{"id": "pubmed23n0028_0", "title": "Renosonogram in diagnosis of renal failure.", "content": "Twenty patients (10 males, 10 females age 20-60 years) with normal renal function underwent standard IVP and renosonogram. Length of kidney in its longest axis on IVP and sonogram was 13.6 +/- 1.43 cm, and 11.76 +/- 1.61 cm respectively. The ratio of the length of kidneys on IVP and sonogram respectively. There was significant correlation between these two factors (r=.95, P less than .001). When these ratios were analyzed individually for right and left slides it was found that ratios on IVP for the right kidney were 4.05 +/- .29, and for the left kidney 4.21 +/- .37. The ratios on the sonogram were for the right kidney 3.45 +/- .33 and for the left kidney 3.67 +/- .42. Using these ratios expected length of renal shadows on sonogram were calculated in 15 patients with severe renal failure (mean creat. 13.79 mg/dl). In ten patients in whom the infusion IVP visualized the renal shadows, the sonographic findings were confirmed. In 5 patients where infusion IVP was not helpful renosonogram revealed hydronephrosis in three patients, a retroperitoneal mass in another and cross-ectopia in a third patient. The results of this study indicate renosonogram is a useful procedure in evaluation and management of patients with renal failure with no demonstrable toxicity and requiring little preparation.", "contents": "Renosonogram in diagnosis of renal failure. Twenty patients (10 males, 10 females age 20-60 years) with normal renal function underwent standard IVP and renosonogram. Length of kidney in its longest axis on IVP and sonogram was 13.6 +/- 1.43 cm, and 11.76 +/- 1.61 cm respectively. The ratio of the length of kidneys on IVP and sonogram respectively. There was significant correlation between these two factors (r=.95, P less than .001). When these ratios were analyzed individually for right and left slides it was found that ratios on IVP for the right kidney were 4.05 +/- .29, and for the left kidney 4.21 +/- .37. The ratios on the sonogram were for the right kidney 3.45 +/- .33 and for the left kidney 3.67 +/- .42. Using these ratios expected length of renal shadows on sonogram were calculated in 15 patients with severe renal failure (mean creat. 13.79 mg/dl). In ten patients in whom the infusion IVP visualized the renal shadows, the sonographic findings were confirmed. In 5 patients where infusion IVP was not helpful renosonogram revealed hydronephrosis in three patients, a retroperitoneal mass in another and cross-ectopia in a third patient. The results of this study indicate renosonogram is a useful procedure in evaluation and management of patients with renal failure with no demonstrable toxicity and requiring little preparation.", "PMID": 832431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1", "title": "NaHCO3 and NaCl tolerance in chronic renal failure II.", "content": "In patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) (CCr less than 20 ml/min), we have previously demonstrated greater rates of Na excretion (ex) when Na intake was nearly all NaHCO3 as compared to NaCl (both 200 mEq Na daily). Chloride (Cl) wasting on NaHCO3 (with severe Cl restriction) occurred, however, and may in part explain the results. To avoid Cl restriction in 6 patients with CRF (CCr 10-15 ml/min) on an estimated 10 mEq Na and Cl diet, electrolyte ex was compared on NaCl supplements of 200 mEq/day versus a daily mixture of NaHCO3 (100mEq) and NaCl (100 mEq). Periods on NaCl and the mixture lasted 4 days (order randomized) separated by re-equilibration to baseline weight (wt). Mean +/- SEM ex of Na, Cl, HCO3 mEq/day and CCr and deltawt (lbs) are compared below for the 4th day of NaCl vs NaHCO3 intake. (see article). Also there were no significant differences in K excretion, blood pressure, or plasma renin activities. Mean serum HCO3 increased from 21.2 to 25.8 mEq/l (day 1 vs 5, P less than 0.01) reflecting the net positive HCO3 balance on the mixture indicated above. Thus increments of Na intake above a fixed NaCl intake were excreted similarly whether given as NaCl or NaHCO3. Greater Na ex on NaHCO3 may depend on severe Cl restriction and/or higher serum HCO3 levels. If dietary NaCl intakes are near maximum tolerance, NaHCO3 supplementation should be accompanied by reductions in NaCl intake to maintain Na balance,", "contents": "NaHCO3 and NaCl tolerance in chronic renal failure II. In patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) (CCr less than 20 ml/min), we have previously demonstrated greater rates of Na excretion (ex) when Na intake was nearly all NaHCO3 as compared to NaCl (both 200 mEq Na daily). Chloride (Cl) wasting on NaHCO3 (with severe Cl restriction) occurred, however, and may in part explain the results. To avoid Cl restriction in 6 patients with CRF (CCr 10-15 ml/min) on an estimated 10 mEq Na and Cl diet, electrolyte ex was compared on NaCl supplements of 200 mEq/day versus a daily mixture of NaHCO3 (100mEq) and NaCl (100 mEq). Periods on NaCl and the mixture lasted 4 days (order randomized) separated by re-equilibration to baseline weight (wt). Mean +/- SEM ex of Na, Cl, HCO3 mEq/day and CCr and deltawt (lbs) are compared below for the 4th day of NaCl vs NaHCO3 intake. (see article). Also there were no significant differences in K excretion, blood pressure, or plasma renin activities. Mean serum HCO3 increased from 21.2 to 25.8 mEq/l (day 1 vs 5, P less than 0.01) reflecting the net positive HCO3 balance on the mixture indicated above. Thus increments of Na intake above a fixed NaCl intake were excreted similarly whether given as NaCl or NaHCO3. Greater Na ex on NaHCO3 may depend on severe Cl restriction and/or higher serum HCO3 levels. If dietary NaCl intakes are near maximum tolerance, NaHCO3 supplementation should be accompanied by reductions in NaCl intake to maintain Na balance,", "PMID": 832432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2", "title": "Renovascular hypertension: the role of nonspecific factors in the antihypertensive effect of surgery.", "content": "Effective surgical treatment was carried out in 67 patients who were selected from a population of 336 subjects with renovascular hypertension. Split renal function studies and estimation of plasma renin activity in both renal veins were made to demonstrate the functional significance of the stenosis. The degree of disturbance of these tests did not correlate with the preoperative blood pressure level. The percentage decrease in postoperative blood pressure was directly related to the preoperative blood pressure (P less than 0.01). In 23 postoperative patients followed yearly for 5 years, the blood pressure increased progressively and was positively correlated with the duration of follow up (P less than 0.02). Patients with renovascular hypertension had a lower frequency of blood group 0 and a higher frequency of blood group A than did normotensive controls. The results of the study suggest that, in renovascular hypertension, the antihypertensive effect of surgical treatment is not exclusively related to the physiological consequence of the stenosis and that nonspecific factors, possibly of genetic origin, may determine the blood pressure response after surgical treatment.", "contents": "Renovascular hypertension: the role of nonspecific factors in the antihypertensive effect of surgery. Effective surgical treatment was carried out in 67 patients who were selected from a population of 336 subjects with renovascular hypertension. Split renal function studies and estimation of plasma renin activity in both renal veins were made to demonstrate the functional significance of the stenosis. The degree of disturbance of these tests did not correlate with the preoperative blood pressure level. The percentage decrease in postoperative blood pressure was directly related to the preoperative blood pressure (P less than 0.01). In 23 postoperative patients followed yearly for 5 years, the blood pressure increased progressively and was positively correlated with the duration of follow up (P less than 0.02). Patients with renovascular hypertension had a lower frequency of blood group 0 and a higher frequency of blood group A than did normotensive controls. The results of the study suggest that, in renovascular hypertension, the antihypertensive effect of surgical treatment is not exclusively related to the physiological consequence of the stenosis and that nonspecific factors, possibly of genetic origin, may determine the blood pressure response after surgical treatment.", "PMID": 832433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3", "title": "\"Alice in Wonderland\" syndrome as a presenting symptom of infectious mononucleosis in children: a description of three affected young people.", "content": "Three cases of \"Alice in Wonderland\" syndrome (metamorphopsia) are presented and described as a presenting symptom of infectious mononucleosis in a preadolescent male and in two late teenage females. In each instance, the classical infectious mononucleosis symptoms and diagnosis followed the onset of visual aberration. Thorough physical and blood examination of patients who present with such a syndrome must be undertaken before these symptoms are ascribed to psychiatric abnormalities. It is emphasized that infectious mononucleosis is a diffuse disorder, often associated with encephalopathies, which may include visual imbalance symptoms.", "contents": "\"Alice in Wonderland\" syndrome as a presenting symptom of infectious mononucleosis in children: a description of three affected young people. Three cases of \"Alice in Wonderland\" syndrome (metamorphopsia) are presented and described as a presenting symptom of infectious mononucleosis in a preadolescent male and in two late teenage females. In each instance, the classical infectious mononucleosis symptoms and diagnosis followed the onset of visual aberration. Thorough physical and blood examination of patients who present with such a syndrome must be undertaken before these symptoms are ascribed to psychiatric abnormalities. It is emphasized that infectious mononucleosis is a diffuse disorder, often associated with encephalopathies, which may include visual imbalance symptoms.", "PMID": 832438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4", "title": "Exploring the physically ill child's self-perceptions and the mother's perceptions of her child's needs: insights gained from the FIRO-BC--a behavior test for use with children.", "content": "When dealing with the management of the dying patient and his family, systematic research has been very limited. Understanding the dying child's needs, as well as his family's, is important for approprirate therapy programs. The present study investigated the mother's awareness of her child's expressed and wanted needs in three areas of interpersonal relationships. It also studied the dying child's self-perceived needs and desires as compared with those of children with a non-life-threatening illness and with those of well children.", "contents": "Exploring the physically ill child's self-perceptions and the mother's perceptions of her child's needs: insights gained from the FIRO-BC--a behavior test for use with children. When dealing with the management of the dying patient and his family, systematic research has been very limited. Understanding the dying child's needs, as well as his family's, is important for approprirate therapy programs. The present study investigated the mother's awareness of her child's expressed and wanted needs in three areas of interpersonal relationships. It also studied the dying child's self-perceived needs and desires as compared with those of children with a non-life-threatening illness and with those of well children.", "PMID": 832440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5", "title": "Plasma l-alpha-Acetylmethadol (LAAM) after acute and chronic administration.", "content": "l-alpha-Acetylmethadol (LAAM) was administered orally to two groups of subjects; one group received methadone, 50 mg/day, for three months previously and the other group were heroin addicts who had no prior exposure to methadone or LAAM. Plasma elimination curves for methadone, LAAM, and its metabolites, noracetylmethadol (N-LAAM) and dinoracetylmethadol (DN-LAAM), were determined after acute and chronic administration. The plasma decay curve for LAAM was biexpoenential (t1/2alpha = 6 hr; t1/2beta greater than 50 hr) following acute or chronic administration. Following chronic administration, N-LAAM and DN-LAAM plasma levels increased 5- to 10-fold. At this time, N-LAAM had a t1/2 of 31 hr and DN-LAAM had a t1/2 of greater than 100 hr. There appear to be at least two factors which determine the long duration of action of LAAM: metabolic conversion to active metabolites and tissue or plasma binding. Both methadone and LAAM may compete for plasma protein or tissue binding sites. The clinical implications of this potential drug-drug interaction are discussed.", "contents": "Plasma l-alpha-Acetylmethadol (LAAM) after acute and chronic administration. l-alpha-Acetylmethadol (LAAM) was administered orally to two groups of subjects; one group received methadone, 50 mg/day, for three months previously and the other group were heroin addicts who had no prior exposure to methadone or LAAM. Plasma elimination curves for methadone, LAAM, and its metabolites, noracetylmethadol (N-LAAM) and dinoracetylmethadol (DN-LAAM), were determined after acute and chronic administration. The plasma decay curve for LAAM was biexpoenential (t1/2alpha = 6 hr; t1/2beta greater than 50 hr) following acute or chronic administration. Following chronic administration, N-LAAM and DN-LAAM plasma levels increased 5- to 10-fold. At this time, N-LAAM had a t1/2 of 31 hr and DN-LAAM had a t1/2 of greater than 100 hr. There appear to be at least two factors which determine the long duration of action of LAAM: metabolic conversion to active metabolites and tissue or plasma binding. Both methadone and LAAM may compete for plasma protein or tissue binding sites. The clinical implications of this potential drug-drug interaction are discussed.", "PMID": 832446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6", "title": "Effects of intravenous tetrahydrocannabinol on experimental and surgical pain. Psychological correlates of the analgesic response.", "content": "Two intravenous doses of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (0.022 mg/kg and 0.044 mg/kg) were compared to intravenous diazepam (0.157 mg/kg) and to placebo (Ringer's lactate) as premedication for dental extraction in 10 healthy volunteers. Pain detection and tolerance thresholds were measured and psychiatric interviews were supplemented by Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventories (MMPI), the Zung Depression Scale (ZDS), Beck Depression Inventories (BDI), and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Pain detection thresholds were altered unpredictably with high THC doses, but analgesia as indicated by pain tolerance was less than that after diazepam and placebo. In three subjects low-dose THC (0.022 mg/kg) was a better analgesic than placebo but not diazepam. Six subjects preferred placebo to low-dose THC as an analgesic; this group experienced increases in subjective surgical pain and were submissive, rigid, and less introspective with high State Anxiety and MMPI profiles that differed from subjects whose pain was not increased. STAI following THC presaged a poor analgesic response in this group.", "contents": "Effects of intravenous tetrahydrocannabinol on experimental and surgical pain. Psychological correlates of the analgesic response. Two intravenous doses of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (0.022 mg/kg and 0.044 mg/kg) were compared to intravenous diazepam (0.157 mg/kg) and to placebo (Ringer's lactate) as premedication for dental extraction in 10 healthy volunteers. Pain detection and tolerance thresholds were measured and psychiatric interviews were supplemented by Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventories (MMPI), the Zung Depression Scale (ZDS), Beck Depression Inventories (BDI), and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Pain detection thresholds were altered unpredictably with high THC doses, but analgesia as indicated by pain tolerance was less than that after diazepam and placebo. In three subjects low-dose THC (0.022 mg/kg) was a better analgesic than placebo but not diazepam. Six subjects preferred placebo to low-dose THC as an analgesic; this group experienced increases in subjective surgical pain and were submissive, rigid, and less introspective with high State Anxiety and MMPI profiles that differed from subjects whose pain was not increased. STAI following THC presaged a poor analgesic response in this group.", "PMID": 832447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7", "title": "Tricyclic antidepressant plasma levels and adverse effects after overdose.", "content": "Forty patients ingesting tricyclic antidepressant (TAD) overdoses were studied as a pharmacologic model to determine whether total tricyclic antidepressant plasma levels correlated with major adverse effects and electrocardiographic findings. Maximum TAD plasma levels were higher in patients who died (p less than 0.025) or had cardiac arrest (p less than 0.02), needed respiratory support (p less than 0.005), were unconscious (p less than 0.02), had grand mal seizures (p less than 0.001), ventricular rate larger than or equal to 120/min (p less than 0.01), cardiac arrhythmia (p less than 0.05), QRS duration larger than or equal to 100 msec (p less than 0.001), or bundle branch block (p less than 0.05). TAD plasma levels correlated with the dose ingested by history (N = 29, r = 0.58, p less than 0.001). Measurement of total TAD (free and protein-bound) appears to correlate well with biologic response.", "contents": "Tricyclic antidepressant plasma levels and adverse effects after overdose. Forty patients ingesting tricyclic antidepressant (TAD) overdoses were studied as a pharmacologic model to determine whether total tricyclic antidepressant plasma levels correlated with major adverse effects and electrocardiographic findings. Maximum TAD plasma levels were higher in patients who died (p less than 0.025) or had cardiac arrest (p less than 0.02), needed respiratory support (p less than 0.005), were unconscious (p less than 0.02), had grand mal seizures (p less than 0.001), ventricular rate larger than or equal to 120/min (p less than 0.01), cardiac arrhythmia (p less than 0.05), QRS duration larger than or equal to 100 msec (p less than 0.001), or bundle branch block (p less than 0.05). TAD plasma levels correlated with the dose ingested by history (N = 29, r = 0.58, p less than 0.001). Measurement of total TAD (free and protein-bound) appears to correlate well with biologic response.", "PMID": 832448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8", "title": "Plasma adriamycin and daunorubicin levels by fluorescence and radioimmunoassay.", "content": "In 38 adriamycin experiments and 4 daunorubicin experiments, radioimmunoassay readily and reproducibly detects and estimates these drugs and immunologically similar metabolites in patients' plasma and urine to at least 120 hr after dosing without interference by concurrent medication. The plasma drug decay follows first-order kinetics in a triphasic pattern. Radioimmunoassay and fluorescence assay show similar decay up to 4 hr but diverge at that point with the fluorescence assay yielding higher values. Pharmocokinetic differences are amplified in patients with liver dysfunction and may be caused by fluorescent drug metabolites not sensitive to radioimmunoassay or nonspecific fluorescent materials. The radioimmunoassay offers the capability to measure adriamycin and daunorubicin in clinical settings in which fluorescence assay is not available.", "contents": "Plasma adriamycin and daunorubicin levels by fluorescence and radioimmunoassay. In 38 adriamycin experiments and 4 daunorubicin experiments, radioimmunoassay readily and reproducibly detects and estimates these drugs and immunologically similar metabolites in patients' plasma and urine to at least 120 hr after dosing without interference by concurrent medication. The plasma drug decay follows first-order kinetics in a triphasic pattern. Radioimmunoassay and fluorescence assay show similar decay up to 4 hr but diverge at that point with the fluorescence assay yielding higher values. Pharmocokinetic differences are amplified in patients with liver dysfunction and may be caused by fluorescent drug metabolites not sensitive to radioimmunoassay or nonspecific fluorescent materials. The radioimmunoassay offers the capability to measure adriamycin and daunorubicin in clinical settings in which fluorescence assay is not available.", "PMID": 832449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9", "title": "Mechanisms of acquired resistance to Pasteurella multocida infection: a review.", "content": "Pasteurella multocida is an animal parasite of considerable economic and veterinary importance. The organism produces both capsular polysaccharide and somatic (lipopolysaccharide) antigens used to serotype the organisms. Correlations exist between antigenic structure, host susceptibility and strain virulence. The host response seems to be predominantly polymorphonuclear in nature, with little evidence of a mononuclear component in the host response to infection. In the absence of specific opsonins, phagocytosis rates are very slow, the organisms multiplying freely in an essentially extracellular environment. Passive transfer studies indicate that acquired resistance is humorally modiated, presumably by promoting phagocytosis withing the peritoneal cavity. There is, however, no sign of early increased local bactericidal action within the peritoneal cavity; protection seems rather to be due to an inhibition of the rapid spread by the organisms to the bloodstream and other reticuloendothelial organs. Viable attenuated oral vaccines are effective for chicken and turkey poults, both experimentally and under field conditions. The nature of the protective immunoglobulins and their mode of action against an orally induced infection has not been widely examined as yet. Effective protection can be achieved in birds, cattle and experimental animals with a variety of killed vaccines (especially when presented in a suitable adjuvant). The lack of quantitative growth data in suitably vaccinated animals and the absence of definitive studies of the bactericidal mechanisms involved in the expression of this acquired resistance continue to limit our present understanding of defense against this important animal disease.", "contents": "Mechanisms of acquired resistance to Pasteurella multocida infection: a review. Pasteurella multocida is an animal parasite of considerable economic and veterinary importance. The organism produces both capsular polysaccharide and somatic (lipopolysaccharide) antigens used to serotype the organisms. Correlations exist between antigenic structure, host susceptibility and strain virulence. The host response seems to be predominantly polymorphonuclear in nature, with little evidence of a mononuclear component in the host response to infection. In the absence of specific opsonins, phagocytosis rates are very slow, the organisms multiplying freely in an essentially extracellular environment. Passive transfer studies indicate that acquired resistance is humorally modiated, presumably by promoting phagocytosis withing the peritoneal cavity. There is, however, no sign of early increased local bactericidal action within the peritoneal cavity; protection seems rather to be due to an inhibition of the rapid spread by the organisms to the bloodstream and other reticuloendothelial organs. Viable attenuated oral vaccines are effective for chicken and turkey poults, both experimentally and under field conditions. The nature of the protective immunoglobulins and their mode of action against an orally induced infection has not been widely examined as yet. Effective protection can be achieved in birds, cattle and experimental animals with a variety of killed vaccines (especially when presented in a suitable adjuvant). The lack of quantitative growth data in suitably vaccinated animals and the absence of definitive studies of the bactericidal mechanisms involved in the expression of this acquired resistance continue to limit our present understanding of defense against this important animal disease.", "PMID": 832473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10", "title": "Mucormycotic hepatic lesions resembling bacillary hemoglobinuria infarcts in irradiated calves.", "content": "To produce hematopoietic chimeras, 3 young, healthy calves were exposed to whole-body irradiation and, 6 days after irradiation, were injected with a bone-marrow suspension prepared from an unrelated, normal donor calf. Antibiotics were administered daily to control bacterial infection. One calf died 8 days postirradiation (PI), another died 10 days PI, and the third calf was killed in extremis 11 days PI. In addition to lesions of acute radiation injury, one to several spherical, firm, dry, reddish-black nodules were found in the liver of each calf. Hepatic changes and blood-stained urine were suggestive of bacillary hemoglobinuria. Fungi, identified by their morphologic features as members of the class Phycomycetes, were widely distributed in the tissues and lesions.", "contents": "Mucormycotic hepatic lesions resembling bacillary hemoglobinuria infarcts in irradiated calves. To produce hematopoietic chimeras, 3 young, healthy calves were exposed to whole-body irradiation and, 6 days after irradiation, were injected with a bone-marrow suspension prepared from an unrelated, normal donor calf. Antibiotics were administered daily to control bacterial infection. One calf died 8 days postirradiation (PI), another died 10 days PI, and the third calf was killed in extremis 11 days PI. In addition to lesions of acute radiation injury, one to several spherical, firm, dry, reddish-black nodules were found in the liver of each calf. Hepatic changes and blood-stained urine were suggestive of bacillary hemoglobinuria. Fungi, identified by their morphologic features as members of the class Phycomycetes, were widely distributed in the tissues and lesions.", "PMID": 832474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11", "title": "Diabetes mellitus in the bovine.", "content": "Diabetes mellitus has not often been reported in the bovine. In the present report, the condition is described as it occurred in two cows and one calf. Diagnosis was made on the basis of clinical, laboratory and histopathological findings. All animals showed afebrile debilitation and polydipsia. Hyperglycemia was present with a quantitative reduction in the amount of pancreatic islet tissue.", "contents": "Diabetes mellitus in the bovine. Diabetes mellitus has not often been reported in the bovine. In the present report, the condition is described as it occurred in two cows and one calf. Diagnosis was made on the basis of clinical, laboratory and histopathological findings. All animals showed afebrile debilitation and polydipsia. Hyperglycemia was present with a quantitative reduction in the amount of pancreatic islet tissue.", "PMID": 832475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12", "title": "Detection of antibody to the antiphagocytic factor produced by group E streptococci.", "content": "Tests for opsonic activity, long chain formation, and precipitins were investigated for ability to detect antibodies to the antiphagocytic factor of group E streptococci. Rabbits, hyperimmunized to serum-grown group E streptococci developed antibodies to the antiphagocytic factor detectable after 2 weeks by the opsonic activity and long chain tests and at 4 to 6 weeks by a precipitin test in which a slide micro double diffusion method was used. Antiphagocytic factor antibodies were dected in swine serums 2 weeks after the swine were experimentally infected, and the antibodies persisted at the end of the experiment at 20 weeks. Demonstration of the antibodies in swine serum was made with the opsonic activity or long chains tests but not with the precipitin test.", "contents": "Detection of antibody to the antiphagocytic factor produced by group E streptococci. Tests for opsonic activity, long chain formation, and precipitins were investigated for ability to detect antibodies to the antiphagocytic factor of group E streptococci. Rabbits, hyperimmunized to serum-grown group E streptococci developed antibodies to the antiphagocytic factor detectable after 2 weeks by the opsonic activity and long chain tests and at 4 to 6 weeks by a precipitin test in which a slide micro double diffusion method was used. Antiphagocytic factor antibodies were dected in swine serums 2 weeks after the swine were experimentally infected, and the antibodies persisted at the end of the experiment at 20 weeks. Demonstration of the antibodies in swine serum was made with the opsonic activity or long chains tests but not with the precipitin test.", "PMID": 832476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13", "title": "Infection of weanling pigs with known numbers of Ascaris suum fourth stage larvae.", "content": "Nineteen weanling pigs were each infected per os with 200 fourth stage Ascaris serum larvae and were fed either a low protein or a high protein diet for 8 weeks. Worms expelled during the 8 weeks were recovered and all worms remaining in the gastrointestinal tract at slaughter were collected. Fifty-four percent of all worms were recovered at slaughter. Ten of the 19 animals maintained an infection for 8 weeks; the other 9 showed no signs of A. suum infection. A total of 377 worms were recovered. Average worm burdens were 37.7 worms per pig, 50.8 worms per low protein pig, and 30.8 worms per high protein pig. Times of and possible causes for expulsion are discussed. Procedure for infection of pigs is discussed in detail and possible improvements in technique are suggested.", "contents": "Infection of weanling pigs with known numbers of Ascaris suum fourth stage larvae. Nineteen weanling pigs were each infected per os with 200 fourth stage Ascaris serum larvae and were fed either a low protein or a high protein diet for 8 weeks. Worms expelled during the 8 weeks were recovered and all worms remaining in the gastrointestinal tract at slaughter were collected. Fifty-four percent of all worms were recovered at slaughter. Ten of the 19 animals maintained an infection for 8 weeks; the other 9 showed no signs of A. suum infection. A total of 377 worms were recovered. Average worm burdens were 37.7 worms per pig, 50.8 worms per low protein pig, and 30.8 worms per high protein pig. Times of and possible causes for expulsion are discussed. Procedure for infection of pigs is discussed in detail and possible improvements in technique are suggested.", "PMID": 832477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14", "title": "Mitral valve replacement: a comparison of two prostheses.", "content": "Between November, 1965 and June, 1970, 175 patients underwent mitral valve replacement with the Smeloff-Cutter prosthesis (109 patients) or the toroidal valve (66 patients). The early mortality for patients with a toroidal mitral prosthesis was 18.2 percent (12 patients) and the late mortality 34.8 percent (23 patients). Among patients in whom Smeloff-Cutter mitral valves were inserted, the early mortality was 15.6 percent (17 patients) and the late mortality 23.9 percent (26 patients). During a follow-up period extending at least five years, thromboembolic complications occurred in 25.9 percent (14) of patients with toroidal valves and 7.6 percent (7) of patients with Smeloff-Cutter valves. Reoperation was necessary because of thrombosis of the prosthesis in seven patients with toroidal valves and two patients with Smeloff-Cutter valves. The incidence of endocarditis was the same in both groups. In this study, the Smeloff-Cutter mitral prosthesis proved to be superior to the toroidal valve because of a lower incidence of thromboembolism.", "contents": "Mitral valve replacement: a comparison of two prostheses. Between November, 1965 and June, 1970, 175 patients underwent mitral valve replacement with the Smeloff-Cutter prosthesis (109 patients) or the toroidal valve (66 patients). The early mortality for patients with a toroidal mitral prosthesis was 18.2 percent (12 patients) and the late mortality 34.8 percent (23 patients). Among patients in whom Smeloff-Cutter mitral valves were inserted, the early mortality was 15.6 percent (17 patients) and the late mortality 23.9 percent (26 patients). During a follow-up period extending at least five years, thromboembolic complications occurred in 25.9 percent (14) of patients with toroidal valves and 7.6 percent (7) of patients with Smeloff-Cutter valves. Reoperation was necessary because of thrombosis of the prosthesis in seven patients with toroidal valves and two patients with Smeloff-Cutter valves. The incidence of endocarditis was the same in both groups. In this study, the Smeloff-Cutter mitral prosthesis proved to be superior to the toroidal valve because of a lower incidence of thromboembolism.", "PMID": 832480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_15", "title": "Airway response to short-term inhalation of tobacco smoke. Lack of racial differences.", "content": "Airway response to short-term inhalation of cigarette smoke was studied in healthy black subjects. We have measured thoracic gas volume, airway resistance, maximum expiratory flow rates, and closing volume in 12 healthy black volunteers before and after smoking a cigarette. We found a significant reduction in airway conductance and midexpiratory flow rate after smoking the cigarette. The results are similar to those previously observed in white subjects. We conclude from our study that the response to short-term inhalation of cigarette smoke is identical in both white and black subjects.", "contents": "Airway response to short-term inhalation of tobacco smoke. Lack of racial differences. Airway response to short-term inhalation of cigarette smoke was studied in healthy black subjects. We have measured thoracic gas volume, airway resistance, maximum expiratory flow rates, and closing volume in 12 healthy black volunteers before and after smoking a cigarette. We found a significant reduction in airway conductance and midexpiratory flow rate after smoking the cigarette. The results are similar to those previously observed in white subjects. We conclude from our study that the response to short-term inhalation of cigarette smoke is identical in both white and black subjects.", "PMID": 832481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_16", "title": "Harbingers of paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "We examined the harbingers of 68 episodes of paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia in 42 patients with documented acute myocardial infarction. Late ventricular premature contractions initiated 46 bouts of paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia, while 17 were engendered by early ventricular premature contractions and five by atrial premature contractions. Paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia related to early ventricular premature contractions tended to last longer and failed to respond to therapy with lidocaine more often than paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia begun by late ventricular or atrial premature contractions. Ventricular fibrillation occurred in six cases of paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia due to early ventricular premature contractions but was absent in paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia related to late ventricular or atrial premature contractions. The \"malignant\" potential of a given ventricular premature contraction cannot be assessed from its degree of prematurity alone.", "contents": "Harbingers of paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia in acute myocardial infarction. We examined the harbingers of 68 episodes of paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia in 42 patients with documented acute myocardial infarction. Late ventricular premature contractions initiated 46 bouts of paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia, while 17 were engendered by early ventricular premature contractions and five by atrial premature contractions. Paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia related to early ventricular premature contractions tended to last longer and failed to respond to therapy with lidocaine more often than paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia begun by late ventricular or atrial premature contractions. Ventricular fibrillation occurred in six cases of paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia due to early ventricular premature contractions but was absent in paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia related to late ventricular or atrial premature contractions. The \"malignant\" potential of a given ventricular premature contraction cannot be assessed from its degree of prematurity alone.", "PMID": 832482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_17", "title": "Bacterial endocarditis due to Haemophilus parainfluenzae.", "content": "We have evaluated three patients with Haemophilus parainfluenzae endocarditis. Two of the three had underlying heart disease. All presented with fever, chills and malaise of less  than two weeks' duration. Mitral valve involvement led to congestive heart failure in two of three cases. Treatment proved difficult, despite normally adequate dosages of antibiotics to which the pathogens were sensitive in vitro (ampicillin, 12-20 gm/dag; gentamicin, 3-5 mg/kg/day). Two patients were cured; one died. There was a suggestion of an inverse correlation between vegetation mass and favorable clinical response. Review of the English literature disclosed 22 documented cases of H parainfluenzae endocarditis, including 12 in the antibiotic era.", "contents": "Bacterial endocarditis due to Haemophilus parainfluenzae. We have evaluated three patients with Haemophilus parainfluenzae endocarditis. Two of the three had underlying heart disease. All presented with fever, chills and malaise of less  than two weeks' duration. Mitral valve involvement led to congestive heart failure in two of three cases. Treatment proved difficult, despite normally adequate dosages of antibiotics to which the pathogens were sensitive in vitro (ampicillin, 12-20 gm/dag; gentamicin, 3-5 mg/kg/day). Two patients were cured; one died. There was a suggestion of an inverse correlation between vegetation mass and favorable clinical response. Review of the English literature disclosed 22 documented cases of H parainfluenzae endocarditis, including 12 in the antibiotic era.", "PMID": 832483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_18", "title": "Selective mediastinoscopy.", "content": "Mediastinoscopy is often utilized for staging bronchogenic carcinoma. Whether it should be used routinely or selectively is controversial. Fifty-four patients with bronchogenic carcinoma were prospectively assigned to one of two groups based on the presence (group A) or absence (group B) of one or more of the following criteria: (1) central location; (2) mediastinal nodal enlargement; (3) involvement of laryngeal nerve; and (4) noncentral location plus linear stranding toward the hilum. Mediastinoscopy was performed on all patients in group A. Thoractomy for definitive staging was performed on those patients in group A with negative mediastinoscopic findings for neoplasm and on all patients in group B. Criteria 1, 2, and 3 were found to be valid; 22 of the 27 patients in group A who had any of these criteria had positive mediastinoscopic findings for neoplasm. Criterion 4 per se was found to be invalif; all seven of the patients in group A who had this isolated finding had negative mediastinoscopic findings for neoplasm and had resectable lesions. Twenty-three of the 27 patients in group B had no mediastinal involvement and had resectable lesions. These data indicate that selective mediastinoscopy using criteria 1 through 3 reduces the number of negative examinations and unnecessary thoracotomies to a minimum.", "contents": "Selective mediastinoscopy. Mediastinoscopy is often utilized for staging bronchogenic carcinoma. Whether it should be used routinely or selectively is controversial. Fifty-four patients with bronchogenic carcinoma were prospectively assigned to one of two groups based on the presence (group A) or absence (group B) of one or more of the following criteria: (1) central location; (2) mediastinal nodal enlargement; (3) involvement of laryngeal nerve; and (4) noncentral location plus linear stranding toward the hilum. Mediastinoscopy was performed on all patients in group A. Thoractomy for definitive staging was performed on those patients in group A with negative mediastinoscopic findings for neoplasm and on all patients in group B. Criteria 1, 2, and 3 were found to be valid; 22 of the 27 patients in group A who had any of these criteria had positive mediastinoscopic findings for neoplasm. Criterion 4 per se was found to be invalif; all seven of the patients in group A who had this isolated finding had negative mediastinoscopic findings for neoplasm and had resectable lesions. Twenty-three of the 27 patients in group B had no mediastinal involvement and had resectable lesions. These data indicate that selective mediastinoscopy using criteria 1 through 3 reduces the number of negative examinations and unnecessary thoracotomies to a minimum.", "PMID": 832484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_19", "title": "Measurement of mucociliary transport velocity in the intact mucosa.", "content": "A new method for measuring the velocity of the tracheal mucous transport rate in anesthetized dogs is described. The length of the trachea is determined with the bronchoscope as the distance between the larynx and the lower end of the trachea at the level of the carina. A small volume (0.04 to 0.1 ml) of albumin microspheres 5 mgm to 7 mum in diameter labeled with radioactive 99m technetium or 113m indium is deposited on the mucosal surface at the lower end of the trachea via a catheter placed in the inner channel of a fiberoptic bronchoscope. The movement of the microspheres towards the larynx is visualized and recorded using a scintallation camera (Picker Dyna Camera) with a large field of view (30 cm in diameter) for 30 to 60 minutes, depending upon the time required for the spheres to reach the top of the trachea. Polaroid pictures are made immediately and every minute thereafter until the activity reaches the larynx. The data are also recorded and stored on magnetic tape for subsequent analyses by computer. The length in millimeters divided by the time in minutes gives the transport velocity rate. The mean velocity was found to be 19.2 +/- 1.6 mm/min (+/- SE).", "contents": "Measurement of mucociliary transport velocity in the intact mucosa. A new method for measuring the velocity of the tracheal mucous transport rate in anesthetized dogs is described. The length of the trachea is determined with the bronchoscope as the distance between the larynx and the lower end of the trachea at the level of the carina. A small volume (0.04 to 0.1 ml) of albumin microspheres 5 mgm to 7 mum in diameter labeled with radioactive 99m technetium or 113m indium is deposited on the mucosal surface at the lower end of the trachea via a catheter placed in the inner channel of a fiberoptic bronchoscope. The movement of the microspheres towards the larynx is visualized and recorded using a scintallation camera (Picker Dyna Camera) with a large field of view (30 cm in diameter) for 30 to 60 minutes, depending upon the time required for the spheres to reach the top of the trachea. Polaroid pictures are made immediately and every minute thereafter until the activity reaches the larynx. The data are also recorded and stored on magnetic tape for subsequent analyses by computer. The length in millimeters divided by the time in minutes gives the transport velocity rate. The mean velocity was found to be 19.2 +/- 1.6 mm/min (+/- SE).", "PMID": 832485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_20", "title": "The effects of transfemoral cardiac catheterization on limb blood flow in children.", "content": "Blood flow was measured with a mercury-in-rubber strain-gauge plethysmograph in the utilized and intact extremity during and 24 hours after uncomplicated (with no clinical signs of vascular insufficiency) percutaneous right and left cardiac catheterization in 20 children. In this group, there was a significant decrease of the flow in the utilized extremity after entry into the artery, with the flow returning to normal within 24 hours after the procedure. Flow was markedly reduced in the utilized extremity of a child who developed thrombosis of the femoral artery after catheterization. Seven additional children were studied one to four years after retrograde catheterization. In this group the flows in utilized and intact extremities were equal at rest and with reactive hyperemia. It is concluded that uncomplicated transfemoral percutaneous cardiac catheterization in children does not impair the blood flow in the limbs.", "contents": "The effects of transfemoral cardiac catheterization on limb blood flow in children. Blood flow was measured with a mercury-in-rubber strain-gauge plethysmograph in the utilized and intact extremity during and 24 hours after uncomplicated (with no clinical signs of vascular insufficiency) percutaneous right and left cardiac catheterization in 20 children. In this group, there was a significant decrease of the flow in the utilized extremity after entry into the artery, with the flow returning to normal within 24 hours after the procedure. Flow was markedly reduced in the utilized extremity of a child who developed thrombosis of the femoral artery after catheterization. Seven additional children were studied one to four years after retrograde catheterization. In this group the flows in utilized and intact extremities were equal at rest and with reactive hyperemia. It is concluded that uncomplicated transfemoral percutaneous cardiac catheterization in children does not impair the blood flow in the limbs.", "PMID": 832486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_21", "title": "Magnet noncontact apexcardiography. A new technique for registering chest motion.", "content": "A new apexcardiographic recording system has been developed which is free of certain technical limitations. This noncontact magnetic transducer was tested alternately with a commonly used pneumatic piezoelectric transducer in a comparative study on ten normal subjects. The magnetic registration offered a more accurate timing and configuration of the ACG. Signal distortion, such as peaked waves and an early fall of the systolic wave, was eliminated. The magnetic transducer was capable of recording directional apex point tracings, as well as pulsations of a larger apical area. The new system proved to possess definite advantages and eliminated some of the inconveniences inherent in the pneumatically coupled system.", "contents": "Magnet noncontact apexcardiography. A new technique for registering chest motion. A new apexcardiographic recording system has been developed which is free of certain technical limitations. This noncontact magnetic transducer was tested alternately with a commonly used pneumatic piezoelectric transducer in a comparative study on ten normal subjects. The magnetic registration offered a more accurate timing and configuration of the ACG. Signal distortion, such as peaked waves and an early fall of the systolic wave, was eliminated. The magnetic transducer was capable of recording directional apex point tracings, as well as pulsations of a larger apical area. The new system proved to possess definite advantages and eliminated some of the inconveniences inherent in the pneumatically coupled system.", "PMID": 832487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_22", "title": "Thoracic metastasis in malignant melanoma. A radiographic survey of 65 patients.", "content": "Sixty-five patients with malignant melanoma metastatic to the thorax were evaluated retrospectively. Chest x-ray films showed abnormalities in 63 patients and provided the first evidence of dissemination in 42 of the 62 with widespread metastasis. Frequent radiographic follow-up evaluations of patients with primary melanoma is necessary to detect metastasis at an early stage. Pulmonary metastasis was seen radiographically in almost 90 percent of the patients. Snowstorm metastasis denotes a poorer prognosis than other patterns of pulmonary involvement. Enlargement of mediastinal lymph nodes, bronchial obstruction with atelectasis, pleural effusion, bone metastasis with an extrapleural mass, and cardiomegally were also seen. Follow-up chest x-ray films are of limited value in evaluating patients once they are found to have thoracic metastasis. The rate of growth of metastatic lesions or the regression of the metastasis does not correlate with survival.", "contents": "Thoracic metastasis in malignant melanoma. A radiographic survey of 65 patients. Sixty-five patients with malignant melanoma metastatic to the thorax were evaluated retrospectively. Chest x-ray films showed abnormalities in 63 patients and provided the first evidence of dissemination in 42 of the 62 with widespread metastasis. Frequent radiographic follow-up evaluations of patients with primary melanoma is necessary to detect metastasis at an early stage. Pulmonary metastasis was seen radiographically in almost 90 percent of the patients. Snowstorm metastasis denotes a poorer prognosis than other patterns of pulmonary involvement. Enlargement of mediastinal lymph nodes, bronchial obstruction with atelectasis, pleural effusion, bone metastasis with an extrapleural mass, and cardiomegally were also seen. Follow-up chest x-ray films are of limited value in evaluating patients once they are found to have thoracic metastasis. The rate of growth of metastatic lesions or the regression of the metastasis does not correlate with survival.", "PMID": 832488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_23", "title": "The management of pericardial effusion in cancer patients.", "content": "The relatively little attention given in the literature to the problem of pericardial effusion in patients with cancer reflects the general attitude that if this complication is disclosed, the future of the patient is sealed, and therapy will not change his outcome. We challenge this pessimistic approach, and describe here our experience with seven patients with solid tumors, in whom pericardial effusion was diagnosed; one of them is described in detail. We advocate an active and sometimes even an aggressive therapy, which should always be related to the degree of the hemodynamic impairment. If instant relief is indicated, pericardiocentesis should be done; pericardiectomy is the treatment of choice if the fluid reaccumulates rapidly. After overcoming the urgent problem, the underlying disease and the local pericardial condition should be treated; and in our opinion, a combined approach, such as systemic or local chemotherapy, or both, with or without precordial irradiation, will lead to the optimal result.", "contents": "The management of pericardial effusion in cancer patients. The relatively little attention given in the literature to the problem of pericardial effusion in patients with cancer reflects the general attitude that if this complication is disclosed, the future of the patient is sealed, and therapy will not change his outcome. We challenge this pessimistic approach, and describe here our experience with seven patients with solid tumors, in whom pericardial effusion was diagnosed; one of them is described in detail. We advocate an active and sometimes even an aggressive therapy, which should always be related to the degree of the hemodynamic impairment. If instant relief is indicated, pericardiocentesis should be done; pericardiectomy is the treatment of choice if the fluid reaccumulates rapidly. After overcoming the urgent problem, the underlying disease and the local pericardial condition should be treated; and in our opinion, a combined approach, such as systemic or local chemotherapy, or both, with or without precordial irradiation, will lead to the optimal result.", "PMID": 832489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_24", "title": "Cardiac disease in the wheezing child.", "content": "Cardiac and pulmonary disease are so closely interrelated that it is often difficult to determine in young infants which is the primary offender. As illustrated in these case reports, failure to recognize the true nature of the disease process may lead to unnecessary procedures and delays which can be life-threatening. Statistically, the wheezing infant very likely is suffering from primary pulmonary disease; however, congenital cardiac abnormalities can cause pulmonary symptoms which completely dominate the clinical picture and lead to erroneous diagnoses. Although rare, the basis of cough and wheezing may be a vascular ring which encircles and compresses the trachea. Lesions associated with large left-to-right shunts, such as ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus, also can cause cough and wheezing because of bronchial compression by a large tense pulmonary artery and a distended left atrium. These same lesions also produce isolated left ventricular failure with pulmonary venous congestion and episodes of cough and wheezing. Anomalous pulmonary venour return, cor triatriatum, supravalvular mitral ring, or mitral stenosis are other lesions which can cause cough and wheezing secondary to pulmonary venous obstruction.", "contents": "Cardiac disease in the wheezing child. Cardiac and pulmonary disease are so closely interrelated that it is often difficult to determine in young infants which is the primary offender. As illustrated in these case reports, failure to recognize the true nature of the disease process may lead to unnecessary procedures and delays which can be life-threatening. Statistically, the wheezing infant very likely is suffering from primary pulmonary disease; however, congenital cardiac abnormalities can cause pulmonary symptoms which completely dominate the clinical picture and lead to erroneous diagnoses. Although rare, the basis of cough and wheezing may be a vascular ring which encircles and compresses the trachea. Lesions associated with large left-to-right shunts, such as ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus, also can cause cough and wheezing because of bronchial compression by a large tense pulmonary artery and a distended left atrium. These same lesions also produce isolated left ventricular failure with pulmonary venous congestion and episodes of cough and wheezing. Anomalous pulmonary venour return, cor triatriatum, supravalvular mitral ring, or mitral stenosis are other lesions which can cause cough and wheezing secondary to pulmonary venous obstruction.", "PMID": 832490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_25", "title": "Asymptomatic idiopathic syndrome of prolonged Q-T interval in a 45-year-old woman. Ventricular tachyarrhythmias precipitated by hypokalemia and therapy with amitriptyline and prephenazine.", "content": "Recurrent ventricular tachyarrhythmias required multiple resuscitative efforts with electrical countershock in a 45-year-old woman with previously undiagnosed asymptomatic congenital prolongation of the Q-T interval. This patient represents the oldest person with symptoms relating to idiopathic prolongation of the Q-T interval found in the literature. Exacerbating factors, including diuretic-induced hypokalemia and the concomitant administration of perphenazine, were present. In such cases, initially refractory to therapy with antiarrhythmic agents, insertion of a transvenous pacemaker with overdrive suppression of the ventricular tachyarrhythmias may be lifesaving, allowing for the institution of therapy with agents that can selectively shorten the Q-T interval.", "contents": "Asymptomatic idiopathic syndrome of prolonged Q-T interval in a 45-year-old woman. Ventricular tachyarrhythmias precipitated by hypokalemia and therapy with amitriptyline and prephenazine. Recurrent ventricular tachyarrhythmias required multiple resuscitative efforts with electrical countershock in a 45-year-old woman with previously undiagnosed asymptomatic congenital prolongation of the Q-T interval. This patient represents the oldest person with symptoms relating to idiopathic prolongation of the Q-T interval found in the literature. Exacerbating factors, including diuretic-induced hypokalemia and the concomitant administration of perphenazine, were present. In such cases, initially refractory to therapy with antiarrhythmic agents, insertion of a transvenous pacemaker with overdrive suppression of the ventricular tachyarrhythmias may be lifesaving, allowing for the institution of therapy with agents that can selectively shorten the Q-T interval.", "PMID": 832494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_26", "title": "Transvenous pulmonary embolectomy for acute massive pulmonary embolism.", "content": "Transvenous pulmonary embolectomy employing a vacuum-cupped directionally controlled catheter is a relatively new technique used in the management of major pulmonary embolism. We present the findings in a patient with acute massive pulmonary embolism who underwent transvenous pulmonary embolectomy, with immediate and marked improvement in hemodynamic function and survival. Insertion of a new intracaval filter at the same time provided protection against recurrent thromboembolism.", "contents": "Transvenous pulmonary embolectomy for acute massive pulmonary embolism. Transvenous pulmonary embolectomy employing a vacuum-cupped directionally controlled catheter is a relatively new technique used in the management of major pulmonary embolism. We present the findings in a patient with acute massive pulmonary embolism who underwent transvenous pulmonary embolectomy, with immediate and marked improvement in hemodynamic function and survival. Insertion of a new intracaval filter at the same time provided protection against recurrent thromboembolism.", "PMID": 832495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_27", "title": "Pleuroscopy and cautery control of intrathoracic hemorrhage with a flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope.", "content": "Intrathoracic hemorrhage from adhesions torn by a spontaneous pneumothorax is relatively uncommon. Continued hemorrhage from such adhesions after the evacuation of 1,500 ml of blood would usually require thoracotomy for control. Through a flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope, we confirmed the source of hemorrhage and cauterized the bleeding point. This case illustrates another application for pleuroscopic examination, further broadening the use of the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope.", "contents": "Pleuroscopy and cautery control of intrathoracic hemorrhage with a flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope. Intrathoracic hemorrhage from adhesions torn by a spontaneous pneumothorax is relatively uncommon. Continued hemorrhage from such adhesions after the evacuation of 1,500 ml of blood would usually require thoracotomy for control. Through a flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope, we confirmed the source of hemorrhage and cauterized the bleeding point. This case illustrates another application for pleuroscopic examination, further broadening the use of the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope.", "PMID": 832496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_28", "title": "Forward angiography in the identification of vegetations in tricuspid endocarditis.", "content": "A patient with staphylococcal endocarditis of unknown valvular location and resistant to antibiotic therapy was studied in order to localize the site of infection prior to cardiac surger. The injection of contrast material into the right atrium visualized tricuspid vegetations which were confirmed at surgery. In such situations, forward angiographic studies constitute a safe, simple, and potentially diagnostic procedure which avoids the hazards of advancing a catheter across an infected valve.", "contents": "Forward angiography in the identification of vegetations in tricuspid endocarditis. A patient with staphylococcal endocarditis of unknown valvular location and resistant to antibiotic therapy was studied in order to localize the site of infection prior to cardiac surger. The injection of contrast material into the right atrium visualized tricuspid vegetations which were confirmed at surgery. In such situations, forward angiographic studies constitute a safe, simple, and potentially diagnostic procedure which avoids the hazards of advancing a catheter across an infected valve.", "PMID": 832497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_29", "title": "Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia with unusual induction. Concealed reentry or automaticity?", "content": "In a patient with documented paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, earlier atrial extrastimuli consistently induced His-ventricle (H-V) block and \"atrioventricular junctional\" beats, which were always followed by an echo or paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. In \"atrioventricular junctional\" beats, a V wave was preceded by an H deflection with the same intervals as that of the sinus beat. As for the underlying mechanism of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, two possibilities were considered: (1) concealed atrioventricular nodal reentry, and (2) \"triggered automaticity.\"", "contents": "Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia with unusual induction. Concealed reentry or automaticity? In a patient with documented paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, earlier atrial extrastimuli consistently induced His-ventricle (H-V) block and \"atrioventricular junctional\" beats, which were always followed by an echo or paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. In \"atrioventricular junctional\" beats, a V wave was preceded by an H deflection with the same intervals as that of the sinus beat. As for the underlying mechanism of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, two possibilities were considered: (1) concealed atrioventricular nodal reentry, and (2) \"triggered automaticity.\"", "PMID": 832498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_30", "title": "Suicidal hanging. An association with the adult respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "This study of two victims of suicidal hanging describes a previously unknown association between near-fatal hanging and the adult respiratory distress syndrome. We report on the pathophysiologic results of this pulmonary complication and the implications of this finding regarding the treatment of these patients.", "contents": "Suicidal hanging. An association with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. This study of two victims of suicidal hanging describes a previously unknown association between near-fatal hanging and the adult respiratory distress syndrome. We report on the pathophysiologic results of this pulmonary complication and the implications of this finding regarding the treatment of these patients.", "PMID": 832499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_31", "title": "Mural endocarditis associated with recurrent false aneurysm of the left ventricle.", "content": "Acute bacterial endocarditis developed in a 65-year-old man two years after surgical resection of a false aneurysm of the left ventricle. The patient had cerebral embolic manifestations, and coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus was cultured from each of six blood samples. A pericardial friction rub and a changing pansystolic murmur appeared during the third week of hospitalization. The presence of a false aneurysm was once again demonstrated on ventriculographic studies. This was successfully repaired, employing cardiopulmonary bypass. The sequence of events in this patient suggests that bacterial endocarditis at the site of a previous cardiomyotomy might have led to the development of the second pseudo-aneurysm.", "contents": "Mural endocarditis associated with recurrent false aneurysm of the left ventricle. Acute bacterial endocarditis developed in a 65-year-old man two years after surgical resection of a false aneurysm of the left ventricle. The patient had cerebral embolic manifestations, and coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus was cultured from each of six blood samples. A pericardial friction rub and a changing pansystolic murmur appeared during the third week of hospitalization. The presence of a false aneurysm was once again demonstrated on ventriculographic studies. This was successfully repaired, employing cardiopulmonary bypass. The sequence of events in this patient suggests that bacterial endocarditis at the site of a previous cardiomyotomy might have led to the development of the second pseudo-aneurysm.", "PMID": 832500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_32", "title": "Empyema due to Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "Empyema due to Streptococcus mutans occurred following dental manipulation in two patients with periodontal disease. Isolation of this dental pathogen from pleural fluid localized the site of origin of the empyemas to the oropharynx and precluded the need to search for a remote intra-abdominal source of these pleuropulmonary infections. Although there is controversy regarding the susceptibility of S mutans to penicillin, the isolates from our patients were markedly sensitive to the drug, and both patients were cured with penicillin therapy and surgical drainage.", "contents": "Empyema due to Streptococcus mutans. Empyema due to Streptococcus mutans occurred following dental manipulation in two patients with periodontal disease. Isolation of this dental pathogen from pleural fluid localized the site of origin of the empyemas to the oropharynx and precluded the need to search for a remote intra-abdominal source of these pleuropulmonary infections. Although there is controversy regarding the susceptibility of S mutans to penicillin, the isolates from our patients were markedly sensitive to the drug, and both patients were cured with penicillin therapy and surgical drainage.", "PMID": 832501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_33", "title": "Complete heart block following therapeutic irradiation of the left side of the chest.", "content": "Two female patients had received therapeutic irradiation of the left side of the chest for adenocarcinoma of the left breast and 18 and 23 years later, respectively, developed atrioventricular block. Both patients had early and late cutaneous reactions, as well as fibrosis of the left lung, lymphedema of the left arm, and pathologic rib fractures but had no signs of recurrence of the carcinoma. One patient developed signs of congestive heart failure while the electrocardiogram revealed second and third degree atrioventricular block; subsequent pacemaker implantation relieved the congestive heart failure. In the second patient, fatigue was the only symptom leading to the diagnosis of transient second and third degree atrioventricular block; this symptom subsided after pacemaker implantation. Based on reports of radiation-induced cardiac damage, it is assumed that the heart block in these two patients might have been due to postirradiation fibrosis of the atrioventricular node, either direct or mediated by fibro-occlusive changes in the coronary vessels.", "contents": "Complete heart block following therapeutic irradiation of the left side of the chest. Two female patients had received therapeutic irradiation of the left side of the chest for adenocarcinoma of the left breast and 18 and 23 years later, respectively, developed atrioventricular block. Both patients had early and late cutaneous reactions, as well as fibrosis of the left lung, lymphedema of the left arm, and pathologic rib fractures but had no signs of recurrence of the carcinoma. One patient developed signs of congestive heart failure while the electrocardiogram revealed second and third degree atrioventricular block; subsequent pacemaker implantation relieved the congestive heart failure. In the second patient, fatigue was the only symptom leading to the diagnosis of transient second and third degree atrioventricular block; this symptom subsided after pacemaker implantation. Based on reports of radiation-induced cardiac damage, it is assumed that the heart block in these two patients might have been due to postirradiation fibrosis of the atrioventricular node, either direct or mediated by fibro-occlusive changes in the coronary vessels.", "PMID": 832502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_34", "title": "Bullet in the left ventricle from a remote gunshot wound to the heart.", "content": "A bullet was found at necropsy in the left ventricle of a man who died of carcinoma of the urinary bladder. The bullet had entered the body at an unknown time in the remote past. The bullet probably gained entrance to the heart through the left atrial wall and lodged in the left ventricle.", "contents": "Bullet in the left ventricle from a remote gunshot wound to the heart. A bullet was found at necropsy in the left ventricle of a man who died of carcinoma of the urinary bladder. The bullet had entered the body at an unknown time in the remote past. The bullet probably gained entrance to the heart through the left atrial wall and lodged in the left ventricle.", "PMID": 832503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_35", "title": "Pharmacokinetic study of intravenous rifampicin.", "content": "The time course of the serum and urine concentrations of rifampicin were evaluated during and after administration of an intravenous preparation of the antibiotic. 300, 450 and 600 mg dose levels of the antibiotic were evaluated, all being given as intravenous infusion after solution in 500 ml of glucose, the infusion lasting 3 h. The results have shown that the serum level curves and the kinetic parameters calculated on them do not differ to any major extent from those corresponding to the same doses given orally. No changes of relevance in the half-life values were observed between doses. Changes in serum bilirubin levels were observed with a pattern similar to that commonly seen with oral administration of rifampicin.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic study of intravenous rifampicin. The time course of the serum and urine concentrations of rifampicin were evaluated during and after administration of an intravenous preparation of the antibiotic. 300, 450 and 600 mg dose levels of the antibiotic were evaluated, all being given as intravenous infusion after solution in 500 ml of glucose, the infusion lasting 3 h. The results have shown that the serum level curves and the kinetic parameters calculated on them do not differ to any major extent from those corresponding to the same doses given orally. No changes of relevance in the half-life values were observed between doses. Changes in serum bilirubin levels were observed with a pattern similar to that commonly seen with oral administration of rifampicin.", "PMID": 832508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_36", "title": "Evolution of sensitivity to fosfomycin in bacteria isolated in 1973, 1974 and 1975 in the Servicio de Microbiologia y Epidemiologia of the 'Clinica Puerta de Hierro', Madrid.", "content": "The bacteriostatic activity of fosfomycin was studied in vitro against 1,243 clinical isolations of gram-positive cocci and 4,086 isolations of gram-negative bacilli that were obtained in 1973, 1974 and in the period from January to May of 1975. MIC was determined by the agar diffusion method, quantifying it by means of the standard curve that was worked out with the strain of E. coli NCTC 10,418. A slight increase in resistance was observed in the gram-positive cocci: 64 mug/ml were inhibitory for 63% of the 249 isolations obtained in 1973, 59.1% of the 716 isolations obtained in 1974, and 57.5% of the 278 isolations from 1975. A slight loss of sensitivity was also observed in the gram-negative bacilli: the aforementioned concentration of fosfomycin inhibited 36% of the 742 isolations from 1973, 33.6% of the 2,387 isolations from 1974 and 32.6% of the 957 isolations from 1975. 933 g of this antibiotic were consumed in our hospital in 1973, 4,203 g in 1974 and 957 g in 1975. The consumption rate per patient per year was 0.15, 0.72 and 0.20 g, respectively. In conclusion, although no change was observed in the sensitivity of some bacterial strains to fosfomycin, the overall study indicates a slight decrease in the sensitivity, although it does not apparently have any relationship to the consumption of fosfomycin in our hospital.", "contents": "Evolution of sensitivity to fosfomycin in bacteria isolated in 1973, 1974 and 1975 in the Servicio de Microbiologia y Epidemiologia of the 'Clinica Puerta de Hierro', Madrid. The bacteriostatic activity of fosfomycin was studied in vitro against 1,243 clinical isolations of gram-positive cocci and 4,086 isolations of gram-negative bacilli that were obtained in 1973, 1974 and in the period from January to May of 1975. MIC was determined by the agar diffusion method, quantifying it by means of the standard curve that was worked out with the strain of E. coli NCTC 10,418. A slight increase in resistance was observed in the gram-positive cocci: 64 mug/ml were inhibitory for 63% of the 249 isolations obtained in 1973, 59.1% of the 716 isolations obtained in 1974, and 57.5% of the 278 isolations from 1975. A slight loss of sensitivity was also observed in the gram-negative bacilli: the aforementioned concentration of fosfomycin inhibited 36% of the 742 isolations from 1973, 33.6% of the 2,387 isolations from 1974 and 32.6% of the 957 isolations from 1975. 933 g of this antibiotic were consumed in our hospital in 1973, 4,203 g in 1974 and 957 g in 1975. The consumption rate per patient per year was 0.15, 0.72 and 0.20 g, respectively. In conclusion, although no change was observed in the sensitivity of some bacterial strains to fosfomycin, the overall study indicates a slight decrease in the sensitivity, although it does not apparently have any relationship to the consumption of fosfomycin in our hospital.", "PMID": 832509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_37", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of fosfomycin.", "content": "Fosfomycin, an antibiotic discovered in Spain, has a unique chemical structure and pharmacologic features that are promising for clinical therapy. It is only partially absorbed orally, with relatively low blood levels. Intramuscularly, however, absorption is complete with peak blood levels 3-5 times as high as orally, and rapid intravenous injections give serum concentrations almost twice as high as intramuscularly. Some accumulation occurs with all three routes, and concentrations in excess of 1,000 mug/ml are consistently obtained in the urine with parenteral doses every 6 h. The serum half-life is 1.5-2 h, urinary excretion is by glomerular filtration, the antibiotic is not bound to serum proteins, and the volume of distribution is large. Diffusion into tissues and body fluids is good. Thus, the pharmacologic characteristics of fosfomycin along with its low toxicity make it comparable in these respects to other well-established antibiotics.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of fosfomycin. Fosfomycin, an antibiotic discovered in Spain, has a unique chemical structure and pharmacologic features that are promising for clinical therapy. It is only partially absorbed orally, with relatively low blood levels. Intramuscularly, however, absorption is complete with peak blood levels 3-5 times as high as orally, and rapid intravenous injections give serum concentrations almost twice as high as intramuscularly. Some accumulation occurs with all three routes, and concentrations in excess of 1,000 mug/ml are consistently obtained in the urine with parenteral doses every 6 h. The serum half-life is 1.5-2 h, urinary excretion is by glomerular filtration, the antibiotic is not bound to serum proteins, and the volume of distribution is large. Diffusion into tissues and body fluids is good. Thus, the pharmacologic characteristics of fosfomycin along with its low toxicity make it comparable in these respects to other well-established antibiotics.", "PMID": 832510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_38", "title": "Pharmacokinetic study of fosfomycin and its bioavailability.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of fosfomycin in humans was studied in six young healthy volunteers after intravenous administration of 500 mg fosfomycin and after the same dose in oral administration in three different formulations. It was proven that fosfomycin follows a bicompartmental pattern, for which the disposition constants, the biological half-lives for the fast and slow phases, and the distribution constants were calculated. The renal excretion constant was evaluated making determinations of fosfomycin in the urine, and this constant together with the elimination constant allowed us to determine the extrarenal elimination. The concentration and quantity of the drug in the central and peripheral compartments were calculated and tabulated for different periods of time. An analogous behavior was obtained with the three formulations that were orally administered, with an average bioavailability of 37% in relation to the intravenous bioavailability, as evaluated by means of the accumulative renal excretion.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic study of fosfomycin and its bioavailability. The pharmacokinetics of fosfomycin in humans was studied in six young healthy volunteers after intravenous administration of 500 mg fosfomycin and after the same dose in oral administration in three different formulations. It was proven that fosfomycin follows a bicompartmental pattern, for which the disposition constants, the biological half-lives for the fast and slow phases, and the distribution constants were calculated. The renal excretion constant was evaluated making determinations of fosfomycin in the urine, and this constant together with the elimination constant allowed us to determine the extrarenal elimination. The concentration and quantity of the drug in the central and peripheral compartments were calculated and tabulated for different periods of time. An analogous behavior was obtained with the three formulations that were orally administered, with an average bioavailability of 37% in relation to the intravenous bioavailability, as evaluated by means of the accumulative renal excretion.", "PMID": 832511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_39", "title": "New studies on placental transfer of fosfomycin.", "content": "Passage of fosfomycin across the placental barrier and the dynamics of maternal and fetal levels were determined in a group of ten mothers in active labor. To obtain a series of intrauterine fetal samples the Saling technique was used. There exists a clear relation between the levels reached in the mother and in the fetus and in function of time, as well as between the amount of antibiotic in the fetal blood 90 min after injection, and the weight of the placenta.", "contents": "New studies on placental transfer of fosfomycin. Passage of fosfomycin across the placental barrier and the dynamics of maternal and fetal levels were determined in a group of ten mothers in active labor. To obtain a series of intrauterine fetal samples the Saling technique was used. There exists a clear relation between the levels reached in the mother and in the fetus and in function of time, as well as between the amount of antibiotic in the fetal blood 90 min after injection, and the weight of the placenta.", "PMID": 832512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_40", "title": "A study of the levels of fosfomycin in the cerebrospinal fluid in adult meningitis.", "content": "In order to determine the liquor concentration of fosfomycin, we chose 27 patients who were suffering from meningitis with different etiology. According to route, type of administration and doses employed, we classified the patients into five groups. Blood samples were taken from the patients 1 h after concluding the administration of the antibiotic and 2 h after the CSF sample. The concentration of fosfomycin in the serum and the CSF were then determined in the laboratory. In order to evaluate the results we divided our cases into three groups according to the state of their meningeal inflammation. In the first group of patients with active meningitis, we obtained an average concentration of fosfomycin in the serum of 65.20 mug/ml and in the CSF of 10.88 mug/ml. In the second group of patients with meningitis in the remission stage, the concentration of fosfomycin in the serum was 83.58 mug/ml and in the CSF it was 9.63 mug/ml. In the third group of patients with their meningitis cured, the concentration of fosfomycin in the serum was 66.45 mug/ml and in the CSF it was 4.95 mug/ml. On the basis of the concentrations obtained and with regard to the sensitivity in vitro, we concluded that fosfomycin can be useful in the treatment of meningitis caused by Pneumococcus, Staphylococcus, E. coli and other gram-negative bacilli.", "contents": "A study of the levels of fosfomycin in the cerebrospinal fluid in adult meningitis. In order to determine the liquor concentration of fosfomycin, we chose 27 patients who were suffering from meningitis with different etiology. According to route, type of administration and doses employed, we classified the patients into five groups. Blood samples were taken from the patients 1 h after concluding the administration of the antibiotic and 2 h after the CSF sample. The concentration of fosfomycin in the serum and the CSF were then determined in the laboratory. In order to evaluate the results we divided our cases into three groups according to the state of their meningeal inflammation. In the first group of patients with active meningitis, we obtained an average concentration of fosfomycin in the serum of 65.20 mug/ml and in the CSF of 10.88 mug/ml. In the second group of patients with meningitis in the remission stage, the concentration of fosfomycin in the serum was 83.58 mug/ml and in the CSF it was 9.63 mug/ml. In the third group of patients with their meningitis cured, the concentration of fosfomycin in the serum was 66.45 mug/ml and in the CSF it was 4.95 mug/ml. On the basis of the concentrations obtained and with regard to the sensitivity in vitro, we concluded that fosfomycin can be useful in the treatment of meningitis caused by Pneumococcus, Staphylococcus, E. coli and other gram-negative bacilli.", "PMID": 832513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_41", "title": "The passage of fosfomycin into the cerebrospinal fluid in children's meningitis.", "content": "This report deals with the results of a study that was made on the passage of fosfomycin into the CSF in 22 children with meningitis (11 parotideal meningitis and 11 meningococcal meningitis). The plasma and liquor levels of fosfomycin were determined in the acute phase of the illness and after the normalization of the CSF, with the object of studying the passage of the antibiotic through the blood-brain barrier in the presence and absence of meningeal inflammation. A greater permeability of the meninges was found to exist when they were in an inflammatory state and there seems to be a certain accumulative effect in the CSF when the fosfomycin is administered by intravenous perfusion. The concentrations that were obtained in the CSF were not high enough to justify the exclusive use of fosfomycin in the treatment of meningitis. Nevertheless, considering its wide antibacterial spectrum, its MIC against different microbial species and its lack of toxicity, we believe that fosfomycin can be of use when associated with other antibiotics in the treatment of meningitis caused by S. aureus, D. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, E. coli, P. mirabilis and S. marcescens.", "contents": "The passage of fosfomycin into the cerebrospinal fluid in children's meningitis. This report deals with the results of a study that was made on the passage of fosfomycin into the CSF in 22 children with meningitis (11 parotideal meningitis and 11 meningococcal meningitis). The plasma and liquor levels of fosfomycin were determined in the acute phase of the illness and after the normalization of the CSF, with the object of studying the passage of the antibiotic through the blood-brain barrier in the presence and absence of meningeal inflammation. A greater permeability of the meninges was found to exist when they were in an inflammatory state and there seems to be a certain accumulative effect in the CSF when the fosfomycin is administered by intravenous perfusion. The concentrations that were obtained in the CSF were not high enough to justify the exclusive use of fosfomycin in the treatment of meningitis. Nevertheless, considering its wide antibacterial spectrum, its MIC against different microbial species and its lack of toxicity, we believe that fosfomycin can be of use when associated with other antibiotics in the treatment of meningitis caused by S. aureus, D. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, E. coli, P. mirabilis and S. marcescens.", "PMID": 832514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_42", "title": "Blood and urinary concentrations of fosfomycin as a function of the renal function value.", "content": "The following parameters were considered in studying 43 subjects under treatment for urinary infections with different degrees of renal insufficiency: the maximum blood concentrations, the plasmatic half-life, and the urinary concentrations of fosfomycin as a function of the plasma creatinine of the subject treated. The curve of the average maximum blood concentrations show a parabola-like increase, the plasmatic half-life followed the same tendency, while the curve of the average urinary concentrations presented an exponential decrease. The urinary concentrations were, nevertheless, always higher than 100 mug/ml regardless of the degree of renal insufficiency and even in the subjects who had a very high plasma creatinine. Given its absence of renal and systemic toxicity, the daily dosage of fosfomycin could remain unchanged regardless of the degree of insufficiency.", "contents": "Blood and urinary concentrations of fosfomycin as a function of the renal function value. The following parameters were considered in studying 43 subjects under treatment for urinary infections with different degrees of renal insufficiency: the maximum blood concentrations, the plasmatic half-life, and the urinary concentrations of fosfomycin as a function of the plasma creatinine of the subject treated. The curve of the average maximum blood concentrations show a parabola-like increase, the plasmatic half-life followed the same tendency, while the curve of the average urinary concentrations presented an exponential decrease. The urinary concentrations were, nevertheless, always higher than 100 mug/ml regardless of the degree of renal insufficiency and even in the subjects who had a very high plasma creatinine. Given its absence of renal and systemic toxicity, the daily dosage of fosfomycin could remain unchanged regardless of the degree of insufficiency.", "PMID": 832515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_43", "title": "Renal insufficiency and fosfomycin.", "content": "After the parenteral injection of 1 g sodium salt of fosfomycin the serum levels of the antibiotic are detected in a series of eight adult patients with different degrees of chronic renal insufficiencies four of them submitted to periodical dialysis. The results obtained reveal that the levels as well as the time of elimination of fosfomycin maintain an obvious relation to the degree of renal insufficiency in the patients.", "contents": "Renal insufficiency and fosfomycin. After the parenteral injection of 1 g sodium salt of fosfomycin the serum levels of the antibiotic are detected in a series of eight adult patients with different degrees of chronic renal insufficiencies four of them submitted to periodical dialysis. The results obtained reveal that the levels as well as the time of elimination of fosfomycin maintain an obvious relation to the degree of renal insufficiency in the patients.", "PMID": 832516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_44", "title": "Fosfomycin in patients subjected to periodic hemodialysis.", "content": "The sensitivity to fosfomycin which is found in organisms that are frequently found in urinary infections and the lack of toxicity of this antibiotic were the reasons for which we tested fosfomycin on patients who were subjected to periodic hemodialysis. We were interested in studying (1) if fosfomycin was dialyzable, and (2) its therapeutic pattern in these patients. We selected a group of 27 patients from our programme of periodic hemodialysis who spend 18 h each week in three sessions with an RSP Travenol artificial kidney, using Ultra Flo II as the dialytic unit. They were all free of infection and had not received any antibiotics for 40 days before the test was carried out. They were administered 1 or 2 g of fosfomycin by the intravenous route at the time of beginning the dialysis. Blood samples and samples from the dialytic bath were taken before administering the fosfomycin, and 1/2, 3 and 6 hours after administering it. Our results show that fosfomycin is 70-80% dialyzed by the membranes of the artificial kidney and that during the hemodialysis, given the clearance which the dialyzing membrane makes of the antibiotic, the usual doses of fosfomycin should not be altered. No side effects were observed in any of the patients.", "contents": "Fosfomycin in patients subjected to periodic hemodialysis. The sensitivity to fosfomycin which is found in organisms that are frequently found in urinary infections and the lack of toxicity of this antibiotic were the reasons for which we tested fosfomycin on patients who were subjected to periodic hemodialysis. We were interested in studying (1) if fosfomycin was dialyzable, and (2) its therapeutic pattern in these patients. We selected a group of 27 patients from our programme of periodic hemodialysis who spend 18 h each week in three sessions with an RSP Travenol artificial kidney, using Ultra Flo II as the dialytic unit. They were all free of infection and had not received any antibiotics for 40 days before the test was carried out. They were administered 1 or 2 g of fosfomycin by the intravenous route at the time of beginning the dialysis. Blood samples and samples from the dialytic bath were taken before administering the fosfomycin, and 1/2, 3 and 6 hours after administering it. Our results show that fosfomycin is 70-80% dialyzed by the membranes of the artificial kidney and that during the hemodialysis, given the clearance which the dialyzing membrane makes of the antibiotic, the usual doses of fosfomycin should not be altered. No side effects were observed in any of the patients.", "PMID": 832517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_45", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of fosfomycin during hemodialysis.", "content": "A study was made of the elimination of fosfomycin by the membrane of the artificial kidney in 10 patients with hemodialysis and a creatinine clearance of less than 5 ml/min. To do so we determined the half-life, the dialysance, the percentage of total loss and the percentage of loss by the artificial kidney. We reached the conclusion that fosfomycin is heavily dialyzed (D = 64 ml/min), it is entirely eliminated by the kidneys and its half-life is therefore affected very little (an increase of only about 30 min is produced). All of this leads to a practical schema by which the entire initial dose should be replenished at the end of each dialysis.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of fosfomycin during hemodialysis. A study was made of the elimination of fosfomycin by the membrane of the artificial kidney in 10 patients with hemodialysis and a creatinine clearance of less than 5 ml/min. To do so we determined the half-life, the dialysance, the percentage of total loss and the percentage of loss by the artificial kidney. We reached the conclusion that fosfomycin is heavily dialyzed (D = 64 ml/min), it is entirely eliminated by the kidneys and its half-life is therefore affected very little (an increase of only about 30 min is produced). All of this leads to a practical schema by which the entire initial dose should be replenished at the end of each dialysis.", "PMID": 832518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_46", "title": "Pharmacodynamic data on fosfomycin in underweight infants during the neonatal period.", "content": "A study was made of the blood levels, half-life and elimination of fosfomycin in two groups of underweight infants during the 1st to 3rd days of life and after 3-4 weeks. The test dose was 50 mg/kg i.v., administered in a single dose. The times at which the blood was controlled were 5 min, 1, 3, 6, 9 and 24 h; and 0-24 h for the urine. All samples were evaluated by the microbiological method of diffusion in plate. The results obtained indicate that the elimination of fosfomycin after 24 h is slower and occurs in smaller quantities in the group of infants 1-3 days old than in the group of 3- to 4-week-old infants, the half-life of the antibiotic being 7 and 4.9 h, respectively.", "contents": "Pharmacodynamic data on fosfomycin in underweight infants during the neonatal period. A study was made of the blood levels, half-life and elimination of fosfomycin in two groups of underweight infants during the 1st to 3rd days of life and after 3-4 weeks. The test dose was 50 mg/kg i.v., administered in a single dose. The times at which the blood was controlled were 5 min, 1, 3, 6, 9 and 24 h; and 0-24 h for the urine. All samples were evaluated by the microbiological method of diffusion in plate. The results obtained indicate that the elimination of fosfomycin after 24 h is slower and occurs in smaller quantities in the group of infants 1-3 days old than in the group of 3- to 4-week-old infants, the half-life of the antibiotic being 7 and 4.9 h, respectively.", "PMID": 832519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_47", "title": "Influence of fosfomycin on intestinal disaccharidases in rats.", "content": "The influence of orally administered fosfomycin on intestinal disaccharidases in albino rats was studied. The enzymes were evaluated in a homogenate of the intestinal mucosa, using the method of SOLS and DE LA FUENTE which is based on the colored reaction of the glucose that is freed by the disaccharidases from disaccharides with a glucose-oxidase-peroxidase reagent and a chromogen (Glucostat). The results obtained in animals treated with a daily dose of 1 g/kg fosfomycin for 6 consecutive days are compared with the corresponding results of animals that received 1 ml/day of saline solution during the same period. Our conclusion was that fosfomycin has no effect on the intestinal disaccharidases in rats.", "contents": "Influence of fosfomycin on intestinal disaccharidases in rats. The influence of orally administered fosfomycin on intestinal disaccharidases in albino rats was studied. The enzymes were evaluated in a homogenate of the intestinal mucosa, using the method of SOLS and DE LA FUENTE which is based on the colored reaction of the glucose that is freed by the disaccharidases from disaccharides with a glucose-oxidase-peroxidase reagent and a chromogen (Glucostat). The results obtained in animals treated with a daily dose of 1 g/kg fosfomycin for 6 consecutive days are compared with the corresponding results of animals that received 1 ml/day of saline solution during the same period. Our conclusion was that fosfomycin has no effect on the intestinal disaccharidases in rats.", "PMID": 832520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_48", "title": "Effect of fosfomycin on the thrombocytal aggregation induced by ADP.", "content": "The effect of fosfomycin on the thrombocytal aggregation induced by ADP was studied. Plasma rich in thrombocytes was used. It was obtained from blood donors. Fosfomycin was used in concentrations of 1.3 X 10(-3); 1.3 X 10(-2), and 1.3 X 10(-1)M and the ADP in concentrations of 1.17, 2.34 and 3.51 X 10(-6)M. Two experimental groups were used: the first group was made up of five experiments, with an incubation time for the fosfomycin with the thrombocytes of 2 min; the second experimental group was made up of five experiments whose incubation times were 5 and 10 min. Fosfomycin inhibits the thrombocytal aggregation which is induced by ADP. This inhibition (1) is larger, the smaller the concentration of ADP, (2) for a single concentration of ADP it is proportional to the concentration of fosfomycin that is used, and (3) there are no significant differences according to the time of incubation. This thrombocytal anti-aggregating activity is related to the presence of a phosphonic group in the molecule of fosfomycin.", "contents": "Effect of fosfomycin on the thrombocytal aggregation induced by ADP. The effect of fosfomycin on the thrombocytal aggregation induced by ADP was studied. Plasma rich in thrombocytes was used. It was obtained from blood donors. Fosfomycin was used in concentrations of 1.3 X 10(-3); 1.3 X 10(-2), and 1.3 X 10(-1)M and the ADP in concentrations of 1.17, 2.34 and 3.51 X 10(-6)M. Two experimental groups were used: the first group was made up of five experiments, with an incubation time for the fosfomycin with the thrombocytes of 2 min; the second experimental group was made up of five experiments whose incubation times were 5 and 10 min. Fosfomycin inhibits the thrombocytal aggregation which is induced by ADP. This inhibition (1) is larger, the smaller the concentration of ADP, (2) for a single concentration of ADP it is proportional to the concentration of fosfomycin that is used, and (3) there are no significant differences according to the time of incubation. This thrombocytal anti-aggregating activity is related to the presence of a phosphonic group in the molecule of fosfomycin.", "PMID": 832521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_49", "title": "Fosfomycin in the treatment of bacterial infections: summary of clinical trials in Japan.", "content": "The Japan Research Committee of Fosfomycin was organized in the fall of 1972 to promote the basic and clinical studies on fosfomycin. First of all, a subcommittee of fosfomycin consisting of a limited number of members was organized to establish the methods of determination on its antibacterial activity and its concentration in the biological fluid, and the most applicable methods were devised. The clinical trials on its oral form in a small scale were commenced from spring in 1973, and then gradually expanded to almost all of Japan. The clinical trials on its parenteral intravenous form were also undertaken from the latter half of 1973. The basic and clinical results obtained from hospitals and institutes almost all over Japan, to which members of the above Committee belong, were presented by speakers under a hot discussion in two symposia which were held by the Japan Society of Chemotherapy; one on its oral form in June 1974, and another on its parenteral form in December 1974. I served as chairman in both of the symposia. The clinical results of fosfomycin in Japan which were mainly collected in both symposia are described below. Its antibacterial activity, and absorption and exretion will be presented elsewhere in this volume. Clinical results of its oral form: Dosage forms of fosfomycin-Ca salt, capsule and granules, were prepared for its clinical trials. It resulted effective in about 76% of 1,200 patients with infection due to gram-positive or gram-negative (Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, etc.) bacteria in several fields. As far as rates of efficacy were concerned, it was more effective in surgical, urological, ophthalmic and some other fields than in internal and pediatric ones. Fosfomycin was given in a dose of 2-3 g/day for adults or 100-130 mg/kg for infants and children in most cases. Furthermore, it can be favorably mentioned that fosfomycin was proved to be effective in salmonellosis and resistant shigellosis by a certain research group specialized in the therapy of infectious enteritis. Clinical results of its parenteral form: Sterlized bulk material of fosfomycin-Na salt was prepared in a vial for clinical use. Similarly as in the case of oral form, it was applied to about 500 patients with several infections. It resulted effective in about 68% of them. This percentage was not as high because of the higher frequency of application to severe patients or patients with underlying disease. Fosfomycin was intravenously administered by one shot or drip infusion in a dose of 2-4 g/day for adults, or 100-250 mg/kg for infants and children in most cases. Adverse reactions: In oral form, the incidence of adverse reactions was about 10% but most of them were slight gastrointestinal disorders. In an extremely small number of patients a rise of SGOT and/or SGPT was observed. In parenteral form, the incidence of adverse reactions was a little higher, being about 17% including a rise of SGOT and/or SGPT, vascular pain, nausea, and vomiting, etc...", "contents": "Fosfomycin in the treatment of bacterial infections: summary of clinical trials in Japan. The Japan Research Committee of Fosfomycin was organized in the fall of 1972 to promote the basic and clinical studies on fosfomycin. First of all, a subcommittee of fosfomycin consisting of a limited number of members was organized to establish the methods of determination on its antibacterial activity and its concentration in the biological fluid, and the most applicable methods were devised. The clinical trials on its oral form in a small scale were commenced from spring in 1973, and then gradually expanded to almost all of Japan. The clinical trials on its parenteral intravenous form were also undertaken from the latter half of 1973. The basic and clinical results obtained from hospitals and institutes almost all over Japan, to which members of the above Committee belong, were presented by speakers under a hot discussion in two symposia which were held by the Japan Society of Chemotherapy; one on its oral form in June 1974, and another on its parenteral form in December 1974. I served as chairman in both of the symposia. The clinical results of fosfomycin in Japan which were mainly collected in both symposia are described below. Its antibacterial activity, and absorption and exretion will be presented elsewhere in this volume. Clinical results of its oral form: Dosage forms of fosfomycin-Ca salt, capsule and granules, were prepared for its clinical trials. It resulted effective in about 76% of 1,200 patients with infection due to gram-positive or gram-negative (Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, etc.) bacteria in several fields. As far as rates of efficacy were concerned, it was more effective in surgical, urological, ophthalmic and some other fields than in internal and pediatric ones. Fosfomycin was given in a dose of 2-3 g/day for adults or 100-130 mg/kg for infants and children in most cases. Furthermore, it can be favorably mentioned that fosfomycin was proved to be effective in salmonellosis and resistant shigellosis by a certain research group specialized in the therapy of infectious enteritis. Clinical results of its parenteral form: Sterlized bulk material of fosfomycin-Na salt was prepared in a vial for clinical use. Similarly as in the case of oral form, it was applied to about 500 patients with several infections. It resulted effective in about 68% of them. This percentage was not as high because of the higher frequency of application to severe patients or patients with underlying disease. Fosfomycin was intravenously administered by one shot or drip infusion in a dose of 2-4 g/day for adults, or 100-250 mg/kg for infants and children in most cases. Adverse reactions: In oral form, the incidence of adverse reactions was about 10% but most of them were slight gastrointestinal disorders. In an extremely small number of patients a rise of SGOT and/or SGPT was observed. In parenteral form, the incidence of adverse reactions was a little higher, being about 17% including a rise of SGOT and/or SGPT, vascular pain, nausea, and vomiting, etc...", "PMID": 832522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_50", "title": "Bacteriological evaluation of fosfomycin in clinical studies.", "content": "Since fosfomycin has behaved in vitro as a broad-spectrum antibiotic, an attempt has been made to evaluate this behaviour in controlled clinical study carried out at different Spanish hospitals. A total of 959 patients were treated for some of the following infectious clinical processes: gonococcal urethritis, typhoid fever, enterocolitis, acute and chronic urinary tract infections, osteomyelitis, chronic otorrhoea, septicaemia, meningitis, peritonitis, surgical and suppurative infections, bronchitis, pneumonia, pharyngoamygdalitis, burns, endometritis, ocular infection, whooping cough and nasal carriers of S. aureus. The results obtained as a function of the microorganism isolated in these clinical processes in percentage of clinical and bacteriological success have been 96% of the S. aureus infections, 95% of the Streptococcus sp. including S. pneumoniae, 90% of the N. gonorrhoeae infections, 94% of the E. coli infections including enteropathogenic E. coli, 90% of the S. marcescens infections, 76% of the Proteus sp. infections, 72% of the Klebsiella-Enterobacter infections, 66% of P. aeruginosa infections and 78% of the S. typhi infections.", "contents": "Bacteriological evaluation of fosfomycin in clinical studies. Since fosfomycin has behaved in vitro as a broad-spectrum antibiotic, an attempt has been made to evaluate this behaviour in controlled clinical study carried out at different Spanish hospitals. A total of 959 patients were treated for some of the following infectious clinical processes: gonococcal urethritis, typhoid fever, enterocolitis, acute and chronic urinary tract infections, osteomyelitis, chronic otorrhoea, septicaemia, meningitis, peritonitis, surgical and suppurative infections, bronchitis, pneumonia, pharyngoamygdalitis, burns, endometritis, ocular infection, whooping cough and nasal carriers of S. aureus. The results obtained as a function of the microorganism isolated in these clinical processes in percentage of clinical and bacteriological success have been 96% of the S. aureus infections, 95% of the Streptococcus sp. including S. pneumoniae, 90% of the N. gonorrhoeae infections, 94% of the E. coli infections including enteropathogenic E. coli, 90% of the S. marcescens infections, 76% of the Proteus sp. infections, 72% of the Klebsiella-Enterobacter infections, 66% of P. aeruginosa infections and 78% of the S. typhi infections.", "PMID": 832523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_51", "title": "Treatment of urinary infections with fosfomycin.", "content": "This report deals with the study made of the treatment of 45 acute, subacute and chronic urinary infections in a department of general medicine. 43 of these were infections caused by a single species of bacteria and 3 were caused by more than one species. The sensitivity test of the isolated organisms (E. coli, Proteus, Serratia, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella and S. faecalis) showed 83.33% of the strains to be senstive and 16.8% of the strains to be resistant. Nevertheless, this last group of strains, with the exception of one Pseudomonas, proved to be sensitive to the association of fosfomycin with a beta-lactamin (carbenicillin, amoxycillin) or an aminoglycoside (gentamicin, tobramycin). Of a total of 45 cases, 34 were exclusively treated with fosfomycin (2 g by the intramuscular route and 2 g by the oral route) and 11 cases were treated with a double association of fosfomycin with a beta-lactamin (carbenicillin or amoxycillin) or an aminoglycoside (gentamicin), after having studied the bactericidal activity of the association in vitro. The clinical and bacteriological results were verified 4 weeks after the conclusion of the treatment and showed that there was an eradication of the urinary infection in 34 cases (75.55%), relapses in 6 cases (13.33%) and reinfections in 5 cases (11.22%). These results would seem to be favourable with regards to hospital infections and with respect to organisms that are considered to be very little sensitive or resistant.", "contents": "Treatment of urinary infections with fosfomycin. This report deals with the study made of the treatment of 45 acute, subacute and chronic urinary infections in a department of general medicine. 43 of these were infections caused by a single species of bacteria and 3 were caused by more than one species. The sensitivity test of the isolated organisms (E. coli, Proteus, Serratia, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella and S. faecalis) showed 83.33% of the strains to be senstive and 16.8% of the strains to be resistant. Nevertheless, this last group of strains, with the exception of one Pseudomonas, proved to be sensitive to the association of fosfomycin with a beta-lactamin (carbenicillin, amoxycillin) or an aminoglycoside (gentamicin, tobramycin). Of a total of 45 cases, 34 were exclusively treated with fosfomycin (2 g by the intramuscular route and 2 g by the oral route) and 11 cases were treated with a double association of fosfomycin with a beta-lactamin (carbenicillin or amoxycillin) or an aminoglycoside (gentamicin), after having studied the bactericidal activity of the association in vitro. The clinical and bacteriological results were verified 4 weeks after the conclusion of the treatment and showed that there was an eradication of the urinary infection in 34 cases (75.55%), relapses in 6 cases (13.33%) and reinfections in 5 cases (11.22%). These results would seem to be favourable with regards to hospital infections and with respect to organisms that are considered to be very little sensitive or resistant.", "PMID": 832524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_52", "title": "Fosfomycin in the bacteriuria of paraplegic patients.", "content": "A study was made of the activity of fosfomycin in vitro and in vivo against different bacterial strains localized in the urinary tract of paraplegic patients hospitalized for their rehabilitation in our Hospital. A total of 22 patients were studied and 24 treatments were carried out. A total of 33 organisms were isolated in the initial cultures. In all patients, the pattern of administration of the antibiotic was 4 g/day intramuscularly during 8 days. From the bacteriological standpoint, the results were excellent, although there was no question of clinical results due to the special circumstances of these patients. A sterilization of the urocultures was achieved in 20 of the 24 cases treated. No signs of intolerance or toxicity were observed in any of the patients upon administering the antibiotic.", "contents": "Fosfomycin in the bacteriuria of paraplegic patients. A study was made of the activity of fosfomycin in vitro and in vivo against different bacterial strains localized in the urinary tract of paraplegic patients hospitalized for their rehabilitation in our Hospital. A total of 22 patients were studied and 24 treatments were carried out. A total of 33 organisms were isolated in the initial cultures. In all patients, the pattern of administration of the antibiotic was 4 g/day intramuscularly during 8 days. From the bacteriological standpoint, the results were excellent, although there was no question of clinical results due to the special circumstances of these patients. A sterilization of the urocultures was achieved in 20 of the 24 cases treated. No signs of intolerance or toxicity were observed in any of the patients upon administering the antibiotic.", "PMID": 832525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_53", "title": "Fosfomycin in puerperal infections and its elimination in lochia.", "content": "31 patients suffering from puerperal endometritis, 16 of whom with other concomitant infections (sepsis, infection of episiotomy, pyelonephritis) were treated with fosfomycin. 86% of the germs isolated were sensitive to fosfomycin. The results obtained have been excellent in 26 patients (84%) and null in 5 (16%). Fosfomycin showed to be an antibiotic of wide-spectrum, and it acted very rapidly, since apirexia of the patients was achieved after 2-3 days of treatment. The antibiotic had perfect tolerance. No disagreeable secondary effects nor changes in the haematological data were observed. We have also carried out a study on the elimination in lochia of fosfomycin in a group of 21 patients with normal birth and puerperium. The concentrations of the antibiotic in lochia, although variable, are sufficient to achieve the desired bactericide action.", "contents": "Fosfomycin in puerperal infections and its elimination in lochia. 31 patients suffering from puerperal endometritis, 16 of whom with other concomitant infections (sepsis, infection of episiotomy, pyelonephritis) were treated with fosfomycin. 86% of the germs isolated were sensitive to fosfomycin. The results obtained have been excellent in 26 patients (84%) and null in 5 (16%). Fosfomycin showed to be an antibiotic of wide-spectrum, and it acted very rapidly, since apirexia of the patients was achieved after 2-3 days of treatment. The antibiotic had perfect tolerance. No disagreeable secondary effects nor changes in the haematological data were observed. We have also carried out a study on the elimination in lochia of fosfomycin in a group of 21 patients with normal birth and puerperium. The concentrations of the antibiotic in lochia, although variable, are sufficient to achieve the desired bactericide action.", "PMID": 832526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_54", "title": "Fosfomycin in the treatment of gynecological infections.", "content": "Here we present the results obtained in the treatment with fosfomycin of 58 patients of diverse obstetric-gynecological infections manifested by clinical symptomology and by the initial isolation of 70 strains of different germs, all of them sensitive to this antibiotic. The types of infections were urinary, abdominal wall, perennial septicemias, and endometritis; 45 of them motivated by or resulting from pregnancy, and the remaining 13 from gynecological causes. The most frequent treatment was 1 g/6h during 10 days, using sodium salt intramuscularly in 33 cases, and calcium salt taken orally in 26. The clinical results were good in 50 cases (86.2%) with improvement in 3 (5.1%) and persistency of the infection in 5. The bacteriological evolution was good on 34 occasions (58.6%), partial in 4 (6.8%), and poor in 6 (10.3%). In 14 cases no control could be made since the wound healed. The tolerance to the antibiotic was good and no manifestations of toxicity were observed.", "contents": "Fosfomycin in the treatment of gynecological infections. Here we present the results obtained in the treatment with fosfomycin of 58 patients of diverse obstetric-gynecological infections manifested by clinical symptomology and by the initial isolation of 70 strains of different germs, all of them sensitive to this antibiotic. The types of infections were urinary, abdominal wall, perennial septicemias, and endometritis; 45 of them motivated by or resulting from pregnancy, and the remaining 13 from gynecological causes. The most frequent treatment was 1 g/6h during 10 days, using sodium salt intramuscularly in 33 cases, and calcium salt taken orally in 26. The clinical results were good in 50 cases (86.2%) with improvement in 3 (5.1%) and persistency of the infection in 5. The bacteriological evolution was good on 34 occasions (58.6%), partial in 4 (6.8%), and poor in 6 (10.3%). In 14 cases no control could be made since the wound healed. The tolerance to the antibiotic was good and no manifestations of toxicity were observed.", "PMID": 832527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_55", "title": "Treatment of acute and subacute gonococcal urethritis with fosfomycin.", "content": "70 patients, 69 male and 1 female, 23 suffering from subacute gonococcal urethritis and the other 47 suffering from acute gonococcal urethritis, have been treated with fosfomycin with the intramuscular method. The treatment was planned as follows: (1) in 12 patients a total dose of 4 g (2g/4h) was tried with 11 bacteriological and clinical cures (92%) and 1 failure; (2) in another 43 patients a single dose of 4 g was tried (2 g in each buttock), with 37 cures (86%) and 6 failures; (3) finally, in another group of 15 patients with subacute gonococcal urethritis, fosfomycin was administered at the rate of 2g/8h for 2 days, clinical and bacteriological cures being achieved in all patients (100%). The failures, a total of 7, are patients with subacute gonococcal urethritis who were given a single dose of 4 g.", "contents": "Treatment of acute and subacute gonococcal urethritis with fosfomycin. 70 patients, 69 male and 1 female, 23 suffering from subacute gonococcal urethritis and the other 47 suffering from acute gonococcal urethritis, have been treated with fosfomycin with the intramuscular method. The treatment was planned as follows: (1) in 12 patients a total dose of 4 g (2g/4h) was tried with 11 bacteriological and clinical cures (92%) and 1 failure; (2) in another 43 patients a single dose of 4 g was tried (2 g in each buttock), with 37 cures (86%) and 6 failures; (3) finally, in another group of 15 patients with subacute gonococcal urethritis, fosfomycin was administered at the rate of 2g/8h for 2 days, clinical and bacteriological cures being achieved in all patients (100%). The failures, a total of 7, are patients with subacute gonococcal urethritis who were given a single dose of 4 g.", "PMID": 832528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_56", "title": "Fosfomycin in infantile acute gastroenteritis.", "content": "A clinical test was carried out on 83 children suffering from infectious diarrhoeal processes who were treated with fosfomycin with the oral and paranteral route. Coproculture was carried out in all the children before the beginning of treatment and in 51 of them it was repeated at the end of treatment. Antibiograms were made on the isolated germs and their MIC to fosfomycin studied. Tolerance and secondary effects of the medicament were also studied. The study was considered insufficient in 13 patients so that the evaluation was based on 70, making 4 failures and 60 clinical cures. Administration of fosfomycin causes the eradication of serotypeable E. coli and is followed by an increase in the number of Proteus sp. and Klebsiella/Enterobacter. The sensitivity of the faecal flora to fosfomycin has been very high, except for the strains of Proteus sp. and Klebsiella/Enterobacter. The accumulative percentage of the MIC to fosfomycin of all the strains isolated shows that more than 75% of them are inhibited at concentrations under 32 mug/ml. Tolerance was good and no secondary effects were observed except for the sporadic rise in the SGPT of the children.", "contents": "Fosfomycin in infantile acute gastroenteritis. A clinical test was carried out on 83 children suffering from infectious diarrhoeal processes who were treated with fosfomycin with the oral and paranteral route. Coproculture was carried out in all the children before the beginning of treatment and in 51 of them it was repeated at the end of treatment. Antibiograms were made on the isolated germs and their MIC to fosfomycin studied. Tolerance and secondary effects of the medicament were also studied. The study was considered insufficient in 13 patients so that the evaluation was based on 70, making 4 failures and 60 clinical cures. Administration of fosfomycin causes the eradication of serotypeable E. coli and is followed by an increase in the number of Proteus sp. and Klebsiella/Enterobacter. The sensitivity of the faecal flora to fosfomycin has been very high, except for the strains of Proteus sp. and Klebsiella/Enterobacter. The accumulative percentage of the MIC to fosfomycin of all the strains isolated shows that more than 75% of them are inhibited at concentrations under 32 mug/ml. Tolerance was good and no secondary effects were observed except for the sporadic rise in the SGPT of the children.", "PMID": 832529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_57", "title": "Acute infantile pneumonopathies treated with fosfomycin.", "content": "Reference is made to the results obtained in 24 children, from 11 months to 12 years, affected with acute pneumopathies and treated with fosfomycin with a dosage of 200 mg/kg/day. In all cases a clinical, radiological, biological and bacteriological study was carried out. At the same time, levels of fosfomycin in plasma and sputum were checked every 5 days during the course of treatment. In the 4 cases of pleurisy the level of antibiotic in the pleural liquid was also checked. The concentration of fosfomycin in the sputum gives very variable results with average values oscillating between 16.5 and 23.4% of the plasmatic level respectively at the beginning and end of treatment, a cumulative effect of the antibiotic being observed. Concentration in pleural liquid oscillates between 39 and 50%. The clinical, radiological and biological evolution has been favourable iin 21 cases, unfavourable in two cases and in one case treatment had to be suspended because of the apparition of a cutaneous necrosis. Apart from this case no notable toxic effects were observed. Children do not support intramuscular injections very well and intravenous injections often cause phlebitis.", "contents": "Acute infantile pneumonopathies treated with fosfomycin. Reference is made to the results obtained in 24 children, from 11 months to 12 years, affected with acute pneumopathies and treated with fosfomycin with a dosage of 200 mg/kg/day. In all cases a clinical, radiological, biological and bacteriological study was carried out. At the same time, levels of fosfomycin in plasma and sputum were checked every 5 days during the course of treatment. In the 4 cases of pleurisy the level of antibiotic in the pleural liquid was also checked. The concentration of fosfomycin in the sputum gives very variable results with average values oscillating between 16.5 and 23.4% of the plasmatic level respectively at the beginning and end of treatment, a cumulative effect of the antibiotic being observed. Concentration in pleural liquid oscillates between 39 and 50%. The clinical, radiological and biological evolution has been favourable iin 21 cases, unfavourable in two cases and in one case treatment had to be suspended because of the apparition of a cutaneous necrosis. Apart from this case no notable toxic effects were observed. Children do not support intramuscular injections very well and intravenous injections often cause phlebitis.", "PMID": 832530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_58", "title": "Bactericidal synergistic effect due to chloramphenicol-induced inhibition of staphyloccal penicillinase.", "content": "A synergistic bactericidal effect of chloramphenicol and penicillin-G was observed with 17 out of 20 beta-lactamase producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus. The synergism was due to chloramphenicol-induced inhibition of beta-lactamase production. With seven of the strains the synergistic effect was operative only with subinhibitory concentrations of chloramphenicol, while higher concentrations produced antagonism.", "contents": "Bactericidal synergistic effect due to chloramphenicol-induced inhibition of staphyloccal penicillinase. A synergistic bactericidal effect of chloramphenicol and penicillin-G was observed with 17 out of 20 beta-lactamase producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus. The synergism was due to chloramphenicol-induced inhibition of beta-lactamase production. With seven of the strains the synergistic effect was operative only with subinhibitory concentrations of chloramphenicol, while higher concentrations produced antagonism.", "PMID": 832531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_59", "title": "Clinical bacteriological evaluation of infantile bacteriuria treated with fosfomycin.", "content": "The therapeutic action of fosfomycin has been studied in a group of 14 children, with simple and complicated infections of the urinary tract with congenital renal malformations. In the bacteriological study of the urine it was observed that the strains most frequently isolated were E. coli, Proteus sp. and Klebsiella sp. Of the 25 strains isolated 76% were sensitive to the disc of 50 mug fosfomycin and 24% moderately sensitive with a MIC of 64 and 128 mug/ml. The doses of fosfomycin used were 150 mg/kg/day in four administrations. In 13 cases it was administered orally alone and in one case orally and intramuscularly. The results have been good in 10 cases (71.4%) and bad in four cases. The antibiotic has shown good tolerance and no secondary effects have been noticed.", "contents": "Clinical bacteriological evaluation of infantile bacteriuria treated with fosfomycin. The therapeutic action of fosfomycin has been studied in a group of 14 children, with simple and complicated infections of the urinary tract with congenital renal malformations. In the bacteriological study of the urine it was observed that the strains most frequently isolated were E. coli, Proteus sp. and Klebsiella sp. Of the 25 strains isolated 76% were sensitive to the disc of 50 mug fosfomycin and 24% moderately sensitive with a MIC of 64 and 128 mug/ml. The doses of fosfomycin used were 150 mg/kg/day in four administrations. In 13 cases it was administered orally alone and in one case orally and intramuscularly. The results have been good in 10 cases (71.4%) and bad in four cases. The antibiotic has shown good tolerance and no secondary effects have been noticed.", "PMID": 832532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_60", "title": "Fosfomycin in acute bronchopneumopathies.", "content": "Fosfomycin has been tested in 25 adult patients with bronchial or bronchopulmonary acute processes, of which 13 were simple acute processes of a greater or lesser severity, and 12 acutenesses of chronic bronchial processes. The germs found most frequently in the sputum cultures were Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella. Fosfomycin was used intramuscularly with doses of 4 g/day, for an average of 10 days. The results obtained were 16 cures, 7 improvements and 2 failures, which represents 92% success with 8% failures.", "contents": "Fosfomycin in acute bronchopneumopathies. Fosfomycin has been tested in 25 adult patients with bronchial or bronchopulmonary acute processes, of which 13 were simple acute processes of a greater or lesser severity, and 12 acutenesses of chronic bronchial processes. The germs found most frequently in the sputum cultures were Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella. Fosfomycin was used intramuscularly with doses of 4 g/day, for an average of 10 days. The results obtained were 16 cures, 7 improvements and 2 failures, which represents 92% success with 8% failures.", "PMID": 832533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_61", "title": "Fosfomycin in treatment of respiratory bacterial infections.", "content": "A study was made of 40 patients suffering from clinically and bacteriologically demonstrated bacterial respiratory infections which were all treated with fosfomycin as the only antibiotic. Studies were made of the sensitivity of the isolated organisms and control of the eradicated and selected organisms. Analytical controls were performed on all patients before, during and after treatment. The average dose employed was 60 mg/kg/day, divided into four doses and administered parenterally. The duration of the treatment fluctuated between 6 and 11 days in 87% of the cases. A clinical and bacteriological evaluation was made of the results. The clinical response was satisfactory in 75% of the cases, partial in 7.5% and poor in 17.5%. The bacteriological evolution was satisfactory in 62.5%, partial in 12.5% and poor in 20%. It was not possible to control the evolution in 15% of the patients. The concentrations of the antibiotic were determined in the sputum of 6 patients and fluctuated between 0.6 and 12.9 mug/ml. In no case could any significant disorders be attributed to the antibiotic.", "contents": "Fosfomycin in treatment of respiratory bacterial infections. A study was made of 40 patients suffering from clinically and bacteriologically demonstrated bacterial respiratory infections which were all treated with fosfomycin as the only antibiotic. Studies were made of the sensitivity of the isolated organisms and control of the eradicated and selected organisms. Analytical controls were performed on all patients before, during and after treatment. The average dose employed was 60 mg/kg/day, divided into four doses and administered parenterally. The duration of the treatment fluctuated between 6 and 11 days in 87% of the cases. A clinical and bacteriological evaluation was made of the results. The clinical response was satisfactory in 75% of the cases, partial in 7.5% and poor in 17.5%. The bacteriological evolution was satisfactory in 62.5%, partial in 12.5% and poor in 20%. It was not possible to control the evolution in 15% of the patients. The concentrations of the antibiotic were determined in the sputum of 6 patients and fluctuated between 0.6 and 12.9 mug/ml. In no case could any significant disorders be attributed to the antibiotic.", "PMID": 832534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_62", "title": "Treatment of respiratory infections with fosfomycin.", "content": "Results are presented for a series of 29 patients, 14 males and 15 females, with serious respiratory infections, in which fosfomycin proved effective. In all cases the study was completed by bacteriological, clinical, radiological and analytical controls. The average dose was 6 g/day (3 g orally and 3 g intramuscularly) for 1 or 2 weeks. The four isolated were P. aeruginosa, E. coli, Klebsiella-Enterobacter and D. pneumoniae. Overall sensitivity percentages were best for fosfomycin, gentamicin and colistin. Of the 29 germs isolated, only one strain of P. aeruginosa became resistant: this represents 3% resistance development. No side effects of intolerance or signs of hepatorenal insufficiency were observed during the treatment. Of the 29 patients treated, 22 were clinically cured, denoting 76% success.", "contents": "Treatment of respiratory infections with fosfomycin. Results are presented for a series of 29 patients, 14 males and 15 females, with serious respiratory infections, in which fosfomycin proved effective. In all cases the study was completed by bacteriological, clinical, radiological and analytical controls. The average dose was 6 g/day (3 g orally and 3 g intramuscularly) for 1 or 2 weeks. The four isolated were P. aeruginosa, E. coli, Klebsiella-Enterobacter and D. pneumoniae. Overall sensitivity percentages were best for fosfomycin, gentamicin and colistin. Of the 29 germs isolated, only one strain of P. aeruginosa became resistant: this represents 3% resistance development. No side effects of intolerance or signs of hepatorenal insufficiency were observed during the treatment. Of the 29 patients treated, 22 were clinically cured, denoting 76% success.", "PMID": 832535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_63", "title": "Treatment of respiratory infections with fosfomycin.", "content": "Evaluation was made of the clinical-bacteriological results of treatment with fosfomycin on a group of 27 patients with infectious respiratory pathology. The group is made up of patients with respiratory infections diagnosed as pneumonias, bronchopneumonias, acute bronchitis and chronic bronchopneumopathies. The doses of fosfomycin used varied between 4 and 12 g/day, administered during a period of 1 or 2 weeks. The results of the treatment expressed in clinical and bacteriological parameters have been successful in 15 and 21 cases for their bacteriological response and their clinical response respectively.", "contents": "Treatment of respiratory infections with fosfomycin. Evaluation was made of the clinical-bacteriological results of treatment with fosfomycin on a group of 27 patients with infectious respiratory pathology. The group is made up of patients with respiratory infections diagnosed as pneumonias, bronchopneumonias, acute bronchitis and chronic bronchopneumopathies. The doses of fosfomycin used varied between 4 and 12 g/day, administered during a period of 1 or 2 weeks. The results of the treatment expressed in clinical and bacteriological parameters have been successful in 15 and 21 cases for their bacteriological response and their clinical response respectively.", "PMID": 832536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_64", "title": "Activity of fosfomycin in the treatment of bacterial infections.", "content": "30 patients with different infections were treated with fosfomycin: 13 had urinary infections, 14 had pneumonial infections, 2 had staphylococcus osteomyelitis and 1 had staphylococcus septicemia. The antibiotic was administered in doses ranging from 100 to 230 mg/kg/day, with periods of treatment that lasted from 5 to 58 days. The doses were administered every 6 h by the oral or intramuscular route. A total of 35 organisms were isolated: 7 E. coli, 7beta-hemolitic Streptococcus, 6 Proteus sp., 6 S. aureus, 6 S. viridans, 2 Klebsiella sp. and 1 negative coagulase S. aureus. All were sensitive to fosfomycin in vitro, as was revealed by the diffusion in discs method. The therapeutic results were good in 29 of the 30 cases (96.7%). There were no important side effects. A patient complained of a local pain in the area of the injection. The transaminases increased temporarily in 2 patients. One patient had a moderate eosinophilia while under treatment.", "contents": "Activity of fosfomycin in the treatment of bacterial infections. 30 patients with different infections were treated with fosfomycin: 13 had urinary infections, 14 had pneumonial infections, 2 had staphylococcus osteomyelitis and 1 had staphylococcus septicemia. The antibiotic was administered in doses ranging from 100 to 230 mg/kg/day, with periods of treatment that lasted from 5 to 58 days. The doses were administered every 6 h by the oral or intramuscular route. A total of 35 organisms were isolated: 7 E. coli, 7beta-hemolitic Streptococcus, 6 Proteus sp., 6 S. aureus, 6 S. viridans, 2 Klebsiella sp. and 1 negative coagulase S. aureus. All were sensitive to fosfomycin in vitro, as was revealed by the diffusion in discs method. The therapeutic results were good in 29 of the 30 cases (96.7%). There were no important side effects. A patient complained of a local pain in the area of the injection. The transaminases increased temporarily in 2 patients. One patient had a moderate eosinophilia while under treatment.", "PMID": 832537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_65", "title": "Treatment of typhoid fever with fosfomycin alone and associated to chloramphenicol or ampicillin.", "content": "Treatment with fosfomycin alone and associated to subtherapeutic doses of chloramphenicol or of ampicillin, has been tried on 50 patients with typhoid fever and on four carriers of S. typhi in the Hospital del Rey. 15 patients were treated with fosfomycin alone, 22 with fosfomycin plus chloramphenicol and 13 with fosfomycin plus ampicillin. The treatment lasted 15-20 days. The results have been evaluated clinically and bacteriologically, haemo- and coprocultures being carried out. The sensitivity of the isolated germs has been studied, including MIC and the synergism in vitro between fosfomycin-chloramphenicol and fosfomycin-ampicillin. Fosfomycin, chloramphenicol and ampicillin determinations have been carried out on the blood. The cures obtained were 67, 82 and 92% respectively with fosfomycin, fosfomycin-chloramphenicol and fosfomycin-ampicillin. We believe that this antibiotic can be useful in the treatment of typhoid fever, associating it to chloramphenicol or ampicillin, due to the synergism existing between them and given the results we have obtained.", "contents": "Treatment of typhoid fever with fosfomycin alone and associated to chloramphenicol or ampicillin. Treatment with fosfomycin alone and associated to subtherapeutic doses of chloramphenicol or of ampicillin, has been tried on 50 patients with typhoid fever and on four carriers of S. typhi in the Hospital del Rey. 15 patients were treated with fosfomycin alone, 22 with fosfomycin plus chloramphenicol and 13 with fosfomycin plus ampicillin. The treatment lasted 15-20 days. The results have been evaluated clinically and bacteriologically, haemo- and coprocultures being carried out. The sensitivity of the isolated germs has been studied, including MIC and the synergism in vitro between fosfomycin-chloramphenicol and fosfomycin-ampicillin. Fosfomycin, chloramphenicol and ampicillin determinations have been carried out on the blood. The cures obtained were 67, 82 and 92% respectively with fosfomycin, fosfomycin-chloramphenicol and fosfomycin-ampicillin. We believe that this antibiotic can be useful in the treatment of typhoid fever, associating it to chloramphenicol or ampicillin, due to the synergism existing between them and given the results we have obtained.", "PMID": 832538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_66", "title": "Treatment of chronic suppurated otitis with fosfomycin.", "content": "A group of 24 patients with suppurated chronic processes of the medial ear have been treated with fosfomycin. All the cases were studied bacteriologically, isolating in the pus or exudates pathogenic bacterial flora, in which P. aeruginosa (40%) of the isolations) and S. aureus (23%) predominated. The sensitiveness of the strains isolated to fosfomycin was 94%. The results obtained were 21 clinical cures accompanied by the sterility of the exudates and 3 failures, which represents 87.5% success and 12.5% failures. These results are considered very satisfactory in view of the complexity and chronicity of the processes treated. It is also pointed out that fosfomycin totally lacks ototoxicity, being, therefore, a suitable antibiotic for treating chronic infectious processes of the ear.", "contents": "Treatment of chronic suppurated otitis with fosfomycin. A group of 24 patients with suppurated chronic processes of the medial ear have been treated with fosfomycin. All the cases were studied bacteriologically, isolating in the pus or exudates pathogenic bacterial flora, in which P. aeruginosa (40%) of the isolations) and S. aureus (23%) predominated. The sensitiveness of the strains isolated to fosfomycin was 94%. The results obtained were 21 clinical cures accompanied by the sterility of the exudates and 3 failures, which represents 87.5% success and 12.5% failures. These results are considered very satisfactory in view of the complexity and chronicity of the processes treated. It is also pointed out that fosfomycin totally lacks ototoxicity, being, therefore, a suitable antibiotic for treating chronic infectious processes of the ear.", "PMID": 832539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_67", "title": "Surgical suppurating infections and surgical abdominal infections treated with fosfomycin.", "content": "Two groups of patients suffering surgical infections were treated with fosfomycin. The first includes 21 suppurating dermic of soft underlying tissue lesions. The second group includes 29 surgical abdominal infections. The bacteriology of the first group was made up of gram-positive and gram-negative germs predominantly S. aureus and E. coli, all the isolated species appeared to be sensitive to fosfomycin. In the second group a gram-negative bacterial flora predominantly E. coli was obtained; with a sensitivity to this antibiotic of 90.5%. Surgical treatment accompanied the treatment with fosfomycin. In the first group, all the patients were cured with the oral administration of 2-6 g/day and in an average time less than that of the similar control group which did not receive the antibiotic. In the second group surgical treatment was necessary in 25 of the 29 patients and in all of them parenteral treatment was done with fosfomycin, preferably intramuscularly and in general the dosage was 4 g daily. All patients were cured except for one who was not operated on and who suffered from a fever of undetermined origin.", "contents": "Surgical suppurating infections and surgical abdominal infections treated with fosfomycin. Two groups of patients suffering surgical infections were treated with fosfomycin. The first includes 21 suppurating dermic of soft underlying tissue lesions. The second group includes 29 surgical abdominal infections. The bacteriology of the first group was made up of gram-positive and gram-negative germs predominantly S. aureus and E. coli, all the isolated species appeared to be sensitive to fosfomycin. In the second group a gram-negative bacterial flora predominantly E. coli was obtained; with a sensitivity to this antibiotic of 90.5%. Surgical treatment accompanied the treatment with fosfomycin. In the first group, all the patients were cured with the oral administration of 2-6 g/day and in an average time less than that of the similar control group which did not receive the antibiotic. In the second group surgical treatment was necessary in 25 of the 29 patients and in all of them parenteral treatment was done with fosfomycin, preferably intramuscularly and in general the dosage was 4 g daily. All patients were cured except for one who was not operated on and who suffered from a fever of undetermined origin.", "PMID": 832540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_68", "title": "Fosfomycin in a traumatological department.", "content": "Fosfomycin has been used in the treatment of 99 patients suffering from varying kinds of osseous processes and divided into 2 groups, one of 60 patients who were not operated on, and another of 39 who were operated. A treatment only with fosfomycin was tried initially by intravenous infusion (8-16 g/day during 2-4 days), then by the intramuscular route (2-8 g/day during 2-6 days) and finishing with treatment by the oral route (2-4 g/day during 2-6 days). The results have been excellent, all cases progressing with no septic complications. As for secondary effects, we have had only one case in which a rash appeared at the end of treatment. Intravenous infusion has been well tolerated with no sign of phlebitis in any patient.", "contents": "Fosfomycin in a traumatological department. Fosfomycin has been used in the treatment of 99 patients suffering from varying kinds of osseous processes and divided into 2 groups, one of 60 patients who were not operated on, and another of 39 who were operated. A treatment only with fosfomycin was tried initially by intravenous infusion (8-16 g/day during 2-4 days), then by the intramuscular route (2-8 g/day during 2-6 days) and finishing with treatment by the oral route (2-4 g/day during 2-6 days). The results have been excellent, all cases progressing with no septic complications. As for secondary effects, we have had only one case in which a rash appeared at the end of treatment. Intravenous infusion has been well tolerated with no sign of phlebitis in any patient.", "PMID": 832541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_69", "title": "Evaluation of fosfomycin in an intensive care unit.", "content": "Sensitivity to fosfomycin has been studied and recorded throughout a period of 12 months in the bacteriological isolations originating from this Intensive Care Unit. The 548 samples were biological products obtained from patients admitted to this unit (bronchial exudates, urine, wounds, blood, cava catheters and cerebrospinal fluid). The highest percentage of sensitivity was given by S. aureus coagulase (+), S. fecalis and E. coli (91, 89 and 84% respectively), and the least by P. aeruginosa and Providencia (33 and 8% respectively). A summary is included of 8 seriously ill patients admitted with varied septic processes, produced by germs sensitive to fosfomycin and treated with this, in 5 cases alone and in 3 cases with gentamicin and carbenicillin. Of those who were treated with fosfomycin alone: three were cured, one died on the sixth day through circulatory, respiratory and renal deficiences and the other with respiratory deficiency. Those treated with the combined antibiotics: two were cured and the other died of sepsis on the fourth day.", "contents": "Evaluation of fosfomycin in an intensive care unit. Sensitivity to fosfomycin has been studied and recorded throughout a period of 12 months in the bacteriological isolations originating from this Intensive Care Unit. The 548 samples were biological products obtained from patients admitted to this unit (bronchial exudates, urine, wounds, blood, cava catheters and cerebrospinal fluid). The highest percentage of sensitivity was given by S. aureus coagulase (+), S. fecalis and E. coli (91, 89 and 84% respectively), and the least by P. aeruginosa and Providencia (33 and 8% respectively). A summary is included of 8 seriously ill patients admitted with varied septic processes, produced by germs sensitive to fosfomycin and treated with this, in 5 cases alone and in 3 cases with gentamicin and carbenicillin. Of those who were treated with fosfomycin alone: three were cured, one died on the sixth day through circulatory, respiratory and renal deficiences and the other with respiratory deficiency. Those treated with the combined antibiotics: two were cured and the other died of sepsis on the fourth day.", "PMID": 832542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_70", "title": "Homocysteine compounds which influence the growth of a malignant neoplasm.", "content": "Since homocysteine metabolism is important in the control of normal and abnormal growth, three homocysteine derivatives were synthesized and tested for effects on the growth of transplanted murine adenocarcinoma. Arachidonoyl homocysteine thiolactone (HCT) amide decreased growth, and oleoyl HCT amide increased growth of the neoplasm. Pyridoxal HCT enamine decreased the growth of the neoplasm when given for 2 weeks prior to transplantation, but the compound had no effect when given after transplantation. The two inhibitory substances were tolerated well by normal mice except in high doses. These findings suggest an approach to prevention and therapy of human malignancy which utilizes homocysteine derivatives of normal biochemical constituents.", "contents": "Homocysteine compounds which influence the growth of a malignant neoplasm. Since homocysteine metabolism is important in the control of normal and abnormal growth, three homocysteine derivatives were synthesized and tested for effects on the growth of transplanted murine adenocarcinoma. Arachidonoyl homocysteine thiolactone (HCT) amide decreased growth, and oleoyl HCT amide increased growth of the neoplasm. Pyridoxal HCT enamine decreased the growth of the neoplasm when given for 2 weeks prior to transplantation, but the compound had no effect when given after transplantation. The two inhibitory substances were tolerated well by normal mice except in high doses. These findings suggest an approach to prevention and therapy of human malignancy which utilizes homocysteine derivatives of normal biochemical constituents.", "PMID": 832543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_71", "title": "Sensitivity of Bacteroidaceae to fosfomycin.", "content": "The sensitivity of 116 strains of Bacteroides fragilis and 60 strains of Sphaerophorus to fosfomycin was studied. Of the 178 strains that were tested, 156 were isolated from pathological products in our department and the remainder came from the following collections: NCTC, ATCC and the Institut fur Mikrobiologie of the University of Bonn. Identification was made morphologically and biochemically in accordance with the scheme which we usually employ and which has previously been published. The sensitivities were determined by the progressive dilution method in a solid medium with a surface inoculation of the strain. The results obtained show that no matter what kind of B. fragilis was tested, none of them were sensitive to concentrations of 200 mug/ml fosfomycin. On the other hand, all strains of Sphaerophorus were sensitive to lesser concentrations than the aforementioned. The majority of these concentrations subsequently lie within therapeutic margins. The conclusion drawn from our results is that the sensitivity to fosfomycin constitutes a test for differentiating Bacteroides from Sphaerophorus and that fosfomycin is ineffective in injections caused by Bacteroides, although it is an active antibiotic against infections caused by Sphaerophorus.", "contents": "Sensitivity of Bacteroidaceae to fosfomycin. The sensitivity of 116 strains of Bacteroides fragilis and 60 strains of Sphaerophorus to fosfomycin was studied. Of the 178 strains that were tested, 156 were isolated from pathological products in our department and the remainder came from the following collections: NCTC, ATCC and the Institut fur Mikrobiologie of the University of Bonn. Identification was made morphologically and biochemically in accordance with the scheme which we usually employ and which has previously been published. The sensitivities were determined by the progressive dilution method in a solid medium with a surface inoculation of the strain. The results obtained show that no matter what kind of B. fragilis was tested, none of them were sensitive to concentrations of 200 mug/ml fosfomycin. On the other hand, all strains of Sphaerophorus were sensitive to lesser concentrations than the aforementioned. The majority of these concentrations subsequently lie within therapeutic margins. The conclusion drawn from our results is that the sensitivity to fosfomycin constitutes a test for differentiating Bacteroides from Sphaerophorus and that fosfomycin is ineffective in injections caused by Bacteroides, although it is an active antibiotic against infections caused by Sphaerophorus.", "PMID": 832544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_72", "title": "Sensitivity of Vibrio spp. to fosfomycin.", "content": "The behavior of 15 strains of Vibrio eltor, halophilic Vibrios and NAG vibrios with respect to 14 antibiotics was studied by means of the single disc method in Mueller-Hinton agar. In the case of fosfomycin, the MIC for all of them was determined as well by the technique of progressive dilutions in solid medium. No conclusions were made because of the small number of strains studied. Nevertheless, it can be asserted that there is a marked difference in the activity of fosfomycin, since it was minimal against V. eltor, moderate against the NAGs and maximal against the halophilic Vibrio.", "contents": "Sensitivity of Vibrio spp. to fosfomycin. The behavior of 15 strains of Vibrio eltor, halophilic Vibrios and NAG vibrios with respect to 14 antibiotics was studied by means of the single disc method in Mueller-Hinton agar. In the case of fosfomycin, the MIC for all of them was determined as well by the technique of progressive dilutions in solid medium. No conclusions were made because of the small number of strains studied. Nevertheless, it can be asserted that there is a marked difference in the activity of fosfomycin, since it was minimal against V. eltor, moderate against the NAGs and maximal against the halophilic Vibrio.", "PMID": 832545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_73", "title": "Interactions of fosfomycin with other antibiotics.", "content": "We selected 100 strains of organisms that were isolated in our hospital, which came from pathological products and which had an MIC of fosfomycin of 256 mug/ml or more and belonged to the genera Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, Serratia, Enterobacter, Proteus, Acinetobacter, Levinea and Staphylococcus. We have studied the effect of the association of fosfomycin with 15 antibiotics (beta-lactamins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, etc.) and 5 chemotherapeutics. The 11 selected strains were studied by the 'chess board' technique in agar. A study was also carried out on the action of fosfomycin on E. coli K12 E711 in the phase of logarithmic growth. The 11 selected strains were studied by the 'chess board' technique in agar. Synergic effect with fosfomycin associated to other antimicrobials was found in 9 strains.", "contents": "Interactions of fosfomycin with other antibiotics. We selected 100 strains of organisms that were isolated in our hospital, which came from pathological products and which had an MIC of fosfomycin of 256 mug/ml or more and belonged to the genera Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, Serratia, Enterobacter, Proteus, Acinetobacter, Levinea and Staphylococcus. We have studied the effect of the association of fosfomycin with 15 antibiotics (beta-lactamins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, etc.) and 5 chemotherapeutics. The 11 selected strains were studied by the 'chess board' technique in agar. A study was also carried out on the action of fosfomycin on E. coli K12 E711 in the phase of logarithmic growth. The 11 selected strains were studied by the 'chess board' technique in agar. Synergic effect with fosfomycin associated to other antimicrobials was found in 9 strains.", "PMID": 832546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_74", "title": "The evolution of the sensitivity to fosfomycin over the past two years.", "content": "The sensitivity of 1,823 bacteriological strains of differing types is shown (E. coli, Klebsiella-Enterobacter-Serratia, Proteus-Providence, Pseudomonas, Salmonella-Shigella-Citrobacter, Haemophilus, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus); all of clinical origin, isolated during March and April, 1975. The methods used were series of double dilutions in Mueller-Hinton agar and the disc-plate method (weight of 50 mug). A comparative study is made of the sensitivity between a part of the present strains (1,725) and another group of 1,664 germs, isolated and observed in January and February, 1973. Some variations are observed which, on general lines, do not seem to be significant, except for Klebsiella-Enterobacter and Serratia.", "contents": "The evolution of the sensitivity to fosfomycin over the past two years. The sensitivity of 1,823 bacteriological strains of differing types is shown (E. coli, Klebsiella-Enterobacter-Serratia, Proteus-Providence, Pseudomonas, Salmonella-Shigella-Citrobacter, Haemophilus, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus); all of clinical origin, isolated during March and April, 1975. The methods used were series of double dilutions in Mueller-Hinton agar and the disc-plate method (weight of 50 mug). A comparative study is made of the sensitivity between a part of the present strains (1,725) and another group of 1,664 germs, isolated and observed in January and February, 1973. Some variations are observed which, on general lines, do not seem to be significant, except for Klebsiella-Enterobacter and Serratia.", "PMID": 832547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_75", "title": "Cephazolin in severe purulent exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Preliminary study.", "content": "Cephazolin has certain advantages over other systemic cephalosporins. It was given in a dose of 2-3 g daily for 7 days in 40 patients with severe purulent exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, 11 with purulent bronchiectasis and 24 with secondarily infected bronchial carcinoma. Most had failed to respond to high doses of other antibiotics. Results were very good and toxicity minimal.", "contents": "Cephazolin in severe purulent exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Preliminary study. Cephazolin has certain advantages over other systemic cephalosporins. It was given in a dose of 2-3 g daily for 7 days in 40 patients with severe purulent exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, 11 with purulent bronchiectasis and 24 with secondarily infected bronchial carcinoma. Most had failed to respond to high doses of other antibiotics. Results were very good and toxicity minimal.", "PMID": 832548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_76", "title": "Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole in the treatment of cholera. Comparison with tetracycline and chloramphenicol.", "content": "67 of the bacteriologically proved adult acute cholera patients have been examined in order to evaluate the efficacy of TM-SMX in comparison with tetracycline and chloramphenicol in the eradication of Vibrio cholerae from stools. Our results demonstrated that all three drugs sterilized the stools of all patients within 3 days with the exception of one case of TM-SMX's group, which had negative culture stools after 4 days. On the basis of our experience it can be emphasized that TM-SMX can support chloramphenicol and tetracycline in the antibacterial treatment of cholera with the advantage that the drug is efficacious with daily administrations.", "contents": "Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole in the treatment of cholera. Comparison with tetracycline and chloramphenicol. 67 of the bacteriologically proved adult acute cholera patients have been examined in order to evaluate the efficacy of TM-SMX in comparison with tetracycline and chloramphenicol in the eradication of Vibrio cholerae from stools. Our results demonstrated that all three drugs sterilized the stools of all patients within 3 days with the exception of one case of TM-SMX's group, which had negative culture stools after 4 days. On the basis of our experience it can be emphasized that TM-SMX can support chloramphenicol and tetracycline in the antibacterial treatment of cholera with the advantage that the drug is efficacious with daily administrations.", "PMID": 832549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_77", "title": "Comparative histologic study of adenomas of the large intestine in Japan and England, with special reference to malignant potential.", "content": "The malignant potential of large-intestinal adenomas varies with size, histologic type, and grade of epithelial atypia in the same way in England and in Japan. Adenomas in England have greater malignant potential than those in Japan because they grow larger and more often show a villous growth pattern. Although the adenoma--carcinoma sequence operates in the same way in the two countries it is suggested that the higher incidence of colorectal cancer in England is due to the greater prevalence as well as the greater size of English adenomas. More studies of the epidemiology and geographic pathology of large-intestinal adenomas are needed to clarify their importance as a predisposing cause of colorectal cancer in low-risk as well as high-risk areas.", "contents": "Comparative histologic study of adenomas of the large intestine in Japan and England, with special reference to malignant potential. The malignant potential of large-intestinal adenomas varies with size, histologic type, and grade of epithelial atypia in the same way in England and in Japan. Adenomas in England have greater malignant potential than those in Japan because they grow larger and more often show a villous growth pattern. Although the adenoma--carcinoma sequence operates in the same way in the two countries it is suggested that the higher incidence of colorectal cancer in England is due to the greater prevalence as well as the greater size of English adenomas. More studies of the epidemiology and geographic pathology of large-intestinal adenomas are needed to clarify their importance as a predisposing cause of colorectal cancer in low-risk as well as high-risk areas.", "PMID": 832554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_78", "title": "Combined horizontal and longitudinal colomyotomy for diverticular disease: preliminary report.", "content": "The operation of horizontal and longitudinal colomyotomy for diverticular disease is described and satisfactory short-term results in six patients are presented. The indications and reasons for the use of this procedure are discussed. It is suggested that the operation is a satisfactory treatment, without the risks associated with division of all the circular muscle fibers, or with resection and anastomosis. The necessity for long-term high dietary fiber intake is stressed.", "contents": "Combined horizontal and longitudinal colomyotomy for diverticular disease: preliminary report. The operation of horizontal and longitudinal colomyotomy for diverticular disease is described and satisfactory short-term results in six patients are presented. The indications and reasons for the use of this procedure are discussed. It is suggested that the operation is a satisfactory treatment, without the risks associated with division of all the circular muscle fibers, or with resection and anastomosis. The necessity for long-term high dietary fiber intake is stressed.", "PMID": 832556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_79", "title": "Closure of colostomy--a safe procedure?", "content": "A retrospective surgery of a series of 73 patients undergoing closure of colostomy has been carried out. Closure was complicated in 37.8 per cent of cases, and fecal fistulas occurred in 17.6 per cent. The overall mortality rate of the procedure was 2.7 per cent. The underlying disease (carcinoma or diverticulitis) did not influence the complication rate. Furthermore, intraperitoneal and ex-raperitoneal methods of closure appeared equally satisfactory. Closure of colostomy within a month of construction was associated with an unacceptably high incidence of fecal fistula of 33 per cent.", "contents": "Closure of colostomy--a safe procedure? A retrospective surgery of a series of 73 patients undergoing closure of colostomy has been carried out. Closure was complicated in 37.8 per cent of cases, and fecal fistulas occurred in 17.6 per cent. The overall mortality rate of the procedure was 2.7 per cent. The underlying disease (carcinoma or diverticulitis) did not influence the complication rate. Furthermore, intraperitoneal and ex-raperitoneal methods of closure appeared equally satisfactory. Closure of colostomy within a month of construction was associated with an unacceptably high incidence of fecal fistula of 33 per cent.", "PMID": 832557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_80", "title": "The cause and treatment of idiopathic pruritus ani.", "content": "Six common foods can cause the clinical entity called \"idiopathic\" pruritus ani. They are coffee, tea, cola, beer, chocolate, and tomatoes. Pruritus ani occurs in 24 to 48 hours when a patient consumers more than a threshold amount of one or more of these foods and disappears spontaneously in a few days provided the threshold is not exceeded again.", "contents": "The cause and treatment of idiopathic pruritus ani. Six common foods can cause the clinical entity called \"idiopathic\" pruritus ani. They are coffee, tea, cola, beer, chocolate, and tomatoes. Pruritus ani occurs in 24 to 48 hours when a patient consumers more than a threshold amount of one or more of these foods and disappears spontaneously in a few days provided the threshold is not exceeded again.", "PMID": 832560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_81", "title": "The Ward Function Inventory (WFI): a scale for use with geriatric and demented inpatients.", "content": "A behavioral rating scale for use with the geriatric and/or demented inpatient population is reported. It is called the Ward Function Inventory (WFI) and assesses 12 functions. Six independent reliability studies employing a total of 83 patients and 63 raters were done, yielding a mean reliability for the scale of .81 with a range of .73 to .93. The reliability stuides were done on a variety of patient types. The practical utility of the WFI is stressed.", "contents": "The Ward Function Inventory (WFI): a scale for use with geriatric and demented inpatients. A behavioral rating scale for use with the geriatric and/or demented inpatient population is reported. It is called the Ward Function Inventory (WFI) and assesses 12 functions. Six independent reliability studies employing a total of 83 patients and 63 raters were done, yielding a mean reliability for the scale of .81 with a range of .73 to .93. The reliability stuides were done on a variety of patient types. The practical utility of the WFI is stressed.", "PMID": 832566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_82", "title": "Sigmoidal volvulus in childhood: report of two cases.", "content": "Volvulus of the sigmoid colon is a very uncommon cause of acute obstruction in children. Although common in adults in India, it was found to account for only 0.8 per cent of all acute obstructions in infants and children in this institution. It causes a proximal torsional obstruction of the colon with an acute onset of symptoms. The onset of volvulus is characterized by colicky pain over the left lower quadrant, vomiting, tenderness, and rigidity in te left lower quadrant. A scout film of the abdomen may be inconclusive, but a barium-enema examination is diagnostic. The number of cases reported is too small to allow conclusions about the best treatment for children who have sigmoidal volvulus.", "contents": "Sigmoidal volvulus in childhood: report of two cases. Volvulus of the sigmoid colon is a very uncommon cause of acute obstruction in children. Although common in adults in India, it was found to account for only 0.8 per cent of all acute obstructions in infants and children in this institution. It causes a proximal torsional obstruction of the colon with an acute onset of symptoms. The onset of volvulus is characterized by colicky pain over the left lower quadrant, vomiting, tenderness, and rigidity in te left lower quadrant. A scout film of the abdomen may be inconclusive, but a barium-enema examination is diagnostic. The number of cases reported is too small to allow conclusions about the best treatment for children who have sigmoidal volvulus.", "PMID": 832563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_83", "title": "CPK: relationship of psychological and physical stress.", "content": "In the past few years, the finding of elevated serum levels of creatine phosphokinase in some acutely psychotic patients has commanded a great deal of interest. Although structural abnormalities in nerve and muscle of some of these patients have been described, the cause remains obscure. Physical stress will raise CPK, but the role of psychological stress has been unclear. CPK levels of medical students were measured before and after an academic examination, but no relationship between examination stress and changes in CPK was found. A significantly higher number of CPK elevations were reported in association with vigorous exercise. These findings are consistent with a hypothesis that psychological stress plays an insignificant role in the CPK elevations seen in some acutely psychotic patients. The importance of physical activity in elevated CPK values was reconfirmed.", "contents": "CPK: relationship of psychological and physical stress. In the past few years, the finding of elevated serum levels of creatine phosphokinase in some acutely psychotic patients has commanded a great deal of interest. Although structural abnormalities in nerve and muscle of some of these patients have been described, the cause remains obscure. Physical stress will raise CPK, but the role of psychological stress has been unclear. CPK levels of medical students were measured before and after an academic examination, but no relationship between examination stress and changes in CPK was found. A significantly higher number of CPK elevations were reported in association with vigorous exercise. These findings are consistent with a hypothesis that psychological stress plays an insignificant role in the CPK elevations seen in some acutely psychotic patients. The importance of physical activity in elevated CPK values was reconfirmed.", "PMID": 832568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_84", "title": "The Foster Kennedy sign: a case with papilledema contralateral to a sphenoid wing meningioma but without apparent optic atrophy.", "content": "A 28 year old lady with a one year history of mental changes and headaches presented with right fundus normal but with marked papilledema on the left. Subsequent evaluation demonstrated a right sphenoid wing meningioma which was successfully removed as an emergency procedure. The case illustrates the well known clinical dictum that the side of unilateral papilledema offers little information concerning tumor localization.", "contents": "The Foster Kennedy sign: a case with papilledema contralateral to a sphenoid wing meningioma but without apparent optic atrophy. A 28 year old lady with a one year history of mental changes and headaches presented with right fundus normal but with marked papilledema on the left. Subsequent evaluation demonstrated a right sphenoid wing meningioma which was successfully removed as an emergency procedure. The case illustrates the well known clinical dictum that the side of unilateral papilledema offers little information concerning tumor localization.", "PMID": 832573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_85", "title": "[Desquamating intersitial pneumonia (author's transl)].", "content": "A rare case of desquamating interstitial pneumonia, in a 15-year-old boy, is reported. Symptoms consisted of dry cough, progressive dyspnoea and chest pain. The chest X-ray revealed bilateral basal opacities. There were hypoxaemia and restrictive ventilatory changes. Bacteriological, virological and serological tests were all negative. An open lung biopsy established the diagnosis and corticosteroids were given as the drug of first choice. Other drugs, such as cytostatic ones, should only be given if steroids are ineffective. Arterial blood gases proved to be the most sensitive indicator of improvement, while the chest X-ray remained abnormal for several months.", "contents": "[Desquamating intersitial pneumonia (author's transl)]. A rare case of desquamating interstitial pneumonia, in a 15-year-old boy, is reported. Symptoms consisted of dry cough, progressive dyspnoea and chest pain. The chest X-ray revealed bilateral basal opacities. There were hypoxaemia and restrictive ventilatory changes. Bacteriological, virological and serological tests were all negative. An open lung biopsy established the diagnosis and corticosteroids were given as the drug of first choice. Other drugs, such as cytostatic ones, should only be given if steroids are ineffective. Arterial blood gases proved to be the most sensitive indicator of improvement, while the chest X-ray remained abnormal for several months.", "PMID": 832583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_86", "title": "[An improved exercise test in coronary-heart disease: effect of molsidomin on erogometrically controlled exercise (author's transl)].", "content": "The protective effect of molsidomin (N-ethoxycarbonyl-3-morpholinosydnonimine) during ergometric exercise was tested on 40 patients with coronary insufficiency proven by preliminary exercise tests or coronary arteriography. Changes in arterial blood pressure, heart rate, pulmonary artery pressure, ischaemic S-T depression and maximal working capacity were used as criteria. The drug increased maximal working capacity and decreased S-T segment depression. In addition it caused a fall in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulmonary artery pressure, at rest and during exercise. Resting heart rate increased slightly but during exercise the heart rate was reduced at comparable load stages. The results suggest that molsidomon may be an effective drug in the treatment of angina pectoris.", "contents": "[An improved exercise test in coronary-heart disease: effect of molsidomin on erogometrically controlled exercise (author's transl)]. The protective effect of molsidomin (N-ethoxycarbonyl-3-morpholinosydnonimine) during ergometric exercise was tested on 40 patients with coronary insufficiency proven by preliminary exercise tests or coronary arteriography. Changes in arterial blood pressure, heart rate, pulmonary artery pressure, ischaemic S-T depression and maximal working capacity were used as criteria. The drug increased maximal working capacity and decreased S-T segment depression. In addition it caused a fall in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulmonary artery pressure, at rest and during exercise. Resting heart rate increased slightly but during exercise the heart rate was reduced at comparable load stages. The results suggest that molsidomon may be an effective drug in the treatment of angina pectoris.", "PMID": 832584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_87", "title": "[In-vitro sensitivity of Klebsiella-Enterobacter strains against cefazolin (author's transl)].", "content": "Investigation of the resistance of 290 strains of the Klebsiella-Enterobacter group (252 Klebsiella and 38 Enterobacter strains) against cefazolin showed that 63% of the Enterobacter strains were resistant and 50% of the Klebsiella strains were sensitive both in the serial dilution test and in the agar diffusion test. A total of 78% were inhibited by 32 mug cefazolin per millilitre. Isolates from the genitourinary tract were significantly more resistant than those from the respiratory tract.", "contents": "[In-vitro sensitivity of Klebsiella-Enterobacter strains against cefazolin (author's transl)]. Investigation of the resistance of 290 strains of the Klebsiella-Enterobacter group (252 Klebsiella and 38 Enterobacter strains) against cefazolin showed that 63% of the Enterobacter strains were resistant and 50% of the Klebsiella strains were sensitive both in the serial dilution test and in the agar diffusion test. A total of 78% were inhibited by 32 mug cefazolin per millilitre. Isolates from the genitourinary tract were significantly more resistant than those from the respiratory tract.", "PMID": 832585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_88", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics of digitoxin in chronic renal failure (author's transl)].", "content": "Digitoxin concentration, measured by radio-immunoassay, was significantly lower in 51 patients in chronic renal failure (23.2 +/- 7.8 mug/l) than in 29 patients in heart failure (26.5 +/- 7.3 mug/l), although both groups were on the same maintenance dose of 0.1 mg daily. Despite a normal serum albumin concentration, digitoxin protein binding was less in uraemic patients than in those with normal renal function. Renal failure did not affect intestinal digitoxin absorption. In patients in chronic renal failure elimination half-time was significantly shorter (5.7 +/- 0.9 days) than in healthy controls (7.6 +/- 1.6 days). There was no significant difference in the excretion of water-soluble (\"cardioinactive\") digitoxin metabolites in urine between patients in chronic renal and those in heart failure. In patients with normal renal function, of dichloromethane-soluble (cardioactive) metabolites only digitoxin could be demonstrated by thin-layer chromatography. The results indicate that patients in chronic renal failure can safely be given the same dose as those with normal renal function, without danger of over- or underdosage.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics of digitoxin in chronic renal failure (author's transl)]. Digitoxin concentration, measured by radio-immunoassay, was significantly lower in 51 patients in chronic renal failure (23.2 +/- 7.8 mug/l) than in 29 patients in heart failure (26.5 +/- 7.3 mug/l), although both groups were on the same maintenance dose of 0.1 mg daily. Despite a normal serum albumin concentration, digitoxin protein binding was less in uraemic patients than in those with normal renal function. Renal failure did not affect intestinal digitoxin absorption. In patients in chronic renal failure elimination half-time was significantly shorter (5.7 +/- 0.9 days) than in healthy controls (7.6 +/- 1.6 days). There was no significant difference in the excretion of water-soluble (\"cardioinactive\") digitoxin metabolites in urine between patients in chronic renal and those in heart failure. In patients with normal renal function, of dichloromethane-soluble (cardioactive) metabolites only digitoxin could be demonstrated by thin-layer chromatography. The results indicate that patients in chronic renal failure can safely be given the same dose as those with normal renal function, without danger of over- or underdosage.", "PMID": 832589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_89", "title": "[The importance of body weight in treatment with digoxin and digoxin derivatives (author's transl)].", "content": "A total of 1109 determinations of digoxin concentration in serum were performed in 317 patients with cardiac failure during oral maintenance therapy with digoxin, beta-acetyldigoxin and beta-methyldigoxin. It was shown that the optimal therapeutic serum concentration (1.21 to 1.70 ng/ml) can be obtained reliably if the dosage of digoxin and its derivatives is based on the body weight. The daily doses recommended for oral maintenance therapy are 4mug/kg for beta-methyldigoxin, 5 mug/kg for beta-acetyldigoxin, and 8 mug/kg for digoxin. For initiating cardiac therapy the double maintenance dose can be prescribed once. Digoxin derivatives should be preferred to digoxin when choosing the drug.", "contents": "[The importance of body weight in treatment with digoxin and digoxin derivatives (author's transl)]. A total of 1109 determinations of digoxin concentration in serum were performed in 317 patients with cardiac failure during oral maintenance therapy with digoxin, beta-acetyldigoxin and beta-methyldigoxin. It was shown that the optimal therapeutic serum concentration (1.21 to 1.70 ng/ml) can be obtained reliably if the dosage of digoxin and its derivatives is based on the body weight. The daily doses recommended for oral maintenance therapy are 4mug/kg for beta-methyldigoxin, 5 mug/kg for beta-acetyldigoxin, and 8 mug/kg for digoxin. For initiating cardiac therapy the double maintenance dose can be prescribed once. Digoxin derivatives should be preferred to digoxin when choosing the drug.", "PMID": 832590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_90", "title": "[New aspects on the treatment of pneumonia associated with acute mycoplasma infections (author's transl)].", "content": "Over a period of 16 months acute mycoplasma pneumonia was diagnosed in 20 patients. All were rapidly and completely cured by ampicillin and cephalosporins, which are ineffective against mycoplasma, indicating that acute mycoplasma infection in children does not require selective treatment, the pneumonia probably being caused by other micro-organisms. There is no prove that mycoplasma pneumonia heals spontaneously, without any therapy.", "contents": "[New aspects on the treatment of pneumonia associated with acute mycoplasma infections (author's transl)]. Over a period of 16 months acute mycoplasma pneumonia was diagnosed in 20 patients. All were rapidly and completely cured by ampicillin and cephalosporins, which are ineffective against mycoplasma, indicating that acute mycoplasma infection in children does not require selective treatment, the pneumonia probably being caused by other micro-organisms. There is no prove that mycoplasma pneumonia heals spontaneously, without any therapy.", "PMID": 832591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_91", "title": "[Atypical pneumonia with positive cold agglutinins (author's transl)].", "content": "Raised cold agglutinin titres were observed in 16 patients with atypical pneumonia. In 7 cases serological demonstration of antibodies against Mycoplasma pneumoniae (complement binding reaction) was possible. In 4 cases the causative organism could not be demonstrated serologically and in 5 cases the demonstration of antibodies was not possible. There were 11 sporadic single cases and 5 patients from a mycoplasma family infection. The incubation time was between 7 and 16 days. History, clinical symptoms and the auscultatory findings in connection with the radiograph allow a preliminary diagnosis of primary atypical pneumonia which can be finally proved by the demonstration of cold agglutinins. The titres reach their highest levels within 2-3 weeks and fall again within 4-6 weeks. As the complement binding reaction with Mycoplasma pneumoniae is still positive after several weeks the diagnosis can also be proved retrospectively. Reconvalescence is markedly delayed and lasts several weeks. Clinically and therapeutically the cold agglutinin positive atypical pneumonias cannot be differentiated from mycoplasma pneumonias.", "contents": "[Atypical pneumonia with positive cold agglutinins (author's transl)]. Raised cold agglutinin titres were observed in 16 patients with atypical pneumonia. In 7 cases serological demonstration of antibodies against Mycoplasma pneumoniae (complement binding reaction) was possible. In 4 cases the causative organism could not be demonstrated serologically and in 5 cases the demonstration of antibodies was not possible. There were 11 sporadic single cases and 5 patients from a mycoplasma family infection. The incubation time was between 7 and 16 days. History, clinical symptoms and the auscultatory findings in connection with the radiograph allow a preliminary diagnosis of primary atypical pneumonia which can be finally proved by the demonstration of cold agglutinins. The titres reach their highest levels within 2-3 weeks and fall again within 4-6 weeks. As the complement binding reaction with Mycoplasma pneumoniae is still positive after several weeks the diagnosis can also be proved retrospectively. Reconvalescence is markedly delayed and lasts several weeks. Clinically and therapeutically the cold agglutinin positive atypical pneumonias cannot be differentiated from mycoplasma pneumonias.", "PMID": 832592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_92", "title": "[Integrated chemotherapy and radiotherapy of inoperable bronchial carcinoma: preliminary results in 50 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Fifty patients with inoperable bronchial carcinoma were treated with a combined schedule of adriamycin, cyclophosphamide and vincristine. In those cases with locally/regionally confined tumour spread this was followed - after three chemotherapy cycles - by radiotherapy to mediastinum, hilar region and tumour of 3000 rad focal dose. Remission was achieved in 25 of 27 patients with small-cell carcinoma: full clinical remission in 12, part remission in 13. Mean duration of the (in most instances still continuing) remission has so far been 4 + months. Mean survival time is, of course, not yet calculable. Only a few patients had to be admitted to hospital for short periods because of toxic reactions. Four full and 11 part remission (some still continuing) have so far been achieved in the group of larger-cell carcinoma (squamous cell, 4; large cells, 5; anaplastic, medium-large, undifferentiated or polymorph, 14).", "contents": "[Integrated chemotherapy and radiotherapy of inoperable bronchial carcinoma: preliminary results in 50 cases (author's transl)]. Fifty patients with inoperable bronchial carcinoma were treated with a combined schedule of adriamycin, cyclophosphamide and vincristine. In those cases with locally/regionally confined tumour spread this was followed - after three chemotherapy cycles - by radiotherapy to mediastinum, hilar region and tumour of 3000 rad focal dose. Remission was achieved in 25 of 27 patients with small-cell carcinoma: full clinical remission in 12, part remission in 13. Mean duration of the (in most instances still continuing) remission has so far been 4 + months. Mean survival time is, of course, not yet calculable. Only a few patients had to be admitted to hospital for short periods because of toxic reactions. Four full and 11 part remission (some still continuing) have so far been achieved in the group of larger-cell carcinoma (squamous cell, 4; large cells, 5; anaplastic, medium-large, undifferentiated or polymorph, 14).", "PMID": 832600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_93", "title": "[Treatment of patients with gallstones with chenodeoxycholic acid (author's transl)].", "content": "24 patients with cholesterol gallstones were treated with chenodeoxycholic acid. In 7 out of 10 patients the follow-up showed complete dissolution of the gallstones after 7 to 18 months of treatment with 1 g of chenodeoxycholic acid daily. Two patients with biliary duct concrements had to be operated, in a third patient no change could be observed after treatment for 17 months. A transient increase of the transaminase GOT was seen in four patients. There were no changes of serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels. 14 patients had chologenic diarrhoea lasting only a few days. Toxic side effects indisputably due to chenodeoxycholic acid therapy have not been seen so far.", "contents": "[Treatment of patients with gallstones with chenodeoxycholic acid (author's transl)]. 24 patients with cholesterol gallstones were treated with chenodeoxycholic acid. In 7 out of 10 patients the follow-up showed complete dissolution of the gallstones after 7 to 18 months of treatment with 1 g of chenodeoxycholic acid daily. Two patients with biliary duct concrements had to be operated, in a third patient no change could be observed after treatment for 17 months. A transient increase of the transaminase GOT was seen in four patients. There were no changes of serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels. 14 patients had chologenic diarrhoea lasting only a few days. Toxic side effects indisputably due to chenodeoxycholic acid therapy have not been seen so far.", "PMID": 832601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_94", "title": "[Premature cutaneous porphyria caused by oral contraceptives (author's transl)].", "content": "Four women, aged 23 to 26 years, fell ill with cutaneous hepatic porphyria. All of them had taken oestrogen-contaning oral contraceptives three to eight years before the illness. In one instance there was a time relationship with a progestogen preparation. The clinical and biochemical signs were those of porphyria cutanea tarda, but contrary to this disease there was a shift towards heptacarboxyporphyrin in the uroporphyrin/heptacarboxyporphyrin ratio (thin-layer chromatography, classified according to Doss). This difference and the onset at an early age suggest that the described disease may be called a hormone-induced premature cutaneous porphyria.", "contents": "[Premature cutaneous porphyria caused by oral contraceptives (author's transl)]. Four women, aged 23 to 26 years, fell ill with cutaneous hepatic porphyria. All of them had taken oestrogen-contaning oral contraceptives three to eight years before the illness. In one instance there was a time relationship with a progestogen preparation. The clinical and biochemical signs were those of porphyria cutanea tarda, but contrary to this disease there was a shift towards heptacarboxyporphyrin in the uroporphyrin/heptacarboxyporphyrin ratio (thin-layer chromatography, classified according to Doss). This difference and the onset at an early age suggest that the described disease may be called a hormone-induced premature cutaneous porphyria.", "PMID": 832602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_95", "title": "[The glandular cyst, a polypoid lesion of the gastric mucosa (author's transl)].", "content": "Confusion in the nomenclature of gastric polyps and the resulting uncertainties regarding prognosis and treatment have made a new classification necessary, consisting of focal hyperplasia, polyp of manifold aetiology, adenoma, and benign hyperplasiogenic polyp, the latter the most common one, found only in the stomach. But 110 cases of polypoid mucosal changes could not be classified. These \"polyps\" grow to be at most 8 mm in diameter and are characterized histologically by non-inflammatory cysts of varying size located within the intact fundal glands. Possible causes are hamartoma or functional secretory disorders. These glandular cysts have not previously been described. They do not fit the pattern of cystic gastritis. The clinical significance lies in the differentiation from gastric polyposis.", "contents": "[The glandular cyst, a polypoid lesion of the gastric mucosa (author's transl)]. Confusion in the nomenclature of gastric polyps and the resulting uncertainties regarding prognosis and treatment have made a new classification necessary, consisting of focal hyperplasia, polyp of manifold aetiology, adenoma, and benign hyperplasiogenic polyp, the latter the most common one, found only in the stomach. But 110 cases of polypoid mucosal changes could not be classified. These \"polyps\" grow to be at most 8 mm in diameter and are characterized histologically by non-inflammatory cysts of varying size located within the intact fundal glands. Possible causes are hamartoma or functional secretory disorders. These glandular cysts have not previously been described. They do not fit the pattern of cystic gastritis. The clinical significance lies in the differentiation from gastric polyposis.", "PMID": 832605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_96", "title": "[Intra-operative autotransfusion for massive bleeding (author's transl)].", "content": "Only intra-operative re-infusion with a special apparatus is suitable for autotransfusion in the management of massive and unexpected haemorrhage. Haemolysis and air embolism are the only problems directly related to it. Since haemolysis does not cause clinical complications it can be ignored, while air embolism can be prevented by continuous close supervision. Clotting disorders are the combined result of the underlying disease, circulatory shock, massive homologous blood transfusion and autotransfusion. No pulmonary problems have been encountered. The Bentley ATS system has proven to be the most effective means of replacing volume in life-threatening massive bleeding. It is a safe procedure which not only helps to save large volumes of homologous blood but also the life of many patients with extreme massive haemorrhages.", "contents": "[Intra-operative autotransfusion for massive bleeding (author's transl)]. Only intra-operative re-infusion with a special apparatus is suitable for autotransfusion in the management of massive and unexpected haemorrhage. Haemolysis and air embolism are the only problems directly related to it. Since haemolysis does not cause clinical complications it can be ignored, while air embolism can be prevented by continuous close supervision. Clotting disorders are the combined result of the underlying disease, circulatory shock, massive homologous blood transfusion and autotransfusion. No pulmonary problems have been encountered. The Bentley ATS system has proven to be the most effective means of replacing volume in life-threatening massive bleeding. It is a safe procedure which not only helps to save large volumes of homologous blood but also the life of many patients with extreme massive haemorrhages.", "PMID": 832606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_97", "title": "[Preliminary results of preoperative radiotherapy in carcinoma of the rectum (author's transl)].", "content": "Preliminary results were evaluated in patients with carcinoma of the rectum of whom 33 had preoperative radiotherapy and 23 were treated by operation only. The tumour stage was T2-4 NX MO in all patients. There was no significant difference between the groups as to postoperative mortality, would healing, and postoperative admission time. However, the recurrence rate was significantly lower in pre-irradiated patients than in those treated by operation only. The combination of radiotherapy and radical operation appears to be a possible means of significantly improving the survival rate of patients with carcinoma of the rectum.", "contents": "[Preliminary results of preoperative radiotherapy in carcinoma of the rectum (author's transl)]. Preliminary results were evaluated in patients with carcinoma of the rectum of whom 33 had preoperative radiotherapy and 23 were treated by operation only. The tumour stage was T2-4 NX MO in all patients. There was no significant difference between the groups as to postoperative mortality, would healing, and postoperative admission time. However, the recurrence rate was significantly lower in pre-irradiated patients than in those treated by operation only. The combination of radiotherapy and radical operation appears to be a possible means of significantly improving the survival rate of patients with carcinoma of the rectum.", "PMID": 832607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_98", "title": "Physicochemical properties of glucocorticoid receptors from mouse fibroblasts.", "content": "Glucocorticoid-bound receptor macromolecules were prepared in three forms from mouse fibroblast cells: the cytosol receptor, the nuclear extractable receptor, and the nuclear residual form obtained by DNase digestion of chromatin samples. These receptor complexes were studied with respect to gel filtration properties, sedimentation velocities in various salt concentrations, partial specific volumes, isoelectric points, and thermal stability properties. The results indicate that the three forms of the receptor differ in their molecular properties, and nuclear translocation and binding ofthe receptor complex is associated with conformational and physical changes consistent with a reduction in apparent molecular weight.", "contents": "Physicochemical properties of glucocorticoid receptors from mouse fibroblasts. Glucocorticoid-bound receptor macromolecules were prepared in three forms from mouse fibroblast cells: the cytosol receptor, the nuclear extractable receptor, and the nuclear residual form obtained by DNase digestion of chromatin samples. These receptor complexes were studied with respect to gel filtration properties, sedimentation velocities in various salt concentrations, partial specific volumes, isoelectric points, and thermal stability properties. The results indicate that the three forms of the receptor differ in their molecular properties, and nuclear translocation and binding ofthe receptor complex is associated with conformational and physical changes consistent with a reduction in apparent molecular weight.", "PMID": 832624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_99", "title": "Characterization of growth hormone and prolactin produced by human pituitary in culture.", "content": "Fragments of a pituitary tumor from a patient with acromegaly were grown in tissue culture. The tumor secreted both growth hormone and prolactin,which were recovered in high concentrations. The nonpurified hormones were characterized and compared to their respective counterparts obtained by extraction from normal pituitaries obtained at autopsy. The tissue culture and pituitary extracted hormones were eluted from Sephadex G-100 with the same partition coefficients. Growth hormone from both sources showed parallel dose-response displacement curves, by logit-log transformation, in both specific immunoassay and in a specific lymphocyte binding assay. Prolactin from both sources was compared in specific immunoassay using three different antisera. Parallel logit-log displacement curves were seen with one antiserum, while the other two antisera yielded non-parallel curves, indicating structural differences between prolactin from the two sources. Quantitative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was performed using multiphasic buffer systems previously developed for characterization of each hormone. By the criteria of joint 95% confidence envelopes of retardation co-efficient and relative free mobility, tissue culture growth hormone and prolactin were indistinguishable from their pituitary-extracted counterparts. This study demonstrates that, prior to purification, tissue culture derived hormone can be characterized by multiple criteria and compared to a standard preparation. Structural differences can be detected, as in the case of prolactin. When the hormones are indistinguishable, as in the case of growth hormone, it becomes worthwhile to increase the scale of tissue cultured production, with the prospect that tissue culture may serve as a source of hormone for both experimental and therapeutic use.", "contents": "Characterization of growth hormone and prolactin produced by human pituitary in culture. Fragments of a pituitary tumor from a patient with acromegaly were grown in tissue culture. The tumor secreted both growth hormone and prolactin,which were recovered in high concentrations. The nonpurified hormones were characterized and compared to their respective counterparts obtained by extraction from normal pituitaries obtained at autopsy. The tissue culture and pituitary extracted hormones were eluted from Sephadex G-100 with the same partition coefficients. Growth hormone from both sources showed parallel dose-response displacement curves, by logit-log transformation, in both specific immunoassay and in a specific lymphocyte binding assay. Prolactin from both sources was compared in specific immunoassay using three different antisera. Parallel logit-log displacement curves were seen with one antiserum, while the other two antisera yielded non-parallel curves, indicating structural differences between prolactin from the two sources. Quantitative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was performed using multiphasic buffer systems previously developed for characterization of each hormone. By the criteria of joint 95% confidence envelopes of retardation co-efficient and relative free mobility, tissue culture growth hormone and prolactin were indistinguishable from their pituitary-extracted counterparts. This study demonstrates that, prior to purification, tissue culture derived hormone can be characterized by multiple criteria and compared to a standard preparation. Structural differences can be detected, as in the case of prolactin. When the hormones are indistinguishable, as in the case of growth hormone, it becomes worthwhile to increase the scale of tissue cultured production, with the prospect that tissue culture may serve as a source of hormone for both experimental and therapeutic use.", "PMID": 832625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_100", "title": "Acute and chronic responses to iodine deficiency in rats.", "content": "Various indices of thyroid function were measured in rats at early (2 to 26 days) and at late (up to 55 weeks) intervals after the onset of an iodine deficient diet (LID). Control groups received the same diet with iodine-supplemented drinking water. The measurements included: thyroid total 127I concentration, thyroid weight, [131i] mit/[131i]dit and [131i]t3/[131i]t4 after a labeling period of 18--24 h, serum T4, serum T3, and serum TSH. In the acute experiments serum T4 was significantly decreased at 6--7 days. Thereafter, the decrease was rapid and progressive, and by 26 days serum T4 was reduced to undetectable levels (less than .05 mug per 100 ml). Thyroid T4 decreased more rapidly than serum T4, suggesting that the turnover rate of thyroid T4 increased soon after the onset of LID. Serum T3, in contrast to serum T4 showed no significant change during the 26 day period. Thyroid T3 decreased less rapidly than thyroid T4, but was greatly reduced by 26 days. Presumably the turnover rate of thyroih was slightly but significantly elevated at 4 days, before there was any detectable decrease in serum T4. Thereafter, the results were somewhat variable, but there appeared to be no significant further rise in serum TSH up to about day 15, despite the observation that serum T4 fell rapidly during this period. Only after 15 days did serum TSH display a sharp increase. It is apparent from these results that there is no simple inverse relationship between plasma T4 and plasma TSH. In the chronic experiments serum T4 remained undetectable. Serum T3 was decreased to about 50% of the normal level at 7 weeks but there appeared to be no further decrease even at 55 weeks. Serum TSH rose to very high levels at 12 weeks but showed no further increase thereafter. Thyroid 127I concentration reached its lowest value at 15 weeks and showed no further decrease. Thyroid weight, on the other hand, appeared to increase progressively. To evaluate the effect of severe iodine deficiency on thyroid status, rats that had been on LID for 3-4 months were exposed to a cold environment (4--5 C). Body temperature and survival rates were compared with those of matched controls receiving LID + KI drinking water. The body temperatures of the latter group increased significantly on exposure to cold, and all animals survived. On the other hand, the body temperature of rats on LID alone began to decrease about 5 days after the onset of cold exposure, and when the diet was sufficiently low in iodine the majority of the rats died within 15 days. These results suggest that thyroid function in severely iodine deficient rats is not adequate to meet the challenge of acute cold stress. In this sense, therefore, these animals may be daid to display signs of hypothyroidism.", "contents": "Acute and chronic responses to iodine deficiency in rats. Various indices of thyroid function were measured in rats at early (2 to 26 days) and at late (up to 55 weeks) intervals after the onset of an iodine deficient diet (LID). Control groups received the same diet with iodine-supplemented drinking water. The measurements included: thyroid total 127I concentration, thyroid weight, [131i] mit/[131i]dit and [131i]t3/[131i]t4 after a labeling period of 18--24 h, serum T4, serum T3, and serum TSH. In the acute experiments serum T4 was significantly decreased at 6--7 days. Thereafter, the decrease was rapid and progressive, and by 26 days serum T4 was reduced to undetectable levels (less than .05 mug per 100 ml). Thyroid T4 decreased more rapidly than serum T4, suggesting that the turnover rate of thyroid T4 increased soon after the onset of LID. Serum T3, in contrast to serum T4 showed no significant change during the 26 day period. Thyroid T3 decreased less rapidly than thyroid T4, but was greatly reduced by 26 days. Presumably the turnover rate of thyroih was slightly but significantly elevated at 4 days, before there was any detectable decrease in serum T4. Thereafter, the results were somewhat variable, but there appeared to be no significant further rise in serum TSH up to about day 15, despite the observation that serum T4 fell rapidly during this period. Only after 15 days did serum TSH display a sharp increase. It is apparent from these results that there is no simple inverse relationship between plasma T4 and plasma TSH. In the chronic experiments serum T4 remained undetectable. Serum T3 was decreased to about 50% of the normal level at 7 weeks but there appeared to be no further decrease even at 55 weeks. Serum TSH rose to very high levels at 12 weeks but showed no further increase thereafter. Thyroid 127I concentration reached its lowest value at 15 weeks and showed no further decrease. Thyroid weight, on the other hand, appeared to increase progressively. To evaluate the effect of severe iodine deficiency on thyroid status, rats that had been on LID for 3-4 months were exposed to a cold environment (4--5 C). Body temperature and survival rates were compared with those of matched controls receiving LID + KI drinking water. The body temperatures of the latter group increased significantly on exposure to cold, and all animals survived. On the other hand, the body temperature of rats on LID alone began to decrease about 5 days after the onset of cold exposure, and when the diet was sufficiently low in iodine the majority of the rats died within 15 days. These results suggest that thyroid function in severely iodine deficient rats is not adequate to meet the challenge of acute cold stress. In this sense, therefore, these animals may be daid to display signs of hypothyroidism.", "PMID": 832626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_101", "title": "Xylitol, a partial homologue ot alpha-D-glucopyranose: potent stimulator of insulin release in dogs.", "content": "A direct comparison was made in healthy female dogs of the potency of xylitol and mutarotated glucose as stimulators of insulin release (both first and second phases), and also of their urinary excretion and arterio-venous difference across a hind-limb. Xylitol or glucose was given by constant infusion into a systemic vein for 50 minutes in paired experiments. Three dose levels were used in 12 dogs. Plasma insulin levels during xylitol infusion were as high as or higher than those during glucose infusion, with increases in arterial xylitol levels equal to or less than those in glucose. More xylitol was lost in the urine, but the overall uptake of xylitol was at least 70% also the arteriovenous difference for xylitol across the hind-limb was greater than for glucose, when each was divided by the arterial sugar concentration. It is suggested that both the striking potency of xylitol in stimulating both phases of insulin release, and its rapid uptake by tissues, may result from its homology with alpha-D-glucopyranose, the alpha-anomer of glucose. The concept of a glucoreceptor on the surface of the pancreatic beta-cell, with stereospecificity for alpha-D-glucopyranose or closely similar molecules, is supported by our results.", "contents": "Xylitol, a partial homologue ot alpha-D-glucopyranose: potent stimulator of insulin release in dogs. A direct comparison was made in healthy female dogs of the potency of xylitol and mutarotated glucose as stimulators of insulin release (both first and second phases), and also of their urinary excretion and arterio-venous difference across a hind-limb. Xylitol or glucose was given by constant infusion into a systemic vein for 50 minutes in paired experiments. Three dose levels were used in 12 dogs. Plasma insulin levels during xylitol infusion were as high as or higher than those during glucose infusion, with increases in arterial xylitol levels equal to or less than those in glucose. More xylitol was lost in the urine, but the overall uptake of xylitol was at least 70% also the arteriovenous difference for xylitol across the hind-limb was greater than for glucose, when each was divided by the arterial sugar concentration. It is suggested that both the striking potency of xylitol in stimulating both phases of insulin release, and its rapid uptake by tissues, may result from its homology with alpha-D-glucopyranose, the alpha-anomer of glucose. The concept of a glucoreceptor on the surface of the pancreatic beta-cell, with stereospecificity for alpha-D-glucopyranose or closely similar molecules, is supported by our results.", "PMID": 832627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_102", "title": "Thyrotropin stimulation of 32P incorporation into the phospholipids of canine thyroid adenocarcinoma.", "content": "Six carcinomas of the canine thyroid were studied. Five of the six tumors were functional on 131I scan and caused hyperthyroidism in two cases. The tumors were all of predominantly compact cellular histology with rare to moderate numbers of microfollicles. After surgical removal tumor slices were incubated with 32P in Krebs-Ringer-tris buffer with or without 0.1 U/ml of bovine TSH, and the specific activity of the extracted phospholipids was measured. TSH stimulated phosphatide turnover clearly in 5 cases and probably also in the 6th. Analysis of fractionated phospholipids in 2 cases showed that the response to TSH was mainly in the phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylinositol. These studies show that a malignant tumor may still retain at least one complete control system extending from TSH receptors to the final metabolic response.", "contents": "Thyrotropin stimulation of 32P incorporation into the phospholipids of canine thyroid adenocarcinoma. Six carcinomas of the canine thyroid were studied. Five of the six tumors were functional on 131I scan and caused hyperthyroidism in two cases. The tumors were all of predominantly compact cellular histology with rare to moderate numbers of microfollicles. After surgical removal tumor slices were incubated with 32P in Krebs-Ringer-tris buffer with or without 0.1 U/ml of bovine TSH, and the specific activity of the extracted phospholipids was measured. TSH stimulated phosphatide turnover clearly in 5 cases and probably also in the 6th. Analysis of fractionated phospholipids in 2 cases showed that the response to TSH was mainly in the phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylinositol. These studies show that a malignant tumor may still retain at least one complete control system extending from TSH receptors to the final metabolic response.", "PMID": 832628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_103", "title": "High titer glucagon antisera.", "content": "Antibody titers in rabbits immunized with glucagon conjugated to albumin using difluorodinitrobenzene rose rapidly. Under conditions of immunoassay, less than 2 nl of serum from two of four animals and approximately 4 nl from the other two was required to bind 50% of the 10 pg of [125I]iodoglucagon 100 days after immunization. The dissociation constants of the two higher titer antisera for glucagon were approximately 1 x 10(-10)M, and their binding capacities for the hormone, about 50 mug/ml. Competitive binding assays showed that neither of these antisera cross-reacts with the glucagon-like, immunoreactive peptides extracted from intestine to greater than 2.5%. In contrast, hens produced antisera which were reactive with the intestinal material and which bound only 0.3 mug of glucagon per ml. There were no consistent differences, however, in the abilities of specific and non-specific antisera to react with selected fragments of pancreatic glucagon.", "contents": "High titer glucagon antisera. Antibody titers in rabbits immunized with glucagon conjugated to albumin using difluorodinitrobenzene rose rapidly. Under conditions of immunoassay, less than 2 nl of serum from two of four animals and approximately 4 nl from the other two was required to bind 50% of the 10 pg of [125I]iodoglucagon 100 days after immunization. The dissociation constants of the two higher titer antisera for glucagon were approximately 1 x 10(-10)M, and their binding capacities for the hormone, about 50 mug/ml. Competitive binding assays showed that neither of these antisera cross-reacts with the glucagon-like, immunoreactive peptides extracted from intestine to greater than 2.5%. In contrast, hens produced antisera which were reactive with the intestinal material and which bound only 0.3 mug of glucagon per ml. There were no consistent differences, however, in the abilities of specific and non-specific antisera to react with selected fragments of pancreatic glucagon.", "PMID": 832629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_104", "title": "Diminished ketosis and triglyceridemia during fasting in odd-carbon enriched pregnant rats.", "content": "The lipolysis, ketosis and hypertriglyceridemia of fasted rats in late pregnancy may be related to decreased insulin secretion geared to decreased glucose availability. In odd-carbon fatty acid enriched (OCE) rats, the odd-carbon fatty acids (OCFA) mobilized during fasting provide terminal three-carbon residues which are glucogenic, thereby permitting blood glucose and insulin to be maintained close to fed levels. The present study has used OCE rats to evaluate the role of insulin in the altered fat metabolism of the fasted rats in late pregnancy. The adipose tissue of 24 female Sprague-Dawley rats was enriched to more than 25% undecanoate (c11:0) and higher OCFA by feeding them a complete diet high in triundecanoin content for six weeks. Twenty-four female controls were fed a similar diet except that the fat was exclusively corn oil. Both OCE and control rats were than mated and on day 18 of pregnancy were divided into four groups: one group was killed fed, one after a 24 h fast, and one after a 48 h fast; the fourth group was fed to day 20 of pregnancy and then killed. In the fed state, the concentrations of glucose, ketones, and cholesterol in serum, as well as that of glycogen in liver, were the same in control and OCE rats. Insulin and triglycerides were similarly elevated in the two groups. After two days of fasting, serum glucose, insulin, and liver glycogen concentrations were significantly higher in OCE than in control rats, while ketones and triglycerides were significantly lower. No significant changes occurred in serum cholesterol. The results are consistent with a predominantly insulin effect in the pregnant OCE rats in diminsihing the marked fasting lipolysis, hyperketonemia and hypertriglyceridemia observed in controls, but do not rule out inhibition of FFA release by in situ re-esterification to glycerol derived from glucose or propionic acid.", "contents": "Diminished ketosis and triglyceridemia during fasting in odd-carbon enriched pregnant rats. The lipolysis, ketosis and hypertriglyceridemia of fasted rats in late pregnancy may be related to decreased insulin secretion geared to decreased glucose availability. In odd-carbon fatty acid enriched (OCE) rats, the odd-carbon fatty acids (OCFA) mobilized during fasting provide terminal three-carbon residues which are glucogenic, thereby permitting blood glucose and insulin to be maintained close to fed levels. The present study has used OCE rats to evaluate the role of insulin in the altered fat metabolism of the fasted rats in late pregnancy. The adipose tissue of 24 female Sprague-Dawley rats was enriched to more than 25% undecanoate (c11:0) and higher OCFA by feeding them a complete diet high in triundecanoin content for six weeks. Twenty-four female controls were fed a similar diet except that the fat was exclusively corn oil. Both OCE and control rats were than mated and on day 18 of pregnancy were divided into four groups: one group was killed fed, one after a 24 h fast, and one after a 48 h fast; the fourth group was fed to day 20 of pregnancy and then killed. In the fed state, the concentrations of glucose, ketones, and cholesterol in serum, as well as that of glycogen in liver, were the same in control and OCE rats. Insulin and triglycerides were similarly elevated in the two groups. After two days of fasting, serum glucose, insulin, and liver glycogen concentrations were significantly higher in OCE than in control rats, while ketones and triglycerides were significantly lower. No significant changes occurred in serum cholesterol. The results are consistent with a predominantly insulin effect in the pregnant OCE rats in diminsihing the marked fasting lipolysis, hyperketonemia and hypertriglyceridemia observed in controls, but do not rule out inhibition of FFA release by in situ re-esterification to glycerol derived from glucose or propionic acid.", "PMID": 832630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_105", "title": "Glucocorticoid receptors in adipose tissue.", "content": "Although adipose tissue appears to be a target organ for glucocorticoid hormones, previous studies have failed to detect glucocorticoid receptors in this tissue. In the present study, the addition of thioglycerol and trasylol to the homogenization medium provided an enuironment in which receptors were successfully demonstrated. [3H]Dexamethasone binding studies were carried out at 0 C in cytosol from various adipose tissues of adrenalectomized rats and bound hormone was separated from free by Sephadex chromtography. Despite the presence of protein protective agents, receptor binding decayed significantly over 24 h but appeared stable from 1 to 5 h. Epididymal fat pad cytosol had an apparent Kdiss at 0 C for dexamethasone of approximately 6 nM and a binding capacity of approximately 200 fmol per mg protein. To prove that the receptors were located in fat cells and not in surrounding connective tissue, isolated adipocytes were prepared by collagenase digestion and receptors were demonstrable in the cytosol from these cells as well. The affinity of series of steroids for the receptor was in the sequence: dexamethasone greater than corticosterone greater than progesterone greater than aldosterone greater than cortexolone greater than testosterone greater than estradiol. Receptors of roughly the same affinity but somewhat fewer binding sites on the basis of cytosol protein were also found on other fat depots including peri-renal, peri-scrotal and popliteal. Of interest is the fact that interscapular brown fat and human subcutaneous fat also possessed similar these receptors, the higher competitive capacity of dexamethasone indicated that the binding was to glucorticoid rather than mineralocorticoid receptors. The data suggest that fat cells contain glucocorticoid receptors which are similar to those seen in other glucocorticoid targets. Presumably these receptors mediate the effects of glucorticoids on adipose tissue.", "contents": "Glucocorticoid receptors in adipose tissue. Although adipose tissue appears to be a target organ for glucocorticoid hormones, previous studies have failed to detect glucocorticoid receptors in this tissue. In the present study, the addition of thioglycerol and trasylol to the homogenization medium provided an enuironment in which receptors were successfully demonstrated. [3H]Dexamethasone binding studies were carried out at 0 C in cytosol from various adipose tissues of adrenalectomized rats and bound hormone was separated from free by Sephadex chromtography. Despite the presence of protein protective agents, receptor binding decayed significantly over 24 h but appeared stable from 1 to 5 h. Epididymal fat pad cytosol had an apparent Kdiss at 0 C for dexamethasone of approximately 6 nM and a binding capacity of approximately 200 fmol per mg protein. To prove that the receptors were located in fat cells and not in surrounding connective tissue, isolated adipocytes were prepared by collagenase digestion and receptors were demonstrable in the cytosol from these cells as well. The affinity of series of steroids for the receptor was in the sequence: dexamethasone greater than corticosterone greater than progesterone greater than aldosterone greater than cortexolone greater than testosterone greater than estradiol. Receptors of roughly the same affinity but somewhat fewer binding sites on the basis of cytosol protein were also found on other fat depots including peri-renal, peri-scrotal and popliteal. Of interest is the fact that interscapular brown fat and human subcutaneous fat also possessed similar these receptors, the higher competitive capacity of dexamethasone indicated that the binding was to glucorticoid rather than mineralocorticoid receptors. The data suggest that fat cells contain glucocorticoid receptors which are similar to those seen in other glucocorticoid targets. Presumably these receptors mediate the effects of glucorticoids on adipose tissue.", "PMID": 832631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_106", "title": "Different nuclear binding sites for antiestrogen and estrogen receptor complexes.", "content": "Experiments were performed to determine the in vivo effect of various estrogens and anti-estrogens on the nuclear accumulation and retention of estrogen receptors, the cytoplasmic levels of estrogen receptors, and the formation of salt-resistant and salt-extractable forms of the nuclear estrogen receptor in immature rat uteri. A 5 mug injection of estradiol-17beta (E2) or diethylstilbestrol (DES) resulted in a maximal nuclear translocation of the receptor complexes by 1 h with a subsequent rapid decrease of both the estradiol receptor complex (ERC) and diethylstilbestrol receptor complex (DRC) to levels found in uteri of saline-injected rats by 12 h. However, the antiestrogens U-11,100A, zuclomiphene and enclomphene (100 mug/injection) resulted in a slower nuclear accumulation of receptor complex which continued to increase through 24 h. The cytosol receptor levels with E2 and DES were depleted to 10--20% of control levels within 1 h, but then were replenished so that they were above control levels by 24 h. The clomiphene-type compounds also showed an initial depletion of cytosol estrogen receptor, but the antiestrogens were almost ineffective in receptor replenishment. The estrogen receptor translocated to the nuclear fraction by estrogens demonstrated both salt-extractable (0.3M KCl) and salt-resistant forms at 1--6 h, whereas the clomiphene-type compounds resulted in the formation of only a salt-extractable form of the estrogen receptor at all times. By 12--24 h after injection, the salt-resistant forms of the ERC and DRC were no longer present. The effect of varying the dosage of injected E2 (0.05 mug-5 mug) resulted in the formation of an identical amount of salt-resistant ERC at 1--2 h, whereas the total amount of nuclear ERC (salt-resistant and salt-extractable) varied with the injected dose of E2. However, at 6 h, the amount of salt resistant ERC varied with the injected dose of E2 (0.005-5 mug). These results suggest that the nuclear salt-resistant form (formed by estrogens only) of the estrogen receptor is required for true uterine growth, whereas the nuclear salt-extractable form may be only sufficient for short term estrogenic responses.", "contents": "Different nuclear binding sites for antiestrogen and estrogen receptor complexes. Experiments were performed to determine the in vivo effect of various estrogens and anti-estrogens on the nuclear accumulation and retention of estrogen receptors, the cytoplasmic levels of estrogen receptors, and the formation of salt-resistant and salt-extractable forms of the nuclear estrogen receptor in immature rat uteri. A 5 mug injection of estradiol-17beta (E2) or diethylstilbestrol (DES) resulted in a maximal nuclear translocation of the receptor complexes by 1 h with a subsequent rapid decrease of both the estradiol receptor complex (ERC) and diethylstilbestrol receptor complex (DRC) to levels found in uteri of saline-injected rats by 12 h. However, the antiestrogens U-11,100A, zuclomiphene and enclomphene (100 mug/injection) resulted in a slower nuclear accumulation of receptor complex which continued to increase through 24 h. The cytosol receptor levels with E2 and DES were depleted to 10--20% of control levels within 1 h, but then were replenished so that they were above control levels by 24 h. The clomiphene-type compounds also showed an initial depletion of cytosol estrogen receptor, but the antiestrogens were almost ineffective in receptor replenishment. The estrogen receptor translocated to the nuclear fraction by estrogens demonstrated both salt-extractable (0.3M KCl) and salt-resistant forms at 1--6 h, whereas the clomiphene-type compounds resulted in the formation of only a salt-extractable form of the estrogen receptor at all times. By 12--24 h after injection, the salt-resistant forms of the ERC and DRC were no longer present. The effect of varying the dosage of injected E2 (0.05 mug-5 mug) resulted in the formation of an identical amount of salt-resistant ERC at 1--2 h, whereas the total amount of nuclear ERC (salt-resistant and salt-extractable) varied with the injected dose of E2. However, at 6 h, the amount of salt resistant ERC varied with the injected dose of E2 (0.005-5 mug). These results suggest that the nuclear salt-resistant form (formed by estrogens only) of the estrogen receptor is required for true uterine growth, whereas the nuclear salt-extractable form may be only sufficient for short term estrogenic responses.", "PMID": 832632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_107", "title": "Tissue-specific stimulation of ornithine decarboxylase activity by pituitary factors immunologically related to growth hormone.", "content": "Ornithine decarboxylase (L-ornithine carboxylase, EC 4.1.1.17) is an important enzyme in polyamine synthesis. Its activity is influenced by several peptides hormones, including growth hormones, which have physiological significance in various growth situations. A crude ovine pituitary growth hormone preparation (NIH-GH-S10) was subjected to gel exclusion chromatography (Sephadex G-100) and two major fractions were obtained. One of these corresponded to dimeric growth hormone (GH). The other fraction was excluded by the gel matrix, suggesting a material of higher molecular weight than GH. This was confirmed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Analysis of a high molecular weight fraction by radioimmunoassay (antisera prepared against GH) and by bioassay (weight gain in hypophysectomized rats) gave apparent GH contents of 19% and 6%, respectively. On a weight basis, the high molecular weight fraction was more effective than GH in stimulating the activity of hepatic and adrenal ornithine decarboxylase, but GH was more effective in stimulating renal ornithine decarboxylase activity. Subfractionation of the high molecular weight fraction using a high porosity gel (Sephadex G-200) gave four fractions, which were shown by amino acid analysis and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate to be distinct from GH and heterogenous. These subfractions had different potencies for stimulating renal and hepatic ornithine decarboxylase activity. The ability of crude growth hormone preparations to stimulate ornithine decarboxylase activity in some tissues may be a function of pituitary factors, in addition to GH, which have minimal growth promoting activity.", "contents": "Tissue-specific stimulation of ornithine decarboxylase activity by pituitary factors immunologically related to growth hormone. Ornithine decarboxylase (L-ornithine carboxylase, EC 4.1.1.17) is an important enzyme in polyamine synthesis. Its activity is influenced by several peptides hormones, including growth hormones, which have physiological significance in various growth situations. A crude ovine pituitary growth hormone preparation (NIH-GH-S10) was subjected to gel exclusion chromatography (Sephadex G-100) and two major fractions were obtained. One of these corresponded to dimeric growth hormone (GH). The other fraction was excluded by the gel matrix, suggesting a material of higher molecular weight than GH. This was confirmed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Analysis of a high molecular weight fraction by radioimmunoassay (antisera prepared against GH) and by bioassay (weight gain in hypophysectomized rats) gave apparent GH contents of 19% and 6%, respectively. On a weight basis, the high molecular weight fraction was more effective than GH in stimulating the activity of hepatic and adrenal ornithine decarboxylase, but GH was more effective in stimulating renal ornithine decarboxylase activity. Subfractionation of the high molecular weight fraction using a high porosity gel (Sephadex G-200) gave four fractions, which were shown by amino acid analysis and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate to be distinct from GH and heterogenous. These subfractions had different potencies for stimulating renal and hepatic ornithine decarboxylase activity. The ability of crude growth hormone preparations to stimulate ornithine decarboxylase activity in some tissues may be a function of pituitary factors, in addition to GH, which have minimal growth promoting activity.", "PMID": 832633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_108", "title": "Lack of effect of calcitonin on the regulation of vitamin D metabolism in the rat.", "content": "The infusion of calcitonin into intact rats increases the accumulation of 1,25-dihydroxy-[26-27-3H]vitamin D3 from 25-hydroxy-[26,27,-3H]vitamin D3 in blood, but has no effect on thyroparathyroidectomized rats using a variety of protocols. Furthermore, the vitamin D status of the animals did not alter the results. Inasmuch as no effect of calcitonin could be found on the accumulation of other vitamin D metabolites as well as 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, it is concluded that calcitonin apparently plays no direct role in the regulation of vitamin D metabolism and that the previous report of an effect of calcitonin on vitamin D metabolism in vivo is probably the result of a secondary response of the parathyroid gland.", "contents": "Lack of effect of calcitonin on the regulation of vitamin D metabolism in the rat. The infusion of calcitonin into intact rats increases the accumulation of 1,25-dihydroxy-[26-27-3H]vitamin D3 from 25-hydroxy-[26,27,-3H]vitamin D3 in blood, but has no effect on thyroparathyroidectomized rats using a variety of protocols. Furthermore, the vitamin D status of the animals did not alter the results. Inasmuch as no effect of calcitonin could be found on the accumulation of other vitamin D metabolites as well as 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, it is concluded that calcitonin apparently plays no direct role in the regulation of vitamin D metabolism and that the previous report of an effect of calcitonin on vitamin D metabolism in vivo is probably the result of a secondary response of the parathyroid gland.", "PMID": 832634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_109", "title": "Morphological changes in prolactin cells of male rats after testosterone administration.", "content": "Intact and castrated 25- and 60-day-old male rats were given 200 mug of testosterone propionate (TP) daily for 15 consecutive days. The morphology of the prolactin (PRL) cells was examined by electron microscopy and analyzed by the point counting method of Weibel and Bolender (23). The PRL cells in the controls had long cytoplasmic processes that coursed between adjacent parenchymal cells. The Golgi complex was relatively small in these cells and the area occupied by the secretory granules was, in general, less than in the TP-treated animals. After TP administration, the cells became more ovoid and the Golgi complex enlarged, displaying dilated cisternae and many immature secretory granules. In addition, the diameter of the secretory granules was greater in the animals given the steroid. When the morphology of the PRL cells in the sexually immature control rats was compared to that observed in the older, sexually mature rats, relatively few differences were observed indicating that the response to TP was essentially the same in animals of both age groups. The concentration of PRL was measured in the serum and pituitary gland by radioimmunoassay. There was a significant elevation in PRL in both the serum and pituitary glands of all animals given TP. In contrast, castration led to a fall in PRL levels. From these observations and from the morphological data it can be concluded that TP is capable of stimulating the rate of PRL synthesis and release, and that testosterone may have a regulatory role in PRL biosynthesis and turnover in the male rat.", "contents": "Morphological changes in prolactin cells of male rats after testosterone administration. Intact and castrated 25- and 60-day-old male rats were given 200 mug of testosterone propionate (TP) daily for 15 consecutive days. The morphology of the prolactin (PRL) cells was examined by electron microscopy and analyzed by the point counting method of Weibel and Bolender (23). The PRL cells in the controls had long cytoplasmic processes that coursed between adjacent parenchymal cells. The Golgi complex was relatively small in these cells and the area occupied by the secretory granules was, in general, less than in the TP-treated animals. After TP administration, the cells became more ovoid and the Golgi complex enlarged, displaying dilated cisternae and many immature secretory granules. In addition, the diameter of the secretory granules was greater in the animals given the steroid. When the morphology of the PRL cells in the sexually immature control rats was compared to that observed in the older, sexually mature rats, relatively few differences were observed indicating that the response to TP was essentially the same in animals of both age groups. The concentration of PRL was measured in the serum and pituitary gland by radioimmunoassay. There was a significant elevation in PRL in both the serum and pituitary glands of all animals given TP. In contrast, castration led to a fall in PRL levels. From these observations and from the morphological data it can be concluded that TP is capable of stimulating the rate of PRL synthesis and release, and that testosterone may have a regulatory role in PRL biosynthesis and turnover in the male rat.", "PMID": 832635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_110", "title": "Post-coital contraceptive activity and estrogen receptor binding affinity of phenolic steroids.", "content": "Estradiol, estradiol-16alpha, estriol and a series of positional isomers of estriol were tested for their post-coital contraceptive activity, and their ability to compete with estradiol for the cytosolic estrogen receptor protein of rat uteri. Estrogenicity was determined for each compound in immature rats with single injections and in mature castrated rats by injecting the lowest fully contraceptive dose for four consecutive days. All compounds were active anti-implantational agents, varying in required dosage from 4 mug to 2000 mug (total dosage over 4 days). The rank order or contraceptive activity was found to be: estradiol greater than estriol = epiestriol greater than 11beta - (OH) - estradiol greater than estradiol - 16alpha greater than 7alpha-(OH)-estradiol greater than 6beta-(OH)-estradiol, while the order of estrogenicity at levels of contraceptive activity in the ovariectomized mature rat was: epiestriol = estriol less than 7 alpha - (OH) - estradiol less than estradiol - 16alpha less than 6beta - (OH) - estradiol = 11beta - (OH)- estradiol less than estradiol-17beta. Reasonably good correlation between competition for estrogen receptor and anti-implantational activity was observed. The most active binding competitors were estradiol-16alpha, epiestriol, and estriol which showed an affinity from 50-20% that of estradiol, while the other compounds had 3% or less binding competition for estradiol.", "contents": "Post-coital contraceptive activity and estrogen receptor binding affinity of phenolic steroids. Estradiol, estradiol-16alpha, estriol and a series of positional isomers of estriol were tested for their post-coital contraceptive activity, and their ability to compete with estradiol for the cytosolic estrogen receptor protein of rat uteri. Estrogenicity was determined for each compound in immature rats with single injections and in mature castrated rats by injecting the lowest fully contraceptive dose for four consecutive days. All compounds were active anti-implantational agents, varying in required dosage from 4 mug to 2000 mug (total dosage over 4 days). The rank order or contraceptive activity was found to be: estradiol greater than estriol = epiestriol greater than 11beta - (OH) - estradiol greater than estradiol - 16alpha greater than 7alpha-(OH)-estradiol greater than 6beta-(OH)-estradiol, while the order of estrogenicity at levels of contraceptive activity in the ovariectomized mature rat was: epiestriol = estriol less than 7 alpha - (OH) - estradiol less than estradiol - 16alpha less than 6beta - (OH) - estradiol = 11beta - (OH)- estradiol less than estradiol-17beta. Reasonably good correlation between competition for estrogen receptor and anti-implantational activity was observed. The most active binding competitors were estradiol-16alpha, epiestriol, and estriol which showed an affinity from 50-20% that of estradiol, while the other compounds had 3% or less binding competition for estradiol.", "PMID": 832636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_111", "title": "Biosynthesis and secretion of calcitonin by avian ultimobranchial glands.", "content": "The biosynthesis and release of calcitonin from chicken ultimobranchial glands were evaluated both in vivo and in vitro. Changes in the content of calcitonin in plasma and ultimobranchial glands of chicks during embryonic development were measured using a radioimmunoassay for salmon calcitonin that readily detects chicken calcitonin. Calcitonin content of the ultimobranchial glands underwent a striking rise during the late-embryonic and newborn periods, and a transient phase of brisk calcitonin secretion into blood was observed at the time of hatching. Ultimobranchial glands from late-embryo and newborn chicks, when incubated in vitro with radioactive leucine, incorporated labeled leucine into protein and released radioactive protein into the culture medium linearly over a period of 30 h. Analyses, by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels and by reactivity with anti-calcitonin sera, of radioactive protein released into the media revealed two radioimmunoassayable and immunoprecipitable peaks of chicken calcitonin. The two peaks could not be distinguished by their molecular weights upon electrophoresis on urea-SDS gels. These observations are most consistent with the existence of two isohormones of chicken calcitonin. No evidence for a biosynthetic precursor of calcitonin was obtained. Changes in calcium concentrations between 1.0 and 3.5 mM is incubation media in vitro did not affect release or storage of calcitonin, and changes in dietary calcium intake did not produce observable in vivo alterations in calcitonin content of ultimobranchial glands.", "contents": "Biosynthesis and secretion of calcitonin by avian ultimobranchial glands. The biosynthesis and release of calcitonin from chicken ultimobranchial glands were evaluated both in vivo and in vitro. Changes in the content of calcitonin in plasma and ultimobranchial glands of chicks during embryonic development were measured using a radioimmunoassay for salmon calcitonin that readily detects chicken calcitonin. Calcitonin content of the ultimobranchial glands underwent a striking rise during the late-embryonic and newborn periods, and a transient phase of brisk calcitonin secretion into blood was observed at the time of hatching. Ultimobranchial glands from late-embryo and newborn chicks, when incubated in vitro with radioactive leucine, incorporated labeled leucine into protein and released radioactive protein into the culture medium linearly over a period of 30 h. Analyses, by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels and by reactivity with anti-calcitonin sera, of radioactive protein released into the media revealed two radioimmunoassayable and immunoprecipitable peaks of chicken calcitonin. The two peaks could not be distinguished by their molecular weights upon electrophoresis on urea-SDS gels. These observations are most consistent with the existence of two isohormones of chicken calcitonin. No evidence for a biosynthetic precursor of calcitonin was obtained. Changes in calcium concentrations between 1.0 and 3.5 mM is incubation media in vitro did not affect release or storage of calcitonin, and changes in dietary calcium intake did not produce observable in vivo alterations in calcitonin content of ultimobranchial glands.", "PMID": 832637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_112", "title": "Brain cell nuclear retention of testosterone metabolites, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone and estradiol-17beta, in adult rats.", "content": "Radioactivity was analyzed in tissue homogenates and purified cell nuclear fractions in the pituitary and 9 brain regions 2 h after an iv [7-3H]testosterone infusion into gonadectomized-adrenalectomized adult male and female rats. Unchanged testosterone (T) and its metabolites, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and estradiol-17beta (E2), were the predominant steroids recovered from cell nuclear fractions in all brain regions examined. Highest levels of E2 as a T metabolite were found in nuclear fractions from the amygdala, followed by the hypothalamus, preoptic area and septum, while levels of DHT as a T metabolite were highest in nuclear fractions from the pituitary, followed by the hypothalamus and the septum. The regional pattern was similar in both sexes. Low levels of DHT and E2 recovered from serum indicated these metabolites were probably formed in situ. Regional distributions of cell nuclear retained DHT and E2 as T metabolites were compared with the respective regional distributions observed after either [1,2-3H]DHT or [6,7-3H]E2 infusion. Cell nuclear levels of E2 as a T metabolite did not correlate well with nuclear retained radioactivity after [3H]E2 injection, but cell nuclear levels of DHT as a T metabolite did correlate with nuclear radioactivity after [3H]-DHT infusion. No apparent sex differences were observed in nuclear-associated radioactivity after [3H]-E2 or [3H]DHT injections. The results emphasize the potential importance of local aromatization in the brains of rats of both sexes, suggest the existence of a DHT receptor site at the brain cell nuclear level, and confirm the existence of estradiol-17beta cell nuclear receptors in the adult male rat brain.", "contents": "Brain cell nuclear retention of testosterone metabolites, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone and estradiol-17beta, in adult rats. Radioactivity was analyzed in tissue homogenates and purified cell nuclear fractions in the pituitary and 9 brain regions 2 h after an iv [7-3H]testosterone infusion into gonadectomized-adrenalectomized adult male and female rats. Unchanged testosterone (T) and its metabolites, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and estradiol-17beta (E2), were the predominant steroids recovered from cell nuclear fractions in all brain regions examined. Highest levels of E2 as a T metabolite were found in nuclear fractions from the amygdala, followed by the hypothalamus, preoptic area and septum, while levels of DHT as a T metabolite were highest in nuclear fractions from the pituitary, followed by the hypothalamus and the septum. The regional pattern was similar in both sexes. Low levels of DHT and E2 recovered from serum indicated these metabolites were probably formed in situ. Regional distributions of cell nuclear retained DHT and E2 as T metabolites were compared with the respective regional distributions observed after either [1,2-3H]DHT or [6,7-3H]E2 infusion. Cell nuclear levels of E2 as a T metabolite did not correlate well with nuclear retained radioactivity after [3H]E2 injection, but cell nuclear levels of DHT as a T metabolite did correlate with nuclear radioactivity after [3H]-DHT infusion. No apparent sex differences were observed in nuclear-associated radioactivity after [3H]-E2 or [3H]DHT injections. The results emphasize the potential importance of local aromatization in the brains of rats of both sexes, suggest the existence of a DHT receptor site at the brain cell nuclear level, and confirm the existence of estradiol-17beta cell nuclear receptors in the adult male rat brain.", "PMID": 832638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_113", "title": "5alpha-Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) receptors in rat brain and pituitary cell nuclei.", "content": "Gonadectomized-adrenalectomized (GX-ADX) adult male rats were injected iv with 2-4 mug/kg [1,2-3H]DHT and sacrificed 2 h later. Whole tissue homogenates and purified cell nuclear fractions were prepared from various brain regions and the pituitary and analyzed for radioactivity. Cell nuclei from pituitary and most limbic-hypothalamic regions (but not cerebral cortex) concentrated radioactivity (per unit protein) over whole tissue levels. The highest levels of nuclear-associated radioactivity were present in pituitary, hypothalamic and septal tissues. Analysis of radioactivity by double isotope dilution, chromatography, and recrystallization revealed that unmetabolized DHT represented 96 and 95% of the nuclear-associated radioactivity in pituitary and pooled limbic-hypothalamic structures, respectively. Simultaneously administered 100-fold molar excesses of unlabeled 5betaDHT, progesterone or corticosterone did not reduce nuclear-retained [3H]DHT, while unlabeled 5alphaDHT competed strongly. The anti-androgen, cyproterone acetate, competed at doses capable of of blocking androgen-mediated neuroendocrine effects. Levels of nuclear-retained [3H]DHT were negligible in intact males, but rose markedly 24 h after castration-adrenalectomy, remaining stable for 2 weeks post-operatively. Density gradient centrifugation of pituitary or brain cell nuclear salt extracts (0.4M KCl) revealed the [3H]DHT bound to a macromolecule sedimenting at 3--4S. The characteristics of DHT brain and pituitary cell nuclear binding are compared with the respective characteristics of neural cytosol and ventral prostate nuclear androgen binding components. These preliminary data suggest the existence of the functional, steroid-specific, stereospecific cell nuclear androgen receptor in the adult rat brain and pituitary.", "contents": "5alpha-Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) receptors in rat brain and pituitary cell nuclei. Gonadectomized-adrenalectomized (GX-ADX) adult male rats were injected iv with 2-4 mug/kg [1,2-3H]DHT and sacrificed 2 h later. Whole tissue homogenates and purified cell nuclear fractions were prepared from various brain regions and the pituitary and analyzed for radioactivity. Cell nuclei from pituitary and most limbic-hypothalamic regions (but not cerebral cortex) concentrated radioactivity (per unit protein) over whole tissue levels. The highest levels of nuclear-associated radioactivity were present in pituitary, hypothalamic and septal tissues. Analysis of radioactivity by double isotope dilution, chromatography, and recrystallization revealed that unmetabolized DHT represented 96 and 95% of the nuclear-associated radioactivity in pituitary and pooled limbic-hypothalamic structures, respectively. Simultaneously administered 100-fold molar excesses of unlabeled 5betaDHT, progesterone or corticosterone did not reduce nuclear-retained [3H]DHT, while unlabeled 5alphaDHT competed strongly. The anti-androgen, cyproterone acetate, competed at doses capable of of blocking androgen-mediated neuroendocrine effects. Levels of nuclear-retained [3H]DHT were negligible in intact males, but rose markedly 24 h after castration-adrenalectomy, remaining stable for 2 weeks post-operatively. Density gradient centrifugation of pituitary or brain cell nuclear salt extracts (0.4M KCl) revealed the [3H]DHT bound to a macromolecule sedimenting at 3--4S. The characteristics of DHT brain and pituitary cell nuclear binding are compared with the respective characteristics of neural cytosol and ventral prostate nuclear androgen binding components. These preliminary data suggest the existence of the functional, steroid-specific, stereospecific cell nuclear androgen receptor in the adult rat brain and pituitary.", "PMID": 832639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_114", "title": "Studies on the concentrations of chloramphenicol in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of neonates, infants, and small children. Reciprocal reactions between chloramphenicol, penicillin and phenobarbitone.", "content": "The interactions between chloramphenicol, penicillin and phenobarbitone were investigated in 383 children (premature and neonate children, infants and small children). As expected, the chloramphenicol concentrations in the serum of the newborns was considerably higher than that of infants and small children with the same dosage of chloramphenicol. In the age group of the premature and newborn children and infants there was significantly higher total chloramphenicol concentrations with the chloramphenicol-penicillin combination than with chloramphenicol monotherapy. Addition of phenobarbitone to the combination significantly reduced the chloramphenicol concentrations in the neonates. Lowering of the serum chloramphenicol concentrations by phenobarbitone could not be statistically confirmed in the infant age group. Combinations of chloramphenicol with ampicillin, gentamycin or cephalosporin derivatives showed no influence on serum chloramphenicol concentrations. Transference of chloramphenicol from the serum to the cerebrospinal fluid was about twice as high in the acute inflammatory stage as when the meninges were no longer acutely diseased (60 and 30% respectively of the serum concentrations). The passage of chloramphenicol to the cerebrospinal fluid showed no dependence on age.", "contents": "Studies on the concentrations of chloramphenicol in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of neonates, infants, and small children. Reciprocal reactions between chloramphenicol, penicillin and phenobarbitone. The interactions between chloramphenicol, penicillin and phenobarbitone were investigated in 383 children (premature and neonate children, infants and small children). As expected, the chloramphenicol concentrations in the serum of the newborns was considerably higher than that of infants and small children with the same dosage of chloramphenicol. In the age group of the premature and newborn children and infants there was significantly higher total chloramphenicol concentrations with the chloramphenicol-penicillin combination than with chloramphenicol monotherapy. Addition of phenobarbitone to the combination significantly reduced the chloramphenicol concentrations in the neonates. Lowering of the serum chloramphenicol concentrations by phenobarbitone could not be statistically confirmed in the infant age group. Combinations of chloramphenicol with ampicillin, gentamycin or cephalosporin derivatives showed no influence on serum chloramphenicol concentrations. Transference of chloramphenicol from the serum to the cerebrospinal fluid was about twice as high in the acute inflammatory stage as when the meninges were no longer acutely diseased (60 and 30% respectively of the serum concentrations). The passage of chloramphenicol to the cerebrospinal fluid showed no dependence on age.", "PMID": 832646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_115", "title": "Selective vitamin B12 malabsorption (Imerslund-Gr\u00e4sbeck syndrome). Studies on gastroenterological and nephrological problems.", "content": "In a girl 10 years of age with selective vitamin B12 malabsorption associated with proteinuria and residual symptoms of funicular myelosis an extensive study of the intestinal and nephrologic functions was done. Repeated Schilling tests pointed to a malabsorption pattern of vitamin B12. Gastric acid and intrinsic factor secretion as well as gastric morphology were normal. There were no antibodies against intrinsic factor and parietal cells in serum. Ileal mucosa showed on light- and electron-microscopy no pathologic changes. Pancreatic exocrine function as well as pH and calcium concentrations in the lumen of the gut were within the normal range. A general malabsorption syndrome could be excluded. A high selective glomerular proteinuria was found through different methods. Inulin clearance was slightly reduced, PAH clearance, however, markedly so. There was no further evidence for renal tubular dysfunction. Renal biopsy showed a minimal proliferative intercapillary glomerulonephritis (minimal changes). In electron-microscopic studies a fusion of a part of the foot processes of the podocytes was found. No familialhistory of the syndrome could be demonstrated in our patient.", "contents": "Selective vitamin B12 malabsorption (Imerslund-Gr\u00e4sbeck syndrome). Studies on gastroenterological and nephrological problems. In a girl 10 years of age with selective vitamin B12 malabsorption associated with proteinuria and residual symptoms of funicular myelosis an extensive study of the intestinal and nephrologic functions was done. Repeated Schilling tests pointed to a malabsorption pattern of vitamin B12. Gastric acid and intrinsic factor secretion as well as gastric morphology were normal. There were no antibodies against intrinsic factor and parietal cells in serum. Ileal mucosa showed on light- and electron-microscopy no pathologic changes. Pancreatic exocrine function as well as pH and calcium concentrations in the lumen of the gut were within the normal range. A general malabsorption syndrome could be excluded. A high selective glomerular proteinuria was found through different methods. Inulin clearance was slightly reduced, PAH clearance, however, markedly so. There was no further evidence for renal tubular dysfunction. Renal biopsy showed a minimal proliferative intercapillary glomerulonephritis (minimal changes). In electron-microscopic studies a fusion of a part of the foot processes of the podocytes was found. No familialhistory of the syndrome could be demonstrated in our patient.", "PMID": 832647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_116", "title": "Comparative evaluation of intravenous phenytoin, procainamide and practolol in the acute treatment of ventricular arrhythmias.", "content": "Ten patients with a persistent ventricular arrhythmia, but no other sign of heart disease, were studied by means of an exercise test performed 4 times with a fixed work load, over 30--40 min. No drug was given in the first exercise test and in the others phenytoin, procainamide or practolol were chosen at random for i.v. administration. Blood samples for determination of plasma concentration were frequently collected. The ECG was recorded continuously during the exercise test and was analysed minute by minute. Despite plasma levels within the suggested therapeutic range, only procainamide showed a statistically significant antiarrhythmic effect in this group of patients.", "contents": "Comparative evaluation of intravenous phenytoin, procainamide and practolol in the acute treatment of ventricular arrhythmias. Ten patients with a persistent ventricular arrhythmia, but no other sign of heart disease, were studied by means of an exercise test performed 4 times with a fixed work load, over 30--40 min. No drug was given in the first exercise test and in the others phenytoin, procainamide or practolol were chosen at random for i.v. administration. Blood samples for determination of plasma concentration were frequently collected. The ECG was recorded continuously during the exercise test and was analysed minute by minute. Despite plasma levels within the suggested therapeutic range, only procainamide showed a statistically significant antiarrhythmic effect in this group of patients.", "PMID": 832652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_117", "title": "Effect of chlorpromazine on blood glucose and plasma insulin in man.", "content": "In three groups of normal subjects and in one group of patients with latent diabetes mellitus a study has been made of the effects of chlorpromazine (CPZ) on blood glucose and plasma insulin. CPZ 75 mg/day for 7 days did not alter the plasma insulin response after oral glucose; nor did CPZ 50 mg/day for 7 days affect the glucose assimilation rate or insulin response to glucose injection. Infusion of CPZ 50 mg in 60 min slightly increased the basal blood glucose level but had no significant effect on basal plasma insulin. The insulin/glucose ratio after the end of the infusion was significantly higher than during the period of infusion of the drug. In latent diabetic patients CPZ infusion significantly diminished the insulin/glucose ratio during an intravenous glucose tolerance test. These results suggest that, whereas prolonged treatment with low doses of CPZ did not modify glucose tolerance and glucose-stimulated pancreatic response, higher acute doses of the drug may induce hyperglycaemia and can inhibit insulin secretion both in normal man and in patients with latent diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "Effect of chlorpromazine on blood glucose and plasma insulin in man. In three groups of normal subjects and in one group of patients with latent diabetes mellitus a study has been made of the effects of chlorpromazine (CPZ) on blood glucose and plasma insulin. CPZ 75 mg/day for 7 days did not alter the plasma insulin response after oral glucose; nor did CPZ 50 mg/day for 7 days affect the glucose assimilation rate or insulin response to glucose injection. Infusion of CPZ 50 mg in 60 min slightly increased the basal blood glucose level but had no significant effect on basal plasma insulin. The insulin/glucose ratio after the end of the infusion was significantly higher than during the period of infusion of the drug. In latent diabetic patients CPZ infusion significantly diminished the insulin/glucose ratio during an intravenous glucose tolerance test. These results suggest that, whereas prolonged treatment with low doses of CPZ did not modify glucose tolerance and glucose-stimulated pancreatic response, higher acute doses of the drug may induce hyperglycaemia and can inhibit insulin secretion both in normal man and in patients with latent diabetes mellitus.", "PMID": 832653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_118", "title": "Influence of acute renal failure on the protein binding of drugs in animals and in man.", "content": "Serum protein binding of phenylbutazone has been measured in the rat, guinea pig, cat, rabbit and dog, and the influence on it of renal failure induced by uranyl nitrate injection has been studied. In all speciies a clearcut decrease in binding was observed after the occurrence of renal failure; the time course of the fall in binding correlated well with development of renal failure. In further experiments, serum protein binding of two acidic drugs (phenylbutazone, warfarin), two basic drugs (papaverine, quinidine) and one neutral drug (digitoxin) was studied in rabbits with experimental renal failure, and the results compared with those obtained in patients with acute renal failure. In the rabbits, a decrease in the binding of phenylbutazone, warfarin, papaverine and quinidine was found, whereas protein binding of digitoxin was unchanged. In man, there was a definite fall in protein binding of phenylbutazone and digitoxin, a small decrease for warfarin and papaverine, and a slight increase for quinidine.", "contents": "Influence of acute renal failure on the protein binding of drugs in animals and in man. Serum protein binding of phenylbutazone has been measured in the rat, guinea pig, cat, rabbit and dog, and the influence on it of renal failure induced by uranyl nitrate injection has been studied. In all speciies a clearcut decrease in binding was observed after the occurrence of renal failure; the time course of the fall in binding correlated well with development of renal failure. In further experiments, serum protein binding of two acidic drugs (phenylbutazone, warfarin), two basic drugs (papaverine, quinidine) and one neutral drug (digitoxin) was studied in rabbits with experimental renal failure, and the results compared with those obtained in patients with acute renal failure. In the rabbits, a decrease in the binding of phenylbutazone, warfarin, papaverine and quinidine was found, whereas protein binding of digitoxin was unchanged. In man, there was a definite fall in protein binding of phenylbutazone and digitoxin, a small decrease for warfarin and papaverine, and a slight increase for quinidine.", "PMID": 832654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_119", "title": "Polymorphic acetylation of sulphadimidine in normal and uraemic man.", "content": "After oral administration of sulphadimidine (mean dose 3.33 g) to 21 volunteers it was possible to distinguish fast and slow acetylators by calculating the acetylated fraction (%acSDD) in a single serum sample obtained at any time between 1/2-24 h. There was a close correlation between %acSDD in serum and in urine collected from 0-8 h. Two groups of patients with chronic renal failure were studied. Four of the first 8 patients studied would have been designated as slow acetylators from their low %acSDD in 0-8 h urine, but as fast acetylators from their %acSDD in serum 6 h after drug administration. The next 18 patients were given a smaller dose of SDD (2 g) and they showed complete intra-individual correlation between %acSDD in 0-24 h urine and in a serum sample obtained at 24 h. The patients could be divided into 2 sub-groups on the basis of %acSDD in serum and urine, thus demonstrating the ability of this procedure to distinguish fast and slow acetylators, even in advanced chronic renal failure.", "contents": "Polymorphic acetylation of sulphadimidine in normal and uraemic man. After oral administration of sulphadimidine (mean dose 3.33 g) to 21 volunteers it was possible to distinguish fast and slow acetylators by calculating the acetylated fraction (%acSDD) in a single serum sample obtained at any time between 1/2-24 h. There was a close correlation between %acSDD in serum and in urine collected from 0-8 h. Two groups of patients with chronic renal failure were studied. Four of the first 8 patients studied would have been designated as slow acetylators from their low %acSDD in 0-8 h urine, but as fast acetylators from their %acSDD in serum 6 h after drug administration. The next 18 patients were given a smaller dose of SDD (2 g) and they showed complete intra-individual correlation between %acSDD in 0-24 h urine and in a serum sample obtained at 24 h. The patients could be divided into 2 sub-groups on the basis of %acSDD in serum and urine, thus demonstrating the ability of this procedure to distinguish fast and slow acetylators, even in advanced chronic renal failure.", "PMID": 832655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_120", "title": "Distribution of pentobarbital and diphenylhydantoin between plasma and cells in blood: effect of salicylic acid, temperature and total drug concentration.", "content": "The binding of pentobarbital, diphenylhydantoin and salicylic acid to cells in blood was found to be independent of total drug concentration within therapeutic levels. Salicylic acid displaced pentobarbital and diphenylhydantoin from plasma protein binding sites, but high levels of salicylic acid had no effect on the distribution of the other two drugs to washed blood cells. Thus, in whole blood the presence of salicylic acid decreased the fraction of pentobarbital or diphenylhydantoin bound to plasma proteins and increased the fraction of the drug in plasma water and in blood cells. Diphenylhydantoin was shown not to be bound irreversibly to blood cells and equilibration in between the inside and outside of the cells was found to be rapid (within 5 min), even at high concentrations. Binding to washed blood cells was the same at 37 degress C and 25 degrees C, in contrast to plasma protein binding. It is pointed out that these effects may cause certain analytical errors, resulting in changes in plasma concentration if plasma is separated at a low temperature.", "contents": "Distribution of pentobarbital and diphenylhydantoin between plasma and cells in blood: effect of salicylic acid, temperature and total drug concentration. The binding of pentobarbital, diphenylhydantoin and salicylic acid to cells in blood was found to be independent of total drug concentration within therapeutic levels. Salicylic acid displaced pentobarbital and diphenylhydantoin from plasma protein binding sites, but high levels of salicylic acid had no effect on the distribution of the other two drugs to washed blood cells. Thus, in whole blood the presence of salicylic acid decreased the fraction of pentobarbital or diphenylhydantoin bound to plasma proteins and increased the fraction of the drug in plasma water and in blood cells. Diphenylhydantoin was shown not to be bound irreversibly to blood cells and equilibration in between the inside and outside of the cells was found to be rapid (within 5 min), even at high concentrations. Binding to washed blood cells was the same at 37 degress C and 25 degrees C, in contrast to plasma protein binding. It is pointed out that these effects may cause certain analytical errors, resulting in changes in plasma concentration if plasma is separated at a low temperature.", "PMID": 832656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_121", "title": "Dizepam metabolism in human foetal and adult liver.", "content": "Diazepam was metabolized by human foetal liver microsomes to N-desmethyldiazepam and N-methyloxazepam as early as the 13th week of gestation. The metabolic activity was lower than that of microsomes from adult human liver. Diazepam was shown mainly to be hydroxylated to N-methyloxazepam at substrate concentrations higher than 0.1 mM. Diazepam levels above 1.0 mM were inhibitory to the overall metabolic reaction. SKF 525-A inhibited diazepam metabolism by foetal liver microsomes at a concentration of 0.1 mM. The addition of diazepam to foetal and adult human liver microsomes resulted in a type II spectral change. Its inhibition by carbon monoxide indicated that biotransformation of diazepam was performed by the cytochrome P-450-linked mono-oxygenase system.", "contents": "Dizepam metabolism in human foetal and adult liver. Diazepam was metabolized by human foetal liver microsomes to N-desmethyldiazepam and N-methyloxazepam as early as the 13th week of gestation. The metabolic activity was lower than that of microsomes from adult human liver. Diazepam was shown mainly to be hydroxylated to N-methyloxazepam at substrate concentrations higher than 0.1 mM. Diazepam levels above 1.0 mM were inhibitory to the overall metabolic reaction. SKF 525-A inhibited diazepam metabolism by foetal liver microsomes at a concentration of 0.1 mM. The addition of diazepam to foetal and adult human liver microsomes resulted in a type II spectral change. Its inhibition by carbon monoxide indicated that biotransformation of diazepam was performed by the cytochrome P-450-linked mono-oxygenase system.", "PMID": 832657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_122", "title": "Pharmacokinetic aspects of protriptyline plasma levels.", "content": "Plasma levels of protriptyline have been determined in 30 patients undergoing antidepressant therapy. After 3 1/2 weeks treatment at dosage levels of 40 mg/day, protriptyline plasma levels ranged from 430 to 1430 nmol/l. During this period only two-thirds of the subjects had definitely achieved asymptotic concentrations. Single dose studies in 5 volunteers suggest that the volume of distribution of protriptyline shows little intersubject variation. The half life of the drug, however, may vary appreciably from subject to subject, ranging from 54 to 198 h. The effects of two sedatives on mean protriptyline plasma levels have been determined. Mean plasma levels for nitrazepam recipients are indistinguishable from those for patients receiving no night sedation. The mean plasma levels for a group of patients receiving sodium amylobarbitone were significantly reduced. The problems of choice and early adjustment of dosages in order to achieve satisfactory plasma levels is discussed. For practical purposes it is suggested that early values may be of predictive significance in allowing early dosage adjustments to be made.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic aspects of protriptyline plasma levels. Plasma levels of protriptyline have been determined in 30 patients undergoing antidepressant therapy. After 3 1/2 weeks treatment at dosage levels of 40 mg/day, protriptyline plasma levels ranged from 430 to 1430 nmol/l. During this period only two-thirds of the subjects had definitely achieved asymptotic concentrations. Single dose studies in 5 volunteers suggest that the volume of distribution of protriptyline shows little intersubject variation. The half life of the drug, however, may vary appreciably from subject to subject, ranging from 54 to 198 h. The effects of two sedatives on mean protriptyline plasma levels have been determined. Mean plasma levels for nitrazepam recipients are indistinguishable from those for patients receiving no night sedation. The mean plasma levels for a group of patients receiving sodium amylobarbitone were significantly reduced. The problems of choice and early adjustment of dosages in order to achieve satisfactory plasma levels is discussed. For practical purposes it is suggested that early values may be of predictive significance in allowing early dosage adjustments to be made.", "PMID": 832658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_123", "title": "Model independent derivation of general equations for the \"first-pass\" effect and extra-hepatic drug elimination.", "content": "A general expression for the ratio of areas below the blood concentration-time curves after intravenous and oral drug administration is derived. This derivation does not require the assumption of a specific compartmental model to describe drug distribution within the body. Similarly an expression for the amount of drug metabolised in the liver is derived. The latter expression is used to estimate the extent of extra-hepatic drug elimination from the body.", "contents": "Model independent derivation of general equations for the \"first-pass\" effect and extra-hepatic drug elimination. A general expression for the ratio of areas below the blood concentration-time curves after intravenous and oral drug administration is derived. This derivation does not require the assumption of a specific compartmental model to describe drug distribution within the body. Similarly an expression for the amount of drug metabolised in the liver is derived. The latter expression is used to estimate the extent of extra-hepatic drug elimination from the body.", "PMID": 832659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_124", "title": "Simultaneous determination of therapeutic plasma concentrations of pethidine and norpethidine in man by electron capture gas chromatography.", "content": "An analytical procedure for the simultaneous determination of pethidine and its N-Demethylated metabolite, norpethidine, in plasma is described. Pethidine and norpethidine are separated by partition chromatography, converted to the trichloroethyl carbamate with trichloroethyl chloroformate and determined by electron capture gas chromatography. The smallest amounts of pethidine and norpethidine determined by the method were 10 and 2 ng, respectively, in 0.1 ml plasma. The relative standard deviation in the determination of 50 ng of pethidine and 40 ng of norpethidine in 0.1 ml plasma wwere 5.8% (n = 8) and 6.3% (n = 10), respectively. The method was used to determine plasma levels of pethidine and norpethidine in three patients who received subcutaneous doses of pethidine 50-75 mg for postoperative pain. The peak levels of pethidine were found to be in the range 200-400 ng/ml, with a plasma half-life of the order of 4 hours. The levels of norpethidine were low.", "contents": "Simultaneous determination of therapeutic plasma concentrations of pethidine and norpethidine in man by electron capture gas chromatography. An analytical procedure for the simultaneous determination of pethidine and its N-Demethylated metabolite, norpethidine, in plasma is described. Pethidine and norpethidine are separated by partition chromatography, converted to the trichloroethyl carbamate with trichloroethyl chloroformate and determined by electron capture gas chromatography. The smallest amounts of pethidine and norpethidine determined by the method were 10 and 2 ng, respectively, in 0.1 ml plasma. The relative standard deviation in the determination of 50 ng of pethidine and 40 ng of norpethidine in 0.1 ml plasma wwere 5.8% (n = 8) and 6.3% (n = 10), respectively. The method was used to determine plasma levels of pethidine and norpethidine in three patients who received subcutaneous doses of pethidine 50-75 mg for postoperative pain. The peak levels of pethidine were found to be in the range 200-400 ng/ml, with a plasma half-life of the order of 4 hours. The levels of norpethidine were low.", "PMID": 832660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_125", "title": "Inhibition of adrenaline-induced platelet aggregation by the orally administered alpha-adrenergic receptor blocker phentolamine (Regitine).", "content": "In eight healthy volunteers pretreatment with phentolamine 40 mg p o inhibited platelet aggregation (1st and 2nd phases) induced by low concentrations of adrenaline (2, 1 and 0.5 muM) in plasma from blood sampled 30 min after administration of the compound. The lower the concentration of adrenaline use, the greater was the degree of inhibition elicited. These results are indicative of competitive inhibition of the action of adrenaline on the platelet membrane by phentolamine. Four to six hours after administration of the compound, the aggregation characteristics had reverted to normal. It is concluded that the increased tendency toward platelet aggregation associated with elevated blood levels of catecholamines can be prevented by therapeutic doses of phentolamine.", "contents": "Inhibition of adrenaline-induced platelet aggregation by the orally administered alpha-adrenergic receptor blocker phentolamine (Regitine). In eight healthy volunteers pretreatment with phentolamine 40 mg p o inhibited platelet aggregation (1st and 2nd phases) induced by low concentrations of adrenaline (2, 1 and 0.5 muM) in plasma from blood sampled 30 min after administration of the compound. The lower the concentration of adrenaline use, the greater was the degree of inhibition elicited. These results are indicative of competitive inhibition of the action of adrenaline on the platelet membrane by phentolamine. Four to six hours after administration of the compound, the aggregation characteristics had reverted to normal. It is concluded that the increased tendency toward platelet aggregation associated with elevated blood levels of catecholamines can be prevented by therapeutic doses of phentolamine.", "PMID": 832661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_126", "title": "Salivary phenytoin radioimmunoassay. A simple method of the assessment of non-protein bound drug concentrations.", "content": "A simple, specific and rapid radioimmunoassay (RIA) method for the assessment of non-protein bound ('free') phenytoin (DPH) concentrations in mixed saliva is described. Epileptic patients on maintenance phenytoin therapy have mixed saliva phenytoin concentrations similar to 'free' drug levels measured directly in serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), Salivary phenytoin levels are approximately 10% of the total serum level in treated epileptic patients and in normal subjects after ingestion of a single oral dose. The half time of disappearance of phenytoin after 100 or 300 mg doses is 12.2 +/- 3.0 (SD) h in serum and 12.3 +/- 3.2 (SD) h in saliva. This method of assessing the biologically active fraction of the drug may be particularly valuable in situations where serum protein binding is abnormal or in drug interactions. It is also non-invasive and requires small sample volumes (20mul) and may therefore be valuable in paediatric practice and in pharmacokinetic studies in which multiple venepunctures would otherwise be required.", "contents": "Salivary phenytoin radioimmunoassay. A simple method of the assessment of non-protein bound drug concentrations. A simple, specific and rapid radioimmunoassay (RIA) method for the assessment of non-protein bound ('free') phenytoin (DPH) concentrations in mixed saliva is described. Epileptic patients on maintenance phenytoin therapy have mixed saliva phenytoin concentrations similar to 'free' drug levels measured directly in serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), Salivary phenytoin levels are approximately 10% of the total serum level in treated epileptic patients and in normal subjects after ingestion of a single oral dose. The half time of disappearance of phenytoin after 100 or 300 mg doses is 12.2 +/- 3.0 (SD) h in serum and 12.3 +/- 3.2 (SD) h in saliva. This method of assessing the biologically active fraction of the drug may be particularly valuable in situations where serum protein binding is abnormal or in drug interactions. It is also non-invasive and requires small sample volumes (20mul) and may therefore be valuable in paediatric practice and in pharmacokinetic studies in which multiple venepunctures would otherwise be required.", "PMID": 832662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_127", "title": "The effects of arachidonic acid in isolated atria of guinea pigs.", "content": "The effects of free and albumin-bound arachidonic acid, which is the precursor of the prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha, were studied on the spontaneous rate, contractile force and myocardial fatty acid metabolism in isolated, spontaneously beating atria of guinea pigs. Both free and albumin-bound arachidonic acid (10(-6)-10(-3) M) produced a dose-dependent positive chronotropic and a modest inotropic action. Tachyphylaxis to the positive chronotropic action of arachidonic acid developed in the course of repeated applications. Beta-Adrenoceptor blockade (pincolol) and pretreatment with reserpine or prostaglandin-synthetase inhibitors (indomethacin, fenoprofen, aspirin, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid) failed to affect the chronotropic activity of arachidonic acid significantly. The action of arachidonic acid was independent of the decarboxylation of the fatty acid. Linoleic and oleic acids did not show any positive chronotropic activity. The data are interpreted as suggesting that changes induced by arachidonic acid might be partly due to peroxides formed from arachidonic acid.", "contents": "The effects of arachidonic acid in isolated atria of guinea pigs. The effects of free and albumin-bound arachidonic acid, which is the precursor of the prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha, were studied on the spontaneous rate, contractile force and myocardial fatty acid metabolism in isolated, spontaneously beating atria of guinea pigs. Both free and albumin-bound arachidonic acid (10(-6)-10(-3) M) produced a dose-dependent positive chronotropic and a modest inotropic action. Tachyphylaxis to the positive chronotropic action of arachidonic acid developed in the course of repeated applications. Beta-Adrenoceptor blockade (pincolol) and pretreatment with reserpine or prostaglandin-synthetase inhibitors (indomethacin, fenoprofen, aspirin, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid) failed to affect the chronotropic activity of arachidonic acid significantly. The action of arachidonic acid was independent of the decarboxylation of the fatty acid. Linoleic and oleic acids did not show any positive chronotropic activity. The data are interpreted as suggesting that changes induced by arachidonic acid might be partly due to peroxides formed from arachidonic acid.", "PMID": 832663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_128", "title": "The effects of destruction of noradrenergic ascending ventral bundles and tetrabenazine on formation of stress-induced gastric ulcer.", "content": "The possibility that hypothalamic noradrenaline (NA) plays a role in the formation of gastric ulcers under stress via ventral bundles (VB) was examined in rats after bilateral destruction of VB. After a 3-h restraint stress ulcerative changes were observed in the stomach of sham-operated rats. NA contents in the hypothalamus and cerebral cortex decreased as compared to the respective contents before stress. The VB-lesioning inhibited the stress-induced decrease of NA in the hypothalamus. Ulcer indices in the animals 1 or 7 days after the VB-lesioning, however, did not differ from those of controls. Pretreatment of sham-operated controls with tetrabenazine enhanced the stress-induced decrease of NA in the brain, and exacerbated the gastric ulceration. VB-lesioning completely blocked these effects of tetrabenazine. It appears that the tetrabenazine-induced mobilization of hypothalamic NA via VB causes an aggravation of gastric ulceration.", "contents": "The effects of destruction of noradrenergic ascending ventral bundles and tetrabenazine on formation of stress-induced gastric ulcer. The possibility that hypothalamic noradrenaline (NA) plays a role in the formation of gastric ulcers under stress via ventral bundles (VB) was examined in rats after bilateral destruction of VB. After a 3-h restraint stress ulcerative changes were observed in the stomach of sham-operated rats. NA contents in the hypothalamus and cerebral cortex decreased as compared to the respective contents before stress. The VB-lesioning inhibited the stress-induced decrease of NA in the hypothalamus. Ulcer indices in the animals 1 or 7 days after the VB-lesioning, however, did not differ from those of controls. Pretreatment of sham-operated controls with tetrabenazine enhanced the stress-induced decrease of NA in the brain, and exacerbated the gastric ulceration. VB-lesioning completely blocked these effects of tetrabenazine. It appears that the tetrabenazine-induced mobilization of hypothalamic NA via VB causes an aggravation of gastric ulceration.", "PMID": 832664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_129", "title": "The effect of testosterone and of castration on anococcygeus muscle contractility and on plasma corticosterone levels in the rat.", "content": "The effect of testosterone and of castration on the contractility of the rat anococcygeus muscle, on plasma corticosterone concentrations, and on adrenal gland weights, was investigated. Castration was without effect on smooth muscle reactivity. However, testosterone increased muscle contractility to both NA and ACh, when given to control or castrated rats. Castration reduced both plasma corticosterone and adrenal gland weight, and this effect could be reversed by testosterone. It is concluded that changes in circulating testosterone levels cannot explain the lack of effect of adrenalectomy on muscle contractility. The possible mechanism of action of testosterone is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of testosterone and of castration on anococcygeus muscle contractility and on plasma corticosterone levels in the rat. The effect of testosterone and of castration on the contractility of the rat anococcygeus muscle, on plasma corticosterone concentrations, and on adrenal gland weights, was investigated. Castration was without effect on smooth muscle reactivity. However, testosterone increased muscle contractility to both NA and ACh, when given to control or castrated rats. Castration reduced both plasma corticosterone and adrenal gland weight, and this effect could be reversed by testosterone. It is concluded that changes in circulating testosterone levels cannot explain the lack of effect of adrenalectomy on muscle contractility. The possible mechanism of action of testosterone is discussed.", "PMID": 832665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_130", "title": "Inhibition by PGE2 and by phenylephrine of catecholamine release from human adrenal in vitro.", "content": "The release of catecholamines from human adrenal was studied by in vitro incubation of slices. Catecholamine release was significantly inhibited by the addition of either phenylephrine (10(-5) M) or PGE2 (10(-7) M) to the incubation medium. The similarity of these modulating actions to those found in rat adrenal is discussed.", "contents": "Inhibition by PGE2 and by phenylephrine of catecholamine release from human adrenal in vitro. The release of catecholamines from human adrenal was studied by in vitro incubation of slices. Catecholamine release was significantly inhibited by the addition of either phenylephrine (10(-5) M) or PGE2 (10(-7) M) to the incubation medium. The similarity of these modulating actions to those found in rat adrenal is discussed.", "PMID": 832666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_131", "title": "Lack of stimulation by high amphetamine doses following a low dose of spiperone.", "content": "The locomotor stimulant and stereotypic effects of amphetamine were investigated in rats pretreated with the specific dopaminergic blocker spiperone (0.25 mg/kg). Amphetamine doses from 8.0 to 64.0 mg/kg failed to stimulate behavior significantly and consistently after spiperone treatment. These results suggest the possibility of non-competitive antagonism by spiperone at dopaminergic synapses.", "contents": "Lack of stimulation by high amphetamine doses following a low dose of spiperone. The locomotor stimulant and stereotypic effects of amphetamine were investigated in rats pretreated with the specific dopaminergic blocker spiperone (0.25 mg/kg). Amphetamine doses from 8.0 to 64.0 mg/kg failed to stimulate behavior significantly and consistently after spiperone treatment. These results suggest the possibility of non-competitive antagonism by spiperone at dopaminergic synapses.", "PMID": 832667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_132", "title": "Action of methylxanthines and imidazole on the contractility of the terminal ileum of the guinea pig.", "content": "Methylxanthines (aminophylline and caffeine) and imidazole, substances with an opposite action on phosphodiesterase (PDE), were found to contract the terminal ileum and to potentiate nerve-mediated responses--contractions elicited by electrical stimulation (ES) at 3 Hz and 30 Hz. Imidazole-induced contractions which were partly reduced by atropine, potentiated both responses to ES to about the same extent, and enhanced contractility of the preparation to histamine and potassium. The action of imidazole on the terminal ileum could be related to its influence on PDE in the smooth muscle. The effects of aminophylline and caffeine were found to be more complex, possibly involving some mechanisms other than inhibition of PDE. They produced atropine-sensitive contractions of the terminal ileum, which were potentiated by physostigmine and strongly depressed by hemicholinium. In the presence of atropine, they potentiated ES-induced contractions, particularly those elicited by ES at 30 Hz, which are thought to be of adrenergic origin. Both actions appeared to be due to presynaptic effects -- activation of cholinergic and adrenergic neurons in the intestinal wall, possibly by enhanced influx of calcium, and facilitated release of acetylcholine and noradrenaline. Aminophylline, in concentrations which potentiated nerve-mediated contractions elicited by ES, did not affect direct smooth muscle-contracting action of drugs. Higher concentrations of aminophylline, above 0.1 mM, were found to inhibit histamine- and noradrenaline-induced contractions presumably due to inhibition of PDE in the smooth muscle and subsequent elevation of cAMP levels.", "contents": "Action of methylxanthines and imidazole on the contractility of the terminal ileum of the guinea pig. Methylxanthines (aminophylline and caffeine) and imidazole, substances with an opposite action on phosphodiesterase (PDE), were found to contract the terminal ileum and to potentiate nerve-mediated responses--contractions elicited by electrical stimulation (ES) at 3 Hz and 30 Hz. Imidazole-induced contractions which were partly reduced by atropine, potentiated both responses to ES to about the same extent, and enhanced contractility of the preparation to histamine and potassium. The action of imidazole on the terminal ileum could be related to its influence on PDE in the smooth muscle. The effects of aminophylline and caffeine were found to be more complex, possibly involving some mechanisms other than inhibition of PDE. They produced atropine-sensitive contractions of the terminal ileum, which were potentiated by physostigmine and strongly depressed by hemicholinium. In the presence of atropine, they potentiated ES-induced contractions, particularly those elicited by ES at 30 Hz, which are thought to be of adrenergic origin. Both actions appeared to be due to presynaptic effects -- activation of cholinergic and adrenergic neurons in the intestinal wall, possibly by enhanced influx of calcium, and facilitated release of acetylcholine and noradrenaline. Aminophylline, in concentrations which potentiated nerve-mediated contractions elicited by ES, did not affect direct smooth muscle-contracting action of drugs. Higher concentrations of aminophylline, above 0.1 mM, were found to inhibit histamine- and noradrenaline-induced contractions presumably due to inhibition of PDE in the smooth muscle and subsequent elevation of cAMP levels.", "PMID": 832669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_133", "title": "Submaxillary secretion in rats treated with guanethidine.", "content": "The composition of final submaxillary saliva and of whole gland homogenates were compared in rats treated with 14 daily doses of guanethidine (20 mg/kg body weight) and in untreated controls after stimulation with pilocarpine (10 mg/kg) or carbamylcholine (50-100 mg/kg). A 44% reduction in the volume of saliva and elevations in the salivary concentrations of K+, Ca2+ and protein were found in the treated animals after pilocarpine stimulation. Similarly, a 25% reduction in salivary volume and elevations in salivary Ca2+ and protein concentrations were observed following stimulation with carbamylcholine. A less significant elevation in salivary K+ was seen after this secretagogue. The Na+ and protein contents, but not the K+ and Ca2+ contents, were found to be elevated in the glands of the treated animals in the resting (unstimulated) state. After stimulation with the two secretagogues, however, similar changes in glandular Na+ and K+ contents were found in the glands of control and treated animals. The glandular water content was also similar in both types of glands in the resting and stimulated states. It is concluded that a reduced salivary secretion, rather than supersensitivity, is observed in the rat submaxillary gland following chronic guanethidine administration. The drug treatment does not impair the glandular electrolyte changes that occur upon stimulation, but most likely impairs the release of protein from the gland and also transductal K+ transport. Both these effects may result from the depletion of sympathetic neurotransmitter caused by the guanethidine administration.", "contents": "Submaxillary secretion in rats treated with guanethidine. The composition of final submaxillary saliva and of whole gland homogenates were compared in rats treated with 14 daily doses of guanethidine (20 mg/kg body weight) and in untreated controls after stimulation with pilocarpine (10 mg/kg) or carbamylcholine (50-100 mg/kg). A 44% reduction in the volume of saliva and elevations in the salivary concentrations of K+, Ca2+ and protein were found in the treated animals after pilocarpine stimulation. Similarly, a 25% reduction in salivary volume and elevations in salivary Ca2+ and protein concentrations were observed following stimulation with carbamylcholine. A less significant elevation in salivary K+ was seen after this secretagogue. The Na+ and protein contents, but not the K+ and Ca2+ contents, were found to be elevated in the glands of the treated animals in the resting (unstimulated) state. After stimulation with the two secretagogues, however, similar changes in glandular Na+ and K+ contents were found in the glands of control and treated animals. The glandular water content was also similar in both types of glands in the resting and stimulated states. It is concluded that a reduced salivary secretion, rather than supersensitivity, is observed in the rat submaxillary gland following chronic guanethidine administration. The drug treatment does not impair the glandular electrolyte changes that occur upon stimulation, but most likely impairs the release of protein from the gland and also transductal K+ transport. Both these effects may result from the depletion of sympathetic neurotransmitter caused by the guanethidine administration.", "PMID": 832670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_134", "title": "Effect of papaverine on the frequency-force relationship in guinea-pig left atria.", "content": "Contractile responses of guinea-pig atria to papaverine were analyzed under different stimulation frequencies. Atria, driven at 2 Hz, showed positive inotropic responses to papaverine which were maximal within 10-15 min. These responses were maintained for 60 min in the presence of low concentrations of papaverine (up to 10(-5) M), but reversed into marked negative inotropic effects under the influence of higher concentrations. The well-known frequency-force relationship was reversed by papaverine. At low stimulation rates papaverine elicited positive inotropic responses, which gradually decreased with increasing frequencies until strong cardiodepression occurred. A frequency-force curve obtained in the presence of both the Ca2+-antagonistic drug D 600 and the inhibitor of the phosphodiesterase theophylline was similar to that obtained under the influence of papaverine. Theophylline alone evoked positive inotropic effects at all frequencies studied and left the character of the ascending staircase unchanged. In contrast, D 600 was ineffective at low, but cardiodepressive at high stimulation frequencies. In the presence of D 600 or papaverine high external Ca2+ could not restore a normal frequency-force relationship. The reversal of the frequency-force relationship as produced by D 600 and papaverine could not be obtained by lowering of the external Ca2+. The present results show that papaverine is able to evoke marked positive inotropic effects at low stimulation frequencies by inhibition of phosphodiesterase. At high frequencies, however, these effects are masked by negative inotropic responses due to the inhibitory action of papaverine on Ca2+-exchange of the cardiac muscle cell.", "contents": "Effect of papaverine on the frequency-force relationship in guinea-pig left atria. Contractile responses of guinea-pig atria to papaverine were analyzed under different stimulation frequencies. Atria, driven at 2 Hz, showed positive inotropic responses to papaverine which were maximal within 10-15 min. These responses were maintained for 60 min in the presence of low concentrations of papaverine (up to 10(-5) M), but reversed into marked negative inotropic effects under the influence of higher concentrations. The well-known frequency-force relationship was reversed by papaverine. At low stimulation rates papaverine elicited positive inotropic responses, which gradually decreased with increasing frequencies until strong cardiodepression occurred. A frequency-force curve obtained in the presence of both the Ca2+-antagonistic drug D 600 and the inhibitor of the phosphodiesterase theophylline was similar to that obtained under the influence of papaverine. Theophylline alone evoked positive inotropic effects at all frequencies studied and left the character of the ascending staircase unchanged. In contrast, D 600 was ineffective at low, but cardiodepressive at high stimulation frequencies. In the presence of D 600 or papaverine high external Ca2+ could not restore a normal frequency-force relationship. The reversal of the frequency-force relationship as produced by D 600 and papaverine could not be obtained by lowering of the external Ca2+. The present results show that papaverine is able to evoke marked positive inotropic effects at low stimulation frequencies by inhibition of phosphodiesterase. At high frequencies, however, these effects are masked by negative inotropic responses due to the inhibitory action of papaverine on Ca2+-exchange of the cardiac muscle cell.", "PMID": 832671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_135", "title": "Effect of sympathomimetic amines on the synaptosomal transport of noradrenaline, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine.", "content": "The interaction of sympathomimetic amines with the transport of 3H-noradrenaline (3H-NE), 3H-dopamine (3H-DA) and 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine (3H-5-HT) were investigated in rat hypothalamic (3H-NE) and striatal (3H-DA) and 3 H-5-HT) synaptosomes. Modifications in the phenylethylamine structure led to changes in activity towards biogenic amine uptake and release: (a) the introduction of a beta-OH group led to compounds less active in inhibiting uptake and stimulating release of 3H-NE, 3H-DA and 3H-5-HT, with the exception of 3H-NE release which was stimulated more by unlabeled 1-NE than by DA; (b) the introduction of phenolic-OH groups always led to compounds which were stronger uptake inhibitors and releasers of the three biogenic amines; (c) the alpha-methylation increased the potency towards uptake inhibition and release stimulation, with the exception of 3H-NE release: in fact, the releasing activity of phenylethylamine was suppressed by alpha-methylation; (d) the introduction of a -Cl group in the para position selectively potentiated the effects on 3H-5-HT uptake and release and generally depressed those on catecholamine transport.", "contents": "Effect of sympathomimetic amines on the synaptosomal transport of noradrenaline, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine. The interaction of sympathomimetic amines with the transport of 3H-noradrenaline (3H-NE), 3H-dopamine (3H-DA) and 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine (3H-5-HT) were investigated in rat hypothalamic (3H-NE) and striatal (3H-DA) and 3 H-5-HT) synaptosomes. Modifications in the phenylethylamine structure led to changes in activity towards biogenic amine uptake and release: (a) the introduction of a beta-OH group led to compounds less active in inhibiting uptake and stimulating release of 3H-NE, 3H-DA and 3H-5-HT, with the exception of 3H-NE release which was stimulated more by unlabeled 1-NE than by DA; (b) the introduction of phenolic-OH groups always led to compounds which were stronger uptake inhibitors and releasers of the three biogenic amines; (c) the alpha-methylation increased the potency towards uptake inhibition and release stimulation, with the exception of 3H-NE release: in fact, the releasing activity of phenylethylamine was suppressed by alpha-methylation; (d) the introduction of a -Cl group in the para position selectively potentiated the effects on 3H-5-HT uptake and release and generally depressed those on catecholamine transport.", "PMID": 832672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_136", "title": "Environmental stress as a factor in the response of rat brain catecholamine metabolism to delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol.", "content": "In rats housed normally (aggregated, food and water ad lib) for fourteen days delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) produced mild sedation and minimal hypothermia. An increase in noradrenaline synthesis was observed, but brain dopamine metabolism was unchanged. In rats removed from this 'normal' environment to conditions of isolation and food deprivation for 24 h THC produced immobility, marked hyper-reactivity, and hypothermia. Brain noradrenaline metabolism was unchanged by THC under these conditions, but significant changes in striatal dopamine metabolism were observed. These changes are consistent with increased dopamine reuptake in striatum produced by this combination of THC and novel environment. It is suggested that some of the behavioural effects of cannabis administered under stressful conditions may be related to alterations in striatal dopamine metabolism.", "contents": "Environmental stress as a factor in the response of rat brain catecholamine metabolism to delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol. In rats housed normally (aggregated, food and water ad lib) for fourteen days delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) produced mild sedation and minimal hypothermia. An increase in noradrenaline synthesis was observed, but brain dopamine metabolism was unchanged. In rats removed from this 'normal' environment to conditions of isolation and food deprivation for 24 h THC produced immobility, marked hyper-reactivity, and hypothermia. Brain noradrenaline metabolism was unchanged by THC under these conditions, but significant changes in striatal dopamine metabolism were observed. These changes are consistent with increased dopamine reuptake in striatum produced by this combination of THC and novel environment. It is suggested that some of the behavioural effects of cannabis administered under stressful conditions may be related to alterations in striatal dopamine metabolism.", "PMID": 832673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_137", "title": "Characteristics of the relaxant response of adenosine and its analogs in intestinal smooth muscle.", "content": "Several characteristics of the relaxant response of the isolated longitudinal muscle of the rabbit small intestine in response to the administration of adenosine and related compounds are studied. Following administration of adenosine or ATP the preparation responded with a rapid initial suppression of spontaneous contractile activity followed by a secondary sustained phase of inhibition of lower magnitude. Cumulative application of relaxant doses of adenosine or ATP caused a lesser total response than that obtained by single application of the cumulative dose. Neither procaine, lidocaine or guanethidine antagonized the responses to adenosine or ATP and the responsiveness of muscles obtained from reserpinized animals appeared unchanged. A number of adenosine derivatives and analogs was tested for the ability to relax the muscle. Generally, compounds containing a primary or secondary 6-amino group acted as agonists with the exception of 8-bromoadenosine. Those nucleosides found to be inactive did not modify the responsiveness of the muscle to adenosine. Responses to adenosine and ATP were not appreciably modified by papaverine, imidazole, dipyridamole, 6-(p-nitrobenzylthio)-purine riboside. Antagonism was observed, however, with phentolamine and theophylline. Theophylline at 100 muM inhibited responses to adenosine over a wide dose range; this antagonism was surmountable by high doses of adenosine. 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine did not antagonize adenosine responses. A number of 1,3-alkyl-6-thioxanthines did not modify the adenosine response at doses that did not show any direct action. The results supported the concept of an extracellular receptor site of adenosine and its analogs and the absence of an indirect mechanism of action via nerve stimulation.", "contents": "Characteristics of the relaxant response of adenosine and its analogs in intestinal smooth muscle. Several characteristics of the relaxant response of the isolated longitudinal muscle of the rabbit small intestine in response to the administration of adenosine and related compounds are studied. Following administration of adenosine or ATP the preparation responded with a rapid initial suppression of spontaneous contractile activity followed by a secondary sustained phase of inhibition of lower magnitude. Cumulative application of relaxant doses of adenosine or ATP caused a lesser total response than that obtained by single application of the cumulative dose. Neither procaine, lidocaine or guanethidine antagonized the responses to adenosine or ATP and the responsiveness of muscles obtained from reserpinized animals appeared unchanged. A number of adenosine derivatives and analogs was tested for the ability to relax the muscle. Generally, compounds containing a primary or secondary 6-amino group acted as agonists with the exception of 8-bromoadenosine. Those nucleosides found to be inactive did not modify the responsiveness of the muscle to adenosine. Responses to adenosine and ATP were not appreciably modified by papaverine, imidazole, dipyridamole, 6-(p-nitrobenzylthio)-purine riboside. Antagonism was observed, however, with phentolamine and theophylline. Theophylline at 100 muM inhibited responses to adenosine over a wide dose range; this antagonism was surmountable by high doses of adenosine. 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine did not antagonize adenosine responses. A number of 1,3-alkyl-6-thioxanthines did not modify the adenosine response at doses that did not show any direct action. The results supported the concept of an extracellular receptor site of adenosine and its analogs and the absence of an indirect mechanism of action via nerve stimulation.", "PMID": 832674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_138", "title": "Effects of glucagon on the renal hemodynamics of dogs.", "content": "An intrarenal infusion of glucagon resulted in an increase of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) with the same order of magnitude of renal blood flow (RBF) but did not affect the intrarenal distribution of blood flow. A superimposition of acetylcholine and glucagon decreased GFR even though RBF increased significantly. These findings indicate that the effect of glucagon on GFR depended on the selective dilation of afferent arterioles without any change in permeability of glomerular capillaries and redistribution of filtration.", "contents": "Effects of glucagon on the renal hemodynamics of dogs. An intrarenal infusion of glucagon resulted in an increase of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) with the same order of magnitude of renal blood flow (RBF) but did not affect the intrarenal distribution of blood flow. A superimposition of acetylcholine and glucagon decreased GFR even though RBF increased significantly. These findings indicate that the effect of glucagon on GFR depended on the selective dilation of afferent arterioles without any change in permeability of glomerular capillaries and redistribution of filtration.", "PMID": 832675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_139", "title": "Effect of clonidine and chlorpromazine on centrally evoked electrodermal responses and their interaction with yohimbine.", "content": "Both clonidine and chlorpromazine reduced the amplitude of electrodermal responses (EDR) evoked by stimulation of the hypothalamus at a constant submaximal frequency (10-16 Hz). The ED50 for clonidine was approximately 5 mug/kg and that for chlorpromazine was about 1 mg/kg. Yohimbine pretreatment (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.) antagonized the effects of clonidine but did not alter the effectiveness of clorpromazine in inhibiting these responses. Yohimbine alone was without effect on these sympathetic-cholinergic responses. These results suggest that clonidine and chlorpromazine deress central sympathetic reactivity by different mechanisms.", "contents": "Effect of clonidine and chlorpromazine on centrally evoked electrodermal responses and their interaction with yohimbine. Both clonidine and chlorpromazine reduced the amplitude of electrodermal responses (EDR) evoked by stimulation of the hypothalamus at a constant submaximal frequency (10-16 Hz). The ED50 for clonidine was approximately 5 mug/kg and that for chlorpromazine was about 1 mg/kg. Yohimbine pretreatment (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.) antagonized the effects of clonidine but did not alter the effectiveness of clorpromazine in inhibiting these responses. Yohimbine alone was without effect on these sympathetic-cholinergic responses. These results suggest that clonidine and chlorpromazine deress central sympathetic reactivity by different mechanisms.", "PMID": 832676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_140", "title": "Catecholaminergic involvement in the effects of amphetamine isomers on seizure susceptibility.", "content": "The (+)-amphetamine (2.5 mg/kg) increase in pentylenetetrazol seizure was abolished by pretreatment with reserpine, alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester (alpha-MT), FLA-63 or 6-hydroxydopa. All treatments except reserpine antagonized the increase in seizure threshold produced by (-)-amphetamine (4 mg/kg). Only reserpine +alpha-MT antagonized the decrease in seizure threshold produced by (+)-amphetamine (15 mg/kg). These results indicate that amphetamine alterations in PTZ seizure susceptibility are mediated indirectly via the release of newly synthetized and/or granular stores of catecholamines.", "contents": "Catecholaminergic involvement in the effects of amphetamine isomers on seizure susceptibility. The (+)-amphetamine (2.5 mg/kg) increase in pentylenetetrazol seizure was abolished by pretreatment with reserpine, alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester (alpha-MT), FLA-63 or 6-hydroxydopa. All treatments except reserpine antagonized the increase in seizure threshold produced by (-)-amphetamine (4 mg/kg). Only reserpine +alpha-MT antagonized the decrease in seizure threshold produced by (+)-amphetamine (15 mg/kg). These results indicate that amphetamine alterations in PTZ seizure susceptibility are mediated indirectly via the release of newly synthetized and/or granular stores of catecholamines.", "PMID": 832677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_141", "title": "Effects of denervation and reserpine on nexuses in the rat vas deferens.", "content": "Permanganate-fixed vasa deferentia from rats were examined for the presence of nexal-like contacts by electron microscopy. There was a significantly greater incidence of nexuses (2X) in chronically denervated tissues (5-7 days) but not in tissues from reserpine-pretreated animals (1.0 mg/kg/day for 5-7 days). The results suggest that an increase in nexal regions may not be a general feature of postjunctional supersensitivity but rather may contribute to other denervation-induced changes in contractile response.", "contents": "Effects of denervation and reserpine on nexuses in the rat vas deferens. Permanganate-fixed vasa deferentia from rats were examined for the presence of nexal-like contacts by electron microscopy. There was a significantly greater incidence of nexuses (2X) in chronically denervated tissues (5-7 days) but not in tissues from reserpine-pretreated animals (1.0 mg/kg/day for 5-7 days). The results suggest that an increase in nexal regions may not be a general feature of postjunctional supersensitivity but rather may contribute to other denervation-induced changes in contractile response.", "PMID": 832678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_142", "title": "Hematologic effects of a single dose of methylnitrosourea.", "content": "The hematological effects of a single dose of 50 mg/kg Methylnitrosourea (MNU),administered i.v. to CBA/J mice, are described. Special emphasis was given to the number of pluripotent (CFUS) and granulocytic committed (CFUc) stem cells found in the bone marrow and spleen. In the peripheral blood a decreased number of reticulocytes, granulocytes, lymphocytes and thrombocytes was seen. This was followed by a rapid return of reticulocytes and a very slow return of thrombocytes. The bone marrow cellularity was below normal for at least 2 weeks with a markedly reduced number of lymphocytes. A rapid decrease in bone marrow and splenic CFUS and CFUc to 20-50% of control values was observed within 3 hours in mice injected with MNU. Seven days after MNU treatment, CFUS was about 10% of normal in both tissues. Contrary to this, CFUc had undergone significant regeneration. After 3 weeks CFUS returned to normal levels. At no stage could colony stimulating activity be detected in the serum.", "contents": "Hematologic effects of a single dose of methylnitrosourea. The hematological effects of a single dose of 50 mg/kg Methylnitrosourea (MNU),administered i.v. to CBA/J mice, are described. Special emphasis was given to the number of pluripotent (CFUS) and granulocytic committed (CFUc) stem cells found in the bone marrow and spleen. In the peripheral blood a decreased number of reticulocytes, granulocytes, lymphocytes and thrombocytes was seen. This was followed by a rapid return of reticulocytes and a very slow return of thrombocytes. The bone marrow cellularity was below normal for at least 2 weeks with a markedly reduced number of lymphocytes. A rapid decrease in bone marrow and splenic CFUS and CFUc to 20-50% of control values was observed within 3 hours in mice injected with MNU. Seven days after MNU treatment, CFUS was about 10% of normal in both tissues. Contrary to this, CFUc had undergone significant regeneration. After 3 weeks CFUS returned to normal levels. At no stage could colony stimulating activity be detected in the serum.", "PMID": 832681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_143", "title": "Erythropoietin in renal and hepatic lymph of conscious ewes.", "content": "Spontaneously flowing fistulae were established in the efferent lymphatics of popliteal, prescapular and prefemoral nodes and lumbar trunk or in the afferent lymphatics draining the kidney and liver of sheep. Lymph was collected from these sites over various time intervals and assayed for erythropoietin (Ep) content. The objective of the study was to establish the anatomic site(s) of Ep production. Normal lymph did not contain detectable titers of Ep, nor did renal lymph or blood plasma from a sheep systematically treated with cobaltous chloride. Renal lymph did contain measurable levels of Ep following renal artery constriction, unilateral hydronephrosis or phenylhydrazine-induced hemolytic anemia. Phenylhydrazine treatment also produced elevated Ep levels in lymph from the liver but not in lymph efferent from either popliteal or prescapular nodes. These results indicate that Ep is generated primarily in the kidney and that the liver may be an extrarenal source of the hormone. The surgical techniques used in this study offer distinct advantages in examining the composition and physiology of lymph in sheep.", "contents": "Erythropoietin in renal and hepatic lymph of conscious ewes. Spontaneously flowing fistulae were established in the efferent lymphatics of popliteal, prescapular and prefemoral nodes and lumbar trunk or in the afferent lymphatics draining the kidney and liver of sheep. Lymph was collected from these sites over various time intervals and assayed for erythropoietin (Ep) content. The objective of the study was to establish the anatomic site(s) of Ep production. Normal lymph did not contain detectable titers of Ep, nor did renal lymph or blood plasma from a sheep systematically treated with cobaltous chloride. Renal lymph did contain measurable levels of Ep following renal artery constriction, unilateral hydronephrosis or phenylhydrazine-induced hemolytic anemia. Phenylhydrazine treatment also produced elevated Ep levels in lymph from the liver but not in lymph efferent from either popliteal or prescapular nodes. These results indicate that Ep is generated primarily in the kidney and that the liver may be an extrarenal source of the hormone. The surgical techniques used in this study offer distinct advantages in examining the composition and physiology of lymph in sheep.", "PMID": 832682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_144", "title": "Phytohemagglutinin response of murine spleen cells during pregnancy and inhibition of normal phytohemagglutinin response by pregnancy or post-partum serum.", "content": "The in vitro blastogenic response of spleen cells to phytohemagglutinin-M (PHA) was evaluated as a measurement of the immunologic reactivity of virgin, pregnant and post-partum mice. In PHA-stimulated cultures 3H-thymidine incorporation by lymphocytes from post-partum mice was not significantly different from that of virgin age-matched control mice. Background 3H-thymidine incorporation was high in cultures from post-partum mice resulting in stimulation indices which were lower than those of virgin controls. Spleen cells from mice sacrificed after various intervals of pregnancy showed depressed PHA responsiveness only at the 15th day of gestation. The PHA response of normal spleen cells was depressed in the presence of serum from pregnant or post-partum mice.", "contents": "Phytohemagglutinin response of murine spleen cells during pregnancy and inhibition of normal phytohemagglutinin response by pregnancy or post-partum serum. The in vitro blastogenic response of spleen cells to phytohemagglutinin-M (PHA) was evaluated as a measurement of the immunologic reactivity of virgin, pregnant and post-partum mice. In PHA-stimulated cultures 3H-thymidine incorporation by lymphocytes from post-partum mice was not significantly different from that of virgin age-matched control mice. Background 3H-thymidine incorporation was high in cultures from post-partum mice resulting in stimulation indices which were lower than those of virgin controls. Spleen cells from mice sacrificed after various intervals of pregnancy showed depressed PHA responsiveness only at the 15th day of gestation. The PHA response of normal spleen cells was depressed in the presence of serum from pregnant or post-partum mice.", "PMID": 832683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_145", "title": "Neuronal responses to eye muscle stretch in cerebellar lobule VI of the cat.", "content": "Extraocular proprioceptive input to cerebellar vermis, lobule VI, was investigated in cats under N2O analgesia by recording neuronal responses to eye muscle stretch. Both optic tracts were transected and the periorbital skin and conjunctiva were locally anaesthetized. Eye rotation within the physiological range was achieved by applying a pull of predetermined length and tension to each of the eight musculi recti at their insertion to the globe. Within lobule VI, only small patches of cortex receive stretch receptor afferents. The information made available by these afferents corresponds to a change of eye position. Minimal responses were dependent upon angular deflections of a few degrees. Maximal response amplitudes were obtained within the physiological range of angular deflections and angular velocities for the units tested. Most cells responded to stretch of more than one muscle. Three types of convergence were found: 1) neurons responding according to a certain direction of a conjugated movement of both eyes, 2) neurons responding to movements in either direction of one plane, 3) more complicated response patterns.", "contents": "Neuronal responses to eye muscle stretch in cerebellar lobule VI of the cat. Extraocular proprioceptive input to cerebellar vermis, lobule VI, was investigated in cats under N2O analgesia by recording neuronal responses to eye muscle stretch. Both optic tracts were transected and the periorbital skin and conjunctiva were locally anaesthetized. Eye rotation within the physiological range was achieved by applying a pull of predetermined length and tension to each of the eight musculi recti at their insertion to the globe. Within lobule VI, only small patches of cortex receive stretch receptor afferents. The information made available by these afferents corresponds to a change of eye position. Minimal responses were dependent upon angular deflections of a few degrees. Maximal response amplitudes were obtained within the physiological range of angular deflections and angular velocities for the units tested. Most cells responded to stretch of more than one muscle. Three types of convergence were found: 1) neurons responding according to a certain direction of a conjugated movement of both eyes, 2) neurons responding to movements in either direction of one plane, 3) more complicated response patterns.", "PMID": 832685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_146", "title": "An analysis of response properties of spinal cord dorsal horn neurones to nonnoxious and noxious stimuli in the spinal rat.", "content": "Electrophysiological properties of neurones in the spinal cord dorsal horn were studied in decerebrated, immobilized spinal rats. Extracellular recordings were performed at the thoraco-lumbar junction level. Each track was systematically located by extracellular injection of pontamine sky blue. According to their responses to mechanical peripheral stimuli, cells were classified in four classes: Class 1 cells: Cells activated only by nonnoxious stimuli. They were divided into - 1A: hair movement and/or touch and 1B: hair movement and/or touch and pressure or pressure only. Class 2 cells: Cells driven by both nonnoxious and noxious stimuli, divided into - 2A: hair movement and/or touch, pressure, pinch and/or pin-prick, and 2B: pressure, pinch and/or pin-prick. Class 3 cells: Cells only activated by noxious stimuli (pinch and/or pin-prick). Class 4 cells: Cells responding to joint movement or pressure on deep tissues. Peripheral transcutaneous or sural nerve stimulation clearly showed that class 1 cells were activated only by A fiber input while 68% of classes 2 and 3 cells received A and C input. Histological examination indicated that cells driven only by noxious input were located either in the deepest part or in the marginal zone (lamina I) of the dorsal horn. Nevertheless, some lamina I cells were also driven by both nonnoxious and noxious stimuli. In addition, there is a great deal of overlap between class 1 and class 2 cells. This fact was confirmed by considering the wide distribution in the dorsal horn of cells receiving A and C input. However, spinal organization of the different classes of cells consists of a preferential distribution rather than a strict lamination. This study indicates that properties of dorsal horn inter-neurones in the rat have a high degree of similarity with those previously described in other species (cat and monkey).", "contents": "An analysis of response properties of spinal cord dorsal horn neurones to nonnoxious and noxious stimuli in the spinal rat. Electrophysiological properties of neurones in the spinal cord dorsal horn were studied in decerebrated, immobilized spinal rats. Extracellular recordings were performed at the thoraco-lumbar junction level. Each track was systematically located by extracellular injection of pontamine sky blue. According to their responses to mechanical peripheral stimuli, cells were classified in four classes: Class 1 cells: Cells activated only by nonnoxious stimuli. They were divided into - 1A: hair movement and/or touch and 1B: hair movement and/or touch and pressure or pressure only. Class 2 cells: Cells driven by both nonnoxious and noxious stimuli, divided into - 2A: hair movement and/or touch, pressure, pinch and/or pin-prick, and 2B: pressure, pinch and/or pin-prick. Class 3 cells: Cells only activated by noxious stimuli (pinch and/or pin-prick). Class 4 cells: Cells responding to joint movement or pressure on deep tissues. Peripheral transcutaneous or sural nerve stimulation clearly showed that class 1 cells were activated only by A fiber input while 68% of classes 2 and 3 cells received A and C input. Histological examination indicated that cells driven only by noxious input were located either in the deepest part or in the marginal zone (lamina I) of the dorsal horn. Nevertheless, some lamina I cells were also driven by both nonnoxious and noxious stimuli. In addition, there is a great deal of overlap between class 1 and class 2 cells. This fact was confirmed by considering the wide distribution in the dorsal horn of cells receiving A and C input. However, spinal organization of the different classes of cells consists of a preferential distribution rather than a strict lamination. This study indicates that properties of dorsal horn inter-neurones in the rat have a high degree of similarity with those previously described in other species (cat and monkey).", "PMID": 832686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_147", "title": "Dark adaptation and receptive field organisation of cells in the cat lateral geniculate nucleus.", "content": "The receptive fields of LGN cells were investigated with stationary light and dark spot and annulus stimuli. Stimulus size and background intensity were varied while stimulus/background contrast was kept constant. The speed of dark adaptation vaired considerably from cell to cell. Dark adaptation made responses more sustained in all neurones and eliminated the oscillatory on-responses evoked under some conditions in the light-adapted cells. Dark adaptation led also to a disappearance of early phasic inhibition in on-responses, and increased response rise time and latency. The power of surround responses to inhibit centre responses decreased slightly at low levels of light adaptation in LGN cells but much less than in retinal ganglion cells. Some other traces of changing retinal surround effects also appeared inthe LGN on dark adaptation. For example, the functional size of receptive fields increased at low levels of illuminance as has been observed in retinal ganglion cells and the receptive fields as estimated from response peaks were larger than those estimated from sustained components.", "contents": "Dark adaptation and receptive field organisation of cells in the cat lateral geniculate nucleus. The receptive fields of LGN cells were investigated with stationary light and dark spot and annulus stimuli. Stimulus size and background intensity were varied while stimulus/background contrast was kept constant. The speed of dark adaptation vaired considerably from cell to cell. Dark adaptation made responses more sustained in all neurones and eliminated the oscillatory on-responses evoked under some conditions in the light-adapted cells. Dark adaptation led also to a disappearance of early phasic inhibition in on-responses, and increased response rise time and latency. The power of surround responses to inhibit centre responses decreased slightly at low levels of light adaptation in LGN cells but much less than in retinal ganglion cells. Some other traces of changing retinal surround effects also appeared inthe LGN on dark adaptation. For example, the functional size of receptive fields increased at low levels of illuminance as has been observed in retinal ganglion cells and the receptive fields as estimated from response peaks were larger than those estimated from sustained components.", "PMID": 832687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_148", "title": "Responses of cells in the cat lateral geniculate nucleus to moving stimuli at various levels of light and dark adaptation.", "content": "The responses of neurones in laminae A and A1 of the cat lateral geniculate nucleus to moving stimuli were investigated at different background luminances. Moving bright slits, dark bars and edges were employed; the contrast of stimuli against the background was held constant. Background intensities varied from 10(-3) to 10(2) td. Responses as stimuli passed across the centres of LGN receptive fields became stronger with increasing levels of light adaptation up to 10(-1)-10(1) td and then remained constant. Responses as stimuli passed through surround regions altered qualitatively with adaptation level, generally increasing in strength and complexity with background luminance. As a bright slit for on-centre cells or dark bar for off-centre cells left the surround, in almost all units a strong secondary peak could be elicited by an appropriate selection of the adaptation conditions. Many features of the responses to moving stimuli could not be predicted from the responses to stationary stimuli under different adaptation conditions described in the previous paper.", "contents": "Responses of cells in the cat lateral geniculate nucleus to moving stimuli at various levels of light and dark adaptation. The responses of neurones in laminae A and A1 of the cat lateral geniculate nucleus to moving stimuli were investigated at different background luminances. Moving bright slits, dark bars and edges were employed; the contrast of stimuli against the background was held constant. Background intensities varied from 10(-3) to 10(2) td. Responses as stimuli passed across the centres of LGN receptive fields became stronger with increasing levels of light adaptation up to 10(-1)-10(1) td and then remained constant. Responses as stimuli passed through surround regions altered qualitatively with adaptation level, generally increasing in strength and complexity with background luminance. As a bright slit for on-centre cells or dark bar for off-centre cells left the surround, in almost all units a strong secondary peak could be elicited by an appropriate selection of the adaptation conditions. Many features of the responses to moving stimuli could not be predicted from the responses to stationary stimuli under different adaptation conditions described in the previous paper.", "PMID": 832688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_149", "title": "Commissural projection to the amygdala thourgh the fimbria fornix system in the cat.", "content": "Single shock stimulations have been applied stereotaxically and bilaterally in the region of the caudo-thalamic groove of the cat. These stimulations elicit diphasic potentials in the amygdala. Using combined methods of stimulation and lesion, it has been demonstrated that these electrical responses are due to the excitation of fibers projecting rostrally in the lateral border of the contralateral fimbria and caudally in the homologous part of the homolateral fimbria. A commissural path has been identified in the rostral part of the fimbria-fornix. Analysis of the experimental data has shown that the projection system consists of a discrete bundle of fibers which probably reaches the amygdala directly, in the dorsal part of the basal nucleus. The length of the explored portion of this pathway has been measured. The calculated conduction velocity of this amygdalopetal commissural component of the fimbria is 4.5 m/sec.", "contents": "Commissural projection to the amygdala thourgh the fimbria fornix system in the cat. Single shock stimulations have been applied stereotaxically and bilaterally in the region of the caudo-thalamic groove of the cat. These stimulations elicit diphasic potentials in the amygdala. Using combined methods of stimulation and lesion, it has been demonstrated that these electrical responses are due to the excitation of fibers projecting rostrally in the lateral border of the contralateral fimbria and caudally in the homologous part of the homolateral fimbria. A commissural path has been identified in the rostral part of the fimbria-fornix. Analysis of the experimental data has shown that the projection system consists of a discrete bundle of fibers which probably reaches the amygdala directly, in the dorsal part of the basal nucleus. The length of the explored portion of this pathway has been measured. The calculated conduction velocity of this amygdalopetal commissural component of the fimbria is 4.5 m/sec.", "PMID": 832689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_150", "title": "Effects of LSD on the response of single units in cat visual cortex.", "content": "The effects of intravenous doses (200 mug) of LSD on the activity of single neurones in the primary visual cortex have been studied in cats anaesthetized with urethane. Cells were stimulated with a bright bar of light moved over the receptive field, and orientation tuning was assessed quantitatively before and after administration of the drug. Changes in neuronal activity were compared with those observed in a control sample of cells recorded when the cats were given no drug. LSD increased the responsiveness of some cells to visual stimuli and decreased that of others, but some cells were not affected. The changes in responsiveness were dose dependent; the larger doses of the drug (expressed in mug/kg body weight) tended to depress the responses and the smaller doses to enhance them. The effects appeared earlier in complex cells than in simple cells. Changes in spontaneous activity, direction selectivity and orientational properties were found in some cells.", "contents": "Effects of LSD on the response of single units in cat visual cortex. The effects of intravenous doses (200 mug) of LSD on the activity of single neurones in the primary visual cortex have been studied in cats anaesthetized with urethane. Cells were stimulated with a bright bar of light moved over the receptive field, and orientation tuning was assessed quantitatively before and after administration of the drug. Changes in neuronal activity were compared with those observed in a control sample of cells recorded when the cats were given no drug. LSD increased the responsiveness of some cells to visual stimuli and decreased that of others, but some cells were not affected. The changes in responsiveness were dose dependent; the larger doses of the drug (expressed in mug/kg body weight) tended to depress the responses and the smaller doses to enhance them. The effects appeared earlier in complex cells than in simple cells. Changes in spontaneous activity, direction selectivity and orientational properties were found in some cells.", "PMID": 832690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_151", "title": "Bilateral simultaneous tubal pregnancies after ovulation induction with clomiphene-menotropin combination.", "content": "A case is presented of bilateral simultaneous tubal pregnancy after ovulation induction with a clomiphene-menotropin combination. Although extremely rare in the general population, the entity of simultaneous pregnancies is far more common with ovulation induction. Care must be taken not to mistake an extrauterine pregnancy for a hyperstimulated ovary.", "contents": "Bilateral simultaneous tubal pregnancies after ovulation induction with clomiphene-menotropin combination. A case is presented of bilateral simultaneous tubal pregnancy after ovulation induction with a clomiphene-menotropin combination. Although extremely rare in the general population, the entity of simultaneous pregnancies is far more common with ovulation induction. Care must be taken not to mistake an extrauterine pregnancy for a hyperstimulated ovary.", "PMID": 832713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_152", "title": "Conservative management of a pituitary tumor during pregnancy following induction of ovulation with gonadotropins.", "content": "Ovulation induced with human menopausal gonadotropin-human chorionic gonadotropin in a 27-year-old woman who had been amenorrheic for 7 years resulted in pregnancy. Although pretreatment neurologic evaluation was normal, significant loss of vision was found at 30 weeks' gestation, and a skull x-ray revealed enlargement and erosion of the sella turcica. As an attempt to delay surgery, 12 mg of dexamethasone daily arrested further visual deterioration, and the pregnancy continued uneventful for 36 weeks, when triplets were born. Five days after delivery the visual fields were normal. Trans-sphenoidal resection of a prolactin-secreting chromophobe adenoma of the pituitary was carried out 6 months later. It is suggested that when disturbance in visual perception due to a pituitary tumor occurs during pregnancy, a course of high-dose corticosteroids with frequent monitoring of visual fields and acuity might be tried before surgical intervention. Although further rapid deterioration in vision may dictate immediate surgical decompression, conservative management may result in stabilization, allowing the patient to carry the pregnancy to term and obviating the need for emergency surgery.", "contents": "Conservative management of a pituitary tumor during pregnancy following induction of ovulation with gonadotropins. Ovulation induced with human menopausal gonadotropin-human chorionic gonadotropin in a 27-year-old woman who had been amenorrheic for 7 years resulted in pregnancy. Although pretreatment neurologic evaluation was normal, significant loss of vision was found at 30 weeks' gestation, and a skull x-ray revealed enlargement and erosion of the sella turcica. As an attempt to delay surgery, 12 mg of dexamethasone daily arrested further visual deterioration, and the pregnancy continued uneventful for 36 weeks, when triplets were born. Five days after delivery the visual fields were normal. Trans-sphenoidal resection of a prolactin-secreting chromophobe adenoma of the pituitary was carried out 6 months later. It is suggested that when disturbance in visual perception due to a pituitary tumor occurs during pregnancy, a course of high-dose corticosteroids with frequent monitoring of visual fields and acuity might be tried before surgical intervention. Although further rapid deterioration in vision may dictate immediate surgical decompression, conservative management may result in stabilization, allowing the patient to carry the pregnancy to term and obviating the need for emergency surgery.", "PMID": 832714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_153", "title": "Human cervical mucus. II. Changes in viscoelasticity during the ovulatory menstrual cycle.", "content": "Quantitative viscoelasticity measurements were made on individual human cervical mucus samples by microrheometry. Increases in mean values for mucus spinnbarkeit, ferning, and wet weight were associated with the ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle, while no significant differences versus time were noted for mean values for sample pH or nondialyzable dry weight. A nadir in mucus nondialyzable solids (NDS) concentration and in visoelasticity was seen at or near midcycle. Substantial, highly reproducible, variations in mucus viscoelasticity were observed when mucus from different donors was compared. When the contribution of (NDS) to viscoelasticity was minimized by data normalization or by sample reconstitution, a significant increase in viscoelasticity was associated with the ovulatory phase of the cycle, suggesting the occurrence of a relative increase in mucin concentration or a compositional change in the mucus.", "contents": "Human cervical mucus. II. Changes in viscoelasticity during the ovulatory menstrual cycle. Quantitative viscoelasticity measurements were made on individual human cervical mucus samples by microrheometry. Increases in mean values for mucus spinnbarkeit, ferning, and wet weight were associated with the ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle, while no significant differences versus time were noted for mean values for sample pH or nondialyzable dry weight. A nadir in mucus nondialyzable solids (NDS) concentration and in visoelasticity was seen at or near midcycle. Substantial, highly reproducible, variations in mucus viscoelasticity were observed when mucus from different donors was compared. When the contribution of (NDS) to viscoelasticity was minimized by data normalization or by sample reconstitution, a significant increase in viscoelasticity was associated with the ovulatory phase of the cycle, suggesting the occurrence of a relative increase in mucin concentration or a compositional change in the mucus.", "PMID": 832715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_154", "title": "Human cervical mucus. III. Isolation and characterization of rheologically active mucin.", "content": "Several common mucolytic agents were screened for their ability to solubilize cervical mucus without incurring irreversible losses in mucus viscoelasticity. Sodium thiocyanate was selected on the basis of its effectiveness and handling convenience, and solubilized mucus was fractionated by gel filtration on Sepharose columns. The excluded mucin fraction was characterized by a high neutral hexose to protein ratio and contained all of the elasticity of thiocyanate-treated whole mucus. The concentration of mucin in individual mucus samples collected throughout the ovulatory menstrual cycle was determined from column elution profiles. An increased relative amount of mucin was associated with samples collected during the ovulatory phase of the cycle, and a strong correlation was obtained when the percentage of mucin in individual samples was plotted against their respective storage moduli. These results indicate that the cyclic fluctuations in mucus viscoelasticity seen previously at constant concentrations of nondialyzable solids can be attributed to variations in mucin concentration. Evidence was also obtained, however, for compositional differences in mucus derived from different patients.", "contents": "Human cervical mucus. III. Isolation and characterization of rheologically active mucin. Several common mucolytic agents were screened for their ability to solubilize cervical mucus without incurring irreversible losses in mucus viscoelasticity. Sodium thiocyanate was selected on the basis of its effectiveness and handling convenience, and solubilized mucus was fractionated by gel filtration on Sepharose columns. The excluded mucin fraction was characterized by a high neutral hexose to protein ratio and contained all of the elasticity of thiocyanate-treated whole mucus. The concentration of mucin in individual mucus samples collected throughout the ovulatory menstrual cycle was determined from column elution profiles. An increased relative amount of mucin was associated with samples collected during the ovulatory phase of the cycle, and a strong correlation was obtained when the percentage of mucin in individual samples was plotted against their respective storage moduli. These results indicate that the cyclic fluctuations in mucus viscoelasticity seen previously at constant concentrations of nondialyzable solids can be attributed to variations in mucin concentration. Evidence was also obtained, however, for compositional differences in mucus derived from different patients.", "PMID": 832716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_155", "title": "Tubal reanastomosis by microsurgery.", "content": "The enormous increase in the number of sterilizations performed in young women is creating a demand for reversal of this procedure. The author's experience with tubal reanastomosis using a microsurgical technique is presented. The traditional approach to cornual occlusion of the tubes has been tubouterine implantation. The demonstration that in such cases the intramural portion of the tube is often patent and that the occlusion site is located in the proximal isthmus has allowed, instead, resection and end-to-end anastomosis at the cornua. Including both tubouterine anastomosis for cornual occlusion and end-to-end anastomosis after previous sterilization, tubal reanastomosis was performed in 31 patients. The postoperative patency rate was 87%, and 64% have had intrauterine pregnancies. In the group subjected to tubal reanastomosis following a previous sterilization, 72.7% of those attempting a pregnancy and having more than 6 months' follow-up have had intrauterine gestations.", "contents": "Tubal reanastomosis by microsurgery. The enormous increase in the number of sterilizations performed in young women is creating a demand for reversal of this procedure. The author's experience with tubal reanastomosis using a microsurgical technique is presented. The traditional approach to cornual occlusion of the tubes has been tubouterine implantation. The demonstration that in such cases the intramural portion of the tube is often patent and that the occlusion site is located in the proximal isthmus has allowed, instead, resection and end-to-end anastomosis at the cornua. Including both tubouterine anastomosis for cornual occlusion and end-to-end anastomosis after previous sterilization, tubal reanastomosis was performed in 31 patients. The postoperative patency rate was 87%, and 64% have had intrauterine pregnancies. In the group subjected to tubal reanastomosis following a previous sterilization, 72.7% of those attempting a pregnancy and having more than 6 months' follow-up have had intrauterine gestations.", "PMID": 832717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_156", "title": "Failures following fimbriectomy.", "content": "From 1970 through 1973, 388 bilateral fimbriectomies were performed. By the end of 1974, seven pregnancies had occurred, and in four of these patients a resterilization laparotomy was performed. All four cases showed a unilateral tuboperitoneal fistula. These fistulas were examined and compared morphologically with congenital tuboperitoneal fistulas. This proved that all four fistulas were acquired and that they were probably caused by the catgut ligatures used for ampullary ligation. The rather frequent occurrence of hydrosalpinx after fimbriectomy is mentioned. Finally, it seems of questionable advantage to resect the infundibulum as part of a fimbriectomy using the three-ligature technique.", "contents": "Failures following fimbriectomy. From 1970 through 1973, 388 bilateral fimbriectomies were performed. By the end of 1974, seven pregnancies had occurred, and in four of these patients a resterilization laparotomy was performed. All four cases showed a unilateral tuboperitoneal fistula. These fistulas were examined and compared morphologically with congenital tuboperitoneal fistulas. This proved that all four fistulas were acquired and that they were probably caused by the catgut ligatures used for ampullary ligation. The rather frequent occurrence of hydrosalpinx after fimbriectomy is mentioned. Finally, it seems of questionable advantage to resect the infundibulum as part of a fimbriectomy using the three-ligature technique.", "PMID": 832718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_157", "title": "Perfect anatomical reconstruction of vas deferens with a new microscopic surgical technique.", "content": "Early results with a new, two-layer microscopic technique for anastomosis of the vas deferens, using an operating microscope and ultrafine suture, reveal that patency of the vas deferens can be achieved in virtually every case. Normal sperm counts can be achieved in up to 95% of patients. Failure with conventional techniques is usually due to continuing partial obstruction. A poor sperm count after this technique is most likely due to an inherent inability of the patient to produce normal sperm, a likely sequela of chronic obstruction. Thus, while success is also good 10 years after vasectomy, it is not as predictable. Previous failure with a conventional operation does not limit success with a reoperation using the microscopic two-layer tehcnique. Operations on 200 patients since this original study are confirming these early results.", "contents": "Perfect anatomical reconstruction of vas deferens with a new microscopic surgical technique. Early results with a new, two-layer microscopic technique for anastomosis of the vas deferens, using an operating microscope and ultrafine suture, reveal that patency of the vas deferens can be achieved in virtually every case. Normal sperm counts can be achieved in up to 95% of patients. Failure with conventional techniques is usually due to continuing partial obstruction. A poor sperm count after this technique is most likely due to an inherent inability of the patient to produce normal sperm, a likely sequela of chronic obstruction. Thus, while success is also good 10 years after vasectomy, it is not as predictable. Previous failure with a conventional operation does not limit success with a reoperation using the microscopic two-layer tehcnique. Operations on 200 patients since this original study are confirming these early results.", "PMID": 832719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_158", "title": "The effects of prostaglandins on sperm motility.", "content": "Inflammatory exudates around intrauterine devices were found to produce large concentrations of prostaglandin F2alpha. To evaluate the effect of this substance, 100 semen specimens were incubated in concentrations 100 times greater than that found in normal semen. Motility indices were calculated, and significant inhibition of sperm motility was found. The effect of prostaglandin E on sperm motility is also reviewed. The physiology of prostaglandins and their mechanism of action via the cyclic nucleotide system are discussed.", "contents": "The effects of prostaglandins on sperm motility. Inflammatory exudates around intrauterine devices were found to produce large concentrations of prostaglandin F2alpha. To evaluate the effect of this substance, 100 semen specimens were incubated in concentrations 100 times greater than that found in normal semen. Motility indices were calculated, and significant inhibition of sperm motility was found. The effect of prostaglandin E on sperm motility is also reviewed. The physiology of prostaglandins and their mechanism of action via the cyclic nucleotide system are discussed.", "PMID": 832720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_159", "title": "The role of prostaglandins in the spontaneous motility of the fallopian tube.", "content": "Spontaneous isometric contractions of the human fallopian tube were measured in vitro. The tubes were obtained during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle in 16 experiments and during the luteal phase in 23 experiments. The area under the curve and the frequency of spontaneous isometric contractions, together with the amount of prostaglandins E and F produced by the tube, were measured. Using each tissue as its own control, the effects of adding indomethacin or papeverine to the tissue both were assessed. Indomethacin, a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor, significantly reduced the prostaglandin output without affecting the tubal motility. By contrast, papaverine, which is a smooth muscle relaxant but not an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, significantly reduced both motility and prostaglandin output. It is concluded that prostaglandins do not have a direct role in the regulation of the spontaneous motility of the human fallopian tube.", "contents": "The role of prostaglandins in the spontaneous motility of the fallopian tube. Spontaneous isometric contractions of the human fallopian tube were measured in vitro. The tubes were obtained during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle in 16 experiments and during the luteal phase in 23 experiments. The area under the curve and the frequency of spontaneous isometric contractions, together with the amount of prostaglandins E and F produced by the tube, were measured. Using each tissue as its own control, the effects of adding indomethacin or papeverine to the tissue both were assessed. Indomethacin, a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor, significantly reduced the prostaglandin output without affecting the tubal motility. By contrast, papaverine, which is a smooth muscle relaxant but not an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, significantly reduced both motility and prostaglandin output. It is concluded that prostaglandins do not have a direct role in the regulation of the spontaneous motility of the human fallopian tube.", "PMID": 832721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_160", "title": "Effect of ovulation and hormonal treatment on the in vitro response of rabbit oviducts to prostaglandins E1 and F2alpha.", "content": "Rabbit oviductal circular muscle isometric contractile response was measured in relation to treatment with prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha). PGE1 (1 mug/ml) inhibition of the contractile response of the rabbit oviduct to field stimulation was increased in the proximal isthmus after ovulation. Estrogen and progesteron, in doses known to alter ovum transport, did not affect the response of the oviduct to PGE1. In comparison to the response of estrous tissues, the stimulatory effect of PGF2alpha on the isthmus was decreased 24 hours after administration of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). Treatment with estrogen and progesterone did not affect these postovulatory changes. The response of the ampullary-isthmic junction to PGF2alpha was significantly reduced 72 hours after administration of HCG. Neither ovulation nor steroid treatment affected the response of the ampulla to PGF2alpha. Changes in the sensitivity of the oviduct to prostaglandins after ovulation may be necessary for successful ovum transport.", "contents": "Effect of ovulation and hormonal treatment on the in vitro response of rabbit oviducts to prostaglandins E1 and F2alpha. Rabbit oviductal circular muscle isometric contractile response was measured in relation to treatment with prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha). PGE1 (1 mug/ml) inhibition of the contractile response of the rabbit oviduct to field stimulation was increased in the proximal isthmus after ovulation. Estrogen and progesteron, in doses known to alter ovum transport, did not affect the response of the oviduct to PGE1. In comparison to the response of estrous tissues, the stimulatory effect of PGF2alpha on the isthmus was decreased 24 hours after administration of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). Treatment with estrogen and progesterone did not affect these postovulatory changes. The response of the ampullary-isthmic junction to PGF2alpha was significantly reduced 72 hours after administration of HCG. Neither ovulation nor steroid treatment affected the response of the ampulla to PGF2alpha. Changes in the sensitivity of the oviduct to prostaglandins after ovulation may be necessary for successful ovum transport.", "PMID": 832722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_161", "title": "Endometriosis and infertility: an enigma.", "content": "In our efforts to overcome infertility and subjective complaints in young women with endometriosis, we have performed conservative surgical procedures upon 142 women 30 years of age or less. In these women, multiple endometriomata were resected from the pelvic peritoneum, one or both ovaries, the large and small bowel, and the appendix. In addition, uterine and ovarian suspension, bowel resection, appendectomy, myomectomy, and presacral neurectomy (PSN) were performed when indicated. Conception occurred in 70% of the women wishing to conceive; the highest rate was found among those who had developed endometriosis after a previous conception. Ovarian involvement seemed to reduce the conception rate by 10%. Uterine suspension and PSN did not affect conception but did provide a symptomatic relief. We conclude that early examination for endometriosis and aggressive surgical management is indicated in young women with demonstrable disease.", "contents": "Endometriosis and infertility: an enigma. In our efforts to overcome infertility and subjective complaints in young women with endometriosis, we have performed conservative surgical procedures upon 142 women 30 years of age or less. In these women, multiple endometriomata were resected from the pelvic peritoneum, one or both ovaries, the large and small bowel, and the appendix. In addition, uterine and ovarian suspension, bowel resection, appendectomy, myomectomy, and presacral neurectomy (PSN) were performed when indicated. Conception occurred in 70% of the women wishing to conceive; the highest rate was found among those who had developed endometriosis after a previous conception. Ovarian involvement seemed to reduce the conception rate by 10%. Uterine suspension and PSN did not affect conception but did provide a symptomatic relief. We conclude that early examination for endometriosis and aggressive surgical management is indicated in young women with demonstrable disease.", "PMID": 832723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_162", "title": "The role of the psychiatrist in a reproductive biology clinic.", "content": "The psychiatrist consulting to an infertility clinic is confronted with a variety of clinical issues and problems. The couple arrives with anxiety, for a work-up that in itself will be traumatic. The psychiatrist's role is to weed out distortions and issues that are unreal. Psychosexual and marital conflicts may also masquerade as an infertility problem. The simplest manner in which psychologic factors can be thought of as causing infertility is through their effect on sexual performance. Brief therapeutic techniques include education, encouragement, and behavioral techniques to improve performance. Psychoanalytically oriented techniques include relating the symptom to unconscious conflicts stemming from the past and understanding the secondary gain of the symptom. The psychiatrist's role may also involve helping the couple to deal with the outcome of the infertility work-up, including helping the couple to mourn the fact that they cannot have children, assisting in decisions involving artificial insemination and adoption, and helping the couple to deal with uncertainty when no definite cause for the infertility has been discerned. The multiplicity of possible psychologic interventions requires the psychiatrist to be ubiquitous. In the light of this, a number of suggestions are listed as to how a psychiatrist might best be utilized.", "contents": "The role of the psychiatrist in a reproductive biology clinic. The psychiatrist consulting to an infertility clinic is confronted with a variety of clinical issues and problems. The couple arrives with anxiety, for a work-up that in itself will be traumatic. The psychiatrist's role is to weed out distortions and issues that are unreal. Psychosexual and marital conflicts may also masquerade as an infertility problem. The simplest manner in which psychologic factors can be thought of as causing infertility is through their effect on sexual performance. Brief therapeutic techniques include education, encouragement, and behavioral techniques to improve performance. Psychoanalytically oriented techniques include relating the symptom to unconscious conflicts stemming from the past and understanding the secondary gain of the symptom. The psychiatrist's role may also involve helping the couple to deal with the outcome of the infertility work-up, including helping the couple to mourn the fact that they cannot have children, assisting in decisions involving artificial insemination and adoption, and helping the couple to deal with uncertainty when no definite cause for the infertility has been discerned. The multiplicity of possible psychologic interventions requires the psychiatrist to be ubiquitous. In the light of this, a number of suggestions are listed as to how a psychiatrist might best be utilized.", "PMID": 832724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_163", "title": "Artificial insemination homologous and its role in the management of infertility.", "content": "Fifty-seven cases of homologous artificial insemination (AIH) were reviewed as well as the reason for performing the insemination. Three patients had AIH because of impotence, and two conceived. Twenty-nine patients whose husbands had sperm counts of less than 40 million/ml had AIH combined with split ejaculates, and seven (24.1%) became pregnant. Twenty-five patients had AIH because of persistent, unexplained, poor postcoital tests despite a normal semen picture, and eight (32%) became pregnant.", "contents": "Artificial insemination homologous and its role in the management of infertility. Fifty-seven cases of homologous artificial insemination (AIH) were reviewed as well as the reason for performing the insemination. Three patients had AIH because of impotence, and two conceived. Twenty-nine patients whose husbands had sperm counts of less than 40 million/ml had AIH combined with split ejaculates, and seven (24.1%) became pregnant. Twenty-five patients had AIH because of persistent, unexplained, poor postcoital tests despite a normal semen picture, and eight (32%) became pregnant.", "PMID": 832725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_164", "title": "Plasma progesterone in women with a history of recurrent early abortions.", "content": "Basal body temperature, vaginal hormonocytology, and plasma progesterone concentrations were studied serially in consecutive menstrual cycles of 8 normal subjects and of 10 patients with a history of recurrent early abortions. The menstrual patterns and characteristics of basal body temperature of the patients did not differ significantly from those of control subjects. The mean plasma progesterone concentrations at the midluteal phase of the study cycles of three patients were below those of the lower limit of the control group (4 ng/ml). The results of this study support the conviction that an inadequate luteal phase is more likely to occur in women with a history of recurrent early abortions.", "contents": "Plasma progesterone in women with a history of recurrent early abortions. Basal body temperature, vaginal hormonocytology, and plasma progesterone concentrations were studied serially in consecutive menstrual cycles of 8 normal subjects and of 10 patients with a history of recurrent early abortions. The menstrual patterns and characteristics of basal body temperature of the patients did not differ significantly from those of control subjects. The mean plasma progesterone concentrations at the midluteal phase of the study cycles of three patients were below those of the lower limit of the control group (4 ng/ml). The results of this study support the conviction that an inadequate luteal phase is more likely to occur in women with a history of recurrent early abortions.", "PMID": 832726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_165", "title": "Short-term effects of norethisterone oenanthate and medroxyprogesterone acetate on glucose, insulin, growth hormone, and lipids.", "content": "The effects on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in 24 healthy female subjects of the long-acting steroid contraceptives norethisterone oenanthate (200 mg) (11 subjects) and depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate (150 mg) (13 subjects) were studied. The subjects were between the ages of 18 and 25 years, with a history of normal menstrual periods. Pretreatment levels of plasma cholesterol, plasma triglycerides, phospholipids, blood glucose, insulin, and growth hormone were compared with those obtained 3 weeks and 12 weeks after the initial injections. There were no statistically significant differences from the pretreatment levels in any of the values obtained at 3 weeks and 12 weeks in either group.", "contents": "Short-term effects of norethisterone oenanthate and medroxyprogesterone acetate on glucose, insulin, growth hormone, and lipids. The effects on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in 24 healthy female subjects of the long-acting steroid contraceptives norethisterone oenanthate (200 mg) (11 subjects) and depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate (150 mg) (13 subjects) were studied. The subjects were between the ages of 18 and 25 years, with a history of normal menstrual periods. Pretreatment levels of plasma cholesterol, plasma triglycerides, phospholipids, blood glucose, insulin, and growth hormone were compared with those obtained 3 weeks and 12 weeks after the initial injections. There were no statistically significant differences from the pretreatment levels in any of the values obtained at 3 weeks and 12 weeks in either group.", "PMID": 832727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_166", "title": "Glycogen estimation by a rapid enzymic method in very small samples of human endometrium: glycogen content in the endometrium of infertile patients during the menstrual cycle.", "content": "An enzymic method using alpha-glucosidases was adapted for measuring glycogen in very small samples (3 mg) of human endometrium. The method is useful as a clinical test of the physiologic function of human endometrium. The glycogen content of the endometrium of normal and infertile patients was measured during the menstrual cycle. The maximal content in both groups was observed between the 16th and 23rd days of the cycle, but the glycogen content of the infertile group was significantly lower (P less than 0.005). These results confirm the reports of others. Endometrial glycogen and urinary pregnanediol levels in 32 infertile patients were measured on day 7 after ovulation. The glycogen content of the endometrium of 21 of these patients, who showed normal excretion of urinary pregnanediol (greater than or equal to 2 mg/day), was significantly higher than that of the other 11 patients who showed low excretion of urinary pregnanediol (less than 2 mg/day) (P less than 0.005). This finding suggests that there is a high correlation between the function of the corpus luteum and endometrial glycogen deposition.", "contents": "Glycogen estimation by a rapid enzymic method in very small samples of human endometrium: glycogen content in the endometrium of infertile patients during the menstrual cycle. An enzymic method using alpha-glucosidases was adapted for measuring glycogen in very small samples (3 mg) of human endometrium. The method is useful as a clinical test of the physiologic function of human endometrium. The glycogen content of the endometrium of normal and infertile patients was measured during the menstrual cycle. The maximal content in both groups was observed between the 16th and 23rd days of the cycle, but the glycogen content of the infertile group was significantly lower (P less than 0.005). These results confirm the reports of others. Endometrial glycogen and urinary pregnanediol levels in 32 infertile patients were measured on day 7 after ovulation. The glycogen content of the endometrium of 21 of these patients, who showed normal excretion of urinary pregnanediol (greater than or equal to 2 mg/day), was significantly higher than that of the other 11 patients who showed low excretion of urinary pregnanediol (less than 2 mg/day) (P less than 0.005). This finding suggests that there is a high correlation between the function of the corpus luteum and endometrial glycogen deposition.", "PMID": 832728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_167", "title": "Radioreceptorassay of luteinizing hormone-human chorionic gonadotropin in urine: detection of the luteinizing hormone surge and pregnancy.", "content": "A radioreceptorassay of luteinizing hormone (LH)-human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), using plasma membranes of bovine corpora lutea, has been extended to the detection of the midcycle LH peak and subsequent pregnancy in morning and 24-hour urine samples on days 10 to 12 following ovulatiobjects as determined by radioreceptorassay and radioimmunoassay were 45 ng and 20 ng/ml of urine, respectively; in 24-hour urine samples, mean levels of 39 ng and 17 ng of LH/ml, respectively, were found. A sustained rise in hCG was detected by the radioreceptorassay from 10 to 12 days after conception, and by day 15 the hCG levels were in the range of the midcycle LH range; this finding was confirmed by the radioimmunoassay of hCG.", "contents": "Radioreceptorassay of luteinizing hormone-human chorionic gonadotropin in urine: detection of the luteinizing hormone surge and pregnancy. A radioreceptorassay of luteinizing hormone (LH)-human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), using plasma membranes of bovine corpora lutea, has been extended to the detection of the midcycle LH peak and subsequent pregnancy in morning and 24-hour urine samples on days 10 to 12 following ovulatiobjects as determined by radioreceptorassay and radioimmunoassay were 45 ng and 20 ng/ml of urine, respectively; in 24-hour urine samples, mean levels of 39 ng and 17 ng of LH/ml, respectively, were found. A sustained rise in hCG was detected by the radioreceptorassay from 10 to 12 days after conception, and by day 15 the hCG levels were in the range of the midcycle LH range; this finding was confirmed by the radioimmunoassay of hCG.", "PMID": 832729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_168", "title": "Effect of caffeine on increasing the motility of frozen human sperm.", "content": "A preliminary report on the effect of the addition of caffeine to 45 frozen sperm samples, in order to restore the effectiveness and motility of frozen stored human sperm, is presented. The addition of 7.2 mM caffeine proved optimal and resulted in 40% to 80% increased sperm motility after 30 days of frozen storage. The use of rapid-rate freezing to produce frozen sperm pellets and the addition of one frozen pellet of buffered caffeine (7.2 mM) to five sperm pellets before thawing are recommonded. For slow-rate freezing in paillettes, the addition of a caffeine solution (final concentration, 7.2 mM) to the sperm and protective medium is recommended. With these methods, frozen storage of hypomotile sperm, which previously could not be preserved by freezing, is now practical.", "contents": "Effect of caffeine on increasing the motility of frozen human sperm. A preliminary report on the effect of the addition of caffeine to 45 frozen sperm samples, in order to restore the effectiveness and motility of frozen stored human sperm, is presented. The addition of 7.2 mM caffeine proved optimal and resulted in 40% to 80% increased sperm motility after 30 days of frozen storage. The use of rapid-rate freezing to produce frozen sperm pellets and the addition of one frozen pellet of buffered caffeine (7.2 mM) to five sperm pellets before thawing are recommonded. For slow-rate freezing in paillettes, the addition of a caffeine solution (final concentration, 7.2 mM) to the sperm and protective medium is recommended. With these methods, frozen storage of hypomotile sperm, which previously could not be preserved by freezing, is now practical.", "PMID": 832730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_169", "title": "Metabolic effects of unilateral orchiectomy on the guinea pig testis.", "content": "Six months after unilateral orchiectomy, there was a significant increase in the RNA and DNA content of contralateral testes as compared with the testes of age-matched normal guinea pigs. The ratio of RNA to DNA was not affected by orchiectomy, suggesting that the compensatory growth was secondary to hyperplasia rather than hypertrophy. Tritiated thymidine uptake by the contralateral testis was elevated at 2 weeks and 2,4 and 6 months after orchiectomy, confirming that increased metabolic activity occurred in the remaining testis after hemicastration.", "contents": "Metabolic effects of unilateral orchiectomy on the guinea pig testis. Six months after unilateral orchiectomy, there was a significant increase in the RNA and DNA content of contralateral testes as compared with the testes of age-matched normal guinea pigs. The ratio of RNA to DNA was not affected by orchiectomy, suggesting that the compensatory growth was secondary to hyperplasia rather than hypertrophy. Tritiated thymidine uptake by the contralateral testis was elevated at 2 weeks and 2,4 and 6 months after orchiectomy, confirming that increased metabolic activity occurred in the remaining testis after hemicastration.", "PMID": 832731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_170", "title": "In vivo sodium, potassium, and sperm concentrations in the rat epididymis.", "content": "In vivo samples of epididymal fluids were obtained through the use of micropuncture techniques. Microsamples from four areas of the rat epididymis were analyzed for Na+ and K+ concentrations and for sperm density. Na+ values declined significantly from caput to corpus epididymidis (P less than 0.01), while K+ and sperm concentrations increased significantly (P less than 0.01). A large water loss from the epididymal lumen was calculated, as well as net losses of both cations. Water losses may be explained on the basis of an active Na+ pump; however, the effect of the absolute values of epididymal Na+ and K+ concentrations on sperm motility and fertility remains unresolved.", "contents": "In vivo sodium, potassium, and sperm concentrations in the rat epididymis. In vivo samples of epididymal fluids were obtained through the use of micropuncture techniques. Microsamples from four areas of the rat epididymis were analyzed for Na+ and K+ concentrations and for sperm density. Na+ values declined significantly from caput to corpus epididymidis (P less than 0.01), while K+ and sperm concentrations increased significantly (P less than 0.01). A large water loss from the epididymal lumen was calculated, as well as net losses of both cations. Water losses may be explained on the basis of an active Na+ pump; however, the effect of the absolute values of epididymal Na+ and K+ concentrations on sperm motility and fertility remains unresolved.", "PMID": 832732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_171", "title": "Effects of sonication on mature rat testes.", "content": "Exposure of rat testes to high-frequency sound waves temporarily interrupted the spermatogenic process. Rats treated with 1 watt/sq cm for 10 minutes exhibited a degeneration of advanced germinal cells and were incapable of impregnating females for 150 days. Forty-eight hours after sonication, spermatocytes and spermatids developed irregular membranes and released their contents into theinterstitium. Spermatogonia, Sertoli cells, and Leydig cells appeared normal, and no genetic anomalies could be detected in the progeny of treated animals. It was hypothesized that the reduction in sperm count was due to changes in membrane permeability which produced conditions unfavorable to maturation of testicular cells.", "contents": "Effects of sonication on mature rat testes. Exposure of rat testes to high-frequency sound waves temporarily interrupted the spermatogenic process. Rats treated with 1 watt/sq cm for 10 minutes exhibited a degeneration of advanced germinal cells and were incapable of impregnating females for 150 days. Forty-eight hours after sonication, spermatocytes and spermatids developed irregular membranes and released their contents into theinterstitium. Spermatogonia, Sertoli cells, and Leydig cells appeared normal, and no genetic anomalies could be detected in the progeny of treated animals. It was hypothesized that the reduction in sperm count was due to changes in membrane permeability which produced conditions unfavorable to maturation of testicular cells.", "PMID": 832733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_172", "title": "Cytogenetic studies in primary infertility.", "content": "Chromosome studies were conducted on 117 men with primary infertility (54 with oligospermia and 63 with azoospermia) and 25 fertile volunteers who acted as controls. No chromosomal abnormalities were observed except for nine cases of Klinefelter's syndrome. From this study, it is apparent that chromosomal abnormalities other than Klinefelter's syndrome are not etiologic factors in the infertility of oligo- or azoospermic men.", "contents": "Cytogenetic studies in primary infertility. Chromosome studies were conducted on 117 men with primary infertility (54 with oligospermia and 63 with azoospermia) and 25 fertile volunteers who acted as controls. No chromosomal abnormalities were observed except for nine cases of Klinefelter's syndrome. From this study, it is apparent that chromosomal abnormalities other than Klinefelter's syndrome are not etiologic factors in the infertility of oligo- or azoospermic men.", "PMID": 832734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_173", "title": "[Architectonics of the arterial bed and blood flow in the lungs of frogs].", "content": "In morphometric studies of arteriolar branching of the frog lung with determination of the blood flow rate and its distribution, the diameter of the trunk was shown to lay between 16 and 350 mcm. The law of variation (in connection with the diameter range) and the specific features of interrelationship between some structural characteristics of the vascular branching were revealed. Analysis of the data obtained in vivo showed that the morphofunctional characteristics of the arteriolar branches in the frog lung corresponded to the theoretical \"minimum work\" model.", "contents": "[Architectonics of the arterial bed and blood flow in the lungs of frogs]. In morphometric studies of arteriolar branching of the frog lung with determination of the blood flow rate and its distribution, the diameter of the trunk was shown to lay between 16 and 350 mcm. The law of variation (in connection with the diameter range) and the specific features of interrelationship between some structural characteristics of the vascular branching were revealed. Analysis of the data obtained in vivo showed that the morphofunctional characteristics of the arteriolar branches in the frog lung corresponded to the theoretical \"minimum work\" model.", "PMID": 832736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_174", "title": "[Efferent link of cardiac reflexes with carotid labyrinth receptors in the frog].", "content": "In frongs, changes of sympathetic and parasympathetic discharges were studied in the structures of the efferent link of the cardial reflexes from carotid chemoreceptors. Both the acid and the alkaline fluids perfused through the carotid labyrinth considerably decrease the sympathetic and increase the parasympathetic discharges in the cardial branches of the vago-sympathetic trunk. Cerebral portions above the medulla oblongata exert no essential effect on the specific features of reflex changes of the efferent activity in the vago-sympathetic trunk. After separation of the medulla oblongata from the spinal cord, the sympathetic discharges do not change in response to stimulation of carotid receptors while the alteration of parasympathetic activity holds on.", "contents": "[Efferent link of cardiac reflexes with carotid labyrinth receptors in the frog]. In frongs, changes of sympathetic and parasympathetic discharges were studied in the structures of the efferent link of the cardial reflexes from carotid chemoreceptors. Both the acid and the alkaline fluids perfused through the carotid labyrinth considerably decrease the sympathetic and increase the parasympathetic discharges in the cardial branches of the vago-sympathetic trunk. Cerebral portions above the medulla oblongata exert no essential effect on the specific features of reflex changes of the efferent activity in the vago-sympathetic trunk. After separation of the medulla oblongata from the spinal cord, the sympathetic discharges do not change in response to stimulation of carotid receptors while the alteration of parasympathetic activity holds on.", "PMID": 832738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_175", "title": "[Resistance of cortical neurons to oxygen deficit].", "content": "Polymicroelectrode recording of spontaneous activity of somatosensory cortical neurons in cat showed that, during asphyxia, the spike activity of 2-3 neurons reocrded with one microelectrode usually ceased simultaneously. The distance between microelectrodes being 50-200 mkm, the difference in time of survival was significant. Neurons of the visual cortex were more resistant that those of the somatic cortex. The different resistance of neurons against asphyxia is supposed to be due to different microcirculation and different polarization of neuronal membranes.", "contents": "[Resistance of cortical neurons to oxygen deficit]. Polymicroelectrode recording of spontaneous activity of somatosensory cortical neurons in cat showed that, during asphyxia, the spike activity of 2-3 neurons reocrded with one microelectrode usually ceased simultaneously. The distance between microelectrodes being 50-200 mkm, the difference in time of survival was significant. Neurons of the visual cortex were more resistant that those of the somatic cortex. The different resistance of neurons against asphyxia is supposed to be due to different microcirculation and different polarization of neuronal membranes.", "PMID": 832746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_176", "title": "[Interaction between spindles evoked by electric stimulation of different regions of the cerebral cortex].", "content": "In unanesthetized immobilized cats, under repeated administration of small doses of nembutal (2-3 mg/kg), connections between the projection and the parietal associatition cortical areas was studied as well as the interaction between spindles elicited by stimulation of these areas. Stimulation of the primary sensory areas (auditory or somatosensory) was shown to be able to elicit spindles not only in the stimulated area but in the association cortex too. This latter spindle, being kind of induced from the sensory areas, interacts with the spindles elicited by the direct electrical stimulation on the association cortex.", "contents": "[Interaction between spindles evoked by electric stimulation of different regions of the cerebral cortex]. In unanesthetized immobilized cats, under repeated administration of small doses of nembutal (2-3 mg/kg), connections between the projection and the parietal associatition cortical areas was studied as well as the interaction between spindles elicited by stimulation of these areas. Stimulation of the primary sensory areas (auditory or somatosensory) was shown to be able to elicit spindles not only in the stimulated area but in the association cortex too. This latter spindle, being kind of induced from the sensory areas, interacts with the spindles elicited by the direct electrical stimulation on the association cortex.", "PMID": 832748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_177", "title": "[Response of neurons of the anterior and posterior regions of the hypothalamus to stimulation of the vagus and sciatic nerves and photic stimulation].", "content": "Evoked activity of single units in anterior and posterior hypothalamus to vagal, sciatic nerves, and photic stimulation was studied in anesthetized and immobilized cats. The responsiveness of neurons of the posterior hypothalamus was 66, 77 and 37% to vagal, sciatic nerves and photic stimulation, respectively, and of the anterior hypothalamus -- 47, 62 and 48%. Vagal stimulation was found to be the more effective for units of the posterior hypothalamus. Responses of units to a flash prevailed in the anterior hypothalamus. 78% of convergence of viscero-somatic afferentation on neurons of the posterior hypothalamus and 62% -- on anterior hypothalamic neurons, were revealed. The responses to all kinds of afferent stimuli were phasic and of excitatory character. Possible role and mechanisms of vagal interoceptive activation of hypothalamic units are discussed.", "contents": "[Response of neurons of the anterior and posterior regions of the hypothalamus to stimulation of the vagus and sciatic nerves and photic stimulation]. Evoked activity of single units in anterior and posterior hypothalamus to vagal, sciatic nerves, and photic stimulation was studied in anesthetized and immobilized cats. The responsiveness of neurons of the posterior hypothalamus was 66, 77 and 37% to vagal, sciatic nerves and photic stimulation, respectively, and of the anterior hypothalamus -- 47, 62 and 48%. Vagal stimulation was found to be the more effective for units of the posterior hypothalamus. Responses of units to a flash prevailed in the anterior hypothalamus. 78% of convergence of viscero-somatic afferentation on neurons of the posterior hypothalamus and 62% -- on anterior hypothalamic neurons, were revealed. The responses to all kinds of afferent stimuli were phasic and of excitatory character. Possible role and mechanisms of vagal interoceptive activation of hypothalamic units are discussed.", "PMID": 832749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_178", "title": "[Rhythmic activity of individual elements of the isolated carp retina].", "content": "At the level of photoreceptor, bipolar and ganglion cells of the carp isolated retina displayed intracellular oscillations of two types: with frequency of about 6-12 Hz, continuously generated in darkness, suppressed by light and slowly recovering, and oscillations with frequency of about 20-50 Hz, observed during swithching on and off of light. The latter are components of responses to light of bipolar, amacrine, and ganglion cells. Possible role of different structures of the retina in generation of rhythmic potentials, and their functional significance are discussed.", "contents": "[Rhythmic activity of individual elements of the isolated carp retina]. At the level of photoreceptor, bipolar and ganglion cells of the carp isolated retina displayed intracellular oscillations of two types: with frequency of about 6-12 Hz, continuously generated in darkness, suppressed by light and slowly recovering, and oscillations with frequency of about 20-50 Hz, observed during swithching on and off of light. The latter are components of responses to light of bipolar, amacrine, and ganglion cells. Possible role of different structures of the retina in generation of rhythmic potentials, and their functional significance are discussed.", "PMID": 832751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_179", "title": "[Noradrenaline-H3 uptake by isolated rat organs with active and blockaded adrenoreceptors].", "content": "The beta-adrenoreceptor blocking agent propranolol was shown to activate noradrenaline-N3 absorption by the rat isolated organs by 30-180%. The alpha-adrenoreceptor blocking agent phentolamine only activated by 30-55% the noradrenaline-N3 absorption in the organs possessing the postsynaptic alpha-adrenoreceptors (ductus semen, spleen and amsll intestine). The beta-adrenoreceptor activator isopropylnoradrenaline decreased the intensity of noradrenaline-N3 absorption in all the organs by 15-50%. The alpha-adrenoreceptor activating agents (urine and mesaton) only depressed the noradrenaline-N3 absorption by 20-45% in the organs possessing postsynaptic alpha-adrenoreceptors. The data obtained suggest existence of reverse transsynaptic regulatory effects via adrenoreceptors of the cell-effector on the processes of noradrenaline absorption by adrenergic neuron.", "contents": "[Noradrenaline-H3 uptake by isolated rat organs with active and blockaded adrenoreceptors]. The beta-adrenoreceptor blocking agent propranolol was shown to activate noradrenaline-N3 absorption by the rat isolated organs by 30-180%. The alpha-adrenoreceptor blocking agent phentolamine only activated by 30-55% the noradrenaline-N3 absorption in the organs possessing the postsynaptic alpha-adrenoreceptors (ductus semen, spleen and amsll intestine). The beta-adrenoreceptor activator isopropylnoradrenaline decreased the intensity of noradrenaline-N3 absorption in all the organs by 15-50%. The alpha-adrenoreceptor activating agents (urine and mesaton) only depressed the noradrenaline-N3 absorption by 20-45% in the organs possessing postsynaptic alpha-adrenoreceptors. The data obtained suggest existence of reverse transsynaptic regulatory effects via adrenoreceptors of the cell-effector on the processes of noradrenaline absorption by adrenergic neuron.", "PMID": 832753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_180", "title": "[Bioelectrical activity and automatic properties of different parts of a two-chambered heart].", "content": "Two pacemakers localized in sinoatrial and atrioventricular valves were revealed in the tench heart. In their absence, the ventricular and sometimes the atrial myocardium are capable of initiating the automaticity. Pacemaker's cells of the sinoatrial valve are surrounded by specific area similar to sinoauricular ring in amphibia or sino-caval region in mammals. Characteristics of the action potential in different parts of the tench heart are presented.", "contents": "[Bioelectrical activity and automatic properties of different parts of a two-chambered heart]. Two pacemakers localized in sinoatrial and atrioventricular valves were revealed in the tench heart. In their absence, the ventricular and sometimes the atrial myocardium are capable of initiating the automaticity. Pacemaker's cells of the sinoatrial valve are surrounded by specific area similar to sinoauricular ring in amphibia or sino-caval region in mammals. Characteristics of the action potential in different parts of the tench heart are presented.", "PMID": 832754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_181", "title": "[Vasomotor reactions of the pulmonary circulation upon hypothalamic stimulation].", "content": "The blood flow in the lung lobe perfused under constant pressure was recorded with photoelectric drop recorder in acute closed-chest experiments in anesthetized dogs. Stimulation of supraoptic and lateral mamillary nuclei in most cases decreased flow rate and increased vascular resistance in perfused pulmonary lobe, while stimulation of sympatho-inhibitory area exerted opposite effect. Bilateral vagotomy and administration of atropin and inderal did not block the lesser circulation responses to the hypothalamic stimulation. However, phentolamine and bilateral ablation of stellate and upper thoracic ganglia eliminated chnages of blood flow and vascular resistance in the perfused lobe. The data obtained suggest that stimulation of some hypothalamic areas evoke obvious vasomotor responses in the lesser circulation and that these responses occur mainly through alpha-adrenergic sympathetic innervation of pulmonary vessels.", "contents": "[Vasomotor reactions of the pulmonary circulation upon hypothalamic stimulation]. The blood flow in the lung lobe perfused under constant pressure was recorded with photoelectric drop recorder in acute closed-chest experiments in anesthetized dogs. Stimulation of supraoptic and lateral mamillary nuclei in most cases decreased flow rate and increased vascular resistance in perfused pulmonary lobe, while stimulation of sympatho-inhibitory area exerted opposite effect. Bilateral vagotomy and administration of atropin and inderal did not block the lesser circulation responses to the hypothalamic stimulation. However, phentolamine and bilateral ablation of stellate and upper thoracic ganglia eliminated chnages of blood flow and vascular resistance in the perfused lobe. The data obtained suggest that stimulation of some hypothalamic areas evoke obvious vasomotor responses in the lesser circulation and that these responses occur mainly through alpha-adrenergic sympathetic innervation of pulmonary vessels.", "PMID": 832755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_182", "title": "The effect of cortisone on protein breakdown and synthesis in rat skeletal muscle.", "content": "The effect of cortisone administration on the rates of muscle protein breakdown and synthesis has been studied in the rat extensor digitorum longus muscle. Cortisone acetate (100 mg/kg body weight/day) was administered intraperitoneally for 1--3 days. Muscle wieght and protein content were significantly reduced by cortisone administration. Rates of protein breakdown were measured by tyrosine release from the isolated muscle into the intracellular pool and medium during a 2-h incubation with cycloheximide to block protein synthesis. Rates of protein synthesis were assayed by [14C]tyrosine incorporation into protein of the isolated muscle during a 2-h incubation. Cortisone administration inhibited significantly the rate of protein synthesis after 1--3 days treatment and also reduced significantly the rate of protein breakdown per muscle after 3 days treatment. The synthesis of myofibrillar and soluble proteins was affected to the same extent. These results strongly suggest that the effect of cortisone administration on muscle protein is mainly through its inhibition of protein synthesis rather than through an acceleration of protein breakdown.", "contents": "The effect of cortisone on protein breakdown and synthesis in rat skeletal muscle. The effect of cortisone administration on the rates of muscle protein breakdown and synthesis has been studied in the rat extensor digitorum longus muscle. Cortisone acetate (100 mg/kg body weight/day) was administered intraperitoneally for 1--3 days. Muscle wieght and protein content were significantly reduced by cortisone administration. Rates of protein breakdown were measured by tyrosine release from the isolated muscle into the intracellular pool and medium during a 2-h incubation with cycloheximide to block protein synthesis. Rates of protein synthesis were assayed by [14C]tyrosine incorporation into protein of the isolated muscle during a 2-h incubation. Cortisone administration inhibited significantly the rate of protein synthesis after 1--3 days treatment and also reduced significantly the rate of protein breakdown per muscle after 3 days treatment. The synthesis of myofibrillar and soluble proteins was affected to the same extent. These results strongly suggest that the effect of cortisone administration on muscle protein is mainly through its inhibition of protein synthesis rather than through an acceleration of protein breakdown.", "PMID": 832761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_183", "title": "Partial reduction with dithiothreitol of disulfide bonds in human chorionic gonadotropin.", "content": "Of the eleven disulfide bonds of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), two were reduced with a 10-fold molar excess of dithiothreitol (DTT) relative to hormone. An S-carboxymethyl (SCM) derivative and a reoxidized product of this reduced hCG retained full biologic activity and were likely to be immunologically identical with native hCG. These two disulfide bonds appeared to be located in the alpha-subunit of the hormone. A 40-fold molar excess of DTT was required to reduce the third disulfide bond which was located in the beta-subunit. An SCM derivative ot this hexa-SH-hCG was only one fifth as biologically active as native hCG but its immunologic activity was only slightly decreased. However, its reoxidized product exhibited over 70% of the biologic activity of and it had nearly the same immunologic activity as the hormone. Reduction of a fourth disulfide bond, probably in the beta-subunit, by a 100-fold molar excess of the reagent was accompanied by considerable alterations in the hormone conformation as evidenced by electrophoresis. The resulting SCM derivatives as well as reoxidized products showed progressive decreases in biologic and immunologic activity and both reduced deca-SCM-hCG and a reoxidized product of deca-SH-hCG were virtually devoid of biologic activity. These findings suggest that the two first-reduced disulfide bonds, apparently in the alpha-subunit, are not important to the biologic activity of the hormone and that the third-reduced disulfide bond, probably in the beta-subunit, is very important in maintaining a biologically active conformation of the hormone. Further disulfide reduction appears to result in considerable alterations in the general conformation of the hormone, including disulfide interchange.", "contents": "Partial reduction with dithiothreitol of disulfide bonds in human chorionic gonadotropin. Of the eleven disulfide bonds of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), two were reduced with a 10-fold molar excess of dithiothreitol (DTT) relative to hormone. An S-carboxymethyl (SCM) derivative and a reoxidized product of this reduced hCG retained full biologic activity and were likely to be immunologically identical with native hCG. These two disulfide bonds appeared to be located in the alpha-subunit of the hormone. A 40-fold molar excess of DTT was required to reduce the third disulfide bond which was located in the beta-subunit. An SCM derivative ot this hexa-SH-hCG was only one fifth as biologically active as native hCG but its immunologic activity was only slightly decreased. However, its reoxidized product exhibited over 70% of the biologic activity of and it had nearly the same immunologic activity as the hormone. Reduction of a fourth disulfide bond, probably in the beta-subunit, by a 100-fold molar excess of the reagent was accompanied by considerable alterations in the hormone conformation as evidenced by electrophoresis. The resulting SCM derivatives as well as reoxidized products showed progressive decreases in biologic and immunologic activity and both reduced deca-SCM-hCG and a reoxidized product of deca-SH-hCG were virtually devoid of biologic activity. These findings suggest that the two first-reduced disulfide bonds, apparently in the alpha-subunit, are not important to the biologic activity of the hormone and that the third-reduced disulfide bond, probably in the beta-subunit, is very important in maintaining a biologically active conformation of the hormone. Further disulfide reduction appears to result in considerable alterations in the general conformation of the hormone, including disulfide interchange.", "PMID": 832762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_184", "title": "Effect of testosterone propionate on ABP levels in rats hypophysectomised at different ages using individual sampling.", "content": "The effect of age at hypophysectomy on the response of the regressed rat testis to testosterone propionate (TP) and FSH with respect to androgen-binding protein (ABP) levels was studied in individual animals. All treatments were begun 30 days after surgery. Treatment of rats 35, 45, 55 and 75 days of age at surgery with TP (1 mg/260 g for 25 days) significantly increased the level of ABP in the testes of animals in all age groups except those hypophysectomized at 35 days of age. TP treatment did not significantly elevate epididymal levels of ABP above those found in untreated rats in any age group. In animals hypophysectomized at 100 days of age, acute treatment (3 days) with FSH (150 and 300 mug/day) significantly increases the ABP levels per testis and per epididymis. Similar treatment with 750 mug TP/day did not result in a statistically significant increase in testicular ABP. No synergism between the two hormones was noted under the conditions described. Significant restoration of testicular ABP levels per mg protein was achieved with 1 mg TP/day by 5 days of treatment. Treatment of hypophysectomized adult rats with FSH raised the epididymal/testicular ratio of ABP to about 40% of that found in intact rats while comparable treatment with TP (750 mug/day for 3 days or 1 mg/day for 10 days) only slightly affected the ratio. It is postulated that FSH may facilitate ABP transport to the epididymis in addition to affecting its production by the testis.", "contents": "Effect of testosterone propionate on ABP levels in rats hypophysectomised at different ages using individual sampling. The effect of age at hypophysectomy on the response of the regressed rat testis to testosterone propionate (TP) and FSH with respect to androgen-binding protein (ABP) levels was studied in individual animals. All treatments were begun 30 days after surgery. Treatment of rats 35, 45, 55 and 75 days of age at surgery with TP (1 mg/260 g for 25 days) significantly increased the level of ABP in the testes of animals in all age groups except those hypophysectomized at 35 days of age. TP treatment did not significantly elevate epididymal levels of ABP above those found in untreated rats in any age group. In animals hypophysectomized at 100 days of age, acute treatment (3 days) with FSH (150 and 300 mug/day) significantly increases the ABP levels per testis and per epididymis. Similar treatment with 750 mug TP/day did not result in a statistically significant increase in testicular ABP. No synergism between the two hormones was noted under the conditions described. Significant restoration of testicular ABP levels per mg protein was achieved with 1 mg TP/day by 5 days of treatment. Treatment of hypophysectomized adult rats with FSH raised the epididymal/testicular ratio of ABP to about 40% of that found in intact rats while comparable treatment with TP (750 mug/day for 3 days or 1 mg/day for 10 days) only slightly affected the ratio. It is postulated that FSH may facilitate ABP transport to the epididymis in addition to affecting its production by the testis.", "PMID": 832763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_185", "title": "Human somatomedin A and longitudinal bone growth in the hypophysectomized rat.", "content": "A somatomedin A preparation, when given at total doses of 14 and 70 U did not increase the longitudinal bone growth in hypophysectomized rats. Growth hormone (WHO) significantly increased the longitudinal bone growth.", "contents": "Human somatomedin A and longitudinal bone growth in the hypophysectomized rat. A somatomedin A preparation, when given at total doses of 14 and 70 U did not increase the longitudinal bone growth in hypophysectomized rats. Growth hormone (WHO) significantly increased the longitudinal bone growth.", "PMID": 832764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_186", "title": "The effects of sex-steroids on the synthesis of uterine non-histone proteins.", "content": "Newly synthesized non-histone proteins (NHP) labelled with [35S] methionine were isolated from uterine epithelium and stroma after different hormone treatments and examined by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels. Progesterone increased the proportion of basic NHP in the epithelium. This effect was detectable within 4 h and was maintained unchanged after oestrogen stimulation, which increased the synthesis of all classes of NHP. The proportion of basic NHP was higher in the untreated stroma than in the epithelium. Progesterone pretreatment did not increase the proportion of basic NHP in the stroma but prevented the increase in the more acidic NHP which followed treatment with oestrogen alone. The tendency to synthesize a higher proportion of basic NHP did not in any way correlate with the tissue's proliferative status.", "contents": "The effects of sex-steroids on the synthesis of uterine non-histone proteins. Newly synthesized non-histone proteins (NHP) labelled with [35S] methionine were isolated from uterine epithelium and stroma after different hormone treatments and examined by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels. Progesterone increased the proportion of basic NHP in the epithelium. This effect was detectable within 4 h and was maintained unchanged after oestrogen stimulation, which increased the synthesis of all classes of NHP. The proportion of basic NHP was higher in the untreated stroma than in the epithelium. Progesterone pretreatment did not increase the proportion of basic NHP in the stroma but prevented the increase in the more acidic NHP which followed treatment with oestrogen alone. The tendency to synthesize a higher proportion of basic NHP did not in any way correlate with the tissue's proliferative status.", "PMID": 832765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_187", "title": "Evidence that abnormal myoelectrical activity produces colonic motor dysfunction in the irritable bowel syndrome.", "content": "Although the irritable bowel syndrome is characterized as an abnormality in colonic motor activity occurring in response to certain stimuli, the etiology of this disorder is unclear. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship of altered slow wave activity and the abnormal motility of the distal colon seen in patients with the irritable bowel syndrome. Myoelectrical activity was recorded using a bipolar electrode clipped to the distal colonic mucosa and motor activity was measured by perfused catheters. Colonic slow waves and contractions were present at two frequencies, 6 and 3 cycles per min. The slow wave frequency seemed to determine the frequency of colonic motor activity. Patients with the irritable bowel syndrome had increased 3-cycle per min slow wave activity in the basal state (P less than 0.001). However, no difference in basal 3-cycle per min motor activity was present between the two groups (P greater than 0.05). When colonic motor activity was increased with cholecystokinin or pentagastrin, patients with irritable bowel syndrome showed a marked increase in 3-cycle per min contractile activity, occurring simultaneously with 3-cycle per min slow wave activity. These studies suggest that increased colonic 3-cycle per min slow wave activity in patients with the irritable bowel syndrome may be the basic abnormality that leads to colonic motor dysfunction in response to various physiological stimuli.", "contents": "Evidence that abnormal myoelectrical activity produces colonic motor dysfunction in the irritable bowel syndrome. Although the irritable bowel syndrome is characterized as an abnormality in colonic motor activity occurring in response to certain stimuli, the etiology of this disorder is unclear. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship of altered slow wave activity and the abnormal motility of the distal colon seen in patients with the irritable bowel syndrome. Myoelectrical activity was recorded using a bipolar electrode clipped to the distal colonic mucosa and motor activity was measured by perfused catheters. Colonic slow waves and contractions were present at two frequencies, 6 and 3 cycles per min. The slow wave frequency seemed to determine the frequency of colonic motor activity. Patients with the irritable bowel syndrome had increased 3-cycle per min slow wave activity in the basal state (P less than 0.001). However, no difference in basal 3-cycle per min motor activity was present between the two groups (P greater than 0.05). When colonic motor activity was increased with cholecystokinin or pentagastrin, patients with irritable bowel syndrome showed a marked increase in 3-cycle per min contractile activity, occurring simultaneously with 3-cycle per min slow wave activity. These studies suggest that increased colonic 3-cycle per min slow wave activity in patients with the irritable bowel syndrome may be the basic abnormality that leads to colonic motor dysfunction in response to various physiological stimuli.", "PMID": 832784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_188", "title": "Regional intestinal blood flow in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.", "content": "By means of a recently developed isotope washout technique, regional intestinal blood flow and its intramural distribution were determined during surgery and correlated to the morphological inflammatory and vascular features of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) at different stages and location. In severe colitis total blood flow was significantly increased (64 +/- 9 ml per min X 100 g; mean +/- SE; n = 13) both in UC and CD, the mucosal-submucosal blood flow amounting to 121 +/- 25 ml per min X 100 g (n = 7). The muscularis blood flow was within normal range (18 +/- 10; n = 7), however. In chronic long-standing quiescent or inactive UC, in \"healed colitis,\" and in chronic segmental colitis (CD), colonic blood flow was normal or even reduced (13 +/- 2; n = 8), the decrease in flow comprising both the mucosa-submucosa (21 +/- 3; n = 3) and the muscularis (7 +/- 3; n = 3). In early exudative stage of CD in the ileum total blood flow was normal (26 +/- 5; n = 7) with a normal mucosal-submucosal blood flow (35 +/- 5; n = 3). In late fibrosing stage total blood flow was reduced (11 +/- 1; n = 6) as was the mucosal-submucosal flow (10 +/- 4; n = 3). The muscularis blood flow was reduced in both these stages of ileal CD (7 +/- 1; n = 6). There was a satisfactory agreement between the obtained blood flow figures and the morphologically observed vascular pattern.", "contents": "Regional intestinal blood flow in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. By means of a recently developed isotope washout technique, regional intestinal blood flow and its intramural distribution were determined during surgery and correlated to the morphological inflammatory and vascular features of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) at different stages and location. In severe colitis total blood flow was significantly increased (64 +/- 9 ml per min X 100 g; mean +/- SE; n = 13) both in UC and CD, the mucosal-submucosal blood flow amounting to 121 +/- 25 ml per min X 100 g (n = 7). The muscularis blood flow was within normal range (18 +/- 10; n = 7), however. In chronic long-standing quiescent or inactive UC, in \"healed colitis,\" and in chronic segmental colitis (CD), colonic blood flow was normal or even reduced (13 +/- 2; n = 8), the decrease in flow comprising both the mucosa-submucosa (21 +/- 3; n = 3) and the muscularis (7 +/- 3; n = 3). In early exudative stage of CD in the ileum total blood flow was normal (26 +/- 5; n = 7) with a normal mucosal-submucosal blood flow (35 +/- 5; n = 3). In late fibrosing stage total blood flow was reduced (11 +/- 1; n = 6) as was the mucosal-submucosal flow (10 +/- 4; n = 3). The muscularis blood flow was reduced in both these stages of ileal CD (7 +/- 1; n = 6). There was a satisfactory agreement between the obtained blood flow figures and the morphologically observed vascular pattern.", "PMID": 832785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_189", "title": "Studies of the duodenal and fecal flora in gastrointestinal disorders during treatment with an elemental diet.", "content": "The duodenal and fecal flora were studied in 18 patients suffering from gastrointestinal disorders during treatment with an elemental diet (Vivasorb). Before treatment the duodenal flora was found to be abnormal in 6 of 17 patients. After treatment the flora remained abnormal in 2, whereas, it became normal in 4 patients, 3 of whom were suffering from ulcerative colitis. The fecal flora was uninfluenced by the diet. The overall number of colonies per gram of dry feces did not vary significantly, whether anaerobic or aerobic. The ratio of anaerobes to aerobes was significantly changed in only 3 patients. There was no correlation between changes in the duodenal and the fecal flora, on the other hand, and the final clinical result of treatment with elemental diet on the other hand. On an average, daily fecal output remained unchanged. In several cases the volume either increased or decreased, but the fecal flora was unchanged. The findings are in agreement with those made in most of the earlier studies of healthy volunteers and in one study of a patient who was suffering from ulcerative colitis.", "contents": "Studies of the duodenal and fecal flora in gastrointestinal disorders during treatment with an elemental diet. The duodenal and fecal flora were studied in 18 patients suffering from gastrointestinal disorders during treatment with an elemental diet (Vivasorb). Before treatment the duodenal flora was found to be abnormal in 6 of 17 patients. After treatment the flora remained abnormal in 2, whereas, it became normal in 4 patients, 3 of whom were suffering from ulcerative colitis. The fecal flora was uninfluenced by the diet. The overall number of colonies per gram of dry feces did not vary significantly, whether anaerobic or aerobic. The ratio of anaerobes to aerobes was significantly changed in only 3 patients. There was no correlation between changes in the duodenal and the fecal flora, on the other hand, and the final clinical result of treatment with elemental diet on the other hand. On an average, daily fecal output remained unchanged. In several cases the volume either increased or decreased, but the fecal flora was unchanged. The findings are in agreement with those made in most of the earlier studies of healthy volunteers and in one study of a patient who was suffering from ulcerative colitis.", "PMID": 832786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_190", "title": "Invasion of small intestinal mucosa by Giardia lamblia in man.", "content": "The mucosal biopsies from duodenum and jejunum of 31 patients showing Giardia lamblia in their feces were studied histologically. Although the trophozoites were found in all the biopsy specimens in the luman, the tissue invasion by the parasites in different stages, from their entry through the epithelium to the lamina propria could be demonstrated in 12 of them, all of the latter having diarrhea and steaterrhea. Varying histological changes in jejunal mucosa were also observed in 9 cases, of which 7 showed mucosal invasion by giardia trophozoites. In 17 of the series neither tissue invasion by the parasite nor mucosal change could be found.", "contents": "Invasion of small intestinal mucosa by Giardia lamblia in man. The mucosal biopsies from duodenum and jejunum of 31 patients showing Giardia lamblia in their feces were studied histologically. Although the trophozoites were found in all the biopsy specimens in the luman, the tissue invasion by the parasites in different stages, from their entry through the epithelium to the lamina propria could be demonstrated in 12 of them, all of the latter having diarrhea and steaterrhea. Varying histological changes in jejunal mucosa were also observed in 9 cases, of which 7 showed mucosal invasion by giardia trophozoites. In 17 of the series neither tissue invasion by the parasite nor mucosal change could be found.", "PMID": 832787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_191", "title": "Estimation of fat absorption from single fecal specimens using 131I-triolein and 75Se-triether. A study in rats with and without induced steatorrhea.", "content": "The simultaneous use of 131I-triolein and 75Se-triether, a nonabsorbable marker, in a single oral dose to estimate fat absorption from incomplete fecal collections was tested in rats with and without induced steatorrhea. The results in normal rats showed that analysis of single stool samples allows a valid estimate of fat absorption as defined by the balance study based on the total fecal recovery of 131I. However, in the few normal rats with poor absorption, the absorption values from successively excreted stools showed a tendency to increase. Similar findings were obtained from biliary fistula rats with marked steatorrhea. No evidence of different intestinal transit rates of test fat and marker was observed in bile-diverted rats, thus suggesting that the observed inconsistency in fat absorption values from different stool specimens reflects intraprandial differences in the absorption of fat. Studies on rats subjected to intestinal ischemia do not support the suggestion of others that separation of fat and triether will occur if a mucosal defect is involved as the cause of fat malabsorption. It is concluded that this dual isotope technique may be of value in the clinical estimation of fat absorption, as it offers important technical advantages over conventional fat balance studies.", "contents": "Estimation of fat absorption from single fecal specimens using 131I-triolein and 75Se-triether. A study in rats with and without induced steatorrhea. The simultaneous use of 131I-triolein and 75Se-triether, a nonabsorbable marker, in a single oral dose to estimate fat absorption from incomplete fecal collections was tested in rats with and without induced steatorrhea. The results in normal rats showed that analysis of single stool samples allows a valid estimate of fat absorption as defined by the balance study based on the total fecal recovery of 131I. However, in the few normal rats with poor absorption, the absorption values from successively excreted stools showed a tendency to increase. Similar findings were obtained from biliary fistula rats with marked steatorrhea. No evidence of different intestinal transit rates of test fat and marker was observed in bile-diverted rats, thus suggesting that the observed inconsistency in fat absorption values from different stool specimens reflects intraprandial differences in the absorption of fat. Studies on rats subjected to intestinal ischemia do not support the suggestion of others that separation of fat and triether will occur if a mucosal defect is involved as the cause of fat malabsorption. It is concluded that this dual isotope technique may be of value in the clinical estimation of fat absorption, as it offers important technical advantages over conventional fat balance studies.", "PMID": 832788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_192", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of motilin in man.", "content": "The study provides pharmacokinetic data for exogenous synthetic and endogenous natural motilin in man. Synthetic 13-norleucine-motilin was infused into 6 healthy volunteers at a dose of 0.6 and 2.4 (pmoles per kg) per min over 60 min and plasma motilin was measured by radioimmunoassay. During the infusions mean plasma levels of 124.8 +/- 14.8 and 360 +/- 19.6 pmoles per liter, respectively, were achieved. Disappearance half-time on stopping the infusion was 4.36 min. The apparent volume of distribution was calculated to be 49.4 +/- 3.3 ml per kg, and the metabolic clearance rate was 7.8 +/- 0.5 (ml per kg) per min. To measure the decay of endogenous motilin somatostatin was used in the same 6 subjects. A bolus of 100 mug and a subsequent 15-min infusion of 15 mug per min of somatostatin suppressed the fasting motilin level by 50%. The disappearance half-time was 4.56 min. It is concluded that both synthetic and endogenous motilin are eliminated by first order kinetics with very similar half-times. Our data also suggest that the previously reported motilin infusions at these dose levels gave plasma concentrations within the physiological range and that the effects noted may thus have reflected the physiological actions of motilin.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of motilin in man. The study provides pharmacokinetic data for exogenous synthetic and endogenous natural motilin in man. Synthetic 13-norleucine-motilin was infused into 6 healthy volunteers at a dose of 0.6 and 2.4 (pmoles per kg) per min over 60 min and plasma motilin was measured by radioimmunoassay. During the infusions mean plasma levels of 124.8 +/- 14.8 and 360 +/- 19.6 pmoles per liter, respectively, were achieved. Disappearance half-time on stopping the infusion was 4.36 min. The apparent volume of distribution was calculated to be 49.4 +/- 3.3 ml per kg, and the metabolic clearance rate was 7.8 +/- 0.5 (ml per kg) per min. To measure the decay of endogenous motilin somatostatin was used in the same 6 subjects. A bolus of 100 mug and a subsequent 15-min infusion of 15 mug per min of somatostatin suppressed the fasting motilin level by 50%. The disappearance half-time was 4.56 min. It is concluded that both synthetic and endogenous motilin are eliminated by first order kinetics with very similar half-times. Our data also suggest that the previously reported motilin infusions at these dose levels gave plasma concentrations within the physiological range and that the effects noted may thus have reflected the physiological actions of motilin.", "PMID": 832789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_193", "title": "Discharge of newly synthesized proteins in pure juice collected from the human pancreas. Indication of more than one pool of intracellular digestive enzymes.", "content": "The pancreatic secretion of 6 normal human volunteers was collected by endoscopic cannulation of the main pancreatic duct. The appearance of newly synthesized proteins was monitored at 1-min intervals after labeling with [75Se]methionine. The minimum transit time of these proteins from their site of synthesis to the acinar lumen was 36 +/- 8 min. Stimulation of protein secretion by a rapid intravenous injection of caerulein (40 ng per kg), 1 hr after [75Se]methionine administration, greatly decreased (by 73% on an average) the specific radioactivity of the discharged proteins. These data support the concept of a functional heterogeneity of proteins secreted by the human pancreas.", "contents": "Discharge of newly synthesized proteins in pure juice collected from the human pancreas. Indication of more than one pool of intracellular digestive enzymes. The pancreatic secretion of 6 normal human volunteers was collected by endoscopic cannulation of the main pancreatic duct. The appearance of newly synthesized proteins was monitored at 1-min intervals after labeling with [75Se]methionine. The minimum transit time of these proteins from their site of synthesis to the acinar lumen was 36 +/- 8 min. Stimulation of protein secretion by a rapid intravenous injection of caerulein (40 ng per kg), 1 hr after [75Se]methionine administration, greatly decreased (by 73% on an average) the specific radioactivity of the discharged proteins. These data support the concept of a functional heterogeneity of proteins secreted by the human pancreas.", "PMID": 832790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_194", "title": "Effect of small bowel resection on the gastric mucosa in the rat.", "content": "Male Sprague-Dawley rats (120 to 130 gm), unoperated, sham-operated, and those with a 50% resection of the proximal small intestine, were studied after periods of 3, 6, 9, or 12 months. Differences in body weight and in the surface area, thickness, volume, and cellular content of the gastric mucosa between these three groups of animals were compared and statistically analyzed. After an initial loss in body weight, animals with small bowel resection and sham-operated animals attained weights equivalent to unoperated controls. Comparison of the groups for mucosal surface areas of the body of the stomachs showed no significant differences at the 3-, 6-, or 9-month periods. However, 12 months after surgery, the mucosal surface area of stomachs from resected animals was significantly greater than in corresponding controls. At 3, 6, and 9 months after resection, the thickness and volume of the gastric mucosa and the epithelial cell populations (parietal and nonparietal) of the gastric glands were significantly greater than in controls. However, at 12 months, there was no significant difference in any of these parameters between the controls and the experimental animals. The DNA content of the gastric mucosa was significantly greater for animals with small bowel resection than for corresponding controls at 1 and 6 months after surgery. It is concluded that hyperplasia of the gastric glands exists for at least 9 months after proximal small bowel resection in the rat. This hyperplastic response may be responsible for the previously observed (N Engl J Med 272:509-514, 1965; Surgery 65:292-297, 1969) gastric hypersecretion associated with extensive small bowel resection.", "contents": "Effect of small bowel resection on the gastric mucosa in the rat. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (120 to 130 gm), unoperated, sham-operated, and those with a 50% resection of the proximal small intestine, were studied after periods of 3, 6, 9, or 12 months. Differences in body weight and in the surface area, thickness, volume, and cellular content of the gastric mucosa between these three groups of animals were compared and statistically analyzed. After an initial loss in body weight, animals with small bowel resection and sham-operated animals attained weights equivalent to unoperated controls. Comparison of the groups for mucosal surface areas of the body of the stomachs showed no significant differences at the 3-, 6-, or 9-month periods. However, 12 months after surgery, the mucosal surface area of stomachs from resected animals was significantly greater than in corresponding controls. At 3, 6, and 9 months after resection, the thickness and volume of the gastric mucosa and the epithelial cell populations (parietal and nonparietal) of the gastric glands were significantly greater than in controls. However, at 12 months, there was no significant difference in any of these parameters between the controls and the experimental animals. The DNA content of the gastric mucosa was significantly greater for animals with small bowel resection than for corresponding controls at 1 and 6 months after surgery. It is concluded that hyperplasia of the gastric glands exists for at least 9 months after proximal small bowel resection in the rat. This hyperplastic response may be responsible for the previously observed (N Engl J Med 272:509-514, 1965; Surgery 65:292-297, 1969) gastric hypersecretion associated with extensive small bowel resection.", "PMID": 832791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_195", "title": "Duodenal-gastric reflux and slowed gastric emptying by electrical pacing of the canine duodenal pacesetter potential.", "content": "In 6 (10 to 12 kg) mongrel female dogs, silver electrodes for recording electrical activity and for pacing of pacesetter potentials (PP) were implanted on the stomach and duodenum and a catheter for intraluminal instillations was inserted into the duodenum. Beginning 2 weeks after operation, electrical recordings were made intermittently from the fasted, conscious dogs with no pacing and during pacing of the PP in the proximal and in the distal duodenum. A suspension of BaSO4 injected into the unpaced duodenum and observed cinefluoroscopically was swept quickly from the duodenum into the jejunum; little or none passed orad into the proximal duodenum, and BaSO4 rarely entered the stomach. Only 1 to 3% of a duodenal infusate of 154 mM NaCl with [14C] polyethylene glycol (2 ml per min) appeared in the stomach after 15 min. The results during proximal duodenal pacing were the same as with no pacing. However, distal duodenal pacing, which reversed the direction of propagation of the duodenal PP's, caused duodenal-gastric reflux of BaSO4 in every dog and forced about 30% of the duodenal infusate into the stomach during fasting and during gastric emptying of 400 ml of 154 mM NaCl; at the same time, the rate of emptying of the gastric instillate was slowed about 25%.", "contents": "Duodenal-gastric reflux and slowed gastric emptying by electrical pacing of the canine duodenal pacesetter potential. In 6 (10 to 12 kg) mongrel female dogs, silver electrodes for recording electrical activity and for pacing of pacesetter potentials (PP) were implanted on the stomach and duodenum and a catheter for intraluminal instillations was inserted into the duodenum. Beginning 2 weeks after operation, electrical recordings were made intermittently from the fasted, conscious dogs with no pacing and during pacing of the PP in the proximal and in the distal duodenum. A suspension of BaSO4 injected into the unpaced duodenum and observed cinefluoroscopically was swept quickly from the duodenum into the jejunum; little or none passed orad into the proximal duodenum, and BaSO4 rarely entered the stomach. Only 1 to 3% of a duodenal infusate of 154 mM NaCl with [14C] polyethylene glycol (2 ml per min) appeared in the stomach after 15 min. The results during proximal duodenal pacing were the same as with no pacing. However, distal duodenal pacing, which reversed the direction of propagation of the duodenal PP's, caused duodenal-gastric reflux of BaSO4 in every dog and forced about 30% of the duodenal infusate into the stomach during fasting and during gastric emptying of 400 ml of 154 mM NaCl; at the same time, the rate of emptying of the gastric instillate was slowed about 25%.", "PMID": 832792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_196", "title": "Sequential uptake of horseradish peroxidase by lymphoid follicle epithelium of Peyer's patches in the normal unobstructed mouse intestine: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "Membranous epithelial or \"M\" cells in lymphoid follicle epithelium of Peyer's patches extend between the adjacent columnar cells, forming a membrane separating lymphocytes in the epithelial cell layer from the intestinal lumen. They lack developed microvilli, glycocalyx, or terminal web but contain numerous vesicles. Transport of particles from ligated intestinal loops by such cells without evidence of further uptake of these particles by lymphocytes has been described by others. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP), an enzyme known to function orally and parenterally as a foreign protein antigen, was injected into the unligated intestines of fasted healthy 2-month-old white Swiss mice to determine if HRP would be absorbed in detectable quantities by M cells, and whether subsequent uptake of HRP by lymphocytes could be documented. At intervals from 1 to 60 min the most distal ileal Peyer's patch was fixed, removed, reacted with H2O2-3,3'-diaminobenzidine and examined by light and electron microscopy for HRP reaction product. At 1 min HRP adhered to surfaces of columnar cells and M cells and extended down into surface pits in the M cell. After 5 min HRP was found in vesicles of M cells but not in columnar cells. At 1 hr HRP was detected in the extracellular space between M cells and their enfolded lymphocytes, as well as in vesicles within these lymphocytes. Transport of intestinal luminal material by M cells with subsequent uptake by lymphocytes provides a specific route for antigen uptake into the intestinal lymphoid system.", "contents": "Sequential uptake of horseradish peroxidase by lymphoid follicle epithelium of Peyer's patches in the normal unobstructed mouse intestine: an ultrastructural study. Membranous epithelial or \"M\" cells in lymphoid follicle epithelium of Peyer's patches extend between the adjacent columnar cells, forming a membrane separating lymphocytes in the epithelial cell layer from the intestinal lumen. They lack developed microvilli, glycocalyx, or terminal web but contain numerous vesicles. Transport of particles from ligated intestinal loops by such cells without evidence of further uptake of these particles by lymphocytes has been described by others. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP), an enzyme known to function orally and parenterally as a foreign protein antigen, was injected into the unligated intestines of fasted healthy 2-month-old white Swiss mice to determine if HRP would be absorbed in detectable quantities by M cells, and whether subsequent uptake of HRP by lymphocytes could be documented. At intervals from 1 to 60 min the most distal ileal Peyer's patch was fixed, removed, reacted with H2O2-3,3'-diaminobenzidine and examined by light and electron microscopy for HRP reaction product. At 1 min HRP adhered to surfaces of columnar cells and M cells and extended down into surface pits in the M cell. After 5 min HRP was found in vesicles of M cells but not in columnar cells. At 1 hr HRP was detected in the extracellular space between M cells and their enfolded lymphocytes, as well as in vesicles within these lymphocytes. Transport of intestinal luminal material by M cells with subsequent uptake by lymphocytes provides a specific route for antigen uptake into the intestinal lymphoid system.", "PMID": 832793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_197", "title": "Transmissible gastroenteritis: sodium transport and the intestinal epithelium during the course of viral enteritis.", "content": "Sodium transport, mucosal structure, and epithelial enzymes were studied in piglets killed 10, 25, 40, 72, or 144 hr after infection with a standard dose of transmissible gastroenteritis virus. Glucose-stimulated Na transport measured in short-circuited jejunal epithelium and suspensions of villous enterocytes became progressively more abnormal during the first 40 hr, but recovered completely by 144 hr. As Na transport deteriorated, jejunal mucosal villi shortened and crypts deepened; cells isolated from the villi became more crypt-like in their enzyme profile, with high levels of thymidine kinase and low levels of sucrase activity 40 hr after infection. At 40 hr, when diarrhea is severe, little if any virus has been found in the epithelium. Our data suggest that the relatively undifferentiated crypt type enterocytes on the villi constitute an important determinant of altered Na transport and diarrhea in this invasive viral enteritis.", "contents": "Transmissible gastroenteritis: sodium transport and the intestinal epithelium during the course of viral enteritis. Sodium transport, mucosal structure, and epithelial enzymes were studied in piglets killed 10, 25, 40, 72, or 144 hr after infection with a standard dose of transmissible gastroenteritis virus. Glucose-stimulated Na transport measured in short-circuited jejunal epithelium and suspensions of villous enterocytes became progressively more abnormal during the first 40 hr, but recovered completely by 144 hr. As Na transport deteriorated, jejunal mucosal villi shortened and crypts deepened; cells isolated from the villi became more crypt-like in their enzyme profile, with high levels of thymidine kinase and low levels of sucrase activity 40 hr after infection. At 40 hr, when diarrhea is severe, little if any virus has been found in the epithelium. Our data suggest that the relatively undifferentiated crypt type enterocytes on the villi constitute an important determinant of altered Na transport and diarrhea in this invasive viral enteritis.", "PMID": 832794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_198", "title": "Effects of partial surgical pancreatectomy in rats. I. Pancreatic regeneration.", "content": "The capacity for pancreatic regeneration in male Wistar rats of average weight 176 g was determined after surgical resection of 50, 70, or 90% of the pancreas. In control animals of this weight pancreatic growth was still taking place but ceased after 2 months. Growth of the residual pancreas in resected animals over this period was greater than in controls and the final weight of the residual pancreas was 21, 32, and 78% greater than that of the corresponding segments in sham-operated animals after 50, 70, and 90% resection respectively. Proliferation of acinar cells was assayed by autoradiographic detection of tritiated thymidine incorporation in controls and after 90% resection. Proliferation of acinar cells in control animals during the first 2 weeks of the experiment was significantly higher than at later times when it fell to very low levels. Proliferation in 90% resected animals was markedly higher than in controls from 2 to 5 days after resection and, together with the limited hypertrophy occurring at this time, adequately accounted for the increase in weight of the residual pancreas during the first 2 weeks. We were unable to explain the increase in pancreatic weight in control or resected animals between 2 weeks and 2 months either in terms of hypertrophy or hyperplasia of acinar cells.", "contents": "Effects of partial surgical pancreatectomy in rats. I. Pancreatic regeneration. The capacity for pancreatic regeneration in male Wistar rats of average weight 176 g was determined after surgical resection of 50, 70, or 90% of the pancreas. In control animals of this weight pancreatic growth was still taking place but ceased after 2 months. Growth of the residual pancreas in resected animals over this period was greater than in controls and the final weight of the residual pancreas was 21, 32, and 78% greater than that of the corresponding segments in sham-operated animals after 50, 70, and 90% resection respectively. Proliferation of acinar cells was assayed by autoradiographic detection of tritiated thymidine incorporation in controls and after 90% resection. Proliferation of acinar cells in control animals during the first 2 weeks of the experiment was significantly higher than at later times when it fell to very low levels. Proliferation in 90% resected animals was markedly higher than in controls from 2 to 5 days after resection and, together with the limited hypertrophy occurring at this time, adequately accounted for the increase in weight of the residual pancreas during the first 2 weeks. We were unable to explain the increase in pancreatic weight in control or resected animals between 2 weeks and 2 months either in terms of hypertrophy or hyperplasia of acinar cells.", "PMID": 832795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_199", "title": "Plasma amino acid patterns in hepatic encephalopathy of differing etiology.", "content": "Plasma amino acids were measured in 18 patients with hepatic encephalopathy on a protein-restricted diet of 20 g or less daily. Plasma aminograms tended to group into two distinct patterns depending on the etiology of the patients' hepatic pathology. Patients with chronic liver disease with superimposed acute insults, i.e., gastrointestinal bleeding, infection, alcoholic hepatitis, had elevated levels of the aromatic amino acids, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, as well as methionine, glutamate, and aspartate, whereas levels of the branched chain amino acids, valine, leucine, and isoleucine, were consistently depressed. Those patients with previously normal livers and acute hepatic necrosis, i.e., \"fulminant hepatitis,\" had grossly elevated levels of all amino acids except the branched chain amino acids, which were normal. Elevations of amino acid levels in this patient group tended to correlate with extent of hepatic necrosis and hence had prognostic significance. Additionally, the different patterns seen in these two groups tend to suggest the indicated therapy as well as predict its efficacy.", "contents": "Plasma amino acid patterns in hepatic encephalopathy of differing etiology. Plasma amino acids were measured in 18 patients with hepatic encephalopathy on a protein-restricted diet of 20 g or less daily. Plasma aminograms tended to group into two distinct patterns depending on the etiology of the patients' hepatic pathology. Patients with chronic liver disease with superimposed acute insults, i.e., gastrointestinal bleeding, infection, alcoholic hepatitis, had elevated levels of the aromatic amino acids, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, as well as methionine, glutamate, and aspartate, whereas levels of the branched chain amino acids, valine, leucine, and isoleucine, were consistently depressed. Those patients with previously normal livers and acute hepatic necrosis, i.e., \"fulminant hepatitis,\" had grossly elevated levels of all amino acids except the branched chain amino acids, which were normal. Elevations of amino acid levels in this patient group tended to correlate with extent of hepatic necrosis and hence had prognostic significance. Additionally, the different patterns seen in these two groups tend to suggest the indicated therapy as well as predict its efficacy.", "PMID": 832796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_200", "title": "Study of an epidemic of jaundice, presumably due to toxic hepatitis, in Northwest India.", "content": "An epidemic of jaundice probably due to toxic hepatitis occurred in three adjoining districts of Northwest India during the period November and December, 1974. The dogs of the villages were affected first, then the human beings. Detailed clinical features, appropriate laboratory tests, and liver biopsies were studied. A retrospective epidemiological survey was carried out. The disease had a subacute onset starting with high fever, followed by rapidly progressive jaundice. Ascites appeared simultaneously and soon became quite massive. Hepatomegaly was recorded when ascites decreased. Liver function tests suggested cholestatic jaundice. The mortality rate in the hospital was 10%. Clinical features in dogs were similar, but mortality was almost 100%. Liver histology was characterized by (1) edema and collagenization of the central veins, never with thrombosis, (2) cholangiolar proliferation, (3) moderate to severe ballooning of the hepatocytes, (4) perisinusoidal fibrosis, (5) cholestasis, and finally, (6) cirrhosis with reverse lobulation. Etiology of this epidemic of hepatitis could not be unequivocally established. Critical analysis of the data suggests that some food toxin may have been a factor in the outbreak of this unusual epidemic of toxic hepatitis.", "contents": "Study of an epidemic of jaundice, presumably due to toxic hepatitis, in Northwest India. An epidemic of jaundice probably due to toxic hepatitis occurred in three adjoining districts of Northwest India during the period November and December, 1974. The dogs of the villages were affected first, then the human beings. Detailed clinical features, appropriate laboratory tests, and liver biopsies were studied. A retrospective epidemiological survey was carried out. The disease had a subacute onset starting with high fever, followed by rapidly progressive jaundice. Ascites appeared simultaneously and soon became quite massive. Hepatomegaly was recorded when ascites decreased. Liver function tests suggested cholestatic jaundice. The mortality rate in the hospital was 10%. Clinical features in dogs were similar, but mortality was almost 100%. Liver histology was characterized by (1) edema and collagenization of the central veins, never with thrombosis, (2) cholangiolar proliferation, (3) moderate to severe ballooning of the hepatocytes, (4) perisinusoidal fibrosis, (5) cholestasis, and finally, (6) cirrhosis with reverse lobulation. Etiology of this epidemic of hepatitis could not be unequivocally established. Critical analysis of the data suggests that some food toxin may have been a factor in the outbreak of this unusual epidemic of toxic hepatitis.", "PMID": 832797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_201", "title": "Pigment versus cholesterol cholelithiasis: identification and quantification by infrared spectroscopy.", "content": "We previously reported that 27% of 92 cholecystectomized patients had pigment stones (Am J Dig Dis 19:585-590, 1974). Using standard biochemical methods, we found that cholesterol accounted for an average of 77% of the dry weight of cholesterol stones, but that unconjugated bilirubin represented a mean of only 7% of pigment stones. This quantitation of pigment stones was limited because approximately 66% of their weight was insoluble. To characterize pigment and cholesterol stone composition further, we used infrared spectroscopy--a technique requiring neither crystallinity nor solubilization--to quantitate pigment, carbonate, and cholesterol in gallstones. Other organic and inorganic components of stones were measured by standard methods. By infrared spectroscopy, two types of pigment stones were identified: carbonate-containing and noncarbonate pigment stones. Carbonate pigment stones contained significantly more calcium, carbonate, and phosphate, but less pigment than noncarbonate stones. Compared to our initial report, the total measured components of all pigment stones were increased 6-fold from 10 to 63%. Cholesterol was the major component of cholesterol stones by chemical assay or infrared spectroscopy. Among five cholesterol stones with limited solubility, 80% of the insoluble residue was identified as cholesterol by infrared spectroscopy. This study extends our knowledge of pigment stone and cholesterol stone composition by the use of quantitative infrared spectroscopy in conjunction with standard biochemical methods; furthermore, it confirms that pigment and cholesterol stones differ in composition and form by different mechanisms.", "contents": "Pigment versus cholesterol cholelithiasis: identification and quantification by infrared spectroscopy. We previously reported that 27% of 92 cholecystectomized patients had pigment stones (Am J Dig Dis 19:585-590, 1974). Using standard biochemical methods, we found that cholesterol accounted for an average of 77% of the dry weight of cholesterol stones, but that unconjugated bilirubin represented a mean of only 7% of pigment stones. This quantitation of pigment stones was limited because approximately 66% of their weight was insoluble. To characterize pigment and cholesterol stone composition further, we used infrared spectroscopy--a technique requiring neither crystallinity nor solubilization--to quantitate pigment, carbonate, and cholesterol in gallstones. Other organic and inorganic components of stones were measured by standard methods. By infrared spectroscopy, two types of pigment stones were identified: carbonate-containing and noncarbonate pigment stones. Carbonate pigment stones contained significantly more calcium, carbonate, and phosphate, but less pigment than noncarbonate stones. Compared to our initial report, the total measured components of all pigment stones were increased 6-fold from 10 to 63%. Cholesterol was the major component of cholesterol stones by chemical assay or infrared spectroscopy. Among five cholesterol stones with limited solubility, 80% of the insoluble residue was identified as cholesterol by infrared spectroscopy. This study extends our knowledge of pigment stone and cholesterol stone composition by the use of quantitative infrared spectroscopy in conjunction with standard biochemical methods; furthermore, it confirms that pigment and cholesterol stones differ in composition and form by different mechanisms.", "PMID": 832798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_202", "title": "Dynamics of the enterohepatic circulation of the glycine conjugates of cholic, chenodeoxycholic, deoxycholic, and sulfolithocholic acid in man.", "content": "Highly sensitive and specific radioimmunoassays for cholylglycine, chenodeoxycholylglycine, deoxycholylglycine, and sulfolithocholylglycine have been used to study the kinetics of the enterohepatic circulation of these conjugated bile acids in 8 healthy subjects. Venous blood samples were collected over a 32-hr period, during which time the subjects ate three meals. Serum levels of cholylglycine and chenodeoxycholylglycine rose after each meal, and reached their maximum level within 30 to 60 min. A second chenodeoxycholylglycine peak occurred 2 to 3 hr after the first two meals in all subjects; a second peak was also found for cholylglycine in 3 of the 8 subjects. Serum deoxycholylglycine levels also rose postprandially; the peak level generally occurred 30 min later than that of cholylglycine. Serum sulfolithocholylglycine levels did not alter significantly after meals. The data indicate that the dynamics of the enterohepatic circulation of individual serum bile acids differ both quantitatively and qualitatively.", "contents": "Dynamics of the enterohepatic circulation of the glycine conjugates of cholic, chenodeoxycholic, deoxycholic, and sulfolithocholic acid in man. Highly sensitive and specific radioimmunoassays for cholylglycine, chenodeoxycholylglycine, deoxycholylglycine, and sulfolithocholylglycine have been used to study the kinetics of the enterohepatic circulation of these conjugated bile acids in 8 healthy subjects. Venous blood samples were collected over a 32-hr period, during which time the subjects ate three meals. Serum levels of cholylglycine and chenodeoxycholylglycine rose after each meal, and reached their maximum level within 30 to 60 min. A second chenodeoxycholylglycine peak occurred 2 to 3 hr after the first two meals in all subjects; a second peak was also found for cholylglycine in 3 of the 8 subjects. Serum deoxycholylglycine levels also rose postprandially; the peak level generally occurred 30 min later than that of cholylglycine. Serum sulfolithocholylglycine levels did not alter significantly after meals. The data indicate that the dynamics of the enterohepatic circulation of individual serum bile acids differ both quantitatively and qualitatively.", "PMID": 832799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_203", "title": "Effect of ethanol on collagen formation in dietary cirrhosis in the rat.", "content": "Ethanol (10 or 15% in the drinking water) was found to increase the amount of collagen in the livers of rats receiving a cirrhogenic diet. This effect of ethanol was most striking in the animals receiving 10% ethanol. Ethanol lowered the amount of labeled proline incorporated into hydroxyproline and, therefore, into collagen. The amount of labeled hydroxyproline remaining in the liver 7 days after injection was greater in the rats receiving 10% ethanol than in the pair-fed controls. A net increase in collagen deposition attributable to ethanol was associated with lowered rate of collagen synthesis. The main action of ethanol in increasing the rate of collagen deposition, therefore, must be inhibition of collagen breakdown.", "contents": "Effect of ethanol on collagen formation in dietary cirrhosis in the rat. Ethanol (10 or 15% in the drinking water) was found to increase the amount of collagen in the livers of rats receiving a cirrhogenic diet. This effect of ethanol was most striking in the animals receiving 10% ethanol. Ethanol lowered the amount of labeled proline incorporated into hydroxyproline and, therefore, into collagen. The amount of labeled hydroxyproline remaining in the liver 7 days after injection was greater in the rats receiving 10% ethanol than in the pair-fed controls. A net increase in collagen deposition attributable to ethanol was associated with lowered rate of collagen synthesis. The main action of ethanol in increasing the rate of collagen deposition, therefore, must be inhibition of collagen breakdown.", "PMID": 832800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_204", "title": "A cause of hyperamylasemia associated with chronic liver disease.", "content": "The cause of hyperamylasemia associated with chronic liver disease is unclear. In an attempt to identify the tissue of origin of hyperamylasemia in 3 patients with chornic active hepatitis their serum was isoelectrically focused. The isoamylase patterns obtained were compared to those of pancreatic and salivary amylase. The apparent salivary gland origin of the excessive blood amylase in the patients studied was substantiated by radiological demonstration of parotid sialoectasia in one patient and histological evidence of sialoadenitis in another. Further evidence was the coincident isoelectric points of the predominant isoamylase in the sera of the liver disease patients and of patients with parotid inflammatory disease. Hyperamylasemia associated with chronic liver disease may be of salivary gland origin and as such forms part of the spectrum of extrahepatic manifestations of chronic active hepatitis.", "contents": "A cause of hyperamylasemia associated with chronic liver disease. The cause of hyperamylasemia associated with chronic liver disease is unclear. In an attempt to identify the tissue of origin of hyperamylasemia in 3 patients with chornic active hepatitis their serum was isoelectrically focused. The isoamylase patterns obtained were compared to those of pancreatic and salivary amylase. The apparent salivary gland origin of the excessive blood amylase in the patients studied was substantiated by radiological demonstration of parotid sialoectasia in one patient and histological evidence of sialoadenitis in another. Further evidence was the coincident isoelectric points of the predominant isoamylase in the sera of the liver disease patients and of patients with parotid inflammatory disease. Hyperamylasemia associated with chronic liver disease may be of salivary gland origin and as such forms part of the spectrum of extrahepatic manifestations of chronic active hepatitis.", "PMID": 832801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_205", "title": "Endoscopic appearance of colonic lymphoid nodules: a normal variant.", "content": "A patient undergoing routine colonoscopy was observed to have multiple white nodules scattered diffusely throughout the colon. Endoscopic biopsy revealed normal lymph tissue. The endoscopic appearance is described to avoid misdiagnosis and inappropriate therapy.", "contents": "Endoscopic appearance of colonic lymphoid nodules: a normal variant. A patient undergoing routine colonoscopy was observed to have multiple white nodules scattered diffusely throughout the colon. Endoscopic biopsy revealed normal lymph tissue. The endoscopic appearance is described to avoid misdiagnosis and inappropriate therapy.", "PMID": 832802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_206", "title": "A case of chronic oropharyngo-esophageal candidiasis with immunological deficiency: successful treatment with miconazole.", "content": "The case of a 38-year-old male patient with chronic recurrent oropharyngo-esophageal candidiasis since early childhood, resistant to topical therapy with nystatin, is reported. The disease had resulted in impressive oropharyngeal lesions and stricturing of the midesophagus. Extensive in vivo and in vitro immunological studies done before and after successful treatment with miconazole showed a persistent partial deficiency of the cell-mediated immune system, in particular that directed toward candida antigens. Miconazole, a new potent antifungal drug, proved effective in controlling the candidiasis, which had become resistant to conventional treatment.", "contents": "A case of chronic oropharyngo-esophageal candidiasis with immunological deficiency: successful treatment with miconazole. The case of a 38-year-old male patient with chronic recurrent oropharyngo-esophageal candidiasis since early childhood, resistant to topical therapy with nystatin, is reported. The disease had resulted in impressive oropharyngeal lesions and stricturing of the midesophagus. Extensive in vivo and in vitro immunological studies done before and after successful treatment with miconazole showed a persistent partial deficiency of the cell-mediated immune system, in particular that directed toward candida antigens. Miconazole, a new potent antifungal drug, proved effective in controlling the candidiasis, which had become resistant to conventional treatment.", "PMID": 832803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_207", "title": "Dispensability of both the amide of phenylalanine and the carboxyl group of aspartic acid for the stimulation of gastric acid secretion by gastrin peptides in dogs.", "content": "Two derivatives of the C-terminal tripeptide of gastrin devoid of -NH2 from the phenylalanyl residue and of -COOH from the aspartic acid, MBOC-Met.Asn.Phe-OH (I) and MBOC-Met.Asp-OBenz.Phe-OMe (II), stimulated gastric acid secretion in the dog when infused intravenously at doses of 100 to 400 mug/kg-hr. Maximal responses induced by I and II were about 30-40% of that induced by the C-terminal tetrapeptide of gastrin. At a dose of 600 mug/kg-hr, I had an inhibitory action while II initially augmented and then inhibited acid production. Neither the C-terminal amide nor the carboxyl group of the aspartyl residue is essential for the gastric stimulatory activity of gastrin peptides.", "contents": "Dispensability of both the amide of phenylalanine and the carboxyl group of aspartic acid for the stimulation of gastric acid secretion by gastrin peptides in dogs. Two derivatives of the C-terminal tripeptide of gastrin devoid of -NH2 from the phenylalanyl residue and of -COOH from the aspartic acid, MBOC-Met.Asn.Phe-OH (I) and MBOC-Met.Asp-OBenz.Phe-OMe (II), stimulated gastric acid secretion in the dog when infused intravenously at doses of 100 to 400 mug/kg-hr. Maximal responses induced by I and II were about 30-40% of that induced by the C-terminal tetrapeptide of gastrin. At a dose of 600 mug/kg-hr, I had an inhibitory action while II initially augmented and then inhibited acid production. Neither the C-terminal amide nor the carboxyl group of the aspartyl residue is essential for the gastric stimulatory activity of gastrin peptides.", "PMID": 832807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_208", "title": "[Tobacco use in adolescence].", "content": "Different studies in North-Switzerland showed that 9% of young boys and 3% of young girls tried to smoke cigarettes the first time with or before six years of age. Boys in the age of 17 to 21 from rural districts smoked cigarettes in 23%, girls in the equal age from rural regions in 14%. 17% of the non-smokers and only 2% of the smokers did not drink any alcohol. In Berne, 23% of the cigarette smokers and only 3% of non-smokers had ever taken drugs (marihuana, LSD) in their life.", "contents": "[Tobacco use in adolescence]. Different studies in North-Switzerland showed that 9% of young boys and 3% of young girls tried to smoke cigarettes the first time with or before six years of age. Boys in the age of 17 to 21 from rural districts smoked cigarettes in 23%, girls in the equal age from rural regions in 14%. 17% of the non-smokers and only 2% of the smokers did not drink any alcohol. In Berne, 23% of the cigarette smokers and only 3% of non-smokers had ever taken drugs (marihuana, LSD) in their life.", "PMID": 832826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_209", "title": "[Problems in nonsmoker training].", "content": "As results of long experiences with patients who urgently need to stop smoking and in group therapy the practical problems of such trials are discussed: the different reasons and problems for addicts and habitual smokers, \"pseudoalibis\", analysis of the predominant motivation, the different steps of cessation and the problems of the ex-smoker in his surroundings.", "contents": "[Problems in nonsmoker training]. As results of long experiences with patients who urgently need to stop smoking and in group therapy the practical problems of such trials are discussed: the different reasons and problems for addicts and habitual smokers, \"pseudoalibis\", analysis of the predominant motivation, the different steps of cessation and the problems of the ex-smoker in his surroundings.", "PMID": 832827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_210", "title": "[Ventilation distribution disorders. Evaluation based on nitrogen elimination curves of the lung and on an inspiratory gas-distribution index derived from it].", "content": "An uneven distribution of the inspiratory gas volume to the alveolar volume leads to disturbances of the ventilation/perfusion ratio VA/Q with resulting arterial hypoxemia. These ventilatory disturbances can be verified by nitrogen-washout-curves and an inspiratory gas distribution index derived from those curves. Preoperative diagnostic and the control of respiratory diseases during intensive therapy are possible without technical difficulties.", "contents": "[Ventilation distribution disorders. Evaluation based on nitrogen elimination curves of the lung and on an inspiratory gas-distribution index derived from it]. An uneven distribution of the inspiratory gas volume to the alveolar volume leads to disturbances of the ventilation/perfusion ratio VA/Q with resulting arterial hypoxemia. These ventilatory disturbances can be verified by nitrogen-washout-curves and an inspiratory gas distribution index derived from those curves. Preoperative diagnostic and the control of respiratory diseases during intensive therapy are possible without technical difficulties.", "PMID": 832828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_211", "title": "[Therapy of migraine. Clinical experience with Migraeflux, a new migraine drug].", "content": "The new migraine preparation Migraeflux has been subjected to clinical trial in a double-blind cross-over study in 32 single tests. Compared with other products, the 2-phase-preparation Migraeflux is distinguished--due to its antihistaminic ingredient--by the capacity of preventing in 2/3 of the cases the formation of a migraine attack if applied soon during the prodromal phase. If the attack is not prevented, the intensity of pain is lessened in 70% of the remaining cases and the duration of attack is markedly reduced. The preparation proved to be tolerated very well.", "contents": "[Therapy of migraine. Clinical experience with Migraeflux, a new migraine drug]. The new migraine preparation Migraeflux has been subjected to clinical trial in a double-blind cross-over study in 32 single tests. Compared with other products, the 2-phase-preparation Migraeflux is distinguished--due to its antihistaminic ingredient--by the capacity of preventing in 2/3 of the cases the formation of a migraine attack if applied soon during the prodromal phase. If the attack is not prevented, the intensity of pain is lessened in 70% of the remaining cases and the duration of attack is markedly reduced. The preparation proved to be tolerated very well.", "PMID": 832830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_212", "title": "[Coprolith-ileus of the small intestine].", "content": "The case of a 71 year old man is reported, in which coproliths developed in the small intestines over a period of 13 years and which finally lead to a complete ileus. This condition is discussed in connection with other rare forms of ileus; specific clinical phenomena are pointed out, which might be helpful in establishing a correct diagnosis. Among the transient forms of ileus associated with food intake, which may cause the patient only slight discomfort, one should bear in mind a corpus alienum-ileus. Only operative therapy of ileus is promising success.", "contents": "[Coprolith-ileus of the small intestine]. The case of a 71 year old man is reported, in which coproliths developed in the small intestines over a period of 13 years and which finally lead to a complete ileus. This condition is discussed in connection with other rare forms of ileus; specific clinical phenomena are pointed out, which might be helpful in establishing a correct diagnosis. Among the transient forms of ileus associated with food intake, which may cause the patient only slight discomfort, one should bear in mind a corpus alienum-ileus. Only operative therapy of ileus is promising success.", "PMID": 832833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_213", "title": "[Nutrition in infant enteritis].", "content": "The effects of two different formulas in the treatment of acute diarrhea were tested in a prospective study with 40 infants. The formulas differ in content of lactose, fructose, starch, sodium and potassium. Both groups reached normal food intake at the same time and could be discharged from clinical observation. The patients were divided into two groups with equal degrees of diarrhea. During nutrition with lactose-reduced formula, body-weight was rising and the water-binding capacity of chymus seemed to be better. From significant higher percentages of prae-beta-liproproteins in electrophoresis better endogenous metabolic efficiency could be derived. Phospholipids were also significantly increased when lactose-reduced formula was given. The comparative formula led, due to the higher content of potassium to significantly higher serum levels. The results of this investigation indicate, that reduction of lactose in the formula for infants with diarrhea has some advantages. Whether more effectiveness of formulas in diarrhea could be expected from addition of medium chain triglycerides (Gracey et al. 1970, Schreier und Porath 1971) requires further investigations.", "contents": "[Nutrition in infant enteritis]. The effects of two different formulas in the treatment of acute diarrhea were tested in a prospective study with 40 infants. The formulas differ in content of lactose, fructose, starch, sodium and potassium. Both groups reached normal food intake at the same time and could be discharged from clinical observation. The patients were divided into two groups with equal degrees of diarrhea. During nutrition with lactose-reduced formula, body-weight was rising and the water-binding capacity of chymus seemed to be better. From significant higher percentages of prae-beta-liproproteins in electrophoresis better endogenous metabolic efficiency could be derived. Phospholipids were also significantly increased when lactose-reduced formula was given. The comparative formula led, due to the higher content of potassium to significantly higher serum levels. The results of this investigation indicate, that reduction of lactose in the formula for infants with diarrhea has some advantages. Whether more effectiveness of formulas in diarrhea could be expected from addition of medium chain triglycerides (Gracey et al. 1970, Schreier und Porath 1971) requires further investigations.", "PMID": 832836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_214", "title": "[Use of xylitol as sugar substitute in diabetic children].", "content": "In 24 diabetic children treated with insulin xylitol was used as a sugar substitute for four weeks in an amount of 30 gms/day. In one case only the xylitol application was terminated before the end of the dietetic period because of diarrhoea. The other children tolerated xylitol fairly well, three of the children found the polyol too sweet. Because of incomplete data, the values of only 18 children were compiled. A significant increase of serum uric acid concentration measuring 1 mg/100 ml was the main side effect of xylitol usage. This effect was favoured by the fact that diabetic children do not use sucrose. As was shown earlier, a sucrose free period is the precondition for the possibility to find a xylitol induced hyperuricemia. In metabolically healthy children the existence of a sucrose induced hyperuricemia is also to be expected, this xylitol effect is, therefore, obviously without pathophysiological significance. Xylitol is suited for use as a sugar substitute in diabetic diet and in caries prophylaxis if the limited dose is observed.", "contents": "[Use of xylitol as sugar substitute in diabetic children]. In 24 diabetic children treated with insulin xylitol was used as a sugar substitute for four weeks in an amount of 30 gms/day. In one case only the xylitol application was terminated before the end of the dietetic period because of diarrhoea. The other children tolerated xylitol fairly well, three of the children found the polyol too sweet. Because of incomplete data, the values of only 18 children were compiled. A significant increase of serum uric acid concentration measuring 1 mg/100 ml was the main side effect of xylitol usage. This effect was favoured by the fact that diabetic children do not use sucrose. As was shown earlier, a sucrose free period is the precondition for the possibility to find a xylitol induced hyperuricemia. In metabolically healthy children the existence of a sucrose induced hyperuricemia is also to be expected, this xylitol effect is, therefore, obviously without pathophysiological significance. Xylitol is suited for use as a sugar substitute in diabetic diet and in caries prophylaxis if the limited dose is observed.", "PMID": 832837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_215", "title": "Demographic and clinical characteristics of black psychiatric patients in a private general hospital.", "content": "A study of 419 first admissions to a private general hospital psychiatric inpatient unit showed that only 8.8 per cent were blacks, while 23 per cent of the population in the community were blacks. When compared to white patients, blacks were much less likely to be rerred for hospitalization by private sources, were substantially younger, and had shorter hospitalizations. The most common diagnosis for blacks was paranoid schizophrenia. The authors conclude that despite the widespread availability of third-party insurance coverage, blacks use the private general hospital less ofter than whites and their patterns of use are substantially different.", "contents": "Demographic and clinical characteristics of black psychiatric patients in a private general hospital. A study of 419 first admissions to a private general hospital psychiatric inpatient unit showed that only 8.8 per cent were blacks, while 23 per cent of the population in the community were blacks. When compared to white patients, blacks were much less likely to be rerred for hospitalization by private sources, were substantially younger, and had shorter hospitalizations. The most common diagnosis for blacks was paranoid schizophrenia. The authors conclude that despite the widespread availability of third-party insurance coverage, blacks use the private general hospital less ofter than whites and their patterns of use are substantially different.", "PMID": 832839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_216", "title": "Analysis of a decision framework for prepared food systems.", "content": "Each of the major decision areas that is covered in this article is multi-dimensional in nature, and each could be developed into a lengthy and meaningful discussion. However, the basic purpose of this article has been to suggest a framework for evaluating and making decisions that are associated with planning prepared food systems. We have attempted to underscore the importance of making basic procedural and conceptual decisions related to prepared food systems before deciding the subcomponents of each decision area. Perhaps the most important element of the decision-making process is a thorough understanding of the interrelationships between each of the five major decision areas. This understanding, when it is combined with the suggested decision framework, should contribute to a well-planned, smoothly operating prepared food system.", "contents": "Analysis of a decision framework for prepared food systems. Each of the major decision areas that is covered in this article is multi-dimensional in nature, and each could be developed into a lengthy and meaningful discussion. However, the basic purpose of this article has been to suggest a framework for evaluating and making decisions that are associated with planning prepared food systems. We have attempted to underscore the importance of making basic procedural and conceptual decisions related to prepared food systems before deciding the subcomponents of each decision area. Perhaps the most important element of the decision-making process is a thorough understanding of the interrelationships between each of the five major decision areas. This understanding, when it is combined with the suggested decision framework, should contribute to a well-planned, smoothly operating prepared food system.", "PMID": 832868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_217", "title": "Immunogenic activity of a ribosomal fraction obtained from Pasteurella multocida.", "content": "The cells of P. multocida strain P-1059 were destroyed with the French pressure cell; the ribosomal fraction proven to be homogeneous by analytical ultracentrifugation was obtained from the product by centrifugal fractionation, zonal electrophoresis, and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. The ribosomal fraction exhibited intense protective antigenicity in mice and chickens, but the lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) and the other bacterial cell fraction obtained in this experiment did not. Sodium deoxycholate treatment of the ribosomal fraction resulted in only a 13% loss in immunological activity, and ribonuclease treatment caused a 60% loss of activity.", "contents": "Immunogenic activity of a ribosomal fraction obtained from Pasteurella multocida. The cells of P. multocida strain P-1059 were destroyed with the French pressure cell; the ribosomal fraction proven to be homogeneous by analytical ultracentrifugation was obtained from the product by centrifugal fractionation, zonal electrophoresis, and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. The ribosomal fraction exhibited intense protective antigenicity in mice and chickens, but the lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) and the other bacterial cell fraction obtained in this experiment did not. Sodium deoxycholate treatment of the ribosomal fraction resulted in only a 13% loss in immunological activity, and ribonuclease treatment caused a 60% loss of activity.", "PMID": 832895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_218", "title": "Effects of tobacco smoke on chemotaxis and glucose metabolism of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "The effect of tobacco smoke on in vitro chemotaxis of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) was determined. Whole tobacco smoke, gas phase of smoke, and water-soluble fraction were potent inhibitors of PMN chemotaxis. The results indicated that PMN chemotaxis was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by water-soluble fraction and that this suppression was not a result of cytotoxicity. In an attempt to determine the mechanism of chemotaxis inhibition, the effect of tobacco smoke on glucose metabolism of PMN was studied. Exposure of PMN to whole smoke, gas phase, or water-soluble fraction resulted in an increase (twofold) in glucose catabolism via both glycolysis and the hexose monophosphate shunt, with no apparent effects on the metabolism of glucose via the tricarboxylic acid cycle. These results suggest that the inhibitory effects of tobacco smoke on PMN chemotaxis were not directly attributable to effects on glucose metabolism of these cells. Further, the inhibitory effects of water-soluble fraction on PMN chemotaxis were shown to be largely irreversible and preventable in the presence of cysteine. Thus, the major inhibitory effects of tobacco smoke probably result from the direct action of oxidants and/or thiol-reactive substances on PMN.", "contents": "Effects of tobacco smoke on chemotaxis and glucose metabolism of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The effect of tobacco smoke on in vitro chemotaxis of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) was determined. Whole tobacco smoke, gas phase of smoke, and water-soluble fraction were potent inhibitors of PMN chemotaxis. The results indicated that PMN chemotaxis was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by water-soluble fraction and that this suppression was not a result of cytotoxicity. In an attempt to determine the mechanism of chemotaxis inhibition, the effect of tobacco smoke on glucose metabolism of PMN was studied. Exposure of PMN to whole smoke, gas phase, or water-soluble fraction resulted in an increase (twofold) in glucose catabolism via both glycolysis and the hexose monophosphate shunt, with no apparent effects on the metabolism of glucose via the tricarboxylic acid cycle. These results suggest that the inhibitory effects of tobacco smoke on PMN chemotaxis were not directly attributable to effects on glucose metabolism of these cells. Further, the inhibitory effects of water-soluble fraction on PMN chemotaxis were shown to be largely irreversible and preventable in the presence of cysteine. Thus, the major inhibitory effects of tobacco smoke probably result from the direct action of oxidants and/or thiol-reactive substances on PMN.", "PMID": 832896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_219", "title": "Angiostrongylus cantonensis: phospholipase in nonsensitized and sensitized rats after challenge.", "content": "Rats given an initial infection with Angiostrongylus cantonensis had moderately elevated phospholipase B activity in the lungs at 8 and 15 days after challenge, and greatly elevated levels were evident at 35, 43, and 49 days. In the brain, the values were elevated at 15 through 35 days. These periods of increased activity in the lungs and brain coincided with the migration patterns of the third stage larvae and the adult worms in this host. The elevated enzyme levels also were were correlated with increased numbers of eosinophils in the bone marrow at 8 and 15 days and again at 36, 43, and 49 days after infection. Similarly infected rats exhibited leukocytosis at 1 through 10 weeks of observation after challenge, and striking eosinophilia at 1, 7, 8, and 9 weeks. Rats reinfected after removal of the worms of the initial infection by thiabendazole treatment showed an anamnestic response characterized by (i) elevated enzyme values in both the lungs and brain at 1 day after reinfection and (ii) eosinophilia in the bone marrow by day 4. These accelerated responses were accompanied by a significant reduction in the worm burden of the rats. The results, which support our hypothesis that inflammation, elevated phospholipase B activity, and reduction in worm burden are causally related, are discussed in light of similar findings reported earlier from our studies with Trichinella spiralis and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis.", "contents": "Angiostrongylus cantonensis: phospholipase in nonsensitized and sensitized rats after challenge. Rats given an initial infection with Angiostrongylus cantonensis had moderately elevated phospholipase B activity in the lungs at 8 and 15 days after challenge, and greatly elevated levels were evident at 35, 43, and 49 days. In the brain, the values were elevated at 15 through 35 days. These periods of increased activity in the lungs and brain coincided with the migration patterns of the third stage larvae and the adult worms in this host. The elevated enzyme levels also were were correlated with increased numbers of eosinophils in the bone marrow at 8 and 15 days and again at 36, 43, and 49 days after infection. Similarly infected rats exhibited leukocytosis at 1 through 10 weeks of observation after challenge, and striking eosinophilia at 1, 7, 8, and 9 weeks. Rats reinfected after removal of the worms of the initial infection by thiabendazole treatment showed an anamnestic response characterized by (i) elevated enzyme values in both the lungs and brain at 1 day after reinfection and (ii) eosinophilia in the bone marrow by day 4. These accelerated responses were accompanied by a significant reduction in the worm burden of the rats. The results, which support our hypothesis that inflammation, elevated phospholipase B activity, and reduction in worm burden are causally related, are discussed in light of similar findings reported earlier from our studies with Trichinella spiralis and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis.", "PMID": 832897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_220", "title": "Influence of temperature on opsonization and phagocytosis of staphylococci.", "content": "The effect of incubation temperatures of 41, 37, and 4 degrees C on phagocytosis was investigated using human neutrophils and [3H]thymidine-labeled staphylococci. Depressed phagocytosis was observed at 41 and 4 degrees C. At 41 degrees C diminished staphylococcal uptake resulted from decreased attachment of bacteria to leukocytes; the inhibitory effect at 4 degrees C was secondary both to decreased opsonization and to reduced attachment to leukocytes. In contrast to the findings with normal serum, opsonization with heat-inactivated serum appeared to be relatively intact at 4 degrees C. By incubating samples in lysostaphin, it was determined that the process of bacterial ingestion as well as that of attachment was adversely affected by incubation temperatures of 41 and 4 degrees C.", "contents": "Influence of temperature on opsonization and phagocytosis of staphylococci. The effect of incubation temperatures of 41, 37, and 4 degrees C on phagocytosis was investigated using human neutrophils and [3H]thymidine-labeled staphylococci. Depressed phagocytosis was observed at 41 and 4 degrees C. At 41 degrees C diminished staphylococcal uptake resulted from decreased attachment of bacteria to leukocytes; the inhibitory effect at 4 degrees C was secondary both to decreased opsonization and to reduced attachment to leukocytes. In contrast to the findings with normal serum, opsonization with heat-inactivated serum appeared to be relatively intact at 4 degrees C. By incubating samples in lysostaphin, it was determined that the process of bacterial ingestion as well as that of attachment was adversely affected by incubation temperatures of 41 and 4 degrees C.", "PMID": 832898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_221", "title": "Effects of low- and high-passage influenza virus infection in normal and nude mice.", "content": "A human isolate of type A Hong Kong influenza virus (H3N2) was adapted to mice by serial passage. Lung homogenates from mice who received low passage levels contained about the same quantity of virus (10(6.2-6.95) 50% tissue culture infective doses/ml) as those from mice who received high passage levels (10(5.95-6.45) 50% tissue culture infective doses/ml); however, death occurred only in animals given high-passage virus. Passage 3 (P3) and passage 9 (P9) viruses were selected as representative of low-passage and high-passage viruses, respectively. Although minimal differences were detected in infectivity for rhesus monkey kidney tissue cultures and mice, P9 virus was at least 10,000 times more lethal for mice (mean lethal dose = 10(4.2)). Infection with P3 virus was accompanied by minimal bronchitis and bronchiolitis only, whereas P9-infected animals exhibited marked bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. Striking thymic cortical atrophy was also demonstrable in the P9-infected animals and, although virus was more commonly recovered from thymuses from these animals, immunofluorescent studies revealed only a few cells containing influenza virus antigens. To further explore the participation of thymus-derived lymphocytes in influenza, athymic nude mice and furred immunocompetent littermates were given 500 50% mouse infectious doses of P9 virus. Nude mice exhibited an increased survival time and, in contrast to the extensive lung pathology seen in furred littermates, manifested minimal cellular infiltration and no tissue destruction in lungs. Brains from nude mice exhibited encephalomalacia with lymphocytic perivascular cuffing, which was not seen in furred animals. Virus was recovered from brains of 6 of 13 nude mice and 1 of 10 furred animals. The contrasting models suggest that thymus-dependent cells play a significant role in the inflammatory response to influenza virus infection and should prove useful for probing host-virus interactions which characterize influenza virus virulence.", "contents": "Effects of low- and high-passage influenza virus infection in normal and nude mice. A human isolate of type A Hong Kong influenza virus (H3N2) was adapted to mice by serial passage. Lung homogenates from mice who received low passage levels contained about the same quantity of virus (10(6.2-6.95) 50% tissue culture infective doses/ml) as those from mice who received high passage levels (10(5.95-6.45) 50% tissue culture infective doses/ml); however, death occurred only in animals given high-passage virus. Passage 3 (P3) and passage 9 (P9) viruses were selected as representative of low-passage and high-passage viruses, respectively. Although minimal differences were detected in infectivity for rhesus monkey kidney tissue cultures and mice, P9 virus was at least 10,000 times more lethal for mice (mean lethal dose = 10(4.2)). Infection with P3 virus was accompanied by minimal bronchitis and bronchiolitis only, whereas P9-infected animals exhibited marked bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. Striking thymic cortical atrophy was also demonstrable in the P9-infected animals and, although virus was more commonly recovered from thymuses from these animals, immunofluorescent studies revealed only a few cells containing influenza virus antigens. To further explore the participation of thymus-derived lymphocytes in influenza, athymic nude mice and furred immunocompetent littermates were given 500 50% mouse infectious doses of P9 virus. Nude mice exhibited an increased survival time and, in contrast to the extensive lung pathology seen in furred littermates, manifested minimal cellular infiltration and no tissue destruction in lungs. Brains from nude mice exhibited encephalomalacia with lymphocytic perivascular cuffing, which was not seen in furred animals. Virus was recovered from brains of 6 of 13 nude mice and 1 of 10 furred animals. The contrasting models suggest that thymus-dependent cells play a significant role in the inflammatory response to influenza virus infection and should prove useful for probing host-virus interactions which characterize influenza virus virulence.", "PMID": 832899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_222", "title": "Congenital abnormalities in newborn lambs after infection of pregnant sheep with Akabane virus.", "content": "Akabane virus (a Bunyavirus) has been associated with epizootics of congenital deformities in cattle, sheep, and goats. Experimental studies using mouse-adapted virus inoculated intravenously into pregnant sheep gave an inapparent infection. Neutralizing antibodies were detected on day 5, and peaks in the titer were seen at days 10 and 48. Ewes infected at day 30 to 36 of pregnancy produced five (31% incidence) deformed lambs. Sera from four of these possessed neutralizing antibodies to Akabane virus before ingesting colostrum. Two lambs had arthrogryposis, hydranencephaly, kyphosis, scoliosis, and brachygnathia; one had micrencephaly; and the other two had porencephaly. The two lambs with arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly also had extensive lesions in other tissues. In the spinal cord there was a marked decrease in the number of ventral horn neurones and a depletion of myelin. Skeletal muscles showed marked atrophy. The medulla of the thymus possessed large Hassall's corpuscles and a reduced number of thymocytes in the cortex. It would appear that the pathogenic effects of Akabane virus are related to the gestational age (30 to 36 days) at which the fetus is infected. Akabane virus can now be included in the growing list of teratogenic viruses and provides an interesting system for studying such congenital diseases.", "contents": "Congenital abnormalities in newborn lambs after infection of pregnant sheep with Akabane virus. Akabane virus (a Bunyavirus) has been associated with epizootics of congenital deformities in cattle, sheep, and goats. Experimental studies using mouse-adapted virus inoculated intravenously into pregnant sheep gave an inapparent infection. Neutralizing antibodies were detected on day 5, and peaks in the titer were seen at days 10 and 48. Ewes infected at day 30 to 36 of pregnancy produced five (31% incidence) deformed lambs. Sera from four of these possessed neutralizing antibodies to Akabane virus before ingesting colostrum. Two lambs had arthrogryposis, hydranencephaly, kyphosis, scoliosis, and brachygnathia; one had micrencephaly; and the other two had porencephaly. The two lambs with arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly also had extensive lesions in other tissues. In the spinal cord there was a marked decrease in the number of ventral horn neurones and a depletion of myelin. Skeletal muscles showed marked atrophy. The medulla of the thymus possessed large Hassall's corpuscles and a reduced number of thymocytes in the cortex. It would appear that the pathogenic effects of Akabane virus are related to the gestational age (30 to 36 days) at which the fetus is infected. Akabane virus can now be included in the growing list of teratogenic viruses and provides an interesting system for studying such congenital diseases.", "PMID": 832900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_223", "title": "Determination of molecular weight, isoelectric point, and glycoprotein moiety for the principal skin test-reactive component of histoplasmin.", "content": "A purified component designated HPD (histoplasmin-purified derivative) dII was isolated from two different cru-e histoplasmin lots by a combination of gel filtration and polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis (Sprouse, 1969). A 0.05-mug portion of HPD dII was reactive and specific in detection of delayed hypersensitivity in guinea pigs experimentally infected with Histoplasma capsulatum. The objective of this study was to characterize this skin test-reactive component for (i) homogeneity, (ii) molecular weight, (iii) isoelectric point, and (iv) composition. Sephadex chromatography, polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis, sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation, acid and heat denaturation, and immunoelectrophoresis indicate that HPD dII is (i) homogeneous, (ii) of approximately 12,000 molecular weight, and (iii) a glycopeptide of approximately 60% carbohydrate and 40% proteinaceous composition. The marked acid and heat stability exhibited by the compound probably is attributable to the prominent carbohydrate moiety in the molecule. Isoelectric focusing indicated an isoelectric point of 5.68. This would suggest that dII is an acidic compound with either predominance of acidic amino acid residues in the molecule or, more probably, an abundance of electron donors in the carbohydrate moiety. In summary, HPD dII appears to be a glycopeptide of approximately 12,000 molecular weight, reactive in elicitation of delayed hypersensitivity of histoplasmosis.", "contents": "Determination of molecular weight, isoelectric point, and glycoprotein moiety for the principal skin test-reactive component of histoplasmin. A purified component designated HPD (histoplasmin-purified derivative) dII was isolated from two different cru-e histoplasmin lots by a combination of gel filtration and polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis (Sprouse, 1969). A 0.05-mug portion of HPD dII was reactive and specific in detection of delayed hypersensitivity in guinea pigs experimentally infected with Histoplasma capsulatum. The objective of this study was to characterize this skin test-reactive component for (i) homogeneity, (ii) molecular weight, (iii) isoelectric point, and (iv) composition. Sephadex chromatography, polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis, sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation, acid and heat denaturation, and immunoelectrophoresis indicate that HPD dII is (i) homogeneous, (ii) of approximately 12,000 molecular weight, and (iii) a glycopeptide of approximately 60% carbohydrate and 40% proteinaceous composition. The marked acid and heat stability exhibited by the compound probably is attributable to the prominent carbohydrate moiety in the molecule. Isoelectric focusing indicated an isoelectric point of 5.68. This would suggest that dII is an acidic compound with either predominance of acidic amino acid residues in the molecule or, more probably, an abundance of electron donors in the carbohydrate moiety. In summary, HPD dII appears to be a glycopeptide of approximately 12,000 molecular weight, reactive in elicitation of delayed hypersensitivity of histoplasmosis.", "PMID": 832901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_224", "title": "Basophil hypersensitivity response in rabbits.", "content": "A cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity response has been observed in rabbits immunized with bovine serum albumin and challenged intradermally with this antigen 7 days later. The cellular response appears to be similar to cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity reported in guinea pigs and humans. A basophil response was also observed in rabbits immunized with Staphylococcus aureus and challenged with viable staphylococcal cells 7 days later. A method of observing basophil infiltration in rabbits by means of connective tissue spreads obtained from the subcutaneous connective tissue is described. The rabbit should serve as an excellent model for the study of basophil responses as these animals have a significant basophil component with few if any tissue mast cells which may be confused both morphologically and functionally with the basophil.", "contents": "Basophil hypersensitivity response in rabbits. A cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity response has been observed in rabbits immunized with bovine serum albumin and challenged intradermally with this antigen 7 days later. The cellular response appears to be similar to cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity reported in guinea pigs and humans. A basophil response was also observed in rabbits immunized with Staphylococcus aureus and challenged with viable staphylococcal cells 7 days later. A method of observing basophil infiltration in rabbits by means of connective tissue spreads obtained from the subcutaneous connective tissue is described. The rabbit should serve as an excellent model for the study of basophil responses as these animals have a significant basophil component with few if any tissue mast cells which may be confused both morphologically and functionally with the basophil.", "PMID": 832902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_225", "title": "Inhibition of glucosyltransferase by human salivary immunoglobulin A.", "content": "Purified glucosyltransferase isolated from Streptococcus sanguis OMZ 9 and different immunoglobulin A from saliva, saliva pellet, and dental plaque were used to study enzyme-antibody interactions. A strong inhibition of glucosyltransferase activity was obtained with the different immunoglobulin A fractions.", "contents": "Inhibition of glucosyltransferase by human salivary immunoglobulin A. Purified glucosyltransferase isolated from Streptococcus sanguis OMZ 9 and different immunoglobulin A from saliva, saliva pellet, and dental plaque were used to study enzyme-antibody interactions. A strong inhibition of glucosyltransferase activity was obtained with the different immunoglobulin A fractions.", "PMID": 832903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_226", "title": "Adjuvant activity of synthetic N-acetylmuramyl peptides in rats.", "content": "The minimal adjuvant-active structure in bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan for the induction of delayed hypersensitivity in rats (WKA) was the N-acetylmuramyl dipeptides (N-acetylmuramyl L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine and N-acetylmuramyl L-alanyl-D-glutamic acid).", "contents": "Adjuvant activity of synthetic N-acetylmuramyl peptides in rats. The minimal adjuvant-active structure in bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan for the induction of delayed hypersensitivity in rats (WKA) was the N-acetylmuramyl dipeptides (N-acetylmuramyl L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine and N-acetylmuramyl L-alanyl-D-glutamic acid).", "PMID": 832904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_227", "title": "Serum opacity factor of Staphylococcus epidermidis.", "content": "Three Staphylococcus epidermidis strains produced a factor giving rise to opacity in different sera but not in albumin. Serum opacity factor was resistant to age and heat and active in acidic media.", "contents": "Serum opacity factor of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Three Staphylococcus epidermidis strains produced a factor giving rise to opacity in different sera but not in albumin. Serum opacity factor was resistant to age and heat and active in acidic media.", "PMID": 832905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_228", "title": "Protection against endotoxin-induced mortality in mice treated with transition metal salts.", "content": "Administration of manganese or chromium chloride 1 h before challenge with a single bolus of Salmonella typhosa endotoxin completely obviated death in endotoxin-challenged mice.", "contents": "Protection against endotoxin-induced mortality in mice treated with transition metal salts. Administration of manganese or chromium chloride 1 h before challenge with a single bolus of Salmonella typhosa endotoxin completely obviated death in endotoxin-challenged mice.", "PMID": 832906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_229", "title": "Lipid A antiserum-mediated protection against lipopolysaccharide- and lipid A-induced fever and skin necrosis.", "content": "The antiendotoxic activity of lipid A antiserum was studied in rabbits, using lipid A (lipopolysaccharide)-induced fever and skin necrosis as test systems. It was found that lipid A antiserum had no significant antipyretic effect when it was incubated with lipid A or injected intravenously before lipid A challenge. However, in animals that were pretreated (day 0) with a single dose of lipid A (lipopolysaccharide), a significant protective effect of passively transferred antiserum (day 1) to lipid A (lipopolysaccharide fever) (day 2) was observed. Also, the lipid A (lipopolysaccharide)-induced local shwartzman reaction could be prevented by lipid A antiserum. In the fever system, the degree of protection depended on the preparative and the challenge doses as well as on the amount of antiserum transferred. The fever protection mediated by lipid A antiserum seemed to be lipid A (lipopolysaccharide) specific with regard to both the preparative and the challenge injections. Lipid A specificity of the protective factor present in the antiserum was indicated by the fauggest that the factor might be identical with lipid A-specific immunoglobulin. The significance of the preparative injection is not understood at the present time. Iti is concluded, however, that in the fever protection system described, besides specific humoral factors, other factors, perhaps cellular, are involved.", "contents": "Lipid A antiserum-mediated protection against lipopolysaccharide- and lipid A-induced fever and skin necrosis. The antiendotoxic activity of lipid A antiserum was studied in rabbits, using lipid A (lipopolysaccharide)-induced fever and skin necrosis as test systems. It was found that lipid A antiserum had no significant antipyretic effect when it was incubated with lipid A or injected intravenously before lipid A challenge. However, in animals that were pretreated (day 0) with a single dose of lipid A (lipopolysaccharide), a significant protective effect of passively transferred antiserum (day 1) to lipid A (lipopolysaccharide fever) (day 2) was observed. Also, the lipid A (lipopolysaccharide)-induced local shwartzman reaction could be prevented by lipid A antiserum. In the fever system, the degree of protection depended on the preparative and the challenge doses as well as on the amount of antiserum transferred. The fever protection mediated by lipid A antiserum seemed to be lipid A (lipopolysaccharide) specific with regard to both the preparative and the challenge injections. Lipid A specificity of the protective factor present in the antiserum was indicated by the fauggest that the factor might be identical with lipid A-specific immunoglobulin. The significance of the preparative injection is not understood at the present time. Iti is concluded, however, that in the fever protection system described, besides specific humoral factors, other factors, perhaps cellular, are involved.", "PMID": 832907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_230", "title": "Cell walls of Coccidioides immitis: neutral sugars of aqueous alkaline extract polymers.", "content": "The neutral sugar components of hydrolysates of the alkali-soluble and -insoluble fractions of an acid-extracted Coccidioides immitis mycelial cell wall preparation were examined by gas-liquid chromatography. The alkali-soluble fraction was separated into a neutral water-soluble (46% carbohydrate) and a neutral water-insoluble fraction (6% carbohydrate). Glucose was the major neutral sugar constituent of all fractions. Mannose appeared to be a second major component of the alkali-soluble, water-soluble fraction. 3-O-methylmannose was absent. Small amounts of other sugars, including galactose and pentoses, were tentatively identified. Borohydride reduction before alkaline extraction resulted in retention of almost half of the glucose and variable amounts of other components in the alkaline residue, indicating that solubilization of cell wall polymers by alkaline extraction results in significant degradation of the native cell wall polymers.", "contents": "Cell walls of Coccidioides immitis: neutral sugars of aqueous alkaline extract polymers. The neutral sugar components of hydrolysates of the alkali-soluble and -insoluble fractions of an acid-extracted Coccidioides immitis mycelial cell wall preparation were examined by gas-liquid chromatography. The alkali-soluble fraction was separated into a neutral water-soluble (46% carbohydrate) and a neutral water-insoluble fraction (6% carbohydrate). Glucose was the major neutral sugar constituent of all fractions. Mannose appeared to be a second major component of the alkali-soluble, water-soluble fraction. 3-O-methylmannose was absent. Small amounts of other sugars, including galactose and pentoses, were tentatively identified. Borohydride reduction before alkaline extraction resulted in retention of almost half of the glucose and variable amounts of other components in the alkaline residue, indicating that solubilization of cell wall polymers by alkaline extraction results in significant degradation of the native cell wall polymers.", "PMID": 832908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_231", "title": "Interactions between mycoplasma pneumoniae and the first components of complement.", "content": "Mycoplasma pneumoniae cells were rounded and killed by fresh guinea pig serum (GPS) which did not contain detectable amounts of antibody. The first component of complement (C1) was bound by M. pneumoniae in considerable amounts from both GPS and purified C1. The C1 bound by the cells was reacting with C4. Sequential addition of C1, C4, C2, and C-ethylenediaminetetraacetate to glass-grown M. pneumoniae cells resulted in rounding of a significant number of cells. M. orale and M. fermentans showed a reduced binding capacity for C1 as compared with M. pneumoniae. Both species were only slowly killed by fresh GPS, whereas M. hominis was as sensitive as M. pneumoniae. The results suggest an antibody-independent interaction between some components of the membrane surface of M. pneumoniae and C1, resulting in an activation of the complement system leading to the killing of the mycoplasma cells.", "contents": "Interactions between mycoplasma pneumoniae and the first components of complement. Mycoplasma pneumoniae cells were rounded and killed by fresh guinea pig serum (GPS) which did not contain detectable amounts of antibody. The first component of complement (C1) was bound by M. pneumoniae in considerable amounts from both GPS and purified C1. The C1 bound by the cells was reacting with C4. Sequential addition of C1, C4, C2, and C-ethylenediaminetetraacetate to glass-grown M. pneumoniae cells resulted in rounding of a significant number of cells. M. orale and M. fermentans showed a reduced binding capacity for C1 as compared with M. pneumoniae. Both species were only slowly killed by fresh GPS, whereas M. hominis was as sensitive as M. pneumoniae. The results suggest an antibody-independent interaction between some components of the membrane surface of M. pneumoniae and C1, resulting in an activation of the complement system leading to the killing of the mycoplasma cells.", "PMID": 832909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_232", "title": "Effect of Trichinella spiralis infection on passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in mice.", "content": "Infection of CFW mice with Trichinella spiralis induced a state of relative unresponsiveness to passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) induced with hen egg albumin and its corresponding antibodies. The unresponsiveness was to PCA produced either with immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) or IgE type of antibodies, but was more pronounced with the latter. As few as 25 larvae given by stomach tube 20 days before induced this resistance, although 400 larvae induced a greater resistance. When 400 to 600 larvae were fed to mice, the refractoriness of these mice to PCA was noticed 15 days later. The sera of infected mice had the ability to inhibit mainly PCA induced by IgE. This inhibitory property of sera from infected mice was more pronounced 35 days after infection than 10 months later, when only weak inhibitory activity was detected. Purified rat IgE inhibited the PCA reactions induced in both mice and rats with mouse IgE-type antibody. At high concentrations, evidence of inhibition of the IgG1-induced PCA in mice was also obtained. We believe that the relative unresponsiveness of infected mice is due to an increase in production of IgE which competitively blocks the mast cell sites for other IgE molecules.", "contents": "Effect of Trichinella spiralis infection on passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in mice. Infection of CFW mice with Trichinella spiralis induced a state of relative unresponsiveness to passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) induced with hen egg albumin and its corresponding antibodies. The unresponsiveness was to PCA produced either with immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) or IgE type of antibodies, but was more pronounced with the latter. As few as 25 larvae given by stomach tube 20 days before induced this resistance, although 400 larvae induced a greater resistance. When 400 to 600 larvae were fed to mice, the refractoriness of these mice to PCA was noticed 15 days later. The sera of infected mice had the ability to inhibit mainly PCA induced by IgE. This inhibitory property of sera from infected mice was more pronounced 35 days after infection than 10 months later, when only weak inhibitory activity was detected. Purified rat IgE inhibited the PCA reactions induced in both mice and rats with mouse IgE-type antibody. At high concentrations, evidence of inhibition of the IgG1-induced PCA in mice was also obtained. We believe that the relative unresponsiveness of infected mice is due to an increase in production of IgE which competitively blocks the mast cell sites for other IgE molecules.", "PMID": 832910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_233", "title": "Geographic correlation between the occurrence of endemic nephropathy and urinary tract tumours in vratza district, Bulgaria.", "content": "Data on the occurrence of endemic nephropathy (EN) and urinary tract and other cancers in an endemic region of Vratza district, Bulgaria, for the years 1965-1974, are presented. In endemic villages a high incidence of urinary tract tumours, affecting in particular the renal pelvis and ureter, closely correlated with the EN incidence and mortality rates. In the villages with high and moderate EN incidences urinary tract tumours are the most common neoplasms. They account for 25% of all tumour sites in males and 30% in females. In hyperendemic villages age-adjusted incidences in EN and urinary tract tumours were 506/10(5) and 104/10(5) in females, and 315/10(5) and 89/10(5) in males respectively. EN mortality in these villages accounted for over 40% of all deaths in females and about 30% in males. Both diseases displayed peculiar geographic clustering. Females and middle-aged persons were most often affected. Urinary tract neoplasms were often multiple and nearly 90% of them originated in the uro-epithelium. In endemic and non-endemic villages of the region studied, the frequency and pattern of non-urinary tract cancers were rather similar, with statistical values close to those of the rural population of Vratza District and Bulgaria as a whole.", "contents": "Geographic correlation between the occurrence of endemic nephropathy and urinary tract tumours in vratza district, Bulgaria. Data on the occurrence of endemic nephropathy (EN) and urinary tract and other cancers in an endemic region of Vratza district, Bulgaria, for the years 1965-1974, are presented. In endemic villages a high incidence of urinary tract tumours, affecting in particular the renal pelvis and ureter, closely correlated with the EN incidence and mortality rates. In the villages with high and moderate EN incidences urinary tract tumours are the most common neoplasms. They account for 25% of all tumour sites in males and 30% in females. In hyperendemic villages age-adjusted incidences in EN and urinary tract tumours were 506/10(5) and 104/10(5) in females, and 315/10(5) and 89/10(5) in males respectively. EN mortality in these villages accounted for over 40% of all deaths in females and about 30% in males. Both diseases displayed peculiar geographic clustering. Females and middle-aged persons were most often affected. Urinary tract neoplasms were often multiple and nearly 90% of them originated in the uro-epithelium. In endemic and non-endemic villages of the region studied, the frequency and pattern of non-urinary tract cancers were rather similar, with statistical values close to those of the rural population of Vratza District and Bulgaria as a whole.", "PMID": 832916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_234", "title": "Immunoglobulin complexes in sera of patients with malignancy.", "content": "Sera frour 146 patients with malignancy, 59 normal controls and 42 patients hospitalized with non-malignant diseases were examined by a precipitin test with monoclonal rheumatoid factor (mRF) for the presence of circulating immune complexes containing IgG. Forty-two (29%) of the sera from cancer patients but only two of the sera from patients in each of the control groups contained such material. Similar results were obtained with a radioimmunoassay for immune complexes based on the same mRF. Sera from 23 of 65 patients with metastatic malignancy (35%) had elevated levels of immune complexes by this latter test. The presence of the material was not related to the source of malignancy, presence of carcinoembryonic or hepatitis antigens or of such autoantibodies as rheumatoid factor or anti-DNA. By density gradient ultracentrifugation the reacting material was identified as being of molecular size 19s or greater. It has not yet been further characterized with regard to the nature of any antigens present.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin complexes in sera of patients with malignancy. Sera frour 146 patients with malignancy, 59 normal controls and 42 patients hospitalized with non-malignant diseases were examined by a precipitin test with monoclonal rheumatoid factor (mRF) for the presence of circulating immune complexes containing IgG. Forty-two (29%) of the sera from cancer patients but only two of the sera from patients in each of the control groups contained such material. Similar results were obtained with a radioimmunoassay for immune complexes based on the same mRF. Sera from 23 of 65 patients with metastatic malignancy (35%) had elevated levels of immune complexes by this latter test. The presence of the material was not related to the source of malignancy, presence of carcinoembryonic or hepatitis antigens or of such autoantibodies as rheumatoid factor or anti-DNA. By density gradient ultracentrifugation the reacting material was identified as being of molecular size 19s or greater. It has not yet been further characterized with regard to the nature of any antigens present.", "PMID": 832917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_235", "title": "Human pancreatic carcinoma (MIA PaCa-2) in continuous culture: sensitivity to asparaginase.", "content": "An undifferentiated human pancreatic carcinoma has been established in continuous culture and is grown in Dulbecco's modified. Eagle's medium fortified with 10% fetal calf serum and 2.5% horse serum. The established cell line (MIA PaCa-2) has a doubling time of 40 h. The cells are large with abundant cytoplasm, exhibit a high degree of aneuploidy and have a tendency to grow on top of other cells. MIA PaCa-2 grows in soft agar with a colony-forming efficiency of 19%. Both MIA PaCa-2 cells and a cell line from another pancreatic carcinoma obtained from National Cancer Institute (NCI) are sensitive to asparaginase, a property not shared by several other human tumor cell lines tested.", "contents": "Human pancreatic carcinoma (MIA PaCa-2) in continuous culture: sensitivity to asparaginase. An undifferentiated human pancreatic carcinoma has been established in continuous culture and is grown in Dulbecco's modified. Eagle's medium fortified with 10% fetal calf serum and 2.5% horse serum. The established cell line (MIA PaCa-2) has a doubling time of 40 h. The cells are large with abundant cytoplasm, exhibit a high degree of aneuploidy and have a tendency to grow on top of other cells. MIA PaCa-2 grows in soft agar with a colony-forming efficiency of 19%. Both MIA PaCa-2 cells and a cell line from another pancreatic carcinoma obtained from National Cancer Institute (NCI) are sensitive to asparaginase, a property not shared by several other human tumor cell lines tested.", "PMID": 832918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_236", "title": "A dose-response study on urethane carcinogenesis in rats and mice.", "content": "Sprague-Dawley rats and NMRI mice were treated with urethane in the drinking water for 2 years. In both species the daily doses were: 100, 500, 2,500, and 12,500 mug/kg. The frequency of animals with malignancies increased steadily with increasing doses, beginning from 500 mug/kg/day for rats, and from 100 mug/kg/day for mice. To evaluate the possible cancer risk for man due to urethane in beverages, the observed response rates were used to extrapolate responses at lower doses. At a daily dose of 0.14 mug/kg/day (corresponding to daily consumption of a beverage with 10 ppb urethane by a 70-kg man) the upper risk limits were estimated to be 3.2 in 100,000 for rats, and 470 in 100,000 for mice (modified Mantel-Bryan procedure). Problems in calculating a possible cancer risk for man on the basis of animal observations are discussed. Since treatment of beverages with diethyldicarbonate leads to the formation of urethane, and since a cancer risk to man from urethane cannot be excluded, replacement of diethyldicarbonate by a toxicologically unobjectionale compound is called for.", "contents": "A dose-response study on urethane carcinogenesis in rats and mice. Sprague-Dawley rats and NMRI mice were treated with urethane in the drinking water for 2 years. In both species the daily doses were: 100, 500, 2,500, and 12,500 mug/kg. The frequency of animals with malignancies increased steadily with increasing doses, beginning from 500 mug/kg/day for rats, and from 100 mug/kg/day for mice. To evaluate the possible cancer risk for man due to urethane in beverages, the observed response rates were used to extrapolate responses at lower doses. At a daily dose of 0.14 mug/kg/day (corresponding to daily consumption of a beverage with 10 ppb urethane by a 70-kg man) the upper risk limits were estimated to be 3.2 in 100,000 for rats, and 470 in 100,000 for mice (modified Mantel-Bryan procedure). Problems in calculating a possible cancer risk for man on the basis of animal observations are discussed. Since treatment of beverages with diethyldicarbonate leads to the formation of urethane, and since a cancer risk to man from urethane cannot be excluded, replacement of diethyldicarbonate by a toxicologically unobjectionale compound is called for.", "PMID": 832919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_237", "title": "Redefining addiction. I. Making addiction a scientifically and socially useful concept.", "content": "Addiction is both a more complex-and a more common-phenomenon than either medical personnel or laymen have realized. It is impossible to link addiction as a medical syndrome to any one drug or family of drugs, or to trace it to a specific biological mechanism. As scientists have uncovered more data leading to these conclusions, they have turned away from employing the term \"addiction.\" Yet many drug researchers and workers in the helping professions continue to make incorrect assumptions about both addiction and drug use. In this paper the author attempts to broaden the applicability of the addiction concept in order to give it meaning. With this broader approach, we find that many involvements that people become engaged in follow the pattern of addiction, while some involvements with supposedly addictive drugs do not follow this pattern. The addiction cycle is explored by means of the following psychological definition: An addiction is any compulsive activity or involvement which decreases a person's ability to deal with other aspects of his life to the point where that activity or involvement comprises the dominant source of emotional reinforcement and identity for the person.", "contents": "Redefining addiction. I. Making addiction a scientifically and socially useful concept. Addiction is both a more complex-and a more common-phenomenon than either medical personnel or laymen have realized. It is impossible to link addiction as a medical syndrome to any one drug or family of drugs, or to trace it to a specific biological mechanism. As scientists have uncovered more data leading to these conclusions, they have turned away from employing the term \"addiction.\" Yet many drug researchers and workers in the helping professions continue to make incorrect assumptions about both addiction and drug use. In this paper the author attempts to broaden the applicability of the addiction concept in order to give it meaning. With this broader approach, we find that many involvements that people become engaged in follow the pattern of addiction, while some involvements with supposedly addictive drugs do not follow this pattern. The addiction cycle is explored by means of the following psychological definition: An addiction is any compulsive activity or involvement which decreases a person's ability to deal with other aspects of his life to the point where that activity or involvement comprises the dominant source of emotional reinforcement and identity for the person.", "PMID": 832935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_238", "title": "Prosperity as a cause of death.", "content": "The general death rate rises during business booms and falls during depressions. The causes of death involved in this variation range from infectious diseases through accidents to heart disease, cancer, and cirrhosis of the liver, and include the great majority of all causes of death. Less than 2 percent of the death rate-that for suicide and homicide-varies directly with unemployment. In the older historical data, deterioration of housing and rise of alcohol consumption on the boom may account for part of this variation. In twentieth-century cycles, the role of social stress is probably predominant. Overwork and fragmentation of community through migration are two important sources of stress which rise with the boom, and they are demonstrably related to the causes of death which show this variation.", "contents": "Prosperity as a cause of death. The general death rate rises during business booms and falls during depressions. The causes of death involved in this variation range from infectious diseases through accidents to heart disease, cancer, and cirrhosis of the liver, and include the great majority of all causes of death. Less than 2 percent of the death rate-that for suicide and homicide-varies directly with unemployment. In the older historical data, deterioration of housing and rise of alcohol consumption on the boom may account for part of this variation. In twentieth-century cycles, the role of social stress is probably predominant. Overwork and fragmentation of community through migration are two important sources of stress which rise with the boom, and they are demonstrably related to the causes of death which show this variation.", "PMID": 832936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_239", "title": "Sex, stress, and health.", "content": "Recent research suggests possible health benefits of sexual activity. Sexual arousal appears to increase testosterone levels in males. (Related effects in females have not been studied.) This article shows that increased testosterone has a number of health-promoting effects and that good sexual functioning is a health issue not only in itself, but also in its effects on general health as well. Both clinical and experimental evidence indicates that stress disrupts the normal sexual response. Combining this with the previous evidence, a general model of reciprural inhibition between sexual and stress effects is proposed, with the implication that sex may be an antagonist to the deleterious health effects of stress. If stress disrupts sex, the result is likely to be indirect negative effects on health. Three basic types of stress which frequently disrupt sexual functioning are described, and it is argued that sex therapy techniques are effective in large part as a result of their ability to reduce these forms of stress. The kinds of stress that lead to sexual dysfunction have clear social roots. A variety of etiological factors are identified. It is argued that movements promoting social change may in fact perform sexual preventive medicine, which may indirectly augment general health as well.", "contents": "Sex, stress, and health. Recent research suggests possible health benefits of sexual activity. Sexual arousal appears to increase testosterone levels in males. (Related effects in females have not been studied.) This article shows that increased testosterone has a number of health-promoting effects and that good sexual functioning is a health issue not only in itself, but also in its effects on general health as well. Both clinical and experimental evidence indicates that stress disrupts the normal sexual response. Combining this with the previous evidence, a general model of reciprural inhibition between sexual and stress effects is proposed, with the implication that sex may be an antagonist to the deleterious health effects of stress. If stress disrupts sex, the result is likely to be indirect negative effects on health. Three basic types of stress which frequently disrupt sexual functioning are described, and it is argued that sex therapy techniques are effective in large part as a result of their ability to reduce these forms of stress. The kinds of stress that lead to sexual dysfunction have clear social roots. A variety of etiological factors are identified. It is argued that movements promoting social change may in fact perform sexual preventive medicine, which may indirectly augment general health as well.", "PMID": 832938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_240", "title": "Diagnostic Peritoneal Tap.", "content": "Diagnostic peritoneal tap has been an invaluable tool in the early diagnosis of acute abdominal catastrophy. We have discussed the role of abdominal paracentesis in 27 cases of blunt abdominal trauma and acute abdomen, where the diagnosis was in doubt despite clinical and emergency investigations. A simple method of tapping was adopted and there have been no complicatons.", "contents": "Diagnostic Peritoneal Tap. Diagnostic peritoneal tap has been an invaluable tool in the early diagnosis of acute abdominal catastrophy. We have discussed the role of abdominal paracentesis in 27 cases of blunt abdominal trauma and acute abdomen, where the diagnosis was in doubt despite clinical and emergency investigations. A simple method of tapping was adopted and there have been no complicatons.", "PMID": 832944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_241", "title": "Injuries to the popliteal artery.", "content": "We have discussed our experiences in operative treatment of popliteal artery injuries. Healing depends on the elapsed time between injury and operation. Three patients brought to the clinic after eight hours required amputations because of irreversible changes caused by anoxemia.", "contents": "Injuries to the popliteal artery. We have discussed our experiences in operative treatment of popliteal artery injuries. Healing depends on the elapsed time between injury and operation. Three patients brought to the clinic after eight hours required amputations because of irreversible changes caused by anoxemia.", "PMID": 832945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_242", "title": "New technic for surgical treatment of wrist ganglion.", "content": "A new technic for surgical treatment of dorsal wrist ganglia is described. Our results are compared with the best results obtained by other authors in the treatment of all types of ganglia.", "contents": "New technic for surgical treatment of wrist ganglion. A new technic for surgical treatment of dorsal wrist ganglia is described. Our results are compared with the best results obtained by other authors in the treatment of all types of ganglia.", "PMID": 832947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_243", "title": "Solitary bone cyst of the calcaneus.", "content": "Ten cases of solitary bone cyst are presented. Nine of the lesions were asymptomatic and were discovered incidentally. Two patients were operated upon while eight were followed for 1 to 14 years. In spite of severe foot injuries that three patients have sustained, no fracture of the calcaneus occurred. We also showed experimentally that the strength of the calcaneus is not significantly reduced by the presence of the cyst. Therefore operative intervention in this lesion is not recommended. Acknowledgements: We wish to thank Dr. M. Carakostas, Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon at Asclepeion Hospital, Athens, for allowing us to present Case 6 and Mr. St. Paipetis, Professor of the Polytechnic School of Athens, for his adivce during the experimental work.", "contents": "Solitary bone cyst of the calcaneus. Ten cases of solitary bone cyst are presented. Nine of the lesions were asymptomatic and were discovered incidentally. Two patients were operated upon while eight were followed for 1 to 14 years. In spite of severe foot injuries that three patients have sustained, no fracture of the calcaneus occurred. We also showed experimentally that the strength of the calcaneus is not significantly reduced by the presence of the cyst. Therefore operative intervention in this lesion is not recommended. Acknowledgements: We wish to thank Dr. M. Carakostas, Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon at Asclepeion Hospital, Athens, for allowing us to present Case 6 and Mr. St. Paipetis, Professor of the Polytechnic School of Athens, for his adivce during the experimental work.", "PMID": 832948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_244", "title": "High friction compression in the treatment of complicated fractures of the lower extremity.", "content": "Charnley's compression clamps have hastened the union of cancellous bones but not much success has been obtained in the slender shafts of cortical bones. The principles of biophysics show that a fracture site under compression acts as a hinge joint. If friction is increased in such \"joints\" along indicated axes, immobility of the fracture fragments can be obtained and lead to bone union. We have developed a modified device based on Charnley's compression clamps to create high friction compression. We successfully applied it in the treatment of eight fractures of the shafts of the femur or tibia which would not unite because of infection, soft tissue interposition or gross incongruity of fragments. The mechanical aspects of creating friction with the device are discussed.", "contents": "High friction compression in the treatment of complicated fractures of the lower extremity. Charnley's compression clamps have hastened the union of cancellous bones but not much success has been obtained in the slender shafts of cortical bones. The principles of biophysics show that a fracture site under compression acts as a hinge joint. If friction is increased in such \"joints\" along indicated axes, immobility of the fracture fragments can be obtained and lead to bone union. We have developed a modified device based on Charnley's compression clamps to create high friction compression. We successfully applied it in the treatment of eight fractures of the shafts of the femur or tibia which would not unite because of infection, soft tissue interposition or gross incongruity of fragments. The mechanical aspects of creating friction with the device are discussed.", "PMID": 832950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_245", "title": "Topical undecylenic acid in tinea pedis: a new look.", "content": "One hundred and four patients with mycologically confirmed tinea pedis took part in a controlled clinical trial to determine the efficacy of undecylenic acid powder preparations in the treatment of their fungal infections. Clinical and mycological cures were obtained in 53% of those subjects treated with undecylenic acid powders as compared with 7% of those treated with the talc vehicle or left untreated. Undecylenic acid in a powder vehicle appears to be a safe and effective agent in the treatment of tinea pedis.", "contents": "Topical undecylenic acid in tinea pedis: a new look. One hundred and four patients with mycologically confirmed tinea pedis took part in a controlled clinical trial to determine the efficacy of undecylenic acid powder preparations in the treatment of their fungal infections. Clinical and mycological cures were obtained in 53% of those subjects treated with undecylenic acid powders as compared with 7% of those treated with the talc vehicle or left untreated. Undecylenic acid in a powder vehicle appears to be a safe and effective agent in the treatment of tinea pedis.", "PMID": 832943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_246", "title": "Surgery in primary hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "Data were reviewed on 26 patients suffering from primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). The diagnosis of PHPT is increasing in frequency, due to greater awareness and better methods of detection. Delay in recognition has gradually decreased, thus permitting earlier treatment. No single test or any combination of tests can be considered satisfactorily pathognomonic of PHPT. Hypercalcemia is the most satisfactory finding suggestive of PHPT. Cervical exploration should be an integral part of the diagnostic work-up. Removal of a distinct adenoma is adequate therapy if the other parathyroid glands are normal. Subtotal parathyroidectomy should be performed only in cases of hyperplasia of all parathyroid glands.", "contents": "Surgery in primary hyperparathyroidism. Data were reviewed on 26 patients suffering from primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). The diagnosis of PHPT is increasing in frequency, due to greater awareness and better methods of detection. Delay in recognition has gradually decreased, thus permitting earlier treatment. No single test or any combination of tests can be considered satisfactorily pathognomonic of PHPT. Hypercalcemia is the most satisfactory finding suggestive of PHPT. Cervical exploration should be an integral part of the diagnostic work-up. Removal of a distinct adenoma is adequate therapy if the other parathyroid glands are normal. Subtotal parathyroidectomy should be performed only in cases of hyperplasia of all parathyroid glands.", "PMID": 832957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_247", "title": "Postoperative intrahepatic cholestasis.", "content": "Postoperative jaundice is an occasional complication of major surgery. Four illustrative cases are described and a mechanism of development is suggested. The jaundice may seem to be biochemically of the obstructive type. Most of the bilirubin is of the conjugated type. The disturbance of liver function can be caused by several factors, including massive transfusion, hematoma in tissues, shock, heart failure, anoxia, infection and perhaps medications. Postoperative jaundice by itself is not of cardinal importance in deciding the prognosis of the patient.", "contents": "Postoperative intrahepatic cholestasis. Postoperative jaundice is an occasional complication of major surgery. Four illustrative cases are described and a mechanism of development is suggested. The jaundice may seem to be biochemically of the obstructive type. Most of the bilirubin is of the conjugated type. The disturbance of liver function can be caused by several factors, including massive transfusion, hematoma in tissues, shock, heart failure, anoxia, infection and perhaps medications. Postoperative jaundice by itself is not of cardinal importance in deciding the prognosis of the patient.", "PMID": 832958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_248", "title": "Biochemical transformation of regenerating ocular surface epithelium.", "content": "Several biochemical parameters, including glycogen levels, and the activities of hexokinase, phosphorylase, and lactate dehydrogenase have been compared in regenerating epithelium of conjunctival and corneal origin in rabbits. The study was designed to determine the extent of biochemical transformation of conjunctival into corneal epithelium completed within 6 weeks. Although histological transformation, especially in the case of the chemically damaged eyes, is not. Glycogen and lactate dehydrogenase levels remained well below normal corneal epithelial levels for the period of observation.", "contents": "Biochemical transformation of regenerating ocular surface epithelium. Several biochemical parameters, including glycogen levels, and the activities of hexokinase, phosphorylase, and lactate dehydrogenase have been compared in regenerating epithelium of conjunctival and corneal origin in rabbits. The study was designed to determine the extent of biochemical transformation of conjunctival into corneal epithelium completed within 6 weeks. Although histological transformation, especially in the case of the chemically damaged eyes, is not. Glycogen and lactate dehydrogenase levels remained well below normal corneal epithelial levels for the period of observation.", "PMID": 832961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_249", "title": "Histopathologic changes after thermokeratoplasty for keratoconus.", "content": "Six patients had penetrating keratoplasty following thermokeratoplasty (TKP) at different time intervals. The standard temperature used was between 90 degree and 95 degree C. with constant saline irrigation. The corneal buttons were studied by light and electron microscopy. Immediate changes observed included epithelial necrosis, marked degneration of keratocytes, and endothelial edema. After 24 hours, evidence of acute inflammation was noted in the subeptihelial zone and superficial stroma, and the endothelial changes persisted. One month after TKP, there was evidence of cellular regeneration of all the corneal layers. Eight months later, regeneration of the endothelial cells, keratocytes, and epithelium was present. Regeneration of the epithelial basement membrane was defective.", "contents": "Histopathologic changes after thermokeratoplasty for keratoconus. Six patients had penetrating keratoplasty following thermokeratoplasty (TKP) at different time intervals. The standard temperature used was between 90 degree and 95 degree C. with constant saline irrigation. The corneal buttons were studied by light and electron microscopy. Immediate changes observed included epithelial necrosis, marked degneration of keratocytes, and endothelial edema. After 24 hours, evidence of acute inflammation was noted in the subeptihelial zone and superficial stroma, and the endothelial changes persisted. One month after TKP, there was evidence of cellular regeneration of all the corneal layers. Eight months later, regeneration of the endothelial cells, keratocytes, and epithelium was present. Regeneration of the epithelial basement membrane was defective.", "PMID": 832962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_250", "title": "The phacoemulsification procedure. III. Corneal complications.", "content": "Persistent corneal edema is one of the complications of phacoemulsification. Five patients underwent this procedure 6 to 8 months before keratoplasty was performed. In addition to bullous keratopathy, two corneas had corneal scarring due to probe overheating or corneal vascularization of the anterior chamber. Electron microscopy of corneal specimens showed that four cases had Fuch's dystrophy without warts and one had guttata. Endothelial cell destruction varied from lessions of small size (15 to 50 mu) to large abrasions. Cases with severe edema and vitreous adhesion showed retrocorneal membrane formation. Surgical trauma seemed to have precipitated decompensation of these dystrophic corneas.", "contents": "The phacoemulsification procedure. III. Corneal complications. Persistent corneal edema is one of the complications of phacoemulsification. Five patients underwent this procedure 6 to 8 months before keratoplasty was performed. In addition to bullous keratopathy, two corneas had corneal scarring due to probe overheating or corneal vascularization of the anterior chamber. Electron microscopy of corneal specimens showed that four cases had Fuch's dystrophy without warts and one had guttata. Endothelial cell destruction varied from lessions of small size (15 to 50 mu) to large abrasions. Cases with severe edema and vitreous adhesion showed retrocorneal membrane formation. Surgical trauma seemed to have precipitated decompensation of these dystrophic corneas.", "PMID": 832963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_251", "title": "The effect of corneal edema on visual function.", "content": "Corneal edema was produced by atmospheric-induced anoxia and the visual effect was assesed by conventional acuity tests and compared with contrast sensitivity measurements. For the degree of edema which this technique produced, contrast sensitivity was depressed for only high spatial frequencies and could be considered in terms of equivalent defocus. This was not the case ofr a greater degree of edema which was simulated by a diffuser with a particle size that mimics the diffraction effects from an edematous cornea. Equivalent blur was not applicable, since low spatial frequencies were also affected and the letter and contrast sensitivity tests gave radically different results. In the light of these findings, the validity of the present letter acuity evaluation of visual function for patients in which intraocular scattering is involved is questioned.", "contents": "The effect of corneal edema on visual function. Corneal edema was produced by atmospheric-induced anoxia and the visual effect was assesed by conventional acuity tests and compared with contrast sensitivity measurements. For the degree of edema which this technique produced, contrast sensitivity was depressed for only high spatial frequencies and could be considered in terms of equivalent defocus. This was not the case ofr a greater degree of edema which was simulated by a diffuser with a particle size that mimics the diffraction effects from an edematous cornea. Equivalent blur was not applicable, since low spatial frequencies were also affected and the letter and contrast sensitivity tests gave radically different results. In the light of these findings, the validity of the present letter acuity evaluation of visual function for patients in which intraocular scattering is involved is questioned.", "PMID": 832964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_252", "title": "Comparative reproducibility of the digital photogrammetric procedure utilizing three methods of stereophotography.", "content": "The reproducibility of digital photogrammetry of optic nervehead photographs taken with the Zeiss fundus camera with Allen stereoseparator, the Donaldson fundus camera, and the Zeiss fundus camera with twin-prism separator were evaluated. Reproducibility of the various quantitative factors was significantly better when the two types of simultantic cups. Larger per cent errors were encountered with shallower optic cups. Substantial improvements in parameter reproducibility were obtained when finer sampling intervals were used during film digitization.", "contents": "Comparative reproducibility of the digital photogrammetric procedure utilizing three methods of stereophotography. The reproducibility of digital photogrammetry of optic nervehead photographs taken with the Zeiss fundus camera with Allen stereoseparator, the Donaldson fundus camera, and the Zeiss fundus camera with twin-prism separator were evaluated. Reproducibility of the various quantitative factors was significantly better when the two types of simultantic cups. Larger per cent errors were encountered with shallower optic cups. Substantial improvements in parameter reproducibility were obtained when finer sampling intervals were used during film digitization.", "PMID": 832965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_253", "title": "Glucocorticoid responsiveness associated with HLA-B12.", "content": "Primary open-angle galucoma (POAG) patients are more responsive to glucocorticoids, and have increased prevalences of the histocompatibility antigens HLA-B7 and HLA-B12. We report herein a comparison of in vitro cellular responsiveness to glucocorticoids and HLA classification for 25 POAG patients, and 25 individuals who respond to topical dexamethasone with intraocular pressure is greater than 31 mm. HG. (GG responders). Within both the POAG and GG groups, significantly greater responsiveness to prednisolone occurs in patients with HLA-B12 antigen. No such association occurs for patients with HLA-B7.", "contents": "Glucocorticoid responsiveness associated with HLA-B12. Primary open-angle galucoma (POAG) patients are more responsive to glucocorticoids, and have increased prevalences of the histocompatibility antigens HLA-B7 and HLA-B12. We report herein a comparison of in vitro cellular responsiveness to glucocorticoids and HLA classification for 25 POAG patients, and 25 individuals who respond to topical dexamethasone with intraocular pressure is greater than 31 mm. HG. (GG responders). Within both the POAG and GG groups, significantly greater responsiveness to prednisolone occurs in patients with HLA-B12 antigen. No such association occurs for patients with HLA-B7.", "PMID": 832966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_254", "title": "Trabeculotomy in the immature, enucleated human eye.", "content": "Greater than 50 per cent of resistance to aqueous outflow was eliminated by internal trabeculotomy covering 30 degrees of the limbal circumference in enucleated, postmorten infant eyes subjected to constant-pressure acqueous perfusion. The proportion of total outflow resistance eliminated after limited trabeculotomy was greater in infant eyes than that observed in eyes of older children andthan that which others have observed in adult eyes. These data suggest that in the infant eye aqueous humor may flow circumferentially in Schlemm's canal but that the capacity for circumferential flow diminishes with increasing age.", "contents": "Trabeculotomy in the immature, enucleated human eye. Greater than 50 per cent of resistance to aqueous outflow was eliminated by internal trabeculotomy covering 30 degrees of the limbal circumference in enucleated, postmorten infant eyes subjected to constant-pressure acqueous perfusion. The proportion of total outflow resistance eliminated after limited trabeculotomy was greater in infant eyes than that observed in eyes of older children andthan that which others have observed in adult eyes. These data suggest that in the infant eye aqueous humor may flow circumferentially in Schlemm's canal but that the capacity for circumferential flow diminishes with increasing age.", "PMID": 832967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_255", "title": "Oral vaccination and multivalent vaccine against Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis.", "content": "Active immunization against Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis and systemic disease in mice was studied. In the first series of experiments, monovalent vaccine, administered orally or intraperitoneally, protected against subsequent corneal and intraperitoneal challenge with the homologous strain of P. aeruginosa; however, oral administration of vaccine elicited less protection than intraperitoneal administration. After both routes, protection was observed at 11 and 32 days post-vaccination, but it was greater at 11 days. In the second series of experiments, multivalent vaccine administered intraperitoneally protected against corneal challenge with 56 to 78 percent of 18 strains.", "contents": "Oral vaccination and multivalent vaccine against Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis. Active immunization against Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis and systemic disease in mice was studied. In the first series of experiments, monovalent vaccine, administered orally or intraperitoneally, protected against subsequent corneal and intraperitoneal challenge with the homologous strain of P. aeruginosa; however, oral administration of vaccine elicited less protection than intraperitoneal administration. After both routes, protection was observed at 11 and 32 days post-vaccination, but it was greater at 11 days. In the second series of experiments, multivalent vaccine administered intraperitoneally protected against corneal challenge with 56 to 78 percent of 18 strains.", "PMID": 832968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_256", "title": "The determination of the diffusion coefficient of krypton in rabbit ocular tissue.", "content": "The validity of the inert gas clearance method for measuring choroidal blood flow has recently been demonstrated by studying the diffusion of krypton in ocular tissue. In this study the diffusion coefficients of krypton in rabbit ocular tissue were calculated from measurements of the diffusion coefficients of xenon. The mean values for the diffusion coefficients of krypton obtained in this study were 1.6 X 10(-5), 0.76 X 10(-5), 0.80 X 10(-5), and 1.2 X 10(-5) cm.2 per second for the sclera, choroid, retina, and vitreous, respectively.", "contents": "The determination of the diffusion coefficient of krypton in rabbit ocular tissue. The validity of the inert gas clearance method for measuring choroidal blood flow has recently been demonstrated by studying the diffusion of krypton in ocular tissue. In this study the diffusion coefficients of krypton in rabbit ocular tissue were calculated from measurements of the diffusion coefficients of xenon. The mean values for the diffusion coefficients of krypton obtained in this study were 1.6 X 10(-5), 0.76 X 10(-5), 0.80 X 10(-5), and 1.2 X 10(-5) cm.2 per second for the sclera, choroid, retina, and vitreous, respectively.", "PMID": 832969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_257", "title": "Spatio-temporal interactions in anisometropic and strabismic amblyopia.", "content": "Contrast sensitivity functions for sinusoidal gratings of different spatial frequencies and stimulus durations have been determined for both eyes of amblyopic subjects. For both long and short stimulus durations, the entire contrast sensitivity function of the amblyopic eyes is lower than that of the nonamblyopic eyes. When the gratings were flickered at 10 Hz, the sensitivity for pattern and flicker detection were similar for both eyes at low spatial frequencies. Possible neural mechanisms for the differences in contrast sensitivity are considered with respect to recent psychophysical and electrophysiological evidence for channels with different spatio-temporal properties in the mammalian visual system.", "contents": "Spatio-temporal interactions in anisometropic and strabismic amblyopia. Contrast sensitivity functions for sinusoidal gratings of different spatial frequencies and stimulus durations have been determined for both eyes of amblyopic subjects. For both long and short stimulus durations, the entire contrast sensitivity function of the amblyopic eyes is lower than that of the nonamblyopic eyes. When the gratings were flickered at 10 Hz, the sensitivity for pattern and flicker detection were similar for both eyes at low spatial frequencies. Possible neural mechanisms for the differences in contrast sensitivity are considered with respect to recent psychophysical and electrophysiological evidence for channels with different spatio-temporal properties in the mammalian visual system.", "PMID": 832970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_258", "title": "Correlation of in vitro 32P counts with histologic features of malignant melanoma of choroid and ciliary body.", "content": "The radioactive phosphorus uptake of 30 samples fron nine uveal melanomas was determined by liquid scintillation counting. These in vitro measurements correlated positively with clinical (in vivo) 32P values and with the number of mitotic figures and percentage of epithelioid cells (PEC) within the specimens. Three possible explanations were found for the failure of previous workers to demonstrate a correlation between cell type and clinical 32P. (1) Cell type, using Callender's classification, provides only a crude estimate of the PEC within a tumor; in particular, tumors of mixed cell type can vary widely in epithelioid cell content. (2) The rate of 32P absorption is not su-ficiently sensitive to distinguish spindle cell tumors from mixed cell tumors with a low PEC. (3) Clinical 32P measurements may be affected by extraneous factors that cause large deviations from the expected values.", "contents": "Correlation of in vitro 32P counts with histologic features of malignant melanoma of choroid and ciliary body. The radioactive phosphorus uptake of 30 samples fron nine uveal melanomas was determined by liquid scintillation counting. These in vitro measurements correlated positively with clinical (in vivo) 32P values and with the number of mitotic figures and percentage of epithelioid cells (PEC) within the specimens. Three possible explanations were found for the failure of previous workers to demonstrate a correlation between cell type and clinical 32P. (1) Cell type, using Callender's classification, provides only a crude estimate of the PEC within a tumor; in particular, tumors of mixed cell type can vary widely in epithelioid cell content. (2) The rate of 32P absorption is not su-ficiently sensitive to distinguish spindle cell tumors from mixed cell tumors with a low PEC. (3) Clinical 32P measurements may be affected by extraneous factors that cause large deviations from the expected values.", "PMID": 832971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_259", "title": "The role of thyroid hormone in the development of the chick corneal endothelium and epithelium.", "content": "Previous studies have established that thyroxine or thiouracil treatments affect the development of corneal transparency in the chick. The effects of these drugs on chick corneal epithelial and endothelial development were investigated because in the adult the integrity of these cell layers is necessary for the maintenance of corneal transparency. Chick embryos were treated with thiouracil or thyroxine at stage 36 or 38; the corneas were excised 2 to 12 days after treatment (between stages 38 and 45), and prepared for electron microscopy. The colloidal tracer ruthenium red was added during fixation to study epithelial and endothelial permeability and to stain the intercellular endothelial spaces. At all stages studied, the epithelium was impermeable to ruthenium red and this property was not affected by drug treatment. The epithelial barrier to this tracer is located in the outermost cell layer. The ease of penetration of ruthenium red through the endothelial intercellular spaces indicated the lack of zonular tight functions and the presence of gap functions in this cell layer. Thiouracil treatment delayed the development of the corneal epithelium so that at stage 45 it resembled epithelium from a normal embryo 3 stages younger. In normal animals, chick corneal endothelial development is characterized by an increasing degree of interdigitation of the lateral plasma membranes of adjacent endothelial cells with advancing embryonic age. Thiouracil treatment delayed this progressive development of adjacent cell membrane interdigitation. In contrast, thyroxine treatment accelerated the development of the lateral borders of the endothelial cells. It also appears that thyroid hormone can affect the development of the cell membranes of apposed cells in epithelium as well as the endothelium of the embryonic chick cornea.", "contents": "The role of thyroid hormone in the development of the chick corneal endothelium and epithelium. Previous studies have established that thyroxine or thiouracil treatments affect the development of corneal transparency in the chick. The effects of these drugs on chick corneal epithelial and endothelial development were investigated because in the adult the integrity of these cell layers is necessary for the maintenance of corneal transparency. Chick embryos were treated with thiouracil or thyroxine at stage 36 or 38; the corneas were excised 2 to 12 days after treatment (between stages 38 and 45), and prepared for electron microscopy. The colloidal tracer ruthenium red was added during fixation to study epithelial and endothelial permeability and to stain the intercellular endothelial spaces. At all stages studied, the epithelium was impermeable to ruthenium red and this property was not affected by drug treatment. The epithelial barrier to this tracer is located in the outermost cell layer. The ease of penetration of ruthenium red through the endothelial intercellular spaces indicated the lack of zonular tight functions and the presence of gap functions in this cell layer. Thiouracil treatment delayed the development of the corneal epithelium so that at stage 45 it resembled epithelium from a normal embryo 3 stages younger. In normal animals, chick corneal endothelial development is characterized by an increasing degree of interdigitation of the lateral plasma membranes of adjacent endothelial cells with advancing embryonic age. Thiouracil treatment delayed this progressive development of adjacent cell membrane interdigitation. In contrast, thyroxine treatment accelerated the development of the lateral borders of the endothelial cells. It also appears that thyroid hormone can affect the development of the cell membranes of apposed cells in epithelium as well as the endothelium of the embryonic chick cornea.", "PMID": 832972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_260", "title": "In vivo observation of protein diffusivity in rabbit lenses.", "content": "We report the in vivo observation of protein diffusivity in rabbit lenses with the use of laser light-scattering spectroscopy. Levels of laser light irradiation, which we estimate to correspond to a level less than that used in routine ophthalmoscopy, were adequate for observation. The in vivo measurements agreed with measurements on the same lens after excision from the animal. Since changes in protein diffusivity reflecting even very small degrees of protein aggregation can be observed by this method, it should make possible quantitative studies of incipient lens opacification.", "contents": "In vivo observation of protein diffusivity in rabbit lenses. We report the in vivo observation of protein diffusivity in rabbit lenses with the use of laser light-scattering spectroscopy. Levels of laser light irradiation, which we estimate to correspond to a level less than that used in routine ophthalmoscopy, were adequate for observation. The in vivo measurements agreed with measurements on the same lens after excision from the animal. Since changes in protein diffusivity reflecting even very small degrees of protein aggregation can be observed by this method, it should make possible quantitative studies of incipient lens opacification.", "PMID": 832973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_261", "title": "Kainic acid: neurotoxic effects after intraocular injection.", "content": "Intraocular injection of 120 nmol. of kainic acid, a powerful glutamate receptor agonist, induces a marked degeneration of cells in the inner nuclear layer of the retina. Within 2 hours after injection there is a significant decrement in the specific activities of tyrosine hydroxylase, choline acetyltransferase, and glutamic acid decarboxylase; by 48 hours after injection there is nearly a complete loss in the presynaptic neurochemical markers for the cholinergic and GABAergic neurons. The dopaminergic neurons, as assessed by activity of tyrosine hydroxylase and concentration of endogenous dopamine, are reduced only 50% by the kainic acid treatment. Although basal adenylate cyclase activity is unaffected by kainic acid, there is a 90 percent reduction in the activating effects of dopamine on adenylate cyclase in the kainic acid-treated retina.", "contents": "Kainic acid: neurotoxic effects after intraocular injection. Intraocular injection of 120 nmol. of kainic acid, a powerful glutamate receptor agonist, induces a marked degeneration of cells in the inner nuclear layer of the retina. Within 2 hours after injection there is a significant decrement in the specific activities of tyrosine hydroxylase, choline acetyltransferase, and glutamic acid decarboxylase; by 48 hours after injection there is nearly a complete loss in the presynaptic neurochemical markers for the cholinergic and GABAergic neurons. The dopaminergic neurons, as assessed by activity of tyrosine hydroxylase and concentration of endogenous dopamine, are reduced only 50% by the kainic acid treatment. Although basal adenylate cyclase activity is unaffected by kainic acid, there is a 90 percent reduction in the activating effects of dopamine on adenylate cyclase in the kainic acid-treated retina.", "PMID": 832974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_262", "title": "Blue and green cone mechanisms in retinitis pigmentosa.", "content": "Pronounced abnormalities in the increment threshold curves for the blue and green cone mechanisms only 10 degrees above the fovea, and in some cases in the fovea as well, have been found with a 2.5 degrees stimulus in different genetic types of retinitis pigmentosa. Whenever cone thresholds were abnormal, thresholds determined by the blue cone mechanism (pi1 and pi3) were more elevated than those determined by the green cone mechanism (pi4). Thresholds determined by the green cone mechanism were consistently more elevated at low background intensities than at intermediate and high background intensities. Threshold elevations for the blue and green cone mechanisms relative to each other in the perifovea in a given patient tested with the 2.5 degrees stimulus could be simulated in normal observers tested with a single small stimulus. These findings support the idea that the summation pools for blue and green cone mechanisms are proportionally reduced below normal in retinitis pigmentosa, at least in the perifovea, and are compatible with the idea that both mechanisms are comparably involved at the photoreceptor level.", "contents": "Blue and green cone mechanisms in retinitis pigmentosa. Pronounced abnormalities in the increment threshold curves for the blue and green cone mechanisms only 10 degrees above the fovea, and in some cases in the fovea as well, have been found with a 2.5 degrees stimulus in different genetic types of retinitis pigmentosa. Whenever cone thresholds were abnormal, thresholds determined by the blue cone mechanism (pi1 and pi3) were more elevated than those determined by the green cone mechanism (pi4). Thresholds determined by the green cone mechanism were consistently more elevated at low background intensities than at intermediate and high background intensities. Threshold elevations for the blue and green cone mechanisms relative to each other in the perifovea in a given patient tested with the 2.5 degrees stimulus could be simulated in normal observers tested with a single small stimulus. These findings support the idea that the summation pools for blue and green cone mechanisms are proportionally reduced below normal in retinitis pigmentosa, at least in the perifovea, and are compatible with the idea that both mechanisms are comparably involved at the photoreceptor level.", "PMID": 832975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_263", "title": "Calcification of soft contact lenses in patient with dry eye and elevated calcium concentration in tears.", "content": "Following radiotherapy for an extensive intraepithelial carcinoma of the conjunctiva and eyelid, a patient developed opacification of soft contact lenses used on the same side. Calcilm was demonstrated within the contact lenses by cytochemical methods and by energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis. The phenomenon was associated with unilateral tear insufficiency and an elevated tear calcium level as determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.", "contents": "Calcification of soft contact lenses in patient with dry eye and elevated calcium concentration in tears. Following radiotherapy for an extensive intraepithelial carcinoma of the conjunctiva and eyelid, a patient developed opacification of soft contact lenses used on the same side. Calcilm was demonstrated within the contact lenses by cytochemical methods and by energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis. The phenomenon was associated with unilateral tear insufficiency and an elevated tear calcium level as determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.", "PMID": 832976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_264", "title": "Radio telemetry of intraocular pressure in vitro.", "content": "A guard ring pressure transensor, using the principles of surface applanation, was used to transmit intraocular pressure (IOP) from a cadaver canine eye. The transensor consisted of a passive resonant coil/capacitor combination, made pressure sensitive by the movement of a small ferrite plate which acted as its applanating surface. Oscillation induced in the transensor by a remote grid dip oscillator (GDO) was monitored by a digital frequency counter (DFC). The resonant frequency of oscillation in the transensor bore a linear relationship to the in vitro IOP in three separate experiments (coefficient of determination for linear regression, r2 equals 0.90). These data indicate that radio telemetry is feasible, using a miniature applanating passive radio telemetric device for continual monitoring of IOP.", "contents": "Radio telemetry of intraocular pressure in vitro. A guard ring pressure transensor, using the principles of surface applanation, was used to transmit intraocular pressure (IOP) from a cadaver canine eye. The transensor consisted of a passive resonant coil/capacitor combination, made pressure sensitive by the movement of a small ferrite plate which acted as its applanating surface. Oscillation induced in the transensor by a remote grid dip oscillator (GDO) was monitored by a digital frequency counter (DFC). The resonant frequency of oscillation in the transensor bore a linear relationship to the in vitro IOP in three separate experiments (coefficient of determination for linear regression, r2 equals 0.90). These data indicate that radio telemetry is feasible, using a miniature applanating passive radio telemetric device for continual monitoring of IOP.", "PMID": 832977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_265", "title": "Age-related changes in the free amino acid pool of rat lens.", "content": "Quite disparate values have been reported by various investigators for the concentrations of free amino acids in the normal rat lens.  To test the possibility that the apparent discrepancies could result from age- or strain-related effects, assays were made on both weanling and mature specimens from two common laboratory strains of rats. Althoug, the levels of free amino acids in the plasma were very similar in all groups, the total free amino acid concentration in the lenses of weanling rats was almost double that found in mature rats. Individual amino acids showed quite varied patterns of age-related changes in concentration. Although there is limited evidence that strain-related differences in the amino acid pool may also exist, it was concluded that age-related alterations pro0ably account for most of the variation present in the previously reported values.", "contents": "Age-related changes in the free amino acid pool of rat lens. Quite disparate values have been reported by various investigators for the concentrations of free amino acids in the normal rat lens.  To test the possibility that the apparent discrepancies could result from age- or strain-related effects, assays were made on both weanling and mature specimens from two common laboratory strains of rats. Althoug, the levels of free amino acids in the plasma were very similar in all groups, the total free amino acid concentration in the lenses of weanling rats was almost double that found in mature rats. Individual amino acids showed quite varied patterns of age-related changes in concentration. Although there is limited evidence that strain-related differences in the amino acid pool may also exist, it was concluded that age-related alterations pro0ably account for most of the variation present in the previously reported values.", "PMID": 832978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_266", "title": "HLA antigens and primary open-angle glaucoma in black Americans.", "content": "Black patients with primary open-angle glaucoma, when compared to nonglaucomatous individuals, demonstrate significantly increased prevalences of the HLA antigens B7 and B12 and significantly decreased frequencies of A1 and A11. White patients with primary open-angle glaucoma have in common with blacks the increases in B7 and B12 and the decrease in A11, but present no deficit of A1. In addition, white patients with primary open-angle glaucoma demonstrate a significant increase of A3 and a decrease of Bw35, both of which are not found in blacks.", "contents": "HLA antigens and primary open-angle glaucoma in black Americans. Black patients with primary open-angle glaucoma, when compared to nonglaucomatous individuals, demonstrate significantly increased prevalences of the HLA antigens B7 and B12 and significantly decreased frequencies of A1 and A11. White patients with primary open-angle glaucoma have in common with blacks the increases in B7 and B12 and the decrease in A11, but present no deficit of A1. In addition, white patients with primary open-angle glaucoma demonstrate a significant increase of A3 and a decrease of Bw35, both of which are not found in blacks.", "PMID": 832979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_267", "title": "Inhibition of leukocyte migration with melanoma-associated antigens in choroidal tumors.", "content": "Patients with choroidal melanomas and simulating choroidal tumors were tested in a masked manner in a leukocyte-migration inhibition (LMI) assay with a 3M KCl antigen derived from a metastatic choroidal melanoma. Good discrimination petween patient groups was observed with this antigen. The sensitivity and specificity of this assay are discussed.", "contents": "Inhibition of leukocyte migration with melanoma-associated antigens in choroidal tumors. Patients with choroidal melanomas and simulating choroidal tumors were tested in a masked manner in a leukocyte-migration inhibition (LMI) assay with a 3M KCl antigen derived from a metastatic choroidal melanoma. Good discrimination petween patient groups was observed with this antigen. The sensitivity and specificity of this assay are discussed.", "PMID": 832980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_268", "title": "Retina viability in the Necturus.", "content": "Electroretinograms (ERG's) were recorded from the eyes of paralyzed normal and decapitated mudpuppies (Necturus maculosus). Fully dark-adapted responses to a range of stimulus intensities were compiled hourly under both conditions. Statistical analyses indicate no significant change in responsiveness in paralyzed normal animals during periods up to 6 hours. After decapitation, there was a significant decline of sensitivity to light during the first 3 hours. An oxygen-sensitive component similar to the c-wave was observed with DC recording but only in normal eyes. Anoxic mudpuppy eyes show an ERG decline with an average time constant of 1.5 hours.", "contents": "Retina viability in the Necturus. Electroretinograms (ERG's) were recorded from the eyes of paralyzed normal and decapitated mudpuppies (Necturus maculosus). Fully dark-adapted responses to a range of stimulus intensities were compiled hourly under both conditions. Statistical analyses indicate no significant change in responsiveness in paralyzed normal animals during periods up to 6 hours. After decapitation, there was a significant decline of sensitivity to light during the first 3 hours. An oxygen-sensitive component similar to the c-wave was observed with DC recording but only in normal eyes. Anoxic mudpuppy eyes show an ERG decline with an average time constant of 1.5 hours.", "PMID": 832981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_269", "title": "The rod outer segment phospholipid/opsin ratio of rats maintained in darkness or cyclic light.", "content": "Rhodopsin (opsin), lipid, and fatty acids were measured in rod outer segments (ROS's) of rats maintained for at least 2 weeks in continuous darkness or in 12 hours per day cyclic light. Average rhodopsin per eye was 1.8 nmol. for the 5 ft.-c. cyclic light groups compared to 2.4 nmol. for the dark groups of the same age. The phospholipid/opsin ratio was significantly higher after cyclic light maintenance, suggesting that slow adaptive processes control the opsin density of the ROS membranes. Estimates indicate that ROS length also depends on the long-term light environment. ROS lipid and fatty acid composition were not consistently different in dark and light groups.", "contents": "The rod outer segment phospholipid/opsin ratio of rats maintained in darkness or cyclic light. Rhodopsin (opsin), lipid, and fatty acids were measured in rod outer segments (ROS's) of rats maintained for at least 2 weeks in continuous darkness or in 12 hours per day cyclic light. Average rhodopsin per eye was 1.8 nmol. for the 5 ft.-c. cyclic light groups compared to 2.4 nmol. for the dark groups of the same age. The phospholipid/opsin ratio was significantly higher after cyclic light maintenance, suggesting that slow adaptive processes control the opsin density of the ROS membranes. Estimates indicate that ROS length also depends on the long-term light environment. ROS lipid and fatty acid composition were not consistently different in dark and light groups.", "PMID": 832982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_270", "title": "Experience with a microscopic screening program for sputum specimens.", "content": "Microscopic examination of almost 2,000 sputum specimens was performed over a 3 1/2-month period. The specimens were categorized into 6 groups based on numbers of leukocytes (PMN's) and squamous epithelial cells (SEC's) observed at low magnification (X 100). Bacteriologic evaluation of specimens consisted of identification and antimicrobial susceptibility tests of potential pathogens when growth was equal or predominant to the growth of oropharyngeal flora. Specimens containing greater than 25 PMN's and less than 25 SEC's had potential pathogens identified in 51% of the samples. Specimen containing greater than 25 SEC's and any number of PMN's showed a rate on only 19%. Specimens containing less than 25 PMN's and SEC's had a rate of 13%. Since initiating the screening program in which sputum specimens containing greater than 25 SEC's were unacceptable for culture, the per cent of acceptable specimens received by the laboratory nearly doubled.", "contents": "Experience with a microscopic screening program for sputum specimens. Microscopic examination of almost 2,000 sputum specimens was performed over a 3 1/2-month period. The specimens were categorized into 6 groups based on numbers of leukocytes (PMN's) and squamous epithelial cells (SEC's) observed at low magnification (X 100). Bacteriologic evaluation of specimens consisted of identification and antimicrobial susceptibility tests of potential pathogens when growth was equal or predominant to the growth of oropharyngeal flora. Specimens containing greater than 25 PMN's and less than 25 SEC's had potential pathogens identified in 51% of the samples. Specimen containing greater than 25 SEC's and any number of PMN's showed a rate on only 19%. Specimens containing less than 25 PMN's and SEC's had a rate of 13%. Since initiating the screening program in which sputum specimens containing greater than 25 SEC's were unacceptable for culture, the per cent of acceptable specimens received by the laboratory nearly doubled.", "PMID": 833001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_271", "title": "Evidence against gastrointestinal pseudoparasitism by the land planarian, Bipalium kewense Moseley 1878.", "content": "The possibility of gastrointestinal pseudoparasitism by the free-living land planarian, Bipalium kewense, was tested by feeding and survival experiments. The intestinal tracts of three dogs were negative for B. kewense after the individual dogs were fed eight, three, and four large worms and autopsied at 12 h, 3 h, and 45 min, respectively. Survival of the worms in Warburg flasks, under N2, AT 27 C, was 2 h or less.. In Gas Pak jars (CO2 + H2) at 37 C, survival was less than 60 min. Aerobically, at 37 C, survival varied from 45 to 60 min. Attra-tion of the worms to stool material was examined by placing planaria inside square whose boundries were constructed of fecal smears. Bipalium kewense exposed to canine feces showed strong avoidance reactions. Urea, a nitrogen end product of these worms, was also shown to be a negative stimulus for B. kewense. Failure to establish even short term passage in the digestive tract, lethality of 37 C and anaerobic environments, and sensitivity to feces makes gastrointestinal pseudoparasitism unlikely in these organisms.", "contents": "Evidence against gastrointestinal pseudoparasitism by the land planarian, Bipalium kewense Moseley 1878. The possibility of gastrointestinal pseudoparasitism by the free-living land planarian, Bipalium kewense, was tested by feeding and survival experiments. The intestinal tracts of three dogs were negative for B. kewense after the individual dogs were fed eight, three, and four large worms and autopsied at 12 h, 3 h, and 45 min, respectively. Survival of the worms in Warburg flasks, under N2, AT 27 C, was 2 h or less.. In Gas Pak jars (CO2 + H2) at 37 C, survival was less than 60 min. Aerobically, at 37 C, survival varied from 45 to 60 min. Attra-tion of the worms to stool material was examined by placing planaria inside square whose boundries were constructed of fecal smears. Bipalium kewense exposed to canine feces showed strong avoidance reactions. Urea, a nitrogen end product of these worms, was also shown to be a negative stimulus for B. kewense. Failure to establish even short term passage in the digestive tract, lethality of 37 C and anaerobic environments, and sensitivity to feces makes gastrointestinal pseudoparasitism unlikely in these organisms.", "PMID": 833002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_272", "title": "Ultracytochemical demonstration and probable localization of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity with a ferricyanide technique.", "content": "In order to localize 3beta-hydroxysteriod dehydrogenase activity on the ultrastructural level, sections of Newt and Rat adrenocortical tissues, fixed in a mixture of glutaraldehyde (0.25%) and formaldehyde (1%), were incubated in a medium containing namely a 3beta-hydroxysteroid as substrate, NAD, potassium ferricyanide as final electron acceptor and copper sulfate. In some experiments, phenazine methosulfate (PMS), an electron carrier which can substitute for the activity of the endogenous NADH-diaphorase, is added at various concentrations to the incubation medium. A final precipitate of copper ferrocyanide is observed in the immediate vicinity of the tubules of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, or in contact with their external faces. The reaction product can also be seen in mitochondrial cristae. The reaction does not take place in incubation media lacking substrate or containing cyanoketone, a specific inhibitor of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. the addition of PMS to the incubation medium increases the intensity of the reaction, but does not modify the localization of the precipitate.", "contents": "Ultracytochemical demonstration and probable localization of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity with a ferricyanide technique. In order to localize 3beta-hydroxysteriod dehydrogenase activity on the ultrastructural level, sections of Newt and Rat adrenocortical tissues, fixed in a mixture of glutaraldehyde (0.25%) and formaldehyde (1%), were incubated in a medium containing namely a 3beta-hydroxysteroid as substrate, NAD, potassium ferricyanide as final electron acceptor and copper sulfate. In some experiments, phenazine methosulfate (PMS), an electron carrier which can substitute for the activity of the endogenous NADH-diaphorase, is added at various concentrations to the incubation medium. A final precipitate of copper ferrocyanide is observed in the immediate vicinity of the tubules of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, or in contact with their external faces. The reaction product can also be seen in mitochondrial cristae. The reaction does not take place in incubation media lacking substrate or containing cyanoketone, a specific inhibitor of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. the addition of PMS to the incubation medium increases the intensity of the reaction, but does not modify the localization of the precipitate.", "PMID": 833007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_273", "title": "Combined visualization of central catecholamine- and acetylcholinesterase-containing neurons: application of the glyoxylic acid and thiocholine histochemical methods to the same Vibratome section.", "content": "This paper describes a procedure for demonstration of catecholamine- and acetylcholinesterase-containing neurons in the same section of central nervous tissue. The brains are first processed according to the glyoxylic acid (GA) fluorescence method for catecholamine neurons, i.e. perfused with an ice-cold GA solution, sectioned on a Vibratome instrument, immersed in a GA solution and dried under a stream of warm air. The unmounted sections are examined and photographed in the fluorescence microscope, and then stained for acetylcholinesterse according to Holmstedt's modification of the Koelle thiocholine method (incubation for 4-6 h with acetylthiocholine as substrate and Mipafox as inhibitor of non-specific cholinesterases). the sections are then examined in the light microscope, rephotographed, and the picture compared with that following the GA reaction. The present technique makes possible, for the first time, detailed light microscopical studies of themorphological relations between central catecholamine-and acetylcholinesterase-containing neurons in the same section.", "contents": "Combined visualization of central catecholamine- and acetylcholinesterase-containing neurons: application of the glyoxylic acid and thiocholine histochemical methods to the same Vibratome section. This paper describes a procedure for demonstration of catecholamine- and acetylcholinesterase-containing neurons in the same section of central nervous tissue. The brains are first processed according to the glyoxylic acid (GA) fluorescence method for catecholamine neurons, i.e. perfused with an ice-cold GA solution, sectioned on a Vibratome instrument, immersed in a GA solution and dried under a stream of warm air. The unmounted sections are examined and photographed in the fluorescence microscope, and then stained for acetylcholinesterse according to Holmstedt's modification of the Koelle thiocholine method (incubation for 4-6 h with acetylthiocholine as substrate and Mipafox as inhibitor of non-specific cholinesterases). the sections are then examined in the light microscope, rephotographed, and the picture compared with that following the GA reaction. The present technique makes possible, for the first time, detailed light microscopical studies of themorphological relations between central catecholamine-and acetylcholinesterase-containing neurons in the same section.", "PMID": 833008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_274", "title": "Critical analysis of the use of the acrolein-Schiff method as a possible DNA reaction.", "content": "Histophotometric examination was carried out on nuclei of lymphocytes in human peripheral blood, which were subjected to various tests in order to assess the acrolein-Schiff method as a possible DNA specific reaction, in comparison with the traditional Feulgen reaction. Special attention was paid to the degree of difference between responses attributable to a direct Schiff reaction obtained in the fraction of nuclear proteins after treatment with acrolein. From the results obtained it appears that an acrolein-Schiff reaction, following extraction of proteins, may be considered a qualitative reaction for DNA. Our findings also show that there is no relationship between the degree of response to the acrolein-Schiff reaction and that the Feulgen reaction, which is to be expected in view of the different mechanisms of the two reactions.", "contents": "Critical analysis of the use of the acrolein-Schiff method as a possible DNA reaction. Histophotometric examination was carried out on nuclei of lymphocytes in human peripheral blood, which were subjected to various tests in order to assess the acrolein-Schiff method as a possible DNA specific reaction, in comparison with the traditional Feulgen reaction. Special attention was paid to the degree of difference between responses attributable to a direct Schiff reaction obtained in the fraction of nuclear proteins after treatment with acrolein. From the results obtained it appears that an acrolein-Schiff reaction, following extraction of proteins, may be considered a qualitative reaction for DNA. Our findings also show that there is no relationship between the degree of response to the acrolein-Schiff reaction and that the Feulgen reaction, which is to be expected in view of the different mechanisms of the two reactions.", "PMID": 833009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_275", "title": "Temporal relationship between glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and DNA-synthesis.", "content": "Wounds have been inflicted in the skin of guinea-pigs. Measurements were made on the basal cells 39-54 h later, at different times of the day. It has been shown that there can be two peaks of mitosis, one about mid-day and the other about 22 h. Synthesis of DNA, measured by Feulgen microdensitometry, preceded mitotic activity. Marked changes were found in glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, measured by quantitative cytochemistry and microdensitometry. The greatest activity preceded DNA-synthesis, indicating that pentose-shunt metabolic activity is involved in biosynthetic processes required for cell proliferation.", "contents": "Temporal relationship between glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and DNA-synthesis. Wounds have been inflicted in the skin of guinea-pigs. Measurements were made on the basal cells 39-54 h later, at different times of the day. It has been shown that there can be two peaks of mitosis, one about mid-day and the other about 22 h. Synthesis of DNA, measured by Feulgen microdensitometry, preceded mitotic activity. Marked changes were found in glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, measured by quantitative cytochemistry and microdensitometry. The greatest activity preceded DNA-synthesis, indicating that pentose-shunt metabolic activity is involved in biosynthetic processes required for cell proliferation.", "PMID": 833010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_276", "title": "An autoradiographic study of macromolecular syntheses in the epithelium of the ductus epididymidis in the mouse. II. Incorporation of L-fucose-1-3H.", "content": "Glycoprotein dynamism in the mouse epididymis was studied by means ofhistoautoradiography after injection of L-fucose-1-3H. The label was detected, at thirty minutes p.i., in the area occupied by Golgi apparatus in the epithelial cells. At 4 h p.i. the label was already present inthe lumen of ductus epididymidis. At this time interval, the luminal labelling was highest in the initial segment of the epididymis and decreased against the more distal segments considerably. At ten days p.i. very high labelling was detected in the luminal contents in the terminal segment of the ductus epididymidis and in ductus deferens, the labelling in the proximal segments of the epididymis being much lower. These observations suggested a wave of labelled glycoprotein in epididymal plasma passing through the epididymis after a fucose pulse. Higher labelling was detected in so-called \"clrial was seen in epididymal and uterine spermatozoa, mostly in sperm tail region.", "contents": "An autoradiographic study of macromolecular syntheses in the epithelium of the ductus epididymidis in the mouse. II. Incorporation of L-fucose-1-3H. Glycoprotein dynamism in the mouse epididymis was studied by means ofhistoautoradiography after injection of L-fucose-1-3H. The label was detected, at thirty minutes p.i., in the area occupied by Golgi apparatus in the epithelial cells. At 4 h p.i. the label was already present inthe lumen of ductus epididymidis. At this time interval, the luminal labelling was highest in the initial segment of the epididymis and decreased against the more distal segments considerably. At ten days p.i. very high labelling was detected in the luminal contents in the terminal segment of the ductus epididymidis and in ductus deferens, the labelling in the proximal segments of the epididymis being much lower. These observations suggested a wave of labelled glycoprotein in epididymal plasma passing through the epididymis after a fucose pulse. Higher labelling was detected in so-called \"clrial was seen in epididymal and uterine spermatozoa, mostly in sperm tail region.", "PMID": 833011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_277", "title": "Intranuclear synthesized and native glycogen particles in human gastric cancer: ultrastructure and histochemistry.", "content": "Ultrastructural and histochemical studies on human gastric cancer cells disclosed the presence of native and synthesized glycogen particles. The glycogen particles were investigated in the histochemical synthesis of glycogen particles from glucose 1-phosphate by the phosphorylase-branching glycosyltransferase system and non-incubated native glycogen in human gastric adenocarcinoma tubulare. It was observed that focal synthesis localized inthe intracytoplasmic matrix and intranucleus. Intranuclear synthesized glycogen appeared as a rosette form ranging from 1100 to 1300 A in diameter and free particles ranging from 325 to 900 A in diagmeter. The synthesis of glycogen appeared in the nucleus as well as in the cytoplasm of the human gastric cancer cells, and the synthesized glycogen was observed as a group of particles. Newly formed glycogen particles appeared occasionally in the interchromatin area as a large macromolecular structure of rosette form. Native glycogen appeared as a free-particle (250-333 A, medium =300 A) and aggregated rosette from (694-1050 A, medium=917 A) in the autophagosome of gastric cancer cells. There was not, however, a native glycogen particle in the nuclei of gastric cancer cells. Under certain conditons the nuclei of gastric cancer cells can acquire the capacity to synthesize glycogen.", "contents": "Intranuclear synthesized and native glycogen particles in human gastric cancer: ultrastructure and histochemistry. Ultrastructural and histochemical studies on human gastric cancer cells disclosed the presence of native and synthesized glycogen particles. The glycogen particles were investigated in the histochemical synthesis of glycogen particles from glucose 1-phosphate by the phosphorylase-branching glycosyltransferase system and non-incubated native glycogen in human gastric adenocarcinoma tubulare. It was observed that focal synthesis localized inthe intracytoplasmic matrix and intranucleus. Intranuclear synthesized glycogen appeared as a rosette form ranging from 1100 to 1300 A in diameter and free particles ranging from 325 to 900 A in diagmeter. The synthesis of glycogen appeared in the nucleus as well as in the cytoplasm of the human gastric cancer cells, and the synthesized glycogen was observed as a group of particles. Newly formed glycogen particles appeared occasionally in the interchromatin area as a large macromolecular structure of rosette form. Native glycogen appeared as a free-particle (250-333 A, medium =300 A) and aggregated rosette from (694-1050 A, medium=917 A) in the autophagosome of gastric cancer cells. There was not, however, a native glycogen particle in the nuclei of gastric cancer cells. Under certain conditons the nuclei of gastric cancer cells can acquire the capacity to synthesize glycogen.", "PMID": 833012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_278", "title": "Bone alkaline phosphatase kinetics studied by a new method.", "content": "Studies of enzyme kinetics by histochemical methods has been seriously impaired by available methods. This study combines two newer methods, i.e., sectioning undecalcified bone from glycol methacrylate and the use of atomic absorpton spectrophotometry for photographic densitometry. The results indicate that the substrate concentration for zero order kinetics of the alkaline phosphatase reaction in bone is 0.5 mg/ml of substrate; and the Km of the same reaction is estimated to be 0.25 mg/ml or 0.56 mM of substrate.", "contents": "Bone alkaline phosphatase kinetics studied by a new method. Studies of enzyme kinetics by histochemical methods has been seriously impaired by available methods. This study combines two newer methods, i.e., sectioning undecalcified bone from glycol methacrylate and the use of atomic absorpton spectrophotometry for photographic densitometry. The results indicate that the substrate concentration for zero order kinetics of the alkaline phosphatase reaction in bone is 0.5 mg/ml of substrate; and the Km of the same reaction is estimated to be 0.25 mg/ml or 0.56 mM of substrate.", "PMID": 833013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_279", "title": "[Investigations on the glycocalyx with toluidin blue staining (author's transl)].", "content": "The study was concerned with the molecular structure of the erythrocyte membrane and its anisotropic staining with toluidine blue. Enzymatic or chemical degradation impairs the topo-optical staining. Decreased anisotropy results also from digitonin treatment of glutaraldehyde fixed cells. Incubation in a mixture of chloroform and methanol abolishes the anisotropic staining with toluidine blue, but it has been restored by the aldehyde bisulfite-procedure. The efficacy of a treatment with chloroform-methanol is greatly reduced int eh case of agglutinated erythrocytes. The reversibly collapsed glycocalyx is devoid of topo-optical staining. The findings refer to the spatial orientaiton of glycoproteins at the cell surface. Degradation or loss and rearrangement, respectively, change the glycocalyx structure and likewise deteriorate the condition for the anisotropic staining. Alterations of the lipid layer of the membrane may result in similar effects. There was, however, no indication of an intercalation into the lipid layer of dyestuff molecules. In conclusion, the topo-optical toluidine blue staining is considered a powerful method aiding studies of the glycocalyx of erythrocytes (and presumably of other types of cells too).", "contents": "[Investigations on the glycocalyx with toluidin blue staining (author's transl)]. The study was concerned with the molecular structure of the erythrocyte membrane and its anisotropic staining with toluidine blue. Enzymatic or chemical degradation impairs the topo-optical staining. Decreased anisotropy results also from digitonin treatment of glutaraldehyde fixed cells. Incubation in a mixture of chloroform and methanol abolishes the anisotropic staining with toluidine blue, but it has been restored by the aldehyde bisulfite-procedure. The efficacy of a treatment with chloroform-methanol is greatly reduced int eh case of agglutinated erythrocytes. The reversibly collapsed glycocalyx is devoid of topo-optical staining. The findings refer to the spatial orientaiton of glycoproteins at the cell surface. Degradation or loss and rearrangement, respectively, change the glycocalyx structure and likewise deteriorate the condition for the anisotropic staining. Alterations of the lipid layer of the membrane may result in similar effects. There was, however, no indication of an intercalation into the lipid layer of dyestuff molecules. In conclusion, the topo-optical toluidine blue staining is considered a powerful method aiding studies of the glycocalyx of erythrocytes (and presumably of other types of cells too).", "PMID": 833014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_280", "title": "Consecutive demonstration of nerves containing catecholamine and acetylcholinesterase in the rat cornea.", "content": "The innervation of the cornea of newborn (two day old) and adult rats was investigated using glyoxylic-acid-induced fluorescence (GIF) for catacholamines and subsequent acetylcholinesterase reaction. Fluorescent nerve were observed around the limbal vessels and in the pericorneal nerve plexus, from which they branched towards the central parts of the cornea. The fluorescent corneal nerves were either nonvaricose or had varicosities at intervals of 10 micra. When the animals had been pretreated with nialamide, noradrenaline and propranolol, some fluorescent branching nerve terminals with numerous varicosities also appeared. All fluorescent nerves disappeared two days after ipsilateral superior cervical sympathectomy. When the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reaction was performed subsequently to the GIF reaction the following nerve types could be identified: 1. nerves containing both catecholamine (CA) fluorescence and AChE, 2. Nerves containing only AChE.", "contents": "Consecutive demonstration of nerves containing catecholamine and acetylcholinesterase in the rat cornea. The innervation of the cornea of newborn (two day old) and adult rats was investigated using glyoxylic-acid-induced fluorescence (GIF) for catacholamines and subsequent acetylcholinesterase reaction. Fluorescent nerve were observed around the limbal vessels and in the pericorneal nerve plexus, from which they branched towards the central parts of the cornea. The fluorescent corneal nerves were either nonvaricose or had varicosities at intervals of 10 micra. When the animals had been pretreated with nialamide, noradrenaline and propranolol, some fluorescent branching nerve terminals with numerous varicosities also appeared. All fluorescent nerves disappeared two days after ipsilateral superior cervical sympathectomy. When the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reaction was performed subsequently to the GIF reaction the following nerve types could be identified: 1. nerves containing both catecholamine (CA) fluorescence and AChE, 2. Nerves containing only AChE.", "PMID": 833015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_281", "title": "A comparison between the one-step and the two-step copper thiocholine procedure for the cytochemical localization of cholinesterases.", "content": "A comparison between the one-step and the two step copper thiocholine procedure for the subcellular localization of cholinesterases was undertaken. The results indicate that only under experimental conditions with short incubation times and precise control of the conversion into sulphide is the localization of the primary precipitate and that of the secondary precipitate identical. It was concluded that the conversion of the primary precipitate into Cu-sulphide is not necessary and can lead to artefacts.", "contents": "A comparison between the one-step and the two-step copper thiocholine procedure for the cytochemical localization of cholinesterases. A comparison between the one-step and the two step copper thiocholine procedure for the subcellular localization of cholinesterases was undertaken. The results indicate that only under experimental conditions with short incubation times and precise control of the conversion into sulphide is the localization of the primary precipitate and that of the secondary precipitate identical. It was concluded that the conversion of the primary precipitate into Cu-sulphide is not necessary and can lead to artefacts.", "PMID": 833016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_282", "title": "Corticosteroid-induced changes in glucose metabolism of chondrocytes.", "content": "Immature mice were treated for up to 12 weeks with daily doses of triamcinolone diacetate. Using quantitative histochemical methods, the proximal epiphyseal plate of the humerus was studied at regular intervals. By the tenth injection significant decrease was noted in the acid glycosaminoglycans content (25%) and in the neutral mucopolysaccharides (30%). Concomitantly, a marked increase was noted in the intracellular depots of glycogen (70%). It is suggested that the hormone's antiglycolytic effect in cartilage caused the glucose metabolic pathway to divert in the direction of glycogen synthesis, and thereby interfered with the normal synthetic pathway of the chondrocytes. The hormone's primary effect on the cells' hexose metabolism could be responsible, at least in part, for its inhibitory influence on bone growth.", "contents": "Corticosteroid-induced changes in glucose metabolism of chondrocytes. Immature mice were treated for up to 12 weeks with daily doses of triamcinolone diacetate. Using quantitative histochemical methods, the proximal epiphyseal plate of the humerus was studied at regular intervals. By the tenth injection significant decrease was noted in the acid glycosaminoglycans content (25%) and in the neutral mucopolysaccharides (30%). Concomitantly, a marked increase was noted in the intracellular depots of glycogen (70%). It is suggested that the hormone's antiglycolytic effect in cartilage caused the glucose metabolic pathway to divert in the direction of glycogen synthesis, and thereby interfered with the normal synthetic pathway of the chondrocytes. The hormone's primary effect on the cells' hexose metabolism could be responsible, at least in part, for its inhibitory influence on bone growth.", "PMID": 833017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_283", "title": "Cholinesterases of the gall bladder.", "content": "Cholinesterase histochemistry of the human gall bladder was studied using two specific methods. Distribution of acetylcholinesterase: In the mucosa, nerve fascicles consisting of densely packed parallel single nerve fibres, small ganglia and \"spot\"- and \"glomerule\"- like concentrations of acetylcholinesterase activity were observed. In the muscle layer, a wide-meshed network of delicate nerves, with occational areas of very dense innervation, and small ganglia were seen. In the serosa, \"glomerule\"- like structures surrounded by dense \"baskets\" of delicate nerves were observed.-- The general scheme of distribution of non-specific cholinesterases was similar to that of acetylcholinesterase. It seems that the cholinergic innervation of the gall bladder is related to both secretion and absorption and contractility. Some cholinergic nerves are probably sensory, especially because acetylcholinesterase-positive structures, possibly pressure of stretch receptors, supplied with nerves were observed in the mucosa and the serosa. The cholinergic innervation of the gall bladder muscle was scarce except occasional areas of very dense innervation. It may thus be concluded that the intermuscle spread of excitation plays an important role, the majority of the smooth muscle cells receiving their nervous influence via electrotonic coupling.", "contents": "Cholinesterases of the gall bladder. Cholinesterase histochemistry of the human gall bladder was studied using two specific methods. Distribution of acetylcholinesterase: In the mucosa, nerve fascicles consisting of densely packed parallel single nerve fibres, small ganglia and \"spot\"- and \"glomerule\"- like concentrations of acetylcholinesterase activity were observed. In the muscle layer, a wide-meshed network of delicate nerves, with occational areas of very dense innervation, and small ganglia were seen. In the serosa, \"glomerule\"- like structures surrounded by dense \"baskets\" of delicate nerves were observed.-- The general scheme of distribution of non-specific cholinesterases was similar to that of acetylcholinesterase. It seems that the cholinergic innervation of the gall bladder is related to both secretion and absorption and contractility. Some cholinergic nerves are probably sensory, especially because acetylcholinesterase-positive structures, possibly pressure of stretch receptors, supplied with nerves were observed in the mucosa and the serosa. The cholinergic innervation of the gall bladder muscle was scarce except occasional areas of very dense innervation. It may thus be concluded that the intermuscle spread of excitation plays an important role, the majority of the smooth muscle cells receiving their nervous influence via electrotonic coupling.", "PMID": 833018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_284", "title": "Qualitative electron probe analysis of secretory ameloblasts and odontoblasts in the rat incisor.", "content": "Rapidly frozen growing rat incisors were freeze fractured and freeze dried in preparation for energy dispersive X-ray emission microanalysis in a scanning electron microscope. Ca levels were found to be elevated in the distal cell body of odontoblasts, whereas Ca was uniformly low over all parts of the cell body of secretory ameloblasts. The results suggest fundamental differences in the mechanisms by which these two cell types process Ca, and that Ca possibly diffuses through the secretory ameloblast layer on its way to the enamel.", "contents": "Qualitative electron probe analysis of secretory ameloblasts and odontoblasts in the rat incisor. Rapidly frozen growing rat incisors were freeze fractured and freeze dried in preparation for energy dispersive X-ray emission microanalysis in a scanning electron microscope. Ca levels were found to be elevated in the distal cell body of odontoblasts, whereas Ca was uniformly low over all parts of the cell body of secretory ameloblasts. The results suggest fundamental differences in the mechanisms by which these two cell types process Ca, and that Ca possibly diffuses through the secretory ameloblast layer on its way to the enamel.", "PMID": 833019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_285", "title": "[A case report of an unusually long uvula (author's transl)].", "content": "An unusually long uvula as a cause of chronic throat irritation with the sensation of a foreign body in a 35-year old patient is reported, with symptoms relieved by partial resection of the uvula.", "contents": "[A case report of an unusually long uvula (author's transl)]. An unusually long uvula as a cause of chronic throat irritation with the sensation of a foreign body in a 35-year old patient is reported, with symptoms relieved by partial resection of the uvula.", "PMID": 833020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_286", "title": "[The investigation of different types of vocal disorder by statistical frequency analysis (author's transl)].", "content": "Common disorders of the vocal cords were assessed by indirect and direct laryngoscopy and by stroboscopy, and they were compared over the frequency range of \"a\". Amplitude and frequency variations from the normal are illustrated in recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis, intubation granuloma, chronic oedema, the hyperkeratosis of chronic laryngitis, hypokinesia and hypokinetic dysphonia. In several cases, the effects of exercise or previous surgery are demonstrated. The described technique gives a useful aid to the management of vocal cord disease.", "contents": "[The investigation of different types of vocal disorder by statistical frequency analysis (author's transl)]. Common disorders of the vocal cords were assessed by indirect and direct laryngoscopy and by stroboscopy, and they were compared over the frequency range of \"a\". Amplitude and frequency variations from the normal are illustrated in recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis, intubation granuloma, chronic oedema, the hyperkeratosis of chronic laryngitis, hypokinesia and hypokinetic dysphonia. In several cases, the effects of exercise or previous surgery are demonstrated. The described technique gives a useful aid to the management of vocal cord disease.", "PMID": 833021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_287", "title": "[Reconstructive surgery of the orbit and adjacent paranasal structures (author's transl)].", "content": "In reconstruction of the orbital floor, homograft lyophilised dura or cialit-stord rib cartilage are suitable, but the best materials are autologous cartilage or silastic or teflon. Autograft bone from the maxilla or rib is rarely used. The surgery of traumatic hypertelorism and the reconstruction of the medial angle of the eye after orbito-nasal fractures are described and illustrated. With complete destruction of the floor of the orbit, a fronto-temporal pedicled flap combined with auricular cartilage is recommended. In this way, the orbital floor and the lower eyelid can be reconstructed. The epithelial lining of the orbit can be developed from a pedicled flap of maxillary sinus mucus membrane.", "contents": "[Reconstructive surgery of the orbit and adjacent paranasal structures (author's transl)]. In reconstruction of the orbital floor, homograft lyophilised dura or cialit-stord rib cartilage are suitable, but the best materials are autologous cartilage or silastic or teflon. Autograft bone from the maxilla or rib is rarely used. The surgery of traumatic hypertelorism and the reconstruction of the medial angle of the eye after orbito-nasal fractures are described and illustrated. With complete destruction of the floor of the orbit, a fronto-temporal pedicled flap combined with auricular cartilage is recommended. In this way, the orbital floor and the lower eyelid can be reconstructed. The epithelial lining of the orbit can be developed from a pedicled flap of maxillary sinus mucus membrane.", "PMID": 833022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_288", "title": "[Applied nystagmometry in differentiating vesitbular diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Nystagmus as a reaction on vestibular stimulation is influenced by many factors which are difficult to control. One of the most important parameters correlating best with the excitability of the peripheral vestibular apparatus is the speed of the slow phase of the nystagmus. This can be registered directly by use of the nystagmometer (or Blauert System), together with the speed of the fast phase. All parameters of the nystagmus can be easily described when recorded. However, an exact description of the nystagmic reaction should not be considered as a complete diagnosis by itself alone; the diagnosis can only be the result of combining nystagmometry, audiometry and other otoneurological or neurological findings with the patient's presenting complaints (or history of the disease involved).", "contents": "[Applied nystagmometry in differentiating vesitbular diseases (author's transl)]. Nystagmus as a reaction on vestibular stimulation is influenced by many factors which are difficult to control. One of the most important parameters correlating best with the excitability of the peripheral vestibular apparatus is the speed of the slow phase of the nystagmus. This can be registered directly by use of the nystagmometer (or Blauert System), together with the speed of the fast phase. All parameters of the nystagmus can be easily described when recorded. However, an exact description of the nystagmic reaction should not be considered as a complete diagnosis by itself alone; the diagnosis can only be the result of combining nystagmometry, audiometry and other otoneurological or neurological findings with the patient's presenting complaints (or history of the disease involved).", "PMID": 833023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_289", "title": "[Surgical correction of the paralyzed vocal cord in the intermediate position].", "content": "The present report describes the favorable use of fascia lata in the treatment of vocal cord paralysis as compared to other methods frequently used (such as, injection of artificial substances, implantation of cartilage or silicone, and stretching of the paralyzed cord).", "contents": "[Surgical correction of the paralyzed vocal cord in the intermediate position]. The present report describes the favorable use of fascia lata in the treatment of vocal cord paralysis as compared to other methods frequently used (such as, injection of artificial substances, implantation of cartilage or silicone, and stretching of the paralyzed cord).", "PMID": 833024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_290", "title": "[Magnifying Larynxstroboscopie (author's transl)].", "content": "A procedure for stroboscopic observation of vocal cord vibrations by means of a magnifying laryngoscope is reported. In addition, the clinical problems which can be managed successfully by this procedure are discussed.", "contents": "[Magnifying Larynxstroboscopie (author's transl)]. A procedure for stroboscopic observation of vocal cord vibrations by means of a magnifying laryngoscope is reported. In addition, the clinical problems which can be managed successfully by this procedure are discussed.", "PMID": 833025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_291", "title": "[Intracranial arteriovenous malformation in one family -- oto- and neurological aspects (author's transl)].", "content": "Intracranial arteriovenous malformations in a father and daughter are described. The pathology involved in one of the patients was localized in the left dura, whereas that of the other was located in the left parietal lobe. Although clinical symptoms were different in each patient, possible hereditary factors in causing the malformations are discussed.", "contents": "[Intracranial arteriovenous malformation in one family -- oto- and neurological aspects (author's transl)]. Intracranial arteriovenous malformations in a father and daughter are described. The pathology involved in one of the patients was localized in the left dura, whereas that of the other was located in the left parietal lobe. Although clinical symptoms were different in each patient, possible hereditary factors in causing the malformations are discussed.", "PMID": 833026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_292", "title": "Evaluation of less than recommended dosages of levamisole phosphate for the treatment of gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle.", "content": "The anthelmintic activity of 3 dosages of injectable levamisole phosphate was evaluated in 84- to 145-kg calves from a herd of cattle with a history of heavy gastrointestinal nematode infections. Trichostrongylid egg counts in the calves varied from 450 to 700/g of feces. The anthelmintic was administered subcutaneously to 3 groups of 10 calves each, at the rate of 8 mg/kg of body weight (current manufacturer's recommendation), 6 mg/kg, and 4 mg/kg. A 4th group of 10 calves was utilized as untreated control calves. At necropsy, comparison of worm burdens between treated and untreated calves indicated apparent reductions (at 8 mg/kg, 6 mg/kg, and 4 mg/kg, respectively) for the various nematodes to be: Haemonchus placei adults-99.9, 100, and 98.3%; H placei L4-91.0, 94.0, 98.0%; O ostertagia late L4-93.8, 86.7, and 96.3%; Trichostrongylus axei adults-99.1, 100, and 100%; Cooperia spp adults-99.8, 99.5, and 99.5%; and Oesophagostomum radiatum adults-100, 100, and 100%. Statistical evaluation, by one-way analysis of variance, of the mean number of each species recovered showed significant (P less than 0.05) differences in the worm burdens between treated and untreated calves, but differences in efficacy between any 2 of the 3 drug dosages were not significant.", "contents": "Evaluation of less than recommended dosages of levamisole phosphate for the treatment of gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle. The anthelmintic activity of 3 dosages of injectable levamisole phosphate was evaluated in 84- to 145-kg calves from a herd of cattle with a history of heavy gastrointestinal nematode infections. Trichostrongylid egg counts in the calves varied from 450 to 700/g of feces. The anthelmintic was administered subcutaneously to 3 groups of 10 calves each, at the rate of 8 mg/kg of body weight (current manufacturer's recommendation), 6 mg/kg, and 4 mg/kg. A 4th group of 10 calves was utilized as untreated control calves. At necropsy, comparison of worm burdens between treated and untreated calves indicated apparent reductions (at 8 mg/kg, 6 mg/kg, and 4 mg/kg, respectively) for the various nematodes to be: Haemonchus placei adults-99.9, 100, and 98.3%; H placei L4-91.0, 94.0, 98.0%; O ostertagia late L4-93.8, 86.7, and 96.3%; Trichostrongylus axei adults-99.1, 100, and 100%; Cooperia spp adults-99.8, 99.5, and 99.5%; and Oesophagostomum radiatum adults-100, 100, and 100%. Statistical evaluation, by one-way analysis of variance, of the mean number of each species recovered showed significant (P less than 0.05) differences in the worm burdens between treated and untreated calves, but differences in efficacy between any 2 of the 3 drug dosages were not significant.", "PMID": 833031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_293", "title": "Distribution of paratuberculosis in Wisconsin, by soil regions.", "content": "A study was undertaken to determine the relationship between concentration of paratuberculosis-infected herds and soil types in Wisconsin. Locations of farms on which paratuberculosis had occurred between 1971 and 1975 were obtained from the Wisconsin Department of Agriculture. The disease occurred mainly in the rolling and undulating areas. Fifty percent of the infection herds were in the southwestern \"driftless area\" and the southeast uplands; 43% occurred in the western part of the northern silty and loamy uplands; the other 7% were scattered in the east and east-central part of the state. The disease did not necessarily occur in the areas of high cattle concentration. It was concluded that the disease persisted in regions with acid soils but not in regions with alkaline, calcereous soils.", "contents": "Distribution of paratuberculosis in Wisconsin, by soil regions. A study was undertaken to determine the relationship between concentration of paratuberculosis-infected herds and soil types in Wisconsin. Locations of farms on which paratuberculosis had occurred between 1971 and 1975 were obtained from the Wisconsin Department of Agriculture. The disease occurred mainly in the rolling and undulating areas. Fifty percent of the infection herds were in the southwestern \"driftless area\" and the southeast uplands; 43% occurred in the western part of the northern silty and loamy uplands; the other 7% were scattered in the east and east-central part of the state. The disease did not necessarily occur in the areas of high cattle concentration. It was concluded that the disease persisted in regions with acid soils but not in regions with alkaline, calcereous soils.", "PMID": 833032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_294", "title": "Bovine immunoglobulins following induced parturition.", "content": "Immunoglobulins in colostrum that are absorbed into the calf's blood were studied in cows in which parturition was induced by corticosteroids 3 to 22 days before expected full-term calving. The colostral and calf serum concentrations of IgG were not different from those in cows and their calves at full-term calving. Colostral IgG content decreased precipitously between 2 and 12 hours postpartum in both groups of cows.", "contents": "Bovine immunoglobulins following induced parturition. Immunoglobulins in colostrum that are absorbed into the calf's blood were studied in cows in which parturition was induced by corticosteroids 3 to 22 days before expected full-term calving. The colostral and calf serum concentrations of IgG were not different from those in cows and their calves at full-term calving. Colostral IgG content decreased precipitously between 2 and 12 hours postpartum in both groups of cows.", "PMID": 833033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_295", "title": "Evaluation of free-roaming mule deer as carriers of anaplasmosis in an area of Idaho where bovine anaplasmosis is enzootic.", "content": "Samples of blood from 87 Rocky Mountain mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) were inoculated into 3 susceptible splenectomized calves to determine the anaplasmosis carrier status of the deer. The deer were trapped along the Idaho-Utah state boundary, near Stone, Id. Acute anaplasmosis was induced in 2 of the 3 inoculated calves, and blood from the 3 calves caused anaplasmosis when inoculated into adult non-splenectomized cattle. Serum rapid card agglutination testing revealed 13 (14.9%) positive reactions among the 87 mule deer. When these seropositive samples were evaluated with the complement-fixation test, positive reactions were not found and only 3 (3.5%) serums gave suspect reactions. A serologic survey for anaplasmosis in 1,852 cattle that cohabit spring and summer rangeland areas with mule deer revealed 14.5% reactors by the serum rapid card agglutination test. The study area consisted of an ecosystem that supports cattle, free-roaming mule deer, and Dermacentor andersoni, and thus contained the elements necessary to effect interspecies transmission of Anaplasma marginale. The significance of wildlife reservoirs and their bearing on anaplasmosis control and eradication programs needs further investigation.", "contents": "Evaluation of free-roaming mule deer as carriers of anaplasmosis in an area of Idaho where bovine anaplasmosis is enzootic. Samples of blood from 87 Rocky Mountain mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) were inoculated into 3 susceptible splenectomized calves to determine the anaplasmosis carrier status of the deer. The deer were trapped along the Idaho-Utah state boundary, near Stone, Id. Acute anaplasmosis was induced in 2 of the 3 inoculated calves, and blood from the 3 calves caused anaplasmosis when inoculated into adult non-splenectomized cattle. Serum rapid card agglutination testing revealed 13 (14.9%) positive reactions among the 87 mule deer. When these seropositive samples were evaluated with the complement-fixation test, positive reactions were not found and only 3 (3.5%) serums gave suspect reactions. A serologic survey for anaplasmosis in 1,852 cattle that cohabit spring and summer rangeland areas with mule deer revealed 14.5% reactors by the serum rapid card agglutination test. The study area consisted of an ecosystem that supports cattle, free-roaming mule deer, and Dermacentor andersoni, and thus contained the elements necessary to effect interspecies transmission of Anaplasma marginale. The significance of wildlife reservoirs and their bearing on anaplasmosis control and eradication programs needs further investigation.", "PMID": 833034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_296", "title": "Malignant melanomas in a Duroc boar.", "content": "A Duroc boar had 2 malignant melanomas of the skin, with metastases into several lymph nodes, lungs, liver, and spleen. All tumors had these characteristics: invasion of lymph and blood vessels, necrosis, numerous giant cells containing granules, heavily pigmented as well as lightly pigmented and unpigmented melanocytes, few anaplastic features, and few mitotic figures. In the skin tumors, there was neither intraepithelial growth nor junctional activity.", "contents": "Malignant melanomas in a Duroc boar. A Duroc boar had 2 malignant melanomas of the skin, with metastases into several lymph nodes, lungs, liver, and spleen. All tumors had these characteristics: invasion of lymph and blood vessels, necrosis, numerous giant cells containing granules, heavily pigmented as well as lightly pigmented and unpigmented melanocytes, few anaplastic features, and few mitotic figures. In the skin tumors, there was neither intraepithelial growth nor junctional activity.", "PMID": 833035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_297", "title": "Cryptosporidiosis in three pigs.", "content": "Coccidia of the genus Cryptosporidium were found at necropsy in 3 pigs. The organisms were embedded in the microvillous border of crypt epithelial cells of the large intestine. Mild inflammation was associated with the infection but without clinical signs of enteritis.", "contents": "Cryptosporidiosis in three pigs. Coccidia of the genus Cryptosporidium were found at necropsy in 3 pigs. The organisms were embedded in the microvillous border of crypt epithelial cells of the large intestine. Mild inflammation was associated with the infection but without clinical signs of enteritis.", "PMID": 833036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_298", "title": "Portal vein anomaly and hepatic encephalopathy in a horse.", "content": "Periodic episodes of diffuse central nervous system disease occurred in a yearling Thoroughbred gelding that had a history of frequent respiratory tract disease and stunted growth. Hepatic encephalopathy was diagnosed on the basis of history, clinical signs, prolonged bromsulphalein clearance, and increased blood ammonia content. Because of the poor prognosis and recurrent clinical signs the horse was euthanatized. Necropsy revealed an arteriovenous anomaly and thrombosis of the portal vein. Histologically, there was diffuse primary astrocytosis of the brain.", "contents": "Portal vein anomaly and hepatic encephalopathy in a horse. Periodic episodes of diffuse central nervous system disease occurred in a yearling Thoroughbred gelding that had a history of frequent respiratory tract disease and stunted growth. Hepatic encephalopathy was diagnosed on the basis of history, clinical signs, prolonged bromsulphalein clearance, and increased blood ammonia content. Because of the poor prognosis and recurrent clinical signs the horse was euthanatized. Necropsy revealed an arteriovenous anomaly and thrombosis of the portal vein. Histologically, there was diffuse primary astrocytosis of the brain.", "PMID": 833038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_299", "title": "Navicular disease in the horse: risk factors, radiographic changes, and response to therapy.", "content": "In a retrospective study, 74 horses met defined historical and clinical features indicative of navicular disease. Most of the affected horses were 4 to 9 years old. Males had a greater risk of navicular disease than females, geldings had a greater risk than stallions, and Quarter Horses had a greater risk than other breeds. Diagnostic radiographic changes were found in 42 of 70 horses examined. The distribution of diagnostic radiographic changes between the right and left fron feet was equal. There was no correlation between the finding of diagnostic radiographic changes and the horse's response to therapy or the type of work for which the horse had been used. A questionnaire regarding the current status of the horses in the study was mailed, and 51 replies were received. Of the 38 horses that were alive at least 6 months after treatment and for which the current status was known, 9 were sound at the time of follow-up (from 7 to 91 months after treatment). Three of these horses had been treated medically, 4 surgically, 1 by corrective shoeing, and 1 not treated. No advantage for medical or surgical therapy was demonstrated. The poor response to therapy in this group of horses suggests that the prognosis for horses with navicular disease should be guarded, and that the probability of a return to a prelameness capacity for work is slight.", "contents": "Navicular disease in the horse: risk factors, radiographic changes, and response to therapy. In a retrospective study, 74 horses met defined historical and clinical features indicative of navicular disease. Most of the affected horses were 4 to 9 years old. Males had a greater risk of navicular disease than females, geldings had a greater risk than stallions, and Quarter Horses had a greater risk than other breeds. Diagnostic radiographic changes were found in 42 of 70 horses examined. The distribution of diagnostic radiographic changes between the right and left fron feet was equal. There was no correlation between the finding of diagnostic radiographic changes and the horse's response to therapy or the type of work for which the horse had been used. A questionnaire regarding the current status of the horses in the study was mailed, and 51 replies were received. Of the 38 horses that were alive at least 6 months after treatment and for which the current status was known, 9 were sound at the time of follow-up (from 7 to 91 months after treatment). Three of these horses had been treated medically, 4 surgically, 1 by corrective shoeing, and 1 not treated. No advantage for medical or surgical therapy was demonstrated. The poor response to therapy in this group of horses suggests that the prognosis for horses with navicular disease should be guarded, and that the probability of a return to a prelameness capacity for work is slight.", "PMID": 833042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_300", "title": "A study of correlation of closure of the distal radial physis with performance and injury in the Standardbred.", "content": "The distal radial physes of 113 two-year-old Standardbreds were radiographed an average of 2.6 times each during an average of 4.72 +/- 1.7 months, beginning May 1, 1975. The radiograph of each physis was graded C, B-, B, B+, or A (closed), and the date of closure was determined by a method that proved to be reliable. The average age of closure of the distal radial physes was 29.8 +/- 1.6 months, with age of closure ranging from 26 to 35 months. There were no statistical differences between age of physeal closure of colts, geldings, or fillies; pacers or trotters; \"well-bred\" or other horses, or between horses by the same sires or from mares by the same sires. Most of the 2-year-old racing was done before physeal closure, the average date of closure being approximately Sept 25, 1975. The average birth date of the horses was March 30, 1973. Eighty of the horses raced an average of 10.5 times, and 46 of them won an average of 2.6 races. There was progressive increase of the number of horses in the more mature classifications (B-, B, B+, to A) as they; first raced, won their first race, went their fastest mile, won their fastest mile, and attained more spped. There was no correlation between age or month of closure of the physes and money won, races won, fastest mile, or fastest win mile during the 2-year-old year. Of the 113 horses, 62 (55%) had injuries--19 major and 57 minor injuries. A significant relationship was not found between physeal classification and the incidence of injury. The number of injuries was also found not to be related to the number of races, number of races won, money won, or to the fastest mile. There was a weak indication that horses with physes classified as C or B- (very immature) may not have raced quite as well as the more mature horses and may have had a slightly higher incidence of injury.", "contents": "A study of correlation of closure of the distal radial physis with performance and injury in the Standardbred. The distal radial physes of 113 two-year-old Standardbreds were radiographed an average of 2.6 times each during an average of 4.72 +/- 1.7 months, beginning May 1, 1975. The radiograph of each physis was graded C, B-, B, B+, or A (closed), and the date of closure was determined by a method that proved to be reliable. The average age of closure of the distal radial physes was 29.8 +/- 1.6 months, with age of closure ranging from 26 to 35 months. There were no statistical differences between age of physeal closure of colts, geldings, or fillies; pacers or trotters; \"well-bred\" or other horses, or between horses by the same sires or from mares by the same sires. Most of the 2-year-old racing was done before physeal closure, the average date of closure being approximately Sept 25, 1975. The average birth date of the horses was March 30, 1973. Eighty of the horses raced an average of 10.5 times, and 46 of them won an average of 2.6 races. There was progressive increase of the number of horses in the more mature classifications (B-, B, B+, to A) as they; first raced, won their first race, went their fastest mile, won their fastest mile, and attained more spped. There was no correlation between age or month of closure of the physes and money won, races won, fastest mile, or fastest win mile during the 2-year-old year. Of the 113 horses, 62 (55%) had injuries--19 major and 57 minor injuries. A significant relationship was not found between physeal classification and the incidence of injury. The number of injuries was also found not to be related to the number of races, number of races won, money won, or to the fastest mile. There was a weak indication that horses with physes classified as C or B- (very immature) may not have raced quite as well as the more mature horses and may have had a slightly higher incidence of injury.", "PMID": 833043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_301", "title": "Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy.", "content": "Five horses of mixed breeding and 1 zebra with symmetric tetraparesis and ataxia were studied. There were 2 females and 4 males. Signs of illness were first noticed from birth to 12 months of age. Clinical and pathologic studies were performed when the animals were 4 to 24 months old. Two of the horses were related. All of the subjects had diffuse degenerative myeloencephalopathy. The degeneration was most pronounced in thoracic segments of the spinal cord. Ventral and dorsolateral funiculi were most severely affected. Axonal swelling and abnormal neuronal cell bodies were seen in the gray matter of the spinal cord and in some brain-stem nuclei. These changes were most prominent in the nuclei of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract. The cause was not determined.", "contents": "Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy. Five horses of mixed breeding and 1 zebra with symmetric tetraparesis and ataxia were studied. There were 2 females and 4 males. Signs of illness were first noticed from birth to 12 months of age. Clinical and pathologic studies were performed when the animals were 4 to 24 months old. Two of the horses were related. All of the subjects had diffuse degenerative myeloencephalopathy. The degeneration was most pronounced in thoracic segments of the spinal cord. Ventral and dorsolateral funiculi were most severely affected. Axonal swelling and abnormal neuronal cell bodies were seen in the gray matter of the spinal cord and in some brain-stem nuclei. These changes were most prominent in the nuclei of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract. The cause was not determined.", "PMID": 833044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_302", "title": "Selective immunoglobulin M deficiency in foals.", "content": "Selective immunoglobulin M deficiency was diagnosed in 5 foals, on the basis of reduced serum immunoglobulin M concentrations (more than 2 standard deviations below the normal mean). All 5 foals had clinical signs or lesions involving the respiratory tract. Lkebsiella sp was isolated from joint fluids, bronchial lymph nodes, or tracheal washings from the 3 foals in which such samples were available for microbiologic evaluation.", "contents": "Selective immunoglobulin M deficiency in foals. Selective immunoglobulin M deficiency was diagnosed in 5 foals, on the basis of reduced serum immunoglobulin M concentrations (more than 2 standard deviations below the normal mean). All 5 foals had clinical signs or lesions involving the respiratory tract. Lkebsiella sp was isolated from joint fluids, bronchial lymph nodes, or tracheal washings from the 3 foals in which such samples were available for microbiologic evaluation.", "PMID": 833046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_303", "title": "Effects of preanesthetic medication, anesthesia, and position of recumbency on central venous pressure in horses.", "content": "Central venous pressure (cvp) was recorded in horses before and after tranquilization and during halothane-maintained anesthesia in lateral or dorsal recumbency. The cvp was significantly decreased after administration of acetylpromazine, when compared with base line measurements and measurements taken after xylazine administration. After induction of anesthesia, cvp increased with time for 75 minutes, and values in lateral recumbency were significantly higher than those in dorsal recumbency.", "contents": "Effects of preanesthetic medication, anesthesia, and position of recumbency on central venous pressure in horses. Central venous pressure (cvp) was recorded in horses before and after tranquilization and during halothane-maintained anesthesia in lateral or dorsal recumbency. The cvp was significantly decreased after administration of acetylpromazine, when compared with base line measurements and measurements taken after xylazine administration. After induction of anesthesia, cvp increased with time for 75 minutes, and values in lateral recumbency were significantly higher than those in dorsal recumbency.", "PMID": 833047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_304", "title": "Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in hypoxic mammalian systems.", "content": "Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activity was compared in rabbit peritoneal macrophages (ambient PO2 approximately 15 Torr) and alveolar macrophages (ambient PO2 approximately 100 Torr) and in brain, lung, cardiac muscle, and skeletal muscle of chromically hypoxic mice(ambient PO2 approximately 50 Torr) and normoxic mice (ambient PO2 approximately 150 Torr). Peritoneal macrophages (PM) have significantly less SOD activity than alveolar macrophages (AM) (PM: 2.94 +/- 0.49 (mean +/- SD); AM:6.03 +/- 1.60 units-mg protein -1 (P less than 0.01)). SOD activity of lung and brain homogenates from the hypoxic mice was significantly less than from the normoxic controls. Heart and skeletal muscle SOD activities were not significantly different. These studies show that limitations of O2 supply are associated with reductions in SOD and are consistent with the thesis that SOD plays an important role in protection against oxygen toxicity in mammalian systems.", "contents": "Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in hypoxic mammalian systems. Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activity was compared in rabbit peritoneal macrophages (ambient PO2 approximately 15 Torr) and alveolar macrophages (ambient PO2 approximately 100 Torr) and in brain, lung, cardiac muscle, and skeletal muscle of chromically hypoxic mice(ambient PO2 approximately 50 Torr) and normoxic mice (ambient PO2 approximately 150 Torr). Peritoneal macrophages (PM) have significantly less SOD activity than alveolar macrophages (AM) (PM: 2.94 +/- 0.49 (mean +/- SD); AM:6.03 +/- 1.60 units-mg protein -1 (P less than 0.01)). SOD activity of lung and brain homogenates from the hypoxic mice was significantly less than from the normoxic controls. Heart and skeletal muscle SOD activities were not significantly different. These studies show that limitations of O2 supply are associated with reductions in SOD and are consistent with the thesis that SOD plays an important role in protection against oxygen toxicity in mammalian systems.", "PMID": 833067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_305", "title": "Curve-fitting analysis of pressure-volume characteristics of the lungs.", "content": "The pressure-volume relationship of the mammalian lung is markedly curvilinear and in the normal lung, can be shown to fit an exponential function of the form V = V0(1 - K 0e-K1P) in the range of lung volume from FRC to TLC. A method is presented, using a programmable calculator, of determining the parameters V0, K0, and K1, and of deriving related constants of greater physiological significance. Values calculated from pressure-volume curves of 20 normal human subjects are listed, together with coefficients of determination, to demonstrate the adequacy of fit of the method. Half-inflation pressure (h- ln 2/K1), ranged from 2.65 to 9.21 and coefficients of determination (r2) ranged from 0.851 to 0.9998.", "contents": "Curve-fitting analysis of pressure-volume characteristics of the lungs. The pressure-volume relationship of the mammalian lung is markedly curvilinear and in the normal lung, can be shown to fit an exponential function of the form V = V0(1 - K 0e-K1P) in the range of lung volume from FRC to TLC. A method is presented, using a programmable calculator, of determining the parameters V0, K0, and K1, and of deriving related constants of greater physiological significance. Values calculated from pressure-volume curves of 20 normal human subjects are listed, together with coefficients of determination, to demonstrate the adequacy of fit of the method. Half-inflation pressure (h- ln 2/K1), ranged from 2.65 to 9.21 and coefficients of determination (r2) ranged from 0.851 to 0.9998.", "PMID": 833068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_306", "title": "Determination of energy metabolism from respiratory functions alone.", "content": "To monitor variations of energy metabolism on-line a system which accurately measures VO2 and VCO2 is described. The calculation of the energy metabolism usually requires knowledge of nitrogen production. This paper presents a formula that allows calculation on-line on the energy metabolism with a maximum relative error of 4% as function of VO2 and VCO2 only. Some experimental results in normal subjects are presented.", "contents": "Determination of energy metabolism from respiratory functions alone. To monitor variations of energy metabolism on-line a system which accurately measures VO2 and VCO2 is described. The calculation of the energy metabolism usually requires knowledge of nitrogen production. This paper presents a formula that allows calculation on-line on the energy metabolism with a maximum relative error of 4% as function of VO2 and VCO2 only. Some experimental results in normal subjects are presented.", "PMID": 833069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_307", "title": "Measurement of VO2, VCO2, and evaporative water loss with a flow-through mask.", "content": "Equations for the calculation of VO2, VCO2, and evaporative water loss were derived for use of a paramagnetic gas analyzer with a flow-through respirometry system and an open or closed mask. The magnitude of errors involved in the determination of VO2 with no CO2 absorbent are small (+/-3%) but may be greater if no H2O absorbent is used, unless an appropriate correction is made for evaporative water loss. Data collected for hummingbirds (Selasphorus sasin) and monitor lizards (Varanus gouldii) indicate the validity of the technics described for the measurement of RQ and evaporative water loss and demonstrate the use of paramagnetic gas analyzers in monitoring respiratory patterns.", "contents": "Measurement of VO2, VCO2, and evaporative water loss with a flow-through mask. Equations for the calculation of VO2, VCO2, and evaporative water loss were derived for use of a paramagnetic gas analyzer with a flow-through respirometry system and an open or closed mask. The magnitude of errors involved in the determination of VO2 with no CO2 absorbent are small (+/-3%) but may be greater if no H2O absorbent is used, unless an appropriate correction is made for evaporative water loss. Data collected for hummingbirds (Selasphorus sasin) and monitor lizards (Varanus gouldii) indicate the validity of the technics described for the measurement of RQ and evaporative water loss and demonstrate the use of paramagnetic gas analyzers in monitoring respiratory patterns.", "PMID": 833070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_308", "title": "Pulmonary capillary permeability to HRP in dogs: a physiological and morphological study.", "content": "Pulmonary capillary permeability was studied in 10 normal anesthetized dogs using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as tracer. Physiological studies involved measurement of left ventricular, pulmonary arterial, and wedge pressures, and of right lymphatic duct (RLD) and thoracic duct lymph flows. Plasma and interstitial oncotic pressures were calculated from protein measurements. After 1 h of lymph collection, HRP was injected intravenously at three total dose levels, low (20-30 mg/kg), medium (55 mg/kg), and high (110-120 mg/kg) as a bolus followed by smaller doses over 1.5-3 h. HRP was measured colorimetrically in plasma and lymph and appeared in the first RLD lymph sample collected at all dose levels. Electron microscopic studies to examine the passage of HRP from plasma to RLD, while less sensitive in that HRP was seen only at the high dose, showed that it crossed pulmonary capillaries under normal physiological conditions. Freeze-cleaving studies suggest this may have occurred through pathways in the interendothelial space caused by discontinuities in the junctional strands of tight junctions.", "contents": "Pulmonary capillary permeability to HRP in dogs: a physiological and morphological study. Pulmonary capillary permeability was studied in 10 normal anesthetized dogs using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as tracer. Physiological studies involved measurement of left ventricular, pulmonary arterial, and wedge pressures, and of right lymphatic duct (RLD) and thoracic duct lymph flows. Plasma and interstitial oncotic pressures were calculated from protein measurements. After 1 h of lymph collection, HRP was injected intravenously at three total dose levels, low (20-30 mg/kg), medium (55 mg/kg), and high (110-120 mg/kg) as a bolus followed by smaller doses over 1.5-3 h. HRP was measured colorimetrically in plasma and lymph and appeared in the first RLD lymph sample collected at all dose levels. Electron microscopic studies to examine the passage of HRP from plasma to RLD, while less sensitive in that HRP was seen only at the high dose, showed that it crossed pulmonary capillaries under normal physiological conditions. Freeze-cleaving studies suggest this may have occurred through pathways in the interendothelial space caused by discontinuities in the junctional strands of tight junctions.", "PMID": 833071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_309", "title": "Relative contributions of hypocarbia and hyperpnea as mechanisms in postexercise asthma.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to assess the relative contributions of hyperpnea and hypocapnia in the induction of postexercise asthma. To achieve these ends, eight young asthmatics were exercised on a treadmill while minute ventilations (VE) and end-tidal CO2 (PET CO2) tensions were continuously recorded. The subjects were then restudied using a partial rebreathing technique that allowed separation of minute and alveolar ventilations so that independent evaluations could be made of the relative effects of bulk airflow on pulmonary mechanics as well as a systematic study of hypocapnia in a dose-response fashion. Sustained hyperpnea with VEidentical to those recorded during exercise was totally without effect when the mean PET CO2 was isocapnic or lowered to approximately 30 Torr. Reduction in PETCO2 to 21.3 +/-0.9 Torr brought about significant changes in mechanics, but in every variable measured, exercise produced the greatest alterations and did so at PETCO2 values that had no effect when studied in a controlled fashion. Consequently, neither high VE per se, nor hypocapnia can be considered as the mechanisms underlying exercise induced asthma.", "contents": "Relative contributions of hypocarbia and hyperpnea as mechanisms in postexercise asthma. The purpose of this investigation was to assess the relative contributions of hyperpnea and hypocapnia in the induction of postexercise asthma. To achieve these ends, eight young asthmatics were exercised on a treadmill while minute ventilations (VE) and end-tidal CO2 (PET CO2) tensions were continuously recorded. The subjects were then restudied using a partial rebreathing technique that allowed separation of minute and alveolar ventilations so that independent evaluations could be made of the relative effects of bulk airflow on pulmonary mechanics as well as a systematic study of hypocapnia in a dose-response fashion. Sustained hyperpnea with VEidentical to those recorded during exercise was totally without effect when the mean PET CO2 was isocapnic or lowered to approximately 30 Torr. Reduction in PETCO2 to 21.3 +/-0.9 Torr brought about significant changes in mechanics, but in every variable measured, exercise produced the greatest alterations and did so at PETCO2 values that had no effect when studied in a controlled fashion. Consequently, neither high VE per se, nor hypocapnia can be considered as the mechanisms underlying exercise induced asthma.", "PMID": 833072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_310", "title": "Effects of respiratory equipment on endurance in hard work.", "content": "Men ran to a voluntary end point under the following conditions listed in increasing order to resistance, expressed as inspiratory/expiratory in mmH2O at a flow of 4 l-s-1: 1) bare-headed 0/0; 2) face mask 0/0; 3) face mask -6/14; 4) mouthpiece and valves -25/29; 5) face mask -96/62; and 6) face mask -148/60. Average endurance was 545, 490, 434, 392, 343, and 338 s, respectively. Despite the diverse features of the equipment in conditions 2-6, there seemed to be a rather smooth relation between resistance and endurance. There was no indication of a threshold below which endurance would be indifferent to resistance. The duration of the phases of the respiratory cycle was measured by means of a fine thermocouple in the airway. The variability in the duration of the expiratory phase at the end of the run seemed to weaken the concept that the attainment of a critically short expiratory time might be related to the subject's decision to halt running.", "contents": "Effects of respiratory equipment on endurance in hard work. Men ran to a voluntary end point under the following conditions listed in increasing order to resistance, expressed as inspiratory/expiratory in mmH2O at a flow of 4 l-s-1: 1) bare-headed 0/0; 2) face mask 0/0; 3) face mask -6/14; 4) mouthpiece and valves -25/29; 5) face mask -96/62; and 6) face mask -148/60. Average endurance was 545, 490, 434, 392, 343, and 338 s, respectively. Despite the diverse features of the equipment in conditions 2-6, there seemed to be a rather smooth relation between resistance and endurance. There was no indication of a threshold below which endurance would be indifferent to resistance. The duration of the phases of the respiratory cycle was measured by means of a fine thermocouple in the airway. The variability in the duration of the expiratory phase at the end of the run seemed to weaken the concept that the attainment of a critically short expiratory time might be related to the subject's decision to halt running.", "PMID": 833073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_311", "title": "Depression of serotonin clearance by rat lungs during oxygen exposure.", "content": "The effect of oxygen (O2) exposure on the ability of the isolated, perfused rat lung to clear serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) from the perfusate was evaluated in normal or vitamin E-deficient Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were exposed to 100% O2 at 1 ATA for 4-48 h. Lungs were subsequently isolated, artificially ventilated, and perfused in a recirculating system with Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution, pH 7.4 containing 3% bovine serum albumin and 0.25 muM [14C] 5-HT. 5HT clearance was calculated from the disappearance rate of [ 14C] 5-HT from the perfusate. In normal rats exposed to 100% O2, there was a progressive reduction in the clearance of 5-HT with increasing duration of O2 exposure. Compared to lungs from air-exposed controls, clearance was depressed 20% (P less than 0.01) after 18 h, 22% (P less than 0.01) after 24 h, and 35% (P less than 0.001) after 48 h. With vitamin E-deficient rats, the reduction in 5-HT clearance occurred after a shorter exposure time and was of greater magnitude than in rats on a normal diet. Depression of 5HT clearance by the lungs is an early alteration of lung function fue to hyperoxia and is potentiated by vitamin E deficiency. The most likely mechanism for the depression of 5-HT clearance is interference with the transport properties of lung endothelium.", "contents": "Depression of serotonin clearance by rat lungs during oxygen exposure. The effect of oxygen (O2) exposure on the ability of the isolated, perfused rat lung to clear serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) from the perfusate was evaluated in normal or vitamin E-deficient Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were exposed to 100% O2 at 1 ATA for 4-48 h. Lungs were subsequently isolated, artificially ventilated, and perfused in a recirculating system with Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution, pH 7.4 containing 3% bovine serum albumin and 0.25 muM [14C] 5-HT. 5HT clearance was calculated from the disappearance rate of [ 14C] 5-HT from the perfusate. In normal rats exposed to 100% O2, there was a progressive reduction in the clearance of 5-HT with increasing duration of O2 exposure. Compared to lungs from air-exposed controls, clearance was depressed 20% (P less than 0.01) after 18 h, 22% (P less than 0.01) after 24 h, and 35% (P less than 0.001) after 48 h. With vitamin E-deficient rats, the reduction in 5-HT clearance occurred after a shorter exposure time and was of greater magnitude than in rats on a normal diet. Depression of 5HT clearance by the lungs is an early alteration of lung function fue to hyperoxia and is potentiated by vitamin E deficiency. The most likely mechanism for the depression of 5-HT clearance is interference with the transport properties of lung endothelium.", "PMID": 833074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_312", "title": "Arterial lactate responses in dogs made apneic or breathing nitrogen.", "content": "O2 stores are kept more intact in apnea than in N2 breathing which removes O2stores from the body. If lactate moves readily into the circulation, arterial lactate should rise sooner with N2 breathing than with apnea because tissue O2 is lowered faster. This was tested in 10 anesthetized, paralyzed dogs made hypoxic both ways. Arterial and mixed venous blood were sampled every minute until circulation began to fail. Calculated changes in O2 stores would have supported control V O2 for 1.3 min with N2 and 2.7 min with apnea. The PVO2 at those times were 23.1 and 20.1 Torr. Although arterial lactate rose sooner with N2 than with apnea, the mean values for lactate increase for both N2 and apnea were fitted by a single curvilinear relation with PVO2. The PVO2 at which lactate first rosores were depleted. Latent period for lactate rise, therefore, was nearly the same as that for development of tissue hypoxia.", "contents": "Arterial lactate responses in dogs made apneic or breathing nitrogen. O2 stores are kept more intact in apnea than in N2 breathing which removes O2stores from the body. If lactate moves readily into the circulation, arterial lactate should rise sooner with N2 breathing than with apnea because tissue O2 is lowered faster. This was tested in 10 anesthetized, paralyzed dogs made hypoxic both ways. Arterial and mixed venous blood were sampled every minute until circulation began to fail. Calculated changes in O2 stores would have supported control V O2 for 1.3 min with N2 and 2.7 min with apnea. The PVO2 at those times were 23.1 and 20.1 Torr. Although arterial lactate rose sooner with N2 than with apnea, the mean values for lactate increase for both N2 and apnea were fitted by a single curvilinear relation with PVO2. The PVO2 at which lactate first rosores were depleted. Latent period for lactate rise, therefore, was nearly the same as that for development of tissue hypoxia.", "PMID": 833075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_313", "title": "Influence of pericardial fluid on cardiogenic gas mixing in the lung.", "content": "Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 42(1): 5-12, 1977. -In eight open-chested dogs we measured the end-inspiratory N2 concentration within 12 airways, 2.5-8.3 mm in diameter during constant flow inflations with 0.5 liter of O2 before and after the introduction of saline into the pericardial sac. The critical flow rate necessary to achieve a given end-inspiratory FN2, as well as the maximal amplitude of cardiogenic N2 fluctuations, became smaller in the presence of pericardial fluid (PF). In the presence of only 25-50 ml of saline in the pericardium the effective diffusion coefficient, incorporating cardiogenic gas mixing, decreased by as much as 50-66%, respectively. Studies in two dogs with the chest intact showed that PF caused a qualitatively similar impairment of gas mixing during breath holding. Multiple-breath N2 washouts did not reflect the decreases in gas mixing produced by PF. We believe that PF decreases cardiogenic gas mixing mainly by protecting the lung from the rotational thrust of the heart during myocardial contraction.", "contents": "Influence of pericardial fluid on cardiogenic gas mixing in the lung. Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 42(1): 5-12, 1977. -In eight open-chested dogs we measured the end-inspiratory N2 concentration within 12 airways, 2.5-8.3 mm in diameter during constant flow inflations with 0.5 liter of O2 before and after the introduction of saline into the pericardial sac. The critical flow rate necessary to achieve a given end-inspiratory FN2, as well as the maximal amplitude of cardiogenic N2 fluctuations, became smaller in the presence of pericardial fluid (PF). In the presence of only 25-50 ml of saline in the pericardium the effective diffusion coefficient, incorporating cardiogenic gas mixing, decreased by as much as 50-66%, respectively. Studies in two dogs with the chest intact showed that PF caused a qualitatively similar impairment of gas mixing during breath holding. Multiple-breath N2 washouts did not reflect the decreases in gas mixing produced by PF. We believe that PF decreases cardiogenic gas mixing mainly by protecting the lung from the rotational thrust of the heart during myocardial contraction.", "PMID": 833076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_314", "title": "Dependency of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction on temperature.", "content": "We studied the effect of temperature change on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Selective hypoxia on the left lower lobe of the lung in open-chested dogs at 37 degrees C caused the electromagnetically measured blood flow to the lobe to decrease 51 +/- 5 (SE)% and its vascular resistance to increase 155 +/- 25%. Testing hypoxic response. The hypoxic response at 31.1 +/- 0.4 degrees C was only a 26 +/- 6% decrease in lobar blood flow compared to the hypoxic response at 40.0 +/- 0.5 degrees C which was a 60 +/- 5% decrease in lobar blood flow. Hypothermia itself was associated with a significant increase in pulmonary vascular resistance. We conclude that hypothermia inhibits and hyperthermia enhances hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. The mechanism of inhibition may involve prehypoxic vasoconstriction.", "contents": "Dependency of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction on temperature. We studied the effect of temperature change on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Selective hypoxia on the left lower lobe of the lung in open-chested dogs at 37 degrees C caused the electromagnetically measured blood flow to the lobe to decrease 51 +/- 5 (SE)% and its vascular resistance to increase 155 +/- 25%. Testing hypoxic response. The hypoxic response at 31.1 +/- 0.4 degrees C was only a 26 +/- 6% decrease in lobar blood flow compared to the hypoxic response at 40.0 +/- 0.5 degrees C which was a 60 +/- 5% decrease in lobar blood flow. Hypothermia itself was associated with a significant increase in pulmonary vascular resistance. We conclude that hypothermia inhibits and hyperthermia enhances hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. The mechanism of inhibition may involve prehypoxic vasoconstriction.", "PMID": 833077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_315", "title": "Fluid and electrolyte shifts during bed rest with isometric and isotonic exercise.", "content": "Fluid and electrolyte shifts were measured in seven men (19-21 yr) during three 2-wk bed rest (BR) periods, each of which was separated by a 3-wk ambulatory recovery period. During two of the three BR periods they performed isometric exercise and isotonic exercise. No prescribed exercise was given during the other BR period. On day 4 of BR, plasma volume decreased (P less than 0.05) 441 ml (-12.6%) with no exercise, 396 ml (-11.3%) with isometric, and 262 ml (-7.8%) with isotonic exercise; the decreases (NS) of extracellular volume were -4.4%, -2.6%, and -2.7%, respectively. By day 13 of BR, plasma volume stabilized at the lower level with isometric and isotonic exercise and continued to decline with no exercise; but the extracellular volume returned to or above control levels due to an overshoot of the interstitial volume of +320 to +430 ml (2.0-2.7%) that was about equal to the plasma volume loss. During BR there were isocontent losses from the plasma of protein, albumin, globulin, urea N2, uric acid, creatinine, Na, Cl, osmolarity, P, and glucose that were not influenced by either exercise regimen. However, the blood, red blood cell, and plasma volumes, and the Ca and K contents were stabilized during BR by both exercise regimens. The results suggest that during BR, preservation of the extracellular volume takes precedence over maintenance of the plasma volume, and this mechanism is independent of the effects of isometric or isotonic exercise.", "contents": "Fluid and electrolyte shifts during bed rest with isometric and isotonic exercise. Fluid and electrolyte shifts were measured in seven men (19-21 yr) during three 2-wk bed rest (BR) periods, each of which was separated by a 3-wk ambulatory recovery period. During two of the three BR periods they performed isometric exercise and isotonic exercise. No prescribed exercise was given during the other BR period. On day 4 of BR, plasma volume decreased (P less than 0.05) 441 ml (-12.6%) with no exercise, 396 ml (-11.3%) with isometric, and 262 ml (-7.8%) with isotonic exercise; the decreases (NS) of extracellular volume were -4.4%, -2.6%, and -2.7%, respectively. By day 13 of BR, plasma volume stabilized at the lower level with isometric and isotonic exercise and continued to decline with no exercise; but the extracellular volume returned to or above control levels due to an overshoot of the interstitial volume of +320 to +430 ml (2.0-2.7%) that was about equal to the plasma volume loss. During BR there were isocontent losses from the plasma of protein, albumin, globulin, urea N2, uric acid, creatinine, Na, Cl, osmolarity, P, and glucose that were not influenced by either exercise regimen. However, the blood, red blood cell, and plasma volumes, and the Ca and K contents were stabilized during BR by both exercise regimens. The results suggest that during BR, preservation of the extracellular volume takes precedence over maintenance of the plasma volume, and this mechanism is independent of the effects of isometric or isotonic exercise.", "PMID": 833078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_316", "title": "Fluid and electrolyte shifts in women during +Gz acceleration after 15 days' bed rest.", "content": "Twelve women (23-34 yr), comprising a bed-rest (BR) group of eight subjects and an ambulatory (AMB) group of four subjects, were centrifuged after 14 days of ambulatory control (C),after 15 days of a 17-day BR period, and on the third day of recovery (R). Venous blood was taken before and after the third +3.0 G acceleration run (1.8 G/min). Relative to (C), the +Gz tolerance after BR was reduced -49.0% (P less than 0.05) in the BR group and -38.7% (NS) in the AMB group; during (R) the BR group regained up to 89.4% and the AMB group up to 87.1% of their (C) tolerances. In each of the three test periods, the shifts in plasma Na, Cl, PO4, and osmotic contents, which accompanied +Gz, followed the outward shift of plasma volume (PV). The correlation of the shift of PV during acceleration with the +Gz tolerance was 0.72 (P less than 0.01). During acceleration, the PV and electrolyte loss for both groups after BR was about half the loss of (C) and (R). Compared with (C) and (R) values, potassium shifts were variable but the mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular Hb contents and concentrations were unchanged during all +Gz runs; The results indicate that: 1) the higher the (C) + Gz tolerance, the greater the tolerance decline due to BR; 2) relative confinement and reduced activity contribute as much to the reduction in tolerance as does the horizontal body position during BR; 3) bed-rest deconditioning has no effect on the erythrocyte volume during +3.0 Gz; and 4) about one-half the loss in tolerance after BR can be attributed to PV and electrolyte shifts.", "contents": "Fluid and electrolyte shifts in women during +Gz acceleration after 15 days' bed rest. Twelve women (23-34 yr), comprising a bed-rest (BR) group of eight subjects and an ambulatory (AMB) group of four subjects, were centrifuged after 14 days of ambulatory control (C),after 15 days of a 17-day BR period, and on the third day of recovery (R). Venous blood was taken before and after the third +3.0 G acceleration run (1.8 G/min). Relative to (C), the +Gz tolerance after BR was reduced -49.0% (P less than 0.05) in the BR group and -38.7% (NS) in the AMB group; during (R) the BR group regained up to 89.4% and the AMB group up to 87.1% of their (C) tolerances. In each of the three test periods, the shifts in plasma Na, Cl, PO4, and osmotic contents, which accompanied +Gz, followed the outward shift of plasma volume (PV). The correlation of the shift of PV during acceleration with the +Gz tolerance was 0.72 (P less than 0.01). During acceleration, the PV and electrolyte loss for both groups after BR was about half the loss of (C) and (R). Compared with (C) and (R) values, potassium shifts were variable but the mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular Hb contents and concentrations were unchanged during all +Gz runs; The results indicate that: 1) the higher the (C) + Gz tolerance, the greater the tolerance decline due to BR; 2) relative confinement and reduced activity contribute as much to the reduction in tolerance as does the horizontal body position during BR; 3) bed-rest deconditioning has no effect on the erythrocyte volume during +3.0 Gz; and 4) about one-half the loss in tolerance after BR can be attributed to PV and electrolyte shifts.", "PMID": 833079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_317", "title": "Effects of acceleration on thermoregulatory responses of unanesthetized rats.", "content": "Upon exposure of rats to 2 G environments (achieved by centrifugation), there occurred a rapid decrease in colonic temperature (Tco) followed, after about 50 min, by a slow recovery toward precentrifugation levels. The initial drop in Tco was accompanied by decreases in hypothalamic and spinal cord temperatures and increases in tail temperature (Tta). In contrast to this anomalous response (i.e., increased heat loss (manifested by increased Tta) despite decreasing temperature at spinal and hypothalamic thermoreceptor areas) the return toward normal Tco appeared to involve appropriate thermoregulatory responses. The initial fall in Tco was decreased in magnitude by inverting the rat during acceleration, thereby suggesting that mechanical forces acting on the brain may underlie this temperature decrease. Exposure to cold during centrifugation allowed further examination of the thermoregulatory system. Unlike the initial acceleration-induced changes, the cold-evoked fall in Tco was not accompanied by increasing Tta and was modified by the environmental conditioning of the rats. These results are consistent with the view that exposure to 2 G adversely affects the thermoregulatory ability of rats challenged by cold.", "contents": "Effects of acceleration on thermoregulatory responses of unanesthetized rats. Upon exposure of rats to 2 G environments (achieved by centrifugation), there occurred a rapid decrease in colonic temperature (Tco) followed, after about 50 min, by a slow recovery toward precentrifugation levels. The initial drop in Tco was accompanied by decreases in hypothalamic and spinal cord temperatures and increases in tail temperature (Tta). In contrast to this anomalous response (i.e., increased heat loss (manifested by increased Tta) despite decreasing temperature at spinal and hypothalamic thermoreceptor areas) the return toward normal Tco appeared to involve appropriate thermoregulatory responses. The initial fall in Tco was decreased in magnitude by inverting the rat during acceleration, thereby suggesting that mechanical forces acting on the brain may underlie this temperature decrease. Exposure to cold during centrifugation allowed further examination of the thermoregulatory system. Unlike the initial acceleration-induced changes, the cold-evoked fall in Tco was not accompanied by increasing Tta and was modified by the environmental conditioning of the rats. These results are consistent with the view that exposure to 2 G adversely affects the thermoregulatory ability of rats challenged by cold.", "PMID": 833080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_318", "title": "Experimental study of convective heat transfer coefficient for the human body in water.", "content": "The steady-state convective heat transfer coefficient in water has been determined by partitional calorimetry for 17 nude subjects. Four water velocities were investigated: 0, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.25 m-s-1; and the water temperature ranged from 33.7 to 18 degrees C. In still water, hc varied from 43 W-m-2-degrees C-1 in thermoneutral conditions and a shivering rate less than 90 W-m-2 to 54 W-m-2-degrees C-1 in cold water with a shiver rate greater than 110 W-m-2. The equation, hc=0.09 (Gr-Pr)0.275, give a good approximation of this coefficient. In stirred water and for the same limits of shivering, hc can be expressed as a power function of the velocity: hc = 272.9 v0.5 and hc = 497.1 v0.65, respectively. These equations show that the flow is laminar in thermoneutral conditions and intermediate between laminar and turbulent in cold water. A study of the influence of skinfold on the magnitude of hc shows that higher values of this coefficient were obtained for thin subjects than for fat ones, concomitant with more intense shivering. The utilization of a theoretical physical model for computations of hc gave excessively high values because such methods do not embody the body shape factor and reduction of water flow adjacent to the skin.", "contents": "Experimental study of convective heat transfer coefficient for the human body in water. The steady-state convective heat transfer coefficient in water has been determined by partitional calorimetry for 17 nude subjects. Four water velocities were investigated: 0, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.25 m-s-1; and the water temperature ranged from 33.7 to 18 degrees C. In still water, hc varied from 43 W-m-2-degrees C-1 in thermoneutral conditions and a shivering rate less than 90 W-m-2 to 54 W-m-2-degrees C-1 in cold water with a shiver rate greater than 110 W-m-2. The equation, hc=0.09 (Gr-Pr)0.275, give a good approximation of this coefficient. In stirred water and for the same limits of shivering, hc can be expressed as a power function of the velocity: hc = 272.9 v0.5 and hc = 497.1 v0.65, respectively. These equations show that the flow is laminar in thermoneutral conditions and intermediate between laminar and turbulent in cold water. A study of the influence of skinfold on the magnitude of hc shows that higher values of this coefficient were obtained for thin subjects than for fat ones, concomitant with more intense shivering. The utilization of a theoretical physical model for computations of hc gave excessively high values because such methods do not embody the body shape factor and reduction of water flow adjacent to the skin.", "PMID": 833081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_319", "title": "Collaborative study of a mineral oil method for the extraction of light filth from ground paprika.", "content": "An official first action method for the extraction of light filth from spices, 44.A03--44.A05, was modified for the analyses of ground paprika. The sample is extracted with isopropanol and light filth is isolated from 40% isopropanol with mineral oil. Eight collaborators analyzed 4 paprika samples, 2 by the official method and 2 by the proposed method. Average recoveries of added elytral squares were 97 and 66%, respectively, for the proposed and official methods. Recoveries of added rodent hairs were 94 and 61%, respectively. The method has been adopted as official first action for the extraction of light filth from ground paprika.", "contents": "Collaborative study of a mineral oil method for the extraction of light filth from ground paprika. An official first action method for the extraction of light filth from spices, 44.A03--44.A05, was modified for the analyses of ground paprika. The sample is extracted with isopropanol and light filth is isolated from 40% isopropanol with mineral oil. Eight collaborators analyzed 4 paprika samples, 2 by the official method and 2 by the proposed method. Average recoveries of added elytral squares were 97 and 66%, respectively, for the proposed and official methods. Recoveries of added rodent hairs were 94 and 61%, respectively. The method has been adopted as official first action for the extraction of light filth from ground paprika.", "PMID": 833083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_320", "title": "Collaborative study of a modified method for the extraction of light filth from ground white pepper, cardamon, celery seed, coriander, and ginger.", "content": "An improved method has been developed for the extraction of light filth from 5 ground spices, ginger, white pepper, coriander, celery seed, and cardamom. The method, a modification of 44.120, utilizes a cold isopropanol defatting, followed by wet sieving and flotation of light filth from 40% isopropanol with HCl and mineral oil-heptane (85 + 15). Collaborative results show that the proposed method is more rapid to perform than the present official first action methods, 44.116 and 44.120, and yields better recoveries. The method has been adopted as official first action.", "contents": "Collaborative study of a modified method for the extraction of light filth from ground white pepper, cardamon, celery seed, coriander, and ginger. An improved method has been developed for the extraction of light filth from 5 ground spices, ginger, white pepper, coriander, celery seed, and cardamom. The method, a modification of 44.120, utilizes a cold isopropanol defatting, followed by wet sieving and flotation of light filth from 40% isopropanol with HCl and mineral oil-heptane (85 + 15). Collaborative results show that the proposed method is more rapid to perform than the present official first action methods, 44.116 and 44.120, and yields better recoveries. The method has been adopted as official first action.", "PMID": 833084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_321", "title": "Semiautomated fluorometric analysis of riboflavin in nutrient premixes containing reduced iron.", "content": "A simple, rapid, and reproducible semiautomated method is described for routine analysis of riboflavin in premixes containing high levels of reduced iron. Reduced iron is separated from premixes by a magnet before digestion with sulfuric acid solution. The presence of ferrous sulfate, ferric pyrophosphate, and sodium ferric pyrophosphate in premixes did not affect the analytical results for riboflavin. Pretreating sample extracts with potassium permanganate and hydrogen peroxide gave variable results for riboflavin. Possible causes and mechanisms of iron interferences in fluorometric riboflavin analysis are briefly discussed. The procedure developed is capable of analyzing 40 samples/hr.", "contents": "Semiautomated fluorometric analysis of riboflavin in nutrient premixes containing reduced iron. A simple, rapid, and reproducible semiautomated method is described for routine analysis of riboflavin in premixes containing high levels of reduced iron. Reduced iron is separated from premixes by a magnet before digestion with sulfuric acid solution. The presence of ferrous sulfate, ferric pyrophosphate, and sodium ferric pyrophosphate in premixes did not affect the analytical results for riboflavin. Pretreating sample extracts with potassium permanganate and hydrogen peroxide gave variable results for riboflavin. Possible causes and mechanisms of iron interferences in fluorometric riboflavin analysis are briefly discussed. The procedure developed is capable of analyzing 40 samples/hr.", "PMID": 833085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_322", "title": "Semiautomated method for the fluorometric determination of total vitamin C in food products.", "content": "A simple method employing simultaneous extraction and oxidation has been developed for the semiautomated determination of ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acids in food products. Recovery studies were conducted on ready-to-eat breakfast cereals and both fresh and canned fruits and vegetables, with average recoveries of 101, 100, and 102%, respectively. Reproducibility data were generated showing a relative standard deviation of 3.5%. The automated method was compared with the manual AOAC fluorometric method and with indophenol titration; correlation coefficients were 0.9960 and 0.9926, respectively. The hydrolysis product of dehydroascorbic acid, 2,3-diketogulonic acid, a reported interference in this method, was prepared and shown not to form an interfering fluorescent derivative.", "contents": "Semiautomated method for the fluorometric determination of total vitamin C in food products. A simple method employing simultaneous extraction and oxidation has been developed for the semiautomated determination of ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acids in food products. Recovery studies were conducted on ready-to-eat breakfast cereals and both fresh and canned fruits and vegetables, with average recoveries of 101, 100, and 102%, respectively. Reproducibility data were generated showing a relative standard deviation of 3.5%. The automated method was compared with the manual AOAC fluorometric method and with indophenol titration; correlation coefficients were 0.9960 and 0.9926, respectively. The hydrolysis product of dehydroascorbic acid, 2,3-diketogulonic acid, a reported interference in this method, was prepared and shown not to form an interfering fluorescent derivative.", "PMID": 833086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_323", "title": "High performance liquid chromatographic determination of provitamin A in orange juice.", "content": "A quantitative method has been developed for the determination of alpha- and beta-carotenes and beta-cryptoxanthin, the provitamin A carotenoids in orange juice. The carotenoids were separated by high performance liquid chromatography on a single column in approximately 30 min. The procedure may also be used to measure zeta-carotene and alpha-cryptoxanthin.", "contents": "High performance liquid chromatographic determination of provitamin A in orange juice. A quantitative method has been developed for the determination of alpha- and beta-carotenes and beta-cryptoxanthin, the provitamin A carotenoids in orange juice. The carotenoids were separated by high performance liquid chromatography on a single column in approximately 30 min. The procedure may also be used to measure zeta-carotene and alpha-cryptoxanthin.", "PMID": 833087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_324", "title": "High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of supplemental vitamin E in feed.", "content": "Supplemental vitamin E is extracted from feed in one step with methanol and analyzed by reverse phase partition chromatography in less than 10 min, using isocratic elution with either methanol or water-methanol as the mobile phase. Detection response (as measured by peak area) was linear between 0.5 and 3.0 mug, and the coefficients of variation for retention time and peak height on replicate analyses of the standard sample were 0.8 and 2.3%, respectively.", "contents": "High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of supplemental vitamin E in feed. Supplemental vitamin E is extracted from feed in one step with methanol and analyzed by reverse phase partition chromatography in less than 10 min, using isocratic elution with either methanol or water-methanol as the mobile phase. Detection response (as measured by peak area) was linear between 0.5 and 3.0 mug, and the coefficients of variation for retention time and peak height on replicate analyses of the standard sample were 0.8 and 2.3%, respectively.", "PMID": 833088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_325", "title": "Determination of pirimiphos methyl in formulations by high performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A simple and rapid method for the determination of pirimiphos methyl (O-[2-(diethylamino)-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl] O,O-dimethyl phosphorothioate) in formulations by high performance liquid chromatography is described. The sample is dissolved in methanol, and biphenyl is added as an internal standard. Then the sample is chromatographed by reverse phase chromatography on a Zipax octadecylsilane column. A 4 mul injection containing 0.01% pirimiphos methyl produces a 50% full scale peak at the maximum absorbance at 254 nm.", "contents": "Determination of pirimiphos methyl in formulations by high performance liquid chromatography. A simple and rapid method for the determination of pirimiphos methyl (O-[2-(diethylamino)-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl] O,O-dimethyl phosphorothioate) in formulations by high performance liquid chromatography is described. The sample is dissolved in methanol, and biphenyl is added as an internal standard. Then the sample is chromatographed by reverse phase chromatography on a Zipax octadecylsilane column. A 4 mul injection containing 0.01% pirimiphos methyl produces a 50% full scale peak at the maximum absorbance at 254 nm.", "PMID": 833089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_326", "title": "Detection of sprouted wheat by a rapid colorimetric determination of alpha-amylase.", "content": "A method is  described for the rapid, convenient detection or estimation of sprout-damaged wheat by determining its alpha-amylase content colorimetrically. A commercially available substrate in the form of dyed amylose tablets is used. The extent of sprout damage can be determined qualitatively, or quantitatively when actual alpha-amylase concentration is required. Amylase content is determined by visual comparison with prepared colored standards or by spectrophotometric analysis. The method requires only 5 min incubation time and no elaborate equipment, and is sufficiently simple for use at locations having minimal laboratory facilities.", "contents": "Detection of sprouted wheat by a rapid colorimetric determination of alpha-amylase. A method is  described for the rapid, convenient detection or estimation of sprout-damaged wheat by determining its alpha-amylase content colorimetrically. A commercially available substrate in the form of dyed amylose tablets is used. The extent of sprout damage can be determined qualitatively, or quantitatively when actual alpha-amylase concentration is required. Amylase content is determined by visual comparison with prepared colored standards or by spectrophotometric analysis. The method requires only 5 min incubation time and no elaborate equipment, and is sufficiently simple for use at locations having minimal laboratory facilities.", "PMID": 833092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_327", "title": "Collaborative study of assay method for erythromycin in pelleted feeds containing binding agents.", "content": "A modified method for analysis of erythromycin in feeds containing the pelleting adjuvants bentonite and Masonex has been evaluated by collaborative study. Erythromycin is freed from the binding action of these adjuvants by an aqueous methanolic pH 8 buffer presoak before extraction with methylal. The recovery values for mash and pellets of 6 different sample types range from 86.6 to 103.0% of theory with a grand mean of 96.8%. This modification has been adopted as official first action.", "contents": "Collaborative study of assay method for erythromycin in pelleted feeds containing binding agents. A modified method for analysis of erythromycin in feeds containing the pelleting adjuvants bentonite and Masonex has been evaluated by collaborative study. Erythromycin is freed from the binding action of these adjuvants by an aqueous methanolic pH 8 buffer presoak before extraction with methylal. The recovery values for mash and pellets of 6 different sample types range from 86.6 to 103.0% of theory with a grand mean of 96.8%. This modification has been adopted as official first action.", "PMID": 833094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_328", "title": "Simple and rapid paper chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of histidine and histamine in fish samples.", "content": "A simple and rapid method for the simultaneous determination of histamine and histidine in fish samples is described. The method entails paper chromatography and is sensitive from 0.5 mug to at least 30 mug. The method is reproducible to within +/- 5% and compares favorably with a biological method for histamine determination.", "contents": "Simple and rapid paper chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of histidine and histamine in fish samples. A simple and rapid method for the simultaneous determination of histamine and histidine in fish samples is described. The method entails paper chromatography and is sensitive from 0.5 mug to at least 30 mug. The method is reproducible to within +/- 5% and compares favorably with a biological method for histamine determination.", "PMID": 833095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_329", "title": "Electron impact and chemical ionization mass spectrometry of some butyrophenones.", "content": "The mass spectra of some butyrophenones are presented. Electron impact ionization and chemical ionization with isobutane as the reagent gas are compared. The chemical ionization spectra show the quasi molecular ion (M + H)+ to be the most abundant ion. Important fragments in the electron impact spectra are discussed for easy determination of other similar compounds.", "contents": "Electron impact and chemical ionization mass spectrometry of some butyrophenones. The mass spectra of some butyrophenones are presented. Electron impact ionization and chemical ionization with isobutane as the reagent gas are compared. The chemical ionization spectra show the quasi molecular ion (M + H)+ to be the most abundant ion. Important fragments in the electron impact spectra are discussed for easy determination of other similar compounds.", "PMID": 833097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_330", "title": "Determination of dexamethasone in milk by high pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "A rapid and sensitive high pressure liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of dexamethasone (9 alpha - fluoro - 11 beta, 17 alpha, 21 - trihydroxy - 16 alpha - methylpregna - 1,4-diene-3,20-dione) in milk has been developed. The corticosteroid can be quantitated at 20 ppb, with the limit of detectability estimated at 5 ppb. Recoveries ranged from 72 to 94%. After dexamethasone was injected into 5 Holstein-Friesian cows, no residues were dound in milk, even after the first milking.", "contents": "Determination of dexamethasone in milk by high pressure liquid chromatography. A rapid and sensitive high pressure liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of dexamethasone (9 alpha - fluoro - 11 beta, 17 alpha, 21 - trihydroxy - 16 alpha - methylpregna - 1,4-diene-3,20-dione) in milk has been developed. The corticosteroid can be quantitated at 20 ppb, with the limit of detectability estimated at 5 ppb. Recoveries ranged from 72 to 94%. After dexamethasone was injected into 5 Holstein-Friesian cows, no residues were dound in milk, even after the first milking.", "PMID": 833098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_331", "title": "Collaborative study of a semiautomated method for the analysis of prednisolone and prednisone tablets.", "content": "A semiautomated colorimetric method for the determination of prednisolone and prednisone was collaboratively studied by 6 collaborators. In the method, an alcoholic solution of the drug is extracted with chloroform and the extract is reacted with tetramethylammonium hydroxide and blue tetrazolium; the absorbance of the resulting color is read at 525 nm. Collaborators were supplied with 4 composites of tablets of different dosage levels, 2 containing prednisolone and 2 containing prednisone. Results agreed with those obtained by the author using the USP total steroid assay method. The coefficients of variation of the individual collaborator's results for prednisolone and prednisone ranged from 0.54 to 2.38 and from 0.34 to 2.19%, respectively. This method has been adopted as official first action.", "contents": "Collaborative study of a semiautomated method for the analysis of prednisolone and prednisone tablets. A semiautomated colorimetric method for the determination of prednisolone and prednisone was collaboratively studied by 6 collaborators. In the method, an alcoholic solution of the drug is extracted with chloroform and the extract is reacted with tetramethylammonium hydroxide and blue tetrazolium; the absorbance of the resulting color is read at 525 nm. Collaborators were supplied with 4 composites of tablets of different dosage levels, 2 containing prednisolone and 2 containing prednisone. Results agreed with those obtained by the author using the USP total steroid assay method. The coefficients of variation of the individual collaborator's results for prednisolone and prednisone ranged from 0.54 to 2.38 and from 0.34 to 2.19%, respectively. This method has been adopted as official first action.", "PMID": 833101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_332", "title": "Identification of 1-(1-cyanocycloalkyl) amines, intermediates in the synthesis of phencyclidine and its analogs.", "content": "Eight 1-(1-cyanocycloalkyl) amines are identified by spectroscopic techniques. Their ultraviolet and mass spectra are similar, but proton magnetic resonance and infrared spectra are distinctly different; reference spectra and data are provided. Gas-liquid and thin layer chromatographic systems for their qualitative analysis are discussed.", "contents": "Identification of 1-(1-cyanocycloalkyl) amines, intermediates in the synthesis of phencyclidine and its analogs. Eight 1-(1-cyanocycloalkyl) amines are identified by spectroscopic techniques. Their ultraviolet and mass spectra are similar, but proton magnetic resonance and infrared spectra are distinctly different; reference spectra and data are provided. Gas-liquid and thin layer chromatographic systems for their qualitative analysis are discussed.", "PMID": 833102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_333", "title": "Separation and ultraviolet absorbance techniques for determining dihydrotachysterol in pharmaceutical preparations.", "content": "Three separation techniques and ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry are described for dihydrotachysterol (DHT). The absorbance procedure eliminates the necessity of establishing a regular baseline, which is advantageous in certain cases. The relative absorbance values obey Beer's law in the range of 1-10 mug DHT/ml ethanol. An absorbance ratio check ensures the applicability of the method with respect to the degree of allowable interference present. The absorbance ratio values at the indicated wave-lengths at this concentration range and in the absence of any interferences are relativiely constant. The UV absorbance could serve as the common final determinative step for the other techniques, either singly or in combination, for quantitating DHT in preparations that require varying degrees of cleanup through extraction, saponification, and thin layer chromatography. The respective mean per cent recoveries and their relative standard deviations for a 50 mug DHT standard sample treated by the 3 techniques are 99.6 -+/ 0.5, 98.5 -+/ 1.1, and 97.3 -+/ 3.3%. Content uniformity determination of DHT in tablets and in soft gelatin capsules is also presented, and precautions are discussed.", "contents": "Separation and ultraviolet absorbance techniques for determining dihydrotachysterol in pharmaceutical preparations. Three separation techniques and ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry are described for dihydrotachysterol (DHT). The absorbance procedure eliminates the necessity of establishing a regular baseline, which is advantageous in certain cases. The relative absorbance values obey Beer's law in the range of 1-10 mug DHT/ml ethanol. An absorbance ratio check ensures the applicability of the method with respect to the degree of allowable interference present. The absorbance ratio values at the indicated wave-lengths at this concentration range and in the absence of any interferences are relativiely constant. The UV absorbance could serve as the common final determinative step for the other techniques, either singly or in combination, for quantitating DHT in preparations that require varying degrees of cleanup through extraction, saponification, and thin layer chromatography. The respective mean per cent recoveries and their relative standard deviations for a 50 mug DHT standard sample treated by the 3 techniques are 99.6 -+/ 0.5, 98.5 -+/ 1.1, and 97.3 -+/ 3.3%. Content uniformity determination of DHT in tablets and in soft gelatin capsules is also presented, and precautions are discussed.", "PMID": 833103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_334", "title": "Simple and rapid gas-liquid chromatographic determination of diethylstilbestrol in biological specimens.", "content": "Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is readily extracted into toluene from biological fluids or tissue homogenates. Sodium carbonate is added to the initial mixture to eliminate potentially interfering substances. The toluene is extracted with a very small volume of aqueous trimethylphenylammonium hydroxide. This solution generates dimethyl DES in the vaporizer of a gas-liquid chromatograph. An internal standard, dienestrol (DI), is added at the beginning of the procedure and is partitioned and methylated in the same manner as DES. The DES and DI derivatives are well separated in less than 6 min on an ov-17 column. The entire analysis requires less than 15 min for a fluid specimen and less than 25 min for a solid tissue specimen. Seven samples can be analyzed each hour on a single column with a flame ionization detector. The relative standard deviations at levels from 2.5 to 100 ppm in bile are less than 5%. The lower limit of sensitivity is 8 ppb in a 1 ml bile sample.", "contents": "Simple and rapid gas-liquid chromatographic determination of diethylstilbestrol in biological specimens. Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is readily extracted into toluene from biological fluids or tissue homogenates. Sodium carbonate is added to the initial mixture to eliminate potentially interfering substances. The toluene is extracted with a very small volume of aqueous trimethylphenylammonium hydroxide. This solution generates dimethyl DES in the vaporizer of a gas-liquid chromatograph. An internal standard, dienestrol (DI), is added at the beginning of the procedure and is partitioned and methylated in the same manner as DES. The DES and DI derivatives are well separated in less than 6 min on an ov-17 column. The entire analysis requires less than 15 min for a fluid specimen and less than 25 min for a solid tissue specimen. Seven samples can be analyzed each hour on a single column with a flame ionization detector. The relative standard deviations at levels from 2.5 to 100 ppm in bile are less than 5%. The lower limit of sensitivity is 8 ppb in a 1 ml bile sample.", "PMID": 833104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_335", "title": "Micro-determination of p-hydroxybenzoic esters in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.", "content": "A rapid and specific method is described for the determination of microamounts of methyl, propyl, and butyl p-hydroxybenzoic esters (parabens) in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. The method involves the direct extraction of parabens into benzene or chloroform followed by derivatization with phosphorochloridate. The diethyl phosphate ester derivatives are cleaned up on a Florisil minicolumn and finally measured by gas-liquid chromatography on 5% OV-210 on Gas-Chrom Q. A flame photometric detector or a KCl thermionic detector may be used. The concentration response was linear up to 40 ng parabens. The reproducibility and margin or error were tested with fortified samples. This method may be applied to the estimation of other phenol derivatives.", "contents": "Micro-determination of p-hydroxybenzoic esters in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. A rapid and specific method is described for the determination of microamounts of methyl, propyl, and butyl p-hydroxybenzoic esters (parabens) in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. The method involves the direct extraction of parabens into benzene or chloroform followed by derivatization with phosphorochloridate. The diethyl phosphate ester derivatives are cleaned up on a Florisil minicolumn and finally measured by gas-liquid chromatography on 5% OV-210 on Gas-Chrom Q. A flame photometric detector or a KCl thermionic detector may be used. The concentration response was linear up to 40 ng parabens. The reproducibility and margin or error were tested with fortified samples. This method may be applied to the estimation of other phenol derivatives.", "PMID": 833105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_336", "title": "Identification of polychlorinated styrene compounds in heron tissues by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.", "content": "Unknown compounds detected in Ardea herodias tissues are identified by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry as residues of octachlorostyrene. Heptachlorostyrene and hexachlorostyrene were tentatively identified.", "contents": "Identification of polychlorinated styrene compounds in heron tissues by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Unknown compounds detected in Ardea herodias tissues are identified by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry as residues of octachlorostyrene. Heptachlorostyrene and hexachlorostyrene were tentatively identified.", "PMID": 833106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_337", "title": "High performance liquid chromatographic determination of sorbic acid in wine.", "content": "A method is described for the qualitative and quantitative determination of 2,4-hexadienoic acid (sorbic acid) by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results show excellent reproducibility (+/- 2.55%) and agree well with values obtained using the official AOAC ultraviolet method for both fortified wine and commercial wines. Sorbic acid is separated by HPLC, using a strong anion exchange resin, Zipax SAX, eluted with 0.01M Na2B4O7, and detected using UV (254 nm) detector. Sodium benzoate is used as an internal standard.", "contents": "High performance liquid chromatographic determination of sorbic acid in wine. A method is described for the qualitative and quantitative determination of 2,4-hexadienoic acid (sorbic acid) by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results show excellent reproducibility (+/- 2.55%) and agree well with values obtained using the official AOAC ultraviolet method for both fortified wine and commercial wines. Sorbic acid is separated by HPLC, using a strong anion exchange resin, Zipax SAX, eluted with 0.01M Na2B4O7, and detected using UV (254 nm) detector. Sodium benzoate is used as an internal standard.", "PMID": 833108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_338", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of m-phenoxybenzyl cis, trans-(+/-)-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2-2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate in aqueous formulations.", "content": "A simple and rapid gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method was developed for the analysis of aqueous solutions of FMC 33297 (mphenoxybenzyl cis,trans-(+/-)-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl) - 2,2 - dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate). The compound is extracted from aqueous solution with benzene and cleaned up by liquid chromatography. The sample extracts are analyzed by GLC with a flame ionization detector and quantitated by comparing integrator counts of extracts with those of standards. Recoveries of FMC 33297 were 90-100%. The method has good precision (the standard deviation for 4 determinations of a 0.002394% formulation was 6 X 10(-6)) and is sensitive to 0.00004% active ingredient by weight,", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of m-phenoxybenzyl cis, trans-(+/-)-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2-2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate in aqueous formulations. A simple and rapid gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method was developed for the analysis of aqueous solutions of FMC 33297 (mphenoxybenzyl cis,trans-(+/-)-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl) - 2,2 - dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate). The compound is extracted from aqueous solution with benzene and cleaned up by liquid chromatography. The sample extracts are analyzed by GLC with a flame ionization detector and quantitated by comparing integrator counts of extracts with those of standards. Recoveries of FMC 33297 were 90-100%. The method has good precision (the standard deviation for 4 determinations of a 0.002394% formulation was 6 X 10(-6)) and is sensitive to 0.00004% active ingredient by weight,", "PMID": 833109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_339", "title": "Mammalian endonuclease, DNase V. Purification and properties of enzyme of calf thymus.", "content": "An endonuclease present in partially purified preparations of calf thymus DNA polymerase has been purified to homogeneity. It has a molecular weight of 53,000 +/- 2,500 as determined by sucrose gradient sedimentation. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate indicates the protein is composed of four subunits, each polypeptide possessing a molecular weight of 13,000. Its isoelectric point is 10.3 +/- 0.2. The endonuclease has a pH optimum at 6.6, requires Mg2+ or Mn2+ for activity, and does not attack RNA. The enzyme appears to be present in tissues other than calf thymus. The enzyme catalyzes the endonucleolytic cleavage of both denatured and native eukaryotic DNA. The enzyme introduces a limited number of single strand nicks into native DNA; hydrolysis of denatured DNA produces acid-soluble oligonucleotides. The average size of the limit product, sedimented in an alkaline sucrose gradient, is 1200 nucleotides for native DNA. The product contains 5'-phosphoryl and 3'-hydroxyl termini. While all four deoxynucleotides are found at the 5' termini, pyrimidine residues predominate. Calf thymus DNase V degrades closed circular duplex SV40 DNA and glucosylated T4DNA but not poly(dA-dT). The rate of hydrolysis of homopolymers is: poly(dT) greater than poly(dA) greater than poly(dC) greater than poly(dG) in the presence of Mg2+, and poly(dT) greater than poly(dC) greater than poly(dA) = poly(dG) in the presence of Mn2+.", "contents": "Mammalian endonuclease, DNase V. Purification and properties of enzyme of calf thymus. An endonuclease present in partially purified preparations of calf thymus DNA polymerase has been purified to homogeneity. It has a molecular weight of 53,000 +/- 2,500 as determined by sucrose gradient sedimentation. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate indicates the protein is composed of four subunits, each polypeptide possessing a molecular weight of 13,000. Its isoelectric point is 10.3 +/- 0.2. The endonuclease has a pH optimum at 6.6, requires Mg2+ or Mn2+ for activity, and does not attack RNA. The enzyme appears to be present in tissues other than calf thymus. The enzyme catalyzes the endonucleolytic cleavage of both denatured and native eukaryotic DNA. The enzyme introduces a limited number of single strand nicks into native DNA; hydrolysis of denatured DNA produces acid-soluble oligonucleotides. The average size of the limit product, sedimented in an alkaline sucrose gradient, is 1200 nucleotides for native DNA. The product contains 5'-phosphoryl and 3'-hydroxyl termini. While all four deoxynucleotides are found at the 5' termini, pyrimidine residues predominate. Calf thymus DNase V degrades closed circular duplex SV40 DNA and glucosylated T4DNA but not poly(dA-dT). The rate of hydrolysis of homopolymers is: poly(dT) greater than poly(dA) greater than poly(dC) greater than poly(dG) in the presence of Mg2+, and poly(dT) greater than poly(dC) greater than poly(dA) = poly(dG) in the presence of Mn2+.", "PMID": 833111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_340", "title": "Study of equilibration of the system involving two alternative, enzymically active complementing structures simultaneously formed from two overlapping fragments of staphylococcal nuclease.", "content": "Quantitative complementation of two overlapping fragments of staphylococcal nuclease, Nuclease-(1-126) (residues 1 to 126) and Nuclease-T-(50-149) (residues 50 to 149), simultaneously forms in 1 min, two alternative, enzymically active ordered structures (types I and II) resembling nuclease (149 residues) (Taniuchi, H., and Anfinsen, C.B. (1971) J. Biol. Chem. 246, 2291-2301). We determined the ratio of type I to type II complex formed from the two fragments as a function of time, temperature, and the presence or absence of the ligands thymidine 3',5'-diphosphate and calcium ion. The ratio of type I to type II complex was determined on the basis of the quantities of their derived complexes obtained after each experiment by removing the redundant amino acid sequences by limited digestion with trypsin in the presence of ligands. The quantity of the derived complexes was estimated by quantitative determination of the component fragments separated by gel filtration. The ratio of type I to type II complex formed in 2 min after mixing the two fragments was approximately 0.3 and appears to be independent of temperature and the presence or absence of ligands. The equilibrium of the system of type I and II complexes is attained through unfolding and folding. The ratios of type I to type II complex at the apparent equilibrium state of the system at 6 and 23 degrees were approximately 1.1 and 2.4, respectively. The observations indicate that the rate of unfolding of type II complex is greater than that of type I complex at 6 degrees and increases more than that of type I complex with increasing temperature. Thus, the change of the complementing structure from type I complex with increasing temperature. Thus, the change of the complementing structure from type I to type II causes a decrease in the activation free energy, an increase in the activation enthalpy, and thereby an increase in the activation entropy of unfolding. Since the unfolded states with which type I and II complexes are in equilibrium are the same, the distribution of the population of type I and II complexes at the equilibrium state will be determined on the basis of the respective decreases in Gibbs standard free energy from the unfolded state to type I and II complexes. On this basis type I complex has a lower energy by deltaG0 = -0.05 and -0.51 kcal mol-1 at 6 and 23 degrees, respectively, than type II complex. Nevertheless, at the initial complementation the population of type I complex formed is approximately one-third that of type II complex at both 6 and 23 degrees. That is, the probability (rate) of folding is not related to the decrease in energy from the unfolded to the folded state. Using van't Hoff's equation deltaH = 7.5 kcal mol-1 and then deltaS degrees = 27 cal deg-1 mol-1 from type II to type I complex.", "contents": "Study of equilibration of the system involving two alternative, enzymically active complementing structures simultaneously formed from two overlapping fragments of staphylococcal nuclease. Quantitative complementation of two overlapping fragments of staphylococcal nuclease, Nuclease-(1-126) (residues 1 to 126) and Nuclease-T-(50-149) (residues 50 to 149), simultaneously forms in 1 min, two alternative, enzymically active ordered structures (types I and II) resembling nuclease (149 residues) (Taniuchi, H., and Anfinsen, C.B. (1971) J. Biol. Chem. 246, 2291-2301). We determined the ratio of type I to type II complex formed from the two fragments as a function of time, temperature, and the presence or absence of the ligands thymidine 3',5'-diphosphate and calcium ion. The ratio of type I to type II complex was determined on the basis of the quantities of their derived complexes obtained after each experiment by removing the redundant amino acid sequences by limited digestion with trypsin in the presence of ligands. The quantity of the derived complexes was estimated by quantitative determination of the component fragments separated by gel filtration. The ratio of type I to type II complex formed in 2 min after mixing the two fragments was approximately 0.3 and appears to be independent of temperature and the presence or absence of ligands. The equilibrium of the system of type I and II complexes is attained through unfolding and folding. The ratios of type I to type II complex at the apparent equilibrium state of the system at 6 and 23 degrees were approximately 1.1 and 2.4, respectively. The observations indicate that the rate of unfolding of type II complex is greater than that of type I complex at 6 degrees and increases more than that of type I complex with increasing temperature. Thus, the change of the complementing structure from type I complex with increasing temperature. Thus, the change of the complementing structure from type I to type II causes a decrease in the activation free energy, an increase in the activation enthalpy, and thereby an increase in the activation entropy of unfolding. Since the unfolded states with which type I and II complexes are in equilibrium are the same, the distribution of the population of type I and II complexes at the equilibrium state will be determined on the basis of the respective decreases in Gibbs standard free energy from the unfolded state to type I and II complexes. On this basis type I complex has a lower energy by deltaG0 = -0.05 and -0.51 kcal mol-1 at 6 and 23 degrees, respectively, than type II complex. Nevertheless, at the initial complementation the population of type I complex formed is approximately one-third that of type II complex at both 6 and 23 degrees. That is, the probability (rate) of folding is not related to the decrease in energy from the unfolded to the folded state. Using van't Hoff's equation deltaH = 7.5 kcal mol-1 and then deltaS degrees = 27 cal deg-1 mol-1 from type II to type I complex.", "PMID": 833112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_341", "title": "Deoxyribonucleic acid structure in human diploid fibroblasts stimulated to proliferate.", "content": "When contact-inhibited human diploid fibroblasts that have been maintained on medium containing 0.5% serum are stimulated by 10% serum they leave the G0 state and enter the cell cycle at G1. The onset of DNA synthesis occurs at 12 to 13 h. DNA was isolated from cultures that had been stimulated for 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, 16, 20, 24, and 30 h. These DNA preparations were characterized by sensitivity to a single strand specific nuclease, CsSO4/AgClO4 buoyant density, sedimentation in neutral and alkaline sucrose gradients, and sedimentation in neutral sucrose gradients after digestion with S1-nuclease. The DNA from 4-h stimulated cultures has an increased amount of single strandedness as indicated by sensitivity to S1-nuclease and buoyant density. The amount of single strandedness increases as the cells enter S-phase and decreases as they enter the G2 period. The DNA isolated from G0 cells behaves as native, duplex DNA with virtually no breaks. The DNA from 2-h and 4-h stimulated cultures contained a significant number of breaks. The number of breaks increases to a maximum in S-phase and declines as the cells enter the G2 period. There are no nuclease-sensitive sites (gaps) in G0 or 2-h cultures. The number of sites increases 4 h after stimulation, reaches a maximum during S-phase, and decreases as the cells enter G2. These results lead us to suggest a chromosomal cycle at the level of DNA itself, whereby structural changes are occurring throughout the entire G1 period, aimed toward the initiation of DNA synthesis. These changes reach a maximum degree during replication and decline as replication is terminated.", "contents": "Deoxyribonucleic acid structure in human diploid fibroblasts stimulated to proliferate. When contact-inhibited human diploid fibroblasts that have been maintained on medium containing 0.5% serum are stimulated by 10% serum they leave the G0 state and enter the cell cycle at G1. The onset of DNA synthesis occurs at 12 to 13 h. DNA was isolated from cultures that had been stimulated for 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, 16, 20, 24, and 30 h. These DNA preparations were characterized by sensitivity to a single strand specific nuclease, CsSO4/AgClO4 buoyant density, sedimentation in neutral and alkaline sucrose gradients, and sedimentation in neutral sucrose gradients after digestion with S1-nuclease. The DNA from 4-h stimulated cultures has an increased amount of single strandedness as indicated by sensitivity to S1-nuclease and buoyant density. The amount of single strandedness increases as the cells enter S-phase and decreases as they enter the G2 period. The DNA isolated from G0 cells behaves as native, duplex DNA with virtually no breaks. The DNA from 2-h and 4-h stimulated cultures contained a significant number of breaks. The number of breaks increases to a maximum in S-phase and declines as the cells enter the G2 period. There are no nuclease-sensitive sites (gaps) in G0 or 2-h cultures. The number of sites increases 4 h after stimulation, reaches a maximum during S-phase, and decreases as the cells enter G2. These results lead us to suggest a chromosomal cycle at the level of DNA itself, whereby structural changes are occurring throughout the entire G1 period, aimed toward the initiation of DNA synthesis. These changes reach a maximum degree during replication and decline as replication is terminated.", "PMID": 833113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_342", "title": "Neutral amino acid transport. Characterization of the A and L systems in isolated rat hepatocytes.", "content": "Hepatocytes isolated from adult rat liver by enzymatic dispersion were used to investigate amino acid transport. Steady state and influx experiments were carried out with alpha-amino[1-14C]isobutyric acid and [1-14C]cycloleucine in the presence and absence of sodium under various experimental conditions. Hepatocytes concentrated alpha-aminoisobutyric acid to a 3-fold higher degree than cycloleucine. At low external alpha-aminoisobutyric acid levels (2 to 5 mM), about 25% and 75% of entry were accounted for by nonsaturable and saturable processes, respectively. The nonsaturable component was sodium-independent, and had the properties of passive diffusion. The saturable transport was dependent on external sodium; the rate of transport reached its maximal value with sodium greater than or equal to 75 mM. Sodium increased the apparent Vmax of transport without changing the apparent Km. This component was largely dependent on energy supplies and was strongly reduced at pH less than or equal to 6.5. The value for activation energy (Ea approximately equal to 15 kcal/mol, calculated from the Arrhenius plot) favors a mediated active transport. The Na+-dependent influx of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid was competitively inhibited by N-methyl-alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (Ki approximately equal to 9.3 mM) and alanine (Ki approximately equal to 2 mM) to the extent of 70% and 100%, respectively. The N-methyl-alpha-aminoisobutyric acid-sensitive part of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid influx represents transport through the \"A\" system, whereas the N-methyl-alpha-aminoisobutyric acid-insensitive part of transport is believed to occur through the \"ASC\" system. No evidence was obtained to suggest that alpha-aminoisobutyric acid is transported by the \"L\" system. Cycloleucine transport was a composite phenomenon involving at least two saturable processes, one of which was sodium-dependent and inhibited by alpha-aminoisobutyric acid, and probably represents entry through the A and ASC systems. The sodium-independent component was completely and competitively inhibited by 2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2-carboxylic acid (Ki approximately equal to 2 mM). This component exhibited accelerative exchange-diffusion and was pH-insensitive, properties which suggest a facilitated diffusion process. However, the weak inhibition exerted by oligomycin and cyanide along with the concentrative effect observed indicated that uphill transport was also operative. These data are in good agreement with those reported for the L system. We conclude that, as in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells and in embryonic heart cells, the A, ASC, and L systems are operative in isolated hepatocytes for the transport of amino acids.", "contents": "Neutral amino acid transport. Characterization of the A and L systems in isolated rat hepatocytes. Hepatocytes isolated from adult rat liver by enzymatic dispersion were used to investigate amino acid transport. Steady state and influx experiments were carried out with alpha-amino[1-14C]isobutyric acid and [1-14C]cycloleucine in the presence and absence of sodium under various experimental conditions. Hepatocytes concentrated alpha-aminoisobutyric acid to a 3-fold higher degree than cycloleucine. At low external alpha-aminoisobutyric acid levels (2 to 5 mM), about 25% and 75% of entry were accounted for by nonsaturable and saturable processes, respectively. The nonsaturable component was sodium-independent, and had the properties of passive diffusion. The saturable transport was dependent on external sodium; the rate of transport reached its maximal value with sodium greater than or equal to 75 mM. Sodium increased the apparent Vmax of transport without changing the apparent Km. This component was largely dependent on energy supplies and was strongly reduced at pH less than or equal to 6.5. The value for activation energy (Ea approximately equal to 15 kcal/mol, calculated from the Arrhenius plot) favors a mediated active transport. The Na+-dependent influx of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid was competitively inhibited by N-methyl-alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (Ki approximately equal to 9.3 mM) and alanine (Ki approximately equal to 2 mM) to the extent of 70% and 100%, respectively. The N-methyl-alpha-aminoisobutyric acid-sensitive part of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid influx represents transport through the \"A\" system, whereas the N-methyl-alpha-aminoisobutyric acid-insensitive part of transport is believed to occur through the \"ASC\" system. No evidence was obtained to suggest that alpha-aminoisobutyric acid is transported by the \"L\" system. Cycloleucine transport was a composite phenomenon involving at least two saturable processes, one of which was sodium-dependent and inhibited by alpha-aminoisobutyric acid, and probably represents entry through the A and ASC systems. The sodium-independent component was completely and competitively inhibited by 2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2-carboxylic acid (Ki approximately equal to 2 mM). This component exhibited accelerative exchange-diffusion and was pH-insensitive, properties which suggest a facilitated diffusion process. However, the weak inhibition exerted by oligomycin and cyanide along with the concentrative effect observed indicated that uphill transport was also operative. These data are in good agreement with those reported for the L system. We conclude that, as in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells and in embryonic heart cells, the A, ASC, and L systems are operative in isolated hepatocytes for the transport of amino acids.", "PMID": 833114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_343", "title": "Genetic differences in induction of cytosol reduced-NAD(P):menadione oxidoreductase and microsomal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in the mouse.", "content": "The stimulation of reduced-NAD(P):menadione oxidoreductase (EC 1.6.99.2) activity in liver cytosol is highly correlated with the stimulation of hepatic microsomal aryl hydrocarbon (benzo[a]pyrene) hydroxylase (EC 1.14.14.2) activity in 3-methylcholanthrene-, beta-naphthoflavone-, phenobarbital-, or pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile-treated inbred C57BL/6N and DBA/2N mice and in eight other inbred strains treated with 3-methylcholanthrene. No oxidoreductase activity is detectable in mouse liver microsomes. Cytochrome c and 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol are equally good electron acceptors for the oxidoreductase. There is no preferential in vitro inhibition of induced versus control oxidoreductase activities by either alpha-naphthoflavone or metyrapone. In 3-methylcholanthrene-treated F1 and F2 progeny and offspring from backcrosses between the F1 and either C57BL/6N or DBA/2N parent, however, there is not a strict correlation between induced or noninducible aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and oxidoreductase activities. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, at doses (80 mug kg-1) sufficiently high to induce the hydroxylase almost as well in DBA/2N as in C57BL/6N mice, induces the oxidoreductase about 3-fold in C57BL/6N and less than 50% in DBA/2N mice. All the data are consistent with an hypothesis that two loci (Ox-1 and Ox-2) regulate oxidoreductase induction by 3-methylcholanthrene, that one of the genes is linked to the Ah locus (with an estimated recombination frequency between 2% and 23%), and that the other gene is not linked to the Ah locus. These experimental data might be useful in the protein activator hypothesis of the Britten-Davidson model for gene regulation.", "contents": "Genetic differences in induction of cytosol reduced-NAD(P):menadione oxidoreductase and microsomal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in the mouse. The stimulation of reduced-NAD(P):menadione oxidoreductase (EC 1.6.99.2) activity in liver cytosol is highly correlated with the stimulation of hepatic microsomal aryl hydrocarbon (benzo[a]pyrene) hydroxylase (EC 1.14.14.2) activity in 3-methylcholanthrene-, beta-naphthoflavone-, phenobarbital-, or pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile-treated inbred C57BL/6N and DBA/2N mice and in eight other inbred strains treated with 3-methylcholanthrene. No oxidoreductase activity is detectable in mouse liver microsomes. Cytochrome c and 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol are equally good electron acceptors for the oxidoreductase. There is no preferential in vitro inhibition of induced versus control oxidoreductase activities by either alpha-naphthoflavone or metyrapone. In 3-methylcholanthrene-treated F1 and F2 progeny and offspring from backcrosses between the F1 and either C57BL/6N or DBA/2N parent, however, there is not a strict correlation between induced or noninducible aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and oxidoreductase activities. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, at doses (80 mug kg-1) sufficiently high to induce the hydroxylase almost as well in DBA/2N as in C57BL/6N mice, induces the oxidoreductase about 3-fold in C57BL/6N and less than 50% in DBA/2N mice. All the data are consistent with an hypothesis that two loci (Ox-1 and Ox-2) regulate oxidoreductase induction by 3-methylcholanthrene, that one of the genes is linked to the Ah locus (with an estimated recombination frequency between 2% and 23%), and that the other gene is not linked to the Ah locus. These experimental data might be useful in the protein activator hypothesis of the Britten-Davidson model for gene regulation.", "PMID": 833115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_344", "title": "Studies of human histone messenger RNA. I. Methods for the isolation and partial characterization of RNA fractions containing human histone message from HeLa S3 polyribosomes.", "content": "Large quantities of nonpolyadenylated [poly(A(-))] 4 to 18 S RNA were isolated from the polyribosomes of S phase HeLa S3 cells and were fractionated into multiple discrete RNA components by continuous elution preparative electrophoresis. Previous studies have shown that treatment os S phase HeLa cells with cytosine arabinoside inhibits DNA replication and causes translatable histone messenger RNA (mRNA) species to disappear from cytoplasmic polyribosomes (Borun, T. W., Scharff, M.D., and Robbins, E. (1967) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 58, 1977-1983; Gallwitz, D., and Mueller, G. C. (1969) J. Biol. Chem. 244, 5948-5952; Borun, T. W., Gabrielli, F., Ajiro, K., Zweidler, A., and Baglioni, C. (1975) Cell 4, 59-67; Gallwitz, D. (1975) Nature 257, 247-248). In the present study it was found that cytosine arabinoside treatment does not appreciably affect major 7.5 to 8 S RNA species but does cause the disappearance of 8.6 to 13 S RNA components from preparative electrophoresis elution profiles of S phase polyribosomal 4 to 18 S RNA. Base ratio analysis of the 8.6 to 13 S putative histone mRNA species indicates that they are GC-rich but not like the HeLa 18 or 28 S rRNA in base composition.", "contents": "Studies of human histone messenger RNA. I. Methods for the isolation and partial characterization of RNA fractions containing human histone message from HeLa S3 polyribosomes. Large quantities of nonpolyadenylated [poly(A(-))] 4 to 18 S RNA were isolated from the polyribosomes of S phase HeLa S3 cells and were fractionated into multiple discrete RNA components by continuous elution preparative electrophoresis. Previous studies have shown that treatment os S phase HeLa cells with cytosine arabinoside inhibits DNA replication and causes translatable histone messenger RNA (mRNA) species to disappear from cytoplasmic polyribosomes (Borun, T. W., Scharff, M.D., and Robbins, E. (1967) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 58, 1977-1983; Gallwitz, D., and Mueller, G. C. (1969) J. Biol. Chem. 244, 5948-5952; Borun, T. W., Gabrielli, F., Ajiro, K., Zweidler, A., and Baglioni, C. (1975) Cell 4, 59-67; Gallwitz, D. (1975) Nature 257, 247-248). In the present study it was found that cytosine arabinoside treatment does not appreciably affect major 7.5 to 8 S RNA species but does cause the disappearance of 8.6 to 13 S RNA components from preparative electrophoresis elution profiles of S phase polyribosomal 4 to 18 S RNA. Base ratio analysis of the 8.6 to 13 S putative histone mRNA species indicates that they are GC-rich but not like the HeLa 18 or 28 S rRNA in base composition.", "PMID": 833116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_345", "title": "Studies of human histone messenger RNA. II. The resolution of fractions containing individual human histone messenger RNA species.", "content": "Polyribosomal 4 to 18 S RNA from S phase HeLa S-3 cells has been fractionated by chromatography on oligo(dT)-cellulose and resolved into multiple discrete components by continuous elution preparation electrophoresis. The human histone messenger RNA (mRNA) species associated with various polyadenylated [poly(A(+))] and nonpolyadenylated [poly(A(-))] components of 4 to 18 S RNA were determined by translation of these RNA fractions in vitro using a Krebs II ascites cell-free system followed by resolution of histones synthesized in vitro on polyacrylamide gels containing Triton X-100. The results of these studies indicate that poly(A(-)) 4 to 18 S RNA from S phase HeLa polyribosomes contains: (a) large quantities of discrete 7.4 and 8 S RNA species which are not functional histone mRNA; (b) a discrete 8.6 S RNA fraction which contains the templates of human histone H4; (c) 9.2 to 10.7 S RNA which contains mixtures of incompletely resolved histone H2B, H2A, and H3 mRNA (These mRNA species do not closely correspond to discrete RNA subfractions resolvable by our techniques.); (d) discrete 12 and 13 S RNA fractions which contain templates of human histone H1 polypeptides. The present studies also indicate that the mRNA templates of histone variants H3.2 and H3.3 have a slightly lower electrophoretic mobility than H3.1 mRNA and that H2A.2 mRNA has a slightly lower electrophoretic mobility than H2A.1 mRNA. In addition, appreciable quantities of H3.2, H3.3, and H2A.2 mRNA are bound to oligo(dT)-cellulose in 0.5 M KCl. These results indicate that mRNA species of the same histone class differ slightly in primary structure and are consistent with the hypothesis that some histone mRNA species contain short tracts of poly(A).", "contents": "Studies of human histone messenger RNA. II. The resolution of fractions containing individual human histone messenger RNA species. Polyribosomal 4 to 18 S RNA from S phase HeLa S-3 cells has been fractionated by chromatography on oligo(dT)-cellulose and resolved into multiple discrete components by continuous elution preparation electrophoresis. The human histone messenger RNA (mRNA) species associated with various polyadenylated [poly(A(+))] and nonpolyadenylated [poly(A(-))] components of 4 to 18 S RNA were determined by translation of these RNA fractions in vitro using a Krebs II ascites cell-free system followed by resolution of histones synthesized in vitro on polyacrylamide gels containing Triton X-100. The results of these studies indicate that poly(A(-)) 4 to 18 S RNA from S phase HeLa polyribosomes contains: (a) large quantities of discrete 7.4 and 8 S RNA species which are not functional histone mRNA; (b) a discrete 8.6 S RNA fraction which contains the templates of human histone H4; (c) 9.2 to 10.7 S RNA which contains mixtures of incompletely resolved histone H2B, H2A, and H3 mRNA (These mRNA species do not closely correspond to discrete RNA subfractions resolvable by our techniques.); (d) discrete 12 and 13 S RNA fractions which contain templates of human histone H1 polypeptides. The present studies also indicate that the mRNA templates of histone variants H3.2 and H3.3 have a slightly lower electrophoretic mobility than H3.1 mRNA and that H2A.2 mRNA has a slightly lower electrophoretic mobility than H2A.1 mRNA. In addition, appreciable quantities of H3.2, H3.3, and H2A.2 mRNA are bound to oligo(dT)-cellulose in 0.5 M KCl. These results indicate that mRNA species of the same histone class differ slightly in primary structure and are consistent with the hypothesis that some histone mRNA species contain short tracts of poly(A).", "PMID": 833117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_346", "title": "Photocatalyzed labeling of adipocyte plasma membranes with an aryl azide derivative of glucose.", "content": "The photoreactive glucose derivative, N-(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose, has been synthesized and used as a site-directed probe to label adipocyte plasma membranes. In the absence of photoactivation, the glucose derivative was shown to inhibit D-glucose and 3-O-methyl-glucose uptake in the isolated adipocyte system. Glucose was also shown to partially inhibit the uptake of the photoreactive probe. Photolysis of this reagent with light of wavelength greater than 300 nm in the presence of intact adipose cells resulted in the covalent incorporation of radioactivity into the plasma membrane fraction. Analysis of this material by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that four membrane components were significantly labeled and that two of these components corresponded in electrophoretic mobility to the major glycoproteins with apparent molecular weights of 100,000 and 81,000. Photolysis of the glucose analog in the presence of the particulate pellet derived from homogenized adipocytes resulted in the incorporation of the radioactive label into most of the membrane proteins. Although the cells appear to be permeable to the photoreactive probe, only a few membrane components are labeled when the cells are intact, suggesting that the probe has a high affinity for these membrane components which may be functionally involved in the glucose transport system.", "contents": "Photocatalyzed labeling of adipocyte plasma membranes with an aryl azide derivative of glucose. The photoreactive glucose derivative, N-(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose, has been synthesized and used as a site-directed probe to label adipocyte plasma membranes. In the absence of photoactivation, the glucose derivative was shown to inhibit D-glucose and 3-O-methyl-glucose uptake in the isolated adipocyte system. Glucose was also shown to partially inhibit the uptake of the photoreactive probe. Photolysis of this reagent with light of wavelength greater than 300 nm in the presence of intact adipose cells resulted in the covalent incorporation of radioactivity into the plasma membrane fraction. Analysis of this material by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that four membrane components were significantly labeled and that two of these components corresponded in electrophoretic mobility to the major glycoproteins with apparent molecular weights of 100,000 and 81,000. Photolysis of the glucose analog in the presence of the particulate pellet derived from homogenized adipocytes resulted in the incorporation of the radioactive label into most of the membrane proteins. Although the cells appear to be permeable to the photoreactive probe, only a few membrane components are labeled when the cells are intact, suggesting that the probe has a high affinity for these membrane components which may be functionally involved in the glucose transport system.", "PMID": 833118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_347", "title": "20beta-Hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase. Kinetics and binding of corticosteroids and corticosteroid-21-aldehydes.", "content": "Corticosteroid-21-aldehydes were reduced only at C-20 by 20 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.53) of Streptomyces hydrogenans, and the reduction occurred by transfer of hydrogen from the B-side of NADH. A kinetic investigation of cortisol, cortisone, cortexolone, and the 21-aldehydes of each indicated: (a) the magnitude of the Michaelis constant for any substrate was independent of the second substrate concentration; (b) the 21-aldehydes had larger Michaelis constants (5- to 8-fold) and larger maximum velocities (16- to 40-fold) than the steroids from which they were synthesized; (c) the Michaelis constant for NADH, 29 muM, was independent of the steroid substrate. With cortisol and cortisol-21-aldehyde, product inhibition patterns showed only slope effects with steroid product and NAD+, suggesting a \"random\" mechanism. Inhibition studies with the \"poor\" substrate cortisol indicated that cortisol and cortisol-21-aldehyde were reduced at the same site. The inhibition constant (180 muM) agreed with the Michaelis constant of cortisol (140 muM). The steroid product, 20beta-hydroxyprogesterone, gives noncompetitive inhibition patterns with respect to NADH and cortisol-21-aldehyde, indicating a separate binding site exists on the enzyme for this inhibitor. The intrinsic protein fluorescence of 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was quenched by NADH (56%) with a dissociation constant of 16 muM. NAD\" quenched the protein fluorescence somewhat less (31%) with a dissociation constant of 104 muM. The fluorescence of 2-p-toluidine-6-naphthalene sulfonate is enhanced in the presence of enzyme, and there is a blue shift in the emission wavelength maximum. The enzyme-enhanced 2-p-toluidine-6-naphthalene sulfonate fluorescence is quenched by NAD+ (32%) with a dissociation constant of 128 muM. Corticosteroids and their corresponding 21-aldehydes completely quench the enhanced 2-p-toluidine-6-naphthalene sulfonate fluorescence and this feature can be used to determine enzyme-steroid dissociation constants. Corticosteroid-21-aldehydes and NAD+ dissociation constants determined in this manner agree with values obtained in kinetic measurements. The dissociation constants determined for cortisol, cortisone, cortexolone, progesterone, and 20beta-hydroxyprogesterone were at least 1 order of magnitude greater than the corresponding kinetic constants, and these findings suggest the presence of a kinetically insignificant binding site.", "contents": "20beta-Hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase. Kinetics and binding of corticosteroids and corticosteroid-21-aldehydes. Corticosteroid-21-aldehydes were reduced only at C-20 by 20 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.53) of Streptomyces hydrogenans, and the reduction occurred by transfer of hydrogen from the B-side of NADH. A kinetic investigation of cortisol, cortisone, cortexolone, and the 21-aldehydes of each indicated: (a) the magnitude of the Michaelis constant for any substrate was independent of the second substrate concentration; (b) the 21-aldehydes had larger Michaelis constants (5- to 8-fold) and larger maximum velocities (16- to 40-fold) than the steroids from which they were synthesized; (c) the Michaelis constant for NADH, 29 muM, was independent of the steroid substrate. With cortisol and cortisol-21-aldehyde, product inhibition patterns showed only slope effects with steroid product and NAD+, suggesting a \"random\" mechanism. Inhibition studies with the \"poor\" substrate cortisol indicated that cortisol and cortisol-21-aldehyde were reduced at the same site. The inhibition constant (180 muM) agreed with the Michaelis constant of cortisol (140 muM). The steroid product, 20beta-hydroxyprogesterone, gives noncompetitive inhibition patterns with respect to NADH and cortisol-21-aldehyde, indicating a separate binding site exists on the enzyme for this inhibitor. The intrinsic protein fluorescence of 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was quenched by NADH (56%) with a dissociation constant of 16 muM. NAD\" quenched the protein fluorescence somewhat less (31%) with a dissociation constant of 104 muM. The fluorescence of 2-p-toluidine-6-naphthalene sulfonate is enhanced in the presence of enzyme, and there is a blue shift in the emission wavelength maximum. The enzyme-enhanced 2-p-toluidine-6-naphthalene sulfonate fluorescence is quenched by NAD+ (32%) with a dissociation constant of 128 muM. Corticosteroids and their corresponding 21-aldehydes completely quench the enhanced 2-p-toluidine-6-naphthalene sulfonate fluorescence and this feature can be used to determine enzyme-steroid dissociation constants. Corticosteroid-21-aldehydes and NAD+ dissociation constants determined in this manner agree with values obtained in kinetic measurements. The dissociation constants determined for cortisol, cortisone, cortexolone, progesterone, and 20beta-hydroxyprogesterone were at least 1 order of magnitude greater than the corresponding kinetic constants, and these findings suggest the presence of a kinetically insignificant binding site.", "PMID": 833119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_348", "title": "Association-dissociation behavior of sesame alpha-globulin in electrolyte solutions.", "content": "The major protein fraction, alpha-globulin, of sesame seed (Sesamum indicum L.) contains subunits which are associated predominantly by hydrophobic interactions. Effects of various salts show the following effectiveness of anions in dissociating the proteins, SO4(2-) less than Cl- less than Br- less than ClO4- less than SCN- less than or equal to I- less than CCl3COO-, the first two members being association-inducing ions. CCl3COONa is found to be the most effective among the series in causing dissociation. The cations Li+, Na+, K+, and Cs+ induce association, the order of effectiveness being Cs+ approximately K+ greater than or equal to Na+ greater than Li+. The low concentration of salts (anions) necessary to induce dissociation does not involve a detectable change in protein conformation. The discrepancy between the effectiveness of the anions in dissociating the protein and the Hofmeister pattern of these ions has been discussed.", "contents": "Association-dissociation behavior of sesame alpha-globulin in electrolyte solutions. The major protein fraction, alpha-globulin, of sesame seed (Sesamum indicum L.) contains subunits which are associated predominantly by hydrophobic interactions. Effects of various salts show the following effectiveness of anions in dissociating the proteins, SO4(2-) less than Cl- less than Br- less than ClO4- less than SCN- less than or equal to I- less than CCl3COO-, the first two members being association-inducing ions. CCl3COONa is found to be the most effective among the series in causing dissociation. The cations Li+, Na+, K+, and Cs+ induce association, the order of effectiveness being Cs+ approximately K+ greater than or equal to Na+ greater than Li+. The low concentration of salts (anions) necessary to induce dissociation does not involve a detectable change in protein conformation. The discrepancy between the effectiveness of the anions in dissociating the protein and the Hofmeister pattern of these ions has been discussed.", "PMID": 833120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_349", "title": "Nucleotide polymerases in the developing avian erythrocyte.", "content": "Avian erythroid cells were separated into five developmental stages by sedimentation on discontinuous isotonic albumin gradients. Solubilized enzyme activities from whole cells were partially purified and characterized by ion exchange and ion filtration chromatography and velocity sedimenttation analysis. Three nucleotide polymerase types were investigated: (a) DNA-dependent RNA polymerases; (b) RNA-dependent terminal ribonucleotidyltransferases, and (c) DNA-dependent DNA polymerases. The two characteristic forms of eucaryotic DNA-dependent RNA polymerases, polymerase I (nucleolar) and polymerase II (nucleoplasmic), were identified. Polymerase III was only marginally detectable even in the earliest developmental populations. At least two species of RNA-dependent terminal ribosyltransferases were present. One apparently was the poly(A) polymerase observed in other systems. The other terminal transferase was present in two chromatographic forms, required an RNA primer, and used UTP and/or CTP as particularly efficient substrates. Three DNA polymerase activities were resolved, two of which were characteristic of the alpha and beta DNA polymerases described in other eucaryotic systems. The third polymerase was not the gamma polymerase but a separate entity. Poly(dC)-dependent RNA polymerase activity, associated with the alpha polymerase, was relatively enriched in the third DNA polymerase species. The activity levels of the nucleotide polymerases were monitored as a function of red cell maturation. Characteristic declining patterns of activity were obtained for each enzyme which correlate well with the synthetic rates of their in vivo products where these are known. These results correlate well with the synthetic rates of their in vivo products where these are known. These results are consistent with the postulate that the general transcriptive and replicative control processes operating during development may involve changes in the level of the requisite polymerases.", "contents": "Nucleotide polymerases in the developing avian erythrocyte. Avian erythroid cells were separated into five developmental stages by sedimentation on discontinuous isotonic albumin gradients. Solubilized enzyme activities from whole cells were partially purified and characterized by ion exchange and ion filtration chromatography and velocity sedimenttation analysis. Three nucleotide polymerase types were investigated: (a) DNA-dependent RNA polymerases; (b) RNA-dependent terminal ribonucleotidyltransferases, and (c) DNA-dependent DNA polymerases. The two characteristic forms of eucaryotic DNA-dependent RNA polymerases, polymerase I (nucleolar) and polymerase II (nucleoplasmic), were identified. Polymerase III was only marginally detectable even in the earliest developmental populations. At least two species of RNA-dependent terminal ribosyltransferases were present. One apparently was the poly(A) polymerase observed in other systems. The other terminal transferase was present in two chromatographic forms, required an RNA primer, and used UTP and/or CTP as particularly efficient substrates. Three DNA polymerase activities were resolved, two of which were characteristic of the alpha and beta DNA polymerases described in other eucaryotic systems. The third polymerase was not the gamma polymerase but a separate entity. Poly(dC)-dependent RNA polymerase activity, associated with the alpha polymerase, was relatively enriched in the third DNA polymerase species. The activity levels of the nucleotide polymerases were monitored as a function of red cell maturation. Characteristic declining patterns of activity were obtained for each enzyme which correlate well with the synthetic rates of their in vivo products where these are known. These results correlate well with the synthetic rates of their in vivo products where these are known. These results are consistent with the postulate that the general transcriptive and replicative control processes operating during development may involve changes in the level of the requisite polymerases.", "PMID": 833121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_350", "title": "Interactions between solubilized cytochrome P-450 and hepatic microsomes.", "content": "Solubilized cytochromes P-450 and P-448 have been prepared from liver microsomes of phenobarbital- and 3-methylcholanthrene-pretreated rats, respectively. These hemoproteins can bind to microsomes and increase the microsomal monoxygenase activities. The binding of cytochrome P-450 enhances the microsomal benzphetamine demethylase activity, whereas cytochrome P-448 enhances the ethoxycoumarin dealkylase and benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase activities. The added cytochrome P-450 is believed to be incorporated into the microsomal membrane, and the enriched microsomes can be separated from the free hemoprotein by gel filtration. A correlation between the increased cytochrome P-450 content and the enhanced catalytic activity of the microsomes is shown. Several lines of evidence suggest that the exogenous cytochrome P-450 molecules become catalytically active only when they are incorporated into the membrane. By measuring the enhanced ethoxycoumarin dealkylase activity, the rate of the proposed incorporation of cytochrome P-448 into microsomes can be measured, and the temperature dependence of the rate is reported. The addition of cytochromes P-448 and P-450 causes a great increase in the monoxygenase activities of microsomes which have been treated with linoleic acid hydroperoxide. The hydroperoxide treatment denatures almost all the cytochrome P-450 molecules in the microsomes but retains most of the NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase activity. Experiments with such microsomes indicate that the added cytochrome P-450 molecules, after incorporation into the membrane, have a direct access to the reductase molecules and are able to receive electrons directly from the latter. The present results are consistent with a nonrigid model for the organization of cytochrome P-450 and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase in the microsomal membrane.", "contents": "Interactions between solubilized cytochrome P-450 and hepatic microsomes. Solubilized cytochromes P-450 and P-448 have been prepared from liver microsomes of phenobarbital- and 3-methylcholanthrene-pretreated rats, respectively. These hemoproteins can bind to microsomes and increase the microsomal monoxygenase activities. The binding of cytochrome P-450 enhances the microsomal benzphetamine demethylase activity, whereas cytochrome P-448 enhances the ethoxycoumarin dealkylase and benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase activities. The added cytochrome P-450 is believed to be incorporated into the microsomal membrane, and the enriched microsomes can be separated from the free hemoprotein by gel filtration. A correlation between the increased cytochrome P-450 content and the enhanced catalytic activity of the microsomes is shown. Several lines of evidence suggest that the exogenous cytochrome P-450 molecules become catalytically active only when they are incorporated into the membrane. By measuring the enhanced ethoxycoumarin dealkylase activity, the rate of the proposed incorporation of cytochrome P-448 into microsomes can be measured, and the temperature dependence of the rate is reported. The addition of cytochromes P-448 and P-450 causes a great increase in the monoxygenase activities of microsomes which have been treated with linoleic acid hydroperoxide. The hydroperoxide treatment denatures almost all the cytochrome P-450 molecules in the microsomes but retains most of the NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase activity. Experiments with such microsomes indicate that the added cytochrome P-450 molecules, after incorporation into the membrane, have a direct access to the reductase molecules and are able to receive electrons directly from the latter. The present results are consistent with a nonrigid model for the organization of cytochrome P-450 and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase in the microsomal membrane.", "PMID": 833122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_351", "title": "Progesterone-binding components of chick oviduct. Receptor B subunit protein purified to apparent homogeneity from laying hen oviducts.", "content": "The progesterone receptor B subunit has been purified to apparent homogeneity from hen oviduct cytosol using ammonium sulfate precipitation and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, phosphocellulose, hydroxylapatite, and gel filtration on Agarose A-1.5m. The material is obtained (1 mug of purified protein/g of tissue) in about 17% yield. The protein is highly purified; a single band is seen on gel electrophoresis in acid-urea and sodium dodecyl sulfate gels as well as gel electrophoresis under nondenaturing conditions. In the latter system, labeled progesterone co-migrates with the protein band, demonstrating that the isolated protein is a progesterone-binding species. Labeled progesterone bound to the protein is displaced by progestational steroids but not by estradiol or hydrocortisone. The protein has a molecular weight of 116,000 g/mol as determined by gel electrophoresis and has a single polypeptide chain. The isolated protein contains 98% endogenous nonradioactive progesterone and is 2% labeled by incubation in vitro with radiolabeled progesterone. It behaves identically on all of the chromatographic steps to chick receptor B subunits described in earlier publications.", "contents": "Progesterone-binding components of chick oviduct. Receptor B subunit protein purified to apparent homogeneity from laying hen oviducts. The progesterone receptor B subunit has been purified to apparent homogeneity from hen oviduct cytosol using ammonium sulfate precipitation and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, phosphocellulose, hydroxylapatite, and gel filtration on Agarose A-1.5m. The material is obtained (1 mug of purified protein/g of tissue) in about 17% yield. The protein is highly purified; a single band is seen on gel electrophoresis in acid-urea and sodium dodecyl sulfate gels as well as gel electrophoresis under nondenaturing conditions. In the latter system, labeled progesterone co-migrates with the protein band, demonstrating that the isolated protein is a progesterone-binding species. Labeled progesterone bound to the protein is displaced by progestational steroids but not by estradiol or hydrocortisone. The protein has a molecular weight of 116,000 g/mol as determined by gel electrophoresis and has a single polypeptide chain. The isolated protein contains 98% endogenous nonradioactive progesterone and is 2% labeled by incubation in vitro with radiolabeled progesterone. It behaves identically on all of the chromatographic steps to chick receptor B subunits described in earlier publications.", "PMID": 833123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_352", "title": "Progesterone-binding components of chick oviduct. Biochemical characterization of purified oviduct progesterone receptor B subunit.", "content": "A number of physical and chemical properties of pure hen oviduct progesterone receptor B subunit have been determined. The molecule consists of a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 115,000 g/mol as determined by gel filtration in the presence of 6 M guanidine hydrochloride and by gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The labeled subunit has retained the biologically important properties which it displayed in cruder preparations: it binds to nuclei (Kd = 1 X 10(-9) M) and chromatin (Kd = 1.5 X 10(-9) M) but does not bind to DNA. Reaction of the purified subunit with dansyl (5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl) chloride revealed a single NH2-terminal lysine. The amino acid composition has been determined and has been shown to be distinct from that of other steroid-binding proteins and consistent with the known properties of the molecule. In addition, no evidence for carbohydrate or phosphorylated amino acids was observed. The protein contains about 12% alpha helix as determined by circular dichroism. The ultraviolet spectrum of intact steroid receptor complexes revealed that the purified subunit had no pyridine nucleotide cofactor or nucleic acid, and that each receptor molecule contains a single hormone binding site. Electron microscopic analysis confirms the prolate-ellipsoid shape of the protein, with a long axis of 114 A. The purified protein isolated as described in a companion paper is shown here to have the characteristics of the crude receptor subunit B. Due to the apparent role in the hormone response, this protein has been named progestophilin B.", "contents": "Progesterone-binding components of chick oviduct. Biochemical characterization of purified oviduct progesterone receptor B subunit. A number of physical and chemical properties of pure hen oviduct progesterone receptor B subunit have been determined. The molecule consists of a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 115,000 g/mol as determined by gel filtration in the presence of 6 M guanidine hydrochloride and by gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The labeled subunit has retained the biologically important properties which it displayed in cruder preparations: it binds to nuclei (Kd = 1 X 10(-9) M) and chromatin (Kd = 1.5 X 10(-9) M) but does not bind to DNA. Reaction of the purified subunit with dansyl (5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl) chloride revealed a single NH2-terminal lysine. The amino acid composition has been determined and has been shown to be distinct from that of other steroid-binding proteins and consistent with the known properties of the molecule. In addition, no evidence for carbohydrate or phosphorylated amino acids was observed. The protein contains about 12% alpha helix as determined by circular dichroism. The ultraviolet spectrum of intact steroid receptor complexes revealed that the purified subunit had no pyridine nucleotide cofactor or nucleic acid, and that each receptor molecule contains a single hormone binding site. Electron microscopic analysis confirms the prolate-ellipsoid shape of the protein, with a long axis of 114 A. The purified protein isolated as described in a companion paper is shown here to have the characteristics of the crude receptor subunit B. Due to the apparent role in the hormone response, this protein has been named progestophilin B.", "PMID": 833124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_353", "title": "Subunit structure and chromophore composition of rhodophytan phycoerythrins. Porphyridium cruentum B-phycoerythrin and b-phycoerythrin.", "content": "A comparative study is presented of the two phycoerythrins of the unicellular red alga Porphyridium cruentum. Native B-phycoerythrin has a molecular weight of 236,000 +/- 18,000 in 0.05 M potassium phosphate at pH 7.0, and an absorption spectrum with maxima at 545 nm (epsilonM = 2.41 X 10(6) M-1 cm-1) and 563 nm, and a shoulder at 498 nm. The protein carries 38 phycoerythrobilin and at least two phycourobilin prosthetic groups per 240,000 daltons. B-Phycoerythrin is composed of three dissimilar subunits, alpha and beta, each of 17,500 daltons, and gamma of 30,200 daltons. Physical, chemical, and spectroscopic data are consistent with a subunit structure (alphabeta)6gamma for B-phycoerythrin. The alpha and beta subunits carry solely phycoerythrobilin chromophores, while the gamma subunit carries both phycoerythrobilin and phycourobilin groups. The NH2-terminal sequences of the alpha and beta subunits determined by sequential Edman degradation, are shown below: alpha subunit: Met-Lys-Ser-Val-Ile-(Gly-Arg-Phe: beta subunit: Met-Leu-Asp-Ala-Phe-(Thr)-Arg-Val-Val-Val-Asn-Ala-Asx-Ala-(  )-Ala-Ala-Tyr-Val. The NH2 terminus of the gamma subunit is blocked. b-Phycoerythrin is polydisperse and exhibits native molecular weights ranging from approximately 40,000 to approximately 260,000, depending on pH, ionic strength, and protein concentration. The absorption spectrum is characterized by maxima at 543 nm (epsilonM = 3.41 X 10(5) M-1 cm-1/35,000 daltons) and 563 nm. The protein carries six phycoerythrobilin groups per 35,000 daltons. b-Phycoerythrin is made up of two dissimilar types of subunits, alpha and beta, of 17,500 daltons each. The alpha and beta subunits derived from b-phycoerythrin appeared equivalent to the corresponding subunits of B-phycoerythrin on the basis of the following criteria: (a) identical chromatographic behavior on Bio-Rex 70 in acid urea; (b) similar amino acid compositions; (c) identical mobilities on polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate; (d) similar phycoerythrobilin contents; (e) identical NH2-terminal sequences. These data support, but do not establish unambiguously, the conclusion that b-phycoerythrin may be a component of B-phycoerythrin. The absence or presence, and relative height, of an absorption peak (or shoulder) at 498 nm represents the major difference among the absorption spectra of different classes of phycoerythrins. The present study shows that this spectral feature is dependent on the presence and amount of phycourobilin chromophores in the native protein and is correlated with the presence of the gamma subunit.", "contents": "Subunit structure and chromophore composition of rhodophytan phycoerythrins. Porphyridium cruentum B-phycoerythrin and b-phycoerythrin. A comparative study is presented of the two phycoerythrins of the unicellular red alga Porphyridium cruentum. Native B-phycoerythrin has a molecular weight of 236,000 +/- 18,000 in 0.05 M potassium phosphate at pH 7.0, and an absorption spectrum with maxima at 545 nm (epsilonM = 2.41 X 10(6) M-1 cm-1) and 563 nm, and a shoulder at 498 nm. The protein carries 38 phycoerythrobilin and at least two phycourobilin prosthetic groups per 240,000 daltons. B-Phycoerythrin is composed of three dissimilar subunits, alpha and beta, each of 17,500 daltons, and gamma of 30,200 daltons. Physical, chemical, and spectroscopic data are consistent with a subunit structure (alphabeta)6gamma for B-phycoerythrin. The alpha and beta subunits carry solely phycoerythrobilin chromophores, while the gamma subunit carries both phycoerythrobilin and phycourobilin groups. The NH2-terminal sequences of the alpha and beta subunits determined by sequential Edman degradation, are shown below: alpha subunit: Met-Lys-Ser-Val-Ile-(Gly-Arg-Phe: beta subunit: Met-Leu-Asp-Ala-Phe-(Thr)-Arg-Val-Val-Val-Asn-Ala-Asx-Ala-(  )-Ala-Ala-Tyr-Val. The NH2 terminus of the gamma subunit is blocked. b-Phycoerythrin is polydisperse and exhibits native molecular weights ranging from approximately 40,000 to approximately 260,000, depending on pH, ionic strength, and protein concentration. The absorption spectrum is characterized by maxima at 543 nm (epsilonM = 3.41 X 10(5) M-1 cm-1/35,000 daltons) and 563 nm. The protein carries six phycoerythrobilin groups per 35,000 daltons. b-Phycoerythrin is made up of two dissimilar types of subunits, alpha and beta, of 17,500 daltons each. The alpha and beta subunits derived from b-phycoerythrin appeared equivalent to the corresponding subunits of B-phycoerythrin on the basis of the following criteria: (a) identical chromatographic behavior on Bio-Rex 70 in acid urea; (b) similar amino acid compositions; (c) identical mobilities on polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate; (d) similar phycoerythrobilin contents; (e) identical NH2-terminal sequences. These data support, but do not establish unambiguously, the conclusion that b-phycoerythrin may be a component of B-phycoerythrin. The absence or presence, and relative height, of an absorption peak (or shoulder) at 498 nm represents the major difference among the absorption spectra of different classes of phycoerythrins. The present study shows that this spectral feature is dependent on the presence and amount of phycourobilin chromophores in the native protein and is correlated with the presence of the gamma subunit.", "PMID": 833125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_354", "title": "Removal of the projections from cytoplasmic microtubules in vitro by digestion with trypsin.", "content": "Trypsin was found to selectively destroy the high molecular weight (HMW) proteins associated with microtubules. Both major groups of high molecular weight bands observed by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were destroyed at the same rate (t 1/2 = 1 min), while tubulin was little affected under the conditions employed. Destruction of the high molecular weight bands was correlated with the disappearance of the lateral projections observed on the surface of microtubules. The trypsin-treated protein was capable of reassembly to form microtubules and showed characteristic ring-shaped structures at low temperature. Analysis of fragments formed from the high molecular weight proteins indicated the initial appearance of a fragment of M = 255,000 which failed to bind to microtubules. These results suggest that a small fragment of the high molecular weight protein molecule may remain bound to the microtubule after removal of the lateral projection, and that this fragment may retain the ability to promote microtubule assembly.", "contents": "Removal of the projections from cytoplasmic microtubules in vitro by digestion with trypsin. Trypsin was found to selectively destroy the high molecular weight (HMW) proteins associated with microtubules. Both major groups of high molecular weight bands observed by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were destroyed at the same rate (t 1/2 = 1 min), while tubulin was little affected under the conditions employed. Destruction of the high molecular weight bands was correlated with the disappearance of the lateral projections observed on the surface of microtubules. The trypsin-treated protein was capable of reassembly to form microtubules and showed characteristic ring-shaped structures at low temperature. Analysis of fragments formed from the high molecular weight proteins indicated the initial appearance of a fragment of M = 255,000 which failed to bind to microtubules. These results suggest that a small fragment of the high molecular weight protein molecule may remain bound to the microtubule after removal of the lateral projection, and that this fragment may retain the ability to promote microtubule assembly.", "PMID": 833126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_355", "title": "Comparison of mRNA binding by Met-tRNAf binding protein and mRNA-associated proteins.", "content": "One of the heterogeneous mRNA binding activities in the 0.5 M KCl eluate of rabbit reticulocyte polyribosomes co-purified to apparent homogeneity through phosphocellulose and DEAE-cellulose chromatography and isoelectric focusing with the GTP-dependent Met-tRNAf binding protein. Analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis following iodination revealed putative subunits of 51,000 and 39,000 apparent molecular weights. Specificity of mRNA binding by this protein was suggested since the ability of poly(A)-rich mRNA to compete for binding of [3H]poly(A)-rich mRNA exceeded by 10- to 100-fold that of most natural or synthetic RNAs tested, except for the hybrid poly(G) - poly(C) which was almost as effective, and poly(G), which was more effective, at competing for protein-dependent binding. The mRNA binding activity exhibited complete GTP independence and no apparent divalent cation requirement. GDP inhibited Met-tRNAf binding but neither GDP, GMP, nor 7-methylguanosine 5'-monophosphate inhibited mRNA binding by this protein. Similar data were obtained with respect to the ability of natural or synthetic RNAs to compete for binding of [3H]poly(A)-rich mRNA by proteins associated with purified rabbit reticulocyte polyribosomal mRNA-protein particles; while poly(A) was an ineffective competitor, poly(G) was more effective than even mRNA at competing for protein-dependent binding. No significant binding of Met-tRNAf by mRNA-protein particles was detected. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis following reduction of mRNA-protein particles revealed apparent co-migration of a major protein with one subunit of the GTP-dependent Met-tRNAf binding protein, but no protein comparable to the 39,000 dalton subunit protein.", "contents": "Comparison of mRNA binding by Met-tRNAf binding protein and mRNA-associated proteins. One of the heterogeneous mRNA binding activities in the 0.5 M KCl eluate of rabbit reticulocyte polyribosomes co-purified to apparent homogeneity through phosphocellulose and DEAE-cellulose chromatography and isoelectric focusing with the GTP-dependent Met-tRNAf binding protein. Analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis following iodination revealed putative subunits of 51,000 and 39,000 apparent molecular weights. Specificity of mRNA binding by this protein was suggested since the ability of poly(A)-rich mRNA to compete for binding of [3H]poly(A)-rich mRNA exceeded by 10- to 100-fold that of most natural or synthetic RNAs tested, except for the hybrid poly(G) - poly(C) which was almost as effective, and poly(G), which was more effective, at competing for protein-dependent binding. The mRNA binding activity exhibited complete GTP independence and no apparent divalent cation requirement. GDP inhibited Met-tRNAf binding but neither GDP, GMP, nor 7-methylguanosine 5'-monophosphate inhibited mRNA binding by this protein. Similar data were obtained with respect to the ability of natural or synthetic RNAs to compete for binding of [3H]poly(A)-rich mRNA by proteins associated with purified rabbit reticulocyte polyribosomal mRNA-protein particles; while poly(A) was an ineffective competitor, poly(G) was more effective than even mRNA at competing for protein-dependent binding. No significant binding of Met-tRNAf by mRNA-protein particles was detected. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis following reduction of mRNA-protein particles revealed apparent co-migration of a major protein with one subunit of the GTP-dependent Met-tRNAf binding protein, but no protein comparable to the 39,000 dalton subunit protein.", "PMID": 833127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_356", "title": "Binding of acetyl-CoA to chicken liver pyruvate carboxylase.", "content": "Pyruvate carboxylase from chicken liver is a tetramer whose catalytic activity is completely dependent on the presence of acetyl-CoA. However, no direct evidence concerning the nature of the binding of the activator to the enzyme has been available. This is due in part to the instability of the enzyme and its ability to hydrolyze acetyl-CoA at an appreciable rate. The present studies on binding of the activator with the rapid flow dialysis method of Colowick and Womack ((1969) J. Biol. Chem. 244, 774-777) as modified by Klapper ((1970) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 38, 172-179) show four binding sites for acetyl-CoA. The binding dissociation constant at pH 7.2 is 13.9 muM as compared with an activation constant of 13.3 muM for the catalytic reaction at this pH. The relationship between acetyl-CoA concentration and catalytic activity is highly cooperative (nH = 2.9). The binding process also exhibits positive cooperativity but to a lower degree (nH = 1.9). Pyruvate carboxylase from chicken liver is rapidly inactivated and dissociated in the cold (0 degrees). The inactive protomeric form of the enzyme has been shown to be unable to bind acetyl-CoA at 0 degrees although the tetrameric species can do so. These results provide a plausible explanation for the catalytic inactivity of the protomer. The presence of acetyl-CoA results in an ultraviolet difference spectrum for the enzyme with a maximum at 280 nm. Half-maximal optical density difference is observed at an acetyl-CoA concentration of 9 muM, in reasonable agreement with the binding and activation constants.", "contents": "Binding of acetyl-CoA to chicken liver pyruvate carboxylase. Pyruvate carboxylase from chicken liver is a tetramer whose catalytic activity is completely dependent on the presence of acetyl-CoA. However, no direct evidence concerning the nature of the binding of the activator to the enzyme has been available. This is due in part to the instability of the enzyme and its ability to hydrolyze acetyl-CoA at an appreciable rate. The present studies on binding of the activator with the rapid flow dialysis method of Colowick and Womack ((1969) J. Biol. Chem. 244, 774-777) as modified by Klapper ((1970) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 38, 172-179) show four binding sites for acetyl-CoA. The binding dissociation constant at pH 7.2 is 13.9 muM as compared with an activation constant of 13.3 muM for the catalytic reaction at this pH. The relationship between acetyl-CoA concentration and catalytic activity is highly cooperative (nH = 2.9). The binding process also exhibits positive cooperativity but to a lower degree (nH = 1.9). Pyruvate carboxylase from chicken liver is rapidly inactivated and dissociated in the cold (0 degrees). The inactive protomeric form of the enzyme has been shown to be unable to bind acetyl-CoA at 0 degrees although the tetrameric species can do so. These results provide a plausible explanation for the catalytic inactivity of the protomer. The presence of acetyl-CoA results in an ultraviolet difference spectrum for the enzyme with a maximum at 280 nm. Half-maximal optical density difference is observed at an acetyl-CoA concentration of 9 muM, in reasonable agreement with the binding and activation constants.", "PMID": 833128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_357", "title": "Pancreatic elastase in human serum. Determination by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "This study demonstrates that a serine endopeptidase of pancreatic origin (elastase 2) circulates in human blood. A specific and highly sensitive radioimmunoassay has been developed for pancreatic elastase 2 in human serum. The inactivation of elastase 2 employed as radioiodinated tracer with an active site-specific reagent (phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride) was necessary to prevent its binding by serum alpha1-antitrypsin and alpha2-macroglobulin while maintaining its immunoreactivity. The assay is based upon competition of standard human pancreatic elastase 2 with 125I-labeled phenylmethanesulfonyl elastase 2 for specific antibody binding sites, after which a second antibody precipitation step is used to separate bound from free 125I-labeled phenylmethanesulfonyl elastase 2. The minimum detectable concentration of elastase 2 was 0.9 ng/ml. The average normal fasting serum level determined was 71 ng/ml, approximately 80-fold greater than the minimum detectable amount. The form of radioimmunoassayable elastase 2 in normal human serum has been investigated by gel filtration of serum samples on Sephadex G-200 followed by radioimmunoassay of column fractions. The majority of the immunoreactive elastase 2 is eluted from G-200 in the void volume. While a minor amount of elastase 2 is eluted in a position consistent with alpha1-antitrypsin-elastase 2 complex, no free elastase or free proelastase is detectable. Addition of exogenous elastase 2 to normal serum prior to gel filtration on G-200 produced an increase only in the peak of radioimmunoassayable elastase bound to alpha1-antitrypsin. In vitro experiments have demonstrated that while elastase 2 bound to alpha1-antitrypsin is immunologically reactive, alpha2-macroglobulin-bound elastase 2 cross-reacts less than 2% in this radioimmunoassay. The assay has been shown to be specific for elastase 2. Human pancreatic elastase 1, anionic trypsin, chymotrypsin I, and chymotrypsin II do not cross-react in this assay system. The major advantages of this radioimmunoassay over enzymatic assays are its high sensitivity and ability to measure the enzyme in terms of its total protein concentration.", "contents": "Pancreatic elastase in human serum. Determination by radioimmunoassay. This study demonstrates that a serine endopeptidase of pancreatic origin (elastase 2) circulates in human blood. A specific and highly sensitive radioimmunoassay has been developed for pancreatic elastase 2 in human serum. The inactivation of elastase 2 employed as radioiodinated tracer with an active site-specific reagent (phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride) was necessary to prevent its binding by serum alpha1-antitrypsin and alpha2-macroglobulin while maintaining its immunoreactivity. The assay is based upon competition of standard human pancreatic elastase 2 with 125I-labeled phenylmethanesulfonyl elastase 2 for specific antibody binding sites, after which a second antibody precipitation step is used to separate bound from free 125I-labeled phenylmethanesulfonyl elastase 2. The minimum detectable concentration of elastase 2 was 0.9 ng/ml. The average normal fasting serum level determined was 71 ng/ml, approximately 80-fold greater than the minimum detectable amount. The form of radioimmunoassayable elastase 2 in normal human serum has been investigated by gel filtration of serum samples on Sephadex G-200 followed by radioimmunoassay of column fractions. The majority of the immunoreactive elastase 2 is eluted from G-200 in the void volume. While a minor amount of elastase 2 is eluted in a position consistent with alpha1-antitrypsin-elastase 2 complex, no free elastase or free proelastase is detectable. Addition of exogenous elastase 2 to normal serum prior to gel filtration on G-200 produced an increase only in the peak of radioimmunoassayable elastase bound to alpha1-antitrypsin. In vitro experiments have demonstrated that while elastase 2 bound to alpha1-antitrypsin is immunologically reactive, alpha2-macroglobulin-bound elastase 2 cross-reacts less than 2% in this radioimmunoassay. The assay has been shown to be specific for elastase 2. Human pancreatic elastase 1, anionic trypsin, chymotrypsin I, and chymotrypsin II do not cross-react in this assay system. The major advantages of this radioimmunoassay over enzymatic assays are its high sensitivity and ability to measure the enzyme in terms of its total protein concentration.", "PMID": 833129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_358", "title": "Direct desaturation of eicosatrienoyl lecithin to arachidonoyl lecithin by rat liver microsomes.", "content": "A microsomal enzyme system from rat liver was shown to catalyze desaturation, in presence of reduced pyridine nucleotides and oxygen, of 1-acyl-2-[14C]eicosatrienoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine to 1-acyl-2-[14C]arachidonoyl-sn-glycerophosphorylcholine. This desaturation was linear with time and proportional to microsomal protein concentration, and proceeded with no significant breakdown of the lecithin substrate. The microsomal enzyme system will also desaturate 1,2-di-[14C]eicosatrienoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine and [14C]eicosatrienoyl-CoA, but not free [1-14C]eicosatrienoic acid in the absence of ATP, Mg2+, and CoA. Desaturation of 1-acyl-2-[14C]eicosatrienoyl-glycerophosphorylcholine as well as [14C]eicosatrienoyl-CoA was dependent on oxygen and either NADH or NADPH, and was inhibited by cyanide but not by carbon monoxide, indicating the involvement of cytochrome b5 and not P450. The activity of both eicosatrienoyl-glycerophosphorylcholine desaturase and the eicosatrienoyl-CoA desaturase was increased in rats that had been starved for 48 h and refed a fat-free diet. These data indicate the existence of a new route to synthesis of arachidonate, namely, by desaturation of eicosatrienoyl lecithin to arachidonoyl lecithin.", "contents": "Direct desaturation of eicosatrienoyl lecithin to arachidonoyl lecithin by rat liver microsomes. A microsomal enzyme system from rat liver was shown to catalyze desaturation, in presence of reduced pyridine nucleotides and oxygen, of 1-acyl-2-[14C]eicosatrienoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine to 1-acyl-2-[14C]arachidonoyl-sn-glycerophosphorylcholine. This desaturation was linear with time and proportional to microsomal protein concentration, and proceeded with no significant breakdown of the lecithin substrate. The microsomal enzyme system will also desaturate 1,2-di-[14C]eicosatrienoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine and [14C]eicosatrienoyl-CoA, but not free [1-14C]eicosatrienoic acid in the absence of ATP, Mg2+, and CoA. Desaturation of 1-acyl-2-[14C]eicosatrienoyl-glycerophosphorylcholine as well as [14C]eicosatrienoyl-CoA was dependent on oxygen and either NADH or NADPH, and was inhibited by cyanide but not by carbon monoxide, indicating the involvement of cytochrome b5 and not P450. The activity of both eicosatrienoyl-glycerophosphorylcholine desaturase and the eicosatrienoyl-CoA desaturase was increased in rats that had been starved for 48 h and refed a fat-free diet. These data indicate the existence of a new route to synthesis of arachidonate, namely, by desaturation of eicosatrienoyl lecithin to arachidonoyl lecithin.", "PMID": 833130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_359", "title": "Thermodynamic studies on subunit assembly in human hemoglobin. Self-association of oxygenated chains (alphaSH and betaSH): determination of stoichiometries and equilibrium constants as a function of temperature.", "content": "The homogeneous self-association of isolated alphaSH chains and betaSH chains from human hemoglobin has been studied by analytical molecular sieve chromatography over the concentration range 0.004 to 15.2 mg/ml. Detailed studies were carried out as a function of temperature at pH 7.4 in 0.1 M Tris/HCl, 0.1 M NaCl, 1 mM Na2EDTA in order to establish stoichiometries, equilibrium constants, and enthalpies for the self-association reactions. The dissociation data best describe the alphaSH system as being a monomer-dimer equilibrium (2alpha1  in equilibrium alpha2). Under the same conditions the betaSH system is best described by a monomer-tetramer equilibrium (4beta1 in equilibrium beta4). van't Hoff enthalpies were determined from the temperature dependence of the equilibrium constants. For the 2alpha in equilibrium alpha2 reaction the molar enthalpy delta H = 4.3 +/- 0.5 kcal, and for the reaction 4beta1 in equilibrium beta4, deltaH = 23.5 +/- 1.0 kcal. Unitary entropies were determined to be: deltaSu = 40.6 e.u., deltaSu = 177.5 e.u., respectively. Thermodynamic parameters for association of the two types of chains are roughly comparable in magnitude if four bonding interactions are assumed in the beta4 tetramer. Both reactions are entropy-driven, and the overall results (including salt effects) are consistent with a dominant role of hydrophobic interactions. Increasing the NaCl concentration to 2 M at 21.5 degrees under the same buffer conditions increases the association constant for both the alphaSH and betatsh chains. This increase in the association constants with increasing salt concentration is attributable to the increased binding of salt, or the release of bound water upon formation of the association complexes, or both. The present results do not distinguish between these possibilities. The introduction of inositol hexaphosphate (IHP) was found to have no effect upon subunit association in betaSH chains. This result and the previously observed effect of IHP upon oxygenation of beta chains imply that oxygenation and self-association are completely unlinked in this system. Accurate determinations of (a) the enthalpy changes for homogeneous reactions of isolated chains, carried out in this study and of (b) the enthalpy of forming alpha2beta2 tetramers from alphabeta dimers provide a basis for the interpretation of (c) calorimetric studies on reconstitution of hemoglobin from the isolated chains, described in accompanying papers.", "contents": "Thermodynamic studies on subunit assembly in human hemoglobin. Self-association of oxygenated chains (alphaSH and betaSH): determination of stoichiometries and equilibrium constants as a function of temperature. The homogeneous self-association of isolated alphaSH chains and betaSH chains from human hemoglobin has been studied by analytical molecular sieve chromatography over the concentration range 0.004 to 15.2 mg/ml. Detailed studies were carried out as a function of temperature at pH 7.4 in 0.1 M Tris/HCl, 0.1 M NaCl, 1 mM Na2EDTA in order to establish stoichiometries, equilibrium constants, and enthalpies for the self-association reactions. The dissociation data best describe the alphaSH system as being a monomer-dimer equilibrium (2alpha1  in equilibrium alpha2). Under the same conditions the betaSH system is best described by a monomer-tetramer equilibrium (4beta1 in equilibrium beta4). van't Hoff enthalpies were determined from the temperature dependence of the equilibrium constants. For the 2alpha in equilibrium alpha2 reaction the molar enthalpy delta H = 4.3 +/- 0.5 kcal, and for the reaction 4beta1 in equilibrium beta4, deltaH = 23.5 +/- 1.0 kcal. Unitary entropies were determined to be: deltaSu = 40.6 e.u., deltaSu = 177.5 e.u., respectively. Thermodynamic parameters for association of the two types of chains are roughly comparable in magnitude if four bonding interactions are assumed in the beta4 tetramer. Both reactions are entropy-driven, and the overall results (including salt effects) are consistent with a dominant role of hydrophobic interactions. Increasing the NaCl concentration to 2 M at 21.5 degrees under the same buffer conditions increases the association constant for both the alphaSH and betatsh chains. This increase in the association constants with increasing salt concentration is attributable to the increased binding of salt, or the release of bound water upon formation of the association complexes, or both. The present results do not distinguish between these possibilities. The introduction of inositol hexaphosphate (IHP) was found to have no effect upon subunit association in betaSH chains. This result and the previously observed effect of IHP upon oxygenation of beta chains imply that oxygenation and self-association are completely unlinked in this system. Accurate determinations of (a) the enthalpy changes for homogeneous reactions of isolated chains, carried out in this study and of (b) the enthalpy of forming alpha2beta2 tetramers from alphabeta dimers provide a basis for the interpretation of (c) calorimetric studies on reconstitution of hemoglobin from the isolated chains, described in accompanying papers.", "PMID": 833131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_360", "title": "Thermodynamic studies on subunit assembly in human hemoglobin. Temperature dependence of the dimer-tetramer association constants for oxygenated and unliganded hemoglobins.", "content": "Equilibrium constants for dimer-tetramer association of oxygenated human hemoglobin have been determined as a function of temperature, by analytical molecular sieve chromatography, yielding a van't Hoff enthalpy of 3.8 +/- 1.6 kcal/mol, and a unitary entropy of 48.4 +/- 5.7 e.u. Under the same conditions (0.1 M Tris/HCl, 0.1 M NaCl, 1 mM Na2EDTA, pH 7.4) the equilibrium constants for dimer-tetramer association of unliganded hemoglobin have been determined as a function of temperature from kinetic studies of the forward and reverse rate constants. The derived enthalpy and unitary entropy for association of unliganded hemoglobin are 0deltaH2 = 28.9 +/- 0.5 kcal/mol and 0deltaS2 = -41.8 +/- 1.7 e.u., respectively. Thus the oxygenation-linked enthalpy of subunit association is 32.7 +/- 1.7 kcal. The corresponding entropic coupling is 90.2 +/- 5.9 e.u. The thermodynamic parameters are consistent with an increased role of hydrophobic interactions within the dimer-dimer contact region upon oxygenation, or a decreased role of hydrogen bonds and ion pair interactions. The opposite signs for association entropies in unliganded and oxygenated states suggest the existence of two distinct subunit interaction processes during the course of oxygenation with a reversal in sign at some particular binding step. The results provide a necessary basis for interpretation of calorimetric results on reconstitution of hemoglobin, described in an accompanying paper.", "contents": "Thermodynamic studies on subunit assembly in human hemoglobin. Temperature dependence of the dimer-tetramer association constants for oxygenated and unliganded hemoglobins. Equilibrium constants for dimer-tetramer association of oxygenated human hemoglobin have been determined as a function of temperature, by analytical molecular sieve chromatography, yielding a van't Hoff enthalpy of 3.8 +/- 1.6 kcal/mol, and a unitary entropy of 48.4 +/- 5.7 e.u. Under the same conditions (0.1 M Tris/HCl, 0.1 M NaCl, 1 mM Na2EDTA, pH 7.4) the equilibrium constants for dimer-tetramer association of unliganded hemoglobin have been determined as a function of temperature from kinetic studies of the forward and reverse rate constants. The derived enthalpy and unitary entropy for association of unliganded hemoglobin are 0deltaH2 = 28.9 +/- 0.5 kcal/mol and 0deltaS2 = -41.8 +/- 1.7 e.u., respectively. Thus the oxygenation-linked enthalpy of subunit association is 32.7 +/- 1.7 kcal. The corresponding entropic coupling is 90.2 +/- 5.9 e.u. The thermodynamic parameters are consistent with an increased role of hydrophobic interactions within the dimer-dimer contact region upon oxygenation, or a decreased role of hydrogen bonds and ion pair interactions. The opposite signs for association entropies in unliganded and oxygenated states suggest the existence of two distinct subunit interaction processes during the course of oxygenation with a reversal in sign at some particular binding step. The results provide a necessary basis for interpretation of calorimetric results on reconstitution of hemoglobin, described in an accompanying paper.", "PMID": 833132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_361", "title": "Thermodynamic studies on subunit assembly in human hemoglobin. Calorimetric measurements on the reconstitution of oxyhemoglobin from isolated chains.", "content": "Calorimetric heats generated upon mixing solutions of alphaSH and betaSH chains of human hemoglobin have been studied by isothermal heatburst microcalorimetry as a function of mixture composition. Based upon studies described in accompanying papers, the contributions to the measured heats arising from (a) alpha chain self-association, (b) beta chain self-association, (c) association of dimers to form tetramers, have been evaluated. Taking these processes into account, the calorimetric data have been used to determine the enthalpy of formation for alphabeta dimers, yielding a value of -15.71 +/- 0.96 kcal in the fully oxygenated state at 21.5 degrees in 0.1 M Tris/HCl, 0.1 M NaCl, 1 mM Na2EDTA, pH 7.4. The total enthalpy for assembly of a mole of hemoglobin tetramers from oxygenated chains is -27.6 +/- 2.1 kcal. Combining results of this study with independently determined information, limits can be placed upon the magnitude of the enthalpy for dimer formation in unliganded hemoglobin. The total enthalpy for assembly of a mole of unliganded hemoglobin tetramers from unliganded chains is -61.6 +/- 3.5 kcal, or approximately twice the value for oxygenated hemoglobin. This difference lies entirely in the dimer-tetramer stage of assembly. There are essentially no oxygenation-linked thermodynamic quantities (deltaG, deltaH, deltaS) associated with alphabeta dimer formation from isolated chains.", "contents": "Thermodynamic studies on subunit assembly in human hemoglobin. Calorimetric measurements on the reconstitution of oxyhemoglobin from isolated chains. Calorimetric heats generated upon mixing solutions of alphaSH and betaSH chains of human hemoglobin have been studied by isothermal heatburst microcalorimetry as a function of mixture composition. Based upon studies described in accompanying papers, the contributions to the measured heats arising from (a) alpha chain self-association, (b) beta chain self-association, (c) association of dimers to form tetramers, have been evaluated. Taking these processes into account, the calorimetric data have been used to determine the enthalpy of formation for alphabeta dimers, yielding a value of -15.71 +/- 0.96 kcal in the fully oxygenated state at 21.5 degrees in 0.1 M Tris/HCl, 0.1 M NaCl, 1 mM Na2EDTA, pH 7.4. The total enthalpy for assembly of a mole of hemoglobin tetramers from oxygenated chains is -27.6 +/- 2.1 kcal. Combining results of this study with independently determined information, limits can be placed upon the magnitude of the enthalpy for dimer formation in unliganded hemoglobin. The total enthalpy for assembly of a mole of unliganded hemoglobin tetramers from unliganded chains is -61.6 +/- 3.5 kcal, or approximately twice the value for oxygenated hemoglobin. This difference lies entirely in the dimer-tetramer stage of assembly. There are essentially no oxygenation-linked thermodynamic quantities (deltaG, deltaH, deltaS) associated with alphabeta dimer formation from isolated chains.", "PMID": 833133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_362", "title": "Consequences of blocked sterol synthesis in cultured cells. DNA synthesis and membrane composition.", "content": "When cell cultures were incubated with certain oxygenated derivatives of cholesterol which specifically depress 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase activity (i.e. 25-hydroxycholesterol, 7-ketocholesterol, or 20 alpha-hydroxycholesterol), a number of consequences followed the decline in enzyme activity. DNA synthesis, expressed in terms of (methyl-3H)thymidine incorporation/mg of cellular protein, declined progressively after the addition of an inhibitor to L-cell cultures and had essentially ceased by 80 h. A decline in the rate of cell growth, as determined by the measurement of cellular protein, became apparent about 24h after the addition of the inhibitor. These effects of the inhibitory sterols were reversed when mevalonate or cholesterol was added to the medium within 48 h after the addition of the inhibitor. Specific rates of uridine incorporation into RNA and of leucine into protein were not significantly altered during 80 h of incubation with the inhibitor. Sterol synthesis was suppressed; and the concentration of desmosterol in L-cells declined to about one-half of the control level within 36 h. Since phospholipid concentrations were not altered significantly by the treatment, the molar ratio of sterol to phospholipids declined to levels lower than any previously reported for mammalian cells. Changes in the molar ratio of sterol to phospholipids in plasma membranes isolated from L-cells that had been incubated with 25-hydroxycholesterol or cholesterol were in agreement with those found in cells under similar conditions. The inhibitory sterols caused a similar but slower decline in the concentrations of unesterified and total cholesterol in fetal mouse liver cell cultures and rat hepatoma cell cultures.", "contents": "Consequences of blocked sterol synthesis in cultured cells. DNA synthesis and membrane composition. When cell cultures were incubated with certain oxygenated derivatives of cholesterol which specifically depress 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase activity (i.e. 25-hydroxycholesterol, 7-ketocholesterol, or 20 alpha-hydroxycholesterol), a number of consequences followed the decline in enzyme activity. DNA synthesis, expressed in terms of (methyl-3H)thymidine incorporation/mg of cellular protein, declined progressively after the addition of an inhibitor to L-cell cultures and had essentially ceased by 80 h. A decline in the rate of cell growth, as determined by the measurement of cellular protein, became apparent about 24h after the addition of the inhibitor. These effects of the inhibitory sterols were reversed when mevalonate or cholesterol was added to the medium within 48 h after the addition of the inhibitor. Specific rates of uridine incorporation into RNA and of leucine into protein were not significantly altered during 80 h of incubation with the inhibitor. Sterol synthesis was suppressed; and the concentration of desmosterol in L-cells declined to about one-half of the control level within 36 h. Since phospholipid concentrations were not altered significantly by the treatment, the molar ratio of sterol to phospholipids declined to levels lower than any previously reported for mammalian cells. Changes in the molar ratio of sterol to phospholipids in plasma membranes isolated from L-cells that had been incubated with 25-hydroxycholesterol or cholesterol were in agreement with those found in cells under similar conditions. The inhibitory sterols caused a similar but slower decline in the concentrations of unesterified and total cholesterol in fetal mouse liver cell cultures and rat hepatoma cell cultures.", "PMID": 833134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_363", "title": "Isolation and physical characterization of hyaluronic acid prepared from bovine nasal septum by cetylpyridinium chloride precipitation.", "content": "Raw extract in 2 m CaCl2 of bovine nasal septum cartilage was eluted from 4 per cent agarose gel to give a \"void volume\" Fraction v-4, which was indistinguishable in composition and behavior on viscometric and sedimentation analysis from the densest fraction obtained by associative centrifugation in a cesium chloride density gradient. The sulfated proteoglycan was precipitated (Fraction A) by cetylpyridinium chloride from acidic solutions of Fraction v-4 or of dialyzed raw ectract. Neutralization under conditions of low ionic strength precipitated a further small fraction (B), which contained from 0.5 to 1 per cent of the uronic acid in the original extract. Analysis by associative and dissociative density gradient centrifugation demonstrated that Fraction B resembled in effective density known samples of hyaluronic acid from other sources. Gel chromatography of proteolytic digests of Fractions A and B on 6 per cent agarose indicated that cetylpyridinium chloride precipitation essentially separated sulfated proteoglycan (A) from hyaluronic acid (B). A viscosity-average molecular weight of about 5 x 10(5) was estimated for a sample of Fraction B purified in a dissociative (4 M guanidine hydrochloride + CsCl) density gradient. Sedimentation velocity data were consistent with this result. Analysis of hexosamines showed that the sample contained 96 per cent glucosamine, confirming the identification of hyaluronic acid. The proteoglycan fraction (A) resembled \"subunits\" in its sedimentation behavior.", "contents": "Isolation and physical characterization of hyaluronic acid prepared from bovine nasal septum by cetylpyridinium chloride precipitation. Raw extract in 2 m CaCl2 of bovine nasal septum cartilage was eluted from 4 per cent agarose gel to give a \"void volume\" Fraction v-4, which was indistinguishable in composition and behavior on viscometric and sedimentation analysis from the densest fraction obtained by associative centrifugation in a cesium chloride density gradient. The sulfated proteoglycan was precipitated (Fraction A) by cetylpyridinium chloride from acidic solutions of Fraction v-4 or of dialyzed raw ectract. Neutralization under conditions of low ionic strength precipitated a further small fraction (B), which contained from 0.5 to 1 per cent of the uronic acid in the original extract. Analysis by associative and dissociative density gradient centrifugation demonstrated that Fraction B resembled in effective density known samples of hyaluronic acid from other sources. Gel chromatography of proteolytic digests of Fractions A and B on 6 per cent agarose indicated that cetylpyridinium chloride precipitation essentially separated sulfated proteoglycan (A) from hyaluronic acid (B). A viscosity-average molecular weight of about 5 x 10(5) was estimated for a sample of Fraction B purified in a dissociative (4 M guanidine hydrochloride + CsCl) density gradient. Sedimentation velocity data were consistent with this result. Analysis of hexosamines showed that the sample contained 96 per cent glucosamine, confirming the identification of hyaluronic acid. The proteoglycan fraction (A) resembled \"subunits\" in its sedimentation behavior.", "PMID": 833135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_364", "title": "Studies on the kinetic mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation.", "content": "The kinetics of the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi by beef heart submitochondrial particles were examined. When Pi was the variable substrate positive cooperativity was observed, whereas if ADP was varied, linear double reciprocal plots were obtained. The analog of Pi, thiophosphate, was a noncompetitive inhibitor of ATP synthesis with respect to ADP, while the analog of ADP, AMP (CH2)P, was an uncompetitive Pi leads to ATP exchange inhibitor. The kinetics of the initial velocity isotopic exchanges of oxidative phosphorylation were also examined. When the Pi leads to ATP exchange was examined, it was found that if ADP concentration was held constant while ATP and Pi concentrations were varied at a constant ratio, linear double reciprocal plots were obtained. However, if Pi concentration was held constant and ADP and ATP concentrations were varied at constant ratio, apparent substrate inhibition was observed. The 2, 4-dinitrophenol-sensitive ADP leads to ATP exchange showed linear double reciprocal plots regardless of which components were varied. These results are interpreted to indicate that in the direction of ATP synthesis, the reaction is ordered, with Pi adding to the enzyme before ADP addition.", "contents": "Studies on the kinetic mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation. The kinetics of the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi by beef heart submitochondrial particles were examined. When Pi was the variable substrate positive cooperativity was observed, whereas if ADP was varied, linear double reciprocal plots were obtained. The analog of Pi, thiophosphate, was a noncompetitive inhibitor of ATP synthesis with respect to ADP, while the analog of ADP, AMP (CH2)P, was an uncompetitive Pi leads to ATP exchange inhibitor. The kinetics of the initial velocity isotopic exchanges of oxidative phosphorylation were also examined. When the Pi leads to ATP exchange was examined, it was found that if ADP concentration was held constant while ATP and Pi concentrations were varied at a constant ratio, linear double reciprocal plots were obtained. However, if Pi concentration was held constant and ADP and ATP concentrations were varied at constant ratio, apparent substrate inhibition was observed. The 2, 4-dinitrophenol-sensitive ADP leads to ATP exchange showed linear double reciprocal plots regardless of which components were varied. These results are interpreted to indicate that in the direction of ATP synthesis, the reaction is ordered, with Pi adding to the enzyme before ADP addition.", "PMID": 833136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_365", "title": "Purification of biologically active globin mRNA using cDNA-cellulose affinity chromatography.", "content": "A complementary DNA (cDNA) copy of mouse globin mRNA was synthesized using the RNA-dependent DNA polymerase from avian myeloblastosis virus and the oligo(dT) covalently attached to cellulose as primer. All four deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates, NaCl, the globin mRNA template, and an oligo(dT) primer were required for optimal synthesis of cDNA. By saturating the primer sites using a 3-fold excess of mRNA, sufficient concentrations of immobilized cDNA could be synthesized to allow the hybridization reactions to be performed using an excess of globin cDNA. Conditions which permitted the annealing of globin mRNA to cDNA-cellulose were selected and the sequence specificity for hybridization to cDNA-cellulose was determined using 28 S ribosomal RNA, polyadenylic acid, and mouse L-cell RNA. Both analytical and preparative applications of this chromatographic medium were explored. When radioactively labeled poly(A)-containing 9 S RNA isolated from nucleated erythroid cells was analyzed by affinity chromatography on globin cDNA-cellulose, 46 per cent of the applied radioactivity hybridized to the cDNA-cellulose column. Only 1 per cent of the labeled RNA was retained by the column during reapplication of the unbound fraction, while 96 per cent of the bound RNA reannealed to cDNA-cellulose. Hybridizations utilizing unfractionated RNA extracts from either mouse reticulocytes or nucleated erythroid cells provided a one-step purification method for globin mRNA sequences. The relative purity of the RNA isolated by cDNA-cellulose affinity chromatography was determined by hybridization kinetic analysis. The cDNA-bound fraction obtained from the unfractionated RNA of either cell type was shown to have a Crt1/2 of 2.7 x 10-3. This represents a 60-fold purification of the globin sequences present in reticulocyte polysomal RNA and a 280-fold enrichment of the globin mRNA in nucleated erythroid cells. Hybridization to cDNA-cellulose did not result in any change in the sedimentation rate of globin mRNA. Furthermore, experiments were performed which demonstrated that the globin mRNA isolated by hybridization to cDNA-cellulose retained its biological activity when assayed in a wheat germ cell-free lysate.", "contents": "Purification of biologically active globin mRNA using cDNA-cellulose affinity chromatography. A complementary DNA (cDNA) copy of mouse globin mRNA was synthesized using the RNA-dependent DNA polymerase from avian myeloblastosis virus and the oligo(dT) covalently attached to cellulose as primer. All four deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates, NaCl, the globin mRNA template, and an oligo(dT) primer were required for optimal synthesis of cDNA. By saturating the primer sites using a 3-fold excess of mRNA, sufficient concentrations of immobilized cDNA could be synthesized to allow the hybridization reactions to be performed using an excess of globin cDNA. Conditions which permitted the annealing of globin mRNA to cDNA-cellulose were selected and the sequence specificity for hybridization to cDNA-cellulose was determined using 28 S ribosomal RNA, polyadenylic acid, and mouse L-cell RNA. Both analytical and preparative applications of this chromatographic medium were explored. When radioactively labeled poly(A)-containing 9 S RNA isolated from nucleated erythroid cells was analyzed by affinity chromatography on globin cDNA-cellulose, 46 per cent of the applied radioactivity hybridized to the cDNA-cellulose column. Only 1 per cent of the labeled RNA was retained by the column during reapplication of the unbound fraction, while 96 per cent of the bound RNA reannealed to cDNA-cellulose. Hybridizations utilizing unfractionated RNA extracts from either mouse reticulocytes or nucleated erythroid cells provided a one-step purification method for globin mRNA sequences. The relative purity of the RNA isolated by cDNA-cellulose affinity chromatography was determined by hybridization kinetic analysis. The cDNA-bound fraction obtained from the unfractionated RNA of either cell type was shown to have a Crt1/2 of 2.7 x 10-3. This represents a 60-fold purification of the globin sequences present in reticulocyte polysomal RNA and a 280-fold enrichment of the globin mRNA in nucleated erythroid cells. Hybridization to cDNA-cellulose did not result in any change in the sedimentation rate of globin mRNA. Furthermore, experiments were performed which demonstrated that the globin mRNA isolated by hybridization to cDNA-cellulose retained its biological activity when assayed in a wheat germ cell-free lysate.", "PMID": 833137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_366", "title": "A pregnenolone-binding protein in soluble fraction of guinea pig adrenal cortex.", "content": "A pregnenolone-binding component has been detected in the soluble fraction of the guinea pig adrenal cortex. Enzymatic degradation studies revealed that the binding component was a protein. The binding was destroyed at 60 degrees but was not inhibited by sulfhydryl reactants. Pregnenolone was bound optimally at pH 7 to 7.5 The equilibrium association constant at 0 degrees was 10(7) M-1. The pregnenolone-binding protein had an apparent molecular weight of 58,000, as determined by gel filtration. With the exception of pregnenolone sulfate, structurally similar steroids did not interfere with pregnenolone binding. No such binding activity was detected in the guinea pig liver and kidney. Serum contained pregnenolone-binding activity which was distinguishable from the adrenal cytosol factor by a variet of physicochemical means. The physiological importance of this finding remains to be determined.", "contents": "A pregnenolone-binding protein in soluble fraction of guinea pig adrenal cortex. A pregnenolone-binding component has been detected in the soluble fraction of the guinea pig adrenal cortex. Enzymatic degradation studies revealed that the binding component was a protein. The binding was destroyed at 60 degrees but was not inhibited by sulfhydryl reactants. Pregnenolone was bound optimally at pH 7 to 7.5 The equilibrium association constant at 0 degrees was 10(7) M-1. The pregnenolone-binding protein had an apparent molecular weight of 58,000, as determined by gel filtration. With the exception of pregnenolone sulfate, structurally similar steroids did not interfere with pregnenolone binding. No such binding activity was detected in the guinea pig liver and kidney. Serum contained pregnenolone-binding activity which was distinguishable from the adrenal cytosol factor by a variet of physicochemical means. The physiological importance of this finding remains to be determined.", "PMID": 833138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_367", "title": "Specificity of fructose-1, 6-P2 aldolase (muscle) and partition of the enzyme among catalytic intermediates in the steady state.", "content": "Others have concluded that beta-fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate is a substrate for muscle aldolase on the basis of rapid kinetic measurements. In view of new data showing excellent aldol cleavage of an analog of the keto form and a very high rate of spontaneous ring opening, Midelfort et al. (Midelfort, C. F., Gupta, R., and Rose, I.A. (1976) Biochemistry 15, 2178-2185) have suggested that the beta form may be used only after spontaneous conversion to the keto form in solution, followed by reaction of the keto form with the aldolase. In order to determine whether beta-fructose-1, 6-P2 is itself a substrate a steady state approach was devised in which the beta form is specifically produced by phosphofructokinase for use by the aldolase present. Since aldolase binds very tightly to bisphosphates similar in size to beta-fructose-1, 6-P2, it was expected that if a spontaneous ring opening were essential for catalysis, it would be possible to decrease the rate of production of triose-Ps by using very high concentrations of aldolase. If the beta form were itself a substrate, the rate would reach a constant value with increasing aldolase, limited by the phosphofructokinase rate. It was found that under conditions where only approximately 2 per cent of the total fructose-1, 6-P2 present in the steady state would be free, the turnover of the complexed fructose-1, 6-P2 was about 20-fold greater than that in which spontaneous ring opening is a required step. Using similar methods, the turnover of enzyme-bound glyceraldehyde-P and dihydroxyacetone-P were determined. It was concluded that at saturation both the beta and acyclic forms have about the same rates as substrates.", "contents": "Specificity of fructose-1, 6-P2 aldolase (muscle) and partition of the enzyme among catalytic intermediates in the steady state. Others have concluded that beta-fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate is a substrate for muscle aldolase on the basis of rapid kinetic measurements. In view of new data showing excellent aldol cleavage of an analog of the keto form and a very high rate of spontaneous ring opening, Midelfort et al. (Midelfort, C. F., Gupta, R., and Rose, I.A. (1976) Biochemistry 15, 2178-2185) have suggested that the beta form may be used only after spontaneous conversion to the keto form in solution, followed by reaction of the keto form with the aldolase. In order to determine whether beta-fructose-1, 6-P2 is itself a substrate a steady state approach was devised in which the beta form is specifically produced by phosphofructokinase for use by the aldolase present. Since aldolase binds very tightly to bisphosphates similar in size to beta-fructose-1, 6-P2, it was expected that if a spontaneous ring opening were essential for catalysis, it would be possible to decrease the rate of production of triose-Ps by using very high concentrations of aldolase. If the beta form were itself a substrate, the rate would reach a constant value with increasing aldolase, limited by the phosphofructokinase rate. It was found that under conditions where only approximately 2 per cent of the total fructose-1, 6-P2 present in the steady state would be free, the turnover of the complexed fructose-1, 6-P2 was about 20-fold greater than that in which spontaneous ring opening is a required step. Using similar methods, the turnover of enzyme-bound glyceraldehyde-P and dihydroxyacetone-P were determined. It was concluded that at saturation both the beta and acyclic forms have about the same rates as substrates.", "PMID": 833139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_368", "title": "Isolation and purification of double-stranded ribonuclease from calf thymus.", "content": "A RNase from calf thymus, which specifically cleaves native or synthetic double-stranded RNA molecules endonucleolytically, has been isolated and purified from calf thymus. For optimal activity, the enzyme requires a sulfhydryl reagent and divalent cations; over 95 per cent of the activity is inhibited by 0.5 mm ethidium bromide. The degradation of [3H]poly(C)-poly(I) by purified enzyme preparations yields labeled dinucleotides and octanucleotides; the latter oligonucleotide contained 5'-phosphate and 3'-hydroxyl termini. The enzyme cleaves high molecular weight RNAs such as RNA products formed in vitro by T3 phage-induced RNA polymerase from T3 phage DNA, heterogeneous RNA isolated from duck reticulocyte nuclei, and 45 S RNA isolated from rat liver nucleoli. The mode of degradation of RNA in vitro with the double-stranded RNase is similar to that of Escherichia coli RNase III and appears to act endonucleolytically. The degradation of 45 S RNA with the enzyme results in the production of 29 S and 19 S RNA fragments. These findings suggest that the enzyme may be involved in the processing of high molecular weight precursor RNAs to mRNA or rRNAs in a manner analogous to that reported for RNase III of E. coli.", "contents": "Isolation and purification of double-stranded ribonuclease from calf thymus. A RNase from calf thymus, which specifically cleaves native or synthetic double-stranded RNA molecules endonucleolytically, has been isolated and purified from calf thymus. For optimal activity, the enzyme requires a sulfhydryl reagent and divalent cations; over 95 per cent of the activity is inhibited by 0.5 mm ethidium bromide. The degradation of [3H]poly(C)-poly(I) by purified enzyme preparations yields labeled dinucleotides and octanucleotides; the latter oligonucleotide contained 5'-phosphate and 3'-hydroxyl termini. The enzyme cleaves high molecular weight RNAs such as RNA products formed in vitro by T3 phage-induced RNA polymerase from T3 phage DNA, heterogeneous RNA isolated from duck reticulocyte nuclei, and 45 S RNA isolated from rat liver nucleoli. The mode of degradation of RNA in vitro with the double-stranded RNase is similar to that of Escherichia coli RNase III and appears to act endonucleolytically. The degradation of 45 S RNA with the enzyme results in the production of 29 S and 19 S RNA fragments. These findings suggest that the enzyme may be involved in the processing of high molecular weight precursor RNAs to mRNA or rRNAs in a manner analogous to that reported for RNase III of E. coli.", "PMID": 833140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_369", "title": "Native heparin from rat peritoneal mast cells.", "content": "[35S]Heparin was produced in vitro by incubation of rat peritoneal mast cells with [35S]sulfate and in vivo by injection of [35S]sulfate into rats. The [35S]heparin together with nonlabeled heparin in the mast cells was isolated in native form by mild methods that avoided the use of proteolytic enzymes or high alkali concentrations. The heparin had low anticoagulant activity. Incubations of mast cells with [35S]sulfate for less than several hours in vitro resulted in [35S]heparin of approximately Mr=200,000 to 400,000 based on gel filtration, while longer incubations yielded [35S]heparin of approximately Mr=750,000 that was similar to the nonlabeled heparin in the mast cells. When [3H]serine was included in the in vitro incubations, 3H-labeled material was found to co-chromatograph with the [35S]heparin. None of the heparin could be degraded by any of several proteolytic enzymes, but incubation for 14 h at 25 degrees with 0.5m NaOH degraded all samples to a size of approximately Mr=40,000. One-third of the [3H]serine label continued to co-chromatograph with the [35S]heparin after alkali treatment, while the remaining two-thirds appeared as smaller molecules completely separated from the [35S]heparin. Thus, native heparin of the mast cell may be an unusual proteoglycan that is resistant to proteolytic enzymes.", "contents": "Native heparin from rat peritoneal mast cells. [35S]Heparin was produced in vitro by incubation of rat peritoneal mast cells with [35S]sulfate and in vivo by injection of [35S]sulfate into rats. The [35S]heparin together with nonlabeled heparin in the mast cells was isolated in native form by mild methods that avoided the use of proteolytic enzymes or high alkali concentrations. The heparin had low anticoagulant activity. Incubations of mast cells with [35S]sulfate for less than several hours in vitro resulted in [35S]heparin of approximately Mr=200,000 to 400,000 based on gel filtration, while longer incubations yielded [35S]heparin of approximately Mr=750,000 that was similar to the nonlabeled heparin in the mast cells. When [3H]serine was included in the in vitro incubations, 3H-labeled material was found to co-chromatograph with the [35S]heparin. None of the heparin could be degraded by any of several proteolytic enzymes, but incubation for 14 h at 25 degrees with 0.5m NaOH degraded all samples to a size of approximately Mr=40,000. One-third of the [3H]serine label continued to co-chromatograph with the [35S]heparin after alkali treatment, while the remaining two-thirds appeared as smaller molecules completely separated from the [35S]heparin. Thus, native heparin of the mast cell may be an unusual proteoglycan that is resistant to proteolytic enzymes.", "PMID": 833141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_370", "title": "Purification and properties of pig heart crotonase and the presence of short chain and long chain enoyl coenzyme A hydratases in pig and guinea pig tissues.", "content": "A short chain enoyl-CoA hydratase (crotonase) from pig heart has been purified to apparent homogeneity. The enzyme has an estimated native molecular weight of 155,000 and appears to be composed of six subunits of molecular weight 27,300. A study of the kinetic properties of the enzyme revealed that the maximal velocity decreases nearly linearly with increasing chain length of the substrates from 1,670 units/mg with crotonyl-CoA to 40 units/mg with hexadecenoyl-CoA. However, the same Km values of 30 muM were obtained for all substrates except for crotonyl-CoA for which a value of 13 muM was determined. Since the presence of both crotonase and long chain enoyl-CoA hydratase in pig heart has been reported earlier, the presence of the same two enoyl-CoA hydratases in various tissues of several animals was investigated by sequential extraction and chromatography on hydroxylapatite of tissue homogenates. The simultaneous occurrence of both types of enoyl-CoA hydratase in tissues of pig and guinea pig has thus been established. It is proposed that the complementary actions of the two enoyl-CoA hydratases assures a high rate of hydration of enoyl-CoA intermediates of all chain lengths in fatty acid oxidation.", "contents": "Purification and properties of pig heart crotonase and the presence of short chain and long chain enoyl coenzyme A hydratases in pig and guinea pig tissues. A short chain enoyl-CoA hydratase (crotonase) from pig heart has been purified to apparent homogeneity. The enzyme has an estimated native molecular weight of 155,000 and appears to be composed of six subunits of molecular weight 27,300. A study of the kinetic properties of the enzyme revealed that the maximal velocity decreases nearly linearly with increasing chain length of the substrates from 1,670 units/mg with crotonyl-CoA to 40 units/mg with hexadecenoyl-CoA. However, the same Km values of 30 muM were obtained for all substrates except for crotonyl-CoA for which a value of 13 muM was determined. Since the presence of both crotonase and long chain enoyl-CoA hydratase in pig heart has been reported earlier, the presence of the same two enoyl-CoA hydratases in various tissues of several animals was investigated by sequential extraction and chromatography on hydroxylapatite of tissue homogenates. The simultaneous occurrence of both types of enoyl-CoA hydratase in tissues of pig and guinea pig has thus been established. It is proposed that the complementary actions of the two enoyl-CoA hydratases assures a high rate of hydration of enoyl-CoA intermediates of all chain lengths in fatty acid oxidation.", "PMID": 833142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_371", "title": "The quantitative role of the kidneys in the in vivo metabolism of mevalonate.", "content": "The roles of the sterol and nonsterol pathways in the metabolism of circulating mevalonate have been estimated in the intact rat. On an average, the sterol pathway accounts for 74 per cent of the mevalonate metabolized, while the nonsterol, or shunt, pathway is responsible for 26 per cent of the mevalonate metabolized in the whole animal. The contribution of the kidneys to each of these processes was evaluated by two approaches. First, the localization of labeled sterols and sterol precursors derived from [14C]mevalonate was determined in each of the major tissues of the body and, second, the effect of nephrectomy upon mevalonate metabolism by the sterol and shunt mechanisms was examined. The results confirm our earlier conclusion that the kidneys represent the primary tissue site of conversion of circulating mevalonate to sterols and sterol precursors. In the present study, it was shown that by 6 h after administration of [14C]mevalonate, the major end product of mevalonate metabolism in the kidneys is cholesterol and that, moreover, the kidneys are responsible for most of the cholestreol synthesized in the intact animal from injected mevalonate. Following nephrectomy, the extrarenal tissues can readily assume the dominant role normally played by the kidneys in synthesizing cholesterol and other sterols from circulating mevalonate. The major observation of the present study is that the kidneys represent the primary site of mevalonate metabolism by the shunt pathway, in that nephrectomy results in approximately a 60 per cent decrease in the mevalonate metabolized by the shunt pathway. These studies, therefore, reinforce and expand the evidence that the kidneys represent the most important single tissue site for the metabolism of circulating mevalonate.", "contents": "The quantitative role of the kidneys in the in vivo metabolism of mevalonate. The roles of the sterol and nonsterol pathways in the metabolism of circulating mevalonate have been estimated in the intact rat. On an average, the sterol pathway accounts for 74 per cent of the mevalonate metabolized, while the nonsterol, or shunt, pathway is responsible for 26 per cent of the mevalonate metabolized in the whole animal. The contribution of the kidneys to each of these processes was evaluated by two approaches. First, the localization of labeled sterols and sterol precursors derived from [14C]mevalonate was determined in each of the major tissues of the body and, second, the effect of nephrectomy upon mevalonate metabolism by the sterol and shunt mechanisms was examined. The results confirm our earlier conclusion that the kidneys represent the primary tissue site of conversion of circulating mevalonate to sterols and sterol precursors. In the present study, it was shown that by 6 h after administration of [14C]mevalonate, the major end product of mevalonate metabolism in the kidneys is cholesterol and that, moreover, the kidneys are responsible for most of the cholestreol synthesized in the intact animal from injected mevalonate. Following nephrectomy, the extrarenal tissues can readily assume the dominant role normally played by the kidneys in synthesizing cholesterol and other sterols from circulating mevalonate. The major observation of the present study is that the kidneys represent the primary site of mevalonate metabolism by the shunt pathway, in that nephrectomy results in approximately a 60 per cent decrease in the mevalonate metabolized by the shunt pathway. These studies, therefore, reinforce and expand the evidence that the kidneys represent the most important single tissue site for the metabolism of circulating mevalonate.", "PMID": 833143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_372", "title": "Insulin-like effects of polyamines in fat cells. Mediation by H2O2 formation.", "content": "Significant amounts of H2O2 were produced when the polyamines, spermine, or spermidine were incubated with a Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer that contained bovine serum albumin (Fraction V). This effect was specific for certain amines and could be prevented by treatment of the albumin fraction with isoniazid or aminoguanidine. These features suggest that H2O2 is formed during oxidative deamination of the polyamines catalized by spermine oxidase, a known contaminant of Fraction V bovine serum albumin. The insulin-like effects elicited by polyamines in fat cells (e.g. enhancement of glucose transport and inhibition of cAMP-mediated lipolysis) were dependent on H2O2 production. Incubation of cells with catalase or treatment of the albumin fraction with isoniazid abolished the stimulation of glucose uptake by polyamines but did not alter the stimulatory effects of insulin or vitamin K5. The H2O2 generating activity was partially separated from the albumin by gel filtration; only those fractions which formed H2O2 provided support for the activation of glucose transport by polyamines. Also, the time needed to activate glucose uptake was markedly shortened by incubation of the albumin buffer with the polyamines before addition of the cells. These findings indicate that the polyamines do not themselves mimic the actions of insulin but that the insulin-like effects result from the formation of H2O2 which has been shown to stimulate glucose transport.", "contents": "Insulin-like effects of polyamines in fat cells. Mediation by H2O2 formation. Significant amounts of H2O2 were produced when the polyamines, spermine, or spermidine were incubated with a Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer that contained bovine serum albumin (Fraction V). This effect was specific for certain amines and could be prevented by treatment of the albumin fraction with isoniazid or aminoguanidine. These features suggest that H2O2 is formed during oxidative deamination of the polyamines catalized by spermine oxidase, a known contaminant of Fraction V bovine serum albumin. The insulin-like effects elicited by polyamines in fat cells (e.g. enhancement of glucose transport and inhibition of cAMP-mediated lipolysis) were dependent on H2O2 production. Incubation of cells with catalase or treatment of the albumin fraction with isoniazid abolished the stimulation of glucose uptake by polyamines but did not alter the stimulatory effects of insulin or vitamin K5. The H2O2 generating activity was partially separated from the albumin by gel filtration; only those fractions which formed H2O2 provided support for the activation of glucose transport by polyamines. Also, the time needed to activate glucose uptake was markedly shortened by incubation of the albumin buffer with the polyamines before addition of the cells. These findings indicate that the polyamines do not themselves mimic the actions of insulin but that the insulin-like effects result from the formation of H2O2 which has been shown to stimulate glucose transport.", "PMID": 833144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_373", "title": "Transport of amino acids in renal brush border membrane vesicles. Uptake of the neutral amino acid L-alanine.", "content": "The transport of L-alanine was studied using membrane vesicles derived from the brush borders of the rabbit renal proximal tubule. Preincubation of the renal membranes with L-alanine, but not D-alanine, accelerated exchange diffusion of L-alanine, i.e. stereospecific counter transport. The equilibrium uptake of L-alanine decreased with increasing medium osmolarity. Extrapolation to infinite medium osmolarity, i.e. zero intravesicular space, indicates no uptake. These findings demonstrate that the uptake of L-alanine represents transport into membrane vesicles and not surface binding to the membrane. The presence of a Na+ gradient between the external incubation medium and the intravesicular medium stimulated L-alanine uptake. Accumulation of the amino acid in the vesicles was maximal at 5 min and then decreased, indicating efflux. The final level of uptake in the presence of the Na+ gradient was identical with that obtained in the absence of the gradient, suggesting that equilibrium was established. At the peak of the \"overshoot\" the uptake of L-alanine was slmost twice the final equilibrium value. These results suggest that the imposition of a large extravesicular to intravesicular gradient of Na+ effects the transient movement of L-alanine into renal brush border membrane vesicles against its concentration gradient. Stimulation of L-alanine uptake was specific for Na+. When the intravesicular medium contained no Na+, the rate of uptake enhanced with increases in the concentration of Na+ in the external medium. Increasing the Na+ gradient lowered the apparent Km for L-alanine. In the absence of the Na+ gradient, the rates of uptake of L- and D-alanine were identical. In the presence of the Na+ gradient, the rate of D-alanine uptake was stimulated, but significantly less than that of L-alanine. The uptake of L-alanine, at a given concentration of amino acid reflected the sum of the contributions from Na+ gradient-dependent and -independent transport systems. The dependent system was saturated at about 2 mM L-alanine. The independent system exhibited minimal saturability and may itself represent the sum of passive diffusion and a \"carrier\"-mediated system. At physiological concentrations of L-alanine, the rate of the Na+ gradient-dependent uptake was 5-fold that in the absence of the gradient. Valinomycin enhanced the Na+ gradient-dependent uptake of L-alanine, provided a K+ gradient (vesicle greater than medium) was present. This finding indicates that the Na+ gradient-dependent transport of L-alanine into renal brush border membrane vesicles is an electrogenic process and suggests that the membrane potential is a determinant of L-alanine transport. In the presence of a Na+ gradient, the uptake of L-alanine was strongly inhibited by other neutral L-amino-acids. Imino acids and glycine also inhibited, but acidic and basic amino acids were without effect. In the absence of a Na+ gradient, little selective competition was found...", "contents": "Transport of amino acids in renal brush border membrane vesicles. Uptake of the neutral amino acid L-alanine. The transport of L-alanine was studied using membrane vesicles derived from the brush borders of the rabbit renal proximal tubule. Preincubation of the renal membranes with L-alanine, but not D-alanine, accelerated exchange diffusion of L-alanine, i.e. stereospecific counter transport. The equilibrium uptake of L-alanine decreased with increasing medium osmolarity. Extrapolation to infinite medium osmolarity, i.e. zero intravesicular space, indicates no uptake. These findings demonstrate that the uptake of L-alanine represents transport into membrane vesicles and not surface binding to the membrane. The presence of a Na+ gradient between the external incubation medium and the intravesicular medium stimulated L-alanine uptake. Accumulation of the amino acid in the vesicles was maximal at 5 min and then decreased, indicating efflux. The final level of uptake in the presence of the Na+ gradient was identical with that obtained in the absence of the gradient, suggesting that equilibrium was established. At the peak of the \"overshoot\" the uptake of L-alanine was slmost twice the final equilibrium value. These results suggest that the imposition of a large extravesicular to intravesicular gradient of Na+ effects the transient movement of L-alanine into renal brush border membrane vesicles against its concentration gradient. Stimulation of L-alanine uptake was specific for Na+. When the intravesicular medium contained no Na+, the rate of uptake enhanced with increases in the concentration of Na+ in the external medium. Increasing the Na+ gradient lowered the apparent Km for L-alanine. In the absence of the Na+ gradient, the rates of uptake of L- and D-alanine were identical. In the presence of the Na+ gradient, the rate of D-alanine uptake was stimulated, but significantly less than that of L-alanine. The uptake of L-alanine, at a given concentration of amino acid reflected the sum of the contributions from Na+ gradient-dependent and -independent transport systems. The dependent system was saturated at about 2 mM L-alanine. The independent system exhibited minimal saturability and may itself represent the sum of passive diffusion and a \"carrier\"-mediated system. At physiological concentrations of L-alanine, the rate of the Na+ gradient-dependent uptake was 5-fold that in the absence of the gradient. Valinomycin enhanced the Na+ gradient-dependent uptake of L-alanine, provided a K+ gradient (vesicle greater than medium) was present. This finding indicates that the Na+ gradient-dependent transport of L-alanine into renal brush border membrane vesicles is an electrogenic process and suggests that the membrane potential is a determinant of L-alanine transport. In the presence of a Na+ gradient, the uptake of L-alanine was strongly inhibited by other neutral L-amino-acids. Imino acids and glycine also inhibited, but acidic and basic amino acids were without effect. In the absence of a Na+ gradient, little selective competition was found...", "PMID": 833145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_374", "title": "Transport of amino acids in renal brush border membrane vesicles. Uptake of L-proline.", "content": "The findings (a) stereospecific counter transport; (b) equilibrium uptake of L-proline decreased with increasing medium osmolarity; and (c) L-proline and Na+ were taken up into identical intravesicular spaces, indicate that uptake of L-proline by rabbit renal brush border membranes represents transport into membrane vesicles, not surface binding to the membrane. An Na+ gradient between extravesicular and intravesicular media stimulated the initial rate of L-proline uptake about 10 times. Accumulation of the imino acid was maximal at 2 min, then decreased until the equilibrium level was attained. At the peak of this \"overshoot\" uptake of L-proline was 3-fold greater than the final equilibrium value. These results suggest that the electrochemical Na+ gradient drives the transient movement of L-proline into the membrane vesicles against its concentration gradient. Stimulation of L-proline uptake was specific for Na+. Increasing the Na+ gradient lowered the apparent Km for L-proline. Efflux of L-proline from the membrane vesicles, like uptake, showed stimulatory effects when the Na+ gradient and L-proline were on the same side, and inhibitory effects when the Na+ gradient and the imino acid were on opposite sides of the membrane. Uptake of L-proline, at a given concentration, reflected the sum of contributions from Na+ gradient-dependent and -independent transport systems. The dependent system was saturated at 4 mM L-proline. The independent system did not saturate but may represent the sum of passive diffusion and a \"carrier\"-mediated system. At physiological concentrations the rate of the Na+ gradient-dependent uptake was 5 times that in the absence of the gradient. In K+-loaded vesicles, valinomycin, but not nigericin, enhanced the Na+ gradient-dependent uptake of L-proline. Gramicidin diminished uptake. These findings indicate that the Na+ gradient-dependent transport of L-proline is an electrogenic process and suggest that the membrane potential is a determinant of L-proline transport. The Na+ gradient-dependent rate of L-proline uptake was strongly inhibited by other imino acids, suggesting that L-imino acids have a common transport system. Glycine and neutral amino acids inhibited the rate of L-proline uptake moderately, acidic amino acid and D-glucose were very weak inhibitors, and basic amino acids were without effect. In the absence of Na+, the rate of L-proline uptake was independent of the presence of other amino acids. These findings indicate that the brush border membrane is a site of amino acid recognition during vectorial transepithelial transport. It is proposed that imino and neutral amino acids inhibit transport of L-proline by competitive interaction with the L-proline \"carriers\" in addition to competition for the electrochemical Na+ gradient or membrane potential. The findings are relevant to the understanding of genetic amino acid transport disorders, such as iminoglycinuria.", "contents": "Transport of amino acids in renal brush border membrane vesicles. Uptake of L-proline. The findings (a) stereospecific counter transport; (b) equilibrium uptake of L-proline decreased with increasing medium osmolarity; and (c) L-proline and Na+ were taken up into identical intravesicular spaces, indicate that uptake of L-proline by rabbit renal brush border membranes represents transport into membrane vesicles, not surface binding to the membrane. An Na+ gradient between extravesicular and intravesicular media stimulated the initial rate of L-proline uptake about 10 times. Accumulation of the imino acid was maximal at 2 min, then decreased until the equilibrium level was attained. At the peak of this \"overshoot\" uptake of L-proline was 3-fold greater than the final equilibrium value. These results suggest that the electrochemical Na+ gradient drives the transient movement of L-proline into the membrane vesicles against its concentration gradient. Stimulation of L-proline uptake was specific for Na+. Increasing the Na+ gradient lowered the apparent Km for L-proline. Efflux of L-proline from the membrane vesicles, like uptake, showed stimulatory effects when the Na+ gradient and L-proline were on the same side, and inhibitory effects when the Na+ gradient and the imino acid were on opposite sides of the membrane. Uptake of L-proline, at a given concentration, reflected the sum of contributions from Na+ gradient-dependent and -independent transport systems. The dependent system was saturated at 4 mM L-proline. The independent system did not saturate but may represent the sum of passive diffusion and a \"carrier\"-mediated system. At physiological concentrations the rate of the Na+ gradient-dependent uptake was 5 times that in the absence of the gradient. In K+-loaded vesicles, valinomycin, but not nigericin, enhanced the Na+ gradient-dependent uptake of L-proline. Gramicidin diminished uptake. These findings indicate that the Na+ gradient-dependent transport of L-proline is an electrogenic process and suggest that the membrane potential is a determinant of L-proline transport. The Na+ gradient-dependent rate of L-proline uptake was strongly inhibited by other imino acids, suggesting that L-imino acids have a common transport system. Glycine and neutral amino acids inhibited the rate of L-proline uptake moderately, acidic amino acid and D-glucose were very weak inhibitors, and basic amino acids were without effect. In the absence of Na+, the rate of L-proline uptake was independent of the presence of other amino acids. These findings indicate that the brush border membrane is a site of amino acid recognition during vectorial transepithelial transport. It is proposed that imino and neutral amino acids inhibit transport of L-proline by competitive interaction with the L-proline \"carriers\" in addition to competition for the electrochemical Na+ gradient or membrane potential. The findings are relevant to the understanding of genetic amino acid transport disorders, such as iminoglycinuria.", "PMID": 833146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_375", "title": "The covalent structure of cartilage collagen. Evidence for sequence heterogeneity of bovine alpha1(II) chains.", "content": "During studies on the amino acid sequence of bovine nasal cartilage collagen, the cyanogen bromide peptide alpha1(II)-CB11 was degraded to smaller peptides with trypsin. One of the tryptic peptides, T5, which contained 39 residues was shown by amino acid and sequence analyses to occur in a predominant form that contained glutamine at position 5 and in a second form with leucine at this site. In addition to the heterogeneity at this position, amino acid analyses of five different preparations revealed that the peptide with leucine contained a seryl residue not found in the major form. Sequence heterogeneity at a third position of alpha1(II) was demonstrated by the isolation of a hexapeptide (T2) from the trypsin digest of alpha1(II)-CB11 which contained 0.21 residue of alanine and 0.77 of leucine. Both the leucine and alanine of T2 were removed after the second cycle of subtractive Edman degradation. These data show that at least two types of alpha1(II) chains, designated as alpha1(II)Major and alpha1(II)Minor, exist in bovine nasal cartilage. Further considerations suggest that these two chains are probably not variants derived from allelic genes but are the products of separate genes.", "contents": "The covalent structure of cartilage collagen. Evidence for sequence heterogeneity of bovine alpha1(II) chains. During studies on the amino acid sequence of bovine nasal cartilage collagen, the cyanogen bromide peptide alpha1(II)-CB11 was degraded to smaller peptides with trypsin. One of the tryptic peptides, T5, which contained 39 residues was shown by amino acid and sequence analyses to occur in a predominant form that contained glutamine at position 5 and in a second form with leucine at this site. In addition to the heterogeneity at this position, amino acid analyses of five different preparations revealed that the peptide with leucine contained a seryl residue not found in the major form. Sequence heterogeneity at a third position of alpha1(II) was demonstrated by the isolation of a hexapeptide (T2) from the trypsin digest of alpha1(II)-CB11 which contained 0.21 residue of alanine and 0.77 of leucine. Both the leucine and alanine of T2 were removed after the second cycle of subtractive Edman degradation. These data show that at least two types of alpha1(II) chains, designated as alpha1(II)Major and alpha1(II)Minor, exist in bovine nasal cartilage. Further considerations suggest that these two chains are probably not variants derived from allelic genes but are the products of separate genes.", "PMID": 833147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_376", "title": "Mechanism of induction of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in human leukocytes.", "content": "Incubation of leukocytes in buffer alone devoid of lipoproteins does not lead to the induction of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, but incubation of these cells in lipid-depleted serum, abetaliprproteinemic serum, or lipoprotein-deficient serum (d greater than 1.21) leads to sterol loss from the cells and the activation of sterol synthesis from acetate. The latter was shown previously to be proportional to the HMG-CoA reductase levels in the cells (Fogelman, A. M., Edmond, J., Seager, J., and Popj\u00e1k, G. (1975)J. Biol. Chem. 250, 2045-2055). Sterol loss occurs from normal and heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemic leukocytes within 15 min in lipid-depleted serum. Since induction of HMG-CoA reductase activity is not detectable until after the leukocytes have been incubated in the lipid-depleted serum for at least 3 h (Fogelman et al., see above), sterol loss clearly precedes the induction of the enzyme. In six out of six experiments, the nonisotopic sterol content of leukocytes incubated in lipid-depleted serum was equal to or lower than that of the same leukocytes incubated in full serum. This occurred at a time when the leukocytes in the lipid-depleted serum were incorporating 4 to 5 times more [14C]acetate into sterols than the same leukocytes in full serum. This strongly suggests that the induction of the reductase was a compensatory mechanism for sterol loss. Incubation of leukocytes in buffer, or buffer plus lecithin dispersions, or buffer plus albumin did not lead to sterol loss or induction of the reductase, but incubation in buffer and albumin together with lecithin dispersions caused sterol loss into the medium and the activation of sterol synthesis from acetate. It is concluded that a phospholipid-protein-cell interaction, which produces sterol loss, is necessary to induce the reductase in leukocytes. A close correlation between sterol loss and total sterol synthesis (a function of HMG-CoA reductase activity) was demonstrated in normal and heterozygous leukocytes incubated in a variety of incubation media (r = 0.95; p less than 0.005). Heterozygous leukocytes taken fresh from the blood contained no more cholesterol than the leukocytes of their age and sex-matched controls, despite the marked difference in their serum cholesterol concentrations. It is proposed that the abnormality in familial hypercholesterolemia can be accounted for by an abnormal efflux of cholesterol from heterozygous cells.", "contents": "Mechanism of induction of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in human leukocytes. Incubation of leukocytes in buffer alone devoid of lipoproteins does not lead to the induction of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, but incubation of these cells in lipid-depleted serum, abetaliprproteinemic serum, or lipoprotein-deficient serum (d greater than 1.21) leads to sterol loss from the cells and the activation of sterol synthesis from acetate. The latter was shown previously to be proportional to the HMG-CoA reductase levels in the cells (Fogelman, A. M., Edmond, J., Seager, J., and Popj\u00e1k, G. (1975)J. Biol. Chem. 250, 2045-2055). Sterol loss occurs from normal and heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemic leukocytes within 15 min in lipid-depleted serum. Since induction of HMG-CoA reductase activity is not detectable until after the leukocytes have been incubated in the lipid-depleted serum for at least 3 h (Fogelman et al., see above), sterol loss clearly precedes the induction of the enzyme. In six out of six experiments, the nonisotopic sterol content of leukocytes incubated in lipid-depleted serum was equal to or lower than that of the same leukocytes incubated in full serum. This occurred at a time when the leukocytes in the lipid-depleted serum were incorporating 4 to 5 times more [14C]acetate into sterols than the same leukocytes in full serum. This strongly suggests that the induction of the reductase was a compensatory mechanism for sterol loss. Incubation of leukocytes in buffer, or buffer plus lecithin dispersions, or buffer plus albumin did not lead to sterol loss or induction of the reductase, but incubation in buffer and albumin together with lecithin dispersions caused sterol loss into the medium and the activation of sterol synthesis from acetate. It is concluded that a phospholipid-protein-cell interaction, which produces sterol loss, is necessary to induce the reductase in leukocytes. A close correlation between sterol loss and total sterol synthesis (a function of HMG-CoA reductase activity) was demonstrated in normal and heterozygous leukocytes incubated in a variety of incubation media (r = 0.95; p less than 0.005). Heterozygous leukocytes taken fresh from the blood contained no more cholesterol than the leukocytes of their age and sex-matched controls, despite the marked difference in their serum cholesterol concentrations. It is proposed that the abnormality in familial hypercholesterolemia can be accounted for by an abnormal efflux of cholesterol from heterozygous cells.", "PMID": 833148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_377", "title": "Study of RNase A mechanism and folding by means of synthetic 63-residue analogs.", "content": "A 63-residue RNase A analog containing residues 26 to 35 then alanine, 41 to 59 and 73 to 84 then glycine, 100 to 110 then glycine, and 117 to 124 was synthesized by the solid phase method. The deletions comprised ordered (an alpha helix, parts of the beta sheet) and less ordered structures including 27 of the 56 residues invariant in mammalian ribonucleases. The synthetic 63-residue analog was cleaved from the insoluble support with liquid HF, reduced-reoxidized, fractionated by gel filtration, and purified further on an affinity column specific for the active site fold of RNase A. It had an activity of 8 to 14 per cent in the transphosphorylation step using poly(C) and poly(U) as substrates. It also had low synthetic and hydrolytic activity (0.2 per cent) and showed RNase A-like specificity toward the substrates tested. This indicated that all residues essential for substrate binding and catalysis were present and that their relative positions in the three-dimensional structure were probably very similar to those in native RNase A. Therefore, structure-function studies with the 63-residue RNase A analog should allow conclusions about the mode of action of the natural enzyme. As a first step in this direction, lysine 41 which is believed to be important for catalysis was replaced in the 63-residue analog by tyrosine or glutamine. The resulting (Tyr-41)- and (Gln 41)-63-residue analogs were also bound by the affinity column and had the same substrate specificity as native RNase A. They differed from each other, from the (Lys 41)-63-residue analog, and the 124-residue natural enzyme only with respect to the relative rates of the catalyzed reactions. Thus, lysine 41 does not seem to be essential for the functioning of RNase A.", "contents": "Study of RNase A mechanism and folding by means of synthetic 63-residue analogs. A 63-residue RNase A analog containing residues 26 to 35 then alanine, 41 to 59 and 73 to 84 then glycine, 100 to 110 then glycine, and 117 to 124 was synthesized by the solid phase method. The deletions comprised ordered (an alpha helix, parts of the beta sheet) and less ordered structures including 27 of the 56 residues invariant in mammalian ribonucleases. The synthetic 63-residue analog was cleaved from the insoluble support with liquid HF, reduced-reoxidized, fractionated by gel filtration, and purified further on an affinity column specific for the active site fold of RNase A. It had an activity of 8 to 14 per cent in the transphosphorylation step using poly(C) and poly(U) as substrates. It also had low synthetic and hydrolytic activity (0.2 per cent) and showed RNase A-like specificity toward the substrates tested. This indicated that all residues essential for substrate binding and catalysis were present and that their relative positions in the three-dimensional structure were probably very similar to those in native RNase A. Therefore, structure-function studies with the 63-residue RNase A analog should allow conclusions about the mode of action of the natural enzyme. As a first step in this direction, lysine 41 which is believed to be important for catalysis was replaced in the 63-residue analog by tyrosine or glutamine. The resulting (Tyr-41)- and (Gln 41)-63-residue analogs were also bound by the affinity column and had the same substrate specificity as native RNase A. They differed from each other, from the (Lys 41)-63-residue analog, and the 124-residue natural enzyme only with respect to the relative rates of the catalyzed reactions. Thus, lysine 41 does not seem to be essential for the functioning of RNase A.", "PMID": 833149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_378", "title": "Topography of the external surface of the human red blood cell membrane studied with a nonpenetrating label, [125I]diazodiiodosulfanilic acid.", "content": "The topography of the external surface of the human red cell membrane has been studied using an impermeant radioactive probe, [125I]diazodiiodosulfanilic acid, which binds covalently to protein groups of the membrane following reaction with intact cells. The pattern of labeling was assessed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis followed by sequential analysis of single gels for carbohydrates (by staining with the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reagent), for proteins (by staining with Coomassie blue), and for radioactivity (by counting gels sliced in 2-mm segments). The radioactive probe bound to membrane polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of 94,200, 58,100, and 46,500 (Peaks A, B, and C, respectively). Peak A co-migrated with a small periodic acid-Schiff-positive band and protein Band 3 (nomenclature of Steck) (Steck, T.L. (1974)J. Cell Biol. 62: 1-19). Peak B migrated with protein Band(s) 4.5 slightly ahead of the major membrane glycoprotein (PAS-1). Peak C migrated like glycoprotein PAS-2 and protein Band 5, the actin-like, water-soluble membrane protein. In contrast to lactoperoxidase iodination and a number of other probes, [125I]diazodiiodosulfanilic acid reacted minimally with the major membrane glycoprotein, glycophorin. When it was reacted with isolated ghosts, all molecular weight classes of polypeptides were labeled. Treatment of labeled cells with neuraminidase or trypsin altered the glycoprotein staining pattern, but not the radioactive peaks. On the other hand, Pronase eliminated the Mr=94,200 radioactive peak, diminished the other two radioactive peaks, and profoundly changed the glycoprotein and protein staining patterns. Treatment of the membranes of labeled cells in a low ionic strength alkaline medium did not alter radioactive peaks and demonstrated that Peak C differed from the actin-like membrane protein. A nonionic detergent, Triton X-100, solubilized all radioactive components. The studies have defined the binding of [125I]diazodiiodosulfanilic acid to external proteins of the human red cell membrane. Its pattern of reaction differs quantitatively and qualitatively from other commonly used reagents, and it provides a useful additional vectorial probe for the study of membrane topography. Its reactions provide further evidence of the organizational complexity of the red cell membrane and emphasize the fact that interpretation of information derived from the use of membrane probes must take into account the differences resulting from the properties of the probing reagents themselves.", "contents": "Topography of the external surface of the human red blood cell membrane studied with a nonpenetrating label, [125I]diazodiiodosulfanilic acid. The topography of the external surface of the human red cell membrane has been studied using an impermeant radioactive probe, [125I]diazodiiodosulfanilic acid, which binds covalently to protein groups of the membrane following reaction with intact cells. The pattern of labeling was assessed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis followed by sequential analysis of single gels for carbohydrates (by staining with the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reagent), for proteins (by staining with Coomassie blue), and for radioactivity (by counting gels sliced in 2-mm segments). The radioactive probe bound to membrane polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of 94,200, 58,100, and 46,500 (Peaks A, B, and C, respectively). Peak A co-migrated with a small periodic acid-Schiff-positive band and protein Band 3 (nomenclature of Steck) (Steck, T.L. (1974)J. Cell Biol. 62: 1-19). Peak B migrated with protein Band(s) 4.5 slightly ahead of the major membrane glycoprotein (PAS-1). Peak C migrated like glycoprotein PAS-2 and protein Band 5, the actin-like, water-soluble membrane protein. In contrast to lactoperoxidase iodination and a number of other probes, [125I]diazodiiodosulfanilic acid reacted minimally with the major membrane glycoprotein, glycophorin. When it was reacted with isolated ghosts, all molecular weight classes of polypeptides were labeled. Treatment of labeled cells with neuraminidase or trypsin altered the glycoprotein staining pattern, but not the radioactive peaks. On the other hand, Pronase eliminated the Mr=94,200 radioactive peak, diminished the other two radioactive peaks, and profoundly changed the glycoprotein and protein staining patterns. Treatment of the membranes of labeled cells in a low ionic strength alkaline medium did not alter radioactive peaks and demonstrated that Peak C differed from the actin-like membrane protein. A nonionic detergent, Triton X-100, solubilized all radioactive components. The studies have defined the binding of [125I]diazodiiodosulfanilic acid to external proteins of the human red cell membrane. Its pattern of reaction differs quantitatively and qualitatively from other commonly used reagents, and it provides a useful additional vectorial probe for the study of membrane topography. Its reactions provide further evidence of the organizational complexity of the red cell membrane and emphasize the fact that interpretation of information derived from the use of membrane probes must take into account the differences resulting from the properties of the probing reagents themselves.", "PMID": 833150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_379", "title": "Effect of ribosomal proteins on synthesis and assembly of preribosomal particles in isolated rat liver nuclei.", "content": "Ribosomal proteins are rapidly taken up by isolated rat liver nuclei. The proteins are localized mainly in the nucleolus and are found associated with a nucleolar 80 S particle containing newly synthesized 45 S RNA. Ribosomal proteins in the nucleoplasm were associated with particles containing 18 and 28 S RNAs. In the absence of ribosomal proteins in the incubations, there was a decrease in the amount of newly synthesized 45, 18, and 28 S RNAs and an increase in low molecular weight RNA in both the nucleolus and nucleoplasm. This in vitro system appears to be useful for studies on the formation of ribosomal particles in the nucleus.", "contents": "Effect of ribosomal proteins on synthesis and assembly of preribosomal particles in isolated rat liver nuclei. Ribosomal proteins are rapidly taken up by isolated rat liver nuclei. The proteins are localized mainly in the nucleolus and are found associated with a nucleolar 80 S particle containing newly synthesized 45 S RNA. Ribosomal proteins in the nucleoplasm were associated with particles containing 18 and 28 S RNAs. In the absence of ribosomal proteins in the incubations, there was a decrease in the amount of newly synthesized 45, 18, and 28 S RNAs and an increase in low molecular weight RNA in both the nucleolus and nucleoplasm. This in vitro system appears to be useful for studies on the formation of ribosomal particles in the nucleus.", "PMID": 833151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_380", "title": "Identification of glycoproteins and proteins at synapses in the central nervous system.", "content": "Synaptic plasma membranes, synaptic junctions, and postsynaptic densities have been isolated from rat brain, the proteins resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the glycoproteins identified. The synaptic junction is composed of a spectrum of polypeptides which range in Mr from 13,000 to 250,000. The overall pattern is similar to synaptic plasma memranes; however, the relative proportions of the polypeptides are distinctive. The postsynaptic density fraction consists primarily of one band with an Mr of 52,000. Polypeptides with an Mr of 55,000, and another five of higher Mr, make up the remaining protein. The polypeptides of the postsynaptic density fraction must be reduced with mercaptoethanol in order to permeate the polyacrylamide gel. Therefore, postsynaptic density proteins are cross-linked by disulfide bonds into supramacromolecular aggregates. Glycoproteins which bind concanavalin A were identified in synaptic junctions by studying the binding of 123I-concanavalin A directly to the polypeptides resolved on the polyacrylamide gels. Only four bands, each with an Mr greater than 95,000, bind concanavalin A. In contrast, the pattern of concanavalin A-binding polypeptides in synaptic plasma membranes is distinctive and more complex. In the postsynaptic density fraction, most of the concanavalin A binding occurs to a glyco-component which migrates at the dye front. These data, together with previous cytochemical data using concanavalin A-ferritin conjugates, indicate a limited and select group of high Mr concanavalin A glycoproteins resides within the synaptic cleft of asymmetric type synapses. Whereas a select group of polypeptides bind concanavalin A, all polypeptides resolved in the synaptic junction fraction are glycoproteins and contain galactosyl or galactosyl-like residues, since they label with tritiated borohydride following galactose oxidase treatment. This suggests that the carbohydrate composition of individual glycoproteins is different.", "contents": "Identification of glycoproteins and proteins at synapses in the central nervous system. Synaptic plasma membranes, synaptic junctions, and postsynaptic densities have been isolated from rat brain, the proteins resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the glycoproteins identified. The synaptic junction is composed of a spectrum of polypeptides which range in Mr from 13,000 to 250,000. The overall pattern is similar to synaptic plasma memranes; however, the relative proportions of the polypeptides are distinctive. The postsynaptic density fraction consists primarily of one band with an Mr of 52,000. Polypeptides with an Mr of 55,000, and another five of higher Mr, make up the remaining protein. The polypeptides of the postsynaptic density fraction must be reduced with mercaptoethanol in order to permeate the polyacrylamide gel. Therefore, postsynaptic density proteins are cross-linked by disulfide bonds into supramacromolecular aggregates. Glycoproteins which bind concanavalin A were identified in synaptic junctions by studying the binding of 123I-concanavalin A directly to the polypeptides resolved on the polyacrylamide gels. Only four bands, each with an Mr greater than 95,000, bind concanavalin A. In contrast, the pattern of concanavalin A-binding polypeptides in synaptic plasma membranes is distinctive and more complex. In the postsynaptic density fraction, most of the concanavalin A binding occurs to a glyco-component which migrates at the dye front. These data, together with previous cytochemical data using concanavalin A-ferritin conjugates, indicate a limited and select group of high Mr concanavalin A glycoproteins resides within the synaptic cleft of asymmetric type synapses. Whereas a select group of polypeptides bind concanavalin A, all polypeptides resolved in the synaptic junction fraction are glycoproteins and contain galactosyl or galactosyl-like residues, since they label with tritiated borohydride following galactose oxidase treatment. This suggests that the carbohydrate composition of individual glycoproteins is different.", "PMID": 833152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_381", "title": "Effect of the A and B protomers of choleragen on release of trapped glucose from liposomes containing or lacking ganglioside GM1.", "content": "Liposomes containing trapped glucose were used to examine the interaction of the A and B protomers of choleragen with ganglioside GM1 and lipid model membranes. The B protomer (choleragenoid) was as effective as choleragen in causing release of trapped glucose from liposomes containing GM1; the A protomer did not release glucose from GM1 liposomes. Neither choleragen nor the A or B protomers caused release of trapped glucose from glycolipid-free liposomes. Anti-choleragen and complement, however, caused release of trapped glucose from ganlioside-free liposomes previously incubated with the A protomer but not from those incubated with the B protomer or choleragen. These results suggest that the A protomer, but not intact choleragen or B protomer, bound to ganglioside-free liposomes. Presumably, the A protomer must be freed of the constraints present in the intact choleragen in order to interact with the liposomal model membrane system.", "contents": "Effect of the A and B protomers of choleragen on release of trapped glucose from liposomes containing or lacking ganglioside GM1. Liposomes containing trapped glucose were used to examine the interaction of the A and B protomers of choleragen with ganglioside GM1 and lipid model membranes. The B protomer (choleragenoid) was as effective as choleragen in causing release of trapped glucose from liposomes containing GM1; the A protomer did not release glucose from GM1 liposomes. Neither choleragen nor the A or B protomers caused release of trapped glucose from glycolipid-free liposomes. Anti-choleragen and complement, however, caused release of trapped glucose from ganlioside-free liposomes previously incubated with the A protomer but not from those incubated with the B protomer or choleragen. These results suggest that the A protomer, but not intact choleragen or B protomer, bound to ganglioside-free liposomes. Presumably, the A protomer must be freed of the constraints present in the intact choleragen in order to interact with the liposomal model membrane system.", "PMID": 833153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_382", "title": "Resolution of beta-adrenergic receptor binding and adenylate cyclase activity by gel exclusion chromatography.", "content": "The frog erythrocyte membrane provides an excellent model system for the study of beta-adrenergic receptor-adenylate cyclase interactions since it possesses an adenylate cyclase enzyme which is very responsive to catecholamines. The purpose of these studies was to evaluate directly whether the functions of receptor binding and adenylate cyclase activity are carried out by a single macromolecule or separable molecular entities. Obtaining this information is a first step in understanding at a molecular level how receptor binding is \"coupled\" to enzyme activation. Binding and cyclase activities were solubilized from the frog erythrocyte membrane with digitonin and were observed to partition independently during gel exclusion chromatography in the presence of solubilizing detergent. This finding documents that the beta-adrenergic receptor and adenylate cyclase enzyme are, in fact, separable macromolecules. Under the particular experimental conditions employed, the elution of beta-adrenergic receptor binding on Sepharose 6B was not altered by the absence or presence of beta-adrenergic agonist or antagonist ligands or by exposure of the membranes prior to solubulization to the guanyl nucleotide analog, guanyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate.", "contents": "Resolution of beta-adrenergic receptor binding and adenylate cyclase activity by gel exclusion chromatography. The frog erythrocyte membrane provides an excellent model system for the study of beta-adrenergic receptor-adenylate cyclase interactions since it possesses an adenylate cyclase enzyme which is very responsive to catecholamines. The purpose of these studies was to evaluate directly whether the functions of receptor binding and adenylate cyclase activity are carried out by a single macromolecule or separable molecular entities. Obtaining this information is a first step in understanding at a molecular level how receptor binding is \"coupled\" to enzyme activation. Binding and cyclase activities were solubilized from the frog erythrocyte membrane with digitonin and were observed to partition independently during gel exclusion chromatography in the presence of solubilizing detergent. This finding documents that the beta-adrenergic receptor and adenylate cyclase enzyme are, in fact, separable macromolecules. Under the particular experimental conditions employed, the elution of beta-adrenergic receptor binding on Sepharose 6B was not altered by the absence or presence of beta-adrenergic agonist or antagonist ligands or by exposure of the membranes prior to solubulization to the guanyl nucleotide analog, guanyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate.", "PMID": 833154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_383", "title": "Bacterial luciferase subunits are synthesized in equal quantities.", "content": "Synthesis of luciferase, an alpha beta dimer, occurs during a relatively short period of time near the end of exponential growth of Beneckea harveyi. The rates of synthesis of the individual alpha and beta chains of luciferase are compared by quantitating the molar ratio of total cellular alpha to that of beta at different growth stages. The addition of exogenous alpha or beta subunit to crude lysates of cells taken prior to and during the luciferase induction produces no increase in luciferase activity. This result, together with previous evidence that there are no antigenically cross-reacting precursors, allows us to conclude that luciferase alpha and beta chains are synthesized pari passu, i.e. in equal proportions, and exist primarily in the alpha beta dimeric form. It is also shown that insoluble sedimentable cellular materials contain no detectable luciferase subunits.", "contents": "Bacterial luciferase subunits are synthesized in equal quantities. Synthesis of luciferase, an alpha beta dimer, occurs during a relatively short period of time near the end of exponential growth of Beneckea harveyi. The rates of synthesis of the individual alpha and beta chains of luciferase are compared by quantitating the molar ratio of total cellular alpha to that of beta at different growth stages. The addition of exogenous alpha or beta subunit to crude lysates of cells taken prior to and during the luciferase induction produces no increase in luciferase activity. This result, together with previous evidence that there are no antigenically cross-reacting precursors, allows us to conclude that luciferase alpha and beta chains are synthesized pari passu, i.e. in equal proportions, and exist primarily in the alpha beta dimeric form. It is also shown that insoluble sedimentable cellular materials contain no detectable luciferase subunits.", "PMID": 833155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_384", "title": "Radial club hand. A continuing study of sixty-eight patients with one hundred and seventeen club hands.", "content": "Based on a review of the embryology, genetics, and anatomy of radial club hand, it is suggested that damage to the apical ectoderm on the anterior aspect of a developing limb bud leads to the deformity. Study of the families of thirty-five children with radial club hand suggested that the condition is not genetically patterned. The anatomical findings and associated congenital abnormalities in the cases known to be related to thalidomide and in those in which thalidomide was not a factor were similar except that the incidence of other skeletal deficiencies was higher in the thalidomide group. Thirty-one of the 117 radial club-hand deformities (in sixty-eight patients) under my personal supervision were treated by centralization of the carpus on the ulna with satisfactory improvement of the deformity. In three cases wrist deformity recurred mainly in a volar direction, apparently the result of muscle imbalance. No significant impairment of ulnar growth occurred and straightening of the wrist did not affect function adversely. Pollicization of the index finger was done on twenty-eight occasions. Although problems developed in the early cases, these can be avoided using the methods described and the operation can improve both function and appearance. A scheme of management is recommended.", "contents": "Radial club hand. A continuing study of sixty-eight patients with one hundred and seventeen club hands. Based on a review of the embryology, genetics, and anatomy of radial club hand, it is suggested that damage to the apical ectoderm on the anterior aspect of a developing limb bud leads to the deformity. Study of the families of thirty-five children with radial club hand suggested that the condition is not genetically patterned. The anatomical findings and associated congenital abnormalities in the cases known to be related to thalidomide and in those in which thalidomide was not a factor were similar except that the incidence of other skeletal deficiencies was higher in the thalidomide group. Thirty-one of the 117 radial club-hand deformities (in sixty-eight patients) under my personal supervision were treated by centralization of the carpus on the ulna with satisfactory improvement of the deformity. In three cases wrist deformity recurred mainly in a volar direction, apparently the result of muscle imbalance. No significant impairment of ulnar growth occurred and straightening of the wrist did not affect function adversely. Pollicization of the index finger was done on twenty-eight occasions. Although problems developed in the early cases, these can be avoided using the methods described and the operation can improve both function and appearance. A scheme of management is recommended.", "PMID": 833156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_385", "title": "Surgical repositioning of the medial collateral ligament. An anatomical and mechanical analysis.", "content": "Analytical techniques using multiple-exposure roentgenograms were employed to investigate surgical repositioning of either the femoral or the tibial attachment of the medial collateral ligament. The motion of the femoral attachment of the ligament with respect to the tibial attachment was used to compute the changes in length of the borders of the ligament for normal knees and for knees with repositioned attachments. The results support the conclusion that when advancement of the medial collateral ligament is utilized in the treatment of medial instability, optimization is accomplished by distal and anterior advancement with the knee in 30 degrees of flexion. Femoral displacement (proximal realignment) or tibial displacement at knee-flexion angles greater than 45 degrees is not recommended.", "contents": "Surgical repositioning of the medial collateral ligament. An anatomical and mechanical analysis. Analytical techniques using multiple-exposure roentgenograms were employed to investigate surgical repositioning of either the femoral or the tibial attachment of the medial collateral ligament. The motion of the femoral attachment of the ligament with respect to the tibial attachment was used to compute the changes in length of the borders of the ligament for normal knees and for knees with repositioned attachments. The results support the conclusion that when advancement of the medial collateral ligament is utilized in the treatment of medial instability, optimization is accomplished by distal and anterior advancement with the knee in 30 degrees of flexion. Femoral displacement (proximal realignment) or tibial displacement at knee-flexion angles greater than 45 degrees is not recommended.", "PMID": 833157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_386", "title": "The diagnosis of chondromalacia by double contrast arthrography of the knee.", "content": "The patellar and articular cartilages of the femoral and tibial condyles can be demonstrated well by double contrast arthrography, and abnormalities of the cartilage can be seen. A comparison of surgical findings with the preoperative arthrogram was made for 100 patients, and the diagnosis of chondromalacia of the patella and condyles had an accuracy of about 90 per cent.", "contents": "The diagnosis of chondromalacia by double contrast arthrography of the knee. The patellar and articular cartilages of the femoral and tibial condyles can be demonstrated well by double contrast arthrography, and abnormalities of the cartilage can be seen. A comparison of surgical findings with the preoperative arthrogram was made for 100 patients, and the diagnosis of chondromalacia of the patella and condyles had an accuracy of about 90 per cent.", "PMID": 833159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_387", "title": "Post-traumatic instability of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb.", "content": "Of eithty-six patients with collateral ligament instability of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb, sixty-six (77 per cent) had ulnar and twenty (23 per cent) had radial instability, while in addition twenty-four had fractures and twenty-nine had volar subluxation of the proximal phalanx. Of the sixty-nine patients operated on, sixty-five had an abnormality of the ulnar or radial collateral ligament proper or of its attachment; two, subluxation of the extensor pollicis longus; and two, stretching of the adductor expansion. Stability was restored by collateral ligament repair or reconstruction, by fixation of a fracture fragment with a Kirschner wire, or by arthrodesis in all but five thumbs. Of the five patients who did not have stability of the metacarpophalangeal joint following surgery, three had had the collateral ligament sutured more than three weeks after injury and two had had reconstruction of the collateral ligament using a tendon graft. Early surgical treatment is recommended for all patients with post-traumatic instability of the metacarpophalangeal joint greater than 45 degrees and for those with volar subluxation of the proximal phalanx or a displaced fracture of the base of the proximal phalanx. Collateral ligament repair is indicated for patients operated on within three weeks of injury, and reconstruction of the ligament by means of a tendon graft is recommended for those treated more than three weeks after injury.", "contents": "Post-traumatic instability of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb. Of eithty-six patients with collateral ligament instability of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb, sixty-six (77 per cent) had ulnar and twenty (23 per cent) had radial instability, while in addition twenty-four had fractures and twenty-nine had volar subluxation of the proximal phalanx. Of the sixty-nine patients operated on, sixty-five had an abnormality of the ulnar or radial collateral ligament proper or of its attachment; two, subluxation of the extensor pollicis longus; and two, stretching of the adductor expansion. Stability was restored by collateral ligament repair or reconstruction, by fixation of a fracture fragment with a Kirschner wire, or by arthrodesis in all but five thumbs. Of the five patients who did not have stability of the metacarpophalangeal joint following surgery, three had had the collateral ligament sutured more than three weeks after injury and two had had reconstruction of the collateral ligament using a tendon graft. Early surgical treatment is recommended for all patients with post-traumatic instability of the metacarpophalangeal joint greater than 45 degrees and for those with volar subluxation of the proximal phalanx or a displaced fracture of the base of the proximal phalanx. Collateral ligament repair is indicated for patients operated on within three weeks of injury, and reconstruction of the ligament by means of a tendon graft is recommended for those treated more than three weeks after injury.", "PMID": 833169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_388", "title": "Fusion of the first metacarpotrapezial joint for degenerative arthritis.", "content": "During a twelve-year period, twenty-eight patients (thirty thumbs) were treated for painful idiopathic arthritis of the metacarpotrapezial joint of the thumb by fusion. Failure of fusion occurred in two thumbs, and in both instances a solid fusion followed a second procedure. Fusion of the metacarpotrapezial joint did not predispose to painful arthritis of the trapezioscaphoid joint, even in patients with pre-existing roentgenographic evidence of minor degenerative changes in this joint. The results after long-term follow-up were gratifying, the patients having painless and stable thumbs with excellent strength. Although patients noted a minor loss of thumb motion, they did not consider this a problem. Fusion is a satisfactory procedure for patients who need or desire a strong, painless thumb, and seems especially worth while in the dominant thumb when both thumbs require surgical treatment.", "contents": "Fusion of the first metacarpotrapezial joint for degenerative arthritis. During a twelve-year period, twenty-eight patients (thirty thumbs) were treated for painful idiopathic arthritis of the metacarpotrapezial joint of the thumb by fusion. Failure of fusion occurred in two thumbs, and in both instances a solid fusion followed a second procedure. Fusion of the metacarpotrapezial joint did not predispose to painful arthritis of the trapezioscaphoid joint, even in patients with pre-existing roentgenographic evidence of minor degenerative changes in this joint. The results after long-term follow-up were gratifying, the patients having painless and stable thumbs with excellent strength. Although patients noted a minor loss of thumb motion, they did not consider this a problem. Fusion is a satisfactory procedure for patients who need or desire a strong, painless thumb, and seems especially worth while in the dominant thumb when both thumbs require surgical treatment.", "PMID": 833170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_389", "title": "Biomechanical analysis of static forces in the thumb during hand function.", "content": "Using a three-dimensional analysis, the internal forces in the joints and soft tissues of the thumb during pinch and grasp were calculated. To do this, mechanical equivalents were ascribed to the anatomical system, the joint orientation and tendon locations were determined from biplanar roentgenograms of five marked normal cadaver specimens, and the magnitudes of forces in the tendons, intrinsic muscles, joint contact surfaces, and constraining ligaments were calculated based on assumed loads applied to the tip of the thumb in various types of pinch and grasp. These results are the direct extension of a two-dimensional analysis that proved inadequate for the determination of static tendon and joint forces. Extrinsic and intrinsic tendons of the thumb were found to sustain forces of up to 10.0 and thirty kilograms during pinch, producing five kilograms of force at the thumb tip and forces of as much as fifty kilograms during grasp. The joint compression (contact) forces averaged three kilograms of force at the interphalangeal joint, 5.4 kilograms at the metacarpophalangeal joint, and 12.0 kilograms at the carpometacarpal joint during simple pinch (one kilogram of applied force). Compression forces of as much as 120 kilograms may occur at the carpometacarpal joint during strong grasp.", "contents": "Biomechanical analysis of static forces in the thumb during hand function. Using a three-dimensional analysis, the internal forces in the joints and soft tissues of the thumb during pinch and grasp were calculated. To do this, mechanical equivalents were ascribed to the anatomical system, the joint orientation and tendon locations were determined from biplanar roentgenograms of five marked normal cadaver specimens, and the magnitudes of forces in the tendons, intrinsic muscles, joint contact surfaces, and constraining ligaments were calculated based on assumed loads applied to the tip of the thumb in various types of pinch and grasp. These results are the direct extension of a two-dimensional analysis that proved inadequate for the determination of static tendon and joint forces. Extrinsic and intrinsic tendons of the thumb were found to sustain forces of up to 10.0 and thirty kilograms during pinch, producing five kilograms of force at the thumb tip and forces of as much as fifty kilograms during grasp. The joint compression (contact) forces averaged three kilograms of force at the interphalangeal joint, 5.4 kilograms at the metacarpophalangeal joint, and 12.0 kilograms at the carpometacarpal joint during simple pinch (one kilogram of applied force). Compression forces of as much as 120 kilograms may occur at the carpometacarpal joint during strong grasp.", "PMID": 833171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_390", "title": "Atlanto-axial rotatory fixation. (Fixed rotatory subluxation of the atlanto-axial joint).", "content": "In seventeen cases of irreducible atlanto-axial rotatory subluxation (here called fixation), the striking features were the delay in diagnosis and the persistent clinical and roentgenographic deformities. All patients had torticollis and restricted, often painful neck motion, and seven young patients with long-standing deformity had flattening on one side of the face. The diagnosis was suggested by the plain roentgenograms and tomograms and confirmed by persistence of the deformity as demonstrated by cineroentgenography. Treatment included skull traction, followed by atlanto-axial arthrodesis if necessary. Of the thirteen patients treated by atlanto-axial arthrodesis, eleven had good results, one had a fair result, and one had not been followed for long enough to determine the result. Of the remaining four patients, one treated conservatively had not been followed for long enough to evaluate the result, two declined surgery, and one died while in traction as the result of cord transection produced by further rotation of the atlas on the axis despite the traction.", "contents": "Atlanto-axial rotatory fixation. (Fixed rotatory subluxation of the atlanto-axial joint). In seventeen cases of irreducible atlanto-axial rotatory subluxation (here called fixation), the striking features were the delay in diagnosis and the persistent clinical and roentgenographic deformities. All patients had torticollis and restricted, often painful neck motion, and seven young patients with long-standing deformity had flattening on one side of the face. The diagnosis was suggested by the plain roentgenograms and tomograms and confirmed by persistence of the deformity as demonstrated by cineroentgenography. Treatment included skull traction, followed by atlanto-axial arthrodesis if necessary. Of the thirteen patients treated by atlanto-axial arthrodesis, eleven had good results, one had a fair result, and one had not been followed for long enough to determine the result. Of the remaining four patients, one treated conservatively had not been followed for long enough to evaluate the result, two declined surgery, and one died while in traction as the result of cord transection produced by further rotation of the atlas on the axis despite the traction.", "PMID": 833172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_391", "title": "Fracture-dislocations of the cervical spine. Instability and recurrent deformity following treatment by anterior interbody fusion.", "content": "Anterior intervertebral-body fusion has been advocated by various authors for management of several varieties of fracture and fracture-dislocation of the cervical spine. This report is a retrospective study of sixteen patients, all of whom had a fracture-dislocation of the cervical spine, who were treated with an anterior dowel interbody fusion. All had postoperative instability with recurrence of angular deformity, and all sixteen were shown to have disruption of the posterior ligaments. Three patients had a progressive neurological deficit postoperatively. Thirteen patients required two or more operative attempts at stabilization. Anterior fusion should not be performed as primary surgical treatment for fractures of the cervical spine when there is either evidence of disruption of the posterior ligaments or a strong presumption that such disruption exists.", "contents": "Fracture-dislocations of the cervical spine. Instability and recurrent deformity following treatment by anterior interbody fusion. Anterior intervertebral-body fusion has been advocated by various authors for management of several varieties of fracture and fracture-dislocation of the cervical spine. This report is a retrospective study of sixteen patients, all of whom had a fracture-dislocation of the cervical spine, who were treated with an anterior dowel interbody fusion. All had postoperative instability with recurrence of angular deformity, and all sixteen were shown to have disruption of the posterior ligaments. Three patients had a progressive neurological deficit postoperatively. Thirteen patients required two or more operative attempts at stabilization. Anterior fusion should not be performed as primary surgical treatment for fractures of the cervical spine when there is either evidence of disruption of the posterior ligaments or a strong presumption that such disruption exists.", "PMID": 833173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_392", "title": "Reactive sclerosis of a pedicle and spondylolysis in the lumbar spine.", "content": "Eleven patients were seen with reactive sclerosis and hypertrophy of one pedicle and lamina of a lumbar vertebra and a contralateral spondylolysis in the same vertebral segment. Differentiating the reactive sclerosis in this condition from that associated with osteoid-osteoma is necessary since excision of a sclerotic pedicle associated with contralateral spondylolysis will create painful instability. In asymptomatic patients observation is sufficient, while in those with symptoms not relieved by external immobilization, spine fusion, usually of three levels, is indicated.", "contents": "Reactive sclerosis of a pedicle and spondylolysis in the lumbar spine. Eleven patients were seen with reactive sclerosis and hypertrophy of one pedicle and lamina of a lumbar vertebra and a contralateral spondylolysis in the same vertebral segment. Differentiating the reactive sclerosis in this condition from that associated with osteoid-osteoma is necessary since excision of a sclerotic pedicle associated with contralateral spondylolysis will create painful instability. In asymptomatic patients observation is sufficient, while in those with symptoms not relieved by external immobilization, spine fusion, usually of three levels, is indicated.", "PMID": 833174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_393", "title": "Fixation of Dwyer screws for the treatment of scoliosis. A postmortem study.", "content": "The strength of fixation of Dwyer screws in seven or eight vertebral bodies in each of six fresh osteoporotic cadavera was measured under the following conditions: with fixation with only the screw; with the staple-screw combination; with each of these modes of fixation combined with polymethylmethacrylate placed in the hole prior to insertion of the screw; and with the screw reinserted after failure and filling the hole with methacrylate. The strength of fixation of the screw-staple combination was increased almost twofold by the methacrylate, and after failure followed by reinsertion of the screw embedding it in methacrylate, strong fixation was restored.", "contents": "Fixation of Dwyer screws for the treatment of scoliosis. A postmortem study. The strength of fixation of Dwyer screws in seven or eight vertebral bodies in each of six fresh osteoporotic cadavera was measured under the following conditions: with fixation with only the screw; with the staple-screw combination; with each of these modes of fixation combined with polymethylmethacrylate placed in the hole prior to insertion of the screw; and with the screw reinserted after failure and filling the hole with methacrylate. The strength of fixation of the screw-staple combination was increased almost twofold by the methacrylate, and after failure followed by reinsertion of the screw embedding it in methacrylate, strong fixation was restored.", "PMID": 833175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_394", "title": "Disappearing bone disease. A clinical and histological study.", "content": "The case histories of three patients, a man and two boys, with disappearing bone disease are reported. The clinical, roentgenographic, and histopathological features are described in detail. Histologically, in the early stages of the disease, the vanishing bone is replaced by numerous wide engorged capillaries. Eventually the bone is replaced by dense fibrous tissue. All three patients were treated by radiotherapy. Histochemical studies performed in one case revealed strong acid phosphatase and leucine aminopeptidase activities in perivascular mononuclear cells (possibly pericytes), suggesting that these cells took part in the bone resorption.", "contents": "Disappearing bone disease. A clinical and histological study. The case histories of three patients, a man and two boys, with disappearing bone disease are reported. The clinical, roentgenographic, and histopathological features are described in detail. Histologically, in the early stages of the disease, the vanishing bone is replaced by numerous wide engorged capillaries. Eventually the bone is replaced by dense fibrous tissue. All three patients were treated by radiotherapy. Histochemical studies performed in one case revealed strong acid phosphatase and leucine aminopeptidase activities in perivascular mononuclear cells (possibly pericytes), suggesting that these cells took part in the bone resorption.", "PMID": 833176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_395", "title": "Remodeling of the femoral neck after in situ pinning for slipped capital femoral epiphysis.", "content": "During a period of thirty-six years, sixty-two patients with seventy slipped capital femoral epiphyses were treated by pinning in situ. Twelve of these patients, ten years and eight months to sixteen years and one month old, were treated for moderate to severe slipping by pinning in situ. After follow-ups ranging from two to seventeen years, all but two patients had satisfactory remodeling of the femoral head and neck and were asymptomatic. The two with incomplete or no remodeling had no symptoms. It was concluded that the effects of remodeling have been largely ignored and that pinning in situ when possible, followed if necessary by osteoplasty or osteotomy through the lesser trochanter, is a safe and effective treatment.", "contents": "Remodeling of the femoral neck after in situ pinning for slipped capital femoral epiphysis. During a period of thirty-six years, sixty-two patients with seventy slipped capital femoral epiphyses were treated by pinning in situ. Twelve of these patients, ten years and eight months to sixteen years and one month old, were treated for moderate to severe slipping by pinning in situ. After follow-ups ranging from two to seventeen years, all but two patients had satisfactory remodeling of the femoral head and neck and were asymptomatic. The two with incomplete or no remodeling had no symptoms. It was concluded that the effects of remodeling have been largely ignored and that pinning in situ when possible, followed if necessary by osteoplasty or osteotomy through the lesser trochanter, is a safe and effective treatment.", "PMID": 833177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_396", "title": "Isolated avulsion fracture of the tibial attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament.", "content": "Twenty-one patients with isolated avulsion fracture of the tibial attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament were treated in our hospital during the period 1965 to 1976. Twelve of the patients had fresh injuries and nine, injuries with delayed union or non-union. Twelve of the twenty-one patients were treated conservatively and nine, by surgical repair by means of staple fixation. Detachment of the posterior horn of the meniscus with an avulsed and displaced bone fragment was found in five of the nine patients operated on. All the patients were followed for an average of four years and eight months. Satisfactory results were obtained in every instance.", "contents": "Isolated avulsion fracture of the tibial attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament. Twenty-one patients with isolated avulsion fracture of the tibial attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament were treated in our hospital during the period 1965 to 1976. Twelve of the patients had fresh injuries and nine, injuries with delayed union or non-union. Twelve of the twenty-one patients were treated conservatively and nine, by surgical repair by means of staple fixation. Detachment of the posterior horn of the meniscus with an avulsed and displaced bone fragment was found in five of the nine patients operated on. All the patients were followed for an average of four years and eight months. Satisfactory results were obtained in every instance.", "PMID": 833178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_397", "title": "Isolated subcutaneous nodules (pseudorheumatoid).", "content": "Ten patients with isolated subcutaneous nodules histologically similar to rheumatoid nodules were studied. Because of the intense fibroblastic reaction in one such nodule, it was initially mistaken for a fibrosarcoma. The nodules tended to be multiple and recurrent, with eventual spontaneous regression, and they were not associated with any systemic illness. The etiology of these lesions is unclear but the possibility of subsequent development of systemic rheumatoid disease is remote.", "contents": "Isolated subcutaneous nodules (pseudorheumatoid). Ten patients with isolated subcutaneous nodules histologically similar to rheumatoid nodules were studied. Because of the intense fibroblastic reaction in one such nodule, it was initially mistaken for a fibrosarcoma. The nodules tended to be multiple and recurrent, with eventual spontaneous regression, and they were not associated with any systemic illness. The etiology of these lesions is unclear but the possibility of subsequent development of systemic rheumatoid disease is remote.", "PMID": 833179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_398", "title": "Influence of positioning of prosthesis in total knee replacement.", "content": "The early clinical results of geometric total knee arthroplasty were  compared with the position of the prosthetic device by a roentgenographic score system. It was noted that there is a statistically significant positive correlation between a good clinical result and a well positioned prosthesis. In addition, it was appreciated that perfect positioning of the device was difficult to obtain. We believe that the long-term clinical results, wear resistance, and resistance to prosthetic failure depend on correct positioning of the devices.", "contents": "Influence of positioning of prosthesis in total knee replacement. The early clinical results of geometric total knee arthroplasty were  compared with the position of the prosthetic device by a roentgenographic score system. It was noted that there is a statistically significant positive correlation between a good clinical result and a well positioned prosthesis. In addition, it was appreciated that perfect positioning of the device was difficult to obtain. We believe that the long-term clinical results, wear resistance, and resistance to prosthetic failure depend on correct positioning of the devices.", "PMID": 833180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_399", "title": "The bone-cement interface temperature during total joint replacement.", "content": "Sets of thermoprobe measurements of the temperature of the bone-cement interface were made during twenty total joint-replacement procedures. Although the range of rise in temperature was wide, from 3 to 17 degrees centigrade, the highest temperature obtained was 48 degrees centigrade, which is well below the denaturation point (56 degrees centigrade) of proteins. Several factors, such as the presence of blood and moisture at the interface and the large surface area and poor heat conductivity of methylmethacrylate, prevent the interface from experiencing the high rise in temperature that occurs at the center of the polymerizing cement mass.", "contents": "The bone-cement interface temperature during total joint replacement. Sets of thermoprobe measurements of the temperature of the bone-cement interface were made during twenty total joint-replacement procedures. Although the range of rise in temperature was wide, from 3 to 17 degrees centigrade, the highest temperature obtained was 48 degrees centigrade, which is well below the denaturation point (56 degrees centigrade) of proteins. Several factors, such as the presence of blood and moisture at the interface and the large surface area and poor heat conductivity of methylmethacrylate, prevent the interface from experiencing the high rise in temperature that occurs at the center of the polymerizing cement mass.", "PMID": 833181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_400", "title": "Neurological symptoms in achondroplastic dwarfs--surgical treatment.", "content": "Fourteen patients who had neurological symptoms associated with achondroplastic dwarfism and who had spine surgery were analyzed, as were an additional twenty-nine cases reported in the literature. Four types of neurological patterns emerged, based on the onset, symptoms, and physical examination. Some etiological correlation between the anatomical lesion and the result was made in each category, and a reliable prognosis related to the pattern is now possible. Early and appropriately extensive surgery may well be recommended, based on the patients treated.", "contents": "Neurological symptoms in achondroplastic dwarfs--surgical treatment. Fourteen patients who had neurological symptoms associated with achondroplastic dwarfism and who had spine surgery were analyzed, as were an additional twenty-nine cases reported in the literature. Four types of neurological patterns emerged, based on the onset, symptoms, and physical examination. Some etiological correlation between the anatomical lesion and the result was made in each category, and a reliable prognosis related to the pattern is now possible. Early and appropriately extensive surgery may well be recommended, based on the patients treated.", "PMID": 833182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_401", "title": "Acute Monteggia lesions in children.", "content": "Twenty-five consecutive acute Monteggia lesions in children were treated during a six-year period. The series included a very rare case of a Type-II Monteggia lesion not previously reported in children. All patients, except one, were treated by closed reduction. In two instances, after a successful reduction the unstable radial head was fixed with a percutaneous Kirschner wire inserted through the capitulum with the elbow flexed 90 degrees. This was done to avoid immobilizing the elbow in an acutely flexed position. On follow-up (average, thirty-four months), all the end results were excellent.", "contents": "Acute Monteggia lesions in children. Twenty-five consecutive acute Monteggia lesions in children were treated during a six-year period. The series included a very rare case of a Type-II Monteggia lesion not previously reported in children. All patients, except one, were treated by closed reduction. In two instances, after a successful reduction the unstable radial head was fixed with a percutaneous Kirschner wire inserted through the capitulum with the elbow flexed 90 degrees. This was done to avoid immobilizing the elbow in an acutely flexed position. On follow-up (average, thirty-four months), all the end results were excellent.", "PMID": 833183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_402", "title": "Habitual toe-walkers. A clinical and electromyographic gait analysis.", "content": "Six children who were habitual toe-walkers were studied using electromyographic techniques. In the initial gait evaluation, the muscle synergy pattern was found to be abnormal during the toe-toe gait as well as during the heel-toe gait. After treatment with casts, each patient had a normal electromyographic pattern during heel-toe gait.", "contents": "Habitual toe-walkers. A clinical and electromyographic gait analysis. Six children who were habitual toe-walkers were studied using electromyographic techniques. In the initial gait evaluation, the muscle synergy pattern was found to be abnormal during the toe-toe gait as well as during the heel-toe gait. After treatment with casts, each patient had a normal electromyographic pattern during heel-toe gait.", "PMID": 833184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_403", "title": "Use of the spiral coil membrane oxygenator during open heart surgery in infants and children.", "content": "The spiral coil membrane oxygenator was used without an arterial line filter during short term total cardiopulmonary bypass in 50 infants and children. The compact oxygenator proved to be efficient and reliable, was easy to operate in a simple perfusion circuit, has a high flow rate to priming volume ratio and eliminated gaseous emboli. During perfusion, platelet counts and fibrinogen concentrations descreased 51 and 31% respectively. Coagulation studies in eight infants less than 15 kilograms perfused with the membrane oxygenator system did not differ from those in 7 infants perfused by a bubble oxygenator system.", "contents": "Use of the spiral coil membrane oxygenator during open heart surgery in infants and children. The spiral coil membrane oxygenator was used without an arterial line filter during short term total cardiopulmonary bypass in 50 infants and children. The compact oxygenator proved to be efficient and reliable, was easy to operate in a simple perfusion circuit, has a high flow rate to priming volume ratio and eliminated gaseous emboli. During perfusion, platelet counts and fibrinogen concentrations descreased 51 and 31% respectively. Coagulation studies in eight infants less than 15 kilograms perfused with the membrane oxygenator system did not differ from those in 7 infants perfused by a bubble oxygenator system.", "PMID": 833185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_404", "title": "Primary intracavitary cardiac tumors: a review of 11 surgical cases.", "content": "During the past 14 years, 11 patients varying age from 27 to 68 years, had excision of primary intracavitary cardiac tumor: 7 had a left atrial myxoma, 1 a left ventricular myxoma, 1 a right ventricular myxoma, and 2 had a left atrial malignant mesenchymoma. Accurate diagnosis was made by angiocardiography in 8 patients. All patients underwent open heart excision of the tumor with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass. One of the 9 patients with a left atrial myxoma died postoperatively with recurrence of the tumor. The two patients with left atrial malignant mesenchymoma died 8 and 15 months after palliation. All surviving patients are asymptomatic without evidence of recurrence.", "contents": "Primary intracavitary cardiac tumors: a review of 11 surgical cases. During the past 14 years, 11 patients varying age from 27 to 68 years, had excision of primary intracavitary cardiac tumor: 7 had a left atrial myxoma, 1 a left ventricular myxoma, 1 a right ventricular myxoma, and 2 had a left atrial malignant mesenchymoma. Accurate diagnosis was made by angiocardiography in 8 patients. All patients underwent open heart excision of the tumor with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass. One of the 9 patients with a left atrial myxoma died postoperatively with recurrence of the tumor. The two patients with left atrial malignant mesenchymoma died 8 and 15 months after palliation. All surviving patients are asymptomatic without evidence of recurrence.", "PMID": 833186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_405", "title": "Post-infarction ventricular septal rupture: surgical considerations and results on five operated patients.", "content": "Five patients were operated on for ventricular septal rupture following myocardial infarction. The mean time interval between occurrence of infarction and surgery was 37 days (from 4 to 54 days). At EKG, the infarction site was anteroseptal in two cases and postero-inferior in three. Progressive deterioration of cardiac function leading to cardiogenic shock was noticed in four patients. Four patients had cardiac catheterization before surgery: the mean pulmonary to systemic flow ratio was 2.5:1 (from 3.8:1 to 1.8:1); in each case L.V.E.D.P., pulmonary wedge and pulmonary arterial pressures were elevated. Left ventricular angiograms and selective coronariograms were obtained in three patients, demonstrating the presence of left ventricular aneurysm in all three. In two patients, repair was performed through right ventriculotomy; in patients with left ventricular aneurysm, a left ventriculotomy and aneurysm resection were performed. This technique seems to permit much clearer view of the rupture site. In all patients the V.S.D. was closed by a dacron patch, reinforced with teflon pledgets. Two of the five patients died in the early postoperative period. Both had been operated within the first week from the onset of the ventricular septal rupture, because of cardiogenic shock, refractory to medical therapy. The three survivors showed remarkable improvement after surgery and they are in functional class II at a mean follow up period of 20 months. Emphasis is put on factors influencing surgical treatments and prognosis of these patients.", "contents": "Post-infarction ventricular septal rupture: surgical considerations and results on five operated patients. Five patients were operated on for ventricular septal rupture following myocardial infarction. The mean time interval between occurrence of infarction and surgery was 37 days (from 4 to 54 days). At EKG, the infarction site was anteroseptal in two cases and postero-inferior in three. Progressive deterioration of cardiac function leading to cardiogenic shock was noticed in four patients. Four patients had cardiac catheterization before surgery: the mean pulmonary to systemic flow ratio was 2.5:1 (from 3.8:1 to 1.8:1); in each case L.V.E.D.P., pulmonary wedge and pulmonary arterial pressures were elevated. Left ventricular angiograms and selective coronariograms were obtained in three patients, demonstrating the presence of left ventricular aneurysm in all three. In two patients, repair was performed through right ventriculotomy; in patients with left ventricular aneurysm, a left ventriculotomy and aneurysm resection were performed. This technique seems to permit much clearer view of the rupture site. In all patients the V.S.D. was closed by a dacron patch, reinforced with teflon pledgets. Two of the five patients died in the early postoperative period. Both had been operated within the first week from the onset of the ventricular septal rupture, because of cardiogenic shock, refractory to medical therapy. The three survivors showed remarkable improvement after surgery and they are in functional class II at a mean follow up period of 20 months. Emphasis is put on factors influencing surgical treatments and prognosis of these patients.", "PMID": 833187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_406", "title": "Plasma heparin neutralizing activity in patients with valvular stenosis and prosthetic heart valves.", "content": "Patients with mitral and aortic valvular stenosis had plasma heparin neutralizing activity (HNA) which were comparable to the control group. In contrast, plasma HNA was elevated in patients with prosthetic valves, particularly in the group with prosthetic aortic valves. Neither the type nor the size of the valve appeared to influence the HNA level. No correlation was evident between plasma HNA levels and a history of systemic arterial embolism. It remains to be determined whether elevated plasma HNA levels result from platelet aggregation on the valve surface, or from platelet lysis due to turbulence around the prosthetic valve.", "contents": "Plasma heparin neutralizing activity in patients with valvular stenosis and prosthetic heart valves. Patients with mitral and aortic valvular stenosis had plasma heparin neutralizing activity (HNA) which were comparable to the control group. In contrast, plasma HNA was elevated in patients with prosthetic valves, particularly in the group with prosthetic aortic valves. Neither the type nor the size of the valve appeared to influence the HNA level. No correlation was evident between plasma HNA levels and a history of systemic arterial embolism. It remains to be determined whether elevated plasma HNA levels result from platelet aggregation on the valve surface, or from platelet lysis due to turbulence around the prosthetic valve.", "PMID": 833188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_407", "title": "Scanning-electron-microscopic and functional studies of oxygenator-membranes during long-term-perfusion.", "content": "Various types and amount of deposits were noted on the surface of different membrane oxygenators during experimental long-term perfusion in sheep studied by SEM. They were present in spite of adequate heparinization. The deposition of blood material suggests, that the imperfection of the membranes by fabrication must be controlled and improved by oneself for use in long-term perfusion.", "contents": "Scanning-electron-microscopic and functional studies of oxygenator-membranes during long-term-perfusion. Various types and amount of deposits were noted on the surface of different membrane oxygenators during experimental long-term perfusion in sheep studied by SEM. They were present in spite of adequate heparinization. The deposition of blood material suggests, that the imperfection of the membranes by fabrication must be controlled and improved by oneself for use in long-term perfusion.", "PMID": 833189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_408", "title": "The role of primary and secondary profundaplasty in the treatment of vascular insufficiency.", "content": "Profundaplasty has been performed on 58 limbs (45 primary and 13 secondary) in 45 men. Thirty-four of these had incapacitating claudication, 14 rest pain, and 10 either gangrene or ischemic ulceration. In 19 treated by profundaplasty alone there were no deaths but three subsequently had amputation for ischemic pain. In 39 with profundaplasty plus a proximal operative augmentation there were two (6.7%) operative deaths and one (3.4%) late death but only one extremity had to be amputated. Radionuclide flow studies confirmed physical and arteriographic findings. After profundaplasty alone and profundaplasty plus aortofemoral bypass there was moderate increase in calf blood flow but in only those with a patent superficial femoral did the flow studies return to normal. Profundaplasty is an important addition to the armamentarium of the vascular surgeon in dealing with arteriosclerotic insufficiency of the lower extremities.", "contents": "The role of primary and secondary profundaplasty in the treatment of vascular insufficiency. Profundaplasty has been performed on 58 limbs (45 primary and 13 secondary) in 45 men. Thirty-four of these had incapacitating claudication, 14 rest pain, and 10 either gangrene or ischemic ulceration. In 19 treated by profundaplasty alone there were no deaths but three subsequently had amputation for ischemic pain. In 39 with profundaplasty plus a proximal operative augmentation there were two (6.7%) operative deaths and one (3.4%) late death but only one extremity had to be amputated. Radionuclide flow studies confirmed physical and arteriographic findings. After profundaplasty alone and profundaplasty plus aortofemoral bypass there was moderate increase in calf blood flow but in only those with a patent superficial femoral did the flow studies return to normal. Profundaplasty is an important addition to the armamentarium of the vascular surgeon in dealing with arteriosclerotic insufficiency of the lower extremities.", "PMID": 833192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_409", "title": "The cell cycle program of polypeptide labeling in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.", "content": "The cell cycle program of polypeptide labeling in syndhronous cultures of wild-type Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was analyzed by pulse-labeling cells with 35SO4 = or [3H]arginine at different cell cycle stages. Nearly 100 labeled membrane and soluble polypeptides were resolved and studied using one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The labeling experiments produced the following results. (a) Total 35SO4 = and [3H]arginine incorporation rates varied independently throughout the cell cycle. 35SO4 = incorporation was highest in the mid-light phase, while [3H]arginine incorporation peaked in the dark phase just before cell division. (b) The relative labeling rate for 20 of 100 polypeptides showed significant fluctuations (3-12 fold) during the cell cycle. The remaining polypeptides were labeled at a rate commensurate with total 35SO4 = or [3H]arginine incorporation. The polypeptides that showed significant fluctuations in relative labeling rates served as markers to identify cell cycle stages. (c) The effects of illumination conditions on the apparent cell cycle stage-specific labeling of polypeptides were tested. Shifting light-grown asynchronous cells to the dark had an immediate and pronounced effect on the pattern of polypeptide labeling, but shifting dark-phase syndhronous cells to the light had little effect. The apparent cell cycle variations in the labeling of ribulose 1,5-biphosphate (RUBP)-carboxylase were strongly influenced by illumination effects. (d) Pulse-chase experiments with light-grown asynchronous cells revealed little turnover or inter-conversion of labeled polypeptides within one cell generation, meaning that major polypeptides, whether labeled in a stage-specific manner or not, do not appear transiently in the cell cycle of actively dividing, light-grown cells. The cell  cycle program of labeling was used to analyze effects of a temperature-sensitive cycle blocked (cb) mutant. A synchronous culture of ts10001 was shifted to restrictive temperature before its block point to prevent it from dividing. The mutant continued its cell cycle program of polypeptide labeling for over a cell generation, despite its inability to divide.", "contents": "The cell cycle program of polypeptide labeling in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The cell cycle program of polypeptide labeling in syndhronous cultures of wild-type Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was analyzed by pulse-labeling cells with 35SO4 = or [3H]arginine at different cell cycle stages. Nearly 100 labeled membrane and soluble polypeptides were resolved and studied using one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The labeling experiments produced the following results. (a) Total 35SO4 = and [3H]arginine incorporation rates varied independently throughout the cell cycle. 35SO4 = incorporation was highest in the mid-light phase, while [3H]arginine incorporation peaked in the dark phase just before cell division. (b) The relative labeling rate for 20 of 100 polypeptides showed significant fluctuations (3-12 fold) during the cell cycle. The remaining polypeptides were labeled at a rate commensurate with total 35SO4 = or [3H]arginine incorporation. The polypeptides that showed significant fluctuations in relative labeling rates served as markers to identify cell cycle stages. (c) The effects of illumination conditions on the apparent cell cycle stage-specific labeling of polypeptides were tested. Shifting light-grown asynchronous cells to the dark had an immediate and pronounced effect on the pattern of polypeptide labeling, but shifting dark-phase syndhronous cells to the light had little effect. The apparent cell cycle variations in the labeling of ribulose 1,5-biphosphate (RUBP)-carboxylase were strongly influenced by illumination effects. (d) Pulse-chase experiments with light-grown asynchronous cells revealed little turnover or inter-conversion of labeled polypeptides within one cell generation, meaning that major polypeptides, whether labeled in a stage-specific manner or not, do not appear transiently in the cell cycle of actively dividing, light-grown cells. The cell  cycle program of labeling was used to analyze effects of a temperature-sensitive cycle blocked (cb) mutant. A synchronous culture of ts10001 was shifted to restrictive temperature before its block point to prevent it from dividing. The mutant continued its cell cycle program of polypeptide labeling for over a cell generation, despite its inability to divide.", "PMID": 833197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_410", "title": "Autologous arterial grafts grown on polyester molds: observations of graft growth and patency in experimental animals.", "content": "Tissue molds consisting of polyester mesh jackets covering silicone mandrils were implanted subcutaneously in dogs. When a sufficiently strong layer of connective tissue had formed around the molds they were excised and the mandrils removed. The process of tissue formation was observed and recorded. The forms were used as grafts in either the abdominal aorta or the femoral artery of the dog. Six grafts 10 mm inner diameter, six grafts 6 mm inner diameter and 26 grafts 3 mm inner diameter were implanted. After 4.5 months 80% of the 10 mm grafts, 83% of the 6 mm grafts, but only 4% of the 3 mm grafts remained patent. Histological studies at various intervals after grafting revealed gradual thickening of the neointima. The reason for graft failure was thrombus formation originating at the line of anastomosis.", "contents": "Autologous arterial grafts grown on polyester molds: observations of graft growth and patency in experimental animals. Tissue molds consisting of polyester mesh jackets covering silicone mandrils were implanted subcutaneously in dogs. When a sufficiently strong layer of connective tissue had formed around the molds they were excised and the mandrils removed. The process of tissue formation was observed and recorded. The forms were used as grafts in either the abdominal aorta or the femoral artery of the dog. Six grafts 10 mm inner diameter, six grafts 6 mm inner diameter and 26 grafts 3 mm inner diameter were implanted. After 4.5 months 80% of the 10 mm grafts, 83% of the 6 mm grafts, but only 4% of the 3 mm grafts remained patent. Histological studies at various intervals after grafting revealed gradual thickening of the neointima. The reason for graft failure was thrombus formation originating at the line of anastomosis.", "PMID": 833193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_411", "title": "Clinical evaluation of a microporous membrane oxygenator.", "content": "1. The microporous membrane oxygenator has a maximum priming volume of 400 ml. and transfers up to 250 ml. of O2. 2. CO2 transfer is excessive when ventilating the oxygenator with 100% O2. CO2 should be added to the ventilating gas. 3. The oxygenator has performed satisfactorily in 90 cases of cardiac surgery with perfusion time up to nine hours. 4. Precautions are described to prevent possible accumulation of water vapor in the oxygenator.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of a microporous membrane oxygenator. 1. The microporous membrane oxygenator has a maximum priming volume of 400 ml. and transfers up to 250 ml. of O2. 2. CO2 transfer is excessive when ventilating the oxygenator with 100% O2. CO2 should be added to the ventilating gas. 3. The oxygenator has performed satisfactorily in 90 cases of cardiac surgery with perfusion time up to nine hours. 4. Precautions are described to prevent possible accumulation of water vapor in the oxygenator.", "PMID": 833194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_412", "title": "Conversion of lamellar body membranes into tubular myelin in alveoli of fetal rat lungs.", "content": "Fluid-filled lumina of fetal rat lungs contain lamellar bodies (LBs) as well as tubular myelin (TM), both of which are thought to be stores of phospholipid-rich pulmonary surfactant. The alveolar epithelium is believed to secrete LBs, but neither the origin nor the mechanism of TM formation is entirely certain. The main objective of this study was to determine the relationship between secreted LBs and TM and to define membrane phenomena which occur during TM formation. I examined lung tissues of 20-21 day-old fetuses (day 22 = term) using transmission and high voltage transmission electron microscopy and cytochemistry. My findings indicate that secreted LBs, identified by the presence of an acid-phosphatase reactive core, are the precursor of TM. Secreted LBs are highly organized structures which contain structurally specialized areas, one of which is a \"mini-lattice\" structure similar to TM. During TM formation, fuzzes or 8.0-nm diameter particles appear on transition membranes, although LB membranes appear to lack both structures. Similar particles are present on TM membranes and are generally associated with membrane intersections. My results provide evidence that TM is formed from LBs within the alveolar lumen by mechanisms which may be complex.", "contents": "Conversion of lamellar body membranes into tubular myelin in alveoli of fetal rat lungs. Fluid-filled lumina of fetal rat lungs contain lamellar bodies (LBs) as well as tubular myelin (TM), both of which are thought to be stores of phospholipid-rich pulmonary surfactant. The alveolar epithelium is believed to secrete LBs, but neither the origin nor the mechanism of TM formation is entirely certain. The main objective of this study was to determine the relationship between secreted LBs and TM and to define membrane phenomena which occur during TM formation. I examined lung tissues of 20-21 day-old fetuses (day 22 = term) using transmission and high voltage transmission electron microscopy and cytochemistry. My findings indicate that secreted LBs, identified by the presence of an acid-phosphatase reactive core, are the precursor of TM. Secreted LBs are highly organized structures which contain structurally specialized areas, one of which is a \"mini-lattice\" structure similar to TM. During TM formation, fuzzes or 8.0-nm diameter particles appear on transition membranes, although LB membranes appear to lack both structures. Similar particles are present on TM membranes and are generally associated with membrane intersections. My results provide evidence that TM is formed from LBs within the alveolar lumen by mechanisms which may be complex.", "PMID": 833198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_413", "title": "Surgical treatment of acute dissecting aneurysm of the ascending aorta.", "content": "Since 1959, 51 patients underwent open heart surgery for correction of an acute dissecting aneurysm of the ascending aorta. Upon admission, 33 patients were severely hypotensive or in progressive heart failure. Acute aortic insufficiency was found in 24 patients, and hemiplegia or hemiparesis in four. In 45 patients the ascending aorta was reconstructed with a woven Dacron graft. After excision of the dissected part of the aorta, primary anastomosis or patch aortoplasty was performed in six patients. The aortic valve remained intact in 26 patients, and resuspension of the commissures restored competence of the aortic valve in another nine. Sixteen patients required aortic valve replacement because of disrupture of the commissures. Dissection extended into the coronary ostia in nine cases. Reconstruction of the coronary system was accomplished by reimplantation of the ostia, interposition of a vein graft or aortocoronary bypass. Nine patients died within the early postoperative course from uncontrollable hemorrhage (four), further dissection (three) and myocardial infarction (two). Within the first year after surgery, another five patients died from acute aortic dissection (two), pseudomonas infection causing rupture of the proximal graft anastomosis (one) and myocardial infarction (two). Contraindications of antihypertensive treatment of acute dissection of the ascending aorta are discussed. We recommend prompt surgical intervention in acute dissecting aneurysms of the ascending aorta.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of acute dissecting aneurysm of the ascending aorta. Since 1959, 51 patients underwent open heart surgery for correction of an acute dissecting aneurysm of the ascending aorta. Upon admission, 33 patients were severely hypotensive or in progressive heart failure. Acute aortic insufficiency was found in 24 patients, and hemiplegia or hemiparesis in four. In 45 patients the ascending aorta was reconstructed with a woven Dacron graft. After excision of the dissected part of the aorta, primary anastomosis or patch aortoplasty was performed in six patients. The aortic valve remained intact in 26 patients, and resuspension of the commissures restored competence of the aortic valve in another nine. Sixteen patients required aortic valve replacement because of disrupture of the commissures. Dissection extended into the coronary ostia in nine cases. Reconstruction of the coronary system was accomplished by reimplantation of the ostia, interposition of a vein graft or aortocoronary bypass. Nine patients died within the early postoperative course from uncontrollable hemorrhage (four), further dissection (three) and myocardial infarction (two). Within the first year after surgery, another five patients died from acute aortic dissection (two), pseudomonas infection causing rupture of the proximal graft anastomosis (one) and myocardial infarction (two). Contraindications of antihypertensive treatment of acute dissection of the ascending aorta are discussed. We recommend prompt surgical intervention in acute dissecting aneurysms of the ascending aorta.", "PMID": 833190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_414", "title": "Thermotropic lateral translational motion of intramembrane particles in the inner mitochondrial membrane and its inhibition by artificial peripheral proteins.", "content": "Freeze fracturing and deep etching have been used to study thermotropic lateral translational motion of intramembrane particles and membrane surface anionic groups in the inner mitochondrial membrane. When the inner membrane is equilibrated at low temperature, the fracture faces of both halves of the membrane reveal a lateral separation between intramembrane particles and particle free, large smooth patches. Such separation is completely reversed through free lateral translational diffusion by reversing the temperature. The low temperature induced, particle-free, smooth membrane patches appear to represent regions of protein-excluding, ordered bilayer lipid which form during thermotropic liquid crystalline to gel state phase transitions. When polycationic ferritin is electrostatically bound to anionic groups exposed at the membrane surface at concentrations which inhibit the activities of cytochrome c oxidase and succinate permease, the bound ferritin migrates with intramembrane particles during the thermotropic lateral separation between the membrane particles and smooth patches. When bound polycationic ferritin is cross-bridged with native ferritin, an artificial peripheral protein lattice forms in association with the surface anionic groups and diminishes the thermotropic lateral translational motion of intramembrane particles in the membrane. These results reveal that the anionic groups of metabolically active integral proteins which are known to be exposed at the surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane migrate with intramembrane particles in the plane of the membrane under conditions which induce lipid-protein lateral separations. In addition, cross-bridging of the anionic groups through an artificial peripheral protein lattice appears to diminish such induced lipid protein lateral separations.", "contents": "Thermotropic lateral translational motion of intramembrane particles in the inner mitochondrial membrane and its inhibition by artificial peripheral proteins. Freeze fracturing and deep etching have been used to study thermotropic lateral translational motion of intramembrane particles and membrane surface anionic groups in the inner mitochondrial membrane. When the inner membrane is equilibrated at low temperature, the fracture faces of both halves of the membrane reveal a lateral separation between intramembrane particles and particle free, large smooth patches. Such separation is completely reversed through free lateral translational diffusion by reversing the temperature. The low temperature induced, particle-free, smooth membrane patches appear to represent regions of protein-excluding, ordered bilayer lipid which form during thermotropic liquid crystalline to gel state phase transitions. When polycationic ferritin is electrostatically bound to anionic groups exposed at the membrane surface at concentrations which inhibit the activities of cytochrome c oxidase and succinate permease, the bound ferritin migrates with intramembrane particles during the thermotropic lateral separation between the membrane particles and smooth patches. When bound polycationic ferritin is cross-bridged with native ferritin, an artificial peripheral protein lattice forms in association with the surface anionic groups and diminishes the thermotropic lateral translational motion of intramembrane particles in the membrane. These results reveal that the anionic groups of metabolically active integral proteins which are known to be exposed at the surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane migrate with intramembrane particles in the plane of the membrane under conditions which induce lipid-protein lateral separations. In addition, cross-bridging of the anionic groups through an artificial peripheral protein lattice appears to diminish such induced lipid protein lateral separations.", "PMID": 833199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_415", "title": "Duodenal erosion by aortorenal dacron graft.", "content": "Fistulous communications between the bowel and arterial grafts present difficult problems in diagnosis and management. The majority of these cases exhibit retroperitoneal sepsis but in some instances communication between the bowel and the lumen of the arterial graft produces serious hemorrhage. In contrast, the current report describes a patient in whom bleeding occurred twelve years after insertion of an aortorenal graft and the source of bleeding was arterial erosion of an ulcer in the duodenal wall rather than an aortoenteric fistula. Removal of the graft, closure of the ulcer, and nephrectomy were effective in treating the bleeding ulcer and the renovascular hypertension.", "contents": "Duodenal erosion by aortorenal dacron graft. Fistulous communications between the bowel and arterial grafts present difficult problems in diagnosis and management. The majority of these cases exhibit retroperitoneal sepsis but in some instances communication between the bowel and the lumen of the arterial graft produces serious hemorrhage. In contrast, the current report describes a patient in whom bleeding occurred twelve years after insertion of an aortorenal graft and the source of bleeding was arterial erosion of an ulcer in the duodenal wall rather than an aortoenteric fistula. Removal of the graft, closure of the ulcer, and nephrectomy were effective in treating the bleeding ulcer and the renovascular hypertension.", "PMID": 833195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_416", "title": "Congenital arteriovenous fistula of the internal mammary vessels: report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "The case of a congenital arteriovenous fistula of the internal mammary vessels in a 41 year-old woman has been reported, and the pertinent literature briefly reviewed. These rare lesions may become apparent only relatively late in life. The accompanyiny signs are often misleading. In view of the uncertain long-term outlook, surgery seems indicated.", "contents": "Congenital arteriovenous fistula of the internal mammary vessels: report of a case and review of the literature. The case of a congenital arteriovenous fistula of the internal mammary vessels in a 41 year-old woman has been reported, and the pertinent literature briefly reviewed. These rare lesions may become apparent only relatively late in life. The accompanyiny signs are often misleading. In view of the uncertain long-term outlook, surgery seems indicated.", "PMID": 833196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_417", "title": "Subcellular localization of a cytochrome P-450-dependent monogenase in vesicles of the higher plant Catharanthus roseus.", "content": "The intracellular location of a cytochrome P-450-dependent monoterpene hydroxylase from the higher plant, Catharanthus roseus, has been investigated. By differential and sucrose density gradient centrifugation, utilizing marker enzymes and electron microscopy, the monooxygenase was demonstrated to be associated with vesicles having a membrane thickness of 40-60 nm. The vesicles could be distinguished from endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and plasma membrane and were found in light membrane fractions containing provacuoles. Most definitive results were obtained when seedlings were ground in the presence of sand and in a medium containing sorbitol. Upon subjection of the 20,000-g pellet preparation to linear sucrose density gradient centrifugation, a threefold enrichment in hydroxylase activity was afforded in a yellow band having vesicles varying in size from 0.1 to 0.8 mum in diam and having a density of 1.09 to 1.10 g/cm3. Since the monooxygenase has been implicated in indole alkaloid biosynthesis in this plant, the data suggest the compartmentalization of at least a part of this pathway.", "contents": "Subcellular localization of a cytochrome P-450-dependent monogenase in vesicles of the higher plant Catharanthus roseus. The intracellular location of a cytochrome P-450-dependent monoterpene hydroxylase from the higher plant, Catharanthus roseus, has been investigated. By differential and sucrose density gradient centrifugation, utilizing marker enzymes and electron microscopy, the monooxygenase was demonstrated to be associated with vesicles having a membrane thickness of 40-60 nm. The vesicles could be distinguished from endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and plasma membrane and were found in light membrane fractions containing provacuoles. Most definitive results were obtained when seedlings were ground in the presence of sand and in a medium containing sorbitol. Upon subjection of the 20,000-g pellet preparation to linear sucrose density gradient centrifugation, a threefold enrichment in hydroxylase activity was afforded in a yellow band having vesicles varying in size from 0.1 to 0.8 mum in diam and having a density of 1.09 to 1.10 g/cm3. Since the monooxygenase has been implicated in indole alkaloid biosynthesis in this plant, the data suggest the compartmentalization of at least a part of this pathway.", "PMID": 833200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_418", "title": "Internal carotid artery aneurysm in the neck: management by gradual occlusion of the carotid artery with a Crutchfield clamp.", "content": "An elderly patient with a large internal carotid artery aneurysm high in the neck is reported. Optimal management by resection and restoration of continuity of the carotid was not felt possible due to the patient's age and the anatomy of the aneurysm. After demonstrating by angiography patency of the contralateral carotid artery and the circle of Willis, the involved carotid was gradually occluded by a Crutchfield clamp. The patient has done well following surgery and the aneurysm has shown progressive decrease in size. This technique is presented to demonstrate an alternate method of management of cervical carotid artery aneurysms when circumstances prevent more definitive treatment.", "contents": "Internal carotid artery aneurysm in the neck: management by gradual occlusion of the carotid artery with a Crutchfield clamp. An elderly patient with a large internal carotid artery aneurysm high in the neck is reported. Optimal management by resection and restoration of continuity of the carotid was not felt possible due to the patient's age and the anatomy of the aneurysm. After demonstrating by angiography patency of the contralateral carotid artery and the circle of Willis, the involved carotid was gradually occluded by a Crutchfield clamp. The patient has done well following surgery and the aneurysm has shown progressive decrease in size. This technique is presented to demonstrate an alternate method of management of cervical carotid artery aneurysms when circumstances prevent more definitive treatment.", "PMID": 833191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_419", "title": "Binding of microtubules to pituitary secretory granules and secretory granule membranes.", "content": "Microtubules assembled in vitro were bound to purified porcine pituitary secretory granules and to isolated granule membranes. The interaction between microtubules and whole secretory granules was demonstrated by alteration in the sedimentation properties of the microtubules. Incubation of secretory granules with microtubules resulted in pelleting of microtubules which increased as a function of the number of granules added. Binding was quantitated by measurement of the tubulin remaining in the supernate after centrifugation. The interaction of secretory granules and microtubules was inhibited by nucleoside triphosphates and augmented by adenosine 5'-monophosphate and adenosine. When depolymerized protein from microtubules was incubated with secretory granules, the granules did not appear to bind the soluble tubulin dimer present in these preparations. However, the high molecular weight protein associated with microtubules was adsorbed by secretory granules during the binding process. Incubation of isolated secretory granule membranes with microtubules followed by centrifugation to density equilibrium in a discontinuous sucrose density gradient caused pelleting of the membranes, which otherwise banded higher in the gradient. The visible alteration in membrane sedimentation was confirmed by measurements of the membrane-associated magnesium-ATPase activity and by a shift in radioactivity in iodinated membrane preparations. Our data suggest a role for microtubules in the intracellular movement of secretory granules; this movement is perhaps brought about by dynein-like cross bridges which link the tubulin backbone and granule surface.", "contents": "Binding of microtubules to pituitary secretory granules and secretory granule membranes. Microtubules assembled in vitro were bound to purified porcine pituitary secretory granules and to isolated granule membranes. The interaction between microtubules and whole secretory granules was demonstrated by alteration in the sedimentation properties of the microtubules. Incubation of secretory granules with microtubules resulted in pelleting of microtubules which increased as a function of the number of granules added. Binding was quantitated by measurement of the tubulin remaining in the supernate after centrifugation. The interaction of secretory granules and microtubules was inhibited by nucleoside triphosphates and augmented by adenosine 5'-monophosphate and adenosine. When depolymerized protein from microtubules was incubated with secretory granules, the granules did not appear to bind the soluble tubulin dimer present in these preparations. However, the high molecular weight protein associated with microtubules was adsorbed by secretory granules during the binding process. Incubation of isolated secretory granule membranes with microtubules followed by centrifugation to density equilibrium in a discontinuous sucrose density gradient caused pelleting of the membranes, which otherwise banded higher in the gradient. The visible alteration in membrane sedimentation was confirmed by measurements of the membrane-associated magnesium-ATPase activity and by a shift in radioactivity in iodinated membrane preparations. Our data suggest a role for microtubules in the intracellular movement of secretory granules; this movement is perhaps brought about by dynein-like cross bridges which link the tubulin backbone and granule surface.", "PMID": 833201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_420", "title": "Dispersed mammary gland epithelial cells. I. Isolation and separation procedures.", "content": "The mammary gland from midpregnant rabbits has been dissociated into individual cells by enzymatic digestion, divalent cation chelation, and gentle shearing. A heterogeneous cell population is obtained, comprising approximately 60% parenchymal cells, approximately 10% myoepithelial cells, and approximately 30% connective tissue cells, including fibroblasts, plasma cells, and microphages. The epithelial cells are characterized by the presence of fat droplets, which in 65% of the cells form large supranuclear vacuoles. Their buoyant density is less than 1.045, allowing their separation from myoepithelial cells and connective tissue cells by isopycnic centrifugation in a density gradient. The homogeneity of the epithelial cell fraction has been assessed by light and electron microscopy. The cells are viable and functionally active as indicated by their ability to exclude vital dyes, incorporate labeled precursors, consume oxygen, maintain intracellular Na+ and K+ concentrations, and retain their structural integrity. In addition, when cultured in Petri dishes, the cells grow as a monolayer, reestablish junctional complexes and retain cell polarity.", "contents": "Dispersed mammary gland epithelial cells. I. Isolation and separation procedures. The mammary gland from midpregnant rabbits has been dissociated into individual cells by enzymatic digestion, divalent cation chelation, and gentle shearing. A heterogeneous cell population is obtained, comprising approximately 60% parenchymal cells, approximately 10% myoepithelial cells, and approximately 30% connective tissue cells, including fibroblasts, plasma cells, and microphages. The epithelial cells are characterized by the presence of fat droplets, which in 65% of the cells form large supranuclear vacuoles. Their buoyant density is less than 1.045, allowing their separation from myoepithelial cells and connective tissue cells by isopycnic centrifugation in a density gradient. The homogeneity of the epithelial cell fraction has been assessed by light and electron microscopy. The cells are viable and functionally active as indicated by their ability to exclude vital dyes, incorporate labeled precursors, consume oxygen, maintain intracellular Na+ and K+ concentrations, and retain their structural integrity. In addition, when cultured in Petri dishes, the cells grow as a monolayer, reestablish junctional complexes and retain cell polarity.", "PMID": 833202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_421", "title": "Distribution of organelles and membranes between hepatocytes and nonhepatocytes in the rat liver parenchyma. A stereological study.", "content": "When biochemical studies on the liver are interpreted, the cells of the sinusoidal area frequently receive little attention because, compared to hepatocytes, their contribution to subcellular fractions is assumed insignificant. A systematic stereological analysis of liver parenchyma was therefore performed in order to determine the distribution of organelles and membranes between hepatocytic and nonhepatocytic cells, namely endothelial, Kupffer, and fat-storing cells. The livers were fixed by vascular perfusion and the data were corrected for systematic errors dur to section thickness and compression. The extracellular space compartment includes the lumina of sinusoids (10.6%), the space of Disse (4.9%), and the bile canaliculi (0.4%). Hepatocytes constitute 78% of parenchymal volume; the nonhepatocytes account for 6.3% and consist of 2.8% endothelial cells, 2.1% Kupffer cells, and 1.4% fat-storing cells. The nonhepatocytes contribute 55% of the volume of lipid droplets in the liver, 43% of the lysosomes, and 1.2% of the mitochondria. Although the nonhepatocytes account for only 8% of the total surface area of parenchymal membranes, they contain 26.5% of all the plasma membranes, 32.4% of the lysosomal membranes, 15.1% of the Golgi apparatus 6.4% of the endoplasmic reticulum, and 2.4% of the mitochondrial membranes. The data demonstrate the extent to which nonhepatocytic organelles can potentially contaminate subcellular fractions used for biochemical studies. Particularly important for the interpretation of studies on lysosomes, plasma membrane, and Golgi apparatus is the finding that an appreciable part of these organelles may be derived from cell types other than hepatocytes.", "contents": "Distribution of organelles and membranes between hepatocytes and nonhepatocytes in the rat liver parenchyma. A stereological study. When biochemical studies on the liver are interpreted, the cells of the sinusoidal area frequently receive little attention because, compared to hepatocytes, their contribution to subcellular fractions is assumed insignificant. A systematic stereological analysis of liver parenchyma was therefore performed in order to determine the distribution of organelles and membranes between hepatocytic and nonhepatocytic cells, namely endothelial, Kupffer, and fat-storing cells. The livers were fixed by vascular perfusion and the data were corrected for systematic errors dur to section thickness and compression. The extracellular space compartment includes the lumina of sinusoids (10.6%), the space of Disse (4.9%), and the bile canaliculi (0.4%). Hepatocytes constitute 78% of parenchymal volume; the nonhepatocytes account for 6.3% and consist of 2.8% endothelial cells, 2.1% Kupffer cells, and 1.4% fat-storing cells. The nonhepatocytes contribute 55% of the volume of lipid droplets in the liver, 43% of the lysosomes, and 1.2% of the mitochondria. Although the nonhepatocytes account for only 8% of the total surface area of parenchymal membranes, they contain 26.5% of all the plasma membranes, 32.4% of the lysosomal membranes, 15.1% of the Golgi apparatus 6.4% of the endoplasmic reticulum, and 2.4% of the mitochondrial membranes. The data demonstrate the extent to which nonhepatocytic organelles can potentially contaminate subcellular fractions used for biochemical studies. Particularly important for the interpretation of studies on lysosomes, plasma membrane, and Golgi apparatus is the finding that an appreciable part of these organelles may be derived from cell types other than hepatocytes.", "PMID": 833203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_422", "title": "Distribution of anionic sites on the oviduct ciliary membrane.", "content": "Polycationic ferritin (PCF) was used as a visual probe for anionic sites on the oviduct ciliary membrane. The binding of PCF to ciliary membranes was dependent on the concentration of the probe in the incubation media. At low concentrations (0.08-0.16 mg/ml), PCF was bound exclusively to the tip of the cilium whereas at higher concentrations (0.32-0.64 mg/ml), ferritin was located at the tip and at the base around the transition region, with occasional scattered clumps on the remainder of the membrane. The base and tip binding was fount to be associated with special surface modifications of the membrane in these regions. At the tip, PCF was bound to a filamentous glycocalyx termed the ciliary crown. Base binding was associated with a system of five to six 140-A high ridges, each of which encircled the membrane of the transition region. The ridges were equally spaced (approxamately 245 A spacing) along the length of the transition region. Since pretreatment of oviduct with either neuraminidase or protease blocked the binding of the probe, the PCF-binding sites appear to be negatively charged glycoproteins or mucopolysaccharides.", "contents": "Distribution of anionic sites on the oviduct ciliary membrane. Polycationic ferritin (PCF) was used as a visual probe for anionic sites on the oviduct ciliary membrane. The binding of PCF to ciliary membranes was dependent on the concentration of the probe in the incubation media. At low concentrations (0.08-0.16 mg/ml), PCF was bound exclusively to the tip of the cilium whereas at higher concentrations (0.32-0.64 mg/ml), ferritin was located at the tip and at the base around the transition region, with occasional scattered clumps on the remainder of the membrane. The base and tip binding was fount to be associated with special surface modifications of the membrane in these regions. At the tip, PCF was bound to a filamentous glycocalyx termed the ciliary crown. Base binding was associated with a system of five to six 140-A high ridges, each of which encircled the membrane of the transition region. The ridges were equally spaced (approxamately 245 A spacing) along the length of the transition region. Since pretreatment of oviduct with either neuraminidase or protease blocked the binding of the probe, the PCF-binding sites appear to be negatively charged glycoproteins or mucopolysaccharides.", "PMID": 833205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_423", "title": "Temporal programming of chloroplast and cytoplasmic ribosomal RNA transcription in the synchronous cell cycle of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.", "content": "Approximately 90% of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplast and cytoplasmic rRNAs was transcribed in the nuclear G1 phase, which occurred during the light period under an alternating light-dark synchronization regime of 12 h each. The remaining 10% of chloroplast and cytoplasmic rRNAs was transcribed from its respective DNAs in the dark period, in the midst of an apparent turnover of a transcription appeared to be prokaryotic in sophistication. The transcription was not interrupted during chloroplast DNA synthesis which occurred during the light period. However, transcription of the nuclear DNA was repressed severely during the nuclear S phase in the dark period. The patterns of incorporation of 32P into chloroplast and cytoplasmic rRNA species in the cell cycle were similar to those of the actual rRNA synthesis as measured optically. However, the quantity of 32P incorporation per unit amount of rRNA synthesized varied considerably during the cell cycle, increasing in all rRNA's during the dark period. 32P incorporation data obtained from continuous and pulse 32P-labeling experiments also revealed a turnover of a small amount of both cytoplasmic and chloroplast rRNAs at the end of the S phase. The 32P incorporation into cytoplasmic and chloroplast rRNAs was well matched temporally with the 32P incorporation into their corresponding ribosomes, indicating that the newly synthesized rRNA molecules are utilized without delay throughout the cell cycle in the assembly of ribosomes.", "contents": "Temporal programming of chloroplast and cytoplasmic ribosomal RNA transcription in the synchronous cell cycle of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Approximately 90% of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplast and cytoplasmic rRNAs was transcribed in the nuclear G1 phase, which occurred during the light period under an alternating light-dark synchronization regime of 12 h each. The remaining 10% of chloroplast and cytoplasmic rRNAs was transcribed from its respective DNAs in the dark period, in the midst of an apparent turnover of a transcription appeared to be prokaryotic in sophistication. The transcription was not interrupted during chloroplast DNA synthesis which occurred during the light period. However, transcription of the nuclear DNA was repressed severely during the nuclear S phase in the dark period. The patterns of incorporation of 32P into chloroplast and cytoplasmic rRNA species in the cell cycle were similar to those of the actual rRNA synthesis as measured optically. However, the quantity of 32P incorporation per unit amount of rRNA synthesized varied considerably during the cell cycle, increasing in all rRNA's during the dark period. 32P incorporation data obtained from continuous and pulse 32P-labeling experiments also revealed a turnover of a small amount of both cytoplasmic and chloroplast rRNAs at the end of the S phase. The 32P incorporation into cytoplasmic and chloroplast rRNAs was well matched temporally with the 32P incorporation into their corresponding ribosomes, indicating that the newly synthesized rRNA molecules are utilized without delay throughout the cell cycle in the assembly of ribosomes.", "PMID": 833204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_424", "title": "Membrane changes during cartilage maturation. Increase in 5'-nucleotidase and decrease in adenosine inhibition of adenylate cyclase.", "content": "To examine the potential participation of the plasma membrane in differentiation, we studied the enzymatic activities of 5'-nucleotidase and adenylate cyclase as a function of chondrocyte maturation. 16-day-old chick embryo tibiae epiphyses were dissected into proliferative, growing and hypertrophying zones. Partially purified membrane fractions prepared by differential centrifugation from the respective tissue segments were assayed for enzymatic activity. Cell suspensions from the same segments were examined cytochemically for the presence of 5'-nucleotidase. The findings show that the 5'-nucleotidase activity of the chick embryo epiphyseal cartilage has the following characteristics: (a) it has a Km of about 25 muM for 5'AMP, and is inhibited by a mixture of 2' and 3'AMP (apparent Ki about 10(-4) M) and by AOPCP; (b) it is predominantly localized at the cell surface but is also detected in the cytoplasm and in association with nuclear heterochromatin; and (c) it increases 10-fold (on a DNA basis) during the maturation of the epiphyseal cartilage cells. The adenylate cyclase activity has these characteristics: (a) it does not change during chondrocyte maturation (on a DNA basis); (b) its susceptibility to adenosine inhibition decreases at least 10-fold. The implication of these findings relative to a possible role of adenosine in cellular communication is discussed.", "contents": "Membrane changes during cartilage maturation. Increase in 5'-nucleotidase and decrease in adenosine inhibition of adenylate cyclase. To examine the potential participation of the plasma membrane in differentiation, we studied the enzymatic activities of 5'-nucleotidase and adenylate cyclase as a function of chondrocyte maturation. 16-day-old chick embryo tibiae epiphyses were dissected into proliferative, growing and hypertrophying zones. Partially purified membrane fractions prepared by differential centrifugation from the respective tissue segments were assayed for enzymatic activity. Cell suspensions from the same segments were examined cytochemically for the presence of 5'-nucleotidase. The findings show that the 5'-nucleotidase activity of the chick embryo epiphyseal cartilage has the following characteristics: (a) it has a Km of about 25 muM for 5'AMP, and is inhibited by a mixture of 2' and 3'AMP (apparent Ki about 10(-4) M) and by AOPCP; (b) it is predominantly localized at the cell surface but is also detected in the cytoplasm and in association with nuclear heterochromatin; and (c) it increases 10-fold (on a DNA basis) during the maturation of the epiphyseal cartilage cells. The adenylate cyclase activity has these characteristics: (a) it does not change during chondrocyte maturation (on a DNA basis); (b) its susceptibility to adenosine inhibition decreases at least 10-fold. The implication of these findings relative to a possible role of adenosine in cellular communication is discussed.", "PMID": 833206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_425", "title": "G2+M arrest of cultured mammalian cells after incorporation of tritium-labeled nucleosides.", "content": "Novikoff rat hepatoma cells were propagated in suspension cultures containing 0.5 to 10 muC of 3H-methyl-thymidine, 3H-5-uridine, 3H-G-adenosine or 3H-8-adenine. The presence of the 3H-labeled precursors caused an inhibition of cell replication which was due to a delay or arrest of the cells in G2 and M. The degree of inhibition was proportional to the amount of radioactivity incorporated into nucleic acids. Almost immediate and complete inhibition resulted from incubation with 10 muC 3H-thymidine/ml. The presence of 0.5 muC 3H-thmidine/ml caused a significant increase in the relative proportion of cells in G2+M, even though the population doubling time of the culture appeared to be unaltered.", "contents": "G2+M arrest of cultured mammalian cells after incorporation of tritium-labeled nucleosides. Novikoff rat hepatoma cells were propagated in suspension cultures containing 0.5 to 10 muC of 3H-methyl-thymidine, 3H-5-uridine, 3H-G-adenosine or 3H-8-adenine. The presence of the 3H-labeled precursors caused an inhibition of cell replication which was due to a delay or arrest of the cells in G2 and M. The degree of inhibition was proportional to the amount of radioactivity incorporated into nucleic acids. Almost immediate and complete inhibition resulted from incubation with 10 muC 3H-thymidine/ml. The presence of 0.5 muC 3H-thmidine/ml caused a significant increase in the relative proportion of cells in G2+M, even though the population doubling time of the culture appeared to be unaltered.", "PMID": 833207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_426", "title": "Electron probe microanalysis of chemical elemental content of single human red cells.", "content": "Sodium, potassium, iron and sulfur contents of single human red cells were measured using electron microprobe microanalysis. Three preparative procedures were compared, and the most reliable technique was found to be spraying of cells onto polished pyrolytic graphite by atomization. Primary standards were prepared by adjusting the intracellular electrolyte content of red cells, eliminating the need to correct for X-ray absorption. Samples were stable under the electron beam during analysis, and could be stored for long periods of time. Strong correlations were found between the X-ray intensities of iron and sulfur and between potassium and sodium. X-ray intensities of potassium and sodium were found to be directly proportional to internal ionic content. Large populations of single cells could be analyzed and the distribution of their elemental content studied.", "contents": "Electron probe microanalysis of chemical elemental content of single human red cells. Sodium, potassium, iron and sulfur contents of single human red cells were measured using electron microprobe microanalysis. Three preparative procedures were compared, and the most reliable technique was found to be spraying of cells onto polished pyrolytic graphite by atomization. Primary standards were prepared by adjusting the intracellular electrolyte content of red cells, eliminating the need to correct for X-ray absorption. Samples were stable under the electron beam during analysis, and could be stored for long periods of time. Strong correlations were found between the X-ray intensities of iron and sulfur and between potassium and sodium. X-ray intensities of potassium and sodium were found to be directly proportional to internal ionic content. Large populations of single cells could be analyzed and the distribution of their elemental content studied.", "PMID": 833208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_427", "title": "Large scale purification and further characterization of a rat liver cell conditioned medium multiplication stimulating activity.", "content": "The application of roller-bottle cell culture techniques and a relatively simple purification scheme has led to the isolation of milligram quantities of a polypeptide cell multiplication stimulating activity (MSA) from Buffalo rat liver cell conditioned medium. We have characterized the apparently homogeneous MSA with respect to its biological activity, its N-terminal amino acid residue, and its amino acid composition, and have tested the MSA for growth-promoting activity in a number of cell types.", "contents": "Large scale purification and further characterization of a rat liver cell conditioned medium multiplication stimulating activity. The application of roller-bottle cell culture techniques and a relatively simple purification scheme has led to the isolation of milligram quantities of a polypeptide cell multiplication stimulating activity (MSA) from Buffalo rat liver cell conditioned medium. We have characterized the apparently homogeneous MSA with respect to its biological activity, its N-terminal amino acid residue, and its amino acid composition, and have tested the MSA for growth-promoting activity in a number of cell types.", "PMID": 833209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_428", "title": "Studies on intercellular adhesion. I. Adhesion of neural retina cells to isotypic aggregates in serum free medium.", "content": "A quantitative assay for intercellular adhesion, which is a modification of the collecting aggregate assay (Roth et al., '71) is described. The use of mechanically dissociated single cells labeled with 3H-leucine, and of a gyratory shaker increased considerably the efficiency of cell collection. With chick embryo neural retina, it was shown that isotypic cell adhesion occurs in simple synthetic media and even in sodium chloride solution suggesting that divalent cations do not play a major role in adhesion of these cells. Cell collection in media without serum was not affected by metabolic or protein synthesis inhibitors. However, cell adhesion was temperature-dependent since no collection occurred at 4 degrees C but was maximal at 38 degrees C.", "contents": "Studies on intercellular adhesion. I. Adhesion of neural retina cells to isotypic aggregates in serum free medium. A quantitative assay for intercellular adhesion, which is a modification of the collecting aggregate assay (Roth et al., '71) is described. The use of mechanically dissociated single cells labeled with 3H-leucine, and of a gyratory shaker increased considerably the efficiency of cell collection. With chick embryo neural retina, it was shown that isotypic cell adhesion occurs in simple synthetic media and even in sodium chloride solution suggesting that divalent cations do not play a major role in adhesion of these cells. Cell collection in media without serum was not affected by metabolic or protein synthesis inhibitors. However, cell adhesion was temperature-dependent since no collection occurred at 4 degrees C but was maximal at 38 degrees C.", "PMID": 833210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_429", "title": "Studies on intercellular adhesion. II. Promoting effect of serum and proteins on adhesion of neural retina cells to isotypic aggregates.", "content": "The quantitative assay described in the preceding paper (Pessac et al., '77) was used to study the effects of serum and various proteins on isotypic adhesion of chick embryo neural retina cells. Fetal bovine, chicken, horse, rabbit and human sera promoted cell adhesion to the same extent. The same sera also enhanced isotypic adhesion of cells from other organs showing that the cell adhesion promoting activity of sera was not organ specific. Neural retina (NR) cell collection in serum supplemented medium was not modified by protein synthesis or metabolic inhibitors and was temperature dependent with a maximum at 38 degrees C. The higher temperature does not seem to be required for repair of the cell surface after dissociation, but for the process of adhesion itself. Various serum fractions and egg albumin showed a cell adhesion promoting activity similar to that of sera.", "contents": "Studies on intercellular adhesion. II. Promoting effect of serum and proteins on adhesion of neural retina cells to isotypic aggregates. The quantitative assay described in the preceding paper (Pessac et al., '77) was used to study the effects of serum and various proteins on isotypic adhesion of chick embryo neural retina cells. Fetal bovine, chicken, horse, rabbit and human sera promoted cell adhesion to the same extent. The same sera also enhanced isotypic adhesion of cells from other organs showing that the cell adhesion promoting activity of sera was not organ specific. Neural retina (NR) cell collection in serum supplemented medium was not modified by protein synthesis or metabolic inhibitors and was temperature dependent with a maximum at 38 degrees C. The higher temperature does not seem to be required for repair of the cell surface after dissociation, but for the process of adhesion itself. Various serum fractions and egg albumin showed a cell adhesion promoting activity similar to that of sera.", "PMID": 833211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_430", "title": "Cytotoxicity of ascorbate and other reducing agents towards cultured fibroblasts as a result of hydrogen peroxide formation.", "content": "Several types of cultured fibroblasts, including chick embryo, human and mouse, were killed by the addition of sodium ascorbate at final concentrations of 0.05-0.25 mM to cultures at the time of inoculation or to attached cells. Ascorbate did not affect the attachment of cells to the substratum. The effect on chick embryo fibroblasts was visible by four hours and by six hours almost all cells had swelled and were becoming detached. By 24 hours detached cells had either lysed or become crenated in appearance. Other end-diol reducing agents and also glutathione and cysteine were effective while gulonolactone, a non-reducing analogue of ascorbate, was ineffective. Preincubation of medium containing ascorbate but no cells, conditions which result in degradation of the vitamin, led to loss of toxicity, indicating that a degradation product was not the lethal agent and that a component of the medium was not converted to a lethal substance. The lethal effect of both ascorbate and glutathione was prevented by the addition of catalase to the medium suggesting that H2O2 formed by intracellular reactions and then excreted into the medium was the cytotoxic agent. This conclusion was supported by the findings that 0.05 mM H2O2 added to chick embryo fibroblasts was lethal and that the effect of this compound on cellular morphology was almost identical to that of ascorbate.", "contents": "Cytotoxicity of ascorbate and other reducing agents towards cultured fibroblasts as a result of hydrogen peroxide formation. Several types of cultured fibroblasts, including chick embryo, human and mouse, were killed by the addition of sodium ascorbate at final concentrations of 0.05-0.25 mM to cultures at the time of inoculation or to attached cells. Ascorbate did not affect the attachment of cells to the substratum. The effect on chick embryo fibroblasts was visible by four hours and by six hours almost all cells had swelled and were becoming detached. By 24 hours detached cells had either lysed or become crenated in appearance. Other end-diol reducing agents and also glutathione and cysteine were effective while gulonolactone, a non-reducing analogue of ascorbate, was ineffective. Preincubation of medium containing ascorbate but no cells, conditions which result in degradation of the vitamin, led to loss of toxicity, indicating that a degradation product was not the lethal agent and that a component of the medium was not converted to a lethal substance. The lethal effect of both ascorbate and glutathione was prevented by the addition of catalase to the medium suggesting that H2O2 formed by intracellular reactions and then excreted into the medium was the cytotoxic agent. This conclusion was supported by the findings that 0.05 mM H2O2 added to chick embryo fibroblasts was lethal and that the effect of this compound on cellular morphology was almost identical to that of ascorbate.", "PMID": 833212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_431", "title": "Simple method for the quantitative analysis of tetracyclines by direct fluorimetry after thin-layer chromatography on cellulose plates.", "content": "A thin-layer chromatographic method is described in which tetracyclines are separated on a cellulose layer by development with aqueous solutions of certain salts (magnesium, calcium, barium and zinc chloride). The spots exhibit good fluorescence in UV light, allowing ready detection without the necessity for treatment with any reagents. This fluorescence can be used for the direct photometric determination of the tetracyclines with good accuracy.", "contents": "Simple method for the quantitative analysis of tetracyclines by direct fluorimetry after thin-layer chromatography on cellulose plates. A thin-layer chromatographic method is described in which tetracyclines are separated on a cellulose layer by development with aqueous solutions of certain salts (magnesium, calcium, barium and zinc chloride). The spots exhibit good fluorescence in UV light, allowing ready detection without the necessity for treatment with any reagents. This fluorescence can be used for the direct photometric determination of the tetracyclines with good accuracy.", "PMID": 833218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_432", "title": "Detection reagent for adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine and their alkylated bases, nucleotides and nucleosides on thin-layer plates.", "content": "The detection of alkylated bases at the nanogram level is reported. The reaction is based on two steps, first, chlorination of the bases and, secondly, spraying the chlorinated product with o-tolidine solution to give a dark blue color. The detection of nucleotides and nucleosides is also possible. The optimum conditions and the possible mechanism of the reaction are discussed.", "contents": "Detection reagent for adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine and their alkylated bases, nucleotides and nucleosides on thin-layer plates. The detection of alkylated bases at the nanogram level is reported. The reaction is based on two steps, first, chlorination of the bases and, secondly, spraying the chlorinated product with o-tolidine solution to give a dark blue color. The detection of nucleotides and nucleosides is also possible. The optimum conditions and the possible mechanism of the reaction are discussed.", "PMID": 833219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_433", "title": "Quantitation of patulin pathway metabolites using gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "A gas-liquid chromatographic system which allows most of the metabolites of the patulin pathway to be separated and quantitated has been developed. The metabolites are mostly phenols, and after conversion to their trimethylsilyl derivatives they are efficiently separated on a 3.18 mm O.D. stainless-stell column of 10% QF-1 on Gas-Chrom Q using a temperature programme. The detection limits for the three phenolic acids, 6-methylsalicylic acid, m-hydroxybenzoic acid and gentisic acid are all markedly lower than those obtained in previous systems. The usefulness of the system has been assessed by quantitating the patulin pathway metabolites present in culture filtrates of Penicillium urticae NRRL 2159A.", "contents": "Quantitation of patulin pathway metabolites using gas-liquid chromatography. A gas-liquid chromatographic system which allows most of the metabolites of the patulin pathway to be separated and quantitated has been developed. The metabolites are mostly phenols, and after conversion to their trimethylsilyl derivatives they are efficiently separated on a 3.18 mm O.D. stainless-stell column of 10% QF-1 on Gas-Chrom Q using a temperature programme. The detection limits for the three phenolic acids, 6-methylsalicylic acid, m-hydroxybenzoic acid and gentisic acid are all markedly lower than those obtained in previous systems. The usefulness of the system has been assessed by quantitating the patulin pathway metabolites present in culture filtrates of Penicillium urticae NRRL 2159A.", "PMID": 833228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_434", "title": "Determination of N-nitrosoproline at the nanogram level.", "content": "Two sensitive detection systems are described for the quantitative determination of a nonvolatile nitrosamine, nitrosoproline. One procedure involves denitrosation followed by derivatization of amino product, proline, with 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-Cl). The highly fluorescent NBD-proline compound formed is then identified and quantitated by either thin-layer chromatography or high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). In the second system, the volatile methyl ester of the intact nitrosoproline is prepared, then detected by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC), and confirmed by combined gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (GLC-MS). Both methods permit the quantitative detection of less than 10 ng of nitrosoproline. However, the HPLC fluorescence technique is approximately ten times as sensitive as the GLC method.", "contents": "Determination of N-nitrosoproline at the nanogram level. Two sensitive detection systems are described for the quantitative determination of a nonvolatile nitrosamine, nitrosoproline. One procedure involves denitrosation followed by derivatization of amino product, proline, with 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-Cl). The highly fluorescent NBD-proline compound formed is then identified and quantitated by either thin-layer chromatography or high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). In the second system, the volatile methyl ester of the intact nitrosoproline is prepared, then detected by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC), and confirmed by combined gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (GLC-MS). Both methods permit the quantitative detection of less than 10 ng of nitrosoproline. However, the HPLC fluorescence technique is approximately ten times as sensitive as the GLC method.", "PMID": 833230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_435", "title": "Assay of human plasma for nortriptyline by radioacetylation and thin-layer chromatography.", "content": "A highly specific and sensitive thin-layer chromatographic method for determining nortriptyline levels in plasma is presented. The procedure involves extracting nortriptyline, acetylating it with radioactive acetic anhydride, resolving acetylnortriptyline by thin-layer chromatography, and measuring its radioactivity.", "contents": "Assay of human plasma for nortriptyline by radioacetylation and thin-layer chromatography. A highly specific and sensitive thin-layer chromatographic method for determining nortriptyline levels in plasma is presented. The procedure involves extracting nortriptyline, acetylating it with radioactive acetic anhydride, resolving acetylnortriptyline by thin-layer chromatography, and measuring its radioactivity.", "PMID": 833231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_436", "title": "Polymerization of penicillins. IV. Separation, isolation and characterization of ampicillin polymers formed in aqueous solution.", "content": "Polymeric substances formed from ampicillin sodium in aqueous solution have been separated according to charge by anion-exchange chromatography on a column of DEAE-Sephadex A-25 using a linear sodium chloride gradient at a constant pH of 7.4. The separated materials, ranging in size from the monomer to the octamer, have been characterized by various functional-group analyses. A homogeneous well-defined ampicillin dimer, tetramer and hexamer have been isolated from the effluent in high yields. The separation and isolation of the ampicillin polymers permit a conclusive establishment of their structures, which in turn has confirmed previous suggestions that the polymers are formed through a chain process involving aminolysis of ampicillin at the beta-lactam carbonyl moiety by the amino group of the side-chain of a second ampicillin molecule.", "contents": "Polymerization of penicillins. IV. Separation, isolation and characterization of ampicillin polymers formed in aqueous solution. Polymeric substances formed from ampicillin sodium in aqueous solution have been separated according to charge by anion-exchange chromatography on a column of DEAE-Sephadex A-25 using a linear sodium chloride gradient at a constant pH of 7.4. The separated materials, ranging in size from the monomer to the octamer, have been characterized by various functional-group analyses. A homogeneous well-defined ampicillin dimer, tetramer and hexamer have been isolated from the effluent in high yields. The separation and isolation of the ampicillin polymers permit a conclusive establishment of their structures, which in turn has confirmed previous suggestions that the polymers are formed through a chain process involving aminolysis of ampicillin at the beta-lactam carbonyl moiety by the amino group of the side-chain of a second ampicillin molecule.", "PMID": 833232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_437", "title": "[Analysis of benzodiazepines and their hydrolysis products, benzophenones, by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and its application to biological material (author's transl)].", "content": "Conditions for the routine separation of some benzodiazepines and their hydrolysis products, benzophenones, by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography have been developed. They were applied to the qualitative and quantitative determination of benzodiazepines and benzophenones in biological material, e.g., blood and urine.", "contents": "[Analysis of benzodiazepines and their hydrolysis products, benzophenones, by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and its application to biological material (author's transl)]. Conditions for the routine separation of some benzodiazepines and their hydrolysis products, benzophenones, by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography have been developed. They were applied to the qualitative and quantitative determination of benzodiazepines and benzophenones in biological material, e.g., blood and urine.", "PMID": 833233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_438", "title": "Determination of hydrochlorothiazide in serum by high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "A quantitative high-pressure liquid chromatographic method has been developed for  the analysis of hydrochlorothiazide in serum in therapeutical concentrations. The method is based on gel filtration of the sera on Sephadex G-15, extraction of the protein-free fraction of the effluent with ethyl acetate and injection of a methanol solution of the drug extract on a reversed-phase column packed with Spherisorb ODS (particle size, 10 mum). The mobile phase is 15% methanol in water. The detection limit is 50 ng/ml of serum. Serum samples from patients receiving hydrochlorothiazide have been analysed by the described method at different hours postdose.", "contents": "Determination of hydrochlorothiazide in serum by high-pressure liquid chromatography. A quantitative high-pressure liquid chromatographic method has been developed for  the analysis of hydrochlorothiazide in serum in therapeutical concentrations. The method is based on gel filtration of the sera on Sephadex G-15, extraction of the protein-free fraction of the effluent with ethyl acetate and injection of a methanol solution of the drug extract on a reversed-phase column packed with Spherisorb ODS (particle size, 10 mum). The mobile phase is 15% methanol in water. The detection limit is 50 ng/ml of serum. Serum samples from patients receiving hydrochlorothiazide have been analysed by the described method at different hours postdose.", "PMID": 833234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_439", "title": "Combined thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatographic identification of tricyclic antidepressants in urine.", "content": "A combined thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatographic (TLC-GLC) procedure for determination of tricyclic antidepressant drugs in urine is described. GLC on 1.5% OV-17 was utilized to analyzed basic urine extracts directly for the tricyclics and to confirm the identity of spots extracted from thin-layer chromatograms, and TLC was used to confirm the results of these GLC screens. Lower limits of sensitivity for the thin-layer spot extraction procedure were found to range from 2 mug/ml for amitriptyline and imipramine to 10 mug/ml for desipramine and nortriptyline. Turn-around-times for the GLC tricyclic screens were usually less than 1 h. The finding that nortriptyline and desipramine were chemically altered under various extraction conditions was used as a means of confirming the identity of these drugs, and the identity of these chemically altered derivatives was discussed with reference to their low resolution mass spectra.", "contents": "Combined thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatographic identification of tricyclic antidepressants in urine. A combined thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatographic (TLC-GLC) procedure for determination of tricyclic antidepressant drugs in urine is described. GLC on 1.5% OV-17 was utilized to analyzed basic urine extracts directly for the tricyclics and to confirm the identity of spots extracted from thin-layer chromatograms, and TLC was used to confirm the results of these GLC screens. Lower limits of sensitivity for the thin-layer spot extraction procedure were found to range from 2 mug/ml for amitriptyline and imipramine to 10 mug/ml for desipramine and nortriptyline. Turn-around-times for the GLC tricyclic screens were usually less than 1 h. The finding that nortriptyline and desipramine were chemically altered under various extraction conditions was used as a means of confirming the identity of these drugs, and the identity of these chemically altered derivatives was discussed with reference to their low resolution mass spectra.", "PMID": 833235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_440", "title": "Determination of chlorinated pesticides in potable water.", "content": "A procedure is described for monitoring organochlorine pesticides in potable water. Material adsorbed from water on to Amberlite XAD-2 macroreticular resin was eluted with n-hexane and the concentrated eluate was analyzed without further treatment. Electron capture (63Ni) gas chromatography utilizing a column of 4% QF-1 and 2% SE-30 on 80-100 mesh HP Chromosorb W at 180 degrees permitted identification of organochlorine pesticides and indicated the presence of phthalates. Confirmatory qualitative and quantitative analyses were done by specific ion-monitoring mass spectrometry. Levels determined in Ottawa drinking water were 17 ppt alpha-BHC, 1.3 ppt lindane, 0.7 ppt aldrin, and less than 0.05 ppt for each of heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin, endrin, chlordane, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDT, and p,p'-DDE.", "contents": "Determination of chlorinated pesticides in potable water. A procedure is described for monitoring organochlorine pesticides in potable water. Material adsorbed from water on to Amberlite XAD-2 macroreticular resin was eluted with n-hexane and the concentrated eluate was analyzed without further treatment. Electron capture (63Ni) gas chromatography utilizing a column of 4% QF-1 and 2% SE-30 on 80-100 mesh HP Chromosorb W at 180 degrees permitted identification of organochlorine pesticides and indicated the presence of phthalates. Confirmatory qualitative and quantitative analyses were done by specific ion-monitoring mass spectrometry. Levels determined in Ottawa drinking water were 17 ppt alpha-BHC, 1.3 ppt lindane, 0.7 ppt aldrin, and less than 0.05 ppt for each of heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin, endrin, chlordane, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDT, and p,p'-DDE.", "PMID": 833236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_441", "title": "Gas chromatographic determination of propoxyphene and norpropoxyphene in plasma.", "content": "Propoxyphene and its major metabolite norpropoxyphene have been determined simultaneously by using gas chromatography. In order to avoid the on-column decomposition of the propoxyphene, derivatives were formed with the aid of lithium aluminium hydride, which cleaves the propionic acid ester of propoxyphene and reduces the norpropoxyphene amide. Promethazine was used as an internal standard. Propoxyphene and norpropoxyphene levels in plasma were determined in samples from six male volunteers receiving a single oral dose of 150 mg of propoxyphene hydrochloride in a sustained-release form (Abalgin Retard).", "contents": "Gas chromatographic determination of propoxyphene and norpropoxyphene in plasma. Propoxyphene and its major metabolite norpropoxyphene have been determined simultaneously by using gas chromatography. In order to avoid the on-column decomposition of the propoxyphene, derivatives were formed with the aid of lithium aluminium hydride, which cleaves the propionic acid ester of propoxyphene and reduces the norpropoxyphene amide. Promethazine was used as an internal standard. Propoxyphene and norpropoxyphene levels in plasma were determined in samples from six male volunteers receiving a single oral dose of 150 mg of propoxyphene hydrochloride in a sustained-release form (Abalgin Retard).", "PMID": 833237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_442", "title": "Improved chromatographic identification of coloured amino acid thiohydantoins.", "content": "A new N-terminal reagent for peptides and proteins, 4-N,N-dimethylamino-naphthylazobenzene-4'-isothiocyanate, is described which gives purple thiohydantoin derivatives; chromatographic separation of 24 amino acid thiohydantoins is reported. Such standard purple derivatives can be used as markers in the separation of the red 4-N,N-dimethylaminoazobenzene-4'-thiohydantoins. Conversely, standard red thiohydantoins can be used as markers in the separation of unknown purple amino acid thiohydantoins. In two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography, the precision of identifying the unknowns can be greatly improved by running markers with a colour different from the unknowns on the same side of the sheet.", "contents": "Improved chromatographic identification of coloured amino acid thiohydantoins. A new N-terminal reagent for peptides and proteins, 4-N,N-dimethylamino-naphthylazobenzene-4'-isothiocyanate, is described which gives purple thiohydantoin derivatives; chromatographic separation of 24 amino acid thiohydantoins is reported. Such standard purple derivatives can be used as markers in the separation of the red 4-N,N-dimethylaminoazobenzene-4'-thiohydantoins. Conversely, standard red thiohydantoins can be used as markers in the separation of unknown purple amino acid thiohydantoins. In two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography, the precision of identifying the unknowns can be greatly improved by running markers with a colour different from the unknowns on the same side of the sheet.", "PMID": 833238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_443", "title": "Erythromycin series. V. Quantitative analysis of cladinose and methylcladinoside by densitometry of thin-layer chromatograms.", "content": "A direct, quantitative, thin-layer chromatographic method is described for the determination of sugar cladinose and methylcladinoside in the presence of other acid-degradation products of the antibiotics erythromycin oxime and erythromycyl-amine. Cladinose and methylcladinoside are separated from compounds which cause interference on pre-coated silica gel F254 plates, and are measured directly on the thin-layer plate using a densitometer. Standard graphs obtained for cladinose and methylcladinoside show a linear relation between the square root of the peak area and the logarithm of the amount of substance present in the spot, as well as between the square of the area and the logarithm of the amount. This method is very successful in stability studies on the antibiotics erythromycin oxime and erythromycylamine in an acid medium. The technique seems to be particularly useful in instances in which the usual analytical methods either cannot be applied or can be applied only with difficulty.", "contents": "Erythromycin series. V. Quantitative analysis of cladinose and methylcladinoside by densitometry of thin-layer chromatograms. A direct, quantitative, thin-layer chromatographic method is described for the determination of sugar cladinose and methylcladinoside in the presence of other acid-degradation products of the antibiotics erythromycin oxime and erythromycyl-amine. Cladinose and methylcladinoside are separated from compounds which cause interference on pre-coated silica gel F254 plates, and are measured directly on the thin-layer plate using a densitometer. Standard graphs obtained for cladinose and methylcladinoside show a linear relation between the square root of the peak area and the logarithm of the amount of substance present in the spot, as well as between the square of the area and the logarithm of the amount. This method is very successful in stability studies on the antibiotics erythromycin oxime and erythromycylamine in an acid medium. The technique seems to be particularly useful in instances in which the usual analytical methods either cannot be applied or can be applied only with difficulty.", "PMID": 833239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_444", "title": "An in situ fluorimetric method for the detection and quantitative analysis of fenitrothion, its breakdown products and other amine-generating compounds.", "content": "A procedure is described for the in situ detection of primary amine-generating pesticides on thin layers of silica gel. The technique is based on the reaction of fluorescamine with primary amines to yield highly fluorescent derivatives. Nitro compounds are first reduced to their corresponding primary amines. Pesticides studied were aminotriazole, fenitrothion, parathion and parathion-methyl. Possible breakdown products of fenitrothion were also included. Detection limits were in the low nanogram range. The method is simple, rapid and very selective and can also distinguish between primary amines and nitro compounds. An example of a typical chromatographic separation is presented and quantitative aspects are discussed.", "contents": "An in situ fluorimetric method for the detection and quantitative analysis of fenitrothion, its breakdown products and other amine-generating compounds. A procedure is described for the in situ detection of primary amine-generating pesticides on thin layers of silica gel. The technique is based on the reaction of fluorescamine with primary amines to yield highly fluorescent derivatives. Nitro compounds are first reduced to their corresponding primary amines. Pesticides studied were aminotriazole, fenitrothion, parathion and parathion-methyl. Possible breakdown products of fenitrothion were also included. Detection limits were in the low nanogram range. The method is simple, rapid and very selective and can also distinguish between primary amines and nitro compounds. An example of a typical chromatographic separation is presented and quantitative aspects are discussed.", "PMID": 833240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_445", "title": "Study of aldosterone levels in plasma during pregnancy.", "content": "A method for the estimation of unconjugated aldosterone in the plasma of pregnant women has been developed. The method is suited to routine analysis of a large number of samples, both from pregnant and non-pregnant subjects. An ethyl acetate extract of plasma is oxidized with sodium periodate to destroy interfering lipids and corticosteroids. Aldosterone is quantitatively converted to aldosteroid-gamma-lactone which is estimated by radioimmunoassay. The method has high specificity and an overall recovery of 80 +/- 5%. The method has been used to establish circulating levels of aldosterone during pregnancy and the menstrual cycle. In early pregnancy, levels of aldosterone were 2-3 times higher than in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle and a further significant rise occurred at the beginning of the third trimester. No correlation could be detected between plasma aldoserone and plasma progesterone, nor between plasma aldosterone and the birth weight of the baby. Plasma aldosterone levels in women who subsequently developed hypertension were no different from those in women who remained normal throughout pregnancy.", "contents": "Study of aldosterone levels in plasma during pregnancy. A method for the estimation of unconjugated aldosterone in the plasma of pregnant women has been developed. The method is suited to routine analysis of a large number of samples, both from pregnant and non-pregnant subjects. An ethyl acetate extract of plasma is oxidized with sodium periodate to destroy interfering lipids and corticosteroids. Aldosterone is quantitatively converted to aldosteroid-gamma-lactone which is estimated by radioimmunoassay. The method has high specificity and an overall recovery of 80 +/- 5%. The method has been used to establish circulating levels of aldosterone during pregnancy and the menstrual cycle. In early pregnancy, levels of aldosterone were 2-3 times higher than in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle and a further significant rise occurred at the beginning of the third trimester. No correlation could be detected between plasma aldoserone and plasma progesterone, nor between plasma aldosterone and the birth weight of the baby. Plasma aldosterone levels in women who subsequently developed hypertension were no different from those in women who remained normal throughout pregnancy.", "PMID": 833250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_446", "title": "Preferential renal excretion of iodide derived from thyroxine and triiodothyronine deiodination in man.", "content": "Tracer doses of 131I- (Carrier free), 131I-T3 and 131-T4 were administered po to 19 healthy male volunteers at intervals 2 to 8 weeks to study whether or not part of the iodide generated in the kidney from T3 and T4 deiodination may enter the renal tubular lumen and be excreted in the urine without entering the blood stream. U(urine)/T(thyroid) ratios of the radioactivity from these materials were employed as the index of the comparison. U/T ratios were severalfold higher 24 h after 131I-T3 or 131I-T4 administration than after 131I-. The data indicate that the 131I- derived from T3 and T4 metabolism is more readily excreted into urine than 131I- which reaches the kidney as inorganic iodide.", "contents": "Preferential renal excretion of iodide derived from thyroxine and triiodothyronine deiodination in man. Tracer doses of 131I- (Carrier free), 131I-T3 and 131-T4 were administered po to 19 healthy male volunteers at intervals 2 to 8 weeks to study whether or not part of the iodide generated in the kidney from T3 and T4 deiodination may enter the renal tubular lumen and be excreted in the urine without entering the blood stream. U(urine)/T(thyroid) ratios of the radioactivity from these materials were employed as the index of the comparison. U/T ratios were severalfold higher 24 h after 131I-T3 or 131I-T4 administration than after 131I-. The data indicate that the 131I- derived from T3 and T4 metabolism is more readily excreted into urine than 131I- which reaches the kidney as inorganic iodide.", "PMID": 833251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_447", "title": "Immunoreactive luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and their subunits in human urine following gel filtration.", "content": "Urine collected from postmenopausal women, normal men, women and children was prepared by vacuum dialysis and kaolin extraction prior to chromatography on Sephadex G-100. Specific radioimmunoassays for LH, alpha subunit, LHbeta, FSH and FSHbeta were utilized to define the elution patterns of the urinary filtrates, extracts, 2nd IRP-HMG and postmenopausal serum. The following findings were obtained: 1) FSH eluted as a distinct immunoreactive peak whereas LH eluted more diffusely, 2) free alpha subunit was present in all urinary preparations, the 2nd IRP-HMG and postmenopausal serum, 3) free FSHbeta but not LHbeta was detectable in postmenopausal urine, and 4) an LHbeta immunoreactive fragment with an approximate molecular weight of 5000 daltons was present in all urinary preparations and the 2nd IRP-HMG but not in postmenopausal serum.", "contents": "Immunoreactive luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and their subunits in human urine following gel filtration. Urine collected from postmenopausal women, normal men, women and children was prepared by vacuum dialysis and kaolin extraction prior to chromatography on Sephadex G-100. Specific radioimmunoassays for LH, alpha subunit, LHbeta, FSH and FSHbeta were utilized to define the elution patterns of the urinary filtrates, extracts, 2nd IRP-HMG and postmenopausal serum. The following findings were obtained: 1) FSH eluted as a distinct immunoreactive peak whereas LH eluted more diffusely, 2) free alpha subunit was present in all urinary preparations, the 2nd IRP-HMG and postmenopausal serum, 3) free FSHbeta but not LHbeta was detectable in postmenopausal urine, and 4) an LHbeta immunoreactive fragment with an approximate molecular weight of 5000 daltons was present in all urinary preparations and the 2nd IRP-HMG but not in postmenopausal serum.", "PMID": 833252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_448", "title": "Successful immunosuppressive therapy in insulin resistant diabetes caused by anti-insulin receptor autoantibodies.", "content": "A 45-year-old, non-obese female patient with no previous history of insulin administration was found to have extreme insulin resistance and abnormally high plasma immunoreactive insulin in the absence of anti-insulin antibodies in the serum. Clinically, there was no ketonuria. The patient also had evidence of Sjogren's syndrome with several immunologic features including hypergammaglobulinemia, positive antinuclear antibodies, accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and leukopenia. Plasma pancreatic glucagon and C-peptide were elevated, but other endocrinologic abnormalties were not present. In this patient the insulin resistance appeared to be due to anti-insulin receptor antibodies which could be detected even in 1:500 dilution of serum. Immunosuppressive therapy with prednisolone and cyclophosphamide resulted in a decreased level of serum gamma globulin and a concomitant decrease of blood glucose level. After immunosuppressive therapy for eight months, the diabetic syndrome disappeared completely and anti-receptor antibodies in the serum were no longer detectable. Furthermore, insulin sensitivity returned to normal. However, the patient's glucose tolerance deteriorated after the temporary termination of cyclophosphamide treatment and the lowering of prednisolone dosage.", "contents": "Successful immunosuppressive therapy in insulin resistant diabetes caused by anti-insulin receptor autoantibodies. A 45-year-old, non-obese female patient with no previous history of insulin administration was found to have extreme insulin resistance and abnormally high plasma immunoreactive insulin in the absence of anti-insulin antibodies in the serum. Clinically, there was no ketonuria. The patient also had evidence of Sjogren's syndrome with several immunologic features including hypergammaglobulinemia, positive antinuclear antibodies, accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and leukopenia. Plasma pancreatic glucagon and C-peptide were elevated, but other endocrinologic abnormalties were not present. In this patient the insulin resistance appeared to be due to anti-insulin receptor antibodies which could be detected even in 1:500 dilution of serum. Immunosuppressive therapy with prednisolone and cyclophosphamide resulted in a decreased level of serum gamma globulin and a concomitant decrease of blood glucose level. After immunosuppressive therapy for eight months, the diabetic syndrome disappeared completely and anti-receptor antibodies in the serum were no longer detectable. Furthermore, insulin sensitivity returned to normal. However, the patient's glucose tolerance deteriorated after the temporary termination of cyclophosphamide treatment and the lowering of prednisolone dosage.", "PMID": 833253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_449", "title": "Demonstration of a specific serum carrier protein of nonsuppressible insulin-like activity in vivo.", "content": "The fate of nonsuppressible insulin-like activity (NSILA-S) was studied by injecting a tracer of 125I-NSILA-S iv into rats. Ten minutes after injection of 125I-NSILA-S alone, 20% of the label is found in serum, whereas after the injection of 125-I-insulin or 125I-NSILA-S together with an excess of cold NSILA-S only 8% of the label are recovered. Sephadex G-200 chromatography at neutral pH of serum after injection of 125I-NSILA-S reveals 2 peaks of radioactivity in the high molecular weight region at 67 and 47% bed volume. Five minutes after injection the peak at 67% starts to disappear, whereas the one at 47% persists with a half-life of 3 h. The latter peak was submitted to Sephadex G-200 chromatography at acidic pH which dissociates NSILA-S from its binding protein. The labeled material obtained by this procedure still exhibits the same binding characteristics to chick embryo fibroblasts as standard 125 I-NSILA-S. A third peak at 90% bed volume corresponding to low molecular NSILA-S is no longer detectable 20 min after injection. A fourth peak at 100% bed volume becomes apparent after 1 h. The half-life and chromatographic pattern of iv injected 125 I-NSILA-S are not changed by the simultaneous administration of insulin or growth hormone. These findings confirm the existence of a specific serum carrier protein for NSILA-S and may explain why endogenous NSILA-S does not exert insulin-like effects under physiological conditions in vivo.", "contents": "Demonstration of a specific serum carrier protein of nonsuppressible insulin-like activity in vivo. The fate of nonsuppressible insulin-like activity (NSILA-S) was studied by injecting a tracer of 125I-NSILA-S iv into rats. Ten minutes after injection of 125I-NSILA-S alone, 20% of the label is found in serum, whereas after the injection of 125-I-insulin or 125I-NSILA-S together with an excess of cold NSILA-S only 8% of the label are recovered. Sephadex G-200 chromatography at neutral pH of serum after injection of 125I-NSILA-S reveals 2 peaks of radioactivity in the high molecular weight region at 67 and 47% bed volume. Five minutes after injection the peak at 67% starts to disappear, whereas the one at 47% persists with a half-life of 3 h. The latter peak was submitted to Sephadex G-200 chromatography at acidic pH which dissociates NSILA-S from its binding protein. The labeled material obtained by this procedure still exhibits the same binding characteristics to chick embryo fibroblasts as standard 125 I-NSILA-S. A third peak at 90% bed volume corresponding to low molecular NSILA-S is no longer detectable 20 min after injection. A fourth peak at 100% bed volume becomes apparent after 1 h. The half-life and chromatographic pattern of iv injected 125 I-NSILA-S are not changed by the simultaneous administration of insulin or growth hormone. These findings confirm the existence of a specific serum carrier protein for NSILA-S and may explain why endogenous NSILA-S does not exert insulin-like effects under physiological conditions in vivo.", "PMID": 833254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_450", "title": "Cortisol excretion levels and daytime sleep in one-year-old infants.", "content": "Urine was collected from 20 one-year-old infants from the time of awakening in the moring for 8 consecutive h. Free cortisol was measured by competitive protein-binding analysis in each urine sample. The mean cortisol excretion rate for the entire collection period was .228 +/- .019 mug/h/kg. The mean excretion rate of sleep related cortisol (1.86 +/- .28 mug/h) was significantly different from the mean rate for awake periods (2.61 +/- .28 mug/h). The difference could not be attributed to time of day. The results suggest a direct relationship between cortisol production and daytime sleep-wake states in the one-year-old.", "contents": "Cortisol excretion levels and daytime sleep in one-year-old infants. Urine was collected from 20 one-year-old infants from the time of awakening in the moring for 8 consecutive h. Free cortisol was measured by competitive protein-binding analysis in each urine sample. The mean cortisol excretion rate for the entire collection period was .228 +/- .019 mug/h/kg. The mean excretion rate of sleep related cortisol (1.86 +/- .28 mug/h) was significantly different from the mean rate for awake periods (2.61 +/- .28 mug/h). The difference could not be attributed to time of day. The results suggest a direct relationship between cortisol production and daytime sleep-wake states in the one-year-old.", "PMID": 833255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_451", "title": "Urinary sodium, potassium and aldosterone in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Four adolescent boys with Duchenne (progressive) muscular dystrophy (DMD) of 10-11 years duration and six normal boys of similar age were studied on a metabolism ward for 22 days. Sodium and potassium intake was as follows: Period I, Na 60 mEq, K 60 mEq; Period II, Na 10, K 60; Period III, Na 10, K 95-150; Period IV, Na 60, K 60. The differences between the DMD group and the group of normal boys for sodium and potassium in serum and urine and for urinary aldosterone were not significant. These findings show that the pathologically elevated sodium-potassium ratio in skeletal muscle of patients with DMD is not due to increased aldosterone or other causes of renal wastage of potassium.", "contents": "Urinary sodium, potassium and aldosterone in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Four adolescent boys with Duchenne (progressive) muscular dystrophy (DMD) of 10-11 years duration and six normal boys of similar age were studied on a metabolism ward for 22 days. Sodium and potassium intake was as follows: Period I, Na 60 mEq, K 60 mEq; Period II, Na 10, K 60; Period III, Na 10, K 95-150; Period IV, Na 60, K 60. The differences between the DMD group and the group of normal boys for sodium and potassium in serum and urine and for urinary aldosterone were not significant. These findings show that the pathologically elevated sodium-potassium ratio in skeletal muscle of patients with DMD is not due to increased aldosterone or other causes of renal wastage of potassium.", "PMID": 833256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_452", "title": "L-Dopa stimulated growth hormone release in the blind.", "content": "Following L-Dopa administration (single oral dose of 500 mg), plasma Growth hormone (GH) levels significantly rose in 7 out of 8 normal subjects (aged between 64-83) and in 4 out of 8 blind subjects (aged between 60-88). The mean peak +/- SE in the 8 normal subjects was 24.9 +/- 4.9 ng/ml and in the 8 blind subjects was 11.5 +/- 2.8 ng/ml. These findings represent an additional anomaly in pituitary hormone release in the blind and may indicate that dopamine receptors in the hypothalamus are less sensitive to L-Dopa in blind people than in normal subjects.", "contents": "L-Dopa stimulated growth hormone release in the blind. Following L-Dopa administration (single oral dose of 500 mg), plasma Growth hormone (GH) levels significantly rose in 7 out of 8 normal subjects (aged between 64-83) and in 4 out of 8 blind subjects (aged between 60-88). The mean peak +/- SE in the 8 normal subjects was 24.9 +/- 4.9 ng/ml and in the 8 blind subjects was 11.5 +/- 2.8 ng/ml. These findings represent an additional anomaly in pituitary hormone release in the blind and may indicate that dopamine receptors in the hypothalamus are less sensitive to L-Dopa in blind people than in normal subjects.", "PMID": 833257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_453", "title": "The effect of dopamine infusion on insulin and glucagon secretion in man.", "content": "The effect of dopamine on the release of insulin and glucagon was investigated in eight adult subjects. Dopamine infused iv at a rate of 4 mug/kg/min X 2 hr, unaccompanied by cardiovascular changes, induced a prompt and significant increase in plasma insulin and glucagon and in plasma glucose levels. These findings suggest that dopamine may stimulate both alpha and beta cells.", "contents": "The effect of dopamine infusion on insulin and glucagon secretion in man. The effect of dopamine on the release of insulin and glucagon was investigated in eight adult subjects. Dopamine infused iv at a rate of 4 mug/kg/min X 2 hr, unaccompanied by cardiovascular changes, induced a prompt and significant increase in plasma insulin and glucagon and in plasma glucose levels. These findings suggest that dopamine may stimulate both alpha and beta cells.", "PMID": 833258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_454", "title": "The effect of osmotic stimuli on prolactin secretion and renal water excretion in normal man and in chronic hyperprolactinemia.", "content": "An osmoregulatory role for prolactin (PRL) in man has been postulated, and PRL secretion has been reported to be influenced by osmotic stimuli. Clinical observation, however, does not support this notion. The effects of water loading, hypertonic saline infusion and nicotine on serum PRL and on renal water metabolism were investigated in 6 normal subjects and in 8 patients with chronic hyperprolactinemia (four with and four without demonstrable pituitary tumors). None of the patients had thyroid, adrenal or vasopressin deficiency. Renal walter handling in these patients was indistinguishable from normal. Likewise, serum PRL was not affected by the stimuli employed in either the normal subjects or the patients. No correlation between degree or duration of hyperprolactinemia and renal water metabolism was found. It is concluded that PRL is not an important osmoregulatory hormone in man.", "contents": "The effect of osmotic stimuli on prolactin secretion and renal water excretion in normal man and in chronic hyperprolactinemia. An osmoregulatory role for prolactin (PRL) in man has been postulated, and PRL secretion has been reported to be influenced by osmotic stimuli. Clinical observation, however, does not support this notion. The effects of water loading, hypertonic saline infusion and nicotine on serum PRL and on renal water metabolism were investigated in 6 normal subjects and in 8 patients with chronic hyperprolactinemia (four with and four without demonstrable pituitary tumors). None of the patients had thyroid, adrenal or vasopressin deficiency. Renal walter handling in these patients was indistinguishable from normal. Likewise, serum PRL was not affected by the stimuli employed in either the normal subjects or the patients. No correlation between degree or duration of hyperprolactinemia and renal water metabolism was found. It is concluded that PRL is not an important osmoregulatory hormone in man.", "PMID": 833259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_455", "title": "Decreased binding of insulin by receptors on placental membranes from diabetic mothers.", "content": "Specific binding of insulin to microsomal membranes from the placentae of insulin-dependent diabetics was significantly decreased when compared with normals. This was due to an apparent decrease in the concentration of insulin receptors.", "contents": "Decreased binding of insulin by receptors on placental membranes from diabetic mothers. Specific binding of insulin to microsomal membranes from the placentae of insulin-dependent diabetics was significantly decreased when compared with normals. This was due to an apparent decrease in the concentration of insulin receptors.", "PMID": 833260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_456", "title": "Cushing's disease: growth hormone response to hypoglycemia after correction of hypercortisolism.", "content": "Growth hormone responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia were studied in 17 patients with inactive Cushing's disease. A normal GH rise was found in 9 of 9 patients without evidence of progressive pituitary tumor after bilateral adrenalectomy and 3 of 4 patients after correction of hypercortisolism by transsphenoidal removal of pituitary microadenomas. In contrast, 3 of 4 patients with Nelson's syndrome had impaired GH responsiveness to hypoglycemia. These results show that GH responsiveness is normal in the majority of patients with inactive Cushing's disease and do not support the concept of a primary hypothalamic or central nervous system abnormality of GH regulation in Cushing's disease.", "contents": "Cushing's disease: growth hormone response to hypoglycemia after correction of hypercortisolism. Growth hormone responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia were studied in 17 patients with inactive Cushing's disease. A normal GH rise was found in 9 of 9 patients without evidence of progressive pituitary tumor after bilateral adrenalectomy and 3 of 4 patients after correction of hypercortisolism by transsphenoidal removal of pituitary microadenomas. In contrast, 3 of 4 patients with Nelson's syndrome had impaired GH responsiveness to hypoglycemia. These results show that GH responsiveness is normal in the majority of patients with inactive Cushing's disease and do not support the concept of a primary hypothalamic or central nervous system abnormality of GH regulation in Cushing's disease.", "PMID": 833261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_457", "title": "Serum medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) concentrations and ovarian function following intramuscular injection of depo-MPA.", "content": "A sensitive radioimmunoassay measuring serum medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) has been developed in order to measure and correlate serum MPA concentrations and ovarian function in women following im administration of deop-MPA (DMPA), employing goat anti-MPA-3-(O-carboxymethyl) oxime-bovine serum albumin and MPA-3-(O-carboxymethyl) imino-125I-iodohistamine. In the 3 women studied, im injection of 150 mg of DMPA yielded brief initial serum MPA concentrations ranging from 1.5 to 3 ng/ml for a few days. Serum MPA concentrations gradually declined and remained relatively constant at about 1 ng/ml for 2 to 3 months, declined gradually thereafter reaching 0.2 ng/ml during the 6th month and became undetectable (less than 0.02 ng/ml) about 7-1/2 to 9 months following administration. Serum estradiol remained at early to midfollicular phase levels for 4 to 6 months after DMPA injection and rose to preovulatory levels when serum MPA levels fell below 0.5 to 0.25 ng/ml. Ovulation, however, as evidenced by serum progesterone concentrations did not occur, apparently due to suppression of the LH peak by positive feedback inhibition. Prolonged inhibition of cyclic ovarian function following DMPA injection is caused by slow MPA absorption and persists until serum MPA levels have decreased below 0.1 ng/ml or become undetectable about 7 to 9 months after DMPA administration.", "contents": "Serum medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) concentrations and ovarian function following intramuscular injection of depo-MPA. A sensitive radioimmunoassay measuring serum medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) has been developed in order to measure and correlate serum MPA concentrations and ovarian function in women following im administration of deop-MPA (DMPA), employing goat anti-MPA-3-(O-carboxymethyl) oxime-bovine serum albumin and MPA-3-(O-carboxymethyl) imino-125I-iodohistamine. In the 3 women studied, im injection of 150 mg of DMPA yielded brief initial serum MPA concentrations ranging from 1.5 to 3 ng/ml for a few days. Serum MPA concentrations gradually declined and remained relatively constant at about 1 ng/ml for 2 to 3 months, declined gradually thereafter reaching 0.2 ng/ml during the 6th month and became undetectable (less than 0.02 ng/ml) about 7-1/2 to 9 months following administration. Serum estradiol remained at early to midfollicular phase levels for 4 to 6 months after DMPA injection and rose to preovulatory levels when serum MPA levels fell below 0.5 to 0.25 ng/ml. Ovulation, however, as evidenced by serum progesterone concentrations did not occur, apparently due to suppression of the LH peak by positive feedback inhibition. Prolonged inhibition of cyclic ovarian function following DMPA injection is caused by slow MPA absorption and persists until serum MPA levels have decreased below 0.1 ng/ml or become undetectable about 7 to 9 months after DMPA administration.", "PMID": 833262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_458", "title": "The effect of posture and saline loading on plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentration in pregnant, non-pregnant and estrogen-treated women.", "content": "The effect of contraceptive ingestion and pregnancy on components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system was compared in 17 non-pregnant women, 8 non-pregnant women taking oral contraceptives, and 11 pregnant women. Plasma renin substrate concentrations and the dynamic responses of plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentrations to upright posture and iv saline infusion were evaluated. Renin substrate was significantly higher in those women taking oral contraceptives and among the pregnant subjects than the other non-pregnant group. No significant differences in plasma renin activity or aldosterone concentrations were seen before or after postural stimulation among the 2 non-pregnant groups. After saline loading renin was higher and aldosterone lower in the contraceptive-treated group. In contrast, the pregnant group had significantly higher values at every point. The response to posture and saline among the pregnant subjects was similar in direction and magnitude to those of the non-pregnant groups. The urinary excretion of sodium before and after saline infusion was significantly lower in the pregnant group than in the non-pregnant groups. These observations suggest that estrogen-induced increases in renin substrate do not alone account for the increases in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system observed during pregnancy, but rather such increases appear to represent a physiological response to increased sodium need during pregnancy.", "contents": "The effect of posture and saline loading on plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentration in pregnant, non-pregnant and estrogen-treated women. The effect of contraceptive ingestion and pregnancy on components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system was compared in 17 non-pregnant women, 8 non-pregnant women taking oral contraceptives, and 11 pregnant women. Plasma renin substrate concentrations and the dynamic responses of plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentrations to upright posture and iv saline infusion were evaluated. Renin substrate was significantly higher in those women taking oral contraceptives and among the pregnant subjects than the other non-pregnant group. No significant differences in plasma renin activity or aldosterone concentrations were seen before or after postural stimulation among the 2 non-pregnant groups. After saline loading renin was higher and aldosterone lower in the contraceptive-treated group. In contrast, the pregnant group had significantly higher values at every point. The response to posture and saline among the pregnant subjects was similar in direction and magnitude to those of the non-pregnant groups. The urinary excretion of sodium before and after saline infusion was significantly lower in the pregnant group than in the non-pregnant groups. These observations suggest that estrogen-induced increases in renin substrate do not alone account for the increases in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system observed during pregnancy, but rather such increases appear to represent a physiological response to increased sodium need during pregnancy.", "PMID": 833263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_459", "title": "Wall-less microbial isolate from a human renal biopsy.", "content": "An orgainsm was isolated from a kidney biopsy of a patient with renal failure. Electron microscopy revealed an ultrastructure very similar to that of a bacterial L-form or mycoplasma. But macroscopically, its colonial morphology was unusual and distinct from that ascribed to these wall-less organisms. This isolate lacked a rigid cell wall and required a hypertonic medium with serum for growth. Also, a long incubation period was essential for its growth, and use of hand lens was necessary for detection on solid medium.", "contents": "Wall-less microbial isolate from a human renal biopsy. An orgainsm was isolated from a kidney biopsy of a patient with renal failure. Electron microscopy revealed an ultrastructure very similar to that of a bacterial L-form or mycoplasma. But macroscopically, its colonial morphology was unusual and distinct from that ascribed to these wall-less organisms. This isolate lacked a rigid cell wall and required a hypertonic medium with serum for growth. Also, a long incubation period was essential for its growth, and use of hand lens was necessary for detection on solid medium.", "PMID": 833264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_460", "title": "Media-dependent oxidase reaction in a strain of Aeromonas hydrophila.", "content": "A strain of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from bile was oxidase positive only when grown on nonselective media. The isolate was oxidase negative when grown on gram-negative selective and/or differential media. It is proposed that oxidase tests on gram-negative rods be performed on colonies grown on nonselective media to assure valid results.", "contents": "Media-dependent oxidase reaction in a strain of Aeromonas hydrophila. A strain of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from bile was oxidase positive only when grown on nonselective media. The isolate was oxidase negative when grown on gram-negative selective and/or differential media. It is proposed that oxidase tests on gram-negative rods be performed on colonies grown on nonselective media to assure valid results.", "PMID": 833265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_461", "title": "Numbers and types of anaerobic bacteria isolated from clinical specimens since 1960.", "content": "Between 1960 and 1974, 826 specimens, excluding stool, urine, sputum, and blood, yielded 689 (83%) positive cultures, of which 403 (58.5%) contained anaerobic bacteria. This represents 48.8% of the total specimens cultured. Isolates from 153 specimens obtained and stocked from 1965 to 1974 were reidentified by current criteria. Gram-negative bacilli, primarily bacteroides, were the most frequently isolated anaerobes, being found in 70% of 153 anaerobe-positive specimens and accounting for 42% of the total anaerobes isolated. Gram-positive cocci were second in occurrence, being found in 66% of 153 specimens and accounting for 40% of the total isolates. Bacteroides fragilis was by far the most frequently isolated species. Compairson of 14 years of cumulative data with data from current studies covering 1- to 2-year periods indicated that the anaerobes isolated from clinical material have not changed significantly in type or relative numbers.", "contents": "Numbers and types of anaerobic bacteria isolated from clinical specimens since 1960. Between 1960 and 1974, 826 specimens, excluding stool, urine, sputum, and blood, yielded 689 (83%) positive cultures, of which 403 (58.5%) contained anaerobic bacteria. This represents 48.8% of the total specimens cultured. Isolates from 153 specimens obtained and stocked from 1965 to 1974 were reidentified by current criteria. Gram-negative bacilli, primarily bacteroides, were the most frequently isolated anaerobes, being found in 70% of 153 anaerobe-positive specimens and accounting for 42% of the total anaerobes isolated. Gram-positive cocci were second in occurrence, being found in 66% of 153 specimens and accounting for 40% of the total isolates. Bacteroides fragilis was by far the most frequently isolated species. Compairson of 14 years of cumulative data with data from current studies covering 1- to 2-year periods indicated that the anaerobes isolated from clinical material have not changed significantly in type or relative numbers.", "PMID": 833266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_462", "title": "Rheumatoid factor: a cause of fals positive histoplasmin latex agglutination.", "content": "Ten of thirteen patients with positive histolatex agglutination titers of 1:32 or greater had no evidence of acute histoplasmosis. Three of these false positives had rheumatoid arthritis. A fourth had a rising mycoplasma complement fixation titer, and the fifth had a high titer of cold agglutinins. All of these are associated with abnormal immunoglobulin M production. To evaluate the role of rheumatoid factor in producing false positive histolatex agglutination, the histolatex test was performed on sera from 32 patients having rheumatoid factor at a titer of 1:40 or greater. Four of these sera agglutinated the histoplasmin-coated latex particles at titers of 1:32 or greater. Review of clinical records suggests the this reactivity is nonspecific. It is our purpose to call attention to rheumatoic factor as a cause of false positive histolatex agglutination.", "contents": "Rheumatoid factor: a cause of fals positive histoplasmin latex agglutination. Ten of thirteen patients with positive histolatex agglutination titers of 1:32 or greater had no evidence of acute histoplasmosis. Three of these false positives had rheumatoid arthritis. A fourth had a rising mycoplasma complement fixation titer, and the fifth had a high titer of cold agglutinins. All of these are associated with abnormal immunoglobulin M production. To evaluate the role of rheumatoid factor in producing false positive histolatex agglutination, the histolatex test was performed on sera from 32 patients having rheumatoid factor at a titer of 1:40 or greater. Four of these sera agglutinated the histoplasmin-coated latex particles at titers of 1:32 or greater. Review of clinical records suggests the this reactivity is nonspecific. It is our purpose to call attention to rheumatoic factor as a cause of false positive histolatex agglutination.", "PMID": 833267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_463", "title": "Dermatophyte isolation media: quantitative appraisal using skin scales infected with Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton rubrum.", "content": "Various dermatophyte isolation media were quantitatively appraised by colony counts for their ability to support growth when suspensions of trypsin-treated infected-skin scales were used as inocula. Evaluation included guinea pig skin scales infected with a granular Trichophyton mentagrophyton mentagrophytes, and one trial was conducted using human skin scales infected with Trichophyton rubrum. No differences in the ability to support growth were observed among Taplin Dermatophyte Test medium, Dermatophyte Test Medium (Schering Diagnostics, Port Reading, N.J.),Sabouraud medium plus cycloheximide and chloramphenicol, Youssef medium for dermatophytes product no. 103S semisynthetic lots no. 106 and no. 107. With skin scales not grossly contaminated with bacteria, similar counts were obtained with Littman oxgall agar without antibiotics. Youssef medium for dermatophytes product no. 103N natural lot no. 109 was significantly different from the other media in that lower counts were obtained.", "contents": "Dermatophyte isolation media: quantitative appraisal using skin scales infected with Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton rubrum. Various dermatophyte isolation media were quantitatively appraised by colony counts for their ability to support growth when suspensions of trypsin-treated infected-skin scales were used as inocula. Evaluation included guinea pig skin scales infected with a granular Trichophyton mentagrophyton mentagrophytes, and one trial was conducted using human skin scales infected with Trichophyton rubrum. No differences in the ability to support growth were observed among Taplin Dermatophyte Test medium, Dermatophyte Test Medium (Schering Diagnostics, Port Reading, N.J.),Sabouraud medium plus cycloheximide and chloramphenicol, Youssef medium for dermatophytes product no. 103S semisynthetic lots no. 106 and no. 107. With skin scales not grossly contaminated with bacteria, similar counts were obtained with Littman oxgall agar without antibiotics. Youssef medium for dermatophytes product no. 103N natural lot no. 109 was significantly different from the other media in that lower counts were obtained.", "PMID": 833268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_464", "title": "Cardiobacterium hominis endocarditis: description of two patients and characterization of the organism.", "content": "Two cases of endocarditis caused by Cardiobacterium hominis are reported. In both instances infection was subacute and characterized by (i) implantation on abnormal valves, (ii) chronic course lasting weeks to months before recognition, and (iii) rapid clinical and bacteriological response to penicillin, as well as other antibiotics commonly used to treat infections caused by gram-negative bacilli. Our isolates of C. hominis are compared with strains in the National Institutes of Health culture collection. Optimal growth requires yeast extract and incubation at 37 degrees C with increased humidity and supplemental CO2. The production of indole, a positive oxidase reaction, and characteristic sugar fermentation distinguish C. hominis from other slow-growing, gram-negative bacilli.", "contents": "Cardiobacterium hominis endocarditis: description of two patients and characterization of the organism. Two cases of endocarditis caused by Cardiobacterium hominis are reported. In both instances infection was subacute and characterized by (i) implantation on abnormal valves, (ii) chronic course lasting weeks to months before recognition, and (iii) rapid clinical and bacteriological response to penicillin, as well as other antibiotics commonly used to treat infections caused by gram-negative bacilli. Our isolates of C. hominis are compared with strains in the National Institutes of Health culture collection. Optimal growth requires yeast extract and incubation at 37 degrees C with increased humidity and supplemental CO2. The production of indole, a positive oxidase reaction, and characteristic sugar fermentation distinguish C. hominis from other slow-growing, gram-negative bacilli.", "PMID": 833269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_465", "title": "Origin of acetyl strophanthidin-induced ventricular arrhythmias.", "content": "To examine the origin of digitalis-induced ventricular tachycardia (VT), acetyl strophanthidin (AS) (25 mug/min) was perfused into a limited zone of myocardium in intact anesthetized dogs through a catheter placed fluoroscopically in the left anterior descending artery without ischemia. A second catheter in the great cardiac vein sampled venous effluent from this region. His and left bundle branch depolarizations were recorded and bipolar intramural electrograms from endocardial and epicardial sites within the anterior descending region were obtained. No conduction alterations preceded arrhythmia. Cardiac venous K+ rose from 3.3 +/- to 4.4 +/- 0.2 meq/liter (P less than 0.001), indicating egress from the perfused zone. 10 animals (Group 1) were sacrificed 2 min after onset of VT while 11 (Group 2) continued until fibrillation (4-14 min). All showed normal (endocardial leads to epicardial) transmural depolarization during sinus rhythm, but 10/21 demonstrated reversal, usually late during VT, including 8/11 in Group 2. Epicardial activation preceded fascicular activation and QRS. Recordings from the border and circumflex regions in 10 additional dogs (Group 3) demonstrated activation reversal only in the border zone. Myocardial K+ was reduced (mean 63 +/- 1 mueq/g) and Na+ increased (mean 41 +/- 2 mueq/g) in the perfused zone (nonperfused circumflex area K+ 72 +/- 1, Na+ 33 +/- 1 mueq/g, P less than 0.001 for both); changes were similar in inner and outer ventricular wall. In related experiments, subepicardial injections of AS induced activation reversal within the immediate area, similar to recordings during coronary infusion. Reversed transmural activation with early epicardial depolarization suggest VT arises within myocardium; electrolyte gradients between adjacent regions may be causative.", "contents": "Origin of acetyl strophanthidin-induced ventricular arrhythmias. To examine the origin of digitalis-induced ventricular tachycardia (VT), acetyl strophanthidin (AS) (25 mug/min) was perfused into a limited zone of myocardium in intact anesthetized dogs through a catheter placed fluoroscopically in the left anterior descending artery without ischemia. A second catheter in the great cardiac vein sampled venous effluent from this region. His and left bundle branch depolarizations were recorded and bipolar intramural electrograms from endocardial and epicardial sites within the anterior descending region were obtained. No conduction alterations preceded arrhythmia. Cardiac venous K+ rose from 3.3 +/- to 4.4 +/- 0.2 meq/liter (P less than 0.001), indicating egress from the perfused zone. 10 animals (Group 1) were sacrificed 2 min after onset of VT while 11 (Group 2) continued until fibrillation (4-14 min). All showed normal (endocardial leads to epicardial) transmural depolarization during sinus rhythm, but 10/21 demonstrated reversal, usually late during VT, including 8/11 in Group 2. Epicardial activation preceded fascicular activation and QRS. Recordings from the border and circumflex regions in 10 additional dogs (Group 3) demonstrated activation reversal only in the border zone. Myocardial K+ was reduced (mean 63 +/- 1 mueq/g) and Na+ increased (mean 41 +/- 2 mueq/g) in the perfused zone (nonperfused circumflex area K+ 72 +/- 1, Na+ 33 +/- 1 mueq/g, P less than 0.001 for both); changes were similar in inner and outer ventricular wall. In related experiments, subepicardial injections of AS induced activation reversal within the immediate area, similar to recordings during coronary infusion. Reversed transmural activation with early epicardial depolarization suggest VT arises within myocardium; electrolyte gradients between adjacent regions may be causative.", "PMID": 833270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_466", "title": "Ventilation-perfusion inequality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "content": "A multiple inert gas elimination method was used to study the mechanism of impaired gas exchange in 23 patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Three patterns of ventilation-perfusion (Va/Q) inequality were found: (a) A pattern with considerable regions of high (greater than 3) VA/Q, none of low (less than 0.1) VA/Q, and essentially no shunt. Almost all patients with type A COPD showed this pattern, and it was also seen in some patients with type B. (b) A pattern with large amounts of low but almost none of high VA/Q, and essentially no shunt. This pattern was found in 4 of 12 type B patients and 1 of type A. (c) A pattern with both low and high VA/Q areas was found in the remaining 6 patients. Distributions with high VA/Q areas occurred mostly in patients with greatly increased compliance and may represent loss of blood-glow due to alveolar wall destruction. Similarly, well-defined modes of low VA/Q areas were seen mostly in patients with severe cough and sputum and may be due to reduced ventilation secondary to mechanical airways obstruction or distortion. There was little change in the VA/Q distributions on exercise or on breathing 100% O2. The observed patterns of VA/Q inequality and  shunt accounted for all of the hypoxemia at rest and during exercise. There was therefore no evidence for hypoxemia caused by diffusion impairment. Patients with similar arterial blood gases often had dissimilar VA/Q patterns. As a consequence the pattern of VA/Q inequality could not necessarily be inferred from the arterial PO2 and PCO2.", "contents": "Ventilation-perfusion inequality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A multiple inert gas elimination method was used to study the mechanism of impaired gas exchange in 23 patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Three patterns of ventilation-perfusion (Va/Q) inequality were found: (a) A pattern with considerable regions of high (greater than 3) VA/Q, none of low (less than 0.1) VA/Q, and essentially no shunt. Almost all patients with type A COPD showed this pattern, and it was also seen in some patients with type B. (b) A pattern with large amounts of low but almost none of high VA/Q, and essentially no shunt. This pattern was found in 4 of 12 type B patients and 1 of type A. (c) A pattern with both low and high VA/Q areas was found in the remaining 6 patients. Distributions with high VA/Q areas occurred mostly in patients with greatly increased compliance and may represent loss of blood-glow due to alveolar wall destruction. Similarly, well-defined modes of low VA/Q areas were seen mostly in patients with severe cough and sputum and may be due to reduced ventilation secondary to mechanical airways obstruction or distortion. There was little change in the VA/Q distributions on exercise or on breathing 100% O2. The observed patterns of VA/Q inequality and  shunt accounted for all of the hypoxemia at rest and during exercise. There was therefore no evidence for hypoxemia caused by diffusion impairment. Patients with similar arterial blood gases often had dissimilar VA/Q patterns. As a consequence the pattern of VA/Q inequality could not necessarily be inferred from the arterial PO2 and PCO2.", "PMID": 833271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_467", "title": "Evidence for a concentration gradient favoring outward movement of sodium from the thin loop of Henle.", "content": "Recent models of the urinary concentrating mechanism have postulated that urea in the medullary interstitium creates a transtubular concentration gradient for sodium between fluid at the end of the descending limb of Henle's loop and the medullary interstitium, favoring the passive outward movement of sodium from Henle's thin ascending limb. These experiments were designed to determine whether such a gradient normally exists. Young nondiuretic Munich-Wistar rats were prepared for micropuncture of the exposed left renal papilla. Samples of loop of Henle fluid and vasa recta plasma (assumed to reflect the composition of interstitial fluid) were obtained from adjacent sites. Loop fluid values in 21 comparisons from 18 rats (mean +/- SE) were: sodium 344 +/- 12 meq/liter; potassium, 26 +/- 2 meq/liter; osmolality, 938 +/- 37 mosmol/kg H23. Vasa recta plasma values (in corresponding units of measurement) were: sodium, 284 +/- 11; potassium, 34 +/- 2; osmolality, 935 +/- 34. Mean values of paired differences (loop fluid minus vasa recta plasma) were: delta sodium, 60 +/- 11.1 (P less than 0.001); delta potassium, -8.0 +/- 2.1 (P less than 0.001); delta osmolality, 4 +/- 16 (NS). Corrected for plasma water, the loop fluid minus vasa recta differences (in milliequivalents per kilogram H2O) were: delta sodium, 40 +/- 11.4 (P less than 0.005); delta potassium, -9.7 +/- 1.9 (P less than 0.001). We interpret these findings to indicate that in the papilla of nondiuretic rats, a significant difference in sodium concentration exists across the thin loop of Henle favoring outward movement of sodium, which confirms a key requirement of the passive models. A concentration difference for potassium in the reverse direction was also observed.", "contents": "Evidence for a concentration gradient favoring outward movement of sodium from the thin loop of Henle. Recent models of the urinary concentrating mechanism have postulated that urea in the medullary interstitium creates a transtubular concentration gradient for sodium between fluid at the end of the descending limb of Henle's loop and the medullary interstitium, favoring the passive outward movement of sodium from Henle's thin ascending limb. These experiments were designed to determine whether such a gradient normally exists. Young nondiuretic Munich-Wistar rats were prepared for micropuncture of the exposed left renal papilla. Samples of loop of Henle fluid and vasa recta plasma (assumed to reflect the composition of interstitial fluid) were obtained from adjacent sites. Loop fluid values in 21 comparisons from 18 rats (mean +/- SE) were: sodium 344 +/- 12 meq/liter; potassium, 26 +/- 2 meq/liter; osmolality, 938 +/- 37 mosmol/kg H23. Vasa recta plasma values (in corresponding units of measurement) were: sodium, 284 +/- 11; potassium, 34 +/- 2; osmolality, 935 +/- 34. Mean values of paired differences (loop fluid minus vasa recta plasma) were: delta sodium, 60 +/- 11.1 (P less than 0.001); delta potassium, -8.0 +/- 2.1 (P less than 0.001); delta osmolality, 4 +/- 16 (NS). Corrected for plasma water, the loop fluid minus vasa recta differences (in milliequivalents per kilogram H2O) were: delta sodium, 40 +/- 11.4 (P less than 0.005); delta potassium, -9.7 +/- 1.9 (P less than 0.001). We interpret these findings to indicate that in the papilla of nondiuretic rats, a significant difference in sodium concentration exists across the thin loop of Henle favoring outward movement of sodium, which confirms a key requirement of the passive models. A concentration difference for potassium in the reverse direction was also observed.", "PMID": 833272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_468", "title": "Collagen polymorphism in normal and cirrhotic human liver.", "content": "Collagens in normal human liver and in alcoholic cirrhotic liver were investigated. Collagens were solubilized by limited proteolysis with pepsin under nondenaturing conditions, and after purification, were fractionated into types I and III by selective precipitation with NaCl. After carboxymethyl cellulose and agarose chromatography, the resulting alpha-chains from each of the collagen types were analyzed with respect to their amino acid and carbohydrate compositions. A comparison of the results obtained from normal liver with those from the diseases organ revealed no significant differences. The isolated human liver alpha1(I) and alpha1(III) chains were digested with CNBr and the generated peptides were separated and purified by a combination of ion-exchange and molecular sieve chromatography. The molecular weight and the amino acid and the carbohydrate compositions of each of the peptides were identical to those of the corresponding human skin peptides except for the slightly higher content of hydroxylysine in some of the peptides. The relative content of type III in relation to type I collagen in both normal anc cirrhotic liver was determined by digesting washed liver homogenates directly with CNBr and quantitating the resultant alpha1(I) and alpha 1(III) peptides after chromatographic separation. The relative quantities of these peptides indicated that normal human liver contained an average of 47% type III, with the remainder being type I. Cirrhotic liver, on the other hand, contained a significantly smaller proportion of type III, ranging from 18 to 34% in different samples, with a corresponding increase in type I. These findings indicate that although the amino acid and carbohydrate compositions of collagens deposited in cirrhotic liver are normal, the fibrotic process of alcoholic liver disease in humans is accompanied by an alteration in tissue collagen polymorphism, and suggest that the observed alterations may have pathogenetic implications.", "contents": "Collagen polymorphism in normal and cirrhotic human liver. Collagens in normal human liver and in alcoholic cirrhotic liver were investigated. Collagens were solubilized by limited proteolysis with pepsin under nondenaturing conditions, and after purification, were fractionated into types I and III by selective precipitation with NaCl. After carboxymethyl cellulose and agarose chromatography, the resulting alpha-chains from each of the collagen types were analyzed with respect to their amino acid and carbohydrate compositions. A comparison of the results obtained from normal liver with those from the diseases organ revealed no significant differences. The isolated human liver alpha1(I) and alpha1(III) chains were digested with CNBr and the generated peptides were separated and purified by a combination of ion-exchange and molecular sieve chromatography. The molecular weight and the amino acid and the carbohydrate compositions of each of the peptides were identical to those of the corresponding human skin peptides except for the slightly higher content of hydroxylysine in some of the peptides. The relative content of type III in relation to type I collagen in both normal anc cirrhotic liver was determined by digesting washed liver homogenates directly with CNBr and quantitating the resultant alpha1(I) and alpha 1(III) peptides after chromatographic separation. The relative quantities of these peptides indicated that normal human liver contained an average of 47% type III, with the remainder being type I. Cirrhotic liver, on the other hand, contained a significantly smaller proportion of type III, ranging from 18 to 34% in different samples, with a corresponding increase in type I. These findings indicate that although the amino acid and carbohydrate compositions of collagens deposited in cirrhotic liver are normal, the fibrotic process of alcoholic liver disease in humans is accompanied by an alteration in tissue collagen polymorphism, and suggest that the observed alterations may have pathogenetic implications.", "PMID": 833273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_469", "title": "Gastric emptying and secretion in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.", "content": "Gastric emptying and secretion, as well as intragastric volume and composition, were determined simultaneously in three patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and in seven normal subjects. Gastric hypersecretion was observed in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and in normal subjects receiving pentagastrin. In contrast, the fraction of gastric contents emptied per minute (fractional rate of emptying) was increased in Zollinger-Ellison patients and unchanged or decreased in normal subjects receiving pentagastrin. The increased fractional rate of gastric emptying in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome persisted despite abolition of gastric hypersecretion by metiamide. Thus, the increased fractional gastric emptying seen in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is not attributable to hypergastrinemia, or to gastric hypersecretion per se. Instead, it appears to be caused by an undefined nervous or humoral factor.", "contents": "Gastric emptying and secretion in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Gastric emptying and secretion, as well as intragastric volume and composition, were determined simultaneously in three patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and in seven normal subjects. Gastric hypersecretion was observed in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and in normal subjects receiving pentagastrin. In contrast, the fraction of gastric contents emptied per minute (fractional rate of emptying) was increased in Zollinger-Ellison patients and unchanged or decreased in normal subjects receiving pentagastrin. The increased fractional rate of gastric emptying in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome persisted despite abolition of gastric hypersecretion by metiamide. Thus, the increased fractional gastric emptying seen in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is not attributable to hypergastrinemia, or to gastric hypersecretion per se. Instead, it appears to be caused by an undefined nervous or humoral factor.", "PMID": 833274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_470", "title": "Comparison of NADH and NADPH oxidase activities in granules isolated from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes with a fluorometric assay.", "content": "A fluormetric method for the determination of pyridine nucleotides has been adapted for use in studying the reduced pyridine nucleotide oxidases in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. In the presence of strong base the oxidized forms of the pyridine nucleotides form a highly fluorescent product. The small amounts of NAD(P) formed by the oxidase reactions can be determined with great sensitivity. This method has been compared to the radioisotopic assay for NADPH oxidation. Both methods gave essentially the same results in terms of nanomoles NADP produced by control, resting, and phagocytizing samples. Both NADPH and NADH oxidase activities were insensitive to cyanide. NADPH oxidation had a pH optimum of 5.5, while that for NADH appeared to be 6.0. Granules isolated from phagocytizing cells routinely showed more activity toward both substrates (two to threefold) than granules from resting cells. Both activities were located primarily in a granule fraction prepared by differential centrifugation. Oxidation of NADPH was routinely four to five times that of NADH at all except very high substrate levels. Measurable NADH oxidation was rarely seen below 0.80 mM NADH, while NADPH oxidation was easily measurable at 0.20 mM. One patient with chronic granulomatous disease was studied. At low substrate levels, there was no activity toward either substrate in granules isolated from either resting or phagocytizing cells of this patient, while granules isolated from normal control cells showed substantial activity at these substrate levels. Purification of the activities had been initiated with linear sucrose gradients. Both activities co-sediment to a very dense region of the gradient, a region different from that in which membrane or azurophil granules usually equilibrate. The peak gradient fractions show a 10-30-fold increase in specific activity over comparable granule fractions. These data suggest that the oxidase activities are associated with one enzyme that has different affinities for the two substrates ans support the contention that the oxidation of NADPH is responsible for the metabolic burst accompanying phagocytosis in human PMNL.", "contents": "Comparison of NADH and NADPH oxidase activities in granules isolated from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes with a fluorometric assay. A fluormetric method for the determination of pyridine nucleotides has been adapted for use in studying the reduced pyridine nucleotide oxidases in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. In the presence of strong base the oxidized forms of the pyridine nucleotides form a highly fluorescent product. The small amounts of NAD(P) formed by the oxidase reactions can be determined with great sensitivity. This method has been compared to the radioisotopic assay for NADPH oxidation. Both methods gave essentially the same results in terms of nanomoles NADP produced by control, resting, and phagocytizing samples. Both NADPH and NADH oxidase activities were insensitive to cyanide. NADPH oxidation had a pH optimum of 5.5, while that for NADH appeared to be 6.0. Granules isolated from phagocytizing cells routinely showed more activity toward both substrates (two to threefold) than granules from resting cells. Both activities were located primarily in a granule fraction prepared by differential centrifugation. Oxidation of NADPH was routinely four to five times that of NADH at all except very high substrate levels. Measurable NADH oxidation was rarely seen below 0.80 mM NADH, while NADPH oxidation was easily measurable at 0.20 mM. One patient with chronic granulomatous disease was studied. At low substrate levels, there was no activity toward either substrate in granules isolated from either resting or phagocytizing cells of this patient, while granules isolated from normal control cells showed substantial activity at these substrate levels. Purification of the activities had been initiated with linear sucrose gradients. Both activities co-sediment to a very dense region of the gradient, a region different from that in which membrane or azurophil granules usually equilibrate. The peak gradient fractions show a 10-30-fold increase in specific activity over comparable granule fractions. These data suggest that the oxidase activities are associated with one enzyme that has different affinities for the two substrates ans support the contention that the oxidation of NADPH is responsible for the metabolic burst accompanying phagocytosis in human PMNL.", "PMID": 833275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_471", "title": "The pathophysiology of acid-base changes in chronically phosphate-depleted rats: bone-kidney interactions.", "content": "Acid-base disturbances may develop secondary to the changes in renal tubular function and bone dynamics which attend phosphate depletion (PD). This work characterizes the acid-base status of rats fed a low phosphate diet. After 18 days, PD rats had marked calciuria (pair-fed controls: 0.3 +/- 0.2; PD 32.2 +/- 2.5 mueq/h; P less than 0.001), severe bicarbonaturia (controls: 0; PD 17.6 +/- 0.2 meq/h; P less than 0.001), and negative net acid excretion (controls: 44.5 +/- 2.9; PD: --6.6 +/- 2.5 meq/h; P less than 0.001), but plasma pH, HCO3, and PCO2 were equal in both groups. After 45 days, plasma HCO3 fell to 21.1 +/- 0.9 meq/liter in PD (controls: 23.6 +/- 0.5 meq/liter; P less than 0.05), while bicarbonaturia (controls: 0.4 +/- 0.2; PD: 3.8 +/- 1 mueq/h; P less than 0.02) and calciuria were present but diminished. These data suggested the coexistence of bone HCO3 mobilization and renal HCO3 wasting in PD. To test this thesis, bicarbonaturia was eliminated by nephrectomy. 24 h later plasma HCO3 was higher in PD rats (controls: 19.3 +/- 0.02; PD: 22.6 +/- 0.8 meq/liter; P less than 0.05), consistend with the presence of extrarenal HCO3 production. After inhibition of bone resorption with colchicine (1 mg/kg), plasma HCO3 decreased to 16.8 +/- 0.6 meq/liter in PD rats (controls): 26.4 +/- 1 meq/liter; P less than 0.001) while bicarbonaturia persisted. These data indicate that the plasma HCO3 in PD is the net result of renal HCO3 wasting and bone HCO3 mobilization. These combined effects maintain normal blood HCO3 initially (18 days) but with time (45 days), bone resorption diminishes and the acidifying renal tubular defect predominates.", "contents": "The pathophysiology of acid-base changes in chronically phosphate-depleted rats: bone-kidney interactions. Acid-base disturbances may develop secondary to the changes in renal tubular function and bone dynamics which attend phosphate depletion (PD). This work characterizes the acid-base status of rats fed a low phosphate diet. After 18 days, PD rats had marked calciuria (pair-fed controls: 0.3 +/- 0.2; PD 32.2 +/- 2.5 mueq/h; P less than 0.001), severe bicarbonaturia (controls: 0; PD 17.6 +/- 0.2 meq/h; P less than 0.001), and negative net acid excretion (controls: 44.5 +/- 2.9; PD: --6.6 +/- 2.5 meq/h; P less than 0.001), but plasma pH, HCO3, and PCO2 were equal in both groups. After 45 days, plasma HCO3 fell to 21.1 +/- 0.9 meq/liter in PD (controls: 23.6 +/- 0.5 meq/liter; P less than 0.05), while bicarbonaturia (controls: 0.4 +/- 0.2; PD: 3.8 +/- 1 mueq/h; P less than 0.02) and calciuria were present but diminished. These data suggested the coexistence of bone HCO3 mobilization and renal HCO3 wasting in PD. To test this thesis, bicarbonaturia was eliminated by nephrectomy. 24 h later plasma HCO3 was higher in PD rats (controls: 19.3 +/- 0.02; PD: 22.6 +/- 0.8 meq/liter; P less than 0.05), consistend with the presence of extrarenal HCO3 production. After inhibition of bone resorption with colchicine (1 mg/kg), plasma HCO3 decreased to 16.8 +/- 0.6 meq/liter in PD rats (controls): 26.4 +/- 1 meq/liter; P less than 0.001) while bicarbonaturia persisted. These data indicate that the plasma HCO3 in PD is the net result of renal HCO3 wasting and bone HCO3 mobilization. These combined effects maintain normal blood HCO3 initially (18 days) but with time (45 days), bone resorption diminishes and the acidifying renal tubular defect predominates.", "PMID": 833276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_472", "title": "Influence of somatostatin on splanchnic glucose metabolism in postabsorptive and 60-hour fasted humans.", "content": "Cyclic somatostatin was administered intravenously (10 mug/min for 60 min) to 10 healthy overnight fasted (postabsorptive) subjects and to 5 healthy 60-h fasted subjects. In both groups, arterial insulin and glucagon fell 50% and splanchnic release of these hormones was inhibited. In the overnight fasted subjects splanchnic glucose output fell 70%, splanchnic uptake of lactate and pyruvate was unchanged, alanine uptake fell by 25%, and glycerol uptake rose more than twofold in parallel with an increase in arterial glycerol. In the 60-h fasted group splanchnic glucose output was less than 40% of that observed in the overnight fasted subjects. Somatostatin led to a further decrease (--70%) in glucose production. Splanchnic uptake of lactate and pyruvate fell by 30-40%, amino acid uptake was unchanged, while uptake of glycerol rose fivefold. Total uptake of glucose precursors thus exceeded the simultaneous glucose output by more than 200%. Splanchnic uptake of FFA rose fourfold during somatostatin while output of beta-hydroxybutyrate increased by 75%. Estimated hepatic blood flow fell 25-35% and returned to base line as soon as the somatostatin infusion ended. It is concluded that (a) somatostatin-induced hypoglucagonemia results in inhibition of splanchnic glucose output in glycogen-depleted, 60-h fasted subjects as well as in postabsorptive subjects, indicating an effect of glucagon on hepatic gluconeogenesis as well as glycogenolysis; (b) the glucagonsensitive step(s) in gluconeogenesis affected by somatostatin involves primarily intra-hepatic disposal rather than net hepatic uptake of glucose precursors; (c) splanchnic uptake of fatty acids and ketone output are increased in the face of combined insulin and glucagon deficiency; and (d) diminished splanchnic blood flow may contribute to some of the effects of somatostatin on splanchnic metabolism.", "contents": "Influence of somatostatin on splanchnic glucose metabolism in postabsorptive and 60-hour fasted humans. Cyclic somatostatin was administered intravenously (10 mug/min for 60 min) to 10 healthy overnight fasted (postabsorptive) subjects and to 5 healthy 60-h fasted subjects. In both groups, arterial insulin and glucagon fell 50% and splanchnic release of these hormones was inhibited. In the overnight fasted subjects splanchnic glucose output fell 70%, splanchnic uptake of lactate and pyruvate was unchanged, alanine uptake fell by 25%, and glycerol uptake rose more than twofold in parallel with an increase in arterial glycerol. In the 60-h fasted group splanchnic glucose output was less than 40% of that observed in the overnight fasted subjects. Somatostatin led to a further decrease (--70%) in glucose production. Splanchnic uptake of lactate and pyruvate fell by 30-40%, amino acid uptake was unchanged, while uptake of glycerol rose fivefold. Total uptake of glucose precursors thus exceeded the simultaneous glucose output by more than 200%. Splanchnic uptake of FFA rose fourfold during somatostatin while output of beta-hydroxybutyrate increased by 75%. Estimated hepatic blood flow fell 25-35% and returned to base line as soon as the somatostatin infusion ended. It is concluded that (a) somatostatin-induced hypoglucagonemia results in inhibition of splanchnic glucose output in glycogen-depleted, 60-h fasted subjects as well as in postabsorptive subjects, indicating an effect of glucagon on hepatic gluconeogenesis as well as glycogenolysis; (b) the glucagonsensitive step(s) in gluconeogenesis affected by somatostatin involves primarily intra-hepatic disposal rather than net hepatic uptake of glucose precursors; (c) splanchnic uptake of fatty acids and ketone output are increased in the face of combined insulin and glucagon deficiency; and (d) diminished splanchnic blood flow may contribute to some of the effects of somatostatin on splanchnic metabolism.", "PMID": 833277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_473", "title": "Quantitation of countercurrent exchange during passive absorption from the dog small intestine: evidence for marked species differences in the efficiency of exchange.", "content": "The present investigation was designed to quantitatively assess the possible influence of countercurrent exchange on passive absorption from the small intestine of the dog. Villus blood flow was measured with a modification of the microsphere method. Simultaneously, the absorption from the gut lumen of five diffusible gases (H2, He, CH4, 133Xe, and CO) was determined. Villus blood flow averaged 0.247 +/- 0.03 (SEM) ml/min per g. The observed absorption of H2, He, CH4, and 133Xe was only 16.2 +/- 1.8, 12.8 +/- 2.3, 12.0 +/- 1.8, and 15.8 +/- 1.4 %, respectively, of what this villus blood flow could carry away if it reached perfect equilibrium with the luminal gases. This low absorption rate could result from diffusion limitation to absorption or countercurrent exchange. The diffusive permeability of the barrier seperating the luminal gases and villus blood flow was assessed by measuring the absorption rate of CO. Because absorbed CO binds tightly to hemoglobin, it cannot exchange, and when present in low concentrations its uptake is entirely diffusion limited. Knowledge of the diffusion rate through tissue of the unbound gases relative to that of CO made it possible to calculate the degree to which each of the unbound gases should equilibrate with villus tip blood. The percentage equilibration between lumen and blood at the villus tip for H2, He, CH4, and 133Xe was 99.7, 99.9, 75.6, and 36.0% , respectively. Each of these values greatly exceeded the percentage equilibration of blood leaving the villus (calculated from the observed absorption rate and villus blood flow) and indicated an exchange of 83.8, 87.2, 84.1, and 56.1% of initially absorbed H2, He, CH4, and 133Xe. This result is in accord with theoretical calculations which suggest that countercurrent exchange should be exceedingly efficient in the dog. The striking effect of countercurrent exchange on passive absorption in the dog differs from our previous studies in the rabbit where no exchange was demonstrated. This marked species difference may result from anatomical differences in villus architecture. The dog has long, densely packed villi while the rabbit has broad, widely spaced villi. In the dog, only the villus tips may equilibrate with the lumen, hence a countercurrent gradient may be established in the villus. The entire villus of the rabbit may equilibrate with the lumen and no gradient for countercurrent exchange can therefore be established.", "contents": "Quantitation of countercurrent exchange during passive absorption from the dog small intestine: evidence for marked species differences in the efficiency of exchange. The present investigation was designed to quantitatively assess the possible influence of countercurrent exchange on passive absorption from the small intestine of the dog. Villus blood flow was measured with a modification of the microsphere method. Simultaneously, the absorption from the gut lumen of five diffusible gases (H2, He, CH4, 133Xe, and CO) was determined. Villus blood flow averaged 0.247 +/- 0.03 (SEM) ml/min per g. The observed absorption of H2, He, CH4, and 133Xe was only 16.2 +/- 1.8, 12.8 +/- 2.3, 12.0 +/- 1.8, and 15.8 +/- 1.4 %, respectively, of what this villus blood flow could carry away if it reached perfect equilibrium with the luminal gases. This low absorption rate could result from diffusion limitation to absorption or countercurrent exchange. The diffusive permeability of the barrier seperating the luminal gases and villus blood flow was assessed by measuring the absorption rate of CO. Because absorbed CO binds tightly to hemoglobin, it cannot exchange, and when present in low concentrations its uptake is entirely diffusion limited. Knowledge of the diffusion rate through tissue of the unbound gases relative to that of CO made it possible to calculate the degree to which each of the unbound gases should equilibrate with villus tip blood. The percentage equilibration between lumen and blood at the villus tip for H2, He, CH4, and 133Xe was 99.7, 99.9, 75.6, and 36.0% , respectively. Each of these values greatly exceeded the percentage equilibration of blood leaving the villus (calculated from the observed absorption rate and villus blood flow) and indicated an exchange of 83.8, 87.2, 84.1, and 56.1% of initially absorbed H2, He, CH4, and 133Xe. This result is in accord with theoretical calculations which suggest that countercurrent exchange should be exceedingly efficient in the dog. The striking effect of countercurrent exchange on passive absorption in the dog differs from our previous studies in the rabbit where no exchange was demonstrated. This marked species difference may result from anatomical differences in villus architecture. The dog has long, densely packed villi while the rabbit has broad, widely spaced villi. In the dog, only the villus tips may equilibrate with the lumen, hence a countercurrent gradient may be established in the villus. The entire villus of the rabbit may equilibrate with the lumen and no gradient for countercurrent exchange can therefore be established.", "PMID": 833278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_474", "title": "Secretion by glucagonomas of a possible glucagon precursor.", "content": "Five patients with glucagonomas had elevated plasma levels of total glucagon immunoreactivity. Gel filtrations of these plasma samples on Bio-Gel P30 columns showed that most of the immunoreactivity eluted in the 3,500-(true glucagon) and 9,000-dalton fractions. After the administration of alpha cell effectors, changes in total glucagon immunoreactivity were seen which were accounted for primarily by the 3,500-dalton species, but there were also changes in the 9,000-dalton moiety. Venous effluent plasma from tumors of two subjects contained elevated concentrations of glucagon immunoreactivity in both fractions. When material from both the 3,500- and 9,000-dalton peaks were serially diluted in a glucagon immunoassay, parallel displacement curves were found, suggesting that both have similar or identical antigenic determinants. Thus, with conversion to a neoplastic state, alpha cells of glucagonomas, much like beta cells of insulinomas, may secrete an increased amount of a larger, 9,000-mol wt glucagon species which may be a prohormone.", "contents": "Secretion by glucagonomas of a possible glucagon precursor. Five patients with glucagonomas had elevated plasma levels of total glucagon immunoreactivity. Gel filtrations of these plasma samples on Bio-Gel P30 columns showed that most of the immunoreactivity eluted in the 3,500-(true glucagon) and 9,000-dalton fractions. After the administration of alpha cell effectors, changes in total glucagon immunoreactivity were seen which were accounted for primarily by the 3,500-dalton species, but there were also changes in the 9,000-dalton moiety. Venous effluent plasma from tumors of two subjects contained elevated concentrations of glucagon immunoreactivity in both fractions. When material from both the 3,500- and 9,000-dalton peaks were serially diluted in a glucagon immunoassay, parallel displacement curves were found, suggesting that both have similar or identical antigenic determinants. Thus, with conversion to a neoplastic state, alpha cells of glucagonomas, much like beta cells of insulinomas, may secrete an increased amount of a larger, 9,000-mol wt glucagon species which may be a prohormone.", "PMID": 833279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_475", "title": "Mechanism of exercise-induced hypoglycemia in depancreatized dogs maintained on long-acting insulin.", "content": "Human diabetics on intermediate and long-acting insulin occasionaly become hypoglycemic during exercise. We have shown previously that during exercise, hypoglycemia did not occur in depancreatized insulin-infused dogs because the increments in glucose production and utilization were proportional and of the same magnitude as in normal dogs. Therefore, to elucidate the mechanism of the glucose-lowering effect of strenuous exercise, we measured glucose production and utilization, metabolic clearance of glucose, and serum immunoreactive insulin in postabsorptive depancreatized dogs 8 h after a subcutaneous injection of protamine zinc and crystalline insulin. During rest, plasma glucose was stable, but ranged between hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia was associated with overproduction of glucose, indicating insulin deficiency despite normal or elevated serum immunoreactive insulin. Glucose clearance, as in normal dogs, increased threefold but glucose production increased only marginally (50%) and, consequently, glucose decreased in plasma. The decrease of plasma glucose was directly proportional to the preexercise concentration and production of glucose. The magnitude of inhibition glucose production was not correlated with the serum immunoreactive insulin indicating either that some released insluin was not active or that a moderate immunoreactive insulin increment induced a near-maximal inhibition. It is concluded that in depancreatized dogs injected with protamine zinc insulin, exercise accelerates mobilization of insulin from its injection site presumably because of increased blood and lymph flow. Glucose utilization did not exceed that in normal dogs, but hepatic glucose production failed to increase sufficiently to meet the needs of muscle in exercise.", "contents": "Mechanism of exercise-induced hypoglycemia in depancreatized dogs maintained on long-acting insulin. Human diabetics on intermediate and long-acting insulin occasionaly become hypoglycemic during exercise. We have shown previously that during exercise, hypoglycemia did not occur in depancreatized insulin-infused dogs because the increments in glucose production and utilization were proportional and of the same magnitude as in normal dogs. Therefore, to elucidate the mechanism of the glucose-lowering effect of strenuous exercise, we measured glucose production and utilization, metabolic clearance of glucose, and serum immunoreactive insulin in postabsorptive depancreatized dogs 8 h after a subcutaneous injection of protamine zinc and crystalline insulin. During rest, plasma glucose was stable, but ranged between hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia was associated with overproduction of glucose, indicating insulin deficiency despite normal or elevated serum immunoreactive insulin. Glucose clearance, as in normal dogs, increased threefold but glucose production increased only marginally (50%) and, consequently, glucose decreased in plasma. The decrease of plasma glucose was directly proportional to the preexercise concentration and production of glucose. The magnitude of inhibition glucose production was not correlated with the serum immunoreactive insulin indicating either that some released insluin was not active or that a moderate immunoreactive insulin increment induced a near-maximal inhibition. It is concluded that in depancreatized dogs injected with protamine zinc insulin, exercise accelerates mobilization of insulin from its injection site presumably because of increased blood and lymph flow. Glucose utilization did not exceed that in normal dogs, but hepatic glucose production failed to increase sufficiently to meet the needs of muscle in exercise.", "PMID": 833280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_476", "title": "Mechanism of complement-mediated activation of human blood platelets in vitro: comparison of normal and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria platelets.", "content": "The paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) platelet differs from the normal human platelet in its interaction with activated complement components: (a) when complement is activated by the alternative pathway, greater amounts of C3 are fixed to the PNH platelet than to the normal platelet; (b) the platelet-release reaction, as measured by serotonin release, occurs after C3 fixation to the PNH platelet. This reaction does not occur with normal platelets; (c) although serotonin release mediated by antibody alone was the same for normal and PNH platelets, antibody-initiated complement activation resulted in the fixation of greater amounts of C3 to PNH platelets and greater consequent serotonin release; and (d) nearly maximal serotonin release; and (d) nearly maximal serotonin release from PNH platelets occurs after the fixation of C3 (or perhaps C5) to the membrane without completion of the terminal sequence. In contrast, completion of the terminal complement sequence beyond C5 is required for maximal serotonin release from normal platelets. These abnormalities of interaction of complement components and PNH platelets may explain the occurrence of thromboses in this disease.", "contents": "Mechanism of complement-mediated activation of human blood platelets in vitro: comparison of normal and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria platelets. The paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) platelet differs from the normal human platelet in its interaction with activated complement components: (a) when complement is activated by the alternative pathway, greater amounts of C3 are fixed to the PNH platelet than to the normal platelet; (b) the platelet-release reaction, as measured by serotonin release, occurs after C3 fixation to the PNH platelet. This reaction does not occur with normal platelets; (c) although serotonin release mediated by antibody alone was the same for normal and PNH platelets, antibody-initiated complement activation resulted in the fixation of greater amounts of C3 to PNH platelets and greater consequent serotonin release; and (d) nearly maximal serotonin release; and (d) nearly maximal serotonin release from PNH platelets occurs after the fixation of C3 (or perhaps C5) to the membrane without completion of the terminal sequence. In contrast, completion of the terminal complement sequence beyond C5 is required for maximal serotonin release from normal platelets. These abnormalities of interaction of complement components and PNH platelets may explain the occurrence of thromboses in this disease.", "PMID": 833281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_477", "title": "Evidence for an important role of glucagon in the regulation of hepatic glucose production in normal man.", "content": "To investigate the role of glucagon in regulating hepatic glucose production in man, selective glucagon deficiency was produced in four normal men by infusing somatostatin (0.9 mg/h) and regular pork insulin (150-muU/kg per min) for 2 h. Exogenous glucose was infused to maintain euglycemia. Arterial plasma glucagon levels fell by greater than 50% whereas plasma insulin levels were maintained in the range of 10-14 muU/ml. In response to these hormonal changes, net splanchnic glucose production (NSGP) fell by 75% and remained suppressed for the duration of the study. In contrast, when somatostatin alone was administered to normal men, resulting in combined insulin and glucagon deficiency (euglycemia again maintained), NSGP fell markedly but only transiently, reaching its nadir at 15 min. Thereafter, NSGP rose progressively, reaching the basal rate at 105 min. These data indicate that the induction of selective glucagon deficiency in man (with basal insulin levels maintained) is associated with a marked and sustained fall in hepatic glucose production. We conclude, therefore, that basal glucagon plays an important role in the maintenance of basal hepatic glucose production in normal man.", "contents": "Evidence for an important role of glucagon in the regulation of hepatic glucose production in normal man. To investigate the role of glucagon in regulating hepatic glucose production in man, selective glucagon deficiency was produced in four normal men by infusing somatostatin (0.9 mg/h) and regular pork insulin (150-muU/kg per min) for 2 h. Exogenous glucose was infused to maintain euglycemia. Arterial plasma glucagon levels fell by greater than 50% whereas plasma insulin levels were maintained in the range of 10-14 muU/ml. In response to these hormonal changes, net splanchnic glucose production (NSGP) fell by 75% and remained suppressed for the duration of the study. In contrast, when somatostatin alone was administered to normal men, resulting in combined insulin and glucagon deficiency (euglycemia again maintained), NSGP fell markedly but only transiently, reaching its nadir at 15 min. Thereafter, NSGP rose progressively, reaching the basal rate at 105 min. These data indicate that the induction of selective glucagon deficiency in man (with basal insulin levels maintained) is associated with a marked and sustained fall in hepatic glucose production. We conclude, therefore, that basal glucagon plays an important role in the maintenance of basal hepatic glucose production in normal man.", "PMID": 833282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_478", "title": "A factorial structure of the dimensions of femininity in alcoholic, schizophrenic and normal populations .", "content": "The Femininity Study was administered tl 31 alcoholic females, 146 college females, and 152 female schizophrenic patients. The data were factor analyzed: five major factors were identified: (1) heterosexual social role inadaptability; (2) parental role inadaptability; (3) homemaker role inadaptability; (4) general affective (neurotic) instability; and (5) maternal role inadaptability. The institutionalized women showed much greater incidence of all types of inadaptability.", "contents": "A factorial structure of the dimensions of femininity in alcoholic, schizophrenic and normal populations . The Femininity Study was administered tl 31 alcoholic females, 146 college females, and 152 female schizophrenic patients. The data were factor analyzed: five major factors were identified: (1) heterosexual social role inadaptability; (2) parental role inadaptability; (3) homemaker role inadaptability; (4) general affective (neurotic) instability; and (5) maternal role inadaptability. The institutionalized women showed much greater incidence of all types of inadaptability.", "PMID": 833283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_479", "title": "Labelling effects in clinical judgments of psychopathology.", "content": "This study utilized a model of inferential accuracy to study the effects of deviant labels on clinical judgments. It was hypothesized that labels would lower both treshold and sensitivity, the key components of the model. Analyses of variance yielded significant effects for labels and specific patterns of psychopathology suggested that labels have differential effects on inferences drawn with regard to various types of psychological disorders. Evidence in support of the generalizability of sensitivity and treshold also was obtained.", "contents": "Labelling effects in clinical judgments of psychopathology. This study utilized a model of inferential accuracy to study the effects of deviant labels on clinical judgments. It was hypothesized that labels would lower both treshold and sensitivity, the key components of the model. Analyses of variance yielded significant effects for labels and specific patterns of psychopathology suggested that labels have differential effects on inferences drawn with regard to various types of psychological disorders. Evidence in support of the generalizability of sensitivity and treshold also was obtained.", "PMID": 833285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_480", "title": "Effects of sexual arousal on schizophrenics: a comparative test of hypotheses derived from ego psychology and arousal theory.", "content": "Two divergent theories make differential predictions with regard to the impact of sexual stimulation on schizophrenics. Relative to normals, psychoanalytic ego psychology predicts greater sexual arousal in schizophrenics, while the arousal theories predict decreased responsiveness. Fourteen chronic nonparanoid schizophrenic outpatient males and 16 normal males participated in a 2X2 mixed factor experiment with one between factor (schizophrenics vs. normals) and one within factor (sexual vs. neutral stimuli). Dependent measures included looking time, associative sexual responses, associative response latencies, and self-report ratings. A significant interaction for looking time provided empirical support for the psychoanalytic ego psychological position, Results suggest that schizophrenics are less defensive than normals in regard to looking at sexual stimuli, theoretically because of ego deficits that adversely affect repression and other mechanisms of defense.", "contents": "Effects of sexual arousal on schizophrenics: a comparative test of hypotheses derived from ego psychology and arousal theory. Two divergent theories make differential predictions with regard to the impact of sexual stimulation on schizophrenics. Relative to normals, psychoanalytic ego psychology predicts greater sexual arousal in schizophrenics, while the arousal theories predict decreased responsiveness. Fourteen chronic nonparanoid schizophrenic outpatient males and 16 normal males participated in a 2X2 mixed factor experiment with one between factor (schizophrenics vs. normals) and one within factor (sexual vs. neutral stimuli). Dependent measures included looking time, associative sexual responses, associative response latencies, and self-report ratings. A significant interaction for looking time provided empirical support for the psychoanalytic ego psychological position, Results suggest that schizophrenics are less defensive than normals in regard to looking at sexual stimuli, theoretically because of ego deficits that adversely affect repression and other mechanisms of defense.", "PMID": 833284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_481", "title": "Relationship between schizophrenic thinking and MMPI for process and reactive patients.", "content": "This study examined the relationship between Whitaker Index of Schizophrenic Thinking (WIST) and MMPI performance in 25 male Process and Reactive schizophrenic inpatients. The results demonstrated a correlation between the WIST index and the Sc scale of the MMPI (r = .54, p less than .05) for Process patients only. Other MMPI scales highly correlated with each other also correlated with WIST index for the Process group. The lack of association between WIST and MMPI scales for Reactive patients was interpreted as suggesting a high degree of behavioral disorganization in these patients. Other results, i.e., lack of correlation between time and error scores on the WIST and high variability of time scores on the WIST, suggest that part of this disorganization for the Reactive patients may be understood in terms of disrupted pacing of behavior with respect to time, a process that may be related to the intrusion of irrelevant event processing.", "contents": "Relationship between schizophrenic thinking and MMPI for process and reactive patients. This study examined the relationship between Whitaker Index of Schizophrenic Thinking (WIST) and MMPI performance in 25 male Process and Reactive schizophrenic inpatients. The results demonstrated a correlation between the WIST index and the Sc scale of the MMPI (r = .54, p less than .05) for Process patients only. Other MMPI scales highly correlated with each other also correlated with WIST index for the Process group. The lack of association between WIST and MMPI scales for Reactive patients was interpreted as suggesting a high degree of behavioral disorganization in these patients. Other results, i.e., lack of correlation between time and error scores on the WIST and high variability of time scores on the WIST, suggest that part of this disorganization for the Reactive patients may be understood in terms of disrupted pacing of behavior with respect to time, a process that may be related to the intrusion of irrelevant event processing.", "PMID": 833286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_482", "title": "Clinical assessment of a profession: Roman Catholic clergymen.", "content": "The present study investigated the personality of the American Catholic priest by means of clinical procedures. It is based on a national, randomly selected, representative sample. Recorded 2-hour clinical interview plus a battery of standardized as well as specially designed psychological tests were administered to 271 Ss. A clinical report was written for each priest based on all the interview data. Four categories or types of classification were devised to describe and to distinguish the priests along a continuum of soci-psychological development: maldeveloped (8%), underdeveloped (57%), developing (29%), and developed (6%).", "contents": "Clinical assessment of a profession: Roman Catholic clergymen. The present study investigated the personality of the American Catholic priest by means of clinical procedures. It is based on a national, randomly selected, representative sample. Recorded 2-hour clinical interview plus a battery of standardized as well as specially designed psychological tests were administered to 271 Ss. A clinical report was written for each priest based on all the interview data. Four categories or types of classification were devised to describe and to distinguish the priests along a continuum of soci-psychological development: maldeveloped (8%), underdeveloped (57%), developing (29%), and developed (6%).", "PMID": 833287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_483", "title": "Using the MMPI 168 with alcoholics.", "content": "The potential utility of the MMPI 168 with male alcoholics was explored. Correlations and some clinically relevant comparisons suggested that the MMPI 168 predicted the standard MMPI with a high degree of accuracy. However, high point codes and conclusions drawn from Goldberg's equations were not so promising, which suggests the need to establish the relative validity of the MMPI 168 by the use of external criteria.", "contents": "Using the MMPI 168 with alcoholics. The potential utility of the MMPI 168 with male alcoholics was explored. Correlations and some clinically relevant comparisons suggested that the MMPI 168 predicted the standard MMPI with a high degree of accuracy. However, high point codes and conclusions drawn from Goldberg's equations were not so promising, which suggests the need to establish the relative validity of the MMPI 168 by the use of external criteria.", "PMID": 833288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_484", "title": "Dogmatism, locus of control, and life goals in stable and unstable marriages.", "content": "This study hypothesized that individuals in unstable marriages were more dogmatic, more externally controlled, and evidenced more dissimilarity in life-motivating goals than those in stable marriage. Two groups of 22 married couples (designated married-stable and married-unstable) were administered the Rokeach Dogmatism Scale, the Rotter I-E Scale, and the Hahn California Life Goals Evaluation Schedules. Although results did not support any of the three hypotheses stated, the findings led to three significant conclusions. First, dogmatic traits that were expected to be predominant in unstable marriages actually were seen as a stabilizing factor when demonstrated by the female spouse. Second, wives in unstable marriages demonstrated greater external locus of control than their husbands. Third, dissimilarities in life goals do not necessarily contribute to marital discordance, but actually are associated with marital stability unless they include the motivational areas of leadership and independence.", "contents": "Dogmatism, locus of control, and life goals in stable and unstable marriages. This study hypothesized that individuals in unstable marriages were more dogmatic, more externally controlled, and evidenced more dissimilarity in life-motivating goals than those in stable marriage. Two groups of 22 married couples (designated married-stable and married-unstable) were administered the Rokeach Dogmatism Scale, the Rotter I-E Scale, and the Hahn California Life Goals Evaluation Schedules. Although results did not support any of the three hypotheses stated, the findings led to three significant conclusions. First, dogmatic traits that were expected to be predominant in unstable marriages actually were seen as a stabilizing factor when demonstrated by the female spouse. Second, wives in unstable marriages demonstrated greater external locus of control than their husbands. Third, dissimilarities in life goals do not necessarily contribute to marital discordance, but actually are associated with marital stability unless they include the motivational areas of leadership and independence.", "PMID": 833289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_485", "title": "A further study of response, set and the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI).", "content": "The aims of the investigation were to draw attention to systematic scale score discrepancies between Forms A and B of the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI), to suggest that these discrepancies might be mediated by acquiesence response set (ARS), and to provide reliability estimates for ARS and lie scale scores. Evidence relevant to all three intentions was obtained from a student group and a group of psychiatric patients. The predicted discrepancies between scale scores were obtained. The ARS measure derived from the E scale was found to be reliable, and ARS measures from both the E and L scales were found to obtain significantly different values across forms. Practical suggestions were made with regard to the utilization of an individual form of the EPI.", "contents": "A further study of response, set and the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI). The aims of the investigation were to draw attention to systematic scale score discrepancies between Forms A and B of the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI), to suggest that these discrepancies might be mediated by acquiesence response set (ARS), and to provide reliability estimates for ARS and lie scale scores. Evidence relevant to all three intentions was obtained from a student group and a group of psychiatric patients. The predicted discrepancies between scale scores were obtained. The ARS measure derived from the E scale was found to be reliable, and ARS measures from both the E and L scales were found to obtain significantly different values across forms. Practical suggestions were made with regard to the utilization of an individual form of the EPI.", "PMID": 833290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_486", "title": "A factor analysis of the Bem Sex-Role Inventory.", "content": "The present study presents a factor analysis of items of the Bem Sex-Role Inventory of independent masculinity and femininity dimensions. Some support was given to the independence of M and F dimensions, but because these together accounted for only 17% of the variance and many other factors were extracted, it was concluded that two dimensions only may be too simplistic a view of this sex-role inventory.", "contents": "A factor analysis of the Bem Sex-Role Inventory. The present study presents a factor analysis of items of the Bem Sex-Role Inventory of independent masculinity and femininity dimensions. Some support was given to the independence of M and F dimensions, but because these together accounted for only 17% of the variance and many other factors were extracted, it was concluded that two dimensions only may be too simplistic a view of this sex-role inventory.", "PMID": 833291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_487", "title": "An external criterion study of the MMPI validity indices.", "content": "Two hundred and twenty-eight veterans who requested either inpatient or outpatient treatment at a VA Hospital were administered an MMPI and a structured mental status examination (the CAPPS) to determine whether MMPI validity indicators would be useful in the prediction of dissimulation during a structured interview. Statistically significant relationships were found between both F and F-K and ratings of \"fake bad\" interview behavior. However, the authors point out that the rather small correlations discovered are of little practical utility in the prediction of dissimulation during structured interviews, especially when consideration is given to the amount of time and effort expended to administer and score the MMPI.", "contents": "An external criterion study of the MMPI validity indices. Two hundred and twenty-eight veterans who requested either inpatient or outpatient treatment at a VA Hospital were administered an MMPI and a structured mental status examination (the CAPPS) to determine whether MMPI validity indicators would be useful in the prediction of dissimulation during a structured interview. Statistically significant relationships were found between both F and F-K and ratings of \"fake bad\" interview behavior. However, the authors point out that the rather small correlations discovered are of little practical utility in the prediction of dissimulation during structured interviews, especially when consideration is given to the amount of time and effort expended to administer and score the MMPI.", "PMID": 833292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_488", "title": "A scale for the evaluation of psychological distress.", "content": "A state measure of psychological distress (DI) was developed from the MMPI item pool. The DI scale was found to be reliable (internally consistent and stable) and to be unaffected by social desirability. MMPI measures of stress and anxiety measure external to the MMPI were found to correlate well with the DI scale. The alcoholic Ss of this study were found to experience greater psychological distress than medical patients at the Mayo Clinic. Moreover, females (both alcoholics and medical patients) scored higher in psychological distress than did males.", "contents": "A scale for the evaluation of psychological distress. A state measure of psychological distress (DI) was developed from the MMPI item pool. The DI scale was found to be reliable (internally consistent and stable) and to be unaffected by social desirability. MMPI measures of stress and anxiety measure external to the MMPI were found to correlate well with the DI scale. The alcoholic Ss of this study were found to experience greater psychological distress than medical patients at the Mayo Clinic. Moreover, females (both alcoholics and medical patients) scored higher in psychological distress than did males.", "PMID": 833293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_489", "title": "Perceived locus of control experienced control and depression: a trait description of the learned helplessness model of depression.", "content": "This study examined a personality-trait approach to the learned helplessness model of depression. Alcoholics were assigned to four groups based upon differential scores on Rotter's Locus of Control and Tiffany's Experienced Control Scales. Analysis of scores on the Beck Depression Inventory and the MMPI D scale indicated that Ss who reported that they had experienced minimal control over stressful events were significantly more depressed than Ss who reported relatively high levels of control. No significant locus of control effect was found. A significant interaction was obtained, which indicated that those Ss with an external locus of control and who experienced minimal control were significantly more depressed than thtical and empirical similarity between the present results and the learned helplessness model are discussed.", "contents": "Perceived locus of control experienced control and depression: a trait description of the learned helplessness model of depression. This study examined a personality-trait approach to the learned helplessness model of depression. Alcoholics were assigned to four groups based upon differential scores on Rotter's Locus of Control and Tiffany's Experienced Control Scales. Analysis of scores on the Beck Depression Inventory and the MMPI D scale indicated that Ss who reported that they had experienced minimal control over stressful events were significantly more depressed than Ss who reported relatively high levels of control. No significant locus of control effect was found. A significant interaction was obtained, which indicated that those Ss with an external locus of control and who experienced minimal control were significantly more depressed than thtical and empirical similarity between the present results and the learned helplessness model are discussed.", "PMID": 833294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_490", "title": "Psychiatric patients' religon and MMPI responses.", "content": "The relationship between psychiatric patients' psychological test responses and their religion has been overlooked in the past. MMPI protocols were obtained from samples of 18 Roman Catholic schizophrenic, 18 Protestant drug-dependent male patients. The profiles reflected significant religion related differences in scales L, HY, D; MF, PA and SC. The results suggest that the religion of the psychiatric patient is a potentially important S variable that could influence the psychiatric diagnosis and subsequent treatment.", "contents": "Psychiatric patients' religon and MMPI responses. The relationship between psychiatric patients' psychological test responses and their religion has been overlooked in the past. MMPI protocols were obtained from samples of 18 Roman Catholic schizophrenic, 18 Protestant drug-dependent male patients. The profiles reflected significant religion related differences in scales L, HY, D; MF, PA and SC. The results suggest that the religion of the psychiatric patient is a potentially important S variable that could influence the psychiatric diagnosis and subsequent treatment.", "PMID": 833295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_491", "title": "MMPI differences among black, Mexican-American, and white male offenders.", "content": "MMPI scores of black, Mexican-American, and white male offenders were compared in order to investigate whether cultural and/or socioeconomomic factors affect this personality inventory. Comparisons were performed on unmatched and matched (education and occupation) groups that utilized all profiles or valid ones only and examined both trait (individual scales) and type (Goldberg indices) differences. Black-white differences on the MA, K, and HY scales appeared to reflect cultural factors, while differences on MF and alcoholism seemed to be accounted for by socieconomic differences among the groups. Cultural factors seemed to be related to differences between Mexican-Americans and white on the L,K,and overcontrolled hostility scales, while socioeconomic factors appeared to explain differences on the Hs scale. Type differences were not apparent except that Mexican-Americans were classified more often as psychiatric, while whites and blacks scored well into the sociopathic range.", "contents": "MMPI differences among black, Mexican-American, and white male offenders. MMPI scores of black, Mexican-American, and white male offenders were compared in order to investigate whether cultural and/or socioeconomomic factors affect this personality inventory. Comparisons were performed on unmatched and matched (education and occupation) groups that utilized all profiles or valid ones only and examined both trait (individual scales) and type (Goldberg indices) differences. Black-white differences on the MA, K, and HY scales appeared to reflect cultural factors, while differences on MF and alcoholism seemed to be accounted for by socieconomic differences among the groups. Cultural factors seemed to be related to differences between Mexican-Americans and white on the L,K,and overcontrolled hostility scales, while socioeconomic factors appeared to explain differences on the Hs scale. Type differences were not apparent except that Mexican-Americans were classified more often as psychiatric, while whites and blacks scored well into the sociopathic range.", "PMID": 833296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_492", "title": "Comparative study of the factorial composition of femininity in alcoholic, schizophrenic and normal populations.", "content": "The Femininity Study (Thorne, 1965) was administered to a total of 329 women, which included alcoholic females, Skidmore College students, University of Alberta students, and institutionalized chronic undifferentiated schizophrenics. In the alcoholic women, the first five factors were labeled high interpersonal adaptability, heterosexual role inadaptability, female role ambivalence, female identification problems, and maternal role inadaptability. In the Skidmore College population, the first five factors were heterosexual role inadaptability, general female role inadaptability, physical and/or psychosomatic disabilities with low female self-concepts, positive female self-concepts and interests, and emancipated female role concepts. In the University of Alberta women, the first five factors were heterosexual and general social inadaptability, heterosexual interests and adaptability, homosexual tendencies, conflictual sexuality, and emancipated female role concepts. In the institutionalized schizophrenics, the five factors were homosexual conflicts, heterosexual adaptability, rejection of parental-caretaker roles, promiscuity, and negative sexual self-concepts.", "contents": "Comparative study of the factorial composition of femininity in alcoholic, schizophrenic and normal populations. The Femininity Study (Thorne, 1965) was administered to a total of 329 women, which included alcoholic females, Skidmore College students, University of Alberta students, and institutionalized chronic undifferentiated schizophrenics. In the alcoholic women, the first five factors were labeled high interpersonal adaptability, heterosexual role inadaptability, female role ambivalence, female identification problems, and maternal role inadaptability. In the Skidmore College population, the first five factors were heterosexual role inadaptability, general female role inadaptability, physical and/or psychosomatic disabilities with low female self-concepts, positive female self-concepts and interests, and emancipated female role concepts. In the University of Alberta women, the first five factors were heterosexual and general social inadaptability, heterosexual interests and adaptability, homosexual tendencies, conflictual sexuality, and emancipated female role concepts. In the institutionalized schizophrenics, the five factors were homosexual conflicts, heterosexual adaptability, rejection of parental-caretaker roles, promiscuity, and negative sexual self-concepts.", "PMID": 833297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_493", "title": "MMPI behavioral correlates of spike-5 and two-point code types with scale 5 as one elevation.", "content": "Data from 550 student outpatient psychiatric files were extracted and summarized on record sheets. Base rates for the entire population were determined. MMPI profiles were grouped according to their highest two-point elevations or by single elevation when only one scale was elevated above T-score 70. All profiles with only a scale-5 elevation or for which scale 5 was one of the two highest clinical elevations were removed from the profile population, and the corresponding correlates for these groups of profiles were compared to those for the remainder of the population. Spike-5 profiles indicate basically normal adjustment, while 2-5/5-2, 4-5/5-4, 7-5/5-7, and 8-5/5-8 profiles all indicate varying degrees of psychopathology.", "contents": "MMPI behavioral correlates of spike-5 and two-point code types with scale 5 as one elevation. Data from 550 student outpatient psychiatric files were extracted and summarized on record sheets. Base rates for the entire population were determined. MMPI profiles were grouped according to their highest two-point elevations or by single elevation when only one scale was elevated above T-score 70. All profiles with only a scale-5 elevation or for which scale 5 was one of the two highest clinical elevations were removed from the profile population, and the corresponding correlates for these groups of profiles were compared to those for the remainder of the population. Spike-5 profiles indicate basically normal adjustment, while 2-5/5-2, 4-5/5-4, 7-5/5-7, and 8-5/5-8 profiles all indicate varying degrees of psychopathology.", "PMID": 833298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_494", "title": "MMPI profiles from adolescent medical patients.", "content": "In order to examine the age changes that occur in adolescent medical patients, MMPI scale scores of 659 females and 534 males, ages 15 through 19 years, were examined. Descriptive data are presented separately by sex, with comparative data provided by other researchers. Age and sex differences were evaluated by two-way analysis of variance. Results suggest that adolescent medical patients differ from other adolescents in much the same way that adult medical patients differ from the general adult population.", "contents": "MMPI profiles from adolescent medical patients. In order to examine the age changes that occur in adolescent medical patients, MMPI scale scores of 659 females and 534 males, ages 15 through 19 years, were examined. Descriptive data are presented separately by sex, with comparative data provided by other researchers. Age and sex differences were evaluated by two-way analysis of variance. Results suggest that adolescent medical patients differ from other adolescents in much the same way that adult medical patients differ from the general adult population.", "PMID": 833299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_495", "title": "A comparison of empirically derived groups of aphasic patients on the Neurosensory Center Comprehensive Examination for Aphasia.", "content": "Rating scales were used to identify characteristic aphasic phenomena in a sample of natural language from aphasic patients. These variables were used to derive empirically four groups of aphasic patients. These groups showed significant multivariate differences on the basis of their performance on the Neurosensory Center Comprehensive Examination for Aphasia. Seven subtests showed significant univariate differences among the four groups: Visual Naming, Description of Use, Sentence Repetition, Repetition of Digits, Reversal of Digits, Identification by Sentence, and Oral Reading Sentences. Two of the groups reflected Howes dichotomy of articulate-nonarticulate language disorders. Another group was thought to reflect Schuell's single dimension of language disorders that could be differentiated only in terms of severity. Afourth group was characterized by a major impairment of memory. These results indicated that aphasic phenomena could be identified reliably on the basis of rating of verbal output on scales that reflect language disorders. These scales were used in a statistical fashion to derive empirically oriented groups that were identified on the basis of psychometric measures of language skills.", "contents": "A comparison of empirically derived groups of aphasic patients on the Neurosensory Center Comprehensive Examination for Aphasia. Rating scales were used to identify characteristic aphasic phenomena in a sample of natural language from aphasic patients. These variables were used to derive empirically four groups of aphasic patients. These groups showed significant multivariate differences on the basis of their performance on the Neurosensory Center Comprehensive Examination for Aphasia. Seven subtests showed significant univariate differences among the four groups: Visual Naming, Description of Use, Sentence Repetition, Repetition of Digits, Reversal of Digits, Identification by Sentence, and Oral Reading Sentences. Two of the groups reflected Howes dichotomy of articulate-nonarticulate language disorders. Another group was thought to reflect Schuell's single dimension of language disorders that could be differentiated only in terms of severity. Afourth group was characterized by a major impairment of memory. These results indicated that aphasic phenomena could be identified reliably on the basis of rating of verbal output on scales that reflect language disorders. These scales were used in a statistical fashion to derive empirically oriented groups that were identified on the basis of psychometric measures of language skills.", "PMID": 833300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_496", "title": "The factorial structure of the ITPA and WISC subtests in three diagnostic groups.", "content": "An image analysis of the ITPA and WISC Subtest Scores of three diagnostic groups was done. In two of the diagnostic groups, a regular classroom group and an LLD group, a general linguistic factor, a visual-motor factor, and a mediation factor appeared to emerge. A general ITPA factor, a general WISC factor, and an expressive factor were extracted from the mentally retarted group's data. Differences among the factors of diagnostic groups were observed and commented upon after a canonical correlation of factor loading matrices.", "contents": "The factorial structure of the ITPA and WISC subtests in three diagnostic groups. An image analysis of the ITPA and WISC Subtest Scores of three diagnostic groups was done. In two of the diagnostic groups, a regular classroom group and an LLD group, a general linguistic factor, a visual-motor factor, and a mediation factor appeared to emerge. A general ITPA factor, a general WISC factor, and an expressive factor were extracted from the mentally retarted group's data. Differences among the factors of diagnostic groups were observed and commented upon after a canonical correlation of factor loading matrices.", "PMID": 833301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_497", "title": "A new scoring system for the Spraings Multiple Choice Bender Gestalt Test.", "content": "A new scoring procedure to be used with Spraings' technique for administering the Bender-Gestalt test in a multiple choice format is presented. Scoring weights are used instead of simply scoring each item right or wrong. The evidence presented suggests that this method of scoring would increase the value of Spraings' test in the diagnosis of perceptual deficits.", "contents": "A new scoring system for the Spraings Multiple Choice Bender Gestalt Test. A new scoring procedure to be used with Spraings' technique for administering the Bender-Gestalt test in a multiple choice format is presented. Scoring weights are used instead of simply scoring each item right or wrong. The evidence presented suggests that this method of scoring would increase the value of Spraings' test in the diagnosis of perceptual deficits.", "PMID": 833302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_498", "title": "Extension of the Wechsler Memory Scale norms to older age groups.", "content": "To extend the norms of the Wechsler Memory Scale, Form I, to older age groups, the test was administered to 64 Ss 60 years of age and older. Because there was significant correlation between WMS performance and IQ, the results were broken down further into IQ ranges. In addition to the standard administration of the WMS, a 1-hour delayed recall of the Logical Memory subtest was included. Performance on the delayed recall task by 51 younger Ss also was presented.", "contents": "Extension of the Wechsler Memory Scale norms to older age groups. To extend the norms of the Wechsler Memory Scale, Form I, to older age groups, the test was administered to 64 Ss 60 years of age and older. Because there was significant correlation between WMS performance and IQ, the results were broken down further into IQ ranges. In addition to the standard administration of the WMS, a 1-hour delayed recall of the Logical Memory subtest was included. Performance on the delayed recall task by 51 younger Ss also was presented.", "PMID": 833303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_499", "title": "Cognitive tempo and WISC-R performance.", "content": "Forty-one reflective and 32 impulsive children were identified by the Matching Familiar Figures test and administered the WISC-R. The mean full-scale IQ score was 88.6 for impulsives and 99.9 for reflectives. Further differences in favor of reflectives were found on both verbal and performance IQ as well as Information, Arithmetic, Comprehension, Digit Span, Picture Arrangement, Picture Completion, Block Design and Object Assembly subtests.", "contents": "Cognitive tempo and WISC-R performance. Forty-one reflective and 32 impulsive children were identified by the Matching Familiar Figures test and administered the WISC-R. The mean full-scale IQ score was 88.6 for impulsives and 99.9 for reflectives. Further differences in favor of reflectives were found on both verbal and performance IQ as well as Information, Arithmetic, Comprehension, Digit Span, Picture Arrangement, Picture Completion, Block Design and Object Assembly subtests.", "PMID": 833304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_500", "title": "Intellectual and personality changes associated with carotid endarterectomy.", "content": "Eleven patients with at least 40-50% carotid artery stenosis were given intelligence and personality tests just prior to and 6 weeks after carotid endarterectomy, a surgical procedure designed to remove arteriosclerotic blockage. When compared with 8 control patients, endarterectomy patients showed increases in Perceptual-Organization IQ, decreases in time to complete a perceptual motor task, and significant reductions in suspicion, confusion, disorientation, and other personality symptoms generally associated with senility.", "contents": "Intellectual and personality changes associated with carotid endarterectomy. Eleven patients with at least 40-50% carotid artery stenosis were given intelligence and personality tests just prior to and 6 weeks after carotid endarterectomy, a surgical procedure designed to remove arteriosclerotic blockage. When compared with 8 control patients, endarterectomy patients showed increases in Perceptual-Organization IQ, decreases in time to complete a perceptual motor task, and significant reductions in suspicion, confusion, disorientation, and other personality symptoms generally associated with senility.", "PMID": 833305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_501", "title": "Test complexity and brain damage at different educational levels.", "content": "This investigation attempted to determine whether the complexity (problem-solving component) of selected tests of the Reitan-Halstead Neuropsychological Test Battery was related to their ability to discriminate groups of brain-damaged and non-brain-damaged adults at different educational levels. Twenty tests from the Wechsler-Bellevue and the Reitan-Halstead Battery were administered to 51 brain-damaged and 51 non-brain-damaged adults at three educational levels (grade school, high school, university). Spearman rank-order correlations were obtained for the relationship of task complexity with global scores that reflected the effects of education and brain damage for each variable and with the differences between group means for each education level. The ability of these measures to discriminate the groups was correlated significantly with problem-solving level, whereas the effects of education were correlated negatively with this dimension.", "contents": "Test complexity and brain damage at different educational levels. This investigation attempted to determine whether the complexity (problem-solving component) of selected tests of the Reitan-Halstead Neuropsychological Test Battery was related to their ability to discriminate groups of brain-damaged and non-brain-damaged adults at different educational levels. Twenty tests from the Wechsler-Bellevue and the Reitan-Halstead Battery were administered to 51 brain-damaged and 51 non-brain-damaged adults at three educational levels (grade school, high school, university). Spearman rank-order correlations were obtained for the relationship of task complexity with global scores that reflected the effects of education and brain damage for each variable and with the differences between group means for each education level. The ability of these measures to discriminate the groups was correlated significantly with problem-solving level, whereas the effects of education were correlated negatively with this dimension.", "PMID": 833306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_502", "title": "19 Years later: a mental hygiene clinic revisited--a comparison of three methods to describe a clinic caseload.", "content": "This is a replication of a 1956 study that compared three ways to describe the case load of a mental hygiene clinic. The methods used were to follow-up of a cohort group, cases closed, and a survey of all active cases. In 1975, as compared to 1956, it was found that patients are more likely to be psychotic, to be receiving psychotropic drugs, and to stay in treatment much longer. Rate of improvement declined slightly. The number of patients increased by 166% and the annual number of patient visits increased by 84%, with about the same size staff. Some hypotheses for these changes are discussed.", "contents": "19 Years later: a mental hygiene clinic revisited--a comparison of three methods to describe a clinic caseload. This is a replication of a 1956 study that compared three ways to describe the case load of a mental hygiene clinic. The methods used were to follow-up of a cohort group, cases closed, and a survey of all active cases. In 1975, as compared to 1956, it was found that patients are more likely to be psychotic, to be receiving psychotropic drugs, and to stay in treatment much longer. Rate of improvement declined slightly. The number of patients increased by 166% and the annual number of patient visits increased by 84%, with about the same size staff. Some hypotheses for these changes are discussed.", "PMID": 833307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_503", "title": "Aversive cigarette smoking as a smoking cessation procedure.", "content": "Aversive cigarette smoking that consisted of rapid smoking, warm smoky air, and handling of cigarette litter was investigated. Prior to treatment, all Ss were screened to minimize risks inherent in rapid smoking. Tree male and 9 female Ss completed 6 weeks of treatment. After treatment the mean smoking rate was 16% of baseline. At 3-,6-, and 9-month follow-ups, the mean average was 38%, 50% and 50% of baseline, respectively. Aversive smoking appears to be a promising behavioral approach to smoking cessation.", "contents": "Aversive cigarette smoking as a smoking cessation procedure. Aversive cigarette smoking that consisted of rapid smoking, warm smoky air, and handling of cigarette litter was investigated. Prior to treatment, all Ss were screened to minimize risks inherent in rapid smoking. Tree male and 9 female Ss completed 6 weeks of treatment. After treatment the mean smoking rate was 16% of baseline. At 3-,6-, and 9-month follow-ups, the mean average was 38%, 50% and 50% of baseline, respectively. Aversive smoking appears to be a promising behavioral approach to smoking cessation.", "PMID": 833308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_504", "title": "Ratings of client self-disclosure and improvement as a function of sex of client and therapist.", "content": "This study examined the effects of client and therapist sex on client self-disclosure and improvement from individual psychotherapy. Based upon closing summary data collected at a college psychological counseling center, it was found that clients were more likely to be rated as low disclosers by female than by male therapists. Males viewed more clients as improved than did females (74% vs. 50%).", "contents": "Ratings of client self-disclosure and improvement as a function of sex of client and therapist. This study examined the effects of client and therapist sex on client self-disclosure and improvement from individual psychotherapy. Based upon closing summary data collected at a college psychological counseling center, it was found that clients were more likely to be rated as low disclosers by female than by male therapists. Males viewed more clients as improved than did females (74% vs. 50%).", "PMID": 833309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_505", "title": "Further factor-analytic investigation of the Thorne femininity study.", "content": "The responses of 512 undergraduate women to 198 items of the Thorne Femininity Study were factor analyzed in order to isolate the dimensions of femininity represented among the items of this instrument. The procedure used isolated 11 orthogonal factors that accounted for 21.1% of the total variance. Three additional samples of women were tested (total N=222) and compared to the college age samples on the 11 factors. The various samples differed in many systematic and statistically significant ways. Suggestions were made as to the possibility of developing new items to measure some aspects of femininity not represented completely among the items analyzed.", "contents": "Further factor-analytic investigation of the Thorne femininity study. The responses of 512 undergraduate women to 198 items of the Thorne Femininity Study were factor analyzed in order to isolate the dimensions of femininity represented among the items of this instrument. The procedure used isolated 11 orthogonal factors that accounted for 21.1% of the total variance. Three additional samples of women were tested (total N=222) and compared to the college age samples on the 11 factors. The various samples differed in many systematic and statistically significant ways. Suggestions were made as to the possibility of developing new items to measure some aspects of femininity not represented completely among the items analyzed.", "PMID": 833310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_506", "title": "Analysis of process data from token groups in a summer camp.", "content": "Forty-two campers who were attending a summer camp for disturbed children were treated by a combined group therapy-token economy approach in which peer judgments were the basis for tokens awarded for behaviors that occurred during the preceding 24-hour period. Process behaviors were studied to determine whether this approach would produce positive verbal behavioral change. Four variables changed significantly. Environmental (irrelevant) responses declined, group responses increased, leader-directed responses declined, and decision-making, reflected by summarizing, testing feasibility and concensus, increased.", "contents": "Analysis of process data from token groups in a summer camp. Forty-two campers who were attending a summer camp for disturbed children were treated by a combined group therapy-token economy approach in which peer judgments were the basis for tokens awarded for behaviors that occurred during the preceding 24-hour period. Process behaviors were studied to determine whether this approach would produce positive verbal behavioral change. Four variables changed significantly. Environmental (irrelevant) responses declined, group responses increased, leader-directed responses declined, and decision-making, reflected by summarizing, testing feasibility and concensus, increased.", "PMID": 833311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_507", "title": "Personality integration and successful outcome in individual psychotherapy.", "content": "Successful and unsuccessful outcomes in 24 therapy dyads were analyzed according to client-therapist personality integration (pi). Results indicated that successful outcome was most likely to occur when both client and therapist were high pi. Failure was most frequent among mixed sex dyads with discrepant pi differences. Implications for effective client-therapist matching were discussed.", "contents": "Personality integration and successful outcome in individual psychotherapy. Successful and unsuccessful outcomes in 24 therapy dyads were analyzed according to client-therapist personality integration (pi). Results indicated that successful outcome was most likely to occur when both client and therapist were high pi. Failure was most frequent among mixed sex dyads with discrepant pi differences. Implications for effective client-therapist matching were discussed.", "PMID": 833312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_508", "title": "The role of alienation in mental hospitalization.", "content": "A scale that assesses alienation was constructed from seven previously reported scales and administered to 74 psychiatric inpatients for whom behavioral and demographic data also were compiled. Factor analysis of alienation items yielded no major factors, which suggests that the construct is not unitary. A rotated factor matrix of alienation scores and behavioral and demographic variables showed that alienation does not account for a major proportion of variance in life history variables or current interpersonal functioning. Regression analysis indicated that alienation scores were predicted poorly from other variables. Moreover, alienation scores were poor predictors of length of hospitalization, which indicates that alienation has little power to account for relative severity of deviance.", "contents": "The role of alienation in mental hospitalization. A scale that assesses alienation was constructed from seven previously reported scales and administered to 74 psychiatric inpatients for whom behavioral and demographic data also were compiled. Factor analysis of alienation items yielded no major factors, which suggests that the construct is not unitary. A rotated factor matrix of alienation scores and behavioral and demographic variables showed that alienation does not account for a major proportion of variance in life history variables or current interpersonal functioning. Regression analysis indicated that alienation scores were predicted poorly from other variables. Moreover, alienation scores were poor predictors of length of hospitalization, which indicates that alienation has little power to account for relative severity of deviance.", "PMID": 833313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_509", "title": "The effects of EMG feedback training on state anxiety in introverts and extraverts.", "content": "The effect of EMG feedback on state anxiety was investigated in anxious introverts and extraverts. Although both groups learned to relax their muscles adequately, only the introverts reported a significant decrement in anxiety. Some extraverts reacted adversely to the technique, which suggests that other methods to inhibit anxiety may be necessary for this group.", "contents": "The effects of EMG feedback training on state anxiety in introverts and extraverts. The effect of EMG feedback on state anxiety was investigated in anxious introverts and extraverts. Although both groups learned to relax their muscles adequately, only the introverts reported a significant decrement in anxiety. Some extraverts reacted adversely to the technique, which suggests that other methods to inhibit anxiety may be necessary for this group.", "PMID": 833314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_510", "title": "The delayed impact of group therapists' interventions.", "content": "The direct and delayed impact of therapist interventions on 21 clients in three outpatient therapy groups was examined. Sessions one and five of each group were taped with every therapist intervention analyzed according to the Group Therapist Interventions Scale and every client utterance rated on the Experiencing Scale and categorized by the Group Immediacy Scale. It was hypothesized that therapists would have a delayed rather than direct influence on group process measures. When pairs of therapist-patient statements were examined; little immediate impact was evident. However, a profound delayed impact of group leaders was inferred from the finding that astherapist interventions became more forceful over the first five sessions, patients' level and immediacy of experiencing became more intense.", "contents": "The delayed impact of group therapists' interventions. The direct and delayed impact of therapist interventions on 21 clients in three outpatient therapy groups was examined. Sessions one and five of each group were taped with every therapist intervention analyzed according to the Group Therapist Interventions Scale and every client utterance rated on the Experiencing Scale and categorized by the Group Immediacy Scale. It was hypothesized that therapists would have a delayed rather than direct influence on group process measures. When pairs of therapist-patient statements were examined; little immediate impact was evident. However, a profound delayed impact of group leaders was inferred from the finding that astherapist interventions became more forceful over the first five sessions, patients' level and immediacy of experiencing became more intense.", "PMID": 833315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_511", "title": "Psychotherapists' descriptions of emotionally disturbed adolescent poor and good sleepers.", "content": "A sample of 53 poor sleepers (N = 37 boys and 16 girls) and a matched sample of 53 good sleepers were selected from a national study of 831 white, emotionally disturbed adolescents in treatment. Psychotherapists' ratings on 552 variables were examined by comparing the endorsement rates of the two groups by means of a split-sample procedure. The results yielded 74 replicated characteristics that differentiate poor from good sleepers, a number of which are highly unique to each group. Poor sleepers are consistently higher on measures associated with neuroticism, whereas good sleepers are higher on measures associated with pseudo-normalcy or psychopathy. These results present further evidence that personality dynamics play a critical role in disturbed sleep. The authors suggest that a reorientation that integrates personality and physiological findings is necessary to advance our understanding and treatment effectiveness of persons with disturbed sleep.", "contents": "Psychotherapists' descriptions of emotionally disturbed adolescent poor and good sleepers. A sample of 53 poor sleepers (N = 37 boys and 16 girls) and a matched sample of 53 good sleepers were selected from a national study of 831 white, emotionally disturbed adolescents in treatment. Psychotherapists' ratings on 552 variables were examined by comparing the endorsement rates of the two groups by means of a split-sample procedure. The results yielded 74 replicated characteristics that differentiate poor from good sleepers, a number of which are highly unique to each group. Poor sleepers are consistently higher on measures associated with neuroticism, whereas good sleepers are higher on measures associated with pseudo-normalcy or psychopathy. These results present further evidence that personality dynamics play a critical role in disturbed sleep. The authors suggest that a reorientation that integrates personality and physiological findings is necessary to advance our understanding and treatment effectiveness of persons with disturbed sleep.", "PMID": 833316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_512", "title": "Some personality differences among the multidisciplinary team.", "content": "Professional and student psychologists, social workers, physiotherapists and occupational therapists were administered a demographic questionnaire, the Dogmatism Scale and the Personality Research Form. Significant and trend differences on each of these measures were obtained between the four professional groups, the professional and student groups and the professional groups and the norms for the measures. The possible role of these differences in the operation of the multidisciplinary team is discussed.", "contents": "Some personality differences among the multidisciplinary team. Professional and student psychologists, social workers, physiotherapists and occupational therapists were administered a demographic questionnaire, the Dogmatism Scale and the Personality Research Form. Significant and trend differences on each of these measures were obtained between the four professional groups, the professional and student groups and the professional groups and the norms for the measures. The possible role of these differences in the operation of the multidisciplinary team is discussed.", "PMID": 833317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_513", "title": "Locus of control in prediction of counselor effectiveness within a therapeutic camp setting.", "content": "This study investigated the utility of two locus of control scales to predict the judged effectiveness of undergraduate counselors in two summer camps for emotionally disturbed children. In general, internal control was correlated positively with overall effectiveness as rated by directors and fellow counselors. When content of the control scales reflected perceptions of interpersonal situations, the relationships to counselor effectiveness tended to be slightly higher. The implications for future, research on personality predictors of clinical competence among paraprofessionals were discussed.", "contents": "Locus of control in prediction of counselor effectiveness within a therapeutic camp setting. This study investigated the utility of two locus of control scales to predict the judged effectiveness of undergraduate counselors in two summer camps for emotionally disturbed children. In general, internal control was correlated positively with overall effectiveness as rated by directors and fellow counselors. When content of the control scales reflected perceptions of interpersonal situations, the relationships to counselor effectiveness tended to be slightly higher. The implications for future, research on personality predictors of clinical competence among paraprofessionals were discussed.", "PMID": 833318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_514", "title": "The WISC as a measure of personality types.", "content": "This present analysis attempted to provide evidence for the utility of the WISCto identify a specific group of individuals. Incarcerated juvenile offenders in the 70/79 IQ range were separated according to race and sex and their differential WISC patterns studied. Results focused on the efficiency of each of Wechsler's hypotheses for the adolescent sociopath. Post-hoc analysis provided tentative additional signs by which to identify juvenile offenders in the 70/79 IQ range. Consistencies between results of the present analysis and previous studies were noted. The clear pattern that emerged strongly supports the potential of the WISC as a measure of personality types.", "contents": "The WISC as a measure of personality types. This present analysis attempted to provide evidence for the utility of the WISCto identify a specific group of individuals. Incarcerated juvenile offenders in the 70/79 IQ range were separated according to race and sex and their differential WISC patterns studied. Results focused on the efficiency of each of Wechsler's hypotheses for the adolescent sociopath. Post-hoc analysis provided tentative additional signs by which to identify juvenile offenders in the 70/79 IQ range. Consistencies between results of the present analysis and previous studies were noted. The clear pattern that emerged strongly supports the potential of the WISC as a measure of personality types.", "PMID": 833319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_515", "title": "Correlates of locus of control among male alcoholics.", "content": "This study examined the relationship between internal-external control and several psychometric adjustment indices among 162 male alcoholics (mean age = 40.7) in an inpatient state vocational rehabilitation facility. Rotter's I-E scale was used to compare three subgroups of alcoholics (39 Internals, 82 Moderate scorers, and 41 Externals) on the Success-Failure Inventory, the Dogmatism Scale, the Future Outlook Inventory, the Alcadd Test, and the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List. Internal alcoholics were found to be significantly more success-oriented, less dogmatic and more optimistic in future adjustment outlook. I-E subgroup differences on these measures were not dependent on age and IQ variability present between I-E levels. Results suggest that locus of control-adjustment correlates exist within alcoholic as well as within previously studied \"normal\" samples.", "contents": "Correlates of locus of control among male alcoholics. This study examined the relationship between internal-external control and several psychometric adjustment indices among 162 male alcoholics (mean age = 40.7) in an inpatient state vocational rehabilitation facility. Rotter's I-E scale was used to compare three subgroups of alcoholics (39 Internals, 82 Moderate scorers, and 41 Externals) on the Success-Failure Inventory, the Dogmatism Scale, the Future Outlook Inventory, the Alcadd Test, and the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List. Internal alcoholics were found to be significantly more success-oriented, less dogmatic and more optimistic in future adjustment outlook. I-E subgroup differences on these measures were not dependent on age and IQ variability present between I-E levels. Results suggest that locus of control-adjustment correlates exist within alcoholic as well as within previously studied \"normal\" samples.", "PMID": 833320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_516", "title": "Application of the Faschingbauer Abbreviated MMPI with alcoholic patients.", "content": "There is a need to examine the usefulness of an abbreviated form of the MMPI with alcoholic patients. The Faschingbauer Abbreviated MMPI (FAM) was administered to 225 male alcoholics. The correlations between the T-scores for the FAM and their full MMPI counterparts ranged from .761 to .919. Examination of the high-point code for each FAM-MMPI pair yielded 52.89% with identical high-point codes. A comparison between the MMPI and the FAM pairs showed that 78% of the profiles had the same number of scales with T-score above 70 plus or minus one scale. The authors suggest that when a full MMPI administration is not feasible, the FAM is a valid substitute for alcoholic populations.", "contents": "Application of the Faschingbauer Abbreviated MMPI with alcoholic patients. There is a need to examine the usefulness of an abbreviated form of the MMPI with alcoholic patients. The Faschingbauer Abbreviated MMPI (FAM) was administered to 225 male alcoholics. The correlations between the T-scores for the FAM and their full MMPI counterparts ranged from .761 to .919. Examination of the high-point code for each FAM-MMPI pair yielded 52.89% with identical high-point codes. A comparison between the MMPI and the FAM pairs showed that 78% of the profiles had the same number of scales with T-score above 70 plus or minus one scale. The authors suggest that when a full MMPI administration is not feasible, the FAM is a valid substitute for alcoholic populations.", "PMID": 833321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_517", "title": "Brain damage and five MMPI items with alcoholic patients.", "content": "The validity of Hovey's brain damage MMPI index for male alcoholic inpatients was investigated. With educational level controlled, the scale did not show significant relationships with established tests of cognitive and organic impairment. Significant correlations were found with measures of psychopathology. This suggests that only in populations in which neurological deficit is the main factor in variations in emotional and physical well-being will this type of index be useful to screen patients for brain damage. The results stress the importance of local cross-validation prior to the clinical use of measures such as Hovey's scale.", "contents": "Brain damage and five MMPI items with alcoholic patients. The validity of Hovey's brain damage MMPI index for male alcoholic inpatients was investigated. With educational level controlled, the scale did not show significant relationships with established tests of cognitive and organic impairment. Significant correlations were found with measures of psychopathology. This suggests that only in populations in which neurological deficit is the main factor in variations in emotional and physical well-being will this type of index be useful to screen patients for brain damage. The results stress the importance of local cross-validation prior to the clinical use of measures such as Hovey's scale.", "PMID": 833322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_518", "title": "WAIS functioning of cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic alcoholics.", "content": "This study was done to determine whether the cognitive dysfunction often found in chronic alcoholics would be greater for alcoholics with Laennec's cirrhosis than for alcoholics without cirrhosis. It was hypothesized that cirrhotic alcoholics would score lower than non-cirrhotic alcoholics, who in turn would score lower than non-alcoholic, non-cirrhotic controls on (1) WAIS Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQ; (2) scaled score configuration; and (3) the Wechsler Deterioration Quotient. The WAIS was administered in a Veterans Administration Center to 60 Caucasian male patients aged 35-64 who had been assigned to one of the three groups (N = 20 per group). No differences were found among groups on age, education, or the Information and Vocabulary subtests (p greater than .05). Significant differences (p less than .05) were found on Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQ, the remaining nine subtests, and the Deterioration Quotient. A stepwise discriminate function analysis substantiated these differences. It was concluded that Laennec's cirrhosis is a physical condition that negatively affects intellectual functioning in alcoholics.", "contents": "WAIS functioning of cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic alcoholics. This study was done to determine whether the cognitive dysfunction often found in chronic alcoholics would be greater for alcoholics with Laennec's cirrhosis than for alcoholics without cirrhosis. It was hypothesized that cirrhotic alcoholics would score lower than non-cirrhotic alcoholics, who in turn would score lower than non-alcoholic, non-cirrhotic controls on (1) WAIS Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQ; (2) scaled score configuration; and (3) the Wechsler Deterioration Quotient. The WAIS was administered in a Veterans Administration Center to 60 Caucasian male patients aged 35-64 who had been assigned to one of the three groups (N = 20 per group). No differences were found among groups on age, education, or the Information and Vocabulary subtests (p greater than .05). Significant differences (p less than .05) were found on Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQ, the remaining nine subtests, and the Deterioration Quotient. A stepwise discriminate function analysis substantiated these differences. It was concluded that Laennec's cirrhosis is a physical condition that negatively affects intellectual functioning in alcoholics.", "PMID": 833323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_519", "title": "Purpose in life and personal values among adult alcoholics.", "content": "Ideas of purpose and meaning in life, religious or spiritual values, belief in a Higher Power, and related constructs often play an important role in traditional alcoholism rehabilitation approaches, but very few data are available. Consequently, 49 males and 8 females in a 30-day inpatient treatment program for alcoholics were given the Purpose in Life (PIL) test and Study of Values (SOV) shortly after admission to the hospital and again just before discharge. Results indicated: (1) significant increases in PIL scores; (2) no significant dissimilarities between alcoholics and normals on the SPV; and (3) significant correlations between PIL and the Aesthetic and Religious scales of the SOV on the second administration only. Results were discussed in terms of future directions for research and implications for treatment.", "contents": "Purpose in life and personal values among adult alcoholics. Ideas of purpose and meaning in life, religious or spiritual values, belief in a Higher Power, and related constructs often play an important role in traditional alcoholism rehabilitation approaches, but very few data are available. Consequently, 49 males and 8 females in a 30-day inpatient treatment program for alcoholics were given the Purpose in Life (PIL) test and Study of Values (SOV) shortly after admission to the hospital and again just before discharge. Results indicated: (1) significant increases in PIL scores; (2) no significant dissimilarities between alcoholics and normals on the SPV; and (3) significant correlations between PIL and the Aesthetic and Religious scales of the SOV on the second administration only. Results were discussed in terms of future directions for research and implications for treatment.", "PMID": 833324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_520", "title": "Differences in word association commonality of schizophrenics: the self-editing-deficit model vs. the partial-collapse-of-response-hierarchy hypothesis.", "content": "Schizophrenics matched by pairs with 26 neurotics were found to be no different in commonality scores under free association conditions on steep-slope words from Moran's (1966) word list equated for \"idiodynamic set pull.\" Schizophrenics scored significantly lower (p less than 0.05) in commonality on flat-slope words, where steep-slope and flat-slope refer respectively to stimulus words with one or several commonly occurring associates. Matched by pairs with 23 \"normal\" controls, schizophrenics scored significantly lower in commonality on both steep-slope and flat-slope words under free association conditions. These findings are contrary to the prediction for the two-stage, self-editing-deficit model (Lisman & Cohen, 1972) and are consistent with the one-stage, partial-collapse-of-hierarchy hypothesis (Broen & Storms, 1966). Other results (e.g., schizophrenics obtained significantly lower commonality for Concept-referent, but not for Dimension-referent or Object-referent, steep-slope stimulus words) suggest that these models might be modified so as to take into account the idiodynamic set pull of stimulus words.", "contents": "Differences in word association commonality of schizophrenics: the self-editing-deficit model vs. the partial-collapse-of-response-hierarchy hypothesis. Schizophrenics matched by pairs with 26 neurotics were found to be no different in commonality scores under free association conditions on steep-slope words from Moran's (1966) word list equated for \"idiodynamic set pull.\" Schizophrenics scored significantly lower (p less than 0.05) in commonality on flat-slope words, where steep-slope and flat-slope refer respectively to stimulus words with one or several commonly occurring associates. Matched by pairs with 23 \"normal\" controls, schizophrenics scored significantly lower in commonality on both steep-slope and flat-slope words under free association conditions. These findings are contrary to the prediction for the two-stage, self-editing-deficit model (Lisman & Cohen, 1972) and are consistent with the one-stage, partial-collapse-of-hierarchy hypothesis (Broen & Storms, 1966). Other results (e.g., schizophrenics obtained significantly lower commonality for Concept-referent, but not for Dimension-referent or Object-referent, steep-slope stimulus words) suggest that these models might be modified so as to take into account the idiodynamic set pull of stimulus words.", "PMID": 833325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_521", "title": "Family schemata in families of symptomatic and normal children.", "content": "Psychological distance within families was investigated by a family doll placement technique. Parents of emotionally disturbed boys tended to use a higher frequency of psychologically distant doll placement than did parents of normal boys. Parents of boys with learning problems used psychologically close doll placements more frequently than did parents of normal boys. Parents grouped the family into a single unit more frequently than their children when the child had learning problems. Siblings of children with learning problems were found to be symptom-free in comparison with siblings of disturbed children.", "contents": "Family schemata in families of symptomatic and normal children. Psychological distance within families was investigated by a family doll placement technique. Parents of emotionally disturbed boys tended to use a higher frequency of psychologically distant doll placement than did parents of normal boys. Parents of boys with learning problems used psychologically close doll placements more frequently than did parents of normal boys. Parents grouped the family into a single unit more frequently than their children when the child had learning problems. Siblings of children with learning problems were found to be symptom-free in comparison with siblings of disturbed children.", "PMID": 833326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_522", "title": "Prior time uncertainty reduction of foreperiod duration in schizophrenia and old age.", "content": "Four groups of college students, alcoholics, schizophrenics, and old age Ss judged stimulus durations of .50 and .55 seconds. The stimulus was preceded by a sound that functioned as the warning signal. The foreperiod duration, that is, the interval between the onsets of the warning signal and the stimulus, was variable and was either 1,3, or 5 seconds. There was no group difference with respect to the effect of foreperiod variability. Estimation of stimulus duration was a monotonically increasing function of foreperiod duration. However, when pitch of the sound was correlated with the corresponding foreperiod duration, this monotonic relation between foreperiod duration and estimation of stimulus duration was eliminated for schizophrenics, but not for nonschizophrenics. Although schizophrenics were not distinguishable from nonschizophrenics in terms of the effect of foreperiod variability, receptivity to prior information associated with time uncertainty reduction was shown to be unique for schizophrenia.", "contents": "Prior time uncertainty reduction of foreperiod duration in schizophrenia and old age. Four groups of college students, alcoholics, schizophrenics, and old age Ss judged stimulus durations of .50 and .55 seconds. The stimulus was preceded by a sound that functioned as the warning signal. The foreperiod duration, that is, the interval between the onsets of the warning signal and the stimulus, was variable and was either 1,3, or 5 seconds. There was no group difference with respect to the effect of foreperiod variability. Estimation of stimulus duration was a monotonically increasing function of foreperiod duration. However, when pitch of the sound was correlated with the corresponding foreperiod duration, this monotonic relation between foreperiod duration and estimation of stimulus duration was eliminated for schizophrenics, but not for nonschizophrenics. Although schizophrenics were not distinguishable from nonschizophrenics in terms of the effect of foreperiod variability, receptivity to prior information associated with time uncertainty reduction was shown to be unique for schizophrenia.", "PMID": 833327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_523", "title": "The measurement of femininity.", "content": "Preliminary empiric research with The Femininity Study identifies 10 factorially derived factors that indicate the general dimmensions of femininity with particular reference to female self-concept, feelings of inadequacy related to sexual characteristics, and deficiencies of female role-playing. Pilot studies indicate that wide differences occur across time both individually and in different demographic groups so that it is necessary to study the development of sex attitudes across time. Further cross-sectional and longitudinal studies are necessary to discover whether the derived factors are specific to females or distributed in differing degrees among humans in general. No assumptions were made as to whether the obtained factors are unipolar or bipolar, and the present data do not resolve this issue.", "contents": "The measurement of femininity. Preliminary empiric research with The Femininity Study identifies 10 factorially derived factors that indicate the general dimmensions of femininity with particular reference to female self-concept, feelings of inadequacy related to sexual characteristics, and deficiencies of female role-playing. Pilot studies indicate that wide differences occur across time both individually and in different demographic groups so that it is necessary to study the development of sex attitudes across time. Further cross-sectional and longitudinal studies are necessary to discover whether the derived factors are specific to females or distributed in differing degrees among humans in general. No assumptions were made as to whether the obtained factors are unipolar or bipolar, and the present data do not resolve this issue.", "PMID": 833328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_524", "title": "Prior time uncertainty reduction of foreperiod duration under two different levels of event uncertainty in schizophrenia.", "content": "Schizophrenic and alcoholic Ss judged stimulus durations of .50 and .55 seconds. Stimulus was 1, 3 or 5 dark dots and was preceded by variable foreperiod duration of 1, 3 or 5 seconds. Judgment of stimulus duration was found to be a monotonically increasing function of foreperiod duration. When pitch of sound was correlated with foreperiod duration so that it functioned as prior information, such monotonic function was eliminated for schizophrenics only when the numerosity of dots was constant from trial to trial. The effect of prior information as to foreperiod duration was negligible for both schizophrenics and alcoholics when the numerosity of dots was variable from trial to trial. Uniqueness of schizophrenia was shown to be associated with prior time uncertainty reduction of foreperiod duration in the context of minimal event uncertainty of stimulus.", "contents": "Prior time uncertainty reduction of foreperiod duration under two different levels of event uncertainty in schizophrenia. Schizophrenic and alcoholic Ss judged stimulus durations of .50 and .55 seconds. Stimulus was 1, 3 or 5 dark dots and was preceded by variable foreperiod duration of 1, 3 or 5 seconds. Judgment of stimulus duration was found to be a monotonically increasing function of foreperiod duration. When pitch of sound was correlated with foreperiod duration so that it functioned as prior information, such monotonic function was eliminated for schizophrenics only when the numerosity of dots was constant from trial to trial. The effect of prior information as to foreperiod duration was negligible for both schizophrenics and alcoholics when the numerosity of dots was variable from trial to trial. Uniqueness of schizophrenia was shown to be associated with prior time uncertainty reduction of foreperiod duration in the context of minimal event uncertainty of stimulus.", "PMID": 833329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_525", "title": "Anhedonia as a function of non-affective interpretation of ambiguous stimuli and threshold for affective and neutral stimuli.", "content": "A theory that schizophrenic anhedonia-the failure to express pleasure-is associated with a tendency to interpret ambiguous stimuli as neutral rather than emotion-laden and arises from selectively high perceptual thresholds for affective stimuli was tested. Seventy-six schizophrenic males were required to guess whether words presented to them tachistoscopically for extremely short periods were positive, negative or neutral in content. The high-anhedonic Ss were significantly more likely to guess neutral words and less likely to offer pleasant interpretations than the low-anhedonic sample, which suggests that anhedonia is associated with a tendency to interpret one's environment as lacking in positive emotional value. The tresholds of high-and low-anhedonic schizophrenic groups then were compared on pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral tachistoscopically-presented stimuli. In the only two significant differences in the latter analyses, high anhedonics showed greater tresholds for neutral stimuli than low anhedonics. These findings suggest that anhedonia is not mediated by peculiarly high tresholds for affective stimuli.", "contents": "Anhedonia as a function of non-affective interpretation of ambiguous stimuli and threshold for affective and neutral stimuli. A theory that schizophrenic anhedonia-the failure to express pleasure-is associated with a tendency to interpret ambiguous stimuli as neutral rather than emotion-laden and arises from selectively high perceptual thresholds for affective stimuli was tested. Seventy-six schizophrenic males were required to guess whether words presented to them tachistoscopically for extremely short periods were positive, negative or neutral in content. The high-anhedonic Ss were significantly more likely to guess neutral words and less likely to offer pleasant interpretations than the low-anhedonic sample, which suggests that anhedonia is associated with a tendency to interpret one's environment as lacking in positive emotional value. The tresholds of high-and low-anhedonic schizophrenic groups then were compared on pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral tachistoscopically-presented stimuli. In the only two significant differences in the latter analyses, high anhedonics showed greater tresholds for neutral stimuli than low anhedonics. These findings suggest that anhedonia is not mediated by peculiarly high tresholds for affective stimuli.", "PMID": 833330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_526", "title": "Religiousness and devaluation of a rape victim.", "content": "In a 4X3 design (religious orientation vs. marital status of victim), 167 Ss were given a case account of a rape. Intrinsically religious Ss devalued the victim less than did Ss who were extrinsically oriented, indiscriminately proreligious and indiscriminately nonreligious. No significant effect was noted for the marital status of the victim, nor was there a significant interaction between these two variables.", "contents": "Religiousness and devaluation of a rape victim. In a 4X3 design (religious orientation vs. marital status of victim), 167 Ss were given a case account of a rape. Intrinsically religious Ss devalued the victim less than did Ss who were extrinsically oriented, indiscriminately proreligious and indiscriminately nonreligious. No significant effect was noted for the marital status of the victim, nor was there a significant interaction between these two variables.", "PMID": 833331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_527", "title": "Skin conductance and heart-rate responsivity to public speaking imagery among students with high and low self-reported fear: a comparative analysis of \"response\" definitions.", "content": "The experiment evaluated the feasibility of using self-report measures of public speaking anxiety to select autonomically responsive Ss for behavior therapy research and the influence of E's definition of \"response\" on empirical generalizations derived from the study. Heartrate and skin conductance responses of Ss who scored high and of Ss who scored low on self-report fear measures were monitored during neutral and speech-related imagery. High-scoring Ss were more responsive than were low-scoring Ss, but the surplus responsivity was not cued uniquely by speech-related imagery. Examination of four definitions (transformations) of heart-rate response and five definitions of skin conductance response showed that different conclusions were yielded by differing response definitions. Implications of the findings for further research are presented.", "contents": "Skin conductance and heart-rate responsivity to public speaking imagery among students with high and low self-reported fear: a comparative analysis of \"response\" definitions. The experiment evaluated the feasibility of using self-report measures of public speaking anxiety to select autonomically responsive Ss for behavior therapy research and the influence of E's definition of \"response\" on empirical generalizations derived from the study. Heartrate and skin conductance responses of Ss who scored high and of Ss who scored low on self-report fear measures were monitored during neutral and speech-related imagery. High-scoring Ss were more responsive than were low-scoring Ss, but the surplus responsivity was not cued uniquely by speech-related imagery. Examination of four definitions (transformations) of heart-rate response and five definitions of skin conductance response showed that different conclusions were yielded by differing response definitions. Implications of the findings for further research are presented.", "PMID": 833332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_528", "title": "Understanding and similarity in relation to marital satisfaction.", "content": "This investigation assessed the relation of understanding and similarity of spouses to marital satisfaction by use of the MMPI. The satisfactorily married couples predicted significantly more of their spouses' responses than did the unsatisfactorily married couples. This significantly greater accuracy of prediction was not enhanced by the significantly greater similarity exhibited by the satisfactorily married couples. In fact, both groups accurately predicted a significantly greater number of items that were dissimilarly endorsed when compared with those items similarly endorsed. No relation was found for either group between assumed similarity and marital satisfaction.", "contents": "Understanding and similarity in relation to marital satisfaction. This investigation assessed the relation of understanding and similarity of spouses to marital satisfaction by use of the MMPI. The satisfactorily married couples predicted significantly more of their spouses' responses than did the unsatisfactorily married couples. This significantly greater accuracy of prediction was not enhanced by the significantly greater similarity exhibited by the satisfactorily married couples. In fact, both groups accurately predicted a significantly greater number of items that were dissimilarly endorsed when compared with those items similarly endorsed. No relation was found for either group between assumed similarity and marital satisfaction.", "PMID": 833333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_529", "title": "Differentiation of intropunitive from extrapunitive female inmates.", "content": "Five cards of the Thematic Apperception Test were administered to 10 extrapunitive and 10 intropunitive female inmates. A scoring index based upon the individual's relationship and response to the environment was derived. Discrimination of group membership made by two independent judges who employed the index resulted in significant differentiation of groups on card 3BM. Discussion considers response to card 3BM as a manifestation of identification with the stimulus figure. Environmental constriction as an important response component also is examined.", "contents": "Differentiation of intropunitive from extrapunitive female inmates. Five cards of the Thematic Apperception Test were administered to 10 extrapunitive and 10 intropunitive female inmates. A scoring index based upon the individual's relationship and response to the environment was derived. Discrimination of group membership made by two independent judges who employed the index resulted in significant differentiation of groups on card 3BM. Discussion considers response to card 3BM as a manifestation of identification with the stimulus figure. Environmental constriction as an important response component also is examined.", "PMID": 833334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_530", "title": "The attitudes of psychiatrists toward etiological theories of schizophrenia.", "content": "This study is an analysis of psychiatrists' opinions on the etiology of schizophrenia. A random sample of members of the American Psychiatric Association uncovers a general hesitation on their part to subscribe to any particular etiological theory. Only four theories are viewed as causally related to schizophrenia: social isolation, cognitive breakdown, biochemical imbalance, and maternal deprivation. Attitudes toward etiological theories are significantly different among psychoanalysts, behaviorists, and eclectics. Attitudes also are related to the setting in which the psychiatrist practices.", "contents": "The attitudes of psychiatrists toward etiological theories of schizophrenia. This study is an analysis of psychiatrists' opinions on the etiology of schizophrenia. A random sample of members of the American Psychiatric Association uncovers a general hesitation on their part to subscribe to any particular etiological theory. Only four theories are viewed as causally related to schizophrenia: social isolation, cognitive breakdown, biochemical imbalance, and maternal deprivation. Attitudes toward etiological theories are significantly different among psychoanalysts, behaviorists, and eclectics. Attitudes also are related to the setting in which the psychiatrist practices.", "PMID": 833335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_531", "title": "Changes in the fasting blood sugar after hydrochlorothiazide and potassium supplementation.", "content": "A 20% or greater rise in the fasting blood sugar occurred in 11 of 24 patients treated with 50 mg hydrochlorothiazide twice daily for six to ten weeks. The blood sugar decreased when potassium was given in conjunction with the diuretic, but the mean fasting blood sugar remained higher than pretreatment levels. There was no correlation between the percent change in the blood sugar and the per cent change in the serum K or exchangeable 42K.", "contents": "Changes in the fasting blood sugar after hydrochlorothiazide and potassium supplementation. A 20% or greater rise in the fasting blood sugar occurred in 11 of 24 patients treated with 50 mg hydrochlorothiazide twice daily for six to ten weeks. The blood sugar decreased when potassium was given in conjunction with the diuretic, but the mean fasting blood sugar remained higher than pretreatment levels. There was no correlation between the percent change in the blood sugar and the per cent change in the serum K or exchangeable 42K.", "PMID": 833337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_532", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of orally administered hydroflumethiazide in man.", "content": "Hydroflumethiazide plasma and urine levels were measured fluorometrically following the oral administration of 100-mg doses (2 X 50 mg tablets) to each of 12 healthy, adult male subjects. The plasma level data as a function of time were fit to a one-compartment open model using a nonlinear regression digital computer program. The means of the individual apparent absorption and disposition rate apparent absorption and disposition rate constants were 0.770+/-0.46 hr(-1) (t1/2=0.9 hr) and 0.358+/-0.17 hr(-1) (t1/2=1.94 hr), respectively, with a 0.49+/-0.26 hr lag time in absorption. The same parameter estimates obtained by fitting the mean plasma concentration-time curve were 0.461+/-0.15 hr(-1), 0.357+/-0.13 hr(-1), and 0.39+/-0.09 hr for the apparent absorption and disposition rate constants and the lag time, respectively. The closeness of the parameter estimates and the lack of intravenous data preclude unequivocal assignment of the rate constants to the absorption or disposition processes. Nevertheless, the disposition of hydroflumethiazide is clearly a rapid process. The means of the individual peak plasma levels and times to peak were 0.301+/-0.94 microgram/ml and 2.12+/-0.59 hours, respectively. The mean area under the plasma level-time curve was 1.95+/-0.78 microgram-hr/ml and 46.7+/-20.0% of the administered dose was recovered in the 24-hour urine. The mean renal clearance of hydroflumethiazide was 453.4+/-256.6 ml/min.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of orally administered hydroflumethiazide in man. Hydroflumethiazide plasma and urine levels were measured fluorometrically following the oral administration of 100-mg doses (2 X 50 mg tablets) to each of 12 healthy, adult male subjects. The plasma level data as a function of time were fit to a one-compartment open model using a nonlinear regression digital computer program. The means of the individual apparent absorption and disposition rate apparent absorption and disposition rate constants were 0.770+/-0.46 hr(-1) (t1/2=0.9 hr) and 0.358+/-0.17 hr(-1) (t1/2=1.94 hr), respectively, with a 0.49+/-0.26 hr lag time in absorption. The same parameter estimates obtained by fitting the mean plasma concentration-time curve were 0.461+/-0.15 hr(-1), 0.357+/-0.13 hr(-1), and 0.39+/-0.09 hr for the apparent absorption and disposition rate constants and the lag time, respectively. The closeness of the parameter estimates and the lack of intravenous data preclude unequivocal assignment of the rate constants to the absorption or disposition processes. Nevertheless, the disposition of hydroflumethiazide is clearly a rapid process. The means of the individual peak plasma levels and times to peak were 0.301+/-0.94 microgram/ml and 2.12+/-0.59 hours, respectively. The mean area under the plasma level-time curve was 1.95+/-0.78 microgram-hr/ml and 46.7+/-20.0% of the administered dose was recovered in the 24-hour urine. The mean renal clearance of hydroflumethiazide was 453.4+/-256.6 ml/min.", "PMID": 833338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_533", "title": "The effect of indomethacin, 6-hydroxydopamine, saralasin, and hemorrhage on renal hemodynamics.", "content": "This report describes the response of the renal circulation to prolonged hemorrhagic hypotension and reinfusion of blood, and to the effect of a variety of drugs (saralasin, indomethacin, and 6-hydroxydopamine, 6-OH-DA). Plastic microspheres were used to measure blood flow perfusing the entire kidney and also the outer cortex, inner cortex, and medulla of the kidney. Cardiac output was determined with a Doppler flow probe, and total and regional flows were calculated. Redistribution of blood flow from outer cortex to inner cortex and medulla occurred during hemorrhage and after administration of saralasin and 6-hydroxy-dopamine, while indomethacin did not alter intrarenal flow distribution. Total renal flow increased after reinfusion of blood and saralasin, but decreased after indomethacin. It did not change after 6-hydroxydopamine. The results demonstrate that changes in total and intrarenal flow occur independently and are probably due to different mechanisms.", "contents": "The effect of indomethacin, 6-hydroxydopamine, saralasin, and hemorrhage on renal hemodynamics. This report describes the response of the renal circulation to prolonged hemorrhagic hypotension and reinfusion of blood, and to the effect of a variety of drugs (saralasin, indomethacin, and 6-hydroxydopamine, 6-OH-DA). Plastic microspheres were used to measure blood flow perfusing the entire kidney and also the outer cortex, inner cortex, and medulla of the kidney. Cardiac output was determined with a Doppler flow probe, and total and regional flows were calculated. Redistribution of blood flow from outer cortex to inner cortex and medulla occurred during hemorrhage and after administration of saralasin and 6-hydroxy-dopamine, while indomethacin did not alter intrarenal flow distribution. Total renal flow increased after reinfusion of blood and saralasin, but decreased after indomethacin. It did not change after 6-hydroxydopamine. The results demonstrate that changes in total and intrarenal flow occur independently and are probably due to different mechanisms.", "PMID": 833339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_534", "title": "Evidence for systematic temporal variation in 24-hour urinary creatinine excretion.", "content": "Five hundred fifty-seven 24-hour urinary creatinine specimens from eight healthy males collected in six-day sequences separated by two- to ten-week intervals over six to ten months were analyzed for factors contributing to the large observed standard deviation and range (14% and 50% of the total mean, respectively). Subject means correlated significantly with weight and surface area. Between-sequence differences were significantly greater than within-sequence differences in all subjects. Statistically significant linear and/or curvilinear time dependences were found in each subject. Elimination of subject variation and pooling yielded one cycle of a biphasic function, approximately 12 months in duration, oscillating about the mean with an amplitude approximately 6% of the mean; the maximum and minimum exhibited a seasonal correspondence. Upper limits to sources of eror are estimated as measurement +/- 3%, biological +/- 6%, mixed biologic-temporal +/- 6%, and random +/- 5%.", "contents": "Evidence for systematic temporal variation in 24-hour urinary creatinine excretion. Five hundred fifty-seven 24-hour urinary creatinine specimens from eight healthy males collected in six-day sequences separated by two- to ten-week intervals over six to ten months were analyzed for factors contributing to the large observed standard deviation and range (14% and 50% of the total mean, respectively). Subject means correlated significantly with weight and surface area. Between-sequence differences were significantly greater than within-sequence differences in all subjects. Statistically significant linear and/or curvilinear time dependences were found in each subject. Elimination of subject variation and pooling yielded one cycle of a biphasic function, approximately 12 months in duration, oscillating about the mean with an amplitude approximately 6% of the mean; the maximum and minimum exhibited a seasonal correspondence. Upper limits to sources of eror are estimated as measurement +/- 3%, biological +/- 6%, mixed biologic-temporal +/- 6%, and random +/- 5%.", "PMID": 833341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_535", "title": "Pharmacokinetic study of cefazaflur compared to cephalothin and cefazolin.", "content": "A single 1-Gm dose of cefazaflur, a new semisynthetic cephalosporin derivative, was compared in a crossover study to the same dose of cephalothin and cefazolin by intramuscular injection in seven healthy volunteers. Serum concentrations were measured at several time intervals during 6 hours following each administration. The mean peak serum levels obtained after 30 minutes were 25.2, 17.2, and 62.3 mug/ml, respectively, for cefazaflur, cephalothin, and cefazolin. In each of the seven subjects, serum concentrations were higher at each sampling time with cefazolin than with the other two cephalosporins. The percentage of total administered dose recovered in urine in a microbiologically active form for the 0-24-hour collection was, respectively, 92.7, 59.2, and 94.9 per cent with cefazaflur, cephalothin, and cefazolin, the largest part being excreted during the first 6 hours. Neither drug appeared to have any pronounced effect on various laboratory tests. Local reactions at the site of intramuscular injection were minor with cefazaflur and cefazolin, but were more pronounced with cephalothin.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic study of cefazaflur compared to cephalothin and cefazolin. A single 1-Gm dose of cefazaflur, a new semisynthetic cephalosporin derivative, was compared in a crossover study to the same dose of cephalothin and cefazolin by intramuscular injection in seven healthy volunteers. Serum concentrations were measured at several time intervals during 6 hours following each administration. The mean peak serum levels obtained after 30 minutes were 25.2, 17.2, and 62.3 mug/ml, respectively, for cefazaflur, cephalothin, and cefazolin. In each of the seven subjects, serum concentrations were higher at each sampling time with cefazolin than with the other two cephalosporins. The percentage of total administered dose recovered in urine in a microbiologically active form for the 0-24-hour collection was, respectively, 92.7, 59.2, and 94.9 per cent with cefazaflur, cephalothin, and cefazolin, the largest part being excreted during the first 6 hours. Neither drug appeared to have any pronounced effect on various laboratory tests. Local reactions at the site of intramuscular injection were minor with cefazaflur and cefazolin, but were more pronounced with cephalothin.", "PMID": 833342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_536", "title": "Receptive field characteristics of neurons in a visual area of the rabbit temporal cortex.", "content": "In a program of surveying the characteristics of visual receptive fields of neurons in rabbit brain, we have explored cortical sectors beyond the striate and occipital cortices and found cells in a part of the temporal lobe that were responsive to visual stimulation. Using evoked potential and unit-cluster methods, this temporal visual area was mapped to be roughly oval-shaped, 3 mm x 2mm in size, and at about the level posterior to the apex region of auditory area 1. It is located ventral to and continuous with visual area 11, at about the caudal half of M. Rose's temporal cortices 1 and 2 (T1 and T2). Only about two-thirds of 96 units studied responded to some sort of moving light stimulation. These motion-sensitive cells were divided into four groups. Cells in the first group (22) responded best to a large light spot or shadow sweeping quickly across the field. Cells in the second group (29) responded to slow moving, jerking spot. Nine cells responded to a narrow, dark bar thrusting into a lighted field. Four cells are \"direction-selective,\" responding to light stimulus moving in one direction and showing either no response or decreased background discharges in the opposite direction. In addition, three cells required unusual stimulus features. Of the 38 cells tested, nine of them were found to be binocularly driven. These receptive field characteristics are quite different from those described for other visual centers of the rabbit. The significance of these results together with data on the anatomical connections of this cortical area as reported in the following paper were discussed.", "contents": "Receptive field characteristics of neurons in a visual area of the rabbit temporal cortex. In a program of surveying the characteristics of visual receptive fields of neurons in rabbit brain, we have explored cortical sectors beyond the striate and occipital cortices and found cells in a part of the temporal lobe that were responsive to visual stimulation. Using evoked potential and unit-cluster methods, this temporal visual area was mapped to be roughly oval-shaped, 3 mm x 2mm in size, and at about the level posterior to the apex region of auditory area 1. It is located ventral to and continuous with visual area 11, at about the caudal half of M. Rose's temporal cortices 1 and 2 (T1 and T2). Only about two-thirds of 96 units studied responded to some sort of moving light stimulation. These motion-sensitive cells were divided into four groups. Cells in the first group (22) responded best to a large light spot or shadow sweeping quickly across the field. Cells in the second group (29) responded to slow moving, jerking spot. Nine cells responded to a narrow, dark bar thrusting into a lighted field. Four cells are \"direction-selective,\" responding to light stimulus moving in one direction and showing either no response or decreased background discharges in the opposite direction. In addition, three cells required unusual stimulus features. Of the 38 cells tested, nine of them were found to be binocularly driven. These receptive field characteristics are quite different from those described for other visual centers of the rabbit. The significance of these results together with data on the anatomical connections of this cortical area as reported in the following paper were discussed.", "PMID": 833347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_537", "title": "Neuroanatomical aspects of the gerbil inner ear: light microscope observations.", "content": "A specialization of the Mongolian gerbil inner ear allows easy access for electrophysiological recording from the auditory nerve and other structures of the internal auditory meatus. The round-window membrane is recessed, creating a cavity connecting the bulla and the external wall of the modiolus. This cavity has been named the round-window antrum. A small opening made in the dorsomedial wall of the round-window antrum gives access directly to the modiolus and internal auditory meatus, with no other openings in the cranium required. This surgery is less drastic than that needed for similar access in most other mammals. The anatomy of the specialized region is presented from studies with the light microscope. Emphasis is placed on the relationship between external features of the wall of the round-window antrum and the internal anatomy of the modiolus and internal auditory meatus. In addition, these studies reveal that cell bodies of the acoustic-nerve nucleus are located in the auditory nerve, central to the glial dome. About 22 +/- 8 cells are found in an auditory nerve. Their appearance with a Nissl stain is similar to cells found in rat, mouse, and man. The cell dendrites are preferentially oriented perpendicular to the longitudinal course of the auditory-nerve fibers. The anatomy of the gerbil auditory system should allow direct electrophysiological recording from these cells.", "contents": "Neuroanatomical aspects of the gerbil inner ear: light microscope observations. A specialization of the Mongolian gerbil inner ear allows easy access for electrophysiological recording from the auditory nerve and other structures of the internal auditory meatus. The round-window membrane is recessed, creating a cavity connecting the bulla and the external wall of the modiolus. This cavity has been named the round-window antrum. A small opening made in the dorsomedial wall of the round-window antrum gives access directly to the modiolus and internal auditory meatus, with no other openings in the cranium required. This surgery is less drastic than that needed for similar access in most other mammals. The anatomy of the specialized region is presented from studies with the light microscope. Emphasis is placed on the relationship between external features of the wall of the round-window antrum and the internal anatomy of the modiolus and internal auditory meatus. In addition, these studies reveal that cell bodies of the acoustic-nerve nucleus are located in the auditory nerve, central to the glial dome. About 22 +/- 8 cells are found in an auditory nerve. Their appearance with a Nissl stain is similar to cells found in rat, mouse, and man. The cell dendrites are preferentially oriented perpendicular to the longitudinal course of the auditory-nerve fibers. The anatomy of the gerbil auditory system should allow direct electrophysiological recording from these cells.", "PMID": 833348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_538", "title": "Penfluridol in the maintenance treatment of schizophrenic patients newly discharged from a brief therapy unit.", "content": "Penfluridol, a long-acting neuroleptic that can be administered orally once a week, was compared with chlorpromazine in the maintenance treatment of 29 schizophrenic patients newly discharged from a brief therapy unit. The results indicate that penfluridol was of a similar efficacy to chlorpromazine in the treatment of these patients. Penfluridol-treated patients experienced less drowsiness but more extrapyramidal symptoms than those treated with chlorpromazine.", "contents": "Penfluridol in the maintenance treatment of schizophrenic patients newly discharged from a brief therapy unit. Penfluridol, a long-acting neuroleptic that can be administered orally once a week, was compared with chlorpromazine in the maintenance treatment of 29 schizophrenic patients newly discharged from a brief therapy unit. The results indicate that penfluridol was of a similar efficacy to chlorpromazine in the treatment of these patients. Penfluridol-treated patients experienced less drowsiness but more extrapyramidal symptoms than those treated with chlorpromazine.", "PMID": 833344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_539", "title": "The effect of quinidine sulfate on QRS duration and QT and systolic time intervals in man.", "content": "QRS duration, QT interval, total electromechanical systole (QS(2)), left ventricular ejection time (LVET), and preejection period (PEP) were determined in five male and two female healthy volunteers in a fasting state at hourly intervals for 7 hours during a control period and after administration of 400 mg quinidine sulfate. Changes of QRS duration (delta QRS) and rate-corrected QT interval (delta QTc) were calculated before and after quinidine. Deviations of measured QS(2), LVET, and PEP from the normal were calculated as the differences between the observed interval and those predicted from the normal regression equation. The effect of quinidine on systolic time intervals (delta QS(2), delta LVET, DELTA PEP) were expressed as the differences between the deviations from the normal regression equation during the control period and after the drug administration. After quinidine sulfate delta QRS, delta LVET, delta PEP, and delta PEP, delta LVET were slight and inconsistent. However, delta QTc and delta QS(2) were significant (at P is less than 0.05 or better) from the first hour to the 7th hour and from the 2nd hour to the 5th hour, respectively. The mean maximum delta QTc was 44.8 milliseconds and delta QS(2) was 29.9 milliseconds. The significant changes of QTc and QS(2) seemed to occur at the plasma level range of 0.75-1.9 mug/ml. This study indicates that of the various systolic time interval measurements obtained after quinidine administration, the changes of QT interval and QS(2) are most significant and that these changes seem to occur even at low plasma levels.", "contents": "The effect of quinidine sulfate on QRS duration and QT and systolic time intervals in man. QRS duration, QT interval, total electromechanical systole (QS(2)), left ventricular ejection time (LVET), and preejection period (PEP) were determined in five male and two female healthy volunteers in a fasting state at hourly intervals for 7 hours during a control period and after administration of 400 mg quinidine sulfate. Changes of QRS duration (delta QRS) and rate-corrected QT interval (delta QTc) were calculated before and after quinidine. Deviations of measured QS(2), LVET, and PEP from the normal were calculated as the differences between the observed interval and those predicted from the normal regression equation. The effect of quinidine on systolic time intervals (delta QS(2), delta LVET, DELTA PEP) were expressed as the differences between the deviations from the normal regression equation during the control period and after the drug administration. After quinidine sulfate delta QRS, delta LVET, delta PEP, and delta PEP, delta LVET were slight and inconsistent. However, delta QTc and delta QS(2) were significant (at P is less than 0.05 or better) from the first hour to the 7th hour and from the 2nd hour to the 5th hour, respectively. The mean maximum delta QTc was 44.8 milliseconds and delta QS(2) was 29.9 milliseconds. The significant changes of QTc and QS(2) seemed to occur at the plasma level range of 0.75-1.9 mug/ml. This study indicates that of the various systolic time interval measurements obtained after quinidine administration, the changes of QT interval and QS(2) are most significant and that these changes seem to occur even at low plasma levels.", "PMID": 833343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_540", "title": "Some paradoxical aspects of the cardiovascular pharmacology of alpha-methyldopa.", "content": "In an effort to help explain why it is often difficult to demonstrate hypotension with alpha-methyldopa on an acute basis in normotensive anesthetized animals, the drug was administered intravenously in single doses of either 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg to chloralose-anesthetized cats while monitoring mean arterial pressure; the systolic pressor response in arterial pressure to bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries; hind limb vascular resistance in a vascularly isolated, extracorporeally perfused but neurally intact hind limb; and the response of hind limb vascular resistance to CCO. Alpha-methyldopa failed to cause any significant hypotension and also failed to affect vasomotor tone to the hind limb vasculature, but the drug augmented the pressor response to CCO on MAP and hind limb vascular resistance. Alpha-methyldopa also had no effect on hind limb vascular resistance when added directly to the extracorporeally perfused hind limb vascular resistance when added directly to the extracorporeally perfused hind limb circuit, indicating a lack of direct vascular smooth muscle dilating properties in these preparations. It is postulated that the augmented baroreceptor demonstrated may help th explain why it is difficult to record hypotension on an acute experimental basis with this drug. Such actions of alphamethyldopa might also provide a basis for understanding the development of tolerance to the antihypertensive effects of the drug and instances of paradoxical hypertension with it when these occur in the hypertensive human.", "contents": "Some paradoxical aspects of the cardiovascular pharmacology of alpha-methyldopa. In an effort to help explain why it is often difficult to demonstrate hypotension with alpha-methyldopa on an acute basis in normotensive anesthetized animals, the drug was administered intravenously in single doses of either 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg to chloralose-anesthetized cats while monitoring mean arterial pressure; the systolic pressor response in arterial pressure to bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries; hind limb vascular resistance in a vascularly isolated, extracorporeally perfused but neurally intact hind limb; and the response of hind limb vascular resistance to CCO. Alpha-methyldopa failed to cause any significant hypotension and also failed to affect vasomotor tone to the hind limb vasculature, but the drug augmented the pressor response to CCO on MAP and hind limb vascular resistance. Alpha-methyldopa also had no effect on hind limb vascular resistance when added directly to the extracorporeally perfused hind limb vascular resistance when added directly to the extracorporeally perfused hind limb circuit, indicating a lack of direct vascular smooth muscle dilating properties in these preparations. It is postulated that the augmented baroreceptor demonstrated may help th explain why it is difficult to record hypotension on an acute experimental basis with this drug. Such actions of alphamethyldopa might also provide a basis for understanding the development of tolerance to the antihypertensive effects of the drug and instances of paradoxical hypertension with it when these occur in the hypertensive human.", "PMID": 833345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_541", "title": "Abnormal interhemispheric connections in the visual system of Boston Siamese cats: a physiological study.", "content": "In the normal cat most visual fibers in the splenium of the corpus callosum are concerned with a representation of the vertical meridian of the visual field. These fibers for the most part originate from cortical regions forming the border between adjacent architectonic areas, such as the anatomical 17-18 border. Due to a genetic mutation in Boston Siamese cats, the anatomical 17-18 border now represents a region in the ipsilateral visual field roughly 20 degrees away from the vertical meridian, and the representation of the vertical midline is displaced from the border to regions within areas 17 and 18 proper. Do visual fibers in the Boston Siamese cat corpus callosum originate, as in normal cats, from the 17-18 border even though the vertical meridian is no longer represented there? The present paper deals with this question from a physiological standpoint. Single visual fibers in the corpus callosum of 11 Boston Siamese and two normal cats were recorded using extracellular microelectrodes. Receptive fields were mapped and their positions used to infer the likely cortical site of origin for each fiber. In confirmation of earlier findings, most callosal receptive fields in the normal cat were closely apposed to the vertical meridian, as would be expected if only those visual cortical regions which represent the vertical meridian, such as the border between areas 17 and 18, contribute to the corpus callosum. In Boston Siamese cats, however, an abnormally large amount of visual field was represented in the corpus callosum, with some receptive fields located as far as 25 degrees away from the vertical meridian. The representation of the vertical meridian was nevertheless substantial. The present findings suggest, therefore, that in Boston Siamese cats callosal fibers do not originate solely from the boundary regions between adjacent cortical areas, such as the anatomical 17-18 border, but originate also from other cortical regions, especially the vertical meridian representation, regardless of their location with respect to such boundaries.", "contents": "Abnormal interhemispheric connections in the visual system of Boston Siamese cats: a physiological study. In the normal cat most visual fibers in the splenium of the corpus callosum are concerned with a representation of the vertical meridian of the visual field. These fibers for the most part originate from cortical regions forming the border between adjacent architectonic areas, such as the anatomical 17-18 border. Due to a genetic mutation in Boston Siamese cats, the anatomical 17-18 border now represents a region in the ipsilateral visual field roughly 20 degrees away from the vertical meridian, and the representation of the vertical midline is displaced from the border to regions within areas 17 and 18 proper. Do visual fibers in the Boston Siamese cat corpus callosum originate, as in normal cats, from the 17-18 border even though the vertical meridian is no longer represented there? The present paper deals with this question from a physiological standpoint. Single visual fibers in the corpus callosum of 11 Boston Siamese and two normal cats were recorded using extracellular microelectrodes. Receptive fields were mapped and their positions used to infer the likely cortical site of origin for each fiber. In confirmation of earlier findings, most callosal receptive fields in the normal cat were closely apposed to the vertical meridian, as would be expected if only those visual cortical regions which represent the vertical meridian, such as the border between areas 17 and 18, contribute to the corpus callosum. In Boston Siamese cats, however, an abnormally large amount of visual field was represented in the corpus callosum, with some receptive fields located as far as 25 degrees away from the vertical meridian. The representation of the vertical meridian was nevertheless substantial. The present findings suggest, therefore, that in Boston Siamese cats callosal fibers do not originate solely from the boundary regions between adjacent cortical areas, such as the anatomical 17-18 border, but originate also from other cortical regions, especially the vertical meridian representation, regardless of their location with respect to such boundaries.", "PMID": 833349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_542", "title": "Structure of the Purkinje cell membrane in staggerer and weaver mutant mice.", "content": "The structure of the plasma membrane of Purkinje cell dendrites was examined in weaver and staggerer mutant mice. Purkinje spines in weaver mice have clusters of intramembrane particles which resemble those at normal synapses with parallel fibers, even though no parallel fibers are formed in this mutant. There are very few spines in the staggerer, and these manifest normal intramembrane structure at contacts with climbing fibers. The spines which would normally be involved in synapses with parallel fibers are never formed in the staggerer, and the intramembrane structures which would have been associated with these spine synapses are also lacking. Thus, during postnatal cerebellar development in the mutants, acquisition of intramembrane specializations requires Purkinje spine formation but can occur independently of the development of parallel fibers.", "contents": "Structure of the Purkinje cell membrane in staggerer and weaver mutant mice. The structure of the plasma membrane of Purkinje cell dendrites was examined in weaver and staggerer mutant mice. Purkinje spines in weaver mice have clusters of intramembrane particles which resemble those at normal synapses with parallel fibers, even though no parallel fibers are formed in this mutant. There are very few spines in the staggerer, and these manifest normal intramembrane structure at contacts with climbing fibers. The spines which would normally be involved in synapses with parallel fibers are never formed in the staggerer, and the intramembrane structures which would have been associated with these spine synapses are also lacking. Thus, during postnatal cerebellar development in the mutants, acquisition of intramembrane specializations requires Purkinje spine formation but can occur independently of the development of parallel fibers.", "PMID": 833350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_543", "title": "The developing caudate nucleus in the euthyroid and hypothyroid rat.", "content": "The basal ganglia are presently implicated in learning, and thyroid deficiency induced neonatally is known to affect mentation. The effects of such a deficiency on the developing causate nucleus might be used to provide insight into structure and function of the normal subcortical brain, as well as possible influences of these extrapyramidal structures on mental retardation. Propylthiouracil was added to the diet of lactating rat dams and observations of the developing caudate nuclei of normal hypothyroid rats were made at 8, 14, 20, 30 and 42 days by using various tissue stains and Golgi-Cox preparations. Seven different types of neurons were distinguished in the caudate nucleus. Differences in the size of cell somata and the varying morphology of axons and dendrites were criteria used to make distinctions. Normally, the nucleus acquires cytoarchitectural complexity during the first three postnatal weeks. Within this period, neuron incidence increases in the caudate neuropil with age while the germinal matrix density decreases. Neuron accumulation reaches a plateau after the third week and cell migration is essentially complete at the end of the first postnatal month as shown by computer analysis of Nissl stained cell counts. Branching of cellular processes, attainment of receptor spines and complexity of the fiber network also appeared during this period. Retardation of structural development with thyroid hormone deficiency was shown by decreased numbers of neurons, inhibition of dendritic arborization, decreased numbers of dendritic spines and a reduced complexity of axonal plexuses. Thyroid deficiency delays cell migration during the first three weeks when compared to age-matched normal controls. The lack of thyroid hormone does not appear to influence the size of neuron somata, and the extent of related dendritic fields, nor does hypothyroidism affect a specific cell type population. Generalized disturbances of caudate nuclear morphological maturation are caused by the deficiency. An apparent compensatory process, including a spurt of neural growth and differentiation, takes place in the period between days 14 and 30 in the deficient animals and a seemingly \"normal\" caudate cytoarchitecture is seen after the third postnatal week. Quantitative data, however, show that this rapid \"catch up\" process is inadequate. The developmental imperfection of the caudate nucleus which persists might be a part of the underlying substrate for the mental retardation, disturbed motor performance and perceptual handicaps which are found in the human patient.", "contents": "The developing caudate nucleus in the euthyroid and hypothyroid rat. The basal ganglia are presently implicated in learning, and thyroid deficiency induced neonatally is known to affect mentation. The effects of such a deficiency on the developing causate nucleus might be used to provide insight into structure and function of the normal subcortical brain, as well as possible influences of these extrapyramidal structures on mental retardation. Propylthiouracil was added to the diet of lactating rat dams and observations of the developing caudate nuclei of normal hypothyroid rats were made at 8, 14, 20, 30 and 42 days by using various tissue stains and Golgi-Cox preparations. Seven different types of neurons were distinguished in the caudate nucleus. Differences in the size of cell somata and the varying morphology of axons and dendrites were criteria used to make distinctions. Normally, the nucleus acquires cytoarchitectural complexity during the first three postnatal weeks. Within this period, neuron incidence increases in the caudate neuropil with age while the germinal matrix density decreases. Neuron accumulation reaches a plateau after the third week and cell migration is essentially complete at the end of the first postnatal month as shown by computer analysis of Nissl stained cell counts. Branching of cellular processes, attainment of receptor spines and complexity of the fiber network also appeared during this period. Retardation of structural development with thyroid hormone deficiency was shown by decreased numbers of neurons, inhibition of dendritic arborization, decreased numbers of dendritic spines and a reduced complexity of axonal plexuses. Thyroid deficiency delays cell migration during the first three weeks when compared to age-matched normal controls. The lack of thyroid hormone does not appear to influence the size of neuron somata, and the extent of related dendritic fields, nor does hypothyroidism affect a specific cell type population. Generalized disturbances of caudate nuclear morphological maturation are caused by the deficiency. An apparent compensatory process, including a spurt of neural growth and differentiation, takes place in the period between days 14 and 30 in the deficient animals and a seemingly \"normal\" caudate cytoarchitecture is seen after the third postnatal week. Quantitative data, however, show that this rapid \"catch up\" process is inadequate. The developmental imperfection of the caudate nucleus which persists might be a part of the underlying substrate for the mental retardation, disturbed motor performance and perceptual handicaps which are found in the human patient.", "PMID": 833351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_544", "title": "The specificity of re-innervation by identified sensory and motor neurons in the leech.", "content": "Re-innervation of skin and muscle by identified sensory and motor neurons in segmental ganglia of the leech was studied using physiological techniques. After lesions of peripheral nerves, sensory axons which re-innervated the skin always regained sensitivity to their original stimulus modality (touch, pressure or noxious stimuli). Motor neurons invariably re-innervated the appropriate type of body wall muscle, such as longitudinal or circular muscle layers. Both sensory and motor axons usually returned to the appropriate region of the body wall (dorsal, lateral, or ventral) when regenerating after a nerve crush or cut. This capacity was lost, however, when growth along old nerve branches was prevented by evulsing long segments of the nerve. Re-innervation usually occurred by way of growth of new axons all the way to the periphery, but in a few cases reconnection with the surviving distal segment of the original axon had taken place. The specificity of re-innervation can be accounted for by a combination of selective growth along appropriate nerve branches and specific interactions with target tissues.", "contents": "The specificity of re-innervation by identified sensory and motor neurons in the leech. Re-innervation of skin and muscle by identified sensory and motor neurons in segmental ganglia of the leech was studied using physiological techniques. After lesions of peripheral nerves, sensory axons which re-innervated the skin always regained sensitivity to their original stimulus modality (touch, pressure or noxious stimuli). Motor neurons invariably re-innervated the appropriate type of body wall muscle, such as longitudinal or circular muscle layers. Both sensory and motor axons usually returned to the appropriate region of the body wall (dorsal, lateral, or ventral) when regenerating after a nerve crush or cut. This capacity was lost, however, when growth along old nerve branches was prevented by evulsing long segments of the nerve. Re-innervation usually occurred by way of growth of new axons all the way to the periphery, but in a few cases reconnection with the surviving distal segment of the original axon had taken place. The specificity of re-innervation can be accounted for by a combination of selective growth along appropriate nerve branches and specific interactions with target tissues.", "PMID": 833352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_545", "title": "The central projections in the retina in Necturus maculosus.", "content": "The projections of the retina in Necturus maculosus were studied by injecting radioactive proline into one eye. Labeling was seen in both the contralateral and ipsilateral diencephalon and tectum. The contralateral fibers are divided into three major tracts: the marginal, axial, and basal. The ipsilateral fibers separate into a marginal and an axial optic tract. The contralateral and ipsilateral axial optic tracts have a similar distribution. The contralateral and ipsilateral marginal optic tracts projecting to the diencephalon also have a similar distribution. However, in the tectum the ipsilateral marginal optic tract ends in the anterior third while the contralateral extends almost the entire length of the tectum. The retinotectal ipsilateral projection ends in clumps as has been described in other vetebrates. A direct ipsilateral retinotectal projection has not been described in any other amphibian.", "contents": "The central projections in the retina in Necturus maculosus. The projections of the retina in Necturus maculosus were studied by injecting radioactive proline into one eye. Labeling was seen in both the contralateral and ipsilateral diencephalon and tectum. The contralateral fibers are divided into three major tracts: the marginal, axial, and basal. The ipsilateral fibers separate into a marginal and an axial optic tract. The contralateral and ipsilateral axial optic tracts have a similar distribution. The contralateral and ipsilateral marginal optic tracts projecting to the diencephalon also have a similar distribution. However, in the tectum the ipsilateral marginal optic tract ends in the anterior third while the contralateral extends almost the entire length of the tectum. The retinotectal ipsilateral projection ends in clumps as has been described in other vetebrates. A direct ipsilateral retinotectal projection has not been described in any other amphibian.", "PMID": 833353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_546", "title": "Retinal projections in larval, transforming and adult sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus.", "content": "Unilateral enucleations were performed on larval, transforming and adult sea lampreys. Following 5 to 11 days survival, the animals were sacrificed and the brains were processed using a modified Fink-Heimer technique. In larvae, contralateral optic projections were found to the posterior one-third of the dorsal thalamus, the pretectum, and the optic tectum. No ipsilateral projections were present in the larvae. In enucleated transforming and adult lampreys, degenerating axons were observed in the optic chiasm and bilaterally in the optic tracts. Retinal efferents projected bilaterally to a lateral neuropil region (\"tractus opticus\") in the posterior one-half of the dorsal thalamus. Contralaterally, a conspicuous dorsomedial cell group (lateral geniculate nucleus) also received a projection. Contralateral projections to the superficial layers of the pretectum and optic tectum were observed. Ipsilateral retinal projections to the pretectum and optic tectum in transforming and adult lampreys were restricted to a small zone at the ventrolateral margins of the pretectum and tectum. The changes in distribution of retinofugal projections during transformation appear to be occurring at the same time that the eye differentiates into its adult form.", "contents": "Retinal projections in larval, transforming and adult sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus. Unilateral enucleations were performed on larval, transforming and adult sea lampreys. Following 5 to 11 days survival, the animals were sacrificed and the brains were processed using a modified Fink-Heimer technique. In larvae, contralateral optic projections were found to the posterior one-third of the dorsal thalamus, the pretectum, and the optic tectum. No ipsilateral projections were present in the larvae. In enucleated transforming and adult lampreys, degenerating axons were observed in the optic chiasm and bilaterally in the optic tracts. Retinal efferents projected bilaterally to a lateral neuropil region (\"tractus opticus\") in the posterior one-half of the dorsal thalamus. Contralaterally, a conspicuous dorsomedial cell group (lateral geniculate nucleus) also received a projection. Contralateral projections to the superficial layers of the pretectum and optic tectum were observed. Ipsilateral retinal projections to the pretectum and optic tectum in transforming and adult lampreys were restricted to a small zone at the ventrolateral margins of the pretectum and tectum. The changes in distribution of retinofugal projections during transformation appear to be occurring at the same time that the eye differentiates into its adult form.", "PMID": 833354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_547", "title": "The postnatal development of neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the rat: a Golgi study.", "content": "The postnatal differentiation of neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the albino rat was studied using the Golgi-Cox technique. At least four animals were used at postnatal ages 12 hours, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 24, 28, 35 days and adult. Presumptive thalamo-cortical projection cells (Class A cells of Grossman et al., '73) and non-projection, intrinsic neurons (Class B cells) are distinguishable at 12 hours after birth. At this stage both types of neuron are immature, with prominent growth cones at their dendritic extremities. Dendritic growth and differentiation appear to be complete by 18 days. Relay cells display two apparent \"growth spurts\" characterized by noticeable enlargement of the perikaryon and a marked increase in dendritic length and complexity. One occurs between days 4 and 6 and coincides with a period of enhanced synaptogenesis and gliogenesis: the second occurs between days 14 and 15, around the time of eye opening (day 14) and may be related to a further phase of increased synaptogenesis and gliogenesis (Karlsson, '67; Biesold et al., '76). Class B cells appear to \"lag\" behind class A cells in their initial postnatal differentiation, but also reach their mature condition by day 18.", "contents": "The postnatal development of neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the rat: a Golgi study. The postnatal differentiation of neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the albino rat was studied using the Golgi-Cox technique. At least four animals were used at postnatal ages 12 hours, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 24, 28, 35 days and adult. Presumptive thalamo-cortical projection cells (Class A cells of Grossman et al., '73) and non-projection, intrinsic neurons (Class B cells) are distinguishable at 12 hours after birth. At this stage both types of neuron are immature, with prominent growth cones at their dendritic extremities. Dendritic growth and differentiation appear to be complete by 18 days. Relay cells display two apparent \"growth spurts\" characterized by noticeable enlargement of the perikaryon and a marked increase in dendritic length and complexity. One occurs between days 4 and 6 and coincides with a period of enhanced synaptogenesis and gliogenesis: the second occurs between days 14 and 15, around the time of eye opening (day 14) and may be related to a further phase of increased synaptogenesis and gliogenesis (Karlsson, '67; Biesold et al., '76). Class B cells appear to \"lag\" behind class A cells in their initial postnatal differentiation, but also reach their mature condition by day 18.", "PMID": 833355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_548", "title": "Freeze-fracture studies on the synapses in the organ of Corti.", "content": "Receptoneural junctions and synapses in the organ of Corti of the chinchilla have been examined with the freeze-fracture technique. The presynaptic membranes at the receptoneural junctions of inner and outer hair cells have many structural features in common with membranes found at chemical synapses outside the organ of Corti. However, the membranes of the postsynaptic afferent terminals are quite different depending on whether they are part of an inner or outer hair cell synapse. These differences in the distribution of intramembrane particles suggest that the transmitters, or transmitter actions, may be different at these two synapses. The distribution of particles in the postsynaptic membrane at efferent synapses with outer hair cell differs from that in the postsynaptic membrane at efferent synapses with afferent terminals or fibers, suggesting that transmitter actions at these locations could also differ.", "contents": "Freeze-fracture studies on the synapses in the organ of Corti. Receptoneural junctions and synapses in the organ of Corti of the chinchilla have been examined with the freeze-fracture technique. The presynaptic membranes at the receptoneural junctions of inner and outer hair cells have many structural features in common with membranes found at chemical synapses outside the organ of Corti. However, the membranes of the postsynaptic afferent terminals are quite different depending on whether they are part of an inner or outer hair cell synapse. These differences in the distribution of intramembrane particles suggest that the transmitters, or transmitter actions, may be different at these two synapses. The distribution of particles in the postsynaptic membrane at efferent synapses with outer hair cell differs from that in the postsynaptic membrane at efferent synapses with afferent terminals or fibers, suggesting that transmitter actions at these locations could also differ.", "PMID": 833356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_549", "title": "Development of the barrels and barrel field in the somatosensory cortex of the mouse.", "content": "Barrels of the PMBSF of the mouse somatosensory cortex become apparent in Nissl-stained tangential sections simultaneously, on the fourth postnatal day. At this time they are miniatures of those in the adult and are situated in the deepest sublamina of the trilaminar cortical plate. An early barrel appears as a patch of decreased cell density: the prospective hollow of the barrel. Septa become noticeable during the sixth postnatal day. From that period to adulthood, the relative contribution of the PMBSF to the total cortical surface area increases -- an increase that goes against one's expectation: the barrel related periphery matures very early and so does the central, lateral region of the cortex. Barrel growth parallel to the pial surface is greater along the major axes than along the minor axes. By using the barrels to identify prospective layer IV in immature cortex, we could determine that layers V and VI attain their adult height during the sixth postnatal day -- an age when prospective layers I-IV are only half their adult height. The onset of barrel formation coincides with the moment after which injury to the pertinent somatosensory periphery (the vibrissal papillae) no longer causes profound alterations in barrel morphology.", "contents": "Development of the barrels and barrel field in the somatosensory cortex of the mouse. Barrels of the PMBSF of the mouse somatosensory cortex become apparent in Nissl-stained tangential sections simultaneously, on the fourth postnatal day. At this time they are miniatures of those in the adult and are situated in the deepest sublamina of the trilaminar cortical plate. An early barrel appears as a patch of decreased cell density: the prospective hollow of the barrel. Septa become noticeable during the sixth postnatal day. From that period to adulthood, the relative contribution of the PMBSF to the total cortical surface area increases -- an increase that goes against one's expectation: the barrel related periphery matures very early and so does the central, lateral region of the cortex. Barrel growth parallel to the pial surface is greater along the major axes than along the minor axes. By using the barrels to identify prospective layer IV in immature cortex, we could determine that layers V and VI attain their adult height during the sixth postnatal day -- an age when prospective layers I-IV are only half their adult height. The onset of barrel formation coincides with the moment after which injury to the pertinent somatosensory periphery (the vibrissal papillae) no longer causes profound alterations in barrel morphology.", "PMID": 833357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_550", "title": "Histochemical evidence of altered development of cholinergic fibers in the rat dentate gyrus following lesions. I. Time course after complete unilateral entorhinal lesion at various ages.", "content": "The entorhinal cortex of rats was removed at various times during development, and the reaction of the cholinergic septohippocampal input to the dentate gyrus was examined by use of acetylcholinesterase histochemistry. When the ipsilateral entorhinal cortex is completely removed, the outer 70-75% of the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus is almost completely denervated. After such a lesion at 5 to 33 days of age, the acetylcholinesterase staining initially intensified throughout the denervated area, indicating that the septohippocampal fibers branched or elongated. This reaction could be detected within one day after a lesion at 11 days of age and within three or five days after lesions at earlier or later times. Whereas the initial response of the septohippocampal fibers was independent of the age at which the lesion was made, their final localization depended on the developmental state of the animal. After lesions at the age of 5 or 11 days, the reactive septohippocampal fibers became restricted to the outer one-sixth to one-third of the molecular layer within two days after appearance of their initial reaction. A similar concentration of reactive fibers was demonstrable after lesions at 16, 18 or 21 days of age, but some reaction persisted in the middle third of the molecular layer. Finally, after lesions at 26 or 33 days of age the proliferating cholinergic fibers ultimately were uniformly distributed throughout the outer 60% of the molecular layer. These results suggest that septohippocampal fibers initially extend or sprout throughout the denervated area to replace the lost perforant path fibers. However, the reactive fiber population becomes restricted to the outer edge of the molecular layer if the entorhinal lesion is made before the period of cholinergic synaptogenesis and concentrates in this same zone if it is made while cholinergic synapses are forming. We suggest that either the proliferative reaction continues in the outer part of the molecular layer and subsides in other parts of the denervated area or septohippocampal fibers move outward through the molecular layer to assume a more superficial location. After entorhinal lesions at 16 days of age or later the pale-staining zone (containing fibers that originate in hippocampus regio inferior) immediately deep to the denervated area widened. If the lesion was made earlier, this zone never developed at most septotemporal levels of the dentate gyrus. These results are probably related to the extension of regio inferior fibers into the denervated area.", "contents": "Histochemical evidence of altered development of cholinergic fibers in the rat dentate gyrus following lesions. I. Time course after complete unilateral entorhinal lesion at various ages. The entorhinal cortex of rats was removed at various times during development, and the reaction of the cholinergic septohippocampal input to the dentate gyrus was examined by use of acetylcholinesterase histochemistry. When the ipsilateral entorhinal cortex is completely removed, the outer 70-75% of the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus is almost completely denervated. After such a lesion at 5 to 33 days of age, the acetylcholinesterase staining initially intensified throughout the denervated area, indicating that the septohippocampal fibers branched or elongated. This reaction could be detected within one day after a lesion at 11 days of age and within three or five days after lesions at earlier or later times. Whereas the initial response of the septohippocampal fibers was independent of the age at which the lesion was made, their final localization depended on the developmental state of the animal. After lesions at the age of 5 or 11 days, the reactive septohippocampal fibers became restricted to the outer one-sixth to one-third of the molecular layer within two days after appearance of their initial reaction. A similar concentration of reactive fibers was demonstrable after lesions at 16, 18 or 21 days of age, but some reaction persisted in the middle third of the molecular layer. Finally, after lesions at 26 or 33 days of age the proliferating cholinergic fibers ultimately were uniformly distributed throughout the outer 60% of the molecular layer. These results suggest that septohippocampal fibers initially extend or sprout throughout the denervated area to replace the lost perforant path fibers. However, the reactive fiber population becomes restricted to the outer edge of the molecular layer if the entorhinal lesion is made before the period of cholinergic synaptogenesis and concentrates in this same zone if it is made while cholinergic synapses are forming. We suggest that either the proliferative reaction continues in the outer part of the molecular layer and subsides in other parts of the denervated area or septohippocampal fibers move outward through the molecular layer to assume a more superficial location. After entorhinal lesions at 16 days of age or later the pale-staining zone (containing fibers that originate in hippocampus regio inferior) immediately deep to the denervated area widened. If the lesion was made earlier, this zone never developed at most septotemporal levels of the dentate gyrus. These results are probably related to the extension of regio inferior fibers into the denervated area.", "PMID": 833358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_551", "title": "Histochemical evidence of altered development of cholinergic fibers in the rat dentate gyrus following lesions. II. Effects of partial entorhinal and simultaneous multiple lesions.", "content": "It has been concluded previously that the septohippocampal fibers which project to the rat dentate gyrus extend or branch in the denervated area of the molecular layer following a complete ipsilateral entorhinal lesion. The septohippocampal fibers thus appear to replace some of the perforant fibers which degenerate as a result of the lesion. The reactive fibers eventually become localized to a much smaller and more superficial area after lesions of immature rats than after lesions made in adulthood. To determine whether this difference in the response results from a selective reaction to loss of the lateral perforant path in the immature rat, various portions of the entorhinal cortex were removed at the age of 11 days, and the cholinergic septohippocampal fibers were visualized by acetylcholinesterase histochemistry. An alternative possibility, that the difference between immature and adult rats is attributable to an interaction with other reactive afferents, was tested by removing other sources of input (the contralateral entorhinal cortex, contralateral hippocampal formation or both) along with the ipsilateral entorhinal cortex at the age of 11 days and then demonstrating the septohippocampal fibers histochemically. Lesions of the lateral part of the ipsilateral entorhinal cortex (source of the lateral perforant path) at 11 days of age evoked a septohippocampal reaction along the outer edge of the molecular layer, where the lateral perforant path fibers normally terminate. This result matched that produced by a complete entorhinal lesion. Lesions of the medial entorhinal cortex evoked no obvious reaction. In contrast, the septohippocampal fibers in adult rats proliferated in the denervated area of the molecular layer after lesions of either part of the entorhinal cortex. Combining lesions of other sources of innervation to the dentate gyrus with an ipsilateral entorhinal lesion at 11 days of age did not alter the response of septohippocampal fibers, as determined histochemically. Neither did the septohippocampal fibers react to removal of commissural afferents alone. The response at any age was unaffected by prior or subsequent removal of the contralateral entorhinal cortex. These results indicate that in immature rats the septohippocampal fibers respond only to loss of the lateral perforant path, but these same fibers can later react to loss of any part of the perforant path. They are regarded as support for the hypothesis that the reactive septohippocampal fibers preferentially interact with dendritic growth cones. Our results do not support explanations based on a hypothetical attraction between septohippocampal and crossed perforant path fibers (which react in the same area) or on competition with commissural fibers (which reinnervate an adjacent area). We suggest further that proximity to the degenerating elements does not in itself determine the pattern of reinnervation after lesions of the central nervous system.", "contents": "Histochemical evidence of altered development of cholinergic fibers in the rat dentate gyrus following lesions. II. Effects of partial entorhinal and simultaneous multiple lesions. It has been concluded previously that the septohippocampal fibers which project to the rat dentate gyrus extend or branch in the denervated area of the molecular layer following a complete ipsilateral entorhinal lesion. The septohippocampal fibers thus appear to replace some of the perforant fibers which degenerate as a result of the lesion. The reactive fibers eventually become localized to a much smaller and more superficial area after lesions of immature rats than after lesions made in adulthood. To determine whether this difference in the response results from a selective reaction to loss of the lateral perforant path in the immature rat, various portions of the entorhinal cortex were removed at the age of 11 days, and the cholinergic septohippocampal fibers were visualized by acetylcholinesterase histochemistry. An alternative possibility, that the difference between immature and adult rats is attributable to an interaction with other reactive afferents, was tested by removing other sources of input (the contralateral entorhinal cortex, contralateral hippocampal formation or both) along with the ipsilateral entorhinal cortex at the age of 11 days and then demonstrating the septohippocampal fibers histochemically. Lesions of the lateral part of the ipsilateral entorhinal cortex (source of the lateral perforant path) at 11 days of age evoked a septohippocampal reaction along the outer edge of the molecular layer, where the lateral perforant path fibers normally terminate. This result matched that produced by a complete entorhinal lesion. Lesions of the medial entorhinal cortex evoked no obvious reaction. In contrast, the septohippocampal fibers in adult rats proliferated in the denervated area of the molecular layer after lesions of either part of the entorhinal cortex. Combining lesions of other sources of innervation to the dentate gyrus with an ipsilateral entorhinal lesion at 11 days of age did not alter the response of septohippocampal fibers, as determined histochemically. Neither did the septohippocampal fibers react to removal of commissural afferents alone. The response at any age was unaffected by prior or subsequent removal of the contralateral entorhinal cortex. These results indicate that in immature rats the septohippocampal fibers respond only to loss of the lateral perforant path, but these same fibers can later react to loss of any part of the perforant path. They are regarded as support for the hypothesis that the reactive septohippocampal fibers preferentially interact with dendritic growth cones. Our results do not support explanations based on a hypothetical attraction between septohippocampal and crossed perforant path fibers (which react in the same area) or on competition with commissural fibers (which reinnervate an adjacent area). We suggest further that proximity to the degenerating elements does not in itself determine the pattern of reinnervation after lesions of the central nervous system.", "PMID": 833359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_552", "title": "Aging of the rat olfactory bulb: growth and atrophy of constituent layers and changes in size and number of mitral cells.", "content": "A quantitative study of the rat olfactory bulb during aging was carried out by directly measuring or calculating the following parameters at 3, 12, 24, 27, and 30 months: The volume of the glomerular, external plexiform, and internal granular layers, a relative measure of the size of the olfactory nerve layer, the mean volume of mitral cell nuclei and perikarya, a relative measure of the mean volume of the mitral cell dendritic tree as well as the total length and mean cross-sectional area of its constituent dendrites, and number of mitral cells. In addition, measurements of the size and number of mitral cells in the accessory olfactory bulb were performed. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance, multiple range tests for differences means at the various ages, and simple, partial, and multiple product-moment correlations. From 3 to 24 months a linear increase of approximately 50% occurs in all layers of the olfactory bulb. During this time the mean perikaryal volume and dendritic volume of mitral cells increases, also in a linear fashion, approximately 100%. No significant change occurs in the number of mitral cells. From 24 to 30 months a significant decrease occurs in the volume of the layers. Although the total volume of mitral cell dendritic trees decreases slightly from 24 to 27 months, the volume of individual mitral cell dendritic treess, as well as perikaryal and nuclear size, increases sharply during this period, apparently in compensation for a sharp decrease in the number of mitral cells which occurs at this time. From 27 to 30 months no further decrease in mitral cell number occurs, but the size of mitral cell perikarya, and especially dendritic trees, decreases sharply. The coordinated increase in olfactory bulb size from 3 to 24 months appears to be a comtinuation into adult life of earlier postnatal increases. The atrophy from 24 to 30 months appears not to be associated with peripheral rhinitis, since the glomerular and olfactory nerve layers do not show greater atrophy than the other layers, and atrophy also occurs in the accessory olfactory bulb, which is supplied by nerves from the vomeronasal organ, a structure not normally subject to rhinitis.", "contents": "Aging of the rat olfactory bulb: growth and atrophy of constituent layers and changes in size and number of mitral cells. A quantitative study of the rat olfactory bulb during aging was carried out by directly measuring or calculating the following parameters at 3, 12, 24, 27, and 30 months: The volume of the glomerular, external plexiform, and internal granular layers, a relative measure of the size of the olfactory nerve layer, the mean volume of mitral cell nuclei and perikarya, a relative measure of the mean volume of the mitral cell dendritic tree as well as the total length and mean cross-sectional area of its constituent dendrites, and number of mitral cells. In addition, measurements of the size and number of mitral cells in the accessory olfactory bulb were performed. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance, multiple range tests for differences means at the various ages, and simple, partial, and multiple product-moment correlations. From 3 to 24 months a linear increase of approximately 50% occurs in all layers of the olfactory bulb. During this time the mean perikaryal volume and dendritic volume of mitral cells increases, also in a linear fashion, approximately 100%. No significant change occurs in the number of mitral cells. From 24 to 30 months a significant decrease occurs in the volume of the layers. Although the total volume of mitral cell dendritic trees decreases slightly from 24 to 27 months, the volume of individual mitral cell dendritic treess, as well as perikaryal and nuclear size, increases sharply during this period, apparently in compensation for a sharp decrease in the number of mitral cells which occurs at this time. From 27 to 30 months no further decrease in mitral cell number occurs, but the size of mitral cell perikarya, and especially dendritic trees, decreases sharply. The coordinated increase in olfactory bulb size from 3 to 24 months appears to be a comtinuation into adult life of earlier postnatal increases. The atrophy from 24 to 30 months appears not to be associated with peripheral rhinitis, since the glomerular and olfactory nerve layers do not show greater atrophy than the other layers, and atrophy also occurs in the accessory olfactory bulb, which is supplied by nerves from the vomeronasal organ, a structure not normally subject to rhinitis.", "PMID": 833360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_553", "title": "Ultrastructure of the feline area postrema.", "content": "The morphology of the feline area posterma (AP), a circumventricular organ, has been studied by scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In SEM preparations the boundary of the AP was sharply delineated by the absence of kinocilia. Microvilli were numerous and seemed to be concentrated at the junction between ependymal cells, imparting a polygonal surface pattern superimposed on cell boundaries. Some cell processes were present on the AP surface, but no supra-ependymal cell bodies could be seen over the AP proper. In TEM preparations the AP was characterized by blood vessels with distinct perivascular spaces. These spaces contained fibroblasts and collagen, and were limited by basal laminae. Capillary endothelial cells were typically fenestrated and contained numerous pinocytotic vesicles. Bulbous ending of attenuated cellular processes terminated on the external basal laminae of AP vasculture. Some of these endings could be traced to the cells covering the ventricular surface of the AP. These cells demonstrated several features co-mon to ependymal cells which have been identified as tanycytes. The presence of small neurons frequently seen in groups of three or four confirm previous light microscopic studies. Synapses predominantly of the axodendritic variety were observed, and both dense cored and clear cored vesicles were present on the same ending. Myelinated and unmyelinated axons were a consistent finding in the AP with the former being more abundant in the lateral margins of the AP and in the region of the area subpostrema. The chemoreceptive function of the AP has been widely accepted; however, studies indicate that it is not possible to distinguish species possessing an emetic reflex on the basis of ultrastructural morphology. The possibility that the AP serves functions in addition to emetic chemoreception is considered.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the feline area postrema. The morphology of the feline area posterma (AP), a circumventricular organ, has been studied by scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In SEM preparations the boundary of the AP was sharply delineated by the absence of kinocilia. Microvilli were numerous and seemed to be concentrated at the junction between ependymal cells, imparting a polygonal surface pattern superimposed on cell boundaries. Some cell processes were present on the AP surface, but no supra-ependymal cell bodies could be seen over the AP proper. In TEM preparations the AP was characterized by blood vessels with distinct perivascular spaces. These spaces contained fibroblasts and collagen, and were limited by basal laminae. Capillary endothelial cells were typically fenestrated and contained numerous pinocytotic vesicles. Bulbous ending of attenuated cellular processes terminated on the external basal laminae of AP vasculture. Some of these endings could be traced to the cells covering the ventricular surface of the AP. These cells demonstrated several features co-mon to ependymal cells which have been identified as tanycytes. The presence of small neurons frequently seen in groups of three or four confirm previous light microscopic studies. Synapses predominantly of the axodendritic variety were observed, and both dense cored and clear cored vesicles were present on the same ending. Myelinated and unmyelinated axons were a consistent finding in the AP with the former being more abundant in the lateral margins of the AP and in the region of the area subpostrema. The chemoreceptive function of the AP has been widely accepted; however, studies indicate that it is not possible to distinguish species possessing an emetic reflex on the basis of ultrastructural morphology. The possibility that the AP serves functions in addition to emetic chemoreception is considered.", "PMID": 833361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_554", "title": "Nasal polyps in asthma and rhinitis. A review of 6,037 patients.", "content": "Data from records of patients with asthma and rhinitis in the Rhode Island Hospital Adult Allergy Clinic and in an adult allergy private were reviewed. The frequency of nasal polyps in the total population of 4,986 was 4.2%; in the asthmatic portion of the population the frequency was 6.7%, and in the rhinitis alone group the frequency was 2.2%. Asthmatics with negative allergy skin tests to inhalant allergers had significantly more nasal polyps than asthmatics with positive skin tests, 12.5% vs 5.0%, p less than 0.01. The frequency of nasal polyps increased with advancing years. Of the total 211 cases of nasal polyps, 71% had asthma and 29% had rhinitis alone. Also, 14% of the patients with nasal polyps had aspirin intolerance, primarily of the bronchospastic type. In addition, 1,051 patients with asthma and rhinitis from the Pediatric Allergy Clinic with a mean age of 6 yr were similarly evaluated. Only 1 (0.1%) of these pediatric patients had nasal polyps.", "contents": "Nasal polyps in asthma and rhinitis. A review of 6,037 patients. Data from records of patients with asthma and rhinitis in the Rhode Island Hospital Adult Allergy Clinic and in an adult allergy private were reviewed. The frequency of nasal polyps in the total population of 4,986 was 4.2%; in the asthmatic portion of the population the frequency was 6.7%, and in the rhinitis alone group the frequency was 2.2%. Asthmatics with negative allergy skin tests to inhalant allergers had significantly more nasal polyps than asthmatics with positive skin tests, 12.5% vs 5.0%, p less than 0.01. The frequency of nasal polyps increased with advancing years. Of the total 211 cases of nasal polyps, 71% had asthma and 29% had rhinitis alone. Also, 14% of the patients with nasal polyps had aspirin intolerance, primarily of the bronchospastic type. In addition, 1,051 patients with asthma and rhinitis from the Pediatric Allergy Clinic with a mean age of 6 yr were similarly evaluated. Only 1 (0.1%) of these pediatric patients had nasal polyps.", "PMID": 833373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_555", "title": "Clinical value of bronchial provocation testing in childhood asthma.", "content": "Previous studies have shown a positive relationship between the results of skin tests, radioallergosorbent tests, and bronchial provocation testing. The purpose of this study was to compare the results of skin and bronchial provocation testing to determine the extent to which the results of provocation testing could be predicted from puncture and intracutaneous skin tests. In the 1,596 provocation tests performed in 276 patients, more than 90% of patients with a wheal greater than or equal to 5 mm in diameter on skin testing by puncture technique using 1:20 w/v allergen extract experienced positive reactions on provocation testing for most antigens. If the wheal produced by puncture testing was less than 5 mm in diameter, a large wheal on intracutaneous testing only slightly increased the likelihood of a positive challenge, but if the wheal on intracutaneous testing was less than 5 mm, a positive challenge did not occur. It is concluded that the results of provocation tests may often be predicted from simple skin testing, and that in clinical use, provocation testing is likely to be useful primarily in patients for whom skin testing indicates moderate sensitization to allergens.", "contents": "Clinical value of bronchial provocation testing in childhood asthma. Previous studies have shown a positive relationship between the results of skin tests, radioallergosorbent tests, and bronchial provocation testing. The purpose of this study was to compare the results of skin and bronchial provocation testing to determine the extent to which the results of provocation testing could be predicted from puncture and intracutaneous skin tests. In the 1,596 provocation tests performed in 276 patients, more than 90% of patients with a wheal greater than or equal to 5 mm in diameter on skin testing by puncture technique using 1:20 w/v allergen extract experienced positive reactions on provocation testing for most antigens. If the wheal produced by puncture testing was less than 5 mm in diameter, a large wheal on intracutaneous testing only slightly increased the likelihood of a positive challenge, but if the wheal on intracutaneous testing was less than 5 mm, a positive challenge did not occur. It is concluded that the results of provocation tests may often be predicted from simple skin testing, and that in clinical use, provocation testing is likely to be useful primarily in patients for whom skin testing indicates moderate sensitization to allergens.", "PMID": 833374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_556", "title": "A canine model for reaginic hypersensitivity and allergic bronchoconstriction.", "content": "Immunization of neonatal dogs with a conjugate of 2,4-dinitrobenzene and ovalbumin (DNP2-OA), using aluminum hydroxide as the adjuvant, elicited long-lasting (over 30 wk) anti-DNP and anti-OA IgE antibody responses of high titers as determined by homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. Low antigen doses of 10 or 50 mug were more effective than the higher doses of 250 or 1,250 mug in inducing high IgE antibody levels. However, this method of immunization failed to elicity any detectable IgE antibody response in adult dogs. Bronchoprovocation with antigen of sensitized animals having IgE antibody titers in excess of 64 resulted in a marked increase in airflow resistance, which could be corrected by the administration of nebulized isoproterenol. On the other hand, sensitized animals with IgE antibody titers in the order of 64 did not manifest significant bronchoconstriction on inhalation challenge but developed anaphylaxis following intravenous injection of the antigen.", "contents": "A canine model for reaginic hypersensitivity and allergic bronchoconstriction. Immunization of neonatal dogs with a conjugate of 2,4-dinitrobenzene and ovalbumin (DNP2-OA), using aluminum hydroxide as the adjuvant, elicited long-lasting (over 30 wk) anti-DNP and anti-OA IgE antibody responses of high titers as determined by homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. Low antigen doses of 10 or 50 mug were more effective than the higher doses of 250 or 1,250 mug in inducing high IgE antibody levels. However, this method of immunization failed to elicity any detectable IgE antibody response in adult dogs. Bronchoprovocation with antigen of sensitized animals having IgE antibody titers in excess of 64 resulted in a marked increase in airflow resistance, which could be corrected by the administration of nebulized isoproterenol. On the other hand, sensitized animals with IgE antibody titers in the order of 64 did not manifest significant bronchoconstriction on inhalation challenge but developed anaphylaxis following intravenous injection of the antigen.", "PMID": 833375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_557", "title": "Lymphocyte responses to purified ragweed allergens in vitro. I. Proliferative responses in normal, newborn, agammaglobulinemic, and atopic subjects.", "content": "To evaluate cell-mediated immune responsiveness to pollen allergens in atopic subjects, we studied the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthetic responses of their cultured lymphocytes to purified ragweek antigens E, K, and Ra-3. Since lymphocytes from some highly ragweed-sensitive subjects gave poor proliferative responses when harvested on day 6, we undertook a series of dose-response and time-course studies in atopic and control subjects. Surprisingly, vigorous DNA synthetic responses to antigen E occurred with lymphocytes from all 45 subjects, including 19 highly ragweed-sensitive atopic and control subjects. Surprisingly, vigorous DNA synthetic responses to antigen E occurred with lymphocytes from all 45 subjects, including 19 highly ragweed-sensitive atop adults (8 immunotherapy treated, 11 untreated); 13 nonatopic controls; 4 newborns, and 9 agammaglobulinemic patients. The geometric mean of peak response counts per minute in all 45 subjects was 21,163 and in unstimulated cultures was 2,416 (p = less than 0.0001). The mean day on which the maximal responses occurred was 8.7, and the mean dose eliciting the maximum responses was 59 mug/ml. Statistical comparisons of the stimulated culture data revealed no significant intergroup differences. The finding of vigorous responsiveness to these purified pollen allergens by lymphocytes from nonatopic normal, newborn, and agammaglobulinemic subjects suggests that ragweed pollen antigens are either ubiquitous and lead to cell-mediated responsiveness in all subjects with intact cell-mediated inmunity, or that they may have miogenic properties in addition to their known antigenic properties.", "contents": "Lymphocyte responses to purified ragweed allergens in vitro. I. Proliferative responses in normal, newborn, agammaglobulinemic, and atopic subjects. To evaluate cell-mediated immune responsiveness to pollen allergens in atopic subjects, we studied the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthetic responses of their cultured lymphocytes to purified ragweek antigens E, K, and Ra-3. Since lymphocytes from some highly ragweed-sensitive subjects gave poor proliferative responses when harvested on day 6, we undertook a series of dose-response and time-course studies in atopic and control subjects. Surprisingly, vigorous DNA synthetic responses to antigen E occurred with lymphocytes from all 45 subjects, including 19 highly ragweed-sensitive atopic and control subjects. Surprisingly, vigorous DNA synthetic responses to antigen E occurred with lymphocytes from all 45 subjects, including 19 highly ragweed-sensitive atop adults (8 immunotherapy treated, 11 untreated); 13 nonatopic controls; 4 newborns, and 9 agammaglobulinemic patients. The geometric mean of peak response counts per minute in all 45 subjects was 21,163 and in unstimulated cultures was 2,416 (p = less than 0.0001). The mean day on which the maximal responses occurred was 8.7, and the mean dose eliciting the maximum responses was 59 mug/ml. Statistical comparisons of the stimulated culture data revealed no significant intergroup differences. The finding of vigorous responsiveness to these purified pollen allergens by lymphocytes from nonatopic normal, newborn, and agammaglobulinemic subjects suggests that ragweed pollen antigens are either ubiquitous and lead to cell-mediated responsiveness in all subjects with intact cell-mediated inmunity, or that they may have miogenic properties in addition to their known antigenic properties.", "PMID": 833376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_558", "title": "Effects of histamine-sensitizing factor and cortisol on lymphocyte adenyl cyclase responses.", "content": "Levels of cyclic adenosime monophosphate (cAMP) in lymphocytes are regulated by beta-adrenergic agonists and PGE1. The effect of these agonists is potentiated by cortisol. Incubation of lymphocytes with histamine-sensitizing factor (HSF) leads to loss of response to epinephrine and PGE1. The response can be partially restored by cortisol. Incubation of lymphocytes with beta-adrenergic antagonists such as propranolol leads to the loss of beta-adrenergic agents but not PGE1. The inhibition by propranolol is not reversed by cortisol. These results suggest that the action of HSF and Bordetella pertussis vaccine is not mediated through the inhibition of beta-adrenergic receptors alone.", "contents": "Effects of histamine-sensitizing factor and cortisol on lymphocyte adenyl cyclase responses. Levels of cyclic adenosime monophosphate (cAMP) in lymphocytes are regulated by beta-adrenergic agonists and PGE1. The effect of these agonists is potentiated by cortisol. Incubation of lymphocytes with histamine-sensitizing factor (HSF) leads to loss of response to epinephrine and PGE1. The response can be partially restored by cortisol. Incubation of lymphocytes with beta-adrenergic antagonists such as propranolol leads to the loss of beta-adrenergic agents but not PGE1. The inhibition by propranolol is not reversed by cortisol. These results suggest that the action of HSF and Bordetella pertussis vaccine is not mediated through the inhibition of beta-adrenergic receptors alone.", "PMID": 833377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_559", "title": "Platelet thrombopathy in asthmatic patients with elevated immunoglobulin e.", "content": "Abnormalities of second-wave platelet aggregation were demonstrated in 17 of 33 asthmatic patients in whom drug and diet intake were controlled in the hospital. Mean abnormal responses were significantly greater after epinephrine- (p less than 0.001), adenosine diphosphate-(less than 0.001), collagen- (p = 0.01), and thrombin- (p less than 0.001) induced platelet aggregation in patients with immunologically mediated asthma and serum IgE levels greater than 250 U/ml as compared to patients without immunologic factors and/or normal controls. Mean pollen-specific radioallergosorbent (RAST) binding was also significantly higher in patients with abnormal aggregation as compared to normal platelet responders (p = 0.02). Release of serotonin generally reflected abnormal aggregation patterns in asthmatic patients. Platelet factor 4 release was significantly decreased in the same groups of patients. These results suggest that the allergic state may affect platelet membrane responsiveness to multiple aggregating agents.", "contents": "Platelet thrombopathy in asthmatic patients with elevated immunoglobulin e. Abnormalities of second-wave platelet aggregation were demonstrated in 17 of 33 asthmatic patients in whom drug and diet intake were controlled in the hospital. Mean abnormal responses were significantly greater after epinephrine- (p less than 0.001), adenosine diphosphate-(less than 0.001), collagen- (p = 0.01), and thrombin- (p less than 0.001) induced platelet aggregation in patients with immunologically mediated asthma and serum IgE levels greater than 250 U/ml as compared to patients without immunologic factors and/or normal controls. Mean pollen-specific radioallergosorbent (RAST) binding was also significantly higher in patients with abnormal aggregation as compared to normal platelet responders (p = 0.02). Release of serotonin generally reflected abnormal aggregation patterns in asthmatic patients. Platelet factor 4 release was significantly decreased in the same groups of patients. These results suggest that the allergic state may affect platelet membrane responsiveness to multiple aggregating agents.", "PMID": 833379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_560", "title": "Effect of multiple injections of antigen on prolonged IgE antibody production in hypersensitive mice.", "content": "Multiple injections of ovomucoid were given to mice with ongoing prolonged IgE antibody production to that antigen. Two inbred strains and antigen doses ranging from 0.05 to 5 mug each injection, given intradermally and subcutaneously, were used. Mice treated in this manner showed a marked diminution of the Ig E antibody booster response as compared to controls. This decrease in booster response was antigen-specific. In addition, a protective effect from anaphylaxis was indicated. The mouse model continues to be a valuable tool for studies of certain IgE-mediated diseases.", "contents": "Effect of multiple injections of antigen on prolonged IgE antibody production in hypersensitive mice. Multiple injections of ovomucoid were given to mice with ongoing prolonged IgE antibody production to that antigen. Two inbred strains and antigen doses ranging from 0.05 to 5 mug each injection, given intradermally and subcutaneously, were used. Mice treated in this manner showed a marked diminution of the Ig E antibody booster response as compared to controls. This decrease in booster response was antigen-specific. In addition, a protective effect from anaphylaxis was indicated. The mouse model continues to be a valuable tool for studies of certain IgE-mediated diseases.", "PMID": 833380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_561", "title": "Effect of histamine and methacholine on nasal airway resistance in atopic and nonatopic subjects. Comparison with bronchial challenge and skin test responses.", "content": "Serial nasal, intracutaneous, or bronchial challenges were carried out with solutions containing 2- or 3-fold increments in histamine (H) or methacholine (Meth) concentration until nasal airway resistance (NAR) increased by more than 100%, a large intracutaneous reaction was elicited, or FEV1 decreased by 20% or more. Thirty nonatopic and 48 asymptomatic atopic subjects were studied, the latter group divided into rhinitic patients with and without asthma. Several types of data analysis demonstrated there was no significant difference in the nasal or cutaneous effects of H or Meth between the atopic and nonatopic groups. Comparable results were obtained in a subgroup of 39 subjects (13 normal, 13 atopic, and 13 atopic with asthma) who underwent all six test sequences (i.e., nasal, cutaneous, and bronchial with both drugs). As expected, the asthmatics showed significantly increased bronchial reactivity to both agents. In comparison with Meth, H had a much greater effect on the nasal mucosa and skin than on the bronchi. It is concluded that, contrary to bronchial responses, but in accord with cutaneous reactivity, the nasal responses of nonatopic subjects, atopic persons with allergic rhinitis alone, and subjects with both allergic rhinitis and asthma show no intergroup differences on testing with H or Meth.", "contents": "Effect of histamine and methacholine on nasal airway resistance in atopic and nonatopic subjects. Comparison with bronchial challenge and skin test responses. Serial nasal, intracutaneous, or bronchial challenges were carried out with solutions containing 2- or 3-fold increments in histamine (H) or methacholine (Meth) concentration until nasal airway resistance (NAR) increased by more than 100%, a large intracutaneous reaction was elicited, or FEV1 decreased by 20% or more. Thirty nonatopic and 48 asymptomatic atopic subjects were studied, the latter group divided into rhinitic patients with and without asthma. Several types of data analysis demonstrated there was no significant difference in the nasal or cutaneous effects of H or Meth between the atopic and nonatopic groups. Comparable results were obtained in a subgroup of 39 subjects (13 normal, 13 atopic, and 13 atopic with asthma) who underwent all six test sequences (i.e., nasal, cutaneous, and bronchial with both drugs). As expected, the asthmatics showed significantly increased bronchial reactivity to both agents. In comparison with Meth, H had a much greater effect on the nasal mucosa and skin than on the bronchi. It is concluded that, contrary to bronchial responses, but in accord with cutaneous reactivity, the nasal responses of nonatopic subjects, atopic persons with allergic rhinitis alone, and subjects with both allergic rhinitis and asthma show no intergroup differences on testing with H or Meth.", "PMID": 833381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_562", "title": "Study of possible mechanisms of basophil accumulation in experimental cutaneous candidiasis in guinea pigs.", "content": "It is known that certain lymphokine preparations, bacterial growth products, and factors released through complement activation have in vitro chemotactic activity for basophils. We have developed a model for acute cutaneous candidiasis in guinea pigs in which the lesions are characterized by infecting organisms in the keratin layer, early accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the upper epidermis, and subsequent accumulation of basophils along the dermal basement membrane. The present study was undertaken to determine if any of the known chemotactic factors were operating in vivo to attract basophils. Both nonimmune guinea pigs and animals with established delayed hypersensitivity to candida had basophils in the infected skin. While immune animals showed more basophils than did nonimmune animals, the difference was not significant. Intradermal injections of a sonicate of candida or a candida growth filtrate did not cause significant accumulation of basophils. Decomplementation of the animals with cobra venom factor (CVF) did not significantly reduce the basophil numbers. Moreover, basophil accumulation occurred in animals with only minimal serum antibody to candida. These studies indicate that the basophil accumulation is due to a mechanism that is not dependent on cellular immunity, direct chemotactic activity in the candida extract, antibodies, or complement. Therefore, there may exist a previously unrecognized, nonimmunologic mechanism of chemotaxis for basophils which could possibly operate in other types of lesions and could even be involved with attraction of other types of cells.", "contents": "Study of possible mechanisms of basophil accumulation in experimental cutaneous candidiasis in guinea pigs. It is known that certain lymphokine preparations, bacterial growth products, and factors released through complement activation have in vitro chemotactic activity for basophils. We have developed a model for acute cutaneous candidiasis in guinea pigs in which the lesions are characterized by infecting organisms in the keratin layer, early accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the upper epidermis, and subsequent accumulation of basophils along the dermal basement membrane. The present study was undertaken to determine if any of the known chemotactic factors were operating in vivo to attract basophils. Both nonimmune guinea pigs and animals with established delayed hypersensitivity to candida had basophils in the infected skin. While immune animals showed more basophils than did nonimmune animals, the difference was not significant. Intradermal injections of a sonicate of candida or a candida growth filtrate did not cause significant accumulation of basophils. Decomplementation of the animals with cobra venom factor (CVF) did not significantly reduce the basophil numbers. Moreover, basophil accumulation occurred in animals with only minimal serum antibody to candida. These studies indicate that the basophil accumulation is due to a mechanism that is not dependent on cellular immunity, direct chemotactic activity in the candida extract, antibodies, or complement. Therefore, there may exist a previously unrecognized, nonimmunologic mechanism of chemotaxis for basophils which could possibly operate in other types of lesions and could even be involved with attraction of other types of cells.", "PMID": 833382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_563", "title": "Arthritis in older persons: recent advances in diagnosis and medical and surgical treatment. Section I. The interpretation and use of newer diagnostic studies. Introduction.", "content": "The diagnosis and the treatment of rheumatic diseases in older people pose special problems. Degenerative joint disease, almost universally present in the elderly, may not be the basis for the newly developing rheumatic symptoms. Systemic inflammatory disease may be confused with malignancy or it may be an initial manifestation of malignancy. Some drugs used to control central-nervous-system or cardiovascular disease may produce painful rheumatic syndromes. Results of laboratory tests used in the diagnosis of rheumatic diseases may be altered by other nonrheumatic disorders in older people. Papers in this symposium will explore these concepts in greater detail.", "contents": "Arthritis in older persons: recent advances in diagnosis and medical and surgical treatment. Section I. The interpretation and use of newer diagnostic studies. Introduction. The diagnosis and the treatment of rheumatic diseases in older people pose special problems. Degenerative joint disease, almost universally present in the elderly, may not be the basis for the newly developing rheumatic symptoms. Systemic inflammatory disease may be confused with malignancy or it may be an initial manifestation of malignancy. Some drugs used to control central-nervous-system or cardiovascular disease may produce painful rheumatic syndromes. Results of laboratory tests used in the diagnosis of rheumatic diseases may be altered by other nonrheumatic disorders in older people. Papers in this symposium will explore these concepts in greater detail.", "PMID": 833408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_564", "title": "Symposium on arthritis in older persons. Section II. Drugs and intrasynovial steroid therapy. Intrasynovial steroid therapy: uses and abuses. (Summary of presentation).", "content": "The indications and contraindications for use of intrasynovial steroid therapy are discussed. When properly used, the intrasynovial injection of steroids is a valuable method of treatment.", "contents": "Symposium on arthritis in older persons. Section II. Drugs and intrasynovial steroid therapy. Intrasynovial steroid therapy: uses and abuses. (Summary of presentation). The indications and contraindications for use of intrasynovial steroid therapy are discussed. When properly used, the intrasynovial injection of steroids is a valuable method of treatment.", "PMID": 833409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_565", "title": "Symposium on arthritis in older persons. Section IV. Surgery and rehabilitation. Total joint replacement: lower extremities (Summary of presentation).", "content": "In experience with total joint replacement in the lower extremity, to date, total hip arthroplasty has been the most successful. Total arthroplasty operations as applied to the knee and ankle are giving promising results. These methods offer new avenues for relief of pain and deformity and stabilization of arthritic joints in the lower extremity.", "contents": "Symposium on arthritis in older persons. Section IV. Surgery and rehabilitation. Total joint replacement: lower extremities (Summary of presentation). In experience with total joint replacement in the lower extremity, to date, total hip arthroplasty has been the most successful. Total arthroplasty operations as applied to the knee and ankle are giving promising results. These methods offer new avenues for relief of pain and deformity and stabilization of arthritic joints in the lower extremity.", "PMID": 833410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_566", "title": "Current status of total joint replacement in the upper extremity.", "content": "The principles ot total joint arthroplasty recently have been expanded to the upper extremity, following the dramatic success with total hip and total knee replacement procedures. New problems have been encountered with the rebalancing of the soft tissues and the technical nature of joint mechanics in the upper extremities. Work on shoulder joint replacement is in the very early stages and of unknown success. Several prostheses are being used and tested. For elbow and wrist replacement, early and predictable success has been accomplished, enabling relief of pain and satisfactory motion. Total joint replacement in the fingers and thumb has provided excellent relief of pain but has been hindered by difficulties in rebalancing the soft tissues in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. It appears that total reconstruction of arthritic upper-extremity joints will be commonplace in the not-too-distant future. Clinical trials are being expanded, with increasing success.", "contents": "Current status of total joint replacement in the upper extremity. The principles ot total joint arthroplasty recently have been expanded to the upper extremity, following the dramatic success with total hip and total knee replacement procedures. New problems have been encountered with the rebalancing of the soft tissues and the technical nature of joint mechanics in the upper extremities. Work on shoulder joint replacement is in the very early stages and of unknown success. Several prostheses are being used and tested. For elbow and wrist replacement, early and predictable success has been accomplished, enabling relief of pain and satisfactory motion. Total joint replacement in the fingers and thumb has provided excellent relief of pain but has been hindered by difficulties in rebalancing the soft tissues in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. It appears that total reconstruction of arthritic upper-extremity joints will be commonplace in the not-too-distant future. Clinical trials are being expanded, with increasing success.", "PMID": 833411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_567", "title": "Physical medicine and rehabilitation in the elderly arthritic patient.", "content": "The basic conservative therapy programs for elderly patients with arthritis include adequate physical rest and mental relaxation, analgesics, aspirin, and physical rehabilitation consisting of occupational and physical therapy with a good home therapy program providing appropriate balance between rest and activity. Proper protection from trauma and overuse of the involved joints, and appropriate nutrition can afford optimal improvement in health status and general resistance. Proper orientation of the patient regarding the nature of his disease and treatment program usually is required to obtain his full cooperation. A kind, encouraging, and understanding approach is most helpful in the elderly patient. Physical rehabilitation can help to relieve pain, decrease edema and deformities, improve muscle weakness and incoordination, and increase stamina. Difficulties with gait, transfers, and self-care can be solved or improved. Physical medicine and rehabilitation measures are important components of the challenging treatment of patients of all age groups who are afflicted with severe arthritis. It is most important to tailor these components of the treatment program to the problem presented by geriatric arthritic patients.", "contents": "Physical medicine and rehabilitation in the elderly arthritic patient. The basic conservative therapy programs for elderly patients with arthritis include adequate physical rest and mental relaxation, analgesics, aspirin, and physical rehabilitation consisting of occupational and physical therapy with a good home therapy program providing appropriate balance between rest and activity. Proper protection from trauma and overuse of the involved joints, and appropriate nutrition can afford optimal improvement in health status and general resistance. Proper orientation of the patient regarding the nature of his disease and treatment program usually is required to obtain his full cooperation. A kind, encouraging, and understanding approach is most helpful in the elderly patient. Physical rehabilitation can help to relieve pain, decrease edema and deformities, improve muscle weakness and incoordination, and increase stamina. Difficulties with gait, transfers, and self-care can be solved or improved. Physical medicine and rehabilitation measures are important components of the challenging treatment of patients of all age groups who are afflicted with severe arthritis. It is most important to tailor these components of the treatment program to the problem presented by geriatric arthritic patients.", "PMID": 833412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_568", "title": "Medication procedures in a nursing home: abuse of PRN orders.", "content": "Nursing home patients often receive more drugs than needed. Drug incompatibilities frequently are found, and PRN orders are apt to be overused. Regulatory agencies require periodic physician review in the hope of eliminating these loose prescribing habits. A study was made of the drugs prescribed for 98 patients in a proprietary nursing home. The principal findings were that PRN orders can indeed be inappropriate and indiscriminately followed, and that the multiplicity of drugs often prescribed can lead to drug incompatibilities and to additional illness of the patient. Concern is expressed about the medication review process currently in vogue in nursing homes.", "contents": "Medication procedures in a nursing home: abuse of PRN orders. Nursing home patients often receive more drugs than needed. Drug incompatibilities frequently are found, and PRN orders are apt to be overused. Regulatory agencies require periodic physician review in the hope of eliminating these loose prescribing habits. A study was made of the drugs prescribed for 98 patients in a proprietary nursing home. The principal findings were that PRN orders can indeed be inappropriate and indiscriminately followed, and that the multiplicity of drugs often prescribed can lead to drug incompatibilities and to additional illness of the patient. Concern is expressed about the medication review process currently in vogue in nursing homes.", "PMID": 833413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_569", "title": "The use of mechanical and chemical restraints in nursing homes.", "content": "The use of mechanical and chemical restraints in nursing homes is a common practice, fraught with potential abuse. The patient's freedom of movement and right to an adequate medical and psychiatric evaluation are of the utmost importance. Restraints should be used only as a last resort and should not be a substitute for inadequate staffing or incomplete medical appraisal. Guidelines are offered that maximize the patients' freedom, maintain medical responsibility, and assure safety. Alternatives to the use of restraints are discussed.", "contents": "The use of mechanical and chemical restraints in nursing homes. The use of mechanical and chemical restraints in nursing homes is a common practice, fraught with potential abuse. The patient's freedom of movement and right to an adequate medical and psychiatric evaluation are of the utmost importance. Restraints should be used only as a last resort and should not be a substitute for inadequate staffing or incomplete medical appraisal. Guidelines are offered that maximize the patients' freedom, maintain medical responsibility, and assure safety. Alternatives to the use of restraints are discussed.", "PMID": 833414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_570", "title": "Acquired hemophilia: a case report.", "content": "A case of acquired hemophilia is presented. Widespread blisters and then ecchymoses developed in a 79-year-old woman who was severely demented. Laboratory studies revealed specific complete inhibition of factor VIII in the blood. In any elderly patient with a bleeding diathesis and an abnormality in intrinsic coagulation, the presence of inhibitors to factor VIII should be suspected.", "contents": "Acquired hemophilia: a case report. A case of acquired hemophilia is presented. Widespread blisters and then ecchymoses developed in a 79-year-old woman who was severely demented. Laboratory studies revealed specific complete inhibition of factor VIII in the blood. In any elderly patient with a bleeding diathesis and an abnormality in intrinsic coagulation, the presence of inhibitors to factor VIII should be suspected.", "PMID": 833416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_571", "title": "Procaine hydrochloride as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor: implications for Geriatric therapy.", "content": "The results of in vitro experiments showed that inhibition by procaine hydrochloride of monoamine oxidase (MAO) from either rat brain or liver was substrate-dependent. Procaine was more effective in inhibiting serotonin oxidation than phenylethylamine oxidation and had an intermediate effect on tryptamine oxidation. MAO activity in tissue homogenates from rats treated with procaine (150 mg/kg intraperitoneally) was inhibited most in liver, less in heart, and only very slightly brain for a duration of up to 8 hours. Procaine injected in that dose did not alter brain norepinephrine levels and elevated only slightly the brain serotonin levels. It did not protect against the degradation of exogenous radioactive tryptamine in brain. These data confirm and extend prior observations on in vitro inhibition of MAO by procaine and suggest that in high doses procaine may inhibit MAO weakly in vivo. If the reported usefulness of procaine preparations in treating geriatric patients indeed depends upon MAO inhibition, more effective inhibitors would seem to be available.", "contents": "Procaine hydrochloride as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor: implications for Geriatric therapy. The results of in vitro experiments showed that inhibition by procaine hydrochloride of monoamine oxidase (MAO) from either rat brain or liver was substrate-dependent. Procaine was more effective in inhibiting serotonin oxidation than phenylethylamine oxidation and had an intermediate effect on tryptamine oxidation. MAO activity in tissue homogenates from rats treated with procaine (150 mg/kg intraperitoneally) was inhibited most in liver, less in heart, and only very slightly brain for a duration of up to 8 hours. Procaine injected in that dose did not alter brain norepinephrine levels and elevated only slightly the brain serotonin levels. It did not protect against the degradation of exogenous radioactive tryptamine in brain. These data confirm and extend prior observations on in vitro inhibition of MAO by procaine and suggest that in high doses procaine may inhibit MAO weakly in vivo. If the reported usefulness of procaine preparations in treating geriatric patients indeed depends upon MAO inhibition, more effective inhibitors would seem to be available.", "PMID": 833415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_572", "title": "Immunoelectronmicroscopic localization of alpha-actinin in skeletal muscle cells.", "content": "The ultrastructural distribution of alpha-actinin in skeletal myocytes was studied by a sensitive method that permits localization of antigenic proteins in intact fixed cells rather than in glycerol estracted tissues or isolated cell fractions. Binding to the Z line of specific antiserum produced in rabbits immunized with highly purified alpha-actinin was demonstrated by deposition at this site of a reaction product of horseradish peroxidase that had been coupled to antigen-binding fragments of sheep anti-rabbit gamma globulin.", "contents": "Immunoelectronmicroscopic localization of alpha-actinin in skeletal muscle cells. The ultrastructural distribution of alpha-actinin in skeletal myocytes was studied by a sensitive method that permits localization of antigenic proteins in intact fixed cells rather than in glycerol estracted tissues or isolated cell fractions. Binding to the Z line of specific antiserum produced in rabbits immunized with highly purified alpha-actinin was demonstrated by deposition at this site of a reaction product of horseradish peroxidase that had been coupled to antigen-binding fragments of sheep anti-rabbit gamma globulin.", "PMID": 833423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_573", "title": "The relationship between innervation and the cholinesterases of the rat atrioventricular node.", "content": "During the first 4 postnatal days, the atrioventricular specialized tissue of the rat contains butyrylcholinesterase alone. The next 7 days are associated with a mixture of both acetyl and butyryl activity, but after the 12th day, acetylcholinesterase is found to predominate largely. It is suggested that this change in activity is related to the growth of adrenergic nerves into the heart on the 4th day. Administration of antinerve growth factor prevents the development of these nerves and is found to delay the onset of the change in cholinesterase activity from butyryl to acetyl from the 5th day until the 21st. Only after the 31st day is acetylcholinesterase the most prominent enzyme in treated animals.", "contents": "The relationship between innervation and the cholinesterases of the rat atrioventricular node. During the first 4 postnatal days, the atrioventricular specialized tissue of the rat contains butyrylcholinesterase alone. The next 7 days are associated with a mixture of both acetyl and butyryl activity, but after the 12th day, acetylcholinesterase is found to predominate largely. It is suggested that this change in activity is related to the growth of adrenergic nerves into the heart on the 4th day. Administration of antinerve growth factor prevents the development of these nerves and is found to delay the onset of the change in cholinesterase activity from butyryl to acetyl from the 5th day until the 21st. Only after the 31st day is acetylcholinesterase the most prominent enzyme in treated animals.", "PMID": 833422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_574", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for murine lactoferrin, a protein marker of myeloid and mammary epithelial secretory cell differentiation.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay was developed for murine lactoferrin (LF), a non-heme, iron-binding glycoprotein which appears to be a specific biochemical marker of differentiation in several cell types. Lactoferrin was labeled with 125I by the chloramine-T method to yield a product having 20 muCi/mug protein and an isotope incorporation of 0.6 atoms of 125I per molecule. Separation of bound and free lactoferrin was accomplished by either of two procedures, a double-antibody technique or precipitation in the presence of 50% saturated ammonium sulfate. The entire assay, including counting, was accomplished in less than 2 days and had a lower limit of sensitivity and a range of 1 ng/ml and 1-32 ng/ml, respectively, using rabbit antiserum in a dilution of about 1:10,000. The binding between LF and rabbit antiserum exhibited two association constants having values of 1.8 x 10(11) and 1 x 10(9) l/mole. The assay was specific for lactoferrin and no cross-reactivity was observed with transferrin, a similar non-heme, iron-binding glycoprotein. Human lactoferrin specifically reacted with anti-mouse lactoferrin, but the binding was approximately 8000 times weaker than observed with mouse lactoferrin. Values for lactoferrin in milk and bone marrow granulocytes were obtained which agreed with levels obtained using other methods.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for murine lactoferrin, a protein marker of myeloid and mammary epithelial secretory cell differentiation. A radioimmunoassay was developed for murine lactoferrin (LF), a non-heme, iron-binding glycoprotein which appears to be a specific biochemical marker of differentiation in several cell types. Lactoferrin was labeled with 125I by the chloramine-T method to yield a product having 20 muCi/mug protein and an isotope incorporation of 0.6 atoms of 125I per molecule. Separation of bound and free lactoferrin was accomplished by either of two procedures, a double-antibody technique or precipitation in the presence of 50% saturated ammonium sulfate. The entire assay, including counting, was accomplished in less than 2 days and had a lower limit of sensitivity and a range of 1 ng/ml and 1-32 ng/ml, respectively, using rabbit antiserum in a dilution of about 1:10,000. The binding between LF and rabbit antiserum exhibited two association constants having values of 1.8 x 10(11) and 1 x 10(9) l/mole. The assay was specific for lactoferrin and no cross-reactivity was observed with transferrin, a similar non-heme, iron-binding glycoprotein. Human lactoferrin specifically reacted with anti-mouse lactoferrin, but the binding was approximately 8000 times weaker than observed with mouse lactoferrin. Values for lactoferrin in milk and bone marrow granulocytes were obtained which agreed with levels obtained using other methods.", "PMID": 833425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_575", "title": "Isolation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes: modification of a double discontinuous density gradient of Ficoll-Hypaque.", "content": "Incubation of whole blood with adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and carbonyl iron prior to layering on a double discontinuous gradient of Ficoll-Hypaque selectively reduced the number of platelets and monocytes found at the upper lymphocyte interface after centrifugation. This modification in combination with a double discontinuous gradient results in a lymphocyte isolation method that is simple, rapid and reproducible.", "contents": "Isolation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes: modification of a double discontinuous density gradient of Ficoll-Hypaque. Incubation of whole blood with adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and carbonyl iron prior to layering on a double discontinuous gradient of Ficoll-Hypaque selectively reduced the number of platelets and monocytes found at the upper lymphocyte interface after centrifugation. This modification in combination with a double discontinuous gradient results in a lymphocyte isolation method that is simple, rapid and reproducible.", "PMID": 833426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_576", "title": "Serological precipitation method for studying biosynthesis and secretion of immunoglobulins by human peripheral blood lymphocytes.", "content": "A reproducible, serological method to quantify radiolabeled immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesized and secreted by human peripheral blood lymphocytes is described. In contrast to indirect precipitation (rabbit antihuman Ig and goat antirabbit Ig), the direct coprecipitation method using human IgG and rabbit antihuman IgG F (ab)2 showed much smaller, non-specifically precipitable radioactivity (i.e., 2 approximately 14%) without affecting Ig radioactivity.", "contents": "Serological precipitation method for studying biosynthesis and secretion of immunoglobulins by human peripheral blood lymphocytes. A reproducible, serological method to quantify radiolabeled immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesized and secreted by human peripheral blood lymphocytes is described. In contrast to indirect precipitation (rabbit antihuman Ig and goat antirabbit Ig), the direct coprecipitation method using human IgG and rabbit antihuman IgG F (ab)2 showed much smaller, non-specifically precipitable radioactivity (i.e., 2 approximately 14%) without affecting Ig radioactivity.", "PMID": 833427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_577", "title": "Purification and characterization of a peripheral protein from the sheep erythrocyte membrane.", "content": "A peripheral protein of the sheep red blood cell membrane has been purified to homogeneity. This protein is completely released from the membrane by osmotic shock. Its amino acid composition, molecular weight and subunit structure have been determined. Antibodies against this protein have been obtained in rabbits.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of a peripheral protein from the sheep erythrocyte membrane. A peripheral protein of the sheep red blood cell membrane has been purified to homogeneity. This protein is completely released from the membrane by osmotic shock. Its amino acid composition, molecular weight and subunit structure have been determined. Antibodies against this protein have been obtained in rabbits.", "PMID": 833428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_578", "title": "A comparison of various agarose preparations in a counter--immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) system for assaying urinary myoglobin.", "content": "Twenty-two samples of commercial agarose were utilized as the gel matrix in a counter-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) for detection of urinary myoglobin. When different samples were tested under identical conditions, significant differences in the detectable levels of myoglobin by CIE could be traced to the quality of the agarose used. The quality of agarose preparation could be improved by repurification using polyethylene glycol precipitation. The necessity of using purified agarose when assaying for urinary myoglobin by CIE is stressed. This is particularly important when the test is used in the early detection of myocardial infarcts.", "contents": "A comparison of various agarose preparations in a counter--immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) system for assaying urinary myoglobin. Twenty-two samples of commercial agarose were utilized as the gel matrix in a counter-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) for detection of urinary myoglobin. When different samples were tested under identical conditions, significant differences in the detectable levels of myoglobin by CIE could be traced to the quality of the agarose used. The quality of agarose preparation could be improved by repurification using polyethylene glycol precipitation. The necessity of using purified agarose when assaying for urinary myoglobin by CIE is stressed. This is particularly important when the test is used in the early detection of myocardial infarcts.", "PMID": 833429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_579", "title": "Improved assay for monocyte chemotaxis using frozen stored responder cells.", "content": "Frozen stored human mononuclear cells were compared with non-frozen cells as responder cells in the monocyte chemotaxis assay. Frozen stored cells were found to inhibit lower background migration, resulting in greater experimental-to-control ratios. The use of frozen cells also greatly improved the speed, standardization of conditions and day-to-day reproducibility of the assay procedure. Frozen cells were at least as sensitive as fresh cells for detecting low chemotactic factor concentrations and were superior for detecting differences in concentration.", "contents": "Improved assay for monocyte chemotaxis using frozen stored responder cells. Frozen stored human mononuclear cells were compared with non-frozen cells as responder cells in the monocyte chemotaxis assay. Frozen stored cells were found to inhibit lower background migration, resulting in greater experimental-to-control ratios. The use of frozen cells also greatly improved the speed, standardization of conditions and day-to-day reproducibility of the assay procedure. Frozen cells were at least as sensitive as fresh cells for detecting low chemotactic factor concentrations and were superior for detecting differences in concentration.", "PMID": 833430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_580", "title": "Solid phase radioimmunoassay using labelled antibodies: a conceptual framework for designing assays.", "content": "A simple theoretical model for the antigen-antibody reaction is presented ans used to evaluate the optimum conditions for designing solid phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) using labelled antibodies. Both theoretical and experimental data are presented, using a wide variety of antigens and their corresponding antibodies. The types of RIA is described include the direct, the indirect, sandwich assays for detecting either antigen or antibody. The experimental results confirm in a semiquantitative manner that the greatest sensitivity of the RIA is achieved when the smallest amount of labelled antibody is used, that whenever possible the antigen/antibody ratio should be greater than unity (greater than 1), and that the formation of the antigen-antibody comples is dependent on the mass action effect.", "contents": "Solid phase radioimmunoassay using labelled antibodies: a conceptual framework for designing assays. A simple theoretical model for the antigen-antibody reaction is presented ans used to evaluate the optimum conditions for designing solid phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) using labelled antibodies. Both theoretical and experimental data are presented, using a wide variety of antigens and their corresponding antibodies. The types of RIA is described include the direct, the indirect, sandwich assays for detecting either antigen or antibody. The experimental results confirm in a semiquantitative manner that the greatest sensitivity of the RIA is achieved when the smallest amount of labelled antibody is used, that whenever possible the antigen/antibody ratio should be greater than unity (greater than 1), and that the formation of the antigen-antibody comples is dependent on the mass action effect.", "PMID": 833431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_581", "title": "Effects of methotrexate on proliferation of human keratinocytes in vitro.", "content": "Normal human keratinocytes, propagated as epithelial outgrowths in vitro, were exposed to different concentrations of methotrexate (MTX) for different periods of time. After a 1-hr exposure, DNA synthesis was inhibited in a reversible manner. No change in the mitotic index was observed. After a 6-hr exposure, both DNA synthesis and mitosis were inhibited, again in a reversible fashion. Prolonged exposure (24 hr) resulted in irreversible mitotic inhibition even when followed by recovery periods of 168 hr. The effective concentrations of MTX in vitro were similar to those described previously in vivo.", "contents": "Effects of methotrexate on proliferation of human keratinocytes in vitro. Normal human keratinocytes, propagated as epithelial outgrowths in vitro, were exposed to different concentrations of methotrexate (MTX) for different periods of time. After a 1-hr exposure, DNA synthesis was inhibited in a reversible manner. No change in the mitotic index was observed. After a 6-hr exposure, both DNA synthesis and mitosis were inhibited, again in a reversible fashion. Prolonged exposure (24 hr) resulted in irreversible mitotic inhibition even when followed by recovery periods of 168 hr. The effective concentrations of MTX in vitro were similar to those described previously in vivo.", "PMID": 833438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_582", "title": "Stereologic baseline data of normal human epidermis.", "content": "Stereologic techniques for electron microscopic morphometry have been applied to normal human interfollicular epidermis of the submammary and iliac crest regions. The aim was to obtain objective baseline data for the study of epidermal morphometric pathology. The results, expressed mainly in surface, volume, and numerical densities of epidermal components and keratinocyte organelles, revealed ascending or descending gradients throughout the epithelial strata. The cytoplasmic ground substance remained almost constant in the four studied layers. No important regional differences were found between the epidermal morphometric parameters at either site. The epidermis showed striking volumetric composition similarities with other keratinizing epithelia.", "contents": "Stereologic baseline data of normal human epidermis. Stereologic techniques for electron microscopic morphometry have been applied to normal human interfollicular epidermis of the submammary and iliac crest regions. The aim was to obtain objective baseline data for the study of epidermal morphometric pathology. The results, expressed mainly in surface, volume, and numerical densities of epidermal components and keratinocyte organelles, revealed ascending or descending gradients throughout the epithelial strata. The cytoplasmic ground substance remained almost constant in the four studied layers. No important regional differences were found between the epidermal morphometric parameters at either site. The epidermis showed striking volumetric composition similarities with other keratinizing epithelia.", "PMID": 833439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_583", "title": "Griseofulvin causing hyperhemopexinemia and hepatic proliferation in mice: an in vivo and in vitro study.", "content": "Concentrations of hemopexin, a porphyrin-binding serum protein synthesized exclusively in the liver, increased significantly and concomitantly with levels of erythrocyte and liver protoporphyrin and coproporphyrin in mice made porphyric with 1% griseofulvin in the feed. Liver weights of porphyric mice increased remarkably. In comparison with controls, the ratio of the weight of normal to porphyric livers was at 10 days 1:2.1, at 21 days 1:2.8, and at 46 days 1:3.8. This increase in liver size was accompanied by increased cell division. The hepatic hyperplastic tissue fragments survived in vitro for several weeks and could be subcultured. The cultured cells, like those of the original liver, showed intense protoporphyrin fluorescence in the cytoplasm.", "contents": "Griseofulvin causing hyperhemopexinemia and hepatic proliferation in mice: an in vivo and in vitro study. Concentrations of hemopexin, a porphyrin-binding serum protein synthesized exclusively in the liver, increased significantly and concomitantly with levels of erythrocyte and liver protoporphyrin and coproporphyrin in mice made porphyric with 1% griseofulvin in the feed. Liver weights of porphyric mice increased remarkably. In comparison with controls, the ratio of the weight of normal to porphyric livers was at 10 days 1:2.1, at 21 days 1:2.8, and at 46 days 1:3.8. This increase in liver size was accompanied by increased cell division. The hepatic hyperplastic tissue fragments survived in vitro for several weeks and could be subcultured. The cultured cells, like those of the original liver, showed intense protoporphyrin fluorescence in the cytoplasm.", "PMID": 833440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_584", "title": "Granulocyte function in patients with chronic renal failure: surface adherence, phagocytosis, and bactericidal activity in vitro.", "content": "The defects in host defense mechanisms that explain the enhanced susceptibility to infection of patients with chronic renal failure are not understood, and previous studies concerning function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL), the major antibacterial defense, conflict. Therefore, the antimicrobial functions of PMNL obtained from chronically uremic patients and serum factors essential for PMNL activity were evaluated. The potential modifying effect of high concentrations of serum from uremic patients on PMNL of uremic patients was determined, and granulocyte adherence, an activity related to recruitment of cells to inflammatory sites, was measured. Phagocytosis of 14C-labeled Staphylococcus aureus and bactericidal activity were normal and unaffected by high concentrations of uremic serum. Serum from uremic patients opsonized staphylococci and yeast normally. Oxidative metabolism of PMNL [14C-1]glucose oxidation, O2 consumption, and quantitative protein iodination) was normal, as was PMNL adherence. If the uremic patient has an increased risk of infection, this risk cannot be ascribed to defects of PMNL responses that have been studied in these patients.", "contents": "Granulocyte function in patients with chronic renal failure: surface adherence, phagocytosis, and bactericidal activity in vitro. The defects in host defense mechanisms that explain the enhanced susceptibility to infection of patients with chronic renal failure are not understood, and previous studies concerning function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL), the major antibacterial defense, conflict. Therefore, the antimicrobial functions of PMNL obtained from chronically uremic patients and serum factors essential for PMNL activity were evaluated. The potential modifying effect of high concentrations of serum from uremic patients on PMNL of uremic patients was determined, and granulocyte adherence, an activity related to recruitment of cells to inflammatory sites, was measured. Phagocytosis of 14C-labeled Staphylococcus aureus and bactericidal activity were normal and unaffected by high concentrations of uremic serum. Serum from uremic patients opsonized staphylococci and yeast normally. Oxidative metabolism of PMNL [14C-1]glucose oxidation, O2 consumption, and quantitative protein iodination) was normal, as was PMNL adherence. If the uremic patient has an increased risk of infection, this risk cannot be ascribed to defects of PMNL responses that have been studied in these patients.", "PMID": 833441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_585", "title": "Wound infection by an indigenous Pseudomonas pseudomallei-like organism isolated from the soil: case report and epidemiologic study.", "content": "A 27-year-old farmer in the Oklahoma panhandle was pinned under his overturned tractor for 2 hr and received superficial and deep lacerations. He contracted an infection of a pelvic wound with an organism that had cultural and biochemical characteristics identical to those of Pseudomonas pseudomallei. Identical organisms were recovered from soil taken from the site of the accident. The organism isolated from the wound proved to be less virulent in guinea pigs than usual laboratory strains of P. pseudomallei; fatty acid analysis showed a distinctly different pattern from that of laboratory strains of P. pseudomallei. The infecting organism may be a variant of P. pseudomallei or a new species of Pseudomonas.", "contents": "Wound infection by an indigenous Pseudomonas pseudomallei-like organism isolated from the soil: case report and epidemiologic study. A 27-year-old farmer in the Oklahoma panhandle was pinned under his overturned tractor for 2 hr and received superficial and deep lacerations. He contracted an infection of a pelvic wound with an organism that had cultural and biochemical characteristics identical to those of Pseudomonas pseudomallei. Identical organisms were recovered from soil taken from the site of the accident. The organism isolated from the wound proved to be less virulent in guinea pigs than usual laboratory strains of P. pseudomallei; fatty acid analysis showed a distinctly different pattern from that of laboratory strains of P. pseudomallei. The infecting organism may be a variant of P. pseudomallei or a new species of Pseudomonas.", "PMID": 833442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_586", "title": "Depressed neutrophil motility in patients with recurrent herpes simplex virus infections: in vitro restoration with levamisole.", "content": "The random migration and chemotaxis of neutrophils from 10 patients with recurrent infections with herpes simplex virus were assessed. Chemotaxis to endotoxin-activated serum was markedly diminished in this group, but random migration was only mildly reduced, and chemotaxis to hydrolyzed casein was normal. The effects of the immunostimulant drug levamisole on the chemotaxis of neutrophils were assessed both in vitro and in patients after 150 mg of the drug was taken daily for three days. The defective chemotactic response could be corrected in vitro by treatment of the neutrophils with 10(-3) M levamisole. Of 10 patients treated with levamisole, five showed improved chemotaxis after three days, but no improvement in neutrophil function was observed in the other patients.", "contents": "Depressed neutrophil motility in patients with recurrent herpes simplex virus infections: in vitro restoration with levamisole. The random migration and chemotaxis of neutrophils from 10 patients with recurrent infections with herpes simplex virus were assessed. Chemotaxis to endotoxin-activated serum was markedly diminished in this group, but random migration was only mildly reduced, and chemotaxis to hydrolyzed casein was normal. The effects of the immunostimulant drug levamisole on the chemotaxis of neutrophils were assessed both in vitro and in patients after 150 mg of the drug was taken daily for three days. The defective chemotactic response could be corrected in vitro by treatment of the neutrophils with 10(-3) M levamisole. Of 10 patients treated with levamisole, five showed improved chemotaxis after three days, but no improvement in neutrophil function was observed in the other patients.", "PMID": 833443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_587", "title": "Reproducible method for induction of pulmonary coccidioidomycosis in mice.", "content": "Intranasal instillation of an inoculum has been suggested as a method for establishment of experimental pulmonary infections. Because we encountered untoward variation in rates and times of death with use of this method for inducing coccidioidomycosis in mice, a simple method for direct intratracheal infection was devised. With doses of 50 or 100 arthrospores of Coccidioides immitis, mortality rates were 80%-90% from 14 to 25 days after infection by the intratracheal route and 20%-60% from 12 to 24 days after infection by the intranasal route. The procedure for intratracheal infection caused only slight morbidity, and the method resulted in consistent rates of disease.", "contents": "Reproducible method for induction of pulmonary coccidioidomycosis in mice. Intranasal instillation of an inoculum has been suggested as a method for establishment of experimental pulmonary infections. Because we encountered untoward variation in rates and times of death with use of this method for inducing coccidioidomycosis in mice, a simple method for direct intratracheal infection was devised. With doses of 50 or 100 arthrospores of Coccidioides immitis, mortality rates were 80%-90% from 14 to 25 days after infection by the intratracheal route and 20%-60% from 12 to 24 days after infection by the intranasal route. The procedure for intratracheal infection caused only slight morbidity, and the method resulted in consistent rates of disease.", "PMID": 833444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_588", "title": "Clinical and serologic study of four smallpox vaccines comparing variations of dose and route of administration. Primary subcutaneous vaccination.", "content": "As part of a large study designed to develop schedules for smallpox immunization with reduced morbidity, 799 children received primary immunization with subcutaneous vaccine. Four vaccines (New York City Board of Health calf lymph, New York City chorioallantoic membrane, CV-1 and Lister) at three dosages (l0(3), 10(4), 10(5) pock-forming units) were administered. Eighty-two percent responded with hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody at one month, and only 22% with neutralizing antibody. There was no correlation between concentration of vaccine and antibody response. The CV-1 strain was slightly but significantly less likely to induce antibody than the other three vaccines. Subcutaneous vaccination was not associated with significant temperature elevation in general. However, some children developed erythema at the vaccination site or a swollen arm, and fever did tend to occur in this small group. Four children developed nonspecific vaccinia-related rashes, and one had generalized vaccinia.", "contents": "Clinical and serologic study of four smallpox vaccines comparing variations of dose and route of administration. Primary subcutaneous vaccination. As part of a large study designed to develop schedules for smallpox immunization with reduced morbidity, 799 children received primary immunization with subcutaneous vaccine. Four vaccines (New York City Board of Health calf lymph, New York City chorioallantoic membrane, CV-1 and Lister) at three dosages (l0(3), 10(4), 10(5) pock-forming units) were administered. Eighty-two percent responded with hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody at one month, and only 22% with neutralizing antibody. There was no correlation between concentration of vaccine and antibody response. The CV-1 strain was slightly but significantly less likely to induce antibody than the other three vaccines. Subcutaneous vaccination was not associated with significant temperature elevation in general. However, some children developed erythema at the vaccination site or a swollen arm, and fever did tend to occur in this small group. Four children developed nonspecific vaccinia-related rashes, and one had generalized vaccinia.", "PMID": 833447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_589", "title": "Immunization against tularemia: analysis of the effectiveness of live Francisella tularensis vaccine in prevention of laboratory-acquired tularemia.", "content": "A retrospective analysis was made of cases of laboratory-acquired infections with Francisella tularensis among civilian employees at Fort Detrick, Maryland. The incidence and clinical presentation of tularemia during the decade 1950-1959, when the phenol-killed Foshay vaccine was used routinely for immunization of employees, were compared with similar data from the first decade (1960-1969) after the live tularemia vaccine had come into use. The incidence of typhoidal tularemia fell (from 5.70 to 0.27 cases per 1,000 at-risk employee-years; P less than 0.001), whereas the incidence of ulceroglandular tularemia remained unchanged (from 0.76 to 0.54 cases per 1,000 at-risk employee-years). Ulceroglandular tularemia in employees immunized with live vaccine was characterized by clinical signs and symptoms that were milder than those in employees vaccinated with the Foshay vaccine.", "contents": "Immunization against tularemia: analysis of the effectiveness of live Francisella tularensis vaccine in prevention of laboratory-acquired tularemia. A retrospective analysis was made of cases of laboratory-acquired infections with Francisella tularensis among civilian employees at Fort Detrick, Maryland. The incidence and clinical presentation of tularemia during the decade 1950-1959, when the phenol-killed Foshay vaccine was used routinely for immunization of employees, were compared with similar data from the first decade (1960-1969) after the live tularemia vaccine had come into use. The incidence of typhoidal tularemia fell (from 5.70 to 0.27 cases per 1,000 at-risk employee-years; P less than 0.001), whereas the incidence of ulceroglandular tularemia remained unchanged (from 0.76 to 0.54 cases per 1,000 at-risk employee-years). Ulceroglandular tularemia in employees immunized with live vaccine was characterized by clinical signs and symptoms that were milder than those in employees vaccinated with the Foshay vaccine.", "PMID": 833449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_590", "title": "Transmission of hepatitis B virus to gibbons by exposure to human saliva containing hepatitis B surface antigen.", "content": "A pool of whole-mouth saliva collected from five human carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen, subtype adr, was found to contain antigen particles with mean diameters of 23.3 and 41.8 nm as seen by immune electron microscopy. Two gibbons received subcutaneous injections of the pooled saliva and developed serological and, in at least one animal, biochemical evidence of hepatitis B virus infection at 12 and 22 weeks, respectively. Although none of eight other gibbons that were exposed by the nasal or oral routes were infected, the experiment demonstrated that human saliva can serve as a vehicle for the transmission of hepatitis B virus.", "contents": "Transmission of hepatitis B virus to gibbons by exposure to human saliva containing hepatitis B surface antigen. A pool of whole-mouth saliva collected from five human carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen, subtype adr, was found to contain antigen particles with mean diameters of 23.3 and 41.8 nm as seen by immune electron microscopy. Two gibbons received subcutaneous injections of the pooled saliva and developed serological and, in at least one animal, biochemical evidence of hepatitis B virus infection at 12 and 22 weeks, respectively. Although none of eight other gibbons that were exposed by the nasal or oral routes were infected, the experiment demonstrated that human saliva can serve as a vehicle for the transmission of hepatitis B virus.", "PMID": 833450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_591", "title": "Differential distribution of ciliated epithelial cells in the trachea of hamsters: implications for studies of pathogenesis.", "content": "The morphology of the inner aspect of the adult hamster trachea was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Relatively large patches of unciliated cells were observed in the epithelial layer. The patches, which covered several hundreds to thousands of square microns, were most conspicuous on the ventral surface of the trachea, especially in the middle third. The frequency of these areas of unciliated cells, both isolated and in patches, was much greater in hamsters than in mice, rats, or cats. Greatest ciliation in the hamster trachea was observed over the strip of trachealis muscle between the open ends of the cartilaginous rings. Areas with the heaviest ciliation also had the greatest activity of cellular metabolism, as measured by the tetrazolium reduction assay. The attachment of tritium-labeled cells of Mycoplasma pneumoniae was inversely correlated with extensive ciliation, since the greatest numbers of counts were found on the middle third and ventral regions of the tracheal surface. The results of this study suggest that the regional differences in ciliation of respiratory epithelium in hamsters may influence studies of pathogenesis and isolation of M. pneumoniae and that these differences should therefore be considered and controlled in the experimental design.", "contents": "Differential distribution of ciliated epithelial cells in the trachea of hamsters: implications for studies of pathogenesis. The morphology of the inner aspect of the adult hamster trachea was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Relatively large patches of unciliated cells were observed in the epithelial layer. The patches, which covered several hundreds to thousands of square microns, were most conspicuous on the ventral surface of the trachea, especially in the middle third. The frequency of these areas of unciliated cells, both isolated and in patches, was much greater in hamsters than in mice, rats, or cats. Greatest ciliation in the hamster trachea was observed over the strip of trachealis muscle between the open ends of the cartilaginous rings. Areas with the heaviest ciliation also had the greatest activity of cellular metabolism, as measured by the tetrazolium reduction assay. The attachment of tritium-labeled cells of Mycoplasma pneumoniae was inversely correlated with extensive ciliation, since the greatest numbers of counts were found on the middle third and ventral regions of the tracheal surface. The results of this study suggest that the regional differences in ciliation of respiratory epithelium in hamsters may influence studies of pathogenesis and isolation of M. pneumoniae and that these differences should therefore be considered and controlled in the experimental design.", "PMID": 833451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_592", "title": "Glomerular protein synthesis in proteinuric rats.", "content": "Intraperitoneal injection of bovine albumin in rats readily induces proteinuria. It is already known that this proteinuria is accompanied by ultrastructural and enzyme changes in the glomeruli. The purpose of the present study is to investigate whether these phenomena were associated with an increased glomerular protein synthesis or, more specifically, with an increased glomerular basement membrane (GBM) synthesis. Young rats were made proteinuric by the injection of bovine albumin. Their glomeruli were isolated by the sieve technique and incubater either with [U-14C]proline or with [U-14C]leucine and [U-14C]tyrosine. Control incubations were run with normal glomeruli. Glomerular proteins were hydrolyzed and analyzed for amino acid composition and radioactivity. Specific activities of all three amino acids were always higher in proteinuric glomeruli, but there was no difference in the ratio 14C-hydroxyproline/14C-proline. The similar increase in incorporation of the three amino acids must result from an increased synthesis of different cellular proteins and cannot be considered as a preferential increase in GBM synthesis.", "contents": "Glomerular protein synthesis in proteinuric rats. Intraperitoneal injection of bovine albumin in rats readily induces proteinuria. It is already known that this proteinuria is accompanied by ultrastructural and enzyme changes in the glomeruli. The purpose of the present study is to investigate whether these phenomena were associated with an increased glomerular protein synthesis or, more specifically, with an increased glomerular basement membrane (GBM) synthesis. Young rats were made proteinuric by the injection of bovine albumin. Their glomeruli were isolated by the sieve technique and incubater either with [U-14C]proline or with [U-14C]leucine and [U-14C]tyrosine. Control incubations were run with normal glomeruli. Glomerular proteins were hydrolyzed and analyzed for amino acid composition and radioactivity. Specific activities of all three amino acids were always higher in proteinuric glomeruli, but there was no difference in the ratio 14C-hydroxyproline/14C-proline. The similar increase in incorporation of the three amino acids must result from an increased synthesis of different cellular proteins and cannot be considered as a preferential increase in GBM synthesis.", "PMID": 833465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_593", "title": "In vivo and in vitro effect of bacterial endotoxin on erythroid precursors (CFU-E and ERC) in the bone marrow of mice.", "content": "Erythropoietin injection raised within 24 hr. the number of CFU-E in the femoral marrow of polycythemic mice by 837 percent. Endotoxin given at 0 to 24 hr. before erythropoietin nearly abolished this CFU-E increase. Endotoxin in the culture medium did not inhibit erythroid colony formation, but in vivo endotoxin suppressed erythropoietin-induced differentiation of proerythroblasts from their precursors. Endotoxin thus suppresses marrow erythropoiesis either by inhibiting transformation of erythroid precursors into CFU-E or by causing the disappearance, perhaps by emigration, of CFU-E from the marrow.", "contents": "In vivo and in vitro effect of bacterial endotoxin on erythroid precursors (CFU-E and ERC) in the bone marrow of mice. Erythropoietin injection raised within 24 hr. the number of CFU-E in the femoral marrow of polycythemic mice by 837 percent. Endotoxin given at 0 to 24 hr. before erythropoietin nearly abolished this CFU-E increase. Endotoxin in the culture medium did not inhibit erythroid colony formation, but in vivo endotoxin suppressed erythropoietin-induced differentiation of proerythroblasts from their precursors. Endotoxin thus suppresses marrow erythropoiesis either by inhibiting transformation of erythroid precursors into CFU-E or by causing the disappearance, perhaps by emigration, of CFU-E from the marrow.", "PMID": 833466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_594", "title": "Estimation of glucose turnover with stable tracer glucose-1-13C.", "content": "Glucose turnover was measured in normal and disbetic dogs by the dilution of glucose-1-13C and glucose-1-14C tracers infused simultaneously at constant rates. In order to quantify the stable isotope, an enzymatic assay for the analysis of glucose-1-13C was developed and evaluated. CO2 from C-1 glucose was evolved by coupling hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and 6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenase activities. The 13C/12C ratio of the CO2 was measured with a high-precision magnetic-deflection double-collector mass spectrometer, and the radioactivity of 14CO2 was quantified by liquid scintillation. The ratio of 13C/12C was reproducible in assays of CO2 evolved from either naturally occurring or 13C-enriched glucose. Furthermore, systemic glucose production rates measured with 13C- and 14C-labeled tracers were similar over a wide range from 2 to 12 mg./kg.-min. Thus, glucose-1-13C may be employed as a tracer for glucose metabolism in human subjects without incurring the risk of radiation.", "contents": "Estimation of glucose turnover with stable tracer glucose-1-13C. Glucose turnover was measured in normal and disbetic dogs by the dilution of glucose-1-13C and glucose-1-14C tracers infused simultaneously at constant rates. In order to quantify the stable isotope, an enzymatic assay for the analysis of glucose-1-13C was developed and evaluated. CO2 from C-1 glucose was evolved by coupling hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and 6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenase activities. The 13C/12C ratio of the CO2 was measured with a high-precision magnetic-deflection double-collector mass spectrometer, and the radioactivity of 14CO2 was quantified by liquid scintillation. The ratio of 13C/12C was reproducible in assays of CO2 evolved from either naturally occurring or 13C-enriched glucose. Furthermore, systemic glucose production rates measured with 13C- and 14C-labeled tracers were similar over a wide range from 2 to 12 mg./kg.-min. Thus, glucose-1-13C may be employed as a tracer for glucose metabolism in human subjects without incurring the risk of radiation.", "PMID": 833467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_595", "title": "The influence of fatty acids on the binding of bilirubin to albumin.", "content": "The influence of free fatty acids (FFA's) on the albumin binding of bilirubin was studied in vitro in the plasma of infants with neonatal hyperbilirubineamia and in solutions employing crystalline albumin to which bilirubin and FFA (oleic acid) were added. The bilirubin saturation index (SI) was utilized to distinguish between that fraction of bilirubin bound at the primary (high-affinity) site of albumin and bilirubin bound at secondary sites from which it is easily dissociated by salicylate. The relative saturation of albumin with bilirubin was also measured by addition of salicylate to whole blood samples where bilirubin was also measured by addition of salicylate to whole blood samples where bilirubin dissociated from the albumin could be sequestered by the red cells. The present studies indicate that FFA's influence the binding of bilirubin in two ways. At molar ratios of FFA to albumin (2:1 to 4:1), the FFA's compete with bilirubin for binding at the high-affinity site so that a significant portion of the bilirubin is transported at secondary sites, making it susceptible to displacement by water-soluble organic anions. At high molar ratios (greater than 5:1) FFA's compete with bilirubin for albumin binding at the secondary sites as well. In contrast to crystalline albumin where the first two molar equivalents of FFA do not influence the binding of bilirubin to albumin, all FFA concentrations in hyperbilirubinemic plasma reduce the affinity of albumin for bilirubin at its high-affinity site even though there is a molar excess of albumin over bilirubin.", "contents": "The influence of fatty acids on the binding of bilirubin to albumin. The influence of free fatty acids (FFA's) on the albumin binding of bilirubin was studied in vitro in the plasma of infants with neonatal hyperbilirubineamia and in solutions employing crystalline albumin to which bilirubin and FFA (oleic acid) were added. The bilirubin saturation index (SI) was utilized to distinguish between that fraction of bilirubin bound at the primary (high-affinity) site of albumin and bilirubin bound at secondary sites from which it is easily dissociated by salicylate. The relative saturation of albumin with bilirubin was also measured by addition of salicylate to whole blood samples where bilirubin was also measured by addition of salicylate to whole blood samples where bilirubin dissociated from the albumin could be sequestered by the red cells. The present studies indicate that FFA's influence the binding of bilirubin in two ways. At molar ratios of FFA to albumin (2:1 to 4:1), the FFA's compete with bilirubin for binding at the high-affinity site so that a significant portion of the bilirubin is transported at secondary sites, making it susceptible to displacement by water-soluble organic anions. At high molar ratios (greater than 5:1) FFA's compete with bilirubin for albumin binding at the secondary sites as well. In contrast to crystalline albumin where the first two molar equivalents of FFA do not influence the binding of bilirubin to albumin, all FFA concentrations in hyperbilirubinemic plasma reduce the affinity of albumin for bilirubin at its high-affinity site even though there is a molar excess of albumin over bilirubin.", "PMID": 833468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_596", "title": "Human monocyte glucose metabolism in lymphoma.", "content": "Glycolysis (GU), hexose monophosphate shunt (HMPS) activity, and Krebs cycle activity were determined in monocytes from 32 normal subjects and 22 untreated patients with lymphoma. All of these parameters of glucose metabolism were significantly elevated in the lymphoma patients as a group when compared to normal subjects, suggesting monocyte activation by lymphoma. When the results were evaluated on the basis of sex and age, significant enhancement of glucose metabolism by lymphoma was evident in the 13 male patients compared to 18 normal men but not in monocytes from nine women with lymphoma compared to 14 normal subjects. Male patients over and under 40 years of age had significantly enhanced HMPS activity compared to normal subjects (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.01, respectively), and GU was significantly increased in patients over 40 years (p less than 0.01). In contrast, no significant differences were noted in any of the values of women with lymphoma compared to normal subjects matched according to menstrual status. This discrepancy is apparently due to the high values for HMPS noted in healthy women, especially menstruating women. Although lymphoma may activate monocyte glucose metabolism, this effect can be masked by the normally high values seen in healthy women. The sex of the subject must be considered in evaluating human monocyte function and metabolism.", "contents": "Human monocyte glucose metabolism in lymphoma. Glycolysis (GU), hexose monophosphate shunt (HMPS) activity, and Krebs cycle activity were determined in monocytes from 32 normal subjects and 22 untreated patients with lymphoma. All of these parameters of glucose metabolism were significantly elevated in the lymphoma patients as a group when compared to normal subjects, suggesting monocyte activation by lymphoma. When the results were evaluated on the basis of sex and age, significant enhancement of glucose metabolism by lymphoma was evident in the 13 male patients compared to 18 normal men but not in monocytes from nine women with lymphoma compared to 14 normal subjects. Male patients over and under 40 years of age had significantly enhanced HMPS activity compared to normal subjects (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.01, respectively), and GU was significantly increased in patients over 40 years (p less than 0.01). In contrast, no significant differences were noted in any of the values of women with lymphoma compared to normal subjects matched according to menstrual status. This discrepancy is apparently due to the high values for HMPS noted in healthy women, especially menstruating women. Although lymphoma may activate monocyte glucose metabolism, this effect can be masked by the normally high values seen in healthy women. The sex of the subject must be considered in evaluating human monocyte function and metabolism.", "PMID": 833469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_597", "title": "Muscle water and electrolytes in uremia and the effects of hemodialysis.", "content": "The effects of acute uremia and hemodialysis on water and electrolyte distribution and intracellular pH (pHi) of skeletal muscle were studied in dogs. Acute uremia resulted in an increase in intracellular muscle water and Ca++ content, and a fall in both intracellular Na+ concentration and the calculated muscle membrane potential (EM). Muscle pHi did not change. The increase in muscle Ca++ content was prevented by previous parathyroidectony. The administration of parathyroid extract to previously parathyroidectomized uremic animals resulted in a rise in muscle Ca++ content to levels similar to those observed in intact uremic animals. Hemodialysis with standard dialysate resulted in a normalization of both muscle Em and Ca++ content but did not affect either muscle intracellular water, Na+ concentration, or pHi. Hemodialysis with hypertonic dialysate (glycerol or mannitol) resulted in a slight fall in intracellular muscle water content toward normal but did not change muscle intracellular Na+ concentration or pHi. The muscle membrand permeability of Na+ relative to K+ (PNa/PK) was not changed by hemodialysis with either standard dialysate or dialysate with mannitol added. Glycerol, however, appeared to increase PNa/PK to about 10 times the normal value. The observed changes in muscle water and solute content may be related to the increased muscle irritability seen in acute uremic patients. These changes, however, are only partially corrected by hemodialysis with standard or hypertonic dialysate.", "contents": "Muscle water and electrolytes in uremia and the effects of hemodialysis. The effects of acute uremia and hemodialysis on water and electrolyte distribution and intracellular pH (pHi) of skeletal muscle were studied in dogs. Acute uremia resulted in an increase in intracellular muscle water and Ca++ content, and a fall in both intracellular Na+ concentration and the calculated muscle membrane potential (EM). Muscle pHi did not change. The increase in muscle Ca++ content was prevented by previous parathyroidectony. The administration of parathyroid extract to previously parathyroidectomized uremic animals resulted in a rise in muscle Ca++ content to levels similar to those observed in intact uremic animals. Hemodialysis with standard dialysate resulted in a normalization of both muscle Em and Ca++ content but did not affect either muscle intracellular water, Na+ concentration, or pHi. Hemodialysis with hypertonic dialysate (glycerol or mannitol) resulted in a slight fall in intracellular muscle water content toward normal but did not change muscle intracellular Na+ concentration or pHi. The muscle membrand permeability of Na+ relative to K+ (PNa/PK) was not changed by hemodialysis with either standard dialysate or dialysate with mannitol added. Glycerol, however, appeared to increase PNa/PK to about 10 times the normal value. The observed changes in muscle water and solute content may be related to the increased muscle irritability seen in acute uremic patients. These changes, however, are only partially corrected by hemodialysis with standard or hypertonic dialysate.", "PMID": 833470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_598", "title": "Monocyte IgG receptor activity, dynamics, and modulation-normal individuals and patients with granulomatous diseases.", "content": "Studies of monocyte IgG receptor activity by tritration of rabbit Forssman antibody and fluid phase inhibition with human IgG1 and IgG3 indicate increased activity for cells from patients with sarcoidosis in comparison to normal individuals. IgG receptor activity was also increased for cells from patients with tuberculosis and, to some degree, for Crohn's disease patients. Monocyte C3 receptor activity is increased in sarcoidosis and Crohn's disease. Following phagocytosis of latex particles, IgG receptor activity remains for monocytes from sarcoidosis patients, whereas activity transiently disappears for monocytes from normal individuals. Incubation with multistranded polynucleotides increases IgG receptor activity for normal subjects and has no significant effect on cells from patients with sarcoidosis or Crohn's disease. The findings suggest that circulating monocytes from patients with sarcoidosis, Crohn's disease, and tuberculosis are activated in vivo as reflected by increased IgG and C3 receptor activity.", "contents": "Monocyte IgG receptor activity, dynamics, and modulation-normal individuals and patients with granulomatous diseases. Studies of monocyte IgG receptor activity by tritration of rabbit Forssman antibody and fluid phase inhibition with human IgG1 and IgG3 indicate increased activity for cells from patients with sarcoidosis in comparison to normal individuals. IgG receptor activity was also increased for cells from patients with tuberculosis and, to some degree, for Crohn's disease patients. Monocyte C3 receptor activity is increased in sarcoidosis and Crohn's disease. Following phagocytosis of latex particles, IgG receptor activity remains for monocytes from sarcoidosis patients, whereas activity transiently disappears for monocytes from normal individuals. Incubation with multistranded polynucleotides increases IgG receptor activity for normal subjects and has no significant effect on cells from patients with sarcoidosis or Crohn's disease. The findings suggest that circulating monocytes from patients with sarcoidosis, Crohn's disease, and tuberculosis are activated in vivo as reflected by increased IgG and C3 receptor activity.", "PMID": 833471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_599", "title": "Colestipol, clofibrate, and phytosterols in combined therapy of hyperlipidemia.", "content": "Studies were carried out to determine effects of combined chemotherapy in patients with hyperlipidemia. In one study, 14 patients were treated first with colestipol and then with the combination of colestipol and clofibrate. In a second study, six patients were given clofibrate followed by addition of phytosterols. The following measurements were made in most patients: (1) plasma lipid concentrations, (2) fecal excretions of neutral steroids and bile acids, and (3) lipid composition of gallbladder bile. In six patients of the first study, hepatic secretion rates of biliary lipids and pool sizes of bile acids were also estimated. In the first study, colestipol alone caused a marked increase in fecal bile acids that resulted in a sizable decrease in plasma cholesterol concentrations (average 21 percent). In several patients, however, triglycerides were increased somewhat by colestipol. Despite interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids, the bile acid pool was not reduced, since a compensatory increase took place in bile acid synthesis. Also, except in one patient who developed gallstones following institution of colestipol, saturation of gallbladder bile with cholesterol was not markedly increased by this drug alone. Addition of clofibrate frequently produced a further decrement in plasma cholesterol, and the mild hypertriglyceridemia induced by colestipol was reversed. However, colestipol plus clofibrate usually caused a striking increase in saturation of gallbladder bile. Previous studies have shown that clofibrate causes a flux of cholesterol from tissue pools by simultaneously decreasing cholesterol synthesis and increasing its excretion. To further increase cholesterol excretion, phytosterols, which block cholesterol absorption, were added to clofibrate in the second study. Although phytosterols did not cause a further reduction in plasma cholesterol in these particular patients, they nevertheless greatly enhanced cholesterol excretion.", "contents": "Colestipol, clofibrate, and phytosterols in combined therapy of hyperlipidemia. Studies were carried out to determine effects of combined chemotherapy in patients with hyperlipidemia. In one study, 14 patients were treated first with colestipol and then with the combination of colestipol and clofibrate. In a second study, six patients were given clofibrate followed by addition of phytosterols. The following measurements were made in most patients: (1) plasma lipid concentrations, (2) fecal excretions of neutral steroids and bile acids, and (3) lipid composition of gallbladder bile. In six patients of the first study, hepatic secretion rates of biliary lipids and pool sizes of bile acids were also estimated. In the first study, colestipol alone caused a marked increase in fecal bile acids that resulted in a sizable decrease in plasma cholesterol concentrations (average 21 percent). In several patients, however, triglycerides were increased somewhat by colestipol. Despite interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids, the bile acid pool was not reduced, since a compensatory increase took place in bile acid synthesis. Also, except in one patient who developed gallstones following institution of colestipol, saturation of gallbladder bile with cholesterol was not markedly increased by this drug alone. Addition of clofibrate frequently produced a further decrement in plasma cholesterol, and the mild hypertriglyceridemia induced by colestipol was reversed. However, colestipol plus clofibrate usually caused a striking increase in saturation of gallbladder bile. Previous studies have shown that clofibrate causes a flux of cholesterol from tissue pools by simultaneously decreasing cholesterol synthesis and increasing its excretion. To further increase cholesterol excretion, phytosterols, which block cholesterol absorption, were added to clofibrate in the second study. Although phytosterols did not cause a further reduction in plasma cholesterol in these particular patients, they nevertheless greatly enhanced cholesterol excretion.", "PMID": 833472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_600", "title": "Functional and metabolic properties of human asialofibrinogen.", "content": "The role of sialic acid in the functional and metabolic properties of purified human fibrinogen was investigated. Fibrinogen treated with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase released 90 percent of its sialic acid without evidence of proteolysis, as indicated by the presence of intace A alpha, B beta, and gamma chains on sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gels of the reduced asialoprotein. The thrombin and Reptilase clotting times of human asialofibrinogen were shortened compared to those of normal fibrinogen. Fibrinopeptide release was normal in rate and amount, but asialofibrin monomer aggregation was increased at both low and high ionic strength. Similarly, the asialo-derivative of fibrinogen Philadelphia (functionally characterized by impairment of fibrin monomer aggregation) demonstrated shortening of its thrombin and Reptilase times and improvement in its monomer aggregation especially at high ionic strength. Asialofibrin showed a normal capacity to form cross-linked fibrin as demonstrated by normal gamma-chain dimerization and alpha-chain polymerization. Simultaneous metabolic studies of human normal fibrinogen and asialofibrinogen in rabbits revealed only a modest decrease in the half-life of the asialoprotein compared to the intact protein, with no preferential uptake of the asialo-derivative by the liver. Control studies with rabbit normal fibrinogen and asialofibrinogen in rabbits revealed the same modest difference in half-life. Thus, asialofibrinogen clots faster due to enhancement of its monomer aggregation, has a normal capacity to form cross-linked fibrin, and does not differ significantly in its metabolic properties from normal fibrinogen. The possible influence of sialic acid in the functional abnormality of some congenital dysfibrinogenemias is discussed.", "contents": "Functional and metabolic properties of human asialofibrinogen. The role of sialic acid in the functional and metabolic properties of purified human fibrinogen was investigated. Fibrinogen treated with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase released 90 percent of its sialic acid without evidence of proteolysis, as indicated by the presence of intace A alpha, B beta, and gamma chains on sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gels of the reduced asialoprotein. The thrombin and Reptilase clotting times of human asialofibrinogen were shortened compared to those of normal fibrinogen. Fibrinopeptide release was normal in rate and amount, but asialofibrin monomer aggregation was increased at both low and high ionic strength. Similarly, the asialo-derivative of fibrinogen Philadelphia (functionally characterized by impairment of fibrin monomer aggregation) demonstrated shortening of its thrombin and Reptilase times and improvement in its monomer aggregation especially at high ionic strength. Asialofibrin showed a normal capacity to form cross-linked fibrin as demonstrated by normal gamma-chain dimerization and alpha-chain polymerization. Simultaneous metabolic studies of human normal fibrinogen and asialofibrinogen in rabbits revealed only a modest decrease in the half-life of the asialoprotein compared to the intact protein, with no preferential uptake of the asialo-derivative by the liver. Control studies with rabbit normal fibrinogen and asialofibrinogen in rabbits revealed the same modest difference in half-life. Thus, asialofibrinogen clots faster due to enhancement of its monomer aggregation, has a normal capacity to form cross-linked fibrin, and does not differ significantly in its metabolic properties from normal fibrinogen. The possible influence of sialic acid in the functional abnormality of some congenital dysfibrinogenemias is discussed.", "PMID": 833473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_601", "title": "Computer densitometry for angiographic assessment of arterial cholesterol content and gross pathology in human atherosclerosis.", "content": "Sequential change studies in human atherosclerosis are desirable in disease regression trials but are now limited by dependence on the occurrence of epidemiologic end-points. Prior radiographic studies have pertained to advanced obstructive atherosclerosis. This is a study of measures applied by computer-generated densitometry of angiograms to assess early to advanced nonobstructive atherosclerosis. Measures are based on pathologic and angiographic appearance of all stages of atherosclerosis and include image edge roughness, local width, and local contrast density changes. Femoral angiograms were made in 21 cadavers under simulated clinical conditions, with a pressurized radiopaque casting material. Full-size color photographs were made of 10 cm. segments of opened artery, with matching cast and arterial specimens analyzed for cholesterol content. Four graders, on two occasions, sequenced the photographs in increasing order of disease on the basis of the International Atherosclerosis Grading scheme. The correlation between the two sessions was 0.93. Thirteen computer indices correlated significantly with visual grade and cholesterol and were allowed to compete in a step-wise regression for best indices of prediction. Computer index correlation coefficient for visual grade prediction was 0.86, and for cholesterol content, 0.84. Computer densitometry measurement appears useful in the evaluation of all stages of atherosclerosis as recorded angiographically and obviates the necessity for exacting visual comparisons of large numbers of films.", "contents": "Computer densitometry for angiographic assessment of arterial cholesterol content and gross pathology in human atherosclerosis. Sequential change studies in human atherosclerosis are desirable in disease regression trials but are now limited by dependence on the occurrence of epidemiologic end-points. Prior radiographic studies have pertained to advanced obstructive atherosclerosis. This is a study of measures applied by computer-generated densitometry of angiograms to assess early to advanced nonobstructive atherosclerosis. Measures are based on pathologic and angiographic appearance of all stages of atherosclerosis and include image edge roughness, local width, and local contrast density changes. Femoral angiograms were made in 21 cadavers under simulated clinical conditions, with a pressurized radiopaque casting material. Full-size color photographs were made of 10 cm. segments of opened artery, with matching cast and arterial specimens analyzed for cholesterol content. Four graders, on two occasions, sequenced the photographs in increasing order of disease on the basis of the International Atherosclerosis Grading scheme. The correlation between the two sessions was 0.93. Thirteen computer indices correlated significantly with visual grade and cholesterol and were allowed to compete in a step-wise regression for best indices of prediction. Computer index correlation coefficient for visual grade prediction was 0.86, and for cholesterol content, 0.84. Computer densitometry measurement appears useful in the evaluation of all stages of atherosclerosis as recorded angiographically and obviates the necessity for exacting visual comparisons of large numbers of films.", "PMID": 833474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_602", "title": "The assessment of the bile salt-nondependent fraction of canalicular bile water in the rat.", "content": "The bile salt-nondependent fraction of canalicular bile water has been measured by the extrapolation to zero of the regression line representing the relationship between bile flow and bile salt secretion. This extrapolation assumes that the secretion of bile salts whatever their concentration, carries the same amount of water per molecule. The purpose of this study was to test this assumption. Rats were depleted of bile salts by a bile fistula and infused with sodium taurocholate at rates varying from 30 to 500 mmumol/min. Bile salt secretion was linear with bile salt infusion at any concentration. Values of bile flow and bile salt secretion were grouped according to bile salt concentration, and regression lines calculated. The slopes of the regression lines changed from 0.090 at bile salt concentrations below 10 mM to 0.012 at bile salt concentrations between 30 and 45 mM, (p less than 0.001). These results indicate that the relationship between bile flow and bile salt secretion in the rat cannot be represented by only one regression line. Consequently, the rate of secretion of the bile salt-nondependent fraction of canalicular bile water cannot be measured by the extrapolation of this single regression line.", "contents": "The assessment of the bile salt-nondependent fraction of canalicular bile water in the rat. The bile salt-nondependent fraction of canalicular bile water has been measured by the extrapolation to zero of the regression line representing the relationship between bile flow and bile salt secretion. This extrapolation assumes that the secretion of bile salts whatever their concentration, carries the same amount of water per molecule. The purpose of this study was to test this assumption. Rats were depleted of bile salts by a bile fistula and infused with sodium taurocholate at rates varying from 30 to 500 mmumol/min. Bile salt secretion was linear with bile salt infusion at any concentration. Values of bile flow and bile salt secretion were grouped according to bile salt concentration, and regression lines calculated. The slopes of the regression lines changed from 0.090 at bile salt concentrations below 10 mM to 0.012 at bile salt concentrations between 30 and 45 mM, (p less than 0.001). These results indicate that the relationship between bile flow and bile salt secretion in the rat cannot be represented by only one regression line. Consequently, the rate of secretion of the bile salt-nondependent fraction of canalicular bile water cannot be measured by the extrapolation of this single regression line.", "PMID": 833475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_603", "title": "Quantitative osmotic fragility and disease states: a preliminary study.", "content": "The Kalmedic D-3 Fragiligraph was used to obtain both cumulative and derivative osmotic fragility data. Several instrumental modifications and several procedural changes combined to make the data more reproducible and more easily obtained. An analytical expression employing but two parameters was found to give excellent fits for the cumulative data, and when differentiated, reproduced the experimental derivative data equally well. The curve fitting procedure used is given in detail. Data obtained on a limited number of subjects with beta-thalassemia or multiple sclerosis are presented. The interpretation of these data by techniques common to the literature is compared with the procedure developed in this paper.", "contents": "Quantitative osmotic fragility and disease states: a preliminary study. The Kalmedic D-3 Fragiligraph was used to obtain both cumulative and derivative osmotic fragility data. Several instrumental modifications and several procedural changes combined to make the data more reproducible and more easily obtained. An analytical expression employing but two parameters was found to give excellent fits for the cumulative data, and when differentiated, reproduced the experimental derivative data equally well. The curve fitting procedure used is given in detail. Data obtained on a limited number of subjects with beta-thalassemia or multiple sclerosis are presented. The interpretation of these data by techniques common to the literature is compared with the procedure developed in this paper.", "PMID": 833476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_604", "title": "Human serum protein binding of cephalosporin antibiotics in vitro.", "content": "The published values for serum protein binding of antibiotics vary considerably depending upon the method and experimental conditions used. A rapid, simple, and standardized ultrafiltration procedure for determination of the serum protein binding of antibiotics has been developed and used to compare the binding characteristics of four marketed cephalosporins. The human serum protein binding of cephradine, cephalexin, cephalothin, and cefazolin at 37 degrees C. and physiological pH (7.4) was found to be 13.8, 12.4, 71.2, and 89.2 per cent, respectively. These values fall within the range of published values for these antibiotics.", "contents": "Human serum protein binding of cephalosporin antibiotics in vitro. The published values for serum protein binding of antibiotics vary considerably depending upon the method and experimental conditions used. A rapid, simple, and standardized ultrafiltration procedure for determination of the serum protein binding of antibiotics has been developed and used to compare the binding characteristics of four marketed cephalosporins. The human serum protein binding of cephradine, cephalexin, cephalothin, and cefazolin at 37 degrees C. and physiological pH (7.4) was found to be 13.8, 12.4, 71.2, and 89.2 per cent, respectively. These values fall within the range of published values for these antibiotics.", "PMID": 833477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_605", "title": "Plasma catecholamines via an improved fluorimetric assay: comparison with an enzymatic method.", "content": "The fluorimetric method of Renzini and Valori, utilizing alumina and ion exchange chromatography, was modified to include dl-3H norepinephrine (3H-NE) for individual plasma NE recoveries and mercaptoethanol as a stabilizing agent for the fluorescent lutines. Plasma NE and epinephrine (E) were measured in hypertensive patients, and results were compared with those of the enzymatic method of Engelman in duplicate plasma specimens. The correlations of the NE and the total plasma catecholamine concentrations determined by the two methods were both r = 0.98 (p less than 0.001) and that of the E concentrations was r = 0.79 (p less than 0.01). The reproducibility of the method for measuring 10 ml. aliquots of pooled plasma yielded a standard deviation of less than 10 per cent of the mean. The fluorimetric method was more economical, less time-consuming, and as reliable as the enzymatic method for quantitating plasma catecholamines.", "contents": "Plasma catecholamines via an improved fluorimetric assay: comparison with an enzymatic method. The fluorimetric method of Renzini and Valori, utilizing alumina and ion exchange chromatography, was modified to include dl-3H norepinephrine (3H-NE) for individual plasma NE recoveries and mercaptoethanol as a stabilizing agent for the fluorescent lutines. Plasma NE and epinephrine (E) were measured in hypertensive patients, and results were compared with those of the enzymatic method of Engelman in duplicate plasma specimens. The correlations of the NE and the total plasma catecholamine concentrations determined by the two methods were both r = 0.98 (p less than 0.001) and that of the E concentrations was r = 0.79 (p less than 0.01). The reproducibility of the method for measuring 10 ml. aliquots of pooled plasma yielded a standard deviation of less than 10 per cent of the mean. The fluorimetric method was more economical, less time-consuming, and as reliable as the enzymatic method for quantitating plasma catecholamines.", "PMID": 833478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_606", "title": "A simplified micromethod for assay of reserve bilirubin binding capacity.", "content": "The Sephadex gel elution method for assay of the reserve bilirubin binding capacity (RBBC) of the serum of jaundiced newborns has been modified to permit its application on a routine basis in the clinical chemistry laboratory. The volume of sample required has been reduced to 0.2 ml. of serum or less, the time required to perform the assay decreased to 30 to 45 minutes, and the reliability of the results enhanced by unidormly higher absorbance readings. The RBBC as determined by this modified micromethod agrees within 1 mg./dl. with that obtained from the original method. The results are not affected by flow rates through the columns, which vary by as much as a factor of 5, but are interfered with by sample hemolysis, lipemia, and a high proportion of direct-reacting bilirubin. The RBBC assay is a useful tool in the management of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, and the simplification of the method should permit its greater use on a routine basis.", "contents": "A simplified micromethod for assay of reserve bilirubin binding capacity. The Sephadex gel elution method for assay of the reserve bilirubin binding capacity (RBBC) of the serum of jaundiced newborns has been modified to permit its application on a routine basis in the clinical chemistry laboratory. The volume of sample required has been reduced to 0.2 ml. of serum or less, the time required to perform the assay decreased to 30 to 45 minutes, and the reliability of the results enhanced by unidormly higher absorbance readings. The RBBC as determined by this modified micromethod agrees within 1 mg./dl. with that obtained from the original method. The results are not affected by flow rates through the columns, which vary by as much as a factor of 5, but are interfered with by sample hemolysis, lipemia, and a high proportion of direct-reacting bilirubin. The RBBC assay is a useful tool in the management of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, and the simplification of the method should permit its greater use on a routine basis.", "PMID": 833480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_607", "title": "Nonspecific test reaction for antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen in chronic HBAg carriers.", "content": "Anti-HBs was undetectable in the plasma of 303 HBsAg-positive blood donors. The apparent reactivity of anti-HBs in the chromatographically isolated IgG fractions of these antigen-positive donors was shown to be nonneutralizable by HBsAg. The false-positive antiHBs reactions were apparently due to the isolation and concentration of IgG from the plasma which was initially nonreactive for anti-HBs.", "contents": "Nonspecific test reaction for antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen in chronic HBAg carriers. Anti-HBs was undetectable in the plasma of 303 HBsAg-positive blood donors. The apparent reactivity of anti-HBs in the chromatographically isolated IgG fractions of these antigen-positive donors was shown to be nonneutralizable by HBsAg. The false-positive antiHBs reactions were apparently due to the isolation and concentration of IgG from the plasma which was initially nonreactive for anti-HBs.", "PMID": 833479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_608", "title": "Problems of indirect immunologic assay of specific enzyme activity.", "content": "The estimation of specific activity of variant enzymes is important for understanding the mechanism of inherited enzyme deficiency. Direct determination of specific enzyme activity is often difficult. Indirect immunologic methods, i.e., the quantitative neutralization method and the electroimmunoassay method using specific antiserum, have been used for estimating the specific activity of variant enzymes. The validity of these indirect methods was examined with the use of normal and variant human glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), and three different anti-G6PD sera. The specific activities of purified normal, partially denatured normal, partially purified normal, and partially purified preparations of four different G6PD variants were estimated by the indirect methods. The values estimated by the neutralization method and that obtained by the electroimmunoassay method were substantially different, and different antisera gave different values for the given G6PD preparations. The values estimated by the indirect methods do not reconcile with the specific enzyme activity determined by the direct determination. Therefore, care should be taken in deducing the specific enzyme activity from the immunologic assay.", "contents": "Problems of indirect immunologic assay of specific enzyme activity. The estimation of specific activity of variant enzymes is important for understanding the mechanism of inherited enzyme deficiency. Direct determination of specific enzyme activity is often difficult. Indirect immunologic methods, i.e., the quantitative neutralization method and the electroimmunoassay method using specific antiserum, have been used for estimating the specific activity of variant enzymes. The validity of these indirect methods was examined with the use of normal and variant human glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), and three different anti-G6PD sera. The specific activities of purified normal, partially denatured normal, partially purified normal, and partially purified preparations of four different G6PD variants were estimated by the indirect methods. The values estimated by the neutralization method and that obtained by the electroimmunoassay method were substantially different, and different antisera gave different values for the given G6PD preparations. The values estimated by the indirect methods do not reconcile with the specific enzyme activity determined by the direct determination. Therefore, care should be taken in deducing the specific enzyme activity from the immunologic assay.", "PMID": 833481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_609", "title": "Screening of hearing in babies.", "content": "96 babies (aged 7-9 months) were tested both by conventional screening of hearing procedures and by pure tones. 12 of these babies or just over 12% failed the screening test of hearing by conventional procedures (5 of them were subsequently found to suffer from varying degrees of hearing loss) as compared to 29 babies or just over 30% who failed in pure tone testing (including the 5 babies with confirmed hearing losses). It is concluded that provided conventional procedures are followed carefully their applicability, flexibility and validity are superior to pure tone testing procedures.", "contents": "Screening of hearing in babies. 96 babies (aged 7-9 months) were tested both by conventional screening of hearing procedures and by pure tones. 12 of these babies or just over 12% failed the screening test of hearing by conventional procedures (5 of them were subsequently found to suffer from varying degrees of hearing loss) as compared to 29 babies or just over 30% who failed in pure tone testing (including the 5 babies with confirmed hearing losses). It is concluded that provided conventional procedures are followed carefully their applicability, flexibility and validity are superior to pure tone testing procedures.", "PMID": 833489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_610", "title": "Acute spreading osteomyelitis of the skull complicating frontal sinusitis.", "content": "Three patients with acute spreading osteomyelitis of the skull complicating a frontal sinusitis are presented. The pathology and clinical features of this complication are discussed. Early rigorous antibiotic treatment accompanied by surgical intervention to drain purulent collections in the sinuses and scalp has been effective in controlling the disease. One patient required a craniectomy for removal of an area of chronic ostemoyelitis. The other two patients maintained on antibiotics for three months have shown no evidence of progression to chronic osteomyelitis and have remained free from relapse.", "contents": "Acute spreading osteomyelitis of the skull complicating frontal sinusitis. Three patients with acute spreading osteomyelitis of the skull complicating a frontal sinusitis are presented. The pathology and clinical features of this complication are discussed. Early rigorous antibiotic treatment accompanied by surgical intervention to drain purulent collections in the sinuses and scalp has been effective in controlling the disease. One patient required a craniectomy for removal of an area of chronic ostemoyelitis. The other two patients maintained on antibiotics for three months have shown no evidence of progression to chronic osteomyelitis and have remained free from relapse.", "PMID": 833490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_611", "title": "The effect of anaesthesia on middle ear function (a preliminary report).", "content": "The preliminary findings of an investigation into the effects of anaesthesia on middle ear function have shown a transient worsening lasting about 6 days. It is suggested that results of hearing tests carried out within a week of general anaesthesia should be treated with caution.", "contents": "The effect of anaesthesia on middle ear function (a preliminary report). The preliminary findings of an investigation into the effects of anaesthesia on middle ear function have shown a transient worsening lasting about 6 days. It is suggested that results of hearing tests carried out within a week of general anaesthesia should be treated with caution.", "PMID": 833494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_612", "title": "Black hairy tongue. A scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "A patient with tongue malignancy associated with a black hairy tongue is presented. Specimens from e area fo the black hairy tongue and from a normally appearing part were studied with the scanning electron microscope. The \"hairs\" consisted of elongated filiform papillae due to accumulated keratinized layers. In-between these layers, fungi and bacteria were found. The aetiology of the blck hairy tongue in this patient is discussed.", "contents": "Black hairy tongue. A scanning electron microscopic study. A patient with tongue malignancy associated with a black hairy tongue is presented. Specimens from e area fo the black hairy tongue and from a normally appearing part were studied with the scanning electron microscope. The \"hairs\" consisted of elongated filiform papillae due to accumulated keratinized layers. In-between these layers, fungi and bacteria were found. The aetiology of the blck hairy tongue in this patient is discussed.", "PMID": 833496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_613", "title": "Surface phase separation and collapse of the stearate anion--alkaline earth cation complex.", "content": "The surface properties of fatty acid and fatty acid-alcohol mixtures were examined at 22-24 degrees C. At pH 12, sodium stearate forms a rigid surface film that generates an equilibrium spreading pressure of 16.5 dynes/cm. At pH 12, stearate-alkaline earth cation films collapse at the air-water interface and do not generate significant equilibrium spreading pressures. The rate of film collapse depends on the counterion decreasing in the sequence Ba2+ greater than Sr2+ greater than Ca2+. Stearate-stearyl alcohol mixtures form solid (condensed) films that are relatively stable and behave initially as homogeneous surfaces in their selectivities for counterions. Stearate-oleyl alcohol mixtures form fluid (expanded) films that are unstable. Lateral phase separations occur rapidly in fluid films and the stearate-alkaline earth cation phase collapses. The rate of film collapse in the fluid mixtures also depends on the counterion decreasing in the sequence Ba2+ greater than Ca2+. These surface properties suggest how a lipid anion may function as an ionophore in the translocation of alkaline earth cations.", "contents": "Surface phase separation and collapse of the stearate anion--alkaline earth cation complex. The surface properties of fatty acid and fatty acid-alcohol mixtures were examined at 22-24 degrees C. At pH 12, sodium stearate forms a rigid surface film that generates an equilibrium spreading pressure of 16.5 dynes/cm. At pH 12, stearate-alkaline earth cation films collapse at the air-water interface and do not generate significant equilibrium spreading pressures. The rate of film collapse depends on the counterion decreasing in the sequence Ba2+ greater than Sr2+ greater than Ca2+. Stearate-stearyl alcohol mixtures form solid (condensed) films that are relatively stable and behave initially as homogeneous surfaces in their selectivities for counterions. Stearate-oleyl alcohol mixtures form fluid (expanded) films that are unstable. Lateral phase separations occur rapidly in fluid films and the stearate-alkaline earth cation phase collapses. The rate of film collapse in the fluid mixtures also depends on the counterion decreasing in the sequence Ba2+ greater than Ca2+. These surface properties suggest how a lipid anion may function as an ionophore in the translocation of alkaline earth cations.", "PMID": 833501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_614", "title": "Plasmalogenase activities in neuronal perikarya, astroglia, and oligodendroglia isolated from bovine brain.", "content": "Plasmalogenase (EC 3.3.2.-, 1-alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine aldehydrogendrolase) activities were assayed with the plasmalogens in dispersed myelin as the substrate. The activities were 6,7-mumoles/mg protein per hr in oligodendroglia from white matter, and 1.1 and 0.6 for astroglia and neuronal perikarya from gray matter. Myelin had no plasmalogenase activity. Thus, both the normal catabolism of myelin plasmalogens and the accelerated hydrolysis of plasmalogens in demyelination is probably carried out by oligodendroglial plasmalogenase.", "contents": "Plasmalogenase activities in neuronal perikarya, astroglia, and oligodendroglia isolated from bovine brain. Plasmalogenase (EC 3.3.2.-, 1-alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine aldehydrogendrolase) activities were assayed with the plasmalogens in dispersed myelin as the substrate. The activities were 6,7-mumoles/mg protein per hr in oligodendroglia from white matter, and 1.1 and 0.6 for astroglia and neuronal perikarya from gray matter. Myelin had no plasmalogenase activity. Thus, both the normal catabolism of myelin plasmalogens and the accelerated hydrolysis of plasmalogens in demyelination is probably carried out by oligodendroglial plasmalogenase.", "PMID": 833502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_615", "title": "A facile hydrolysis-solvolysis procedure for conjugated bile acid sulfates.", "content": "Methods for hydrolyzing and solvolyzing conjugated bile acid sulfates were compared on reference mixtures of conjugated and unconjugated bile acid sulfates gas-liquid chromatography to assess recovery, and thin-layer chromatography and zonal scanning to define the products occurring after hydrolysis. Conventional methods in which solvolysis preceded vigorous alkaline saponification gave incomplete recoveries. However, essentially complete recovery of primary and secondary bile acid sulfates was obtained with a mild alkaline saponification procedure followed by acidification and extraction into ether, in shich complete solvolysis was shown to occur within 12 hours. Based on these findings, we developed and validated a simple hydrolysis-solvolysis procedure; the method features mild alkaline hydrolysis, acidification to pH 1, and extraction with ether followed by a 1-hour incubation.", "contents": "A facile hydrolysis-solvolysis procedure for conjugated bile acid sulfates. Methods for hydrolyzing and solvolyzing conjugated bile acid sulfates were compared on reference mixtures of conjugated and unconjugated bile acid sulfates gas-liquid chromatography to assess recovery, and thin-layer chromatography and zonal scanning to define the products occurring after hydrolysis. Conventional methods in which solvolysis preceded vigorous alkaline saponification gave incomplete recoveries. However, essentially complete recovery of primary and secondary bile acid sulfates was obtained with a mild alkaline saponification procedure followed by acidification and extraction into ether, in shich complete solvolysis was shown to occur within 12 hours. Based on these findings, we developed and validated a simple hydrolysis-solvolysis procedure; the method features mild alkaline hydrolysis, acidification to pH 1, and extraction with ether followed by a 1-hour incubation.", "PMID": 833503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_616", "title": "A novel spray reagent for phospholipid detection.", "content": "Ammonium pentachlorooxomolybdate in a solution of 7-9 N H2SO4 was found to be an excellent spray reagent for the specific detection of phospholipids on thin-layer chromatograms. It is better than the usual molybdenum blue reagent due to its greater sensitivity and its ability to eliminate the problem of the development of background blue color on prolonged exposure.", "contents": "A novel spray reagent for phospholipid detection. Ammonium pentachlorooxomolybdate in a solution of 7-9 N H2SO4 was found to be an excellent spray reagent for the specific detection of phospholipids on thin-layer chromatograms. It is better than the usual molybdenum blue reagent due to its greater sensitivity and its ability to eliminate the problem of the development of background blue color on prolonged exposure.", "PMID": 833504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_617", "title": "Composition-structure-function correlations in the binding of an apolipoprotein to phosphatidylcholine bilayer mixtures.", "content": "We have studied the lipid binding of apoC-III with two types of mixed vesicles of DMPC (dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine) and DPPC (dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl-choline). DMPC vesicles mixed with those of DPPC produce a macroscopic mixture in which the DMPC and DPPC vesicles remain intact. The circular dichroism and fluorescence spectra of apoC-III in the presence of this macroscopic mixture exhibit major changes near the transition temperature of each of the pure lipids, confirming the independent existence of the two PC's. Combining DMPC:DPPC macroscopic mixtures with apoC-III above the transition temperature, Tc 23 degrees C, of DMPC produces an isolatable complex consisting of 4:1 DMPC:DPPC. If the DMPC and DPPC are within the same vesicle, this microscopic lipid mixture has properties that are functions of the temperature and lipid composition. Spectral analysis of apoC-III in the presence of the micromixtures reveals a single transition, which occurs between the respective thermal transitions of DMPC (23 degrees C) and DPPC (41 degrees C). The lipid: protein complexes isolated from the microscopic mixtures have a DMPC: DPPC ratio identical to that of the vesicle with which the apoprotein was mixed; the formation of these complexes is most efficient above the temperature range where these microscopic mixtures induce major structural changes in the apoprotein. The absence of the preferential binding to DMPC observed in the macroscopic mixtures suggests that apoC-III interacts with large lipid domains within a vesicle and does not selectively bind the low melting DMPC. The temperature dependence of the binding of apoC-III to the microscopic mixtures may be due to phase separation or to cocrystallization; our data support the latter process.", "contents": "Composition-structure-function correlations in the binding of an apolipoprotein to phosphatidylcholine bilayer mixtures. We have studied the lipid binding of apoC-III with two types of mixed vesicles of DMPC (dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine) and DPPC (dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl-choline). DMPC vesicles mixed with those of DPPC produce a macroscopic mixture in which the DMPC and DPPC vesicles remain intact. The circular dichroism and fluorescence spectra of apoC-III in the presence of this macroscopic mixture exhibit major changes near the transition temperature of each of the pure lipids, confirming the independent existence of the two PC's. Combining DMPC:DPPC macroscopic mixtures with apoC-III above the transition temperature, Tc 23 degrees C, of DMPC produces an isolatable complex consisting of 4:1 DMPC:DPPC. If the DMPC and DPPC are within the same vesicle, this microscopic lipid mixture has properties that are functions of the temperature and lipid composition. Spectral analysis of apoC-III in the presence of the micromixtures reveals a single transition, which occurs between the respective thermal transitions of DMPC (23 degrees C) and DPPC (41 degrees C). The lipid: protein complexes isolated from the microscopic mixtures have a DMPC: DPPC ratio identical to that of the vesicle with which the apoprotein was mixed; the formation of these complexes is most efficient above the temperature range where these microscopic mixtures induce major structural changes in the apoprotein. The absence of the preferential binding to DMPC observed in the macroscopic mixtures suggests that apoC-III interacts with large lipid domains within a vesicle and does not selectively bind the low melting DMPC. The temperature dependence of the binding of apoC-III to the microscopic mixtures may be due to phase separation or to cocrystallization; our data support the latter process.", "PMID": 833505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_618", "title": "Induction of HMG CoA reductase by the administration of 20,25-diazacholesterol.", "content": "This paper describes the direct examination of HMG CoA reductase activity in rats treated with 20,25-diazacholesterol. Conversion of acetyl CoA and HMG CoA to mevalonate increased to over 200% of control values in the microsomes and in the 12,000 g supernatant of liver homogenates after 5 days of treatment. The time course of induction coincided with the development of hypocholesterolemia. Animal weights, liver weights, and microsomal protein content did not vary significantly between animal groups. Incubations to which the compound was introduced in vitro in concentrations as great as 0.5 mM produced no significant difference from control incubations. Similar treatment of the animals with 7-ketocholesterol, a cholesterol derivative reported to repress HMG CoA reductase activity in tissue cultures, produced no appreciable difference in reductase activity or serum steroid levels in vivo.", "contents": "Induction of HMG CoA reductase by the administration of 20,25-diazacholesterol. This paper describes the direct examination of HMG CoA reductase activity in rats treated with 20,25-diazacholesterol. Conversion of acetyl CoA and HMG CoA to mevalonate increased to over 200% of control values in the microsomes and in the 12,000 g supernatant of liver homogenates after 5 days of treatment. The time course of induction coincided with the development of hypocholesterolemia. Animal weights, liver weights, and microsomal protein content did not vary significantly between animal groups. Incubations to which the compound was introduced in vitro in concentrations as great as 0.5 mM produced no significant difference from control incubations. Similar treatment of the animals with 7-ketocholesterol, a cholesterol derivative reported to repress HMG CoA reductase activity in tissue cultures, produced no appreciable difference in reductase activity or serum steroid levels in vivo.", "PMID": 833506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_619", "title": "Growth and acyltransferase activity of rabbit mammary gland during pregnancy and lactation.", "content": "A bimodal change in yield and microsomal protein content of rabbit mammary gland was observed with the progress of pregnancy and lactation. The initial stimulus took place on day 22 of pregnancy and the second during early lactation. Palmitoyl-CoA:monopalmitoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate palmitoyltransferase activity was monitored concurrently. This enzyme in rabbit mammary microsomes is composed of two isoenzymic species that differ with respect to the physical nature of the substrates with which each interacts. The activities of the two isoenzymes were recorded at progressive stages of pregnancy, lactation, and involution to determine if a regulatory role could be assigned to either or both species. Although the patterns were indefinite, total transacylase activity did increase over this period, i.e., the specific activity of LPAT-alpha was 12 and 24 nmoles/mg protein per min in pregnancy and lactation, respectively, while that of LPAT-beta rose from zero to 90 nmoles/mg protein per min over the same period. The time of harvesting in relation to the interval between nursing periods is discussed in the light of these results.", "contents": "Growth and acyltransferase activity of rabbit mammary gland during pregnancy and lactation. A bimodal change in yield and microsomal protein content of rabbit mammary gland was observed with the progress of pregnancy and lactation. The initial stimulus took place on day 22 of pregnancy and the second during early lactation. Palmitoyl-CoA:monopalmitoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate palmitoyltransferase activity was monitored concurrently. This enzyme in rabbit mammary microsomes is composed of two isoenzymic species that differ with respect to the physical nature of the substrates with which each interacts. The activities of the two isoenzymes were recorded at progressive stages of pregnancy, lactation, and involution to determine if a regulatory role could be assigned to either or both species. Although the patterns were indefinite, total transacylase activity did increase over this period, i.e., the specific activity of LPAT-alpha was 12 and 24 nmoles/mg protein per min in pregnancy and lactation, respectively, while that of LPAT-beta rose from zero to 90 nmoles/mg protein per min over the same period. The time of harvesting in relation to the interval between nursing periods is discussed in the light of these results.", "PMID": 833507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_620", "title": "Analogs of natural lipids. III. Nonequivalence of methyl groups in methylated phospholipids.", "content": "The dimethyl esters of a series of diastereoisomeric cyclopentanoid analogs of phosphatidic acid (A.J. Hancock, M.H. Stokes, and H.Z. Sable. 1977. J. Lipid Res. 18: 81-92.) have been studied by proton NMR spectroscopy at 60, 100, and 300 MHz. The signals of the P-O-CH3 protons near delta 3.80 show the expected doubling due to the 31P-1H coupling. In addition, the spectra of three of the isomers show additional multiplicity the line separation (in Hz) being proportional to the frequency of the spectrometer. This multiplicity is due to the nonequivalence of the two methoxyl groups on phosphorus, predictable from their diastereotopic nature. The same explanation is proposed for similar observations on other compounds made by other authors. The practical utility of symmetry considerations in lipid chemistry is discussed briefly.", "contents": "Analogs of natural lipids. III. Nonequivalence of methyl groups in methylated phospholipids. The dimethyl esters of a series of diastereoisomeric cyclopentanoid analogs of phosphatidic acid (A.J. Hancock, M.H. Stokes, and H.Z. Sable. 1977. J. Lipid Res. 18: 81-92.) have been studied by proton NMR spectroscopy at 60, 100, and 300 MHz. The signals of the P-O-CH3 protons near delta 3.80 show the expected doubling due to the 31P-1H coupling. In addition, the spectra of three of the isomers show additional multiplicity the line separation (in Hz) being proportional to the frequency of the spectrometer. This multiplicity is due to the nonequivalence of the two methoxyl groups on phosphorus, predictable from their diastereotopic nature. The same explanation is proposed for similar observations on other compounds made by other authors. The practical utility of symmetry considerations in lipid chemistry is discussed briefly.", "PMID": 833508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_621", "title": "Analogs of natural lipids. IV. Synthesis and properties of cyclopentanoid analogs of phosphatidic acid.", "content": "A new series of phosphatidic acid analogs has been synthesized in which the glycerol moiety of diacylglycerophosphoric acid is replaced by each of the three isomeric cyclopentane-1,2,3-triols (1,3/2, DL-1,2/3, and 1,2,3/0). Of the seven possible configurational and positional phosphatidic acid analogs of this series, five isomers have been obtained and characterized by spectroscopic methods and microanalysis. Four of the five isomers are 1-(or 3-)phosphoryl derivatives, while the fifth is a 2-phosphate. The analogs were prepared in configurationally pure form by unequivocal synthetic procedures involving selectively blocked intermediates: acyl migration was avoided by the use of mild deblocking procedures. The anhydrous lipid products, all of which are dipalmitoyl esters, are solids indefinitely stable at room temperature in the free acid or potassium salt form; they have chromographic mobility and melting points similar to dipalmitoyl glycerophosphoric acid the dipotassium salts bind water of hydration tenaciously, remaining hydrated after drying in vacuo at 100 degrees C. NMR spectra of dimethyl esters of some of the analogs show nonequivalence of the two methyl groups, consistent with the diastereotopic nature of those groups. In addition to their intrinsic interest as conformationally restricted acidic lipids, the analogs are now available as starting materials for the synthesis of the more complex acidic and amphoteric lipids required for our exploitation of these cyclopentanoid analogs as unique probes for the study of lipid-lipid and protein-lipid interactions.", "contents": "Analogs of natural lipids. IV. Synthesis and properties of cyclopentanoid analogs of phosphatidic acid. A new series of phosphatidic acid analogs has been synthesized in which the glycerol moiety of diacylglycerophosphoric acid is replaced by each of the three isomeric cyclopentane-1,2,3-triols (1,3/2, DL-1,2/3, and 1,2,3/0). Of the seven possible configurational and positional phosphatidic acid analogs of this series, five isomers have been obtained and characterized by spectroscopic methods and microanalysis. Four of the five isomers are 1-(or 3-)phosphoryl derivatives, while the fifth is a 2-phosphate. The analogs were prepared in configurationally pure form by unequivocal synthetic procedures involving selectively blocked intermediates: acyl migration was avoided by the use of mild deblocking procedures. The anhydrous lipid products, all of which are dipalmitoyl esters, are solids indefinitely stable at room temperature in the free acid or potassium salt form; they have chromographic mobility and melting points similar to dipalmitoyl glycerophosphoric acid the dipotassium salts bind water of hydration tenaciously, remaining hydrated after drying in vacuo at 100 degrees C. NMR spectra of dimethyl esters of some of the analogs show nonequivalence of the two methyl groups, consistent with the diastereotopic nature of those groups. In addition to their intrinsic interest as conformationally restricted acidic lipids, the analogs are now available as starting materials for the synthesis of the more complex acidic and amphoteric lipids required for our exploitation of these cyclopentanoid analogs as unique probes for the study of lipid-lipid and protein-lipid interactions.", "PMID": 833509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_622", "title": "Stimulatory action of cycloheximide on glucose metabolism in the rat epididymal fat pad.", "content": "The action of cycloheximide on some parameters of glucose and lipid metabolism was studied in vitro in epidiymal fat pads from fasted rats. Incubation of fat pads with cycloheximide (1 mug/ml) for 2 hours resulted in a two-fold increase in glucose uptake, glucose oxidation, incorporation of glucose into lipids, and reesterification of free fatty acid. The increase in glucose oxidation was evident in experiments in which [U-14C], [1-14C], or [6-14C]glucose was added to the media, but it was absent when the media were supplemented with pyruvate. Incorporation of glucose into glycogen and accumulation of lactate in the medium were not seriously modified by the presence of cycloheximide. The stimulatory effect of cycloheximide on incorporation of glucose into lipids was absent when insulin or cortisol was added to the medium. A cycloheximide-mediated increase in glucose uptake seems to be responsible for the subsequent changes in glucose metabolism, and would seem to be independent of an inhibition in protein synthesis; puromycin and actinomycin D did not mimic the cycloheximide action on glucose incorporation into lipids.", "contents": "Stimulatory action of cycloheximide on glucose metabolism in the rat epididymal fat pad. The action of cycloheximide on some parameters of glucose and lipid metabolism was studied in vitro in epidiymal fat pads from fasted rats. Incubation of fat pads with cycloheximide (1 mug/ml) for 2 hours resulted in a two-fold increase in glucose uptake, glucose oxidation, incorporation of glucose into lipids, and reesterification of free fatty acid. The increase in glucose oxidation was evident in experiments in which [U-14C], [1-14C], or [6-14C]glucose was added to the media, but it was absent when the media were supplemented with pyruvate. Incorporation of glucose into glycogen and accumulation of lactate in the medium were not seriously modified by the presence of cycloheximide. The stimulatory effect of cycloheximide on incorporation of glucose into lipids was absent when insulin or cortisol was added to the medium. A cycloheximide-mediated increase in glucose uptake seems to be responsible for the subsequent changes in glucose metabolism, and would seem to be independent of an inhibition in protein synthesis; puromycin and actinomycin D did not mimic the cycloheximide action on glucose incorporation into lipids.", "PMID": 833510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_623", "title": "Measurement of cholesterol synthesis in kinetically defined pools using fecal steroid analysis and double labeling technique in man.", "content": "The purpose of the study was to develop a kinetic method for measurement of different parameters of cholesterol metabolism in man using labeled cholesterol precursors that could initially be incorporated even into the slowly exchangeable cholesterol pool. For this purpose, tritiated water and [2-14C]mevalonate were given to five normocholesterolemic subjects and the activities for serum cholesterol and body water were measured serially for up to eight weeks. Elimination of cholesterol was measured by fecal analysis of neutral and acidic steroids. For comparison, two subjects received a mixture of [4-14C]cholesterol and [2-3H]mevalonate. The data were subjected to multicompartmental analysis by computer, with the assumption that synthesis occurred in two compartments. The rapidly exchangeable cholesterol (pool 1) and the fractional hydrogon transport constant from body water to cholesterol could not be measured directly; therefore, the influence of two different mass transport values was tested. The best fit was obtained with the smaller mass of cholesterol in pool 1 associated with a hydrogen transport constant of 0.700 (32 out of 46 hydrogens originate from water). Kinetic analysis of the data allows estimates of the exchangeable cholesterol mass, flux rates of cholesterol between pools 1 and 2, and synthesis of cholesterol separately in the two pools. The results of computer analysis suggested that, in contrast to what has been assumed earlier on the basis of studies with radiolabelled cholesterol, 22-53% of endogenous cholesterol synthesis took place in pool 2 from body water and that this synthesis tended to correlate with the total body fat mass. The study with [2-3H]mevalonate and [4-14C]cholesterol indicated synthesis in pool 2 to be 20-22% of the total. Up to 50% of the DL[2-14C]mevalonate dose was incorporated into cholesterol. The fractional incorporation of DL-mevalonate into pool 2 was correlated with that of tritiated water, indicating that both precursors studied yielded essentially the same kinetic result.", "contents": "Measurement of cholesterol synthesis in kinetically defined pools using fecal steroid analysis and double labeling technique in man. The purpose of the study was to develop a kinetic method for measurement of different parameters of cholesterol metabolism in man using labeled cholesterol precursors that could initially be incorporated even into the slowly exchangeable cholesterol pool. For this purpose, tritiated water and [2-14C]mevalonate were given to five normocholesterolemic subjects and the activities for serum cholesterol and body water were measured serially for up to eight weeks. Elimination of cholesterol was measured by fecal analysis of neutral and acidic steroids. For comparison, two subjects received a mixture of [4-14C]cholesterol and [2-3H]mevalonate. The data were subjected to multicompartmental analysis by computer, with the assumption that synthesis occurred in two compartments. The rapidly exchangeable cholesterol (pool 1) and the fractional hydrogon transport constant from body water to cholesterol could not be measured directly; therefore, the influence of two different mass transport values was tested. The best fit was obtained with the smaller mass of cholesterol in pool 1 associated with a hydrogen transport constant of 0.700 (32 out of 46 hydrogens originate from water). Kinetic analysis of the data allows estimates of the exchangeable cholesterol mass, flux rates of cholesterol between pools 1 and 2, and synthesis of cholesterol separately in the two pools. The results of computer analysis suggested that, in contrast to what has been assumed earlier on the basis of studies with radiolabelled cholesterol, 22-53% of endogenous cholesterol synthesis took place in pool 2 from body water and that this synthesis tended to correlate with the total body fat mass. The study with [2-3H]mevalonate and [4-14C]cholesterol indicated synthesis in pool 2 to be 20-22% of the total. Up to 50% of the DL[2-14C]mevalonate dose was incorporated into cholesterol. The fractional incorporation of DL-mevalonate into pool 2 was correlated with that of tritiated water, indicating that both precursors studied yielded essentially the same kinetic result.", "PMID": 833511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_624", "title": "The extent of supernormal ventricular excitability in man.", "content": "The supernormal period is an interval of increased excitability found in Purkinje fibers and thought to discretely neighbor T wave termination. Thereafter, excitability is thought to be constant. We examined the extent of the supernormal period in normokalemic patients at normal heart rates, determining excitability in terms of threshold voltages required for right ventricular bipolar excitation at 10-30 sec msec intervals of diastole. In sinus rhythm (ten patients), thresholds during maximal excitability (Emax) following the relative refractory period were only 5.2% +/- 0.1 less than late diastolic thresholds (P less than 0.05). However, a discrete change from supernormal to normal period was never demarcated. Instead, in each patient all thresholds fell within 95% confidence limits of the linear relation: Threshold = a volts/second + ThresholdEmax. In fact, five of ten patients showed constant or diminished excitability as diastole progressed. In ventricular drive (six patients), threshold was constant throughout diastole. A supernormal period was never seen. Thus, excitability changes were progressive throughout diastole after sinus beats, and diastolic excitability was constant after ventricular beats. T wave termination did not signal a discrete period of increased excitability analogous to the supernormal period of Purkinje fibers.", "contents": "The extent of supernormal ventricular excitability in man. The supernormal period is an interval of increased excitability found in Purkinje fibers and thought to discretely neighbor T wave termination. Thereafter, excitability is thought to be constant. We examined the extent of the supernormal period in normokalemic patients at normal heart rates, determining excitability in terms of threshold voltages required for right ventricular bipolar excitation at 10-30 sec msec intervals of diastole. In sinus rhythm (ten patients), thresholds during maximal excitability (Emax) following the relative refractory period were only 5.2% +/- 0.1 less than late diastolic thresholds (P less than 0.05). However, a discrete change from supernormal to normal period was never demarcated. Instead, in each patient all thresholds fell within 95% confidence limits of the linear relation: Threshold = a volts/second + ThresholdEmax. In fact, five of ten patients showed constant or diminished excitability as diastole progressed. In ventricular drive (six patients), threshold was constant throughout diastole. A supernormal period was never seen. Thus, excitability changes were progressive throughout diastole after sinus beats, and diastolic excitability was constant after ventricular beats. T wave termination did not signal a discrete period of increased excitability analogous to the supernormal period of Purkinje fibers.", "PMID": 833519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_625", "title": "Computer analysis of changes in frank vectorcardiograms of 666 normal infants in the first 72 hours of life.", "content": "Frank vectorcardiograms (VCGs) were collected on magnetic tape for 666 normal newborn infants at 1, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 hours after birth and analyzed by computers. The final total included 1,337 VCGs for white babies and 413 for blacks. No previous report has been made for the normal neonate with such a large sample, and no previous substantiation exists of possible age or sex differences at this early age. This study establishes a statistically significant change in vectorcardiographic patterns over the first three days, specifically in the measurements P duration, QRS duration, maximal spatial QRS amplitude, S in lead x, and T in lead z, as well as for several time-normalized QRS vectors. (P less than or equal to .005.) Racial differences were significant for T waves in lead z. This study supports the use of vectorcardiographic standards sensitive to the age of the newborn as well as to race.", "contents": "Computer analysis of changes in frank vectorcardiograms of 666 normal infants in the first 72 hours of life. Frank vectorcardiograms (VCGs) were collected on magnetic tape for 666 normal newborn infants at 1, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 hours after birth and analyzed by computers. The final total included 1,337 VCGs for white babies and 413 for blacks. No previous report has been made for the normal neonate with such a large sample, and no previous substantiation exists of possible age or sex differences at this early age. This study establishes a statistically significant change in vectorcardiographic patterns over the first three days, specifically in the measurements P duration, QRS duration, maximal spatial QRS amplitude, S in lead x, and T in lead z, as well as for several time-normalized QRS vectors. (P less than or equal to .005.) Racial differences were significant for T waves in lead z. This study supports the use of vectorcardiographic standards sensitive to the age of the newborn as well as to race.", "PMID": 833520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_626", "title": "A dipole plus quadrupole lead system for human electrocardiography.", "content": "A lead system was constructed to extract dipole and quadrupole components of cardiac sources from surface electrocardiograms (ECGs) recorded at 16 sites. The lead system was based on an analysis of a computerized model of a multipole equivalent cardiac generator in a homogeneous torso. The model was previously determined from extensive geometric and electrocardiographic data obtained from one subject. Dipole components estimated with the lead system were 89% accurate for the original subject. Evaluation of the lead system on this subject and in 59 other subjects included calculation of the effect of non-dipolar sources on the values of the estimated dipole components, comparison of the consistency of equivalent sources found independently at two origins in the heart region, and reconstruction of ECGs from lead system components. Dipole consistency at the origins was maintained over the wide range of age, weight, and body shape which characterized the subject population. Whereas quadrupole terms did not agree as well as the dipole terms, inclusion of the quadrupole reduced ECG reconstruction errors by a factor of about three compared to errors for the dipole alone. Together, the dipole and quadrupole accounted for almost 90% of the electrocardiographic information measured on the body surface with the D/Q lead system.", "contents": "A dipole plus quadrupole lead system for human electrocardiography. A lead system was constructed to extract dipole and quadrupole components of cardiac sources from surface electrocardiograms (ECGs) recorded at 16 sites. The lead system was based on an analysis of a computerized model of a multipole equivalent cardiac generator in a homogeneous torso. The model was previously determined from extensive geometric and electrocardiographic data obtained from one subject. Dipole components estimated with the lead system were 89% accurate for the original subject. Evaluation of the lead system on this subject and in 59 other subjects included calculation of the effect of non-dipolar sources on the values of the estimated dipole components, comparison of the consistency of equivalent sources found independently at two origins in the heart region, and reconstruction of ECGs from lead system components. Dipole consistency at the origins was maintained over the wide range of age, weight, and body shape which characterized the subject population. Whereas quadrupole terms did not agree as well as the dipole terms, inclusion of the quadrupole reduced ECG reconstruction errors by a factor of about three compared to errors for the dipole alone. Together, the dipole and quadrupole accounted for almost 90% of the electrocardiographic information measured on the body surface with the D/Q lead system.", "PMID": 833521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_627", "title": "Interaction of oscillators: effect of sinusoidal stretching of the sinoatrial node on nodal rhythm.", "content": "In this study of factors affecting and integrating activity of cardiac tissues, isolated strips of rabbit atria containing the sinoatrial node were subject to sinusoidal stretch. Effects on electrical discharge rates and rhythm of this pacemaker were observed. Repetitive stretch of a few millimeters (20-40% increase in length) caused acceleration and produced oscillations in rate which were roughly proportional to frequency of stretching. At fast frequencies of stretching, the sinus rates oscillated faster but not synchronously. When rate of stretching approached the \"resting\" rate of the sinus, a \"lock'in\" occurred, in that sinus rate accelerated but oscillations disappeared. During stretching rates approximately twice resting rate, the oscillations again disappeared. At rates of stretching during which oscillations were synchronous, the time of pacemaker firing changed to coincide with the peak phase of the applied sinusoidal stretch, although several seconds were required for this adjustment. Interval histograms also showed that application of sinusoidal stretch imposed a greater regularity on pacemaker action. It was thus demonstrated that oscillatory processes of the cardiac pacemaker and an interaction of oscillators conceivably can occur in the heart. (Preliminary Publication, The Physiologist, 16 \"3, 1973.)", "contents": "Interaction of oscillators: effect of sinusoidal stretching of the sinoatrial node on nodal rhythm. In this study of factors affecting and integrating activity of cardiac tissues, isolated strips of rabbit atria containing the sinoatrial node were subject to sinusoidal stretch. Effects on electrical discharge rates and rhythm of this pacemaker were observed. Repetitive stretch of a few millimeters (20-40% increase in length) caused acceleration and produced oscillations in rate which were roughly proportional to frequency of stretching. At fast frequencies of stretching, the sinus rates oscillated faster but not synchronously. When rate of stretching approached the \"resting\" rate of the sinus, a \"lock'in\" occurred, in that sinus rate accelerated but oscillations disappeared. During stretching rates approximately twice resting rate, the oscillations again disappeared. At rates of stretching during which oscillations were synchronous, the time of pacemaker firing changed to coincide with the peak phase of the applied sinusoidal stretch, although several seconds were required for this adjustment. Interval histograms also showed that application of sinusoidal stretch imposed a greater regularity on pacemaker action. It was thus demonstrated that oscillatory processes of the cardiac pacemaker and an interaction of oscillators conceivably can occur in the heart. (Preliminary Publication, The Physiologist, 16 \"3, 1973.)", "PMID": 833522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_628", "title": "Effects of prindolol on impulse formation and conduction in man.", "content": "Electrophysiologic changes produced by intravenous administration of 0.6 mg Prindolol were studied in 16 subjects with normal impulse formation and conduction. The most important changes were: sinus bradycardia, prolongation of atrial refractory periods, depression of intranodal conduction and prolongation of A-V node refractory periods. Sinus node recovery time was unchanged, and sinoatrial conduction time was only slightly increased. Intraventricular conduction time and the refractory period of the His-Purkinje system and of the bundle branches were unchanged.", "contents": "Effects of prindolol on impulse formation and conduction in man. Electrophysiologic changes produced by intravenous administration of 0.6 mg Prindolol were studied in 16 subjects with normal impulse formation and conduction. The most important changes were: sinus bradycardia, prolongation of atrial refractory periods, depression of intranodal conduction and prolongation of A-V node refractory periods. Sinus node recovery time was unchanged, and sinoatrial conduction time was only slightly increased. Intraventricular conduction time and the refractory period of the His-Purkinje system and of the bundle branches were unchanged.", "PMID": 833523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_629", "title": "Mechanism of atrioventricular conduction: study on an analogue.", "content": "A simple analogue of the heart, consisting of neon relaxation oscillators, is presented. The analogue may display several disturbances of the A-V conduction, like normal atrioventricular (A-V) conduction, first-degree heart block, Wenckebach periods, Mobitz II type block, supernormal conduction, complete A-V block, the phenomenon of accrochage in complete A-V block and the absolutely arrhythmic response of the ventricles to a very high atrial rate. The analogue was constructed in the simplest possible way, i.e., using the least possible number of variables. The striking similarities between the properties of relaxation oscillators and cardiac pacemakers on the one hand and between the behavior of the analogue and manifestations of the A-V conduction abnormalities on the other might possibly permit a hypothesis about the mechanism of A-V conduction abnormalities based on the analogue. This mechanism is discussed in detail.", "contents": "Mechanism of atrioventricular conduction: study on an analogue. A simple analogue of the heart, consisting of neon relaxation oscillators, is presented. The analogue may display several disturbances of the A-V conduction, like normal atrioventricular (A-V) conduction, first-degree heart block, Wenckebach periods, Mobitz II type block, supernormal conduction, complete A-V block, the phenomenon of accrochage in complete A-V block and the absolutely arrhythmic response of the ventricles to a very high atrial rate. The analogue was constructed in the simplest possible way, i.e., using the least possible number of variables. The striking similarities between the properties of relaxation oscillators and cardiac pacemakers on the one hand and between the behavior of the analogue and manifestations of the A-V conduction abnormalities on the other might possibly permit a hypothesis about the mechanism of A-V conduction abnormalities based on the analogue. This mechanism is discussed in detail.", "PMID": 833524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_630", "title": "Case studies: Simultaneous intermittent intraatrial and intraventricular conduction defects mimicking trifascicular conduction delay.", "content": "Both intermittent rate related left bundle branch block and intermittent rate related trifascicular conduction delay (left bundle branch block with marked H-V interval prolongation) have been previously described. However intermittent rate related intraatrial block with left bundle branch block has not. No only does the case presented herein reveal intermittent rate related intraatrial block with left bundle branch block, but also PR prolongation secondary to the intraatrial block. This combination mimicked intermittent trifascicular conduction delay. Electrophysiological testing allowed differentiation of this pseudotrifascicular defect from true trifascicular conduction delay.", "contents": "Case studies: Simultaneous intermittent intraatrial and intraventricular conduction defects mimicking trifascicular conduction delay. Both intermittent rate related left bundle branch block and intermittent rate related trifascicular conduction delay (left bundle branch block with marked H-V interval prolongation) have been previously described. However intermittent rate related intraatrial block with left bundle branch block has not. No only does the case presented herein reveal intermittent rate related intraatrial block with left bundle branch block, but also PR prolongation secondary to the intraatrial block. This combination mimicked intermittent trifascicular conduction delay. Electrophysiological testing allowed differentiation of this pseudotrifascicular defect from true trifascicular conduction delay.", "PMID": 833525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_631", "title": "Bradycardia-related (phase 4) left anterior hemiblock.", "content": "A case is presented in which left anterior hemiblock (LAH) appeared transiently after the pause terminating atrial pacing, after atrial premature beats and during the slowing of sinus rhythm induced by carotid sinus massage. The transient LAH is attributed to phase-4 block, and is reported in order to add weight to the hypothesis that phase-4 block is a significant factor in the genesis of discrete conduction blocks in the human heart.", "contents": "Bradycardia-related (phase 4) left anterior hemiblock. A case is presented in which left anterior hemiblock (LAH) appeared transiently after the pause terminating atrial pacing, after atrial premature beats and during the slowing of sinus rhythm induced by carotid sinus massage. The transient LAH is attributed to phase-4 block, and is reported in order to add weight to the hypothesis that phase-4 block is a significant factor in the genesis of discrete conduction blocks in the human heart.", "PMID": 833526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_632", "title": "Evolutionary changes in the electrocardiogram of severe progressive hypothermia.", "content": "A patient is reported who developed progressive hypothermia during therapy for adult respiratory distress syndrome. Electrocardiographic changes (sinus bradycardia, prolonged PR interval, prolonged QTc interval, \"Osborn waves\") were documented and correlated with body temperature. The significance of these changes is discussed and the relationship between the degree of hypothermia and the presence of \"Osborn waves\" is noted.", "contents": "Evolutionary changes in the electrocardiogram of severe progressive hypothermia. A patient is reported who developed progressive hypothermia during therapy for adult respiratory distress syndrome. Electrocardiographic changes (sinus bradycardia, prolonged PR interval, prolonged QTc interval, \"Osborn waves\") were documented and correlated with body temperature. The significance of these changes is discussed and the relationship between the degree of hypothermia and the presence of \"Osborn waves\" is noted.", "PMID": 833527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_633", "title": "Demonstration of bidirectional dual A-V nodal pathways in the same patient.", "content": "In a patient with documented paroxysmal junctional tachycardia (PJT) electrophysiologic studies were performed using an extrastimulus technique. At an A1-A2 interval of 360 msec, atrial extrastimulus revealed sudden prolongation of an A2-H2 interval from 370 to 540 msec and PJT ensued. This finding was consistent with antegrade dual A-V nodal pathways. On the other hand, at a V1-V2 interval of 540 msec, ventricular estrastimulus showed a jump in ventriculo-atrial (V-A) conduction time with evidence of delay in the A-V node from 285 to 565 msec and a ventricular echo followed. This finding was consistent with retrograde dual A-V nodal pathways. Mechanisms of bidirectional dual A-V nodal pathways are discussed.", "contents": "Demonstration of bidirectional dual A-V nodal pathways in the same patient. In a patient with documented paroxysmal junctional tachycardia (PJT) electrophysiologic studies were performed using an extrastimulus technique. At an A1-A2 interval of 360 msec, atrial extrastimulus revealed sudden prolongation of an A2-H2 interval from 370 to 540 msec and PJT ensued. This finding was consistent with antegrade dual A-V nodal pathways. On the other hand, at a V1-V2 interval of 540 msec, ventricular estrastimulus showed a jump in ventriculo-atrial (V-A) conduction time with evidence of delay in the A-V node from 285 to 565 msec and a ventricular echo followed. This finding was consistent with retrograde dual A-V nodal pathways. Mechanisms of bidirectional dual A-V nodal pathways are discussed.", "PMID": 833528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_634", "title": "Annotation: Numerical calculation of the mean electrical axis of electrocardiographic deflections.", "content": "Formulas are presented for numerical calculation of magnitude and direction of the mean electrical axis of electrocardiographic deflections suitable for use with hand calculators and electronic digital computers.", "contents": "Annotation: Numerical calculation of the mean electrical axis of electrocardiographic deflections. Formulas are presented for numerical calculation of magnitude and direction of the mean electrical axis of electrocardiographic deflections suitable for use with hand calculators and electronic digital computers.", "PMID": 833529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_635", "title": "The electrocardiographic image surface revisited.", "content": "An image torso may be viewed as a one-to-one transform of a physical volume conductor to a geometric form which defines both the axis and sensitivity of any electrocardiographic connection. In this report, the image surfaces of laminar, spherical, rectangular and humanoid physical torsos are explored theoretically and experimentally. All proved to be rounded or spherical in form despite the marked differences in the configuration of the physical conductor. Moderate degrees of dipole eccentricity induced only small departures from this basic circular pattern. Introduction of phase inhomogeneity, however, resulted in more striking deviations from roundness.", "contents": "The electrocardiographic image surface revisited. An image torso may be viewed as a one-to-one transform of a physical volume conductor to a geometric form which defines both the axis and sensitivity of any electrocardiographic connection. In this report, the image surfaces of laminar, spherical, rectangular and humanoid physical torsos are explored theoretically and experimentally. All proved to be rounded or spherical in form despite the marked differences in the configuration of the physical conductor. Moderate degrees of dipole eccentricity induced only small departures from this basic circular pattern. Introduction of phase inhomogeneity, however, resulted in more striking deviations from roundness.", "PMID": 833530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_636", "title": "Physiopathological and diagnostic hypotheses in peripheral block.", "content": "Delays and conduction blocks may occur in Purkinje fibers, junctions and muscular cells. Since such blocks may take place everywhere in the ventricles and not only in the free walls, we prefer to use the term peripheral instead of parietal block. The electrophysiologic problems connected with such blocks are discussed. The localization of the ventricle affected by the block is usually simple using VCG recording and is based on the orientation of terminal vectors. It is more difficult to recognize the ventricular walls affected by the block, the intraparietal localization and the source of the block: Purkinje fibers, junctions or muscular fibers. We maintain the concept that peripheral blocks alter not only the terminal phases of ventricular depolarization, but sometimes also the initial ones, in that the Purkinje-junction-muscular fibers system can be damaged in the septum with the major conduction pathways remaining intact. Several discrepancies found between the prescence of electric patterns of septal necrosis and autopsy data may be explained by peripheral blocks localized in the left septum.", "contents": "Physiopathological and diagnostic hypotheses in peripheral block. Delays and conduction blocks may occur in Purkinje fibers, junctions and muscular cells. Since such blocks may take place everywhere in the ventricles and not only in the free walls, we prefer to use the term peripheral instead of parietal block. The electrophysiologic problems connected with such blocks are discussed. The localization of the ventricle affected by the block is usually simple using VCG recording and is based on the orientation of terminal vectors. It is more difficult to recognize the ventricular walls affected by the block, the intraparietal localization and the source of the block: Purkinje fibers, junctions or muscular fibers. We maintain the concept that peripheral blocks alter not only the terminal phases of ventricular depolarization, but sometimes also the initial ones, in that the Purkinje-junction-muscular fibers system can be damaged in the septum with the major conduction pathways remaining intact. Several discrepancies found between the prescence of electric patterns of septal necrosis and autopsy data may be explained by peripheral blocks localized in the left septum.", "PMID": 833531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_637", "title": "The clinical significance of atrial pacing-induced Mobitz I atrioventricular block in patients with coronary artery disease.", "content": "Two hundred consecutive patients with a history of chest pain undergoing cardiac catheterization, coronary angiography and atrial pacing have been analyzed to assess the clinical significance of Mobitz I atrioventricular (A-V) block developing with the stress of atrial pacing. Of 160 patients with coronary artery disease, 26 (16%) developed Mobitz I A-V block at rates below 140 beats/min. Eighteen of these 26 patients (69%) had electrocardiographic evidence of old inferior wall myocardial infarction, compared to only 34 of the remaining 134 patients (29%) (P = less than 0.01). During the mean follow-up of 29.5 months (range 18-50 months) none of the 26 patients has developed spontaneous second or third degree A-V block. Twenty-three of the 26 patients had an exercise test within one week of the pacing study. No A-V block was noticed during or immediately following exercise, although the mean heart rate attained during exercise was higher than the mean pacing rate at which the A-V block occurred (136 +/- 5 vs 122 +/- 3, P = less than 0.01). Eighteen of these 23 achieved heart rates equal to or higher than the pacing rate at which A-V block developed. Nineteen (83%) shortened their P-R interval during exercise and 4 (17%) did not change the P-R length. Although atrial pacing-induced Mobitz I A-V block may indicate a latent A-V nodal conduction abnormality in some cases, its demonstration does not necessarily predict the occurrence of spontaneous advanced A-V block. Exercise should not be restricted in these patients on the basis of such a finding during a pacing study.", "contents": "The clinical significance of atrial pacing-induced Mobitz I atrioventricular block in patients with coronary artery disease. Two hundred consecutive patients with a history of chest pain undergoing cardiac catheterization, coronary angiography and atrial pacing have been analyzed to assess the clinical significance of Mobitz I atrioventricular (A-V) block developing with the stress of atrial pacing. Of 160 patients with coronary artery disease, 26 (16%) developed Mobitz I A-V block at rates below 140 beats/min. Eighteen of these 26 patients (69%) had electrocardiographic evidence of old inferior wall myocardial infarction, compared to only 34 of the remaining 134 patients (29%) (P = less than 0.01). During the mean follow-up of 29.5 months (range 18-50 months) none of the 26 patients has developed spontaneous second or third degree A-V block. Twenty-three of the 26 patients had an exercise test within one week of the pacing study. No A-V block was noticed during or immediately following exercise, although the mean heart rate attained during exercise was higher than the mean pacing rate at which the A-V block occurred (136 +/- 5 vs 122 +/- 3, P = less than 0.01). Eighteen of these 23 achieved heart rates equal to or higher than the pacing rate at which A-V block developed. Nineteen (83%) shortened their P-R interval during exercise and 4 (17%) did not change the P-R length. Although atrial pacing-induced Mobitz I A-V block may indicate a latent A-V nodal conduction abnormality in some cases, its demonstration does not necessarily predict the occurrence of spontaneous advanced A-V block. Exercise should not be restricted in these patients on the basis of such a finding during a pacing study.", "PMID": 833532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_638", "title": "Studies on ovine placental lactogen secretion by homologous radioimmunoassay.", "content": "The concentrations of ovine placental lactogen (oPL) have been determined in maternal plasma, umbilical cord plasma, and allantoic fluid by an homologous radioimmunoassay for oPL which is sensitive to 0-1 ng hormone. Ovine placental lactogen was first detected in maternal plasma at 41-50 days of gestation and reached a peak concentration of 2547 +/- 226 (S.E.M.) ng/ml at 121-130 days in ewes with singleton gestations. The oPL concentration in cord plasma was 336-4 +/- 60-3 ng/ml and in allantoic fluid was 29-6 +/- 6-4 ng/ml. After surgical removal of the placenta, oPL disappeared from maternal plasma with a half-life of 29-1 +/- 1-3 min.", "contents": "Studies on ovine placental lactogen secretion by homologous radioimmunoassay. The concentrations of ovine placental lactogen (oPL) have been determined in maternal plasma, umbilical cord plasma, and allantoic fluid by an homologous radioimmunoassay for oPL which is sensitive to 0-1 ng hormone. Ovine placental lactogen was first detected in maternal plasma at 41-50 days of gestation and reached a peak concentration of 2547 +/- 226 (S.E.M.) ng/ml at 121-130 days in ewes with singleton gestations. The oPL concentration in cord plasma was 336-4 +/- 60-3 ng/ml and in allantoic fluid was 29-6 +/- 6-4 ng/ml. After surgical removal of the placenta, oPL disappeared from maternal plasma with a half-life of 29-1 +/- 1-3 min.", "PMID": 833538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_639", "title": "Onset of oestrogen-induced prolactin secretion and DNA synthesis by the rat pituitary gland.", "content": "The times of onset of oestrogen-induced prolactin secretion and DNA synthesis were studied in the pituitary gland of the male rat. At intervals from 3 to 96 h after injection of 10 mg diethylstilboestrol dipropionate, serum and pituitary prolactin concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay and pituitary DNA synthesis by incorporation of [3H]-thymidine in vitro. Serum prolactin was raised significantly from 6 h onwards and DNA synthesis was increased from 30 h onwards. Pituitary prolactin concentration began to increase at 30 h. Significant correlations were obtained between serum prolactin and DNA synthesis from 24 to 72 h but not during the period of prolactin secretion from 6 to 24 h.", "contents": "Onset of oestrogen-induced prolactin secretion and DNA synthesis by the rat pituitary gland. The times of onset of oestrogen-induced prolactin secretion and DNA synthesis were studied in the pituitary gland of the male rat. At intervals from 3 to 96 h after injection of 10 mg diethylstilboestrol dipropionate, serum and pituitary prolactin concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay and pituitary DNA synthesis by incorporation of [3H]-thymidine in vitro. Serum prolactin was raised significantly from 6 h onwards and DNA synthesis was increased from 30 h onwards. Pituitary prolactin concentration began to increase at 30 h. Significant correlations were obtained between serum prolactin and DNA synthesis from 24 to 72 h but not during the period of prolactin secretion from 6 to 24 h.", "PMID": 833539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_640", "title": "Role of vasopressin in the mitotic response of rat bone marrow cells to haemorrhage.", "content": "Two days after a severe haemorrhage plasma calcium concentrations and bone marrow mitotic activity in rats were significantly increased and so remained for a further 5-6 days until the haematocrit had returned to normal. The first 48 h after bleeding were characterized by hypocalcaemia. During this phase two significant peaks in mitotic activity were observed at 4 and 18 h after haemorrhage. The mitotic surge 4 h after bleeding was still present in adrenalectomized and parathyroidectomized animals but in rats which were either hypophysectomized or had congenital diabetes insipidus this mitotic response was absent. Vasopressin was shown to stimulate bone marrow mitotic activity both in vivo and in vitro whereas angiotensin, aldosterone and erythropoietin had no rapid, direct mitogenic action on these cells. This novel hypophysial-bone marrow system suggests that vasopressin may assist in post-haemorrhagic recovery in blood cell numbers in the circulation.", "contents": "Role of vasopressin in the mitotic response of rat bone marrow cells to haemorrhage. Two days after a severe haemorrhage plasma calcium concentrations and bone marrow mitotic activity in rats were significantly increased and so remained for a further 5-6 days until the haematocrit had returned to normal. The first 48 h after bleeding were characterized by hypocalcaemia. During this phase two significant peaks in mitotic activity were observed at 4 and 18 h after haemorrhage. The mitotic surge 4 h after bleeding was still present in adrenalectomized and parathyroidectomized animals but in rats which were either hypophysectomized or had congenital diabetes insipidus this mitotic response was absent. Vasopressin was shown to stimulate bone marrow mitotic activity both in vivo and in vitro whereas angiotensin, aldosterone and erythropoietin had no rapid, direct mitogenic action on these cells. This novel hypophysial-bone marrow system suggests that vasopressin may assist in post-haemorrhagic recovery in blood cell numbers in the circulation.", "PMID": 833540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_641", "title": "States of activation of chick kidney adenylate cyclase induced by parathyroid hormone and guanyl nucleotides.", "content": "Several aspects of the activation of adenylate cyclase by guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP), 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p) and bovine parathyroid hormone (bPTH) have been studied in chick kidney plasma membrane preparations. GTP (10(-4) mol/l), Gpp(NH)p (10(-4) mol/l) and bPTH (10 i.u./ml) activated adenylate cyclase without any significant time lag. However a 2 min delay was observed before the activity of the enzyme increased after the addition of bPTH (-6 leads to +34) to incubations. The early (0-3 min) effects of GTP and Gpp(NH)p upon chick kidney adenylate cyclase activity were antagonized by the addition of the alternative guanyl nucleotide. After 5 min of incubation with kidney plasma membranes, Gpp(NH)p induced a stable state of activation of adenylate cyclase which was not reversible by subsequent addition of GTP. GTP did not induce an irreversible state of enzyme activation. In pre-incubation studies, GTP did not produce a persistent enzyme activation and did not modify the effect of Gpp(NH)p added subsequently at the incubation stage. Gpp(NH)p produced a stable state of activation of adenylate cyclase which was not inhibited by addition of GTP at the incubation stage. Bovine PTH (2-34) inhibited the effect of bPTH upon adenylate cyclase activity when the native hormone (10 i.u./ml) had been incubated with plasma membranes for up to 8 min before addition of the analogue (5 mug/ml). Incubation of plasma membranes with bPTH (2-34) for as little as 10 s prevented activation of adenylate cyclase by subsequent addition of bPTH. This pattern was confirmed in pre-incubation studies. After pre-incubation of kidney membranes with bPTH and bPTH (2-34), followed by washing, an acid extract of the membranes contained immunoreactive bPTH. Gpp(NH)p produced a greater increase in adenylate cyclase activity in membranes pre-incubated with bPTH or bPTH (2-34) than in membranes pre-incubated with buffer alone, suggesting that the hormone and analogue facilitated the interaction of Gpp(NH)p with adenylate cyclase.", "contents": "States of activation of chick kidney adenylate cyclase induced by parathyroid hormone and guanyl nucleotides. Several aspects of the activation of adenylate cyclase by guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP), 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p) and bovine parathyroid hormone (bPTH) have been studied in chick kidney plasma membrane preparations. GTP (10(-4) mol/l), Gpp(NH)p (10(-4) mol/l) and bPTH (10 i.u./ml) activated adenylate cyclase without any significant time lag. However a 2 min delay was observed before the activity of the enzyme increased after the addition of bPTH (-6 leads to +34) to incubations. The early (0-3 min) effects of GTP and Gpp(NH)p upon chick kidney adenylate cyclase activity were antagonized by the addition of the alternative guanyl nucleotide. After 5 min of incubation with kidney plasma membranes, Gpp(NH)p induced a stable state of activation of adenylate cyclase which was not reversible by subsequent addition of GTP. GTP did not induce an irreversible state of enzyme activation. In pre-incubation studies, GTP did not produce a persistent enzyme activation and did not modify the effect of Gpp(NH)p added subsequently at the incubation stage. Gpp(NH)p produced a stable state of activation of adenylate cyclase which was not inhibited by addition of GTP at the incubation stage. Bovine PTH (2-34) inhibited the effect of bPTH upon adenylate cyclase activity when the native hormone (10 i.u./ml) had been incubated with plasma membranes for up to 8 min before addition of the analogue (5 mug/ml). Incubation of plasma membranes with bPTH (2-34) for as little as 10 s prevented activation of adenylate cyclase by subsequent addition of bPTH. This pattern was confirmed in pre-incubation studies. After pre-incubation of kidney membranes with bPTH and bPTH (2-34), followed by washing, an acid extract of the membranes contained immunoreactive bPTH. Gpp(NH)p produced a greater increase in adenylate cyclase activity in membranes pre-incubated with bPTH or bPTH (2-34) than in membranes pre-incubated with buffer alone, suggesting that the hormone and analogue facilitated the interaction of Gpp(NH)p with adenylate cyclase.", "PMID": 833541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_642", "title": "Appearance of peroxidase reactivity within the rough endoplasmic reticulum of blood monocytes after surface adherence.", "content": "Rabbit blood monocytes, which contain no cytochemically demonstrable peroxidase, develop peroxidatic activity in the RER and perinuclear cisternae within 2 h after adherence to serum- or fibrin-coated surfaces. A similar reactivity appears in surface-adherent human and rat blood monocytes. In both localization and characteristics, this enzyme reactivity in monocytes resembles that normally seen in the resident peritoneal macrophages of the rabbit, as well as in several types of tissue macrophages in other species. Thus this observation supports the concept, presently based on the kinetic data of other investigators, that blood monocytes are the precursors of such cells. Moreover, the appearance of new enzyme activity after adherence may reflect alterations in cellular metabolism resulting from plasma membrane:surface interactions.", "contents": "Appearance of peroxidase reactivity within the rough endoplasmic reticulum of blood monocytes after surface adherence. Rabbit blood monocytes, which contain no cytochemically demonstrable peroxidase, develop peroxidatic activity in the RER and perinuclear cisternae within 2 h after adherence to serum- or fibrin-coated surfaces. A similar reactivity appears in surface-adherent human and rat blood monocytes. In both localization and characteristics, this enzyme reactivity in monocytes resembles that normally seen in the resident peritoneal macrophages of the rabbit, as well as in several types of tissue macrophages in other species. Thus this observation supports the concept, presently based on the kinetic data of other investigators, that blood monocytes are the precursors of such cells. Moreover, the appearance of new enzyme activity after adherence may reflect alterations in cellular metabolism resulting from plasma membrane:surface interactions.", "PMID": 833542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_643", "title": "Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in the Moloney sarcoma virus system: differential activity of IgG and IgM with different subpopulations of lymphocytes.", "content": "Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in the Moloney sarcoma virus (MSV) system was evaluated in terms of the differential ability of IgG and IgM from MSV regressor animals to induce cytotoxicity by lymphocytes from lymph node, spleen, and thymus. The cell-mediated cytotoxicity induced by both IgM and IgG was specific for target possessing the appropriate virally determined cell surface antigen(s). IgM induced cytotoxicity by lymphocytes from all the organs tested. However, differences in magnitude and efficiency were revealed. Lymph node cells and thymocytes were most efficient against IgM-coated target cells. Against IgG-sensitized target cells, spleen and lymph node cells were about equally active, but thymocytes were inactive. Cortisone treatment of the donors of effector cells revealed that the cortisone resistant subpopulation of thymocytes, 2 days after cortisone injection, exhibited an increased cytotoxicity against target cells treated with unfractionated antiserum and its IgM fraction. This subpopulation of thymocytes was also cytotoxic against IgG-coated target cells. At 12 days after cortisone injection, the repopulated thymus showed little change in activity, compared to control thymus, against antibody-coated target cells.", "contents": "Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in the Moloney sarcoma virus system: differential activity of IgG and IgM with different subpopulations of lymphocytes. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in the Moloney sarcoma virus (MSV) system was evaluated in terms of the differential ability of IgG and IgM from MSV regressor animals to induce cytotoxicity by lymphocytes from lymph node, spleen, and thymus. The cell-mediated cytotoxicity induced by both IgM and IgG was specific for target possessing the appropriate virally determined cell surface antigen(s). IgM induced cytotoxicity by lymphocytes from all the organs tested. However, differences in magnitude and efficiency were revealed. Lymph node cells and thymocytes were most efficient against IgM-coated target cells. Against IgG-sensitized target cells, spleen and lymph node cells were about equally active, but thymocytes were inactive. Cortisone treatment of the donors of effector cells revealed that the cortisone resistant subpopulation of thymocytes, 2 days after cortisone injection, exhibited an increased cytotoxicity against target cells treated with unfractionated antiserum and its IgM fraction. This subpopulation of thymocytes was also cytotoxic against IgG-coated target cells. At 12 days after cortisone injection, the repopulated thymus showed little change in activity, compared to control thymus, against antibody-coated target cells.", "PMID": 833543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_644", "title": "A comparative study of the effects of certain halogenated benzimidazole ribosides on RNA synthesis, cell proliferation, and interferon production.", "content": "5-(or 6-)Bromo-4,5-(or 5,7-)dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole, 5,6-dibromo-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole, and 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole show closely similar structure-activity relationships with respect to inhibition of cellular RNA synthesis, cellular proliferation, and influenza virus multiplication, and also with respect to enhancement of interferon production. The activities ofth ese compounds are ranked 20:2.5:1. The log dose-response curves constructed for inhibiton of FS-4 cell RNA synthesis show similar slopes and a leveling off at 60-70% inhibition of RNA synthesis at the highest concentrations of each compound tested. This evidence suggests that these three derivatives act through the same mechanism. It has been shown previously that the dichloro compound selectively inhibits nuclear heterogenous RNA and messenger RNA synthesis. The concentrations of the benzimidazole ribosides at which the rate of proliferation of human fibroblasts (FS-4) is reduced by 50% are as follows: monobromodichloro: 1.7 muM (0.68 mug/ml); dibromo: 12 muM (4.9 mug/ml); dichloro: 38 muM (12 mug/ml). All compounds reduce the exponential rate of cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibition of cell growth is reversible upon removal of the compounds from the medium. Protocols based on any one of the three halobenzimidazole ribosides give interferon yields from poly(I)-poly(C)-induced FS-4 cells which are comparable to the high yields obtained with the conventional cycloheximide-actinomycin D protocol. The enhancement of interferon yield depends on blocking of the synthesis of RNA which is involved in the shutoff of interferon production.", "contents": "A comparative study of the effects of certain halogenated benzimidazole ribosides on RNA synthesis, cell proliferation, and interferon production. 5-(or 6-)Bromo-4,5-(or 5,7-)dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole, 5,6-dibromo-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole, and 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole show closely similar structure-activity relationships with respect to inhibition of cellular RNA synthesis, cellular proliferation, and influenza virus multiplication, and also with respect to enhancement of interferon production. The activities ofth ese compounds are ranked 20:2.5:1. The log dose-response curves constructed for inhibiton of FS-4 cell RNA synthesis show similar slopes and a leveling off at 60-70% inhibition of RNA synthesis at the highest concentrations of each compound tested. This evidence suggests that these three derivatives act through the same mechanism. It has been shown previously that the dichloro compound selectively inhibits nuclear heterogenous RNA and messenger RNA synthesis. The concentrations of the benzimidazole ribosides at which the rate of proliferation of human fibroblasts (FS-4) is reduced by 50% are as follows: monobromodichloro: 1.7 muM (0.68 mug/ml); dibromo: 12 muM (4.9 mug/ml); dichloro: 38 muM (12 mug/ml). All compounds reduce the exponential rate of cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibition of cell growth is reversible upon removal of the compounds from the medium. Protocols based on any one of the three halobenzimidazole ribosides give interferon yields from poly(I)-poly(C)-induced FS-4 cells which are comparable to the high yields obtained with the conventional cycloheximide-actinomycin D protocol. The enhancement of interferon yield depends on blocking of the synthesis of RNA which is involved in the shutoff of interferon production.", "PMID": 833544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_645", "title": "The role of membrane receptors for C3b and C3d in phagocytosis.", "content": "In this paper we re-examine the roles of particle-bound IgG and C3 in phagocytosis of sheep erythrocytes (E) by monolayers of purified human monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). We conclude that two fragments of the C3 molecule, that is, C3b and C3d, can function as opsonins if the phagocyte has the appropriate membrane receptors. Monocytes, that bind both C3b and C3d, respond to both as opsonins. PMN, which do not bind C3d, respond only to particles opsonized with C3b. C3 and IgG have separate roles in phagocytosis. IgG, through its Fc fragment, directly stimulates particle ingestion, but is relatively inefficient at inducing particle binding. On the other hand, C3 primarily mediates the binding of the particle via complement receptors. A marked synergy exists between C3 and IgG in inducing phagocytosis. Thus, opsonization of the particle with C3 can be a necessary condition for particle ingestion, although by itself C3 does not trigger phagocytosis. The opsonic effect of C3 can be mimicked by a variety of nonimmunologic agents which enhance binding of the particle to the phagocyte without directly stimulating ingestion. The contact-inducing agents used include centrifugation of particle and phagocyte, high molecular weight dextran, protamine, and treatment of E with neuraminidase. These results suggest that the role of C3 in opsonization is mainly or exclusively one of establishing contact between particle and phagocyte.", "contents": "The role of membrane receptors for C3b and C3d in phagocytosis. In this paper we re-examine the roles of particle-bound IgG and C3 in phagocytosis of sheep erythrocytes (E) by monolayers of purified human monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). We conclude that two fragments of the C3 molecule, that is, C3b and C3d, can function as opsonins if the phagocyte has the appropriate membrane receptors. Monocytes, that bind both C3b and C3d, respond to both as opsonins. PMN, which do not bind C3d, respond only to particles opsonized with C3b. C3 and IgG have separate roles in phagocytosis. IgG, through its Fc fragment, directly stimulates particle ingestion, but is relatively inefficient at inducing particle binding. On the other hand, C3 primarily mediates the binding of the particle via complement receptors. A marked synergy exists between C3 and IgG in inducing phagocytosis. Thus, opsonization of the particle with C3 can be a necessary condition for particle ingestion, although by itself C3 does not trigger phagocytosis. The opsonic effect of C3 can be mimicked by a variety of nonimmunologic agents which enhance binding of the particle to the phagocyte without directly stimulating ingestion. The contact-inducing agents used include centrifugation of particle and phagocyte, high molecular weight dextran, protamine, and treatment of E with neuraminidase. These results suggest that the role of C3 in opsonization is mainly or exclusively one of establishing contact between particle and phagocyte.", "PMID": 833545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_646", "title": "Macrophage plasminogen activator: induction by products of activated lymphoid cells.", "content": "Macrophages obtained from the peritoneal cavity of untreated mice do not ordinarily synthesize plasminogen activator. However, induction of enzyme synthesis and secretion occurs when such macrophages are cultured in presence of conditioned medium from Con A-stimulated spleen cells. Plasminogen activator production by macrophages from endotoxin or thioglycollate medium-injected mice, which spontaneously secrete substantial amounts of the enzyme, is also markedly increased in presence of such conditioned medium. These results suggest that macrophage plasminogen activatory production may be regulated in part by lymphocytes. They provide further evidence to link macrophage plasminogen activator with cell migration and inflammation, and also support the view that in macrophages, as in certain other cell types, synthesis and secretion of this enzyme are under hormonal control.", "contents": "Macrophage plasminogen activator: induction by products of activated lymphoid cells. Macrophages obtained from the peritoneal cavity of untreated mice do not ordinarily synthesize plasminogen activator. However, induction of enzyme synthesis and secretion occurs when such macrophages are cultured in presence of conditioned medium from Con A-stimulated spleen cells. Plasminogen activator production by macrophages from endotoxin or thioglycollate medium-injected mice, which spontaneously secrete substantial amounts of the enzyme, is also markedly increased in presence of such conditioned medium. These results suggest that macrophage plasminogen activatory production may be regulated in part by lymphocytes. They provide further evidence to link macrophage plasminogen activator with cell migration and inflammation, and also support the view that in macrophages, as in certain other cell types, synthesis and secretion of this enzyme are under hormonal control.", "PMID": 833546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_647", "title": "Isolation by cell-column chromatography of immunoglobulins specific for cell surface carbohydrates.", "content": "A new method of affinity chromatography using glutaraldehyde-fixed cells immobilized on Sephadex beads has been used to isolate immunoglobulins (Ig's) specific for cell surface glycoproteins. Ig's that specifically bound and agglutinated the same cells as those originally fixed on the columns were isolated from nonimmune sera of various species. Periodate treatment of the cell-columns and the free cells destroyed their ability to bind the Ig's, and the binding of the Ig's to untreated cells was inhibited by monosaccharides such as D-galactose and sialic acid. The binding of antibodies directed against cell surfaces obtained by immunizing animals with the same mouse tumor cell lines used on the columns (P388 and EL4) was not inhibited by various saccharides. Surface glycoproteins obtained from the mouse tumor cells by immunoprecipitation with the column-isolated Ig's yielded specific electrophoretic patterns that differed from those obtained using Ig's from the sera of rabbits immunized with the tumor cells. The data suggest that the Ig's isolated by cell-column chromatography were directed against carbohydrates, probably those in terminal positions of the polysaccharide portions of the tumor cell surface glycoproteins. Column-isolated Ig's specific for carbohydrates were also useful in studies of cell interactions in nonmammalian systems including Dictyostelium discoideum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The cell-column method appears to be adaptable to the isolation of a variety of molecules in addition to antibodies.", "contents": "Isolation by cell-column chromatography of immunoglobulins specific for cell surface carbohydrates. A new method of affinity chromatography using glutaraldehyde-fixed cells immobilized on Sephadex beads has been used to isolate immunoglobulins (Ig's) specific for cell surface glycoproteins. Ig's that specifically bound and agglutinated the same cells as those originally fixed on the columns were isolated from nonimmune sera of various species. Periodate treatment of the cell-columns and the free cells destroyed their ability to bind the Ig's, and the binding of the Ig's to untreated cells was inhibited by monosaccharides such as D-galactose and sialic acid. The binding of antibodies directed against cell surfaces obtained by immunizing animals with the same mouse tumor cell lines used on the columns (P388 and EL4) was not inhibited by various saccharides. Surface glycoproteins obtained from the mouse tumor cells by immunoprecipitation with the column-isolated Ig's yielded specific electrophoretic patterns that differed from those obtained using Ig's from the sera of rabbits immunized with the tumor cells. The data suggest that the Ig's isolated by cell-column chromatography were directed against carbohydrates, probably those in terminal positions of the polysaccharide portions of the tumor cell surface glycoproteins. Column-isolated Ig's specific for carbohydrates were also useful in studies of cell interactions in nonmammalian systems including Dictyostelium discoideum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The cell-column method appears to be adaptable to the isolation of a variety of molecules in addition to antibodies.", "PMID": 833547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_648", "title": "Histocompatibility antigens controlled by the I region of the murine H-2 complex. II. K/D region compatibility is not required for I-region cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity.", "content": "In the cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity assay, A.TH effector cells sensitized to A.TL lymphocytes lyse not only A.B10.AQR effector cells lyse B10.BR and B10.BYR target cells in addition to B10.AQR cells. These findings indicate that for CML to occur across the IA region barrier, compatibility at K or D regions is not required.", "contents": "Histocompatibility antigens controlled by the I region of the murine H-2 complex. II. K/D region compatibility is not required for I-region cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity. In the cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity assay, A.TH effector cells sensitized to A.TL lymphocytes lyse not only A.B10.AQR effector cells lyse B10.BR and B10.BYR target cells in addition to B10.AQR cells. These findings indicate that for CML to occur across the IA region barrier, compatibility at K or D regions is not required.", "PMID": 833548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_649", "title": "Developing an objective based curriculum for a family practice residency.", "content": "Although there is a preponderance of articles on behavioral objectives in education, few address the process by which objectives are developed and agreed upon in a residency training program. The process by which objectives are developed is critical to their eventual implementation. The development and implementation of objectives are particular concerns in family practice residencies which, because of their broad based content, are uniquely dependent on other departments for portions of the residency training program. This paper describes an approach for developing curriculum objectives in a Family Practice Residency Program which emphasized the personal involvement of individuals who would be instrumental in implementing the curriculum, such as program directors, coordinators of \"other\" specialty rotations,and resident representatives. This approach, although time-consuming, resulted in well-formulated objectives that could be implemented. Further, this approach allowed for intensive interaction among various faculty members representing many fields, resulting in increased mutual understanding and appreciation.", "contents": "Developing an objective based curriculum for a family practice residency. Although there is a preponderance of articles on behavioral objectives in education, few address the process by which objectives are developed and agreed upon in a residency training program. The process by which objectives are developed is critical to their eventual implementation. The development and implementation of objectives are particular concerns in family practice residencies which, because of their broad based content, are uniquely dependent on other departments for portions of the residency training program. This paper describes an approach for developing curriculum objectives in a Family Practice Residency Program which emphasized the personal involvement of individuals who would be instrumental in implementing the curriculum, such as program directors, coordinators of \"other\" specialty rotations,and resident representatives. This approach, although time-consuming, resulted in well-formulated objectives that could be implemented. Further, this approach allowed for intensive interaction among various faculty members representing many fields, resulting in increased mutual understanding and appreciation.", "PMID": 833549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_650", "title": "Profile of full-time family practice educators.", "content": "This paper presents the first study of characteristics of full-time family practice educators in the United States. The majority of family practice educators entered the teaching field within the 1972 to 1975 time period, having done so after a period of ten to 20 years in the private practice of family medicine. Group practice (124) marginally outnumbered solo practice (102) with internal medicine and pediatrics representing the greatest percentage of patient care in all previous practice settings. A large majority of family practice educators have had two years of graduate training and are diplomates of the American Board of Family Practice. The respondents expressed a high degree of personal and professional satisfaction in their present positions, but many desired continuation of personal patient contact.", "contents": "Profile of full-time family practice educators. This paper presents the first study of characteristics of full-time family practice educators in the United States. The majority of family practice educators entered the teaching field within the 1972 to 1975 time period, having done so after a period of ten to 20 years in the private practice of family medicine. Group practice (124) marginally outnumbered solo practice (102) with internal medicine and pediatrics representing the greatest percentage of patient care in all previous practice settings. A large majority of family practice educators have had two years of graduate training and are diplomates of the American Board of Family Practice. The respondents expressed a high degree of personal and professional satisfaction in their present positions, but many desired continuation of personal patient contact.", "PMID": 833550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_651", "title": "An analysis of the impact of the loss of a primary care physician on a patient population.", "content": "A case study was undertaken to analyze the effect of the loss of a primary care physician upon the population he served. While the physician in this study retired, the effects of his retirement can be extrapolated to the situations of sickness, death, etc, in which the services of a primary care physician are lost. A sample population of the patients who had lost their \"family doctor\" was interviewed in depth regarding the problems incurred by this loss. The mechanisms of informing the patients, transfer of patient records, exchange of responsibility and continuity of care, patterns of primary vs specialty care, and use of the Emergency Room before and after the retirement were investigated. It was found that only one out of every six families established a reliable and permanent relationship with a new physician within six months without experiencing \"great difficulty\". While recognizing the limitations of one case study, recommendations are made to mitigate the \"difficult\" aspects of such transfers in the future.", "contents": "An analysis of the impact of the loss of a primary care physician on a patient population. A case study was undertaken to analyze the effect of the loss of a primary care physician upon the population he served. While the physician in this study retired, the effects of his retirement can be extrapolated to the situations of sickness, death, etc, in which the services of a primary care physician are lost. A sample population of the patients who had lost their \"family doctor\" was interviewed in depth regarding the problems incurred by this loss. The mechanisms of informing the patients, transfer of patient records, exchange of responsibility and continuity of care, patterns of primary vs specialty care, and use of the Emergency Room before and after the retirement were investigated. It was found that only one out of every six families established a reliable and permanent relationship with a new physician within six months without experiencing \"great difficulty\". While recognizing the limitations of one case study, recommendations are made to mitigate the \"difficult\" aspects of such transfers in the future.", "PMID": 833551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_652", "title": "The analysis of family practice workloads by seriousness.", "content": "There is a need for a measure of the overall seriousness of a given family practice workload. In the past, such measurements have been attempted in various ways. In this work, the rubrics of the Canuck Book Classification (a classification of health problems in family practice) were rated for seriousness. There was sufficient agreement on 96 rubrics for them to be used as indicators of the seriousness of workloads in general. Some examples of the uses of the system are shown. Several difficulties were encountered; these are not insuperable, and the method deserves to be developed further.", "contents": "The analysis of family practice workloads by seriousness. There is a need for a measure of the overall seriousness of a given family practice workload. In the past, such measurements have been attempted in various ways. In this work, the rubrics of the Canuck Book Classification (a classification of health problems in family practice) were rated for seriousness. There was sufficient agreement on 96 rubrics for them to be used as indicators of the seriousness of workloads in general. Some examples of the uses of the system are shown. Several difficulties were encountered; these are not insuperable, and the method deserves to be developed further.", "PMID": 833552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_653", "title": "The impact on patient satisfaction of the introduction of family medicine residents into a model practice facility.", "content": "This study examines the effects on patient satisfaction of the introduction of family medicine residents into the staff of an ongoing private practice that joined a Department of Family Medicine. Questionnaires were administered to clinic patients during a four-week period four months prior to when residents began seeing patients at the clinic and again five months after residents joined the clinic staff. Satisfaction at both times was high; however, significant declines from Time 1 to Time 2 were noted on most items. Analysis showed that this decline was not related to dissatisfaction within the residents. A questionnaire was also mailed to a sample of patients who had not visited the clinic more than once during the first year of the resident program there. Three fourths of these individuals still viewed themselves as patients of the clinic. Implications of these findings for family medicine residency training programs are discussed.", "contents": "The impact on patient satisfaction of the introduction of family medicine residents into a model practice facility. This study examines the effects on patient satisfaction of the introduction of family medicine residents into the staff of an ongoing private practice that joined a Department of Family Medicine. Questionnaires were administered to clinic patients during a four-week period four months prior to when residents began seeing patients at the clinic and again five months after residents joined the clinic staff. Satisfaction at both times was high; however, significant declines from Time 1 to Time 2 were noted on most items. Analysis showed that this decline was not related to dissatisfaction within the residents. A questionnaire was also mailed to a sample of patients who had not visited the clinic more than once during the first year of the resident program there. Three fourths of these individuals still viewed themselves as patients of the clinic. Implications of these findings for family medicine residency training programs are discussed.", "PMID": 833553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_654", "title": "Recent advances in the treatment of pathological fractures.", "content": "Pathological fractures present challenging and difficult management problems. Conservative treatment frequently results in non-union, while open reduction and internal fixation usually involves prolonged immobilization and bed rest with attendant medical complications. The use of methylmethacrylate as an adjunct to conventional forms of internal fixation represents a recent advance in the management of unstable, pathological fractures. The hospital stay can be markedly shortened and the patient's functional capacity increased relatively early in the postoperative period. This paper reports the results of this approach to therapy in a series of over 75 patients, and outlines indications and timing of this procedure before pathological fractures occur in instances where early diagnosis of bone malignancy has been made.", "contents": "Recent advances in the treatment of pathological fractures. Pathological fractures present challenging and difficult management problems. Conservative treatment frequently results in non-union, while open reduction and internal fixation usually involves prolonged immobilization and bed rest with attendant medical complications. The use of methylmethacrylate as an adjunct to conventional forms of internal fixation represents a recent advance in the management of unstable, pathological fractures. The hospital stay can be markedly shortened and the patient's functional capacity increased relatively early in the postoperative period. This paper reports the results of this approach to therapy in a series of over 75 patients, and outlines indications and timing of this procedure before pathological fractures occur in instances where early diagnosis of bone malignancy has been made.", "PMID": 833560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_655", "title": "Patients with psychogenic pain.", "content": "This article describes characteristics of groups of patients with a high probability of having pain complaints on an emotional basis. An approach to patients with psychogenic pain, including management suggestions, is emphasized, with particular reference to the use of extensive history for their identification and the importance of minimizing unnecessary medical and surgical procedures.", "contents": "Patients with psychogenic pain. This article describes characteristics of groups of patients with a high probability of having pain complaints on an emotional basis. An approach to patients with psychogenic pain, including management suggestions, is emphasized, with particular reference to the use of extensive history for their identification and the importance of minimizing unnecessary medical and surgical procedures.", "PMID": 833561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_656", "title": "Compendium of drug abuse jargon.", "content": "Drug abuse slang is an originative and a protean language,which poses the problem of identification and definition of terms. This compilation of nomenclature provides an extensive list to serve as a resource for the busy family physician, who frequently deals with drug abuse problems.", "contents": "Compendium of drug abuse jargon. Drug abuse slang is an originative and a protean language,which poses the problem of identification and definition of terms. This compilation of nomenclature provides an extensive list to serve as a resource for the busy family physician, who frequently deals with drug abuse problems.", "PMID": 833562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_657", "title": "The immediate management of suicide attempts in children and adolescents: psychologic aspects.", "content": "Adolescent suicide is steadily on the increase. Many attempters have previously consulted a physician, but have concealed their suicidal intent. When the attempt is made the family doctor is often the first physician contacted. In children under 12 years of age, the population at risk for suicide includes those who feel abandoned because of neglect, child abuse, or bereavement. The early adolescent may suicide by mis-adventure. Adolescents at risk include those who experience rage associated with feelings of utter helplessness and hopelessness and those who use self-destructive behavior to manipulate other people in the expectation that these other people will gratify their wishes. To ensure adequate medical and psychologic care, the physician should hospitalize the suicide attempter. Future suicide attempts are less likely if the physician can elicit the adolescent's awareness of his anger, diminish the child's self-contempt, help him to explore nondestructive solutions to his problems, and increase his awareness that his death by suicide would cause irreparable emotional damage to his family. The initial management provides the data required for formulation of an aftercare plan that the physician may coordinate and monitor.", "contents": "The immediate management of suicide attempts in children and adolescents: psychologic aspects. Adolescent suicide is steadily on the increase. Many attempters have previously consulted a physician, but have concealed their suicidal intent. When the attempt is made the family doctor is often the first physician contacted. In children under 12 years of age, the population at risk for suicide includes those who feel abandoned because of neglect, child abuse, or bereavement. The early adolescent may suicide by mis-adventure. Adolescents at risk include those who experience rage associated with feelings of utter helplessness and hopelessness and those who use self-destructive behavior to manipulate other people in the expectation that these other people will gratify their wishes. To ensure adequate medical and psychologic care, the physician should hospitalize the suicide attempter. Future suicide attempts are less likely if the physician can elicit the adolescent's awareness of his anger, diminish the child's self-contempt, help him to explore nondestructive solutions to his problems, and increase his awareness that his death by suicide would cause irreparable emotional damage to his family. The initial management provides the data required for formulation of an aftercare plan that the physician may coordinate and monitor.", "PMID": 833563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_658", "title": "Classification and coding of psychosocial problems in family medicine.", "content": "Disease and problem classification systems for primary care have recognized that psychosocial problems are integrally related to more traditional medical problems which patients present to physicians. These classification systems remain inadequate for the description of primary care problems, especially as several disciplines interrelate in primary care, such as medicine, nursing, and social work. This paper presents a classification and coding system of psychosocial problems gleaned from a number of existing coding systems. The purpose of presenting it here is to contribute to a dialogue which will result in the establishment of a common psychosocial language for all health professionals. By so doing, progress in research, education, patient care, and administration in the psychosocial area will be facilitated.", "contents": "Classification and coding of psychosocial problems in family medicine. Disease and problem classification systems for primary care have recognized that psychosocial problems are integrally related to more traditional medical problems which patients present to physicians. These classification systems remain inadequate for the description of primary care problems, especially as several disciplines interrelate in primary care, such as medicine, nursing, and social work. This paper presents a classification and coding system of psychosocial problems gleaned from a number of existing coding systems. The purpose of presenting it here is to contribute to a dialogue which will result in the establishment of a common psychosocial language for all health professionals. By so doing, progress in research, education, patient care, and administration in the psychosocial area will be facilitated.", "PMID": 833564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_659", "title": "The proximal negative response and visual adaptation in the skate retina.", "content": "The proximal negative response (PNR), a complex extracellular potential derived mainly from amacrine cell activity, was studied in the all-rod retina of the skate. Tetrodotoxin (10(-6) mg/ml) did not affect either the waveform or the latency of the response, indicating that the PNR reflects the graded, nonregenerative components of the amacrine cell potential. As regards its adaptive properties, the PNR exhibited both the extreme sensitivity to weak background light and the slow time course of light and dark adaptation that are characteristic of other responses from the proximal retina. Thus, the PNR, like the b-wave and ganglion cell discharge, appears to reflect adaptive processes located within the neural network of the inner retina.", "contents": "The proximal negative response and visual adaptation in the skate retina. The proximal negative response (PNR), a complex extracellular potential derived mainly from amacrine cell activity, was studied in the all-rod retina of the skate. Tetrodotoxin (10(-6) mg/ml) did not affect either the waveform or the latency of the response, indicating that the PNR reflects the graded, nonregenerative components of the amacrine cell potential. As regards its adaptive properties, the PNR exhibited both the extreme sensitivity to weak background light and the slow time course of light and dark adaptation that are characteristic of other responses from the proximal retina. Thus, the PNR, like the b-wave and ganglion cell discharge, appears to reflect adaptive processes located within the neural network of the inner retina.", "PMID": 833565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_660", "title": "Transport of uridine in human red blood cells. Demonstration of a simple carrier-mediated process.", "content": "The kinetic properties of the mediated transport of uridine in human erythrocytes are investigated. Different methodological procedures are use to acquire a complete kinetic description of the system...", "contents": "Transport of uridine in human red blood cells. Demonstration of a simple carrier-mediated process. The kinetic properties of the mediated transport of uridine in human erythrocytes are investigated. Different methodological procedures are use to acquire a complete kinetic description of the system...", "PMID": 833566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_661", "title": "Rhodopsin photoproducts and rod sensitivity in the skate retina.", "content": "The late photoproducts that result from the isomerization of rhodopsin have been identified in the isolated all-rod retina of the skate by means of rapid spectrophotometry. The sequence in which these intermediates form and decay could be described by a scheme that incorporates two pathways for the degradation of metarhodopsin II (MII) to retinol: one via metarhodopsin III (MIII) and the other (which bypasses MIII) through retinal. Computer simulation of the model yielded rate constants and spectral absorbance coefficients for the late photoproducts which fit experimental data obtained at temperatures ranging from 7 degrees C to 27 degrees C. Comparing the kinetics of the thermal reactions with the changes in rod threshold that occur during dark adaptation indicated that the decay of MII and the fall in receptor thresholds exhibit similarities with regard to their temperature dependence. However, the addition of 2 mM hydroxylamine to a perfusate bathing the retina greatly accelerated the photochemical reactions, but had no significant effect on the rate of recovery of rod sensitivity. It appears, therefore, that the late bleaching intermediates do not control the sensitivities of skate rods during dark adaptation.", "contents": "Rhodopsin photoproducts and rod sensitivity in the skate retina. The late photoproducts that result from the isomerization of rhodopsin have been identified in the isolated all-rod retina of the skate by means of rapid spectrophotometry. The sequence in which these intermediates form and decay could be described by a scheme that incorporates two pathways for the degradation of metarhodopsin II (MII) to retinol: one via metarhodopsin III (MIII) and the other (which bypasses MIII) through retinal. Computer simulation of the model yielded rate constants and spectral absorbance coefficients for the late photoproducts which fit experimental data obtained at temperatures ranging from 7 degrees C to 27 degrees C. Comparing the kinetics of the thermal reactions with the changes in rod threshold that occur during dark adaptation indicated that the decay of MII and the fall in receptor thresholds exhibit similarities with regard to their temperature dependence. However, the addition of 2 mM hydroxylamine to a perfusate bathing the retina greatly accelerated the photochemical reactions, but had no significant effect on the rate of recovery of rod sensitivity. It appears, therefore, that the late bleaching intermediates do not control the sensitivities of skate rods during dark adaptation.", "PMID": 833567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_662", "title": "Variation in the prevalence of antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus from human skin and nares.", "content": "Patients whose skins are colonized with Staphylococcus aureus resistant to penicillin and/or tetracycline may carry variants that are sensitive to these antibiotics. The skin of most individuals yields the fully resistant type as the predominant flora and the nose harbours the sensitive version. This probably represents plasmid loss in vivo. The plasmid-positive cells were not more resistant to desiccation or more deeply pigmented than plasmid-negative cells. The explanation for such distributions is unknown.", "contents": "Variation in the prevalence of antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus from human skin and nares. Patients whose skins are colonized with Staphylococcus aureus resistant to penicillin and/or tetracycline may carry variants that are sensitive to these antibiotics. The skin of most individuals yields the fully resistant type as the predominant flora and the nose harbours the sensitive version. This probably represents plasmid loss in vivo. The plasmid-positive cells were not more resistant to desiccation or more deeply pigmented than plasmid-negative cells. The explanation for such distributions is unknown.", "PMID": 833568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_663", "title": "The effect of nalidixic acid on the cell cycle of synchronous Rhodopseudomonas palustris cultures.", "content": "The influence of the DNA synthesis inhibitor, nalidixic acid, on the properties of synchronous cultures of selected Rhodopseudomonas palustris swarmer cells was examined. There was little alteration in the changes in morphology, extinction, volume distribution and leucine incorporation up to bud development, and photosynthetic membrane lamellae were still synthesized de novo in the bud. However, there was no subsequent division, or flagellum or holdfast synthesis. Instead cells elongated by continued outgrowth of the abortive bud. Since DNA synthesis was also inhibited, this suggested a dependence of cell division, and flagellum and holdfast synthesis, on the completion of chromosome replication. By addition or removal of nalidixic acid at various times in the cell cycle, periods were demonstrated when the organism was insensitive to the antibiotic indicating that there was a pre-synthetic and post-synthetic gap in the pattern of DNA synthesis in R. palustris swarmers.", "contents": "The effect of nalidixic acid on the cell cycle of synchronous Rhodopseudomonas palustris cultures. The influence of the DNA synthesis inhibitor, nalidixic acid, on the properties of synchronous cultures of selected Rhodopseudomonas palustris swarmer cells was examined. There was little alteration in the changes in morphology, extinction, volume distribution and leucine incorporation up to bud development, and photosynthetic membrane lamellae were still synthesized de novo in the bud. However, there was no subsequent division, or flagellum or holdfast synthesis. Instead cells elongated by continued outgrowth of the abortive bud. Since DNA synthesis was also inhibited, this suggested a dependence of cell division, and flagellum and holdfast synthesis, on the completion of chromosome replication. By addition or removal of nalidixic acid at various times in the cell cycle, periods were demonstrated when the organism was insensitive to the antibiotic indicating that there was a pre-synthetic and post-synthetic gap in the pattern of DNA synthesis in R. palustris swarmers.", "PMID": 833569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_664", "title": "Genetic determination of methylenomycin synthesis by the SCP1 plasmid of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2).", "content": "Evidence is presented that genes determining the pathway of methylenomycin A synthesis are carried on the SCP1 plasmid. All 16 mutations (mmy) leading to lack of antibiotic synthesis were SCP1-linked. Phenotypic classification, by co-synthesis and other criteria, suggested that they fell into at least five classes. When the wild-type SCP1 plasmid was transferred to Streptomyces lividans or Streptomyces parvulus, material that was chromatographically and biologically indistinguishable from methylenomycin A was produced. Recombination between some pairs of mmy mutations was detected. In crosses of mmy mutants of NF (integrated SCP1 donor) strains with SCP1-, a very high frequency of chromosomal recombination occurred; thus methylenomycin production appears not to be an important cause of the ultra-fertility normally associated with NF X SCP1- crosses.", "contents": "Genetic determination of methylenomycin synthesis by the SCP1 plasmid of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Evidence is presented that genes determining the pathway of methylenomycin A synthesis are carried on the SCP1 plasmid. All 16 mutations (mmy) leading to lack of antibiotic synthesis were SCP1-linked. Phenotypic classification, by co-synthesis and other criteria, suggested that they fell into at least five classes. When the wild-type SCP1 plasmid was transferred to Streptomyces lividans or Streptomyces parvulus, material that was chromatographically and biologically indistinguishable from methylenomycin A was produced. Recombination between some pairs of mmy mutations was detected. In crosses of mmy mutants of NF (integrated SCP1 donor) strains with SCP1-, a very high frequency of chromosomal recombination occurred; thus methylenomycin production appears not to be an important cause of the ultra-fertility normally associated with NF X SCP1- crosses.", "PMID": 833570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_665", "title": "The effect of anaerobiosis and bile salts on the growth and toxin production by Vibrio cholerae.", "content": "Environemntal conditions which might be present in the human intestinal lumen, such as anaerobiosis, a temperature of 37 degrees C and the presence of bile salts, were examined for their effects on the growth and toxin production by Vibrio cholerae strains 569B and B1307 in Syncase and in peptone water media. Using aerobic conditions at 30 degrees C, which are commonly used for enterotoxin production, toxin (5 mug ml(-1)) and pleomorphic cells were detected during the exponential phase of the growth cycle. When the incubation temperature was raised to 37 degrees C, no toxin ( less than 0-1 mug ml(-1)) and no pleomorphic forms were found. In cultures incubated anaerobically at 30 or 37 degrees C, the organisms grew poorly, forming pleomorphic cells which lysed after the cultures reached a maximum turbidity at 640 nm of 1-45 at 12 h. Toxin (2-5 mug ml(-1)) was present at 12, 24 and 48 h. When 0-1% sodium deoxycholate was incorporated into the culture medium, growth was inhibited under aerobic conditions at 30 and 37 degrees C. At 30 degrees C under aerobic conditions and at 37 degrees C under anaerobic conditions, the toxin yield was not significantly affected by the presence of sodium deoxycholate; but at 37 degrees C under aerobic conditions, sodium deoxycholate caused an increase in the toxin yield (5 mug ml(-1)) due to the release of cell-bound toxin.", "contents": "The effect of anaerobiosis and bile salts on the growth and toxin production by Vibrio cholerae. Environemntal conditions which might be present in the human intestinal lumen, such as anaerobiosis, a temperature of 37 degrees C and the presence of bile salts, were examined for their effects on the growth and toxin production by Vibrio cholerae strains 569B and B1307 in Syncase and in peptone water media. Using aerobic conditions at 30 degrees C, which are commonly used for enterotoxin production, toxin (5 mug ml(-1)) and pleomorphic cells were detected during the exponential phase of the growth cycle. When the incubation temperature was raised to 37 degrees C, no toxin ( less than 0-1 mug ml(-1)) and no pleomorphic forms were found. In cultures incubated anaerobically at 30 or 37 degrees C, the organisms grew poorly, forming pleomorphic cells which lysed after the cultures reached a maximum turbidity at 640 nm of 1-45 at 12 h. Toxin (2-5 mug ml(-1)) was present at 12, 24 and 48 h. When 0-1% sodium deoxycholate was incorporated into the culture medium, growth was inhibited under aerobic conditions at 30 and 37 degrees C. At 30 degrees C under aerobic conditions and at 37 degrees C under anaerobic conditions, the toxin yield was not significantly affected by the presence of sodium deoxycholate; but at 37 degrees C under aerobic conditions, sodium deoxycholate caused an increase in the toxin yield (5 mug ml(-1)) due to the release of cell-bound toxin.", "PMID": 833574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_666", "title": "Comparison of the biophysical and biochemical properties of Penicillium cyaneo-fulvum virus and Penicillium chrysogenum virus.", "content": "The biophysical and biochemical properties of Penicillium cyaneo-fulvum virus (Pc-fV) and Penicillium chrysogenum virus (PcV) have been compared. In sucrose density gradient sedimentation, purified virus preparations gave one major component, L, and three minor components E1, E2 and H with sedimentation coefficients of 145S, 80S, 102S and 172S respectively in each case. E1, E2 were shown to be empty particles. Pc-fV L particles contained only double-stranded RNA, which separated in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis into four components with mol. wt. 2-21 X 10(6), 2-08 X 10(6), 1-98 X 10(6) and 1-93 X 10(6). PcV L particles gave three double-stranded RNA components, which were indistinguishable in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis from the larger three RNA components of Pc-fV. In both viruses each RNA component was separately encapsidated. In both viruses H particles gave rise to the same double-stranded RNA components as their L particles, but contained, in addition, small amounts of single-stranded RNA. Pc-fV and PcV have been shown to consist of isometric particles of the same size and to be serologically related, and the amino acid compositions of their capsid polypeptides were found to be very similar. The capsid polypeptides of the two viruses were examined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In each case E2, L and H particles gave one major polypeptide gamma1, with mol. wt. 130000, whereas E1 particles contained one major polypeptide gamma2 with mol. wt. 115000. The mol. wt. of L particles, determined from sedimentation and diffusion coefficients, was 9-8 X 10(6) for both Pc-fV and PcV. The capsid of the L particles of each virus was estimated to contain 60 molecules of polypeptide gamma1.", "contents": "Comparison of the biophysical and biochemical properties of Penicillium cyaneo-fulvum virus and Penicillium chrysogenum virus. The biophysical and biochemical properties of Penicillium cyaneo-fulvum virus (Pc-fV) and Penicillium chrysogenum virus (PcV) have been compared. In sucrose density gradient sedimentation, purified virus preparations gave one major component, L, and three minor components E1, E2 and H with sedimentation coefficients of 145S, 80S, 102S and 172S respectively in each case. E1, E2 were shown to be empty particles. Pc-fV L particles contained only double-stranded RNA, which separated in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis into four components with mol. wt. 2-21 X 10(6), 2-08 X 10(6), 1-98 X 10(6) and 1-93 X 10(6). PcV L particles gave three double-stranded RNA components, which were indistinguishable in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis from the larger three RNA components of Pc-fV. In both viruses each RNA component was separately encapsidated. In both viruses H particles gave rise to the same double-stranded RNA components as their L particles, but contained, in addition, small amounts of single-stranded RNA. Pc-fV and PcV have been shown to consist of isometric particles of the same size and to be serologically related, and the amino acid compositions of their capsid polypeptides were found to be very similar. The capsid polypeptides of the two viruses were examined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In each case E2, L and H particles gave one major polypeptide gamma1, with mol. wt. 130000, whereas E1 particles contained one major polypeptide gamma2 with mol. wt. 115000. The mol. wt. of L particles, determined from sedimentation and diffusion coefficients, was 9-8 X 10(6) for both Pc-fV and PcV. The capsid of the L particles of each virus was estimated to contain 60 molecules of polypeptide gamma1.", "PMID": 833575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_667", "title": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for IgG and IgM antibodies against measles virus.", "content": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) was used to determine the presence of IgG and IgM antibodies to measles virus in human serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Purified measles virus was adsorbed on to polystyrene balls, which were then exposed to serial dilutions of test serum or CSF. The presence of antibody was measured by its capacity to bind 125I-labelled specific anti-human IgG or IgM. Serum from a variety of patients as well as measles-immune clinically healthy persons were tested; binding ratios (using negative human serum controls) were usually between 10 and 30, but with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) ratios were as high as 50. Of ten CSF specimens tested, all but one, which was taken early in the convalescent phase of measles infection, had detectable IgG antibody. In six patients with acute measles, IgM antibodies were found in all serum specimens taken one or more days after the onset of rash. Maximal titers of 1:10000 to 1:40000 were found about 7 days later. Thereafter, IgM titres decreased rapidly but were still detectable at 40 days. A purified ribonucleoprotein of measles virus was also used successfully as an antigen in this RIA method.", "contents": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for IgG and IgM antibodies against measles virus. A solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) was used to determine the presence of IgG and IgM antibodies to measles virus in human serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Purified measles virus was adsorbed on to polystyrene balls, which were then exposed to serial dilutions of test serum or CSF. The presence of antibody was measured by its capacity to bind 125I-labelled specific anti-human IgG or IgM. Serum from a variety of patients as well as measles-immune clinically healthy persons were tested; binding ratios (using negative human serum controls) were usually between 10 and 30, but with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) ratios were as high as 50. Of ten CSF specimens tested, all but one, which was taken early in the convalescent phase of measles infection, had detectable IgG antibody. In six patients with acute measles, IgM antibodies were found in all serum specimens taken one or more days after the onset of rash. Maximal titers of 1:10000 to 1:40000 were found about 7 days later. Thereafter, IgM titres decreased rapidly but were still detectable at 40 days. A purified ribonucleoprotein of measles virus was also used successfully as an antigen in this RIA method.", "PMID": 833576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_668", "title": "Polypeptide phosphorylation in adenovirus-infected cells.", "content": "Cells infected with human adenovirus type 5 have been labelled with 32P-orthophosphate under various conditions and extracts examined, after denaturation in sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) followed by autoradiography. A number of polypeptides appear to be phosphorylated specifically as a result of infection. Early in infection, phosphorylation of a polypeptide of apparent mol. wt. 26 K associated with ribosomes can be detected. Two other phosphorylated polypeptides of apparent mol. wt. 72 K and 18 K can also be seen, the former being mainly confined to the nucleus and capable of being precipitated by the previously described virus-specific P antiserum. The 18 K phosphorylated polypeptide is found mainly in association with membrane fractions. Later in infection phosphorylated polypeptides of apparent mol. wt. 100 K and 39 K can be recognized, the former being associated with ribosomes but removed, however, with a high salt wash; the latter component is mainly detected in the nucleus. Analysis of the purified 32P-labelled virus by the SDS PAGE technique indicated that a structural polypeptide of apparent mol. wt. 66 K (IIIa) was also phosphorylated.", "contents": "Polypeptide phosphorylation in adenovirus-infected cells. Cells infected with human adenovirus type 5 have been labelled with 32P-orthophosphate under various conditions and extracts examined, after denaturation in sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) followed by autoradiography. A number of polypeptides appear to be phosphorylated specifically as a result of infection. Early in infection, phosphorylation of a polypeptide of apparent mol. wt. 26 K associated with ribosomes can be detected. Two other phosphorylated polypeptides of apparent mol. wt. 72 K and 18 K can also be seen, the former being mainly confined to the nucleus and capable of being precipitated by the previously described virus-specific P antiserum. The 18 K phosphorylated polypeptide is found mainly in association with membrane fractions. Later in infection phosphorylated polypeptides of apparent mol. wt. 100 K and 39 K can be recognized, the former being associated with ribosomes but removed, however, with a high salt wash; the latter component is mainly detected in the nucleus. Analysis of the purified 32P-labelled virus by the SDS PAGE technique indicated that a structural polypeptide of apparent mol. wt. 66 K (IIIa) was also phosphorylated.", "PMID": 833577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_669", "title": "Temperature-sensitive and other mutants of the Essex 70 strain of Newcastle disease virus as vaccines.", "content": "The most reliable method of distinguishing strains of low virulence amongst a collection of stock strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was by their failure to produce a good c.p.e. in monolayers of baby hamster kidney cells and of chick embryo cells. This method was of no help in identifying avirulent mutants that emerged in the Essex 70 strain of NDV following ultraviolet light, nitrous acid, hydroxylamine or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG) treatment. A marked reduction in the ability to kill developing chick embryos at 41 degrees C was a much more reliable indicator. Several of these temperature-sensitive mutants, most of which had been isolated from NTG-treated virus, were non-lethal for young chicks but they did have a depressive effect on their growth rate. The immunity produced by three of these mutants in chicks free of NDV antibody, but not in chicks possessing appreciable amounts of antibody, was probably even better than that produced by Hitchner B1 strain. All three mutants reverted to virulence during passage in chicks, although in no case were the revertants as virulent as the original Essex 70 strain. The virulent revertants obtained from one of the mutants had lost their temperature-sensitivity and proliferated in large numbers in the tissues of infected chicks. Those obtained from the other two had either not lost, or only partly lost, their temperature-sensitivity; they were found only in low concentrations in the tissues of infected chicks, their concentrations being little different from that found in the tissues of chicks infected with the mutants from which they were derived.", "contents": "Temperature-sensitive and other mutants of the Essex 70 strain of Newcastle disease virus as vaccines. The most reliable method of distinguishing strains of low virulence amongst a collection of stock strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was by their failure to produce a good c.p.e. in monolayers of baby hamster kidney cells and of chick embryo cells. This method was of no help in identifying avirulent mutants that emerged in the Essex 70 strain of NDV following ultraviolet light, nitrous acid, hydroxylamine or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG) treatment. A marked reduction in the ability to kill developing chick embryos at 41 degrees C was a much more reliable indicator. Several of these temperature-sensitive mutants, most of which had been isolated from NTG-treated virus, were non-lethal for young chicks but they did have a depressive effect on their growth rate. The immunity produced by three of these mutants in chicks free of NDV antibody, but not in chicks possessing appreciable amounts of antibody, was probably even better than that produced by Hitchner B1 strain. All three mutants reverted to virulence during passage in chicks, although in no case were the revertants as virulent as the original Essex 70 strain. The virulent revertants obtained from one of the mutants had lost their temperature-sensitivity and proliferated in large numbers in the tissues of infected chicks. Those obtained from the other two had either not lost, or only partly lost, their temperature-sensitivity; they were found only in low concentrations in the tissues of infected chicks, their concentrations being little different from that found in the tissues of chicks infected with the mutants from which they were derived.", "PMID": 833578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_670", "title": "Bacteriophage 7-7-1 adsorbs to the complex flagella of Rhizobium lupini H13-3.", "content": "Bacteriophage 7-7-1 is shown to adsorb specifically to the complex flagella of its host Rhizobium lupini H13-3. Deflagellation of motile cells before the addition of phage leads to a complete inhibition of phage propagation for at least 60 min. Among phage-resistant mutants, many non-motile (mot) and non-flagellated (fla) derivatives of R. lupini H13-3 have been selected. Electron microscopic observations indicate that bacteriophage 7-7-1 attaches with its short tail fibres to the conspicuous helical filament of R. lupini flagells. This attachment is reversible; irreversible phage adsorption takes place at the flagellar base. It is postulated that phage 7-7-1 moves along the rotating flagellum towards a final receptor next to the insertion site of the flagellum, where tail contraction and injection of phage nucleic acid occurs.", "contents": "Bacteriophage 7-7-1 adsorbs to the complex flagella of Rhizobium lupini H13-3. Bacteriophage 7-7-1 is shown to adsorb specifically to the complex flagella of its host Rhizobium lupini H13-3. Deflagellation of motile cells before the addition of phage leads to a complete inhibition of phage propagation for at least 60 min. Among phage-resistant mutants, many non-motile (mot) and non-flagellated (fla) derivatives of R. lupini H13-3 have been selected. Electron microscopic observations indicate that bacteriophage 7-7-1 attaches with its short tail fibres to the conspicuous helical filament of R. lupini flagells. This attachment is reversible; irreversible phage adsorption takes place at the flagellar base. It is postulated that phage 7-7-1 moves along the rotating flagellum towards a final receptor next to the insertion site of the flagellum, where tail contraction and injection of phage nucleic acid occurs.", "PMID": 833579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_671", "title": "Desynchronization of electrical activity in rats induced by deprenyl--an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase B--and relationship with selective increase of dopamine and beta-phenylethylamine.", "content": "Electrophysiological and biochemical effects of deprenyl and beta-phenylethylamine were studied in rats. d,1-Deprenyl, 1-deprenyl (4-6 mg/kg) and beta-phenylethylamine (75 mg/kg) induced a desynchronization of ECOG after i.p. administration of drugs. The effects lasted several hours. The biochemical analysis indicate that d,1-deprenyl (4 mg/kg) nearly doubled the concentration of brain dopamine (DA) while the concentration of noradrenaline was not altered. The maximal increase was reached at 60 min and the enhanced concentration of DA stayed at this level up till 180 min after administration of drug. Treatment of rats with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (200 mg/kg) did not antagonize a deprenyl induced desynchronization of ECOG. However, even low dose of haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg) abolished the arousal effect of d,1-deprenyl and beta-phenylethylamine. It is suggested that desynchronization of EEG induced by deprenyl is more likely due to increased endogenous beta-phenylethylamine than to increased concentration of endogenous DA in the brain.", "contents": "Desynchronization of electrical activity in rats induced by deprenyl--an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase B--and relationship with selective increase of dopamine and beta-phenylethylamine. Electrophysiological and biochemical effects of deprenyl and beta-phenylethylamine were studied in rats. d,1-Deprenyl, 1-deprenyl (4-6 mg/kg) and beta-phenylethylamine (75 mg/kg) induced a desynchronization of ECOG after i.p. administration of drugs. The effects lasted several hours. The biochemical analysis indicate that d,1-deprenyl (4 mg/kg) nearly doubled the concentration of brain dopamine (DA) while the concentration of noradrenaline was not altered. The maximal increase was reached at 60 min and the enhanced concentration of DA stayed at this level up till 180 min after administration of drug. Treatment of rats with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (200 mg/kg) did not antagonize a deprenyl induced desynchronization of ECOG. However, even low dose of haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg) abolished the arousal effect of d,1-deprenyl and beta-phenylethylamine. It is suggested that desynchronization of EEG induced by deprenyl is more likely due to increased endogenous beta-phenylethylamine than to increased concentration of endogenous DA in the brain.", "PMID": 833580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_672", "title": "Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in parkinsonism.", "content": "Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activities of a group of 16 parkinsonian patients under L-Dopa plus decarboxylase inhibitor showed a distribution with a drift towards higher activities compared to a group of normals of the same age range. Acute doses of L-Dopa failed to cause any change in the serum enzyme activities as well as in the serum concentration of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol, in parkinsonian patients and in normals. The data support the idea of a limited influence of L-Dopa on the noradrenaline synthesis and release in parkinsonism.", "contents": "Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in parkinsonism. Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activities of a group of 16 parkinsonian patients under L-Dopa plus decarboxylase inhibitor showed a distribution with a drift towards higher activities compared to a group of normals of the same age range. Acute doses of L-Dopa failed to cause any change in the serum enzyme activities as well as in the serum concentration of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol, in parkinsonian patients and in normals. The data support the idea of a limited influence of L-Dopa on the noradrenaline synthesis and release in parkinsonism.", "PMID": 833581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_673", "title": "Effects of precocious pinealectomy and hemicastration on pituitary and plasma LH levels in immature male rats.", "content": "In the immature male rat (7 to 28 days of age) precocious hemicastration provokes a marked compensatory testicular hypertrophy accompanied by a significant increase in pituitary LH content, and a non-significant increase in plasma LH level. In pinealectomized and sham-pinealectomized animals, hemicastration had the same effect with some exceptions at certain ages. Pinealectomy alone causes less evident changes in pituitary LH content than hemicastration. Only a transient effect was found, which was more evident in the hemicastrated rats. Plasma LH was only increased in the pinealectomized hemicastrated rats at days 16 and 18. It is concluded that pinealectomy in immature male rats seems to have only a transient stimulatory effect on pituitary and plasma LH levels, which is more striking in hemicastrated rats. So, hemicastration seems to sensitize the animals to the effect of pinealectomy.", "contents": "Effects of precocious pinealectomy and hemicastration on pituitary and plasma LH levels in immature male rats. In the immature male rat (7 to 28 days of age) precocious hemicastration provokes a marked compensatory testicular hypertrophy accompanied by a significant increase in pituitary LH content, and a non-significant increase in plasma LH level. In pinealectomized and sham-pinealectomized animals, hemicastration had the same effect with some exceptions at certain ages. Pinealectomy alone causes less evident changes in pituitary LH content than hemicastration. Only a transient effect was found, which was more evident in the hemicastrated rats. Plasma LH was only increased in the pinealectomized hemicastrated rats at days 16 and 18. It is concluded that pinealectomy in immature male rats seems to have only a transient stimulatory effect on pituitary and plasma LH levels, which is more striking in hemicastrated rats. So, hemicastration seems to sensitize the animals to the effect of pinealectomy.", "PMID": 833582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_674", "title": "The pineal gland of nocturnal mammals. I. The pinealocytes of the bat (Nyctalus noctula, Schreber).", "content": "The ultrastructure of the pinealocytes of noctule bats, mammals which live most of the time in darkness or very low light intensities, was examined and compared with the pinealocytes of other mammals. Two different populations of pinealocytes (I and II) were observed. They differ in general aspect, in location and especially in their content of cell organelles involved in synthetic processes. Mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes and lipid inclusions were present in the perikaryon of pinealocytes of both populations. In the pinealocytes of population I some granular vesicles, of presumed Golgi origin, and some other structures were observed. Pinealocytes of population II are characterized by many glycogen granules, more or less associated with a large vacuolar system. Moreover, some small vacuoles originating from cisterns of the granular endoplasmic reticulum and containing flocculent material of a moderate electron density are described. The possibility is discussed that these small vacuoles are involved in one of the secretory processes of the pineal gland while the granular vesicles of the pinealocyte of the population I are the products of another.", "contents": "The pineal gland of nocturnal mammals. I. The pinealocytes of the bat (Nyctalus noctula, Schreber). The ultrastructure of the pinealocytes of noctule bats, mammals which live most of the time in darkness or very low light intensities, was examined and compared with the pinealocytes of other mammals. Two different populations of pinealocytes (I and II) were observed. They differ in general aspect, in location and especially in their content of cell organelles involved in synthetic processes. Mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes and lipid inclusions were present in the perikaryon of pinealocytes of both populations. In the pinealocytes of population I some granular vesicles, of presumed Golgi origin, and some other structures were observed. Pinealocytes of population II are characterized by many glycogen granules, more or less associated with a large vacuolar system. Moreover, some small vacuoles originating from cisterns of the granular endoplasmic reticulum and containing flocculent material of a moderate electron density are described. The possibility is discussed that these small vacuoles are involved in one of the secretory processes of the pineal gland while the granular vesicles of the pinealocyte of the population I are the products of another.", "PMID": 833583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_675", "title": "Electron microscopic evidence of glycogen storage in the dark pinealocytes of the rabbit pineal gland.", "content": "Electron microscopic evidence is given that the small dark granules in the rabbit dark pinealocytes represent glycogen. The conception is put forward that this glycogen, synthesized at the membranes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, is taken up by lysosomes to participate then in the conversion of the lysosomes into pigment bodies.", "contents": "Electron microscopic evidence of glycogen storage in the dark pinealocytes of the rabbit pineal gland. Electron microscopic evidence is given that the small dark granules in the rabbit dark pinealocytes represent glycogen. The conception is put forward that this glycogen, synthesized at the membranes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, is taken up by lysosomes to participate then in the conversion of the lysosomes into pigment bodies.", "PMID": 833584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_676", "title": "Effect of estradiol and testosterone on catechol-O-methyl transferase activity of rat superior cervical ganglion, pineal gland, anterior hypophysis and hypothalamus.", "content": "The effect of estradiol and testosterone on the activity of catechol-O- methyl transferase (COMT) of the superior cervical ganglion, pineal gland, anterior hypophysis and hypothalamus were examined in castrated rats. In female rats a single injection of 2 mug of estradiol caused a significant 25% increase of hypothalamic COMT, whereas after 3 daily injections no differences in enzyme activity were observed between hormone- and vehicle-injected controls. In male rats testosterone propionate (0.5 mg) increased hypothalamic COMT by 53%; this effect was not detectable in animals treated with the androgen for 3 days. COMT activity of the superior cervical ganglion, pineal gland and anterior hypophysis did not exhibit significant changes after any of the hormone schedules used.", "contents": "Effect of estradiol and testosterone on catechol-O-methyl transferase activity of rat superior cervical ganglion, pineal gland, anterior hypophysis and hypothalamus. The effect of estradiol and testosterone on the activity of catechol-O- methyl transferase (COMT) of the superior cervical ganglion, pineal gland, anterior hypophysis and hypothalamus were examined in castrated rats. In female rats a single injection of 2 mug of estradiol caused a significant 25% increase of hypothalamic COMT, whereas after 3 daily injections no differences in enzyme activity were observed between hormone- and vehicle-injected controls. In male rats testosterone propionate (0.5 mg) increased hypothalamic COMT by 53%; this effect was not detectable in animals treated with the androgen for 3 days. COMT activity of the superior cervical ganglion, pineal gland and anterior hypophysis did not exhibit significant changes after any of the hormone schedules used.", "PMID": 833585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_677", "title": "Central deopaminergic receptor supersensitivity and its relevance to Parkinson's disease.", "content": "The degeneration of the substantia nigra that characterises Parkinson's disease may cause an alteration in sensitivity of striatal dopamine receptors. The development of denervation supersensitivity has been held to be responsible for some of the effects of chronic levodopa therapy. The rotating rodent is an animal model commonly used to study the phenomenon of striatal dopamine receptor supersensitivity, and to investigate drugs which may prove to be beneficial in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. We have investigated as to whether long-term oral administration of levodopa to mice with unilateral destruction of striatal dopaminergic nerve terminals influences dopaminergic receptor denervation supersensitivity as judged by the circling response following systemically administered levodopa. It does not do so and the relevance of these findings to the treatment of Parkinson's disease is discussed.", "contents": "Central deopaminergic receptor supersensitivity and its relevance to Parkinson's disease. The degeneration of the substantia nigra that characterises Parkinson's disease may cause an alteration in sensitivity of striatal dopamine receptors. The development of denervation supersensitivity has been held to be responsible for some of the effects of chronic levodopa therapy. The rotating rodent is an animal model commonly used to study the phenomenon of striatal dopamine receptor supersensitivity, and to investigate drugs which may prove to be beneficial in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. We have investigated as to whether long-term oral administration of levodopa to mice with unilateral destruction of striatal dopaminergic nerve terminals influences dopaminergic receptor denervation supersensitivity as judged by the circling response following systemically administered levodopa. It does not do so and the relevance of these findings to the treatment of Parkinson's disease is discussed.", "PMID": 833607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_678", "title": "Distribution of growth hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone in cerebrospinal fluid and pathological compartments of the central nervous system.", "content": "Human growth hormone (HGH) radio-immunoassay (RIA) was adapted for an accurate measurement of immunoreactive HGH concentrations in the CSF in different cases of hypothalamic-somatotropin dysfunctions. In control subjects (n = 43) mean HGH levels were 0.35 +/- 0.03 ng/ml in CSF and 1.95 +/- 0.2 ng/ml in plasma with a CSF/plasma ratio of 17%. The thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) RIA gave in controls mean basal levels of 2.65 +/- 0.2 muU/ml in CSF and 5.95 +/- 0.3 muU/ml in plasma with a CSF/plasma ratio of 44%. HGH and TSH concentrations in CSF and plasma show a very good correlation; but the regression curves for both hormones are distinctly different and appear specific for each polypeptide hormone. Hypothalamic-somatotropin hyperreactivity was reported in diabetic retinopathy (DR). CSF and plasma HGH concentrations in a group of diabetic patients with progressing retinopathy (n = 27) were not different from those in normal subjects (respectively 0.35 +/- 0.05 in CSF and 2.10 +/- 0.25 ng/ml in plasma with a CSF/plasma ratio of 16%). The HGH regression curve obtained in diabetics is similar to that of controls. These data do not substantiate the hypothesis of an HGH hyperreactivity in diabetic retinopathy. In somatotropin hypersecretion (acromegaly) without adenoma suprasellar extension, higher HGH concentrations recorded in CSF than in plasma cannot be attributed to an anatomical break-down of the CSF blood-brain barrier and suggest an active transport process of pituitary hormones to the CNS. HGH and TSH concentrations were measured in the cystic fluid of CNS tumors. In 1 case of a cystic dysembryoma, the HGH and TSH of CF were considerably increased. In gliomas (n = 8) the HGH and TSH cystic fluid concentrations were more elevated (respectively 0.72 +/- 0.2 ng/ml and 3.6 +/- 0.7 muU/ml) than in the CSF of controls.", "contents": "Distribution of growth hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone in cerebrospinal fluid and pathological compartments of the central nervous system. Human growth hormone (HGH) radio-immunoassay (RIA) was adapted for an accurate measurement of immunoreactive HGH concentrations in the CSF in different cases of hypothalamic-somatotropin dysfunctions. In control subjects (n = 43) mean HGH levels were 0.35 +/- 0.03 ng/ml in CSF and 1.95 +/- 0.2 ng/ml in plasma with a CSF/plasma ratio of 17%. The thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) RIA gave in controls mean basal levels of 2.65 +/- 0.2 muU/ml in CSF and 5.95 +/- 0.3 muU/ml in plasma with a CSF/plasma ratio of 44%. HGH and TSH concentrations in CSF and plasma show a very good correlation; but the regression curves for both hormones are distinctly different and appear specific for each polypeptide hormone. Hypothalamic-somatotropin hyperreactivity was reported in diabetic retinopathy (DR). CSF and plasma HGH concentrations in a group of diabetic patients with progressing retinopathy (n = 27) were not different from those in normal subjects (respectively 0.35 +/- 0.05 in CSF and 2.10 +/- 0.25 ng/ml in plasma with a CSF/plasma ratio of 16%). The HGH regression curve obtained in diabetics is similar to that of controls. These data do not substantiate the hypothesis of an HGH hyperreactivity in diabetic retinopathy. In somatotropin hypersecretion (acromegaly) without adenoma suprasellar extension, higher HGH concentrations recorded in CSF than in plasma cannot be attributed to an anatomical break-down of the CSF blood-brain barrier and suggest an active transport process of pituitary hormones to the CNS. HGH and TSH concentrations were measured in the cystic fluid of CNS tumors. In 1 case of a cystic dysembryoma, the HGH and TSH of CF were considerably increased. In gliomas (n = 8) the HGH and TSH cystic fluid concentrations were more elevated (respectively 0.72 +/- 0.2 ng/ml and 3.6 +/- 0.7 muU/ml) than in the CSF of controls.", "PMID": 833608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_679", "title": "Parkinsonism following encephalitis of unknown etiology.", "content": "The patient, a clinical case of parkinsonism, was a 32-year-old man, born in 1942, long after the prevalence of von Economo's lethargic encephalitis in Japan. Anatomically, the neurons in the substantia nigra of the mid-brain were extensively degenerated, and presented Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangles. At the same time, melanin pigment was scattered in the tissue and was phagocytized by glia cells. Perivascular cuffing was observed in the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, hippocampus, and thalamus as well as in the substantia nigra. Neuronophagia was noted in the thalamic nuclei. The present case was believed to have parkinsonism not clinically or pathologically related to von Economo's encephalitis or to Japanese encephalitis, but following a mild encephalitis of unknown etiology.", "contents": "Parkinsonism following encephalitis of unknown etiology. The patient, a clinical case of parkinsonism, was a 32-year-old man, born in 1942, long after the prevalence of von Economo's lethargic encephalitis in Japan. Anatomically, the neurons in the substantia nigra of the mid-brain were extensively degenerated, and presented Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangles. At the same time, melanin pigment was scattered in the tissue and was phagocytized by glia cells. Perivascular cuffing was observed in the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, hippocampus, and thalamus as well as in the substantia nigra. Neuronophagia was noted in the thalamic nuclei. The present case was believed to have parkinsonism not clinically or pathologically related to von Economo's encephalitis or to Japanese encephalitis, but following a mild encephalitis of unknown etiology.", "PMID": 833614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_680", "title": "Stimulation of lymphocytes by cholinergic receptor in myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Lymphocytes from 13 myasthenic patients were incubated in vitro with membranes enriched in nicotinic cholinergic receptor obtained from Torpedo marmorata electric organ. When autologous serum was present in the incubation medium, the lymphocytes were highly stimulated. In contrast, no stimulation occurred when lymphocytes were cultured in presence of AB serum. These results suggest that an immune response against the Ach cholinergic receptor is present in myasthenic patients and give further support to the hypothesis that an autoimmune response against muscular receptors may be involved in Myasthenia Gravis pathogenesis.", "contents": "Stimulation of lymphocytes by cholinergic receptor in myasthenia gravis. Lymphocytes from 13 myasthenic patients were incubated in vitro with membranes enriched in nicotinic cholinergic receptor obtained from Torpedo marmorata electric organ. When autologous serum was present in the incubation medium, the lymphocytes were highly stimulated. In contrast, no stimulation occurred when lymphocytes were cultured in presence of AB serum. These results suggest that an immune response against the Ach cholinergic receptor is present in myasthenic patients and give further support to the hypothesis that an autoimmune response against muscular receptors may be involved in Myasthenia Gravis pathogenesis.", "PMID": 833615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_681", "title": "Lead encephalopathy in neonatal Long-Evans rats: morphologic studies.", "content": "Lead encephalopathy was produced in neonatal Long-Evans rats by administering daily doses of lead acetate (600 milligrams of lead acetate/kilogram of body weight) through an esophageal catheter. Experimental rat pups showed behavioral changes, failed to gain weight at the same rate as controls, developed a paraplegia and died by 15 days of age. Lead analysis showed very high blood and tissue lead levels. Sequential histopathologic changes were studied in the cerebellum with observations also made in the choroid plexus, cerebral cortex and corpus striatum. Emphasis was placed on the cerebellum because this region of the brain was most severely altered. Petechial hemorrhages were evident in the cerebellum at three days and two days later the hemorrhagic lesions were almost confluent. The molecular and Purkinje cell layers were most extensively damaged by the hemorrhage. At eight, nine and ten days hemorrhages were fewer and massive amounts of edema fluid accumulated in the internal granular layer. Vascular anomalies of developing lead poisoned rats were examined with electron microscopy and with Golgi preparations. The evidence indicates that growing capillaries are the primary structure of the central nervous system (CNS) damaged by lead intoxication. The endothelial bud (or angioblast) appears to be a structure sensitive to lead poisoning and the encephalopathy probably results from the death of many of these buds.", "contents": "Lead encephalopathy in neonatal Long-Evans rats: morphologic studies. Lead encephalopathy was produced in neonatal Long-Evans rats by administering daily doses of lead acetate (600 milligrams of lead acetate/kilogram of body weight) through an esophageal catheter. Experimental rat pups showed behavioral changes, failed to gain weight at the same rate as controls, developed a paraplegia and died by 15 days of age. Lead analysis showed very high blood and tissue lead levels. Sequential histopathologic changes were studied in the cerebellum with observations also made in the choroid plexus, cerebral cortex and corpus striatum. Emphasis was placed on the cerebellum because this region of the brain was most severely altered. Petechial hemorrhages were evident in the cerebellum at three days and two days later the hemorrhagic lesions were almost confluent. The molecular and Purkinje cell layers were most extensively damaged by the hemorrhage. At eight, nine and ten days hemorrhages were fewer and massive amounts of edema fluid accumulated in the internal granular layer. Vascular anomalies of developing lead poisoned rats were examined with electron microscopy and with Golgi preparations. The evidence indicates that growing capillaries are the primary structure of the central nervous system (CNS) damaged by lead intoxication. The endothelial bud (or angioblast) appears to be a structure sensitive to lead poisoning and the encephalopathy probably results from the death of many of these buds.", "PMID": 833616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_682", "title": "A comparison of total body and local spinal cord irradiation in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.", "content": "Spinal cord distribution spaces of 3H-mannitol (M.W. 182) were measured to compare the effects of both total-body gamma irradiation and local (spinal cord) x-irradiation on the development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Single doses of 700R, 500R, 300R, 200R and 100R total body gamma irradiation, administered 6-8 days after EAE induction, appeared to delay the onset, reduce the severity, and hasten recovery of the disease. The magnitude of this effect was approximately prportional to the administered radiation dose. A single 1000R x-irradiation dose, delivered to a 1 x 2cm area in the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord 7 or 10 days after induction appeared to increase the severity of EAE. Mannitol distribution spaces were mildly elevated in the thoracic regions and significantly elevated in the lumbar spinal cords of cord-irradiated animals. A marked exacerbation of the disease was observed in cord-irradiated rats treated with 5000R, administered over a period of 5 days. Rats progressively lost weight during the normal course of EAE, and a simultaneous increase in wet weights of the spinal cords was seen. Slight changes in these two parameters were observed in cord-irradiated, but not in total-body irradiated animals.", "contents": "A comparison of total body and local spinal cord irradiation in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Spinal cord distribution spaces of 3H-mannitol (M.W. 182) were measured to compare the effects of both total-body gamma irradiation and local (spinal cord) x-irradiation on the development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Single doses of 700R, 500R, 300R, 200R and 100R total body gamma irradiation, administered 6-8 days after EAE induction, appeared to delay the onset, reduce the severity, and hasten recovery of the disease. The magnitude of this effect was approximately prportional to the administered radiation dose. A single 1000R x-irradiation dose, delivered to a 1 x 2cm area in the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord 7 or 10 days after induction appeared to increase the severity of EAE. Mannitol distribution spaces were mildly elevated in the thoracic regions and significantly elevated in the lumbar spinal cords of cord-irradiated animals. A marked exacerbation of the disease was observed in cord-irradiated rats treated with 5000R, administered over a period of 5 days. Rats progressively lost weight during the normal course of EAE, and a simultaneous increase in wet weights of the spinal cords was seen. Slight changes in these two parameters were observed in cord-irradiated, but not in total-body irradiated animals.", "PMID": 833617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_683", "title": "Effect of bilateral nerve injury on the migration of labelled mononuclear cells to hypoglossal nuclei.", "content": "Whether cells responding to injury in the central nervous system are of local or hematogenous origin is still a question that has not been answered unequivocally, although ample evidence in favor of a dual origin exists. In the present investigation, mononuclear blood cells were labelled with 3HT one day before left hypoglossal nerve injury. In addition to the initial injury, some of the animals received an injury of the right nerve at a later time. The fate of labelled cells responding to the initial injury when a second injury was made was studied. With two lesions the total number of labelled cells responding was twice the number present with a single lesion at the period of peak response. This was more than could be accounted for by simple migration from left to right. The data presented suggest that mitosis and migration of cells present at the initial lesion accounted for part of the increased number of cells. The possibility that some of the cells responding to the second injury were of recent hematogenous origin was not ruled out.", "contents": "Effect of bilateral nerve injury on the migration of labelled mononuclear cells to hypoglossal nuclei. Whether cells responding to injury in the central nervous system are of local or hematogenous origin is still a question that has not been answered unequivocally, although ample evidence in favor of a dual origin exists. In the present investigation, mononuclear blood cells were labelled with 3HT one day before left hypoglossal nerve injury. In addition to the initial injury, some of the animals received an injury of the right nerve at a later time. The fate of labelled cells responding to the initial injury when a second injury was made was studied. With two lesions the total number of labelled cells responding was twice the number present with a single lesion at the period of peak response. This was more than could be accounted for by simple migration from left to right. The data presented suggest that mitosis and migration of cells present at the initial lesion accounted for part of the increased number of cells. The possibility that some of the cells responding to the second injury were of recent hematogenous origin was not ruled out.", "PMID": 833618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_684", "title": "Motor consequences of motor area ablations in man.", "content": "Motor disorders reported in the present paper do not result from cortical ablations stricto sensu since some white matter was excised in every patient. However they appear to suggest that, as suggested by Walshe (1935), the central region and premotor area are a functional entity, i.e. they work as a whole. The extensive lesions of the premotor area, leaving untouched the motor region, have the same motor and tonic consequences as lesions limited to the central region. This point which appears specific for man does not imply that the premotor region subserves activities similar to those subserved by the central region. Rather it may suggest a deafferentiation of the central region, the consequences of which would be more important than is generally assumed. Extensive central or premotor lesions determine various tonic disorders: a well known spasticity, with exaggeration of the stretch reflex, associated with an increase in passive swinging of segments of limbs and in extensibility of joints. These two latter phenomena are usually defined as hypotonia. With premotor and precentral lesions the  hypotonia disappears and a hemiplegic posture is observed. This hemiplegic posture is a dystonia which apparently does not result directly from the exaggeration of the stretch reflex. Anatomically it appears to result from lesions of both central and premotor regions. This is in agreement with Denny-Brown's (1966) contention that an extrapyramidal region lies rostral to the prerolandic sulcus. As suggested by Evarts (1973) motor regions appear to control automatic as well as voluntary movements. They probably play a role in the trophic function of muscle, since, despite rehabilitation, amyotrophy was present in every case reported in the present paper.", "contents": "Motor consequences of motor area ablations in man. Motor disorders reported in the present paper do not result from cortical ablations stricto sensu since some white matter was excised in every patient. However they appear to suggest that, as suggested by Walshe (1935), the central region and premotor area are a functional entity, i.e. they work as a whole. The extensive lesions of the premotor area, leaving untouched the motor region, have the same motor and tonic consequences as lesions limited to the central region. This point which appears specific for man does not imply that the premotor region subserves activities similar to those subserved by the central region. Rather it may suggest a deafferentiation of the central region, the consequences of which would be more important than is generally assumed. Extensive central or premotor lesions determine various tonic disorders: a well known spasticity, with exaggeration of the stretch reflex, associated with an increase in passive swinging of segments of limbs and in extensibility of joints. These two latter phenomena are usually defined as hypotonia. With premotor and precentral lesions the  hypotonia disappears and a hemiplegic posture is observed. This hemiplegic posture is a dystonia which apparently does not result directly from the exaggeration of the stretch reflex. Anatomically it appears to result from lesions of both central and premotor regions. This is in agreement with Denny-Brown's (1966) contention that an extrapyramidal region lies rostral to the prerolandic sulcus. As suggested by Evarts (1973) motor regions appear to control automatic as well as voluntary movements. They probably play a role in the trophic function of muscle, since, despite rehabilitation, amyotrophy was present in every case reported in the present paper.", "PMID": 833609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_685", "title": "Electrophysiological observations on the spinal cord of the normal and dystrophic mouse.", "content": "A method of carrying out electrophysiological experiments on the mouse spinal cord is described. The conduction velocity in the spinal dorsal roots (DR) of the normal mouse was in the range 10-100 m sec-1 and in the ventral roots (VR) 50-70 m sec-1. In the dystrophic mutant (129 ReJ dy/dy) the conduction velocity for both roots was usually in the range 0.1-2.0 m sec-1. Reflexes from DR to VR were recorded in both mutant and wild type animals and it was concluded that the delays in the mutant reflex were probably due to the slower conduction velocity in the roots. Postsynaptic inhibition and presynaptic inhibition were demonstrated and records were made from Renshaw cells and intracellularly from motoneurones. Delayed activity in spinal reflex paths, probably of supraspinal origin, was more pronounced in the dystrophic mutant. It is concluded that if the dystrophic mouse mutant were to be regarded as a model for human disease then similar reflex delays should be demonstrated in human subjects with muscular dystrophy.", "contents": "Electrophysiological observations on the spinal cord of the normal and dystrophic mouse. A method of carrying out electrophysiological experiments on the mouse spinal cord is described. The conduction velocity in the spinal dorsal roots (DR) of the normal mouse was in the range 10-100 m sec-1 and in the ventral roots (VR) 50-70 m sec-1. In the dystrophic mutant (129 ReJ dy/dy) the conduction velocity for both roots was usually in the range 0.1-2.0 m sec-1. Reflexes from DR to VR were recorded in both mutant and wild type animals and it was concluded that the delays in the mutant reflex were probably due to the slower conduction velocity in the roots. Postsynaptic inhibition and presynaptic inhibition were demonstrated and records were made from Renshaw cells and intracellularly from motoneurones. Delayed activity in spinal reflex paths, probably of supraspinal origin, was more pronounced in the dystrophic mutant. It is concluded that if the dystrophic mouse mutant were to be regarded as a model for human disease then similar reflex delays should be demonstrated in human subjects with muscular dystrophy.", "PMID": 833610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_686", "title": "Quantitative evaluation of spinal cord lesions in canine globoid leukodystrophy.", "content": "Lesion distribution in the spinal cord was investigated by sampling an average of 26 spinal cord segments in each of ten dogs severely affected by canine globoid leukodystrophy (GLD). GLD lesions were quantified by subdividing spinal white matter into small unit areas and judging the quartile extent of lesion involvement for each unit area. Along the length of the spinal cord, lesions declined from cranial to caudal, decreasing precipitously in the midlumbar region. The lumbosacral region had the least amount of lesion, and, based on lesion per unit area, the thoracic region was most severely involved. The dorsal funiculus had the greatest concentration and the least dispersion of lesion generally amoung the three funiculi. White matter at the periphery of the spinal cord was involved earlier and more severely than white matter adjacent to gray matter. Amount of lesion per spinal cord could be estimated adequately by sampling one segment from each of five regions. Dogs could be divided into two groups based on rate of lesion development. Clinical signs did not correlate closely with total amount of lesion per spinal cord. Of the total amount of variability among dogs in amount of spinal pathologic involvement, 78% could be accounted for by a mathematical model expressing spinal cord pathologic involvement as a quadratic function of age at onset and duration of the clinical syndrome.", "contents": "Quantitative evaluation of spinal cord lesions in canine globoid leukodystrophy. Lesion distribution in the spinal cord was investigated by sampling an average of 26 spinal cord segments in each of ten dogs severely affected by canine globoid leukodystrophy (GLD). GLD lesions were quantified by subdividing spinal white matter into small unit areas and judging the quartile extent of lesion involvement for each unit area. Along the length of the spinal cord, lesions declined from cranial to caudal, decreasing precipitously in the midlumbar region. The lumbosacral region had the least amount of lesion, and, based on lesion per unit area, the thoracic region was most severely involved. The dorsal funiculus had the greatest concentration and the least dispersion of lesion generally amoung the three funiculi. White matter at the periphery of the spinal cord was involved earlier and more severely than white matter adjacent to gray matter. Amount of lesion per spinal cord could be estimated adequately by sampling one segment from each of five regions. Dogs could be divided into two groups based on rate of lesion development. Clinical signs did not correlate closely with total amount of lesion per spinal cord. Of the total amount of variability among dogs in amount of spinal pathologic involvement, 78% could be accounted for by a mathematical model expressing spinal cord pathologic involvement as a quadratic function of age at onset and duration of the clinical syndrome.", "PMID": 833619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_687", "title": "Delayed myeloradiculopathy produced by spinal X-irradiation in the rat.", "content": "Rats were subjected to 3,500 r of X-irradiation in a single dose while breathing oxygen at 1 ATM pressure. Comparison was made between the delayed effects of irradiating thoracic, lumbar, and the cauda equina fields. The lumbar field involved the alpha-motoneurons and spinal roots supplying the sciatic nerve, while the cauda equina field involved these spinal roots but spared the alpha-motoneurons in the spinal cord. Thoracic irradiation produced paraplegia after an interval of 127-150 days. In the irradiated zone, the spinal cord was severely damaged, but the thoracic spinal roots were spared. Lumbar irradiation produced paraplegia after an interval of 83-211 days. In the irradiated zone, the alpha-motoneurons were largely spared, the spinal cord showed mild to moderate white matter damage, but the most severe damage was of the lumbosacral spinal roots. The posterior roots were more affected than the anterior. In longer interval cases the degeneration of the roots appeared to be due to focal devitalization. Evidence is advanced that root degeneration had been progressing for at least 4 weeks before the onset of paraplegia. In the cauda equina series the lumbosacral spinal root changes were similar to those in the lumbar series. This study indicates that different levels of the neuraxis have different degrees of susceptibility to X-irradiation. The thoracic cord appears more susceptible than the lumbosacral; the lumbosacral roots appear more susceptible than the thoracic; the posterior roots are more susceptible than the anterior. These findings may have relevance to the study of radiation damage in man, even though the dose schedule used in this experimental study differs greatly from that used for radiotherapy.", "contents": "Delayed myeloradiculopathy produced by spinal X-irradiation in the rat. Rats were subjected to 3,500 r of X-irradiation in a single dose while breathing oxygen at 1 ATM pressure. Comparison was made between the delayed effects of irradiating thoracic, lumbar, and the cauda equina fields. The lumbar field involved the alpha-motoneurons and spinal roots supplying the sciatic nerve, while the cauda equina field involved these spinal roots but spared the alpha-motoneurons in the spinal cord. Thoracic irradiation produced paraplegia after an interval of 127-150 days. In the irradiated zone, the spinal cord was severely damaged, but the thoracic spinal roots were spared. Lumbar irradiation produced paraplegia after an interval of 83-211 days. In the irradiated zone, the alpha-motoneurons were largely spared, the spinal cord showed mild to moderate white matter damage, but the most severe damage was of the lumbosacral spinal roots. The posterior roots were more affected than the anterior. In longer interval cases the degeneration of the roots appeared to be due to focal devitalization. Evidence is advanced that root degeneration had been progressing for at least 4 weeks before the onset of paraplegia. In the cauda equina series the lumbosacral spinal root changes were similar to those in the lumbar series. This study indicates that different levels of the neuraxis have different degrees of susceptibility to X-irradiation. The thoracic cord appears more susceptible than the lumbosacral; the lumbosacral roots appear more susceptible than the thoracic; the posterior roots are more susceptible than the anterior. These findings may have relevance to the study of radiation damage in man, even though the dose schedule used in this experimental study differs greatly from that used for radiotherapy.", "PMID": 833611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_688", "title": "Increased T3 deiodination in dystrophic and neonatally denervated mouse muscle.", "content": "T3, free iodide levels and morphological features were compared in normal, 129 ReJ dy/dy dystrophic and neonatally denervated skeletal muscles of mice, killed 6 hr after a single intraperitoneal injection of iodine-labelled hormone. Both the dystrophic andthe denervated muscles were found to contain equal amounts of T3 but more iodide than the normal specimens. Increased iodide levels are considered to reflect augmented T3-catabolism by muscle dehalogenase and may indicate low free hormone levels in the soluble enzyme fraction of the cell, despite its normal overall T3 content. The close light-microscopic resemblance of 129 ReJ dy/dy dystrophy and neonatal denervation is confirmed. The possibility is discussed that one or several of the muscular dystrophies are forms of target organ hypothyroidism.", "contents": "Increased T3 deiodination in dystrophic and neonatally denervated mouse muscle. T3, free iodide levels and morphological features were compared in normal, 129 ReJ dy/dy dystrophic and neonatally denervated skeletal muscles of mice, killed 6 hr after a single intraperitoneal injection of iodine-labelled hormone. Both the dystrophic andthe denervated muscles were found to contain equal amounts of T3 but more iodide than the normal specimens. Increased iodide levels are considered to reflect augmented T3-catabolism by muscle dehalogenase and may indicate low free hormone levels in the soluble enzyme fraction of the cell, despite its normal overall T3 content. The close light-microscopic resemblance of 129 ReJ dy/dy dystrophy and neonatal denervation is confirmed. The possibility is discussed that one or several of the muscular dystrophies are forms of target organ hypothyroidism.", "PMID": 833612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_689", "title": "Anticonvulsant prolongation of survival in adult murine lymphocytic choriomeningitis. I. Drug treatment and virologic studies.", "content": "Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-induced central nervous system disease is characterized by death during a seizure approximately seven days after intracerebral inoculation. This process is mediated by thymus dependent lymphocytes, sensitized against viral antigens. Various forms of immunosuppressive treatment prevent the seizure death and produce persistently infected survivors. In this study, anticonvulsant treatment (particularly diazepam treatment) of LCM virus infected mice prolonged survival without affecting viral replication, or suppressing immune responsiveness. This prolongation of life did not lead to a reversal of pathologic processes and there were no survivors. However, anticonvulsant treatment permitted study of more advanced stages of the choriomeningitis than has previously been possible.", "contents": "Anticonvulsant prolongation of survival in adult murine lymphocytic choriomeningitis. I. Drug treatment and virologic studies. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-induced central nervous system disease is characterized by death during a seizure approximately seven days after intracerebral inoculation. This process is mediated by thymus dependent lymphocytes, sensitized against viral antigens. Various forms of immunosuppressive treatment prevent the seizure death and produce persistently infected survivors. In this study, anticonvulsant treatment (particularly diazepam treatment) of LCM virus infected mice prolonged survival without affecting viral replication, or suppressing immune responsiveness. This prolongation of life did not lead to a reversal of pathologic processes and there were no survivors. However, anticonvulsant treatment permitted study of more advanced stages of the choriomeningitis than has previously been possible.", "PMID": 833620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_690", "title": "Retrograde invasion of lobster stretch receptor somata in control of firing rate and extra spike patterning.", "content": "1. Extra spikes may be interleaved in the otherwise rhythmic discharge pattern of the lobster stretch receptor neuron, about 2 ms after an expected spike. A constant input to the neuron is maintained by injecting current intrasomatically. The axon recovers its excitability while the retrograde invasion of the soma and dendrites is still in progress, which provide electrotonic currents to reexcite the axon. 2. While extra spikes in the axon often arise from a prolonged somatic (dendritic?) depolarization, they may also arise from a delayed retrograde invasion of the soma. 3. Failure of retrograde invasion may cause a sudden jump in the rate of rhythmic discharge, demonstrating the role of the soma-dendritic afterhyperpolarization in the regulation of rhythmic firing rate. 4. The history of repetitive firing is often important. Because extra spikes often first appear during a decline in firing rate, turning on and then off, an additional current may sometimes activate the extra spike mode, thus doubling the resting firing rate in a metastable manner. Another mestastable state is associated with failure of retrograde invasion. 5. Extra spikes augment the high end of the frequency-current curve in some receptor neurons; in other cases, the extra spikes are seen only at low rhythmic firing rates, dropping out as current reaches intermediate values to create a paradoxical negative-sensitivity region (decline in total spikes per second with increasing current). 6. The results suggest that both the extent and the speed of active retrograde invasion of the soma and dendrites are likely candidates for pathophysiological mechanisms, since they may control whether extra spikes are generated.", "contents": "Retrograde invasion of lobster stretch receptor somata in control of firing rate and extra spike patterning. 1. Extra spikes may be interleaved in the otherwise rhythmic discharge pattern of the lobster stretch receptor neuron, about 2 ms after an expected spike. A constant input to the neuron is maintained by injecting current intrasomatically. The axon recovers its excitability while the retrograde invasion of the soma and dendrites is still in progress, which provide electrotonic currents to reexcite the axon. 2. While extra spikes in the axon often arise from a prolonged somatic (dendritic?) depolarization, they may also arise from a delayed retrograde invasion of the soma. 3. Failure of retrograde invasion may cause a sudden jump in the rate of rhythmic discharge, demonstrating the role of the soma-dendritic afterhyperpolarization in the regulation of rhythmic firing rate. 4. The history of repetitive firing is often important. Because extra spikes often first appear during a decline in firing rate, turning on and then off, an additional current may sometimes activate the extra spike mode, thus doubling the resting firing rate in a metastable manner. Another mestastable state is associated with failure of retrograde invasion. 5. Extra spikes augment the high end of the frequency-current curve in some receptor neurons; in other cases, the extra spikes are seen only at low rhythmic firing rates, dropping out as current reaches intermediate values to create a paradoxical negative-sensitivity region (decline in total spikes per second with increasing current). 6. The results suggest that both the extent and the speed of active retrograde invasion of the soma and dendrites are likely candidates for pathophysiological mechanisms, since they may control whether extra spikes are generated.", "PMID": 833621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_691", "title": "Simple striate neurons in the cat. I. Comparison of responses to moving and stationary stimuli.", "content": "1. Peristimulus time (PST) histograms of simple striate responses to static presentations of narrow bright and dark bars in an array of receptive-field (RF) positions have demonstrated one to four response regions with distinct response properties. 2. There is a high degree of correlation of these responses with PST histograms of responses to the same stimuli moving smoothly (\"dynamic\" stimuli) in a direction perpendicular to the long axis of the RF. 3. Trailing responses to smoothly moving bar stimuli usually occur as the stimulus leaves an apparently inhibitory (for that stimulus) RF region. 4. Spatially leading responses to smoothly moving stimuli occur just as a bar stimulus enters an excitatory RF region, and may be based on certain gradient-detecting properties of neurons. 5. Close agreement in peak firing rates and in positions of responses for statically and dynamically elicited responses in units that are not strongly directionally selective suggests the possibility that in most respects smooth movement responses may be the sequential linear superposition of static responses. A quantitative superposition of static responses from two units supports this conclusion. 6. The dependence on a steady background for sustained responses to static presentation of dark bars illustrates the significance of steady illumination in the RF and raises questions about the efficacy of using edge stimuli as elemental visual probes.", "contents": "Simple striate neurons in the cat. I. Comparison of responses to moving and stationary stimuli. 1. Peristimulus time (PST) histograms of simple striate responses to static presentations of narrow bright and dark bars in an array of receptive-field (RF) positions have demonstrated one to four response regions with distinct response properties. 2. There is a high degree of correlation of these responses with PST histograms of responses to the same stimuli moving smoothly (\"dynamic\" stimuli) in a direction perpendicular to the long axis of the RF. 3. Trailing responses to smoothly moving bar stimuli usually occur as the stimulus leaves an apparently inhibitory (for that stimulus) RF region. 4. Spatially leading responses to smoothly moving stimuli occur just as a bar stimulus enters an excitatory RF region, and may be based on certain gradient-detecting properties of neurons. 5. Close agreement in peak firing rates and in positions of responses for statically and dynamically elicited responses in units that are not strongly directionally selective suggests the possibility that in most respects smooth movement responses may be the sequential linear superposition of static responses. A quantitative superposition of static responses from two units supports this conclusion. 6. The dependence on a steady background for sustained responses to static presentation of dark bars illustrates the significance of steady illumination in the RF and raises questions about the efficacy of using edge stimuli as elemental visual probes.", "PMID": 833622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_692", "title": "Simple striate neurons in the cat. II. Mechanisms underlying directional asymmetry and directional selectivity.", "content": "1. Directionally asymmetric (DA) units respond preferentially to one direction of image movement. If that preferred direction is independent of stimulus contrast then the DA unit is considered directionally selective (DS). We have analyzed receptive-field (RF) properties of striate units with these properties by presenting bar-shaped stimuli that are moved in a stepwise sequence. Short interstimulus durations for certain ranges of step size elicit DA responses similar to those from smooth movement, while still allowing identification of on- and off-components of the response. 2. We have been able to isolate three mechanisms underlying DA and DS. The simplest, superposition, explains the dependence of preferred direction on stimulus contrast found in some DA units. It relies completely on asymmetries in static RF regions to provide an advantage for one direction of image motion by means of the simultaneity of image elements leaving an apparently inhibitory region and entering an excitatory one. 3. For all DA and DS units we have encountered forward inhibition of otherwise excitatory influences that reduces the responsiveness in the antipreferred direction. The spatial specificity of inhibitory target RF regions and the nonlinearity of the effect suggest that lateral inhibition may be transmitted via sequence-detecting subunits. 4. Units that do not show superposition in the preferred direction exhibit forward facilitation of responses in a nonlinear and target-specific way which suggests that facilitation may also be transmitted via sequence-detecting subunits. 5. Each of these mechanisms depends on short-lived influences that are laterally transmitted between 0.125 and 0.5 degrees in visual space. These spatial and temporal values are appropriate for the analysis of smooth movement by the visual system. 6. Stepwise movement sequences using dark bars on a bright background demonstrate for some DA units exactly the same mechanisms as demonstrated using bright-bar sequences in other units or, in the case of DS units, in the same units. In such DS units, which do not normally exhibit strong stationary RF asymmetries, differential sensitivity of the nonlinear DS mechanisms to stimulus elements of either contrast will yield an effective preferred movement direction for complex stimuli.", "contents": "Simple striate neurons in the cat. II. Mechanisms underlying directional asymmetry and directional selectivity. 1. Directionally asymmetric (DA) units respond preferentially to one direction of image movement. If that preferred direction is independent of stimulus contrast then the DA unit is considered directionally selective (DS). We have analyzed receptive-field (RF) properties of striate units with these properties by presenting bar-shaped stimuli that are moved in a stepwise sequence. Short interstimulus durations for certain ranges of step size elicit DA responses similar to those from smooth movement, while still allowing identification of on- and off-components of the response. 2. We have been able to isolate three mechanisms underlying DA and DS. The simplest, superposition, explains the dependence of preferred direction on stimulus contrast found in some DA units. It relies completely on asymmetries in static RF regions to provide an advantage for one direction of image motion by means of the simultaneity of image elements leaving an apparently inhibitory region and entering an excitatory one. 3. For all DA and DS units we have encountered forward inhibition of otherwise excitatory influences that reduces the responsiveness in the antipreferred direction. The spatial specificity of inhibitory target RF regions and the nonlinearity of the effect suggest that lateral inhibition may be transmitted via sequence-detecting subunits. 4. Units that do not show superposition in the preferred direction exhibit forward facilitation of responses in a nonlinear and target-specific way which suggests that facilitation may also be transmitted via sequence-detecting subunits. 5. Each of these mechanisms depends on short-lived influences that are laterally transmitted between 0.125 and 0.5 degrees in visual space. These spatial and temporal values are appropriate for the analysis of smooth movement by the visual system. 6. Stepwise movement sequences using dark bars on a bright background demonstrate for some DA units exactly the same mechanisms as demonstrated using bright-bar sequences in other units or, in the case of DS units, in the same units. In such DS units, which do not normally exhibit strong stationary RF asymmetries, differential sensitivity of the nonlinear DS mechanisms to stimulus elements of either contrast will yield an effective preferred movement direction for complex stimuli.", "PMID": 833623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_693", "title": "Visual and presaccadic neuronal activity in thalamic internal medullary lamina of cat: a study of targeting.", "content": "1. Visual responses and eye movement-related activities were studied in single neurons of the thalamic internal medullary lamina (IML) of alert cats. The animals faced a tangent screen on which stationary or moving spots of light were presented. Of 95 units, 26% discharged in relation to photic stimuli but not eye movement, 6% in relation to eye movement but not photic stimuli, and 68% in relation to both. These units were intermixed in the same region. 2. Visual responses varied from transient to sustained. IML units were not found particularly sensitive to stimulus movement when the eyes were fixed. Strong and consistent responses could be elicited by extremely dim and weakly contrasted stationary stimuli (e.g.) 3.4 mcd/m2, 2.6% of illumination background) binocularly viewed. Receptive fields (from 250 to 800 deg2) were determined, in absence of eye movements, by computing the position of effective stimuli relative to the point of fixation of the gaze. An area of greatest responsiveness in the receptive field of most units could be detected on the basis of either higher probability of response, minimum latency, greater number of spikes in initial transient burst, or stronger sustained activity. Whole fields or their areas of greatest responsiveness were located on the side toward which saccades were accompanied by increased firing of the unit. 3. On trials in which a delay occurred between stimulus presentation and the cat's targeting saccade, the majority of the units studied changed their activity twice: after the stimulus and before the eye movement. In 16 units, the presaccadic activation occurred only with targeting, not with spontaneous saccades. 4. These results suggest that cells in the IML region of the cat play a significant role in the control of visually elicited eye movements. The resemblance of these cells to the monkey's tectual cells is discussed and hypotheses are proposed a) to relate the receptive field characteristics to the targeting operation, and b) to account for the double activation--sensory and motor--of many IML cells.", "contents": "Visual and presaccadic neuronal activity in thalamic internal medullary lamina of cat: a study of targeting. 1. Visual responses and eye movement-related activities were studied in single neurons of the thalamic internal medullary lamina (IML) of alert cats. The animals faced a tangent screen on which stationary or moving spots of light were presented. Of 95 units, 26% discharged in relation to photic stimuli but not eye movement, 6% in relation to eye movement but not photic stimuli, and 68% in relation to both. These units were intermixed in the same region. 2. Visual responses varied from transient to sustained. IML units were not found particularly sensitive to stimulus movement when the eyes were fixed. Strong and consistent responses could be elicited by extremely dim and weakly contrasted stationary stimuli (e.g.) 3.4 mcd/m2, 2.6% of illumination background) binocularly viewed. Receptive fields (from 250 to 800 deg2) were determined, in absence of eye movements, by computing the position of effective stimuli relative to the point of fixation of the gaze. An area of greatest responsiveness in the receptive field of most units could be detected on the basis of either higher probability of response, minimum latency, greater number of spikes in initial transient burst, or stronger sustained activity. Whole fields or their areas of greatest responsiveness were located on the side toward which saccades were accompanied by increased firing of the unit. 3. On trials in which a delay occurred between stimulus presentation and the cat's targeting saccade, the majority of the units studied changed their activity twice: after the stimulus and before the eye movement. In 16 units, the presaccadic activation occurred only with targeting, not with spontaneous saccades. 4. These results suggest that cells in the IML region of the cat play a significant role in the control of visually elicited eye movements. The resemblance of these cells to the monkey's tectual cells is discussed and hypotheses are proposed a) to relate the receptive field characteristics to the targeting operation, and b) to account for the double activation--sensory and motor--of many IML cells.", "PMID": 833624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_694", "title": "Identification of two species of alpha motoneurons in cat's plantaris pool.", "content": "1. Single units of the plantaris pool were isolated in ventral root filaments of decerebrate cats and their critical firing levels (CFLs) were determined. Motoneurons of similar size, as judged by their CFLs and other criteria, were compared in firing rate (FR) during repetitive stimulation of the plantaris nerve. 2. Such units either differed very little or quite widely, suggesting that they were sampled randomly from two populations, one firing rapidly, the other slowly. The relationship between the two rates remained approximately constant, regardless of the intensity or rate of input the units received, as long as both of them discharged rhythmically. 3. In single experiments 10-15 of the smallest units in the pool (all with CFLs in the 0-8% range) were isolated and compared. Statistical analyses and visual inspection of these small samples again suggested the existence of two species of motoneurons. 4. Statistical analyses also indicated that the FRs of units in single experiments were not sampled from any one of a variety of parametric, single-modal distributions. This suggests that the data were sampled from a distribution having more than one mode, indicating the existence of separate populations or species of motoneurons among the small units of the pool (0-8% range of CFL). 5. Pooling of the normalized data from different experiments revealed a bimodal histogram, reinforcing the conclusion that there are two species of small alpha motoneurons in the plantaris pool.", "contents": "Identification of two species of alpha motoneurons in cat's plantaris pool. 1. Single units of the plantaris pool were isolated in ventral root filaments of decerebrate cats and their critical firing levels (CFLs) were determined. Motoneurons of similar size, as judged by their CFLs and other criteria, were compared in firing rate (FR) during repetitive stimulation of the plantaris nerve. 2. Such units either differed very little or quite widely, suggesting that they were sampled randomly from two populations, one firing rapidly, the other slowly. The relationship between the two rates remained approximately constant, regardless of the intensity or rate of input the units received, as long as both of them discharged rhythmically. 3. In single experiments 10-15 of the smallest units in the pool (all with CFLs in the 0-8% range) were isolated and compared. Statistical analyses and visual inspection of these small samples again suggested the existence of two species of motoneurons. 4. Statistical analyses also indicated that the FRs of units in single experiments were not sampled from any one of a variety of parametric, single-modal distributions. This suggests that the data were sampled from a distribution having more than one mode, indicating the existence of separate populations or species of motoneurons among the small units of the pool (0-8% range of CFL). 5. Pooling of the normalized data from different experiments revealed a bimodal histogram, reinforcing the conclusion that there are two species of small alpha motoneurons in the plantaris pool.", "PMID": 833625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_695", "title": "Sinusoidal analysis of electroretinogram of squid and octopus.", "content": "1. An isolated eye or eye plus optic lobe preparation (in oxygenated chilled seawater) from Loligo opalescens, Octopus bimaculata, and O. bimaculoides was used to study the electroretinogram (ERG) for small signal intensity-modulated stationary spots of light. 2. If light intensity was modulated sinusoidally (modulation depth 0-50%) the ERG response is sinusoidal with less than 2% of the power present in the next five harmonics compared to the fundamental. Bode plots, amplitude and phase shift plotted against frequency, were constructed from these sinusoidal input-output experiments. 3. Linearity and time invariance were tested: a) an increase in amplitude of sinusoidal modulation by a constant factor caused an increase in response amplitude by the same factor but caused no change in shape of the Bode plot gain or phase curves; b) the transfer function represented by the Bode plot could be used to predict waveshape of the response to a brief flash (Green's or impulse-response function); c) the Fourier transformed square-wave response could be used to obtain a Bode plot which coincided with that obtained by sinusoidal input-output experiments. 4. The Bode plot can be fit by the transfer function of 5-12 (depending on conditions and on the preparations) series cascaded low-pass filters whose corner frequences are distributed between 0.2 and 40 Hz. Alternatively, 3-7 filters plus a delay of 25-130 ms fits the Bode plots equally well. The series filter model is compatible with a simply physical model consisting of cascaded chemical reactions whose forward rate constants are reciprocals of the filter time constants, whose reverse rate constants are negligible, and in which the concentration of an intermediate product controls membrane current. 5. As mean intensity is increased, the gain decreases. This effect is more pronounced at low frequencies than at high frequencies. Thus, the system is nonlinear for large intensity changes. The process of adaptation involves not only a change in gain, but a change in shape of the Bode plot, i.e., change in filter corner frequencies. In terms of the reaction chain model, this means that some rate constants change as the state of adaptation is changed.", "contents": "Sinusoidal analysis of electroretinogram of squid and octopus. 1. An isolated eye or eye plus optic lobe preparation (in oxygenated chilled seawater) from Loligo opalescens, Octopus bimaculata, and O. bimaculoides was used to study the electroretinogram (ERG) for small signal intensity-modulated stationary spots of light. 2. If light intensity was modulated sinusoidally (modulation depth 0-50%) the ERG response is sinusoidal with less than 2% of the power present in the next five harmonics compared to the fundamental. Bode plots, amplitude and phase shift plotted against frequency, were constructed from these sinusoidal input-output experiments. 3. Linearity and time invariance were tested: a) an increase in amplitude of sinusoidal modulation by a constant factor caused an increase in response amplitude by the same factor but caused no change in shape of the Bode plot gain or phase curves; b) the transfer function represented by the Bode plot could be used to predict waveshape of the response to a brief flash (Green's or impulse-response function); c) the Fourier transformed square-wave response could be used to obtain a Bode plot which coincided with that obtained by sinusoidal input-output experiments. 4. The Bode plot can be fit by the transfer function of 5-12 (depending on conditions and on the preparations) series cascaded low-pass filters whose corner frequences are distributed between 0.2 and 40 Hz. Alternatively, 3-7 filters plus a delay of 25-130 ms fits the Bode plots equally well. The series filter model is compatible with a simply physical model consisting of cascaded chemical reactions whose forward rate constants are reciprocals of the filter time constants, whose reverse rate constants are negligible, and in which the concentration of an intermediate product controls membrane current. 5. As mean intensity is increased, the gain decreases. This effect is more pronounced at low frequencies than at high frequencies. Thus, the system is nonlinear for large intensity changes. The process of adaptation involves not only a change in gain, but a change in shape of the Bode plot, i.e., change in filter corner frequencies. In terms of the reaction chain model, this means that some rate constants change as the state of adaptation is changed.", "PMID": 833626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_696", "title": "Effects of unilateral ablation of auditory cortex on monaural cat's ability to localize sound.", "content": "1. Cats with one cochlea destroyed were trained to localize sound. After behavioral measures of the animal's accuracy of localization were made, cortical auditory areas were ablated unilaterally. 2. The results showed: a) like binaural localization, monaural localization of sound in space, as measured by the ability of an animal to move toward a sound source, depends on integrity of auditory cortex; b) it is only ablation of cortex contralateral to the functional ear that seriously affects localizing behavior; ablation of cortex ipsilateral to the intact cochlea has little or no effect on localizing behavior. 3. To explain the results, we suggest that auditory cortex is essential for an organized perception of space including the relation of the animal's position to other objects in space. We also suggest that auditory cortex contralateral to a given ear is necessary in order for the animal to recognize that a stimulus is presented to that ear of, when both ears are intact, to recognize that the stimulus to the given ear differs in some way (intensity, time of arrival, sequential arrangement of sounds) from the stimulus to the opposite ear.", "contents": "Effects of unilateral ablation of auditory cortex on monaural cat's ability to localize sound. 1. Cats with one cochlea destroyed were trained to localize sound. After behavioral measures of the animal's accuracy of localization were made, cortical auditory areas were ablated unilaterally. 2. The results showed: a) like binaural localization, monaural localization of sound in space, as measured by the ability of an animal to move toward a sound source, depends on integrity of auditory cortex; b) it is only ablation of cortex contralateral to the functional ear that seriously affects localizing behavior; ablation of cortex ipsilateral to the intact cochlea has little or no effect on localizing behavior. 3. To explain the results, we suggest that auditory cortex is essential for an organized perception of space including the relation of the animal's position to other objects in space. We also suggest that auditory cortex contralateral to a given ear is necessary in order for the animal to recognize that a stimulus is presented to that ear of, when both ears are intact, to recognize that the stimulus to the given ear differs in some way (intensity, time of arrival, sequential arrangement of sounds) from the stimulus to the opposite ear.", "PMID": 833627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_697", "title": "Responses and receptive-field organization of cones in perch retinas.", "content": "1. Cones in the retinas of two closely related species of perch, the walleye and sauger (S, vitreum vitreum and S. canadense), are remarkably large. This paper reports a first series of intracellular recordings obtained from 77 of these cones. 2. A small spot of light evokes a sustained hyperpolarizing response from perch cones which may exceed 10 mV in amplitude, is graded with stimulus intensity, and is markedly reduced when the spot is decentered. Most cones seem to be orange sensitive with peak sensitivity at about 600 nm. 3. Enlarging the stimulus diameter from 0.04 to 0.25 mm produces a modest increase in the hyperpolarizing response. However, larger stimuli which illuminate surrounding regions of the retina often evoke a delayed depolarizing potential which antagonizes the sustained phase of the cone's hyperpolarizing response to central illumination. 4. The outer diameter of the region of the antagonistic surround is at least 2.2 mm in extent. An annulus evokes a depolarizing response only if the central region of the receptive field is simultaneously activated. 5. The present results provide the first direct evidence that the receptive fields of cones in fish retinas have an antagonistic center-surround organization. Luminosity-type horizontal cells probably serve as the interneurons which mediate the depolarizing influence of the surround.", "contents": "Responses and receptive-field organization of cones in perch retinas. 1. Cones in the retinas of two closely related species of perch, the walleye and sauger (S, vitreum vitreum and S. canadense), are remarkably large. This paper reports a first series of intracellular recordings obtained from 77 of these cones. 2. A small spot of light evokes a sustained hyperpolarizing response from perch cones which may exceed 10 mV in amplitude, is graded with stimulus intensity, and is markedly reduced when the spot is decentered. Most cones seem to be orange sensitive with peak sensitivity at about 600 nm. 3. Enlarging the stimulus diameter from 0.04 to 0.25 mm produces a modest increase in the hyperpolarizing response. However, larger stimuli which illuminate surrounding regions of the retina often evoke a delayed depolarizing potential which antagonizes the sustained phase of the cone's hyperpolarizing response to central illumination. 4. The outer diameter of the region of the antagonistic surround is at least 2.2 mm in extent. An annulus evokes a depolarizing response only if the central region of the receptive field is simultaneously activated. 5. The present results provide the first direct evidence that the receptive fields of cones in fish retinas have an antagonistic center-surround organization. Luminosity-type horizontal cells probably serve as the interneurons which mediate the depolarizing influence of the surround.", "PMID": 833628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_698", "title": "Saccular and utricular input to cat neck motoneurons.", "content": "1. In two series of cats all vestibular afferents except those innervating the saccular or utricular macula were transected and allowed to degenerate. Subsequent anatomical and physiological verification showed that the saccular nerve had been selectively spared in six cats. The utricular nerve was wholly or partly spared in five cats, but there was some possibility of contamination from other vestibular afferents. 2. The connections of the remaining nerve with dorsal neck motoneurons were studied 27-179 days after the initial surgery in preparations anesthetized with chloralose. 3. Stimulation of the saccular nerve usually evoked IPSPs in contralateral, EPSPs in ipsilateral neck motoneurons. Some of the potentials were disynaptic, many were later and probably trisynaptic. 4. The effects of utricular nerve stimulation were more complex, perhaps because of contamination by other vestibular, particularly canal, afferents. The predominant pattern consisted of ipsilateral inhibition and contralateral excitation, opposite to the effects of saccular nerve stimulation. Many potentials were disynaptic. 5. Various factors that may complicate interpretation of the results, including plastic changes following denervation, are considered. It is concluded that they are not a significant factor. 6. Our main result is a demonstration that the sacculus can contribute to vestibulospinal reflexes acting on the head.", "contents": "Saccular and utricular input to cat neck motoneurons. 1. In two series of cats all vestibular afferents except those innervating the saccular or utricular macula were transected and allowed to degenerate. Subsequent anatomical and physiological verification showed that the saccular nerve had been selectively spared in six cats. The utricular nerve was wholly or partly spared in five cats, but there was some possibility of contamination from other vestibular afferents. 2. The connections of the remaining nerve with dorsal neck motoneurons were studied 27-179 days after the initial surgery in preparations anesthetized with chloralose. 3. Stimulation of the saccular nerve usually evoked IPSPs in contralateral, EPSPs in ipsilateral neck motoneurons. Some of the potentials were disynaptic, many were later and probably trisynaptic. 4. The effects of utricular nerve stimulation were more complex, perhaps because of contamination by other vestibular, particularly canal, afferents. The predominant pattern consisted of ipsilateral inhibition and contralateral excitation, opposite to the effects of saccular nerve stimulation. Many potentials were disynaptic. 5. Various factors that may complicate interpretation of the results, including plastic changes following denervation, are considered. It is concluded that they are not a significant factor. 6. Our main result is a demonstration that the sacculus can contribute to vestibulospinal reflexes acting on the head.", "PMID": 833629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_699", "title": "Antidromic activity in visual radiation during evoked cortical responses.", "content": "1. Antidromic stimulation of the visual radiation of cats has been used to investigate the possibility that some of the activity in principal geniculate cells following an optic tract stimulus is antidromic. Single spikes were selected from two classes of poststimulus activity to condition the antidromic test spike--the undoubted orthodromic postsynaptic spike and the later spikes, occurring up to 100 ms after the optic tract stimulus. 2. In 15 of 39 cells the minimum antidromic activation times and the minimum spike-spike intervals were found to be shorter and latencies for antidromic stimulation were longer when the conditioning spikes belonged the class of late poststimulus activity. The differences are in accord with the assumption that some of the conditioning spikes were antidromic. 3. Test spikes were frequently found to have long and variable latency when the conditioning spike occurred more than 45 ms after the optic tract stimulus. Possible reasons are briefly discussed. 4. It is suggested that antidromic activity may occur in conditions of the cortex that are more physiological than those associated with a penicillin-induced seizure focus. Some possible mechanisms and functional significance are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Antidromic activity in visual radiation during evoked cortical responses. 1. Antidromic stimulation of the visual radiation of cats has been used to investigate the possibility that some of the activity in principal geniculate cells following an optic tract stimulus is antidromic. Single spikes were selected from two classes of poststimulus activity to condition the antidromic test spike--the undoubted orthodromic postsynaptic spike and the later spikes, occurring up to 100 ms after the optic tract stimulus. 2. In 15 of 39 cells the minimum antidromic activation times and the minimum spike-spike intervals were found to be shorter and latencies for antidromic stimulation were longer when the conditioning spikes belonged the class of late poststimulus activity. The differences are in accord with the assumption that some of the conditioning spikes were antidromic. 3. Test spikes were frequently found to have long and variable latency when the conditioning spike occurred more than 45 ms after the optic tract stimulus. Possible reasons are briefly discussed. 4. It is suggested that antidromic activity may occur in conditions of the cortex that are more physiological than those associated with a penicillin-induced seizure focus. Some possible mechanisms and functional significance are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 833630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_700", "title": "The SOSSUS report and its impact on neurosurgery.", "content": "The recently completed report of the Study on Surgical Services for the United States (SOSSUS) reveals several features of interest to neurosurgeons. There are approximately 2000 individuals practicing neurosurgery in the United States at the present time. Three-fourths of them are board-certified, and about 100 residents complete their training each year. Neurosurgical training rates have been increasing at six to 10 times the growth rate for the nation's population. Despite moderate variation in regional geographic distribution of practicing neurosurgeons, there is no real evidence of underserved areas. Distribution is even in communities with a population of 75,000 and greater. A critical feature of practice is that of work loads. Diagnostic studies make up a large protion of neurosurgical work, and the SOSSUS Area Studies reveal that complex operations are relatively relatively infrequent. This has serious implications regarding the maintenance of clinical competence, and in concentration sufficient clinical experience to train future generations of neurosurgeons. It is important to realize that the number of neurosurgeons now in practice is sufficient to meet the nation's needs. Selective cutbacks in training programs by approximately 20% seem to be in order, in coordination with similar cuts in other surgical specialties as well. This should be accompanied by a readjustment to a modest growth rate, approximately 1% per 5 years, in the ratio of neurosurgeons per 100,000 population. An accurate system of data collection is needed to provide the basis for future change in response to alterations in national needs.", "contents": "The SOSSUS report and its impact on neurosurgery. The recently completed report of the Study on Surgical Services for the United States (SOSSUS) reveals several features of interest to neurosurgeons. There are approximately 2000 individuals practicing neurosurgery in the United States at the present time. Three-fourths of them are board-certified, and about 100 residents complete their training each year. Neurosurgical training rates have been increasing at six to 10 times the growth rate for the nation's population. Despite moderate variation in regional geographic distribution of practicing neurosurgeons, there is no real evidence of underserved areas. Distribution is even in communities with a population of 75,000 and greater. A critical feature of practice is that of work loads. Diagnostic studies make up a large protion of neurosurgical work, and the SOSSUS Area Studies reveal that complex operations are relatively relatively infrequent. This has serious implications regarding the maintenance of clinical competence, and in concentration sufficient clinical experience to train future generations of neurosurgeons. It is important to realize that the number of neurosurgeons now in practice is sufficient to meet the nation's needs. Selective cutbacks in training programs by approximately 20% seem to be in order, in coordination with similar cuts in other surgical specialties as well. This should be accompanied by a readjustment to a modest growth rate, approximately 1% per 5 years, in the ratio of neurosurgeons per 100,000 population. An accurate system of data collection is needed to provide the basis for future change in response to alterations in national needs.", "PMID": 833631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_701", "title": "Brain-tumor therapy. Quantitative analysis using a model system.", "content": "A recently developed colony-formation assay has been used to evaluate in vivo 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) therapy of a transplantable rat brain-tumor model. A comparison of the in vitro colony-forming capacity of treated and untreated tumor cells permits calculation of the fraction of clonogenic tumor cells surviving in vivo therapy; The plateau that we previously observed o the BCNU dose-response curve is not the result of repair of potentially lethal damage, since no change in the 0.1% of surviving clonogenic tumor cells occurs during the first 2 to 4 days after treatment. Although reanalysis of the dose-response curve indicates that sublethal damage exists, its repair is probably minimal. The most likely explanation for the observed limitation of the BCNU effect is the drug's failure to reach all clonogenic cells. A dose of BCNU that kills more than 99.9% of clonogenic tumor cells within 30 minutes of treatment results in only a 60% decrease in tumor weight by Day 14. This disparity is explained by retarded removal of dead cells, and, along with a previously determined 90% cell-kill threshold necessary to appreciate increased animal survival, demonstrates the inherent limitations of measurements of tumor size (including brain scans and clinical patient evaluations) in evaluating the efficacy of brain-tumor therapy. Following at LD10 dose of BCNU the surviving clonogenic tumor cells increase in number after latency period of 2 to 4 days; during regrowth the cell doubling time is 40 hours. Marked variability in tumor response and regrowth was noted. The determination of information regarding disturbed tumor cell kinetics and tumor heterogeneityis essential for the proper planning of combination chemotherapy and multimodality regimens.", "contents": "Brain-tumor therapy. Quantitative analysis using a model system. A recently developed colony-formation assay has been used to evaluate in vivo 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) therapy of a transplantable rat brain-tumor model. A comparison of the in vitro colony-forming capacity of treated and untreated tumor cells permits calculation of the fraction of clonogenic tumor cells surviving in vivo therapy; The plateau that we previously observed o the BCNU dose-response curve is not the result of repair of potentially lethal damage, since no change in the 0.1% of surviving clonogenic tumor cells occurs during the first 2 to 4 days after treatment. Although reanalysis of the dose-response curve indicates that sublethal damage exists, its repair is probably minimal. The most likely explanation for the observed limitation of the BCNU effect is the drug's failure to reach all clonogenic cells. A dose of BCNU that kills more than 99.9% of clonogenic tumor cells within 30 minutes of treatment results in only a 60% decrease in tumor weight by Day 14. This disparity is explained by retarded removal of dead cells, and, along with a previously determined 90% cell-kill threshold necessary to appreciate increased animal survival, demonstrates the inherent limitations of measurements of tumor size (including brain scans and clinical patient evaluations) in evaluating the efficacy of brain-tumor therapy. Following at LD10 dose of BCNU the surviving clonogenic tumor cells increase in number after latency period of 2 to 4 days; during regrowth the cell doubling time is 40 hours. Marked variability in tumor response and regrowth was noted. The determination of information regarding disturbed tumor cell kinetics and tumor heterogeneityis essential for the proper planning of combination chemotherapy and multimodality regimens.", "PMID": 833632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_702", "title": "Intraneoplastic injection of methotrexate for experimental brain-tumor chemotherapy.", "content": "The retention and distribution of tritiated methotrexate (MTX-3H) after direct intracerebral or intraneoplastic injection were studied in mice bearing subcutaneous or intracerebral ependymoblastomas. After intracerebral injection of MTX-3H in nontumor-bearing animals, a large amount of the drug was retained in the head, much more than could have been retained after systemic administration, and there was rpaid spreading of the drug through the ipsilateral hemisphere. Intraneoplastic injection of subcutaneous and intracerebral tumors produced rapid spreading of the drug through the tumors. Intially, the drug was mainly in the intersititial fluid of the tumors followed by earlier cellular uptake than was seen after intravenous injection. Even though the distribution of the drug in the intracerebral tumors was not uniform, and some intracranial tumor deposits contained less radioactivity than areas closer to the site of injection, intraneoplastic injection may have advantages for brain-tumor chemotherapy. However, further experimental study is necessary before clinical application can be recommended, especially evaluation of neurotoxicity after intracerebral, intraneopasltic injection of MTX or other chemotherapeutic agents.", "contents": "Intraneoplastic injection of methotrexate for experimental brain-tumor chemotherapy. The retention and distribution of tritiated methotrexate (MTX-3H) after direct intracerebral or intraneoplastic injection were studied in mice bearing subcutaneous or intracerebral ependymoblastomas. After intracerebral injection of MTX-3H in nontumor-bearing animals, a large amount of the drug was retained in the head, much more than could have been retained after systemic administration, and there was rpaid spreading of the drug through the ipsilateral hemisphere. Intraneoplastic injection of subcutaneous and intracerebral tumors produced rapid spreading of the drug through the tumors. Intially, the drug was mainly in the intersititial fluid of the tumors followed by earlier cellular uptake than was seen after intravenous injection. Even though the distribution of the drug in the intracerebral tumors was not uniform, and some intracranial tumor deposits contained less radioactivity than areas closer to the site of injection, intraneoplastic injection may have advantages for brain-tumor chemotherapy. However, further experimental study is necessary before clinical application can be recommended, especially evaluation of neurotoxicity after intracerebral, intraneopasltic injection of MTX or other chemotherapeutic agents.", "PMID": 833633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_703", "title": "Therapy of an experimental glioma with systemic or intraneoplastic methotrexate or radiation.", "content": "An intracranial mouse glioma model was used to study the effectiveness of chemotherapy with methotrexate )MTX) or radiotherapy. Maximum tolerable doses of MTX were established by toxicity studies in nontumor-bearing mice for the intraperitoneal and intracerebral routes of drug administration with and without leucovorin as an antidote. These maximum tolerable doses were then given either by the intraperitoneal route or directly into the tumor to mice bearing intracerebral tumors. The glioma model proved to be extremely useful for assessing the modalities studied, including repeated intraneoplastic injection of MTX. Dosage schedules were successfully developed for administering large amount of MTX and for preventing systemic toxicity by the administration of the antidote. Radiotherapy in single doses and 800 rads delayed the median day of death and produced several long-term survivors. Higher doses were toxic. Intraperitoneal or intraneoplastic MTX was completely ineffective as a chemotherapeutic agent for this tumor, even though very large amounts could be delivered due to the protection from systemic toxicity afforded by leucovorin. It is concluded that MTX is a poor chemotherapeutic agent for this experimental brain tumor, but that the technique of intraneoplastic administration of chemotherapeutic agents is feasible with this model system and should be studied further.", "contents": "Therapy of an experimental glioma with systemic or intraneoplastic methotrexate or radiation. An intracranial mouse glioma model was used to study the effectiveness of chemotherapy with methotrexate )MTX) or radiotherapy. Maximum tolerable doses of MTX were established by toxicity studies in nontumor-bearing mice for the intraperitoneal and intracerebral routes of drug administration with and without leucovorin as an antidote. These maximum tolerable doses were then given either by the intraperitoneal route or directly into the tumor to mice bearing intracerebral tumors. The glioma model proved to be extremely useful for assessing the modalities studied, including repeated intraneoplastic injection of MTX. Dosage schedules were successfully developed for administering large amount of MTX and for preventing systemic toxicity by the administration of the antidote. Radiotherapy in single doses and 800 rads delayed the median day of death and produced several long-term survivors. Higher doses were toxic. Intraperitoneal or intraneoplastic MTX was completely ineffective as a chemotherapeutic agent for this tumor, even though very large amounts could be delivered due to the protection from systemic toxicity afforded by leucovorin. It is concluded that MTX is a poor chemotherapeutic agent for this experimental brain tumor, but that the technique of intraneoplastic administration of chemotherapeutic agents is feasible with this model system and should be studied further.", "PMID": 833634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_704", "title": "Measurement of CBF and carotid artery pressure compared with cerebral angiography in assessing collateral blood supply after carotid ligation.", "content": "Angiographic assessment of collateral circulation to the brain at the circle of Willis was compared with measurements of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and internal carotid artery pressure during temporary carotid clamping in the prediction of tolerance of unilateral carotid ligation as treatment for intracranial carotid aneurysms in 92 patients. From CBF studies it was predicted that a substantial number of patients (27%) would suffer severe cerebral ischemia if carotid ligation were carried out. No single angiographic feature provided this predictive information. Bilateral fetal type of posterior communication arteries were associated with significantly lower carotid artery back pressure on temporary carotid occlusion, and unilateral absence of posterior communicating arteries was related to llower CBF, but neither feature was associated with a signifiant reduction in the rate of successful carotid ligation. We believe that preliminary percutaneous digital corotid compression with electroencephalographic monitoring, followed by intraoperative measurement of the change in regional CBF and internal carotid artery pressure during temporary carotid clamping provides a safe method of selecting patients for carotid ligation. Carotid angiography with or without contralateral carotid compression is of little value in this respect.", "contents": "Measurement of CBF and carotid artery pressure compared with cerebral angiography in assessing collateral blood supply after carotid ligation. Angiographic assessment of collateral circulation to the brain at the circle of Willis was compared with measurements of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and internal carotid artery pressure during temporary carotid clamping in the prediction of tolerance of unilateral carotid ligation as treatment for intracranial carotid aneurysms in 92 patients. From CBF studies it was predicted that a substantial number of patients (27%) would suffer severe cerebral ischemia if carotid ligation were carried out. No single angiographic feature provided this predictive information. Bilateral fetal type of posterior communication arteries were associated with significantly lower carotid artery back pressure on temporary carotid occlusion, and unilateral absence of posterior communicating arteries was related to llower CBF, but neither feature was associated with a signifiant reduction in the rate of successful carotid ligation. We believe that preliminary percutaneous digital corotid compression with electroencephalographic monitoring, followed by intraoperative measurement of the change in regional CBF and internal carotid artery pressure during temporary carotid clamping provides a safe method of selecting patients for carotid ligation. Carotid angiography with or without contralateral carotid compression is of little value in this respect.", "PMID": 833635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_705", "title": "The mechanism of spinal cord cavitation following spinal cord transection.", "content": "Transection of a spinal cord is followed by massive accumulation of lysosomes and release of lysosomal hydrolases within both the rostral and the caudal spinal cord stumps. The lysosomal activity begins at 3 hours after cord transection, maintains its peak for 3 to 7 days, and declines at 14 days after transection. The process if associated with autolysis of the cord stumps and subsequent cavitation. Lysosomal accumulation is greatly diminished, and, paradoxically, superior wound healting is the result at the stumps of a 5-mm segment of isolated spinal cord produced by double cord transection.", "contents": "The mechanism of spinal cord cavitation following spinal cord transection. Transection of a spinal cord is followed by massive accumulation of lysosomes and release of lysosomal hydrolases within both the rostral and the caudal spinal cord stumps. The lysosomal activity begins at 3 hours after cord transection, maintains its peak for 3 to 7 days, and declines at 14 days after transection. The process if associated with autolysis of the cord stumps and subsequent cavitation. Lysosomal accumulation is greatly diminished, and, paradoxically, superior wound healting is the result at the stumps of a 5-mm segment of isolated spinal cord produced by double cord transection.", "PMID": 833636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_706", "title": "A new surgical approach to the treatment of coronal synostosis.", "content": "The authors described a surgical technique for the treatment of unilateral coronal synstosis, which they have carried out successfully in 16 children. Frontal craniotomy, removal of the lesser wing of the sphenoid, orbital unroofing, and removal of the entire orbital rim are recommended as essential elements of carnio-orbital reconstruction in the treatment of plagiocephaly.", "contents": "A new surgical approach to the treatment of coronal synostosis. The authors described a surgical technique for the treatment of unilateral coronal synstosis, which they have carried out successfully in 16 children. Frontal craniotomy, removal of the lesser wing of the sphenoid, orbital unroofing, and removal of the entire orbital rim are recommended as essential elements of carnio-orbital reconstruction in the treatment of plagiocephaly.", "PMID": 833637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_707", "title": "A physiological sealant for cerebrospinal fluid leaks.", "content": "A combination of concentrated platelets, thrombin, and fibronogen was used to adhere a pericranial graft to surgically produced cerebrospinal fuild (CSF) fistulas in dogs. This sealant successfully stopped leakage of CSF in all fistulas produced in both acute and chronic preparations. All control animals leaked CSF acutely. In chronic control animals the CSF leaks sealed spontaneously but the grafts were not well incorporated. Histoligical examination of the grafts and underlying brain showed not injury to the brain of meningeal vessel from exposure to the platelet glue. Good fibrous union of the grafts to the dura was confirmed.", "contents": "A physiological sealant for cerebrospinal fluid leaks. A combination of concentrated platelets, thrombin, and fibronogen was used to adhere a pericranial graft to surgically produced cerebrospinal fuild (CSF) fistulas in dogs. This sealant successfully stopped leakage of CSF in all fistulas produced in both acute and chronic preparations. All control animals leaked CSF acutely. In chronic control animals the CSF leaks sealed spontaneously but the grafts were not well incorporated. Histoligical examination of the grafts and underlying brain showed not injury to the brain of meningeal vessel from exposure to the platelet glue. Good fibrous union of the grafts to the dura was confirmed.", "PMID": 833638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_708", "title": "Definitive treatment of chronic subdural hematoma by twist-drill craniostomy and closed-system drainage.", "content": "A simple method of bedside twist-drill craniostomy and closed-system drainage for evacuation of chronic and subactue subdural hematoma is introduced. The principles and theoretical considerations that form the basis for this technique are discussed. The technique was used in 21 patients with chronic or subacute subdural hematoma; it has produced results superior to those of the conventional methods used in our patient population. Possible mechanism responsible for the better results with the simple twist-drill closed-system drainage are described.", "contents": "Definitive treatment of chronic subdural hematoma by twist-drill craniostomy and closed-system drainage. A simple method of bedside twist-drill craniostomy and closed-system drainage for evacuation of chronic and subactue subdural hematoma is introduced. The principles and theoretical considerations that form the basis for this technique are discussed. The technique was used in 21 patients with chronic or subacute subdural hematoma; it has produced results superior to those of the conventional methods used in our patient population. Possible mechanism responsible for the better results with the simple twist-drill closed-system drainage are described.", "PMID": 833639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_709", "title": "Calcified cervical intervertebral discs in children. Report of three cases.", "content": "Calcified cervical intervertebral discs in children are manifestations of an uncommon, distinct disease of unknown cause. Acute symptoms are usually followed by a benign course of spontaneous recovery, frequently culminating in resorption of the calcium. Rarely herniation of the disc may cause neurological complications. Two cases are presented as examples of the typical syndrome. A third case was operated on because of herniation with radiculopathy; the clinical, radiographic, and pathological findings are reported in detail.", "contents": "Calcified cervical intervertebral discs in children. Report of three cases. Calcified cervical intervertebral discs in children are manifestations of an uncommon, distinct disease of unknown cause. Acute symptoms are usually followed by a benign course of spontaneous recovery, frequently culminating in resorption of the calcium. Rarely herniation of the disc may cause neurological complications. Two cases are presented as examples of the typical syndrome. A third case was operated on because of herniation with radiculopathy; the clinical, radiographic, and pathological findings are reported in detail.", "PMID": 833640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_710", "title": "Occipital mesenchymal tumors of infancy. Report of three cases.", "content": "Mesenchymal tumors arising from the dura in three newborn babies are described, with discussion of their clinical and pathological significance.", "contents": "Occipital mesenchymal tumors of infancy. Report of three cases. Mesenchymal tumors arising from the dura in three newborn babies are described, with discussion of their clinical and pathological significance.", "PMID": 833641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_711", "title": "\"Congenital\" plexiform neurofibroma of the occipital scalp. Case report.", "content": "An occipital scalp tumor first noted in a Nigerian girl during the first month of her life gradually increased in size and 13 years later measured 10 X 16 X 17 cm. A skull film revealed a 2 X 4-cm skull defect underneath the tumor over the lambdoid suture. Complete excision of the tumor was achieve although it was adherent to the dura of the transverse sinus. It was histologically confirmed to be plexiform neurofibroma. There were no other signs of van Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis.", "contents": "\"Congenital\" plexiform neurofibroma of the occipital scalp. Case report. An occipital scalp tumor first noted in a Nigerian girl during the first month of her life gradually increased in size and 13 years later measured 10 X 16 X 17 cm. A skull film revealed a 2 X 4-cm skull defect underneath the tumor over the lambdoid suture. Complete excision of the tumor was achieve although it was adherent to the dura of the transverse sinus. It was histologically confirmed to be plexiform neurofibroma. There were no other signs of van Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis.", "PMID": 833642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_712", "title": "Cortical vein thrombosis in Wegener's granulomatosis. Case report.", "content": "A patient with Wegener's granulomatosis is reported in whom a life-threatening cortical vein thrombosis was identified as the process causing acute neurological deterioration. The literature dealing with the neurological and neuropathological manifestations in Wegener's granulomatosis is reviewed.", "contents": "Cortical vein thrombosis in Wegener's granulomatosis. Case report. A patient with Wegener's granulomatosis is reported in whom a life-threatening cortical vein thrombosis was identified as the process causing acute neurological deterioration. The literature dealing with the neurological and neuropathological manifestations in Wegener's granulomatosis is reviewed.", "PMID": 833643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_713", "title": "Entrapment of median nerve by supracondylar process of the humerus. Case report.", "content": "The supracondylar process of the humerus has been described by anatomists and anthropologists in man and lower animals. Infrequently this process may cause compression of the median nerve. We are presenting such a case along with a brief review of the literature. Excision of the bone process led to immediate disappearance of symptoms.", "contents": "Entrapment of median nerve by supracondylar process of the humerus. Case report. The supracondylar process of the humerus has been described by anatomists and anthropologists in man and lower animals. Infrequently this process may cause compression of the median nerve. We are presenting such a case along with a brief review of the literature. Excision of the bone process led to immediate disappearance of symptoms.", "PMID": 833644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_714", "title": "Demonstration of massive traumatic brain swelling within 20 minutes after injury. Case report.", "content": "The authors documented by computerized axial tomography a case of massive brain swelling occurring within 20 minutes of a closed head injury. It is suggested that the cause of the brain swelling is acute vascular dilatation.", "contents": "Demonstration of massive traumatic brain swelling within 20 minutes after injury. Case report. The authors documented by computerized axial tomography a case of massive brain swelling occurring within 20 minutes of a closed head injury. It is suggested that the cause of the brain swelling is acute vascular dilatation.", "PMID": 833645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_715", "title": "Visualization of a bullet track on brain imaging. Case report.", "content": "A case is reported in which an intracerebral bullet track was demonstrated by brain imaging, The possible advantages of technetium-99-m localization and the role of brain imaging in gunshot injuries of the head are discussed.", "contents": "Visualization of a bullet track on brain imaging. Case report. A case is reported in which an intracerebral bullet track was demonstrated by brain imaging, The possible advantages of technetium-99-m localization and the role of brain imaging in gunshot injuries of the head are discussed.", "PMID": 833646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_716", "title": "99mTc-DTPA scintillation-camera renography: a new method for estimation of single-kidney function.", "content": "A new method of combined serial scintigraphy and renography, using a scintillation camera and 99mTc-DTPA is evaluated. Renographic curves, corresponding to light-pen \"areas of interest\" over the renal parenchyma, were processed. \"Blood-background\" curves were recorded from an external detector over the temporal region of the head and also from an \"area of interest\" corresponding to the aorta and inferior vena cava. The uptake phase of the renogram was always linear. The sum of the slopes of the uptake phase of both kidneys correlated well with the measured glomerular filtration rate in 25 patients with renal insufficiency of various degrees. Single-kidney function estimated from the slopes correlated reasonably well with single-kidney function estimated from 131I-Hippuran renography with external detectors. The method described minimizes errors in the estimation of single-kidney function, and both anatomic and functional information is obtained.", "contents": "99mTc-DTPA scintillation-camera renography: a new method for estimation of single-kidney function. A new method of combined serial scintigraphy and renography, using a scintillation camera and 99mTc-DTPA is evaluated. Renographic curves, corresponding to light-pen \"areas of interest\" over the renal parenchyma, were processed. \"Blood-background\" curves were recorded from an external detector over the temporal region of the head and also from an \"area of interest\" corresponding to the aorta and inferior vena cava. The uptake phase of the renogram was always linear. The sum of the slopes of the uptake phase of both kidneys correlated well with the measured glomerular filtration rate in 25 patients with renal insufficiency of various degrees. Single-kidney function estimated from the slopes correlated reasonably well with single-kidney function estimated from 131I-Hippuran renography with external detectors. The method described minimizes errors in the estimation of single-kidney function, and both anatomic and functional information is obtained.", "PMID": 833651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_717", "title": "Clinical comparison of 99mTc-labeled preformed phytate colloid and sulfur colloid: concise communication.", "content": "An in vitro preformed colloid preparation of 99mTc-Sn-phytate was compared both qualitatively and quantitatively with a commercial 99mTc-sulfur colloid kit in 30 patients. The degree of liver and spleen deposition of radiocolloid was, for practical purposes, the same. A slightly higher background was visually noted in 33% of the patients receiving preformed colloidal 99mTc-Sn-phytate, but it did not interfere with the diagnostic quality of the liver and spleen images. The only advantage of the phytate compound was a preparation time of less than 5 min.", "contents": "Clinical comparison of 99mTc-labeled preformed phytate colloid and sulfur colloid: concise communication. An in vitro preformed colloid preparation of 99mTc-Sn-phytate was compared both qualitatively and quantitatively with a commercial 99mTc-sulfur colloid kit in 30 patients. The degree of liver and spleen deposition of radiocolloid was, for practical purposes, the same. A slightly higher background was visually noted in 33% of the patients receiving preformed colloidal 99mTc-Sn-phytate, but it did not interfere with the diagnostic quality of the liver and spleen images. The only advantage of the phytate compound was a preparation time of less than 5 min.", "PMID": 833652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_718", "title": "Can 99mTc-pertechnetate be used to assess the secretion of gastric acid in pernicious anemia?", "content": "The gastric secretion of 99mTc-pertechnetate as a means of assessing parietal cell function was investigated in 12 pernicious anemia (PA) patients with histamine-fast achlorhydria. Twelve control subjects were either normal volunteers or patients proven not to have either PA or any other gastrointestinal disease. The results indicated that, while the stomachs of PA patients secreted no hydrochloric acid, they continued to secrete 99mTc-pertechnetate, indicating that 99mTcO4 - is secreted not by parietal cells alone or else not by parietal cells at all. The gastric pertechnetate activity, therefore, cannot be used as an index of gastric acid secretory activity in PA.", "contents": "Can 99mTc-pertechnetate be used to assess the secretion of gastric acid in pernicious anemia? The gastric secretion of 99mTc-pertechnetate as a means of assessing parietal cell function was investigated in 12 pernicious anemia (PA) patients with histamine-fast achlorhydria. Twelve control subjects were either normal volunteers or patients proven not to have either PA or any other gastrointestinal disease. The results indicated that, while the stomachs of PA patients secreted no hydrochloric acid, they continued to secrete 99mTc-pertechnetate, indicating that 99mTcO4 - is secreted not by parietal cells alone or else not by parietal cells at all. The gastric pertechnetate activity, therefore, cannot be used as an index of gastric acid secretory activity in PA.", "PMID": 833653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_719", "title": "Distribution of orally administered bromine-82 in tubercular meningitis: concise communication.", "content": "Bromine-82 as ammonium bromide (0.6 muCi/kg) was administered orally to 86 children with neurologic manifestations of tubercular meningitis (TBM). The cerebrospinal-fluid-to-plasma activity ratios were obtained at 48 hr. A serum-to-CSF ratio below 1.9 was highly specific for TBM (40 of 42 patients), and only 4 of 44 patients with neurologic disorders other than TBM had ratios below 1.9. An attempt to simplify the diagnosis of TBM was carried out in 44 of the 86 patients by obtaining external counts over the head, heart, and thigh at 4, 24, and 48 hr after Br-82 administration, but these external counts did not distinguish TBM patients from the other patients in our series.", "contents": "Distribution of orally administered bromine-82 in tubercular meningitis: concise communication. Bromine-82 as ammonium bromide (0.6 muCi/kg) was administered orally to 86 children with neurologic manifestations of tubercular meningitis (TBM). The cerebrospinal-fluid-to-plasma activity ratios were obtained at 48 hr. A serum-to-CSF ratio below 1.9 was highly specific for TBM (40 of 42 patients), and only 4 of 44 patients with neurologic disorders other than TBM had ratios below 1.9. An attempt to simplify the diagnosis of TBM was carried out in 44 of the 86 patients by obtaining external counts over the head, heart, and thigh at 4, 24, and 48 hr after Br-82 administration, but these external counts did not distinguish TBM patients from the other patients in our series.", "PMID": 833654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_720", "title": "Radionuclide imaging of aortic involvement in Buerger's disease: case report.", "content": "Complete obstruction of the descending aorta, at a level just below the diaphragm, was diagnosed during a renal dynamic flow study. This is the second reported case of Buerger's disease causing aortic obstruction and the first such case initially diagnosed using nuclear medicine techniques.", "contents": "Radionuclide imaging of aortic involvement in Buerger's disease: case report. Complete obstruction of the descending aorta, at a level just below the diaphragm, was diagnosed during a renal dynamic flow study. This is the second reported case of Buerger's disease causing aortic obstruction and the first such case initially diagnosed using nuclear medicine techniques.", "PMID": 833655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_721", "title": "Diagnosis of chylothorax with 131I-triolein: case report.", "content": "Communication between the thoracic duct and the pleural space can be demonstrated after oral administration of radiolabeled triglycerides or fatty acids of suitable chain length. A case of chylothorax was confirmed in this manner using 131I-triolein. The technique may be most useful in cases where the chylous nature of a pleural effusion is not apparent on inspection of the pleural fluid.", "contents": "Diagnosis of chylothorax with 131I-triolein: case report. Communication between the thoracic duct and the pleural space can be demonstrated after oral administration of radiolabeled triglycerides or fatty acids of suitable chain length. A case of chylothorax was confirmed in this manner using 131I-triolein. The technique may be most useful in cases where the chylous nature of a pleural effusion is not apparent on inspection of the pleural fluid.", "PMID": 833656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_722", "title": "Pancreatic scanning in diagnosis of macroamylasemia: case report.", "content": "Macroamylasemia and acute pancreatitis are both associated with a high serum amylase. The former is an incidental laboratory finding and seems to have no apparent clinical significance or specificity. On the other hand, acute pancreatitis is a serious illness demanding recognition and treatment. Persistently normal pancreatic scans convincingly exclude acute pancreatitis and should alert one to the possible presence of macroamylasemia.", "contents": "Pancreatic scanning in diagnosis of macroamylasemia: case report. Macroamylasemia and acute pancreatitis are both associated with a high serum amylase. The former is an incidental laboratory finding and seems to have no apparent clinical significance or specificity. On the other hand, acute pancreatitis is a serious illness demanding recognition and treatment. Persistently normal pancreatic scans convincingly exclude acute pancreatitis and should alert one to the possible presence of macroamylasemia.", "PMID": 833657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_723", "title": "Thallium-201 for medical use. Part 3: Human distribution and physical imaging properties.", "content": "Studies were undertaken to determine the biologic distribution of thallium-201 in man. The disappearance from the blood is extremely rapid and intracellular deposition is nearly immediate. The biologic half-time of thallium was measured by both the Brookhaven whole-body counter and the Donner whole-body scanner, with excellent agreement. The effective whole-body half-time of thallium-201 is about 57 hr. Concentration of activity was seen in the heart, kidneys, large bowel, and thyroid. The whole-body radiation dose is 0.21 rads/mCi.", "contents": "Thallium-201 for medical use. Part 3: Human distribution and physical imaging properties. Studies were undertaken to determine the biologic distribution of thallium-201 in man. The disappearance from the blood is extremely rapid and intracellular deposition is nearly immediate. The biologic half-time of thallium was measured by both the Brookhaven whole-body counter and the Donner whole-body scanner, with excellent agreement. The effective whole-body half-time of thallium-201 is about 57 hr. Concentration of activity was seen in the heart, kidneys, large bowel, and thyroid. The whole-body radiation dose is 0.21 rads/mCi.", "PMID": 833658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_724", "title": "Organ distribution of 99mTc- and 51Cr-labeled autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes in rabbits.", "content": "The present series of experiments was designed to compare 99mTc with 51Cr as a lymphocyte label in rabbits and to correlate organ distribution patterns as determined by postmortem counting with those observed by 99mTc gamma imaging. The distribution of 51Cr and 99mTc-labeled, viable and nonviable, unreduced or SnCl2-reduced autologous lymphocytes was determined 2 hr following intravenous injection. Viable 99mTc-labeled lymphocytes localized primarily in the liver, lungs, and kidneys or remained circulating in the blood. These compartments accounted for 34-54% of the injected radioactivity. One to three percent of the injected dose was recovered from the spleen, thyroid, bladder, and stomach, and all remaining organs accounted for less than 1%. Reduced, nonviable cells showed increased localization in the lungs and liver (48%) compared to viable unreduced cells (15%). Chromium-51-labeled lymphocytes were distributed primarily to the liver, lungs, and spleen or remained circulating in the blood. Hepatic localization differed from that observed with viable, unreduced 99mTc-labeled lymphocytes (32 vs. 12%), but vascular compartmentalization was similar (18 vs. 15%). The distribution of pertechnetate and reduced 99mTc was different from that of 99mTc-labeled cells. The urine and blood accounted for 84% of the recovered radioactivity, and for 43-45% of the injected dose, indicating that the patterns we observed with 99mTc-labeled lymphocytes truly represented cell-associated radioactivity. Similarly, the distribution of Na251CrO4 differed from that of 51Cr-labeled cells. The kidneys and urine accounted for 26% of the injected dose, compared with 5% for 51Cr-labeled lymphocytes, and only trace amounts of radioactivity were found in the lungs and spleen. The distribution of 99mTc-labeled cells, as determined by scintigraphy 90 min after injection, correlated well with data obtained by postmortem counting, suggesting that 99mTc may be applicable as a lymphocyte label for diagnostic gamma-imaging procedures.", "contents": "Organ distribution of 99mTc- and 51Cr-labeled autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes in rabbits. The present series of experiments was designed to compare 99mTc with 51Cr as a lymphocyte label in rabbits and to correlate organ distribution patterns as determined by postmortem counting with those observed by 99mTc gamma imaging. The distribution of 51Cr and 99mTc-labeled, viable and nonviable, unreduced or SnCl2-reduced autologous lymphocytes was determined 2 hr following intravenous injection. Viable 99mTc-labeled lymphocytes localized primarily in the liver, lungs, and kidneys or remained circulating in the blood. These compartments accounted for 34-54% of the injected radioactivity. One to three percent of the injected dose was recovered from the spleen, thyroid, bladder, and stomach, and all remaining organs accounted for less than 1%. Reduced, nonviable cells showed increased localization in the lungs and liver (48%) compared to viable unreduced cells (15%). Chromium-51-labeled lymphocytes were distributed primarily to the liver, lungs, and spleen or remained circulating in the blood. Hepatic localization differed from that observed with viable, unreduced 99mTc-labeled lymphocytes (32 vs. 12%), but vascular compartmentalization was similar (18 vs. 15%). The distribution of pertechnetate and reduced 99mTc was different from that of 99mTc-labeled cells. The urine and blood accounted for 84% of the recovered radioactivity, and for 43-45% of the injected dose, indicating that the patterns we observed with 99mTc-labeled lymphocytes truly represented cell-associated radioactivity. Similarly, the distribution of Na251CrO4 differed from that of 51Cr-labeled cells. The kidneys and urine accounted for 26% of the injected dose, compared with 5% for 51Cr-labeled lymphocytes, and only trace amounts of radioactivity were found in the lungs and spleen. The distribution of 99mTc-labeled cells, as determined by scintigraphy 90 min after injection, correlated well with data obtained by postmortem counting, suggesting that 99mTc may be applicable as a lymphocyte label for diagnostic gamma-imaging procedures.", "PMID": 833659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_725", "title": "Fluorine-18-labeled diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST): an F-for-OH fluorinating agent.", "content": "A new fluorinating agent was developed by incorporation of 18F into diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST), a reagent capable of replacing hydroxyl and carbonyl oxygen with fluorine. The DAST was synthesized using sulfur tetrafluoride and trimethylsilyldiethylamine in a freon-11 solvent at -78 degrees C and purified by reduced-pressure distillation. Labeling was then accomplished by exchange with anhydrous 18F-hydrofluoric acid, which caused more than 80% of the available activity to be incorporated into the DAST. Fluorine-18-labeled methyl fluoride, ethyl fluoride, and 2-fluoroethanol were prepared from methanol, ethanol, and ethylene glycol, with yields of 20%, 25%, and 12%, respectively.", "contents": "Fluorine-18-labeled diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST): an F-for-OH fluorinating agent. A new fluorinating agent was developed by incorporation of 18F into diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST), a reagent capable of replacing hydroxyl and carbonyl oxygen with fluorine. The DAST was synthesized using sulfur tetrafluoride and trimethylsilyldiethylamine in a freon-11 solvent at -78 degrees C and purified by reduced-pressure distillation. Labeling was then accomplished by exchange with anhydrous 18F-hydrofluoric acid, which caused more than 80% of the available activity to be incorporated into the DAST. Fluorine-18-labeled methyl fluoride, ethyl fluoride, and 2-fluoroethanol were prepared from methanol, ethanol, and ethylene glycol, with yields of 20%, 25%, and 12%, respectively.", "PMID": 833660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_726", "title": "Cardiac blood pool imaging over the complete cardiac cycle with a multiformat imager.", "content": "A new method of obtaining scintigraphic images of the cardiac blood pool for the study of ventricular wall motion is described. The method, which is based upon an inexpensive modification of a commercial multiformat imaging device, yields a set of serial gated images covering the entire cardiac cycle. These images may be converted into a film loop to yield a continuous motion picture of the mechanical cycle of the heart.", "contents": "Cardiac blood pool imaging over the complete cardiac cycle with a multiformat imager. A new method of obtaining scintigraphic images of the cardiac blood pool for the study of ventricular wall motion is described. The method, which is based upon an inexpensive modification of a commercial multiformat imaging device, yields a set of serial gated images covering the entire cardiac cycle. These images may be converted into a film loop to yield a continuous motion picture of the mechanical cycle of the heart.", "PMID": 833661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_727", "title": "Evaluation of a thyroid fluorescent scanning system of concentric source-detector design.", "content": "A concentric source-detector system for thyroid fluorescent scanning is described, including fundamental parameters of system response and adaptation of a conventional rectilinear scanner for use with it. The basic system consists of twenty 1-Ci sources of 241Am, a 500-mm2 Si(Li) detector, and associated pulse-height electronics. The image-forming equipment of the rectilinear scanner is retained. We have developed a clinical imaging technique that provides a photon density of 600-800 counts/cm2 over the thyroid gland in subjects with normal iodine pools. Comparisons are made between the outrigger design for fluorescent scanning and conventional emission scanning.", "contents": "Evaluation of a thyroid fluorescent scanning system of concentric source-detector design. A concentric source-detector system for thyroid fluorescent scanning is described, including fundamental parameters of system response and adaptation of a conventional rectilinear scanner for use with it. The basic system consists of twenty 1-Ci sources of 241Am, a 500-mm2 Si(Li) detector, and associated pulse-height electronics. The image-forming equipment of the rectilinear scanner is retained. We have developed a clinical imaging technique that provides a photon density of 600-800 counts/cm2 over the thyroid gland in subjects with normal iodine pools. Comparisons are made between the outrigger design for fluorescent scanning and conventional emission scanning.", "PMID": 833662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_728", "title": "Clinical significance of scintillation camera electronics capable of high processing rates.", "content": "The use of larger scintillation detectors with high-efficiency converging collimators has greatly increased the photon input rate to the crystals of scintillation cameras in many clinical studies. To process these high-count-rate data accurately, modifications have been made by some manufacturers in the electronics of scintillation cameras. Cameras with new electronic design were compared with earlier models with respect to count rate processing capability and the effect of high input rate on spatial resolution, pulse-pair pileup, image size, and instability of the amplification of energy pulses. The improvements with the new electronic design result in shorter imaging times, better preservation of resolution, increased statistical reliability, and reduced distortion of dynamic tracer curves used for quantitative analysis.", "contents": "Clinical significance of scintillation camera electronics capable of high processing rates. The use of larger scintillation detectors with high-efficiency converging collimators has greatly increased the photon input rate to the crystals of scintillation cameras in many clinical studies. To process these high-count-rate data accurately, modifications have been made by some manufacturers in the electronics of scintillation cameras. Cameras with new electronic design were compared with earlier models with respect to count rate processing capability and the effect of high input rate on spatial resolution, pulse-pair pileup, image size, and instability of the amplification of energy pulses. The improvements with the new electronic design result in shorter imaging times, better preservation of resolution, increased statistical reliability, and reduced distortion of dynamic tracer curves used for quantitative analysis.", "PMID": 833663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_729", "title": "Effects of noise on the determination of ejection fraction from left ventricular time-activity curves.", "content": "The effects of Poisson noise on three estimates of ejection fraction made from left-ventricular time-activity curves have been investigated. All three methods are based on a sinusoidal model of left-ventricular volume changes. The first, developed by Schelbert et al., overestimates the ejection fraction for low-activity levels and low ejection fractions. The second estimate, which is merely a first-order correction for the contribution of Poisson noise to the first estimate, appears to be more accurate when both estimators are applied to simulated time-activity curves, and the resulting ejection fractions are compared. A third, \"maximum likelihood\" estimator, when applied to the same data, is apparently more accurate than the first two.", "contents": "Effects of noise on the determination of ejection fraction from left ventricular time-activity curves. The effects of Poisson noise on three estimates of ejection fraction made from left-ventricular time-activity curves have been investigated. All three methods are based on a sinusoidal model of left-ventricular volume changes. The first, developed by Schelbert et al., overestimates the ejection fraction for low-activity levels and low ejection fractions. The second estimate, which is merely a first-order correction for the contribution of Poisson noise to the first estimate, appears to be more accurate when both estimators are applied to simulated time-activity curves, and the resulting ejection fractions are compared. A third, \"maximum likelihood\" estimator, when applied to the same data, is apparently more accurate than the first two.", "PMID": 833664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_730", "title": "Studies of radiopharmaceutical-enclosing lipid-protein vesicles formed from native plasma components.", "content": "Vesicles 500-600 A in diameter were formed by sonicating diluted samples of rat and mouse plasma. An average preparation of these vesicles formed from 1 ml of plasma contained 7.5 mg of plasma lipid and 7.3 mg of plasma protein. Plasma vesicles could be made to enclose such radiopharmaceuticals as 99mTcO4-, and the vesicles were found to be impermeable to this anion. We have studied the in vivo distribution patterns of 99mTc after intravenous injection into the rat or mouse of pertechnetate-plasma vesicles formed from rat or mouse plasma, and we find that the radioactivity remains primarily within the circulation even at 60 min after injection. In contrast, vesicles formed from artificial lipids are rapidly removed by the liver and spleen. Formation of vesicles from native plasma constituents offers a means of carrying drugs and radiopharmaceuticals in vivo in packages that have a low risk of being either toxic or antigenic.", "contents": "Studies of radiopharmaceutical-enclosing lipid-protein vesicles formed from native plasma components. Vesicles 500-600 A in diameter were formed by sonicating diluted samples of rat and mouse plasma. An average preparation of these vesicles formed from 1 ml of plasma contained 7.5 mg of plasma lipid and 7.3 mg of plasma protein. Plasma vesicles could be made to enclose such radiopharmaceuticals as 99mTcO4-, and the vesicles were found to be impermeable to this anion. We have studied the in vivo distribution patterns of 99mTc after intravenous injection into the rat or mouse of pertechnetate-plasma vesicles formed from rat or mouse plasma, and we find that the radioactivity remains primarily within the circulation even at 60 min after injection. In contrast, vesicles formed from artificial lipids are rapidly removed by the liver and spleen. Formation of vesicles from native plasma constituents offers a means of carrying drugs and radiopharmaceuticals in vivo in packages that have a low risk of being either toxic or antigenic.", "PMID": 833665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_731", "title": "Dietary influences on gastric emptying of carbohydrate versus fat in the rat.", "content": "The degree to which the rat stomach empties carbohydrate in preference to fat was studied in rats fed a diet or various test means providing carbohydrate and fat in a 3:1 (w/w) ratio. When rats were adlibitum fed a glucose-containing diet, the glucose:fat ratio in gastric contents was consistently lower than in the diet and was 10% as great at noon as at midnight. When starved rats were fed a single meal of the same diet the average fractional emptying rate for carbohydrate exceeded that for fat; and the ratio of these rates (\"the gastric emptying ratio\") was essentially the same when calculated from gastric contents observed 1, 2, 4, or 6 hours after the test meal. The gastric emptying ratio was also not changed when test means were made with hard, soft, or liquid fat or with no or extra protein (lactalbumin). Use of finely divided glucose monohydrate, dried crystalline glucose or of cornstarch resulted, respectively, in high, intermediate and low gastric emptying ratios. The kind and form of carbohydrate in the meals and the ease of its extraction with water appear to be important factors governing the degree to which carbohydrates is preferentially emptied from the stomach.", "contents": "Dietary influences on gastric emptying of carbohydrate versus fat in the rat. The degree to which the rat stomach empties carbohydrate in preference to fat was studied in rats fed a diet or various test means providing carbohydrate and fat in a 3:1 (w/w) ratio. When rats were adlibitum fed a glucose-containing diet, the glucose:fat ratio in gastric contents was consistently lower than in the diet and was 10% as great at noon as at midnight. When starved rats were fed a single meal of the same diet the average fractional emptying rate for carbohydrate exceeded that for fat; and the ratio of these rates (\"the gastric emptying ratio\") was essentially the same when calculated from gastric contents observed 1, 2, 4, or 6 hours after the test meal. The gastric emptying ratio was also not changed when test means were made with hard, soft, or liquid fat or with no or extra protein (lactalbumin). Use of finely divided glucose monohydrate, dried crystalline glucose or of cornstarch resulted, respectively, in high, intermediate and low gastric emptying ratios. The kind and form of carbohydrate in the meals and the ease of its extraction with water appear to be important factors governing the degree to which carbohydrates is preferentially emptied from the stomach.", "PMID": 833670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_732", "title": "Influence of (-)-hydroxycitrate on lipigenesis in chickens and rats.", "content": "The influence of (-)-hydroxycitrate on in vitro rates of fatty acid synthesis in chicken and rat liver and in rat adipose tissue was investigated. Following acute and chronic administration of (-)-hydroxycitrate to chickens and rats, changes in rates of fatty acid synthesis in vivo and in lipogenic enzyme activities were also determined. Addition of 1 mM (-)-hydroxycitrate to a buffer containing 10 mM glucose and liver slices from chickens or rats depressed the rate of 3H2O incorporation into fatty acids. Acute administration of (-)-hydroxycitrate to chickens and rats also depressed in vivo rates of fatty acid synthesis in the livers of these species. Chickens appeared to be more sensitive to the inhibitory effects of (-)-hydroxycitrate than did rats. (-)-Hydroxycitrate was incorporated into the diets fed to the chickens and rats. Hepatic citrate cleavage enzyme activities were increased several fold in livers of chickens and rats fed (-)-hydroxycitrate. However, the rates of fatty acid synthesis in chicken and rat livers were depressed when expressed per g liver. Livers of chickens fed (-)-hydroxycitrate for 14 days were enlarged. Dietary (-)-hydroxycitrate did not depress rates of fatty acid synthesis per liver in these birds. Consumption of (-)-hydroxycitrate did not alter liver weight in rats. In vivo rates of fatty acid synthesis in rat adipose tissue were not influenced by consumption of a diet containing 52.6 nmoles (-)-hydroxycitrate/kg diet. Plasma triglyceride levels were increased two-fold in chickens, but unchanged in rats, fed (-)-hydroxycitrate for 2 to 3 weeks. There are species-specific as well as organ-specific responses to (-)-hydroxycitrate.", "contents": "Influence of (-)-hydroxycitrate on lipigenesis in chickens and rats. The influence of (-)-hydroxycitrate on in vitro rates of fatty acid synthesis in chicken and rat liver and in rat adipose tissue was investigated. Following acute and chronic administration of (-)-hydroxycitrate to chickens and rats, changes in rates of fatty acid synthesis in vivo and in lipogenic enzyme activities were also determined. Addition of 1 mM (-)-hydroxycitrate to a buffer containing 10 mM glucose and liver slices from chickens or rats depressed the rate of 3H2O incorporation into fatty acids. Acute administration of (-)-hydroxycitrate to chickens and rats also depressed in vivo rates of fatty acid synthesis in the livers of these species. Chickens appeared to be more sensitive to the inhibitory effects of (-)-hydroxycitrate than did rats. (-)-Hydroxycitrate was incorporated into the diets fed to the chickens and rats. Hepatic citrate cleavage enzyme activities were increased several fold in livers of chickens and rats fed (-)-hydroxycitrate. However, the rates of fatty acid synthesis in chicken and rat livers were depressed when expressed per g liver. Livers of chickens fed (-)-hydroxycitrate for 14 days were enlarged. Dietary (-)-hydroxycitrate did not depress rates of fatty acid synthesis per liver in these birds. Consumption of (-)-hydroxycitrate did not alter liver weight in rats. In vivo rates of fatty acid synthesis in rat adipose tissue were not influenced by consumption of a diet containing 52.6 nmoles (-)-hydroxycitrate/kg diet. Plasma triglyceride levels were increased two-fold in chickens, but unchanged in rats, fed (-)-hydroxycitrate for 2 to 3 weeks. There are species-specific as well as organ-specific responses to (-)-hydroxycitrate.", "PMID": 833671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_733", "title": "Nitrogen metabolism, tissue carnosine concentration and blood chemistry of gravid swine fed graded levels of histidine.", "content": "Three nitrogen metabolism experiments were conducted to determine the qualitative and quantitative histidine need of first-litter gilts during the last third of pregnancy. A completely purified, crystalline 8amino acid diet was formulated to meet all nutrient needs of the gravid gilt when 2 kg/day was fed. Experiments 1 and 2 were 9-day nitrogen balance studies, each consisting of three littermate gilts subjected to three levels of dietary L-histidine in a Latin square arrangement of treatments. Nitrogen retention was depresed, but not significantly, when less than 0.12% histidine was fed. Complete deletion of histidine, however, did not depress retention below that observed when 0.06% was fed. This suggested that either histidine biosynthesis or its release from endogenous reserves was confounding retention data. Therefore in a third experiment, two gilts were fed a histidine-free diet for 24 days in an attempt to deplete endogenous reserves. For comparison, two siblings were fed 0.12% histidine during this same period. Nitrogen retention tended to be lower for gilts fed the histidine-free diet during each of three consecutive collection periods. Blood hemoglobin, muscle and olfactory bulb carnosine concentration, plasma protein and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase activity, and blood urea nitrogen were all unaffected by treatment. Offspring from gilts fed the histidine-free diet had lower blood hemoglobin concentrations than their counterparts from gilts receiving histidine. A tentative recommendation of 0.12% dietary L-histidine would seem justified for gravid swine.", "contents": "Nitrogen metabolism, tissue carnosine concentration and blood chemistry of gravid swine fed graded levels of histidine. Three nitrogen metabolism experiments were conducted to determine the qualitative and quantitative histidine need of first-litter gilts during the last third of pregnancy. A completely purified, crystalline 8amino acid diet was formulated to meet all nutrient needs of the gravid gilt when 2 kg/day was fed. Experiments 1 and 2 were 9-day nitrogen balance studies, each consisting of three littermate gilts subjected to three levels of dietary L-histidine in a Latin square arrangement of treatments. Nitrogen retention was depresed, but not significantly, when less than 0.12% histidine was fed. Complete deletion of histidine, however, did not depress retention below that observed when 0.06% was fed. This suggested that either histidine biosynthesis or its release from endogenous reserves was confounding retention data. Therefore in a third experiment, two gilts were fed a histidine-free diet for 24 days in an attempt to deplete endogenous reserves. For comparison, two siblings were fed 0.12% histidine during this same period. Nitrogen retention tended to be lower for gilts fed the histidine-free diet during each of three consecutive collection periods. Blood hemoglobin, muscle and olfactory bulb carnosine concentration, plasma protein and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase activity, and blood urea nitrogen were all unaffected by treatment. Offspring from gilts fed the histidine-free diet had lower blood hemoglobin concentrations than their counterparts from gilts receiving histidine. A tentative recommendation of 0.12% dietary L-histidine would seem justified for gravid swine.", "PMID": 833672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_734", "title": "Uptake of pyridoxine hydrochloride by the rat jejunal mucosa in vitro.", "content": "The kinetics of mucosal membrane transport of pyridoxine hydrochloride were evaluated in vitro in the rat jejunum. Utilizing everted sacs and a double-label isotope technique, short-term incubation within the period of initial linear tissue uptake indicated: 1) no evidence of saturation of uptake over a wide pyridoxine-HCl concentration range (0.01 muM-10 mM); 2) failure of 4-deoxypyridoxine (10 muM), anoxia, iodoacetamide (5 mM), Na+ replacement and ouabain (1 mM) to inhibit uptake of 2 muM pyridoxine-HCl significantly; and 3) a low Q10 value of 1.31. Using single-label techniques, sacs were also incubated for 1 hour in 2 muM pyridoxine HCl with determination of the apparent tissue water-mucosal fluid concentration ratio and chromatographic separation of the various forms of vitamin B6 in tissue. Results demonstrated a failure of pyridoxine in tissue water to achieve a concentration in excess of that in the incubation medium. Data, therefore, were most consistent with passive diffusion as the mechanism for in vitro jejunal mucosal uptake of pyridoxine-HCl in the rat.", "contents": "Uptake of pyridoxine hydrochloride by the rat jejunal mucosa in vitro. The kinetics of mucosal membrane transport of pyridoxine hydrochloride were evaluated in vitro in the rat jejunum. Utilizing everted sacs and a double-label isotope technique, short-term incubation within the period of initial linear tissue uptake indicated: 1) no evidence of saturation of uptake over a wide pyridoxine-HCl concentration range (0.01 muM-10 mM); 2) failure of 4-deoxypyridoxine (10 muM), anoxia, iodoacetamide (5 mM), Na+ replacement and ouabain (1 mM) to inhibit uptake of 2 muM pyridoxine-HCl significantly; and 3) a low Q10 value of 1.31. Using single-label techniques, sacs were also incubated for 1 hour in 2 muM pyridoxine HCl with determination of the apparent tissue water-mucosal fluid concentration ratio and chromatographic separation of the various forms of vitamin B6 in tissue. Results demonstrated a failure of pyridoxine in tissue water to achieve a concentration in excess of that in the incubation medium. Data, therefore, were most consistent with passive diffusion as the mechanism for in vitro jejunal mucosal uptake of pyridoxine-HCl in the rat.", "PMID": 833673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_735", "title": "Dietary carnitine and adipose tissue turnover rate in exercise trained rats.", "content": "Rats trained by 12 weeks of treadmill running were divided into two groups and fed a control diet or an identical diet supplemented with 0.5% L-carnitine. Adipose tissue fatty acid turnover was subsequently estimated by an odd-carbon fatty acid enrichment method utilizing undecanoate as a marker representative of adipose tissue fatty acids. Compared to sedentary untrained control rats, exercise training increased perirenal adipose tissue turnover rate approximately 70%. Trained rats fed the carnitine supplemented diet did not exhibit any further increase in turnover rate. Neither [1-14C]palmitate oxidation by skeletal muscle homogenates nor palmitycarnitine acyl-transferase activity in skeletal muscle mitochondria was affected by carnitine feeding. The results of this study indicate that exercise training increases the turnover rate of adipose tissue fatty acids, but supplemental dietary carnitine does not. Under the conditions of this study, endogenous skeletal muscle carnitine levels in trained rats appear to be adequate to support the rate of fatty acids oxidation incurred by daily treadmill running.", "contents": "Dietary carnitine and adipose tissue turnover rate in exercise trained rats. Rats trained by 12 weeks of treadmill running were divided into two groups and fed a control diet or an identical diet supplemented with 0.5% L-carnitine. Adipose tissue fatty acid turnover was subsequently estimated by an odd-carbon fatty acid enrichment method utilizing undecanoate as a marker representative of adipose tissue fatty acids. Compared to sedentary untrained control rats, exercise training increased perirenal adipose tissue turnover rate approximately 70%. Trained rats fed the carnitine supplemented diet did not exhibit any further increase in turnover rate. Neither [1-14C]palmitate oxidation by skeletal muscle homogenates nor palmitycarnitine acyl-transferase activity in skeletal muscle mitochondria was affected by carnitine feeding. The results of this study indicate that exercise training increases the turnover rate of adipose tissue fatty acids, but supplemental dietary carnitine does not. Under the conditions of this study, endogenous skeletal muscle carnitine levels in trained rats appear to be adequate to support the rate of fatty acids oxidation incurred by daily treadmill running.", "PMID": 833674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_736", "title": "Influence of dietary copper on lead toxicity in the young male rat.", "content": "An investigation of the influence of dietary copper (1, 5, 20 ppm) on toxicity of dietary lead (0 and 200 ppm) in the young male rat in a 4-week period indicated that as dietary copper increase so did the severity of lead toxicity. Evidence included increased lead concentration in kidney and a two- to threefold increase in the excretion of urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid. Liver copper concentration was also found to increase in rats receiving lead at the two lower copper levels. The data suggest that supplementary dietary copper doesnot lessen the severity of lead toxicity but rather exaggerates it.", "contents": "Influence of dietary copper on lead toxicity in the young male rat. An investigation of the influence of dietary copper (1, 5, 20 ppm) on toxicity of dietary lead (0 and 200 ppm) in the young male rat in a 4-week period indicated that as dietary copper increase so did the severity of lead toxicity. Evidence included increased lead concentration in kidney and a two- to threefold increase in the excretion of urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid. Liver copper concentration was also found to increase in rats receiving lead at the two lower copper levels. The data suggest that supplementary dietary copper doesnot lessen the severity of lead toxicity but rather exaggerates it.", "PMID": 833675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_737", "title": "Insulin sensitivity and adipose tissue weight of rats fed starch or sucrose diets ad libitum or in meals.", "content": "The deposition of edidymal and perirenal fat, serum insulin levels, and insulin sensitivity of epididymal fat, expressed as the insulin-stimulated production of CO2 from glucose, were determined in Wistar rats fed diets containing either 54% starch or sucrose ad libitum or pair-fed in meals. Regardless of the pattern of feeding, sucrose-fed rats deposited more adipose tissue per 100 g body weight and exhibited less insulin sensitivity than did starch-fed rats. Significant differences in adipose tissue weights were not always accompanied by significant differences in body weights. Meal-fed rats deposited less adipose tissue and showed a greater insulin sensitivity than did ad libitum rats fed the same carbohydrate. However, when changes in feeding pattern negated the difference in adipose weights there was no difference in the insulin sensitivity of the meal-fed and ad libitum-fed rats. Rats consuming the sucrose diet generally exhibited significantly higher fasting serum insulin levels than did rats consuming the starch diet. The serum insulin values tended to be higher in the ad libitum-fpididymal tissue from the meal-fed and starch-fed rats tended to be greater than that of the sucrose-fed or ad libitum-fed rats, respectively, suggesting differences in adipocyte composition. Since obesity, insulin insensitivity, and hyperinsulinism are associated with an impairment of glucose tolerance, the observed metabolic effects of dietary sucrose are considered to be undesirable.", "contents": "Insulin sensitivity and adipose tissue weight of rats fed starch or sucrose diets ad libitum or in meals. The deposition of edidymal and perirenal fat, serum insulin levels, and insulin sensitivity of epididymal fat, expressed as the insulin-stimulated production of CO2 from glucose, were determined in Wistar rats fed diets containing either 54% starch or sucrose ad libitum or pair-fed in meals. Regardless of the pattern of feeding, sucrose-fed rats deposited more adipose tissue per 100 g body weight and exhibited less insulin sensitivity than did starch-fed rats. Significant differences in adipose tissue weights were not always accompanied by significant differences in body weights. Meal-fed rats deposited less adipose tissue and showed a greater insulin sensitivity than did ad libitum rats fed the same carbohydrate. However, when changes in feeding pattern negated the difference in adipose weights there was no difference in the insulin sensitivity of the meal-fed and ad libitum-fed rats. Rats consuming the sucrose diet generally exhibited significantly higher fasting serum insulin levels than did rats consuming the starch diet. The serum insulin values tended to be higher in the ad libitum-fpididymal tissue from the meal-fed and starch-fed rats tended to be greater than that of the sucrose-fed or ad libitum-fed rats, respectively, suggesting differences in adipocyte composition. Since obesity, insulin insensitivity, and hyperinsulinism are associated with an impairment of glucose tolerance, the observed metabolic effects of dietary sucrose are considered to be undesirable.", "PMID": 833676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_738", "title": "Effects of dietary protein, glycine, and tryptophan on iron metabolism in the growing chick.", "content": "Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of feeding diets low in protein, glycine, or tryptophan on iron metabolism in the growing chick. Three-day-old chicks, which were fed the experimental diets to 2 weeks of age, were given orally a solution of 59FeSO4 in order to determine the percentage of iron absorbed and excreted (determined by the fecal recovery method) and iron utilized and stored (determined by the radioactivity retained per unit liver, gastrocnemius muscle, and whole blood) 7 days post dose administration. The feeding of diets low in protein (5.4%, 8.5%, or 10.8%) or tryptophan (0.12%) but adequate in iron to growing chicks caused: a marked reduction in growth, rate of erthropoiesis, and percentage iron absorption; an excessive increase in iron deposited in the liver and muscle, and percentage iron collected in the excreta; and anemia which was attributed to the deficiency of protein or tryptophan respectively, in the diets fed. The feeding of diets low in glycine (0.33%) but adequate in iron caused: a marked reduction in growth and percentage iron, absorption, and a transitory increase in percentage of iron excreted without causing anemia or affecting the distribution of absorbed iron in liver, muscle and blood. The total plasma protein concentration was reduced in protein deficient chicks, but was not affected by a tryptophan or glycine deficiency.", "contents": "Effects of dietary protein, glycine, and tryptophan on iron metabolism in the growing chick. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of feeding diets low in protein, glycine, or tryptophan on iron metabolism in the growing chick. Three-day-old chicks, which were fed the experimental diets to 2 weeks of age, were given orally a solution of 59FeSO4 in order to determine the percentage of iron absorbed and excreted (determined by the fecal recovery method) and iron utilized and stored (determined by the radioactivity retained per unit liver, gastrocnemius muscle, and whole blood) 7 days post dose administration. The feeding of diets low in protein (5.4%, 8.5%, or 10.8%) or tryptophan (0.12%) but adequate in iron to growing chicks caused: a marked reduction in growth, rate of erthropoiesis, and percentage iron absorption; an excessive increase in iron deposited in the liver and muscle, and percentage iron collected in the excreta; and anemia which was attributed to the deficiency of protein or tryptophan respectively, in the diets fed. The feeding of diets low in glycine (0.33%) but adequate in iron caused: a marked reduction in growth and percentage iron, absorption, and a transitory increase in percentage of iron excreted without causing anemia or affecting the distribution of absorbed iron in liver, muscle and blood. The total plasma protein concentration was reduced in protein deficient chicks, but was not affected by a tryptophan or glycine deficiency.", "PMID": 833677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_739", "title": "Preventive effect of selenium, methionine and antioxidants against encephalomalacia of chicks induced by dilauryl succinate.", "content": "The protective effect of supplemental selenium, methionine, ascorbic acid, menaquinone and five antioxidants against encephalomalacia of chicks fed a diet containing dilauryl succinate was examined. Diauryl succinate induces vitamin E deficiency signs such as fragility of the erythrocytes and encephalomalacia. Supplementation of selenium and methionine with or without simultaneous supplementation of a low level of dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate had little effect on preventing encephalomalacia. The preventive effect of ascorbic acid, methylene blue, ethoyquine, 2,6-ditertiary-butyl-p-cresol and butylated hydroxyanisole was roughly in proportion to their dietary level, and a high level of any of them could almost completely protect the chicks from encephalomalacia, while diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine was not as effective and the effect was not proportional to the dose. Menaquinone had little effect. No difference was observed in the plasma tocopherol levels and peroxide levels in the adipose tissueof the chick fed eith er dilauryl succinate or cornstarch. The effect of dilauryl succinate appears to be independent of peroxides generated in the chick.", "contents": "Preventive effect of selenium, methionine and antioxidants against encephalomalacia of chicks induced by dilauryl succinate. The protective effect of supplemental selenium, methionine, ascorbic acid, menaquinone and five antioxidants against encephalomalacia of chicks fed a diet containing dilauryl succinate was examined. Diauryl succinate induces vitamin E deficiency signs such as fragility of the erythrocytes and encephalomalacia. Supplementation of selenium and methionine with or without simultaneous supplementation of a low level of dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate had little effect on preventing encephalomalacia. The preventive effect of ascorbic acid, methylene blue, ethoyquine, 2,6-ditertiary-butyl-p-cresol and butylated hydroxyanisole was roughly in proportion to their dietary level, and a high level of any of them could almost completely protect the chicks from encephalomalacia, while diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine was not as effective and the effect was not proportional to the dose. Menaquinone had little effect. No difference was observed in the plasma tocopherol levels and peroxide levels in the adipose tissueof the chick fed eith er dilauryl succinate or cornstarch. The effect of dilauryl succinate appears to be independent of peroxides generated in the chick.", "PMID": 833678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_740", "title": "Effect of crude fat and crude protein on reproduction and weaning growth in four strains of inbred mice.", "content": "Diets made from natural ingredients were fed to four inbred strains of mice (BALB/cAnN, C3H/HeN, C57BL/6N and DBA/2N) to study the effects of different concentrations of dietary crude protein, 18% and 24% with crude fat concentrations of 4%, 8%, and 12% on reproduction and weanling growth. The parameters measured included the number of litters and pups born, the number of litters and pups weaned, weanling mortality and weanling weight. Neither crude protein nor crude fat concentrations had significant effects on any of the reproductive parameters tested. However, a significant fat x protein interaction was observed for reproduction. These results indicate that the absolute concentrations of crude protein and crude fat in diets for inbred mouse production are not as important as the ratio of these two nutrients. There was also a differential response in reproduction among the strains due to the level of fat which indicates different dietary requirements for fat among these four inbred strains for maximum reproduction. In contrast to the results for reproduction, crude protein and crude fat independently had significant effects on weanling weight, but there was no effect due to the ratio of the nutrients. There was a significant increase in the weanling growth rate for all four strains as the dietary fat level increased, but a decrease in growth rate as the protein level increased. The reduced growth rate due to the increased protein was not of the same magnitude for all four strains which indicates specific protein requirements among the strains for weanling growth.", "contents": "Effect of crude fat and crude protein on reproduction and weaning growth in four strains of inbred mice. Diets made from natural ingredients were fed to four inbred strains of mice (BALB/cAnN, C3H/HeN, C57BL/6N and DBA/2N) to study the effects of different concentrations of dietary crude protein, 18% and 24% with crude fat concentrations of 4%, 8%, and 12% on reproduction and weanling growth. The parameters measured included the number of litters and pups born, the number of litters and pups weaned, weanling mortality and weanling weight. Neither crude protein nor crude fat concentrations had significant effects on any of the reproductive parameters tested. However, a significant fat x protein interaction was observed for reproduction. These results indicate that the absolute concentrations of crude protein and crude fat in diets for inbred mouse production are not as important as the ratio of these two nutrients. There was also a differential response in reproduction among the strains due to the level of fat which indicates different dietary requirements for fat among these four inbred strains for maximum reproduction. In contrast to the results for reproduction, crude protein and crude fat independently had significant effects on weanling weight, but there was no effect due to the ratio of the nutrients. There was a significant increase in the weanling growth rate for all four strains as the dietary fat level increased, but a decrease in growth rate as the protein level increased. The reduced growth rate due to the increased protein was not of the same magnitude for all four strains which indicates specific protein requirements among the strains for weanling growth.", "PMID": 833679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_741", "title": "Rate of metabolism of retinol and retinoic acid-maintained rats after a single dose of radioactive retinol.", "content": "The half-life and metabolism of vitamin A were determined in a group of vitamin A-deficient retinoic acid supplemented rats after a single dose of 340 mug of [6,7-14C2] retinol. The total daily urinary radioactivity, plotted semilogarithmically as a function of days after injection, revealed three pools for retinol and/or metabolites in the rat: (1) a rapidly declining pool with half-life of 0.75 day; (2) a slowly declining pool with a constant rate of decrease and (3) a pool with a half-life of 13 days which begins at approximately 6 weeks after dose. The total daily fecal radioactivity also indicated three pools with half-lives of 2,28.5 and 11.5 days. The effect of retinoic acid feeding was observed on the fifth day after supplementation, as indicated by a decrease in the total daily urinary radioactivity. Thus, retinoic acid is probably in the metabolic pathway of retinol. The half-life and metabolism time of liver vitamin A in these rats were determined as 7 and 10 days, respectively. The specific activities of liver retinyl esters and retinol determined at different intervals after dose indicated continuous mixing of radioactive retinol with a pool of endogenous retinol. Blood retinol levels indicated normal values at 1 week after dose. However, they decreased at 2 weeks after dose and remained constant until the sixth week. The specific activity of blood retinol did not change indicating rapid equilibration after initial mixing and no further dilution from endogenous source.", "contents": "Rate of metabolism of retinol and retinoic acid-maintained rats after a single dose of radioactive retinol. The half-life and metabolism of vitamin A were determined in a group of vitamin A-deficient retinoic acid supplemented rats after a single dose of 340 mug of [6,7-14C2] retinol. The total daily urinary radioactivity, plotted semilogarithmically as a function of days after injection, revealed three pools for retinol and/or metabolites in the rat: (1) a rapidly declining pool with half-life of 0.75 day; (2) a slowly declining pool with a constant rate of decrease and (3) a pool with a half-life of 13 days which begins at approximately 6 weeks after dose. The total daily fecal radioactivity also indicated three pools with half-lives of 2,28.5 and 11.5 days. The effect of retinoic acid feeding was observed on the fifth day after supplementation, as indicated by a decrease in the total daily urinary radioactivity. Thus, retinoic acid is probably in the metabolic pathway of retinol. The half-life and metabolism time of liver vitamin A in these rats were determined as 7 and 10 days, respectively. The specific activities of liver retinyl esters and retinol determined at different intervals after dose indicated continuous mixing of radioactive retinol with a pool of endogenous retinol. Blood retinol levels indicated normal values at 1 week after dose. However, they decreased at 2 weeks after dose and remained constant until the sixth week. The specific activity of blood retinol did not change indicating rapid equilibration after initial mixing and no further dilution from endogenous source.", "PMID": 833680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_742", "title": "Adaptation of rat pancreatic amylase and chymotrypsinogen to changes in diet.", "content": "This study represents an attempt to determine the effect of dietary protein quality and hypophysectomy on the enzymic adaptability of the pancreas in the rat. The specific enzymes studied were amylase, which was purified by immunologic techniques and chymotrypsinogen (activated), which was isolated by affinity column chromatography. Content and synthesis of each enzyme were accurately determined in relation to total pancreatic protein. When rats were fed a 64% sucrose diet (19% casein), there was a two- to three-fold increase in synthesis of amylase. However, if a poor-quality protein (gelatin, gluten, or zein) was substituted for casein, there was no increase in the synthesis of amylase in response to increased carbohydrate. When rats were fed a 19% sucrose diet (64% casein), there was a significant increase in chymotrypsinogen synthesis. Of the poor-quality proteins, gluten was the only one effective in stimulating synthesis of chymotrypsinogen. Peptides, either free or as part of a protein, were necessary for the stimulation of chymotrypsinogen synthesis. Amylase synthesis in hypophysectomized rats was considerably depressed and unresponsibe to increased carbohydrate. This effect could be partially relieved with hydrocortisone, corticosterone, or thyroxin, but not with growth hormone. Hypophysectomy had little effect on synthesis or content of chymotropsinogen.", "contents": "Adaptation of rat pancreatic amylase and chymotrypsinogen to changes in diet. This study represents an attempt to determine the effect of dietary protein quality and hypophysectomy on the enzymic adaptability of the pancreas in the rat. The specific enzymes studied were amylase, which was purified by immunologic techniques and chymotrypsinogen (activated), which was isolated by affinity column chromatography. Content and synthesis of each enzyme were accurately determined in relation to total pancreatic protein. When rats were fed a 64% sucrose diet (19% casein), there was a two- to three-fold increase in synthesis of amylase. However, if a poor-quality protein (gelatin, gluten, or zein) was substituted for casein, there was no increase in the synthesis of amylase in response to increased carbohydrate. When rats were fed a 19% sucrose diet (64% casein), there was a significant increase in chymotrypsinogen synthesis. Of the poor-quality proteins, gluten was the only one effective in stimulating synthesis of chymotrypsinogen. Peptides, either free or as part of a protein, were necessary for the stimulation of chymotrypsinogen synthesis. Amylase synthesis in hypophysectomized rats was considerably depressed and unresponsibe to increased carbohydrate. This effect could be partially relieved with hydrocortisone, corticosterone, or thyroxin, but not with growth hormone. Hypophysectomy had little effect on synthesis or content of chymotropsinogen.", "PMID": 833681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_743", "title": "Effect of fluoride on the serum lipids of guinea pigs.", "content": "The effects of fluoride intake on the serum lipids of guinea pigs were determined in animals provided with either high or low levels of fat in their diet and fluoride in their drinking water. Evidence of the difference in fluoride intake were reflected by serum fluoride contents. The results suggest that, in guinea pigs receiving excess dietary cholesterol, an inadequate fluoride intake is reflected in increased serum cholesterol. Fluoride intake also influence the serum triglyceride levels, but the direction of the response was dependent on the amount of dietary fat. Serum free fatty acids and phospholipids were not influenced by fluoride intake.", "contents": "Effect of fluoride on the serum lipids of guinea pigs. The effects of fluoride intake on the serum lipids of guinea pigs were determined in animals provided with either high or low levels of fat in their diet and fluoride in their drinking water. Evidence of the difference in fluoride intake were reflected by serum fluoride contents. The results suggest that, in guinea pigs receiving excess dietary cholesterol, an inadequate fluoride intake is reflected in increased serum cholesterol. Fluoride intake also influence the serum triglyceride levels, but the direction of the response was dependent on the amount of dietary fat. Serum free fatty acids and phospholipids were not influenced by fluoride intake.", "PMID": 833682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_744", "title": "Effects of the scheduling of meal-feeding at different phases of the circadian system in rats.", "content": "This study was designed to determine whether or not a number of diverse rhythmic variables in the rat could be synchronized to meal timing. This was tested by restricting the availability of food; once during each 24-hour period an unrestricted quantity of food was made available for a 4-hour period to four different groups at different phases of the light-dark cycle, and the rhythms of the variables studied in the different groups were compared. Liver glycogen and serum glucose did synchronize to or were strongly influenced by feeding schedules; corticosterone and the several enzymes measured seemed to reflect an interaction of both the restricted feeding schedule and the light-dark cycle. The mitotic index in the corneal epithelium in all groups remained remarkably synchronized to the light-dark cycle and was altered only minimally by restricted meal timing. All groups on restricted feeding schedules gained less weight than the group fed ad libitum and maintained on a light-dark cycle. These studies caution against assuming that all body functions react in the same manner to different synchronizers; and they emphasize that one must not generalize about the synchronizing effect of meal-timing or even the light-dark cycle.", "contents": "Effects of the scheduling of meal-feeding at different phases of the circadian system in rats. This study was designed to determine whether or not a number of diverse rhythmic variables in the rat could be synchronized to meal timing. This was tested by restricting the availability of food; once during each 24-hour period an unrestricted quantity of food was made available for a 4-hour period to four different groups at different phases of the light-dark cycle, and the rhythms of the variables studied in the different groups were compared. Liver glycogen and serum glucose did synchronize to or were strongly influenced by feeding schedules; corticosterone and the several enzymes measured seemed to reflect an interaction of both the restricted feeding schedule and the light-dark cycle. The mitotic index in the corneal epithelium in all groups remained remarkably synchronized to the light-dark cycle and was altered only minimally by restricted meal timing. All groups on restricted feeding schedules gained less weight than the group fed ad libitum and maintained on a light-dark cycle. These studies caution against assuming that all body functions react in the same manner to different synchronizers; and they emphasize that one must not generalize about the synchronizing effect of meal-timing or even the light-dark cycle.", "PMID": 833683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_745", "title": "Effect of prenatal protein deprivation on fetal and neonatal thyroid morphology in the rat.", "content": "Morphogenesis of the thyroid was compared in young of control and protein-deprived rats from day 17 of gestation through the first postpartum day. Examination of histological sections revealed a significant delay in follicle formation and a reduction in gland area, follicle number, colloid space and cell size in the thyroid tissue of fetal and neonatal pups of protein-deprived dams.", "contents": "Effect of prenatal protein deprivation on fetal and neonatal thyroid morphology in the rat. Morphogenesis of the thyroid was compared in young of control and protein-deprived rats from day 17 of gestation through the first postpartum day. Examination of histological sections revealed a significant delay in follicle formation and a reduction in gland area, follicle number, colloid space and cell size in the thyroid tissue of fetal and neonatal pups of protein-deprived dams.", "PMID": 833684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_746", "title": "Embryonic loss and progesterone metabolism in rats fed a high energy diet.", "content": "To elucidate the mechanism of the reduction of embryonic loss due to an increase of dietary protein level in rats fed a high energy diet, the relationship between embryonic loss and progesterone metabolism was investigated in rats fed high energy diets (digestible energy: about 5 kcal/g) differing mainly in casein and starch contents. The embryonic loss was minimum in rats fed a relatively high protein-low starch diet (30% protein-19% starch) and maximum in rats fed a very high protein-very low starch diet (39.9% protein-2.5% starch). On the basis of measuring urinary pregnanediol and in vivo conversion from progesterone to urinary pregnanediol and in vivo conversion from progesterone to urinary pregnanediol in each group, the production of progesterone in the body was shown to vary. In vitro studies showed that the mechanism responsible may involve inhibition of progesterone synthesis by the ovary in the presence of a very high protein-very low starch diet.", "contents": "Embryonic loss and progesterone metabolism in rats fed a high energy diet. To elucidate the mechanism of the reduction of embryonic loss due to an increase of dietary protein level in rats fed a high energy diet, the relationship between embryonic loss and progesterone metabolism was investigated in rats fed high energy diets (digestible energy: about 5 kcal/g) differing mainly in casein and starch contents. The embryonic loss was minimum in rats fed a relatively high protein-low starch diet (30% protein-19% starch) and maximum in rats fed a very high protein-very low starch diet (39.9% protein-2.5% starch). On the basis of measuring urinary pregnanediol and in vivo conversion from progesterone to urinary pregnanediol and in vivo conversion from progesterone to urinary pregnanediol in each group, the production of progesterone in the body was shown to vary. In vitro studies showed that the mechanism responsible may involve inhibition of progesterone synthesis by the ovary in the presence of a very high protein-very low starch diet.", "PMID": 833685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_747", "title": "Studies of the utilization of high and low erucic acid rapeseed oils by the chick.", "content": "Experiments were conducted to compare energy utilization, growth and tissue composition of chicks fed diets containing 10 or 20 parts of either high erucic acid rapeseed oir 24 days. Results showed that chicks fed diets containing 10 or 20 parts LER grew at the same rate, utilized energy just as efficiently, had similar heart to body weight ratios and levels of heart lipids equal to or less than chicks fed comparable diets containing SFO. The substitution of 10 or 20 parts HER for an equienergetic amount of SFO depressed gorwth, feed consumption and carcass fat deposition but had no effect on level of cardiac lipid or relative heart size when fed from 4 to 11 days of age. When fed from 4 to 25 days of age, chicks fed 20 parts HER grew slower, consumed less feed, and when pairfed, deposited less carcass fat, utilized energy less efficiently, had increased heart to body weight ratios but a lower level of cardiac lipid than chicks fed comparable diets containing SFO. Irrespective of the type of rapeseed oil or of the age of the chick, heart lipids contained less erucic acid than carcass fat, indicating that chick heart is as capable of disposing of erucic acid as carcass tissue. It was also found that irrespective of the diet fed, a greater percentage of erucic acid appeared to be oxidized than of eicosenoic acid.", "contents": "Studies of the utilization of high and low erucic acid rapeseed oils by the chick. Experiments were conducted to compare energy utilization, growth and tissue composition of chicks fed diets containing 10 or 20 parts of either high erucic acid rapeseed oir 24 days. Results showed that chicks fed diets containing 10 or 20 parts LER grew at the same rate, utilized energy just as efficiently, had similar heart to body weight ratios and levels of heart lipids equal to or less than chicks fed comparable diets containing SFO. The substitution of 10 or 20 parts HER for an equienergetic amount of SFO depressed gorwth, feed consumption and carcass fat deposition but had no effect on level of cardiac lipid or relative heart size when fed from 4 to 11 days of age. When fed from 4 to 25 days of age, chicks fed 20 parts HER grew slower, consumed less feed, and when pairfed, deposited less carcass fat, utilized energy less efficiently, had increased heart to body weight ratios but a lower level of cardiac lipid than chicks fed comparable diets containing SFO. Irrespective of the type of rapeseed oil or of the age of the chick, heart lipids contained less erucic acid than carcass fat, indicating that chick heart is as capable of disposing of erucic acid as carcass tissue. It was also found that irrespective of the diet fed, a greater percentage of erucic acid appeared to be oxidized than of eicosenoic acid.", "PMID": 833686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_748", "title": "Effects of vitamin B-6 deficiency and tryptophan loading on urinary excretion of tryptophan metabolites in mammals.", "content": "The effect of vitamin B-6 deficiency on excretion of tryptophan metabolites was compared in rats, guinea pigs, hamsters, and humans. With adequate vitamin B-6 intake, a high percentage of the tryptophan administered was excreted as kynurenic acid and quinolinic acid in rat urine, and as acetylkynurenine and kynurenine in hamster urine. None of the tryptophan metabolites measured in normal guinea pig urine or human urine accounted for more than 1% to 2% of the tryptophan administered. During vitamin B-6 deficiency, the percentages of the tryptophan load excreted as xanthurenic acid, kynurenine, and o-hydroxykynurenine, (which precede the 3-hydroxykynureninase step in the kynurenine pathway) were increased in all four species. However, the percentages excreted as 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid and quinolinic acid, which are beyond the 3-hydroxy-kynureninase step, responded differently. The 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid percentage was not changed in rat urine, but was increased in human and guinea pig urines. The quinolinic acid percentage was decreased in rat urine, unchanged in guinea pig and hamster urine, and increased in human urine. In rats, depression of 3-hydroxykynureninase activity was apparently the major factor causing a change in the pattern. However, in hamsters, kynurenine hydroxylase and o-hydroxykynureninanse activities apparently were depressed. In humans, 3-hydroxykynureninase activity also was apparently depressed and the total amount of administered tryptophan accounted fro in the urine as metabolites of the kynurenine pathway was increased. Levels of urinary metabolites reached a maximum in guinea pigs after only 1 week of consuming the vitamin B-6 deficient diet, suggesting that the vitamin deficiency developed very rapidly in this species.", "contents": "Effects of vitamin B-6 deficiency and tryptophan loading on urinary excretion of tryptophan metabolites in mammals. The effect of vitamin B-6 deficiency on excretion of tryptophan metabolites was compared in rats, guinea pigs, hamsters, and humans. With adequate vitamin B-6 intake, a high percentage of the tryptophan administered was excreted as kynurenic acid and quinolinic acid in rat urine, and as acetylkynurenine and kynurenine in hamster urine. None of the tryptophan metabolites measured in normal guinea pig urine or human urine accounted for more than 1% to 2% of the tryptophan administered. During vitamin B-6 deficiency, the percentages of the tryptophan load excreted as xanthurenic acid, kynurenine, and o-hydroxykynurenine, (which precede the 3-hydroxykynureninase step in the kynurenine pathway) were increased in all four species. However, the percentages excreted as 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid and quinolinic acid, which are beyond the 3-hydroxy-kynureninase step, responded differently. The 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid percentage was not changed in rat urine, but was increased in human and guinea pig urines. The quinolinic acid percentage was decreased in rat urine, unchanged in guinea pig and hamster urine, and increased in human urine. In rats, depression of 3-hydroxykynureninase activity was apparently the major factor causing a change in the pattern. However, in hamsters, kynurenine hydroxylase and o-hydroxykynureninanse activities apparently were depressed. In humans, 3-hydroxykynureninase activity also was apparently depressed and the total amount of administered tryptophan accounted fro in the urine as metabolites of the kynurenine pathway was increased. Levels of urinary metabolites reached a maximum in guinea pigs after only 1 week of consuming the vitamin B-6 deficient diet, suggesting that the vitamin deficiency developed very rapidly in this species.", "PMID": 833687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_749", "title": "Effects of dietary lipids, dietary protein and environmental temperatures on growth, feed conversion and body composition of channel catfish.", "content": "Studies were conducted to determine the effects of several lipid supplements in practical-type diets for channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fingerlings reared at 23 degrees and 28 degrees. Maximum growth and feed efficiency were obtained when diets were supplemented with 9% animal tallow, 9% menhaden oil or a combination of the two (4.5% of each). A growth suppression was observed when fish were fed a diet containing a combination of 3% corn oil, 3% animal tallow and 3% menhaden oil. In studies on interactions of dietary protein and lipid at 23 degrees and 28 degrees, increasing dietary protein from 25% to 35% resulted in higher gains. At 28 degrees, increasing dietary lipid from 5% to 12% resulted in increased gains with diets containing 35% protein but not withdiets containing 25% protein. At 23 degrees, 5% lipid was sufficient in all cases. Carcass lipid levels increased with increasing temperature and were positively correlated with weight gains and negatively correlated with carcass moisture content. Improved protein conversion (protein fed: protein gained) was noted when dietary protein levels were increased from 25% to 35%; when dietary lipid levels were increased from 5% to 12%; and when environmental temperature was increased from 23 degrees to 28 degrees.", "contents": "Effects of dietary lipids, dietary protein and environmental temperatures on growth, feed conversion and body composition of channel catfish. Studies were conducted to determine the effects of several lipid supplements in practical-type diets for channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fingerlings reared at 23 degrees and 28 degrees. Maximum growth and feed efficiency were obtained when diets were supplemented with 9% animal tallow, 9% menhaden oil or a combination of the two (4.5% of each). A growth suppression was observed when fish were fed a diet containing a combination of 3% corn oil, 3% animal tallow and 3% menhaden oil. In studies on interactions of dietary protein and lipid at 23 degrees and 28 degrees, increasing dietary protein from 25% to 35% resulted in higher gains. At 28 degrees, increasing dietary lipid from 5% to 12% resulted in increased gains with diets containing 35% protein but not withdiets containing 25% protein. At 23 degrees, 5% lipid was sufficient in all cases. Carcass lipid levels increased with increasing temperature and were positively correlated with weight gains and negatively correlated with carcass moisture content. Improved protein conversion (protein fed: protein gained) was noted when dietary protein levels were increased from 25% to 35%; when dietary lipid levels were increased from 5% to 12%; and when environmental temperature was increased from 23 degrees to 28 degrees.", "PMID": 833688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_750", "title": "Effect of dietary amino acids, casein, and soybean trypsin inhibitor on pancreatic protein secretion in rats.", "content": "Pancreatic enzyme output in response to various purified diets was studied in rats surgically prepared so that pancreatic secretion could be continuously collected, assayed and returned to the intestine. Intraduodenal infusion of phenylalanine and tryptophan alone did not stimulate secretion. Diets containing phenylalanine, tryptophan, a mixture of amino acids, or hydroxyzed casein, fed intragastrically, evoked a small pancreatic response that was similar to the response to a protein-free diet. intragastric infusion of a diet containing 18% casein stimulated a large initial secretion of enzyme that remained elevated throughout the 5.5 hour experiment. Addition of soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) to the diet increased the pancreatic response over that due to dietary casein alone. When pancreatic juice was diverted from the intestine, the large pancreatic responses to casein or to casein + SBTI were greatly reduced and the response was similar to that of the protein-free diet.", "contents": "Effect of dietary amino acids, casein, and soybean trypsin inhibitor on pancreatic protein secretion in rats. Pancreatic enzyme output in response to various purified diets was studied in rats surgically prepared so that pancreatic secretion could be continuously collected, assayed and returned to the intestine. Intraduodenal infusion of phenylalanine and tryptophan alone did not stimulate secretion. Diets containing phenylalanine, tryptophan, a mixture of amino acids, or hydroxyzed casein, fed intragastrically, evoked a small pancreatic response that was similar to the response to a protein-free diet. intragastric infusion of a diet containing 18% casein stimulated a large initial secretion of enzyme that remained elevated throughout the 5.5 hour experiment. Addition of soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) to the diet increased the pancreatic response over that due to dietary casein alone. When pancreatic juice was diverted from the intestine, the large pancreatic responses to casein or to casein + SBTI were greatly reduced and the response was similar to that of the protein-free diet.", "PMID": 833689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_751", "title": "Amino acid fortification of wheat diets fed at varying levels of energy intake to rats.", "content": "The effects on growth and nitrogen utilization of protein quality improvement of white bread fed under varying degrees of adequacy of food energy have been studied. Weanling rats were fed white bread bread plus lysine, and bread plus lysine plus threonine at energy levels ranging from 55% to 100% of ad libitum consumption. Weight gain, protein efficiency ratio (PER), net protein ratio (NPR), and net protein utilization (NPU) were measured and plotted against food consumption. The improvement in growth and nitrogen utilization resulting from amino acid fortification of bread, even when food intake was little more than half ad libitum consumption, was significant. For example, the NPR and NPU values obtained with lysine fortified bread fed at 70% of adlibitum consumption were 1.5 to 2 times those obtained with unfortified bread in spite of the fact that the latter rats consumed 25% more food energy. The implications of these findings for practical problems in human nutrition are discussed.", "contents": "Amino acid fortification of wheat diets fed at varying levels of energy intake to rats. The effects on growth and nitrogen utilization of protein quality improvement of white bread fed under varying degrees of adequacy of food energy have been studied. Weanling rats were fed white bread bread plus lysine, and bread plus lysine plus threonine at energy levels ranging from 55% to 100% of ad libitum consumption. Weight gain, protein efficiency ratio (PER), net protein ratio (NPR), and net protein utilization (NPU) were measured and plotted against food consumption. The improvement in growth and nitrogen utilization resulting from amino acid fortification of bread, even when food intake was little more than half ad libitum consumption, was significant. For example, the NPR and NPU values obtained with lysine fortified bread fed at 70% of adlibitum consumption were 1.5 to 2 times those obtained with unfortified bread in spite of the fact that the latter rats consumed 25% more food energy. The implications of these findings for practical problems in human nutrition are discussed.", "PMID": 833690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_752", "title": "Energy utilization of a low carbohydrate diet fed genetically obese rats and mice.", "content": "Genetically obese Zucker rats, ob/ob mice and non-obese littermates were fed low carbohydrate (2%, 48%, and 50% of energy as carbohydrate, protein, and fat, respectively) and control (60%, 19%, and 21%, as carobhydrate, protein, and fat) diets. The oxidation of the energy components of these diets was measured by adding D-[U-14C]glucose, L-[U-14C]glutamic acid, and glyceryl tri-[1-14C]oleate to test meals given intragastrically and collecting respiratory CO2 for 4 hours. The animals responded to the low carbohydrate diet by oxidizing less glucose and more glutamic acid, but these amounts were proportional to dietary carbohydrate and protein composition, In contrast, the animals oxidized both higher amounts and percentages of glyceryl trioleate when fed the low carbohydrate diet. Obese Zucker rats oxidized less fat than non-obese rats when fed both diets, while obese mice oxidized fat to the same extent as non-obese mice. Feeding the low carbohydrate diet significantly increased body weight in the obese mice, but not in obese rats and non-obese mice and rats. The effect of obesity and the low carbohydrate diet on food intake, serum glucose and lipid values and CO2 production are also reported.", "contents": "Energy utilization of a low carbohydrate diet fed genetically obese rats and mice. Genetically obese Zucker rats, ob/ob mice and non-obese littermates were fed low carbohydrate (2%, 48%, and 50% of energy as carbohydrate, protein, and fat, respectively) and control (60%, 19%, and 21%, as carobhydrate, protein, and fat) diets. The oxidation of the energy components of these diets was measured by adding D-[U-14C]glucose, L-[U-14C]glutamic acid, and glyceryl tri-[1-14C]oleate to test meals given intragastrically and collecting respiratory CO2 for 4 hours. The animals responded to the low carbohydrate diet by oxidizing less glucose and more glutamic acid, but these amounts were proportional to dietary carbohydrate and protein composition, In contrast, the animals oxidized both higher amounts and percentages of glyceryl trioleate when fed the low carbohydrate diet. Obese Zucker rats oxidized less fat than non-obese rats when fed both diets, while obese mice oxidized fat to the same extent as non-obese mice. Feeding the low carbohydrate diet significantly increased body weight in the obese mice, but not in obese rats and non-obese mice and rats. The effect of obesity and the low carbohydrate diet on food intake, serum glucose and lipid values and CO2 production are also reported.", "PMID": 833691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_753", "title": "Biotin deficiency in the cat and the effect on hepatic propionyl CoA carboxylase.", "content": "Biotin deficiency was produced in growing kittens by feeding a diet containing dried, raw egg white. After receiving either an 18.5% egg white diet for 25 weeks, or a 32% egg white diet for 12 weeks, they exhibited dermal lesions characterized by alopecia, scaly dermatitis and achromotrichia, which increased in severity with the deficiency. Females developed accumulations of dried salivary, nasal and lacrymal secretions in the facial region although a male did not. There was a loss of body weight in all cats as the deficiency progressed. Hepatic propionyl CoA carboxylase activities were measured on biopsy samples of liver during biotin deficiency and after biotin supplementation. In the deficient state, activities were 4% and 24% of that following biotin supplementation. Propionyl carboxylase activity in the liver of the cat was comparable to that reported in the rat and chick in the deficient and normal states. Subcutaneous injection of 0.25 mg biotin every other day while continuing to receive the egg white diet caused remission of clinical signs, a body weight gain and increased food intake.", "contents": "Biotin deficiency in the cat and the effect on hepatic propionyl CoA carboxylase. Biotin deficiency was produced in growing kittens by feeding a diet containing dried, raw egg white. After receiving either an 18.5% egg white diet for 25 weeks, or a 32% egg white diet for 12 weeks, they exhibited dermal lesions characterized by alopecia, scaly dermatitis and achromotrichia, which increased in severity with the deficiency. Females developed accumulations of dried salivary, nasal and lacrymal secretions in the facial region although a male did not. There was a loss of body weight in all cats as the deficiency progressed. Hepatic propionyl CoA carboxylase activities were measured on biopsy samples of liver during biotin deficiency and after biotin supplementation. In the deficient state, activities were 4% and 24% of that following biotin supplementation. Propionyl carboxylase activity in the liver of the cat was comparable to that reported in the rat and chick in the deficient and normal states. Subcutaneous injection of 0.25 mg biotin every other day while continuing to receive the egg white diet caused remission of clinical signs, a body weight gain and increased food intake.", "PMID": 833692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_754", "title": "Human protein requirements: a long-term metabolic nitrogen balance study in young men to evaulate the 1973 FAO/WHO safe level of egg protein intake.", "content": "Six Caucasion male MIT students, age 19 to 23 years, were given a formula diet providing 0.59 g egg protein/kg body weight/day and energy intakes approximately 10% above their usual requirements. Four subjects continued on this diet for 81 to 89 days, but for the two the protein intake was increased after 50 and 59 days because of an excessive rise in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. The elevated serum AST and ALT activities fell to normal rapidly when these subjects received a diet providing 1.5 g protein/kg/day  from skim milk powder. Body weight increased in five of the subjects. Four showed cumulative negative N balances, and all showed a net loss of total body 40K, which was significant in three. These findings indicate that the 1973 FAO/WHO \"safe level\" of egg protein intake of 0.57 g/kg is not sufficient for long-term maintenance of most healthy young men. Moreover, the greater N losses calculated from 40K and creatinine measurements than from the N balance data suggest an integumental N loww approximating 15 mg/kg rather than the 5 mg of the 1973 allowances.", "contents": "Human protein requirements: a long-term metabolic nitrogen balance study in young men to evaulate the 1973 FAO/WHO safe level of egg protein intake. Six Caucasion male MIT students, age 19 to 23 years, were given a formula diet providing 0.59 g egg protein/kg body weight/day and energy intakes approximately 10% above their usual requirements. Four subjects continued on this diet for 81 to 89 days, but for the two the protein intake was increased after 50 and 59 days because of an excessive rise in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. The elevated serum AST and ALT activities fell to normal rapidly when these subjects received a diet providing 1.5 g protein/kg/day  from skim milk powder. Body weight increased in five of the subjects. Four showed cumulative negative N balances, and all showed a net loss of total body 40K, which was significant in three. These findings indicate that the 1973 FAO/WHO \"safe level\" of egg protein intake of 0.57 g/kg is not sufficient for long-term maintenance of most healthy young men. Moreover, the greater N losses calculated from 40K and creatinine measurements than from the N balance data suggest an integumental N loww approximating 15 mg/kg rather than the 5 mg of the 1973 allowances.", "PMID": 833693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_755", "title": "Variegated color sensations from rod-cone interactions: flicker-fusion experiments.", "content": "Multicolored images were produced by the combination of two different color-separation images, one illuminated with 656 nm light and the other illuminated with 500 nm light. Flicker-fusion frequency measurements were used to identify the conditions in which the 500 nm light was below cone threshold. Under those conditions the multicolored images were shown to be generated by rod and long-wave cone interactions.", "contents": "Variegated color sensations from rod-cone interactions: flicker-fusion experiments. Multicolored images were produced by the combination of two different color-separation images, one illuminated with 656 nm light and the other illuminated with 500 nm light. Flicker-fusion frequency measurements were used to identify the conditions in which the 500 nm light was below cone threshold. Under those conditions the multicolored images were shown to be generated by rod and long-wave cone interactions.", "PMID": 833697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_756", "title": "Segmental dilatation of the ileum.", "content": "Three new cases of congenital segmental dilatation of the ileum are presented and added to 12 cases of segmental dilatation found in the literature. The aspect of the condition which is of particular interest is the presence in 3 of the dilated segments of heteroplastic foregut derivatives of unusual varieties. The etiology of the condition is discussed; it does not appear to be a single distinct pathological entity.", "contents": "Segmental dilatation of the ileum. Three new cases of congenital segmental dilatation of the ileum are presented and added to 12 cases of segmental dilatation found in the literature. The aspect of the condition which is of particular interest is the presence in 3 of the dilated segments of heteroplastic foregut derivatives of unusual varieties. The etiology of the condition is discussed; it does not appear to be a single distinct pathological entity.", "PMID": 833707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_757", "title": "Early diagnosis and surgical treatment of children with congenital vascular rings and accompanying heart lesions.", "content": "Methods of early diagnosis, operative treatment and postoperative care are described in children with congenital vascular rings. The ring types were grouped according to Cooley's classification. Among 42 recognized vascular rings 34 children required surgical treatment because of severe or noticeable compressive symptoms of esophagus and trachea. In the postoperative period early respiratory care is especially important.", "contents": "Early diagnosis and surgical treatment of children with congenital vascular rings and accompanying heart lesions. Methods of early diagnosis, operative treatment and postoperative care are described in children with congenital vascular rings. The ring types were grouped according to Cooley's classification. Among 42 recognized vascular rings 34 children required surgical treatment because of severe or noticeable compressive symptoms of esophagus and trachea. In the postoperative period early respiratory care is especially important.", "PMID": 833709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_758", "title": "Open heart surgery in the first six months of life.", "content": "Intracardiac repair of a variety of cardiac anomalies was performed in 104 infants aged 10 days to 6 mo, presenting with severe hypoxia and/or intractable heart failure. Thirty-eight patients (33 less than three mo of age) did not survive the operation or died during the first postoperative month. Above 6 mo of age, correction of heart defects is often carried out on an elective basis, and results are more favorable. A more convenient choice between corrective and palliative procedures is suggested to achieve better results in the difficult group of patients who require surgery within the first 6 mo of life.", "contents": "Open heart surgery in the first six months of life. Intracardiac repair of a variety of cardiac anomalies was performed in 104 infants aged 10 days to 6 mo, presenting with severe hypoxia and/or intractable heart failure. Thirty-eight patients (33 less than three mo of age) did not survive the operation or died during the first postoperative month. Above 6 mo of age, correction of heart defects is often carried out on an elective basis, and results are more favorable. A more convenient choice between corrective and palliative procedures is suggested to achieve better results in the difficult group of patients who require surgery within the first 6 mo of life.", "PMID": 833708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_759", "title": "A histopathological study of the remnant of extrahepatic bile duct in so-called uncorrectable biliary atresia.", "content": "Histopathological study of the remnant of extrahepatic bile ducts in 40 cases of so-called uncorrectable biliary atresia, upon which we operated the last three years, has been performed. The histological findings of the remnant were classified into three types. Only two cases were found to have type 1a ducts in the porta hepatis area, from which we can expect better prognosis postoperatively. We also found that as the patients become older, the size of the duct in the remnant becomes smaller and the hepatic fibrosis becomes more remarkable. Therefore the operation should be performed in the infant with this lesion as young as possible. As for the evaluation of operative results of hepatic portoenterostomy for this lesion, a proper evaluation can be made only in those cases in which a microscopic examination of the remnant of extrahepatic bile duct at the porta hepatis area has been adequately performed. Concerning the pathogenesis of biliary atresia, we presume that congenital abnormalities of bile ducts are a basic factor, and additional nonspecific inflammation and bile stasis complete its pathological condition.", "contents": "A histopathological study of the remnant of extrahepatic bile duct in so-called uncorrectable biliary atresia. Histopathological study of the remnant of extrahepatic bile ducts in 40 cases of so-called uncorrectable biliary atresia, upon which we operated the last three years, has been performed. The histological findings of the remnant were classified into three types. Only two cases were found to have type 1a ducts in the porta hepatis area, from which we can expect better prognosis postoperatively. We also found that as the patients become older, the size of the duct in the remnant becomes smaller and the hepatic fibrosis becomes more remarkable. Therefore the operation should be performed in the infant with this lesion as young as possible. As for the evaluation of operative results of hepatic portoenterostomy for this lesion, a proper evaluation can be made only in those cases in which a microscopic examination of the remnant of extrahepatic bile duct at the porta hepatis area has been adequately performed. Concerning the pathogenesis of biliary atresia, we presume that congenital abnormalities of bile ducts are a basic factor, and additional nonspecific inflammation and bile stasis complete its pathological condition.", "PMID": 833710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_760", "title": "The results of treatment of anorectal anomalies: a thirteen to twenty year follow-up.", "content": "The long-term results of low anomalies are excellent, as expected, whether primarily treated by cutback or transplantation. Those of the high anomalies are perhaps better than expected but only achieved after an unacceptably long period of incontinence. Better techniques are still needed for these supralevator deformities. Permanent colostomy also had its problems.", "contents": "The results of treatment of anorectal anomalies: a thirteen to twenty year follow-up. The long-term results of low anomalies are excellent, as expected, whether primarily treated by cutback or transplantation. Those of the high anomalies are perhaps better than expected but only achieved after an unacceptably long period of incontinence. Better techniques are still needed for these supralevator deformities. Permanent colostomy also had its problems.", "PMID": 833711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_761", "title": "Management of liver trauma in children.", "content": "The charts of 203 consecutive children undergoing emergency laparotomy for management of an acute liver injury were reviewed. Although drainage was all that was required in the majority of cases, massive hemorrhage, usually arising from disrupted hepatic veins, appeared to demand liver resection (as performed in 17 children, with a mortality of 18%) during earlier years of the survey. Control of exsanguinating bleeding from such liver wounds by packing with viable autogenous tissue (pedicled omentum) subsequently eliminated almost entirely the need for resection. Fatalities resulting from either hemorrhagic shock or loss of liver substance then became relatively rare. Additional significant problems were associated organ injuries, postoperative wound and intra-abdominal sepsis, bleeding diatheses, and late instances of hemobilia. The overall mortality was 6%.", "contents": "Management of liver trauma in children. The charts of 203 consecutive children undergoing emergency laparotomy for management of an acute liver injury were reviewed. Although drainage was all that was required in the majority of cases, massive hemorrhage, usually arising from disrupted hepatic veins, appeared to demand liver resection (as performed in 17 children, with a mortality of 18%) during earlier years of the survey. Control of exsanguinating bleeding from such liver wounds by packing with viable autogenous tissue (pedicled omentum) subsequently eliminated almost entirely the need for resection. Fatalities resulting from either hemorrhagic shock or loss of liver substance then became relatively rare. Additional significant problems were associated organ injuries, postoperative wound and intra-abdominal sepsis, bleeding diatheses, and late instances of hemobilia. The overall mortality was 6%.", "PMID": 833712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_762", "title": "Experimental production of cystic dilatation of the common bile duct in neonatal lambs.", "content": "A reliable experimental model for the study of cystic dilatation of the extrahepatic biliary system has been produced purely by ligation of the distal end of the common bile duct in the newborn lamb. Six of nine experimental lambs surviving the immediate postoperative period lived for periods ranging from 27 to 40 days. All six developed cystic dilatation of the common bile duct.", "contents": "Experimental production of cystic dilatation of the common bile duct in neonatal lambs. A reliable experimental model for the study of cystic dilatation of the extrahepatic biliary system has been produced purely by ligation of the distal end of the common bile duct in the newborn lamb. Six of nine experimental lambs surviving the immediate postoperative period lived for periods ranging from 27 to 40 days. All six developed cystic dilatation of the common bile duct.", "PMID": 833713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_763", "title": "Avascular transplantation of small bowel in newborn piglets.", "content": "Segments of small bowel of newborn piglets were isolated and wrapped in omentum as free autotransplants. After initial necrosis, they regenerate either completely, or at least their muscular layer is restored. As there is a lot of inflammatory reaction in most of the grafts, the conclusion is drawn that either preexisting infection, or autoaggressive reactions are responsible for this. Homografts behave like autografts in the beginning, their structures being restored, but are all rejected by the sixth week. Immaturity of the immunologic system in the newborn may be the reason for this late rejection.", "contents": "Avascular transplantation of small bowel in newborn piglets. Segments of small bowel of newborn piglets were isolated and wrapped in omentum as free autotransplants. After initial necrosis, they regenerate either completely, or at least their muscular layer is restored. As there is a lot of inflammatory reaction in most of the grafts, the conclusion is drawn that either preexisting infection, or autoaggressive reactions are responsible for this. Homografts behave like autografts in the beginning, their structures being restored, but are all rejected by the sixth week. Immaturity of the immunologic system in the newborn may be the reason for this late rejection.", "PMID": 833714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_764", "title": "The antibacterial effects of impregnated silastic and its possible applications in surgery.", "content": "We have made an in vitro preliminary study of the feasibility of incorporating suitable antibacterial agents with medical grade silicone rubber (\"Silastic\") with reference to the immediate and sustained effects in simulated conditions of use. The results are encouraging and further work is planned. The possible applications of such impregnated Silastic in clinical conditions involving implants of various kinds is discussed.", "contents": "The antibacterial effects of impregnated silastic and its possible applications in surgery. We have made an in vitro preliminary study of the feasibility of incorporating suitable antibacterial agents with medical grade silicone rubber (\"Silastic\") with reference to the immediate and sustained effects in simulated conditions of use. The results are encouraging and further work is planned. The possible applications of such impregnated Silastic in clinical conditions involving implants of various kinds is discussed.", "PMID": 833715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_765", "title": "Extradural hematomas in infants.", "content": "This study reports 19 cases of extradural hematomas in infants for their relative frequency in head injury of children, their clinical findings, their particular evolution and the therapeutic problems specific to this age.", "contents": "Extradural hematomas in infants. This study reports 19 cases of extradural hematomas in infants for their relative frequency in head injury of children, their clinical findings, their particular evolution and the therapeutic problems specific to this age.", "PMID": 833716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_766", "title": "Management of children with chronic femoral artery obstruction.", "content": "Chronic obstruction of the femoral artery in children is a complication of diagnostic angiography, cardiac catheterization and umbilical artery catheterization. We have seen 22 cases and have operated on 7. The indications for operation are claudication, muscle wasting, and shortness of the lower limb. The diagnosis is confirmed by a Doppler profile and the abnormal vascular anatomy demonstrated by angiography via the contralateral femoral artery. We have done 4 ilio-femoral, two femo-femoral and one femoro-popliteal bypass grafts utilizing the long saphenous vein. Results have been good in five, the other two grafts having thrombosed.", "contents": "Management of children with chronic femoral artery obstruction. Chronic obstruction of the femoral artery in children is a complication of diagnostic angiography, cardiac catheterization and umbilical artery catheterization. We have seen 22 cases and have operated on 7. The indications for operation are claudication, muscle wasting, and shortness of the lower limb. The diagnosis is confirmed by a Doppler profile and the abnormal vascular anatomy demonstrated by angiography via the contralateral femoral artery. We have done 4 ilio-femoral, two femo-femoral and one femoro-popliteal bypass grafts utilizing the long saphenous vein. Results have been good in five, the other two grafts having thrombosed.", "PMID": 833717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_767", "title": "\"H-type\" urethroanal fistula.", "content": "Stephens and Smith have recently described a urethroanal connection through which urine was passed preferentially into the otherwise normal rectum at the pectinate line. Other authors have reported similar deformities. The term \"congenital 'H-type' anourethral fistula\" was proposed for this rare anomaly by deVries and Friedland in 1974. In this communication, we describe two examples of the \"H-type\" urethroanal fistula (Fig. 1). Each patient also had tracheoesophageal fistula. One patient (R.P.), now 11 yr of age, has had successful correction of the anomaly. The other patient (T.McC.), a small premature baby whose uroanal deformity was investigated radiographically, died of sepsis and uremia. The anatomical relationships in this baby were investigated histologically in the autopsy specimen by means of serial sections. From this study, it has been possible to determine the sphincteric anatomy and to suggest a possible pathoembryology of the defect.", "contents": "\"H-type\" urethroanal fistula. Stephens and Smith have recently described a urethroanal connection through which urine was passed preferentially into the otherwise normal rectum at the pectinate line. Other authors have reported similar deformities. The term \"congenital 'H-type' anourethral fistula\" was proposed for this rare anomaly by deVries and Friedland in 1974. In this communication, we describe two examples of the \"H-type\" urethroanal fistula (Fig. 1). Each patient also had tracheoesophageal fistula. One patient (R.P.), now 11 yr of age, has had successful correction of the anomaly. The other patient (T.McC.), a small premature baby whose uroanal deformity was investigated radiographically, died of sepsis and uremia. The anatomical relationships in this baby were investigated histologically in the autopsy specimen by means of serial sections. From this study, it has been possible to determine the sphincteric anatomy and to suggest a possible pathoembryology of the defect.", "PMID": 833718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_768", "title": "Polydisperse particulate solids mixing and segregation: nonstationary Markov chains.", "content": "The feasibility of analyzing interparticulate translocations within agitated beds of polydisperse particulate solids in terms of Markov chains was investigated. A binary mixture of spherical particles subjected to vertical sine wave vibration is shown to behave in accordance with a nonstationary. Markov chain having singly stochastic transition matrixes. The transition probability elements of such matrixes, calculated from a knowledge of the initial and final occupancy vectors, agree with those estimated using tracer particles. With appropriate restrictions, the former method, based on the solution of simultaneous equations, permits a quantitative evaluation of particle mobilities throughout the bed.", "contents": "Polydisperse particulate solids mixing and segregation: nonstationary Markov chains. The feasibility of analyzing interparticulate translocations within agitated beds of polydisperse particulate solids in terms of Markov chains was investigated. A binary mixture of spherical particles subjected to vertical sine wave vibration is shown to behave in accordance with a nonstationary. Markov chain having singly stochastic transition matrixes. The transition probability elements of such matrixes, calculated from a knowledge of the initial and final occupancy vectors, agree with those estimated using tracer particles. With appropriate restrictions, the former method, based on the solution of simultaneous equations, permits a quantitative evaluation of particle mobilities throughout the bed.", "PMID": 833721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_769", "title": "Influence of sunscreening agents on color stability of tablets coated with certified dyes III: FD&C Yellow No. 6.", "content": "The influence of a protective coating of six sunscreening agents (glyceryl p-aminobenzoate, benzocaine, cinoxate, homosalate, n-octyl salicylate, and amyl salicylate) upon the photostability of FD&C Yellow No. 6 used to color coat tablets was studied. The alcohol film, modified sugar-, and film-coating methods were used to apply the sunscreening agents. Tablets were exposed to 1000 foot-candles of light for various times, after which reflectance measurements and visual observations were recorded. FD&C Yellow No. 6 did not follow the Kubelka-Munk equation. The order of relative stability was FD&C Yellow No. 6 greater than erythrosine sodium (FD&C Red No. 3) greater than FD&C Blue No. 1. The greatest protection against fading was afforded by benzocaine.", "contents": "Influence of sunscreening agents on color stability of tablets coated with certified dyes III: FD&C Yellow No. 6. The influence of a protective coating of six sunscreening agents (glyceryl p-aminobenzoate, benzocaine, cinoxate, homosalate, n-octyl salicylate, and amyl salicylate) upon the photostability of FD&C Yellow No. 6 used to color coat tablets was studied. The alcohol film, modified sugar-, and film-coating methods were used to apply the sunscreening agents. Tablets were exposed to 1000 foot-candles of light for various times, after which reflectance measurements and visual observations were recorded. FD&C Yellow No. 6 did not follow the Kubelka-Munk equation. The order of relative stability was FD&C Yellow No. 6 greater than erythrosine sodium (FD&C Red No. 3) greater than FD&C Blue No. 1. The greatest protection against fading was afforded by benzocaine.", "PMID": 833722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_770", "title": "Quantitative determination of benzoic acid and salicyclic acid in ointments by high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "Benzoic acid and salicyclic acid in ointments were analyzed quantitatively by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. Both benzoic and salicyclic acids can be assayed in combinations directily without interference from each other or the ointment bases. The method is accurate, simple, and rapid. Excellent results were obtained with three commercial bases.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of benzoic acid and salicyclic acid in ointments by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Benzoic acid and salicyclic acid in ointments were analyzed quantitatively by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. Both benzoic and salicyclic acids can be assayed in combinations directily without interference from each other or the ointment bases. The method is accurate, simple, and rapid. Excellent results were obtained with three commercial bases.", "PMID": 833723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_771", "title": "Effects of aspirin and acetaminophen on fetal and placental growth in rats.", "content": "Aqueous suspensions of aspirin or acetaminophen (125 and 250 mg/kg/day) were administered orally to pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats on Days 8-19 of gestation Day 20, each rat was sacrificed and the uterus was examined in situ. Each fetal-placental unit was resected and examined. Fetuses from rats given 125 or 250 mg/kg/day of aspirin were shorter and weighed less than those obtained from control rats. In animals receiving the higher dose of aspirin, the placentas were smaller and the number of fetal resorptions was increased. Acetaminophen (250 mg/kg/day) did not affect fetal length or weight or the incidence of resorption. Acetaminophen interfered less with the normal growth of the rat fetus and placenta than did aspirin.", "contents": "Effects of aspirin and acetaminophen on fetal and placental growth in rats. Aqueous suspensions of aspirin or acetaminophen (125 and 250 mg/kg/day) were administered orally to pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats on Days 8-19 of gestation Day 20, each rat was sacrificed and the uterus was examined in situ. Each fetal-placental unit was resected and examined. Fetuses from rats given 125 or 250 mg/kg/day of aspirin were shorter and weighed less than those obtained from control rats. In animals receiving the higher dose of aspirin, the placentas were smaller and the number of fetal resorptions was increased. Acetaminophen (250 mg/kg/day) did not affect fetal length or weight or the incidence of resorption. Acetaminophen interfered less with the normal growth of the rat fetus and placenta than did aspirin.", "PMID": 833724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_772", "title": "Dihydralazine sulfate analysis using 2-methyl-o-nitropyridine-6-carboxaldehyde.", "content": "A sensitive, selective colorimetric assay was developed for the quantitative analysis of dihydralazine sulfate. The method is based on the interaction of buffered (pH 4) dihydralazine sulfate with a methanolic solution of 2-methyl-3-nitropyridine-6-carboxaldehyde upon heating to give an orange color. This color can be quantified spectrophotometrically at 450 nm,with a lower limit of detection of 1 mug/ml. The color is stable for at least 24 hr. There is no interference from other drugs likely to be present along with dihydralazine sulfate and common excipients. The method was used successfully for the determination of dihydralazine sulfate in combination with other drugs in different commercial tablets. The developed method was applicable as a stability-indicating assay.", "contents": "Dihydralazine sulfate analysis using 2-methyl-o-nitropyridine-6-carboxaldehyde. A sensitive, selective colorimetric assay was developed for the quantitative analysis of dihydralazine sulfate. The method is based on the interaction of buffered (pH 4) dihydralazine sulfate with a methanolic solution of 2-methyl-3-nitropyridine-6-carboxaldehyde upon heating to give an orange color. This color can be quantified spectrophotometrically at 450 nm,with a lower limit of detection of 1 mug/ml. The color is stable for at least 24 hr. There is no interference from other drugs likely to be present along with dihydralazine sulfate and common excipients. The method was used successfully for the determination of dihydralazine sulfate in combination with other drugs in different commercial tablets. The developed method was applicable as a stability-indicating assay.", "PMID": 833726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_773", "title": "NMR determination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in tablets and powders.", "content": "An NMR spectroscopic method for the determination of mixtures of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole is described. Spectra are determined in dimethylsulfoxide-d6, containing 1,4-dinitrobenzene as an internal standard. Both synthetic mixtures and commercial formulations were assayed, and the results were compared to those obtained using the BP procedure.", "contents": "NMR determination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in tablets and powders. An NMR spectroscopic method for the determination of mixtures of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole is described. Spectra are determined in dimethylsulfoxide-d6, containing 1,4-dinitrobenzene as an internal standard. Both synthetic mixtures and commercial formulations were assayed, and the results were compared to those obtained using the BP procedure.", "PMID": 833727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_774", "title": "Quick estimation of kinetic parameters for a compartment with exponential absorption rate and first-order elimination rate.", "content": "Two methods are presented for the quick estimation of kinetic parameters for a compartment with an exponential absorption rate and a first-order elimination rate. The first method is by direct computation from the observed levels of substance in the compartment at times t. 2t, and 3t, where t is arbitrary. The second method uses a numerical table to estimate the parameters from the observed peak level, the time of the peak level (or the time when the level rises to half on the peak level), and the time when the level has declined to half of its peak value. Some approximation equations also are given.", "contents": "Quick estimation of kinetic parameters for a compartment with exponential absorption rate and first-order elimination rate. Two methods are presented for the quick estimation of kinetic parameters for a compartment with an exponential absorption rate and a first-order elimination rate. The first method is by direct computation from the observed levels of substance in the compartment at times t. 2t, and 3t, where t is arbitrary. The second method uses a numerical table to estimate the parameters from the observed peak level, the time of the peak level (or the time when the level rises to half on the peak level), and the time when the level has declined to half of its peak value. Some approximation equations also are given.", "PMID": 833728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_775", "title": "In vitro inhibition of viral DNA polymerase activity by litmomycin.", "content": "Litmomycin, an antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces litmogenes, is highly active against Gram-positive bacteria and possesses antitumor activity. It inhibited viral DNA polymerase activity in vitro. The amount of litmomycin required to cause 50% inhibition of enzyme activity was 80-100 mug (180-225 nmoles)/ml of reaction mixture. The enzyme inhibition was observed when polyriboadenylate--oligodeoxythymidylate, polydeoxyadenylate-oligodeoxythymidyate, polyribocytidylate-oligodeoxyguanylate, activated DNA, and 70 S RNA were used as templates. Reaction kinetics and the mechanism of enzyme inhibition are discussed. The results  suggest that litmomycin interacts with the template primer and not with the enzyme protein to stop the polymerization process.", "contents": "In vitro inhibition of viral DNA polymerase activity by litmomycin. Litmomycin, an antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces litmogenes, is highly active against Gram-positive bacteria and possesses antitumor activity. It inhibited viral DNA polymerase activity in vitro. The amount of litmomycin required to cause 50% inhibition of enzyme activity was 80-100 mug (180-225 nmoles)/ml of reaction mixture. The enzyme inhibition was observed when polyriboadenylate--oligodeoxythymidylate, polydeoxyadenylate-oligodeoxythymidyate, polyribocytidylate-oligodeoxyguanylate, activated DNA, and 70 S RNA were used as templates. Reaction kinetics and the mechanism of enzyme inhibition are discussed. The results  suggest that litmomycin interacts with the template primer and not with the enzyme protein to stop the polymerization process.", "PMID": 833729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_776", "title": "Application of salivary concentration data to pharmacokinetic studies with antipyrine.", "content": "The concentrations of antipyrine in plasma and saliva were equivalent in normal volunteers and in patients with acute viral hepatitis following oral doses of antipyrine. Estimates of clearance, volume of distribution, and half-life made from either plasma or saliva samples were not statistically different in these subjects. Differences in the disposition kinetics of anticted using either plasma or saliva samples.", "contents": "Application of salivary concentration data to pharmacokinetic studies with antipyrine. The concentrations of antipyrine in plasma and saliva were equivalent in normal volunteers and in patients with acute viral hepatitis following oral doses of antipyrine. Estimates of clearance, volume of distribution, and half-life made from either plasma or saliva samples were not statistically different in these subjects. Differences in the disposition kinetics of anticted using either plasma or saliva samples.", "PMID": 833730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_777", "title": "Application of a convective diffusion model to membrane transport.", "content": "Studies were carried out on the permeation rate of butambed through a dimethicone membrane. Under conditions of \"aqueous diffusion layer control\", the permeation rate was accurately described by a mathematical model based on convective diffusion theory. In accordance with model, the rate of permeation from a saturated donor phase was shown to be equal to the rate of dissolution from a pure solid.", "contents": "Application of a convective diffusion model to membrane transport. Studies were carried out on the permeation rate of butambed through a dimethicone membrane. Under conditions of \"aqueous diffusion layer control\", the permeation rate was accurately described by a mathematical model based on convective diffusion theory. In accordance with model, the rate of permeation from a saturated donor phase was shown to be equal to the rate of dissolution from a pure solid.", "PMID": 833731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_778", "title": "Single-dose assay of ferrous ion in pharmaceuticals.", "content": "A method for assay of the ferrous ion in hematinics or multivitamin tablets is described. The method is based on the spectrophotometric measurement of the chromophore produced by reacting the ferrous ion with the highly specific chelating agent ferrozine. The method is proposed as an alternative to the redox methods in the USP and NF.", "contents": "Single-dose assay of ferrous ion in pharmaceuticals. A method for assay of the ferrous ion in hematinics or multivitamin tablets is described. The method is based on the spectrophotometric measurement of the chromophore produced by reacting the ferrous ion with the highly specific chelating agent ferrozine. The method is proposed as an alternative to the redox methods in the USP and NF.", "PMID": 833733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_779", "title": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of drugs in biological fluids I. Warfarin.", "content": "A rapid, sensitive, and specific high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the quantitative analysis of warfarin in plasma is described. The method involves a single solvent extraction of warfarin and the internal standard form acidified plasma, followed by evaporation and HPLC analysis. The method is sufficiently sensitive and accurate for most pharmacokinetic studies: concentrations between 0.1 and 4.0 mug/ml can be measured with a coefficient of variation of 2-5%. Known metabolites of warfarin do not interfere with the analysis.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of drugs in biological fluids I. Warfarin. A rapid, sensitive, and specific high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the quantitative analysis of warfarin in plasma is described. The method involves a single solvent extraction of warfarin and the internal standard form acidified plasma, followed by evaporation and HPLC analysis. The method is sufficiently sensitive and accurate for most pharmacokinetic studies: concentrations between 0.1 and 4.0 mug/ml can be measured with a coefficient of variation of 2-5%. Known metabolites of warfarin do not interfere with the analysis.", "PMID": 833734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_780", "title": "Separation and analysis of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in biological fluids by high-pressure liquid chromatography and GLC.", "content": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) systems were developed to separate quantitatively delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol from heptane-extractable lipoidal and other endogenous substances in biological fluids. These substances interfered with the quantitation by flame-ionization GLC of the unmodified compound and by electron-capture GLC of the pentafluorobenzoyl derivative. Reversed-phase HPLC elution, with 47% acetonitrile in water, and normal-phase HPLC with 25% chloroform in heptane separated delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol from 11-hydroxy-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and other monohydroxylated tetrahydrocannabinols. These systems also purified stock solutions of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol from accompanying contaminants. The various monohydroxylated tetrahydrocannabinols were resolved from each other in the normal phase, 80% chloroform in heptane. The delta 8- and delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinols were separable in the normal phase with 5% tetrahydrofuran in hexane. The GLC analysis of pentafluorobenzoylated delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol had a sensitivity of 1 ng/ml of plasma, with an estimated 5% standard error with the developed extraction and GLC procedures. Radiochemical analysis of the HPLC-separated fraction had a sensitivity of 0.2 ng/ml of plasma, with an estimated 2% standard error. There was no significant difference between the liquid scintillation and electron-capture GLC assays of the HPLC-separated delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol obtained from the plasma of dogs administered the drug. Radiolabeled compounds can be added to plasma samples as internal standards to determine the recovery efficiencies of the several procedures in the analysis of unlabeled tetrahydrocannabinol.", "contents": "Separation and analysis of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in biological fluids by high-pressure liquid chromatography and GLC. High-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) systems were developed to separate quantitatively delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol from heptane-extractable lipoidal and other endogenous substances in biological fluids. These substances interfered with the quantitation by flame-ionization GLC of the unmodified compound and by electron-capture GLC of the pentafluorobenzoyl derivative. Reversed-phase HPLC elution, with 47% acetonitrile in water, and normal-phase HPLC with 25% chloroform in heptane separated delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol from 11-hydroxy-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and other monohydroxylated tetrahydrocannabinols. These systems also purified stock solutions of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol from accompanying contaminants. The various monohydroxylated tetrahydrocannabinols were resolved from each other in the normal phase, 80% chloroform in heptane. The delta 8- and delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinols were separable in the normal phase with 5% tetrahydrofuran in hexane. The GLC analysis of pentafluorobenzoylated delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol had a sensitivity of 1 ng/ml of plasma, with an estimated 5% standard error with the developed extraction and GLC procedures. Radiochemical analysis of the HPLC-separated fraction had a sensitivity of 0.2 ng/ml of plasma, with an estimated 2% standard error. There was no significant difference between the liquid scintillation and electron-capture GLC assays of the HPLC-separated delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol obtained from the plasma of dogs administered the drug. Radiolabeled compounds can be added to plasma samples as internal standards to determine the recovery efficiencies of the several procedures in the analysis of unlabeled tetrahydrocannabinol.", "PMID": 833737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_781", "title": "Kinetics of indomethacin degradation I: Presence of alkali.", "content": "The kinetics of indomethacin degradation were followed in alkaline aqueous solutions at various temperatures between 20.1 and 40.7 degrees. The apparent first-order rate constants were evaluated from log absorbance versus time plots at lambda max 318 nm. The primary salt effect was positive. The rate constant-hydroxide-ion concentration profile was linear with a positive slope, suggesting the following rate law: kobs = k1 [OH-]. The experimental data fit the proposed reaction of degradation, I- + OH k1 leads to products, where I- = mono-dissociated indomethacin species. Activation energies and other related parameters were calculated from Arrhenius-type plots.", "contents": "Kinetics of indomethacin degradation I: Presence of alkali. The kinetics of indomethacin degradation were followed in alkaline aqueous solutions at various temperatures between 20.1 and 40.7 degrees. The apparent first-order rate constants were evaluated from log absorbance versus time plots at lambda max 318 nm. The primary salt effect was positive. The rate constant-hydroxide-ion concentration profile was linear with a positive slope, suggesting the following rate law: kobs = k1 [OH-]. The experimental data fit the proposed reaction of degradation, I- + OH k1 leads to products, where I- = mono-dissociated indomethacin species. Activation energies and other related parameters were calculated from Arrhenius-type plots.", "PMID": 833738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_782", "title": "Scattered isergonic profiles.", "content": "Equations were developed for the geometric analysis of scatter in isergonic profiles as a function of vertical (delta delta H), horizontal (delta delta S), and perpendicular (d) distances from the error line. Sigma (sigma-) correlates with each of these quantities of the test series to produce stastistics (F and r) identical to those for correlation with delta G. The vertical distances, delta delta H, are shown to be identical to the substituent effect, beta delta G; thus, it is concluded that the Hepler approach of implicating a solvation  mechanism on the basis of rho-beta correlations for these distances is not warranted. The uncertainty of points on the isergonic profile for the test series was determined using the joint confidence region (\"error contour\") approach. Statistical limits of the contour lengths overlapped extremely between members of the test series. To eliminate such overlap for series showing small ranges in substituent effects, extremely precise rate data would be required with N (number of data points) = 4 or 5 for the Arrhenius fits . A comparison between d values and the perpendicular half-widths (w/2) of the error contours resulted in d greater than w/2 for each member of the test series (excluding H), providing that scatter in the profile could not result from experimental error. A further comparison between differences in d, delta d, from suggested beta lines for solvation and w/2 values showed that a beta range as large as 45 degrees could be included in the error contour widths of the test series. Since the average reaction temperature, T, fell within this range solvation effects could not be distinguished statistically from error effects.", "contents": "Scattered isergonic profiles. Equations were developed for the geometric analysis of scatter in isergonic profiles as a function of vertical (delta delta H), horizontal (delta delta S), and perpendicular (d) distances from the error line. Sigma (sigma-) correlates with each of these quantities of the test series to produce stastistics (F and r) identical to those for correlation with delta G. The vertical distances, delta delta H, are shown to be identical to the substituent effect, beta delta G; thus, it is concluded that the Hepler approach of implicating a solvation  mechanism on the basis of rho-beta correlations for these distances is not warranted. The uncertainty of points on the isergonic profile for the test series was determined using the joint confidence region (\"error contour\") approach. Statistical limits of the contour lengths overlapped extremely between members of the test series. To eliminate such overlap for series showing small ranges in substituent effects, extremely precise rate data would be required with N (number of data points) = 4 or 5 for the Arrhenius fits . A comparison between d values and the perpendicular half-widths (w/2) of the error contours resulted in d greater than w/2 for each member of the test series (excluding H), providing that scatter in the profile could not result from experimental error. A further comparison between differences in d, delta d, from suggested beta lines for solvation and w/2 values showed that a beta range as large as 45 degrees could be included in the error contour widths of the test series. Since the average reaction temperature, T, fell within this range solvation effects could not be distinguished statistically from error effects.", "PMID": 833739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_783", "title": "Solubility profiles and thermodynamics of parabens in aliphatic alcohols.", "content": "The solubility of a series of compounds was determined in a wide polarity spectrum of normal aliphatic alcohols over a limited temperature range. The solutes chosen were the methyl through n-butyl p-hydroxybenzoates, several of these being useful preservatives. Solubility profiles were determined for these compounds, and the effect of temperature upon their solubility behavior was investigated. The solubility of the solutes is expressed in several concentration notations; mole fraction plots showed a variable twin peak array as a function of the dielectric constant for the solutes studied. Since heats of fusion were available and data were generated as a function  of temperature, thermodynamic parameters for these systems could be calculated. The relationship of these parameters to multiple solubility peak array is discussed.", "contents": "Solubility profiles and thermodynamics of parabens in aliphatic alcohols. The solubility of a series of compounds was determined in a wide polarity spectrum of normal aliphatic alcohols over a limited temperature range. The solutes chosen were the methyl through n-butyl p-hydroxybenzoates, several of these being useful preservatives. Solubility profiles were determined for these compounds, and the effect of temperature upon their solubility behavior was investigated. The solubility of the solutes is expressed in several concentration notations; mole fraction plots showed a variable twin peak array as a function of the dielectric constant for the solutes studied. Since heats of fusion were available and data were generated as a function  of temperature, thermodynamic parameters for these systems could be calculated. The relationship of these parameters to multiple solubility peak array is discussed.", "PMID": 833740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_784", "title": "Fluorocarbon aerosol propellants XI: Pharmacokinetics of dichlorodifluoromethane in dogs following single and multiple dosing.", "content": "A three-compartment open model was proposed for the disposition of dichlorodifluoromethane in dogs with average half-lives of 1.47, 7.95, and 58.5 min for the three disposition phases. This proposal is contrary to several studies that monitored blood levels for a shorter period. An analysis of the tissue compartment distribution following a single dose showed that about 1.5 hr was required to achieve pseudodistribution equilibration, following which more than 90% of the dose remaining in the body was retained in the tissue compartments. The pulmonary clearance and volumes of distribution were calculated considering the first-pass effect through the lungs. The volume of distribution after reaching pseudodistribution equilibrium was approximately 10 times the body weight in terms of the blood concentration, and about 68% of the propellant was cleared from the blood passing through the lungs in each cycle. Disposition of the propellant followed dose-independent kinetics after multiple dosing. No volatile metabolites were detected in the blood using GC.", "contents": "Fluorocarbon aerosol propellants XI: Pharmacokinetics of dichlorodifluoromethane in dogs following single and multiple dosing. A three-compartment open model was proposed for the disposition of dichlorodifluoromethane in dogs with average half-lives of 1.47, 7.95, and 58.5 min for the three disposition phases. This proposal is contrary to several studies that monitored blood levels for a shorter period. An analysis of the tissue compartment distribution following a single dose showed that about 1.5 hr was required to achieve pseudodistribution equilibration, following which more than 90% of the dose remaining in the body was retained in the tissue compartments. The pulmonary clearance and volumes of distribution were calculated considering the first-pass effect through the lungs. The volume of distribution after reaching pseudodistribution equilibrium was approximately 10 times the body weight in terms of the blood concentration, and about 68% of the propellant was cleared from the blood passing through the lungs in each cycle. Disposition of the propellant followed dose-independent kinetics after multiple dosing. No volatile metabolites were detected in the blood using GC.", "PMID": 833741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_785", "title": "Distribution and pharmacokinetics of triamterene in rats.", "content": "The tissue distribution of 14C-triamterene was examined in the fact. After intravenous administration of 14C-triamterene, high concentration ratios between tissues and blood were found in most tissues except the brain, fat, and testes. The maximal concentration of the drug was in the kidneys, liver, heart, lungs, and skeletal muscle within the first 20 min, when the maximal natriuresis was observed. No metabolite of triamterene was detected in these tissues. The pharmacokinetics of 14C-triamterene also were investigated. The volume of distribution of the drug was greater in the central compartment (60% of the dose) than in the peripheral compartment (40%). The binding of the drug to skeletal muscle is responsible for the fraction of the dose in the peripheral compartment. Rate constants indicate that slow elimination of triamterene is related to its binding to tissue in the central compartment.", "contents": "Distribution and pharmacokinetics of triamterene in rats. The tissue distribution of 14C-triamterene was examined in the fact. After intravenous administration of 14C-triamterene, high concentration ratios between tissues and blood were found in most tissues except the brain, fat, and testes. The maximal concentration of the drug was in the kidneys, liver, heart, lungs, and skeletal muscle within the first 20 min, when the maximal natriuresis was observed. No metabolite of triamterene was detected in these tissues. The pharmacokinetics of 14C-triamterene also were investigated. The volume of distribution of the drug was greater in the central compartment (60% of the dose) than in the peripheral compartment (40%). The binding of the drug to skeletal muscle is responsible for the fraction of the dose in the peripheral compartment. Rate constants indicate that slow elimination of triamterene is related to its binding to tissue in the central compartment.", "PMID": 833742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_786", "title": "Effect of sodium salicylate on renal elimination of a quaternary ammonium compound.", "content": "Administration of sodium salicylate inhibited elimination of the tetraethylammonium ion in rats. A two-compartment open model was used to describe plasma decline of tetraethylammonium bromide administered intravenously. The rate constant describing elimination from the central compartment was decreased by 25 and 40% in rats predosed with sodium salicylate at 30 and 50 mg/kg, respectively. Salicylate also enhanced the distribution of the tetraethylammonium ion to the peripheral compartment. Urinary excretion is the principal route of elimination for the tetraethylammonium ion, and studies of the effect of sodium salicylate on the uptake of the tetraethylammonium ion by rat renal cortical tissue indicated noncompetitive inhibition by salicylate.", "contents": "Effect of sodium salicylate on renal elimination of a quaternary ammonium compound. Administration of sodium salicylate inhibited elimination of the tetraethylammonium ion in rats. A two-compartment open model was used to describe plasma decline of tetraethylammonium bromide administered intravenously. The rate constant describing elimination from the central compartment was decreased by 25 and 40% in rats predosed with sodium salicylate at 30 and 50 mg/kg, respectively. Salicylate also enhanced the distribution of the tetraethylammonium ion to the peripheral compartment. Urinary excretion is the principal route of elimination for the tetraethylammonium ion, and studies of the effect of sodium salicylate on the uptake of the tetraethylammonium ion by rat renal cortical tissue indicated noncompetitive inhibition by salicylate.", "PMID": 833743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_787", "title": "Sustained-release applications of montmorillonite interaction with amphetamine sulfate.", "content": "Urinary recovery studies showed that montmorillonite significantly affects the initial therapeutic levels of amphetamine sulfate. The combination of a 1:20 drug-montmorillonite complex with pure drug in a 1:1 ratio, based on amphetamine content, resulted in recovery profiles resembling those obtained from prolonged-release dosage forms. The 1:20 complex, pure drug, and combination formulations showed comparable bioavailability after 48 hr.", "contents": "Sustained-release applications of montmorillonite interaction with amphetamine sulfate. Urinary recovery studies showed that montmorillonite significantly affects the initial therapeutic levels of amphetamine sulfate. The combination of a 1:20 drug-montmorillonite complex with pure drug in a 1:1 ratio, based on amphetamine content, resulted in recovery profiles resembling those obtained from prolonged-release dosage forms. The 1:20 complex, pure drug, and combination formulations showed comparable bioavailability after 48 hr.", "PMID": 833744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_788", "title": "Mass screening and confirmation of codeine and morphine in urine by radioimmunoassay-GLC.", "content": "A rapid, sensitive, and specific procedure is described for the mass screening and confirmation of codeine and morphine in urine specimens. The method is sensitive to 0.5-mug/ml levels of both opiates in free and/or conjugate forms. The raw urine is screened directly by radiommunoassay, which is reactive to both free and glucuronide forms of codeine and morphine. Specimens that are screened positive are confirmed by GLC using a flame-ionization detector. The opiates are analyzed as their acetyl derivat-ves on two different columns, OV-25 and Poly-A 103. This multiple approach eliminates false positives caused by interfering substances or structurally similar compounds present in the urine.", "contents": "Mass screening and confirmation of codeine and morphine in urine by radioimmunoassay-GLC. A rapid, sensitive, and specific procedure is described for the mass screening and confirmation of codeine and morphine in urine specimens. The method is sensitive to 0.5-mug/ml levels of both opiates in free and/or conjugate forms. The raw urine is screened directly by radiommunoassay, which is reactive to both free and glucuronide forms of codeine and morphine. Specimens that are screened positive are confirmed by GLC using a flame-ionization detector. The opiates are analyzed as their acetyl derivat-ves on two different columns, OV-25 and Poly-A 103. This multiple approach eliminates false positives caused by interfering substances or structurally similar compounds present in the urine.", "PMID": 833745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_789", "title": "Quantitative determination of amitriptyline and its principal metabolite, nortriptyline, by GLC-chemical ionization mass spectrometry.", "content": "A quantitative GLC-mass spectrometry assay was developed for the determination of the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline and its desmethyl metabolite (nortriptyline) in human plasma. The assay utilizes selective ion detection to monitor in a GLC effluent the MH+ molecular ions of amitriptyline and nortriptyline generated by isobutane chemical ionization. The procedure, which utilizes deuterated analogs of amitriptyline and nortriptyline as internal standards, requires 1 ml of plasma and can measure 1 ng/ml of amitriptyline and 0.5 ng/ml of nortriptyline. The curves relating the amounts of amitriptyline and nortriptyline added versus the amounts found over a 100-fold range of amitriptyline and nortriptyline concentrations are straight lines with intercepts of approximately zero and slopes of unity. Analyses of plasma samples from three subjects receiving 50 mg of amitriptyline orally, three times a day, gave an average plasma concentration of 115 +/- 42 ng/ml for amitriptyline and 109 +/- 20 ng/ml for nortriptyline. Similar analyses of the plasma of three subjects who had received a single 50-mg oral dose of amitriptyline showed an average maximum plasma concentration of 25 +/- 10 ng/ml for amitriptyline and 10 +/- 4 ng/ml for nortriptyline. Seventy-two hours after adminis-ration, the average plasma amitriptyline and nortriptyline levels were 3 +/- 2 ng/ml, respectively.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of amitriptyline and its principal metabolite, nortriptyline, by GLC-chemical ionization mass spectrometry. A quantitative GLC-mass spectrometry assay was developed for the determination of the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline and its desmethyl metabolite (nortriptyline) in human plasma. The assay utilizes selective ion detection to monitor in a GLC effluent the MH+ molecular ions of amitriptyline and nortriptyline generated by isobutane chemical ionization. The procedure, which utilizes deuterated analogs of amitriptyline and nortriptyline as internal standards, requires 1 ml of plasma and can measure 1 ng/ml of amitriptyline and 0.5 ng/ml of nortriptyline. The curves relating the amounts of amitriptyline and nortriptyline added versus the amounts found over a 100-fold range of amitriptyline and nortriptyline concentrations are straight lines with intercepts of approximately zero and slopes of unity. Analyses of plasma samples from three subjects receiving 50 mg of amitriptyline orally, three times a day, gave an average plasma concentration of 115 +/- 42 ng/ml for amitriptyline and 109 +/- 20 ng/ml for nortriptyline. Similar analyses of the plasma of three subjects who had received a single 50-mg oral dose of amitriptyline showed an average maximum plasma concentration of 25 +/- 10 ng/ml for amitriptyline and 10 +/- 4 ng/ml for nortriptyline. Seventy-two hours after adminis-ration, the average plasma amitriptyline and nortriptyline levels were 3 +/- 2 ng/ml, respectively.", "PMID": 833746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_790", "title": "Vehicle effects on activity of an anticonvulsant compound.", "content": "The effect of several lipid and nonlipid pharmaceutical solvents on the in vivo activity of 1-diphenylmethyl-4- [(6 methyl-2-pyridyl) methyleneamino] piperazine (I) was evaluated in the mouse. The intensity of onset and the duration of anticonvulsant activity of the compound were affected depending on th type and form of liquid dosage preparation used. The rate of decline in anticonvulsant activity in the 80-20% response range followed apparent zero-order kinetics. A linear relationship between the observed ED50 and the concentration of sorbitol in the dosage form of I was observed. A reduction in the sorbitol content of the dosage form resulted in a proportional increase in the rapidity of onset and the duration of anticonvulsant activity of I. Emulsification restored both the onset and duration of pharmacological activity, which was virtually arrested when the compound was given orally as a solution in oil.", "contents": "Vehicle effects on activity of an anticonvulsant compound. The effect of several lipid and nonlipid pharmaceutical solvents on the in vivo activity of 1-diphenylmethyl-4- [(6 methyl-2-pyridyl) methyleneamino] piperazine (I) was evaluated in the mouse. The intensity of onset and the duration of anticonvulsant activity of the compound were affected depending on th type and form of liquid dosage preparation used. The rate of decline in anticonvulsant activity in the 80-20% response range followed apparent zero-order kinetics. A linear relationship between the observed ED50 and the concentration of sorbitol in the dosage form of I was observed. A reduction in the sorbitol content of the dosage form resulted in a proportional increase in the rapidity of onset and the duration of anticonvulsant activity of I. Emulsification restored both the onset and duration of pharmacological activity, which was virtually arrested when the compound was given orally as a solution in oil.", "PMID": 833747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_791", "title": "Use of anemic piglet to assess bioavailability of iron from oral iron preparations.", "content": "Except for methods using long-lived iron isotopes, there are no reliable means for assessing the bioavilability of iron from oral preparations in human subjects. Use of the anemic piglet as an alternative means was studied. When piglets were made anemic on a commercial milk diet and then dosed with solutions of 1, 2, and 5 mg/kg of ferrous sulfate/day, a dose-related recovery of hematocrit and hemoglobin levels resulted. The most sensitive dose range for use in a bioavailability study of iron was between 1 and 2 mg of iron/kg/day when using these parameters. A study carried out using this method indicated that the iron from a delayed-release capsule and from a ferrous sulfate solution was equally bioavailable. Hemoglobin and hematocrit recovery rates of the anemic piglet were shown to be reliable and sensitive indicators of the bioavailability of iron from various iron dosage forms.", "contents": "Use of anemic piglet to assess bioavailability of iron from oral iron preparations. Except for methods using long-lived iron isotopes, there are no reliable means for assessing the bioavilability of iron from oral preparations in human subjects. Use of the anemic piglet as an alternative means was studied. When piglets were made anemic on a commercial milk diet and then dosed with solutions of 1, 2, and 5 mg/kg of ferrous sulfate/day, a dose-related recovery of hematocrit and hemoglobin levels resulted. The most sensitive dose range for use in a bioavailability study of iron was between 1 and 2 mg of iron/kg/day when using these parameters. A study carried out using this method indicated that the iron from a delayed-release capsule and from a ferrous sulfate solution was equally bioavailable. Hemoglobin and hematocrit recovery rates of the anemic piglet were shown to be reliable and sensitive indicators of the bioavailability of iron from various iron dosage forms.", "PMID": 833748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_792", "title": "Role of neuronal and extraneuronal uptake in responses of rabbit iris dilator muscle to levarterenol and phenylephrine.", "content": "The roles of neuronal and extraneuronal uptake mechanisms in the response of iris dilator muscles of rabbit to levarterenol (norepinephrine) and phenylephrine were investigated. Chemical denervation with 6-hydroxydopamine was used to eliminate neuronal uptake. Exposure to corticosterone prior to and during exposure to levarterenol or phenylephrine was used to assess the importance of extraneuronal uptake. Dose-response curves and ED50 values for levarterenol or phenylephrine in control and 6-hydroxydopamine-denervated tissues, both in the presence and absence of corticosterone, are shown. Curves illustrating the decay of tension on washout of levarterenol or phenylephrine from treated tissues were analyzed. 6-Hydroxydopamine denervation affected the response to levarterenol more than that to phenylephrine. Washout of both agonists was slower after 6-hydroxydopamine pretreatment, and washout of phenylephrine was more rapid when corticosterone was present. These data indicate that extraneuronal uptake in iris dilator muscles was more important in determining the response to phenylephrine than to levarterenol and that neuronal uptake was more important in determining tissue responsiveness to levarterenol than to phenylephrine.", "contents": "Role of neuronal and extraneuronal uptake in responses of rabbit iris dilator muscle to levarterenol and phenylephrine. The roles of neuronal and extraneuronal uptake mechanisms in the response of iris dilator muscles of rabbit to levarterenol (norepinephrine) and phenylephrine were investigated. Chemical denervation with 6-hydroxydopamine was used to eliminate neuronal uptake. Exposure to corticosterone prior to and during exposure to levarterenol or phenylephrine was used to assess the importance of extraneuronal uptake. Dose-response curves and ED50 values for levarterenol or phenylephrine in control and 6-hydroxydopamine-denervated tissues, both in the presence and absence of corticosterone, are shown. Curves illustrating the decay of tension on washout of levarterenol or phenylephrine from treated tissues were analyzed. 6-Hydroxydopamine denervation affected the response to levarterenol more than that to phenylephrine. Washout of both agonists was slower after 6-hydroxydopamine pretreatment, and washout of phenylephrine was more rapid when corticosterone was present. These data indicate that extraneuronal uptake in iris dilator muscles was more important in determining the response to phenylephrine than to levarterenol and that neuronal uptake was more important in determining tissue responsiveness to levarterenol than to phenylephrine.", "PMID": 833749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_793", "title": "Absorption, distribution, and excretion of 14C-meglumine in rats and dogs after administration of 14C-meglumine salicylate.", "content": "Meglumine labeled with carbon-14 was administered orally as 14C-meglumine salicylate to rats and dogs to study its distribution and excretion. The compound was incompletely absorbed; that which was absorbed was rapidly excreted in the urine. Peak blood levels were about 5-10 mug/ml in rats and 2-8 mug/ml in dogs. Tissue levels were negligible at the end of the experimental periods. No evidence for N-demethylation or oxidation to carbon dioxide was obtained.", "contents": "Absorption, distribution, and excretion of 14C-meglumine in rats and dogs after administration of 14C-meglumine salicylate. Meglumine labeled with carbon-14 was administered orally as 14C-meglumine salicylate to rats and dogs to study its distribution and excretion. The compound was incompletely absorbed; that which was absorbed was rapidly excreted in the urine. Peak blood levels were about 5-10 mug/ml in rats and 2-8 mug/ml in dogs. Tissue levels were negligible at the end of the experimental periods. No evidence for N-demethylation or oxidation to carbon dioxide was obtained.", "PMID": 833750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_794", "title": "The effect of neonatal sympathectomy on the response of the rat submandibular gland to isoproterenol.", "content": "The right superior cervical ganglion was removed from 1-day-old rat pups. For four consecutive days (22-26 days of age), the rats were injected twice daily with isoproterenol-HCl (IPR) at a dose of 2.0 mg/100 g.b.w. and killed on the 27th day of age. Control animals were injected with the solvent, 0.1% Na2S2O5, according to the same protocol. In both control and IPR-treated rats, fluorescence microscopic examination of glands prepared by the Falck-Hillarp method showed a total absence of adrenergic nerve fibers on the side of sympathectomy, and a normal innervation on the unoperated side, while light microscopic examination of Epon-embedded glands revealed no differences in structure between the noninnervated and intact glands. However, after IPR treatment the noninnervated glands consistently showed greater absolute and relative weight, and total DNA, RNA and protein than the corresponding intact gland from the same animal. It is suggested that this greater hyperplastic and hypertrophic response in the noninnervated gland represents a postjunctional supersensitivity of acinar cells to the beta agonistic action of IPR.", "contents": "The effect of neonatal sympathectomy on the response of the rat submandibular gland to isoproterenol. The right superior cervical ganglion was removed from 1-day-old rat pups. For four consecutive days (22-26 days of age), the rats were injected twice daily with isoproterenol-HCl (IPR) at a dose of 2.0 mg/100 g.b.w. and killed on the 27th day of age. Control animals were injected with the solvent, 0.1% Na2S2O5, according to the same protocol. In both control and IPR-treated rats, fluorescence microscopic examination of glands prepared by the Falck-Hillarp method showed a total absence of adrenergic nerve fibers on the side of sympathectomy, and a normal innervation on the unoperated side, while light microscopic examination of Epon-embedded glands revealed no differences in structure between the noninnervated and intact glands. However, after IPR treatment the noninnervated glands consistently showed greater absolute and relative weight, and total DNA, RNA and protein than the corresponding intact gland from the same animal. It is suggested that this greater hyperplastic and hypertrophic response in the noninnervated gland represents a postjunctional supersensitivity of acinar cells to the beta agonistic action of IPR.", "PMID": 833751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_795", "title": "Afterdischarge on postganglionic sympathetic nerves following repetitive stimulation of the preganglionic nerve to the rat superior cervical ganglion in vitro.", "content": "An asynchronous firing or afterdischarge (AD) was recorded in vitro from the postganglionic internal carotid nerve of the rat superior cervical ganglion following repetitive stimulation of the preganglionic nerve when ganglion transmission was blocked by chlorisondamine, nicotine or hexamethonium, but was rarely observed in untreated ganglia. A stimulus frequency of at least 5 Hz was required to induce AD and as few as 100 pulses caused a significant response. The amplitude and duration of AD varied with the number of pulses. Low calcium solutions resulted in AD in the absence of ganglion blocking drugs, and high calcium solutions or low concentrations of atropine abolished the AD. Increasing magnesium concentration to 10 mM or the manganese concentration to 0.1 mM reduced or prevented AD following preganglionic nerve stimulation. The onset of AD was delayed in potassium-free solutions and at a lowered temperature. Dinitrophenol had a small depressant effect on AD but sodium azide reduced the amplitude significantly. Exposure of ganglia to bethanechol, 300 to 600 muM, resulted in asynchronous firing recorded from postganglionic nerves, and stimulation of the preganglionic nerve transiently depressed the drug-induced firing but enhanced the firing 30 to 60 seconds after the volley. Physostigmine did not alter the amplitude of bethanechol-induced firing after a volley. Prolonged high frequency (40 Hz) stimulation of the preganglionic nerve increased the AD following a 20 Hz test volley for up to 1 hour. It is concluded that increasing the release of acetylcholine or blockade of nicotinic receptors makes more acetylcholine available for interaction with muscarinic receptors, and that stimulation of the preganglionic nerve unmasks or sensitizes ganglionic muscarinic receptors. No clear evidence of a metabolic basis for the muscarinic response was obtained.", "contents": "Afterdischarge on postganglionic sympathetic nerves following repetitive stimulation of the preganglionic nerve to the rat superior cervical ganglion in vitro. An asynchronous firing or afterdischarge (AD) was recorded in vitro from the postganglionic internal carotid nerve of the rat superior cervical ganglion following repetitive stimulation of the preganglionic nerve when ganglion transmission was blocked by chlorisondamine, nicotine or hexamethonium, but was rarely observed in untreated ganglia. A stimulus frequency of at least 5 Hz was required to induce AD and as few as 100 pulses caused a significant response. The amplitude and duration of AD varied with the number of pulses. Low calcium solutions resulted in AD in the absence of ganglion blocking drugs, and high calcium solutions or low concentrations of atropine abolished the AD. Increasing magnesium concentration to 10 mM or the manganese concentration to 0.1 mM reduced or prevented AD following preganglionic nerve stimulation. The onset of AD was delayed in potassium-free solutions and at a lowered temperature. Dinitrophenol had a small depressant effect on AD but sodium azide reduced the amplitude significantly. Exposure of ganglia to bethanechol, 300 to 600 muM, resulted in asynchronous firing recorded from postganglionic nerves, and stimulation of the preganglionic nerve transiently depressed the drug-induced firing but enhanced the firing 30 to 60 seconds after the volley. Physostigmine did not alter the amplitude of bethanechol-induced firing after a volley. Prolonged high frequency (40 Hz) stimulation of the preganglionic nerve increased the AD following a 20 Hz test volley for up to 1 hour. It is concluded that increasing the release of acetylcholine or blockade of nicotinic receptors makes more acetylcholine available for interaction with muscarinic receptors, and that stimulation of the preganglionic nerve unmasks or sensitizes ganglionic muscarinic receptors. No clear evidence of a metabolic basis for the muscarinic response was obtained.", "PMID": 833752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_796", "title": "Possibilities for a cholinergic action on smooth musculature and on sympathetic axons in brain vessels mediated by muscarinic and nicotinic receptors.", "content": "A pharmacological identification and characterization of cholinergic receptors was carried out in pial arteries of cats. In one series of experiments, the middle cerebral artery was suspended in an organ bath for recording fo circular motor activity. Parasympathomimetic compounds produced either a relaxation or a contraction. The relaxation occurred at low doses (up to 10(-6) M), and the response was inhibited in a competitive manner by atropine. The mean KB value (determined with acetylcholine as agonist) was 3.85 X 10(-11) M, and the corresponding pA2 value 10.43. At higher doses, the parasympathomimetics produced a contraction. This effect, too, was inhibited in a competitive manner with atropine. The calculated mean KB value with acetylcholine as agonist was 1.12 X 10(-11) M, and pA2 was 10.07. The motor responses did not require an intact perivascular sympathetic innervation, which shows that the effects were mediated by muscarinic type of cholinergic receptors present in the smooth musculature. In another series of experiments, pial arteries were preincubated in the presence of 3H-norepinephrine, and the amount of tritium efflux was measured in a superfusion system before or during electrical field stimulation (12 V, 1 msec pulse duration, 10 Hz). The efflux was minimized by sympathetic denervation, and the effect of transmural stimulation abolished by bretylium and guanethidine, which shows that the bulk of tritium overflow during stimulation originated from the perivascular sympathetic nerves. The marked elevation of tritium efflux during stimulation was enhanced by hexamethonium, and it was inhibited by nicotine and acetylcholine, whose effects were counteracted by hexamethonium (but not by atropine). This finding indicates the presence of nicotinic type of cholinergic receptors on the perivascular adrenergic nerves, allowing inhibition of norepinephrine by acetylcholine that may be liberated from the adjacent cholinergic terminals in the autonomic nerve plexus.", "contents": "Possibilities for a cholinergic action on smooth musculature and on sympathetic axons in brain vessels mediated by muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. A pharmacological identification and characterization of cholinergic receptors was carried out in pial arteries of cats. In one series of experiments, the middle cerebral artery was suspended in an organ bath for recording fo circular motor activity. Parasympathomimetic compounds produced either a relaxation or a contraction. The relaxation occurred at low doses (up to 10(-6) M), and the response was inhibited in a competitive manner by atropine. The mean KB value (determined with acetylcholine as agonist) was 3.85 X 10(-11) M, and the corresponding pA2 value 10.43. At higher doses, the parasympathomimetics produced a contraction. This effect, too, was inhibited in a competitive manner with atropine. The calculated mean KB value with acetylcholine as agonist was 1.12 X 10(-11) M, and pA2 was 10.07. The motor responses did not require an intact perivascular sympathetic innervation, which shows that the effects were mediated by muscarinic type of cholinergic receptors present in the smooth musculature. In another series of experiments, pial arteries were preincubated in the presence of 3H-norepinephrine, and the amount of tritium efflux was measured in a superfusion system before or during electrical field stimulation (12 V, 1 msec pulse duration, 10 Hz). The efflux was minimized by sympathetic denervation, and the effect of transmural stimulation abolished by bretylium and guanethidine, which shows that the bulk of tritium overflow during stimulation originated from the perivascular sympathetic nerves. The marked elevation of tritium efflux during stimulation was enhanced by hexamethonium, and it was inhibited by nicotine and acetylcholine, whose effects were counteracted by hexamethonium (but not by atropine). This finding indicates the presence of nicotinic type of cholinergic receptors on the perivascular adrenergic nerves, allowing inhibition of norepinephrine by acetylcholine that may be liberated from the adjacent cholinergic terminals in the autonomic nerve plexus.", "PMID": 833753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_797", "title": "Enhancement of phrenic nerve activity by digoxin: an effect dependent upon intact ninth and tenth cranial nerves.", "content": "Digitalis increases phrenic nerve activity and causes hyperventilation. To determine whether this effect on respiration is caused by central drug actions on brainstem respiratory neurons or by peripheral drug actions which increase excitatory afferent drive to central respiratory neurons, digoxin was administered intravenously to cats with or without intact IXth and Xth cranial nerves. Digoxin caused marked increases in phrenic nerve activity in cats with intact afferent cranial nerves, but it had no effect in cats with severed afferent nerves. This suggested that effects of digoxin on respiration depend upon afferent input to respiratory neurons. However, digoxin may have had subliminal effects on central neurons which increased phrenic activity only in the presence of excitatory input. To test this possibility, effects of intravenously administered digoxin were observed on centrally evoked submaximal responses in the phrenic nerve. Subarrhythmic, arrhythmic or lethal doses of digoxin had no effect on excitatory phrenic responses evoked from the pons. Thus, effects of digoxin on phrenic nerve activity appeared to be due primarily to drug actions on peripheral neural sites which had excitatory influences on respiration.", "contents": "Enhancement of phrenic nerve activity by digoxin: an effect dependent upon intact ninth and tenth cranial nerves. Digitalis increases phrenic nerve activity and causes hyperventilation. To determine whether this effect on respiration is caused by central drug actions on brainstem respiratory neurons or by peripheral drug actions which increase excitatory afferent drive to central respiratory neurons, digoxin was administered intravenously to cats with or without intact IXth and Xth cranial nerves. Digoxin caused marked increases in phrenic nerve activity in cats with intact afferent cranial nerves, but it had no effect in cats with severed afferent nerves. This suggested that effects of digoxin on respiration depend upon afferent input to respiratory neurons. However, digoxin may have had subliminal effects on central neurons which increased phrenic activity only in the presence of excitatory input. To test this possibility, effects of intravenously administered digoxin were observed on centrally evoked submaximal responses in the phrenic nerve. Subarrhythmic, arrhythmic or lethal doses of digoxin had no effect on excitatory phrenic responses evoked from the pons. Thus, effects of digoxin on phrenic nerve activity appeared to be due primarily to drug actions on peripheral neural sites which had excitatory influences on respiration.", "PMID": 833754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_798", "title": "Effects of perhexiline on survival time and infarct size in experimental myocardial infarction.", "content": "The effects of perhexiline on survival time and infarct size were studied in three animal models. Dogs pretreated orally with perhexiline, 200 mg/day/14 days, and monitored under anesthesia for 30 hours after ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) had infarct weights of 9.1+/-1.9 g as compared to 15.2+/-1.0 g in paired untreated controls (P less than .02). Twelve of 15 perhexiline-pretreated dogs survived the duration of these studies while only 5 of 15 control animals survived for the same period of time (P less than .05). Serum creatine phosphokinase activity was significantly lower in the treated dogs at 9, 12 and 15 hours after ligation (P less than .05). Conscious dogs, pretreated orally with perhexiline 200 mg/day/7 days or 400 mg/day/7 days and monitored without anesthesia or analgesia for 72 hours after coronary ligation had smaller infarcts (P200=26+/-5; P400=26+/-4; C=39+/-5 g; P less than .05) lower plasma peak creatine phosphokinase activity (P less than .05) and reduced heart rate (P400=198+/-8; C=226+/-8 beats/min; P less than .05) and reduced incidence of ventricular ectopic beats (P less than .05). In pentobarbital anesthetized open-chest dogs, perhexiline (3 mg/kg i.v.) reduced the sum of S-T segment elevation after left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion from 32+/-3 to 14+/-1 mV (P less than .001); this effect was associated with and/or preceded by a reduction in arterial pressure (101+/-4 to 78+/-5 mm Hg; P less than .001) and heart rate (151+/-8 to 138+/-7 beats/min P less than .025; Circumflex flow increased from 38+/-4 to 83+/-8 ml/min (P less than .01). In noninfarcted open-chest dogs, perhexiline administration (3 mg/kg i.v.) resulted in increases in coronary blood flow, narrowing of arterial-coronary sinus O2 difference and a 14% reduction in myocardial O2 consumption. The protective effects of perhexiline on the ischemic myocardium appear to result from reductions in heart rate and associated decrease in myocardial O2 demand as well as an antiarrhythmic effect.", "contents": "Effects of perhexiline on survival time and infarct size in experimental myocardial infarction. The effects of perhexiline on survival time and infarct size were studied in three animal models. Dogs pretreated orally with perhexiline, 200 mg/day/14 days, and monitored under anesthesia for 30 hours after ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) had infarct weights of 9.1+/-1.9 g as compared to 15.2+/-1.0 g in paired untreated controls (P less than .02). Twelve of 15 perhexiline-pretreated dogs survived the duration of these studies while only 5 of 15 control animals survived for the same period of time (P less than .05). Serum creatine phosphokinase activity was significantly lower in the treated dogs at 9, 12 and 15 hours after ligation (P less than .05). Conscious dogs, pretreated orally with perhexiline 200 mg/day/7 days or 400 mg/day/7 days and monitored without anesthesia or analgesia for 72 hours after coronary ligation had smaller infarcts (P200=26+/-5; P400=26+/-4; C=39+/-5 g; P less than .05) lower plasma peak creatine phosphokinase activity (P less than .05) and reduced heart rate (P400=198+/-8; C=226+/-8 beats/min; P less than .05) and reduced incidence of ventricular ectopic beats (P less than .05). In pentobarbital anesthetized open-chest dogs, perhexiline (3 mg/kg i.v.) reduced the sum of S-T segment elevation after left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion from 32+/-3 to 14+/-1 mV (P less than .001); this effect was associated with and/or preceded by a reduction in arterial pressure (101+/-4 to 78+/-5 mm Hg; P less than .001) and heart rate (151+/-8 to 138+/-7 beats/min P less than .025; Circumflex flow increased from 38+/-4 to 83+/-8 ml/min (P less than .01). In noninfarcted open-chest dogs, perhexiline administration (3 mg/kg i.v.) resulted in increases in coronary blood flow, narrowing of arterial-coronary sinus O2 difference and a 14% reduction in myocardial O2 consumption. The protective effects of perhexiline on the ischemic myocardium appear to result from reductions in heart rate and associated decrease in myocardial O2 demand as well as an antiarrhythmic effect.", "PMID": 833755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_799", "title": "The effect of inotropic agents on glycerol release and protein kinase activity ratios in the isolated perfused rat heart.", "content": "Glycerol release was employed as an index of endogenous glyceride hydrolysis in rat hearts perfused by a Langendorff technique with Krebs-Henseleit-bicarbonate buffer containing 5.5 mM glucose. Changes in cardiac contractility induced by glucagon, isoproterenol, epinephrine and ouabain were associated with an increase in glycerol efflux from the heart in a dose-dependent fashion. Propranolol, a beta adrenergic blocking agent, markedly diminished the increase in glycerol release due to isoproterenol without affecting this same parameter subsequent to glucagon or ouabain infusion. Insulin, a potent antilipolytic agent in adipose tissue failed to diminish glycerol efflux elicited by any of the inotropic agents studied. Protein kinase activity ratios were employed as an index of cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monosphate levels. Increases in cardiac contractility and glycerol efflux induced by isoproterenol and glucagon were associated with increases in protein kinase activity ratios while increases in contractility and glycerol efflux induced by ouabain were not accompanied by an increase in protein kinase activity ratios.", "contents": "The effect of inotropic agents on glycerol release and protein kinase activity ratios in the isolated perfused rat heart. Glycerol release was employed as an index of endogenous glyceride hydrolysis in rat hearts perfused by a Langendorff technique with Krebs-Henseleit-bicarbonate buffer containing 5.5 mM glucose. Changes in cardiac contractility induced by glucagon, isoproterenol, epinephrine and ouabain were associated with an increase in glycerol efflux from the heart in a dose-dependent fashion. Propranolol, a beta adrenergic blocking agent, markedly diminished the increase in glycerol release due to isoproterenol without affecting this same parameter subsequent to glucagon or ouabain infusion. Insulin, a potent antilipolytic agent in adipose tissue failed to diminish glycerol efflux elicited by any of the inotropic agents studied. Protein kinase activity ratios were employed as an index of cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monosphate levels. Increases in cardiac contractility and glycerol efflux induced by isoproterenol and glucagon were associated with increases in protein kinase activity ratios while increases in contractility and glycerol efflux induced by ouabain were not accompanied by an increase in protein kinase activity ratios.", "PMID": 833756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_800", "title": "The cardiovascular pharmacology of the antibiotic ionophore Ro 2-2985 (X537A).", "content": "Ro 2-2985 increased mean arterial blood pressure in both the venous bypass preparation and the intact animal; however, total peripheral resistance increased in the venous bypass preparation with a constant cardiac output but decreased in the intact animal with an increase in cardiac output. These observations indicate a drug-related increase in the distensibility of the aorta at the same arterial pressure. In vivo ventricular function curves were shifted to the left indicating enhanced myocardial performance with the translocation of large volumes of blood to the central circulation since total body venous compliance was significantly decreased. Beta adrenergic blocking doses of propranolol blocked the positive inotropic effect of Ro 2-2985 while myocardial depression produced by toxic doses of propranolol was reversed. This observation suggests several mechanisms for the Ro 2-2985 metabolic mediation of myocardial muscle contraction. The cardiovascular effects produced by Ro 2-2985 were accompanied by a marked polycythemia and a decrease in plasma volume without a change in total circulating blood volume, while blood glucose values showed a nonsignificant increase. Ro 2-2985 produced a marked increase in cardiac output. The increase in myocardial performance appears to be complex since myocardial force of contraction, dT/dt, dP/dt:P40 and Vmax were all increased. RO 2-2985 increased coronary flow without an increase in resistance. There were no significant increases in myocardial arteriovenous glucose, lactate, K+, Ca++, Na+ or Cl.", "contents": "The cardiovascular pharmacology of the antibiotic ionophore Ro 2-2985 (X537A). Ro 2-2985 increased mean arterial blood pressure in both the venous bypass preparation and the intact animal; however, total peripheral resistance increased in the venous bypass preparation with a constant cardiac output but decreased in the intact animal with an increase in cardiac output. These observations indicate a drug-related increase in the distensibility of the aorta at the same arterial pressure. In vivo ventricular function curves were shifted to the left indicating enhanced myocardial performance with the translocation of large volumes of blood to the central circulation since total body venous compliance was significantly decreased. Beta adrenergic blocking doses of propranolol blocked the positive inotropic effect of Ro 2-2985 while myocardial depression produced by toxic doses of propranolol was reversed. This observation suggests several mechanisms for the Ro 2-2985 metabolic mediation of myocardial muscle contraction. The cardiovascular effects produced by Ro 2-2985 were accompanied by a marked polycythemia and a decrease in plasma volume without a change in total circulating blood volume, while blood glucose values showed a nonsignificant increase. Ro 2-2985 produced a marked increase in cardiac output. The increase in myocardial performance appears to be complex since myocardial force of contraction, dT/dt, dP/dt:P40 and Vmax were all increased. RO 2-2985 increased coronary flow without an increase in resistance. There were no significant increases in myocardial arteriovenous glucose, lactate, K+, Ca++, Na+ or Cl.", "PMID": 833757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_801", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of morphine by radioimmunoassay: the influence of immunochemical factors.", "content": "Two radioimmunoassays (RIA-A and RIA-B) were used to estimate morphine equivalents (ME) in rabbit serum after i.v. administration of morphine or morphine-3-glucuronide (M-3-G). RIA-A and RIA-B differed only with respect to the particular pool of antibodies used, and both were elicited from rabbits immunized with a 2-diazomorphine-protein conjugate. In vitro inhibition studies indicated the molar ratio of M-3-G/morphine which inhibited 3H-morphine-antimorphine binding by 50% (150) was 90 and 14 for RIA-A and RIA-B, respectively. RIA-B 150 values were dependent on the final protein concentration of the incubation mixture. RIA-A and RIA-B estimates of the ME per milliliter were in agreement in serum samples obtained from rabbits after i.v. morphine 0.01 mg/kg; however, after higher doses only samples obtained in the first minutes agreed and at later times RIA-B estimates exceeded RIA-A by increasing amounts. After i.v. M-3-G (1.0 mg/kg) RIA-B estimated 20 to 25 times more ME per milliliter than RIA-A. After rapid i.v. administration of morphine (1 or 5 mg/kg) the disappearance curves obtained with RIA-B were multiphasic and contained a prolonged terminal phase with an estimated half-life of 24 hours. The higher estimates obtained with RIA-B are best explained by cross-reactions with M-3-G or other morphine metabolites. With RIA-A the mean serum morphine clearance (86 ml/min/kg) and half-life of the elimination phase (74 minutes were independent of dosage. The least complicated pharmacokinetic model which describes the disposition of morphine in the rabbit is the open two-compartment model.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of morphine by radioimmunoassay: the influence of immunochemical factors. Two radioimmunoassays (RIA-A and RIA-B) were used to estimate morphine equivalents (ME) in rabbit serum after i.v. administration of morphine or morphine-3-glucuronide (M-3-G). RIA-A and RIA-B differed only with respect to the particular pool of antibodies used, and both were elicited from rabbits immunized with a 2-diazomorphine-protein conjugate. In vitro inhibition studies indicated the molar ratio of M-3-G/morphine which inhibited 3H-morphine-antimorphine binding by 50% (150) was 90 and 14 for RIA-A and RIA-B, respectively. RIA-B 150 values were dependent on the final protein concentration of the incubation mixture. RIA-A and RIA-B estimates of the ME per milliliter were in agreement in serum samples obtained from rabbits after i.v. morphine 0.01 mg/kg; however, after higher doses only samples obtained in the first minutes agreed and at later times RIA-B estimates exceeded RIA-A by increasing amounts. After i.v. M-3-G (1.0 mg/kg) RIA-B estimated 20 to 25 times more ME per milliliter than RIA-A. After rapid i.v. administration of morphine (1 or 5 mg/kg) the disappearance curves obtained with RIA-B were multiphasic and contained a prolonged terminal phase with an estimated half-life of 24 hours. The higher estimates obtained with RIA-B are best explained by cross-reactions with M-3-G or other morphine metabolites. With RIA-A the mean serum morphine clearance (86 ml/min/kg) and half-life of the elimination phase (74 minutes were independent of dosage. The least complicated pharmacokinetic model which describes the disposition of morphine in the rabbit is the open two-compartment model.", "PMID": 833758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_802", "title": "First-pass effect of morphine in rats.", "content": "In order to evaluate the first-pass effect of morphine, the pharmacokinetic parameters of 3H-morphine (5 mg/kg) were studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats by comparing the plasma concentrations after oral, intravenous and intraportal administration. Morphine was almost completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, since no significant difference was found in the cumulative urinary excretion of radioactivity after intravenous and oral administration. Route of administration had no affect on plasma half-life (about 115 minutes) of unchanged morphine. In contrast, the area under the plasma concentration vs. time curve for morphine after oral administration was only about 18%, and after intraportal administration about 40% of that observed after intravenous administration. It can be estimated that approximately two-thirds of the overall first-pass effect (82%) of morphine is due to extraction and/or metabolism in the intestine and the remaining one-third by the liver.", "contents": "First-pass effect of morphine in rats. In order to evaluate the first-pass effect of morphine, the pharmacokinetic parameters of 3H-morphine (5 mg/kg) were studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats by comparing the plasma concentrations after oral, intravenous and intraportal administration. Morphine was almost completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, since no significant difference was found in the cumulative urinary excretion of radioactivity after intravenous and oral administration. Route of administration had no affect on plasma half-life (about 115 minutes) of unchanged morphine. In contrast, the area under the plasma concentration vs. time curve for morphine after oral administration was only about 18%, and after intraportal administration about 40% of that observed after intravenous administration. It can be estimated that approximately two-thirds of the overall first-pass effect (82%) of morphine is due to extraction and/or metabolism in the intestine and the remaining one-third by the liver.", "PMID": 833759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_803", "title": "Clofibrate and clofibric acid: comparison of the metabolic disposition in rats and dogs.", "content": "In rats, equimolar oral doses of [14C]clofibrate and [14c]clofibric acid produced essentially the same profiles of blood levels, tissue distribution and excretion of radioactivity. Both compounds were completely absorbed, and all radioactivity found in the serum was due to clofibric acid (CPIB). Tissues contained readily detectable radioactivity levels, but the concentration was generally lower than in serum. A large proportion of CPIB in liver, heart, kidney, fat and muscle was associated with intracellular space. In rat urine, CPIB was present both free and conjugated with glucuronic acid. Approximately 97% of the serum CPIB was not conjugated. Identical decreases in serum lipids and hepatic cholesterol synthesis were observed in rats treated for 1 week with either compound. In dogs, the serum contained 40% more radioactivity after [14C]clofibric acid than after an equimolar oral dose of [14C]clofibrate; approximately 88% of the serum radioactivity was due to CPIB. Some biliary excretion was detected. The extent of binding to serum protein varied with concentration of CPIB and with the species; the affinity was in the order man greater than dog greater than rat. The results demonstrate that clofibric acid and clofibrate are metabolically and pharmacologically equivalent in rats, but not in dogs. The data are in accordance with the view that the pharmacological activity of clofibrate is due to clofibric acid.", "contents": "Clofibrate and clofibric acid: comparison of the metabolic disposition in rats and dogs. In rats, equimolar oral doses of [14C]clofibrate and [14c]clofibric acid produced essentially the same profiles of blood levels, tissue distribution and excretion of radioactivity. Both compounds were completely absorbed, and all radioactivity found in the serum was due to clofibric acid (CPIB). Tissues contained readily detectable radioactivity levels, but the concentration was generally lower than in serum. A large proportion of CPIB in liver, heart, kidney, fat and muscle was associated with intracellular space. In rat urine, CPIB was present both free and conjugated with glucuronic acid. Approximately 97% of the serum CPIB was not conjugated. Identical decreases in serum lipids and hepatic cholesterol synthesis were observed in rats treated for 1 week with either compound. In dogs, the serum contained 40% more radioactivity after [14C]clofibric acid than after an equimolar oral dose of [14C]clofibrate; approximately 88% of the serum radioactivity was due to CPIB. Some biliary excretion was detected. The extent of binding to serum protein varied with concentration of CPIB and with the species; the affinity was in the order man greater than dog greater than rat. The results demonstrate that clofibric acid and clofibrate are metabolically and pharmacologically equivalent in rats, but not in dogs. The data are in accordance with the view that the pharmacological activity of clofibrate is due to clofibric acid.", "PMID": 833760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_804", "title": "The influence of fasting on the disposition of warfarin in rats.", "content": "A study was undertaken to investigate the influence of fasting on the disposition of warfarin in rats. Fasting consisted of withholding solid food, but not water, immediately following warfarin (3 or 10 mg/kg s.c.) administration until sacrifice at different time intervals (3, 6, 12, 24 and 30 hours). Control animals were fed ad libitum. Total and unbound warfarin concentrations were measured in plasma and liver supernatant as well as unchanged warfarin and its metabolites in urine. The disposition of unbound warfarin was found to be markedly affected by fasting, especially at the 3 mg/kg dose: the disappearance rate of unbound warfarin from plasma was accelerated in fasted animals in contrast to that of total warfarin. In addition, unbound warfarin was cleared from plasma at a more rapid rate than total warfarin in both control and fasted animals. At the 10 mg/kg dose, the disposition of total and unbound warfarin was little affected by fasting. The concentration of unbound warfarin in the liver supernatant of fasted rats given warfarin, 3 mg/kg, was significantly increased at 6 and 24 hours of fasting. Plasma free fatty acids were significantly elevated starting at 6 hours, but no such difference was noticed with liver homogenate, except at 24 hours. The 24-hour urinary excretion of unchanged warfarin was higher in fasted rats, but fasting failed to produce any change in the excretion of warfarin metabolites. The results of the present investigation indicate that short periods of fasting influence the disposition of unbound warfarin without apparently modifying its biotransformation and further show the importance of plasma protein binding on the pharmacokinetics of warfarin.", "contents": "The influence of fasting on the disposition of warfarin in rats. A study was undertaken to investigate the influence of fasting on the disposition of warfarin in rats. Fasting consisted of withholding solid food, but not water, immediately following warfarin (3 or 10 mg/kg s.c.) administration until sacrifice at different time intervals (3, 6, 12, 24 and 30 hours). Control animals were fed ad libitum. Total and unbound warfarin concentrations were measured in plasma and liver supernatant as well as unchanged warfarin and its metabolites in urine. The disposition of unbound warfarin was found to be markedly affected by fasting, especially at the 3 mg/kg dose: the disappearance rate of unbound warfarin from plasma was accelerated in fasted animals in contrast to that of total warfarin. In addition, unbound warfarin was cleared from plasma at a more rapid rate than total warfarin in both control and fasted animals. At the 10 mg/kg dose, the disposition of total and unbound warfarin was little affected by fasting. The concentration of unbound warfarin in the liver supernatant of fasted rats given warfarin, 3 mg/kg, was significantly increased at 6 and 24 hours of fasting. Plasma free fatty acids were significantly elevated starting at 6 hours, but no such difference was noticed with liver homogenate, except at 24 hours. The 24-hour urinary excretion of unchanged warfarin was higher in fasted rats, but fasting failed to produce any change in the excretion of warfarin metabolites. The results of the present investigation indicate that short periods of fasting influence the disposition of unbound warfarin without apparently modifying its biotransformation and further show the importance of plasma protein binding on the pharmacokinetics of warfarin.", "PMID": 833761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_805", "title": "Metabolic clearance of furosemide in the rat.", "content": "The effect of probenecid on the metabolic clerance of [35S]furosemide was examined in Sprague-Dawley rats by the single injection technique. Metabolic clearance was found to decrease from 1.74+/-0.11 ml/min in animals which received furosemide alone to 1.06+/-0.10 ml/min in animals which received both furosemide and probenecid. Estimation of urine and biliary clearance revealed that approximately two-thirds of the metabolic clearance was due to urinary clearance and one-third to biliary clearance, and that both decreased after probenecid administration. Thin-layer chromatographic studies indicated furosemide was metabolized by both liver and kidney but also secreted in unchanged form in urine, and that the proportion of unaltered furosemide to metabolite in urine was increased by probenecid. Further studies indicated that phenobarbital pretreatment had no effect on either hepatic or renal clearance of furosemide and that bile clearance was not altered by acute bilateral nephrectomy.", "contents": "Metabolic clearance of furosemide in the rat. The effect of probenecid on the metabolic clerance of [35S]furosemide was examined in Sprague-Dawley rats by the single injection technique. Metabolic clearance was found to decrease from 1.74+/-0.11 ml/min in animals which received furosemide alone to 1.06+/-0.10 ml/min in animals which received both furosemide and probenecid. Estimation of urine and biliary clearance revealed that approximately two-thirds of the metabolic clearance was due to urinary clearance and one-third to biliary clearance, and that both decreased after probenecid administration. Thin-layer chromatographic studies indicated furosemide was metabolized by both liver and kidney but also secreted in unchanged form in urine, and that the proportion of unaltered furosemide to metabolite in urine was increased by probenecid. Further studies indicated that phenobarbital pretreatment had no effect on either hepatic or renal clearance of furosemide and that bile clearance was not altered by acute bilateral nephrectomy.", "PMID": 833762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_806", "title": "Diuretic-induced uricosuria: interaction with pyrazinoate transport in man.", "content": "We investigated the acute effect of an orally administered uricosuric natriuretic agent (SKF-62698) on renal urate transport in paired clearance studies in seven normal men. The participants received SKF-62698 on two separate occasions. Prior to the second study, each received pyrazinamide (PZA) in order to inhibit the tubular secretion of urate. Within 3 hours, SKF-62698 significantly decreased the plasma urate and trebled the rate of urate excretion in the studies without PZA. In contrast, after PZA pretreatment. SKF-62698 did not diminish the plasma urate appreciably and elicited only 60% of the previous increase in urate excretion. Sodium excretion quadrupled after SKF-62698, irrespective of the presence of PZA. Plasma concentrations of pyrazinoate, the renally active metabolite of PZA, were at levels previously shown in the chimpanzee to primarily inhibit the tubular secretion of urate. Therefore, intact tubular secretion of urate probably was necessary in order for SKF-62698 to elicit its maximum uricosuric response. SKF-62698 appeared to inhibit the tubular secretion of pyrazinoate, but the observed changes in urate transport could not be explained on that basis.", "contents": "Diuretic-induced uricosuria: interaction with pyrazinoate transport in man. We investigated the acute effect of an orally administered uricosuric natriuretic agent (SKF-62698) on renal urate transport in paired clearance studies in seven normal men. The participants received SKF-62698 on two separate occasions. Prior to the second study, each received pyrazinamide (PZA) in order to inhibit the tubular secretion of urate. Within 3 hours, SKF-62698 significantly decreased the plasma urate and trebled the rate of urate excretion in the studies without PZA. In contrast, after PZA pretreatment. SKF-62698 did not diminish the plasma urate appreciably and elicited only 60% of the previous increase in urate excretion. Sodium excretion quadrupled after SKF-62698, irrespective of the presence of PZA. Plasma concentrations of pyrazinoate, the renally active metabolite of PZA, were at levels previously shown in the chimpanzee to primarily inhibit the tubular secretion of urate. Therefore, intact tubular secretion of urate probably was necessary in order for SKF-62698 to elicit its maximum uricosuric response. SKF-62698 appeared to inhibit the tubular secretion of pyrazinoate, but the observed changes in urate transport could not be explained on that basis.", "PMID": 833763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_807", "title": "Glutathione S-transferases: an evaluation of their role in renal organic anion transport.", "content": "Organic anion transport capacity measured as accumulation of p-aminohippurate by renal cortical slices was less in kidneys from newborn rats and rabbits than adults and increased with age. Glutathione (GSH) S-aryltransferase activity in 100,000 X g supernatant of renal homogenates, an estimate of GSH-S-transferase concentration in the tissue, was also less in newborn of both species. Enzyme activity increased to adult values by 1 week of age in rats, prior to maturation of transport capacity. Enzyme activity in rabbit kidney was not different at 1 day and 2 weeks but was increased by 4 weeks coincident with transport maturation. In rats, 25 mg/kg of 3-methylcholanthrene administered once a day for 3 days significantly increased enzyme activity but had no effect on transport capacity. Chronic ammonium chloride acidosis increased enzyme activity 8-fold but decreased transport capacity. Forty-eight hours after unilateral nephrectomy in rats transport capacity was significantly increased with little effect on enzyme activity. L-Methionine-SR-sulfoximine (1.85 mmol/kg) significantly reduced glutathione concentration in renal cortex but had no effect on transport capacity. Organic anion transport was greater in male than in in female mice yet there was no difference in enzyme activity between sexes. 3-Methylcholanthrene (10,20, 30 and 40 mg/kg) administered to 2-week-old rabbits twice daily for 3 days increased transport in a dose-dependent manner. GSH S-transferase activity was also increased. Penicillin (90,000 I.U. twice daily for 2 days) similarly increased transport but had no stimulating effect on enzyme activity. The apparent lack of correlation between transport capacity and GSH S-transferase in several instances suggests that GSH S-transferase concentration is probably not the rate-limiting step in renal organic anion transport.", "contents": "Glutathione S-transferases: an evaluation of their role in renal organic anion transport. Organic anion transport capacity measured as accumulation of p-aminohippurate by renal cortical slices was less in kidneys from newborn rats and rabbits than adults and increased with age. Glutathione (GSH) S-aryltransferase activity in 100,000 X g supernatant of renal homogenates, an estimate of GSH-S-transferase concentration in the tissue, was also less in newborn of both species. Enzyme activity increased to adult values by 1 week of age in rats, prior to maturation of transport capacity. Enzyme activity in rabbit kidney was not different at 1 day and 2 weeks but was increased by 4 weeks coincident with transport maturation. In rats, 25 mg/kg of 3-methylcholanthrene administered once a day for 3 days significantly increased enzyme activity but had no effect on transport capacity. Chronic ammonium chloride acidosis increased enzyme activity 8-fold but decreased transport capacity. Forty-eight hours after unilateral nephrectomy in rats transport capacity was significantly increased with little effect on enzyme activity. L-Methionine-SR-sulfoximine (1.85 mmol/kg) significantly reduced glutathione concentration in renal cortex but had no effect on transport capacity. Organic anion transport was greater in male than in in female mice yet there was no difference in enzyme activity between sexes. 3-Methylcholanthrene (10,20, 30 and 40 mg/kg) administered to 2-week-old rabbits twice daily for 3 days increased transport in a dose-dependent manner. GSH S-transferase activity was also increased. Penicillin (90,000 I.U. twice daily for 2 days) similarly increased transport but had no stimulating effect on enzyme activity. The apparent lack of correlation between transport capacity and GSH S-transferase in several instances suggests that GSH S-transferase concentration is probably not the rate-limiting step in renal organic anion transport.", "PMID": 833764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_808", "title": "Clearance and micropuncture studies of the effects of a new indanyloxyacetic acid diuretic on segmental nephron function in rats.", "content": "The renal effects of a new, substituted indanyloxyacetic acid diuretic agent were evaluated in 16 anesthetized rats using micropuncture and clearance techniques. Glomerular filtration rate, mean arterial pressure and hematocrit remained unchanged. Urine flow increased 13 times after i.v. administration of 50 mg/kg b.wt. of the diuretic. Sodium excretion increased from 0.4 +/- 0.05% of the amount filtered to 6.62+/-0.87%. Potassium urine/plasma concentration ratio declined 6-fold while potassium excretion nearly doubled. Proximal tubular reabsorption was not altered significantly by this indanone diuretic. Reabsorption was markedly inhibited between late proximal and early distal micropuncture sites, that is, in the loop of Henle. The diuretic did not appear to interfere with normal distal tubular function. In the collecting tubules, reabsorption was markedly reduced from 41+/-0.2 mul/min/100 g b.wt. to 26+/-5 (with P less than .005). This new indanone compound appears to be a potent, specific natriuretic diuretic agent which inhibits tubular reabsorption primarily in the loop of Henle and collecting tubules, that is, in distal nephron segments located deep within the kidney. It produces a somewhat delayed but prolonged diuresis in the rat.", "contents": "Clearance and micropuncture studies of the effects of a new indanyloxyacetic acid diuretic on segmental nephron function in rats. The renal effects of a new, substituted indanyloxyacetic acid diuretic agent were evaluated in 16 anesthetized rats using micropuncture and clearance techniques. Glomerular filtration rate, mean arterial pressure and hematocrit remained unchanged. Urine flow increased 13 times after i.v. administration of 50 mg/kg b.wt. of the diuretic. Sodium excretion increased from 0.4 +/- 0.05% of the amount filtered to 6.62+/-0.87%. Potassium urine/plasma concentration ratio declined 6-fold while potassium excretion nearly doubled. Proximal tubular reabsorption was not altered significantly by this indanone diuretic. Reabsorption was markedly inhibited between late proximal and early distal micropuncture sites, that is, in the loop of Henle. The diuretic did not appear to interfere with normal distal tubular function. In the collecting tubules, reabsorption was markedly reduced from 41+/-0.2 mul/min/100 g b.wt. to 26+/-5 (with P less than .005). This new indanone compound appears to be a potent, specific natriuretic diuretic agent which inhibits tubular reabsorption primarily in the loop of Henle and collecting tubules, that is, in distal nephron segments located deep within the kidney. It produces a somewhat delayed but prolonged diuresis in the rat.", "PMID": 833765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_809", "title": "Diuretics and small intestinal lymph flow in the dog.", "content": "Simultaneous measurements of thoracic duct lymph flow and small intestinal lymph flow were carried out in mongrel dogs after the administration of mannitol, ethacrynic acid, furosemide and chlorothiazide. Thoracic duct lymph flow increased only after injection of mannitol. Intestinal lymph flow increased after injection of all diuretics except chlorothiazide. Furthermore, mannitol produced simultaneous increases in thoracic duct and intestinal lymph flows. The durations of response of the increased lymph flows from each lymph channel produced by mannitol were statistically identical. The durations of increased intestinal lymph flows observed with each drug were: 40+/-3 (S.E.), 43+/-2 and 38+/-2 minutes for mannitol, ethacrynic acid and furosemide, respectively. Mean arterial blood pressures and inferior vena cava pressures did not change from the control to the experimental state in any animal studied. Similarly measurements of serum and lymph sodium, potassium and protein concentrations were unchanged from the control to the experimental state. These studies demonstrate that mannitol simultaneously increases thoracic duct lymph flow as well as intestinal lymph flow. Secondly, the results suggest that the increases in thoracic duct lymph flow after ethacrynic acid and furosemide administration, observed in previous studies arose primarily from the small intestine.", "contents": "Diuretics and small intestinal lymph flow in the dog. Simultaneous measurements of thoracic duct lymph flow and small intestinal lymph flow were carried out in mongrel dogs after the administration of mannitol, ethacrynic acid, furosemide and chlorothiazide. Thoracic duct lymph flow increased only after injection of mannitol. Intestinal lymph flow increased after injection of all diuretics except chlorothiazide. Furthermore, mannitol produced simultaneous increases in thoracic duct and intestinal lymph flows. The durations of response of the increased lymph flows from each lymph channel produced by mannitol were statistically identical. The durations of increased intestinal lymph flows observed with each drug were: 40+/-3 (S.E.), 43+/-2 and 38+/-2 minutes for mannitol, ethacrynic acid and furosemide, respectively. Mean arterial blood pressures and inferior vena cava pressures did not change from the control to the experimental state in any animal studied. Similarly measurements of serum and lymph sodium, potassium and protein concentrations were unchanged from the control to the experimental state. These studies demonstrate that mannitol simultaneously increases thoracic duct lymph flow as well as intestinal lymph flow. Secondly, the results suggest that the increases in thoracic duct lymph flow after ethacrynic acid and furosemide administration, observed in previous studies arose primarily from the small intestine.", "PMID": 833766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_810", "title": "The protective effect of influenza vaccine in a mixed influenza A and B epidemic in a boys' boarding school.", "content": "A mixed influenza A and B epidemic, which affected 30 per cent of the boys in a boarding school during the early part of 1976 is described. Virological findings indicate that most cases were due to influenza viruses similar to A/Victoria/75.The incidence of influenza was similar in all blocks in the school, but very variable in the boys' houses. The four-day half-term holiday helped to limit the epidemic.Eighty-six per cent of the boys had received an influenza vaccine containing the A/Scotland and A/Port Chalmers antigens.Influenza vaccination was of definite value, giving a protection rate among vaccinated boys of 36 per cent. Vaccinated boys who developed influenza had a shorter illness than unvaccinated boys.", "contents": "The protective effect of influenza vaccine in a mixed influenza A and B epidemic in a boys' boarding school. A mixed influenza A and B epidemic, which affected 30 per cent of the boys in a boarding school during the early part of 1976 is described. Virological findings indicate that most cases were due to influenza viruses similar to A/Victoria/75.The incidence of influenza was similar in all blocks in the school, but very variable in the boys' houses. The four-day half-term holiday helped to limit the epidemic.Eighty-six per cent of the boys had received an influenza vaccine containing the A/Scotland and A/Port Chalmers antigens.Influenza vaccination was of definite value, giving a protection rate among vaccinated boys of 36 per cent. Vaccinated boys who developed influenza had a shorter illness than unvaccinated boys.", "PMID": 833768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_811", "title": "How do we cope with death?", "content": "We hope that general practitioners will consider counselling their dying patients more actively, including those in hospital where terminal care may be poorly handled psychologically. This entails a major change in training which we hope is taking place through vocational training schemes. We feel a change in attitude to be necessary by many general practitioners who often deal with death by evasion and untruth.", "contents": "How do we cope with death? We hope that general practitioners will consider counselling their dying patients more actively, including those in hospital where terminal care may be poorly handled psychologically. This entails a major change in training which we hope is taking place through vocational training schemes. We feel a change in attitude to be necessary by many general practitioners who often deal with death by evasion and untruth.", "PMID": 833769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_812", "title": "Hormonal and follicular factors affecting maturation of sheep oocytes in vitro and their subsequent developmental capacity.", "content": "Oocytes removed from, or retained within, non-atretic and atretic follicles of different sizes were cultured for 24 h in the presence of a variety of hormones in an attempt to identify the factors affecting oocyte maturation in vitro. Resumption of meiosis was assessed morphologically; the developmental capacity of oocytes after culture was determined by transfer to the oviducts of inseminated ewes. About 70% of oocytes cultured after removal from follicles of different sizes resumed meiosis in vitro, but they did not undergo normal development after transplantation. Oocytes cultured within the follicle in hormone-free medium remained at the germinal vesicle stage. In the presence of FSH and LH some oocytes reached the second meiotic metaphase: 19% in small (2-3 mm diam.) and 73% in larger (3-5 mm diam.) non-atretic follicles, and 54% in small and 45% in larger atretic follicles. Less than 5% of oocytes cultured in follicles developed into normal blastocysts after transplantation when either no hormone or only FSH and LH were added to the culture medium. The addition of oestradiol-17beta to medium containing FSH (2 mug/ml) and LH (1 mug/ml) resulted in the development to blastocysts of 26% of oocytes from small non-atretic follicles, 46% from large non-atretic follicles and 50% from atretic follicles. Blastocyst formation was greatly depressed and fragmentation rate signinificantly increased with concentrations of 10 mugFSH/ml and 2 mug LH/ml. Developmental capacity after culture was further demonstrated by the birth of lambs from 63% of blastocysts derived from oocytes matured in vitro; 52% of control blastocysts developed to lambs after transfer.", "contents": "Hormonal and follicular factors affecting maturation of sheep oocytes in vitro and their subsequent developmental capacity. Oocytes removed from, or retained within, non-atretic and atretic follicles of different sizes were cultured for 24 h in the presence of a variety of hormones in an attempt to identify the factors affecting oocyte maturation in vitro. Resumption of meiosis was assessed morphologically; the developmental capacity of oocytes after culture was determined by transfer to the oviducts of inseminated ewes. About 70% of oocytes cultured after removal from follicles of different sizes resumed meiosis in vitro, but they did not undergo normal development after transplantation. Oocytes cultured within the follicle in hormone-free medium remained at the germinal vesicle stage. In the presence of FSH and LH some oocytes reached the second meiotic metaphase: 19% in small (2-3 mm diam.) and 73% in larger (3-5 mm diam.) non-atretic follicles, and 54% in small and 45% in larger atretic follicles. Less than 5% of oocytes cultured in follicles developed into normal blastocysts after transplantation when either no hormone or only FSH and LH were added to the culture medium. The addition of oestradiol-17beta to medium containing FSH (2 mug/ml) and LH (1 mug/ml) resulted in the development to blastocysts of 26% of oocytes from small non-atretic follicles, 46% from large non-atretic follicles and 50% from atretic follicles. Blastocyst formation was greatly depressed and fragmentation rate signinificantly increased with concentrations of 10 mugFSH/ml and 2 mug LH/ml. Developmental capacity after culture was further demonstrated by the birth of lambs from 63% of blastocysts derived from oocytes matured in vitro; 52% of control blastocysts developed to lambs after transfer.", "PMID": 833772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_813", "title": "Ovarian asymmetry in the shrew, Crocidura russula monacha.", "content": "The total number of corpora lutea developed in the left and right overies of 170 white-toothed shrews (Crocidura russula monacha) differed significantly, showing a functional dominance of the left ovary. Blastocytes were equally distributed in both uterine horns.", "contents": "Ovarian asymmetry in the shrew, Crocidura russula monacha. The total number of corpora lutea developed in the left and right overies of 170 white-toothed shrews (Crocidura russula monacha) differed significantly, showing a functional dominance of the left ovary. Blastocytes were equally distributed in both uterine horns.", "PMID": 833781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_814", "title": "Increasing uterine response to vaginal distension during late pregnancy in sheep.", "content": "Intrauterine pressure changes were monitored in 5 pregnant ewes and uterine venous prostaglandin (PG) F concentrations were determined after distension of the vagina. Uterine contractility and utero-ovarian PGF concentrations were elevated by vaginal distension and the magnitude of both effects increased as parturition approached.", "contents": "Increasing uterine response to vaginal distension during late pregnancy in sheep. Intrauterine pressure changes were monitored in 5 pregnant ewes and uterine venous prostaglandin (PG) F concentrations were determined after distension of the vagina. Uterine contractility and utero-ovarian PGF concentrations were elevated by vaginal distension and the magnitude of both effects increased as parturition approached.", "PMID": 833784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_815", "title": "Stimulation of testicular protein synthesis in vivo by gonadotrophins and growth hormone in hypophysectomized adult mice.", "content": "The effects of FSH, HCG, GH and testosterone on testicular protein synthesis were investigated in hypophysectomized adult mice by measuring the incorporation of tritiated lysine into acid-precipitable material. The incorporation per mg protein was increased by FSH, HCG and GH but decreased by testosterone. The maximum effect of FSH occurred at between 8 and 14 h after administration of the hormone, much later than found in vitro for the rat.", "contents": "Stimulation of testicular protein synthesis in vivo by gonadotrophins and growth hormone in hypophysectomized adult mice. The effects of FSH, HCG, GH and testosterone on testicular protein synthesis were investigated in hypophysectomized adult mice by measuring the incorporation of tritiated lysine into acid-precipitable material. The incorporation per mg protein was increased by FSH, HCG and GH but decreased by testosterone. The maximum effect of FSH occurred at between 8 and 14 h after administration of the hormone, much later than found in vitro for the rat.", "PMID": 833785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_816", "title": "Ultrastructural observations of the incorporation of guinea-pig spermatozoa into zona-free hamster oocytes.", "content": "Zona-free hamster oocytes inseminated in vitro with acrosome-reacted guinea-pig spermatozoa were examined with the electron microscope. Guinea-pig spermatozoa, in the vicinity of the oocytes, consistently lacked the whole acrosome including the equatorial segment region. In cross fertilization sperm-egg membrane fusion does not differ significantly from that of normal fertilization. However, it was sometimes possible to observe protrusions of oocyte cytoplasm containing sperm chromatin in the process of dispersion.", "contents": "Ultrastructural observations of the incorporation of guinea-pig spermatozoa into zona-free hamster oocytes. Zona-free hamster oocytes inseminated in vitro with acrosome-reacted guinea-pig spermatozoa were examined with the electron microscope. Guinea-pig spermatozoa, in the vicinity of the oocytes, consistently lacked the whole acrosome including the equatorial segment region. In cross fertilization sperm-egg membrane fusion does not differ significantly from that of normal fertilization. However, it was sometimes possible to observe protrusions of oocyte cytoplasm containing sperm chromatin in the process of dispersion.", "PMID": 833786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_817", "title": "Correlation between ultrastructure and biochemical changes in the testis of the American grey squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis, during the reproductive cycle.", "content": "Distinct differences in tha ability of isolated seminiferous tubules and interstitium to utilize steroid precursors for androgen production in vitro were observed during the reproductive cycle of the American grey squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis. In spermatogenically active testes, the seminiferous tubules and the interstitium readily synthesized androgens from labelled C21 steroid precursor; seminiferous tubules also produced significant amounts of 17alpha,20alpha-dihydroxyprogesterone. However, during sexual regression androgen synthesis was drastically reduced in both testicular components, while the production of 20alpha-reduced metabolites of progesterone and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone was increased. Many of the fine-structural changes occurring in Leydig and Sertoli cells during the reproductive cycle could be correlated with the capacity of isolated seminiferous tubules and interstitium to formulate androgens from labelled precursors.", "contents": "Correlation between ultrastructure and biochemical changes in the testis of the American grey squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis, during the reproductive cycle. Distinct differences in tha ability of isolated seminiferous tubules and interstitium to utilize steroid precursors for androgen production in vitro were observed during the reproductive cycle of the American grey squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis. In spermatogenically active testes, the seminiferous tubules and the interstitium readily synthesized androgens from labelled C21 steroid precursor; seminiferous tubules also produced significant amounts of 17alpha,20alpha-dihydroxyprogesterone. However, during sexual regression androgen synthesis was drastically reduced in both testicular components, while the production of 20alpha-reduced metabolites of progesterone and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone was increased. Many of the fine-structural changes occurring in Leydig and Sertoli cells during the reproductive cycle could be correlated with the capacity of isolated seminiferous tubules and interstitium to formulate androgens from labelled precursors.", "PMID": 833787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_818", "title": "Fine structure of Leydig cells in crabeater, leopard and Ross seals.", "content": "Ultrastructural study of the Leydig cells of nonbreeding crabeater, leopard and Ross seals showed that three types of cells could be distinguished. Type I cells possessed the cytological features typical of steroid-secreting cells. Type II cells exhibited various features of degeneration, e.g. accumulation of large amounts of lipofuscin granules (residual bodies), lipid droplets, secondary lysosomes, rectangular crystalloids, and previously undescribed 'peculiar bodies'. These cellular inclusions and debris were released into the interstitium to be phagocytosed by macrophages and/or resorbed by the lymphatics. Type III Leydig cells contained large amounts of lipid droplets, sparse cytoplasmic organelles and essentially became lipid storage cells.", "contents": "Fine structure of Leydig cells in crabeater, leopard and Ross seals. Ultrastructural study of the Leydig cells of nonbreeding crabeater, leopard and Ross seals showed that three types of cells could be distinguished. Type I cells possessed the cytological features typical of steroid-secreting cells. Type II cells exhibited various features of degeneration, e.g. accumulation of large amounts of lipofuscin granules (residual bodies), lipid droplets, secondary lysosomes, rectangular crystalloids, and previously undescribed 'peculiar bodies'. These cellular inclusions and debris were released into the interstitium to be phagocytosed by macrophages and/or resorbed by the lymphatics. Type III Leydig cells contained large amounts of lipid droplets, sparse cytoplasmic organelles and essentially became lipid storage cells.", "PMID": 833788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_819", "title": "Receptor activity of the hamster and mouse solubilized zona pellucida before and after the zona reaction.", "content": "Capacitated golden hamster spermatozoa bound to the inner wall as to the outer surface of the zona pellucida, suggesting that the receptor-for-spermatozoa may occur throughout this egg envelope. When solutions of hamster zonae pellucidae were prepared by heating zonae in an aqueous buffer, receptor activity was retained and was stable to boiling. The addition of such solutions to capacitated spermatozoa (5 zonae/mul) prevented them from binding to eggs and fertilizing them. Solubilized mouse zonae were also partly effective, as would be predicted from the limited crossbinding between mouse and hamster gametes. Receptor activity was lost following the zona reaction.", "contents": "Receptor activity of the hamster and mouse solubilized zona pellucida before and after the zona reaction. Capacitated golden hamster spermatozoa bound to the inner wall as to the outer surface of the zona pellucida, suggesting that the receptor-for-spermatozoa may occur throughout this egg envelope. When solutions of hamster zonae pellucidae were prepared by heating zonae in an aqueous buffer, receptor activity was retained and was stable to boiling. The addition of such solutions to capacitated spermatozoa (5 zonae/mul) prevented them from binding to eggs and fertilizing them. Solubilized mouse zonae were also partly effective, as would be predicted from the limited crossbinding between mouse and hamster gametes. Receptor activity was lost following the zona reaction.", "PMID": 833789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_820", "title": "Differentiation of decidual cells in cultures of rat endometrium.", "content": "Endometrial scrapings were collected from rat uteri at various times (0-4 days) after induction of a decidual reaction by i.p. injection of pyrathiazine hydrochloride (20 mg/animal) on the 5th day after a sterile mating. The tissue was dissociated by treatment with trypsin and the cells were cultured as monolayers. The differentiation of decidual cells was followed in these cultures. Two morphologically distinct cell populations were recognized: (i) dispersed spindle-shaped or stellate cells, and (ii) colonies of closely packed polygonal cells, first apparent after 48 h in culture. During culture, [3H] thymidine was incorporated into the nuclei of both cell types, as indicated by autoradiography. There was an increase in the number of cells in the colonies as culture progressed; most mitotic figures and the highest % of labelled nuclei were located within the colonies. Bi- and multinucleated cells, which are a characteristic feature of decidual tissue in vivo, appeared in the colonies on the 3rd day of culture and constituted about 60% of the colony population after 4-5 days. The dispersed cells showed a doubling in nuclear area during 4 dyas in culture, suggesting the formation of polyploid cells; such cells are prominent in fully differentiated decidual cells in vivo. The content of prostaglandin E in the cultured cell, determined by radioimmunoassay, was about 15-fold higher than that in rat embryo fibroblast cultures grown under similar conditions, and was comparable to the level of prostaglandins found in decidual cells in vivo.", "contents": "Differentiation of decidual cells in cultures of rat endometrium. Endometrial scrapings were collected from rat uteri at various times (0-4 days) after induction of a decidual reaction by i.p. injection of pyrathiazine hydrochloride (20 mg/animal) on the 5th day after a sterile mating. The tissue was dissociated by treatment with trypsin and the cells were cultured as monolayers. The differentiation of decidual cells was followed in these cultures. Two morphologically distinct cell populations were recognized: (i) dispersed spindle-shaped or stellate cells, and (ii) colonies of closely packed polygonal cells, first apparent after 48 h in culture. During culture, [3H] thymidine was incorporated into the nuclei of both cell types, as indicated by autoradiography. There was an increase in the number of cells in the colonies as culture progressed; most mitotic figures and the highest % of labelled nuclei were located within the colonies. Bi- and multinucleated cells, which are a characteristic feature of decidual tissue in vivo, appeared in the colonies on the 3rd day of culture and constituted about 60% of the colony population after 4-5 days. The dispersed cells showed a doubling in nuclear area during 4 dyas in culture, suggesting the formation of polyploid cells; such cells are prominent in fully differentiated decidual cells in vivo. The content of prostaglandin E in the cultured cell, determined by radioimmunoassay, was about 15-fold higher than that in rat embryo fibroblast cultures grown under similar conditions, and was comparable to the level of prostaglandins found in decidual cells in vivo.", "PMID": 833790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_821", "title": "Reproductive function in prepubertal lambs: ovulation, embryo development and ovarian steroidogenesis.", "content": "When 23 10-16 week-old Welsh Mountain lambs were treated with PMSG 19 ovulated, the number of eggs ovulated being directly correlated with the duration of progesterone pretreatment (0-5 +/- 0-29 (S.E.M.) after 3 days; 7-8 +/- 3-47 after 18 days). Injection of HCG at the time of the induced oestrus had no effect on ovulation. The eggs shed from immature ovaries became fertilized and developed normally when tested in the ligated rabbit oviduct for development to the morula stage and by transfer to adult ewes (1 live lamb). Luteal function in lambs with a single CL was similar to that in nonpregnant ewes; progesterone levels in entire lambs with multiple CL and in hysterectomized lambs remained elevated for at least 60 days. The capacity of ovarian follicles from PMSG-primed lambs to secrete oestrogen, testosterone and progesterone in vitro was similar to that of follicles from adult ewes. However, oestrogen production by lamb follicles immediately after explantation was higher than that of adult follicles and the administration of progesterone to lambs before PMSG treatment decreased subsequent follicular testosterone production.", "contents": "Reproductive function in prepubertal lambs: ovulation, embryo development and ovarian steroidogenesis. When 23 10-16 week-old Welsh Mountain lambs were treated with PMSG 19 ovulated, the number of eggs ovulated being directly correlated with the duration of progesterone pretreatment (0-5 +/- 0-29 (S.E.M.) after 3 days; 7-8 +/- 3-47 after 18 days). Injection of HCG at the time of the induced oestrus had no effect on ovulation. The eggs shed from immature ovaries became fertilized and developed normally when tested in the ligated rabbit oviduct for development to the morula stage and by transfer to adult ewes (1 live lamb). Luteal function in lambs with a single CL was similar to that in nonpregnant ewes; progesterone levels in entire lambs with multiple CL and in hysterectomized lambs remained elevated for at least 60 days. The capacity of ovarian follicles from PMSG-primed lambs to secrete oestrogen, testosterone and progesterone in vitro was similar to that of follicles from adult ewes. However, oestrogen production by lamb follicles immediately after explantation was higher than that of adult follicles and the administration of progesterone to lambs before PMSG treatment decreased subsequent follicular testosterone production.", "PMID": 833791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_822", "title": "Fluid reabsorption in the isolated duct of the rat cauda epididymidis.", "content": "A technique is described fro measurement of rate of fluid reabsorption in a segment of the rat cauda epididymidis in vitro. The basal rate was 2-63 +/- 0-22 mul/cm2/30 min and was dependent on temperature and inhibited by 2,4-dinitrophenol, suggesting that fluid reabsorption is an energy-dependent process. About 50% of the fluid reabsorption was dependent on intraluminal sodium ions. This Na+-dependent component was inhibited by addition of amiloride to the intraluminal fluid and ouabain to the peritubular fluid.", "contents": "Fluid reabsorption in the isolated duct of the rat cauda epididymidis. A technique is described fro measurement of rate of fluid reabsorption in a segment of the rat cauda epididymidis in vitro. The basal rate was 2-63 +/- 0-22 mul/cm2/30 min and was dependent on temperature and inhibited by 2,4-dinitrophenol, suggesting that fluid reabsorption is an energy-dependent process. About 50% of the fluid reabsorption was dependent on intraluminal sodium ions. This Na+-dependent component was inhibited by addition of amiloride to the intraluminal fluid and ouabain to the peritubular fluid.", "PMID": 833792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_823", "title": "Differing requirements for capacitation in vitro of mouse spermatozoa from two strains.", "content": "Concentrated suspensions of epididymal spermatozoa obtained from two strains of mice, TO and C57BL/10, were preincubated for 20 min, 1 h or 2 h before dilution and addition of (C57BL/10 X CBA)F1 eggs. While all 3 groups of TO spermatozoa demonstrated high fertility (greater than 90% of eggs subsequently cleaved), C57BL/10 spermatozoa preincubated for 20 min and 1 h gave significantly reduced fertilization rates compared with those in the 2 h group. Furthermore, the penetration rate of the C57BL/10 spermatozoa preincubated for 20 min was significantly slower than that for similarly treated TO spermatozoa, as demonstrated by a delay in the first cleavage. A long preincubation of C57BL/10 spermatozoa in a diluted rather than a concentrated suspension did not improve fertility, suggesting that optimal capacitation may be sperm concentration-dependent in some, if not all, strains of mice.", "contents": "Differing requirements for capacitation in vitro of mouse spermatozoa from two strains. Concentrated suspensions of epididymal spermatozoa obtained from two strains of mice, TO and C57BL/10, were preincubated for 20 min, 1 h or 2 h before dilution and addition of (C57BL/10 X CBA)F1 eggs. While all 3 groups of TO spermatozoa demonstrated high fertility (greater than 90% of eggs subsequently cleaved), C57BL/10 spermatozoa preincubated for 20 min and 1 h gave significantly reduced fertilization rates compared with those in the 2 h group. Furthermore, the penetration rate of the C57BL/10 spermatozoa preincubated for 20 min was significantly slower than that for similarly treated TO spermatozoa, as demonstrated by a delay in the first cleavage. A long preincubation of C57BL/10 spermatozoa in a diluted rather than a concentrated suspension did not improve fertility, suggesting that optimal capacitation may be sperm concentration-dependent in some, if not all, strains of mice.", "PMID": 833793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_824", "title": "Fertilization in vitro and development to term of unfertilized mouse oocytes previously stored at --196 degrees C.", "content": "Unfertilized mouse oocytes were frozen and stored at --196 degrees C. Immediately after thawing 331 out of 463 MF1 oocytes (71-5%) and 271 out of 410 F1 (C57BL X CBA) hybrid oocytes (66-1%) were morphologically normal. No significant difference was found between the survival of oocytes frozen and thawed with (70%) or without (66%) the surrounding cumulus cells. Fertilization in vitro of frozen-thawed oocytes was significantly lower than that of freshly collected control oocytes. The overall fertilization rate in vitro for MF1 oocytes was lower than with F1 (C57BL X CBA) hybrid oocytes. The presence or absence of cumulus cells during fertilization in vitro did not affect the fertilization rate. Live 14-day fetuses were obtained after transfer of frozen-thawed unfertilized oocytes directly to the oviducts of females mated with fertile males. However, much higher rates of survival (up to 45%) to 14-day fetuses and live-born were found after the fertilization of frozen-thawed oocytes in vitro and subsequent transfer at the 2-cell or blastocyst stage to pseudopregnant recipients.", "contents": "Fertilization in vitro and development to term of unfertilized mouse oocytes previously stored at --196 degrees C. Unfertilized mouse oocytes were frozen and stored at --196 degrees C. Immediately after thawing 331 out of 463 MF1 oocytes (71-5%) and 271 out of 410 F1 (C57BL X CBA) hybrid oocytes (66-1%) were morphologically normal. No significant difference was found between the survival of oocytes frozen and thawed with (70%) or without (66%) the surrounding cumulus cells. Fertilization in vitro of frozen-thawed oocytes was significantly lower than that of freshly collected control oocytes. The overall fertilization rate in vitro for MF1 oocytes was lower than with F1 (C57BL X CBA) hybrid oocytes. The presence or absence of cumulus cells during fertilization in vitro did not affect the fertilization rate. Live 14-day fetuses were obtained after transfer of frozen-thawed unfertilized oocytes directly to the oviducts of females mated with fertile males. However, much higher rates of survival (up to 45%) to 14-day fetuses and live-born were found after the fertilization of frozen-thawed oocytes in vitro and subsequent transfer at the 2-cell or blastocyst stage to pseudopregnant recipients.", "PMID": 833794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_825", "title": "A study of abortion in countries where abortions are legally restricted.", "content": "In countries where induced abortion is permitted, national family planning programs are able to combine pre- and postconceptive fertility control methods to maximize success in achieving personally desired fertility levels and nationally desired growth levels. The proscription against induced abortion tends to produce criminal abortions and consequent morbidity and mortality which, in some countries, are often recognized as a national health problem. The International Fertility Research Program has undertaken this study of incomplete, inevitable, threatened and septic abortion cases, using a standard data collection instrument, to facilitate comparisons across institutions and countries. The data gather since 1971 in nine Asian, African and Middle Eastern hospitals includes 7,331 cases. Policies of the participating institutions with respect to what constitutes a therapeutic abortion affected the proportions of spontaneous abortions and of abortions induced outside the hospital and inside the hospital. Women treated for induced abortion tended to be of higher parity and more likely to have attained their desired family size than patients treated for spontaneous abortions. Morbidity rates were quite low for patients treated in centers where vacuum aspiration was mainly used, particularly in contrast to the morbidity rates for patients treated in centers where dilatation and curettage was used exclusively. High mortality rates in patients admitted with sepsis confirm the need not only for improvement of clinical procedures but also for reconsideration of the legal issues since many patients admitted with sepsis can be assumed to have had abortions induced.", "contents": "A study of abortion in countries where abortions are legally restricted. In countries where induced abortion is permitted, national family planning programs are able to combine pre- and postconceptive fertility control methods to maximize success in achieving personally desired fertility levels and nationally desired growth levels. The proscription against induced abortion tends to produce criminal abortions and consequent morbidity and mortality which, in some countries, are often recognized as a national health problem. The International Fertility Research Program has undertaken this study of incomplete, inevitable, threatened and septic abortion cases, using a standard data collection instrument, to facilitate comparisons across institutions and countries. The data gather since 1971 in nine Asian, African and Middle Eastern hospitals includes 7,331 cases. Policies of the participating institutions with respect to what constitutes a therapeutic abortion affected the proportions of spontaneous abortions and of abortions induced outside the hospital and inside the hospital. Women treated for induced abortion tended to be of higher parity and more likely to have attained their desired family size than patients treated for spontaneous abortions. Morbidity rates were quite low for patients treated in centers where vacuum aspiration was mainly used, particularly in contrast to the morbidity rates for patients treated in centers where dilatation and curettage was used exclusively. High mortality rates in patients admitted with sepsis confirm the need not only for improvement of clinical procedures but also for reconsideration of the legal issues since many patients admitted with sepsis can be assumed to have had abortions induced.", "PMID": 833796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_826", "title": "Granulation tissue in the umbilical cord.", "content": "The development of granulation tissue in the umbilical cord is described here for the first time. Nothing is known about the conditions necessary to produce such tissue.", "contents": "Granulation tissue in the umbilical cord. The development of granulation tissue in the umbilical cord is described here for the first time. Nothing is known about the conditions necessary to produce such tissue.", "PMID": 833798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_827", "title": "A comparative study of spring-loaded clips and electrocoagulation for female sterilization.", "content": "The surgical, immediately postoperative and delayed postoperative complications and complaints associated with spring-loaded clips and electrocoagulation as techniques of tubal sterilization at laparoscopy were evaluated in a comparative study. Each of the two techniques was randomly assigned to 150 subjects. All sterilizations were performed as outpatient procedures. Subjects were followed-up during the first six weeks and again at about six months after sterilization. Rates of complications (surgical and early postoperative) were similar for the two procedures. None of the subjects required subsequent hospitalization. Technical difficulties at surgery were more frequent with the spring-loaded clip technique, principally as a result of mechnical problems with the prototype laparoscope and clip applicator. Postoperative pelvic and abdominal pain were reported by a significantly higher proportion of the patients when the spring-loaded clip was used (spring-loaded clips, 43.6%; electrocoagulation, 31.5%). At the six-month follow-up examination, rates of abnormal pelvic findings and changes in menstrual cycle formation were similar for the two techniques of tubal occlusion. There was one procedure failure among the electrocoagulation patients and none among the spring-loaded clip patients.", "contents": "A comparative study of spring-loaded clips and electrocoagulation for female sterilization. The surgical, immediately postoperative and delayed postoperative complications and complaints associated with spring-loaded clips and electrocoagulation as techniques of tubal sterilization at laparoscopy were evaluated in a comparative study. Each of the two techniques was randomly assigned to 150 subjects. All sterilizations were performed as outpatient procedures. Subjects were followed-up during the first six weeks and again at about six months after sterilization. Rates of complications (surgical and early postoperative) were similar for the two procedures. None of the subjects required subsequent hospitalization. Technical difficulties at surgery were more frequent with the spring-loaded clip technique, principally as a result of mechnical problems with the prototype laparoscope and clip applicator. Postoperative pelvic and abdominal pain were reported by a significantly higher proportion of the patients when the spring-loaded clip was used (spring-loaded clips, 43.6%; electrocoagulation, 31.5%). At the six-month follow-up examination, rates of abnormal pelvic findings and changes in menstrual cycle formation were similar for the two techniques of tubal occlusion. There was one procedure failure among the electrocoagulation patients and none among the spring-loaded clip patients.", "PMID": 833799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_828", "title": "Normal and abnormal labor progress: I. A quantitative assessment and survey of the literature.", "content": "Quantitative labor data have been reported piecemeal in the literature; there is no previous unified report of the frequencies of each of the dysfunctional labor patterns (DLPs). In order to describe the labor process more clearly a labor diagnostic computer program was used to prospectively study an unselected series of 3,682 nearly consecutive labors from one institution. Cervicometric data for nulliparous and multiparous labor were very similar to the results of others. The absolute frequency with which each DLP was found to occur is compared with results in the literature. Protracted active phase dilatation was the most frequently occurring DLP and prolonged deceleration phase the least frequently occurring one. The relative frequencies of the DLPs, defined as the percentage of all DLPs that occurred, remained reasonably constant, regardless of parity or the absolute frequencies of the DLPs in a group of patients.", "contents": "Normal and abnormal labor progress: I. A quantitative assessment and survey of the literature. Quantitative labor data have been reported piecemeal in the literature; there is no previous unified report of the frequencies of each of the dysfunctional labor patterns (DLPs). In order to describe the labor process more clearly a labor diagnostic computer program was used to prospectively study an unselected series of 3,682 nearly consecutive labors from one institution. Cervicometric data for nulliparous and multiparous labor were very similar to the results of others. The absolute frequency with which each DLP was found to occur is compared with results in the literature. Protracted active phase dilatation was the most frequently occurring DLP and prolonged deceleration phase the least frequently occurring one. The relative frequencies of the DLPs, defined as the percentage of all DLPs that occurred, remained reasonably constant, regardless of parity or the absolute frequencies of the DLPs in a group of patients.", "PMID": 833800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_829", "title": "Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita in an abdominal pregnancy.", "content": "A case of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita occurred in a 19-week fetus from a primary abdominal pregnancy. The unusual feature is the early synarthrosis, possibly caused by multiple factors. This case supports the concepts of multiple etiologic factors of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita.", "contents": "Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita in an abdominal pregnancy. A case of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita occurred in a 19-week fetus from a primary abdominal pregnancy. The unusual feature is the early synarthrosis, possibly caused by multiple factors. This case supports the concepts of multiple etiologic factors of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita.", "PMID": 833801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_830", "title": "Comparative contraceptive experience with three-month and six-month medroxyprogesterone acetate regimens.", "content": "Three-month (150 mg) and six-month (450 mg) contraceptive regimens of medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) as an intramuscular depot injection are compared in this paper. A total of 19,875 women participated in the study, accounting for 220,530 woman-months of use. A Pearl index of 0.1069 for the three-month regimen was significantly lower than for the six-month group, where the index was 0.4943 (p less than 0.01). Side effects were limited insofar as personal reasons and loss to follow-up were the most important single category for discontinuation of this contraceptive method. No thrombotic incidents occurred. It is concluded that both contraceptive regimens of DMPA appear to be acceptable with regard to use-effectiveness, patient acceptance and prevalence of side effects.", "contents": "Comparative contraceptive experience with three-month and six-month medroxyprogesterone acetate regimens. Three-month (150 mg) and six-month (450 mg) contraceptive regimens of medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) as an intramuscular depot injection are compared in this paper. A total of 19,875 women participated in the study, accounting for 220,530 woman-months of use. A Pearl index of 0.1069 for the three-month regimen was significantly lower than for the six-month group, where the index was 0.4943 (p less than 0.01). Side effects were limited insofar as personal reasons and loss to follow-up were the most important single category for discontinuation of this contraceptive method. No thrombotic incidents occurred. It is concluded that both contraceptive regimens of DMPA appear to be acceptable with regard to use-effectiveness, patient acceptance and prevalence of side effects.", "PMID": 833802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_831", "title": "Human tubal fluid collection via vagina and its quantitative variations during the menstrual cycle.", "content": "The culdoscope was used for easy approach to the fallopian tube, which was delivered into the vagina, and a Foley catheter (No. 8 French) was introduced through its fimbrial end for collection of human tubal secretion. It was left from one to eight days. The technique was successful in 54 cases out of 60, but we succeeded in collecting enough fluid in 44 cases only. The volume of human tubal fluid was studied in relation to the phase of the cycle. A peak of fluid volume was found to occur at the midcycle.", "contents": "Human tubal fluid collection via vagina and its quantitative variations during the menstrual cycle. The culdoscope was used for easy approach to the fallopian tube, which was delivered into the vagina, and a Foley catheter (No. 8 French) was introduced through its fimbrial end for collection of human tubal secretion. It was left from one to eight days. The technique was successful in 54 cases out of 60, but we succeeded in collecting enough fluid in 44 cases only. The volume of human tubal fluid was studied in relation to the phase of the cycle. A peak of fluid volume was found to occur at the midcycle.", "PMID": 833803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_832", "title": "A new look at an old technique: sterilization by infundibulectomy.", "content": "Removal of the fimbriated portion of the fallopian tube is, theoretically, quite an effective method of sterilization that has received scant attention in the recent medical literature. In this study 310 cases of infundibulectomy via laparotomy performed at the Castle Street Hospital for Women in Colombo, Sri Lanka, were analyzed. Most of the patients (88.4%) were sterilized within 10 days of the vaginal term delivery whereas the remainder were sterilized in the immediate postabortion period. General anesthetic was used in 93.9% of the procedures. Difficulties at surgery which prevented infundibulectomy were encountered in three cases (1.1%). Infection and other incision problems were the primary complications. Incision infection was noted prior to discharge in four postpartum cases (1.5%) and in no postabortion cases. At the time of the first follow-up visit, seven to 21 days after sterilization, this complication was noted in eight postpartum women (3.1%) and in one woman (2.8%) who had had an abortion. No pregnancies have been reported among the 169 patients who have already been seen at the six-month follow-up visit. The results of this study indicate that infundibulectomy is a safe and effective method of tubal occlusion for postpartum patients.", "contents": "A new look at an old technique: sterilization by infundibulectomy. Removal of the fimbriated portion of the fallopian tube is, theoretically, quite an effective method of sterilization that has received scant attention in the recent medical literature. In this study 310 cases of infundibulectomy via laparotomy performed at the Castle Street Hospital for Women in Colombo, Sri Lanka, were analyzed. Most of the patients (88.4%) were sterilized within 10 days of the vaginal term delivery whereas the remainder were sterilized in the immediate postabortion period. General anesthetic was used in 93.9% of the procedures. Difficulties at surgery which prevented infundibulectomy were encountered in three cases (1.1%). Infection and other incision problems were the primary complications. Incision infection was noted prior to discharge in four postpartum cases (1.5%) and in no postabortion cases. At the time of the first follow-up visit, seven to 21 days after sterilization, this complication was noted in eight postpartum women (3.1%) and in one woman (2.8%) who had had an abortion. No pregnancies have been reported among the 169 patients who have already been seen at the six-month follow-up visit. The results of this study indicate that infundibulectomy is a safe and effective method of tubal occlusion for postpartum patients.", "PMID": 833804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_833", "title": "Evaluation of the model 78100A adult telemetry unit for use in fetal heart rate monitoring.", "content": "A commercially available adult telemetry unit was adapted for use in fetal heart rate monitoring. Advantages included permitting the mother to ambulate during labor, monitoring the fetus while the mother was in transit from the labor to the delivery area and reducing electrical noise levels. Patient as well as physician acceptance has been uniformly excellent. Patients who normally would not have accepted monitoring acceded to the use of the telemetry system when informed that they could move about while in labor. The equipment is easy to adapt, widely available, relatively inexpensive and simple to use.", "contents": "Evaluation of the model 78100A adult telemetry unit for use in fetal heart rate monitoring. A commercially available adult telemetry unit was adapted for use in fetal heart rate monitoring. Advantages included permitting the mother to ambulate during labor, monitoring the fetus while the mother was in transit from the labor to the delivery area and reducing electrical noise levels. Patient as well as physician acceptance has been uniformly excellent. Patients who normally would not have accepted monitoring acceded to the use of the telemetry system when informed that they could move about while in labor. The equipment is easy to adapt, widely available, relatively inexpensive and simple to use.", "PMID": 833805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_834", "title": "Estimation of fetal or neonatal weight from the biperietal diameter.", "content": "This paper contains a table of predicted fetal or neonatal weight on the basis of the biparietal diameter. The tabulated values are derived under the assumption that the relationship between biparietal diameter and weight is nonlinear and that weight is best predicted by means of a third degree least square polynominal spline. We believe that our study overcomes the shortcomings inherent in a linear prediction formula, commonly employed in the literature.", "contents": "Estimation of fetal or neonatal weight from the biperietal diameter. This paper contains a table of predicted fetal or neonatal weight on the basis of the biparietal diameter. The tabulated values are derived under the assumption that the relationship between biparietal diameter and weight is nonlinear and that weight is best predicted by means of a third degree least square polynominal spline. We believe that our study overcomes the shortcomings inherent in a linear prediction formula, commonly employed in the literature.", "PMID": 833806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_835", "title": "Six-year continuation rates for CU-T-200 users.", "content": "The long-term (six years) contraceptive effectiveness of the Cu-T-200 is evaluated based on 833 first insertions performed by physicians and nurse-midwives. IUD event rates (pregnancy, expulsion, pain/bleeding removal or removal for medical reasons) did not increase with increasing duration of use. The results of the study indicate that the Cu-T-200 is a safe and effective contraceptive for at least six years after insertion.", "contents": "Six-year continuation rates for CU-T-200 users. The long-term (six years) contraceptive effectiveness of the Cu-T-200 is evaluated based on 833 first insertions performed by physicians and nurse-midwives. IUD event rates (pregnancy, expulsion, pain/bleeding removal or removal for medical reasons) did not increase with increasing duration of use. The results of the study indicate that the Cu-T-200 is a safe and effective contraceptive for at least six years after insertion.", "PMID": 833807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_836", "title": "Synthetic models of DNA complexes with antimalarial compounds. 2. The problem of guanine specificity in chloroquine binding.", "content": "Stacking interactions between the aminoquinoline ring of the antimalarial chloroquine and the purine bases have been studied by preparing and examining models in which the quinoline is linked to the base by a trimethylene chain. The degree of stacking of the models which reflects the strength of the interaction was quantitatively determined in water at different temperatures by hypochromism measurement in the uv. Adenine and guanine exhibit equal affinity for the quinoline nucleus as reflected by very close hypochromism values observed for the two models at all temperatures studied.", "contents": "Synthetic models of DNA complexes with antimalarial compounds. 2. The problem of guanine specificity in chloroquine binding. Stacking interactions between the aminoquinoline ring of the antimalarial chloroquine and the purine bases have been studied by preparing and examining models in which the quinoline is linked to the base by a trimethylene chain. The degree of stacking of the models which reflects the strength of the interaction was quantitatively determined in water at different temperatures by hypochromism measurement in the uv. Adenine and guanine exhibit equal affinity for the quinoline nucleus as reflected by very close hypochromism values observed for the two models at all temperatures studied.", "PMID": 833808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_837", "title": "Nucleosides. 102. Synthesis of some 3'-deoxy-3'-substituted arabinofuranosylpyrimidine nucleosides.", "content": "The synthesis of some 3'-deoxy-3'-substituted arabinofuranosylcytosine (4a-d) and uracil (7a-d, 8a-d, X =Br, I, N3, SCN) nucleosides was accomplished by treatment of the requisite 2',3'-anhydrolyxofuranosylpyrimidine nucleoside (5,6a,b) with the appropriate ammonium salt in refluxing ethanol. Cleavage of the oxirane ring provided the desired 3'-deoxy-3'-substituted pyrimidine nucleosides (4a-d, 7a-d, and 8a-d). In vitro screening of compounds 4a-d, and 7a-d, with L5178Y cells in culture showed no significant inhibitory properties.", "contents": "Nucleosides. 102. Synthesis of some 3'-deoxy-3'-substituted arabinofuranosylpyrimidine nucleosides. The synthesis of some 3'-deoxy-3'-substituted arabinofuranosylcytosine (4a-d) and uracil (7a-d, 8a-d, X =Br, I, N3, SCN) nucleosides was accomplished by treatment of the requisite 2',3'-anhydrolyxofuranosylpyrimidine nucleoside (5,6a,b) with the appropriate ammonium salt in refluxing ethanol. Cleavage of the oxirane ring provided the desired 3'-deoxy-3'-substituted pyrimidine nucleosides (4a-d, 7a-d, and 8a-d). In vitro screening of compounds 4a-d, and 7a-d, with L5178Y cells in culture showed no significant inhibitory properties.", "PMID": 833809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_838", "title": "Synthesis and some pharmacological properties of [4-threonine, 7-glycine]oxytocin, [1-(L-2-hydroxy-3-mercaptopropanoic acid), 4-threonine, 7-glycine]oxytocin (hydroxy[Thr4, Gly7]oxytocin), and [7-Glycine]oxytocin, peptides with high oxytocic-antidiuretic selectivity.", "content": "[4-Threonine, 7-glycine]oxytocin and [1-(L-2-hydroxy-3-mercaptopropanoic acid), 4-threonine, 7-glycine]oxytocin (hydroxy[Thr4, Gly7]oxytocin) were synthesized by a combination of solid-phase and classical methods of peptide synthesis. A protected octapeptide was synthesized by the solid-phase method and following ammonolysis and purification 1 + 8 couplings in solution were employed to furnish the required key nonapeptide and acyl octapeptide intermediates, respectively. [7-Glycine]oxytocin was prepared from a sample of the protected nonapeptide intermediate used in the original synthesis of this peptide. [7-Glycine]oxytocin has an oxytocic potency (O) of 93 +/- 4 units/mg and an antidiuretic potency (A) of 0.0056 +/- 0.0003 units/mg. It has an O/A ratio of 16 000. [4-Threonine, 7-glycine]oxytocin has an oxytocic potency of 166 +/- 4 units/mg and an antidiuretic potency of 0.002 +/- 0.0004 units/mg. Its O/A ratio is 83 000. Threonine substitution has thus brought about a substantial enhancement in oxytocic activity and a fivefold enhancement in O/A selectivity. Hydroxy [Thr4, Gly7]oxytocin has an oxytocic potency of 218 +/- 8 units/mg and antidiuretic potency of 0.0040 +/- 0.0005 units/mg. Its O/A ratio is thus 54 500. All three 7-glycine-substituted analogues exhibit a marked sensitivity to Mg2+ on the rat uterus assay ststem and in the presence of 0.5 mM Mg2+ had oxytocic potencies in the range of 900-1000 units/mg. Should these peptides exhibit enhanced oxytocic selectivity in humans, they might offer a greater margin of safety than oxytocin in those clinical stiuations in which the latter is currently employed.", "contents": "Synthesis and some pharmacological properties of [4-threonine, 7-glycine]oxytocin, [1-(L-2-hydroxy-3-mercaptopropanoic acid), 4-threonine, 7-glycine]oxytocin (hydroxy[Thr4, Gly7]oxytocin), and [7-Glycine]oxytocin, peptides with high oxytocic-antidiuretic selectivity. [4-Threonine, 7-glycine]oxytocin and [1-(L-2-hydroxy-3-mercaptopropanoic acid), 4-threonine, 7-glycine]oxytocin (hydroxy[Thr4, Gly7]oxytocin) were synthesized by a combination of solid-phase and classical methods of peptide synthesis. A protected octapeptide was synthesized by the solid-phase method and following ammonolysis and purification 1 + 8 couplings in solution were employed to furnish the required key nonapeptide and acyl octapeptide intermediates, respectively. [7-Glycine]oxytocin was prepared from a sample of the protected nonapeptide intermediate used in the original synthesis of this peptide. [7-Glycine]oxytocin has an oxytocic potency (O) of 93 +/- 4 units/mg and an antidiuretic potency (A) of 0.0056 +/- 0.0003 units/mg. It has an O/A ratio of 16 000. [4-Threonine, 7-glycine]oxytocin has an oxytocic potency of 166 +/- 4 units/mg and an antidiuretic potency of 0.002 +/- 0.0004 units/mg. Its O/A ratio is 83 000. Threonine substitution has thus brought about a substantial enhancement in oxytocic activity and a fivefold enhancement in O/A selectivity. Hydroxy [Thr4, Gly7]oxytocin has an oxytocic potency of 218 +/- 8 units/mg and antidiuretic potency of 0.0040 +/- 0.0005 units/mg. Its O/A ratio is thus 54 500. All three 7-glycine-substituted analogues exhibit a marked sensitivity to Mg2+ on the rat uterus assay ststem and in the presence of 0.5 mM Mg2+ had oxytocic potencies in the range of 900-1000 units/mg. Should these peptides exhibit enhanced oxytocic selectivity in humans, they might offer a greater margin of safety than oxytocin in those clinical stiuations in which the latter is currently employed.", "PMID": 833810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_839", "title": "Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of certain 6H-1,2,4-oxadiazin-3(2H)-ones.", "content": "Treatment of 6H-1,2,4-oxadiazin-3(2H)-one-5(4H)-thione (2) with hydroxylamine, hydrazine, methylamine, or benzylamine afforded the corresponding N5-substituted 5-amino-6H-1,2,4-oxadiazin-3(2H)-ones 3c-f. Refluxing a dioxane solution of 6H-1,2,4-oxiazine-3,5(2H,4H)-dione (1) with benzylamine or aminodiphenylmethane and hexamethyldisilazane in the presence of ammonium sulfate gave 5-benzylamino-6H-1,2,4-oxadiazin-3(2H)-one (3f) and the corresponding 5-diphenylmethylamino derivative 3g. Reaction of 1 with methyl iodide, benzyl chloride, dihydropyran, dihydrofuran, or benzyloxycarbonyl chloride afforded the corresponding 2-substituted 6H-1,2,4-oxadiazine-3,5(2H,4H)-diones 6a-e. Reaction of 2-methyl-6H-1,2,4-oxadiazine-3,5(2H,4H)-dione (6a) or the corresponding 2-benzyl derivative 6b with phosphorus pentasulfide in dioxane gave 2-methyl-6H-1,2,4-oxadiazin-3(2H)-one-5(4H)-thione (8a) and the corresponding 2-benzyl derivative 8b, respectively. Reaction of 8a with ammonia in dioxane afforded 2-methyl-5-amino-6H-1,2,4-oxadiazin-3(2H)-one (9). The degree of in vitro activity and the presence of antibacterial activity in the urine of animals given 5-amino-6H-1,2,4-oxadiazin-3(2H)-one (3a) by oral route of administration prompted selection of this compound for further study.", "contents": "Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of certain 6H-1,2,4-oxadiazin-3(2H)-ones. Treatment of 6H-1,2,4-oxadiazin-3(2H)-one-5(4H)-thione (2) with hydroxylamine, hydrazine, methylamine, or benzylamine afforded the corresponding N5-substituted 5-amino-6H-1,2,4-oxadiazin-3(2H)-ones 3c-f. Refluxing a dioxane solution of 6H-1,2,4-oxiazine-3,5(2H,4H)-dione (1) with benzylamine or aminodiphenylmethane and hexamethyldisilazane in the presence of ammonium sulfate gave 5-benzylamino-6H-1,2,4-oxadiazin-3(2H)-one (3f) and the corresponding 5-diphenylmethylamino derivative 3g. Reaction of 1 with methyl iodide, benzyl chloride, dihydropyran, dihydrofuran, or benzyloxycarbonyl chloride afforded the corresponding 2-substituted 6H-1,2,4-oxadiazine-3,5(2H,4H)-diones 6a-e. Reaction of 2-methyl-6H-1,2,4-oxadiazine-3,5(2H,4H)-dione (6a) or the corresponding 2-benzyl derivative 6b with phosphorus pentasulfide in dioxane gave 2-methyl-6H-1,2,4-oxadiazin-3(2H)-one-5(4H)-thione (8a) and the corresponding 2-benzyl derivative 8b, respectively. Reaction of 8a with ammonia in dioxane afforded 2-methyl-5-amino-6H-1,2,4-oxadiazin-3(2H)-one (9). The degree of in vitro activity and the presence of antibacterial activity in the urine of animals given 5-amino-6H-1,2,4-oxadiazin-3(2H)-one (3a) by oral route of administration prompted selection of this compound for further study.", "PMID": 833811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_840", "title": "Mitomycin antibiotics. Synthesis and activity of 1,2-disubstituted mitosenes.", "content": "cis-1-Acetamido-2-acetoxy-7-methoxy-N-methylmitosene was prepared in 11 steps from 7-methoxy-6-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-one by a route involving bromination of the pyrrolidineenamine or trimethylsilyl enol ether of starting material, displacement of bromide by acetate, oxime formation, and reductive acetylation, followed by elaboration of the quinone and methyl carbamate functions according to previously established methods. An unsubstituted carbamate could not be prepared. The mitosene thus synthesized differs from previously reported 1,2-disubstituted mitosenes, which are derived from the solvolysis of mitomycins, in that it has the opposite arrangement of oxygen and nitrogen substituents at the 1 and 2 positions. It showed antibacterial activities in disk-plate assays superior to those of cis-diacetylapomitomycin A and equivalent to those of certain 1-substituted mitosenes; however, it was less active than mitomycin A in these assays. It was inactive in inducing lambda-bacteriophage in Escherichia coli and inactive against P388 leukemia in mice.  In contrast, certain 1-substituted mitosenes were active in prophage induction and 2b and mitomycin A were active in both assays.", "contents": "Mitomycin antibiotics. Synthesis and activity of 1,2-disubstituted mitosenes. cis-1-Acetamido-2-acetoxy-7-methoxy-N-methylmitosene was prepared in 11 steps from 7-methoxy-6-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-one by a route involving bromination of the pyrrolidineenamine or trimethylsilyl enol ether of starting material, displacement of bromide by acetate, oxime formation, and reductive acetylation, followed by elaboration of the quinone and methyl carbamate functions according to previously established methods. An unsubstituted carbamate could not be prepared. The mitosene thus synthesized differs from previously reported 1,2-disubstituted mitosenes, which are derived from the solvolysis of mitomycins, in that it has the opposite arrangement of oxygen and nitrogen substituents at the 1 and 2 positions. It showed antibacterial activities in disk-plate assays superior to those of cis-diacetylapomitomycin A and equivalent to those of certain 1-substituted mitosenes; however, it was less active than mitomycin A in these assays. It was inactive in inducing lambda-bacteriophage in Escherichia coli and inactive against P388 leukemia in mice.  In contrast, certain 1-substituted mitosenes were active in prophage induction and 2b and mitomycin A were active in both assays.", "PMID": 833812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_841", "title": "Synthesis and identification of the major metabolites of prazosin formed in dog and rat.", "content": "The 6-O-demethyl and 7-O-demethyl analogues of the new antihypertensive drug prazosin [2-[4-(2-furoyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline hydrochloride] have been unequivocally synthesized via separate ten-step reaction sequences starting from isovanillin and vanillin, respectively. The 6-O-demethyl derivative was found to be identical with the major prazosin metabolite formed in dog and rat, while the 7-O-demethyl derivative was identical with another, less prevalent but significant metabolite. Two minor metabolites of prazosin, 2-(1-piperazinyl)-4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline and 2,4-diamino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline, are also described. All four metabolites are less potent blood pressure lowering agents in dogs than prazosin but may contribute to its antihypertensive effect, since they account for a major portion of the administered dose.", "contents": "Synthesis and identification of the major metabolites of prazosin formed in dog and rat. The 6-O-demethyl and 7-O-demethyl analogues of the new antihypertensive drug prazosin [2-[4-(2-furoyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline hydrochloride] have been unequivocally synthesized via separate ten-step reaction sequences starting from isovanillin and vanillin, respectively. The 6-O-demethyl derivative was found to be identical with the major prazosin metabolite formed in dog and rat, while the 7-O-demethyl derivative was identical with another, less prevalent but significant metabolite. Two minor metabolites of prazosin, 2-(1-piperazinyl)-4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline and 2,4-diamino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline, are also described. All four metabolites are less potent blood pressure lowering agents in dogs than prazosin but may contribute to its antihypertensive effect, since they account for a major portion of the administered dose.", "PMID": 833813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_842", "title": "Synthesis and biological activity of some new furan quaternary salts.", "content": "A series of new N-(5-substituted 2-furfuryl)-N,N-dimethyl-N-aryloxyalkyl quaternary ammonium salts relating to general structure IV has been synthesized by reacting 5-substituted 2-(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)furans IIa-d with appropriate aryloxyalkyl bromides III. The resulting compounds are tested for in vitro antimicrobial activity. A simpler synthesis of 5-nitro-2-(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)furan (IId) involving the reduction of N,N-dimethyl-5-nitro-2-furamide (Ib) with diborane is described. A new compound, 5-bromo-2-(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)furnan (IIc), is prepared in a similar way. Many of these compounds (22, 28, 34, 37-42, 44, and 45) indicate high activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and are more active than nitrofurantoin, Compounds 22, 34 and 41 exhibit the highest in vitro antibacterial activity in the series. Some of these quaternary salts (22, 25, 37, 37-41, and 60) possess appreciable activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. None of these compounds show significant antifungal activity. Eight compounds (18, 21, 22, 26-28, 32, and 34) have high in vitro antibacterial activity were inactive when tested for anthelmintic activity in rats against Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Hymenolepis nana.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological activity of some new furan quaternary salts. A series of new N-(5-substituted 2-furfuryl)-N,N-dimethyl-N-aryloxyalkyl quaternary ammonium salts relating to general structure IV has been synthesized by reacting 5-substituted 2-(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)furans IIa-d with appropriate aryloxyalkyl bromides III. The resulting compounds are tested for in vitro antimicrobial activity. A simpler synthesis of 5-nitro-2-(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)furan (IId) involving the reduction of N,N-dimethyl-5-nitro-2-furamide (Ib) with diborane is described. A new compound, 5-bromo-2-(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)furnan (IIc), is prepared in a similar way. Many of these compounds (22, 28, 34, 37-42, 44, and 45) indicate high activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and are more active than nitrofurantoin, Compounds 22, 34 and 41 exhibit the highest in vitro antibacterial activity in the series. Some of these quaternary salts (22, 25, 37, 37-41, and 60) possess appreciable activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. None of these compounds show significant antifungal activity. Eight compounds (18, 21, 22, 26-28, 32, and 34) have high in vitro antibacterial activity were inactive when tested for anthelmintic activity in rats against Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Hymenolepis nana.", "PMID": 833814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_843", "title": "Syntheses and pharmacological activity of substituted imidazolidinethiones and thiomidazolines.", "content": "A series of imidazolidinethiones and thioimidazolines was synthesized and tested for their effects on both forced and spontaneous motor activity as well as for their ability to raise the convulsion threshold. The proton NMR spectra for the thioimidazolines synthesized were unusual in that they showed a sharp singlet for the ring ethylene unit rather than the expected A2B2 pattern. The thioimidazolines, 5 and 7, were the most active CNS depressants and had the highest safety index. Significantly, the isomeric imidazolidinethiones, 8 and 9, were comparatively much less effective while being considerably more toxic.", "contents": "Syntheses and pharmacological activity of substituted imidazolidinethiones and thiomidazolines. A series of imidazolidinethiones and thioimidazolines was synthesized and tested for their effects on both forced and spontaneous motor activity as well as for their ability to raise the convulsion threshold. The proton NMR spectra for the thioimidazolines synthesized were unusual in that they showed a sharp singlet for the ring ethylene unit rather than the expected A2B2 pattern. The thioimidazolines, 5 and 7, were the most active CNS depressants and had the highest safety index. Significantly, the isomeric imidazolidinethiones, 8 and 9, were comparatively much less effective while being considerably more toxic.", "PMID": 833815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_844", "title": "A rapid, high-yield conversion of codeine to morphine.", "content": "Brief treatment of codeine (1) in chloroform with boron tribromide has consiste-tly given morphine (2) in 90-91% yield after a simple isolation procedure. The yield and simplicity of operation in this method are vastly superior to those previously reported for this transformation.", "contents": "A rapid, high-yield conversion of codeine to morphine. Brief treatment of codeine (1) in chloroform with boron tribromide has consiste-tly given morphine (2) in 90-91% yield after a simple isolation procedure. The yield and simplicity of operation in this method are vastly superior to those previously reported for this transformation.", "PMID": 833816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_845", "title": "An improved method for O-demethylation of codeine.", "content": "The O-demethylation of codeine was effected by sodium propylmercaptide in dimethylformamide at 125 degrees C to afford morphine in 80% yield. Similar treatment of thebaine was unrewarding.", "contents": "An improved method for O-demethylation of codeine. The O-demethylation of codeine was effected by sodium propylmercaptide in dimethylformamide at 125 degrees C to afford morphine in 80% yield. Similar treatment of thebaine was unrewarding.", "PMID": 833817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_846", "title": "(2-Carboxy-1,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinolyl)oxamic acids and (2-carboxy-1,4-dihydro-4-oxobenzo[h]quinolyl)oxamic acids as antiallergy agents.", "content": "A group of (2-carboxy-1,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinolyl)oxamic acids (5) containing the oxamic acid group in the 5,6, or 7 positions were synthesized and investigated for antiasthma activity as indicated by the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction in rats. Also synthesized and investigated were two (2-carbosy-1,4-dihydro-4-oxobenzo[h]-quinolyl)oxamic acids (9 and 10). Several of the compounds synthesized (viz. 5e, 5f, and 10) showed activity in the PCA test approximately 25 times that shown by disodium cromoglycate (1), as measured by the ID50 doses.", "contents": "(2-Carboxy-1,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinolyl)oxamic acids and (2-carboxy-1,4-dihydro-4-oxobenzo[h]quinolyl)oxamic acids as antiallergy agents. A group of (2-carboxy-1,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinolyl)oxamic acids (5) containing the oxamic acid group in the 5,6, or 7 positions were synthesized and investigated for antiasthma activity as indicated by the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction in rats. Also synthesized and investigated were two (2-carbosy-1,4-dihydro-4-oxobenzo[h]-quinolyl)oxamic acids (9 and 10). Several of the compounds synthesized (viz. 5e, 5f, and 10) showed activity in the PCA test approximately 25 times that shown by disodium cromoglycate (1), as measured by the ID50 doses.", "PMID": 833818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_847", "title": "Synthesis and antiinflammatory activity of some 2-substituted 4- and 7-benzoxazoleacetic and alpha-methylacetic acids.", "content": "4- and 7-benzoxazoleacetic and alpha-methylacetic acids substituted in the 2 position with phenyl and substituted phenyl groups have been synthesized and tested on the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema assay. The only compound found to have significant activity, albeit of a low order, was 2-phenyl-alpha-methyl-7-benzoxazoleacetic acid.", "contents": "Synthesis and antiinflammatory activity of some 2-substituted 4- and 7-benzoxazoleacetic and alpha-methylacetic acids. 4- and 7-benzoxazoleacetic and alpha-methylacetic acids substituted in the 2 position with phenyl and substituted phenyl groups have been synthesized and tested on the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema assay. The only compound found to have significant activity, albeit of a low order, was 2-phenyl-alpha-methyl-7-benzoxazoleacetic acid.", "PMID": 833819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_848", "title": "Cannabinoids. 1. 1-Amino- and 1-mercapto-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6H-dibenzo [b,d]pyrans.", "content": "A series of 1-amino- and 1-mercapto-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyrans was synthesized and subsequently evaluated in three rodent test systems for CNS activity. The structure-activity data generated indicate that, in general, a change of the 1-hydroxy group to an amine results in a retention of pharmacological activity but that a change to sulfur results in loss of pharmacological activity. Derivatization of the 1-amino group with various functions decreased the activity of the parent compound. For optimum potency, in all series, the 3-position alkyl side chain should be either 1,1- or 1,2-dimethylheptyl. With either the 1-hydroxy- or 1-amino-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-3-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran (4c or 10c), preparation of the optically active antipodes did not lead to any great degree of spearation of activity. Both of the antipodes possess pharmacological activity as measured in these rodent test systems.", "contents": "Cannabinoids. 1. 1-Amino- and 1-mercapto-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6H-dibenzo [b,d]pyrans. A series of 1-amino- and 1-mercapto-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyrans was synthesized and subsequently evaluated in three rodent test systems for CNS activity. The structure-activity data generated indicate that, in general, a change of the 1-hydroxy group to an amine results in a retention of pharmacological activity but that a change to sulfur results in loss of pharmacological activity. Derivatization of the 1-amino group with various functions decreased the activity of the parent compound. For optimum potency, in all series, the 3-position alkyl side chain should be either 1,1- or 1,2-dimethylheptyl. With either the 1-hydroxy- or 1-amino-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-3-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran (4c or 10c), preparation of the optically active antipodes did not lead to any great degree of spearation of activity. Both of the antipodes possess pharmacological activity as measured in these rodent test systems.", "PMID": 833820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_849", "title": "Butyrophenones from the isomeric 2-amino-5-phenylbicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes.", "content": "The preparation of 5-phenylbicyclo [3.3.1]nonan-2-one is described starting from the ketal of 4-phenyl-4-(2-carbethoxyethyl)cyclohexan-1-one. The ketone was then taken on to the butyrophenone derivatives of endo-and exo-5phenylbicyclo[3.3.1]nonyl-2-amine. CNS screening results of these compounds are described.", "contents": "Butyrophenones from the isomeric 2-amino-5-phenylbicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes. The preparation of 5-phenylbicyclo [3.3.1]nonan-2-one is described starting from the ketal of 4-phenyl-4-(2-carbethoxyethyl)cyclohexan-1-one. The ketone was then taken on to the butyrophenone derivatives of endo-and exo-5phenylbicyclo[3.3.1]nonyl-2-amine. CNS screening results of these compounds are described.", "PMID": 833821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_850", "title": "Synthesis of cephalosporin-4-aldehydes.", "content": "The first reported synthesis of cephalosporin-4-aldehyde derivatives has been achieved via Moffatt oxidation of the corresponding 4-hydroxymethylcephalosporins. The aldehyde 1 was converted into a number of polar derivatives, in particular the acrylic acid derivative 13 which is the 4-vinylogue of sodium cephalothin. None of the new cephalosporin derivatives possessed useful antibacterial activity.", "contents": "Synthesis of cephalosporin-4-aldehydes. The first reported synthesis of cephalosporin-4-aldehyde derivatives has been achieved via Moffatt oxidation of the corresponding 4-hydroxymethylcephalosporins. The aldehyde 1 was converted into a number of polar derivatives, in particular the acrylic acid derivative 13 which is the 4-vinylogue of sodium cephalothin. None of the new cephalosporin derivatives possessed useful antibacterial activity.", "PMID": 833822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_851", "title": "Model studies of pyridoxal Schiff's bases. Coplanarity and intramolecular hydrogen bonding.", "content": "The interactions between the pi cloud of the aromatic ring and the pi-electron pair of the imine double bond of aromatic oximes as model compounds of pyridoxal Schiff's bases have been studied by high-resolution carbon-13 magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The coplanarity and intramolecular hydrogen bonding have been determined by 13C-1H long range couplings. This detailed investigation of 13C-1H coupling also provides unambiguous proof of the existence of the \"enol-imine\" tautomers in chloroform and dimethyl sulfoxide solutions. The tautomerism between the \"enol-imine\" and \"keto-enamine\" is discussed.", "contents": "Model studies of pyridoxal Schiff's bases. Coplanarity and intramolecular hydrogen bonding. The interactions between the pi cloud of the aromatic ring and the pi-electron pair of the imine double bond of aromatic oximes as model compounds of pyridoxal Schiff's bases have been studied by high-resolution carbon-13 magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The coplanarity and intramolecular hydrogen bonding have been determined by 13C-1H long range couplings. This detailed investigation of 13C-1H coupling also provides unambiguous proof of the existence of the \"enol-imine\" tautomers in chloroform and dimethyl sulfoxide solutions. The tautomerism between the \"enol-imine\" and \"keto-enamine\" is discussed.", "PMID": 833823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_852", "title": "Synthesis and biological activity of beta-melanotropins and analogues.", "content": "Synthetic [Arg8]-, [Gly10]-, and [Phe12]-beta cl-MSH and beta p-MSH have been prepared by the solid-phase method. Their lipolytic and melanotropic activities have been compared to each other and with those of previously synthesized beta cl-MSH, [formyl-Trp12]-beta cl-MSH, and beta b-MSH. Replacement of Bln8 of beta cl-MSH by Arg causes a greater decrease in melanotropic activity than lipolytic activity. However, when Phe10 of beta cl-MSH is replaced by Gly, both activities are destroyed. Alteration or replacement of Trp12 of beta cl-MSH by formyl-Trp or Phe has little effect on the melanotropic activity while the lipolytic activity is greatly decreased. Replacement of Ser2 of beta b-MSH by Glu induces a three fold increase in melantropic activity but it does not affect the lipolytic activity.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological activity of beta-melanotropins and analogues. Synthetic [Arg8]-, [Gly10]-, and [Phe12]-beta cl-MSH and beta p-MSH have been prepared by the solid-phase method. Their lipolytic and melanotropic activities have been compared to each other and with those of previously synthesized beta cl-MSH, [formyl-Trp12]-beta cl-MSH, and beta b-MSH. Replacement of Bln8 of beta cl-MSH by Arg causes a greater decrease in melanotropic activity than lipolytic activity. However, when Phe10 of beta cl-MSH is replaced by Gly, both activities are destroyed. Alteration or replacement of Trp12 of beta cl-MSH by formyl-Trp or Phe has little effect on the melanotropic activity while the lipolytic activity is greatly decreased. Replacement of Ser2 of beta b-MSH by Glu induces a three fold increase in melantropic activity but it does not affect the lipolytic activity.", "PMID": 833824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_853", "title": "Structure-activity relationship in cinnamamides. 2. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of some (E)- and (Z)-N-alkyl-alpha, beta-dimethylcinnamamides substituted on the phenyl group.", "content": "Several (E)- and (Z)-N-alkyl-alpha,beta-dimethylcinnamamides variously substituted on the phenyl group were synthesized from their corresponding acids and characterized through their NMR spectra. The compounds were tested to determine the relationship existing between their action on the CNS and the activity exhibited by the corresponding amides unsubstituted on the phenyl, previously studied. Substitution with the same group always had the same effects on the biological activity of the (E)-N-alkyl-alpha,beta-dimethylcinnamamides selected; these effects mainly regarded anticonvulsant activity which is the most noteworthy action of these compounds. This activity was reduced by electron-donating substituents and increased by electron-withdrawing ones. In the Z series the p-phenyl substitution with a halogen reduced or suppressed the CNS stimulant activity exhibited by the parent compounds.", "contents": "Structure-activity relationship in cinnamamides. 2. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of some (E)- and (Z)-N-alkyl-alpha, beta-dimethylcinnamamides substituted on the phenyl group. Several (E)- and (Z)-N-alkyl-alpha,beta-dimethylcinnamamides variously substituted on the phenyl group were synthesized from their corresponding acids and characterized through their NMR spectra. The compounds were tested to determine the relationship existing between their action on the CNS and the activity exhibited by the corresponding amides unsubstituted on the phenyl, previously studied. Substitution with the same group always had the same effects on the biological activity of the (E)-N-alkyl-alpha,beta-dimethylcinnamamides selected; these effects mainly regarded anticonvulsant activity which is the most noteworthy action of these compounds. This activity was reduced by electron-donating substituents and increased by electron-withdrawing ones. In the Z series the p-phenyl substitution with a halogen reduced or suppressed the CNS stimulant activity exhibited by the parent compounds.", "PMID": 833825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_854", "title": "Studies on vitamin D (calciferol) and its analogues. 10. Side-chain analogues of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3.", "content": "A homologous series of side-chain analogues of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-hydroxycholecalciferol) in which the length of the side chain is modified while maintaining its characteristic tertiary hydroxyl moiety has been synthesized. The following five analogues have been prepared and characterized: pentanor-25-OH-D3 (2a), trinor-25-OH-D3 (2b), dinor-25-OH-D3 (2c), nor-25-OH-D3 (2d), and homo-25-OH-D3 T2e). Biological assays in vivo of intestinal calcium absorption and bone calcium mobilization in the chick of the five analogues revealed that the homo analogue 2e exhibited a significant biological response relative to the -D (vitamin D3) control. Compared to the natural vitamin D3, 2e is as active in its ability to mobilize bone calcium and is about half as effective in stimulating intestinal calcium transport. The remaining analogues (2a-d) exhibited no significant activity in either assay, although the nor analogue 2d was previously observed to exhibit antimetabolite activity.", "contents": "Studies on vitamin D (calciferol) and its analogues. 10. Side-chain analogues of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. A homologous series of side-chain analogues of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-hydroxycholecalciferol) in which the length of the side chain is modified while maintaining its characteristic tertiary hydroxyl moiety has been synthesized. The following five analogues have been prepared and characterized: pentanor-25-OH-D3 (2a), trinor-25-OH-D3 (2b), dinor-25-OH-D3 (2c), nor-25-OH-D3 (2d), and homo-25-OH-D3 T2e). Biological assays in vivo of intestinal calcium absorption and bone calcium mobilization in the chick of the five analogues revealed that the homo analogue 2e exhibited a significant biological response relative to the -D (vitamin D3) control. Compared to the natural vitamin D3, 2e is as active in its ability to mobilize bone calcium and is about half as effective in stimulating intestinal calcium transport. The remaining analogues (2a-d) exhibited no significant activity in either assay, although the nor analogue 2d was previously observed to exhibit antimetabolite activity.", "PMID": 833826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_855", "title": "Effect of sulfur substitution for the noncarbonyl oxygen in hemicholinium-3 and acetyl-seco-hemicholinium-3. Synthesis, biological activity, and structure-toxicity relationships.", "content": "As a continuation of our efforts to develop and study inhibitors which act presynaptically on neuromuscular function, sulfur analogues of hemicholinium-3 (HC-3, 1) and acetyl-seco-hemicholinium-3 (AcHC-3, 3) were prepared. In each case sulfur is substituted for the noncarbonyl oxygen in HC-3 (1) and AcHC-3 (3). As expected on the basis of conformational differences between acetylcholine and acetylthiocholine both of the thio analogues are produced in the seco form and do not cyclize spontaneously or when subjected to aqueous, acidic conditions up to 100 degrees C. Both compounds are stable in aqueous pH 7.4 solutions at 37 degrees C and in slightly acidic D2O solutions for more than 24 h. While thio-seco-hemicholinium 3 (11) is stable in the presence of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase in H2O at pH 7.4, acetylthio-seco-hemicholinium-3 (12) reacts within seconds to form the hemiacetal form of thiohemicholinium-3 (16). Mouse toxicity studies (LD50) indicate that while 12 is approximately as toxic as HC-3 (1) and AcHC-3 (3), 11 is 226 times less toxic. As in the studies with 1 and 3, mice were protected from 11 by choline and slightly by neostigmine. It is of interest, however, that almost equal and intermediate protection against 12 was afforded by choline and neostigmine. Structure-toxicity relationships of 1,3,11, 12, and 16 are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of sulfur substitution for the noncarbonyl oxygen in hemicholinium-3 and acetyl-seco-hemicholinium-3. Synthesis, biological activity, and structure-toxicity relationships. As a continuation of our efforts to develop and study inhibitors which act presynaptically on neuromuscular function, sulfur analogues of hemicholinium-3 (HC-3, 1) and acetyl-seco-hemicholinium-3 (AcHC-3, 3) were prepared. In each case sulfur is substituted for the noncarbonyl oxygen in HC-3 (1) and AcHC-3 (3). As expected on the basis of conformational differences between acetylcholine and acetylthiocholine both of the thio analogues are produced in the seco form and do not cyclize spontaneously or when subjected to aqueous, acidic conditions up to 100 degrees C. Both compounds are stable in aqueous pH 7.4 solutions at 37 degrees C and in slightly acidic D2O solutions for more than 24 h. While thio-seco-hemicholinium 3 (11) is stable in the presence of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase in H2O at pH 7.4, acetylthio-seco-hemicholinium-3 (12) reacts within seconds to form the hemiacetal form of thiohemicholinium-3 (16). Mouse toxicity studies (LD50) indicate that while 12 is approximately as toxic as HC-3 (1) and AcHC-3 (3), 11 is 226 times less toxic. As in the studies with 1 and 3, mice were protected from 11 by choline and slightly by neostigmine. It is of interest, however, that almost equal and intermediate protection against 12 was afforded by choline and neostigmine. Structure-toxicity relationships of 1,3,11, 12, and 16 are discussed.", "PMID": 833827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_856", "title": "Dibenz[b,e]oxepinalkanoic acids as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents. 1. 6,11-Dihydro-11-oxodibenz]b,e]oxepin-2-acetic acids.", "content": "A series of 6,11-dihydrodibenz[b,e]oxepin-2-acetic acids has been evaluated for both antiinflammatory and analgetic activity in the carrageenan paw edema and phenylquinone writhing assays. The requirements for optimal activity in this series appear rather specific: (a) an unsubstituted 6,11-dihydrodibenz[b,e]oxepin nucleus and (b) a carbonyl group in the 11 position. One derivative, 6,11-dihydro-11-oxodibenz[b,e]oxepin-2-acetic acid (11), has been selected for further study.", "contents": "Dibenz[b,e]oxepinalkanoic acids as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents. 1. 6,11-Dihydro-11-oxodibenz]b,e]oxepin-2-acetic acids. A series of 6,11-dihydrodibenz[b,e]oxepin-2-acetic acids has been evaluated for both antiinflammatory and analgetic activity in the carrageenan paw edema and phenylquinone writhing assays. The requirements for optimal activity in this series appear rather specific: (a) an unsubstituted 6,11-dihydrodibenz[b,e]oxepin nucleus and (b) a carbonyl group in the 11 position. One derivative, 6,11-dihydro-11-oxodibenz[b,e]oxepin-2-acetic acid (11), has been selected for further study.", "PMID": 833828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_857", "title": "Synthesis and kinetic evaluation of S- and N-substituted cysteinylglycines as inhibitors of glyoxalase I.", "content": "Eight S- and N-substituted L-cysteinylglycines were prepared by condensation of S-benzyl-L-cysteinylglycine or S-(p-bromobenzyl)-L-cysteinylglycine with glutaric anhydride, succinic anhydride, or the appropriately blocked and activated amino acids. In contrast to the previously prepared S-substituted glutathiones, all of the title compounds exhibited noncompetitive inhibition of yeast glyoxalase I. A kinetic evaluation under Yonetani-Thorell conditions established the existence of two binding sites on the glyoxalase I enzyme.", "contents": "Synthesis and kinetic evaluation of S- and N-substituted cysteinylglycines as inhibitors of glyoxalase I. Eight S- and N-substituted L-cysteinylglycines were prepared by condensation of S-benzyl-L-cysteinylglycine or S-(p-bromobenzyl)-L-cysteinylglycine with glutaric anhydride, succinic anhydride, or the appropriately blocked and activated amino acids. In contrast to the previously prepared S-substituted glutathiones, all of the title compounds exhibited noncompetitive inhibition of yeast glyoxalase I. A kinetic evaluation under Yonetani-Thorell conditions established the existence of two binding sites on the glyoxalase I enzyme.", "PMID": 833829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_858", "title": "Synthesis and antiinflammatory and hypnotic activity of 5-alkoxy-3-(N-substituted carbamoyl)-1-phenylpyrazoles.", "content": "5-Alkoxy-3-(N-substituted carbamoly)-1-phenylpyrazoles were prepared and tested for antiinflammatory and hypnotic activity. Four compounds showed antiinflammatory activity and three possessed hypnotic properties.", "contents": "Synthesis and antiinflammatory and hypnotic activity of 5-alkoxy-3-(N-substituted carbamoyl)-1-phenylpyrazoles. 5-Alkoxy-3-(N-substituted carbamoly)-1-phenylpyrazoles were prepared and tested for antiinflammatory and hypnotic activity. Four compounds showed antiinflammatory activity and three possessed hypnotic properties.", "PMID": 833830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_859", "title": "Ethics/human values education in the family practice residency.", "content": "Courses in medical ethics (and other humanities) have been introduced into the curricula of many medical schools, but formal attention to ethics and the value dimensions of medical practice have been largely absent from a crucial phase of medical education and socialization--the residency. In this paper the scope of ethics is identified in terms of the normal professional experiences of a family physician. The author describes in detail the six educational objectives and the instructional methods that form the basis of the ethics/human values curriculum in the Department of Family Practice residency program, Medical University of South Carolina.", "contents": "Ethics/human values education in the family practice residency. Courses in medical ethics (and other humanities) have been introduced into the curricula of many medical schools, but formal attention to ethics and the value dimensions of medical practice have been largely absent from a crucial phase of medical education and socialization--the residency. In this paper the scope of ethics is identified in terms of the normal professional experiences of a family physician. The author describes in detail the six educational objectives and the instructional methods that form the basis of the ethics/human values curriculum in the Department of Family Practice residency program, Medical University of South Carolina.", "PMID": 833831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_860", "title": "Observations on a rural health manpower project.", "content": "The Rural Externship Program was developed by the Lakes Area Regional Medical Program in conjunction with the State University of New York at Buffalo and the health professionals of western New York and northwestern Pennsylvania. It was designed to encourage health science students to practice in a rural area following graduation. This interdisciplinary program provides health science students with an eight-week summer living-working experience in a rural environment, supervised by practitioner-preceptors. The intent is to develop their appreciation of rural health care and life-styles. Since the summer of 1970, 240 students have participated. This paper describes and discusses the project and presents measures of the externs' changes in attitudes toward rural practice which occurred after they participated in the program. A survey of externs who have graduated shows the effect of the program on their decision to locate. Of the 61 externs contacted, 55 percent indicated that they were in rural practice, and 53 percent of the latter indicated that their experience in the Rural Externship Program was an important factor in their decision to practice in a rural area.", "contents": "Observations on a rural health manpower project. The Rural Externship Program was developed by the Lakes Area Regional Medical Program in conjunction with the State University of New York at Buffalo and the health professionals of western New York and northwestern Pennsylvania. It was designed to encourage health science students to practice in a rural area following graduation. This interdisciplinary program provides health science students with an eight-week summer living-working experience in a rural environment, supervised by practitioner-preceptors. The intent is to develop their appreciation of rural health care and life-styles. Since the summer of 1970, 240 students have participated. This paper describes and discusses the project and presents measures of the externs' changes in attitudes toward rural practice which occurred after they participated in the program. A survey of externs who have graduated shows the effect of the program on their decision to locate. Of the 61 externs contacted, 55 percent indicated that they were in rural practice, and 53 percent of the latter indicated that their experience in the Rural Externship Program was an important factor in their decision to practice in a rural area.", "PMID": 833832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_861", "title": "An independent study program within a medical curriculum.", "content": "The Independent Study Program (ISP) at the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry is described and its objectives are specified. Experimental (ISP) students and two matched (non-ISP students from the same class) groups were studied in two successive second-year medical school classes. Data were gathered only post-ISP for the first class and both pre- and post-ISP for the second. The data included measures of achievement, personality characteristics, and academic-professional experience. Experimental and control groups were not significantly different on achievement and academic-professional measures but did differ on certain measures of personality and values. The groups also differed on their evaluations of curriculum and reports of study habits. Fache ISP program was considered, and it was found that the ISP is less expensive of faculty time than is the regular curriculum but involves higher nonfaculty costs.", "contents": "An independent study program within a medical curriculum. The Independent Study Program (ISP) at the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry is described and its objectives are specified. Experimental (ISP) students and two matched (non-ISP students from the same class) groups were studied in two successive second-year medical school classes. Data were gathered only post-ISP for the first class and both pre- and post-ISP for the second. The data included measures of achievement, personality characteristics, and academic-professional experience. Experimental and control groups were not significantly different on achievement and academic-professional measures but did differ on certain measures of personality and values. The groups also differed on their evaluations of curriculum and reports of study habits. Fache ISP program was considered, and it was found that the ISP is less expensive of faculty time than is the regular curriculum but involves higher nonfaculty costs.", "PMID": 833833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_862", "title": "The medical record review and resident education.", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to consider the medical record review in resident education. With data obtained from mother-infant pairs during the puerperium as an example, three possibilities for using this method are discussed: (a) as a means by which faculty and trainees, working together, could specify objectives relating to patient care and trainee competence; (b) as a tool in assessing both the clinical progress of trainees over time and the effectiveness of a teaching program; and (c) as a way of helping both faculty and trainees become more than expert \"doers,\" that is knowledgeable physicians critically assessing the effects of medical science applied to the care of their patients.", "contents": "The medical record review and resident education. The purpose of this paper is to consider the medical record review in resident education. With data obtained from mother-infant pairs during the puerperium as an example, three possibilities for using this method are discussed: (a) as a means by which faculty and trainees, working together, could specify objectives relating to patient care and trainee competence; (b) as a tool in assessing both the clinical progress of trainees over time and the effectiveness of a teaching program; and (c) as a way of helping both faculty and trainees become more than expert \"doers,\" that is knowledgeable physicians critically assessing the effects of medical science applied to the care of their patients.", "PMID": 833834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_863", "title": "The 'new' medical student: another view.", "content": "In this paper the authors examine some evidence concerning admission of a \"new\" type of student to medical school. Such students have been described as more socially concerned and committed to reform of the health care system than students of the 1950s. The hypothesis was that the new type of student was a temporary phenomenon, influenced by transitory sociopolitical events which had little impact on the institutionalized processes of medical education. Data consisted of responses to selected attitude statements by successive entering classes of medical students in one school of medicine from 1970 to 1975. Data were collected a second time from graduating seniors in 1974 and 1975 (entering classes of 1970 and 1971). The same information was collected from physician preceptors in 1975. Results suggest partial support for the hypothesis of decreasing liberalism among entering freshman after 1973, increasing conservatism among graduating seniors, and a high level of conservatism among physicians. Some exceptions to these trends are noted.", "contents": "The 'new' medical student: another view. In this paper the authors examine some evidence concerning admission of a \"new\" type of student to medical school. Such students have been described as more socially concerned and committed to reform of the health care system than students of the 1950s. The hypothesis was that the new type of student was a temporary phenomenon, influenced by transitory sociopolitical events which had little impact on the institutionalized processes of medical education. Data consisted of responses to selected attitude statements by successive entering classes of medical students in one school of medicine from 1970 to 1975. Data were collected a second time from graduating seniors in 1974 and 1975 (entering classes of 1970 and 1971). The same information was collected from physician preceptors in 1975. Results suggest partial support for the hypothesis of decreasing liberalism among entering freshman after 1973, increasing conservatism among graduating seniors, and a high level of conservatism among physicians. Some exceptions to these trends are noted.", "PMID": 833843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_864", "title": "Family medicine and primary care: trends and student characteristics.", "content": "Using data from a longitudinal study of medical students at Jefferson Medical College, the authors analyzed trends in senior student interest in primary care specialties between 1971 and 1975 and selected background characteristics and performance levels of students choosing family medicine compared with those in other specialties. The proportion of students interested in family medicine residencies increased from 6 to 17 percent in the study period. The academic performance of students selecting family medicine was equal to or better than that of those in all other specialties except internal medicine. Smaller proportions were interested in teaching and research than those in other specialties, and larger proportions intended to work in communities of 100,000 population or less.", "contents": "Family medicine and primary care: trends and student characteristics. Using data from a longitudinal study of medical students at Jefferson Medical College, the authors analyzed trends in senior student interest in primary care specialties between 1971 and 1975 and selected background characteristics and performance levels of students choosing family medicine compared with those in other specialties. The proportion of students interested in family medicine residencies increased from 6 to 17 percent in the study period. The academic performance of students selecting family medicine was equal to or better than that of those in all other specialties except internal medicine. Smaller proportions were interested in teaching and research than those in other specialties, and larger proportions intended to work in communities of 100,000 population or less.", "PMID": 833844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_865", "title": "Specificity of antitumor immune reactions mediated by xenogeneic immune RNA.", "content": "Evidence that xenogeneic immune RNA (I-RNA) mediated specific cytotoxic immune responses against human tumor-associated antigens was obtained from in vitro studies in two autologous melanoma systems. In these systems, malignant melanoma target cells, matching normal fibroblast target cells, lymphocyte effector cells, and melanoma and normal skin tissue used to immunize RNA donor animals were derived from the same autochthonous hosts. When incubated with autologous lymphocytes, I-RNA extracted from the lymphoid organs of donor animals immunized with melanoma tissue mediated immune reactions against autologous melanoma target cells in vitro. I-RNA from animals immunized with normal skin tissue from autochthonous hosts did not increase the cytotoxicity of autologous lymphocytes for autologous melanoma cells. Using autologous fibroblasts as target cells, we detected no increase in cytotoxicity when autologous lymphocytes were incubated with RNA from animals immunized either with melanoma tissue or normal skin tissue from the autochthonous host. By contrast, when allogeneic lymphocytes were used as effector cells, RNA extracted from animals immunized either with melanoma tissue or normal skin mediated cytotoxic immune reactions against melanoma target cells and normal fibroblast target cells derived from the same patient.", "contents": "Specificity of antitumor immune reactions mediated by xenogeneic immune RNA. Evidence that xenogeneic immune RNA (I-RNA) mediated specific cytotoxic immune responses against human tumor-associated antigens was obtained from in vitro studies in two autologous melanoma systems. In these systems, malignant melanoma target cells, matching normal fibroblast target cells, lymphocyte effector cells, and melanoma and normal skin tissue used to immunize RNA donor animals were derived from the same autochthonous hosts. When incubated with autologous lymphocytes, I-RNA extracted from the lymphoid organs of donor animals immunized with melanoma tissue mediated immune reactions against autologous melanoma target cells in vitro. I-RNA from animals immunized with normal skin tissue from autochthonous hosts did not increase the cytotoxicity of autologous lymphocytes for autologous melanoma cells. Using autologous fibroblasts as target cells, we detected no increase in cytotoxicity when autologous lymphocytes were incubated with RNA from animals immunized either with melanoma tissue or normal skin tissue from the autochthonous host. By contrast, when allogeneic lymphocytes were used as effector cells, RNA extracted from animals immunized either with melanoma tissue or normal skin mediated cytotoxic immune reactions against melanoma target cells and normal fibroblast target cells derived from the same patient.", "PMID": 833854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_866", "title": "Modification of hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase activity in experimental pineocytomas induced in hamsters by a human papovavirus (JC).", "content": "Hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT) (HIOMT) activity was studied and compared in 7 pineal tumors (pineocytomas) induced in vivo in Syrian hamsters after postnatal inoculation with strains of human papovavirus (JC). Levels of tumor HIOMT activity were correlated with degree of cytologic differentiation of the pineocytes of each neoplasm, as judged from electrom micrographs. The relative capacities of the HIOMT in the tumors to methylate three related substrates gave similar ratios in the individual tumors and were not different from those of HIOMT in normal hamster pineal glands.", "contents": "Modification of hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase activity in experimental pineocytomas induced in hamsters by a human papovavirus (JC). Hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT) (HIOMT) activity was studied and compared in 7 pineal tumors (pineocytomas) induced in vivo in Syrian hamsters after postnatal inoculation with strains of human papovavirus (JC). Levels of tumor HIOMT activity were correlated with degree of cytologic differentiation of the pineocytes of each neoplasm, as judged from electrom micrographs. The relative capacities of the HIOMT in the tumors to methylate three related substrates gave similar ratios in the individual tumors and were not different from those of HIOMT in normal hamster pineal glands.", "PMID": 833856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_867", "title": "Epidemiologic pathology of gastric ulcer and gastric carcinoma among Japanese in Hawaii.", "content": "This case-control study of Hawaiian Japanese indicated that gastric ulcer in the proximal portion of the pyloric antrum has features similar to those of gastric cancer. Such ulcers occurred at sites most frequently and most severely affected by intestinal metaplasia, although metaplasia tended to be more extensive with cancer than with ulcer. Metaplastic mucosa was more vulnerable to the action of pepsin and acid than was normal mucosa. The risk of ulceration would rise when a sufficiently lagrge area of the antrum was intestinalized and when the corpus continued to produce significant quantities of these substances. This study showed a strong association between salt intake, ulcer, and metaplasia. Significant but less dramatic associations were demonstrated between metaplasia and the use of traditional Japanese foods and smoking. The question was raised as to whether salt promotes ulceration or whether it potentiates the action of a mutagen that causes intestinal metaplasia.", "contents": "Epidemiologic pathology of gastric ulcer and gastric carcinoma among Japanese in Hawaii. This case-control study of Hawaiian Japanese indicated that gastric ulcer in the proximal portion of the pyloric antrum has features similar to those of gastric cancer. Such ulcers occurred at sites most frequently and most severely affected by intestinal metaplasia, although metaplasia tended to be more extensive with cancer than with ulcer. Metaplastic mucosa was more vulnerable to the action of pepsin and acid than was normal mucosa. The risk of ulceration would rise when a sufficiently lagrge area of the antrum was intestinalized and when the corpus continued to produce significant quantities of these substances. This study showed a strong association between salt intake, ulcer, and metaplasia. Significant but less dramatic associations were demonstrated between metaplasia and the use of traditional Japanese foods and smoking. The question was raised as to whether salt promotes ulceration or whether it potentiates the action of a mutagen that causes intestinal metaplasia.", "PMID": 833857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_868", "title": "Brief communication: Possible increased risk of lung cancer among beauticians.", "content": "Death certificates of residents of Alameda County, California (1958-1962) with any mention of cancer were examined to determine the risk of cancer among beauticians. Twenty-four female beauticians were found among 3,460 adult females who died with cancer; four female beauticians were found in a sample of 1,000 females who died from causes other than cancer. The case and control certificates were matched for age and race. The resulting odds ratio (i.e., approximate relative risk of a cancer death) was slightly elevated (1.73) but was not statistically significant. Although a possible increase in the risk of cancer was found for several organ sites, the increase in risk for lung cancer was most striking. Analysis of pairs of death certificates, in which female controls dying of causes other than cancer were matched to female lung cancer cases for age, race, and date of death, yielded an odds ratio of 6.0. This finding suggested that the risk of lung cancer may be substantially increased among female beauticians.", "contents": "Brief communication: Possible increased risk of lung cancer among beauticians. Death certificates of residents of Alameda County, California (1958-1962) with any mention of cancer were examined to determine the risk of cancer among beauticians. Twenty-four female beauticians were found among 3,460 adult females who died with cancer; four female beauticians were found in a sample of 1,000 females who died from causes other than cancer. The case and control certificates were matched for age and race. The resulting odds ratio (i.e., approximate relative risk of a cancer death) was slightly elevated (1.73) but was not statistically significant. Although a possible increase in the risk of cancer was found for several organ sites, the increase in risk for lung cancer was most striking. Analysis of pairs of death certificates, in which female controls dying of causes other than cancer were matched to female lung cancer cases for age, race, and date of death, yielded an odds ratio of 6.0. This finding suggested that the risk of lung cancer may be substantially increased among female beauticians.", "PMID": 833858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_869", "title": "Putrescine-promoted mutual adhesiveness of HeLa cells from density-inhibited suspension cultures.", "content": "The mutual adhesiveness of HeLa cells harvested from density-inhibited suspension cultures was significantly enhanced by the addition of putrescine. No significant effect was observed on the adhesiveness of HeLa cells harvested from fast-growing suspension cultures. The effect on density-inhibited cells was abolished by previous treatment of the cells with neuraminidase.", "contents": "Putrescine-promoted mutual adhesiveness of HeLa cells from density-inhibited suspension cultures. The mutual adhesiveness of HeLa cells harvested from density-inhibited suspension cultures was significantly enhanced by the addition of putrescine. No significant effect was observed on the adhesiveness of HeLa cells harvested from fast-growing suspension cultures. The effect on density-inhibited cells was abolished by previous treatment of the cells with neuraminidase.", "PMID": 833859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_870", "title": "High resolution proton magnetic resonance spectral characteristics of water, lipid, and protein signals from three mouse cell populations.", "content": "The high resolution proton magnetic resonance spectral properties of three C57BL/6J mouse cell populations (EL4 ascites tumor cells, normal spleen leukocytes, and normal erythrocytes) were investigated. Packed cell pellets were investigated at 100 MHz and 13.56 MHz. The 100-MHz spectra contained identifiable non-water proton resonances as well as the water resonance. The major non-water resonances from the EL 4 cells and normal leukocytes resembled resonances from lipid extracts, whereas the non-water resonances from erythrocytes resembled resonances from hemoglobin solutions. The reciprocals of the water proton spin-lattice relaxation times were roughly proportional to the total sample water content at both 100 and 13.56 MHz. The estimated slopes of these plots were frequency-dependent. The water proton relaxation rate generally increased with increasing total protein content of the packed cell pellets.", "contents": "High resolution proton magnetic resonance spectral characteristics of water, lipid, and protein signals from three mouse cell populations. The high resolution proton magnetic resonance spectral properties of three C57BL/6J mouse cell populations (EL4 ascites tumor cells, normal spleen leukocytes, and normal erythrocytes) were investigated. Packed cell pellets were investigated at 100 MHz and 13.56 MHz. The 100-MHz spectra contained identifiable non-water proton resonances as well as the water resonance. The major non-water resonances from the EL 4 cells and normal leukocytes resembled resonances from lipid extracts, whereas the non-water resonances from erythrocytes resembled resonances from hemoglobin solutions. The reciprocals of the water proton spin-lattice relaxation times were roughly proportional to the total sample water content at both 100 and 13.56 MHz. The estimated slopes of these plots were frequency-dependent. The water proton relaxation rate generally increased with increasing total protein content of the packed cell pellets.", "PMID": 833860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_871", "title": "Concanavalin A receptors on the surfaces of human breast cancer cells in organ culture.", "content": "The binding of concanavalin A (Con A) at the free apical membranes of surface tumor cells in human breast cancer explants grown in organ culture was studied cytochemically with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a marker. On the cell membranes in aldehyde-fixed explants or explants exposed to Con A at 4 degrees C, a continuous label covered the entire free surface of the cell, which indicated the dispersed distribution of Con A binding sites. The binding of Con A at 20 degrees C resulted in discontinuous label of the cell surface, with gaps of unlabeleled membrane and partial endocytosis of the label. Incubation at 37 degrees C, following the binding of Con A and HRP at both temperatures, induced more extensive, incubation time-dependent discontinuities of the surface label that led to complete disappearance of the label from the surface and its eventual endocytosis. Con A was topically stablized on the surface only in those regions where two membranes or a different part of a folded membrane were in close contact. No differences were found in the binding, redistribution, and internalization of bound Con A among the various tumors studied.", "contents": "Concanavalin A receptors on the surfaces of human breast cancer cells in organ culture. The binding of concanavalin A (Con A) at the free apical membranes of surface tumor cells in human breast cancer explants grown in organ culture was studied cytochemically with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a marker. On the cell membranes in aldehyde-fixed explants or explants exposed to Con A at 4 degrees C, a continuous label covered the entire free surface of the cell, which indicated the dispersed distribution of Con A binding sites. The binding of Con A at 20 degrees C resulted in discontinuous label of the cell surface, with gaps of unlabeleled membrane and partial endocytosis of the label. Incubation at 37 degrees C, following the binding of Con A and HRP at both temperatures, induced more extensive, incubation time-dependent discontinuities of the surface label that led to complete disappearance of the label from the surface and its eventual endocytosis. Con A was topically stablized on the surface only in those regions where two membranes or a different part of a folded membrane were in close contact. No differences were found in the binding, redistribution, and internalization of bound Con A among the various tumors studied.", "PMID": 833861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_872", "title": "Ultrastructure of spontaneously differentiated human malignant melanocytes cultured from primary tumors.", "content": "Ultrastructural study of early subcultures and established lines of human malignant melanocytes derived from primary tumors showed that melanocytes passed through a phase of dedifferentiation during which they took on a fibroblast-like appearance; then they had a phase of spontaneous redifferentiation. The fibroblast-like cells were characterized by the presence of network-like organelles in their cytoplasm, and the melanocytes by melanosomes.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of spontaneously differentiated human malignant melanocytes cultured from primary tumors. Ultrastructural study of early subcultures and established lines of human malignant melanocytes derived from primary tumors showed that melanocytes passed through a phase of dedifferentiation during which they took on a fibroblast-like appearance; then they had a phase of spontaneous redifferentiation. The fibroblast-like cells were characterized by the presence of network-like organelles in their cytoplasm, and the melanocytes by melanosomes.", "PMID": 833862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_873", "title": "Identification of a tumor-associated antigen in cervical carcinoma by two dimensional (crossed) immunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "Two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis was used to evaluate 8 cervical cancer speciments, 11 other gynecologic tumors, and 5 specimens of normal cervix. Antigens were water-soluble tissue extracts and antisera prepared in rabbits. When tested against antisera to cervical cancer, cancer antigens showed 14-17 precipitin lines whereas normal cervix showed 10-16. A single heavy heterogeneous precipitin line with an electrophoretic mobility of 0.58 relative to bovine albumin was observed in all cervical cancer specimens but not in normal cervical or other tumor specimens. Further evidence for the uniqueness of this antigen was sought by enhancement (addition of another antigen to the first phase of electrophoresis which increased the size of common peaks) and suppression (addition of another antiserum to the second phase, whereby the peak size of components to which both sera have antibody was decreased). The specific precipitin line was neither suppressed by the addition of antisera to normal tissue nor enhanced when normal tissue antigen was added to the tumor antigen preparation. More conclusively, adsorption of the tumor antiserum with normal tissue had no effect on the unique tumor-associated precipitin line, whereas all other precipitin lines were removed. This antigen was common to other cervical tumors because enhancement was demonstrated with three other cervical tumor specimens. The identification of a distinct and separate antigen associated with cervical carcinoma will permit further characterization and possible development of immunodiagnostic methods.", "contents": "Identification of a tumor-associated antigen in cervical carcinoma by two dimensional (crossed) immunoelectrophoresis. Two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis was used to evaluate 8 cervical cancer speciments, 11 other gynecologic tumors, and 5 specimens of normal cervix. Antigens were water-soluble tissue extracts and antisera prepared in rabbits. When tested against antisera to cervical cancer, cancer antigens showed 14-17 precipitin lines whereas normal cervix showed 10-16. A single heavy heterogeneous precipitin line with an electrophoretic mobility of 0.58 relative to bovine albumin was observed in all cervical cancer specimens but not in normal cervical or other tumor specimens. Further evidence for the uniqueness of this antigen was sought by enhancement (addition of another antigen to the first phase of electrophoresis which increased the size of common peaks) and suppression (addition of another antiserum to the second phase, whereby the peak size of components to which both sera have antibody was decreased). The specific precipitin line was neither suppressed by the addition of antisera to normal tissue nor enhanced when normal tissue antigen was added to the tumor antigen preparation. More conclusively, adsorption of the tumor antiserum with normal tissue had no effect on the unique tumor-associated precipitin line, whereas all other precipitin lines were removed. This antigen was common to other cervical tumors because enhancement was demonstrated with three other cervical tumor specimens. The identification of a distinct and separate antigen associated with cervical carcinoma will permit further characterization and possible development of immunodiagnostic methods.", "PMID": 833863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_874", "title": "Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. XX. Banding patterns of primary tumors.", "content": "Banding techniques were used in the study of the chromosomes of primary tumors from 16 patients with various types of cancer. The initial analysis with conventional Giemsa staining revealed chromosome abnormalities in 13 of the 16 tumors. Eleven of these 13 tumors and 2 of the 3 with normal karyotypes were reexamined with Q-, G-, and C-banding techniques: The 2 tumors were conventionally stained normal karyotypes were found to have no abnormalities. Nine of the tumors wre characterized by numerical changes only and 4 by both numerical and structural abnormalities. In 11 tumors, excessive chromosomes, identified with banding techniques, were usually found in the following groups (number of tumors involved is shown in parentheses): No. 5 (5), No. 8 (6), No. 11 (5), no. 13 (5), and No. 21 (5). The primary tumors examined had hyperdiploid modes; only 4 of these tumors contained marker chromosomes, as opposed to the high frequency of markers in metastatic cancer cells and the presence, usually, of high polidy (near-triploidy or near-tetraploidy). The data suggested that the karyotypic changes in primary cancers consist primarily of numerical changes (hyperploidy), rather infrequent appearance of marker chromosomes, and, when present, only 1 or 2 markers.", "contents": "Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. XX. Banding patterns of primary tumors. Banding techniques were used in the study of the chromosomes of primary tumors from 16 patients with various types of cancer. The initial analysis with conventional Giemsa staining revealed chromosome abnormalities in 13 of the 16 tumors. Eleven of these 13 tumors and 2 of the 3 with normal karyotypes were reexamined with Q-, G-, and C-banding techniques: The 2 tumors were conventionally stained normal karyotypes were found to have no abnormalities. Nine of the tumors wre characterized by numerical changes only and 4 by both numerical and structural abnormalities. In 11 tumors, excessive chromosomes, identified with banding techniques, were usually found in the following groups (number of tumors involved is shown in parentheses): No. 5 (5), No. 8 (6), No. 11 (5), no. 13 (5), and No. 21 (5). The primary tumors examined had hyperdiploid modes; only 4 of these tumors contained marker chromosomes, as opposed to the high frequency of markers in metastatic cancer cells and the presence, usually, of high polidy (near-triploidy or near-tetraploidy). The data suggested that the karyotypic changes in primary cancers consist primarily of numerical changes (hyperploidy), rather infrequent appearance of marker chromosomes, and, when present, only 1 or 2 markers.", "PMID": 833864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_875", "title": "Histologic features and observational variation in cerebellar gliomas in children.", "content": "Variation existed in the recognition of histologic features commonly used in the evaluation of cerebellar gliomas of childhood. Some histologic features (e.g., perivascular pseudorosettes, leptomeningeal deposits, and calcification) were more reliably observed than were others (e.g., Rosenthal fibers, cell density, and hypervascularity). Knowledge of which features tend to have greater observational variation may lead to improved definitions, less reliance of these features in clinical decisions, further studies of the potential sources of the variation, and guidelines for minimizing observational variation.", "contents": "Histologic features and observational variation in cerebellar gliomas in children. Variation existed in the recognition of histologic features commonly used in the evaluation of cerebellar gliomas of childhood. Some histologic features (e.g., perivascular pseudorosettes, leptomeningeal deposits, and calcification) were more reliably observed than were others (e.g., Rosenthal fibers, cell density, and hypervascularity). Knowledge of which features tend to have greater observational variation may lead to improved definitions, less reliance of these features in clinical decisions, further studies of the potential sources of the variation, and guidelines for minimizing observational variation.", "PMID": 833867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_876", "title": "Advantages of cryoperserved lymphocytes for sequential evaluation of human immune competence. I. Mitogen stimulation.", "content": "Human lymphocytes were harvested from normal volunteer donors and cryopreserved. Various concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide and human serum in the cryoprotective media were evaluated to optimize the recovery and function of viable cells. Multiple samples were then drawn from volunteers over a number of days, processed individually, and used in mitogen stimulation assays. These cells were also cryopreserved, immediately thawed, and cultured simultaneously with the fresh cells. In all instances fresh and cryopreserved lymphocytes exhibited similar levels of stimulation by mitogens. Cryopreserved cells from these sequential bleedings were then recovered and cultured simultaneously in mitogen stimulation assays. The results obtained in these assays with cryopreserved cell had less day-to-day variagion than those with cells cultured individually. Coefficients of variance of individual cultures of mitogen stimulation assays were reduced from 26-59% to 5-17% by use of cryopreserved cells. The findings suggested that use of cryopreservation techniques decreases the variability of cellular immune assays and thus alows more accurate longitudinal study of the immune competence of patients.", "contents": "Advantages of cryoperserved lymphocytes for sequential evaluation of human immune competence. I. Mitogen stimulation. Human lymphocytes were harvested from normal volunteer donors and cryopreserved. Various concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide and human serum in the cryoprotective media were evaluated to optimize the recovery and function of viable cells. Multiple samples were then drawn from volunteers over a number of days, processed individually, and used in mitogen stimulation assays. These cells were also cryopreserved, immediately thawed, and cultured simultaneously with the fresh cells. In all instances fresh and cryopreserved lymphocytes exhibited similar levels of stimulation by mitogens. Cryopreserved cells from these sequential bleedings were then recovered and cultured simultaneously in mitogen stimulation assays. The results obtained in these assays with cryopreserved cell had less day-to-day variagion than those with cells cultured individually. Coefficients of variance of individual cultures of mitogen stimulation assays were reduced from 26-59% to 5-17% by use of cryopreserved cells. The findings suggested that use of cryopreservation techniques decreases the variability of cellular immune assays and thus alows more accurate longitudinal study of the immune competence of patients.", "PMID": 833868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_877", "title": "IgG4 subclass in malignant melanoma.", "content": "Three hundred and ninety-seven sera from 185 melanoma patients were studied. These sera were classified into three groups according to stage of disease. An alteration in the level of the IgG4 subclass was found. It was related to the dissemination of disease. The percentage of abnormalities (either increased or decreased levels of IgG4) was more frequent in patients with stage II and III diseases (55 and 53%, respectively) than in patients with stage I(19%). The higher frequencies of high titers of IgG4 were essentially detected in advanced disease. The biologic significance of the increase of IgG4 in melanoma remains obscure. The increase may be related to the development of facilitating antibodies of the IgG4 subclass.", "contents": "IgG4 subclass in malignant melanoma. Three hundred and ninety-seven sera from 185 melanoma patients were studied. These sera were classified into three groups according to stage of disease. An alteration in the level of the IgG4 subclass was found. It was related to the dissemination of disease. The percentage of abnormalities (either increased or decreased levels of IgG4) was more frequent in patients with stage II and III diseases (55 and 53%, respectively) than in patients with stage I(19%). The higher frequencies of high titers of IgG4 were essentially detected in advanced disease. The biologic significance of the increase of IgG4 in melanoma remains obscure. The increase may be related to the development of facilitating antibodies of the IgG4 subclass.", "PMID": 833869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_878", "title": "Differences in breast cancer between Japan and the United States.", "content": "Two surgically treated series of 375 Japanese and 352 American women with breast cancer were compared with respect to overall survival and recurrence-free survival rates. Recurrence-free survival rates in Japanese women were superior to those in American women. Overall survival rates were also better in Japanese women, although the difference was not nearly as great as for recurrence-free survival. This seemed due to an improved survival after metastasis in the American women. In analyzing recurrence-free survival rates by age, we found that Japanese women 40 to 54 years old had better recurrence-free survival rates than other age subgroups. This age advantage was not observed in American women. For other age groups, there was relatively little advantage in survivorship in the Japanese series.", "contents": "Differences in breast cancer between Japan and the United States. Two surgically treated series of 375 Japanese and 352 American women with breast cancer were compared with respect to overall survival and recurrence-free survival rates. Recurrence-free survival rates in Japanese women were superior to those in American women. Overall survival rates were also better in Japanese women, although the difference was not nearly as great as for recurrence-free survival. This seemed due to an improved survival after metastasis in the American women. In analyzing recurrence-free survival rates by age, we found that Japanese women 40 to 54 years old had better recurrence-free survival rates than other age subgroups. This age advantage was not observed in American women. For other age groups, there was relatively little advantage in survivorship in the Japanese series.", "PMID": 833870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_879", "title": "Absence of HeLa cell contamination in 169 cell lines derived from human tumors.", "content": "Numerous cell lines derived from human tumors are not HeLa contaminants. Of 192 lines established in this or other laboratories, 169 lines were found to be G6PD type B. Twenty-three lines were type A as HeLa; three of these were of Negroid origin. There is reasonable doubt that the remaining 20 lines will all be shown to be confounded with HeLa.", "contents": "Absence of HeLa cell contamination in 169 cell lines derived from human tumors. Numerous cell lines derived from human tumors are not HeLa contaminants. Of 192 lines established in this or other laboratories, 169 lines were found to be G6PD type B. Twenty-three lines were type A as HeLa; three of these were of Negroid origin. There is reasonable doubt that the remaining 20 lines will all be shown to be confounded with HeLa.", "PMID": 833871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_880", "title": "Enzymatic susceptibility and spontaneous release of human melanoma tumor-associated antigens.", "content": "A chimpanzee anti-human melanoma antiserum was used to study the enzymatic susceptibility and spontaneous release into tissue culture medium of human melanoma tumor-associated antigens (TAA). Limited proteolytic digestion of melanoma cells with trypsin or with pronase rendered these cells refractory to lysis by the chimpanzee antiserum and complement. Longer periods of incubation of higher concentrations of enzyme caused an increased sensitivity to lysis. Digestion of melanoma cells with neuraminidase apparently exposed antigens reactive with natural antibodies in rabbit complement because cells so treated had a marked increase in sensitivity to cytolysis. Absorption of the complement with either neuraminidase-treated human melanoma cells or washed human spleen cells prior to its use in the cytotoxicity assay removed this activity. When absorbed complement was used, neuraminidase had no noticeable effect on the expression of malanoma TAA. These results suggest that proteolytic digestion of melanoma cells may prove to be a useful means of solubilizing TAA. The spontaneous release of melanoma cell membrane TAA was studied. Protein precipitated by (NH4)2SO4 from four of six samples of tissue culture medium used to feed malanoma cell lines contained significant antigenic activity compared to a control \"antigen\" preparation, whereas one preparation contained only limited TAA activity. One melanoma cell line that apparently failed to release TAA into the culture medium had previously become nonreactive with the chimpanzee antiserum. From these data, we conclude that melanoma cells growing in tissue culture rapidly release large amounts of TAA into the culture media and, as a result, the spent culture medium may be a good source for obtaining TAA for further study. The significance of these results is discussed.", "contents": "Enzymatic susceptibility and spontaneous release of human melanoma tumor-associated antigens. A chimpanzee anti-human melanoma antiserum was used to study the enzymatic susceptibility and spontaneous release into tissue culture medium of human melanoma tumor-associated antigens (TAA). Limited proteolytic digestion of melanoma cells with trypsin or with pronase rendered these cells refractory to lysis by the chimpanzee antiserum and complement. Longer periods of incubation of higher concentrations of enzyme caused an increased sensitivity to lysis. Digestion of melanoma cells with neuraminidase apparently exposed antigens reactive with natural antibodies in rabbit complement because cells so treated had a marked increase in sensitivity to cytolysis. Absorption of the complement with either neuraminidase-treated human melanoma cells or washed human spleen cells prior to its use in the cytotoxicity assay removed this activity. When absorbed complement was used, neuraminidase had no noticeable effect on the expression of malanoma TAA. These results suggest that proteolytic digestion of melanoma cells may prove to be a useful means of solubilizing TAA. The spontaneous release of melanoma cell membrane TAA was studied. Protein precipitated by (NH4)2SO4 from four of six samples of tissue culture medium used to feed malanoma cell lines contained significant antigenic activity compared to a control \"antigen\" preparation, whereas one preparation contained only limited TAA activity. One melanoma cell line that apparently failed to release TAA into the culture medium had previously become nonreactive with the chimpanzee antiserum. From these data, we conclude that melanoma cells growing in tissue culture rapidly release large amounts of TAA into the culture media and, as a result, the spent culture medium may be a good source for obtaining TAA for further study. The significance of these results is discussed.", "PMID": 833872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_881", "title": "Chromatographic and electrophoretic analysis of an antigen in Hodgkin's disease tissue cultures.", "content": "An antigen in tissue cultures derived from Hodgkin's disease tumors was investigated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, column chromatography, and isotopic antibody techniques. Fourteen long-term, serially passaged monolayer cultures prepared from tumor nodules of Hodgkin's disease in the spleen were studied; 11 monolayers derived from normal adult spleen and human fetal spleen and thymus were used as controls. Cell-free medium from Hodgkin's disease and normal cultures were centrifuged, and the pellet fractions were sedimented in a discontinuous sucrose gradient, solubilized with dodium dodecyl sulfate, and labeled with radioiodine. Gel filtration and electrophoresis revealed a component in samples prepared from medium of Hodgkin's disease cultures that was not observed in medium from normal cultures. An antiserum made in rabbits against this component reacted by radioiodine-labeled antibody assay with an antigen on the surface on cells from Hodgkin's disease cultures that was present in very small amounts, or in a cryptic state, on normal cultured cells. This antigen, intimately associated with propagation of cells obtained from the tumor in vitro, was not demonstrable in noncultured Hodgkin's disease tissue...", "contents": "Chromatographic and electrophoretic analysis of an antigen in Hodgkin's disease tissue cultures. An antigen in tissue cultures derived from Hodgkin's disease tumors was investigated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, column chromatography, and isotopic antibody techniques. Fourteen long-term, serially passaged monolayer cultures prepared from tumor nodules of Hodgkin's disease in the spleen were studied; 11 monolayers derived from normal adult spleen and human fetal spleen and thymus were used as controls. Cell-free medium from Hodgkin's disease and normal cultures were centrifuged, and the pellet fractions were sedimented in a discontinuous sucrose gradient, solubilized with dodium dodecyl sulfate, and labeled with radioiodine. Gel filtration and electrophoresis revealed a component in samples prepared from medium of Hodgkin's disease cultures that was not observed in medium from normal cultures. An antiserum made in rabbits against this component reacted by radioiodine-labeled antibody assay with an antigen on the surface on cells from Hodgkin's disease cultures that was present in very small amounts, or in a cryptic state, on normal cultured cells. This antigen, intimately associated with propagation of cells obtained from the tumor in vitro, was not demonstrable in noncultured Hodgkin's disease tissue...", "PMID": 833873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_882", "title": "Alteration of cell-surface antigenicity of the mouse plasmacytoma. II. Lack of correlation between synthesis of myeloma protein and alteration of surface antigen.", "content": "The correlation between the changes of immunoglobulin synthesis and the surface antigenicity was analyzed by cytotoxicity and quantitative antibody-absorption tests with the cells of immunoglobulin-producing and nonproducing mouse plasmacytoma. IgA-synthesizing BLAB/c plasmacytoma 58-8 and the non-IgA-synthesizing variant of the 58-8 (nonproducer) were killed with rabbit anti-58-8 plasmacytoma cell antiserum, C3H/He anti-BALB/c spleen cell antiserum, and (C57BL/6 X DBA/2)F1 anti-BALB/c plasmacytoma cell MOPC-31C antiserum plus complement, only when the cells were pretreated with pronase. Quantitative absorption tests revealed that the nonproducer, 58-8 had the same amount of plasmacytoma antigen of 58-8 and PC.1 antigen, and a greater amount of H-2d antigen, as did producer 58-8. The same analysis was carried out for the C3H mouse plasmacytoma X5563, which has an M-component of IgG2a. The nonproducer X5563 had a greater amount of H-2k antigen and a smaller amount of the plasmacytoma antigen of X5563 than did the producer X5563. No detectable PC.1 antigen was observed at surfaces of the producer and the nonproducer X5563 cells.", "contents": "Alteration of cell-surface antigenicity of the mouse plasmacytoma. II. Lack of correlation between synthesis of myeloma protein and alteration of surface antigen. The correlation between the changes of immunoglobulin synthesis and the surface antigenicity was analyzed by cytotoxicity and quantitative antibody-absorption tests with the cells of immunoglobulin-producing and nonproducing mouse plasmacytoma. IgA-synthesizing BLAB/c plasmacytoma 58-8 and the non-IgA-synthesizing variant of the 58-8 (nonproducer) were killed with rabbit anti-58-8 plasmacytoma cell antiserum, C3H/He anti-BALB/c spleen cell antiserum, and (C57BL/6 X DBA/2)F1 anti-BALB/c plasmacytoma cell MOPC-31C antiserum plus complement, only when the cells were pretreated with pronase. Quantitative absorption tests revealed that the nonproducer, 58-8 had the same amount of plasmacytoma antigen of 58-8 and PC.1 antigen, and a greater amount of H-2d antigen, as did producer 58-8. The same analysis was carried out for the C3H mouse plasmacytoma X5563, which has an M-component of IgG2a. The nonproducer X5563 had a greater amount of H-2k antigen and a smaller amount of the plasmacytoma antigen of X5563 than did the producer X5563. No detectable PC.1 antigen was observed at surfaces of the producer and the nonproducer X5563 cells.", "PMID": 833874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_883", "title": "Galactosyltransferase activity in metastasizing and nonmetastasizing rat mammary carcinomas and its possible relationship with tumor cell surface antigen shedding.", "content": "In order to study the mechanism of tumor cell surface antigen shedding, galactosyltransferase levels were compared in 5 spontaneously metastasizing and 3 nonmetastasizing rat mammary tumors. The enzyme activity both with or without exogenous acceptors was higher in the metastasizing group. This difference did not seem to be due to the variation in levels of degrading enzymes such as pyrophosphatase or beta-galactosidase found in these tumors. Little difference in the biochemical properties of the enzyme was found between the two groups. Most of the enzyme activity (60-70%) was recivered in the microsomal frctosyltransferase was assayed in \"purified\" plasma membrane fractions, 70% of the activity was associated with the plasma membrane vesicles, in which the enzyme was enriched by factors of 10-40. The number of galactose acceptor sites on the plasma membranes increased in parallel to the metastasizing capacity, indicating the presence of larger numbers of incomplete glycopeptides on their cell surfaces. These findings seemed to indicate that the greater turnover of glycoprotein in the spontaneously metastasizing tumor cell surface was caused by the shedding of surface antigens into the systemic circulation of the host.", "contents": "Galactosyltransferase activity in metastasizing and nonmetastasizing rat mammary carcinomas and its possible relationship with tumor cell surface antigen shedding. In order to study the mechanism of tumor cell surface antigen shedding, galactosyltransferase levels were compared in 5 spontaneously metastasizing and 3 nonmetastasizing rat mammary tumors. The enzyme activity both with or without exogenous acceptors was higher in the metastasizing group. This difference did not seem to be due to the variation in levels of degrading enzymes such as pyrophosphatase or beta-galactosidase found in these tumors. Little difference in the biochemical properties of the enzyme was found between the two groups. Most of the enzyme activity (60-70%) was recivered in the microsomal frctosyltransferase was assayed in \"purified\" plasma membrane fractions, 70% of the activity was associated with the plasma membrane vesicles, in which the enzyme was enriched by factors of 10-40. The number of galactose acceptor sites on the plasma membranes increased in parallel to the metastasizing capacity, indicating the presence of larger numbers of incomplete glycopeptides on their cell surfaces. These findings seemed to indicate that the greater turnover of glycoprotein in the spontaneously metastasizing tumor cell surface was caused by the shedding of surface antigens into the systemic circulation of the host.", "PMID": 833875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_884", "title": "Absorption and protein binding of N-2-fluorenylacetamide and its metabolites in the bladder of rabbit.", "content": "To assess the reactivity of a bladder carcinogen, the absorption by the rabbit (male New Zealand White) bladder mucosa of N-2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF), N-hydroxy-2-acetyl-aminofluorene (N-OH-AAF), and the N-O-glucuronide of AAF (N-OGI-AAF), as well as binding to the protein and RNA of bladder mucosa, was measured in vivo and in vitro. Mucosal pieces incubated for 3 hours in medium containing a carcinogen demonstrated that the fluorene nucleus of both AAF and N-CH-AAF bound equally with cellular proteins, while N-OGI-AAF binding was lower. In the presence of an excess of beta-glucuronidase, however, N-OGI-AAF showed binding equivalent to its metabolic precursor. After a 3-hour instillation into the bladder lumen of radioactive carcinogens suspended in urine in vivo, transmural absorption of AAF and N-OH-AAF (90%) was substantial, while N-OGI-AAF was absorbed less (55%). The renal excretion during this period varied from 18 to 52% of the instilled radioactivity. There was little reactivity of these carcinogens with the mucosal RNA, both in vivo and in vitro. The metabolism of N-OH-AAF and N-OGI-AAF was such, both in vitro and in vivo, that the acetyl group was not included in the final protein-carcinogen complex in what appeared to be an enzyme reaction.", "contents": "Absorption and protein binding of N-2-fluorenylacetamide and its metabolites in the bladder of rabbit. To assess the reactivity of a bladder carcinogen, the absorption by the rabbit (male New Zealand White) bladder mucosa of N-2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF), N-hydroxy-2-acetyl-aminofluorene (N-OH-AAF), and the N-O-glucuronide of AAF (N-OGI-AAF), as well as binding to the protein and RNA of bladder mucosa, was measured in vivo and in vitro. Mucosal pieces incubated for 3 hours in medium containing a carcinogen demonstrated that the fluorene nucleus of both AAF and N-CH-AAF bound equally with cellular proteins, while N-OGI-AAF binding was lower. In the presence of an excess of beta-glucuronidase, however, N-OGI-AAF showed binding equivalent to its metabolic precursor. After a 3-hour instillation into the bladder lumen of radioactive carcinogens suspended in urine in vivo, transmural absorption of AAF and N-OH-AAF (90%) was substantial, while N-OGI-AAF was absorbed less (55%). The renal excretion during this period varied from 18 to 52% of the instilled radioactivity. There was little reactivity of these carcinogens with the mucosal RNA, both in vivo and in vitro. The metabolism of N-OH-AAF and N-OGI-AAF was such, both in vitro and in vivo, that the acetyl group was not included in the final protein-carcinogen complex in what appeared to be an enzyme reaction.", "PMID": 833876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_885", "title": "Organ distribution of Corynebacterium parvum labeled with iodine-125.", "content": "Administration of iv, ip, single sc, multiple sc, and footpad injections of [125I]Corynebacterium parvum in mice revealed different patterns of radioactive vaccine distribution in various organs. High deposition and retention were found in the liver, spleen, and gastrointestinal tract and less in the lungs, kidneys, thymus, and bone marrow. Control animals given 125I showed very rapid clearance of the isotope and no retention in the organs. The pattern of distribution of [125I]C. parvum could be useful when protocols for clinical trials are designed.", "contents": "Organ distribution of Corynebacterium parvum labeled with iodine-125. Administration of iv, ip, single sc, multiple sc, and footpad injections of [125I]Corynebacterium parvum in mice revealed different patterns of radioactive vaccine distribution in various organs. High deposition and retention were found in the liver, spleen, and gastrointestinal tract and less in the lungs, kidneys, thymus, and bone marrow. Control animals given 125I showed very rapid clearance of the isotope and no retention in the organs. The pattern of distribution of [125I]C. parvum could be useful when protocols for clinical trials are designed.", "PMID": 833877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_886", "title": "Enhancement of urethan tumorigenesis in mouse lung by butylated hydroxytoluene.", "content": "Intraperitoneal injection of the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) produces cell proliferation in mouse lungs within 2-4 days. We examined whether the presence of an increased number of proliferating lung cells would influence urethan tumorigenesis. Male Swiss-Webster mice were treated with 1 mg urethan/g before, during, or after BHT-stimulated cell growth in the lung. The number of pulmonary tumors found 13-15 weeks later was not different in BHT-treated mice compared to that in controls. On the other hand, repeated stimulation of cell growth after urethan treatment enhanced tumorigenesis. Male Swiss-Webster and A/J mice were given a single dose of urethan (1 mg/g) and, beginning 7 days later, weekly injections of BHT or corn oil. Repeated injections of BHT significantly increased the yield of lung tumors in both strains. Weekly injections of BHT into mice pretreated with 0.9% NaCl reduced the number of spontaneous pulmonary adenomas.", "contents": "Enhancement of urethan tumorigenesis in mouse lung by butylated hydroxytoluene. Intraperitoneal injection of the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) produces cell proliferation in mouse lungs within 2-4 days. We examined whether the presence of an increased number of proliferating lung cells would influence urethan tumorigenesis. Male Swiss-Webster mice were treated with 1 mg urethan/g before, during, or after BHT-stimulated cell growth in the lung. The number of pulmonary tumors found 13-15 weeks later was not different in BHT-treated mice compared to that in controls. On the other hand, repeated stimulation of cell growth after urethan treatment enhanced tumorigenesis. Male Swiss-Webster and A/J mice were given a single dose of urethan (1 mg/g) and, beginning 7 days later, weekly injections of BHT or corn oil. Repeated injections of BHT significantly increased the yield of lung tumors in both strains. Weekly injections of BHT into mice pretreated with 0.9% NaCl reduced the number of spontaneous pulmonary adenomas.", "PMID": 833878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_887", "title": "Histopathology of preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions of the esophagus in BUF rats ingesting diethylnitrosamine.", "content": "Carcinomas developed in the mucosa of the esophagus in BUF strain rats ingesting diethylnitrosamine in the diet. The stages of hyperplasia, hyperplastic nodules, small carcinomas, and large, well-developed carcinomas were observed. Carcinomas, which were well differentiated, poorly differentiated, or undifferentiated, invaded the adjacent tissue but did not metastasize.", "contents": "Histopathology of preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions of the esophagus in BUF rats ingesting diethylnitrosamine. Carcinomas developed in the mucosa of the esophagus in BUF strain rats ingesting diethylnitrosamine in the diet. The stages of hyperplasia, hyperplastic nodules, small carcinomas, and large, well-developed carcinomas were observed. Carcinomas, which were well differentiated, poorly differentiated, or undifferentiated, invaded the adjacent tissue but did not metastasize.", "PMID": 833879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_888", "title": "Comparison of three isotopic assays of cell-mediated cytotoxicity against mouse tumor cells. I. Basic parameters: baseline controls, target cells, and methods of calculation.", "content": "We compared three ddifferent isotopic assays of cell-mediated cytotoxicity under identical test conditions: 51Cr, 125iododeoxyuridine, and [3H]proline release assays. We made these comparisons both in a syngeneic mouse tumor system and an allogeneic system. It was found that several parameters could affect considerably the results obtained with these tests, such as: baseline controls, preparation of target cells, and methods of calculation. In comparison of three different baseline controls, the normal control gave the most consistent results, whereas the other two controls (autologous and medium controls) gave varying results depending upon the condition of the target cells. For use as target cells, established tissue culture cells were usually superior because of a much lower spontaneous release of the isotope, when compared to fresh ascites tumor cells or short-term tissue culture cells. The advantage of established culture cells was particularly noted in isotopic assays with prolonged incubation (20-40 hr). In addition, the methods used for calculation were also shown to affect the apparent outcome of the results.", "contents": "Comparison of three isotopic assays of cell-mediated cytotoxicity against mouse tumor cells. I. Basic parameters: baseline controls, target cells, and methods of calculation. We compared three ddifferent isotopic assays of cell-mediated cytotoxicity under identical test conditions: 51Cr, 125iododeoxyuridine, and [3H]proline release assays. We made these comparisons both in a syngeneic mouse tumor system and an allogeneic system. It was found that several parameters could affect considerably the results obtained with these tests, such as: baseline controls, preparation of target cells, and methods of calculation. In comparison of three different baseline controls, the normal control gave the most consistent results, whereas the other two controls (autologous and medium controls) gave varying results depending upon the condition of the target cells. For use as target cells, established tissue culture cells were usually superior because of a much lower spontaneous release of the isotope, when compared to fresh ascites tumor cells or short-term tissue culture cells. The advantage of established culture cells was particularly noted in isotopic assays with prolonged incubation (20-40 hr). In addition, the methods used for calculation were also shown to affect the apparent outcome of the results.", "PMID": 833880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_889", "title": "Comparison of three isotopic assays of cell-mediated cytotoxicity against mouse tumor cells. II. Sensitivity and specificity of the assays and characteristics of effector and sensitizing cells.", "content": "Three assays of cell-mediated cytotoxicity in mice, involving release of either 51Cr (CRA), 125iododeoxyuridine (IRA), or [3H]proline (PRA), were compared under identical test conditions. Experiments were performed with effector cells from mice immunized with FBL-3 tumor cells, a syngeneic Friend virus-induced leukemia, or with allogeneic normal spleen cells. With established tissue culture cells as targets, similar results were obtained in all three assays. The cytotoxicity produced by cells from in vivo-immunized mice and the induction of cytotoxicity in vitro were T-cell-dependent. When short-term culture target cells were used, the IRA gave a more selective pattern of cytotoxicity than did the other two assays. However, when remaining target cells at the end of the assay were treated with trypsin, higher levels of 125iododeoxyuridine (125IUDR) release were seen, and the results were then comparable to those in the CRA and PRA. These results indicated that 125IUDR, a nuclear label, could only be released after lysis of cells. In contrast, 51Cr or [3H]proline, which are cytoplasmic labels, could also be released from damaged but unlysed cells. These fundamental differences could give different results in these assays, which could determine their correlation with in vivo transplantation immunity.", "contents": "Comparison of three isotopic assays of cell-mediated cytotoxicity against mouse tumor cells. II. Sensitivity and specificity of the assays and characteristics of effector and sensitizing cells. Three assays of cell-mediated cytotoxicity in mice, involving release of either 51Cr (CRA), 125iododeoxyuridine (IRA), or [3H]proline (PRA), were compared under identical test conditions. Experiments were performed with effector cells from mice immunized with FBL-3 tumor cells, a syngeneic Friend virus-induced leukemia, or with allogeneic normal spleen cells. With established tissue culture cells as targets, similar results were obtained in all three assays. The cytotoxicity produced by cells from in vivo-immunized mice and the induction of cytotoxicity in vitro were T-cell-dependent. When short-term culture target cells were used, the IRA gave a more selective pattern of cytotoxicity than did the other two assays. However, when remaining target cells at the end of the assay were treated with trypsin, higher levels of 125iododeoxyuridine (125IUDR) release were seen, and the results were then comparable to those in the CRA and PRA. These results indicated that 125IUDR, a nuclear label, could only be released after lysis of cells. In contrast, 51Cr or [3H]proline, which are cytoplasmic labels, could also be released from damaged but unlysed cells. These fundamental differences could give different results in these assays, which could determine their correlation with in vivo transplantation immunity.", "PMID": 833881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_890", "title": "Biologic analysis of fetal MRC rat lung epithelial cells treated with 3-methylcholanthrene in culture: premalignant and malignant stages.", "content": "Fetal MRC rat lung primary cell sheets, in which reconstruction of bronchial tissue occurred, were treated with 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) to examine the carcinogen's biologic effect on lung epithelial elements. Cloned lines were established by subculturing of epithelial outgrowths from primary cell sheets induced by MCA treatment. Newborn MRC rats received an sc injection of these cells to assess their tumorigenicity. These MCA-treated cells at the initial stages of culture temporarily formed benign epithelial structures in scar tissue that developed from an sc injection and then regressed. The epithelial structures were roughly classified as tubular and squamous epithelium. The differentiation of cells in vitro was observed as either a type of lamellar keratinization of the premalignant squamous cell form or a type of cyst formation by premalignant secreting epithelium. With further cultivation, six of 24 cell lines became malignant and, when injected into the animal, induced carcinomas. Qualitative changes in the in vitro differentiation of cells were observed in cell lines that formed squamous cell carcinomas. These changes included spherical keratinization (pearl formation) and single-cell keratinization. MCA treatment induced various premalignant alterations in lung epithelial cells, and the subsequent malignancy seemed to stem from these initial premalignant changes.", "contents": "Biologic analysis of fetal MRC rat lung epithelial cells treated with 3-methylcholanthrene in culture: premalignant and malignant stages. Fetal MRC rat lung primary cell sheets, in which reconstruction of bronchial tissue occurred, were treated with 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) to examine the carcinogen's biologic effect on lung epithelial elements. Cloned lines were established by subculturing of epithelial outgrowths from primary cell sheets induced by MCA treatment. Newborn MRC rats received an sc injection of these cells to assess their tumorigenicity. These MCA-treated cells at the initial stages of culture temporarily formed benign epithelial structures in scar tissue that developed from an sc injection and then regressed. The epithelial structures were roughly classified as tubular and squamous epithelium. The differentiation of cells in vitro was observed as either a type of lamellar keratinization of the premalignant squamous cell form or a type of cyst formation by premalignant secreting epithelium. With further cultivation, six of 24 cell lines became malignant and, when injected into the animal, induced carcinomas. Qualitative changes in the in vitro differentiation of cells were observed in cell lines that formed squamous cell carcinomas. These changes included spherical keratinization (pearl formation) and single-cell keratinization. MCA treatment induced various premalignant alterations in lung epithelial cells, and the subsequent malignancy seemed to stem from these initial premalignant changes.", "PMID": 833882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_891", "title": "Carcinogenic effects of diisopropanolinitrosamine in Sprague-Dawley rats.", "content": "The carcinogenic effects of diisopropanolinitrosamine (DIPN) were tested in Sprague-Dawley rats and were then compared with results produced earlier by the same substance in Syrian hamsters. In addition to the similarities, several differences were noted; for example, DIPN caused pancreatic tumors in all the hamsters, but only 1 pancreatic tumor was observed among the 150 rats. Administration of DIPN to rats led to the development of neoplasms in the nasal and paranasal cavities, lungs, thyroid gland, esophagus, liver, and kidneys. The highest tumor incidence in rats was in the nasal cavities. Almost all the pulmonary neoplasms were malignant and were usually squamous cell carcinomas. We found a 15.4-50% incidence of malignant tumors of the thyroid gland; we also noted that thyroid neoplasms occurred at almost the same rate (36.4-50%) in the groups given 1/5, 1/10, and 1/20 the median lethal dose.", "contents": "Carcinogenic effects of diisopropanolinitrosamine in Sprague-Dawley rats. The carcinogenic effects of diisopropanolinitrosamine (DIPN) were tested in Sprague-Dawley rats and were then compared with results produced earlier by the same substance in Syrian hamsters. In addition to the similarities, several differences were noted; for example, DIPN caused pancreatic tumors in all the hamsters, but only 1 pancreatic tumor was observed among the 150 rats. Administration of DIPN to rats led to the development of neoplasms in the nasal and paranasal cavities, lungs, thyroid gland, esophagus, liver, and kidneys. The highest tumor incidence in rats was in the nasal cavities. Almost all the pulmonary neoplasms were malignant and were usually squamous cell carcinomas. We found a 15.4-50% incidence of malignant tumors of the thyroid gland; we also noted that thyroid neoplasms occurred at almost the same rate (36.4-50%) in the groups given 1/5, 1/10, and 1/20 the median lethal dose.", "PMID": 833883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_892", "title": "Tumor-associated antigens in H-2 hemizygous isoantigenic variants of a somatic cell hybrid, derived from the fusion of a 3-methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma and a mammary carcinoma.", "content": "To check the suggestion that 3-methylcholanthrene-induced, sarcoma-associated, tumor-specific transplantation antigens (TSTA) could be modified H-2 antigens, reciprocal isoantigenic variants derived from TA3Ha/MSWBS hybrid cells were examined. This hybrid was produced by the fusion of the TA3Ha ascites carcinoma (H-2a) and the 3-methylcholanthrene-induced MSWBS ascites sarcoma (H-2s). MSWBS expresses a strong TSTA capable of inducing a rejection reaction in the syngeneic A.SW host. The genetic determinants of the H-2 complex are known to be localized on chromosome No. 17. TA3Ha contributes two normal, telocentric chromosomes No. 17 to the hybrid. In contrast, both chromosomes No. 17 of MSWBS are localized on readily identifiable translocations (17/1 and 17/M1). We have previously shown that the chromosomes No. 17 of one parental strain or the other (but not both) can be eliminated from the hybrid upon selective passage in the opposite parental strain. The present studies showed that the two strain A-compatible variants that have lost the sarcoma-derived 17-chromosomes still contained the same TSTA as the two reciprocal strain A.SW-compatible variants that have lost the mammary carcinoma-derived H-2 chromosomes. These findings argue against the possibility that methylcholanthrene-induced TSTA is a modified form of H-2 or that its structural determinants(s) is localized on chromosome 17.", "contents": "Tumor-associated antigens in H-2 hemizygous isoantigenic variants of a somatic cell hybrid, derived from the fusion of a 3-methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma and a mammary carcinoma. To check the suggestion that 3-methylcholanthrene-induced, sarcoma-associated, tumor-specific transplantation antigens (TSTA) could be modified H-2 antigens, reciprocal isoantigenic variants derived from TA3Ha/MSWBS hybrid cells were examined. This hybrid was produced by the fusion of the TA3Ha ascites carcinoma (H-2a) and the 3-methylcholanthrene-induced MSWBS ascites sarcoma (H-2s). MSWBS expresses a strong TSTA capable of inducing a rejection reaction in the syngeneic A.SW host. The genetic determinants of the H-2 complex are known to be localized on chromosome No. 17. TA3Ha contributes two normal, telocentric chromosomes No. 17 to the hybrid. In contrast, both chromosomes No. 17 of MSWBS are localized on readily identifiable translocations (17/1 and 17/M1). We have previously shown that the chromosomes No. 17 of one parental strain or the other (but not both) can be eliminated from the hybrid upon selective passage in the opposite parental strain. The present studies showed that the two strain A-compatible variants that have lost the sarcoma-derived 17-chromosomes still contained the same TSTA as the two reciprocal strain A.SW-compatible variants that have lost the mammary carcinoma-derived H-2 chromosomes. These findings argue against the possibility that methylcholanthrene-induced TSTA is a modified form of H-2 or that its structural determinants(s) is localized on chromosome 17.", "PMID": 833884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_893", "title": "Kinetics of nitrosamine formation in the presence of micelle-forming surfactants.", "content": "The nitrosation of dihexylamine by nitrite was catalyzed in the presence of micelles of the cationic surfactant decyltrimethylammonium bromide. Rate enhancements up to 800-fold were observed. The magnitude of the rate enhancements was dependent on the amine structure, particularly the alkyl chain length. Rate enhancements for nitrosation were also observed in the presence of micelles of phosphatidylcholine and Triton X-100. We present a mechanistic interpretation of these catalytic effects.", "contents": "Kinetics of nitrosamine formation in the presence of micelle-forming surfactants. The nitrosation of dihexylamine by nitrite was catalyzed in the presence of micelles of the cationic surfactant decyltrimethylammonium bromide. Rate enhancements up to 800-fold were observed. The magnitude of the rate enhancements was dependent on the amine structure, particularly the alkyl chain length. Rate enhancements for nitrosation were also observed in the presence of micelles of phosphatidylcholine and Triton X-100. We present a mechanistic interpretation of these catalytic effects.", "PMID": 833885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_894", "title": "Effects of butylated hydroxyanisole on the metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene by mouse liver microsomes.", "content": "The metabolites of tritium-labeled benzo[a[pyrene (BP) extracted from liver microsomes prepared by butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA)-fed and control female A/HeJ mice were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. There was an overall decrease in diol formation as well as an increase in the phenol formation in microsomal incubations from the BHA-fed mice compared to the controls. The dione region, when analyzed together with the BP-4,5-oxide peak, showed an overall decrease with BHA feeding. The BP-4,5-oxide was isolated and identified. It was present in both the BHA-fed and control microsomal incubations but was substantially reduced in the former. BP-9,10-oxide and BP-7,8-oxide were not directly demonstrated. Data based on summation of diols and phenols resulting from the breakdown of these oxides indicated that they were present in reduced amounts in the microsomal incubation from BHA-fed mice. The 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-HOBP) was the major metabolite in both microsomal incubations and was present in a significantly higher percentage in the incubations from the BHA-fed mice when compared to control mice. Thus BHA resulted in two metabolic alterations which could result in its exerting an inhibitory effect on BP-induced carcinogenesis. The first was an increase in 3-HOBP, a metabolite of detoxification, and the second was a decrease in epoxidation, which is an activation process.", "contents": "Effects of butylated hydroxyanisole on the metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene by mouse liver microsomes. The metabolites of tritium-labeled benzo[a[pyrene (BP) extracted from liver microsomes prepared by butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA)-fed and control female A/HeJ mice were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. There was an overall decrease in diol formation as well as an increase in the phenol formation in microsomal incubations from the BHA-fed mice compared to the controls. The dione region, when analyzed together with the BP-4,5-oxide peak, showed an overall decrease with BHA feeding. The BP-4,5-oxide was isolated and identified. It was present in both the BHA-fed and control microsomal incubations but was substantially reduced in the former. BP-9,10-oxide and BP-7,8-oxide were not directly demonstrated. Data based on summation of diols and phenols resulting from the breakdown of these oxides indicated that they were present in reduced amounts in the microsomal incubation from BHA-fed mice. The 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-HOBP) was the major metabolite in both microsomal incubations and was present in a significantly higher percentage in the incubations from the BHA-fed mice when compared to control mice. Thus BHA resulted in two metabolic alterations which could result in its exerting an inhibitory effect on BP-induced carcinogenesis. The first was an increase in 3-HOBP, a metabolite of detoxification, and the second was a decrease in epoxidation, which is an activation process.", "PMID": 833886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_895", "title": "Formation of solid human mammary carcinoma in vitro.", "content": "An established line of human breast carcinoma, MCF-7, when cultured within the artificial capillary system, formed solid masses of tissue. Acinar and ductular patterns developed, having the ultrastructural appearance of breast tissue that responds to exogenous hormones.", "contents": "Formation of solid human mammary carcinoma in vitro. An established line of human breast carcinoma, MCF-7, when cultured within the artificial capillary system, formed solid masses of tissue. Acinar and ductular patterns developed, having the ultrastructural appearance of breast tissue that responds to exogenous hormones.", "PMID": 833887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_896", "title": "Induction in rats of paranasal sinus carcinomas with radioactive cerium chloride.", "content": "A colloidal suspension of radioactive cerium stabilized in the form of hydroxide was inoculated into young Sprague-Dawley rats near the maxillary sinus. Well-differentiated epidermoid carcinomas of the paranasal sinus were obtained in 8 of 12 rats and in 8 of 9 animals that liver more then 200 days. Therefore, this istope was highly effectivein inducing tumors at the site of injection. The uniformity of the histologic type of tumors induced under these experimental conditions was remarkable.", "contents": "Induction in rats of paranasal sinus carcinomas with radioactive cerium chloride. A colloidal suspension of radioactive cerium stabilized in the form of hydroxide was inoculated into young Sprague-Dawley rats near the maxillary sinus. Well-differentiated epidermoid carcinomas of the paranasal sinus were obtained in 8 of 12 rats and in 8 of 9 animals that liver more then 200 days. Therefore, this istope was highly effectivein inducing tumors at the site of injection. The uniformity of the histologic type of tumors induced under these experimental conditions was remarkable.", "PMID": 833888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_897", "title": "Induction of pancreatic duct of carcinomas in the Syrian hamster with 2,6-dimethylnitrosomorpholine.", "content": "Pancreatic duct carcinomas were induced in Syrian hamsters by intragastric administration of 2,6-dimethylnitrosomorpholine. As early as 30 weeks after treatment began, tumors were macroscopically visible in the pancreas; the maximum incidence of such tumors reached 71% by the end of the experiment. They were ductal in origin, and some metastasized to the lung. They were identified histologically as adenomas and carcinomas and developed in different parts of the organ without demonstrating any preferred localization.", "contents": "Induction of pancreatic duct of carcinomas in the Syrian hamster with 2,6-dimethylnitrosomorpholine. Pancreatic duct carcinomas were induced in Syrian hamsters by intragastric administration of 2,6-dimethylnitrosomorpholine. As early as 30 weeks after treatment began, tumors were macroscopically visible in the pancreas; the maximum incidence of such tumors reached 71% by the end of the experiment. They were ductal in origin, and some metastasized to the lung. They were identified histologically as adenomas and carcinomas and developed in different parts of the organ without demonstrating any preferred localization.", "PMID": 833889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_898", "title": "Reduced growth rate of transplantable mammary adenocarcinoma in C3H mice fed eicosa-5,8,11,14-tetraynoic acid.", "content": "Female 3-month-old C3H mice were given sc injections of 5-mg pieces of mammary adenocarcinoma and fed a linoleate-containing (15% corn oil) diet in the presence or absence of eicosa-5,8,11,14-tetraynoic acid (TYA), an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis. After 6 weeks, the weights of tumors of mice fed the TYA-free linoleate diet were three to five times greater than those of mice fed the TYA-containing linoleate diet. Dietary TYA caused a reduction in the levels of arachidonate and an elevation in the levels of linoleate in mammary tumors and livers. Aspirin, another known inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, when added to the linoleate diet, did not affect the tumor size or the composition of fatty acids in the tumors and livers. Thus we concluded that a) the growth of mammary tumors was not related to prostaglandin synthesis but was related to the availability of arachidonate, and b) TYA was an effective inhibitor for the conversion of linoleate to arachidonate.", "contents": "Reduced growth rate of transplantable mammary adenocarcinoma in C3H mice fed eicosa-5,8,11,14-tetraynoic acid. Female 3-month-old C3H mice were given sc injections of 5-mg pieces of mammary adenocarcinoma and fed a linoleate-containing (15% corn oil) diet in the presence or absence of eicosa-5,8,11,14-tetraynoic acid (TYA), an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis. After 6 weeks, the weights of tumors of mice fed the TYA-free linoleate diet were three to five times greater than those of mice fed the TYA-containing linoleate diet. Dietary TYA caused a reduction in the levels of arachidonate and an elevation in the levels of linoleate in mammary tumors and livers. Aspirin, another known inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, when added to the linoleate diet, did not affect the tumor size or the composition of fatty acids in the tumors and livers. Thus we concluded that a) the growth of mammary tumors was not related to prostaglandin synthesis but was related to the availability of arachidonate, and b) TYA was an effective inhibitor for the conversion of linoleate to arachidonate.", "PMID": 833890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_899", "title": "United States-Japan cooperative cancer research program.", "content": "The formalization of long-standing cooperative joint research efforts between Japanese and U.S. scientists has resulted in the development of specific areas of mutual program interest. The overall future objective of this program is to foster and encourage collaboration of mutual interest and benefit.", "contents": "United States-Japan cooperative cancer research program. The formalization of long-standing cooperative joint research efforts between Japanese and U.S. scientists has resulted in the development of specific areas of mutual program interest. The overall future objective of this program is to foster and encourage collaboration of mutual interest and benefit.", "PMID": 833891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_900", "title": "Massive fibroid.", "content": "This ten-year study of the massive fibroid at the Queen of Angels Hospital will reveal an average of 66 cases per year which could be classified as large and massive. Only about ten cases per year qualify as massive (four gestational months or larger). There were none considered giant size (25 lbs or more).The literature is replete with these, one of which (weighing 100.2 lbs) will be reported in detail. The mortality rate continues to be considerable in these (14.8 to 16.7 percent). In the smaller tumors, mortality is rare and morbidity is minimal.Bleeding, pain, and pressure symptoms, due to impingement on neighboring organs, are the principal symptoms. Sarcomatous change, fortunately, still remains quite rare.Treatment usually involves a pre-operative dilatation and curettage when bleeding is a problem, followed by total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy where indicated. Appendectomy is usually incidental. Anesthesia is usually spinal, if not otherwise contraindicated.Ultrasound is a new and refined diagnostic tool.", "contents": "Massive fibroid. This ten-year study of the massive fibroid at the Queen of Angels Hospital will reveal an average of 66 cases per year which could be classified as large and massive. Only about ten cases per year qualify as massive (four gestational months or larger). There were none considered giant size (25 lbs or more).The literature is replete with these, one of which (weighing 100.2 lbs) will be reported in detail. The mortality rate continues to be considerable in these (14.8 to 16.7 percent). In the smaller tumors, mortality is rare and morbidity is minimal.Bleeding, pain, and pressure symptoms, due to impingement on neighboring organs, are the principal symptoms. Sarcomatous change, fortunately, still remains quite rare.Treatment usually involves a pre-operative dilatation and curettage when bleeding is a problem, followed by total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy where indicated. Appendectomy is usually incidental. Anesthesia is usually spinal, if not otherwise contraindicated.Ultrasound is a new and refined diagnostic tool.", "PMID": 833892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_901", "title": "Medical aspects of sickle hemoglobin in military personnel.", "content": "The Department of Defense (DOD) will soon issue a directive to test all incoming military personnel for the presence of hemoglobin S. The military testing program for hemoglobin S is an occupational medicine program. This report includes a discussion of armed services physical standards, a description of the Navy effort to evaluate an automated system for detection of hemoglobin S, and the proposed DOD directive.", "contents": "Medical aspects of sickle hemoglobin in military personnel. The Department of Defense (DOD) will soon issue a directive to test all incoming military personnel for the presence of hemoglobin S. The military testing program for hemoglobin S is an occupational medicine program. This report includes a discussion of armed services physical standards, a description of the Navy effort to evaluate an automated system for detection of hemoglobin S, and the proposed DOD directive.", "PMID": 833894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_902", "title": "Thyroglossal cyst in black patients.", "content": "During the 16-year period, July 1, 1959 to June 30, 1975, inclusively, there were only 20 patients with thyroglossal cyst found at the Howard University Hospital (0.03 percent of routine surgicals). There were 12 males and eight females, all of whom were black. Anatomic and histopathologic variations of thyroglossal cysts will be emphasized, and the pitfalls in diagnosis discussed. A brief review of the literature will be presented.", "contents": "Thyroglossal cyst in black patients. During the 16-year period, July 1, 1959 to June 30, 1975, inclusively, there were only 20 patients with thyroglossal cyst found at the Howard University Hospital (0.03 percent of routine surgicals). There were 12 males and eight females, all of whom were black. Anatomic and histopathologic variations of thyroglossal cysts will be emphasized, and the pitfalls in diagnosis discussed. A brief review of the literature will be presented.", "PMID": 833895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_903", "title": "Pitfalls in adolescent day treatment programming.", "content": "The concept of the adolescent day treatment program offers many exciting treatment possibilities. This paper is an attempt to outline some of the potential problems or pitfalls which can occur in developing such a program. The author stresses the importance of having a program philosophy and indicates various aspects of the program which need careful planning and implementation.", "contents": "Pitfalls in adolescent day treatment programming. The concept of the adolescent day treatment program offers many exciting treatment possibilities. This paper is an attempt to outline some of the potential problems or pitfalls which can occur in developing such a program. The author stresses the importance of having a program philosophy and indicates various aspects of the program which need careful planning and implementation.", "PMID": 833896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_904", "title": "Updating acute intermittent porphyria: a case of self-mutilation.", "content": "Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) as a precipitant of self-multilation in inmates, has not been documented. This case illustrates how AIP can go undiagnosed unless there is a high index of suspicion of this disease in the psychiatric patient, with persistent abdominal pains. This case illustrates the need to take seriously, the complaints of psychiatric patients, especially toxic-like symptoms, increasing paralysis, and abdominal pains. Perhaps acute intermittent prophyria has not been given the necessary attention in the literature which accounts for our failure to develop specific treatment methods.", "contents": "Updating acute intermittent porphyria: a case of self-mutilation. Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) as a precipitant of self-multilation in inmates, has not been documented. This case illustrates how AIP can go undiagnosed unless there is a high index of suspicion of this disease in the psychiatric patient, with persistent abdominal pains. This case illustrates the need to take seriously, the complaints of psychiatric patients, especially toxic-like symptoms, increasing paralysis, and abdominal pains. Perhaps acute intermittent prophyria has not been given the necessary attention in the literature which accounts for our failure to develop specific treatment methods.", "PMID": 833897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_905", "title": "Effect of feeding different carbohydrates to rats on low protein diets.", "content": "The experimental results to be presented here do not demonstrate any significance among the means of the values obtained for the various carbohydrate diets, except for lactose. The results will suggest that the differences between the values for lactose and other diets are significant (PL0.05).No definite trend in the biological value (BV), the net protein utilization (NPU), and the true digestibility (TD) which can be attributed to the influence of the carbohydrates are shown by these results. The various dietary manipulations produce no results significantly different than the values for starch, the exception being lactose. The values for lactose are more than for other sugars.However, the results will show a relationship between a mixture of protein in the diet with the values of the individual protein sources if determined separately. Evidently, the values of each protein in any mixture can be predicted by measuring its TD in the mixture.", "contents": "Effect of feeding different carbohydrates to rats on low protein diets. The experimental results to be presented here do not demonstrate any significance among the means of the values obtained for the various carbohydrate diets, except for lactose. The results will suggest that the differences between the values for lactose and other diets are significant (PL0.05).No definite trend in the biological value (BV), the net protein utilization (NPU), and the true digestibility (TD) which can be attributed to the influence of the carbohydrates are shown by these results. The various dietary manipulations produce no results significantly different than the values for starch, the exception being lactose. The values for lactose are more than for other sugars.However, the results will show a relationship between a mixture of protein in the diet with the values of the individual protein sources if determined separately. Evidently, the values of each protein in any mixture can be predicted by measuring its TD in the mixture.", "PMID": 833898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_906", "title": "Predictive value of psychosocial profiles following aclte myocardial infarction.", "content": "Psychosocial profiles were done prospectively on 54 males and three females in addition to hemodynamics and non-invasive studies; the average age at admission was 44 years. The mean study time for 45 survivors was two years and three months and was seven months for 12 non-survivors. Thirty potential psychosocial problems were investigated during coronary care unit stay, and at three months, six months, and one year. Four problems previously shown to have prognostic significance were re-examined. Depression and pessimism occurred more frequently in non-survivors (\u03b1 = .05). Patients with maladaptive family relationships post-admission were more likely to die (66 percent), than those with adaptive relationships (15 percent) (\u03b1 = .05). Patients with poor social adaptation prior to admission had significantly more psychosocial problems during follow-up (\u03b1 = .05). However, this group had no more deaths than the total population. The type and number of psychosocial problems of survivors and non-survivors of acute myocardial infarction have predictive prognostic value.", "contents": "Predictive value of psychosocial profiles following aclte myocardial infarction. Psychosocial profiles were done prospectively on 54 males and three females in addition to hemodynamics and non-invasive studies; the average age at admission was 44 years. The mean study time for 45 survivors was two years and three months and was seven months for 12 non-survivors. Thirty potential psychosocial problems were investigated during coronary care unit stay, and at three months, six months, and one year. Four problems previously shown to have prognostic significance were re-examined. Depression and pessimism occurred more frequently in non-survivors (\u03b1 = .05). Patients with maladaptive family relationships post-admission were more likely to die (66 percent), than those with adaptive relationships (15 percent) (\u03b1 = .05). Patients with poor social adaptation prior to admission had significantly more psychosocial problems during follow-up (\u03b1 = .05). However, this group had no more deaths than the total population. The type and number of psychosocial problems of survivors and non-survivors of acute myocardial infarction have predictive prognostic value.", "PMID": 833899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_907", "title": "Rush pin intramedullary fixation for fractures of the proximal humerus.", "content": "We have treated almost 700 proximal humeral fractures, and selected from them a series of 16 cases which required operative intervention in the form of semiclosed reduction and internal fixation with the Rush pin because of the marked amount of displacement and risk on nonunion. We favor the 3/16 inch Rush pin for this operation. Fractures of the surgical neck comprise the vast majority of cases operated upon in this series. They are the easiest to reduce and fix by the Rush pin technique. Certain comminuted severely displaced fractures involving the anatomic neck of the humerus and/or greater and lesser tuberosities also lend themselves to this operation with comparable results to other methods of treatment. There have been no postoperative motalities and minimal morbidity. The operation can be performed rapidly and requires only a short period of immobilization and hospitalization.", "contents": "Rush pin intramedullary fixation for fractures of the proximal humerus. We have treated almost 700 proximal humeral fractures, and selected from them a series of 16 cases which required operative intervention in the form of semiclosed reduction and internal fixation with the Rush pin because of the marked amount of displacement and risk on nonunion. We favor the 3/16 inch Rush pin for this operation. Fractures of the surgical neck comprise the vast majority of cases operated upon in this series. They are the easiest to reduce and fix by the Rush pin technique. Certain comminuted severely displaced fractures involving the anatomic neck of the humerus and/or greater and lesser tuberosities also lend themselves to this operation with comparable results to other methods of treatment. There have been no postoperative motalities and minimal morbidity. The operation can be performed rapidly and requires only a short period of immobilization and hospitalization.", "PMID": 833903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_908", "title": "Body fluid changes during hypertonic lactated saline solution therapy for burn shock.", "content": "The body fluid changes of 12 burn patients treated with Hypertonic Lactate Saline solution (HLS group) were compared with 26 burn patients receiving isotonic therapy (iso Na group). 1) Total infusion volume during the first 48 hours postburn in the HLS group was only one-half to two-thirds of that in the iso Na group, although the sodium loads were nearly equal. 2) HLS therapy maintained sufficient functional extracellular fluid volume (f-ECFV) in the shock period and protected the excess increase of f-ECFV in the postresuscitative period, in contradistinction to the iso Na group. In this paper, some clinical problems such as a rapid shift of ECF water into the ICF space and hypernatremia following HLS administration are discussed.", "contents": "Body fluid changes during hypertonic lactated saline solution therapy for burn shock. The body fluid changes of 12 burn patients treated with Hypertonic Lactate Saline solution (HLS group) were compared with 26 burn patients receiving isotonic therapy (iso Na group). 1) Total infusion volume during the first 48 hours postburn in the HLS group was only one-half to two-thirds of that in the iso Na group, although the sodium loads were nearly equal. 2) HLS therapy maintained sufficient functional extracellular fluid volume (f-ECFV) in the shock period and protected the excess increase of f-ECFV in the postresuscitative period, in contradistinction to the iso Na group. In this paper, some clinical problems such as a rapid shift of ECF water into the ICF space and hypernatremia following HLS administration are discussed.", "PMID": 833904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_909", "title": "The effect of antifibrinolytic therapy in experimental spinal cord trauma.", "content": "The efficacy of antifibrinolytic therapy with epsilon aminocaproic acid (EACA) in experimental spinal cord injury is assessed by use of a standardized trauma model at both nonparaplegic and paraplegic trauma doses. Evaluation of neurologic parameters, cortical evoked response and histopathology of the injured spinal cord demonstrated that within the contusion range studied, EACA has no significant therapeutic effect. The ability of the animal to walk was the most reliable criterion indicative of functional recovery, and was closely paralleled by return of the cortical evoked response. Spinal cord cavitation in excess of 60% uniformly resulted in paraplegia. The data from this experiment show no evidence of a significant secondary injury occurring after spinal cord trauma that is amenable to posttraumatic antifibrinolytic therapy.", "contents": "The effect of antifibrinolytic therapy in experimental spinal cord trauma. The efficacy of antifibrinolytic therapy with epsilon aminocaproic acid (EACA) in experimental spinal cord injury is assessed by use of a standardized trauma model at both nonparaplegic and paraplegic trauma doses. Evaluation of neurologic parameters, cortical evoked response and histopathology of the injured spinal cord demonstrated that within the contusion range studied, EACA has no significant therapeutic effect. The ability of the animal to walk was the most reliable criterion indicative of functional recovery, and was closely paralleled by return of the cortical evoked response. Spinal cord cavitation in excess of 60% uniformly resulted in paraplegia. The data from this experiment show no evidence of a significant secondary injury occurring after spinal cord trauma that is amenable to posttraumatic antifibrinolytic therapy.", "PMID": 833905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_910", "title": "Percutaneous control of post-traumatic hepatic hemorrhage by gelfoam embolization.", "content": "A case is reported in which a male laborer sustained severe hepatic lacerations after a tree fell across his abdomen. Despite intensive resuscitation and a laparotomy, bleeding continued from the liver and a second laparotomy was performed. When this also failed to control the hemorrhage a selective hepatic angiogram showed a false aneurysm in the right lobe of the liver with surrounding hematoma. This was successfully embolized with Gelfoam emboli. Bleeding ceased immediately with an uneventful recovery. The role of embolization in the management of hepatic trauma is discussed, especially in relation to surgical hepatic artery ligation.", "contents": "Percutaneous control of post-traumatic hepatic hemorrhage by gelfoam embolization. A case is reported in which a male laborer sustained severe hepatic lacerations after a tree fell across his abdomen. Despite intensive resuscitation and a laparotomy, bleeding continued from the liver and a second laparotomy was performed. When this also failed to control the hemorrhage a selective hepatic angiogram showed a false aneurysm in the right lobe of the liver with surrounding hematoma. This was successfully embolized with Gelfoam emboli. Bleeding ceased immediately with an uneventful recovery. The role of embolization in the management of hepatic trauma is discussed, especially in relation to surgical hepatic artery ligation.", "PMID": 833907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_911", "title": "Traumatic bilateral renal artery thrombosis.", "content": "Although unilateral traumatic renal artery thrombosis may be more common than was once thought, bilateral traumatic renal artery thrombosis is rare, with only thirteen previously reported cases. Time is of the essence in diagnosing this condition, so that in the proper clinical setting one may be able to proceed quickly to arteriography. However, the prognosis at present still remains poor.", "contents": "Traumatic bilateral renal artery thrombosis. Although unilateral traumatic renal artery thrombosis may be more common than was once thought, bilateral traumatic renal artery thrombosis is rare, with only thirteen previously reported cases. Time is of the essence in diagnosing this condition, so that in the proper clinical setting one may be able to proceed quickly to arteriography. However, the prognosis at present still remains poor.", "PMID": 833908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_912", "title": "Vascular occlusion and stricture of the sigmoid colon secondary to trauma from a pneumatic hammer.", "content": "A patient with stricture of the descending colon secondary to use of a pneumatic hammer is presented. Barium enema and angiographic studies suggested that the etiology was a traumatic vascular injury. Barium granulomata, found in the resected specimen, were presumably due to barium having entered the devitalized tissues during an air contrast study performed during an acute ischemic colitis. The mechanisms of traumatic strictures of the colon are discussed.", "contents": "Vascular occlusion and stricture of the sigmoid colon secondary to trauma from a pneumatic hammer. A patient with stricture of the descending colon secondary to use of a pneumatic hammer is presented. Barium enema and angiographic studies suggested that the etiology was a traumatic vascular injury. Barium granulomata, found in the resected specimen, were presumably due to barium having entered the devitalized tissues during an air contrast study performed during an acute ischemic colitis. The mechanisms of traumatic strictures of the colon are discussed.", "PMID": 833909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_913", "title": "Steering wheel rupture of the pharyngoesophagus. A solitary injury.", "content": "A unique case of a high posterior vertical linear laceration of the pharyngeosophagus secondary to steering wheel trauma without concomitant injury is presented. Diagnosis of this lesion is dependent upon frequently repeated physical examinations combined with appropriate laboratory and roentgenologic evaluations. Early institution of antibiotic therapy combined with early operative drainage and repair when feasible is advocated as the treatment of choice for this unusual entity.", "contents": "Steering wheel rupture of the pharyngoesophagus. A solitary injury. A unique case of a high posterior vertical linear laceration of the pharyngeosophagus secondary to steering wheel trauma without concomitant injury is presented. Diagnosis of this lesion is dependent upon frequently repeated physical examinations combined with appropriate laboratory and roentgenologic evaluations. Early institution of antibiotic therapy combined with early operative drainage and repair when feasible is advocated as the treatment of choice for this unusual entity.", "PMID": 833910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_914", "title": "Flow field-flow fractionation: new method for separating, purifying, and characterizing the diffusivity of viruses.", "content": "The nature and theory of flow field-flow fractionation is described, and its potential applicability to virus-like particles is discussed. Different virus types are shown to be retained at different levels. Retention can be controlled by variation of the experimental parameters, in good agreement with theory. However, a mild adsorption effect is indicated and requires the development of alternate strategies for measuring diffusion coefficients. For Qbeta, our value agrees well within 10% of literature values; the values obtained for other viruses, using Abeta as an internal standard, are untested. Finally, it is demonstrated that flow field-flow fractionation can cleanly fractionate two viruses from one another and from an albumin impurity, that samples as large as several milligrams in size can be analyzed, and that the method has potential utility in the quantitative and qualitative analysis of virus systems.", "contents": "Flow field-flow fractionation: new method for separating, purifying, and characterizing the diffusivity of viruses. The nature and theory of flow field-flow fractionation is described, and its potential applicability to virus-like particles is discussed. Different virus types are shown to be retained at different levels. Retention can be controlled by variation of the experimental parameters, in good agreement with theory. However, a mild adsorption effect is indicated and requires the development of alternate strategies for measuring diffusion coefficients. For Qbeta, our value agrees well within 10% of literature values; the values obtained for other viruses, using Abeta as an internal standard, are untested. Finally, it is demonstrated that flow field-flow fractionation can cleanly fractionate two viruses from one another and from an albumin impurity, that samples as large as several milligrams in size can be analyzed, and that the method has potential utility in the quantitative and qualitative analysis of virus systems.", "PMID": 833920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_915", "title": "In vitro translation with adenovirus polyribosomes.", "content": "Polyribosomes isolated from adenovirus type 2 (Ad2)-infected HeLa cells late in productive infection can be used for translation in cell-free systems. At least eight viral polypeptides are synthesized, including the precursors to virion polypeptides VI and VII. Separation of polyribosomes by zonal rate centrifugation followed by translation in a cell-free system reveals a correlation between the sizes of the polyribosomes and the polypeptides synthesized. The cell-free extracts incorporate amino acid linearly for only 10 min and show little or no capacity to reinitiate protein synthesis. The elongation efficiency measured as the number of amino acids incorporated per ribosome in 20 min is low, ranging from 10 to 100. The maximum chain elongation rate is estimated to be 10 to 20 amino acids per min. The limited elongation has been used to assess the relative concentration of mRNA's engaged in translation.", "contents": "In vitro translation with adenovirus polyribosomes. Polyribosomes isolated from adenovirus type 2 (Ad2)-infected HeLa cells late in productive infection can be used for translation in cell-free systems. At least eight viral polypeptides are synthesized, including the precursors to virion polypeptides VI and VII. Separation of polyribosomes by zonal rate centrifugation followed by translation in a cell-free system reveals a correlation between the sizes of the polyribosomes and the polypeptides synthesized. The cell-free extracts incorporate amino acid linearly for only 10 min and show little or no capacity to reinitiate protein synthesis. The elongation efficiency measured as the number of amino acids incorporated per ribosome in 20 min is low, ranging from 10 to 100. The maximum chain elongation rate is estimated to be 10 to 20 amino acids per min. The limited elongation has been used to assess the relative concentration of mRNA's engaged in translation.", "PMID": 833921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_916", "title": "Synthesis and processing of the precursor to the major core protein of adenovirus type 2.", "content": "An isopycnic Metrizamide-detergent gradient system was developed in which the newly synthesized precursor (polypeptide P-VII) to the major core protein of adenovirus type 2 (polypeptide VII) was confined to a spectrum of complexes with densities equal to or higher than that of adenovirions. The majority of the newly synthesized P-VII was, at the beginning of the logarithmic period of virus production, present as an entity of protein density. This pool of P-VII was efficiently depleted. P-VII was also associated with high-molecular-weight structures of intermediate density, sharing some properties with empty capsids or incomplete particles. The transfer of P-VII from the intermediate-density region was not quantitative, and only particles of true virion density subsequently contained polypeptide VII. No structures equivalent to the core structure of disrupted virions or identical to incomplete particles were detected in this system. A temperature-dependent transition of radioactivity from polypeptide P-VII into polypeptide VII was also detectable after in vitro incubation of P-VII-containing complexes. Addition of Ad2-infected cell extracts was required for processing of complexes derived from regions of protein density, whereas P-VII was processed spontaneously upon incubation in complexes of virion density.", "contents": "Synthesis and processing of the precursor to the major core protein of adenovirus type 2. An isopycnic Metrizamide-detergent gradient system was developed in which the newly synthesized precursor (polypeptide P-VII) to the major core protein of adenovirus type 2 (polypeptide VII) was confined to a spectrum of complexes with densities equal to or higher than that of adenovirions. The majority of the newly synthesized P-VII was, at the beginning of the logarithmic period of virus production, present as an entity of protein density. This pool of P-VII was efficiently depleted. P-VII was also associated with high-molecular-weight structures of intermediate density, sharing some properties with empty capsids or incomplete particles. The transfer of P-VII from the intermediate-density region was not quantitative, and only particles of true virion density subsequently contained polypeptide VII. No structures equivalent to the core structure of disrupted virions or identical to incomplete particles were detected in this system. A temperature-dependent transition of radioactivity from polypeptide P-VII into polypeptide VII was also detectable after in vitro incubation of P-VII-containing complexes. Addition of Ad2-infected cell extracts was required for processing of complexes derived from regions of protein density, whereas P-VII was processed spontaneously upon incubation in complexes of virion density.", "PMID": 833922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_917", "title": "Biochemical, biophysical, and biological properties of densonucleosis virus (paravovirus). II. Two types of infectious virions.", "content": "Among the infectious densonucleosis virus (DNV) particles, two types of virions, DNV-I and DNV-II, have been identified. The density of DNV-I was about 1.40 g/ml and depended on the pH, whereas the density of DNV-II was independent of the pH and was 1.44 g/ml. The sedimentation rates of these particles were 111S and 89S, respectively. The specific extinction coefficients and the absorption spectra, corrected for light scattering, were also different for these two types. The electrophoretic mobility of both types of virions was identical under the experimental conditions used. Both types of particles contained single-stranded DNA with similar physicochemical properties. The difference between these types of virions seemed to be due to a different protein content, DNV-II containing about 600,000 daltons less protein, and to a different quaternary structure as indicated by the change in the density of DNV-II, in the presence of divalent cations, without any change in the density of DNV-I.", "contents": "Biochemical, biophysical, and biological properties of densonucleosis virus (paravovirus). II. Two types of infectious virions. Among the infectious densonucleosis virus (DNV) particles, two types of virions, DNV-I and DNV-II, have been identified. The density of DNV-I was about 1.40 g/ml and depended on the pH, whereas the density of DNV-II was independent of the pH and was 1.44 g/ml. The sedimentation rates of these particles were 111S and 89S, respectively. The specific extinction coefficients and the absorption spectra, corrected for light scattering, were also different for these two types. The electrophoretic mobility of both types of virions was identical under the experimental conditions used. Both types of particles contained single-stranded DNA with similar physicochemical properties. The difference between these types of virions seemed to be due to a different protein content, DNV-II containing about 600,000 daltons less protein, and to a different quaternary structure as indicated by the change in the density of DNV-II, in the presence of divalent cations, without any change in the density of DNV-I.", "PMID": 833923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_918", "title": "Influenza virion transcriptase: synthesis in vitro of large, polyadenylic acid-containing complementary RNA.", "content": "The influenza virion transcriptase is capable of synthesizing in vitro complementary RNA (cRNA) that is similar in several characteristics to the cRNA synthesized in the infected cell, which is the viral mRNA. Most of the in vitro cRNA is large (approximately 2.5 X 10(5) to 10(6) daltons), similar in size to in vivo cRNA. The in vitro transcripts initiate in adenosine (A) or guanosine (G) at the 5' end, as also appears to be the case with in vivo cRNA (R.M. Krug et al., 1976). The in vitro transcripts contain covalently linked polyadenylate [poly(A)] sequences, which are longer and more heterogeneous than the poly(A) sequences found on in vivo cRNA. The synthesis in vitro of cRNA with these characteristics requires both the proper divalent cation, Mg2+, and a specific dinulceside monophosphage (DNMP), ApG or GpG. These DNMPs stimulate cRNA synthesis about 100-fold in the presence of Mg2+ and act as primers to initiate RNA chains, as demonstrated by the fact that the 5'-phosphorylated derivatives of these DNMP's, 32pApG or 32pGpG, are incroporated at the 5' end of the product RNA. The RNA synthesized in vitro differs from in vivo cRNA in that neither capping nor methylation of the in vitro transcripts has been detected. The virion does contain a methylase activity, as shown by its ability to methylate exogenous methyl-deficient Escherichia coli tRNA.", "contents": "Influenza virion transcriptase: synthesis in vitro of large, polyadenylic acid-containing complementary RNA. The influenza virion transcriptase is capable of synthesizing in vitro complementary RNA (cRNA) that is similar in several characteristics to the cRNA synthesized in the infected cell, which is the viral mRNA. Most of the in vitro cRNA is large (approximately 2.5 X 10(5) to 10(6) daltons), similar in size to in vivo cRNA. The in vitro transcripts initiate in adenosine (A) or guanosine (G) at the 5' end, as also appears to be the case with in vivo cRNA (R.M. Krug et al., 1976). The in vitro transcripts contain covalently linked polyadenylate [poly(A)] sequences, which are longer and more heterogeneous than the poly(A) sequences found on in vivo cRNA. The synthesis in vitro of cRNA with these characteristics requires both the proper divalent cation, Mg2+, and a specific dinulceside monophosphage (DNMP), ApG or GpG. These DNMPs stimulate cRNA synthesis about 100-fold in the presence of Mg2+ and act as primers to initiate RNA chains, as demonstrated by the fact that the 5'-phosphorylated derivatives of these DNMP's, 32pApG or 32pGpG, are incroporated at the 5' end of the product RNA. The RNA synthesized in vitro differs from in vivo cRNA in that neither capping nor methylation of the in vitro transcripts has been detected. The virion does contain a methylase activity, as shown by its ability to methylate exogenous methyl-deficient Escherichia coli tRNA.", "PMID": 833924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_919", "title": "Effect of cyclophosphamide in vitro and on vaccinia virus replication in tissue culture.", "content": "The effect of cyclophosphamide on the growth of Vero, BSC-1, and HeLa cells in monolayer cultures was studied. By using hemocytometer counts and tritiated thymidine uptake as indicators of growth, it was found that cyclophosphamide significantly interfered with the metabolism of Vero and BSC-1 cells when sustained in Leibovitz medium. Vero cells and HeLa cells grown in Eagle medium were not affected by exposure to cyclophosphamide. Vaccinia virus replication in Vero cell monolayer cultures incubated with cyclophosphamide was markedly augmented, and this enhanced growth was reflected by virus quantitation techniques and metabolic studies using tritiated thymidine uptake. No difference in the distribution of infectious particles was found when cyclophosphamide-treated and control infected cultures were compared. Pathways other than through hepatic enzymes appear available to activate cyclophosphamide in vitro. These effects are dependent on both the cell type and the medium in which the cells are grown. Cyclophosphamide can facilitate vaccinia virus replication in vitro through metabolic interactions at the cellular level. The precise mechanisms underlying this effect require further study.", "contents": "Effect of cyclophosphamide in vitro and on vaccinia virus replication in tissue culture. The effect of cyclophosphamide on the growth of Vero, BSC-1, and HeLa cells in monolayer cultures was studied. By using hemocytometer counts and tritiated thymidine uptake as indicators of growth, it was found that cyclophosphamide significantly interfered with the metabolism of Vero and BSC-1 cells when sustained in Leibovitz medium. Vero cells and HeLa cells grown in Eagle medium were not affected by exposure to cyclophosphamide. Vaccinia virus replication in Vero cell monolayer cultures incubated with cyclophosphamide was markedly augmented, and this enhanced growth was reflected by virus quantitation techniques and metabolic studies using tritiated thymidine uptake. No difference in the distribution of infectious particles was found when cyclophosphamide-treated and control infected cultures were compared. Pathways other than through hepatic enzymes appear available to activate cyclophosphamide in vitro. These effects are dependent on both the cell type and the medium in which the cells are grown. Cyclophosphamide can facilitate vaccinia virus replication in vitro through metabolic interactions at the cellular level. The precise mechanisms underlying this effect require further study.", "PMID": 833925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_920", "title": "Molecular weight of DNA from four entomopoxviruses determined by electron microscopy.", "content": "DNA was isolated from entomopoxviruses infected Amsacta moorei and Euxoa auxiliaris (Lepidoptera), Goeldichironomus holoprasinus (Diptera), and Othnonius batesi (Coleoptera) and compared with vertebrate virus DNA (vaccinia). After incubation in Pronase, sodium lauryl sulfate, and deoxycholate, poxvirus preparations shadowed with platinum and palladium revealed subcore particles 45 to 60 nm in diameter. Continued incubation in Pronase resulted in the gradual release of DNA from the particles. Metal-shadowed DNA molecules were photographed in the electron microscope and measured, and the average molecular weights were calculated. Lepidopteran poxvirus DNA (135 X 10(6)) was approximately equal to vaccinia DNA (131.7 X 10(6)) in molecular weight. The molecular weight of dipteran and coleopteran poxvirus DNA (200 X 10(6) to 251 X 10(6)) was approximately 50% greater than vaccinia DNA. Based on the concentration of DNA and protein per virion, Amsacta entomopoxvirus contained 5.7 to 7.7% DNA.", "contents": "Molecular weight of DNA from four entomopoxviruses determined by electron microscopy. DNA was isolated from entomopoxviruses infected Amsacta moorei and Euxoa auxiliaris (Lepidoptera), Goeldichironomus holoprasinus (Diptera), and Othnonius batesi (Coleoptera) and compared with vertebrate virus DNA (vaccinia). After incubation in Pronase, sodium lauryl sulfate, and deoxycholate, poxvirus preparations shadowed with platinum and palladium revealed subcore particles 45 to 60 nm in diameter. Continued incubation in Pronase resulted in the gradual release of DNA from the particles. Metal-shadowed DNA molecules were photographed in the electron microscope and measured, and the average molecular weights were calculated. Lepidopteran poxvirus DNA (135 X 10(6)) was approximately equal to vaccinia DNA (131.7 X 10(6)) in molecular weight. The molecular weight of dipteran and coleopteran poxvirus DNA (200 X 10(6) to 251 X 10(6)) was approximately 50% greater than vaccinia DNA. Based on the concentration of DNA and protein per virion, Amsacta entomopoxvirus contained 5.7 to 7.7% DNA.", "PMID": 833926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_921", "title": "Proteins of hepatitis B surface antigen.", "content": "Purified 22-nm forms of hepatitis B surface antigen (Hbsag) representing the three major antigenic subtypes (adw, ayw, and adr) were analyzed for their constituent polypeptides by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. No consistent difference in either the number or relative distributions of the polypeptides was observed for the various subtypes. Seven polypeptides were designated as P-1 through P-7 in order of their decreasing mobilities. By comparison with protein standards, their molecular weights were estimated as 23, 29.5, 36, 41.5, 53.5, 72, and 97 thousand. The P-1 and P-2 components represented the major polypeptides; P-2 and P-5 might by glycoproteins, based on their reaction with periodic acid-Shiff reagent. Each polypeptide contains cysteine residues. HBSAg was radiolabeled with 3H or 14C by reductive methylation or iodinated with 125I by the chloramine-T or lactoperoxidase procedures. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of labeled HBSAg yielded patterns identical to those obtained with protein stain. Comparison of HBSAg labeled by the chloramine-T and lactoperoxide procedures indicated that there was no distinction between internal or external components within the 22-nm structure.", "contents": "Proteins of hepatitis B surface antigen. Purified 22-nm forms of hepatitis B surface antigen (Hbsag) representing the three major antigenic subtypes (adw, ayw, and adr) were analyzed for their constituent polypeptides by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. No consistent difference in either the number or relative distributions of the polypeptides was observed for the various subtypes. Seven polypeptides were designated as P-1 through P-7 in order of their decreasing mobilities. By comparison with protein standards, their molecular weights were estimated as 23, 29.5, 36, 41.5, 53.5, 72, and 97 thousand. The P-1 and P-2 components represented the major polypeptides; P-2 and P-5 might by glycoproteins, based on their reaction with periodic acid-Shiff reagent. Each polypeptide contains cysteine residues. HBSAg was radiolabeled with 3H or 14C by reductive methylation or iodinated with 125I by the chloramine-T or lactoperoxidase procedures. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of labeled HBSAg yielded patterns identical to those obtained with protein stain. Comparison of HBSAg labeled by the chloramine-T and lactoperoxide procedures indicated that there was no distinction between internal or external components within the 22-nm structure.", "PMID": 833927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_922", "title": "Role of carbohydrate in biological functions of Friend murine leukemia virus gp71.", "content": "Purified gp71 of Friend murine leukemia virus (FLV) can interfere with virus infection, absorb neutralizing antibody, and in the presence of group-specific anti-gp71 antibody, hemagglutinate sheep erythrocytes. Interference by FLV gp71 with several murine leukemia viruses (MuLV) was tested in the XC and S + L- assay systems. Treatment of gp71 with trypsin or Pronase eliminated its interfering capacity. However, treatment with neuraminidase or a mixture of glycosidase enzymes, which left the major serological properties of gp71 intact, did not reduce the interference potential of gp71 for FLV or AKR MuLV. The capacity of gp71 to absorb type- or group-specific virus-neutralizing antibodies was similarly affected by the various enzyme treatments. In contrast, indirect hemagglutination by gp71 was abolished not only by proteases but also by treatment with glycosidase enzymes, although neuraminidase had no effect. Preliminary data indicate that infectivity of FLV or xenotropic MuLV was not affected by short treatment with glycosidase enzymes.", "contents": "Role of carbohydrate in biological functions of Friend murine leukemia virus gp71. Purified gp71 of Friend murine leukemia virus (FLV) can interfere with virus infection, absorb neutralizing antibody, and in the presence of group-specific anti-gp71 antibody, hemagglutinate sheep erythrocytes. Interference by FLV gp71 with several murine leukemia viruses (MuLV) was tested in the XC and S + L- assay systems. Treatment of gp71 with trypsin or Pronase eliminated its interfering capacity. However, treatment with neuraminidase or a mixture of glycosidase enzymes, which left the major serological properties of gp71 intact, did not reduce the interference potential of gp71 for FLV or AKR MuLV. The capacity of gp71 to absorb type- or group-specific virus-neutralizing antibodies was similarly affected by the various enzyme treatments. In contrast, indirect hemagglutination by gp71 was abolished not only by proteases but also by treatment with glycosidase enzymes, although neuraminidase had no effect. Preliminary data indicate that infectivity of FLV or xenotropic MuLV was not affected by short treatment with glycosidase enzymes.", "PMID": 833928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_923", "title": "DNA contained by two densonucleosis viruses.", "content": "The DNA contained by particles of densonucleosis viruses 1 and 2 were analyzed within the particle, and properties of DNA extracted from these particles were determined. The DNA appears to exist as a single-stranded molecule with limited secondary structure within particles, as assessed by spectral changes induced by formaldehyde, melting profiles, and circular dichroism studies. The single-stranded DNA had an apparent molecular weight of 1.9 X 10(6) to 2.2 X 10(6) as assessed by differences in the molecular weight of virus particles and top component and percentage of nucleic acid. DNA extracted from virus particles in low-salt buffers possessed properties typical of a single-stranded molecule. Double-stranded DNA could be extracted from virus particles under appropriate high salt and elevated temperature. The linear double-stranded DNA extracted from both viruses had a molecular weight of about 3.9 X 10(6) to 4.1 ZX 10(6) determined by neutral sedimentation and electron microscopy and an equivalent genome size determined by reassociation kinetics. About 87% of the DNA was homologous between the two viruses.", "contents": "DNA contained by two densonucleosis viruses. The DNA contained by particles of densonucleosis viruses 1 and 2 were analyzed within the particle, and properties of DNA extracted from these particles were determined. The DNA appears to exist as a single-stranded molecule with limited secondary structure within particles, as assessed by spectral changes induced by formaldehyde, melting profiles, and circular dichroism studies. The single-stranded DNA had an apparent molecular weight of 1.9 X 10(6) to 2.2 X 10(6) as assessed by differences in the molecular weight of virus particles and top component and percentage of nucleic acid. DNA extracted from virus particles in low-salt buffers possessed properties typical of a single-stranded molecule. Double-stranded DNA could be extracted from virus particles under appropriate high salt and elevated temperature. The linear double-stranded DNA extracted from both viruses had a molecular weight of about 3.9 X 10(6) to 4.1 ZX 10(6) determined by neutral sedimentation and electron microscopy and an equivalent genome size determined by reassociation kinetics. About 87% of the DNA was homologous between the two viruses.", "PMID": 833929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_924", "title": "Polyamines contained by two densonucleosis viruses.", "content": "Densonucleosis viruses 1 and 2 both contain the three polyamines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine in complete virus particles but not in their respective top components. The polyamines, with spermidine predominant, comprise 1.41% of the virus particle by weight, which is sufficient to neutralize 26% of the single-stranded DNA contained within the particles.", "contents": "Polyamines contained by two densonucleosis viruses. Densonucleosis viruses 1 and 2 both contain the three polyamines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine in complete virus particles but not in their respective top components. The polyamines, with spermidine predominant, comprise 1.41% of the virus particle by weight, which is sufficient to neutralize 26% of the single-stranded DNA contained within the particles.", "PMID": 833930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_925", "title": "Polypeptides of respiratory syncytial virus.", "content": "Radiolabeled respiratory syncytial virus was purified from medium that had been harvested from infected HeLa cell monolayers before it contained much cellular debris. After isopycnic centrifugation in linear gradients prepared with sucrose dissolved in Hanks balanced salt solution, almost all the infectivity and most of the radioactivity were recovered in a single band with density from 1.16 to 1.23 g/cm3 and a peak at 1.2 g/cm3. Analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis resolved the purified virus into seven polypeptides of approximate molecular weights 20,000 to 80,000, of which the two largest and the smallest proved to by glycoproteins.", "contents": "Polypeptides of respiratory syncytial virus. Radiolabeled respiratory syncytial virus was purified from medium that had been harvested from infected HeLa cell monolayers before it contained much cellular debris. After isopycnic centrifugation in linear gradients prepared with sucrose dissolved in Hanks balanced salt solution, almost all the infectivity and most of the radioactivity were recovered in a single band with density from 1.16 to 1.23 g/cm3 and a peak at 1.2 g/cm3. Analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis resolved the purified virus into seven polypeptides of approximate molecular weights 20,000 to 80,000, of which the two largest and the smallest proved to by glycoproteins.", "PMID": 833931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_926", "title": "Complementation analysis of measles virus temperature-sensitive mutants.", "content": "Two sets of independently isolated measles virus temperature-sensitive mutants were quantitatively tested for complementation. Analysis of the nine possible combinations of representative mutants indicated that only one pair of mutants is noncomplementing. Thus, the measles virus mutants studied to date define five complementation groups.", "contents": "Complementation analysis of measles virus temperature-sensitive mutants. Two sets of independently isolated measles virus temperature-sensitive mutants were quantitatively tested for complementation. Analysis of the nine possible combinations of representative mutants indicated that only one pair of mutants is noncomplementing. Thus, the measles virus mutants studied to date define five complementation groups.", "PMID": 833932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_927", "title": "DNA synthesized in the hepatitis B Dane particle DNA polymerase reaction.", "content": "Radioactive DNA was prepared in extensive (4 h) Dane particle DNA polymerase reactions. In different experiments the amount of new DNA, determined by the amount of nucleotide incorporation into an acid-insoluble form, was between 29 and 45% of the total circular DNA isolated from Dane particle preparations after the reaction. DNA reassociation kinetics were used to determine the complexity of the newly synthesized DNA. In different experiments COt1/2 values, corresponding to between 625 and 1,250 nucleotide pairs, were obtained for the radioactive Dane particle DNA. These results suggest that a unique region (or regions), corresponsing to approximately one-fourth to one-half of the circular Dane particle DNA template, was copied one time during the reaction. DNA and RNA extracted from hepatitis B virus-infected liver but not from uninfected liver accelerated the rate of reassociation of radioactive DNA from Dane particles. These Dane particle DNA base sequences were found in alkali-stable, rapidly sedimenting DNA from infected liver as well as in DNA sedimenting at a rate similar to the DNA extracted from Dane particles. These findings are consistent with Dane particle DNA being hepatitis B virus DNA that is integrated into high-molecular-weight cellular DNA and transcribed into RNA in infected liver.", "contents": "DNA synthesized in the hepatitis B Dane particle DNA polymerase reaction. Radioactive DNA was prepared in extensive (4 h) Dane particle DNA polymerase reactions. In different experiments the amount of new DNA, determined by the amount of nucleotide incorporation into an acid-insoluble form, was between 29 and 45% of the total circular DNA isolated from Dane particle preparations after the reaction. DNA reassociation kinetics were used to determine the complexity of the newly synthesized DNA. In different experiments COt1/2 values, corresponding to between 625 and 1,250 nucleotide pairs, were obtained for the radioactive Dane particle DNA. These results suggest that a unique region (or regions), corresponsing to approximately one-fourth to one-half of the circular Dane particle DNA template, was copied one time during the reaction. DNA and RNA extracted from hepatitis B virus-infected liver but not from uninfected liver accelerated the rate of reassociation of radioactive DNA from Dane particles. These Dane particle DNA base sequences were found in alkali-stable, rapidly sedimenting DNA from infected liver as well as in DNA sedimenting at a rate similar to the DNA extracted from Dane particles. These findings are consistent with Dane particle DNA being hepatitis B virus DNA that is integrated into high-molecular-weight cellular DNA and transcribed into RNA in infected liver.", "PMID": 833933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_928", "title": "Synthesis of mRNA guanylyltransferase and mRNA methyltransferases in cells infected with vaccinia virus.", "content": "Guanylyltransferase and methyltransferases that modify the 5'-terminals of viral mRNA's to form the structures m7G(5')pppAm- and m7G(5')pppGm- appear to be synthesized afte- vaccinia virus infection of HeLa cells. Elevations in these enzyme activities were detected within 1 h after virus inoculation and increased 15- to 30-fold by 4 to 10 h. Increases in the guanylyl- and methyltransferase activities were prevented by cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, but not by cytosine arabinoside, an inhibitor of DNA synthesis. The latter results suggest that the mRNA guanylyl- and methyltransferases are \"early\" or prereplicative viral gene products. The guanylyltransferase and two methyltransferases, a guanine-7-methyltransferase and nucleoside-2'-methyltransferase, were isolated by column chromatography from infected cell extracts and found to have properties similar or identical to those of the corresponding enzyme previously isolated from vaccinia virus cores. In contrast, enzymes with these properties could not be isolated from uninfected cells.", "contents": "Synthesis of mRNA guanylyltransferase and mRNA methyltransferases in cells infected with vaccinia virus. Guanylyltransferase and methyltransferases that modify the 5'-terminals of viral mRNA's to form the structures m7G(5')pppAm- and m7G(5')pppGm- appear to be synthesized afte- vaccinia virus infection of HeLa cells. Elevations in these enzyme activities were detected within 1 h after virus inoculation and increased 15- to 30-fold by 4 to 10 h. Increases in the guanylyl- and methyltransferase activities were prevented by cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, but not by cytosine arabinoside, an inhibitor of DNA synthesis. The latter results suggest that the mRNA guanylyl- and methyltransferases are \"early\" or prereplicative viral gene products. The guanylyltransferase and two methyltransferases, a guanine-7-methyltransferase and nucleoside-2'-methyltransferase, were isolated by column chromatography from infected cell extracts and found to have properties similar or identical to those of the corresponding enzyme previously isolated from vaccinia virus cores. In contrast, enzymes with these properties could not be isolated from uninfected cells.", "PMID": 833934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_929", "title": "In vitro replication of tobacco mosaic virus RNA in tobacco callus cultures: solubilization of membrane-bound replicase and partial purification.", "content": "A fraction containing membrane-bound tobacco mosaic virus RNA replicase was isolated form tobacco mosaic virus-infected tobacco callus cultures. The replicase activity reached a maximum 60 h after inoculation and then declined. The enzyme activity was insensitive to actinomycin D and DNase. The corresponding fraction from healthy callus contained essentially no activity. The viral RNA synthesis in vitro proceeded linearly for 30 min and required the four nucleotide triphosphates and Mg2+ ions. Mn2+ was a poor substitute for Mg2+. During RNA synthesis the product was at least 70% resistant to RNase in 2X SSC (0.15 M NaCl plus 0.015 M sodium citrate), but completely digested by RNase in 0.1X SSC. Analysis of the product by polns) that appeared to be replicative form and a partially RNase-resistant structure similar to replicative intermediate form. Washing the membrane-bound replicase with Mg2+-deficient buffer solubilized enzyme. The solubulized enzyme was further purified by DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography. The DEAE-purified enzyme was nearly completely dependent upon tobacco mosaic virus RNA for activity. Analysis of the product on a sucrose gradient revealed a double-stranded RNA with sedimentation of 16S and smaller heterogeneous RNase-sensitive products.", "contents": "In vitro replication of tobacco mosaic virus RNA in tobacco callus cultures: solubilization of membrane-bound replicase and partial purification. A fraction containing membrane-bound tobacco mosaic virus RNA replicase was isolated form tobacco mosaic virus-infected tobacco callus cultures. The replicase activity reached a maximum 60 h after inoculation and then declined. The enzyme activity was insensitive to actinomycin D and DNase. The corresponding fraction from healthy callus contained essentially no activity. The viral RNA synthesis in vitro proceeded linearly for 30 min and required the four nucleotide triphosphates and Mg2+ ions. Mn2+ was a poor substitute for Mg2+. During RNA synthesis the product was at least 70% resistant to RNase in 2X SSC (0.15 M NaCl plus 0.015 M sodium citrate), but completely digested by RNase in 0.1X SSC. Analysis of the product by polns) that appeared to be replicative form and a partially RNase-resistant structure similar to replicative intermediate form. Washing the membrane-bound replicase with Mg2+-deficient buffer solubilized enzyme. The solubulized enzyme was further purified by DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography. The DEAE-purified enzyme was nearly completely dependent upon tobacco mosaic virus RNA for activity. Analysis of the product on a sucrose gradient revealed a double-stranded RNA with sedimentation of 16S and smaller heterogeneous RNase-sensitive products.", "PMID": 833935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_930", "title": "Functions of gene C and gene D products of bacteriophage phi X 174.", "content": "Phage-related materials existing in cells infected with various mutants of bacteriophage phi chi 174 were investigated. A novel species of replicative-form (RF) DNA was found in cells infected with a phage mutant of gene B, C, D, F, or G. This species, called RFI, sedimented at a position between RFI and RFII in a neutral sucrose gradient. It was converted to RFI upon denaturation in alkali, denaturation in formamide and subsequent renaturation, or RNase treatment at low ionic strength. In cells infected with a phage mutant of gene C, RFI was derived from pulse-labeled RFII after a short chase. TLLS INFECTED WITH A MUTANT OF GENE B, D, or F. A possible function of the C gene product of phi chi 174 could be to prevent the conversion of RFII to RFI, thereby maintaining the availability of RFII to act as the template for single-stranded viral DNA synthesis. A protein complex containing no DNA, which sedimented with an S value of 108 in a sucrose gradient and contained virion proteins F, G, and H, and nonvirion protein D, was found in cells infected with the gene C mutant. A possible function of protein D was considered as a scaffolding protein for assembly of phage structural proteins.", "contents": "Functions of gene C and gene D products of bacteriophage phi X 174. Phage-related materials existing in cells infected with various mutants of bacteriophage phi chi 174 were investigated. A novel species of replicative-form (RF) DNA was found in cells infected with a phage mutant of gene B, C, D, F, or G. This species, called RFI, sedimented at a position between RFI and RFII in a neutral sucrose gradient. It was converted to RFI upon denaturation in alkali, denaturation in formamide and subsequent renaturation, or RNase treatment at low ionic strength. In cells infected with a phage mutant of gene C, RFI was derived from pulse-labeled RFII after a short chase. TLLS INFECTED WITH A MUTANT OF GENE B, D, or F. A possible function of the C gene product of phi chi 174 could be to prevent the conversion of RFII to RFI, thereby maintaining the availability of RFII to act as the template for single-stranded viral DNA synthesis. A protein complex containing no DNA, which sedimented with an S value of 108 in a sucrose gradient and contained virion proteins F, G, and H, and nonvirion protein D, was found in cells infected with the gene C mutant. A possible function of protein D was considered as a scaffolding protein for assembly of phage structural proteins.", "PMID": 833936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_931", "title": "Use of specific radioactive probes to study transcription and replication of the influenza virus genome.", "content": "Specific radioactive probes have been obtained for both influenza virion RNA (vRNA) and for its complement (complementary RNA or cRNA): 32P-labeled complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesized with the avian sarcoma virus reverse transcriptase, and [125I]vRNA, respectively. From the kinetics of annealing of these two probes to RNA from canine kidney cells infected with the WSN strain of influenza virus, we have determined the average number of cRNA and vRNA sequences in the nucleus and cytoplasm as a function of time after infection. Immediately after infection, a small amount of vRNA is detected, presumably from the inoculum virus. As expected, the amount of cRNA is insignificant. During the first 1.75 h of infection, the most significant increase observed is in cRNA sequences. Most of these cRNA sequences are found in the cytoplasm, but a significant amount (30%) is found in the nucleus. During this time, a small but significant increase in vRNA is also detected in the nucleus and cytoplasm. From 1.75 to 2.75 h, the absolute amounts of both cRNA and vRNA increase, predominantly in the cytoplasm, with cRNA remaining as the majority species. Subsequently, the amount of vRNA increases with respect to cRNA and becomes the majority species. At 3.75 h, 95% of both cRNA and vRNA are found in the cytoplasm. Addition of actinomycin D at 1.75 h completely suppresses the subsequent ninefold increase in cRNA and does not have a significant effect on the subsequent 14-fold increase in cytoplasmic vRNA. This assay is also able to detect the cRNA produced as a result of primary transcription, operationally defined as the cRNA produced in the presence of 100 mug of cycloheximide per ml added at zero time of infection. Increases in cRNA in the presence of cycloheximide are detectable in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Addition of actinomycin D as well as cycloheximide at zero time completely suppresses the appearance of cRNA in the cytoplasm, whereas a large fraction (50%) of the increase in nuclear cRNA still occurs.", "contents": "Use of specific radioactive probes to study transcription and replication of the influenza virus genome. Specific radioactive probes have been obtained for both influenza virion RNA (vRNA) and for its complement (complementary RNA or cRNA): 32P-labeled complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesized with the avian sarcoma virus reverse transcriptase, and [125I]vRNA, respectively. From the kinetics of annealing of these two probes to RNA from canine kidney cells infected with the WSN strain of influenza virus, we have determined the average number of cRNA and vRNA sequences in the nucleus and cytoplasm as a function of time after infection. Immediately after infection, a small amount of vRNA is detected, presumably from the inoculum virus. As expected, the amount of cRNA is insignificant. During the first 1.75 h of infection, the most significant increase observed is in cRNA sequences. Most of these cRNA sequences are found in the cytoplasm, but a significant amount (30%) is found in the nucleus. During this time, a small but significant increase in vRNA is also detected in the nucleus and cytoplasm. From 1.75 to 2.75 h, the absolute amounts of both cRNA and vRNA increase, predominantly in the cytoplasm, with cRNA remaining as the majority species. Subsequently, the amount of vRNA increases with respect to cRNA and becomes the majority species. At 3.75 h, 95% of both cRNA and vRNA are found in the cytoplasm. Addition of actinomycin D at 1.75 h completely suppresses the subsequent ninefold increase in cRNA and does not have a significant effect on the subsequent 14-fold increase in cytoplasmic vRNA. This assay is also able to detect the cRNA produced as a result of primary transcription, operationally defined as the cRNA produced in the presence of 100 mug of cycloheximide per ml added at zero time of infection. Increases in cRNA in the presence of cycloheximide are detectable in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Addition of actinomycin D as well as cycloheximide at zero time completely suppresses the appearance of cRNA in the cytoplasm, whereas a large fraction (50%) of the increase in nuclear cRNA still occurs.", "PMID": 833937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_932", "title": "Free and membrane-bound polyribosomes in BHK cells infected with Sindbis virus.", "content": "The data presented in the paper demonstrate that in BHK cells infected with Sindbis virus virtually all the 42S mRNA not in nucleocapsid is associated with free polyribosomes, whereas the 26S mRNA is distributed between free and membrane-bound polyribosomes. We suggest that the 26S RNA polyribosomes are bound to the membranes through the nascent chains of the B1 protein and that a large percentage of 26S RNA polyribosomes free in the cytoplasm may be due to the small amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum in BHK cells. In addition, we found that intracellular nucleocapsid is in the nonmembrane fraction of the cytoplasm of infected cells.", "contents": "Free and membrane-bound polyribosomes in BHK cells infected with Sindbis virus. The data presented in the paper demonstrate that in BHK cells infected with Sindbis virus virtually all the 42S mRNA not in nucleocapsid is associated with free polyribosomes, whereas the 26S mRNA is distributed between free and membrane-bound polyribosomes. We suggest that the 26S RNA polyribosomes are bound to the membranes through the nascent chains of the B1 protein and that a large percentage of 26S RNA polyribosomes free in the cytoplasm may be due to the small amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum in BHK cells. In addition, we found that intracellular nucleocapsid is in the nonmembrane fraction of the cytoplasm of infected cells.", "PMID": 833938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_933", "title": "Suppressors of gene 32 am mutants that specifically overproduce P32 (unwinding protein) in bacteriophage T4.", "content": "A gene 32 amber (am) mutant, amNG364, fails to grow on Escherichia coli Su3+ high temperatures, suggesting that the tyrosine residue inserted at the am codon by Su3+ leads to a temperature-sensitive gene 32 protein (P32). By plating amNG364 on E. coli Su3+ 45 degrees C, several pseudorevertants were found that proved to contain a suppressor (su) mutant in addition to the original am mutation. Crosses of two of these amNG364su strains to am+ phage indicated that the suppressors themselves are in or close to gene 32. Phage strains carrying either of the two su mutations, without amNG364, grew normally. When cells were infected by these su mutants and the proteins produced were examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophroesis, specific overproduction of P32 was found. Maximum overproduction compared to am+ phage was 6.6-fold for one su mutant and 2.4-fold for the other. Other proteins were produced in normal amounts and in normal time sequence. When amNG364su phage were allowed to infect E. coli S/6/5(Su-), the gene 32 am fragments produced were present at the same derepressed levels as in an infection by amNG364 without a suppressor. The suppressor mutations are interpreted as causing derepression of P32 by altering sites in this autogenously regulated protein involved in template recognition. Previously, specific derepression of gene 32 had only been shown using gene 32 conditional lethal mutants grown under restrictive conditions. We have shown that P32 can also be derepressed under permissive conditions, indicating that loss of P32 function is not necessary for specific derepression.", "contents": "Suppressors of gene 32 am mutants that specifically overproduce P32 (unwinding protein) in bacteriophage T4. A gene 32 amber (am) mutant, amNG364, fails to grow on Escherichia coli Su3+ high temperatures, suggesting that the tyrosine residue inserted at the am codon by Su3+ leads to a temperature-sensitive gene 32 protein (P32). By plating amNG364 on E. coli Su3+ 45 degrees C, several pseudorevertants were found that proved to contain a suppressor (su) mutant in addition to the original am mutation. Crosses of two of these amNG364su strains to am+ phage indicated that the suppressors themselves are in or close to gene 32. Phage strains carrying either of the two su mutations, without amNG364, grew normally. When cells were infected by these su mutants and the proteins produced were examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophroesis, specific overproduction of P32 was found. Maximum overproduction compared to am+ phage was 6.6-fold for one su mutant and 2.4-fold for the other. Other proteins were produced in normal amounts and in normal time sequence. When amNG364su phage were allowed to infect E. coli S/6/5(Su-), the gene 32 am fragments produced were present at the same derepressed levels as in an infection by amNG364 without a suppressor. The suppressor mutations are interpreted as causing derepression of P32 by altering sites in this autogenously regulated protein involved in template recognition. Previously, specific derepression of gene 32 had only been shown using gene 32 conditional lethal mutants grown under restrictive conditions. We have shown that P32 can also be derepressed under permissive conditions, indicating that loss of P32 function is not necessary for specific derepression.", "PMID": 833939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_934", "title": "Induction and biological properties of defective interfering particles of rabies virus.", "content": "A method for obtaining large quantities of defective interfering (DI) rabies virus particles that fulfill all the criteria delineated by Huang and Baltimore (1970) is described. The purified rabies DI virion was found to be much shorter (60 to 80 nm) than the complete virion (180 nm) and to have a viral genome of about half the size of normal rabies RNA but with all of the structural proteins of standard virions. Rabies DI virions were noninfectious for both cells in culture and for animals. As determined by in vitro and in vivo techniques, interference with the replication of standard virus was specific to rabies virus. The possible role of rabies DI virion in the pathogenicity of rabies virus infection and in the establishment of attenuated strains for use as live rabies vaccines is discussed.", "contents": "Induction and biological properties of defective interfering particles of rabies virus. A method for obtaining large quantities of defective interfering (DI) rabies virus particles that fulfill all the criteria delineated by Huang and Baltimore (1970) is described. The purified rabies DI virion was found to be much shorter (60 to 80 nm) than the complete virion (180 nm) and to have a viral genome of about half the size of normal rabies RNA but with all of the structural proteins of standard virions. Rabies DI virions were noninfectious for both cells in culture and for animals. As determined by in vitro and in vivo techniques, interference with the replication of standard virus was specific to rabies virus. The possible role of rabies DI virion in the pathogenicity of rabies virus infection and in the establishment of attenuated strains for use as live rabies vaccines is discussed.", "PMID": 833940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_935", "title": "Structural components of influenza C virions.", "content": "The genome RNA species of influenza type C virions were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The pattern obtained was found to resemble those of other influenza viruses. Six RNA species were resolved, with estimated sizes ranging from 0.37 X 10(6) to 1.25 X 10(6) daltons. The internal ribonucleoproteins of influenza C virions were found to sediment heterogeneously in glycerol velocity gradients as demonstrated previously with influenza A/WSN virus. The ribonucleoproteins possessed diameters of 12 to 15 nm, with lengths ranging from 30 to 100 nm. Of the three major virion polypeptides (molecular weights, 88,000, 66,000, and 26,000), only the largest is glycosylated. Similar polypeptide species were present in influenza C virions of five different strains. All three major proteins of influenza C virions possess electrophoretic mobilities distinguishable from those of the major polypeptides of influenza A/WSN. The 66,000-dalton protein is associated with the ribonucleoprotein components. Two additional glycosylated polypeptides, with estimated molecular weights of 65,000 and 30,000, were detected in virions grown in embryonated eggs, but not in virus particles obtained from chicken embryo fibroblasts.", "contents": "Structural components of influenza C virions. The genome RNA species of influenza type C virions were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The pattern obtained was found to resemble those of other influenza viruses. Six RNA species were resolved, with estimated sizes ranging from 0.37 X 10(6) to 1.25 X 10(6) daltons. The internal ribonucleoproteins of influenza C virions were found to sediment heterogeneously in glycerol velocity gradients as demonstrated previously with influenza A/WSN virus. The ribonucleoproteins possessed diameters of 12 to 15 nm, with lengths ranging from 30 to 100 nm. Of the three major virion polypeptides (molecular weights, 88,000, 66,000, and 26,000), only the largest is glycosylated. Similar polypeptide species were present in influenza C virions of five different strains. All three major proteins of influenza C virions possess electrophoretic mobilities distinguishable from those of the major polypeptides of influenza A/WSN. The 66,000-dalton protein is associated with the ribonucleoprotein components. Two additional glycosylated polypeptides, with estimated molecular weights of 65,000 and 30,000, were detected in virions grown in embryonated eggs, but not in virus particles obtained from chicken embryo fibroblasts.", "PMID": 833941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_936", "title": "Structure of hepatitis B Dane particle DNA before and after the Dane particle DNA polymerase reaction.", "content": "DNA isolated from the hepatitis B antigen form known as the Dane particle was examined by electron microscopy before and after the endogenous Dane particle DNA polymerase reaction. The most frequently occurring form was an untwisted circular double-stranded DNA molecule approximately 1 mum in length. Less frequently occurring forms included circular DNA of approximately unit length and having one or more small single-stranded regions, similar circular molecules with one or more tails either shorter or longer than 1 mum in length, and very small circular molecules with tails. There was no increase in frequency or length of tails after a DNA polymerase reaction, suggesting that tails were not formed during this reaction. The mean length of circular molecules increased by 23% when DNA was spread in formamide compared with aqueous spreading, suggesting that single-stranded regions are present in most of the molecules. The mean length of circular molecules obtained from aqueous spreading increased by 27% after a Dane particle DNA polymerase reaction. This indicates that single-stranded regions were converted to double-stranded DNA during the reaction.", "contents": "Structure of hepatitis B Dane particle DNA before and after the Dane particle DNA polymerase reaction. DNA isolated from the hepatitis B antigen form known as the Dane particle was examined by electron microscopy before and after the endogenous Dane particle DNA polymerase reaction. The most frequently occurring form was an untwisted circular double-stranded DNA molecule approximately 1 mum in length. Less frequently occurring forms included circular DNA of approximately unit length and having one or more small single-stranded regions, similar circular molecules with one or more tails either shorter or longer than 1 mum in length, and very small circular molecules with tails. There was no increase in frequency or length of tails after a DNA polymerase reaction, suggesting that tails were not formed during this reaction. The mean length of circular molecules increased by 23% when DNA was spread in formamide compared with aqueous spreading, suggesting that single-stranded regions are present in most of the molecules. The mean length of circular molecules obtained from aqueous spreading increased by 27% after a Dane particle DNA polymerase reaction. This indicates that single-stranded regions were converted to double-stranded DNA during the reaction.", "PMID": 833942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_937", "title": "Identification of the site of interruption in relaxed circles producing during bacteriophage lambda DNA circle replication.", "content": "The DNA that accumulates in the lambda infection restricted to the early (circular) stage of replication consists of approximately two-thirds covalently closed circles and one-third relaxed circles bearing a single interruption in either strand of the duplex. The latter molecules are presumed to be a unique class in that the interruption is not repairable by DNA polymerase and ligase. Preferential radioisotopic labeling of the region immediately adjacent to the interruption, followed by hybridization to sheared fragments of the lambda chromosome with varying guanine plus cytosine content, suggested that the nick resides at the position of the mature molecular ends of the lambda chromosome. Digestion of the labeled molecules with restriction enzymes and reconstruction experiments in which Hershey circles were generated by annealing of interrupted strands isolated from the relaxed circles support this interpretation. The results indicate that the relaxed circles consist of a population containing one interruption in either of the two strands of the duplex jointly representing the two \"nicks\" contained in Hershey circles (in which the cohesive ends are annealed). These molecules could result from the inability of the maturation function to make the required staggered endonucleolytic cuts when the DNA substrate is a monomeric circle rather than a multimeric linear molecule. Alternatively, this interruption could be the result of an endonucleolytic cutting event critical to DNA replication.", "contents": "Identification of the site of interruption in relaxed circles producing during bacteriophage lambda DNA circle replication. The DNA that accumulates in the lambda infection restricted to the early (circular) stage of replication consists of approximately two-thirds covalently closed circles and one-third relaxed circles bearing a single interruption in either strand of the duplex. The latter molecules are presumed to be a unique class in that the interruption is not repairable by DNA polymerase and ligase. Preferential radioisotopic labeling of the region immediately adjacent to the interruption, followed by hybridization to sheared fragments of the lambda chromosome with varying guanine plus cytosine content, suggested that the nick resides at the position of the mature molecular ends of the lambda chromosome. Digestion of the labeled molecules with restriction enzymes and reconstruction experiments in which Hershey circles were generated by annealing of interrupted strands isolated from the relaxed circles support this interpretation. The results indicate that the relaxed circles consist of a population containing one interruption in either of the two strands of the duplex jointly representing the two \"nicks\" contained in Hershey circles (in which the cohesive ends are annealed). These molecules could result from the inability of the maturation function to make the required staggered endonucleolytic cuts when the DNA substrate is a monomeric circle rather than a multimeric linear molecule. Alternatively, this interruption could be the result of an endonucleolytic cutting event critical to DNA replication.", "PMID": 833943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_938", "title": "Replication process of the parvovirus H-1. VII. Electron microscopy of replicative-form DNA synthesis.", "content": "The geometry of replicative form (RF) DNA synthesis of the H-1 parvovirus was studied with the electron microscope using formamide or aqueous variations of the Kleinschmidt spreading procedure. H-1 DNA was isolated from human or hamster cells infected with a temperature-sensitive mutant, ts1, which is deficient in progeny single-stranded DNA synthesis at the restrictive temperature (S.L. Rhode, 1976), thus minimizing possible confusion between RF and progeny DNA replicative intermediates (RIs). The purity of the isolated H-1 DNA, as determined by gel electrophoresis, ethidium bromide staining, autoadiography, and digestion with endo R-EcoRI, was high. H-1 RF DNA'S WERE LINEAR DOUBLE-STRANDED MOLECULES, 1.53 MUM IN LENGTH. H-1 RIs of RF DNA replication were double-stranded, Y-shaped molecules, with the same length as RF DNAs. The replication origin was localized no more than 0.15 genome lengths from one end of the RF DNA, with replication proceeding toward the other end at a uniform rate. Similar RF and RI molecules of dimer size were also observed. The length of H-1 single-stranded DNA extracted from purified virions was measured relative to that of phiX174 and it had a very similar contour length, so that the molecular weight of H-1 single-stranded DNA would be at least 1.48 X 10(6) to 1.59 X 10(6) (Berkowitz and Day, 1974).", "contents": "Replication process of the parvovirus H-1. VII. Electron microscopy of replicative-form DNA synthesis. The geometry of replicative form (RF) DNA synthesis of the H-1 parvovirus was studied with the electron microscope using formamide or aqueous variations of the Kleinschmidt spreading procedure. H-1 DNA was isolated from human or hamster cells infected with a temperature-sensitive mutant, ts1, which is deficient in progeny single-stranded DNA synthesis at the restrictive temperature (S.L. Rhode, 1976), thus minimizing possible confusion between RF and progeny DNA replicative intermediates (RIs). The purity of the isolated H-1 DNA, as determined by gel electrophoresis, ethidium bromide staining, autoadiography, and digestion with endo R-EcoRI, was high. H-1 RF DNA'S WERE LINEAR DOUBLE-STRANDED MOLECULES, 1.53 MUM IN LENGTH. H-1 RIs of RF DNA replication were double-stranded, Y-shaped molecules, with the same length as RF DNAs. The replication origin was localized no more than 0.15 genome lengths from one end of the RF DNA, with replication proceeding toward the other end at a uniform rate. Similar RF and RI molecules of dimer size were also observed. The length of H-1 single-stranded DNA extracted from purified virions was measured relative to that of phiX174 and it had a very similar contour length, so that the molecular weight of H-1 single-stranded DNA would be at least 1.48 X 10(6) to 1.59 X 10(6) (Berkowitz and Day, 1974).", "PMID": 833944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_939", "title": "Replication process of the parvovirus H-1. VIII. Partial denaturation mapping and localization of the replication origin of H-1 replicative-form DNA with electron microscopy.", "content": "Partial denaturation mapping, restriction endonuclease digestion, and electron microscopy were used to determine which end of the linear duplex replicative-form (RF) DNA molecule contains the origin of RF replication for the parvovirus H-1. This origin was localized within approximately 300 base pairs of the arbitrarily designated right end of the RF DNA, in the EcoRI or HaeII-A fragment. Based on denaturation behavior in formamide, the right end was also found to have a relatively high guanine plus cytosine content, whereas the region adjacent to the left terminus of the RF DNA molecule was adenine plus thymine rich.", "contents": "Replication process of the parvovirus H-1. VIII. Partial denaturation mapping and localization of the replication origin of H-1 replicative-form DNA with electron microscopy. Partial denaturation mapping, restriction endonuclease digestion, and electron microscopy were used to determine which end of the linear duplex replicative-form (RF) DNA molecule contains the origin of RF replication for the parvovirus H-1. This origin was localized within approximately 300 base pairs of the arbitrarily designated right end of the RF DNA, in the EcoRI or HaeII-A fragment. Based on denaturation behavior in formamide, the right end was also found to have a relatively high guanine plus cytosine content, whereas the region adjacent to the left terminus of the RF DNA molecule was adenine plus thymine rich.", "PMID": 833945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_940", "title": "T7- and T3-specific RNA polymerases: characterization and mapping of the in vitro transcripts read from T3 DNA.", "content": "The late genetic region of the T3 bacteriophage genome is transcribed by a phage-specified RNA polymerase, the product of T3 gene 1. In vitro, purified T3 RNA polymerase acting with T3 DNA template synthesizes six major RNA products, with molecular weights of 5.5 X 10(6), 4.2 X 10(6), 1.7 X 10(6), 0.87 X 10(6), 0.52 X 10(6), and 0.23 X 10(6). These are designated T3 RNA species I through VI, respectively. These RNAs are formed in equimolar amounts, with the exception of T3 species V, which is made in approximately twice this amount. T3 RNA species I, II, and VI have been mapped by the use of terminally deleted templates and are found to originate from promoters located at 56, 67, and 98% genome length, respectively, and to share a common terminator at approximately 100%. T3 species III, IV, and V must originate from the class III region of the T3 genome between 37.5 and 56%. Although the pattern of transcription by T3 RNA polymerase in vitro closely resembles that of the RNA polymerase from the related phage T7, neither polymerase is able to use major promoter sites for the other enzyme at an appreciable rate.", "contents": "T7- and T3-specific RNA polymerases: characterization and mapping of the in vitro transcripts read from T3 DNA. The late genetic region of the T3 bacteriophage genome is transcribed by a phage-specified RNA polymerase, the product of T3 gene 1. In vitro, purified T3 RNA polymerase acting with T3 DNA template synthesizes six major RNA products, with molecular weights of 5.5 X 10(6), 4.2 X 10(6), 1.7 X 10(6), 0.87 X 10(6), 0.52 X 10(6), and 0.23 X 10(6). These are designated T3 RNA species I through VI, respectively. These RNAs are formed in equimolar amounts, with the exception of T3 species V, which is made in approximately twice this amount. T3 RNA species I, II, and VI have been mapped by the use of terminally deleted templates and are found to originate from promoters located at 56, 67, and 98% genome length, respectively, and to share a common terminator at approximately 100%. T3 species III, IV, and V must originate from the class III region of the T3 genome between 37.5 and 56%. Although the pattern of transcription by T3 RNA polymerase in vitro closely resembles that of the RNA polymerase from the related phage T7, neither polymerase is able to use major promoter sites for the other enzyme at an appreciable rate.", "PMID": 833946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_941", "title": "Isolation of recombinants between T7 and T3 bacteriophages and their use in vitro transcriptional mapping.", "content": "A variety of T3 X T7 recombinants were isolated from crosses between T3 and T7 parental phages carrying amber markers in various genes (gene 1 to gene 19). The genetic constitution of these recombinants was determined by reference to the selected markers and also directly by analysis of the proteins translated from the T3 X T7 recombinants in vivo. Although T3 and TM phages are closely related, most T3 and T7 proteins differ slightly in size, and hence the genetic origin of a gene can be determined by protein analysis. The major transcripts read by T3 and T7 RNA polymerases from T3 X T7 recombinant phage DNAs vary, depending on which regions of the T3 or T7 chromosome are present. T7 RNA polymerase is unable to utilize major promoter sites employed by T3 polymerase at an appreciable rate, and the converse is also true. Hence the transcriptional pattern for a recombinant phage DNA obtained with the T3 or T7 polymerase allows a determination of the identity of the different promoter sites on the genome. The transcriptional analysis of T3 X T7 recombinant DNAs together with earlier observations has been used to map the promoter sites for five out of seven major T3 and T7 RNA species on the genetic maps of T3 and T7. The promoter sites for the T7 and T3 RNA species IIIa, IV, and V originate at the beginning of genes 7, 9, and 10, respectively; the promoter sites for the T7 and T3 RNA species I and II are located to the left of gene 11 and gene 13, respectively. No T3 X T7 recombinants were found for which the specificity of the phage RNA polymerase was not correlated with the corresponding promoter sites for species IIIa and I (the transcription of which covers 60% of the genome). That means that the RNA polymerase specified by the recombinant genome is able to read all of the information encoded in sequences read normally from major promoters by the enzyme on the wild-type phage genome. This suggests that the in vitro specificity for promoter site selection by the phage polymerases is also maintained in vivo.", "contents": "Isolation of recombinants between T7 and T3 bacteriophages and their use in vitro transcriptional mapping. A variety of T3 X T7 recombinants were isolated from crosses between T3 and T7 parental phages carrying amber markers in various genes (gene 1 to gene 19). The genetic constitution of these recombinants was determined by reference to the selected markers and also directly by analysis of the proteins translated from the T3 X T7 recombinants in vivo. Although T3 and TM phages are closely related, most T3 and T7 proteins differ slightly in size, and hence the genetic origin of a gene can be determined by protein analysis. The major transcripts read by T3 and T7 RNA polymerases from T3 X T7 recombinant phage DNAs vary, depending on which regions of the T3 or T7 chromosome are present. T7 RNA polymerase is unable to utilize major promoter sites employed by T3 polymerase at an appreciable rate, and the converse is also true. Hence the transcriptional pattern for a recombinant phage DNA obtained with the T3 or T7 polymerase allows a determination of the identity of the different promoter sites on the genome. The transcriptional analysis of T3 X T7 recombinant DNAs together with earlier observations has been used to map the promoter sites for five out of seven major T3 and T7 RNA species on the genetic maps of T3 and T7. The promoter sites for the T7 and T3 RNA species IIIa, IV, and V originate at the beginning of genes 7, 9, and 10, respectively; the promoter sites for the T7 and T3 RNA species I and II are located to the left of gene 11 and gene 13, respectively. No T3 X T7 recombinants were found for which the specificity of the phage RNA polymerase was not correlated with the corresponding promoter sites for species IIIa and I (the transcription of which covers 60% of the genome). That means that the RNA polymerase specified by the recombinant genome is able to read all of the information encoded in sequences read normally from major promoters by the enzyme on the wild-type phage genome. This suggests that the in vitro specificity for promoter site selection by the phage polymerases is also maintained in vivo.", "PMID": 833947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_942", "title": "Structure of the inverted terminal repetition of adenovirus type 2 DNA.", "content": "Several secondary structure features involving the ends of single strands of adenovirus type 2 DNA have been studied by electron microscopy by both the gene 32-ethidium bromide technique and a modification of the standard formamide-cytochrome c technique. A duplex stem of length 115 +/- 10 nucleotide pairs due to pairing between the two members of the inverted terminal repetition is observed in the single-stranded circles that form upon annealing single-stranded linear molecules. This duplex stem is shown to lie at the ends of the DNA by using several reference markers: (i) a newly discovered secondary structure feature (a loop of length ca. 500 nucleotides with a 20-nucleotide pair duplex stem) that maps 73% of the full length from the left end of the molecule and (ii) a duplex region due to a hybridized restriction fragment. There is also some secondary structure within each end of linear single strands. There is some variation in the morphology of the end strucures, and we propose that these involve base pairing, as in a tRNA clover leaf, rather than an exact single hairpin-type inverted repeat. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that there is a foldback structure at the 3' ends of the DNA that functions as a primer for the initiation of replication.", "contents": "Structure of the inverted terminal repetition of adenovirus type 2 DNA. Several secondary structure features involving the ends of single strands of adenovirus type 2 DNA have been studied by electron microscopy by both the gene 32-ethidium bromide technique and a modification of the standard formamide-cytochrome c technique. A duplex stem of length 115 +/- 10 nucleotide pairs due to pairing between the two members of the inverted terminal repetition is observed in the single-stranded circles that form upon annealing single-stranded linear molecules. This duplex stem is shown to lie at the ends of the DNA by using several reference markers: (i) a newly discovered secondary structure feature (a loop of length ca. 500 nucleotides with a 20-nucleotide pair duplex stem) that maps 73% of the full length from the left end of the molecule and (ii) a duplex region due to a hybridized restriction fragment. There is also some secondary structure within each end of linear single strands. There is some variation in the morphology of the end strucures, and we propose that these involve base pairing, as in a tRNA clover leaf, rather than an exact single hairpin-type inverted repeat. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that there is a foldback structure at the 3' ends of the DNA that functions as a primer for the initiation of replication.", "PMID": 833948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_943", "title": "Interaction of Sindbis virus glycoproteins during morphogenesis.", "content": "In cells infected with the Sindbis temperature-sensitive mutants ts-23 and ts-10 (complementation group D), which contain a defect in the envelope glycoprotein E1, the precursor polypeptide PE2 is not cleaved to the envelope glycoprotein E2 at the nonpermissive temperature. This defect is phenotypically identical to the defect observed in the complementation group E mutant, ts-20. The lesion in ts-23 is reversible upon shift to permissive temperature, whereas that of ts-10 is not. Antiserum against whole virus, E1, or E2 also prevents the cleavage of PE2 in cells infected with wild-type Sindbis virus. Because the cleavage of PE2 is inhibited by the lesion in mutants that are genotypically distinct and by anti-E1 or -E2 serum, it appears that PE2 and E1 exist as a complex in the membrane of the infected cell.", "contents": "Interaction of Sindbis virus glycoproteins during morphogenesis. In cells infected with the Sindbis temperature-sensitive mutants ts-23 and ts-10 (complementation group D), which contain a defect in the envelope glycoprotein E1, the precursor polypeptide PE2 is not cleaved to the envelope glycoprotein E2 at the nonpermissive temperature. This defect is phenotypically identical to the defect observed in the complementation group E mutant, ts-20. The lesion in ts-23 is reversible upon shift to permissive temperature, whereas that of ts-10 is not. Antiserum against whole virus, E1, or E2 also prevents the cleavage of PE2 in cells infected with wild-type Sindbis virus. Because the cleavage of PE2 is inhibited by the lesion in mutants that are genotypically distinct and by anti-E1 or -E2 serum, it appears that PE2 and E1 exist as a complex in the membrane of the infected cell.", "PMID": 833949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_944", "title": "Rifampin and vaccinia DNA.", "content": "The effect of rifampin on the replication of vaccinia DNA was studied in mouse L cells by a cytochemical techinque and by alkaline sucrose sedimentation analysis of newly synthesized viral DNA molecules. By the use of a fluorescent DNA-binding compound (Hoechst 33258), the sequential appearance, size, and location of the viral \"factories\" in rifampin-treated, virus-infected cells were found to be indistinguishable from those observed in untreated, infected cells. Sedimentation analysis in alkaline scurose gradients of the viral DNA molecules labeled in pulse-chase experiments showed that formation of small fragments, elongation into \"intermediate\"-sized molecules, and maturation into full-length viral DNA and, finally, into cross-linked viral DNA molecules occurred in the absence or presence of rifampin. The results support the view that the primary effect of the drug is related to assembly or morphogenesis.", "contents": "Rifampin and vaccinia DNA. The effect of rifampin on the replication of vaccinia DNA was studied in mouse L cells by a cytochemical techinque and by alkaline sucrose sedimentation analysis of newly synthesized viral DNA molecules. By the use of a fluorescent DNA-binding compound (Hoechst 33258), the sequential appearance, size, and location of the viral \"factories\" in rifampin-treated, virus-infected cells were found to be indistinguishable from those observed in untreated, infected cells. Sedimentation analysis in alkaline scurose gradients of the viral DNA molecules labeled in pulse-chase experiments showed that formation of small fragments, elongation into \"intermediate\"-sized molecules, and maturation into full-length viral DNA and, finally, into cross-linked viral DNA molecules occurred in the absence or presence of rifampin. The results support the view that the primary effect of the drug is related to assembly or morphogenesis.", "PMID": 833950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_945", "title": "Gene A protein of bacteriophage S13 is required for singel-stranded DNA synthesis.", "content": "The product of gene A of the small icosahedral DNA phage S13 has been found to be needed for single-stranded DNA synthesis in vivo in addition to its previously known role in progeny replicative-form DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Gene A protein of bacteriophage S13 is required for singel-stranded DNA synthesis. The product of gene A of the small icosahedral DNA phage S13 has been found to be needed for single-stranded DNA synthesis in vivo in addition to its previously known role in progeny replicative-form DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 833951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_946", "title": "Renal changes in primary aldosteronism.", "content": "The clinical presentations and renal biopsy specimens of 18 patients with primary aldosteronism were reviewed to determine the characteristic pathologic features of the kidney in this syndrome. All patients were hypertensive with a mean blood pressure of 192 nm. Hg systolic and 122 mm. Hg diastolic. The average duration of hypertension was 6.88 years. The mean serum potassium was 2.88 mEq. per l. and the mean plasma carbon dioxide was 31.4 mEq. per l. A significant history of urinary tract disease was noted in 8 patients. Laboratory and diagnostic studies evaluating renal structure and function were abnormal in 11 patients. Renal biopsies from all 18 individuals showed evidence of parenchymal damage. Hypertensive and hypokalemic changes were the most significant abnormalities and were considered moderate to severe in 78 and 89 per cent of the patients, respectively. Histologic evidence of pyelonephritis was noted in 2 patients only and no renal specimens contained characteristic changes of metabolic alkalosis. The preoperatively hypertensive and renal evaluations did not reflect the severity of the renal changes noted histologically. The extent of renal injury caused by hypertension and hypokalemia in these patients emphasizes the consequences of primary aldosteronism. Early diagnosis  and treatment of this disorder are essential if these consequences are to be avoided.", "contents": "Renal changes in primary aldosteronism. The clinical presentations and renal biopsy specimens of 18 patients with primary aldosteronism were reviewed to determine the characteristic pathologic features of the kidney in this syndrome. All patients were hypertensive with a mean blood pressure of 192 nm. Hg systolic and 122 mm. Hg diastolic. The average duration of hypertension was 6.88 years. The mean serum potassium was 2.88 mEq. per l. and the mean plasma carbon dioxide was 31.4 mEq. per l. A significant history of urinary tract disease was noted in 8 patients. Laboratory and diagnostic studies evaluating renal structure and function were abnormal in 11 patients. Renal biopsies from all 18 individuals showed evidence of parenchymal damage. Hypertensive and hypokalemic changes were the most significant abnormalities and were considered moderate to severe in 78 and 89 per cent of the patients, respectively. Histologic evidence of pyelonephritis was noted in 2 patients only and no renal specimens contained characteristic changes of metabolic alkalosis. The preoperatively hypertensive and renal evaluations did not reflect the severity of the renal changes noted histologically. The extent of renal injury caused by hypertension and hypokalemia in these patients emphasizes the consequences of primary aldosteronism. Early diagnosis  and treatment of this disorder are essential if these consequences are to be avoided.", "PMID": 833953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_947", "title": "Improved diagnostic accuracy of renal venous renin ratios with stimulation of renin release.", "content": "Fifty patients who underwent renal angiography and bilateral renal venous determinations had reconstructive or ablative surgery. The importance of stimulating renin release was underlined in 11 patients who attained a renal venous ratio greater than 1.5 to 1 only after being in an upright posture and in 5 who were studied with and without salt depletion. A protocol designed to suppress or stimulate peripheral plasma renin activity was followed in 19 patients. Stimulated peripheral plasma renin activity was not useful in identifying hypertension of renovascular origin but 10 of 12 patients whose plasma renin activity was not suppressed normally were improved by an operation. Satisfactory surgical responses were obtained in 81 per cent of the patients with unilateral and 91 per cent with bilateral atherosclerosis, and 88 per cent with unilateral and 60 per cent with bilateral fibromuscular hyperplasia. Our observations indicate that renal artery stenosis can be identified consistently only by angiography. A stimulated renal venous renin rate of 1.5 to 1 appears to have the best predictive value in surgical control of renovascular hypertension.", "contents": "Improved diagnostic accuracy of renal venous renin ratios with stimulation of renin release. Fifty patients who underwent renal angiography and bilateral renal venous determinations had reconstructive or ablative surgery. The importance of stimulating renin release was underlined in 11 patients who attained a renal venous ratio greater than 1.5 to 1 only after being in an upright posture and in 5 who were studied with and without salt depletion. A protocol designed to suppress or stimulate peripheral plasma renin activity was followed in 19 patients. Stimulated peripheral plasma renin activity was not useful in identifying hypertension of renovascular origin but 10 of 12 patients whose plasma renin activity was not suppressed normally were improved by an operation. Satisfactory surgical responses were obtained in 81 per cent of the patients with unilateral and 91 per cent with bilateral atherosclerosis, and 88 per cent with unilateral and 60 per cent with bilateral fibromuscular hyperplasia. Our observations indicate that renal artery stenosis can be identified consistently only by angiography. A stimulated renal venous renin rate of 1.5 to 1 appears to have the best predictive value in surgical control of renovascular hypertension.", "PMID": 833954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_948", "title": "Yo-yo renal pelvis: an unusual cause of flank pain.", "content": "Herein we describe 2 patients in whom a bifid renal pelvis was associated with peristaltic dysfunction and pyelopelvic reflux, causing pyelocaliectasis and flank pain. The patients were improved with pyelopyelostomy. Previous explanations for the yo-yo phenomenon have indicated that there is functional obstruction because of a higher resting pressure in the common stem. The asynchronous peristaltic waves a coincident with a relatively low pressure in the oal fold that acted as a baffle to direct the flow of urine from the lower segment of the bifid pelvis down the ureter. This baffle favored reflux into the upper segment.", "contents": "Yo-yo renal pelvis: an unusual cause of flank pain. Herein we describe 2 patients in whom a bifid renal pelvis was associated with peristaltic dysfunction and pyelopelvic reflux, causing pyelocaliectasis and flank pain. The patients were improved with pyelopyelostomy. Previous explanations for the yo-yo phenomenon have indicated that there is functional obstruction because of a higher resting pressure in the common stem. The asynchronous peristaltic waves a coincident with a relatively low pressure in the oal fold that acted as a baffle to direct the flow of urine from the lower segment of the bifid pelvis down the ureter. This baffle favored reflux into the upper segment.", "PMID": 833955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_949", "title": "The short ileal conduit: rationale and description of a technique.", "content": "Although selection of a short ileal segment in the formation of an ileal conduit usually is recommended it is apparent that a truly short conduit is not used often. Therefore, a technique for the construction of a short ileal conduit is presented. It is suggested that many reported series of ileal diversions with subsequent renal deterioration may have used long ileal segments and consequently, may not be valid. Prospective series with short ileal segments seem necessary prior to the complete abandonment of the now widely used procedure of ileal conduit diversion.", "contents": "The short ileal conduit: rationale and description of a technique. Although selection of a short ileal segment in the formation of an ileal conduit usually is recommended it is apparent that a truly short conduit is not used often. Therefore, a technique for the construction of a short ileal conduit is presented. It is suggested that many reported series of ileal diversions with subsequent renal deterioration may have used long ileal segments and consequently, may not be valid. Prospective series with short ileal segments seem necessary prior to the complete abandonment of the now widely used procedure of ileal conduit diversion.", "PMID": 833956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_950", "title": "Experience with the electrohydraulic disintegrator.", "content": "Experience with the electrohydraulic lithotrite in treating 14 cases of bladder calculi is reported. This revolutionary lithotrite is applicable to most bladder stones and is associated with few complications.", "contents": "Experience with the electrohydraulic disintegrator. Experience with the electrohydraulic lithotrite in treating 14 cases of bladder calculi is reported. This revolutionary lithotrite is applicable to most bladder stones and is associated with few complications.", "PMID": 833957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_951", "title": "The treatment of the uninhibited bladder with dicyclomine.", "content": "Symptomatic treatment of the uninhibited bladder has presented a challenge because of the lack of an effective, well tolerated smooth muscle relaxant for the bladder that can be used during an extended interval. In a preliminary study oral dicyclomine produced resolution or significant improvement of symptoms in 24 of 27 patients and an increase in bladder capacity by an average of 137 plus or minus 26 ml. (91 plus or minus 22 per cent) after 8 weeks of therapy. Additional controlled trials definitely are warranted.", "contents": "The treatment of the uninhibited bladder with dicyclomine. Symptomatic treatment of the uninhibited bladder has presented a challenge because of the lack of an effective, well tolerated smooth muscle relaxant for the bladder that can be used during an extended interval. In a preliminary study oral dicyclomine produced resolution or significant improvement of symptoms in 24 of 27 patients and an increase in bladder capacity by an average of 137 plus or minus 26 ml. (91 plus or minus 22 per cent) after 8 weeks of therapy. Additional controlled trials definitely are warranted.", "PMID": 833958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_952", "title": "Bladder rehabilitation in patients with old spinal cord injuries with bladder neck incision and external sphincterotomy.", "content": "Seventy-five patients with neurogenic bladders underwent bladder neck incision and/or external sphincterotomy to establish effective vesical emptying and reverse progressive hydronephrosis. A second operation to achieve these goals was necessary in 11 cases. The over-all success rate of these procedures in improving urinary tract stability was 94 per cent. Complications were infrequent, with hemorrhage and impaired penile erection being the principal problems. Eradication of established urinary tract infections was poor. However, infection-related morbidity was improved.", "contents": "Bladder rehabilitation in patients with old spinal cord injuries with bladder neck incision and external sphincterotomy. Seventy-five patients with neurogenic bladders underwent bladder neck incision and/or external sphincterotomy to establish effective vesical emptying and reverse progressive hydronephrosis. A second operation to achieve these goals was necessary in 11 cases. The over-all success rate of these procedures in improving urinary tract stability was 94 per cent. Complications were infrequent, with hemorrhage and impaired penile erection being the principal problems. Eradication of established urinary tract infections was poor. However, infection-related morbidity was improved.", "PMID": 833959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_953", "title": "Complications of a single stage radical cystectomy and ileal conduit diversion: review of 214 cases.", "content": "Single stage radical cystectomy and ileal conduit diversion were performed on 214 patients for treatment of bladder carcinoma. The over-all operative mortality rate was only 3.3 per cent. Early complications occurred in 27.6 per cent of the patients and late complications were noted in 41.1 per cent of the patients followed 6 months or longer. We refute recent arguments for staged procedures as a necessity for reducing operative mortality and morbidity.", "contents": "Complications of a single stage radical cystectomy and ileal conduit diversion: review of 214 cases. Single stage radical cystectomy and ileal conduit diversion were performed on 214 patients for treatment of bladder carcinoma. The over-all operative mortality rate was only 3.3 per cent. Early complications occurred in 27.6 per cent of the patients and late complications were noted in 41.1 per cent of the patients followed 6 months or longer. We refute recent arguments for staged procedures as a necessity for reducing operative mortality and morbidity.", "PMID": 833960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_954", "title": "Progressive testicular atrophy in the varicocele patient.", "content": "We examined 82 healthy volunteers, 61 subfertile men with varicoceles and 27 subfertile men without varicoceles for testicular size and semen quality. In 13 volunteers we found unsuspected varioceles and a left testicle significantly smaller than the other 69 volunteers. The size of the right testicle and the sperm density in these patient groups were similar. Both testicles of subfertile male subjects with varicoceles were significantly smaller than the testicles of subfertile male subjects without varicoceles. However, the sperm densities of these 2 groups were similar. Finally, although subfertile male subjects with varicoceles had obviously statistically lower sperm densities than volunteers with varicoceles, the testicular sizes were similar. Perhaps varicocele ligations should be performed on all male subjects with this lesion at an early age to prevent progressive testicular atrophy and decreased fertility potential.", "contents": "Progressive testicular atrophy in the varicocele patient. We examined 82 healthy volunteers, 61 subfertile men with varicoceles and 27 subfertile men without varicoceles for testicular size and semen quality. In 13 volunteers we found unsuspected varioceles and a left testicle significantly smaller than the other 69 volunteers. The size of the right testicle and the sperm density in these patient groups were similar. Both testicles of subfertile male subjects with varicoceles were significantly smaller than the testicles of subfertile male subjects without varicoceles. However, the sperm densities of these 2 groups were similar. Finally, although subfertile male subjects with varicoceles had obviously statistically lower sperm densities than volunteers with varicoceles, the testicular sizes were similar. Perhaps varicocele ligations should be performed on all male subjects with this lesion at an early age to prevent progressive testicular atrophy and decreased fertility potential.", "PMID": 833961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_955", "title": "Sex cord-stromal (gonadal stromal) tumors of the testis: a report of 5 cases.", "content": "Sex cord-stromal (gonadal stromal) tumors of the testis account for less than 4 per cent of the testicular tumors. The Leydig cell tumor in a child may produce isosexual virilization (case 3). In the adult it may have no endocrine manifestation (case 1) or gynecomastia and decrease in libidio may result from production of estrogens (case 2). Sertoli cell tumors (case 4) and granulosa cell tumors (case5) are rare.", "contents": "Sex cord-stromal (gonadal stromal) tumors of the testis: a report of 5 cases. Sex cord-stromal (gonadal stromal) tumors of the testis account for less than 4 per cent of the testicular tumors. The Leydig cell tumor in a child may produce isosexual virilization (case 3). In the adult it may have no endocrine manifestation (case 1) or gynecomastia and decrease in libidio may result from production of estrogens (case 2). Sertoli cell tumors (case 4) and granulosa cell tumors (case5) are rare.", "PMID": 833962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_956", "title": "Ultrasonographic examination of scrotal masses.", "content": "Diagnostic ultrasounds is a simple, rapid, harmless and painless method to visualize intrascrotal contents. It may provide information that is difficult to obtain on clinical examination. Abnormalities such as testicular neoplasms, inflammation and hydroceles are discussed herein.", "contents": "Ultrasonographic examination of scrotal masses. Diagnostic ultrasounds is a simple, rapid, harmless and painless method to visualize intrascrotal contents. It may provide information that is difficult to obtain on clinical examination. Abnormalities such as testicular neoplasms, inflammation and hydroceles are discussed herein.", "PMID": 833963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_957", "title": "Correlation of circulating antisperm antibodies to functional success in vasovasostomy.", "content": "The serum of 45 men with sperm in the ejaculate post-vasovasostomy was tested for antisperm antibodies. Agglutinating antibodies were found in 48 per cent of the men whose partners became pregnant and in 94 per cent of those whose partners did not become pregnant (p less than 0.01). No such correlation was found for sperm immobilizing antibodies. Spontaneous in vivo autoagglutination was not demonstrated in any of the patients. Although functional failure seems likely to be associated with an immunologic event neither sperm agglutination nor sperm immobilization seems to be the mechanism of that event.", "contents": "Correlation of circulating antisperm antibodies to functional success in vasovasostomy. The serum of 45 men with sperm in the ejaculate post-vasovasostomy was tested for antisperm antibodies. Agglutinating antibodies were found in 48 per cent of the men whose partners became pregnant and in 94 per cent of those whose partners did not become pregnant (p less than 0.01). No such correlation was found for sperm immobilizing antibodies. Spontaneous in vivo autoagglutination was not demonstrated in any of the patients. Although functional failure seems likely to be associated with an immunologic event neither sperm agglutination nor sperm immobilization seems to be the mechanism of that event.", "PMID": 833964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_958", "title": "Incidence of vesicle neck contracture complicating prostatic resection in hemodialysis patients.", "content": "Four hemodialysis patients with no or minimal urine output underwent transurethral resection of the prostate. Bladder neck contractures developed postoperatively in all 4 cases. A review of the literature demonstrated no emphasis on the relatively high incidence of this complication in hemodialysis patients. A discussion of the possible etiology, diagnosis and therapeutic modalities is presented.", "contents": "Incidence of vesicle neck contracture complicating prostatic resection in hemodialysis patients. Four hemodialysis patients with no or minimal urine output underwent transurethral resection of the prostate. Bladder neck contractures developed postoperatively in all 4 cases. A review of the literature demonstrated no emphasis on the relatively high incidence of this complication in hemodialysis patients. A discussion of the possible etiology, diagnosis and therapeutic modalities is presented.", "PMID": 833965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_959", "title": "Urethral strictures following transurethral prostatectomy: review of 2,223 resections.", "content": "There were 2,223 consecutive transurethral prostatectomies reviewed in regard to the incidence and possible etiology of postoperative urethral strictures. Possible etiologies were evaluated and a mode of stricture formation was postulated. Factors considered to be important were 1) initial calibration of the urethra to determine anatomical adequacy prior to instrumentation, 2) gentle urethral dilatation, 3) the use of perineal urethrostomy in patients with strictures noted at the time of initial endoscopy and 4) the size of the urethral catheter used postoperatively.", "contents": "Urethral strictures following transurethral prostatectomy: review of 2,223 resections. There were 2,223 consecutive transurethral prostatectomies reviewed in regard to the incidence and possible etiology of postoperative urethral strictures. Possible etiologies were evaluated and a mode of stricture formation was postulated. Factors considered to be important were 1) initial calibration of the urethra to determine anatomical adequacy prior to instrumentation, 2) gentle urethral dilatation, 3) the use of perineal urethrostomy in patients with strictures noted at the time of initial endoscopy and 4) the size of the urethral catheter used postoperatively.", "PMID": 833966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_960", "title": "Pelvic lymphadenectomy for the staging of apparently localized prostatic cancer.", "content": "Staging pelvic lymphadenectomy has been done on 87 patients with clinically localized prostatic carcinoma. With this method nodal metastases can be discovered, although they are undetectable by any other means. There were 44 patients with negative pelvic lymph nodes by surgical staging subjected to radical prostatectomy. Only 6 patients (14 per cent) had microscopic invasion of the prostatic capsule and there was just 1 instance of microscopic seminal vesicle invasion in those with negative pelvic lymph nodes.", "contents": "Pelvic lymphadenectomy for the staging of apparently localized prostatic cancer. Staging pelvic lymphadenectomy has been done on 87 patients with clinically localized prostatic carcinoma. With this method nodal metastases can be discovered, although they are undetectable by any other means. There were 44 patients with negative pelvic lymph nodes by surgical staging subjected to radical prostatectomy. Only 6 patients (14 per cent) had microscopic invasion of the prostatic capsule and there was just 1 instance of microscopic seminal vesicle invasion in those with negative pelvic lymph nodes.", "PMID": 833967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_961", "title": "Pelvic lymphadenectomy for stage B1 adenocarcinoma or the prostate: justified or not?", "content": "Of 47 consecutive patients who had undergone staging pelvic lymphadenectomy for clinically localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate 26 had clinical stage B1 disease. Only 2 of these patients (8 per cent) had positive pelvic nodes. The low incidence of lymphatic spread, the potential complications of lymphadenectomy and the role of regional lymphatics in generating an immunological defense raise the question of the efficacy of lymphadenectomy in the treatment of rigidly defined, clinical stage B1 adenocarcinoma of the prostate.", "contents": "Pelvic lymphadenectomy for stage B1 adenocarcinoma or the prostate: justified or not? Of 47 consecutive patients who had undergone staging pelvic lymphadenectomy for clinically localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate 26 had clinical stage B1 disease. Only 2 of these patients (8 per cent) had positive pelvic nodes. The low incidence of lymphatic spread, the potential complications of lymphadenectomy and the role of regional lymphatics in generating an immunological defense raise the question of the efficacy of lymphadenectomy in the treatment of rigidly defined, clinical stage B1 adenocarcinoma of the prostate.", "PMID": 833968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_962", "title": "A comparison of the morbidity associated with radical retropubic prostatectomy with and without pubectomy.", "content": "Radical retropubic prostatectomy with bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy for prostatic carcinoma was done with pubectomy in 8 patients and without pubectomy in 8 other patients. A comparison of the postoperative courses reveals an excess morbidity in patients who had pubectomy, with severe protracted pelvic girdle pain in 75 per cent, lower extremity thrombophlebitis in 37 per cent (one of which resulted in a non-fatal pulmonary embolus) and varying degrees of urinary incontinence persisting for 6 months or more in 75 per cent. In contrast, in patients who did not have a pubectomy mild transient pelvic girdle pain was noted in only 25 per cent of the cases, late lower extremity thrombophlebitis in 12 per cent and no late urinary incontinence. Pubectomy should not be used routinely with radical retropubic prostatectomy.", "contents": "A comparison of the morbidity associated with radical retropubic prostatectomy with and without pubectomy. Radical retropubic prostatectomy with bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy for prostatic carcinoma was done with pubectomy in 8 patients and without pubectomy in 8 other patients. A comparison of the postoperative courses reveals an excess morbidity in patients who had pubectomy, with severe protracted pelvic girdle pain in 75 per cent, lower extremity thrombophlebitis in 37 per cent (one of which resulted in a non-fatal pulmonary embolus) and varying degrees of urinary incontinence persisting for 6 months or more in 75 per cent. In contrast, in patients who did not have a pubectomy mild transient pelvic girdle pain was noted in only 25 per cent of the cases, late lower extremity thrombophlebitis in 12 per cent and no late urinary incontinence. Pubectomy should not be used routinely with radical retropubic prostatectomy.", "PMID": 833969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_963", "title": "Morbidity of pelvic lymphadenectomy and radical prostatectomy for prostatic cancer.", "content": "Radical retroperitoneal pelvic lymphadenectomy is associated with rather minimal morbidity but, when combined with radical prostatectomy, the morbidity is increased. The only complication that seemed to be solely owing to the lymphadenectomy was lymphocele formation, which occurred in 10 per cent of the patients. This rate is below that reported in the gynecologic-oncology literature.", "contents": "Morbidity of pelvic lymphadenectomy and radical prostatectomy for prostatic cancer. Radical retroperitoneal pelvic lymphadenectomy is associated with rather minimal morbidity but, when combined with radical prostatectomy, the morbidity is increased. The only complication that seemed to be solely owing to the lymphadenectomy was lymphocele formation, which occurred in 10 per cent of the patients. This rate is below that reported in the gynecologic-oncology literature.", "PMID": 833970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_964", "title": "Radical prostatectomy for carcinoma of the prostate: 1951-1976. A review of 329 patients.", "content": "Surgical therapy for early adenocarcinoma of the prostate has been  an effective mode of cure since it was described by Young in 1905. The retropubic and perineal approaches of radical prostatectomy have been used at our hospitals for 25 years. Herein we examine 329 cases at the 2 hospitals. Although there were only 2 deaths (0.61 per cent) immediately attributable to the operation the surgical morbidity was significant. Patients of the attending staff had a 46 per cent complication rate while that of patients of the resident staff was 59 per cent. The 5 and 10-year survival rates of patients with stages A and B prostatic adenocarcinoma were 82 and 63 per cent, respectively, and the 5 and 10-year survival rates of patients who had stage C prostatic adenocarcinoma were 67 and 29 per cent, respectively. Our survival rates compare favorably to the national average survival for patients of all ages with localized or regional adenocarcinoma of the prostate. We believe that these data support the position of urologists who believe in radical surgical treatment of prostatic cancer.", "contents": "Radical prostatectomy for carcinoma of the prostate: 1951-1976. A review of 329 patients. Surgical therapy for early adenocarcinoma of the prostate has been  an effective mode of cure since it was described by Young in 1905. The retropubic and perineal approaches of radical prostatectomy have been used at our hospitals for 25 years. Herein we examine 329 cases at the 2 hospitals. Although there were only 2 deaths (0.61 per cent) immediately attributable to the operation the surgical morbidity was significant. Patients of the attending staff had a 46 per cent complication rate while that of patients of the resident staff was 59 per cent. The 5 and 10-year survival rates of patients with stages A and B prostatic adenocarcinoma were 82 and 63 per cent, respectively, and the 5 and 10-year survival rates of patients who had stage C prostatic adenocarcinoma were 67 and 29 per cent, respectively. Our survival rates compare favorably to the national average survival for patients of all ages with localized or regional adenocarcinoma of the prostate. We believe that these data support the position of urologists who believe in radical surgical treatment of prostatic cancer.", "PMID": 833971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_965", "title": "Radiation therapy for carcinoma of the prostate 5-year followup.", "content": "Our original series of patients with prostatic carcinoma treated with irradiation as the initial modality has been updated. The over-all 5-year survival rate for patients with stage III carcinoma of the prostate was 55 per cent--26 per cent were alive with residual disease and have had post-irradiation hormone manipulation, while 29 per cent were alive without metastases at 5 years.", "contents": "Radiation therapy for carcinoma of the prostate 5-year followup. Our original series of patients with prostatic carcinoma treated with irradiation as the initial modality has been updated. The over-all 5-year survival rate for patients with stage III carcinoma of the prostate was 55 per cent--26 per cent were alive with residual disease and have had post-irradiation hormone manipulation, while 29 per cent were alive without metastases at 5 years.", "PMID": 833972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_966", "title": "Male genitourinary abnormalities and maternal diethylstilbestrol.", "content": "In view of the risk of vaginal cancer developing in young female subjects exposed in utero to maternally ingested diethylstilbestrol a pilot study was undertaken of male subjects similarly exposed. A healthy questionnaire was mailed to 306 male subjects whose mothers were known to have taken diethylstilbestrol in the early part of their pregnancies and to 231 age and sex-matched controls identified from the same record source. Although there was no increased history of cancer, heart disease or asthma when the groups were compared there was a higher incidence of reported urinary tract symptoms and genital abnormalities in the group exposed to diethylstilbestrol. The presence of these abnormalities was confirmed by physical examination of 15 respondents. Studies in experimental animals also have shown that in certain species maternally ingested stilbestrol may result in abnormalities of the genitaltensive clinical studies be undertaken to determine the level of risk, if any, to which many thousands of young men are subject.", "contents": "Male genitourinary abnormalities and maternal diethylstilbestrol. In view of the risk of vaginal cancer developing in young female subjects exposed in utero to maternally ingested diethylstilbestrol a pilot study was undertaken of male subjects similarly exposed. A healthy questionnaire was mailed to 306 male subjects whose mothers were known to have taken diethylstilbestrol in the early part of their pregnancies and to 231 age and sex-matched controls identified from the same record source. Although there was no increased history of cancer, heart disease or asthma when the groups were compared there was a higher incidence of reported urinary tract symptoms and genital abnormalities in the group exposed to diethylstilbestrol. The presence of these abnormalities was confirmed by physical examination of 15 respondents. Studies in experimental animals also have shown that in certain species maternally ingested stilbestrol may result in abnormalities of the genitaltensive clinical studies be undertaken to determine the level of risk, if any, to which many thousands of young men are subject.", "PMID": 833973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_967", "title": "Positive urinary cytology in patients without evident tumor.", "content": "Of 267 patients with a positive urinary cytology during a 5-year period 9 did not have a tumor identified at the initial diagnostic stidy, which included cytoscopy. However, a tumor was documented in 8 of these 9 patients between 1 and 61 months later.", "contents": "Positive urinary cytology in patients without evident tumor. Of 267 patients with a positive urinary cytology during a 5-year period 9 did not have a tumor identified at the initial diagnostic stidy, which included cytoscopy. However, a tumor was documented in 8 of these 9 patients between 1 and 61 months later.", "PMID": 833974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_968", "title": "Preliminary report: radioimmunoscan of sympathetic ganglia and adrenal medulla.", "content": "The nerve growth factor is a polypeptide isolated from the salivary glands of certain laboratory animals. Its greatest physiological effect is on the autonomic nervous system. When antiserum against this nerve growth factor was injected in newborn animals nearly total destruction of the sympathetic ganglia was noted, a procedure known as immunosympathectomy. The anti-nerve growth factor labeled with 131iodine was injected in rats to determine organ distribution at different intervals (2, 4, 6, 8 and 24 hours). A selective concentration was obtained in the sympathetic ganglia and adrenal medulla (adrenal ganglia) 4 hours after the intravenous injection of 50 muCi. 131Iodine anti-nerve growth factor, with a specific activity of 0.001 gm. per mCi., permitted scanning of this structure for the first time. No intolerance or radiotoxicity has been observed in the animals and the results are encouraging. Radioimmunoscanning of the sympathetic ganglia and adrenal medulla in the human and radioimmunosympathectomy of the structures are being studied currently and will be subjects of future communications.", "contents": "Preliminary report: radioimmunoscan of sympathetic ganglia and adrenal medulla. The nerve growth factor is a polypeptide isolated from the salivary glands of certain laboratory animals. Its greatest physiological effect is on the autonomic nervous system. When antiserum against this nerve growth factor was injected in newborn animals nearly total destruction of the sympathetic ganglia was noted, a procedure known as immunosympathectomy. The anti-nerve growth factor labeled with 131iodine was injected in rats to determine organ distribution at different intervals (2, 4, 6, 8 and 24 hours). A selective concentration was obtained in the sympathetic ganglia and adrenal medulla (adrenal ganglia) 4 hours after the intravenous injection of 50 muCi. 131Iodine anti-nerve growth factor, with a specific activity of 0.001 gm. per mCi., permitted scanning of this structure for the first time. No intolerance or radiotoxicity has been observed in the animals and the results are encouraging. Radioimmunoscanning of the sympathetic ganglia and adrenal medulla in the human and radioimmunosympathectomy of the structures are being studied currently and will be subjects of future communications.", "PMID": 833975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_969", "title": "The non-neurogenic neurogenic bladder.", "content": "The records of 21 children with neuropathic bladder disease are reviewed. The natural history in these cases has been consistent with that of an acquired disorder and the results of urodynamic testing have supported Hinman's contention that the disease is basically a functional one, caused by a discoordination between detrusor contraction and sphincter relaxation. Bladder retraining and specific medication have yielded far better results than were obtained previously by surgical measures alone.", "contents": "The non-neurogenic neurogenic bladder. The records of 21 children with neuropathic bladder disease are reviewed. The natural history in these cases has been consistent with that of an acquired disorder and the results of urodynamic testing have supported Hinman's contention that the disease is basically a functional one, caused by a discoordination between detrusor contraction and sphincter relaxation. Bladder retraining and specific medication have yielded far better results than were obtained previously by surgical measures alone.", "PMID": 833977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_970", "title": "Intraoperative compression cystourethrograms: a measure of adequate resection of posterior urethral valves.", "content": "The technique of intraoperative compression cystourethrograms is described. This procedure has proved to be a safe, reliable objective means of determining adequate destruction of the valvular tissue is complete, the characteristic dilatation of the posterior urethra seen on preoperative cystourethrograms immediately disappears.", "contents": "Intraoperative compression cystourethrograms: a measure of adequate resection of posterior urethral valves. The technique of intraoperative compression cystourethrograms is described. This procedure has proved to be a safe, reliable objective means of determining adequate destruction of the valvular tissue is complete, the characteristic dilatation of the posterior urethra seen on preoperative cystourethrograms immediately disappears.", "PMID": 833978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_971", "title": "Ultrasound litholapaxy of a staghorn calculus.", "content": "A method for removal of a staghorn calculus from the kidney through 1 channel of a U-tube nephrostomy is presented. An ultrasound lithotriptor provided a safe and quick alternative to surgical treatment.", "contents": "Ultrasound litholapaxy of a staghorn calculus. A method for removal of a staghorn calculus from the kidney through 1 channel of a U-tube nephrostomy is presented. An ultrasound lithotriptor provided a safe and quick alternative to surgical treatment.", "PMID": 833979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_972", "title": "Reversible renal hypertension secondary to renal arteriovenous fistula and renal cell carcinoma.", "content": "A 40-year-old woman with hypertension (179/100) and a massive renal arteriovenous fistula involving most of the right kidney is reported. A 131I hippuran renogram, split urinary function studies and renal vein renins were normal. The renal arteriovenous fistula was removed by total nephrectomy and blood pressure returned to normal. A renal cell carcinoma was found within the fistula. This case confirms the association of renal cell carcinoma with renal arteriovenous fistulas and demonstrates the potential curative effects of nephrectomy for the hypertension associated with and demonstrates the potential curative effects of nephrectomy for the hypertension associated with it. The normal split function studies, renogram and renal vein renins do not support the concept of secondary hyperreninemia as a causative factor in the hypertension seen with renal arteriovenous fistulas.", "contents": "Reversible renal hypertension secondary to renal arteriovenous fistula and renal cell carcinoma. A 40-year-old woman with hypertension (179/100) and a massive renal arteriovenous fistula involving most of the right kidney is reported. A 131I hippuran renogram, split urinary function studies and renal vein renins were normal. The renal arteriovenous fistula was removed by total nephrectomy and blood pressure returned to normal. A renal cell carcinoma was found within the fistula. This case confirms the association of renal cell carcinoma with renal arteriovenous fistulas and demonstrates the potential curative effects of nephrectomy for the hypertension associated with and demonstrates the potential curative effects of nephrectomy for the hypertension associated with it. The normal split function studies, renogram and renal vein renins do not support the concept of secondary hyperreninemia as a causative factor in the hypertension seen with renal arteriovenous fistulas.", "PMID": 833981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_973", "title": "Inverted Y ureteral duplication with a ureteral stone in atretic segment.", "content": "A case of inverted Y ureteral duplication accompanied by a calculus in an atretic ureteral segment is described. This anomaly was confirmed by surgical and histological explorations on the left side. Extirpation of the calculus, excision of the distended ureter below the bifurcation and Y-V plasty just above the bifurcation were performed. Urography suggested a similar ureteral anomaly on the right side but the patient has had no symptoms 2 years postoperatively.", "contents": "Inverted Y ureteral duplication with a ureteral stone in atretic segment. A case of inverted Y ureteral duplication accompanied by a calculus in an atretic ureteral segment is described. This anomaly was confirmed by surgical and histological explorations on the left side. Extirpation of the calculus, excision of the distended ureter below the bifurcation and Y-V plasty just above the bifurcation were performed. Urography suggested a similar ureteral anomaly on the right side but the patient has had no symptoms 2 years postoperatively.", "PMID": 833982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_974", "title": "Intermittent catheterization in the treatment of acute purulent urethritis: case report.", "content": "Acute purulent urethritis is a complication associated with an indwelling. Foley catheter in male patients. A refractory purulent urethral discharge, fever and the sequelae of urethral stricture, periurethral abscess and epididymitis are familiar problems to the urologist. The usual therapy is removal of the catheter, antibiosis and provision for another type of vesical drainage. Our recent successful experience using clean intermittent catheterization to treat an acute urethritis is presented.", "contents": "Intermittent catheterization in the treatment of acute purulent urethritis: case report. Acute purulent urethritis is a complication associated with an indwelling. Foley catheter in male patients. A refractory purulent urethral discharge, fever and the sequelae of urethral stricture, periurethral abscess and epididymitis are familiar problems to the urologist. The usual therapy is removal of the catheter, antibiosis and provision for another type of vesical drainage. Our recent successful experience using clean intermittent catheterization to treat an acute urethritis is presented.", "PMID": 833983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_975", "title": "A new approach to the treatment of priapism.", "content": "A 26-year-old man  with post-traumatic priapism was treated successfully by occlusion of the left internal pudendal artery with an autologous clot. The recovery was marked by the return of entirely normal sexual function. This excellent result suggests that autologous clot injection of the internal pudental artery should be considered as an appropriate form of therapy for the treatment of selected patients with priapism.", "contents": "A new approach to the treatment of priapism. A 26-year-old man  with post-traumatic priapism was treated successfully by occlusion of the left internal pudendal artery with an autologous clot. The recovery was marked by the return of entirely normal sexual function. This excellent result suggests that autologous clot injection of the internal pudental artery should be considered as an appropriate form of therapy for the treatment of selected patients with priapism.", "PMID": 833984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_976", "title": "Testis tumors associated with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: a continuing diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma.", "content": "A 9-year-old boy with documented congenital adrenal hyperplasia owing to a deficiency in C21 hydroxylation is described. Precocious virilization and testicular asymmetry were noted when he was 5 years old. Both of these conditions persisted despite progressively larger doses of replacement steroid therapy. The right testis was 3 times larger than the left testis and serum testosterone was well within the adult male range. A right inguinal orchiectomy was performed. Pathologic diagnosis was interstitial cell tumor. A review of the literature emphasizes the continuing dilemma of separating interstitial cell tumors from hypertrophy of adrenal rest tissue in the presence of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Possible methods of distinction are discussed.", "contents": "Testis tumors associated with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: a continuing diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma. A 9-year-old boy with documented congenital adrenal hyperplasia owing to a deficiency in C21 hydroxylation is described. Precocious virilization and testicular asymmetry were noted when he was 5 years old. Both of these conditions persisted despite progressively larger doses of replacement steroid therapy. The right testis was 3 times larger than the left testis and serum testosterone was well within the adult male range. A right inguinal orchiectomy was performed. Pathologic diagnosis was interstitial cell tumor. A review of the literature emphasizes the continuing dilemma of separating interstitial cell tumors from hypertrophy of adrenal rest tissue in the presence of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Possible methods of distinction are discussed.", "PMID": 833986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_977", "title": "The management of mature teratoma of the testicle.", "content": "A case of mature teratoma of the testis, representing the longest documented interval between diagnosis and metastases, is reported. A review of the clinical features, pathology, treatment and survival indicates that mature teratoma is a malignant neoplasm. The need for aggressive treat and long-term followup in patients with this tumor is stressed.", "contents": "The management of mature teratoma of the testicle. A case of mature teratoma of the testis, representing the longest documented interval between diagnosis and metastases, is reported. A review of the clinical features, pathology, treatment and survival indicates that mature teratoma is a malignant neoplasm. The need for aggressive treat and long-term followup in patients with this tumor is stressed.", "PMID": 833987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_978", "title": "Retroperitoneal seminoma.", "content": "A case of retroperitoneal seminoma is discussed, emphasizing the importance of diagnosing the primary lesion. Although the testes were normal to palpation and exploration a focus of seminoma was recognized in the left testicle. We prefer radical treatment of this potentially curable disease.", "contents": "Retroperitoneal seminoma. A case of retroperitoneal seminoma is discussed, emphasizing the importance of diagnosing the primary lesion. Although the testes were normal to palpation and exploration a focus of seminoma was recognized in the left testicle. We prefer radical treatment of this potentially curable disease.", "PMID": 833988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_979", "title": "Factors in successful resuscitation by paramedics.", "content": "The out-of-hospital reports of 2152 consecutive paramedic fire rescue responses were reviewed. Examination of emergency department records and outcome was conducted in all cardiopulmonary arrests (120), major trauma (59) or nontraumatic hemorrhage (9) and one half (95 of 199 patients) with chest pain or possible myocardial infarction. Predominant age was 50 to 70 (66%) and men outnumbered women by four to one. At the scene arrival was under five minutes in over 70% of the cases. Thirty of the 120 patients with cardiopulmonary arrest (12 occurred after paramedic arrival) responded to initial cardiopulmonary resuscitation, 24 patients entered the coronary care unit, and 16 were discharged alive. Ventricular fibrillation (50) and asystole (40) were the documented rhythms. All survivors had ventricular fibrillation. Evaluation of the trauma and nontraumatic blood loss victims indicated that, after the paramedic places an intravenous line, the paramedic role is less well defined. Mean transportation time was 36 (trauma) and 38 (hemorrhage) minutes to the hospital.", "contents": "Factors in successful resuscitation by paramedics. The out-of-hospital reports of 2152 consecutive paramedic fire rescue responses were reviewed. Examination of emergency department records and outcome was conducted in all cardiopulmonary arrests (120), major trauma (59) or nontraumatic hemorrhage (9) and one half (95 of 199 patients) with chest pain or possible myocardial infarction. Predominant age was 50 to 70 (66%) and men outnumbered women by four to one. At the scene arrival was under five minutes in over 70% of the cases. Thirty of the 120 patients with cardiopulmonary arrest (12 occurred after paramedic arrival) responded to initial cardiopulmonary resuscitation, 24 patients entered the coronary care unit, and 16 were discharged alive. Ventricular fibrillation (50) and asystole (40) were the documented rhythms. All survivors had ventricular fibrillation. Evaluation of the trauma and nontraumatic blood loss victims indicated that, after the paramedic places an intravenous line, the paramedic role is less well defined. Mean transportation time was 36 (trauma) and 38 (hemorrhage) minutes to the hospital.", "PMID": 833990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_980", "title": "Impact of medical training on ambulance dispatching.", "content": "This study was designed to assess the ability of trained individuals to screen calls for emergency medical services to allow for safer or more appropriate responses. The degree of urgency of calls, as judged by dispatchers and a panel of physicians, was compared to estimates of the severity of the patient's illness or injury. Physicians were more likely to designate calls as emergencies than were dispatchers. Neither physicians nor dispatchers were able to discriminate between the severely ill or injured and those without severe problems. The emergency medical technicians were better able to assess severity and degree of urgency than were physicians or dispatchers. A tentative conclusion is that rapid response by an emergency medical services system will be based upon the caller's description of the situation rather than medical assessment of patient condition.", "contents": "Impact of medical training on ambulance dispatching. This study was designed to assess the ability of trained individuals to screen calls for emergency medical services to allow for safer or more appropriate responses. The degree of urgency of calls, as judged by dispatchers and a panel of physicians, was compared to estimates of the severity of the patient's illness or injury. Physicians were more likely to designate calls as emergencies than were dispatchers. Neither physicians nor dispatchers were able to discriminate between the severely ill or injured and those without severe problems. The emergency medical technicians were better able to assess severity and degree of urgency than were physicians or dispatchers. A tentative conclusion is that rapid response by an emergency medical services system will be based upon the caller's description of the situation rather than medical assessment of patient condition.", "PMID": 833991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_981", "title": "Cardiac telemetry exercise program.", "content": "To train cardiac consultants who interpret electrocardiogram rhythm strips from the field, we designed a series of prerecorded telemetered rhythms and discussions which can be sent into telemetry consoles. The patterns represent cardiac arrhythmias (eg, ventricular tachycardia, complete heart block, etc), as well as equipment problems (loose leads, misplaced leads, etc). We selected and modified some of the patterns of \"Arrhythmia Resusci Anne\" (Laerdal Medical Corporation), sent these through ambulance radios (to create a tone), recorded the signal on a standard tape recorder and dubbed in the monologue. The physician is asked to interpret the pattern and give instructions to the ambulance attendant. The answers and response times are recorded by the technician running the taped exercise. At the end of the quiz, the rhythms are replayed along with a discussion of each pattern.", "contents": "Cardiac telemetry exercise program. To train cardiac consultants who interpret electrocardiogram rhythm strips from the field, we designed a series of prerecorded telemetered rhythms and discussions which can be sent into telemetry consoles. The patterns represent cardiac arrhythmias (eg, ventricular tachycardia, complete heart block, etc), as well as equipment problems (loose leads, misplaced leads, etc). We selected and modified some of the patterns of \"Arrhythmia Resusci Anne\" (Laerdal Medical Corporation), sent these through ambulance radios (to create a tone), recorded the signal on a standard tape recorder and dubbed in the monologue. The physician is asked to interpret the pattern and give instructions to the ambulance attendant. The answers and response times are recorded by the technician running the taped exercise. At the end of the quiz, the rhythms are replayed along with a discussion of each pattern.", "PMID": 833992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_982", "title": "Emergency department staffing to improve patient management.", "content": "The emergency department records at the St. Louis County Hospital were reviewed for 1973, 1974, and 1975. The distribution of patients was considered by the day of the week and hour of the day. For the three year period, the daily average showed that one third of patients had been seen by 2:36 pm and two thirds by 8:14 pm. An analysis of peak patient load showed the first peak was around 11:00 am and the second, a higher peak, around 7:00 pm. By day of the week, more patients were seen on Tuesday and Saturday. Using data from such an analysis, emergency department personnel can devise an appropriate staffing pattern for their own situation.", "contents": "Emergency department staffing to improve patient management. The emergency department records at the St. Louis County Hospital were reviewed for 1973, 1974, and 1975. The distribution of patients was considered by the day of the week and hour of the day. For the three year period, the daily average showed that one third of patients had been seen by 2:36 pm and two thirds by 8:14 pm. An analysis of peak patient load showed the first peak was around 11:00 am and the second, a higher peak, around 7:00 pm. By day of the week, more patients were seen on Tuesday and Saturday. Using data from such an analysis, emergency department personnel can devise an appropriate staffing pattern for their own situation.", "PMID": 833993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_983", "title": "[Clinical and pharmacokinetic studies in patients with digitalis intoxication (author's transl)].", "content": "6 patients with severe digitalis intoxication were studied while hospitalised in a coronary care unit. 2 and 4 patients had ingested high doses of lanatosid C and digoxin, respectively. In three cases ventricular arrhythmias, in one of these and two further cases SA blocking and an additional A-V-block in one case were observed. Maximum blood levels of digoxin between 3.4 and 20 ng/ml were determined several hours after the ingestion. The maximal blood levels were achieved in one patient only 52 h after ingesting lanatosid C and in one patient taking digoxin after 12.5 h. Potassium concentrations in plasma were elevated in 4 patients. Antiarrhythmic and electrolyte therapy is discussed and the usefulness of a stomach lavage for diminishing the quantity of absorbed lanatosid C is shown in one patient who had a maximal blood level of 3.4 ng/ml after taking 23.7 mg of lanatosid C. Cumulative urinary excretion of this patient was 0.68 mg within 5.5 days. This result confirms the minimal enteral absorption under the therapy chosen.", "contents": "[Clinical and pharmacokinetic studies in patients with digitalis intoxication (author's transl)]. 6 patients with severe digitalis intoxication were studied while hospitalised in a coronary care unit. 2 and 4 patients had ingested high doses of lanatosid C and digoxin, respectively. In three cases ventricular arrhythmias, in one of these and two further cases SA blocking and an additional A-V-block in one case were observed. Maximum blood levels of digoxin between 3.4 and 20 ng/ml were determined several hours after the ingestion. The maximal blood levels were achieved in one patient only 52 h after ingesting lanatosid C and in one patient taking digoxin after 12.5 h. Potassium concentrations in plasma were elevated in 4 patients. Antiarrhythmic and electrolyte therapy is discussed and the usefulness of a stomach lavage for diminishing the quantity of absorbed lanatosid C is shown in one patient who had a maximal blood level of 3.4 ng/ml after taking 23.7 mg of lanatosid C. Cumulative urinary excretion of this patient was 0.68 mg within 5.5 days. This result confirms the minimal enteral absorption under the therapy chosen.", "PMID": 834013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_984", "title": "[Determination of glycoside concentrations in human tissue by means of radioimmunoassay (author's transl)].", "content": "After extraction of myocardial and skeletal muscle biopsy and autopsy specimens tissue glycoside concentrations can be determined by radioimmunoassay. Total tissue extraction of digoxin and beta-methyl-digoxin varies between 87 and 95%, the variation coefficient for repeated determinations is 10.2%. Glycoside concentrations of left ventricular papillary muscle obtained after mitral valve replacement were 69.0 +/- 25.05 ng/g with a tissue to serum relation of 46.6 +/- 8.96:1 and a correlation coefficient of r = 0.8442. In autopsy left ventricular papillary muscle glycoside concentrations were 105.2 +/- 27.35 ng/g with an almost identical tissue to serum relation of 46.2 +/- 9.57:1 and a corresponding serum concentration of 2.3 +/- 0.63 ng/ml. In adults glycoside concentrations of autopsy specimens of the right ventricle were significantly lower by 28 to 30% than those of the left ventricle. Glycoside concentrations of skeletal muscle specimens (m. pectorialis major) were 14.7 +/- 10.35 ng/g with a tissue to serum relation of 9.7 +/- 3.00:1 (r = 0.8377), which corresponds to approximately 1/5 to 1/4 of the concentrations of the left ventricular myocardium.", "contents": "[Determination of glycoside concentrations in human tissue by means of radioimmunoassay (author's transl)]. After extraction of myocardial and skeletal muscle biopsy and autopsy specimens tissue glycoside concentrations can be determined by radioimmunoassay. Total tissue extraction of digoxin and beta-methyl-digoxin varies between 87 and 95%, the variation coefficient for repeated determinations is 10.2%. Glycoside concentrations of left ventricular papillary muscle obtained after mitral valve replacement were 69.0 +/- 25.05 ng/g with a tissue to serum relation of 46.6 +/- 8.96:1 and a correlation coefficient of r = 0.8442. In autopsy left ventricular papillary muscle glycoside concentrations were 105.2 +/- 27.35 ng/g with an almost identical tissue to serum relation of 46.2 +/- 9.57:1 and a corresponding serum concentration of 2.3 +/- 0.63 ng/ml. In adults glycoside concentrations of autopsy specimens of the right ventricle were significantly lower by 28 to 30% than those of the left ventricle. Glycoside concentrations of skeletal muscle specimens (m. pectorialis major) were 14.7 +/- 10.35 ng/g with a tissue to serum relation of 9.7 +/- 3.00:1 (r = 0.8377), which corresponds to approximately 1/5 to 1/4 of the concentrations of the left ventricular myocardium.", "PMID": 834014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_985", "title": "[A case of systemic Pfeiffer-Weber-Christian Syndrome complicated by DIC (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report on a case of fatal systemic P-W-Chr syndrome accompanied by DIC. The coagulation disturbance of the patient stopped after the administration of heparin, but this had no effect on the prognosis of the illness. The basic illness that had caused the syndrome could not be demonstrated either in vivo, or during the autopsy so that the above case is thought to be a sui generis form. According to the author's opinion the DIC is not an inducing factor but an accompanying phenomenon in the course of the basic disease.", "contents": "[A case of systemic Pfeiffer-Weber-Christian Syndrome complicated by DIC (author's transl)]. The authors report on a case of fatal systemic P-W-Chr syndrome accompanied by DIC. The coagulation disturbance of the patient stopped after the administration of heparin, but this had no effect on the prognosis of the illness. The basic illness that had caused the syndrome could not be demonstrated either in vivo, or during the autopsy so that the above case is thought to be a sui generis form. According to the author's opinion the DIC is not an inducing factor but an accompanying phenomenon in the course of the basic disease.", "PMID": 834015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_986", "title": "[Psychological examinations in dialysed patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Psychological achievement tests were applied to 27 chronic dialysis patients two times, firstly just before being connected with the hemodialyser early in the morning, and then 24 h later. - Regarding basic intelligence functions like reasoning, closure, and a verbal factor concerning general knowledge the patients, neither before dialysis nor 24 h later, showed any significant differences compared to the healthy population. -On the contrary, attention performances, faculty of mental concentration, and reaction speed were definitely diminished in the morning following the treatment, whereas directly before starting hemodialysis there were no specific deviations from the control groups.", "contents": "[Psychological examinations in dialysed patients (author's transl)]. Psychological achievement tests were applied to 27 chronic dialysis patients two times, firstly just before being connected with the hemodialyser early in the morning, and then 24 h later. - Regarding basic intelligence functions like reasoning, closure, and a verbal factor concerning general knowledge the patients, neither before dialysis nor 24 h later, showed any significant differences compared to the healthy population. -On the contrary, attention performances, faculty of mental concentration, and reaction speed were definitely diminished in the morning following the treatment, whereas directly before starting hemodialysis there were no specific deviations from the control groups.", "PMID": 834016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_987", "title": "[Plasma erythropoietin and hematocrit under the influence of chronic hemodialysis treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "Hematocrit and plasma ESF titers were determined at 2 to 3 weeks intervals in 21 patients with chronic renal failure prior to and during a 15-weeks' period following initiation of chronic intermittent hemodialysis. While hematocrits increased from 22 to 27%, plasma ESF titers were found unchanged between 31 and 35 mU/ml. It can be excluded therefore that the improvement of erythropoiesis following initiation of dialysis was in part due to an increase in plasma ESF titers. The increased erythropoiesis observed is probably not dependent on increased ESF production. A 30-fold ESF deficit existed in patients with renal failure prior to the initiation of hemodialysis when compared with 5 patients with aplastic anemia (hematocrit 23%, plasma ESF titer 1115 mU/ml). At one exception ESF titers up to 500 mU/ml were found in dialysed patients only in combination with anemia due to acute bleeding or iron deficiency. ESF production is appropiate to the degree of anemia in patients with proper renal function after kidney transplantation.", "contents": "[Plasma erythropoietin and hematocrit under the influence of chronic hemodialysis treatment (author's transl)]. Hematocrit and plasma ESF titers were determined at 2 to 3 weeks intervals in 21 patients with chronic renal failure prior to and during a 15-weeks' period following initiation of chronic intermittent hemodialysis. While hematocrits increased from 22 to 27%, plasma ESF titers were found unchanged between 31 and 35 mU/ml. It can be excluded therefore that the improvement of erythropoiesis following initiation of dialysis was in part due to an increase in plasma ESF titers. The increased erythropoiesis observed is probably not dependent on increased ESF production. A 30-fold ESF deficit existed in patients with renal failure prior to the initiation of hemodialysis when compared with 5 patients with aplastic anemia (hematocrit 23%, plasma ESF titer 1115 mU/ml). At one exception ESF titers up to 500 mU/ml were found in dialysed patients only in combination with anemia due to acute bleeding or iron deficiency. ESF production is appropiate to the degree of anemia in patients with proper renal function after kidney transplantation.", "PMID": 834018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_988", "title": "[Prophylaxis and therapy of shunt thrombosis in terminal renal insufficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "In terminal renal insufficiency thrombosis occurs almost exclusively in the arteriovenous shunt. The management of this acute, life threatening thrombosis is hardly contested. On the other hand, few results are available concerning effective thrombosis prophylaxis. In addition to the effectiveness, the pharmacokinetics of a substance and also possible bleeding complications must be taken into account. The parenteral administration of heparin and its short half life restrict it to use in thehospital. Oral anticoagulants, because they are difficult to dose, should be avoided when possible. Dextrans (Rheomacrodex) and acetylsalicylic acid (Colfarit) appear to be best suited for thrombosis prophylaxis in renal insufficiency. Dextran has the disadvantage of volume overload, and acetylsalicylic acid that of stomach intolerance. Sulfinpyrazone (Anturano) also appears to be effective, although its pharmacokinetic behaviour in renal insufficiency is still not known. Dipyridamole (Persantin), whose effectiveness for this purpose has not yet been demonstrate, should be administered even more cautiously.", "contents": "[Prophylaxis and therapy of shunt thrombosis in terminal renal insufficiency (author's transl)]. In terminal renal insufficiency thrombosis occurs almost exclusively in the arteriovenous shunt. The management of this acute, life threatening thrombosis is hardly contested. On the other hand, few results are available concerning effective thrombosis prophylaxis. In addition to the effectiveness, the pharmacokinetics of a substance and also possible bleeding complications must be taken into account. The parenteral administration of heparin and its short half life restrict it to use in thehospital. Oral anticoagulants, because they are difficult to dose, should be avoided when possible. Dextrans (Rheomacrodex) and acetylsalicylic acid (Colfarit) appear to be best suited for thrombosis prophylaxis in renal insufficiency. Dextran has the disadvantage of volume overload, and acetylsalicylic acid that of stomach intolerance. Sulfinpyrazone (Anturano) also appears to be effective, although its pharmacokinetic behaviour in renal insufficiency is still not known. Dipyridamole (Persantin), whose effectiveness for this purpose has not yet been demonstrate, should be administered even more cautiously.", "PMID": 834017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_989", "title": "[Enzyme activities in normal platelets of different specific gravity (author's transl)].", "content": "Platelets of normal persons were separated into five fractions by centrifugation in discontinuous Ficoll density gradients. Enzyme activities of lactic dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase, glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and content of protein were constantly higher in the heavy fraction IV compared with the light fraction I. With regard to the platelet volume, however, these differences were compensated almost completely.", "contents": "[Enzyme activities in normal platelets of different specific gravity (author's transl)]. Platelets of normal persons were separated into five fractions by centrifugation in discontinuous Ficoll density gradients. Enzyme activities of lactic dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase, glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and content of protein were constantly higher in the heavy fraction IV compared with the light fraction I. With regard to the platelet volume, however, these differences were compensated almost completely.", "PMID": 834019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_990", "title": "Human mammary cancers in nu/nu-mice. A model for testing in research and clinic.", "content": "37 (85%) of 44 human breast cancers are successfully transplanted on thymus-aplastic nu/nu-mice without adjunctive immunotherapy. 16 weeks after transplantation 4 rapidly growing tumours are showing human, female karyotypes. Subsequent investigations proved a good correlation between original tumour and transplant: histology, 3H-thymidine marking index and receptors of androgen and estorgen.", "contents": "Human mammary cancers in nu/nu-mice. A model for testing in research and clinic. 37 (85%) of 44 human breast cancers are successfully transplanted on thymus-aplastic nu/nu-mice without adjunctive immunotherapy. 16 weeks after transplantation 4 rapidly growing tumours are showing human, female karyotypes. Subsequent investigations proved a good correlation between original tumour and transplant: histology, 3H-thymidine marking index and receptors of androgen and estorgen.", "PMID": 834020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_991", "title": "[Quantification of the effects of fibrinolytic therapy upon the flow behavior of blood (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of Streptokinase-infusion upon the flow properties of blood was investigated by viscometric and aggregometric methods. Under fibrinolytic therapy, we found in all cases a significant fall in fibrinogen content, as well as a strong reduction in plasma viscosity, velocity of red cell aggregate formation and shear resistance of red cell aggregates. In addition, a drop in apparent blood viscosity at all shear rates was found. In no case, a total desaggregation of red cell was noted. The hematocrit value remained practically constant; consequently, the drop in apparent blood viscosity at high (160 s-1) shear rates and intermediate (8 s-1) shear rates can be solely accounted for by the observed drop in plasma viscosity. At low shear rates (2.3 s-1) the observed drop in apparent viscosity is partly caused by aggregation desaggregation, but mainly by a drop in plasma viscosity. The presented results again confirm that the method of rotational viscometry only incompletely records the improvement in the flow properties of blood that are caused by a therapy aimed at a reduction of the plasma fibrinogen content.", "contents": "[Quantification of the effects of fibrinolytic therapy upon the flow behavior of blood (author's transl)]. The effect of Streptokinase-infusion upon the flow properties of blood was investigated by viscometric and aggregometric methods. Under fibrinolytic therapy, we found in all cases a significant fall in fibrinogen content, as well as a strong reduction in plasma viscosity, velocity of red cell aggregate formation and shear resistance of red cell aggregates. In addition, a drop in apparent blood viscosity at all shear rates was found. In no case, a total desaggregation of red cell was noted. The hematocrit value remained practically constant; consequently, the drop in apparent blood viscosity at high (160 s-1) shear rates and intermediate (8 s-1) shear rates can be solely accounted for by the observed drop in plasma viscosity. At low shear rates (2.3 s-1) the observed drop in apparent viscosity is partly caused by aggregation desaggregation, but mainly by a drop in plasma viscosity. The presented results again confirm that the method of rotational viscometry only incompletely records the improvement in the flow properties of blood that are caused by a therapy aimed at a reduction of the plasma fibrinogen content.", "PMID": 834021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_992", "title": "The human peripheral lymphocyte--a model system for studying the combined effect of psoralen plus black light.", "content": "The effect of psoralen plus long wavelength ultraviolet light (UVA) on 3H-thymidine uptake of PHA stimulated human lymphocytes was investigated. PHA induced lymphocyte transformation was inhibited by the combined action of psoralen and UVA irradiation in a dose related manner. Inhibition of DNA-synthesis occurred at concentrations of psoralen that can be expected in the serum of patients treated by systemic photochemotherapy. No effect was noted at these psoralen concentrations in the absence of UVA irradiation. Also did UVA irradiation in the absence of psoralen not inhibit 3H-thymidine incorporation into PHA stimulated lymphocytes.", "contents": "The human peripheral lymphocyte--a model system for studying the combined effect of psoralen plus black light. The effect of psoralen plus long wavelength ultraviolet light (UVA) on 3H-thymidine uptake of PHA stimulated human lymphocytes was investigated. PHA induced lymphocyte transformation was inhibited by the combined action of psoralen and UVA irradiation in a dose related manner. Inhibition of DNA-synthesis occurred at concentrations of psoralen that can be expected in the serum of patients treated by systemic photochemotherapy. No effect was noted at these psoralen concentrations in the absence of UVA irradiation. Also did UVA irradiation in the absence of psoralen not inhibit 3H-thymidine incorporation into PHA stimulated lymphocytes.", "PMID": 834022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_993", "title": "[Biotin supply and pyruvate carboxylase in blood (author's transl)].", "content": "Assaying the activation of pyruvate carboxylase in erythrocytes by measuring the enzyme activity before and after addition of biotin and ATP to the reaction mixture enables to estimate the biotin supply in vitro. According to this method in biotin deficient rats the pyruvate carboxylase-activity increased to 70%, while the increase of activity in supplemented animals amounted to 16%.", "contents": "[Biotin supply and pyruvate carboxylase in blood (author's transl)]. Assaying the activation of pyruvate carboxylase in erythrocytes by measuring the enzyme activity before and after addition of biotin and ATP to the reaction mixture enables to estimate the biotin supply in vitro. According to this method in biotin deficient rats the pyruvate carboxylase-activity increased to 70%, while the increase of activity in supplemented animals amounted to 16%.", "PMID": 834023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_994", "title": "Dependence proneness, a key target for alcoholism research.", "content": "Many alcoholics appear to be especially susceptible to developing tolerance to and physical dependence on alcohol. Elucidation of a biochemical abnormality associated with this special proneness could lead to advances in both diagnosis and treatment of alcoholism.", "contents": "Dependence proneness, a key target for alcoholism research. Many alcoholics appear to be especially susceptible to developing tolerance to and physical dependence on alcohol. Elucidation of a biochemical abnormality associated with this special proneness could lead to advances in both diagnosis and treatment of alcoholism.", "PMID": 834049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_995", "title": "Polydipsic and home-cage fluid choices: the effects of sweetening.", "content": "When rats were offered a choice of alcohol, butanediol and noncaloric saccharin solutions in a home-cage situation, consumption of saccharin dominated fluid choice, whether or not the animals were deprived of food.", "contents": "Polydipsic and home-cage fluid choices: the effects of sweetening. When rats were offered a choice of alcohol, butanediol and noncaloric saccharin solutions in a home-cage situation, consumption of saccharin dominated fluid choice, whether or not the animals were deprived of food.", "PMID": 834051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_996", "title": "Delay of development of responses to ethanol in mice: associated delay in another parameter.", "content": "C3H and CF1 mice that showed a delay in developing an aversive response to a 3% alcohol solution also had a delay in development of the parameter, total fluid intake per gram of body weight, which was not the result of alcohol consumption per se.", "contents": "Delay of development of responses to ethanol in mice: associated delay in another parameter. C3H and CF1 mice that showed a delay in developing an aversive response to a 3% alcohol solution also had a delay in development of the parameter, total fluid intake per gram of body weight, which was not the result of alcohol consumption per se.", "PMID": 834052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_997", "title": "Discriminant analysis of MMPI profiles for demographic classifications of male alcoholics.", "content": "Discriminant function analysis of MMPI profiles of alcoholics on variables of age, education, occupation and marital status did not yield a common discriminant space, suggesting that other pertinent sociocultural factors must be incorporated to obtain a valid and informative discriminant space.", "contents": "Discriminant analysis of MMPI profiles for demographic classifications of male alcoholics. Discriminant function analysis of MMPI profiles of alcoholics on variables of age, education, occupation and marital status did not yield a common discriminant space, suggesting that other pertinent sociocultural factors must be incorporated to obtain a valid and informative discriminant space.", "PMID": 834053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_998", "title": "A sociological property of drugs: acceptance of users of alcohol and other drugs among university undergraduates.", "content": "An analysis of student social acceptance of drug users reveals attitudes similar to those held by society at large. Student users of the drugs most established in the general society--alcohol and nicotine--were more accepted by their peers than were users of other drugs. Implications for prevention are discussed.", "contents": "A sociological property of drugs: acceptance of users of alcohol and other drugs among university undergraduates. An analysis of student social acceptance of drug users reveals attitudes similar to those held by society at large. Student users of the drugs most established in the general society--alcohol and nicotine--were more accepted by their peers than were users of other drugs. Implications for prevention are discussed.", "PMID": 834054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_999", "title": "Drinking drivers who complete and drop out of an alcohol education program.", "content": "Of 855 convicted drunken or alcohol-impaired drivers who participated in an alcohol education program, those who needed the program most (i.e., the young and those with high blood alcohol concentrations at the time of their arrest) were most likely to drop out of the program.", "contents": "Drinking drivers who complete and drop out of an alcohol education program. Of 855 convicted drunken or alcohol-impaired drivers who participated in an alcohol education program, those who needed the program most (i.e., the young and those with high blood alcohol concentrations at the time of their arrest) were most likely to drop out of the program.", "PMID": 834056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1000", "title": "In vitro evidence for increased cellular immunity to lung cancer antigen during Levamisole immunotherapy.", "content": "Levamisole, a potentiator of cell-mediated immunity, has been reported to increase survival in patients with resectable carcinoma of the lung. Cell-mediated immunity can be measured in vitro by the leukocyte migration inhibition test. We have previously reported that this test detects cell-mediated immunity to human lung tumor antigens. In the present studies, patients with lung cancer were treated with Levamisole. Their leukocytes were evaluated in the leukocyte migration inhibition assay before, during, and following Levamisole therapy. Small increases in cell-mediated immunity were observed when patients had a high pre-existing tumor immunity. When tumor-associated reactivity was absent prior to therapy, larger increases were measured. Although Levamisole is a nonspecific immunostimulant, these data indicate that in vitro anti-tumor immune responses are enhanced by Levamisole therapy. Augmentation of cell-mediated immunity to tumor antigens may explain the clinical benefits of Levamisole therapy.", "contents": "In vitro evidence for increased cellular immunity to lung cancer antigen during Levamisole immunotherapy. Levamisole, a potentiator of cell-mediated immunity, has been reported to increase survival in patients with resectable carcinoma of the lung. Cell-mediated immunity can be measured in vitro by the leukocyte migration inhibition test. We have previously reported that this test detects cell-mediated immunity to human lung tumor antigens. In the present studies, patients with lung cancer were treated with Levamisole. Their leukocytes were evaluated in the leukocyte migration inhibition assay before, during, and following Levamisole therapy. Small increases in cell-mediated immunity were observed when patients had a high pre-existing tumor immunity. When tumor-associated reactivity was absent prior to therapy, larger increases were measured. Although Levamisole is a nonspecific immunostimulant, these data indicate that in vitro anti-tumor immune responses are enhanced by Levamisole therapy. Augmentation of cell-mediated immunity to tumor antigens may explain the clinical benefits of Levamisole therapy.", "PMID": 834057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1001", "title": "Studies of the effects of hypothermia on regional myocardial blood flow and metabolism during cardiopulmonary bypass. IV. Topical atrial hypothermia in normothermic beating hearts.", "content": "This study compares (1) the effects of slowing heart rate by topical hypothermia in hearts perfused at 37 degrees C. with bradycardia produced by perfusion hypothermia (28 degrees C.) and (2) the consequences of counteracting the bardycardic effects of perfusion hypothermia by atrial pacing. Topical atrial hypothermia (myocardial temperature 37 degrees C.) produced a level of bradycardia comparable to perfusion hypothermia (82 vs. 71 beats per minute), but reduced myocardial oxygen requirements 25 per cent more than perfusion with 28 degrees C. blood. Myocardial oxygen uptake per beat did not change with topical atrial hypothermia but increased 40 per cent with perfusion hypothermia. Counteracting the bradycardic effects of perfusion hypothermia with atrial pacing (to 130 beats per minute) reduced subendocardial flow 25 per cent, caused a redistribution of flow away from the subendocardium, and produced evidence of ischemia on the intracavitary electrocardiogram. This study shows that (1) topical atrial hypothermia with systemic normothermia reduced myocardial oxygen demands as effectively as perfusion hypothermia and (2) subendocardial ischemia develops in beating empty hearts when the expected bradycardia of hypothermia does not occur.", "contents": "Studies of the effects of hypothermia on regional myocardial blood flow and metabolism during cardiopulmonary bypass. IV. Topical atrial hypothermia in normothermic beating hearts. This study compares (1) the effects of slowing heart rate by topical hypothermia in hearts perfused at 37 degrees C. with bradycardia produced by perfusion hypothermia (28 degrees C.) and (2) the consequences of counteracting the bardycardic effects of perfusion hypothermia by atrial pacing. Topical atrial hypothermia (myocardial temperature 37 degrees C.) produced a level of bradycardia comparable to perfusion hypothermia (82 vs. 71 beats per minute), but reduced myocardial oxygen requirements 25 per cent more than perfusion with 28 degrees C. blood. Myocardial oxygen uptake per beat did not change with topical atrial hypothermia but increased 40 per cent with perfusion hypothermia. Counteracting the bradycardic effects of perfusion hypothermia with atrial pacing (to 130 beats per minute) reduced subendocardial flow 25 per cent, caused a redistribution of flow away from the subendocardium, and produced evidence of ischemia on the intracavitary electrocardiogram. This study shows that (1) topical atrial hypothermia with systemic normothermia reduced myocardial oxygen demands as effectively as perfusion hypothermia and (2) subendocardial ischemia develops in beating empty hearts when the expected bradycardia of hypothermia does not occur.", "PMID": 834058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1002", "title": "Studies of the effects of hypothermia on regional myocardial blood flow and metabolism during cardiopulmonary bypass. V. Profound topical hypothermia during ischemia in arrested hearts.", "content": "This study compares the effects of 60 minutes of ischemic arrest with profound topical hypothermia (10 dogs) on myocardial (1) blood flow and distribution (microspheres), (2) metabolism (oxygen and lactate), (3) water content (wet to dry weights), (4) compliance (intraventricular balloon), and (5) performance (isovolumetric function curves) with 180 minutes of cardiopulmonary bypass with the heart in the beating empty state (seven dogs). Studies performed before and 30 minutes after 1 hour of ischemic arrest with profound topical hypothermia showed: (1) total left ventricular blood flow increased 50 per cent but became redistributed away from the subendocardium (endocardial/epicardial flow ratio fell from 1.13 to 0.77,(2) left ventricular oxygen consumption fell 30 per cent while left ventricular oxygen extraction fell from 51 to 29 per cent; (3) lactate extraction fell from 15 to 4 per cent (two dogs produced lactate); (4) left ventricular endocardial (papillary muscle) water content rose 2.4 per cent; (5) left ventricular compliance decreased from 1.68 to 1.01 ml. H2O/mm. Hg (at 25 ml.); (6) left ventricular performance was depressed 49 per cent below control values. In contrast, 3 hours of cardiopulmonary bypass in the beating empty heart produced only minimal changes in these variables.", "contents": "Studies of the effects of hypothermia on regional myocardial blood flow and metabolism during cardiopulmonary bypass. V. Profound topical hypothermia during ischemia in arrested hearts. This study compares the effects of 60 minutes of ischemic arrest with profound topical hypothermia (10 dogs) on myocardial (1) blood flow and distribution (microspheres), (2) metabolism (oxygen and lactate), (3) water content (wet to dry weights), (4) compliance (intraventricular balloon), and (5) performance (isovolumetric function curves) with 180 minutes of cardiopulmonary bypass with the heart in the beating empty state (seven dogs). Studies performed before and 30 minutes after 1 hour of ischemic arrest with profound topical hypothermia showed: (1) total left ventricular blood flow increased 50 per cent but became redistributed away from the subendocardium (endocardial/epicardial flow ratio fell from 1.13 to 0.77,(2) left ventricular oxygen consumption fell 30 per cent while left ventricular oxygen extraction fell from 51 to 29 per cent; (3) lactate extraction fell from 15 to 4 per cent (two dogs produced lactate); (4) left ventricular endocardial (papillary muscle) water content rose 2.4 per cent; (5) left ventricular compliance decreased from 1.68 to 1.01 ml. H2O/mm. Hg (at 25 ml.); (6) left ventricular performance was depressed 49 per cent below control values. In contrast, 3 hours of cardiopulmonary bypass in the beating empty heart produced only minimal changes in these variables.", "PMID": 834059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1003", "title": "Traumatic rupture of the ascending aorta and aortic valve following blunt chest trauma.", "content": "Traumatic rupture of the aorta at the level of the isthmus is a well-recognized injury following blunt chest trauma. By contrast, rupture of the ascending aorta and of the aortic valve in a road traffic accident is rare and does not appear to have been previously reported. The occurrence of such an injury in a 56-year-old man involved in a road traffic accident is reported. The diagnosis was made preoperatively following aortography and successful surgical correction involved aortic valve replacement with resection and grafting of the damaged area of the ascending aorta. The probable mechanisms involved in the production of this unusual injury are discussed.", "contents": "Traumatic rupture of the ascending aorta and aortic valve following blunt chest trauma. Traumatic rupture of the aorta at the level of the isthmus is a well-recognized injury following blunt chest trauma. By contrast, rupture of the ascending aorta and of the aortic valve in a road traffic accident is rare and does not appear to have been previously reported. The occurrence of such an injury in a 56-year-old man involved in a road traffic accident is reported. The diagnosis was made preoperatively following aortography and successful surgical correction involved aortic valve replacement with resection and grafting of the damaged area of the ascending aorta. The probable mechanisms involved in the production of this unusual injury are discussed.", "PMID": 834060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1004", "title": "Potassium replacement during cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "Sixty patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) with the Travenol 6 L. variflow oxygenator bag and total hemodilution with Ringer's lactate with 5 per cent dextrose were observed for their variances in potassium (K+) levels and the degree of potassium replacement. We have seen that the potassium level drops before CPB bypass in relation to the preadmission to  the operating room potassium level. During bypass the level rises and following bypass it once again falls to be preceded by a rise after the first 24 hour postoperative period...", "contents": "Potassium replacement during cardiopulmonary bypass. Sixty patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) with the Travenol 6 L. variflow oxygenator bag and total hemodilution with Ringer's lactate with 5 per cent dextrose were observed for their variances in potassium (K+) levels and the degree of potassium replacement. We have seen that the potassium level drops before CPB bypass in relation to the preadmission to  the operating room potassium level. During bypass the level rises and following bypass it once again falls to be preceded by a rise after the first 24 hour postoperative period...", "PMID": 834061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1005", "title": "Techniques for localized injections and topical applications of carcinogens at specific endobronchial sites in dogs.", "content": "We seek to create a canine lung cancer model with sharply localized carcinomas analogous to human lung cancers. Toward this goal techniques for recurrent endobronchial transbronchoscopic submucosal injections and topical applications of the carcinogens 3,4-benzo(a)pyrene and N-methyl-nitrosourea have been developed. After 2 years of experience with 2,868 endoscopic manipulations and varying dosage schedules in 59 dogs, safe effective techniques for recurrently delivering carcinogens and sequential biopsies of the same sites have evolved. Predominantly during the first year of experience, 10 dogs died as a consequence of technical problems such as exsanguinations after 1 mm. punch biopsies. There were also 39 instances of nonlethal technical complications of endoscopy in the face of immunosuppression and local irritation caused by the carcinogens. By the techniques and dosage schedules described, it has now become possible reliably and safely to create impressive localized bronchial preneoplasia with squamous metaplasia and atypia among the prominent features.", "contents": "Techniques for localized injections and topical applications of carcinogens at specific endobronchial sites in dogs. We seek to create a canine lung cancer model with sharply localized carcinomas analogous to human lung cancers. Toward this goal techniques for recurrent endobronchial transbronchoscopic submucosal injections and topical applications of the carcinogens 3,4-benzo(a)pyrene and N-methyl-nitrosourea have been developed. After 2 years of experience with 2,868 endoscopic manipulations and varying dosage schedules in 59 dogs, safe effective techniques for recurrently delivering carcinogens and sequential biopsies of the same sites have evolved. Predominantly during the first year of experience, 10 dogs died as a consequence of technical problems such as exsanguinations after 1 mm. punch biopsies. There were also 39 instances of nonlethal technical complications of endoscopy in the face of immunosuppression and local irritation caused by the carcinogens. By the techniques and dosage schedules described, it has now become possible reliably and safely to create impressive localized bronchial preneoplasia with squamous metaplasia and atypia among the prominent features.", "PMID": 834062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1006", "title": "Prostaglandin influence on pulmonary intravascular leukocytic aggregation during cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "A variety of pharmacologic agents have been infused during cardiopulmonary bypass in an attempt to prevent intravascular leukocytic aggregation in the lung. To date corticosteroids have been advocated because of their ability to stabilize lysosomes. We have studied two additional agents, prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and dipyramidole (DIPYR) and compared their effects with those of methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS) and a control group. The drugs were infused into the dog during perfusion and lung biopsies obtained before, during, and at the end of 2 hours of cardiopulmonary bypass using whole blood prime of the Bentley bubble oxygenator. The biopsies were interpreted by a pathologist who was unaware of the modality of treatment. Our results indicate that PGE1 provides more protection from intravascular pulmonary leukocytic aggregation than DIPYR and MPSS.", "contents": "Prostaglandin influence on pulmonary intravascular leukocytic aggregation during cardiopulmonary bypass. A variety of pharmacologic agents have been infused during cardiopulmonary bypass in an attempt to prevent intravascular leukocytic aggregation in the lung. To date corticosteroids have been advocated because of their ability to stabilize lysosomes. We have studied two additional agents, prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and dipyramidole (DIPYR) and compared their effects with those of methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS) and a control group. The drugs were infused into the dog during perfusion and lung biopsies obtained before, during, and at the end of 2 hours of cardiopulmonary bypass using whole blood prime of the Bentley bubble oxygenator. The biopsies were interpreted by a pathologist who was unaware of the modality of treatment. Our results indicate that PGE1 provides more protection from intravascular pulmonary leukocytic aggregation than DIPYR and MPSS.", "PMID": 834063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1007", "title": "Pericarditis with effusion complicating esophageal perforation.", "content": "Among 24 patients with esophageal perforation treated during the past 6 years, 3 patients developed pericarditis with effusion as a life-threatening complication. In the first patient pericarditis was found at autopsy, the diagnosis having been suspected but not proved during life. In the other 2 patients pericardial decompression was performed and both survived. Common denominators in the 3 patients were delayed diagnosis and treatment of the perforation, with resultant empyema. Further, the diagnosis of pericarditis with effusion was difficult and delayed, because mediastinitis and associated pleuritis and pneumonia obscured the cardiac silhouette on chest roentgenogram. It is recommended that a high index of suspicion of pericarditis be maintained in patients with esophageal perforation, especially in those in whom the perforation is diagnosed late.", "contents": "Pericarditis with effusion complicating esophageal perforation. Among 24 patients with esophageal perforation treated during the past 6 years, 3 patients developed pericarditis with effusion as a life-threatening complication. In the first patient pericarditis was found at autopsy, the diagnosis having been suspected but not proved during life. In the other 2 patients pericardial decompression was performed and both survived. Common denominators in the 3 patients were delayed diagnosis and treatment of the perforation, with resultant empyema. Further, the diagnosis of pericarditis with effusion was difficult and delayed, because mediastinitis and associated pleuritis and pneumonia obscured the cardiac silhouette on chest roentgenogram. It is recommended that a high index of suspicion of pericarditis be maintained in patients with esophageal perforation, especially in those in whom the perforation is diagnosed late.", "PMID": 834064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1008", "title": "The ventricular endocardial electrogram and pacemaker sensing.", "content": "During cardiac pacemaker implantation and pulse generator replacement, unipolar, right ventricular electrograms were recorded from 133 patients (77 at implantation and 56 at pulse generator replacement) at 200 mm. per second with a band pass of 0.1 to 2,000 Hz on photographic paper. Each signal was analyzed for electrogram structure, peak-to-peak voltage deflection, ST-segment displacement, and maximum voltage deflection/time (slew rate [dv/dt]). The QRS designation of the peripheral electrocardiogram was used for the endocardial electrogram wave forms, which are sufficiently similar to allow QRS terminology to be used. Of the acute electrograms (at implantation) 58 per cent had a small Q followed by an R wave which was 10 per cent or more of the S amplitude; 30 per cent had an R wave less than 10 per cent of the S; all had a straight line segment, within the QRS complex, exhibiting maximum amplitude and slew rate and a large ST-segment elevation. In 12 per cent the Q was followed by an R wave only. The mean voltage was 12.4 mv. +/- 5.5, the slew rate mean 2.9 v. per second +/- 1.5, and the ST displacement 4.0 mv. +/- 2.6. All chronic (over 6 months after implantation) electrograms but one had no ST-segment elevation, and all had an inverted T wave and a straight line segment extending from the highest to the lowest peaks of the QRS complex. The chronic voltage amplitude is 15 per cent lower and the slew rate 41 per cent lower than that of the acute electrogram. The margin of amplitude and slew rate required at implantation to maintain adequate postimplant sensing must accommodate these changes. The possibility of satisfactory pacing threshold associated with poor sensing exists. Knowledge of the amplitude and slew rate allows the determination of the optimal position for electrode placement and the sensitivity required for satisfactory pulse generator selection, design, and operation.", "contents": "The ventricular endocardial electrogram and pacemaker sensing. During cardiac pacemaker implantation and pulse generator replacement, unipolar, right ventricular electrograms were recorded from 133 patients (77 at implantation and 56 at pulse generator replacement) at 200 mm. per second with a band pass of 0.1 to 2,000 Hz on photographic paper. Each signal was analyzed for electrogram structure, peak-to-peak voltage deflection, ST-segment displacement, and maximum voltage deflection/time (slew rate [dv/dt]). The QRS designation of the peripheral electrocardiogram was used for the endocardial electrogram wave forms, which are sufficiently similar to allow QRS terminology to be used. Of the acute electrograms (at implantation) 58 per cent had a small Q followed by an R wave which was 10 per cent or more of the S amplitude; 30 per cent had an R wave less than 10 per cent of the S; all had a straight line segment, within the QRS complex, exhibiting maximum amplitude and slew rate and a large ST-segment elevation. In 12 per cent the Q was followed by an R wave only. The mean voltage was 12.4 mv. +/- 5.5, the slew rate mean 2.9 v. per second +/- 1.5, and the ST displacement 4.0 mv. +/- 2.6. All chronic (over 6 months after implantation) electrograms but one had no ST-segment elevation, and all had an inverted T wave and a straight line segment extending from the highest to the lowest peaks of the QRS complex. The chronic voltage amplitude is 15 per cent lower and the slew rate 41 per cent lower than that of the acute electrogram. The margin of amplitude and slew rate required at implantation to maintain adequate postimplant sensing must accommodate these changes. The possibility of satisfactory pacing threshold associated with poor sensing exists. Knowledge of the amplitude and slew rate allows the determination of the optimal position for electrode placement and the sensitivity required for satisfactory pulse generator selection, design, and operation.", "PMID": 834065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1009", "title": "Demonstration of a depressor reflex in acute cardiac tamponade.", "content": "Studies from our laboratory have demonstrated the presence of a vagally mediated reflex in acute cardiac tamponade. To determine the effect of thisreflex on cardiac performance, we continuously recorded hemodynamic parameters during induction  of tamponade in 16 closed-chest mongrel dogs anesthetized with alpha chloralose. The studies were done 1 to 7 days following the insertion of a catheter in the pericardial sac. With increasing pericardial volume, there was a progressive deterioration of cardiac performance, the most marked changes occuring in the late phases of cardiac tamponade...", "contents": "Demonstration of a depressor reflex in acute cardiac tamponade. Studies from our laboratory have demonstrated the presence of a vagally mediated reflex in acute cardiac tamponade. To determine the effect of thisreflex on cardiac performance, we continuously recorded hemodynamic parameters during induction  of tamponade in 16 closed-chest mongrel dogs anesthetized with alpha chloralose. The studies were done 1 to 7 days following the insertion of a catheter in the pericardial sac. With increasing pericardial volume, there was a progressive deterioration of cardiac performance, the most marked changes occuring in the late phases of cardiac tamponade...", "PMID": 834066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1010", "title": "Aortic venting. Comparison of vent effectiveness.", "content": "Three commercially available aortic vents have been evaluated as to effectiveness in removing small volumes of air introduced into a mock circulatory circuit. Without aspiration, Vent 2 was the most effective and removed 58 per cent of 0.1 ml., 90 per cent of 0.5 ml., and 74 per cent of 1.0 ml. boluses at a cardiac output of 2 L. At a cardiac output of 4 L., Vent 2 removed 42, 76, and 49 per cent, respectively. With aspiration (Vent 2 not designed for aspiration) and a 2 L. cardiac output, Vents 1 and 3 removed 84 to 98 per cent of 0.1 ml., 68 to 92 per cent of 0.5 ml., and 74 to 86 per cent of 1.0 ml. boluses. With aspiration and a 4 L. cardiac output, Vent 3 was significantly more effective than Vent 1 and removed 92 to 94 per cent of 0.1 ml., 82 to 86 per cent of 0.5 ml., and 77 to 80 per cent of 1.0 ml. boluses. One liter of canine blood was aspirated through Vents 1 and 3 and a flow rate of 250 ml. per minute. For Vent 1, serum hemoglobin levels increased from 40 to 249 mg. per 100 ml. and for Vent 3 from 49 to 212 mg. per 100 ml. There are significant differences in the ability of commercially available aortic vents to remove small air bubbles trapped in the heart after initial direct cardiac venting. Vents having the capability of aspiration are more effective and result in acceptable hemolysis.", "contents": "Aortic venting. Comparison of vent effectiveness. Three commercially available aortic vents have been evaluated as to effectiveness in removing small volumes of air introduced into a mock circulatory circuit. Without aspiration, Vent 2 was the most effective and removed 58 per cent of 0.1 ml., 90 per cent of 0.5 ml., and 74 per cent of 1.0 ml. boluses at a cardiac output of 2 L. At a cardiac output of 4 L., Vent 2 removed 42, 76, and 49 per cent, respectively. With aspiration (Vent 2 not designed for aspiration) and a 2 L. cardiac output, Vents 1 and 3 removed 84 to 98 per cent of 0.1 ml., 68 to 92 per cent of 0.5 ml., and 74 to 86 per cent of 1.0 ml. boluses. With aspiration and a 4 L. cardiac output, Vent 3 was significantly more effective than Vent 1 and removed 92 to 94 per cent of 0.1 ml., 82 to 86 per cent of 0.5 ml., and 77 to 80 per cent of 1.0 ml. boluses. One liter of canine blood was aspirated through Vents 1 and 3 and a flow rate of 250 ml. per minute. For Vent 1, serum hemoglobin levels increased from 40 to 249 mg. per 100 ml. and for Vent 3 from 49 to 212 mg. per 100 ml. There are significant differences in the ability of commercially available aortic vents to remove small air bubbles trapped in the heart after initial direct cardiac venting. Vents having the capability of aspiration are more effective and result in acceptable hemolysis.", "PMID": 834067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1011", "title": "Fungal endocarditis: need for guidelines in evaluating therapy. Experience with two patients previously reported.", "content": "Successful treatment of fungal endocarditis is being described with increasing frequency. Two patients, previously reported as free of disease by two different groups of investigators, subsequently died in our institutions with evidence of continued disease. Both patients had been receiving antifungal chemotherapy at the time their case histories were reported. The lack of clinical signs and symptoms in fungal endocarditis, the suppression of manifestations of infection by chemotherapy, and the uncertain reliability of laboratory aids led us to suggest guidelines in reporting results of therapuetic regimens. These include avoidance of terms implying cure in patients who are concurrently maintained on chemotherapy, indication of attempts to evaluate fungemia, and minimum follow-up of 1-2 years' duration. The potential utility of serologic studies is illustrated by the course of one of these patients.", "contents": "Fungal endocarditis: need for guidelines in evaluating therapy. Experience with two patients previously reported. Successful treatment of fungal endocarditis is being described with increasing frequency. Two patients, previously reported as free of disease by two different groups of investigators, subsequently died in our institutions with evidence of continued disease. Both patients had been receiving antifungal chemotherapy at the time their case histories were reported. The lack of clinical signs and symptoms in fungal endocarditis, the suppression of manifestations of infection by chemotherapy, and the uncertain reliability of laboratory aids led us to suggest guidelines in reporting results of therapuetic regimens. These include avoidance of terms implying cure in patients who are concurrently maintained on chemotherapy, indication of attempts to evaluate fungemia, and minimum follow-up of 1-2 years' duration. The potential utility of serologic studies is illustrated by the course of one of these patients.", "PMID": 834068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1012", "title": "Management of an infected Hancock prosthesis after repair of truncus arteriosus.", "content": "This report described a case in which purulent mediastinitis involving a Hancock prosthesis developed after repair of truncus arteriosus in a 6-year-old boy. The graft and surrounding area became sterilized after having been irrigated with povidone-iodine and antibiotic solutions for 6 weeks. At his most recent visit, the child was completely active and asymptomatic.", "contents": "Management of an infected Hancock prosthesis after repair of truncus arteriosus. This report described a case in which purulent mediastinitis involving a Hancock prosthesis developed after repair of truncus arteriosus in a 6-year-old boy. The graft and surrounding area became sterilized after having been irrigated with povidone-iodine and antibiotic solutions for 6 weeks. At his most recent visit, the child was completely active and asymptomatic.", "PMID": 834069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1013", "title": "Evaluation of hemolysis following replacement of atrioventricular valves with procine xenograft (Hancock) valves.", "content": "Twenty-two patients who had undergone valve replacement with the porcine xenograft were studied 6 to 62 months postoperatively (mean 30.5 months) for evidence of intravascular hemolysis. Hemolysis was not detected in any patient and postoperative red cell indices and iron studies were normal for the majority of patients. Five patients had significantly elevated serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) values preoperatively which returned to normal following operation. Our evidence suggests that the glutaraldehyde-fixed porcine xenograft valve does not cause detectable hemolysis.", "contents": "Evaluation of hemolysis following replacement of atrioventricular valves with procine xenograft (Hancock) valves. Twenty-two patients who had undergone valve replacement with the porcine xenograft were studied 6 to 62 months postoperatively (mean 30.5 months) for evidence of intravascular hemolysis. Hemolysis was not detected in any patient and postoperative red cell indices and iron studies were normal for the majority of patients. Five patients had significantly elevated serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) values preoperatively which returned to normal following operation. Our evidence suggests that the glutaraldehyde-fixed porcine xenograft valve does not cause detectable hemolysis.", "PMID": 834070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1014", "title": "A new audit prodecure applied to an old question: Is the frequency of T&A justified?", "content": "A  unique medical audit procedure has been employed to combine the scope of population data with the detail of case histories. All tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T&As) in Manitoba for one year were studied. A group of individuals treated for respiratory illness but not having T&As were also identified. Individual histories were reconstructed from medical insurance claims. These cases were reviewed to test conformity between practice and authoritative standards for surgical intervention. The quality of the data on which this procedure depends withstood a battery of challenges. The analysis indicates that most cases selected for surgery lack evidence of meeting authoritative standards. However, a sizeable group of individuals not selcted for surgery perhaps should have been, if the same standards are applied. Also, those physicians performing the most operations had the highest criteria for patient selection.", "contents": "A new audit prodecure applied to an old question: Is the frequency of T&A justified? A  unique medical audit procedure has been employed to combine the scope of population data with the detail of case histories. All tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T&As) in Manitoba for one year were studied. A group of individuals treated for respiratory illness but not having T&As were also identified. Individual histories were reconstructed from medical insurance claims. These cases were reviewed to test conformity between practice and authoritative standards for surgical intervention. The quality of the data on which this procedure depends withstood a battery of challenges. The analysis indicates that most cases selected for surgery lack evidence of meeting authoritative standards. However, a sizeable group of individuals not selcted for surgery perhaps should have been, if the same standards are applied. Also, those physicians performing the most operations had the highest criteria for patient selection.", "PMID": 834081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1015", "title": "The impact of physician consultation on care-seeking during acute episodes of coronary heart disease.", "content": "The care-seeking behavior of 262 patients who experienced acute episodes of coronary heart disease (CHD) was analyzed to determine: the incidence and duration of physician consultation; the proportion of total time from acute symptom onset to hospital arrival consumed by medical evaluation; and the impact of medical evaluation on mode and duration of travel to the hospital and  the duration of medical evaluation and administrative procedures in the hospital emergency room. The results of this analysis suggest that physicians and ancillary medical personnel and the patient and lay others are about equally responsible for \"delay\" in obtaining definitive medical care. Extended medical evaluation was likely to occur when a patient's physician was an internist-cardiologist and the patient was young or without CHD, and a patient had numerous pre-existent chronic diseases. If effective techniques to bring patients under definitive medical care during the first critical hour of acute coronary episodes are to be developed, both lay and medical behavior should receive research attention.", "contents": "The impact of physician consultation on care-seeking during acute episodes of coronary heart disease. The care-seeking behavior of 262 patients who experienced acute episodes of coronary heart disease (CHD) was analyzed to determine: the incidence and duration of physician consultation; the proportion of total time from acute symptom onset to hospital arrival consumed by medical evaluation; and the impact of medical evaluation on mode and duration of travel to the hospital and  the duration of medical evaluation and administrative procedures in the hospital emergency room. The results of this analysis suggest that physicians and ancillary medical personnel and the patient and lay others are about equally responsible for \"delay\" in obtaining definitive medical care. Extended medical evaluation was likely to occur when a patient's physician was an internist-cardiologist and the patient was young or without CHD, and a patient had numerous pre-existent chronic diseases. If effective techniques to bring patients under definitive medical care during the first critical hour of acute coronary episodes are to be developed, both lay and medical behavior should receive research attention.", "PMID": 834082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1016", "title": "The effect of medical training factors on physician utilization behavior.", "content": "The purpose of this study is to determine the  influence of medical school, teaching hospital, and specialization on physicians' use of clinical and technical resources. The universe of the study consists of 34 internists practicing in the prepaid gorup practice setting of Kaiser in Portland, Oregon. The data reported here show that physicians trained in medical schools and hospitals with a scientific medical orientation generally use fewer such resources than other physicians. However, under conditions of uncertainty, that is, when diagnosis is unknown, they tend to use more services. In other words, these physicians are conservative in theri use of resourses when ambiguity is low, and liveral when ambiguity increases. Graduates of the more scientifically oriented institutions seem therefore more flexible in adjusting to the demands of the disease situation.", "contents": "The effect of medical training factors on physician utilization behavior. The purpose of this study is to determine the  influence of medical school, teaching hospital, and specialization on physicians' use of clinical and technical resources. The universe of the study consists of 34 internists practicing in the prepaid gorup practice setting of Kaiser in Portland, Oregon. The data reported here show that physicians trained in medical schools and hospitals with a scientific medical orientation generally use fewer such resources than other physicians. However, under conditions of uncertainty, that is, when diagnosis is unknown, they tend to use more services. In other words, these physicians are conservative in theri use of resourses when ambiguity is low, and liveral when ambiguity increases. Graduates of the more scientifically oriented institutions seem therefore more flexible in adjusting to the demands of the disease situation.", "PMID": 834083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1017", "title": "Receptivity of physicians in a teaching hospital to computerized drug interaction monitoring and reporting system.", "content": "Physicians at Stanford University Medical Center were surveyed to evaluate their responses to a computerized drug interaction warning system one year after its installation. While one-fourth of the 862 respondents had personally received at least one warning report, the educational benefits of the system had diffused to many physicians in the hospital. Reports were found to be useful for patient management and 44 per cent of the physicians who had received reports indicated they had changed their behavior in response to the information. The system was particularly beneficial for interns and medical students, and appears to have potential as an educational tool for training in therapeutics. While several problems with the system were noted, the overall attitude of the respondents toward it was favorable. The drug interaction warning system appears to have a promising future for reducing the problem of drug interactions among hospitalized patients.", "contents": "Receptivity of physicians in a teaching hospital to computerized drug interaction monitoring and reporting system. Physicians at Stanford University Medical Center were surveyed to evaluate their responses to a computerized drug interaction warning system one year after its installation. While one-fourth of the 862 respondents had personally received at least one warning report, the educational benefits of the system had diffused to many physicians in the hospital. Reports were found to be useful for patient management and 44 per cent of the physicians who had received reports indicated they had changed their behavior in response to the information. The system was particularly beneficial for interns and medical students, and appears to have potential as an educational tool for training in therapeutics. While several problems with the system were noted, the overall attitude of the respondents toward it was favorable. The drug interaction warning system appears to have a promising future for reducing the problem of drug interactions among hospitalized patients.", "PMID": 834084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1018", "title": "Technology evaluation: a case study of MARS (Missouri Automated Radiology System).", "content": "A health care technology evaluation framework is presented along with its application to the Missouri Automated Radiology System (MARS) project. The framework is made up of the following components: evaluation objectives, evaluation design, system documentation, analysis model, evaluation measures, and data collection. The results of applying the framework indicate that MARS incerases the cost of diagnostic radiology 2.3 per cent, significantly decreases report response time, and successfully performs the film management function.", "contents": "Technology evaluation: a case study of MARS (Missouri Automated Radiology System). A health care technology evaluation framework is presented along with its application to the Missouri Automated Radiology System (MARS) project. The framework is made up of the following components: evaluation objectives, evaluation design, system documentation, analysis model, evaluation measures, and data collection. The results of applying the framework indicate that MARS incerases the cost of diagnostic radiology 2.3 per cent, significantly decreases report response time, and successfully performs the film management function.", "PMID": 834085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1019", "title": "Quantitative changes in insoluble collagen during ontogeny in rodents (collagen type I and type III).", "content": "It has been proved in three rodent species that in the insoluble collagen fraction which accumulates in skin collagen with age of the two categories of collagen present (collagen type I and collagen type III), their proportion alters in favour of collagen type I with the advancing age. Since it has also been shown that collagen type I is less resistant towards proteolytic cleavage than is collagen type III its accumulation can be explained either by rapidly advancing cross-linking of this collagen type or more likely by different proteosynthesis. The second alternative is preferred since a step-wise polymerization of collagen type III was also observed. No information revealing to what extent the lysine derived cross-links can combine both collagen types is at present available. On the basis of this information the rapid decrease in insoluble collagen in very early ontogeny (rats below 8 weeks of age) is explained.", "contents": "Quantitative changes in insoluble collagen during ontogeny in rodents (collagen type I and type III). It has been proved in three rodent species that in the insoluble collagen fraction which accumulates in skin collagen with age of the two categories of collagen present (collagen type I and collagen type III), their proportion alters in favour of collagen type I with the advancing age. Since it has also been shown that collagen type I is less resistant towards proteolytic cleavage than is collagen type III its accumulation can be explained either by rapidly advancing cross-linking of this collagen type or more likely by different proteosynthesis. The second alternative is preferred since a step-wise polymerization of collagen type III was also observed. No information revealing to what extent the lysine derived cross-links can combine both collagen types is at present available. On the basis of this information the rapid decrease in insoluble collagen in very early ontogeny (rats below 8 weeks of age) is explained.", "PMID": 834079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1020", "title": "Selection at implantation and longevity. A tentative theory.", "content": "Women enjoy a superior longevity, possibly at the price of a heavy loss of female conceptuses at an early stage of gestation. An immunological mechanism is proposed. A theory of selection at implantation is developed and generalized which leads to a new approach of longevity.", "contents": "Selection at implantation and longevity. A tentative theory. Women enjoy a superior longevity, possibly at the price of a heavy loss of female conceptuses at an early stage of gestation. An immunological mechanism is proposed. A theory of selection at implantation is developed and generalized which leads to a new approach of longevity.", "PMID": 834080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1021", "title": "Hupolipidemic activity of (--)-hydroxycitrate.", "content": "The influence of (--)-hydroxycitrate, a potent competitive inhibitor of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) citrate lyase, on serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels, and in vitro and in vivo rates of hepatic fatty acid and chloesterol synthesis was investigated in normal and hyperlipidemic rat model systems. (--)-Hydroxycitrate reduced equivalently the biosynthesis of triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, diglycerides, cholesteryl esters, and free fatty acids in isolated liver cells. In vivo hepatic rates of fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis determined in meal-fed normolipidemic rats were suppressed significantly by the oral administration of (--)-hydroxycitrate for 6 hr, when control animals exhibited maximal rates of lipid synthesis; serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels were significantly reduced by (--)-hydroxycitrate. In two hypertriglyceridemic models-the genetically obese Zucker rat and the fructose-treated rat-elevated triglyceride levels were due, in part, to enhance hepatic rates of fatty acid synthesis. (--)-Hydroxycitrate significantly reduced the hypertriglyceridemia and hyperlipogensisi in both models. the marked hypertriglyceridemia exhibited by the triton-treated rat was only minimally due to increased hepatic lipogenesis;(--)-hydroxycitrate significantly inhibited both serum triglyceride levels and lipogenesis in this model.", "contents": "Hupolipidemic activity of (--)-hydroxycitrate. The influence of (--)-hydroxycitrate, a potent competitive inhibitor of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) citrate lyase, on serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels, and in vitro and in vivo rates of hepatic fatty acid and chloesterol synthesis was investigated in normal and hyperlipidemic rat model systems. (--)-Hydroxycitrate reduced equivalently the biosynthesis of triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, diglycerides, cholesteryl esters, and free fatty acids in isolated liver cells. In vivo hepatic rates of fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis determined in meal-fed normolipidemic rats were suppressed significantly by the oral administration of (--)-hydroxycitrate for 6 hr, when control animals exhibited maximal rates of lipid synthesis; serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels were significantly reduced by (--)-hydroxycitrate. In two hypertriglyceridemic models-the genetically obese Zucker rat and the fructose-treated rat-elevated triglyceride levels were due, in part, to enhance hepatic rates of fatty acid synthesis. (--)-Hydroxycitrate significantly reduced the hypertriglyceridemia and hyperlipogensisi in both models. the marked hypertriglyceridemia exhibited by the triton-treated rat was only minimally due to increased hepatic lipogenesis;(--)-hydroxycitrate significantly inhibited both serum triglyceride levels and lipogenesis in this model.", "PMID": 834114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1022", "title": "Effects of colestipol hydrochloride and neomycin sulfate on cholesterol turnover in the rat.", "content": "Three groups of male rats were fed diets containing the bile acid sequestrant colestipol hydrochloride (1%), neomycin sulfate (0.25%), or basic diet during the test. After 15 days, each rat was injected IV with 3.9 muCi cholesterol-1,2(-3)H complexed with serum lipoproteins; specific radioactivity of the total serum cholesterol was measured at several time intervals for a period of 7 weeks. Computer analysis of the data indicated that the turnover of cholesterol could best be fitted by a three-pool model. In pool 1, colestipol HC1 caused a significant increase in production rate (10.09 to 15.96 mg/day) and the excretion rate constant (0.53 to 0.79 day-1) of cholesterol without significantly altering the size of the pool or serum cholesterol concentrations. These results are compatible with an agent capable of binding bile acids in the rat but do not cause a decrease of the sterol pool because of an adequate compensatory increase in cholesterol biosynthesis. Neomycin SO4 caused a significant reduction in serum cholesterol (9%) without altering turnover parameters and apparently exerts its hypocholesterolemia by some mechanism other than bile acid sequestration.", "contents": "Effects of colestipol hydrochloride and neomycin sulfate on cholesterol turnover in the rat. Three groups of male rats were fed diets containing the bile acid sequestrant colestipol hydrochloride (1%), neomycin sulfate (0.25%), or basic diet during the test. After 15 days, each rat was injected IV with 3.9 muCi cholesterol-1,2(-3)H complexed with serum lipoproteins; specific radioactivity of the total serum cholesterol was measured at several time intervals for a period of 7 weeks. Computer analysis of the data indicated that the turnover of cholesterol could best be fitted by a three-pool model. In pool 1, colestipol HC1 caused a significant increase in production rate (10.09 to 15.96 mg/day) and the excretion rate constant (0.53 to 0.79 day-1) of cholesterol without significantly altering the size of the pool or serum cholesterol concentrations. These results are compatible with an agent capable of binding bile acids in the rat but do not cause a decrease of the sterol pool because of an adequate compensatory increase in cholesterol biosynthesis. Neomycin SO4 caused a significant reduction in serum cholesterol (9%) without altering turnover parameters and apparently exerts its hypocholesterolemia by some mechanism other than bile acid sequestration.", "PMID": 834115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1023", "title": "Radical scavenging reactions of alpha-tocopherol. II. The reaction with some alkyl radicals.", "content": "alpha-Tocopherol was reacted with some alkyl radicals (ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, and sec-butyl radical) to study its radical scavenging reactivity. The two types of products (alkyl ethers of alpha-tocopherol and cyclohexadienones) were obtained on treatment of each radial. These structures were determined by the spectral analysis. It was observed that alpha-tocopherol is very sensitive to the alkyl racidals and that the yields of the cyclohexadienones are decreased and that of the alkyl ethers are not much varied with an increase of carbon numbers of the alkyl radicals.", "contents": "Radical scavenging reactions of alpha-tocopherol. II. The reaction with some alkyl radicals. alpha-Tocopherol was reacted with some alkyl radicals (ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, and sec-butyl radical) to study its radical scavenging reactivity. The two types of products (alkyl ethers of alpha-tocopherol and cyclohexadienones) were obtained on treatment of each radial. These structures were determined by the spectral analysis. It was observed that alpha-tocopherol is very sensitive to the alkyl racidals and that the yields of the cyclohexadienones are decreased and that of the alkyl ethers are not much varied with an increase of carbon numbers of the alkyl radicals.", "PMID": 834116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1024", "title": "Effect of dietary vitamin E on expiration of pentane and ethane by the rat.", "content": "An analytical method for the measurement of hydrocarbon gases in the breath of rats is described. The method was used to follow the expiration in rat breath of in vivo formed scission products of hydroperoxides. The major products are pentane from the linoleic acid family and ethane from the linolenic acid family. Rats were fed 0, 11 or 40 i.u. vitamin E acetate/kg diet for 7 wk starting at age 21 days. Data obtained by gas chromatographic analysis of breath samples were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney nonparametric U-test. This statistical analysis showed that pentane evolved by the group of rats not supplemented with vitamin E was significantly higher during the period 1-7 wk than that evolved by either of the two supplemented groups of rats. Ethane from the nonsupplemented group was significantly higher than that from the group supplemented with 40 i.u. vitamin E/kg of diet by 5 wk, and significantly high than both supplemented groups by 6 wk. By 7 wk, pentane production was tenfold greater in the non-supplemented group, and ethane was about twofold greater. There was no significant difference between the groups supplemented with 11 and 40 i.u. vitamin E/kg diet for either ethane or pentane. This new technique, which measures scission products from in vivo lipid peroxidation, promises to be useful for application to many experimental areas where lipid peroxidation is expected or known to occur.", "contents": "Effect of dietary vitamin E on expiration of pentane and ethane by the rat. An analytical method for the measurement of hydrocarbon gases in the breath of rats is described. The method was used to follow the expiration in rat breath of in vivo formed scission products of hydroperoxides. The major products are pentane from the linoleic acid family and ethane from the linolenic acid family. Rats were fed 0, 11 or 40 i.u. vitamin E acetate/kg diet for 7 wk starting at age 21 days. Data obtained by gas chromatographic analysis of breath samples were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney nonparametric U-test. This statistical analysis showed that pentane evolved by the group of rats not supplemented with vitamin E was significantly higher during the period 1-7 wk than that evolved by either of the two supplemented groups of rats. Ethane from the nonsupplemented group was significantly higher than that from the group supplemented with 40 i.u. vitamin E/kg of diet by 5 wk, and significantly high than both supplemented groups by 6 wk. By 7 wk, pentane production was tenfold greater in the non-supplemented group, and ethane was about twofold greater. There was no significant difference between the groups supplemented with 11 and 40 i.u. vitamin E/kg diet for either ethane or pentane. This new technique, which measures scission products from in vivo lipid peroxidation, promises to be useful for application to many experimental areas where lipid peroxidation is expected or known to occur.", "PMID": 834117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1025", "title": "The phytanic acid content of the lipids of bovine tissues and milk.", "content": "In three steers which were given grass silage for six months, the content of phytanic acid (i.e. 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-hexadecanoic acid) in plasma lipid increased to about 8% of the total fatty acids, whereas after this time the proportion in the total fatty acids of liver and heart lipids was about 1%, and only 0.1% in those of kidney lipids; the acid was present in trace amounts in adipose-tissue triglycerides and was apparently absent from brain lipids. In eight lactating cows which were given grass silage for about 3 months, the content of phytanic acid in the total long chain fatty acids of milk and of plasma was 0.7% and 13%, respectively. In the plasma lipids of both steers and lactating cows, phytanic acid constituted a substantial proportion of the total fatty acids of the triglycerides and phospholipids; the acid was present in lowest proportion in the cholesteryl esters.", "contents": "The phytanic acid content of the lipids of bovine tissues and milk. In three steers which were given grass silage for six months, the content of phytanic acid (i.e. 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-hexadecanoic acid) in plasma lipid increased to about 8% of the total fatty acids, whereas after this time the proportion in the total fatty acids of liver and heart lipids was about 1%, and only 0.1% in those of kidney lipids; the acid was present in trace amounts in adipose-tissue triglycerides and was apparently absent from brain lipids. In eight lactating cows which were given grass silage for about 3 months, the content of phytanic acid in the total long chain fatty acids of milk and of plasma was 0.7% and 13%, respectively. In the plasma lipids of both steers and lactating cows, phytanic acid constituted a substantial proportion of the total fatty acids of the triglycerides and phospholipids; the acid was present in lowest proportion in the cholesteryl esters.", "PMID": 834118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1026", "title": "1-Docosanol and other long chain primary alcohols in developing rat brain.", "content": "Long chain alcohols were detected in developing rat brain at ages ranging from 5 to 40 days. They were at their highest level of 0.0109% of the total lipids at the age of 10 days and decreased to 0.0036% at the age of 40 days. They consited mainly of hexadecanol, octadecanol, octadecenol, eicosanol, docosanol, and tetracosanol. The fact that substantial amounts of fatty alcohols having more than 20 carbon atoms were present in myelinating rat brain indicated a chain length specificity in their utilization for 0'alkyl and 0'alk-1-enyl glycerolipid biosynthesis.", "contents": "1-Docosanol and other long chain primary alcohols in developing rat brain. Long chain alcohols were detected in developing rat brain at ages ranging from 5 to 40 days. They were at their highest level of 0.0109% of the total lipids at the age of 10 days and decreased to 0.0036% at the age of 40 days. They consited mainly of hexadecanol, octadecanol, octadecenol, eicosanol, docosanol, and tetracosanol. The fact that substantial amounts of fatty alcohols having more than 20 carbon atoms were present in myelinating rat brain indicated a chain length specificity in their utilization for 0'alkyl and 0'alk-1-enyl glycerolipid biosynthesis.", "PMID": 834119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1027", "title": "Linoleic acid amides: effect on cholesteremia and atherosclerosis.", "content": "Several of a series of linoleic acid amides have been reported to inhibit cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits. The three amides which have been studied to the greatest extent are (in order of increasing activity) N-cyclohexyl linoleamide (AC23), N(alpha methylbenzyl) linoleamide (AC223), and N[aplha-phenyl-beta-(p-tolyl)ethyl] linoeamide (AC 485).                                                                               We have found AC223 to inhibit cholesterol absorption in rats and to slightly inhibit exogenous but not endogenous cholesteremia in rabbits. In a fiber-free diet, AC223 reduces serum cholesterol and liver triglyceride levels. Rats were also fed a basal semipurified diet with and without AC223. Fecal excretion of labeled exogenous (as [ (14)C] cholesterol) or endogenous (as [14 C] mevalonolactone) steroid was 44 and 43% higher in drug treated groups. The mechanism of hypocholesteremic action of the linoleamides appears to involve inhibition of cholesterol absorption.", "contents": "Linoleic acid amides: effect on cholesteremia and atherosclerosis. Several of a series of linoleic acid amides have been reported to inhibit cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits. The three amides which have been studied to the greatest extent are (in order of increasing activity) N-cyclohexyl linoleamide (AC23), N(alpha methylbenzyl) linoleamide (AC223), and N[aplha-phenyl-beta-(p-tolyl)ethyl] linoeamide (AC 485).                                                                               We have found AC223 to inhibit cholesterol absorption in rats and to slightly inhibit exogenous but not endogenous cholesteremia in rabbits. In a fiber-free diet, AC223 reduces serum cholesterol and liver triglyceride levels. Rats were also fed a basal semipurified diet with and without AC223. Fecal excretion of labeled exogenous (as [ (14)C] cholesterol) or endogenous (as [14 C] mevalonolactone) steroid was 44 and 43% higher in drug treated groups. The mechanism of hypocholesteremic action of the linoleamides appears to involve inhibition of cholesterol absorption.", "PMID": 834120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1028", "title": "Gemcadiol: a new antilipemic drug, a clinical trial.", "content": "Nineteen patients with type II, III, IV, or V hyperlipoproteinemia received gemcadiol (2,2,9,9,-tetramethyl-1,10-decanediol) in daily doses between 1.2 and 2 g. The patients were hospitalized for dose titration and then followed as outpatients on appropriate doses of gemcadiol. In Type II hyperlipoproteinemia, serum cholesterol was lowered by an average of 24%. The serum triglycerides in Type IV hyperlipoproteinemia decreased by an average of 51%. Serum uric acid was not altered. There were no changes of subjective feelings or of clinical or laboratory findings, including creatine phosphokinase. This study indicates that gemcadiol is an effective antilipemic agent that is very well tolerated.", "contents": "Gemcadiol: a new antilipemic drug, a clinical trial. Nineteen patients with type II, III, IV, or V hyperlipoproteinemia received gemcadiol (2,2,9,9,-tetramethyl-1,10-decanediol) in daily doses between 1.2 and 2 g. The patients were hospitalized for dose titration and then followed as outpatients on appropriate doses of gemcadiol. In Type II hyperlipoproteinemia, serum cholesterol was lowered by an average of 24%. The serum triglycerides in Type IV hyperlipoproteinemia decreased by an average of 51%. Serum uric acid was not altered. There were no changes of subjective feelings or of clinical or laboratory findings, including creatine phosphokinase. This study indicates that gemcadiol is an effective antilipemic agent that is very well tolerated.", "PMID": 834121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1029", "title": "Diet and cholesteremia.", "content": "The statistical correlation between elevated serum cholesterol levels and increased risk of coronary heart disease has channeled thinking towards regarding dietary fat and cholesterol as the principal causes of hypercholesteremia. Since 1909 there have been a number of changes in nutrient availability in the United States. Protein availability is unchanged but the ratio of animal to vegetable protein rose from 1.06 in 1909 to 2.37 in 1972. Fat availability has risen by 26% with the ratio of animal to vegetable fat falling from 4.88 in 1909 to 1.64 in 1972. A review of available data indicates that amount and type of protein may affect cholesteremia and atherosclerosis in experimental animals. Soy protein is less cholesteremic than casein but the extent of difference can be affected by the type of carbohydrate. In a semipurified, cholesterol-free diet, saturated fat exerts an atherogenic effect but unsaturated fat does not. No atherogenicity is evident when saturated fat is added to laboratory ration. In the semipurified diet, fructose is more atherogenic than glucose, and casein is more atherogenic then soy protein. The latter difference can be virtually eliminated if alfalfa replaces cellulose as the dietary fiber. The data suggest that all elements of the diet interact and can affect cholesteremia and atherosclerosis. These effects must be considered in the planning of dietary intervention trials.", "contents": "Diet and cholesteremia. The statistical correlation between elevated serum cholesterol levels and increased risk of coronary heart disease has channeled thinking towards regarding dietary fat and cholesterol as the principal causes of hypercholesteremia. Since 1909 there have been a number of changes in nutrient availability in the United States. Protein availability is unchanged but the ratio of animal to vegetable protein rose from 1.06 in 1909 to 2.37 in 1972. Fat availability has risen by 26% with the ratio of animal to vegetable fat falling from 4.88 in 1909 to 1.64 in 1972. A review of available data indicates that amount and type of protein may affect cholesteremia and atherosclerosis in experimental animals. Soy protein is less cholesteremic than casein but the extent of difference can be affected by the type of carbohydrate. In a semipurified, cholesterol-free diet, saturated fat exerts an atherogenic effect but unsaturated fat does not. No atherogenicity is evident when saturated fat is added to laboratory ration. In the semipurified diet, fructose is more atherogenic than glucose, and casein is more atherogenic then soy protein. The latter difference can be virtually eliminated if alfalfa replaces cellulose as the dietary fiber. The data suggest that all elements of the diet interact and can affect cholesteremia and atherosclerosis. These effects must be considered in the planning of dietary intervention trials.", "PMID": 834122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1030", "title": "Maximum lipid reduction by partial ileal bypass: a test of the lipid-atherosclerosis hypothesis.", "content": "Atherosclerosis is the process responsible for our national epidemic of coronary heart disease. A primary and proven atherosclerotic risk factor is the plasma cholesterol concentration. Yet, proof that a reduction in plasma cholesterol level results in a reduction in the incidence or severity of atherosclerosis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease still requires conclusive documentation. The controversial methods of operation and inconclusive results of concluded first and second generation trials are reviewed. These data clearly demonstrate that a definitive test of the lipid hypothesis has not been reported. Evidence is presented to show that the partial ileal bypass operation most nearly fulfills the six features of an \"ideal\" lipid lowering trial modality: maximum effectiveness (50% cholesterol reduction); known mechanism of action; no response \"escape\" or \"rebound\"; obligatory effect without patient cooperation; minimal side effects; and relative safety. The basic design and protocol of the National Heart and Lung Institute Program on Surgical Control of the Hyperlipidemias, a secondary intervention trial using a combination of diet therapy and partial ileal bypass surgery, are outlined.", "contents": "Maximum lipid reduction by partial ileal bypass: a test of the lipid-atherosclerosis hypothesis. Atherosclerosis is the process responsible for our national epidemic of coronary heart disease. A primary and proven atherosclerotic risk factor is the plasma cholesterol concentration. Yet, proof that a reduction in plasma cholesterol level results in a reduction in the incidence or severity of atherosclerosis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease still requires conclusive documentation. The controversial methods of operation and inconclusive results of concluded first and second generation trials are reviewed. These data clearly demonstrate that a definitive test of the lipid hypothesis has not been reported. Evidence is presented to show that the partial ileal bypass operation most nearly fulfills the six features of an \"ideal\" lipid lowering trial modality: maximum effectiveness (50% cholesterol reduction); known mechanism of action; no response \"escape\" or \"rebound\"; obligatory effect without patient cooperation; minimal side effects; and relative safety. The basic design and protocol of the National Heart and Lung Institute Program on Surgical Control of the Hyperlipidemias, a secondary intervention trial using a combination of diet therapy and partial ileal bypass surgery, are outlined.", "PMID": 834123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1031", "title": "FDA considerations regarding new hypolipidemic agents.", "content": "Food and Drug Administration policy being considered for new marketed hypolipidemic agents includes: long-term safety to be demonstrated in postmarketing studies; evidence of clinical effectiveness to be demonstrated within a specified time period. Effectiveness is to be judged by one or more of the following: reduction in xanthomata, reduction atherosclerotic plaque, reduction in morbidity of coronary artery disease or peripheral and cerebral atherosclerosis, and reduction in mortality. Randomized double blind trials are deemed necessary.", "contents": "FDA considerations regarding new hypolipidemic agents. Food and Drug Administration policy being considered for new marketed hypolipidemic agents includes: long-term safety to be demonstrated in postmarketing studies; evidence of clinical effectiveness to be demonstrated within a specified time period. Effectiveness is to be judged by one or more of the following: reduction in xanthomata, reduction atherosclerotic plaque, reduction in morbidity of coronary artery disease or peripheral and cerebral atherosclerosis, and reduction in mortality. Randomized double blind trials are deemed necessary.", "PMID": 834124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1032", "title": "2-Aminoethylphosphonic acid metabolism in the rat.", "content": "Time course studies of the incorporation of radioactive 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid (AEP) into the tissues of rats demonstrated that maximum incorporation into the liver lipids occurred within 12 to 30 hr after injection, compared to 2 to 3 hr for the incorporation of phosphorylethanolamine. Little incorporation of AEP was observed in the other tissues investigated (heart, lung, spleen, adipose, kidney). The AEP was incorporated to the greatest extent into 1,2-diacylglyceryl-aminoethylphosphonate (diacylglyceryl-AEP), the phosphonate analogue of phosphatidylethanolamine, with some incorporation into the lyso derivative. Diacylglycerol-AEP apparently was not further metabolized by the rat; no methylation of diacylglyceryl-AEP to phosphonolecithin was observed. Subcellular fractionation was performed on the livers of rats who received (3)H-AEP 12,30,36, and 48 hr prior to sacrifice. The greatest amount of radioactivity was recovered in the soluble fractions. Lipid extraction was performed on the subcellular fractions, and most of the radioactivity present in the lipids was found in the microsomal fraction, with the next highest recovery in the mitochondrial and nuclear fractions", "contents": "2-Aminoethylphosphonic acid metabolism in the rat. Time course studies of the incorporation of radioactive 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid (AEP) into the tissues of rats demonstrated that maximum incorporation into the liver lipids occurred within 12 to 30 hr after injection, compared to 2 to 3 hr for the incorporation of phosphorylethanolamine. Little incorporation of AEP was observed in the other tissues investigated (heart, lung, spleen, adipose, kidney). The AEP was incorporated to the greatest extent into 1,2-diacylglyceryl-aminoethylphosphonate (diacylglyceryl-AEP), the phosphonate analogue of phosphatidylethanolamine, with some incorporation into the lyso derivative. Diacylglycerol-AEP apparently was not further metabolized by the rat; no methylation of diacylglyceryl-AEP to phosphonolecithin was observed. Subcellular fractionation was performed on the livers of rats who received (3)H-AEP 12,30,36, and 48 hr prior to sacrifice. The greatest amount of radioactivity was recovered in the soluble fractions. Lipid extraction was performed on the subcellular fractions, and most of the radioactivity present in the lipids was found in the microsomal fraction, with the next highest recovery in the mitochondrial and nuclear fractions", "PMID": 834125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1033", "title": "Preparation of specifically dideuterated octadecanoates and oxooctadecanoates.", "content": "Sixteen methyl gem dideuterooctadecanoates with two deuterium atoms at positions 2- to 17- and seven oxo esters, 8-oxooctadecanoate-5,5-d(2), 8-oxooctadecanoate-11, 11-d(2), 11-oxooctadecanoate-8,8-d(2), 11-oxooctadecanoate-14,14-d(2), 12-oxooctadecanoate-9,9-d(2), 7-oxooctadecanoate-10,10-d(2) and 13-oxooctadecanoate-16,16-d(2) with two deuteriums on the carbon gamma to the oxo group, have been synthesized. Two prinicipal methods of introducing deuterium were used: preparation of 2,2-dideutero acids by exchange with deuterium oxide followed by chain extension giving dideuteroxooctadecanoates, which were then reduced, as tosylhydrazones, with sodium cyanoborohydride to dideuterooctadecanoates and stepwise introduction by reduction of oxooctadecanoates with sodium borodeuteride, formation of tosylate or mesylate, reduction with lithium aluminum deuteride to tetradeuterooctadecanol and oxidation to dideuterooctadecanoic acid.", "contents": "Preparation of specifically dideuterated octadecanoates and oxooctadecanoates. Sixteen methyl gem dideuterooctadecanoates with two deuterium atoms at positions 2- to 17- and seven oxo esters, 8-oxooctadecanoate-5,5-d(2), 8-oxooctadecanoate-11, 11-d(2), 11-oxooctadecanoate-8,8-d(2), 11-oxooctadecanoate-14,14-d(2), 12-oxooctadecanoate-9,9-d(2), 7-oxooctadecanoate-10,10-d(2) and 13-oxooctadecanoate-16,16-d(2) with two deuteriums on the carbon gamma to the oxo group, have been synthesized. Two prinicipal methods of introducing deuterium were used: preparation of 2,2-dideutero acids by exchange with deuterium oxide followed by chain extension giving dideuteroxooctadecanoates, which were then reduced, as tosylhydrazones, with sodium cyanoborohydride to dideuterooctadecanoates and stepwise introduction by reduction of oxooctadecanoates with sodium borodeuteride, formation of tosylate or mesylate, reduction with lithium aluminum deuteride to tetradeuterooctadecanol and oxidation to dideuterooctadecanoic acid.", "PMID": 834126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1034", "title": "Autoxidation of methyl linoleate. Separation and analysis of isomeric mixtures of methyl linoleate hydroperoxides and methyl hydroxylinoleates.", "content": "The mixture of conjugated diene hyperperoxide isomers obtained from autoxidation of methyl linoleate was separated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Four major isomers were obtained from adsorption chromatography and identified as the 9 and 13 positional isomers having the trans-trans and cis-trans configurations. The latter geometrical isomers have the trans double bond adjacent to the hydroperoxide group. The hydroxy compounds (methyl hydroxylinoleates) obtained from the hydroperoxides by NaBH4 reduction were similarly separated but with improved resolution. This is the first instance of the complete separation of these compounds and provides a rapid method for their analysis. Unlike adsorption chromatography, reversed-phase chromatography separates the mixtures only according to the geometrical isomerism of the double bonds and not according to the position of the hydroxy or hydroperoxide function.", "contents": "Autoxidation of methyl linoleate. Separation and analysis of isomeric mixtures of methyl linoleate hydroperoxides and methyl hydroxylinoleates. The mixture of conjugated diene hyperperoxide isomers obtained from autoxidation of methyl linoleate was separated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Four major isomers were obtained from adsorption chromatography and identified as the 9 and 13 positional isomers having the trans-trans and cis-trans configurations. The latter geometrical isomers have the trans double bond adjacent to the hydroperoxide group. The hydroxy compounds (methyl hydroxylinoleates) obtained from the hydroperoxides by NaBH4 reduction were similarly separated but with improved resolution. This is the first instance of the complete separation of these compounds and provides a rapid method for their analysis. Unlike adsorption chromatography, reversed-phase chromatography separates the mixtures only according to the geometrical isomerism of the double bonds and not according to the position of the hydroxy or hydroperoxide function.", "PMID": 834127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1035", "title": "Trousseau's syndrome and other manifestations of chronic disseminated coagulopathy in patients with neoplasms: clinical, pathophysiologic, and therapeutic features.", "content": "Analysis of 182 patients with chronic disseminated intravascular coagulopathy and malignancy shows common features. Migratory thrombophlebitis occurred in 96 patients while at least a single episode of thrombophlebitis was noted in 113. Seventy-five of the patients bled and 45 had arterial emboli in various organs. Twelve patients had the triad of thrombophlebitis, hemorrhage, and arterial emboli, often sequentially. Hematologic data showed derangements associated with intravascular coagulation, the most prominent of which were hypofibrinogenemia and thrombocytopenia. Other abnormalities included prolonged prothrombin time, increased fibrinogen-fibrin degradation products, decreased levels of factors V and VIII, cryofibrinogenemia, and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. Forty-one patients had lesions of non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis at autopsy; 31 of these had arterial emboli during life. None of the lesions were infected. Mitral and aortic valves were most frequently involved. No single mechanism that causes the disseminated intravascular coagulopathy has been identified. However, cell products--secretions and enzymes--and the cells themselves have been proposed as the procoagulant(s) responsible for the syndrome. In addition to treatment of the underlying neoplasm, symptomatic disseminated intravascular coagulopathy should be controlled. Heparin is the drug of choice for treatment of this problem, very little benefit having been observed with warfarin therapy. Long-term use of anticoagulants is potentially feasible for control of chronic disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, but without effective control of the underlying tumor ultimately will be unsuccessful.", "contents": "Trousseau's syndrome and other manifestations of chronic disseminated coagulopathy in patients with neoplasms: clinical, pathophysiologic, and therapeutic features. Analysis of 182 patients with chronic disseminated intravascular coagulopathy and malignancy shows common features. Migratory thrombophlebitis occurred in 96 patients while at least a single episode of thrombophlebitis was noted in 113. Seventy-five of the patients bled and 45 had arterial emboli in various organs. Twelve patients had the triad of thrombophlebitis, hemorrhage, and arterial emboli, often sequentially. Hematologic data showed derangements associated with intravascular coagulation, the most prominent of which were hypofibrinogenemia and thrombocytopenia. Other abnormalities included prolonged prothrombin time, increased fibrinogen-fibrin degradation products, decreased levels of factors V and VIII, cryofibrinogenemia, and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. Forty-one patients had lesions of non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis at autopsy; 31 of these had arterial emboli during life. None of the lesions were infected. Mitral and aortic valves were most frequently involved. No single mechanism that causes the disseminated intravascular coagulopathy has been identified. However, cell products--secretions and enzymes--and the cells themselves have been proposed as the procoagulant(s) responsible for the syndrome. In addition to treatment of the underlying neoplasm, symptomatic disseminated intravascular coagulopathy should be controlled. Heparin is the drug of choice for treatment of this problem, very little benefit having been observed with warfarin therapy. Long-term use of anticoagulants is potentially feasible for control of chronic disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, but without effective control of the underlying tumor ultimately will be unsuccessful.", "PMID": 834136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1036", "title": "Transient bacteremia and endocarditis prophylaxis. A review.", "content": "Transient, usually asymptomatic bacteremia occurs in a wide variety of procedures and manipulations, particularly those associated with mucous membrane trauma. It may also occur with such daily functions as tooth brushing and bowel movements. These brief bacteremias are especially common in tooth extraction and other dental procedures. Although numerical risk is uncertain, these bacteremias can occasionally give rise to infective endocarditis in the susceptible patient. While no proof exists that antibiotics given prior to procedures causing bacteremia prevent endocarditis in humans, experimental evidence in rabbits supports their use. Therefore, in situations where bacteremia is highly predictable, it would seem wise to administer prophylactic antimicrobials. Procedures in the susceptible host where prophylactic antibiotics seem prudent include dental manipulations and urinary tract instrumentation. Whether patients with acquired valvular or congenital heart disease who are to undergo abdominal surgical procedures should routinely receive prophylactic antibiotics is unclear. However, until the incidence of transient bacteremia associated with various abdominal procedures is further defined, endocarditis-prone patients should probably receive prophylaxis. Furthermore, patients with prosthetic valves who are subjected to upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, liver biopsy, or barium enema should also probably have antibiotic pretreatment. For dental procedures and for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in patients with prosthetic valves, a combination of penicillin and streptomycin or vancomycin alone is recommended. For urinary tract instrumentation in all patients and for sigmoidoscopy, liver biopsy, or barium enema in patients with prosthetic valves, prophylaxis should be with ampicillin and gentamicin or vancomycin and gentamicin.", "contents": "Transient bacteremia and endocarditis prophylaxis. A review. Transient, usually asymptomatic bacteremia occurs in a wide variety of procedures and manipulations, particularly those associated with mucous membrane trauma. It may also occur with such daily functions as tooth brushing and bowel movements. These brief bacteremias are especially common in tooth extraction and other dental procedures. Although numerical risk is uncertain, these bacteremias can occasionally give rise to infective endocarditis in the susceptible patient. While no proof exists that antibiotics given prior to procedures causing bacteremia prevent endocarditis in humans, experimental evidence in rabbits supports their use. Therefore, in situations where bacteremia is highly predictable, it would seem wise to administer prophylactic antimicrobials. Procedures in the susceptible host where prophylactic antibiotics seem prudent include dental manipulations and urinary tract instrumentation. Whether patients with acquired valvular or congenital heart disease who are to undergo abdominal surgical procedures should routinely receive prophylactic antibiotics is unclear. However, until the incidence of transient bacteremia associated with various abdominal procedures is further defined, endocarditis-prone patients should probably receive prophylaxis. Furthermore, patients with prosthetic valves who are subjected to upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, liver biopsy, or barium enema should also probably have antibiotic pretreatment. For dental procedures and for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in patients with prosthetic valves, a combination of penicillin and streptomycin or vancomycin alone is recommended. For urinary tract instrumentation in all patients and for sigmoidoscopy, liver biopsy, or barium enema in patients with prosthetic valves, prophylaxis should be with ampicillin and gentamicin or vancomycin and gentamicin.", "PMID": 834137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1037", "title": "Aspects of the absorption of oral L-thyroxine in normal man.", "content": "Using a double isotope method, the optimal conditions for the absorption of an L-thyroxine (L-T4) preparation were examined. In particular, the influence of food intake on L-T4 absorption was examined. As distinct from the unfavorable results hitherto obtained with L-T4 lactase mixtures, a tablet similar to a commercial 100 mug L-T4 lactose preparation showed good absorptionof 70.6% +/- 12.9% SD. In the fasting state, the L-T4 absorption of both preparations was significantly better (p less than 0.001) than with simultaneous food intake: 79.3% +/- 7.2% SD versus 63.9% +/- 10.5% SD. The calculated absorption of a 3-mg L-T4 dose in a lactose preparation used in testing thyroid suppressibility was significantly lower (p less than 0.001) than the absorption of a smaller L-T4 dose, and the absorption in the fasting state was again signifiantly (; less than 0.01) higher compared to that with simultaneous food intake: 52.6% +/- 4.3% SD versus 43.9% +/- 5.4% SD. The possibility of retention in the liver in the case of a large 3-mg L-T4 dose is indicated. The data suggest that with L-thyroxine medication simultaneous food intake should be avoided.", "contents": "Aspects of the absorption of oral L-thyroxine in normal man. Using a double isotope method, the optimal conditions for the absorption of an L-thyroxine (L-T4) preparation were examined. In particular, the influence of food intake on L-T4 absorption was examined. As distinct from the unfavorable results hitherto obtained with L-T4 lactase mixtures, a tablet similar to a commercial 100 mug L-T4 lactose preparation showed good absorptionof 70.6% +/- 12.9% SD. In the fasting state, the L-T4 absorption of both preparations was significantly better (p less than 0.001) than with simultaneous food intake: 79.3% +/- 7.2% SD versus 63.9% +/- 10.5% SD. The calculated absorption of a 3-mg L-T4 dose in a lactose preparation used in testing thyroid suppressibility was significantly lower (p less than 0.001) than the absorption of a smaller L-T4 dose, and the absorption in the fasting state was again signifiantly (; less than 0.01) higher compared to that with simultaneous food intake: 52.6% +/- 4.3% SD versus 43.9% +/- 5.4% SD. The possibility of retention in the liver in the case of a large 3-mg L-T4 dose is indicated. The data suggest that with L-thyroxine medication simultaneous food intake should be avoided.", "PMID": 834138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1038", "title": "Diabetes induced by a high fructose diet.", "content": "Long-term fructose feeding to the genetically selected albino rat resulted in the development of diabetes mellitus and diffuse glomerulosclerosis. Siblings of these animals that were starch fed did not develop the metabolic impairments nor did they develop diabetic microangiopathy. These results are similar to those observed following sucrose feeding to these genetically selected animals. Hence, fructose feeding is not different than that of sucrose in producing diabetes and diabetic angiopathy.", "contents": "Diabetes induced by a high fructose diet. Long-term fructose feeding to the genetically selected albino rat resulted in the development of diabetes mellitus and diffuse glomerulosclerosis. Siblings of these animals that were starch fed did not develop the metabolic impairments nor did they develop diabetic microangiopathy. These results are similar to those observed following sucrose feeding to these genetically selected animals. Hence, fructose feeding is not different than that of sucrose in producing diabetes and diabetic angiopathy.", "PMID": 834140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1039", "title": "Insulin and glucagon relationship during aging in man.", "content": "To determine if the glucoregulatory hormones, insulin and glucagon, are altered with aging inman, 44 healthy volunteers, 22-81 yr of age, were evaluted by measurement of basal levels of glucose, insulin, and glucagon in relationship to their fat mass. In addition, the secretory capacities of the alpha and beta cells were assessed by measurement of the amounts of glucagon and insulin released after intravenous administration of glucose and arginine, respectively. Although no significant differences in weight could be distinguished longitudinally, the percentage adiposity was found to increase with age. Basal concentrations of glucose, glucagon, and insulin were not appreciably altered as a function of advancing years. After intravenous glucose, the glucose disappearance rate (Kg) was significantly slower in the elderly in comparison with the young, yet no differences in glucose-induced release were found. Similarly, insulin responses after arginine infusion between young and old were indistinguishable. The release of glucagon in response to arginine infusion was not perceptibly altered during aging. Thus, despite a decline in Kg with advanging age in this healthy population, gross changes in insulin and glucagon release were not apparent. We infer from bese data that decreased carbohydrate tolerance accompanying aging in some populations may be due to factors other than abnormalities in secretion of insulin and glucagon.", "contents": "Insulin and glucagon relationship during aging in man. To determine if the glucoregulatory hormones, insulin and glucagon, are altered with aging inman, 44 healthy volunteers, 22-81 yr of age, were evaluted by measurement of basal levels of glucose, insulin, and glucagon in relationship to their fat mass. In addition, the secretory capacities of the alpha and beta cells were assessed by measurement of the amounts of glucagon and insulin released after intravenous administration of glucose and arginine, respectively. Although no significant differences in weight could be distinguished longitudinally, the percentage adiposity was found to increase with age. Basal concentrations of glucose, glucagon, and insulin were not appreciably altered as a function of advancing years. After intravenous glucose, the glucose disappearance rate (Kg) was significantly slower in the elderly in comparison with the young, yet no differences in glucose-induced release were found. Similarly, insulin responses after arginine infusion between young and old were indistinguishable. The release of glucagon in response to arginine infusion was not perceptibly altered during aging. Thus, despite a decline in Kg with advanging age in this healthy population, gross changes in insulin and glucagon release were not apparent. We infer from bese data that decreased carbohydrate tolerance accompanying aging in some populations may be due to factors other than abnormalities in secretion of insulin and glucagon.", "PMID": 834141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1040", "title": "Abnormal glucose tolerance in beta-thalassemia major.", "content": "The question of whether iron overload causes glucose intolerance was studied in a group of 26 multiply transfused homozygous beta thalassemics. Of the 26, 13 (50%) had some abnormality in their oral glucose tolerance test, 5 fitting criteria for definite diabetes. Glucose intolerance correlated significantly with number of transfusions received and with age of the subjects, while a positive family history for diabetes was more common in the subjects with glucose intolerance. These data and a chart review of four deceased thalassemics with overt diabetes are consistent with the following conclusions: (1) glucose intolerance is common in multiply transfused thalassemics; (2) the incidence of abnormal glucose tolerance correlates with the number of transfusions received and the age of the subject; (3) a family history of diabetes may predisose multiply transfused thalassemics to glucose intolerance.", "contents": "Abnormal glucose tolerance in beta-thalassemia major. The question of whether iron overload causes glucose intolerance was studied in a group of 26 multiply transfused homozygous beta thalassemics. Of the 26, 13 (50%) had some abnormality in their oral glucose tolerance test, 5 fitting criteria for definite diabetes. Glucose intolerance correlated significantly with number of transfusions received and with age of the subjects, while a positive family history for diabetes was more common in the subjects with glucose intolerance. These data and a chart review of four deceased thalassemics with overt diabetes are consistent with the following conclusions: (1) glucose intolerance is common in multiply transfused thalassemics; (2) the incidence of abnormal glucose tolerance correlates with the number of transfusions received and the age of the subject; (3) a family history of diabetes may predisose multiply transfused thalassemics to glucose intolerance.", "PMID": 834142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1041", "title": "Influence of physiologic hyperglucagonemia on urinary glucose, nitrogen, and electrolyte excretion in diabetes.", "content": "To evaluate the effect of physiologic hyperglucagonemia on nitrogen and glucose metabolism and on urinary electrolyte excretion, pancreatic glucagon was administered as a continuous 3-day infusion to three adult-onset non-insulin-dependent diabetics and two insulin-treated juvenile diabetics while on a constant dietary intake. The glucagon infusion resulted in increases in plasma glucagon which were 4-6 fold greater than control values. Despite prolonged hyperglucagonemia, urinary glucose excretion was unchanged. Similarly, urinary urea nitrogen and total nitrogen excretion were not altered by glucagon administration. Urinary sodium tended to rise, albeit not significantly (p less than .01), on the first infusion day, but later declined to control values despite increasing plasma glucagon concentrations. Urinary chloride, potassium, calcium, phosphorus excretion remained unchanged. We conclude that continuous physiologic increments in plasma glucagon do not enhance glycosuria or increase protein catabolism and ureagenesis in diabetes when insulin is available. The augmented protein catabolism and glucogenesis that accompany diabetic ketoacidosis cannot be explained primarily on the basis of hyperglucagonemia.", "contents": "Influence of physiologic hyperglucagonemia on urinary glucose, nitrogen, and electrolyte excretion in diabetes. To evaluate the effect of physiologic hyperglucagonemia on nitrogen and glucose metabolism and on urinary electrolyte excretion, pancreatic glucagon was administered as a continuous 3-day infusion to three adult-onset non-insulin-dependent diabetics and two insulin-treated juvenile diabetics while on a constant dietary intake. The glucagon infusion resulted in increases in plasma glucagon which were 4-6 fold greater than control values. Despite prolonged hyperglucagonemia, urinary glucose excretion was unchanged. Similarly, urinary urea nitrogen and total nitrogen excretion were not altered by glucagon administration. Urinary sodium tended to rise, albeit not significantly (p less than .01), on the first infusion day, but later declined to control values despite increasing plasma glucagon concentrations. Urinary chloride, potassium, calcium, phosphorus excretion remained unchanged. We conclude that continuous physiologic increments in plasma glucagon do not enhance glycosuria or increase protein catabolism and ureagenesis in diabetes when insulin is available. The augmented protein catabolism and glucogenesis that accompany diabetic ketoacidosis cannot be explained primarily on the basis of hyperglucagonemia.", "PMID": 834143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1042", "title": "Laboratory animals exhibiting obesity and diabetes syndromes.", "content": "Spontaneous hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and obesity are common features for at least one period of the lifetime in some strains of mice. Both genetic and environmental factors are involved in the pathogenesis of the diabetes-like syndrome, making these strains excellent models for studies in both obesity and diabetes-like states. The metabolic peculiarities can be due to a dominant gene, as for the yellow obese, or a single recessive gene, as in the obese and the diabetes mouse; or they can be of polygenic origin, as for the KK and the NZO mouse. However, the severity of the metabolic disorder is due to the interaction of the mutant genes iwth modifiers in the bat genes themselves. Studies on the pathophysiology and biochemistry of these animals have revealed interstrain differences, different patterns of development of the metabolic disorder, and different degrees of severity of the diabetes-like syndrome. Although the primary causes of the syndrome remain unclear in some strains, an involvement of hypothalamic feeding centers has been implicated.", "contents": "Laboratory animals exhibiting obesity and diabetes syndromes. Spontaneous hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and obesity are common features for at least one period of the lifetime in some strains of mice. Both genetic and environmental factors are involved in the pathogenesis of the diabetes-like syndrome, making these strains excellent models for studies in both obesity and diabetes-like states. The metabolic peculiarities can be due to a dominant gene, as for the yellow obese, or a single recessive gene, as in the obese and the diabetes mouse; or they can be of polygenic origin, as for the KK and the NZO mouse. However, the severity of the metabolic disorder is due to the interaction of the mutant genes iwth modifiers in the bat genes themselves. Studies on the pathophysiology and biochemistry of these animals have revealed interstrain differences, different patterns of development of the metabolic disorder, and different degrees of severity of the diabetes-like syndrome. Although the primary causes of the syndrome remain unclear in some strains, an involvement of hypothalamic feeding centers has been implicated.", "PMID": 834144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1043", "title": "Effect of dichloroacetate on gluconeogenesis in isolated rat hepatocytes.", "content": "The effect of dichloroacetate on rates of gluconeogenesis was studied in isolated parenchymal cells obtained from the livers of normal fasted rats. Dichloroacetate significantly inhibited glucose formation from endogenous substrates and from added precursors (e.g., lactate, pyruvate, or glycerate) which enter the gluconeogenic pathway prior to the level of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH). In contrast, dichloroacetate did not significantly affect glucose synthesis from precursors (e.g., fructose, or glycerol) which enter beyond the GPDH-catalyzed step. Lactate production from fructose of glycerol was unaffected by dichloroacetate. Inhibition of gluconeogenesis occurred regardless of the apparent effects of dichloroacetate on the redox state of the cytosol. Dichloroacetate produced variable effects on the lactate-pyruvate substate pair, while it consistently produced a more oxidized state in the beta-hydroxybutyrate--acetoacetate couple. Unlike uncoupling agents, dichloroacetate reduced glucose synthesis without stimulating respiration or altering total adenine nucleotide levels or ATP/ADP ratios. Dichloroacetate did not affect the metabolism of lactate or pyruvate to CO2 or glycogen. It did, however, significantly inhibit conversion by the cells of added lactate to pyruvate and glucose or of added pyruvate to lactate and glucose.", "contents": "Effect of dichloroacetate on gluconeogenesis in isolated rat hepatocytes. The effect of dichloroacetate on rates of gluconeogenesis was studied in isolated parenchymal cells obtained from the livers of normal fasted rats. Dichloroacetate significantly inhibited glucose formation from endogenous substrates and from added precursors (e.g., lactate, pyruvate, or glycerate) which enter the gluconeogenic pathway prior to the level of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH). In contrast, dichloroacetate did not significantly affect glucose synthesis from precursors (e.g., fructose, or glycerol) which enter beyond the GPDH-catalyzed step. Lactate production from fructose of glycerol was unaffected by dichloroacetate. Inhibition of gluconeogenesis occurred regardless of the apparent effects of dichloroacetate on the redox state of the cytosol. Dichloroacetate produced variable effects on the lactate-pyruvate substate pair, while it consistently produced a more oxidized state in the beta-hydroxybutyrate--acetoacetate couple. Unlike uncoupling agents, dichloroacetate reduced glucose synthesis without stimulating respiration or altering total adenine nucleotide levels or ATP/ADP ratios. Dichloroacetate did not affect the metabolism of lactate or pyruvate to CO2 or glycogen. It did, however, significantly inhibit conversion by the cells of added lactate to pyruvate and glucose or of added pyruvate to lactate and glucose.", "PMID": 834145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1044", "title": "The effects of two dietary fiber supplements on gastrointestinal transit, stool weight and frequency, and bacterial flora, and fecal bile acids in normal subjects.", "content": "The effect of dietary supplements of sugar-cane fiber (bagasse), on stool weight, solids, and water content were studied in normal ambulant volunteers over a 9-mo period; a second inpatient study was done with bran supplements. The addition on 10.5 g of bagasse containing 5.1 g of crude fiber to a normal diet containing 3.7 g of crude dietary fiber daily raised the mean fecal weight from 88.3 +/- 6.4 g to 139.7 +/- 10.2 g/day (p less than 0.005). There was also a significant rise in fecal solids and fecal water, although the percentage of water in the stools remained unchanged. Bagasse supplements accelerated gastrointestinal transit when measured by the carmine marker technique. Radiopaque \"shapes\" showed a trend toward more rapid transit with bagasse supplements. Daily supplements of 39 g of wheat bran or 10.5 g of bagasse increased the total daily excretion of fecal bacteria, but there were no changes in bacteria excreted per gram of feces. The composition of the bacterial flora showed no change. There was increased excretion of fecal acid sterols on the bagasse supplement, but this failed to occur with bran. No changes attributable to fiber supplements occurred in the plasma triglycerides or cholesterol. Future work may define specific dietary fiber supplements for different therapeutic purposes. One fiber may be used as a bulk expander in diverticular disease and another as a hypocholesteremic fiber.", "contents": "The effects of two dietary fiber supplements on gastrointestinal transit, stool weight and frequency, and bacterial flora, and fecal bile acids in normal subjects. The effect of dietary supplements of sugar-cane fiber (bagasse), on stool weight, solids, and water content were studied in normal ambulant volunteers over a 9-mo period; a second inpatient study was done with bran supplements. The addition on 10.5 g of bagasse containing 5.1 g of crude fiber to a normal diet containing 3.7 g of crude dietary fiber daily raised the mean fecal weight from 88.3 +/- 6.4 g to 139.7 +/- 10.2 g/day (p less than 0.005). There was also a significant rise in fecal solids and fecal water, although the percentage of water in the stools remained unchanged. Bagasse supplements accelerated gastrointestinal transit when measured by the carmine marker technique. Radiopaque \"shapes\" showed a trend toward more rapid transit with bagasse supplements. Daily supplements of 39 g of wheat bran or 10.5 g of bagasse increased the total daily excretion of fecal bacteria, but there were no changes in bacteria excreted per gram of feces. The composition of the bacterial flora showed no change. There was increased excretion of fecal acid sterols on the bagasse supplement, but this failed to occur with bran. No changes attributable to fiber supplements occurred in the plasma triglycerides or cholesterol. Future work may define specific dietary fiber supplements for different therapeutic purposes. One fiber may be used as a bulk expander in diverticular disease and another as a hypocholesteremic fiber.", "PMID": 834146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1045", "title": "Effects of short-term clofibrate administration on glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in patients with chemical diabetes or hypertriglyceridemia.", "content": "The effect of 1-wk administration of clofibrate on plasma glucose and insulin (IRI) before and during oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT), as well as on serum lipids, uric acid, growth hormone (GH), and cortisol, were evaluated in 18 nondiabetic patients with hypertriglyceridemia and in 28 patients with chemical diabetes. Fasting plasma glucose, OGTT-glucose, and IRI areas were significantly decreased in both groups of patients, though the effects on glucose metabolism were much more marked in diabetics; 30-min IRI relative increase was unchanged; fasting plasma IRI was reduced in diabetics only. Glucose utilization during insulin tolerance tests carried out in 6 diabetics was significantly enhanced after treatment. Serum triglycerides (TG) and cholesterol (Chol) were significantly decreased in both groups of patients, as were serum free fatty acids and uric acid in diabetics; plasma GH and cortisol did not change. Significant correlations were found in diabetics between the postclofibrate decrease in OGTT-glucose area and the following: pretreatment values of serum Chol (r + 0.42, p less than 0.05) and of 30-min IRI absolute and relative increase (r + 0.44 and + 0.38, respectively, p less than 0.05); postclofibrate decreases in serum TG (r + 0.40, p less than 0.05), in fasting plasma glucose (r + 0.73, p less than 0.001), and in OGTT-IRI area (r + 0.57, p less than 0.01). These data suggest that the improvement in glucose metabolism observed during short-term clofibrate administration may be due to increased insulin sensitivity.", "contents": "Effects of short-term clofibrate administration on glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in patients with chemical diabetes or hypertriglyceridemia. The effect of 1-wk administration of clofibrate on plasma glucose and insulin (IRI) before and during oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT), as well as on serum lipids, uric acid, growth hormone (GH), and cortisol, were evaluated in 18 nondiabetic patients with hypertriglyceridemia and in 28 patients with chemical diabetes. Fasting plasma glucose, OGTT-glucose, and IRI areas were significantly decreased in both groups of patients, though the effects on glucose metabolism were much more marked in diabetics; 30-min IRI relative increase was unchanged; fasting plasma IRI was reduced in diabetics only. Glucose utilization during insulin tolerance tests carried out in 6 diabetics was significantly enhanced after treatment. Serum triglycerides (TG) and cholesterol (Chol) were significantly decreased in both groups of patients, as were serum free fatty acids and uric acid in diabetics; plasma GH and cortisol did not change. Significant correlations were found in diabetics between the postclofibrate decrease in OGTT-glucose area and the following: pretreatment values of serum Chol (r + 0.42, p less than 0.05) and of 30-min IRI absolute and relative increase (r + 0.44 and + 0.38, respectively, p less than 0.05); postclofibrate decreases in serum TG (r + 0.40, p less than 0.05), in fasting plasma glucose (r + 0.73, p less than 0.001), and in OGTT-IRI area (r + 0.57, p less than 0.01). These data suggest that the improvement in glucose metabolism observed during short-term clofibrate administration may be due to increased insulin sensitivity.", "PMID": 834147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1046", "title": "Carbohydrate metabolism in pregnancy. XIV. Relationships between circulating glucagon, insulin, glucose and amino acids in response to a \"mixed meal\" in late pregnancy.", "content": "Gestational influences upon the changes in circulating glucose, amino acids, insulin, and glucagon after the ingestion of a \"mixed meal\" containing carbohydrate (50 g), protein (25 g), and fat (10 g) were examined. Nine subjects were tested during weeks 30-40 of gestation and again 6--8 wk postpartum. The \"mixed meal\" elicited greater and more prolonged increases in plasma glucose anterpartum, whereas the increments in total serum amino acids were blunted at all time points. In the face of greater glycemic but lesser aminogenic stimulation, the integrated increase in plasma insulin was 60% greater antepartum than post partum, whereas the increment in glucagon was not significantly altered. Thus, integrated insulin/glucagon response was increased during antepartum studies. The insulin preponderance following alimentary challenge with mixed nutrients would suggest that the anabolism of ingested amino acids is \"facilitated\" during late human pregnancy.", "contents": "Carbohydrate metabolism in pregnancy. XIV. Relationships between circulating glucagon, insulin, glucose and amino acids in response to a \"mixed meal\" in late pregnancy. Gestational influences upon the changes in circulating glucose, amino acids, insulin, and glucagon after the ingestion of a \"mixed meal\" containing carbohydrate (50 g), protein (25 g), and fat (10 g) were examined. Nine subjects were tested during weeks 30-40 of gestation and again 6--8 wk postpartum. The \"mixed meal\" elicited greater and more prolonged increases in plasma glucose anterpartum, whereas the increments in total serum amino acids were blunted at all time points. In the face of greater glycemic but lesser aminogenic stimulation, the integrated increase in plasma insulin was 60% greater antepartum than post partum, whereas the increment in glucagon was not significantly altered. Thus, integrated insulin/glucagon response was increased during antepartum studies. The insulin preponderance following alimentary challenge with mixed nutrients would suggest that the anabolism of ingested amino acids is \"facilitated\" during late human pregnancy.", "PMID": 834148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1047", "title": "Studies on hepatic glucose cycles in normal and methylprednisolone-treated dogs.", "content": "In unanesthetized normal and methylprednisolone (MP)-treated dogs the rate of appearance of glucose was measured simultaneously with 2-3H (RA2 = hepatic glucose output), 6-3H (Ra6 = hepatic glucose production), and 14C-glucose (U) (RaC) as tracers (primed constant rate infusion). The substrate (\"futile\") cycle of glucose (SC: gl in equilibrium gl-6-P) was obtained from Ra2 - Ra6, and Ra6 -RaC gave the recycling (RC) of radiocarbons. In normal dogs SC and RC represented 13% and 11% of Ra6, respectively. MP increased SC almost eightfold without altering RC. Infusion of glucagon (increased breakdown of glycogen, inhibition of glycogen synthetase) or mannoheptulose (inhibition of glucokinase) as well as exercise increased SC. MP greatly potentiated the effect causing SC to rise to 20 times the normal baseline. In both groups there was a direct correlation between Ra6 and SC. Glucose infusion did not alter SC in the controls, but increased it in the MP-treated dogs by suppressing Ra6 more than Ra2. It is suggested that the multifunctional character of gl-6-Pase is at least partly responsible for the glucose substrate cycle, using gl-6-P as one of the phosphate donors: gl-6-P + 3H-gl in equilibrium 3H-gl-6-P+gl. The activity of this enzyme is greatly elevated by the glucocorticoid, and it can be further enhanced by increasing the availability of gl-6-P by raising Ra6.", "contents": "Studies on hepatic glucose cycles in normal and methylprednisolone-treated dogs. In unanesthetized normal and methylprednisolone (MP)-treated dogs the rate of appearance of glucose was measured simultaneously with 2-3H (RA2 = hepatic glucose output), 6-3H (Ra6 = hepatic glucose production), and 14C-glucose (U) (RaC) as tracers (primed constant rate infusion). The substrate (\"futile\") cycle of glucose (SC: gl in equilibrium gl-6-P) was obtained from Ra2 - Ra6, and Ra6 -RaC gave the recycling (RC) of radiocarbons. In normal dogs SC and RC represented 13% and 11% of Ra6, respectively. MP increased SC almost eightfold without altering RC. Infusion of glucagon (increased breakdown of glycogen, inhibition of glycogen synthetase) or mannoheptulose (inhibition of glucokinase) as well as exercise increased SC. MP greatly potentiated the effect causing SC to rise to 20 times the normal baseline. In both groups there was a direct correlation between Ra6 and SC. Glucose infusion did not alter SC in the controls, but increased it in the MP-treated dogs by suppressing Ra6 more than Ra2. It is suggested that the multifunctional character of gl-6-Pase is at least partly responsible for the glucose substrate cycle, using gl-6-P as one of the phosphate donors: gl-6-P + 3H-gl in equilibrium 3H-gl-6-P+gl. The activity of this enzyme is greatly elevated by the glucocorticoid, and it can be further enhanced by increasing the availability of gl-6-P by raising Ra6.", "PMID": 834149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1048", "title": "Comparative skeletal mass and radial bone mineral content in black and white women.", "content": "The age-related changes in both skeletal mass and muscle mass were directly measured in normal black women ages 30-80 yr. The levels of total-body calcium (TBCa) were determined with the use of in vivo neutron activation. The muscle mass was measured by wholebody counting of 40K. In the same population, the bone mineral content of the radius was measured using a photon absorptiometric technique. Although there was no significant difference in stature, black women had a greater skeletal mass and bone mineral content of the radius than age-matched white female subjects. When the TBCa values were normalized for body size (i.e., corrected for height and lean body mass), the TBCa was still higher for the black women but not as high as the absolute TBCa values. Clearly, it is the larger muscle mass (as reflected by the 40K measure) in relation to weight and height that accounts for this difference. The lower prevalence of fracture and osteoporosis observed in black women relative to white women is due in part to this greater quantity of skeleton. American black women with a higher bone density (i.e., skeletal mass) maintain mechanical integrity of the skeleton longer than individuals with a lower bone density. It is suggested that the larger muscle mass in black women is, in part, a determinant of their increased skeletal mass and is partly responsible for their apparent resistance to osteoporosis and fracture of the skeleton.", "contents": "Comparative skeletal mass and radial bone mineral content in black and white women. The age-related changes in both skeletal mass and muscle mass were directly measured in normal black women ages 30-80 yr. The levels of total-body calcium (TBCa) were determined with the use of in vivo neutron activation. The muscle mass was measured by wholebody counting of 40K. In the same population, the bone mineral content of the radius was measured using a photon absorptiometric technique. Although there was no significant difference in stature, black women had a greater skeletal mass and bone mineral content of the radius than age-matched white female subjects. When the TBCa values were normalized for body size (i.e., corrected for height and lean body mass), the TBCa was still higher for the black women but not as high as the absolute TBCa values. Clearly, it is the larger muscle mass (as reflected by the 40K measure) in relation to weight and height that accounts for this difference. The lower prevalence of fracture and osteoporosis observed in black women relative to white women is due in part to this greater quantity of skeleton. American black women with a higher bone density (i.e., skeletal mass) maintain mechanical integrity of the skeleton longer than individuals with a lower bone density. It is suggested that the larger muscle mass in black women is, in part, a determinant of their increased skeletal mass and is partly responsible for their apparent resistance to osteoporosis and fracture of the skeleton.", "PMID": 834150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1049", "title": "Effect of clofibrate on postheparin plasma triglyceride lipase activities in patients with hypertriglyceridemia.", "content": "The lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic triglyceride lipase (HL) activities of postheparin plasma were determined by a specific immunochemical method in 17 patients with primary hyperlipoproteinemia before and during treatment with clofibrate. The drug caused a significant reduction of serum cholesterol (11%) and triglyceride (45%) levels. Postheparin plasma LPL activity rose in all subjects, the average change being 46% (p less than 0.001). The increase of LPL was positively correlated to the pretreatment LPL activity. There was no correlation between the serum triglyceride concentration and postheparin LPL activity either before or during clofibrate administration. On the other hand, in the clofibrate responders there was a weak correlation between the relative changes of triglyceride concentration and LPL activity (r = 0.43, p less than 0.05). During clofibrate treatment the LPL activity of the hypertriglyceridemic patients was significantly higher than the corresponding value of untreated healthy normoglyceridemic subjects of similar age. The postheparin plasma HL activity was not influenced by clofibrate.", "contents": "Effect of clofibrate on postheparin plasma triglyceride lipase activities in patients with hypertriglyceridemia. The lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic triglyceride lipase (HL) activities of postheparin plasma were determined by a specific immunochemical method in 17 patients with primary hyperlipoproteinemia before and during treatment with clofibrate. The drug caused a significant reduction of serum cholesterol (11%) and triglyceride (45%) levels. Postheparin plasma LPL activity rose in all subjects, the average change being 46% (p less than 0.001). The increase of LPL was positively correlated to the pretreatment LPL activity. There was no correlation between the serum triglyceride concentration and postheparin LPL activity either before or during clofibrate administration. On the other hand, in the clofibrate responders there was a weak correlation between the relative changes of triglyceride concentration and LPL activity (r = 0.43, p less than 0.05). During clofibrate treatment the LPL activity of the hypertriglyceridemic patients was significantly higher than the corresponding value of untreated healthy normoglyceridemic subjects of similar age. The postheparin plasma HL activity was not influenced by clofibrate.", "PMID": 834151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1050", "title": "Effects of acetylsalicylic acid and indomethacin on growth hormone secretion in man.", "content": "To investigate the possibility that prostaglandins (PG) take part in the control of growth hormone (GH) secretion in humans, we have studied the effects of protracted and acute administration of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and indomethacin (ID), two PG synthesis inhibitors, on basal and insulin-stimulated GH secretion in normal volunteers. In eight subjects, oral administration of 3-2 g daily of ASA for 4 days clearly reached GH response to insulin hypoglycemia (p less than 0.01, ANOVA). In six additional subjects, GH response to hypoglycemia was not modified by a 4-day oral treatment with 300 mg daily of ID. The pattern of plasma free fatty acids (FFA) and blood glucose during the insulin tolerance test was not significantly affected by ASA treatment. After ID the O time value of the above parameters was somewhat higher than under basal conditions, while the drop of blood glucose, but not to FFA, was slightly more pronounced. Acute oral administration of 1.5 g ASA in 12 subjects did not appreciably modify baseline plasma GH, FFA, and blood glucose levels. By contrast, a single oral dose of 100 mg ID in 12 subjects caused a moderate but significant rise (p less than 0.05) of plasma GH levels together with a clear elevation (p less than 0.01) of plasma FFA and blood glucose levels with respect to a group of controls treated with a placebo. Collectively these results are compatible with the possibility that PG play a physiologic stimulating role in the control of GH secretion, although an effect of ASA and ID unrelated to PG inhibition cannot be ruled out, In any event, in view of the number of endocrine and metabolic alterations induced by ASA and ID, these drugs seem to merit further study.", "contents": "Effects of acetylsalicylic acid and indomethacin on growth hormone secretion in man. To investigate the possibility that prostaglandins (PG) take part in the control of growth hormone (GH) secretion in humans, we have studied the effects of protracted and acute administration of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and indomethacin (ID), two PG synthesis inhibitors, on basal and insulin-stimulated GH secretion in normal volunteers. In eight subjects, oral administration of 3-2 g daily of ASA for 4 days clearly reached GH response to insulin hypoglycemia (p less than 0.01, ANOVA). In six additional subjects, GH response to hypoglycemia was not modified by a 4-day oral treatment with 300 mg daily of ID. The pattern of plasma free fatty acids (FFA) and blood glucose during the insulin tolerance test was not significantly affected by ASA treatment. After ID the O time value of the above parameters was somewhat higher than under basal conditions, while the drop of blood glucose, but not to FFA, was slightly more pronounced. Acute oral administration of 1.5 g ASA in 12 subjects did not appreciably modify baseline plasma GH, FFA, and blood glucose levels. By contrast, a single oral dose of 100 mg ID in 12 subjects caused a moderate but significant rise (p less than 0.05) of plasma GH levels together with a clear elevation (p less than 0.01) of plasma FFA and blood glucose levels with respect to a group of controls treated with a placebo. Collectively these results are compatible with the possibility that PG play a physiologic stimulating role in the control of GH secretion, although an effect of ASA and ID unrelated to PG inhibition cannot be ruled out, In any event, in view of the number of endocrine and metabolic alterations induced by ASA and ID, these drugs seem to merit further study.", "PMID": 834152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1051", "title": "Effect of hydrochlorothiazide therapy on the crystallization of calcium oxalate in urine.", "content": "The effect of hydrochlorothiazide on the formation of renal stones was evaluated by quantitative assessment of the propensity of urine to undergo crystallization of calcium oxalate. In seven patients with calcium urolithiasis (three with absorptive hypercalciuria, one with renal hypercalciuria, and three with normocalciuric nephrolithiasis), the urinary activity product ratio and formation product ratio of calcium oxalate were measured both on and off therapy with hydrochlorothiazide (50 mg orally twice a day). The activity product ratio (state of saturation with respect to calcium oxalate) decreased in the majority of cases, primarily as a result of the fall in urinary calcium. The formation product ratio (limit of metastability) increased in all cases; the cause of the increase was not readily apparent. Both changes reduced the propensity of urine to undergo crystallization of calcium oxalate, and therefore may account for the clinical improvement reported during thiazide therapy in nephrolithiasis.", "contents": "Effect of hydrochlorothiazide therapy on the crystallization of calcium oxalate in urine. The effect of hydrochlorothiazide on the formation of renal stones was evaluated by quantitative assessment of the propensity of urine to undergo crystallization of calcium oxalate. In seven patients with calcium urolithiasis (three with absorptive hypercalciuria, one with renal hypercalciuria, and three with normocalciuric nephrolithiasis), the urinary activity product ratio and formation product ratio of calcium oxalate were measured both on and off therapy with hydrochlorothiazide (50 mg orally twice a day). The activity product ratio (state of saturation with respect to calcium oxalate) decreased in the majority of cases, primarily as a result of the fall in urinary calcium. The formation product ratio (limit of metastability) increased in all cases; the cause of the increase was not readily apparent. Both changes reduced the propensity of urine to undergo crystallization of calcium oxalate, and therefore may account for the clinical improvement reported during thiazide therapy in nephrolithiasis.", "PMID": 834153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1052", "title": "Partial body calcium measurements on patients with renal failure.", "content": "The bone calcium status of 39 patients with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis has been measured by in vivo neutron activation analysis (IVNAA) and reported in terms of a calcium bone index (CaBl) which relates the calcium in a patient to that in a normal person of the same height. In 20 of the 39 cases sequential measurements were made over periods of up to 40 mo. The results are compared with data obtained by radiology and by histological examination of bone biopsies. CaBl values varied from below normal to, in one case, above the range of normal. Many of the higher values were associated with demonstrable osteosclerosis. As found in previous work here with IVNAA, significantly low values of CaBl were associated with vertebral deformities; however, some patients with deformity had normal CaBl values, indicating that these had both local mineral loss (resulting in fracture) and osteosclerosis. Taken all together, the data suggest that more than half the patients have osteosclerosis. Sequential data showed no uniform response to treatment.", "contents": "Partial body calcium measurements on patients with renal failure. The bone calcium status of 39 patients with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis has been measured by in vivo neutron activation analysis (IVNAA) and reported in terms of a calcium bone index (CaBl) which relates the calcium in a patient to that in a normal person of the same height. In 20 of the 39 cases sequential measurements were made over periods of up to 40 mo. The results are compared with data obtained by radiology and by histological examination of bone biopsies. CaBl values varied from below normal to, in one case, above the range of normal. Many of the higher values were associated with demonstrable osteosclerosis. As found in previous work here with IVNAA, significantly low values of CaBl were associated with vertebral deformities; however, some patients with deformity had normal CaBl values, indicating that these had both local mineral loss (resulting in fracture) and osteosclerosis. Taken all together, the data suggest that more than half the patients have osteosclerosis. Sequential data showed no uniform response to treatment.", "PMID": 834154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1053", "title": "Permissive role of thyrotropin on thyroid radioiodine uptake during the recovery phase of subacute thyroiditis.", "content": "Serial measurements of serum triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), thyrotropin (TSH), and 4-hr thyroidal 131I uptake were carried out in nine patients with subacute thyroiditis. In the acute phase, suppressed TSH and 131I uptake were observed simultaneously with the elevations of T3 and T4. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) failed to increase TSH in all patients studied. The mean value of an increment in serum TSH was only 1.8 muU/ml during the recovery phase when 131I uptake was normal or hypernormal. In addition, an elevated 131I uptake was not necessarily associated with an immediate increase in the serum T3 and T4. These observations suggest that the resumption of the iodide pump may be more important than an increment in TSH in producing normal or hypernormal 131I uptake during the recovery phase. There appears to be a dissociation between the reestablishment of 131I uptake and the resumption of the mechanism of hormonal synthesis and secretion in the thyroid.", "contents": "Permissive role of thyrotropin on thyroid radioiodine uptake during the recovery phase of subacute thyroiditis. Serial measurements of serum triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), thyrotropin (TSH), and 4-hr thyroidal 131I uptake were carried out in nine patients with subacute thyroiditis. In the acute phase, suppressed TSH and 131I uptake were observed simultaneously with the elevations of T3 and T4. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) failed to increase TSH in all patients studied. The mean value of an increment in serum TSH was only 1.8 muU/ml during the recovery phase when 131I uptake was normal or hypernormal. In addition, an elevated 131I uptake was not necessarily associated with an immediate increase in the serum T3 and T4. These observations suggest that the resumption of the iodide pump may be more important than an increment in TSH in producing normal or hypernormal 131I uptake during the recovery phase. There appears to be a dissociation between the reestablishment of 131I uptake and the resumption of the mechanism of hormonal synthesis and secretion in the thyroid.", "PMID": 834155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1054", "title": "Nitrogen sparing induced early in starvation by infusion of branched-chain ketoacids.", "content": "The alpha-ketoanalogues of the branched-chain amino acids were administered to fasting subjects to determine whether or not they promoted nitrogen sparing. Two fasting studies were carried out in each subject. During the first week of one of the two fasts 4.7 g of a mixture of the alpha-ketoanalogues of valine, leucine, and isoleucine were infused daily. No infusions were administered during the other fast, which served as a control. Urinary urea and calculated total urinary nitrogen were significantly lower during both the week of infusions and the ensuing week of fasting after the infusions were discontinued. Immediately after ketoacid infusions, plasma branched-chain amino acids, including allosioleucine, rose, while alanine and several other amino acids (but not glutamine) fell. There were no differences between the two fasts with respect to ketone bodies, free fatty acids, glucose, insulin, or glucagon concentrations. We conclude that branched-chain ketoacids spare nitrogen early in fasting and that this effect persists after they are metabolized.", "contents": "Nitrogen sparing induced early in starvation by infusion of branched-chain ketoacids. The alpha-ketoanalogues of the branched-chain amino acids were administered to fasting subjects to determine whether or not they promoted nitrogen sparing. Two fasting studies were carried out in each subject. During the first week of one of the two fasts 4.7 g of a mixture of the alpha-ketoanalogues of valine, leucine, and isoleucine were infused daily. No infusions were administered during the other fast, which served as a control. Urinary urea and calculated total urinary nitrogen were significantly lower during both the week of infusions and the ensuing week of fasting after the infusions were discontinued. Immediately after ketoacid infusions, plasma branched-chain amino acids, including allosioleucine, rose, while alanine and several other amino acids (but not glutamine) fell. There were no differences between the two fasts with respect to ketone bodies, free fatty acids, glucose, insulin, or glucagon concentrations. We conclude that branched-chain ketoacids spare nitrogen early in fasting and that this effect persists after they are metabolized.", "PMID": 834156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1055", "title": "[Excessive generalized fat embolism in acutely dystrophic fat liver (author's transl)].", "content": "We have reported about a 63 year old woman, who, 1 to 2 hours after a meal containing mushrooms, became acutely ill, sank into uncontrollable shock, and died 24 hours later. Autoptically was found an acute yellow liver dystrophy in a previously existing fatty liver. Etiologically an intoxication by Amanita phalloides could be excluded as well as any other exogenic intoxication. The cause of the acute liver dystrophy was most probably a fulminant virus hepatitis. The decay of the fatty liver cells led to an unusally severe generalized fat embolism, which morphologically is regarded as the cause of death.", "contents": "[Excessive generalized fat embolism in acutely dystrophic fat liver (author's transl)]. We have reported about a 63 year old woman, who, 1 to 2 hours after a meal containing mushrooms, became acutely ill, sank into uncontrollable shock, and died 24 hours later. Autoptically was found an acute yellow liver dystrophy in a previously existing fatty liver. Etiologically an intoxication by Amanita phalloides could be excluded as well as any other exogenic intoxication. The cause of the acute liver dystrophy was most probably a fulminant virus hepatitis. The decay of the fatty liver cells led to an unusally severe generalized fat embolism, which morphologically is regarded as the cause of death.", "PMID": 834157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1056", "title": "[Posthepatitic cirrhosis of the liver without symptoms: observance about 22 years (author's transl)].", "content": "There are only a few studies about sufficiently documented posthepatitic cirrhosis of the liver for more than two decennaries. Therefore we report about a patient, who showed at laparoscopy in 1954 a posthepatitic cirrhosis of the liver. Since the end of the fifty years the laboratory findings had normalized and the patient worked hard and felt himself well. At a control laparoscopy with liver biopsy in 1975 a complete inactive cirrhosis of the liver was confirmed. Blood samples were normal and HBsAG seronegative. Therefore, it seems to be possible, that in some few cases cirrhosis of the liver remaining without clinical symptoms over many years - for example in late prisoners of the war, who returned home with an inactive full developed cirrhosis of the liver - but now is detected.", "contents": "[Posthepatitic cirrhosis of the liver without symptoms: observance about 22 years (author's transl)]. There are only a few studies about sufficiently documented posthepatitic cirrhosis of the liver for more than two decennaries. Therefore we report about a patient, who showed at laparoscopy in 1954 a posthepatitic cirrhosis of the liver. Since the end of the fifty years the laboratory findings had normalized and the patient worked hard and felt himself well. At a control laparoscopy with liver biopsy in 1975 a complete inactive cirrhosis of the liver was confirmed. Blood samples were normal and HBsAG seronegative. Therefore, it seems to be possible, that in some few cases cirrhosis of the liver remaining without clinical symptoms over many years - for example in late prisoners of the war, who returned home with an inactive full developed cirrhosis of the liver - but now is detected.", "PMID": 834158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1057", "title": "Differential chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA synthesis in temperature-sensitive mutants of Ustilago maydis.", "content": "The amount and type of residual DNA synthesis was determined in eight temperature-sensitive mutants of the smut fungus Ustilago maydis after incubation at the restrictive temperature (32 degrees C) for eight hours. Mutants ts-220, ts-207, ts-432 and ts-346 were found to have an overall reduction in the synthesis of both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA comparison to the wild-type. In mutants ts-20, tsd 1-1, ts-84 and pol 1-1 nuclear DNA synthesis was depressed relative to mitochondrial synthesis. The DNA-polymerase mutant pol 1-1 had persistent nuclear synthesis at about 50% of the rate of synthesis of mitochondrial DNA and similar behavior was observed in a diploid homozygous strain. Mutant ts-84 had an initial burst of DNA synthesis which was reduced for nuclear but not mitochondrial synthesis after three hours preincubation at 32 degrees C. tsd 1-1 and ts-20 had nuclear residual synthesis amounting to about 25% of the relative rate of mitochondrial synthesis which correlates to increasing UV sensitivity of these strains on incubation at 32 degrees C. A pol 1-1 ts-84 double mutant had an additive loss of nuclear DNA synthesis which indicates that the steps of replication involved may be sequential.", "contents": "Differential chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA synthesis in temperature-sensitive mutants of Ustilago maydis. The amount and type of residual DNA synthesis was determined in eight temperature-sensitive mutants of the smut fungus Ustilago maydis after incubation at the restrictive temperature (32 degrees C) for eight hours. Mutants ts-220, ts-207, ts-432 and ts-346 were found to have an overall reduction in the synthesis of both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA comparison to the wild-type. In mutants ts-20, tsd 1-1, ts-84 and pol 1-1 nuclear DNA synthesis was depressed relative to mitochondrial synthesis. The DNA-polymerase mutant pol 1-1 had persistent nuclear synthesis at about 50% of the rate of synthesis of mitochondrial DNA and similar behavior was observed in a diploid homozygous strain. Mutant ts-84 had an initial burst of DNA synthesis which was reduced for nuclear but not mitochondrial synthesis after three hours preincubation at 32 degrees C. tsd 1-1 and ts-20 had nuclear residual synthesis amounting to about 25% of the relative rate of mitochondrial synthesis which correlates to increasing UV sensitivity of these strains on incubation at 32 degrees C. A pol 1-1 ts-84 double mutant had an additive loss of nuclear DNA synthesis which indicates that the steps of replication involved may be sequential.", "PMID": 834176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1058", "title": "Roller mutants of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.", "content": "The wild type nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, moves in a sinusoidal wave pattern and leaves sinusoidal paths behind it on a bacterial lawn. The nematode crawls on its side on a special cuticular tread that extends straight down the length of its body. Wild type worms also have rows of musculature and a ventral nerve cord that extend straight down the body. Roller mutants rotate around their long axis as they crawl and move in circular paths. Three roller mutants have been studied. Two mutants are left rollers and one is a right roller. The left rollers have left-handed helical treads, body musculatures, and ventral nerve cords whereas these structures are right-handed helices in the right roller. Double mutants constructed from roller mutants and long mutants indicate that long rollers have helices of the same pitch as normal length rollers. Double mutants constructed from rollers and dumpy mutants that are short and fat indicate dumpy phenotype is epistatic to roller. Double mutants constructed from rollers and blister mutants that have cuticular swelling indicate roller phenotype is epistatic to blister. The results suggest that the roller phenotypes are due to cuticular lesions. Rollers can chemotaxe up a gradient of an attractant by turning off their body muscle movement and continuing their head movements.", "contents": "Roller mutants of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The wild type nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, moves in a sinusoidal wave pattern and leaves sinusoidal paths behind it on a bacterial lawn. The nematode crawls on its side on a special cuticular tread that extends straight down the length of its body. Wild type worms also have rows of musculature and a ventral nerve cord that extend straight down the body. Roller mutants rotate around their long axis as they crawl and move in circular paths. Three roller mutants have been studied. Two mutants are left rollers and one is a right roller. The left rollers have left-handed helical treads, body musculatures, and ventral nerve cords whereas these structures are right-handed helices in the right roller. Double mutants constructed from roller mutants and long mutants indicate that long rollers have helices of the same pitch as normal length rollers. Double mutants constructed from rollers and dumpy mutants that are short and fat indicate dumpy phenotype is epistatic to roller. Double mutants constructed from rollers and blister mutants that have cuticular swelling indicate roller phenotype is epistatic to blister. The results suggest that the roller phenotypes are due to cuticular lesions. Rollers can chemotaxe up a gradient of an attractant by turning off their body muscle movement and continuing their head movements.", "PMID": 834177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1059", "title": "Formation of merodiploid clones by cojugation in Rhizobium lupini.", "content": "Off the transconjugants formed in the R. lupini conjugation 0.5 to 5% are merodiploids. When two differently pigmented parents are used in the crossing experiment the diploid transconjugants by their additive pigmentation type. The segregation patterns of these diploid clones were analyzed. The results are in agreement with the theory that the exogenotic donor DNA can be integrated at different sites of the homologous recipient chromosomal region forming a tandem sequence. Consequently the segregants of these merodiploid clones are formed by endochromosomal recombination.", "contents": "Formation of merodiploid clones by cojugation in Rhizobium lupini. Off the transconjugants formed in the R. lupini conjugation 0.5 to 5% are merodiploids. When two differently pigmented parents are used in the crossing experiment the diploid transconjugants by their additive pigmentation type. The segregation patterns of these diploid clones were analyzed. The results are in agreement with the theory that the exogenotic donor DNA can be integrated at different sites of the homologous recipient chromosomal region forming a tandem sequence. Consequently the segregants of these merodiploid clones are formed by endochromosomal recombination.", "PMID": 834178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1060", "title": "[Follow up of children treated with antibiotics (author's transl)].", "content": "Follow up of children treated with antibiotics should include survey of the patient (clinical response, pharmakokinetics, therapy compliance, side effects), the infecting organism (elimination, change of causative organisms, changes in hospital flora), as well as the host-parasite relationship (changing flora in the patients, incompatibilities, defects of the cellular or humoral defense mechanisms).", "contents": "[Follow up of children treated with antibiotics (author's transl)]. Follow up of children treated with antibiotics should include survey of the patient (clinical response, pharmakokinetics, therapy compliance, side effects), the infecting organism (elimination, change of causative organisms, changes in hospital flora), as well as the host-parasite relationship (changing flora in the patients, incompatibilities, defects of the cellular or humoral defense mechanisms).", "PMID": 834189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1061", "title": "[Psychological consulting of children awaiting leg amputation (author's transl)].", "content": "A 2.3 year old boy and a 3.7 year old girl, brother and sister, burnt their feet and calves during a bath tub accident. Both had to undergo amputation of their feet and lower thirds of their calves. For this, both needed psychological help. The body was less anxious and ready for confrontation with reality. The girl had to be guided through her denial and rejection of reality towards acceptance of the situation. Only then was she able to express fear and accept help. This practical playtherapeutical intervention could only take place on the basis of absolute trust. Time, empathy, adaptation to the children's state, age and personality and repetetive, active playing of the situation and the anxiety provoking future were necessary. Thus panic provoking anxiety could be diminished to realistic fear.", "contents": "[Psychological consulting of children awaiting leg amputation (author's transl)]. A 2.3 year old boy and a 3.7 year old girl, brother and sister, burnt their feet and calves during a bath tub accident. Both had to undergo amputation of their feet and lower thirds of their calves. For this, both needed psychological help. The body was less anxious and ready for confrontation with reality. The girl had to be guided through her denial and rejection of reality towards acceptance of the situation. Only then was she able to express fear and accept help. This practical playtherapeutical intervention could only take place on the basis of absolute trust. Time, empathy, adaptation to the children's state, age and personality and repetetive, active playing of the situation and the anxiety provoking future were necessary. Thus panic provoking anxiety could be diminished to realistic fear.", "PMID": 834190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1062", "title": "[Comparison of serum fatty acid patterns in mothers and their newborns (author's transl)].", "content": "The fatty acid patterns of total serum lipids in the blood of 15 mothers and the mixed cord blood of their newborns were determined by gaschromatography, and the results compared. It is known that the placenta maintains a concentration gradient for lipids between maternal and fetal blood. Quantitative results are given for the total lipid content of the two compartments. The fetal total lipid content was only about one quarter of the mother's. The fatty acid patterns differed characteristically as well, mainly with regard to the concentration of the essential linoleic and arachidonic acid. The linoleic acid level in the maternal blood was high, but low in the mixed blood of the umbilical cord. This was contrasted by low maternal and high fetal levels of arachidonic acid. The placental fatty acid composition was unusual with a 21% content of arachidonic acid. Feeding of a partially-adapted baby food formula resulted in a gradual rise of linoleic acid levels reaching those of adults at the age of 4-9 months.", "contents": "[Comparison of serum fatty acid patterns in mothers and their newborns (author's transl)]. The fatty acid patterns of total serum lipids in the blood of 15 mothers and the mixed cord blood of their newborns were determined by gaschromatography, and the results compared. It is known that the placenta maintains a concentration gradient for lipids between maternal and fetal blood. Quantitative results are given for the total lipid content of the two compartments. The fetal total lipid content was only about one quarter of the mother's. The fatty acid patterns differed characteristically as well, mainly with regard to the concentration of the essential linoleic and arachidonic acid. The linoleic acid level in the maternal blood was high, but low in the mixed blood of the umbilical cord. This was contrasted by low maternal and high fetal levels of arachidonic acid. The placental fatty acid composition was unusual with a 21% content of arachidonic acid. Feeding of a partially-adapted baby food formula resulted in a gradual rise of linoleic acid levels reaching those of adults at the age of 4-9 months.", "PMID": 834191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1063", "title": "[Arterial fontanel pulsation].", "content": "Infants with bounding arterial pulses frequently show a visible or palpable arterial pulsation of the fontanel. This simple clinical sign is neither described in the textbooks nor mentioned in connection with congenital heart diseases (CHD). To investigate its significance 501 infants were examined 178(35,5%) showed an arterial pulse of the fontanel. Out of 421 with no sign of cardiovascular malformation or disease on physical examination, 111(26,4%) had a fontanal pulse (f.p.). Out of 80 infants with CHD, 67(83,8%) exhibited a fontanel pulse (f.p.), while only 13(16,2%) did not. All infants with CHD had an ECG and biplane chest x-rays taken. In some of them also cardiac catheterization and heart or vessel surgery were performed. 23(79,3%) of 29 infants with PDA and eight of twelve with a VSD had a f.p.. Since other cardiac diagnoses were encountered less frequently, their relation to the presence or absence of f.p. could not be evaluated. From the variety of diagnoses, however, it became obvious that not only lesions with \"early aortic runoff\" may be accompanied by a f.p. Other clinical features like blood pressure, hemoglobin content and body temperature were discussed as possible causes of f.p.. Only the first mentioned, a high systemic pressure, was frequently accompanied by f.p.. Since the percentage of infants with f.p. and CHD was relatively high (37,6%) this clinical sign is considered to be of some value in the early detection of heart disease in infancy.", "contents": "[Arterial fontanel pulsation]. Infants with bounding arterial pulses frequently show a visible or palpable arterial pulsation of the fontanel. This simple clinical sign is neither described in the textbooks nor mentioned in connection with congenital heart diseases (CHD). To investigate its significance 501 infants were examined 178(35,5%) showed an arterial pulse of the fontanel. Out of 421 with no sign of cardiovascular malformation or disease on physical examination, 111(26,4%) had a fontanal pulse (f.p.). Out of 80 infants with CHD, 67(83,8%) exhibited a fontanel pulse (f.p.), while only 13(16,2%) did not. All infants with CHD had an ECG and biplane chest x-rays taken. In some of them also cardiac catheterization and heart or vessel surgery were performed. 23(79,3%) of 29 infants with PDA and eight of twelve with a VSD had a f.p.. Since other cardiac diagnoses were encountered less frequently, their relation to the presence or absence of f.p. could not be evaluated. From the variety of diagnoses, however, it became obvious that not only lesions with \"early aortic runoff\" may be accompanied by a f.p. Other clinical features like blood pressure, hemoglobin content and body temperature were discussed as possible causes of f.p.. Only the first mentioned, a high systemic pressure, was frequently accompanied by f.p.. Since the percentage of infants with f.p. and CHD was relatively high (37,6%) this clinical sign is considered to be of some value in the early detection of heart disease in infancy.", "PMID": 834192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1064", "title": "[Congenital cerebral arterio-venous fistula with congestive heart failure in the newborn (author's transl)].", "content": "Two newborns with cogestive heart failure due to a congenital arterio-venous fistula involving the great vein of Galen are described. The main diagnostic criteria of this anomaly are a hyperactive heart, bounding carotid artery pulses, and a continuous murmur over the skull. The anomaly was visualized by cerebral angiography. In view of the frequent complications such as the development of hydrocephalus, operative treatment seems indicated.", "contents": "[Congenital cerebral arterio-venous fistula with congestive heart failure in the newborn (author's transl)]. Two newborns with cogestive heart failure due to a congenital arterio-venous fistula involving the great vein of Galen are described. The main diagnostic criteria of this anomaly are a hyperactive heart, bounding carotid artery pulses, and a continuous murmur over the skull. The anomaly was visualized by cerebral angiography. In view of the frequent complications such as the development of hydrocephalus, operative treatment seems indicated.", "PMID": 834193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1065", "title": "[Acute benign erythroblastopenia with normochromic anemia in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Two boys with acute benign erythroblastopenia are described. In contrast to patients with Gasser syndrome our two boys showed a severe normochromic anemia. Furthermore, no giant proerythroblasts were detectable in their bone marrow. A blockage of differentiation from hematopoietic stem cells to proerythroblasts is possibly the cause of the disease. A special therapy, besides transfusion of packed red cells if necessary, is not required.", "contents": "[Acute benign erythroblastopenia with normochromic anemia in childhood (author's transl)]. Two boys with acute benign erythroblastopenia are described. In contrast to patients with Gasser syndrome our two boys showed a severe normochromic anemia. Furthermore, no giant proerythroblasts were detectable in their bone marrow. A blockage of differentiation from hematopoietic stem cells to proerythroblasts is possibly the cause of the disease. A special therapy, besides transfusion of packed red cells if necessary, is not required.", "PMID": 834194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1066", "title": "[EEG changes in the course of progressive cerebral disorders in children (author's transl)].", "content": "This survey presents EEG-data on the following disorders: Globoid-cell leucodystrophy (Krabbe), Metachromatic Leukodystrophy, GM2 Gangliosidosis I (Tay-Sachs), Neuronal Ceroidlipofuscinosis. During Krabbe's disease the background activity of the EEG slows down, multifocal and generalized hypersynchroneous activity (HSA) appears, in the final stage hypsarrythmia is found occasionally. In contrast HSA during Sulfatide lipidosis appears only in the final stages. The EEG changes in Tay Sachs disease are minimal in the beginning; later only high amplitude slowing and especially focal abnormalities with spikes and sharp-waves will appear and in advanced stages there is generalized depression of amplitudes. The Elektroretinogramm (ERG) remains intact but VEP disappear. In contrast, in Neuronal Ceroidlipofuscinosis irregular spikes and sharp-waves can be found shortly after onset of the disease. Later on there is a generalized depression of amplitudes; photic driving and differences between sleeping and waking diminish from the 3rd year of life on; thereafter, the EEG becomes isoelectric. The ERG is extinguished from the very beginning in infantile, lateinfantile and juvenile type of Ceroid-Lipofuscinosis.", "contents": "[EEG changes in the course of progressive cerebral disorders in children (author's transl)]. This survey presents EEG-data on the following disorders: Globoid-cell leucodystrophy (Krabbe), Metachromatic Leukodystrophy, GM2 Gangliosidosis I (Tay-Sachs), Neuronal Ceroidlipofuscinosis. During Krabbe's disease the background activity of the EEG slows down, multifocal and generalized hypersynchroneous activity (HSA) appears, in the final stage hypsarrythmia is found occasionally. In contrast HSA during Sulfatide lipidosis appears only in the final stages. The EEG changes in Tay Sachs disease are minimal in the beginning; later only high amplitude slowing and especially focal abnormalities with spikes and sharp-waves will appear and in advanced stages there is generalized depression of amplitudes. The Elektroretinogramm (ERG) remains intact but VEP disappear. In contrast, in Neuronal Ceroidlipofuscinosis irregular spikes and sharp-waves can be found shortly after onset of the disease. Later on there is a generalized depression of amplitudes; photic driving and differences between sleeping and waking diminish from the 3rd year of life on; thereafter, the EEG becomes isoelectric. The ERG is extinguished from the very beginning in infantile, lateinfantile and juvenile type of Ceroid-Lipofuscinosis.", "PMID": 834195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1067", "title": "Cytogenetic effects of inhaled ozone in man.", "content": "Peripheral blood samples were collected from 30 normal male volunteers before and at intervals after inhaling 0.4 ppm ozone for 4 h. Data from 4 of the subjects were excluded from the analysis because of missing data points. The blood samples were cultured for 48 h, slides made and stained with a uniform Giemsa stain, and 100 metaphase spreads per subject per treatment scored for chromosome aberrations. Cells with suspected aberrations were photographed, destained, restained with a banding procedure and rephotographed to identify the specific chromosomes and regions involved. Pre-exposure, immediate post-exposure, 3 days post-exposure, 2 weeks post-exposure and 4 weeks post-exposure means for the percentage of cells with 46 chromosomes were 93.0, 93.6, 91.7, 94.5 and 94.2, respectively; in the same order, the mean number of cells with chromatid and/or chromosome breaks per order, the mean number of cells with chromatid and/or chromosome breaks per 100 cells was 0.96, 0.85, 1.00, 0.88 and 0.81 respectively, and for chromatid and/or chromosome gaps per 100 cells: 1.35, 0.96, 1.35, 0.81 and 0.77, respectively. The means for each of these parameters as well as the mean frequencies of complex aberrations are not statistically significantly different between blood sampling times. The distribution of aberrations by chromosome and light and dark bands is not significantly influenced by ozone exposure. These data indicate no apparent detectable human cytogenetic effect due to exposure to ozone under the conditions of this experiment.", "contents": "Cytogenetic effects of inhaled ozone in man. Peripheral blood samples were collected from 30 normal male volunteers before and at intervals after inhaling 0.4 ppm ozone for 4 h. Data from 4 of the subjects were excluded from the analysis because of missing data points. The blood samples were cultured for 48 h, slides made and stained with a uniform Giemsa stain, and 100 metaphase spreads per subject per treatment scored for chromosome aberrations. Cells with suspected aberrations were photographed, destained, restained with a banding procedure and rephotographed to identify the specific chromosomes and regions involved. Pre-exposure, immediate post-exposure, 3 days post-exposure, 2 weeks post-exposure and 4 weeks post-exposure means for the percentage of cells with 46 chromosomes were 93.0, 93.6, 91.7, 94.5 and 94.2, respectively; in the same order, the mean number of cells with chromatid and/or chromosome breaks per order, the mean number of cells with chromatid and/or chromosome breaks per 100 cells was 0.96, 0.85, 1.00, 0.88 and 0.81 respectively, and for chromatid and/or chromosome gaps per 100 cells: 1.35, 0.96, 1.35, 0.81 and 0.77, respectively. The means for each of these parameters as well as the mean frequencies of complex aberrations are not statistically significantly different between blood sampling times. The distribution of aberrations by chromosome and light and dark bands is not significantly influenced by ozone exposure. These data indicate no apparent detectable human cytogenetic effect due to exposure to ozone under the conditions of this experiment.", "PMID": 834198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1068", "title": "Clinical and angiographic features of carotid transient ischemic attacks.", "content": "To determine the prevalence of radiologically evident carotid stenosis in patients with transient cerebral ischemic attacks, we analyzed 95 consecutive hospitalized patients who during a two-year period had appropriate symptoms and also underwent angiography. Pure transient hemisphere symptoms affected 52 patients, pure monocular blindness occurred in 33, and 10 experienced each type of attack separately. Tight stenosis (less than or equal to 2 mm) or occlusion was present in 49 patients (52 per cent). Thirteen patients showed intracranial-branch occlusion, nine of whom had no notable stenosis. Only two clinical transient ischemic attack features correlated with angiographic findings: in transient hemisphere attacks lasting for one hour or longer, the carotid arteries revealed no notable stenosis  (0.05 less than P less than 0.1); and separate hemisphere and ocular attacks in the same patient correlated with tight carotid stenosis. On the basis of the angiographic findings, the study indicates there are several distinct groups of patients with carotid transient ischemic attacks.", "contents": "Clinical and angiographic features of carotid transient ischemic attacks. To determine the prevalence of radiologically evident carotid stenosis in patients with transient cerebral ischemic attacks, we analyzed 95 consecutive hospitalized patients who during a two-year period had appropriate symptoms and also underwent angiography. Pure transient hemisphere symptoms affected 52 patients, pure monocular blindness occurred in 33, and 10 experienced each type of attack separately. Tight stenosis (less than or equal to 2 mm) or occlusion was present in 49 patients (52 per cent). Thirteen patients showed intracranial-branch occlusion, nine of whom had no notable stenosis. Only two clinical transient ischemic attack features correlated with angiographic findings: in transient hemisphere attacks lasting for one hour or longer, the carotid arteries revealed no notable stenosis  (0.05 less than P less than 0.1); and separate hemisphere and ocular attacks in the same patient correlated with tight carotid stenosis. On the basis of the angiographic findings, the study indicates there are several distinct groups of patients with carotid transient ischemic attacks.", "PMID": 834199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1069", "title": "Mild high-renin essential hypertension. Neurogenic human hypertension?", "content": "To determine whether the elevated plasma renin activity in some cases of mild essential hypertension expresses sympathetic-nervous-system over-activity, we compared indexes of sympathetic activity in 16 patients with mild high-renin essential hypertension, 15 hypertensive patients with normal plasma renin activity and 20 normal subjects. Patients with elevated activity exhibited a raised plasma norepinephrine concentration (P less than 0.05), a greater fall in cardiac output with cardiac beta-adrenergic blockade by intravenous propranolol (P less than 0.01), reduction in total peripheral vascular resistance with alpha-adrenergic blockade produced by intravenous phentolamine (P less than 0.01), and reduction to normal of blood pressure by \"total\" autonomic blockade (atropine, propranolol and phentolamine). On psychometric testing, patients with high-renin hypertension, but not those with normal plasma renin activity, exhibited suppressed hostility (P less than 0.01), a behavioral pattern linked to increased sympathetic activity. The hypertension in these patients with high renin activity is neurogenic and possibly psychosomatic in origin.", "contents": "Mild high-renin essential hypertension. Neurogenic human hypertension? To determine whether the elevated plasma renin activity in some cases of mild essential hypertension expresses sympathetic-nervous-system over-activity, we compared indexes of sympathetic activity in 16 patients with mild high-renin essential hypertension, 15 hypertensive patients with normal plasma renin activity and 20 normal subjects. Patients with elevated activity exhibited a raised plasma norepinephrine concentration (P less than 0.05), a greater fall in cardiac output with cardiac beta-adrenergic blockade by intravenous propranolol (P less than 0.01), reduction in total peripheral vascular resistance with alpha-adrenergic blockade produced by intravenous phentolamine (P less than 0.01), and reduction to normal of blood pressure by \"total\" autonomic blockade (atropine, propranolol and phentolamine). On psychometric testing, patients with high-renin hypertension, but not those with normal plasma renin activity, exhibited suppressed hostility (P less than 0.01), a behavioral pattern linked to increased sympathetic activity. The hypertension in these patients with high renin activity is neurogenic and possibly psychosomatic in origin.", "PMID": 834210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1070", "title": "Tympanometry in the diagnosis of middle-ear effusion.", "content": "Tympanometry measures the flow of sound energy in the external ear canal under conditions of changing ear-canal pressure. To evaluate this technic as a means of detecting middle-ear effusion, we studied acoustic susceptance and conductance in 91 children. We made the measurements using tones of 220 and 660 Hz over a pressure range of -300 to +300 mm of water. The mean value for susceptance at 660 Hz gave best results: 83 of 84 tympanograms of ears with middle-ear effusion had values less than 0.16 millimhos (mmho). Among 128 studies of normal ears, 113 had values greater than or equal to 0.16 mmho (P less than 0.001). We conclude that a mean acoustic susceptance at 660 Hz less than 0.16 mmho in a child four months of age or older indicates the presence of middle-ear effusion.", "contents": "Tympanometry in the diagnosis of middle-ear effusion. Tympanometry measures the flow of sound energy in the external ear canal under conditions of changing ear-canal pressure. To evaluate this technic as a means of detecting middle-ear effusion, we studied acoustic susceptance and conductance in 91 children. We made the measurements using tones of 220 and 660 Hz over a pressure range of -300 to +300 mm of water. The mean value for susceptance at 660 Hz gave best results: 83 of 84 tympanograms of ears with middle-ear effusion had values less than 0.16 millimhos (mmho). Among 128 studies of normal ears, 113 had values greater than or equal to 0.16 mmho (P less than 0.001). We conclude that a mean acoustic susceptance at 660 Hz less than 0.16 mmho in a child four months of age or older indicates the presence of middle-ear effusion.", "PMID": 834211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1071", "title": "Aspirin-induced depression of renal function.", "content": "We observed elevation of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen and decrease in creatine clearance in patients taking anti-inflammatory doses of aspirin. In 13 of 23 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus increases in serum creatinine ranged from 27 to 163 per cent, and those in urea nitrogen from 42 to 270 per cent. Sequential creatinine-clearance studies, available in 11 of the 13 patients, demonstrated decreases up to 58 per cent. Patients with aspirin-induced changes in renal function were more likely to have active renal disease (P =0.035) or hypocomplementemia (P =0.030). Four of 22 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and two of three normal volunteers also demonstrated biochemical changes. The rate of aspirin-induced alterations was significantly higher in systemic lupus erythematosus (P =0.007) than in rheumatoid arthritis. Aspirin, and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, can have a major reversible effect on renal function that may influence the interpretation of clinical data.", "contents": "Aspirin-induced depression of renal function. We observed elevation of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen and decrease in creatine clearance in patients taking anti-inflammatory doses of aspirin. In 13 of 23 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus increases in serum creatinine ranged from 27 to 163 per cent, and those in urea nitrogen from 42 to 270 per cent. Sequential creatinine-clearance studies, available in 11 of the 13 patients, demonstrated decreases up to 58 per cent. Patients with aspirin-induced changes in renal function were more likely to have active renal disease (P =0.035) or hypocomplementemia (P =0.030). Four of 22 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and two of three normal volunteers also demonstrated biochemical changes. The rate of aspirin-induced alterations was significantly higher in systemic lupus erythematosus (P =0.007) than in rheumatoid arthritis. Aspirin, and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, can have a major reversible effect on renal function that may influence the interpretation of clinical data.", "PMID": 834212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1072", "title": "Television violence--reactions from physicians, advertisers and the networks.", "content": "In response to our call for letters on television violence we received more than 1500 letters from readers of the Journal. Seventy-two per cent of the leading television advertisers responded to a subsequent letter requesting a description of their policies regarding content of the programs they sponsor. Their responses included exculpating factors such as lack of control over programming, the limited amount of available advertising time and censorship. We presented these responses to network representatives. They commented on the difficulty in defining violence, the current decrease in the amount of violence shown and their activities in response to this issue. We maintain that the burden of proof that television violence does not harm lies with those who introduce it into society. Advertisers and networks will respond, we believe, to the problem of television violence if continuous public pressure is maintained.", "contents": "Television violence--reactions from physicians, advertisers and the networks. In response to our call for letters on television violence we received more than 1500 letters from readers of the Journal. Seventy-two per cent of the leading television advertisers responded to a subsequent letter requesting a description of their policies regarding content of the programs they sponsor. Their responses included exculpating factors such as lack of control over programming, the limited amount of available advertising time and censorship. We presented these responses to network representatives. They commented on the difficulty in defining violence, the current decrease in the amount of violence shown and their activities in response to this issue. We maintain that the burden of proof that television violence does not harm lies with those who introduce it into society. Advertisers and networks will respond, we believe, to the problem of television violence if continuous public pressure is maintained.", "PMID": 834213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1073", "title": "Failure of complete bile diversion and oral bile acid therapy in the treatment of homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.", "content": "Two patients with nomozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, refractory to medical therapy, underwent complete bile diversion by common-duct ligation and cholecystostomy, in an attempt to arrest the progression of their xanthomatosis and atherosclerosis by depletion of body cholesterol. Clofibrate was given after operation to one patient, and cholic acid to both, in an effort to enhance further the negative sterol balance. Bile diversion produced an increase of six to eight times in gastrointestinal sterol output, which was not increased further by either clofibrate or cholic acid therapy. Despite a calculated sterol loss of 560 g over 14 months in one patient and 400 g over 10 months in the other, neither plasma cholesterol nor xanthoma size decreased. Continuity of the biliary tree was therefore restored. The data suggest that patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia respond to even massive gastrointestinal sterol depletion with equal increases in sterol synthesis.", "contents": "Failure of complete bile diversion and oral bile acid therapy in the treatment of homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Two patients with nomozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, refractory to medical therapy, underwent complete bile diversion by common-duct ligation and cholecystostomy, in an attempt to arrest the progression of their xanthomatosis and atherosclerosis by depletion of body cholesterol. Clofibrate was given after operation to one patient, and cholic acid to both, in an effort to enhance further the negative sterol balance. Bile diversion produced an increase of six to eight times in gastrointestinal sterol output, which was not increased further by either clofibrate or cholic acid therapy. Despite a calculated sterol loss of 560 g over 14 months in one patient and 400 g over 10 months in the other, neither plasma cholesterol nor xanthoma size decreased. Continuity of the biliary tree was therefore restored. The data suggest that patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia respond to even massive gastrointestinal sterol depletion with equal increases in sterol synthesis.", "PMID": 834224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1074", "title": "Pulmonary hypertension in severe acute respiratory failure.", "content": "We repeatedly assessed pulmonary and systemic hemodynamics in 30 patients undergoing therapy for severe acute respiratory failure of diverse causes. Pulmonary-artery hypertension and elevated pulmonar vascular resistance were observed in all patients after correction of systemic hypoxemia. Increasing pulmonary blood flow by isoproterenol infusion or decreasing pulmonary blood flow by partial bypass of the right side of the heart minimally altered pulmonary-artery pressure. Although neither elevated pulmonary vascular resistance nor low cardiac index reliably predicted death, survivors had preogressive decreases of pulmonary vascular resistance with time, whereas nonsurvivors tended to maintain or increase pulmonary vascular resistance. Right ventricular stroke-work index was markedly elevated in all patients. The work load imposed upon the right ventricle by elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance may be a factor limiting survival in severe acute respiratory failure.", "contents": "Pulmonary hypertension in severe acute respiratory failure. We repeatedly assessed pulmonary and systemic hemodynamics in 30 patients undergoing therapy for severe acute respiratory failure of diverse causes. Pulmonary-artery hypertension and elevated pulmonar vascular resistance were observed in all patients after correction of systemic hypoxemia. Increasing pulmonary blood flow by isoproterenol infusion or decreasing pulmonary blood flow by partial bypass of the right side of the heart minimally altered pulmonary-artery pressure. Although neither elevated pulmonary vascular resistance nor low cardiac index reliably predicted death, survivors had preogressive decreases of pulmonary vascular resistance with time, whereas nonsurvivors tended to maintain or increase pulmonary vascular resistance. Right ventricular stroke-work index was markedly elevated in all patients. The work load imposed upon the right ventricle by elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance may be a factor limiting survival in severe acute respiratory failure.", "PMID": 834225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1075", "title": "The discovery of drug-induced illness.", "content": "The increased use of drugs (and the concurrent increased risks of drug-induced illness) require definition of relevant research areas and strategy. For established marketed drugs, research needs depend on the magnitudes of risk of an illness from a drug and the base-line risk. With the drug risk high and the base-line risk low, the problem surfaces in premarketing studies or through the epidemic that develops after marketing. If the drug adds slightly to a high base-line risk, the effect is undetectable. When both risks are low, adverse effects can be discovered by chance, but systematic case-referent studies can speed discovery. If both risks are high, clinical trials and nonexperimental studies may be used. With both risks intermediate, systematic evaluations, especially case-referent studies are needed. Newly marketed drugs should be routinely evaluated through compulsory registration and follow-up study of the earliest users.", "contents": "The discovery of drug-induced illness. The increased use of drugs (and the concurrent increased risks of drug-induced illness) require definition of relevant research areas and strategy. For established marketed drugs, research needs depend on the magnitudes of risk of an illness from a drug and the base-line risk. With the drug risk high and the base-line risk low, the problem surfaces in premarketing studies or through the epidemic that develops after marketing. If the drug adds slightly to a high base-line risk, the effect is undetectable. When both risks are low, adverse effects can be discovered by chance, but systematic case-referent studies can speed discovery. If both risks are high, clinical trials and nonexperimental studies may be used. With both risks intermediate, systematic evaluations, especially case-referent studies are needed. Newly marketed drugs should be routinely evaluated through compulsory registration and follow-up study of the earliest users.", "PMID": 834226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1076", "title": "T4 Bacteriophage-coded RNA polymerase subunit blocks host transcription and unfolds the host chromosome.", "content": "T4 bacteriophage mutants selected for their ability to grow with cytosine in their DNA are defective in host transcriptional shutoff and host chromosome unfolding. The host RNA polymerase purifed from cells infected by such a mutant lacks a small T4-coded subunit.", "contents": "T4 Bacteriophage-coded RNA polymerase subunit blocks host transcription and unfolds the host chromosome. T4 bacteriophage mutants selected for their ability to grow with cytosine in their DNA are defective in host transcriptional shutoff and host chromosome unfolding. The host RNA polymerase purifed from cells infected by such a mutant lacks a small T4-coded subunit.", "PMID": 834238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1077", "title": "DNA base sequence of the po promoter region of phage lamdba.", "content": "The sequence of a 123 base pair HpaII restriction fragment of bacteriophage lamdba DNA has been determined by the dimethylsulphate-hydrazine technique. Of this fragment 65 nucleotide pairs are transcribed into the 5' proximal part of the oop RNA. The remaining 58 nucleotide pairs preceding the start point of transcription show homologies to the lamdbaL and lamdbapR promoter regions, and are concluded to contain the lamdbapo promoter sequence.", "contents": "DNA base sequence of the po promoter region of phage lamdba. The sequence of a 123 base pair HpaII restriction fragment of bacteriophage lamdba DNA has been determined by the dimethylsulphate-hydrazine technique. Of this fragment 65 nucleotide pairs are transcribed into the 5' proximal part of the oop RNA. The remaining 58 nucleotide pairs preceding the start point of transcription show homologies to the lamdbaL and lamdbapR promoter regions, and are concluded to contain the lamdbapo promoter sequence.", "PMID": 834253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1078", "title": "Configuration of tobacco mosaic virus, RNA during virus assembly.", "content": "When TMV reassembles, the uncoated RNA is folded back along the growing rod, probably down the central hole. This surprising configuration is essential for rapid elongation--presumably supplying RNA to its site of incorporation while keeping the bulk of the free RNA out of the way.", "contents": "Configuration of tobacco mosaic virus, RNA during virus assembly. When TMV reassembles, the uncoated RNA is folded back along the growing rod, probably down the central hole. This surprising configuration is essential for rapid elongation--presumably supplying RNA to its site of incorporation while keeping the bulk of the free RNA out of the way.", "PMID": 834264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1079", "title": "Mathematical models for the evolution of multigene families by unequal crossing over.", "content": "Mathematical models of homologous but unequal crossing over between sister chromatids are presented. For mispairing by one repeat, the evolution of a multigene family by unequal crossing over can be represented by a linear birth-death process. The fixation rate of one repeat in a multigene family is estimated. For mispairing by more than one repeat, some approximate results are obtained.", "contents": "Mathematical models for the evolution of multigene families by unequal crossing over. Mathematical models of homologous but unequal crossing over between sister chromatids are presented. For mispairing by one repeat, the evolution of a multigene family by unequal crossing over can be represented by a linear birth-death process. The fixation rate of one repeat in a multigene family is estimated. For mispairing by more than one repeat, some approximate results are obtained.", "PMID": 834278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1080", "title": "Aggregation, migration and population mechanics.", "content": "A concept is developed for the regulation of populations by density-dependent movement, rather than by overt competition alone. Fitness is seen as maximising the reproductive advantage of a balance between migratory and congregatory behaviours. Population density is shown to be spatially, as well as temporally dynamic and a mechanism is proposed that accounts for observed spatial behaviour.", "contents": "Aggregation, migration and population mechanics. A concept is developed for the regulation of populations by density-dependent movement, rather than by overt competition alone. Fitness is seen as maximising the reproductive advantage of a balance between migratory and congregatory behaviours. Population density is shown to be spatially, as well as temporally dynamic and a mechanism is proposed that accounts for observed spatial behaviour.", "PMID": 834291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1081", "title": "Tomato bushy stunt virus at 5.5-A resolution.", "content": "The coat of tomato bushy stunt virus is built from protein subunits having rigid domains connected by a flexible hinge. Two states of the hinge are present in the T=3 icosahedral structure. Each subunit has a binding site for RNA on its inner surface.", "contents": "Tomato bushy stunt virus at 5.5-A resolution. The coat of tomato bushy stunt virus is built from protein subunits having rigid domains connected by a flexible hinge. Two states of the hinge are present in the T=3 icosahedral structure. Each subunit has a binding site for RNA on its inner surface.", "PMID": 834302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1082", "title": "Nature of adrenoceptor sites in bovine teat muscles.", "content": "The motility of smooth muscles excised from the wall of bovine teats was studied \"in vitro\". These muscle preparations often show spontaneous rhythmic contractions. Administration of isoprenaline results in relaxation and decreased spontaneous motility, these effects being blocked by propranolol. Noradrenaline elicits contraction and stimulates rhythmical activity, these effects being inhibited by dibenamine. The effect of adrenaline is variable as it induces contraction or inhibition or biphasic responses. Dibenamine blocked contractions, whereas propranolol inhibited relaxations. It appears that alpha and beta adrenoceptors are present in teat muscles. Stimulation of the former elicits activation, whereas stimulation of the latter results in inhibition. These \"in vitro\" results are largely in agreement with \"in vivo\" responses described previously.", "contents": "Nature of adrenoceptor sites in bovine teat muscles. The motility of smooth muscles excised from the wall of bovine teats was studied \"in vitro\". These muscle preparations often show spontaneous rhythmic contractions. Administration of isoprenaline results in relaxation and decreased spontaneous motility, these effects being blocked by propranolol. Noradrenaline elicits contraction and stimulates rhythmical activity, these effects being inhibited by dibenamine. The effect of adrenaline is variable as it induces contraction or inhibition or biphasic responses. Dibenamine blocked contractions, whereas propranolol inhibited relaxations. It appears that alpha and beta adrenoceptors are present in teat muscles. Stimulation of the former elicits activation, whereas stimulation of the latter results in inhibition. These \"in vitro\" results are largely in agreement with \"in vivo\" responses described previously.", "PMID": 834311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1083", "title": "Glucose metabolism in C-1300 neuroblastoma cells after inhibition of hexose monophosphate pathway.", "content": "1. Application of 6-AN (0.01 mg/ml) leads to a strong accumulation of 6-PG in C-1300 neuroblastoma cells which, however, only amounts to one third of that found in C-6 glial cells. 2. In C-1300 neuroblastoma cells dephosphorylation of the accumulated 6-PG causes a rise of the intracellular gluconate to eight times the value found for 6-PG. It is four times higher than the gluconate content observed in C-6 glial cells. 3. Although 6-PG is a competitive inhibitor of PGI it causes no reduction of glycolytic flux and ATP content in stationary phase C-1300 neuroblastoma cells in contrast to the strong reduction of glycolytic flux and ATP content observed in C-glial cells. 4. The intracellular Glc-6-P and Fru-6-P content of C-1300 neuroblastoma cells increases by four to five times after treatment with 6-AN. Both this increase and the decrease of Fru-1,6-P2 content point to an inhibition of the phosphofructokinase. 5. In contrast to C-6 glial cells no morphological changes could be observed in C-1300 neuroblastoma cells up to 24 h after administration of 6-AN.", "contents": "Glucose metabolism in C-1300 neuroblastoma cells after inhibition of hexose monophosphate pathway. 1. Application of 6-AN (0.01 mg/ml) leads to a strong accumulation of 6-PG in C-1300 neuroblastoma cells which, however, only amounts to one third of that found in C-6 glial cells. 2. In C-1300 neuroblastoma cells dephosphorylation of the accumulated 6-PG causes a rise of the intracellular gluconate to eight times the value found for 6-PG. It is four times higher than the gluconate content observed in C-6 glial cells. 3. Although 6-PG is a competitive inhibitor of PGI it causes no reduction of glycolytic flux and ATP content in stationary phase C-1300 neuroblastoma cells in contrast to the strong reduction of glycolytic flux and ATP content observed in C-glial cells. 4. The intracellular Glc-6-P and Fru-6-P content of C-1300 neuroblastoma cells increases by four to five times after treatment with 6-AN. Both this increase and the decrease of Fru-1,6-P2 content point to an inhibition of the phosphofructokinase. 5. In contrast to C-6 glial cells no morphological changes could be observed in C-1300 neuroblastoma cells up to 24 h after administration of 6-AN.", "PMID": 834312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1084", "title": "Specific effect of haloperidol on dopamine turnover in the frontal cortex.", "content": "A single injection of haloperidol (0.08 mg/kg) produced marked increases in HVA in rabbit brain. Of the dopamine-containing areas studied, the elevation of HVA was significantly greater in the frontal cortex than in the striatum, the tuberculum olfactorium or the parietal cortex. After chronic treatment, a tolerance phenomenon to the effects of haloperidol on HVA was observed only in the striatal and limbic areas. The present results suggest that the frontal cortex may be a preferential target for the antipsychotic activity of neuroleptic agents.", "contents": "Specific effect of haloperidol on dopamine turnover in the frontal cortex. A single injection of haloperidol (0.08 mg/kg) produced marked increases in HVA in rabbit brain. Of the dopamine-containing areas studied, the elevation of HVA was significantly greater in the frontal cortex than in the striatum, the tuberculum olfactorium or the parietal cortex. After chronic treatment, a tolerance phenomenon to the effects of haloperidol on HVA was observed only in the striatal and limbic areas. The present results suggest that the frontal cortex may be a preferential target for the antipsychotic activity of neuroleptic agents.", "PMID": 834317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1085", "title": "4-Acetaminophenoxyacetic acid, a new urinary metabolite of phenacetin.", "content": "It is shown that 4-acetaminophenoxyacetic acid (APOA) is an urinary metabolite of phenacetin. APOA was isolated by means of silica gel TLC in various solvent systems from the urine of rats, dogs, and humans, collected 24 h after p.o. treatment with phenacetin (rats and dogs: 200 mg/kg; humans: three single doses of 0.5 g). Expressed as a percentage of the dose, APOA was detected at levels of 1% in rats, 0.13% in dogs and 0.04% in humans. 4-Acetaminophenoxyacetic acid was identified as its methylester--synthetized in the reaction of APOA and diazomethene--by thin layer chromatography, UV absorbance, melting point, and mass spectroscopy.", "contents": "4-Acetaminophenoxyacetic acid, a new urinary metabolite of phenacetin. It is shown that 4-acetaminophenoxyacetic acid (APOA) is an urinary metabolite of phenacetin. APOA was isolated by means of silica gel TLC in various solvent systems from the urine of rats, dogs, and humans, collected 24 h after p.o. treatment with phenacetin (rats and dogs: 200 mg/kg; humans: three single doses of 0.5 g). Expressed as a percentage of the dose, APOA was detected at levels of 1% in rats, 0.13% in dogs and 0.04% in humans. 4-Acetaminophenoxyacetic acid was identified as its methylester--synthetized in the reaction of APOA and diazomethene--by thin layer chromatography, UV absorbance, melting point, and mass spectroscopy.", "PMID": 834318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1086", "title": "Control of the release of newly synthetized 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine by nicotinic and muscarinic receptors in rat hypothalamic slices.", "content": "The effects of various cholinergic agonists and antagonists on the spontaneous release of newly synthetized 3H-5-HT were examined in rat hypothalamic slices. 3H-5-HT was measured in incubating medium at the end of a 30 min incubation carried out with L-3H-tryptophan in the presence of the various drugs tested. ACh (10(-5) M) in the presence of eserine (2 X 10(-4) M), and carbachol (10(-5) M) stimulated the release of 3H-5-HT. In contrast, oxotremorine (10(-5) M) reduced the 3H-amine release. The effect of carbachol was blocked by two nicotinic blockers, mecamylamine (10(-6) M) and d-tubocurarine (10(-6) M). It was not reduced by the muscarinic antagonists, atropine (10(-6) M) and scopolamine (10(-6) M). In fact, each of two antagonists added alone to the incubating medium enhanced 3H-5-HT release. The scopolamine (10(-6) M) stimulating effect on 3H-5-HT release was suppressed by d-tubocurarine (10(-6) M). Finally, the inhibiting effect of oxotremorine on 3H-5-HT release was not prevented by d-tubocurarine (10(-6) M) but was in the presence of atropine (10(-6) M) or scopolamine (10(-6) M). In the concentrations used in the release study, the cholinergic agonists and antagonists had no effect on the total formation of 3H-5-HT and 3H-5-HIAA from L-3H-tryptophan and on the accumulation of L-3H-tryptophan in tissues. In these concentrations, except for eserine, they did not affect the uptake of exogenous 3H-5-HT in hypothalamic synaptosomes (P2 fraction). These results suggest that cholinergic receptors of the muscarinic and nicotinic type are involved in the control of 3H-5-HT release; since the stimulation of the muscarinic and nicotonic cholinergic receptors resulted in an inhibition and an activation of 3H-5-HT release, respectively. As in the case of peripheral noradrenergic and central dopaminergic neurons the cholinergic receptors could be localized on serotoninergic terminals.", "contents": "Control of the release of newly synthetized 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine by nicotinic and muscarinic receptors in rat hypothalamic slices. The effects of various cholinergic agonists and antagonists on the spontaneous release of newly synthetized 3H-5-HT were examined in rat hypothalamic slices. 3H-5-HT was measured in incubating medium at the end of a 30 min incubation carried out with L-3H-tryptophan in the presence of the various drugs tested. ACh (10(-5) M) in the presence of eserine (2 X 10(-4) M), and carbachol (10(-5) M) stimulated the release of 3H-5-HT. In contrast, oxotremorine (10(-5) M) reduced the 3H-amine release. The effect of carbachol was blocked by two nicotinic blockers, mecamylamine (10(-6) M) and d-tubocurarine (10(-6) M). It was not reduced by the muscarinic antagonists, atropine (10(-6) M) and scopolamine (10(-6) M). In fact, each of two antagonists added alone to the incubating medium enhanced 3H-5-HT release. The scopolamine (10(-6) M) stimulating effect on 3H-5-HT release was suppressed by d-tubocurarine (10(-6) M). Finally, the inhibiting effect of oxotremorine on 3H-5-HT release was not prevented by d-tubocurarine (10(-6) M) but was in the presence of atropine (10(-6) M) or scopolamine (10(-6) M). In the concentrations used in the release study, the cholinergic agonists and antagonists had no effect on the total formation of 3H-5-HT and 3H-5-HIAA from L-3H-tryptophan and on the accumulation of L-3H-tryptophan in tissues. In these concentrations, except for eserine, they did not affect the uptake of exogenous 3H-5-HT in hypothalamic synaptosomes (P2 fraction). These results suggest that cholinergic receptors of the muscarinic and nicotinic type are involved in the control of 3H-5-HT release; since the stimulation of the muscarinic and nicotonic cholinergic receptors resulted in an inhibition and an activation of 3H-5-HT release, respectively. As in the case of peripheral noradrenergic and central dopaminergic neurons the cholinergic receptors could be localized on serotoninergic terminals.", "PMID": 834319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1087", "title": "Relationship between the uptake of 3H-(+/-)metaraminol and the density of adrenergic innervation in isolated rat tissues.", "content": "1. The uptake of 3H-(+/-)metaraminol (MA) by tissue slices or pieces was studied in vitro in several peripheral rat organs of varying density of sympathetic innervation (the tissue level of endogenous noradrenaline ranging from 1.7-99.1 nmoles/g). In each individual tissue preparation amine uptake was corrected for entry into the 14C-D-sorbitol space. 2. When the tissues were incubated with 1.4 muM MA, the rate of total amine uptake (i.e., neuronal plus extraneuronal uptake of MA) remained virtually constant for up to 7 min. Therefore, rates of uptake were determined after 2 min of incubation with substrate concentrations ranging from 0.25-12.2 muM. In all tissues the total uptake of MA was saturable. 3. Under the condition of inhibition of neuronal uptake by the presence of 100 muM cocaine, the uptake of MA (considered as extraneuronal amine uptake) was no longer saturable. When tissues were exposed to 1.4 muM MA, the relative contribution by extraneuronal (measured in the presence of cocaine) to total amine uptake (measured in the absence of cocaine) was inversely correlated with the log endogenous noradrenaline content. 4. After correction of the rates of total MA uptake for the cocaine-resistant distribution of the amine, a saturable component of uptake was obtained for each tissue. This uptake was considered to be neuronal; it was subjected to kinetic analysis. 5. Apparent Km values for the neuronal uptake of MA were very similar in all tissues and did not show any dependence on the tissue level of endogenous noradrenaline (average Km = 1.2 muM). 6. V max values for the neuronal uptake of MA were linearly correlated with the endogenous noradrenaline content of the tissues (r = 0.976; P less than 0.001), the V max for the vas deferens being excluded. When related to the content of endogenous noradrenaline, the V max obtained in the vas deferens was lower than that for all other tissues. 7. The results presented here strongly suggest that the membrane site involved in neuronal amine uptake (operationally characterized by the Km of MA) is likely to be identical in all rat tissues and that the number of uptake sites available per nerve terminal does not vary greatly between tissues.", "contents": "Relationship between the uptake of 3H-(+/-)metaraminol and the density of adrenergic innervation in isolated rat tissues. 1. The uptake of 3H-(+/-)metaraminol (MA) by tissue slices or pieces was studied in vitro in several peripheral rat organs of varying density of sympathetic innervation (the tissue level of endogenous noradrenaline ranging from 1.7-99.1 nmoles/g). In each individual tissue preparation amine uptake was corrected for entry into the 14C-D-sorbitol space. 2. When the tissues were incubated with 1.4 muM MA, the rate of total amine uptake (i.e., neuronal plus extraneuronal uptake of MA) remained virtually constant for up to 7 min. Therefore, rates of uptake were determined after 2 min of incubation with substrate concentrations ranging from 0.25-12.2 muM. In all tissues the total uptake of MA was saturable. 3. Under the condition of inhibition of neuronal uptake by the presence of 100 muM cocaine, the uptake of MA (considered as extraneuronal amine uptake) was no longer saturable. When tissues were exposed to 1.4 muM MA, the relative contribution by extraneuronal (measured in the presence of cocaine) to total amine uptake (measured in the absence of cocaine) was inversely correlated with the log endogenous noradrenaline content. 4. After correction of the rates of total MA uptake for the cocaine-resistant distribution of the amine, a saturable component of uptake was obtained for each tissue. This uptake was considered to be neuronal; it was subjected to kinetic analysis. 5. Apparent Km values for the neuronal uptake of MA were very similar in all tissues and did not show any dependence on the tissue level of endogenous noradrenaline (average Km = 1.2 muM). 6. V max values for the neuronal uptake of MA were linearly correlated with the endogenous noradrenaline content of the tissues (r = 0.976; P less than 0.001), the V max for the vas deferens being excluded. When related to the content of endogenous noradrenaline, the V max obtained in the vas deferens was lower than that for all other tissues. 7. The results presented here strongly suggest that the membrane site involved in neuronal amine uptake (operationally characterized by the Km of MA) is likely to be identical in all rat tissues and that the number of uptake sites available per nerve terminal does not vary greatly between tissues.", "PMID": 834320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1088", "title": "[Hepatitis A and hepatitis B. Clinical, epidemiological and differential immunological elements].", "content": "The Authors have already related in various papers the results of their research on humoral and cellular immunity in the course of viral hepatitis in relation to the behaviour of HBsAg determined with various methods and recently with the radio-immune assay. Since the high sensitivity of this latter technique consents a sufficiently precise differentiation of hepatitis into HBAg-positive (hepatitis B) and HBAg-negative (hepatitis A), the Authors have intended studying in this work the eventual clinical epidemiological and immunological differences between the two types of hepatitis, analyzing the results of their previous studies, extending the case data and gathering numerous other personal observations, clinical and laboratory, not yet published. The study was limited to 136 patients with viral hepatitis in wwhich the test for HBsAg was effected with RIA: of these 58 were HBAg+ and 78 HBAg-. Initially is discussed the incidence of two types of hepatitis in relation to age and sex and then the comparative incidence between them of the various routes of contagion. Particularly emphasized is the possibility of direct transmission of HBAg+ hepatitis, often responsible for infection within the family. The comparative determination of transaminases, bilirubin, immunoglobulins and complement has revealed some interesting variations in the behaviour of the two types of hepatitis. Instead, cellular immunity, studied by the rosette E technique, appeared depressed in the initial phase of sickness in both types of hepatitis. Space is dedicated to the behaviour of HBsAg in acute HBAg+ hepatitis in relation to the immunoglobulins and complement and in relation to the normalization of the transaminases and bilirubinemia. After a few brief observations on the frequent appearance of a joint symptomatology in the course of viral hepatitis, particularly in the HBAg+ form, the Authors report the data relative the evolution of the hepatitis cases examined. The percentage of a complete cure are about equal between hepatitis A and hepatitis B even recovery is significantly faster in the first type of hepatitis (HBAg-).", "contents": "[Hepatitis A and hepatitis B. Clinical, epidemiological and differential immunological elements]. The Authors have already related in various papers the results of their research on humoral and cellular immunity in the course of viral hepatitis in relation to the behaviour of HBsAg determined with various methods and recently with the radio-immune assay. Since the high sensitivity of this latter technique consents a sufficiently precise differentiation of hepatitis into HBAg-positive (hepatitis B) and HBAg-negative (hepatitis A), the Authors have intended studying in this work the eventual clinical epidemiological and immunological differences between the two types of hepatitis, analyzing the results of their previous studies, extending the case data and gathering numerous other personal observations, clinical and laboratory, not yet published. The study was limited to 136 patients with viral hepatitis in wwhich the test for HBsAg was effected with RIA: of these 58 were HBAg+ and 78 HBAg-. Initially is discussed the incidence of two types of hepatitis in relation to age and sex and then the comparative incidence between them of the various routes of contagion. Particularly emphasized is the possibility of direct transmission of HBAg+ hepatitis, often responsible for infection within the family. The comparative determination of transaminases, bilirubin, immunoglobulins and complement has revealed some interesting variations in the behaviour of the two types of hepatitis. Instead, cellular immunity, studied by the rosette E technique, appeared depressed in the initial phase of sickness in both types of hepatitis. Space is dedicated to the behaviour of HBsAg in acute HBAg+ hepatitis in relation to the immunoglobulins and complement and in relation to the normalization of the transaminases and bilirubinemia. After a few brief observations on the frequent appearance of a joint symptomatology in the course of viral hepatitis, particularly in the HBAg+ form, the Authors report the data relative the evolution of the hepatitis cases examined. The percentage of a complete cure are about equal between hepatitis A and hepatitis B even recovery is significantly faster in the first type of hepatitis (HBAg-).", "PMID": 834380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1089", "title": "[Asthma as a psychosomatic disease and its treatment with tranquilizing agents].", "content": "On the basis of personal research and experience, it is concluded that the majority of asthmatics also suffer from psychoneurosis and that psychological alterations are primary and not secondary to dyspnoea. Some hypotheses are put forward relating the onset of asthma and psychoneurosis.", "contents": "[Asthma as a psychosomatic disease and its treatment with tranquilizing agents]. On the basis of personal research and experience, it is concluded that the majority of asthmatics also suffer from psychoneurosis and that psychological alterations are primary and not secondary to dyspnoea. Some hypotheses are put forward relating the onset of asthma and psychoneurosis.", "PMID": 834381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1090", "title": "[Capillaroscopic pictures of the hyponychium of surgical interest].", "content": "Capillaroscopic pictures regarding situations of surgical interest are presented. Apart from the purely symptomatological parameter, an attempt is made to interpret the pictures, with reservations.", "contents": "[Capillaroscopic pictures of the hyponychium of surgical interest]. Capillaroscopic pictures regarding situations of surgical interest are presented. Apart from the purely symptomatological parameter, an attempt is made to interpret the pictures, with reservations.", "PMID": 834382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1091", "title": "[The Martorell ischemic hypertensive leg ulcer].", "content": "The aetiopathogenesis and diagnosis of Martorell's supra-malleolar hypertensive ulcer are discussed in the light of 3 clinical cases. Stress is laid on the overriding need for proper general management designed to normalise the serious arterial hypertension. It is felt that raubasine vasokinetics (such as Circolene), and taurine tissue oxygenators (0-due) are useful supplementary aids, particularly when administered by slow infusion. Lumbar gangliectomy will be necessary in the case of persistently painful ulcers. Its success, however, is dependent on prior normalisation of pressure. Dermo-epidermal grafts would appear to be superfluous, while frequent topical application of trophodermic creams are apparently useless.", "contents": "[The Martorell ischemic hypertensive leg ulcer]. The aetiopathogenesis and diagnosis of Martorell's supra-malleolar hypertensive ulcer are discussed in the light of 3 clinical cases. Stress is laid on the overriding need for proper general management designed to normalise the serious arterial hypertension. It is felt that raubasine vasokinetics (such as Circolene), and taurine tissue oxygenators (0-due) are useful supplementary aids, particularly when administered by slow infusion. Lumbar gangliectomy will be necessary in the case of persistently painful ulcers. Its success, however, is dependent on prior normalisation of pressure. Dermo-epidermal grafts would appear to be superfluous, while frequent topical application of trophodermic creams are apparently useless.", "PMID": 834383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1092", "title": "[Use of thermo-mammographic and cholesteric methods in the early diagnosis of breast carcinoma].", "content": "In 1973, 600 women aged between 19 and 70 and belonging to various social strata were examined. Some came spontaneously without symptomatology, for the sole purpose of preventive screening, others presented various symptoms. Thermography was used on all patients. Complementary mammography was carried out on some of them while others were subjected to cutaneous application of a personally prepared cholesteric strip with various thermic range. An Eastman Kodak cholesteric mixture at 10% solution and with thermic range varying from 35 degrees to 39 degrees was used. Solutions with thermic excursion of 1 degree C were adopted. (This examination was carried out for scientific purposes as it is absolutely not yet part of diagnostic routine). A comparison was then made between the thermo mammographic and cholesteric methods in the early diagnosis of mammary carcinoma.", "contents": "[Use of thermo-mammographic and cholesteric methods in the early diagnosis of breast carcinoma]. In 1973, 600 women aged between 19 and 70 and belonging to various social strata were examined. Some came spontaneously without symptomatology, for the sole purpose of preventive screening, others presented various symptoms. Thermography was used on all patients. Complementary mammography was carried out on some of them while others were subjected to cutaneous application of a personally prepared cholesteric strip with various thermic range. An Eastman Kodak cholesteric mixture at 10% solution and with thermic range varying from 35 degrees to 39 degrees was used. Solutions with thermic excursion of 1 degree C were adopted. (This examination was carried out for scientific purposes as it is absolutely not yet part of diagnostic routine). A comparison was then made between the thermo mammographic and cholesteric methods in the early diagnosis of mammary carcinoma.", "PMID": 834384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1093", "title": "[Modifications induced by diaphragmatic kinesitherapy on various spirographic parameters].", "content": "The effect of diaphragmatic kinesiterapy on some spyrographic parameters was investigated. The best results were obtained with an association of kinesiterapy and drugs.", "contents": "[Modifications induced by diaphragmatic kinesitherapy on various spirographic parameters]. The effect of diaphragmatic kinesiterapy on some spyrographic parameters was investigated. The best results were obtained with an association of kinesiterapy and drugs.", "PMID": 834385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1094", "title": "[Gilbert's jaundice. Current clinico-nosographic, physiopathological and therapeutic aspects. III. Therapeutic action of enzyme inductors with reference to unconjugated bilirubin icterus].", "content": "The value of phenobarbital in the treatment of free bilirubin icterus is demonstrated by a series of clinical experiments in which the drug was administered to patients with bilirubinaemia, even at high levels, the situation being brought back to normal within about two weeks. The percentage excreted with the urine in a conjugated form of various drugs proved higher in subjects treated with phenobarbital than in controls, thus proving that the drug acts as an enzymic inductor. Moreover it is ineffective in patients genetically lacking in the capacity to synthesize glycuronyltransferase. The induction of this latter enzyme, however, does not exhaust the effects of the barbiturate for it has been shown that phenobarbital is capable of speeding up the disappearance of exogenous bilirubin from the plasma in animals, of stimulating bile flow and increasing uptake of the pigment by the liver. The increase in bile flow is of the order of 30% and takes place by way of a modification in the flow fraction independent of bile salts. It would also appear that the drug is capable of increasing the activity of 7-alpha-hydroxylase, an enzyme that represents the rate limiting step in the synthesis of biliary salts. Other drugs commonly used in the treatment of free bilirubin icterus such as ethanol, rifampicin and uridindiphosphoglucose are considered. Finally the case of a female patient who from birth had presented persistent free bilirubin icterus of about 8 mg% is reported. After 14 days treatment with phenobarbital (100 mg X 2) blood levels of the pigment had returned to normal.", "contents": "[Gilbert's jaundice. Current clinico-nosographic, physiopathological and therapeutic aspects. III. Therapeutic action of enzyme inductors with reference to unconjugated bilirubin icterus]. The value of phenobarbital in the treatment of free bilirubin icterus is demonstrated by a series of clinical experiments in which the drug was administered to patients with bilirubinaemia, even at high levels, the situation being brought back to normal within about two weeks. The percentage excreted with the urine in a conjugated form of various drugs proved higher in subjects treated with phenobarbital than in controls, thus proving that the drug acts as an enzymic inductor. Moreover it is ineffective in patients genetically lacking in the capacity to synthesize glycuronyltransferase. The induction of this latter enzyme, however, does not exhaust the effects of the barbiturate for it has been shown that phenobarbital is capable of speeding up the disappearance of exogenous bilirubin from the plasma in animals, of stimulating bile flow and increasing uptake of the pigment by the liver. The increase in bile flow is of the order of 30% and takes place by way of a modification in the flow fraction independent of bile salts. It would also appear that the drug is capable of increasing the activity of 7-alpha-hydroxylase, an enzyme that represents the rate limiting step in the synthesis of biliary salts. Other drugs commonly used in the treatment of free bilirubin icterus such as ethanol, rifampicin and uridindiphosphoglucose are considered. Finally the case of a female patient who from birth had presented persistent free bilirubin icterus of about 8 mg% is reported. After 14 days treatment with phenobarbital (100 mg X 2) blood levels of the pigment had returned to normal.", "PMID": 834386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1095", "title": "[Etiopathogenetic and clinical notes on the syndrome of the micropolycystic hyperandrogenic ovary and matrimonial sterility].", "content": "The nosological, clinical, aetiopathogenetic and therapeutic aspects of hyperandrogenic micropolycystic ovary are examined with particular reference to matrimonial sterility. There is not doubt about the existence of a syndrome substantially characterized, clinically, by menstrual trouble, inability to procreate, more or less evident signs of hyperandrogenism and a tendency to obesity and, morphologically, by ovarian micropolycystic alterations of typical pathognomonic aspect: the marked production of androgens on the part of the female gonad possibly accompanied by peripheral alterations interfering with their metabolism. The syndrome is not too frequent and, in personal experience, occurs in less than 1% of the series. The main therapeutic approach remains cuneiform resection of the ovary. Still in personal experience, 21.2% of cases treated led to pregnancy but not more than eight-ten months after operation. The effect would therefore appear to be transitory and the operation is decisively rejected where unmarried women are involved.", "contents": "[Etiopathogenetic and clinical notes on the syndrome of the micropolycystic hyperandrogenic ovary and matrimonial sterility]. The nosological, clinical, aetiopathogenetic and therapeutic aspects of hyperandrogenic micropolycystic ovary are examined with particular reference to matrimonial sterility. There is not doubt about the existence of a syndrome substantially characterized, clinically, by menstrual trouble, inability to procreate, more or less evident signs of hyperandrogenism and a tendency to obesity and, morphologically, by ovarian micropolycystic alterations of typical pathognomonic aspect: the marked production of androgens on the part of the female gonad possibly accompanied by peripheral alterations interfering with their metabolism. The syndrome is not too frequent and, in personal experience, occurs in less than 1% of the series. The main therapeutic approach remains cuneiform resection of the ovary. Still in personal experience, 21.2% of cases treated led to pregnancy but not more than eight-ten months after operation. The effect would therefore appear to be transitory and the operation is decisively rejected where unmarried women are involved.", "PMID": 834389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1096", "title": "[The neurovegetative system in the pathogenesis of bronchial spasm].", "content": "The therapeutic efficacy of atropine and salbutamol sprays alone or in association was experimented in patients with atopic bronchial asthma as part of an investigation of the bronchodilatatory drugs and the pathogenesis of bronchospasm. As personally observed in other situations, combination of these drugs does not allow their maximum effect to be obtained.", "contents": "[The neurovegetative system in the pathogenesis of bronchial spasm]. The therapeutic efficacy of atropine and salbutamol sprays alone or in association was experimented in patients with atopic bronchial asthma as part of an investigation of the bronchodilatatory drugs and the pathogenesis of bronchospasm. As personally observed in other situations, combination of these drugs does not allow their maximum effect to be obtained.", "PMID": 834388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1097", "title": "Modern management of the diabetic pregnancy.", "content": "The effect of modern antepartum and intrapartum fetal monitoring technics on the outcome of the pregnancy complicated with diabetes was studied by comparing the perinatal mortality of 2 groups of patients whose management differed primarily by the use of these tests. The perinatal death rate was halved to 9.2%, and when corrected for major congenital defects and referred fetal deaths it was 5.3%. Modern fetal diagnostic tests clearly add a degree of objectivity in the management of the diabetic pregnancy not previously available.", "contents": "Modern management of the diabetic pregnancy. The effect of modern antepartum and intrapartum fetal monitoring technics on the outcome of the pregnancy complicated with diabetes was studied by comparing the perinatal mortality of 2 groups of patients whose management differed primarily by the use of these tests. The perinatal death rate was halved to 9.2%, and when corrected for major congenital defects and referred fetal deaths it was 5.3%. Modern fetal diagnostic tests clearly add a degree of objectivity in the management of the diabetic pregnancy not previously available.", "PMID": 834392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1098", "title": "Significance of amniotic fluid corticosteroid levels in human pregnancies.", "content": "Retrospective analysis of 103 samples of amniotic fluid was performed. Twenty-four samples were obtained prior to midtrimester abortion, 31 were from patients who delivered spontaneously, 14 were from patients in whom labor was induced, and the remaining samples were obtained from patients who were delivered by cesarean section. In all normal pregnancies, there was a rising trend in corticosteroid levels in amniotic fluid as the gestation advanced. This was less marked in abnormal pregnancies. There is a suggestive fetal role in initiation of normal spontaneous labor, as reflected by a significant increase in amniotic fluid corticosteroid levels, in patients immediately prior to vaginal delivery as opposed to abdominal delivery. There was a significant correlation between the birthweight of babies born vaginally with the amniotic fluid corticosteroid levels, as compared to the weight of babies born by cesarean section.", "contents": "Significance of amniotic fluid corticosteroid levels in human pregnancies. Retrospective analysis of 103 samples of amniotic fluid was performed. Twenty-four samples were obtained prior to midtrimester abortion, 31 were from patients who delivered spontaneously, 14 were from patients in whom labor was induced, and the remaining samples were obtained from patients who were delivered by cesarean section. In all normal pregnancies, there was a rising trend in corticosteroid levels in amniotic fluid as the gestation advanced. This was less marked in abnormal pregnancies. There is a suggestive fetal role in initiation of normal spontaneous labor, as reflected by a significant increase in amniotic fluid corticosteroid levels, in patients immediately prior to vaginal delivery as opposed to abdominal delivery. There was a significant correlation between the birthweight of babies born vaginally with the amniotic fluid corticosteroid levels, as compared to the weight of babies born by cesarean section.", "PMID": 834393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1099", "title": "Effect of betamethasone administration on estrone, estradiol-17 beta, and progesterone in maternal plasma and amniotic fluid.", "content": "As part of a series of studies on the endocrine consequences of corticosteroid treatment during late pregnancy, the levels of unconjugated estrone (E1), estradiol-14 beta (E2), and progesterone were followed in maternal plasma and amniotic fluid before and after treatment. Ten gravidas in the 30th-35th gestational week received 12 mg betamethasone daily for 3 days for prevention of idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) and were compared to 5 controls. The steroid concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. The plasma levels of E1 and E2 were depressed to 38% and 29%, respectively, while that of progesterone was not affected. No significant change of the steroid concentrations in amniotic fluid was observed. The decreased E2: progesterone ratio in maternal blood after betamethasone treatment in the human is in contrast to the increased ratio observed in ruminants after corticosteroid administration and preceding the spontaneous onset of labor. The fall in the E2: progesterone ratio accords with the earlier observed inability of intramuscular corticosteroid treatment of elicit labor in women at this stage of gestation. The earlier demonstrated marked depression of cortisol in fetal plasma after betamethasone seems paradoxical in view of the seemingly high availability of progesterone, considered as a precursor for the cortisol biosynthesis in the human fetal adrenal cortex.", "contents": "Effect of betamethasone administration on estrone, estradiol-17 beta, and progesterone in maternal plasma and amniotic fluid. As part of a series of studies on the endocrine consequences of corticosteroid treatment during late pregnancy, the levels of unconjugated estrone (E1), estradiol-14 beta (E2), and progesterone were followed in maternal plasma and amniotic fluid before and after treatment. Ten gravidas in the 30th-35th gestational week received 12 mg betamethasone daily for 3 days for prevention of idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) and were compared to 5 controls. The steroid concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. The plasma levels of E1 and E2 were depressed to 38% and 29%, respectively, while that of progesterone was not affected. No significant change of the steroid concentrations in amniotic fluid was observed. The decreased E2: progesterone ratio in maternal blood after betamethasone treatment in the human is in contrast to the increased ratio observed in ruminants after corticosteroid administration and preceding the spontaneous onset of labor. The fall in the E2: progesterone ratio accords with the earlier observed inability of intramuscular corticosteroid treatment of elicit labor in women at this stage of gestation. The earlier demonstrated marked depression of cortisol in fetal plasma after betamethasone seems paradoxical in view of the seemingly high availability of progesterone, considered as a precursor for the cortisol biosynthesis in the human fetal adrenal cortex.", "PMID": 834394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1100", "title": "The effect of amniography on amniotic fluid L/S ratio.", "content": "This report provides data indicating that the water-soluble dye combination commonly used in amniography raises the amniotic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio.", "contents": "The effect of amniography on amniotic fluid L/S ratio. This report provides data indicating that the water-soluble dye combination commonly used in amniography raises the amniotic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio.", "PMID": 834395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1101", "title": "A reevaluation of the value of hCS determination in the management of prolonged pregnancy.", "content": "In an initial study at the Yale-New Haven Hospital human chorionic somatomammotropin levels were reported to have predictive significance for the antepartum diagnosis of the postmaturity syndrome. Expanded data from the same institution do not support the original findings.", "contents": "A reevaluation of the value of hCS determination in the management of prolonged pregnancy. In an initial study at the Yale-New Haven Hospital human chorionic somatomammotropin levels were reported to have predictive significance for the antepartum diagnosis of the postmaturity syndrome. Expanded data from the same institution do not support the original findings.", "PMID": 834396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1102", "title": "Fetal heart rate acceleration in relation to the oxytocin challenge test.", "content": "Fetal heart rate (FHR) acceleration was evaluated in 1570 oxytocin challenge test (OCT) results, which were performed on 565 high-risk patients. In positive OCTs a significant decrease or lack of FHR acceleration was noted. Fetuses with positive OCTs and lack of FHR acceleration were more compromised than those with better FHR acceleration.. Negative OCTs were associated with a good FHR acceleration approximately 95% of the time. Study of FHR acceleration in suspicious OCTs proved to be helpful in determining the significance and prognosis of a suspicious OCT.", "contents": "Fetal heart rate acceleration in relation to the oxytocin challenge test. Fetal heart rate (FHR) acceleration was evaluated in 1570 oxytocin challenge test (OCT) results, which were performed on 565 high-risk patients. In positive OCTs a significant decrease or lack of FHR acceleration was noted. Fetuses with positive OCTs and lack of FHR acceleration were more compromised than those with better FHR acceleration.. Negative OCTs were associated with a good FHR acceleration approximately 95% of the time. Study of FHR acceleration in suspicious OCTs proved to be helpful in determining the significance and prognosis of a suspicious OCT.", "PMID": 834397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1103", "title": "Association of premature rupture of membranes with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "A retrospective study involving all admissions to two neonatal intensive care centers over a 4-year period was carried out to assess the protective effect, or lack of it, of prolonged rupture of membranes (ROM) on the prevalence of idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) in premature infants. Significantly fewer cases of IRDS were found in patients in all gestational age groups when ROM was greater than 24 hours as compared with those with ROM of less than 12 hours' duration. However, prolonged ROM was not consistently associated with a difference in prevalence of respiratory failure accompanying IRDS, or in the prevalence of sepsis or neonatal mortality in this patient population. It is concluded that benefit to a premature infant in the form of reduced risk of developing IRDS is possible if the mother is allowed 24 hours after ROM before the delivery is initiated.", "contents": "Association of premature rupture of membranes with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome. A retrospective study involving all admissions to two neonatal intensive care centers over a 4-year period was carried out to assess the protective effect, or lack of it, of prolonged rupture of membranes (ROM) on the prevalence of idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) in premature infants. Significantly fewer cases of IRDS were found in patients in all gestational age groups when ROM was greater than 24 hours as compared with those with ROM of less than 12 hours' duration. However, prolonged ROM was not consistently associated with a difference in prevalence of respiratory failure accompanying IRDS, or in the prevalence of sepsis or neonatal mortality in this patient population. It is concluded that benefit to a premature infant in the form of reduced risk of developing IRDS is possible if the mother is allowed 24 hours after ROM before the delivery is initiated.", "PMID": 834398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1104", "title": "The obstetric complications of the infertility patient.", "content": "This study was undertaken to compare the outcome of pregnancy in patients treated for some type of infertility problem to that of a control group of patients from the same obstetric unit and also to the reported literature. Reported are the primary outcomes of 122 pregnancies in 104 patients treated for infertility and 106 pregnancies in patients of a control group delivered over the same period of time. Thirty-six percent of the treated patients had no pregnancy complications, whereas 54% of the control group had no pregnancy complications.", "contents": "The obstetric complications of the infertility patient. This study was undertaken to compare the outcome of pregnancy in patients treated for some type of infertility problem to that of a control group of patients from the same obstetric unit and also to the reported literature. Reported are the primary outcomes of 122 pregnancies in 104 patients treated for infertility and 106 pregnancies in patients of a control group delivered over the same period of time. Thirty-six percent of the treated patients had no pregnancy complications, whereas 54% of the control group had no pregnancy complications.", "PMID": 834400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1105", "title": "Small bowel obstruction in pregnancy. A review and report of four cases.", "content": "Four gravid patients with small bowel obstruction secondary to adhesions were seen during a 17-year span (1955 through 1971) at the Mayo Clinic. Three of these patients had been referred to us for definitive diagnosis and treatment. During the time span under investigation, there were 25,189 deliveries at our institution. As the incidence of surgical procedures increases, small bowel obstruction is likely to be seen more frequently. One must consider this diagnosis in any pregnant patient with an abdominal scar and the characteristic signs and symptoms of obstruction. When mechanical intestinal obstruction has been diagnosed, the recommended treatment is surgery regardless of the gestational age or status of the fetus.", "contents": "Small bowel obstruction in pregnancy. A review and report of four cases. Four gravid patients with small bowel obstruction secondary to adhesions were seen during a 17-year span (1955 through 1971) at the Mayo Clinic. Three of these patients had been referred to us for definitive diagnosis and treatment. During the time span under investigation, there were 25,189 deliveries at our institution. As the incidence of surgical procedures increases, small bowel obstruction is likely to be seen more frequently. One must consider this diagnosis in any pregnant patient with an abdominal scar and the characteristic signs and symptoms of obstruction. When mechanical intestinal obstruction has been diagnosed, the recommended treatment is surgery regardless of the gestational age or status of the fetus.", "PMID": 834399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1106", "title": "Plasma levels of estrogen, luteinizing hormone, and follicle stimulating hormone following castration and estradiol implant.", "content": "Plasma levels of luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and estrogen were studied serially in 20 patients before and after hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Ten patients received an implant of estradiol-17 beta (100 mg) at the time of operation. Ten patients who did not receive an implant acted as controls. Patients recorded the severity of vasomotor symptoms before and after hysterectomy. In those patients who did not receive an implant, plasma estrogen levels fell from a mean preoperative level of 18.1 +/- 10.4 ng/100 ml to 8.7 +/- 1.4 ng/100 ml by 24 hours after oophorectomy and they remained in this range for the 6 months of the study. No significant change in the plasma estrogen level was noted after oophorectomy in those patients who received an implant. The implant prevented the rise in gonadotropin levels and the appearance of vasomotor symptoms seen in those patients who underwent oophorectomy without an implant. Insertion of an implant into oophorectomized patients caused the plasma estrogen level to return to premenopausal levels within 2 weeks and the gonadotropin levels to premenopausal values within 6 weeks. Hot flashes were alleviated within 2 to 6 days. The usefulness of this type of therapy in preventing the appearance of vasomotor symptoms at the time of oophorectomy in premenopausal patients is confirmed.", "contents": "Plasma levels of estrogen, luteinizing hormone, and follicle stimulating hormone following castration and estradiol implant. Plasma levels of luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and estrogen were studied serially in 20 patients before and after hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Ten patients received an implant of estradiol-17 beta (100 mg) at the time of operation. Ten patients who did not receive an implant acted as controls. Patients recorded the severity of vasomotor symptoms before and after hysterectomy. In those patients who did not receive an implant, plasma estrogen levels fell from a mean preoperative level of 18.1 +/- 10.4 ng/100 ml to 8.7 +/- 1.4 ng/100 ml by 24 hours after oophorectomy and they remained in this range for the 6 months of the study. No significant change in the plasma estrogen level was noted after oophorectomy in those patients who received an implant. The implant prevented the rise in gonadotropin levels and the appearance of vasomotor symptoms seen in those patients who underwent oophorectomy without an implant. Insertion of an implant into oophorectomized patients caused the plasma estrogen level to return to premenopausal levels within 2 weeks and the gonadotropin levels to premenopausal values within 6 weeks. Hot flashes were alleviated within 2 to 6 days. The usefulness of this type of therapy in preventing the appearance of vasomotor symptoms at the time of oophorectomy in premenopausal patients is confirmed.", "PMID": 834401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1107", "title": "Studies on the muscular structure of the human uterus. II. Fasciculi cervicoangulares: vestigial or functional remnant of the mesonephric duct?", "content": "Two muscle bundles, the fasciculi cervicoangulares (FCAs), are present at the lateral aspect of the human uterus bridging cervix and fundus uteri. Epithelial remnants within this muscle bundle are morphologically identical with mesonephric duct remnants. It is postulated that the longitudinal muscle coat of the mesonephric duct may develop into the two FCAs and that these bundles may serve as a system for conduction or coordination of muscle contractions in the adult uterus.", "contents": "Studies on the muscular structure of the human uterus. II. Fasciculi cervicoangulares: vestigial or functional remnant of the mesonephric duct? Two muscle bundles, the fasciculi cervicoangulares (FCAs), are present at the lateral aspect of the human uterus bridging cervix and fundus uteri. Epithelial remnants within this muscle bundle are morphologically identical with mesonephric duct remnants. It is postulated that the longitudinal muscle coat of the mesonephric duct may develop into the two FCAs and that these bundles may serve as a system for conduction or coordination of muscle contractions in the adult uterus.", "PMID": 834402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1108", "title": "A morphologic study of mesotubarium ovarica in the human.", "content": "In order to clarify the mechanisms by which the egg is transported from the ruptured follicle into the fimbrial end of the fallopian tube in the human, the mesotubarium ovarica (MTO), the unique anatomic structure which connects the tubal fimbriae and the ovary, was studied in seven human adnexal specimens histochemically and electronmicroscopically. The results demonstrated clearly the presence of smooth muscle cells in the MTO, and failed to demonstrate the presence of cilia in the lining epithelial cells of the MTO. A possible role of the MTO in the mechanisms of ovum pick-up at the time of ovulation is discussed.", "contents": "A morphologic study of mesotubarium ovarica in the human. In order to clarify the mechanisms by which the egg is transported from the ruptured follicle into the fimbrial end of the fallopian tube in the human, the mesotubarium ovarica (MTO), the unique anatomic structure which connects the tubal fimbriae and the ovary, was studied in seven human adnexal specimens histochemically and electronmicroscopically. The results demonstrated clearly the presence of smooth muscle cells in the MTO, and failed to demonstrate the presence of cilia in the lining epithelial cells of the MTO. A possible role of the MTO in the mechanisms of ovum pick-up at the time of ovulation is discussed.", "PMID": 834403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1109", "title": "Primary trabecular carcinoid of the ovary.", "content": "Eighteen cases of primary trabecular carcinoid of the ovary were analyzed from a clinicopathologic viewpoint. The patients ranged in age from 24 to 74 years and presented with symptoms of an ovarian mass; none had the carcinoid syndrome. Although the carcinoid always proved to be unilateral, the contralateral ovary was sometimes enlarged by a dermoid cyst. The carcinoid usually formed a small mass in an otherwise obvious dermoid cyst, but in six instances it formed a large, solid mass, and in 2 of these cases no other teratomatous elements could be demonstrated. The prognosis was nearly always favorable after removal of the neoplasm, although 1 patient had a recurrence after 2 years and died after 51/2 years. Primary trabecular carcinoids are characterized by a distinctive pattern of ribbons of argentaffin cells and should not be confused with a Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor, a strumal carcinoid, or a metastatic trabecular carcinoid.", "contents": "Primary trabecular carcinoid of the ovary. Eighteen cases of primary trabecular carcinoid of the ovary were analyzed from a clinicopathologic viewpoint. The patients ranged in age from 24 to 74 years and presented with symptoms of an ovarian mass; none had the carcinoid syndrome. Although the carcinoid always proved to be unilateral, the contralateral ovary was sometimes enlarged by a dermoid cyst. The carcinoid usually formed a small mass in an otherwise obvious dermoid cyst, but in six instances it formed a large, solid mass, and in 2 of these cases no other teratomatous elements could be demonstrated. The prognosis was nearly always favorable after removal of the neoplasm, although 1 patient had a recurrence after 2 years and died after 51/2 years. Primary trabecular carcinoids are characterized by a distinctive pattern of ribbons of argentaffin cells and should not be confused with a Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor, a strumal carcinoid, or a metastatic trabecular carcinoid.", "PMID": 834404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1110", "title": "Embryonic testicular regression. A clinical spectrum of XY agonadal individuals.", "content": "Aberrations of fetal sexual development were studied in three XY agonadal individuals. Two were phenotypic females with primary amenorrhea, sexual infantilism, and no internal genital structures. Plasma androstenedione and testosterone concentrations were similar to those of prepubertal children and increased after ACTH infusion. The daily production rates of estrone were low. The third agonadal XY individual, a phenotypic male, developed gynecomastia in response to approximately 40 mug of estrone produced daily by the extraglandular aromatization of plasma androstenedione. All plasma testosterone was accounted for by the conversion of plasma androstenedione. The absence of internal genitalia, the prepubertal external genitalia in the phenotypic females, and the incomplete growth of both the internal and external genital structures in the phenotypic male subject suggest that testicular elaboration of m\u00fcllerian regression substance occurred, but that regression of the testes occurred subsequently during varying stages of embryogenesis. In the females, testicular regression occurred prior to the initiation of fetal testicular production of androgen. On the other hand, in the male subject, testicular activity persisted longer; thus, both m\u00fcllerian duct regression and embryonic virilization of wolffian ducts and genital tubercles occurred.", "contents": "Embryonic testicular regression. A clinical spectrum of XY agonadal individuals. Aberrations of fetal sexual development were studied in three XY agonadal individuals. Two were phenotypic females with primary amenorrhea, sexual infantilism, and no internal genital structures. Plasma androstenedione and testosterone concentrations were similar to those of prepubertal children and increased after ACTH infusion. The daily production rates of estrone were low. The third agonadal XY individual, a phenotypic male, developed gynecomastia in response to approximately 40 mug of estrone produced daily by the extraglandular aromatization of plasma androstenedione. All plasma testosterone was accounted for by the conversion of plasma androstenedione. The absence of internal genitalia, the prepubertal external genitalia in the phenotypic females, and the incomplete growth of both the internal and external genital structures in the phenotypic male subject suggest that testicular elaboration of m\u00fcllerian regression substance occurred, but that regression of the testes occurred subsequently during varying stages of embryogenesis. In the females, testicular regression occurred prior to the initiation of fetal testicular production of androgen. On the other hand, in the male subject, testicular activity persisted longer; thus, both m\u00fcllerian duct regression and embryonic virilization of wolffian ducts and genital tubercles occurred.", "PMID": 834405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1111", "title": "The management of midtrimester abortion failures by vaginal evacuation.", "content": "The management of 58 failed midtrimester primary abortion procedures by vaginal uterine evacuation is described. The indications, technic, and complications of this procedure are presented. This method was the only means of managing failed primary abortion over a 3-year period in which 2045 elective midtrimester abortions were performed. With the development of experience this technic offers significant advantages over other procedures, such as hysterotomy, in the management of such patients.", "contents": "The management of midtrimester abortion failures by vaginal evacuation. The management of 58 failed midtrimester primary abortion procedures by vaginal uterine evacuation is described. The indications, technic, and complications of this procedure are presented. This method was the only means of managing failed primary abortion over a 3-year period in which 2045 elective midtrimester abortions were performed. With the development of experience this technic offers significant advantages over other procedures, such as hysterotomy, in the management of such patients.", "PMID": 834407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1112", "title": "The effect of oral contraceptive steroids on branches of the uterine artery.", "content": "Uteri from 38 patients exposed to oral contraceptive steroids and from 7 unexposed controls were examined for lesions in small branches of the uterine artery. Moderate or severe cellular proliferation of the intimal layer was found in 82% of patients exposed to exogenous steroids, but minimal or no involvement was found in the remaining 18% and in unexposed patients. The severity of involvement correlated with duration of exposure to contraceptive steroids but decreased in those patients who had stopped medication prior to surgery. This lesion has been reported previously in autopsy studies of women receiving contraceptive steroids and dying from vascular disease, but is now shown to be common in asymptomatic women receiving oral contraceptive pills.", "contents": "The effect of oral contraceptive steroids on branches of the uterine artery. Uteri from 38 patients exposed to oral contraceptive steroids and from 7 unexposed controls were examined for lesions in small branches of the uterine artery. Moderate or severe cellular proliferation of the intimal layer was found in 82% of patients exposed to exogenous steroids, but minimal or no involvement was found in the remaining 18% and in unexposed patients. The severity of involvement correlated with duration of exposure to contraceptive steroids but decreased in those patients who had stopped medication prior to surgery. This lesion has been reported previously in autopsy studies of women receiving contraceptive steroids and dying from vascular disease, but is now shown to be common in asymptomatic women receiving oral contraceptive pills.", "PMID": 834406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1113", "title": "A spring-loaded needle for amniocentesis.", "content": "The spring-loaded needle for amniocentesis that is described has theoretic advantages over a spinal needle. These include increased safety for the fetus and better recognition of when the needle enters the uterine cavity.", "contents": "A spring-loaded needle for amniocentesis. The spring-loaded needle for amniocentesis that is described has theoretic advantages over a spinal needle. These include increased safety for the fetus and better recognition of when the needle enters the uterine cavity.", "PMID": 834408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1114", "title": "Management of the lost intrauterine contraceptive device.", "content": "In order to establish that a lost IUD is within the uterine cavity, a special hook-type instrument was designed to enable removal of the device when it was located within the uterine cavity. This instrument was 100% successful in removing 17 IUDs with no visivle tails and which were within the uterine cavity. Failure to remove a lost IUD by this method in 4 other patients indicated the device's absence from the uterine cavity. The technic is simple and has not been associated with any patient discomfort or complications. X-ray procedures or operative manipulations may thereby be avoided. Therefore, when the tail of an IUD is no longer visible, immediate removal can be attempted in order to establish the intrauterine location of the device. If the patient wishes to continue using this form of contraception, a new device should be inserted.", "contents": "Management of the lost intrauterine contraceptive device. In order to establish that a lost IUD is within the uterine cavity, a special hook-type instrument was designed to enable removal of the device when it was located within the uterine cavity. This instrument was 100% successful in removing 17 IUDs with no visivle tails and which were within the uterine cavity. Failure to remove a lost IUD by this method in 4 other patients indicated the device's absence from the uterine cavity. The technic is simple and has not been associated with any patient discomfort or complications. X-ray procedures or operative manipulations may thereby be avoided. Therefore, when the tail of an IUD is no longer visible, immediate removal can be attempted in order to establish the intrauterine location of the device. If the patient wishes to continue using this form of contraception, a new device should be inserted.", "PMID": 834409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1115", "title": "A false negative oxytocin challenge test.", "content": "A negative oxytocin challenge test has been considered a very reassuring finding in managing pregnancies in which the fetus is at risk from uteroplacental insufficency. In the case described here a fetal death in utero occurred 4 days after a negative oxytocin challenge test in a Class D diabetic patient, but in that period of time the patient's metabolic status deteriorated. A negative oxytocin challenge test does not protect the fetus from a subsequent acute event such as abruptio placentae, a cord accident, or diabetic ketoacidosis.", "contents": "A false negative oxytocin challenge test. A negative oxytocin challenge test has been considered a very reassuring finding in managing pregnancies in which the fetus is at risk from uteroplacental insufficency. In the case described here a fetal death in utero occurred 4 days after a negative oxytocin challenge test in a Class D diabetic patient, but in that period of time the patient's metabolic status deteriorated. A negative oxytocin challenge test does not protect the fetus from a subsequent acute event such as abruptio placentae, a cord accident, or diabetic ketoacidosis.", "PMID": 834410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1116", "title": "Placental loctogen levels associated with gross fetal abnormality.", "content": "Four cases of severe congenital abnormality associated with persistently low maternal serum human placental lactogen levels are described. It is thought that this pattern might act as a warning of severe fetal abnormality.", "contents": "Placental loctogen levels associated with gross fetal abnormality. Four cases of severe congenital abnormality associated with persistently low maternal serum human placental lactogen levels are described. It is thought that this pattern might act as a warning of severe fetal abnormality.", "PMID": 834411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1117", "title": "Fetal heart rate response to acute hemorrhage.", "content": "Intrapartum fetal bleeding from an anomalous umbilical cord vessel has been associated with a perinatal mortality rate of over 50%. Fetal blood volume is relatively small. Thus, an insignificant hemorrhage by adult standards may quickly lead to fetal shock and death. This paper documents the fetal heart rate (FHR) response to acute intrapartum hemorrhage. The onset of fetal bleeding is marked by a tachycardia followed by a bradycardia with intermittent accelerations or decelerations. Small amounts of vaginal bleeding associated with FHR abnormalities should raise the suspicion of fetal hemorrhage. This condition demands prompt delivery and immediate reexpansion of the neonatal blood volume.", "contents": "Fetal heart rate response to acute hemorrhage. Intrapartum fetal bleeding from an anomalous umbilical cord vessel has been associated with a perinatal mortality rate of over 50%. Fetal blood volume is relatively small. Thus, an insignificant hemorrhage by adult standards may quickly lead to fetal shock and death. This paper documents the fetal heart rate (FHR) response to acute intrapartum hemorrhage. The onset of fetal bleeding is marked by a tachycardia followed by a bradycardia with intermittent accelerations or decelerations. Small amounts of vaginal bleeding associated with FHR abnormalities should raise the suspicion of fetal hemorrhage. This condition demands prompt delivery and immediate reexpansion of the neonatal blood volume.", "PMID": 834412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1118", "title": "Chromosome 6/15 translocation with multiple congenital anomalies.", "content": "A female infant with multiple congenital anomalies was found to have an abnormal karyotype: 45,XX,--6,--15, +t (6;15). Precise identification of the translocation was made by trypsin-Giemsa banding technic. The congenital malformations include hypertelorism, microphthalmia, beak nose, low-set ears, cleft palate, micrognathia, simian crease, hypertrichosis, and low hairline. The unbalanced translocation is apparently responsible for the abnormal phenotype.", "contents": "Chromosome 6/15 translocation with multiple congenital anomalies. A female infant with multiple congenital anomalies was found to have an abnormal karyotype: 45,XX,--6,--15, +t (6;15). Precise identification of the translocation was made by trypsin-Giemsa banding technic. The congenital malformations include hypertelorism, microphthalmia, beak nose, low-set ears, cleft palate, micrognathia, simian crease, hypertrichosis, and low hairline. The unbalanced translocation is apparently responsible for the abnormal phenotype.", "PMID": 834413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1119", "title": "[Mycoplasma pneumonias in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "During the winter months 1974/75 we were able to observe a number of unusual respiratory tract infections particularly in children over 6 years of age which appeared as pneumonias. Characteristic clinical findings included a dry, hacky cough, refractive to the usual antitussives, starting 1--2 weeks prior to admission, fever up to 104, malaise, headache, anorexia, shortness of breath and cyanosis. Several Pts were treated prior to admission with a number of antibiotics and failed to respond. Laboratory findings showed a peripheral polymorphonuclear leucocytosis with toxic granulations of neutrophiles. A sedimentation rate above 40 in the first hour occurred in most Pts. X Ray of the lung revealed a characteristic mottled appearance with patchy infiltrations, atelectasis and nodular densities. Frequently a shift of the mediastinum towards the infiltrate was seen. One of the hallmarks on physical examination was the discrepancy between the severity of the clinical illness and the paucity of physical findings. Decreased breath sounds over affected lung areas were often the only findings on auscultation; find rales, rhonchi or dullness on percussion were less often heard. The combination of a typical history, physical examination, laboratory tests and X Ray findings enabled us to make a presumptive clinical diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumonia before serologic test results were available and to start with the appropriate antibiotic (Erythromycin, Tetracycline) early in the course of the disease. Complement fixation tests with a titer of 1 : 20 and a fourfold rise over the next two weeks or an initial titer of 1 : 80 and above were considered significant for acute disease.", "contents": "[Mycoplasma pneumonias in childhood (author's transl)]. During the winter months 1974/75 we were able to observe a number of unusual respiratory tract infections particularly in children over 6 years of age which appeared as pneumonias. Characteristic clinical findings included a dry, hacky cough, refractive to the usual antitussives, starting 1--2 weeks prior to admission, fever up to 104, malaise, headache, anorexia, shortness of breath and cyanosis. Several Pts were treated prior to admission with a number of antibiotics and failed to respond. Laboratory findings showed a peripheral polymorphonuclear leucocytosis with toxic granulations of neutrophiles. A sedimentation rate above 40 in the first hour occurred in most Pts. X Ray of the lung revealed a characteristic mottled appearance with patchy infiltrations, atelectasis and nodular densities. Frequently a shift of the mediastinum towards the infiltrate was seen. One of the hallmarks on physical examination was the discrepancy between the severity of the clinical illness and the paucity of physical findings. Decreased breath sounds over affected lung areas were often the only findings on auscultation; find rales, rhonchi or dullness on percussion were less often heard. The combination of a typical history, physical examination, laboratory tests and X Ray findings enabled us to make a presumptive clinical diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumonia before serologic test results were available and to start with the appropriate antibiotic (Erythromycin, Tetracycline) early in the course of the disease. Complement fixation tests with a titer of 1 : 20 and a fourfold rise over the next two weeks or an initial titer of 1 : 80 and above were considered significant for acute disease.", "PMID": 834454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1120", "title": "[The work of the school physician as a basis of preventive medicine. What we need are fulltime school medical officers (author's transl)].", "content": "Like antenatal and postnatal care, medical attendance at school is the most important basic element of all kind of preventive medicine. This applies in particular to the present situation, as both parents are employed very often, thus not having enough time for watching the beginning of illnesses, disturbances in the development, or behavioural anomalies of their children, and letting them have appropriate medical care. While elementary and intermediate school children are medically looked after in regular intervals by public welfare officers in the cities, the job of a school physician will be performed by the district medical officer in the market-towns and villages. Medical service at general secondary schools and technical colleges is usually rendered by a local general practitioner who again is only in a position to take that job as a sideline to his occupying general practice. Necessity is therefore pointed out of a thorough and regular medical care at school, particularly during the years of puberty and development of the youths during their period of growing up. Furthermore, it is shown that the school physician not only has to investigate and diagnose conscientiously, but also the numerous problems are being discussed he has to deal with in the attendance of youths from a physical and a psychical aspect. In this context it is tried to make clear why it is so important to establish personal contact with the young people, with their parents, and with the teaching staff. A series of serious illnesses is enumerated that were detected by the school physician and handed over to the general practitioner or the specialist for further exploration and treatment. The most frequent illnesses are high blood-pressure, heart- and eye troubles. With regard to his great and manyfold tasks the school physician will have to stick to his hours of duty in order to be ready for help and advice at any time. It is, therefore, not possible to perform this job on a side-line, as it would be a fulltime job to be a conscientious school physician. Finally, suggestions are made how to make the school medical officer a fulltime job and what has to be done in order to secure his financial existence.", "contents": "[The work of the school physician as a basis of preventive medicine. What we need are fulltime school medical officers (author's transl)]. Like antenatal and postnatal care, medical attendance at school is the most important basic element of all kind of preventive medicine. This applies in particular to the present situation, as both parents are employed very often, thus not having enough time for watching the beginning of illnesses, disturbances in the development, or behavioural anomalies of their children, and letting them have appropriate medical care. While elementary and intermediate school children are medically looked after in regular intervals by public welfare officers in the cities, the job of a school physician will be performed by the district medical officer in the market-towns and villages. Medical service at general secondary schools and technical colleges is usually rendered by a local general practitioner who again is only in a position to take that job as a sideline to his occupying general practice. Necessity is therefore pointed out of a thorough and regular medical care at school, particularly during the years of puberty and development of the youths during their period of growing up. Furthermore, it is shown that the school physician not only has to investigate and diagnose conscientiously, but also the numerous problems are being discussed he has to deal with in the attendance of youths from a physical and a psychical aspect. In this context it is tried to make clear why it is so important to establish personal contact with the young people, with their parents, and with the teaching staff. A series of serious illnesses is enumerated that were detected by the school physician and handed over to the general practitioner or the specialist for further exploration and treatment. The most frequent illnesses are high blood-pressure, heart- and eye troubles. With regard to his great and manyfold tasks the school physician will have to stick to his hours of duty in order to be ready for help and advice at any time. It is, therefore, not possible to perform this job on a side-line, as it would be a fulltime job to be a conscientious school physician. Finally, suggestions are made how to make the school medical officer a fulltime job and what has to be done in order to secure his financial existence.", "PMID": 834455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1121", "title": "[The congenital lobar emphysema (author's transl)].", "content": "The congenital lobar emphysema has no uniform etiology. We can however suppose that malformations especially of the cartilage are of importance. The whole lobe is mostly involved, with predilection of the left upper-lobe. The symptomatology of the congenital lobar emphysema is a manifold one. Striking are respiratory embarrassement with dyspnea and cyanosis. For the diagnosis an X-ray is necessary. Remarkable is a transparent lung in which you can still see an unimportant pattern. For the differential diagnosis et first congenital cysts come in question. By intercurrent infections a sudden severe deterioration can result, also if the cases show a favourable course. The method of choice is a timely operation, necessary is the resection of the affected lobe. This is a report of 17 own observations. In 11 cases we found a congenital lobar emphysema, in 6 cases congenital lung-cysts. We could examine 10 patients till to eleven years from the beginning of the disease. All the children had a normal development, except of insignificant residues.", "contents": "[The congenital lobar emphysema (author's transl)]. The congenital lobar emphysema has no uniform etiology. We can however suppose that malformations especially of the cartilage are of importance. The whole lobe is mostly involved, with predilection of the left upper-lobe. The symptomatology of the congenital lobar emphysema is a manifold one. Striking are respiratory embarrassement with dyspnea and cyanosis. For the diagnosis an X-ray is necessary. Remarkable is a transparent lung in which you can still see an unimportant pattern. For the differential diagnosis et first congenital cysts come in question. By intercurrent infections a sudden severe deterioration can result, also if the cases show a favourable course. The method of choice is a timely operation, necessary is the resection of the affected lobe. This is a report of 17 own observations. In 11 cases we found a congenital lobar emphysema, in 6 cases congenital lung-cysts. We could examine 10 patients till to eleven years from the beginning of the disease. All the children had a normal development, except of insignificant residues.", "PMID": 834456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1122", "title": "[The oedema of the scrotum, as first sign of an intraabdominal inflammation (author's transl)].", "content": "The oedema of the Scrotum, or the swelling of the Labia majora, could be the first sign of an intraabdominal inflammation. Two case reports should demonstrate these symptoms.", "contents": "[The oedema of the scrotum, as first sign of an intraabdominal inflammation (author's transl)]. The oedema of the Scrotum, or the swelling of the Labia majora, could be the first sign of an intraabdominal inflammation. Two case reports should demonstrate these symptoms.", "PMID": 834457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1123", "title": "Akrodermatitis papulosa infantilis. An Australia antigen disease.", "content": "Several items characterize the papular acrodermatitis: 1. the clinical picture and the localisation 2. inguinal and axillary lymphadenitis 3. acute usually anicteric hepatitis 4. presence of hepatitis B antigen in all patients. Other members of the family are carriers of HB-Ag, too. One of them usually had icteric hepatitis weeks before or after PAC. At present we consider PAC as the clinical disease due to the primary infection of HB-Ag in childhood. The cycle of HB Ag is shown in a scheme. It suggests why the disease is rare, asymptomatic infections occurring in the majority of the cases. It appears in children without HB-antibodies and a particular reactive condition. After parenteral inoculation PAC and lymphadenitis do not develop. Some chronic HB Ag carriers may have become so after PAC in the childhood.", "contents": "Akrodermatitis papulosa infantilis. An Australia antigen disease. Several items characterize the papular acrodermatitis: 1. the clinical picture and the localisation 2. inguinal and axillary lymphadenitis 3. acute usually anicteric hepatitis 4. presence of hepatitis B antigen in all patients. Other members of the family are carriers of HB-Ag, too. One of them usually had icteric hepatitis weeks before or after PAC. At present we consider PAC as the clinical disease due to the primary infection of HB-Ag in childhood. The cycle of HB Ag is shown in a scheme. It suggests why the disease is rare, asymptomatic infections occurring in the majority of the cases. It appears in children without HB-antibodies and a particular reactive condition. After parenteral inoculation PAC and lymphadenitis do not develop. Some chronic HB Ag carriers may have become so after PAC in the childhood.", "PMID": 834458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1124", "title": "[Indication for cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography in congenital heart disease (author's transl)].", "content": "This brief report shows that the age for absolutely necessary investigation depends on the kind of symptoms of congenital heart disease. This indication for heart catheterization and angiocardiography is given with respect to the operative possibilities.", "contents": "[Indication for cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography in congenital heart disease (author's transl)]. This brief report shows that the age for absolutely necessary investigation depends on the kind of symptoms of congenital heart disease. This indication for heart catheterization and angiocardiography is given with respect to the operative possibilities.", "PMID": 834459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1125", "title": "[Wide-spread haemangioma racemosum of the mediastinum associated with paresis of the diaphragm; a finding to be considered in the differential diagnosis of the arteriovenous aneurysm of the thorax (author's transl)].", "content": "The paper reports on a 5 year old boy showing a sprawling haemangioma racemosum of the right side of the mediastinum. The vascular tumor is fed by a tortuous A. thoracica interna dextra and numerous arterial vessels arising from the right subclavian artery and from the aorta including the right coronary artery and branches from the abdominal aorta. The child presents also paresis of the right diaphragm probably secondary to the pressure of the pulsatile tumore along the course of the phrenic nerve. After ligation of three major feeding arteries the continuous murmur disappeared and fatigability and anorexia became less. Apart from this report a review of the literature on vascular malformations of the arterio-venous fistula type within the thorax sums up the most important features of these vascular anomalies: haemodynamics, localisation, clinical signs, therapy, natural history, therapy and etiology.", "contents": "[Wide-spread haemangioma racemosum of the mediastinum associated with paresis of the diaphragm; a finding to be considered in the differential diagnosis of the arteriovenous aneurysm of the thorax (author's transl)]. The paper reports on a 5 year old boy showing a sprawling haemangioma racemosum of the right side of the mediastinum. The vascular tumor is fed by a tortuous A. thoracica interna dextra and numerous arterial vessels arising from the right subclavian artery and from the aorta including the right coronary artery and branches from the abdominal aorta. The child presents also paresis of the right diaphragm probably secondary to the pressure of the pulsatile tumore along the course of the phrenic nerve. After ligation of three major feeding arteries the continuous murmur disappeared and fatigability and anorexia became less. Apart from this report a review of the literature on vascular malformations of the arterio-venous fistula type within the thorax sums up the most important features of these vascular anomalies: haemodynamics, localisation, clinical signs, therapy, natural history, therapy and etiology.", "PMID": 834460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1126", "title": "[Anthelmintic therapy with mebendazole in children with broncho-pulmonary infections (author's transl)].", "content": "The fact that the incidence of infection significantly increases in patients being a poor physical condition is commonly known. Especially in children a high rate of helminthic infection is to be expected as could be assessed by the present investigation. The easy diagnostic technique can now be combined with a highly effective new treatment, extremely well tolerated and devoid of side effects. Results obtained with the new polyvalent anthelmintic Mebendazole are described in the present study.", "contents": "[Anthelmintic therapy with mebendazole in children with broncho-pulmonary infections (author's transl)]. The fact that the incidence of infection significantly increases in patients being a poor physical condition is commonly known. Especially in children a high rate of helminthic infection is to be expected as could be assessed by the present investigation. The easy diagnostic technique can now be combined with a highly effective new treatment, extremely well tolerated and devoid of side effects. Results obtained with the new polyvalent anthelmintic Mebendazole are described in the present study.", "PMID": 834461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1127", "title": "[Respiratory therapy in childhood asthma. Part 2. Eutonic training].", "content": "Children with obstruction mainly due to spasms of bronchial smooth muscle will benefit most from breathing exercises. Attainment of the individual physiological balance of muscular, nervous and psychogenic tensions--the eutonic tension--is of great importance for control of regular unhurried breathing. This will be supported by stimulation of nasal breathing which increases diaphragmatic excursion. The eutonic state is the fundamental basis for success of chest rotations and rhythmic movements to stimulate further relaxation. Awareness of the fact that breaths come by themselves -- \"automatically\" -- reduces anxiety of shortness of breath. Observations of a group of asthmatic children in a summer camp support this form of treatment of asthma.", "contents": "[Respiratory therapy in childhood asthma. Part 2. Eutonic training]. Children with obstruction mainly due to spasms of bronchial smooth muscle will benefit most from breathing exercises. Attainment of the individual physiological balance of muscular, nervous and psychogenic tensions--the eutonic tension--is of great importance for control of regular unhurried breathing. This will be supported by stimulation of nasal breathing which increases diaphragmatic excursion. The eutonic state is the fundamental basis for success of chest rotations and rhythmic movements to stimulate further relaxation. Awareness of the fact that breaths come by themselves -- \"automatically\" -- reduces anxiety of shortness of breath. Observations of a group of asthmatic children in a summer camp support this form of treatment of asthma.", "PMID": 834462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1128", "title": "[Spasmopuls -intoxication in infancy (successful treatment by blood exchanged transfusion) (author's transl)].", "content": "An intoxication by Spasmoplus in a four weeks old infant is reported. The suppository was given believing it was a laxative. A few hours later symptoms of a Codein-intoxication were present. 24 hours after that time the situation was extremely dangerous by means of the intoxication by aminophenazon. Lifesaving was blood exchange transfusion.", "contents": "[Spasmopuls -intoxication in infancy (successful treatment by blood exchanged transfusion) (author's transl)]. An intoxication by Spasmoplus in a four weeks old infant is reported. The suppository was given believing it was a laxative. A few hours later symptoms of a Codein-intoxication were present. 24 hours after that time the situation was extremely dangerous by means of the intoxication by aminophenazon. Lifesaving was blood exchange transfusion.", "PMID": 834464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1129", "title": "Atrio-ventricular conduction defects and arrhythmias by selective perfusion of the A-V conduction system in the canine heart.", "content": "Ligation and cannulation of the anterior septal artery in 43 canine hearts caused changes in ST-T segment of the electrocardiogram in all animals. Perfusions of 0.9% NaCl, one to ten micrograms of acetylcholine, isoproterenol, epinephrine and norepinephrine, into the anterior septal artery caused variations in the ECG ranging from exaggerated ST-T changes to PR prolongation, ectopic atrial, nodal and ventricular beats, A-V blocks and dissociations, atrial fibrillation and ventricular fibrillation. The response seemed to be somewhat specific for cholinergic versus adrenergic agents showing more conduction defects by the former against greater changes in automaticity by the latter agents.", "contents": "Atrio-ventricular conduction defects and arrhythmias by selective perfusion of the A-V conduction system in the canine heart. Ligation and cannulation of the anterior septal artery in 43 canine hearts caused changes in ST-T segment of the electrocardiogram in all animals. Perfusions of 0.9% NaCl, one to ten micrograms of acetylcholine, isoproterenol, epinephrine and norepinephrine, into the anterior septal artery caused variations in the ECG ranging from exaggerated ST-T changes to PR prolongation, ectopic atrial, nodal and ventricular beats, A-V blocks and dissociations, atrial fibrillation and ventricular fibrillation. The response seemed to be somewhat specific for cholinergic versus adrenergic agents showing more conduction defects by the former against greater changes in automaticity by the latter agents.", "PMID": 834465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1130", "title": "Antagonism of cadmium and alloxan-induced hyperglycemia in rats by Trigonella foenum graecum.", "content": "This study was stimulated by popular belief that Trigonella foenum graecum has antidiabetic activity in which the hypoglycemic effect has been confirmed by several investigators. However, the mode of action appears to be unclear. To gain some insight, the stems and leaves of the plant as well as the known active seeds were extracted at room temperature (ca 20 C) for three days with water or acetone and by soxhlet 70 C, and tested by oral administration to rats. Acetone and CC14 extracts before use, were evaporated below 30 C under vacuo, and the residue dissolved in distilled water containing Tween 80. Hypoglycemic activity of these extracts were tested on 20 hour fasted normal, alloxan and cadmium treated rats. The latter has been shown to cause hyperglycemia by releasing epinephrine in intact rats and inhibiting insulin release in the isolated perfused rat pancreas. Results showed that with seeds the CC14, soxhlet acetone extracts were inactive in normal animals as were the water and acetone extracts of stems and leaves. These observations may be compared with room temperature acetone extraction of seeds which exhibited what appeared to be dose related hypoglycemic effects. The hyperglycemia induced by cadmium or alloxan was antagonized by room temperature acetone seed or stem and leaves extracts. Tentative interpretation of the above results, are that Trigonella acetone extract appears to act, at least in part, at the cellular level to produce its hypoglycemic effects on normal rats or those as treated with cadmium or alloxan.", "contents": "Antagonism of cadmium and alloxan-induced hyperglycemia in rats by Trigonella foenum graecum. This study was stimulated by popular belief that Trigonella foenum graecum has antidiabetic activity in which the hypoglycemic effect has been confirmed by several investigators. However, the mode of action appears to be unclear. To gain some insight, the stems and leaves of the plant as well as the known active seeds were extracted at room temperature (ca 20 C) for three days with water or acetone and by soxhlet 70 C, and tested by oral administration to rats. Acetone and CC14 extracts before use, were evaporated below 30 C under vacuo, and the residue dissolved in distilled water containing Tween 80. Hypoglycemic activity of these extracts were tested on 20 hour fasted normal, alloxan and cadmium treated rats. The latter has been shown to cause hyperglycemia by releasing epinephrine in intact rats and inhibiting insulin release in the isolated perfused rat pancreas. Results showed that with seeds the CC14, soxhlet acetone extracts were inactive in normal animals as were the water and acetone extracts of stems and leaves. These observations may be compared with room temperature acetone extraction of seeds which exhibited what appeared to be dose related hypoglycemic effects. The hyperglycemia induced by cadmium or alloxan was antagonized by room temperature acetone seed or stem and leaves extracts. Tentative interpretation of the above results, are that Trigonella acetone extract appears to act, at least in part, at the cellular level to produce its hypoglycemic effects on normal rats or those as treated with cadmium or alloxan.", "PMID": 834467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1131", "title": "Pharmacology and clinical use of silver sulfadiazine and related topical antimicrobial agents.", "content": "Silver sulfadiazine (Silvadene(R), US; Flamazine UK; Flamazine, Netherlands; Sulplata South America) is proving to be a highly successful topical antimicrobial agent for control of burn wound infections. The advantages of wide spectrum of activity, painless application, negligible toxicity and ease of application contribute to the usefulness of this compound. These advantages have led to its use for wound infections other than burns, for skin ulceration and for certain dermatologic lesions; also for the prevention and treatment of various vaginal infections. Described also are zinc sulfadiazine which can provide zinc for wound healing and cerous sulfadiazine which contains the rare earth metal cerium. Their unique effects on cell biology may determine their specific roles in topical therapy.", "contents": "Pharmacology and clinical use of silver sulfadiazine and related topical antimicrobial agents. Silver sulfadiazine (Silvadene(R), US; Flamazine UK; Flamazine, Netherlands; Sulplata South America) is proving to be a highly successful topical antimicrobial agent for control of burn wound infections. The advantages of wide spectrum of activity, painless application, negligible toxicity and ease of application contribute to the usefulness of this compound. These advantages have led to its use for wound infections other than burns, for skin ulceration and for certain dermatologic lesions; also for the prevention and treatment of various vaginal infections. Described also are zinc sulfadiazine which can provide zinc for wound healing and cerous sulfadiazine which contains the rare earth metal cerium. Their unique effects on cell biology may determine their specific roles in topical therapy.", "PMID": 834468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1132", "title": "A model teacher education program in health occupations at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA.", "content": "The Health Occupations Teacher Education Program at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, U.S.A. has been shown to be a viable and productive model for the preparation of health occupations teacher for both traditional and non-traditional educational settings. Since 1971 the undergraduate program has grown from twelve students to 30 students on-campus, with more than two hundred students in the extramural and part-time programs. Recruitment has been accomplished through professional association meetings, journals and personal contacts. More recently, persons have heard of the program through extramural classes and from students, graduates or University personnel who have become familiar with the program. Program development has been effected through the \"capstone\" concept, which allows for transfer of technical credit in one's specialty, capped by teacher education courses and concentrated courses to enhance one's expertise in the teaching role. Courses developed by the HOTEP faculty are based on perceived student needs, and were designed as both integrative and collaborative courses to be taken with other health care practitioners and teachers. Evaluation procedures have shown the health occupations teacher education program to be effective in preparing graduates for their predicted roles. The numbers of new students, kinds of health practitioners, and numbers of graduates have increased steadily. Implementation of courses into the Health Occupations Teacher Education Program curriculum has been gradual, so that the undergraduate core of courses is now considered to be nearly complete. Much curriculum planning has already been completed on the master's program, from which some students have already graduated. A doctoral program is also open to those ready for this level of preparation. More time and effort needs to be and will be expended on courses for the master's and doctoral level programs being developed. This health occupations teacher education has been a transportable model for similar programs begun at several other U.S. universities. Many requests have been received from health occupations teacher educators from other states wishing information on this program. Experience gained in this program shows that there is a need for more health occupations teachers in the State of Illinois (2). More requests are being received both at the program and individual levels. Graduates of the program have attested to the benefits of a multidisciplinary program in its effectiveness for preparation in the health care team concept. Student teaching, according to present students and graduates, is the single most effective experience in preparation for the future teaching setting. Since students are placed in a facility resembling as closely as possible the one in which they expect to be employed, there is a real identification with the school and students. The uniqueness of this program lies in its mix of students from the various health fields...", "contents": "A model teacher education program in health occupations at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA. The Health Occupations Teacher Education Program at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, U.S.A. has been shown to be a viable and productive model for the preparation of health occupations teacher for both traditional and non-traditional educational settings. Since 1971 the undergraduate program has grown from twelve students to 30 students on-campus, with more than two hundred students in the extramural and part-time programs. Recruitment has been accomplished through professional association meetings, journals and personal contacts. More recently, persons have heard of the program through extramural classes and from students, graduates or University personnel who have become familiar with the program. Program development has been effected through the \"capstone\" concept, which allows for transfer of technical credit in one's specialty, capped by teacher education courses and concentrated courses to enhance one's expertise in the teaching role. Courses developed by the HOTEP faculty are based on perceived student needs, and were designed as both integrative and collaborative courses to be taken with other health care practitioners and teachers. Evaluation procedures have shown the health occupations teacher education program to be effective in preparing graduates for their predicted roles. The numbers of new students, kinds of health practitioners, and numbers of graduates have increased steadily. Implementation of courses into the Health Occupations Teacher Education Program curriculum has been gradual, so that the undergraduate core of courses is now considered to be nearly complete. Much curriculum planning has already been completed on the master's program, from which some students have already graduated. A doctoral program is also open to those ready for this level of preparation. More time and effort needs to be and will be expended on courses for the master's and doctoral level programs being developed. This health occupations teacher education has been a transportable model for similar programs begun at several other U.S. universities. Many requests have been received from health occupations teacher educators from other states wishing information on this program. Experience gained in this program shows that there is a need for more health occupations teachers in the State of Illinois (2). More requests are being received both at the program and individual levels. Graduates of the program have attested to the benefits of a multidisciplinary program in its effectiveness for preparation in the health care team concept. Student teaching, according to present students and graduates, is the single most effective experience in preparation for the future teaching setting. Since students are placed in a facility resembling as closely as possible the one in which they expect to be employed, there is a real identification with the school and students. The uniqueness of this program lies in its mix of students from the various health fields...", "PMID": 834470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1133", "title": "Typhoid fever with myocarditis in children.", "content": "Two children with typhoid myocarditis have been presented. Although the mortality rate with this complication particularly in presence of heart block is high both patients survived. Heart block was successfully treated with isoproterenol and xylocaine. The possibility of myocarditis must be considered in any child with typhoid.", "contents": "Typhoid fever with myocarditis in children. Two children with typhoid myocarditis have been presented. Although the mortality rate with this complication particularly in presence of heart block is high both patients survived. Heart block was successfully treated with isoproterenol and xylocaine. The possibility of myocarditis must be considered in any child with typhoid.", "PMID": 834471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1134", "title": "Strabismus in childhood.", "content": "We have discussed what constitutes a normal visual and ocular system in children and the inherent mechanisms that help each person develop and maintain normal visual function. This ideal status should include good visual acuity in each eye, straight eyes, and the development of fusion. Strabismus represents an obstacle to obtaining these goals and may be caused by poor vision, refractive errors, or anatomic, structural, or innervational abnormalities. Each of these conditions is treatable and correctable when discovered early. With early identification, proper treatment can be instituted and the patient can have the opportunity to develop optimal vision with fusion and depth perception -- a lifetime benefit. Several other types of strabismus respond poorly to the use of glasses, prisms, exercises, or medications and can be effectively treated only by surgical methods. Most divergent and vertical deviations fall into this group, as do ocular deviations associated with paretic or structurally abnormal muscles.", "contents": "Strabismus in childhood. We have discussed what constitutes a normal visual and ocular system in children and the inherent mechanisms that help each person develop and maintain normal visual function. This ideal status should include good visual acuity in each eye, straight eyes, and the development of fusion. Strabismus represents an obstacle to obtaining these goals and may be caused by poor vision, refractive errors, or anatomic, structural, or innervational abnormalities. Each of these conditions is treatable and correctable when discovered early. With early identification, proper treatment can be instituted and the patient can have the opportunity to develop optimal vision with fusion and depth perception -- a lifetime benefit. Several other types of strabismus respond poorly to the use of glasses, prisms, exercises, or medications and can be effectively treated only by surgical methods. Most divergent and vertical deviations fall into this group, as do ocular deviations associated with paretic or structurally abnormal muscles.", "PMID": 834479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1135", "title": "Amblyopia and the pediatrician.", "content": "Amblyopia is one of the most common eye ailments in children. Early treatment can frequently eliminate this problem. The responsibility for early recognition falls primarily on the pediatrician. The following summarizes what ought to be done for each age group to rule out amblyopia and its associated condition. Newborn to age four months. Make sure the eyes appear normal externally and have a clear red reflex (no cataracts). Infants after age four months. Check fixation with each eye with a penlight. Check for symmetrical corneal light reflexes. Also check red reflex and fundus. Age two to four years. Be particularly aware of any family history of strabismus or amblyopia. The examination should include an observation of the fixation pattern with each eye, the symmetry of the corneal light reflex, and an evaluation of the fundus and the red reflex. Age four. Visual acuity in each eye should be measured. Ideally, all children should be referred for a complete eye examination and refraction if this is economically feasible. School age. Check vision yearly. If a person is going to have one complete routine eye examination by an ophthalmologist in the first half of his lifetime, checking him at age four would be ideal. It should include a cycloplegic refraction to tule out excessive farsightedness, nearsightedness, astigmatism, or unequal refraction in the two eyes. This should be done by a person thoroughly schooled in recognizing eye diseases rather than by a nonmedical practitioner. Annual eye examinations by an ophthalmologist are probably unnecessary if visual acuity is good and the child is asymptomatic.", "contents": "Amblyopia and the pediatrician. Amblyopia is one of the most common eye ailments in children. Early treatment can frequently eliminate this problem. The responsibility for early recognition falls primarily on the pediatrician. The following summarizes what ought to be done for each age group to rule out amblyopia and its associated condition. Newborn to age four months. Make sure the eyes appear normal externally and have a clear red reflex (no cataracts). Infants after age four months. Check fixation with each eye with a penlight. Check for symmetrical corneal light reflexes. Also check red reflex and fundus. Age two to four years. Be particularly aware of any family history of strabismus or amblyopia. The examination should include an observation of the fixation pattern with each eye, the symmetry of the corneal light reflex, and an evaluation of the fundus and the red reflex. Age four. Visual acuity in each eye should be measured. Ideally, all children should be referred for a complete eye examination and refraction if this is economically feasible. School age. Check vision yearly. If a person is going to have one complete routine eye examination by an ophthalmologist in the first half of his lifetime, checking him at age four would be ideal. It should include a cycloplegic refraction to tule out excessive farsightedness, nearsightedness, astigmatism, or unequal refraction in the two eyes. This should be done by a person thoroughly schooled in recognizing eye diseases rather than by a nonmedical practitioner. Annual eye examinations by an ophthalmologist are probably unnecessary if visual acuity is good and the child is asymptomatic.", "PMID": 834482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1136", "title": "Neuro-ophthalmology, for the pediatrician.", "content": "The pediatrician needs to develop some skills in evaluating afferent visual functions and ocular motor abnormalities. He must know some fundamental neuro-ophthalmologic facts to prevent his patients from undergoing unnecessary diagnostic and surgical procedures. In addition, he needs to understand the fundamentals of strabismus and amblyopia, which are briefly considered in this article but are explored thoroughly elsewhere in this issue of PEDIATRIC ANNALS. First, the most common type of nystagmus in children is congenital nystagmus. These children often have a head turn or tilt. Also, it should be remembered that numerous drugs may cause nystagmus. Second, any child with a head turn or tilt must be considered to have some ocular motor abnormality until a complete ophthalmologic evaluation has eliminated this possibility. In addition, before a child is considered to have an isolated sixth-nerve palsy, Duane's retraction syndrome should be looked for. Also, before an inferior oblique palsy is diagnosed, a Brown's tendon sheath syndrome should be considered. Thus, any ocular muscle abnormality deserves an ophthalmologic evaluation. Third, when bilateral swollen optic nerves are noted as an incidental finding, drusen of the optic nerve head should be suspected. A unilateral swollen disk with decreased visual acuity and a Marcus Gunn pupil should bring to mind a papillitis, which is a local inflammatory condition of the optic nerve head. Remember, papilledema is a bilateral condition secondary to increased intracranial pressure with normal vision. Children with papilledema usually have other signs of increased intracranial pressure. If the article has convinced you of only two facts -- that head tilts and turns are usually ocular in origin, and that bilaterally swollen optic nerves in an otherwise asymptomatic child may be optic nerve drusen -- it has accomplished its purpose.", "contents": "Neuro-ophthalmology, for the pediatrician. The pediatrician needs to develop some skills in evaluating afferent visual functions and ocular motor abnormalities. He must know some fundamental neuro-ophthalmologic facts to prevent his patients from undergoing unnecessary diagnostic and surgical procedures. In addition, he needs to understand the fundamentals of strabismus and amblyopia, which are briefly considered in this article but are explored thoroughly elsewhere in this issue of PEDIATRIC ANNALS. First, the most common type of nystagmus in children is congenital nystagmus. These children often have a head turn or tilt. Also, it should be remembered that numerous drugs may cause nystagmus. Second, any child with a head turn or tilt must be considered to have some ocular motor abnormality until a complete ophthalmologic evaluation has eliminated this possibility. In addition, before a child is considered to have an isolated sixth-nerve palsy, Duane's retraction syndrome should be looked for. Also, before an inferior oblique palsy is diagnosed, a Brown's tendon sheath syndrome should be considered. Thus, any ocular muscle abnormality deserves an ophthalmologic evaluation. Third, when bilateral swollen optic nerves are noted as an incidental finding, drusen of the optic nerve head should be suspected. A unilateral swollen disk with decreased visual acuity and a Marcus Gunn pupil should bring to mind a papillitis, which is a local inflammatory condition of the optic nerve head. Remember, papilledema is a bilateral condition secondary to increased intracranial pressure with normal vision. Children with papilledema usually have other signs of increased intracranial pressure. If the article has convinced you of only two facts -- that head tilts and turns are usually ocular in origin, and that bilaterally swollen optic nerves in an otherwise asymptomatic child may be optic nerve drusen -- it has accomplished its purpose.", "PMID": 834483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1137", "title": "Computerized axial tomography in clinical pediatrics.", "content": "Computerized axial tomography (CAT), a noninvasive radiologie method, provides a new dimension in screening and diagnosis of intracranial pathology. Evaluation of 725 scans in infants and children demonstrates that CAT may be performed with negligible risk, although sedation and restraint are essential to the successful performance of studies in children under 6 years of age. CAT is the preferred initial diagnostic method in suspected hydrocephalls and is accurate in the detection and precise localization of brain tumors. The management of hydrocephalus and brain tumors has been significantly altered by the availability of CAT. Few invasive neuroradiologic procedures are required and pneumography is especially curtailed. Serial scanning is the best available method of monitoring ventricular alterations in hydrocephalus, tumor size during radiotherapy or chemotherapy, and postoperative recurrence of benign neoplasms. Complex intracranial anomalies are detectable with computerized tomography, but complete definition of pathology often requires angiography and air studies. Limited clinical experience in detecting neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage suggests that CAT will be a valuable tool for futlre investigations of that problem.", "contents": "Computerized axial tomography in clinical pediatrics. Computerized axial tomography (CAT), a noninvasive radiologie method, provides a new dimension in screening and diagnosis of intracranial pathology. Evaluation of 725 scans in infants and children demonstrates that CAT may be performed with negligible risk, although sedation and restraint are essential to the successful performance of studies in children under 6 years of age. CAT is the preferred initial diagnostic method in suspected hydrocephalls and is accurate in the detection and precise localization of brain tumors. The management of hydrocephalus and brain tumors has been significantly altered by the availability of CAT. Few invasive neuroradiologic procedures are required and pneumography is especially curtailed. Serial scanning is the best available method of monitoring ventricular alterations in hydrocephalus, tumor size during radiotherapy or chemotherapy, and postoperative recurrence of benign neoplasms. Complex intracranial anomalies are detectable with computerized tomography, but complete definition of pathology often requires angiography and air studies. Limited clinical experience in detecting neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage suggests that CAT will be a valuable tool for futlre investigations of that problem.", "PMID": 834503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1138", "title": "Sympathetic pupillary activity in infants.", "content": "In an attempt to learn the contribution of the sympathetic system to smaller pupillary size in infants, pupillary responses were tested to agents acting on this system in 12 ihfants and 23 young adults. Phenylephrine dilated the pupils of both groups by the same ratio, with infants' pupils reaching a lesser diameter. The responses to cocaine and hydroxyamphetamine were lower in children. It is concluded that in the first months of life the postganglionic sympathetic nerve releases less norepinephrine. This may be due to a lower number of sympathetic neurons. The post-synaptic apparatus may not be fully developed in infants.", "contents": "Sympathetic pupillary activity in infants. In an attempt to learn the contribution of the sympathetic system to smaller pupillary size in infants, pupillary responses were tested to agents acting on this system in 12 ihfants and 23 young adults. Phenylephrine dilated the pupils of both groups by the same ratio, with infants' pupils reaching a lesser diameter. The responses to cocaine and hydroxyamphetamine were lower in children. It is concluded that in the first months of life the postganglionic sympathetic nerve releases less norepinephrine. This may be due to a lower number of sympathetic neurons. The post-synaptic apparatus may not be fully developed in infants.", "PMID": 834504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1139", "title": "Simultaneous iothalamate, creatinine, and urea clearances in children with renal disease.", "content": "Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is often used to evaluate and manage patients with renal disease. Few studies in children have compared accurate estimations of GFR (clearance of inulin and/or iothalamate) with the clearance of creatinine which, because of simplicity, has been used as an approximation of GFR. At reduced levels of GFR, studies in adults suggest that the mean of the creatinine and urea clearances closely approximate the GFR. The present investigation shows that the clearance of creatinine approximates the GFR at normal levels; however, at reduced levels the creatinine clearance and the mean of the creatinine and urea clearances both overestimate the GFR as measured by iothalamate. The clearance of creatinine remains a useful clinical tool if its limitations at low levels of GFR are realized.", "contents": "Simultaneous iothalamate, creatinine, and urea clearances in children with renal disease. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is often used to evaluate and manage patients with renal disease. Few studies in children have compared accurate estimations of GFR (clearance of inulin and/or iothalamate) with the clearance of creatinine which, because of simplicity, has been used as an approximation of GFR. At reduced levels of GFR, studies in adults suggest that the mean of the creatinine and urea clearances closely approximate the GFR. The present investigation shows that the clearance of creatinine approximates the GFR at normal levels; however, at reduced levels the creatinine clearance and the mean of the creatinine and urea clearances both overestimate the GFR as measured by iothalamate. The clearance of creatinine remains a useful clinical tool if its limitations at low levels of GFR are realized.", "PMID": 834505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1140", "title": "Male pseudohermaphroditism with partial androgen insensitivity.", "content": "Androgen insensitivity was demonstrated in two male siblings with partial masculinization of the external genitalia. They had a previously undescribed defect characterized postpubertally by high plasma testosterone and luteinizing hormone concentrations with low serum follicle-stimulating hormone levels. Studies in skin fibroblasts showed normal androgen receptor affinity and capacity for 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), normal nuclear retention of the receptor-DHT complex, and normal conversion of testosterone to DHT.", "contents": "Male pseudohermaphroditism with partial androgen insensitivity. Androgen insensitivity was demonstrated in two male siblings with partial masculinization of the external genitalia. They had a previously undescribed defect characterized postpubertally by high plasma testosterone and luteinizing hormone concentrations with low serum follicle-stimulating hormone levels. Studies in skin fibroblasts showed normal androgen receptor affinity and capacity for 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), normal nuclear retention of the receptor-DHT complex, and normal conversion of testosterone to DHT.", "PMID": 834506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1141", "title": "Reye's syndrome: relapses and neurological sequelae.", "content": "Twenty-two children aged 2 months to 11 years were seen at our institution from January 1970 to March 1975 with clinical, laboratory, and/or histological features consistent with the diagnosis of Reye's syndrome. There were three pairs of siblings. Severity of the illness ranged from relatively benign to rapidly fatal forms. Five received live attenuated vaccines within the three weeks prior to admission. Four relapsed 1 to 21 months after the initial episode, and in one there were multiple recurrences. Six developed major neurological sequelae. All patients graded levels IV and V by EEGs on admission subsequently died in contrast to none from grades 1 and 2. Peritoneal dialysis was carried out in the more severely affected patients. The procedure did not influence final outcome as predicted by the first EEG and is thought to be of limited value.", "contents": "Reye's syndrome: relapses and neurological sequelae. Twenty-two children aged 2 months to 11 years were seen at our institution from January 1970 to March 1975 with clinical, laboratory, and/or histological features consistent with the diagnosis of Reye's syndrome. There were three pairs of siblings. Severity of the illness ranged from relatively benign to rapidly fatal forms. Five received live attenuated vaccines within the three weeks prior to admission. Four relapsed 1 to 21 months after the initial episode, and in one there were multiple recurrences. Six developed major neurological sequelae. All patients graded levels IV and V by EEGs on admission subsequently died in contrast to none from grades 1 and 2. Peritoneal dialysis was carried out in the more severely affected patients. The procedure did not influence final outcome as predicted by the first EEG and is thought to be of limited value.", "PMID": 834507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1142", "title": "Atrial fibrillation in children.", "content": "Atrial fibrillation is rare in children. Previous reports associated it with severe rheumatic heart disease and a poor prognosis. This review is of the unique experience of 35 cases of atrial fibrillation in children in the past 22 years; 23 patients were boys. The age of onset ranged from 1 day to 19 years (average, 8 years). Associated cardiac conditions were severe rheumatic mitral regurgitation (3 cases), cardiomyopathy (5), atrial tumors (2), infective endocarditis (1), paroxysmal atrial tachycardia of infants (4), idiopathic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (1), Marfan's syndrome with mitral regurgitation (1), endocardial fibroelastosis (1), and structural congenital heart malformations (17). Surgical correction of congenital heart lesions was directly related to the development of atrial fibrillation in 14. Varying arrhythmias of the sick-sinus syndrome were observed in five children. The atrial fibrillation was paroxysmal or transient in 21 patients and persistent in 14. Treatment depended on the underlying condition. Digoxin was used in all cases and cardioversion attempted in ten; no patient was given anticoagulants. Three children had cerebral emboli, with residual defects. Eighteen patients are known to be alive, 13 are dead, and 4 are lost to follow-up. Atrial fibrillation in childhood is an indication for complete investigation of the patient and for the institution of treatment appropriate to the underlying disease.", "contents": "Atrial fibrillation in children. Atrial fibrillation is rare in children. Previous reports associated it with severe rheumatic heart disease and a poor prognosis. This review is of the unique experience of 35 cases of atrial fibrillation in children in the past 22 years; 23 patients were boys. The age of onset ranged from 1 day to 19 years (average, 8 years). Associated cardiac conditions were severe rheumatic mitral regurgitation (3 cases), cardiomyopathy (5), atrial tumors (2), infective endocarditis (1), paroxysmal atrial tachycardia of infants (4), idiopathic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (1), Marfan's syndrome with mitral regurgitation (1), endocardial fibroelastosis (1), and structural congenital heart malformations (17). Surgical correction of congenital heart lesions was directly related to the development of atrial fibrillation in 14. Varying arrhythmias of the sick-sinus syndrome were observed in five children. The atrial fibrillation was paroxysmal or transient in 21 patients and persistent in 14. Treatment depended on the underlying condition. Digoxin was used in all cases and cardioversion attempted in ten; no patient was given anticoagulants. Three children had cerebral emboli, with residual defects. Eighteen patients are known to be alive, 13 are dead, and 4 are lost to follow-up. Atrial fibrillation in childhood is an indication for complete investigation of the patient and for the institution of treatment appropriate to the underlying disease.", "PMID": 834508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1143", "title": "Microcephaly in a normal school population.", "content": "Heights, weights, and head circumferences were obtained on 1,006 students, ages 5 to 18 years, attending regular classes in four schools in a suburban Seattle school district. From the 1,006 students initially examined, 19 (1.9%) had a head circumference two or more standard deviations below the mean for age and sex. Intelligence quotients and academic achievement scores were obtained on these children and compared with normal controls. No significant difference was found between mean IQs of the study subjects and the controls (99.5 vs. 105), but mean academic achievement scores were significantly lower in the study  subjects (49 vs. 70; P less than .001). In addition, although mean IQs were not significantly different between those subjects whose head circumference was proportional and those whose head circumference was relatively small, mean academic achievement scores were significantly higher (60 vs 39; P less than .02) in those subjects whose head size was proportional.", "contents": "Microcephaly in a normal school population. Heights, weights, and head circumferences were obtained on 1,006 students, ages 5 to 18 years, attending regular classes in four schools in a suburban Seattle school district. From the 1,006 students initially examined, 19 (1.9%) had a head circumference two or more standard deviations below the mean for age and sex. Intelligence quotients and academic achievement scores were obtained on these children and compared with normal controls. No significant difference was found between mean IQs of the study subjects and the controls (99.5 vs. 105), but mean academic achievement scores were significantly lower in the study  subjects (49 vs. 70; P less than .001). In addition, although mean IQs were not significantly different between those subjects whose head circumference was proportional and those whose head circumference was relatively small, mean academic achievement scores were significantly higher (60 vs 39; P less than .02) in those subjects whose head size was proportional.", "PMID": 834509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1144", "title": "Helping parents cope with the diagnosis of congenital heart defect: an experimental study.", "content": "An experimental study was designed to help parents cope with the implications of the diagnosis of congenital heart disease. Intervention strategies involving clarification of medical information, discussion of psychological issues, and a combination of the two, were more effective than no intervention in helping parents to gain an accurate understanding of the diagnosis and other medical information. Regardless of the intervention strategy used, satisfaction was generally high, and parent anxiety did not appear to fluctuate during the course of the visit. The team approach was recommended for use in pediatric specialty clinics where time is often short, and more personal interaction may be needed.", "contents": "Helping parents cope with the diagnosis of congenital heart defect: an experimental study. An experimental study was designed to help parents cope with the implications of the diagnosis of congenital heart disease. Intervention strategies involving clarification of medical information, discussion of psychological issues, and a combination of the two, were more effective than no intervention in helping parents to gain an accurate understanding of the diagnosis and other medical information. Regardless of the intervention strategy used, satisfaction was generally high, and parent anxiety did not appear to fluctuate during the course of the visit. The team approach was recommended for use in pediatric specialty clinics where time is often short, and more personal interaction may be needed.", "PMID": 834510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1145", "title": "A follow-up study of traumatized children.", "content": "This study compared 17 abused children with 17 children who had been in accidents, matched for age, race, sex, and socioeconomic status, eight years after all had been studied as infants. Each traumatized group was also compared with a matched untraumatized group with no known history of abuse or infantile accident. The majority of all children were lower-class. Hypotheses were that the abused children would fall below the nonabused in health history and physical development, intellectual functioning, language, and self-concept; and that the abused children would score higher in impulsivity and aggression. Clinical assessments revealed few group differences. The surprising finding was the extent of various problems across the entire sample. Seventy percent of the children had speech problems; over 50% showed some degree of disturbance; and 39% were achieving poorly in school. However, these disabilities were distributed randomly among abuse, accident, and comparison children. Most of the children appeared sad and fearful of personal attack by adults or other children. Many mothers' reports indicated that the families, whether abuse, accident, or comparison, experienced constant violence, both environmental and personal. It was concluded that the effects on child development of lower-class membership may be as powerful as abuse.", "contents": "A follow-up study of traumatized children. This study compared 17 abused children with 17 children who had been in accidents, matched for age, race, sex, and socioeconomic status, eight years after all had been studied as infants. Each traumatized group was also compared with a matched untraumatized group with no known history of abuse or infantile accident. The majority of all children were lower-class. Hypotheses were that the abused children would fall below the nonabused in health history and physical development, intellectual functioning, language, and self-concept; and that the abused children would score higher in impulsivity and aggression. Clinical assessments revealed few group differences. The surprising finding was the extent of various problems across the entire sample. Seventy percent of the children had speech problems; over 50% showed some degree of disturbance; and 39% were achieving poorly in school. However, these disabilities were distributed randomly among abuse, accident, and comparison children. Most of the children appeared sad and fearful of personal attack by adults or other children. Many mothers' reports indicated that the families, whether abuse, accident, or comparison, experienced constant violence, both environmental and personal. It was concluded that the effects on child development of lower-class membership may be as powerful as abuse.", "PMID": 834511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1146", "title": "Sudden death in an infant from methemoglobinemia after administration of \"sweet spirits of nitre\".", "content": "The administration of \"sweet spirits of nitre\" (4% ethyl nitrite CH3CH2ONO in 70% ethyl alcohol) was followed by acute methemoglobinemia and severe anoxic metabolic acidosis in infant twins, Methylene blue administration reversed methemoglobinemia in both, but one twin died from the consequences of hypoxemia. Hemoglobin electrophoresis and methemoglobin reductase determinations were normal for age. This medicine is available without prescription and contains the potent oxidant ethyl nitrite. In infants with sudded death or onset of cyanosis, appropriate toxicological and historical information should be obtained.", "contents": "Sudden death in an infant from methemoglobinemia after administration of \"sweet spirits of nitre\". The administration of \"sweet spirits of nitre\" (4% ethyl nitrite CH3CH2ONO in 70% ethyl alcohol) was followed by acute methemoglobinemia and severe anoxic metabolic acidosis in infant twins, Methylene blue administration reversed methemoglobinemia in both, but one twin died from the consequences of hypoxemia. Hemoglobin electrophoresis and methemoglobin reductase determinations were normal for age. This medicine is available without prescription and contains the potent oxidant ethyl nitrite. In infants with sudded death or onset of cyanosis, appropriate toxicological and historical information should be obtained.", "PMID": 834512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1147", "title": "Tricyclic antidepressant overdoses in adolescent patients.", "content": "Tricyclic antidepressant plasma levels were measured in nine hospitalized adolescent oversdose patients to define the medical seriousness of the drug ingestion. Seven out of nine of these patients ingested medication prescribed for treatment of their psychiatric symptoms. Indications for tricyclic therapy in adolescents are vague. The more frequent use of these drugs makes the potential for life-threatening ingestions relatively common. The amount of drug ingested is usually poorly documented. Plasma measurements are of value in assessing the efficacy of the various medical treatments of overdose patients. Two of these nine overdoses were medically serious as defined by plasma measurements. Supportive care with cardiac monitoring was adequate in one case; however, a fatality occurred in the other under what could be described as optimal patient management conditions.", "contents": "Tricyclic antidepressant overdoses in adolescent patients. Tricyclic antidepressant plasma levels were measured in nine hospitalized adolescent oversdose patients to define the medical seriousness of the drug ingestion. Seven out of nine of these patients ingested medication prescribed for treatment of their psychiatric symptoms. Indications for tricyclic therapy in adolescents are vague. The more frequent use of these drugs makes the potential for life-threatening ingestions relatively common. The amount of drug ingested is usually poorly documented. Plasma measurements are of value in assessing the efficacy of the various medical treatments of overdose patients. Two of these nine overdoses were medically serious as defined by plasma measurements. Supportive care with cardiac monitoring was adequate in one case; however, a fatality occurred in the other under what could be described as optimal patient management conditions.", "PMID": 834513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1148", "title": "Cricoarytenoid arthritis and airway obstruction in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Laryngeal arthritis is a rare manifestation of JRA. The difficulty of indirect laryngoscopy in small children has precluded the type of study which has demonstrated this manifestation in up to one quarter of arthritic adults. Recognition of cricoarytenoid arthritis in the patient reported might have prevented the need for tracheostomy, and eventually led to satisfactory reduction of corticosteroid medication and healing of the tracheostomy stoma.", "contents": "Cricoarytenoid arthritis and airway obstruction in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Laryngeal arthritis is a rare manifestation of JRA. The difficulty of indirect laryngoscopy in small children has precluded the type of study which has demonstrated this manifestation in up to one quarter of arthritic adults. Recognition of cricoarytenoid arthritis in the patient reported might have prevented the need for tracheostomy, and eventually led to satisfactory reduction of corticosteroid medication and healing of the tracheostomy stoma.", "PMID": 834514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1149", "title": "[Tentative organisation of disease recording in the poultry production. Collection and processing of condemnation results from 6 poultry slaughterhouses in Northern Jutland (author's transl)].", "content": "According to condemnation lists collected from 6 poultry slaughterhouses in northern Jutland there has been an increase in condemnation rate for broilers from 0.8 to 1.0% (Table I). The most important causes of condemnation have been emaciation, CRD, hock disorder and enteritis (Table II). Only a few slaughterhouses were involved in processing of hens, turkeys and web-footed birds showing inconstant distributions (Tables III and IV). Variation among slaughterhouses appears from Tables II-IV. The cause of variation and the value of central disease recording are discussed.", "contents": "[Tentative organisation of disease recording in the poultry production. Collection and processing of condemnation results from 6 poultry slaughterhouses in Northern Jutland (author's transl)]. According to condemnation lists collected from 6 poultry slaughterhouses in northern Jutland there has been an increase in condemnation rate for broilers from 0.8 to 1.0% (Table I). The most important causes of condemnation have been emaciation, CRD, hock disorder and enteritis (Table II). Only a few slaughterhouses were involved in processing of hens, turkeys and web-footed birds showing inconstant distributions (Tables III and IV). Variation among slaughterhouses appears from Tables II-IV. The cause of variation and the value of central disease recording are discussed.", "PMID": 834541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1150", "title": "[Increased frequency of CRD in the broiler production in northern Jutland. I. Possible connexion between increased frequency of CRD and recently started vaccination with live infectious bronchitis vaccine (Massachusetts type) in egg producing flocks (author's transl)].", "content": "An increased condemnation rate due to CRD (chronic respiratory disease) is documented by means of condemnation lists collected in collaboration with directions and veterinarians at 6 poultry slaughterhouses. The geographic distribution of the 41 affected farms appears from Fig 1. The first outbreaks occurred around the turn of the year 1975/1976 and reached its climax in the 12th period (Table I). The increase in percent CRD of slaughtered chickens culminated in week 23/1976 amounting 0.64% (Fig 2). The increased total condemnation rate closely corresponds to an increase in CRD (Fig 3). These facts are intimately connected with the high number af consultations about respiratory diseases. Although not provable it seems possible and not unlikely that the broiler production has been exposed -- to increased directly or indirectly -- risk of infection from a raised number of IB vaccinated egg producing flocks.", "contents": "[Increased frequency of CRD in the broiler production in northern Jutland. I. Possible connexion between increased frequency of CRD and recently started vaccination with live infectious bronchitis vaccine (Massachusetts type) in egg producing flocks (author's transl)]. An increased condemnation rate due to CRD (chronic respiratory disease) is documented by means of condemnation lists collected in collaboration with directions and veterinarians at 6 poultry slaughterhouses. The geographic distribution of the 41 affected farms appears from Fig 1. The first outbreaks occurred around the turn of the year 1975/1976 and reached its climax in the 12th period (Table I). The increase in percent CRD of slaughtered chickens culminated in week 23/1976 amounting 0.64% (Fig 2). The increased total condemnation rate closely corresponds to an increase in CRD (Fig 3). These facts are intimately connected with the high number af consultations about respiratory diseases. Although not provable it seems possible and not unlikely that the broiler production has been exposed -- to increased directly or indirectly -- risk of infection from a raised number of IB vaccinated egg producing flocks.", "PMID": 834542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1151", "title": "[Increased frequency of CRD in the broiler production in northern Jutland. II. Influence on production and economy (author's transl)].", "content": "The consequences for production and economy caused by an increase in CRD outbreaks in broilers in northern Jutland are estimated by comparing production results from book-keeping farms to the average results of the whole country, where an improvement of 19 gram was found, while a similar increase did not occur in northern Jutland (Table I). The condemnation rate has risen 0.4% in northern Jutland. For the whole country 0.1% rise has been registered. Production results from 6 book-keeping farms with CRD have been compared to the results from all book-keeping farms in the region. It appears from Table III that the 6 farms were lacking 60 gram weight increase and 0.03 in feed conversion. Gross margins for production without problems have been calculated to 0.70 kr. per chicken against 0.42 kr. per chicken in the 71 CRD attacked flocks (Tables IV and V). If in addition also slaughterhouse expenses are added the total loss due to CRD in the 71 flocks sum up to 510.144 kr.", "contents": "[Increased frequency of CRD in the broiler production in northern Jutland. II. Influence on production and economy (author's transl)]. The consequences for production and economy caused by an increase in CRD outbreaks in broilers in northern Jutland are estimated by comparing production results from book-keeping farms to the average results of the whole country, where an improvement of 19 gram was found, while a similar increase did not occur in northern Jutland (Table I). The condemnation rate has risen 0.4% in northern Jutland. For the whole country 0.1% rise has been registered. Production results from 6 book-keeping farms with CRD have been compared to the results from all book-keeping farms in the region. It appears from Table III that the 6 farms were lacking 60 gram weight increase and 0.03 in feed conversion. Gross margins for production without problems have been calculated to 0.70 kr. per chicken against 0.42 kr. per chicken in the 71 CRD attacked flocks (Tables IV and V). If in addition also slaughterhouse expenses are added the total loss due to CRD in the 71 flocks sum up to 510.144 kr.", "PMID": 834543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1152", "title": "The influence of dietary pectin on the cholesterol content of egg-yolk and muscle and on various haematological indices in laying-hens.", "content": "Studies were undertaken to see if a commerical poultry diet, supplemented with 0, 2, 4 or 6% pectin would influence the cholesterol content of egg-yolk and muscle, the total lipid, cholesterol and protein contents of blood serum, and the erythrocyte count, packed cell volume and haemoglobin content of whole blood, in laying hens. The cholesterol content of the egg-yolk and muscle from birds given pectin was not significantly different from that of control hens. However, the birds which received the pectin weighed somewhat less than the controls at the end of the experiment, and produced fewer eggs, despite the same intake of digestible energy. Pectin treatment also resulted in higher erythrocyte counts, higher packed cell volumes and higher haemoglobin contents in the blood. The variation in the cholesterol content of egg-yolk was significantly lower within layers than between layers. This suggests that it should be possible to select for hens which produce eggs of lower cholesterol content, provided that other aspects of egg-production are not thereby negatively influenced.", "contents": "The influence of dietary pectin on the cholesterol content of egg-yolk and muscle and on various haematological indices in laying-hens. Studies were undertaken to see if a commerical poultry diet, supplemented with 0, 2, 4 or 6% pectin would influence the cholesterol content of egg-yolk and muscle, the total lipid, cholesterol and protein contents of blood serum, and the erythrocyte count, packed cell volume and haemoglobin content of whole blood, in laying hens. The cholesterol content of the egg-yolk and muscle from birds given pectin was not significantly different from that of control hens. However, the birds which received the pectin weighed somewhat less than the controls at the end of the experiment, and produced fewer eggs, despite the same intake of digestible energy. Pectin treatment also resulted in higher erythrocyte counts, higher packed cell volumes and higher haemoglobin contents in the blood. The variation in the cholesterol content of egg-yolk was significantly lower within layers than between layers. This suggests that it should be possible to select for hens which produce eggs of lower cholesterol content, provided that other aspects of egg-production are not thereby negatively influenced.", "PMID": 834544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1153", "title": "[Myocardial infarction following administration of oral contraceptive agents. 3 cases].", "content": "The authors report the cases of three women aged 23, 24 and 28 years, receiving oestro-progestational agents and suffering a myocardial infarction. 25 cases in the literature are reviewed. Infarction is in most cases the first symptom. The clinical picture has no special features other than the frequency of anterior localisations. Coronary arteriography carried out in 15 cases showed a lesion of one vessel in 10 patients. The most common finding was a thrombosis of the left anterior descending. The coronaries were almost of completely normal in 3 cases, diffuse lesions being found only in 2 patients. The long term prognosis, at first sight favourable since the problem is one of localised lesions, is worsened by the frequency of ventricular contraction abnomalities. Myocardial infarction in patients taking oestro-progestational agents remains rare. A logical hypothesis to explain it would be a synergistic effect between the hypercoagulability induced by the drug and the risk factors in the individual patient. They are present with a frequency similar to that seen in other series of young patients with coronary disease.", "contents": "[Myocardial infarction following administration of oral contraceptive agents. 3 cases]. The authors report the cases of three women aged 23, 24 and 28 years, receiving oestro-progestational agents and suffering a myocardial infarction. 25 cases in the literature are reviewed. Infarction is in most cases the first symptom. The clinical picture has no special features other than the frequency of anterior localisations. Coronary arteriography carried out in 15 cases showed a lesion of one vessel in 10 patients. The most common finding was a thrombosis of the left anterior descending. The coronaries were almost of completely normal in 3 cases, diffuse lesions being found only in 2 patients. The long term prognosis, at first sight favourable since the problem is one of localised lesions, is worsened by the frequency of ventricular contraction abnomalities. Myocardial infarction in patients taking oestro-progestational agents remains rare. A logical hypothesis to explain it would be a synergistic effect between the hypercoagulability induced by the drug and the risk factors in the individual patient. They are present with a frequency similar to that seen in other series of young patients with coronary disease.", "PMID": 834545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1154", "title": "[Rupture of the papillary muscles of the mitrale valve during myocardial infarction].", "content": "Between 1967 and 1976, 13 cases of papillary muscle rupture during the acute phase of myocardial infraction were collected. Six patients have been treated surgically during the past three years. Three could undergo surgery by virtue of the use of an intra-aortic counterpulsion balloon. There were no operative deaths. One patient died ten days after surgery as a result of a neurological complication; while a second died 4 months after a successful operation of an undetermined cause. For very satisfactory results were obtained with a follow-up of 7, 16, 18 and 18 months.", "contents": "[Rupture of the papillary muscles of the mitrale valve during myocardial infarction]. Between 1967 and 1976, 13 cases of papillary muscle rupture during the acute phase of myocardial infraction were collected. Six patients have been treated surgically during the past three years. Three could undergo surgery by virtue of the use of an intra-aortic counterpulsion balloon. There were no operative deaths. One patient died ten days after surgery as a result of a neurological complication; while a second died 4 months after a successful operation of an undetermined cause. For very satisfactory results were obtained with a follow-up of 7, 16, 18 and 18 months.", "PMID": 834548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1155", "title": "[Scintigraphic discordances between technetium 99m and iodine 131 in the study of thyroid nodules].", "content": "Eighty thyroid nodules found to be hyperfixating, isofixating or heterogeneous after an initial scintigraphy with Technetium 99m were studied comparatively using iodine 131. Differences in the apparent activity of the nodule and the extra-nodular parenchyma were found in one third of cases. A \"cold nodule\" appearance, not seen with techneitum was found in 8 cases at the time of the examination using iodine. Five of these patients underwent operation, the diagnosis being a carcinoma in one.", "contents": "[Scintigraphic discordances between technetium 99m and iodine 131 in the study of thyroid nodules]. Eighty thyroid nodules found to be hyperfixating, isofixating or heterogeneous after an initial scintigraphy with Technetium 99m were studied comparatively using iodine 131. Differences in the apparent activity of the nodule and the extra-nodular parenchyma were found in one third of cases. A \"cold nodule\" appearance, not seen with techneitum was found in 8 cases at the time of the examination using iodine. Five of these patients underwent operation, the diagnosis being a carcinoma in one.", "PMID": 834551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1156", "title": "[Prenatal detection of crying cat syndrome due to balanced translocation in one parent].", "content": "Prenatal detection of \"Cri du chat\" syndrome, as the consequence of balanced translocation 46,XY,t (5, 15) (p 13, p11) of the father, is described. A phenotipically normal child, with the same type of translocation possesed by his father was born in this family, as well as a child with \"Cri du chat\" syndrome. Four pregnancies were termed by spontaneous abortion. In the seventh pregnancy amniocenthesis was performed. On the basis of cell culture of amniotic fluid the diagnosis of \"Cri du chat\" syndrome was established. The diagnosis was confirmed by culture of peripheral blood of prematurely born foetus. Tissue cultures of some fetal organs were performed in order to find the origin of amniotic cells whose culture served for screening cytogenetic analysis.", "contents": "[Prenatal detection of crying cat syndrome due to balanced translocation in one parent]. Prenatal detection of \"Cri du chat\" syndrome, as the consequence of balanced translocation 46,XY,t (5, 15) (p 13, p11) of the father, is described. A phenotipically normal child, with the same type of translocation possesed by his father was born in this family, as well as a child with \"Cri du chat\" syndrome. Four pregnancies were termed by spontaneous abortion. In the seventh pregnancy amniocenthesis was performed. On the basis of cell culture of amniotic fluid the diagnosis of \"Cri du chat\" syndrome was established. The diagnosis was confirmed by culture of peripheral blood of prematurely born foetus. Tissue cultures of some fetal organs were performed in order to find the origin of amniotic cells whose culture served for screening cytogenetic analysis.", "PMID": 834552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1157", "title": "[Role of the intracavitary irridiation in the curative treatment of cancer of the rectum. 170 cases].", "content": "In carcinoma of the rectum occurring in patients in whom surgery represents a high risk, the problem of local treatment is worthy of discussion in certain precisely defined cases. Intracavitary radiotherapy (contact radiotherapy, interstitial curietherapy) proved to be effective in a series of 170 patients, observed over a period of five years. The death rate due to carcinoma was less than 11 per cent. This simple, ambulatory method may be used in fragile and very elderly patients and is without danger. Surgery is still possible in the case of failure but irradiation can be used only in selected patients, in whom very close follow-up is possible.", "contents": "[Role of the intracavitary irridiation in the curative treatment of cancer of the rectum. 170 cases]. In carcinoma of the rectum occurring in patients in whom surgery represents a high risk, the problem of local treatment is worthy of discussion in certain precisely defined cases. Intracavitary radiotherapy (contact radiotherapy, interstitial curietherapy) proved to be effective in a series of 170 patients, observed over a period of five years. The death rate due to carcinoma was less than 11 per cent. This simple, ambulatory method may be used in fragile and very elderly patients and is without danger. Surgery is still possible in the case of failure but irradiation can be used only in selected patients, in whom very close follow-up is possible.", "PMID": 834555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1158", "title": "[Incidence of metabolic acidosis during status asthmaticus in adults. Physiopathological consideration].", "content": "In the course of 28 cases of status asthmaticus in adults, the authors noted the frequency of metabolic acidosis, assessed as a base deficit. This disorder, already noted by other authors, remains poorly explained. It may nevertheless be conceived that its onset is favourised by the special haemodynamic consequences of this particular form of acute respiratory insufficiency.", "contents": "[Incidence of metabolic acidosis during status asthmaticus in adults. Physiopathological consideration]. In the course of 28 cases of status asthmaticus in adults, the authors noted the frequency of metabolic acidosis, assessed as a base deficit. This disorder, already noted by other authors, remains poorly explained. It may nevertheless be conceived that its onset is favourised by the special haemodynamic consequences of this particular form of acute respiratory insufficiency.", "PMID": 834566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1159", "title": "[Necrosis in acute pancreatitis. Surgical and anatomopathological comparisons. 7 cases].", "content": "The surgeon should take pains to section and study himself the operative specimen after excision for acute pancreatitis, in order to understand the true nature of the lesions, which the most attentive and competent pathological examination cannot describe as vividly as direct examination by the operator. Often he will be surprised to find that the lesions, predominant in the capsule, are less profound and less severe than he had thought at first sight. Findings of this sort, if they were to be confirmed, would put into doubt the principle itself of routine pancreatectomy for acute pancreatitis.", "contents": "[Necrosis in acute pancreatitis. Surgical and anatomopathological comparisons. 7 cases]. The surgeon should take pains to section and study himself the operative specimen after excision for acute pancreatitis, in order to understand the true nature of the lesions, which the most attentive and competent pathological examination cannot describe as vividly as direct examination by the operator. Often he will be surprised to find that the lesions, predominant in the capsule, are less profound and less severe than he had thought at first sight. Findings of this sort, if they were to be confirmed, would put into doubt the principle itself of routine pancreatectomy for acute pancreatitis.", "PMID": 834567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1160", "title": "[Mitral replacement using a ball-valve prosthesis under hypothermic protection of the myocardium. 230 cases].", "content": "A series of 230 mitral valve replacements using exclusively the Starr-Edwards ball valve prosthesis is presented. These 230 patients underwent surgery over a 4 year period, a uniform operative technique being used. Its essential feature was the use of a standardised technique for protection of the myocardium based upon continous clamping of the aorta and deep hypothermia at around 15 degrees. The technique of myocardial hypothermia, already reported, is briefly reviewed. The results are analysed, in the short and long term. Overall hospital mortality was 6.9 per cent, including multiple valve replacements and combined coronary surgery. The total number of thrombo-embolic complications was 8, including 1 early thrombosis out of 230 patients - i.e. 0.4 per cent and 7 late thrombo-embolic episodes out of 180 patients followed up for 1 month to 4 years - i.e. 3.8 per cent. Secondary and late mortality was 11 cases out of 180 patients. The survival rate at 4 years was 78 per cent by actuarial calculation, including operative mortality. These results justify the continued use of ball prosthesis, the long term thrombo-embolic risks of which are equal to or less than those of disc prosthesis, and the resistance of which to wear and tear is shown by the long postoperative survivals.", "contents": "[Mitral replacement using a ball-valve prosthesis under hypothermic protection of the myocardium. 230 cases]. A series of 230 mitral valve replacements using exclusively the Starr-Edwards ball valve prosthesis is presented. These 230 patients underwent surgery over a 4 year period, a uniform operative technique being used. Its essential feature was the use of a standardised technique for protection of the myocardium based upon continous clamping of the aorta and deep hypothermia at around 15 degrees. The technique of myocardial hypothermia, already reported, is briefly reviewed. The results are analysed, in the short and long term. Overall hospital mortality was 6.9 per cent, including multiple valve replacements and combined coronary surgery. The total number of thrombo-embolic complications was 8, including 1 early thrombosis out of 230 patients - i.e. 0.4 per cent and 7 late thrombo-embolic episodes out of 180 patients followed up for 1 month to 4 years - i.e. 3.8 per cent. Secondary and late mortality was 11 cases out of 180 patients. The survival rate at 4 years was 78 per cent by actuarial calculation, including operative mortality. These results justify the continued use of ball prosthesis, the long term thrombo-embolic risks of which are equal to or less than those of disc prosthesis, and the resistance of which to wear and tear is shown by the long postoperative survivals.", "PMID": 834568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1161", "title": "[Diagnosis of juvenile diabetic retinopathy using fluorescein angiography. Description of initial lesions].", "content": "In order to ascertain the first vascular lesions responsible for infantile diabetic retinopathy, 300 angiofluorographies were performed in 87 children and adolescents whose diabetes became clinically apparent before the age of 14. Compared with normal ophtalmoscopy, the angiofluorography enabled to double the frequency of the diagnosis of incipient retinopathy. In addition to the classical diabetic lesions, the authors describe modifications of vascular permeability noted by leakage of fluorescein and observed in 75% of initial retinopathies. These leakages must be considered to be the first lesions of infantile diabetic retinopathy. They appear before microaneurysms: they seem to be reversible. Highly significant correlation between degree of control, duration of diabetes and frequency of retinopathy were demonstrated.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of juvenile diabetic retinopathy using fluorescein angiography. Description of initial lesions]. In order to ascertain the first vascular lesions responsible for infantile diabetic retinopathy, 300 angiofluorographies were performed in 87 children and adolescents whose diabetes became clinically apparent before the age of 14. Compared with normal ophtalmoscopy, the angiofluorography enabled to double the frequency of the diagnosis of incipient retinopathy. In addition to the classical diabetic lesions, the authors describe modifications of vascular permeability noted by leakage of fluorescein and observed in 75% of initial retinopathies. These leakages must be considered to be the first lesions of infantile diabetic retinopathy. They appear before microaneurysms: they seem to be reversible. Highly significant correlation between degree of control, duration of diabetes and frequency of retinopathy were demonstrated.", "PMID": 834569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1162", "title": "CNS manifestations of diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The neurologic manifestations most frequently described in association with diabetes are caused by involvement of the peripheral nerves and nerve roots. Whether there is also a specific central nervous system involvement has not been well documented. Pseudotabes diabetica and diabetic amyotrophy probably can be explained on the basis of severe neuropathy or radiculopathy. According to fairly recent studies, however, both myelopathy and encephalopathy may be part of the diabetic process. In the cases of myelopathy, there are degeneration of the long tracts and areas of demyelination with gliosis, as well as microinfarcts. In the cases of encephalopathy, there are degeneration of ganglion cells and nerve fibers in the cerebrum, brain stem, and cerebellum; cell loss, demyelination and gliosis; and infarction secondary to severe angiopathy.", "contents": "CNS manifestations of diabetes mellitus. The neurologic manifestations most frequently described in association with diabetes are caused by involvement of the peripheral nerves and nerve roots. Whether there is also a specific central nervous system involvement has not been well documented. Pseudotabes diabetica and diabetic amyotrophy probably can be explained on the basis of severe neuropathy or radiculopathy. According to fairly recent studies, however, both myelopathy and encephalopathy may be part of the diabetic process. In the cases of myelopathy, there are degeneration of the long tracts and areas of demyelination with gliosis, as well as microinfarcts. In the cases of encephalopathy, there are degeneration of ganglion cells and nerve fibers in the cerebrum, brain stem, and cerebellum; cell loss, demyelination and gliosis; and infarction secondary to severe angiopathy.", "PMID": 834675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1163", "title": "Propranolol and lidocaine. Clinical use as antiarrhythmic agents.", "content": "Using propranolol or lidocaine as an antiarrhythmic agent takes keen clinical judgment if optimal efficacy is to be obtained or minimal risk. Serious adverse effects of propranolol are cardiac, while those of lidocaine are usually dose-related and most often involve the central nervous system.", "contents": "Propranolol and lidocaine. Clinical use as antiarrhythmic agents. Using propranolol or lidocaine as an antiarrhythmic agent takes keen clinical judgment if optimal efficacy is to be obtained or minimal risk. Serious adverse effects of propranolol are cardiac, while those of lidocaine are usually dose-related and most often involve the central nervous system.", "PMID": 834676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1164", "title": "Ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "Ankylosing spondylitis occurs chiefly in young men and affects principally the sacroiliac, apophyseal, and costovertebral joints. Physical findings may be minimal, and special tests may be necessary to find objective evidence of the disease. HLA-B27 histocompatibility antigen is present in 90% to 95% of patients. The feature of highest diagnostic significance is the roentgenographic finding of syndesmophytes. The natural course of the disease is characterized by spontaneous remissions and exacerbations and by possible arrest at any stage. In general, the prognosis is good for maintenance of functional ability despite the development of severe back deformities. In management, emphasis must be given to maintaining normal posture and body habitus and to encouraging the patient to cope with individual needs and problems. If basic measures, including salicylate therapy, do not control the disease, additional drug therapy must be initiated. Surgical intervention is a last resort.", "contents": "Ankylosing spondylitis. Ankylosing spondylitis occurs chiefly in young men and affects principally the sacroiliac, apophyseal, and costovertebral joints. Physical findings may be minimal, and special tests may be necessary to find objective evidence of the disease. HLA-B27 histocompatibility antigen is present in 90% to 95% of patients. The feature of highest diagnostic significance is the roentgenographic finding of syndesmophytes. The natural course of the disease is characterized by spontaneous remissions and exacerbations and by possible arrest at any stage. In general, the prognosis is good for maintenance of functional ability despite the development of severe back deformities. In management, emphasis must be given to maintaining normal posture and body habitus and to encouraging the patient to cope with individual needs and problems. If basic measures, including salicylate therapy, do not control the disease, additional drug therapy must be initiated. Surgical intervention is a last resort.", "PMID": 834677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1165", "title": "Psoriatic arthritis.", "content": "Despite having several modes of presentation, psoriatic arthritis usually can be readily distinguished from other forms of polyarthritis. Prominent features in all forms are a predilection for digital joints and occurrence of osteolysis and ankylosis. Rheumatoid factor is usually absent, and the prognosis appears to be better than that for rheumatoid arthritis. The relationship of HLA-B27 histocompatibility antigen to psoriatic arthritis is indefinite; presence of the antigen predisposes to spondylitis. For most patients, treatment directed at the psoriasis is adequate, especially if it is combined with the administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.", "contents": "Psoriatic arthritis. Despite having several modes of presentation, psoriatic arthritis usually can be readily distinguished from other forms of polyarthritis. Prominent features in all forms are a predilection for digital joints and occurrence of osteolysis and ankylosis. Rheumatoid factor is usually absent, and the prognosis appears to be better than that for rheumatoid arthritis. The relationship of HLA-B27 histocompatibility antigen to psoriatic arthritis is indefinite; presence of the antigen predisposes to spondylitis. For most patients, treatment directed at the psoriasis is adequate, especially if it is combined with the administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.", "PMID": 834678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1166", "title": "Hypertension--the fledgling of modern medical practice.", "content": "The treatment of hypertension was discovered long before the mechanisms of the disease became known. Only recently has it been appreciated that blood pressure is controlled physiologically in many ways. Hypertension has suddenly achieved celebrity status. It is now recognized as the second leading cause of death in the United States. New programs have made the public aware of it and have prompted many individuals to have their blood pressure checked. Office diagnostic measures usually suffice to determine the presence of the disease. Treatment should generally be initiated with a slow-acting diuretic or with propranolol; other drugs may be added later. Treatment is a lifelong undertaking, and engaging the patient as a partner in the venture by means of home blood pressure measurements and an educational program contributes to its success. Treatment of hypertension is the first step in the prophylaxis of atherosclerosis.", "contents": "Hypertension--the fledgling of modern medical practice. The treatment of hypertension was discovered long before the mechanisms of the disease became known. Only recently has it been appreciated that blood pressure is controlled physiologically in many ways. Hypertension has suddenly achieved celebrity status. It is now recognized as the second leading cause of death in the United States. New programs have made the public aware of it and have prompted many individuals to have their blood pressure checked. Office diagnostic measures usually suffice to determine the presence of the disease. Treatment should generally be initiated with a slow-acting diuretic or with propranolol; other drugs may be added later. Treatment is a lifelong undertaking, and engaging the patient as a partner in the venture by means of home blood pressure measurements and an educational program contributes to its success. Treatment of hypertension is the first step in the prophylaxis of atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 834679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1167", "title": "Diet and athletic performance.", "content": "There are no dietary tricks or special diets that will give athletes a competitive advantage. Appetite and satiety are sensitive regulators of food intake to meet the caloric requirements of physical conditioning, training, and athletic competition.", "contents": "Diet and athletic performance. There are no dietary tricks or special diets that will give athletes a competitive advantage. Appetite and satiety are sensitive regulators of food intake to meet the caloric requirements of physical conditioning, training, and athletic competition.", "PMID": 834682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1168", "title": "Read to weight and consider. Method of continuing education.", "content": "Physicians seeking to add to their knowledge of medicine are advised to consider reading as a means of individual continuing education. The printed word, which has been extolled for centuries, can be read and reread at any pace and often leads down mind-broadening avenues of investigation.", "contents": "Read to weight and consider. Method of continuing education. Physicians seeking to add to their knowledge of medicine are advised to consider reading as a means of individual continuing education. The printed word, which has been extolled for centuries, can be read and reread at any pace and often leads down mind-broadening avenues of investigation.", "PMID": 834683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1169", "title": "Dealing with dental injuries.", "content": "Any physician who sees patients on an emergency basis will be confronted with dental or oral injuries. Certain patients, eg, those with pulp exposure or with any apparent tooth displacement, should be referred immediately to a dentist. Patients with lesser dental injury, eg, with chipped teeth, can wait until the next day to see a dentist. Patients with dental or oral injury should be examined for jaw fractures and for lacerations inside and outside the mouth. Following emergency management, they should be instructed in proper mouth care to be used until they can see a dentist or return to that physician for follow-up examination.", "contents": "Dealing with dental injuries. Any physician who sees patients on an emergency basis will be confronted with dental or oral injuries. Certain patients, eg, those with pulp exposure or with any apparent tooth displacement, should be referred immediately to a dentist. Patients with lesser dental injury, eg, with chipped teeth, can wait until the next day to see a dentist. Patients with dental or oral injury should be examined for jaw fractures and for lacerations inside and outside the mouth. Following emergency management, they should be instructed in proper mouth care to be used until they can see a dentist or return to that physician for follow-up examination.", "PMID": 834684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1170", "title": "Therapy for essential cutaneous telangiectasia.", "content": "A method of treatment of essential cutaneous telangiectasia is described which has been used successfully in more than 150 cases. Small amounts of a weak solution of sodium chloride are injected slowly into the dilated vessels. The injections are repeated, and stronger solution used, if necessary. Before any physician attempts to treat telangiectasia by this method, he or she should observe its performanace by an experienced operator.", "contents": "Therapy for essential cutaneous telangiectasia. A method of treatment of essential cutaneous telangiectasia is described which has been used successfully in more than 150 cases. Small amounts of a weak solution of sodium chloride are injected slowly into the dilated vessels. The injections are repeated, and stronger solution used, if necessary. Before any physician attempts to treat telangiectasia by this method, he or she should observe its performanace by an experienced operator.", "PMID": 834688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1171", "title": "Surgical treatment of reflux esophagitis and stricture.", "content": "Surgical intervention is usually indicated in reflux esophagitis when medical therapy fails to control symptoms. Since most patients with peptic esophagitis also have a sliding hiatal hernia, early procedures focused on hernia repair. Weakness of the lower esophageal sphincter is now known to be the pathogenetic mechanism, and Belsey, Nissen, and Hill have developed operations to restore sphincteric function. The Hill repair is used most often because of its low incidence of side effects, but the other procedures are recommended in specific situations. Stricture, the most common complication of reflux esophagitis, presents a special problem in treatment because interference with swallowing is added to the characteristic symptoms of reflux. Because of its high long-term success rate, the combined Thal-Nissen procedure is preferred to forceful dilation plus an antireflux operation.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of reflux esophagitis and stricture. Surgical intervention is usually indicated in reflux esophagitis when medical therapy fails to control symptoms. Since most patients with peptic esophagitis also have a sliding hiatal hernia, early procedures focused on hernia repair. Weakness of the lower esophageal sphincter is now known to be the pathogenetic mechanism, and Belsey, Nissen, and Hill have developed operations to restore sphincteric function. The Hill repair is used most often because of its low incidence of side effects, but the other procedures are recommended in specific situations. Stricture, the most common complication of reflux esophagitis, presents a special problem in treatment because interference with swallowing is added to the characteristic symptoms of reflux. Because of its high long-term success rate, the combined Thal-Nissen procedure is preferred to forceful dilation plus an antireflux operation.", "PMID": 834690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1172", "title": "The shaking patient. Diagnosis and management of tremor.", "content": "Tremor can be categorized into three general types: resting, action, and intention, Each requires different therapy. Resting tremor is present when the hands are at rest; it disappears with movement. It is characteristic of Parkinson's disease and responds to treatment with L-dopa either alone or in combination with a decarboxylase inhibitor. Action tremor is maximal when the hands are outstretched to the front; it may persist during movement. It is not rare and is often misread as a sign of Parkinson's disease. Propranolol is beneficial. Intention tremor occurs with movement and is characteristic of cerebellar disease. Pharmacologic agents are not helpful. The only known effective treatment is stereotaxic surgery.", "contents": "The shaking patient. Diagnosis and management of tremor. Tremor can be categorized into three general types: resting, action, and intention, Each requires different therapy. Resting tremor is present when the hands are at rest; it disappears with movement. It is characteristic of Parkinson's disease and responds to treatment with L-dopa either alone or in combination with a decarboxylase inhibitor. Action tremor is maximal when the hands are outstretched to the front; it may persist during movement. It is not rare and is often misread as a sign of Parkinson's disease. Propranolol is beneficial. Intention tremor occurs with movement and is characteristic of cerebellar disease. Pharmacologic agents are not helpful. The only known effective treatment is stereotaxic surgery.", "PMID": 834691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1173", "title": "Cardiology. Reassessment of left bundle-branch block.", "content": "In a population of patients who seek medical attention because of possible cardiac symptoms and are found to have left bundle-branch block, the vast majority have obvious cardiac disease, usually atherosclerotic or hypertensive. The prognosis in this group is poor and is a function of the underlying heart disease and not the conduction defect per se. The situation is distinctly different in a population of asymptomatic subjects whose conduction defect is discovered during routine electrocardiographic screening. In some of these individuals the conduction defect reflects previously unrecognized cardiac disease, but the majority have no other evidence of cardiovascular abnormality and approximately two thirds continue to do well over a relatively long follow-up period. It seems reasonable to reassure such patients regarding their prognosis, while at the same time maintaining careful follow-up. In situations where there is an important need to know for certain whether an individual has underlying cardiac disease, cardiac catheterization is indicated and should include coronary arteriography and hemodynamic measurements during exercise.", "contents": "Cardiology. Reassessment of left bundle-branch block. In a population of patients who seek medical attention because of possible cardiac symptoms and are found to have left bundle-branch block, the vast majority have obvious cardiac disease, usually atherosclerotic or hypertensive. The prognosis in this group is poor and is a function of the underlying heart disease and not the conduction defect per se. The situation is distinctly different in a population of asymptomatic subjects whose conduction defect is discovered during routine electrocardiographic screening. In some of these individuals the conduction defect reflects previously unrecognized cardiac disease, but the majority have no other evidence of cardiovascular abnormality and approximately two thirds continue to do well over a relatively long follow-up period. It seems reasonable to reassure such patients regarding their prognosis, while at the same time maintaining careful follow-up. In situations where there is an important need to know for certain whether an individual has underlying cardiac disease, cardiac catheterization is indicated and should include coronary arteriography and hemodynamic measurements during exercise.", "PMID": 834693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1174", "title": "Pneumonia in children.", "content": "Pneumonia in children tests the clinician's diagnostic and therapeutic acumen. Bacterial infection can occur at any age, while aspiration pneumonia is most common in the newborn, viral pneumonia is most prevalent in infants and preschoolers, and mycoplasmal pneumonia is most often encountered in school-aged children and young adults. Careful follow-up of outpatients will indicate whether the choice of therapy is adequate and should detect progressive disease requiring more specific diagnostic and therapeutic measures.", "contents": "Pneumonia in children. Pneumonia in children tests the clinician's diagnostic and therapeutic acumen. Bacterial infection can occur at any age, while aspiration pneumonia is most common in the newborn, viral pneumonia is most prevalent in infants and preschoolers, and mycoplasmal pneumonia is most often encountered in school-aged children and young adults. Careful follow-up of outpatients will indicate whether the choice of therapy is adequate and should detect progressive disease requiring more specific diagnostic and therapeutic measures.", "PMID": 834694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1175", "title": "Oral complications of cancer radiotherapy.", "content": "Injury to surrounding tissues during radiotherapy for oral cancer can have devastating physical and psychologic consequences for the patient. Oral complications include xerostomia, dental decay, mucositis, taste loss, osteoradionecrosis, infection, and trismus. In many instances, these problems can be eradicated or controlled with appropriate treatment.", "contents": "Oral complications of cancer radiotherapy. Injury to surrounding tissues during radiotherapy for oral cancer can have devastating physical and psychologic consequences for the patient. Oral complications include xerostomia, dental decay, mucositis, taste loss, osteoradionecrosis, infection, and trismus. In many instances, these problems can be eradicated or controlled with appropriate treatment.", "PMID": 834698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1176", "title": "Abdominal aortic aneurysm. Recognition and management.", "content": "Elective resection and prosthetic graft replacement of asymptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysms 5 cm or more in diameter are dependable measures to counter the formidable threat of rupture. Operative mortality should be less than 5% among patients without severe associated disease. Those patients who have large aneurysms but who represent marginal risks for major vascular repair may be guided through such an operation with reasonable safety by meticulous preoperative and postoperative care. Particular attention should be devoted to assessment and support of pulmonary and renal function and to detection of associated arteriosclerosis of the coronary and carotid arteries.", "contents": "Abdominal aortic aneurysm. Recognition and management. Elective resection and prosthetic graft replacement of asymptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysms 5 cm or more in diameter are dependable measures to counter the formidable threat of rupture. Operative mortality should be less than 5% among patients without severe associated disease. Those patients who have large aneurysms but who represent marginal risks for major vascular repair may be guided through such an operation with reasonable safety by meticulous preoperative and postoperative care. Particular attention should be devoted to assessment and support of pulmonary and renal function and to detection of associated arteriosclerosis of the coronary and carotid arteries.", "PMID": 834700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1177", "title": "Fibreoptic bronchoscopy. Part I: TECHNIQUE AND APPRAISAL.", "content": "Fibreoptic bronchoscopy is a simple, useful examination suitable for the investigation of outpatients without general anaesthesia. It considerably extends the range of vision and diagnostic ability that is achieved with a rigid bronchoscope. Further, it lends itself to the diagnosis and management of many medical lung diseases in addition to carcinoma. The applications of fibreoptic bronchoscopy will be discussed in more detail in Part II.", "contents": "Fibreoptic bronchoscopy. Part I: TECHNIQUE AND APPRAISAL. Fibreoptic bronchoscopy is a simple, useful examination suitable for the investigation of outpatients without general anaesthesia. It considerably extends the range of vision and diagnostic ability that is achieved with a rigid bronchoscope. Further, it lends itself to the diagnosis and management of many medical lung diseases in addition to carcinoma. The applications of fibreoptic bronchoscopy will be discussed in more detail in Part II.", "PMID": 834703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1178", "title": "Urinary glucose testing by diabetic patients.", "content": "One hundred diabetic patients were watched while testing urine with \"Clinitest\" tablets. Only 20 made no mistakes. The main errors were in the use of the dropper and timing. We consider that more time should be spent on the initial instruction of patients.", "contents": "Urinary glucose testing by diabetic patients. One hundred diabetic patients were watched while testing urine with \"Clinitest\" tablets. Only 20 made no mistakes. The main errors were in the use of the dropper and timing. We consider that more time should be spent on the initial instruction of patients.", "PMID": 834704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1179", "title": "Chest physical therapy: a survey and a challenge.", "content": "Physical therapists have been criticized for ignoring patients with acute or chronic chest diseases, or chest surgery, at a time when increasing numbers of patients having chest diseases are challenging the health professions. A questionnaire survey of 63 physical therapy schools was made to explore this problem. Results of the survey showed that a majority of schools did not offer a course in chest physical therapy. A number failed to teach the treatment of each chest disease or allowed too little time for adequate preparation of the student. Suggestions are offered for more adequate preparation of the student. Suggestions are offered for more adequate treatment of these patients and greater involvement of the physical therapist on the chest team.", "contents": "Chest physical therapy: a survey and a challenge. Physical therapists have been criticized for ignoring patients with acute or chronic chest diseases, or chest surgery, at a time when increasing numbers of patients having chest diseases are challenging the health professions. A questionnaire survey of 63 physical therapy schools was made to explore this problem. Results of the survey showed that a majority of schools did not offer a course in chest physical therapy. A number failed to teach the treatment of each chest disease or allowed too little time for adequate preparation of the student. Suggestions are offered for more adequate preparation of the student. Suggestions are offered for more adequate treatment of these patients and greater involvement of the physical therapist on the chest team.", "PMID": 834770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1180", "title": "Positioning for knee strengthening exercises.", "content": "Fifty normal subjects (20 men, 30 women) were tested for maximal isometric contraction of the right knee extensor muscles while their hips were at angles of 100, 110, 120, and 130 degrees to the horizontal. The tested knee was positioned in 60 degrees of flexion. Knee-extensor force attained with the hip at 110, 120, and 130 degrees differed significantly greater than the knee force attained with the hip at 100 degrees. No significant difference in knee-extensor force was found when the hip angles varied between 110, 120, and 130 degrees. The findings were similar for both men and women. The results indicate a need for changes in the design of exercise units. Exercise units should provide for back stabilization with the hip positioned at varying angles and should be narrow enough to permit short subjects to grasp the sides of the unit.", "contents": "Positioning for knee strengthening exercises. Fifty normal subjects (20 men, 30 women) were tested for maximal isometric contraction of the right knee extensor muscles while their hips were at angles of 100, 110, 120, and 130 degrees to the horizontal. The tested knee was positioned in 60 degrees of flexion. Knee-extensor force attained with the hip at 110, 120, and 130 degrees differed significantly greater than the knee force attained with the hip at 100 degrees. No significant difference in knee-extensor force was found when the hip angles varied between 110, 120, and 130 degrees. The findings were similar for both men and women. The results indicate a need for changes in the design of exercise units. Exercise units should provide for back stabilization with the hip positioned at varying angles and should be narrow enough to permit short subjects to grasp the sides of the unit.", "PMID": 834771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1181", "title": "Attitudes of physical therapists toward cancer: a pilot study.", "content": "Two instruments developed to measure attitudes of physical therapists toward cancer patients are described: the Attitude Toward Cancer Scale which provides an overall index of a person's attitude toward cancer patients, and the Story Completion Form for Cancer Care which measures more distinct and subtle attitudes. Results of a pilot study using both instruments suggest that students have strong emotional reactions to cancer and demonstrate needs for information and guidance in the treatment of cancer patients.", "contents": "Attitudes of physical therapists toward cancer: a pilot study. Two instruments developed to measure attitudes of physical therapists toward cancer patients are described: the Attitude Toward Cancer Scale which provides an overall index of a person's attitude toward cancer patients, and the Story Completion Form for Cancer Care which measures more distinct and subtle attitudes. Results of a pilot study using both instruments suggest that students have strong emotional reactions to cancer and demonstrate needs for information and guidance in the treatment of cancer patients.", "PMID": 834772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1182", "title": "Diabetic peripheral neuropathy: review of literature and case study.", "content": "Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is a secondary manifestation of diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this review of literature and case study is to increase the clinical physical therapist's understanding of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.", "contents": "Diabetic peripheral neuropathy: review of literature and case study. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is a secondary manifestation of diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this review of literature and case study is to increase the clinical physical therapist's understanding of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.", "PMID": 834773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1183", "title": "Anion selectivity in biological systems.", "content": "As background for appreciating the still-unsolved problems of monovalent anion selectivity, we summarize the facts and intepretations that seem reasonably well established. In section II we saw that specific effects of monovalent anions on biological and physical systems define qualitative patterns, in that only certain sequences of anion effects are observed. For example, the 4 halides can be permitted on paper as 4! = 24 sequences, yet only 5 of these sequences have been observed in nature as potency sequences. In addition, there are quantitative regularities in anion potency that permit the construction of so-called empirical selectivity isotherms (Figs. 4 and 13). That is, a given potency sequence is found to be associated with only a certain modest range of selectivity ratios. The sequences and isotherms apply to effects with a nonequilibrium component (e.g., permeability and conductance sequences) as well as to purely equilibrium effects. Since students of cation selectivity have had difficulty accepting this conclusion, we discuss the reasons why it is not as paradoxical as it at first seems. In sections III and IV we develop four theoretical models to account for the observed anion potency sequences as sequences of equilibrium binding energies. Two of these models involve calculation of electrostatic binding energies between anions and monopolar or dipolar cationic sites, assuming anions as well as sites to be rigid and nonpolarizable. The other two models use thermochemically measured binding energies between anions and thealkali cations or occasionally alkaline-earth cations, which in fact approximate rigid, nonpolarizable spheres. All four models consider the anion selectivity pattern of a given cationic site to be determined by anion differences in the balance between hydration energies and ion-site binding energies. Site differences in anion selectivity pattern are attributed to site differences in radius, charge, coordination number, or dipole length. These models succeed in predicting all five observed selectivity sequences of the halides. The models predict in addition the possible existence of two further halide sequences that arise from very strong sites and that have not yet been observed in nature. For polyatomic anions the predictions agree approximately but not completely with observations. Thyroidlike systems, which greatly prefer iodide over other halides,re interpreted as having the weakest sites. Site hydration is predicted to affect the magnitude but not the sequence of potency ratios. For the thyroidlike systems, observed potency ratios are smaller than would be expected if anions were completely dehydrated at biological sites.", "contents": "Anion selectivity in biological systems. As background for appreciating the still-unsolved problems of monovalent anion selectivity, we summarize the facts and intepretations that seem reasonably well established. In section II we saw that specific effects of monovalent anions on biological and physical systems define qualitative patterns, in that only certain sequences of anion effects are observed. For example, the 4 halides can be permitted on paper as 4! = 24 sequences, yet only 5 of these sequences have been observed in nature as potency sequences. In addition, there are quantitative regularities in anion potency that permit the construction of so-called empirical selectivity isotherms (Figs. 4 and 13). That is, a given potency sequence is found to be associated with only a certain modest range of selectivity ratios. The sequences and isotherms apply to effects with a nonequilibrium component (e.g., permeability and conductance sequences) as well as to purely equilibrium effects. Since students of cation selectivity have had difficulty accepting this conclusion, we discuss the reasons why it is not as paradoxical as it at first seems. In sections III and IV we develop four theoretical models to account for the observed anion potency sequences as sequences of equilibrium binding energies. Two of these models involve calculation of electrostatic binding energies between anions and monopolar or dipolar cationic sites, assuming anions as well as sites to be rigid and nonpolarizable. The other two models use thermochemically measured binding energies between anions and thealkali cations or occasionally alkaline-earth cations, which in fact approximate rigid, nonpolarizable spheres. All four models consider the anion selectivity pattern of a given cationic site to be determined by anion differences in the balance between hydration energies and ion-site binding energies. Site differences in anion selectivity pattern are attributed to site differences in radius, charge, coordination number, or dipole length. These models succeed in predicting all five observed selectivity sequences of the halides. The models predict in addition the possible existence of two further halide sequences that arise from very strong sites and that have not yet been observed in nature. For polyatomic anions the predictions agree approximately but not completely with observations. Thyroidlike systems, which greatly prefer iodide over other halides,re interpreted as having the weakest sites. Site hydration is predicted to affect the magnitude but not the sequence of potency ratios. For the thyroidlike systems, observed potency ratios are smaller than would be expected if anions were completely dehydrated at biological sites.", "PMID": 834775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1184", "title": "Subcutaneous mastectomy in the large ptotic breast.", "content": "A procedure is described for doing a subcutaneous mastectomy on large ptotic breasts. The method employs a reduction of the skin brassiere, free transplantation of the areola-nipple, and a double layer closure technique.", "contents": "Subcutaneous mastectomy in the large ptotic breast. A procedure is described for doing a subcutaneous mastectomy on large ptotic breasts. The method employs a reduction of the skin brassiere, free transplantation of the areola-nipple, and a double layer closure technique.", "PMID": 834777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1185", "title": "Clinical treatment of partial tendon lacerations without suturing and with early motion.", "content": "Partial lacerations of flexor tendons in chickens come out the strongest and glide best if they are not sutured and not immobilized. We treated 17 patients with 20 partial flexor tendon lacerations by not suturing the tendon and by early mobilization of the digit. These partial tendon lacerations varied from 25 to 95 percent of the cross-sectional area. Sixteen  of obtained excellent function of the digit, and one obtained good to excellent function. This technique should be used only in cooperative patients.", "contents": "Clinical treatment of partial tendon lacerations without suturing and with early motion. Partial lacerations of flexor tendons in chickens come out the strongest and glide best if they are not sutured and not immobilized. We treated 17 patients with 20 partial flexor tendon lacerations by not suturing the tendon and by early mobilization of the digit. These partial tendon lacerations varied from 25 to 95 percent of the cross-sectional area. Sixteen  of obtained excellent function of the digit, and one obtained good to excellent function. This technique should be used only in cooperative patients.", "PMID": 834778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1186", "title": "Deltopectoral flap with a segmental dermal pedicle in head and neck reconstruction.", "content": "Eight cases of extensive oromandibular resections have been reconstructed by the use of deltopectoral shoulder flaps with a segment denuded for deep placement. The operative technique is described, and the various uses of this flap are outlined. This technique has allowed us to extend the versatility of the deltopectoral flap, and to avoid the occurrence of the often annoying and occasionally dangerous orocutaneous fistula.", "contents": "Deltopectoral flap with a segmental dermal pedicle in head and neck reconstruction. Eight cases of extensive oromandibular resections have been reconstructed by the use of deltopectoral shoulder flaps with a segment denuded for deep placement. The operative technique is described, and the various uses of this flap are outlined. This technique has allowed us to extend the versatility of the deltopectoral flap, and to avoid the occurrence of the often annoying and occasionally dangerous orocutaneous fistula.", "PMID": 834779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1187", "title": "Ring avulsion injury.", "content": "Dependent upon the age, the occupation, and the requisites of an individual patient, the less important ulnar fingers may be of great value; in these the philosophy of discriminate preservation should be  given considerable weight in the choice of treatment. Revascularization of fingers injured by a ring avulsion, and restoration of tactile gnosis with esthetic coverage make salvage of the valued ulnar fingers feasible. Three illustrative cases are described.", "contents": "Ring avulsion injury. Dependent upon the age, the occupation, and the requisites of an individual patient, the less important ulnar fingers may be of great value; in these the philosophy of discriminate preservation should be  given considerable weight in the choice of treatment. Revascularization of fingers injured by a ring avulsion, and restoration of tactile gnosis with esthetic coverage make salvage of the valued ulnar fingers feasible. Three illustrative cases are described.", "PMID": 834780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1188", "title": "Calcification of the fibrous capsule about mammary implants.", "content": "The possibility of fibrous capsule calcification should be kept in mind when evaluating mammograms in patients who have had an augmentation mammaplasty. One of our 4 cases was examined radiologically and the calcifications were not characteristic of those associated with malignancy, but the appearance might be different in the next case. The etiology is undetermined.", "contents": "Calcification of the fibrous capsule about mammary implants. The possibility of fibrous capsule calcification should be kept in mind when evaluating mammograms in patients who have had an augmentation mammaplasty. One of our 4 cases was examined radiologically and the calcifications were not characteristic of those associated with malignancy, but the appearance might be different in the next case. The etiology is undetermined.", "PMID": 834781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1189", "title": "Pentazocine ulcers.", "content": "Four cases of skin ulceration in pentazocine addicts are presented. Appearing in broad areas of a peculiar wood induration and often massive in size, these ulcers can be clinically distinguished from comparable skin manifestations in other types of drug abuse. The histological finding of an obliterative vasculitis of the small vessels helps to explain the non-healing nature of these lesions. It also offers a rationale for the surgical therapy of wide excision, prior to skin grafting.", "contents": "Pentazocine ulcers. Four cases of skin ulceration in pentazocine addicts are presented. Appearing in broad areas of a peculiar wood induration and often massive in size, these ulcers can be clinically distinguished from comparable skin manifestations in other types of drug abuse. The histological finding of an obliterative vasculitis of the small vessels helps to explain the non-healing nature of these lesions. It also offers a rationale for the surgical therapy of wide excision, prior to skin grafting.", "PMID": 834782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1190", "title": "The lymphatics in experimental flaps.", "content": "The lymphatics dilate greatly after a  flap delay procedure. After they return to normal in two weeks, they do not undergo further dilatation after a second delay; this suggests that alternate pathways are opened, possibly lymphaticovenous communications, for the egress of lymph. When hexamethonium is given before a primary delay, the delay is not followed by lymphatic dilatation in, or gross edema of,the flap.", "contents": "The lymphatics in experimental flaps. The lymphatics dilate greatly after a  flap delay procedure. After they return to normal in two weeks, they do not undergo further dilatation after a second delay; this suggests that alternate pathways are opened, possibly lymphaticovenous communications, for the egress of lymph. When hexamethonium is given before a primary delay, the delay is not followed by lymphatic dilatation in, or gross edema of,the flap.", "PMID": 834783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1191", "title": "Spider bite on an augmented breast.", "content": "A patient who had had an augmentation mammaplasty two years previously sustained a spider bite on one breast. The treatment and the course of the recovery are described, and the latter is illustrated.", "contents": "Spider bite on an augmented breast. A patient who had had an augmentation mammaplasty two years previously sustained a spider bite on one breast. The treatment and the course of the recovery are described, and the latter is illustrated.", "PMID": 834786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1192", "title": "Research variables in psychology and the logic of their creation.", "content": "In their book The Language of Psychology, Mandler and Kessen (1964) have concluded that research psychologists should limit themselves to studying variables that are defined in \"response invariant\" terms. The present author agrees with this general conclusion. The first part of this article will be a review of Mandler and Kessen's concept of \"response invariance\" and a probe of the reasoning that suggests such a conclusion. This analysis will prepare the way for outlining three kinds of methodological problems in psychology and corresponding solutions for each. This methodological analysis will be used also to relate two traditions in psychological research: the objective operational tradition that has been concerned, primarily, with the rigor of psychological research, and the phenomenological tradition that has been concerned with elucidating subtle, psychological profundities that are mysteriously entangled in human values and perspective, delicate dimensions of human experience that do not yield easily to rigorous and effective research designs.", "contents": "Research variables in psychology and the logic of their creation. In their book The Language of Psychology, Mandler and Kessen (1964) have concluded that research psychologists should limit themselves to studying variables that are defined in \"response invariant\" terms. The present author agrees with this general conclusion. The first part of this article will be a review of Mandler and Kessen's concept of \"response invariance\" and a probe of the reasoning that suggests such a conclusion. This analysis will prepare the way for outlining three kinds of methodological problems in psychology and corresponding solutions for each. This methodological analysis will be used also to relate two traditions in psychological research: the objective operational tradition that has been concerned, primarily, with the rigor of psychological research, and the phenomenological tradition that has been concerned with elucidating subtle, psychological profundities that are mysteriously entangled in human values and perspective, delicate dimensions of human experience that do not yield easily to rigorous and effective research designs.", "PMID": 834789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1193", "title": "Psychotherapy and the new psychiatry.", "content": "It seems appropriate from time to time to pause and reflect on our field of psychiatry. Particularly during a period of rapid growth it is incumbent upon us to draw up some sort of a map that will permit us to maintain a conceptual scheme holding together all facets of our perpetually evolving specialty. While we do construct an evolving body of fact and theory derived from a data base, psychiatry, like other medical specialties, is not a science in and of itself but a congeries of sciences and methodologies within the physician's role. We bring together scientists as well as sciences. Sometimes they speak the same language; many times they are incomprehensible to one another. It is my belief that academic psychiatrists have the particular task of achieving whatever integration of science and practice is possible and teaching it, and this is being done well in many teaching centers.", "contents": "Psychotherapy and the new psychiatry. It seems appropriate from time to time to pause and reflect on our field of psychiatry. Particularly during a period of rapid growth it is incumbent upon us to draw up some sort of a map that will permit us to maintain a conceptual scheme holding together all facets of our perpetually evolving specialty. While we do construct an evolving body of fact and theory derived from a data base, psychiatry, like other medical specialties, is not a science in and of itself but a congeries of sciences and methodologies within the physician's role. We bring together scientists as well as sciences. Sometimes they speak the same language; many times they are incomprehensible to one another. It is my belief that academic psychiatrists have the particular task of achieving whatever integration of science and practice is possible and teaching it, and this is being done well in many teaching centers.", "PMID": 834790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1194", "title": "The influences of race on the psychotherapeutic relationship.", "content": "The influences on the therapeutic relationship of racial differences between client and therapist are receiving renewed attention in the psychological literature. The subject has been examined in several reviews (Banks, 1971; Gardner, 1971; Sattler, 1970) and a growing number of research studies in the past few years. The reviews reveal that most of this literature consists of anecdotal accounts, uncontrolled observations, limited research findings, and a rather one-sided emphasis upon the white therapist-black client relationship, to the neglect of other racial combinations. This review will examine the psychotherapeutic relationship under varying racial matches of white and black clients and therapists. It seeks to sharpen the sensibilities of therapists to some of the racial factors contributing to premature termination of treatment.", "contents": "The influences of race on the psychotherapeutic relationship. The influences on the therapeutic relationship of racial differences between client and therapist are receiving renewed attention in the psychological literature. The subject has been examined in several reviews (Banks, 1971; Gardner, 1971; Sattler, 1970) and a growing number of research studies in the past few years. The reviews reveal that most of this literature consists of anecdotal accounts, uncontrolled observations, limited research findings, and a rather one-sided emphasis upon the white therapist-black client relationship, to the neglect of other racial combinations. This review will examine the psychotherapeutic relationship under varying racial matches of white and black clients and therapists. It seeks to sharpen the sensibilities of therapists to some of the racial factors contributing to premature termination of treatment.", "PMID": 834791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1195", "title": "The dying role: its relevance to improved patient care.", "content": "Society is failing to meet the obligation it has to its dying members. Persons with terminal illnesses suffer isolation and neglect in hospitals, receive overzealous treatment by physicians, and are kept in ignorance of their situation by families and medical personnel. Evidence for these statements has come from observers of the medical care system and from dying patients themselves (K\u00fcbler-Ross, 1969; Reynolds and Kalish, 1974; Sudnow, 1967); In the nineteenth century it was common for persons to die in the familiar environs of their homes, surrounded by grieving families from whom they parted in a meaningful manner (Blauner, 1966). Dying persons of today no longer fill a well-defined social role. Instead, the distinction between the roles of sick and dying persons has been lost and, in the resulting confusion, the care of dying people has suffered. The purpose of this article is to clarify the distinction between the dying and sick roles, identify the signs of existing role confusion, suggest ways in which this confusion may be corrected, and show how reestablishment of the dying role can result in improved care of dying people. The important part physicians play in defining sick and dying roles will be emphasized.", "contents": "The dying role: its relevance to improved patient care. Society is failing to meet the obligation it has to its dying members. Persons with terminal illnesses suffer isolation and neglect in hospitals, receive overzealous treatment by physicians, and are kept in ignorance of their situation by families and medical personnel. Evidence for these statements has come from observers of the medical care system and from dying patients themselves (K\u00fcbler-Ross, 1969; Reynolds and Kalish, 1974; Sudnow, 1967); In the nineteenth century it was common for persons to die in the familiar environs of their homes, surrounded by grieving families from whom they parted in a meaningful manner (Blauner, 1966). Dying persons of today no longer fill a well-defined social role. Instead, the distinction between the roles of sick and dying persons has been lost and, in the resulting confusion, the care of dying people has suffered. The purpose of this article is to clarify the distinction between the dying and sick roles, identify the signs of existing role confusion, suggest ways in which this confusion may be corrected, and show how reestablishment of the dying role can result in improved care of dying people. The important part physicians play in defining sick and dying roles will be emphasized.", "PMID": 834792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1196", "title": "Children's understanding of their emotionally disturbed peers. II. Etiological factors.", "content": "In a previous study, we (Marsden and Kalter, 1976) found that fourth- and sixth-grade children not only made distinctions between normal and emotionally disturbed behavior, but also were able to discriminate degrees of childhood psychopathology in a manner strikingly congruent with clinician-judges. Having assessed children's perceptions of emotional disturbance, we turned our attention to how the children might account for the development of such childhood disorders. We are aware of no previous study which has examined children's views of the etiology of emotionally disturbed behavior of their peers. Such information could shed further light on children's understanding of childhood psychopathology and might implicitly indicate what children believe are the necessary ingredients for healthy emotional development. This knowledge would be useful to mental health professionals, teachers, and parents seeking both to understand the emotionally disturbed child's place in his peer group and to convey an understanding of emotional illness to normal children.", "contents": "Children's understanding of their emotionally disturbed peers. II. Etiological factors. In a previous study, we (Marsden and Kalter, 1976) found that fourth- and sixth-grade children not only made distinctions between normal and emotionally disturbed behavior, but also were able to discriminate degrees of childhood psychopathology in a manner strikingly congruent with clinician-judges. Having assessed children's perceptions of emotional disturbance, we turned our attention to how the children might account for the development of such childhood disorders. We are aware of no previous study which has examined children's views of the etiology of emotionally disturbed behavior of their peers. Such information could shed further light on children's understanding of childhood psychopathology and might implicitly indicate what children believe are the necessary ingredients for healthy emotional development. This knowledge would be useful to mental health professionals, teachers, and parents seeking both to understand the emotionally disturbed child's place in his peer group and to convey an understanding of emotional illness to normal children.", "PMID": 834793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1197", "title": "Sealing-over in a therapeutic community.", "content": "Integrating and sealing-over are terms that are frequently used to describe a patient's general style of coping with stress, especially the stress of an acute psychotic break. Work to date (McGlashan et al., 1975, 1976, in press; Levy et al., 1975) has defined these terms both clinically and dynamically within the context of a patient's relationship to his own psychosis. Integration and sealing-over as concepts have also proved useful in understanding and describing interpersonal and group behavior on an inpatient psychiatric unit. A patient's ultimate style of recovery from an acute psychotic episode results from many forces-internal and environmental. The tendency to either review and assimilate (integrate) or deny and repudiate (seal-over) the often painful affects and ideas prominent during psychosis mobilizes various forces within the patient's social environment. The way in which the therapeutic milieu and patient interact with one another reflects and, in part, determines the manner and degree to which each party comes to master the patient's psychotic experience. This report explores this interaction as observed in an inpatient therapeutic community established to treat acutely schizophrenic patients.", "contents": "Sealing-over in a therapeutic community. Integrating and sealing-over are terms that are frequently used to describe a patient's general style of coping with stress, especially the stress of an acute psychotic break. Work to date (McGlashan et al., 1975, 1976, in press; Levy et al., 1975) has defined these terms both clinically and dynamically within the context of a patient's relationship to his own psychosis. Integration and sealing-over as concepts have also proved useful in understanding and describing interpersonal and group behavior on an inpatient psychiatric unit. A patient's ultimate style of recovery from an acute psychotic episode results from many forces-internal and environmental. The tendency to either review and assimilate (integrate) or deny and repudiate (seal-over) the often painful affects and ideas prominent during psychosis mobilizes various forces within the patient's social environment. The way in which the therapeutic milieu and patient interact with one another reflects and, in part, determines the manner and degree to which each party comes to master the patient's psychotic experience. This report explores this interaction as observed in an inpatient therapeutic community established to treat acutely schizophrenic patients.", "PMID": 834794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1198", "title": "The mental health center and the women's liberation group: an intergroup encounter.", "content": "When two separate and independent organizations must work together to accomplish a mutual task, difficulties often arise which remain poorly understood. The analysis of intergroup phenomena involves an exploration of interaction within and between groups; such relationships include problems arising from differences in tasks, structure, and culture of the two groups, definition of the intergroup task, choice of group representatives, and the possibilities and problems of dual group membership for the negotiators. While the literatures on group process and organization development contain some work on intergroup phenomena (e.g., Aldrich, 1971; Baker and O'Brien, 1971; Klein et al., 1971; Mills, 1975; Walton, 1972), much conceptual work remains to be done. We will focus upon one type of intergroup relationship--that between a traditional human service organization and a social movement group--in which dual membership is a particular problem, and in which conflict may be neutralized by the form of the negotiations. A case example of an interaction between a mental health center and a women's liberation group will provide one example of such negotiations. The analysis is presented within the framework of the open system model of Miller and Rice (1967) and Rice's general model of intergroup relations (1965, 1969).", "contents": "The mental health center and the women's liberation group: an intergroup encounter. When two separate and independent organizations must work together to accomplish a mutual task, difficulties often arise which remain poorly understood. The analysis of intergroup phenomena involves an exploration of interaction within and between groups; such relationships include problems arising from differences in tasks, structure, and culture of the two groups, definition of the intergroup task, choice of group representatives, and the possibilities and problems of dual group membership for the negotiators. While the literatures on group process and organization development contain some work on intergroup phenomena (e.g., Aldrich, 1971; Baker and O'Brien, 1971; Klein et al., 1971; Mills, 1975; Walton, 1972), much conceptual work remains to be done. We will focus upon one type of intergroup relationship--that between a traditional human service organization and a social movement group--in which dual membership is a particular problem, and in which conflict may be neutralized by the form of the negotiations. A case example of an interaction between a mental health center and a women's liberation group will provide one example of such negotiations. The analysis is presented within the framework of the open system model of Miller and Rice (1967) and Rice's general model of intergroup relations (1965, 1969).", "PMID": 834795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1199", "title": "Linking young and old institutionalized people.", "content": "A proprietary nursing home for the elderly in the State of North Carolina succeeded in pairing itself for joint activities of residents with an institution for the young mentally retarded. The young and old residents of the two homes were thus enabled to help each other, and thereby to help themselves as well. For the nursing home residents, this program provided an opportunity to engage in respected volunteer work and to regain a meaningful role in the community. It is believed that indications drawn from this demonstration of interaction between a nursing home and a home for the mentally retarded can aid in farther planning of such arrangements and in identifying research needs and potentials. Although only relatively few of the mildly impaired elderly in the nursing home volunteered for the joint activity, the ripple effect of the project extended beyond the direct participants. Since residents of the two institutions alternated visits, nonparticipants had a chance to observe and even participate in the activities for short periods. Even those who chose not to participate at all shared in the enriched conversation that resulted from this experience. The project was obviously a source of satisfaction and pride to residents of the nursing home, and the activity was eagerly received by the mentally retarded youngsters. The program demonstrates that aged persons in nursing homes can be tapped as a resource for providing service to institutionalized mentally retarded children and that a mutually beneficial relationship between the two institutions can accompany such service. Many leads for worthwhile research emerge from this pilot project.", "contents": "Linking young and old institutionalized people. A proprietary nursing home for the elderly in the State of North Carolina succeeded in pairing itself for joint activities of residents with an institution for the young mentally retarded. The young and old residents of the two homes were thus enabled to help each other, and thereby to help themselves as well. For the nursing home residents, this program provided an opportunity to engage in respected volunteer work and to regain a meaningful role in the community. It is believed that indications drawn from this demonstration of interaction between a nursing home and a home for the mentally retarded can aid in farther planning of such arrangements and in identifying research needs and potentials. Although only relatively few of the mildly impaired elderly in the nursing home volunteered for the joint activity, the ripple effect of the project extended beyond the direct participants. Since residents of the two institutions alternated visits, nonparticipants had a chance to observe and even participate in the activities for short periods. Even those who chose not to participate at all shared in the enriched conversation that resulted from this experience. The project was obviously a source of satisfaction and pride to residents of the nursing home, and the activity was eagerly received by the mentally retarded youngsters. The program demonstrates that aged persons in nursing homes can be tapped as a resource for providing service to institutionalized mentally retarded children and that a mutually beneficial relationship between the two institutions can accompany such service. Many leads for worthwhile research emerge from this pilot project.", "PMID": 834844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1200", "title": "Relationship of wives' preventive health orientation to their beliefs about heart disease in husbands.", "content": "Selected by area probability sampling, 199 wives residing in the city and county of Lebanon, Pennsylvania, were interviewed about their attitudes, opinions, beliefs, and behavior in respect to the role that wives can play in helping to prevent heart disease in husbands. After the \"Don't know\" respondents were eliminated, the remaining respondents were categorized into a continuum of low, medium, and high levels of preventive health orientation, according to how much of a role they believed wives could play in the prevention of heart disease in husbands. The orientations were then cross-tabulated with several variables in a health belief model (initially formulated by G. M. Hochbaum and associates and discussed in a monograph edited by M. H. Becker) and also with several sociodemographic variables. A substantial majority of the 187 wives expressed beliefs that wives could play some or very much of a role in preventing heart disease in husbands, that treatment for heart disease was effective, and that the disease was preventable. The majority indicated that they had not worried about their husbands getting heart disease. Magazines and television had been their main sources of information about the condition. Emphasis was placed on the wives who ranked low on the preventive health orientation continuum, since it is people like these who are of most concern to health educators and health care providers. Compared with the medium-ranked and high-ranked respondents, fewer of the low-ranked group (a) had ever suggested any health-related behavior to their husbands, (b) felt that their husbands were very susceptible to heart disease, or (c) believed that treatment was very effective. The majority of wives in the low group nevertheless considered heart disease to be a serious condition that would reduce a person's chances of living a normal life. With chi-square as a measure of statistical significance and Cramer's V as a measure of the strength of relationships, statistically significant support was found for the relationships between the wives' preventive health orientation and their perceptions of (a) the seriousness of heart disease, (b) their husband's susceptibility to it, (c) the effectiveness of treatment, and (d) the disease's preventability (all variables in the health belief model), as well as between the orientation and place of residence, years of education, and both the respondent's and husband's age. The relationships, however, were not very strong.", "contents": "Relationship of wives' preventive health orientation to their beliefs about heart disease in husbands. Selected by area probability sampling, 199 wives residing in the city and county of Lebanon, Pennsylvania, were interviewed about their attitudes, opinions, beliefs, and behavior in respect to the role that wives can play in helping to prevent heart disease in husbands. After the \"Don't know\" respondents were eliminated, the remaining respondents were categorized into a continuum of low, medium, and high levels of preventive health orientation, according to how much of a role they believed wives could play in the prevention of heart disease in husbands. The orientations were then cross-tabulated with several variables in a health belief model (initially formulated by G. M. Hochbaum and associates and discussed in a monograph edited by M. H. Becker) and also with several sociodemographic variables. A substantial majority of the 187 wives expressed beliefs that wives could play some or very much of a role in preventing heart disease in husbands, that treatment for heart disease was effective, and that the disease was preventable. The majority indicated that they had not worried about their husbands getting heart disease. Magazines and television had been their main sources of information about the condition. Emphasis was placed on the wives who ranked low on the preventive health orientation continuum, since it is people like these who are of most concern to health educators and health care providers. Compared with the medium-ranked and high-ranked respondents, fewer of the low-ranked group (a) had ever suggested any health-related behavior to their husbands, (b) felt that their husbands were very susceptible to heart disease, or (c) believed that treatment was very effective. The majority of wives in the low group nevertheless considered heart disease to be a serious condition that would reduce a person's chances of living a normal life. With chi-square as a measure of statistical significance and Cramer's V as a measure of the strength of relationships, statistically significant support was found for the relationships between the wives' preventive health orientation and their perceptions of (a) the seriousness of heart disease, (b) their husband's susceptibility to it, (c) the effectiveness of treatment, and (d) the disease's preventability (all variables in the health belief model), as well as between the orientation and place of residence, years of education, and both the respondent's and husband's age. The relationships, however, were not very strong.", "PMID": 834845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1201", "title": "Evaluation of a televised stop-smoking clinic.", "content": "A stop-smoking clinic was designed to fit into the format of a local television news program in New York City. A step-by-step quitting plan consisting of twenty 30- to 90-second segments was broadcast each weekday evening for 4 weeks in August 1975. Almost 4,800 smokers \"registered\" for the clinic by postcard, and a sample of 310 was followed up at the end of the clinic and 1 month later. The majority of the respondents were women. The average age was 47 for men and 49 for women. They had been smoking for more than 30 years, and when they registered for the clinic, they were averaging more than 30 cigarettes a day. Almost half had never been off cigarettes for as long as 24 hours. In general, the respondents were similar to the hardcore smokers that usually attend smoking clinics. Almost 10 percent reported that they had stopped smoking by the end of the broadcasts. The rate of quitting among men was twice that among women. A major factor differentiating those who quit from those who did not was the number of programs they had seen. The lower rate of quitting among women was due mostly to the women smokers over age 50 in the sample. The study indicated that use of the mass media may be an effective way to reach the large number of smokers who would not attend organized clinics but who may be able to stop smoking on their own with minimal support and guidance.", "contents": "Evaluation of a televised stop-smoking clinic. A stop-smoking clinic was designed to fit into the format of a local television news program in New York City. A step-by-step quitting plan consisting of twenty 30- to 90-second segments was broadcast each weekday evening for 4 weeks in August 1975. Almost 4,800 smokers \"registered\" for the clinic by postcard, and a sample of 310 was followed up at the end of the clinic and 1 month later. The majority of the respondents were women. The average age was 47 for men and 49 for women. They had been smoking for more than 30 years, and when they registered for the clinic, they were averaging more than 30 cigarettes a day. Almost half had never been off cigarettes for as long as 24 hours. In general, the respondents were similar to the hardcore smokers that usually attend smoking clinics. Almost 10 percent reported that they had stopped smoking by the end of the broadcasts. The rate of quitting among men was twice that among women. A major factor differentiating those who quit from those who did not was the number of programs they had seen. The lower rate of quitting among women was due mostly to the women smokers over age 50 in the sample. The study indicated that use of the mass media may be an effective way to reach the large number of smokers who would not attend organized clinics but who may be able to stop smoking on their own with minimal support and guidance.", "PMID": 834847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1202", "title": "The right paratracheal stripe.", "content": "The right paratracheal stripe (RPS) is seen on postero-anterior chest radiographs as a thin, water-density stripe between the air column of the trachea and the adjacent right lung. The range of width of the RPS in 1,259 normal subjects was 1 to 4 mm. An RPS width of 5 mm or more is reliable evidence of disease. The differential diagnosis of this finding is lengthy, and best divided into those diseases affecting the (a) trachea; (b) mediastinum; and (c) pleura.", "contents": "The right paratracheal stripe. The right paratracheal stripe (RPS) is seen on postero-anterior chest radiographs as a thin, water-density stripe between the air column of the trachea and the adjacent right lung. The range of width of the RPS in 1,259 normal subjects was 1 to 4 mm. An RPS width of 5 mm or more is reliable evidence of disease. The differential diagnosis of this finding is lengthy, and best divided into those diseases affecting the (a) trachea; (b) mediastinum; and (c) pleura.", "PMID": 834860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1203", "title": "Multiple fistulas between the coronary arteries and the left ventricle.", "content": "The authors report a case of fistulas connecting the anterior descending, circumflex, and dominant right coronary arteries with the left ventricle. Although fistulous connections between a coronary artery and a cardiac chamber have been described before, this is only the third known case in which all of the coronary arteries communicated with the left ventricle.", "contents": "Multiple fistulas between the coronary arteries and the left ventricle. The authors report a case of fistulas connecting the anterior descending, circumflex, and dominant right coronary arteries with the left ventricle. Although fistulous connections between a coronary artery and a cardiac chamber have been described before, this is only the third known case in which all of the coronary arteries communicated with the left ventricle.", "PMID": 834861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1204", "title": "Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: its association with hematologic malignancy and lymphoma.", "content": "Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) developed in 5 patients with hematologic malignancy or lymphoma. Possible pathogenetic mechanisms which might predispose the patient to this association include the unavailability of competent alveolar phagocytes secondary to profound leukopenia, or inhibition of alveolar phagocytosis by elevated globulins. The spectrum of pulmonary abnormalities produced by PAP includes classical butterfly perihilar alveolar consolidation, lobar consolidation, parenchymal nodules, and hilar adenopathy. Four of the 5 cases had complicating infections, making the exact radiological correlation with PAP difficult.", "contents": "Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: its association with hematologic malignancy and lymphoma. Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) developed in 5 patients with hematologic malignancy or lymphoma. Possible pathogenetic mechanisms which might predispose the patient to this association include the unavailability of competent alveolar phagocytes secondary to profound leukopenia, or inhibition of alveolar phagocytosis by elevated globulins. The spectrum of pulmonary abnormalities produced by PAP includes classical butterfly perihilar alveolar consolidation, lobar consolidation, parenchymal nodules, and hilar adenopathy. Four of the 5 cases had complicating infections, making the exact radiological correlation with PAP difficult.", "PMID": 834862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1205", "title": "Lung entrapment and infarction by chest tube suction.", "content": "Focal pulmonary infarction resulting from entrapment of lung within a chest tube represents one of the complications of thoracentesis. The radiographic demonstration of a pulmonary density in the region of the side or end hole of a chest tube should alert one to this possibility.", "contents": "Lung entrapment and infarction by chest tube suction. Focal pulmonary infarction resulting from entrapment of lung within a chest tube represents one of the complications of thoracentesis. The radiographic demonstration of a pulmonary density in the region of the side or end hole of a chest tube should alert one to this possibility.", "PMID": 834863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1206", "title": "The suprasternal fossa.", "content": "A well-demarcated U or V-shaped gas density superimposed over the trachea on posteroanterior chest radiographs is due to air in the suprasternal fossa. This is the depression on the skin surface of the neck between the sternal heads of the sternocleidomastoid muscles. The fossa is frequently visualized radiographically in cachectic or very thin people, and in patients with prior laryngectomies. It is also seen in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease and in patients in acute respiratory distress. Because of its typical location and configuration, it should not be confused with an air-fluid level in the esophagus or an upper airway diverticulum.", "contents": "The suprasternal fossa. A well-demarcated U or V-shaped gas density superimposed over the trachea on posteroanterior chest radiographs is due to air in the suprasternal fossa. This is the depression on the skin surface of the neck between the sternal heads of the sternocleidomastoid muscles. The fossa is frequently visualized radiographically in cachectic or very thin people, and in patients with prior laryngectomies. It is also seen in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease and in patients in acute respiratory distress. Because of its typical location and configuration, it should not be confused with an air-fluid level in the esophagus or an upper airway diverticulum.", "PMID": 834864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1207", "title": "Esophageal perforation following the use of esophageal obturator airway.", "content": "Two cases of distal esophageal perforation following the use of the esophageal obturator airway are reported. Plain radiograph findings of pneumomediastinum, subcutaneous emphysema, mediastinal widening, or pleural effusion suggest this entity; esophagography should be performed in the appropriate clinical setting. The recognition of this uncommon but serious complication is important because medical and/or surgical management is urgent.", "contents": "Esophageal perforation following the use of esophageal obturator airway. Two cases of distal esophageal perforation following the use of the esophageal obturator airway are reported. Plain radiograph findings of pneumomediastinum, subcutaneous emphysema, mediastinal widening, or pleural effusion suggest this entity; esophagography should be performed in the appropriate clinical setting. The recognition of this uncommon but serious complication is important because medical and/or surgical management is urgent.", "PMID": 834865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1208", "title": "Linear and rod-shaped peptic ulcers.", "content": "Experience with the routine use of the pharmacologically aided, double-contrast examination to demonstrate various primary and healing ulcers over a six month period is assessed. Thirteen linear or rod-shaped ulcerations were diagnosed. It appears that gastric relaxation and the demonstration of fine mucosal relief are necessary to detect ulcers of linear or rod form.", "contents": "Linear and rod-shaped peptic ulcers. Experience with the routine use of the pharmacologically aided, double-contrast examination to demonstrate various primary and healing ulcers over a six month period is assessed. Thirteen linear or rod-shaped ulcerations were diagnosed. It appears that gastric relaxation and the demonstration of fine mucosal relief are necessary to detect ulcers of linear or rod form.", "PMID": 834866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1209", "title": "Localized giant pseudopolyposis complicating granulomatous ilecolitis.", "content": "A case of localized giant pseudopolyposis complicating granulomatous ileocolitis is reported. The authors discuss the etiology of the lesion and its potention relationship to a similar lesion seen in some patients with ulcerative colitis.", "contents": "Localized giant pseudopolyposis complicating granulomatous ilecolitis. A case of localized giant pseudopolyposis complicating granulomatous ileocolitis is reported. The authors discuss the etiology of the lesion and its potention relationship to a similar lesion seen in some patients with ulcerative colitis.", "PMID": 834867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1210", "title": "Partial small bowel obstruction secondary to ileal diverticulitis.", "content": "A case of distal ileal diverticulosis complicated by diverticulitis causing partial small bowel obstruction is presented. To the author's knowledge, this is the first reported case of such obstruction, and the third reported case of preoperatively diagnosed ileal diverticulitis. This diagnosis should be considered in patients with acute abdominal symptoms and/or small bowel obstruction.", "contents": "Partial small bowel obstruction secondary to ileal diverticulitis. A case of distal ileal diverticulosis complicated by diverticulitis causing partial small bowel obstruction is presented. To the author's knowledge, this is the first reported case of such obstruction, and the third reported case of preoperatively diagnosed ileal diverticulitis. This diagnosis should be considered in patients with acute abdominal symptoms and/or small bowel obstruction.", "PMID": 834868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1211", "title": "Benign ulceration of the cecum.", "content": "Three proved cases of benign ulceration of the cecum are presented, 2 with acute onset of abdominal pain, the third with acute hemorrhage. The clinical, pathological, and variable radiographic features are described.", "contents": "Benign ulceration of the cecum. Three proved cases of benign ulceration of the cecum are presented, 2 with acute onset of abdominal pain, the third with acute hemorrhage. The clinical, pathological, and variable radiographic features are described.", "PMID": 834869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1212", "title": "Splenic flexure carcinoma as a source of hepatic portal venous gas.", "content": "Most patients with hepatic portal venous gas are seriously ill with some combination of bowel ischemia, distension, and/or necrosis. The authors report a case in which a necrotic splenic flexure carcinoma seeded gas and septic thrombi to the liver.", "contents": "Splenic flexure carcinoma as a source of hepatic portal venous gas. Most patients with hepatic portal venous gas are seriously ill with some combination of bowel ischemia, distension, and/or necrosis. The authors report a case in which a necrotic splenic flexure carcinoma seeded gas and septic thrombi to the liver.", "PMID": 834870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1213", "title": "Arterial-portal venous shunting in cavernous hemangioma of the liver.", "content": "Arterial-portal venous shunting was found to occur in a focal cavernous hemangioma of the liver. This occurrence stresses the lack of specificity of this finding in differentiating benign from malignant lesions.", "contents": "Arterial-portal venous shunting in cavernous hemangioma of the liver. Arterial-portal venous shunting was found to occur in a focal cavernous hemangioma of the liver. This occurrence stresses the lack of specificity of this finding in differentiating benign from malignant lesions.", "PMID": 834871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1214", "title": "The cortical rim sign in renal infarction.", "content": "The authors describe a case of unilateral renal artery occlusion in which a thin, dense rim was seen on infusion pyelography with subsequent marked atrophy of the kidney. This \"cortical rim sign\" appears to be due to collateral blood supply from the renal capsule, preserving a thin rim of viable cortex.", "contents": "The cortical rim sign in renal infarction. The authors describe a case of unilateral renal artery occlusion in which a thin, dense rim was seen on infusion pyelography with subsequent marked atrophy of the kidney. This \"cortical rim sign\" appears to be due to collateral blood supply from the renal capsule, preserving a thin rim of viable cortex.", "PMID": 834872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1215", "title": "Retroperitoneal fibrosis and inapparent obstructive uropathy.", "content": "Emphasis is placed on the minor degree of caliectasis often observed in the presence of severe renal failure in patients with retroperitoneal fibrosis. This finding should suggest the diagnosis in individuals presenting with obscure causes of renal failure. A possible explanation for this is based upon an interference with ureteral dynamics and subsequent interference with normal ureteral peristatic activity rather than mechanical obstruction of the ureter per se. Twenty-one patients with retroperitoneal fibrosis are reported with the usual sex and age distribution (mostly male, aged 40-55 years). Two of the patients are interesting because of associated cardiac disease and 31 had been on prolonged methysergide therapy for migraine headaches. Eighteen patients appeared to be improved or cured and 3 died.", "contents": "Retroperitoneal fibrosis and inapparent obstructive uropathy. Emphasis is placed on the minor degree of caliectasis often observed in the presence of severe renal failure in patients with retroperitoneal fibrosis. This finding should suggest the diagnosis in individuals presenting with obscure causes of renal failure. A possible explanation for this is based upon an interference with ureteral dynamics and subsequent interference with normal ureteral peristatic activity rather than mechanical obstruction of the ureter per se. Twenty-one patients with retroperitoneal fibrosis are reported with the usual sex and age distribution (mostly male, aged 40-55 years). Two of the patients are interesting because of associated cardiac disease and 31 had been on prolonged methysergide therapy for migraine headaches. Eighteen patients appeared to be improved or cured and 3 died.", "PMID": 834873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1216", "title": "Redistribution of renal blood flow caused by contrast media.", "content": "Rerouting of blood from the renal cortex to the renal medulla (Trueta shunting), observed in 5 cases, may occur in normal kidneys during renal angiography. The temporary nature of this artifact may be proved by performing an abdominal aortogram with the catheter tip inserted farther away from the renal arteries. The exact mechanism of this phenomenon is unknown; it may also occur with various renovascular disorders.", "contents": "Redistribution of renal blood flow caused by contrast media. Rerouting of blood from the renal cortex to the renal medulla (Trueta shunting), observed in 5 cases, may occur in normal kidneys during renal angiography. The temporary nature of this artifact may be proved by performing an abdominal aortogram with the catheter tip inserted farther away from the renal arteries. The exact mechanism of this phenomenon is unknown; it may also occur with various renovascular disorders.", "PMID": 834874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1217", "title": "Horizontal fracture of the anterior arch of the atlas.", "content": "Horizontal fracture of the anterior arch of the atlas can be easily overlooked on lateral radiographs. The fracture is not associated with neurological deficit but may be the cause of severe pain. A review of the literature reveals only 3 previously reported cases. Seven new cases, including 2 without other cervical spine fractures, indicate a much higher incidence than was previously thought. Hypotheses about the mechanism of injury are discussed.", "contents": "Horizontal fracture of the anterior arch of the atlas. Horizontal fracture of the anterior arch of the atlas can be easily overlooked on lateral radiographs. The fracture is not associated with neurological deficit but may be the cause of severe pain. A review of the literature reveals only 3 previously reported cases. Seven new cases, including 2 without other cervical spine fractures, indicate a much higher incidence than was previously thought. Hypotheses about the mechanism of injury are discussed.", "PMID": 834875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1218", "title": "Radiographic anatomical landmarks of the metacarpo-phalangeal joints.", "content": "The location of cortical bone changes in the metacarpo-phalangeal joints has been variously described as periarticular, juxta-articular, articular, or subarticular. Suitable radiographic landmarks on anatomical specimens were sought to assess the cartilage-covered articular surfaces of these joints. Precise landmarks for the limits of the joint space are not available, but unequivocal intra-articular regions were identified.", "contents": "Radiographic anatomical landmarks of the metacarpo-phalangeal joints. The location of cortical bone changes in the metacarpo-phalangeal joints has been variously described as periarticular, juxta-articular, articular, or subarticular. Suitable radiographic landmarks on anatomical specimens were sought to assess the cartilage-covered articular surfaces of these joints. Precise landmarks for the limits of the joint space are not available, but unequivocal intra-articular regions were identified.", "PMID": 834876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1219", "title": "Dysplasia of the lymphatic system.", "content": "A case of diffuse lymphangiectasis without lymphedema of the limbs is reported in a woman. Translucent vulvar vegetations with edema were noted. Lymphatic vessels enveloping the iliac veins were resected over a length of 10 cm above the termination of the inferior vena cava, followed by complete remission. Abundant leucorrhea was probably due to chylous discharge by reflux at the ectatic vessels of the vulvar region.", "contents": "Dysplasia of the lymphatic system. A case of diffuse lymphangiectasis without lymphedema of the limbs is reported in a woman. Translucent vulvar vegetations with edema were noted. Lymphatic vessels enveloping the iliac veins were resected over a length of 10 cm above the termination of the inferior vena cava, followed by complete remission. Abundant leucorrhea was probably due to chylous discharge by reflux at the ectatic vessels of the vulvar region.", "PMID": 834877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1220", "title": "A Monte Carlo computer model to investigate patient scheduling.", "content": "A Monte Carlo computer model was developed to investigate various types of patient appointment schedules for a single channel queue. Input parameters included the incidence of no-shows, the rate of unscheduled walk-ins, the frequency distribution of physician examination times, and the string of appointment times. The results included the frequency distributions of physician utilization rates and the total waiting time of all patients. Five hospital clinics were simulated. Even increment schedules yielded the best trade-off between physician utilization and patient waiting.", "contents": "A Monte Carlo computer model to investigate patient scheduling. A Monte Carlo computer model was developed to investigate various types of patient appointment schedules for a single channel queue. Input parameters included the incidence of no-shows, the rate of unscheduled walk-ins, the frequency distribution of physician examination times, and the string of appointment times. The results included the frequency distributions of physician utilization rates and the total waiting time of all patients. Five hospital clinics were simulated. Even increment schedules yielded the best trade-off between physician utilization and patient waiting.", "PMID": 834878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1221", "title": "Evaluation of brain and epidural abscesses by computed tomography.", "content": "Most brain abscesses have a characteristic but nonspecific appearance on computed tomography (CT), consisting of a ring configuration of the abscess capsule which shows marked enhancement after injection of contrast material. CT scanning is invaluable in both the initial investigation of a brain abscess and assessment of its response to therapy. The CT scan showed a peripheral low-density crescent in one case of epidural abscess.", "contents": "Evaluation of brain and epidural abscesses by computed tomography. Most brain abscesses have a characteristic but nonspecific appearance on computed tomography (CT), consisting of a ring configuration of the abscess capsule which shows marked enhancement after injection of contrast material. CT scanning is invaluable in both the initial investigation of a brain abscess and assessment of its response to therapy. The CT scan showed a peripheral low-density crescent in one case of epidural abscess.", "PMID": 834879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1222", "title": "Computed tomographic appearance of methotrexate-induced necrotizing leukoencephalopathy.", "content": "A case of methotrexate-induced brain damage is presented. Computed tomography (CT) demonstrated a high-density mass lesion with a low-density area in the white matter which pathologically represented a large area of acute necrotizing cerebritis. CT appearance was indistinguishable from brain abscess.", "contents": "Computed tomographic appearance of methotrexate-induced necrotizing leukoencephalopathy. A case of methotrexate-induced brain damage is presented. Computed tomography (CT) demonstrated a high-density mass lesion with a low-density area in the white matter which pathologically represented a large area of acute necrotizing cerebritis. CT appearance was indistinguishable from brain abscess.", "PMID": 834880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1223", "title": "Acquired spontaneous, nontraumatic normal-pressure cerebrospinal fluid fistulas originating from the middle fossa.", "content": "Five cases of spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistulas originating from the middle fossa are described, including one patient with an \"empty\" sella. It is suggested that acquired meningocele and meningoencephalocele progress to become CSF fistulas. The normal anatomical and physiological factors which give rise to acquired bone/dural/arachnoid dehiscences are discussed and illustrated.", "contents": "Acquired spontaneous, nontraumatic normal-pressure cerebrospinal fluid fistulas originating from the middle fossa. Five cases of spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistulas originating from the middle fossa are described, including one patient with an \"empty\" sella. It is suggested that acquired meningocele and meningoencephalocele progress to become CSF fistulas. The normal anatomical and physiological factors which give rise to acquired bone/dural/arachnoid dehiscences are discussed and illustrated.", "PMID": 834881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1224", "title": "Physiological and radiographic assessment during the development of pulmonary radiation fibrosis.", "content": "Repeated regional measurements of pulmonary blood flow and ventilation were performed in 25 patients irradiated for breast cancer. Patients were studied before and at varying times after (16 to 47 days) the start of radiotherapy. At the same time, chest radiographs were taken and symptoms recorded. Of all the parameters measured, blood flow showed the earliest and greatest decrease. Since changed in blood flow at 60 days are predictive of the changes at 300 days, we believe that earlier studies during the course of irradiation could be useful in predicting long-term effects.", "contents": "Physiological and radiographic assessment during the development of pulmonary radiation fibrosis. Repeated regional measurements of pulmonary blood flow and ventilation were performed in 25 patients irradiated for breast cancer. Patients were studied before and at varying times after (16 to 47 days) the start of radiotherapy. At the same time, chest radiographs were taken and symptoms recorded. Of all the parameters measured, blood flow showed the earliest and greatest decrease. Since changed in blood flow at 60 days are predictive of the changes at 300 days, we believe that earlier studies during the course of irradiation could be useful in predicting long-term effects.", "PMID": 834882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1225", "title": "Visualization of the spleen with a bone-seeking radionuclide in a child with sickle-cell anemia.", "content": "99mTc-methylene diphosphonate, a bone-seeking radionuclide, accumulated in the spleen of a 16-year-old boy with sickle-cell anemia even though no splenic calcification was visible. This may be explained by the presence of microscopic calcium deposits in the spleen, which form at an early age in this disease. Bone-seeking radionuclides may accumulate in regions of recent splenic infarction, as has been demonstrated in cerebral and myocardial infarction. Such radionuclides may be the only means of demonstrating the spleen in such patients.", "contents": "Visualization of the spleen with a bone-seeking radionuclide in a child with sickle-cell anemia. 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate, a bone-seeking radionuclide, accumulated in the spleen of a 16-year-old boy with sickle-cell anemia even though no splenic calcification was visible. This may be explained by the presence of microscopic calcium deposits in the spleen, which form at an early age in this disease. Bone-seeking radionuclides may accumulate in regions of recent splenic infarction, as has been demonstrated in cerebral and myocardial infarction. Such radionuclides may be the only means of demonstrating the spleen in such patients.", "PMID": 834883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1226", "title": "Applications of ventilation lung imaging with 81mKrypton.", "content": "A method for the evaluation of regional lung ventilation using 81mKr eluted from a rubidium generator is described. The tracer distribution at equilibrium is a function of regional ventilation, not of volumes. The study can be performed on a wide range of patients, including unconscious and mechanically ventilated patients, and can be performed immediately following or concurrently with a perfusion study. Thus, precisely comparable ventilation and perfusion images can be obtained.", "contents": "Applications of ventilation lung imaging with 81mKrypton. A method for the evaluation of regional lung ventilation using 81mKr eluted from a rubidium generator is described. The tracer distribution at equilibrium is a function of regional ventilation, not of volumes. The study can be performed on a wide range of patients, including unconscious and mechanically ventilated patients, and can be performed immediately following or concurrently with a perfusion study. Thus, precisely comparable ventilation and perfusion images can be obtained.", "PMID": 834884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1227", "title": "Localization of the renal cortical imaging agent 99mTc-Sn-DMSA in the bowel.", "content": "Renal imaging in 2 patients with severe renal disease (serum creatinine greater than 10 mg/dl) showed deposition of 99mTc-Sn-DMSA in the bowel. Like 203 Hg-chlormerodrin, this radionuclide may be associated with a hepatobiliary excretory mechanism in patients with renal impairment.", "contents": "Localization of the renal cortical imaging agent 99mTc-Sn-DMSA in the bowel. Renal imaging in 2 patients with severe renal disease (serum creatinine greater than 10 mg/dl) showed deposition of 99mTc-Sn-DMSA in the bowel. Like 203 Hg-chlormerodrin, this radionuclide may be associated with a hepatobiliary excretory mechanism in patients with renal impairment.", "PMID": 834885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1228", "title": "Concentration of 99mTechnetium polyphosphate in fibrothorax following pneumonectomy.", "content": "Following the injection of 99mTechnetium-polyphosphate for bone scanning, a diffuse accumulation of radioactivity in post-pneumonectomy fibrothorax was demonstrated in 3 patients. This substantiates the nonspecificity of the localization of 99mTc-phosphorus compounds, and underlines the need for close clinical correlation in the accurate interpretation of such scans.", "contents": "Concentration of 99mTechnetium polyphosphate in fibrothorax following pneumonectomy. Following the injection of 99mTechnetium-polyphosphate for bone scanning, a diffuse accumulation of radioactivity in post-pneumonectomy fibrothorax was demonstrated in 3 patients. This substantiates the nonspecificity of the localization of 99mTc-phosphorus compounds, and underlines the need for close clinical correlation in the accurate interpretation of such scans.", "PMID": 834886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1229", "title": "Scintigraphic findings in hyperostosis frontalis interna.", "content": "Transient diminution of activity was seen on early radionuclide images of the brain in 5 patients with hyperostosis frontalis interna and filled in on subsequent studies. Radiographs confirmed the diagnosis. In 3 patients the changes corresponded extremely well with both modalities. This entity should be considered when diminished activity is seen in the frontal area.", "contents": "Scintigraphic findings in hyperostosis frontalis interna. Transient diminution of activity was seen on early radionuclide images of the brain in 5 patients with hyperostosis frontalis interna and filled in on subsequent studies. Radiographs confirmed the diagnosis. In 3 patients the changes corresponded extremely well with both modalities. This entity should be considered when diminished activity is seen in the frontal area.", "PMID": 834887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1230", "title": "Use of a generalized modular data handling system in nuclear medicine.", "content": "Addition of a CAMAC modular data handling system to a small computer used for gamma-camera work has allowed the acquisition and processing of a broad variety of nuclear medicine data. Significant contributions have been made ranging from clinical renal evaluation to radiopharmaceutical development. Digital rectilinear scanning and computer acquisition of physiological signals such as the electrocardiogram are other applications. The system provides an inexpensive means of matching present-day nuclear computers to the diversity of data.", "contents": "Use of a generalized modular data handling system in nuclear medicine. Addition of a CAMAC modular data handling system to a small computer used for gamma-camera work has allowed the acquisition and processing of a broad variety of nuclear medicine data. Significant contributions have been made ranging from clinical renal evaluation to radiopharmaceutical development. Digital rectilinear scanning and computer acquisition of physiological signals such as the electrocardiogram are other applications. The system provides an inexpensive means of matching present-day nuclear computers to the diversity of data.", "PMID": 834888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1231", "title": "Bubbles in hyaline membrane disease. Differentiation of three types.", "content": "Three types of bubbles can be radiographically identified in hyaline membrane disease (HMD). The first type, seen in the early acute phase, represents overdistended terminal bronchioles and alveolar ducts. Type II represents pulmonary interstitial emphysema, and is related to positive pressure assisted ventilation. Type III represents focally distended alveolar groups in a scarred, immature lung, and occurs in the chronic stages of HMD. An understanding of the three types of bubbles aids in the management of HMD.", "contents": "Bubbles in hyaline membrane disease. Differentiation of three types. Three types of bubbles can be radiographically identified in hyaline membrane disease (HMD). The first type, seen in the early acute phase, represents overdistended terminal bronchioles and alveolar ducts. Type II represents pulmonary interstitial emphysema, and is related to positive pressure assisted ventilation. Type III represents focally distended alveolar groups in a scarred, immature lung, and occurs in the chronic stages of HMD. An understanding of the three types of bubbles aids in the management of HMD.", "PMID": 834889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1232", "title": "Anomalies of the intrahepatic portal venous system in congenital hepatic fibrosis.", "content": "Duplication of intrahepatic venous channels was observed in 9 of 13 children with congenital hepatic fibrosis and portal hypertension. Portal hypertension due to other causes was not associated with venous duplication. This anomaly may be a distinctive feature of congenital hepatic fibrosis with portal hypertension.", "contents": "Anomalies of the intrahepatic portal venous system in congenital hepatic fibrosis. Duplication of intrahepatic venous channels was observed in 9 of 13 children with congenital hepatic fibrosis and portal hypertension. Portal hypertension due to other causes was not associated with venous duplication. This anomaly may be a distinctive feature of congenital hepatic fibrosis with portal hypertension.", "PMID": 834890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1233", "title": "Asymmetric renal enlargement in acute glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Three children presented with unilateral and asymmetric renal enlargement and clinical and laboratory evidence of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. This asymmetry resolved at the same time as the nephritis. Angiographic evidence of absence of renal artery stenosis was available in one case. Angiography was not performed in the other 2 cases. The authors suggest that the differential diagnosis of unilateral acute renal inflammation (swelling of the kidney, prolonged nephrogram, calyceal distortion, poor concentration of contrast medium) should include acute glomerulonephritis. Extensive radiological evaluation is probably not necessary unless asymmetry persists.", "contents": "Asymmetric renal enlargement in acute glomerulonephritis. Three children presented with unilateral and asymmetric renal enlargement and clinical and laboratory evidence of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. This asymmetry resolved at the same time as the nephritis. Angiographic evidence of absence of renal artery stenosis was available in one case. Angiography was not performed in the other 2 cases. The authors suggest that the differential diagnosis of unilateral acute renal inflammation (swelling of the kidney, prolonged nephrogram, calyceal distortion, poor concentration of contrast medium) should include acute glomerulonephritis. Extensive radiological evaluation is probably not necessary unless asymmetry persists.", "PMID": 834891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1234", "title": "Volvulus of the colon in a child with congenital asplenia (Ivemark's syndrome).", "content": "Volvulus of the colon occurred in a child with congenital asplenia (Ivemark's syndrome). This type of volvulus does not appear to have been reported previously and was found to be due to an underlying abnormality of mesenteric attachment.", "contents": "Volvulus of the colon in a child with congenital asplenia (Ivemark's syndrome). Volvulus of the colon occurred in a child with congenital asplenia (Ivemark's syndrome). This type of volvulus does not appear to have been reported previously and was found to be due to an underlying abnormality of mesenteric attachment.", "PMID": 834892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1235", "title": "Short rib-polydactyly syndrome type 3.", "content": "Three infants died perinatally of asphyxia due to thoracic narrowing. Their uniform radiographic findings are different from previously described and recognized chondrodysplasias and possibly represent a distinct syndrome. Three identical or very similar cases are found in the literature.", "contents": "Short rib-polydactyly syndrome type 3. Three infants died perinatally of asphyxia due to thoracic narrowing. Their uniform radiographic findings are different from previously described and recognized chondrodysplasias and possibly represent a distinct syndrome. Three identical or very similar cases are found in the literature.", "PMID": 834893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1236", "title": "Performance survey of ultrasound instrumentation and feasibility of routine monitoring.", "content": "Short quality control tests for ultrasound instruments were developed based on the AIUM standard 100mm test object and procedures recommended for its use. While demonstrating the tests of technologists on their instruments, the authors obtained performance data on instruments in 22 hospitals. Subsequent quality control testing on the same instruments demonstrated that manufacturer's servicemen usually had improved performance significantly in the rather large number of cases in which adjustments were indicated by initial tests. Technologists in several hospitals, as well as the authors, performed the tests routinely for extended periods of time, with a moderately high yield for detection or demonstration of malfunctions.", "contents": "Performance survey of ultrasound instrumentation and feasibility of routine monitoring. Short quality control tests for ultrasound instruments were developed based on the AIUM standard 100mm test object and procedures recommended for its use. While demonstrating the tests of technologists on their instruments, the authors obtained performance data on instruments in 22 hospitals. Subsequent quality control testing on the same instruments demonstrated that manufacturer's servicemen usually had improved performance significantly in the rather large number of cases in which adjustments were indicated by initial tests. Technologists in several hospitals, as well as the authors, performed the tests routinely for extended periods of time, with a moderately high yield for detection or demonstration of malfunctions.", "PMID": 834894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1237", "title": "Echocardiography of premature infants with pulmonary disease: a noninvasive method for detecting large ductal left-to-right shunts.", "content": "Echocardiography was used to evaluate premature infants with large patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) shunts and proved lung disease. A PDA producing large left-to-right shunting also causes left atrial enlargement. Since the left atrial diameter (LAD), measured by ultrasound, normally varies with body size, its value was compared to that of the aortic root diameter (AO) to adjust for body size variations. In those infants with pulmonary disease but no significant PDA, the range of LAD/AO ratios was similar to that of the control group. In patients with a proved large PDA the ratios were significantly higher. The ultrasound ratio returned to normal in all cases following surgical ligation of the PDA.", "contents": "Echocardiography of premature infants with pulmonary disease: a noninvasive method for detecting large ductal left-to-right shunts. Echocardiography was used to evaluate premature infants with large patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) shunts and proved lung disease. A PDA producing large left-to-right shunting also causes left atrial enlargement. Since the left atrial diameter (LAD), measured by ultrasound, normally varies with body size, its value was compared to that of the aortic root diameter (AO) to adjust for body size variations. In those infants with pulmonary disease but no significant PDA, the range of LAD/AO ratios was similar to that of the control group. In patients with a proved large PDA the ratios were significantly higher. The ultrasound ratio returned to normal in all cases following surgical ligation of the PDA.", "PMID": 834895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1238", "title": "Thromboembolic complications of angiography for peripheral arterial disease: prospective assessment by Doppler ultrasound.", "content": "The incidence of thromboembolic arterial complications related to percutaneous angiography done for patients with arterial disease was assessed in 101 cases (105 procedures). There were 2 instances of anterior tibial artery obstruction and 3 of a decline in ankle pressure greater than 20 mmHg in patients with preexisting leg arterial disease. No patient evidenced symptoms of the complications. This incidence of thromboembolic accident, detected by Doppler ultrasound, is significantly less than those incidence rates noted previously, although the reasons for this difference have not yet been established.", "contents": "Thromboembolic complications of angiography for peripheral arterial disease: prospective assessment by Doppler ultrasound. The incidence of thromboembolic arterial complications related to percutaneous angiography done for patients with arterial disease was assessed in 101 cases (105 procedures). There were 2 instances of anterior tibial artery obstruction and 3 of a decline in ankle pressure greater than 20 mmHg in patients with preexisting leg arterial disease. No patient evidenced symptoms of the complications. This incidence of thromboembolic accident, detected by Doppler ultrasound, is significantly less than those incidence rates noted previously, although the reasons for this difference have not yet been established.", "PMID": 834896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1239", "title": "Stage III ovarian carcinoma: treatment and results. Comparison of multiple drugs, a single drug, and irradiation.", "content": "Multiple drugs, a single drug, and irradiation were compared in patients with Stage III ovarian carcinoma. The results were categorized as \"favorable\" [pelvic mass less than 8 cm and/or upper abdominal tumor nodule(s) less than 2 cm] or \"unfavorable\" (more massive disease). A total of 62 patients are reviewed of whom 25 had irradiation and 37 had chemotherapy. It was found that patients with slight residual disease after celiotomy did equally well with either irradiation or chemotherapy, but survival was improved using a combination of both. Use of 5 drugs did not significantly improve survival beyond that obtained with a single drug.", "contents": "Stage III ovarian carcinoma: treatment and results. Comparison of multiple drugs, a single drug, and irradiation. Multiple drugs, a single drug, and irradiation were compared in patients with Stage III ovarian carcinoma. The results were categorized as \"favorable\" [pelvic mass less than 8 cm and/or upper abdominal tumor nodule(s) less than 2 cm] or \"unfavorable\" (more massive disease). A total of 62 patients are reviewed of whom 25 had irradiation and 37 had chemotherapy. It was found that patients with slight residual disease after celiotomy did equally well with either irradiation or chemotherapy, but survival was improved using a combination of both. Use of 5 drugs did not significantly improve survival beyond that obtained with a single drug.", "PMID": 834897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1240", "title": "Therapeutic embolization for intractable chronic bleeding.", "content": "Intractable, chronic vaginal and/or vesicle bleeding complicating pelvic cancers in five women was treated by transcatheter embolization of the hypogastric artery or its branches. Bleeding was presumed to be from hypervascular granulation tissue formed in response to irradiation in two patients and from tumor tissue in three. The embolic materials were Gelfoam and Oxycel reinforced autologous clots. Bleeding was stopped or reduced in volume by at least 90% in each patient. This form of therapy was useful even though bleeding site was not demonstrated angiographically.", "contents": "Therapeutic embolization for intractable chronic bleeding. Intractable, chronic vaginal and/or vesicle bleeding complicating pelvic cancers in five women was treated by transcatheter embolization of the hypogastric artery or its branches. Bleeding was presumed to be from hypervascular granulation tissue formed in response to irradiation in two patients and from tumor tissue in three. The embolic materials were Gelfoam and Oxycel reinforced autologous clots. Bleeding was stopped or reduced in volume by at least 90% in each patient. This form of therapy was useful even though bleeding site was not demonstrated angiographically.", "PMID": 834898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1241", "title": "Noise reduction by radiographic magnification.", "content": "Effective noise in the rare-earth system can be substantially reduced by use of radiographic magnification technique. The basic imaging properties of the rare-earth system (Alpha 8-XM) and the medium-speed system (Par-RP) were evaluated by the Wiener spectra, modulation transfer functions, and H&D curves. The visibility of radiographic details was determined with simple test objects. Results indicate that, as the magnification increases, the effective noise in the rare-earth system is reduced, and that the visibility of small structures can be improved.", "contents": "Noise reduction by radiographic magnification. Effective noise in the rare-earth system can be substantially reduced by use of radiographic magnification technique. The basic imaging properties of the rare-earth system (Alpha 8-XM) and the medium-speed system (Par-RP) were evaluated by the Wiener spectra, modulation transfer functions, and H&D curves. The visibility of radiographic details was determined with simple test objects. Results indicate that, as the magnification increases, the effective noise in the rare-earth system is reduced, and that the visibility of small structures can be improved.", "PMID": 834899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1242", "title": "Linearity of exposure with indicated time and current for diagnostic radiography units.", "content": "Quality control in diagnostic radiography begins with production of predictable exposures. The authors describe a technique which permits determination of the variation of mR/mAs for the entire diagnostic range of times and currents in only about 1 hour. The mR/mAs in newly installed units has been shown to vary by as much as +/- 50% compared to institutional acceptance levels of +/- 10%. Records of annual surveys and acceptance tests from 31 medical facilities, including 293 radiographic and fluoroscopic units, are reviewed, and effects of small variations in mAs on radiographic quality are shown.", "contents": "Linearity of exposure with indicated time and current for diagnostic radiography units. Quality control in diagnostic radiography begins with production of predictable exposures. The authors describe a technique which permits determination of the variation of mR/mAs for the entire diagnostic range of times and currents in only about 1 hour. The mR/mAs in newly installed units has been shown to vary by as much as +/- 50% compared to institutional acceptance levels of +/- 10%. Records of annual surveys and acceptance tests from 31 medical facilities, including 293 radiographic and fluoroscopic units, are reviewed, and effects of small variations in mAs on radiographic quality are shown.", "PMID": 834900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1243", "title": "Field separation in radiation therapy with opposing fields.", "content": "Dose distribution at the junction of two pairs of opposing fields with 60Co radiation was investigated. In order to obtain a uniform dose distribution, the field separation at the depth of interest was found to be the most important parameter. Values of this parameter to be used in every specific situation are reported. A simple formula is derived, which should be of practical help to the radiotherapist. This formula enables one to compute the field separation at the skin level in order to obtain the best dose distribution in the junction area at the tumor depth.", "contents": "Field separation in radiation therapy with opposing fields. Dose distribution at the junction of two pairs of opposing fields with 60Co radiation was investigated. In order to obtain a uniform dose distribution, the field separation at the depth of interest was found to be the most important parameter. Values of this parameter to be used in every specific situation are reported. A simple formula is derived, which should be of practical help to the radiotherapist. This formula enables one to compute the field separation at the skin level in order to obtain the best dose distribution in the junction area at the tumor depth.", "PMID": 834901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1244", "title": "Radiation exposure in radiographic examinations of the newborn.", "content": "Radiation exposure of the newborn during routine chest and abdominal radiographic examinations has been determined. The exposure has been measured at sites representing the entrance and exit chest, entrance, midline, and exit abdomen, the gonads, and the thyroid. Results of these measurements are reported as a function of kVp and in terms of mR received at the anatomical site per mR output of the generator at 24 in. (61 cm). This reporting procedure facilitates application of the results to exposure estimates under similar conditions at other institutions.", "contents": "Radiation exposure in radiographic examinations of the newborn. Radiation exposure of the newborn during routine chest and abdominal radiographic examinations has been determined. The exposure has been measured at sites representing the entrance and exit chest, entrance, midline, and exit abdomen, the gonads, and the thyroid. Results of these measurements are reported as a function of kVp and in terms of mR received at the anatomical site per mR output of the generator at 24 in. (61 cm). This reporting procedure facilitates application of the results to exposure estimates under similar conditions at other institutions.", "PMID": 834902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1245", "title": "Radiation tolerance of the rat spinal cord: time-dose relationships.", "content": "The cervical or lumbosacral region of the rat spinal cord was irradiated with 300-kV x rays. Syndromes of radiation myelopathy similar to those in man were observed in rats. Iso-effect curves for tolerance in relation to the number of fractions at daily intervals have a slope of 0.44 and 0.42 on a log-log scale for the cervical and lumbosacral regions, respectively. With intervals of up to 7 days, no significant further increase in tolerance was observed. Low dose rate treatments indicate a half-time of 1.5 hr. for repair of subeffective damage. These results suggest that tolerance of the spinal cord depends very strongly on the number of fractions given and only to a small extent on the overall time of treatment.", "contents": "Radiation tolerance of the rat spinal cord: time-dose relationships. The cervical or lumbosacral region of the rat spinal cord was irradiated with 300-kV x rays. Syndromes of radiation myelopathy similar to those in man were observed in rats. Iso-effect curves for tolerance in relation to the number of fractions at daily intervals have a slope of 0.44 and 0.42 on a log-log scale for the cervical and lumbosacral regions, respectively. With intervals of up to 7 days, no significant further increase in tolerance was observed. Low dose rate treatments indicate a half-time of 1.5 hr. for repair of subeffective damage. These results suggest that tolerance of the spinal cord depends very strongly on the number of fractions given and only to a small extent on the overall time of treatment.", "PMID": 834903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1246", "title": "Computed tomography: in vitro evaluation of myocardial infarction.", "content": "An in vitro study of computed tomographic (CT) scanning of experimental myocardial infarction (MI) was performed by studying isolated canine hearts 18 to 48 yrs. post-infarction. CT scanning does not detect histologically present calcification in the area of an MI, but can be used to identify wall thickness changes in these areas. Decreased attenuation coefficients are found infarcted myocardium where thinning is present. The potential CT scanning to detect areas of MI is confirmed.", "contents": "Computed tomography: in vitro evaluation of myocardial infarction. An in vitro study of computed tomographic (CT) scanning of experimental myocardial infarction (MI) was performed by studying isolated canine hearts 18 to 48 yrs. post-infarction. CT scanning does not detect histologically present calcification in the area of an MI, but can be used to identify wall thickness changes in these areas. Decreased attenuation coefficients are found infarcted myocardium where thinning is present. The potential CT scanning to detect areas of MI is confirmed.", "PMID": 834904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1247", "title": "Neck and mediastinal angiography by computed tomography scan.", "content": "CT scanning of the neck and upper mediastinum is a valuable tool in the differential diagnosis of soft-tissue tumors. Visualization of the major vessels in the neck, which aids in the study, can be accomplished by a rapid intravenous drip infusion technique during the actual scanning, a new approach to contrast enhancement.", "contents": "Neck and mediastinal angiography by computed tomography scan. CT scanning of the neck and upper mediastinum is a valuable tool in the differential diagnosis of soft-tissue tumors. Visualization of the major vessels in the neck, which aids in the study, can be accomplished by a rapid intravenous drip infusion technique during the actual scanning, a new approach to contrast enhancement.", "PMID": 834905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1248", "title": "A radiographic and histologic study of fracture healing in osteopetrotic rats.", "content": "Repair of tibial fractures in osteopetrotic rats was delayed in comparison to that of normal littermates, due to reduced remodeling. Reduced bone resorption, known to be the cause of the disease in this mutation, is expressed in both skeletal development and fracture repair. The possible implications for human juvenile osteopetrosis are discussed.", "contents": "A radiographic and histologic study of fracture healing in osteopetrotic rats. Repair of tibial fractures in osteopetrotic rats was delayed in comparison to that of normal littermates, due to reduced remodeling. Reduced bone resorption, known to be the cause of the disease in this mutation, is expressed in both skeletal development and fracture repair. The possible implications for human juvenile osteopetrosis are discussed.", "PMID": 834906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1249", "title": "Pulsed Doppler studies in B-mode ultrasound scanning.", "content": "In B-mode ultrasound abdominal studies, vascular structures may be confused with other tissues. A pulsed Doppler unit was coupled to a B-mode scanner by attaching the Doppler transducer to the B-mode transducer. A standardization procedure was designed to assure that the ultrasound beams from the 2 transducers were properly aligned, and that the Doppler focusing was accurate. The Doppler signal may be obtained from any point in the B-mode image in order to differentiate vascular structure from other tissue types.", "contents": "Pulsed Doppler studies in B-mode ultrasound scanning. In B-mode ultrasound abdominal studies, vascular structures may be confused with other tissues. A pulsed Doppler unit was coupled to a B-mode scanner by attaching the Doppler transducer to the B-mode transducer. A standardization procedure was designed to assure that the ultrasound beams from the 2 transducers were properly aligned, and that the Doppler focusing was accurate. The Doppler signal may be obtained from any point in the B-mode image in order to differentiate vascular structure from other tissue types.", "PMID": 834907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1250", "title": "Initial performance of the Stanford Medical pion generator.", "content": "A novel, cylindrical geometry, superconducting pion channel has been constructed at Stanford. It can simultaneously deliver up to 60 radially converging pion beams of the same mean momentum but with individually variable momentum spread (0.0-4.3%). Virtually no tuning of the pion beam is required Preliminary tests have demonstrated many of the performance characteristics which facilitate the treatment of selected human tumors.", "contents": "Initial performance of the Stanford Medical pion generator. A novel, cylindrical geometry, superconducting pion channel has been constructed at Stanford. It can simultaneously deliver up to 60 radially converging pion beams of the same mean momentum but with individually variable momentum spread (0.0-4.3%). Virtually no tuning of the pion beam is required Preliminary tests have demonstrated many of the performance characteristics which facilitate the treatment of selected human tumors.", "PMID": 834908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1251", "title": "The standard biphasic-contrast gastric series.", "content": "Biphasic gastric studies combining the advantages of both single- (positive) and double-contrast techniques performed under hypotony can now be accomplished as a routine procedure. In a series of 5,000 studies, the standardized method averaged only 15 minutes per patient.", "contents": "The standard biphasic-contrast gastric series. Biphasic gastric studies combining the advantages of both single- (positive) and double-contrast techniques performed under hypotony can now be accomplished as a routine procedure. In a series of 5,000 studies, the standardized method averaged only 15 minutes per patient.", "PMID": 834909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1252", "title": "A new radiological technique in evaluation of prosthetic fitting.", "content": "Xeroradiography is an excellent technique in evaluating the fit of extremity prostheses. Because of its inherent characteristics, xeroradiography can clearly demonstrate the stump-socket relationship. Consequently, the degree of contact achieved and attendant pressure problems, if any, can be precisely determined.", "contents": "A new radiological technique in evaluation of prosthetic fitting. Xeroradiography is an excellent technique in evaluating the fit of extremity prostheses. Because of its inherent characteristics, xeroradiography can clearly demonstrate the stump-socket relationship. Consequently, the degree of contact achieved and attendant pressure problems, if any, can be precisely determined.", "PMID": 834910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1253", "title": "The 105mm camera as a supplement to nuclear venography.", "content": "Nuclear venograms were supplemented by contrast venograms with use of a 105mm spot film camera under direct visualization. This technique is a simple effective way of resolving questionable areas observed on nuclear venograms.", "contents": "The 105mm camera as a supplement to nuclear venography. Nuclear venograms were supplemented by contrast venograms with use of a 105mm spot film camera under direct visualization. This technique is a simple effective way of resolving questionable areas observed on nuclear venograms.", "PMID": 834911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1254", "title": "A cassette holder for therpay portal radiographs.", "content": "A rotational cassette holder was designed for obtaining port films. It is suited to multidirectional views and different source-to-skin distances.", "contents": "A cassette holder for therpay portal radiographs. A rotational cassette holder was designed for obtaining port films. It is suited to multidirectional views and different source-to-skin distances.", "PMID": 834912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1255", "title": "Radiological manifestations of neonatal renal vein thrombosis on follow-up examinations.", "content": "Renal atrophy involving all or part of one or both kidneys was found in 10 children with renal vein thrombosis who had been given conservative treatment. This appearance is nonspecific and can be found in any condition which disturbs the renal parenchyma. However, in a significant number of patients calcification produced a pathognomonic radiological pattern. Awareness of these late radiological manifestations may help in recognizing those cases in which renal vein thrombosis went unnoticed in the neonatal period and the patient is now found to have a perplexing radiological appearance.", "contents": "Radiological manifestations of neonatal renal vein thrombosis on follow-up examinations. Renal atrophy involving all or part of one or both kidneys was found in 10 children with renal vein thrombosis who had been given conservative treatment. This appearance is nonspecific and can be found in any condition which disturbs the renal parenchyma. However, in a significant number of patients calcification produced a pathognomonic radiological pattern. Awareness of these late radiological manifestations may help in recognizing those cases in which renal vein thrombosis went unnoticed in the neonatal period and the patient is now found to have a perplexing radiological appearance.", "PMID": 834914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1256", "title": "[Blood uric acid in myeloma].", "content": "A study was made of the mean blood uric acid level in a group of patients with myeloma, assessed before treatment and in cases where renal insufficiency had been formally excluded. This mean uric acid level of the blood was 63.3 +/- 15 mg. per liter in a groupe of 16 men, and 59.5 +/- 16.5 mg. per liter in a group of 18 women. Comparison of these findings with those obtained in a number of control groups suggests that in myeloma without renal failure, mild hyperuricemia exists. No clear mention of this fact is found in previous publications. The moderate extent of this hyperuricemia is probably due to the fairly slow growth of the myelomatous tumor mass. It is suggested that accurate determinations of the variations of the uricemia and uraturia might yield exact data concerning the sensitivity of the myelomatous cells to the cytolytic agents used to combat them.", "contents": "[Blood uric acid in myeloma]. A study was made of the mean blood uric acid level in a group of patients with myeloma, assessed before treatment and in cases where renal insufficiency had been formally excluded. This mean uric acid level of the blood was 63.3 +/- 15 mg. per liter in a groupe of 16 men, and 59.5 +/- 16.5 mg. per liter in a group of 18 women. Comparison of these findings with those obtained in a number of control groups suggests that in myeloma without renal failure, mild hyperuricemia exists. No clear mention of this fact is found in previous publications. The moderate extent of this hyperuricemia is probably due to the fairly slow growth of the myelomatous tumor mass. It is suggested that accurate determinations of the variations of the uricemia and uraturia might yield exact data concerning the sensitivity of the myelomatous cells to the cytolytic agents used to combat them.", "PMID": 834952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1257", "title": "[Discopathies after fractures and destructive vertebral lesions during rheumatismal pelvispondylitis].", "content": "In three cases of rheumatic spondylitis, fracture across the disc of an ankylosed spinal segment (C5-C6, D7-D8, and D12-L1 respectively) resulted in rapid development of a discopathy with destruction of the adjacent vertebral bodies. In one of these cases, surgical exposure of the focus permitted anatomical study of the lesion; the changes that had developed after the fracture were inflammatory in appearance, which at first suggested infection by non-specific micro-organisms, an assumption that was rapidly abandoned. This misleading histological appearance largely explains why these destructive discopathies in spondylitis have long been regarded as a consequence of the rheumatic process itself. A review is presented of the arguments which suggest that they have, in fact, a mechanical pathogenesis, often determined by a fracture. From this it may be concluded that the treatment of choice is temporary immobilization in moderate cases and surgery with transplantation in complicated or unstable cases.", "contents": "[Discopathies after fractures and destructive vertebral lesions during rheumatismal pelvispondylitis]. In three cases of rheumatic spondylitis, fracture across the disc of an ankylosed spinal segment (C5-C6, D7-D8, and D12-L1 respectively) resulted in rapid development of a discopathy with destruction of the adjacent vertebral bodies. In one of these cases, surgical exposure of the focus permitted anatomical study of the lesion; the changes that had developed after the fracture were inflammatory in appearance, which at first suggested infection by non-specific micro-organisms, an assumption that was rapidly abandoned. This misleading histological appearance largely explains why these destructive discopathies in spondylitis have long been regarded as a consequence of the rheumatic process itself. A review is presented of the arguments which suggest that they have, in fact, a mechanical pathogenesis, often determined by a fracture. From this it may be concluded that the treatment of choice is temporary immobilization in moderate cases and surgery with transplantation in complicated or unstable cases.", "PMID": 834953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1258", "title": "[Surgical opening of the carpal tunnel. Long-term results].", "content": "The authors present the results of surgery of a short series cases of compression of the median nerve. All cases involved idiopathic acroparesthesia. The surgical technique was the same in all cases: opening and resection of the large annular ligament, and opening of \"loge de Guyon\". All the patients were seen again by the same observer 1 to 6 years later (average time after surgery 2 1/2 years). The results were excellent as regards pain and subjective sensory disorders. In contrast, the muscular atrophy was little improved. The results of comparative electric examinations (19 cases) were improved, except where there were pre-operative signs of considerable denervation. In conclusion, the authors think that surgical opening should be restricted to patients presenting signs of serious denervation and to those who no longer benefit from medical infiltration treatment.", "contents": "[Surgical opening of the carpal tunnel. Long-term results]. The authors present the results of surgery of a short series cases of compression of the median nerve. All cases involved idiopathic acroparesthesia. The surgical technique was the same in all cases: opening and resection of the large annular ligament, and opening of \"loge de Guyon\". All the patients were seen again by the same observer 1 to 6 years later (average time after surgery 2 1/2 years). The results were excellent as regards pain and subjective sensory disorders. In contrast, the muscular atrophy was little improved. The results of comparative electric examinations (19 cases) were improved, except where there were pre-operative signs of considerable denervation. In conclusion, the authors think that surgical opening should be restricted to patients presenting signs of serious denervation and to those who no longer benefit from medical infiltration treatment.", "PMID": 834954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1259", "title": "[Synoviorthesis with radioactive gold in hemophilia].", "content": "Intra-articular haemorrhage in haemophiliacs often provokes chronic synovitis which leads to further repeated haemorrhages. This conditions has been treated by means of intra-articular injection of 198Au in colloidal solution and this treatment has cured the synovitis in 50 per cent of cases and given a notable improvement in about another 40 percent. Because of this, in this group of patients it was possible to reduce replacement therapy to less than 1/4 and the effect persisted over at least 3 years. This treatment even means that surgical synovectomy may be avoided in many cases. No unfavourable effects were seen on joint mobility or on bone growth but an undesirable effect of the radioactivity has been described in the form of chromosome changes in the circulating lymphocytes, and the importance of these pathological transformations is the subject of new experiments.", "contents": "[Synoviorthesis with radioactive gold in hemophilia]. Intra-articular haemorrhage in haemophiliacs often provokes chronic synovitis which leads to further repeated haemorrhages. This conditions has been treated by means of intra-articular injection of 198Au in colloidal solution and this treatment has cured the synovitis in 50 per cent of cases and given a notable improvement in about another 40 percent. Because of this, in this group of patients it was possible to reduce replacement therapy to less than 1/4 and the effect persisted over at least 3 years. This treatment even means that surgical synovectomy may be avoided in many cases. No unfavourable effects were seen on joint mobility or on bone growth but an undesirable effect of the radioactivity has been described in the form of chromosome changes in the circulating lymphocytes, and the importance of these pathological transformations is the subject of new experiments.", "PMID": 834955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1260", "title": "Transcutaneous pO2 electrode.", "content": "Measurements of pO2 on the skin surface (tc-pO2) by means of a conventional Clark electrode have under normal conditions (i.e., without producing hyperaemia) shown low tc-pO2 values and thereby indicated only a small exchange of oxygen through the skin. By using a heated Clark electrode specially designed for application on the surface of the skin it is, however, possible to perform continuous, non-invasive monitoring of tc-pO2 which is highly correlated to the arterial pO2 (pO2 (aB)) and which responds rapidly to changes in the inspired oxygen concentration (pO2 (I)). The tc-pO2 electrode developed by Radiometer and based on the above mentioned principles, viz.: --the use of a Clark oxygen electrode --the application of hyperthermia to produce local hyperaemia is described together with the Radiometer TCM1 TC OXYGEN MONITOR. The in vitro calibration of the electrode is performed at 43 degrees C using water saturated with atmospheric air as high calibrating standard, and a sulphite solution as zero standard. The response time of the electrode lies within the range 12-18 sec for 95% response when using a 25 mu Teflon (FEP) membrane. If the calibration is performed as described, the electrode will respond almost linearly to pO2 values up to 700 mmHg.", "contents": "Transcutaneous pO2 electrode. Measurements of pO2 on the skin surface (tc-pO2) by means of a conventional Clark electrode have under normal conditions (i.e., without producing hyperaemia) shown low tc-pO2 values and thereby indicated only a small exchange of oxygen through the skin. By using a heated Clark electrode specially designed for application on the surface of the skin it is, however, possible to perform continuous, non-invasive monitoring of tc-pO2 which is highly correlated to the arterial pO2 (pO2 (aB)) and which responds rapidly to changes in the inspired oxygen concentration (pO2 (I)). The tc-pO2 electrode developed by Radiometer and based on the above mentioned principles, viz.: --the use of a Clark oxygen electrode --the application of hyperthermia to produce local hyperaemia is described together with the Radiometer TCM1 TC OXYGEN MONITOR. The in vitro calibration of the electrode is performed at 43 degrees C using water saturated with atmospheric air as high calibrating standard, and a sulphite solution as zero standard. The response time of the electrode lies within the range 12-18 sec for 95% response when using a 25 mu Teflon (FEP) membrane. If the calibration is performed as described, the electrode will respond almost linearly to pO2 values up to 700 mmHg.", "PMID": 834956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1261", "title": "Transcutaneous measurement of arterial blood oxygen tension with a new electrode.", "content": "A new electrode for measuring the transcutaneous oxygen tension (tc-PO2) is described. The electrode has been tried out on newborn infants suffering from idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS), and the results obtained have been compared with the arterial oxygen tension (PaO2). A fairly close agreement was found, and the least deviations were seen in the range below 250 mmHg.", "contents": "Transcutaneous measurement of arterial blood oxygen tension with a new electrode. A new electrode for measuring the transcutaneous oxygen tension (tc-PO2) is described. The electrode has been tried out on newborn infants suffering from idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS), and the results obtained have been compared with the arterial oxygen tension (PaO2). A fairly close agreement was found, and the least deviations were seen in the range below 250 mmHg.", "PMID": 834957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1262", "title": "Experiences with a new direct-reading oxygen saturation photometer using ultrasound for hemolyzing the blood.", "content": "The new oxygen saturation meter (OSM2, Radiometer A/S, Copenhagen) is fully automatic and measures the oxygen saturation and the hemoglobin concentration of whole blood or packed red cells. Volume requirement 20 mul, time 40 s. The blood is hemolyzed directly in the capillary cuvette by means of ultrasound generated piezo-electrically. The instrument measures the absorbance at wave lengths of 505 nm and 600 nm. Absorbance range 0-3. The results are calculated electronically and appear in digital display. Other applications are (1) determination of the oxygen affinity of the hemoglobin (P50) after equilibrating the blood with a known pO2 or after measuring the pO2 in the blood sample, (2) determination of carboxyhemoglobin after complete reduction of the hemoglobin by means of dithionite, (3) determination of methemoglobin after complete oxygenation of the blood.", "contents": "Experiences with a new direct-reading oxygen saturation photometer using ultrasound for hemolyzing the blood. The new oxygen saturation meter (OSM2, Radiometer A/S, Copenhagen) is fully automatic and measures the oxygen saturation and the hemoglobin concentration of whole blood or packed red cells. Volume requirement 20 mul, time 40 s. The blood is hemolyzed directly in the capillary cuvette by means of ultrasound generated piezo-electrically. The instrument measures the absorbance at wave lengths of 505 nm and 600 nm. Absorbance range 0-3. The results are calculated electronically and appear in digital display. Other applications are (1) determination of the oxygen affinity of the hemoglobin (P50) after equilibrating the blood with a known pO2 or after measuring the pO2 in the blood sample, (2) determination of carboxyhemoglobin after complete reduction of the hemoglobin by means of dithionite, (3) determination of methemoglobin after complete oxygenation of the blood.", "PMID": 834960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1263", "title": "Effect of amiloride on electrical activity and electrolyte transport in human colon.", "content": "It is not known whether factors other than Na transport are involved in generating the electrical potential difference (PD) across the human colonic wall. Therefore, experiments were performed in which the effect of amiloride on PD and ion transport was evaluated in the in vitro short-circuited human colon. In control periods the short-circuit current (Isc) was 2.9 +/- 0.3 (mean +/- S.E.M.) muEq per hr per cem2, while the corresponding net transfer of Na and Cl was 4.6 +/- 0.4 and 1.4 +/- 0.1 respectively. The residual flux was insignificantly different from zero. Amiloride caused a prompt, but reversible, decrease in Isc, PD, and conductance when added to the mucosal sie,dbut only a relatively small reduction of the mucosa to serosa fluxes of Na occurred. Bidirectional Cl fluxes were unchanged while the residual flux increased significantly. It is proposed, therefore, that some ions other than Cl (presumably mucosa to serosa fluxes of H and/or serosa to mucosa fluxes of HCO3) are the main counter ions for actively transported Na in the large bowel. Experiments performed in vivo showed that the rectal PD decreased exponentially from -46 mV +/- 0.8 TO -27 MV +/- 0.3 (mean +/- S.E.M.) following rectal instillation of 10-3 M amiloride. The half-time required for this effect was less than 13 seconds.", "contents": "Effect of amiloride on electrical activity and electrolyte transport in human colon. It is not known whether factors other than Na transport are involved in generating the electrical potential difference (PD) across the human colonic wall. Therefore, experiments were performed in which the effect of amiloride on PD and ion transport was evaluated in the in vitro short-circuited human colon. In control periods the short-circuit current (Isc) was 2.9 +/- 0.3 (mean +/- S.E.M.) muEq per hr per cem2, while the corresponding net transfer of Na and Cl was 4.6 +/- 0.4 and 1.4 +/- 0.1 respectively. The residual flux was insignificantly different from zero. Amiloride caused a prompt, but reversible, decrease in Isc, PD, and conductance when added to the mucosal sie,dbut only a relatively small reduction of the mucosa to serosa fluxes of Na occurred. Bidirectional Cl fluxes were unchanged while the residual flux increased significantly. It is proposed, therefore, that some ions other than Cl (presumably mucosa to serosa fluxes of H and/or serosa to mucosa fluxes of HCO3) are the main counter ions for actively transported Na in the large bowel. Experiments performed in vivo showed that the rectal PD decreased exponentially from -46 mV +/- 0.8 TO -27 MV +/- 0.3 (mean +/- S.E.M.) following rectal instillation of 10-3 M amiloride. The half-time required for this effect was less than 13 seconds.", "PMID": 834961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1264", "title": "The effect of sucrose malabsorption on the growth pattern in children.", "content": "The clinical significance of sucrose malabsorption in 7 children (5 danish, 2 greenlandic)is discussed. the principal symptom was chronic, watery diarrhea, but meteorismand crying spells were frequent symptoms. the attacks of diarrhea started at thetime sucrose was  introduced into the diet. treatment with a diet poor in sucroseled to immediate relief of all symptoms. charts of the growth pattern were drawnup in 5 cases, and they showed a relative increase in weight and length as a result of dietetic treatment, although the values for both length and weight were within the normal range when treatment was commenced.", "contents": "The effect of sucrose malabsorption on the growth pattern in children. The clinical significance of sucrose malabsorption in 7 children (5 danish, 2 greenlandic)is discussed. the principal symptom was chronic, watery diarrhea, but meteorismand crying spells were frequent symptoms. the attacks of diarrhea started at thetime sucrose was  introduced into the diet. treatment with a diet poor in sucroseled to immediate relief of all symptoms. charts of the growth pattern were drawnup in 5 cases, and they showed a relative increase in weight and length as a result of dietetic treatment, although the values for both length and weight were within the normal range when treatment was commenced.", "PMID": 834962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1265", "title": "Pancreatic extract and the intestinal uptake of vitamin B12. I. Effect on the intestinal epithelium and the vitamin B12-intrinsic factor complex.", "content": "Pancreatic extract (PE) reduced the uptake of rat intrinsic factor (IF)-bound 57CoB12 by perfused rat intestinal segments (p is less than 0.02) as well as by isolated rat intestinal brush borders (p is less than 0.01). The inhibition was concentration-dependent. Preincubation of the brush borders with PE recular weight of the 57CoB12-IF complex, as well as the uptake of the complex by isolated intestinal brush borders, was unchanged after prolonged preincubation with PE. PE also inhibited the uptake of glucose by perfused intestinal segments (p is less than 0.01), but the morphology and idsaccharidase activity (p is greater than 0.5) of the intestinaleptihelium was unaltered. The results indicate that the inhibition may be due to interaction between the intestinal epithelium and PE.", "contents": "Pancreatic extract and the intestinal uptake of vitamin B12. I. Effect on the intestinal epithelium and the vitamin B12-intrinsic factor complex. Pancreatic extract (PE) reduced the uptake of rat intrinsic factor (IF)-bound 57CoB12 by perfused rat intestinal segments (p is less than 0.02) as well as by isolated rat intestinal brush borders (p is less than 0.01). The inhibition was concentration-dependent. Preincubation of the brush borders with PE recular weight of the 57CoB12-IF complex, as well as the uptake of the complex by isolated intestinal brush borders, was unchanged after prolonged preincubation with PE. PE also inhibited the uptake of glucose by perfused intestinal segments (p is less than 0.01), but the morphology and idsaccharidase activity (p is greater than 0.5) of the intestinaleptihelium was unaltered. The results indicate that the inhibition may be due to interaction between the intestinal epithelium and PE.", "PMID": 834963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1266", "title": "Duodenal bile acid concentrations in fat malabsorption syndromes.", "content": "Meal-stimulated duodenal bile acid concentrations were measured in 38 control subjects and in 138 patients with various gastrointestinal diseases with or without fat malabsorption. In controls, the duodenal bile acid concentrations were normally distributed after Iogarithmic transformation, with a mean of 10.8 mM/1 (range: 5.4-21.5 mM/1). In general, the lower normal limit, 5.4 mM/1, discriminated well between patients with or without steatorrhea in whom other causes of fat malabsorption had been ruled out. The combination of intraluminal bile acid deficiency and steatorrhea was most often encountered in patientswit h hepatic disease, ileal disorders, and in the stagnant loop syndrome. Measurements of duodenal bile acid concentrations may serve to detect disorders of bile acid metabolism and thereby elucidate the pathogenesis of fat malabsorption syndromes.", "contents": "Duodenal bile acid concentrations in fat malabsorption syndromes. Meal-stimulated duodenal bile acid concentrations were measured in 38 control subjects and in 138 patients with various gastrointestinal diseases with or without fat malabsorption. In controls, the duodenal bile acid concentrations were normally distributed after Iogarithmic transformation, with a mean of 10.8 mM/1 (range: 5.4-21.5 mM/1). In general, the lower normal limit, 5.4 mM/1, discriminated well between patients with or without steatorrhea in whom other causes of fat malabsorption had been ruled out. The combination of intraluminal bile acid deficiency and steatorrhea was most often encountered in patientswit h hepatic disease, ileal disorders, and in the stagnant loop syndrome. Measurements of duodenal bile acid concentrations may serve to detect disorders of bile acid metabolism and thereby elucidate the pathogenesis of fat malabsorption syndromes.", "PMID": 834964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1267", "title": "Plasma pyridoxal phosphate levels in fulminant hepatic failure and the effects of parenteral supplementation.", "content": "Plasma concentrations of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP), the active coenzyme form of vitamin B6, were found to be markedly raised in patients with fulminant hepatic failure, when estimated within one week of the onset of symptoms. In parallel with the rise in plasma PLP, there was an increase in serum aminotransferase activity, suggesting that as a result of the severe hepatocyte injury, vitamin is released from theliver in the form of transaminase holoenzymes. There was no correlation between plasma levels of PLP and the urinary excretion of 4-pyridoxic acid, its main metabolite, either in the patients or normal control subjects. There was a progressive decline in plasma PLP levels after the initial period, which was not prevented by administration of high doses of pyridoxine hydrochloride (100 mg intravenously daily), suggesting that thseepatients are either unable to convert pyridoxine to PLP, or that degradation of PLP occurs at a pathologically incrased rate in this condition.", "contents": "Plasma pyridoxal phosphate levels in fulminant hepatic failure and the effects of parenteral supplementation. Plasma concentrations of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP), the active coenzyme form of vitamin B6, were found to be markedly raised in patients with fulminant hepatic failure, when estimated within one week of the onset of symptoms. In parallel with the rise in plasma PLP, there was an increase in serum aminotransferase activity, suggesting that as a result of the severe hepatocyte injury, vitamin is released from theliver in the form of transaminase holoenzymes. There was no correlation between plasma levels of PLP and the urinary excretion of 4-pyridoxic acid, its main metabolite, either in the patients or normal control subjects. There was a progressive decline in plasma PLP levels after the initial period, which was not prevented by administration of high doses of pyridoxine hydrochloride (100 mg intravenously daily), suggesting that thseepatients are either unable to convert pyridoxine to PLP, or that degradation of PLP occurs at a pathologically incrased rate in this condition.", "PMID": 834965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1268", "title": "Serum calcitonin in acute pancreatitis in man.", "content": "Serum calcitonin (Ct) levels, serum calcium, and urine amylast were analyzed in 29 patients with an acute pancreatitis collected at random. In two of the patients the acute pancreatitis complicated a primary hyperparathyroidism. It was found that the calcitonin levels in serum were usually elevated during the acute phase of the pancreatitis. During this phase of the disease 22 of 27 examined patients had Ct-values above the upper normal limit of 1 mug/ml. The patients with normal Ct-values also had moderately elevated amylast values and a less pronounced pancreatitis. Normal Ct-values were usually found in patients more than 10 days after the onset of symptoms. Serum calcium was mostly within normal limits. However, a slight fall in serum calcium or low values was recorded in six patients with a pronounced disese. One patient with hyperparathyroidism normalized a previously elevated serum calcium during the calcitonin release.", "contents": "Serum calcitonin in acute pancreatitis in man. Serum calcitonin (Ct) levels, serum calcium, and urine amylast were analyzed in 29 patients with an acute pancreatitis collected at random. In two of the patients the acute pancreatitis complicated a primary hyperparathyroidism. It was found that the calcitonin levels in serum were usually elevated during the acute phase of the pancreatitis. During this phase of the disease 22 of 27 examined patients had Ct-values above the upper normal limit of 1 mug/ml. The patients with normal Ct-values also had moderately elevated amylast values and a less pronounced pancreatitis. Normal Ct-values were usually found in patients more than 10 days after the onset of symptoms. Serum calcium was mostly within normal limits. However, a slight fall in serum calcium or low values was recorded in six patients with a pronounced disese. One patient with hyperparathyroidism normalized a previously elevated serum calcium during the calcitonin release.", "PMID": 834966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1269", "title": "Effect of endogenous and exogenous glucagon on pentagastrin-stimulated lower esophageal sphincter pressure in man.", "content": "The effect of endogenously released pancreatic glucagon on pentagastrin-stimulated lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LES-P) was studied in 10 healthy subjects. Glucagon was released by continuous intravenous infusion of 1-arginine in a dose of 0.6 g/kg-h, which resulted in plasma concentrations of pancreatic glucagon comparable to those seen after a protein meal. Infusion of arginine resulted in a significant inhibition of pentagastrin (0.5 mug/kg-h) stimulated LES-P. Five of the subjects furthermore had a study of the effect of exogenous glucagon in a dose of 1.6 mjg/kg-h on pentagastrin-stimulated LES-P. This dose of glucagon also reduced LES-P, but in spite of higher plasma glucagon concentrations, to a lesser degree than arginine.", "contents": "Effect of endogenous and exogenous glucagon on pentagastrin-stimulated lower esophageal sphincter pressure in man. The effect of endogenously released pancreatic glucagon on pentagastrin-stimulated lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LES-P) was studied in 10 healthy subjects. Glucagon was released by continuous intravenous infusion of 1-arginine in a dose of 0.6 g/kg-h, which resulted in plasma concentrations of pancreatic glucagon comparable to those seen after a protein meal. Infusion of arginine resulted in a significant inhibition of pentagastrin (0.5 mug/kg-h) stimulated LES-P. Five of the subjects furthermore had a study of the effect of exogenous glucagon in a dose of 1.6 mjg/kg-h on pentagastrin-stimulated LES-P. This dose of glucagon also reduced LES-P, but in spite of higher plasma glucagon concentrations, to a lesser degree than arginine.", "PMID": 834967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1270", "title": "Double contrast X-ray examination of stomach.", "content": "A comparison was made between three double contrast methods and the conventional method of X-ray examination of the stomach. 106 patets received ordinary barium sulphate together with effervescent granules. 119 patients were examined with a special barium sulphate preparation containing dissolved carbon dioxide (Baritop). The third group, 100 patients, received Baritop and effervescent granules, and 100 patients a conventional barium meal. The films were analyzed as to the quality of mucosal pattern demonstration, mucosal affinity of the contrast medium, and the degree of dilatation of the stomach and duo8num. In addition, the degree of interference by gas bubbles was estimated. The best results were obtained with the contrast medium containing carbon dioxide (Baritop).", "contents": "Double contrast X-ray examination of stomach. A comparison was made between three double contrast methods and the conventional method of X-ray examination of the stomach. 106 patets received ordinary barium sulphate together with effervescent granules. 119 patients were examined with a special barium sulphate preparation containing dissolved carbon dioxide (Baritop). The third group, 100 patients, received Baritop and effervescent granules, and 100 patients a conventional barium meal. The films were analyzed as to the quality of mucosal pattern demonstration, mucosal affinity of the contrast medium, and the degree of dilatation of the stomach and duo8num. In addition, the degree of interference by gas bubbles was estimated. The best results were obtained with the contrast medium containing carbon dioxide (Baritop).", "PMID": 834968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1271", "title": "Isoamylases in pancreatic carcinoma and chronic relapsing pancreatitis.", "content": "Pancreatic isoamylases were determined in serum and in duodenal aspirate in 7 patients with pancreatitis. The serum activities were abnormally low in 3 cases with cancer and in 7 cases with pancreatitis. In 2 cases with normal pancreatic isoamylase activities in serum, pancreatic disease was reflected by an abnormal isoamylast pattern. Thus the serum amylast determination was abnormal in 12 of the 20 patients.", "contents": "Isoamylases in pancreatic carcinoma and chronic relapsing pancreatitis. Pancreatic isoamylases were determined in serum and in duodenal aspirate in 7 patients with pancreatitis. The serum activities were abnormally low in 3 cases with cancer and in 7 cases with pancreatitis. In 2 cases with normal pancreatic isoamylase activities in serum, pancreatic disease was reflected by an abnormal isoamylast pattern. Thus the serum amylast determination was abnormal in 12 of the 20 patients.", "PMID": 834969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1272", "title": "Protectomy in ulcerative colitis. Results in 143 patients.", "content": "Secondary protectomy caused only one death in 59 patients while 10 deaths in the other 84 patients could be ascribed to simultaneous procedures such as colectomy. The perineal would was closed round a drainage tube. Healing was unrelated to age, primary or later protectomy, and corticosteroid medication. Mean healing time was significantly shorter in females (5.5 months) than in males (6.7 months). Only 50% of the patients reported healing in 6 months, and 20% still had an open wound at follow-up. These facts suggest that the present method should be altered. Healing seemed to follow an exponential curve, a trend which could be broken by revision, which was successful in 14 of 25 cases. Non-absorbable material, probably originating from ligatures on the superior hemorrhoidal vessels, was the apparent cause of sinus in 5 cases at least. Low as opposed to high ligation gives a long vascular pedicle, which may descend with its ligatures. This may explain the slower healing after protectomy for ulcerative colitis than for cancer.", "contents": "Protectomy in ulcerative colitis. Results in 143 patients. Secondary protectomy caused only one death in 59 patients while 10 deaths in the other 84 patients could be ascribed to simultaneous procedures such as colectomy. The perineal would was closed round a drainage tube. Healing was unrelated to age, primary or later protectomy, and corticosteroid medication. Mean healing time was significantly shorter in females (5.5 months) than in males (6.7 months). Only 50% of the patients reported healing in 6 months, and 20% still had an open wound at follow-up. These facts suggest that the present method should be altered. Healing seemed to follow an exponential curve, a trend which could be broken by revision, which was successful in 14 of 25 cases. Non-absorbable material, probably originating from ligatures on the superior hemorrhoidal vessels, was the apparent cause of sinus in 5 cases at least. Low as opposed to high ligation gives a long vascular pedicle, which may descend with its ligatures. This may explain the slower healing after protectomy for ulcerative colitis than for cancer.", "PMID": 834970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1273", "title": "Hexosamine-containing macromolecules in human colon carcinomas.", "content": "Normal, transitional, and carcinoma areas of five colons resected for carcinoma were examined morphologically, histochemically, and biochemically. The transitional area contained a larger amount of non-sulphated acid mucin than the normal mucosa as verified histochemically. Normal mucosa contained mainly sulphated mucin. The hexosamine-containing macromolecules present in different areas were isolated and characterized. They were divided into the following groups: 1) acid glycosaminoglycans, 2) high-molecular-weight glycopeptides, and 3) low-molecular weight glycopeptides. The concentration of the total hexosamine-containing material was in the carcinoma area twice as high as in normal areas. Acid glycosaminoglycans were identified as hyaluronate, heparan sulphate, dermatan sulphate, and chondroitin 4-(6)-sulphate. Their concentraitons were found to increase from normal to transitional and from transitional to carcinoma areas. The high-molecular-weight glycopeptide was composed of fucose, galactose, glucosamine, galactosamine, sialic acid, and variable amounts of sulphate. The sulphation degree of the glycopeptide was higher in normal mucosa than in transitional or carcinoma areas: The low-molecular-weight glycopeptides consisted of about a half of the total hexosamine-containing substances. The concentration of saline-insoluble fraction of the low-molecular-weight glycopeptides was in transitional areas about two times, and in carcinoma areas about four times, higher than in normal mucosa.", "contents": "Hexosamine-containing macromolecules in human colon carcinomas. Normal, transitional, and carcinoma areas of five colons resected for carcinoma were examined morphologically, histochemically, and biochemically. The transitional area contained a larger amount of non-sulphated acid mucin than the normal mucosa as verified histochemically. Normal mucosa contained mainly sulphated mucin. The hexosamine-containing macromolecules present in different areas were isolated and characterized. They were divided into the following groups: 1) acid glycosaminoglycans, 2) high-molecular-weight glycopeptides, and 3) low-molecular weight glycopeptides. The concentration of the total hexosamine-containing material was in the carcinoma area twice as high as in normal areas. Acid glycosaminoglycans were identified as hyaluronate, heparan sulphate, dermatan sulphate, and chondroitin 4-(6)-sulphate. Their concentraitons were found to increase from normal to transitional and from transitional to carcinoma areas. The high-molecular-weight glycopeptide was composed of fucose, galactose, glucosamine, galactosamine, sialic acid, and variable amounts of sulphate. The sulphation degree of the glycopeptide was higher in normal mucosa than in transitional or carcinoma areas: The low-molecular-weight glycopeptides consisted of about a half of the total hexosamine-containing substances. The concentration of saline-insoluble fraction of the low-molecular-weight glycopeptides was in transitional areas about two times, and in carcinoma areas about four times, higher than in normal mucosa.", "PMID": 834971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1274", "title": "Effect of pentagastrin on blood flow distribution in the stomach of cats with gastric ulcer.", "content": "Ulcer was induced in the anterior wall of the antrum by injection of acetic acid solution. Carbonized microspheres 15 +/- 5 mj in diameter and labelled with 85Sr and 141Ce were used to measure blood flow in different regions and layers of the stomach. The radioactivity of the blood and tissue samples was determined, and the blood flow was calculated for each tissue sample. Three groups of anaesthetized animals were used: 1) animals, with normal stomachs, 2) animals with normal stomachs given pentagastrin, 3)animals with a one-week ulcer given pentagastrin. In animals with normal stomachs given pentagastrin during 20 minutes, the mucosal blood flow increased in all areas of the stomach apart from the antrum. In animals with a gastric ulcer pentagastrin was not found to influence the mucosal blood flow significantly. Pentagastrin was not found to change the muscularis flow in animals with normal stomachs, or in animals with a gastric ulcer.", "contents": "Effect of pentagastrin on blood flow distribution in the stomach of cats with gastric ulcer. Ulcer was induced in the anterior wall of the antrum by injection of acetic acid solution. Carbonized microspheres 15 +/- 5 mj in diameter and labelled with 85Sr and 141Ce were used to measure blood flow in different regions and layers of the stomach. The radioactivity of the blood and tissue samples was determined, and the blood flow was calculated for each tissue sample. Three groups of anaesthetized animals were used: 1) animals, with normal stomachs, 2) animals with normal stomachs given pentagastrin, 3)animals with a one-week ulcer given pentagastrin. In animals with normal stomachs given pentagastrin during 20 minutes, the mucosal blood flow increased in all areas of the stomach apart from the antrum. In animals with a gastric ulcer pentagastrin was not found to influence the mucosal blood flow significantly. Pentagastrin was not found to change the muscularis flow in animals with normal stomachs, or in animals with a gastric ulcer.", "PMID": 834972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1275", "title": "The effect of insulin on food-stimulated secretion of gastrin after parietal cell vagotomy and selective gastric vagotomy.", "content": "Serum gastrin concentration was measured in 11 patients with Parietal Cell Vagotomy and Drainage (PCV + D) and in 11 patients with Selective Gastric Vagotomy and Drainage (SGV + D) in the basal state, after a meal, and after a meal in combination with insulin-hypoglycaemia. Insulin had an early and transitory, but significant, inhibitory effect on the food-induced rise in serum gastrin concentrations. This inhibition was the same whether the patients had a PCV + D or SGV + D, indicating that it has no relation to the vagal innervation of the antrum. In the second hour after the meal the integrated gastrin output was significantly higher when insulin was added to a meal in patients with PCV + D but not in patients with SGV + D. This may indicate a certain, possibility sensitizing, effect of the vagal antral nerves.", "contents": "The effect of insulin on food-stimulated secretion of gastrin after parietal cell vagotomy and selective gastric vagotomy. Serum gastrin concentration was measured in 11 patients with Parietal Cell Vagotomy and Drainage (PCV + D) and in 11 patients with Selective Gastric Vagotomy and Drainage (SGV + D) in the basal state, after a meal, and after a meal in combination with insulin-hypoglycaemia. Insulin had an early and transitory, but significant, inhibitory effect on the food-induced rise in serum gastrin concentrations. This inhibition was the same whether the patients had a PCV + D or SGV + D, indicating that it has no relation to the vagal innervation of the antrum. In the second hour after the meal the integrated gastrin output was significantly higher when insulin was added to a meal in patients with PCV + D but not in patients with SGV + D. This may indicate a certain, possibility sensitizing, effect of the vagal antral nerves.", "PMID": 834973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1276", "title": "Hepatic copper content, urinary copper excretion, and serum ceruloplasmin in liver disease.", "content": "Increased liver copper concentration and raised serum ceruloplasmin were demonstrated in primary biliary cirrhosis and disorders of the biliary tract, and occasionally in chronic active hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver. Eight of 13 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis had liver copper content as high as seen in patients with hepatolenticular degeneration (is greater than 250 mjg/g dry weight). Normal liver content was found in patients with acute hepatitis, steatosis of the liver, hepatic amuloidosis, haemochromatosis, and Gilbert's syndrome. The urinary copper excretion was increased (is greater than 75 mjg/24 h) in half the patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and occasionally in the other patient groups. Serum ceruloplasmin was raised in more than half of all patients, and none had levels below the reference range. Raised heaptic copper content did not always coincide with enhanced urinary copper excretion, but was significantly correlated with this parameter and also with ceruloplasmin, alkaline phosphatases, and vitamin-K-dependent clotting factors, but not with ALAT. Combination of laboratory data, as found in typical cases of hepatolenticular degeneration, was not observed in this study, including 66 patients.", "contents": "Hepatic copper content, urinary copper excretion, and serum ceruloplasmin in liver disease. Increased liver copper concentration and raised serum ceruloplasmin were demonstrated in primary biliary cirrhosis and disorders of the biliary tract, and occasionally in chronic active hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver. Eight of 13 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis had liver copper content as high as seen in patients with hepatolenticular degeneration (is greater than 250 mjg/g dry weight). Normal liver content was found in patients with acute hepatitis, steatosis of the liver, hepatic amuloidosis, haemochromatosis, and Gilbert's syndrome. The urinary copper excretion was increased (is greater than 75 mjg/24 h) in half the patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and occasionally in the other patient groups. Serum ceruloplasmin was raised in more than half of all patients, and none had levels below the reference range. Raised heaptic copper content did not always coincide with enhanced urinary copper excretion, but was significantly correlated with this parameter and also with ceruloplasmin, alkaline phosphatases, and vitamin-K-dependent clotting factors, but not with ALAT. Combination of laboratory data, as found in typical cases of hepatolenticular degeneration, was not observed in this study, including 66 patients.", "PMID": 834974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1277", "title": "Assessment of the therapeutic value of an elemental diet in chronic inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "Thirty-four patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease, 23 with ulcerative colitis, and 11 with  crohn's disease, weretreated with elemental diet. thirty-one patients had been on high dose prednisonetherapy one to four weeks prior to the diet with no or insufficient response. Fifteen patients (44%) went into remission when elemental diet was introduced as the only change of treatment. Furthermore six patients (18%) went into remission when the dietary treatment was supplemented with high dose prednisone treatment (2 cases) or an increase of prednisone dose (4 cases). Remission occurred in 16 of 21 patients with disease of moderate activity, but in only 5 of 13 cases with severe disease. Remission rate was higher in patients with a limited extent of the lesion, but 8 patients with extensive colitis responded to treatment. There was no significant change of haemoglobin  serum iron, transferrin, albumin, orosomucoid, or renal excretion of creatinine. However, significant decreases were observed of sedimentation rate, renal urea excretion, faecal volume and daily number of bowel movements. Colectomy was performed in 8 patients whose condition remained unchanged or aggravated during treatment. Follow-up studies of non-operated patients who went into remission showed that 6 of 13 patients with ulcerative colitis were perfectly well 7-28 months after the study, 3 patients suffered a mild recurrence after 4-24 months, and 4 patients were colectomized 5-10 months later due to severe attack. Of 8 patients with Crohn's disease 4 remained unoperated and free of symptoms 22-35 months after the study.", "contents": "Assessment of the therapeutic value of an elemental diet in chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Thirty-four patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease, 23 with ulcerative colitis, and 11 with  crohn's disease, weretreated with elemental diet. thirty-one patients had been on high dose prednisonetherapy one to four weeks prior to the diet with no or insufficient response. Fifteen patients (44%) went into remission when elemental diet was introduced as the only change of treatment. Furthermore six patients (18%) went into remission when the dietary treatment was supplemented with high dose prednisone treatment (2 cases) or an increase of prednisone dose (4 cases). Remission occurred in 16 of 21 patients with disease of moderate activity, but in only 5 of 13 cases with severe disease. Remission rate was higher in patients with a limited extent of the lesion, but 8 patients with extensive colitis responded to treatment. There was no significant change of haemoglobin  serum iron, transferrin, albumin, orosomucoid, or renal excretion of creatinine. However, significant decreases were observed of sedimentation rate, renal urea excretion, faecal volume and daily number of bowel movements. Colectomy was performed in 8 patients whose condition remained unchanged or aggravated during treatment. Follow-up studies of non-operated patients who went into remission showed that 6 of 13 patients with ulcerative colitis were perfectly well 7-28 months after the study, 3 patients suffered a mild recurrence after 4-24 months, and 4 patients were colectomized 5-10 months later due to severe attack. Of 8 patients with Crohn's disease 4 remained unoperated and free of symptoms 22-35 months after the study.", "PMID": 834975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1278", "title": "Criteria for selection of patients for medical treatment (chenodeoxycholic acid therapy) of gallstones.", "content": "With the introduction of medical treatment (chenodeoxycholic acid therapy) of cholesterol gallstones, the prediction of the gallstone type, cholesterol--non-cholesterol stones, (i.e. cholesterol predominating or not), has become important. In 24 consecutive patients admitted for surgery because of gallstones, the value of various criteria for differentiation between the two types of stones was assessed. It is concluded that the combined requirements of radiolucency of the stones and a cholesterol saturation index in duodenal bile above 1.00 constitutes a fairly reliable method for selection of patients for dissolution therapy with chenodeoxycholic acid.", "contents": "Criteria for selection of patients for medical treatment (chenodeoxycholic acid therapy) of gallstones. With the introduction of medical treatment (chenodeoxycholic acid therapy) of cholesterol gallstones, the prediction of the gallstone type, cholesterol--non-cholesterol stones, (i.e. cholesterol predominating or not), has become important. In 24 consecutive patients admitted for surgery because of gallstones, the value of various criteria for differentiation between the two types of stones was assessed. It is concluded that the combined requirements of radiolucency of the stones and a cholesterol saturation index in duodenal bile above 1.00 constitutes a fairly reliable method for selection of patients for dissolution therapy with chenodeoxycholic acid.", "PMID": 834976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1279", "title": "[The intestines: an endocrine gland with multiple secretions].", "content": "The endocrinology of the digestive system has been a stimulating area of research for 15 years. Studies have shown that the intestine, with the many hormones it secretes, is to be considered an endocrine gland per se. The questions surrounding the nature, origin and functions of these hormones, and their role in human clinical medicine, are discussed. The answers, although incomplete and provisional, open highly interesting perspectives for the gastroenterologist.", "contents": "[The intestines: an endocrine gland with multiple secretions]. The endocrinology of the digestive system has been a stimulating area of research for 15 years. Studies have shown that the intestine, with the many hormones it secretes, is to be considered an endocrine gland per se. The questions surrounding the nature, origin and functions of these hormones, and their role in human clinical medicine, are discussed. The answers, although incomplete and provisional, open highly interesting perspectives for the gastroenterologist.", "PMID": 834977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1280", "title": "[Yersinia enterocolitica infections in the Zurich area. Bacteriologic-serological diagnosis and case reports].", "content": "It has been investigated whether in the region of Zurich there are infections caused by Yersinia enterocolitica, and, if so, whether these could readily be diagnosed by us. Both questions can be answered in the affirmative. Yersinia enterocolitica type 3 was identified in 5 of the 837 stool specimens sent to our Salmonella diagnosis unit. In 19 of the 1125 blood serum specimens the titer of agglutinin against Yersinia enterocolitica type 3 was higher than 1 : 160. Our methods of isolation and identification of Yersinia enterocolitica are described. The clinical findings were in accordance with previously published observations by different authors. In none of the cases could any other causal agent have been responsible for the symptoms.", "contents": "[Yersinia enterocolitica infections in the Zurich area. Bacteriologic-serological diagnosis and case reports]. It has been investigated whether in the region of Zurich there are infections caused by Yersinia enterocolitica, and, if so, whether these could readily be diagnosed by us. Both questions can be answered in the affirmative. Yersinia enterocolitica type 3 was identified in 5 of the 837 stool specimens sent to our Salmonella diagnosis unit. In 19 of the 1125 blood serum specimens the titer of agglutinin against Yersinia enterocolitica type 3 was higher than 1 : 160. Our methods of isolation and identification of Yersinia enterocolitica are described. The clinical findings were in accordance with previously published observations by different authors. In none of the cases could any other causal agent have been responsible for the symptoms.", "PMID": 834978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1281", "title": "[A personal pollen trap. Preliminary report].", "content": "A device is briefly described by which the personal exposure of hay-fever patients to pollen and fungal spores can be ascertained. Pollen and fungal spores are caught on an adhesive surface, after which they are mounted in the Gelvatol and determined qualitatively and quantitatively under the microscope.", "contents": "[A personal pollen trap. Preliminary report]. A device is briefly described by which the personal exposure of hay-fever patients to pollen and fungal spores can be ascertained. Pollen and fungal spores are caught on an adhesive surface, after which they are mounted in the Gelvatol and determined qualitatively and quantitatively under the microscope.", "PMID": 834979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1282", "title": "[Depressions with a surprising ending].", "content": "Periodicity of depressive episodes over many years, onset of depression entirely unconnected with external circumstances, or spontaneous end without a change in the patient's life situation strongly suggest and endogenous cause. The actual symptomatology alone does not provide direct evidence. The second criterion, the independent onset of an episode, may be difficult to reconstruct. However, a spontaneous and unexpected end is an impressive event and an argument for endogenicity even in cases of apparently reactive or neurotic origin.", "contents": "[Depressions with a surprising ending]. Periodicity of depressive episodes over many years, onset of depression entirely unconnected with external circumstances, or spontaneous end without a change in the patient's life situation strongly suggest and endogenous cause. The actual symptomatology alone does not provide direct evidence. The second criterion, the independent onset of an episode, may be difficult to reconstruct. However, a spontaneous and unexpected end is an impressive event and an argument for endogenicity even in cases of apparently reactive or neurotic origin.", "PMID": 834980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1283", "title": "[Serum immunity against influenza viruses A/Hongkong, A/Z\u00fcrich, A/Victoria and A/Swine in the Swiss population].", "content": "The HI antibody against the influenza virus A/Z\u00fcrich/18/75 was titrated in 2351 sera from 17- to 75-year-old blood donors living in 24 different parts of Switzerland. 518 sera selected from these donors with the same distribution of age and location were tested against the viruses A/Hongkong/1/68, A/Victoria/3/75 and A/Swine/15/31. The percentage frequency of 91.7% and 89.4% positive sera reveal almost complete exposure of the population to A/Hongkong and A/Z\u00fcrich. But only half of the donors possess antibody against the A/Victoria/3/75 virus. It is therefore reasonable to expect that the A/Victoria virus or a closely, antigenetically related virus will cause influenza cases in the winter of 1976/77. Despite small regional differences the distribution of influenza in Switzerland appears to be uniform, in view of the fact that the geometric mean titre of the donors from different parts of the country showed no significant deviation from the total geometric mean. The largest number of positive sera were in the youngest and oldest age groups and the smallest in the 30- to 50-year age group. Antibody to A/Swine/15/31 virus was found almost exclusively in sera from persons aged 50 or over.", "contents": "[Serum immunity against influenza viruses A/Hongkong, A/Z\u00fcrich, A/Victoria and A/Swine in the Swiss population]. The HI antibody against the influenza virus A/Z\u00fcrich/18/75 was titrated in 2351 sera from 17- to 75-year-old blood donors living in 24 different parts of Switzerland. 518 sera selected from these donors with the same distribution of age and location were tested against the viruses A/Hongkong/1/68, A/Victoria/3/75 and A/Swine/15/31. The percentage frequency of 91.7% and 89.4% positive sera reveal almost complete exposure of the population to A/Hongkong and A/Z\u00fcrich. But only half of the donors possess antibody against the A/Victoria/3/75 virus. It is therefore reasonable to expect that the A/Victoria virus or a closely, antigenetically related virus will cause influenza cases in the winter of 1976/77. Despite small regional differences the distribution of influenza in Switzerland appears to be uniform, in view of the fact that the geometric mean titre of the donors from different parts of the country showed no significant deviation from the total geometric mean. The largest number of positive sera were in the youngest and oldest age groups and the smallest in the 30- to 50-year age group. Antibody to A/Swine/15/31 virus was found almost exclusively in sera from persons aged 50 or over.", "PMID": 834981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1284", "title": "[Post-transfusion hepatitis 1973 and 1974 in the Z\u00fcrich region].", "content": "More than 100 000 units of blood were tranfused during the years 1973-74 in the region of Zurich. 30 cases of posttransfusion hepatitis (PTH) reported in this period were investigated with regard to the origin of the tranfused blood, and 24 (71%) proved to be hepatitis B antigen (HBS-Ag) positive. Despite the use of a sensitive method for HBS-Ag screening, transfusion of HBS-Ag positive blood was found to be responsible for PTH in 4 cases only. In 88% of the cases there was no proof that the PTH was caused by blood transfusion. Hepatitis A virus, EPstein-Barr virus and Cytomegalovirus do not appear to be important causative factors in PTH syndrome. Reasons for failure to detect hepatitis virus in donor blood are discussed. There appear to be other sources of hepatitis-virus infection than blood transfusion.", "contents": "[Post-transfusion hepatitis 1973 and 1974 in the Z\u00fcrich region]. More than 100 000 units of blood were tranfused during the years 1973-74 in the region of Zurich. 30 cases of posttransfusion hepatitis (PTH) reported in this period were investigated with regard to the origin of the tranfused blood, and 24 (71%) proved to be hepatitis B antigen (HBS-Ag) positive. Despite the use of a sensitive method for HBS-Ag screening, transfusion of HBS-Ag positive blood was found to be responsible for PTH in 4 cases only. In 88% of the cases there was no proof that the PTH was caused by blood transfusion. Hepatitis A virus, EPstein-Barr virus and Cytomegalovirus do not appear to be important causative factors in PTH syndrome. Reasons for failure to detect hepatitis virus in donor blood are discussed. There appear to be other sources of hepatitis-virus infection than blood transfusion.", "PMID": 834982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1285", "title": "[Spiegeli's hernia].", "content": "Spontaneous lateral ventral hernia (spigelian hernia) is briefly reviewed in the light of 7 patients with a total of 8 hernias. The relatively high incidence of spigelian hernia (5% of all abdominal hernias operated on in 1 year) suggests that this hernia type is not uncommon if borne in mind when diagnosing conditions with abdominal pain. Pain, tenderness and a palpable mass along the lateral edge of the rectus abdominis are the leading symptoms. Since the operation is simple and the postoperative period uneventful, operative treatment is strongly recommended. Accurate diagnosis with resultant surgery for this type of hernia spares the patient unnecessary examinations and totally relieves symptoms.", "contents": "[Spiegeli's hernia]. Spontaneous lateral ventral hernia (spigelian hernia) is briefly reviewed in the light of 7 patients with a total of 8 hernias. The relatively high incidence of spigelian hernia (5% of all abdominal hernias operated on in 1 year) suggests that this hernia type is not uncommon if borne in mind when diagnosing conditions with abdominal pain. Pain, tenderness and a palpable mass along the lateral edge of the rectus abdominis are the leading symptoms. Since the operation is simple and the postoperative period uneventful, operative treatment is strongly recommended. Accurate diagnosis with resultant surgery for this type of hernia spares the patient unnecessary examinations and totally relieves symptoms.", "PMID": 834984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1286", "title": "[Correlations between blood pressure, blood volume and plasma renin during therapy with diuretics in essential hypertension. Comparison between the mineralocorticoid antagonist spironolactone and the \"loop\" diuretic mefruside].", "content": "35 patients with benign essential hypertension were treated for 6 weeks with high doses of the mineralocorticoid-antagonist spironolactone (400 mg/day), or with the \"loop-diuretic\" mefruside (mean maximal dose 110 mg/day). Spironolactone caused greater reductions in blood pressure and blood volume and a more marked increase in plasma renin activity (PRA) than mefruside (p less than 0.05). It appears possible that he weaker antihypertensive effect of mefruside may relate partly to its lesser influence on circulatory volume. With both diuretics, mean decreases in blood pressure were greater in patients with low pre-therapeutic PRA than in patients with normal or high PRA. However, the diuretic-induced changes in blood pressure did not correlate with the associated variations in blood volume or PRA. Thus, the increased blood pressure sensitivity to diuretics in patients with low-renin essential hypertension did not appear to be volume or renin-dependent. Under normal conditions, the maintenance of a constant blood pressure during volume depletion may partly depend on compensatory activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Moreover, patients with low-renin essential hypertension have been found to have decreased adrenergic activity. It seems possible, therefore, that the marked blood pressure sensitivity to diuretic treatment in such patients may be the result of an impaired compensatory sympathetic response to sodium and volume depletion. Analysis of the literature suggests that the diuretic furosemide, a structural relative of mefruside, may also have less blood pressure lowering efficacy in patients with essential hypertension than the distally-acting thiazides, chlorthalidone or spironolactone. Consideration of possible differences in the blood pressure reducing potential of certain diuretics thus appears to be necessary in planning the pharmacotherapy of essential hypertension.", "contents": "[Correlations between blood pressure, blood volume and plasma renin during therapy with diuretics in essential hypertension. Comparison between the mineralocorticoid antagonist spironolactone and the \"loop\" diuretic mefruside]. 35 patients with benign essential hypertension were treated for 6 weeks with high doses of the mineralocorticoid-antagonist spironolactone (400 mg/day), or with the \"loop-diuretic\" mefruside (mean maximal dose 110 mg/day). Spironolactone caused greater reductions in blood pressure and blood volume and a more marked increase in plasma renin activity (PRA) than mefruside (p less than 0.05). It appears possible that he weaker antihypertensive effect of mefruside may relate partly to its lesser influence on circulatory volume. With both diuretics, mean decreases in blood pressure were greater in patients with low pre-therapeutic PRA than in patients with normal or high PRA. However, the diuretic-induced changes in blood pressure did not correlate with the associated variations in blood volume or PRA. Thus, the increased blood pressure sensitivity to diuretics in patients with low-renin essential hypertension did not appear to be volume or renin-dependent. Under normal conditions, the maintenance of a constant blood pressure during volume depletion may partly depend on compensatory activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Moreover, patients with low-renin essential hypertension have been found to have decreased adrenergic activity. It seems possible, therefore, that the marked blood pressure sensitivity to diuretic treatment in such patients may be the result of an impaired compensatory sympathetic response to sodium and volume depletion. Analysis of the literature suggests that the diuretic furosemide, a structural relative of mefruside, may also have less blood pressure lowering efficacy in patients with essential hypertension than the distally-acting thiazides, chlorthalidone or spironolactone. Consideration of possible differences in the blood pressure reducing potential of certain diuretics thus appears to be necessary in planning the pharmacotherapy of essential hypertension.", "PMID": 834983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1287", "title": "[The medico-psychological service in an internal medicine department as evaluated by the patients].", "content": "Where a medico-psychological liaison service is available, such as that run by the Inter Medicine Department, Z\u00fcrich University Hospital, do the patients feel it meets their needs? To investigate this, the replies are analyzed to a questionnaire sent to patients who had used this service, are analyzed. The majority of those answering it a) had felt a need on entering the clinicl for a conflict-oriented interview; b) felt the encouragement toward such an interview to be appropriate; c) had positive expectations about the interview; d) experienced a feeling of relief after the interview had taken place; e) developed a certain amount of insight into their conflicts; f) felt the interview to have been helpful. The patients who found it had been most helpful were those who had felt the need for it most strongly in advance. However, the fact that, of the patients who had no felt such a need in advance, more than half afterwards felt that it had been valuable; indicates the effectiveness of the interview technique used. Neither the wish for such a consultation nor the estimated value of it afterwards was dependent on the sex of the patient involved. The interview was in general more successful when the patient had been carefully oriented by the referring doctor in advance. The greater the number of interviews conducted in the clinic with any given patient, the more that patient seemed to feel the need to continue such interviews after leaving the clinic.", "contents": "[The medico-psychological service in an internal medicine department as evaluated by the patients]. Where a medico-psychological liaison service is available, such as that run by the Inter Medicine Department, Z\u00fcrich University Hospital, do the patients feel it meets their needs? To investigate this, the replies are analyzed to a questionnaire sent to patients who had used this service, are analyzed. The majority of those answering it a) had felt a need on entering the clinicl for a conflict-oriented interview; b) felt the encouragement toward such an interview to be appropriate; c) had positive expectations about the interview; d) experienced a feeling of relief after the interview had taken place; e) developed a certain amount of insight into their conflicts; f) felt the interview to have been helpful. The patients who found it had been most helpful were those who had felt the need for it most strongly in advance. However, the fact that, of the patients who had no felt such a need in advance, more than half afterwards felt that it had been valuable; indicates the effectiveness of the interview technique used. Neither the wish for such a consultation nor the estimated value of it afterwards was dependent on the sex of the patient involved. The interview was in general more successful when the patient had been carefully oriented by the referring doctor in advance. The greater the number of interviews conducted in the clinic with any given patient, the more that patient seemed to feel the need to continue such interviews after leaving the clinic.", "PMID": 834985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1288", "title": "[Frequency of hepatitis A antibodies in populations of various European countries].", "content": "Using a solid phase radioimmunoassay, prevalence of anti-HA was determined in sera of 661 German patients treated following accidents, 70 persons born in Mediterranean countries and 175 persons from Lillehammer, Norway. In Germany (55% positive) an increase in prevalence of anti-HA from 13% in the group below 20 years of age to 92% in persons over 49 was noted. This and further data suggest that after infection anti-HA is detectable for life. Persons from Norway (17% positive) aged below 40 years had a low prevalence of anti-HA (4-10%), whereas even young persons from Mediterranean countries (81% positive) hat antibody in about 80% of cases. Prevalence rates in different age groups suggest a remarkable decrease in incidence of hepatitis A infection over the last three decades in Germany. This results in a rise in the mean age at which hepatitis A infection is acquired and high morbidity during travel abroad. Only one of 10 hepatitis A infections appears to produce clinical disease. Young anti-HA positive individuals exhibit higher titers on average than older ones.", "contents": "[Frequency of hepatitis A antibodies in populations of various European countries]. Using a solid phase radioimmunoassay, prevalence of anti-HA was determined in sera of 661 German patients treated following accidents, 70 persons born in Mediterranean countries and 175 persons from Lillehammer, Norway. In Germany (55% positive) an increase in prevalence of anti-HA from 13% in the group below 20 years of age to 92% in persons over 49 was noted. This and further data suggest that after infection anti-HA is detectable for life. Persons from Norway (17% positive) aged below 40 years had a low prevalence of anti-HA (4-10%), whereas even young persons from Mediterranean countries (81% positive) hat antibody in about 80% of cases. Prevalence rates in different age groups suggest a remarkable decrease in incidence of hepatitis A infection over the last three decades in Germany. This results in a rise in the mean age at which hepatitis A infection is acquired and high morbidity during travel abroad. Only one of 10 hepatitis A infections appears to produce clinical disease. Young anti-HA positive individuals exhibit higher titers on average than older ones.", "PMID": 834986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1289", "title": "[Post-partum survival of fetal lymphocytes in the maternal blood].", "content": "Cells of fetal origin have been searched for in the peripheral blood of mothers following delivery of a boy, using mepacrine fluorescence of the Y chromosome. In a series of 62 women such cells have been found for approximately two years in more than half of cases. Their number decreases thereafter but in some instances Y chromosome-bearing cells have been observed 5 years after delivery.", "contents": "[Post-partum survival of fetal lymphocytes in the maternal blood]. Cells of fetal origin have been searched for in the peripheral blood of mothers following delivery of a boy, using mepacrine fluorescence of the Y chromosome. In a series of 62 women such cells have been found for approximately two years in more than half of cases. Their number decreases thereafter but in some instances Y chromosome-bearing cells have been observed 5 years after delivery.", "PMID": 834987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1290", "title": "[Stewart-Treves syndrome: post-mastectomy angiosarcoma].", "content": "A case is reported of angiosarcoma occuring in the chronic-lymphedematous right arm of a 56 year-old woman 9 years after radical mastectomy for cancer of the right breast. This is a characteristic example of Stewart-Treves syndrome (angiosarcoma in chronic lymphedema). The patient died within the year from multiple metastases. About 200 such cases are reported in the literature: the prognosis is bad, the best therapy reported being amputation of the extremity. Early diagnosis is essential through frequent checks for chronic lymphedema, which is seemingly the crucial etiologic factor in the occurrence of this angiosarcoma. Histogenesis has yet to be fully explained.", "contents": "[Stewart-Treves syndrome: post-mastectomy angiosarcoma]. A case is reported of angiosarcoma occuring in the chronic-lymphedematous right arm of a 56 year-old woman 9 years after radical mastectomy for cancer of the right breast. This is a characteristic example of Stewart-Treves syndrome (angiosarcoma in chronic lymphedema). The patient died within the year from multiple metastases. About 200 such cases are reported in the literature: the prognosis is bad, the best therapy reported being amputation of the extremity. Early diagnosis is essential through frequent checks for chronic lymphedema, which is seemingly the crucial etiologic factor in the occurrence of this angiosarcoma. Histogenesis has yet to be fully explained.", "PMID": 834988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1291", "title": "[Treatment of psoriasis with an orally effective aromatic retinoid].", "content": "Results of treatment of psoriasis and various keratinizing dermatoses with an orally effective, aromatic retinoid are presented. Results in 39 of 55 psoriatic patients ranged from satisfactory to excellent. All side effects are restricted to hypervitaminosis A. The therapeutic margin of this new retinoid is clearly better than that of natural vitamin A and vitamin A acid preparations and other previously tested synthetic retinoids. Even after long-term treatment of 14 patients for more than 2 years no side effects of vital importance have as yet appeared.", "contents": "[Treatment of psoriasis with an orally effective aromatic retinoid]. Results of treatment of psoriasis and various keratinizing dermatoses with an orally effective, aromatic retinoid are presented. Results in 39 of 55 psoriatic patients ranged from satisfactory to excellent. All side effects are restricted to hypervitaminosis A. The therapeutic margin of this new retinoid is clearly better than that of natural vitamin A and vitamin A acid preparations and other previously tested synthetic retinoids. Even after long-term treatment of 14 patients for more than 2 years no side effects of vital importance have as yet appeared.", "PMID": 834989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1292", "title": "Studies on humans exposed to airborne sewage sludge.", "content": "A clinical investigation was made among workers in a sewage treatment plant and age matched controls not exposed to sewage. Acute incidences of fever and eye symptoms were found in about 50% of  the exposed population. Serum immunoglobulins, white blood cells and thrombocytes were elevated in the exposed group. A higher percentage of increased levels of C-reactive protein and fibrinogen degradation products was found in the exposed group. Although no definite cause-effect relationship can be established the responsible agent in the environment could well be endotoxins.", "contents": "Studies on humans exposed to airborne sewage sludge. A clinical investigation was made among workers in a sewage treatment plant and age matched controls not exposed to sewage. Acute incidences of fever and eye symptoms were found in about 50% of  the exposed population. Serum immunoglobulins, white blood cells and thrombocytes were elevated in the exposed group. A higher percentage of increased levels of C-reactive protein and fibrinogen degradation products was found in the exposed group. Although no definite cause-effect relationship can be established the responsible agent in the environment could well be endotoxins.", "PMID": 834990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1293", "title": "[Treatment of idiopathic fibrosing alveolitis. Therapeutic experiences with azathioprine-prednisolone and D-penicillamine-prednisolone combination therapy].", "content": "Lung function data during three different therapies for idiopathic fibrosing alveolitis are presented. Corticosteroid monotherapyis without effect. A combination of prednisolone and azathioprin improves vital capacity by more than 15% in half of cases. Under this treatment the resting PO2 improves in a third of patients. No improvement in PO2 under exercise is observable in any patient. Combined therapy with D-penicillamine and prednisolone improves vital capacity and PO2 both at rest and under exercise; this therapy thus appears to be superior to the other two. The effectiveness of D-penicillamine-prednisolone therapy can be enhanced by adding azathioprin, as has been found in a pilot study thus far covering 4 patients.", "contents": "[Treatment of idiopathic fibrosing alveolitis. Therapeutic experiences with azathioprine-prednisolone and D-penicillamine-prednisolone combination therapy]. Lung function data during three different therapies for idiopathic fibrosing alveolitis are presented. Corticosteroid monotherapyis without effect. A combination of prednisolone and azathioprin improves vital capacity by more than 15% in half of cases. Under this treatment the resting PO2 improves in a third of patients. No improvement in PO2 under exercise is observable in any patient. Combined therapy with D-penicillamine and prednisolone improves vital capacity and PO2 both at rest and under exercise; this therapy thus appears to be superior to the other two. The effectiveness of D-penicillamine-prednisolone therapy can be enhanced by adding azathioprin, as has been found in a pilot study thus far covering 4 patients.", "PMID": 834991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1294", "title": "[Does steroid therapy have an effect on the course of L\u00f6fgrenn syndrome? Catamnestic studies on 25 patients with L\u00f6fgren syndrome at the Z\u00fcrich county hospital].", "content": "To investigate whether steroids influence the course and prognosis of acute sarcoidosis (L\u00f6fgren syndrome) 35 patients who developed this disease during the period 1960-1970 were examined and retrospectively divided into two groups, one of which had received steroids and the other not. At the onset of the disease all the patients had had typical symptoms of acute sarcoidosis: bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy, erythema nodosum, arthralgia, fever and elevated sedimentation rate. Biopsy of hilar lymphnodes had revealed non-caseating granulomas in all cases, whereas such granulomas were present in only 7 of 15 liver biopsies. The Kveim reaction was positive in 89% and the tuberculin skin test was negative in 51%. The duration of the disease was 6-7 weeks in both groups, i.e.  steroid treated and non-steroid treated. The radiological chest abnormality had usually disappeared within one year. All chest X-rays had completely normalized after two years. Neither the course nor the prognosis differed in the two groups. However, patients receiving steroids had had more side effects. Acute sarcoidosis should not be treated with steroids; symptomatic therapy with other, less toxic antiinflammatory drugs suffices. The outcome is good. None of the patients has progressed to chronic sarcoidosis.", "contents": "[Does steroid therapy have an effect on the course of L\u00f6fgrenn syndrome? Catamnestic studies on 25 patients with L\u00f6fgren syndrome at the Z\u00fcrich county hospital]. To investigate whether steroids influence the course and prognosis of acute sarcoidosis (L\u00f6fgren syndrome) 35 patients who developed this disease during the period 1960-1970 were examined and retrospectively divided into two groups, one of which had received steroids and the other not. At the onset of the disease all the patients had had typical symptoms of acute sarcoidosis: bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy, erythema nodosum, arthralgia, fever and elevated sedimentation rate. Biopsy of hilar lymphnodes had revealed non-caseating granulomas in all cases, whereas such granulomas were present in only 7 of 15 liver biopsies. The Kveim reaction was positive in 89% and the tuberculin skin test was negative in 51%. The duration of the disease was 6-7 weeks in both groups, i.e.  steroid treated and non-steroid treated. The radiological chest abnormality had usually disappeared within one year. All chest X-rays had completely normalized after two years. Neither the course nor the prognosis differed in the two groups. However, patients receiving steroids had had more side effects. Acute sarcoidosis should not be treated with steroids; symptomatic therapy with other, less toxic antiinflammatory drugs suffices. The outcome is good. None of the patients has progressed to chronic sarcoidosis.", "PMID": 834992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1295", "title": "[A case of broncho-pulmonary aspergillosis developing for 24 years].", "content": "A case of allergic broncho-pulmonary aspergillosis has been diagnosed on the basis of recurrent, transient pulmonary infiltrates, serum precipitins against Aspergillus fumigatus and a dual-type reaction to intradermic testing with aspergillus antigen. Despite a prolonged course (24 years), lung function tests do not show changes.", "contents": "[A case of broncho-pulmonary aspergillosis developing for 24 years]. A case of allergic broncho-pulmonary aspergillosis has been diagnosed on the basis of recurrent, transient pulmonary infiltrates, serum precipitins against Aspergillus fumigatus and a dual-type reaction to intradermic testing with aspergillus antigen. Despite a prolonged course (24 years), lung function tests do not show changes.", "PMID": 834993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1296", "title": "[Clinical aspects and therapy of candidiasis in pneumological patients].", "content": "13 cases of deep candidiasis (two or more positive blood cultures or histological evidence) are reported. The patients were hospitalized because of respiratory problems (pneumonia, neuromuscular respiratory failure, bronchial carcinoma, brochiectasis, chronic bronchitis and acute laryngitis). Frequency, clinical signs and symptoms and therapy are discussed. The importance of early diagnosis is stressed.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects and therapy of candidiasis in pneumological patients]. 13 cases of deep candidiasis (two or more positive blood cultures or histological evidence) are reported. The patients were hospitalized because of respiratory problems (pneumonia, neuromuscular respiratory failure, bronchial carcinoma, brochiectasis, chronic bronchitis and acute laryngitis). Frequency, clinical signs and symptoms and therapy are discussed. The importance of early diagnosis is stressed.", "PMID": 834994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1297", "title": "[A bronchial allergy to vine pollen and 2 precipitin lung diseases. Various approaches to etiological diagnosis].", "content": "Three observations are adduced to illustrate the relative importance of clinical and immunologic data and the patient's history in the diagnosis of allergic lung disorders. A case of sensitization to vineyard pollen has been identified by intradermal test and the effect of specific hyposensitization.", "contents": "[A bronchial allergy to vine pollen and 2 precipitin lung diseases. Various approaches to etiological diagnosis]. Three observations are adduced to illustrate the relative importance of clinical and immunologic data and the patient's history in the diagnosis of allergic lung disorders. A case of sensitization to vineyard pollen has been identified by intradermal test and the effect of specific hyposensitization.", "PMID": 834995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1298", "title": "[Evolution of tuberculosis and lung perfusion].", "content": "Ten patients with pulmonary tuberculosis of strikingly long duration despite intensive antituberculous therapy were examined by combined lung scintigraphy (133Xe in physiologic saline i.v. and 99mTc-MAA/microspheres). As a rule the scintigraphic perfusion defects far exceeded the lesions seen radiologically. These results appear to justify the presumption that the decrease - or even absence - of perfusion in the affected areas is responsible for protracted healing in these patients.", "contents": "[Evolution of tuberculosis and lung perfusion]. Ten patients with pulmonary tuberculosis of strikingly long duration despite intensive antituberculous therapy were examined by combined lung scintigraphy (133Xe in physiologic saline i.v. and 99mTc-MAA/microspheres). As a rule the scintigraphic perfusion defects far exceeded the lesions seen radiologically. These results appear to justify the presumption that the decrease - or even absence - of perfusion in the affected areas is responsible for protracted healing in these patients.", "PMID": 834996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1299", "title": "[The bronchial alveolar carcinoma as a solitary coin lesion].", "content": "Bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma is a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma which starts as a peripheral solitary nodule and gradually spreads via the bronchi to give rise to a disseminated, diffusely infiltrative tumor. A series of 17 cases presenting with solitary nodules is reported. A long interval before operation did not adversely affect prognosis, provided the nodule remained relatively small and there were no lymph node metastases. Radical cure by resection was possible only with solitary nodules, but not with multinodular or infiltrative tumors. Prognosis was worse if lymph nodes were involved but not if there was intrapulmonary lymphatic invasion without spread to lymph nodes. Large solitary nodules shortened survival, especially if the radiographic diameter was greater than 5 cm. On the other hand, in four cases where evaluation was possible, the rate of growth had no effect on prognosis. Patients with positive cytology had shorter life expectancy since the tumor had already spread to the bronchi. Unexpectedly, cellular signs of malignancy had no influence on prognosis. Invasion of blood vessels, however, was a poor prognostic sign and was not observed in early cases or in patients with prolonged survival.", "contents": "[The bronchial alveolar carcinoma as a solitary coin lesion]. Bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma is a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma which starts as a peripheral solitary nodule and gradually spreads via the bronchi to give rise to a disseminated, diffusely infiltrative tumor. A series of 17 cases presenting with solitary nodules is reported. A long interval before operation did not adversely affect prognosis, provided the nodule remained relatively small and there were no lymph node metastases. Radical cure by resection was possible only with solitary nodules, but not with multinodular or infiltrative tumors. Prognosis was worse if lymph nodes were involved but not if there was intrapulmonary lymphatic invasion without spread to lymph nodes. Large solitary nodules shortened survival, especially if the radiographic diameter was greater than 5 cm. On the other hand, in four cases where evaluation was possible, the rate of growth had no effect on prognosis. Patients with positive cytology had shorter life expectancy since the tumor had already spread to the bronchi. Unexpectedly, cellular signs of malignancy had no influence on prognosis. Invasion of blood vessels, however, was a poor prognostic sign and was not observed in early cases or in patients with prolonged survival.", "PMID": 834997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1300", "title": "[The spontaneous, non-traumatic chylothorax. Therapy by means of pleurectomy and decortication].", "content": "Two cases of chronic spontaneus chylothorax were successfully treated by small thoracotomy with parietal pleurectomy or decortication after unsuccessful needle aspiration and intercostal tube drainage with suction. In the one case the chylous effusion occurred spontaneously 29 years after extrapleural pneumothorax. The tuberculosis was long cured. In the other, apparently idiopathic case, the chylothorax on the left side disappeared completely after pleurectomy. Six months later a chylous effusion appeared on the right side. Mediastinoscopy then revealed an oatcell carcinoma in lymph nodes without a primary pulmonary tumor. One year after radiotherapy the patient died in heart failure. No primary tumor was found. Residual chylothorax was present only on the right side.", "contents": "[The spontaneous, non-traumatic chylothorax. Therapy by means of pleurectomy and decortication]. Two cases of chronic spontaneus chylothorax were successfully treated by small thoracotomy with parietal pleurectomy or decortication after unsuccessful needle aspiration and intercostal tube drainage with suction. In the one case the chylous effusion occurred spontaneously 29 years after extrapleural pneumothorax. The tuberculosis was long cured. In the other, apparently idiopathic case, the chylothorax on the left side disappeared completely after pleurectomy. Six months later a chylous effusion appeared on the right side. Mediastinoscopy then revealed an oatcell carcinoma in lymph nodes without a primary pulmonary tumor. One year after radiotherapy the patient died in heart failure. No primary tumor was found. Residual chylothorax was present only on the right side.", "PMID": 834998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1301", "title": "[Atelectasis without bronchial obstruction].", "content": "Five patients with acute pneumonia and transitory atelectasis without bronchial obstruction are presented. The reduced lung volume in these cases, in a case of shock lung, together with a similar phenomenon in pulmonary embolism, is tentatively related to a possible disorder of the surfactant system.", "contents": "[Atelectasis without bronchial obstruction]. Five patients with acute pneumonia and transitory atelectasis without bronchial obstruction are presented. The reduced lung volume in these cases, in a case of shock lung, together with a similar phenomenon in pulmonary embolism, is tentatively related to a possible disorder of the surfactant system.", "PMID": 834999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1302", "title": "Zinc, copper, cadmium and chromium in polished and unpolished rice.", "content": "One hundred samples of polished and 27 of unpolished rice were collected from 22 countries and areas and analyzed for Zn and Cu by flame atomic absorption, for Cd by carbon furnace atomic absorption, and for Cr by neutron activation. Unpolished rice contains on average 16.4 mug/g Zn, 4 mug/g Cu, 0.029 mug/g Cd and 0.011 mug/g Cr. Polished rice contains 13.7 mug/g Zn, 3 mug/g Cu, 0.029 mu/g Cd and 0.012 mug/g Cr. Thus, polishing brings about a loss of the essential elements Zn and Cu, but not of Cd, a toxic pollutant. Japanese rece has high Cd content. In countries where rice is a major staple food, high Cd content in rice may cause excessive absorption of this toxic metal.", "contents": "Zinc, copper, cadmium and chromium in polished and unpolished rice. One hundred samples of polished and 27 of unpolished rice were collected from 22 countries and areas and analyzed for Zn and Cu by flame atomic absorption, for Cd by carbon furnace atomic absorption, and for Cr by neutron activation. Unpolished rice contains on average 16.4 mug/g Zn, 4 mug/g Cu, 0.029 mug/g Cd and 0.011 mug/g Cr. Polished rice contains 13.7 mug/g Zn, 3 mug/g Cu, 0.029 mu/g Cd and 0.012 mug/g Cr. Thus, polishing brings about a loss of the essential elements Zn and Cu, but not of Cd, a toxic pollutant. Japanese rece has high Cd content. In countries where rice is a major staple food, high Cd content in rice may cause excessive absorption of this toxic metal.", "PMID": 835000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1303", "title": "Natural radionuclides in industrial and rural soils.", "content": "Radium-226, lead-210, uranium and thorium are dispersed in the environment by fly ash emitted by coal fuelled power stations. Concentrations of these nuclides have been determined in fly ash from three power stations and in soils collected in six industrial and twenty rural regions. In industrial areas the concentrations of natural radionuclides, in a 5 cm thick surface soil layer, were found to be higher than in lower layers. With the exception of lead-210 this effect was not observed in rural soils, which contained less of radium-226, uranium and thorium. It was found that the type of coal, or combustion technology, influences the amount of radium-226 dispersed in the environment which is accessible to plants.", "contents": "Natural radionuclides in industrial and rural soils. Radium-226, lead-210, uranium and thorium are dispersed in the environment by fly ash emitted by coal fuelled power stations. Concentrations of these nuclides have been determined in fly ash from three power stations and in soils collected in six industrial and twenty rural regions. In industrial areas the concentrations of natural radionuclides, in a 5 cm thick surface soil layer, were found to be higher than in lower layers. With the exception of lead-210 this effect was not observed in rural soils, which contained less of radium-226, uranium and thorium. It was found that the type of coal, or combustion technology, influences the amount of radium-226 dispersed in the environment which is accessible to plants.", "PMID": 835001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1304", "title": "Lead, cadmium, and arsenic residues in animal tissues in relation to those in their surrounding habitat.", "content": "The relationships of the residues of lead, cadmium, and arsenic in animal tissues to those in surrounding vegetation and soil were determined in a natural habitat representing a wide range of such residues. The samples studied were selected from 18 different locations. Analyses were performed on a total of 113 animals, 332 plant specimens (representing 33 species), and 408 soil samples (taken at different depths). For the purpose of evaluating relationships, the samples from each location were averaged and reported as parts per million on a dry weight basis. The average lead residues from different locations ranged from 1.4-9.2 ppm in the liver, 45-195 in bones, 4-283 in vegetation, and 15-1399 in soil samples. The cadmium contents ranged from 1-27 ppm in the liver, 3-77 in bones, 0.5-5 in vegetation, and 1-10 in soil. The arsenic contents in different components of the ecosystem varied with an average of 1-9 ppm in liver, 0.6-94 in vegetation, and 7-655 in soil samples. The soil residues varied considerably according to the depth of sampling. Little variation was noted in different species of vegetation or in soil and vegetation samples according to the time and year of sampling. Statistical analyses performed on the averages indicated a significant correlation between vegetation and soil residues for all three elements, and also between animal to vegetation and animal to soil cadmium residues. Multiple linear correlations for all elements in soil, vegetation, and animal tissues were determined. The results indicated a possibility of an increase in cadmium in animal tissues depending upon the increased residues of this metal in the environment.", "contents": "Lead, cadmium, and arsenic residues in animal tissues in relation to those in their surrounding habitat. The relationships of the residues of lead, cadmium, and arsenic in animal tissues to those in surrounding vegetation and soil were determined in a natural habitat representing a wide range of such residues. The samples studied were selected from 18 different locations. Analyses were performed on a total of 113 animals, 332 plant specimens (representing 33 species), and 408 soil samples (taken at different depths). For the purpose of evaluating relationships, the samples from each location were averaged and reported as parts per million on a dry weight basis. The average lead residues from different locations ranged from 1.4-9.2 ppm in the liver, 45-195 in bones, 4-283 in vegetation, and 15-1399 in soil samples. The cadmium contents ranged from 1-27 ppm in the liver, 3-77 in bones, 0.5-5 in vegetation, and 1-10 in soil. The arsenic contents in different components of the ecosystem varied with an average of 1-9 ppm in liver, 0.6-94 in vegetation, and 7-655 in soil samples. The soil residues varied considerably according to the depth of sampling. Little variation was noted in different species of vegetation or in soil and vegetation samples according to the time and year of sampling. Statistical analyses performed on the averages indicated a significant correlation between vegetation and soil residues for all three elements, and also between animal to vegetation and animal to soil cadmium residues. Multiple linear correlations for all elements in soil, vegetation, and animal tissues were determined. The results indicated a possibility of an increase in cadmium in animal tissues depending upon the increased residues of this metal in the environment.", "PMID": 835002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1305", "title": "Fluidity in the membranes of adult and neonatal human erythrocytes.", "content": "Several antigens and receptors are mobile in the plane of the membrane of the intact neonatal human erythrocyte but not in the membrane of the normal adult cell. In this report, measurements of the fluorescence polarization of perylene dissolved in isolated erythrocyte membranes are reported, which are indistinguishable for the two kinds of cells. This result indicates that the viscosities of the membrane interiors of the two cells are the same. The observed mobility differences, therefore, cannot be attributed to different lipid viscosities in the two membranes.", "contents": "Fluidity in the membranes of adult and neonatal human erythrocytes. Several antigens and receptors are mobile in the plane of the membrane of the intact neonatal human erythrocyte but not in the membrane of the normal adult cell. In this report, measurements of the fluorescence polarization of perylene dissolved in isolated erythrocyte membranes are reported, which are indistinguishable for the two kinds of cells. This result indicates that the viscosities of the membrane interiors of the two cells are the same. The observed mobility differences, therefore, cannot be attributed to different lipid viscosities in the two membranes.", "PMID": 835005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1306", "title": "13-cis-retinoic acid: inhibition of bladder carcinogenesis in the rat.", "content": "Transitional cell and squamous cell cancer of the bladder was induced in Wistar/Lewis female rats by direct instillation of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea into the bladder. Feeding of the synthetic retinoid, 13-cis-retinoid acid, inhibited the incidence and extent of bladder cancer in these rats, even when 13-cis-retinoic acid administration was begun after completion of the carcinogen treatment.", "contents": "13-cis-retinoic acid: inhibition of bladder carcinogenesis in the rat. Transitional cell and squamous cell cancer of the bladder was induced in Wistar/Lewis female rats by direct instillation of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea into the bladder. Feeding of the synthetic retinoid, 13-cis-retinoid acid, inhibited the incidence and extent of bladder cancer in these rats, even when 13-cis-retinoic acid administration was begun after completion of the carcinogen treatment.", "PMID": 835006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1307", "title": "Liposome-cell interaction: transfer and intracellular release of a trapped fluorescent marker.", "content": "When small, unilamellar lipid vesicles containing a high concentration of the fluorescent dye 6-carboxyfluorescein are incubated with either frog retinas or human lymphocytes, fluroescence distributes widely throughout each cell. Since \"self-quenching\" largely prevents the dye from fluorescing as long as it remains sequestered in vesicles, it is clear that a considerable amount of dye is released from the vesicles and diluted into the much larger volume of the cell.", "contents": "Liposome-cell interaction: transfer and intracellular release of a trapped fluorescent marker. When small, unilamellar lipid vesicles containing a high concentration of the fluorescent dye 6-carboxyfluorescein are incubated with either frog retinas or human lymphocytes, fluroescence distributes widely throughout each cell. Since \"self-quenching\" largely prevents the dye from fluorescing as long as it remains sequestered in vesicles, it is clear that a considerable amount of dye is released from the vesicles and diluted into the much larger volume of the cell.", "PMID": 835007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1308", "title": "Hyperosmolality in intraluminal fluids from hamster testis and epididymis: a micropuncture study.", "content": "Intraluminal fluids from hamster seminiferous tubules, rete testis, and caput, corpus and cauda epididymidis were obtained in vivo by micropuncture. Rete testis fluid is isosmolar with serum. Fluids from the seminiferous tubules and all sites in the epididymis are hyperosmolar.", "contents": "Hyperosmolality in intraluminal fluids from hamster testis and epididymis: a micropuncture study. Intraluminal fluids from hamster seminiferous tubules, rete testis, and caput, corpus and cauda epididymidis were obtained in vivo by micropuncture. Rete testis fluid is isosmolar with serum. Fluids from the seminiferous tubules and all sites in the epididymis are hyperosmolar.", "PMID": 835008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1309", "title": "Antibody binding measurements with hapten-selective membrane electrodes.", "content": "Direct antibody-hapten binding measurements were carried out with the use of a hapten-selective membrane electrode. Potentiometric titrations of rabbit antibody to the hapten trimethylphenylammonium ion demonstrate the speed and convenience of the new method for the determination of binding equilibria. Average intrinsic binding constants obtained agree well with those measured by equilibrium dialysis techniques.", "contents": "Antibody binding measurements with hapten-selective membrane electrodes. Direct antibody-hapten binding measurements were carried out with the use of a hapten-selective membrane electrode. Potentiometric titrations of rabbit antibody to the hapten trimethylphenylammonium ion demonstrate the speed and convenience of the new method for the determination of binding equilibria. Average intrinsic binding constants obtained agree well with those measured by equilibrium dialysis techniques.", "PMID": 835009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1310", "title": "Calcium-induced displacement of membrane-associated particles upon aggregation of chromaffin granules.", "content": "Isolated chromaffin granules incubated in 10 millimolar calcium chloride aggregated, forming contact sites with a pentalaminar membrane structure. These circular attachment sites were free of membrane-associated particles, which accumulated at the periphery. Incubation in 20 millimolar ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid reversed these changes, which are regarded as initial events in the membrane fusion reaction.", "contents": "Calcium-induced displacement of membrane-associated particles upon aggregation of chromaffin granules. Isolated chromaffin granules incubated in 10 millimolar calcium chloride aggregated, forming contact sites with a pentalaminar membrane structure. These circular attachment sites were free of membrane-associated particles, which accumulated at the periphery. Incubation in 20 millimolar ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid reversed these changes, which are regarded as initial events in the membrane fusion reaction.", "PMID": 835010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1311", "title": "Pyrrolizidine alkaloids: their occurrence in honey from tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.)", "content": "The hepatotoxic alkaloids known to occur in tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.) are also present in honey produced from the nectar of this species. These alkaloids, which inclued senecionine, seneciphylline, jacoline, jaconine, jacobine, and jacozine, are potentially carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic and may pose health hazards to the human consumer.", "contents": "Pyrrolizidine alkaloids: their occurrence in honey from tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.). The hepatotoxic alkaloids known to occur in tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.) are also present in honey produced from the nectar of this species. These alkaloids, which inclued senecionine, seneciphylline, jacoline, jaconine, jacobine, and jacozine, are potentially carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic and may pose health hazards to the human consumer.", "PMID": 835011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1312", "title": "Memory for lists of sounds by the bottle-nosed dolphin: convergence of memory processes with humans?", "content": "After listening to a list of as many as six discriminably different 2-second sounds, a bottle-nosed dolphin classified a subsequent probe sound as either \"old\" (from the list) or \"new.\" The probability of recognizing an old probe was close to 1.0 if it matched the most recent sound in the list and decreased sigmoidally for successively earlier list sounds. Memory span was estimated to be at least four sounds. Overall probabilities of correctly classifying old and new probes corresponded closely, as if recognition decisions were made according to an optimum maximum likelihood criterion. The data bore many similarities to data obtained from humans tested on probe recognition tasks.", "contents": "Memory for lists of sounds by the bottle-nosed dolphin: convergence of memory processes with humans? After listening to a list of as many as six discriminably different 2-second sounds, a bottle-nosed dolphin classified a subsequent probe sound as either \"old\" (from the list) or \"new.\" The probability of recognizing an old probe was close to 1.0 if it matched the most recent sound in the list and decreased sigmoidally for successively earlier list sounds. Memory span was estimated to be at least four sounds. Overall probabilities of correctly classifying old and new probes corresponded closely, as if recognition decisions were made according to an optimum maximum likelihood criterion. The data bore many similarities to data obtained from humans tested on probe recognition tasks.", "PMID": 835012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1313", "title": "Ornithine decarboxylase may function as an initiation factor for RNA polymerase I.", "content": "Reparts suggest that the activity of RNA polymerase I is modulated by a labile protein with a hlaf-life of 10 to 20 minutes. Ornithine decarboxylase is the only labile protein (half-life, 10 to 20 minutes) that increases in activity prior to increased RNA polymerase I activity. The addition of a small amount of a highly purified ornithine decarboxylase preparation to an RNA polymerase I assay increases the initial rate of the reaction as well as the time for which the assay is linear. The incorporation patterns of 14C-labeled adenosine triphosphate and 32P-labeled adenosine triphosphate into RNA indicate that the addition of ornithine decarboxylase to the RNA polymerase assay increases the rate of initiation. This report demonstrates a novel way to purify ornithine decarboxylase by RNA polymerase I affinity chromatography and presents data in support of the hypothesis that the labile protein which modulates RNA polymerase I activity is ornithine decarboxylase.", "contents": "Ornithine decarboxylase may function as an initiation factor for RNA polymerase I. Reparts suggest that the activity of RNA polymerase I is modulated by a labile protein with a hlaf-life of 10 to 20 minutes. Ornithine decarboxylase is the only labile protein (half-life, 10 to 20 minutes) that increases in activity prior to increased RNA polymerase I activity. The addition of a small amount of a highly purified ornithine decarboxylase preparation to an RNA polymerase I assay increases the initial rate of the reaction as well as the time for which the assay is linear. The incorporation patterns of 14C-labeled adenosine triphosphate and 32P-labeled adenosine triphosphate into RNA indicate that the addition of ornithine decarboxylase to the RNA polymerase assay increases the rate of initiation. This report demonstrates a novel way to purify ornithine decarboxylase by RNA polymerase I affinity chromatography and presents data in support of the hypothesis that the labile protein which modulates RNA polymerase I activity is ornithine decarboxylase.", "PMID": 835013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1314", "title": "Circadian organization in lizards: the role of the pineal organ.", "content": "After pinealectomy, the iguanid lizard Sceloporus olivaceus exhibits a \"splitting\" of the circadian activity rhythm into two components, marked changes in the period of the rhythm, or arrhythmicity. These effects are consistent with either of two hypotheses: (i) The pineal organ is a coupling device between circadian oscillators in a multioscillator system, or (ii) the pineal organ is itself a master oscillator, which entrains other circadian oscillators and imposes its frequency upon them.", "contents": "Circadian organization in lizards: the role of the pineal organ. After pinealectomy, the iguanid lizard Sceloporus olivaceus exhibits a \"splitting\" of the circadian activity rhythm into two components, marked changes in the period of the rhythm, or arrhythmicity. These effects are consistent with either of two hypotheses: (i) The pineal organ is a coupling device between circadian oscillators in a multioscillator system, or (ii) the pineal organ is itself a master oscillator, which entrains other circadian oscillators and imposes its frequency upon them.", "PMID": 835015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1315", "title": "Concomitant elevations in serum sialytransferase activity and sialic acid content in rats with metastasizing mammary tumors.", "content": "Rats with transplantable spontaneously metastasizing mammary tumors have elevated levels of both serum sialoglycoconjugate and serum sialytransferase activity compared with normal female rats or rats with various nonmetastasizing mammary tumors. A direct relationship was observed between the amount of serum protein-bound sialic acid and serum sialyltransferase activity in all rats studied. Serum sialyltransferase activity in rats with a representative metastasizing mammary tumor, SMT-2A, was also correlated with tumor age. Microsomes prepared from the SMT-2A tumor have a sixfold higher sialyltransferase activity than do microsomes prepared from the nonmetastasizing mammary tumor MT-W9B. Normal rat liver microsomes have the same level of activity as microsomes prepared from livers of animals with either SMT-2A or MT-W9B tumors. The data indicate that spontaneously metastasizing mammary tumor cells have an increased production and release, perhaps through cell surface shedding, of a sialyltransferase. It is suggested that this sialyltransferase may increase the serum half-life of certain tumor-specific circulating glycoconjugates by increasing the content of protein-bound sialic acid and may thereby play a role in the immune escape mechanism of metastasizing tumor cells.", "contents": "Concomitant elevations in serum sialytransferase activity and sialic acid content in rats with metastasizing mammary tumors. Rats with transplantable spontaneously metastasizing mammary tumors have elevated levels of both serum sialoglycoconjugate and serum sialytransferase activity compared with normal female rats or rats with various nonmetastasizing mammary tumors. A direct relationship was observed between the amount of serum protein-bound sialic acid and serum sialyltransferase activity in all rats studied. Serum sialyltransferase activity in rats with a representative metastasizing mammary tumor, SMT-2A, was also correlated with tumor age. Microsomes prepared from the SMT-2A tumor have a sixfold higher sialyltransferase activity than do microsomes prepared from the nonmetastasizing mammary tumor MT-W9B. Normal rat liver microsomes have the same level of activity as microsomes prepared from livers of animals with either SMT-2A or MT-W9B tumors. The data indicate that spontaneously metastasizing mammary tumor cells have an increased production and release, perhaps through cell surface shedding, of a sialyltransferase. It is suggested that this sialyltransferase may increase the serum half-life of certain tumor-specific circulating glycoconjugates by increasing the content of protein-bound sialic acid and may thereby play a role in the immune escape mechanism of metastasizing tumor cells.", "PMID": 835014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1316", "title": "Intravenous self-feeding: long-term regulation of energy balance in rats.", "content": "Rats learned to press a lever for intravenous self-injection of liquid diet during periods of several weeks when oral food was not available. The intakes were low but regulated, and were sufficient to balance energy expenditures at low body weight. Systemic receptors alone are thus adequate to motivate feeding behavior and meter the caloric yield of the intravenous injections.", "contents": "Intravenous self-feeding: long-term regulation of energy balance in rats. Rats learned to press a lever for intravenous self-injection of liquid diet during periods of several weeks when oral food was not available. The intakes were low but regulated, and were sufficient to balance energy expenditures at low body weight. Systemic receptors alone are thus adequate to motivate feeding behavior and meter the caloric yield of the intravenous injections.", "PMID": 835016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1317", "title": "Evolution in a time-varying environment.", "content": "A simple model of competition in a time-varying environment was developed and used to discuss the evolution of life-history strategies.", "contents": "Evolution in a time-varying environment. A simple model of competition in a time-varying environment was developed and used to discuss the evolution of life-history strategies.", "PMID": 835017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1318", "title": "Terrestrial locomotion in penguins: it costs more to waddle.", "content": "The energetic cost for walking is relatively higher for penguins than for other birds or for quadrupeds of similar body mass. The morphology of penguins seems to represent a compromise between aquatic and terrestrial locomotion wherein both energy economy and speed suffer when the birds move on land.", "contents": "Terrestrial locomotion in penguins: it costs more to waddle. The energetic cost for walking is relatively higher for penguins than for other birds or for quadrupeds of similar body mass. The morphology of penguins seems to represent a compromise between aquatic and terrestrial locomotion wherein both energy economy and speed suffer when the birds move on land.", "PMID": 835018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1319", "title": "Some unusual features of gouty arthritis in females.", "content": "Gouty arthritis in females is relatively infrequent, although the sex ratio may be somewhat altered in different races. A positive family history is relatively prevalent among females whose onset of gout is premenopausal. In those patients with a postmenopausal onset, the incidence of diuretic-associated gout is high. The bimodal distribution of serum urate might be related to some variance of genetic transmission in female gout. Hypertension and coronary heart disease are common coexisting conditions, as is true of gouty arthritis in males. Chronic urinary tract infection dating from previous pregnancies is a frequent complication. The relative prevalence of proteinuria and diminished renal function leads to increased hyperuricemia, with a tendency to a low urinary uric acid output. This explains in part the higher incidence of extensive tophaceous deposition but lower incidence of renal calculi. Diuretics are associated with a higher urine pH, likewise, they reduce the urinary uric acid excretion. This also may contribute to the lower incidence of renal calculi. There may be some statistical support for the low fertility rate among the gouty females. Only two females became pregnant after the onset of gouty arthritis. All other pregnancies occurred before the onset of arthritis. Even then, abnormal pregnancies were relatively frequent. Some hormonal malfunction among the gouty females cannot be discounted. Both renal calculi and tophi are frequent in female gout associated with blood dyscrasias. They may manifest early, preceding the first attack of acute gouty arthritis. In both the male and female secondary gout, the primary underlying disease governs the uric acid metabolism and the clinical symptomatology of gout. The predominant role in pathogenesis is the excessive rate of uric acid production, and its disposal is governed by the different stages of the underlying disease and the treatment. Thus, secondary gout in females appears to be somewhat different from primary gout in females, but not different from secondary gout in males.", "contents": "Some unusual features of gouty arthritis in females. Gouty arthritis in females is relatively infrequent, although the sex ratio may be somewhat altered in different races. A positive family history is relatively prevalent among females whose onset of gout is premenopausal. In those patients with a postmenopausal onset, the incidence of diuretic-associated gout is high. The bimodal distribution of serum urate might be related to some variance of genetic transmission in female gout. Hypertension and coronary heart disease are common coexisting conditions, as is true of gouty arthritis in males. Chronic urinary tract infection dating from previous pregnancies is a frequent complication. The relative prevalence of proteinuria and diminished renal function leads to increased hyperuricemia, with a tendency to a low urinary uric acid output. This explains in part the higher incidence of extensive tophaceous deposition but lower incidence of renal calculi. Diuretics are associated with a higher urine pH, likewise, they reduce the urinary uric acid excretion. This also may contribute to the lower incidence of renal calculi. There may be some statistical support for the low fertility rate among the gouty females. Only two females became pregnant after the onset of gouty arthritis. All other pregnancies occurred before the onset of arthritis. Even then, abnormal pregnancies were relatively frequent. Some hormonal malfunction among the gouty females cannot be discounted. Both renal calculi and tophi are frequent in female gout associated with blood dyscrasias. They may manifest early, preceding the first attack of acute gouty arthritis. In both the male and female secondary gout, the primary underlying disease governs the uric acid metabolism and the clinical symptomatology of gout. The predominant role in pathogenesis is the excessive rate of uric acid production, and its disposal is governed by the different stages of the underlying disease and the treatment. Thus, secondary gout in females appears to be somewhat different from primary gout in females, but not different from secondary gout in males.", "PMID": 835022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1320", "title": "Cardiovascular nuclear medicine.", "content": "Exciting developments in radiopharmaceuticals and instrumentation have established the field of cardiovascular nuclear medicine as an extremely useful clinical tool. Depending on the patient's problem, one may elect to perform myocardial perfusion images with 201Tl, infarct avid images with 99m Tc, or wall motion and other functional studies with multiple gated acquisition techniques. Often, a combination of these studies is useful in elucidating a particular problem.", "contents": "Cardiovascular nuclear medicine. Exciting developments in radiopharmaceuticals and instrumentation have established the field of cardiovascular nuclear medicine as an extremely useful clinical tool. Depending on the patient's problem, one may elect to perform myocardial perfusion images with 201Tl, infarct avid images with 99m Tc, or wall motion and other functional studies with multiple gated acquisition techniques. Often, a combination of these studies is useful in elucidating a particular problem.", "PMID": 835023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1321", "title": "Evaluation of radioactive potassium and its analogues for imaging myocardial infarcts.", "content": "An extensive clinical evaluation was undertaken to assess the value of myocardial infarct imaging with radioactive potassium and analogues. Of 130 patients so examined, 80 were diagnosed as having suffered infarcts in the recent or distant past on the basis of all information other than the scan. The radionuclide imaging results were abnormal in 87.5% overall, 97% in acute transmural infarcts, and 83% in lesions over 3 weeks old. In 50 patients not considered to have had myocardial infarcts or contusions, apparently false abnormal results were obtained in 15%. These were all patients in whom additional diagnostic help was desired after the ordinary laboratory tests and electrocardiograms. Excellent agreement of infarct location was discovered on comparing radionuclide scans with radiographic contrast ventriculography. On comparing electrocardiograms with scans for infarct location, 85% complete or partial correlation was revealed. Agreement between scan abnormalities and significant-appearing coronary arteriographic lesions was rather poor, causing one to realize that 43K scan abnormalities indicate regions of poor blood extraction by old or recent infarcts, rather than just poor regional arterial perfusion. While costly, radionuclide scans often provide worthwhile information about presence or absence of infarcts as well as about their location and size. Electrocardiograms and blood enzyme levels each cost less, but are almost always performed in serial fashion. This makes them actually more expensive than a single scan. Furthermore, a normal scan in a patient being considered for acute coronary care may be used as potent argument against the presence of an infarct, thereby saving costly intensive care and monitoring.", "contents": "Evaluation of radioactive potassium and its analogues for imaging myocardial infarcts. An extensive clinical evaluation was undertaken to assess the value of myocardial infarct imaging with radioactive potassium and analogues. Of 130 patients so examined, 80 were diagnosed as having suffered infarcts in the recent or distant past on the basis of all information other than the scan. The radionuclide imaging results were abnormal in 87.5% overall, 97% in acute transmural infarcts, and 83% in lesions over 3 weeks old. In 50 patients not considered to have had myocardial infarcts or contusions, apparently false abnormal results were obtained in 15%. These were all patients in whom additional diagnostic help was desired after the ordinary laboratory tests and electrocardiograms. Excellent agreement of infarct location was discovered on comparing radionuclide scans with radiographic contrast ventriculography. On comparing electrocardiograms with scans for infarct location, 85% complete or partial correlation was revealed. Agreement between scan abnormalities and significant-appearing coronary arteriographic lesions was rather poor, causing one to realize that 43K scan abnormalities indicate regions of poor blood extraction by old or recent infarcts, rather than just poor regional arterial perfusion. While costly, radionuclide scans often provide worthwhile information about presence or absence of infarcts as well as about their location and size. Electrocardiograms and blood enzyme levels each cost less, but are almost always performed in serial fashion. This makes them actually more expensive than a single scan. Furthermore, a normal scan in a patient being considered for acute coronary care may be used as potent argument against the presence of an infarct, thereby saving costly intensive care and monitoring.", "PMID": 835024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1322", "title": "Nitrogen-13-labeled ammonia for myocardial imaging.", "content": "Cyclotron-produced nitrogen-13 (half-life 10 min), as labeled ammonia (13NH4+), has been evaluated as a myocardial perfusion imaging agent. The regional myocardial uptake of 13NH4+ has been shown to be proportional to regional tissue perfusion in animal studies. Intravenously administered 13NH4+ is rapidly cleared from the circulation, being extracted by the liver (15%), lungs, myocardium (2%-4%), brain, kidney, and bladder. Myocardial ammonia is metabolized mainly to glutamine via the glutamine synthetase pathway. Pulmonary uptake is substantial, but usually transient, except in smokers where clearance may be delayed. The position annihilation irradiation (511 keV) of 13N may be imaged with a scintillation camera, using either a specially designed tungsten collimator or a pinhole collimator. After early technical problems with collimation and the production method of 13NH4+ were overcome, reproducible high quality myocardial images were consistently obtained. The normal myocardial image was established to be of a homogeneous \"doughnut\" configuration. Imaging studies performed in patients with varying manifestations of ischemic and valvular heart disease showed a high incidence of localized perfusion defects, especially in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Sequential studies at short intervals in patients with acute infarction showed correlation between alterations in regional perfusion and the clinical course of the patient. It is concluded that myocardial imaging with 13NH4+ and a scintillation camera provides a valid and noninvasive means of assessing regional myocardial perfusion. This method is especially suitable for sequential studies of acute cardiac patients at short intervals. Coincidence imaging of the 511 keV annihilation irradiation provides a tomographic and potentially quantitative assessment of the regional myocardial uptake of 13NH4+.", "contents": "Nitrogen-13-labeled ammonia for myocardial imaging. Cyclotron-produced nitrogen-13 (half-life 10 min), as labeled ammonia (13NH4+), has been evaluated as a myocardial perfusion imaging agent. The regional myocardial uptake of 13NH4+ has been shown to be proportional to regional tissue perfusion in animal studies. Intravenously administered 13NH4+ is rapidly cleared from the circulation, being extracted by the liver (15%), lungs, myocardium (2%-4%), brain, kidney, and bladder. Myocardial ammonia is metabolized mainly to glutamine via the glutamine synthetase pathway. Pulmonary uptake is substantial, but usually transient, except in smokers where clearance may be delayed. The position annihilation irradiation (511 keV) of 13N may be imaged with a scintillation camera, using either a specially designed tungsten collimator or a pinhole collimator. After early technical problems with collimation and the production method of 13NH4+ were overcome, reproducible high quality myocardial images were consistently obtained. The normal myocardial image was established to be of a homogeneous \"doughnut\" configuration. Imaging studies performed in patients with varying manifestations of ischemic and valvular heart disease showed a high incidence of localized perfusion defects, especially in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Sequential studies at short intervals in patients with acute infarction showed correlation between alterations in regional perfusion and the clinical course of the patient. It is concluded that myocardial imaging with 13NH4+ and a scintillation camera provides a valid and noninvasive means of assessing regional myocardial perfusion. This method is especially suitable for sequential studies of acute cardiac patients at short intervals. Coincidence imaging of the 511 keV annihilation irradiation provides a tomographic and potentially quantitative assessment of the regional myocardial uptake of 13NH4+.", "PMID": 835025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1323", "title": "Particulate myocardial perfusion scintigraphy: its clinical usefulness in evaluation of coronary artery disease.", "content": "The determination of myocardial viability is a crucial parameter in the evaluation of a patient with coronary artery disease. Particulate myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (PMPS) is one of several methods available for this determination. A brief comparison between PMPS and two other commonly used methods is described in this review. The technique and analysis are described and applied to 194 patients with 366 surgically bypassed regions. The patients are analyzed for postoperative regional wall function and for total ventricular function as expressed by ejection fraction. PMPS is a highly accurate and unique study for clinically predicting myocardial viability.", "contents": "Particulate myocardial perfusion scintigraphy: its clinical usefulness in evaluation of coronary artery disease. The determination of myocardial viability is a crucial parameter in the evaluation of a patient with coronary artery disease. Particulate myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (PMPS) is one of several methods available for this determination. A brief comparison between PMPS and two other commonly used methods is described in this review. The technique and analysis are described and applied to 194 patients with 366 surgically bypassed regions. The patients are analyzed for postoperative regional wall function and for total ventricular function as expressed by ejection fraction. PMPS is a highly accurate and unique study for clinically predicting myocardial viability.", "PMID": 835026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1324", "title": "Radiocardiography in clinical cardiology.", "content": "Quantitative radiocardiography provides a variety of noninvasive measurements of value in cardiology. A gamma camera and computer processing are required for most of these measurements. The advantages of ease, economy, and safety of these procedures are, in part, offset by the complexity of as yet unstandaridized methods and incomplete validation of results. The expansion of these techniques will inevitably be rapid. Their careful performance requires, for the moment, a major and perhaps dedicated effort by at least one member of the professional team, if the pitfalls that lead to unrecognized error are to be avoided. We may anticipate more automated and reliable results with increased experience and validation.", "contents": "Radiocardiography in clinical cardiology. Quantitative radiocardiography provides a variety of noninvasive measurements of value in cardiology. A gamma camera and computer processing are required for most of these measurements. The advantages of ease, economy, and safety of these procedures are, in part, offset by the complexity of as yet unstandaridized methods and incomplete validation of results. The expansion of these techniques will inevitably be rapid. Their careful performance requires, for the moment, a major and perhaps dedicated effort by at least one member of the professional team, if the pitfalls that lead to unrecognized error are to be avoided. We may anticipate more automated and reliable results with increased experience and validation.", "PMID": 835027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1325", "title": "[The control of medicines and related substances, Law 101 of 1965: a short review].", "content": "Act 101 of 1965, as amended by Act 65 of 1974, published on 21 February 1975, has far-reaching implications as regards the manufacture, distribution and use of medicines in South Africa. Some aspects in connection with the annexures to the Act relating to the pharmaceutical industry, doctors, pharmacists and the public, are discussed.", "contents": "[The control of medicines and related substances, Law 101 of 1965: a short review]. Act 101 of 1965, as amended by Act 65 of 1974, published on 21 February 1975, has far-reaching implications as regards the manufacture, distribution and use of medicines in South Africa. Some aspects in connection with the annexures to the Act relating to the pharmaceutical industry, doctors, pharmacists and the public, are discussed.", "PMID": 835036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1326", "title": "Pyomyositis in Swaziland.", "content": "Pyomyositis was studied in 25 patients over a period of 1 year. The patients lived in a subtropical region, latitude about 27 degrees S, but the disease described is the same as that which occurs in the tropics and which goes by the name of \"tropical myositis\". The aetiology proposed for tropical myositis is regarded as not applicable to the same disease described here, of which the cause remains uncertain. This aspect of the problem is discussed with reference to the possible role played by a deficiency of ascorbic acid in the diet. Incision and drainage is the only method of treatment.", "contents": "Pyomyositis in Swaziland. Pyomyositis was studied in 25 patients over a period of 1 year. The patients lived in a subtropical region, latitude about 27 degrees S, but the disease described is the same as that which occurs in the tropics and which goes by the name of \"tropical myositis\". The aetiology proposed for tropical myositis is regarded as not applicable to the same disease described here, of which the cause remains uncertain. This aspect of the problem is discussed with reference to the possible role played by a deficiency of ascorbic acid in the diet. Incision and drainage is the only method of treatment.", "PMID": 835038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1327", "title": "Underweight - a nutritional risk?", "content": "Weight-for-age (Harvard standards) and mean weight and height studies on South African preschool and school-child populations have revealed that (i) 25% of preschool children, and 50-75% of young non-White school-children are underweight for age; (ii) the incidence of underweight-for-age rose from birth to 12 years, and fell rapidly by 17 years, without dietary intervention; (iii) White children showed similar profiles of underweight although the respective incidences were lower; (iv) there has been a fall in the incidence of underweight in Black children although it still remains high; and (v) significant increases of mean weights and heights have occurred at certain ages in Blacks, particularly rural groups, with decreases in height in some groups of White preschool children. In spite of there having been no dietary intervention, the incidence of underweight-for-age has decreased, and the mean weight and height have increased over a very short period of time. Height as well as weight shoudl be taken into consideration in assessing satisfactory growth.", "contents": "Underweight - a nutritional risk? Weight-for-age (Harvard standards) and mean weight and height studies on South African preschool and school-child populations have revealed that (i) 25% of preschool children, and 50-75% of young non-White school-children are underweight for age; (ii) the incidence of underweight-for-age rose from birth to 12 years, and fell rapidly by 17 years, without dietary intervention; (iii) White children showed similar profiles of underweight although the respective incidences were lower; (iv) there has been a fall in the incidence of underweight in Black children although it still remains high; and (v) significant increases of mean weights and heights have occurred at certain ages in Blacks, particularly rural groups, with decreases in height in some groups of White preschool children. In spite of there having been no dietary intervention, the incidence of underweight-for-age has decreased, and the mean weight and height have increased over a very short period of time. Height as well as weight shoudl be taken into consideration in assessing satisfactory growth.", "PMID": 835039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1328", "title": "Misleading pneumoperitoneum.", "content": "Misleading pneumoperitoneum takes one of two forms: true pneymoperitoneum without peritonitis or pneumoperitoneum simulated by adventitious x-ray shadows. In both instances, the roentgenographic appearance of free intraperitoneal air proves to be a specious indication for laparotomy. Twenty-eight per cent of 29 patients with misleading pneumoperitoneum were subjected to operations that, retrospectively, might not seem absolutely necessary. The decisions to operate on patients with pneumoperitoneum without peritonitis were based on the amount of pneumoperitoneum roentgenographically visualized. The instances of pseudopneumoperitoneum had several common features. The diagnosis often was based only on x-ray films of the chest. Compatibility with clinical features was marginal; the radiolucency was often not truly at the apex of the diaphragm. Finally, the x-ray films, interpretation and working conditions frequently were suboptimal.", "contents": "Misleading pneumoperitoneum. Misleading pneumoperitoneum takes one of two forms: true pneymoperitoneum without peritonitis or pneumoperitoneum simulated by adventitious x-ray shadows. In both instances, the roentgenographic appearance of free intraperitoneal air proves to be a specious indication for laparotomy. Twenty-eight per cent of 29 patients with misleading pneumoperitoneum were subjected to operations that, retrospectively, might not seem absolutely necessary. The decisions to operate on patients with pneumoperitoneum without peritonitis were based on the amount of pneumoperitoneum roentgenographically visualized. The instances of pseudopneumoperitoneum had several common features. The diagnosis often was based only on x-ray films of the chest. Compatibility with clinical features was marginal; the radiolucency was often not truly at the apex of the diaphragm. Finally, the x-ray films, interpretation and working conditions frequently were suboptimal.", "PMID": 835053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1329", "title": "Long term survival after compound hemipelvectomy.", "content": "Three patients survived free of disease ten and one-half, ten and almost six years, respectively, following compound hemipelvectomy for a variety of tumors. Each patient had been operated upon previously at least three times, but the tumors were still well localized despite the propensity for local infiltration or growth. In addition to the lower extremity and the ipsilateral pelvic bones, varieties of organs were resected. In one patient with chondrosarcoma of the pelvis, there was a local recurrent mass and, in another with adenocarcinoma of the appendix, a solitary pulmonary metastasis. Both of these lesions were successfully resected, and the patients remained free of disease nine and four and one-half years, respectively, after resection of the recurrent lesions. The third patients had carcinoma of the penis with metastases in both groins; carcinoma of the breast devedeveloped nine and one-half years after hemipelvectomy. The two younger patients were fitted with prostheses, and all three adjusted fairly well physically and psychologically to their disability. Frequently, the huge size of these tumors, the infiltration of many contiguous structures and, possibly, other features known to be associated with a bad prognosis make them appear to be incurable. We suggest that slowly growing tumor which remain localized for a long time can be controlled if adequately excised, possibly because they may be associated with strong systemic immunity. The extremely few such patients who may be encountered in surgical practice ought, therefore, to be recognized as potentially curable and treated accordingly, despite the often formidable risk or technical problems at operation and the resultant postoperative disabilities.", "contents": "Long term survival after compound hemipelvectomy. Three patients survived free of disease ten and one-half, ten and almost six years, respectively, following compound hemipelvectomy for a variety of tumors. Each patient had been operated upon previously at least three times, but the tumors were still well localized despite the propensity for local infiltration or growth. In addition to the lower extremity and the ipsilateral pelvic bones, varieties of organs were resected. In one patient with chondrosarcoma of the pelvis, there was a local recurrent mass and, in another with adenocarcinoma of the appendix, a solitary pulmonary metastasis. Both of these lesions were successfully resected, and the patients remained free of disease nine and four and one-half years, respectively, after resection of the recurrent lesions. The third patients had carcinoma of the penis with metastases in both groins; carcinoma of the breast devedeveloped nine and one-half years after hemipelvectomy. The two younger patients were fitted with prostheses, and all three adjusted fairly well physically and psychologically to their disability. Frequently, the huge size of these tumors, the infiltration of many contiguous structures and, possibly, other features known to be associated with a bad prognosis make them appear to be incurable. We suggest that slowly growing tumor which remain localized for a long time can be controlled if adequately excised, possibly because they may be associated with strong systemic immunity. The extremely few such patients who may be encountered in surgical practice ought, therefore, to be recognized as potentially curable and treated accordingly, despite the often formidable risk or technical problems at operation and the resultant postoperative disabilities.", "PMID": 835054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1330", "title": "Blood supply of the head of the femur in traumatic hip dislocation.", "content": "Traumatic dislocation of the hip causes circulatory embarrassment in the femoral head in both adult and immature rabbits. Damage to the extraosseous epiphyseometaphyseal vessels of blood supply and drainage is a major causative factor. Disturbance of circulation is most severe in immature rabbits and worsens with continued dislocation to finally reach a maximum within a period of 24 hours. In adult rabbits, the intraosseous epithyseo-metaphyseal anastomoses across the obliterated growth plate minimize the effects of damage to the extraosseous epiphyseal nutrient system. Early reduction of the dislocated hip enhances early and complete recovery of blood supply to the femoral head. Reduction of the dislocated hip delayed to 12 hours or longer does not benefit the rate and extent of the circulatory recovery of the femoral head. Histologically demonstrable aseptic necrosis of the femoral head occurs in the majority of rabbits, regardless of skeletal maturity or reduction. It is more common and extensive in immature rabbits. Abnormal roentgenologic features within the femoral head are observed infrequently between five and ten weeks after dislocation, despite the high incidence of aseptic necrosis.", "contents": "Blood supply of the head of the femur in traumatic hip dislocation. Traumatic dislocation of the hip causes circulatory embarrassment in the femoral head in both adult and immature rabbits. Damage to the extraosseous epiphyseometaphyseal vessels of blood supply and drainage is a major causative factor. Disturbance of circulation is most severe in immature rabbits and worsens with continued dislocation to finally reach a maximum within a period of 24 hours. In adult rabbits, the intraosseous epithyseo-metaphyseal anastomoses across the obliterated growth plate minimize the effects of damage to the extraosseous epiphyseal nutrient system. Early reduction of the dislocated hip enhances early and complete recovery of blood supply to the femoral head. Reduction of the dislocated hip delayed to 12 hours or longer does not benefit the rate and extent of the circulatory recovery of the femoral head. Histologically demonstrable aseptic necrosis of the femoral head occurs in the majority of rabbits, regardless of skeletal maturity or reduction. It is more common and extensive in immature rabbits. Abnormal roentgenologic features within the femoral head are observed infrequently between five and ten weeks after dislocation, despite the high incidence of aseptic necrosis.", "PMID": 835055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1331", "title": "Gastric bypass for morbid obesity in patients more than fifty years of age.", "content": "Morbid obesity, a weight twice that ideal for a given height, has evolved as a disease of affluent societies. Surgical treatment of this disorder has largely involved intestinal bypass procedure. Thirty-six patients more than 50 years of age have undergone a gastric bypass for the treatment of morbid obesity. The 28 females as well as the eight males were part of a group of 503 patients undergoing gastric bypass for treatment of morbid obesity. The mean age was 55 years, with extremes at 50 and 68 years, respectively. Weight loss was 40 per cent less than for the younger patients, averaging only 29 kilograms after two years, and the operative mortality was four times that for younger patients. The cause of limited weight loss after gastric bypass in this older age group of patients is unclear. However, unless there is specific value to be obtained from a modest weight loss, gastric bypass is not recommended as treatment for morbid obesity in patients more than 50 years of age.", "contents": "Gastric bypass for morbid obesity in patients more than fifty years of age. Morbid obesity, a weight twice that ideal for a given height, has evolved as a disease of affluent societies. Surgical treatment of this disorder has largely involved intestinal bypass procedure. Thirty-six patients more than 50 years of age have undergone a gastric bypass for the treatment of morbid obesity. The 28 females as well as the eight males were part of a group of 503 patients undergoing gastric bypass for treatment of morbid obesity. The mean age was 55 years, with extremes at 50 and 68 years, respectively. Weight loss was 40 per cent less than for the younger patients, averaging only 29 kilograms after two years, and the operative mortality was four times that for younger patients. The cause of limited weight loss after gastric bypass in this older age group of patients is unclear. However, unless there is specific value to be obtained from a modest weight loss, gastric bypass is not recommended as treatment for morbid obesity in patients more than 50 years of age.", "PMID": 835056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1332", "title": "Prevention of gallstone formation in rabbits by the oral administration of kanamycin.", "content": "Rabbits fed a diet containing 40 per cent casein, 15 per cent oleic acid and 45 per cent laboratory pellets developed glycoallodeoxycholic acid and glycodeoxycholic acid gallstones. The oral administration of kanamycin prevented allo bile acid stone formation in the oleic acid fed rabbit without leading to cholesterol gallstone formation. Kanamycin reduced the concentration of allodeoxycholic acid in the bile of oleic acid fed rabbits from 16.6+/-4.1 per cent of total bile acids to 1.1+/-1.1 per cent, with a reciprocal increase in deoxycholic acid concentration. The allodeoxycholate concentration was far below that found in control bile samples, 10.2+/-2.3 per cent. If the effect of kanamycin on the bile composition is by its antibiotic action, this eliminates the importance of a hepatic contribution to allodeoxycholate stone formation.", "contents": "Prevention of gallstone formation in rabbits by the oral administration of kanamycin. Rabbits fed a diet containing 40 per cent casein, 15 per cent oleic acid and 45 per cent laboratory pellets developed glycoallodeoxycholic acid and glycodeoxycholic acid gallstones. The oral administration of kanamycin prevented allo bile acid stone formation in the oleic acid fed rabbit without leading to cholesterol gallstone formation. Kanamycin reduced the concentration of allodeoxycholic acid in the bile of oleic acid fed rabbits from 16.6+/-4.1 per cent of total bile acids to 1.1+/-1.1 per cent, with a reciprocal increase in deoxycholic acid concentration. The allodeoxycholate concentration was far below that found in control bile samples, 10.2+/-2.3 per cent. If the effect of kanamycin on the bile composition is by its antibiotic action, this eliminates the importance of a hepatic contribution to allodeoxycholate stone formation.", "PMID": 835057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1333", "title": "Variations in plasma levels of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate during clinical sepsis.", "content": "Plasma levels of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate were measured in 43 patients with bacterial infections of varying degrees of severity. The most severely ill patients, who died within 48 hours of study, had the highest levels of plasma adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate, 38.4+/-29.8 picomoles per milliliter. A significant and progressive decrease in plasma adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate level toward normal was found with lesser degrees of sepsis. However, even those patients who survived exhibited elevations of plasma adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate levels, 12.9+/-5.4 picomoles per milliliter, significantly above normal. Shock and impaired renal function appeared to contribute to the elevated levels found in the most severely ill patients. In those less severely ill, with normal renal function and no shock, the plasma adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate level was still significantly elevated above normal, suggesting that severe bacterial infection itself contributes to the generation of elevated plasma adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate levels. Various hormonal changes or increased cellular permeability, or both, may account for some of the increase of this intracellular nucleotide in the plasma. It is suggested that extremely high levels of plasma adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate are indicative of a poor prognosis.", "contents": "Variations in plasma levels of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate during clinical sepsis. Plasma levels of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate were measured in 43 patients with bacterial infections of varying degrees of severity. The most severely ill patients, who died within 48 hours of study, had the highest levels of plasma adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate, 38.4+/-29.8 picomoles per milliliter. A significant and progressive decrease in plasma adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate level toward normal was found with lesser degrees of sepsis. However, even those patients who survived exhibited elevations of plasma adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate levels, 12.9+/-5.4 picomoles per milliliter, significantly above normal. Shock and impaired renal function appeared to contribute to the elevated levels found in the most severely ill patients. In those less severely ill, with normal renal function and no shock, the plasma adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate level was still significantly elevated above normal, suggesting that severe bacterial infection itself contributes to the generation of elevated plasma adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate levels. Various hormonal changes or increased cellular permeability, or both, may account for some of the increase of this intracellular nucleotide in the plasma. It is suggested that extremely high levels of plasma adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate are indicative of a poor prognosis.", "PMID": 835058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1334", "title": "Excision and delayed closure of pilonidal sinuses.", "content": "An alternative drainage procedure, a technique of excision and delayed closure for the treatment of pilonidal sinuses, was used upon 78 patients. The procedure compared favorably with marsupialization as well as the excision and semiprimary closure technique with regard to healing time and low recurrence rates.", "contents": "Excision and delayed closure of pilonidal sinuses. An alternative drainage procedure, a technique of excision and delayed closure for the treatment of pilonidal sinuses, was used upon 78 patients. The procedure compared favorably with marsupialization as well as the excision and semiprimary closure technique with regard to healing time and low recurrence rates.", "PMID": 835059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1335", "title": "Laparotomy for staging of Hodgkin's and non-hodgkin's lymphoma.", "content": "To justify the performance of an invasive technique as an aid to determining diagnosis and therapy in any condition, one must correlate the benefits derived with the adverse effects of performing that procedure. The review of the records of the patient indicates that clinical staging remains a moderately inaccurate means of assessing the extent of the disease in patients with Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Lymphangiogram remains an aid to the surgeon in the localization of suspicious nodes. It is of greater accuracy in the patient with Hodgkin's lymphoma as compared with those with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Conversely, laparotomy for staging was not of as great a value in the patients in the non-Hodgkin's group as in those in the Hodgkin's group, and the incidence of complications was higher in the non-Hodgkin's group; especially in the patients with advanced disease. Laparotomy for staging is of significant benefit in the Hodgkin's lymphoma group, and the complication rate is not prohibitive. Laparotomy for staging in the non-Hodgkin's lymphoma group, on the other hand, is of less value than it is in the Hodgkin's group and is associated with a substantially higher complication rate in the face of advanced disease. In non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, individual decisions regarding laparotomy must be used, and the routine use of laparotomy may not be warranted.", "contents": "Laparotomy for staging of Hodgkin's and non-hodgkin's lymphoma. To justify the performance of an invasive technique as an aid to determining diagnosis and therapy in any condition, one must correlate the benefits derived with the adverse effects of performing that procedure. The review of the records of the patient indicates that clinical staging remains a moderately inaccurate means of assessing the extent of the disease in patients with Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Lymphangiogram remains an aid to the surgeon in the localization of suspicious nodes. It is of greater accuracy in the patient with Hodgkin's lymphoma as compared with those with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Conversely, laparotomy for staging was not of as great a value in the patients in the non-Hodgkin's group as in those in the Hodgkin's group, and the incidence of complications was higher in the non-Hodgkin's group; especially in the patients with advanced disease. Laparotomy for staging is of significant benefit in the Hodgkin's lymphoma group, and the complication rate is not prohibitive. Laparotomy for staging in the non-Hodgkin's lymphoma group, on the other hand, is of less value than it is in the Hodgkin's group and is associated with a substantially higher complication rate in the face of advanced disease. In non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, individual decisions regarding laparotomy must be used, and the routine use of laparotomy may not be warranted.", "PMID": 835060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1336", "title": "Treatment of carcinoma of the biliary system.", "content": "A series of 23 patients with carcinoma at the hilus of the bile duct were studied. Fourteen of the 23 patients underwent surgical resection. Nine of the 14 patients had a curative resection. Six patients are alive after a follow-up period of five to 25 months. The remaining five patients had noncurative resection, and four of them died from metastatic carcinomas during the next 14 months. One patient who had a left hepatic lobectomy is still alive eight months after operation. The other three patients with advanced carcinoma at the hilus of the bile duct were treated by intraoperative radiotherapy. A single dose of 3,000 rads was emitted directly to the tumors. The remaining six patients were treated by drainage procedures only. Four patients with advanced carcinoma of the gallbladder had received radiotherapy. Six of the eight patients who were treated by radiotherapy are alive, although the follow-up period extends to 11 months only.", "contents": "Treatment of carcinoma of the biliary system. A series of 23 patients with carcinoma at the hilus of the bile duct were studied. Fourteen of the 23 patients underwent surgical resection. Nine of the 14 patients had a curative resection. Six patients are alive after a follow-up period of five to 25 months. The remaining five patients had noncurative resection, and four of them died from metastatic carcinomas during the next 14 months. One patient who had a left hepatic lobectomy is still alive eight months after operation. The other three patients with advanced carcinoma at the hilus of the bile duct were treated by intraoperative radiotherapy. A single dose of 3,000 rads was emitted directly to the tumors. The remaining six patients were treated by drainage procedures only. Four patients with advanced carcinoma of the gallbladder had received radiotherapy. Six of the eight patients who were treated by radiotherapy are alive, although the follow-up period extends to 11 months only.", "PMID": 835061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1337", "title": "Management of perforating diverticulitis of the colon.", "content": "A retrospective study was carried out of all patients admitted to the hospital with either local or free perforating diverticulitis. Fifty-one patients had perforating diverticulitis of the sigmoid colon with local abscess formation, while 26 patients had free perforation with generalized peritonitis. Of the 67 patients who had a defunctioning colostomy, 18 died, while of ten patients who had either resection or exteriorization of the perforated segment, one died. Thus, exteriorization or resection as the primary surgical procedure for perforating diverticulitis is the procedure of choice, since it leads to a low operative mortality because of removal of the septic focus, preventing continuing intraperitoneal soilage.", "contents": "Management of perforating diverticulitis of the colon. A retrospective study was carried out of all patients admitted to the hospital with either local or free perforating diverticulitis. Fifty-one patients had perforating diverticulitis of the sigmoid colon with local abscess formation, while 26 patients had free perforation with generalized peritonitis. Of the 67 patients who had a defunctioning colostomy, 18 died, while of ten patients who had either resection or exteriorization of the perforated segment, one died. Thus, exteriorization or resection as the primary surgical procedure for perforating diverticulitis is the procedure of choice, since it leads to a low operative mortality because of removal of the septic focus, preventing continuing intraperitoneal soilage.", "PMID": 835062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1338", "title": "Gastrin levels and gastric acidity in the pathogenesis of acute gastroduodenal disease after burns.", "content": "To better define the pathogenetic relationship between gastric acid secretion, serum gastrin levels and acute gastroduodenal disease in burned patients, fasting serum gastrin levels were correlated with the results of a nonaugmented gastric analysis performed in 31 hemodynamically stable burned patients. Gastroduodenoscopy documented the status of the gastric and duodenal mucosa at the time of acid analysis and serum gastrin collection. Twenty-two patients had acute gastroduodenal disease. Dffuse, superficial, gastroduodenal erosions were present in 17 patients; five additional patients had ulcerative lesions. Nine patients had normal endoscopic examinations. Gastrin levels were not predictive of the incidence, severity or location of disease. Gastric acidity, however, did correlate with disease severity-correlation coefficient, r=+0.41,p less than 0.05-being lowest in normal persons, intermediate in superficial disease and highest in ulceration. There was no correlation between the levels of serum gastrin and gastric acid secretion. The relative hyperacidity in patients with acute gastroduodenal disease suggests that acid may be one of the factors potentiating mucosal injury in these patients and may be particularly important in the evolution of life-threatening ulceration.", "contents": "Gastrin levels and gastric acidity in the pathogenesis of acute gastroduodenal disease after burns. To better define the pathogenetic relationship between gastric acid secretion, serum gastrin levels and acute gastroduodenal disease in burned patients, fasting serum gastrin levels were correlated with the results of a nonaugmented gastric analysis performed in 31 hemodynamically stable burned patients. Gastroduodenoscopy documented the status of the gastric and duodenal mucosa at the time of acid analysis and serum gastrin collection. Twenty-two patients had acute gastroduodenal disease. Dffuse, superficial, gastroduodenal erosions were present in 17 patients; five additional patients had ulcerative lesions. Nine patients had normal endoscopic examinations. Gastrin levels were not predictive of the incidence, severity or location of disease. Gastric acidity, however, did correlate with disease severity-correlation coefficient, r=+0.41,p less than 0.05-being lowest in normal persons, intermediate in superficial disease and highest in ulceration. There was no correlation between the levels of serum gastrin and gastric acid secretion. The relative hyperacidity in patients with acute gastroduodenal disease suggests that acid may be one of the factors potentiating mucosal injury in these patients and may be particularly important in the evolution of life-threatening ulceration.", "PMID": 835063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1339", "title": "Surgical complications after radiation therapy for carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "Surgical complications were studied randomly in 137 women with operable carcinoma of the breast, receiving preoperative irradiation or no preoperative irradiation. Wound infections and severe seromas are shown to be more frequent in patients in the irradiated group. On the whole, radiation induced complications were mild and easily manageable.", "contents": "Surgical complications after radiation therapy for carcinoma of the breast. Surgical complications were studied randomly in 137 women with operable carcinoma of the breast, receiving preoperative irradiation or no preoperative irradiation. Wound infections and severe seromas are shown to be more frequent in patients in the irradiated group. On the whole, radiation induced complications were mild and easily manageable.", "PMID": 835064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1340", "title": "Post-traumatic pulmonary insufficiency.", "content": "Pulmonary insufficiency is occasionally a life-threatening sequel to severe nonthoracic trauma. A similar disturbance of pulmonary function may be a feature of hepatic cirrhosis, fulminant hepatic failure, liver homotransplantation and major hepatic resection for blunt injury. In addition to the respiratory changes, other associations common to both post-traumatic pulmonary insufficiency and liver disease are disturbance of consciousness and susceptibility to infection by organisms normally found in the gastrointestinal tract. If failure of some aspect of liver function is responsible for the development of pulmonary insufficiency, it is likely that it is the hepatic reticulo-endothelial cells rather than the parenchymal cells which are concerned, because hepatic parenchymal cell failure is not a feature of post-traumatic pulmonary insufficiency. It is suggested that the hepatic reticuloendothelial system normally protects the lungs by acting as a prepulmonary filter removing and inactivating noxious macromolecular and particulate matter in the blood, such matter arising mainly from the intestine and the blood coagulation and fibrinolytic systems. Experimental evidence indicates that hypovolemia increases the load of circulating phagocytosable material and depresses activity of the hepatic reticuloendothelial system, while trapping of the pulmonary reticuloendothelial system is considerably enhanced. This noxious material, normally dealt with by the hepatic reticuloendothelial system, may accumulate during and after hypovolemia in active form in the lungs as a result of the action of three mechanisms: direct pulmonary reticuloendothelial phagocytosis from the blood, transfer in hepatic reticuloendothelial cells from liver to lungs and uptake from the blood by polymorphonuclear leukocytes which become sequestered in the lungs. The ensuing pulmonary injury caused by this material may then be manifested by progressive pulmonary insufficiency and the impairment of activity of the hepatic reticuloendothelial system by the presence of gram-negative infection. The reticuloendothelial system has been largely neglected in man, and it is considered that evaluation of reticuloendothelial activity in injured patients may lead to the definition of a syndrome of failure of the reticuloendothelial system of which pulmonary insufficiency may be an integral part.", "contents": "Post-traumatic pulmonary insufficiency. Pulmonary insufficiency is occasionally a life-threatening sequel to severe nonthoracic trauma. A similar disturbance of pulmonary function may be a feature of hepatic cirrhosis, fulminant hepatic failure, liver homotransplantation and major hepatic resection for blunt injury. In addition to the respiratory changes, other associations common to both post-traumatic pulmonary insufficiency and liver disease are disturbance of consciousness and susceptibility to infection by organisms normally found in the gastrointestinal tract. If failure of some aspect of liver function is responsible for the development of pulmonary insufficiency, it is likely that it is the hepatic reticulo-endothelial cells rather than the parenchymal cells which are concerned, because hepatic parenchymal cell failure is not a feature of post-traumatic pulmonary insufficiency. It is suggested that the hepatic reticuloendothelial system normally protects the lungs by acting as a prepulmonary filter removing and inactivating noxious macromolecular and particulate matter in the blood, such matter arising mainly from the intestine and the blood coagulation and fibrinolytic systems. Experimental evidence indicates that hypovolemia increases the load of circulating phagocytosable material and depresses activity of the hepatic reticuloendothelial system, while trapping of the pulmonary reticuloendothelial system is considerably enhanced. This noxious material, normally dealt with by the hepatic reticuloendothelial system, may accumulate during and after hypovolemia in active form in the lungs as a result of the action of three mechanisms: direct pulmonary reticuloendothelial phagocytosis from the blood, transfer in hepatic reticuloendothelial cells from liver to lungs and uptake from the blood by polymorphonuclear leukocytes which become sequestered in the lungs. The ensuing pulmonary injury caused by this material may then be manifested by progressive pulmonary insufficiency and the impairment of activity of the hepatic reticuloendothelial system by the presence of gram-negative infection. The reticuloendothelial system has been largely neglected in man, and it is considered that evaluation of reticuloendothelial activity in injured patients may lead to the definition of a syndrome of failure of the reticuloendothelial system of which pulmonary insufficiency may be an integral part.", "PMID": 835069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1341", "title": "Bilateral subfrontal glioma simulating a meningioma.", "content": "An intracranial glioma, presenting with clinical signs and symptoms, as well as angiographic evidence of a meningioma, is presented. The computerized axial tomogram was the only diagnostic study that suggested the presence of a glioma.", "contents": "Bilateral subfrontal glioma simulating a meningioma. An intracranial glioma, presenting with clinical signs and symptoms, as well as angiographic evidence of a meningioma, is presented. The computerized axial tomogram was the only diagnostic study that suggested the presence of a glioma.", "PMID": 835070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1342", "title": "Anterior fibular interbody fusion in the treatment of cervical spinal cord injuries.", "content": "A series of six patients with cervical spine fracture and spinal cord injury treated by removal of the fractured vertebral body and fibular strut graft is presented. There was no immediate mortality or major complication associated with the procedure. The stabilization achieved allowed early mobilization. Solid fusion was achieved in three months in all patients. Postmortem examination in one case showed union at the ends of the graft and bridging of the injured area by new bone. In selected patients interbody fusion is an important adjunct in the treatment of the fractured cervical spine.", "contents": "Anterior fibular interbody fusion in the treatment of cervical spinal cord injuries. A series of six patients with cervical spine fracture and spinal cord injury treated by removal of the fractured vertebral body and fibular strut graft is presented. There was no immediate mortality or major complication associated with the procedure. The stabilization achieved allowed early mobilization. Solid fusion was achieved in three months in all patients. Postmortem examination in one case showed union at the ends of the graft and bridging of the injured area by new bone. In selected patients interbody fusion is an important adjunct in the treatment of the fractured cervical spine.", "PMID": 835071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1343", "title": "Spinal epidural hematoma due to hemangioma of vertebra.", "content": "A case of acute flaccid paraplegia is reported, due to epidural bleeding in the dorso-lumbar region. A hitherto undiagnosed and asymptomatic hemangioma of a dorsal vertebra was considered to be the source of the haemorrhage. Recovery followed early laminectomy and evacuation of blood clots.", "contents": "Spinal epidural hematoma due to hemangioma of vertebra. A case of acute flaccid paraplegia is reported, due to epidural bleeding in the dorso-lumbar region. A hitherto undiagnosed and asymptomatic hemangioma of a dorsal vertebra was considered to be the source of the haemorrhage. Recovery followed early laminectomy and evacuation of blood clots.", "PMID": 835072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1344", "title": "Dural arteriovenous malformation treated by artificial embolization with liquid silicone.", "content": "The successful treatment of a dural arteriovenous malformation in the region of the transverse-sigmoid sinus by artificial embolization with liquid silicone is reported. The clinical and radioanatomical characteristics of the lesion are described. The technical feasibility of embolization is discussed and compared with other surgical treatments.", "contents": "Dural arteriovenous malformation treated by artificial embolization with liquid silicone. The successful treatment of a dural arteriovenous malformation in the region of the transverse-sigmoid sinus by artificial embolization with liquid silicone is reported. The clinical and radioanatomical characteristics of the lesion are described. The technical feasibility of embolization is discussed and compared with other surgical treatments.", "PMID": 835073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1345", "title": "Effect of sodium nitroprusside on cerebral blood flow in conscious human beings.", "content": "Hemispheric cerebral blood flow was measured in 14 patients prior to and after the injection of sodium nitroprusside. The intracarotid method of Xenon was utilized, and flow was calculated by the flow initial technique. With a small reduction in blood pressure during the administration of sodium nitroprusside, the cerebral blood flow fell significantly by 15.9+/- 5.6%.", "contents": "Effect of sodium nitroprusside on cerebral blood flow in conscious human beings. Hemispheric cerebral blood flow was measured in 14 patients prior to and after the injection of sodium nitroprusside. The intracarotid method of Xenon was utilized, and flow was calculated by the flow initial technique. With a small reduction in blood pressure during the administration of sodium nitroprusside, the cerebral blood flow fell significantly by 15.9+/- 5.6%.", "PMID": 835075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1346", "title": "An unusual entrance site of venous air embolism during operations in the sitting position.", "content": "Embolism of air into the venous system occurs during approximately 25% of neurosurgical operations performed with the patient in the sitting position. The present report calls attention to an unusual entry site for such air embolism-the punctures in the scalp made by a neurosurgical pin-type head holder.", "contents": "An unusual entrance site of venous air embolism during operations in the sitting position. Embolism of air into the venous system occurs during approximately 25% of neurosurgical operations performed with the patient in the sitting position. The present report calls attention to an unusual entry site for such air embolism-the punctures in the scalp made by a neurosurgical pin-type head holder.", "PMID": 835076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1347", "title": "Intraneoplastic injection of CCNU for experimental brain tumor chemotherapy.", "content": "Chemotherapy experiments were performed with 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) in an experimental mouse brain tumor model. Cell suspensions of a transplantable mouse ependymoblastoma were injected intracerebrally by means of a stereotactic frame. CCNU was given either intraperitoneally or by direct intraneoplastic injection beginning the fifth day after tumor cell implantation. Intraneoplastic injection beginning the fifth day after tumor cell implantation. Intraneoplastic injections of drugs were made with the stereotactic frame. A single intraneoplastic injection of CCNU was found to be highly effective in increasing the median day of death and in yielding large numbers of long-term survivors. In some experiments CCNU injected into the neoplasm produced increased numbers of long-term survivors and less systemic toxicity than when injected intraperitoneally.", "contents": "Intraneoplastic injection of CCNU for experimental brain tumor chemotherapy. Chemotherapy experiments were performed with 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) in an experimental mouse brain tumor model. Cell suspensions of a transplantable mouse ependymoblastoma were injected intracerebrally by means of a stereotactic frame. CCNU was given either intraperitoneally or by direct intraneoplastic injection beginning the fifth day after tumor cell implantation. Intraneoplastic injection beginning the fifth day after tumor cell implantation. Intraneoplastic injections of drugs were made with the stereotactic frame. A single intraneoplastic injection of CCNU was found to be highly effective in increasing the median day of death and in yielding large numbers of long-term survivors. In some experiments CCNU injected into the neoplasm produced increased numbers of long-term survivors and less systemic toxicity than when injected intraperitoneally.", "PMID": 835077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1348", "title": "Benign osteoblastoma of vertebral column and skull.", "content": "Three cases of benign osteoblastoma in children are reported; two in the spine and one in the occipital bone. clinical, pathological and X-ray appearance are discussed. The importance of complete removal whenever possible is stressed. Radiation therapy is not considered to be beneficial.", "contents": "Benign osteoblastoma of vertebral column and skull. Three cases of benign osteoblastoma in children are reported; two in the spine and one in the occipital bone. clinical, pathological and X-ray appearance are discussed. The importance of complete removal whenever possible is stressed. Radiation therapy is not considered to be beneficial.", "PMID": 835078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1349", "title": "The danger of intracranial wood.", "content": "Peri-orbital puncture wounds by sharp wooden objects are not rare, but can be dangerous when there is intracranial penetration by and retention of the wooden foreign body. Days to years after an apparently trivial initial wounding, serious intracranial complications can occur. The authors have reviewed 42 case reports from the literature. Morbidity-defined as permanent neurologic sequelae-occurred in 74% of the cases. Intracranial suppuration was the major complication, with brain abscess having occurred in nearly one-half of the cases. Mortality occurred in 25% of 28 cases occurring in the post-antibiotic era. The qualities of wood which make it especially hazardous as a wounding agent  and foreign body are discussed. The role of orbital anatomy in affording easy access to the cranial contents is described. Surgical exploration in all those cases in which there is a reasonable suspicion of intracranial injury is recommended.", "contents": "The danger of intracranial wood. Peri-orbital puncture wounds by sharp wooden objects are not rare, but can be dangerous when there is intracranial penetration by and retention of the wooden foreign body. Days to years after an apparently trivial initial wounding, serious intracranial complications can occur. The authors have reviewed 42 case reports from the literature. Morbidity-defined as permanent neurologic sequelae-occurred in 74% of the cases. Intracranial suppuration was the major complication, with brain abscess having occurred in nearly one-half of the cases. Mortality occurred in 25% of 28 cases occurring in the post-antibiotic era. The qualities of wood which make it especially hazardous as a wounding agent  and foreign body are discussed. The role of orbital anatomy in affording easy access to the cranial contents is described. Surgical exploration in all those cases in which there is a reasonable suspicion of intracranial injury is recommended.", "PMID": 835079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1350", "title": "Corneal preservation: recent advances.", "content": "New methods of corneal preservation for penetrating keratoplasty have recently been developed to meet the increasing demand for donor corneal tissue. Techniques utilized in the laboratory to evaluate the viability of the corneal endothelium and the clinical results obtained with each method are discussed. All of the new methods (storage in serum or McCarey-Kaufman medium, cryopreservation and organ culture) required excision of the cornea from the donor eye. Good clinical results have been obtained in several ophthalmology centers with cryopreservation and storage in McCarey-Kaufman (M-K) medium. Storage in M-K medium has rapidly become popular because it is a simple and inexpensive method and appears to maintain endothelial viability for about 4 days. Cryopreservation is a more complicated procedure, but it enables longterm storage of donor tissue. Organ culture is still experimental and requires careful technique, but offers promise of maintaining endothelial viability for 3 to 4 weeks.", "contents": "Corneal preservation: recent advances. New methods of corneal preservation for penetrating keratoplasty have recently been developed to meet the increasing demand for donor corneal tissue. Techniques utilized in the laboratory to evaluate the viability of the corneal endothelium and the clinical results obtained with each method are discussed. All of the new methods (storage in serum or McCarey-Kaufman medium, cryopreservation and organ culture) required excision of the cornea from the donor eye. Good clinical results have been obtained in several ophthalmology centers with cryopreservation and storage in McCarey-Kaufman (M-K) medium. Storage in M-K medium has rapidly become popular because it is a simple and inexpensive method and appears to maintain endothelial viability for about 4 days. Cryopreservation is a more complicated procedure, but it enables longterm storage of donor tissue. Organ culture is still experimental and requires careful technique, but offers promise of maintaining endothelial viability for 3 to 4 weeks.", "PMID": 835080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1351", "title": "Human umbilical cord vein for vascular replacement: preliminary report and observations.", "content": "Human umbilical cord vein allografts (HUCVAG) were prepared by sequential treatment of fresh cords with 95 percent ethanol and 1.3 percent dialdehyde starch. Twenty-six of 30 canine aortic implants of fully treated grafts were patent at the end of 8 months. Among 25 aortic interpositions of untreated and 70 percent ethanol-treated grafts, the mean survival was 13 and 34 days, respectively. Five of ten 70 percent ethanol:1.3 percent dialdehyde starch-treated implants remained patent for 8 months. Graft failure was attributed to incomplete antigenic suppression manifested by rejection changes, including thrombosis, anastomotic disruption, aneurysm formation, and intimal degeneration. HUCVAG has been used in five patients who required femoropopliteal bypass. Of three successful revascularizations, two remain patent beyond 8 months without aneurysm formation. These results suggest that the processed, valveless, unbranched HUCVAG, in unlimited supply, may serve as an available alternative in the absence of a suitable saphenous vein.", "contents": "Human umbilical cord vein for vascular replacement: preliminary report and observations. Human umbilical cord vein allografts (HUCVAG) were prepared by sequential treatment of fresh cords with 95 percent ethanol and 1.3 percent dialdehyde starch. Twenty-six of 30 canine aortic implants of fully treated grafts were patent at the end of 8 months. Among 25 aortic interpositions of untreated and 70 percent ethanol-treated grafts, the mean survival was 13 and 34 days, respectively. Five of ten 70 percent ethanol:1.3 percent dialdehyde starch-treated implants remained patent for 8 months. Graft failure was attributed to incomplete antigenic suppression manifested by rejection changes, including thrombosis, anastomotic disruption, aneurysm formation, and intimal degeneration. HUCVAG has been used in five patients who required femoropopliteal bypass. Of three successful revascularizations, two remain patent beyond 8 months without aneurysm formation. These results suggest that the processed, valveless, unbranched HUCVAG, in unlimited supply, may serve as an available alternative in the absence of a suitable saphenous vein.", "PMID": 835085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1352", "title": "Quantification on the pinhold effect.", "content": "Can the pinhold principle be practically applied to solving the problem of providing useful vision for aphakics without resorting to aphakic spectacles? The authors have experimentally quantified the pinhold effect and concluded that the pinhold, successfully produced by miotics in certain patients or by a thin, dyed contact lens, may have clinical value.", "contents": "Quantification on the pinhold effect. Can the pinhold principle be practically applied to solving the problem of providing useful vision for aphakics without resorting to aphakic spectacles? The authors have experimentally quantified the pinhold effect and concluded that the pinhold, successfully produced by miotics in certain patients or by a thin, dyed contact lens, may have clinical value.", "PMID": 835081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1353", "title": "Mesenteric and peripheral vascular ischemia secondary to ergotism.", "content": "At the present time ergotism is due primarily to excessive use or abuse of ergot preparations for migraine headaches. The diagnosis may be made with the evidence of vascular ischemia in the presence of a history of migraines and its treatment with this drug. The therapy for the vasospasm is directed chiefly at the discontinuation of the ergot preparation, with further treatment aimed at the relief of symptoms or prevention of complications. A case is presented of lower extremity ischemia with impending gangrene of both feet in a patient with a history of chronic schizophrenia. Arteriograms revealed symmetrical vasospasm in the lower extremities as well as spasm of the superior mesenteric artery and its intestinal branches. This is believed to be the first documented case of mesenteric vasospasm due to ergotism. Treatment was instituted with low molecular weight dextran, tolazoline, and reserpine with rapid and complete resolution. Caution is advised in the use of ergot preparations in neuropsychiatric disorders.", "contents": "Mesenteric and peripheral vascular ischemia secondary to ergotism. At the present time ergotism is due primarily to excessive use or abuse of ergot preparations for migraine headaches. The diagnosis may be made with the evidence of vascular ischemia in the presence of a history of migraines and its treatment with this drug. The therapy for the vasospasm is directed chiefly at the discontinuation of the ergot preparation, with further treatment aimed at the relief of symptoms or prevention of complications. A case is presented of lower extremity ischemia with impending gangrene of both feet in a patient with a history of chronic schizophrenia. Arteriograms revealed symmetrical vasospasm in the lower extremities as well as spasm of the superior mesenteric artery and its intestinal branches. This is believed to be the first documented case of mesenteric vasospasm due to ergotism. Treatment was instituted with low molecular weight dextran, tolazoline, and reserpine with rapid and complete resolution. Caution is advised in the use of ergot preparations in neuropsychiatric disorders.", "PMID": 835086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1354", "title": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva. Value of exfoliative cytology in diagnosis.", "content": "Cytologic examination is of potential value to the practicing ophthalmologist in confirming the clinical impression of cancer of the eye. Scrapings of conjunctival lesions can be prepared in the office, stained with Giemsa stain and rapidly examined. Carcinoma in situ and squamous cell carcinoma of the bulbar conjunctiva were presented as illustrations of the usefulness of exfoliative cytology in clinical ophthalmology.", "contents": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva. Value of exfoliative cytology in diagnosis. Cytologic examination is of potential value to the practicing ophthalmologist in confirming the clinical impression of cancer of the eye. Scrapings of conjunctival lesions can be prepared in the office, stained with Giemsa stain and rapidly examined. Carcinoma in situ and squamous cell carcinoma of the bulbar conjunctiva were presented as illustrations of the usefulness of exfoliative cytology in clinical ophthalmology.", "PMID": 835082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1355", "title": "Nontraumatic perforations of the small intestine.", "content": "The etiology of nontraumatic small bowel perforations in 24 operated patients was as follows: strangulation in five, diverticulum in four, foreign bodies in four, idiopathic in three, Crogn's disease in two, malignant atrophic papulosis of Degos (MAP) in two, and tuberculosis, carcinoid tumor, radiotherapy, and iatrogenic in one. The high mortality rate in these patients appeared to be a funciton of the disease process rather than of the means of treatment. In favorable circumstances, as in strictly localized lesions with well known etiology and otherwise normal bowel, a simple closure of perforation is warranted. In more far advanced cases operated upon early enough, we still consider bowel resection and primary anastomosis as the best method of treatment, though it yielded poor results in procedures are advisable to protect the anastomosis.", "contents": "Nontraumatic perforations of the small intestine. The etiology of nontraumatic small bowel perforations in 24 operated patients was as follows: strangulation in five, diverticulum in four, foreign bodies in four, idiopathic in three, Crogn's disease in two, malignant atrophic papulosis of Degos (MAP) in two, and tuberculosis, carcinoid tumor, radiotherapy, and iatrogenic in one. The high mortality rate in these patients appeared to be a funciton of the disease process rather than of the means of treatment. In favorable circumstances, as in strictly localized lesions with well known etiology and otherwise normal bowel, a simple closure of perforation is warranted. In more far advanced cases operated upon early enough, we still consider bowel resection and primary anastomosis as the best method of treatment, though it yielded poor results in procedures are advisable to protect the anastomosis.", "PMID": 835087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1356", "title": "Malakoplakia of the colon and rectum: report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of malakoplakia with primary involvement of the sigmoid colon and rectum in a 19-year-old man who died by extension of the disease to the bladder, right ureter, and retroperitoneum 4 years after the diagnosis was established is presented. A review of the 20 previously reported cases of malakoplakia of the colon is included also.", "contents": "Malakoplakia of the colon and rectum: report of a case and review of the literature. A case of malakoplakia with primary involvement of the sigmoid colon and rectum in a 19-year-old man who died by extension of the disease to the bladder, right ureter, and retroperitoneum 4 years after the diagnosis was established is presented. A review of the 20 previously reported cases of malakoplakia of the colon is included also.", "PMID": 835088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1357", "title": "Hepatic reticuloendothelial protection against bacteremia in experimental hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "Gram-negative septicemia is an increasingly common problem, and various suggestions have been made about the cause. One not often considered is that it may be the result of failure of hepatic removal of organisms which have crossed the intestinal mucosal barrier from the large bowel lumen to the portal blood stream. Splanchnic hypoperfusion both increases mucosal permeability and reduces the ability of the hepatic reticuloendothelial system (RES) to remove particulate matter from the blood. If RES funciton is reduced further by blockade with colloidal carbon, then any tnedency for bacteremia to occur in shock might be enhanced. Splenectomized greyhounds, who had received a portal perfusion of either colloidal carbon or saline, were subjected to a period of hypovolemia and then were resucitated. Peripheral blood cultures were sterile at all times in the control animals and before bleeding in the dogs that recived carbon. However, all the RE-blockaded animals developed bacteremia during shock, It was condluded that hepatic RES funciton was essential in the prevention of bacteremia in the hypovolemic dog and that investigation should be directed toward studies of RES  function in man with a view to determining the importance or otherwise of the RES  in relation to gram-negative bacteremia.", "contents": "Hepatic reticuloendothelial protection against bacteremia in experimental hemorrhagic shock. Gram-negative septicemia is an increasingly common problem, and various suggestions have been made about the cause. One not often considered is that it may be the result of failure of hepatic removal of organisms which have crossed the intestinal mucosal barrier from the large bowel lumen to the portal blood stream. Splanchnic hypoperfusion both increases mucosal permeability and reduces the ability of the hepatic reticuloendothelial system (RES) to remove particulate matter from the blood. If RES funciton is reduced further by blockade with colloidal carbon, then any tnedency for bacteremia to occur in shock might be enhanced. Splenectomized greyhounds, who had received a portal perfusion of either colloidal carbon or saline, were subjected to a period of hypovolemia and then were resucitated. Peripheral blood cultures were sterile at all times in the control animals and before bleeding in the dogs that recived carbon. However, all the RE-blockaded animals developed bacteremia during shock, It was condluded that hepatic RES funciton was essential in the prevention of bacteremia in the hypovolemic dog and that investigation should be directed toward studies of RES  function in man with a view to determining the importance or otherwise of the RES  in relation to gram-negative bacteremia.", "PMID": 835089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1358", "title": "Malignant tumors of the extrahepatic bile ducts.", "content": "A series of 76 patients treated for carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts at three Swedish hospitals during the years 1952 to 1973 was studied. The mean age of the patients was 68 years. Gallstones were found in 22 patients, whereas 11 patients had undergone cholecystectomy earlier for gallstone disease. At operation widespread metastases were found less often in patients with cancer of the papilla of Vater than in patients with cancer of other locations. This is interpreted as indicating that patients with papillary carcinoma are treated in an earlier stagage of the disease. This interpretation is supported by the finding that these patients had a longer length of survival after bypass supported by the finding that these patients had a longer length of survival after bypass supported by the finding that these patients had a longer length of survival after bypass operations (11.5 months). In spite of treatment in an early stage, survival after radical surgery was disappointingly short (4.6 months). On the other hand, patients with cancer located above the papilla of Vater survived for 6.8 months after bypass operations as compared with 23.3 months after rescetion. The possibilities of radical surgery should be considered carefully, especially in patients in whom the malignancy is located above the papillary region.", "contents": "Malignant tumors of the extrahepatic bile ducts. A series of 76 patients treated for carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts at three Swedish hospitals during the years 1952 to 1973 was studied. The mean age of the patients was 68 years. Gallstones were found in 22 patients, whereas 11 patients had undergone cholecystectomy earlier for gallstone disease. At operation widespread metastases were found less often in patients with cancer of the papilla of Vater than in patients with cancer of other locations. This is interpreted as indicating that patients with papillary carcinoma are treated in an earlier stagage of the disease. This interpretation is supported by the finding that these patients had a longer length of survival after bypass supported by the finding that these patients had a longer length of survival after bypass supported by the finding that these patients had a longer length of survival after bypass operations (11.5 months). In spite of treatment in an early stage, survival after radical surgery was disappointingly short (4.6 months). On the other hand, patients with cancer located above the papilla of Vater survived for 6.8 months after bypass operations as compared with 23.3 months after rescetion. The possibilities of radical surgery should be considered carefully, especially in patients in whom the malignancy is located above the papillary region.", "PMID": 835090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1359", "title": "Mesenteric panniculitis: review of the leterature and presentation of cases.", "content": "Sixty-two cases of mesenteric panniculitis collected from the literature and six cases treated by the authors are reviewed. Symptomatology, pathology, treatment, and outcome of this disorder are discussed. It seems that mesenteric panniculitis is a well established clinical entity of unknown etiology, with a benign course and favourable outcome. Radical surgical treatment is not advised. The sole surgical intervention advocated would be deviation of the gastrointestinal tract in patients with symptoms of obstruction.", "contents": "Mesenteric panniculitis: review of the leterature and presentation of cases. Sixty-two cases of mesenteric panniculitis collected from the literature and six cases treated by the authors are reviewed. Symptomatology, pathology, treatment, and outcome of this disorder are discussed. It seems that mesenteric panniculitis is a well established clinical entity of unknown etiology, with a benign course and favourable outcome. Radical surgical treatment is not advised. The sole surgical intervention advocated would be deviation of the gastrointestinal tract in patients with symptoms of obstruction.", "PMID": 835091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1360", "title": "Traumatic false aneurysm and arteriovenous fistula of the profunda femoris artery: surgical management and review of the literature.", "content": "Successful surgical repair of a false aneurysm and an arteriovenous fistula of the deep femoral vessels has been achieved 8 years after the initial injury. A review of the literature disclosed 20 other similar cases from military and civilian practice; ligation of the artery was utilized 14 times with generally poor results when long-term follow-up was available. Most vascular wounds were due to fragments, as was the case in our patient, and involvement of the deep femoral vessels was recognized more frequently in delayed complications than in acute injuries. Ten cases of false aneurysm of the deep femoral artery without arteriovenous fistula have been found to be associated with fracture or orthopedic precedures. Mild intravascular hemolysis was present in our patient and was corrected promptly after operation. Only one other such case was found in the literature. The profunda femoris artery, which was dilated and elongated, resumed a normal caliber in its proximal segment on arteriography performed one year after the operation. Preservation of the deep femoral artery may be of significance for a good clinical result in the treatment of arteriovenous fistulas and is of special interest in view of its potential importance in reconstructive procedures for atherosclerotic occlusive disease. Early diagnosis and treatment of arteriovenous fistulas for the prevention of hemodynamic, systemic, and structural changes in the vessel wall are advocated.", "contents": "Traumatic false aneurysm and arteriovenous fistula of the profunda femoris artery: surgical management and review of the literature. Successful surgical repair of a false aneurysm and an arteriovenous fistula of the deep femoral vessels has been achieved 8 years after the initial injury. A review of the literature disclosed 20 other similar cases from military and civilian practice; ligation of the artery was utilized 14 times with generally poor results when long-term follow-up was available. Most vascular wounds were due to fragments, as was the case in our patient, and involvement of the deep femoral vessels was recognized more frequently in delayed complications than in acute injuries. Ten cases of false aneurysm of the deep femoral artery without arteriovenous fistula have been found to be associated with fracture or orthopedic precedures. Mild intravascular hemolysis was present in our patient and was corrected promptly after operation. Only one other such case was found in the literature. The profunda femoris artery, which was dilated and elongated, resumed a normal caliber in its proximal segment on arteriography performed one year after the operation. Preservation of the deep femoral artery may be of significance for a good clinical result in the treatment of arteriovenous fistulas and is of special interest in view of its potential importance in reconstructive procedures for atherosclerotic occlusive disease. Early diagnosis and treatment of arteriovenous fistulas for the prevention of hemodynamic, systemic, and structural changes in the vessel wall are advocated.", "PMID": 835092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1361", "title": "The false-normal oral cholecystogram.", "content": "Five case reports of patients at Akron City Hospital who underwent cholecystectomy following normal oral cholecystograms and who were found to have cholelithiasis or acalculous gallbladder disease are presented. In spite of the present day 90 to 95 percent accuracy of oral cholecystography, there may be occasional pharmocological and mechanical factors contributing to the nonvisualization of biliary calculi. However, the gallbladder which visualizes normally during cholecystography, on occasion, may contain nonvisualized biliary calculi or may be diseased in the acalculous state, resulting in the so-clled false-normal x-ray and presents several means by which the surgeon may prove or disprove biliary disease. We conclude the emphasis must be placed on surgical judgment when a patient presents with symptoms of cholelithiasis in the face of normal oral cholecystography.", "contents": "The false-normal oral cholecystogram. Five case reports of patients at Akron City Hospital who underwent cholecystectomy following normal oral cholecystograms and who were found to have cholelithiasis or acalculous gallbladder disease are presented. In spite of the present day 90 to 95 percent accuracy of oral cholecystography, there may be occasional pharmocological and mechanical factors contributing to the nonvisualization of biliary calculi. However, the gallbladder which visualizes normally during cholecystography, on occasion, may contain nonvisualized biliary calculi or may be diseased in the acalculous state, resulting in the so-clled false-normal x-ray and presents several means by which the surgeon may prove or disprove biliary disease. We conclude the emphasis must be placed on surgical judgment when a patient presents with symptoms of cholelithiasis in the face of normal oral cholecystography.", "PMID": 835093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1362", "title": "[Methods for assessing permissible levels of intentional and unintentional food additives (author's transl)].", "content": "Foods may contain intentional and unintentional additives. The former group includes, for example, flavours, colouring substances and preservatives, while the latter includes pesticides and mycotoxins. To determine the amount of these substances that are admissible in man, extensive toxicological tests have to be performed with experimental animals to establish a no toxic effect level. Based on the no toxic effect level and applying a safety factor an \"acceptable daily intake\" (ADI) can be calculated for human beings. The problems outlined in the article are illustrated by several examples, such as the presence of DDT and aflatoxin M1 in milk and of mercury in fish.", "contents": "[Methods for assessing permissible levels of intentional and unintentional food additives (author's transl)]. Foods may contain intentional and unintentional additives. The former group includes, for example, flavours, colouring substances and preservatives, while the latter includes pesticides and mycotoxins. To determine the amount of these substances that are admissible in man, extensive toxicological tests have to be performed with experimental animals to establish a no toxic effect level. Based on the no toxic effect level and applying a safety factor an \"acceptable daily intake\" (ADI) can be calculated for human beings. The problems outlined in the article are illustrated by several examples, such as the presence of DDT and aflatoxin M1 in milk and of mercury in fish.", "PMID": 835124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1363", "title": "[Supervision in veterinary health (author's transl)].", "content": "The supervision programme of the Veterinary Chief Inspectorate of Public Health comprises nearly fifty projects, a number of which are discussed. This will give the authorities an opportunity to gain a more complete view of the state of the human food package, for which inspection of the individual animal in the slaughter-house does not so far offer any practical possibilities. Attention is drawn to the important place occupied by the veterinary nutritionist in the protection of human health.", "contents": "[Supervision in veterinary health (author's transl)]. The supervision programme of the Veterinary Chief Inspectorate of Public Health comprises nearly fifty projects, a number of which are discussed. This will give the authorities an opportunity to gain a more complete view of the state of the human food package, for which inspection of the individual animal in the slaughter-house does not so far offer any practical possibilities. Attention is drawn to the important place occupied by the veterinary nutritionist in the protection of human health.", "PMID": 835125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1364", "title": "[The veterinarian acting in behalf of poultry production and public health (author's transl)].", "content": "It is anticipated that the consumption of meat will eventually show a marked decrease for reasons of scarcity, economic and ethics. This will be made possible by developments in protein technology, For the time being, poultry production can still be expected to expand, particularly in developing countries. Veterinary supervision of the production and processing of poultry is of importance for two reasons: (1) control of quality for the consumers; (2) control of diseases of poultry for the producers. A number of zoonoses in poultry are briefly reviewed. As a rule, they do not constitute a serious hazard to man but they also cannot be posibility ruled out by inspection. Veterinary inspection of poultry has a more general hygienic significance. A number of European regulations are discussed. More effective antemortem inspection, truly equal application of regulations in all EEC countries and adequate education of consumers regarding hygienic handling of poultry products in the household are advocated.", "contents": "[The veterinarian acting in behalf of poultry production and public health (author's transl)]. It is anticipated that the consumption of meat will eventually show a marked decrease for reasons of scarcity, economic and ethics. This will be made possible by developments in protein technology, For the time being, poultry production can still be expected to expand, particularly in developing countries. Veterinary supervision of the production and processing of poultry is of importance for two reasons: (1) control of quality for the consumers; (2) control of diseases of poultry for the producers. A number of zoonoses in poultry are briefly reviewed. As a rule, they do not constitute a serious hazard to man but they also cannot be posibility ruled out by inspection. Veterinary inspection of poultry has a more general hygienic significance. A number of European regulations are discussed. More effective antemortem inspection, truly equal application of regulations in all EEC countries and adequate education of consumers regarding hygienic handling of poultry products in the household are advocated.", "PMID": 835126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1365", "title": "[The role of polyfactorial diseases in livestock husbandry in the Netherlands today and in the future (author's transl)].", "content": "The role of polyfactorial infectious diseases has increased as a result of the indstrial scale of livestock farming. Industrial livestock husbandry means keeping a single species of animal in large groups, optimum production on rational grounds being a concurrent object. Polyfactorial diseases are those diseases which are due to an infectious component and the clinical pictures of which are also determined to a considerable extent by the environment and by the animal itself. The problems associated with dysentery (Doyle), Atrophic rhinitis, Aujeszky's disease, Enzootic with nastitis, Chlamydia infection and Enzootic bronchopneumonia in cattle are discussed. In controlling these diseases, attention should not only be paid to the infectious component but also, and possibly to an even greater extent, to improvement of the environment and herd management. The view is advanced that efforts should be made to live with the disease. To stress a single measure is a technical error. Attempts should be made to improve the entire living environment of the animals by a number of measures. This requires constant expert supervision by the veterinarian. In supervising the health and welfare of farm animals, the veterinarian shluld be advised by the Provincial Health Services. These Health Services should be informed on possible or existing problems by post-mortem studies, serological studies and the study of secretions and excretions. Efforts should be made to ensure health control and health supervision in the entire field of livestock farming. It was pointed out that the hazards to attendants in livestock husbandry and the risks to consumers involved in the consumption of products of animal origin have been reduced to a minimum in 1976. Moreover, the risks are decidely smaller than those involved in keeping pets. Food poisoning caused by bacteria and bacterial toxins is a problem of hygiene rather than a problem of infection. From the point of view of prevention, improving hygienic conditions in the production, processing and manufacture of products of animal origin and altering particular eating habits should therefore be stressed.", "contents": "[The role of polyfactorial diseases in livestock husbandry in the Netherlands today and in the future (author's transl)]. The role of polyfactorial infectious diseases has increased as a result of the indstrial scale of livestock farming. Industrial livestock husbandry means keeping a single species of animal in large groups, optimum production on rational grounds being a concurrent object. Polyfactorial diseases are those diseases which are due to an infectious component and the clinical pictures of which are also determined to a considerable extent by the environment and by the animal itself. The problems associated with dysentery (Doyle), Atrophic rhinitis, Aujeszky's disease, Enzootic with nastitis, Chlamydia infection and Enzootic bronchopneumonia in cattle are discussed. In controlling these diseases, attention should not only be paid to the infectious component but also, and possibly to an even greater extent, to improvement of the environment and herd management. The view is advanced that efforts should be made to live with the disease. To stress a single measure is a technical error. Attempts should be made to improve the entire living environment of the animals by a number of measures. This requires constant expert supervision by the veterinarian. In supervising the health and welfare of farm animals, the veterinarian shluld be advised by the Provincial Health Services. These Health Services should be informed on possible or existing problems by post-mortem studies, serological studies and the study of secretions and excretions. Efforts should be made to ensure health control and health supervision in the entire field of livestock farming. It was pointed out that the hazards to attendants in livestock husbandry and the risks to consumers involved in the consumption of products of animal origin have been reduced to a minimum in 1976. Moreover, the risks are decidely smaller than those involved in keeping pets. Food poisoning caused by bacteria and bacterial toxins is a problem of hygiene rather than a problem of infection. From the point of view of prevention, improving hygienic conditions in the production, processing and manufacture of products of animal origin and altering particular eating habits should therefore be stressed.", "PMID": 835127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1366", "title": "[Certain features of environmental pollution (author's transl)].", "content": "Substances injurious to animals may be present in the air, soil, water and plants. When these substances are taken up by animals, they may have adverse effects. Whether these effects occur will depend, among others, on the nature and amount of the substance and the period for which it is taken up. Effects may occur immediately, after some time or after a prolonged period. In view of the fact that wind force is almost invariably present and therefore that the degree of dilution of the concentrations of pollutnats on immission level is generally speaking rather low, the intake of substances trough the respiratory organs will rarely show severe clinical effects. In almost every case, injurious substances will have been ingested (contaminated food and water, unless it is tap water). Adverse effects will appear in the entire or nearly herd of cattle. The importance of an adequate anamnese and correct sampling of plants-, water- and animal-samples is stressed. Accurate cattle recording also is of paramount importance. In addition to diagnosis and cattle recording, the settlement of losses is discussed.", "contents": "[Certain features of environmental pollution (author's transl)]. Substances injurious to animals may be present in the air, soil, water and plants. When these substances are taken up by animals, they may have adverse effects. Whether these effects occur will depend, among others, on the nature and amount of the substance and the period for which it is taken up. Effects may occur immediately, after some time or after a prolonged period. In view of the fact that wind force is almost invariably present and therefore that the degree of dilution of the concentrations of pollutnats on immission level is generally speaking rather low, the intake of substances trough the respiratory organs will rarely show severe clinical effects. In almost every case, injurious substances will have been ingested (contaminated food and water, unless it is tap water). Adverse effects will appear in the entire or nearly herd of cattle. The importance of an adequate anamnese and correct sampling of plants-, water- and animal-samples is stressed. Accurate cattle recording also is of paramount importance. In addition to diagnosis and cattle recording, the settlement of losses is discussed.", "PMID": 835128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1367", "title": "I1Legal measures in behalf of veterinary medicine and public health (author's transl).", "content": "The constantly growing world population and the altered consumption pattern have considerably increased the demand for more, and more refined, food, particularly that of animal origin. Altered methods of production, highly concentrated froms of animal husbandry but also the resulting increase of the need for the cheapest possible materials for the mixed feed industry, the more rapid and greater transport facilities, the markedly increased trade in animals and particuarly in products originating fromthese animals, they all involve an increased risk of the import and outbreak of animal disease. The increased use of animal drugs, production-increasing agents and pesticides involve the danger of injurious residues being left in products of animal origin as a result of the comulative factors in animals. Therefore, the entire chain of production, beginning at the earliest possible stage, should be closely supervised. Supervisotry programmes of the Chief Veterinary Inspectorate of the Ministry of Health and of the Veterinary Service are, in a manner of speaking, the search-lights which, thanks to the refined methods of analysis developed by research workers, are able to detect and point out failings and deficiencies. An anticipated amendment of the Livestock Breeding Act, an anticipated replacement of the Antibiotics Act and a regulation forming part of the Statutory Trade Organization are designed to make it possible to respond more promptly to these signals.", "contents": "I1Legal measures in behalf of veterinary medicine and public health (author's transl). The constantly growing world population and the altered consumption pattern have considerably increased the demand for more, and more refined, food, particularly that of animal origin. Altered methods of production, highly concentrated froms of animal husbandry but also the resulting increase of the need for the cheapest possible materials for the mixed feed industry, the more rapid and greater transport facilities, the markedly increased trade in animals and particuarly in products originating fromthese animals, they all involve an increased risk of the import and outbreak of animal disease. The increased use of animal drugs, production-increasing agents and pesticides involve the danger of injurious residues being left in products of animal origin as a result of the comulative factors in animals. Therefore, the entire chain of production, beginning at the earliest possible stage, should be closely supervised. Supervisotry programmes of the Chief Veterinary Inspectorate of the Ministry of Health and of the Veterinary Service are, in a manner of speaking, the search-lights which, thanks to the refined methods of analysis developed by research workers, are able to detect and point out failings and deficiencies. An anticipated amendment of the Livestock Breeding Act, an anticipated replacement of the Antibiotics Act and a regulation forming part of the Statutory Trade Organization are designed to make it possible to respond more promptly to these signals.", "PMID": 835129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1368", "title": "[Studies on cattle in anoestrus (author's transl)].", "content": "One of the items of a herd management programme concerned with reproduction consists in a study of those animals which have not yet come into oestrus within fifty to sixty days after parturition. On twenty farms, an inventory was made of the causes of anoestrus in these animals and the effects of anoestrus on fertility were studied. In addition, studies were done to determine whether there was a possible relationship between the causes of anoestrus and the age of the animals, the season, type of housing and the course of the last parturition and puerperium. Of the total number of 2,720 animals which had calved, 438 (16 per cent) had not yet come into oestrus within fifty to sixty days after parturition. This proportion varied markedly from one herd to another (8-24 per cent). The following causes of failure to come into oestrus were diagnosed: suboestrus (76 per cent), genuine anoestrus (9 per cent), ovarian cysts (2 per cent), pyometra (6 per cent) and gestation (1 per cent). All these changes obviously had an effect on the fertility of the herds (Table 1). Genuine anoestrus was found to occur particularly in primparous cows, whereas ovarian cysts and pyometra were diagnosed in the older cows (Table 2). It also became apparent that suboestrus and genuine anoestrus mainly are problems in tying stalls during the winter season (Table 3). There was not found to be any relationship between the presence of suboestrus or genuine anoestrus and the course of parturition and the puerperium. Fifty-two per cent of those animals in which a diagnosis of pyometra was established, had shown retained placentas (Table 4). In view of the fact that a diagnosis of suboestrus was so frequently established, particular attention should be paid to the detection of oestrus.", "contents": "[Studies on cattle in anoestrus (author's transl)]. One of the items of a herd management programme concerned with reproduction consists in a study of those animals which have not yet come into oestrus within fifty to sixty days after parturition. On twenty farms, an inventory was made of the causes of anoestrus in these animals and the effects of anoestrus on fertility were studied. In addition, studies were done to determine whether there was a possible relationship between the causes of anoestrus and the age of the animals, the season, type of housing and the course of the last parturition and puerperium. Of the total number of 2,720 animals which had calved, 438 (16 per cent) had not yet come into oestrus within fifty to sixty days after parturition. This proportion varied markedly from one herd to another (8-24 per cent). The following causes of failure to come into oestrus were diagnosed: suboestrus (76 per cent), genuine anoestrus (9 per cent), ovarian cysts (2 per cent), pyometra (6 per cent) and gestation (1 per cent). All these changes obviously had an effect on the fertility of the herds (Table 1). Genuine anoestrus was found to occur particularly in primparous cows, whereas ovarian cysts and pyometra were diagnosed in the older cows (Table 2). It also became apparent that suboestrus and genuine anoestrus mainly are problems in tying stalls during the winter season (Table 3). There was not found to be any relationship between the presence of suboestrus or genuine anoestrus and the course of parturition and the puerperium. Fifty-two per cent of those animals in which a diagnosis of pyometra was established, had shown retained placentas (Table 4). In view of the fact that a diagnosis of suboestrus was so frequently established, particular attention should be paid to the detection of oestrus.", "PMID": 835131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1369", "title": "Nutrition of dairy cows in late pregnancy during the housing period and its relationship to health and milk yields.", "content": "The relationship between the plane of nutrition in dry cows and heifers during late pregnancy on the one hand and health and milk production on the other is discussed. It is concluded from findings reported in the literature as well as from personal observations that when the animals are in normal condition, a plane of nutrition in excess of that required for maintenance plus from 5 to 10 kg. of milk will not enhance the milk yield but will increase the risk of milk fever, acetonaemia, digestive disorders, laminitis, udder problems and reproductive failure. Finally, suggestions are made regarding the plane of nutrition (concentrates) during late pregnancy and early lactation.", "contents": "Nutrition of dairy cows in late pregnancy during the housing period and its relationship to health and milk yields. The relationship between the plane of nutrition in dry cows and heifers during late pregnancy on the one hand and health and milk production on the other is discussed. It is concluded from findings reported in the literature as well as from personal observations that when the animals are in normal condition, a plane of nutrition in excess of that required for maintenance plus from 5 to 10 kg. of milk will not enhance the milk yield but will increase the risk of milk fever, acetonaemia, digestive disorders, laminitis, udder problems and reproductive failure. Finally, suggestions are made regarding the plane of nutrition (concentrates) during late pregnancy and early lactation.", "PMID": 835132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1370", "title": "Treatment with oxytetracycline hydrochloride in the prevention of atrophic rhinitis in baby pigs.", "content": "Atrophic rhinitis (AR) caused serious losses in a breeding herd including approximately 120 sows. The extent to which piglets were affected by AR was assessed by determining the degree of shortening of the upper jaw. Animals showing a crooked nose or grade two or more of shortening of the upper jaw were considered to be clinically positive. Grades three and four of the upper jaw were observed in those animals which were severely affected by Atrophic rhinitis. Treatment of all piglets up to about eight weeks of age by the antibiotic oxytetracycline hydrochloride directed against the bacteria Bordetella bronchisepica and Pasteurella multocida was successful in reducing the proportion of clinically affected piglets from 30 per cent to 0 per cent within eight weeks. There was found to be a positive relationship between the proportion of piglets infected with the two above bacteria at an age of about five weeks and the incidence of shortening of the upper jaw at an age of about eight weeks. The proportion of piglets with shortening of the upper jaw rose following a marked increase in the number of piglets in farrowing and flat-deck houses and as a result of the supply of inadequately medicated feed.", "contents": "Treatment with oxytetracycline hydrochloride in the prevention of atrophic rhinitis in baby pigs. Atrophic rhinitis (AR) caused serious losses in a breeding herd including approximately 120 sows. The extent to which piglets were affected by AR was assessed by determining the degree of shortening of the upper jaw. Animals showing a crooked nose or grade two or more of shortening of the upper jaw were considered to be clinically positive. Grades three and four of the upper jaw were observed in those animals which were severely affected by Atrophic rhinitis. Treatment of all piglets up to about eight weeks of age by the antibiotic oxytetracycline hydrochloride directed against the bacteria Bordetella bronchisepica and Pasteurella multocida was successful in reducing the proportion of clinically affected piglets from 30 per cent to 0 per cent within eight weeks. There was found to be a positive relationship between the proportion of piglets infected with the two above bacteria at an age of about five weeks and the incidence of shortening of the upper jaw at an age of about eight weeks. The proportion of piglets with shortening of the upper jaw rose following a marked increase in the number of piglets in farrowing and flat-deck houses and as a result of the supply of inadequately medicated feed.", "PMID": 835133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1371", "title": "Histochemical quantification of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in human hair follicles.", "content": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was studied in hair follicles from both the bald and hairy regions of the scalp of 5 patients with male pattern alopecia by the application of the method of Lineweaver-Burk to the histochemistry and by the fluorometric method of Lowry. In vitro experiment showed that the incubation time necessary for yielding a certain amount of formazan is related to the amount of enzyme present. In the case of section experiment, the time required for the first appearance of formazan deposition in the tissue at various substrate concentrations was plotted against the reciprocal of the substrate concentration. The data obtained by this method seem to be consistent with the data by the fluorometric method.", "contents": "Histochemical quantification of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in human hair follicles. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was studied in hair follicles from both the bald and hairy regions of the scalp of 5 patients with male pattern alopecia by the application of the method of Lineweaver-Burk to the histochemistry and by the fluorometric method of Lowry. In vitro experiment showed that the incubation time necessary for yielding a certain amount of formazan is related to the amount of enzyme present. In the case of section experiment, the time required for the first appearance of formazan deposition in the tissue at various substrate concentrations was plotted against the reciprocal of the substrate concentration. The data obtained by this method seem to be consistent with the data by the fluorometric method.", "PMID": 835135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1372", "title": "Insulin response to glucose or glucagon in subclinical diabetes previously injected with tolbutamide.", "content": "Thirty-one patients with subclinical diabetes, who showed diabetic or impaired glucose tolerance after treatment for diabetes, were investigated in order to clarify the abnormalities of insulin response in diabetes mellitus. These patients showed a delayed response of plasma insulin during oral glucose loading. In the tolbutamide-glucose test, in which glucose loading followed the intravenous tolbutamide injection at a 60-min interval, the insulin level at 90 min was significantly lowered in a group of 20 patients with subclinical diabetes. In the tolbutamide-glucagon test, in which 1 mg of glucagon was injected 60 min after tolbutamide injection, the maximal level of plasma insulin was significantly decreased in a group of 10 subclinical diabetes except for one patient. These results indicate that insulinogenesis and/or release of insulin were decreased even in subclinical diabetes, suggesting that such a defect in islet function might be one of the abnormalities in primary diabetes.", "contents": "Insulin response to glucose or glucagon in subclinical diabetes previously injected with tolbutamide. Thirty-one patients with subclinical diabetes, who showed diabetic or impaired glucose tolerance after treatment for diabetes, were investigated in order to clarify the abnormalities of insulin response in diabetes mellitus. These patients showed a delayed response of plasma insulin during oral glucose loading. In the tolbutamide-glucose test, in which glucose loading followed the intravenous tolbutamide injection at a 60-min interval, the insulin level at 90 min was significantly lowered in a group of 20 patients with subclinical diabetes. In the tolbutamide-glucagon test, in which 1 mg of glucagon was injected 60 min after tolbutamide injection, the maximal level of plasma insulin was significantly decreased in a group of 10 subclinical diabetes except for one patient. These results indicate that insulinogenesis and/or release of insulin were decreased even in subclinical diabetes, suggesting that such a defect in islet function might be one of the abnormalities in primary diabetes.", "PMID": 835136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1373", "title": "Effects of vitamin E on the platelet aggregation induced by combined adenosine diphosphate and hydrogen peroxide.", "content": "Hydrogen peroxide can either induce or inhibit or enhance the platelet aggregation in vitro depending upon the experimental conditions. Vitamin E and vitamin E-nicotinate are found to be effective to inhibit, to some extent, the platelet aggregation induced by combined adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), added simultaneously, to the platelet rich plasma (PRP). Vitamin E and vitamin E-nicotinate seemed, however, to be unable to prevent the reduction of platelet response to ADP, which was brought about by the pretreatment of PRP with H2O2 of a lower concentration.", "contents": "Effects of vitamin E on the platelet aggregation induced by combined adenosine diphosphate and hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide can either induce or inhibit or enhance the platelet aggregation in vitro depending upon the experimental conditions. Vitamin E and vitamin E-nicotinate are found to be effective to inhibit, to some extent, the platelet aggregation induced by combined adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), added simultaneously, to the platelet rich plasma (PRP). Vitamin E and vitamin E-nicotinate seemed, however, to be unable to prevent the reduction of platelet response to ADP, which was brought about by the pretreatment of PRP with H2O2 of a lower concentration.", "PMID": 835137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1374", "title": "Effects of eye movements upon excitability of cat superior colliculus as tested by electrical stimulation of the cortico-collicular pathway.", "content": "Influences of saccadic eye movements upon excitability of superior colliculus (SC) were examined in chronic cats carrying implanted electrodes and in enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9 cats. Excitability of SC was assessed by recording responses of SC to electrical stimulation of cortico-collicular (CC) pathway. The SC response to stimulation of CC fibers consisted of two componenets, i.e. presynaptic T and postsynaptic R. Eye movements enhanced R but did little change T. Enhancement of the postsynaptic component R was ascribable to a central factor on the basis of the following results: 1) Enhancement of R occurred independently of whether the ambient illumination was present or not. 2) Saccade-like movements of a slit of light in front of immobilized eyes never induced enhancement of R. 3) PRF stimulation, effective to cause saccade-like eye movements, always elicited enhancement of R, independent of the ambient condition of eyes and even after eyes had been immobilized.", "contents": "Effects of eye movements upon excitability of cat superior colliculus as tested by electrical stimulation of the cortico-collicular pathway. Influences of saccadic eye movements upon excitability of superior colliculus (SC) were examined in chronic cats carrying implanted electrodes and in enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9 cats. Excitability of SC was assessed by recording responses of SC to electrical stimulation of cortico-collicular (CC) pathway. The SC response to stimulation of CC fibers consisted of two componenets, i.e. presynaptic T and postsynaptic R. Eye movements enhanced R but did little change T. Enhancement of the postsynaptic component R was ascribable to a central factor on the basis of the following results: 1) Enhancement of R occurred independently of whether the ambient illumination was present or not. 2) Saccade-like movements of a slit of light in front of immobilized eyes never induced enhancement of R. 3) PRF stimulation, effective to cause saccade-like eye movements, always elicited enhancement of R, independent of the ambient condition of eyes and even after eyes had been immobilized.", "PMID": 835138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1375", "title": "Thin layer chromatography and fluorescent scanning analysis of porphyrins.", "content": "A combined technique of two dimensional thin layer chromatography with fluorescent scanning was applied to the estimation of urinary porphyrins in 2 patients with porphyria cutanea tarda. Porphyrin patterns were also examined with the technique on urine, liver and skin samples obtained from a hexachlorobenzene-induced porphyric rat. Results obtained showed that uroporphyrin and hepta-carboxylic porphyrin were predominant in the urine, liver and skin.", "contents": "Thin layer chromatography and fluorescent scanning analysis of porphyrins. A combined technique of two dimensional thin layer chromatography with fluorescent scanning was applied to the estimation of urinary porphyrins in 2 patients with porphyria cutanea tarda. Porphyrin patterns were also examined with the technique on urine, liver and skin samples obtained from a hexachlorobenzene-induced porphyric rat. Results obtained showed that uroporphyrin and hepta-carboxylic porphyrin were predominant in the urine, liver and skin.", "PMID": 835139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1376", "title": "A comparative study of the effect of vitamin E-nicotinate and the combination of vitamin E and nicotinic acid on the hydrogen peroxide-induced platelet aggregation.", "content": "The inhibitory effect of vitamin E-nicotinate upon the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced platelet aggregation was found to be greater than that of either vitamin E alone or the combination of vitamin E and nicotinic acid. Nicotinic acid showed no inhibitory effect. It was suggested that the effect of vitamin E-nicotinate was not due to the additive effect of vitamin E and nicotinic acid produced by hydrolysis, but to the unique and distinctive property of vitamin E-nicotinate itself.", "contents": "A comparative study of the effect of vitamin E-nicotinate and the combination of vitamin E and nicotinic acid on the hydrogen peroxide-induced platelet aggregation. The inhibitory effect of vitamin E-nicotinate upon the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced platelet aggregation was found to be greater than that of either vitamin E alone or the combination of vitamin E and nicotinic acid. Nicotinic acid showed no inhibitory effect. It was suggested that the effect of vitamin E-nicotinate was not due to the additive effect of vitamin E and nicotinic acid produced by hydrolysis, but to the unique and distinctive property of vitamin E-nicotinate itself.", "PMID": 835140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1377", "title": "Response of lower esophageal sphincter pressure to beef soup or AOC-tetrapeptide stimulation in esophagitis.", "content": "In this study is intended a measurement of the pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) in resting state and after various stimuli such as beef soup and AOC-tetrapeptide in cases of healthy subjects and various diseases by means of an infused open-tip method. The following results were obtained: In the cases of esophagitis, the resting LES pressure is lower than in the cases of healthy subjects and after stimulation by beef soup or tetrapeptide the LES pressure is less elevated. Based on these observations, we concluded that there are some factors other than gastrin which make the LES pressure in the cases of esophagitis lower than in controls.", "contents": "Response of lower esophageal sphincter pressure to beef soup or AOC-tetrapeptide stimulation in esophagitis. In this study is intended a measurement of the pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) in resting state and after various stimuli such as beef soup and AOC-tetrapeptide in cases of healthy subjects and various diseases by means of an infused open-tip method. The following results were obtained: In the cases of esophagitis, the resting LES pressure is lower than in the cases of healthy subjects and after stimulation by beef soup or tetrapeptide the LES pressure is less elevated. Based on these observations, we concluded that there are some factors other than gastrin which make the LES pressure in the cases of esophagitis lower than in controls.", "PMID": 835141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1378", "title": "Local recurrence of breast carcinoma after mastectomy and radiotherapy.", "content": "19% of 102 operable cases of breast carcinoma irradiated postoperatively developed local recurrences in the thoracic wall and/or regional lymph nodes during the observation time of five years. Of the 41 radically operated cases of stage I disease only one had recurrence in the chest wall and three metastases in the regional lymph nodes. As the number of local recurrences after mastectomy and evacuation of the axilla combined with postoperative irradiation was fairly small if compared with the results achieved with conservative surgery and irradiation presented in literature, the radical treatment schedule is recommended even in stage I breast carcinoma. The local reappearance of carcinoma is always strenuous for the patient even if the prognosis of a local recurrence after conservative surgery is better than that of the local recurrence after mastectomy.", "contents": "Local recurrence of breast carcinoma after mastectomy and radiotherapy. 19% of 102 operable cases of breast carcinoma irradiated postoperatively developed local recurrences in the thoracic wall and/or regional lymph nodes during the observation time of five years. Of the 41 radically operated cases of stage I disease only one had recurrence in the chest wall and three metastases in the regional lymph nodes. As the number of local recurrences after mastectomy and evacuation of the axilla combined with postoperative irradiation was fairly small if compared with the results achieved with conservative surgery and irradiation presented in literature, the radical treatment schedule is recommended even in stage I breast carcinoma. The local reappearance of carcinoma is always strenuous for the patient even if the prognosis of a local recurrence after conservative surgery is better than that of the local recurrence after mastectomy.", "PMID": 835142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1379", "title": "[Brachial edema after treatment of mammary carcinoma: significance of phlebography (author's transl)].", "content": "The frequency of thromboses or of obstacles to the venous flow in brachial or axillary regions has been examined by a phlebographic survey of 102 patients who were treated surgically and radiotherapeutically because of cancers of the breast. Thromboses or venous obstruction were found in the 86 patients with brachial edema. Ten of the patients (12%) with brachial edema had thromboses. Further 15 suffered from an obstruction to the venous flow. The results are discussed in detail, and compared with the rather contradictory data in literature. As a consequence of this study an indication for brachial phlebography would be justified on a larger scale with patients having been treated surgically because of mammary carcinoma.", "contents": "[Brachial edema after treatment of mammary carcinoma: significance of phlebography (author's transl)]. The frequency of thromboses or of obstacles to the venous flow in brachial or axillary regions has been examined by a phlebographic survey of 102 patients who were treated surgically and radiotherapeutically because of cancers of the breast. Thromboses or venous obstruction were found in the 86 patients with brachial edema. Ten of the patients (12%) with brachial edema had thromboses. Further 15 suffered from an obstruction to the venous flow. The results are discussed in detail, and compared with the rather contradictory data in literature. As a consequence of this study an indication for brachial phlebography would be justified on a larger scale with patients having been treated surgically because of mammary carcinoma.", "PMID": 835143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1380", "title": "[Radiation sensitivity of lymphocyte stimulation. 1. Experiments on in-vitro sensitivity of cell number and mitosis activity].", "content": "Radiation-induced transformations of stimulated lymphocytes are not to be regarded as characteristical responses of lymphocyte populations as such, but represent general radiobiologic principles of the stimulated proliferation. Thus, basic problems of stimulated proliferation in comparison with a spontaneous quick proliferation of normal cellular systems in vitro have chiefly been studied by means of two stimulation models in vivo, the model of liver regeneration following partial hepatectomy and the model of beta stimulation of the salivary glands. The radiosensitivity of the lymphocyte stimulation in vitro as well as in vivo has been analyzed especially with regard to its quality as a model. The task was approached methodically by: a) Determination in vitro of the number of cells (66 cultures), b) morphological analysis of the mitotic activity in vitro (270 cultures), c) measurements in vitro with 3h-thymidine of the DNA synthesis using liquid scintillation counts (more than 3000 cultures), d) measurements in vitro with 3H-thymidine of the DNA synthesis using autoradiography (66 cultures), e) determination in vivo of the DNA synthesis by means of the incorporation of 131I-desoxyuridine into the mouse spleen (investigation with 100 mice). For a model of lymphocyte stimulation mainly that of PHA stimulation in vitro and in vivo of T-lymphocytes was chosen, supplemented by the one of PWM stimulation of T- and B- lymphocytes for measuring in vitro the DNA synthesis. In particular, influence of in vitro irradiation upon several variables of the stimulation model was investigated in order to examine the methodics critically: a) During the determination of the mitotic index too short an acbition by partial synchronization effects within the dose range of 10 to 500 R. The chronological analysis of the process during determination of the mitotic activity is indispensable in order to differentiate the mitotic inhibition from a mitotic delay in the case of high doses, b) For the determination of the DNA synthesis the concentration of stimulative PHA or PWM has no substantial influence on the radiation-induced inhibition effect; the constancy of serum percentage in the culture system, however, is an important condition for comparability of different experiments. Moreover, only a short period of labeling with 3H-thymidine, lasting 1.5 to 12 hours, interferes with radiation-induced inhibition of the DNA synthesis, this probably being also due to partial synchronization effects within the dose range of 10 to 500 R. c) In order to determine the DNA synthesis wether in vitro or in vivo, a chronological analysis is a condition indispensable for differentiation between the three factors involved: Delay of DNA synthesis, blockage of DNA synthesis, and inhibition of the proliferation...", "contents": "[Radiation sensitivity of lymphocyte stimulation. 1. Experiments on in-vitro sensitivity of cell number and mitosis activity]. Radiation-induced transformations of stimulated lymphocytes are not to be regarded as characteristical responses of lymphocyte populations as such, but represent general radiobiologic principles of the stimulated proliferation. Thus, basic problems of stimulated proliferation in comparison with a spontaneous quick proliferation of normal cellular systems in vitro have chiefly been studied by means of two stimulation models in vivo, the model of liver regeneration following partial hepatectomy and the model of beta stimulation of the salivary glands. The radiosensitivity of the lymphocyte stimulation in vitro as well as in vivo has been analyzed especially with regard to its quality as a model. The task was approached methodically by: a) Determination in vitro of the number of cells (66 cultures), b) morphological analysis of the mitotic activity in vitro (270 cultures), c) measurements in vitro with 3h-thymidine of the DNA synthesis using liquid scintillation counts (more than 3000 cultures), d) measurements in vitro with 3H-thymidine of the DNA synthesis using autoradiography (66 cultures), e) determination in vivo of the DNA synthesis by means of the incorporation of 131I-desoxyuridine into the mouse spleen (investigation with 100 mice). For a model of lymphocyte stimulation mainly that of PHA stimulation in vitro and in vivo of T-lymphocytes was chosen, supplemented by the one of PWM stimulation of T- and B- lymphocytes for measuring in vitro the DNA synthesis. In particular, influence of in vitro irradiation upon several variables of the stimulation model was investigated in order to examine the methodics critically: a) During the determination of the mitotic index too short an acbition by partial synchronization effects within the dose range of 10 to 500 R. The chronological analysis of the process during determination of the mitotic activity is indispensable in order to differentiate the mitotic inhibition from a mitotic delay in the case of high doses, b) For the determination of the DNA synthesis the concentration of stimulative PHA or PWM has no substantial influence on the radiation-induced inhibition effect; the constancy of serum percentage in the culture system, however, is an important condition for comparability of different experiments. Moreover, only a short period of labeling with 3H-thymidine, lasting 1.5 to 12 hours, interferes with radiation-induced inhibition of the DNA synthesis, this probably being also due to partial synchronization effects within the dose range of 10 to 500 R. c) In order to determine the DNA synthesis wether in vitro or in vivo, a chronological analysis is a condition indispensable for differentiation between the three factors involved: Delay of DNA synthesis, blockage of DNA synthesis, and inhibition of the proliferation...", "PMID": 835144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1381", "title": "Kinetic analysis of tumor regression during the course of radiotherapy.", "content": "A model of tumor regression during the course of radiotherapy is presented, which considered the lethal effect of radiation, the elimination of dying cells and the reproduction of surviving cells. The model was applied to multiple lung metastases in a woman, which were treated with different doses per fraction. The regression of tumor volume was measured from chest radiographs which were taken once a week during the treatment. Radiosensitivity of tumor cells estimated by the model was of D0=150 R and n=5. The half life of dying cells in the tumor was 15 days.", "contents": "Kinetic analysis of tumor regression during the course of radiotherapy. A model of tumor regression during the course of radiotherapy is presented, which considered the lethal effect of radiation, the elimination of dying cells and the reproduction of surviving cells. The model was applied to multiple lung metastases in a woman, which were treated with different doses per fraction. The regression of tumor volume was measured from chest radiographs which were taken once a week during the treatment. Radiosensitivity of tumor cells estimated by the model was of D0=150 R and n=5. The half life of dying cells in the tumor was 15 days.", "PMID": 835145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1382", "title": "[Computed tomography of the whole body as a means of radiation planning (author's transl)].", "content": "Computed tomography of the whole body offers the first possibility to obtain individual tomographs with high resolution and in correct scale from all regions of the body. Using the \"Sicograph\", large-sized copies are obtained, which are therefore particularly useful for radiation planning. The size and location of tumors relative to critical organs can be determined exactly. The efficacy of radiation therapy in every individual case may be estimated on the basis of the controlled course (radiobiological information), [2,4,6,11,16,17,18,24,30], and the necessary modifications of the therapeutic schedule can be adopted early, allowing the complete utilization of the advantages of the shrinking field technique [8,19,26]. Since ultrasonic tomographs in many cases furnish additional information, we regard the combination of computed and ultrasonic tomography as the best way to obtain an accuracy of radiation planning previously unknown.", "contents": "[Computed tomography of the whole body as a means of radiation planning (author's transl)]. Computed tomography of the whole body offers the first possibility to obtain individual tomographs with high resolution and in correct scale from all regions of the body. Using the \"Sicograph\", large-sized copies are obtained, which are therefore particularly useful for radiation planning. The size and location of tumors relative to critical organs can be determined exactly. The efficacy of radiation therapy in every individual case may be estimated on the basis of the controlled course (radiobiological information), [2,4,6,11,16,17,18,24,30], and the necessary modifications of the therapeutic schedule can be adopted early, allowing the complete utilization of the advantages of the shrinking field technique [8,19,26]. Since ultrasonic tomographs in many cases furnish additional information, we regard the combination of computed and ultrasonic tomography as the best way to obtain an accuracy of radiation planning previously unknown.", "PMID": 835146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1383", "title": "[Reproducibility and accuracy of an optical ssd pointer (author's transl)].", "content": "The reproducibility and accuracy of an optical source-surface distance measuring device was systematically examined. The standard deviation of twenty equal distance settings was +/-0,5%. The error in dose-rate caused by one single adjustment did not exceed +/-2%. The position of the effective source-center is defined by a special inverse square plot. A periodical check is recommended.", "contents": "[Reproducibility and accuracy of an optical ssd pointer (author's transl)]. The reproducibility and accuracy of an optical source-surface distance measuring device was systematically examined. The standard deviation of twenty equal distance settings was +/-0,5%. The error in dose-rate caused by one single adjustment did not exceed +/-2%. The position of the effective source-center is defined by a special inverse square plot. A periodical check is recommended.", "PMID": 835147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1384", "title": "Development of narrow-band lamps for testing and clinical use.", "content": "A compact narrow band lamp for high intensity irradiation has been developed. It consists of a high-pressure mercury lamp, a shutter and water cooled filters for spectral isolation of the light. A mixing device permits simultaneous irradiation with two different wavelenghts by using two lamps. The spectral distribution of the light within the bands is given for seven filter combinations. The construction and calibration of a power meter is also described.", "contents": "Development of narrow-band lamps for testing and clinical use. A compact narrow band lamp for high intensity irradiation has been developed. It consists of a high-pressure mercury lamp, a shutter and water cooled filters for spectral isolation of the light. A mixing device permits simultaneous irradiation with two different wavelenghts by using two lamps. The spectral distribution of the light within the bands is given for seven filter combinations. The construction and calibration of a power meter is also described.", "PMID": 835148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1385", "title": "[Radiation response and radiation effects in salivary glands (author's transl)].", "content": "Using nuclear medical techniques, especially that of functional scintigraphy with the gamma camera after injection of 99mTc-pertechnetate, it is possible to objectify dose-dependent radiation effects on the salivary glands: Radiation doses from 500 to 1200 rd lead to a temporary reduction of the capacity to accumulate the 99mTc-pertechnetate. This functional restriction is reversible. With radiation doses of more than 2000 rd there appear irreversible functional disorders being proportional to dosage. Focal doses of about 6000 rd produce a complete loss of the capacity for 99mTc accumulation of the salivary glands. The chronological course of radiation response is characterized by a) an activation of the radionuclide accumulation following ca. 3000 rd in about three weeks, b) a following decrease of the capacity for accumulation of 99mTc, c) a renewed activation after the end of irradiation, and d)the progressive and irreversible loss of function of the salivary glands.", "contents": "[Radiation response and radiation effects in salivary glands (author's transl)]. Using nuclear medical techniques, especially that of functional scintigraphy with the gamma camera after injection of 99mTc-pertechnetate, it is possible to objectify dose-dependent radiation effects on the salivary glands: Radiation doses from 500 to 1200 rd lead to a temporary reduction of the capacity to accumulate the 99mTc-pertechnetate. This functional restriction is reversible. With radiation doses of more than 2000 rd there appear irreversible functional disorders being proportional to dosage. Focal doses of about 6000 rd produce a complete loss of the capacity for 99mTc accumulation of the salivary glands. The chronological course of radiation response is characterized by a) an activation of the radionuclide accumulation following ca. 3000 rd in about three weeks, b) a following decrease of the capacity for accumulation of 99mTc, c) a renewed activation after the end of irradiation, and d)the progressive and irreversible loss of function of the salivary glands.", "PMID": 835149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1386", "title": "Regional cerebral blood flow in the anesthetized mouse as measured by local hydrogen clearance.", "content": "Platinum microelectrodes were used to measure H2 clearance in mouse brain, and the clearance curves were used to calculate regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). The curves were usually biexponential, whether or not electrode placement was confined to the cortex. When calculated by the height over area method, rCBF in anesthetized mice averaged 37+/-14 and 49+/-15 ml/100 gm per minute in two successive groups where cortical placement had been made. After CO2 breathing, which raised PaCO2 to 77+/-18 torr, the mean rCBF of the latter group was elevated to 70+/-36 ml/100 gm per minute. Our basal rCBF values are lower than literature values for rats or mice, when compared with data obtained by other techniques. However, our data are comparable to rat rCBF data obtainted by others using H2 electrodes and are comparable also to data for whole brain CBF obtained by a variety of methods in larger anesthetized mammals. It is possible that H2 electrodes provide low values for supposedly \"cortical\" rCBF in the very small mouse brain, because is such brains the electrode is usually close enough to a slow clearing compartment for the electrode reading to be influenced by that compartment. At the same time one cannot rule out the possibility that other techniques when applied to small rodents may, on occasion, produce spuriously high values for CBF. Indeed, while some studies using the latter techniques do show unusually high values for cortical flow in these animals, other studies using similar methods do not.", "contents": "Regional cerebral blood flow in the anesthetized mouse as measured by local hydrogen clearance. Platinum microelectrodes were used to measure H2 clearance in mouse brain, and the clearance curves were used to calculate regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). The curves were usually biexponential, whether or not electrode placement was confined to the cortex. When calculated by the height over area method, rCBF in anesthetized mice averaged 37+/-14 and 49+/-15 ml/100 gm per minute in two successive groups where cortical placement had been made. After CO2 breathing, which raised PaCO2 to 77+/-18 torr, the mean rCBF of the latter group was elevated to 70+/-36 ml/100 gm per minute. Our basal rCBF values are lower than literature values for rats or mice, when compared with data obtained by other techniques. However, our data are comparable to rat rCBF data obtainted by others using H2 electrodes and are comparable also to data for whole brain CBF obtained by a variety of methods in larger anesthetized mammals. It is possible that H2 electrodes provide low values for supposedly \"cortical\" rCBF in the very small mouse brain, because is such brains the electrode is usually close enough to a slow clearing compartment for the electrode reading to be influenced by that compartment. At the same time one cannot rule out the possibility that other techniques when applied to small rodents may, on occasion, produce spuriously high values for CBF. Indeed, while some studies using the latter techniques do show unusually high values for cortical flow in these animals, other studies using similar methods do not.", "PMID": 835150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1387", "title": "XIV. Cerebral ischemia: the role of thrombosis and of antithrombotic therapy. Study group on antithrombotic therapy.", "content": "A revival of interest in antithrombotic agents for the treatment of ischemic cerebrovascular disease has resulted in the widespread use of oral anticoagulants for the prophylaxis and therapy of the ischemic variety of stroke, and has generated enthusiasm for the use of platelet-suppressant agents such as aspirin, dipyridamole, and sulfinpyrazone. In delineating the several clinical types of focal ischemic disease and outlining the causes of cerebral ischemia and infarction, the study group considers the problems of data interpretation in the face of inconsistent terminology. The basic mechanisms of hemostasis and thrombogenesis are concisely detailed. Finally, the study group critically reviews extensive earlier reports of clinical trials of anticoagulants, platelet function suppressants, and thrombolytic agents, and reassesses according to present-day statistical standards the significance of the results. The information contained in this report should familiarize the reader with sufficient data to permit him to utilize antithrombotic agents under a variety of circumstances and to appreciate the contraindications and potential dangers in their use.", "contents": "XIV. Cerebral ischemia: the role of thrombosis and of antithrombotic therapy. Study group on antithrombotic therapy. A revival of interest in antithrombotic agents for the treatment of ischemic cerebrovascular disease has resulted in the widespread use of oral anticoagulants for the prophylaxis and therapy of the ischemic variety of stroke, and has generated enthusiasm for the use of platelet-suppressant agents such as aspirin, dipyridamole, and sulfinpyrazone. In delineating the several clinical types of focal ischemic disease and outlining the causes of cerebral ischemia and infarction, the study group considers the problems of data interpretation in the face of inconsistent terminology. The basic mechanisms of hemostasis and thrombogenesis are concisely detailed. Finally, the study group critically reviews extensive earlier reports of clinical trials of anticoagulants, platelet function suppressants, and thrombolytic agents, and reassesses according to present-day statistical standards the significance of the results. The information contained in this report should familiarize the reader with sufficient data to permit him to utilize antithrombotic agents under a variety of circumstances and to appreciate the contraindications and potential dangers in their use.", "PMID": 835152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1388", "title": "Reserpine and cerebral vasospasm.", "content": "Cerebral vasospasm was produced in the dog basilar artery by topically applied five-day-old clotted autologous blood, but not by freshly drawn blood. The spasm was reversed by methysergide, an antiserotonin agent. However, vasospasm was not produced by five-day-old clotted autologous blood from dogs pretreated with reserpine. This suggests platelet serotonin or a similar, unidentified substance as the vasospastic element in dog blood responsible for experimental vasospasm from topically applied whole blood. Other experimental data support these findings.", "contents": "Reserpine and cerebral vasospasm. Cerebral vasospasm was produced in the dog basilar artery by topically applied five-day-old clotted autologous blood, but not by freshly drawn blood. The spasm was reversed by methysergide, an antiserotonin agent. However, vasospasm was not produced by five-day-old clotted autologous blood from dogs pretreated with reserpine. This suggests platelet serotonin or a similar, unidentified substance as the vasospastic element in dog blood responsible for experimental vasospasm from topically applied whole blood. Other experimental data support these findings.", "PMID": 835151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1389", "title": "Sanguineous cerebrospinal fluid in recanalized cerebral infarction.", "content": "To clarify the causal relationship between spontaneous recanalization of the occluded cerebral artery and development of hemorrhagic infarction, 15 patients with internal carotid or middle cerebral arterial axis occlusion were submitted to consecutive lumbar punctures and follow-up cerebral angiography. Consequently, six of seven recanalized patients had sanguineous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) on the second or third day after ictus, while only one of eight non-recanalized patients had bloody CSF. It was strongly suggested that recanalization might have an initimate relationship with the development of hemorrhagic infarction.", "contents": "Sanguineous cerebrospinal fluid in recanalized cerebral infarction. To clarify the causal relationship between spontaneous recanalization of the occluded cerebral artery and development of hemorrhagic infarction, 15 patients with internal carotid or middle cerebral arterial axis occlusion were submitted to consecutive lumbar punctures and follow-up cerebral angiography. Consequently, six of seven recanalized patients had sanguineous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) on the second or third day after ictus, while only one of eight non-recanalized patients had bloody CSF. It was strongly suggested that recanalization might have an initimate relationship with the development of hemorrhagic infarction.", "PMID": 835153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1390", "title": "Action of vasodilators on regional cerebral blood flow in subacute or chronic cerebral ischemia.", "content": "Regional cerebral blood flow (bicompartmental and stochastic method) was measured in a series of 20 patients with unilateral brain softening. Measurements were repeated during the administration of a vasodilator. A deterimental effect on the perfusion of the disease area was observed in the majority of cases. It has been shown that the chances for a vasodilator to decrease the perfusion in the diseased area were greater when the angiogram showed obstruction of an intracranial artery.", "contents": "Action of vasodilators on regional cerebral blood flow in subacute or chronic cerebral ischemia. Regional cerebral blood flow (bicompartmental and stochastic method) was measured in a series of 20 patients with unilateral brain softening. Measurements were repeated during the administration of a vasodilator. A deterimental effect on the perfusion of the disease area was observed in the majority of cases. It has been shown that the chances for a vasodilator to decrease the perfusion in the diseased area were greater when the angiogram showed obstruction of an intracranial artery.", "PMID": 835154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1391", "title": "Granulomatous angiitis. An unusual etiology of stroke.", "content": "A 43-year-old man, who died five months after the onset of left-sided sensory deficit, had angiographical and pathological evidence of an angiitis confined largely to the distribution of the right middle cerebral artery. Histological examination identified this process to be intracranial noninfectious granulomatous angiitis. Although certain clinical and pathological features of this disorder overlap with other vasculitides which effect the central nervous system, the disease nevertheless retains sufficient individuality to warrant status as an entity, and should be considered in the differential diagnosis in adults with lesions which produce focal neurological deficits and signs of increased intracranial pressure. The definitive answer regarding an infectious etiology will come only from detailed culture studies of the affected vessels.", "contents": "Granulomatous angiitis. An unusual etiology of stroke. A 43-year-old man, who died five months after the onset of left-sided sensory deficit, had angiographical and pathological evidence of an angiitis confined largely to the distribution of the right middle cerebral artery. Histological examination identified this process to be intracranial noninfectious granulomatous angiitis. Although certain clinical and pathological features of this disorder overlap with other vasculitides which effect the central nervous system, the disease nevertheless retains sufficient individuality to warrant status as an entity, and should be considered in the differential diagnosis in adults with lesions which produce focal neurological deficits and signs of increased intracranial pressure. The definitive answer regarding an infectious etiology will come only from detailed culture studies of the affected vessels.", "PMID": 835155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1392", "title": "Reassessment of cerebral capillary changes in acute global ischemia and their relationship to the \"no-reflow phenomenon\".", "content": "Electron and light microscopic studies were performed on rabbit brain to re-examine the structural changes of endothelial cells and perivascular glia following ischemia. Although swelling of perivascular glia occurred, earlier findings of extreme perivascular glial swelling and bleb formation leading to luminal collapse and plugging could not be confirmed. Ischemic brains, however, had a higher proportion of small-diameter capillaries than controls. It is felt that structural changes in ischemic capillary walls in themselves are not sufficient to explain failed cerebral reperfusion, or the no-reflow phenomenon.", "contents": "Reassessment of cerebral capillary changes in acute global ischemia and their relationship to the \"no-reflow phenomenon\". Electron and light microscopic studies were performed on rabbit brain to re-examine the structural changes of endothelial cells and perivascular glia following ischemia. Although swelling of perivascular glia occurred, earlier findings of extreme perivascular glial swelling and bleb formation leading to luminal collapse and plugging could not be confirmed. Ischemic brains, however, had a higher proportion of small-diameter capillaries than controls. It is felt that structural changes in ischemic capillary walls in themselves are not sufficient to explain failed cerebral reperfusion, or the no-reflow phenomenon.", "PMID": 835156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1393", "title": "Radionuclide cerebral blood flow and carotid angiogram. Correlation in internal carotid artery disease.", "content": "Radionuclide cerebral blood flow (CBF) examinations of 48 patients with atherosclerosis, 18 with occlusion and 30 with stenosis of the internal carotid artery (ICA) were correlated with their respective cerebral angiograms. The following results were obtained. Flow was visually unilaterally diminished in 29 (60%) of 48 patients, including 14 (78%) with occlusion and 15 (50%) with stenosis. Sixty-two percent of the subjects with severe stenoses and 46% of the patients with mild stenoses had a positive flow study. Diminished flow was evident in the neck in 80% of the patients, intracranially in 20%. Positive radionuclide angiograms always pointed to the side with occlusion or the greater degree of stenosis even though bilateral interanl carotid disease was frequently found (54%). The data leading to the differentiation between major and minor ICA stenosis are not sufficient to justify any conclusion.", "contents": "Radionuclide cerebral blood flow and carotid angiogram. Correlation in internal carotid artery disease. Radionuclide cerebral blood flow (CBF) examinations of 48 patients with atherosclerosis, 18 with occlusion and 30 with stenosis of the internal carotid artery (ICA) were correlated with their respective cerebral angiograms. The following results were obtained. Flow was visually unilaterally diminished in 29 (60%) of 48 patients, including 14 (78%) with occlusion and 15 (50%) with stenosis. Sixty-two percent of the subjects with severe stenoses and 46% of the patients with mild stenoses had a positive flow study. Diminished flow was evident in the neck in 80% of the patients, intracranially in 20%. Positive radionuclide angiograms always pointed to the side with occlusion or the greater degree of stenosis even though bilateral interanl carotid disease was frequently found (54%). The data leading to the differentiation between major and minor ICA stenosis are not sufficient to justify any conclusion.", "PMID": 835157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1394", "title": "Cation activities in reversible ischemia of the cat brain.", "content": "In normothermic anesthetized cats cerebral blood flow was interrupted completely for one hour by arterial clamping and induced hypotension. The effect of ischemia on the ionic gradients of the cerebral cortex was assayed by determining total cortical electrolytes and by recording the activities of extracellular potassium ([K+i1e) and subarachnoid sodium ions ([Na+])s) with ion-sensitive electrodes. During ischemia [K+]e increased from 3.3+/-0.3 to 56+/-5.4 mEq per liter (means+/-SE) and [Na+]s decreased from 133+/-3.8 to 53+/-5.8 mEq per liter. When the brains were recirculated with blood after one hour's ischemia, [K+]e and [Na+]a gradually returned to normal within 45 minutes. The calculated intracellular uptake of sodium during ischemia amounted to 139 mEq per kilogram dry weight, whereas the intracellular release of potassium was only 64 mEq per kilogram. The increase in intracellular cation was accompanied by a movement of water from the extracellular into the intracellular compartment, causing a reversible shrinkage of the extracellular space from 18.9 to 8.5 vol %. The changes in ionic gradients were related to the development and resolution of ischemic brain swelling, and to the elctrophysiological events during and after ischemia.", "contents": "Cation activities in reversible ischemia of the cat brain. In normothermic anesthetized cats cerebral blood flow was interrupted completely for one hour by arterial clamping and induced hypotension. The effect of ischemia on the ionic gradients of the cerebral cortex was assayed by determining total cortical electrolytes and by recording the activities of extracellular potassium ([K+i1e) and subarachnoid sodium ions ([Na+])s) with ion-sensitive electrodes. During ischemia [K+]e increased from 3.3+/-0.3 to 56+/-5.4 mEq per liter (means+/-SE) and [Na+]s decreased from 133+/-3.8 to 53+/-5.8 mEq per liter. When the brains were recirculated with blood after one hour's ischemia, [K+]e and [Na+]a gradually returned to normal within 45 minutes. The calculated intracellular uptake of sodium during ischemia amounted to 139 mEq per kilogram dry weight, whereas the intracellular release of potassium was only 64 mEq per kilogram. The increase in intracellular cation was accompanied by a movement of water from the extracellular into the intracellular compartment, causing a reversible shrinkage of the extracellular space from 18.9 to 8.5 vol %. The changes in ionic gradients were related to the development and resolution of ischemic brain swelling, and to the elctrophysiological events during and after ischemia.", "PMID": 835160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1395", "title": "Detection of porcine-specific canine antibodies by a radioimmunological technique.", "content": "A sensitive radioimmunological technique is described in which the primary interaction of 125I porcine membrane antigens with naturally occurring canine antibodies is measured by precipittion with 20% polyethylene glycol. Porcine membrane antigens were isolated, radiolabeled, and found to be maximally soluble in 20% polyethylene glycol solution. Binding of canine antisera to porcine antigens could be reduced by absorption with porcine lymphocytes. An eluate was obtained from a porcine kidney that was perfused in vivo for 330 min with oxygenated canine plasma and was identified as canine IgG by immunoelectrophoresis. When added to normal dog serum, the eluate markedly augmented the binding titer. Samples of dog serum taken after extracorporeal perfusion showed a significant decline in binding with no significant changes in lymphocytoxicity titer. These results suggest that this primary binding assay is a more sensitive indicator of the presence of graft-specific humoral antibodies and may be of value in evaluating prospective heterograft donors as well as in following the course of therapy.", "contents": "Detection of porcine-specific canine antibodies by a radioimmunological technique. A sensitive radioimmunological technique is described in which the primary interaction of 125I porcine membrane antigens with naturally occurring canine antibodies is measured by precipittion with 20% polyethylene glycol. Porcine membrane antigens were isolated, radiolabeled, and found to be maximally soluble in 20% polyethylene glycol solution. Binding of canine antisera to porcine antigens could be reduced by absorption with porcine lymphocytes. An eluate was obtained from a porcine kidney that was perfused in vivo for 330 min with oxygenated canine plasma and was identified as canine IgG by immunoelectrophoresis. When added to normal dog serum, the eluate markedly augmented the binding titer. Samples of dog serum taken after extracorporeal perfusion showed a significant decline in binding with no significant changes in lymphocytoxicity titer. These results suggest that this primary binding assay is a more sensitive indicator of the presence of graft-specific humoral antibodies and may be of value in evaluating prospective heterograft donors as well as in following the course of therapy.", "PMID": 835166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1396", "title": "Frequency and course of pure motor hemiparesis: a clinical study.", "content": "A review of 850 acute unselected stroke cases at Harlem Hospital found only 25 (3%) who met a clinical definition of pure motor hemiparesis. Compared to other cerebral infarction survivors, the 23 pure motor syndrome survivors were slightly younger, not much more often hypertensive and did not make a faster recovery. The degree of motor deficit a year later was nearly the same in both groups. Brain scans were positive in one-third of the pure motor patients, which suggests that this clinical picture may be associated with larger brain lesions than had been suspected before, as well as with lacunar infarction.", "contents": "Frequency and course of pure motor hemiparesis: a clinical study. A review of 850 acute unselected stroke cases at Harlem Hospital found only 25 (3%) who met a clinical definition of pure motor hemiparesis. Compared to other cerebral infarction survivors, the 23 pure motor syndrome survivors were slightly younger, not much more often hypertensive and did not make a faster recovery. The degree of motor deficit a year later was nearly the same in both groups. Brain scans were positive in one-third of the pure motor patients, which suggests that this clinical picture may be associated with larger brain lesions than had been suspected before, as well as with lacunar infarction.", "PMID": 835159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1397", "title": "Site dependency of TA3 Ha allotransplantability.", "content": "An ascites tumor line, TA3 Ha, is allotransplantable i.p. while a sister line, TA3 St, has retained its strain specificity. This study shows that the allotransplantability of TA3 Ha, with very few exceptions, is restricted to the peritoneal cavity and is not operative s.c. or i.v.", "contents": "Site dependency of TA3 Ha allotransplantability. An ascites tumor line, TA3 Ha, is allotransplantable i.p. while a sister line, TA3 St, has retained its strain specificity. This study shows that the allotransplantability of TA3 Ha, with very few exceptions, is restricted to the peritoneal cavity and is not operative s.c. or i.v.", "PMID": 835167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1398", "title": "Adrenergic innervation of large cerebral blood vessels of the rabbit studied by fluorescence microscopy. Absence of features that might contribute to non-uniform change in cerebral blood flow.", "content": "The literature provides evidence for non-uniform regional changes in cerebral blood flow under a variety of circumstances. Possible causes of such changes were sought in the larger cerebral arteries of the rabbit prepared according to the glyoxylic acid fluorescence histochemical technique. The adrenergic innervation of the circle of Willis, the basilar artery and their main branches, although showing small differences, is essentially of uniform density. There is no evidence for collars of adrenergic nerves around the origin of small branches nor for cushions at their orifices. Innervation density appears to diminish as the pial vessels get smaller and all vessels seem to be innervated. Thus non-uniform alterations of cerebral blood flow cannot be accounted for by these factors.", "contents": "Adrenergic innervation of large cerebral blood vessels of the rabbit studied by fluorescence microscopy. Absence of features that might contribute to non-uniform change in cerebral blood flow. The literature provides evidence for non-uniform regional changes in cerebral blood flow under a variety of circumstances. Possible causes of such changes were sought in the larger cerebral arteries of the rabbit prepared according to the glyoxylic acid fluorescence histochemical technique. The adrenergic innervation of the circle of Willis, the basilar artery and their main branches, although showing small differences, is essentially of uniform density. There is no evidence for collars of adrenergic nerves around the origin of small branches nor for cushions at their orifices. Innervation density appears to diminish as the pial vessels get smaller and all vessels seem to be innervated. Thus non-uniform alterations of cerebral blood flow cannot be accounted for by these factors.", "PMID": 835161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1399", "title": "Maintenance of the functional state of isolated rat liver by hypothermic perfusion with an erythrocyte-free medium.", "content": "Isolated rat liver was studied before, during, and after hypothermic perfusion at 5 C for 24, 48, or 72 hr with an acellular perfusate consisting of 7% bovine serum albumin in Kreb-Ringer buffer containing glucose, penicillin, and streptomycin. Bile production ceased at 5 C but resumed when the temperature was raised to 35 C. The rate of flow and the total amount produced was unaffected by 24 hr of hypothermia but decreased when the cooling period was extended to 48 and 72 hr. The data of other workers was used to show a correlation between bile flow and oxygen consumption by the liver. Cooling also caused the release of potassium into the perfusate but it was quickly reaccumulated after rewarming; however, the extent and rate of reaccumulation decreased as the cooling period increased, as did the ability of the livers to retain the ion. Urea synthesis did not cease after cooling and after rewarming, the rate of synthesis increased as the period of hypothermia was lengthened. The maximum concentration of urea in the perfusate was found when rewarmed livers had produced 200 mumol of urea but at this point, control livers had produced 280 mumol. The concentration of glucose in the perfusate of livers maintained at 35 C  showed peaks at 2 and 9 to 10 hr after the start of perfusion. After cooling for 24 hr these peaks arose at 2 and 7 hr after rewarming, but with 48 hr of hypothermia, these peaks were higher and appeared at 2 and 4 hr. When the cooling period was extended to 72 hr, only a single peak was seen 2 hr after rewarming. These results suggest that rat liver can be cooled to 5 C for 24 hr with little effect on its functional characteristics but a marked decline becomes apparent when the cooling period is extended beyond 24 hr. None of the livers studied was transplanted after perfusion and it remains to be seen how the functional tests conducted in vitro correlate with the ability of the livers to support life.", "contents": "Maintenance of the functional state of isolated rat liver by hypothermic perfusion with an erythrocyte-free medium. Isolated rat liver was studied before, during, and after hypothermic perfusion at 5 C for 24, 48, or 72 hr with an acellular perfusate consisting of 7% bovine serum albumin in Kreb-Ringer buffer containing glucose, penicillin, and streptomycin. Bile production ceased at 5 C but resumed when the temperature was raised to 35 C. The rate of flow and the total amount produced was unaffected by 24 hr of hypothermia but decreased when the cooling period was extended to 48 and 72 hr. The data of other workers was used to show a correlation between bile flow and oxygen consumption by the liver. Cooling also caused the release of potassium into the perfusate but it was quickly reaccumulated after rewarming; however, the extent and rate of reaccumulation decreased as the cooling period increased, as did the ability of the livers to retain the ion. Urea synthesis did not cease after cooling and after rewarming, the rate of synthesis increased as the period of hypothermia was lengthened. The maximum concentration of urea in the perfusate was found when rewarmed livers had produced 200 mumol of urea but at this point, control livers had produced 280 mumol. The concentration of glucose in the perfusate of livers maintained at 35 C  showed peaks at 2 and 9 to 10 hr after the start of perfusion. After cooling for 24 hr these peaks arose at 2 and 7 hr after rewarming, but with 48 hr of hypothermia, these peaks were higher and appeared at 2 and 4 hr. When the cooling period was extended to 72 hr, only a single peak was seen 2 hr after rewarming. These results suggest that rat liver can be cooled to 5 C for 24 hr with little effect on its functional characteristics but a marked decline becomes apparent when the cooling period is extended beyond 24 hr. None of the livers studied was transplanted after perfusion and it remains to be seen how the functional tests conducted in vitro correlate with the ability of the livers to support life.", "PMID": 835168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1400", "title": "133Xenon inhalation method. Analysis of reproducibility: some of its physiological implications.", "content": "Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was simultaneously measured at seven locations in each hemisphere by the Obrist 133Xenon inhalation method. In each of 35 healthy right-handed subjects two rest measurements were performed on consecutive days. The data analysis comprises the two-compartmentally derived parameters for flow (f1), relative tissue weight (w1), and fractional flow (FF1) respectively of the first compartment, and in addition the initial slope index (ISI). At each detector location the coefficient of variation (C.V.) of the change from first to second measurement was on average 10.4% (ISI), 14.2% (f1), 7.2% (w1), and 2.9% (FF1) respectively. However, when each regional measurement was expressed as a percentage of its hemispheric mean, the C.V. of the intermeasurement change was on average 4.4% (ISI), 7.0% (f1), 7.7% (w1), and 1.9% (FF1) respectively; that of the hemispheric means of ISI, f1, and FF1 was found to be distinctly larger, whereas that of w1 was about equal in size. The interhemispheric coefficient of variation for the change of the hemispheric means from first to second measurement was only 2.3% (ISI), 4.4% (f1), 1.6% (w1), and 1.1% (FF1) respectively. The findings suggest that (1) the variability of rCBF from subject to subject and in consecutive measurements in the same subject is to a substantial degree of physiological origin, and that (2) there are two determinants of rCBF which may operate independently: a determinant of the hemispheric mean level, probably a single determinant for both hemispheres, and a set of determinants for each separate regions superimposed on the hemispheric mean level.", "contents": "133Xenon inhalation method. Analysis of reproducibility: some of its physiological implications. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was simultaneously measured at seven locations in each hemisphere by the Obrist 133Xenon inhalation method. In each of 35 healthy right-handed subjects two rest measurements were performed on consecutive days. The data analysis comprises the two-compartmentally derived parameters for flow (f1), relative tissue weight (w1), and fractional flow (FF1) respectively of the first compartment, and in addition the initial slope index (ISI). At each detector location the coefficient of variation (C.V.) of the change from first to second measurement was on average 10.4% (ISI), 14.2% (f1), 7.2% (w1), and 2.9% (FF1) respectively. However, when each regional measurement was expressed as a percentage of its hemispheric mean, the C.V. of the intermeasurement change was on average 4.4% (ISI), 7.0% (f1), 7.7% (w1), and 1.9% (FF1) respectively; that of the hemispheric means of ISI, f1, and FF1 was found to be distinctly larger, whereas that of w1 was about equal in size. The interhemispheric coefficient of variation for the change of the hemispheric means from first to second measurement was only 2.3% (ISI), 4.4% (f1), 1.6% (w1), and 1.1% (FF1) respectively. The findings suggest that (1) the variability of rCBF from subject to subject and in consecutive measurements in the same subject is to a substantial degree of physiological origin, and that (2) there are two determinants of rCBF which may operate independently: a determinant of the hemispheric mean level, probably a single determinant for both hemispheres, and a set of determinants for each separate regions superimposed on the hemispheric mean level.", "PMID": 835162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1401", "title": "Allograft rejection in larval and adult Xenopus following early thymectomy.", "content": "The effect of thymectomy (performed on 7- to 8-day old larvae) on the development of alloimmunity in the clawed toad is examined. Rejection of first-set skin grafts applied in larval life (30 days of age) and at intervals following metamorphosis (70 to 370 days of age) was always impaired following thymectomy. However, most of the thymectomized animals, even those grafted as larvae and blocked in the larval state by thiourea treatment, were able to destroy the transplants, albeit with prolonged rejection times. The pattern of graft rejection in thymectomized larvae was similar to that seen in adults. After thymectomy, these seemed to be no improvement or impairment of the alloimmune response with the passage of time. Experiments with second-set grafts applied subsequent to first-set destruction demonstrated the existence of an alloimmune memory component throughout ontogeny in both control and thymectomized animals. The results indicate that a population of cells involved in graft rejection develops early in ontogeny, independent of the thymus and the emergency of bone marrow at metamorphosis.", "contents": "Allograft rejection in larval and adult Xenopus following early thymectomy. The effect of thymectomy (performed on 7- to 8-day old larvae) on the development of alloimmunity in the clawed toad is examined. Rejection of first-set skin grafts applied in larval life (30 days of age) and at intervals following metamorphosis (70 to 370 days of age) was always impaired following thymectomy. However, most of the thymectomized animals, even those grafted as larvae and blocked in the larval state by thiourea treatment, were able to destroy the transplants, albeit with prolonged rejection times. The pattern of graft rejection in thymectomized larvae was similar to that seen in adults. After thymectomy, these seemed to be no improvement or impairment of the alloimmune response with the passage of time. Experiments with second-set grafts applied subsequent to first-set destruction demonstrated the existence of an alloimmune memory component throughout ontogeny in both control and thymectomized animals. The results indicate that a population of cells involved in graft rejection develops early in ontogeny, independent of the thymus and the emergency of bone marrow at metamorphosis.", "PMID": 835169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1402", "title": "Effect of cerebrospinal fluid removal on cerebral blood flow and metabolism in patients with Alzheimer's disease versus recent stroke.", "content": "Cerebral hemispheric blood flow (HBF) and metabolism were measured before and after withdrawal of 20 to 30 ml of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) over a 10-minute interval in eight patients with recent cerebral infarction and in four patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Immediately after CSF removal HBF decreased significantly in the AD group (-14%) but showed no significant change in the stroke group (-5%). There was rapid reduction in cerebral venous O2 content and some increase in cerebral venous PCO2 appearing within 60 seconds of CSF withdrawal, interpreted as a rapid reduction of cerebral blood flow (CBF) as judged by cerebral A-VO2 differences. The reduction in CBF was confirmed by the hydrogen clearance method. Reduction of CBF in response to lowering CSF pressure is presumably of neurogenic origin since it was rapid and occurred without changes in PaCO2 or MABP. Furthermore, measurement of HBF demonstrated that cerebral metabolism constant after CSF removal. It is postulated that in AD, reduction of HBF following CSF withdrawal is mediated by a disordered neurogenic veno-arterial vasoconstriction reflex which is stimulated by rapid reduction in CSF pressure (CSFP). In patients with stroke, when cerebral perfusion pressure is increased by lowering CSFP, CBF is maintained constant most likely by a physiological cerebral veno-arterial vasoconstrictive reflex. Apparently, this vasocontrictive reflex becomes excessive in Alzheimer's disease, possibly due to cerebral neurogenic imbalance.", "contents": "Effect of cerebrospinal fluid removal on cerebral blood flow and metabolism in patients with Alzheimer's disease versus recent stroke. Cerebral hemispheric blood flow (HBF) and metabolism were measured before and after withdrawal of 20 to 30 ml of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) over a 10-minute interval in eight patients with recent cerebral infarction and in four patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Immediately after CSF removal HBF decreased significantly in the AD group (-14%) but showed no significant change in the stroke group (-5%). There was rapid reduction in cerebral venous O2 content and some increase in cerebral venous PCO2 appearing within 60 seconds of CSF withdrawal, interpreted as a rapid reduction of cerebral blood flow (CBF) as judged by cerebral A-VO2 differences. The reduction in CBF was confirmed by the hydrogen clearance method. Reduction of CBF in response to lowering CSF pressure is presumably of neurogenic origin since it was rapid and occurred without changes in PaCO2 or MABP. Furthermore, measurement of HBF demonstrated that cerebral metabolism constant after CSF removal. It is postulated that in AD, reduction of HBF following CSF withdrawal is mediated by a disordered neurogenic veno-arterial vasoconstriction reflex which is stimulated by rapid reduction in CSF pressure (CSFP). In patients with stroke, when cerebral perfusion pressure is increased by lowering CSFP, CBF is maintained constant most likely by a physiological cerebral veno-arterial vasoconstrictive reflex. Apparently, this vasocontrictive reflex becomes excessive in Alzheimer's disease, possibly due to cerebral neurogenic imbalance.", "PMID": 835158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1403", "title": "Genetic aspects of umbilical hernia incidence in cats and dogs.", "content": "The incidence of umbilical hernia in a family of Cornish rex cats approximated monogenic proportions. The genetic and developmental basis for umbilical hernia may be similar in cats and dogs. The defect is probably a polygenic threshold character, possibly involving a major gene whose expression is mediated by the genetic (breed) background.", "contents": "Genetic aspects of umbilical hernia incidence in cats and dogs. The incidence of umbilical hernia in a family of Cornish rex cats approximated monogenic proportions. The genetic and developmental basis for umbilical hernia may be similar in cats and dogs. The defect is probably a polygenic threshold character, possibly involving a major gene whose expression is mediated by the genetic (breed) background.", "PMID": 835209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1404", "title": "Control of headfly on sheep.", "content": "Headfly caused irritation to sheep in Northumberland from late June of each year 1973 to 1975. Numbers of headflies caught in sweep nets declined sharply from early August 1973 and 1975 but remained fairly high in 1974 until mid September. Attacks on sheep followed a similar pattern. The effectiveness of a number of fly repellent applications was examined. Headcaps gave good and sometimes complete protection.", "contents": "Control of headfly on sheep. Headfly caused irritation to sheep in Northumberland from late June of each year 1973 to 1975. Numbers of headflies caught in sweep nets declined sharply from early August 1973 and 1975 but remained fairly high in 1974 until mid September. Attacks on sheep followed a similar pattern. The effectiveness of a number of fly repellent applications was examined. Headcaps gave good and sometimes complete protection.", "PMID": 835210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1405", "title": "Biochemical indicators of liver injury in calves with experimental fascioliasis.", "content": "Twenty calves were infected with 1000 metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica, the activities of 10 enzymes in plasma or serum were assayed and concentrations in serum of proteins, urea and bilirubin were determined. These values were compared with control data obtained from 14 uninfected calves. Aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, ornithine carbamoyl transferase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activities increased in infected calves. Total serum protein increased, albumin decreased, globulin increased and the albumin/globulin ratio was decreased in infected calves. Plasma alanine aminotransferase, leucine aminopeptidase, alkaline phosphatase and cholinesterase activities and serum concentration of urea and bilirubin were unaffected. It was concluded that glutamate dehydrogenase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase were the most sensitive indicators of liver cell damage in fascioliasis.", "contents": "Biochemical indicators of liver injury in calves with experimental fascioliasis. Twenty calves were infected with 1000 metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica, the activities of 10 enzymes in plasma or serum were assayed and concentrations in serum of proteins, urea and bilirubin were determined. These values were compared with control data obtained from 14 uninfected calves. Aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, ornithine carbamoyl transferase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activities increased in infected calves. Total serum protein increased, albumin decreased, globulin increased and the albumin/globulin ratio was decreased in infected calves. Plasma alanine aminotransferase, leucine aminopeptidase, alkaline phosphatase and cholinesterase activities and serum concentration of urea and bilirubin were unaffected. It was concluded that glutamate dehydrogenase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase were the most sensitive indicators of liver cell damage in fascioliasis.", "PMID": 835211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1406", "title": "Cloprostenol as a treatment for no visible oestrus and cystic ovarian disease in dairy cows.", "content": "A total of 253 cows was treated using 500mug cloprostenol intramuscularly. Of those, 129 cows were treated for failure to exhibit an observed oestrus, 124 for being negative at pregnancy diagnosis examination; all possessed a corpus luteum as detected by rectal palpation. One hundred and sixty nine (66.8 per cent) were detected in oestrus within eight days, and of these 159 were served. Eight-seven (54.7 per cent) of them conceived. Sixteen cases of luteinised ovarian cysts were also treated with a resultant 14 conceptions occurring at a mean interval of 19-4 days. It is condisered that the time of the induced oestrus is not predictable enough to warrant \"fixed time\" insemination. The success of treatment will be related to: (1) The efficiency of oestrus detection on the farm (2) The normal conception rate on the farm (3) The accuracy of the rectal palpations.", "contents": "Cloprostenol as a treatment for no visible oestrus and cystic ovarian disease in dairy cows. A total of 253 cows was treated using 500mug cloprostenol intramuscularly. Of those, 129 cows were treated for failure to exhibit an observed oestrus, 124 for being negative at pregnancy diagnosis examination; all possessed a corpus luteum as detected by rectal palpation. One hundred and sixty nine (66.8 per cent) were detected in oestrus within eight days, and of these 159 were served. Eight-seven (54.7 per cent) of them conceived. Sixteen cases of luteinised ovarian cysts were also treated with a resultant 14 conceptions occurring at a mean interval of 19-4 days. It is condisered that the time of the induced oestrus is not predictable enough to warrant \"fixed time\" insemination. The success of treatment will be related to: (1) The efficiency of oestrus detection on the farm (2) The normal conception rate on the farm (3) The accuracy of the rectal palpations.", "PMID": 835215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1407", "title": "[Stress-induced blood protein and blood lipid changes and their dependence on learning and conditioning].", "content": "Rats were subjected to two kinds of stress and consequent changes in blood protein and lipids were investigated. Furthermore, an attempt was made to ascertain whether or not increases or decreases in these blood parameters were reproducible by conditioning. In the first experiment animals were subjected to stress in a modified running wheel (Noble Collip drum). A series of 10 conditional stimuli (light-sound combined) was delivered together with the stress-producing stimulus. After the first exposure to stress a relative alpha1-globulin increase was observed. After  10 stress exposures the hitherto neutral stimulus alone produced a conditioned increase in the alpha1-globulin fraction. The gamma-globulin values were decreased after the first exposure to stress, but increased after 10 stress exposures. This increase could also be conditioned. In the second experiment \"white noise\" stress was used (110 dB). The conditional stimulus was light. After short exposure to the stress-inducing stimulus, the gamma-globulins showed a slight drop and remained thus during the whole experiment. The analysis of blood lipids showed increased stress values for alpha-lipoprotiens and reduced values for beta-fractions. Cholesterol and triglycerides reacted like the beta-lipoproteins. The total blood lipid content was, however, increased. The conditioned increase in alpha-lipoproteins and total lipids was statisticallysignigicant. It is noteworthy that the conditioned alpha-lipoprotein levels shoeed significant differences between experimental and control groups. The conditioned stress increased the levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, whereas under real stress conditions decreases were found. Research on \"conditioned stress\" could beof improtance in regard to clinical aspects of coronary heart disease.", "contents": "[Stress-induced blood protein and blood lipid changes and their dependence on learning and conditioning]. Rats were subjected to two kinds of stress and consequent changes in blood protein and lipids were investigated. Furthermore, an attempt was made to ascertain whether or not increases or decreases in these blood parameters were reproducible by conditioning. In the first experiment animals were subjected to stress in a modified running wheel (Noble Collip drum). A series of 10 conditional stimuli (light-sound combined) was delivered together with the stress-producing stimulus. After the first exposure to stress a relative alpha1-globulin increase was observed. After  10 stress exposures the hitherto neutral stimulus alone produced a conditioned increase in the alpha1-globulin fraction. The gamma-globulin values were decreased after the first exposure to stress, but increased after 10 stress exposures. This increase could also be conditioned. In the second experiment \"white noise\" stress was used (110 dB). The conditional stimulus was light. After short exposure to the stress-inducing stimulus, the gamma-globulins showed a slight drop and remained thus during the whole experiment. The analysis of blood lipids showed increased stress values for alpha-lipoprotiens and reduced values for beta-fractions. Cholesterol and triglycerides reacted like the beta-lipoproteins. The total blood lipid content was, however, increased. The conditioned increase in alpha-lipoproteins and total lipids was statisticallysignigicant. It is noteworthy that the conditioned alpha-lipoprotein levels shoeed significant differences between experimental and control groups. The conditioned stress increased the levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, whereas under real stress conditions decreases were found. Research on \"conditioned stress\" could beof improtance in regard to clinical aspects of coronary heart disease.", "PMID": 835282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1408", "title": "[Acute intermittent porphyria. A  case report and family study].", "content": "The course of acute intermittent porphyria is described in a patient who died during an acute exacerbation of the disease. An analysis of the urinary porphyrin precursors (delta-aminolaevulinic acid and porphobilinogen), the determination of toal porphyrin excretion and the separation of haem precursors in the urine according to the number of carboxylic groups demonstrate different degrees of biochemical severity in the individual consanuinious members of this patient's family. The detection of latent carriers is of particular importance since the avoidance of porphyrogenic substances is the most important prophylactic measure to be undertaken in all latent clinical cases. According to our experience, however, prophylactic measures must also be extended to young consanguineous family members with negative excretion patterns in view of the difference in age at which the disease manifests itself.", "contents": "[Acute intermittent porphyria. A  case report and family study]. The course of acute intermittent porphyria is described in a patient who died during an acute exacerbation of the disease. An analysis of the urinary porphyrin precursors (delta-aminolaevulinic acid and porphobilinogen), the determination of toal porphyrin excretion and the separation of haem precursors in the urine according to the number of carboxylic groups demonstrate different degrees of biochemical severity in the individual consanuinious members of this patient's family. The detection of latent carriers is of particular importance since the avoidance of porphyrogenic substances is the most important prophylactic measure to be undertaken in all latent clinical cases. According to our experience, however, prophylactic measures must also be extended to young consanguineous family members with negative excretion patterns in view of the difference in age at which the disease manifests itself.", "PMID": 835283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1409", "title": "[Morphometric studies on epithelial cells of the rat stomach under chronic effect of alcohol].", "content": "In studying the effect of ethanol on the size of parietal cells 60 Wistar rats received 15% ethanol ad libitum and were killed after 8 days, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. For the control group 24 untreated animals were used. The parietal cells were stained with Kongo-red for the histological preparations and with a Papanicolaou modification for the cytological smear. With two measuring-methods -- the Integration-disc and the Mikrovideomat -- the cell and nucleus surface were determined and the nucleus-plasma-relation was calculated. After 8 days of alcohol administration a significant increase of parietal cell surface appeared in the histological and cytological preparation. The cytoplasma surface area increased continuously until the 8th week. With further application of alcohol until the 12th week the zytoplasma surface area decreased again but remained above the starting size. The calculation of the cell surface areas produced nonuniform results. Further the sizes of parietal cells (cytoplasma and nucleus surface areas) in the cytological smear and after being embedded in the histological preparation were compared. In the applied measuring methods a comparison was also made.", "contents": "[Morphometric studies on epithelial cells of the rat stomach under chronic effect of alcohol]. In studying the effect of ethanol on the size of parietal cells 60 Wistar rats received 15% ethanol ad libitum and were killed after 8 days, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. For the control group 24 untreated animals were used. The parietal cells were stained with Kongo-red for the histological preparations and with a Papanicolaou modification for the cytological smear. With two measuring-methods -- the Integration-disc and the Mikrovideomat -- the cell and nucleus surface were determined and the nucleus-plasma-relation was calculated. After 8 days of alcohol administration a significant increase of parietal cell surface appeared in the histological and cytological preparation. The cytoplasma surface area increased continuously until the 8th week. With further application of alcohol until the 12th week the zytoplasma surface area decreased again but remained above the starting size. The calculation of the cell surface areas produced nonuniform results. Further the sizes of parietal cells (cytoplasma and nucleus surface areas) in the cytological smear and after being embedded in the histological preparation were compared. In the applied measuring methods a comparison was also made.", "PMID": 835310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1410", "title": "[Toxic dilatation of the colon].", "content": "Twelve patients (8 males and 4 females) with toxic dilatation of the colon in acute ulcerative colitis were reviewed, who required surgery between 1962 and 1974 at the Department of Surgery, University Kiel. This complication always occured during a relapsing exacerbation of known colitis. Nine patients died. This high operative mortality (75%) was related to faecel sepsis because of praeoperative perforations, operative disruptions of walled-off perforations and to a delaying conservative approach of more than ten days. These results with the onestage coloproctectomy or colectomy with later excision of the rectum urge an early surgical intervention before perforation took place. The diverting ileostomy and decompression colostomy may additionally lead to a better prognosis.", "contents": "[Toxic dilatation of the colon]. Twelve patients (8 males and 4 females) with toxic dilatation of the colon in acute ulcerative colitis were reviewed, who required surgery between 1962 and 1974 at the Department of Surgery, University Kiel. This complication always occured during a relapsing exacerbation of known colitis. Nine patients died. This high operative mortality (75%) was related to faecel sepsis because of praeoperative perforations, operative disruptions of walled-off perforations and to a delaying conservative approach of more than ten days. These results with the onestage coloproctectomy or colectomy with later excision of the rectum urge an early surgical intervention before perforation took place. The diverting ileostomy and decompression colostomy may additionally lead to a better prognosis.", "PMID": 835311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1411", "title": "[Morphologic, animal experimental study on the question of sex specific liver lesions due to chenodesoxycholic acid].", "content": "Male Wistar rats were fed orally 20 mg, female rats were fed 20, 50 and 90 mg CDC/kg body weight. The animals were killed on the 5th, 14th, 20th, 30th and 60th day, female animals were killed in addition 14 days after end of treatment, their liver was examined by means of light- and electron microscopy. No pathological changes were to be seen in the light microscope. In the electron microscope we observed in male and female animals dilated bile capillaries and intracytoplasmic vacuoles, in female animals more over alterations of mitochondria and an increase of peribiliary lysosomes. Sex-linked differences were not to be detected. In female animals the findings were quantitatively better discernible. Even a tetrafold increase of dosage in female rats produced no change in findings. 14 days after end of therapy no alterations were visible any more. It is being assumed that CDCA or its metabolite lithocholic acid exert some influence upon the bile secretory apparatus of the liver cell.", "contents": "[Morphologic, animal experimental study on the question of sex specific liver lesions due to chenodesoxycholic acid]. Male Wistar rats were fed orally 20 mg, female rats were fed 20, 50 and 90 mg CDC/kg body weight. The animals were killed on the 5th, 14th, 20th, 30th and 60th day, female animals were killed in addition 14 days after end of treatment, their liver was examined by means of light- and electron microscopy. No pathological changes were to be seen in the light microscope. In the electron microscope we observed in male and female animals dilated bile capillaries and intracytoplasmic vacuoles, in female animals more over alterations of mitochondria and an increase of peribiliary lysosomes. Sex-linked differences were not to be detected. In female animals the findings were quantitatively better discernible. Even a tetrafold increase of dosage in female rats produced no change in findings. 14 days after end of therapy no alterations were visible any more. It is being assumed that CDCA or its metabolite lithocholic acid exert some influence upon the bile secretory apparatus of the liver cell.", "PMID": 835312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1412", "title": "[Hyperoxaluria in intestinal and liver diseases].", "content": "Excretion of oxalic acid in urine was measured in 28 healthy and 97 patients with gastrointestinal diseases. We found significantly higher values in the following groups: patients after resection of parts of the small intestine, patients with sprue and other diseases with malabsorption, patients with M. Crohn of the small intestine, colitis ulcerosa and granulomatosa, patients with chronical diseases of the pancreas gland and patients with cirrhosis of the liver. In 4 patients after resection of parts of the small intestine or pancreas urolithiasis could be verified. Reduction of fat and food without ballast reduced the excretion of oxalic acid in urine. Hyperoxaluria correlied significantly with the following parameters: excretion of fat in feces, exhalation of 14CO2 in the glykocholate breath test, resorption of vit. B12 and the length of resected small intestine. This form of hyperoxaluria is caused by hyperresorption of oxalic acid from food. The mechanism of this hyperresorption is not clarified yet, an important factor seems to be ill resorption of fat.", "contents": "[Hyperoxaluria in intestinal and liver diseases]. Excretion of oxalic acid in urine was measured in 28 healthy and 97 patients with gastrointestinal diseases. We found significantly higher values in the following groups: patients after resection of parts of the small intestine, patients with sprue and other diseases with malabsorption, patients with M. Crohn of the small intestine, colitis ulcerosa and granulomatosa, patients with chronical diseases of the pancreas gland and patients with cirrhosis of the liver. In 4 patients after resection of parts of the small intestine or pancreas urolithiasis could be verified. Reduction of fat and food without ballast reduced the excretion of oxalic acid in urine. Hyperoxaluria correlied significantly with the following parameters: excretion of fat in feces, exhalation of 14CO2 in the glykocholate breath test, resorption of vit. B12 and the length of resected small intestine. This form of hyperoxaluria is caused by hyperresorption of oxalic acid from food. The mechanism of this hyperresorption is not clarified yet, an important factor seems to be ill resorption of fat.", "PMID": 835313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1413", "title": "[The significance of coronary artery calcification seen by roentgenoscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "The detection of coronary artery calcification by roentgenoscopy is an important hint at possible ischemic heart disease. By the advent of image intensification and magnification, this examination can easily be performed. If no calcifications are visible, an ischemic heart disease must not be excluded. The presence of calcification in the coronary arteries however strongly favours the diagnosis of arteriosclerotic heart disease. The roentgenoscopical search of coronary calcification is considered to be a valuable procedure since it is inexpensive, noninvasive and widely applicable.", "contents": "[The significance of coronary artery calcification seen by roentgenoscopy (author's transl)]. The detection of coronary artery calcification by roentgenoscopy is an important hint at possible ischemic heart disease. By the advent of image intensification and magnification, this examination can easily be performed. If no calcifications are visible, an ischemic heart disease must not be excluded. The presence of calcification in the coronary arteries however strongly favours the diagnosis of arteriosclerotic heart disease. The roentgenoscopical search of coronary calcification is considered to be a valuable procedure since it is inexpensive, noninvasive and widely applicable.", "PMID": 835318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1414", "title": "[Early mobilisation after myocardial infarction. A prospective and controlled study (author's transl)].", "content": "Early mobilisation after acute myocardial infarction is said to increase the risk of ventricular aneurysm and -rupture, reinfarction, sudden death, and heart failure. In order to evaluate these possible negative effects, we run a prospective and controlled study: 2 X 100 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction were mobilized conventionally (A) and according to an early mobilisation programme (B) respectively-the two groups were comparable according to age, sex, CHD-history, infarction transmural/non transmural and coronary prognostic index (Norris). There was a significant reduction in the average hospital stay from 31.4 days in group A to 25.8 in group B. The patients were followed up for 32 (A) and 46 days (B) respectively. In the early mobilized group we found no increased risk for heart failure, reinfarction, or sudden death. On the other side, early mobilisation has many psychological, oeconomic and social advantages for patients and hospital.", "contents": "[Early mobilisation after myocardial infarction. A prospective and controlled study (author's transl)]. Early mobilisation after acute myocardial infarction is said to increase the risk of ventricular aneurysm and -rupture, reinfarction, sudden death, and heart failure. In order to evaluate these possible negative effects, we run a prospective and controlled study: 2 X 100 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction were mobilized conventionally (A) and according to an early mobilisation programme (B) respectively-the two groups were comparable according to age, sex, CHD-history, infarction transmural/non transmural and coronary prognostic index (Norris). There was a significant reduction in the average hospital stay from 31.4 days in group A to 25.8 in group B. The patients were followed up for 32 (A) and 46 days (B) respectively. In the early mobilized group we found no increased risk for heart failure, reinfarction, or sudden death. On the other side, early mobilisation has many psychological, oeconomic and social advantages for patients and hospital.", "PMID": 835319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1415", "title": "[Long term results after operation of patent ductus arteriosus or ventricular septal defect and pulmonary hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "The behaviour of pulmonary hypertension and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance was followed up to 12 years postoperatively in 29 patients with patent ductus arteriosus (DAA) and 34 patients with ventricular septal defect (VSD). 8 of 11 patients with VSD and rest defect underwent a second operation. All patients had preoperatively pulmonary hypertension due to elevated pulmonary vascular resistance (RPA) and elevated pulmonary blood flow. Pulmonary arterial mean pressure (PPA) was usually reduced immediately after operation corresponding to the reduced pulmonary blood flow. In the later postoperative period PPA and RPA were either reduced to normal values, reduced but not normalized or increased progressively. In patients with moderate elevation of RPA before operation (200-800 dyn - sec cm-5) 34 % showed normalisation of RPA, 11 % increase of RPA in the follow-up period. In patients with severe elevation of RPA before operation (greater than 800 dyn - sec - cm-5) 11 % showed normalisation, 30 % an increase of RPA in the follow-up period. There was no correlation between age at operation and the late postoperative results. Exercise test were useful to confirm normalisation of the pulmonary vascular changes. The results in patients with VSD and rest defect demonstrate that apparently small left-t0-right shunts are able to stop the involution of organic changes in the pulmonary arteries. Prognosis of follow-up cannot be established from the hemodynamic results obtained early after operation. Therefore repeated hemodynamic investigations have to be performed in the later follow-up period.", "contents": "[Long term results after operation of patent ductus arteriosus or ventricular septal defect and pulmonary hypertension (author's transl)]. The behaviour of pulmonary hypertension and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance was followed up to 12 years postoperatively in 29 patients with patent ductus arteriosus (DAA) and 34 patients with ventricular septal defect (VSD). 8 of 11 patients with VSD and rest defect underwent a second operation. All patients had preoperatively pulmonary hypertension due to elevated pulmonary vascular resistance (RPA) and elevated pulmonary blood flow. Pulmonary arterial mean pressure (PPA) was usually reduced immediately after operation corresponding to the reduced pulmonary blood flow. In the later postoperative period PPA and RPA were either reduced to normal values, reduced but not normalized or increased progressively. In patients with moderate elevation of RPA before operation (200-800 dyn - sec cm-5) 34 % showed normalisation of RPA, 11 % increase of RPA in the follow-up period. In patients with severe elevation of RPA before operation (greater than 800 dyn - sec - cm-5) 11 % showed normalisation, 30 % an increase of RPA in the follow-up period. There was no correlation between age at operation and the late postoperative results. Exercise test were useful to confirm normalisation of the pulmonary vascular changes. The results in patients with VSD and rest defect demonstrate that apparently small left-t0-right shunts are able to stop the involution of organic changes in the pulmonary arteries. Prognosis of follow-up cannot be established from the hemodynamic results obtained early after operation. Therefore repeated hemodynamic investigations have to be performed in the later follow-up period.", "PMID": 835320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1416", "title": "[Transposition of the great arteries: natural history and indications for surgery after balloon-atrioseptostomy (author's transl)].", "content": "The natural history of 162 children with transposition of the great arteries is referred, whose first heart catheterization fell between 1967 and June 1975. In 149 of them balloon atrial septostomy (BAS) was performed, with a mean increase in arterial oxygen saturation of 21 %. In 11 cases BAS was repeated after inadequate first BAS, but again without success. In 19 patients an atrial septectomy (Blalock-Hanlon) was performed later on, with 20% mortality. 3 children died during or immediately after BAS. The early mortality after BAS was 13% and the late mortality 17%. These values include the mortality of palliative operations which were necessary to bridge over the time until \"corrective\" operations could be performed. The operative mortality of Mustard operations was 10% for the simple TGA and 16% for all TGA cases operated on. On the basis of the mortality values of the BAS, of atrioseptectomy (Blalock-Hanlon) and of the Mustard procedure the proceeding after BAS and the indication for operations is thoroughly discussed.", "contents": "[Transposition of the great arteries: natural history and indications for surgery after balloon-atrioseptostomy (author's transl)]. The natural history of 162 children with transposition of the great arteries is referred, whose first heart catheterization fell between 1967 and June 1975. In 149 of them balloon atrial septostomy (BAS) was performed, with a mean increase in arterial oxygen saturation of 21 %. In 11 cases BAS was repeated after inadequate first BAS, but again without success. In 19 patients an atrial septectomy (Blalock-Hanlon) was performed later on, with 20% mortality. 3 children died during or immediately after BAS. The early mortality after BAS was 13% and the late mortality 17%. These values include the mortality of palliative operations which were necessary to bridge over the time until \"corrective\" operations could be performed. The operative mortality of Mustard operations was 10% for the simple TGA and 16% for all TGA cases operated on. On the basis of the mortality values of the BAS, of atrioseptectomy (Blalock-Hanlon) and of the Mustard procedure the proceeding after BAS and the indication for operations is thoroughly discussed.", "PMID": 835321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1417", "title": "[Rhabdomyomatosis of the heart and ventricular septal defect (author's transl)].", "content": "An unusual case of cardiac rhabdomyomatosis associated with a ventricular septal defect without signs of tuberous sclerosis is described. On 3 different angiocardiographies the region of the tumor seemed to be a right ventricular aneurysm. The tumor was identified as such only on operation and its nature defined histologically. Subtotal excision of the tumor and closure of the large ventriccular septal defect and debanding (pulmonary banding at the age of 8 month) was successfully undertaken at the age of 10 years.", "contents": "[Rhabdomyomatosis of the heart and ventricular septal defect (author's transl)]. An unusual case of cardiac rhabdomyomatosis associated with a ventricular septal defect without signs of tuberous sclerosis is described. On 3 different angiocardiographies the region of the tumor seemed to be a right ventricular aneurysm. The tumor was identified as such only on operation and its nature defined histologically. Subtotal excision of the tumor and closure of the large ventriccular septal defect and debanding (pulmonary banding at the age of 8 month) was successfully undertaken at the age of 10 years.", "PMID": 835322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1418", "title": "[Right atrial fibroma simulating cyanotic cardiac vitium in a newborn (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical picture in a cyanotic newborn suggests pulmonary atresia or tricuspid atresia. Angiocardiography shows a right atrial tumor, at necropsy a ping-pong-ball sized fibroma is found. Hypoxia and congestive heart failure occurred and the baby died on his eleventh day of life. Uncertain cardiac symptomatology should always raise the suspicion of a cardiac tumor. Cardiac tumors with predominant intramural growth can show pure cardiomegaly- and/or cardiac arrhythmias, congestive failure, while intracavitary growth may lead to various kinds of in- and outflow obstruction and/or embolisations.", "contents": "[Right atrial fibroma simulating cyanotic cardiac vitium in a newborn (author's transl)]. The clinical picture in a cyanotic newborn suggests pulmonary atresia or tricuspid atresia. Angiocardiography shows a right atrial tumor, at necropsy a ping-pong-ball sized fibroma is found. Hypoxia and congestive heart failure occurred and the baby died on his eleventh day of life. Uncertain cardiac symptomatology should always raise the suspicion of a cardiac tumor. Cardiac tumors with predominant intramural growth can show pure cardiomegaly- and/or cardiac arrhythmias, congestive failure, while intracavitary growth may lead to various kinds of in- and outflow obstruction and/or embolisations.", "PMID": 835323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1419", "title": "[About some rare complications caused by transvenous pacemaker electrodes. Morphological and clinical findings (author's transl)].", "content": "Early and late dislocation of electrodes incl. perforation of myocardium and infections of pacemaker systems are the most frequent complications during endocardial pacing. Next functional disorders caused by a risen threshold for stimulation and sensing problems as well as pure technical defects have to be mentioned. The following rare complications were observed in three autopsies: 1. Electrode located in the vena cordis media. 2. Bipolar pacemaker electrode in unstable position near the atrioventricular boundary. 3. Infected transvenous pacemaker electrode migrated into the right vena iliaca externa. Letal thromboemboli sm of the pulmonary arteries. 4. Electrode fragment causing chronic cervical fistula. Consecutive death of the patient by bacterial endocarditis of the mitral valves. Some morphological and clinical aspects of these complications are discussed, the literature is reviewed. Special sight is kept on \"trapped\" electrodes and coincident infection. It is considered how to avoid those accidents.", "contents": "[About some rare complications caused by transvenous pacemaker electrodes. Morphological and clinical findings (author's transl)]. Early and late dislocation of electrodes incl. perforation of myocardium and infections of pacemaker systems are the most frequent complications during endocardial pacing. Next functional disorders caused by a risen threshold for stimulation and sensing problems as well as pure technical defects have to be mentioned. The following rare complications were observed in three autopsies: 1. Electrode located in the vena cordis media. 2. Bipolar pacemaker electrode in unstable position near the atrioventricular boundary. 3. Infected transvenous pacemaker electrode migrated into the right vena iliaca externa. Letal thromboemboli sm of the pulmonary arteries. 4. Electrode fragment causing chronic cervical fistula. Consecutive death of the patient by bacterial endocarditis of the mitral valves. Some morphological and clinical aspects of these complications are discussed, the literature is reviewed. Special sight is kept on \"trapped\" electrodes and coincident infection. It is considered how to avoid those accidents.", "PMID": 835324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1420", "title": "[Accelerated idioventricular rhythm with second degree v.a.-block and reentry (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of acute myocardial infarction is presented with accelerated idioventricular rhythm and parasystolic character of the center, complicated by a retrograde v.a. block of 2nd degree with Wenckebach and reentry phenomena. It is supposed that a previous i.v. digitalis medication has contributed to the complicated arrhythmia.", "contents": "[Accelerated idioventricular rhythm with second degree v.a.-block and reentry (author's transl)]. A case of acute myocardial infarction is presented with accelerated idioventricular rhythm and parasystolic character of the center, complicated by a retrograde v.a. block of 2nd degree with Wenckebach and reentry phenomena. It is supposed that a previous i.v. digitalis medication has contributed to the complicated arrhythmia.", "PMID": 835325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1421", "title": "[Determination of 1,2- and 3,4-benzpyrene besides other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in smoked meat products by mass fragmentography (author's transl)].", "content": "In comparison with conventional gas chromatographic methods the combined gas chromatography--mass spectrometry with monitoring of two characteristic ions (mass fragmentography) allows a considerable shortening of analysis length and an increase in sensitivity in the determination of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons benzfluoranthene, 1,2- and 3,4-benzpyrene. Analytical experiences in testing of smoked meat products are reported.", "contents": "[Determination of 1,2- and 3,4-benzpyrene besides other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in smoked meat products by mass fragmentography (author's transl)]. In comparison with conventional gas chromatographic methods the combined gas chromatography--mass spectrometry with monitoring of two characteristic ions (mass fragmentography) allows a considerable shortening of analysis length and an increase in sensitivity in the determination of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons benzfluoranthene, 1,2- and 3,4-benzpyrene. Analytical experiences in testing of smoked meat products are reported.", "PMID": 835338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1422", "title": "[A gas-chromatographic method for the determination of volatile nitrosamines in plant material and soil (author's transl)].", "content": "A method is described which enables low molecular nitrosamines to be determined in plant material and mineral soils. The principle of this method is based on the steam volatility of these nitrosamines by means of which they can be isolated. Their detection and quantiative determination is then carried out by gas chromatography. The limit of detection in this method is 4 to 8 ppb fresh plant material or soil, the possible sample weigth in each case being decisive. The various species of plants or soils have no influence.", "contents": "[A gas-chromatographic method for the determination of volatile nitrosamines in plant material and soil (author's transl)]. A method is described which enables low molecular nitrosamines to be determined in plant material and mineral soils. The principle of this method is based on the steam volatility of these nitrosamines by means of which they can be isolated. Their detection and quantiative determination is then carried out by gas chromatography. The limit of detection in this method is 4 to 8 ppb fresh plant material or soil, the possible sample weigth in each case being decisive. The various species of plants or soils have no influence.", "PMID": 835339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1423", "title": "The influence of heat on the aroma of cloudberries (rubus Chamaemorus l.).", "content": "The qualitative and quantitative differences between the volatiles of fresh and heated cloudberries have been evaluated and the significance of the differences calculated. 14 new cloudberry volatiles have been identified, including vanillin, methyl vanillate, acetovanillone and 3,5-dihydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one. During the heating procedure two additional compounds, 3-hydroxypyran-2-one and 2-pyrrolaldehyde, were formed. Comparison of the quantitative data for the heated and unheated samples revealed 21 compounds having significant differences in concentration at or below the 10% level. The concentration of 4-vinylphenol, 2-methoxy-5-vinylphenol, furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and 3,5-dihydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one increased very markedly on heating. The concentrations of 81 compounds in the unheated press juice of cloudberries are given.", "contents": "The influence of heat on the aroma of cloudberries (rubus Chamaemorus l.). The qualitative and quantitative differences between the volatiles of fresh and heated cloudberries have been evaluated and the significance of the differences calculated. 14 new cloudberry volatiles have been identified, including vanillin, methyl vanillate, acetovanillone and 3,5-dihydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one. During the heating procedure two additional compounds, 3-hydroxypyran-2-one and 2-pyrrolaldehyde, were formed. Comparison of the quantitative data for the heated and unheated samples revealed 21 compounds having significant differences in concentration at or below the 10% level. The concentration of 4-vinylphenol, 2-methoxy-5-vinylphenol, furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and 3,5-dihydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one increased very markedly on heating. The concentrations of 81 compounds in the unheated press juice of cloudberries are given.", "PMID": 835340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1424", "title": "[Inhibitors for trypsin and chymotrypsin in seeds of the broad bean (Vicia faba) (author's transl)].", "content": "Several inhibitors for trypsin and chymotrypsin were detected in seeds of Vicia faba by isoelectric focussing. Their isoelectric points are at pH 8.5 (main peak with shoulder), at pH 9.1 (minor peak with shoulder) and in the range of pH 9.1-6.4 (several minor peaks with significant lower activities). From the mixture of inhibitors obtained by affinity chromatography on carrier bound trypsin, three inhibitors were isolated by preparative electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. On electrophoresis these inhibitors behaved uniformly at pH 9.2 and at pH 4.0. Their molecular weights are about 6000 daltons. The amount of basic amino acids is high, while methionine and isoleucine are absent. Beside of trypsin and chymotrypsin some serine proteinases of microbiol origin are inhibited. The thermal stability is quite high. The Vicia inhibitors therefore differ significantly from the Phaseolus inhibitors in several properties.", "contents": "[Inhibitors for trypsin and chymotrypsin in seeds of the broad bean (Vicia faba) (author's transl)]. Several inhibitors for trypsin and chymotrypsin were detected in seeds of Vicia faba by isoelectric focussing. Their isoelectric points are at pH 8.5 (main peak with shoulder), at pH 9.1 (minor peak with shoulder) and in the range of pH 9.1-6.4 (several minor peaks with significant lower activities). From the mixture of inhibitors obtained by affinity chromatography on carrier bound trypsin, three inhibitors were isolated by preparative electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. On electrophoresis these inhibitors behaved uniformly at pH 9.2 and at pH 4.0. Their molecular weights are about 6000 daltons. The amount of basic amino acids is high, while methionine and isoleucine are absent. Beside of trypsin and chymotrypsin some serine proteinases of microbiol origin are inhibited. The thermal stability is quite high. The Vicia inhibitors therefore differ significantly from the Phaseolus inhibitors in several properties.", "PMID": 835341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1425", "title": "[Degradation of aflatoxin b1 by various microorganisms (author's transl)].", "content": "The degradation of aflatoxin B1 by various representatives of bacteria, yeasts and moulds in growing and resting cultures was investigated. We found that growing cultures of Corynebacterium rubrum degraded the added aflatoxin nearly quantitatively. -- Growing cultures of anascosporogenous yeasts degraded most of aflatoxin B1 while no degradation of this substance by ascosporogenous yeasts could be stated. Moulds degraded aflatoxin B1 to a high extent. -- With regard to the course of degradation three types can be distinguished. -- In the cultures of moulds two blue fluorescing compounds were found beside aflatoxin B1.", "contents": "[Degradation of aflatoxin b1 by various microorganisms (author's transl)]. The degradation of aflatoxin B1 by various representatives of bacteria, yeasts and moulds in growing and resting cultures was investigated. We found that growing cultures of Corynebacterium rubrum degraded the added aflatoxin nearly quantitatively. -- Growing cultures of anascosporogenous yeasts degraded most of aflatoxin B1 while no degradation of this substance by ascosporogenous yeasts could be stated. Moulds degraded aflatoxin B1 to a high extent. -- With regard to the course of degradation three types can be distinguished. -- In the cultures of moulds two blue fluorescing compounds were found beside aflatoxin B1.", "PMID": 835342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1426", "title": "[Breakdown of linoleic and linolenic acid hydroperoxides in the presence of ascorbic acid analysis of the volatile aldehydes (author's transl)].", "content": "Hydroperoxide emulsions with 10(-3) mol ascorbic acid were stored for 19 h at 22 degrees C. Volatile aldehydes were formed in the presence of oxygen and traces of metals. The main compounds were identified as follows (mol-%): 2-pentenal [51] and 2-hexenal [22] from 13-hydroperoxioctadeca-9,11,15-trienoic acid; propanol [38] and 2-hexenal [25] from 9-hydroperoxioctadeca-10,12,15-trienoic acid; hexanal [82] respectively [66] from 13-hydroperoxioctadeca-9,11-respectively 9-hydroperoxioctadeca-10,12-dienoic acid. C9 and C10 aldehydes were only detected in very low concentrations as fragments of the 9-hydroperoxides.", "contents": "[Breakdown of linoleic and linolenic acid hydroperoxides in the presence of ascorbic acid analysis of the volatile aldehydes (author's transl)]. Hydroperoxide emulsions with 10(-3) mol ascorbic acid were stored for 19 h at 22 degrees C. Volatile aldehydes were formed in the presence of oxygen and traces of metals. The main compounds were identified as follows (mol-%): 2-pentenal [51] and 2-hexenal [22] from 13-hydroperoxioctadeca-9,11,15-trienoic acid; propanol [38] and 2-hexenal [25] from 9-hydroperoxioctadeca-10,12,15-trienoic acid; hexanal [82] respectively [66] from 13-hydroperoxioctadeca-9,11-respectively 9-hydroperoxioctadeca-10,12-dienoic acid. C9 and C10 aldehydes were only detected in very low concentrations as fragments of the 9-hydroperoxides.", "PMID": 835343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1427", "title": "[Quantitative determination of nitrogen oxide in cigarette smoke by means of chemiluminescence (author's transl)].", "content": "A measuring method with a chemiluminescence-analyzer is developed for determining the content of nitrogen oxide in cigarette smoke. This method is suitable for puff/puff analysis. It could be demonstrated that a determination of fresh smoke is necessary as nitrogen oxides react very quickly with other constituents of the vapor phase. Measured values have to be corrected for a quench factor in analogy to the CO2 concentration, as carbon dioxide shows an influence on the measuring sensitivity of the chemiluminescence-analyzer.", "contents": "[Quantitative determination of nitrogen oxide in cigarette smoke by means of chemiluminescence (author's transl)]. A measuring method with a chemiluminescence-analyzer is developed for determining the content of nitrogen oxide in cigarette smoke. This method is suitable for puff/puff analysis. It could be demonstrated that a determination of fresh smoke is necessary as nitrogen oxides react very quickly with other constituents of the vapor phase. Measured values have to be corrected for a quench factor in analogy to the CO2 concentration, as carbon dioxide shows an influence on the measuring sensitivity of the chemiluminescence-analyzer.", "PMID": 835344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1428", "title": "Automated determination of the density of liquids adoption of the kratky density meter in the continuous-flow system.", "content": "For the determination of the density of liquids, the density meter according to Kratky [1] has been adopted in the continuous flow system of the Technicon AutoAnalyzer. The result is that 50-60 density measurements can be carried out in one hour. The precision is superior as compared with those of the conventional methods.", "contents": "Automated determination of the density of liquids adoption of the kratky density meter in the continuous-flow system. For the determination of the density of liquids, the density meter according to Kratky [1] has been adopted in the continuous flow system of the Technicon AutoAnalyzer. The result is that 50-60 density measurements can be carried out in one hour. The precision is superior as compared with those of the conventional methods.", "PMID": 835345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1429", "title": "Glial and neuronal alterations in the corpus striatum of rats with CCl4-induced liver disease. A quantitative morphological study using an electronic image analyzer.", "content": "The density and size of astrocyte-, oligodendrocyte- and neurone nuclei in corpus striatum were determined in rats with CCl4-induced liver encephalopathy by means of an electronic image analyzer. After 8 weeks of CCl4-administration, the astrocyte number had nearly doubled, and astrocytes with increased nuclear size appeared. After 20 weeks, a reduction (appr. 25%) was found in the number of nerve cells and oligodendrocytes. The total number of glial cells, however, was unchanged during the experiment; this demonstrates the need of performing differential counts when evaluating gliosis. Probably, a part of the increase in the number of astrocytes was due to a transformation from precursor cells, usually classified as oligodendrocytes. The increased number and size of astrocyte nuclei are probably connected with an enhanced astrocyte metabolic capacity due to alterations in the ammonia and amino acid metabolism.", "contents": "Glial and neuronal alterations in the corpus striatum of rats with CCl4-induced liver disease. A quantitative morphological study using an electronic image analyzer. The density and size of astrocyte-, oligodendrocyte- and neurone nuclei in corpus striatum were determined in rats with CCl4-induced liver encephalopathy by means of an electronic image analyzer. After 8 weeks of CCl4-administration, the astrocyte number had nearly doubled, and astrocytes with increased nuclear size appeared. After 20 weeks, a reduction (appr. 25%) was found in the number of nerve cells and oligodendrocytes. The total number of glial cells, however, was unchanged during the experiment; this demonstrates the need of performing differential counts when evaluating gliosis. Probably, a part of the increase in the number of astrocytes was due to a transformation from precursor cells, usually classified as oligodendrocytes. The increased number and size of astrocyte nuclei are probably connected with an enhanced astrocyte metabolic capacity due to alterations in the ammonia and amino acid metabolism.", "PMID": 835349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1430", "title": "The effects of cholesterol/fat feeding on lipid levels and morphological structures in liver, kidney and spleen in guinea pigs.", "content": "Guinea pigs were fed a semisynthetic diet containing 10 per cent (by weight) cottonseed oil with or without 1 per cent cholesterol. In the animals fed fat, the lipid levels and the morphology remained normal in all tissues studied. Concomitantly with a marked accumulation of cholesteryl ester (CE) in the liver, however, many microscopical changes occurred in guinea pigs fed cholesterol/fat. A prominent deposition of lipids in vacuoles, mostly without delimitating membranes, where observed at centrilobular sites. Multivacuolated, secondary lysosomes, membrane bound lipid vacuoles (lipolysosomes) and myelin figures were found both in hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. Myelin figures and crystalline clefts were observed more often in Kupffer cells than in hepatocytes. The granular endoplasmic reticulum in the Kupffer cells was grossly dilated and filled with an amorphous material. Both the biochemical and the morphological findings in hepatocytes and Kupffer cells are very similar to those observed in cholesteryl ester storage disease and in Wolman's disease. These two lipid storage diseases are both related to deficiency of an acid lipase in the liver. Measurement of the acid liver CE hydrolase in guinea pigs fed fat and in those fed cholesterol/fat showed similar activity. A relative deficiency of this enzyme activity could be the reason for the development of the enormous CE storage in guinea pig livers. These findings suggest that guinea pigs fed cholesterol/fat, in some respects, can be used as a model for Wolman's disease and cholesteryl ester storage disease. We did not find any microscopical changes in the kidneys from animals fed cholesterol/fat, thus indicating that the experimental condition it not useful as a model for studies of the kidney changes in lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency.", "contents": "The effects of cholesterol/fat feeding on lipid levels and morphological structures in liver, kidney and spleen in guinea pigs. Guinea pigs were fed a semisynthetic diet containing 10 per cent (by weight) cottonseed oil with or without 1 per cent cholesterol. In the animals fed fat, the lipid levels and the morphology remained normal in all tissues studied. Concomitantly with a marked accumulation of cholesteryl ester (CE) in the liver, however, many microscopical changes occurred in guinea pigs fed cholesterol/fat. A prominent deposition of lipids in vacuoles, mostly without delimitating membranes, where observed at centrilobular sites. Multivacuolated, secondary lysosomes, membrane bound lipid vacuoles (lipolysosomes) and myelin figures were found both in hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. Myelin figures and crystalline clefts were observed more often in Kupffer cells than in hepatocytes. The granular endoplasmic reticulum in the Kupffer cells was grossly dilated and filled with an amorphous material. Both the biochemical and the morphological findings in hepatocytes and Kupffer cells are very similar to those observed in cholesteryl ester storage disease and in Wolman's disease. These two lipid storage diseases are both related to deficiency of an acid lipase in the liver. Measurement of the acid liver CE hydrolase in guinea pigs fed fat and in those fed cholesterol/fat showed similar activity. A relative deficiency of this enzyme activity could be the reason for the development of the enormous CE storage in guinea pig livers. These findings suggest that guinea pigs fed cholesterol/fat, in some respects, can be used as a model for Wolman's disease and cholesteryl ester storage disease. We did not find any microscopical changes in the kidneys from animals fed cholesterol/fat, thus indicating that the experimental condition it not useful as a model for studies of the kidney changes in lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency.", "PMID": 835351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1431", "title": "Demonstration of hormonal sensitivity in gynaecomastic tissue by thymidine incorporation in vitro.", "content": "Gynaecomastic tissue from six patients were tested for oestrogen and testosterone sensitivity as measured by thymidine incorporation in tissue fragments in vitro. The DNA synthesis of the cultures was increased in tissue from five out of the six patients under the influence of oestrogen, whereas it was increased in tissue from only one patient under the influence of testosterone. The results are discussed in relation to the medical histories of the patients and hormonal excretion studies done by others.", "contents": "Demonstration of hormonal sensitivity in gynaecomastic tissue by thymidine incorporation in vitro. Gynaecomastic tissue from six patients were tested for oestrogen and testosterone sensitivity as measured by thymidine incorporation in tissue fragments in vitro. The DNA synthesis of the cultures was increased in tissue from five out of the six patients under the influence of oestrogen, whereas it was increased in tissue from only one patient under the influence of testosterone. The results are discussed in relation to the medical histories of the patients and hormonal excretion studies done by others.", "PMID": 835352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1432", "title": "Intimal pits of aorta in rabbits: Imprints of vortices of blood flow?", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy of rabbit aorta showed that the intimal folds had a regular, linear pattern in areas of expected laminar flow. In areas of expected vortex formation, however, there was deviation of the fold pattern with the formation of rounded depressions or pits in the intimal surface. Platelet depositions were found in connection with some of the pits. In sections for light microscopy the pits corresponded to small areas of flattened folds of the innermost elastic membranes. It is concluded that the intimal pits probably reflect imprints of vortices of the whirling blood.", "contents": "Intimal pits of aorta in rabbits: Imprints of vortices of blood flow? Scanning electron microscopy of rabbit aorta showed that the intimal folds had a regular, linear pattern in areas of expected laminar flow. In areas of expected vortex formation, however, there was deviation of the fold pattern with the formation of rounded depressions or pits in the intimal surface. Platelet depositions were found in connection with some of the pits. In sections for light microscopy the pits corresponded to small areas of flattened folds of the innermost elastic membranes. It is concluded that the intimal pits probably reflect imprints of vortices of the whirling blood.", "PMID": 835353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1433", "title": "Observations by scanning electron microscopy of normal and pathological human gall bladder epithelium.", "content": "Thirteen gall bladders presenting normal findings, cholesterolosis, chronic cholecystitis, mucosal hyperplasia and adenomyomatosis were studied by scanning and light microscopy. In the bladder of patients with cholesterolosis the mucosal folds were clearly dilated, but the individual epithelial cells had preserved their normal hexagonal structure. In the gall bladder of one patient with cholesterolosis, goblet-like cells were seen in the epithelium. The greatest changes were seen in material from patients with chronic cholecystitis, in which the mucosal folds were clearly flattened and the cell boundaries indistinct and small polypoid structures were seen on the surface of the epithelium. No special changes were seen in material obtained from patients with adenomyomatosis or mucosal hyperplasia.", "contents": "Observations by scanning electron microscopy of normal and pathological human gall bladder epithelium. Thirteen gall bladders presenting normal findings, cholesterolosis, chronic cholecystitis, mucosal hyperplasia and adenomyomatosis were studied by scanning and light microscopy. In the bladder of patients with cholesterolosis the mucosal folds were clearly dilated, but the individual epithelial cells had preserved their normal hexagonal structure. In the gall bladder of one patient with cholesterolosis, goblet-like cells were seen in the epithelium. The greatest changes were seen in material from patients with chronic cholecystitis, in which the mucosal folds were clearly flattened and the cell boundaries indistinct and small polypoid structures were seen on the surface of the epithelium. No special changes were seen in material obtained from patients with adenomyomatosis or mucosal hyperplasia.", "PMID": 835354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1434", "title": "Secretion of calcitonin and gastrin in rats with transplanted medullary thyroid carcinoma.", "content": "Rats transplanted with medullary thyroid carcinoma (MCT) were followed with radio-immuno assay of serum calcitonin (iCT) using antisera to human CT and I125 labelled calcitonin-M. From the 4th month after transplantation, serum from the tumour rats contained iCT in concentrations 8-10 fold higher than serum from the control rats. The tumour cells had retained their ability to react on pentagastrin and calcium injections with increased CT release. It was further shown that the tumour bearing rats had elevated basal gastrin concentratkons in serum. While calcium injection lead to a rise in the serum gastrin concentration in the control group, the adverse effect was seen in the tumour bearing rats. The morphological features and the responsiveness of the rat tumour cells to physiological secretagogues make this tumour a suitable animal model for the study of interactions between CT and gastro-intestinal factors. It is suggested that the gastrin response to calcium might be of interest also in the diagnosis of human MCT.", "contents": "Secretion of calcitonin and gastrin in rats with transplanted medullary thyroid carcinoma. Rats transplanted with medullary thyroid carcinoma (MCT) were followed with radio-immuno assay of serum calcitonin (iCT) using antisera to human CT and I125 labelled calcitonin-M. From the 4th month after transplantation, serum from the tumour rats contained iCT in concentrations 8-10 fold higher than serum from the control rats. The tumour cells had retained their ability to react on pentagastrin and calcium injections with increased CT release. It was further shown that the tumour bearing rats had elevated basal gastrin concentratkons in serum. While calcium injection lead to a rise in the serum gastrin concentration in the control group, the adverse effect was seen in the tumour bearing rats. The morphological features and the responsiveness of the rat tumour cells to physiological secretagogues make this tumour a suitable animal model for the study of interactions between CT and gastro-intestinal factors. It is suggested that the gastrin response to calcium might be of interest also in the diagnosis of human MCT.", "PMID": 835355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1435", "title": "Light microscopical and ultrastructural observations on the effect of vinblastine on ameloblasts of rat incisors in vivo. I. Short-term effect on secretory ameloblasts.", "content": "The highly polarized secretory ameloblasts in the incisors of rats fixed by perfusion with glutaraldehyde two or three hours after intravenous administration of vinblastine sulfate at a dosage of 5 mg per 100 g body weight were studied in the light microscope and the electron microscope. The following effects were observed: 1. All cytoplasmic microtubules in the ameloblasts had vanished. This was not accompanied by the appearance of paracrystals of microtubular protein or macrotubules. 2. The ameloblasts preserved their external features of polarized cells but lost their ability to maintain normal orderly segregation of the cell constituents; i.e. their normal internal compartmentalization and polarity had vanished. 3. The ameloblasts lost their capability of directional translocation of the secretory granules towards the cell apex. 4. Secretory granules already translocated to the cell apex regurgitated in the cell and a probably delayed discharge of secretory material had started in abnormal site at the surface. 5. The normal arrangement of ribosomes into polyribosomes on the membranes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum was no longer present; the ribosomes were apparently distributed at random. 6. New secretion was inhibited or brought to a standstill but secretory material already present in the Golgi complex appeared to be transported normally. 7. The centriole had started to develop into a cilium in many of the cells. 8. The number of autophagic vacuoles had increased.", "contents": "Light microscopical and ultrastructural observations on the effect of vinblastine on ameloblasts of rat incisors in vivo. I. Short-term effect on secretory ameloblasts. The highly polarized secretory ameloblasts in the incisors of rats fixed by perfusion with glutaraldehyde two or three hours after intravenous administration of vinblastine sulfate at a dosage of 5 mg per 100 g body weight were studied in the light microscope and the electron microscope. The following effects were observed: 1. All cytoplasmic microtubules in the ameloblasts had vanished. This was not accompanied by the appearance of paracrystals of microtubular protein or macrotubules. 2. The ameloblasts preserved their external features of polarized cells but lost their ability to maintain normal orderly segregation of the cell constituents; i.e. their normal internal compartmentalization and polarity had vanished. 3. The ameloblasts lost their capability of directional translocation of the secretory granules towards the cell apex. 4. Secretory granules already translocated to the cell apex regurgitated in the cell and a probably delayed discharge of secretory material had started in abnormal site at the surface. 5. The normal arrangement of ribosomes into polyribosomes on the membranes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum was no longer present; the ribosomes were apparently distributed at random. 6. New secretion was inhibited or brought to a standstill but secretory material already present in the Golgi complex appeared to be transported normally. 7. The centriole had started to develop into a cilium in many of the cells. 8. The number of autophagic vacuoles had increased.", "PMID": 835356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1436", "title": "Electron microscopy of lymph nodes of hamsters experimentally infected with Treponema pertenue.", "content": "The morphology of lymph node tissue from normal hamsters and from hamsters experimentally infected with Treponema pertenue Gauthier was compared by means of light and electron microscopy. The capsules of the lymph nodes from infected hamsters showed an increased thickness in comparison with those of the non-infected animals. The infected lymph nodes differed from normal lymph nodes by small accumulations of neutrophilic leucocytes in the cortical areas. In addition, the amount of intercellular collagenous matrix present between large elongated cells was greatly increased in lymph nodes from infected animals. Electron microscopy of thin sections of infected lymph nodes showed intercellularly located treponemes in the leucocyte infiltration areas. These regions also showed the increased amounts of the collagenous matrix. Treponemes were occasionally found intracellularly in macrophages. These treponemes did not show their typically helical shape, but were present as spherical forms or cysts.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of lymph nodes of hamsters experimentally infected with Treponema pertenue. The morphology of lymph node tissue from normal hamsters and from hamsters experimentally infected with Treponema pertenue Gauthier was compared by means of light and electron microscopy. The capsules of the lymph nodes from infected hamsters showed an increased thickness in comparison with those of the non-infected animals. The infected lymph nodes differed from normal lymph nodes by small accumulations of neutrophilic leucocytes in the cortical areas. In addition, the amount of intercellular collagenous matrix present between large elongated cells was greatly increased in lymph nodes from infected animals. Electron microscopy of thin sections of infected lymph nodes showed intercellularly located treponemes in the leucocyte infiltration areas. These regions also showed the increased amounts of the collagenous matrix. Treponemes were occasionally found intracellularly in macrophages. These treponemes did not show their typically helical shape, but were present as spherical forms or cysts.", "PMID": 835357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1437", "title": "Right atrial monophasic action potential in patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachyarrhythmias.", "content": "Thirteen patients with paroxysmal atrial tachyaarhthmias (six atrial supraventricular tachycardia, six atrial fibrillation, and one atrial flutter) have been investigated by recording of monophasic action potentials (MAP) during a period free from arrhythmias. None of the patients differed from healthy individuals with respect to any of the MAP variables. Occasional recordings showed values not found in healthy individuals, such as prolonged duration of the MAP or slow phase 4 depolarization. The atrial effective refractory period (AERP) was determined in two patients. One AERP was short compared with values found in healthy individuals. Thus some MAP recordings gave a possible explanation for the mechanism behind the arrhythmias, while other recordings showed no differences from results in healthy individuals.", "contents": "Right atrial monophasic action potential in patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Thirteen patients with paroxysmal atrial tachyaarhthmias (six atrial supraventricular tachycardia, six atrial fibrillation, and one atrial flutter) have been investigated by recording of monophasic action potentials (MAP) during a period free from arrhythmias. None of the patients differed from healthy individuals with respect to any of the MAP variables. Occasional recordings showed values not found in healthy individuals, such as prolonged duration of the MAP or slow phase 4 depolarization. The atrial effective refractory period (AERP) was determined in two patients. One AERP was short compared with values found in healthy individuals. Thus some MAP recordings gave a possible explanation for the mechanism behind the arrhythmias, while other recordings showed no differences from results in healthy individuals.", "PMID": 835359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1438", "title": "Human atrial conduction with reference to heart rate and refractory periods.", "content": "Atrial conduction time (ACT) between a stimulating pacemaker electrode and an \"impulse-detecting\" monophasic action potential (MAP) electrode has been determined in 20 healthy males. A small increase in ACT was found with increasing paced heart rates. Using the extra stimulus technique, ACT was found to increase when the early ectopics approached the atrial effective refractory period (AERP). The degree of ACT prolongation was similar at long and short basic ACTs, indicating that the slowing of impulse propagation probably occurred near the simulating electrode and presumably within 1/2-1 cm from that electrode. The increase in ACT close to the AERP was of importance when determining the atrioventricular refractory period. In three recordings a supernormal phase of conduction was found. The small errors of the MAP recordings in detecting the time of excitation make the method sensitive enough to detect small differences in ACT.", "contents": "Human atrial conduction with reference to heart rate and refractory periods. Atrial conduction time (ACT) between a stimulating pacemaker electrode and an \"impulse-detecting\" monophasic action potential (MAP) electrode has been determined in 20 healthy males. A small increase in ACT was found with increasing paced heart rates. Using the extra stimulus technique, ACT was found to increase when the early ectopics approached the atrial effective refractory period (AERP). The degree of ACT prolongation was similar at long and short basic ACTs, indicating that the slowing of impulse propagation probably occurred near the simulating electrode and presumably within 1/2-1 cm from that electrode. The increase in ACT close to the AERP was of importance when determining the atrioventricular refractory period. In three recordings a supernormal phase of conduction was found. The small errors of the MAP recordings in detecting the time of excitation make the method sensitive enough to detect small differences in ACT.", "PMID": 835360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1439", "title": "Ventricular arrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction. A comparative study on some tests for ventricular arrhythmias.", "content": "A continuous ECG recording has been made in 31 myocardial infarction patients during the first 24 hours after admission to hospital. The number and severity of ventricular arrhythmias were recorded in great detail. Before discharge from hospital the patients were submitted to 20 hours of ECG tape recording, an exercise test on a bicycle ergometer and a static work test (handgrip). Another exercise test was performed one month after discharge. During the first day in the Coronary Care Unit (CCU) all 31 patients had ventricular arrhythmias and in 27 of them the arrhythmia was classified as major (calling for treatment according to Lown's criteria). At the exercise tests 23 patients showed ventricular arrhythmias, 12 of them considered as major. No antiarrhythmic therapy was given during the investigation. No correlation was found between the degree of arrhythmia during the first day in the CCU and during the exercise tests. Tape-recorded ECG's appeared to be inferior to dynamic exercise tests in the ability to disclose a latent tendency to ventricular arrhythmia. Static work did not provoke any ventricular arrhythmias. At a 2-year follow-up 5 patients had died, 4 of them suddenly. Examination of additional material on 11 patients with ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation during the CCU stay, showed that 2 had died, but only one suddenly. Frequency and severity of arrhythmias during the first day after the infarction seemed to correlate poorly to a persistent tendency to arrhythmias during the first day after the infarction seemed to correlate poorly to a persistent tendency to arrhythmias or to the risk of sudden death during the following 2 years. A dynamic exercise test performed before discharge would appear to be more effective in selecting patients in need of long-term prophylaxis. However, very few patients seem to need such a specific antiarrhythmic prophylaxis.", "contents": "Ventricular arrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction. A comparative study on some tests for ventricular arrhythmias. A continuous ECG recording has been made in 31 myocardial infarction patients during the first 24 hours after admission to hospital. The number and severity of ventricular arrhythmias were recorded in great detail. Before discharge from hospital the patients were submitted to 20 hours of ECG tape recording, an exercise test on a bicycle ergometer and a static work test (handgrip). Another exercise test was performed one month after discharge. During the first day in the Coronary Care Unit (CCU) all 31 patients had ventricular arrhythmias and in 27 of them the arrhythmia was classified as major (calling for treatment according to Lown's criteria). At the exercise tests 23 patients showed ventricular arrhythmias, 12 of them considered as major. No antiarrhythmic therapy was given during the investigation. No correlation was found between the degree of arrhythmia during the first day in the CCU and during the exercise tests. Tape-recorded ECG's appeared to be inferior to dynamic exercise tests in the ability to disclose a latent tendency to ventricular arrhythmia. Static work did not provoke any ventricular arrhythmias. At a 2-year follow-up 5 patients had died, 4 of them suddenly. Examination of additional material on 11 patients with ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation during the CCU stay, showed that 2 had died, but only one suddenly. Frequency and severity of arrhythmias during the first day after the infarction seemed to correlate poorly to a persistent tendency to arrhythmias during the first day after the infarction seemed to correlate poorly to a persistent tendency to arrhythmias or to the risk of sudden death during the following 2 years. A dynamic exercise test performed before discharge would appear to be more effective in selecting patients in need of long-term prophylaxis. However, very few patients seem to need such a specific antiarrhythmic prophylaxis.", "PMID": 835361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1440", "title": "Regional coffee consumption and mortality from ischemic heart disease in Finland.", "content": "In Finland the mortality from ischemic heart disease is highest in North Karelia and lowest in Southwest Finland. In this study the consumption of coffee has been measured from the total sales in the different areas of Finland to see if it correlates with the mortality from heart disease. North Karelia had higher coffee sales per inhabitant than Southwest Finland. This finding reinforces the view that carefully controlled dietary studies are needed to establish the role of coffee in the mortality from ischemic heart disease.", "contents": "Regional coffee consumption and mortality from ischemic heart disease in Finland. In Finland the mortality from ischemic heart disease is highest in North Karelia and lowest in Southwest Finland. In this study the consumption of coffee has been measured from the total sales in the different areas of Finland to see if it correlates with the mortality from heart disease. North Karelia had higher coffee sales per inhabitant than Southwest Finland. This finding reinforces the view that carefully controlled dietary studies are needed to establish the role of coffee in the mortality from ischemic heart disease.", "PMID": 835362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1441", "title": "Aetiology of febrile mucocutaneous syndromes with special reference to the provocative role of infections and drugs.", "content": "The survey covers 266 patients with febrile mucocutaneous syndromes. A brief account of the highly varied clinical picture is given. The syndromes constitute an allergic reaction which in most drug-provoked cases appeared as a late immunological reaction of serum disease type; for the rest sensitization had probably often taken place. An allergic disposition could be traced in 34% of the cases. Infections and drugs were the causative factor 235 cases (88.3%). Infections accounted for 25.2% drugs for 36.1% and both together for 27.1%. An account is given of the provocative bacterial and viral infections and of the role of drugs in cases with and without infection. Among the remaining 31 cases an infection and/or drug may have been the provocative agent in 16 (6 %) whereas 15 (5.6%) may have been due to alimentary and other factors.", "contents": "Aetiology of febrile mucocutaneous syndromes with special reference to the provocative role of infections and drugs. The survey covers 266 patients with febrile mucocutaneous syndromes. A brief account of the highly varied clinical picture is given. The syndromes constitute an allergic reaction which in most drug-provoked cases appeared as a late immunological reaction of serum disease type; for the rest sensitization had probably often taken place. An allergic disposition could be traced in 34% of the cases. Infections and drugs were the causative factor 235 cases (88.3%). Infections accounted for 25.2% drugs for 36.1% and both together for 27.1%. An account is given of the provocative bacterial and viral infections and of the role of drugs in cases with and without infection. Among the remaining 31 cases an infection and/or drug may have been the provocative agent in 16 (6 %) whereas 15 (5.6%) may have been due to alimentary and other factors.", "PMID": 835363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1442", "title": "Pleuroperimyocarditis caused by immunization with anticatarrh vaccine. A case report.", "content": "A case of pleuroperimyocarditis caused by immunization with anticatarrh vaccine is described. During the most acute phase, circulating immune complexes were demonstrated in the patient's serum. The possibility that these complexes represent a pathogenic mechanism in the illness and the value of anticatarrh vaccination are discussed.", "contents": "Pleuroperimyocarditis caused by immunization with anticatarrh vaccine. A case report. A case of pleuroperimyocarditis caused by immunization with anticatarrh vaccine is described. During the most acute phase, circulating immune complexes were demonstrated in the patient's serum. The possibility that these complexes represent a pathogenic mechanism in the illness and the value of anticatarrh vaccination are discussed.", "PMID": 835364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1443", "title": "Pyoderma gangrenosum associated with regional enteritis. Improvement in defective granulocyte function and healing of skin lesions during administration of clofazimine.", "content": "A defective uptake of oxygen by peripheral blood granulocytes during phagocytosis, indicating a subnormal phagocytic capacity, has been found in a patient with regional enteritis complicated by pyoderma gangrenosum (PG). During administration of clofazimine and granulocyte function normalized and the skin lesions healed. It is possible that a defective granulocyte function may sometimes be involved in the pathogenesis of PG and that a clofazimine-induced improvement in the function will favour healing of the lesions. The result of treatment in our patient and in other cases recently published indicates that the drug may be worth trying in PG.", "contents": "Pyoderma gangrenosum associated with regional enteritis. Improvement in defective granulocyte function and healing of skin lesions during administration of clofazimine. A defective uptake of oxygen by peripheral blood granulocytes during phagocytosis, indicating a subnormal phagocytic capacity, has been found in a patient with regional enteritis complicated by pyoderma gangrenosum (PG). During administration of clofazimine and granulocyte function normalized and the skin lesions healed. It is possible that a defective granulocyte function may sometimes be involved in the pathogenesis of PG and that a clofazimine-induced improvement in the function will favour healing of the lesions. The result of treatment in our patient and in other cases recently published indicates that the drug may be worth trying in PG.", "PMID": 835365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1444", "title": "Effects of total energy withdrawal (fasting) on thelevels of growth hormone, thyrotropin, cortisol, adrenaline, noradrenaline, T4, T3, and rT3 in healthy males.", "content": "Ten days of total energy deprivation evoked the following endocrine changes in 12 healthy, normal-weight males: early and marked reductions and increments in the blood levels of T3 and reverse T3, respectively, with rapid returns to pre-starvation levels after refeeding; a slight and late decrease in the blood levels of T4; a minute reduction of the blood levels of TSH; a pronounced increase in the blood levels of growth hormone, but a return towards pre-exposure levels even before discontinuation of starving; a minor and gradual enhancement of the blood levels of cortisol, and an increase in nocturnal urinary adrenaline excretion. It is assumed that these changes reflect a complex regulatory mechanism, the purpose of which is to secure adequate energy supply to vital organs.", "contents": "Effects of total energy withdrawal (fasting) on thelevels of growth hormone, thyrotropin, cortisol, adrenaline, noradrenaline, T4, T3, and rT3 in healthy males. Ten days of total energy deprivation evoked the following endocrine changes in 12 healthy, normal-weight males: early and marked reductions and increments in the blood levels of T3 and reverse T3, respectively, with rapid returns to pre-starvation levels after refeeding; a slight and late decrease in the blood levels of T4; a minute reduction of the blood levels of TSH; a pronounced increase in the blood levels of growth hormone, but a return towards pre-exposure levels even before discontinuation of starving; a minor and gradual enhancement of the blood levels of cortisol, and an increase in nocturnal urinary adrenaline excretion. It is assumed that these changes reflect a complex regulatory mechanism, the purpose of which is to secure adequate energy supply to vital organs.", "PMID": 835366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1445", "title": "Calcium, phosphate and albumin in serum. A population study with special reference to renal stone formers and the prevalence of hyperparathyroidism in middle-aged men.", "content": "Serum valuse for calcium, phosphate and albumin have been determined in a population study of 2322 49-50-year-old men participating in a health examination survey. Calcium and albumin were significantly correlated (r = 0.34) but adjustment for albumin only caused minor effects on the distribution of calcium. No inverse relationship was found between calcium and phosphate. Seasonal variations over the three years of the health survey could not be established for either calcium or phosphate, whereas there was a slight tendency for albumin to decline during summer. The prevalence of hyperparathyroidism (HPT) in this population of men up to the age of 50 was 0.3% and among those with recurrent renal stones 5.3%. All subjects with verified HPT had a history of recurrent renal stones. One man on thiazide treatment had a slight elevation of calcium which returned to normal after cessation of the drug. No other case of hypercalcemia besides those caused by HPT was found. Mean values and frequency distributions for calcium, phosphate and albumin were almost identical in renal stone formers and matched controls. Hence it seems likely that other factors than those which markedly affect serum levels of calcium and phosphate are of major importance in common renal stone formation.", "contents": "Calcium, phosphate and albumin in serum. A population study with special reference to renal stone formers and the prevalence of hyperparathyroidism in middle-aged men. Serum valuse for calcium, phosphate and albumin have been determined in a population study of 2322 49-50-year-old men participating in a health examination survey. Calcium and albumin were significantly correlated (r = 0.34) but adjustment for albumin only caused minor effects on the distribution of calcium. No inverse relationship was found between calcium and phosphate. Seasonal variations over the three years of the health survey could not be established for either calcium or phosphate, whereas there was a slight tendency for albumin to decline during summer. The prevalence of hyperparathyroidism (HPT) in this population of men up to the age of 50 was 0.3% and among those with recurrent renal stones 5.3%. All subjects with verified HPT had a history of recurrent renal stones. One man on thiazide treatment had a slight elevation of calcium which returned to normal after cessation of the drug. No other case of hypercalcemia besides those caused by HPT was found. Mean values and frequency distributions for calcium, phosphate and albumin were almost identical in renal stone formers and matched controls. Hence it seems likely that other factors than those which markedly affect serum levels of calcium and phosphate are of major importance in common renal stone formation.", "PMID": 835367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1446", "title": "1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol in the treatment of hypoparathyroidism.", "content": "In two patients (father and daughter) with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism, one of whom was resistant to the action of vitamin D2 and AT-10, 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1alpha-(OH)D3) in doses of 2-5 mug/day restored the serum calcium concentration to the normal range. The calcemic effect of 1alpha (OH)D3 was in both patients due to an increased intestinal calcium absorption and increased calcium mobilization from bone. In one of the patients 1alpha-(OH)D3 also increased the renal tubular calcium reabsorption; in the other it did not have this effect, resulting in hypercalciuria as serum calcium rose. The lack of effect on tubular calcium reabsorption probably accounts for the relative resistance to the action of 1alpha-(OH)C3 in this patient compared with other.", "contents": "1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol in the treatment of hypoparathyroidism. In two patients (father and daughter) with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism, one of whom was resistant to the action of vitamin D2 and AT-10, 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1alpha-(OH)D3) in doses of 2-5 mug/day restored the serum calcium concentration to the normal range. The calcemic effect of 1alpha (OH)D3 was in both patients due to an increased intestinal calcium absorption and increased calcium mobilization from bone. In one of the patients 1alpha-(OH)D3 also increased the renal tubular calcium reabsorption; in the other it did not have this effect, resulting in hypercalciuria as serum calcium rose. The lack of effect on tubular calcium reabsorption probably accounts for the relative resistance to the action of 1alpha-(OH)C3 in this patient compared with other.", "PMID": 835368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1447", "title": "Serum and erythrocyte magnesium in normal elderly danish people. Relationship to blood pressure and serum lipids.", "content": "Serum lipids, blood pressure, and magnesium levels in serum and erythrocytes have been measured in 73 men and women, aged 60. The purpose was to evaluate the relationship between the serum and erythrocyte magnesium and indicators of ischaemic heart disease. The results showed significant inverse correlations between serum magnesium levels and PB, and positive significant correlation between erythrocyte magnesium and serum cholesterol.", "contents": "Serum and erythrocyte magnesium in normal elderly danish people. Relationship to blood pressure and serum lipids. Serum lipids, blood pressure, and magnesium levels in serum and erythrocytes have been measured in 73 men and women, aged 60. The purpose was to evaluate the relationship between the serum and erythrocyte magnesium and indicators of ischaemic heart disease. The results showed significant inverse correlations between serum magnesium levels and PB, and positive significant correlation between erythrocyte magnesium and serum cholesterol.", "PMID": 835369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1448", "title": "Bioavailability of propylthiouracil: Interindividual variation and influence of food intake.", "content": "The bioavailability of 6-propylthiouracil (PTU) has been examined in eight healthy volunteers, with respect to interindividual variation and influence of food intake. PTU was given as a single oral dose, both in a fasting state and together with a standardized breakfast. Numerous venous blood samples were taken during 5 hours after PTU ingestion, and the concentration of unmetabolized PTU in serum was determined by a specific gas-chromatographic technique. The observations indicate that the amount of PTU absorbed is subject to a large interindividual variation, and that concomitant food intake may exert a minor and non-systematic influence on PTU absorption. Hence, the major issue in PTU therapy is the individualization of the size and interval of dosage. Testing of single-dose PTU kinetics in patients would apparently be helpful.", "contents": "Bioavailability of propylthiouracil: Interindividual variation and influence of food intake. The bioavailability of 6-propylthiouracil (PTU) has been examined in eight healthy volunteers, with respect to interindividual variation and influence of food intake. PTU was given as a single oral dose, both in a fasting state and together with a standardized breakfast. Numerous venous blood samples were taken during 5 hours after PTU ingestion, and the concentration of unmetabolized PTU in serum was determined by a specific gas-chromatographic technique. The observations indicate that the amount of PTU absorbed is subject to a large interindividual variation, and that concomitant food intake may exert a minor and non-systematic influence on PTU absorption. Hence, the major issue in PTU therapy is the individualization of the size and interval of dosage. Testing of single-dose PTU kinetics in patients would apparently be helpful.", "PMID": 835370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1449", "title": "Counter regulation of basal insulin secretion during alcohol hypoglycemia in hypercalcemic and  normocalcemic man.", "content": "In seven normocalcemic subjects, fasted for 48 hours, alcohol hypoglycemia has been accompanied by a significant decline in basal insulin secretion. In another six healthy subjects, fasted for two days, infusion of calcium also induced a significant fall in basal secretion of insulin. However, when six healthy volunteers, fasted for two days, were infused with calcium and given alcohol simultaneously, no significant fall in insulin was recorded, even though the hypoglycemia, following this combined load, was of the same magnitude as in the subjects given alcohol alone. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Counter regulation of basal insulin secretion during alcohol hypoglycemia in hypercalcemic and  normocalcemic man. In seven normocalcemic subjects, fasted for 48 hours, alcohol hypoglycemia has been accompanied by a significant decline in basal insulin secretion. In another six healthy subjects, fasted for two days, infusion of calcium also induced a significant fall in basal secretion of insulin. However, when six healthy volunteers, fasted for two days, were infused with calcium and given alcohol simultaneously, no significant fall in insulin was recorded, even though the hypoglycemia, following this combined load, was of the same magnitude as in the subjects given alcohol alone. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 835371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1450", "title": "Accumulation of myoinositol in plasma and red cells of diabetic patients.", "content": "The concentration of myoinositol in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid and red cells and its elimination by the kidneys have been studied in 51 diabetic patients with normal or impaired kidney function, 16 non-diabetic patients with renal failure and 37 healthy controls. All diabetic patients who had a glomerular filtration rate considerably below normal, was the plasma concentration of myoinositol higher than in controls. The findings show that the rise in plasma concentration of myoinositol most probably results from a decreased glomerular filtration rate. In diabetic patients, urinary excretion of myoinositol correlated with an exponential increase in glucose excretion. That myoinositol accumulates in red cells of diabetic patients may be the result of its retention within these cells caused primarily by a transient, abnormal increase in the plasma concentration of myoinositol after an average meal.", "contents": "Accumulation of myoinositol in plasma and red cells of diabetic patients. The concentration of myoinositol in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid and red cells and its elimination by the kidneys have been studied in 51 diabetic patients with normal or impaired kidney function, 16 non-diabetic patients with renal failure and 37 healthy controls. All diabetic patients who had a glomerular filtration rate considerably below normal, was the plasma concentration of myoinositol higher than in controls. The findings show that the rise in plasma concentration of myoinositol most probably results from a decreased glomerular filtration rate. In diabetic patients, urinary excretion of myoinositol correlated with an exponential increase in glucose excretion. That myoinositol accumulates in red cells of diabetic patients may be the result of its retention within these cells caused primarily by a transient, abnormal increase in the plasma concentration of myoinositol after an average meal.", "PMID": 835372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1451", "title": "Tubular reabsorption and urinary excretion of acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate in normal subjects and juvenile diabetics.", "content": "The renal handling of acetoacetate (AA) and 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-HB) has been examined in 8 normal subjects and 7 insulin-treated juvenile diabetics before and after i.v. infusion of sodium DL-3-hydroxybutyrate. In both normals and diabetics and ketone bodies were reabsorbed. At low filtration rates of AA and 3-HB the reabsorption was nearly complete. With increasing filtration rate both the tubular reabsorption rate and the urinary excretion rate of AA and 3-HB increased linearly. A maximal tubular reabsorption rate could not be demonstrated. In spite of higher filtration rates of AA and 3-HB in the diabetics, the mean reabsorption percentage of either ketone body did not differ from that found in the normals.", "contents": "Tubular reabsorption and urinary excretion of acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate in normal subjects and juvenile diabetics. The renal handling of acetoacetate (AA) and 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-HB) has been examined in 8 normal subjects and 7 insulin-treated juvenile diabetics before and after i.v. infusion of sodium DL-3-hydroxybutyrate. In both normals and diabetics and ketone bodies were reabsorbed. At low filtration rates of AA and 3-HB the reabsorption was nearly complete. With increasing filtration rate both the tubular reabsorption rate and the urinary excretion rate of AA and 3-HB increased linearly. A maximal tubular reabsorption rate could not be demonstrated. In spite of higher filtration rates of AA and 3-HB in the diabetics, the mean reabsorption percentage of either ketone body did not differ from that found in the normals.", "PMID": 835373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1452", "title": "Immunoglobulin levels and autoantibodies in epileptics on long-term anticonvulsant therapy.", "content": "Serum immunoglobulin (Ig) levels and various autoantibodies have been determined in 53 epileptics treated with anticonvulsant drugs for more than 10 years and in 53 controls matched for age and sex. Aberrations in both IgG, IgA and IgM values were demonstrated. The mean IgG concentration was significantly lower in epileptics (1217 mg/100 ml) than in controls (1364 mg/100 ml) p less than 0.05). The mean IgA value was 161 mg/100 ml in both patients and controls (F-test, p less than 0.01), but abnormally low IgA values were found in 17%, and abnormally high values in 11% of the epileptics. The mean IgM concentration was 157 mg/100 ml in epileptics and 117 mg/100 ml in controls (F-test, p less than 0.01). Autoantibodies were found significantly more often in epileptics (26.4%) than in controls (3.8%) (2p less than 0.002). The occurrence of autoantibodies could not be related to alterations in the Ig levels. Neither was it possible to correlate the occurrence of mitochondrial antibodies, smooth muscle antibodies and antinuclear antibodies to the slightly abnormal biochemical liver parameters found in these patients. Thus, the abnormalities in Ig levels and the autoimmune phenomena observed in epileptics on long-term anticonvulsant therapy are not intimately related.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin levels and autoantibodies in epileptics on long-term anticonvulsant therapy. Serum immunoglobulin (Ig) levels and various autoantibodies have been determined in 53 epileptics treated with anticonvulsant drugs for more than 10 years and in 53 controls matched for age and sex. Aberrations in both IgG, IgA and IgM values were demonstrated. The mean IgG concentration was significantly lower in epileptics (1217 mg/100 ml) than in controls (1364 mg/100 ml) p less than 0.05). The mean IgA value was 161 mg/100 ml in both patients and controls (F-test, p less than 0.01), but abnormally low IgA values were found in 17%, and abnormally high values in 11% of the epileptics. The mean IgM concentration was 157 mg/100 ml in epileptics and 117 mg/100 ml in controls (F-test, p less than 0.01). Autoantibodies were found significantly more often in epileptics (26.4%) than in controls (3.8%) (2p less than 0.002). The occurrence of autoantibodies could not be related to alterations in the Ig levels. Neither was it possible to correlate the occurrence of mitochondrial antibodies, smooth muscle antibodies and antinuclear antibodies to the slightly abnormal biochemical liver parameters found in these patients. Thus, the abnormalities in Ig levels and the autoimmune phenomena observed in epileptics on long-term anticonvulsant therapy are not intimately related.", "PMID": 835374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1453", "title": "Determination of effective orifice area in mitral stenosis from non-invasive ultrasound Doppler data and mitral flow rate.", "content": "Ten patients with mitral stenosis, but without mitral insufficiency, have been studied during cardiac catheterization. The mitral orifice blood velocities, the mitral pressure gradient, and the mitral flow rate were determined with ultrasound, manometry, and the direct Fick method, respectively. The effective orifice area was calculated from the ultrasound data and the mitral flow rate. The geometric orifice area was calculated from the pressure gradient and the mitral flow rate, using a revised Gorlin formula. A comparison of the two methods showed a correlation coefficient of 0.975. The investigation demonstrated that the ultrasound method represents an alternative to the conventional catheterization methods used for the quantification of mitral flow obstruction.", "contents": "Determination of effective orifice area in mitral stenosis from non-invasive ultrasound Doppler data and mitral flow rate. Ten patients with mitral stenosis, but without mitral insufficiency, have been studied during cardiac catheterization. The mitral orifice blood velocities, the mitral pressure gradient, and the mitral flow rate were determined with ultrasound, manometry, and the direct Fick method, respectively. The effective orifice area was calculated from the ultrasound data and the mitral flow rate. The geometric orifice area was calculated from the pressure gradient and the mitral flow rate, using a revised Gorlin formula. A comparison of the two methods showed a correlation coefficient of 0.975. The investigation demonstrated that the ultrasound method represents an alternative to the conventional catheterization methods used for the quantification of mitral flow obstruction.", "PMID": 835376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1454", "title": "Restricted lignocaine prophylaxis in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "In a consecutive series of 274 AMI cases ventricular tachycardia (VT), defined as three or more ventricular premature beats (VPBs) in succession but not VPBs, has been used as the indication for ventricular fibrillation (VF) prophylaxis. No primary VF occurred, and this fits with the hypothesis of VT as a sufficient indication for prophylaxis against primary VF. Six patients developed complicating VF (preceded by rales or hypotension but not frank pulmonary edema or shock). Four of the six patients (67%) had VT (0-1.5 hours) before VF, while the mean VT incidence of the six corresponding monitoring periods in 247 non-VF patients was 5%. Three of the four VT patients were on lignocaine/procainamide when VF developed. Thus, VT is acceptable as the only warning arrhythmia even in complicating VF but antiarrhythmic drugs do not seem to have the same prophylactic efficacy in complicating VF as in primary VF. Another 21 patients developed VF during shock, frank pulmonary edema or manipulating a pacemaker catheter within the heart.", "contents": "Restricted lignocaine prophylaxis in acute myocardial infarction. In a consecutive series of 274 AMI cases ventricular tachycardia (VT), defined as three or more ventricular premature beats (VPBs) in succession but not VPBs, has been used as the indication for ventricular fibrillation (VF) prophylaxis. No primary VF occurred, and this fits with the hypothesis of VT as a sufficient indication for prophylaxis against primary VF. Six patients developed complicating VF (preceded by rales or hypotension but not frank pulmonary edema or shock). Four of the six patients (67%) had VT (0-1.5 hours) before VF, while the mean VT incidence of the six corresponding monitoring periods in 247 non-VF patients was 5%. Three of the four VT patients were on lignocaine/procainamide when VF developed. Thus, VT is acceptable as the only warning arrhythmia even in complicating VF but antiarrhythmic drugs do not seem to have the same prophylactic efficacy in complicating VF as in primary VF. Another 21 patients developed VF during shock, frank pulmonary edema or manipulating a pacemaker catheter within the heart.", "PMID": 835377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1455", "title": "Energy deprivation in man--methodological problems and possibilities.", "content": "Various approaches to the study of physiological and behavioural effects of energy deprivation are presented and discussed. An experimental, total energy deprivation in 20 healthy human volunteers during an 11-day period, preceded and followed by 4-day control periods, is described. Potentially pathogenic reactions which occurred in spite of precautions are analysed. It is concluded that the present controlled real-life model with acute total energy deprivation serves the purpose of studying hypotheses concerning potentially pathogenic mechanisms occurring in deprivational situations under conditions of natural and man-made catastrophes.", "contents": "Energy deprivation in man--methodological problems and possibilities. Various approaches to the study of physiological and behavioural effects of energy deprivation are presented and discussed. An experimental, total energy deprivation in 20 healthy human volunteers during an 11-day period, preceded and followed by 4-day control periods, is described. Potentially pathogenic reactions which occurred in spite of precautions are analysed. It is concluded that the present controlled real-life model with acute total energy deprivation serves the purpose of studying hypotheses concerning potentially pathogenic mechanisms occurring in deprivational situations under conditions of natural and man-made catastrophes.", "PMID": 835378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1456", "title": "Haemodynamic effects of four months' mefruside therapy in hypertensive patients.", "content": "The haemodynamic changes after 4 months' mefruside therapy in 13 patients with essential hypertension have been studied. Intraarterial BP was significantly reduced both at rest supine and during standardized leg exercise in sitting position. The reduction was caused mainly by a decrease in cardiac output in about half of the patients and mainly by a decrease in total peripheral vascular resistance in the remainder. Thus, for the total material there was no significant change in either cardiac output or total peripheral vascular resistance. At rest, however, there was a significant decrease in storke volume (p less than 0.05) and an increase in heart rate (p less than 0.05). On changing from supine to sitting position, the average systolic and diastolic pressures increased before and decreased after therapy, the differences being significant. The results indicate that the hypotensive effect of long-term saluretic therapy is accomplished by a decrease in cardiac output and/or peripheral vascular resistance, with large interindividual variations.", "contents": "Haemodynamic effects of four months' mefruside therapy in hypertensive patients. The haemodynamic changes after 4 months' mefruside therapy in 13 patients with essential hypertension have been studied. Intraarterial BP was significantly reduced both at rest supine and during standardized leg exercise in sitting position. The reduction was caused mainly by a decrease in cardiac output in about half of the patients and mainly by a decrease in total peripheral vascular resistance in the remainder. Thus, for the total material there was no significant change in either cardiac output or total peripheral vascular resistance. At rest, however, there was a significant decrease in storke volume (p less than 0.05) and an increase in heart rate (p less than 0.05). On changing from supine to sitting position, the average systolic and diastolic pressures increased before and decreased after therapy, the differences being significant. The results indicate that the hypotensive effect of long-term saluretic therapy is accomplished by a decrease in cardiac output and/or peripheral vascular resistance, with large interindividual variations.", "PMID": 835379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1457", "title": "Haemodynamic effects of saluretic treatment and beta-receptor blockade in patients with essential hypertension.", "content": "The long-term haemodynamic effects of treatment with mefruside alone or in combination with alprenolol have been studied in nine patients with essential hypertension. After four months of mefruside therapy alone there was a significant decrease in intraarterial BP both at rest and during standardized leg exercise. Cardiac output and calculated total peripheral vascular resistance (TPVR) showed only minor mean decreases which were not statistically significant. Stroke volume tended to decrease and heart rate to increase. After another four months' treatment with addition of alprenolol there was a further significant decrease in intraarterial BP, related mainly to a further mean decrease in cardiac output which was not statistically significant. Heart rate decreased significantly, stroke volume was not significantly changed. Compared with the pretreatment levels, combination therapy induced a substantial decrease in intraarterial BP and a significant decrease in cardiac output both at rest in supine position and during standardized leg exercise. TPVR decreased slightly both at rest and during exercise but the change was not statistically significant. The results suggest that the decrease in BP after combined therapy with mefruside and alprenolol is mainly related to a decrease in cardiac output, the changes in TPVR being not significant. The additive hypotensive effect of alprenolol seems to be related in part to blocking of the increase in sympathetic activity that was found after treatment with mefruside alone.", "contents": "Haemodynamic effects of saluretic treatment and beta-receptor blockade in patients with essential hypertension. The long-term haemodynamic effects of treatment with mefruside alone or in combination with alprenolol have been studied in nine patients with essential hypertension. After four months of mefruside therapy alone there was a significant decrease in intraarterial BP both at rest and during standardized leg exercise. Cardiac output and calculated total peripheral vascular resistance (TPVR) showed only minor mean decreases which were not statistically significant. Stroke volume tended to decrease and heart rate to increase. After another four months' treatment with addition of alprenolol there was a further significant decrease in intraarterial BP, related mainly to a further mean decrease in cardiac output which was not statistically significant. Heart rate decreased significantly, stroke volume was not significantly changed. Compared with the pretreatment levels, combination therapy induced a substantial decrease in intraarterial BP and a significant decrease in cardiac output both at rest in supine position and during standardized leg exercise. TPVR decreased slightly both at rest and during exercise but the change was not statistically significant. The results suggest that the decrease in BP after combined therapy with mefruside and alprenolol is mainly related to a decrease in cardiac output, the changes in TPVR being not significant. The additive hypotensive effect of alprenolol seems to be related in part to blocking of the increase in sympathetic activity that was found after treatment with mefruside alone.", "PMID": 835380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1458", "title": "Priorities and indications of computed tomography in clinical practice.", "content": "Because of its technical capabilities, its rapidity and its non-invasive nature, computed tomography (CT) has given a new scope to neurological diagnosis and to the understanding of various aspects of neurological science. The availability of this test is determined by the patient load. If precise clinical indications are not considered, patients requiring CT the most may be denied immediate examination because less urgent cases may be occupying valuable diagnostic time. Moreover, the test is relatively expensive for the individual patient and for the community; this presents another facet of its use that should be taken into account. The technical limitations and clinical priorities to be considered when a physician is entertaining this test for a patient have been outlined. The indications have been divided into absolute and relative, according to the degree of clinical urgency. As a result, a priority guideline for diagnostic CT has been provided.", "contents": "Priorities and indications of computed tomography in clinical practice. Because of its technical capabilities, its rapidity and its non-invasive nature, computed tomography (CT) has given a new scope to neurological diagnosis and to the understanding of various aspects of neurological science. The availability of this test is determined by the patient load. If precise clinical indications are not considered, patients requiring CT the most may be denied immediate examination because less urgent cases may be occupying valuable diagnostic time. Moreover, the test is relatively expensive for the individual patient and for the community; this presents another facet of its use that should be taken into account. The technical limitations and clinical priorities to be considered when a physician is entertaining this test for a patient have been outlined. The indications have been divided into absolute and relative, according to the degree of clinical urgency. As a result, a priority guideline for diagnostic CT has been provided.", "PMID": 835381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1459", "title": "Epidural haematoma following a shunt revision.", "content": "A case of epidural haematoma developing after shunt revision is presented. Change from the prone to the standing position was thought to be the causative factor.", "contents": "Epidural haematoma following a shunt revision. A case of epidural haematoma developing after shunt revision is presented. Change from the prone to the standing position was thought to be the causative factor.", "PMID": 835382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1460", "title": "Dural haemangioma with extracranial component.", "content": "A rare case of dural haemangioma with extracranial component is described. A subcutaneous frontal tumour was thought before operation to have originated in the skull. Angiography showed drainage into the superior sagittal sinus via a cortical vein. Dural haemangioma is thought to be a clinical rarity. Also, an arteriovenous malformation draining into the superior sagittal sinus is rarely encountered.", "contents": "Dural haemangioma with extracranial component. A rare case of dural haemangioma with extracranial component is described. A subcutaneous frontal tumour was thought before operation to have originated in the skull. Angiography showed drainage into the superior sagittal sinus via a cortical vein. Dural haemangioma is thought to be a clinical rarity. Also, an arteriovenous malformation draining into the superior sagittal sinus is rarely encountered.", "PMID": 835383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1461", "title": "Morphological changes in anaplastic gliomas treated with radiation and chemotherapy.", "content": "The effects of antineoplastic treatment on gliomas are related to tumour cell cycle and proliferation kinetics, glioma tissue architecture, and the surrounding environment. Morphological changes induced by radiation and chemotherapy are characterized by cell necrosis and severe alterations in cell and nuclear morphology caused by changes in the cell kinetic parameters which, however, may also occur spontaneously in untreated anaplastic gliomas. Comparative studies of cytological imprints and routine histological preparations of biopsy and autopsy specimens were performed in four groups of anaplastic astrocytomas and glioblastomas (78 cases) with postsurgical irradiation, combination chemotherapy, and CCNU treatment, and without specific postsurgical treatment (control group). Following radiation and chemotherapy, in addition to increased necrosis and vascular response, a variety of characteristic but nonspecific changes were observed in cell and nuclear morphology with prominent formation of multinucleated giant and monstrous cells, irregular and hyperchromatic nuclei, and severe cytoplasmic degeneration indicating both inhibition of cell division and cell damage. Statistically significant findings were a posttreatment increase in the number of multinucleated giant and monstrous cells and a decrease in the number of mitoses. These changes were more pronounced after chemotherapy than after radiation, while no significant dissimilarities were found between combination chemotherapy and CCNU. The implications of these changes on the mechanisms of antitumour treatment in anaplastic gliomas are discussed.", "contents": "Morphological changes in anaplastic gliomas treated with radiation and chemotherapy. The effects of antineoplastic treatment on gliomas are related to tumour cell cycle and proliferation kinetics, glioma tissue architecture, and the surrounding environment. Morphological changes induced by radiation and chemotherapy are characterized by cell necrosis and severe alterations in cell and nuclear morphology caused by changes in the cell kinetic parameters which, however, may also occur spontaneously in untreated anaplastic gliomas. Comparative studies of cytological imprints and routine histological preparations of biopsy and autopsy specimens were performed in four groups of anaplastic astrocytomas and glioblastomas (78 cases) with postsurgical irradiation, combination chemotherapy, and CCNU treatment, and without specific postsurgical treatment (control group). Following radiation and chemotherapy, in addition to increased necrosis and vascular response, a variety of characteristic but nonspecific changes were observed in cell and nuclear morphology with prominent formation of multinucleated giant and monstrous cells, irregular and hyperchromatic nuclei, and severe cytoplasmic degeneration indicating both inhibition of cell division and cell damage. Statistically significant findings were a posttreatment increase in the number of multinucleated giant and monstrous cells and a decrease in the number of mitoses. These changes were more pronounced after chemotherapy than after radiation, while no significant dissimilarities were found between combination chemotherapy and CCNU. The implications of these changes on the mechanisms of antitumour treatment in anaplastic gliomas are discussed.", "PMID": 835384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1462", "title": "[Stablization of destructive processes in the cervical spine by means of acrylic prostheses (author's transl)].", "content": "Stabilization of destructive processes in the cervical spine by means of acrylic prostheses has hitherto been carried out either by an anterior approach or by a posterior approach. With progressively destructive lesions the stability achieved by either of these methods is unsure, and therefore the author has employed a combination of both approaches. The first two patients treated with this new technique have now been followed up for two years. The position and stability of the prosthesis in each case has remained excellent.", "contents": "[Stablization of destructive processes in the cervical spine by means of acrylic prostheses (author's transl)]. Stabilization of destructive processes in the cervical spine by means of acrylic prostheses has hitherto been carried out either by an anterior approach or by a posterior approach. With progressively destructive lesions the stability achieved by either of these methods is unsure, and therefore the author has employed a combination of both approaches. The first two patients treated with this new technique have now been followed up for two years. The position and stability of the prosthesis in each case has remained excellent.", "PMID": 835385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1463", "title": "Long-term results in 62 cases of post-traumatic complete apallic syndrome.", "content": "After the transition state of decerebrate coma, at least four different kinds of the so-called apallic status can be identified: 1. Complete apallic syndrome: coma vigil, alertness without any awareness, mass movements only, impairment of sleep rhythm, absence of any emotional responses, postural abnormalities, some primitive motor responses, tetraplegia, and alteration of muscle tone. 2. Incomplete apallic syndrome: some of the features of the complete apallic syndrome are lacking, and the patient shows emotional reactions with appropriate grimacing and some appropriate motor responses. 3. False apallic syndrome: most signs of complete apallic syndrome are present, but the patient is in touch with the environment. This condition is somewhat similar to the so-called locked-in syndrome. 4. Functional apallic syndrome: full clinical picture of the complete apallic syndrome but full recovery within a few days. Long-term results in 62 patients, aged between 4 and 62, affected by a post-traumatic complete apallic syndrome are reported. Thirty two patients were operated upon and 30 were not operated upon. Out of these cases, 38 died after weeks or months; 3 patients entered a chronic apallic status; 2 patients are improving; 10 recovered with severe neurological or psychic sequels or both; 4 recovered with minimal sequels, and 5 without sequels; no patients in these two last groups were aged more than 20.", "contents": "Long-term results in 62 cases of post-traumatic complete apallic syndrome. After the transition state of decerebrate coma, at least four different kinds of the so-called apallic status can be identified: 1. Complete apallic syndrome: coma vigil, alertness without any awareness, mass movements only, impairment of sleep rhythm, absence of any emotional responses, postural abnormalities, some primitive motor responses, tetraplegia, and alteration of muscle tone. 2. Incomplete apallic syndrome: some of the features of the complete apallic syndrome are lacking, and the patient shows emotional reactions with appropriate grimacing and some appropriate motor responses. 3. False apallic syndrome: most signs of complete apallic syndrome are present, but the patient is in touch with the environment. This condition is somewhat similar to the so-called locked-in syndrome. 4. Functional apallic syndrome: full clinical picture of the complete apallic syndrome but full recovery within a few days. Long-term results in 62 patients, aged between 4 and 62, affected by a post-traumatic complete apallic syndrome are reported. Thirty two patients were operated upon and 30 were not operated upon. Out of these cases, 38 died after weeks or months; 3 patients entered a chronic apallic status; 2 patients are improving; 10 recovered with severe neurological or psychic sequels or both; 4 recovered with minimal sequels, and 5 without sequels; no patients in these two last groups were aged more than 20.", "PMID": 835386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1464", "title": "Radiosensitivity of meningioma--analysis of five cases of highly vascular meningioma treated by preoperative irradiation.", "content": "Preoperative 60Co-irradiation was given in five cases of highly vascular meningioma. Radiation doses ranged from 3,000 to 6,000 rads and were delivered over periods from 17 to 45 days. In one case of tentorial meningioma preoperative irradiation produced a marked reduction in the size and the vascularity of the tumour, as seen on the angiograms, and of the hot area in the brain scan. Papilloedema and abducens palsy also improved. After irradiation the tumour was totally removed. Histopathologically the tumour was a meningioma resembling a haemangiopericytoma. Coagulation necrosis of the parenchyma of the tumour was prominent. In the other four cases (three of meningothelioma type and one of haemangioblastoma type) the preoperative irradiation caused little or no change in the angiograms or in the brain scans. A mild clinical improvement occurred in one case, but deterioration took place in other cases. It may be concluded that preoperative irradiation gives little or no beneficial effect on meningiomas other than those of certain types, such as those resembling haemangiopericytomas, or malignant meningiomas. The clinical and radiological differential diagnosis between the usual types of meningioma and those which are either malignant or resemble haemangiopericytomas is discussed.", "contents": "Radiosensitivity of meningioma--analysis of five cases of highly vascular meningioma treated by preoperative irradiation. Preoperative 60Co-irradiation was given in five cases of highly vascular meningioma. Radiation doses ranged from 3,000 to 6,000 rads and were delivered over periods from 17 to 45 days. In one case of tentorial meningioma preoperative irradiation produced a marked reduction in the size and the vascularity of the tumour, as seen on the angiograms, and of the hot area in the brain scan. Papilloedema and abducens palsy also improved. After irradiation the tumour was totally removed. Histopathologically the tumour was a meningioma resembling a haemangiopericytoma. Coagulation necrosis of the parenchyma of the tumour was prominent. In the other four cases (three of meningothelioma type and one of haemangioblastoma type) the preoperative irradiation caused little or no change in the angiograms or in the brain scans. A mild clinical improvement occurred in one case, but deterioration took place in other cases. It may be concluded that preoperative irradiation gives little or no beneficial effect on meningiomas other than those of certain types, such as those resembling haemangiopericytomas, or malignant meningiomas. The clinical and radiological differential diagnosis between the usual types of meningioma and those which are either malignant or resemble haemangiopericytomas is discussed.", "PMID": 835387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1465", "title": "Lactate dehydrogenase (LD), hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBD), and LD-isoenzymes in brain tissue.", "content": "The total activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LD) and hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBD), and the LD isoenzyme distribution were determined in tissue samples taken in vivo from different parts of the rabbit brain, and in cortical grey, subcortical white, and cerebellar tissue from man. The total LD and HBD activities were found to be higher in the brain stem than in the cerebral hemisphere, basal ganglia, and cerebellum of the rabbit brain. The isoenzyme distribution in the brain stem and the cerebellum showed an anodal shift, i.e., significantly higher activities of LD1 compared with the cerebral hemisphere and the basal ganglia. In man the total LD activity was found to be lower in white than in grey matter, although the isoenzyme patterns did not differ. The implications of these findings in relation to the LD isoenzyme pattern in serum after traumatic brain injury are discussed.", "contents": "Lactate dehydrogenase (LD), hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBD), and LD-isoenzymes in brain tissue. The total activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LD) and hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBD), and the LD isoenzyme distribution were determined in tissue samples taken in vivo from different parts of the rabbit brain, and in cortical grey, subcortical white, and cerebellar tissue from man. The total LD and HBD activities were found to be higher in the brain stem than in the cerebral hemisphere, basal ganglia, and cerebellum of the rabbit brain. The isoenzyme distribution in the brain stem and the cerebellum showed an anodal shift, i.e., significantly higher activities of LD1 compared with the cerebral hemisphere and the basal ganglia. In man the total LD activity was found to be lower in white than in grey matter, although the isoenzyme patterns did not differ. The implications of these findings in relation to the LD isoenzyme pattern in serum after traumatic brain injury are discussed.", "PMID": 835388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1466", "title": "Changes in lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme patterns in patients with tumours of the central nervous system.?", "content": "The total activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LD) and the LD isoenzyme distribution were determined on homogenates from 61 benign and malignant intracranial tumours, and in serum and cerebrospinal fluid from 45 and 28 of the tumour patients respectively. The LD activity and the LD isoenzyme distribution in serum were not changed in patients with intracranial tumours. The LD activity in the cerebrospinal fluid was raised in about 50% of the tumour patients, but without any significant differences between patients with benign and malignant tumours. Except for very low activities in acoustic schwannomas and in pituitary adenomas, the tumour tissue did not differ significantly from normal brain in total LD activity. The LD isoenzyme distribution showed a pronounced cathodal shift in the grade 3-4 astrocytomas and the metastatic carcinomas, but an anodal shift in the grade 1-2 astrocytomas and the oligodendrogliomas. The meningiomas and the ocoustic schwannomas showed a midzone isoenzyme pattern with a dominant LD3 fraction. Knowledge of the LD isoenyme distribution can thus sometimes be a complement to the histological examination in the classification of brain tumours.", "contents": "Changes in lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme patterns in patients with tumours of the central nervous system.? The total activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LD) and the LD isoenzyme distribution were determined on homogenates from 61 benign and malignant intracranial tumours, and in serum and cerebrospinal fluid from 45 and 28 of the tumour patients respectively. The LD activity and the LD isoenzyme distribution in serum were not changed in patients with intracranial tumours. The LD activity in the cerebrospinal fluid was raised in about 50% of the tumour patients, but without any significant differences between patients with benign and malignant tumours. Except for very low activities in acoustic schwannomas and in pituitary adenomas, the tumour tissue did not differ significantly from normal brain in total LD activity. The LD isoenzyme distribution showed a pronounced cathodal shift in the grade 3-4 astrocytomas and the metastatic carcinomas, but an anodal shift in the grade 1-2 astrocytomas and the oligodendrogliomas. The meningiomas and the ocoustic schwannomas showed a midzone isoenzyme pattern with a dominant LD3 fraction. Knowledge of the LD isoenyme distribution can thus sometimes be a complement to the histological examination in the classification of brain tumours.", "PMID": 835389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1467", "title": "[New aspects of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in man revealed by sequential camera scintigraphy and analysis with the digital computer. Part 1: method and physiologic patterns].", "content": "1. The use of rapid sequential gamma camera scintigraphy in conjunction with computer aided storage and evaluation of data has been shown to be a promising method for the analysis of CSF dynamics in man. 2. Using this method rapid flow of CSF in the basal cisterns can be studied. The further course of tracer activity in different CSF compartments can be followed, and slow currents may be demonstrated. 3. Using this technique the patterns of varying regional CSF dynamics and reabsorption states can be examined. Intracranial activity after 24 hours is 40 to 45% anar behaviour of CSF circulation patterns in the basal cisterns, cisterna magna, and upper cervical area leads us to suggest that this complex of spaces forms a functional unity which may be called \"The distribution center of CSF\". Further movements of tracer substance seem to start from this complex. 5. In the well recognised CSF pathways over the cerebral convexities some characteristic patterns of fluid flow are demonstrated. The flow times at different situations over the convexities are given. 6. Analysis of spinal CSF flow shows that there are considerable variations in spinal CSF dynamics. 7. Finally, the different uses of this method in various situations are indicated.", "contents": "[New aspects of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in man revealed by sequential camera scintigraphy and analysis with the digital computer. Part 1: method and physiologic patterns]. 1. The use of rapid sequential gamma camera scintigraphy in conjunction with computer aided storage and evaluation of data has been shown to be a promising method for the analysis of CSF dynamics in man. 2. Using this method rapid flow of CSF in the basal cisterns can be studied. The further course of tracer activity in different CSF compartments can be followed, and slow currents may be demonstrated. 3. Using this technique the patterns of varying regional CSF dynamics and reabsorption states can be examined. Intracranial activity after 24 hours is 40 to 45% anar behaviour of CSF circulation patterns in the basal cisterns, cisterna magna, and upper cervical area leads us to suggest that this complex of spaces forms a functional unity which may be called \"The distribution center of CSF\". Further movements of tracer substance seem to start from this complex. 5. In the well recognised CSF pathways over the cerebral convexities some characteristic patterns of fluid flow are demonstrated. The flow times at different situations over the convexities are given. 6. Analysis of spinal CSF flow shows that there are considerable variations in spinal CSF dynamics. 7. Finally, the different uses of this method in various situations are indicated.", "PMID": 835390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1468", "title": "Neurocutaneous melanosis. Report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of neurocutaneous melanosis in a 15 year old male is described. A primary malignant meningeal melanoma caused the death of the patient in six months. The skin lesions were benign. The literature is reviewed, and the nature of the disease and its relationship with other phakomatoses is discussed.", "contents": "Neurocutaneous melanosis. Report of a case and review of the literature. A case of neurocutaneous melanosis in a 15 year old male is described. A primary malignant meningeal melanoma caused the death of the patient in six months. The skin lesions were benign. The literature is reviewed, and the nature of the disease and its relationship with other phakomatoses is discussed.", "PMID": 835391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1469", "title": "Diagnostic possibilities of the uncorrected orthogonal ECG Trethewie system in ventricular overload.", "content": "The possibilities of the uncorrected orthogonal ECG system (Trethewie) in assessment of the ventricular overload have been studied. The uncorrected orthogonal ECG system detects the left ventricular overload better than conventional ECG system. The simultaneous application of both uncorrected orthogonal ECG and conventional ECG increases the diagnostic possibilities of the ECG method.", "contents": "Diagnostic possibilities of the uncorrected orthogonal ECG Trethewie system in ventricular overload. The possibilities of the uncorrected orthogonal ECG system (Trethewie) in assessment of the ventricular overload have been studied. The uncorrected orthogonal ECG system detects the left ventricular overload better than conventional ECG system. The simultaneous application of both uncorrected orthogonal ECG and conventional ECG increases the diagnostic possibilities of the ECG method.", "PMID": 835398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1470", "title": "Medical sculpture: a valuable aid to patient rehabilitation.", "content": "Silicone rubber is the most satisfactory material for cosmetic prostheses. It has a soft, lifelike texture, is easily worked and easily colored and is strong enough to withstand frequent application and removal. Examples of patients referred to the medical sculptor include those with congenital defects of one or both ears, loss of the nose or an eye and orbit due to cancer surgery, loss or absence of fingers or parts of the hand and those who have had radical breast surgery.", "contents": "Medical sculpture: a valuable aid to patient rehabilitation. Silicone rubber is the most satisfactory material for cosmetic prostheses. It has a soft, lifelike texture, is easily worked and easily colored and is strong enough to withstand frequent application and removal. Examples of patients referred to the medical sculptor include those with congenital defects of one or both ears, loss of the nose or an eye and orbit due to cancer surgery, loss or absence of fingers or parts of the hand and those who have had radical breast surgery.", "PMID": 835451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1471", "title": "False-positive epidemic infectious mononucleosis.", "content": "Investigation of four alleged infectious mononucleosis (IM) epidemics revealed that each resulted from either misuse or misinterpretation of mononucleosis slide tests. Even though such tests are a valuable, rapid adjunct to the diagnosis of IM, they must be carefully done with fresh reagents, using both positive and negative controls, and must be interpreted in the light of clinical findings and blood cell morphology.", "contents": "False-positive epidemic infectious mononucleosis. Investigation of four alleged infectious mononucleosis (IM) epidemics revealed that each resulted from either misuse or misinterpretation of mononucleosis slide tests. Even though such tests are a valuable, rapid adjunct to the diagnosis of IM, they must be carefully done with fresh reagents, using both positive and negative controls, and must be interpreted in the light of clinical findings and blood cell morphology.", "PMID": 835452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1472", "title": "Unsuspected pulmonary emboli in well persons: the incomplete pulmonary infarction syndrome.", "content": "Pulmonary embolization from occult venous thrombosis in the lower extremities occurs in previously well individuals of all ages. Incomplete or hemorrhagic pulmonary infarction may result. The incomplete pulmonary infarction syndrome (IPIS) is characterized by sudden onset of pain in the lower chest, knife-like and stabbing in quality and accentuated by breathing, with pathognomonic abnormalities on chest x-rays. The physician should hospitalize the patient, begin heparinization and confirm the diagnosis with daily chest x-rays in multiple views. Failure to promptly diagnose and treat IPIS may lead to catastrophic, massive pulmonary embolism and death, or to recurrent embolism with pulmonary hypertension and chronic cor pulmonale, resulting in incapacitating dyspnea on exertion, and disability.", "contents": "Unsuspected pulmonary emboli in well persons: the incomplete pulmonary infarction syndrome. Pulmonary embolization from occult venous thrombosis in the lower extremities occurs in previously well individuals of all ages. Incomplete or hemorrhagic pulmonary infarction may result. The incomplete pulmonary infarction syndrome (IPIS) is characterized by sudden onset of pain in the lower chest, knife-like and stabbing in quality and accentuated by breathing, with pathognomonic abnormalities on chest x-rays. The physician should hospitalize the patient, begin heparinization and confirm the diagnosis with daily chest x-rays in multiple views. Failure to promptly diagnose and treat IPIS may lead to catastrophic, massive pulmonary embolism and death, or to recurrent embolism with pulmonary hypertension and chronic cor pulmonale, resulting in incapacitating dyspnea on exertion, and disability.", "PMID": 835454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1473", "title": "Destructive cultism.", "content": "Bizarre cults harmful to the physical and emotional health of adolescents, young adults and their families have been increasing in our society. Destructive cultism is a distinct syndrome. It includes behavioral and personality changes, loss of personal identity, cessation of scholastic activities, estrangement from family, disinterest in society and pronounced mental control and enslavement by cult leaders. Management of this sociopathic problem requires confrontation, rehabilitation, sociologic, psychotherapeutic and general medical measures.", "contents": "Destructive cultism. Bizarre cults harmful to the physical and emotional health of adolescents, young adults and their families have been increasing in our society. Destructive cultism is a distinct syndrome. It includes behavioral and personality changes, loss of personal identity, cessation of scholastic activities, estrangement from family, disinterest in society and pronounced mental control and enslavement by cult leaders. Management of this sociopathic problem requires confrontation, rehabilitation, sociologic, psychotherapeutic and general medical measures.", "PMID": 835457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1474", "title": "The ambulatory patient with ectopic beats and episodic tachyarrhythmias.", "content": "Ventricular ectopic activity in a young person with an otherwise normal heart usually requires no treatment. In older patients, 10 or more ectopic beats per minute, multiform beats and ectopy occurring close to the preceding beat are indications for drug control. Exercise-induced ectopic beats may respond to physical training. Three or more consecutive ventricular ectopic beats constitute ventricular tachycardia, which requires prevention. Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, when paroxysmal, may be aborted by maneuvers to enhance vagal tone. When they are frequent, treatment is required.", "contents": "The ambulatory patient with ectopic beats and episodic tachyarrhythmias. Ventricular ectopic activity in a young person with an otherwise normal heart usually requires no treatment. In older patients, 10 or more ectopic beats per minute, multiform beats and ectopy occurring close to the preceding beat are indications for drug control. Exercise-induced ectopic beats may respond to physical training. Three or more consecutive ventricular ectopic beats constitute ventricular tachycardia, which requires prevention. Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, when paroxysmal, may be aborted by maneuvers to enhance vagal tone. When they are frequent, treatment is required.", "PMID": 835458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1475", "title": "Programmed left ventricular contrast injection. A method to minimize left ventricular irritability during angiography.", "content": "Left ventricular angiography frequently produces one or more premature atrial or ventricular contractions which may make quantitative volume analysis unreliable. Three hundred left ventricular power injections were analyzed and found to produce premature ventricular contractions (PVC's) in 28 per cent of injections and PAC's in 6 per cent. Forty-four per cent of injections starting near the end of the T wave were associated with PVC's, whereas those starting near the end of diastole during the P wave produced PVC's in only 11 per cent. Injections through a Gensini catheter were associated with PVC's in 24 per cent compared to 37 per cent when a pigtail catheter was used (p less than 0.05). The introduction of an 0.6 second delay in the development of peak injection pressures and ECG triggering to start the injection in the last half of the cardiac cycle did not alter the incidence of PVC's. The use of timed diastolic injections with pressure rate-rise delay is of little value in reducing injection induced arrhythmias.", "contents": "Programmed left ventricular contrast injection. A method to minimize left ventricular irritability during angiography. Left ventricular angiography frequently produces one or more premature atrial or ventricular contractions which may make quantitative volume analysis unreliable. Three hundred left ventricular power injections were analyzed and found to produce premature ventricular contractions (PVC's) in 28 per cent of injections and PAC's in 6 per cent. Forty-four per cent of injections starting near the end of the T wave were associated with PVC's, whereas those starting near the end of diastole during the P wave produced PVC's in only 11 per cent. Injections through a Gensini catheter were associated with PVC's in 24 per cent compared to 37 per cent when a pigtail catheter was used (p less than 0.05). The introduction of an 0.6 second delay in the development of peak injection pressures and ECG triggering to start the injection in the last half of the cardiac cycle did not alter the incidence of PVC's. The use of timed diastolic injections with pressure rate-rise delay is of little value in reducing injection induced arrhythmias.", "PMID": 835460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1476", "title": "Left ventricular contractile function in aortic stenosis evaluated by isovolumic and ejection phase indexes.", "content": "This study is to reappraise the usefulness of isovolumic as compared to ejection phase indexes for detecting abnormal left ventricular contractile function patients with a common hemodynamic abnormality, namely, chronic left ventricular pressure overload. In 41 subjects with pure or predominant aortic stenosis left ventricular pressure measurements were performed by micromanometry. Single-plane left ventricular cineangiograms were carried out in the right anterior oblique (RAO) and the A-P position. The isovolumic contractile indexes we used in this study were peak measured velocity of shortening of the contractile elements (Vpm) and Vmax obtained from linear extrapolation of total pressure-velocity curves. The end-diastolic and end-systolic RAO cineventriculograms served for the calculation of the ejection phase parameters mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (VCF) and mean normalized systolic ejection rate (MNSER). Of the 41 patients, Vpm was depressed in 16 (39 per cent), Vmax in 17 (42 per cent), VCF in 12 (29 per cent), and MNSER in 14 (34 per cent). When the isovolumic and the ejection phase parameters were combined, 24 patients (59 per cent) were found to have at least one of the four contractile indexes below normal. In 26 of the 41 patients the isovolumic and the ejection phase indexes provided the same conclusions as to normality of left ventricular function. In contrast, 15 patients showed discordant isovolumic and ejection phase indexes. An increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was only inconsistently related to an abnormal left ventricular function because in 7 of 28 patients with an end-diastolic pressure above 14 mm. Hg all contractile indexes were normal. Furthermore, a normal end-diastolic pressure was present in three of 24 patients with depressed myocardial function. It is concluded that in chronic left ventricular pressure overload from aortic stenosis neither the isovolumic nor the ejection phase indexes are superior in sensitivity for assessing contractile function. In this clinical setting the combination of both types of indexes appears to be the most reliable way for identifying patients with depressed contractile function of theleft ventricle in the basal state.", "contents": "Left ventricular contractile function in aortic stenosis evaluated by isovolumic and ejection phase indexes. This study is to reappraise the usefulness of isovolumic as compared to ejection phase indexes for detecting abnormal left ventricular contractile function patients with a common hemodynamic abnormality, namely, chronic left ventricular pressure overload. In 41 subjects with pure or predominant aortic stenosis left ventricular pressure measurements were performed by micromanometry. Single-plane left ventricular cineangiograms were carried out in the right anterior oblique (RAO) and the A-P position. The isovolumic contractile indexes we used in this study were peak measured velocity of shortening of the contractile elements (Vpm) and Vmax obtained from linear extrapolation of total pressure-velocity curves. The end-diastolic and end-systolic RAO cineventriculograms served for the calculation of the ejection phase parameters mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (VCF) and mean normalized systolic ejection rate (MNSER). Of the 41 patients, Vpm was depressed in 16 (39 per cent), Vmax in 17 (42 per cent), VCF in 12 (29 per cent), and MNSER in 14 (34 per cent). When the isovolumic and the ejection phase parameters were combined, 24 patients (59 per cent) were found to have at least one of the four contractile indexes below normal. In 26 of the 41 patients the isovolumic and the ejection phase indexes provided the same conclusions as to normality of left ventricular function. In contrast, 15 patients showed discordant isovolumic and ejection phase indexes. An increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was only inconsistently related to an abnormal left ventricular function because in 7 of 28 patients with an end-diastolic pressure above 14 mm. Hg all contractile indexes were normal. Furthermore, a normal end-diastolic pressure was present in three of 24 patients with depressed myocardial function. It is concluded that in chronic left ventricular pressure overload from aortic stenosis neither the isovolumic nor the ejection phase indexes are superior in sensitivity for assessing contractile function. In this clinical setting the combination of both types of indexes appears to be the most reliable way for identifying patients with depressed contractile function of theleft ventricle in the basal state.", "PMID": 835461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1477", "title": "Left ventricular posterior wall motion in patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.", "content": "Echocardiography appears to be a sensitive technique for detecting disturbances in left ventricular posterior wall motion in subjects with WPW type A. The characteristic abnormality consists of premature anterior displacement of the LVPW shortly after the inscription of the delta wave. The ability to detect abnormal wall motion is influenced by the size of the segment of myocardium undergoing pre-excitation, the site of insertion of the anomalous pathway, and its accessibility to echocardiographic study. The results of this study support the concept that WPW type A represents premature excitation of the posterior left ventricular wall in some patients. Moreover, such pre-excitation may be associated with an altered pattern of left ventricular contraction. A similar pattern of LVPW motion was not observed in a large group of randomly selected clinical echocardiograms including a variety of intraventricular conduction disturbances.", "contents": "Left ventricular posterior wall motion in patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Echocardiography appears to be a sensitive technique for detecting disturbances in left ventricular posterior wall motion in subjects with WPW type A. The characteristic abnormality consists of premature anterior displacement of the LVPW shortly after the inscription of the delta wave. The ability to detect abnormal wall motion is influenced by the size of the segment of myocardium undergoing pre-excitation, the site of insertion of the anomalous pathway, and its accessibility to echocardiographic study. The results of this study support the concept that WPW type A represents premature excitation of the posterior left ventricular wall in some patients. Moreover, such pre-excitation may be associated with an altered pattern of left ventricular contraction. A similar pattern of LVPW motion was not observed in a large group of randomly selected clinical echocardiograms including a variety of intraventricular conduction disturbances.", "PMID": 835462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1478", "title": "Hemodynamic alterations during septal or right ventricular ischemia in dogs.", "content": "This study indicates that in dogs, ischemic injury to just the ventricular septum has little effect on left ventricular function. The data demonstrate that ischemic injury to either the right ventricular free wall or the ventricular septum alters right ventricular function and/or compliance, suggesting that both regions play a role in maintaining right ventricular performance. That septal contraction supports right ventricular function may explain why in earlier studies, right ventricular pressure development and output were little affected by severe injury to the free wall.", "contents": "Hemodynamic alterations during septal or right ventricular ischemia in dogs. This study indicates that in dogs, ischemic injury to just the ventricular septum has little effect on left ventricular function. The data demonstrate that ischemic injury to either the right ventricular free wall or the ventricular septum alters right ventricular function and/or compliance, suggesting that both regions play a role in maintaining right ventricular performance. That septal contraction supports right ventricular function may explain why in earlier studies, right ventricular pressure development and output were little affected by severe injury to the free wall.", "PMID": 835464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1479", "title": "The effect of propranolol on hemolysis in patients with an aortic prosthetic valve.", "content": "Propranolol was given to five patients with severe hemolytic anemia from arotic prostheses. Red cell survival, lactic dehydrogenase, serum hemoglobin, and 24 hour urine iron values were used to evaluate the severity of hemolysis with and without propranolol treatment. Three patients had a clear decrease in the level of hemolysis with propranolol therapy. One patient developed congestive failure after 6 months on propranolol. The decrease in hemolysis is most likely related to a slower heart rate.", "contents": "The effect of propranolol on hemolysis in patients with an aortic prosthetic valve. Propranolol was given to five patients with severe hemolytic anemia from arotic prostheses. Red cell survival, lactic dehydrogenase, serum hemoglobin, and 24 hour urine iron values were used to evaluate the severity of hemolysis with and without propranolol treatment. Three patients had a clear decrease in the level of hemolysis with propranolol therapy. One patient developed congestive failure after 6 months on propranolol. The decrease in hemolysis is most likely related to a slower heart rate.", "PMID": 835463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1480", "title": "A depressed response of left ventricular contractile force to isoproterenol and norepinephrine in dogs with congestive heart failure.", "content": "The inotropic response of the left ventricle to intravenous administration of norepinephrine (NE) and isoproterenol (I) was studied in dogs with congestive heart failure (CHF) resulting from aortocaval fistula. Left ventricular contractile force (CF) was recorded at the peak of the length-tension curve with a modified Walton-Brodie strain gauge arch in five dogs with CHF and five control animals. Arterial blood pressure (ABP) and heart rate (HR) were also monitored. Graded dose-response curves (0.0125 to 1.6 mug per kilogram) were obtained to NE and I. The response of CF was significantly depressed at all dose levels to both NE and I ni dogs with CHF. For example, at the dose of 0.8 mug per kilogram the CF response to I in the control dogs was 201 +/- 32 per cent above control level, whereas in CHF dogs the response was 92 +/- 31.5 per cent. Similarly, NE at this dose level produced a 168.6 +/- 14.7 per cent increase in CF in control dogs and 71 +/- 21.3 per cent in CHF dogs. I was approximately four times as potent as NE and this ratio was not altered in CHF dogs. The response of HR and diastolic ABP to drug administration was not altered by CHF. These data clearly suggest a depressed inotropic response to beta-adrenergic stimulation in this CHF model and a separation of the inotropic and chronotropic response.", "contents": "A depressed response of left ventricular contractile force to isoproterenol and norepinephrine in dogs with congestive heart failure. The inotropic response of the left ventricle to intravenous administration of norepinephrine (NE) and isoproterenol (I) was studied in dogs with congestive heart failure (CHF) resulting from aortocaval fistula. Left ventricular contractile force (CF) was recorded at the peak of the length-tension curve with a modified Walton-Brodie strain gauge arch in five dogs with CHF and five control animals. Arterial blood pressure (ABP) and heart rate (HR) were also monitored. Graded dose-response curves (0.0125 to 1.6 mug per kilogram) were obtained to NE and I. The response of CF was significantly depressed at all dose levels to both NE and I ni dogs with CHF. For example, at the dose of 0.8 mug per kilogram the CF response to I in the control dogs was 201 +/- 32 per cent above control level, whereas in CHF dogs the response was 92 +/- 31.5 per cent. Similarly, NE at this dose level produced a 168.6 +/- 14.7 per cent increase in CF in control dogs and 71 +/- 21.3 per cent in CHF dogs. I was approximately four times as potent as NE and this ratio was not altered in CHF dogs. The response of HR and diastolic ABP to drug administration was not altered by CHF. These data clearly suggest a depressed inotropic response to beta-adrenergic stimulation in this CHF model and a separation of the inotropic and chronotropic response.", "PMID": 835465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1481", "title": "Cardiac arrhythmias on swallowing.", "content": "A middle-aged male patient with cardiac arrhythmias on swallowing due to incoordinate peristaltic activity of the esophagus is reported. Medical treatment with propranolol and quinidine sulfate made the symptoms manageable initially but recurrence of symptoms made surgical treatment desirable. Barium sulfate with apple produced the incoordinate peristalsis with resultant arrhthmias as soon as it arrived at the junction between the middle and lower third of the esophagus. This was followed by a normal peristaltic wave which cleared the esophagus and brought the cardiac rhythm back to normal again. Balloon distension of the esophagus located the afferent stimuli as arising from the lower third of the esophagus. A circular esophageal myotomy at the junction of the middle and the lower third, although not completely abolishing the reflex, has made the symptoms less severe. However, this procedure has produced considerable ballooning of the mucosa at the myotomy site, and has resulted in some difficulty in swallowing.", "contents": "Cardiac arrhythmias on swallowing. A middle-aged male patient with cardiac arrhythmias on swallowing due to incoordinate peristaltic activity of the esophagus is reported. Medical treatment with propranolol and quinidine sulfate made the symptoms manageable initially but recurrence of symptoms made surgical treatment desirable. Barium sulfate with apple produced the incoordinate peristalsis with resultant arrhthmias as soon as it arrived at the junction between the middle and lower third of the esophagus. This was followed by a normal peristaltic wave which cleared the esophagus and brought the cardiac rhythm back to normal again. Balloon distension of the esophagus located the afferent stimuli as arising from the lower third of the esophagus. A circular esophageal myotomy at the junction of the middle and the lower third, although not completely abolishing the reflex, has made the symptoms less severe. However, this procedure has produced considerable ballooning of the mucosa at the myotomy site, and has resulted in some difficulty in swallowing.", "PMID": 835467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1482", "title": "Clinical evaluation of the enhancement of vagal tone in acute myocardial infarction by edrophonium hydrochloride: effects on ventricular arrhythmias, His bundle electrography, and left ventricular function.", "content": "Enhanced electrical stability of acutely ischemic myocardium with vagal stimulation and acetylcholinesterase inhibition has been demonstrated experimentally. To extend these findings clinically, within 24 hours of acute myocardial infarction, 11 patients underwent continuous 10 hour Holter monitoring: 2.5 hour control before and after 5 hour constant edrophonium infusion (0.25 to 2.00 mg./minute). Continuous infusion of the agent lowered heart rate 92 to 78 b.p.m. (p less than 0.01). Although mean total ventricular extrasystoles (PVC's) per 5 hours per patient (131) and PVC's per 1,000 beats (4.7) were unchanged (p greater than 0.05), potentially lethal tachyarrhythmias (malignant PVC's: multifocal, R on T, paried, greater than 5 per minute or ventricular tachycardia) were terminated in six of 10 patients by edrophonium. However, serious ventricular arrhythmias continued in three patients and appeared in four despite the agent. Ventricular fibrillation did not occur during the 10 hour period of study. In addition, the patients were evaluated hemodynamically and by His bundle electrograms before and after a 10 mg. bolus of edrophonium prior to the 10 hour constant infusion: heart rate declined (88 to 72 b.p.m., p less than 0.01), while mean arterial pressure (98 mm. Hg), left ventricular filling pressure (14 mm. Hg), cardiac index (2.4 L. per minute per square meter), and stroke work index (36 Gm.m./M.2) were unchanged (p greater than 0.05). The edrophonium bolus prolonged the A-H interval (117 to 135 msec., p less than 0.01) while the H-Q interval was unaltered (48 msec; p greater than 0.05). It is concluded that increased vagal tone with edrophonium did not reduce the over-all presence of premature ventricular contractions in the entire study group; however, the malignant nature of PVCs and ventricular tachycardia appeared to be lessened by the parasympathomimetic agent in certain patients. In addition, no adverse hemodynamic or intraventricular conduction effects were produced by edrophonium administration.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of the enhancement of vagal tone in acute myocardial infarction by edrophonium hydrochloride: effects on ventricular arrhythmias, His bundle electrography, and left ventricular function. Enhanced electrical stability of acutely ischemic myocardium with vagal stimulation and acetylcholinesterase inhibition has been demonstrated experimentally. To extend these findings clinically, within 24 hours of acute myocardial infarction, 11 patients underwent continuous 10 hour Holter monitoring: 2.5 hour control before and after 5 hour constant edrophonium infusion (0.25 to 2.00 mg./minute). Continuous infusion of the agent lowered heart rate 92 to 78 b.p.m. (p less than 0.01). Although mean total ventricular extrasystoles (PVC's) per 5 hours per patient (131) and PVC's per 1,000 beats (4.7) were unchanged (p greater than 0.05), potentially lethal tachyarrhythmias (malignant PVC's: multifocal, R on T, paried, greater than 5 per minute or ventricular tachycardia) were terminated in six of 10 patients by edrophonium. However, serious ventricular arrhythmias continued in three patients and appeared in four despite the agent. Ventricular fibrillation did not occur during the 10 hour period of study. In addition, the patients were evaluated hemodynamically and by His bundle electrograms before and after a 10 mg. bolus of edrophonium prior to the 10 hour constant infusion: heart rate declined (88 to 72 b.p.m., p less than 0.01), while mean arterial pressure (98 mm. Hg), left ventricular filling pressure (14 mm. Hg), cardiac index (2.4 L. per minute per square meter), and stroke work index (36 Gm.m./M.2) were unchanged (p greater than 0.05). The edrophonium bolus prolonged the A-H interval (117 to 135 msec., p less than 0.01) while the H-Q interval was unaltered (48 msec; p greater than 0.05). It is concluded that increased vagal tone with edrophonium did not reduce the over-all presence of premature ventricular contractions in the entire study group; however, the malignant nature of PVCs and ventricular tachycardia appeared to be lessened by the parasympathomimetic agent in certain patients. In addition, no adverse hemodynamic or intraventricular conduction effects were produced by edrophonium administration.", "PMID": 835466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1483", "title": "Clinical implications of differences in pharmacodynamic action of polar and nonpolar cardiac glycosides.", "content": "The principal effects of cardiac glycosides probably can be classified as parasympathomimetic or sympathomimetic. Data from animals and from man suggest that polar cardiac glycosides, such as ouabain and digoxin, possess greater parasympathomimetic (vagal) cardiac effect for a given amount of sympathomimetic (positive inotropic) cardiac effect than do less polar cardiac glycosides, such as digitoxin. Polar glycosides therefore offer some advantage in uncomplicated paroxysmal atrial tachycardia and in uncomplicated atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation when the principal desired effect is reduction in the number of atrial impulses reaching the ventricles or conversion to normal sinus rhythm. Non-polar glycosides offer an advantage when positive inotropicity is desired but when there is some degree of atrioventricular block or when inappropriate sinus bradycardia or anorexia, nausea, or vomiting are present. Ecotopic impulse formation when due to cardiac glycosides is a toxic manifestation of excessive sympathomimetic effect, but is aggravated by vagal-induced sinus bradycardia, so that both parasympathomimetic and sympathomimetic capability of cardiac glycosides must be considered when dealing with myocardial electrical instability.", "contents": "Clinical implications of differences in pharmacodynamic action of polar and nonpolar cardiac glycosides. The principal effects of cardiac glycosides probably can be classified as parasympathomimetic or sympathomimetic. Data from animals and from man suggest that polar cardiac glycosides, such as ouabain and digoxin, possess greater parasympathomimetic (vagal) cardiac effect for a given amount of sympathomimetic (positive inotropic) cardiac effect than do less polar cardiac glycosides, such as digitoxin. Polar glycosides therefore offer some advantage in uncomplicated paroxysmal atrial tachycardia and in uncomplicated atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation when the principal desired effect is reduction in the number of atrial impulses reaching the ventricles or conversion to normal sinus rhythm. Non-polar glycosides offer an advantage when positive inotropicity is desired but when there is some degree of atrioventricular block or when inappropriate sinus bradycardia or anorexia, nausea, or vomiting are present. Ecotopic impulse formation when due to cardiac glycosides is a toxic manifestation of excessive sympathomimetic effect, but is aggravated by vagal-induced sinus bradycardia, so that both parasympathomimetic and sympathomimetic capability of cardiac glycosides must be considered when dealing with myocardial electrical instability.", "PMID": 835469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1484", "title": "Correlative classification of clinical and hemodynamic function after acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "To characterize the relation between clinical and hemodynamic state in acute myocardial infarction, 200 patients with acute infarction were evaluated with clinical and hemodynamic criteria. Patients were classified clinically on the basis of peripheral hypoperfusion (hypotension, tachycardia, confusion, cyanosis, oliguria) and pulmonary congestion (rales, abnormal chest roentgenogram). Four clinical subsets were defined that correlated with cardiac index (Cl, liters/min per m2) and pulmonary capillary pressure (PCP, mm Hg): (see article). Parallel hemodynamic subsets were developed independently on the basis of depressed cardiac index (2.2 liters/min per m2 or less) and elevated pulmonary capillary pressure (greater than 18 mm Hg). The rate of accuracy of clinical examination in predicting hemodynamic abnormalities was 83 percent. Mortality rates were similar in the clinical and hemodynamic subset calssifications, averaging 2.2 percent in subset I, 10.1 percent in subset II, 22.4 percent in subset III and 55.5 percent in subset IV. Drug interventions in the course of hospitalization resulted in a 38 percent increase in depressed cardiac index and 34 percent decrease in elevated pulmonary capillary pressure. Resolution of clinical abnormalities paralleled this hemodynamic improvement in 70 percent of patients. These data suggest that clinical performance and both clinical and hemodynamic subsets are directly relevant to establishing prognosis and the selection of therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Correlative classification of clinical and hemodynamic function after acute myocardial infarction. To characterize the relation between clinical and hemodynamic state in acute myocardial infarction, 200 patients with acute infarction were evaluated with clinical and hemodynamic criteria. Patients were classified clinically on the basis of peripheral hypoperfusion (hypotension, tachycardia, confusion, cyanosis, oliguria) and pulmonary congestion (rales, abnormal chest roentgenogram). Four clinical subsets were defined that correlated with cardiac index (Cl, liters/min per m2) and pulmonary capillary pressure (PCP, mm Hg): (see article). Parallel hemodynamic subsets were developed independently on the basis of depressed cardiac index (2.2 liters/min per m2 or less) and elevated pulmonary capillary pressure (greater than 18 mm Hg). The rate of accuracy of clinical examination in predicting hemodynamic abnormalities was 83 percent. Mortality rates were similar in the clinical and hemodynamic subset calssifications, averaging 2.2 percent in subset I, 10.1 percent in subset II, 22.4 percent in subset III and 55.5 percent in subset IV. Drug interventions in the course of hospitalization resulted in a 38 percent increase in depressed cardiac index and 34 percent decrease in elevated pulmonary capillary pressure. Resolution of clinical abnormalities paralleled this hemodynamic improvement in 70 percent of patients. These data suggest that clinical performance and both clinical and hemodynamic subsets are directly relevant to establishing prognosis and the selection of therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 835473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1485", "title": "Continuing disease process of calcific aortic stenosis. Role of microthrombi and turbulent flow.", "content": "Microthrombi with evidence of organization were observed in 10 of 19 calcified and stenotic aortic valves (53 percent). The organization that results from such thrombi may contribute to the deformity of the valve. Repetitive deposits of microthrombi, followed by organization and calcification, would explain the continuous process of stenosis in previously deformed aortic valves. The formation of such thrombi may be initiated by turbulent flow and other fluid dynamic factors.", "contents": "Continuing disease process of calcific aortic stenosis. Role of microthrombi and turbulent flow. Microthrombi with evidence of organization were observed in 10 of 19 calcified and stenotic aortic valves (53 percent). The organization that results from such thrombi may contribute to the deformity of the valve. Repetitive deposits of microthrombi, followed by organization and calcification, would explain the continuous process of stenosis in previously deformed aortic valves. The formation of such thrombi may be initiated by turbulent flow and other fluid dynamic factors.", "PMID": 835474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1486", "title": "Congenital bicuspid aortic valve after age 20.", "content": "The bicuspid aortic valve is recognized as a frequent cause of aortic stenosis in adults. Aortic stenosis has been reported to occur in as many as 72 percent of adults with a congenital bicuspid aortic valve, with peak incidence occurring in the 5th and 6th decades of life. Review of the clinical records of 152 patients aged 20 years and older found to have a bicuspid aortic valve at autopsy revealed aortic stenosis in only 28 percent. The incidence of aortic stenosis increased progressively with age; 46 percent of patients over age 50 years and 73 percent over age 70 years had some degree of stenosis. The stenotic valves were obstructed by nodular, calcareous masses but commissural fusion was present in only eight cases. The largest group of patients in the series (40 percent) died of infective endocarditis; 77 percent of these were under age 50 years. Primary aortic regurgitation without infective endocarditis was uncommon. Thirty-two percent of the patients in this series had an apparently normally functioning aortic valve, and this rate remained relatively constant with increasing age; 37 percent of patients over age 50 years and 27 percent over age 70 years had an apparently normal valve. The bicuspid aortic valve in patients over age 20 does not invariably become stenotic or insufficient.", "contents": "Congenital bicuspid aortic valve after age 20. The bicuspid aortic valve is recognized as a frequent cause of aortic stenosis in adults. Aortic stenosis has been reported to occur in as many as 72 percent of adults with a congenital bicuspid aortic valve, with peak incidence occurring in the 5th and 6th decades of life. Review of the clinical records of 152 patients aged 20 years and older found to have a bicuspid aortic valve at autopsy revealed aortic stenosis in only 28 percent. The incidence of aortic stenosis increased progressively with age; 46 percent of patients over age 50 years and 73 percent over age 70 years had some degree of stenosis. The stenotic valves were obstructed by nodular, calcareous masses but commissural fusion was present in only eight cases. The largest group of patients in the series (40 percent) died of infective endocarditis; 77 percent of these were under age 50 years. Primary aortic regurgitation without infective endocarditis was uncommon. Thirty-two percent of the patients in this series had an apparently normally functioning aortic valve, and this rate remained relatively constant with increasing age; 37 percent of patients over age 50 years and 27 percent over age 70 years had an apparently normal valve. The bicuspid aortic valve in patients over age 20 does not invariably become stenotic or insufficient.", "PMID": 835475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1487", "title": "Cardiac shape and function in aortic valve disease: physiologic and clinical implications.", "content": "Left ventricular shape and function were studied in 12 normal subjects, 18 patients with pressure overloading secondary to isolated aortic stenosis and 20 patients with volume overloading due to aortic regurgitation. End-diastolic volumes were mildly increased in aortic stenosis but greatly increased in aortic regurgitation. Average ejection fractions were normal in aortic stenosis but depressed in aortic regurgitation. Ventricular shape (eccentricity), normal (elongated) in nearly all patients with aortic stenosis, showed in diastole various degrees of abnormal roundness in patients with aortic regurgitation. As ventricular function declined in aortic regurgitation, the ventricles also became more round in systole. After valve surgery, clinical results were generally better in patients with aortic stenosis than in patients with aortic regurgitation. Among the latter, changes in eccentricity and ejection fraction were the best predictors of surgical outcome. It is postulated that chronic volume loading, as exemplified by aortic regurgitation, may induce basic alterations in architecture and fiber alignment of the left ventricular wall. Such changes may exert significant influence on the clinical course of these patients.", "contents": "Cardiac shape and function in aortic valve disease: physiologic and clinical implications. Left ventricular shape and function were studied in 12 normal subjects, 18 patients with pressure overloading secondary to isolated aortic stenosis and 20 patients with volume overloading due to aortic regurgitation. End-diastolic volumes were mildly increased in aortic stenosis but greatly increased in aortic regurgitation. Average ejection fractions were normal in aortic stenosis but depressed in aortic regurgitation. Ventricular shape (eccentricity), normal (elongated) in nearly all patients with aortic stenosis, showed in diastole various degrees of abnormal roundness in patients with aortic regurgitation. As ventricular function declined in aortic regurgitation, the ventricles also became more round in systole. After valve surgery, clinical results were generally better in patients with aortic stenosis than in patients with aortic regurgitation. Among the latter, changes in eccentricity and ejection fraction were the best predictors of surgical outcome. It is postulated that chronic volume loading, as exemplified by aortic regurgitation, may induce basic alterations in architecture and fiber alignment of the left ventricular wall. Such changes may exert significant influence on the clinical course of these patients.", "PMID": 835476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1488", "title": "Peripheral venous contrast echocardiography.", "content": "Contrast echocardiography is the technique of injecting various echo-producing agents into the bloodstream and, with standard echocardiographic techniques, observing the blood flow patterns as revealed by the resulting cloud of echoes. These techniques have only recently been utilized to evaluate various cardiac defects. Two physical properties of these agents characterize their usefulness: (1) clouds of echoes can be observed downstream as well as at the injection site, and (2) the echo-producing quality of these agents is completely lost with a single transit through either the pulmonary or the systemic capillary bed. Thus, detection of resultant echoes in both the venous and the arterial blood pool is indicative of abnormal shunting. In 60 patients with a spectrum of cardiac defects and a wide range in age of presentation, studies were made of (1) the feasibility of performing contrast echocardiography with superficial peripheral venous injections, and (2) the clinical usefulness of this relatively noninvasive technique in detecting and localizing intracardiac right ot left shunting. Most superficial peripheral veins could be utilized, and the resultant contrast echograms were reproducible and similar in quality to those obtained more central (caval) injections. Right to left shunts could be localized in the atrial, ventricular or intrapulmonary level. Characteristic flow patterns were also recognized for tricuspid atresia and common ventricle.", "contents": "Peripheral venous contrast echocardiography. Contrast echocardiography is the technique of injecting various echo-producing agents into the bloodstream and, with standard echocardiographic techniques, observing the blood flow patterns as revealed by the resulting cloud of echoes. These techniques have only recently been utilized to evaluate various cardiac defects. Two physical properties of these agents characterize their usefulness: (1) clouds of echoes can be observed downstream as well as at the injection site, and (2) the echo-producing quality of these agents is completely lost with a single transit through either the pulmonary or the systemic capillary bed. Thus, detection of resultant echoes in both the venous and the arterial blood pool is indicative of abnormal shunting. In 60 patients with a spectrum of cardiac defects and a wide range in age of presentation, studies were made of (1) the feasibility of performing contrast echocardiography with superficial peripheral venous injections, and (2) the clinical usefulness of this relatively noninvasive technique in detecting and localizing intracardiac right ot left shunting. Most superficial peripheral veins could be utilized, and the resultant contrast echograms were reproducible and similar in quality to those obtained more central (caval) injections. Right to left shunts could be localized in the atrial, ventricular or intrapulmonary level. Characteristic flow patterns were also recognized for tricuspid atresia and common ventricle.", "PMID": 835477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1489", "title": "Effect of cholestyramine on digoxin absorption and excretion in man.", "content": "Six subjects receiving digoxin therapy for heart disease were studied on two occasions with a single oral dose of 0.5 mg of tritiated digoxin. In every study, all stools and urine were saved for 1 week. Before the second study, treatment with cholestyramine, 4 g every 6 hours, was begun and continued throughout. In three patients, a third study was performed after cholestyramine treatment had been continued for 1 month. Results showed that after cholestyramine administration serum levels, stool output and urinary output of tritiated digoxin varied over a wider range, but cholestyramine had no net short-term effect of any of these variables. After 1 month of cholestyramine administration, there was a small statistically significant increase in stool output of tritiated digoxin and metabolites. In vitro studies suggested that cholestyramine is likely to be a weak digoxin binder in the gut and that changes induced by this resin in digoxin metabolism are not likely to be due to drug binding.", "contents": "Effect of cholestyramine on digoxin absorption and excretion in man. Six subjects receiving digoxin therapy for heart disease were studied on two occasions with a single oral dose of 0.5 mg of tritiated digoxin. In every study, all stools and urine were saved for 1 week. Before the second study, treatment with cholestyramine, 4 g every 6 hours, was begun and continued throughout. In three patients, a third study was performed after cholestyramine treatment had been continued for 1 month. Results showed that after cholestyramine administration serum levels, stool output and urinary output of tritiated digoxin varied over a wider range, but cholestyramine had no net short-term effect of any of these variables. After 1 month of cholestyramine administration, there was a small statistically significant increase in stool output of tritiated digoxin and metabolites. In vitro studies suggested that cholestyramine is likely to be a weak digoxin binder in the gut and that changes induced by this resin in digoxin metabolism are not likely to be due to drug binding.", "PMID": 835478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1490", "title": "Echocardiogram in common (single) ventricle: angiographic-anatomic correlation.", "content": "Common ventricle is a rare congenital anomaly in which the ventricular chamber receives blood from two separate atrioventricular (A-V) valves or a common A-V valve. Diagnosis of common ventricle was established in 55 patients aged 3 months to 33 years (mean 10 years) at cardiac catheterization in all 55 and at operation or autopsy in 24. In common ventricle with two angiographically demonstrable A-V valves (47 patients), the echocardiographic features included: (1) simultaneous recording (in the same sonic beam with the transducer held stationary) of the echoes of an anterior and a posterior A-V valve without an intervening septal echo (45 of 47 patients); (2) absence, on a base to apex scan, of the ventricular septal echo in the usual position separating the A-V valves (47 of 47 patients); (3) recording, in patients with common ventricle and outflow chamber, of this small outflow chamber anterior to the A-V valves (20 of 23 patients); and (4) recording of echographic continuity of the posterior A-V valve and great artery (27 of 31 patients). In common ventricle with a common A-V valve (8 patients), the echocardiographic features included: (1) a single demonstrable A-V valve, located posteriorly in the ventricle, which showed a large amplitude of excursion during diastole; and (2) absence of a second A-V valve echo or ventricular septal echo. Eight patients were studied postoperatively after surgical correction by ventricular septation. Echographic features included visualization of a prosthetic septum that produced a dense echo and divided the common ventricle into \"right\" and \"left\" ventricular chambers. This septum had a large excursion anteriorly during systole. Because common ventricle is now amenable to surgical correction, echocardiography should play an important role in assessment of ventricular anatomy in this complex congenital cardiac defect.", "contents": "Echocardiogram in common (single) ventricle: angiographic-anatomic correlation. Common ventricle is a rare congenital anomaly in which the ventricular chamber receives blood from two separate atrioventricular (A-V) valves or a common A-V valve. Diagnosis of common ventricle was established in 55 patients aged 3 months to 33 years (mean 10 years) at cardiac catheterization in all 55 and at operation or autopsy in 24. In common ventricle with two angiographically demonstrable A-V valves (47 patients), the echocardiographic features included: (1) simultaneous recording (in the same sonic beam with the transducer held stationary) of the echoes of an anterior and a posterior A-V valve without an intervening septal echo (45 of 47 patients); (2) absence, on a base to apex scan, of the ventricular septal echo in the usual position separating the A-V valves (47 of 47 patients); (3) recording, in patients with common ventricle and outflow chamber, of this small outflow chamber anterior to the A-V valves (20 of 23 patients); and (4) recording of echographic continuity of the posterior A-V valve and great artery (27 of 31 patients). In common ventricle with a common A-V valve (8 patients), the echocardiographic features included: (1) a single demonstrable A-V valve, located posteriorly in the ventricle, which showed a large amplitude of excursion during diastole; and (2) absence of a second A-V valve echo or ventricular septal echo. Eight patients were studied postoperatively after surgical correction by ventricular septation. Echographic features included visualization of a prosthetic septum that produced a dense echo and divided the common ventricle into \"right\" and \"left\" ventricular chambers. This septum had a large excursion anteriorly during systole. Because common ventricle is now amenable to surgical correction, echocardiography should play an important role in assessment of ventricular anatomy in this complex congenital cardiac defect.", "PMID": 835479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1491", "title": "Ventricular inversion without transposition of the great arteries. A rarity found in association with atresia of the left-sided (tricuspid) atrioventricular valve.", "content": "Clinical and morphologic features are described in a 13 week old male infant with ventricular inversion without associated transposition of the great arteries but with concomitant atresia of the left-sided (tricuspid) atrioventricular valve. Isolated ventricular inversion without situs inversus or visceral heterotaxy has previously been reported in English in only three patients, none with tricuspid atresia.", "contents": "Ventricular inversion without transposition of the great arteries. A rarity found in association with atresia of the left-sided (tricuspid) atrioventricular valve. Clinical and morphologic features are described in a 13 week old male infant with ventricular inversion without associated transposition of the great arteries but with concomitant atresia of the left-sided (tricuspid) atrioventricular valve. Isolated ventricular inversion without situs inversus or visceral heterotaxy has previously been reported in English in only three patients, none with tricuspid atresia.", "PMID": 835480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1492", "title": "Transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum and patent ductus arteriosus.", "content": "At the time of initial balloon atrial septostomy a patent ductus arteriosus was found with angiography in 39 of 81 infants with transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum. By angiographic criteria the ductus shunt was considered small in 21 infants and large and significant in 18. In contrast to the usual clinical presentation of neonates with transposition and intact ventricular septum, 12 of these 18 infants with a significant patent ductus arteriosus had only slight cyanosis and 8 presented with tachypnea out of proportion to the degree of cyanosis. Ten of the 18 infants had no continuous murmur, bounding pulses, mid-diastolic rumble or differential cyanosis. Clinically occult narrowing or closure occurred, presumably gradually and relatively late, in six infants. Acute early narrowing or closure, spontaneous (six infants) or surgically produced (three infants), occurred usually within the 1st month of life and was associated with a marked decrease in arterial oxygen saturation in eight infants, often with a rapid clinical deterioration. Persistence of a large patent ductus arteriosus for several months appears to be associated with an increased incidence of early pulmonary vascular disease. Therapeutic considerations for the infant with a large patent ductus arteriosus after initial balloon atrial septostomy include: (1) careful initial follow-up of the infant in clinically stable condition in case the ductus arteriosus should acutely narrow or close and the patient require urgent palliative or corrective surgery; (2) urgent early closure of the ductus in the infant with overt left heart failure with concurrent atrial septectomy or preferably primary corrective surgery; and (3) elective closure of a persistent significant patent ductus arteriosus before age 4 months with concurrent corrective surgery in the infant in clinically stable condition.", "contents": "Transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum and patent ductus arteriosus. At the time of initial balloon atrial septostomy a patent ductus arteriosus was found with angiography in 39 of 81 infants with transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum. By angiographic criteria the ductus shunt was considered small in 21 infants and large and significant in 18. In contrast to the usual clinical presentation of neonates with transposition and intact ventricular septum, 12 of these 18 infants with a significant patent ductus arteriosus had only slight cyanosis and 8 presented with tachypnea out of proportion to the degree of cyanosis. Ten of the 18 infants had no continuous murmur, bounding pulses, mid-diastolic rumble or differential cyanosis. Clinically occult narrowing or closure occurred, presumably gradually and relatively late, in six infants. Acute early narrowing or closure, spontaneous (six infants) or surgically produced (three infants), occurred usually within the 1st month of life and was associated with a marked decrease in arterial oxygen saturation in eight infants, often with a rapid clinical deterioration. Persistence of a large patent ductus arteriosus for several months appears to be associated with an increased incidence of early pulmonary vascular disease. Therapeutic considerations for the infant with a large patent ductus arteriosus after initial balloon atrial septostomy include: (1) careful initial follow-up of the infant in clinically stable condition in case the ductus arteriosus should acutely narrow or close and the patient require urgent palliative or corrective surgery; (2) urgent early closure of the ductus in the infant with overt left heart failure with concurrent atrial septectomy or preferably primary corrective surgery; and (3) elective closure of a persistent significant patent ductus arteriosus before age 4 months with concurrent corrective surgery in the infant in clinically stable condition.", "PMID": 835481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1493", "title": "Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California. Incidence of myocardial infarction and death from coronary heart disease.", "content": "The incidence of myocardial infarction and death from coronary heart disease was studied in defined samples of 45 to 68 year old Japanese men in Japan, Hawaii and California. The incidence rate was lowest in Japan where it was half that observed in Hawaii (P less than 0.01). The youngest men in the sample in Japan were at particularly low risk. The incidence among Japanese men in California was nearly 50 percent greater than that of Japanese in Hawaii (P less than 0.05). A striking increase in the incidence of myocardial infarction appears to have occurred in the Japanese who migrated to the United States; this increase is more pronounced in California than in Hawaii.", "contents": "Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California. Incidence of myocardial infarction and death from coronary heart disease. The incidence of myocardial infarction and death from coronary heart disease was studied in defined samples of 45 to 68 year old Japanese men in Japan, Hawaii and California. The incidence rate was lowest in Japan where it was half that observed in Hawaii (P less than 0.01). The youngest men in the sample in Japan were at particularly low risk. The incidence among Japanese men in California was nearly 50 percent greater than that of Japanese in Hawaii (P less than 0.05). A striking increase in the incidence of myocardial infarction appears to have occurred in the Japanese who migrated to the United States; this increase is more pronounced in California than in Hawaii.", "PMID": 835482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1494", "title": "Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California. Coronary heart disease risk factors in Japan and Hawaii.", "content": "Various risk factors were evaluated to explain a significantly greater incidence of coronary heart disease in men of Japanese ancestry resident in Hawaii compared with men resident in Japan. The independent predictors of incidence of coronary heart disease in both Japan and Hawaii were systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, relative weight and age. These factors appeared to influence incidence similarly in both areas because in each case the correlation coefficients for Japan and Hawaii did not differ significantly. The hypothesis that the greater incidence in Hawaii could be attributed to differences in levels of these risk factors was tested with the Walker-Duncan method. The four variable multiple logistic function describing the probability of coronary heart disease in Japan was applied to the cohort characteristics observed in Hawaii. The estimated incidence thus obtained was not significantly different from that actually observed in the men resident in Hawaii. Therefore the increased coronary risk profile in Hawaii compared with Japan can account for the greater incidence of coronary heart disease in the former. Current cigarette smoking was significantly related to the risk of coronary heart disease in Hawaii but not in Japan. This difference requires further investigation.", "contents": "Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California. Coronary heart disease risk factors in Japan and Hawaii. Various risk factors were evaluated to explain a significantly greater incidence of coronary heart disease in men of Japanese ancestry resident in Hawaii compared with men resident in Japan. The independent predictors of incidence of coronary heart disease in both Japan and Hawaii were systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, relative weight and age. These factors appeared to influence incidence similarly in both areas because in each case the correlation coefficients for Japan and Hawaii did not differ significantly. The hypothesis that the greater incidence in Hawaii could be attributed to differences in levels of these risk factors was tested with the Walker-Duncan method. The four variable multiple logistic function describing the probability of coronary heart disease in Japan was applied to the cohort characteristics observed in Hawaii. The estimated incidence thus obtained was not significantly different from that actually observed in the men resident in Hawaii. Therefore the increased coronary risk profile in Hawaii compared with Japan can account for the greater incidence of coronary heart disease in the former. Current cigarette smoking was significantly related to the risk of coronary heart disease in Hawaii but not in Japan. This difference requires further investigation.", "PMID": 835483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1495", "title": "Weight gain, thermic effect of glucose and resting metabolic rate during recovery from anorexia nervosa.", "content": "Rate of weight gain, together with metabolic rate before and after a glucose meal, were studied in a group of 15 female anorexia nervosa patients as their weight was being restored to normal levels. The previously obese anoretic patients gained weight more rapidly, on the same food intake, than those who were of normal weight before their illness began. The increase in metabolic rate (as treatment progressed) was less in the previously obese patients, who also showed a tendency for the metabolic rate to increase less after a glucose meal than the patients with no history of obesity. The thermic effect of glucose was greater in patients with anorexia nervosa than in a comparable control group of six female students.", "contents": "Weight gain, thermic effect of glucose and resting metabolic rate during recovery from anorexia nervosa. Rate of weight gain, together with metabolic rate before and after a glucose meal, were studied in a group of 15 female anorexia nervosa patients as their weight was being restored to normal levels. The previously obese anoretic patients gained weight more rapidly, on the same food intake, than those who were of normal weight before their illness began. The increase in metabolic rate (as treatment progressed) was less in the previously obese patients, who also showed a tendency for the metabolic rate to increase less after a glucose meal than the patients with no history of obesity. The thermic effect of glucose was greater in patients with anorexia nervosa than in a comparable control group of six female students.", "PMID": 835500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1496", "title": "Cholesterol metabolism in patients with resection of ileum and proximal colon.", "content": "Compartmental analysis of the disappearance curve of serum cholesterol specific activity after an intravenous administration of a tracer does of cholesterol-4-14C was carried out in five patients with resection of the distal small intestine, cecum, and proximal colon. The data fit best a two compartment model in all five cases with the rapidly exchangeable pool of 16.6+/-3.2 g (mean +/- SD, 60% of the mean of 15 normal subjects) and the slowly exchangeable pool of 31.5 +/- 10.9 g (65%). The reduction of the pool sizes was associated with a shorter mean transit time of cholesterol, 22.15 +/- 8.07 days (40%) and increased turnover rate, 2.42 +/- 0.72g/ day (172%). Direct fecal analysis for the neutral sterols and bile acids derived from the exchangeable pool confirmed the turnover rate obtained from the compartmental analysis. The increased fecal excretion was mainly in the bile acid fraction. The study suggests that the ileal and proximal colon resection results in bile acid malabsorption which, in turn, increases hepatic cholesterol and bile acid synthesis. The synthetic rates, however, could not compensate totally for the excretory rate. Therefore, the pool size decreased to a new low steady state of equilibrium.", "contents": "Cholesterol metabolism in patients with resection of ileum and proximal colon. Compartmental analysis of the disappearance curve of serum cholesterol specific activity after an intravenous administration of a tracer does of cholesterol-4-14C was carried out in five patients with resection of the distal small intestine, cecum, and proximal colon. The data fit best a two compartment model in all five cases with the rapidly exchangeable pool of 16.6+/-3.2 g (mean +/- SD, 60% of the mean of 15 normal subjects) and the slowly exchangeable pool of 31.5 +/- 10.9 g (65%). The reduction of the pool sizes was associated with a shorter mean transit time of cholesterol, 22.15 +/- 8.07 days (40%) and increased turnover rate, 2.42 +/- 0.72g/ day (172%). Direct fecal analysis for the neutral sterols and bile acids derived from the exchangeable pool confirmed the turnover rate obtained from the compartmental analysis. The increased fecal excretion was mainly in the bile acid fraction. The study suggests that the ileal and proximal colon resection results in bile acid malabsorption which, in turn, increases hepatic cholesterol and bile acid synthesis. The synthetic rates, however, could not compensate totally for the excretory rate. Therefore, the pool size decreased to a new low steady state of equilibrium.", "PMID": 835501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1497", "title": "Effect of diet composition on metabolic adaptations to hypocaloric nutrition: comparison of high carbohydrate and high fat isocaloric diets.", "content": "The metabolic consequences of two hypocaloric diets were assessed in 10 obese men. The study, performed on a metabolic ward, compared the response of these men to two cholesterol-free liquid formula diets of differing composition (10 kcal/kg per day, 70% carbohydrate, 20% protein, 10% fat versus 70% fat, 20% protein, 10% carbohydrate) but identical in calories. These were administered for 14 days in a random order and each diet was preceded by a 7-day control weight maintenance diet (30 kcal/kg per day, 40% carbohydrate, 20% protein, 40% fat). The low calorie diets were well tolerated by the men and effected similar losses of nonaqueous body weight. Fasting glucose and insulin decreased significantly in these men after they ingested either weight loss diet for 14 days, but the change in each parameter was greater for high fat as compared to high carbohydrate (15% versus 7% and 67% versus 35%, respectively, P less than 0.01). In contrast, fasting glucagon concentration decreased in these subjects to a greater extent in response to the high carbohydrate diet (35% versus 16%, P less than 0.01). This adaptive response thus resulted in a 50% fall in insulin:glucagon molar ratio for high fat and no change for high carbohydrate weight loss. Despite these hormonal alterations no change in glucose tolerance was observed. Fasting serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels declined in these subjects to a greater extent following the high fat compared to the high carbohydrate regimen (45% versus 28%, P less than 0.01 and 8% versus 3%, not significant, respectively). These changes reflected decrements in very low density lipoproteins alone. Despite similar increments in free fatty acid levels, (350% versus 270%, not significant) serum ketone body (beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate) concentrations increased 7-fold on the high fat diet compared to the high carbohydrate diet, P less than 0.001. The hyperketonemia of these men in response to the high fat, low calorie diet suggested the occurrence of a shift in hepatic free fatty acid metabolism toward ketogenesis rather than triglyceride synthesis. The associated decrease in the insulin: glucagon molar ratio raised the question of a possible role for these hormones in the adaptation.", "contents": "Effect of diet composition on metabolic adaptations to hypocaloric nutrition: comparison of high carbohydrate and high fat isocaloric diets. The metabolic consequences of two hypocaloric diets were assessed in 10 obese men. The study, performed on a metabolic ward, compared the response of these men to two cholesterol-free liquid formula diets of differing composition (10 kcal/kg per day, 70% carbohydrate, 20% protein, 10% fat versus 70% fat, 20% protein, 10% carbohydrate) but identical in calories. These were administered for 14 days in a random order and each diet was preceded by a 7-day control weight maintenance diet (30 kcal/kg per day, 40% carbohydrate, 20% protein, 40% fat). The low calorie diets were well tolerated by the men and effected similar losses of nonaqueous body weight. Fasting glucose and insulin decreased significantly in these men after they ingested either weight loss diet for 14 days, but the change in each parameter was greater for high fat as compared to high carbohydrate (15% versus 7% and 67% versus 35%, respectively, P less than 0.01). In contrast, fasting glucagon concentration decreased in these subjects to a greater extent in response to the high carbohydrate diet (35% versus 16%, P less than 0.01). This adaptive response thus resulted in a 50% fall in insulin:glucagon molar ratio for high fat and no change for high carbohydrate weight loss. Despite these hormonal alterations no change in glucose tolerance was observed. Fasting serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels declined in these subjects to a greater extent following the high fat compared to the high carbohydrate regimen (45% versus 28%, P less than 0.01 and 8% versus 3%, not significant, respectively). These changes reflected decrements in very low density lipoproteins alone. Despite similar increments in free fatty acid levels, (350% versus 270%, not significant) serum ketone body (beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate) concentrations increased 7-fold on the high fat diet compared to the high carbohydrate diet, P less than 0.001. The hyperketonemia of these men in response to the high fat, low calorie diet suggested the occurrence of a shift in hepatic free fatty acid metabolism toward ketogenesis rather than triglyceride synthesis. The associated decrease in the insulin: glucagon molar ratio raised the question of a possible role for these hormones in the adaptation.", "PMID": 835502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1498", "title": "Dimethylhydrazine-induced colon tumors in rats fed diets containing beef fat or corn oil with and without wheat bran.", "content": "Male rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain were fed semisynthetic diets containing either 20% beef fat or corn oil with and without 20% wheat bran. Half of the animals received four weekly doses and the other half received eight weekly doses of dimethylhydrazine, 30 mg/kg, by intragastric intubation. The percentage of rats with tumors of the colon of all types was significantly higher in animals fed no bran than in those fed bran. Likewise, the percentage of rats with polypoid neoplasms of the colon was higher in rats fed no bran, but there was no significant difference in the percentage of rats with malignant tumors of the colon with respect to the feeding of bran. No significant differences were found between rats fed corn oil and those fed beef fat with respect to either the incidence or the kinds of colon tumors. Malignant tumors of the colon, causing death, occurred earlier in rats fed corn oil as compared to those fed beef fat. The percentage of rats with tumors of the colon and the numbers of tumors per tumor-bearing rat were significantly increased in rats given eight doses of dimethylhydrazine or compared to those given four.", "contents": "Dimethylhydrazine-induced colon tumors in rats fed diets containing beef fat or corn oil with and without wheat bran. Male rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain were fed semisynthetic diets containing either 20% beef fat or corn oil with and without 20% wheat bran. Half of the animals received four weekly doses and the other half received eight weekly doses of dimethylhydrazine, 30 mg/kg, by intragastric intubation. The percentage of rats with tumors of the colon of all types was significantly higher in animals fed no bran than in those fed bran. Likewise, the percentage of rats with polypoid neoplasms of the colon was higher in rats fed no bran, but there was no significant difference in the percentage of rats with malignant tumors of the colon with respect to the feeding of bran. No significant differences were found between rats fed corn oil and those fed beef fat with respect to either the incidence or the kinds of colon tumors. Malignant tumors of the colon, causing death, occurred earlier in rats fed corn oil as compared to those fed beef fat. The percentage of rats with tumors of the colon and the numbers of tumors per tumor-bearing rat were significantly increased in rats given eight doses of dimethylhydrazine or compared to those given four.", "PMID": 835503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1499", "title": "Placental phosphatase of maternal serum: relationship to pregravid weight, prenatal weight gain, and infant birthweight in normal human pregnancies.", "content": "Serum placental phosphatase (heat-stable alkaline phosphatase, HSAP) was measured in the following gravidae with normal weight gain: 71 normal weight normal subjects (NWN), 26 overweight normal subjects (OWN), and 28 underweight normal subjects (UWN); and in the following gravidae with excess gain (XsG), small gain (SmG), or weight loss (WtL): 11 NWN-XsG, seven NWN-SmG, seven OWN-SmG, two OWN-XsG, three OWN-WtL, and five UWN-XsG. The NWN regression equation between 31 and 40 weeks was: Y = 0.66X - 18.44. Overweight subjects' HSAP values were typically below and underweight subjects' values were above the regression line, providing that the weight gain was not less than normal in the overweight group or greater than normal in the underweight group. The average difference from the NWN regression line for each subject was designated \"deltaHSAP.\" The differences between the mean delta HSAP values was statistically significant for: NWN versus OWN, NWN versus UWN, OWN versus UWN, NWN-XsG versus NWN-SmG, NWN-SmG, NWN versus NWN-XsG, and OWN versus OWN-WtL. The higher delta HSAP values were associated with relative caloric insufficiency, the lower values with relative caloric excess. A low degree of inverse correlation was found between infant birthweight and delta HSAP (r = -0.37; P less than 0.002).", "contents": "Placental phosphatase of maternal serum: relationship to pregravid weight, prenatal weight gain, and infant birthweight in normal human pregnancies. Serum placental phosphatase (heat-stable alkaline phosphatase, HSAP) was measured in the following gravidae with normal weight gain: 71 normal weight normal subjects (NWN), 26 overweight normal subjects (OWN), and 28 underweight normal subjects (UWN); and in the following gravidae with excess gain (XsG), small gain (SmG), or weight loss (WtL): 11 NWN-XsG, seven NWN-SmG, seven OWN-SmG, two OWN-XsG, three OWN-WtL, and five UWN-XsG. The NWN regression equation between 31 and 40 weeks was: Y = 0.66X - 18.44. Overweight subjects' HSAP values were typically below and underweight subjects' values were above the regression line, providing that the weight gain was not less than normal in the overweight group or greater than normal in the underweight group. The average difference from the NWN regression line for each subject was designated \"deltaHSAP.\" The differences between the mean delta HSAP values was statistically significant for: NWN versus OWN, NWN versus UWN, OWN versus UWN, NWN-XsG versus NWN-SmG, NWN-SmG, NWN versus NWN-XsG, and OWN versus OWN-WtL. The higher delta HSAP values were associated with relative caloric insufficiency, the lower values with relative caloric excess. A low degree of inverse correlation was found between infant birthweight and delta HSAP (r = -0.37; P less than 0.002).", "PMID": 835504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1500", "title": "Effect of maternal dietary amino acid pattern on rat offspring.", "content": "The effect of lifetime feeding to gravid rats of diets containing different indispensable amino acid patterns on body and brain composition of the offspring was studied. Two groups of rats were fed, from weaning to delivery, either experimental diet B or diet I. Both diets contained the same amount of total nitrogen (3.14%), available lysine (0.4%) and \"complete protein to total protein ratio\" (22.5%), but whereas diet I provided an excess of indispensable amino acids over the amount of limiting amino acid, diet B supplied all of the indispensable amino acids in marginal amounts and in a rather well balanced pattern. The nitrogen content of diet B was matched to the nitrogen content of diet I by addition of a mixture of dispensable amino acids. A control group fed stock diet (C) was run simultaneously. Birth body weight, carcass nitrogen to water ratio, and brain weight of pups were significantly lower in B than in I. The figures for I were not significantly different from the controls. Brain DNA content in B was significantly lower than in C, but in I it was lower than for both B and C. Nitrogen to water ratio and brain DNA content of group B were low when compared to the standard curves for our colony; however, DNA content was normal for the degree of body development. On the other hand, in group I brain DNA was preferentially affected, as if body and brain maturity were dissociated.", "contents": "Effect of maternal dietary amino acid pattern on rat offspring. The effect of lifetime feeding to gravid rats of diets containing different indispensable amino acid patterns on body and brain composition of the offspring was studied. Two groups of rats were fed, from weaning to delivery, either experimental diet B or diet I. Both diets contained the same amount of total nitrogen (3.14%), available lysine (0.4%) and \"complete protein to total protein ratio\" (22.5%), but whereas diet I provided an excess of indispensable amino acids over the amount of limiting amino acid, diet B supplied all of the indispensable amino acids in marginal amounts and in a rather well balanced pattern. The nitrogen content of diet B was matched to the nitrogen content of diet I by addition of a mixture of dispensable amino acids. A control group fed stock diet (C) was run simultaneously. Birth body weight, carcass nitrogen to water ratio, and brain weight of pups were significantly lower in B than in I. The figures for I were not significantly different from the controls. Brain DNA content in B was significantly lower than in C, but in I it was lower than for both B and C. Nitrogen to water ratio and brain DNA content of group B were low when compared to the standard curves for our colony; however, DNA content was normal for the degree of body development. On the other hand, in group I brain DNA was preferentially affected, as if body and brain maturity were dissociated.", "PMID": 835505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1501", "title": "Nutrient intake of treated infants with phenylketonuria.", "content": "Growth, energy, and nutrient intake of 88 treated infants in the Collaborative Study of Children Treated for Phenylketonuria were evaluated longitudinally and compared to normative data and by treatment group. Growth parameters (height and weight) did not differ according to treatment group assignment, nor did they differ from normative data. Subjects in treatment group 2 had a significantly higher intake of phenylalanine than did subjects in treatment group 1. Differences in intake of other nutrients disappeared when intake was compared on an energy or body weight basis. Differences in intake by males and females also disappeared when compared on an energy and a body weight basis. From none to 10% of the subjects had energy intakes below two-thirds of the 1968 Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA). Low individual energy intakes were more commonly found in the first and fourth quarters, and only during the first quarter of infancy did mean energy intake meet the RDA. From 48 to 80% of subjects had intakes of preformed niacin below two-thirds of the 1968 RDA. Few subjects had low intakes of protein, iron, or vitamin A, and intakes of all subjects were greater than 67% of the RDA for calcium, phosphorus, thiamin, riboflavin, and ascorbic acid. It is suggested from the data presented that a supplemental casein hydrolysate supplies adequate essential amino acids and nitrogen to support normal growth in infants when protein and energy intakes are fed at the levels described.", "contents": "Nutrient intake of treated infants with phenylketonuria. Growth, energy, and nutrient intake of 88 treated infants in the Collaborative Study of Children Treated for Phenylketonuria were evaluated longitudinally and compared to normative data and by treatment group. Growth parameters (height and weight) did not differ according to treatment group assignment, nor did they differ from normative data. Subjects in treatment group 2 had a significantly higher intake of phenylalanine than did subjects in treatment group 1. Differences in intake of other nutrients disappeared when intake was compared on an energy or body weight basis. Differences in intake by males and females also disappeared when compared on an energy and a body weight basis. From none to 10% of the subjects had energy intakes below two-thirds of the 1968 Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA). Low individual energy intakes were more commonly found in the first and fourth quarters, and only during the first quarter of infancy did mean energy intake meet the RDA. From 48 to 80% of subjects had intakes of preformed niacin below two-thirds of the 1968 RDA. Few subjects had low intakes of protein, iron, or vitamin A, and intakes of all subjects were greater than 67% of the RDA for calcium, phosphorus, thiamin, riboflavin, and ascorbic acid. It is suggested from the data presented that a supplemental casein hydrolysate supplies adequate essential amino acids and nitrogen to support normal growth in infants when protein and energy intakes are fed at the levels described.", "PMID": 835506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1502", "title": "Phenylalanine-tyrosine deficiency syndrome as a complication of the management of hereditary tyrosinemia.", "content": "A male infant with type I hereditary tyrosinemia developed a phenylalanine-tyrosine deficiency syndrome after receiving a synthetic diet which was low in these amino acids. The syndrome was characterized by growth failure, anorexia, lethargy, and hypotonia. Hypophenylalaninemia and hypotyrosinemia were discovered. The blood concentration of most other amino acids were increased. Supplementation of the patient's diet with phenylalanine and tyrosine resulted in a prompt and dramatic reversal of both clinical and biochemical abnormalities. Dietary therapy had no effect on the child's hepatic cirrhosis.", "contents": "Phenylalanine-tyrosine deficiency syndrome as a complication of the management of hereditary tyrosinemia. A male infant with type I hereditary tyrosinemia developed a phenylalanine-tyrosine deficiency syndrome after receiving a synthetic diet which was low in these amino acids. The syndrome was characterized by growth failure, anorexia, lethargy, and hypotonia. Hypophenylalaninemia and hypotyrosinemia were discovered. The blood concentration of most other amino acids were increased. Supplementation of the patient's diet with phenylalanine and tyrosine resulted in a prompt and dramatic reversal of both clinical and biochemical abnormalities. Dietary therapy had no effect on the child's hepatic cirrhosis.", "PMID": 835507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1503", "title": "The impact of quality of diet and other factors on birth weight of infants.", "content": "Quality of the mother's diet, expressed as a NAR index, was significantly correlated (r = 0.301, P less than 0.05) with birth weight of the infant. Eight women who reported that they had smoked during pregnancy had infants with significantly lower birth weights (P less than 0.01), gained less weight during prenatal care (P less than 0.01), and had a lower NAR index (P less than 0.10) than 32 women who said they did not smoke during pregnancy. The relationship of birth weight to 44 maternal and environmental factors was examined by multiple regression analysis to isolate variables significantly and independently related to birth weight. This analysis showed that birth weight of the infant was positively related to number of weeks of gestation, overall dietary quality, delivery weight of the mother squared, age of the mother squared, and number of previous pregnancies squared, and negatively related to weeks of gestation squared, iron and protein intake, age of mother, number of people in the household, and number of cigarettes smoked by the mother per day. Nine factors accounted for up to 86% of the variability in birth weight. Inclusion of quality of the diet improved the prediction equations by 6 to 8%.", "contents": "The impact of quality of diet and other factors on birth weight of infants. Quality of the mother's diet, expressed as a NAR index, was significantly correlated (r = 0.301, P less than 0.05) with birth weight of the infant. Eight women who reported that they had smoked during pregnancy had infants with significantly lower birth weights (P less than 0.01), gained less weight during prenatal care (P less than 0.01), and had a lower NAR index (P less than 0.10) than 32 women who said they did not smoke during pregnancy. The relationship of birth weight to 44 maternal and environmental factors was examined by multiple regression analysis to isolate variables significantly and independently related to birth weight. This analysis showed that birth weight of the infant was positively related to number of weeks of gestation, overall dietary quality, delivery weight of the mother squared, age of the mother squared, and number of previous pregnancies squared, and negatively related to weeks of gestation squared, iron and protein intake, age of mother, number of people in the household, and number of cigarettes smoked by the mother per day. Nine factors accounted for up to 86% of the variability in birth weight. Inclusion of quality of the diet improved the prediction equations by 6 to 8%.", "PMID": 835508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1504", "title": "Vitamin C, the common cold, and iron absorption.", "content": "A sizable segment of the population was found to be taking large quantities of vitamin C to reduce the number or severity of upper respiratory infections. To determine the affect of this supplementation on iron balance, multiple radioiron absorption tests were performed in 63 male subjects. The increase in iron absorption from a semisynthetic meal was directly proportional to the amount of ascorbic acid added over a range of 25 to 1,000 mg. The ratio of iron absorption with/without ascorbic acid at these two extremes was 1.65 and 9.57, respectively. The relative increase was substantially less when the test meal contained meat. A large dose of vitamin C taken with breakfast did not effect iron absorption from the noon or evening meal. A telephone survey of 100 individuals revealed that 67 were taking supplemental ascorbic acid in doses ranging as high as 2 g daily. The average intake of supplemental ascrobic acid in this population was 280 mg daily. If taken only with breakfast, this level of supplementation would produce a nearly 2-fold increase in the amount of iron absorbed daily. If taken in divided doses with each mean, the increase in iron absorption would be more than 3-fold.", "contents": "Vitamin C, the common cold, and iron absorption. A sizable segment of the population was found to be taking large quantities of vitamin C to reduce the number or severity of upper respiratory infections. To determine the affect of this supplementation on iron balance, multiple radioiron absorption tests were performed in 63 male subjects. The increase in iron absorption from a semisynthetic meal was directly proportional to the amount of ascorbic acid added over a range of 25 to 1,000 mg. The ratio of iron absorption with/without ascorbic acid at these two extremes was 1.65 and 9.57, respectively. The relative increase was substantially less when the test meal contained meat. A large dose of vitamin C taken with breakfast did not effect iron absorption from the noon or evening meal. A telephone survey of 100 individuals revealed that 67 were taking supplemental ascorbic acid in doses ranging as high as 2 g daily. The average intake of supplemental ascrobic acid in this population was 280 mg daily. If taken only with breakfast, this level of supplementation would produce a nearly 2-fold increase in the amount of iron absorbed daily. If taken in divided doses with each mean, the increase in iron absorption would be more than 3-fold.", "PMID": 835510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1505", "title": "Studies of the elderly in Boston. I. The effects of iron fortification on moderately anemic peole.", "content": "It has been reported that large numbers of elderly Americans are moderately anemic because of iron deficiency anemia. In the present study, information has been obtained concerning blood composition, health, and nutritional habits of 779 people over 60 years of age, institutionalized or free-living in the Boston area. This paper presents the results of their blood examinations. Two hundred twenty-one of the free-living people examined who showed hemoglobin levels between 9 and 12.9 g/dl agreed to participate in an iron fortification study. Two-thirds of them received iron-fortified grain products daily for 6 to 8 months. The rest received the same foods without added iron. At the end of the experimental period a marked increase in hemoglobin levels averaging 1.4 g/dl was observed in both groups. This appeared to be attributable to an undefined intervention effect; no measurable effects attributable to the iron fortification were observed. Three months of daily ferrous sulfate administration to those whose hemoglobin levels remained below 13 g/dl was without effect. Examination of the data obtained suggests that the cause of the moderately low hemoglobin levels initially observed was not occult bleeding or folic acid or iron deficiency.", "contents": "Studies of the elderly in Boston. I. The effects of iron fortification on moderately anemic peole. It has been reported that large numbers of elderly Americans are moderately anemic because of iron deficiency anemia. In the present study, information has been obtained concerning blood composition, health, and nutritional habits of 779 people over 60 years of age, institutionalized or free-living in the Boston area. This paper presents the results of their blood examinations. Two hundred twenty-one of the free-living people examined who showed hemoglobin levels between 9 and 12.9 g/dl agreed to participate in an iron fortification study. Two-thirds of them received iron-fortified grain products daily for 6 to 8 months. The rest received the same foods without added iron. At the end of the experimental period a marked increase in hemoglobin levels averaging 1.4 g/dl was observed in both groups. This appeared to be attributable to an undefined intervention effect; no measurable effects attributable to the iron fortification were observed. Three months of daily ferrous sulfate administration to those whose hemoglobin levels remained below 13 g/dl was without effect. Examination of the data obtained suggests that the cause of the moderately low hemoglobin levels initially observed was not occult bleeding or folic acid or iron deficiency.", "PMID": 835509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1506", "title": "Intestinal regulation of hepatic cholesterol synthesis: an hypothesis.", "content": "The serum cholesterol level in man is predominantly dependent on the rate of endogenous synthesis. The liver is the main site of cholesterol synthesis and this activity is in turn intimately related to the ingestion of food. When no food is present in the intestine, as during periods of total parenteral nutrition, both normal individuals and patients with familiar hypercholesterolemia show a pronounced lowering of their serum cholesterol. The establishment of a portacaval shunt makes this a permanent change. This and other evidence lead us to postulate the existence of an intestinal factor capable of stimulating hepatic cholesterogenesis. The function of this factor would be to increase the synthesis of chol", "contents": "Intestinal regulation of hepatic cholesterol synthesis: an hypothesis. The serum cholesterol level in man is predominantly dependent on the rate of endogenous synthesis. The liver is the main site of cholesterol synthesis and this activity is in turn intimately related to the ingestion of food. When no food is present in the intestine, as during periods of total parenteral nutrition, both normal individuals and patients with familiar hypercholesterolemia show a pronounced lowering of their serum cholesterol. The establishment of a portacaval shunt makes this a permanent change. This and other evidence lead us to postulate the existence of an intestinal factor capable of stimulating hepatic cholesterogenesis. The function of this factor would be to increase the synthesis of chol", "PMID": 835511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1507", "title": "Relationships between diseases and their etiological significance.", "content": "All the results of a common cause will be related to one another. Consequently observed inter-relationships between diseases suggest some common causative factors. Certain characteristically western diseases have been shown to be related to one another in a number of different ways, including their order of emergence. This order with increasing age in western countries is the same as that of their emergence with the passage of time following the impact of western culture in developing countries. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that they share some causative factor, and the removal of fiber from plant foods has been postulated to be such a factor.", "contents": "Relationships between diseases and their etiological significance. All the results of a common cause will be related to one another. Consequently observed inter-relationships between diseases suggest some common causative factors. Certain characteristically western diseases have been shown to be related to one another in a number of different ways, including their order of emergence. This order with increasing age in western countries is the same as that of their emergence with the passage of time following the impact of western culture in developing countries. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that they share some causative factor, and the removal of fiber from plant foods has been postulated to be such a factor.", "PMID": 835512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1508", "title": "A semilongitudinal study of food intake, anemia rate and body measurements of 6 to 24-month-old children in a Jerusalem community.", "content": "Food intake of 120 infants at 6 and 12 months old and 110 toddlers at 18 and 24 months old in three neighborhoods in a Western part of Jerusalem was determined by the 24-hr recall technique. Mean caloric intake was below the recommended dietary allowance, protein intake was twice the recommended dietary allowance, iron intake was low, and a high rate of mild anemia was found. Anemia rate and severity were more pronounced in a poor neighborhood. The different rate of anemia in the three neighborhoods in partly explained by the differences in sources of iron. Food intake did not vary by social class or mother's education. Using the weight/height ratio 9 to 12% of the children were overweight and 3 to 7% were obese. The impact of Mother and Child Health clinics on feeding practice is emphasized.", "contents": "A semilongitudinal study of food intake, anemia rate and body measurements of 6 to 24-month-old children in a Jerusalem community. Food intake of 120 infants at 6 and 12 months old and 110 toddlers at 18 and 24 months old in three neighborhoods in a Western part of Jerusalem was determined by the 24-hr recall technique. Mean caloric intake was below the recommended dietary allowance, protein intake was twice the recommended dietary allowance, iron intake was low, and a high rate of mild anemia was found. Anemia rate and severity were more pronounced in a poor neighborhood. The different rate of anemia in the three neighborhoods in partly explained by the differences in sources of iron. Food intake did not vary by social class or mother's education. Using the weight/height ratio 9 to 12% of the children were overweight and 3 to 7% were obese. The impact of Mother and Child Health clinics on feeding practice is emphasized.", "PMID": 835513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1509", "title": "Lack of correlation between thyroid size and body growth in an area of endemic goiter.", "content": "There is conflicting information in the literature about the relationship between thyroid size and body growth in endemic goiter. This study reports  data from highland Bolivia where 408 children were examined for thyroid size, height, weight, head circumference, and academic performance, the latter as measured by teacher evaluation. The presence or size of goiter showed no consistent correlation with height, weight, or head circumference. School performance was significantly correlated with all other variables in boys and not in girls, but there are severe limitations involved in the use of school grades alone for assessment of intelligence. Height and weight were less than for normals in the United States at each age level, but did not differ from those of other Quechuan children in neighboring Peru who were reportedly nongoitrous. Our data support the conclusion that there is no clear relationship between thyroid size and body growth in areas of endemic goiter.", "contents": "Lack of correlation between thyroid size and body growth in an area of endemic goiter. There is conflicting information in the literature about the relationship between thyroid size and body growth in endemic goiter. This study reports  data from highland Bolivia where 408 children were examined for thyroid size, height, weight, head circumference, and academic performance, the latter as measured by teacher evaluation. The presence or size of goiter showed no consistent correlation with height, weight, or head circumference. School performance was significantly correlated with all other variables in boys and not in girls, but there are severe limitations involved in the use of school grades alone for assessment of intelligence. Height and weight were less than for normals in the United States at each age level, but did not differ from those of other Quechuan children in neighboring Peru who were reportedly nongoitrous. Our data support the conclusion that there is no clear relationship between thyroid size and body growth in areas of endemic goiter.", "PMID": 835514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1510", "title": "The complement-fixation test in the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis.", "content": "We present serologic results on 26 patients with congenital toxoplasmosis and on 22 of their mothers. The infection was severe (central nervous system involvement) in 12 patients, 12 had only ocular manifestations, and two were asymptomatic. The dye test results were positive on all specimens, and were positive at a titer of 1:1,024 or higher if collected from patients younger than 2 years of age. The complement-fixation test (CFT) results were positive on all specimens from patients younger than 2 years of age and on 69% of specimens collected from older patients. These serologic results are contrasted with those obtained on two control groups: (1) 46 uninfected infants followed up after birth because of substantial antibody titers in their mothers during pregnancy; and (2) 190 infants and children tested because toxoplasmosis was tentatively included in the differential diagnosis of the current illness. In both control groups the positive results on the CFT were limited almost exclusively to cord blood specimens or specimens collected during the first 2 weeks of life. Lower CFT titers in follow-up specimens suggested that the antibodies were maternal in origin. These two tests are valuable in providing laboratory support for the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis, particularly the test for the comparatively short-lived complement-fixing antibody.", "contents": "The complement-fixation test in the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis. We present serologic results on 26 patients with congenital toxoplasmosis and on 22 of their mothers. The infection was severe (central nervous system involvement) in 12 patients, 12 had only ocular manifestations, and two were asymptomatic. The dye test results were positive on all specimens, and were positive at a titer of 1:1,024 or higher if collected from patients younger than 2 years of age. The complement-fixation test (CFT) results were positive on all specimens from patients younger than 2 years of age and on 69% of specimens collected from older patients. These serologic results are contrasted with those obtained on two control groups: (1) 46 uninfected infants followed up after birth because of substantial antibody titers in their mothers during pregnancy; and (2) 190 infants and children tested because toxoplasmosis was tentatively included in the differential diagnosis of the current illness. In both control groups the positive results on the CFT were limited almost exclusively to cord blood specimens or specimens collected during the first 2 weeks of life. Lower CFT titers in follow-up specimens suggested that the antibodies were maternal in origin. These two tests are valuable in providing laboratory support for the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis, particularly the test for the comparatively short-lived complement-fixing antibody.", "PMID": 835519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1511", "title": "Arterial hypertension in infants with hydronephrosis. Report of six cases.", "content": "Six infants with hydronephrosis developed hypertension during the first year of life. Five of them, all with proved or suspected acute urinary tract infection, had transient hypertensive episodes lasting for 7 to 17 days. One of the five infants, who had ureteropelvic junction obstruction and unilateral hydronephrosis, remained normotensive after nephrectomy. The sixth patient, with bilateral hydronephrosis and elevated peripheral vein renin activity, has had persistent hypertension. We discuss possible mechanisms underlying hypertension in these infants and suggest that young patients with hydronephrosis may be unusually predisposed to acute hypertensive episodes.", "contents": "Arterial hypertension in infants with hydronephrosis. Report of six cases. Six infants with hydronephrosis developed hypertension during the first year of life. Five of them, all with proved or suspected acute urinary tract infection, had transient hypertensive episodes lasting for 7 to 17 days. One of the five infants, who had ureteropelvic junction obstruction and unilateral hydronephrosis, remained normotensive after nephrectomy. The sixth patient, with bilateral hydronephrosis and elevated peripheral vein renin activity, has had persistent hypertension. We discuss possible mechanisms underlying hypertension in these infants and suggest that young patients with hydronephrosis may be unusually predisposed to acute hypertensive episodes.", "PMID": 835520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1512", "title": "Bacterial meningitis. Limitations of repeated lumbar puncture.", "content": "A retrospective chart review of 47 pateints with bacterial meningitis was conducted with respect to current guidelines used to define an adequate duration of antimicrobial therapy. Fifty percent (19/38) of patients had an inadequate response to therapy as defined by repeated lumbar puncture (LP) findings (ie, a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) blood cell count greater than 50/cu mm and/or a CSF glucose value less than 45 mg/100 ml) at the end of therapy. No cases of relapse were seen. Persistent CSF abnormalities were not associated with the presence of complicating disease but were associated with prolongation of antimicrobial therapy beyond 13 days. Patients having persistent CSF abnormalities at the time antibiotics were stopped had a higher CSF blood cell count and a lower glucose value on initial lumbar puncture than those not having persistent abnormalities (P less than .001). These results emphasize the limitations of the role of repeated LP in defining an adequate duration of antimicrobial therapy.", "contents": "Bacterial meningitis. Limitations of repeated lumbar puncture. A retrospective chart review of 47 pateints with bacterial meningitis was conducted with respect to current guidelines used to define an adequate duration of antimicrobial therapy. Fifty percent (19/38) of patients had an inadequate response to therapy as defined by repeated lumbar puncture (LP) findings (ie, a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) blood cell count greater than 50/cu mm and/or a CSF glucose value less than 45 mg/100 ml) at the end of therapy. No cases of relapse were seen. Persistent CSF abnormalities were not associated with the presence of complicating disease but were associated with prolongation of antimicrobial therapy beyond 13 days. Patients having persistent CSF abnormalities at the time antibiotics were stopped had a higher CSF blood cell count and a lower glucose value on initial lumbar puncture than those not having persistent abnormalities (P less than .001). These results emphasize the limitations of the role of repeated LP in defining an adequate duration of antimicrobial therapy.", "PMID": 835521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1513", "title": "A measles outbreak in a New England community. Perspectives.", "content": "Between May 30 and June 29, 1974, 28 cases of measles occurred in schoolchildren in a residential New England community. The index patient probably contracted the disease on a school field trip 11 days before the onset of her illness. Of the other 27 cases, 15 had received live measles vaccine before age 1, and ten had no history of vaccination or disease. Four documented vaccine failures did occur in children vaccinated after age 1, but this was not an unusual number compared with the total number of vaccinees evaluated during the investigation. Control measures for susceptible persons including vaccination or modifying doses of immune serum globulin for exposure occurring more than 24 hours earlier. No additional cases of measles were reported for one month after the epidemic.", "contents": "A measles outbreak in a New England community. Perspectives. Between May 30 and June 29, 1974, 28 cases of measles occurred in schoolchildren in a residential New England community. The index patient probably contracted the disease on a school field trip 11 days before the onset of her illness. Of the other 27 cases, 15 had received live measles vaccine before age 1, and ten had no history of vaccination or disease. Four documented vaccine failures did occur in children vaccinated after age 1, but this was not an unusual number compared with the total number of vaccinees evaluated during the investigation. Control measures for susceptible persons including vaccination or modifying doses of immune serum globulin for exposure occurring more than 24 hours earlier. No additional cases of measles were reported for one month after the epidemic.", "PMID": 835522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1514", "title": "Encephalopathy with erythema infectiosum.", "content": "A 9-month-old boy developed encephalopathy associated with the noset of erythema infectiosum, which resulted in permanent neurologic sequelae. This is the second reported case of encephalitis following erythema infectiosum and the first, to our knowledge with permanent sequelae.", "contents": "Encephalopathy with erythema infectiosum. A 9-month-old boy developed encephalopathy associated with the noset of erythema infectiosum, which resulted in permanent neurologic sequelae. This is the second reported case of encephalitis following erythema infectiosum and the first, to our knowledge with permanent sequelae.", "PMID": 835523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1515", "title": "Test strip meconium screening for cystic fibrosis.", "content": "The Boehringer-Mannheim Corporation (BMC) strip test is extremely reliable in indicating an albumin content above 20 mg/gm of dried meconium. All infants born during one year in 14 Milwaukee area hospitals were tested. Of 16,224 newborns, two were diagnosed correctly as suffering from cystic fibrosis and two were missed. False-positive tests were obtained in 0.9% of infants (prematurity, melena, gastroschisis, and intrauterine infection). The strip test is, at present, the best available but not the perfect screening method for cystic fibrosis.", "contents": "Test strip meconium screening for cystic fibrosis. The Boehringer-Mannheim Corporation (BMC) strip test is extremely reliable in indicating an albumin content above 20 mg/gm of dried meconium. All infants born during one year in 14 Milwaukee area hospitals were tested. Of 16,224 newborns, two were diagnosed correctly as suffering from cystic fibrosis and two were missed. False-positive tests were obtained in 0.9% of infants (prematurity, melena, gastroschisis, and intrauterine infection). The strip test is, at present, the best available but not the perfect screening method for cystic fibrosis.", "PMID": 835524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1516", "title": "Hepatic hemangioendothelioma. Angiographic appearance and apparent prednisone responsiveness.", "content": "A 6-month-old girl was seen because of multiple cutaneous hemangiomas, hepatomegaly, and failure to thrive. A liver scan with technetium Tc 99m sulfur colloid showed two filling defects in the left lobe. Diffuse nodular hepatic lesions characteristic of hemangioendotheliomas were disclosed by celiac angiography and confirmed by biopsy. Congestive heart failure, present in many infants with this syndrome, was not manifest. Prednisone was administered, 2 mg/kg, on alternate days. Liver size and cutaneous hamangiomas promptly regressed in size and \"catch up\" linear growth occurred during six months of treatment. Congestive heart failure did not develop. Sixteen months after treatment, liver size and a second hepatic scan were normal.", "contents": "Hepatic hemangioendothelioma. Angiographic appearance and apparent prednisone responsiveness. A 6-month-old girl was seen because of multiple cutaneous hemangiomas, hepatomegaly, and failure to thrive. A liver scan with technetium Tc 99m sulfur colloid showed two filling defects in the left lobe. Diffuse nodular hepatic lesions characteristic of hemangioendotheliomas were disclosed by celiac angiography and confirmed by biopsy. Congestive heart failure, present in many infants with this syndrome, was not manifest. Prednisone was administered, 2 mg/kg, on alternate days. Liver size and cutaneous hamangiomas promptly regressed in size and \"catch up\" linear growth occurred during six months of treatment. Congestive heart failure did not develop. Sixteen months after treatment, liver size and a second hepatic scan were normal.", "PMID": 835525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1517", "title": "Osteomyelitis as a complication of umbilical artery catheterization.", "content": "A retrospective study of 400 infants requiring umbilical artery catheterization performed from 1969 to 1971 at Indiana University Medical Center and Marion County General Hospital disclosed six cases of associated osteomyelitis. A similar review of approximately 550 cases of umbilical artery catheterization at Harbor General Hospital from 1972 to 1974 revealed an additional case. The causative organism was Staphylococcus aureus in each instance. Mean onset of symptoms following catheter removal was ten days. In all instances osteomyelitis occurred on the side ipsilateral to insertion and distal to the catheter tip. Postulated mechanisms include bacterial contamination of the catheter, thrombus formation, and local hypoxia from partial occlusion of the vessels by a large catheter.", "contents": "Osteomyelitis as a complication of umbilical artery catheterization. A retrospective study of 400 infants requiring umbilical artery catheterization performed from 1969 to 1971 at Indiana University Medical Center and Marion County General Hospital disclosed six cases of associated osteomyelitis. A similar review of approximately 550 cases of umbilical artery catheterization at Harbor General Hospital from 1972 to 1974 revealed an additional case. The causative organism was Staphylococcus aureus in each instance. Mean onset of symptoms following catheter removal was ten days. In all instances osteomyelitis occurred on the side ipsilateral to insertion and distal to the catheter tip. Postulated mechanisms include bacterial contamination of the catheter, thrombus formation, and local hypoxia from partial occlusion of the vessels by a large catheter.", "PMID": 835528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1518", "title": "Respiratory syncytial virus in early infancy. Circulating antibody and the severity of infection.", "content": "Forty-one children less than 6 months of age from whom respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was isolated were divided into groups of varying severity of illness. No relationship was demonstrated between severity of illness and the complement fixation titer to RSV in cord sera, acute sera, or convalescent sera. An increase in IgM level of greater or equal to 15 mg/100 ml in association with the RSV infection was seen more frequently in infants who had higher IgM levels in their acute sera than in infants who had lower levels.", "contents": "Respiratory syncytial virus in early infancy. Circulating antibody and the severity of infection. Forty-one children less than 6 months of age from whom respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was isolated were divided into groups of varying severity of illness. No relationship was demonstrated between severity of illness and the complement fixation titer to RSV in cord sera, acute sera, or convalescent sera. An increase in IgM level of greater or equal to 15 mg/100 ml in association with the RSV infection was seen more frequently in infants who had higher IgM levels in their acute sera than in infants who had lower levels.", "PMID": 835529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1519", "title": "Acute copper intoxication. Pathophysiology and therapy with a case report.", "content": "We report a case of cupric sulfate intoxication in a child who had a serum copper level of 1,650 mug/100 ml. His course was accompanied by hemolytic anemia and renal tubular damage. We review the pathophysiology of copper metabolism and intoxication. We also review modes of therapy, with specific reference to the initial approach, using dimercaprol (BAL) and edetic acid rather than penicillamine.", "contents": "Acute copper intoxication. Pathophysiology and therapy with a case report. We report a case of cupric sulfate intoxication in a child who had a serum copper level of 1,650 mug/100 ml. His course was accompanied by hemolytic anemia and renal tubular damage. We review the pathophysiology of copper metabolism and intoxication. We also review modes of therapy, with specific reference to the initial approach, using dimercaprol (BAL) and edetic acid rather than penicillamine.", "PMID": 835530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1520", "title": "Effect of three ophthalmic solutions on chemical conjunctivitis in the neonate.", "content": "In an attempt to reduce chemical conjunctivitis after silver nitrate prophylaxis, three different ophthalmic solutions (sodium chloride, sterile water, and a boric acid-sodium borate solution) were used to irrigate the eyes immediately after prophylaxis in 450 neonates. Sterile water significantly reduced (P less than .02) the prevalence of chemical conjunctivitis when compared to the conventional sodium chloride rinse. A significantly greater prevalence of chemical irritation in low-birth-weight infants was also noted (P less than .02).", "contents": "Effect of three ophthalmic solutions on chemical conjunctivitis in the neonate. In an attempt to reduce chemical conjunctivitis after silver nitrate prophylaxis, three different ophthalmic solutions (sodium chloride, sterile water, and a boric acid-sodium borate solution) were used to irrigate the eyes immediately after prophylaxis in 450 neonates. Sterile water significantly reduced (P less than .02) the prevalence of chemical conjunctivitis when compared to the conventional sodium chloride rinse. A significantly greater prevalence of chemical irritation in low-birth-weight infants was also noted (P less than .02).", "PMID": 835531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1521", "title": "Diet in children heterozygous for familial hypercholesterolemia.", "content": "Effects of a cholesterol- and saturate-poor, polyunsaturate-rich diet on plasma total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels were assessed in 23 children between the ages of 2 and 7 who were heterozygous for well-documented familial hypercholesterolemia. Sixteen of the 23 children, whose mean age at inception of diet was 4.8 years, sustained 10.5% and 11.3% reductions in total and LDL cholesterol levels after six months on diet (P less than .001). Total and LDL cholesterol levels were normal in only one of these children after six months. After one year on diet, three of 11 children had normal values for total and LDL cholesterol. Six of the 23 children, all 2 years old, had been previously maintained on low-cholesterol diets since age 1 or earlier, and three had normal cholesterol levels at the initial sampling for this study. After one year of follow-up in the study, the plasma cholesterol level was normal in five of these six children. Dietary therapy in the 2- to 7-year-old children heterozygous for familial hypercholesterolemia provided mean overall reduction of total and Ldl cholesterol levels between 6% and 15%, and appeared to be the most effective when instituted in children at ages 1 or 2.", "contents": "Diet in children heterozygous for familial hypercholesterolemia. Effects of a cholesterol- and saturate-poor, polyunsaturate-rich diet on plasma total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels were assessed in 23 children between the ages of 2 and 7 who were heterozygous for well-documented familial hypercholesterolemia. Sixteen of the 23 children, whose mean age at inception of diet was 4.8 years, sustained 10.5% and 11.3% reductions in total and LDL cholesterol levels after six months on diet (P less than .001). Total and LDL cholesterol levels were normal in only one of these children after six months. After one year on diet, three of 11 children had normal values for total and LDL cholesterol. Six of the 23 children, all 2 years old, had been previously maintained on low-cholesterol diets since age 1 or earlier, and three had normal cholesterol levels at the initial sampling for this study. After one year of follow-up in the study, the plasma cholesterol level was normal in five of these six children. Dietary therapy in the 2- to 7-year-old children heterozygous for familial hypercholesterolemia provided mean overall reduction of total and Ldl cholesterol levels between 6% and 15%, and appeared to be the most effective when instituted in children at ages 1 or 2.", "PMID": 835532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1522", "title": "A syndrome of microcephaly and cataracts in four siblings. A new genetic syndrome?", "content": "We describe a syndrome of microcephaly, with extreme failure to thrive, (severe spasticity), kyphoscollosis, cataracts, and hip dysplasia in four siblings. The syndrome could be a new one, although it has several features resembling those described by Lowry et al. It is suggested that this syndrome is inherited as an autosomal-recessive condition.", "contents": "A syndrome of microcephaly and cataracts in four siblings. A new genetic syndrome? We describe a syndrome of microcephaly, with extreme failure to thrive, (severe spasticity), kyphoscollosis, cataracts, and hip dysplasia in four siblings. The syndrome could be a new one, although it has several features resembling those described by Lowry et al. It is suggested that this syndrome is inherited as an autosomal-recessive condition.", "PMID": 835533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1523", "title": "Acute disseminated staphylococcal disease in childhood.", "content": "From 1964 to 1974 we treated 15 children who had acute disseminated staphyloccal disease. The majority were previously-well males over 5 years of age. Thirteen of 15 patients had one or more cutaneous lesions characteristic of staphyloccal septicemia. Fifty percent of extracutaneous foci of staphylococcal infection were not detected on hospital admission and one third of these lesions were noted for the first time at autopsy. An absolute polymorphonuclear cell count of greater than 10,000/cu mm or an absolute band-form count of greater than 500/cu mm, or both, correlated with the presence of one or more inadequately treated sites of infection. These foci were responsible for bacteremia continuing after the initiation of antimicrobial therapy and for prolonged fever. The overall mortality was 27%; three of the four deaths occurred in patients with predisposing medical conditions. In addition to prolonged antimicrobial therapy, all patients should be evaluated carefully for the presence of occult metastatic sites of staphyloccal infection.", "contents": "Acute disseminated staphylococcal disease in childhood. From 1964 to 1974 we treated 15 children who had acute disseminated staphyloccal disease. The majority were previously-well males over 5 years of age. Thirteen of 15 patients had one or more cutaneous lesions characteristic of staphyloccal septicemia. Fifty percent of extracutaneous foci of staphylococcal infection were not detected on hospital admission and one third of these lesions were noted for the first time at autopsy. An absolute polymorphonuclear cell count of greater than 10,000/cu mm or an absolute band-form count of greater than 500/cu mm, or both, correlated with the presence of one or more inadequately treated sites of infection. These foci were responsible for bacteremia continuing after the initiation of antimicrobial therapy and for prolonged fever. The overall mortality was 27%; three of the four deaths occurred in patients with predisposing medical conditions. In addition to prolonged antimicrobial therapy, all patients should be evaluated carefully for the presence of occult metastatic sites of staphyloccal infection.", "PMID": 835534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1524", "title": "Sickle cell anemia in an American white boy of Greek ancestry.", "content": "A 7-year-old American white boy of Greek ancestry had sickle cell anemia. The disease in this patient was not accompanied by painful episodes or recognizable hematologic complications, although he did demonstrate considerable delay in skeletal maturation. The patient sought medical attention for a dermatologic problem that was ultimately diagnosed as pityriasis rubra pilaris. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstrated example of sickle cell anemia in a white male described in the United States.", "contents": "Sickle cell anemia in an American white boy of Greek ancestry. A 7-year-old American white boy of Greek ancestry had sickle cell anemia. The disease in this patient was not accompanied by painful episodes or recognizable hematologic complications, although he did demonstrate considerable delay in skeletal maturation. The patient sought medical attention for a dermatologic problem that was ultimately diagnosed as pityriasis rubra pilaris. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstrated example of sickle cell anemia in a white male described in the United States.", "PMID": 835535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1525", "title": "Sequential use of insulin and levodopa to provoke pituitary secretion of growth hormone.", "content": "More than one method of stimulating human growth hormone (hGH) release is necessary to adequately evaluate the secretory capacity of pituitary somatotropes. In this study, sequential insulin-induced hypoglycemia (ITT) and oral administration of levodopa were used to study hGH release in 30 short normal children and adolescents and in five children with hypopituitarism. In the normal subjects, hGH levels greater than 5 ng/ml were achieved in 26 of 30 with the ITT and in 28 of 30 following administration of levodopa. Each of the normal children responded to at least one test. None of the children with hypopituitarism demonstrated hGH secretion during the study. We conclude that sequential administration of insulin and levodopa is a reliable, convenient, and safe method of assessing the release of hGH by the pituitary somatotropes during childhood.", "contents": "Sequential use of insulin and levodopa to provoke pituitary secretion of growth hormone. More than one method of stimulating human growth hormone (hGH) release is necessary to adequately evaluate the secretory capacity of pituitary somatotropes. In this study, sequential insulin-induced hypoglycemia (ITT) and oral administration of levodopa were used to study hGH release in 30 short normal children and adolescents and in five children with hypopituitarism. In the normal subjects, hGH levels greater than 5 ng/ml were achieved in 26 of 30 with the ITT and in 28 of 30 following administration of levodopa. Each of the normal children responded to at least one test. None of the children with hypopituitarism demonstrated hGH secretion during the study. We conclude that sequential administration of insulin and levodopa is a reliable, convenient, and safe method of assessing the release of hGH by the pituitary somatotropes during childhood.", "PMID": 835536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1526", "title": "Acute neonatal subdural hematoma following breech delivery.", "content": "We describe two term infants born by complicated breech deliveries, each of whom suffered an acute subdural hematoma. Both infants required repeated subdural taps; in one case a parietal burr hole was needed. Despite stormy neonatal courses, follow-up examination of the first infant at 26 months showed him to be normal, and in the other only a mild left esotropia was found at 22 months. Acute neonatal subdural hematoma is rare, but symptoms and signs are distinctive and the condition is remediable; immediate recognition and treatment is important.", "contents": "Acute neonatal subdural hematoma following breech delivery. We describe two term infants born by complicated breech deliveries, each of whom suffered an acute subdural hematoma. Both infants required repeated subdural taps; in one case a parietal burr hole was needed. Despite stormy neonatal courses, follow-up examination of the first infant at 26 months showed him to be normal, and in the other only a mild left esotropia was found at 22 months. Acute neonatal subdural hematoma is rare, but symptoms and signs are distinctive and the condition is remediable; immediate recognition and treatment is important.", "PMID": 835537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1527", "title": "Total anomalous systemic venous drainage.", "content": "Total drainage of systemic blood into the left atrium is an exceptional finding in absence of severe intracardiac malformation. In our patient, a boy 3 years and 4 months old, the left superior vena cava, the inferior vena cava, and the coronary sinus drained into the left atrium; there was no right superior vena cava, and the only associated anomaly was a large atrial septal defect. This rare form of cyanotic congenital heart disease was correctly diagnosed and successfully corrected.", "contents": "Total anomalous systemic venous drainage. Total drainage of systemic blood into the left atrium is an exceptional finding in absence of severe intracardiac malformation. In our patient, a boy 3 years and 4 months old, the left superior vena cava, the inferior vena cava, and the coronary sinus drained into the left atrium; there was no right superior vena cava, and the only associated anomaly was a large atrial septal defect. This rare form of cyanotic congenital heart disease was correctly diagnosed and successfully corrected.", "PMID": 835538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1528", "title": "Myocarditis in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Three children are described who have had myocarditis as part of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). The diagnosis was established by the appearance of cardiomegaly or congestive heart failure or both in the absence of substantial pericardial effusion or extra cardiac cause. Myocarditis, in these cases, occurred on a background of severe, active systemic disease. No pathologic specimens from hearts of acute cases are available, but an autopsy specimen of one child who died after two months of treatment with high doses of steroids showed diffuse changes typical of the \"dilated ventricle\" type of cardiomyopathy. Treatment with high doses of adrenocorticosteroids has been rapidly successful in controlling the acute phase, while digoxin must be used with extreme care because of high incidence of toxicity to glycosides.", "contents": "Myocarditis in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Three children are described who have had myocarditis as part of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). The diagnosis was established by the appearance of cardiomegaly or congestive heart failure or both in the absence of substantial pericardial effusion or extra cardiac cause. Myocarditis, in these cases, occurred on a background of severe, active systemic disease. No pathologic specimens from hearts of acute cases are available, but an autopsy specimen of one child who died after two months of treatment with high doses of steroids showed diffuse changes typical of the \"dilated ventricle\" type of cardiomyopathy. Treatment with high doses of adrenocorticosteroids has been rapidly successful in controlling the acute phase, while digoxin must be used with extreme care because of high incidence of toxicity to glycosides.", "PMID": 835539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1529", "title": "Effect of varying doses of chenodeoxycholic acid on bile lipid and biliary bile acid composition in gallstone patients: a dose-response study.", "content": "In a dose-response study, a formulation of chenodeoxycholic acid (chenic acid) with complete bioavailability was fed at doses of 0, 250, 500, 750 mg for randomized 6-week periods to 13 patients with radiolucent gallstones. The proportion of chenic acid in biliary bile acids increased in direct relation to dose. Lithocholic acid also increased, but ursodeoxycholic acid showed no significant change. Bile saturation decreased with increasing dose, but response was variable and achieved significance only at 750 mg/day. Cholesterol saturation was negatively correlated with the proportion of chenic acid in biliary bile acids: When biliary bile acids contained greater than 70% chenic acid (and ursodeoxycholic acid), bile became unsaturated, on the average. The data suggest that a dose of at least 10-15 mg/kg may be necessary to obtain desaturation in many gallstone patients.", "contents": "Effect of varying doses of chenodeoxycholic acid on bile lipid and biliary bile acid composition in gallstone patients: a dose-response study. In a dose-response study, a formulation of chenodeoxycholic acid (chenic acid) with complete bioavailability was fed at doses of 0, 250, 500, 750 mg for randomized 6-week periods to 13 patients with radiolucent gallstones. The proportion of chenic acid in biliary bile acids increased in direct relation to dose. Lithocholic acid also increased, but ursodeoxycholic acid showed no significant change. Bile saturation decreased with increasing dose, but response was variable and achieved significance only at 750 mg/day. Cholesterol saturation was negatively correlated with the proportion of chenic acid in biliary bile acids: When biliary bile acids contained greater than 70% chenic acid (and ursodeoxycholic acid), bile became unsaturated, on the average. The data suggest that a dose of at least 10-15 mg/kg may be necessary to obtain desaturation in many gallstone patients.", "PMID": 835542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1530", "title": "Visit to the gastroenterology INSERM units of France.", "content": "On personal invitation, which is here gratefully acknowledged, of Professor C. Burg, the general director of the Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la R\u00e9cherche M\u00e9dicale (INSERM), I had the privilege and pleasure to spend the month of October 1976 in France touring Gastroenterology INSERM Units. The INSERM is the French analog of the National Institute of Health (NIH) in the United States. The purpose of my visit was to see the organization and performance of these research units, compare them with what I know about the gastroenterology research laboratories in the United States, and exchange scientific information with the French researchers on the topics of mutual interest. Professor Serge Bonfils was chosen with his kind approval as the host of my visit. His INSERM Unit (number 10) at the Hospital Bichat in Paris, was elected as the \"Host Unit\" where my visit started and ended, and where the visits to the other units were organized. I owe him sincere gratitude for his guidance and help. After completing my tour, I was left with the feeling that what I had seen would be of interest to American gastroenterologists. Dr. John Farrar, the editor of this journal, encouraged me to review my tour and my impressions.", "contents": "Visit to the gastroenterology INSERM units of France. On personal invitation, which is here gratefully acknowledged, of Professor C. Burg, the general director of the Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la R\u00e9cherche M\u00e9dicale (INSERM), I had the privilege and pleasure to spend the month of October 1976 in France touring Gastroenterology INSERM Units. The INSERM is the French analog of the National Institute of Health (NIH) in the United States. The purpose of my visit was to see the organization and performance of these research units, compare them with what I know about the gastroenterology research laboratories in the United States, and exchange scientific information with the French researchers on the topics of mutual interest. Professor Serge Bonfils was chosen with his kind approval as the host of my visit. His INSERM Unit (number 10) at the Hospital Bichat in Paris, was elected as the \"Host Unit\" where my visit started and ended, and where the visits to the other units were organized. I owe him sincere gratitude for his guidance and help. After completing my tour, I was left with the feeling that what I had seen would be of interest to American gastroenterologists. Dr. John Farrar, the editor of this journal, encouraged me to review my tour and my impressions.", "PMID": 835543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1531", "title": "Hepatic abscess: ultrasound as an aid to diagnosis.", "content": "Diagnostic ultrasound has two major advantages over conventional imaging methods. It is able to distinguish solid from cystic masses and it is safe, using no ionizing radiation. The new technique of grey scale ultrasonography allows visualization and improved delineation of internal organ structure. Ultrasonography and radionuclide liver scans are complimentary examinations because of technical limitations and diagnostic advantages inherent in each technique. Early, combined use of these two imaging techniques should lead to an earlier diagnosis of hepatic abscess.", "contents": "Hepatic abscess: ultrasound as an aid to diagnosis. Diagnostic ultrasound has two major advantages over conventional imaging methods. It is able to distinguish solid from cystic masses and it is safe, using no ionizing radiation. The new technique of grey scale ultrasonography allows visualization and improved delineation of internal organ structure. Ultrasonography and radionuclide liver scans are complimentary examinations because of technical limitations and diagnostic advantages inherent in each technique. Early, combined use of these two imaging techniques should lead to an earlier diagnosis of hepatic abscess.", "PMID": 835544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1532", "title": "Normal sugar uptake in vitro by small-bowel biopsies from a patient with cholera.", "content": "We have investigated the 3-O-methyl-D-glucose (3MG) absorption by jejunal biopsies obtained from a patient with cholera. The absorption of 3MG (as measured from the determination of intracellular accumulation of this sugar) was found to occur against a concentration gradient and to be a saturable process that follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics. There was no appreciable difference in 3MG absorption between the biopsies from the normal volunteers and those from the patient with cholera.", "contents": "Normal sugar uptake in vitro by small-bowel biopsies from a patient with cholera. We have investigated the 3-O-methyl-D-glucose (3MG) absorption by jejunal biopsies obtained from a patient with cholera. The absorption of 3MG (as measured from the determination of intracellular accumulation of this sugar) was found to occur against a concentration gradient and to be a saturable process that follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics. There was no appreciable difference in 3MG absorption between the biopsies from the normal volunteers and those from the patient with cholera.", "PMID": 835545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1533", "title": "Eosinophilic ascites. A case report and review of the literature.", "content": "Hypereosinophilic syndrome is a multisystem disease with progressive valvular dysfunction as a prominent feature. Ascites has not been recognized as a part of this syndrome. This paper presents a patient with hypereosinophilic syndrome who initially developed ascites and was recognized to have cardiac disease. The differential diagnosis of eosinophilic ascites is discussed.", "contents": "Eosinophilic ascites. A case report and review of the literature. Hypereosinophilic syndrome is a multisystem disease with progressive valvular dysfunction as a prominent feature. Ascites has not been recognized as a part of this syndrome. This paper presents a patient with hypereosinophilic syndrome who initially developed ascites and was recognized to have cardiac disease. The differential diagnosis of eosinophilic ascites is discussed.", "PMID": 835546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1534", "title": "Functional evaluation of colon transplants used in esophageal reconstruction.", "content": "Studies were performed on the mechanical activity of iso- and antiperistaltic colon segments used to replace the esophagus. Transplants were challenged with a semiliquid bolus and/or a 0.1 N HCl solution, considered as common stimuli for an in situ esophagus, and the mechanical activity was investigated by means of synchronized manometric and cinefluorographic recordings. Basal activity of the interposed colon was limited to occasional monophasic waves of the segmenting type; the acid solution and the semiliquid bolus constantly elicited a peristaltic motor response transporting the contents to the gastric fundus or, in antiperistaltic colon, from the distal to the proximal part.", "contents": "Functional evaluation of colon transplants used in esophageal reconstruction. Studies were performed on the mechanical activity of iso- and antiperistaltic colon segments used to replace the esophagus. Transplants were challenged with a semiliquid bolus and/or a 0.1 N HCl solution, considered as common stimuli for an in situ esophagus, and the mechanical activity was investigated by means of synchronized manometric and cinefluorographic recordings. Basal activity of the interposed colon was limited to occasional monophasic waves of the segmenting type; the acid solution and the semiliquid bolus constantly elicited a peristaltic motor response transporting the contents to the gastric fundus or, in antiperistaltic colon, from the distal to the proximal part.", "PMID": 835547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1535", "title": "The effect of coherin on the basic electrical rhythm of the dog ileum in vivo.", "content": "Coherin, a substance isolated from the bovine posterior pituitary gland exists as a complex which is dissociated to yield at least two distinct enteroactive polypeptides, coherin A and B, and a third having little or no activity, coherin C. The effects of intravenous injection of nondissociated coherin (coherin G-25), coherin A, coherin B, vasopressin, and normal saline solution on the BER of the ileal Biebl loop in fasting dogs were investigated. The BER patterns in preinjection and postinjection periods were compared for each substance. The effects on the BER of each substance were compared with that of saline. Monopolar recordings were made from six electrodes 5 mm apart inserted into the ileal musculature of the Biebl loops. Coherin A significantly altered the electroenterograms in two ways. It increased phase locking in the ileal BER of the fasting dog and increased the amount of caudad BER propagation.", "contents": "The effect of coherin on the basic electrical rhythm of the dog ileum in vivo. Coherin, a substance isolated from the bovine posterior pituitary gland exists as a complex which is dissociated to yield at least two distinct enteroactive polypeptides, coherin A and B, and a third having little or no activity, coherin C. The effects of intravenous injection of nondissociated coherin (coherin G-25), coherin A, coherin B, vasopressin, and normal saline solution on the BER of the ileal Biebl loop in fasting dogs were investigated. The BER patterns in preinjection and postinjection periods were compared for each substance. The effects on the BER of each substance were compared with that of saline. Monopolar recordings were made from six electrodes 5 mm apart inserted into the ileal musculature of the Biebl loops. Coherin A significantly altered the electroenterograms in two ways. It increased phase locking in the ileal BER of the fasting dog and increased the amount of caudad BER propagation.", "PMID": 835551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1536", "title": "Effects of age on lactose malabsorption in Oklahoma Native Americans as determined by breath H2 analysis.", "content": "Breath H2 excretion was used to determine lactose malabsorption in 30 health females and 30 healthy males between the ages of 3 and 64 yr who were at least 7/8 Native American. The test meal consisted of 5 ml reconstituted nonfat dry milk (0.25 g lactose) per kg of body weight. On the basis of breath H2 tests in 15 control subjects with normal oral lactose tolerance tests, a response factor of 20 ppm was selected as the upper limit for lactose absorbers. Of the 60 subjects in the study group, 36 (60%) were classified as lactose malabsorbers since they had a response factor of 20 ppm or greater of breath H2. Only 3 of 20 children (15%) who were under the age of 12 yr were nondigesters of the small lactose dose used in this study. Approximately 82 percent (82.5%) of subjects who were 13 yr and older were lactose malabsorbers. Adolescence appears to be the period in which malabsorption of lactose becomes evident in Native North Americans.", "contents": "Effects of age on lactose malabsorption in Oklahoma Native Americans as determined by breath H2 analysis. Breath H2 excretion was used to determine lactose malabsorption in 30 health females and 30 healthy males between the ages of 3 and 64 yr who were at least 7/8 Native American. The test meal consisted of 5 ml reconstituted nonfat dry milk (0.25 g lactose) per kg of body weight. On the basis of breath H2 tests in 15 control subjects with normal oral lactose tolerance tests, a response factor of 20 ppm was selected as the upper limit for lactose absorbers. Of the 60 subjects in the study group, 36 (60%) were classified as lactose malabsorbers since they had a response factor of 20 ppm or greater of breath H2. Only 3 of 20 children (15%) who were under the age of 12 yr were nondigesters of the small lactose dose used in this study. Approximately 82 percent (82.5%) of subjects who were 13 yr and older were lactose malabsorbers. Adolescence appears to be the period in which malabsorption of lactose becomes evident in Native North Americans.", "PMID": 835552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1537", "title": "Acid and gastrin levels after bombesin and calcium infusion in patients with incomplete antrectomy.", "content": "In 17 patients with postoperative recurrent peptic ulcer, incomplete antrectomy (I.A.) was found by endoscopic biopsies in 5. No evidcence of I.A. was found in the remaining 12 patients. Gastric acid output and gastrin levels were measured in basal conditions and following a calcium I.V. infusion (4 mg/kg hr of Ca++ over 4 hr) and a bombesin (BBS) I.V. infusion (15 ng/kg min over 90 min). Basal gastrin levels were significantly differnt in the two groups of patients: BBS infusion augmented significantly serum gastrin levels in all patients with I.S., while BBS infusion had no significant effect on serum gastrin levels in the group of patients without I.A. Acid output following BBS infusion showed a pattern similar to the pattern seen for gastrin. Calcium infusion augmented gastric acid secretion and gastrin levels in the patients with I.A.; however, the response to calcium could not clearly separate in all instances patients with I.A. from patients without I.A. It is concluded that the \"BBS infusion test\" may be heplful in the diagnosis of I.A. in patients with postoperative peptic ulcer.", "contents": "Acid and gastrin levels after bombesin and calcium infusion in patients with incomplete antrectomy. In 17 patients with postoperative recurrent peptic ulcer, incomplete antrectomy (I.A.) was found by endoscopic biopsies in 5. No evidcence of I.A. was found in the remaining 12 patients. Gastric acid output and gastrin levels were measured in basal conditions and following a calcium I.V. infusion (4 mg/kg hr of Ca++ over 4 hr) and a bombesin (BBS) I.V. infusion (15 ng/kg min over 90 min). Basal gastrin levels were significantly differnt in the two groups of patients: BBS infusion augmented significantly serum gastrin levels in all patients with I.S., while BBS infusion had no significant effect on serum gastrin levels in the group of patients without I.A. Acid output following BBS infusion showed a pattern similar to the pattern seen for gastrin. Calcium infusion augmented gastric acid secretion and gastrin levels in the patients with I.A.; however, the response to calcium could not clearly separate in all instances patients with I.A. from patients without I.A. It is concluded that the \"BBS infusion test\" may be heplful in the diagnosis of I.A. in patients with postoperative peptic ulcer.", "PMID": 835553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1538", "title": "Diagnostic value of biopsy, guided lavage, and brush cytology in esophagogastroscopy.", "content": "In a prospective study 96 patients with esophageal and gastric lesions were investigated by multiple endoscopic biopsy, brush cytology, and guided lavage cytology. The aim was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of each of these methods in a prospective study. 50 malignant and 46 benign lesions were found. The final diagnosis was proven by operation or autopsy in 53 cases, by multiple endoscopic follow-up in 31, and by clinical control in 8. No follow-up was possible in 4 patients. The malignant lesions were diagnosed by multilple biopsy in 86.0%, by brush cytology in 84.0%, and by lavage cytology in 50.0%. The diagnostic yield of lavage cytology was thus significantly lower (P less than 0.01). It is concluded that a combination of multiple biopsy and brush cytology is the most valuable aid in endoscopic diagnisis of esophageal and gastric malignancy with a diagnostic accuracy of 96%.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of biopsy, guided lavage, and brush cytology in esophagogastroscopy. In a prospective study 96 patients with esophageal and gastric lesions were investigated by multiple endoscopic biopsy, brush cytology, and guided lavage cytology. The aim was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of each of these methods in a prospective study. 50 malignant and 46 benign lesions were found. The final diagnosis was proven by operation or autopsy in 53 cases, by multiple endoscopic follow-up in 31, and by clinical control in 8. No follow-up was possible in 4 patients. The malignant lesions were diagnosed by multilple biopsy in 86.0%, by brush cytology in 84.0%, and by lavage cytology in 50.0%. The diagnostic yield of lavage cytology was thus significantly lower (P less than 0.01). It is concluded that a combination of multiple biopsy and brush cytology is the most valuable aid in endoscopic diagnisis of esophageal and gastric malignancy with a diagnostic accuracy of 96%.", "PMID": 835554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1539", "title": "Relationship between disposal rate of exogenous gastrin and sensitivity to stimulation of acid secretion by this hormone in dogs.", "content": "The effect of graded doses of synthetic human gastrin and pentagastrin on gastric secretion from the innervated and denervated stomach was measured in dogs. The circulating levels of gastrin during the infusion of this hormone were also estimated. The increase in gastrinemia for a fixed dose of exogenous gastrin differed from dog to dog. The dose for half-maximal response to gastrin was negatively correlated with the observed increase in serum gastrin. This suggests that the disposal rate of gastrin influences the calculated sensitivity of the parietal cells to this hormone. In the gastric fistula and in the pouch, maximal acid responses for gastrin and pentagastrin were linearly correlated, but doses for half maximal responses were not. This indicates that step-dose infusion of pentagastrin may be used to estimate the maximal acid response to gastrin, but it is not proven that such a test is useful to estimate the sensitivity of the parietal cells to gastrin in individual dogs.", "contents": "Relationship between disposal rate of exogenous gastrin and sensitivity to stimulation of acid secretion by this hormone in dogs. The effect of graded doses of synthetic human gastrin and pentagastrin on gastric secretion from the innervated and denervated stomach was measured in dogs. The circulating levels of gastrin during the infusion of this hormone were also estimated. The increase in gastrinemia for a fixed dose of exogenous gastrin differed from dog to dog. The dose for half-maximal response to gastrin was negatively correlated with the observed increase in serum gastrin. This suggests that the disposal rate of gastrin influences the calculated sensitivity of the parietal cells to this hormone. In the gastric fistula and in the pouch, maximal acid responses for gastrin and pentagastrin were linearly correlated, but doses for half maximal responses were not. This indicates that step-dose infusion of pentagastrin may be used to estimate the maximal acid response to gastrin, but it is not proven that such a test is useful to estimate the sensitivity of the parietal cells to gastrin in individual dogs.", "PMID": 835555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1540", "title": "Inflamed duodenal diverticulum. Preoperative radiographic diagnosis.", "content": "The sixth reported case of duodenal diverticulitis diagnosed preoperatively is presented. A review of the literature indicates that most duodenal diverticula are asymptomatic and require little special management. Rarely, acute inflammation can develop, and duodenal diverticulitis must be included in the differential diagnosis of all acute upper abdominal conditions, especially in the radiographic differential of emphysematous cholecystitis and retroperitoneal emphysema.", "contents": "Inflamed duodenal diverticulum. Preoperative radiographic diagnosis. The sixth reported case of duodenal diverticulitis diagnosed preoperatively is presented. A review of the literature indicates that most duodenal diverticula are asymptomatic and require little special management. Rarely, acute inflammation can develop, and duodenal diverticulitis must be included in the differential diagnosis of all acute upper abdominal conditions, especially in the radiographic differential of emphysematous cholecystitis and retroperitoneal emphysema.", "PMID": 835557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1541", "title": "The usefulness of stool screening for diagnosing cholelithiasis in acute pancreatitis. A description of the technique.", "content": "Screening stools for gallstones in patients with acute pancreatitis has been found to be a valuable diagnostic procedure in clinical practice. It is particularly helpful to know that a patient with pancreatitis has gallstones and, therefore, the disease is probably caused by the passage of these stones. A detailed description of the technique employed for stool screening is presented. The procedure was applied in 51 patients recovering from an attack of gallstone pancreatitis,in 51 control patients with known gallstones disease but without acute pancreatitis, and also in 10 patients with acute alcoholic pancreatitis Gallstones were found in the feces in 47 of the 51 patients with gallstone pancreatitis (92.1%), in only 6 of the 51 control cases (11.8%) (chi square = 62.84; P less than 0.0001), and in none of the 10 patients with alcoholic pancreatitis. In the group with gallstone pancreatitis, the finding occurred within 10 days after the attack. Oral cholecystography was also accomplished an average of 12.7 days after the attack in 38 of the 61 pancreatitis patients (28 with biliary and 10 with alcoholic pancreatitis). In 27 of the 28 patients with gallstone pancreatitis (96.4%) and in 4 of the 10 patients with alcoholic pancreatitis, radiologic evidence of cholelithiasis was found. There were 19 patients with gallstone pancreatitis who did not have a cholecystogram accomplished because of jaundice, recurrent pancreatitis, previous cholecystectomy, and pregnancy. These results suggest that screening stools is as accurate and reliable as cholecystography for the diagnosis of gallstones in individuals with pancreatitis. In addition, this method has three definite advantages over cholecystography: There are no contraindications; it requires no special equipment or personnel; and it can be used much earlier than cholecystography in patients recovering from an attack of acute pancreatitis. Screening stools for gallstones should be considered an elective diagnostic procedure for current clinical application.", "contents": "The usefulness of stool screening for diagnosing cholelithiasis in acute pancreatitis. A description of the technique. Screening stools for gallstones in patients with acute pancreatitis has been found to be a valuable diagnostic procedure in clinical practice. It is particularly helpful to know that a patient with pancreatitis has gallstones and, therefore, the disease is probably caused by the passage of these stones. A detailed description of the technique employed for stool screening is presented. The procedure was applied in 51 patients recovering from an attack of gallstone pancreatitis,in 51 control patients with known gallstones disease but without acute pancreatitis, and also in 10 patients with acute alcoholic pancreatitis Gallstones were found in the feces in 47 of the 51 patients with gallstone pancreatitis (92.1%), in only 6 of the 51 control cases (11.8%) (chi square = 62.84; P less than 0.0001), and in none of the 10 patients with alcoholic pancreatitis. In the group with gallstone pancreatitis, the finding occurred within 10 days after the attack. Oral cholecystography was also accomplished an average of 12.7 days after the attack in 38 of the 61 pancreatitis patients (28 with biliary and 10 with alcoholic pancreatitis). In 27 of the 28 patients with gallstone pancreatitis (96.4%) and in 4 of the 10 patients with alcoholic pancreatitis, radiologic evidence of cholelithiasis was found. There were 19 patients with gallstone pancreatitis who did not have a cholecystogram accomplished because of jaundice, recurrent pancreatitis, previous cholecystectomy, and pregnancy. These results suggest that screening stools is as accurate and reliable as cholecystography for the diagnosis of gallstones in individuals with pancreatitis. In addition, this method has three definite advantages over cholecystography: There are no contraindications; it requires no special equipment or personnel; and it can be used much earlier than cholecystography in patients recovering from an attack of acute pancreatitis. Screening stools for gallstones should be considered an elective diagnostic procedure for current clinical application.", "PMID": 835559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1542", "title": "Distribution and persistence of hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody in a Melanesian population.", "content": "The population of Graciosa Bay, Santa Cruz, British Solomon Islands Protectorate, was tested for HBsAg and anti-HBs in 1973 and 1974. Both the antigen and antibody occurred more often in males, presumably due to a higher exposure rate. None of 28 infants under one year of age had antigen and only one of 50 individuals under two years (2%) did. The prevalence of antigenemia was higher in older children and did not decline with increasing age. This pattern is contrasted to that found in other populations which is characterized by onset during the first year and a decrease in prevalence in older age groups. The ratio of antigenemia prevalence to that of antibody is significantly higher in the population under six years of age (p less than 0.01), indicating that younger infected people tend to be asymptomatic carriers while older individuals tend to have produced antibody. Three of 28 individuals with antigen detectable by immunodiffusion in 1973 had lower levels, detectable only by reversed passive hemagglutination after one year. The age specific prevalence of anti-HBs increases to a peak of 34% in the 15-19 year age group and declines thereafter.", "contents": "Distribution and persistence of hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody in a Melanesian population. The population of Graciosa Bay, Santa Cruz, British Solomon Islands Protectorate, was tested for HBsAg and anti-HBs in 1973 and 1974. Both the antigen and antibody occurred more often in males, presumably due to a higher exposure rate. None of 28 infants under one year of age had antigen and only one of 50 individuals under two years (2%) did. The prevalence of antigenemia was higher in older children and did not decline with increasing age. This pattern is contrasted to that found in other populations which is characterized by onset during the first year and a decrease in prevalence in older age groups. The ratio of antigenemia prevalence to that of antibody is significantly higher in the population under six years of age (p less than 0.01), indicating that younger infected people tend to be asymptomatic carriers while older individuals tend to have produced antibody. Three of 28 individuals with antigen detectable by immunodiffusion in 1973 had lower levels, detectable only by reversed passive hemagglutination after one year. The age specific prevalence of anti-HBs increases to a peak of 34% in the 15-19 year age group and declines thereafter.", "PMID": 835561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1543", "title": "Biliary function studies in patients with celiac sprue.", "content": "Eleven patients with celiac sprue were studied. Biliary function in the basal state and gallbladder response to perfusion of the small intestinal mucosa with magnesium sulfate was assessed. It was shown that bilirubin output in basal conditions is decreased in these patients and that magnesium sulfate does not stimulate gallbladder contraction. In addition it was shown that in 4 of the 11 cases studied there was a complete lack of bile reaching the duodenum in the basal state as well as in 7 of 11 cases in the digestive period. That gallbladder function was intact was shown by the normal response to intravenous CCK-PZ administration, and the patency of the common bile duct was demonstrated by intravenous cholangiography. Thus the already impaired fat absorption in celiac sprue is magnified by the lack of bile delivery, and this is probably due to an alteration in the synthesis or release of endogenous CCK-PZ.", "contents": "Biliary function studies in patients with celiac sprue. Eleven patients with celiac sprue were studied. Biliary function in the basal state and gallbladder response to perfusion of the small intestinal mucosa with magnesium sulfate was assessed. It was shown that bilirubin output in basal conditions is decreased in these patients and that magnesium sulfate does not stimulate gallbladder contraction. In addition it was shown that in 4 of the 11 cases studied there was a complete lack of bile reaching the duodenum in the basal state as well as in 7 of 11 cases in the digestive period. That gallbladder function was intact was shown by the normal response to intravenous CCK-PZ administration, and the patency of the common bile duct was demonstrated by intravenous cholangiography. Thus the already impaired fat absorption in celiac sprue is magnified by the lack of bile delivery, and this is probably due to an alteration in the synthesis or release of endogenous CCK-PZ.", "PMID": 835560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1544", "title": "Limited family clustering of hepatitis B surface antigen in a Melanesian population.", "content": "The entire population of Graciosa Bay, Santa Cruz, Solomon Islands, was tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by reverse passive hemagglutination and antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) by passive hemagglutination. Analysis of the distribution of HBsAg in relatives of HBsAg carriers and non-carriers showed clustering only in children of carrier mothers. Similarly, there was no clustering of total exposure as measured by serologic tests except in children of carrier parents primarily due to the antibody and antigen of children of carrier mothers. This distribution pattern is probably due to cultural and environmental factors which increase exposure between HBsAg carriers and people who are not related to them and also reduce the amount of contact between siblings.", "contents": "Limited family clustering of hepatitis B surface antigen in a Melanesian population. The entire population of Graciosa Bay, Santa Cruz, Solomon Islands, was tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by reverse passive hemagglutination and antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) by passive hemagglutination. Analysis of the distribution of HBsAg in relatives of HBsAg carriers and non-carriers showed clustering only in children of carrier mothers. Similarly, there was no clustering of total exposure as measured by serologic tests except in children of carrier parents primarily due to the antibody and antigen of children of carrier mothers. This distribution pattern is probably due to cultural and environmental factors which increase exposure between HBsAg carriers and people who are not related to them and also reduce the amount of contact between siblings.", "PMID": 835562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1545", "title": "Epidemiology of hepatitis B in two Alaska communities.", "content": "In 1973, epidemiologic and serologic data related to hepatitis B infection were collected from the residents of two remote Alaskan Eskimo villages located in an area of high hepatitis incidence. A total of 418 sera were tested by solid-phase radioimmunoassay for heaptitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody to that antigen (anti-HBs). The overall infection prevalence of 54.8% in the two villages included a 13.9% prevalence of HBsAg and a 40.9% prevalence of anti-HBs. Families containing an individual with HBsAg had significantly higher infection prevalence than those without an antigen carrier. Larger households had higher proportions of infected members than smaller households. The data suggest that efficient transmission of hepatitis B virus occurs within the household setting in these villages by other than classically established parenteral routes.", "contents": "Epidemiology of hepatitis B in two Alaska communities. In 1973, epidemiologic and serologic data related to hepatitis B infection were collected from the residents of two remote Alaskan Eskimo villages located in an area of high hepatitis incidence. A total of 418 sera were tested by solid-phase radioimmunoassay for heaptitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody to that antigen (anti-HBs). The overall infection prevalence of 54.8% in the two villages included a 13.9% prevalence of HBsAg and a 40.9% prevalence of anti-HBs. Families containing an individual with HBsAg had significantly higher infection prevalence than those without an antigen carrier. Larger households had higher proportions of infected members than smaller households. The data suggest that efficient transmission of hepatitis B virus occurs within the household setting in these villages by other than classically established parenteral routes.", "PMID": 835563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1546", "title": "Intensive hepatitis surveillance in Minnesota: methods and results.", "content": "After a large foodborne outbreak of hepatitis A in April 1974, the Minnesota Department of Health attempted to improve ongoing hepatitis surveillance with a system based on 1) a large centralized blood bank, which reports results of tests for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) on suspected hepatitis patients; 2) private physicians, who are encouraged to report cases; and 3) an epidemiology aide, who contacts all detected patients and their physicians. During the first year of this system, we detected 932 cases (24.5 per 100,000), a threefold increase over previous years, and obtained detailed epidemiologic data on each case. Although physicians diagnosed 61% of these cases as hepatitis A (or non-B) and 39% as hepatitis B, they tested only 53% of all patients for HBsAg. Sixty-seven per cent of the tested patients were HBsAg-positive, but only 17% of the untested patients had illnesses diagnosed by physicians as hepatitis B. This suggests that many patients with clinically-diagnosed viral hepatitis who are not tested for HBsAg may be erroneously diagnosed by physicians as having non-B hepatitis. Thirty-three per cent of HBsAg-positive patients with known occupations, not including housewives and students, worked in meidcally-related occupations. For 51% of the HBsAg-positive patients, we could not identify recent parenteral exposure to hepatitis B.", "contents": "Intensive hepatitis surveillance in Minnesota: methods and results. After a large foodborne outbreak of hepatitis A in April 1974, the Minnesota Department of Health attempted to improve ongoing hepatitis surveillance with a system based on 1) a large centralized blood bank, which reports results of tests for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) on suspected hepatitis patients; 2) private physicians, who are encouraged to report cases; and 3) an epidemiology aide, who contacts all detected patients and their physicians. During the first year of this system, we detected 932 cases (24.5 per 100,000), a threefold increase over previous years, and obtained detailed epidemiologic data on each case. Although physicians diagnosed 61% of these cases as hepatitis A (or non-B) and 39% as hepatitis B, they tested only 53% of all patients for HBsAg. Sixty-seven per cent of the tested patients were HBsAg-positive, but only 17% of the untested patients had illnesses diagnosed by physicians as hepatitis B. This suggests that many patients with clinically-diagnosed viral hepatitis who are not tested for HBsAg may be erroneously diagnosed by physicians as having non-B hepatitis. Thirty-three per cent of HBsAg-positive patients with known occupations, not including housewives and students, worked in meidcally-related occupations. For 51% of the HBsAg-positive patients, we could not identify recent parenteral exposure to hepatitis B.", "PMID": 835564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1547", "title": "Foodborne hepatitis A infection: a report of two urban restaurant-associated outbreaks.", "content": "The cities of Portland, Oregon, and Buffalo, New York, each experienced a restaurant-associated foodborne outbreak of viral hepatitis type A during 1975. Although there were several food handlers ill with viral hepatitis A in each of the restaurants involved, each outbreak was the apparent result of food contamination by a single food handler. In the Buffalo outbreak, food contamination was documented to have occurred for a brief period of time six days prior to onset of any symptoms in the index case. These outbreaks point out the uncommon occurrence of food contamination by individuals ill with type A viral hepatitis, the usefulness of two types of food questionnaires in identifying the vehicle(s) of transmission, and the apparent lack of benefit of widespread immune serum globulin administration as a control measure in this setting.", "contents": "Foodborne hepatitis A infection: a report of two urban restaurant-associated outbreaks. The cities of Portland, Oregon, and Buffalo, New York, each experienced a restaurant-associated foodborne outbreak of viral hepatitis type A during 1975. Although there were several food handlers ill with viral hepatitis A in each of the restaurants involved, each outbreak was the apparent result of food contamination by a single food handler. In the Buffalo outbreak, food contamination was documented to have occurred for a brief period of time six days prior to onset of any symptoms in the index case. These outbreaks point out the uncommon occurrence of food contamination by individuals ill with type A viral hepatitis, the usefulness of two types of food questionnaires in identifying the vehicle(s) of transmission, and the apparent lack of benefit of widespread immune serum globulin administration as a control measure in this setting.", "PMID": 835565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1548", "title": "The e antigen and vertical transmission of hepatitis B surface antigen.", "content": "The relationship of e antigen (eAg) and its antibody (anti-e) to vertical transmission of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) from chronic asymptomatic HBsAg carrier women to their children was investigated in Taiwan. Sera from 20 of the 62 women studied were positive for eAg (32%); serum from only one woman was positive for anti-e (2%). A total of 85% of the babies born to eAg positive mothers became HBsAg carriers, while only 31% of the babies became carriers when the mother was eAg negative. Maternal e antigenemia correlated with a high HBsAg titer, and both parameters were equally good predictors of vertical transmission.", "contents": "The e antigen and vertical transmission of hepatitis B surface antigen. The relationship of e antigen (eAg) and its antibody (anti-e) to vertical transmission of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) from chronic asymptomatic HBsAg carrier women to their children was investigated in Taiwan. Sera from 20 of the 62 women studied were positive for eAg (32%); serum from only one woman was positive for anti-e (2%). A total of 85% of the babies born to eAg positive mothers became HBsAg carriers, while only 31% of the babies became carriers when the mother was eAg negative. Maternal e antigenemia correlated with a high HBsAg titer, and both parameters were equally good predictors of vertical transmission.", "PMID": 835566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1549", "title": "Hepatitis and hepatitis B-antigen in Greenland. II: Occurrence and interrelation of hepatitis B associated surface, core, and \"e\" antigen-antibody systems in a highly endemic area.", "content": "The distribution of hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody (HBsAg and anti HBs), hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc), and the heaptitis B associated \"e\" antigen-antibody system (HBeAg and anti-HBe) were studied in three areas in Greenland previously shown to be endemic for hepatitis B. Overall prevalence of HBsAg and anti-HBs ranged from 47 - 81%, thus confirming the existence of a hyperendemicity of the hepatitis B agent in some polar areas. Anti-HBc occurred closely correlated to HBsAg and anti-HBs but appeared to be a less sensitive indicator of previous infection. HBeAg and anti-HBe were found in HBsAg-positive sera only. The presence of HBeAg correlated to a high titer of HBsAg and to young age and it occurred more frequently in east coast than in northwest coast Greenlanders. The \"e\"-antibody in contrast prevailed in old age groups and in sera with a low titer of HBsAg.", "contents": "Hepatitis and hepatitis B-antigen in Greenland. II: Occurrence and interrelation of hepatitis B associated surface, core, and \"e\" antigen-antibody systems in a highly endemic area. The distribution of hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody (HBsAg and anti HBs), hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc), and the heaptitis B associated \"e\" antigen-antibody system (HBeAg and anti-HBe) were studied in three areas in Greenland previously shown to be endemic for hepatitis B. Overall prevalence of HBsAg and anti-HBs ranged from 47 - 81%, thus confirming the existence of a hyperendemicity of the hepatitis B agent in some polar areas. Anti-HBc occurred closely correlated to HBsAg and anti-HBs but appeared to be a less sensitive indicator of previous infection. HBeAg and anti-HBe were found in HBsAg-positive sera only. The presence of HBeAg correlated to a high titer of HBsAg and to young age and it occurred more frequently in east coast than in northwest coast Greenlanders. The \"e\"-antibody in contrast prevailed in old age groups and in sera with a low titer of HBsAg.", "PMID": 835567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1550", "title": "The Lutheran and secretor loci: genetic linkage analysis.", "content": "Linkage analysis of Lu and Se and 31 other loci indicate that Lu:Se are not closely linked to ABO, ACP1, Co, Do, Est.D,Fy, GC, Gm, GLO:HLA, GPT, Inv, Jk,K,MN,P,PGD,PGM1, Rh,Sc, UMPK OR Yt. Lod scores for 18 families informative for Lu:Se gave no evidence for sex differentiation in recombination fraction: theta for males was 0.07, and for females, .08.", "contents": "The Lutheran and secretor loci: genetic linkage analysis. Linkage analysis of Lu and Se and 31 other loci indicate that Lu:Se are not closely linked to ABO, ACP1, Co, Do, Est.D,Fy, GC, Gm, GLO:HLA, GPT, Inv, Jk,K,MN,P,PGD,PGM1, Rh,Sc, UMPK OR Yt. Lod scores for 18 families informative for Lu:Se gave no evidence for sex differentiation in recombination fraction: theta for males was 0.07, and for females, .08.", "PMID": 835569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1551", "title": "Characterization of beta-D-N-acetylhexosaminidase isoenzymes in man-Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids.", "content": "A series of man-Chinese hamster hybrids were investigated with the use of an anti-Chinese hamster hexosaminidase serum, a specific anti-human hex A serum and an anti-human hex B serum. The expression of human hex A was found to be dependent on the presence of hex B. A heteropolymeric molecule is formed independently of hex B, which consists of Chinese hamster and specific hex A moieties. It has an electrophoretic mobility nearly identical to hex A. A relationship between the absence and presence of the heteropolymeric molecule, mannosephosphate isomerase (MPI), and pyruvate kinase (PK-3), assigned to chromosome 15, was established. With respect to the two locus subunit model, the gene coding for the alpha subunit, specific for hex A, has been localized on chromosome 15.", "contents": "Characterization of beta-D-N-acetylhexosaminidase isoenzymes in man-Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids. A series of man-Chinese hamster hybrids were investigated with the use of an anti-Chinese hamster hexosaminidase serum, a specific anti-human hex A serum and an anti-human hex B serum. The expression of human hex A was found to be dependent on the presence of hex B. A heteropolymeric molecule is formed independently of hex B, which consists of Chinese hamster and specific hex A moieties. It has an electrophoretic mobility nearly identical to hex A. A relationship between the absence and presence of the heteropolymeric molecule, mannosephosphate isomerase (MPI), and pyruvate kinase (PK-3), assigned to chromosome 15, was established. With respect to the two locus subunit model, the gene coding for the alpha subunit, specific for hex A, has been localized on chromosome 15.", "PMID": 835571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1552", "title": "G6PD Ube, a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variant found in four unrelated Japanese families.", "content": "A total of 6,120 Japanese males were screened for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD). Five cases with the deficiency were discovered. Two of them and an additional two cases have the same variant, G6PD Ube, characterized by moderate enzyme deficiency, fast moving enzyme activity on electrophoresis, high Ki Nadph, utilization of substrate analogues, kinetics, pH optima, and stability. This variant was distinguished for G6PD A- and from other Oriental variants by biochemical parameters. Differences in the frequency and type of the variants between southern Asia and Japan, suggest that the Japanese who have been isolated on islands where malaria is not endemic, may have developed their own variant traits.", "contents": "G6PD Ube, a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variant found in four unrelated Japanese families. A total of 6,120 Japanese males were screened for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD). Five cases with the deficiency were discovered. Two of them and an additional two cases have the same variant, G6PD Ube, characterized by moderate enzyme deficiency, fast moving enzyme activity on electrophoresis, high Ki Nadph, utilization of substrate analogues, kinetics, pH optima, and stability. This variant was distinguished for G6PD A- and from other Oriental variants by biochemical parameters. Differences in the frequency and type of the variants between southern Asia and Japan, suggest that the Japanese who have been isolated on islands where malaria is not endemic, may have developed their own variant traits.", "PMID": 835572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1553", "title": "Comparison of GdA and GdB activities in Nigerians. A study of the variation of the G6PD activity.", "content": "We report a comparison between G6PD enzyme activities in lysates from GdA and GdB Nigerian healthy males. We confirm the previously reported higher mean activity of G6PD B. An analysis of the enzyme activity variation has been performed: the relative amount of variation found to be associated with this polymorphism is about 8%. A comparison has been made with other genetic polymorphisms.", "contents": "Comparison of GdA and GdB activities in Nigerians. A study of the variation of the G6PD activity. We report a comparison between G6PD enzyme activities in lysates from GdA and GdB Nigerian healthy males. We confirm the previously reported higher mean activity of G6PD B. An analysis of the enzyme activity variation has been performed: the relative amount of variation found to be associated with this polymorphism is about 8%. A comparison has been made with other genetic polymorphisms.", "PMID": 835573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1554", "title": "A computer-based videodensitometric system for studying banded human chromosomes illustrated by the analysis of the normal morphology of chromosome 18.", "content": "A computer-based, high-resolution, high-speed system is described for the digitization of television images of human G-banded chromosomes, on-line directly from a microscope. The digitized data are processed by a computer to determine the total length and centromere index of individual chromosomes and to obtain an integrated density profile representing the band pattern. The density profile is reduced by the computer to a series of dark and light bands, each with a defined position, width, and density. The results are displayed by the computer on a television monitor in a form that simulates routine laboratory preparations and that allows cytogenetic inspection. The system is easy to operate, and it includes a wide range of options for operator interaction to ensure reliability. The results of the computer analysis of the no. 18 chromosomes from five cells from each of 10 different persons demonstrated the usefulness of the system for detecting, measuring, and analyzing individual bands in human populations and its application to establishing band patterns of chromosomes in different states of contraction.", "contents": "A computer-based videodensitometric system for studying banded human chromosomes illustrated by the analysis of the normal morphology of chromosome 18. A computer-based, high-resolution, high-speed system is described for the digitization of television images of human G-banded chromosomes, on-line directly from a microscope. The digitized data are processed by a computer to determine the total length and centromere index of individual chromosomes and to obtain an integrated density profile representing the band pattern. The density profile is reduced by the computer to a series of dark and light bands, each with a defined position, width, and density. The results are displayed by the computer on a television monitor in a form that simulates routine laboratory preparations and that allows cytogenetic inspection. The system is easy to operate, and it includes a wide range of options for operator interaction to ensure reliability. The results of the computer analysis of the no. 18 chromosomes from five cells from each of 10 different persons demonstrated the usefulness of the system for detecting, measuring, and analyzing individual bands in human populations and its application to establishing band patterns of chromosomes in different states of contraction.", "PMID": 835574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1555", "title": "Commingling in distributions of lipids and related variables.", "content": "In a sample of nearly 8,000 Japanese males, the distributions of casual cholesterol and triglyceride, hematocrit, glucose, uric acid, diastolic blood pressure, and weight (covariance adjusted) could not be normalized by a power transform and were significantly better fitted by a mixture of distributions. The evidence for admixture was nonsignificant for systolic blood pressure, significant but unimpressive for height and weight, and strong for the remaining variables. The minor component corresponded to high values, in low frequency except for triglyceride and glucose. These results favor an interpretation of elevated levels in terms of distinct entities, genetic or environmental or both, rather than cumulative small effects only. These entities appear to be megaphenic (i.e., with effects exceeding one phenotypic standard deviation). Consequences of this hypothesis are discussed.", "contents": "Commingling in distributions of lipids and related variables. In a sample of nearly 8,000 Japanese males, the distributions of casual cholesterol and triglyceride, hematocrit, glucose, uric acid, diastolic blood pressure, and weight (covariance adjusted) could not be normalized by a power transform and were significantly better fitted by a mixture of distributions. The evidence for admixture was nonsignificant for systolic blood pressure, significant but unimpressive for height and weight, and strong for the remaining variables. The minor component corresponded to high values, in low frequency except for triglyceride and glucose. These results favor an interpretation of elevated levels in terms of distinct entities, genetic or environmental or both, rather than cumulative small effects only. These entities appear to be megaphenic (i.e., with effects exceeding one phenotypic standard deviation). Consequences of this hypothesis are discussed.", "PMID": 835575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1556", "title": "Correspondence analysis of HLA gene frequency data from 124 population samples.", "content": "Correspondence analysis, a variant of principal components analysis, is used to interpret and compare gene frequencies of the HLA system for 124 samples from different populations studied in the Fifth and Sixth International Histocompatibility Workshops. The major advantage of this analysis is that populations and HLA genes are represented simultaneously with respect to the same axes in multidimensional space. This permits the visual interpretation of genetic differences between populations, the relative participation of each gene in the dispersion, and the correspondence between populations and genes. By this method a clear separation of ethnic groups in the world is obtained. Furthermore, within Europe the separation of samples from different countries is concordant with their geographical distances. The HLA system appears sufficiently polymorphic to define a population by its gene frequencies.", "contents": "Correspondence analysis of HLA gene frequency data from 124 population samples. Correspondence analysis, a variant of principal components analysis, is used to interpret and compare gene frequencies of the HLA system for 124 samples from different populations studied in the Fifth and Sixth International Histocompatibility Workshops. The major advantage of this analysis is that populations and HLA genes are represented simultaneously with respect to the same axes in multidimensional space. This permits the visual interpretation of genetic differences between populations, the relative participation of each gene in the dispersion, and the correspondence between populations and genes. By this method a clear separation of ethnic groups in the world is obtained. Furthermore, within Europe the separation of samples from different countries is concordant with their geographical distances. The HLA system appears sufficiently polymorphic to define a population by its gene frequencies.", "PMID": 835576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1557", "title": "A genetic and epidemiologic study of periodontal disease in Hawaii. II. Genetic and environmental influence.", "content": "In order to determine the relative influence of genetic and environmental factors in periodontal disease, path analysis has been applied to 241 nuclear families. Common family environment was represented by an index. The data failed to detect significant heritability, and common family environment proved to be a major determinant in the variation of periodontal health.", "contents": "A genetic and epidemiologic study of periodontal disease in Hawaii. II. Genetic and environmental influence. In order to determine the relative influence of genetic and environmental factors in periodontal disease, path analysis has been applied to 241 nuclear families. Common family environment was represented by an index. The data failed to detect significant heritability, and common family environment proved to be a major determinant in the variation of periodontal health.", "PMID": 835577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1558", "title": "Exclusion of chromosomal mosaicism: tables of 90%, 95% and 99% confidence limits and comments on use.", "content": "Tables specifically tailored to the exclusion of cytogenetic mosaicism at three confidence levels are presented. The consequences of the assumption of independence in application of the binomial theorem to this question are discussed. The tables are most applicable to the number of cells evaluated from cultures in which all mitoses are arrested in the first in vitro division. For long-term cultures the tables are conservatively applicable to the number of separate colonies evaluated. If n cells have been evaluated from phytohemagglutinin stimulated peripheral blood after 72 hr in cultures, the tables are applicable to between n/2 and n cells.", "contents": "Exclusion of chromosomal mosaicism: tables of 90%, 95% and 99% confidence limits and comments on use. Tables specifically tailored to the exclusion of cytogenetic mosaicism at three confidence levels are presented. The consequences of the assumption of independence in application of the binomial theorem to this question are discussed. The tables are most applicable to the number of cells evaluated from cultures in which all mitoses are arrested in the first in vitro division. For long-term cultures the tables are conservatively applicable to the number of separate colonies evaluated. If n cells have been evaluated from phytohemagglutinin stimulated peripheral blood after 72 hr in cultures, the tables are applicable to between n/2 and n cells.", "PMID": 835578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1559", "title": "Frequency of an electrophoretic variant of hair alpha keratin in human populations.", "content": "A previously reported electrophoretic variant in hair keratin was looked for in a number of different racial groups. Only Caucasian samples showed the variant with the exception of one American black and one American Indian where Caucasian admixture is likely.", "contents": "Frequency of an electrophoretic variant of hair alpha keratin in human populations. A previously reported electrophoretic variant in hair keratin was looked for in a number of different racial groups. Only Caucasian samples showed the variant with the exception of one American black and one American Indian where Caucasian admixture is likely.", "PMID": 835579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1560", "title": "Lupus nephritis. Clinical course as related to morphologic forms and their transitions.", "content": "An intensive study of the course of lupus nephritis has been undertaken in 88 patients in whom strict morphologic criteria were utilized in classification. All were treated with steroid, and 17 received cytotoxic drugs in addition. Focal proliferative lupus nephritis generally follows a benign course except in the occasional instances when transition to the diffuse proliferative or membranous forms occurs. Membranous lupus nephritis, when characterized by persistent nephrotic syndrome, leads slowly to renal failure, but this progression is aborted in the one-third in whom remission of the nephrotic syndrome can be achieved. A fatal outcome occurs within five years in the majority of those with diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis and the nephrotic syndrome, often in association with necrotizing renal vasculitis, severe hypertension and accelerated renal failure. A small number with the diffuse proliferative form have a remission and then show only mesangial abnormalities, usually, however, with the appearance of glomerular sclerosis. Progressive glomerular sclerosis is observed in some patients and may be a sequel of the remission of the diffuse or focal proliferative lesions, or it may represent still another form of lupus nephritis. Mesangial immune deposits with or without proliferation, at times in the absence of clinical renal disease, are observed early in the course of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and may proceed to the diffuse proliferative or membranous forms. The present observations serve to emphasize the importance of strict morphologic classification in the comparison of different treatment regimens for lupus nephritis. In view of the grave prognosis of established diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis, which probably evolves from a mesangial involvement common to all patients with SLE from its onset, early therapy may be the key to the management of lupus nephritis.", "contents": "Lupus nephritis. Clinical course as related to morphologic forms and their transitions. An intensive study of the course of lupus nephritis has been undertaken in 88 patients in whom strict morphologic criteria were utilized in classification. All were treated with steroid, and 17 received cytotoxic drugs in addition. Focal proliferative lupus nephritis generally follows a benign course except in the occasional instances when transition to the diffuse proliferative or membranous forms occurs. Membranous lupus nephritis, when characterized by persistent nephrotic syndrome, leads slowly to renal failure, but this progression is aborted in the one-third in whom remission of the nephrotic syndrome can be achieved. A fatal outcome occurs within five years in the majority of those with diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis and the nephrotic syndrome, often in association with necrotizing renal vasculitis, severe hypertension and accelerated renal failure. A small number with the diffuse proliferative form have a remission and then show only mesangial abnormalities, usually, however, with the appearance of glomerular sclerosis. Progressive glomerular sclerosis is observed in some patients and may be a sequel of the remission of the diffuse or focal proliferative lesions, or it may represent still another form of lupus nephritis. Mesangial immune deposits with or without proliferation, at times in the absence of clinical renal disease, are observed early in the course of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and may proceed to the diffuse proliferative or membranous forms. The present observations serve to emphasize the importance of strict morphologic classification in the comparison of different treatment regimens for lupus nephritis. In view of the grave prognosis of established diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis, which probably evolves from a mesangial involvement common to all patients with SLE from its onset, early therapy may be the key to the management of lupus nephritis.", "PMID": 835580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1561", "title": "Survival of a patient with intestinal anthrax.", "content": "A patient with intestinal anthrax, the first documented surviving patient to be described in detail, presented with an acute condition within the abdomen. Intestinal anthrax should be considered in the differential diagnosis of abdominal conditions in areas in which anthrax is prevalent, especially when a history is available of ingesting putrid or improperly cooked meat. Clinical and therapeutic details are given as a guide in future cases.", "contents": "Survival of a patient with intestinal anthrax. A patient with intestinal anthrax, the first documented surviving patient to be described in detail, presented with an acute condition within the abdomen. Intestinal anthrax should be considered in the differential diagnosis of abdominal conditions in areas in which anthrax is prevalent, especially when a history is available of ingesting putrid or improperly cooked meat. Clinical and therapeutic details are given as a guide in future cases.", "PMID": 835581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1562", "title": "Echocardiographic appearance of ruptured aortic cusp.", "content": "Serial echocardiograms of a patient with enterococcal endocarditis and aortic insufficiency suggested the presence of vegetations on the aortic valve with progression of the lesion to frank prolapse of an aortic valve cusp. At surgery, the patient was found to have a flail noncoronary cusp to which an 8 mm vegetation was adherent. Anatomic correlations are presented, and a possible mechanism for the unusual echographic findings is discussed.", "contents": "Echocardiographic appearance of ruptured aortic cusp. Serial echocardiograms of a patient with enterococcal endocarditis and aortic insufficiency suggested the presence of vegetations on the aortic valve with progression of the lesion to frank prolapse of an aortic valve cusp. At surgery, the patient was found to have a flail noncoronary cusp to which an 8 mm vegetation was adherent. Anatomic correlations are presented, and a possible mechanism for the unusual echographic findings is discussed.", "PMID": 835582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1563", "title": "Subclinical chronic pancreatitis in type I hyperlipoproteinemia.", "content": "Severe pancreatic exocrine insufficiency was demonstrated in a 41 year old man with familial type I hyperlipoproteinemia (fat-induced hyperlipemia). Plasma triglyceride concentration failed to increase significantly with increased dietary fat intake, and fecal fat excretion was markedly increased. Indices of intestinal function were normal. Pancreatic enzyme therapy resulted in reduced fat excretion and increased plasma triglyceride concentration. Secretin stimulation tests revealed impaired duodenal fluid volume, bicarbonate and pancreatic enzyme responses. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus had been diagnosed three years earlier. No attacks of acute pancreatitis had occurred in the preceding 20 years, and it is suggested that pancreatic damage may have resulted from repeated subclinical pancreatic insults due to elevated plasma lipid levels. This report is the first to indicate that pancreatic exocrine insufficiency may occur as a late complication of hyperlipemic disorders in the absence of recurrent acute pancreatitis. Steatorrhea may not be apparent because of therapeutic restriction of dietary fat, and the first manifestation of pancreatic exocrine disease may be an amelioration of fat-induced hyperlipemia.", "contents": "Subclinical chronic pancreatitis in type I hyperlipoproteinemia. Severe pancreatic exocrine insufficiency was demonstrated in a 41 year old man with familial type I hyperlipoproteinemia (fat-induced hyperlipemia). Plasma triglyceride concentration failed to increase significantly with increased dietary fat intake, and fecal fat excretion was markedly increased. Indices of intestinal function were normal. Pancreatic enzyme therapy resulted in reduced fat excretion and increased plasma triglyceride concentration. Secretin stimulation tests revealed impaired duodenal fluid volume, bicarbonate and pancreatic enzyme responses. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus had been diagnosed three years earlier. No attacks of acute pancreatitis had occurred in the preceding 20 years, and it is suggested that pancreatic damage may have resulted from repeated subclinical pancreatic insults due to elevated plasma lipid levels. This report is the first to indicate that pancreatic exocrine insufficiency may occur as a late complication of hyperlipemic disorders in the absence of recurrent acute pancreatitis. Steatorrhea may not be apparent because of therapeutic restriction of dietary fat, and the first manifestation of pancreatic exocrine disease may be an amelioration of fat-induced hyperlipemia.", "PMID": 835583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1564", "title": "Clinical and roentgenographic spectrum of pulmonary tuberculosis in the adult.", "content": "In order to define the roentgenographic manifestations of pulmonary tuberculosis in the adult, we reviewed a 12 month experience with newly diagnosed patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis in two Boston hospitals. Of 88 patients, 30 (34 per cent) presented with roentgenographic manifestations other than those associated with \"usual\" postprimary disease. At least 12 patients (13.5 per cent) had primary tuberculosis, including two subjects over 60 years of age. Six patients (6.8 per cent) had disease confined to the lower lung fields, eight patients (9 per cent) had tuberculomas and four (4.5 per cent) had miliary tuberculosis. Twenty per cent of the patients were totally asymptomatic. With the shift of tuberculosis care to community hospitals, knowledge of the varied roentgenographic manifestations is of increasing importance for the practicing internist.", "contents": "Clinical and roentgenographic spectrum of pulmonary tuberculosis in the adult. In order to define the roentgenographic manifestations of pulmonary tuberculosis in the adult, we reviewed a 12 month experience with newly diagnosed patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis in two Boston hospitals. Of 88 patients, 30 (34 per cent) presented with roentgenographic manifestations other than those associated with \"usual\" postprimary disease. At least 12 patients (13.5 per cent) had primary tuberculosis, including two subjects over 60 years of age. Six patients (6.8 per cent) had disease confined to the lower lung fields, eight patients (9 per cent) had tuberculomas and four (4.5 per cent) had miliary tuberculosis. Twenty per cent of the patients were totally asymptomatic. With the shift of tuberculosis care to community hospitals, knowledge of the varied roentgenographic manifestations is of increasing importance for the practicing internist.", "PMID": 835590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1565", "title": "Airway function in sarcoidosis.", "content": "Airway function was studied in 18 patients with sarcoidosis, aged 18 to 49 years. Eleven of the patients were smokers. All patients had the characteristic functional changes of restrictive lung disease: decreased lung volumes and single breath diffusing capacity, and increased static transpulmonary pressures. Abnormal airway function was demonstrated in every patient by at least one test, and nearly always by multiple tests. Specific airway conductance was abnormally low in two patients. The ratio of the 1 second forced expiratory volume to the forced vital capacity was decreased in six patients. Frequency dependence of dynamic compliance was demonstrated in eight patients. The ratio of closing volume to vital capacity was increased above age-corrected predictions in all but two patients. Upstream airway resistance was abnormally increased in 16 of the patients. These results suggest that airway dysfunction is not uncommon in sarcoidosis.", "contents": "Airway function in sarcoidosis. Airway function was studied in 18 patients with sarcoidosis, aged 18 to 49 years. Eleven of the patients were smokers. All patients had the characteristic functional changes of restrictive lung disease: decreased lung volumes and single breath diffusing capacity, and increased static transpulmonary pressures. Abnormal airway function was demonstrated in every patient by at least one test, and nearly always by multiple tests. Specific airway conductance was abnormally low in two patients. The ratio of the 1 second forced expiratory volume to the forced vital capacity was decreased in six patients. Frequency dependence of dynamic compliance was demonstrated in eight patients. The ratio of closing volume to vital capacity was increased above age-corrected predictions in all but two patients. Upstream airway resistance was abnormally increased in 16 of the patients. These results suggest that airway dysfunction is not uncommon in sarcoidosis.", "PMID": 835591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1566", "title": "Therapy of the idiopathic nephrotic syndrome with alternate day steroids.", "content": "Eighty-one adult patients with the idiopathic nephrotic syndrome were treated with prednisone, 60 to 120 mg, on alternate days. Treatment was continued with diminishing drug doses for up to 10 years. Biopsy specimens were categorized as showing lipoid nephrosis 36 per cent, focal sclerosis 12 per cent, diffuse proliferative 22 per cent and membranous nephropathy 30 per cent. Patients with systemic causes of the nephrotic syndrome were excluded. Proteinuria decreased to normal or to less than or equal to 3 g with a greater than or equal to 50 per cent decrease from base line in 83 per cent of the patients with lipoid nephrosis, 30 per cent of the patients with focal sclerosis, 50 per cent of the patients with diffuse proliferative nephritis and 71 per cent of the patients with membranous nephropathy. Improvement occurred in those with focal sclerosis, diffuse proliferative nephritis and membranous nephropathy only after prolonged treatment (14 to 15 months). Stable or improved renal function occurred in 97 per cent of those with lipoid nephrosis, 50 per cent of those with focal sclerosis, 73 per cent of those with diffuse proliferative nephritis and in 83 per cent of those with membranous nephropathy. Death or dialysis occurred in 12 per cent of the patients, and complications coincident with treatment occurred once every 12 patient years. Compared to other series of patients with the idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, therapy of our patients with prolonged alternate day steroids resulted in (1) decreased protein excretion, (2) maintenance of good renal function and (3) decreased number of complications of therapy.", "contents": "Therapy of the idiopathic nephrotic syndrome with alternate day steroids. Eighty-one adult patients with the idiopathic nephrotic syndrome were treated with prednisone, 60 to 120 mg, on alternate days. Treatment was continued with diminishing drug doses for up to 10 years. Biopsy specimens were categorized as showing lipoid nephrosis 36 per cent, focal sclerosis 12 per cent, diffuse proliferative 22 per cent and membranous nephropathy 30 per cent. Patients with systemic causes of the nephrotic syndrome were excluded. Proteinuria decreased to normal or to less than or equal to 3 g with a greater than or equal to 50 per cent decrease from base line in 83 per cent of the patients with lipoid nephrosis, 30 per cent of the patients with focal sclerosis, 50 per cent of the patients with diffuse proliferative nephritis and 71 per cent of the patients with membranous nephropathy. Improvement occurred in those with focal sclerosis, diffuse proliferative nephritis and membranous nephropathy only after prolonged treatment (14 to 15 months). Stable or improved renal function occurred in 97 per cent of those with lipoid nephrosis, 50 per cent of those with focal sclerosis, 73 per cent of those with diffuse proliferative nephritis and in 83 per cent of those with membranous nephropathy. Death or dialysis occurred in 12 per cent of the patients, and complications coincident with treatment occurred once every 12 patient years. Compared to other series of patients with the idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, therapy of our patients with prolonged alternate day steroids resulted in (1) decreased protein excretion, (2) maintenance of good renal function and (3) decreased number of complications of therapy.", "PMID": 835592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1567", "title": "The effect of ascorbic acid on uric acid excretion with a commentary on the renal handling of ascorbic acid.", "content": "Under spontaneous conditions in man and dog, very little ascorbic acid is excreted in urine. Ascorbic acid clearance (C ascorbic acid) is promptly augmented when plasma ascorbic acid is increased by intravenous injection. No net tubular secretion of ascorbic acid is demonstrable in either man or dog when plasma ascorbic acid is elevated to levels as high as 12 mg/100 ml in man, and 28 mg/100 ml in the dog. Nevertheless, both in men and the Dalmatian dog, when the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is decreased, excreted ascorbic acid in relation to the amount filtered is exaggerated so that C ascorbic acid:GFR approaches unity. It is possible that secreted ascorbic acid is masked under ordinary circumstances, with a more significant contribution of secreted ascorbic acid to total urinary ascorbic acid becoming apparent under conditions of low GFR. In man, when the plasma ascorbic acid level is raised to above 6 mg/100 ml, C urate:GFR rises from control value of 0.081 +/- 0.020, to 0.116 +/- 0.026. In both mongrel and Dalmatian dogs an effect of ascorbic acid on urate excretion is not conclusively shown. The uricosuric effect of ascorbic acid in man may be due to competition with uric acid for renal tubular reabsorptive transport. The difference in the metabolism of ascorbic acid in the dog as compared to man may help account for the inconsistent effect of ascorbic acid on uric acid excretion in the dog.", "contents": "The effect of ascorbic acid on uric acid excretion with a commentary on the renal handling of ascorbic acid. Under spontaneous conditions in man and dog, very little ascorbic acid is excreted in urine. Ascorbic acid clearance (C ascorbic acid) is promptly augmented when plasma ascorbic acid is increased by intravenous injection. No net tubular secretion of ascorbic acid is demonstrable in either man or dog when plasma ascorbic acid is elevated to levels as high as 12 mg/100 ml in man, and 28 mg/100 ml in the dog. Nevertheless, both in men and the Dalmatian dog, when the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is decreased, excreted ascorbic acid in relation to the amount filtered is exaggerated so that C ascorbic acid:GFR approaches unity. It is possible that secreted ascorbic acid is masked under ordinary circumstances, with a more significant contribution of secreted ascorbic acid to total urinary ascorbic acid becoming apparent under conditions of low GFR. In man, when the plasma ascorbic acid level is raised to above 6 mg/100 ml, C urate:GFR rises from control value of 0.081 +/- 0.020, to 0.116 +/- 0.026. In both mongrel and Dalmatian dogs an effect of ascorbic acid on urate excretion is not conclusively shown. The uricosuric effect of ascorbic acid in man may be due to competition with uric acid for renal tubular reabsorptive transport. The difference in the metabolism of ascorbic acid in the dog as compared to man may help account for the inconsistent effect of ascorbic acid on uric acid excretion in the dog.", "PMID": 835593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1568", "title": "Serum myoglobin in myocardial infarction: the \"staccato phenomenon.\" Is acute myocardial infarction in man an intermittent event?", "content": "When serum was sampled frequently and soon after acute myocardial infarction, myoglobinemia was extremely common, occurring in 12 of 13 selected patients. Myoglobin first appeared in the serum within a few hours after infarction, but not consistently earlier than creatine phosphokinase. The peak level of serum myoglobin was reached appreciably earlier than the peak values of serum creatine phosphokinase activity. Time of earliest myoglobin appearance in the serum, peak level of myoglobin measured, and duration of detectable myoglobin release all correlated poorly with clinical and biochemical estimates of severity of myocardial infarction. There was no correlation between myoglobin levels and infarct size as estimated from creatine phosphokinase kinetics. Myoglobin appeared in the serum in multiple short \"staccato\" bursts, or episodes, often lasting only one to two hours. The hypothesis is suggested that the pattern of myoglobin appearance is a reflection of the episodic nature of acute myocardial infarction. Although isolated myoglobin determination may not be useful at present, for quantification of total myocardial damage, its pattern of release may be a sensitive marker for studying the time course of infarction, and may be useful to evaluate therapeutic interventions designed to interrupt an ongoing syndrome of myocardial necrosis.", "contents": "Serum myoglobin in myocardial infarction: the \"staccato phenomenon.\" Is acute myocardial infarction in man an intermittent event? When serum was sampled frequently and soon after acute myocardial infarction, myoglobinemia was extremely common, occurring in 12 of 13 selected patients. Myoglobin first appeared in the serum within a few hours after infarction, but not consistently earlier than creatine phosphokinase. The peak level of serum myoglobin was reached appreciably earlier than the peak values of serum creatine phosphokinase activity. Time of earliest myoglobin appearance in the serum, peak level of myoglobin measured, and duration of detectable myoglobin release all correlated poorly with clinical and biochemical estimates of severity of myocardial infarction. There was no correlation between myoglobin levels and infarct size as estimated from creatine phosphokinase kinetics. Myoglobin appeared in the serum in multiple short \"staccato\" bursts, or episodes, often lasting only one to two hours. The hypothesis is suggested that the pattern of myoglobin appearance is a reflection of the episodic nature of acute myocardial infarction. Although isolated myoglobin determination may not be useful at present, for quantification of total myocardial damage, its pattern of release may be a sensitive marker for studying the time course of infarction, and may be useful to evaluate therapeutic interventions designed to interrupt an ongoing syndrome of myocardial necrosis.", "PMID": 835594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1569", "title": "Systemic lupus erythematosus within the first two decades of life.", "content": "Forty-nine patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) during childhood and adolescence presenting over a period of 17 years were followed during treatment with prednisone and azathioprine. The average period of follow-up was 5.7 years. Detailed analyses of clinical parameters of renal function and sequential changes in glomerular abnormalities by percutaneous renal biopsy are reported. Therapy was directed towards normalizing the results of urinalysis and renal function, eliminating proteinuria and maintaining normal serology (normal serum complement and negative antiDNA titers). The 10 year survival of the entire group was 86 per cent. A survival of 73 per cent and 87 per cent over this interval in patients with diffuse and focal proliferative lupus nephritis, respectively, was achieved. The major cause of mortality in this series was infection. It appears that intensive observation and monitoring of serologic parameters in SLE, along with aggressive steroid and immunosuppressive therapy, lead to a prognosis in SLE more favorable than previously reported.", "contents": "Systemic lupus erythematosus within the first two decades of life. Forty-nine patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) during childhood and adolescence presenting over a period of 17 years were followed during treatment with prednisone and azathioprine. The average period of follow-up was 5.7 years. Detailed analyses of clinical parameters of renal function and sequential changes in glomerular abnormalities by percutaneous renal biopsy are reported. Therapy was directed towards normalizing the results of urinalysis and renal function, eliminating proteinuria and maintaining normal serology (normal serum complement and negative antiDNA titers). The 10 year survival of the entire group was 86 per cent. A survival of 73 per cent and 87 per cent over this interval in patients with diffuse and focal proliferative lupus nephritis, respectively, was achieved. The major cause of mortality in this series was infection. It appears that intensive observation and monitoring of serologic parameters in SLE, along with aggressive steroid and immunosuppressive therapy, lead to a prognosis in SLE more favorable than previously reported.", "PMID": 835595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1570", "title": "Male pseudohermaphroditism due to steroid 5-alpha-reductase deficiency.", "content": "A new inherited form of male pseudohermaphroditism has been investigated in a pedigree of 24 families with 38 affected males. At birth, the affected males (46 XY) have a clitoral-like phallus, bifid scrotum and urogenital sinus. The testes are in the inguinal canals or labial-scrotal folds. The Wolffian structures are normally differentiated; there are no Mullerian structures. At puberty a muscular male habitus develops with growth of the phallus and scrotum, voice change and no gynecomastia. The subjects have erections, ejaculations and a libido directed towards females. They have decreased body hair, a scant to absent beard, no temporal hair line recession and a small prostate. Testicular biopsy reveals a normal testis. The mean plasma T levels in affected adults are significantly higher, and the mean plasma DHT levels are significantly lower when compared to those in normal subjects. The plasma T:DHT ratios range from 35 to 84 compared to 8 to 16 in normal subjects. After the administration of hCG, the T:DHT ratios in affected male children range from 74 to 162 compared to 3 to 26 in the control subjects. In affected adults, mean plasma LH and FSH levels are significantly higher than in normal subjects. In the affected subjects, the metabolic clearance rates of T and DHT are normal, but the conversion ratio of T to DHT is less than 1 per cent. The endogenous mean urinary E:A and E-OH:A-OH ratios, and the urinary E:A and E-OH:A-OH ratios after the infusion of radioactive T are significantly higher than in normal males. Inheritance is autosomal recessive with some sibling sisters showing the same biochemical defect, and obligate carrier parents showing an intermediate defect. These data support our thesis that the defect in these male pseudohermaphrodites is secondary to decreased steroid delta 4-5 alpha-reductase activity. The affected subjects provide a clinical model for delineating the roles of T and DHT in sexual differentiation and development. This entity also demonstrates an inherited disorder of steroid metabolism in which the basic enzyme deficiency resides in the target tissues.", "contents": "Male pseudohermaphroditism due to steroid 5-alpha-reductase deficiency. A new inherited form of male pseudohermaphroditism has been investigated in a pedigree of 24 families with 38 affected males. At birth, the affected males (46 XY) have a clitoral-like phallus, bifid scrotum and urogenital sinus. The testes are in the inguinal canals or labial-scrotal folds. The Wolffian structures are normally differentiated; there are no Mullerian structures. At puberty a muscular male habitus develops with growth of the phallus and scrotum, voice change and no gynecomastia. The subjects have erections, ejaculations and a libido directed towards females. They have decreased body hair, a scant to absent beard, no temporal hair line recession and a small prostate. Testicular biopsy reveals a normal testis. The mean plasma T levels in affected adults are significantly higher, and the mean plasma DHT levels are significantly lower when compared to those in normal subjects. The plasma T:DHT ratios range from 35 to 84 compared to 8 to 16 in normal subjects. After the administration of hCG, the T:DHT ratios in affected male children range from 74 to 162 compared to 3 to 26 in the control subjects. In affected adults, mean plasma LH and FSH levels are significantly higher than in normal subjects. In the affected subjects, the metabolic clearance rates of T and DHT are normal, but the conversion ratio of T to DHT is less than 1 per cent. The endogenous mean urinary E:A and E-OH:A-OH ratios, and the urinary E:A and E-OH:A-OH ratios after the infusion of radioactive T are significantly higher than in normal males. Inheritance is autosomal recessive with some sibling sisters showing the same biochemical defect, and obligate carrier parents showing an intermediate defect. These data support our thesis that the defect in these male pseudohermaphrodites is secondary to decreased steroid delta 4-5 alpha-reductase activity. The affected subjects provide a clinical model for delineating the roles of T and DHT in sexual differentiation and development. This entity also demonstrates an inherited disorder of steroid metabolism in which the basic enzyme deficiency resides in the target tissues.", "PMID": 835597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1571", "title": "Sudden death in the year following myocardial infarction. Relation to ventricular premature contractions in the late hospitals phase and left ventricular ejection fraction.", "content": "Both depressed left ventricular ejection fraction and ventricular arrhythmias have been associated with a poor prognosis following acute myocardial infarction. To assess the relative role of each of these parameters in predicting mortality in the early period after hospitalization for myocardial infarction, 24 hour ambulatory electrocardiographic tape recordings and gated cardiac blood pool scans were obtained in 81 patients approximately two weeks after their admission to the hospital for myocardial infarction. Lown class 0 to II ventricular premature contractions during this period were classified as uncomplicated ventricular arrhythmias and Lown class III to V ventricular premature contractions were classified as complicated ventricular arrhythmias. Ejection fraction was calculated from biplane images of gated cardiac blood pool scans. In 35 patients the ejection fraction was greater than or equal to 0.40; only three of these had complicated ventricular arrhythmias. In 45 patients the ejection fraction was less than 0.40; 26 of these had complicated ventricular arrhythmias. Eight patients had documented ventricular fibrillation or instantaneous death during a mean 7.0 moonth (range 2 to 16 months) follow-up period outside the hospital. Although the number of patients studied was small, and there were only eight sudden deaths, life table analysis projected a one year mortality of 66 per cent in patients with complicated ventricular arrhythmias and 31 per cent in patients with an ejection fraction less than 0.40. All eight patients who died suddenly were in the subgroup of 26 patients with an ejection fraction less than 0.40 and complicated ventricular arrhymias; none was in the subgroup of 19 patients with an ejection fraction less than 0.40 and uncomplicated ventricular arrhythmias (P less than 0.02). Although a low ejection fraction may suggest a poor prognosis following myocardial infarction, the presence of complicated ventricular arrhythmias significantly increases the risk of sudden cardiac death in the early period after hospitalization in patients with low ejection fraction.", "contents": "Sudden death in the year following myocardial infarction. Relation to ventricular premature contractions in the late hospitals phase and left ventricular ejection fraction. Both depressed left ventricular ejection fraction and ventricular arrhythmias have been associated with a poor prognosis following acute myocardial infarction. To assess the relative role of each of these parameters in predicting mortality in the early period after hospitalization for myocardial infarction, 24 hour ambulatory electrocardiographic tape recordings and gated cardiac blood pool scans were obtained in 81 patients approximately two weeks after their admission to the hospital for myocardial infarction. Lown class 0 to II ventricular premature contractions during this period were classified as uncomplicated ventricular arrhythmias and Lown class III to V ventricular premature contractions were classified as complicated ventricular arrhythmias. Ejection fraction was calculated from biplane images of gated cardiac blood pool scans. In 35 patients the ejection fraction was greater than or equal to 0.40; only three of these had complicated ventricular arrhythmias. In 45 patients the ejection fraction was less than 0.40; 26 of these had complicated ventricular arrhythmias. Eight patients had documented ventricular fibrillation or instantaneous death during a mean 7.0 moonth (range 2 to 16 months) follow-up period outside the hospital. Although the number of patients studied was small, and there were only eight sudden deaths, life table analysis projected a one year mortality of 66 per cent in patients with complicated ventricular arrhythmias and 31 per cent in patients with an ejection fraction less than 0.40. All eight patients who died suddenly were in the subgroup of 26 patients with an ejection fraction less than 0.40 and complicated ventricular arrhymias; none was in the subgroup of 19 patients with an ejection fraction less than 0.40 and uncomplicated ventricular arrhythmias (P less than 0.02). Although a low ejection fraction may suggest a poor prognosis following myocardial infarction, the presence of complicated ventricular arrhythmias significantly increases the risk of sudden cardiac death in the early period after hospitalization in patients with low ejection fraction.", "PMID": 835598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1572", "title": "Daunomycin-induced cardiotoxicity in children and adults. A review of 110 cases.", "content": "Daunomycin, like its anthracycline analog adriamycin, is a cardiotoxic antitumor antibiotic. Reports on 5,613 patients receiving daunomycin were reviewed for cardiotoxicity. Two distinct patterns of cardiotoxicity were defined, congestive heart failure (cardiomyopathy) and electrocardiographic changes. Dose-response curves were constructed using the percent incidence of cardiomyopathy versus the total dose of daunomycin in mg/m2. There was a dose-response relationship between the total dose of daunomycin and the development of cardiomyopathy, both in children and adults. The children seem more susceptible to the drug-induced cardiomyopathy. The electrocardiographic changes in the children and adults did not show a dose-dependent relationship, were present consistently even at the lowest dosage levels, and did not predict for subsequent development of cardiomyopathy. The dose-response curves constructed enable the clinician to judge the relative risk of developing cardiomyopathy at a given total dosage level and allows comparison of the human experience with the experimental animal model data.", "contents": "Daunomycin-induced cardiotoxicity in children and adults. A review of 110 cases. Daunomycin, like its anthracycline analog adriamycin, is a cardiotoxic antitumor antibiotic. Reports on 5,613 patients receiving daunomycin were reviewed for cardiotoxicity. Two distinct patterns of cardiotoxicity were defined, congestive heart failure (cardiomyopathy) and electrocardiographic changes. Dose-response curves were constructed using the percent incidence of cardiomyopathy versus the total dose of daunomycin in mg/m2. There was a dose-response relationship between the total dose of daunomycin and the development of cardiomyopathy, both in children and adults. The children seem more susceptible to the drug-induced cardiomyopathy. The electrocardiographic changes in the children and adults did not show a dose-dependent relationship, were present consistently even at the lowest dosage levels, and did not predict for subsequent development of cardiomyopathy. The dose-response curves constructed enable the clinician to judge the relative risk of developing cardiomyopathy at a given total dosage level and allows comparison of the human experience with the experimental animal model data.", "PMID": 835599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1573", "title": "Interrelations among blood pressure, blood volume, plasma renin activity and urinary catecholamines in benign essential hypertension.", "content": "Interrelations among blood pressure, circulatory volume, plasma renin activity (PRA) and urinary catecholamine excretion rates were studied in normal subjects and in patients with benign essential hypertension. Mean plasma or blood volumes related to lean body mass, products of blood volume and the logarithm of PRA, and catecholamine excretion rates did not differ significantly between normal and hypertensive subjects. In both normal subjects and hypertensive patients, blood pressure levels correlated positively with the noradrenaline excretion rate (r = 0.40 and 0.36, respectively; p less than 0.025) but not with adrenaline excretion, circulatory volume or the volume-renin product. The logarithm of PRA correlated inversely with mean blood pressure in normal subjects (r = 0.40; p less than 0.001) but not in hypertensive patients; however, there was no convincing evidence for an inappropriate blood pressure-PRA relationship as a prominent feature in the hypertensive patients. PRA did not correlate with blood volume. Patients with low PRA relative to sodium excretion (21 per cent of hypertensive population) were consistently normovolemic, but they tended to be older and excreted less (p less than 0.025) adrenaline than patients with normal or high PRA. The patient subgroup with high PRA relative to sodium excretion (11 per cent of population) was hypovolemic (p less than 0.02); despite this, urinary sodium output was high (172 +/- 64 meq/24 hours). These data reveal no evidence for major roles of PRA, circulatory volume and free peripheral catecholamines in the maintenance of benign essential hypertension. Essential hypertension with low PRA is usually not a hypervolemic state, but it may reflect diminished adrenergic activity, factors associated with aging and effects of a high systemic pressure. High PRA in benign essential hypertension may be at least partly a consequence of hypovolemia resulting from high blood pressure-induced sodium diuresis.", "contents": "Interrelations among blood pressure, blood volume, plasma renin activity and urinary catecholamines in benign essential hypertension. Interrelations among blood pressure, circulatory volume, plasma renin activity (PRA) and urinary catecholamine excretion rates were studied in normal subjects and in patients with benign essential hypertension. Mean plasma or blood volumes related to lean body mass, products of blood volume and the logarithm of PRA, and catecholamine excretion rates did not differ significantly between normal and hypertensive subjects. In both normal subjects and hypertensive patients, blood pressure levels correlated positively with the noradrenaline excretion rate (r = 0.40 and 0.36, respectively; p less than 0.025) but not with adrenaline excretion, circulatory volume or the volume-renin product. The logarithm of PRA correlated inversely with mean blood pressure in normal subjects (r = 0.40; p less than 0.001) but not in hypertensive patients; however, there was no convincing evidence for an inappropriate blood pressure-PRA relationship as a prominent feature in the hypertensive patients. PRA did not correlate with blood volume. Patients with low PRA relative to sodium excretion (21 per cent of hypertensive population) were consistently normovolemic, but they tended to be older and excreted less (p less than 0.025) adrenaline than patients with normal or high PRA. The patient subgroup with high PRA relative to sodium excretion (11 per cent of population) was hypovolemic (p less than 0.02); despite this, urinary sodium output was high (172 +/- 64 meq/24 hours). These data reveal no evidence for major roles of PRA, circulatory volume and free peripheral catecholamines in the maintenance of benign essential hypertension. Essential hypertension with low PRA is usually not a hypervolemic state, but it may reflect diminished adrenergic activity, factors associated with aging and effects of a high systemic pressure. High PRA in benign essential hypertension may be at least partly a consequence of hypovolemia resulting from high blood pressure-induced sodium diuresis.", "PMID": 835600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1574", "title": "Bacteremic hemophilus influenzae pneumonia in adults. A report of 24 cases and a review of the literature.", "content": "Twenty-four cases of Hemophilus influenzae pneumonia diagnosed by positive blood or pleural fluid cultures are compared to 43 cases previously reported in the literatrue. Frequently associated illnesses in both series include alcoholism, chronic airways obstruction and preceding respiratory tract infection. Moderate temperature elevation and slight leukocytosis were common on admission in both groups. Chest roentgenograms in our series revealed both bronchopneumonia (75 per cent) and lobar consolidation (38 per cent). Pleural disease occurred frequently, with two empyemas noted on admission and nine additional effusions developing during therapy. Treatment of choice was ampicillin. All five patients who did not receive ampicillin died, whereas 16 to 19 who received this drug survived. High mortality (33 per cent) in our series may be attributed to the advanced age of the patients and the presence of associated illnesses. In addition, a 10 year review suggests a true increase in the incidence of H. influenzae pneumonia in adults.", "contents": "Bacteremic hemophilus influenzae pneumonia in adults. A report of 24 cases and a review of the literature. Twenty-four cases of Hemophilus influenzae pneumonia diagnosed by positive blood or pleural fluid cultures are compared to 43 cases previously reported in the literatrue. Frequently associated illnesses in both series include alcoholism, chronic airways obstruction and preceding respiratory tract infection. Moderate temperature elevation and slight leukocytosis were common on admission in both groups. Chest roentgenograms in our series revealed both bronchopneumonia (75 per cent) and lobar consolidation (38 per cent). Pleural disease occurred frequently, with two empyemas noted on admission and nine additional effusions developing during therapy. Treatment of choice was ampicillin. All five patients who did not receive ampicillin died, whereas 16 to 19 who received this drug survived. High mortality (33 per cent) in our series may be attributed to the advanced age of the patients and the presence of associated illnesses. In addition, a 10 year review suggests a true increase in the incidence of H. influenzae pneumonia in adults.", "PMID": 835601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1575", "title": "Hematopathology and Pathogenesis of the X-linked recessive lymphoproliferative syndrome.", "content": "Subtle immunodeficiency to infectious agents including measles virus and ten Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been described in the X-linked recessive lymphoproliferative syndrome. This syndrome has affected six male cousins and possibly another boy. Three brothers died of an infectious mononucleosis syndrome, in a maternal cousin agammaglobulinemia developed three years after infectious mononucleosis, and two half-brothers of the Duncan kindred died of lymphoma of the brain and intestinal tract, respectively. In three of the boys, unusual measles viral infections had developed. Paramyxovirus-like particles suggestive of measles virus were seen at necropsy in the atrophic lymphoid tissue of two boys. Also, numerous plasma cells were seen in the brains, visceral organs and the thymus glands, and thymic-dependent lymphocytes were sparse in lymph nodes and spleen. The abnormal lymphopoiesis in the syndrome probably results from a subtle immunodeficiency, and concurrent measles and EB virus infections.", "contents": "Hematopathology and Pathogenesis of the X-linked recessive lymphoproliferative syndrome. Subtle immunodeficiency to infectious agents including measles virus and ten Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been described in the X-linked recessive lymphoproliferative syndrome. This syndrome has affected six male cousins and possibly another boy. Three brothers died of an infectious mononucleosis syndrome, in a maternal cousin agammaglobulinemia developed three years after infectious mononucleosis, and two half-brothers of the Duncan kindred died of lymphoma of the brain and intestinal tract, respectively. In three of the boys, unusual measles viral infections had developed. Paramyxovirus-like particles suggestive of measles virus were seen at necropsy in the atrophic lymphoid tissue of two boys. Also, numerous plasma cells were seen in the brains, visceral organs and the thymus glands, and thymic-dependent lymphocytes were sparse in lymph nodes and spleen. The abnormal lymphopoiesis in the syndrome probably results from a subtle immunodeficiency, and concurrent measles and EB virus infections.", "PMID": 835602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1576", "title": "Concentrative transport in human renal biopsy specimens.", "content": "In vitro concentrative transport to tritiated p-aminohippuric acid (3H-PAH) was evaluated in renal biopsy specimens from human subjects by section freeze-dry autoradiography. Renal cortical tissue obtained by percutaneous needle biopsy (23 of 27 tissue specimens) was incubated in vitro using a modified renal cortical slice technic. Following incubation in medium containing 3H-PAH, the biopsy fragment was snap-frozen, and section freeze-dry autoradiographs were prepared. The autoradiographs demonstrated cellular accumulation of 3H-PAH by proximal tubules of human kidney in vitro and suggest that PAH transport is uphill across the luminal as well as the antiluminal membrane. The number of proximal tubules which accumulate 3H-PAH in vitro diminishes as renal failure progresses. Cellular accumulation of PAH, however, was not impaired by heavy proteinuria, and appeared not to be related to the underlying glomerular histologic diagnosis. The frequency of proximal tubules showing 3H-PAH uptake in the cortex varied directly with the glomerular filtration rate and inversely with the degree of interstitial involvement. Proximal tubules which maintain the ability to accumulate 3H-PAH are clustered in fewer regions of the cortex in patients with reduced glomerular filtration rates. This observation is consistent with the view that residual renal function is renal failure arises from a few relatively normal nephrons rather than from a more uniformly damaged population of nephrons.", "contents": "Concentrative transport in human renal biopsy specimens. In vitro concentrative transport to tritiated p-aminohippuric acid (3H-PAH) was evaluated in renal biopsy specimens from human subjects by section freeze-dry autoradiography. Renal cortical tissue obtained by percutaneous needle biopsy (23 of 27 tissue specimens) was incubated in vitro using a modified renal cortical slice technic. Following incubation in medium containing 3H-PAH, the biopsy fragment was snap-frozen, and section freeze-dry autoradiographs were prepared. The autoradiographs demonstrated cellular accumulation of 3H-PAH by proximal tubules of human kidney in vitro and suggest that PAH transport is uphill across the luminal as well as the antiluminal membrane. The number of proximal tubules which accumulate 3H-PAH in vitro diminishes as renal failure progresses. Cellular accumulation of PAH, however, was not impaired by heavy proteinuria, and appeared not to be related to the underlying glomerular histologic diagnosis. The frequency of proximal tubules showing 3H-PAH uptake in the cortex varied directly with the glomerular filtration rate and inversely with the degree of interstitial involvement. Proximal tubules which maintain the ability to accumulate 3H-PAH are clustered in fewer regions of the cortex in patients with reduced glomerular filtration rates. This observation is consistent with the view that residual renal function is renal failure arises from a few relatively normal nephrons rather than from a more uniformly damaged population of nephrons.", "PMID": 835603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1577", "title": "\"Masked\" 21-hydroxylase deficiency of the adrenal presenting with gynecomastia and bilateral testicular masses.", "content": "An infertile 27 year old man with precocious puberty is described. He presented in adulthood with unilateral and then bilateral gynecomastia, and subsequently testicular tumors developed. An early diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia would have avoided unnecessary surgery. Initial detailed metabolic evaluation led to the erroneous diagnosis of 11-hydroxylase deficiency because of the presence of an unusual steroid (21-desoxycortisol) in serum which was falsely reported as an increased 11-desoxycortisol (compound S). The observed low urinary pregnanetriol measurements would have supported this diagnosis. Subsequent specific measurements of 21-desoxycortisol established its presence in the serum and its major metabolite, tetrahydro-21-desoxycortisol, in the urine. The unique features in this case of 21-hydroxylase deficiency alert the physician to its unusual clinical presentation and the pitfalls that may be encountered when evaluating adrenal steroidogenesis.", "contents": "\"Masked\" 21-hydroxylase deficiency of the adrenal presenting with gynecomastia and bilateral testicular masses. An infertile 27 year old man with precocious puberty is described. He presented in adulthood with unilateral and then bilateral gynecomastia, and subsequently testicular tumors developed. An early diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia would have avoided unnecessary surgery. Initial detailed metabolic evaluation led to the erroneous diagnosis of 11-hydroxylase deficiency because of the presence of an unusual steroid (21-desoxycortisol) in serum which was falsely reported as an increased 11-desoxycortisol (compound S). The observed low urinary pregnanetriol measurements would have supported this diagnosis. Subsequent specific measurements of 21-desoxycortisol established its presence in the serum and its major metabolite, tetrahydro-21-desoxycortisol, in the urine. The unique features in this case of 21-hydroxylase deficiency alert the physician to its unusual clinical presentation and the pitfalls that may be encountered when evaluating adrenal steroidogenesis.", "PMID": 835605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1578", "title": "Hyperphosphatermia and hypocalcemia accompanying rapid cell lysis in a patient with Burkitt's lymphoma and Burkitt cell leukemia.", "content": "Hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia and acute oliguric renal failure resulting from uric acid nephropathy developed in a patient with Burkitt's lymphoma and Burkitt cell leukemia after effective chemotherapy. A review of other reported cases in which the patients had similar metabolic abnormalities is presented, and the pathophysiology is discussed. The clinical setting in which these metabolic developments are most likely to occur is defined, and an approach for their prevention and management is presented.", "contents": "Hyperphosphatermia and hypocalcemia accompanying rapid cell lysis in a patient with Burkitt's lymphoma and Burkitt cell leukemia. Hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia and acute oliguric renal failure resulting from uric acid nephropathy developed in a patient with Burkitt's lymphoma and Burkitt cell leukemia after effective chemotherapy. A review of other reported cases in which the patients had similar metabolic abnormalities is presented, and the pathophysiology is discussed. The clinical setting in which these metabolic developments are most likely to occur is defined, and an approach for their prevention and management is presented.", "PMID": 835606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1579", "title": "Sustained hypertension after section of the glossopharyngeal nerve.", "content": "A case of sustained hypertension produced by unilateral section of the glossopharyngeal nerve is reported. Special tests revealed baroreceptor dysfunction. The hypertension was responsive to propranolol therapy. Review of  the literature revealed no other documented cases of sustained hypertension although transient hypertension is common.", "contents": "Sustained hypertension after section of the glossopharyngeal nerve. A case of sustained hypertension produced by unilateral section of the glossopharyngeal nerve is reported. Special tests revealed baroreceptor dysfunction. The hypertension was responsive to propranolol therapy. Review of  the literature revealed no other documented cases of sustained hypertension although transient hypertension is common.", "PMID": 835607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1580", "title": "Right atrial myxoma with right to left shunting and mitral valve prolapse.", "content": "A 58 year old black man presented with progressive dyspnea and persistent systemic arterial hypoxemia. Initial hemodynamic evaluation revealed mitral valve prolapse and evidence for isolated right to left shunting, presumed to be extracardiac. A detailed pulmonary evaluation disclosed normal volume and flow parameters with a mild reduction of the single breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity. An open lung biopsy disclosed no abnormalities. Radionuclide studies of the heart, however, suggested the possibility of a filling defect in the right atrium, and echocardiography enforced the impression of a mass in the right atrium, subsequently demonstrated by superior vena cava angiography. Our report outlines the use of multiple diagnostic tools in difficult situations and stresses the importance of right atrial  myxoma in the differential diagnosis of isolated right to left shunting", "contents": "Right atrial myxoma with right to left shunting and mitral valve prolapse. A 58 year old black man presented with progressive dyspnea and persistent systemic arterial hypoxemia. Initial hemodynamic evaluation revealed mitral valve prolapse and evidence for isolated right to left shunting, presumed to be extracardiac. A detailed pulmonary evaluation disclosed normal volume and flow parameters with a mild reduction of the single breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity. An open lung biopsy disclosed no abnormalities. Radionuclide studies of the heart, however, suggested the possibility of a filling defect in the right atrium, and echocardiography enforced the impression of a mass in the right atrium, subsequently demonstrated by superior vena cava angiography. Our report outlines the use of multiple diagnostic tools in difficult situations and stresses the importance of right atrial  myxoma in the differential diagnosis of isolated right to left shunting", "PMID": 835608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1581", "title": "Determination of inorganic phosphorus using a centrifugal analyzer.", "content": "A method involving the molybdenum blue reaction for measurement of serum phosphorus using a centrifugal analyzer is described. The need to measure a separate serum blank is eliminated by measuring the rate of color development compared to that of a known standard. The procedure which uses o-phenylenediamine as a reductant is precise and compares well with a continuous flow automated procedure.", "contents": "Determination of inorganic phosphorus using a centrifugal analyzer. A method involving the molybdenum blue reaction for measurement of serum phosphorus using a centrifugal analyzer is described. The need to measure a separate serum blank is eliminated by measuring the rate of color development compared to that of a known standard. The procedure which uses o-phenylenediamine as a reductant is precise and compares well with a continuous flow automated procedure.", "PMID": 835610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1582", "title": "Abortion deaths associated with the use of prostaglandin F2alpha.", "content": "Six abortion-related deaths associated with the use of prostaglandin F2alpha were reported through the Center for Disease Control's surveillance of abortion deaths between 1972 and 1975. Prostaglandin may have had only indirect association with these deaths. The patients' ages ranged from 16 to 38 years, their length of gestation ranged from 15 to 24 menstrual weeks, four were white, and three were nulliparous. Four patients had pre-existing conditions that increased their risks and contributed to their death. The estimated death-to-case rate for prostaglandin F2alpha was 10.5 per 100,000 abortions. Although lower than the rate for intra-amniotic saline instillation, this death-to-case rate is only an approximation. The relative safety of intra-amniotic prostaglandin F2alpha as a second-trimester abortifacient, compared to saline, remains to be established.", "contents": "Abortion deaths associated with the use of prostaglandin F2alpha. Six abortion-related deaths associated with the use of prostaglandin F2alpha were reported through the Center for Disease Control's surveillance of abortion deaths between 1972 and 1975. Prostaglandin may have had only indirect association with these deaths. The patients' ages ranged from 16 to 38 years, their length of gestation ranged from 15 to 24 menstrual weeks, four were white, and three were nulliparous. Four patients had pre-existing conditions that increased their risks and contributed to their death. The estimated death-to-case rate for prostaglandin F2alpha was 10.5 per 100,000 abortions. Although lower than the rate for intra-amniotic saline instillation, this death-to-case rate is only an approximation. The relative safety of intra-amniotic prostaglandin F2alpha as a second-trimester abortifacient, compared to saline, remains to be established.", "PMID": 835615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1583", "title": "Induction of midtrimester abortion with intra-amniotic urea and intravenous oxytocin.", "content": "Midtrimester abortions were induced in 295 patients with a combination of intra-amniotic urea and intravenous oxytocin. The mean injection-abortion interval was 26.4 hours. Abortion occurred spontaneously within 50 hours of amnioinfusion in 257 patients. The macerating effect of the hypertonic urea on fetal tissues allowed easy termination of the remaining 38 pregnancies by suction curettage at 50 hours after injection. Decreased urinary output occurred during the oxytocin infusions, but water intoxication was prevented by close monitoring of urinary output and serum electrolytes, and by the use of a concentrated solution of oxytocin in normal saline, allowing the administration of small volumes.", "contents": "Induction of midtrimester abortion with intra-amniotic urea and intravenous oxytocin. Midtrimester abortions were induced in 295 patients with a combination of intra-amniotic urea and intravenous oxytocin. The mean injection-abortion interval was 26.4 hours. Abortion occurred spontaneously within 50 hours of amnioinfusion in 257 patients. The macerating effect of the hypertonic urea on fetal tissues allowed easy termination of the remaining 38 pregnancies by suction curettage at 50 hours after injection. Decreased urinary output occurred during the oxytocin infusions, but water intoxication was prevented by close monitoring of urinary output and serum electrolytes, and by the use of a concentrated solution of oxytocin in normal saline, allowing the administration of small volumes.", "PMID": 835617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1584", "title": "The effect of smoking on serum human placental lactogen levels.", "content": "Serial serum samples (162) were drawn weekly from normal pregnant women (53) during the last month of gestation and measurements were made of the human placental lactogen (HPL) content. The women were interviewed as to their smoking habits and divided into nonsmokers (32) and smokers of from one to two packages of cigarettes per day (21). The infant birth weight and placental weights were not significantly different. The HPL levels were elevated in the women who smoked and the differences were significant at the thirty-sixth and thirty-eighth weeks. The importance of this in interpreting HPL as a placental function test and in terms of the biology of placental function and the control of protein hormone synthesis is emphasized.", "contents": "The effect of smoking on serum human placental lactogen levels. Serial serum samples (162) were drawn weekly from normal pregnant women (53) during the last month of gestation and measurements were made of the human placental lactogen (HPL) content. The women were interviewed as to their smoking habits and divided into nonsmokers (32) and smokers of from one to two packages of cigarettes per day (21). The infant birth weight and placental weights were not significantly different. The HPL levels were elevated in the women who smoked and the differences were significant at the thirty-sixth and thirty-eighth weeks. The importance of this in interpreting HPL as a placental function test and in terms of the biology of placental function and the control of protein hormone synthesis is emphasized.", "PMID": 835618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1585", "title": "New lung functions and pregnancy.", "content": "Newer lung function tests (e.g., flow volume-loops and closing volume), as well as standard pulmonary function tests, were performed on 19 healthy individuals in the third trimester and after delivery. We found that the flow characteristics, manifested in the FVL, and the CV remained unaltered during pregnancy. In regard to the standard pulmonary function tests, we found no statistically significant change except for a decrease in the ERV and in the FRC during pregnancy.", "contents": "New lung functions and pregnancy. Newer lung function tests (e.g., flow volume-loops and closing volume), as well as standard pulmonary function tests, were performed on 19 healthy individuals in the third trimester and after delivery. We found that the flow characteristics, manifested in the FVL, and the CV remained unaltered during pregnancy. In regard to the standard pulmonary function tests, we found no statistically significant change except for a decrease in the ERV and in the FRC during pregnancy.", "PMID": 835619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1586", "title": "Effect of contraceptive steroids on human lactation.", "content": "Biochemical studies to detect changes occurring in the composition of mother's milk from the initiation of proper lactation to weaning were done in a group of 36 postpartum women, volunteers who were either using the conventional contraceptives or taking a low-dose combination pill, a low-dose progestational compound, or a 3 or 6 monthly injection as a mode of contraception. Apart from a significant increase in the protein content of milk and a slight increase in the quantity, the 3 monthly injection group behaved exactly like the control. On the other hand, the 6 monthly injection group showed a significant increase in quantity but with a significant decrease in protein, fats, and calcium. The low-dosage progestogens group showed a significant decrease in the quantity of fats and the calcium content of milk, but, surprisingly, the addition of 10 micrograms of estrogens to the low-dosage progestogen indicated a pattern almost similar to the control.", "contents": "Effect of contraceptive steroids on human lactation. Biochemical studies to detect changes occurring in the composition of mother's milk from the initiation of proper lactation to weaning were done in a group of 36 postpartum women, volunteers who were either using the conventional contraceptives or taking a low-dose combination pill, a low-dose progestational compound, or a 3 or 6 monthly injection as a mode of contraception. Apart from a significant increase in the protein content of milk and a slight increase in the quantity, the 3 monthly injection group behaved exactly like the control. On the other hand, the 6 monthly injection group showed a significant increase in quantity but with a significant decrease in protein, fats, and calcium. The low-dosage progestogens group showed a significant decrease in the quantity of fats and the calcium content of milk, but, surprisingly, the addition of 10 micrograms of estrogens to the low-dosage progestogen indicated a pattern almost similar to the control.", "PMID": 835620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1587", "title": "Antimicrobial effect of amniotic fluid against anaerobic bacteria.", "content": "Amniotic fluid samples were obtained at term and tested for their antimicrobial effect on anaerobes, Peptostreptococcus (Ps.) anaerobius, Peptococcus (Pc.) prevotii, Bacteroides (B.) fragilis, and B. coagulans with facultative Escherichia (E.) coli serving as control. Amniotic fluid had only temporary bacteriostatic effect on Pc. prevotii and B. fragilis for 8 to 16 hours. This effect lasted for only 8 hours on Ps. anaerobius. On the contrary, the bacteriostatic effect of amniotic fluid was well sustained on E. coli and B. coagulans, lasting for the entire test periods of 20 and 32 hours, respectively. At the end of the time intervals mentioned, Ps. anaerobius, Pc. prevotii, and B. fragilis exhibited logarithmic growth, confirming the earlier reports that it is not nutritionally deficient. Amniotic fluid exhibited temporary bacteriostatic effect on Ps. anaerobius, P. prevotii, and B. fragilis, but this effect was well sustained against B. coagulans.", "contents": "Antimicrobial effect of amniotic fluid against anaerobic bacteria. Amniotic fluid samples were obtained at term and tested for their antimicrobial effect on anaerobes, Peptostreptococcus (Ps.) anaerobius, Peptococcus (Pc.) prevotii, Bacteroides (B.) fragilis, and B. coagulans with facultative Escherichia (E.) coli serving as control. Amniotic fluid had only temporary bacteriostatic effect on Pc. prevotii and B. fragilis for 8 to 16 hours. This effect lasted for only 8 hours on Ps. anaerobius. On the contrary, the bacteriostatic effect of amniotic fluid was well sustained on E. coli and B. coagulans, lasting for the entire test periods of 20 and 32 hours, respectively. At the end of the time intervals mentioned, Ps. anaerobius, Pc. prevotii, and B. fragilis exhibited logarithmic growth, confirming the earlier reports that it is not nutritionally deficient. Amniotic fluid exhibited temporary bacteriostatic effect on Ps. anaerobius, P. prevotii, and B. fragilis, but this effect was well sustained against B. coagulans.", "PMID": 835621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1588", "title": "Prediction of intrauterine growth retardation by determination of total intrauterine volume.", "content": "Total intrauterine volume (TIUV) measurements were performed with ultrasound on 100 normal patients at different times in gestation, and a nomogram was constructed. Ninety-six patients at risk for intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) were then examined ultrasonically. Twenty-eight of the patients in this group delivered growth-retarded babies; in 21 of these cases the TIUV was in the abnormal zone (more than 1.5 S.D. below the mean for gestational age as determined by biparietal diameter). In the remaining seven growth-retarded cases, the TIUV was in the gray zone (between 1 and 1.5 S.D. below the mean). Although 15 normal cases were in the gray zone, there was none in the abnormal zone. There were no abnormal cases in the normal zone. An explanation for the overlap in the gray zone is offered. These results strongly suggest that TIUV is an accurate predictor of IUGR.", "contents": "Prediction of intrauterine growth retardation by determination of total intrauterine volume. Total intrauterine volume (TIUV) measurements were performed with ultrasound on 100 normal patients at different times in gestation, and a nomogram was constructed. Ninety-six patients at risk for intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) were then examined ultrasonically. Twenty-eight of the patients in this group delivered growth-retarded babies; in 21 of these cases the TIUV was in the abnormal zone (more than 1.5 S.D. below the mean for gestational age as determined by biparietal diameter). In the remaining seven growth-retarded cases, the TIUV was in the gray zone (between 1 and 1.5 S.D. below the mean). Although 15 normal cases were in the gray zone, there was none in the abnormal zone. There were no abnormal cases in the normal zone. An explanation for the overlap in the gray zone is offered. These results strongly suggest that TIUV is an accurate predictor of IUGR.", "PMID": 835622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1589", "title": "In vitro metabolism of prednisolone, dexamethasone, betamethasone, and cortisol by the human placenta.", "content": "Many of the factors influencing the pharmacologic action of corticosteroids on the maternal-placental-fetal unit remains obscure. To clarify the effect of the placenta on corticoid transfer, tritiated steroids were incubated in saline for 2 hours with minces of midgestational or term placental tissue. The media were extracted and chromatographed on Sephadex-LH-20. Large peaks corresponding to the inactive 11-keto metabolites were observed for cortisol (67 per cent) and prednisolone (51 per cent) while conversion of dexamethasone (1.8 per cent) and betamethasone (7.1 per cent) was low or negligible.", "contents": "In vitro metabolism of prednisolone, dexamethasone, betamethasone, and cortisol by the human placenta. Many of the factors influencing the pharmacologic action of corticosteroids on the maternal-placental-fetal unit remains obscure. To clarify the effect of the placenta on corticoid transfer, tritiated steroids were incubated in saline for 2 hours with minces of midgestational or term placental tissue. The media were extracted and chromatographed on Sephadex-LH-20. Large peaks corresponding to the inactive 11-keto metabolites were observed for cortisol (67 per cent) and prednisolone (51 per cent) while conversion of dexamethasone (1.8 per cent) and betamethasone (7.1 per cent) was low or negligible.", "PMID": 835623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1590", "title": "Effects of dexamethasone on maternal and fetal hemodynamic states and fetal oxygenation.", "content": "The effects of dexamethasone on maternal and fetal hemodynamic states and fetal oxygenation were determined in chronically instrumented unanesthetized pregnant ewes and fetal lambs. Intravenous injections of pharmacologic doses of dexamethasone to the mother failed to alter maternal blood pressure, heart rate, blood flow in the uterine artery supplying the pregnant horn, or uterine vascular resistance. Direct administration of dexamethasone to the fetus had no effect on fetal blood pressure, heart rate, acid-base state, or oxygenation. Furthermore, direct fetal administration of dexamethasone did not produce premature parturition.", "contents": "Effects of dexamethasone on maternal and fetal hemodynamic states and fetal oxygenation. The effects of dexamethasone on maternal and fetal hemodynamic states and fetal oxygenation were determined in chronically instrumented unanesthetized pregnant ewes and fetal lambs. Intravenous injections of pharmacologic doses of dexamethasone to the mother failed to alter maternal blood pressure, heart rate, blood flow in the uterine artery supplying the pregnant horn, or uterine vascular resistance. Direct administration of dexamethasone to the fetus had no effect on fetal blood pressure, heart rate, acid-base state, or oxygenation. Furthermore, direct fetal administration of dexamethasone did not produce premature parturition.", "PMID": 835624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1591", "title": "Agonadism: case report and review.", "content": "A 24-year-old phenotypic girl with primary amenorrhea was referred for further evaluation. The cervix and uterus were absent and no gonadal tissue was present by physical examination or at laparotomy. Her serum FSH was elevated and there was no increase in serum testosterone following HCG stimulation. The defect(s) in this case and similar patients with \"agonadism\" reported to date are compatible with various genetic hypotheses.", "contents": "Agonadism: case report and review. A 24-year-old phenotypic girl with primary amenorrhea was referred for further evaluation. The cervix and uterus were absent and no gonadal tissue was present by physical examination or at laparotomy. Her serum FSH was elevated and there was no increase in serum testosterone following HCG stimulation. The defect(s) in this case and similar patients with \"agonadism\" reported to date are compatible with various genetic hypotheses.", "PMID": 835625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1592", "title": "Papillary tumors of the peritoneum in women: mesothelioma or papillary carcinoma.", "content": "It has been urged recently that the surface tumors of the ovary be classified as mesotheliomas because both of these neoplasms have a common ancestry. It was suggested also that the rare extragonadal peritoneal tumor of a microscopic morphology similar to that of the ovarian tumor be considered as a mesothelioma. In the present report, objections to this classification are offered. Fifteen cases of diffuse and/or localized peritoneal tumors interpreted as papillary carcinoma arising from extraovarian tissue of M\u00fcllerian potentiality are described, and distinctions from mesothelioma are pointed out. Reasons for opposing the grouping of ovarian carcinoma or extragonadal papillary carcinoma of the peritoneum with mesothelioma include the need for categorizing the latter separately in order to monitor its association with asbestos exposure and the possibility that biological differences between these tumors may lead to the development of different modes of therapy.", "contents": "Papillary tumors of the peritoneum in women: mesothelioma or papillary carcinoma. It has been urged recently that the surface tumors of the ovary be classified as mesotheliomas because both of these neoplasms have a common ancestry. It was suggested also that the rare extragonadal peritoneal tumor of a microscopic morphology similar to that of the ovarian tumor be considered as a mesothelioma. In the present report, objections to this classification are offered. Fifteen cases of diffuse and/or localized peritoneal tumors interpreted as papillary carcinoma arising from extraovarian tissue of M\u00fcllerian potentiality are described, and distinctions from mesothelioma are pointed out. Reasons for opposing the grouping of ovarian carcinoma or extragonadal papillary carcinoma of the peritoneum with mesothelioma include the need for categorizing the latter separately in order to monitor its association with asbestos exposure and the possibility that biological differences between these tumors may lead to the development of different modes of therapy.", "PMID": 835626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1593", "title": "Hypertension and the obstetrician-gynecologist.", "content": "Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular-related morbidity and death. Antihypertensive therapy markedly reduces the risk caused by elevated blood pressure. Earlier treatment of hypertensive patients should reduce deaths and morbidity even further. The obstetrician-gynecologist has the opportunity and responsibility to identify hypertensive patients early in the course of their disease. He must also confront the problem of elevated blood pressure associated with the use of oral contraceptives. In addition to its impact on the general population, chronic hypertension presents special problems during pregnancy. Pregnant women with elevated blood pressure have an increased fetal mortality rate and develop pre-eclampsia more frequently and earlier than nonhypertensive women. Antihypertensive treatment possibly increases fetal survival; when used appropriately, it definitely does not decrease fetal salvage. The appropriate use of antihypertensive therapy during pregnancy requires an understanding of the mechanism of action of these agents and recognition of side effects, especially those important during pregnancy.", "contents": "Hypertension and the obstetrician-gynecologist. Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular-related morbidity and death. Antihypertensive therapy markedly reduces the risk caused by elevated blood pressure. Earlier treatment of hypertensive patients should reduce deaths and morbidity even further. The obstetrician-gynecologist has the opportunity and responsibility to identify hypertensive patients early in the course of their disease. He must also confront the problem of elevated blood pressure associated with the use of oral contraceptives. In addition to its impact on the general population, chronic hypertension presents special problems during pregnancy. Pregnant women with elevated blood pressure have an increased fetal mortality rate and develop pre-eclampsia more frequently and earlier than nonhypertensive women. Antihypertensive treatment possibly increases fetal survival; when used appropriately, it definitely does not decrease fetal salvage. The appropriate use of antihypertensive therapy during pregnancy requires an understanding of the mechanism of action of these agents and recognition of side effects, especially those important during pregnancy.", "PMID": 835627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1594", "title": "Pelvic celiotomy in the obese patient.", "content": "We have responded to the challenge of surgery in the overweight patient by promoting it to an area of special interest. These individuals should not be deprived of good medical care although their obesity makes the physician's task more arduous and increases the risk of a poor result. With the use of intensive preoperative preparation, including prophylactic antibiotics and heparinization, a modified operative technique, and an active recovery regimen, a more sanguine view toward the surgical care of obese women can be taken.", "contents": "Pelvic celiotomy in the obese patient. We have responded to the challenge of surgery in the overweight patient by promoting it to an area of special interest. These individuals should not be deprived of good medical care although their obesity makes the physician's task more arduous and increases the risk of a poor result. With the use of intensive preoperative preparation, including prophylactic antibiotics and heparinization, a modified operative technique, and an active recovery regimen, a more sanguine view toward the surgical care of obese women can be taken.", "PMID": 835632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1595", "title": "Hysteroscopy: a clinical experience with 320 patients.", "content": "Hysteroscopy has added a new dimension to the management of patients with common clinical problems, increasing the accuracy of diagnosis and serving as an adjunct in treatment of intrauterine conditions. This report summarizes the hysteroscopic experience with 320 selected patients, 104 in the reproductive age group with abnormal uterine bleeding, 91 who underwent hysteroscopy for location and retrieval of intrauterine contraceptive devices, 36 with primary or secondary infertility, 36 with postmenopausal bleeding, and 15 with uterine leiomyomas. Paracervical block anesthesia was used successfully in 214 patients. General anesthesia was used in the remainder because of planned additional surgical intervention. Uterine distention was achieved with D5W in 270 patients, with dextran 32% in 30 patients, and with CO2 gas insufflation in 20 patients. In 71.6 per cent of the patients,visually recognizable or pathologically suspicious intrauterine abnormalities were found. This study further demonstrated the utility of hysteroscopy in diagnosis of endometrial polyps, uterine submucous leiomyomas, uterine malformations, and intrauterine adhesions. Hysteroscopy was also helpful in taking directed biopsies of selected areas of the endometrium in patients with adenomatous hyperplasia and early adenocarcinoma of the endometrium and helpful in removal of intrauterine foreign bodies and evaluation of the recently pregnant uterus when there was a question of persistent pregnancy. Hysteroscopy is a safe ambulatory procedure that is appealing to both patient and gynecologist in its economy and simplicity.", "contents": "Hysteroscopy: a clinical experience with 320 patients. Hysteroscopy has added a new dimension to the management of patients with common clinical problems, increasing the accuracy of diagnosis and serving as an adjunct in treatment of intrauterine conditions. This report summarizes the hysteroscopic experience with 320 selected patients, 104 in the reproductive age group with abnormal uterine bleeding, 91 who underwent hysteroscopy for location and retrieval of intrauterine contraceptive devices, 36 with primary or secondary infertility, 36 with postmenopausal bleeding, and 15 with uterine leiomyomas. Paracervical block anesthesia was used successfully in 214 patients. General anesthesia was used in the remainder because of planned additional surgical intervention. Uterine distention was achieved with D5W in 270 patients, with dextran 32% in 30 patients, and with CO2 gas insufflation in 20 patients. In 71.6 per cent of the patients,visually recognizable or pathologically suspicious intrauterine abnormalities were found. This study further demonstrated the utility of hysteroscopy in diagnosis of endometrial polyps, uterine submucous leiomyomas, uterine malformations, and intrauterine adhesions. Hysteroscopy was also helpful in taking directed biopsies of selected areas of the endometrium in patients with adenomatous hyperplasia and early adenocarcinoma of the endometrium and helpful in removal of intrauterine foreign bodies and evaluation of the recently pregnant uterus when there was a question of persistent pregnancy. Hysteroscopy is a safe ambulatory procedure that is appealing to both patient and gynecologist in its economy and simplicity.", "PMID": 835633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1596", "title": "Menopause and myocardial infarction.", "content": "Age and circumstances of menopause (natural or artificial) are detailed in 104 cases of recent myocardial infarction (MI). The results of this study with statistical analysis show no correlation between the age at menopause and the age at onset of MI; so for this study, an early menopause, cannot be considered, whatever circumstances, as a risk factor for coronary heart disease.", "contents": "Menopause and myocardial infarction. Age and circumstances of menopause (natural or artificial) are detailed in 104 cases of recent myocardial infarction (MI). The results of this study with statistical analysis show no correlation between the age at menopause and the age at onset of MI; so for this study, an early menopause, cannot be considered, whatever circumstances, as a risk factor for coronary heart disease.", "PMID": 835634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1597", "title": "Increased reporting of menstrual symptoms among women who used induced abortion.", "content": "A mail survey was conducted among 3,222 Japanese women 20 to 44 years of age to determine and compare the characteristics of menstruation among women with and without a history of induced abortion. Women with prior abortion consistently reported an excess of symptoms in all age groups. While it is not yet known whether induced abortion results in a physiologic change in the uterus, it is suggested that a psychic component may be present by which women with prior abortion perceive their menses differently than nonabortion respondents.", "contents": "Increased reporting of menstrual symptoms among women who used induced abortion. A mail survey was conducted among 3,222 Japanese women 20 to 44 years of age to determine and compare the characteristics of menstruation among women with and without a history of induced abortion. Women with prior abortion consistently reported an excess of symptoms in all age groups. While it is not yet known whether induced abortion results in a physiologic change in the uterus, it is suggested that a psychic component may be present by which women with prior abortion perceive their menses differently than nonabortion respondents.", "PMID": 835635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1598", "title": "A prospective study of angiotensin II pressor responsiveness in pregnancies complicated by chronic essential hypertension.", "content": "The present study was designed to (1) outline, in a prospective manner, vascular responsiveness to angiotensin II (A-II) in gravidas with essential hypertension and (2) ascertain if increased sensitivity to infused A-II could be detected before worsening of hypertension developed in those women who were destined to develop superimposed pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). Sixty-three women with chronic essential hypertension were studied sequentially throughout pregnancy and two groups of patients were defined on the basis of clinical outcome and serial measurements of vascular reactivity to exogeneously administered A-II. The first group consisted of 29 gravidas with chronic hypertension alone and the second group was composed of 34 patients with chronic hypertension who were destined to develop superimposed PIH. Vascular resistance to infused A-II (more than 7 ng. per kilograms per minute required to increase diastolic blood pressure 20 mm. Hg) was observed from weeks 21 to 27 of gestation in both groups of patients. In the gravidas with essential hypertension alone, resistance to A-II persisted throughout the remainder of pregnancy. However, in those women destined to develop PIH, an increased sensitivity to A-II developed after week 27 of gestation and the differences in mean values between the two groups of patients became highly significant after week 30 of gestation (P less than 0.025). although individual determinations obtained in both groups of patients between weeks 28 and 32 of preganncy suggested that pressor responsiveness to A-II might be used as a screening technique to identify those women destined to develop PIH, additional studies conducted between weeks 28 and 32 of gestation will be required before the efficacy of such a screening technique is clearly established.", "contents": "A prospective study of angiotensin II pressor responsiveness in pregnancies complicated by chronic essential hypertension. The present study was designed to (1) outline, in a prospective manner, vascular responsiveness to angiotensin II (A-II) in gravidas with essential hypertension and (2) ascertain if increased sensitivity to infused A-II could be detected before worsening of hypertension developed in those women who were destined to develop superimposed pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). Sixty-three women with chronic essential hypertension were studied sequentially throughout pregnancy and two groups of patients were defined on the basis of clinical outcome and serial measurements of vascular reactivity to exogeneously administered A-II. The first group consisted of 29 gravidas with chronic hypertension alone and the second group was composed of 34 patients with chronic hypertension who were destined to develop superimposed PIH. Vascular resistance to infused A-II (more than 7 ng. per kilograms per minute required to increase diastolic blood pressure 20 mm. Hg) was observed from weeks 21 to 27 of gestation in both groups of patients. In the gravidas with essential hypertension alone, resistance to A-II persisted throughout the remainder of pregnancy. However, in those women destined to develop PIH, an increased sensitivity to A-II developed after week 27 of gestation and the differences in mean values between the two groups of patients became highly significant after week 30 of gestation (P less than 0.025). although individual determinations obtained in both groups of patients between weeks 28 and 32 of preganncy suggested that pressor responsiveness to A-II might be used as a screening technique to identify those women destined to develop PIH, additional studies conducted between weeks 28 and 32 of gestation will be required before the efficacy of such a screening technique is clearly established.", "PMID": 835636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1599", "title": "The effect of normal labor on the renin-angiotensin system in mother and fetus.", "content": "Plasma renin activity (PRA) and angiotensin I concentration (AI) in mother, umbilical vessels, and amniotic fluid were measured during 11 elective cesarean sections and after 12 normal labors. During cesarean section, PRA and AI were significantly lower in umbilical vessels than in mother or in amniotic fluid. This finding reflects the steady state in the late pregnancy. PRA and AI were significantly higher in the umbilical vessels after normal labor in comparison to the levels of cesarean section. In the mother there was no difference in PRA after normal labor and during cesarean section, but AI was significantly higher after normal labor. After normal labor no difference of PRA between mother, umbilical vessels, and amniotic fluid was found. The rise of fetal PRA and AI as a reaction to uterine contractions may be of great importance in ensuring the fetoplacental circulation during the labor.", "contents": "The effect of normal labor on the renin-angiotensin system in mother and fetus. Plasma renin activity (PRA) and angiotensin I concentration (AI) in mother, umbilical vessels, and amniotic fluid were measured during 11 elective cesarean sections and after 12 normal labors. During cesarean section, PRA and AI were significantly lower in umbilical vessels than in mother or in amniotic fluid. This finding reflects the steady state in the late pregnancy. PRA and AI were significantly higher in the umbilical vessels after normal labor in comparison to the levels of cesarean section. In the mother there was no difference in PRA after normal labor and during cesarean section, but AI was significantly higher after normal labor. After normal labor no difference of PRA between mother, umbilical vessels, and amniotic fluid was found. The rise of fetal PRA and AI as a reaction to uterine contractions may be of great importance in ensuring the fetoplacental circulation during the labor.", "PMID": 835637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1600", "title": "A capillary tube pregnancy test.", "content": "The experience with a new, simple, and sensitive capillary tube pregnancy test requiring no refrigeration is described. The results of this test and other tests are compared against histologic results. The 1/2 unit capillary test, defined as having a sensitivity of 0.5 I.U. of HCG per milliliter, had a higher percentage of agreement with histopathologic results (99.65 per cent) than all other tests studied. The false-positive rate was 0.07 per cent and the false-negative rate was 0.28 per cent. In this series of 1,486 tests, 21 cases of pregnancy, identified by a 1/2 unit test, were missed by one or two unit tests. The earliest detection of pregnancy by the 1/2 unit capillary test confirmed by histology was 3 weeks from the last menstrual period (four cases).", "contents": "A capillary tube pregnancy test. The experience with a new, simple, and sensitive capillary tube pregnancy test requiring no refrigeration is described. The results of this test and other tests are compared against histologic results. The 1/2 unit capillary test, defined as having a sensitivity of 0.5 I.U. of HCG per milliliter, had a higher percentage of agreement with histopathologic results (99.65 per cent) than all other tests studied. The false-positive rate was 0.07 per cent and the false-negative rate was 0.28 per cent. In this series of 1,486 tests, 21 cases of pregnancy, identified by a 1/2 unit test, were missed by one or two unit tests. The earliest detection of pregnancy by the 1/2 unit capillary test confirmed by histology was 3 weeks from the last menstrual period (four cases).", "PMID": 835638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1601", "title": "Acute fatty metamorphosis of the liver: a report of two patients who survived.", "content": "Two patients with acute fatty metamorphosis of the liver of pregnancy who survived are presented. Clinical and pathologic features, possible etiologic factors, and principles of treatment are discussed. Both patients subsequently were allowed to become pregnant again, both had uncomplicated second pregnancies without evidence of liver disease, and both delivered healthy babies.", "contents": "Acute fatty metamorphosis of the liver: a report of two patients who survived. Two patients with acute fatty metamorphosis of the liver of pregnancy who survived are presented. Clinical and pathologic features, possible etiologic factors, and principles of treatment are discussed. Both patients subsequently were allowed to become pregnant again, both had uncomplicated second pregnancies without evidence of liver disease, and both delivered healthy babies.", "PMID": 835639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1602", "title": "The incidence of intrapartum fetal distress with advancing gestational age.", "content": "A total of 679 fetal monitoring records were carefully reviewed in order to determine the incidence of occurrence of late and variable deceleration patterns with respect to advancing gestational age. No statistically significant increase in occurrence of these patterns could be detected in gestations that progressed beyond 42 weeks. The previously held concept that routine prophylactic intervention in gestations of 42 weeks or more must be challenged.", "contents": "The incidence of intrapartum fetal distress with advancing gestational age. A total of 679 fetal monitoring records were carefully reviewed in order to determine the incidence of occurrence of late and variable deceleration patterns with respect to advancing gestational age. No statistically significant increase in occurrence of these patterns could be detected in gestations that progressed beyond 42 weeks. The previously held concept that routine prophylactic intervention in gestations of 42 weeks or more must be challenged.", "PMID": 835640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1603", "title": "Outcome at ages 1, 3, and 5 years of children born to diabetic women.", "content": "A prospective study of infants born to women with diabetes mellitus is reported. The children were examined at birth and followed at 1, 3, and 5 years of age. Medical and psychological information was obtained through follow-up examinations. Intrauterine growth was atypical and there was an increase in neonatal problems and congenital malformations. There was an increased incidence of intellectual delay at 3 and 5 years of age. The presence of acetone in the urine during pregnancy had a significant, adverse effect on intellectual status of the offspring at 5 years of age. Birth weight was negatively related to intellectual status at both 3 and 5 years of age.", "contents": "Outcome at ages 1, 3, and 5 years of children born to diabetic women. A prospective study of infants born to women with diabetes mellitus is reported. The children were examined at birth and followed at 1, 3, and 5 years of age. Medical and psychological information was obtained through follow-up examinations. Intrauterine growth was atypical and there was an increase in neonatal problems and congenital malformations. There was an increased incidence of intellectual delay at 3 and 5 years of age. The presence of acetone in the urine during pregnancy had a significant, adverse effect on intellectual status of the offspring at 5 years of age. Birth weight was negatively related to intellectual status at both 3 and 5 years of age.", "PMID": 835641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1604", "title": "True knot of the umbilical cord.", "content": "Fifty umbilical cords were prepared and examined and their venous perfusion pressures measured with and without a true knot in the cord. Contrary to information in the literature, a loose umbilical cord knot did not affect the venous perfusion pressure. With a tightened knot, the smaller the umbilical cord diameter, the greater was the pressure required to perfuse past the knot. The umbilical vessels, protected by the myxomatous structure of the Wharton's jelly, were rarely completely occluded. These findings correlate clinically with the relatively high incidence yet low fetal mortality rate actually due to a true knot in the umbilical cord.", "contents": "True knot of the umbilical cord. Fifty umbilical cords were prepared and examined and their venous perfusion pressures measured with and without a true knot in the cord. Contrary to information in the literature, a loose umbilical cord knot did not affect the venous perfusion pressure. With a tightened knot, the smaller the umbilical cord diameter, the greater was the pressure required to perfuse past the knot. The umbilical vessels, protected by the myxomatous structure of the Wharton's jelly, were rarely completely occluded. These findings correlate clinically with the relatively high incidence yet low fetal mortality rate actually due to a true knot in the umbilical cord.", "PMID": 835642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1605", "title": "Survival in the fetal rabbit exposed to intermittent hypoxia.", "content": "To investigate the time course and mechanisms of fetal O2 deprivation, we exposed 93 near-term, pregnant rabbits and their fetuses in utero to intermittent hypoxia. We administered a gas mixture containing 3, 4, 5 or 6 per cent O2 in N2 to a rabbit for 0.5, 1, 2, or 3 minutes, alternately with a recovery period of air breathing of 0.5, 1, 2, or 3 minutes. A given cyclical pattern was continued for 2 hours and fetal survival recorded 1 hour thereafter. Fetal survival decreased significantly at lower O2 levels, longer durations of exposure, and shorter durations of recovery intervals between exposures. Chances for survival were significantly greater among fetuses located at either end of the uterine horn.", "contents": "Survival in the fetal rabbit exposed to intermittent hypoxia. To investigate the time course and mechanisms of fetal O2 deprivation, we exposed 93 near-term, pregnant rabbits and their fetuses in utero to intermittent hypoxia. We administered a gas mixture containing 3, 4, 5 or 6 per cent O2 in N2 to a rabbit for 0.5, 1, 2, or 3 minutes, alternately with a recovery period of air breathing of 0.5, 1, 2, or 3 minutes. A given cyclical pattern was continued for 2 hours and fetal survival recorded 1 hour thereafter. Fetal survival decreased significantly at lower O2 levels, longer durations of exposure, and shorter durations of recovery intervals between exposures. Chances for survival were significantly greater among fetuses located at either end of the uterine horn.", "PMID": 835643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1606", "title": "Solitary oculomotor nerve palsy in childhood.", "content": "In most cases of isolated oculomotor nerve palsy in 30 patients under age 20 years the palsy was congenital, and aberrant regeneration was present. The most common causes of acquired oculomotor nerve palsy were blunt trauma and infectious processes, both local and systemic. Neoplasms, aneurysms, and ophthalmoplegic migraine caused the other cases. The causes of isolated oculomotor nerve palsy in childhood differ from those in adults both in nature and in frequency of occurrence.", "contents": "Solitary oculomotor nerve palsy in childhood. In most cases of isolated oculomotor nerve palsy in 30 patients under age 20 years the palsy was congenital, and aberrant regeneration was present. The most common causes of acquired oculomotor nerve palsy were blunt trauma and infectious processes, both local and systemic. Neoplasms, aneurysms, and ophthalmoplegic migraine caused the other cases. The causes of isolated oculomotor nerve palsy in childhood differ from those in adults both in nature and in frequency of occurrence.", "PMID": 835652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1607", "title": "Abnormal saccades in paralytic strabismus.", "content": "Saccadic eye movements were measured in ten patients with unilateral limitation of function of an extraocular muscle. With the paretic eye fixating, there were a series of saccades when refixating in the direction opposite to the paralysis. Between each saccade, the eye drifted back toward the starting position; the drift rate decreased as the eye moved into the field of action of the strong agonist muscle. In one patient, the normal (covered) eye was immobilized during attempted refixations. In this case, the abnormal pattern of saccades made by the paretic eye persisted. Thus, the central nervous system uses innervation or efference to calculate the position of the eye in the orbit for saccadic eye movements.", "contents": "Abnormal saccades in paralytic strabismus. Saccadic eye movements were measured in ten patients with unilateral limitation of function of an extraocular muscle. With the paretic eye fixating, there were a series of saccades when refixating in the direction opposite to the paralysis. Between each saccade, the eye drifted back toward the starting position; the drift rate decreased as the eye moved into the field of action of the strong agonist muscle. In one patient, the normal (covered) eye was immobilized during attempted refixations. In this case, the abnormal pattern of saccades made by the paretic eye persisted. Thus, the central nervous system uses innervation or efference to calculate the position of the eye in the orbit for saccadic eye movements.", "PMID": 835653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1608", "title": "Permanent wear of soft contact lenses in aphakic eyes.", "content": "In a five-year study, permanent wear of soft contact lenses was achieved by selecting patients and lenses properly, and offered a viable and probably safer alternative to intraocular lenses. Twenty-five of these 49 patients wore their initial lens or a similar lens continuously for over three years. A visual acuity of 6/12 (20/40) or better was obtained in 45 (91.8%) patients. Four (8%) had ocular problems not related to contact lenses that precluded the same improvement in central vision. The most common complications were reversible epithelial edema, superficial vascularization, and conjunctivitis. There was a strong correlation between edema and superficial vascularization in eyes fitted with lenses having a poorly made inside bevel. Calcium deposits were the most frequently found spot on permanent-wear soft contact lenses (nine eyes, 18%).", "contents": "Permanent wear of soft contact lenses in aphakic eyes. In a five-year study, permanent wear of soft contact lenses was achieved by selecting patients and lenses properly, and offered a viable and probably safer alternative to intraocular lenses. Twenty-five of these 49 patients wore their initial lens or a similar lens continuously for over three years. A visual acuity of 6/12 (20/40) or better was obtained in 45 (91.8%) patients. Four (8%) had ocular problems not related to contact lenses that precluded the same improvement in central vision. The most common complications were reversible epithelial edema, superficial vascularization, and conjunctivitis. There was a strong correlation between edema and superficial vascularization in eyes fitted with lenses having a poorly made inside bevel. Calcium deposits were the most frequently found spot on permanent-wear soft contact lenses (nine eyes, 18%).", "PMID": 835654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1609", "title": "Deep corneal vascularization caused by aphakic soft contact lens wear.", "content": "A 61-year-old man developed deep corneal vascularization, decreased visual acuity, and associated corneal opacity at the level of Descemet's membrane after prolonged wear of an aphakic soft contact lens. The vascularization markedly diminished and the vision improved after cessation of soft lens use; however, the associated opacity remains.", "contents": "Deep corneal vascularization caused by aphakic soft contact lens wear. A 61-year-old man developed deep corneal vascularization, decreased visual acuity, and associated corneal opacity at the level of Descemet's membrane after prolonged wear of an aphakic soft contact lens. The vascularization markedly diminished and the vision improved after cessation of soft lens use; however, the associated opacity remains.", "PMID": 835655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1610", "title": "Modified cryoprobe for retinal detachment surgery and cyclocryotherapy.", "content": "A cryoprobe with a large elliptical freezing surface, used in retinal surgery and cyclocryotherapy, reduced the number of applications and the treatment time.", "contents": "Modified cryoprobe for retinal detachment surgery and cyclocryotherapy. A cryoprobe with a large elliptical freezing surface, used in retinal surgery and cyclocryotherapy, reduced the number of applications and the treatment time.", "PMID": 835656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1611", "title": "Familial polyposis and angioid streaks in the ocular fundus.", "content": "A 48-year-old white man had angioid streaks associated with familial polyposis. Although the streaks were seen only in the right eye when examined by ophthalmoscopy, a tiny angioid streak was also discovered in the apparently uninvolved left eye during fluorescein angiography.", "contents": "Familial polyposis and angioid streaks in the ocular fundus. A 48-year-old white man had angioid streaks associated with familial polyposis. Although the streaks were seen only in the right eye when examined by ophthalmoscopy, a tiny angioid streak was also discovered in the apparently uninvolved left eye during fluorescein angiography.", "PMID": 835657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1612", "title": "Automatic timer for cryotherapy.", "content": "An automatic timer, built into an electric cryounit, was useful when repeated applications were necessary during cryotherapy.", "contents": "Automatic timer for cryotherapy. An automatic timer, built into an electric cryounit, was useful when repeated applications were necessary during cryotherapy.", "PMID": 835658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1613", "title": "Microsurgical anterior chamber utility forceps.", "content": "Anterior chamber utility forceps were designed primarily to remove capsular fragments and aid in performing iridectomies through small incisions in extracapsular cataract extractions.", "contents": "Microsurgical anterior chamber utility forceps. Anterior chamber utility forceps were designed primarily to remove capsular fragments and aid in performing iridectomies through small incisions in extracapsular cataract extractions.", "PMID": 835659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1614", "title": "Ocular involvement in Yersinia enterocolitica infection presenting as Parinaud's oculoglandular syndrome.", "content": "Ocular involvement in Yersinia enterocolitica infection presenting as a Parinaud's oculoglandular syndrome occurred in a 77-year-old woman with diabetes. Yersinia enterocolitica was recovered from cultures of the conjunctiva, cornea, fistula tract, and blood. The patient responded to parenteral and topical administration of gentamicin and a corneal transplant. While hospitalized, she developed peritonsillar inflammation and enlarged, tender lymph nodes in the preauricular, submaxillary, and submandibular areas. The combination of the unilateral granulomatous conjunctivitis and enlarged regional lymph nodes was consistent with the diagnosis of Parinaud's oculoglandular syndrome. Yersinia enterocolitica may be another cause of Parinaud's oculoglandular syndrome.", "contents": "Ocular involvement in Yersinia enterocolitica infection presenting as Parinaud's oculoglandular syndrome. Ocular involvement in Yersinia enterocolitica infection presenting as a Parinaud's oculoglandular syndrome occurred in a 77-year-old woman with diabetes. Yersinia enterocolitica was recovered from cultures of the conjunctiva, cornea, fistula tract, and blood. The patient responded to parenteral and topical administration of gentamicin and a corneal transplant. While hospitalized, she developed peritonsillar inflammation and enlarged, tender lymph nodes in the preauricular, submaxillary, and submandibular areas. The combination of the unilateral granulomatous conjunctivitis and enlarged regional lymph nodes was consistent with the diagnosis of Parinaud's oculoglandular syndrome. Yersinia enterocolitica may be another cause of Parinaud's oculoglandular syndrome.", "PMID": 835662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1615", "title": "Macular colobomas in Leber's congenital amaurosis.", "content": "Two siblings with Leber's congenital amaurosis had the unusual association of bilateral macular colobomas. In addition to the colobomas, the patients also had deafmutism, severe myopia, large corneas, and an unusual discrete area of peripapillary tapetoretinal sheen. Electrodiagnostic evaluation of patients with congenitally poor visual ascuity and a central retinal defect differentiated a localized loss of funciton from a degeneration involving the entire retina.", "contents": "Macular colobomas in Leber's congenital amaurosis. Two siblings with Leber's congenital amaurosis had the unusual association of bilateral macular colobomas. In addition to the colobomas, the patients also had deafmutism, severe myopia, large corneas, and an unusual discrete area of peripapillary tapetoretinal sheen. Electrodiagnostic evaluation of patients with congenitally poor visual ascuity and a central retinal defect differentiated a localized loss of funciton from a degeneration involving the entire retina.", "PMID": 835663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1616", "title": "Leber's congenital amaurosis.", "content": "An early stage of Leber's congenital amaurosis, characterized by white spots or lines in the fundus, occurred in two children. Light microscopic examination of eyes obtained from one child, a 16-month-old Japanese girl, revealed subretinal deposits corresponding to the white spots and lines in the fundus deposits. Light and electron microscopic examination of the eye showed distinctive changes in the outer retinal layers and choroid, while the inner retinal layers were nearly normal. Characteristic early lesions of congenital amaurosis appeared to be produced by deposits consisting of loose outer segments and apical processes of the pigmental epithelial cell and macrophages. Undifferentiation in the nuclei of the photoreceptor cell, the inner segment, the pigment epithelial cell, and the choriocapillaris were likely characteristics of the early changes of congenital amaurosis.", "contents": "Leber's congenital amaurosis. An early stage of Leber's congenital amaurosis, characterized by white spots or lines in the fundus, occurred in two children. Light microscopic examination of eyes obtained from one child, a 16-month-old Japanese girl, revealed subretinal deposits corresponding to the white spots and lines in the fundus deposits. Light and electron microscopic examination of the eye showed distinctive changes in the outer retinal layers and choroid, while the inner retinal layers were nearly normal. Characteristic early lesions of congenital amaurosis appeared to be produced by deposits consisting of loose outer segments and apical processes of the pigmental epithelial cell and macrophages. Undifferentiation in the nuclei of the photoreceptor cell, the inner segment, the pigment epithelial cell, and the choriocapillaris were likely characteristics of the early changes of congenital amaurosis.", "PMID": 835664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1617", "title": "Anophthalmos in an infant with multiple congenital anomalies.", "content": "A full-term, 2,828-g male infant who lived five weeks had histologically proven, bilateral, congenital anophthalmos. The infant had multiple congenital anomalies including esophageal atresia, choanal stenosis, tetralogy of Fallot, persistent left superior vena cava, arhinencephaly, retardation of myelination in the brain, cerebellar sclerosis, and dysplasias, as well as other developmental anomalies of the central nervous system. There was no family history of anophthalmos, and, in view of the arhinencephaly, we diagnosed sporadic secondary anophthalmos.", "contents": "Anophthalmos in an infant with multiple congenital anomalies. A full-term, 2,828-g male infant who lived five weeks had histologically proven, bilateral, congenital anophthalmos. The infant had multiple congenital anomalies including esophageal atresia, choanal stenosis, tetralogy of Fallot, persistent left superior vena cava, arhinencephaly, retardation of myelination in the brain, cerebellar sclerosis, and dysplasias, as well as other developmental anomalies of the central nervous system. There was no family history of anophthalmos, and, in view of the arhinencephaly, we diagnosed sporadic secondary anophthalmos.", "PMID": 835665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1618", "title": "Large orbital conjunctival cyst after enucleation.", "content": "A 33-year-old man, 28 years after enucleation for a perforating injury, had a four-year history of slowly progressive proptosis of his prosthesis. Examination revealed a spherical mass filling the space normally occupied by the globe. A cyst lined by conjunctival epithelium was encountered on surgical exploration.", "contents": "Large orbital conjunctival cyst after enucleation. A 33-year-old man, 28 years after enucleation for a perforating injury, had a four-year history of slowly progressive proptosis of his prosthesis. Examination revealed a spherical mass filling the space normally occupied by the globe. A cyst lined by conjunctival epithelium was encountered on surgical exploration.", "PMID": 835666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1619", "title": "Refractive errors associated with hemangiomas of the eyelids and orbit in infancy.", "content": "Asymmetrical refractive errors, both astigmatic and myopic, were associated with infantile hemangiomas of the eyelids and orbit in 46% of 37 patients who had large lesions and upper eyelid involvement predisposing to the ammetropia. The axis of the astigmatic error related to the location of the eyelid hemangioma and correlated closely with keratometric measurements of corneal astigmatism. The refractive errors tended to be stable despite eventual resolution of the hemangiomas. Efforts to combat strabismic and refractive amblyopia were rewarding in many patients. A history of complete eyelid occlusion during part of the first year of life was associated with dense amblyopia and eccentric fixation in some patients, but in other patients this history was compatible with the eventual development of useful vision. Absence of an asymmetrical refractive error in patients with eyelid and orbital hemangiomas rendered the prognosis for vision good in involved eyes.", "contents": "Refractive errors associated with hemangiomas of the eyelids and orbit in infancy. Asymmetrical refractive errors, both astigmatic and myopic, were associated with infantile hemangiomas of the eyelids and orbit in 46% of 37 patients who had large lesions and upper eyelid involvement predisposing to the ammetropia. The axis of the astigmatic error related to the location of the eyelid hemangioma and correlated closely with keratometric measurements of corneal astigmatism. The refractive errors tended to be stable despite eventual resolution of the hemangiomas. Efforts to combat strabismic and refractive amblyopia were rewarding in many patients. A history of complete eyelid occlusion during part of the first year of life was associated with dense amblyopia and eccentric fixation in some patients, but in other patients this history was compatible with the eventual development of useful vision. Absence of an asymmetrical refractive error in patients with eyelid and orbital hemangiomas rendered the prognosis for vision good in involved eyes.", "PMID": 835667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1620", "title": "Axial length changes after retinal detachment surgery.", "content": "A-scan echography was an accurate method for detecting changes in the depth of the anterior chamber, lens thickness, and length of the vitreous cavity after retinal detachment surgery in 30 eyes. Approximately 60% of the eyes had significant alterations in axial lengths exceeding+/-0.36 mm in aphakic eyes and +/-0.54 mm in phakic eyes. However, the operation of scleral bucklingg with large segments of hard silicone rubber implants or explants supported by an encircling band failed to result in a significant predictable shift of axial change in phakic or aphakic eyes. A-scan echography showed significant shallowing of the anterior chamber, and scleral buckling significantly increases lens thickness for at least six weeks. This induced a minor myopic refractive change that may explain some of the difference in postoperative refracitons between phakic and aphakic eyes.", "contents": "Axial length changes after retinal detachment surgery. A-scan echography was an accurate method for detecting changes in the depth of the anterior chamber, lens thickness, and length of the vitreous cavity after retinal detachment surgery in 30 eyes. Approximately 60% of the eyes had significant alterations in axial lengths exceeding+/-0.36 mm in aphakic eyes and +/-0.54 mm in phakic eyes. However, the operation of scleral bucklingg with large segments of hard silicone rubber implants or explants supported by an encircling band failed to result in a significant predictable shift of axial change in phakic or aphakic eyes. A-scan echography showed significant shallowing of the anterior chamber, and scleral buckling significantly increases lens thickness for at least six weeks. This induced a minor myopic refractive change that may explain some of the difference in postoperative refracitons between phakic and aphakic eyes.", "PMID": 835668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1621", "title": "Glaucoma occurring after closed vitrectomy.", "content": "Six of 20 eyes developed postoperative glaucoma within two to ten days after closed vitrectomy for vitreous hemorrhage. Intraocular pressure was greater than 40mm Hg in all six eyes, and three developed pressure greater than 60 mm Hg. Intraocular pressure in four eyes was controlled with medical antiglaucoma therapy and two eyes required anterior chamber irrigation. Six months postoperatively three of the eyes had normal pressures, one was hypotonous, and two developed increased intraocular pressure secondary to angle neovascularization. Three of the 14 eyes that did not develop glaucoma developed a cellular accumulation in the anterior chamber. The glaucoma was caused mainly by obstruction of the trabecular meshwork by degenerated red blood cells known as ghost cells. The cells may be identified by phase-contrast examination of anterior chamber aspirates. Glaucoma can be prevented through irrigation of the vitreous cavity at the time of vitrectomy ensuring that no cells and debris are left behind to migrate into the anterior chamber and obstruct the trabecular meshwork. This type of glaucoma is caused mainly by ghost cells, whereas hemolytic glaucoma is caused mainly by macrophages and red blood cell debris.", "contents": "Glaucoma occurring after closed vitrectomy. Six of 20 eyes developed postoperative glaucoma within two to ten days after closed vitrectomy for vitreous hemorrhage. Intraocular pressure was greater than 40mm Hg in all six eyes, and three developed pressure greater than 60 mm Hg. Intraocular pressure in four eyes was controlled with medical antiglaucoma therapy and two eyes required anterior chamber irrigation. Six months postoperatively three of the eyes had normal pressures, one was hypotonous, and two developed increased intraocular pressure secondary to angle neovascularization. Three of the 14 eyes that did not develop glaucoma developed a cellular accumulation in the anterior chamber. The glaucoma was caused mainly by obstruction of the trabecular meshwork by degenerated red blood cells known as ghost cells. The cells may be identified by phase-contrast examination of anterior chamber aspirates. Glaucoma can be prevented through irrigation of the vitreous cavity at the time of vitrectomy ensuring that no cells and debris are left behind to migrate into the anterior chamber and obstruct the trabecular meshwork. This type of glaucoma is caused mainly by ghost cells, whereas hemolytic glaucoma is caused mainly by macrophages and red blood cell debris.", "PMID": 835669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1622", "title": "An ultrastructural study of the retina in the Jansky-Bielschowsky type of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis.", "content": "A 7 1/2-year-old boy died of the Jansky-Bielschowsky type of neuronal ceroidlipofuscinosis. Although an electroretinogram showed reduced activity, pigmentary retinal atrophy was not demonstrable by ophthalmoscopy two years before death. At autopsy, the retina had severe loss of photoreceptor cells, pigment displacement, gliosis, and uniformly structured lipopigment bodies with an internal structure of curvilinear profiles in ganglionic and M\u00fcller cells, in pigment epithelia, in the remaining photoreceptors, and in the elements of the inner nuclear layer. These findings conformed to those in the juvenile type of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis, differing only as to the severity.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of the retina in the Jansky-Bielschowsky type of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis. A 7 1/2-year-old boy died of the Jansky-Bielschowsky type of neuronal ceroidlipofuscinosis. Although an electroretinogram showed reduced activity, pigmentary retinal atrophy was not demonstrable by ophthalmoscopy two years before death. At autopsy, the retina had severe loss of photoreceptor cells, pigment displacement, gliosis, and uniformly structured lipopigment bodies with an internal structure of curvilinear profiles in ganglionic and M\u00fcller cells, in pigment epithelia, in the remaining photoreceptors, and in the elements of the inner nuclear layer. These findings conformed to those in the juvenile type of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis, differing only as to the severity.", "PMID": 835670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1623", "title": "Metal isotopes used as radioactive indicators of ocular melanoma.", "content": "We studied radioactive metal compounds to determine their localization in malignant Greene melanoma in the eye of the Syrian golden hamsters. Scintigraphy of an ocular melanoma was achieved with several radioactive metals: radioactive indium(111In)-bleomycin, radioactive gallium (67Ga)-citrate, and radioactive lead (203Pb)-tris. The 111In-bleomycin had the highest tumor uptake (5.45% dose/g), but not the highest tumor-to-background ratios. The 67Ga-citrate had a maximum tumor uptake of 4.87% dose/g at 48 hours. The 111In-chloride had a melanoma uptake of 2.26% dose/g, while with 203Pbtris the uptake was 1.61% dose/g. These uptake ratios compare favorably with that of radioactive phosphorus (32P)-2.21% dose/g. Noninvasive localization of malignant melanoma in the eye was accomplished with metal isotopes. Detailed analysis of in vitro uptake date by tumor and background tissues revealed the optimum time for scanning and precluded unnecessary trials.", "contents": "Metal isotopes used as radioactive indicators of ocular melanoma. We studied radioactive metal compounds to determine their localization in malignant Greene melanoma in the eye of the Syrian golden hamsters. Scintigraphy of an ocular melanoma was achieved with several radioactive metals: radioactive indium(111In)-bleomycin, radioactive gallium (67Ga)-citrate, and radioactive lead (203Pb)-tris. The 111In-bleomycin had the highest tumor uptake (5.45% dose/g), but not the highest tumor-to-background ratios. The 67Ga-citrate had a maximum tumor uptake of 4.87% dose/g at 48 hours. The 111In-chloride had a melanoma uptake of 2.26% dose/g, while with 203Pbtris the uptake was 1.61% dose/g. These uptake ratios compare favorably with that of radioactive phosphorus (32P)-2.21% dose/g. Noninvasive localization of malignant melanoma in the eye was accomplished with metal isotopes. Detailed analysis of in vitro uptake date by tumor and background tissues revealed the optimum time for scanning and precluded unnecessary trials.", "PMID": 835671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1624", "title": "Spontaneous separation of preretinal macular fibrosis.", "content": "A dart entered the eye of a 6-year-old boy causing a retinal hole located inferotemporal to the macula. The retinal hole was treated with an argon laser, and two months after the injury, tissue organization in the vitreous track created by the dart caused a limited retinal separation and stress lines. A preretinal fibrosis developed above and temporal to the macula, and visual acuity decreased to 6/60 (20/200). Four months after the injury, the preretinal membrane spontaneously separated from the macula to an extramacular nidus, and visual acuity subsequently improved to 6/9 (20/30).", "contents": "Spontaneous separation of preretinal macular fibrosis. A dart entered the eye of a 6-year-old boy causing a retinal hole located inferotemporal to the macula. The retinal hole was treated with an argon laser, and two months after the injury, tissue organization in the vitreous track created by the dart caused a limited retinal separation and stress lines. A preretinal fibrosis developed above and temporal to the macula, and visual acuity decreased to 6/60 (20/200). Four months after the injury, the preretinal membrane spontaneously separated from the macula to an extramacular nidus, and visual acuity subsequently improved to 6/9 (20/30).", "PMID": 835672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1625", "title": "The diagnosis of uveal malignant melanomas in eyes with opaque media.", "content": "Of 358 eyes enucleated between 1962 and 1975, and found to contain posterior uveal melanomas, 31 had opaque media (8.6%). Eighteen of these patients with opaque media were seen between 1962 and 1971, before the use of combined ultrasonography and the radioactive phosphorus uptake (32P) test. Melanoma was unsuspected at enucleation in one third of these patients and there was often a long delay in diagnosis. Of the 13 patients seen between 1971 and 1975, after the initiation of combined ultrasonography and 32P) test, there was no delay in diagnosis becuase a melanoma pattern was recognized immediately with ultrasonography and confirmed with a positive 32P test. During the latter part of this study, 19 patients with opaque media had a \"melanoma pattern\" with ultrasonography. The 32P test was positive in 12 cases and a melanoma was confirmed histologically in every instance. The 32P test was negative in seven cases and all were documented on follow-up to have benign lesions, such as subretinal hemorrhages.", "contents": "The diagnosis of uveal malignant melanomas in eyes with opaque media. Of 358 eyes enucleated between 1962 and 1975, and found to contain posterior uveal melanomas, 31 had opaque media (8.6%). Eighteen of these patients with opaque media were seen between 1962 and 1971, before the use of combined ultrasonography and the radioactive phosphorus uptake (32P) test. Melanoma was unsuspected at enucleation in one third of these patients and there was often a long delay in diagnosis. Of the 13 patients seen between 1971 and 1975, after the initiation of combined ultrasonography and 32P) test, there was no delay in diagnosis becuase a melanoma pattern was recognized immediately with ultrasonography and confirmed with a positive 32P test. During the latter part of this study, 19 patients with opaque media had a \"melanoma pattern\" with ultrasonography. The 32P test was positive in 12 cases and a melanoma was confirmed histologically in every instance. The 32P test was negative in seven cases and all were documented on follow-up to have benign lesions, such as subretinal hemorrhages.", "PMID": 835673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1626", "title": "Measuring empathy in occupational therapy students.", "content": "Empathy is one interpersonal skill dimension that contributes to the occupational therapy process. This paper explores the concept of empathy and briefly recapitulates some of the assessment devices used in an attempt to measure the skill. It further describes an investigation involving 23 occupational therapy students in a basic master's program. The students were administered the Hogan Empathy Scale, and scores were correlated with peer and faculty empathy ratings. The results revealed a significant correlation between measured empathy and perceived ability to empathize. Possibilities are discussed for using the Hogan Empathy Scale in occupational therapy education.", "contents": "Measuring empathy in occupational therapy students. Empathy is one interpersonal skill dimension that contributes to the occupational therapy process. This paper explores the concept of empathy and briefly recapitulates some of the assessment devices used in an attempt to measure the skill. It further describes an investigation involving 23 occupational therapy students in a basic master's program. The students were administered the Hogan Empathy Scale, and scores were correlated with peer and faculty empathy ratings. The results revealed a significant correlation between measured empathy and perceived ability to empathize. Possibilities are discussed for using the Hogan Empathy Scale in occupational therapy education.", "PMID": 835675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1627", "title": "Correlation between kinesthetic discrimination & manual dexterity.", "content": "Sixteen early-blinded adults and 16 normally sighted adults performed tests of manual dexterity and kinesthetic discrimination to determine whether or not a significant positive correlation exists between the two skills for each group. Manual dexterity was measured by the Minnesota Rate of Manipulation Test, Displacing and Turning tests. Kinesthetic discrimination was measured by the Kinesthesiometer Test and Kinesthesia Test of the Southern California Sensory Integration Tests. The Spearman Rank Order Correlation formula yielded a significant positive correlation (p less than .05) between manual dexterity and kinesthetic discrimination for the blind and sighted groups.", "contents": "Correlation between kinesthetic discrimination & manual dexterity. Sixteen early-blinded adults and 16 normally sighted adults performed tests of manual dexterity and kinesthetic discrimination to determine whether or not a significant positive correlation exists between the two skills for each group. Manual dexterity was measured by the Minnesota Rate of Manipulation Test, Displacing and Turning tests. Kinesthetic discrimination was measured by the Kinesthesiometer Test and Kinesthesia Test of the Southern California Sensory Integration Tests. The Spearman Rank Order Correlation formula yielded a significant positive correlation (p less than .05) between manual dexterity and kinesthetic discrimination for the blind and sighted groups.", "PMID": 835676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1628", "title": "The initial interview & interaction analysis.", "content": "Twelve occupational therapists with 1 to 18 years of clinical experience made audiotapes of their initial interviews with patients. Flanders' system of interaction analysis was used to analyze the tapes in order to described the patterns of interaction that occurred. The results indicated that the therapists' interactions were more concerned with the mechanics of gathering data than with developing interpersonal communication.", "contents": "The initial interview & interaction analysis. Twelve occupational therapists with 1 to 18 years of clinical experience made audiotapes of their initial interviews with patients. Flanders' system of interaction analysis was used to analyze the tapes in order to described the patterns of interaction that occurred. The results indicated that the therapists' interactions were more concerned with the mechanics of gathering data than with developing interpersonal communication.", "PMID": 835677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1629", "title": "Linking research to practice: suggestions for reading a research article.", "content": "Although researchers and editorial review boards are obligated to communicate research information in readable fashion, journal readers also must assume responsibility for interpreting and evaluating research articles. The general format for reporting research results is described. In addition, seven major questions to be asked by cirtical readers are presented. These questions are designed to help readers identify the purpose of a study; assess its importance; evaluate the research design, sampling and data collecting procedures; interpret the results of data analyses; and form implications for practice.", "contents": "Linking research to practice: suggestions for reading a research article. Although researchers and editorial review boards are obligated to communicate research information in readable fashion, journal readers also must assume responsibility for interpreting and evaluating research articles. The general format for reporting research results is described. In addition, seven major questions to be asked by cirtical readers are presented. These questions are designed to help readers identify the purpose of a study; assess its importance; evaluate the research design, sampling and data collecting procedures; interpret the results of data analyses; and form implications for practice.", "PMID": 835678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1630", "title": "Motor-driven treadmill for studying locomotion in cats.", "content": "Increasing experimental concern with locomotion and its neural control prompted the construction of a motor-driven treadmill for cats. The apparatus was designed for kinematic analysis of gait from 16 mm movie film, but it  will also permit a variety of other records to be taken. A box, or base, houses two large drums and the belt drive. Space is provided on top of the base for a closed locomotion compartment that is transparent on the filming side. There is also sufficient space on top of the base for support apparatus, operator controls, and animal exits. Cats may be trained to work for food reward alone, as delivered from the front by the operator. Alternatively, they can be trained to stay near the front of the treadmill belt in order to avoid an aversive jet of air or electric shock, either of which can be delivered at the rear of the test chamber. The operator can maintain forward belt velocity at fixed levels between 0.5 and 6 m/sec, or he can vary velocity continuously. Displays of a tachometer and a special timing device are large enough to be clearly visible on the film. These various features in combination provide a controlled and varsatile stepping environment, in which the cat can move without physical restraints.", "contents": "Motor-driven treadmill for studying locomotion in cats. Increasing experimental concern with locomotion and its neural control prompted the construction of a motor-driven treadmill for cats. The apparatus was designed for kinematic analysis of gait from 16 mm movie film, but it  will also permit a variety of other records to be taken. A box, or base, houses two large drums and the belt drive. Space is provided on top of the base for a closed locomotion compartment that is transparent on the filming side. There is also sufficient space on top of the base for support apparatus, operator controls, and animal exits. Cats may be trained to work for food reward alone, as delivered from the front by the operator. Alternatively, they can be trained to stay near the front of the treadmill belt in order to avoid an aversive jet of air or electric shock, either of which can be delivered at the rear of the test chamber. The operator can maintain forward belt velocity at fixed levels between 0.5 and 6 m/sec, or he can vary velocity continuously. Displays of a tachometer and a special timing device are large enough to be clearly visible on the film. These various features in combination provide a controlled and varsatile stepping environment, in which the cat can move without physical restraints.", "PMID": 835683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1631", "title": "101 cases of spinal cord injury. 15-year follow-up study in a large city hospital.", "content": "A study was undertaken of the long-term course of traumatic paraplegia and quadriplegia, secondary to spinal cord injuries, in 101 patients admitted to the Philadelphia General Hospital during the past 15 years. These patients belong to a special socio-economic group: poor, with a low level of education and mostly unemployed. We were interested in finding out how the socio-economic status, age at onset, sex, race, and other factors, would influence the prognosis, longevity, outcome of rehabilitation, and period of hospitalization. This study was carried out by clinical examination and by interviewing those patients still in the hospital or the nursing home attached to it, and by reviewing their medical records. The results of the study were compared with other studies in the literature of other groups of similar patients. One striking difference was the predominance of gunshot wounds as a cause in our series. The longevity was comparable, but the outcome of the rehabilitation was not encouraging, with most of the patients becoming hospital-dependent. The authors conclude that this is a very serious social as well as medical problem, and that considerations for its prevention are as important as its management.", "contents": "101 cases of spinal cord injury. 15-year follow-up study in a large city hospital. A study was undertaken of the long-term course of traumatic paraplegia and quadriplegia, secondary to spinal cord injuries, in 101 patients admitted to the Philadelphia General Hospital during the past 15 years. These patients belong to a special socio-economic group: poor, with a low level of education and mostly unemployed. We were interested in finding out how the socio-economic status, age at onset, sex, race, and other factors, would influence the prognosis, longevity, outcome of rehabilitation, and period of hospitalization. This study was carried out by clinical examination and by interviewing those patients still in the hospital or the nursing home attached to it, and by reviewing their medical records. The results of the study were compared with other studies in the literature of other groups of similar patients. One striking difference was the predominance of gunshot wounds as a cause in our series. The longevity was comparable, but the outcome of the rehabilitation was not encouraging, with most of the patients becoming hospital-dependent. The authors conclude that this is a very serious social as well as medical problem, and that considerations for its prevention are as important as its management.", "PMID": 835684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1632", "title": "Additional features of Ainu dentition. V. Peopling of the pacific.", "content": "Crown morphology of 85 plaster dental casts from skeletal and living Ainus of less than 1/8 non-Ainu admixture is described and compared for microevolutionary and origins considerations. There is no significant sex dimorphism and few inter-sample differences through time. Inter-observer differences occur where observation standards are poorly established. Ainu teeth exhibit a simplified pattern and have trait frequencies more like those of Polynesians and Micronesians than like Chinese, Japanese or Europeans. There is no dental evidence in support of a Caucasoid origin or close relationship. Similarities outnumber differences between Ainu teeth and those of Micronesians and Polynesians suggestive of a past biological relationship.", "contents": "Additional features of Ainu dentition. V. Peopling of the pacific. Crown morphology of 85 plaster dental casts from skeletal and living Ainus of less than 1/8 non-Ainu admixture is described and compared for microevolutionary and origins considerations. There is no significant sex dimorphism and few inter-sample differences through time. Inter-observer differences occur where observation standards are poorly established. Ainu teeth exhibit a simplified pattern and have trait frequencies more like those of Polynesians and Micronesians than like Chinese, Japanese or Europeans. There is no dental evidence in support of a Caucasoid origin or close relationship. Similarities outnumber differences between Ainu teeth and those of Micronesians and Polynesians suggestive of a past biological relationship.", "PMID": 835685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1633", "title": "Developmental changes of the cranial bone thickness in the human fetal period.", "content": "The description of the developmental changes of cranial bone thickness in the fetal period is the primary aim of this paper. The materials utilized in this study consisted of the two series. One is those of dry bones of 62 Japanese fetuses ranging from the fifth month to term and the other is those of 56 Japanese fetuses ranging from the fourth month to term. The first series is mainly used for the tests of bilateral difference in the thickness of cranial bones. No statistical significance could be found. Allometry technique was then applied for the analysis in the growth of the thickness of cranial bones and an extremely positive alometric coefficient was obtained. This required us to study another material, i.e., the second series. The materials of the second series were first measured for crown-rump length, head length, head breadth and head circumference. The heads were then carefully dissected and the left side of individual bones of the cranium were removed to take further measurements for the arc length. The thicknesses at the ossification centers and midpoints were successively measured by a micrometer readable to 0.01 mm. The results of the second series were investigated from the viewpoint of absolute and relative growth. By allometric analysis, vertical and transverse arc lengths were found to be isometric with two exceptions, while every measurement of thickness shows an extremely positive allometry. This coincides with the results of the first series.", "contents": "Developmental changes of the cranial bone thickness in the human fetal period. The description of the developmental changes of cranial bone thickness in the fetal period is the primary aim of this paper. The materials utilized in this study consisted of the two series. One is those of dry bones of 62 Japanese fetuses ranging from the fifth month to term and the other is those of 56 Japanese fetuses ranging from the fourth month to term. The first series is mainly used for the tests of bilateral difference in the thickness of cranial bones. No statistical significance could be found. Allometry technique was then applied for the analysis in the growth of the thickness of cranial bones and an extremely positive alometric coefficient was obtained. This required us to study another material, i.e., the second series. The materials of the second series were first measured for crown-rump length, head length, head breadth and head circumference. The heads were then carefully dissected and the left side of individual bones of the cranium were removed to take further measurements for the arc length. The thicknesses at the ossification centers and midpoints were successively measured by a micrometer readable to 0.01 mm. The results of the second series were investigated from the viewpoint of absolute and relative growth. By allometric analysis, vertical and transverse arc lengths were found to be isometric with two exceptions, while every measurement of thickness shows an extremely positive allometry. This coincides with the results of the first series.", "PMID": 835686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1634", "title": "The effect of artificial cranial deformation on the incidence of Wormian bones in the lambdoidal suture.", "content": "One hundred and twenty adult and 80 human fetal skulls were examined to find the relationship (if any) between the presence of wormian bones in the lambdoidal suture and artificial deformation of the skull. Wormian bones occur in deformed and undeformed skulls with no significant differences. Wormian bones detected in fetal skulls preclude cultural deformation as an important factor in the formation of these bones. It is hypothesized that a genetic predisposition (genes allowing formation of secondary ossification centers) is present and that wormian bones are under direct genetic control regardless of the presence or absence of detectable cultural deformation.", "contents": "The effect of artificial cranial deformation on the incidence of Wormian bones in the lambdoidal suture. One hundred and twenty adult and 80 human fetal skulls were examined to find the relationship (if any) between the presence of wormian bones in the lambdoidal suture and artificial deformation of the skull. Wormian bones occur in deformed and undeformed skulls with no significant differences. Wormian bones detected in fetal skulls preclude cultural deformation as an important factor in the formation of these bones. It is hypothesized that a genetic predisposition (genes allowing formation of secondary ossification centers) is present and that wormian bones are under direct genetic control regardless of the presence or absence of detectable cultural deformation.", "PMID": 835687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1635", "title": "The use of penrose's C2H for an intra- and inter-population analysis of quantitative dermatoglyphic traits.", "content": "Results of a part of multidisciplinary studies in six villages on the island of Hvar (Yugoslavia) are presented. Six quantitative properties of dermatoglyphics were analysed (TRC, PII, a-b, b-c and c-d ridge counts, and atd angle). \"Biological distances\" among the surveyed couples from all six villages were analysed using Penrose's C2H, and its components: C2Q and (v-1/v)C2Z with regard to sex and possibility of determining the direction of endogamy or exogamy. Significant correlation between \"geographical distances\" and (v-1/v)C2Z is obtained for males, indicating that the social organisation in the examined rural population, from the point of view of demography, has some influence on the distribution of the dermatoglyphical characters.", "contents": "The use of penrose's C2H for an intra- and inter-population analysis of quantitative dermatoglyphic traits. Results of a part of multidisciplinary studies in six villages on the island of Hvar (Yugoslavia) are presented. Six quantitative properties of dermatoglyphics were analysed (TRC, PII, a-b, b-c and c-d ridge counts, and atd angle). \"Biological distances\" among the surveyed couples from all six villages were analysed using Penrose's C2H, and its components: C2Q and (v-1/v)C2Z with regard to sex and possibility of determining the direction of endogamy or exogamy. Significant correlation between \"geographical distances\" and (v-1/v)C2Z is obtained for males, indicating that the social organisation in the examined rural population, from the point of view of demography, has some influence on the distribution of the dermatoglyphical characters.", "PMID": 835688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1636", "title": "On techniques for stabilising and photographing skulls.", "content": "The design and use of a small light portable craniostat is described. Made of clear polystyrene, with adjustable pegs of the same material, the device is small, light, unbreakable and easily portable. It facilitates rapid and stable positioning of skulls in any position for study of photography.", "contents": "On techniques for stabilising and photographing skulls. The design and use of a small light portable craniostat is described. Made of clear polystyrene, with adjustable pegs of the same material, the device is small, light, unbreakable and easily portable. It facilitates rapid and stable positioning of skulls in any position for study of photography.", "PMID": 835689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1637", "title": "Sex and race differences in finger ridge-count correlations.", "content": "Correlations between ridge-counts on the ten fingers were compared by race and sex in 11 samples representing Negroes and Caucasians: five from subsaharan Africa, one American Black, three European, one American White and one from India. The samples of European ancestry showed no consistent sex difference in mean correlation, although female American Whites significantly exceeded males. In three of the six Negro samples and in the Parsis of India males showed significantly higher average correlations than females. The pattern of sex and race differences suggests that the sex chromosomes, particularly the Y chromosome, play a role in dermal ridge development.", "contents": "Sex and race differences in finger ridge-count correlations. Correlations between ridge-counts on the ten fingers were compared by race and sex in 11 samples representing Negroes and Caucasians: five from subsaharan Africa, one American Black, three European, one American White and one from India. The samples of European ancestry showed no consistent sex difference in mean correlation, although female American Whites significantly exceeded males. In three of the six Negro samples and in the Parsis of India males showed significantly higher average correlations than females. The pattern of sex and race differences suggests that the sex chromosomes, particularly the Y chromosome, play a role in dermal ridge development.", "PMID": 835690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1638", "title": "The Chipaya of Bolivia: Dermatoglyphics and ethnic relationships.", "content": "Dermatoglyphic data on 15 traits (digital arches, digital radial loops, digital ulnar loops, digital whorls, I loops, Ir loops, H loops, H loops, III loops, IV loops, mainline C absence, total ridge count, a-b ridge count, atd angle, and mainline index) are presented for 141 Chipaya Indians of Bolivia. Ethnic relationships of these Indians to nine South American Indian tribes (Alacaluf, Atacame\u00f1o, Aymara, Cashinahua, Ch\u00e1cobo, Chama, Chan\u00e9, Quechua, and Sirion\u00f3) are explored by means of a genetic distance analysis using 21 alleles. Genetic distances are complemented with linguistic and geographic distances between the Chipaya and the other tribes. Genetic distances were found not to be significantly correlated with linguistic and geographic distances. Combining the information available, it is concluded that the Chipaya are most likely ethnically related to the Arawak speakers of the tropical forest.", "contents": "The Chipaya of Bolivia: Dermatoglyphics and ethnic relationships. Dermatoglyphic data on 15 traits (digital arches, digital radial loops, digital ulnar loops, digital whorls, I loops, Ir loops, H loops, H loops, III loops, IV loops, mainline C absence, total ridge count, a-b ridge count, atd angle, and mainline index) are presented for 141 Chipaya Indians of Bolivia. Ethnic relationships of these Indians to nine South American Indian tribes (Alacaluf, Atacame\u00f1o, Aymara, Cashinahua, Ch\u00e1cobo, Chama, Chan\u00e9, Quechua, and Sirion\u00f3) are explored by means of a genetic distance analysis using 21 alleles. Genetic distances are complemented with linguistic and geographic distances between the Chipaya and the other tribes. Genetic distances were found not to be significantly correlated with linguistic and geographic distances. Combining the information available, it is concluded that the Chipaya are most likely ethnically related to the Arawak speakers of the tropical forest.", "PMID": 835691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1639", "title": "A collation of marker gene and dermatoglyphic diversity at various levels of population differentiation.", "content": "The use of dermatoglyphic traits to describe interpopulational diversity among human populations at various levels of differentiation is compared with similar analysis of gene frequency data by means of nonparametric methods employing distance matrices and dendrograms, and by a partition of total variability into its between and within population components. Congruence of dermatoglyphics and gene markers appears to vary with level of population differentiation -- the association remains insignificant until racial level of differentiation is considered. Different pitfalls of the data used are mentioned. The interpretation of these findings is discussed by comparison with other non-human studies.", "contents": "A collation of marker gene and dermatoglyphic diversity at various levels of population differentiation. The use of dermatoglyphic traits to describe interpopulational diversity among human populations at various levels of differentiation is compared with similar analysis of gene frequency data by means of nonparametric methods employing distance matrices and dendrograms, and by a partition of total variability into its between and within population components. Congruence of dermatoglyphics and gene markers appears to vary with level of population differentiation -- the association remains insignificant until racial level of differentiation is considered. Different pitfalls of the data used are mentioned. The interpretation of these findings is discussed by comparison with other non-human studies.", "PMID": 835692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1640", "title": "Tooth, chin, bone and body size correlations.", "content": "Correlations of size of teeth, chin, bone and body were investigated in 118 males and 102 females of the Burlington Growth Centre. In the males, the mesiodistal widths of the mandibular lateral incisors and canines were independently related to the thickness of the cortex of the second metacarpal and to body weight. Bone cortex thickness was significantly related to metacarpal width in males and to body weight in females. Chin depth of the males was significantly related to bone width and to body height, negatively related to tooth width when bone width or body weight was held constant in partial correlations. Bone width and length were significantly related to body height in both sexes.", "contents": "Tooth, chin, bone and body size correlations. Correlations of size of teeth, chin, bone and body were investigated in 118 males and 102 females of the Burlington Growth Centre. In the males, the mesiodistal widths of the mandibular lateral incisors and canines were independently related to the thickness of the cortex of the second metacarpal and to body weight. Bone cortex thickness was significantly related to metacarpal width in males and to body weight in females. Chin depth of the males was significantly related to bone width and to body height, negatively related to tooth width when bone width or body weight was held constant in partial correlations. Bone width and length were significantly related to body height in both sexes.", "PMID": 835693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1641", "title": "Differentiation between endogenous pyrogen and leukocytic endogenous mediator.", "content": "The crude material released from glycogen-stimulated rabbit peritoneal polymorphonuclear leukocytes when administered to experimental animals elicits a number of metabolic and physiologic alterations characteristic of those observed in the host inflammatory response. Classically, the mediator of febrile response observed in rabbits and other species has been termed endogenous pyrogen (EP), whereas leukocytic endogenous mediator (LEM) has been used as a general term to denote the substance(s) mediating multiple inflammatory responses observed in rats. The latter substance, however, has not been previously demonstrated to differ from EP. This report presents evidence indicating that EP and LEM are different molecular species. Evidence supporting the differentiation between these entities includes: physical separation of EP from one or more mediators that induce metabolic alterations attributed to LEM; production  of LEM activities by stimulated polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the absence of detectable pyrogenic activity; and differences in the release of EP and LEM from stimulated rabbit granulocytes in the presence of potassium ion.", "contents": "Differentiation between endogenous pyrogen and leukocytic endogenous mediator. The crude material released from glycogen-stimulated rabbit peritoneal polymorphonuclear leukocytes when administered to experimental animals elicits a number of metabolic and physiologic alterations characteristic of those observed in the host inflammatory response. Classically, the mediator of febrile response observed in rabbits and other species has been termed endogenous pyrogen (EP), whereas leukocytic endogenous mediator (LEM) has been used as a general term to denote the substance(s) mediating multiple inflammatory responses observed in rats. The latter substance, however, has not been previously demonstrated to differ from EP. This report presents evidence indicating that EP and LEM are different molecular species. Evidence supporting the differentiation between these entities includes: physical separation of EP from one or more mediators that induce metabolic alterations attributed to LEM; production  of LEM activities by stimulated polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the absence of detectable pyrogenic activity; and differences in the release of EP and LEM from stimulated rabbit granulocytes in the presence of potassium ion.", "PMID": 835694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1642", "title": "Separation of active and passive components of short-range stiffness of muscle.", "content": "The short-range stiffness of smoothly but submaximally contracting isometric soleus muscles of anesthetised cats was measured by applying small fast stretches. The ratio of isometric tension to stiffness was plotted against tension over a wide range of muscle lengths and stimulus rates. The results fitted a straight line well, as predicted from crossbridge theory, showing the stiffness to be a function of tension only, independent of the combination of length and stimulus rate used to generate the tension. The major deviation from this line was attributed to incomplete fusion at low frequencies of stimulation. Values believed to be tendon compliance and crossbridge tension per unit of stiffness were found from the graph, and the tendon compliance correlated with the maximum muscle tension. Shortening the tendon by attaching nearer to the muscle changed the results in a manner consistent with the theory, provided that appropriate precautions were taken against slippage.", "contents": "Separation of active and passive components of short-range stiffness of muscle. The short-range stiffness of smoothly but submaximally contracting isometric soleus muscles of anesthetised cats was measured by applying small fast stretches. The ratio of isometric tension to stiffness was plotted against tension over a wide range of muscle lengths and stimulus rates. The results fitted a straight line well, as predicted from crossbridge theory, showing the stiffness to be a function of tension only, independent of the combination of length and stimulus rate used to generate the tension. The major deviation from this line was attributed to incomplete fusion at low frequencies of stimulation. Values believed to be tendon compliance and crossbridge tension per unit of stiffness were found from the graph, and the tendon compliance correlated with the maximum muscle tension. Shortening the tendon by attaching nearer to the muscle changed the results in a manner consistent with the theory, provided that appropriate precautions were taken against slippage.", "PMID": 835695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1643", "title": "Sodium in smooth muscle relaxation.", "content": "The contraction of guinea-pig taenia coli due to high K+ could not be reversed by washing when Na+ was absent from the medium. Reintroduction of Na+ (7 mM or more) caused relaxation. Similar results were obtained with rat uterus. The effect of sodium replacement was not due to change in ionic strength because equal or higher osmoles of choline, Ca++, K+, Mn++, or Mg++ had little or no effect. Persistence of contraction in the Na+-free medium was not due to a \"catch state\" of the contractile apparatus. Impairment of Ca+ removal from the cytoplasm rather than persistent increase in Ca+ influx seemed to sustain the mechanical response. This was because D600 (a calcium influx blocker) failed to completely relax K+-induced contraction in the absence of Na+ and also because the ability of EGTA to produce relaxation was reduced in the absence of Na+. Measurement of tissue calcium content using the lanthanum method revealed coincident decrease in tissue calcium and tension to control level during Na+-mediated relaxation. The results suggest a role for transmembrane Na+-Ca++ exchange in causing the Na+-mediated relaxation of taenia undergoing Na+-free contracture.", "contents": "Sodium in smooth muscle relaxation. The contraction of guinea-pig taenia coli due to high K+ could not be reversed by washing when Na+ was absent from the medium. Reintroduction of Na+ (7 mM or more) caused relaxation. Similar results were obtained with rat uterus. The effect of sodium replacement was not due to change in ionic strength because equal or higher osmoles of choline, Ca++, K+, Mn++, or Mg++ had little or no effect. Persistence of contraction in the Na+-free medium was not due to a \"catch state\" of the contractile apparatus. Impairment of Ca+ removal from the cytoplasm rather than persistent increase in Ca+ influx seemed to sustain the mechanical response. This was because D600 (a calcium influx blocker) failed to completely relax K+-induced contraction in the absence of Na+ and also because the ability of EGTA to produce relaxation was reduced in the absence of Na+. Measurement of tissue calcium content using the lanthanum method revealed coincident decrease in tissue calcium and tension to control level during Na+-mediated relaxation. The results suggest a role for transmembrane Na+-Ca++ exchange in causing the Na+-mediated relaxation of taenia undergoing Na+-free contracture.", "PMID": 835696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1644", "title": "Effect of inhibitors on transepithelial efflux of Na and nonelectrolytes in frog skin.", "content": "The transepithelial efflux of Na and several nonelectrolytes (mannitol, sucrose, and polyethylene glycol 900) were measured in the isolated frog skin under short-circuited conditions in chambers that had been specially designed to avoid edge damage. Ouabain (10(-3) and 10(-4) M) caused a dramatic increase in the efflux of Na, whereas the efflux of nonelectrolytes showed only a slight alteration. The efflux of Na increased after the application of dinitrophenol (10(-4) M), whereas the efflux of nonelectrolytes remained constant. Amiloride (10(-3) M) caused large variations in the efflux of Na, whereas the efflux of nonelectrolytes remained unchanged. The results provide evidence that these inhibitors do not alter the permeability of the paracellular pathway and that the total transepithelial efflux of Na or at least a very large portion of it, and possibly also the transepithelial efflux of Cl, proceeds via a transcellular pathway and not a paracellular pathway as has been widely accepted. The data further suggest that the Na proceeding via this pathway interacts directly or indirectly with the active transport step.", "contents": "Effect of inhibitors on transepithelial efflux of Na and nonelectrolytes in frog skin. The transepithelial efflux of Na and several nonelectrolytes (mannitol, sucrose, and polyethylene glycol 900) were measured in the isolated frog skin under short-circuited conditions in chambers that had been specially designed to avoid edge damage. Ouabain (10(-3) and 10(-4) M) caused a dramatic increase in the efflux of Na, whereas the efflux of nonelectrolytes showed only a slight alteration. The efflux of Na increased after the application of dinitrophenol (10(-4) M), whereas the efflux of nonelectrolytes remained constant. Amiloride (10(-3) M) caused large variations in the efflux of Na, whereas the efflux of nonelectrolytes remained unchanged. The results provide evidence that these inhibitors do not alter the permeability of the paracellular pathway and that the total transepithelial efflux of Na or at least a very large portion of it, and possibly also the transepithelial efflux of Cl, proceeds via a transcellular pathway and not a paracellular pathway as has been widely accepted. The data further suggest that the Na proceeding via this pathway interacts directly or indirectly with the active transport step.", "PMID": 835697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1645", "title": "Interactions of intestinal lymph flow and secretion.", "content": "The relationship between lymph flow and intestinal secretion was studied in an isolated, vascularly perfused cat ileal preparation in which secretion was caused by three different means: 1) plasma dilution from a constant infusion of Tyrode solution (2.5 ml/min per kg), 2) elevation of intestinal venous pressure to 30 mmHg, and 3) exposure to cholera toxin. In the plasma-dilution group, lymph flow attained a peak value of 38 times control at 60-90 min following the onset of the infusion, after which time lymph flow progressively decreased. Concomitant to the rapid decrease in lymph flow was a rapid increase in intestinal secretion (filtration secretion). A similar pattern, i.e., a rapid increase in lymph flow followed by a progressive decrease in lymph flow and concomitant increase in filtration secretion, was observed in the venous hypertension group; however, peak lymph flow (20 X control) was observed within 10 min of the pertubation. No correlation between the onset of intestinal secretion and a decline in lymph flow was observed in the cholera toxin group.", "contents": "Interactions of intestinal lymph flow and secretion. The relationship between lymph flow and intestinal secretion was studied in an isolated, vascularly perfused cat ileal preparation in which secretion was caused by three different means: 1) plasma dilution from a constant infusion of Tyrode solution (2.5 ml/min per kg), 2) elevation of intestinal venous pressure to 30 mmHg, and 3) exposure to cholera toxin. In the plasma-dilution group, lymph flow attained a peak value of 38 times control at 60-90 min following the onset of the infusion, after which time lymph flow progressively decreased. Concomitant to the rapid decrease in lymph flow was a rapid increase in intestinal secretion (filtration secretion). A similar pattern, i.e., a rapid increase in lymph flow followed by a progressive decrease in lymph flow and concomitant increase in filtration secretion, was observed in the venous hypertension group; however, peak lymph flow (20 X control) was observed within 10 min of the pertubation. No correlation between the onset of intestinal secretion and a decline in lymph flow was observed in the cholera toxin group.", "PMID": 835698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1646", "title": "Effect of dopamine on esophageal motor function.", "content": "Intravenous administration of dopamine produced a dose-dependent decrease in lower esophageal sphincter pressure and a dose dependent increase in contractile activity of the body of the esophagus. The threshold dose of dopamine was 0.25 mug/kg, and the effect reached a plateau at about 6 mug/kg. A dose of 6 mug/kg of dopamine produced 83%+/-3 (SE) reduction in the lower esophageal sphincter pressure and 12+/-1 (SE) contractions in the body of the esophagus within 5 min of the bolus injection. Atropine, phentolamine, propranolol, and bilateral cervical vagotomy did not modify the effect of dopamine. Both haloperidol and bulbocapnine potently antagonized the effect of dopamine. The amplitude of esophageal contraction in the lower esophagus in response to pharyngeal stimulation and esiogageal distention was significantly increased after administration of haloperidol. It is concluded that intravenous administration of dopamine has potent effects on the motor function of the lower esophageal sphincter and the body of the esophagus. The effect of dopamine is not mediated via the vagal centers in the brain or cholinergic muscarinic and adrenergic receptors. The response of the smooth muscle segment of opossum esophagus to intravenous dopamine is mediated via specific dopamine receptors. The inhibitory dopamine receptors may play a physiological role in controlling the amplitude of esophageal contractions.", "contents": "Effect of dopamine on esophageal motor function. Intravenous administration of dopamine produced a dose-dependent decrease in lower esophageal sphincter pressure and a dose dependent increase in contractile activity of the body of the esophagus. The threshold dose of dopamine was 0.25 mug/kg, and the effect reached a plateau at about 6 mug/kg. A dose of 6 mug/kg of dopamine produced 83%+/-3 (SE) reduction in the lower esophageal sphincter pressure and 12+/-1 (SE) contractions in the body of the esophagus within 5 min of the bolus injection. Atropine, phentolamine, propranolol, and bilateral cervical vagotomy did not modify the effect of dopamine. Both haloperidol and bulbocapnine potently antagonized the effect of dopamine. The amplitude of esophageal contraction in the lower esophagus in response to pharyngeal stimulation and esiogageal distention was significantly increased after administration of haloperidol. It is concluded that intravenous administration of dopamine has potent effects on the motor function of the lower esophageal sphincter and the body of the esophagus. The effect of dopamine is not mediated via the vagal centers in the brain or cholinergic muscarinic and adrenergic receptors. The response of the smooth muscle segment of opossum esophagus to intravenous dopamine is mediated via specific dopamine receptors. The inhibitory dopamine receptors may play a physiological role in controlling the amplitude of esophageal contractions.", "PMID": 835699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1647", "title": "Patterns of plasma free fatty acid concentrations in fasted, resting dogs.", "content": "Free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations were determined in arterial plasma samples obtained during short or prolonged fasts from resting, conscious adult male mongrel dogs. Arterial blood was continuously collected during experiments ranging from 2.25 to 15 h, from dogs fasted 1 or 5 days. Each continuous collection stream was divided at 45 equal intervals into separate sequential samples. In 18 experiments, no consistent pattern was found in plasma FFA concentrations: the concentrations were never constant, and fluctuations were only rarely periodic. Large, spontaneous, seemingly random level changes with amplitudes of 200-600 mueq/liter were observed in 14 experiments, that took from 1 to 8 h to complete. There was no apparent relation between these fluctuations and time of day or rectal temperature, and glucose concentrations remained unchanged during the FFA fluctuations. The inconstancy of plasma FFA levels and the irregularity of their fluctuations suggests that FFA production rates may be unregulated or only loosely regulated within a wide regulation band during the first few days of starvation. No current model of FFA metabolism preducts the observed patterns of FFA levels.", "contents": "Patterns of plasma free fatty acid concentrations in fasted, resting dogs. Free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations were determined in arterial plasma samples obtained during short or prolonged fasts from resting, conscious adult male mongrel dogs. Arterial blood was continuously collected during experiments ranging from 2.25 to 15 h, from dogs fasted 1 or 5 days. Each continuous collection stream was divided at 45 equal intervals into separate sequential samples. In 18 experiments, no consistent pattern was found in plasma FFA concentrations: the concentrations were never constant, and fluctuations were only rarely periodic. Large, spontaneous, seemingly random level changes with amplitudes of 200-600 mueq/liter were observed in 14 experiments, that took from 1 to 8 h to complete. There was no apparent relation between these fluctuations and time of day or rectal temperature, and glucose concentrations remained unchanged during the FFA fluctuations. The inconstancy of plasma FFA levels and the irregularity of their fluctuations suggests that FFA production rates may be unregulated or only loosely regulated within a wide regulation band during the first few days of starvation. No current model of FFA metabolism preducts the observed patterns of FFA levels.", "PMID": 835700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1648", "title": "Effect of histamine on canine gastric mucosal adenylate cyclase.", "content": "The effects of histamine, Nalpha-dimethylhistamine, 4,5-methylhistamine, Ntau-methylhistamine, pentagastrin, carbachol, and NaF on the adenylate cyclase activity from canine gastric mucosa were investigated in cell-free preparations. In gastric fundic mucosa, histamine (10(-4) M), Nalpha-dimethylhistamine (10(-4) M), 4,5-methylhistamine (10(-4 M), and NaF (10)-2) M) significantly (P less than 0.001) increased adenylate cyclase activity (means+/-SE) by 44.7+/-6.6, 49.4+/-6.7, 34.0+/-6.4, and 572.0+/-100%, respectively, above basal activity. The effect of histamine and Na-dimethyl histamine was dose-dependent. In contrast, other tested agents failed to stimulate the formation of cyclic AMP in gastric fundic mucosa. Metiamide (10(-4) M) blocked the stimulation of fundic mucosa adenylate cyclase by histamine and Nalpha-dimethylhistamine, without significantly altering basal and NaF-induced adenylate cyclase activity. Histamine, however, did not stimulate the adenylate cyclase activity from the gastric antral mucosa. The findings support the proposal that the canine gastric acid response to histamine may be mediated by cyclic AMP formed in response to stimulation of histamine H2-receptors.", "contents": "Effect of histamine on canine gastric mucosal adenylate cyclase. The effects of histamine, Nalpha-dimethylhistamine, 4,5-methylhistamine, Ntau-methylhistamine, pentagastrin, carbachol, and NaF on the adenylate cyclase activity from canine gastric mucosa were investigated in cell-free preparations. In gastric fundic mucosa, histamine (10(-4) M), Nalpha-dimethylhistamine (10(-4) M), 4,5-methylhistamine (10(-4 M), and NaF (10)-2) M) significantly (P less than 0.001) increased adenylate cyclase activity (means+/-SE) by 44.7+/-6.6, 49.4+/-6.7, 34.0+/-6.4, and 572.0+/-100%, respectively, above basal activity. The effect of histamine and Na-dimethyl histamine was dose-dependent. In contrast, other tested agents failed to stimulate the formation of cyclic AMP in gastric fundic mucosa. Metiamide (10(-4) M) blocked the stimulation of fundic mucosa adenylate cyclase by histamine and Nalpha-dimethylhistamine, without significantly altering basal and NaF-induced adenylate cyclase activity. Histamine, however, did not stimulate the adenylate cyclase activity from the gastric antral mucosa. The findings support the proposal that the canine gastric acid response to histamine may be mediated by cyclic AMP formed in response to stimulation of histamine H2-receptors.", "PMID": 835701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1649", "title": "Effect of cholecystokinin on myoelectric activity of small bowel of the dog.", "content": "The effect of cholecystokinin on the myoelectric activity of the small intestine was determined in conscious dogs. Six animals were implanted with electrodes along the small intestine, and a cannula was placed in the stomach. A second cannula was inserted into the duodenum in three animals, and a pancreatic fistula was prepared in three animals. Recordings were made in the fasted state, during the intravenous infusion of either saline or cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-OP), during the intraduodenal infusion of either saline or L-tryptophan, and during the fed state. CCK-OP disrupted the fasted pattern of myoelectric activity, caused a dose-dependent increase in spike potentials, and caused a dose-dependent increases in pancreatic protein secretion. Stimulation of myoelectric activity occurred at doses that produced submaximal protein secretion; however, the stimulation was not identical to that seen with feeding. Intraduodenal infusion of L-tryptophan increased pancreatic protein secretion, interrupted the fasted pattern of motility, and induced a pattern similar to that seen with feeding. We conclude that CCK alters small intestinal motility and may play a role in the changes in small-bowel motility caused by the ingestion of food.", "contents": "Effect of cholecystokinin on myoelectric activity of small bowel of the dog. The effect of cholecystokinin on the myoelectric activity of the small intestine was determined in conscious dogs. Six animals were implanted with electrodes along the small intestine, and a cannula was placed in the stomach. A second cannula was inserted into the duodenum in three animals, and a pancreatic fistula was prepared in three animals. Recordings were made in the fasted state, during the intravenous infusion of either saline or cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-OP), during the intraduodenal infusion of either saline or L-tryptophan, and during the fed state. CCK-OP disrupted the fasted pattern of myoelectric activity, caused a dose-dependent increase in spike potentials, and caused a dose-dependent increases in pancreatic protein secretion. Stimulation of myoelectric activity occurred at doses that produced submaximal protein secretion; however, the stimulation was not identical to that seen with feeding. Intraduodenal infusion of L-tryptophan increased pancreatic protein secretion, interrupted the fasted pattern of motility, and induced a pattern similar to that seen with feeding. We conclude that CCK alters small intestinal motility and may play a role in the changes in small-bowel motility caused by the ingestion of food.", "PMID": 835702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1650", "title": "Electrical potential profile in rabbit ileum: role of rheogenic Na transport.", "content": "The electrical potential profile of rabbit ileum was investigated in vitro with the microelectrode technique. The transmural electrical potential difference (PD), designated psims, was immediately reduced by 60% upon cooling the tissue from 37 to 7 degrees C; the PD across the mucosal membrane (transmucosal PD, psimc) was simultaneously reduced by 37%. These electrical changes could not be attributed to alternations in either transmembrane ion concentration gradients or total tissue conductance. The psimc and psims may have substantial values even after the concentration gradients of Na and K across the cell membane are eliminated, provided that active transport mechanisms are still operative. Conversely, in the presence of approximately normal transmembrane ion concentration gradients, but when active transport mechanisms have been inhibited. psimc is reduced by 45% and psims is zero. These observations are consistent with a model of electrolyte transport in which psims and the normal transmembrane cation concentration gradients are established by rheogenic active transport of Na out of the cell. The psimc is generated both by rheogenic active Na transport and by cation concentration gradients which exist across the cell membrane. The Koefoed-Johnsen and Ussing model (Acta Physiol. Scand., 1958, vol. 42, p. 298) of electrolyte transport by epithelial cells does not adequately describe the electrical properties of ileum.", "contents": "Electrical potential profile in rabbit ileum: role of rheogenic Na transport. The electrical potential profile of rabbit ileum was investigated in vitro with the microelectrode technique. The transmural electrical potential difference (PD), designated psims, was immediately reduced by 60% upon cooling the tissue from 37 to 7 degrees C; the PD across the mucosal membrane (transmucosal PD, psimc) was simultaneously reduced by 37%. These electrical changes could not be attributed to alternations in either transmembrane ion concentration gradients or total tissue conductance. The psimc and psims may have substantial values even after the concentration gradients of Na and K across the cell membane are eliminated, provided that active transport mechanisms are still operative. Conversely, in the presence of approximately normal transmembrane ion concentration gradients, but when active transport mechanisms have been inhibited. psimc is reduced by 45% and psims is zero. These observations are consistent with a model of electrolyte transport in which psims and the normal transmembrane cation concentration gradients are established by rheogenic active transport of Na out of the cell. The psimc is generated both by rheogenic active Na transport and by cation concentration gradients which exist across the cell membrane. The Koefoed-Johnsen and Ussing model (Acta Physiol. Scand., 1958, vol. 42, p. 298) of electrolyte transport by epithelial cells does not adequately describe the electrical properties of ileum.", "PMID": 835703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1651", "title": "Partition of capillary blood flow in rumen, reticulum, and omasum of sheep.", "content": "Using radioactive microspheres, mucosal and muscular capillary blood flow have been measured in the rumen, reticulum, and omasum of conscious sheep. Total forestomach capillary blood flow (7.7 ml min(-1) kg body wt(-1)) was about 7% of cardiac output; 95% of the flow was in the mucosa and only 5% in muscle layers. Blood flow in the rumen was 6 times higher than in the reticulum and 4.4 times higher than in the omasum. Mucosal capillary flow per unit area of mucosal epithelium in the omassum (disregarding the increment in area due to papillae) was only one-third of that in the ventral rumen (long papillae); flow in the dorsal rumen (short papillae) was about half the flow in the ventral rumen. Mucosal flow seems to provide a convenient, indirect estimate of the increase in mucosal surface due to papillae and, thereby, of the functional forestomach surface area. Heat stimuli resulted in decreased capillary blood flow--primarily in mucosa during exposure to a warm environment and, also, in muscle during hypothalamic or spinal cord heating.", "contents": "Partition of capillary blood flow in rumen, reticulum, and omasum of sheep. Using radioactive microspheres, mucosal and muscular capillary blood flow have been measured in the rumen, reticulum, and omasum of conscious sheep. Total forestomach capillary blood flow (7.7 ml min(-1) kg body wt(-1)) was about 7% of cardiac output; 95% of the flow was in the mucosa and only 5% in muscle layers. Blood flow in the rumen was 6 times higher than in the reticulum and 4.4 times higher than in the omasum. Mucosal capillary flow per unit area of mucosal epithelium in the omassum (disregarding the increment in area due to papillae) was only one-third of that in the ventral rumen (long papillae); flow in the dorsal rumen (short papillae) was about half the flow in the ventral rumen. Mucosal flow seems to provide a convenient, indirect estimate of the increase in mucosal surface due to papillae and, thereby, of the functional forestomach surface area. Heat stimuli resulted in decreased capillary blood flow--primarily in mucosa during exposure to a warm environment and, also, in muscle during hypothalamic or spinal cord heating.", "PMID": 835704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1652", "title": "Influence of hepatic taurine concentration on bile acid conjugation with taurine.", "content": "In vitro, addition of taurine to liver homogenates increases the proportion of cholic acid conjugated with taurine. In the present study, the relation between hepatic taurine concentration and the proportion of infused sodium cholate conjugated with taurine was studied in the whole organ. The isolated perfused liver was studied to eliminate possible transfer of taurine to or from the large extrahepatic poosl present in vivo. During cholate infusion, the proportion of taurocholate excreted in bile decreased, and the proportion of glycocholate increased in a complementary fashion. Infusion of taurine with cholate prevented these changes. Hepatic taurine concentration, calculated from measured hepatic taurine concentrations before and at the end of cholate infusion, fell. Fall in proportion of total bile acid excreted as taurocholate was most rapid at low hepatic taurine concentrations between about 1.4 and 0.65 mumol/g liver. Hepatic taurine concentrations is a major determinant of the proportion of bile acid conjugated with taurine.", "contents": "Influence of hepatic taurine concentration on bile acid conjugation with taurine. In vitro, addition of taurine to liver homogenates increases the proportion of cholic acid conjugated with taurine. In the present study, the relation between hepatic taurine concentration and the proportion of infused sodium cholate conjugated with taurine was studied in the whole organ. The isolated perfused liver was studied to eliminate possible transfer of taurine to or from the large extrahepatic poosl present in vivo. During cholate infusion, the proportion of taurocholate excreted in bile decreased, and the proportion of glycocholate increased in a complementary fashion. Infusion of taurine with cholate prevented these changes. Hepatic taurine concentration, calculated from measured hepatic taurine concentrations before and at the end of cholate infusion, fell. Fall in proportion of total bile acid excreted as taurocholate was most rapid at low hepatic taurine concentrations between about 1.4 and 0.65 mumol/g liver. Hepatic taurine concentrations is a major determinant of the proportion of bile acid conjugated with taurine.", "PMID": 835705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1653", "title": "Abnormalities in taste preference in hypothyroid rats.", "content": "Rats made hypothyroid by administration of radioactive iodine and age-matched controls were individually caged and offered a choice between either water or varying concentraions of sweet (sucrose), bitter (quinine sulfate), salty (NaCl) or sour HCl solutions to drink ad libitum for 48 h periods. Comparative measurements were made of the volume of test solution consumed to that of total volume consumed and were expressed as taste preferences. Throughout a wide range of concentrations, taste preferences for sucrose were significantly lower (P less than 0.001) and those for quinine sulfate and NaCl significantly higher (P less than 0.001) in hypothyroid animals than in controls. Taste preferences for HCl were generally similar in both groups. Daily intraperitoneal injections of thyroxine, 10 mug/100 g body wt. to hypothyroid rats for 18-24 days eliminated completely the difference between hypothyroid and control rats in taste preference for quinine sulfate. These studies show that significant and reversible changes in taste preferences occur in rats rendered hypothyroid with radioactive iodine.", "contents": "Abnormalities in taste preference in hypothyroid rats. Rats made hypothyroid by administration of radioactive iodine and age-matched controls were individually caged and offered a choice between either water or varying concentraions of sweet (sucrose), bitter (quinine sulfate), salty (NaCl) or sour HCl solutions to drink ad libitum for 48 h periods. Comparative measurements were made of the volume of test solution consumed to that of total volume consumed and were expressed as taste preferences. Throughout a wide range of concentrations, taste preferences for sucrose were significantly lower (P less than 0.001) and those for quinine sulfate and NaCl significantly higher (P less than 0.001) in hypothyroid animals than in controls. Taste preferences for HCl were generally similar in both groups. Daily intraperitoneal injections of thyroxine, 10 mug/100 g body wt. to hypothyroid rats for 18-24 days eliminated completely the difference between hypothyroid and control rats in taste preference for quinine sulfate. These studies show that significant and reversible changes in taste preferences occur in rats rendered hypothyroid with radioactive iodine.", "PMID": 835706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1654", "title": "Effect of serotonin treatment on intestinal transport in the rabbit.", "content": "The hormone serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) has been implicated as the cause of the diarrhea seen in many patients with the carcinoid syndrome. To determine whether serotonin is an intestinal secretagogue, the effect of serotonin on intestinal water and electrolyte transport was evaluated in the rabbit. Two weeks of daily subcutaneous injection of serotonin suspended in oil resulted in a blood serotonin level elevated to twice that of controls. Intestinal transport was studied in vivo by a perfusion technique. Serotonin treatment resulted in ileal secretion and decreased mid-jejunal absorption of water and electrolytes but did not effect water absorption in the proximal jejunum or colon. Intestinal absorption of D-glucose and the amino acid L-tryptophan and glucose-dependent water and electrolyte absorption were normal in serotonin-treated animals. Serotonin-induced ileal secretion was reversed by methysergide, a peripheral antagonist of serotonin action. No alterations in intestinal histology or permeability occurred in serotonin-treated animals. Serotonin-induced intestinal secretion was not associated with alterations in the activities of intestinal mucosal adenylate cyclase, cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, or Na-K-ATPase.", "contents": "Effect of serotonin treatment on intestinal transport in the rabbit. The hormone serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) has been implicated as the cause of the diarrhea seen in many patients with the carcinoid syndrome. To determine whether serotonin is an intestinal secretagogue, the effect of serotonin on intestinal water and electrolyte transport was evaluated in the rabbit. Two weeks of daily subcutaneous injection of serotonin suspended in oil resulted in a blood serotonin level elevated to twice that of controls. Intestinal transport was studied in vivo by a perfusion technique. Serotonin treatment resulted in ileal secretion and decreased mid-jejunal absorption of water and electrolytes but did not effect water absorption in the proximal jejunum or colon. Intestinal absorption of D-glucose and the amino acid L-tryptophan and glucose-dependent water and electrolyte absorption were normal in serotonin-treated animals. Serotonin-induced ileal secretion was reversed by methysergide, a peripheral antagonist of serotonin action. No alterations in intestinal histology or permeability occurred in serotonin-treated animals. Serotonin-induced intestinal secretion was not associated with alterations in the activities of intestinal mucosal adenylate cyclase, cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, or Na-K-ATPase.", "PMID": 835707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1655", "title": "Effect of acute unilateral renal denervation on tubular sodium reabsorption in the dog.", "content": "The effects of acute denervation of the kidney on renal tubular sodium and water excretion were studied in anesthetized, hypophysectomized, and cortisone-treated mongrel dogs during stable water diuresis produced by the infusion of 2.5% dextrose. In all experiments, denervation natriuresis, and diuresis were observed without significant change in glomerular filtration rate (GRF) and renal plasma flow (RPF). Fractional sodium delivery to the distal nephron (CNa + CH2O/100 ml GFR) and fractional free water clearance (CH23/100 ml GFR) was significantly greater in the denervated kidney compared with the innervated kidney (9.6+/-1.2 vs. 6.7+/-0.9% and 8.8+/-1.2 vs. 6.5+/-0.8%, respectively). Distal tubular sodium reabsorption (CH2O/(CNa + CH2O)) was not significantly different. We conclude that renal denervation primarily affects the proximal tubule as manifested by a decrease in the reabsorption of sodium and water. A small effect of denervation on the distal nephron is not completely ruled out.", "contents": "Effect of acute unilateral renal denervation on tubular sodium reabsorption in the dog. The effects of acute denervation of the kidney on renal tubular sodium and water excretion were studied in anesthetized, hypophysectomized, and cortisone-treated mongrel dogs during stable water diuresis produced by the infusion of 2.5% dextrose. In all experiments, denervation natriuresis, and diuresis were observed without significant change in glomerular filtration rate (GRF) and renal plasma flow (RPF). Fractional sodium delivery to the distal nephron (CNa + CH2O/100 ml GFR) and fractional free water clearance (CH23/100 ml GFR) was significantly greater in the denervated kidney compared with the innervated kidney (9.6+/-1.2 vs. 6.7+/-0.9% and 8.8+/-1.2 vs. 6.5+/-0.8%, respectively). Distal tubular sodium reabsorption (CH2O/(CNa + CH2O)) was not significantly different. We conclude that renal denervation primarily affects the proximal tubule as manifested by a decrease in the reabsorption of sodium and water. A small effect of denervation on the distal nephron is not completely ruled out.", "PMID": 835708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1656", "title": "Urinary acidification: CO2 transport by the rabbit proximal straight tubule.", "content": "Proximal straight tubules from rabbit kidneys were perfused in vitro in order to study transport of bicarbonate. Total CO2 content was measured in perfused and collected tubule fluid, using microcalorimetry. When the initial perfusate and bath contained 25 mM bicarbonate, the concentration of total CO2 decreased in the collected tubule fluid, indicating net reabsorption of bicarbonate. When the initial perfusate contained no bicarbonate and the bath contained 25 mM bicarbonate, total CO2 appeared in the collected tubule fluid. The rate at which total CO2 appeared in the tubule fluid was rapid, indicating a high permeability. Proximal straight tubules from superficial and juxtamedullary nephrons were compared and found to differ in permeability to CO2 and in transport rate. This functional heterogeneity may affect urinary acidification when there is redistribution of renal blood flow.", "contents": "Urinary acidification: CO2 transport by the rabbit proximal straight tubule. Proximal straight tubules from rabbit kidneys were perfused in vitro in order to study transport of bicarbonate. Total CO2 content was measured in perfused and collected tubule fluid, using microcalorimetry. When the initial perfusate and bath contained 25 mM bicarbonate, the concentration of total CO2 decreased in the collected tubule fluid, indicating net reabsorption of bicarbonate. When the initial perfusate contained no bicarbonate and the bath contained 25 mM bicarbonate, total CO2 appeared in the collected tubule fluid. The rate at which total CO2 appeared in the tubule fluid was rapid, indicating a high permeability. Proximal straight tubules from superficial and juxtamedullary nephrons were compared and found to differ in permeability to CO2 and in transport rate. This functional heterogeneity may affect urinary acidification when there is redistribution of renal blood flow.", "PMID": 835709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1657", "title": "Acute unilateral renal denervation in rats with extracellular volume expansion.", "content": "Sodium reabsorption along the nephron was studied before and after acute unilateral denervation of the left kidney in anesthetized rats with extracellular volume expansion. Studies were also performed before and after sham denervation. Denervation increased urine volume (V) from the left kidney from 35.2 to 59.2 mul min-1 (P less than 0.001) and urinary sodium excretion (UNaV) from 6.9 to 11.8 mueq min-1 (P less than 0.001). The control right kidney showed a simultaneous 45% decrease in V and UNaV. Inulin clearance (GFR) and renal plasma flow (RPF) remained unchanged after denervation in both kidneys. Left kidney late proximal (F/P)m decreased from 1.50 to 1.24 (P less than 0.01); single-nephron GFR (SNGFR) remained unchanged. (F/P)m ratios were also decreased in early distal (3.87-2.65, P less than 0.005) and late distal (5.48-3.83, P less than 0.02) convolutions. Fractional and absolute Na reabsorption in the distal convolution did not decrease. GFR, RPF, V, UNa, late proximal (F/P)m, and SNGFR were unchanged in sham-denervated rats. The increases in V and UNa V produced by acute renal denervation in the volume-expanded anesthetized animal are thus caused by further depression of proximal tubular salt and water reabsorption.", "contents": "Acute unilateral renal denervation in rats with extracellular volume expansion. Sodium reabsorption along the nephron was studied before and after acute unilateral denervation of the left kidney in anesthetized rats with extracellular volume expansion. Studies were also performed before and after sham denervation. Denervation increased urine volume (V) from the left kidney from 35.2 to 59.2 mul min-1 (P less than 0.001) and urinary sodium excretion (UNaV) from 6.9 to 11.8 mueq min-1 (P less than 0.001). The control right kidney showed a simultaneous 45% decrease in V and UNaV. Inulin clearance (GFR) and renal plasma flow (RPF) remained unchanged after denervation in both kidneys. Left kidney late proximal (F/P)m decreased from 1.50 to 1.24 (P less than 0.01); single-nephron GFR (SNGFR) remained unchanged. (F/P)m ratios were also decreased in early distal (3.87-2.65, P less than 0.005) and late distal (5.48-3.83, P less than 0.02) convolutions. Fractional and absolute Na reabsorption in the distal convolution did not decrease. GFR, RPF, V, UNa, late proximal (F/P)m, and SNGFR were unchanged in sham-denervated rats. The increases in V and UNa V produced by acute renal denervation in the volume-expanded anesthetized animal are thus caused by further depression of proximal tubular salt and water reabsorption.", "PMID": 835710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1658", "title": "Role of calcium in bone maturation arrest after thyroparathyroidectomy in the rat.", "content": "Thyroparathyroidectomy in the rat results in decreased plasma calcium and magnesium and increased phosphorus. The associated bone changes are decreased calcium, hydroxyproline, carbonate, and wholebone density. Bone magnesium, sodium, mineral density, and percent crystallinity are increased. The delayed matrix formation and mineralization previously identified by histologic techniques are herein characterized by direct measurement as arrest of the normal increase of hydroxyproline/matrix and percent mineral. The bone mineral present is of high density and x-ray-diffraction crystallinity, suggesting a decrease in the mineralization front high in the amorphous phase and/or small nondiffracting crystalloids. The chemical studies reveal that in the absence of available Ca, Mg and Na are substituted, and CO3 is decreased. The restoration of these plasma and bone abnormalities to normal by a diet high in CaCO3 adds further emphasis to the essential role of Ca in bone cell function.", "contents": "Role of calcium in bone maturation arrest after thyroparathyroidectomy in the rat. Thyroparathyroidectomy in the rat results in decreased plasma calcium and magnesium and increased phosphorus. The associated bone changes are decreased calcium, hydroxyproline, carbonate, and wholebone density. Bone magnesium, sodium, mineral density, and percent crystallinity are increased. The delayed matrix formation and mineralization previously identified by histologic techniques are herein characterized by direct measurement as arrest of the normal increase of hydroxyproline/matrix and percent mineral. The bone mineral present is of high density and x-ray-diffraction crystallinity, suggesting a decrease in the mineralization front high in the amorphous phase and/or small nondiffracting crystalloids. The chemical studies reveal that in the absence of available Ca, Mg and Na are substituted, and CO3 is decreased. The restoration of these plasma and bone abnormalities to normal by a diet high in CaCO3 adds further emphasis to the essential role of Ca in bone cell function.", "PMID": 835711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1659", "title": "Effect of hypotonic medium on K and Na content of proximal renal tubules.", "content": "The intracellular content of K and Na was measured in isolated nonperfused proximal straight renal tubules (PST) in order to determine the mode of cell volume regulation in hypotonic bathing media. Immersion in hypotonic medium caused PST to lose K and Na (with anions) in a magnitude sufficient to account for the regulation of cell volume. Hypothermia (10 degrees C) blocked cell volume regulation in hypotonic medium by promoting net accumulation of Na, although K loss was equivalent to that observed at 37 degrees C. Ouabain (10(-5) M) caused rapid loss of cell K and gain of Na in an isotonic bath, but the glycoside did not inhibit the subsequent adjustment of cell volume in hypotonic medium. In hypotonic medium ouabain-treated tubules lost Na, but not K, to account for hypotonic volume adjustment of PST in ouabain. We conclude that proximal straight tubules extrude electrolytes (K, Na, and anions) in the adjustment of cell volume in hypotonic media; in normal tubules K and Na are lost whereas Na moves primarily in ouabain-treated tubules. The adjustment of size through the extrusion of intracellular solutes in dilutional states appears to be a general property of mammalian cells.", "contents": "Effect of hypotonic medium on K and Na content of proximal renal tubules. The intracellular content of K and Na was measured in isolated nonperfused proximal straight renal tubules (PST) in order to determine the mode of cell volume regulation in hypotonic bathing media. Immersion in hypotonic medium caused PST to lose K and Na (with anions) in a magnitude sufficient to account for the regulation of cell volume. Hypothermia (10 degrees C) blocked cell volume regulation in hypotonic medium by promoting net accumulation of Na, although K loss was equivalent to that observed at 37 degrees C. Ouabain (10(-5) M) caused rapid loss of cell K and gain of Na in an isotonic bath, but the glycoside did not inhibit the subsequent adjustment of cell volume in hypotonic medium. In hypotonic medium ouabain-treated tubules lost Na, but not K, to account for hypotonic volume adjustment of PST in ouabain. We conclude that proximal straight tubules extrude electrolytes (K, Na, and anions) in the adjustment of cell volume in hypotonic media; in normal tubules K and Na are lost whereas Na moves primarily in ouabain-treated tubules. The adjustment of size through the extrusion of intracellular solutes in dilutional states appears to be a general property of mammalian cells.", "PMID": 835712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1660", "title": "Permeability of the rabbit colon in vitro.", "content": "The rabbit colon, in vitro as everted-sac or diaphragm preparations, exhibits a transmural PD, as high as 70 mV, a short-circuit current (SCC) of 100 to 150 muA cm-3 and a resistance of 300-500 omega-cm2. It maintains these functions for at least 3 h. The SCC can be abolished by amiloride or increased by amphotericin B. Na, Cl, and K flux measurements showed a net influx (mucosa to serosa) of Na and a net efflux of K. The SCC can be accounted for by the movements of these ions. The SCC in the presence of amphotericin B was nearly equivalent to the net Na flux. Amiloride abolished the net Na transfer but did not ht (Ktrnas X 10(7)) for water was 5,000 cm s-1 while that for urea was 26 cm s-1. The rabbit provides a viable pn and the present observations appear to be consistent with its physiological role.", "contents": "Permeability of the rabbit colon in vitro. The rabbit colon, in vitro as everted-sac or diaphragm preparations, exhibits a transmural PD, as high as 70 mV, a short-circuit current (SCC) of 100 to 150 muA cm-3 and a resistance of 300-500 omega-cm2. It maintains these functions for at least 3 h. The SCC can be abolished by amiloride or increased by amphotericin B. Na, Cl, and K flux measurements showed a net influx (mucosa to serosa) of Na and a net efflux of K. The SCC can be accounted for by the movements of these ions. The SCC in the presence of amphotericin B was nearly equivalent to the net Na flux. Amiloride abolished the net Na transfer but did not ht (Ktrnas X 10(7)) for water was 5,000 cm s-1 while that for urea was 26 cm s-1. The rabbit provides a viable pn and the present observations appear to be consistent with its physiological role.", "PMID": 835713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1661", "title": "Dynamics of glomerular ultrafiltration. IX. Effects of plasma protein concentration.", "content": "Experiments were carried out on 42 Munich-Wistar rats with surface glomeruli accessible to micropuncture to investigate the effects of reduction in systemic plasma protein concentration. CA, and thus afferent oncotic pressure, IIA, on the determinants of glomerular ultrafiltration. In animals in which CA was reduced by a variety of maneuvers, observed values for single-nephron GFR were lower than values predicted by the Starling relation, when the latter were calculated assuming that the observed increase in the net driving pressure for ultrafiltration (due to the reduction in IIA) was the only factor perturbed. In all experimental conditions where CA was reduced, rats were invariably observed to be at filtration pressure disequilibrium, permitting calculation of unique values of the ultrafiltration coefficient, Kt. In all low-CA groups, mean values of Kf were uniformly lower than values obtainedin normoproteinemic control animals. The failure of SNGFR to rise to predicted values when CA is reduced is therefore due to the concomitant reduction in Kf. No morphological basis for this reduction in Kf was discerned.", "contents": "Dynamics of glomerular ultrafiltration. IX. Effects of plasma protein concentration. Experiments were carried out on 42 Munich-Wistar rats with surface glomeruli accessible to micropuncture to investigate the effects of reduction in systemic plasma protein concentration. CA, and thus afferent oncotic pressure, IIA, on the determinants of glomerular ultrafiltration. In animals in which CA was reduced by a variety of maneuvers, observed values for single-nephron GFR were lower than values predicted by the Starling relation, when the latter were calculated assuming that the observed increase in the net driving pressure for ultrafiltration (due to the reduction in IIA) was the only factor perturbed. In all experimental conditions where CA was reduced, rats were invariably observed to be at filtration pressure disequilibrium, permitting calculation of unique values of the ultrafiltration coefficient, Kt. In all low-CA groups, mean values of Kf were uniformly lower than values obtainedin normoproteinemic control animals. The failure of SNGFR to rise to predicted values when CA is reduced is therefore due to the concomitant reduction in Kf. No morphological basis for this reduction in Kf was discerned.", "PMID": 835714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1662", "title": "A single-injection method for measuring glomerular filtration rate.", "content": "A method for estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) has been developed that is based on an analysis of the total area under  the plasma radioactivity-time curve after a single intravenous injection of [125I]iothalamate. Glomerular filtration rates obtained by this method (method A) and those obtained with two widely used single-injection techniques, the slope-intercept method (method B), and the two-compartment method (method C), were compared with GFRs obtained by standard inulin clearance techniques in 14 dogs. Method B consistently over. estimated inulin clearances more than 30%. Method C also overestimated inulin clearance considerably in dogs with an increased extracellular fluid volume, but was fairly reliable in normal dogs. Glomerular filtration rates obtained by the new method (method A) were in excellent agreement with inulin clearances in all dogs, regardless of the state of body hydration. The mean inulin clearance for all 14 experiments was 72.7+/-6.0 SE ml/min, while GFRs obtained by method A averaged 75.1+/-6.0 ml/min. The data from this study suggest that method A is a reliable means for estimating GFR that is especially useful in chronic experiments.", "contents": "A single-injection method for measuring glomerular filtration rate. A method for estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) has been developed that is based on an analysis of the total area under  the plasma radioactivity-time curve after a single intravenous injection of [125I]iothalamate. Glomerular filtration rates obtained by this method (method A) and those obtained with two widely used single-injection techniques, the slope-intercept method (method B), and the two-compartment method (method C), were compared with GFRs obtained by standard inulin clearance techniques in 14 dogs. Method B consistently over. estimated inulin clearances more than 30%. Method C also overestimated inulin clearance considerably in dogs with an increased extracellular fluid volume, but was fairly reliable in normal dogs. Glomerular filtration rates obtained by the new method (method A) were in excellent agreement with inulin clearances in all dogs, regardless of the state of body hydration. The mean inulin clearance for all 14 experiments was 72.7+/-6.0 SE ml/min, while GFRs obtained by method A averaged 75.1+/-6.0 ml/min. The data from this study suggest that method A is a reliable means for estimating GFR that is especially useful in chronic experiments.", "PMID": 835715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1663", "title": "Estrogen and prothrombin synthesis: effect of estrogen on absorption of vitamin K1.", "content": "Intact male and female albino rats fed a vitamin K-deficient diet develop a plasma prothrombin-proconvertin deficiency. Male rats respond with a precipitous drop to approximately 20-30% of normal plasma levels within 2-5 days, whereas female rats respond at a slower rate. Ethynylestradiol, 5-10 mug/day, or castration, reduces the progressive decline of plasma prothrombin-proconvertin seen in nonsupplemented intact male rats. The response of castrate females differs little from the response of intact females. Ethynylestradiol, 5-10 mug/day, affects both castrate males and females similarly, limiting the prothrombin-proconvertin decrease to about 13% below control value after 14 days. Intestinal absorption of vitamin K1 measured in the thoracic duct lymph of pentobarbital-anesthetized castrate male and female rats was shown to increase significantly after estrogen treatment. Estrogen-treated castrate male and female rats absorbed 25.8 mug and 11.8 mug vitamin K1, respectively. Nontreated control castrate male and female rats absorbed 0.0 mug and 1.2 mug, respectively, during a 240-min collection period. Use of radioactive vitamin K1 in similar experiments confirmed these results. Estrogen-treated castrate males absorbed vitamin K1 at the rate of 30-40 mug/g lymph whereas nontreated control males absorbed only about 6 mug/g lymph.", "contents": "Estrogen and prothrombin synthesis: effect of estrogen on absorption of vitamin K1. Intact male and female albino rats fed a vitamin K-deficient diet develop a plasma prothrombin-proconvertin deficiency. Male rats respond with a precipitous drop to approximately 20-30% of normal plasma levels within 2-5 days, whereas female rats respond at a slower rate. Ethynylestradiol, 5-10 mug/day, or castration, reduces the progressive decline of plasma prothrombin-proconvertin seen in nonsupplemented intact male rats. The response of castrate females differs little from the response of intact females. Ethynylestradiol, 5-10 mug/day, affects both castrate males and females similarly, limiting the prothrombin-proconvertin decrease to about 13% below control value after 14 days. Intestinal absorption of vitamin K1 measured in the thoracic duct lymph of pentobarbital-anesthetized castrate male and female rats was shown to increase significantly after estrogen treatment. Estrogen-treated castrate male and female rats absorbed 25.8 mug and 11.8 mug vitamin K1, respectively. Nontreated control castrate male and female rats absorbed 0.0 mug and 1.2 mug, respectively, during a 240-min collection period. Use of radioactive vitamin K1 in similar experiments confirmed these results. Estrogen-treated castrate males absorbed vitamin K1 at the rate of 30-40 mug/g lymph whereas nontreated control males absorbed only about 6 mug/g lymph.", "PMID": 835716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1664", "title": "Adrenergic receptors regulating patterns of blood flow through the gills of trout.", "content": "A technique of perfusing the isolated head of trout with a constant-fluid flow was used to study adrenergic factors controlling the vasomotricity of the gill. The use of adrenergic blockers (phentolamine 10(-4) M and propranolol 10(-4) M) enabled the vascular effect of epinephrine to be split into two components: an alpha-vasoconstrictor effect superimposed upon the dominant beta-vasodilator effect. Effect alpha appears more rapidly than effect beta and causes an initial vasoconstriction. Under constant-flow perfusion the effect of epinephrine on the efferent arterial and venous flows is a diminution of the venous flow and an increase of the arterial. This is the result of closure of the anastomoses between the efferent artery and the central compartment of the filament. It was shown that only alpha-vasoconstrictor adrenoreceptors occur in this region.", "contents": "Adrenergic receptors regulating patterns of blood flow through the gills of trout. A technique of perfusing the isolated head of trout with a constant-fluid flow was used to study adrenergic factors controlling the vasomotricity of the gill. The use of adrenergic blockers (phentolamine 10(-4) M and propranolol 10(-4) M) enabled the vascular effect of epinephrine to be split into two components: an alpha-vasoconstrictor effect superimposed upon the dominant beta-vasodilator effect. Effect alpha appears more rapidly than effect beta and causes an initial vasoconstriction. Under constant-flow perfusion the effect of epinephrine on the efferent arterial and venous flows is a diminution of the venous flow and an increase of the arterial. This is the result of closure of the anastomoses between the efferent artery and the central compartment of the filament. It was shown that only alpha-vasoconstrictor adrenoreceptors occur in this region.", "PMID": 835717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1665", "title": "Electrophysiological and anatomical observations on the heart of the African lungfish.", "content": "Electrophysiological and histological observations were made on the heart of the African lungfish. Impulse origin and propagation were studied using simultaneously recorded epicardial and pericardial electrograms. The primary pacemaker site in the lungfish was found to be at the sinus venosus at its junction with the left cardinal vein. Under a variety of circumstances, pacemaker function shifted to other sites. In response to stress, probably under vagal influence, the regular and rapid sinus venosus rate was generally superseded by an irregular and slower atrial pacemaker. Heart rate and sinoatrial and atrioventricular conduction times varied with changes in temperature [Q10=3.77, 2.55, and 5.46, respectively]. Although alterations in impulse formation and conduction did occur, the site of impulse formation and the patterns of conduction between heart chambers were usually fixed, implying the existence of an organized conduction system. Nonetheless, extensive histological study failed to disclose either organized nodal structures or specialized conduction pathways.", "contents": "Electrophysiological and anatomical observations on the heart of the African lungfish. Electrophysiological and histological observations were made on the heart of the African lungfish. Impulse origin and propagation were studied using simultaneously recorded epicardial and pericardial electrograms. The primary pacemaker site in the lungfish was found to be at the sinus venosus at its junction with the left cardinal vein. Under a variety of circumstances, pacemaker function shifted to other sites. In response to stress, probably under vagal influence, the regular and rapid sinus venosus rate was generally superseded by an irregular and slower atrial pacemaker. Heart rate and sinoatrial and atrioventricular conduction times varied with changes in temperature [Q10=3.77, 2.55, and 5.46, respectively]. Although alterations in impulse formation and conduction did occur, the site of impulse formation and the patterns of conduction between heart chambers were usually fixed, implying the existence of an organized conduction system. Nonetheless, extensive histological study failed to disclose either organized nodal structures or specialized conduction pathways.", "PMID": 835718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1666", "title": "Effects of intravenous anesthetic agents on left ventricular function in dogs.", "content": "The cardiovascular effects of ketamine hydrochloride and thiopental sodium were studied in 11 dogs. During anesthesia, mean heart rate rose to 185 beats/min with ketamine and 147 beats/min with thiopental. Cardiac output was increased with ketamine but unchanged by thiopental. The maximum first derivative of the left ventricular pressure (dP/dt max) fell by 14% with thiopental but did not change significantly with ketamine. Propranolol resulted in attenuation of the tachycardia and a fall of 10% in dP/dt max with ketamine but had little effect on the response to thiopental. Phentolamine had no consistent effects on either drug. With pentolinium both drugs decreased dP/dt max. Intracoronary injection of ketamine decreased dP/dt max. Adrenalectomy had little effect on the responses to either anesthetic. The results lead to the conclusion that both ketamine and thiopental have myocardial depressant effects, but, whereas thiopental does not alter sympathetic tone, the depressive effects of ketamine are obscured by stimulation of cardiac sympathetic nerves.", "contents": "Effects of intravenous anesthetic agents on left ventricular function in dogs. The cardiovascular effects of ketamine hydrochloride and thiopental sodium were studied in 11 dogs. During anesthesia, mean heart rate rose to 185 beats/min with ketamine and 147 beats/min with thiopental. Cardiac output was increased with ketamine but unchanged by thiopental. The maximum first derivative of the left ventricular pressure (dP/dt max) fell by 14% with thiopental but did not change significantly with ketamine. Propranolol resulted in attenuation of the tachycardia and a fall of 10% in dP/dt max with ketamine but had little effect on the response to thiopental. Phentolamine had no consistent effects on either drug. With pentolinium both drugs decreased dP/dt max. Intracoronary injection of ketamine decreased dP/dt max. Adrenalectomy had little effect on the responses to either anesthetic. The results lead to the conclusion that both ketamine and thiopental have myocardial depressant effects, but, whereas thiopental does not alter sympathetic tone, the depressive effects of ketamine are obscured by stimulation of cardiac sympathetic nerves.", "PMID": 835719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1667", "title": "Effects of atrial pacing on regional myocardial gas tensions with critical coronary stenosis.", "content": "Changes in myocardial carbon dioxide (PmCO2) and oxygen tension (PmO2) measured by mass spectrometry have been shown to reflect quantitatively progressive degrees of regional myocardial ischemia associated with stepwise reduction in coronary blood flow. The present study utilized mass spectrometry to assess the severity of regional myocardial ischemia developing during atrial pacing in the presence of a flow-limiting proximal critical coronary artend subendocardial layers was measured by the radioactive microsphere technique. Application of a \"critical stenosis\" resulted in a 6-mmHg decrease in PmO2 and a 17-mmHg increase in PmCO2 in the region of the myocardium supplied by the stenosed vessel. The addition of atrial pacing resulted in a 3-mmHg further decrease in Pmo2 and a 40-mmHg further increase in PmCO2. In the region of myocardium supplied by the critically stenosed vessel MBF increased in the subepicardial layer, but decreased or remained unchanged in the subendocardial layer. The failure of myocardial blood flow to increase in deeper myocardial layers in response to the increased myocardial oxygen demand of atrial pacing would provide a mechanism for the development of subendocardial ischemia in the presence of a critical coronary stenosis.", "contents": "Effects of atrial pacing on regional myocardial gas tensions with critical coronary stenosis. Changes in myocardial carbon dioxide (PmCO2) and oxygen tension (PmO2) measured by mass spectrometry have been shown to reflect quantitatively progressive degrees of regional myocardial ischemia associated with stepwise reduction in coronary blood flow. The present study utilized mass spectrometry to assess the severity of regional myocardial ischemia developing during atrial pacing in the presence of a flow-limiting proximal critical coronary artend subendocardial layers was measured by the radioactive microsphere technique. Application of a \"critical stenosis\" resulted in a 6-mmHg decrease in PmO2 and a 17-mmHg increase in PmCO2 in the region of the myocardium supplied by the stenosed vessel. The addition of atrial pacing resulted in a 3-mmHg further decrease in Pmo2 and a 40-mmHg further increase in PmCO2. In the region of myocardium supplied by the critically stenosed vessel MBF increased in the subepicardial layer, but decreased or remained unchanged in the subendocardial layer. The failure of myocardial blood flow to increase in deeper myocardial layers in response to the increased myocardial oxygen demand of atrial pacing would provide a mechanism for the development of subendocardial ischemia in the presence of a critical coronary stenosis.", "PMID": 835720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1668", "title": "Measurement of intrarenal anatomic distribution of krypton-85 in endotoxic shock in dogs.", "content": "Renal blood flow distribution was measured in control dogs and dogs in endotoxic shock by utilizing a modification of 85Kr washout. Kidneys, injected with 85Kr via a renal arterial cannula, were removed at several specific intervals after injection, rapidly frozen, and sectioned transversely so that pieces of tissue could be isolated and counted for radioactivity. Control outer cortical blood flow was 462 ml/min per 100 g tissue wt, but 122 ml/min per 100 g during shock. Control inner cortical outer medullary flow was 396 ml/min per 100 g, but 166 ml/min per 100 g in shock. Control flow in the inner stripe of the outer zone of the medulla was 130 ml/min per 100 g and 134 ml/min per 100 g in shock. In shock the initial volume of radioactivity distributed to outer cortex was smaller, to inner cortex the same, and to inner stripe outer zone of the medulla larger than in controls. This study delineates renal washout of 85Kr from specific areas of the kidney and indicates the alterations in extent and magnitude of this washout in endotoxic shock.", "contents": "Measurement of intrarenal anatomic distribution of krypton-85 in endotoxic shock in dogs. Renal blood flow distribution was measured in control dogs and dogs in endotoxic shock by utilizing a modification of 85Kr washout. Kidneys, injected with 85Kr via a renal arterial cannula, were removed at several specific intervals after injection, rapidly frozen, and sectioned transversely so that pieces of tissue could be isolated and counted for radioactivity. Control outer cortical blood flow was 462 ml/min per 100 g tissue wt, but 122 ml/min per 100 g during shock. Control inner cortical outer medullary flow was 396 ml/min per 100 g, but 166 ml/min per 100 g in shock. Control flow in the inner stripe of the outer zone of the medulla was 130 ml/min per 100 g and 134 ml/min per 100 g in shock. In shock the initial volume of radioactivity distributed to outer cortex was smaller, to inner cortex the same, and to inner stripe outer zone of the medulla larger than in controls. This study delineates renal washout of 85Kr from specific areas of the kidney and indicates the alterations in extent and magnitude of this washout in endotoxic shock.", "PMID": 835721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1669", "title": "Blood reservoir function of dog spleen, liver, and intestine.", "content": "The reflex decrease in blood volume of the spleen, the liver, and the intestine of vagotomized dogs was measured by plethysmographic techniques during bilateral carotid occlusion and moderate and severe hemorrhage. The volume of blood mobilized from each organ during carotid occlusion and moderate hemorrhage was from 6 to 30% of their respective blood volumes and from 55 to 81% during severe hemorrhage. In each experimental situation the spleen exhibited the greatest ability to release blood and the intestine, the least. During moderate hemorrhage (9 ml/kg) the spleen yielded a volume equal to 35% of the blood lost, the liver 14% and the intestine 7%. Comparable figures for severe hemorrhage were 26, 13, and 5%, respectively. This order of ranking the component regions of the splanchnic circulation with regard to function as a blood reservoir may be specific for the dog.", "contents": "Blood reservoir function of dog spleen, liver, and intestine. The reflex decrease in blood volume of the spleen, the liver, and the intestine of vagotomized dogs was measured by plethysmographic techniques during bilateral carotid occlusion and moderate and severe hemorrhage. The volume of blood mobilized from each organ during carotid occlusion and moderate hemorrhage was from 6 to 30% of their respective blood volumes and from 55 to 81% during severe hemorrhage. In each experimental situation the spleen exhibited the greatest ability to release blood and the intestine, the least. During moderate hemorrhage (9 ml/kg) the spleen yielded a volume equal to 35% of the blood lost, the liver 14% and the intestine 7%. Comparable figures for severe hemorrhage were 26, 13, and 5%, respectively. This order of ranking the component regions of the splanchnic circulation with regard to function as a blood reservoir may be specific for the dog.", "PMID": 835722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1670", "title": "Potassium exchange and mechanical performance in anoxic mammalian myocardium.", "content": "Mechanical performance and 42K exchange were studied during anoxia in isoalted, arterially perfused, interventricular rabbit septa at 42 beats/min and 28 degree C. The septa were perfused at 1.8 ml/min per g with a modified Tyrode solution having dextrose as the metabolic substrate. Developed tension declined to 16% of preanoxic control values during 60 min of anoxia, and returned to 65% of control during a 60-70 min recovery. Anoxia induced net potassium losses of 31+/-2, 53+/-2, and 90+/-14 mmol K+/kg dry tissue (means+/-SE) during 20, 40, and 60 min of anoxic stresses, determined by tissue probe analysis after asymptotic labeling. Potassium losses attributed to increased efflux of the ion from the cells during 20, 40, and 60 min of anoxia were determined from effluent analyses to be 32+/-4, 60+/-6, and 98+/-11 mmol K+/kg dry wt. Potassium loss began within seconds of the onset of anoxia and reoxygenation immedaitely reversed the potassium loss. These data indicate that 1) function of the membrane Na-K pump is maintained through 60 min of anoxia with the entire net potassium loss attributable to increased efflux from the cells, 2) anoxia decreases the rate of exchange of potassium after recovery, and 3) the cell membrane appears to be the rate-limiting site of potassium efflux during anoxia.", "contents": "Potassium exchange and mechanical performance in anoxic mammalian myocardium. Mechanical performance and 42K exchange were studied during anoxia in isoalted, arterially perfused, interventricular rabbit septa at 42 beats/min and 28 degree C. The septa were perfused at 1.8 ml/min per g with a modified Tyrode solution having dextrose as the metabolic substrate. Developed tension declined to 16% of preanoxic control values during 60 min of anoxia, and returned to 65% of control during a 60-70 min recovery. Anoxia induced net potassium losses of 31+/-2, 53+/-2, and 90+/-14 mmol K+/kg dry tissue (means+/-SE) during 20, 40, and 60 min of anoxic stresses, determined by tissue probe analysis after asymptotic labeling. Potassium losses attributed to increased efflux of the ion from the cells during 20, 40, and 60 min of anoxia were determined from effluent analyses to be 32+/-4, 60+/-6, and 98+/-11 mmol K+/kg dry wt. Potassium loss began within seconds of the onset of anoxia and reoxygenation immedaitely reversed the potassium loss. These data indicate that 1) function of the membrane Na-K pump is maintained through 60 min of anoxia with the entire net potassium loss attributable to increased efflux from the cells, 2) anoxia decreases the rate of exchange of potassium after recovery, and 3) the cell membrane appears to be the rate-limiting site of potassium efflux during anoxia.", "PMID": 835723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1671", "title": "Construction of hydraulic cuff occluders for blood vessels.", "content": "This report describes the construction technique for a simple and inexpensive cuff occluder for various size blood vessels. The occluder is made from polyvinyl chloride tubing and consist of two main parts, the balloon and catheter section, and the reinforcing back section. The occluders have functioned reliably in chronic dog preparations for up to 3 mo.", "contents": "Construction of hydraulic cuff occluders for blood vessels. This report describes the construction technique for a simple and inexpensive cuff occluder for various size blood vessels. The occluder is made from polyvinyl chloride tubing and consist of two main parts, the balloon and catheter section, and the reinforcing back section. The occluders have functioned reliably in chronic dog preparations for up to 3 mo.", "PMID": 835724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1672", "title": "Thermoregulatory responses to altering hypothalamic temperature in the harbor seal.", "content": "The rostral brainstem of the harbor seal Phoca vitulina was cooled and heated 33-41 degrees C while oxygen consumption and rectal, hypothalamic, flipper and dorsal skin temperatures were measured. These experiments were made on restrained seals at ambient temperatures -15 to 30 degrees C. Cooling the preoptic and hypothalamic (POH) tissue increased oxygen consumption in a way that could be approximated by a linear regression line with slope and threshold temperature at which the metabolic rate was minimal. The slope of the regression line was a function of ambient temperature and rectal temperature. At each ambient temperature, the slope was significantly higher for lower rectal temperature. At all rectal temperatures, the slope was significantly higher for lower ambient temperature. The threshold hypothalamic temperatures did not very consistently or significantly with either rectal temperature or ambient temperature. These results on the harbor seal are explicable by suggesting that the thermal-sensitive and reference neurons in the POH which regulate body temperature are inhibited equally by extrahypothalamic cold transducing neural elements.", "contents": "Thermoregulatory responses to altering hypothalamic temperature in the harbor seal. The rostral brainstem of the harbor seal Phoca vitulina was cooled and heated 33-41 degrees C while oxygen consumption and rectal, hypothalamic, flipper and dorsal skin temperatures were measured. These experiments were made on restrained seals at ambient temperatures -15 to 30 degrees C. Cooling the preoptic and hypothalamic (POH) tissue increased oxygen consumption in a way that could be approximated by a linear regression line with slope and threshold temperature at which the metabolic rate was minimal. The slope of the regression line was a function of ambient temperature and rectal temperature. At each ambient temperature, the slope was significantly higher for lower rectal temperature. At all rectal temperatures, the slope was significantly higher for lower ambient temperature. The threshold hypothalamic temperatures did not very consistently or significantly with either rectal temperature or ambient temperature. These results on the harbor seal are explicable by suggesting that the thermal-sensitive and reference neurons in the POH which regulate body temperature are inhibited equally by extrahypothalamic cold transducing neural elements.", "PMID": 835725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1673", "title": "On measurement of brain elastic response in vivo.", "content": "The elastic response behavior of brain tissue in vivo has been shown to be sensitive to the physiological environment of the brain and thus represents a useful parameter for identifying effects of controlled changes on the system. Here we describe a method for measuring brain elastic response using an epidural pressure-depth transducer and a minimum number of insertions. The method also serves to identify the nonlinear response of brain tissue.", "contents": "On measurement of brain elastic response in vivo. The elastic response behavior of brain tissue in vivo has been shown to be sensitive to the physiological environment of the brain and thus represents a useful parameter for identifying effects of controlled changes on the system. Here we describe a method for measuring brain elastic response using an epidural pressure-depth transducer and a minimum number of insertions. The method also serves to identify the nonlinear response of brain tissue.", "PMID": 835726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1674", "title": "Exercise, dietary obesity, and growth in the rat.", "content": "Four regimens: high-fat diet, exercised (I); chow, exercised (II); high-fat sedentary (III); and chow, sedentary (IV) were initiated in 35-day-old male rats. Growth was exponential in I and II and exponential progressing to rectilinear in III and IV. The exponential model predicted the decreasing rank order in asymptotic weight to be: III, IV, I, II. Body composition data (9 components) showed rank order in masses of fat and the fat-free body mass compartment (FFBM) to be the same as for asymptotic live weight. The rectilinear growth mode probably reflected fat accretion. High-fat diet increased and treadmill exercise decreased FFBM, the latter being reversible. These effects depended on regimen initiations by the 5-7th wk of age. During growth, masses of H2O, muscle, and skin increased as functions of body size; bone as a function of age; and heart, liver, gut, testevity, and diet. Growth in body size was expressed more precisely with FFBM, instead of live weight, as the index of size.", "contents": "Exercise, dietary obesity, and growth in the rat. Four regimens: high-fat diet, exercised (I); chow, exercised (II); high-fat sedentary (III); and chow, sedentary (IV) were initiated in 35-day-old male rats. Growth was exponential in I and II and exponential progressing to rectilinear in III and IV. The exponential model predicted the decreasing rank order in asymptotic weight to be: III, IV, I, II. Body composition data (9 components) showed rank order in masses of fat and the fat-free body mass compartment (FFBM) to be the same as for asymptotic live weight. The rectilinear growth mode probably reflected fat accretion. High-fat diet increased and treadmill exercise decreased FFBM, the latter being reversible. These effects depended on regimen initiations by the 5-7th wk of age. During growth, masses of H2O, muscle, and skin increased as functions of body size; bone as a function of age; and heart, liver, gut, testevity, and diet. Growth in body size was expressed more precisely with FFBM, instead of live weight, as the index of size.", "PMID": 835727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1675", "title": "CNS, CSF, and extradural fluid uptake of various hydrophilic materials in the dogfish.", "content": "The distribution of 10 radioactively labeled materials from blood to CSF, extradural fluid (EDF), telencephalon (cerebrum), medulla, and spinal cord was studied in the dogfish shark. Plasma volumes, blood flows, and blood-to-tissue or fluid-transfer half-times (t1/2) were calculated from these distribution data. Blood-EDF exchange occurred at slow but similar rates for all tracers. Urea uptake by the CSF was very rapid compared to that of the other compounds and may be facilitated by a special mechanism. The tissue plasma spaces of all three CNS regions were small (1.1-1.5%). The calculated rates of tissue blood flow (in ml/g-min) were 0.11 for telencephalon and medulla and 0.055 for spinal cord. Choroid plexus blood flow was estimated to be 2.3 ml/g-min, a surprisingly high rate. Transport between blood and tissue was most rapid for water ethylene glycol and slowest for inulin. The tissue t1/2's of urea indicated that a significant portion of this compound's net uptake by periventricaul brain tissue occurred via the CSF.", "contents": "CNS, CSF, and extradural fluid uptake of various hydrophilic materials in the dogfish. The distribution of 10 radioactively labeled materials from blood to CSF, extradural fluid (EDF), telencephalon (cerebrum), medulla, and spinal cord was studied in the dogfish shark. Plasma volumes, blood flows, and blood-to-tissue or fluid-transfer half-times (t1/2) were calculated from these distribution data. Blood-EDF exchange occurred at slow but similar rates for all tracers. Urea uptake by the CSF was very rapid compared to that of the other compounds and may be facilitated by a special mechanism. The tissue plasma spaces of all three CNS regions were small (1.1-1.5%). The calculated rates of tissue blood flow (in ml/g-min) were 0.11 for telencephalon and medulla and 0.055 for spinal cord. Choroid plexus blood flow was estimated to be 2.3 ml/g-min, a surprisingly high rate. Transport between blood and tissue was most rapid for water ethylene glycol and slowest for inulin. The tissue t1/2's of urea indicated that a significant portion of this compound's net uptake by periventricaul brain tissue occurred via the CSF.", "PMID": 835728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1676", "title": "Glucose turnover in kelp bass (Paralabrax sp.): in vivo studies with [6-3H,6-14C]glucose.", "content": "[6-3H,6-14C]glucose was injected via an indwelling arterial cannula in free-swimming, fed, and fasted kelp bass to determine hepatic glucose production, peripheral glucose uptake, minimal glucose mass, mean transit time, and the percent of carbon recycling under the two different nutritional states. Mean plasma glucose levels remained unchanged in fed and fasted fish (48+/-8 vs. 43+/-8 mg/100 ml). During steady-state conditions, glucose replacement rates of fed and fasted fish determined with [6-3H]glucose are similar (0.035+/-0.006 vs. 0.025+/-0.003 mg/min per 100 g) and do not differ from rates determined with [6-14C]glucose (0.035+/-0.005 vs. 0.026+/-0.002). The minimal glucose masses and the mean transit tim-s determined with both isotopes are also similar suggesting that plasma glucose levels and glucose turnover are maintained in fish fasted up to 40 days with no apparent increase in carbon recycling. Nonsteady-state isotope experiments suggest that these fish can alter rates of hepatic glucose production and peripheral uptake in response to hyper- and hypoglycemia.", "contents": "Glucose turnover in kelp bass (Paralabrax sp.): in vivo studies with [6-3H,6-14C]glucose. [6-3H,6-14C]glucose was injected via an indwelling arterial cannula in free-swimming, fed, and fasted kelp bass to determine hepatic glucose production, peripheral glucose uptake, minimal glucose mass, mean transit time, and the percent of carbon recycling under the two different nutritional states. Mean plasma glucose levels remained unchanged in fed and fasted fish (48+/-8 vs. 43+/-8 mg/100 ml). During steady-state conditions, glucose replacement rates of fed and fasted fish determined with [6-3H]glucose are similar (0.035+/-0.006 vs. 0.025+/-0.003 mg/min per 100 g) and do not differ from rates determined with [6-14C]glucose (0.035+/-0.005 vs. 0.026+/-0.002). The minimal glucose masses and the mean transit tim-s determined with both isotopes are also similar suggesting that plasma glucose levels and glucose turnover are maintained in fish fasted up to 40 days with no apparent increase in carbon recycling. Nonsteady-state isotope experiments suggest that these fish can alter rates of hepatic glucose production and peripheral uptake in response to hyper- and hypoglycemia.", "PMID": 835729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1677", "title": "Psychiatric peer review: the Washington, D.C., experience, 1972-1975.", "content": "The authors describe the method by which claims review for psychiatric practice is carried out by an APA district branch peer review committee in the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area and analyze the claims reviews handled by the committee from 1972 through 1975. On the basis of their findings they conclude that peer review of psychiatric treatment can be carried out in a medical framework, that it can have some effect in diminishing costs incurred by improper utilization or by abuses, and that it can improve the quality of psychiatric practice.", "contents": "Psychiatric peer review: the Washington, D.C., experience, 1972-1975. The authors describe the method by which claims review for psychiatric practice is carried out by an APA district branch peer review committee in the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area and analyze the claims reviews handled by the committee from 1972 through 1975. On the basis of their findings they conclude that peer review of psychiatric treatment can be carried out in a medical framework, that it can have some effect in diminishing costs incurred by improper utilization or by abuses, and that it can improve the quality of psychiatric practice.", "PMID": 835730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1678", "title": "The relationship of psychiatry to primary care.", "content": "Although it is not officially considered a primary care specialty, psychiatry is intimately related to training and practice in fields that are so designated. The primary care physician must have expertise in interviewing, counseling, psychophysiological disease, dependence syndromes, etc.--all areas in which psychiatry has a body of knowledge and intervention techniques. It is recommended that all primary care training programs develop behavioral objectives in the areas of mental illness and psychosocial aspects of disease; active liaison and consultation with departments of psychiatry should be an integral part of these programs. The author presents suggestions for possible program design and notes that the relationship between psychiatry and primary care specialties is a continuing challenge to the field.", "contents": "The relationship of psychiatry to primary care. Although it is not officially considered a primary care specialty, psychiatry is intimately related to training and practice in fields that are so designated. The primary care physician must have expertise in interviewing, counseling, psychophysiological disease, dependence syndromes, etc.--all areas in which psychiatry has a body of knowledge and intervention techniques. It is recommended that all primary care training programs develop behavioral objectives in the areas of mental illness and psychosocial aspects of disease; active liaison and consultation with departments of psychiatry should be an integral part of these programs. The author presents suggestions for possible program design and notes that the relationship between psychiatry and primary care specialties is a continuing challenge to the field.", "PMID": 835731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1679", "title": "Patients' attitudes toward behavior therapy and psychotherapy.", "content": "A questionnaire survey of 50 patients treated by behavior therapy or short-term, analytically oriented psychotherapy revealed that both groups, as well as those patients who improved the most, placed a high value on insight, the patient-therapist relationship, catharsis, and trust. The findings suggest that behavior therapy patients tend to place more emphasis than do their therapists on factors that have traditionally been thought important in analytic psychotherapy.", "contents": "Patients' attitudes toward behavior therapy and psychotherapy. A questionnaire survey of 50 patients treated by behavior therapy or short-term, analytically oriented psychotherapy revealed that both groups, as well as those patients who improved the most, placed a high value on insight, the patient-therapist relationship, catharsis, and trust. The findings suggest that behavior therapy patients tend to place more emphasis than do their therapists on factors that have traditionally been thought important in analytic psychotherapy.", "PMID": 835732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1680", "title": "gamma-Aminobutyric acid (Gaba) and the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia.", "content": "gamma-Aminobutyric acid (Gaba) has been shown to influence dopamine activity in the brain. The author suggests that Gaba could be involved in the hypothesized dopamine hyperactivity in schizophrenia. He discusses pharmacological interventions that may raise Gaba-mediated function in the brain and states that further development of Gaba analogues seems clearly indicated. It is conceivable, he concludes, that these compounds could enhance the antipsychotic activity of dopamine receptor blockers, which could lead to the use of lower doses and therefore fewer extrapyramidal side effects.", "contents": "gamma-Aminobutyric acid (Gaba) and the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia. gamma-Aminobutyric acid (Gaba) has been shown to influence dopamine activity in the brain. The author suggests that Gaba could be involved in the hypothesized dopamine hyperactivity in schizophrenia. He discusses pharmacological interventions that may raise Gaba-mediated function in the brain and states that further development of Gaba analogues seems clearly indicated. It is conceivable, he concludes, that these compounds could enhance the antipsychotic activity of dopamine receptor blockers, which could lead to the use of lower doses and therefore fewer extrapyramidal side effects.", "PMID": 835733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1681", "title": "Thiazide-lithium synergy in refractory mood swings.", "content": "The unfortunate experience with lithium chloride as a salt substitute in the 1940s still directs the clinical usuage of lithium carbonate to a certain extent. We are still warned that lithium salts should never be used in low-sodium situations (e.g., with thiazide diuretics or salt-restricted diets); however, it has recently been shown that thiazide diuretics may be safely used in the treatment of lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI). The authors recapitulate the dangers inherent in the use of this drug combination and present detailed clinical-pharmacologic data on 13 patients which suggest that thiazides are useful in the treatment of lithium-induced NDI and may actually synergize with lithium to produce improved mood control in some lithium-refractory manic-depressive patients.", "contents": "Thiazide-lithium synergy in refractory mood swings. The unfortunate experience with lithium chloride as a salt substitute in the 1940s still directs the clinical usuage of lithium carbonate to a certain extent. We are still warned that lithium salts should never be used in low-sodium situations (e.g., with thiazide diuretics or salt-restricted diets); however, it has recently been shown that thiazide diuretics may be safely used in the treatment of lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI). The authors recapitulate the dangers inherent in the use of this drug combination and present detailed clinical-pharmacologic data on 13 patients which suggest that thiazides are useful in the treatment of lithium-induced NDI and may actually synergize with lithium to produce improved mood control in some lithium-refractory manic-depressive patients.", "PMID": 835734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1682", "title": "Children's rights on entering therapeutic institutions.", "content": "The authors delineate aspects of adolescent psychological development that should be considered in decisions regarding psychiatric residential treatment, reviewing the issue of consent to treatment in the context of developmental psychology. They state that rather than jettisoning the whole system of placing treatable disturbed young people in residential facilities without their explicit consent, the court should take as its proper role to ensure that adolescents placed in residential psychiatric facilities receive adequate treatment.", "contents": "Children's rights on entering therapeutic institutions. The authors delineate aspects of adolescent psychological development that should be considered in decisions regarding psychiatric residential treatment, reviewing the issue of consent to treatment in the context of developmental psychology. They state that rather than jettisoning the whole system of placing treatable disturbed young people in residential facilities without their explicit consent, the court should take as its proper role to ensure that adolescents placed in residential psychiatric facilities receive adequate treatment.", "PMID": 835735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1683", "title": "The treatment of drug abuse: evolution of a perspective.", "content": "Current approaches to the treatment of drug addiction are based on an earlier approach derived from a traditional psychoanalytic framework. The author describes how this framework has been modified by three broad areas of understanding, i.e., issues related to addicts, to the methods of psychoanalysis, and to the earlier incomplete understanding about drugs. The comprehensive, multimodality treatment approach used today draws on psychoanalysis's contribution of a rational framework for the understanding of personal behavior in all forms of treatment and the need for a relationship as the core of all treatment, regardless of the modality.", "contents": "The treatment of drug abuse: evolution of a perspective. Current approaches to the treatment of drug addiction are based on an earlier approach derived from a traditional psychoanalytic framework. The author describes how this framework has been modified by three broad areas of understanding, i.e., issues related to addicts, to the methods of psychoanalysis, and to the earlier incomplete understanding about drugs. The comprehensive, multimodality treatment approach used today draws on psychoanalysis's contribution of a rational framework for the understanding of personal behavior in all forms of treatment and the need for a relationship as the core of all treatment, regardless of the modality.", "PMID": 835736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1684", "title": "Current social stressors and symptoms of depression.", "content": "The author explores the relationship of current social stressors (cirumstances of daily social roles that are generally considered problematic or undesirable) to depressive symptoms. Subjects were 2,299 adults aged 18-65 in the Chicago area. Over a fourth of the variance in depressive symptoms is accounted for by five social stressors. Depression is most closely related to the social stressors of marriage and parenting, and symptoms increase proportionately to the total number of stress areas. These data suggest that a focus on intervention and prevention in areas of family and marital life is desirable.", "contents": "Current social stressors and symptoms of depression. The author explores the relationship of current social stressors (cirumstances of daily social roles that are generally considered problematic or undesirable) to depressive symptoms. Subjects were 2,299 adults aged 18-65 in the Chicago area. Over a fourth of the variance in depressive symptoms is accounted for by five social stressors. Depression is most closely related to the social stressors of marriage and parenting, and symptoms increase proportionately to the total number of stress areas. These data suggest that a focus on intervention and prevention in areas of family and marital life is desirable.", "PMID": 835737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1685", "title": "Depression in veterans two years after Viet Nam.", "content": "The authors evaluated the incidence of depression in a sample of 202 Viet Nam veterans an average of 28 months after their return from Viet Nam. Approximately one-third of the sample fell within the clinically depressed range of the Beck Depression Inventory. Comparison of the depressed and nondepressed groups indicated that the former had higher frequencies of drug abuse (particularly while in Viet Nam), more marital difficulties, a higher unemployment rate, and more current legal problems. This high incidence of depression, coupled with the finding that few of these men were being treated for the illness, indicates the need for an outreach approach to this population.", "contents": "Depression in veterans two years after Viet Nam. The authors evaluated the incidence of depression in a sample of 202 Viet Nam veterans an average of 28 months after their return from Viet Nam. Approximately one-third of the sample fell within the clinically depressed range of the Beck Depression Inventory. Comparison of the depressed and nondepressed groups indicated that the former had higher frequencies of drug abuse (particularly while in Viet Nam), more marital difficulties, a higher unemployment rate, and more current legal problems. This high incidence of depression, coupled with the finding that few of these men were being treated for the illness, indicates the need for an outreach approach to this population.", "PMID": 835738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1686", "title": "Impact of dramatized television entertainment on adult males.", "content": "The authors studied the effects of a week's viewing of five types of television programs, including those with predominantly helpful or hurtful content, on the aggressive mood and hurtful behavior of adult men. They found, within the population studied, a significant decrease in aggressive mood and lower levels of hurtful behavior in viewers of helpful programs as compared with a control group, as well as some evidence that emotional arousal in response to helpful programs is negatively correlated with aggressive mood.", "contents": "Impact of dramatized television entertainment on adult males. The authors studied the effects of a week's viewing of five types of television programs, including those with predominantly helpful or hurtful content, on the aggressive mood and hurtful behavior of adult men. They found, within the population studied, a significant decrease in aggressive mood and lower levels of hurtful behavior in viewers of helpful programs as compared with a control group, as well as some evidence that emotional arousal in response to helpful programs is negatively correlated with aggressive mood.", "PMID": 835739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1687", "title": "Suicide by vehicular crash.", "content": "The authors evaluated data on 182 fatally injured and 96 nonfatally injured drivers involved in vehicular crashes over a 6-year period. Only 1.7% of the total fatal crashes were considered to have been suicides, and 1% of the nonfatal crashes were deemed suicide attempts. Neither group of drivers had unusually high incidences of previous suicidal ideation or behavior, but both groups tended to be socially deviant, with above average levels of psychopathology and social aggressiveness. Crash victims in both groups also had poor driving records and high rates of alcohol abuse, findings that have important implications for accident prevention.", "contents": "Suicide by vehicular crash. The authors evaluated data on 182 fatally injured and 96 nonfatally injured drivers involved in vehicular crashes over a 6-year period. Only 1.7% of the total fatal crashes were considered to have been suicides, and 1% of the nonfatal crashes were deemed suicide attempts. Neither group of drivers had unusually high incidences of previous suicidal ideation or behavior, but both groups tended to be socially deviant, with above average levels of psychopathology and social aggressiveness. Crash victims in both groups also had poor driving records and high rates of alcohol abuse, findings that have important implications for accident prevention.", "PMID": 835740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1688", "title": "Childless by choice: a clinical study.", "content": "The authors report on a longitudinal study that involved the interviewing and testing of 33 young women volunteers who chose either contraception (N=18) or tubal ligation (N=15) to achieve infertility. They found that for these women the choice to be childless was multidetermined, persistent over time, and ego-syntonic. Comparison with other samples of women indicate that this is a distinct and nontraditional population.", "contents": "Childless by choice: a clinical study. The authors report on a longitudinal study that involved the interviewing and testing of 33 young women volunteers who chose either contraception (N=18) or tubal ligation (N=15) to achieve infertility. They found that for these women the choice to be childless was multidetermined, persistent over time, and ego-syntonic. Comparison with other samples of women indicate that this is a distinct and nontraditional population.", "PMID": 835741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1689", "title": "Peer review and professional ethics.", "content": "The author points out that the medical profession, fiscal intermediaries, and government agencies have not fully informed the public of the nature and extent of peer review. He provides guidelines for physicians and committees of peers participating in peer review and suggests that review of professional ethics be incorporated into the review of the quality, cost, quantity, and availability of medical services.", "contents": "Peer review and professional ethics. The author points out that the medical profession, fiscal intermediaries, and government agencies have not fully informed the public of the nature and extent of peer review. He provides guidelines for physicians and committees of peers participating in peer review and suggests that review of professional ethics be incorporated into the review of the quality, cost, quantity, and availability of medical services.", "PMID": 835742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1690", "title": "In vivo inhibition of platelet MAO activity by tricyclic antidepressants.", "content": "Platelet MAO activity decreased by 40% (p less than .001) in a group of 11 male patients with primary depression after 3 weeks of treatment with either amitriptyline or imipramine. This finding, together with data from previous in vitro studies demonstrating tricyclic-induced inhibition of mitochondrial MAO, suggests that inhibition of MAO plays a role in the clinical action of tricyclic antidepressant drugs.", "contents": "In vivo inhibition of platelet MAO activity by tricyclic antidepressants. Platelet MAO activity decreased by 40% (p less than .001) in a group of 11 male patients with primary depression after 3 weeks of treatment with either amitriptyline or imipramine. This finding, together with data from previous in vitro studies demonstrating tricyclic-induced inhibition of mitochondrial MAO, suggests that inhibition of MAO plays a role in the clinical action of tricyclic antidepressant drugs.", "PMID": 835743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1691", "title": "Parkinson's disease, depression, and ECT: a review and case study.", "content": "The author reviews the association between Parkinson's disease and depression and presents evidence to support the hypothesis that depression may be not only reactive but biochemically related to the disease. A psychotically depressed patient with parkinsonism responded positively to ECT as shown by improvement on a depression rating scale, two extrapyramidal rating scales, and handwriting samples. The beneficial effect on parkinsonian signs occurred before the improvement in depression, which suggests that ECT has a specific antiparkinsonian effect. Possible explanations for this observation based on biochemical theories of depression are discussed.", "contents": "Parkinson's disease, depression, and ECT: a review and case study. The author reviews the association between Parkinson's disease and depression and presents evidence to support the hypothesis that depression may be not only reactive but biochemically related to the disease. A psychotically depressed patient with parkinsonism responded positively to ECT as shown by improvement on a depression rating scale, two extrapyramidal rating scales, and handwriting samples. The beneficial effect on parkinsonian signs occurred before the improvement in depression, which suggests that ECT has a specific antiparkinsonian effect. Possible explanations for this observation based on biochemical theories of depression are discussed.", "PMID": 835744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1692", "title": "ABO blood groups in unipolar and bipolar manic-depressive patients.", "content": "The authors determined ABO blood groupings for 66 manic-depressive patients diagnosed and divided into bipolar and unipolar groups according to strict symptomatic and course criteria. A significantly higher percentage of bipolar patients than unipolar patients had blood group O, while a significantly higher percentage of unipolar patients than bipolar patients had blood group A. THese findings provide support for the validity of the unipolar-bipolar distinction and are consistent with the concept that vulnerability to manic-depressive disorders may be related to membrane disturbances.", "contents": "ABO blood groups in unipolar and bipolar manic-depressive patients. The authors determined ABO blood groupings for 66 manic-depressive patients diagnosed and divided into bipolar and unipolar groups according to strict symptomatic and course criteria. A significantly higher percentage of bipolar patients than unipolar patients had blood group O, while a significantly higher percentage of unipolar patients than bipolar patients had blood group A. THese findings provide support for the validity of the unipolar-bipolar distinction and are consistent with the concept that vulnerability to manic-depressive disorders may be related to membrane disturbances.", "PMID": 835745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1693", "title": "Premature interruption of psychotherapy: continuation of contact by telephone and correspondence.", "content": "The author collected data on 15 patients for whom therapy was interrupted because of a move to a distant city by the analyst or the patient. He found that 14 of these patients refused to accept transfer to another analyst as urged by their analyst; instead, they continued contact by phone and/or correspondence with the analyst for long periods of time. Continuation of contact was not related to diagnosis but perhaps to a basic inability of these patients to face and work through separation or to some type of special patient-therapist relationship.", "contents": "Premature interruption of psychotherapy: continuation of contact by telephone and correspondence. The author collected data on 15 patients for whom therapy was interrupted because of a move to a distant city by the analyst or the patient. He found that 14 of these patients refused to accept transfer to another analyst as urged by their analyst; instead, they continued contact by phone and/or correspondence with the analyst for long periods of time. Continuation of contact was not related to diagnosis but perhaps to a basic inability of these patients to face and work through separation or to some type of special patient-therapist relationship.", "PMID": 835746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1694", "title": "Abortion applicants: characteristics distinguishing dropouts remaining pregnant and those having abortion.", "content": "This study, of two groups of women who applied for induced hospital abortion, compares 100 women who had the abortion with 100 women who dropped out to carry to term. Dropout applicants who elected to carry to term had less education, had partners with less education, tended to be indecisive, and when they told their partners tended to receive negative responses toward abortion. In addition, these women expressed greater concern about the procedure and about the moral implications of abortion. Implications of this study for further research on women's and their partners' decision-making about abortion using the Janis-Mann model are discussed.", "contents": "Abortion applicants: characteristics distinguishing dropouts remaining pregnant and those having abortion. This study, of two groups of women who applied for induced hospital abortion, compares 100 women who had the abortion with 100 women who dropped out to carry to term. Dropout applicants who elected to carry to term had less education, had partners with less education, tended to be indecisive, and when they told their partners tended to receive negative responses toward abortion. In addition, these women expressed greater concern about the procedure and about the moral implications of abortion. Implications of this study for further research on women's and their partners' decision-making about abortion using the Janis-Mann model are discussed.", "PMID": 835758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1695", "title": "Injuries, crashes, and construction on a superhighway.", "content": "Crash and injury-crash rates increased significantly on segments of an Illinois superhighway undergoing major construction, compared to crash rates of preceding years and to crash rates on segments not undergoing construction. Maintaining separation of traffic on segments under construction resulted in smaller increase in injury-crash rates than crossover diversion of traffic from lanes under construction into previously one-way roads.", "contents": "Injuries, crashes, and construction on a superhighway. Crash and injury-crash rates increased significantly on segments of an Illinois superhighway undergoing major construction, compared to crash rates of preceding years and to crash rates on segments not undergoing construction. Maintaining separation of traffic on segments under construction resulted in smaller increase in injury-crash rates than crossover diversion of traffic from lanes under construction into previously one-way roads.", "PMID": 835759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1696", "title": "Nutrition surveillance in Arizona: selected anthropometric and laboratory observations among Mexican-American children.", "content": "A nutrition surveillance system in public health clinics is providing data for patient care and program planning. Through this system, Arizona's Mexican-American population has been shown to differ from other ethnic groups seen in clinic. Anemia and low height-for-age are significant problems in the Mexican-American population. Over-nutrition, in the form of overweight and high cholesterol, is also a problem among the Mexican-American clinic population.", "contents": "Nutrition surveillance in Arizona: selected anthropometric and laboratory observations among Mexican-American children. A nutrition surveillance system in public health clinics is providing data for patient care and program planning. Through this system, Arizona's Mexican-American population has been shown to differ from other ethnic groups seen in clinic. Anemia and low height-for-age are significant problems in the Mexican-American population. Over-nutrition, in the form of overweight and high cholesterol, is also a problem among the Mexican-American clinic population.", "PMID": 835760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1697", "title": "Operative choledochoscopy. Results of a prospective study in several institutions.", "content": "A prospective study from six surgical units utilizing choledochoscopy in conjunction with primary choledocholithotomyand cholangiography resulted in an incidence of less than 2 per cent unsuspected residual biliary calculi. Total reliance on choledochoscopy without associated operative cholangiography is not justified and fraught with error. When there are no calculi in the common duct, the choledochoscope allows the surgeon to shorten exploration time with confidence that the postexploratory cholangiogram will confirm his negative findings. The choledoschoscope is of additional value in the extraction of calculi. Certain considerations in the management of biliary tract tumors also can be helped by the addition of choledochoscopy. The simultaneous presence of calculous disease and biliary tract neoplasm can coexist can be brought to light by the use of the choledochoscope. The incorporation of choledochoscopy, using a rigid Berci-Shore choledochoscope, as part of routine common duct exploration, appears to be warranted.", "contents": "Operative choledochoscopy. Results of a prospective study in several institutions. A prospective study from six surgical units utilizing choledochoscopy in conjunction with primary choledocholithotomyand cholangiography resulted in an incidence of less than 2 per cent unsuspected residual biliary calculi. Total reliance on choledochoscopy without associated operative cholangiography is not justified and fraught with error. When there are no calculi in the common duct, the choledochoscope allows the surgeon to shorten exploration time with confidence that the postexploratory cholangiogram will confirm his negative findings. The choledoschoscope is of additional value in the extraction of calculi. Certain considerations in the management of biliary tract tumors also can be helped by the addition of choledochoscopy. The simultaneous presence of calculous disease and biliary tract neoplasm can coexist can be brought to light by the use of the choledochoscope. The incorporation of choledochoscopy, using a rigid Berci-Shore choledochoscope, as part of routine common duct exploration, appears to be warranted.", "PMID": 835769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1698", "title": "Hepatobiliary scanning using 99mTc-pyridoxylideneglutamate.", "content": "Technetium 99m-pyridoxylideneglutamate (99mTc-PG) administered intravenously is excreted by hepatocytes into the bile canaliculi and enters the gallbladder through the cystic duct and consequently, can be used for scanning the hepatobiliary ductal system. A total of 166 patients representing 27 normal subjects, 84 patients referred for investigation for pain in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen and 55 jaundiced patients were evaluated with 99mTc-PG. In normal human volunteers, the agent reached the liver in five minutes, and the common bile duct, gallbladder, and duodenum within 15 minutes. Satisfactory images of the hepatobiliary tract were obtained using small dosages of 99mTc-PG. The gallbladder was not visualized when the cystic duct was occluded. In the presence of acute cholecystitis, cystic duct obstruction, or in chronic cholecystitis where other roentgenographic studies showd a nonfunctioning gallbladder, there was no concentration of 99mTc-PG in the gallbladder. In partial common bile duct obstruction is distended common bile duct was visualized along with delay in transit of radioactivity into the duodenum. Complete common bile duct obstruction was associatedwith no radioactivity in either the biliary or the gastrointestinal tracts up to 24 hours after injection. Hepatocellular disease was characterized by delayed liver clearance and delayed visualization of biliary and gastrointestinal tracts. 99mTc-PG scanning proved capable of differentiating between hepatocellular disease and extrahepatic biliary tract obstruction.", "contents": "Hepatobiliary scanning using 99mTc-pyridoxylideneglutamate. Technetium 99m-pyridoxylideneglutamate (99mTc-PG) administered intravenously is excreted by hepatocytes into the bile canaliculi and enters the gallbladder through the cystic duct and consequently, can be used for scanning the hepatobiliary ductal system. A total of 166 patients representing 27 normal subjects, 84 patients referred for investigation for pain in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen and 55 jaundiced patients were evaluated with 99mTc-PG. In normal human volunteers, the agent reached the liver in five minutes, and the common bile duct, gallbladder, and duodenum within 15 minutes. Satisfactory images of the hepatobiliary tract were obtained using small dosages of 99mTc-PG. The gallbladder was not visualized when the cystic duct was occluded. In the presence of acute cholecystitis, cystic duct obstruction, or in chronic cholecystitis where other roentgenographic studies showd a nonfunctioning gallbladder, there was no concentration of 99mTc-PG in the gallbladder. In partial common bile duct obstruction is distended common bile duct was visualized along with delay in transit of radioactivity into the duodenum. Complete common bile duct obstruction was associatedwith no radioactivity in either the biliary or the gastrointestinal tracts up to 24 hours after injection. Hepatocellular disease was characterized by delayed liver clearance and delayed visualization of biliary and gastrointestinal tracts. 99mTc-PG scanning proved capable of differentiating between hepatocellular disease and extrahepatic biliary tract obstruction.", "PMID": 835770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1699", "title": "Computed tomography: a valuable aid to the abdominal surgeon.", "content": "The application of computed tomography (CT) for diseases of the liver, pancreas, kidney, and retroperitoneum has been described. The diagnostic accuracy of CT when compared with angiography, radioisotope scanning, endoscopic pancreatography, and transhepatic cholangiography is now being studied prospectively. The attractive features of CT include low risk, wide applicability, noninvasive technics, high diagnostic accuracy, and patient acceptance.", "contents": "Computed tomography: a valuable aid to the abdominal surgeon. The application of computed tomography (CT) for diseases of the liver, pancreas, kidney, and retroperitoneum has been described. The diagnostic accuracy of CT when compared with angiography, radioisotope scanning, endoscopic pancreatography, and transhepatic cholangiography is now being studied prospectively. The attractive features of CT include low risk, wide applicability, noninvasive technics, high diagnostic accuracy, and patient acceptance.", "PMID": 835771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1700", "title": "Enhancement of biliary phospholipid radioactivity by intestinal administration of labeled precursors of hepatic lecithin synthesis.", "content": "An animal model is used to study the effects of different radioactive precursors of lecithin, administered intestinally, upon biliary lecithin synthesis. Choline caused greater biliary lecithin radioactivity than choline-labeled lecithin or palmitic acid. The clinical application of this finding is discussed with relation to patients with gallstones or potentially lithogenic bile. Oral administration of choline may increase biliary lecithin concentration and, thus, cholesterol-holding capacity in this patient group, thereby changing the character of the bile to a non-lithogenic state.", "contents": "Enhancement of biliary phospholipid radioactivity by intestinal administration of labeled precursors of hepatic lecithin synthesis. An animal model is used to study the effects of different radioactive precursors of lecithin, administered intestinally, upon biliary lecithin synthesis. Choline caused greater biliary lecithin radioactivity than choline-labeled lecithin or palmitic acid. The clinical application of this finding is discussed with relation to patients with gallstones or potentially lithogenic bile. Oral administration of choline may increase biliary lecithin concentration and, thus, cholesterol-holding capacity in this patient group, thereby changing the character of the bile to a non-lithogenic state.", "PMID": 835772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1701", "title": "Cellulose granulomas and their relationship to intestinal obstruction.", "content": "Cellulose foreign body was initially described by the authors as a cause of granulomatous peritonitis implicating disposable surgical fabrics. The purpose of this study was to establish the incidence, origin, and clinical significance of the lesion. Of 7,500 surgical specimens and autopsies from surgical mortalities reviewed by one pathologist during a two and a half year study period, forty-five cases of cellulose foreign body granulomas were identified by light microscopy. They were examined with polarization technics and scanning electron microscopy in an attempt to determine the source of the cellulose fibers as either cotton or a wood product. The forty-five cases were identified in patients who had at least one previous surgical procedure involving the same area. Twenty-seven cases were extraperitoneal. Eighteen were located in the peritoneal cavity of which five were found at autopsy and thriteen were identified at laparotomy. Two patients had granulomatous peritonitis and six had mechanical small bowel obstruction associated with the granulomas. During the study period there were sixty operative patients of small bowel obstruction; forty-nine were due to adhesions of which thirty-seven had lysis of adhesions without biopsy. Of the twelve patients with surgical specimens, cellulose granulomas were present in six. This suggests that cellulose foreign body granuloma may be a significant cause of intestinal obstruction. The origin of the cellulose could not be definitively established in most cases because of loss of morphologic characteristics. However, fibers were positively identified as wood in two of ten cases (20 per cent) examined with scanning electron microscopy, which supports the thesis that they were derived from disposable surgical fabrics.", "contents": "Cellulose granulomas and their relationship to intestinal obstruction. Cellulose foreign body was initially described by the authors as a cause of granulomatous peritonitis implicating disposable surgical fabrics. The purpose of this study was to establish the incidence, origin, and clinical significance of the lesion. Of 7,500 surgical specimens and autopsies from surgical mortalities reviewed by one pathologist during a two and a half year study period, forty-five cases of cellulose foreign body granulomas were identified by light microscopy. They were examined with polarization technics and scanning electron microscopy in an attempt to determine the source of the cellulose fibers as either cotton or a wood product. The forty-five cases were identified in patients who had at least one previous surgical procedure involving the same area. Twenty-seven cases were extraperitoneal. Eighteen were located in the peritoneal cavity of which five were found at autopsy and thriteen were identified at laparotomy. Two patients had granulomatous peritonitis and six had mechanical small bowel obstruction associated with the granulomas. During the study period there were sixty operative patients of small bowel obstruction; forty-nine were due to adhesions of which thirty-seven had lysis of adhesions without biopsy. Of the twelve patients with surgical specimens, cellulose granulomas were present in six. This suggests that cellulose foreign body granuloma may be a significant cause of intestinal obstruction. The origin of the cellulose could not be definitively established in most cases because of loss of morphologic characteristics. However, fibers were positively identified as wood in two of ten cases (20 per cent) examined with scanning electron microscopy, which supports the thesis that they were derived from disposable surgical fabrics.", "PMID": 835773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1702", "title": "Release of VIP by calcium stimulation.", "content": "Calcium has been shown to be a reliable releaser of VIP, as has been observed with most peptide hormones. VIP is released throughthe gastrointestinal tract. The challenge of VIP release by calcium could reveal different \"potentials\" in the production of the hormone, that are not appreciated in the basal state. Calcium stimulation thus showed a slightly greater level of VIP release from the pancreaticoduodenal vein than from the portal radicals. But although the significance of this finding remains to be defined, calcium release could have a clinical applicability in the challenge of equivocal VIPomas.", "contents": "Release of VIP by calcium stimulation. Calcium has been shown to be a reliable releaser of VIP, as has been observed with most peptide hormones. VIP is released throughthe gastrointestinal tract. The challenge of VIP release by calcium could reveal different \"potentials\" in the production of the hormone, that are not appreciated in the basal state. Calcium stimulation thus showed a slightly greater level of VIP release from the pancreaticoduodenal vein than from the portal radicals. But although the significance of this finding remains to be defined, calcium release could have a clinical applicability in the challenge of equivocal VIPomas.", "PMID": 835774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1703", "title": "Human gastric pacesetter potential. Site of origin, spread, and response to gastric transection and proximal gastric vagotomy.", "content": "Gastric electrical activity was recorded from twenty-six patients at celiotomy. The human gastric pacemaker was localized to an area in the midcorpus along the greater curve. Pacesetter potentials were generated regularly by the pacemaker at a mean frequency of 3.2 cycles/min and were propagated circumferentially and aborally from the pacemaker, increasing in amplitude and velocity as they approach the pylorus. The pattern of pacesetter potenitals in patients with gastric ulcer, gastric cancer, and duodenal ulcer was similar to that of patients without such diseases. Complete transection of the gastric corpus isolated the distal stomach from the natural pacemaker and resulted in the appearance of a new pacemaker in the distal stomach with a slower frequency. The fact that proximal gastric vagotomy did not greatly alter the frequency of generation or the pattern of propagation of the pacesetter potential provided further evidence that both are myogenic phenomena.", "contents": "Human gastric pacesetter potential. Site of origin, spread, and response to gastric transection and proximal gastric vagotomy. Gastric electrical activity was recorded from twenty-six patients at celiotomy. The human gastric pacemaker was localized to an area in the midcorpus along the greater curve. Pacesetter potentials were generated regularly by the pacemaker at a mean frequency of 3.2 cycles/min and were propagated circumferentially and aborally from the pacemaker, increasing in amplitude and velocity as they approach the pylorus. The pattern of pacesetter potenitals in patients with gastric ulcer, gastric cancer, and duodenal ulcer was similar to that of patients without such diseases. Complete transection of the gastric corpus isolated the distal stomach from the natural pacemaker and resulted in the appearance of a new pacemaker in the distal stomach with a slower frequency. The fact that proximal gastric vagotomy did not greatly alter the frequency of generation or the pattern of propagation of the pacesetter potential provided further evidence that both are myogenic phenomena.", "PMID": 835775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1704", "title": "Effect of abdominal surgery on intestinal myoelectric activity in the dog.", "content": "The effect of cholecystectomy and small bowel transection on the myoelectric activity of the small intestine was determined in conscious dogs. Three animals were implanted with electrodes spaced approximately 25 cm apart along the serosal surface of the small intestine. Recordings were made with dogs in the unanesthetized fasted state. After completion of control recordings, the gallbladder was removed from each animal. Recordings were made each day after surgery for a period of one week and then periodically during the next two weeks. At the end of three weeks, transection and end-to-end anastomosis of the mid-ileum was done. Once again recordings were obtained each day for one week and periodically for two subsequent weeks to insure return to normal fasted patterns. Neither cholecystectomy nor transection and anastomosis had an inhibitory effects of the myoelectric activity of the small intestine.", "contents": "Effect of abdominal surgery on intestinal myoelectric activity in the dog. The effect of cholecystectomy and small bowel transection on the myoelectric activity of the small intestine was determined in conscious dogs. Three animals were implanted with electrodes spaced approximately 25 cm apart along the serosal surface of the small intestine. Recordings were made with dogs in the unanesthetized fasted state. After completion of control recordings, the gallbladder was removed from each animal. Recordings were made each day after surgery for a period of one week and then periodically during the next two weeks. At the end of three weeks, transection and end-to-end anastomosis of the mid-ileum was done. Once again recordings were obtained each day for one week and periodically for two subsequent weeks to insure return to normal fasted patterns. Neither cholecystectomy nor transection and anastomosis had an inhibitory effects of the myoelectric activity of the small intestine.", "PMID": 835776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1705", "title": "Prevention of hypocalcemia by administration of homologous plasma during experimental hemorrhagic pancreatitis in the pig.", "content": "Pancreatitis was induced in fifteen immature pigs while five additional pigs underwent sham laparotomy. Animals with pancreatitis were separated into three groups of five each with respect to fluids administered after pancreatitis was induced. Each pig in group A and the control group received normal saline, 300 ml/hour for 8 hours. Pigs in group B received pig plasma at 150 ml/hour plus normal saline at 150 ml/hour for 8 hours. Pigs in group C received pig plasma at 50 ml/hour plus normal saline at 50 ml/hour for 24 hours. Values for serum hematocrit total protein, and total calcium, were measured preoperatively and 4, 8, and 24 hours postoperatively. Control animals and group B animals experienced no change in any parameter. Group A, animals sustained transient severe hemoconcentration, permanent severe hypoproteinemia, and hypocalcemia. Group C animals displayed a transient moderate hemoconcentration and a moderate but sustained decrease in calcium concentration. It is concuded that the hypocalcemia occurring during experimental hemorrhagic pancreatitis is directly related to the early hypovolemia and can be prevented by preventing the hypovolemia.", "contents": "Prevention of hypocalcemia by administration of homologous plasma during experimental hemorrhagic pancreatitis in the pig. Pancreatitis was induced in fifteen immature pigs while five additional pigs underwent sham laparotomy. Animals with pancreatitis were separated into three groups of five each with respect to fluids administered after pancreatitis was induced. Each pig in group A and the control group received normal saline, 300 ml/hour for 8 hours. Pigs in group B received pig plasma at 150 ml/hour plus normal saline at 150 ml/hour for 8 hours. Pigs in group C received pig plasma at 50 ml/hour plus normal saline at 50 ml/hour for 24 hours. Values for serum hematocrit total protein, and total calcium, were measured preoperatively and 4, 8, and 24 hours postoperatively. Control animals and group B animals experienced no change in any parameter. Group A, animals sustained transient severe hemoconcentration, permanent severe hypoproteinemia, and hypocalcemia. Group C animals displayed a transient moderate hemoconcentration and a moderate but sustained decrease in calcium concentration. It is concuded that the hypocalcemia occurring during experimental hemorrhagic pancreatitis is directly related to the early hypovolemia and can be prevented by preventing the hypovolemia.", "PMID": 835778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1706", "title": "The effect of nephrectomy on the catabolism of secretin.", "content": "Previous studies have shown the kidney to be an important site for the catabolism of secretin. We have investigated possible sites within the kidney for secretin uptake in four intact anesthetized dogs. The disappearance half-time of an intravenous infusion of secretin, measured by a sensitive and specific ratioimmunoassay in four intact anesthetized dogs was 2.84 minutes. After ureteral ligation (to arrest glomerular filtration), the half-time of a similar intravenous dose of secretin was 2.78 minutes. Finally, the renal vascular pedicles were ligated to totally exclude the kidneys from the circulation and the half-time was found to be 5.43 minutes. These findings demonstrate that the efficient renal mechanisms for secretin degradation are not dependent upon glomerular filtration but upon some other mechanism, presumably located in renal tubular cells.", "contents": "The effect of nephrectomy on the catabolism of secretin. Previous studies have shown the kidney to be an important site for the catabolism of secretin. We have investigated possible sites within the kidney for secretin uptake in four intact anesthetized dogs. The disappearance half-time of an intravenous infusion of secretin, measured by a sensitive and specific ratioimmunoassay in four intact anesthetized dogs was 2.84 minutes. After ureteral ligation (to arrest glomerular filtration), the half-time of a similar intravenous dose of secretin was 2.78 minutes. Finally, the renal vascular pedicles were ligated to totally exclude the kidneys from the circulation and the half-time was found to be 5.43 minutes. These findings demonstrate that the efficient renal mechanisms for secretin degradation are not dependent upon glomerular filtration but upon some other mechanism, presumably located in renal tubular cells.", "PMID": 835779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1707", "title": "The intestinal mucosal barrier to intact antigenic protein. Difference between colon and small intestine.", "content": "The integrity of the normal mature intestinal mucosal barrier to unaltered proteins was evaluated with tritiated bovine albumin in rats. Intact H3-BSA placed into either colon or small intestinal lumen regularly reached the bloodstream in quantities sufficient to be antigenic or toxigenic, although the fraction of H3-BSA absorbed from the colon (0.13 per cent) was significantly smaller than that absorbed from the small intestine (1.7 per cent). These studies support the possibility that uptake of ingested or bacterial antigens from the normal gut may be involved in the pathogenesis of local intestinal and systemic disease in man.", "contents": "The intestinal mucosal barrier to intact antigenic protein. Difference between colon and small intestine. The integrity of the normal mature intestinal mucosal barrier to unaltered proteins was evaluated with tritiated bovine albumin in rats. Intact H3-BSA placed into either colon or small intestinal lumen regularly reached the bloodstream in quantities sufficient to be antigenic or toxigenic, although the fraction of H3-BSA absorbed from the colon (0.13 per cent) was significantly smaller than that absorbed from the small intestine (1.7 per cent). These studies support the possibility that uptake of ingested or bacterial antigens from the normal gut may be involved in the pathogenesis of local intestinal and systemic disease in man.", "PMID": 835780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1708", "title": "Adjuvant chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil after surgical resection of colorectal carcinoma (COG protocol 7041). A preliminary report.", "content": "In a prospectively randomized study the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy with 5-FU on survival and recurrence was analyzed in 274 evaluable patients with colorectal carcinoma who either underwent a curative or a palliative resection. In the treatment group, chemotherapy consisted of the intravenous administration of 5-FU 12 mg/kg daily for four consecutive days, then 6 mg/kg/per day on alternate days to the point of toxicity or to a maximum of 5 doses, followed by 12 mg/kg/week for one year. Drug toxicity was rarely severe and consisted of nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, stomatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia in slightly more than half of all patients. There have been no drug-related deaths. Analysis of the survival curves and disease-free interval curves reveal some evidence of drug benefit in both the curative group of resections and the palliative group of resections. However, this benefit is not significant except in those treated to toxicity. The disease-free interval after curative resection is significantly longer in patients treated with 5-FU to the point of toxicity with a white blood count less than 4,000 cells/mm3. We conclude that a preliminary analysis of the Central Oncology Group data in this trial does not make a convincing case for the use of 5-FU as an adjuvant to the surgical treatment of colorectal carcinoma.", "contents": "Adjuvant chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil after surgical resection of colorectal carcinoma (COG protocol 7041). A preliminary report. In a prospectively randomized study the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy with 5-FU on survival and recurrence was analyzed in 274 evaluable patients with colorectal carcinoma who either underwent a curative or a palliative resection. In the treatment group, chemotherapy consisted of the intravenous administration of 5-FU 12 mg/kg daily for four consecutive days, then 6 mg/kg/per day on alternate days to the point of toxicity or to a maximum of 5 doses, followed by 12 mg/kg/week for one year. Drug toxicity was rarely severe and consisted of nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, stomatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia in slightly more than half of all patients. There have been no drug-related deaths. Analysis of the survival curves and disease-free interval curves reveal some evidence of drug benefit in both the curative group of resections and the palliative group of resections. However, this benefit is not significant except in those treated to toxicity. The disease-free interval after curative resection is significantly longer in patients treated with 5-FU to the point of toxicity with a white blood count less than 4,000 cells/mm3. We conclude that a preliminary analysis of the Central Oncology Group data in this trial does not make a convincing case for the use of 5-FU as an adjuvant to the surgical treatment of colorectal carcinoma.", "PMID": 835781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1709", "title": "Resection of the perforated segment. A significant advance in treatment of diverticulitis with free perforation or abscess.", "content": "As a result of improved medical management of chronic diverticular disease, perforation has become the most common indication for surgical intervention. During the past five years sixty-three patients underwent operation for colonic diverticular disease, of which forty-six were for perforation (generalized peritonitis in 8, abscess in 30, and fistula in 8). The eight patients with generalized peritonitis underwent emergency exploration for spreading peritoneal signs and were managed by resection of the perforated segment, end colostomy, and mucous fistula or Hartmann's pouch. Treatment of thirty-eight patients with abscess or fistula has also stressed primary resection of the perforated segment of colon. Resection and end colostomy without anastomosis was performed in three. Primary anastomosis with proximal diverting colostomy was performed in four. Primary anastomosis alone was done in thirty-one patients. There were no deaths. These results support primary resection of the involved colon with immediate or delayed anastomosis in the operative management of perforated diverticular disease.", "contents": "Resection of the perforated segment. A significant advance in treatment of diverticulitis with free perforation or abscess. As a result of improved medical management of chronic diverticular disease, perforation has become the most common indication for surgical intervention. During the past five years sixty-three patients underwent operation for colonic diverticular disease, of which forty-six were for perforation (generalized peritonitis in 8, abscess in 30, and fistula in 8). The eight patients with generalized peritonitis underwent emergency exploration for spreading peritoneal signs and were managed by resection of the perforated segment, end colostomy, and mucous fistula or Hartmann's pouch. Treatment of thirty-eight patients with abscess or fistula has also stressed primary resection of the perforated segment of colon. Resection and end colostomy without anastomosis was performed in three. Primary anastomosis with proximal diverting colostomy was performed in four. Primary anastomosis alone was done in thirty-one patients. There were no deaths. These results support primary resection of the involved colon with immediate or delayed anastomosis in the operative management of perforated diverticular disease.", "PMID": 835782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1710", "title": "Primary arterial ligation in resection of cancer of the colon. Rational and technic.", "content": "The dynamics of arterial, venous, and lymphatic flow in the mesentery were studied in dogs, using an electromagnetic flowmeter for the blood and cannulation and gravimetric measurement for the lymph. Ligation of veins caused an increased venous outflow in adjacent veins and a marked increase in lymph flow. When marginal vessels were ligated, eliminating the major collateral flow, venous flow decreased, but elevated lymph flow persisted. Simultaneous ligation of arteries and veins resulted in increases of both arterial and venous flow in adjacent vessels. Lymph flow decreased unless excessive arterial collateral flow persisted. When collateral marginal vessel flow was occluded, adjacent venous and arterial blood flow decreased to control levels. With arterial ligation, collateral arterial blood flow increased slightly, but venous and lymph flow decreased sharply. When collateral marginal vessels were eliminated, adjacent arterial blood flow decreased to control levels and venous flow virtually stopped. As a result of these studies, the technic of early primary arterial ligation followed by marginal vessel ligation appears to be the most satisfactory procedure for decreasing venous and lymphatic outflow and hopefully avoiding dissemination of cancer cells during the operation. This technic is now being used as a modification of the \"no touch\" technic for cancer of the colon.", "contents": "Primary arterial ligation in resection of cancer of the colon. Rational and technic. The dynamics of arterial, venous, and lymphatic flow in the mesentery were studied in dogs, using an electromagnetic flowmeter for the blood and cannulation and gravimetric measurement for the lymph. Ligation of veins caused an increased venous outflow in adjacent veins and a marked increase in lymph flow. When marginal vessels were ligated, eliminating the major collateral flow, venous flow decreased, but elevated lymph flow persisted. Simultaneous ligation of arteries and veins resulted in increases of both arterial and venous flow in adjacent vessels. Lymph flow decreased unless excessive arterial collateral flow persisted. When collateral marginal vessel flow was occluded, adjacent venous and arterial blood flow decreased to control levels. With arterial ligation, collateral arterial blood flow increased slightly, but venous and lymph flow decreased sharply. When collateral marginal vessels were eliminated, adjacent arterial blood flow decreased to control levels and venous flow virtually stopped. As a result of these studies, the technic of early primary arterial ligation followed by marginal vessel ligation appears to be the most satisfactory procedure for decreasing venous and lymphatic outflow and hopefully avoiding dissemination of cancer cells during the operation. This technic is now being used as a modification of the \"no touch\" technic for cancer of the colon.", "PMID": 835783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1711", "title": "Effect of different absorbable sutures on healing of gastrointestinal anastomoses.", "content": "Studies were performed in dogs to determine whether the newer absorbable sutures would be preferable to catgut in the gastrointestinal tract. Dissolution times of plain and chromic catgut were compared with those of polyglycolic acid (Dexon) and polyglactin 910 (Vicryl) sutures exposed to gastrointestinal contents in vitro and in vivo. Strength and healing of gastric, jejunal, and colonic anastomoses performed with each suture were compared in dogs. Catgut sutures proved susceptible to rapid proteolytic digestion throughout the gastrointestinal tract, whereas Dexon and Vicryl were invulnerable. Type of suture did not affect microscopic healing in the stomach jejunum, or colon. However, gastric anastomoses of Dexon were stronger at four and seven days and jejunal anastomoses of Dexon and Vicryl were stronger at seven days than anastomoses of catgut. Dexon and Vicryl may be superior to catgut for use in gastrointestinal anastomoses.", "contents": "Effect of different absorbable sutures on healing of gastrointestinal anastomoses. Studies were performed in dogs to determine whether the newer absorbable sutures would be preferable to catgut in the gastrointestinal tract. Dissolution times of plain and chromic catgut were compared with those of polyglycolic acid (Dexon) and polyglactin 910 (Vicryl) sutures exposed to gastrointestinal contents in vitro and in vivo. Strength and healing of gastric, jejunal, and colonic anastomoses performed with each suture were compared in dogs. Catgut sutures proved susceptible to rapid proteolytic digestion throughout the gastrointestinal tract, whereas Dexon and Vicryl were invulnerable. Type of suture did not affect microscopic healing in the stomach jejunum, or colon. However, gastric anastomoses of Dexon were stronger at four and seven days and jejunal anastomoses of Dexon and Vicryl were stronger at seven days than anastomoses of catgut. Dexon and Vicryl may be superior to catgut for use in gastrointestinal anastomoses.", "PMID": 835784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1712", "title": "Prevention of accidental trauma to the iloinguinal nerve during inguinal hernoirrhaphy.", "content": "The sensory component of the iloinguinal nerve normally courses through the inguinal canal and supplies the upper thigh, pubis, inguinal crease, and the anterior and lateral aspect of the scrotum or labia majora. In 424 inguinal dissections a normal course of these nerves was found in 60 per cent. In 35 per cent an aberrant origin, course, and position were found, in which the nerve was behind and within the cremaster covering of the spermatic cord or round ligament. In 5 per cent both a normal and aberrant course was encountered on the same side. Both normally or aberrantly positioned nerves may be compromised during operation by retraction or by accidental division during the exposure of the inguinal canal structures and the isolation and dissection of the hernial sac. However, an aberrant nerve has a greater risk potential since it is behind and within the cremaster layer of the spermatic cord or the homologous covering of the round ligament. Accurate identification of these nerves and the awareness of their variable course and position during operation should minimize the risk of postoperative peri-inguinal cutaneous changes. This aberrant course of the ilioinguinal nerve has not been previously reported in the literature.", "contents": "Prevention of accidental trauma to the iloinguinal nerve during inguinal hernoirrhaphy. The sensory component of the iloinguinal nerve normally courses through the inguinal canal and supplies the upper thigh, pubis, inguinal crease, and the anterior and lateral aspect of the scrotum or labia majora. In 424 inguinal dissections a normal course of these nerves was found in 60 per cent. In 35 per cent an aberrant origin, course, and position were found, in which the nerve was behind and within the cremaster covering of the spermatic cord or round ligament. In 5 per cent both a normal and aberrant course was encountered on the same side. Both normally or aberrantly positioned nerves may be compromised during operation by retraction or by accidental division during the exposure of the inguinal canal structures and the isolation and dissection of the hernial sac. However, an aberrant nerve has a greater risk potential since it is behind and within the cremaster layer of the spermatic cord or the homologous covering of the round ligament. Accurate identification of these nerves and the awareness of their variable course and position during operation should minimize the risk of postoperative peri-inguinal cutaneous changes. This aberrant course of the ilioinguinal nerve has not been previously reported in the literature.", "PMID": 835786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1713", "title": "Significance of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis after jejunoileal bypass.", "content": "In 148 radiographs taken two weeks to twenty-seven months postoperatively in a series of 402 jejunoileal bypass patients at the University of Minnesota, twenty-four patients demonstrated roentgen evidence for pneumatosis intestinalis on twenty-eight separate episodes. This primarily involved the right colon. Clinical signs and symptoms were reviewed in association with the roentgen findings. Symptoms of nausea, vomiting, fever, and abdominal stress were noted but were not universal. Six patients had no significant change in abdominal complaints at the time the pneumatosis was seen and seven patients had similar clinical findings without roentgen evidence for pneumatosis. Thus, the radiographic findings of pneumatosis intestinalis do not represent a specific sign for bypass enteritis.", "contents": "Significance of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis after jejunoileal bypass. In 148 radiographs taken two weeks to twenty-seven months postoperatively in a series of 402 jejunoileal bypass patients at the University of Minnesota, twenty-four patients demonstrated roentgen evidence for pneumatosis intestinalis on twenty-eight separate episodes. This primarily involved the right colon. Clinical signs and symptoms were reviewed in association with the roentgen findings. Symptoms of nausea, vomiting, fever, and abdominal stress were noted but were not universal. Six patients had no significant change in abdominal complaints at the time the pneumatosis was seen and seven patients had similar clinical findings without roentgen evidence for pneumatosis. Thus, the radiographic findings of pneumatosis intestinalis do not represent a specific sign for bypass enteritis.", "PMID": 835787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1714", "title": "The acalculous gallbladder.", "content": "There is a definite clinical entity of chronic acalculous cholecystitis that can be cured by cholecystectomy. More research needs to be done on how this condition could be more accurately and earlier diagnosed. The majority of chronic gallbladder symptoms are not dependent on the presence of calculi. Gallbladder x-ray films are subject to significant diagnostic error, as are all other diagnostic tests. There is a need for more uniformity among pathologists as to what microscopic findings substantiate a diagnosis of chronic cholecystitis.", "contents": "The acalculous gallbladder. There is a definite clinical entity of chronic acalculous cholecystitis that can be cured by cholecystectomy. More research needs to be done on how this condition could be more accurately and earlier diagnosed. The majority of chronic gallbladder symptoms are not dependent on the presence of calculi. Gallbladder x-ray films are subject to significant diagnostic error, as are all other diagnostic tests. There is a need for more uniformity among pathologists as to what microscopic findings substantiate a diagnosis of chronic cholecystitis.", "PMID": 835788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1715", "title": "Experience with amphotericin-B in the treatment of systmeic candidiasis in burn patients.", "content": "Systemic candidiasis has emerged as a major cause of death in burn patients. An increase both in the incidence of systemic candidiasis and its increase as a cause of death has been observed. Treatment with systemic amphotericin-B prior to 1971 at our institution was rarely successful. This was felt to be in part due to lack of sufficiently early recognition of the infection and to delay in the initiation of appropriate systemic therapy. From 1971 to 1975, fifteen patients have been treated with systemic amphotericin-B with one death. There have been no fatalities from candidiasis since 1972. No serious complications attributed to the use of amphotericin-B were observed. Prompt initiation of therapy with intravenous amphotericin-B is advised for burn patients in whom systemic candidiasis is present.", "contents": "Experience with amphotericin-B in the treatment of systmeic candidiasis in burn patients. Systemic candidiasis has emerged as a major cause of death in burn patients. An increase both in the incidence of systemic candidiasis and its increase as a cause of death has been observed. Treatment with systemic amphotericin-B prior to 1971 at our institution was rarely successful. This was felt to be in part due to lack of sufficiently early recognition of the infection and to delay in the initiation of appropriate systemic therapy. From 1971 to 1975, fifteen patients have been treated with systemic amphotericin-B with one death. There have been no fatalities from candidiasis since 1972. No serious complications attributed to the use of amphotericin-B were observed. Prompt initiation of therapy with intravenous amphotericin-B is advised for burn patients in whom systemic candidiasis is present.", "PMID": 835789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1716", "title": "Preoperative administration of fluids.", "content": "A study by questionnaire was sent to 134 Surgical Services at Veterans Administration Hospitals to ascertain the prevalence of the practice of preoperative hydration during the period of hydropenia preceding surgery. A 92.5 per cent response was noted and the following conclusions are drawn: (1) The majority of Veterans Administration Surgical Services do not routinely provide intravenous fluids during the immediate preoperative period. (2) Affiliation with a medical school-based postgraduate training program does not alter significantly the proportion of Surgical Services providing preoperative intravenous therapy on a routine basis. (3) These observations suggest a need for Surgical Services to assess the desirability and indications of preoperative hydration. (4) However, in the case of chronic renal failure patients there is little question of the necessity for careful preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative hydration.", "contents": "Preoperative administration of fluids. A study by questionnaire was sent to 134 Surgical Services at Veterans Administration Hospitals to ascertain the prevalence of the practice of preoperative hydration during the period of hydropenia preceding surgery. A 92.5 per cent response was noted and the following conclusions are drawn: (1) The majority of Veterans Administration Surgical Services do not routinely provide intravenous fluids during the immediate preoperative period. (2) Affiliation with a medical school-based postgraduate training program does not alter significantly the proportion of Surgical Services providing preoperative intravenous therapy on a routine basis. (3) These observations suggest a need for Surgical Services to assess the desirability and indications of preoperative hydration. (4) However, in the case of chronic renal failure patients there is little question of the necessity for careful preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative hydration.", "PMID": 835790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1717", "title": "Mesenteric infarction.", "content": "The most common etiologies of mesenteric infarction in fifty-one patients were arterial thrombosis (in 42 per cent), bowel infarction without major vessel occlusion (in 28 per cent), and arterial embolus (in 22 per cent), but the etiology also included some very rare vascular diseases--two cases of the malignant atrophic papulosis of Degos. In the group of forty-four operative patients the mortality was 70 per cent. All the patients treated medically died. Mesenteric infarction should be suspected in all elderly cardiac patients with symptoms of acute abdomen. The value of an early diagnosis, fast resuscitation, and aggressive operative treatment cannot be overstated. Bowel resections yielded the best results in this series. However, the operative treatment of the mesenteric infarction should be individual, depending on the etiologic factors and the time which has elapsed from the onset of the symptoms.", "contents": "Mesenteric infarction. The most common etiologies of mesenteric infarction in fifty-one patients were arterial thrombosis (in 42 per cent), bowel infarction without major vessel occlusion (in 28 per cent), and arterial embolus (in 22 per cent), but the etiology also included some very rare vascular diseases--two cases of the malignant atrophic papulosis of Degos. In the group of forty-four operative patients the mortality was 70 per cent. All the patients treated medically died. Mesenteric infarction should be suspected in all elderly cardiac patients with symptoms of acute abdomen. The value of an early diagnosis, fast resuscitation, and aggressive operative treatment cannot be overstated. Bowel resections yielded the best results in this series. However, the operative treatment of the mesenteric infarction should be individual, depending on the etiologic factors and the time which has elapsed from the onset of the symptoms.", "PMID": 835791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1718", "title": "Evaluation of hematologic abnormalities in the nonbleeding postoperative patient.", "content": "With a seriously ill postoperative patient, selecting the best course of action may be difficult when laboratory data suggest hematologic abnormalities. If an Afro-American is to undergo major surgery, simple postoperative screening procedures are available for certain hereditary erythrocyte abnormalities. Acute hemolysis, from any cause, may mimic advanced liver disease. Bleeding into closed body spaces, with erythrocyte destruction secondarily, may mimic generalized hemolysis. One basic premise is always to review the medications being administered; many drugs may induce granulocytopenia or anemia. Because there is a compensatory increase in erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate content that increases oxygen release to the tissues in the normovolemic anemic patient, less frequent use of blood transfusion is possible in these patients. Healing will continue even when the packed red cell volume is 25 per cent.", "contents": "Evaluation of hematologic abnormalities in the nonbleeding postoperative patient. With a seriously ill postoperative patient, selecting the best course of action may be difficult when laboratory data suggest hematologic abnormalities. If an Afro-American is to undergo major surgery, simple postoperative screening procedures are available for certain hereditary erythrocyte abnormalities. Acute hemolysis, from any cause, may mimic advanced liver disease. Bleeding into closed body spaces, with erythrocyte destruction secondarily, may mimic generalized hemolysis. One basic premise is always to review the medications being administered; many drugs may induce granulocytopenia or anemia. Because there is a compensatory increase in erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate content that increases oxygen release to the tissues in the normovolemic anemic patient, less frequent use of blood transfusion is possible in these patients. Healing will continue even when the packed red cell volume is 25 per cent.", "PMID": 835792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1719", "title": "Hyperparathyroidism in thyrotoxicosis.", "content": "The frequency of hypercalcemia in 295 patients treated for thyrotoxicosis was 2 per cent. The combination of thyrotoxicosis and hyperparathyroidism is rare and only twenty-seven well documented cases could be found in the literature. Among ninety-two patients operated on for hyperparathyroidism, ten of them had thyrotoxicosis. In the present study, data on thirty-seven patients are reported. Hypercalcemia was found in all the patients and four of them had acute hyperparathyroidism. Hypophosphatemia was recorded in 60 per cent and hypercalcuria in 75 per cent of the patients. In ten patients there were renal concretions. Skeletal roentgenograms showed abnormalities in 65 per cent of the patients. In no instance had hyperparathyroidism commenced before thyrotoxicosis. Other recent reports on the etiology of hyperparathyroidism are discussed and it is concluded that hyperparathyroidism in thyrotoxicosis is a secondary disease. If a thyrotoxic patient with hypercalcemia still has elevated calcium values when becoming euthyroid after thyrostatic treatment, an operation should be performed. Because of a high recurrence rate in such patients with adequate follow-up, \"near total parathyroidectomy\" is recommended.", "contents": "Hyperparathyroidism in thyrotoxicosis. The frequency of hypercalcemia in 295 patients treated for thyrotoxicosis was 2 per cent. The combination of thyrotoxicosis and hyperparathyroidism is rare and only twenty-seven well documented cases could be found in the literature. Among ninety-two patients operated on for hyperparathyroidism, ten of them had thyrotoxicosis. In the present study, data on thirty-seven patients are reported. Hypercalcemia was found in all the patients and four of them had acute hyperparathyroidism. Hypophosphatemia was recorded in 60 per cent and hypercalcuria in 75 per cent of the patients. In ten patients there were renal concretions. Skeletal roentgenograms showed abnormalities in 65 per cent of the patients. In no instance had hyperparathyroidism commenced before thyrotoxicosis. Other recent reports on the etiology of hyperparathyroidism are discussed and it is concluded that hyperparathyroidism in thyrotoxicosis is a secondary disease. If a thyrotoxic patient with hypercalcemia still has elevated calcium values when becoming euthyroid after thyrostatic treatment, an operation should be performed. Because of a high recurrence rate in such patients with adequate follow-up, \"near total parathyroidectomy\" is recommended.", "PMID": 835793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1720", "title": "Thyroid cancer. Twenty-three years' experience at Baptist and St. Thomas Hospitals.", "content": "One hundred fifty-six patients with thyroid cancer were diagnosed and treated at Baptist and St. Thomas Hospitals from 1952 through 1955. Papillary carcinoma, representing 65 to 70 per cent of the total, occurs in all age groups and is the most readily curable of all carcinomas. Slightly more than 50 per cent of our series presented with multinodular goiters. When a male patient has nontoxic nodular goiter, it is three times more likely that he will have cancer of the thyroid than a female patient with a similar goiter. Definitive thyroid surgery was performed by over fifty different surgeons in 143 patients and simultaneous neck dissection in twenty-five. The histologic types ranged from papillary (9 per cent mortality) to anaplastic carcinoma (nearly 100 per cent mortality). Age and sex were shown in our series to affect survival. The female survival figures were better than the male, and older patients fared far worse then younger ones. Survival rates are much improved in patients with cervical node metastases when radical neck dissection is done. Patients reoperated for enlarged nodes located lateral to posterior triangle were found not to have metastatic cancer. Hyperthyroidism was confirmed in 0.25 per cent.", "contents": "Thyroid cancer. Twenty-three years' experience at Baptist and St. Thomas Hospitals. One hundred fifty-six patients with thyroid cancer were diagnosed and treated at Baptist and St. Thomas Hospitals from 1952 through 1955. Papillary carcinoma, representing 65 to 70 per cent of the total, occurs in all age groups and is the most readily curable of all carcinomas. Slightly more than 50 per cent of our series presented with multinodular goiters. When a male patient has nontoxic nodular goiter, it is three times more likely that he will have cancer of the thyroid than a female patient with a similar goiter. Definitive thyroid surgery was performed by over fifty different surgeons in 143 patients and simultaneous neck dissection in twenty-five. The histologic types ranged from papillary (9 per cent mortality) to anaplastic carcinoma (nearly 100 per cent mortality). Age and sex were shown in our series to affect survival. The female survival figures were better than the male, and older patients fared far worse then younger ones. Survival rates are much improved in patients with cervical node metastases when radical neck dissection is done. Patients reoperated for enlarged nodes located lateral to posterior triangle were found not to have metastatic cancer. Hyperthyroidism was confirmed in 0.25 per cent.", "PMID": 835794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1721", "title": "Indications for neck dissection in carcinoma of the lip.", "content": "In the past, neck dissections have been recommended only when nodes were clinically palpable or when they became so. A retrospective ten year study of thirty-seven patients with carcinoma of the lip and with an unusually high mortality has allowed reevaluation of indications for neck dissection. (1) Ten of thirty-seven patients died of this disease and nearly all of the ten died with and because of regional metastases. (2) Seven patients with nonpalpable nodes initally had nodal metastases later which, despite neck dissection at that later time, proved lethal. (3) Two patients who, despite nonpalpable nodes, had undergone neck dissections and were found to have occult bilateral nodal metastases were effectively cured with early neck dissection. This suggests that early bilateral supramohyoid neck dissections for small carcinomas of the lip and ipsilateral radical neck dissections for large primaries may yield higher cure rates than currently achieved.", "contents": "Indications for neck dissection in carcinoma of the lip. In the past, neck dissections have been recommended only when nodes were clinically palpable or when they became so. A retrospective ten year study of thirty-seven patients with carcinoma of the lip and with an unusually high mortality has allowed reevaluation of indications for neck dissection. (1) Ten of thirty-seven patients died of this disease and nearly all of the ten died with and because of regional metastases. (2) Seven patients with nonpalpable nodes initally had nodal metastases later which, despite neck dissection at that later time, proved lethal. (3) Two patients who, despite nonpalpable nodes, had undergone neck dissections and were found to have occult bilateral nodal metastases were effectively cured with early neck dissection. This suggests that early bilateral supramohyoid neck dissections for small carcinomas of the lip and ipsilateral radical neck dissections for large primaries may yield higher cure rates than currently achieved.", "PMID": 835795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1722", "title": "Scalp as a donor site.", "content": "Our experience in twenty-six patients suggests that the scalp is an excellent source of split thickness skin grafts. Healing is rapid, infection is rare, and the regrowth of hair conceals the donor site.", "contents": "Scalp as a donor site. Our experience in twenty-six patients suggests that the scalp is an excellent source of split thickness skin grafts. Healing is rapid, infection is rare, and the regrowth of hair conceals the donor site.", "PMID": 835796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1723", "title": "Regional perfusion for recurrent malignant melanoma of the extremities.", "content": "Seventeen patients with a local recurrence or intransit metastases of a malignant melanoma of the arm or leg were treated by normothermic regional perfusion with phenylalanine mustard. Seven of these patients had regional lymph node metastases as well. The follow-up period was with five to eight years or until the time of death. Two years after treatment, eleven of the seventeen patients were still alive. After a five year follow-up, six patients were still alive without demonstrable recurrence or metastases. Only three patients had a recurrence in an extremity; two of these three patients simultaneously showed general metastization.", "contents": "Regional perfusion for recurrent malignant melanoma of the extremities. Seventeen patients with a local recurrence or intransit metastases of a malignant melanoma of the arm or leg were treated by normothermic regional perfusion with phenylalanine mustard. Seven of these patients had regional lymph node metastases as well. The follow-up period was with five to eight years or until the time of death. Two years after treatment, eleven of the seventeen patients were still alive. After a five year follow-up, six patients were still alive without demonstrable recurrence or metastases. Only three patients had a recurrence in an extremity; two of these three patients simultaneously showed general metastization.", "PMID": 835797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1724", "title": "Abdominal decompression: increased efficency by esophageal aspiration utilizing a new nasogastric tube.", "content": "Gastric aspiration alone utilizing either a Levin-type nasogastric tube or a gastrostomy tube is inefficient. The esophagus proved to be a more efficient supplemental site for aspiration of a swallowed bolus. For thirty-one patients, esophagogastric aspiration proved to be approximately twelve times as efficient as aspiration via a Levin-type tube for twenty-four patients or a gastrostomy tube in five patients (residual activity, of 3,35, and 42 per cent, respectively). Radiographic studies of a volunteer swallowing barium with each type of nasogastric tube in place showed efficient removal of the contrast agent by esophageal aspiration. With the Levin-type tube, the bolus promptly traversed the stomach and entered the duodenum along parallel channels remote from the x-ray -visualized gastric tube. Efficient postoperative exclusion of swallowed air clinically and experimentally by esophageal aspiration permits more rapid return of gastrointestinal function and full nutrition and perhaps shortened hospitalization.", "contents": "Abdominal decompression: increased efficency by esophageal aspiration utilizing a new nasogastric tube. Gastric aspiration alone utilizing either a Levin-type nasogastric tube or a gastrostomy tube is inefficient. The esophagus proved to be a more efficient supplemental site for aspiration of a swallowed bolus. For thirty-one patients, esophagogastric aspiration proved to be approximately twelve times as efficient as aspiration via a Levin-type tube for twenty-four patients or a gastrostomy tube in five patients (residual activity, of 3,35, and 42 per cent, respectively). Radiographic studies of a volunteer swallowing barium with each type of nasogastric tube in place showed efficient removal of the contrast agent by esophageal aspiration. With the Levin-type tube, the bolus promptly traversed the stomach and entered the duodenum along parallel channels remote from the x-ray -visualized gastric tube. Efficient postoperative exclusion of swallowed air clinically and experimentally by esophageal aspiration permits more rapid return of gastrointestinal function and full nutrition and perhaps shortened hospitalization.", "PMID": 835798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1725", "title": "Cushing's syndrome associated with bronchial adenoma.", "content": "A case of Cushing's syndrome associated with a bronchial adenoma treated eight years before with bilateral adrenalectomy was cured by surgical excision of the bronchial adenoma. A discussion of clinical and hormonal features of this lesion is presented. It is concluded that this tumor manifested a capability of synthesizing and releasing substances which are chemically and biologically similar to adrenocorticotropic hormone andmelanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). Stimulation of the adrenal cortex by this material results in hyperplasia and hypersecretion, and stimulation of the melanocytesy MSH resulted in excessive pigmentation. Acknowledgment: We are indebted to Doctors Wendell Nicholson, David N. Orth, and Grant W. Liddle of Vanderbilt University for determinations of ACTH and MSH levels and to Mrs. E.P. Jessup for assistance in preparation of statistical data for this manuscript.", "contents": "Cushing's syndrome associated with bronchial adenoma. A case of Cushing's syndrome associated with a bronchial adenoma treated eight years before with bilateral adrenalectomy was cured by surgical excision of the bronchial adenoma. A discussion of clinical and hormonal features of this lesion is presented. It is concluded that this tumor manifested a capability of synthesizing and releasing substances which are chemically and biologically similar to adrenocorticotropic hormone andmelanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). Stimulation of the adrenal cortex by this material results in hyperplasia and hypersecretion, and stimulation of the melanocytesy MSH resulted in excessive pigmentation. Acknowledgment: We are indebted to Doctors Wendell Nicholson, David N. Orth, and Grant W. Liddle of Vanderbilt University for determinations of ACTH and MSH levels and to Mrs. E.P. Jessup for assistance in preparation of statistical data for this manuscript.", "PMID": 835799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1726", "title": "Giant duodenal hamartoma consisting mainly of Brunner's glands.", "content": "A successfully treated case of a duodenal hamartoma is presented. A review of the literature has shown that this is the largest such tumor so far described, and the first time a mass was palpable on abdominal examination. Its large size resulted in pyloric obstruction, and its wide attachment to the duodenum necessitated a Polya-type partial gastrectomy during its removal. The pathologic controversy which has led to the classification of these Brunner's gland proliferations as duodenal hamartomas is briefly presented.", "contents": "Giant duodenal hamartoma consisting mainly of Brunner's glands. A successfully treated case of a duodenal hamartoma is presented. A review of the literature has shown that this is the largest such tumor so far described, and the first time a mass was palpable on abdominal examination. Its large size resulted in pyloric obstruction, and its wide attachment to the duodenum necessitated a Polya-type partial gastrectomy during its removal. The pathologic controversy which has led to the classification of these Brunner's gland proliferations as duodenal hamartomas is briefly presented.", "PMID": 835800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1727", "title": "Total pancreatectomy for carcinoma of the pancreas.", "content": "Survival after partial pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure) for carcinoma of the pancreas is uniformly poor. In the absence of nodal metastasis this may be due to extension of tumor beyond the line of resection of the pancreas or to a multicentric origin of the tumor. The material reviewed contained an illustration of the latter circumstance and provides a logical reason for recommending total pancreatectomy as the procedure of choice in resectable pancreatic carcinoma.", "contents": "Total pancreatectomy for carcinoma of the pancreas. Survival after partial pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure) for carcinoma of the pancreas is uniformly poor. In the absence of nodal metastasis this may be due to extension of tumor beyond the line of resection of the pancreas or to a multicentric origin of the tumor. The material reviewed contained an illustration of the latter circumstance and provides a logical reason for recommending total pancreatectomy as the procedure of choice in resectable pancreatic carcinoma.", "PMID": 835801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1728", "title": "Pseudomembranous colitis associated with cephazolin therapy.", "content": "This is the first reported case of cephazolin-associated pseudomembranous colitis. The disease followed a relentless course from its onset to twelve days later when the patient underwent total colectomy for multiple perforations and then died of sepsis. Recent reports indicate that the incidence pseudomembranous colitis is higher than initially appreciated. Early recognition of this entity with confirmation by proctosigmoidoscopy and immediate discontinuance of of antibiotic therapy may reduce the morbidity and mortality of this disease.", "contents": "Pseudomembranous colitis associated with cephazolin therapy. This is the first reported case of cephazolin-associated pseudomembranous colitis. The disease followed a relentless course from its onset to twelve days later when the patient underwent total colectomy for multiple perforations and then died of sepsis. Recent reports indicate that the incidence pseudomembranous colitis is higher than initially appreciated. Early recognition of this entity with confirmation by proctosigmoidoscopy and immediate discontinuance of of antibiotic therapy may reduce the morbidity and mortality of this disease.", "PMID": 835802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1729", "title": "Cryosurgery for pilonidal disease.", "content": "Pilonidal disease was treated by a new conservative technic, featuring opening the sinus tracks, removal of imbedded hairs and granulation tissue by gentle curettage, and freezing the opened wound with liquid nitrogen. The goal was to conserve tissue yet improve the chance of cure by a simple operation. Cryosurgery was used in twenty-nine patients with pilonidal disease invaried forms, including recurrent disease after previous operation in seventeen patients. The results, in terms of hospital stay, patient acceptance, and wound healing, compare favorably with alternate treatment methods. The slow healing time of the cryogenic wound, especially at the skin level, appeared to be an important factor in the success of the technic.", "contents": "Cryosurgery for pilonidal disease. Pilonidal disease was treated by a new conservative technic, featuring opening the sinus tracks, removal of imbedded hairs and granulation tissue by gentle curettage, and freezing the opened wound with liquid nitrogen. The goal was to conserve tissue yet improve the chance of cure by a simple operation. Cryosurgery was used in twenty-nine patients with pilonidal disease invaried forms, including recurrent disease after previous operation in seventeen patients. The results, in terms of hospital stay, patient acceptance, and wound healing, compare favorably with alternate treatment methods. The slow healing time of the cryogenic wound, especially at the skin level, appeared to be an important factor in the success of the technic.", "PMID": 835803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1730", "title": "Nonoperative management of fingertip pulp amputation by occlusive dressings.", "content": "Nonoperative management of fingertip pulp amputations has been employed in eighteen adults. After wound cleansing and debridement, the wound was covered by an occlusive dressing. Healing of the amputated fingertip occurred within four weeks. The healed fingertip had an excellent sensory perception, normal range of motion and an acceptable cosmetic appearance. This satisfactory outcome was realized with less than ten days lost from work.", "contents": "Nonoperative management of fingertip pulp amputation by occlusive dressings. Nonoperative management of fingertip pulp amputations has been employed in eighteen adults. After wound cleansing and debridement, the wound was covered by an occlusive dressing. Healing of the amputated fingertip occurred within four weeks. The healed fingertip had an excellent sensory perception, normal range of motion and an acceptable cosmetic appearance. This satisfactory outcome was realized with less than ten days lost from work.", "PMID": 835804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1731", "title": "Below-knee amputations.", "content": "Below-knee amputations are commonly performed for peripheral vascular disease. To be successful, the technic must be exacting, and it is crucial to bevel carefully the anterior and medial tibial surfaces to permit successful prosthetic rehabilitation.", "contents": "Below-knee amputations. Below-knee amputations are commonly performed for peripheral vascular disease. To be successful, the technic must be exacting, and it is crucial to bevel carefully the anterior and medial tibial surfaces to permit successful prosthetic rehabilitation.", "PMID": 835805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1732", "title": "[Effect of urethane (DAB-6 product), hexobarbital-Na and pentobarbital-Na on the amino acid concentrations in blood serum of rats. I. Communication (author's transl)].", "content": "Free amino acids were determined quantitatively in serum from the fasting blood of rats before and after treatment with urethane (n = 20), hexobarbital-Na (n = 20) and pentobarbital-Na (n = 20). Serum was deproteinised by adding an equal volume of 5% sulphosalicyclic acid and the amino acids were separated by ion exchange column chromatography. 1.24 h after treatment with urethane the rats showed only a statistically significant higher concentration of ornithine in serum. - 2.24 h after injection of hexobarbital-Na the rats had statistically significant higher concentrations of arginine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, taurine, tryptophan and tyrosine in serum - 3.24 h after application of pentobarbital-Na the rats showed statistically significant higher concentrations of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, histidine, lysine, phenylalanine, serine, taurine, threonine, and tyrosine and statistically significant lower concentrations of argine and citrulline in serum.", "contents": "[Effect of urethane (DAB-6 product), hexobarbital-Na and pentobarbital-Na on the amino acid concentrations in blood serum of rats. I. Communication (author's transl)]. Free amino acids were determined quantitatively in serum from the fasting blood of rats before and after treatment with urethane (n = 20), hexobarbital-Na (n = 20) and pentobarbital-Na (n = 20). Serum was deproteinised by adding an equal volume of 5% sulphosalicyclic acid and the amino acids were separated by ion exchange column chromatography. 1.24 h after treatment with urethane the rats showed only a statistically significant higher concentration of ornithine in serum. - 2.24 h after injection of hexobarbital-Na the rats had statistically significant higher concentrations of arginine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, taurine, tryptophan and tyrosine in serum - 3.24 h after application of pentobarbital-Na the rats showed statistically significant higher concentrations of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, histidine, lysine, phenylalanine, serine, taurine, threonine, and tyrosine and statistically significant lower concentrations of argine and citrulline in serum.", "PMID": 835807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1733", "title": "[Symptomatology and treatment of post-hypoxemic myoclonisms].", "content": "After a brief description of the complex symptoms of myoclonias reference is made to the different systems of classification, and mention is made of the particular areas in which myoclonias appear after hypoxemic cerebral damage and which can be observed more frequently as a result of modern intensive therapy techniques. The 12 cases observed here form the basis for a description of the clinical and electronencephalographic symptoms and a discussion of the differential diagnosis; additionally, 2 autopsy results are discussed. In the cases at hand the myclonias seem to arise from subcortical areas. Finally, reference is made to the therapeutic measures quoted in recent literature and to the experiences gained by the authors, primarily with benzodiazepine.", "contents": "[Symptomatology and treatment of post-hypoxemic myoclonisms]. After a brief description of the complex symptoms of myoclonias reference is made to the different systems of classification, and mention is made of the particular areas in which myoclonias appear after hypoxemic cerebral damage and which can be observed more frequently as a result of modern intensive therapy techniques. The 12 cases observed here form the basis for a description of the clinical and electronencephalographic symptoms and a discussion of the differential diagnosis; additionally, 2 autopsy results are discussed. In the cases at hand the myclonias seem to arise from subcortical areas. Finally, reference is made to the therapeutic measures quoted in recent literature and to the experiences gained by the authors, primarily with benzodiazepine.", "PMID": 835808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1734", "title": "[Report on an emergency of alveolar leakage following lung decortication (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of respiratory distress is reported following lung decortication. Of a 331/min applied respiratory volume 90% was lost due to the multiple alveolar leakage. The lung could be inflated only when the chest was closed and several B\u00fclau drains with powerful suckers were inserted. When the lung surface came in contact with the chest wall, the lossof tidal volume could immediately be reduced and respiration was possible again.", "contents": "[Report on an emergency of alveolar leakage following lung decortication (author's transl)]. A case of respiratory distress is reported following lung decortication. Of a 331/min applied respiratory volume 90% was lost due to the multiple alveolar leakage. The lung could be inflated only when the chest was closed and several B\u00fclau drains with powerful suckers were inserted. When the lung surface came in contact with the chest wall, the lossof tidal volume could immediately be reduced and respiration was possible again.", "PMID": 835809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1735", "title": "[Respiratory mass spectrometer in the intensive care unit. Possibilities of application (author's transl)].", "content": "The respiratory mass spectrometer has now reached such a high degree of technical perfection, that the instrument can be used in the intensive care unit without any problems. Simultaneous and continuous analysis of respiratory and non-respiratory gases is possible. Thus a great amount of informations concerning the respiratory situation of patients can be obtained noninvasively. Simple monitoring of respiratory gases as well as lung function analysis can be performed. Problems in the field of mechanical ventilation can be solved more effectively with the help of the instrument.", "contents": "[Respiratory mass spectrometer in the intensive care unit. Possibilities of application (author's transl)]. The respiratory mass spectrometer has now reached such a high degree of technical perfection, that the instrument can be used in the intensive care unit without any problems. Simultaneous and continuous analysis of respiratory and non-respiratory gases is possible. Thus a great amount of informations concerning the respiratory situation of patients can be obtained noninvasively. Simple monitoring of respiratory gases as well as lung function analysis can be performed. Problems in the field of mechanical ventilation can be solved more effectively with the help of the instrument.", "PMID": 835810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1736", "title": "[On spinal anaesthesia with isobaric bupivacaine 0,5% (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical experiences of 5001 subarachnoid blocks using isobaric bupivacaine 0.5%, with and without adrenaline, for surgery are reported. The clinical results are satisfactory and no neurological sequelae are known to the authors. In vivo studies of C.S.F. after subarachnoid injection of bupivacaine 0.5% in an isobaric solution showed no changes in pH or precipitation. According to these results the authors see no contraindication in the use of bupivacine 0,5% for subarachnoid injection. The use of higher concentrations (e.g. 1%), however, can not be recommended.", "contents": "[On spinal anaesthesia with isobaric bupivacaine 0,5% (author's transl)]. Clinical experiences of 5001 subarachnoid blocks using isobaric bupivacaine 0.5%, with and without adrenaline, for surgery are reported. The clinical results are satisfactory and no neurological sequelae are known to the authors. In vivo studies of C.S.F. after subarachnoid injection of bupivacaine 0.5% in an isobaric solution showed no changes in pH or precipitation. According to these results the authors see no contraindication in the use of bupivacine 0,5% for subarachnoid injection. The use of higher concentrations (e.g. 1%), however, can not be recommended.", "PMID": 835812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1737", "title": "[Is there an indication for the use of \"micropore-blood filters\"? (AUTHOR'S TRANSL)].", "content": "Recently \"micropore\" blood transfusion sets have been advocated to replace the traditional transfusion sets. Because of the higher cost it is important to review critically the data which would justify their clinical use. The filters eliminate microaggregates as they occur during blood storage. The question is wether micropore filters are able to reduce the incidence of posttraumatic or postoperative respiratory insufficiency. We have analysed all controlled in vivo studies. We found only one clinical study where in massively transfused polytrauma patients a decrease in the number of cases of respiratory insufficiency was documented. However, due to the small number of patients investigated, a significant difference in favour of the micropore filters could not be demonstrated. Animal experiments reveal more: Exchange transfusions carried out in dogs through micropore filters do not lead to functional or morphological pulmonary changes. Using traditional transfusion sets, a significant increase in pulmonary artery pressure and resistance was found together with a decrease in arterial pO2, pH and oxygen consumption. All these results correlate well with morphological changes in the lung. On the basis of our literature review, we conclude that there are no clear data which would make it mandatory to use micropore filters in clinical practice. On the other hand, there are several indirect hints than large amounts of microaggregates are not ideal for pulmonary function. The expensive micropore filters could therefore perhaps be used with advantage in massive tranfusions.", "contents": "[Is there an indication for the use of \"micropore-blood filters\"? (AUTHOR'S TRANSL)]. Recently \"micropore\" blood transfusion sets have been advocated to replace the traditional transfusion sets. Because of the higher cost it is important to review critically the data which would justify their clinical use. The filters eliminate microaggregates as they occur during blood storage. The question is wether micropore filters are able to reduce the incidence of posttraumatic or postoperative respiratory insufficiency. We have analysed all controlled in vivo studies. We found only one clinical study where in massively transfused polytrauma patients a decrease in the number of cases of respiratory insufficiency was documented. However, due to the small number of patients investigated, a significant difference in favour of the micropore filters could not be demonstrated. Animal experiments reveal more: Exchange transfusions carried out in dogs through micropore filters do not lead to functional or morphological pulmonary changes. Using traditional transfusion sets, a significant increase in pulmonary artery pressure and resistance was found together with a decrease in arterial pO2, pH and oxygen consumption. All these results correlate well with morphological changes in the lung. On the basis of our literature review, we conclude that there are no clear data which would make it mandatory to use micropore filters in clinical practice. On the other hand, there are several indirect hints than large amounts of microaggregates are not ideal for pulmonary function. The expensive micropore filters could therefore perhaps be used with advantage in massive tranfusions.", "PMID": 835814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1738", "title": "Tridimensional reconstruction and histology of the intratesticular seminal pathway in the hamster.", "content": "The present work reports a tridimensional reconstruction of the intratesticular seminal pathway in the hamster as studied with light microscopy of serial sections of the proximal pole of the testis. It has three portions: a \"terminal segment\" of the seminiferous tubules; the tubuli recti with three parts; and the rete testis with two parts, intratesticular and extratesticular. Experiments using ductuli efferentes ligation show a marked dilation of the rete testis and tubuli recti without a corresponding dilation of the seminiferous tubules. This may be due to a valve-like action of the cells in the terminal segment of the tubules.", "contents": "Tridimensional reconstruction and histology of the intratesticular seminal pathway in the hamster. The present work reports a tridimensional reconstruction of the intratesticular seminal pathway in the hamster as studied with light microscopy of serial sections of the proximal pole of the testis. It has three portions: a \"terminal segment\" of the seminiferous tubules; the tubuli recti with three parts; and the rete testis with two parts, intratesticular and extratesticular. Experiments using ductuli efferentes ligation show a marked dilation of the rete testis and tubuli recti without a corresponding dilation of the seminiferous tubules. This may be due to a valve-like action of the cells in the terminal segment of the tubules.", "PMID": 835837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1739", "title": "The fatty ridge and fatty cushion of the human pulmonary trunk.", "content": "Presence of a ridge of fatty tissue running obliquely upwards and backwards over the left aspects of the pulmonary trunk was observed. It started from the left end of the infundibulo-trucal junction and after running parallel adjacent to free anterior border of the left auricle, terminated into an expanded oval and discoid structure, a little above the level of the tip of the left auricle. The structure was found to be of constant occurrence, position and form.", "contents": "The fatty ridge and fatty cushion of the human pulmonary trunk. Presence of a ridge of fatty tissue running obliquely upwards and backwards over the left aspects of the pulmonary trunk was observed. It started from the left end of the infundibulo-trucal junction and after running parallel adjacent to free anterior border of the left auricle, terminated into an expanded oval and discoid structure, a little above the level of the tip of the left auricle. The structure was found to be of constant occurrence, position and form.", "PMID": 835838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1740", "title": "The fine structure of the interstitial tissue of the testis of the nine-banded armadillo.", "content": "The interstitial tissue of the testis of the nine-banded armadillo is composed of blood vessels, clusters of Leydig cells, the usual connective tissue elements, and a network of lymphatic sinusoids. The endothelial walls of the sinusoids are separated from the peritubular contractile cell layer surrounding the seminiferous tubules by a thin layer of collagen. The pertibular contractile cell is characterized by filaments and dense bodies within the cytoplasm, whereas the endothelial cells lack these structures. Within each cluster, several Leydig cells surround one or more blood vessels. Adjacent Leydig cells are jointed by 2- to 3-nm wide gap junctions and desmosome-like specializations. The Leydig cell is polygonal in shape with an ovoid nucleus. The cell is characterized by an abundance of smooth endoplasmic reticulum which appears as sheets of membranes, concentric whorls around vacuoles, and a random tubular network. Only a few short cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum are observed. Centrioles are closely associated with the Golgi apparatus. Rod-like mitochondria with tubular cristae are scattered throughout the cytoplasm. In addition, the cells contain vacuoles resulting from lipid extraction, filaments, microtubules, and glycogen. The surface of the cell exposed to the intercellular spaces exhibit numberous pinocytotic vesicles and cell processes which indicate active movement of material across the plasma membrane. In comparison to other mammalian species, the ultrastructural organization of the interstitium and the fine structure of Leydig cell of the armadillo resemble those of the guinea pig.", "contents": "The fine structure of the interstitial tissue of the testis of the nine-banded armadillo. The interstitial tissue of the testis of the nine-banded armadillo is composed of blood vessels, clusters of Leydig cells, the usual connective tissue elements, and a network of lymphatic sinusoids. The endothelial walls of the sinusoids are separated from the peritubular contractile cell layer surrounding the seminiferous tubules by a thin layer of collagen. The pertibular contractile cell is characterized by filaments and dense bodies within the cytoplasm, whereas the endothelial cells lack these structures. Within each cluster, several Leydig cells surround one or more blood vessels. Adjacent Leydig cells are jointed by 2- to 3-nm wide gap junctions and desmosome-like specializations. The Leydig cell is polygonal in shape with an ovoid nucleus. The cell is characterized by an abundance of smooth endoplasmic reticulum which appears as sheets of membranes, concentric whorls around vacuoles, and a random tubular network. Only a few short cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum are observed. Centrioles are closely associated with the Golgi apparatus. Rod-like mitochondria with tubular cristae are scattered throughout the cytoplasm. In addition, the cells contain vacuoles resulting from lipid extraction, filaments, microtubules, and glycogen. The surface of the cell exposed to the intercellular spaces exhibit numberous pinocytotic vesicles and cell processes which indicate active movement of material across the plasma membrane. In comparison to other mammalian species, the ultrastructural organization of the interstitium and the fine structure of Leydig cell of the armadillo resemble those of the guinea pig.", "PMID": 835839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1741", "title": "Spermatogenesis in the Chinese hamster.", "content": "In this article a description of the process of spermatogenesis in the Chinese hamster is given. Spermiogenesis could be divided into 16 steps. The cycle of the seminferous epithelium was divided into 12 stages, coinciding with the first 12 steps of spermiogenesis. The relative and absolute duration of the stages was determined. The duration of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium was found to be 17.0 days. The morphology of the spermatogonia was studied in seminiferous tubules mounted \"in toto.\" Four classes of spermatogonia could be discerned; undifferentiated A spermatogonia (Ais, Apr, Aal), differentiated A spermatogonia (A1, A2, A3). In spermatogonia and B spermatogonia (B1, B2). It is interesting to note that the last generation of spermatogonia (B2) arises at the beginning of stage 7 and divides to give rise to primary spermatocytes in the second half of this stage; in most other species the last generation of spermatogonia arises in stage 4, giving rise to primary spermatocytes in stage 6. The unidifferentiated A spermatogonia were counted in six stages of the cycle, together with the differentiated A, In or B spermatogonia present in the same stages. The results of these cell counts are discussed in detail. One of the conclusions that could be drawn about the behaviour of the Ais and Apr spermatogonia during the cycle of the epithelium was that there is mitotic activity in these cells in several stages of the cycle. It is suggested that this mitotic activity serves to generate the Aal spermatogonia, which after one or more divisions transform into Al spermatogonia between stages 2 and 8.", "contents": "Spermatogenesis in the Chinese hamster. In this article a description of the process of spermatogenesis in the Chinese hamster is given. Spermiogenesis could be divided into 16 steps. The cycle of the seminferous epithelium was divided into 12 stages, coinciding with the first 12 steps of spermiogenesis. The relative and absolute duration of the stages was determined. The duration of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium was found to be 17.0 days. The morphology of the spermatogonia was studied in seminiferous tubules mounted \"in toto.\" Four classes of spermatogonia could be discerned; undifferentiated A spermatogonia (Ais, Apr, Aal), differentiated A spermatogonia (A1, A2, A3). In spermatogonia and B spermatogonia (B1, B2). It is interesting to note that the last generation of spermatogonia (B2) arises at the beginning of stage 7 and divides to give rise to primary spermatocytes in the second half of this stage; in most other species the last generation of spermatogonia arises in stage 4, giving rise to primary spermatocytes in stage 6. The unidifferentiated A spermatogonia were counted in six stages of the cycle, together with the differentiated A, In or B spermatogonia present in the same stages. The results of these cell counts are discussed in detail. One of the conclusions that could be drawn about the behaviour of the Ais and Apr spermatogonia during the cycle of the epithelium was that there is mitotic activity in these cells in several stages of the cycle. It is suggested that this mitotic activity serves to generate the Aal spermatogonia, which after one or more divisions transform into Al spermatogonia between stages 2 and 8.", "PMID": 835840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1742", "title": "Proteolytic dechorionation of annual fish embryos.", "content": "Incubation of early embryos of Nothobranchius korthausae in sterile Tris-buffered pronase with added salts and EDTA results in complete dechorionation, after which development proceeds normally and at the same rate as in control embryos. The time required for dechorionation varies according to the age of the embryo and the concentration of pronase employed.", "contents": "Proteolytic dechorionation of annual fish embryos. Incubation of early embryos of Nothobranchius korthausae in sterile Tris-buffered pronase with added salts and EDTA results in complete dechorionation, after which development proceeds normally and at the same rate as in control embryos. The time required for dechorionation varies according to the age of the embryo and the concentration of pronase employed.", "PMID": 835841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1743", "title": "Sex differences in Necturus urinary bladders.", "content": "We describe morphological sex differences in urinary bladders of the urodele amphibian Necturus maculosus. The mucosal epithelial cells of bladders from males were tall and contained considerable PAS-positive material. In scanning electron micrographs of the mucosal surface, epithelial cells from male bladders were well demarcated and were capped with microplicae or with long cilia. The mucosal epithelial cells of bladders from females were low and contained only a small amount of PAS-positive material; in scanning electron micrographs cell boundaries could not be distinguished and no cilia or microplicae were present. Bladders from males had higher transepithelial potential difference and lower water content than bladders from females. Urine analyses were not significantly different in the two sexes. It is suggested that response to androgens in the male accounts for the observed differences.", "contents": "Sex differences in Necturus urinary bladders. We describe morphological sex differences in urinary bladders of the urodele amphibian Necturus maculosus. The mucosal epithelial cells of bladders from males were tall and contained considerable PAS-positive material. In scanning electron micrographs of the mucosal surface, epithelial cells from male bladders were well demarcated and were capped with microplicae or with long cilia. The mucosal epithelial cells of bladders from females were low and contained only a small amount of PAS-positive material; in scanning electron micrographs cell boundaries could not be distinguished and no cilia or microplicae were present. Bladders from males had higher transepithelial potential difference and lower water content than bladders from females. Urine analyses were not significantly different in the two sexes. It is suggested that response to androgens in the male accounts for the observed differences.", "PMID": 835842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1744", "title": "Quantitative analysis of cell turnover in the enamel organ of the rat incisor. Evidence for ameloblast death immediately after enamel matrix secretion.", "content": "During renewal of the enamel organ in the rat incisor cohorts of epithelial cells are transported sequentially through presecretory, secretory and maturation zones to the gingival margin where the life cycles of these cells terminate. This process was examined kinetically by determining the absolute flux of cells within each of these zones of amelogenesis. It was found that the efflux of ameloblasts, stratum intermedium and papillary layer cells from the presecretory zone was about equal to the efflux plus expected growth within the secretory zone. However, between the secretory and maturation zones about 50% more ameloblasts entered the maturation zone than were required to account for the egress at the gingival margin and the expected growth. Since there was no similar imbalance between these zones for papillary layer cells, it was concluded that this discrepancy must represent a 50% reduction in the size of the ameloblast population during the maturation stage of amelogenesis. It was calculated that a little over 25% of the loss occurred immediately at the start of maturation within the region of postsecretory transition and the remaining 25% of the loss occurred throughout the subsequent regions of the maturation zone. In addition to the kinetic analysis graphic reconstructions, or surface maps, of ameloblast nuclei were prepared. These maps illustrated the characteristics of ameloblast nuclear packing within the three zones of amelogenesis and they provided quantitative confirmation that as ameloblasts progress through the maturation zone, there is a loss of cells in an amount predicted by the kinetic analysis.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of cell turnover in the enamel organ of the rat incisor. Evidence for ameloblast death immediately after enamel matrix secretion. During renewal of the enamel organ in the rat incisor cohorts of epithelial cells are transported sequentially through presecretory, secretory and maturation zones to the gingival margin where the life cycles of these cells terminate. This process was examined kinetically by determining the absolute flux of cells within each of these zones of amelogenesis. It was found that the efflux of ameloblasts, stratum intermedium and papillary layer cells from the presecretory zone was about equal to the efflux plus expected growth within the secretory zone. However, between the secretory and maturation zones about 50% more ameloblasts entered the maturation zone than were required to account for the egress at the gingival margin and the expected growth. Since there was no similar imbalance between these zones for papillary layer cells, it was concluded that this discrepancy must represent a 50% reduction in the size of the ameloblast population during the maturation stage of amelogenesis. It was calculated that a little over 25% of the loss occurred immediately at the start of maturation within the region of postsecretory transition and the remaining 25% of the loss occurred throughout the subsequent regions of the maturation zone. In addition to the kinetic analysis graphic reconstructions, or surface maps, of ameloblast nuclei were prepared. These maps illustrated the characteristics of ameloblast nuclear packing within the three zones of amelogenesis and they provided quantitative confirmation that as ameloblasts progress through the maturation zone, there is a loss of cells in an amount predicted by the kinetic analysis.", "PMID": 835843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1745", "title": "Cultured neuroblastoma cells and halothane: effects on cell growth and macromolecular synthesis.", "content": "Cultured mouse neuroblastoma cells were grown in air-CO2 or air-CO2-halothane-gassed incubators. In the presence of halothane the growth rate of the cells was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner; 2 per cent halothane completely inhibited cell growth, while at 0.3 per cent halothane, the growth rate was 74 per cent of the control rate. The biosynthesis of protein and RNA in cells grown in the control atmosphere and that in cells grown in 1 per cent halothane were compared by several techniques. No significant difference between the rates of synthesis of these two macromolecules could be detected. Furthermore, a comparison of labeled protein and RNA by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed no qualitative difference. From this and previous work it is concluded that halothane affects the morphology and growth rate of cultured mouse neuroblastoma cells by disrupting cytoplasmic actin-like micro-filaments.", "contents": "Cultured neuroblastoma cells and halothane: effects on cell growth and macromolecular synthesis. Cultured mouse neuroblastoma cells were grown in air-CO2 or air-CO2-halothane-gassed incubators. In the presence of halothane the growth rate of the cells was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner; 2 per cent halothane completely inhibited cell growth, while at 0.3 per cent halothane, the growth rate was 74 per cent of the control rate. The biosynthesis of protein and RNA in cells grown in the control atmosphere and that in cells grown in 1 per cent halothane were compared by several techniques. No significant difference between the rates of synthesis of these two macromolecules could be detected. Furthermore, a comparison of labeled protein and RNA by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed no qualitative difference. From this and previous work it is concluded that halothane affects the morphology and growth rate of cultured mouse neuroblastoma cells by disrupting cytoplasmic actin-like micro-filaments.", "PMID": 835844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1746", "title": "Lithium carbonate and neuromuscular blocking agents.", "content": "The effects of lithium carbonate on the responses to five neuromuscular blocking agents were evaluated in dogs anesthetized with halothane (1 per cent) and N2O (60 per cent) in O2. Latency (time from first twitch-height depression to maximal blockade), maximal twitch-height depression, and times to return to 50 per cent and 100 per cent control twitch tension were measured before and after intravenous infusion of lithium carbonate (1 mg/kg/min for one hour) during neuromuscular blockades produced by succinylcholine, decamethonium, gallamine, d-tubocurarine, or pancuronium. Lithium prolonged the latencies of neuromuscular blockades produced by 0.1 mg/kg succinylcholine and 0.1 mg/kg decamethonium by 248.1 per cent and 49.0 per cent, respectively, but had no effect on latency produced by 0.02 mg/kg pancuronium. The times for return to 50 per cent of control twitch height were prolonged by 69.5, 40.0, and 120.1 per cent, respectively. Lithium had no effect on latency or duration of blockades produced by 0.15 mg/kg d-tubocurarine and 0.6 mg/kg gallamine, but enhanced maximal twitch-height depressions produced by 0.9 mg/kg gallamine and 0.02 mg/kg pancuronium by 22.9 and 9.9 per cent, respectively. Twitch tensions decreased 5-10 per cent over three hours in three dogs receiving lithium infusion without relaxants. Twitch tension was depressed 0-2 per cent in three dogs after five hours of anesthesia in the absence of lithium or relaxants. Lithium prolonged the time required for neostigmine to reverse neuromuscular blockade produced by pancuronium in two of three dogs from a mean of 60 seconds to 135 seconds.", "contents": "Lithium carbonate and neuromuscular blocking agents. The effects of lithium carbonate on the responses to five neuromuscular blocking agents were evaluated in dogs anesthetized with halothane (1 per cent) and N2O (60 per cent) in O2. Latency (time from first twitch-height depression to maximal blockade), maximal twitch-height depression, and times to return to 50 per cent and 100 per cent control twitch tension were measured before and after intravenous infusion of lithium carbonate (1 mg/kg/min for one hour) during neuromuscular blockades produced by succinylcholine, decamethonium, gallamine, d-tubocurarine, or pancuronium. Lithium prolonged the latencies of neuromuscular blockades produced by 0.1 mg/kg succinylcholine and 0.1 mg/kg decamethonium by 248.1 per cent and 49.0 per cent, respectively, but had no effect on latency produced by 0.02 mg/kg pancuronium. The times for return to 50 per cent of control twitch height were prolonged by 69.5, 40.0, and 120.1 per cent, respectively. Lithium had no effect on latency or duration of blockades produced by 0.15 mg/kg d-tubocurarine and 0.6 mg/kg gallamine, but enhanced maximal twitch-height depressions produced by 0.9 mg/kg gallamine and 0.02 mg/kg pancuronium by 22.9 and 9.9 per cent, respectively. Twitch tensions decreased 5-10 per cent over three hours in three dogs receiving lithium infusion without relaxants. Twitch tension was depressed 0-2 per cent in three dogs after five hours of anesthesia in the absence of lithium or relaxants. Lithium prolonged the time required for neostigmine to reverse neuromuscular blockade produced by pancuronium in two of three dogs from a mean of 60 seconds to 135 seconds.", "PMID": 835845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1747", "title": "Autoregulation of renal blood flow during halothane anesthesia.", "content": "Renal blood flow, when not affected by humoral or neural influences, remains relatively constant over a wide range of renal arterial perfusion pressures. This phenomenon, referred to as \"autoregulation,\" is an important mechanism allowing kidneys to maintain homeostasis of the internal milieu over a wide range of arterial pressures. The present study showed that 0.9 per cent halothane had no effect on autoregulation in an isolated, perfused dog kidney as renal arterial perfusion pressure was varied between 75 and 125 torr.", "contents": "Autoregulation of renal blood flow during halothane anesthesia. Renal blood flow, when not affected by humoral or neural influences, remains relatively constant over a wide range of renal arterial perfusion pressures. This phenomenon, referred to as \"autoregulation,\" is an important mechanism allowing kidneys to maintain homeostasis of the internal milieu over a wide range of arterial pressures. The present study showed that 0.9 per cent halothane had no effect on autoregulation in an isolated, perfused dog kidney as renal arterial perfusion pressure was varied between 75 and 125 torr.", "PMID": 835847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1748", "title": "Thiopental inhibition of tumor immunity.", "content": "The ability of leukocytes to kill tumor cells appears central to the defense against neoplastic growth. The authors determined the effect of thiopental on this phenomenon in vitro by incubating 51Cr-labelled YAAC-1 tumor cells obtained from the peritoneal cavities of syngeneic A/JAX white mice with immune leukocytes from the peritoneal cavities of allogeneic C57/black mice. Tumor-cell death was quantitated by the amount of 51Cr released into the medium following tumor-cell lysis. Thiopental, in concentrations used during routine anesthesia, inhibited tumor-cell killing in a dose-related manner. Inhibition of cytotoxicity ranged from 8.6 per cent at 2.8 x 10(-5) M thiopental to 38.1 per cent at 8.5 x 10(-5) M thiopental. Moreover, this inhibitory effect was additive to that previously demonstrated with halothane, and was related to the duration of exposure to the anesthetic. It is postulated that thiopental and other anesthetics contribute to the inhibition of leukocyte responsiveness observed in patients with malignancies who have undergone surgical procedures.", "contents": "Thiopental inhibition of tumor immunity. The ability of leukocytes to kill tumor cells appears central to the defense against neoplastic growth. The authors determined the effect of thiopental on this phenomenon in vitro by incubating 51Cr-labelled YAAC-1 tumor cells obtained from the peritoneal cavities of syngeneic A/JAX white mice with immune leukocytes from the peritoneal cavities of allogeneic C57/black mice. Tumor-cell death was quantitated by the amount of 51Cr released into the medium following tumor-cell lysis. Thiopental, in concentrations used during routine anesthesia, inhibited tumor-cell killing in a dose-related manner. Inhibition of cytotoxicity ranged from 8.6 per cent at 2.8 x 10(-5) M thiopental to 38.1 per cent at 8.5 x 10(-5) M thiopental. Moreover, this inhibitory effect was additive to that previously demonstrated with halothane, and was related to the duration of exposure to the anesthetic. It is postulated that thiopental and other anesthetics contribute to the inhibition of leukocyte responsiveness observed in patients with malignancies who have undergone surgical procedures.", "PMID": 835852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1749", "title": "Allergic evaluation of cereal smuts.", "content": "Weekly atmospheric sampling in the Pocatello, Idaho, area and skin testing with a standard inland smut mixture of the smuts of common cereal grains and grasses have shown that smut is a prominent antigen and, used rationally in a mixture of related antigens, is useful in all seasons in the treatment of allergies. The history, agricultural aspects and medical significance of smuts are discussed.", "contents": "Allergic evaluation of cereal smuts. Weekly atmospheric sampling in the Pocatello, Idaho, area and skin testing with a standard inland smut mixture of the smuts of common cereal grains and grasses have shown that smut is a prominent antigen and, used rationally in a mixture of related antigens, is useful in all seasons in the treatment of allergies. The history, agricultural aspects and medical significance of smuts are discussed.", "PMID": 835853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1750", "title": "Allergy and pregnancy and birth complications.", "content": "There is a positive relationship between presence of allergic disease and occurrence of pregnancy and birth complications. It is suggested that this relationship is mediated by underdevelopment of the thymus or impairment of central nervous system mechanisms of immunological response due to anoxia often associated with pregnancy and birth complications.", "contents": "Allergy and pregnancy and birth complications. There is a positive relationship between presence of allergic disease and occurrence of pregnancy and birth complications. It is suggested that this relationship is mediated by underdevelopment of the thymus or impairment of central nervous system mechanisms of immunological response due to anoxia often associated with pregnancy and birth complications.", "PMID": 835854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1751", "title": "Vascular reactivity of the bovine foot to neurohormones, antigens, and chemical mediators of anaphylaxis.", "content": "Three preparations were made of the bovine digit: isolated, spirally cut digital arteries and veins; pump (Ringer's)-perfused, isolated digit; and pump (blood)-perfused digit of the intact anesthetized calf. Administration of histamine, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), phenylephrine, bradykinin, and prostaglandin F2alpha in general caused vasoconstriction. Preparations vasodilated in response to isoproterenol and prostaglandins E1 and E2. Epinephrine and isoproterenol caused biphasic effects in the isolated vein, but consistently produced only vasoconstriction in the perfused systems. Preparations taken from calves previously sensitized to horse serum mounted antigen-specific vasoconstrictor responses upon antigenic challenge. Responses of hoof vasculature to neurohormones and to antigen are consistent with a specific local allergic vascular response as a pathologic entity and may contribute to the understanding of the vascular changes implicated in laminitis.", "contents": "Vascular reactivity of the bovine foot to neurohormones, antigens, and chemical mediators of anaphylaxis. Three preparations were made of the bovine digit: isolated, spirally cut digital arteries and veins; pump (Ringer's)-perfused, isolated digit; and pump (blood)-perfused digit of the intact anesthetized calf. Administration of histamine, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), phenylephrine, bradykinin, and prostaglandin F2alpha in general caused vasoconstriction. Preparations vasodilated in response to isoproterenol and prostaglandins E1 and E2. Epinephrine and isoproterenol caused biphasic effects in the isolated vein, but consistently produced only vasoconstriction in the perfused systems. Preparations taken from calves previously sensitized to horse serum mounted antigen-specific vasoconstrictor responses upon antigenic challenge. Responses of hoof vasculature to neurohormones and to antigen are consistent with a specific local allergic vascular response as a pathologic entity and may contribute to the understanding of the vascular changes implicated in laminitis.", "PMID": 835858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1752", "title": "Drug interactions in the horse: effects of chloramphenicol, quinidine, and oxyphenbutazone on phenylbutazone metabolism.", "content": "The plasma half-life of phenylbutazone in horses was not increased after pretreatment with chloramphenicol or quinidine, but was increased after oxyphenbutazone. This increased plasma half-life after oxyphenbutazone is consistent with observations in other species and suggests that oxyphenbutazone inhibits the metabolism of phenylbutazone in horses. Lack of inhibition of phenylbutazone metabolism in the horse by chloramphenicol and quinidine is inconsistent with results obtained in other species.", "contents": "Drug interactions in the horse: effects of chloramphenicol, quinidine, and oxyphenbutazone on phenylbutazone metabolism. The plasma half-life of phenylbutazone in horses was not increased after pretreatment with chloramphenicol or quinidine, but was increased after oxyphenbutazone. This increased plasma half-life after oxyphenbutazone is consistent with observations in other species and suggests that oxyphenbutazone inhibits the metabolism of phenylbutazone in horses. Lack of inhibition of phenylbutazone metabolism in the horse by chloramphenicol and quinidine is inconsistent with results obtained in other species.", "PMID": 835859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1753", "title": "Use of bacteriophages as an adjunct in the identification of Pasteurella multocida.", "content": "Bacteriophages were used as an adjunct to biochemical reactions in the identification of Pasteurella multocida. With the use of bacteriophages, rapid definitive identification of 52.4% of 61 P multocida isolates was made.", "contents": "Use of bacteriophages as an adjunct in the identification of Pasteurella multocida. Bacteriophages were used as an adjunct to biochemical reactions in the identification of Pasteurella multocida. With the use of bacteriophages, rapid definitive identification of 52.4% of 61 P multocida isolates was made.", "PMID": 835860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1754", "title": "Citation characteristics of periodical literature in veterinary science.", "content": "The usage of periodical literature in veterinary science was measured by means of citation analysis. Eighty-two percent of the citations in the source of this study, Advances in Veterinary Science and Comparative Medicine (1970-1974), were from periodicals, and 70 of the 743 periodical titles cited (9.4%) contributed 66% of the total periodical citations. Periodical literature cited in the source of the study appeared to have a half-life of 6.1 years, and to double its size approximately every 20 years. The aging patterns of the periodical literature seemed to vary with the publishing age of the periodical, i.e., the literature in the periodicals which have been in publication for more than 40 years showed a more gradual aging pattern than did that in the newer periodicals.", "contents": "Citation characteristics of periodical literature in veterinary science. The usage of periodical literature in veterinary science was measured by means of citation analysis. Eighty-two percent of the citations in the source of this study, Advances in Veterinary Science and Comparative Medicine (1970-1974), were from periodicals, and 70 of the 743 periodical titles cited (9.4%) contributed 66% of the total periodical citations. Periodical literature cited in the source of the study appeared to have a half-life of 6.1 years, and to double its size approximately every 20 years. The aging patterns of the periodical literature seemed to vary with the publishing age of the periodical, i.e., the literature in the periodicals which have been in publication for more than 40 years showed a more gradual aging pattern than did that in the newer periodicals.", "PMID": 835861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1755", "title": "Toxoplasmosis in a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus).", "content": "Disseminated toxoplasmosis was diagnosed in a female California sea lion that had been used in thermoregulation studies for about 4 years while housed in a small enclosure with a fresh-water pool at the University of Hawaii, Honolulu. Toxoplasma gondii was demonstrated in and around necrotic lesions of the heart and the stomach. Source of the infection was not established; however, studies on toxoplasmosis in cats were being conducted at the institution, and common caretakers attended both groups of animals.", "contents": "Toxoplasmosis in a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Disseminated toxoplasmosis was diagnosed in a female California sea lion that had been used in thermoregulation studies for about 4 years while housed in a small enclosure with a fresh-water pool at the University of Hawaii, Honolulu. Toxoplasma gondii was demonstrated in and around necrotic lesions of the heart and the stomach. Source of the infection was not established; however, studies on toxoplasmosis in cats were being conducted at the institution, and common caretakers attended both groups of animals.", "PMID": 835862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1756", "title": "Effect of 2-mercaptoethanol on the in vitro response of sensitized bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes to Anaplasma antigen.", "content": "Sensitized lymphocytes from 3 cows vaccinated with anaplasma antigen were isolated and caused to react in vitro with antigen in a microculture lymphocyte transformation test. The addition of 2-mercaptoethanol at a concentration of 25 mul of 4 X 10(-3) M solution/well significantly (P less than or equal to 0.01) increased [3H]thymidine incorporation compared to microculture without 2-mercaptoethanol.", "contents": "Effect of 2-mercaptoethanol on the in vitro response of sensitized bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes to Anaplasma antigen. Sensitized lymphocytes from 3 cows vaccinated with anaplasma antigen were isolated and caused to react in vitro with antigen in a microculture lymphocyte transformation test. The addition of 2-mercaptoethanol at a concentration of 25 mul of 4 X 10(-3) M solution/well significantly (P less than or equal to 0.01) increased [3H]thymidine incorporation compared to microculture without 2-mercaptoethanol.", "PMID": 835863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1757", "title": "Effect of imidocarb dipropionate and hemicastration on spermatogenesis in pony stallions.", "content": "The effect of imidocarb dipropionate [3, 3' bis-(2-imidazolin-2-yl) carbanilide dipropionate] on spermatogenesis in 3 pony stallions was studied. The drug alone had no deleterious effect on spermatogenesis when given intramuscularly 4 times at a dosage level of 4 mg/kg at 72-hour intervals. Hemicastration, with or without subsequent drug treatment, caused almost complete cessation of spermatogenesis 30 days after the operation.", "contents": "Effect of imidocarb dipropionate and hemicastration on spermatogenesis in pony stallions. The effect of imidocarb dipropionate [3, 3' bis-(2-imidazolin-2-yl) carbanilide dipropionate] on spermatogenesis in 3 pony stallions was studied. The drug alone had no deleterious effect on spermatogenesis when given intramuscularly 4 times at a dosage level of 4 mg/kg at 72-hour intervals. Hemicastration, with or without subsequent drug treatment, caused almost complete cessation of spermatogenesis 30 days after the operation.", "PMID": 835864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1758", "title": "Cellular immunity demonstrated in pigs infected with African swine fever virus.", "content": "Twenty-two pigs infected with African swine fever virus (ASFV) were used to demonstrate delayed hypersensitivity (DH) in vitro by the leukocyte migration-inhibition test. The results indicated that ASFV-infected pigs developed DH against ASFV antigen (ASF antigen) as early as 20 days after inoculation, and the presence of viremia did not interfere with the leukocyte migration-inhibition test. Three ASFV-infected pigs that were also sensitized to mycobacterium developed DH against both ASF antigen and mycobacterium. The conclusion was that the cellular immune system is not impaired by ASFV infection in pigs.", "contents": "Cellular immunity demonstrated in pigs infected with African swine fever virus. Twenty-two pigs infected with African swine fever virus (ASFV) were used to demonstrate delayed hypersensitivity (DH) in vitro by the leukocyte migration-inhibition test. The results indicated that ASFV-infected pigs developed DH against ASFV antigen (ASF antigen) as early as 20 days after inoculation, and the presence of viremia did not interfere with the leukocyte migration-inhibition test. Three ASFV-infected pigs that were also sensitized to mycobacterium developed DH against both ASF antigen and mycobacterium. The conclusion was that the cellular immune system is not impaired by ASFV infection in pigs.", "PMID": 835865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1759", "title": "Immunogenicity of experimental Streptococcus equisimilis vaccines in swine.", "content": "The protective and complement-fixing antibody immune responses to Streptococcus equisimilis vaccines were evaluated in young, surgically derived, colostrum-deprived swine. Comparable levels of protection against live S equisimilis challenge exposure developed in response to sonic-extract, acid-extract, and whole-cell vaccines combined with incomplete Freund adjuvant. The extract vaccines induced higher levels of complement-fixing antibody than did killed, whole cells. Protection, as well as complement-fixing antibody immune responses, were comparable when swine were given doses of vaccine beginning at 3 or 8 weeks of age.", "contents": "Immunogenicity of experimental Streptococcus equisimilis vaccines in swine. The protective and complement-fixing antibody immune responses to Streptococcus equisimilis vaccines were evaluated in young, surgically derived, colostrum-deprived swine. Comparable levels of protection against live S equisimilis challenge exposure developed in response to sonic-extract, acid-extract, and whole-cell vaccines combined with incomplete Freund adjuvant. The extract vaccines induced higher levels of complement-fixing antibody than did killed, whole cells. Protection, as well as complement-fixing antibody immune responses, were comparable when swine were given doses of vaccine beginning at 3 or 8 weeks of age.", "PMID": 835866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1760", "title": "Comparative study of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve.", "content": "Quantitative studies were made of cells in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve in the horse, dog, cat, pig, sheep, goat, and calf. This nucleus was larger in ruminants than in nonruminants. Some cells in all parts of the nucleus supplied visceral structures in the head, cervical, thoracic, and abdominal regions; however, a definite topographic localization did exist within the nucleus. Eighty percent of the cells which supplied the abdominal viscera were in the rostral and rostral-middle regions. The cells which supplied the thoracic viscera were distributed almost equally within the rostral three-quarters of the nucleus. Seventy-three percent of the cells which supplied viscera in the head and neck regions were in the caudal-half of the nucleus. The rostral region of the nucleus was much larger in ruminants than in nonruminants. It is proposed that cells in the rostral region of the nucleus supply the highly developed rumen and reticulum.", "contents": "Comparative study of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. Quantitative studies were made of cells in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve in the horse, dog, cat, pig, sheep, goat, and calf. This nucleus was larger in ruminants than in nonruminants. Some cells in all parts of the nucleus supplied visceral structures in the head, cervical, thoracic, and abdominal regions; however, a definite topographic localization did exist within the nucleus. Eighty percent of the cells which supplied the abdominal viscera were in the rostral and rostral-middle regions. The cells which supplied the thoracic viscera were distributed almost equally within the rostral three-quarters of the nucleus. Seventy-three percent of the cells which supplied viscera in the head and neck regions were in the caudal-half of the nucleus. The rostral region of the nucleus was much larger in ruminants than in nonruminants. It is proposed that cells in the rostral region of the nucleus supply the highly developed rumen and reticulum.", "PMID": 835867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1761", "title": "Pathology of subacute methylmercurialism in cats.", "content": "Clinical signs of toxicosis, neurologic lesions, and increased tissue residues of methylmercury (MM)were produced in 9 cats by oral administration of 1.29 and 0.86 mg  of Hg/kg of body weight/day as methylmercuric hydroxide. Clinical signs, which began after 15 days of exposure, included anorexia, ataxia, hypermetria, proprioceptive impairment, blindness, vertical nystagmus, and grand mal convulsions. Significant lesions occurred in cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum and correlated well with clinical signs. Microscopic central nervous system lesions consisted of neuronal degeneration, necrosis and loss of neurons, swollen axons, demyelination, loss of nerve cell processes, vacuolation of neuropil, gliosis, neuronophagia, perivascular cuffs, endothelial hypertrophy and hyperplasia, leptomeningitis, and infrequent vascular necrosis. Overall distribution of central nervous system lesions was unrelated to daily dose, but more advanced lesions were produced by the smaller daily dose. Mean tissue residues of MM were generally directly related to daily dose, and the average distribution among tissues was constant, with highest concentrations in liver, followed by kidney, spleen, muscle, and brain. In utero exposure of kittens to MM, revealed transplacental accumulation.", "contents": "Pathology of subacute methylmercurialism in cats. Clinical signs of toxicosis, neurologic lesions, and increased tissue residues of methylmercury (MM)were produced in 9 cats by oral administration of 1.29 and 0.86 mg  of Hg/kg of body weight/day as methylmercuric hydroxide. Clinical signs, which began after 15 days of exposure, included anorexia, ataxia, hypermetria, proprioceptive impairment, blindness, vertical nystagmus, and grand mal convulsions. Significant lesions occurred in cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum and correlated well with clinical signs. Microscopic central nervous system lesions consisted of neuronal degeneration, necrosis and loss of neurons, swollen axons, demyelination, loss of nerve cell processes, vacuolation of neuropil, gliosis, neuronophagia, perivascular cuffs, endothelial hypertrophy and hyperplasia, leptomeningitis, and infrequent vascular necrosis. Overall distribution of central nervous system lesions was unrelated to daily dose, but more advanced lesions were produced by the smaller daily dose. Mean tissue residues of MM were generally directly related to daily dose, and the average distribution among tissues was constant, with highest concentrations in liver, followed by kidney, spleen, muscle, and brain. In utero exposure of kittens to MM, revealed transplacental accumulation.", "PMID": 835868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1762", "title": "A new technique for evaluating nitrogen washout efficiency.", "content": "Nitrogen washout curves resulting from open circuit N2 washouts of unsedated human and canine subjects were constructed by plotting the breath-by-breath end-expiratory N2 fraction (Fn2) against breath number on a semilog scale. Curves were analyzed graphically, and the slope of the 2nd of the 3 components was expressed by B 1/2, the number of breaths required to reduce Fn2 to half of its original value. The magnitude of B 1/2 was directly proportional to the value of functional residual capacity (FRC) divided by tidal volume (Vt). The quantity B 1/2 (FRC/Vt) was relatively constant within an individual regardless of FRC or Vt and was named the nitrogen dilution constant (NDC). Means and ranges of Vt, FRC, B 1/2, and NDC were determined for normal human subjects and Beagle dogs. The NDC varied less among and within subjects than other simple indices of washout efficiency. It was also more sensitive than other indices in detecting age-related loss of washout efficiency. The use of NDC in evaluating N2 washout of subjects with interstitial lung disease was demonstrated.", "contents": "A new technique for evaluating nitrogen washout efficiency. Nitrogen washout curves resulting from open circuit N2 washouts of unsedated human and canine subjects were constructed by plotting the breath-by-breath end-expiratory N2 fraction (Fn2) against breath number on a semilog scale. Curves were analyzed graphically, and the slope of the 2nd of the 3 components was expressed by B 1/2, the number of breaths required to reduce Fn2 to half of its original value. The magnitude of B 1/2 was directly proportional to the value of functional residual capacity (FRC) divided by tidal volume (Vt). The quantity B 1/2 (FRC/Vt) was relatively constant within an individual regardless of FRC or Vt and was named the nitrogen dilution constant (NDC). Means and ranges of Vt, FRC, B 1/2, and NDC were determined for normal human subjects and Beagle dogs. The NDC varied less among and within subjects than other simple indices of washout efficiency. It was also more sensitive than other indices in detecting age-related loss of washout efficiency. The use of NDC in evaluating N2 washout of subjects with interstitial lung disease was demonstrated.", "PMID": 835869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1763", "title": "Bone-methyl methacrylate interfacial shear strength: an experimental study of dogs.", "content": "Bone-methyl methacrylate interfacial shear strength at failure in chronically implanted hip prostheses was studied. Gorman total hip prostheses fixed with methyl methacrylate bone cement were implanted in 6 large dogs. Interface shear strength studies were performed at 8, 16, and 24 weeks. Mechanical testing determined that the mean interfacial shear strength was 15.2 +/- 13.0 kg/cm2. Variability of the data was too great to allow conclusions to be drawn from statistical analysis, but trends in the data were observed. It was concluded that the interfacial bond had sufficient strength to withstand axial loads 3 to 6 times greater than those applied under normal physiologic conditions.", "contents": "Bone-methyl methacrylate interfacial shear strength: an experimental study of dogs. Bone-methyl methacrylate interfacial shear strength at failure in chronically implanted hip prostheses was studied. Gorman total hip prostheses fixed with methyl methacrylate bone cement were implanted in 6 large dogs. Interface shear strength studies were performed at 8, 16, and 24 weeks. Mechanical testing determined that the mean interfacial shear strength was 15.2 +/- 13.0 kg/cm2. Variability of the data was too great to allow conclusions to be drawn from statistical analysis, but trends in the data were observed. It was concluded that the interfacial bond had sufficient strength to withstand axial loads 3 to 6 times greater than those applied under normal physiologic conditions.", "PMID": 835870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1764", "title": "Lymphocyte transformation in the dog: response of lymphocytes from normal and immune dogs to phytohemagglutinin, coccidioidin, and purified-protein derivative.", "content": "Antigen- and mitogen-induced in vitro transformation of dog lymphocytes was quantitated by pulse labeling with 3H-thymidine (3H-TdR). Dosages of antigen and duration of incubation were varied to determine the dose and incubation time that would allow a clear distinction between sensitized and nonsensitized dogs. Each of the 2 antigens tested, coccidioidin and purified protein derivative of tuberculin, induced a higher rate of 3H-TdR incorporation in lymphocyte cultures from dogs immunized to the homologous antigen than in lymphocyte cultures from dogs immunized to either the heterologous antigen or no antigen. Lymphocyte cultures from all dogs showed a high rate of 3H-TdR incorporation in response to phytohemagglutinin stimulation. Sequential lymphocyte transformation tests were done on 4 dogs immunized with either Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin bacillus alone or Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin bacillus in Freund's complete adjuvant. A positive response to purified protein derivative became evident in all 4 dogs 11 days after immunization and peaked at 18 days after immunization.", "contents": "Lymphocyte transformation in the dog: response of lymphocytes from normal and immune dogs to phytohemagglutinin, coccidioidin, and purified-protein derivative. Antigen- and mitogen-induced in vitro transformation of dog lymphocytes was quantitated by pulse labeling with 3H-thymidine (3H-TdR). Dosages of antigen and duration of incubation were varied to determine the dose and incubation time that would allow a clear distinction between sensitized and nonsensitized dogs. Each of the 2 antigens tested, coccidioidin and purified protein derivative of tuberculin, induced a higher rate of 3H-TdR incorporation in lymphocyte cultures from dogs immunized to the homologous antigen than in lymphocyte cultures from dogs immunized to either the heterologous antigen or no antigen. Lymphocyte cultures from all dogs showed a high rate of 3H-TdR incorporation in response to phytohemagglutinin stimulation. Sequential lymphocyte transformation tests were done on 4 dogs immunized with either Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin bacillus alone or Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin bacillus in Freund's complete adjuvant. A positive response to purified protein derivative became evident in all 4 dogs 11 days after immunization and peaked at 18 days after immunization.", "PMID": 835871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1765", "title": "Effects of bretylium tosylate on the in vivo fibrillating canine ventricle.", "content": "Chemical ventricular defibrillation of the heart by intravenous or intracardiac administration of bretylium tosylate (6 to 24 mg/kg of body weight) did not occur in any dog (n = 30) given the drug 5 minutes before, immediately after, or 75 seconds after electrical induction of ventricular fibrillation. The bretylium did not appear to stabilize ventricular irritability nor  facilitate resuscitation by electrical defribrillation when compared with the control group of dogs. Significant dose-dependent chronotropic or systemic pressure effects were not seen following bretylium administration.", "contents": "Effects of bretylium tosylate on the in vivo fibrillating canine ventricle. Chemical ventricular defibrillation of the heart by intravenous or intracardiac administration of bretylium tosylate (6 to 24 mg/kg of body weight) did not occur in any dog (n = 30) given the drug 5 minutes before, immediately after, or 75 seconds after electrical induction of ventricular fibrillation. The bretylium did not appear to stabilize ventricular irritability nor  facilitate resuscitation by electrical defribrillation when compared with the control group of dogs. Significant dose-dependent chronotropic or systemic pressure effects were not seen following bretylium administration.", "PMID": 835872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1766", "title": "Diffuse pulmonary disease after therapy with nitrogen mustard, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone.", "content": "Pulmonary reactions may follow therapy with nitrogen mustard, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone. Two patients with Hodgkin's disease are described who were treated with nitrogen mustard, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone and developed diffuse lung disease. Their disease processes were evaluated with serial pulmonary function studies, chest radiography, and open lung biopsy. Hypersensitivity reactions appeared to be responsible, and treatment with corticosteroids was successful. Procarbazine may have been the responsible agent.", "contents": "Diffuse pulmonary disease after therapy with nitrogen mustard, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone. Pulmonary reactions may follow therapy with nitrogen mustard, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone. Two patients with Hodgkin's disease are described who were treated with nitrogen mustard, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone and developed diffuse lung disease. Their disease processes were evaluated with serial pulmonary function studies, chest radiography, and open lung biopsy. Hypersensitivity reactions appeared to be responsible, and treatment with corticosteroids was successful. Procarbazine may have been the responsible agent.", "PMID": 835882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1767", "title": "Morphometric study of elastic fibers in normal and emphysematous human lungs.", "content": "The length of elastic fibers and the distribution of fiber diameters was determined by morphometry in the parenchyma of human lungs. Studies were done on 33 lungs from male subjects 1 to 85 years of age, including 9 lungs with mild emphysema. These studies suggest that the total length of elastic fibers is present early in life, possible by 10 years of age, and thereafter remains constant. Average fiber diameter increases between infancy and adulthood but probably does not change further beyond the third decade of life. No significant differences could be detected in either total fiber length or fiber diameter in the lungs with mild emphysema compared to normal lungs of the same age.", "contents": "Morphometric study of elastic fibers in normal and emphysematous human lungs. The length of elastic fibers and the distribution of fiber diameters was determined by morphometry in the parenchyma of human lungs. Studies were done on 33 lungs from male subjects 1 to 85 years of age, including 9 lungs with mild emphysema. These studies suggest that the total length of elastic fibers is present early in life, possible by 10 years of age, and thereafter remains constant. Average fiber diameter increases between infancy and adulthood but probably does not change further beyond the third decade of life. No significant differences could be detected in either total fiber length or fiber diameter in the lungs with mild emphysema compared to normal lungs of the same age.", "PMID": 835883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1768", "title": "Diagnostic problems in pulmonary-renal syndromes.", "content": "A 25-year-old woman survived a fulminant epidose of rapidly progressive renal failure with severe hemoptysis initially suspected of being Goodpasture's syndrome. Four years later the patient was diagnosed as having Wegener's granulomatosis.", "contents": "Diagnostic problems in pulmonary-renal syndromes. A 25-year-old woman survived a fulminant epidose of rapidly progressive renal failure with severe hemoptysis initially suspected of being Goodpasture's syndrome. Four years later the patient was diagnosed as having Wegener's granulomatosis.", "PMID": 835884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1769", "title": "Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia with associated chronic active hepatitis and renal tubular acidosis.", "content": "Various combinations of diffuse interstitial fibrosis, chronic liver disease, and renal tubular acidosis have been recorded. The patient we report is unique in that the features of chronic liver disease and renal tubular acidosis were discovered while the patient was being treated for lymphoid interstitial pneumonia. This sequence of events has not been previously described.", "contents": "Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia with associated chronic active hepatitis and renal tubular acidosis. Various combinations of diffuse interstitial fibrosis, chronic liver disease, and renal tubular acidosis have been recorded. The patient we report is unique in that the features of chronic liver disease and renal tubular acidosis were discovered while the patient was being treated for lymphoid interstitial pneumonia. This sequence of events has not been previously described.", "PMID": 835885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1770", "title": "Construction of an improved tracheal pouch in the ferret.", "content": "A surgical technic is described for the construction of a subcutaneous tracheal pouch in the ferret and for sampling undiluted tracheal secretions at daily to weekly intervals during a period of many months. This technic is applicable to other species.", "contents": "Construction of an improved tracheal pouch in the ferret. A surgical technic is described for the construction of a subcutaneous tracheal pouch in the ferret and for sampling undiluted tracheal secretions at daily to weekly intervals during a period of many months. This technic is applicable to other species.", "PMID": 835886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1771", "title": "Crossover PO2, a measure of the variable effect of increased P50 on mixed venous PO2.", "content": "The effect on mixed venous Po2 of a shift to the right in the oxygen hemoglobin equilibrium curve, without a change in either arterial Po2 or oxygen uptake, depends on the difference between the arterial oxygen saturation differences and the venous oxygen saturation differences of the shifted and standard curves. For every rightward-shifted oxygen hemoglobin equilibrium curve there is a Po2, which I call the crossover Po2, at which mixed venous Po2 is the same for the standard and shifted curve. Crossover Po2 depends upon the hemoglobin concentration and the arteriovenous oxygen content difference. I demonstrate that in hypoxemic patients, especially if anemia and shock are present, the arterial Po2 may be less than the crossover Po2; thus, an increased blood P50, the Po2 at oxygen saturation of 50 per cent (pH 7.40, temperature 37 degrees C), cannot increase the mixed venous Po2.", "contents": "Crossover PO2, a measure of the variable effect of increased P50 on mixed venous PO2. The effect on mixed venous Po2 of a shift to the right in the oxygen hemoglobin equilibrium curve, without a change in either arterial Po2 or oxygen uptake, depends on the difference between the arterial oxygen saturation differences and the venous oxygen saturation differences of the shifted and standard curves. For every rightward-shifted oxygen hemoglobin equilibrium curve there is a Po2, which I call the crossover Po2, at which mixed venous Po2 is the same for the standard and shifted curve. Crossover Po2 depends upon the hemoglobin concentration and the arteriovenous oxygen content difference. I demonstrate that in hypoxemic patients, especially if anemia and shock are present, the arterial Po2 may be less than the crossover Po2; thus, an increased blood P50, the Po2 at oxygen saturation of 50 per cent (pH 7.40, temperature 37 degrees C), cannot increase the mixed venous Po2.", "PMID": 835887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1772", "title": "Analysis of a community hospital employee tuberculosis screening program 31 months after its inception.", "content": "The employee tuberculosis screening program for this 450-bed, medical-surgical hospital was evaluated as of November 30, 1975. On that date, there were 1,488 employees, excluding physicians and medical and nursing students. Of the 626 employees tested at least twice with purified protein derivative, 28 converted their test from negative (zero induration) to positive (greater than or equal to 10 mm of induration), and 20 converted their tests from weakly reactive (3 to 9 mm of induration) to positive (greater than or equal to 10 mm of induration and showing a 6-mm or greater increase in induration over that resulting from the first test). The rate of conversion (tests with purified protein derivative going from negative to positive) was no different between the groups with high and with low degrees of exposure to tuberculous patients, suggesting the possibility of nonhospital-acquired infection in the latter group. A direct relationship existed between increasing age and increasing rate of conversion, suggesting that some of the convertors were not newly infected, but were persons with boosted reactivity. These data illustrate some of the practical problems of monitoring for tuberculous infections and subsequently offering preventive therapy to convertors.", "contents": "Analysis of a community hospital employee tuberculosis screening program 31 months after its inception. The employee tuberculosis screening program for this 450-bed, medical-surgical hospital was evaluated as of November 30, 1975. On that date, there were 1,488 employees, excluding physicians and medical and nursing students. Of the 626 employees tested at least twice with purified protein derivative, 28 converted their test from negative (zero induration) to positive (greater than or equal to 10 mm of induration), and 20 converted their tests from weakly reactive (3 to 9 mm of induration) to positive (greater than or equal to 10 mm of induration and showing a 6-mm or greater increase in induration over that resulting from the first test). The rate of conversion (tests with purified protein derivative going from negative to positive) was no different between the groups with high and with low degrees of exposure to tuberculous patients, suggesting the possibility of nonhospital-acquired infection in the latter group. A direct relationship existed between increasing age and increasing rate of conversion, suggesting that some of the convertors were not newly infected, but were persons with boosted reactivity. These data illustrate some of the practical problems of monitoring for tuberculous infections and subsequently offering preventive therapy to convertors.", "PMID": 835889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1773", "title": "Deposition of 2- and 7-mu m particles in the rabbit lung.", "content": "Depostion of 2- and 7-mu m polystyrene particles tagged with scandium-46 and gold-198, respectively, was studied in 6 rabbits. Deposition was estimated in the 3 major bronchi and their extensions in the right lung by dissecting free the bronchial tree and measuring the radioactivity in the various sections. The rabbits were exposed to a mixture of 2- and 7-mu m polystyrene particles. The particle content among bronchi was highest in the lower lobe and lowest in the upper lobe. The average particle content per unit of bronchial surface did not differ among the bronchi or among different locations in the lobe bronchus and its extension. The ratio of 7- to 2-mu m particles was greater in all bronchial sections than in the whole lung.", "contents": "Deposition of 2- and 7-mu m particles in the rabbit lung. Depostion of 2- and 7-mu m polystyrene particles tagged with scandium-46 and gold-198, respectively, was studied in 6 rabbits. Deposition was estimated in the 3 major bronchi and their extensions in the right lung by dissecting free the bronchial tree and measuring the radioactivity in the various sections. The rabbits were exposed to a mixture of 2- and 7-mu m polystyrene particles. The particle content among bronchi was highest in the lower lobe and lowest in the upper lobe. The average particle content per unit of bronchial surface did not differ among the bronchi or among different locations in the lobe bronchus and its extension. The ratio of 7- to 2-mu m particles was greater in all bronchial sections than in the whole lung.", "PMID": 835890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1774", "title": "Adverse effect of a cigarette smoke component, acrolein, on pulmonary antibacterial defenses and on viral-bacterial interactions in the lung.", "content": "Intrapulmonary antibacterial activity in normal mice and mice with viral pneumonia was determined after continous exposure to the pure tobacco smoke component, acrolein. After inhalation challenge with Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus mirabilis, exposure to 1 to 2 ppm of acrolein significantly suppressed the intrapulmonary killing of the organisms in normal mice compared to control mice not exposed to acrolein. Sendai virus pneumonia depressed pulmonary antibacterial defenses in a virus dose-related fashion. Exposure of the mice infected with virus to acrolein resulted in a further suppression of intrapulmonary bacterial killing to the extent that, in most instances, the bacteria proliferated in the lungs. These data demonstrate that the cigarette smoke component, acrolein, not only depresses pulmonary bactericidal activity, but can also act as a stressor in aggravating an underlying disease process, resulting in an additional impairment of pulmonary antibacterial defenses.", "contents": "Adverse effect of a cigarette smoke component, acrolein, on pulmonary antibacterial defenses and on viral-bacterial interactions in the lung. Intrapulmonary antibacterial activity in normal mice and mice with viral pneumonia was determined after continous exposure to the pure tobacco smoke component, acrolein. After inhalation challenge with Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus mirabilis, exposure to 1 to 2 ppm of acrolein significantly suppressed the intrapulmonary killing of the organisms in normal mice compared to control mice not exposed to acrolein. Sendai virus pneumonia depressed pulmonary antibacterial defenses in a virus dose-related fashion. Exposure of the mice infected with virus to acrolein resulted in a further suppression of intrapulmonary bacterial killing to the extent that, in most instances, the bacteria proliferated in the lungs. These data demonstrate that the cigarette smoke component, acrolein, not only depresses pulmonary bactericidal activity, but can also act as a stressor in aggravating an underlying disease process, resulting in an additional impairment of pulmonary antibacterial defenses.", "PMID": 835891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1775", "title": "A new roentgenographic method for estimating mucous velocity in airways.", "content": "A new roentgenographic method is described for the estimation of mucous velocity in airways. Radiopaque discs of teflon mixed with bismuth trioxide were deposited in the trachea, and their motion was observed by a fluoroscopic image intensifier. Simultaneous measurements of disc movement were obtained by a previously reported cinebronchofiberscopic method and by the roentgenographic method in 6 anesthetized dogs. Mean +/- SD tracheal mucous velocity was 8.5 +/- 7.3 mm per min by the roentgenographic method, and 7.6 +/- 7.1 mm per min by the cinebronchofiberscopic method. Discrepancies between the 2 methods for individual disc velocities could be accounted for by the cumulative errors of both methods. The roentgenographic method was also used in 7 normal volunteers who did not have topical anesthesia of the tracheobronchial tree. The discs were blown through the inner channel of a bronchofiberscope, the tip of which was located just above the vocal cords. Placement of the discs on the tracheal mucosa generally did not produce coughing. Tracheal mucous velocity ranged from 7.4 to 19.4 mm per min as estimated from videotape recordings of the image intensifier images. There was no consistent difference in velocity between the erect or supine position, or after topical anesthesia with lidocaine.", "contents": "A new roentgenographic method for estimating mucous velocity in airways. A new roentgenographic method is described for the estimation of mucous velocity in airways. Radiopaque discs of teflon mixed with bismuth trioxide were deposited in the trachea, and their motion was observed by a fluoroscopic image intensifier. Simultaneous measurements of disc movement were obtained by a previously reported cinebronchofiberscopic method and by the roentgenographic method in 6 anesthetized dogs. Mean +/- SD tracheal mucous velocity was 8.5 +/- 7.3 mm per min by the roentgenographic method, and 7.6 +/- 7.1 mm per min by the cinebronchofiberscopic method. Discrepancies between the 2 methods for individual disc velocities could be accounted for by the cumulative errors of both methods. The roentgenographic method was also used in 7 normal volunteers who did not have topical anesthesia of the tracheobronchial tree. The discs were blown through the inner channel of a bronchofiberscope, the tip of which was located just above the vocal cords. Placement of the discs on the tracheal mucosa generally did not produce coughing. Tracheal mucous velocity ranged from 7.4 to 19.4 mm per min as estimated from videotape recordings of the image intensifier images. There was no consistent difference in velocity between the erect or supine position, or after topical anesthesia with lidocaine.", "PMID": 835892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1776", "title": "Alveolar multiplication in the contralateral lung after unilateral pneumonectomy in the rabbit.", "content": "Four weeks after left pneumonectomy in 10-week-old rabbits, the right lung increased in weight and volume to match the weight and volume of both lungs in control and sham-operated rabbits. Alveolar multiplication occurred in the right lung of the pneumonectomized animals resulting in approximately 60 per cent more alveoli than in the right lung of the control or sham-operated animals. Alveolar size was the same in all animals. The total number of alveoli in the right lungs of the pneumonectomized animals was almost identical to the calculated number of alveoli in both lungs of the control animals.", "contents": "Alveolar multiplication in the contralateral lung after unilateral pneumonectomy in the rabbit. Four weeks after left pneumonectomy in 10-week-old rabbits, the right lung increased in weight and volume to match the weight and volume of both lungs in control and sham-operated rabbits. Alveolar multiplication occurred in the right lung of the pneumonectomized animals resulting in approximately 60 per cent more alveoli than in the right lung of the control or sham-operated animals. Alveolar size was the same in all animals. The total number of alveoli in the right lungs of the pneumonectomized animals was almost identical to the calculated number of alveoli in both lungs of the control animals.", "PMID": 835893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1777", "title": "Effects of flow-resistive loading on mouth occlusion pressure during CO2 rebreathing.", "content": "To evaluate mouth occlusion pressure as an index of neural drive to the respiratory muscles that is independent of lung mechanics, the occlusion pressure response to rebreathing was studied in 7 normal subjects under control conditions and during flow-resistive loading. Inspiratory, expiratory, and combined inspiratory-expiratory flow resistances of 5 and 17 cm H2O per liter per sec were studied in 7 normal subjects. Pressure at the mouth was measured 150 msec after the onset of inspiration against the occluded airway. In all subjects, the ventilatory response to CO2 rebreathing was consistenly decreased by the 3 types of resistive loads, and this decrease was often greater with the higher load. In contrast, the occlusion pressure response was usually increased with inspiratory and inspiratory-expiratory resistance, indicating increased inspiratory muscle output due to these loads. With expiratory resistance, the occlusion pressure response was decreased in most of the subjects, suggesting a decrease in muscular output with expiratory loading. The inspiratory muscle pressure response to resistive loading could have been mediated by neural reflex and/or intrinsic muscle mechanisms. Occlusion pressure, therefore, appears to reflect over-all inspiratory neuromuscular output of the respiratory system during CO2 rebreathing, even with the addition of flow-resistive loads. Measures of mouth occlusion pressure provide a distinct advantage over ventilatory parameters in studies of respiratory control mechanisms during mechanical loading.", "contents": "Effects of flow-resistive loading on mouth occlusion pressure during CO2 rebreathing. To evaluate mouth occlusion pressure as an index of neural drive to the respiratory muscles that is independent of lung mechanics, the occlusion pressure response to rebreathing was studied in 7 normal subjects under control conditions and during flow-resistive loading. Inspiratory, expiratory, and combined inspiratory-expiratory flow resistances of 5 and 17 cm H2O per liter per sec were studied in 7 normal subjects. Pressure at the mouth was measured 150 msec after the onset of inspiration against the occluded airway. In all subjects, the ventilatory response to CO2 rebreathing was consistenly decreased by the 3 types of resistive loads, and this decrease was often greater with the higher load. In contrast, the occlusion pressure response was usually increased with inspiratory and inspiratory-expiratory resistance, indicating increased inspiratory muscle output due to these loads. With expiratory resistance, the occlusion pressure response was decreased in most of the subjects, suggesting a decrease in muscular output with expiratory loading. The inspiratory muscle pressure response to resistive loading could have been mediated by neural reflex and/or intrinsic muscle mechanisms. Occlusion pressure, therefore, appears to reflect over-all inspiratory neuromuscular output of the respiratory system during CO2 rebreathing, even with the addition of flow-resistive loads. Measures of mouth occlusion pressure provide a distinct advantage over ventilatory parameters in studies of respiratory control mechanisms during mechanical loading.", "PMID": 835894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1778", "title": "Pulmonary tissue concentrations of ethchlorvynol after intravenous injection.", "content": "Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema has been reported to follow the intravenous use of ethchlorvynol (Placidyl) in both human clinical and animal experimental situations. In a further attempt to define ethchlorvynol-pulmonary tissue inter-relations, we measured ethchlorvynol concentrations in venous and arterial blood and lung and liver tissue of dogs after intravenous injection of 15 to 25 mg of the drug per kg of body weight. In 10 dogs, the mean +/- SEM lung concentrations 1, 3, and 5 min after injection were 70 +/- 20, 50 +/- 13, and 24 +/- 9 mug per g of tissue, respectively. Simultaneous mean +/- SEM venous contrations were 75 +/- 40, 29+/-5, and 22 +/- 5 mug per ml of blood, respectively. During minutes 1 and 3, the liver concentrations were lower than those found in the lung. In an additional 3 dogs, injection of ethchlorvynol into the portal vein led to higher concentrations (at all sample times) in the liver when compared to the lung. In vitro lung slice studies using ethchlorvynol labeled with iodine-131 revealed no active energy-dependent uptake. Intravenously administered ethchlorvynol rapidly fluxes into and out of lung tissue, apparently following the laws of diffusion.", "contents": "Pulmonary tissue concentrations of ethchlorvynol after intravenous injection. Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema has been reported to follow the intravenous use of ethchlorvynol (Placidyl) in both human clinical and animal experimental situations. In a further attempt to define ethchlorvynol-pulmonary tissue inter-relations, we measured ethchlorvynol concentrations in venous and arterial blood and lung and liver tissue of dogs after intravenous injection of 15 to 25 mg of the drug per kg of body weight. In 10 dogs, the mean +/- SEM lung concentrations 1, 3, and 5 min after injection were 70 +/- 20, 50 +/- 13, and 24 +/- 9 mug per g of tissue, respectively. Simultaneous mean +/- SEM venous contrations were 75 +/- 40, 29+/-5, and 22 +/- 5 mug per ml of blood, respectively. During minutes 1 and 3, the liver concentrations were lower than those found in the lung. In an additional 3 dogs, injection of ethchlorvynol into the portal vein led to higher concentrations (at all sample times) in the liver when compared to the lung. In vitro lung slice studies using ethchlorvynol labeled with iodine-131 revealed no active energy-dependent uptake. Intravenously administered ethchlorvynol rapidly fluxes into and out of lung tissue, apparently following the laws of diffusion.", "PMID": 835895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1779", "title": "Granulocyte recruitment to airways exposed to endotoxin aerosols.", "content": "Guinea pigs were exposed to aerosols of 0.1 mg of Salmonella typhosa endotoxin per ml for 2 or 4 hours, and white cells in blood and in bronchopulmonary lavage were counted at 2, 4, and 6 hours. The lungs of a second group of guinea pigs and hamsters exposed in the same manner were fixed in inflation with osmium tetroxide in fluorocarbon, which retains cells on luminal surfaces of airways. The polymorphonuclear leukocyte counts in cardiac blood were significantly increased, and lymphocyte counts were decreased at 6 hours (P less than 0.05). The number of cells obtained by bronchopulmonary lavage, which were mostly polymorphonuclear leukocytes, increased at 4 hours to 28 million, and at 6 hours, was 26.5 million (P less than 0.01), compared to 5 million cells at the same times in air and in water aerosol control preparations. The polymorphonuclear cell counts on airway cross sections, i.e., (polymorphonuclear cells/epithelial cells) x 100, showed a mean +/- SD peak of 53.9 +/- 10.9 after 4 hours in guinea pigs and a peak of 99.7 +/- 11.0 after 6 hours in hamsters. Alveoli showed no cell recruitment. Platelets were aggregated on surfaces of arterioles facing bronchioles, although counts in blood were unchanged. Neither leukocytes nor airway cells showed damage to their ultrastructure. The time course for airway recruitment and leukocytosis matches that for symptoms after exposure of workers to dusts from natural fodder or fibers. This suggests that leukocyte recruitment to airways by inhaled endotoxin may be part of the mechanism for the fever and chest tightness in occupational disorders.", "contents": "Granulocyte recruitment to airways exposed to endotoxin aerosols. Guinea pigs were exposed to aerosols of 0.1 mg of Salmonella typhosa endotoxin per ml for 2 or 4 hours, and white cells in blood and in bronchopulmonary lavage were counted at 2, 4, and 6 hours. The lungs of a second group of guinea pigs and hamsters exposed in the same manner were fixed in inflation with osmium tetroxide in fluorocarbon, which retains cells on luminal surfaces of airways. The polymorphonuclear leukocyte counts in cardiac blood were significantly increased, and lymphocyte counts were decreased at 6 hours (P less than 0.05). The number of cells obtained by bronchopulmonary lavage, which were mostly polymorphonuclear leukocytes, increased at 4 hours to 28 million, and at 6 hours, was 26.5 million (P less than 0.01), compared to 5 million cells at the same times in air and in water aerosol control preparations. The polymorphonuclear cell counts on airway cross sections, i.e., (polymorphonuclear cells/epithelial cells) x 100, showed a mean +/- SD peak of 53.9 +/- 10.9 after 4 hours in guinea pigs and a peak of 99.7 +/- 11.0 after 6 hours in hamsters. Alveoli showed no cell recruitment. Platelets were aggregated on surfaces of arterioles facing bronchioles, although counts in blood were unchanged. Neither leukocytes nor airway cells showed damage to their ultrastructure. The time course for airway recruitment and leukocytosis matches that for symptoms after exposure of workers to dusts from natural fodder or fibers. This suggests that leukocyte recruitment to airways by inhaled endotoxin may be part of the mechanism for the fever and chest tightness in occupational disorders.", "PMID": 835896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1780", "title": "Experience with the jejunal loop interposition in the treatment of postgastrectomy disorders.", "content": "In the past 10 years 115 patients has revisional gastric surgery at the University of Florida. Twenty-seven patients had jejunal loop interposition to treat the different postgastrectomy disorders. While this procedure may provide relief of symptoms when used to treat several types of post-gastrectomy disorders, its best application is in patients with the severe form of postprandial dumping syndrome. When used in isoperistaltic fashion with an anti-dumping diet, the results are excellent.", "contents": "Experience with the jejunal loop interposition in the treatment of postgastrectomy disorders. In the past 10 years 115 patients has revisional gastric surgery at the University of Florida. Twenty-seven patients had jejunal loop interposition to treat the different postgastrectomy disorders. While this procedure may provide relief of symptoms when used to treat several types of post-gastrectomy disorders, its best application is in patients with the severe form of postprandial dumping syndrome. When used in isoperistaltic fashion with an anti-dumping diet, the results are excellent.", "PMID": 835897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1781", "title": "Ciliated epithelial esophageal cyst: case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A brief review of the world literature on esophageal cysts is presented and a new case of ciliated esophageal cyst is reported. Emphasis is put on roentgenography and endoscopic examination as essential for diagnosis and on exploratory thoracotomy for definite diagnosis and treatment.", "contents": "Ciliated epithelial esophageal cyst: case report and review of the literature. A brief review of the world literature on esophageal cysts is presented and a new case of ciliated esophageal cyst is reported. Emphasis is put on roentgenography and endoscopic examination as essential for diagnosis and on exploratory thoracotomy for definite diagnosis and treatment.", "PMID": 835898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1782", "title": "Fibrinogen uptake test. Criteria for interpretation of results in patients with venous thrombosis.", "content": "Accurate detection of active deep venous thrombosis with the fibrinogen uptake test (FUT) requires adherence to rigid criteria for interpretation of results of the tests. In a series of 56 patients, only detection of serial increase of per cent uptake at the same position correlated with presence of active venous thrombosis in all cases. Other investigated criteria, which were based on the analysis of single FUT results, showed a 21% incidence of false positive results. Accordingly, active venous thrombosis investigation by FUT requires performance of serial tests and analysis of the curve of uptake at each position to detect serial increasing per cent uptake.", "contents": "Fibrinogen uptake test. Criteria for interpretation of results in patients with venous thrombosis. Accurate detection of active deep venous thrombosis with the fibrinogen uptake test (FUT) requires adherence to rigid criteria for interpretation of results of the tests. In a series of 56 patients, only detection of serial increase of per cent uptake at the same position correlated with presence of active venous thrombosis in all cases. Other investigated criteria, which were based on the analysis of single FUT results, showed a 21% incidence of false positive results. Accordingly, active venous thrombosis investigation by FUT requires performance of serial tests and analysis of the curve of uptake at each position to detect serial increasing per cent uptake.", "PMID": 835899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1783", "title": "Ectopic kidney: an unusual indication for extra-anatomic bypass grafting.", "content": "This case illustrates an unusual application of axillofemoral bypass grafting in a patient with a pelvic ectopic kidney. Application of this technique resulted in complete relief of the patient's symptoms of intermittent claudication and allowed us to avoid a larger procedure which might have jeopardized the survival of the ectopic kidney and which would have resulted in increased morbidity for the patient.", "contents": "Ectopic kidney: an unusual indication for extra-anatomic bypass grafting. This case illustrates an unusual application of axillofemoral bypass grafting in a patient with a pelvic ectopic kidney. Application of this technique resulted in complete relief of the patient's symptoms of intermittent claudication and allowed us to avoid a larger procedure which might have jeopardized the survival of the ectopic kidney and which would have resulted in increased morbidity for the patient.", "PMID": 835900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1784", "title": "Large nonfunctioning adrenal cortical tumor: a case report.", "content": "A case of large nonfunctioning adrenal cortical tumor treated surgically is reported, with a short review of the relevant literature. The pathologic findings, including light and electron microscopic features, are described.", "contents": "Large nonfunctioning adrenal cortical tumor: a case report. A case of large nonfunctioning adrenal cortical tumor treated surgically is reported, with a short review of the relevant literature. The pathologic findings, including light and electron microscopic features, are described.", "PMID": 835901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1785", "title": "Complications of cardiac pacemakers.", "content": "Ten consecutive patients with complications of cardiac pacemakers seen in the past year are discussed. Electrode problems included displacement, fracture, erosion and exit block. Pulse generator complications included impending erosion, extrusion, runaway and a new complication due to faulty sealing. Possible causes and management of these complications are discussed.", "contents": "Complications of cardiac pacemakers. Ten consecutive patients with complications of cardiac pacemakers seen in the past year are discussed. Electrode problems included displacement, fracture, erosion and exit block. Pulse generator complications included impending erosion, extrusion, runaway and a new complication due to faulty sealing. Possible causes and management of these complications are discussed.", "PMID": 835902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1786", "title": "Malignant melanoma: correlation of long-term follow-up with clinical staging, level of invasion and thickness of the primary tumor.", "content": "Sixty melanoma patients were followed 20 to 30 years after primary therapy, and survival rates were reviewed with reference to clinical and histological staging. All but one of the patients with clinically positive regional nodes died of metastatic disease. Two of nine patients with nonenlarged nodes that were clinically negative but histologically positive are alive 25 years after node dissections. Ten of 17 patients with negative nodes survived their operations by 20 to 30 years. Another series of 138 patients with stage 1 cutaneous melanoma were reviewed at the George Washington University Medical Center and tumor thickness was found to be a better measurement of prognosis than clinical or histologic staging, or the tumor's level of invasion. Prophylactic lymph node dissection appeared to double the survival of patients with lesions greater than 1.5 millimeters thick, but had no effect on those with thinner lesions. Thirty-nine per cent of the patients had lesions less than 0.76 mm thick, and all survived free of disease for five or more years. Of the tumors in the intermediate range of 0.76 to 1.50 mm thick, 33% metastasized or recurred; no clinical or pathologic discriminant could be detected that differentiated those patients who would have the recurring lesions from the others with tumors in this range of intermediate thickness who did well.", "contents": "Malignant melanoma: correlation of long-term follow-up with clinical staging, level of invasion and thickness of the primary tumor. Sixty melanoma patients were followed 20 to 30 years after primary therapy, and survival rates were reviewed with reference to clinical and histological staging. All but one of the patients with clinically positive regional nodes died of metastatic disease. Two of nine patients with nonenlarged nodes that were clinically negative but histologically positive are alive 25 years after node dissections. Ten of 17 patients with negative nodes survived their operations by 20 to 30 years. Another series of 138 patients with stage 1 cutaneous melanoma were reviewed at the George Washington University Medical Center and tumor thickness was found to be a better measurement of prognosis than clinical or histologic staging, or the tumor's level of invasion. Prophylactic lymph node dissection appeared to double the survival of patients with lesions greater than 1.5 millimeters thick, but had no effect on those with thinner lesions. Thirty-nine per cent of the patients had lesions less than 0.76 mm thick, and all survived free of disease for five or more years. Of the tumors in the intermediate range of 0.76 to 1.50 mm thick, 33% metastasized or recurred; no clinical or pathologic discriminant could be detected that differentiated those patients who would have the recurring lesions from the others with tumors in this range of intermediate thickness who did well.", "PMID": 835903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1787", "title": "Selection of treatment regimens for women with potentially curable breast carcinoma.", "content": "Five-year survival rates for all Iowa breast cancer patients diagnosed in 1969 are substantially better than most published figures. Partly, this is because more Iowa patients came to treatment early before they developed diagnosable metastases. There also, however, were particularly good results for radical mastectomy compared to modified operations and when axillary metastases were present the results were much the best when supervoltage radiation followed the radical operation.", "contents": "Selection of treatment regimens for women with potentially curable breast carcinoma. Five-year survival rates for all Iowa breast cancer patients diagnosed in 1969 are substantially better than most published figures. Partly, this is because more Iowa patients came to treatment early before they developed diagnosable metastases. There also, however, were particularly good results for radical mastectomy compared to modified operations and when axillary metastases were present the results were much the best when supervoltage radiation followed the radical operation.", "PMID": 835904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1788", "title": "Mortality and morbidity after esophagogastrectomy for cancer of the esophagus and cardia.", "content": "Forty-eight esophagastric resections performed for cancer of the esophagus and cardia resulted in a five-year survival rate of four per cent. An operative mortality rate of 23%, comparable to that reported by others, diminishes the value of esophagogastrectomy even for palliation. Nutritional depletion, commonly found in these patients, contributes significantly to the unacceptably high mortality. A review of the recent literature indicates that the routine use of preoperative hyperalimentation and prophylactic antibiotics can significantly reduce morbidity in these high-risk patients and thereby result in better palliation.", "contents": "Mortality and morbidity after esophagogastrectomy for cancer of the esophagus and cardia. Forty-eight esophagastric resections performed for cancer of the esophagus and cardia resulted in a five-year survival rate of four per cent. An operative mortality rate of 23%, comparable to that reported by others, diminishes the value of esophagogastrectomy even for palliation. Nutritional depletion, commonly found in these patients, contributes significantly to the unacceptably high mortality. A review of the recent literature indicates that the routine use of preoperative hyperalimentation and prophylactic antibiotics can significantly reduce morbidity in these high-risk patients and thereby result in better palliation.", "PMID": 835905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1789", "title": "Transabdominal proctopexy (Ripstein procedure) for massive rectal prolapse.", "content": "Transabdominal proctopexy (Ripstein procedure) for correction of massive rectal prolapse has greatly simplified the complicated problem of managing procidentia. The operation secures the rectum into the hollow of the sacrum by a Teflon sling. This restores and maintains the normal posterior curve of the rectum and prevents intussusception with subsequent prolapse. There has been no recurrence of rectal prolapse and no mortality in 36 patients, half of whom have been followed from five to ten years. Posterior proctopexy is a simple, safe and effective operation to repair massive rectal prolapse.", "contents": "Transabdominal proctopexy (Ripstein procedure) for massive rectal prolapse. Transabdominal proctopexy (Ripstein procedure) for correction of massive rectal prolapse has greatly simplified the complicated problem of managing procidentia. The operation secures the rectum into the hollow of the sacrum by a Teflon sling. This restores and maintains the normal posterior curve of the rectum and prevents intussusception with subsequent prolapse. There has been no recurrence of rectal prolapse and no mortality in 36 patients, half of whom have been followed from five to ten years. Posterior proctopexy is a simple, safe and effective operation to repair massive rectal prolapse.", "PMID": 835906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1790", "title": "Unidentified gram-negative rod infection. A new disease of man.", "content": "A Gram-negative bacillus that defies identification was isolated from blood cultures of 17 patients with fever. Fifteen patients were male adults, and 14 patients had underlying diseases, including previous splenectomy in five, which impair host defenses against infection. Illnesses occurred in the summer and autumn in 14 cases and had been recently preceded by dog bites in 10 cases. Clincal syndromes included cellulitis in seven cases, primary bacteremia without localization in four, purulent meningitis in four, and endocarditis in three. Three patients died. The organism grows slowly on blood or chocolate agar in 10% CO, is oxidase- and catalase-positive, and is negative for nitrate reduction, indole production, and urease. It produces acid from glucose, lactose, and maltose. These features distinguish it from all previously described and classified bacteria. Furthermore, the epidemiologic features of the patients suggest that this organism is an opportunistic invader and may have an animal reservoir in nature.", "contents": "Unidentified gram-negative rod infection. A new disease of man. A Gram-negative bacillus that defies identification was isolated from blood cultures of 17 patients with fever. Fifteen patients were male adults, and 14 patients had underlying diseases, including previous splenectomy in five, which impair host defenses against infection. Illnesses occurred in the summer and autumn in 14 cases and had been recently preceded by dog bites in 10 cases. Clincal syndromes included cellulitis in seven cases, primary bacteremia without localization in four, purulent meningitis in four, and endocarditis in three. Three patients died. The organism grows slowly on blood or chocolate agar in 10% CO, is oxidase- and catalase-positive, and is negative for nitrate reduction, indole production, and urease. It produces acid from glucose, lactose, and maltose. These features distinguish it from all previously described and classified bacteria. Furthermore, the epidemiologic features of the patients suggest that this organism is an opportunistic invader and may have an animal reservoir in nature.", "PMID": 835907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1791", "title": "Decrease in postprandial insulin and glucose concentrations by guar and pectin.", "content": "Postprandila glycaemia and rise in serum insulin after carbohydrate-containing meals were reduced by the addition of guar flour or pectin, or both. After a liquid test meal (four subjects) the 30-min blood glucose was reduced from 6.33 +/- 0.19 mmol/litre (114 +/- mg/dl), mean +/- SEM, in the control subjects of 4.77 +/- 0.17 mmol/litre (86 +/- 3 mg/dl) by addition of guar gum (P less than 0.05). The mean insulin level was also significantly lower at 15 min. A breakfast test meal (bread, butter, marmalade, and tea) resulted in a mean 15-min blood glucose of 6.18 +/- 0.21 mmol/litre (111 +/- 4 mg/dl) in eight subjects; 10 g of pectin added to the marmalade reduced this level to 5.64 +/- 0.17 mmol/litre (102 +/- 3 mg/dl) (P less than 0.01). The insulin levels were significantly lower at 15, 30, and 45 min. A similar meal in which guar was added to the bread and pectin to the marmalade resulted in significant reductions of blood glucose at 15 min (P less than 0.002) and 30 min (P less than 0.01). The insulin values were also significantly lower throughout the first 90 min of the test. This action of unavailable carbohydrate may prove useful in the dietary control of diabetes.", "contents": "Decrease in postprandial insulin and glucose concentrations by guar and pectin. Postprandila glycaemia and rise in serum insulin after carbohydrate-containing meals were reduced by the addition of guar flour or pectin, or both. After a liquid test meal (four subjects) the 30-min blood glucose was reduced from 6.33 +/- 0.19 mmol/litre (114 +/- mg/dl), mean +/- SEM, in the control subjects of 4.77 +/- 0.17 mmol/litre (86 +/- 3 mg/dl) by addition of guar gum (P less than 0.05). The mean insulin level was also significantly lower at 15 min. A breakfast test meal (bread, butter, marmalade, and tea) resulted in a mean 15-min blood glucose of 6.18 +/- 0.21 mmol/litre (111 +/- 4 mg/dl) in eight subjects; 10 g of pectin added to the marmalade reduced this level to 5.64 +/- 0.17 mmol/litre (102 +/- 3 mg/dl) (P less than 0.01). The insulin levels were significantly lower at 15, 30, and 45 min. A similar meal in which guar was added to the bread and pectin to the marmalade resulted in significant reductions of blood glucose at 15 min (P less than 0.002) and 30 min (P less than 0.01). The insulin values were also significantly lower throughout the first 90 min of the test. This action of unavailable carbohydrate may prove useful in the dietary control of diabetes.", "PMID": 835924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1792", "title": "Plasma thyroglobulin in detecting thyroid carcinoma after childhood head and neck irradiation.", "content": "The level of thyroglobulin in plasma was measured in 904 subjects with a history of head and neck irradiation during childhood to evaluate its potential value in screening for and differentiating thyroid neoplasms. Mean plasma thyroglobulin level was significantly elevated in subjects with nodular thyroid disease versus those without evidence of nodules (49.8 versus 27.0 ng/ml). However, the overlap with normal subjects does not allow thyroglobulin assays to serve as the only screening procedure. The mean levels in subjects with benign and malignant thyroid nodules were indistinguishable (48.8 versus 53.9 ng/ml). Thirteen percent of otherwise normal-appearing subjects had elevated values that may represent clinically inapparent thyroid disease. It is concluded that in screening large numbers of persons at risk for thyroid neoplasia, thyroglobulin assays are useful in combination with other modes of evaluation. The assay is without value in distinguishing benign from malignant disease.", "contents": "Plasma thyroglobulin in detecting thyroid carcinoma after childhood head and neck irradiation. The level of thyroglobulin in plasma was measured in 904 subjects with a history of head and neck irradiation during childhood to evaluate its potential value in screening for and differentiating thyroid neoplasms. Mean plasma thyroglobulin level was significantly elevated in subjects with nodular thyroid disease versus those without evidence of nodules (49.8 versus 27.0 ng/ml). However, the overlap with normal subjects does not allow thyroglobulin assays to serve as the only screening procedure. The mean levels in subjects with benign and malignant thyroid nodules were indistinguishable (48.8 versus 53.9 ng/ml). Thirteen percent of otherwise normal-appearing subjects had elevated values that may represent clinically inapparent thyroid disease. It is concluded that in screening large numbers of persons at risk for thyroid neoplasia, thyroglobulin assays are useful in combination with other modes of evaluation. The assay is without value in distinguishing benign from malignant disease.", "PMID": 835925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1793", "title": "Screening for organic mental syndromes in the medically ill.", "content": "A brief mental status questionnaire adapted specifically to diagnose diffuse organic diffuse organic mental syndromes on busy medical words is developed and tested for reliability and validity. When the 30-item questionnaire was given to 17 medical patients diagnosed by consultation spychiatrists as having a diffuse organic mental syndrome, all score 20 or less. With hospitalized psychiatric patients the questionnaire was able to differentiate between the \"functional psychoses\" and diffuse organic brain syndromes. When administered to 69 consecutive medical admissions, fully one third showed marked cognitive limitations. A sample of normals suggested that results may be contaminated by severe cultural or educational variances. We discuss the role of cognitive dificiencies in medical patients, and suggestions are made regarding the broad usefulness of this questionniare to a medical service.", "contents": "Screening for organic mental syndromes in the medically ill. A brief mental status questionnaire adapted specifically to diagnose diffuse organic diffuse organic mental syndromes on busy medical words is developed and tested for reliability and validity. When the 30-item questionnaire was given to 17 medical patients diagnosed by consultation spychiatrists as having a diffuse organic mental syndrome, all score 20 or less. With hospitalized psychiatric patients the questionnaire was able to differentiate between the \"functional psychoses\" and diffuse organic brain syndromes. When administered to 69 consecutive medical admissions, fully one third showed marked cognitive limitations. A sample of normals suggested that results may be contaminated by severe cultural or educational variances. We discuss the role of cognitive dificiencies in medical patients, and suggestions are made regarding the broad usefulness of this questionniare to a medical service.", "PMID": 835926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1794", "title": "Correction of postoperative metabolic alkalosis and renal failure by hemodialysis.", "content": "Three postoperative patients with oliguirc renal failure and hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis were treated with hemodialysis using a specailly prepared high-chloride, low-acetate dialysate. This mode of therapy corrected the metabolic abnormalities and was significantly more effective than treatment with commercially available high-acetate dialysate at increasing the serum chloride and hydrogen ion concentration. Furthermore, hemodialysis with high-chloride, low-acetate dialysate corrected the clinical sequelae of hypoventilation, cardiac arrhythmia, and neuromuscular irritability associated with metabolic alkalosis while treating uremia simultaneously.", "contents": "Correction of postoperative metabolic alkalosis and renal failure by hemodialysis. Three postoperative patients with oliguirc renal failure and hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis were treated with hemodialysis using a specailly prepared high-chloride, low-acetate dialysate. This mode of therapy corrected the metabolic abnormalities and was significantly more effective than treatment with commercially available high-acetate dialysate at increasing the serum chloride and hydrogen ion concentration. Furthermore, hemodialysis with high-chloride, low-acetate dialysate corrected the clinical sequelae of hypoventilation, cardiac arrhythmia, and neuromuscular irritability associated with metabolic alkalosis while treating uremia simultaneously.", "PMID": 835927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1795", "title": "Coronary angiography and acute renal failure in diabetic azotemic nephropathy.", "content": "Thirteen juvenile-onset diabetics with azotemic diabetic nephropathy (mean serum creatinine level, 6.8 mg/dl) being evaluated fro renal transplantation underwent cardiac catheterization with angiography. All were followed for development of acute renal failure. Twelve (92%) developed some evidence of acute renal failure. Two required potassium exchange resin therapy. Six required dialysis acutely. There were no deaths. All patients who received greater than 65 ml/m2 of iodinated contrast developed acute renal failure. No patient with a hemoglobin value greater than 9.9 g/dl required dialysis or potassium exchange resin. The single patients without acute renal failure received less than 50 ml/m2 of iodinated contrast and had the highest hemoglobin value (12.0 g/dl). No cardiac or angiographic variables were predictive of acute renal failure. In this group at high risk for acute renal failure, radiographic contrast procedures should only be done if the information to be obtained is weighed against the potential for injury.", "contents": "Coronary angiography and acute renal failure in diabetic azotemic nephropathy. Thirteen juvenile-onset diabetics with azotemic diabetic nephropathy (mean serum creatinine level, 6.8 mg/dl) being evaluated fro renal transplantation underwent cardiac catheterization with angiography. All were followed for development of acute renal failure. Twelve (92%) developed some evidence of acute renal failure. Two required potassium exchange resin therapy. Six required dialysis acutely. There were no deaths. All patients who received greater than 65 ml/m2 of iodinated contrast developed acute renal failure. No patient with a hemoglobin value greater than 9.9 g/dl required dialysis or potassium exchange resin. The single patients without acute renal failure received less than 50 ml/m2 of iodinated contrast and had the highest hemoglobin value (12.0 g/dl). No cardiac or angiographic variables were predictive of acute renal failure. In this group at high risk for acute renal failure, radiographic contrast procedures should only be done if the information to be obtained is weighed against the potential for injury.", "PMID": 835928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1796", "title": "Immune neutropenia.", "content": "A patient with hyperthyroidism and severe neutropenia had a clinical course and family history that suggested an immune cause. Neutrophil-binding IgG was demonstrated in serum using the Fab-anti Fab assay. The antineutrophil factor bound specifically to either homologous or autologous neutrophils and could be adsorbed by the target neutrophils. The quantity of IgG required to saturate the neutrophil-binding sites (175 000 molecules per neutrophil) and the serum concentration (1.3 mug/ml) were determined. It was estimated that at the time that blood and marrow neutrophils were markedly reduced, serum contained sufficient neutrophil-binding IgG to saturate the binding sites of 1.2 times the total blood neutrophil pool.", "contents": "Immune neutropenia. A patient with hyperthyroidism and severe neutropenia had a clinical course and family history that suggested an immune cause. Neutrophil-binding IgG was demonstrated in serum using the Fab-anti Fab assay. The antineutrophil factor bound specifically to either homologous or autologous neutrophils and could be adsorbed by the target neutrophils. The quantity of IgG required to saturate the neutrophil-binding sites (175 000 molecules per neutrophil) and the serum concentration (1.3 mug/ml) were determined. It was estimated that at the time that blood and marrow neutrophils were markedly reduced, serum contained sufficient neutrophil-binding IgG to saturate the binding sites of 1.2 times the total blood neutrophil pool.", "PMID": 835929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1797", "title": "Systemic therapy for metastatic breast cancer.", "content": "The data reviewed in this conference suggest that initial therapeutic decisions for patients with metastic breast cancer be based on the presence or absence of an estrogen receptor in the tumor. Patients with estrogen receptor in their original primary breast cancer or in a subsequent metastitic lesion are candidates for hormonal manipulation, whereas patients lacking estrogen receptor in their tumor are treated for their metastic disease with nonhormonal chemotherapy. Nonhormonal therapy usually consists of a combination of cytotoxic drugs including cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil (CMF). Other programs of combination chemotherapy are under active study, especially programs that include nonspecific immune stimulation with Corynebacterium parvum or bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG). Inasmuch as patients with Stage II primary breast cancer frequently have \"micrometastatic\" disease, combination chemotherapy is also under study as an adjuvant to surgery. Preliminary results strongly support the use of such therapy.", "contents": "Systemic therapy for metastatic breast cancer. The data reviewed in this conference suggest that initial therapeutic decisions for patients with metastic breast cancer be based on the presence or absence of an estrogen receptor in the tumor. Patients with estrogen receptor in their original primary breast cancer or in a subsequent metastitic lesion are candidates for hormonal manipulation, whereas patients lacking estrogen receptor in their tumor are treated for their metastic disease with nonhormonal chemotherapy. Nonhormonal therapy usually consists of a combination of cytotoxic drugs including cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil (CMF). Other programs of combination chemotherapy are under active study, especially programs that include nonspecific immune stimulation with Corynebacterium parvum or bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG). Inasmuch as patients with Stage II primary breast cancer frequently have \"micrometastatic\" disease, combination chemotherapy is also under study as an adjuvant to surgery. Preliminary results strongly support the use of such therapy.", "PMID": 835932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1798", "title": "Short dialysis, middle molecules, and uremia.", "content": "The cause of the uremic syndrome remains unknown; the success of dialysis therapy suggests that retained, dialyzable, but unidentified toxic solutes may play a role. Since chronic peritoneal dialysis seems to prevent or improve uremic neuropathy as well as does hemodialysis, it has been suggested that retained solutes of \"middle molecular weight\" (500 to 5000 daltons) may be major toxins. Only body fluid concentrations of these larger solutes are presumed to be reduced by peritoneal dialysis as well as with hemodialysis, whereas small solute concentrations are relatively poorly controlled. There have been numberous hemodialysis studies to examine the toxic potential of \"middle molecules\" as compared with that of smaller solutes. Although the importance of \"middle molecules\" as toxins remains unproved, numberous factors influencing their concentrations in body fluid have been discovered. Studies have also shown a surprising tolerance of patients to many variations in dialysis strategies. Difficulties in defining adequate dialysis have been intensified.", "contents": "Short dialysis, middle molecules, and uremia. The cause of the uremic syndrome remains unknown; the success of dialysis therapy suggests that retained, dialyzable, but unidentified toxic solutes may play a role. Since chronic peritoneal dialysis seems to prevent or improve uremic neuropathy as well as does hemodialysis, it has been suggested that retained solutes of \"middle molecular weight\" (500 to 5000 daltons) may be major toxins. Only body fluid concentrations of these larger solutes are presumed to be reduced by peritoneal dialysis as well as with hemodialysis, whereas small solute concentrations are relatively poorly controlled. There have been numberous hemodialysis studies to examine the toxic potential of \"middle molecules\" as compared with that of smaller solutes. Although the importance of \"middle molecules\" as toxins remains unproved, numberous factors influencing their concentrations in body fluid have been discovered. Studies have also shown a surprising tolerance of patients to many variations in dialysis strategies. Difficulties in defining adequate dialysis have been intensified.", "PMID": 835933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1799", "title": "Chronic congestive heart failure in coronary artery disease: clinical criteria.", "content": "Congestive heart failure is a frequent and important manifestation of cardiovascular disease, but no uniform clinical criteria are available for use in epidemiologic studies. To develop diagnostic criteria, we related pertinent clinical findings to physiologic measures of left ventricular function in patients with coronary artery disease. When left ventricular end diastolic pressure or arteriovenous oxygen difference was used as the physiologic criterion, the following variables contributed significant (P less than 0.01) information: heart volume, ventricular gallop, heart rate, and blood pressure. The most reliable and valid set of descriptors determined in one group was tested in a second group of 1306 patients who had been followed for 6 to 36 months after initial evaluation. The validity of the descriptors was confirmed, and patients identified as having heart failure by these criteria experienced a worse survival rate (P less than 0.001). These criteria characterize patients likely to have impaired left ventricular function and a greater risk of death.", "contents": "Chronic congestive heart failure in coronary artery disease: clinical criteria. Congestive heart failure is a frequent and important manifestation of cardiovascular disease, but no uniform clinical criteria are available for use in epidemiologic studies. To develop diagnostic criteria, we related pertinent clinical findings to physiologic measures of left ventricular function in patients with coronary artery disease. When left ventricular end diastolic pressure or arteriovenous oxygen difference was used as the physiologic criterion, the following variables contributed significant (P less than 0.01) information: heart volume, ventricular gallop, heart rate, and blood pressure. The most reliable and valid set of descriptors determined in one group was tested in a second group of 1306 patients who had been followed for 6 to 36 months after initial evaluation. The validity of the descriptors was confirmed, and patients identified as having heart failure by these criteria experienced a worse survival rate (P less than 0.001). These criteria characterize patients likely to have impaired left ventricular function and a greater risk of death.", "PMID": 835934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1800", "title": "Plasma glucose levels: long-term effect of diet in the Chicago Coronary Prevention Evaluation Program.", "content": "In 150 middle-aged men prone to coronary disease, long-term data based on the Chicago Coronary Prevention Evaluation Program's diet showed that there was a favorable effect on fasting glycemia level and glucose tolerance. This diet for reducing obesity and hypercholesterolemia was low in cholesterol and saturated fat and moderate in polyunsaturated and total fat, with replacement of some fat by carbohydrate. At 2 years, decreased weight and serum cholesterol values of normoglycemic men were accompanied by a modest but significant fall in fasting and postload glycemia; at 4 years. fasting glycemia levels remained slightly below baseline. For men with suspect fasting hyperglycemia at baseline, sustained fall in weight and serum cholesterol value was associated with sizeable long-term reductions in fasting glycemia and improvement of glucose tolerance. Decrease in plasma glucose was significantly related to decrease in weight. No evidence of impairment of glucose tolerance with years-long consumption of this diet was recorded.", "contents": "Plasma glucose levels: long-term effect of diet in the Chicago Coronary Prevention Evaluation Program. In 150 middle-aged men prone to coronary disease, long-term data based on the Chicago Coronary Prevention Evaluation Program's diet showed that there was a favorable effect on fasting glycemia level and glucose tolerance. This diet for reducing obesity and hypercholesterolemia was low in cholesterol and saturated fat and moderate in polyunsaturated and total fat, with replacement of some fat by carbohydrate. At 2 years, decreased weight and serum cholesterol values of normoglycemic men were accompanied by a modest but significant fall in fasting and postload glycemia; at 4 years. fasting glycemia levels remained slightly below baseline. For men with suspect fasting hyperglycemia at baseline, sustained fall in weight and serum cholesterol value was associated with sizeable long-term reductions in fasting glycemia and improvement of glucose tolerance. Decrease in plasma glucose was significantly related to decrease in weight. No evidence of impairment of glucose tolerance with years-long consumption of this diet was recorded.", "PMID": 835935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1801", "title": "Abdominal pain caused by diabetic radiculopathy.", "content": "In diabetes mellitus, pain and weakness in a lower extremity can result from lumbosacral radiculopathy. However, abdominal pain caused by a similar type of thoracic nerve root disease is not generally recognized. Four diabetic patients with abdominal pain were studied. In none of the patients was the actual cause--radiculopathy--suspected until after extensive negative diagnostic investigation, which frequently included invasive procedures. Their clinical features were suggestive of malignant disease. Electromyographic examination revealed the correct diagnosis, and all four of the patients had a spontaneous and complete recovery.", "contents": "Abdominal pain caused by diabetic radiculopathy. In diabetes mellitus, pain and weakness in a lower extremity can result from lumbosacral radiculopathy. However, abdominal pain caused by a similar type of thoracic nerve root disease is not generally recognized. Four diabetic patients with abdominal pain were studied. In none of the patients was the actual cause--radiculopathy--suspected until after extensive negative diagnostic investigation, which frequently included invasive procedures. Their clinical features were suggestive of malignant disease. Electromyographic examination revealed the correct diagnosis, and all four of the patients had a spontaneous and complete recovery.", "PMID": 835936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1802", "title": "Acetazolamide-induced weakness in paramyotonia congenita.", "content": "Acetazolamide has been shown to be effective prophylaxis for both hypokalemic and hyperkalemic paralysis. A patient with paramyotonia congenita, a related disorder with myotonia and episodic weakness, was studied during treatment with acetazolamide. Athough the patient's myotonia was virtually abolished, severe quadriparesis was produced during each trial of acetazolamide. This response distinguished this patient's condition from other forms of familial periodic paralysis and suggests that acetazolamide may be deleterious to some patients with periodic paralysis.", "contents": "Acetazolamide-induced weakness in paramyotonia congenita. Acetazolamide has been shown to be effective prophylaxis for both hypokalemic and hyperkalemic paralysis. A patient with paramyotonia congenita, a related disorder with myotonia and episodic weakness, was studied during treatment with acetazolamide. Athough the patient's myotonia was virtually abolished, severe quadriparesis was produced during each trial of acetazolamide. This response distinguished this patient's condition from other forms of familial periodic paralysis and suggests that acetazolamide may be deleterious to some patients with periodic paralysis.", "PMID": 835937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1803", "title": "Urinary excretion of the cancer-related glycoprotein EDCl: effect of chemotherapy.", "content": "The effect of chemotherapy on the urinary excretion of a cancer-related glycoprotein labeled EDCl, recently isolated from the urine of a patient with acute myelocytic leukemia, has been studied by radioimmunoassay in eight cancer patients who were excreting 200 to 500 mg/day before treatment. In five patients, chemotherapy caused marked clinical improvement, and the glycoprotein disappeared from the urine within 10 days after chemotherapy began. In the two patients with solid tumor who responded to chemotherapy, disappearance of glycoprotein EDCl from the urine preceded clinical improvement by 1 to 2 months. Four of the five responsive patients relapsed within 6 months; in each instance, the glycoprotein reappeared in the urine (greater than 100 mg/day) 2 to 5 weeks before clinical relapse. Three patients were resistant to chemotherapy, and their urinary glycoprotein did not decline during chemotherapy. Measurement of urinary glycoprotein EDCl will be useful in rapidly ascertaining which drug will be effective in a cancer patient and in predicting relapse.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of the cancer-related glycoprotein EDCl: effect of chemotherapy. The effect of chemotherapy on the urinary excretion of a cancer-related glycoprotein labeled EDCl, recently isolated from the urine of a patient with acute myelocytic leukemia, has been studied by radioimmunoassay in eight cancer patients who were excreting 200 to 500 mg/day before treatment. In five patients, chemotherapy caused marked clinical improvement, and the glycoprotein disappeared from the urine within 10 days after chemotherapy began. In the two patients with solid tumor who responded to chemotherapy, disappearance of glycoprotein EDCl from the urine preceded clinical improvement by 1 to 2 months. Four of the five responsive patients relapsed within 6 months; in each instance, the glycoprotein reappeared in the urine (greater than 100 mg/day) 2 to 5 weeks before clinical relapse. Three patients were resistant to chemotherapy, and their urinary glycoprotein did not decline during chemotherapy. Measurement of urinary glycoprotein EDCl will be useful in rapidly ascertaining which drug will be effective in a cancer patient and in predicting relapse.", "PMID": 835938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1804", "title": "Regression of liver cell adenomas associated with oral contraceptives.", "content": "The regression of liver cell adenomas that follow the use of oral contraceptives when steroids are withdrawn was observed in three patients. At diagnosis by needle biopsy in patients without pain or evidence of hemorrhage, prompt cessation of steriod use is suggested as the preferable form of treatment. The same is true for the diagnosis made at surgery if the tumor or tumors are difficult to remove.", "contents": "Regression of liver cell adenomas associated with oral contraceptives. The regression of liver cell adenomas that follow the use of oral contraceptives when steroids are withdrawn was observed in three patients. At diagnosis by needle biopsy in patients without pain or evidence of hemorrhage, prompt cessation of steriod use is suggested as the preferable form of treatment. The same is true for the diagnosis made at surgery if the tumor or tumors are difficult to remove.", "PMID": 835939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1805", "title": "Aspirin hepatotoxicity and disseminated intravascular coagulation.", "content": "A 17-year-old girl with a clinical diagnosis of adult-type juvenile rheumatoid arthritis developed a severe hepatotoxic reaction to 3.6 g of aspirin per day. This was associated with a microangiopathic anemia and transient congestive cardiac failure. She responded well to steroids, and when all laboratory test findings were back to normal, she was \"challenged\" with five divided doses of aspirin (total, 3.0 g). This produced a salicylate level of 9.1 g/dl and was associated with an immediate deterioration in liver function test findings and a return of microangiopathic blood features with elevation of fibrin split products and a prolonged prothrombin time. These changes were again reversed by promptly starting steroid therapy. This case suggests that disseminated intravascular coagulation, and its rare association with hepatotoxicity, is a potentially fatal side effect of aspirin therapy.", "contents": "Aspirin hepatotoxicity and disseminated intravascular coagulation. A 17-year-old girl with a clinical diagnosis of adult-type juvenile rheumatoid arthritis developed a severe hepatotoxic reaction to 3.6 g of aspirin per day. This was associated with a microangiopathic anemia and transient congestive cardiac failure. She responded well to steroids, and when all laboratory test findings were back to normal, she was \"challenged\" with five divided doses of aspirin (total, 3.0 g). This produced a salicylate level of 9.1 g/dl and was associated with an immediate deterioration in liver function test findings and a return of microangiopathic blood features with elevation of fibrin split products and a prolonged prothrombin time. These changes were again reversed by promptly starting steroid therapy. This case suggests that disseminated intravascular coagulation, and its rare association with hepatotoxicity, is a potentially fatal side effect of aspirin therapy.", "PMID": 835940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1806", "title": "The microbiology of evacuated blood collection tubes.", "content": "A collaborative study involving 20 clinical laboratories representing diverse geographical regions was organized to examine the microbiology of evacuated blooc collection tubes. Overall, 14% of the 1433 tubes examined contained microorganisms representing a variety of bacteria and fungi. Of note was the finding that nearly 9% of tubes with yellow closures, which are stated to be sterile by the manufacturers, contained bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterococci, Serratia marcescens, and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. Sterilization of these potential sources of infection is advisable.", "contents": "The microbiology of evacuated blood collection tubes. A collaborative study involving 20 clinical laboratories representing diverse geographical regions was organized to examine the microbiology of evacuated blooc collection tubes. Overall, 14% of the 1433 tubes examined contained microorganisms representing a variety of bacteria and fungi. Of note was the finding that nearly 9% of tubes with yellow closures, which are stated to be sterile by the manufacturers, contained bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterococci, Serratia marcescens, and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. Sterilization of these potential sources of infection is advisable.", "PMID": 835941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1807", "title": "Spontaneous retroperitoneal bleeding in patients on chronic hemodialysis.", "content": "Six patients developed spontaneous retroperitoneal bleeding while on maintenance dialysis (3% of all patients so treated). At the time of the bleeding episode, four patients were receiving Coumadin for prevention of recurrent clotting problems in external shunts. In three patients, including two who had not received Coumadin, bleeding developed while on dialysis. The presenting common symptoms and signs of retroperitoneal bleeding included sudden and progressive abdominal pain with blood pressure drop and subsequent development of an abdominal mass. These symptoms were associated with a falling hematocrit without any documented external blood loss and with suggestive X-ray changes, including absence of psoas shadow with soft tissue density. All six patients recovered. Treatment included blood transfusions, temporary regional heparinization, withdrawal of Coumadin, and bed rest. Surgical exploration was undertaken in two patients, but no obvious bleeding source was found. Anticoagulation therapy and functional platelet abnormalities may be contributory causes.", "contents": "Spontaneous retroperitoneal bleeding in patients on chronic hemodialysis. Six patients developed spontaneous retroperitoneal bleeding while on maintenance dialysis (3% of all patients so treated). At the time of the bleeding episode, four patients were receiving Coumadin for prevention of recurrent clotting problems in external shunts. In three patients, including two who had not received Coumadin, bleeding developed while on dialysis. The presenting common symptoms and signs of retroperitoneal bleeding included sudden and progressive abdominal pain with blood pressure drop and subsequent development of an abdominal mass. These symptoms were associated with a falling hematocrit without any documented external blood loss and with suggestive X-ray changes, including absence of psoas shadow with soft tissue density. All six patients recovered. Treatment included blood transfusions, temporary regional heparinization, withdrawal of Coumadin, and bed rest. Surgical exploration was undertaken in two patients, but no obvious bleeding source was found. Anticoagulation therapy and functional platelet abnormalities may be contributory causes.", "PMID": 835942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1808", "title": "Hematologic aspects of systemic lupus erythematosus. Current concepts.", "content": "Anemia occurs in more than one half of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and is usually attributed to \"chronic disease.\" Approximately 10% of patients with a positive Coombs' test manifest clinically significant hemolysis. Leukopenia affects both granulocytic and lymphocytic lines and may be caused by autoantibodies. Nevertheless, enhancement of B lymphocyte function occurs in active disease, perhaps due to a loss of regulatory T cells. Most patients have increased production and increased peripheral destruction of thrombocytes, with a normal circulation platelet count. Thrombocytopenia is usually caused by increased destruction. Qualitative abnormalities of platelet aggregation also occur. Circulation anticoagulants are not rare; however, spontaneous bleeding is uncommon. The anticoagulants, immunoglobulins directed against clotting factors, assume importance for invasive procedures. Most clinically significant hematopoietic abnormalities can be suppressed by corticosteroids; however, splenectomy, or immunosuppressive agents, or both, may be indicated for patients who respond inadequately to corticosteroids.", "contents": "Hematologic aspects of systemic lupus erythematosus. Current concepts. Anemia occurs in more than one half of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and is usually attributed to \"chronic disease.\" Approximately 10% of patients with a positive Coombs' test manifest clinically significant hemolysis. Leukopenia affects both granulocytic and lymphocytic lines and may be caused by autoantibodies. Nevertheless, enhancement of B lymphocyte function occurs in active disease, perhaps due to a loss of regulatory T cells. Most patients have increased production and increased peripheral destruction of thrombocytes, with a normal circulation platelet count. Thrombocytopenia is usually caused by increased destruction. Qualitative abnormalities of platelet aggregation also occur. Circulation anticoagulants are not rare; however, spontaneous bleeding is uncommon. The anticoagulants, immunoglobulins directed against clotting factors, assume importance for invasive procedures. Most clinically significant hematopoietic abnormalities can be suppressed by corticosteroids; however, splenectomy, or immunosuppressive agents, or both, may be indicated for patients who respond inadequately to corticosteroids.", "PMID": 835948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1809", "title": "Spinal fluid pleocytosis in acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy.", "content": "Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE) is a disorder of the fundus frequently characterized by sudden onset of bilateral, marked visual loss associated with yellowish-white, ill-defined placoid lesions of the retina. Most cases show a rapid resolution with restoration of vision to normal or near-normal levels. We evaluated an 11-year-old boy with presumed APMPPE who showed a mononuclear cell pleocytosis on spinal fluid examination.", "contents": "Spinal fluid pleocytosis in acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy. Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE) is a disorder of the fundus frequently characterized by sudden onset of bilateral, marked visual loss associated with yellowish-white, ill-defined placoid lesions of the retina. Most cases show a rapid resolution with restoration of vision to normal or near-normal levels. We evaluated an 11-year-old boy with presumed APMPPE who showed a mononuclear cell pleocytosis on spinal fluid examination.", "PMID": 835959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1810", "title": "Eye findings in autonomic hyperreflexia.", "content": "Autonomic hyperreflexia is a phenomenon seen in quadriplegic patients involving hyperactivity and dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system. Unilateral lid retraction, mydriasis, and relative exophthalmos were observed in a young man having unilateral autonomic hyperreflexia, demonstrating that sympathetic discharge to the eye may be a part of this syndrome.", "contents": "Eye findings in autonomic hyperreflexia. Autonomic hyperreflexia is a phenomenon seen in quadriplegic patients involving hyperactivity and dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system. Unilateral lid retraction, mydriasis, and relative exophthalmos were observed in a young man having unilateral autonomic hyperreflexia, demonstrating that sympathetic discharge to the eye may be a part of this syndrome.", "PMID": 835960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1811", "title": "Transient angle-closure glaucoma in central retinal vein occlusion.", "content": "Two cases are presented in which unilateral transient angle-closure glaucoma accompanied occlusion of the central retinal vein. In both cases, the uninvolved eye had a wide-open angle and the involved eye demonstrated a marked anterior displacement of the lens-iris diaphragm. Short-term treatment with cycloplegics and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors resulted in a rapid and permanent deepening of both angles. The similarity of this picture to malignant glaucoma as well as possible causative factors is discussed.", "contents": "Transient angle-closure glaucoma in central retinal vein occlusion. Two cases are presented in which unilateral transient angle-closure glaucoma accompanied occlusion of the central retinal vein. In both cases, the uninvolved eye had a wide-open angle and the involved eye demonstrated a marked anterior displacement of the lens-iris diaphragm. Short-term treatment with cycloplegics and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors resulted in a rapid and permanent deepening of both angles. The similarity of this picture to malignant glaucoma as well as possible causative factors is discussed.", "PMID": 835961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1812", "title": "Pharmacogenetics in keratoconus.", "content": "Genetic markers such as phenylthiourea (PTC) taste has been used as a simple test in genetically determined diseases. A solution of 8.1 mg PTC in 100 ml of water was used as the antimode. The incidence of nontasters in the 50 keratoconus patients tested was similar to that found in the normal population. Under the conditions of this study, a common genetic basis between PTC taste testing and keratoconus is definitely not present.", "contents": "Pharmacogenetics in keratoconus. Genetic markers such as phenylthiourea (PTC) taste has been used as a simple test in genetically determined diseases. A solution of 8.1 mg PTC in 100 ml of water was used as the antimode. The incidence of nontasters in the 50 keratoconus patients tested was similar to that found in the normal population. Under the conditions of this study, a common genetic basis between PTC taste testing and keratoconus is definitely not present.", "PMID": 835962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1813", "title": "Further observations on eccentric perilimbal suction cup application.", "content": "Absence of an anemic, cystic bleb site, as well as reduced fluorescein fluorescence in this area after transcleral fistulizing surgery, infer failure. One method to create or augment bleb formation in suitable eyes is with the use of eccentric suction. This method creates localized ocular message, mobilizes conjunctiva and episclera, and provides a quantitative measure of bleb function.", "contents": "Further observations on eccentric perilimbal suction cup application. Absence of an anemic, cystic bleb site, as well as reduced fluorescein fluorescence in this area after transcleral fistulizing surgery, infer failure. One method to create or augment bleb formation in suitable eyes is with the use of eccentric suction. This method creates localized ocular message, mobilizes conjunctiva and episclera, and provides a quantitative measure of bleb function.", "PMID": 835963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1814", "title": "Ocular oscillations.", "content": "A variety of abnormal ocular oscillations consequent to brain stem and cerebellar dysfunction are described. The brain stem eye signs include: see-saw nystagmus, convergence-retraction nystagmus, down-beat nystagmus, ocular myoclonus, ocular bobbing, and superior oblique myokymia. The \"cerebellar system\" eye signs discussed are five varieties of nystagmus, square wave and macro square wave jerks, macro saccadic oscillations, ocular dysmetria and flutter, and opsoclonus.", "contents": "Ocular oscillations. A variety of abnormal ocular oscillations consequent to brain stem and cerebellar dysfunction are described. The brain stem eye signs include: see-saw nystagmus, convergence-retraction nystagmus, down-beat nystagmus, ocular myoclonus, ocular bobbing, and superior oblique myokymia. The \"cerebellar system\" eye signs discussed are five varieties of nystagmus, square wave and macro square wave jerks, macro saccadic oscillations, ocular dysmetria and flutter, and opsoclonus.", "PMID": 835966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1815", "title": "Exostosis of the mandibular coronoid process.", "content": "Abnormal enlargement of one or both mandibular coronoid processes may lead to a limited mandibular excursion. A case of unilateral coronoid process exostosis severely limiting mandibular function is described. A review of the literature pertinent to this uncommon abnormality is presented. The various entities of coronoid process osteochondroma, osteoma, exostosis, hypertrophy and developmental anomaly, all producing a similar picture of coronoid process enlargement are discussed. The proper use of the available radiographic techniques simplifies the diagnosis of these uncommon maladies, as long as a coronoid process abnormality is considered in the differential diagnosis of restricted mandibular movement.", "contents": "Exostosis of the mandibular coronoid process. Abnormal enlargement of one or both mandibular coronoid processes may lead to a limited mandibular excursion. A case of unilateral coronoid process exostosis severely limiting mandibular function is described. A review of the literature pertinent to this uncommon abnormality is presented. The various entities of coronoid process osteochondroma, osteoma, exostosis, hypertrophy and developmental anomaly, all producing a similar picture of coronoid process enlargement are discussed. The proper use of the available radiographic techniques simplifies the diagnosis of these uncommon maladies, as long as a coronoid process abnormality is considered in the differential diagnosis of restricted mandibular movement.", "PMID": 835968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1816", "title": "Sensorineural hearing loss in chronic ear surgery.", "content": "The author's series of 3000 consecutive operations of tympanoplasty from 1960 to 1975 were reviewed in regard to the occurrence of sensorineural hearing loss as a consequence of the surgical procedure. Worsening of bone conduction thresholds by 10 dB through the frequencies 500 to 4000 cps, or a 10% reduction in speech discrimination scores were considered significant. Whereas in transcanal tympanoplasty the incidence of cochlear damage was greater in ears when initially the ossiculare chain was incomplete, by contrast in combined approach tympanoplasty the risk was greater when the chain was intact initially. It was concluded that cochlear trauma was usually due to 1) the hydraulic effect of excessive stapes manipulation during the removal of disease, and 2) the development of a perilymph fistula. The unpredictable predisposing threat of cochlear fragility due to genetic and inflammatory factors was emphasized and the poor results of tympanoplasty in tympanosclerosis were underlined. The current methods of treating sensorineural hearing loss after tympanoplasty were enumerated and discussed. It was concluded that although those aimed at improving labyrinthine circulation had theoretical backing, there is as yet little experimental or clinical evidence to support the claims of their protagonists.", "contents": "Sensorineural hearing loss in chronic ear surgery. The author's series of 3000 consecutive operations of tympanoplasty from 1960 to 1975 were reviewed in regard to the occurrence of sensorineural hearing loss as a consequence of the surgical procedure. Worsening of bone conduction thresholds by 10 dB through the frequencies 500 to 4000 cps, or a 10% reduction in speech discrimination scores were considered significant. Whereas in transcanal tympanoplasty the incidence of cochlear damage was greater in ears when initially the ossiculare chain was incomplete, by contrast in combined approach tympanoplasty the risk was greater when the chain was intact initially. It was concluded that cochlear trauma was usually due to 1) the hydraulic effect of excessive stapes manipulation during the removal of disease, and 2) the development of a perilymph fistula. The unpredictable predisposing threat of cochlear fragility due to genetic and inflammatory factors was emphasized and the poor results of tympanoplasty in tympanosclerosis were underlined. The current methods of treating sensorineural hearing loss after tympanoplasty were enumerated and discussed. It was concluded that although those aimed at improving labyrinthine circulation had theoretical backing, there is as yet little experimental or clinical evidence to support the claims of their protagonists.", "PMID": 835969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1817", "title": "Effect of various sensory stimuli on reflex laryngeal adduction.", "content": "Various types of sensory stimuli may influence reflex laryngeal adduction. The reccurrent laryngeal nerve responses evoked by single shock and repetitive electrical stimulation of a number of sensory nerves have been neurophysiologically observed in twenty-five adult cats. Stimulation of major cranial afferents produces strong adductor responses. The magnitude of these evoked responses is approached only by stimulation of the splanchnic nerve in the abdomen. On the other hand, comparable stimulation of special sensory and spinal somatic sensory nerves produces rapidly attenuated evoked adductor responses. We postulate that while these latter adductor responses may be insuffcient to produce strong glottic closure, they may effectively modify phonatory function of the larynx. We have, therefore, attempted to demonstrate the effects of various sensory elicitations upon reflex laryngeal adduction as they may compositely influence both protective and phonatory control of this organ system.", "contents": "Effect of various sensory stimuli on reflex laryngeal adduction. Various types of sensory stimuli may influence reflex laryngeal adduction. The reccurrent laryngeal nerve responses evoked by single shock and repetitive electrical stimulation of a number of sensory nerves have been neurophysiologically observed in twenty-five adult cats. Stimulation of major cranial afferents produces strong adductor responses. The magnitude of these evoked responses is approached only by stimulation of the splanchnic nerve in the abdomen. On the other hand, comparable stimulation of special sensory and spinal somatic sensory nerves produces rapidly attenuated evoked adductor responses. We postulate that while these latter adductor responses may be insuffcient to produce strong glottic closure, they may effectively modify phonatory function of the larynx. We have, therefore, attempted to demonstrate the effects of various sensory elicitations upon reflex laryngeal adduction as they may compositely influence both protective and phonatory control of this organ system.", "PMID": 835970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1818", "title": "Microfissure between the round window niche and posterior canal ampulla.", "content": "The microfissure between the round window niche and the posterior canal ampulla was examined in fetal, child, and adult human temporal bones. The communication which was filled with mesenchymal tissue and blood vessels extending from the middle ear, was observed between the round window niche and the posterior canal ampulla in 10 to 15-week human fetuses. The mesenchymal tissue in the communication was replaced by cartilage with advancing age of the fetus. No communication was observed at birth. From newborn to 12 months of age, no microfissure was observed. After one year of age, the microfissure was first observed and the frequency of the observation increased with increasing age of the patient. After six years of age, the microfissure was observed bilaterally in 100% of cases studied. The microfissure has its origin from the communication between the round window niche and the posterior canal ampulla in fetal life, and is a normal developmental and anatomical structure, and not a pathological finding.", "contents": "Microfissure between the round window niche and posterior canal ampulla. The microfissure between the round window niche and the posterior canal ampulla was examined in fetal, child, and adult human temporal bones. The communication which was filled with mesenchymal tissue and blood vessels extending from the middle ear, was observed between the round window niche and the posterior canal ampulla in 10 to 15-week human fetuses. The mesenchymal tissue in the communication was replaced by cartilage with advancing age of the fetus. No communication was observed at birth. From newborn to 12 months of age, no microfissure was observed. After one year of age, the microfissure was first observed and the frequency of the observation increased with increasing age of the patient. After six years of age, the microfissure was observed bilaterally in 100% of cases studied. The microfissure has its origin from the communication between the round window niche and the posterior canal ampulla in fetal life, and is a normal developmental and anatomical structure, and not a pathological finding.", "PMID": 835972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1819", "title": "Clinical significance of asymmetrical vocal cord tension.", "content": "The effects of asymmetrical tension on the vibratory pattern of the vocal cords were studied in two kinds of experiments: 1) high speed motion picture photography of artificial voice production in excised canine and human larynges, and 2) computer synthesis of voice and vocal cord vibration via a theoretical model incorporating the physiological parameters required for phonation. In both approaches the asymmetrically tensed vocal cords consistently vibrated in three distinct modes which depend partly on the rest positions of the vocal cords; Type I. For rest positions at or near closure, the two cords vibrate at the same frequency with glottal closure every period, and with tense cord preceding the lax one in phase and with the line of contact moving toward the tenser cord during the closed phase. The voice produced is not hoarse; Type II. For wider rest positions glottal closure occurs irregularly, the vibrations become complex and less periodic, and the voice becomes hoarse; Type III. The glottis never closes and the vibrations become more periodic with reduced amplitude. Supplementary stroboscopic observations suggest a precedure for diagnosing tension asymmetry and the implications for surgical treatment for disorders of vocal pitch are discussed.", "contents": "Clinical significance of asymmetrical vocal cord tension. The effects of asymmetrical tension on the vibratory pattern of the vocal cords were studied in two kinds of experiments: 1) high speed motion picture photography of artificial voice production in excised canine and human larynges, and 2) computer synthesis of voice and vocal cord vibration via a theoretical model incorporating the physiological parameters required for phonation. In both approaches the asymmetrically tensed vocal cords consistently vibrated in three distinct modes which depend partly on the rest positions of the vocal cords; Type I. For rest positions at or near closure, the two cords vibrate at the same frequency with glottal closure every period, and with tense cord preceding the lax one in phase and with the line of contact moving toward the tenser cord during the closed phase. The voice produced is not hoarse; Type II. For wider rest positions glottal closure occurs irregularly, the vibrations become complex and less periodic, and the voice becomes hoarse; Type III. The glottis never closes and the vibrations become more periodic with reduced amplitude. Supplementary stroboscopic observations suggest a precedure for diagnosing tension asymmetry and the implications for surgical treatment for disorders of vocal pitch are discussed.", "PMID": 835973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1820", "title": "Response characteristics of cochlear nucleus neurons to vowel sounds.", "content": "Most studies in auditory neurophysiology have utilized tonal stimuli to determine the coding properties of neurons in the cochlear nuclei. In this investigation of the kangaroo rat, cochlear nuclei, neuronal responses to vowel sounds, as well as tones, were studied. The vowel sounds, each about 40 msec in duration were: see article. Five were linked together to form a 200 msec stimulus and various combinations of five vowel sounds provided us with 18 different stimuli. The results show that neurons in the cochlear nuclei are remarkably sensitive and selective to vowel sounds. Furthermore, the responses of these neurons to pure tones do not provide a complete basis to predict the types of responses to the vowel sounds. More significant is the finding that the neural discharge rate and pattern of discharge to a particular vowel may depend on where the vowel appears in the stimulus and what other vowel precedes it. This vowel positional effect is not the same for every neuron. We have called this phenomenon a neural \"set\".", "contents": "Response characteristics of cochlear nucleus neurons to vowel sounds. Most studies in auditory neurophysiology have utilized tonal stimuli to determine the coding properties of neurons in the cochlear nuclei. In this investigation of the kangaroo rat, cochlear nuclei, neuronal responses to vowel sounds, as well as tones, were studied. The vowel sounds, each about 40 msec in duration were: see article. Five were linked together to form a 200 msec stimulus and various combinations of five vowel sounds provided us with 18 different stimuli. The results show that neurons in the cochlear nuclei are remarkably sensitive and selective to vowel sounds. Furthermore, the responses of these neurons to pure tones do not provide a complete basis to predict the types of responses to the vowel sounds. More significant is the finding that the neural discharge rate and pattern of discharge to a particular vowel may depend on where the vowel appears in the stimulus and what other vowel precedes it. This vowel positional effect is not the same for every neuron. We have called this phenomenon a neural \"set\".", "PMID": 835971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1821", "title": "Tetanus and tracheostomy.", "content": "Forty-one patients with tetanus in different stages of the disease on whom tracheostomies were performed are discussed in this paper. Out of these, 21 died, giving a mortality rate of just over 50%, which is about equal with those reported from other centers. It was found that patients in Stage III of the disease referred for tracheostomy hardly ever recovered. Patients in Stage II on whom tracheostomy was performed early stood the best chance of survival and recovery. However, if the operation was delayed in Stage II patients, there was a much greater chance for complications to develop, mostly due to aspiration of secretions into the tracheobronchial tree with consequent bronchopneumonia. There were four deaths, all in Stage III patients undergoing tracheostomy, where no definite or conventional identifiable cause could be determined. There were three deaths due to \"technical failure\" in tracheostomized tetanus patients, which underlines the difficulties and technical problems encountered in satisfactorily maintaining a totally paralyzed patient without any means of communication.", "contents": "Tetanus and tracheostomy. Forty-one patients with tetanus in different stages of the disease on whom tracheostomies were performed are discussed in this paper. Out of these, 21 died, giving a mortality rate of just over 50%, which is about equal with those reported from other centers. It was found that patients in Stage III of the disease referred for tracheostomy hardly ever recovered. Patients in Stage II on whom tracheostomy was performed early stood the best chance of survival and recovery. However, if the operation was delayed in Stage II patients, there was a much greater chance for complications to develop, mostly due to aspiration of secretions into the tracheobronchial tree with consequent bronchopneumonia. There were four deaths, all in Stage III patients undergoing tracheostomy, where no definite or conventional identifiable cause could be determined. There were three deaths due to \"technical failure\" in tracheostomized tetanus patients, which underlines the difficulties and technical problems encountered in satisfactorily maintaining a totally paralyzed patient without any means of communication.", "PMID": 835974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1822", "title": "Pseudocellulitis of the orbit.", "content": "A case of retinoblastoma with secondary glaucoma, in which the initial clinical findings were indistinguishable from those of orbital cellulitis, is presented. Acute glaucoma, especially in childhood, may mimick suppurative disease of the orbit, and primary ocular pathology must be considered in evaluating apparent disease processes in other facial structures.", "contents": "Pseudocellulitis of the orbit. A case of retinoblastoma with secondary glaucoma, in which the initial clinical findings were indistinguishable from those of orbital cellulitis, is presented. Acute glaucoma, especially in childhood, may mimick suppurative disease of the orbit, and primary ocular pathology must be considered in evaluating apparent disease processes in other facial structures.", "PMID": 835975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1823", "title": "Joseph Toynbee Memorial Lecture, 1976. Tympanoplasty--four heterodox techniques.", "content": "Polarization between proponents of intact canal wall tympanoplasty and radical (modified) mastoidectomy in the treatment of cholesteatoma and other irreversible temporal bone lesions can be avoided in many cases by the use of one or more special techniques. These include (a) Gelfilm (no-graft) induction of tympanic membrane regrowth; (b) the use of tragal cartilage and perichondrium in columellization and in Type III neomyringostapediopexy; (c) the use of laboratory-prefabricated ossicular homografts to correct malleal-capitulum and malleal-footplate discontinuities more precisely; and (d) the circumferential approach (circumnavigation of patient's head) and anterior position of the surgeon in order to visualize the sinus tympani, retropyramidal, and retrofacial areas, obviating extensive posterior tympanotomy bone dissections. These techniques make possible a third alternative to the choice of either combined-approach tympanoplasty or radical or modified radical mastoidectomy in the treatment of a number of advanced temporal bone lesions.", "contents": "Joseph Toynbee Memorial Lecture, 1976. Tympanoplasty--four heterodox techniques. Polarization between proponents of intact canal wall tympanoplasty and radical (modified) mastoidectomy in the treatment of cholesteatoma and other irreversible temporal bone lesions can be avoided in many cases by the use of one or more special techniques. These include (a) Gelfilm (no-graft) induction of tympanic membrane regrowth; (b) the use of tragal cartilage and perichondrium in columellization and in Type III neomyringostapediopexy; (c) the use of laboratory-prefabricated ossicular homografts to correct malleal-capitulum and malleal-footplate discontinuities more precisely; and (d) the circumferential approach (circumnavigation of patient's head) and anterior position of the surgeon in order to visualize the sinus tympani, retropyramidal, and retrofacial areas, obviating extensive posterior tympanotomy bone dissections. These techniques make possible a third alternative to the choice of either combined-approach tympanoplasty or radical or modified radical mastoidectomy in the treatment of a number of advanced temporal bone lesions.", "PMID": 835980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1824", "title": "Movement patterns of intrinsic minus fingers. Role of intrinsic and extrinsic muscles in finger posture control.", "content": "A detailed study of the patterns of two movements (pure metacarpophalangeal flexion and pure interphalangeal extension) in intrinsic minus fingers shows that the long extensors and long flexors produce simultaneous movement at the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints. A comparison of the patterns of these movements in totally intrinsic minus and interosseous minus fingers shows that in the latter the lumbricals are probably largely inactive during attempted pure metacarpophalangeal flexion and contribute to restrain metacarpophalangeal extension considerably during attempted pure interphalangeal extension. Active participation by the interosseous muscles appears necessary for completing these movements.", "contents": "Movement patterns of intrinsic minus fingers. Role of intrinsic and extrinsic muscles in finger posture control. A detailed study of the patterns of two movements (pure metacarpophalangeal flexion and pure interphalangeal extension) in intrinsic minus fingers shows that the long extensors and long flexors produce simultaneous movement at the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints. A comparison of the patterns of these movements in totally intrinsic minus and interosseous minus fingers shows that in the latter the lumbricals are probably largely inactive during attempted pure metacarpophalangeal flexion and contribute to restrain metacarpophalangeal extension considerably during attempted pure interphalangeal extension. Active participation by the interosseous muscles appears necessary for completing these movements.", "PMID": 835981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1825", "title": "End-organ and drug-induced vestibular nystagmus.", "content": "The occurrence of spontaneous, positional and paroxysmal positional nystagmus was studied in patients with end-organ lesions, and in subjects with drug-induced central vestibular nystagmus. Repeated vestibular examination using electronystagmography for assessment of spontaneous and positional nystagmus in the standard head positions was carried out. The findings indicate that the paroxysmal positional nystagmus is the most frequently seen nystagmus prior to its disappearance in end-organ induced nystagmus and also the most frequently seen in drug-induced nystagmus. The direction changing type of nystagmus was very frequently encountered in end-organ lesions. These findings indicate that the type of horizontal vestibular nystagmus by itself is of no diagnostic value in localizing the site of the lesion and that the various types reflect different degrees of vestibular compensation that occur prior to their disappearance. The value of various classifications of positional nystagmus lies mainly in that they help describe the nystagmus clinically.", "contents": "End-organ and drug-induced vestibular nystagmus. The occurrence of spontaneous, positional and paroxysmal positional nystagmus was studied in patients with end-organ lesions, and in subjects with drug-induced central vestibular nystagmus. Repeated vestibular examination using electronystagmography for assessment of spontaneous and positional nystagmus in the standard head positions was carried out. The findings indicate that the paroxysmal positional nystagmus is the most frequently seen nystagmus prior to its disappearance in end-organ induced nystagmus and also the most frequently seen in drug-induced nystagmus. The direction changing type of nystagmus was very frequently encountered in end-organ lesions. These findings indicate that the type of horizontal vestibular nystagmus by itself is of no diagnostic value in localizing the site of the lesion and that the various types reflect different degrees of vestibular compensation that occur prior to their disappearance. The value of various classifications of positional nystagmus lies mainly in that they help describe the nystagmus clinically.", "PMID": 835976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1826", "title": "Management of acute intestinal ischaemia.", "content": "The acute abdomen due to a vascular catastrophe affecting the major splanchnic vessels is often a life-threatening condition that can be very difficult to diagnose. In this article the pathological and physiological changes found in large- and small-intestinal ischaemia are related to the clinical features of the illness. Radiological, biochemical, and haematological aids to diagnosis are discussed. The treatment of large- and small-bowel ischaemia and of their specific complications, such as malabsorption and gastric hypersecretion, is outlined.", "contents": "Management of acute intestinal ischaemia. The acute abdomen due to a vascular catastrophe affecting the major splanchnic vessels is often a life-threatening condition that can be very difficult to diagnose. In this article the pathological and physiological changes found in large- and small-intestinal ischaemia are related to the clinical features of the illness. Radiological, biochemical, and haematological aids to diagnosis are discussed. The treatment of large- and small-bowel ischaemia and of their specific complications, such as malabsorption and gastric hypersecretion, is outlined.", "PMID": 835982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1827", "title": "Reversible sensorineural hearing loss with intravenous erythromycin lactobionate.", "content": "Three patients are presented who developed reversible sensorineural hearing losses during treatment with intravenous erythromycin lactobionate. A fourth patient treated with erythromycin gluceptate did not develop hearing loss. Ototoxicity with erythromycin lactobionate has been previously reported in only three patients, one of whom had medication orally. Withdrawal of the antibiotic resulted in prompt improvement in every case with return of hearing to pretreatment levels.", "contents": "Reversible sensorineural hearing loss with intravenous erythromycin lactobionate. Three patients are presented who developed reversible sensorineural hearing losses during treatment with intravenous erythromycin lactobionate. A fourth patient treated with erythromycin gluceptate did not develop hearing loss. Ototoxicity with erythromycin lactobionate has been previously reported in only three patients, one of whom had medication orally. Withdrawal of the antibiotic resulted in prompt improvement in every case with return of hearing to pretreatment levels.", "PMID": 835977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1828", "title": "External rotational injury of tha ankle joint with displacement of the talus.", "content": "The mechanism of second-degree external rotational injury of the ankle, with fracture of the lower end of the fibula, is discussed with reference to experiments on an anatomical model. It is concluded that with this type of injury there is lateral displacement of the talus because the deltoid ligament is ruptured, but there is no diastasis of the inferior tibiofibular syndesmosis. The results of conservative treatment of 10 patients with second-degree external rotational injury of tha ankle are reviewed.", "contents": "External rotational injury of tha ankle joint with displacement of the talus. The mechanism of second-degree external rotational injury of the ankle, with fracture of the lower end of the fibula, is discussed with reference to experiments on an anatomical model. It is concluded that with this type of injury there is lateral displacement of the talus because the deltoid ligament is ruptured, but there is no diastasis of the inferior tibiofibular syndesmosis. The results of conservative treatment of 10 patients with second-degree external rotational injury of tha ankle are reviewed.", "PMID": 835983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1829", "title": "Eye-head coordination: an observation.", "content": "Voluntary or passive head movements in normal and awake individuals with or without visual clues other than prior visual fixation, produce an occular movement in the same direction as the head movement rather than the expected counter gaze movement.", "contents": "Eye-head coordination: an observation. Voluntary or passive head movements in normal and awake individuals with or without visual clues other than prior visual fixation, produce an occular movement in the same direction as the head movement rather than the expected counter gaze movement.", "PMID": 835978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1830", "title": "Marlex mesh wrapping of abdominal aortic aneurysm.", "content": "While resection with grafting is now the operation of choice for the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms there is still a need for a less traumatic procedure suitable for the elderly, poor-risk patient. Such a technique is described, the aneurysm being mobilized and wrapped in a double sheet of Marlex mesh. Two illustrative cases are reported with survival for 3 years and 2 1/4 years respectively.", "contents": "Marlex mesh wrapping of abdominal aortic aneurysm. While resection with grafting is now the operation of choice for the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms there is still a need for a less traumatic procedure suitable for the elderly, poor-risk patient. Such a technique is described, the aneurysm being mobilized and wrapped in a double sheet of Marlex mesh. Two illustrative cases are reported with survival for 3 years and 2 1/4 years respectively.", "PMID": 835984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1831", "title": "Catgut and polyglycolic acid. An evaluation in the human stomach.", "content": "The breaking tensions of catgut and polyglycolic acid (Dexon) sutures placed within and then recovered from the human stomach were compared on each of 5 postoperative days. A substantial difference was evident in the performance of the two materials under these conditions. The extreme variability of catgut degeneration contrasted with the constant performance of polyglycolic acid.", "contents": "Catgut and polyglycolic acid. An evaluation in the human stomach. The breaking tensions of catgut and polyglycolic acid (Dexon) sutures placed within and then recovered from the human stomach were compared on each of 5 postoperative days. A substantial difference was evident in the performance of the two materials under these conditions. The extreme variability of catgut degeneration contrasted with the constant performance of polyglycolic acid.", "PMID": 835985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1832", "title": "Anaesthesia for the neonatal pig--'the micropig'.", "content": "The use of spontaneous respiration of oxygen, nitrous oxide, and halothane via Jackson Rees's modification of Ayre's T-piece and a flexible 'snout' mask proved to be a simple and effective way of anaesthetizing neonatal pigs--'micropigs'--in the first few days of life without resorting to endotracheal intubation. No airway obstruction occurred as long as the head was extended with firm traction on the jaw and provided the nostrils were not pressed up against the wall of the mask. The anaesthetic technique described provided adequate muscle relaxation and analgesia for extensive abdominal surgery. The animals recovered rapidly and there were no postoperative complications.", "contents": "Anaesthesia for the neonatal pig--'the micropig'. The use of spontaneous respiration of oxygen, nitrous oxide, and halothane via Jackson Rees's modification of Ayre's T-piece and a flexible 'snout' mask proved to be a simple and effective way of anaesthetizing neonatal pigs--'micropigs'--in the first few days of life without resorting to endotracheal intubation. No airway obstruction occurred as long as the head was extended with firm traction on the jaw and provided the nostrils were not pressed up against the wall of the mask. The anaesthetic technique described provided adequate muscle relaxation and analgesia for extensive abdominal surgery. The animals recovered rapidly and there were no postoperative complications.", "PMID": 835986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1833", "title": "Periodic (Pel-Ebstein) fever of lymphomas.", "content": "During lymphomatous diseases, bouts of intermittent or relapsing Pel-Ebstein fever occasionally repeat in remarkably regular tempo resembling the episodes of benign periodic fever. Febrile episodes alone, especially during acute lymphomatous disease, occasionally precede overt evidence of underlying disease for months. In that event, diagnosis and treatment of lymphomas are delayed. Regular febrile bouts are either uniquely characteristic of lymphomas or represent the imposition of periodic fever. Apprehension of malignant disease during benign periodic fever may induce intensive investigation. Malignant disease has not ensued in reported cases of periodic fever.", "contents": "Periodic (Pel-Ebstein) fever of lymphomas. During lymphomatous diseases, bouts of intermittent or relapsing Pel-Ebstein fever occasionally repeat in remarkably regular tempo resembling the episodes of benign periodic fever. Febrile episodes alone, especially during acute lymphomatous disease, occasionally precede overt evidence of underlying disease for months. In that event, diagnosis and treatment of lymphomas are delayed. Regular febrile bouts are either uniquely characteristic of lymphomas or represent the imposition of periodic fever. Apprehension of malignant disease during benign periodic fever may induce intensive investigation. Malignant disease has not ensued in reported cases of periodic fever.", "PMID": 835999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1834", "title": "Dose-response and time-response study of erythrocytosis in rats after intrarenal injection of nickel subsulfide.", "content": "Erythrocytosis was induced in Fischer rats by intrarenal (ir) injection of nickel subsulfide (Ni3S2) in dosages ranging from 0.6 to 10 mg per rat. Measurements of blood packed cell volume (PCV) became increased by one month after ir injection of Ni3S2; reached maximum values at approximately two months; and gradually returned to control values by seven months. The duration and magnitude of erythrocytosis were related to the dosage of Ni3S2. Increases in hemoglobin concentrations and erythrocyte counts (RBC) in Ni3S2-treated rats were consistently proportional to blood PCV values. Blood hemoglobin concentration was 24.9 +/- 1.2 g per dl at two months after bilateral ir injection of Ni3S2 (10 MG PER RAT), VERSUs 15.8 +/- 0.5 g per dl in saline-injected controls (P less than 0.001). No significant changes occurred in leukocyte or platelet counts of Ni3S2-treated rats. Autopsy of rats killed two months after ir injection of Ni3S2 showed marked erythroid hyperplasia of bone marrow and fibrotic needle tracts in renal parenchyma with localized deposits of particles of Ni3S2. In contrast to the erythrocytosis induced by ir injection of Ni3S2, administration of Ni3S2 by intramuscular (im) injection (10 mg per rat) had no significant effect upon blood PCV, RBC or hemoglobin values or upon morphology of bone marrow.", "contents": "Dose-response and time-response study of erythrocytosis in rats after intrarenal injection of nickel subsulfide. Erythrocytosis was induced in Fischer rats by intrarenal (ir) injection of nickel subsulfide (Ni3S2) in dosages ranging from 0.6 to 10 mg per rat. Measurements of blood packed cell volume (PCV) became increased by one month after ir injection of Ni3S2; reached maximum values at approximately two months; and gradually returned to control values by seven months. The duration and magnitude of erythrocytosis were related to the dosage of Ni3S2. Increases in hemoglobin concentrations and erythrocyte counts (RBC) in Ni3S2-treated rats were consistently proportional to blood PCV values. Blood hemoglobin concentration was 24.9 +/- 1.2 g per dl at two months after bilateral ir injection of Ni3S2 (10 MG PER RAT), VERSUs 15.8 +/- 0.5 g per dl in saline-injected controls (P less than 0.001). No significant changes occurred in leukocyte or platelet counts of Ni3S2-treated rats. Autopsy of rats killed two months after ir injection of Ni3S2 showed marked erythroid hyperplasia of bone marrow and fibrotic needle tracts in renal parenchyma with localized deposits of particles of Ni3S2. In contrast to the erythrocytosis induced by ir injection of Ni3S2, administration of Ni3S2 by intramuscular (im) injection (10 mg per rat) had no significant effect upon blood PCV, RBC or hemoglobin values or upon morphology of bone marrow.", "PMID": 836000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1835", "title": "Dermatomyositis: ultrastructure of abnormal mitochondria in the skeletal muscle.", "content": "The mitochondrial anomalies observed in the skeletal muscle of a patient with dermatomyositis included paracrystalline inclusions, dense bodies and stacks of lamellae. Virions were not found. These anomalies are similar to those noted in other myopathies.", "contents": "Dermatomyositis: ultrastructure of abnormal mitochondria in the skeletal muscle. The mitochondrial anomalies observed in the skeletal muscle of a patient with dermatomyositis included paracrystalline inclusions, dense bodies and stacks of lamellae. Virions were not found. These anomalies are similar to those noted in other myopathies.", "PMID": 836001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1836", "title": "Rapid analysis of cefazolin in serum by high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "A high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed for the analysis of cefazolin in serum. Serum was deproteinized by the addition of 6% trichloroacetic acid and injected onto a reverse-phase column with a mobile phase of 10 to 15% methanol in 1% aqueous acetic acid. Cefazolin chromatographed without interference from ultraviolet-absorbing components of serum, with a retention time of 3.1 min. Standard curves comparing peak area with concentration prepared from dog or human sera were linear over a range of 1.6 to 200 mug/ml. Results from the HPLC assay were compared with microbiological assays (cylinder plate method) on both standard serum samples and sera from dogs and human subjects receiving intramuscular cefazolin. The HPLC method was somewhat more accurate in comparison with the microbiological assay performed on serum samples of known concentration. The comparison of results from an analysis of serum levels of dogs or human subjects receiving cefazolin indicated that the two methods would lead to identical conclusions concerning pharmacokinetics or the achievement of therapeutic serum levels. The HPLC assay method presents an alternative to conventional microbiological assays, with marked improvement in speed (30 min) and considerable potential for future development.", "contents": "Rapid analysis of cefazolin in serum by high-pressure liquid chromatography. A high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed for the analysis of cefazolin in serum. Serum was deproteinized by the addition of 6% trichloroacetic acid and injected onto a reverse-phase column with a mobile phase of 10 to 15% methanol in 1% aqueous acetic acid. Cefazolin chromatographed without interference from ultraviolet-absorbing components of serum, with a retention time of 3.1 min. Standard curves comparing peak area with concentration prepared from dog or human sera were linear over a range of 1.6 to 200 mug/ml. Results from the HPLC assay were compared with microbiological assays (cylinder plate method) on both standard serum samples and sera from dogs and human subjects receiving intramuscular cefazolin. The HPLC method was somewhat more accurate in comparison with the microbiological assay performed on serum samples of known concentration. The comparison of results from an analysis of serum levels of dogs or human subjects receiving cefazolin indicated that the two methods would lead to identical conclusions concerning pharmacokinetics or the achievement of therapeutic serum levels. The HPLC assay method presents an alternative to conventional microbiological assays, with marked improvement in speed (30 min) and considerable potential for future development.", "PMID": 836007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1837", "title": "Quality control of gamma counters. I. Experimental evaluation of sources of error.", "content": "Errors of counting rate as large as 2 percent may occur through variations in instrumental parameters during the measurement of I-125 activity using a gamma counter. Much larger errors result from failure to maintain constant sample geometry; in particular, the slope of calibration curves depends on sample volume.", "contents": "Quality control of gamma counters. I. Experimental evaluation of sources of error. Errors of counting rate as large as 2 percent may occur through variations in instrumental parameters during the measurement of I-125 activity using a gamma counter. Much larger errors result from failure to maintain constant sample geometry; in particular, the slope of calibration curves depends on sample volume.", "PMID": 836003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1838", "title": "Radioimmunoassays for monitoring exposure to potential carcinogens.", "content": "As the numbers and production of environmental pollutants and hazardous industrial compounds increase, the necessity for monitoring the environment and workplace to avoid or to limit human exposure to toxic substances becomes more urgent. In support of the occupational safety program at the National Center for Toxicological Research, very sensitive and specific radioimmunoassays for measuring two known animal carcinogens, 2-acetylaminofluorene and diethylstilbestrol and their metabolites were developed. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) techniques offer unique advantages over ixisting methodologies in the field of toxicology; these include exquisite specificity and sensitivity, simplicity in sample handling and rapid analysis. These RIAs are currently being used for monitoring possible human exposure to carcinogenic compounds.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassays for monitoring exposure to potential carcinogens. As the numbers and production of environmental pollutants and hazardous industrial compounds increase, the necessity for monitoring the environment and workplace to avoid or to limit human exposure to toxic substances becomes more urgent. In support of the occupational safety program at the National Center for Toxicological Research, very sensitive and specific radioimmunoassays for measuring two known animal carcinogens, 2-acetylaminofluorene and diethylstilbestrol and their metabolites were developed. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) techniques offer unique advantages over ixisting methodologies in the field of toxicology; these include exquisite specificity and sensitivity, simplicity in sample handling and rapid analysis. These RIAs are currently being used for monitoring possible human exposure to carcinogenic compounds.", "PMID": 836002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1839", "title": "Comparative penetration of amikacin, gentamicin, and penicillin g into exudate fluid in experimental sterile peritonitis.", "content": "Using a rabbit sterile peritonitis model, we compared the penetration of intravenously administered amikacin, gentamicin, and penicillin G into peritoneal exudate. Peritonitis was induced with sterile normal saline, and the peritoneal exudate contained 23,751 +/- 3,039 granulocytes 8 h later. Antibiotics were administered intravenously 3 h after initiating peritonitis, and serum and peritoneal fluid concentrations were measured for 5 h. Peritoneal levels of each antibiotic exceeded simultaneous serum levels by 1 h after dose and remained above serum levels thereafter. The maximum peritoneal fluid concentration of amikacin reached 71.2% +/- 12.7 of the maximum serum concentration, whereas maximum gentamicin peritoneal concentration achieved 37.1% +/- 2.7, and penicillin achieved 23.2% +/- 4.5, of their respective maximum serum concentrations.", "contents": "Comparative penetration of amikacin, gentamicin, and penicillin g into exudate fluid in experimental sterile peritonitis. Using a rabbit sterile peritonitis model, we compared the penetration of intravenously administered amikacin, gentamicin, and penicillin G into peritoneal exudate. Peritonitis was induced with sterile normal saline, and the peritoneal exudate contained 23,751 +/- 3,039 granulocytes 8 h later. Antibiotics were administered intravenously 3 h after initiating peritonitis, and serum and peritoneal fluid concentrations were measured for 5 h. Peritoneal levels of each antibiotic exceeded simultaneous serum levels by 1 h after dose and remained above serum levels thereafter. The maximum peritoneal fluid concentration of amikacin reached 71.2% +/- 12.7 of the maximum serum concentration, whereas maximum gentamicin peritoneal concentration achieved 37.1% +/- 2.7, and penicillin achieved 23.2% +/- 4.5, of their respective maximum serum concentrations.", "PMID": 836008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1840", "title": "Measurement of digoxin by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A sensitive, specific and precise procedure for the measurement of digoxin by radioimmunoassay is presented. The method is rapid, convenient and highly reliable for this very important measurement. Studies designed to evaluate the validity and reproducibility of the assay are presented and discussed.", "contents": "Measurement of digoxin by radioimmunoassay. A sensitive, specific and precise procedure for the measurement of digoxin by radioimmunoassay is presented. The method is rapid, convenient and highly reliable for this very important measurement. Studies designed to evaluate the validity and reproducibility of the assay are presented and discussed.", "PMID": 836005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1841", "title": "Renal disease from exposure to solvents.", "content": "Exposure to a variety of solvents may result in renal disease. Tubular renal disease with anuria occurring fairly promptly after exposure is most commonly seen. There is evidence that some cases of glomerular disease, such as extra-capillary glomerulonephritis and membranous nephropathy, may be causally related to chronic solvent exposure. Their detection may be impeded by the prolonged latent period between exposure and onset of disease, the non-specificity of the glomerular lesions and the non-availability of a history of exposure.", "contents": "Renal disease from exposure to solvents. Exposure to a variety of solvents may result in renal disease. Tubular renal disease with anuria occurring fairly promptly after exposure is most commonly seen. There is evidence that some cases of glomerular disease, such as extra-capillary glomerulonephritis and membranous nephropathy, may be causally related to chronic solvent exposure. Their detection may be impeded by the prolonged latent period between exposure and onset of disease, the non-specificity of the glomerular lesions and the non-availability of a history of exposure.", "PMID": 836004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1842", "title": "Antimicrobial activity in vitro of netilmicin and comparison with sisomicin, gentamicin, and tobramycin.", "content": "The antimicrobial activity of netilmicin, a new semisynthetic aminoglycosidic aminocyclitol, was determined against 123 recent gram-negative clinical isolates susceptible to gentamicin and 60 isolates resistant to either sisomicin, gentamicin, or tobramycin. The minimal inhibitory concentrations and minimal bactericidal concentrations of netilmicin, sisomicin, gentamicin, and tobramycin against Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Proteus mirabilis, and indole-positive Proteus were, in general, quite similar. Gentamicin was the most active against Serratia. A total of 54, 67, and 88% of gentamicin-resistant Pseudomonas, Serratia, and Klebsiella, respectively, were susceptible to netilmicin. Strains of indole-positive Proteus, Acinetobacter, Providencia, and E. coli resistant to gentamicin were likely to be resistant also to netilmicin.", "contents": "Antimicrobial activity in vitro of netilmicin and comparison with sisomicin, gentamicin, and tobramycin. The antimicrobial activity of netilmicin, a new semisynthetic aminoglycosidic aminocyclitol, was determined against 123 recent gram-negative clinical isolates susceptible to gentamicin and 60 isolates resistant to either sisomicin, gentamicin, or tobramycin. The minimal inhibitory concentrations and minimal bactericidal concentrations of netilmicin, sisomicin, gentamicin, and tobramycin against Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Proteus mirabilis, and indole-positive Proteus were, in general, quite similar. Gentamicin was the most active against Serratia. A total of 54, 67, and 88% of gentamicin-resistant Pseudomonas, Serratia, and Klebsiella, respectively, were susceptible to netilmicin. Strains of indole-positive Proteus, Acinetobacter, Providencia, and E. coli resistant to gentamicin were likely to be resistant also to netilmicin.", "PMID": 836009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1843", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin: dose dependence after intravenous, oral, and intramuscular administration.", "content": "Amoxicillin was studied in normal subjects after intravenous, oral, and intramuscular administration of 250-, 500-, and 1,000-mg doses. Serum drug levels were analyzed using a two-compartment open model, as well as area under the curve (AUC) and urinary recovery. The variations of these pharmacokinetic parameters were then examined using the three-way analysis of variance and linear regression equations. These results confirmed nearly complete oral absorption: AUC was 93% of intravenous absorption, and urinary recovery was 86%. The intramuscular administration of amoxicillin results in complete and reliable absorption with peak drug levels, AUCs, and urinary recovery equivalent to oral dosage. The absorption of lyophilized amoxicillin after intramuscular injection resulted in an AUC that was 92% of intravenous absorption and urinary recovery of 91%. The peak serum levels, time to peak, and other pharmacokinetic parameters for intramuscular injection were nearly identical to those for oral administration. Kinetics of both intramuscular and oral administration exhibited dose-dependent absorption (absorption rate constant, 1.3/h for 250 mg and 0.7/h for 1,000 mg). This resulted in relatively later and lower peak serum levels for increasing dose. Total absorption, however, showed no dose dependence, as indicated by urinary recovery and AUC, which changed by less than 10%.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin: dose dependence after intravenous, oral, and intramuscular administration. Amoxicillin was studied in normal subjects after intravenous, oral, and intramuscular administration of 250-, 500-, and 1,000-mg doses. Serum drug levels were analyzed using a two-compartment open model, as well as area under the curve (AUC) and urinary recovery. The variations of these pharmacokinetic parameters were then examined using the three-way analysis of variance and linear regression equations. These results confirmed nearly complete oral absorption: AUC was 93% of intravenous absorption, and urinary recovery was 86%. The intramuscular administration of amoxicillin results in complete and reliable absorption with peak drug levels, AUCs, and urinary recovery equivalent to oral dosage. The absorption of lyophilized amoxicillin after intramuscular injection resulted in an AUC that was 92% of intravenous absorption and urinary recovery of 91%. The peak serum levels, time to peak, and other pharmacokinetic parameters for intramuscular injection were nearly identical to those for oral administration. Kinetics of both intramuscular and oral administration exhibited dose-dependent absorption (absorption rate constant, 1.3/h for 250 mg and 0.7/h for 1,000 mg). This resulted in relatively later and lower peak serum levels for increasing dose. Total absorption, however, showed no dose dependence, as indicated by urinary recovery and AUC, which changed by less than 10%.", "PMID": 836010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1844", "title": "Effects of amphotericin B on macrophages and their precursor cells.", "content": "The effect of amphotericin B (AmB) treatment on the mononuclear phagocyte system of mice was investigated. Peritoneal macrophages from mice that received AmB treatment showed a higher phagocytic and antibacterial activity than those from normal untreated mice. When the levels of macrophage precursor cells in bone marrow and spleen were followed in mice after AmB treatment, an eightfold increase in the splenic content of limited stem cells for both macrophages and granulocytes (colony-forming units in culture) and a threefold increase in the number of pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells (colony-forming units in spleen) were observed on day 4. These were also accompanied by a slight increase in the colony-forming units in spleen and in culture in femoral marrows. AmB was capable of inducing a large number of peritoneal colony-forming cells in the peritoneum, and caused a significant rise in the serum level of colony-stimulating factor. No significant change in the level of blood monocytes was noted, although a transient increase in the proportion of neutrophils was observed within 24 h after AmB treatment.", "contents": "Effects of amphotericin B on macrophages and their precursor cells. The effect of amphotericin B (AmB) treatment on the mononuclear phagocyte system of mice was investigated. Peritoneal macrophages from mice that received AmB treatment showed a higher phagocytic and antibacterial activity than those from normal untreated mice. When the levels of macrophage precursor cells in bone marrow and spleen were followed in mice after AmB treatment, an eightfold increase in the splenic content of limited stem cells for both macrophages and granulocytes (colony-forming units in culture) and a threefold increase in the number of pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells (colony-forming units in spleen) were observed on day 4. These were also accompanied by a slight increase in the colony-forming units in spleen and in culture in femoral marrows. AmB was capable of inducing a large number of peritoneal colony-forming cells in the peritoneum, and caused a significant rise in the serum level of colony-stimulating factor. No significant change in the level of blood monocytes was noted, although a transient increase in the proportion of neutrophils was observed within 24 h after AmB treatment.", "PMID": 836011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1845", "title": "Inhibitory effects of ATP on platelet aggregation: cation interaction and shape change.", "content": "Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) has more than one effect in its inhibition of platelet aggregation. In addition to its direct competition with adenosine diphosphate (ADP), ATP may suppress the aggregation mediated via a cation interaction and a restoration of platelet shape.", "contents": "Inhibitory effects of ATP on platelet aggregation: cation interaction and shape change. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) has more than one effect in its inhibition of platelet aggregation. In addition to its direct competition with adenosine diphosphate (ADP), ATP may suppress the aggregation mediated via a cation interaction and a restoration of platelet shape.", "PMID": 836006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1846", "title": "Susceptibility of Propionibacterium acnes to seventeen antibiotics.", "content": "The in vitro susceptibility of 96 isolates of Propionibacterium acnes to 17 antibiotics was determined by utilizing an agar dilution technique. With the exception of the aminoglycosides, these organisms are susceptible to virtually all of the commonly used antimicrobial agents.", "contents": "Susceptibility of Propionibacterium acnes to seventeen antibiotics. The in vitro susceptibility of 96 isolates of Propionibacterium acnes to 17 antibiotics was determined by utilizing an agar dilution technique. With the exception of the aminoglycosides, these organisms are susceptible to virtually all of the commonly used antimicrobial agents.", "PMID": 836012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1847", "title": "Mechanisms of gentamicin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Three clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to gentamicin and other aminoglycosides have been examined for antibiotic modifying enzymes. The strains contain a number of these enzymes, most of them similar to those commonly found in aminoglycoside-resistant gram-negative strains. All three strains (and a transductant derived from one of them) contain two enzymes mediating gentamicin resistance, an aminoglycoside 6'-N-acetyltransferase and a novel enzyme, gentamicin phosphotransferase.", "contents": "Mechanisms of gentamicin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Three clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to gentamicin and other aminoglycosides have been examined for antibiotic modifying enzymes. The strains contain a number of these enzymes, most of them similar to those commonly found in aminoglycoside-resistant gram-negative strains. All three strains (and a transductant derived from one of them) contain two enzymes mediating gentamicin resistance, an aminoglycoside 6'-N-acetyltransferase and a novel enzyme, gentamicin phosphotransferase.", "PMID": 836013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1848", "title": "Laboratory evaluation of FR10024 a new cephalosporin derivative.", "content": "FR10024 is a broad-spectrum antibiotic. The in vitro antibacterial activity of FR10024 against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis is greater than that of any of the cephalosporins developed to date. Indole-positive Proteus, Enterobacter, and Citrobacter are resistant to FR10024, as is true for the other cephalosporins. However, more than half of the strains of Enterobacter and Citrobacter tested were susceptible to FR10024 at an inoculum of 10(6) cells/ml. A single subcutaneous injection of FR10024 to mice with peritoneal infections due to S. aureus and several species of gram-negative bacilli gave a protective effect inferior to that of cefazolin but appeared to be superior to that of cephalothin. When given in two divided doses, however, the protective effect of FR10024 was enhanced and almost equaled that of cefazolin. The serum levels and rates of urinary recovery of FR10024 varied in different animal species. The mean peak serum level of FR10024 in humans after a single intramuscular injection of 500 mg was two times higher than that of cephalothin. The serum half-life after intramuscular injections of 250 and 500 mg was slightly shorter than that of cephalothin. After receiving 250 mg of FR10024 intramuscularly the urinary recovery rate was 87.7% in healthy volunteers. The biliary excretion rate of FR10024 was particularly high. The 24-h excretion of FR10024 in rats was 63.3%, this being six to seven times higher than that for cefazolin, which has the highest biliary excretion of the other known cephalosporins. When FR10024 was injected intramuscularly (20 mg/kg), it was found that the hepatic levels of FR10024 in rats were the highest of all the cephalosporins, including cefazolin, but the levels of FR10024 in other tissues were not as high as those of cefazolin.", "contents": "Laboratory evaluation of FR10024 a new cephalosporin derivative. FR10024 is a broad-spectrum antibiotic. The in vitro antibacterial activity of FR10024 against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis is greater than that of any of the cephalosporins developed to date. Indole-positive Proteus, Enterobacter, and Citrobacter are resistant to FR10024, as is true for the other cephalosporins. However, more than half of the strains of Enterobacter and Citrobacter tested were susceptible to FR10024 at an inoculum of 10(6) cells/ml. A single subcutaneous injection of FR10024 to mice with peritoneal infections due to S. aureus and several species of gram-negative bacilli gave a protective effect inferior to that of cefazolin but appeared to be superior to that of cephalothin. When given in two divided doses, however, the protective effect of FR10024 was enhanced and almost equaled that of cefazolin. The serum levels and rates of urinary recovery of FR10024 varied in different animal species. The mean peak serum level of FR10024 in humans after a single intramuscular injection of 500 mg was two times higher than that of cephalothin. The serum half-life after intramuscular injections of 250 and 500 mg was slightly shorter than that of cephalothin. After receiving 250 mg of FR10024 intramuscularly the urinary recovery rate was 87.7% in healthy volunteers. The biliary excretion rate of FR10024 was particularly high. The 24-h excretion of FR10024 in rats was 63.3%, this being six to seven times higher than that for cefazolin, which has the highest biliary excretion of the other known cephalosporins. When FR10024 was injected intramuscularly (20 mg/kg), it was found that the hepatic levels of FR10024 in rats were the highest of all the cephalosporins, including cefazolin, but the levels of FR10024 in other tissues were not as high as those of cefazolin.", "PMID": 836014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1849", "title": "In vitro studies with netilmicin compared with amikacin, gentamicin, and tobramycin.", "content": "Netilmicin, a new semisynthetic aminoglycoside derived by ethylation of the 1-N position of the deoxystreptamine ring of sisomicin, was tested in vitro with 4,070 strains of gram-negative bacilli isolated at the UCLA Medical Center during 1975 to 1976, using the agar dilution technique and an inoculum of approximately 10(4) organisms. Results were compared with those simultaneously obtained for amikacin, gentamicin, and tobramycin. Using Mueller-Hinton medium, inhibitory concentrations in broth correlated with those obtained by the agar dilution method except for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, where a 2- to 16-fold difference in susceptibility was noted. For most clinically significant Enterobacteriaceae and P. aeruginosa, the activity of netilmicin in vitro was comparable or superior to that of gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin with respect to potency by weight and achievable blood levels. Against gentamicin-resistant strains (MIC > 16 mug/ml), the activity of netilmicin paralleled that of amikacin with the exception of Providencia stuartii, which was inhibited by amikacin but not by netilmicin.", "contents": "In vitro studies with netilmicin compared with amikacin, gentamicin, and tobramycin. Netilmicin, a new semisynthetic aminoglycoside derived by ethylation of the 1-N position of the deoxystreptamine ring of sisomicin, was tested in vitro with 4,070 strains of gram-negative bacilli isolated at the UCLA Medical Center during 1975 to 1976, using the agar dilution technique and an inoculum of approximately 10(4) organisms. Results were compared with those simultaneously obtained for amikacin, gentamicin, and tobramycin. Using Mueller-Hinton medium, inhibitory concentrations in broth correlated with those obtained by the agar dilution method except for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, where a 2- to 16-fold difference in susceptibility was noted. For most clinically significant Enterobacteriaceae and P. aeruginosa, the activity of netilmicin in vitro was comparable or superior to that of gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin with respect to potency by weight and achievable blood levels. Against gentamicin-resistant strains (MIC > 16 mug/ml), the activity of netilmicin paralleled that of amikacin with the exception of Providencia stuartii, which was inhibited by amikacin but not by netilmicin.", "PMID": 836015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1850", "title": "Mezlocillin: in vitro studies of a new broad-spectrum penicillin.", "content": "Mezlocillin is a new semisynthetic penicillin that inhibited 71% of the isolates of Serratia marcescens, 67% of Escherichia coli, 50% of Enterobacter spp., and 49% of Klebsiella spp. at a concentration of 12.5 mug/ml. It is also active against both indole-positive and -negative Proteus spp. and gram-positive cocci, except penicillin G-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. At a concentration of 100 mug/ml, it inhibited 94% of the isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is more active than ampicillin, carbenicillin, and cephalothin against some gram-negative bacilli.", "contents": "Mezlocillin: in vitro studies of a new broad-spectrum penicillin. Mezlocillin is a new semisynthetic penicillin that inhibited 71% of the isolates of Serratia marcescens, 67% of Escherichia coli, 50% of Enterobacter spp., and 49% of Klebsiella spp. at a concentration of 12.5 mug/ml. It is also active against both indole-positive and -negative Proteus spp. and gram-positive cocci, except penicillin G-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. At a concentration of 100 mug/ml, it inhibited 94% of the isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is more active than ampicillin, carbenicillin, and cephalothin against some gram-negative bacilli.", "PMID": 836016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1851", "title": "Comparative in vitro activity of nafcillin, oxacillin, and methicillin in combination with gentamicin and tobramycin against enterococci.", "content": "The in vitro activity of nafcillin, oxacillin, and methicillin alone and in combination with gentamicin and tobramycin against 30 strains of enterococci was investigated. The penicillinase-resistant penicillins were less active than penicillin and ampicillin against the enterococci. Nafcillin was more active than oxacillin and methicillin. Sixty-six percent of strains were inhibited by nafcillin at 6.25 mug/ml, but none was inhibited by oxacillin and methicillin at the same concentration. At 12.5 mug/ml, 83, 16, and 0% were inhibited by nafcillin, oxacillin, and methicillin, respectively. By using a variety of criteria and analyses, it was shown that none of the antibiotic combinations studied demonstrated enhanced killing of all strains of enterococci. Nafcillin-gentamicin was the best combination, and enhanced killing was demonstrated against most strains. Oxacillin was more effective than methicillin when combined with gentamicin. Tobramycin was probably less effective than gentamicin in combination with the penicillinase-resistant penicillins against enterococci.", "contents": "Comparative in vitro activity of nafcillin, oxacillin, and methicillin in combination with gentamicin and tobramycin against enterococci. The in vitro activity of nafcillin, oxacillin, and methicillin alone and in combination with gentamicin and tobramycin against 30 strains of enterococci was investigated. The penicillinase-resistant penicillins were less active than penicillin and ampicillin against the enterococci. Nafcillin was more active than oxacillin and methicillin. Sixty-six percent of strains were inhibited by nafcillin at 6.25 mug/ml, but none was inhibited by oxacillin and methicillin at the same concentration. At 12.5 mug/ml, 83, 16, and 0% were inhibited by nafcillin, oxacillin, and methicillin, respectively. By using a variety of criteria and analyses, it was shown that none of the antibiotic combinations studied demonstrated enhanced killing of all strains of enterococci. Nafcillin-gentamicin was the best combination, and enhanced killing was demonstrated against most strains. Oxacillin was more effective than methicillin when combined with gentamicin. Tobramycin was probably less effective than gentamicin in combination with the penicillinase-resistant penicillins against enterococci.", "PMID": 836017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1852", "title": "Evaluation of various analogues of tilorone hydrochloride against Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in mice.", "content": "The antiviral activity of tilorone hydrochloride and three of its analogues (11,002, 11,567, and 11,877) was assessed by oral and intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration to Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus-infected mice. Significant increases in the percentage of survival (P < 0.01) were apparent after oral administration of tilorone and analogue 11,877 at dosages of 250 and 500 mg/kg. Neither tilorone nor 11,877 increased percentage of survival when dosages of 31.25 to 500 mg/kg were given by the i.p. route. Orally administered analogue 11,002 was effective against 100 mouse intracranial median lethal doses (MICLD(50)) of VEE virus at doses at 250 to 1,000 mg/kg; doses of 31.25 to 250 mg/kg given i.p. were effective against 10 MICLD(50). Oral dosages of 250 to 1,000 mg of analogue 11,567 per kg were active against 100 MICLD(50) of virus. By the i.p. route, 250 mg of 11,567 per kg protected mice against 1,000 MICLD(50), and a dose of 125 mg/kg protected against 100 MICLD(50). Oral treatment of VEE infection with analogue 11,567 24 h after subcutaneous inoculation of VEE virus resulted in no significant increase in the percentage of survivors. All survivors of these studies were susceptible to rechallenge 21 days after the first inoculation of virus.", "contents": "Evaluation of various analogues of tilorone hydrochloride against Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in mice. The antiviral activity of tilorone hydrochloride and three of its analogues (11,002, 11,567, and 11,877) was assessed by oral and intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration to Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus-infected mice. Significant increases in the percentage of survival (P < 0.01) were apparent after oral administration of tilorone and analogue 11,877 at dosages of 250 and 500 mg/kg. Neither tilorone nor 11,877 increased percentage of survival when dosages of 31.25 to 500 mg/kg were given by the i.p. route. Orally administered analogue 11,002 was effective against 100 mouse intracranial median lethal doses (MICLD(50)) of VEE virus at doses at 250 to 1,000 mg/kg; doses of 31.25 to 250 mg/kg given i.p. were effective against 10 MICLD(50). Oral dosages of 250 to 1,000 mg of analogue 11,567 per kg were active against 100 MICLD(50) of virus. By the i.p. route, 250 mg of 11,567 per kg protected mice against 1,000 MICLD(50), and a dose of 125 mg/kg protected against 100 MICLD(50). Oral treatment of VEE infection with analogue 11,567 24 h after subcutaneous inoculation of VEE virus resulted in no significant increase in the percentage of survivors. All survivors of these studies were susceptible to rechallenge 21 days after the first inoculation of virus.", "PMID": 836018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1853", "title": "Enteropathogenicity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the ligated rabbit ileum.", "content": "The enteropathogenicity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus was investigated by contrasting the effects of whole cells, cell fragments, cell-free preparations, and media constituents injected into rabbit ileal loops. Three of 20 cultures utilized were Kanagawa-negative strains from seawater and sea fish. The remaining 17 cultures included both Kanagawa-positive and -negative strains from Japanese victims of gastroenteritis. Broth culture filtrates concentrated 10-fold by dialysis against 30% Carbowax were unreactive, whereas lyophilized filtrates, regardless of Kanagawa type, as well as all sterile broth preparations containing greater than or equal to 5% NaCl gave positive reactions in the rabbit gut. In contrast, crude lysates derived from broth cultures of Kanagawa-positive strains caused loop dilatation; lysate supernatants were unreactive. Lysates of cells washed from brain heart infusion agar were more reactive than lysates from Trypticase soy agar-grown cells. When agar-grown cell lysates prepared by disruption in saline were dialyzed against distilled water, they were devoid of gut reactivity. Reactivity was restored in dialysands resuspended in saline and in dialysates concentrated 10-fold. The agar-grown cell lysates exhibited Kanagawa-type hemolysis. Our data support the conclusion that the rabbit loop reactivity observed with lyophilized, cell-free culture filtrates may result from excessively elevated NaCl concentrations, and that a toxic factor associated with large-cell particles may be dialyzable, depends on saline for expression, and resembles the Kanagawa hemolysin.", "contents": "Enteropathogenicity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the ligated rabbit ileum. The enteropathogenicity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus was investigated by contrasting the effects of whole cells, cell fragments, cell-free preparations, and media constituents injected into rabbit ileal loops. Three of 20 cultures utilized were Kanagawa-negative strains from seawater and sea fish. The remaining 17 cultures included both Kanagawa-positive and -negative strains from Japanese victims of gastroenteritis. Broth culture filtrates concentrated 10-fold by dialysis against 30% Carbowax were unreactive, whereas lyophilized filtrates, regardless of Kanagawa type, as well as all sterile broth preparations containing greater than or equal to 5% NaCl gave positive reactions in the rabbit gut. In contrast, crude lysates derived from broth cultures of Kanagawa-positive strains caused loop dilatation; lysate supernatants were unreactive. Lysates of cells washed from brain heart infusion agar were more reactive than lysates from Trypticase soy agar-grown cells. When agar-grown cell lysates prepared by disruption in saline were dialyzed against distilled water, they were devoid of gut reactivity. Reactivity was restored in dialysands resuspended in saline and in dialysates concentrated 10-fold. The agar-grown cell lysates exhibited Kanagawa-type hemolysis. Our data support the conclusion that the rabbit loop reactivity observed with lyophilized, cell-free culture filtrates may result from excessively elevated NaCl concentrations, and that a toxic factor associated with large-cell particles may be dialyzable, depends on saline for expression, and resembles the Kanagawa hemolysin.", "PMID": 836019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1854", "title": "Conidiogenesis and secondary metabolism in Penicillium urticae.", "content": "Submerged cultures of Penicillium urticae (NRRL 2159A) produced the antibiotics patulin and griseofulvin when grown in a glucose-nitrate medium. A high concentration of calcium (i.e., 68 mM) inhibited the production of both antibiotics while stimulating conidiogenesis. Conidial mutants that were defective in an early stage of conidiogenesis produced markedly less patulin, even under growth conditions that favored secondary metabolism. A mutant which lacked the ability to produce the patulin pathway metabolites m-cresol, toluquinol, m-hydroxybenzyl-alcohol, m-hydroxybenzaldehyde, gentisaldehyde, gentisyl alcohol, gentisic acid and patulin, as well as the pathway enzyme m-hydroxybenzyl-alcohol dehydrogenase, still produced yields of conidia that were equivalent to or greater than those of the parent strain. Other mutants which were blocked at later steps of the patulin pathway also produced conidia. These results indicate that patulin and the other related secondary metabolites noted above are not a prerequisite to conidiogenesis in P. urticae. Environmental and developmental factors such as calcium levels and conidiogenesis do, however, indirectly affect the production of patulin pathway metabolites.", "contents": "Conidiogenesis and secondary metabolism in Penicillium urticae. Submerged cultures of Penicillium urticae (NRRL 2159A) produced the antibiotics patulin and griseofulvin when grown in a glucose-nitrate medium. A high concentration of calcium (i.e., 68 mM) inhibited the production of both antibiotics while stimulating conidiogenesis. Conidial mutants that were defective in an early stage of conidiogenesis produced markedly less patulin, even under growth conditions that favored secondary metabolism. A mutant which lacked the ability to produce the patulin pathway metabolites m-cresol, toluquinol, m-hydroxybenzyl-alcohol, m-hydroxybenzaldehyde, gentisaldehyde, gentisyl alcohol, gentisic acid and patulin, as well as the pathway enzyme m-hydroxybenzyl-alcohol dehydrogenase, still produced yields of conidia that were equivalent to or greater than those of the parent strain. Other mutants which were blocked at later steps of the patulin pathway also produced conidia. These results indicate that patulin and the other related secondary metabolites noted above are not a prerequisite to conidiogenesis in P. urticae. Environmental and developmental factors such as calcium levels and conidiogenesis do, however, indirectly affect the production of patulin pathway metabolites.", "PMID": 836020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1855", "title": "Chemically defined medium for Rothia dentocariosa.", "content": "A chemically defined medium for Rothia dentocariosa has been established. All strains tested, including the type strain, grew well in this medium. Rothia strains had a generation time of 3.5 to 4.0 h, with a yield of 62 mg (dry weight) per 100 ml after 72 h of growth in the chemically defined medium.", "contents": "Chemically defined medium for Rothia dentocariosa. A chemically defined medium for Rothia dentocariosa has been established. All strains tested, including the type strain, grew well in this medium. Rothia strains had a generation time of 3.5 to 4.0 h, with a yield of 62 mg (dry weight) per 100 ml after 72 h of growth in the chemically defined medium.", "PMID": 836021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1856", "title": "Two plating media modified with Tween 80 for isolating Yersinia enterocolitica.", "content": "MacConkey agar modified with Tween 80, and deoxyribonuclease agar modified with Tween 80 plus sorbitol were used in differentiating Yersinia enterocolitica colonies from other lactose-negative bacterial colonies.", "contents": "Two plating media modified with Tween 80 for isolating Yersinia enterocolitica. MacConkey agar modified with Tween 80, and deoxyribonuclease agar modified with Tween 80 plus sorbitol were used in differentiating Yersinia enterocolitica colonies from other lactose-negative bacterial colonies.", "PMID": 836022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1857", "title": "Microbial transformation of 8-chloro-10,11-dihydrodibenz(b,f)(1,4)oxazepine by fungi.", "content": "The microbial transformation of 8-chloro-10,11-dihydrodibenz(b,f)(1,4)oxazepine (compound I) was undertaken to obtain new derivatives. Compound I was transformed by Hormodendrum sp. (NRRL 8133) to 8-chloro-10,11-dihydrodibenz(b,f)(1,4)oxazepine-11-one (compound II) and 2-(2-amino-4-chlorophenoxy)benzyl alcohol (compound IV). Microbial cleavage of the nonaromatic ring to form compound IV was accomplished by several other fungi. Compound I was transformed to 8-chlorodibenz(b,f)(1,4)oxazepine (compound III) by Hormodendrum cladosporioides (NRRL 8132).", "contents": "Microbial transformation of 8-chloro-10,11-dihydrodibenz(b,f)(1,4)oxazepine by fungi. The microbial transformation of 8-chloro-10,11-dihydrodibenz(b,f)(1,4)oxazepine (compound I) was undertaken to obtain new derivatives. Compound I was transformed by Hormodendrum sp. (NRRL 8133) to 8-chloro-10,11-dihydrodibenz(b,f)(1,4)oxazepine-11-one (compound II) and 2-(2-amino-4-chlorophenoxy)benzyl alcohol (compound IV). Microbial cleavage of the nonaromatic ring to form compound IV was accomplished by several other fungi. Compound I was transformed to 8-chlorodibenz(b,f)(1,4)oxazepine (compound III) by Hormodendrum cladosporioides (NRRL 8132).", "PMID": 836023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1858", "title": "End products and fermentation balances for lactic streptococci grown aerobically on low concentrations of glucose.", "content": "Maximum acetate produced aerobically by Streptococcus diacetilactis and Streptococcus cremoris was 14% of 1 to 7 mumol of glucose/ml in a partially defined medium that contained lipoic acid. Y (glucose) values were 35.3 (S. diacetilactis) and 31.4 (S. cremoris) with low concentrations (1 to 7 mumol/ml) of glucose in the medium and 21 (S. diacetilactis) with higher concentrations (6 to 15 mumol/ml). Y (adenosine 5'-triphosphate) values for the bacteria, determined by taking into account the end products produced, were 15.6 and 13.9 for S. diacetilactis and S. cremoris, respectively, in the partially defined medium containing 1 to 7 mumol of glucose/ml and higher (21.5 and 18.9, respectively) in a complex medium that contained 2 mumol of glucose/ml. Addition of citrate in addition to glucose did not result in higher molar growth yields.", "contents": "End products and fermentation balances for lactic streptococci grown aerobically on low concentrations of glucose. Maximum acetate produced aerobically by Streptococcus diacetilactis and Streptococcus cremoris was 14% of 1 to 7 mumol of glucose/ml in a partially defined medium that contained lipoic acid. Y (glucose) values were 35.3 (S. diacetilactis) and 31.4 (S. cremoris) with low concentrations (1 to 7 mumol/ml) of glucose in the medium and 21 (S. diacetilactis) with higher concentrations (6 to 15 mumol/ml). Y (adenosine 5'-triphosphate) values for the bacteria, determined by taking into account the end products produced, were 15.6 and 13.9 for S. diacetilactis and S. cremoris, respectively, in the partially defined medium containing 1 to 7 mumol of glucose/ml and higher (21.5 and 18.9, respectively) in a complex medium that contained 2 mumol of glucose/ml. Addition of citrate in addition to glucose did not result in higher molar growth yields.", "PMID": 836024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1859", "title": "Isolation and identification of fecal bacteria from adult swine.", "content": "An examination of the fecal microflora of adult swine was made with regard to the efficiency of several roll tube media in enumeration and recovery of anaerobes, the effects of medium constituents on recovery, and the isolation and identification of the predominant kinds of bacteria. Total number of organisms by microscopic bacterial counts varied among fecal samples from 4.48 X 10(10) to 7.40 X 10(10) bacteria/g (wet weight). Comparison of different nonselective roll tube media indicated that about 30% of the fecal bacteria could be recovered with a rumen fluid (40%, vol/vol) medium (M98-5). Recoveries of 21 and 15%, respectively, were obtained with M10 and rumen fluid-glucose-cellobiose agar (RGCA) media. Rumen fluid, Trypticase, sugars, and CO2 gas phase were important components required for maximum recovery with this medium. Similar high recoveries of anaerobes were also obtained with M98-5 containing swine cecal extract of place in rumen fluid or M10 plus swine cecal extract. Significantly lower recoveries were observed with RCGA, media supplemented with swine fecal extracts, reinforced clostridial medium, brain heart infusion agar, and prereduced blood agar. Ninety percent of the bacteria isolated from roll tube media were gram positive and consisted of facultatively anaerobic streptococci, Eubacterium sp., Clostridium sp., and Propionibacterium acnes. The remainder of the flora (8%) included several other species of anaerobes and Escherichia coli. Rumen fluid (or volatile fatty acids), Trypticase, and yeast extract additions to basal media stimulated the growth of anaerobic strains. Variation in the relative proportions of the predominant fecal microflora was observed. This work indicates that satisfactory enumeration, isolation and cultivation of the predominant microflora in swine feces can be obtained when strict anaerobic culture methods and a rumen fluid medium are used.", "contents": "Isolation and identification of fecal bacteria from adult swine. An examination of the fecal microflora of adult swine was made with regard to the efficiency of several roll tube media in enumeration and recovery of anaerobes, the effects of medium constituents on recovery, and the isolation and identification of the predominant kinds of bacteria. Total number of organisms by microscopic bacterial counts varied among fecal samples from 4.48 X 10(10) to 7.40 X 10(10) bacteria/g (wet weight). Comparison of different nonselective roll tube media indicated that about 30% of the fecal bacteria could be recovered with a rumen fluid (40%, vol/vol) medium (M98-5). Recoveries of 21 and 15%, respectively, were obtained with M10 and rumen fluid-glucose-cellobiose agar (RGCA) media. Rumen fluid, Trypticase, sugars, and CO2 gas phase were important components required for maximum recovery with this medium. Similar high recoveries of anaerobes were also obtained with M98-5 containing swine cecal extract of place in rumen fluid or M10 plus swine cecal extract. Significantly lower recoveries were observed with RCGA, media supplemented with swine fecal extracts, reinforced clostridial medium, brain heart infusion agar, and prereduced blood agar. Ninety percent of the bacteria isolated from roll tube media were gram positive and consisted of facultatively anaerobic streptococci, Eubacterium sp., Clostridium sp., and Propionibacterium acnes. The remainder of the flora (8%) included several other species of anaerobes and Escherichia coli. Rumen fluid (or volatile fatty acids), Trypticase, and yeast extract additions to basal media stimulated the growth of anaerobic strains. Variation in the relative proportions of the predominant fecal microflora was observed. This work indicates that satisfactory enumeration, isolation and cultivation of the predominant microflora in swine feces can be obtained when strict anaerobic culture methods and a rumen fluid medium are used.", "PMID": 836025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1860", "title": "Aerobic microbial flora of intertrigenous skin.", "content": "The incidence and density of intertrigenous microflora were determined in subjects using nonmedicated soap. The axilla, groin, toe web, and finger web were examined. The incidence of gram-negative rods was 17% for the axilla, 13% for the groin, 10% for the toe web, and 9% for the finger web. Klebsiella, Proteus, and Enterobacter were the predominant organisms, in that order. The highest incidence of Staphylococcus aureus was in the groin (12%) and toe web (11%). Lipophilic diphtheroids were the most prevalent bacteria in the groin (1.1 X 10(6)/cm2) and toe web (1.2 X 10(6)/cm2). Nonlipophilic diphtheroids were the predominant flora in the axilla (1.3 X 10(7)/cm. Micrococci had the highest counts in the toe web (7.6 X 10(5)/cm2). The incidence of coagulase-negative staphylococci was highest in the finger web, but the major flora were those of micrococci.", "contents": "Aerobic microbial flora of intertrigenous skin. The incidence and density of intertrigenous microflora were determined in subjects using nonmedicated soap. The axilla, groin, toe web, and finger web were examined. The incidence of gram-negative rods was 17% for the axilla, 13% for the groin, 10% for the toe web, and 9% for the finger web. Klebsiella, Proteus, and Enterobacter were the predominant organisms, in that order. The highest incidence of Staphylococcus aureus was in the groin (12%) and toe web (11%). Lipophilic diphtheroids were the most prevalent bacteria in the groin (1.1 X 10(6)/cm2) and toe web (1.2 X 10(6)/cm2). Nonlipophilic diphtheroids were the predominant flora in the axilla (1.3 X 10(7)/cm. Micrococci had the highest counts in the toe web (7.6 X 10(5)/cm2). The incidence of coagulase-negative staphylococci was highest in the finger web, but the major flora were those of micrococci.", "PMID": 836026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1861", "title": "Fibrosing alveolitis in infancy and childhood.", "content": "Fibrosing alveolitis is a rare, diffuse lung disease characterized by varying combinations of two histological features: thickening of alveolar walls and the presence of large mononuclear cells in the alveolar spaces. Clinical details of 10 children with fibrosing alveolitis are reported. The main symptoms in children are tachypnoea or dyspnoea, cough, poor weight gain, and cyanosis. The condition is similar to that in adults, but it is usually a more acute illness, and if untreated, more predictably fatal. Respiratory failure, pulmonary hypertension, and cardiac failure are the major complications. Less commonly, superimposed bacterial infection and pneumothorax occur. Chest x-rays often show a sequence of changes with a ground-glass appearance and fine mottling in the early stage of the disease, progressing to a picture of mainly hilar linear markings in those children who recover. The histological features at lung biopsy or necropsy are described; these correlated poorly with the radiological features, steroid responsiveness, and clinical course. Lung function tests in 3 older children showed evidence of markedly reduced lung volumes in 2. Static lung compliance in 4 children in the acute stage of the illness was normal in 3 and diminished in one. The response to steroid therapy was analysed in cases from the literature and the 10 reported cases. No spontaneous remissions occurred, all the survivors having been treated with corticosteroids. In children fibrosing alveolitis is almost always a corticosteroid-responsive disease. An appropriate course of prednisolone would be of at least 4 week's, but preferably of 8 weeks' duration, at a minimum daily dose of 2 mg/kg. After improvement the steroid withdrawal should be cautious and protracted, comprising at least a year's continuous treatment.", "contents": "Fibrosing alveolitis in infancy and childhood. Fibrosing alveolitis is a rare, diffuse lung disease characterized by varying combinations of two histological features: thickening of alveolar walls and the presence of large mononuclear cells in the alveolar spaces. Clinical details of 10 children with fibrosing alveolitis are reported. The main symptoms in children are tachypnoea or dyspnoea, cough, poor weight gain, and cyanosis. The condition is similar to that in adults, but it is usually a more acute illness, and if untreated, more predictably fatal. Respiratory failure, pulmonary hypertension, and cardiac failure are the major complications. Less commonly, superimposed bacterial infection and pneumothorax occur. Chest x-rays often show a sequence of changes with a ground-glass appearance and fine mottling in the early stage of the disease, progressing to a picture of mainly hilar linear markings in those children who recover. The histological features at lung biopsy or necropsy are described; these correlated poorly with the radiological features, steroid responsiveness, and clinical course. Lung function tests in 3 older children showed evidence of markedly reduced lung volumes in 2. Static lung compliance in 4 children in the acute stage of the illness was normal in 3 and diminished in one. The response to steroid therapy was analysed in cases from the literature and the 10 reported cases. No spontaneous remissions occurred, all the survivors having been treated with corticosteroids. In children fibrosing alveolitis is almost always a corticosteroid-responsive disease. An appropriate course of prednisolone would be of at least 4 week's, but preferably of 8 weeks' duration, at a minimum daily dose of 2 mg/kg. After improvement the steroid withdrawal should be cautious and protracted, comprising at least a year's continuous treatment.", "PMID": 836051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1862", "title": "Natural history of Hartnup disease.", "content": "Hartnup disease was diagnosed in 12 children and 3 of their 15 sibs in the course of routine urine screening of 6-week-old infants in New South Wales. These children were followed for up to 8 years, during which time there were only two clinical episodes which might be ascribed to Hartnup disease. The mental development of all the children was normal. 10 had height centiles less than the midparent height centiles, while 4 had centiles equal to or above the midparent centiles. The study shows that in children with Hartnup disease in Australia symptoms are very uncommon. Mental development is normal, and heights are possibly slightly below that expected. Hartnup disease has an incidence of approximately 1 in 33 000 in New South Wales.", "contents": "Natural history of Hartnup disease. Hartnup disease was diagnosed in 12 children and 3 of their 15 sibs in the course of routine urine screening of 6-week-old infants in New South Wales. These children were followed for up to 8 years, during which time there were only two clinical episodes which might be ascribed to Hartnup disease. The mental development of all the children was normal. 10 had height centiles less than the midparent height centiles, while 4 had centiles equal to or above the midparent centiles. The study shows that in children with Hartnup disease in Australia symptoms are very uncommon. Mental development is normal, and heights are possibly slightly below that expected. Hartnup disease has an incidence of approximately 1 in 33 000 in New South Wales.", "PMID": 836052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1863", "title": "Absorption and endogenous faecal excretion of calcium by low birthweight infants on feeds with varying contents of calcium and phosphate.", "content": "Low birthweight infants aged 4-41 days were given from birth one of three experimental milk formulae varying widely in content of calcium and phosphate. Ca and P in feed, urine, and faeces were measured between carmine markers corresponding to a metabolic period of 48 hours. Calcium enriched in 46Ca to provide a marker for the dietary Ca was added to one feed and 46Ca measured in urine and faeces. True absorption of Ca and endogenous excretion into the bowel could then be inferred. True absorption of Ca was proportional to Ca intake and independent of P intake. Endogenous faecal excretion seemed to be independent of both Ca P intakes, and varied widely between different infants in the range 4-150 mg/day. Urine Ca was low and retention was essentially the difference between true absorption and endogenous faecal excretion. Retention of Ca tended to be much greater on a high Ca intake, but the variability in retention between infants on a given intake was large, paralleling the variability in endogenous faecal excretion. The variability in plasma Ca concentrations in newborn infants may in part be a consequence of wide individual variability in endogenous faecal excretion. The 46Ca marker technique provides a means of investigating the factors determining this variability.", "contents": "Absorption and endogenous faecal excretion of calcium by low birthweight infants on feeds with varying contents of calcium and phosphate. Low birthweight infants aged 4-41 days were given from birth one of three experimental milk formulae varying widely in content of calcium and phosphate. Ca and P in feed, urine, and faeces were measured between carmine markers corresponding to a metabolic period of 48 hours. Calcium enriched in 46Ca to provide a marker for the dietary Ca was added to one feed and 46Ca measured in urine and faeces. True absorption of Ca and endogenous excretion into the bowel could then be inferred. True absorption of Ca was proportional to Ca intake and independent of P intake. Endogenous faecal excretion seemed to be independent of both Ca P intakes, and varied widely between different infants in the range 4-150 mg/day. Urine Ca was low and retention was essentially the difference between true absorption and endogenous faecal excretion. Retention of Ca tended to be much greater on a high Ca intake, but the variability in retention between infants on a given intake was large, paralleling the variability in endogenous faecal excretion. The variability in plasma Ca concentrations in newborn infants may in part be a consequence of wide individual variability in endogenous faecal excretion. The 46Ca marker technique provides a means of investigating the factors determining this variability.", "PMID": 836053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1864", "title": "Urinary and faecal excretion of marker calcium (46Ca) by low birthweight infants.", "content": "Low birthweight infants were given calcium enriched in 46Ca in a single feed. The specific activity of successive urine samples showed that the absorption of the marker was largely complete in about 4 hours. The rate of decrease of urinary specific activity after 3 1/2 hours was exponential and very similar in 8 sets of observations in 6 infants. Its extrapolation backwards to 1 hour may indicate the size of the exchangeable calcium pool, usually about 200 mg/kg body weight. Completeness of faecal collection for estimation of 46Ca is essential for accurate determination of true absorption and endogenous faecal excretion of natural Ca. In 5 infants examined, nor marker was detectable in faeces excreted later than 48 hours after the first stool containing marker. Nevertheless, reasons are given why a collection period limited to 48 hours may sometimes involve error.", "contents": "Urinary and faecal excretion of marker calcium (46Ca) by low birthweight infants. Low birthweight infants were given calcium enriched in 46Ca in a single feed. The specific activity of successive urine samples showed that the absorption of the marker was largely complete in about 4 hours. The rate of decrease of urinary specific activity after 3 1/2 hours was exponential and very similar in 8 sets of observations in 6 infants. Its extrapolation backwards to 1 hour may indicate the size of the exchangeable calcium pool, usually about 200 mg/kg body weight. Completeness of faecal collection for estimation of 46Ca is essential for accurate determination of true absorption and endogenous faecal excretion of natural Ca. In 5 infants examined, nor marker was detectable in faeces excreted later than 48 hours after the first stool containing marker. Nevertheless, reasons are given why a collection period limited to 48 hours may sometimes involve error.", "PMID": 836054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1865", "title": "Peritoneal dialysis in children. Review of 8 years' experience.", "content": "During the years 1968-75, 59 periods of peritoneal dialysis were performed on 44 children aged from 2 days to 17 years. The commonest complication was peritoneal infection, which affected 68% of those under 2 years and 30% of older children. This was satisfactorily treated in all but one case which was due to Candida albicans. The use of combined intramuscular and intraperitoneal gentamicin therapy is described. 2 patients died as a result of massive intraperitoneal haemorrhage and one had a nonfatal intestinal perforation. In experienced hands peritoneal dialysis is a convenient, effective, and reasonably safe way of treating acute renal failure; it is best performed in centres capable of handling complex metabolic problems and investigating and treating the underlying renal disease.", "contents": "Peritoneal dialysis in children. Review of 8 years' experience. During the years 1968-75, 59 periods of peritoneal dialysis were performed on 44 children aged from 2 days to 17 years. The commonest complication was peritoneal infection, which affected 68% of those under 2 years and 30% of older children. This was satisfactorily treated in all but one case which was due to Candida albicans. The use of combined intramuscular and intraperitoneal gentamicin therapy is described. 2 patients died as a result of massive intraperitoneal haemorrhage and one had a nonfatal intestinal perforation. In experienced hands peritoneal dialysis is a convenient, effective, and reasonably safe way of treating acute renal failure; it is best performed in centres capable of handling complex metabolic problems and investigating and treating the underlying renal disease.", "PMID": 836055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1866", "title": "Evaluation of a new mineral and trace metal supplement for use with synthetic diets.", "content": "In an earlier study (Alexander et al., 1974) it was shown that the mineral mixture used in association with a synthetic diet was deficient in zinc, copper, iron, and manganese. A new mixture containing appropriately increased amounts of these trace metals has now been evaluated by means of metabolic balance studies carried out on children with phenylketonuria. This new mixture was shown to be satisfactory for zinc, copper, and iron, but minor changes have been recommended for manganese.", "contents": "Evaluation of a new mineral and trace metal supplement for use with synthetic diets. In an earlier study (Alexander et al., 1974) it was shown that the mineral mixture used in association with a synthetic diet was deficient in zinc, copper, iron, and manganese. A new mixture containing appropriately increased amounts of these trace metals has now been evaluated by means of metabolic balance studies carried out on children with phenylketonuria. This new mixture was shown to be satisfactory for zinc, copper, and iron, but minor changes have been recommended for manganese.", "PMID": 836056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1867", "title": "Use of a simple duodenal capsule to study upper intestinal microflora.", "content": "The upper intestinal microflora was studied in 10 malnourished Indonesian children using the paediatric Enterotest Capsules. Trophozoites of Giardia lamblia were found in 2 specimens, profuse fungal mycelia in 3, and ascaris worms and eggs in 1. In 9 patients an abnormally profuse small intestinal bacterial flora was found. Provided precautions are taken to exclude artefactual contamination of the line on its withdrawal, this is a safe and simple method for studying the upper gut flora which could be applied to field conditions since it does not require radiological facilities.", "contents": "Use of a simple duodenal capsule to study upper intestinal microflora. The upper intestinal microflora was studied in 10 malnourished Indonesian children using the paediatric Enterotest Capsules. Trophozoites of Giardia lamblia were found in 2 specimens, profuse fungal mycelia in 3, and ascaris worms and eggs in 1. In 9 patients an abnormally profuse small intestinal bacterial flora was found. Provided precautions are taken to exclude artefactual contamination of the line on its withdrawal, this is a safe and simple method for studying the upper gut flora which could be applied to field conditions since it does not require radiological facilities.", "PMID": 836057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1868", "title": "Hepatic dysfunction in association with pancreatic insufficiency and cyclical neutropenia. Shwachman-Diamond syndrome.", "content": "A patient with pancreatic insufficiency and cyclical neutropenia is described who also has evidence of hepatic dysfunction. He and 3 other patients whose findings are given emphasize the wide range of abnormalities seen in this syndrome.", "contents": "Hepatic dysfunction in association with pancreatic insufficiency and cyclical neutropenia. Shwachman-Diamond syndrome. A patient with pancreatic insufficiency and cyclical neutropenia is described who also has evidence of hepatic dysfunction. He and 3 other patients whose findings are given emphasize the wide range of abnormalities seen in this syndrome.", "PMID": 836058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1869", "title": "Velocity of head growth during the perinatal period.", "content": "Growth velocity of head circumference was studied longitudinally in different gestational age groups of 222 appropriate-weight-for-dates (AFD) and 94 small-for-dates (SFD) healthy infants during the first 5 months of life. Term AFD and SFD infants showed a steady slowing of growth rate of head circumference from birth. In contrast, preterm AFD infants of less than 36 weeks' gestation showed an increasing velocity of growth followed by slowing, with maximum velocity occurring between 30 and 40 days after birth. The shorter the postconceptional age at birth the later maximum velocity occurred. However, those preterm AFD infants of between 30 and 33 weeks' gestation who were given a high caloric feed showed a similar velocity curve to that of infants of 34-37 weeks of gestation. Cross-sectional data were used to estimate growth velocity of head circumference in the fetus. Two conclusions emerged. First, there is a slowing of head growth velocity from 31 weeks' gestation in utero, and second, term infants show a marked increase in volocity after birth. Though the occurrence of maximum velocity of head growth is delayed in the preterm infant, the net effect is such that at a given postconceptional age his head circumference is greater than that of the term infant, at least within the first 5 postnatal months.", "contents": "Velocity of head growth during the perinatal period. Growth velocity of head circumference was studied longitudinally in different gestational age groups of 222 appropriate-weight-for-dates (AFD) and 94 small-for-dates (SFD) healthy infants during the first 5 months of life. Term AFD and SFD infants showed a steady slowing of growth rate of head circumference from birth. In contrast, preterm AFD infants of less than 36 weeks' gestation showed an increasing velocity of growth followed by slowing, with maximum velocity occurring between 30 and 40 days after birth. The shorter the postconceptional age at birth the later maximum velocity occurred. However, those preterm AFD infants of between 30 and 33 weeks' gestation who were given a high caloric feed showed a similar velocity curve to that of infants of 34-37 weeks of gestation. Cross-sectional data were used to estimate growth velocity of head circumference in the fetus. Two conclusions emerged. First, there is a slowing of head growth velocity from 31 weeks' gestation in utero, and second, term infants show a marked increase in volocity after birth. Though the occurrence of maximum velocity of head growth is delayed in the preterm infant, the net effect is such that at a given postconceptional age his head circumference is greater than that of the term infant, at least within the first 5 postnatal months.", "PMID": 836060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1870", "title": "Factors which influence the timing of maximum growth rate of the head in low birthweight infants.", "content": "The postnatal rate of head growth in 63 infants of less than 34 weeks' gestation was examined retrospectively, together with that of 7 other infants of between 34 and 40 weeks' gestation who had severe respiratory illnesses. From the serial measurements of head circumference the timing of maximum velocity of postnatal head growth was examined and related to the infant's gestational age, nutrition, and respiratory illness during the neonatal period. Within this group of infants the longer the gestation the earlier maximum head growth velocity occurred. For infants of similar gestational ages the presence of a severe respiratory problem was associated with a delay in the time of maximum head growth. Differences in caloric intake during the first week of life did not seem to affect significantly the timing of maximum head growth velocity.", "contents": "Factors which influence the timing of maximum growth rate of the head in low birthweight infants. The postnatal rate of head growth in 63 infants of less than 34 weeks' gestation was examined retrospectively, together with that of 7 other infants of between 34 and 40 weeks' gestation who had severe respiratory illnesses. From the serial measurements of head circumference the timing of maximum velocity of postnatal head growth was examined and related to the infant's gestational age, nutrition, and respiratory illness during the neonatal period. Within this group of infants the longer the gestation the earlier maximum head growth velocity occurred. For infants of similar gestational ages the presence of a severe respiratory problem was associated with a delay in the time of maximum head growth. Differences in caloric intake during the first week of life did not seem to affect significantly the timing of maximum head growth velocity.", "PMID": 836061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1871", "title": "The tall girl. Prediction of mature height and management.", "content": "The arrest of excessive tallness in girls with hormonal therapy has been reported to be useful, but lack of accuracy in the prediction of ultimate stature based on the tables of Bayley and Pinneau (1952) has allowed only a rough evaluation of its benefits. A series of 40 tall girls were treated with oestrogens and mature stature was evaluated by the method of Tanner et al. (1975). Results were compared with those obtained in a previous study made in 1966 where Bayley and Pinneau tables were used.", "contents": "The tall girl. Prediction of mature height and management. The arrest of excessive tallness in girls with hormonal therapy has been reported to be useful, but lack of accuracy in the prediction of ultimate stature based on the tables of Bayley and Pinneau (1952) has allowed only a rough evaluation of its benefits. A series of 40 tall girls were treated with oestrogens and mature stature was evaluated by the method of Tanner et al. (1975). Results were compared with those obtained in a previous study made in 1966 where Bayley and Pinneau tables were used.", "PMID": 836062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1872", "title": "Choledochal cyst in infancy and childhood. Analysis of 16 cases.", "content": "Choledochal cyst was diagnosed before operation in 14 out of 16 infants and children by means of a combination of diagnostic tests. Ultrasonic echogram showed a cystic mass in all 11 patients examined. The characteristic displacement of the duodenum was noted in 9 of 14 patients by contrast studies of the upper gastrointestinal tract, and hepatobiliary scintiscanning confirmed choledochal cyst in 7 of 8 patients (88%). A cyst was shown by oral or intravenous cholangiography in 3 of 4 patients. Onset of symptoms occurred from 7 days of age to 9-5 years; in 10 patients  onset occurred under 12 months of age, in 3 from 13 to 24 months, and in the remaining 3 from 2 to 9-5 years. The first symptoms were jaundice, vomiting, acholic stools, and poor sucking. Obstructive jaundice and acholic stools were found in more than 80% of the patients, and abdominal mass in 60%. Vomiting occurred in 50% of the patients, one-third of whom showed failure to thrive, and 70% of patients over the age of 1-5 years had abdominal pain. About half of the patients had a mild to moderate degree of fever. In all patients primary excision of the cyst was followed by hepaticojejunostomy in Roux-en-Y fashion. The postoperative course was uneventful in 14 patients; 2 patients died, one from ascending cholangitis and one from hepatic failure.", "contents": "Choledochal cyst in infancy and childhood. Analysis of 16 cases. Choledochal cyst was diagnosed before operation in 14 out of 16 infants and children by means of a combination of diagnostic tests. Ultrasonic echogram showed a cystic mass in all 11 patients examined. The characteristic displacement of the duodenum was noted in 9 of 14 patients by contrast studies of the upper gastrointestinal tract, and hepatobiliary scintiscanning confirmed choledochal cyst in 7 of 8 patients (88%). A cyst was shown by oral or intravenous cholangiography in 3 of 4 patients. Onset of symptoms occurred from 7 days of age to 9-5 years; in 10 patients  onset occurred under 12 months of age, in 3 from 13 to 24 months, and in the remaining 3 from 2 to 9-5 years. The first symptoms were jaundice, vomiting, acholic stools, and poor sucking. Obstructive jaundice and acholic stools were found in more than 80% of the patients, and abdominal mass in 60%. Vomiting occurred in 50% of the patients, one-third of whom showed failure to thrive, and 70% of patients over the age of 1-5 years had abdominal pain. About half of the patients had a mild to moderate degree of fever. In all patients primary excision of the cyst was followed by hepaticojejunostomy in Roux-en-Y fashion. The postoperative course was uneventful in 14 patients; 2 patients died, one from ascending cholangitis and one from hepatic failure.", "PMID": 836063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1873", "title": "Viruses and febrile convulsions.", "content": "In 276 children admitted to hospital with febrile convulsions a wide range of virus types was identified by means of nasopharyngeal secretions and cough/nasal swabs. The overall virus identification rate was 49%. Analysis of age, sex, family history, and past history showed no marked differences between the virus-positive and the virus-negative children. More than 80% had symptoms of respiratory infection in association with their convulsions, whether or not a virus was identified. Convulsions were not apparently more severe in the virus-positive group. Rapid virus diagnosis was found helpful in the management of children with febrile convulsions. The virus aetiology of many febrile convulsions has implications both for hospital cross-infection and for research into methods of prevention.", "contents": "Viruses and febrile convulsions. In 276 children admitted to hospital with febrile convulsions a wide range of virus types was identified by means of nasopharyngeal secretions and cough/nasal swabs. The overall virus identification rate was 49%. Analysis of age, sex, family history, and past history showed no marked differences between the virus-positive and the virus-negative children. More than 80% had symptoms of respiratory infection in association with their convulsions, whether or not a virus was identified. Convulsions were not apparently more severe in the virus-positive group. Rapid virus diagnosis was found helpful in the management of children with febrile convulsions. The virus aetiology of many febrile convulsions has implications both for hospital cross-infection and for research into methods of prevention.", "PMID": 836064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1874", "title": "Infantile spasms and early immunization against whooping cough. Danish survey from 1970 to 1975.", "content": "113 cases of infantile spasms were diagnosed in the period 1 April 1970 to 31 March 1975 after Denmark changed her immunization programme. Previously whooping cough vaccine was given as the triple combination at 5, 6, and 15 months of age. From 1 April 1970 it was given as a monovalent vaccine at 5 and 9 weeks of age and at 10 months of age. A comparison with previous material of 86 cases of infantile spasms from 1957 to 1967 showed no change in the age at onset. Though there may be an occasional connection between immunization and infantile spasms, the most important factor is a time-coincidence between any immunization given at a certain age with the neurological disorders which are natural for that age.", "contents": "Infantile spasms and early immunization against whooping cough. Danish survey from 1970 to 1975. 113 cases of infantile spasms were diagnosed in the period 1 April 1970 to 31 March 1975 after Denmark changed her immunization programme. Previously whooping cough vaccine was given as the triple combination at 5, 6, and 15 months of age. From 1 April 1970 it was given as a monovalent vaccine at 5 and 9 weeks of age and at 10 months of age. A comparison with previous material of 86 cases of infantile spasms from 1957 to 1967 showed no change in the age at onset. Though there may be an occasional connection between immunization and infantile spasms, the most important factor is a time-coincidence between any immunization given at a certain age with the neurological disorders which are natural for that age.", "PMID": 836065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1875", "title": "Polypoidal organization of aspirated amniotic squamous debris(amnion nodosum) in middle-ear cavity of newborn infants.", "content": "The development of polypoidal structures, derived from organization of amniotic squamous debris, in the middle-ear cavity of 3 infants is described. The lesions mimicked the development of amnion nodosum lesions of the placenta and were attached to either the tympanic membrane or the head of the stapes. They were accompained by atypical metaplastic changes in the middle-ear epithelium. While the clinical significance of the structural changes is uncertain, they strengthen the case for histopathological examination of the middle ear in infant necropsies.", "contents": "Polypoidal organization of aspirated amniotic squamous debris(amnion nodosum) in middle-ear cavity of newborn infants. The development of polypoidal structures, derived from organization of amniotic squamous debris, in the middle-ear cavity of 3 infants is described. The lesions mimicked the development of amnion nodosum lesions of the placenta and were attached to either the tympanic membrane or the head of the stapes. They were accompained by atypical metaplastic changes in the middle-ear epithelium. While the clinical significance of the structural changes is uncertain, they strengthen the case for histopathological examination of the middle ear in infant necropsies.", "PMID": 836066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1876", "title": "Powder aspiration in children. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of powder aspiration are reported. A 7 1/2-month-old girl showed a classical course with an asymptomatic period of 3-4 hours, then severe respiratory distress developed. Acute respiratory insufficiency made tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation necessary for 10 days. Complications included insufficient alveolar ventilation, atelectasis, pneumothorax, and superinfection. But the baby recovered with some residual radiological changes in the lungs. A 13-month-old boy was treated immediately after massive powder aspiration by tracheal intubation and bronchial wash-out. The postoperative course was unevetful and no respiratory distress developed. Powder aspiration leads to severe bronchiolar obstruction with a delay of several hours and has a high mortality rate. The best results in treatment are obtained by immediate intubation and bronchial wash-out, even in the absence of respiratory symptoms. Artifical ventilation may be necessary with the special problem of overcoming very high airway resistance. Corticosteroids and bronchodilators may be helpful.", "contents": "Powder aspiration in children. Report of two cases. Two cases of powder aspiration are reported. A 7 1/2-month-old girl showed a classical course with an asymptomatic period of 3-4 hours, then severe respiratory distress developed. Acute respiratory insufficiency made tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation necessary for 10 days. Complications included insufficient alveolar ventilation, atelectasis, pneumothorax, and superinfection. But the baby recovered with some residual radiological changes in the lungs. A 13-month-old boy was treated immediately after massive powder aspiration by tracheal intubation and bronchial wash-out. The postoperative course was unevetful and no respiratory distress developed. Powder aspiration leads to severe bronchiolar obstruction with a delay of several hours and has a high mortality rate. The best results in treatment are obtained by immediate intubation and bronchial wash-out, even in the absence of respiratory symptoms. Artifical ventilation may be necessary with the special problem of overcoming very high airway resistance. Corticosteroids and bronchodilators may be helpful.", "PMID": 836067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1877", "title": "Serum thyrotrophin determination on day 5 of life as screening procedure for congenital hypothyroidism.", "content": "In 327 newborns cord blood thyroxine (T4) was 11.8 +/- 0.4 mug/100 ml (SEM) (151.9 +/- 5.1 nmol/l), and serum thyrotrophin (TSH) 6.7+/-1.0 muU/ml. Variability was marked for both T4 and TSH. Remeasured in the same patients on the fifth day of life, the TSH level was 3.7 +/- 1.0 muU/ml, lower than at birth (P less than 0.001), while scattering of TSH values was much smaller, with 99.4 % of values less than 12 muU/ml...", "contents": "Serum thyrotrophin determination on day 5 of life as screening procedure for congenital hypothyroidism. In 327 newborns cord blood thyroxine (T4) was 11.8 +/- 0.4 mug/100 ml (SEM) (151.9 +/- 5.1 nmol/l), and serum thyrotrophin (TSH) 6.7+/-1.0 muU/ml. Variability was marked for both T4 and TSH. Remeasured in the same patients on the fifth day of life, the TSH level was 3.7 +/- 1.0 muU/ml, lower than at birth (P less than 0.001), while scattering of TSH values was much smaller, with 99.4 % of values less than 12 muU/ml...", "PMID": 836071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1878", "title": "Prognosis for infants weighing 1000 g or less at birth.", "content": "During the 10 years 1966-1975, 148 infants weighing less than or equal to 1000 g were admitted to the Neonatal Unit of University College Hospital. 48 (32%) survived the neonatal period. The neonatal survival rate for infants weighing less than or equal to 750 g was 8% and for infants weighing 751-1000 g, 41% 9 infants died later, leaving 39 (26%) long-term survivors, all of whom are being followed-up. The progress of the 27 older children, born in 1966-74 (median birthweight 899 g, range 648-998 g; median gestational age 28 weeks, range 24-35 weeks), was assessed at ages between 15 months and 8 years (median 3 years). No abnormalities were detected in 21 infants (78%): 2 (7%) had major handicaps and 4 (15%) minor handicaps. We conclude that provided intensive care methods are available, the prognosis for infants weighing less than or equal to 1000 g is now better than in the past.", "contents": "Prognosis for infants weighing 1000 g or less at birth. During the 10 years 1966-1975, 148 infants weighing less than or equal to 1000 g were admitted to the Neonatal Unit of University College Hospital. 48 (32%) survived the neonatal period. The neonatal survival rate for infants weighing less than or equal to 750 g was 8% and for infants weighing 751-1000 g, 41% 9 infants died later, leaving 39 (26%) long-term survivors, all of whom are being followed-up. The progress of the 27 older children, born in 1966-74 (median birthweight 899 g, range 648-998 g; median gestational age 28 weeks, range 24-35 weeks), was assessed at ages between 15 months and 8 years (median 3 years). No abnormalities were detected in 21 infants (78%): 2 (7%) had major handicaps and 4 (15%) minor handicaps. We conclude that provided intensive care methods are available, the prognosis for infants weighing less than or equal to 1000 g is now better than in the past.", "PMID": 836072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1879", "title": "The effects of prostaglandins E1 and F2alpha on epidermal growth.", "content": "The effects of prostaglandins E1 and F2alpha (PGE1 and PGF2alpha) on the growth of guinea pig epidermis have been studied in vivo. The prostaglandins were injected intradermally into guinea pigs, and tritiated thymidine was injected intraperitoneally prior to sacrifice. The autoradiographic labelling indices (L.I.) were assessed and  a significant increase was found 4 h after injection of PGE1 -an effect which lasted for up to 72 h. PGF2alpha injections had no significant effect on the L.I.", "contents": "The effects of prostaglandins E1 and F2alpha on epidermal growth. The effects of prostaglandins E1 and F2alpha (PGE1 and PGF2alpha) on the growth of guinea pig epidermis have been studied in vivo. The prostaglandins were injected intradermally into guinea pigs, and tritiated thymidine was injected intraperitoneally prior to sacrifice. The autoradiographic labelling indices (L.I.) were assessed and  a significant increase was found 4 h after injection of PGE1 -an effect which lasted for up to 72 h. PGF2alpha injections had no significant effect on the L.I.", "PMID": 836073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1880", "title": "Psoriasis and insulin secretion. Preliminary results.", "content": "We have studied psoriatic subjects with normal weight and with overweight without inherited diabetic familiarity. The results seem to indicate the existence in psoriasis of an endogenous insulin-resistence. In this prospective the hypothesis that psoriasis carries a diabetogen risk is suggested.", "contents": "Psoriasis and insulin secretion. Preliminary results. We have studied psoriatic subjects with normal weight and with overweight without inherited diabetic familiarity. The results seem to indicate the existence in psoriasis of an endogenous insulin-resistence. In this prospective the hypothesis that psoriasis carries a diabetogen risk is suggested.", "PMID": 836074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1881", "title": "The nature and frequency of the histological changes found in psoriasis vulgaris.", "content": "A total of 272 biopsies (from psoriatic lesions with a diameter of 2-10 cm) were performed on 178 psoriasis patients. Sections from these biopsies were stained with haematoxylin-eosin and by the PAS and trichrome techniques. Each section was investigated for the presence or absence of para- and hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, mitoses, intercellular edema and spongiosis of the epithelial ridges, edema at the top of the connective tissue-papillae, the number of leucocytes penetrating the epidermis at the top of these papillae, classical Munro abscesses, abscesses in the horny layer and Kogoj spongiform pustules, and the results were noted. It was found that the site of the biopsy in the psoriasis lesion, the location of the psoriasis lesion from which material for biopsy was taken and the moment of time during the course of the disease at which the biopsy was performed, had no influence on the histological signs observed in a given patient. In other words, the histological picture of psoriasis plaques from 2-10 cm found in a given patient exhibits a high degree of constancy. Some evidence was found indicating that signs of latent psoriasis may probably be present in the healthy skin of a psoriasis patient. It is generally assumed that the epidermis above the connective tissue-papillae in cases of psoriasis is thinner than normal. Our investigation showed that the reverse is the case: the thickness of the epidermis in the psoriasis efflorescences is significantly greater than in healthy skin nearby in the same patient.", "contents": "The nature and frequency of the histological changes found in psoriasis vulgaris. A total of 272 biopsies (from psoriatic lesions with a diameter of 2-10 cm) were performed on 178 psoriasis patients. Sections from these biopsies were stained with haematoxylin-eosin and by the PAS and trichrome techniques. Each section was investigated for the presence or absence of para- and hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, mitoses, intercellular edema and spongiosis of the epithelial ridges, edema at the top of the connective tissue-papillae, the number of leucocytes penetrating the epidermis at the top of these papillae, classical Munro abscesses, abscesses in the horny layer and Kogoj spongiform pustules, and the results were noted. It was found that the site of the biopsy in the psoriasis lesion, the location of the psoriasis lesion from which material for biopsy was taken and the moment of time during the course of the disease at which the biopsy was performed, had no influence on the histological signs observed in a given patient. In other words, the histological picture of psoriasis plaques from 2-10 cm found in a given patient exhibits a high degree of constancy. Some evidence was found indicating that signs of latent psoriasis may probably be present in the healthy skin of a psoriasis patient. It is generally assumed that the epidermis above the connective tissue-papillae in cases of psoriasis is thinner than normal. Our investigation showed that the reverse is the case: the thickness of the epidermis in the psoriasis efflorescences is significantly greater than in healthy skin nearby in the same patient.", "PMID": 836075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1882", "title": "Results of reflex photometric determinations of vasoconstriction after topical steroid application. Tachyphylaxis, relative and absolute refractory phase after single and multiple application of steroid.", "content": "After a repeated intensive topical application (4-h rhythm), there it is phase already after 28 h in which the cutaneous vessels are insensitive (refractory) to constrictor stimuli due to steroids. This refractory phase lasts for at least 68 h. A single local application of steroid likewise leads to a diminished vasoreactivity for a limited time. The relative refractory phase is limited to 96 h under the given experimental conditions.", "contents": "Results of reflex photometric determinations of vasoconstriction after topical steroid application. Tachyphylaxis, relative and absolute refractory phase after single and multiple application of steroid. After a repeated intensive topical application (4-h rhythm), there it is phase already after 28 h in which the cutaneous vessels are insensitive (refractory) to constrictor stimuli due to steroids. This refractory phase lasts for at least 68 h. A single local application of steroid likewise leads to a diminished vasoreactivity for a limited time. The relative refractory phase is limited to 96 h under the given experimental conditions.", "PMID": 836076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1883", "title": "The influence of fluocortolone treatment on the collagen content in guinea pig skin.", "content": "Specific pathogen free guinea pigs were treated with varying dosis of fluocortolone for 15 days. The treated animals showed the same per cent weight gain as the controls. The total hydroxyproline content of the skin and the hydroxyproline content in different collagen fractions was the same in treated and untreated animals. Thus fluocortolone seems to have no specific effect on the synthesis or the breakdown of collagen in the guinea pig skin. Also the physical development of the animals, kept under defined conditions, failed to show a catabolic effect of of fluorcortolone.", "contents": "The influence of fluocortolone treatment on the collagen content in guinea pig skin. Specific pathogen free guinea pigs were treated with varying dosis of fluocortolone for 15 days. The treated animals showed the same per cent weight gain as the controls. The total hydroxyproline content of the skin and the hydroxyproline content in different collagen fractions was the same in treated and untreated animals. Thus fluocortolone seems to have no specific effect on the synthesis or the breakdown of collagen in the guinea pig skin. Also the physical development of the animals, kept under defined conditions, failed to show a catabolic effect of of fluorcortolone.", "PMID": 836077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1884", "title": "The role of acid esterase in the pathogenesis of xanthoma. A histochemical study in rabbits.", "content": "Previous studies of our group indicated that two types of cells are involved in the pathogenesis of atheroma. The one type, myocytes, are poor in acid esterase activity, store lipid droplets which they cannot hydrolyze and are transformed into foam cells. The other type, macrophages, are rich in this enzyme activity, can and do hydrolyze the esters with possible healing by fibrosis. In the present study the importance of acid esterase activity in experimental xanthoma in hyperlipidemic rabbits was studied. Perithelial cells of small blood vessels were found to be poor in acid esterase activity and to contain bulky lipid masses. With time, increasing numbers of cells with high enzyme activity were found mainly at a distance from the vessels. These cells, which mostly contained finely emulsified lipids are believed to be macrophages. Thus, in both atheroma and xanthoma, vessel wall cells take a \"passive\" part in formation of the lesion, while blood borne cells play a role in disposing of the lipid with eventual possibility of healing.", "contents": "The role of acid esterase in the pathogenesis of xanthoma. A histochemical study in rabbits. Previous studies of our group indicated that two types of cells are involved in the pathogenesis of atheroma. The one type, myocytes, are poor in acid esterase activity, store lipid droplets which they cannot hydrolyze and are transformed into foam cells. The other type, macrophages, are rich in this enzyme activity, can and do hydrolyze the esters with possible healing by fibrosis. In the present study the importance of acid esterase activity in experimental xanthoma in hyperlipidemic rabbits was studied. Perithelial cells of small blood vessels were found to be poor in acid esterase activity and to contain bulky lipid masses. With time, increasing numbers of cells with high enzyme activity were found mainly at a distance from the vessels. These cells, which mostly contained finely emulsified lipids are believed to be macrophages. Thus, in both atheroma and xanthoma, vessel wall cells take a \"passive\" part in formation of the lesion, while blood borne cells play a role in disposing of the lipid with eventual possibility of healing.", "PMID": 836078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1885", "title": "[Histopathology and histochemistry of psoriasis under photochemotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Fifty-two biopsies from involved and clinically normal looking skin of patients with psoriasis vulgaris and from normal control subjects, all being treated with 8-MOP-UVA (PUVA) were obtained between days 2 and 300. The following parameters were investigated: 1. initial PUVA effects; 2. initial regression of psoriasis under PUVA-therapy; 3. late effects of PUVA-therapy on regression of psoriatic lesions; 4. EFFects on melanocytes and pigmentation; and 5. long-term effects of PUVA-therapy. Paraffin embedded and cryostat sections were prepared with routine stains for light microscopy and enzyme histochemical special stains. The regression of psoriatic lesions following PUVA-therapy was separately assessed for epidermal and dermal components. The sequence of events was as follows: re-establishment of a continous stratum granulosum, re-establishment of a continuous normal appearing stratum corneum, regression of acanthosis and papillomatosis, and regression of inflammatory infiltration. During the initial phase of PUVA-therapy there is a sharp increase of melanocytes which leads to a foamy appearance of the basal cell area. Long term studies did not reveal actinic damage of the skin, neither in the epidermis (absence of actinic keratoses or squamous cell carcinomas) nor in the dermis (absence of actinic \"solar\" elastosis).", "contents": "[Histopathology and histochemistry of psoriasis under photochemotherapy (author's transl)]. Fifty-two biopsies from involved and clinically normal looking skin of patients with psoriasis vulgaris and from normal control subjects, all being treated with 8-MOP-UVA (PUVA) were obtained between days 2 and 300. The following parameters were investigated: 1. initial PUVA effects; 2. initial regression of psoriasis under PUVA-therapy; 3. late effects of PUVA-therapy on regression of psoriatic lesions; 4. EFFects on melanocytes and pigmentation; and 5. long-term effects of PUVA-therapy. Paraffin embedded and cryostat sections were prepared with routine stains for light microscopy and enzyme histochemical special stains. The regression of psoriatic lesions following PUVA-therapy was separately assessed for epidermal and dermal components. The sequence of events was as follows: re-establishment of a continous stratum granulosum, re-establishment of a continuous normal appearing stratum corneum, regression of acanthosis and papillomatosis, and regression of inflammatory infiltration. During the initial phase of PUVA-therapy there is a sharp increase of melanocytes which leads to a foamy appearance of the basal cell area. Long term studies did not reveal actinic damage of the skin, neither in the epidermis (absence of actinic keratoses or squamous cell carcinomas) nor in the dermis (absence of actinic \"solar\" elastosis).", "PMID": 836079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1886", "title": "[Anastomoses and epitheloid vessel-wall cells of lymph nodes close to the skin (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given on age-related changes found in special morphological areas of the hilus vessels. These vessels, together with the physiological involution of lymph node parenchyma, are of importance for the deposition of melanoma cells. The hyperplasia of epitheloid cells of the vessel walls in the lymph node capsule as well as their possible misidentification as micro-metastases of melanoma cells is discussed.", "contents": "[Anastomoses and epitheloid vessel-wall cells of lymph nodes close to the skin (author's transl)]. A report is given on age-related changes found in special morphological areas of the hilus vessels. These vessels, together with the physiological involution of lymph node parenchyma, are of importance for the deposition of melanoma cells. The hyperplasia of epitheloid cells of the vessel walls in the lymph node capsule as well as their possible misidentification as micro-metastases of melanoma cells is discussed.", "PMID": 836080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1887", "title": "Daily variation in air quality.", "content": "We related year-round air pollutant concentration in three small U.S. towns, with considerable differences in population density and industrial activity, to air temperature, wind direction, wind speed, rainfall, sky conditions, and days of the week (workdays vs. pended particulates) concentrations can be explained by changes in weather conditions. During weekends, pollution did not decrease consistently and, in some instances, may have increased as a result of dense recreational traffic. We suggest that recognition of the multifactorial causation of high levels of air pollution may lead to more realistic, more effective, and less costly air pollution ocntrol programs.", "contents": "Daily variation in air quality. We related year-round air pollutant concentration in three small U.S. towns, with considerable differences in population density and industrial activity, to air temperature, wind direction, wind speed, rainfall, sky conditions, and days of the week (workdays vs. pended particulates) concentrations can be explained by changes in weather conditions. During weekends, pollution did not decrease consistently and, in some instances, may have increased as a result of dense recreational traffic. We suggest that recognition of the multifactorial causation of high levels of air pollution may lead to more realistic, more effective, and less costly air pollution ocntrol programs.", "PMID": 836081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1888", "title": "Radionuclide assessment of LeVeen shunt patency.", "content": "Patients with an initially satisfactory result following placement of a LeVeen peritoneo-venous shunt for intractable ascites may reaccumulate massive ascites. Determination of the etiology of such is a difficult problem. We describe a simple method using intraperitoneal injection of Technetium--99m sulfur colloid and three gamma camera scintiphotos of the chest and abdomen to allow prompt determination of shunt occlusions as the cause.", "contents": "Radionuclide assessment of LeVeen shunt patency. Patients with an initially satisfactory result following placement of a LeVeen peritoneo-venous shunt for intractable ascites may reaccumulate massive ascites. Determination of the etiology of such is a difficult problem. We describe a simple method using intraperitoneal injection of Technetium--99m sulfur colloid and three gamma camera scintiphotos of the chest and abdomen to allow prompt determination of shunt occlusions as the cause.", "PMID": 836087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1889", "title": "Fluoride in treated sewage and in rain and snow.", "content": "The liquid effluent of a sewage treatment plan contained 1.21 ppm ionic and total fluoride, which was higher than 1.0 ppm fluoride in the fluoridated public water supply. The discharge of the effluent into a river did not greatly raise the fluoride content of the river water because of dilution and other factors. The semisolid waste of sewage treatment also contained fluoride, but very little was volatilized on burning. Rain and snow were found to contain detectable quantities of fluoride, and the fluoride content of snow increased markedly during exposure to an urban environment.", "contents": "Fluoride in treated sewage and in rain and snow. The liquid effluent of a sewage treatment plan contained 1.21 ppm ionic and total fluoride, which was higher than 1.0 ppm fluoride in the fluoridated public water supply. The discharge of the effluent into a river did not greatly raise the fluoride content of the river water because of dilution and other factors. The semisolid waste of sewage treatment also contained fluoride, but very little was volatilized on burning. Rain and snow were found to contain detectable quantities of fluoride, and the fluoride content of snow increased markedly during exposure to an urban environment.", "PMID": 836082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1890", "title": "Biosynthesis of methylmercury compounds by the intestinal flora of the rat.", "content": "The contents of the rat cecum and, to a lesser extent, those of the small intestine, synthesized methylmercury from mercuric chloride labeled with Hg 203 in vitro under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. The rate of formation was approximately 18 ng/g cecal contents/20 hr. The synthesis of methylmercury was inhibited by antibiotics and by filtration of the cecal contents through membrane filters, indicating that the bacterial flora of the gut participates in the reaction. Pure cultures of bacteria, isolated from the intestinal tract of the rat, could methylate mercuric chloride. It was estimated that the total amount of methylmercury synthesized from ingested inorganic mercury in man in approximately 400 ng/day.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of methylmercury compounds by the intestinal flora of the rat. The contents of the rat cecum and, to a lesser extent, those of the small intestine, synthesized methylmercury from mercuric chloride labeled with Hg 203 in vitro under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. The rate of formation was approximately 18 ng/g cecal contents/20 hr. The synthesis of methylmercury was inhibited by antibiotics and by filtration of the cecal contents through membrane filters, indicating that the bacterial flora of the gut participates in the reaction. Pure cultures of bacteria, isolated from the intestinal tract of the rat, could methylate mercuric chloride. It was estimated that the total amount of methylmercury synthesized from ingested inorganic mercury in man in approximately 400 ng/day.", "PMID": 836083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1891", "title": "Reoperation for postsurgical peptic ulcer recurrence: appraisal of ten years' experience.", "content": "Between January 1, 1965 and December 31, 1974, 47 patients were treated at the University of Florida Affiliated Hospitals for peptic ulcer after a generally acceptable ulcer operation. Twenty-seven patients had had vagotomy and drainage, four patients had had vagotomy and antrectomy and 16 patients had had partial gastric resection. Forty-nine definitive operations were performed with a 4% operative mortality. Three patients (7%) had another ulcer recurrence following surgery. Left transthoracic vagotomy is the treatment of choice when recurrent ulceration follows subtotal gastrectomy or vagotomy and antrectomy. For ulceration following vagotomy and drainage, antrectomy, antrectomy is preferred. Synergism between hormonal and neural gastric stimulants causes a decreased parietal cell responsiveness to vagal stimulation after antrectomy. Exploration of the hiatus at the time of antrectomy increases the morbidity of the procedure. Should ulcers recur after antrectomy, vagotomy may be performed with a low morbidity through the transthoracic approach.", "contents": "Reoperation for postsurgical peptic ulcer recurrence: appraisal of ten years' experience. Between January 1, 1965 and December 31, 1974, 47 patients were treated at the University of Florida Affiliated Hospitals for peptic ulcer after a generally acceptable ulcer operation. Twenty-seven patients had had vagotomy and drainage, four patients had had vagotomy and antrectomy and 16 patients had had partial gastric resection. Forty-nine definitive operations were performed with a 4% operative mortality. Three patients (7%) had another ulcer recurrence following surgery. Left transthoracic vagotomy is the treatment of choice when recurrent ulceration follows subtotal gastrectomy or vagotomy and antrectomy. For ulceration following vagotomy and drainage, antrectomy, antrectomy is preferred. Synergism between hormonal and neural gastric stimulants causes a decreased parietal cell responsiveness to vagal stimulation after antrectomy. Exploration of the hiatus at the time of antrectomy increases the morbidity of the procedure. Should ulcers recur after antrectomy, vagotomy may be performed with a low morbidity through the transthoracic approach.", "PMID": 836088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1892", "title": "Thoracic outlet syndrome in whiplash injury.", "content": "Thirty-five cases of thoracic outlet syndrome complicating whiplash or cervical strain injury were studied. Thirty cases had confirmation by the demonstration of slowed ulnar nerve conduction velocity (UNCV) through the thoracic outlet. Two distinct groups of patients were found. An acute group, seen an average of 3 1/2 months post injury, had severe neck pain with often mild or incidental thoracic outlet syndrome. A chronic group, with symptoms persisting more than 2 years after cervical injury, often had thoracic outlet symptoms as the predominant complaint. This study suggests that the arm aches and parethesias seen in association with both acute and chronic cervical strain injury are most often secondary to thoracic outlet syndrome.", "contents": "Thoracic outlet syndrome in whiplash injury. Thirty-five cases of thoracic outlet syndrome complicating whiplash or cervical strain injury were studied. Thirty cases had confirmation by the demonstration of slowed ulnar nerve conduction velocity (UNCV) through the thoracic outlet. Two distinct groups of patients were found. An acute group, seen an average of 3 1/2 months post injury, had severe neck pain with often mild or incidental thoracic outlet syndrome. A chronic group, with symptoms persisting more than 2 years after cervical injury, often had thoracic outlet symptoms as the predominant complaint. This study suggests that the arm aches and parethesias seen in association with both acute and chronic cervical strain injury are most often secondary to thoracic outlet syndrome.", "PMID": 836089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1893", "title": "The reservoir ileostomy: early experience with 54 patients.", "content": "Reservoir and ileostomies were performed in 54 patients between 1972 and 1975. Primary colonic pathology included chronic ulcerative colitis in 47 patients, Crohn's colitis in one, familial polyposes in 5 and Gardner's Syndrome in one. Followup is complete and varies from 6 months to three years. All but three patients are completely continent to feces; only one of these three requires the occasional use of a stomal appliance. There were no mortalities. Complications included suture line dehiscences, small intestinal obstruction or prolonged paralytic ileus, and hemorrhage from the reservoir. All complications were successfully treated and removal of the ileal reservoir was not required in any patient. These complications and steps which may be taken to avoid them are discussed. In addition, indications and contraindications for surgery are enumerated. It is well documented that both the colonic polyposes and long standing chronic ulcerative colitis are premalignant diseases. The availability of a continent, reservoir ileostomy as an alternative to the standard, incontinent, stoma has significantly reduced patient resistance to colectomy, and permitted earlier surgery.", "contents": "The reservoir ileostomy: early experience with 54 patients. Reservoir and ileostomies were performed in 54 patients between 1972 and 1975. Primary colonic pathology included chronic ulcerative colitis in 47 patients, Crohn's colitis in one, familial polyposes in 5 and Gardner's Syndrome in one. Followup is complete and varies from 6 months to three years. All but three patients are completely continent to feces; only one of these three requires the occasional use of a stomal appliance. There were no mortalities. Complications included suture line dehiscences, small intestinal obstruction or prolonged paralytic ileus, and hemorrhage from the reservoir. All complications were successfully treated and removal of the ileal reservoir was not required in any patient. These complications and steps which may be taken to avoid them are discussed. In addition, indications and contraindications for surgery are enumerated. It is well documented that both the colonic polyposes and long standing chronic ulcerative colitis are premalignant diseases. The availability of a continent, reservoir ileostomy as an alternative to the standard, incontinent, stoma has significantly reduced patient resistance to colectomy, and permitted earlier surgery.", "PMID": 836090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1894", "title": "Evaluation of outdoor air quality in rural and urban communities.", "content": "A year-round air monitoring program for sulfur dioxide, sulfates, nitrogen dioxide, nitrates, ozone, and total suspended particulates was conducted in three towns with population densities ranging from 29/km2 to 1178/km2. The results showed significant differences in concentrations of several pollutants between the urban town and the two rural towns. However, site-to-site variation over distances of 1 mile or less within the urban area was considerable. To express pollutant loads in each town in a single number, we calculated a combined pollutant index on premises similar to those used for combined occupational exposures, but with U.S. primary air quality standards rather than threshold limit values as indices of minimal health effects. The combined index exceeded unity in all three towns, suggesting either that total pollutant loads may be excessive even in the sparsely populated town of Lebanon, Connecticut, or, more likely, that the U.S. primary air quality standards have been set at low levels without due regard for additive effects.", "contents": "Evaluation of outdoor air quality in rural and urban communities. A year-round air monitoring program for sulfur dioxide, sulfates, nitrogen dioxide, nitrates, ozone, and total suspended particulates was conducted in three towns with population densities ranging from 29/km2 to 1178/km2. The results showed significant differences in concentrations of several pollutants between the urban town and the two rural towns. However, site-to-site variation over distances of 1 mile or less within the urban area was considerable. To express pollutant loads in each town in a single number, we calculated a combined pollutant index on premises similar to those used for combined occupational exposures, but with U.S. primary air quality standards rather than threshold limit values as indices of minimal health effects. The combined index exceeded unity in all three towns, suggesting either that total pollutant loads may be excessive even in the sparsely populated town of Lebanon, Connecticut, or, more likely, that the U.S. primary air quality standards have been set at low levels without due regard for additive effects.", "PMID": 836085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1895", "title": "Cholecystostomy in the high risk patient with biliary tract disease.", "content": "The morbidity of complications and mortality following surgical operations for nonmalignant disease of the biliary tract is greatest among those 65 years and older. The reported overall mortality regardless of age ranges upward from 0.88%. At The New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center for a 43-year period (1932-1975) it was 1.77%. For those 65 and older it was 5.1%. For patients with acute cholecystitis it was 3.5% and of those in this category 65 and older it was 9.2%. This experience and that reported from other comparable clinics is the basis for advocating that the procedure selected be within the capacity of the patient to tolerate it. Specifically a cholecystostomy, a compromise procedure, may be lifesaving for the presenting situation deferring cholecystectomy until  later. Admittedly the more effectual approach is undelayed definite surgery when calculous disease is demonstrated.", "contents": "Cholecystostomy in the high risk patient with biliary tract disease. The morbidity of complications and mortality following surgical operations for nonmalignant disease of the biliary tract is greatest among those 65 years and older. The reported overall mortality regardless of age ranges upward from 0.88%. At The New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center for a 43-year period (1932-1975) it was 1.77%. For those 65 and older it was 5.1%. For patients with acute cholecystitis it was 3.5% and of those in this category 65 and older it was 9.2%. This experience and that reported from other comparable clinics is the basis for advocating that the procedure selected be within the capacity of the patient to tolerate it. Specifically a cholecystostomy, a compromise procedure, may be lifesaving for the presenting situation deferring cholecystectomy until  later. Admittedly the more effectual approach is undelayed definite surgery when calculous disease is demonstrated.", "PMID": 836091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1896", "title": "Collagen breakdown and nitrogen dioxide inhalation.", "content": "Measurements of urinary hydroxylysine glycosides indicate that considerable collagen degradation occurred during the reentry into the earth's atmosphere of the American astronauts of the Apollo-Soyuz mission. Since the crew accidentally inhaled nitrogen dioxide, a recognized pulmonary irritant, and showed clinical and roentgenographic signs of diffuse chemical pneumonitis, it is likely that collagen degradation occurred in the pulmonary parenchyma.", "contents": "Collagen breakdown and nitrogen dioxide inhalation. Measurements of urinary hydroxylysine glycosides indicate that considerable collagen degradation occurred during the reentry into the earth's atmosphere of the American astronauts of the Apollo-Soyuz mission. Since the crew accidentally inhaled nitrogen dioxide, a recognized pulmonary irritant, and showed clinical and roentgenographic signs of diffuse chemical pneumonitis, it is likely that collagen degradation occurred in the pulmonary parenchyma.", "PMID": 836084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1897", "title": "Cranial nerve injuring during carotid endarterectomy.", "content": "Injury to the greater auricular, hypoglossal and superior laryngeal nerves during carotid endarterectomy is preventable. A knowledge of regional anatomy and the mechanisms of such injury allows prevention of this complication. Unilateral individual nerve injury is generally well tolerated, but bilateral or combined nerve injuries can pose a serious threat to life. Minor modifications in technique aid greatly in avoiding nerve injury.", "contents": "Cranial nerve injuring during carotid endarterectomy. Injury to the greater auricular, hypoglossal and superior laryngeal nerves during carotid endarterectomy is preventable. A knowledge of regional anatomy and the mechanisms of such injury allows prevention of this complication. Unilateral individual nerve injury is generally well tolerated, but bilateral or combined nerve injuries can pose a serious threat to life. Minor modifications in technique aid greatly in avoiding nerve injury.", "PMID": 836092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1898", "title": "The surgically treated chronic gastric ulcer: an extended followup.", "content": "Since the overall results of the medical management of chronic gastric ulcer are discouraging, the records of 595 patients with chronic gastric ulcers who underwent surgical treatment at the Mayo Clinic from 1961 through 1965 were reviewed. Gastric and duodenal ulcer (or scar) occurred together in 18%. Partial gastric resection was the predominant surgical procedure employed. There was an uneventful postoperative course in 83.2% of patients. Early complications occurred in 16.8%, death in 1%, and early reoperation in 3.4% of patients. Followup extended from 1 to 14 years. Late complications occurred in 31.1% of patients. The overall results, graded according to a modified Visik classification, were excellent in 31.9%, good in 48.4% and unsatisfactory in 8.1%. In patients undergoing partial gastrectomy for \"channel ulcers\", the incidence of reo 1% recurrence rate for ulcers elsewhere in the stomach, with or without truncal vagotomy. For the majority of gastric ulcers, partial gastric resection, with or without vagotomy, remains theoretically advantageous and clinically proven.", "contents": "The surgically treated chronic gastric ulcer: an extended followup. Since the overall results of the medical management of chronic gastric ulcer are discouraging, the records of 595 patients with chronic gastric ulcers who underwent surgical treatment at the Mayo Clinic from 1961 through 1965 were reviewed. Gastric and duodenal ulcer (or scar) occurred together in 18%. Partial gastric resection was the predominant surgical procedure employed. There was an uneventful postoperative course in 83.2% of patients. Early complications occurred in 16.8%, death in 1%, and early reoperation in 3.4% of patients. Followup extended from 1 to 14 years. Late complications occurred in 31.1% of patients. The overall results, graded according to a modified Visik classification, were excellent in 31.9%, good in 48.4% and unsatisfactory in 8.1%. In patients undergoing partial gastrectomy for \"channel ulcers\", the incidence of reo 1% recurrence rate for ulcers elsewhere in the stomach, with or without truncal vagotomy. For the majority of gastric ulcers, partial gastric resection, with or without vagotomy, remains theoretically advantageous and clinically proven.", "PMID": 836093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1899", "title": "Gastric fistula following splenectomy: its cause and prevention.", "content": "Gastro-cutaneous fistula following splenectomy, a rare but serious occurrence, may result in death or prolonged disability. Six previous cases have been reported in detail, while 8 others have been mentioned briefly. The current report reviews the literature and describes 4 additional instances of this complication. Two of the 4 patients died. Sever factors, acting singly or incombination, may predispose to the development of post-splenectomy gastrocutaneous fistulas. These include direct surgical trauma to the gastric wall, generalized arteriosclerotic disease, hematoma in the gastrosplenic omentum, and reflection of gastric muscle fibers into the gastrosplenic ligament. The usual site of rupture of stomach is along the greater curvature in the fundic portion. In circumstances in which splenectomy is associated with known or suspected compromise of the blood supply to this portion of the stomach, a method of enfolding the greater curvature is proposed to prevent the development of a gastro-cutaneous fistula. Awareness of the possibility of this uncommon but serious complication will aid in its early recognition and treatment.", "contents": "Gastric fistula following splenectomy: its cause and prevention. Gastro-cutaneous fistula following splenectomy, a rare but serious occurrence, may result in death or prolonged disability. Six previous cases have been reported in detail, while 8 others have been mentioned briefly. The current report reviews the literature and describes 4 additional instances of this complication. Two of the 4 patients died. Sever factors, acting singly or incombination, may predispose to the development of post-splenectomy gastrocutaneous fistulas. These include direct surgical trauma to the gastric wall, generalized arteriosclerotic disease, hematoma in the gastrosplenic omentum, and reflection of gastric muscle fibers into the gastrosplenic ligament. The usual site of rupture of stomach is along the greater curvature in the fundic portion. In circumstances in which splenectomy is associated with known or suspected compromise of the blood supply to this portion of the stomach, a method of enfolding the greater curvature is proposed to prevent the development of a gastro-cutaneous fistula. Awareness of the possibility of this uncommon but serious complication will aid in its early recognition and treatment.", "PMID": 836094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1900", "title": "Environmental air and airborne infections.", "content": "The results of a study on the epidemiology of airborne (aerobic) surgical infections are presented. The first phase of the study was carried out in a surgical suite which contained no environmental or traffic control systems. The second phase of the study took place within a modern \"up to date\" operating room suite containing multiple air screens as well as an elaborate ventilation system utilizing HEPA type filters which provided the operating room with clinically sterile air. One hundred and fifty-six patients were also studied. All patients underwent major procedures. The ratio of clean, clean-contaminated, and dirty cases was the same in both groups. Preoperatively, a nasal swab, clean voided urine (or vaginal swab) and a rectal swab were obtained on each patient. Daily nasal cultures and cultures of suspected sites of infection were obtained postoperatively. Daily nasal cultures and \"glove sweat\" cultures were obtained on all personnel attending the patient. Environmental cultures of the operating room, the operating room hallway, recovery room and patients' rooms were also taken. All samples were checked for the presence of staphylococci, streptococci, Escherichia coli, proteus species, enterobacter, klebsiella, and pseudomonas. In all, 15,000 cultures were taken during the study. The rate of infection was essentially the same in both phases of the study. Environmental air only occasionaly served as the source of infecting organisms. The results of the study support the conclusion that the most common source of infecting organisms in surgical infections is thepatient or those around him. The most common time of contamination is during the surgical procedure itself. Surgical infections can best be minimized by meticulous observation of fundamental principles of antisepsis rather than by dependence on elaborate and costly ventilation and air control systems.", "contents": "Environmental air and airborne infections. The results of a study on the epidemiology of airborne (aerobic) surgical infections are presented. The first phase of the study was carried out in a surgical suite which contained no environmental or traffic control systems. The second phase of the study took place within a modern \"up to date\" operating room suite containing multiple air screens as well as an elaborate ventilation system utilizing HEPA type filters which provided the operating room with clinically sterile air. One hundred and fifty-six patients were also studied. All patients underwent major procedures. The ratio of clean, clean-contaminated, and dirty cases was the same in both groups. Preoperatively, a nasal swab, clean voided urine (or vaginal swab) and a rectal swab were obtained on each patient. Daily nasal cultures and cultures of suspected sites of infection were obtained postoperatively. Daily nasal cultures and \"glove sweat\" cultures were obtained on all personnel attending the patient. Environmental cultures of the operating room, the operating room hallway, recovery room and patients' rooms were also taken. All samples were checked for the presence of staphylococci, streptococci, Escherichia coli, proteus species, enterobacter, klebsiella, and pseudomonas. In all, 15,000 cultures were taken during the study. The rate of infection was essentially the same in both phases of the study. Environmental air only occasionaly served as the source of infecting organisms. The results of the study support the conclusion that the most common source of infecting organisms in surgical infections is thepatient or those around him. The most common time of contamination is during the surgical procedure itself. Surgical infections can best be minimized by meticulous observation of fundamental principles of antisepsis rather than by dependence on elaborate and costly ventilation and air control systems.", "PMID": 836095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1901", "title": "Preoperative demonstration of pancreatic fistula by endoscopic pancreatography in a patient with pancreatic ascites.", "content": "Endoscopic pancreatography was useful in demonstrating pancreatic ductal obstruction, fistula, and pseudocyst in the preoperative evaluation of a patient with pancreatic ascites. Surgical exploration confirmed the preoperative findings and Roux-en-Y cystojejunostomy was performed. Some salient features of pancreatic ascites are discussed.", "contents": "Preoperative demonstration of pancreatic fistula by endoscopic pancreatography in a patient with pancreatic ascites. Endoscopic pancreatography was useful in demonstrating pancreatic ductal obstruction, fistula, and pseudocyst in the preoperative evaluation of a patient with pancreatic ascites. Surgical exploration confirmed the preoperative findings and Roux-en-Y cystojejunostomy was performed. Some salient features of pancreatic ascites are discussed.", "PMID": 836096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1902", "title": "Hemobilia following percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography.", "content": "Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography is a safe, effective diagnostic procedure for use in evaluating the jaundiced patient. As is the case with most invasive diagnostic procedures there is a risk: an overall mortality rate of 0.5% and morbidity rate of 3-10%. Fortunately hemobilia is an uncommon complication, encountered only four times in our series of 102 percutaneous cholangiograms. In every case of hemobilia the clotting parameters were normal. The one factor common to each case was distal obstruction of the extra hepatic bile ducts. However, this one factor may play an important role in the etiology and therapy of post cholangiographic hemobilia. The hemorrhage subsided spontaneously in every case following surgical decompression of the bile ducts and there was no further active bleeding postoperatively. The possible explanation for the cause of bleeding and the fact that it subsided following demcompression of the bile ducts is discussed. All four patients survived this complication and in the 102 patients there were no deaths attributable to percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography.", "contents": "Hemobilia following percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography is a safe, effective diagnostic procedure for use in evaluating the jaundiced patient. As is the case with most invasive diagnostic procedures there is a risk: an overall mortality rate of 0.5% and morbidity rate of 3-10%. Fortunately hemobilia is an uncommon complication, encountered only four times in our series of 102 percutaneous cholangiograms. In every case of hemobilia the clotting parameters were normal. The one factor common to each case was distal obstruction of the extra hepatic bile ducts. However, this one factor may play an important role in the etiology and therapy of post cholangiographic hemobilia. The hemorrhage subsided spontaneously in every case following surgical decompression of the bile ducts and there was no further active bleeding postoperatively. The possible explanation for the cause of bleeding and the fact that it subsided following demcompression of the bile ducts is discussed. All four patients survived this complication and in the 102 patients there were no deaths attributable to percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography.", "PMID": 836097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1903", "title": "Preoperative intra-aortic balloon support in surgery for left main coronary stenosis.", "content": "Twenty-six patients with left main coronary (LMC) stenosis were operated upon with preoperative intra aortic balloon pump (IABP) support. There was no mortality, and no morbidity attributable to the balloon catheter. The most delicate facet of revascularization surgery in this entity is the pre-cardiopulmonary bypass phase including anesthesia induction during which blood pressure fluctuation may further diminish severely compromised coronary flow. Although systolic pressure dropped to below 100 mm Hg in 50% of patients during induction, there were only two patients with electrocardiographic evidence of perioperative myocardial infarction, and only one who needed rantic institution of cardiopulmonary bypass just after induction. Perioperative logistics were quite trouble free in all 26 patients, in marked contrast to 5 LMC patients operated upon prior to our preoperative IABP concent; 3 of these deteriorated upon induction, with two deaths resulting. Preoperative IABP is a reasonable supportive adjunct in surgery for LMC stenosis.", "contents": "Preoperative intra-aortic balloon support in surgery for left main coronary stenosis. Twenty-six patients with left main coronary (LMC) stenosis were operated upon with preoperative intra aortic balloon pump (IABP) support. There was no mortality, and no morbidity attributable to the balloon catheter. The most delicate facet of revascularization surgery in this entity is the pre-cardiopulmonary bypass phase including anesthesia induction during which blood pressure fluctuation may further diminish severely compromised coronary flow. Although systolic pressure dropped to below 100 mm Hg in 50% of patients during induction, there were only two patients with electrocardiographic evidence of perioperative myocardial infarction, and only one who needed rantic institution of cardiopulmonary bypass just after induction. Perioperative logistics were quite trouble free in all 26 patients, in marked contrast to 5 LMC patients operated upon prior to our preoperative IABP concent; 3 of these deteriorated upon induction, with two deaths resulting. Preoperative IABP is a reasonable supportive adjunct in surgery for LMC stenosis.", "PMID": 836098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1904", "title": "Carcinoma arising in the wall of a breast cyst during pregnancy.", "content": "A 23-year-old patient developed a carcinoma in the wall of a breast cyst during the second trimester of an otherwise uncomplicated pregnancy. A review of the literature revealed 7 reported cases of carcinoma of the breast arising in a cyst wall. However, none of these these cases has been associated with pregnancy. The relationship of fibrocystic disease and carcinoma of the breast is discussed. The possible influence of pregnancy and age on the prognosis of this patient are also considered.", "contents": "Carcinoma arising in the wall of a breast cyst during pregnancy. A 23-year-old patient developed a carcinoma in the wall of a breast cyst during the second trimester of an otherwise uncomplicated pregnancy. A review of the literature revealed 7 reported cases of carcinoma of the breast arising in a cyst wall. However, none of these these cases has been associated with pregnancy. The relationship of fibrocystic disease and carcinoma of the breast is discussed. The possible influence of pregnancy and age on the prognosis of this patient are also considered.", "PMID": 836099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1905", "title": "Takedown and reconstruction of cavopulmonary anastomosis.", "content": "Takedown and reconstruction of a previous Glenn anastomosis at the time of repair was performed in 1 child with pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect and in 3 children with transposition of the great arteries, ventricular septal defect, and pulmonary stenosis. All 4 survived and showed excellent clinical results. The surgical technique and postoperative hemodynamic and lung scintigraphic data are presented.", "contents": "Takedown and reconstruction of cavopulmonary anastomosis. Takedown and reconstruction of a previous Glenn anastomosis at the time of repair was performed in 1 child with pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect and in 3 children with transposition of the great arteries, ventricular septal defect, and pulmonary stenosis. All 4 survived and showed excellent clinical results. The surgical technique and postoperative hemodynamic and lung scintigraphic data are presented.", "PMID": 836100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1906", "title": "Coronary obstruction secondary to direct cannulation.", "content": "Four patients are reported with obstruction of the proximal left main coronary artery that developed following prosthetic replacement of the aortic valve. Angina pectoris and ventricular arrhythmias were the presenting clinical manifestations. Anterior descending coronary artery bypass was used in 3 of the patients and vein patch angioplasty in the fourth. One patient died in the hospital. The 3 survivors achieved reflief from angina and ventricular arrhythmias. One patient died from nephropathy 2 1/2 years later. Two patients remained asymptomatic 1 1/2 and 3 years later, respectively. This review emphasizes the need for prompt coronary angiography in patients experiencing angina pectoris after aortic valve replacement, and it shows that coronary revascularization can be performed with satisfactory results.", "contents": "Coronary obstruction secondary to direct cannulation. Four patients are reported with obstruction of the proximal left main coronary artery that developed following prosthetic replacement of the aortic valve. Angina pectoris and ventricular arrhythmias were the presenting clinical manifestations. Anterior descending coronary artery bypass was used in 3 of the patients and vein patch angioplasty in the fourth. One patient died in the hospital. The 3 survivors achieved reflief from angina and ventricular arrhythmias. One patient died from nephropathy 2 1/2 years later. Two patients remained asymptomatic 1 1/2 and 3 years later, respectively. This review emphasizes the need for prompt coronary angiography in patients experiencing angina pectoris after aortic valve replacement, and it shows that coronary revascularization can be performed with satisfactory results.", "PMID": 836101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1907", "title": "Resolution of surgically induced right bundle-branch block.", "content": "In a retrospective study, the serial electrocardiograms of all patients with surgically induced right bundle-branch block (RBBB) were reviewed. None of these patients had had RBBB prior to operation. Seven patients who had RBBB from 6 to 16 days after operation showed resolution in ECGs done 3 to 8 months later. Two patients are reported, with documentation by vectorcardiogram, in whom RBBB resolved by 3 and 12 years after operation. The origin of transient forms of RBBB may be different from the long-standing form. If RBBB of long duration is due to operative injury to the proximal right bundle, Purkinje fiber network, or distal branch or branches of the right bundle, or to combinations of these tracts, one may speculate about the possibility of regeneration of the right ventricular conduction system. Since no data are available concerning the long-term prognosis of RBBB and since a progressive conduction disturbance can occur, the resolution of RBBB after many years might carry a better prognosis than its persistence.", "contents": "Resolution of surgically induced right bundle-branch block. In a retrospective study, the serial electrocardiograms of all patients with surgically induced right bundle-branch block (RBBB) were reviewed. None of these patients had had RBBB prior to operation. Seven patients who had RBBB from 6 to 16 days after operation showed resolution in ECGs done 3 to 8 months later. Two patients are reported, with documentation by vectorcardiogram, in whom RBBB resolved by 3 and 12 years after operation. The origin of transient forms of RBBB may be different from the long-standing form. If RBBB of long duration is due to operative injury to the proximal right bundle, Purkinje fiber network, or distal branch or branches of the right bundle, or to combinations of these tracts, one may speculate about the possibility of regeneration of the right ventricular conduction system. Since no data are available concerning the long-term prognosis of RBBB and since a progressive conduction disturbance can occur, the resolution of RBBB after many years might carry a better prognosis than its persistence.", "PMID": 836102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1908", "title": "Pulmonary hydatid disease: report of 100 patients.", "content": "One hundred patients with pulmonary hydatid disease underwent thoractomy and operative removal of the cysts. Of the 60 men and 40 women, most were between 3 and 19 years old. Cough, fever, dyspnea, and chest pain were the prominent symptoms in the majority of cases. Intact hydatid cysts were found in 67 patients and infected or ruptured cysts in 33. The Casoni skin test, Weinberg reaction, and eosinophilia were found to be unreliable diagnostic criteria and therefore were not used routinely in our patients. Roentgenological examination was the most valuable diagnostic aid. A single lobe was affected in 72 patients. Unilateral multiple foci were present in 15 patients and bilateral multiple foci in 13. Cystectomy and capitonnage were the preferred operative procedures in most cases. Pulmonary resection was necessary to only a limited number of patients. We conclude that conservative surgical methods such as cystectomy (with or without capitonnage) are preferable, especially for children, whose residual lung parenchyma has great capacity for expansion. The mortality rate among our 100 patients was 2%; both died of cardiac arrest during operation.", "contents": "Pulmonary hydatid disease: report of 100 patients. One hundred patients with pulmonary hydatid disease underwent thoractomy and operative removal of the cysts. Of the 60 men and 40 women, most were between 3 and 19 years old. Cough, fever, dyspnea, and chest pain were the prominent symptoms in the majority of cases. Intact hydatid cysts were found in 67 patients and infected or ruptured cysts in 33. The Casoni skin test, Weinberg reaction, and eosinophilia were found to be unreliable diagnostic criteria and therefore were not used routinely in our patients. Roentgenological examination was the most valuable diagnostic aid. A single lobe was affected in 72 patients. Unilateral multiple foci were present in 15 patients and bilateral multiple foci in 13. Cystectomy and capitonnage were the preferred operative procedures in most cases. Pulmonary resection was necessary to only a limited number of patients. We conclude that conservative surgical methods such as cystectomy (with or without capitonnage) are preferable, especially for children, whose residual lung parenchyma has great capacity for expansion. The mortality rate among our 100 patients was 2%; both died of cardiac arrest during operation.", "PMID": 836103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1909", "title": "How to shorten, lengthen, or untwist saphenous vein grafts.", "content": "A simple method is described to correct saphenous vein bypass grafts that inadvertently have been made too long or too short or have become twisted. The essential feature of the technique is the use of a Satinsky vascular clamp to hold the divided ends of the vein and maintain their alignment during the repair. The most accessible portion of the vein is used as the site for the repair, leaving the aortic and coronary artery ends of the graft intact. While we have not had need to use the technique frequently, we have found it to be a simple method and believe it to be useful when such instances arise.", "contents": "How to shorten, lengthen, or untwist saphenous vein grafts. A simple method is described to correct saphenous vein bypass grafts that inadvertently have been made too long or too short or have become twisted. The essential feature of the technique is the use of a Satinsky vascular clamp to hold the divided ends of the vein and maintain their alignment during the repair. The most accessible portion of the vein is used as the site for the repair, leaving the aortic and coronary artery ends of the graft intact. While we have not had need to use the technique frequently, we have found it to be a simple method and believe it to be useful when such instances arise.", "PMID": 836104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1910", "title": "Ventricular septal defect due to septal infarction after repair of tetralogy of fallot.", "content": "A case is reported of ventricular septal defect resulting from septal infarction following repair of a tetralogy of Fallot. The infarct probably resulted from division of a septal coronary artery during resection of the hypertrophied infundibulum. The superficial position of the septal artery on the right side of the septum in tetralogy makes it surprising that this complication has not been previously reported.", "contents": "Ventricular septal defect due to septal infarction after repair of tetralogy of fallot. A case is reported of ventricular septal defect resulting from septal infarction following repair of a tetralogy of Fallot. The infarct probably resulted from division of a septal coronary artery during resection of the hypertrophied infundibulum. The superficial position of the septal artery on the right side of the septum in tetralogy makes it surprising that this complication has not been previously reported.", "PMID": 836105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1911", "title": "Candida albicans infection of sternum and costal cartilages: combined operative treatment and drug therapy and 5-fluorocytosine.", "content": "Two patients with candidal sternal osteomyelitis have been successfully treated by operative debridement and adjuvant drug therapy with 5-fluorocytosine. One patient had developed postoperative candidal wound infection after sternotomy, and the other acquired candidal sternal osteomyelitis following Candida fungemia. The diagnosis, suggested by culture, was confirmed by identification of Candida pseudohyphae in debrided tissue. Histological confirmation of candidal sternal osteomyelitis indicates the need for operative debridement and specific systemic antifungal therapy. The drug 5-fluorocytosine appears to provide effective oral therapy in this situation.", "contents": "Candida albicans infection of sternum and costal cartilages: combined operative treatment and drug therapy and 5-fluorocytosine. Two patients with candidal sternal osteomyelitis have been successfully treated by operative debridement and adjuvant drug therapy with 5-fluorocytosine. One patient had developed postoperative candidal wound infection after sternotomy, and the other acquired candidal sternal osteomyelitis following Candida fungemia. The diagnosis, suggested by culture, was confirmed by identification of Candida pseudohyphae in debrided tissue. Histological confirmation of candidal sternal osteomyelitis indicates the need for operative debridement and specific systemic antifungal therapy. The drug 5-fluorocytosine appears to provide effective oral therapy in this situation.", "PMID": 836106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1912", "title": "Oxalosis and chronic renal failure after intestinal bypass.", "content": "A 45-year-old man underwent a jejunoileal shunt procedure for obesity. Twenty months later he developed severe oxalosis and chronic renal failure, which required maintenance hemodialysis. The sequential observation of two biopsy specimens and the necropsy (over a span of 39 months) suggests that oxalate deposition caused tubular obstruction and destruction with subsequent atrophy of nephrons. This indicates that patients undergoing intestinal bypass are at risk for developing irreversible renal failure due to enteric hyperoxaluria.", "contents": "Oxalosis and chronic renal failure after intestinal bypass. A 45-year-old man underwent a jejunoileal shunt procedure for obesity. Twenty months later he developed severe oxalosis and chronic renal failure, which required maintenance hemodialysis. The sequential observation of two biopsy specimens and the necropsy (over a span of 39 months) suggests that oxalate deposition caused tubular obstruction and destruction with subsequent atrophy of nephrons. This indicates that patients undergoing intestinal bypass are at risk for developing irreversible renal failure due to enteric hyperoxaluria.", "PMID": 836109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1913", "title": "Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) treatment of obesity.", "content": "After a nine-day control period, six hospitalized obese women were placed on 500 calorie diets and were given 125 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) intramuscularly daily for 30 days. Another five obese women received injections of diluent only and consumed identical diets for the same period. Mean weight loss in the HCG-treated group was nearly identical to that achieved by women given the placebo. Reduction of triceps skinfold thickness or circumferential body measurements of the chest, waist, hips, and thighs were not different. Patters of change of a variety of plasma and urine substrates, electrolytes, and hormones were similar in the two groups and consistent with semistarvation and weight loss. These results indicate that HCG has no effects on chemical and hormonal parameters measured and offers no advantage over calorie restriction in promoting weight loss.", "contents": "Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) treatment of obesity. After a nine-day control period, six hospitalized obese women were placed on 500 calorie diets and were given 125 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) intramuscularly daily for 30 days. Another five obese women received injections of diluent only and consumed identical diets for the same period. Mean weight loss in the HCG-treated group was nearly identical to that achieved by women given the placebo. Reduction of triceps skinfold thickness or circumferential body measurements of the chest, waist, hips, and thighs were not different. Patters of change of a variety of plasma and urine substrates, electrolytes, and hormones were similar in the two groups and consistent with semistarvation and weight loss. These results indicate that HCG has no effects on chemical and hormonal parameters measured and offers no advantage over calorie restriction in promoting weight loss.", "PMID": 836112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1914", "title": "Multifocal atrial tachycardia.", "content": "Multifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT) was observed in 41 patients, 35 of whom were in acute respiratory distress. A hospital mortality of 37% reflected the seriousness of their underlying conditions. In no patient was the arrhythmia the primary cause of death. The MAT preceded and/or followed atrial fibrillation (AF) or atrial flutter (Af) in 19 patients (46%). The MAT simulated AF in several cases in which P-waves were inconspicuous. Our cases suggest that MAT is not a manifestation of digitalis intoxication. Quinidine sulfate, procainamide hydrochloride, lidocaine, and phenytoin (diphenythydantoin) did not affect the rhythm. Digitalis was usually not effective in slowing the ventricular response in patients with MAT. Propranolol hydrochloride was given to seven patients and was effective in slowing the atrial rate in all cases. An attempt at electrocardioversion was unsuccessful in one patient.", "contents": "Multifocal atrial tachycardia. Multifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT) was observed in 41 patients, 35 of whom were in acute respiratory distress. A hospital mortality of 37% reflected the seriousness of their underlying conditions. In no patient was the arrhythmia the primary cause of death. The MAT preceded and/or followed atrial fibrillation (AF) or atrial flutter (Af) in 19 patients (46%). The MAT simulated AF in several cases in which P-waves were inconspicuous. Our cases suggest that MAT is not a manifestation of digitalis intoxication. Quinidine sulfate, procainamide hydrochloride, lidocaine, and phenytoin (diphenythydantoin) did not affect the rhythm. Digitalis was usually not effective in slowing the ventricular response in patients with MAT. Propranolol hydrochloride was given to seven patients and was effective in slowing the atrial rate in all cases. An attempt at electrocardioversion was unsuccessful in one patient.", "PMID": 836113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1915", "title": "Familial atrial tachyarrhythmia with short PR interval.", "content": "A family had an unusual and perhaps unique familial dysrhythmia. The proband had a short PR interval with normal QRS and chronic recurrent paroxysmal atrial tachycardia (Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome). The arrhythmia produced left ventricular dysfunction. Both paroxysmal atrial tachycardia (PAT) and left ventricular dysfunction were reversed with administration of digoxin and propranolol hydrochloride. Three family members had paroxysmal or chronic atrial fibrillation, first diagnosed at a relatively young age (23 years, 38 years, and early 40s, respectively). Five additional family members had short PR intervals with normal QRS, and eight other family members had borderline short PR intervals. The mode of inheritance appeared to be autosomal dominant with varying expressivity. We have described a familial syndrome characterized by PAT or atrial fibrillation in its advanced form with short PR interval as a possible identifying trait. The future course of members with isolated short PR is unknown.", "contents": "Familial atrial tachyarrhythmia with short PR interval. A family had an unusual and perhaps unique familial dysrhythmia. The proband had a short PR interval with normal QRS and chronic recurrent paroxysmal atrial tachycardia (Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome). The arrhythmia produced left ventricular dysfunction. Both paroxysmal atrial tachycardia (PAT) and left ventricular dysfunction were reversed with administration of digoxin and propranolol hydrochloride. Three family members had paroxysmal or chronic atrial fibrillation, first diagnosed at a relatively young age (23 years, 38 years, and early 40s, respectively). Five additional family members had short PR intervals with normal QRS, and eight other family members had borderline short PR intervals. The mode of inheritance appeared to be autosomal dominant with varying expressivity. We have described a familial syndrome characterized by PAT or atrial fibrillation in its advanced form with short PR interval as a possible identifying trait. The future course of members with isolated short PR is unknown.", "PMID": 836114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1916", "title": "Anemia in hemodialysis patients.", "content": "The association between anemia and chronic renal failure has been recognized since the early 19th century. With the introduction of regular dialysis treatment, an understanding of all aspects of this uremic complication has become of great importance, including an appreciation of the hazards of multiple blood transfusions. This analysis of hemoglobin levels and transfusion requirements in 84 dialysis patients focuses specific attention on hemolytic mechanisms, blood loss, and the effect of bilateral nephrectomy on erythropoiesis. Because no replacement for renal erythropoietin is available, particular attention must be paid to less important, but partially correctable factors that contribute to anemia. Blood transfusion requirements can then be reduced to a minimum, together with the risks of hypersplenism, hepatitis, and sensitization of the patient to alloantigens.", "contents": "Anemia in hemodialysis patients. The association between anemia and chronic renal failure has been recognized since the early 19th century. With the introduction of regular dialysis treatment, an understanding of all aspects of this uremic complication has become of great importance, including an appreciation of the hazards of multiple blood transfusions. This analysis of hemoglobin levels and transfusion requirements in 84 dialysis patients focuses specific attention on hemolytic mechanisms, blood loss, and the effect of bilateral nephrectomy on erythropoiesis. Because no replacement for renal erythropoietin is available, particular attention must be paid to less important, but partially correctable factors that contribute to anemia. Blood transfusion requirements can then be reduced to a minimum, together with the risks of hypersplenism, hepatitis, and sensitization of the patient to alloantigens.", "PMID": 836115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1917", "title": "Anemia and intestinal dysfunction in former residents of the Caribbean.", "content": "A group of subjects had common features of megaloblastic anemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency, normal or high serum folate, and evidence of intestinal malabsorption. They were all former residents of the Caribbean area now living in New York City. Despite similar symptoms and diagnostic studies, two subjects were found to have pernicious anemia and three to have tropical sprue. Achlorhydria, serum anti-intrinsic factor antibody, the severity of small intestinal abnormalities, and posttherapy Schilling tests were helpful differential factors. These subjects illustrate the problems that may be encountered in differentiating tropical sprue and pernicious anemia.", "contents": "Anemia and intestinal dysfunction in former residents of the Caribbean. A group of subjects had common features of megaloblastic anemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency, normal or high serum folate, and evidence of intestinal malabsorption. They were all former residents of the Caribbean area now living in New York City. Despite similar symptoms and diagnostic studies, two subjects were found to have pernicious anemia and three to have tropical sprue. Achlorhydria, serum anti-intrinsic factor antibody, the severity of small intestinal abnormalities, and posttherapy Schilling tests were helpful differential factors. These subjects illustrate the problems that may be encountered in differentiating tropical sprue and pernicious anemia.", "PMID": 836116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1918", "title": "Single-voided urine metanephrine assays in screening for pheochromocytoma.", "content": "To facilitate the screening for pheochromocytoma, we have validated the use of single-voided, spot urine specimens for the determination of total metanephrines. Metanephrine excretion was found to be quite constant throughout the day and night in ten patients with essential hypertension and seven patients with pheochromocytoma. The levels in single-voided specimens were closely correlated to those in 24-hour specimens in 100 hypertensive subjects. The mean +/- 2 SD metanephrine excretion in single-voided urine specimens from 500 hypertensive subjects was 0.351 +/- 0.356 mug/mg of creatinine.", "contents": "Single-voided urine metanephrine assays in screening for pheochromocytoma. To facilitate the screening for pheochromocytoma, we have validated the use of single-voided, spot urine specimens for the determination of total metanephrines. Metanephrine excretion was found to be quite constant throughout the day and night in ten patients with essential hypertension and seven patients with pheochromocytoma. The levels in single-voided specimens were closely correlated to those in 24-hour specimens in 100 hypertensive subjects. The mean +/- 2 SD metanephrine excretion in single-voided urine specimens from 500 hypertensive subjects was 0.351 +/- 0.356 mug/mg of creatinine.", "PMID": 836117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1919", "title": "The pathophysiology and clinical characteristics of severe hypophosphatemia.", "content": "Hypophosphatemia, with or without phosphorus deficiency, is found commonly in patients with a variety of disease states. Severe hypophosphatemia is most often observed in chronic alcoholics, patients recovering from diabetic ketoacidosis, and those being therapeutically refed after severe weight loss. Its consequences may be severe and contribute to mortality. The following represents a selective review of available literature on this subject published over the past 50 years and a limited number of observations on patients and experimental animals. An attempt is made to examine mechanisms by which hypophosphatemia and phosphorus depletion probably occur, outline the resulting clinical disturbances, and suggest a plan of treatment. Finally, this review will hopefully point out areas of this interesting deficiency state that desperately need further investigation.", "contents": "The pathophysiology and clinical characteristics of severe hypophosphatemia. Hypophosphatemia, with or without phosphorus deficiency, is found commonly in patients with a variety of disease states. Severe hypophosphatemia is most often observed in chronic alcoholics, patients recovering from diabetic ketoacidosis, and those being therapeutically refed after severe weight loss. Its consequences may be severe and contribute to mortality. The following represents a selective review of available literature on this subject published over the past 50 years and a limited number of observations on patients and experimental animals. An attempt is made to examine mechanisms by which hypophosphatemia and phosphorus depletion probably occur, outline the resulting clinical disturbances, and suggest a plan of treatment. Finally, this review will hopefully point out areas of this interesting deficiency state that desperately need further investigation.", "PMID": 836118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1920", "title": "The malaise in internal medicine.", "content": "Internists today are discomforted by uncertainty of identity, governmental interference with practice, total responsibility for patients' health, and by waning of faith in science. As personal \"caring\" physicians, internists are secure in primary care but should maintain their distinctive scholarly leadership as master clinicians and consultants. Humanism and science are one in patient care. Future practice patterns depend on physicians themselves participating in policy decisions for inevitable controls and rationing of government financed health services. The public must understand that good health depends not only on physicians but also on a better society and what people are willing to do for themselves. Western culture has been shaken by the cruel paradoxes of progress and technology. But, human choice not science is at fault, and only wisdom in the use of science will save us.", "contents": "The malaise in internal medicine. Internists today are discomforted by uncertainty of identity, governmental interference with practice, total responsibility for patients' health, and by waning of faith in science. As personal \"caring\" physicians, internists are secure in primary care but should maintain their distinctive scholarly leadership as master clinicians and consultants. Humanism and science are one in patient care. Future practice patterns depend on physicians themselves participating in policy decisions for inevitable controls and rationing of government financed health services. The public must understand that good health depends not only on physicians but also on a better society and what people are willing to do for themselves. Western culture has been shaken by the cruel paradoxes of progress and technology. But, human choice not science is at fault, and only wisdom in the use of science will save us.", "PMID": 836119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1921", "title": "Synthesis, storage and degradation of polyglucose in Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum.", "content": "Cultures of Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum form polyglucose during growth. The polyglucose is laid down within the cells as rosette-like granules, which are made up from smaller grains. The size of each granule appears to be limited to less than 30 nm, since an increase in polyglucose content leads to more granules being formed rather than an increase in granule size. The polyglucose in washed cells is fermented in the dark to acetate, propionate, caproate and succinate, of which acetate by far comprises the largest fraction (68%). During incubation of washed cells without hydrogen donor, the level of polyglucose decreases regardless of whether the cells are incubated in the dark or in the light. Since the products formed from polyglucose under the two different conditions are not the same, it is suggested that polyglucose in the dark serves as an energy source, whereas when in the light the role of polyglucose is mainly to provide the cell with reducing power.", "contents": "Synthesis, storage and degradation of polyglucose in Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum. Cultures of Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum form polyglucose during growth. The polyglucose is laid down within the cells as rosette-like granules, which are made up from smaller grains. The size of each granule appears to be limited to less than 30 nm, since an increase in polyglucose content leads to more granules being formed rather than an increase in granule size. The polyglucose in washed cells is fermented in the dark to acetate, propionate, caproate and succinate, of which acetate by far comprises the largest fraction (68%). During incubation of washed cells without hydrogen donor, the level of polyglucose decreases regardless of whether the cells are incubated in the dark or in the light. Since the products formed from polyglucose under the two different conditions are not the same, it is suggested that polyglucose in the dark serves as an energy source, whereas when in the light the role of polyglucose is mainly to provide the cell with reducing power.", "PMID": 836122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1922", "title": "Isolation and characterization of cytoplasmic and chloroplastic ribosomes and their ribosomal RNAs from the diatom Cylindrotheca fusiformis.", "content": "The cytoplasmic and chloroplast ribosomes from the marine diatom Cylindrotheca fusiformis were isolated and characterized. The cytoplasmic ribosomes sedimented in sucrose at 84S and dissociated into subunits of 64S and 42S in the absence of Mg2+. It contained ribosomal RNAs with molecular weights of 1.31 X 10(6) and 0.70 X 10(6). The chloroplast ribosomes sedimented at 70S only in the presence of high Mg2+ concentrations (25-100 mM). No stable subunits were routinely observed and at very high levels of Mg2+ (greater than 100 mM) the 70S species was converted to a form sedimenting at 55S. At 4 degrees C ribosomal RNAs with molecular weights of 1.1 X 10(6) and 0.40 X 10(6) were detected on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. When the RNAs were resolved at room temperature the large molecular weight component disappeared while RNA with molecular weights of 0.65 X 10(6) and 0.53 X 10(6) were observed. Apparently the large chloroplast RNAs dissociated into two pieces of unequal molecular weight. These properties of the diatom's chloroplast ribosomes are very similar to those of the counterparts in unicellular green algae, which suggests that both types of algae have a common phylogenetic ancestor.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of cytoplasmic and chloroplastic ribosomes and their ribosomal RNAs from the diatom Cylindrotheca fusiformis. The cytoplasmic and chloroplast ribosomes from the marine diatom Cylindrotheca fusiformis were isolated and characterized. The cytoplasmic ribosomes sedimented in sucrose at 84S and dissociated into subunits of 64S and 42S in the absence of Mg2+. It contained ribosomal RNAs with molecular weights of 1.31 X 10(6) and 0.70 X 10(6). The chloroplast ribosomes sedimented at 70S only in the presence of high Mg2+ concentrations (25-100 mM). No stable subunits were routinely observed and at very high levels of Mg2+ (greater than 100 mM) the 70S species was converted to a form sedimenting at 55S. At 4 degrees C ribosomal RNAs with molecular weights of 1.1 X 10(6) and 0.40 X 10(6) were detected on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. When the RNAs were resolved at room temperature the large molecular weight component disappeared while RNA with molecular weights of 0.65 X 10(6) and 0.53 X 10(6) were observed. Apparently the large chloroplast RNAs dissociated into two pieces of unequal molecular weight. These properties of the diatom's chloroplast ribosomes are very similar to those of the counterparts in unicellular green algae, which suggests that both types of algae have a common phylogenetic ancestor.", "PMID": 836123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1923", "title": "Electron-cytochemical demonstration of acid phosphatase in saprophytic Claviceps purpurea.", "content": "p-Nitrophenylphosphate in combination with lead salt technique was used for the cytochemical localization of acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) in saprophytic submerged culture of Claviceps purpurea Tul. The lead reaction product was found in capsular fibrils, in the newly formed parts of the cell wall and in the vacuoles of aged cells (autolysosomes). Phosphatase activity was present also in particulate intra-cytoplasmatic organelles. The concentric layering of lead deposits in these organelles indicates their relationship to endoplasmic reticulum membranes.", "contents": "Electron-cytochemical demonstration of acid phosphatase in saprophytic Claviceps purpurea. p-Nitrophenylphosphate in combination with lead salt technique was used for the cytochemical localization of acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) in saprophytic submerged culture of Claviceps purpurea Tul. The lead reaction product was found in capsular fibrils, in the newly formed parts of the cell wall and in the vacuoles of aged cells (autolysosomes). Phosphatase activity was present also in particulate intra-cytoplasmatic organelles. The concentric layering of lead deposits in these organelles indicates their relationship to endoplasmic reticulum membranes.", "PMID": 836124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1924", "title": "Is disordered thinking unique to schizophrenia?", "content": "To provide data on several issues related to disordered thinking in schizophrenia, 200 acutely ill psychiatric patients (including 55 schizophrenics) were evaluated on four instruments to assess thought pathology (the Object Sorting Test, the Rorschach Test, a social comprehension test, and a proverbs test). Patients were assessed at two phases of their disorders (the acute phase and the phase of partial recovery). The results suggest (1) disordered thinking is not unique to schizophrenia; (2) distinctions between mild and severe levels of thought pathology are important; and (3) disordered thinking is influenced by acute psychopathology and acute upset. Inferential evidence suggests (4) disordered thinking fits along a continuum with normal thinking; (5) \"thought disorders\" are not a discrete, separate entity, standing apart from other aspects of thinking; and (6) older concepts about primary symptoms in schizophrenia need reexamination.", "contents": "Is disordered thinking unique to schizophrenia? To provide data on several issues related to disordered thinking in schizophrenia, 200 acutely ill psychiatric patients (including 55 schizophrenics) were evaluated on four instruments to assess thought pathology (the Object Sorting Test, the Rorschach Test, a social comprehension test, and a proverbs test). Patients were assessed at two phases of their disorders (the acute phase and the phase of partial recovery). The results suggest (1) disordered thinking is not unique to schizophrenia; (2) distinctions between mild and severe levels of thought pathology are important; and (3) disordered thinking is influenced by acute psychopathology and acute upset. Inferential evidence suggests (4) disordered thinking fits along a continuum with normal thinking; (5) \"thought disorders\" are not a discrete, separate entity, standing apart from other aspects of thinking; and (6) older concepts about primary symptoms in schizophrenia need reexamination.", "PMID": 836125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1925", "title": "Very short-term memory dysfunction in schizophrenia. Defective short time constant information processing in schizophrenia.", "content": "Disordered, very short-term memory (VSTM) has been hypothesized as the fundamental cognitive deficit in schizophrenia. We describe a method that measures VSTM using self-stimulated auditory average evoked potentials. This paradigm allows the VSTM hyothesis to be tested relatively free of superficial attentional and motivational artifacts. The experimental results are consistent with a VSTM dysfunction in schizophrenia. Very short-term memory dysfunction is discussed in light of recent blink reflex evidence that there is a short time constant information processing system with a time base similar to VSTM (ie, 1 to 1,000 msec). This leads to new testable hypotheses about information processing and VSTM in schizophrenia. It also lays the basis for interpreting this phenomenon as a pathologic exaggeration of an adaptive neurophysiologic mechanism.", "contents": "Very short-term memory dysfunction in schizophrenia. Defective short time constant information processing in schizophrenia. Disordered, very short-term memory (VSTM) has been hypothesized as the fundamental cognitive deficit in schizophrenia. We describe a method that measures VSTM using self-stimulated auditory average evoked potentials. This paradigm allows the VSTM hyothesis to be tested relatively free of superficial attentional and motivational artifacts. The experimental results are consistent with a VSTM dysfunction in schizophrenia. Very short-term memory dysfunction is discussed in light of recent blink reflex evidence that there is a short time constant information processing system with a time base similar to VSTM (ie, 1 to 1,000 msec). This leads to new testable hypotheses about information processing and VSTM in schizophrenia. It also lays the basis for interpreting this phenomenon as a pathologic exaggeration of an adaptive neurophysiologic mechanism.", "PMID": 836126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1926", "title": "Motoric laterality imbalance in schizophrenia. A possible concomitant of left hemisphere dysfunction.", "content": "Two hundred schizophrenics were compared to 200 normal controls on a measure of laterality that included handedness, footedness, and eye dominance scales. Schizophrenics showed more left-sidedness on the laterality score. The established relationship between motoric and cognitive aspects of functional brain asymmetry, found in neurological and normal populations, suggests that the leftward tendency of schizophrenics may be manifested in cognitive and conative functions as well. These results seem to corroborate previous findings indicating that schizophrenia might be related to left hemisphere dysfunction. No relationship was found between handedness and eye dominance either in the schizophrenic or the normal groups. This finding questions the assumption that eyedness-handedness nonconcordance is a pathological sign.", "contents": "Motoric laterality imbalance in schizophrenia. A possible concomitant of left hemisphere dysfunction. Two hundred schizophrenics were compared to 200 normal controls on a measure of laterality that included handedness, footedness, and eye dominance scales. Schizophrenics showed more left-sidedness on the laterality score. The established relationship between motoric and cognitive aspects of functional brain asymmetry, found in neurological and normal populations, suggests that the leftward tendency of schizophrenics may be manifested in cognitive and conative functions as well. These results seem to corroborate previous findings indicating that schizophrenia might be related to left hemisphere dysfunction. No relationship was found between handedness and eye dominance either in the schizophrenic or the normal groups. This finding questions the assumption that eyedness-handedness nonconcordance is a pathological sign.", "PMID": 836127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1927", "title": "Consistency of Kurt Schneider-oriented diagnosis over 40 years.", "content": "Diagnostic rates of routine hospital first and total admissions in various categories of functional mental illness in three strongly Schneider-oriented German psychiatric clinics over 40 years were examined. No matter how centers and categories were compared, statistically significant inconsistency was almost always found. Only first admissions for schizophrenia and mania in Munich and Heidelberg, as well as total schizophrenic admissions in Munich and Homburg/Saar, showed no significant diagnostic differences. However, from a practical point of view, actual percentage differences found in schizophrenia and mania were really not that great; indeed, rather similar diagnostic rates were apparent. This was in contrast to actual large percentage discrepancies shown between Munich on the one hand and Heidelberg and Homburg/Saar on the other with respect to manic-depressive illness and psychotic depression.", "contents": "Consistency of Kurt Schneider-oriented diagnosis over 40 years. Diagnostic rates of routine hospital first and total admissions in various categories of functional mental illness in three strongly Schneider-oriented German psychiatric clinics over 40 years were examined. No matter how centers and categories were compared, statistically significant inconsistency was almost always found. Only first admissions for schizophrenia and mania in Munich and Heidelberg, as well as total schizophrenic admissions in Munich and Homburg/Saar, showed no significant diagnostic differences. However, from a practical point of view, actual percentage differences found in schizophrenia and mania were really not that great; indeed, rather similar diagnostic rates were apparent. This was in contrast to actual large percentage discrepancies shown between Munich on the one hand and Heidelberg and Homburg/Saar on the other with respect to manic-depressive illness and psychotic depression.", "PMID": 836128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1928", "title": "Communication patterns and role structure in families of male schizophrenics a study using automated techniques.", "content": "Observers used automated methods to code who spoke to whom (Who-to-Whom) while families (mother, father, son) of 30 schizophrenics, 13 psychiatrically hospitalized nonschizophrenic controls, and 26 normal controls interacted on four tasks. From the Who-to-Whom data, measures of activity, channels of communication, and other variables were derived. Clear patterns of dominance were found in families of schizophrenics with fathers most and sons least active, while activity was more evenly distributed among family members in both control groups. The mother-son channel of communication was used more in both control groups than in families of schizophrenics. Differences on the Who-to-Whom measures were found among families of schizophrenic sons differing on premorbid, working and paranoid status, but social class had little effect.", "contents": "Communication patterns and role structure in families of male schizophrenics a study using automated techniques. Observers used automated methods to code who spoke to whom (Who-to-Whom) while families (mother, father, son) of 30 schizophrenics, 13 psychiatrically hospitalized nonschizophrenic controls, and 26 normal controls interacted on four tasks. From the Who-to-Whom data, measures of activity, channels of communication, and other variables were derived. Clear patterns of dominance were found in families of schizophrenics with fathers most and sons least active, while activity was more evenly distributed among family members in both control groups. The mother-son channel of communication was used more in both control groups than in families of schizophrenics. Differences on the Who-to-Whom measures were found among families of schizophrenic sons differing on premorbid, working and paranoid status, but social class had little effect.", "PMID": 836129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1929", "title": "Parental transactional style deviance as a possible indicator of risk for schizophrenia.", "content": "The presence of a pattern of parental transactional style deviance on the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) (a significant attribute of parents of offspring with schizophrenia spectrum disorders) was used to identify a group of disturbed nonpsychotic adolescents hypothesized to be at high risk for subsequently developing schizophreniform psychopathology. High-risk male adolescents came from two symptom groups, withdrawn adolescents and adolescents in active family conflict, which are symptom patterns similar to the premorbid pictures of two schizophrenia subtypes. High-risk parents also tended to show transactional style deviance in direct interaction with their child and in a written statement describing their child's problem. The degree of risk was significantly related to the amount of therapy in which the family was subsequently engaged and, at a four-year follow-up, to the level of adjustment of the adolescents seen earlier in the project.", "contents": "Parental transactional style deviance as a possible indicator of risk for schizophrenia. The presence of a pattern of parental transactional style deviance on the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) (a significant attribute of parents of offspring with schizophrenia spectrum disorders) was used to identify a group of disturbed nonpsychotic adolescents hypothesized to be at high risk for subsequently developing schizophreniform psychopathology. High-risk male adolescents came from two symptom groups, withdrawn adolescents and adolescents in active family conflict, which are symptom patterns similar to the premorbid pictures of two schizophrenia subtypes. High-risk parents also tended to show transactional style deviance in direct interaction with their child and in a written statement describing their child's problem. The degree of risk was significantly related to the amount of therapy in which the family was subsequently engaged and, at a four-year follow-up, to the level of adjustment of the adolescents seen earlier in the project.", "PMID": 836130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1930", "title": "Hospital vs community (foster) care for psychiatric patients.", "content": "The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of foster care preparation and placement. Five hundred seventy-two patients from five hospitals were randomly assigned to foster care preparation (experimentals) or continued hospitalization (controls). They were studied before assignment, at placement of experimental subjects, and four months later regarding social functioning, mood, activity, and overall adjustment. Hospitals averaged two months preparing experimental subjects, resulting in 73% placed in foster care. Little change was observed between referral and placement. However, four months after placement, experimental subjects were significantly improved over controls, particularly in social functioning and adjustment. After four months, 88% of the foster care subjects were in the community. Findings suggest that attention should be given to selection criteria, that lengthy preparation may be unnecessary, and that foster care is superior to hospitalization for patients who cannot return to their own homes.", "contents": "Hospital vs community (foster) care for psychiatric patients. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of foster care preparation and placement. Five hundred seventy-two patients from five hospitals were randomly assigned to foster care preparation (experimentals) or continued hospitalization (controls). They were studied before assignment, at placement of experimental subjects, and four months later regarding social functioning, mood, activity, and overall adjustment. Hospitals averaged two months preparing experimental subjects, resulting in 73% placed in foster care. Little change was observed between referral and placement. However, four months after placement, experimental subjects were significantly improved over controls, particularly in social functioning and adjustment. After four months, 88% of the foster care subjects were in the community. Findings suggest that attention should be given to selection criteria, that lengthy preparation may be unnecessary, and that foster care is superior to hospitalization for patients who cannot return to their own homes.", "PMID": 836131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1931", "title": "Biofeedback as an experimental treatment for postural hypotension in a patient with a spinal cord lesion.", "content": "A man having severe postural hypotension resulting from a spinal cord lesion at level T3, was trained to raise and lower his blood pressure with the use of biofeedback. The procedure consisted of 11 learning sessions during which the subject's task was to effect specific changes of his blood pressure without skeletal muscle or respiratory involvement. Blood pressure was continuously monitored and reported to the subject, and positive verbal reinforcement for correct changes was also supplied. Analysis of the results revealed that the subject had learned to produce large voluntary changes in pressure. This learned ability was then applied in a standing position resulting in counteracting the postural hypotension. Suggestions for further research and implications for clinical applications are discussed.", "contents": "Biofeedback as an experimental treatment for postural hypotension in a patient with a spinal cord lesion. A man having severe postural hypotension resulting from a spinal cord lesion at level T3, was trained to raise and lower his blood pressure with the use of biofeedback. The procedure consisted of 11 learning sessions during which the subject's task was to effect specific changes of his blood pressure without skeletal muscle or respiratory involvement. Blood pressure was continuously monitored and reported to the subject, and positive verbal reinforcement for correct changes was also supplied. Analysis of the results revealed that the subject had learned to produce large voluntary changes in pressure. This learned ability was then applied in a standing position resulting in counteracting the postural hypotension. Suggestions for further research and implications for clinical applications are discussed.", "PMID": 836132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1932", "title": "Conditioning bladder responses in patients with spinal cord lesions.", "content": "Two patients with spinal cord lesions and spastic neurogenic bladders were treated with classical conditioning techniques to reinstate independent bladder function utilizing electrical stimulation of the abdomen as the unconditioned stimulus and mild electrical stimulation of the thigh as the conditioned stimulus. Successful conditioning was achieved in both cases. Urination was brought under the control of a previously neutral stimulus with a high rate of responding.", "contents": "Conditioning bladder responses in patients with spinal cord lesions. Two patients with spinal cord lesions and spastic neurogenic bladders were treated with classical conditioning techniques to reinstate independent bladder function utilizing electrical stimulation of the abdomen as the unconditioned stimulus and mild electrical stimulation of the thigh as the conditioned stimulus. Successful conditioning was achieved in both cases. Urination was brought under the control of a previously neutral stimulus with a high rate of responding.", "PMID": 836133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1933", "title": "Electromyographic study of the phasic activity of peroneus longus and brevis.", "content": "Surface electrodes were utilized to pick up the electromyographic signals of the peroneus longus and brevis while foot switches recorded the gait cycle. The phasic activity of the two muscles was then  recorded while the subject walked on a treadmill, first with it placed on the level and then at 5% incline. The two muscles were found to work synchronously. This was later verified by using fine wire electrodes.", "contents": "Electromyographic study of the phasic activity of peroneus longus and brevis. Surface electrodes were utilized to pick up the electromyographic signals of the peroneus longus and brevis while foot switches recorded the gait cycle. The phasic activity of the two muscles was then  recorded while the subject walked on a treadmill, first with it placed on the level and then at 5% incline. The two muscles were found to work synchronously. This was later verified by using fine wire electrodes.", "PMID": 836134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1934", "title": "Fluidotherapy: evaluation of a new heat modality.", "content": "The development of a new heat therapy modality (fluidotherapy) consisting of a bed of solid particles suspended in air is reported. Measurements of time integrated heat absorption by a hand immersed in the fluidotherapy unit at 120F (48.9C), a whirlpool at 105.2F, and a paraffin bath at 126F show the average heat absorption to be 17.2, 5.6 and 4.8 BTU respectively during a 15-minute treatment.", "contents": "Fluidotherapy: evaluation of a new heat modality. The development of a new heat therapy modality (fluidotherapy) consisting of a bed of solid particles suspended in air is reported. Measurements of time integrated heat absorption by a hand immersed in the fluidotherapy unit at 120F (48.9C), a whirlpool at 105.2F, and a paraffin bath at 126F show the average heat absorption to be 17.2, 5.6 and 4.8 BTU respectively during a 15-minute treatment.", "PMID": 836135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1935", "title": "Pneumatic and standard double upright orthoses: comparison of their biomechanical function in three patients with spinal cord injuries.", "content": "A detailed analysis of the biomechanical and physiological function of pneumatic orthoses comparing them to the standard double upright knee ankle orthoses was performed in three patients with different lesion levels. The results suggest that the main value of the long pneumatic orthosis is for early mobilization of the patient. In addition, the long pneumatic orthosis provides hip and trunk stabilization for marginal walkers who walk for exercise purposes. It is likely that most long-term functional ambulators will choose the standard knee ankle orthosis (KAO). The study dose not represent a statistical sample; therefore generalization must be limited.", "contents": "Pneumatic and standard double upright orthoses: comparison of their biomechanical function in three patients with spinal cord injuries. A detailed analysis of the biomechanical and physiological function of pneumatic orthoses comparing them to the standard double upright knee ankle orthoses was performed in three patients with different lesion levels. The results suggest that the main value of the long pneumatic orthosis is for early mobilization of the patient. In addition, the long pneumatic orthosis provides hip and trunk stabilization for marginal walkers who walk for exercise purposes. It is likely that most long-term functional ambulators will choose the standard knee ankle orthosis (KAO). The study dose not represent a statistical sample; therefore generalization must be limited.", "PMID": 836136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1936", "title": "Age and male erectile responsiveness.", "content": "The purpose of the research was to determine (1) the difference in the rate of penile circumference increase per unit time between a group of young and a group of old normal males when exposed to the same erotic movie and (2) the correlation coefficient between penile shaft temperature increase and penile circumference increase. Ten males aged 19-30 years and ten males aged 48-65 years served as subjects. Each subject placed a thermistor and strain gauge on his penis and both outputs were recorded simultaneously on a two-channel recorder. The younger group responded at an erection rate 5.8 times faster than that of the older group. The correlation coefficient, based on the percent approach to oral temperature (98.6 degrees F) and the percent increase in penile circumference, was 0.75.", "contents": "Age and male erectile responsiveness. The purpose of the research was to determine (1) the difference in the rate of penile circumference increase per unit time between a group of young and a group of old normal males when exposed to the same erotic movie and (2) the correlation coefficient between penile shaft temperature increase and penile circumference increase. Ten males aged 19-30 years and ten males aged 48-65 years served as subjects. Each subject placed a thermistor and strain gauge on his penis and both outputs were recorded simultaneously on a two-channel recorder. The younger group responded at an erection rate 5.8 times faster than that of the older group. The correlation coefficient, based on the percent approach to oral temperature (98.6 degrees F) and the percent increase in penile circumference, was 0.75.", "PMID": 836139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1937", "title": "Treatment of male sexual deviation by use of a vibrator: case report.", "content": "A new technique of enhancement of heterosexual responsiveness is described. This uses a classical conditioning paradigm with heterosexual photographic material as the CS and erections elicited by a vibrator as the UCS. A 44-year-old fetishist was treated in this manner. His response to treatment was favorable and details of change are presented. The timing of physiological and diary measure changes is in line with an explanation in terms of the treatment procedure. However, attitude changes began before treatment commenced.", "contents": "Treatment of male sexual deviation by use of a vibrator: case report. A new technique of enhancement of heterosexual responsiveness is described. This uses a classical conditioning paradigm with heterosexual photographic material as the CS and erections elicited by a vibrator as the UCS. A 44-year-old fetishist was treated in this manner. His response to treatment was favorable and details of change are presented. The timing of physiological and diary measure changes is in line with an explanation in terms of the treatment procedure. However, attitude changes began before treatment commenced.", "PMID": 836140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1938", "title": "Factor analysis of the sexual interaction inventory.", "content": "Oblique and orthogonal factor analyses were performed on a data set produced by the administration of the Sexual Interaction Inventory to 32 former clients of a sexual dysfunction clinic. The analyses resulted in factor sets which are multiple and essentially psychologically meaningless. On the basis of the administration and the factor analysis results, several difficulties with the instrument are discussed. These are concerned with the question format, the distribution of the data, and the logical structure of the instrument.", "contents": "Factor analysis of the sexual interaction inventory. Oblique and orthogonal factor analyses were performed on a data set produced by the administration of the Sexual Interaction Inventory to 32 former clients of a sexual dysfunction clinic. The analyses resulted in factor sets which are multiple and essentially psychologically meaningless. On the basis of the administration and the factor analysis results, several difficulties with the instrument are discussed. These are concerned with the question format, the distribution of the data, and the logical structure of the instrument.", "PMID": 836141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1939", "title": "Acute symbiotic psychosis in a postoperative transsexual.", "content": "An unexpected complication of sex-reassignment surgery in a 23-year-old male-to-female transsexual is presented. Having been periodically depressed but never psychotic before surgery, the patient experienced an acute decompensation 3 days after operation. Symptoms of this time-limited illness included hallucinations and wish-fulfilling delusions, but most prominent was the demand to be in continuous contact with other people. Historical data revealed a symbiotic relationship with the grandmother ending precipitously with her death when the patient was 6. It is hypothesized that the unresolved grief reappeared after the surgery, owing to the unconscious linkage between becoming \"female\" and regaining the lost symbiotic object. Recompensation, possibly through the use of another person as a transitional object, was noted during the illness. This was felt to be a repetition of the pattern of reaction to previous losses.", "contents": "Acute symbiotic psychosis in a postoperative transsexual. An unexpected complication of sex-reassignment surgery in a 23-year-old male-to-female transsexual is presented. Having been periodically depressed but never psychotic before surgery, the patient experienced an acute decompensation 3 days after operation. Symptoms of this time-limited illness included hallucinations and wish-fulfilling delusions, but most prominent was the demand to be in continuous contact with other people. Historical data revealed a symbiotic relationship with the grandmother ending precipitously with her death when the patient was 6. It is hypothesized that the unresolved grief reappeared after the surgery, owing to the unconscious linkage between becoming \"female\" and regaining the lost symbiotic object. Recompensation, possibly through the use of another person as a transitional object, was noted during the illness. This was felt to be a repetition of the pattern of reaction to previous losses.", "PMID": 836142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1940", "title": "A comparison of the measurement characteristics of two circumferential penile transducers.", "content": "The measurement characteristics of two transducers which record penile circumference changes were compared. The subject wore two transducers simultaneously while viewing a section of an erotic film. Examination of the data revealed discrepancies in measurement between the two units, but these differences were shown to be statistically nonsignificant. Various measurement characteristics of the devices such as durability, ease of handling, and cost are discussed and recommendations are made to guide the worker in choosing a unit most suitable for clinical and research applications.", "contents": "A comparison of the measurement characteristics of two circumferential penile transducers. The measurement characteristics of two transducers which record penile circumference changes were compared. The subject wore two transducers simultaneously while viewing a section of an erotic film. Examination of the data revealed discrepancies in measurement between the two units, but these differences were shown to be statistically nonsignificant. Various measurement characteristics of the devices such as durability, ease of handling, and cost are discussed and recommendations are made to guide the worker in choosing a unit most suitable for clinical and research applications.", "PMID": 836143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1941", "title": "\"Sex-role preference\" as an explanatory variable in homosexual behavior.", "content": "Sex-role preference is an important neglected variable in statistically controlled studies of homosexual behavior. This variable must accompany controls for degree of psychopathology of respondents and degree of heterosexual and homosexual behavior experienced by respondents. Cross-cultural differences exist. Mexican males have rigidly defined insertor-insertee roles, with earlier life events serving as predictors of these sex-role preferences. Greece is comparable to Mexico. In Turkey, stigmatization accompanies passive homosexuality. Role playing may be age graded, as in the Southwest Pacific. In lower socioeconomic classes of the United States, sex roles for homosexual males are more stereo-typically and unequivocably defined. Chicanos generally have strong sex-role preferences when involved in homosexual encounters; their attitude is similar to that found in Mexico. Among middle-class Anglo-American males, few or no sex-role feelings are associated with types of sex acts by most homosexually behaving males. This may be related to a focus on oral-genital rather than anal sex acts. The sharply dichotomized gender roles and the cultural formulation linking effeminacy and homosexuality appear to provide the necessary conditions for the development of sex-role preferences in many societies.", "contents": "\"Sex-role preference\" as an explanatory variable in homosexual behavior. Sex-role preference is an important neglected variable in statistically controlled studies of homosexual behavior. This variable must accompany controls for degree of psychopathology of respondents and degree of heterosexual and homosexual behavior experienced by respondents. Cross-cultural differences exist. Mexican males have rigidly defined insertor-insertee roles, with earlier life events serving as predictors of these sex-role preferences. Greece is comparable to Mexico. In Turkey, stigmatization accompanies passive homosexuality. Role playing may be age graded, as in the Southwest Pacific. In lower socioeconomic classes of the United States, sex roles for homosexual males are more stereo-typically and unequivocably defined. Chicanos generally have strong sex-role preferences when involved in homosexual encounters; their attitude is similar to that found in Mexico. Among middle-class Anglo-American males, few or no sex-role feelings are associated with types of sex acts by most homosexually behaving males. This may be related to a focus on oral-genital rather than anal sex acts. The sharply dichotomized gender roles and the cultural formulation linking effeminacy and homosexuality appear to provide the necessary conditions for the development of sex-role preferences in many societies.", "PMID": 836144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1942", "title": "Sexual aggression: a second look at the offended female.", "content": "A replication of earlier studies of male sex aggression conducted during the mid 1950s basically finds little modification in incidence and frequency. Approximately 50% of a sample of university women report being victims of sexual aggression during the academic year. Major changes from the earlier research appear to be focused around the nature of the pair relationships and the characteristics of the offended females.", "contents": "Sexual aggression: a second look at the offended female. A replication of earlier studies of male sex aggression conducted during the mid 1950s basically finds little modification in incidence and frequency. Approximately 50% of a sample of university women report being victims of sexual aggression during the academic year. Major changes from the earlier research appear to be focused around the nature of the pair relationships and the characteristics of the offended females.", "PMID": 836145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1943", "title": "Sexual counseling for cerebral palsied adults: case report and further suggestions.", "content": "A mildly cerebral palsied woman was seen for premarital counseling regarding sexuality and the bearing and rearing of children. A multidisciplinary approach was used; sexual counselors, a gynecologist, an orthopedist, and a geneticist met with the client for a total of 8 hr counseling time. This approach is suggested for sexual counseling for the more severely handicapped, as well as in cases of mild and moderate disability.", "contents": "Sexual counseling for cerebral palsied adults: case report and further suggestions. A mildly cerebral palsied woman was seen for premarital counseling regarding sexuality and the bearing and rearing of children. A multidisciplinary approach was used; sexual counselors, a gynecologist, an orthopedist, and a geneticist met with the client for a total of 8 hr counseling time. This approach is suggested for sexual counseling for the more severely handicapped, as well as in cases of mild and moderate disability.", "PMID": 836146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1944", "title": "Hepatic trauma: pitfalls in management.", "content": "We reviewed 233 traumatic injuries to the liver. The mortality was 11%. Deaths were due to either uncontrolled intraoperative hemorrhage or the postoperative complications of multiple organ injuries. The majority of liver injuries can be safely managed with manual compression, porta hepatic control, simple sutures, or drainage. Liver injuries involving the hepatic veins or retrohepatic vena cava continue to be highly lethal despite the use of vascular isolation and hepatic resection.", "contents": "Hepatic trauma: pitfalls in management. We reviewed 233 traumatic injuries to the liver. The mortality was 11%. Deaths were due to either uncontrolled intraoperative hemorrhage or the postoperative complications of multiple organ injuries. The majority of liver injuries can be safely managed with manual compression, porta hepatic control, simple sutures, or drainage. Liver injuries involving the hepatic veins or retrohepatic vena cava continue to be highly lethal despite the use of vascular isolation and hepatic resection.", "PMID": 836150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1945", "title": "\"Spoon bowl\" deformity of proximal femoral bypass vein graft: a cause of late graft failure on four occasions.", "content": "We cite four examples of splaying of the proximal end of femoral bypass vein grafts accompanied by graft stenosis as a cause for late postoperative recurrent ischemic symptoms or graft failure. Though usually associated with dilation of the common femoral artery, one patient showed no arterial aneurysm. After appropriate angiographic views to demonstrate the \"spoon bowl\" deformity, corrective surgery to widen or bypass the stenotic segment and prevent further dilation of the artery, where indicated, resulted in patent grafts in all patients for at least one year. Diminishing pulses or the recurrence of ischemic symptoms after femoral bypass vein graft are indications for angiography of the graft. This should include appropriate views to demonstrate the proximal anastomosis that may show a \"spoon bowl\" deformity amenable to surgical correction.", "contents": "\"Spoon bowl\" deformity of proximal femoral bypass vein graft: a cause of late graft failure on four occasions. We cite four examples of splaying of the proximal end of femoral bypass vein grafts accompanied by graft stenosis as a cause for late postoperative recurrent ischemic symptoms or graft failure. Though usually associated with dilation of the common femoral artery, one patient showed no arterial aneurysm. After appropriate angiographic views to demonstrate the \"spoon bowl\" deformity, corrective surgery to widen or bypass the stenotic segment and prevent further dilation of the artery, where indicated, resulted in patent grafts in all patients for at least one year. Diminishing pulses or the recurrence of ischemic symptoms after femoral bypass vein graft are indications for angiography of the graft. This should include appropriate views to demonstrate the proximal anastomosis that may show a \"spoon bowl\" deformity amenable to surgical correction.", "PMID": 836151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1946", "title": "Management of hereditary site-specific colon cancer.", "content": "A family with site-specific colon cancer and discrete adenomatous colon polyps in certain members has provided a prototype for the study and clinical management of hereditary cancer. Analysis of this kindred showed an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, early onset of cancer with predilection for the right colon, and frequent extraprimary cancers of the colon. Knowledge of these phenomena are critical to the management of this hereditary cancer syndrome. On our recommendation, two brothers of the family who were treated for colon cancer by hemicolectomy underwent prophylactic total colectomy. The resected colon from one of these patients had an occult adenocarcinoma in a villoglandular polyp.", "contents": "Management of hereditary site-specific colon cancer. A family with site-specific colon cancer and discrete adenomatous colon polyps in certain members has provided a prototype for the study and clinical management of hereditary cancer. Analysis of this kindred showed an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, early onset of cancer with predilection for the right colon, and frequent extraprimary cancers of the colon. Knowledge of these phenomena are critical to the management of this hereditary cancer syndrome. On our recommendation, two brothers of the family who were treated for colon cancer by hemicolectomy underwent prophylactic total colectomy. The resected colon from one of these patients had an occult adenocarcinoma in a villoglandular polyp.", "PMID": 836152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1947", "title": "Freezing and storage of breast cancer tissue for estrogen receptor protein assay: a convenient method.", "content": "Sixteen patients underwent biopsy of primary or metastatic breast cancer and had equal portions of the tumors rapidly frozen by either the use of liquid nitrogen or the fluorinated hydrocarbon spray, Cryokwik. The estrogen receptor protein (ERP) assay was then performed on both specimens, utilizing the surcose gradient density method. In general, both methods of freezing gave similar results. Three patients had ERP measured after approximately three to four months of storage at -70 C. After a minimum of 14 weeks' storage, there was no statistically significant loss of activity by either method of preparation. The Cryokwik preparation method makes the accurate measurement of ERP possible for all community hospitals. The tissue may be prepared and stored until a convenient time for transportation to the appropriate laboratory.", "contents": "Freezing and storage of breast cancer tissue for estrogen receptor protein assay: a convenient method. Sixteen patients underwent biopsy of primary or metastatic breast cancer and had equal portions of the tumors rapidly frozen by either the use of liquid nitrogen or the fluorinated hydrocarbon spray, Cryokwik. The estrogen receptor protein (ERP) assay was then performed on both specimens, utilizing the surcose gradient density method. In general, both methods of freezing gave similar results. Three patients had ERP measured after approximately three to four months of storage at -70 C. After a minimum of 14 weeks' storage, there was no statistically significant loss of activity by either method of preparation. The Cryokwik preparation method makes the accurate measurement of ERP possible for all community hospitals. The tissue may be prepared and stored until a convenient time for transportation to the appropriate laboratory.", "PMID": 836153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1948", "title": "Pathophysiology of postoperative ileus.", "content": "In eight dogs, cellotomy, rubbing the small bowel, and exposing it to air suppressed the migrating bursts of action potentials and contractions that occur in the gastrointestinal tract during fasting and greatly slowed (one to three days) the gastrointestinal transit of 7-mm plastic spheres. The operation also caused a transient one-day increase in the concentration of epinephrine and a more prolonged five-day increase in the concentration and norepinephrine in arterial and venous plasma. Phentolamine mesylate and propranolol hydrochloride prevented the inhibition of the bursts of gastric action potentials brought about by operation, but these drugs did not alter the inhibition of the small intestinal action potentials or the speed of gastrointestinal transit of spheres.", "contents": "Pathophysiology of postoperative ileus. In eight dogs, cellotomy, rubbing the small bowel, and exposing it to air suppressed the migrating bursts of action potentials and contractions that occur in the gastrointestinal tract during fasting and greatly slowed (one to three days) the gastrointestinal transit of 7-mm plastic spheres. The operation also caused a transient one-day increase in the concentration of epinephrine and a more prolonged five-day increase in the concentration and norepinephrine in arterial and venous plasma. Phentolamine mesylate and propranolol hydrochloride prevented the inhibition of the bursts of gastric action potentials brought about by operation, but these drugs did not alter the inhibition of the small intestinal action potentials or the speed of gastrointestinal transit of spheres.", "PMID": 836154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1949", "title": "Cystic adventitial degeneration of the common femoral artery.", "content": "Cystic adventitial degeneration (CAD) of the arteries is an uncommon cause of intermittent claudication in adults. The majority of reported cases have involved the popliteal artery and have occurred predominantly in men, and all had clinical evidence of occlusive vascular disease. An unusual example of CAD of the common femoral artery masqueraded clinically as an aneurysm, but the arteriogram was normal. It involved 5 cm of the artery and half its circumference, and was resected and replaced with a saphenous vein graft. The cyst contained clear mucoid fluid and a fibrous wall without a cyst lining. This is the eighth case reported of CAD involving the proximal segment of a large lower extremity artery. The etiology is unknown, but many authors think such cysts arise from primitive \"arthrogenic\" mesenchyme in the adventitia of blood vessels.", "contents": "Cystic adventitial degeneration of the common femoral artery. Cystic adventitial degeneration (CAD) of the arteries is an uncommon cause of intermittent claudication in adults. The majority of reported cases have involved the popliteal artery and have occurred predominantly in men, and all had clinical evidence of occlusive vascular disease. An unusual example of CAD of the common femoral artery masqueraded clinically as an aneurysm, but the arteriogram was normal. It involved 5 cm of the artery and half its circumference, and was resected and replaced with a saphenous vein graft. The cyst contained clear mucoid fluid and a fibrous wall without a cyst lining. This is the eighth case reported of CAD involving the proximal segment of a large lower extremity artery. The etiology is unknown, but many authors think such cysts arise from primitive \"arthrogenic\" mesenchyme in the adventitia of blood vessels.", "PMID": 836155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1950", "title": "Iatrogenic choledochal stricture with choledochopancreatic fistula and pseudocyst.", "content": "During routine cholecystectomy, a 39-year-old woman suffered an injury to the common bile duct, which resulted in a choledochal stricture and a choledochopancreatic fistula with pseudocyst formation. Treatment consisted of a choledochoduodenostomy for the common bile duct stricture and a pancreaticoduodenostomy for internal drainage of the pancreatic pseudocyst. A long-term follow-up has yielded an excellent clinical result.", "contents": "Iatrogenic choledochal stricture with choledochopancreatic fistula and pseudocyst. During routine cholecystectomy, a 39-year-old woman suffered an injury to the common bile duct, which resulted in a choledochal stricture and a choledochopancreatic fistula with pseudocyst formation. Treatment consisted of a choledochoduodenostomy for the common bile duct stricture and a pancreaticoduodenostomy for internal drainage of the pancreatic pseudocyst. A long-term follow-up has yielded an excellent clinical result.", "PMID": 836156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1951", "title": "Polyurethane foam (Bentley) micropore blood transfusion filter: filtration characteristics.", "content": "Stored human blood of varying age was passed through polyurethane foam (Bentley) micropore blood transfusion filters. Passage through these filters resulted in decreased screen filtration pressure (SFP) of the blood and increased filter weights. Numerous microaggregates were removed and SFP returned to normal after filtration. Occlusion of the filter occurred after passage of only 2 units of whole blood. On the basis of this research, we conclude that polyurethane foam (Bentley) micropore blood transfusion filters are effective in removal of microaggregates from stored human blood. Because the filtering capacity is not great, it is recommended that when these filters are used during transfusion a new filter be used for each unit of blood administered.", "contents": "Polyurethane foam (Bentley) micropore blood transfusion filter: filtration characteristics. Stored human blood of varying age was passed through polyurethane foam (Bentley) micropore blood transfusion filters. Passage through these filters resulted in decreased screen filtration pressure (SFP) of the blood and increased filter weights. Numerous microaggregates were removed and SFP returned to normal after filtration. Occlusion of the filter occurred after passage of only 2 units of whole blood. On the basis of this research, we conclude that polyurethane foam (Bentley) micropore blood transfusion filters are effective in removal of microaggregates from stored human blood. Because the filtering capacity is not great, it is recommended that when these filters are used during transfusion a new filter be used for each unit of blood administered.", "PMID": 836157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1952", "title": "Proximal radial artery-cephalic vein fistula hemodialysis.", "content": "We describe a technique of proximal radial artery-cephalic vein fistula for hemodialysis. This is a useful method in patients with previously failed fistulas in the distal forearm or in diabetics in whom there is occlusive distal disease of the radial artery. This was used in 20 patients, with a patency rate of 90% over a follow-up period of 6 to 52 months and without any complications.", "contents": "Proximal radial artery-cephalic vein fistula hemodialysis. We describe a technique of proximal radial artery-cephalic vein fistula for hemodialysis. This is a useful method in patients with previously failed fistulas in the distal forearm or in diabetics in whom there is occlusive distal disease of the radial artery. This was used in 20 patients, with a patency rate of 90% over a follow-up period of 6 to 52 months and without any complications.", "PMID": 836158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1953", "title": "Neurologic aspects of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Report of two cases.", "content": "The several neurologic manifestations of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) may be caused by complications of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae or associated central nervous system vascular malformations. The presence of skin and mucosal telangiectases should alert the clinician to the possibility of the disorder and in turn of its potential for associated neurologic disease, including cerebral hemorrhage and abscess. This report describes two cases and demonstrates that the clinical spectrum of HHT should be enlarged to include its admittedly rare, but serious, neurologic aspects.", "contents": "Neurologic aspects of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Report of two cases. The several neurologic manifestations of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) may be caused by complications of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae or associated central nervous system vascular malformations. The presence of skin and mucosal telangiectases should alert the clinician to the possibility of the disorder and in turn of its potential for associated neurologic disease, including cerebral hemorrhage and abscess. This report describes two cases and demonstrates that the clinical spectrum of HHT should be enlarged to include its admittedly rare, but serious, neurologic aspects.", "PMID": 836178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1954", "title": "EEG correlations with biochemical abnormalities in Reye syndrome.", "content": "A patient with Reye syndrome was studied throughout the course of the illness with continuous EEG monitoring, and these patterns were correlated with serial determinations of serum ammonia and short-chain fatty acid concentrations. There was high correlation between degree of EEG abnormality, clinical symptoms, and elevations of the short-chain fatty acids, while serum ammonia concentrations correlated poorly with the EEG and with the clinical state.", "contents": "EEG correlations with biochemical abnormalities in Reye syndrome. A patient with Reye syndrome was studied throughout the course of the illness with continuous EEG monitoring, and these patterns were correlated with serial determinations of serum ammonia and short-chain fatty acid concentrations. There was high correlation between degree of EEG abnormality, clinical symptoms, and elevations of the short-chain fatty acids, while serum ammonia concentrations correlated poorly with the EEG and with the clinical state.", "PMID": 836179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1955", "title": "Rigid spine syndrome. A type I fiber myopathy.", "content": "The rigid spine syndrome is an unusual disorder characterized by nonprogressive mild axial and proximal muscle weakness, flexion contractures of the neck and spine, scoliosis, and joint contractures. The biopsy specimen from the patient described in this report shows type I fiber hypotrophy and predominance. This contrasts with previous reports that describe connective tissue proliferation as the major histologic abnormality.", "contents": "Rigid spine syndrome. A type I fiber myopathy. The rigid spine syndrome is an unusual disorder characterized by nonprogressive mild axial and proximal muscle weakness, flexion contractures of the neck and spine, scoliosis, and joint contractures. The biopsy specimen from the patient described in this report shows type I fiber hypotrophy and predominance. This contrasts with previous reports that describe connective tissue proliferation as the major histologic abnormality.", "PMID": 836180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1956", "title": "Reversible cerebellocerebral disorder in primary hemochromatosis.", "content": "Reversible cerebellar dysfunction is described in a patient with primary hemochromatosis. The electroencephalographic abnormalities initially recorded became normal after repeated phlebotomies. Both cerebellar dysfunction and electroencephalographic changes were present without clinical signs of hepatic failure, but may be related to the altered hepatic function tests.", "contents": "Reversible cerebellocerebral disorder in primary hemochromatosis. Reversible cerebellar dysfunction is described in a patient with primary hemochromatosis. The electroencephalographic abnormalities initially recorded became normal after repeated phlebotomies. Both cerebellar dysfunction and electroencephalographic changes were present without clinical signs of hepatic failure, but may be related to the altered hepatic function tests.", "PMID": 836181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1957", "title": "M\u00f6bius syndrome due to brain stem tegmental necrosis.", "content": "M\u00f6bius syndrome undoubtedly results from a variety of disorders affecting central or peripheral portions of appropriate cranial nerves or their target muscles. Pathological alterations observed in cranial nuclei are most often viewed as aplastic or dysplastic lesions. Two patients with M\u00f6bius syndrome with associated facial and skeletal malformations showed mineralized necrotic foci in multiple brain stem nuclei. Prenatal encephalomalacic lesions represent the pathological basis for some cases of congenital static M\u00f6bius syndrome.", "contents": "M\u00f6bius syndrome due to brain stem tegmental necrosis. M\u00f6bius syndrome undoubtedly results from a variety of disorders affecting central or peripheral portions of appropriate cranial nerves or their target muscles. Pathological alterations observed in cranial nuclei are most often viewed as aplastic or dysplastic lesions. Two patients with M\u00f6bius syndrome with associated facial and skeletal malformations showed mineralized necrotic foci in multiple brain stem nuclei. Prenatal encephalomalacic lesions represent the pathological basis for some cases of congenital static M\u00f6bius syndrome.", "PMID": 836182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1958", "title": "Moya-Moya disease in black adults.", "content": "We describe two instances of Moya-Moya disease in black adults. Little is known concerning the origin of this disease. Currently, there is no effective treatment.", "contents": "Moya-Moya disease in black adults. We describe two instances of Moya-Moya disease in black adults. Little is known concerning the origin of this disease. Currently, there is no effective treatment.", "PMID": 836183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1959", "title": "Experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis in rats. Modification by thymectomy and prednisolone.", "content": "In rats immunized with purified acetylcholine receptor protein (AChRP) from Torpedo electroplax, a defect of neuromuscular transmission physiologically identical to that seen in myasthenia gravis developed. The most sensitive index of the neuromuscular blockage was miniature end-plate potential (MEPP) amplitude. As early as 24 hours after inoculation with AChRP, the thymus showed reactive changes that are probably nonspecific. Removal of the thymus before or within three days after immunization delayed, but did not prevent, development of reduced MEPP amplitude. Prednisolone given within 35 days after immunization produced reversal of MEPP reduction within 24 hours, but had no such immediate effect when given 15 days later. It is probable that prednisolone acted by reducing the immunologic responsiveness of the animals during the developing phase of the defect of neuromuscular transmission.", "contents": "Experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis in rats. Modification by thymectomy and prednisolone. In rats immunized with purified acetylcholine receptor protein (AChRP) from Torpedo electroplax, a defect of neuromuscular transmission physiologically identical to that seen in myasthenia gravis developed. The most sensitive index of the neuromuscular blockage was miniature end-plate potential (MEPP) amplitude. As early as 24 hours after inoculation with AChRP, the thymus showed reactive changes that are probably nonspecific. Removal of the thymus before or within three days after immunization delayed, but did not prevent, development of reduced MEPP amplitude. Prednisolone given within 35 days after immunization produced reversal of MEPP reduction within 24 hours, but had no such immediate effect when given 15 days later. It is probable that prednisolone acted by reducing the immunologic responsiveness of the animals during the developing phase of the defect of neuromuscular transmission.", "PMID": 836188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1960", "title": "Acetazolamide-induced interference with primidone absorption. Case reports and metabolic studies.", "content": "Effects of acetazolamide on primidone plasma levels were studied in three patients. Apparent interaction occurred in two patients. Primidone was not detected in the plasma when given orally with acetazolamide in one patient. In another, peak serum concentration was delayed, with corresponding delays in urinary excretion of primidone and metabolites. Plasma and urine concentrations of the two metabolites, phenylethylmalonamide and phenobarbital, were also studied.", "contents": "Acetazolamide-induced interference with primidone absorption. Case reports and metabolic studies. Effects of acetazolamide on primidone plasma levels were studied in three patients. Apparent interaction occurred in two patients. Primidone was not detected in the plasma when given orally with acetazolamide in one patient. In another, peak serum concentration was delayed, with corresponding delays in urinary excretion of primidone and metabolites. Plasma and urine concentrations of the two metabolites, phenylethylmalonamide and phenobarbital, were also studied.", "PMID": 836189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1961", "title": "Electrical activity in voluntarily contracting muscle.", "content": "The collision technique was used to determine the relationship between the electrical potential and the force produced by a voluntarily contracting first dorsal interosseus muscle. The method allows, in effect, synchronization of nerve impulses of asynchronously firing motoneurons subserving voluntary contraction. A compound muscle action potential, M (voluntary), thus recorded as an electrical corollary of muscle contraction, related linearly to the force of contraction under isometric conditions. Using M(voluntary), an approximate percentage of motoneuron pool discharging during a 10-msec period was calculated at various levels of voluntary effort. In ten healthy subjects, it increased linearly  with muscle force from 2.4% +/- 1.4% at 0.5 kg to 23.5% +/- 9.6% at 4.5 kg.", "contents": "Electrical activity in voluntarily contracting muscle. The collision technique was used to determine the relationship between the electrical potential and the force produced by a voluntarily contracting first dorsal interosseus muscle. The method allows, in effect, synchronization of nerve impulses of asynchronously firing motoneurons subserving voluntary contraction. A compound muscle action potential, M (voluntary), thus recorded as an electrical corollary of muscle contraction, related linearly to the force of contraction under isometric conditions. Using M(voluntary), an approximate percentage of motoneuron pool discharging during a 10-msec period was calculated at various levels of voluntary effort. In ten healthy subjects, it increased linearly  with muscle force from 2.4% +/- 1.4% at 0.5 kg to 23.5% +/- 9.6% at 4.5 kg.", "PMID": 836190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1962", "title": "Oculopharyngodistal myopathy.", "content": "An autosomal dominant, heredofamilial myopathy consisted of slowly progressive ptosis and extraocular palsy, and weakness of the masseter, facial, and bulbar muscles, as well as distal involvement of the limbs starting around 40 years of age or later. No other neurological symptoms or disturbances of other organs or tissues were observed. In one case, autopsy disclosed no remarkable change in the central and peripheral nervous system, and muscle biopsy specimens from all patients showed myopathic patterns without any specific change. A descriptive term, \"oculopharyngodistal myopathy,\" was proposed to separate the present illness from other ocular myopathies.", "contents": "Oculopharyngodistal myopathy. An autosomal dominant, heredofamilial myopathy consisted of slowly progressive ptosis and extraocular palsy, and weakness of the masseter, facial, and bulbar muscles, as well as distal involvement of the limbs starting around 40 years of age or later. No other neurological symptoms or disturbances of other organs or tissues were observed. In one case, autopsy disclosed no remarkable change in the central and peripheral nervous system, and muscle biopsy specimens from all patients showed myopathic patterns without any specific change. A descriptive term, \"oculopharyngodistal myopathy,\" was proposed to separate the present illness from other ocular myopathies.", "PMID": 836191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1963", "title": "Pure motor hemiplegia due to cerebral cortical infarction.", "content": "Although pure motor hemiplegia has not been reported after cerebral cortical infarction, occasional exceptions may occur. We provide three such examples. Necropsy study confirmed the site of lesion in one patient, and laboratory results (EEG and computerized axial tomography) suggested cortical involvement in the other two patients.", "contents": "Pure motor hemiplegia due to cerebral cortical infarction. Although pure motor hemiplegia has not been reported after cerebral cortical infarction, occasional exceptions may occur. We provide three such examples. Necropsy study confirmed the site of lesion in one patient, and laboratory results (EEG and computerized axial tomography) suggested cortical involvement in the other two patients.", "PMID": 836192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1964", "title": "Cerebral arteriovenous malformation and the primitive trigeminal artery.", "content": "A 27-year-old woman with a small cerebral arteriovenous malformation and a primitive trigeminal artery had subarachnoid hemorrhage. This case and a review of the literature suggest that some of the \"spontaneous\" subarachnoid hemorrhages reported in patients with a primitive trigeminal artery may have been due to rupture of an unrecognized small arteriovenous malformation or aneurysm.", "contents": "Cerebral arteriovenous malformation and the primitive trigeminal artery. A 27-year-old woman with a small cerebral arteriovenous malformation and a primitive trigeminal artery had subarachnoid hemorrhage. This case and a review of the literature suggest that some of the \"spontaneous\" subarachnoid hemorrhages reported in patients with a primitive trigeminal artery may have been due to rupture of an unrecognized small arteriovenous malformation or aneurysm.", "PMID": 836193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1965", "title": "Influenza virus antibodies in Parkinsonism. Comparison of postencephalic and idiopathic Parkinson patients and matched controls.", "content": "Hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies to four influenza virus strains: A/Swine/1976/30 (HswN1), A/PR/8/34 (HON1), A/England/1/51 (H1N), and A/Singapore/1/57 (H2N2), were studied in blood serum specimens from 20 patients with postencephalitic and 55 patients with idiopathic Parkinson disease and their age- and sex-matched controls. No significant differences were observed in the distribution or the mean titers of antibodies to any of the four strains tested, when the postencephalitic patients and their controls were compared. The postencephalitic group was also similar to the idiopathic group with regard to the influenza antibodies.", "contents": "Influenza virus antibodies in Parkinsonism. Comparison of postencephalic and idiopathic Parkinson patients and matched controls. Hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies to four influenza virus strains: A/Swine/1976/30 (HswN1), A/PR/8/34 (HON1), A/England/1/51 (H1N), and A/Singapore/1/57 (H2N2), were studied in blood serum specimens from 20 patients with postencephalitic and 55 patients with idiopathic Parkinson disease and their age- and sex-matched controls. No significant differences were observed in the distribution or the mean titers of antibodies to any of the four strains tested, when the postencephalitic patients and their controls were compared. The postencephalitic group was also similar to the idiopathic group with regard to the influenza antibodies.", "PMID": 836194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1966", "title": "Decreased basal tear production associated with general anesthesia.", "content": "Basal tear production was measured by means of standardized Schirmer strips and 0.5% proparacaine hydrochloride topical anesthesia in 20 patients. Premedication with systemic diazepam (Valium) and atropine sulfate had no effect on basal tear production. General surgical anesthesia resulted in a noticeable depression of basal tear production at 10, 30, and 60 minutes following induction of the anesthesia. It is suggested that prophylactic eye care include both replacement of tears and prevention of mechanical exposure of the cornea during general anesthesia.", "contents": "Decreased basal tear production associated with general anesthesia. Basal tear production was measured by means of standardized Schirmer strips and 0.5% proparacaine hydrochloride topical anesthesia in 20 patients. Premedication with systemic diazepam (Valium) and atropine sulfate had no effect on basal tear production. General surgical anesthesia resulted in a noticeable depression of basal tear production at 10, 30, and 60 minutes following induction of the anesthesia. It is suggested that prophylactic eye care include both replacement of tears and prevention of mechanical exposure of the cornea during general anesthesia.", "PMID": 836195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1967", "title": "A new simple method for canalicular intubation.", "content": "A series of ten patients had canalicular intubation with Teflon and Silastic tubing. Our experience has shown that Silastic tubing appears to be more pliable, has good capillary action, and causes less irritation within the canalicular system than polyethylene or Teflon tubing. Five patients had very good results, three patients were improved, and there were two failures. We believe that this technique is useful in selected cases where there is an obstructed canaliculus near its junction with the sac. There should be only minimal scarring in the medial canthal area for the greatest chance of success with this method.", "contents": "A new simple method for canalicular intubation. A series of ten patients had canalicular intubation with Teflon and Silastic tubing. Our experience has shown that Silastic tubing appears to be more pliable, has good capillary action, and causes less irritation within the canalicular system than polyethylene or Teflon tubing. Five patients had very good results, three patients were improved, and there were two failures. We believe that this technique is useful in selected cases where there is an obstructed canaliculus near its junction with the sac. There should be only minimal scarring in the medial canthal area for the greatest chance of success with this method.", "PMID": 836196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1968", "title": "Cautery applications to relieve punctal stenosis.", "content": "Applications of cautery to the mucosa and muscle at the base of the lacrimal papillae can result in retraction of the walls of the punctum, reestablishing patency. A relationship may exist between the cause of stenosis of the lacrimal papillae and stenosis at other juncture points in the lacrimal excretory system.", "contents": "Cautery applications to relieve punctal stenosis. Applications of cautery to the mucosa and muscle at the base of the lacrimal papillae can result in retraction of the walls of the punctum, reestablishing patency. A relationship may exist between the cause of stenosis of the lacrimal papillae and stenosis at other juncture points in the lacrimal excretory system.", "PMID": 836197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1969", "title": "Climatic droplet keratopathy in a 16-year-old boy.", "content": "Primary climatic droplet degeneration of the cornea that consisted of bandshaped keratopathy and superficial spheroidal golden opacities occurred in a 16-year-old boy. Light microscopy showed proteinaceous deposits in the superficial corneal stroma. Electron microscopy confirmed the colloidal nature of this material.", "contents": "Climatic droplet keratopathy in a 16-year-old boy. Primary climatic droplet degeneration of the cornea that consisted of bandshaped keratopathy and superficial spheroidal golden opacities occurred in a 16-year-old boy. Light microscopy showed proteinaceous deposits in the superficial corneal stroma. Electron microscopy confirmed the colloidal nature of this material.", "PMID": 836198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1970", "title": "Prognostic factors in small malignant melanomas of choroid and ciliary body.", "content": "Two hundre seventeen small malignant melanomas, each with a volume less than 1,400/cu mm, were studied to determine what factors were useful in predicting metastasis. Using a single-factor approach with 16 risk factors, we found seven that correlated well with outcome. These were cell type, pigmentation, size (largest dimension), scleral extension, mitotic activity, location of anterior margin of the tumor, and optic nerve extension. Using a linear discriminant function, the four best factors in combination were cell type, largest dimension, scleral extension, and mitotic activity. Four variables (largest diameter, location of anterior margin, mitotic activity, and optic nerve invasion) that might be correlated with clinical observations were found to be less accurate in separating fatal and nonfatal cases than cell type alone.", "contents": "Prognostic factors in small malignant melanomas of choroid and ciliary body. Two hundre seventeen small malignant melanomas, each with a volume less than 1,400/cu mm, were studied to determine what factors were useful in predicting metastasis. Using a single-factor approach with 16 risk factors, we found seven that correlated well with outcome. These were cell type, pigmentation, size (largest dimension), scleral extension, mitotic activity, location of anterior margin of the tumor, and optic nerve extension. Using a linear discriminant function, the four best factors in combination were cell type, largest dimension, scleral extension, and mitotic activity. Four variables (largest diameter, location of anterior margin, mitotic activity, and optic nerve invasion) that might be correlated with clinical observations were found to be less accurate in separating fatal and nonfatal cases than cell type alone.", "PMID": 836203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1971", "title": "Prognostic factors in choroidal and ciliary body melanomas.", "content": "We reviewed 293 cases of choroidal and ciliary body melanoma with a followup period of five years or more. Nine factors influenced significantly the prognosis: Age of the patient at the time of enucleation, location of the tumor and of its anterior border, largest tumor diameter in contact with the sclera, height of the tumor, integrity of the Bruch membrane, cell type, pigmentation, and scleral infiltration by tumor cells. Some of these factors can be evaluated clinically before the enucleation. Seven sets of three factors each were determined in order to have better prognostic values based on the clinical data and the cell type. The largest tumor diameter is the single most important clinical and pathological prognostic factor. The prognosis is relatively good when this diameter is 10 mm or less and becomes poor when it exceeds 10mm.", "contents": "Prognostic factors in choroidal and ciliary body melanomas. We reviewed 293 cases of choroidal and ciliary body melanoma with a followup period of five years or more. Nine factors influenced significantly the prognosis: Age of the patient at the time of enucleation, location of the tumor and of its anterior border, largest tumor diameter in contact with the sclera, height of the tumor, integrity of the Bruch membrane, cell type, pigmentation, and scleral infiltration by tumor cells. Some of these factors can be evaluated clinically before the enucleation. Seven sets of three factors each were determined in order to have better prognostic values based on the clinical data and the cell type. The largest tumor diameter is the single most important clinical and pathological prognostic factor. The prognosis is relatively good when this diameter is 10 mm or less and becomes poor when it exceeds 10mm.", "PMID": 836204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1972", "title": "Pseudovitelliform macular degeneration.", "content": "Three patients with vitelliform-like macular lesions had normal electroooculogram (EOG) light-peak/dark-trough ratios, unlike typical cases of vitelliform dystrophy (Best macular dystrophy). Leakage of fluorescein dye from perifoveal cappillaries implicated an increased permeability of these vessels as the probable cause for the vitelliform-appearing lesions. All patients with vitelliform lesions demonstrating normal EOG ratios should have an evaluation by fluorescein angiography to rule out a diagnosis of what we prefer to call pseudovitelliform macular degeneration.", "contents": "Pseudovitelliform macular degeneration. Three patients with vitelliform-like macular lesions had normal electroooculogram (EOG) light-peak/dark-trough ratios, unlike typical cases of vitelliform dystrophy (Best macular dystrophy). Leakage of fluorescein dye from perifoveal cappillaries implicated an increased permeability of these vessels as the probable cause for the vitelliform-appearing lesions. All patients with vitelliform lesions demonstrating normal EOG ratios should have an evaluation by fluorescein angiography to rule out a diagnosis of what we prefer to call pseudovitelliform macular degeneration.", "PMID": 836205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1973", "title": "The prevalence of HLA-B12 and HLA-B7 antigens in primary open-angle glaucoma.", "content": "HLA-B12 antigen was found in 50% and HLA-B7 was present in 49% of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. Either one of the antigens B12 or B7 was noted in 88% of such glaucoma patients. The prevalences of B12, B7, or of either antigen were much greater in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma than in the general population or in patients with normal intraocular pressure. The prevalences in patients with ocular hypertension (IOP greater than 20 mm Hg) were intermediate between the ocular normotensives and the patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. The close association between HLA-B12 and HLA-B7 and primary open-angle glaucoma suggested immunologic components of the disease and possible convenient genetic markers.", "contents": "The prevalence of HLA-B12 and HLA-B7 antigens in primary open-angle glaucoma. HLA-B12 antigen was found in 50% and HLA-B7 was present in 49% of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. Either one of the antigens B12 or B7 was noted in 88% of such glaucoma patients. The prevalences of B12, B7, or of either antigen were much greater in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma than in the general population or in patients with normal intraocular pressure. The prevalences in patients with ocular hypertension (IOP greater than 20 mm Hg) were intermediate between the ocular normotensives and the patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. The close association between HLA-B12 and HLA-B7 and primary open-angle glaucoma suggested immunologic components of the disease and possible convenient genetic markers.", "PMID": 836206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1974", "title": "The importance of disc hemorrhage in the prognosis of chronic open angle glaucoma.", "content": "The progression of field damage of 48 eyes with chronic simple glaucoma and a splinter hemorrhage on the disc was compared with that of 48 chronic simple glaucoma eyes without hemorrhage. The incidence of visual field progression was substantially higher among those with a hemorrhage. Similar visual field progression was substantially higher in 29 eyes with elevated introcular pressure and a disc hemorrhage when compared with 29 ocular hypertensive patients with no hemorrhage. The prognostic importance of a disc hemorrhage is discussed.", "contents": "The importance of disc hemorrhage in the prognosis of chronic open angle glaucoma. The progression of field damage of 48 eyes with chronic simple glaucoma and a splinter hemorrhage on the disc was compared with that of 48 chronic simple glaucoma eyes without hemorrhage. The incidence of visual field progression was substantially higher among those with a hemorrhage. Similar visual field progression was substantially higher in 29 eyes with elevated introcular pressure and a disc hemorrhage when compared with 29 ocular hypertensive patients with no hemorrhage. The prognostic importance of a disc hemorrhage is discussed.", "PMID": 836207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1975", "title": "Closed vitreous surgery: XV. Fibrovascular ingrowth from the pars plana sclerotomy.", "content": "Ten eyes developed fibrovascular ingrowth from the sclerotomy following closed vitreous surgery. The complication was detected by examining all patients postoperatively by indirect ophthalmoscopy and biomicroscopy with a three-mirror lens. The average follow-up was 13.2 months. Nine patients had proliferative retinal disease prior to surgery and related systemic disease. In six eyes, useful vision was lost due to the ingrowth. In three eyes, a stabilization occurred. In one eye, that of a 12-year-old girl with an undefined syndrome of cochlear and retinal neovascularization, the ingrowth involuted. Rubeosis iridis was observed in 6 eyes that developed vascular ingrowth as opposed to 11 eyes in a control group of 78 eyes. Eyes with rubeosis iridis should not have vitreous surgery, and careful dissection of the Tenon capsule should be done over the sclerotomy.", "contents": "Closed vitreous surgery: XV. Fibrovascular ingrowth from the pars plana sclerotomy. Ten eyes developed fibrovascular ingrowth from the sclerotomy following closed vitreous surgery. The complication was detected by examining all patients postoperatively by indirect ophthalmoscopy and biomicroscopy with a three-mirror lens. The average follow-up was 13.2 months. Nine patients had proliferative retinal disease prior to surgery and related systemic disease. In six eyes, useful vision was lost due to the ingrowth. In three eyes, a stabilization occurred. In one eye, that of a 12-year-old girl with an undefined syndrome of cochlear and retinal neovascularization, the ingrowth involuted. Rubeosis iridis was observed in 6 eyes that developed vascular ingrowth as opposed to 11 eyes in a control group of 78 eyes. Eyes with rubeosis iridis should not have vitreous surgery, and careful dissection of the Tenon capsule should be done over the sclerotomy.", "PMID": 836208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1976", "title": "Clinically unsuspected phacoanaphylaxis after ocular trauma.", "content": "Phacoanaphylaxis (lens-induced uveitis) is a potentially curable ocular inflammation secondary to lens truma. Recently we have seen three clinically undiagnosed enucleation specimens in our eye pathology laboratory with this entity. Our observations add an argument to the recent concept that early lens removal in cases of traumatic cataract with lens capsule rupture would ultimately lead to better visual results.", "contents": "Clinically unsuspected phacoanaphylaxis after ocular trauma. Phacoanaphylaxis (lens-induced uveitis) is a potentially curable ocular inflammation secondary to lens truma. Recently we have seen three clinically undiagnosed enucleation specimens in our eye pathology laboratory with this entity. Our observations add an argument to the recent concept that early lens removal in cases of traumatic cataract with lens capsule rupture would ultimately lead to better visual results.", "PMID": 836209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1977", "title": "The treatment of A and V patterns by monocular surgery.", "content": "Eleven patients with \"A\" or \"V\" pattern strabismus and the absence of notable oblique muscles overactions, were operated on, using the technique of monocular vertical displacement of the horizontal rectus muscles. The average correction of the A or V pattern was 16.5 delta. Subjective torsional complaints were not reported by any of the patients. Torsion was measured postoperatively with the Maddox rod, Maddox wing, and amblyoscope. The average torsional measurement, at least one month postoperatively, was 1.6 degrees with a range of 0 degrees to 7 degrees. It was concluded that monocular vertical displacement of the horizontal rectus muscles can result in satisfactory correction of the A or V pattern and produces no substantial postoperative torsional symptoms or substantial measured torsion at both distance and near fixation.", "contents": "The treatment of A and V patterns by monocular surgery. Eleven patients with \"A\" or \"V\" pattern strabismus and the absence of notable oblique muscles overactions, were operated on, using the technique of monocular vertical displacement of the horizontal rectus muscles. The average correction of the A or V pattern was 16.5 delta. Subjective torsional complaints were not reported by any of the patients. Torsion was measured postoperatively with the Maddox rod, Maddox wing, and amblyoscope. The average torsional measurement, at least one month postoperatively, was 1.6 degrees with a range of 0 degrees to 7 degrees. It was concluded that monocular vertical displacement of the horizontal rectus muscles can result in satisfactory correction of the A or V pattern and produces no substantial postoperative torsional symptoms or substantial measured torsion at both distance and near fixation.", "PMID": 836210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1978", "title": "Optic nerve hypoplasia with good visual acuity and visual field defects: a study of children of diabetic mothers.", "content": "Seventeen children, born of severely diabetic mothers, exhibited segmental optic nerve hypoplasia with normal visual acuity and altitudinal or sector field defects corresponding to the hypoplastic areas of the disc. This is the first group of patients with optic nerve hypoplasia in which a possible cause has been identified. Optic nerve hypoplasia is neither a rare abnormality usually associated with serious central nervous system defects, nor is it always accompanied by decreased visual acuity.", "contents": "Optic nerve hypoplasia with good visual acuity and visual field defects: a study of children of diabetic mothers. Seventeen children, born of severely diabetic mothers, exhibited segmental optic nerve hypoplasia with normal visual acuity and altitudinal or sector field defects corresponding to the hypoplastic areas of the disc. This is the first group of patients with optic nerve hypoplasia in which a possible cause has been identified. Optic nerve hypoplasia is neither a rare abnormality usually associated with serious central nervous system defects, nor is it always accompanied by decreased visual acuity.", "PMID": 836211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1979", "title": "Hemorrhage from isolated aneurysm of a retinal artery: report of two cases simulating malignant melanoma.", "content": "Isolated retinal arterial aneurysms or macroaneurysms of the retinal arteries may be the cause of hemorrhage in the retina or vitreous. Two cases are reported in which hemorrhages from isolated retinal arterial aneurysms clinically simulated malignant melanoma of the choroid. Previous studies of lesions simulating malignant melanoma of the uvea have shown that vitreous and retinal hemorrhage may easily mislead the clinician. It is stressed that careful prolonged observation does not materially decrease the patient's chance for survival if he does have a malignant melanoma and may prevent an unnecessary enucleation.", "contents": "Hemorrhage from isolated aneurysm of a retinal artery: report of two cases simulating malignant melanoma. Isolated retinal arterial aneurysms or macroaneurysms of the retinal arteries may be the cause of hemorrhage in the retina or vitreous. Two cases are reported in which hemorrhages from isolated retinal arterial aneurysms clinically simulated malignant melanoma of the choroid. Previous studies of lesions simulating malignant melanoma of the uvea have shown that vitreous and retinal hemorrhage may easily mislead the clinician. It is stressed that careful prolonged observation does not materially decrease the patient's chance for survival if he does have a malignant melanoma and may prevent an unnecessary enucleation.", "PMID": 836212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1980", "title": "Aqueous humor ascorbate concentration and open-angle glaucoma.", "content": "The mean value for aqueous concentration in 35 patients with open-angle glaucoma was 22.4 +/- 12.9 mg/100 ml. The mean value for aqueous ascorbate in four patients with uncomplicated senile cataract was 11.55 +/- 3.01 mg/100 ml. The results indicate that the majority of open-angle glaucomatous eyes do not involve a deficiency of ascorbate, and suggest that ascorbate has no therapeutic value in the management of primary open-angle glaucoma. The magnitude of aqueous ascorbate variation among glaucoma eyes is probably related to the factors that influence the patency of trabecular meshwork, not the metabolic activity of the ciliary processes.", "contents": "Aqueous humor ascorbate concentration and open-angle glaucoma. The mean value for aqueous concentration in 35 patients with open-angle glaucoma was 22.4 +/- 12.9 mg/100 ml. The mean value for aqueous ascorbate in four patients with uncomplicated senile cataract was 11.55 +/- 3.01 mg/100 ml. The results indicate that the majority of open-angle glaucomatous eyes do not involve a deficiency of ascorbate, and suggest that ascorbate has no therapeutic value in the management of primary open-angle glaucoma. The magnitude of aqueous ascorbate variation among glaucoma eyes is probably related to the factors that influence the patency of trabecular meshwork, not the metabolic activity of the ciliary processes.", "PMID": 836213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1981", "title": "Periocular injection of corticosteroids: an experimental evaluation of its role in the treatment of corneal inflammation.", "content": "The present experiments demonstrate that subconjunctivally injected corticosteroids are less effective in suppressing corneal inflammation than are topically instilled corticosteroids. Topical administration of 6.5 mg of prednisolone acetate over a 30-hour period reduced corneal inflammatory activity by 52%. Subconjunctival injection of 50 mg of the same steroid, also given over a 30-hour period, yielded a 15% reduction in corneal inflammation. A fourfold increase (200 mg) in the quantity of prednisolone acetate injected subconjunctivally resulted in a nonsignificant (P less than .05) increment (24%) in anti-inflammatory effect. Dexamethasone sodium phosphate achieved a 30% reduction in corneal inflammation, the maximum effect observed after subconjunctival administration. The data suggest that different modes of corneal penetration are involved after drug delivery via the two routes. Concurrent administration of corticosteroids by the topical and subconjunctival routes seemingly produced an additive anti-inflammatory effect.", "contents": "Periocular injection of corticosteroids: an experimental evaluation of its role in the treatment of corneal inflammation. The present experiments demonstrate that subconjunctivally injected corticosteroids are less effective in suppressing corneal inflammation than are topically instilled corticosteroids. Topical administration of 6.5 mg of prednisolone acetate over a 30-hour period reduced corneal inflammatory activity by 52%. Subconjunctival injection of 50 mg of the same steroid, also given over a 30-hour period, yielded a 15% reduction in corneal inflammation. A fourfold increase (200 mg) in the quantity of prednisolone acetate injected subconjunctivally resulted in a nonsignificant (P less than .05) increment (24%) in anti-inflammatory effect. Dexamethasone sodium phosphate achieved a 30% reduction in corneal inflammation, the maximum effect observed after subconjunctival administration. The data suggest that different modes of corneal penetration are involved after drug delivery via the two routes. Concurrent administration of corticosteroids by the topical and subconjunctival routes seemingly produced an additive anti-inflammatory effect.", "PMID": 836214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1982", "title": "New Tyndall photometer.", "content": "An instrument is described that can accurately measure delicate changes in the Tyndall phenomenon in the anterior chamber of the eye. An important feature is its use of an external light source and its simple adaptation to the slit lamp.", "contents": "New Tyndall photometer. An instrument is described that can accurately measure delicate changes in the Tyndall phenomenon in the anterior chamber of the eye. An important feature is its use of an external light source and its simple adaptation to the slit lamp.", "PMID": 836215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1983", "title": "[Phlebography in fractures and dislocations of the talus (author's transl)].", "content": "Late osteonecrosis and/or osteoarthrosis occurs frequently after dislocation and fracture dislocation of the talus. The cause seems to be a primary vascular lesion additionally to the initial damage of bone and cartilage and subsequent joint incognity. We recommended phlebography 3 to 6 months after injury for the proof or exclusion of a vascular lesion. Our experience with this method has been encouraging.", "contents": "[Phlebography in fractures and dislocations of the talus (author's transl)]. Late osteonecrosis and/or osteoarthrosis occurs frequently after dislocation and fracture dislocation of the talus. The cause seems to be a primary vascular lesion additionally to the initial damage of bone and cartilage and subsequent joint incognity. We recommended phlebography 3 to 6 months after injury for the proof or exclusion of a vascular lesion. Our experience with this method has been encouraging.", "PMID": 836217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1984", "title": "[Biomechanics of vertebral segments. Clinical and prognostical interpretations (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors propose a new model to estimate the forces of the intrinsic equilibrium of the segment. Based on the theory of the so-called transient pole, it became possible to describe the momentary movement of an angle relative to its neighbour and to define the way of the intrinsic equilibrium. This transient pole fixes the centre of rotation around which the upper angle moves relative to the lower vertebral body. Normal and pathological cases can be diagnosed at once by use of a special r\u00f6ntgenological appliance in connection with the statistical experience. It becomes possible to calculate the forces and movements acting on a segment.", "contents": "[Biomechanics of vertebral segments. Clinical and prognostical interpretations (author's transl)]. The authors propose a new model to estimate the forces of the intrinsic equilibrium of the segment. Based on the theory of the so-called transient pole, it became possible to describe the momentary movement of an angle relative to its neighbour and to define the way of the intrinsic equilibrium. This transient pole fixes the centre of rotation around which the upper angle moves relative to the lower vertebral body. Normal and pathological cases can be diagnosed at once by use of a special r\u00f6ntgenological appliance in connection with the statistical experience. It becomes possible to calculate the forces and movements acting on a segment.", "PMID": 836218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1985", "title": "Surgical treatment of peri-prosthetic fractures after total knee replacement (author's transl).", "content": "An operative procedure is described for the treatment of periprosthetic fractures of the femur after total knee replacement. The special problems of osteosynthesis are being discussed. In case of technical contraindications the partial replacement of the distal femur is being recommended as an alternative procedure.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of peri-prosthetic fractures after total knee replacement (author's transl). An operative procedure is described for the treatment of periprosthetic fractures of the femur after total knee replacement. The special problems of osteosynthesis are being discussed. In case of technical contraindications the partial replacement of the distal femur is being recommended as an alternative procedure.", "PMID": 836219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1986", "title": "Juvenile ankylosing spondylitis, its clinical features and HLA-B27.", "content": "We have experienced six patients of juvenile ankylosing spondylitis. Their chief complaints were polyarthralgia or coxalgia, however, any pain or stiffness in lumbar regions was absent. These clinical features were atypical for those of ankylosing spondylitis, and much more like those of a peripheral arthropathy such as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. After a long-term follow-up, all the patients showed definite clinical features of ankylosing spondylitis. HLA-B27 was found in 4 out of 6 cases. This frequency is almost equal to that of adult ankylosing spondylitis patients. HLA typing was very important in the early diagnosis.", "contents": "Juvenile ankylosing spondylitis, its clinical features and HLA-B27. We have experienced six patients of juvenile ankylosing spondylitis. Their chief complaints were polyarthralgia or coxalgia, however, any pain or stiffness in lumbar regions was absent. These clinical features were atypical for those of ankylosing spondylitis, and much more like those of a peripheral arthropathy such as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. After a long-term follow-up, all the patients showed definite clinical features of ankylosing spondylitis. HLA-B27 was found in 4 out of 6 cases. This frequency is almost equal to that of adult ankylosing spondylitis patients. HLA typing was very important in the early diagnosis.", "PMID": 836220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1987", "title": "[The problem of acetabular loosening in patients with total hip joint replacement (author's transl)].", "content": "Recently aseptic loosining of the acetabular part in patients with allo-arthroplasty has also become a numerically increasing problem. Different opinions exist regarding the etiology, they range from mechanical to tissue factors. Favourable personal experience with careful handling of the bony acetabulum during surgery appeares to confirm that the size and type of treatment of the acetabular wound during implantation of the acetabular prosthesis are significant factors for the durability of the allo-arthroplasty. A formula which was compiled indicates and clearly shows how the increase in area of the acetabular wound depends on the increase of the acetabular radius. In addition, the laws of cellular reaction from general pathology should be the reason to limit damage to living tissue to the absolutly necessary extent.", "contents": "[The problem of acetabular loosening in patients with total hip joint replacement (author's transl)]. Recently aseptic loosining of the acetabular part in patients with allo-arthroplasty has also become a numerically increasing problem. Different opinions exist regarding the etiology, they range from mechanical to tissue factors. Favourable personal experience with careful handling of the bony acetabulum during surgery appeares to confirm that the size and type of treatment of the acetabular wound during implantation of the acetabular prosthesis are significant factors for the durability of the allo-arthroplasty. A formula which was compiled indicates and clearly shows how the increase in area of the acetabular wound depends on the increase of the acetabular radius. In addition, the laws of cellular reaction from general pathology should be the reason to limit damage to living tissue to the absolutly necessary extent.", "PMID": 836221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1988", "title": "[Congenital dislocations of the knee joint (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors discuss the frequency, etiology, clinical symptomatology, classification, and treatment of congenital dislocations of the knee joint. They present 8 cases of their own material. The congenital knee joint dislocation can be treated conservatively with good results. Treatment with plaster casts does not interfere with treatment of simultaneous hip dysplasias in Pavlik bandages. Even foot deformities can be treated at the same time. They emphasise the need for earliest treatment which seems equally important for all three deformities: knee joint dislocations, hip dysplasias, and club feet.", "contents": "[Congenital dislocations of the knee joint (author's transl)]. The authors discuss the frequency, etiology, clinical symptomatology, classification, and treatment of congenital dislocations of the knee joint. They present 8 cases of their own material. The congenital knee joint dislocation can be treated conservatively with good results. Treatment with plaster casts does not interfere with treatment of simultaneous hip dysplasias in Pavlik bandages. Even foot deformities can be treated at the same time. They emphasise the need for earliest treatment which seems equally important for all three deformities: knee joint dislocations, hip dysplasias, and club feet.", "PMID": 836222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1989", "title": "[The Mannheimer oxide ceramic-metal composite hip prostheses (author's transl)].", "content": "Preliminary results with two alumina oxide ceramic-metal composite hip prostheses in 30 patients are presented. The indication, operative technique and postop. care as well as the postop. results are described and documented in detail.", "contents": "[The Mannheimer oxide ceramic-metal composite hip prostheses (author's transl)]. Preliminary results with two alumina oxide ceramic-metal composite hip prostheses in 30 patients are presented. The indication, operative technique and postop. care as well as the postop. results are described and documented in detail.", "PMID": 836223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1990", "title": "[The operative treatment of kyphose (author's transl)].", "content": "Report is given on 17 patients with operative treatment of their kyphoses of various etiology. The correction itself has been carried out following diverse preoperative methods of correction using an anterior and/or dorsal approach to the spine. Altogether an average correction of 22.3 degree, that is 48 per cent could be obtained.", "contents": "[The operative treatment of kyphose (author's transl)]. Report is given on 17 patients with operative treatment of their kyphoses of various etiology. The correction itself has been carried out following diverse preoperative methods of correction using an anterior and/or dorsal approach to the spine. Altogether an average correction of 22.3 degree, that is 48 per cent could be obtained.", "PMID": 836224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1991", "title": "Fogarty catheter technique for removal of endobronchial foreign body.", "content": "An increasing number of internists and chest physicians have become participants in the practice of bronchoesophagology. The otolaryngologist seeking to broaden his skills in the art of bronchoscopi foreign body removal  will find his take become increasingly difficult. We describe a rare case involving the aspiration of a 1.5-cm marble by a patient, resulting in marginal pulmonary function. What we beleive is a previously unreported technique for rapid removal of the object was used.", "contents": "Fogarty catheter technique for removal of endobronchial foreign body. An increasing number of internists and chest physicians have become participants in the practice of bronchoesophagology. The otolaryngologist seeking to broaden his skills in the art of bronchoscopi foreign body removal  will find his take become increasingly difficult. We describe a rare case involving the aspiration of a 1.5-cm marble by a patient, resulting in marginal pulmonary function. What we beleive is a previously unreported technique for rapid removal of the object was used.", "PMID": 836225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1992", "title": "DiGeorge syndrome associated with multiple squamous cell carcinomas.", "content": "Experimental evidence and clinical experiences have have shown that immune mechanisms and cancer are closely related. A case of a 42-year-old man with DiGeorge syndrome is presented as an interesting example of an impaired immune mechanism and is described in association with multiple squamous cell carcinomas of the upper respiratory system. The congenital absence of the thymus gland in DiGeorge syndrome results in an absence of a cell-mediated immune response. There are plasma cells and germinal centers in lymph nodes, but lymphocytes in the paracortical areas are sparse. Patients wiith DiGeorge syndrome have no delayed hypersensitivity, cannot be actively sensitized with dinitrochlorobenzene, reject allografts poorly, and have no lymphocytic response to phytohemagglutinin antigens.", "contents": "DiGeorge syndrome associated with multiple squamous cell carcinomas. Experimental evidence and clinical experiences have have shown that immune mechanisms and cancer are closely related. A case of a 42-year-old man with DiGeorge syndrome is presented as an interesting example of an impaired immune mechanism and is described in association with multiple squamous cell carcinomas of the upper respiratory system. The congenital absence of the thymus gland in DiGeorge syndrome results in an absence of a cell-mediated immune response. There are plasma cells and germinal centers in lymph nodes, but lymphocytes in the paracortical areas are sparse. Patients wiith DiGeorge syndrome have no delayed hypersensitivity, cannot be actively sensitized with dinitrochlorobenzene, reject allografts poorly, and have no lymphocytic response to phytohemagglutinin antigens.", "PMID": 836226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1993", "title": "Traumatic neuroma of the nose.", "content": "We report a case of a traumatic neuroma of the nose. It was an unusual site for two distinct types of tissue response to skin and soft trauma that exceeded the reparative needs of the body. In the first instance, a small cutaneous nerve was sectioned, and its inability to establish continuity distally resulted in a neuroma. In the second instance, the excision site of the neuroma was reinjured, and an abnormal connective tissue response occurred, resulting in a hypertrophic scar or keloid. Both were treated similarly with excision, and ultimately with local steroid injection with satisfactory results.", "contents": "Traumatic neuroma of the nose. We report a case of a traumatic neuroma of the nose. It was an unusual site for two distinct types of tissue response to skin and soft trauma that exceeded the reparative needs of the body. In the first instance, a small cutaneous nerve was sectioned, and its inability to establish continuity distally resulted in a neuroma. In the second instance, the excision site of the neuroma was reinjured, and an abnormal connective tissue response occurred, resulting in a hypertrophic scar or keloid. Both were treated similarly with excision, and ultimately with local steroid injection with satisfactory results.", "PMID": 836227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1994", "title": "Delayed epistaxis secondary to shotgun wound to maxillary artery. Report of a case.", "content": "Severe delayed epistaxis following open or closed trauma has been reported in the literature by many authors. We report a case of delayed epistaxis following a shotgun wound to the face. The evaluation of this type of patient, including the use of angiography to localize the bleeding, is illustrated. We review methods of conservative management of epistaxis and outline the surgical treatment of this patient.", "contents": "Delayed epistaxis secondary to shotgun wound to maxillary artery. Report of a case. Severe delayed epistaxis following open or closed trauma has been reported in the literature by many authors. We report a case of delayed epistaxis following a shotgun wound to the face. The evaluation of this type of patient, including the use of angiography to localize the bleeding, is illustrated. We review methods of conservative management of epistaxis and outline the surgical treatment of this patient.", "PMID": 836228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1995", "title": "The importance of tumor attachment to the carotid artery.", "content": "The records of 508 patients who had undergone radical neck dissection were reviewed. Twenty-eight of these patients (5.5%) were found to have tumor attached to the carotide arterial system. Twenty-four patients (86%) died with tumor, the mean survival time being 16.9 months. Local recurrence of tumor in the neck occurred in 46% of the patients and distant metastases in 67%. Eighteen percent of those who developed local recurrence did so in the absence of distant metastases and might have benefited from a more aggressive approach toward the tumor.", "contents": "The importance of tumor attachment to the carotid artery. The records of 508 patients who had undergone radical neck dissection were reviewed. Twenty-eight of these patients (5.5%) were found to have tumor attached to the carotide arterial system. Twenty-four patients (86%) died with tumor, the mean survival time being 16.9 months. Local recurrence of tumor in the neck occurred in 46% of the patients and distant metastases in 67%. Eighteen percent of those who developed local recurrence did so in the absence of distant metastases and might have benefited from a more aggressive approach toward the tumor.", "PMID": 836232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1996", "title": "Cholesteatoma in children.", "content": "The 65 cholesteatomas operated on in children showed a more expansive and rapid growth than those in adults. In one fifth of the cases cholesteatoma filled the whole air-cell area, which was wide in half of the children. Fifty-two ears of these children had an attic or a posterosuperior perforation. One case was complicated by a fistula in the horizontal semicircular canal, and the ossicular chain was unbroken in 23 cases (35%). Thus, the findings support the idea of the primary soft-tissue spread of cholesteatoma in children. Five ears (8%) discharged postoperatively, and three ears (5%) were reoperated on and showed residual tympanal cholesteatoma. Cavity obliteration with canal wall down technique proved safe, even in the cases of the most extensive and active cholesteatoma.", "contents": "Cholesteatoma in children. The 65 cholesteatomas operated on in children showed a more expansive and rapid growth than those in adults. In one fifth of the cases cholesteatoma filled the whole air-cell area, which was wide in half of the children. Fifty-two ears of these children had an attic or a posterosuperior perforation. One case was complicated by a fistula in the horizontal semicircular canal, and the ossicular chain was unbroken in 23 cases (35%). Thus, the findings support the idea of the primary soft-tissue spread of cholesteatoma in children. Five ears (8%) discharged postoperatively, and three ears (5%) were reoperated on and showed residual tympanal cholesteatoma. Cavity obliteration with canal wall down technique proved safe, even in the cases of the most extensive and active cholesteatoma.", "PMID": 836233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1997", "title": "Static compliance of the eardrum in Meniere disease.", "content": "A recent study  compared the acoustic impedance values in the affected and unaffected ears of patients with unilateral Meniere disease, and suggested that the higher impedance measured in the affected ears was due to increased intralabyrinthine pressure (endolymphatic hydrops). The present study does not support these findings. This conclusion is based on the static compliance of 17 patients with unilateral Meniere disease, measured during the glycerin test. Glycerin, an osmotic diuretic, produces transient improvements in pure-tone threshold and/or speech discrimination in the affected ear only. Orally administered glycerin is thought to cause these improvements by reducing endolymphatic hydrops. We were unable to find any change in static complicance after glycerin ingestion. Also no difference between the affected and unaffected ears, either before or after glycerin, was noted.", "contents": "Static compliance of the eardrum in Meniere disease. A recent study  compared the acoustic impedance values in the affected and unaffected ears of patients with unilateral Meniere disease, and suggested that the higher impedance measured in the affected ears was due to increased intralabyrinthine pressure (endolymphatic hydrops). The present study does not support these findings. This conclusion is based on the static compliance of 17 patients with unilateral Meniere disease, measured during the glycerin test. Glycerin, an osmotic diuretic, produces transient improvements in pure-tone threshold and/or speech discrimination in the affected ear only. Orally administered glycerin is thought to cause these improvements by reducing endolymphatic hydrops. We were unable to find any change in static complicance after glycerin ingestion. Also no difference between the affected and unaffected ears, either before or after glycerin, was noted.", "PMID": 836234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1998", "title": "Lateral defects in velopharyngeal insufficiency. Diagnosis and treatment.", "content": "A variety of surgical techniques is available for the closure of substantial velopharyngeal defects. While the use of the centrally based pharyngeal flap remains the cornerstone of surgical treatment, there are patients who have poor lateral pharyngeal wall (LPW) mobility. After surgery that uses a centrally based flap, the speech result in such patients is less than optimal, since the poorly mobile LPW does not approximate to the central flap, thus creating a lateral defect. We have added the Towne view to our protocol for cine-speech studies to study better the lateral defects. This view is perpendicular to the velopharyngeal spincter and shows the true-purse-string nature of it. The incidence of such defects in our last 40 consecutive patients is reviewed. Based on the existence of a lateral defect, recommendations are made for a system of operations in the treatment of velopharyngeal insufficiency.", "contents": "Lateral defects in velopharyngeal insufficiency. Diagnosis and treatment. A variety of surgical techniques is available for the closure of substantial velopharyngeal defects. While the use of the centrally based pharyngeal flap remains the cornerstone of surgical treatment, there are patients who have poor lateral pharyngeal wall (LPW) mobility. After surgery that uses a centrally based flap, the speech result in such patients is less than optimal, since the poorly mobile LPW does not approximate to the central flap, thus creating a lateral defect. We have added the Towne view to our protocol for cine-speech studies to study better the lateral defects. This view is perpendicular to the velopharyngeal spincter and shows the true-purse-string nature of it. The incidence of such defects in our last 40 consecutive patients is reviewed. Based on the existence of a lateral defect, recommendations are made for a system of operations in the treatment of velopharyngeal insufficiency.", "PMID": 836235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_1999", "title": "Parasympathetic nerve section for control of sialorrhea.", "content": "Twenty mentally retarded patients with a considerable drooling problem underwent transtympanic sectioning of selected preganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers to the major salivary glands. Following surgery, cessation of trouble-some sialorrhea occurred in 15 to 20 patients; but by six months postoperatively, only ten patients remained controlled. The best results obtained were in a subgroup of five patients who underwent bilateral Jacobson nerve and chorda tympani nerve section. In four of these patients, sialorrhea was controlled after a minimum follow-up of two years. Parasympathetic denervation of the major salivary glands via a transtympanic approach is offered as a primary modality of therapy in those mentally retarded patients judged to have considerable sialorrhea. Sacrifice of both chorda tympani nerves appears to enhance the surgical results.", "contents": "Parasympathetic nerve section for control of sialorrhea. Twenty mentally retarded patients with a considerable drooling problem underwent transtympanic sectioning of selected preganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers to the major salivary glands. Following surgery, cessation of trouble-some sialorrhea occurred in 15 to 20 patients; but by six months postoperatively, only ten patients remained controlled. The best results obtained were in a subgroup of five patients who underwent bilateral Jacobson nerve and chorda tympani nerve section. In four of these patients, sialorrhea was controlled after a minimum follow-up of two years. Parasympathetic denervation of the major salivary glands via a transtympanic approach is offered as a primary modality of therapy in those mentally retarded patients judged to have considerable sialorrhea. Sacrifice of both chorda tympani nerves appears to enhance the surgical results.", "PMID": 836236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2000", "title": "Perilymph fistulas secondary to gunshot wound. Localization with a radioactive pharmaceutical.", "content": "The symptoms, clinical evaluation, routes of formation, and repair of perilymph fistulas are reviewed. We report a case with oval and round window perilymph fistulas secondary to a gunshot wound. A radioactive pharmaceutical was injected into the subarachnoid space in the lumbar area. Subsequent radioactivity was detected at the sites of the fistulas. We discuss the implications and a suggested technique for fistula detection.", "contents": "Perilymph fistulas secondary to gunshot wound. Localization with a radioactive pharmaceutical. The symptoms, clinical evaluation, routes of formation, and repair of perilymph fistulas are reviewed. We report a case with oval and round window perilymph fistulas secondary to a gunshot wound. A radioactive pharmaceutical was injected into the subarachnoid space in the lumbar area. Subsequent radioactivity was detected at the sites of the fistulas. We discuss the implications and a suggested technique for fistula detection.", "PMID": 836237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2001", "title": "Frequency effects of temporary N1 depression following acoustic overload.", "content": "The effect of acoustic overload on the N1 potential at different frequences was determined. The conditions of overstimulation were such as to produce temporary effects. The results of the study were: (1) the N1 potential was substantially depressed by acoustic overloads that did not alter the alternating current (AC) cochlear potential; (2) the maximum N1 depression was at one-half octave above the overstimulation frequency; (3) there was no N1 depression at frequencies below the frequency of overstimulation; and (4) the N1 depression recovered within 24 hours.", "contents": "Frequency effects of temporary N1 depression following acoustic overload. The effect of acoustic overload on the N1 potential at different frequences was determined. The conditions of overstimulation were such as to produce temporary effects. The results of the study were: (1) the N1 potential was substantially depressed by acoustic overloads that did not alter the alternating current (AC) cochlear potential; (2) the maximum N1 depression was at one-half octave above the overstimulation frequency; (3) there was no N1 depression at frequencies below the frequency of overstimulation; and (4) the N1 depression recovered within 24 hours.", "PMID": 836238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2002", "title": "Influence of succinylcholine on middle component auditory evoked potentials.", "content": "Auditory evoked potentials in the middle component time domain (post-stimulus, 8 to 50 msec) were recorded in response to 1,000-Hz tone pips in a normal-hearing adult subject. Electromyographic (EMG) responses in response to ulnar nerve shocks were recorded from the ipsilateral hypothenar muscles. With the assistance of an anesthesiologist, data were collected during a normal resting state, a state of light sedation, and a state of complete skeletal muscle paralysis from succinylcholine administration. During the paralyzed state, there was abolition of the normal EMG responses seen in the resting and sedated states. The auditory evoked potentials, however, appeared unchanged during the paralyzed state, indicating that they were not of myogenic origin.", "contents": "Influence of succinylcholine on middle component auditory evoked potentials. Auditory evoked potentials in the middle component time domain (post-stimulus, 8 to 50 msec) were recorded in response to 1,000-Hz tone pips in a normal-hearing adult subject. Electromyographic (EMG) responses in response to ulnar nerve shocks were recorded from the ipsilateral hypothenar muscles. With the assistance of an anesthesiologist, data were collected during a normal resting state, a state of light sedation, and a state of complete skeletal muscle paralysis from succinylcholine administration. During the paralyzed state, there was abolition of the normal EMG responses seen in the resting and sedated states. The auditory evoked potentials, however, appeared unchanged during the paralyzed state, indicating that they were not of myogenic origin.", "PMID": 836239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2003", "title": "Postnatal development of laryngeal reflexes in the dog.", "content": "An investigation of laryngeal reflex maturation was undertaken in the dog to identify its period of most rapid postnatal differentiation. The canine model was selected because of its laryngeal reflex similarity to that of the human being. Observations in the dog indicate maximum differentiation to occur 1 to 1 1/2 months postnatally, based on measurements of recurrent laryngeal nerve myelination and conduction velocity. Latency and threshold analyses of evoked laryngeal responses additionally confirm this viewpoint. The importance of these observations rests in an understanding of developmental upper respiratory tract mechanisms that may be chronologically related to causes of fatal ventilatory events producing unexplained infant death. Such a correlation, requiring further confirmation, is based on the assumption that a critical period of most rapid development allows a transient susceptibility to noxious influences that can cause a disruption in organ function and even death of that organism itself.", "contents": "Postnatal development of laryngeal reflexes in the dog. An investigation of laryngeal reflex maturation was undertaken in the dog to identify its period of most rapid postnatal differentiation. The canine model was selected because of its laryngeal reflex similarity to that of the human being. Observations in the dog indicate maximum differentiation to occur 1 to 1 1/2 months postnatally, based on measurements of recurrent laryngeal nerve myelination and conduction velocity. Latency and threshold analyses of evoked laryngeal responses additionally confirm this viewpoint. The importance of these observations rests in an understanding of developmental upper respiratory tract mechanisms that may be chronologically related to causes of fatal ventilatory events producing unexplained infant death. Such a correlation, requiring further confirmation, is based on the assumption that a critical period of most rapid development allows a transient susceptibility to noxious influences that can cause a disruption in organ function and even death of that organism itself.", "PMID": 836240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2004", "title": "Management of otitic cholesteatomas.", "content": "When otitic cholesteatomas are removed by a surgical method that preserves or reconstructs the bony canal wall and tympanic membranes, there is a risk of imcomplete removal and possible regrowth of the lesion. To study the incidence of this complication, 52 patients with cholesteatoma had elective repeaated explorations at various postoperative intervals; eight (15.4%) had early cholesteatoma regrowth even though there was no clinical evidence of it. Seven of these regrowths were small and were again srugically removed. It is advocated that conservative surgery for cholesteatoma be followed up in two years by another elective surgical exploration to check for and dispose of possible cholesteatoma regrowth. This would provide safety comparable to that achieved with radical mastoidectomy, with far better function and hearing. The method does necessitate patient understanding and cooperation and I suggest methods of achieving this.", "contents": "Management of otitic cholesteatomas. When otitic cholesteatomas are removed by a surgical method that preserves or reconstructs the bony canal wall and tympanic membranes, there is a risk of imcomplete removal and possible regrowth of the lesion. To study the incidence of this complication, 52 patients with cholesteatoma had elective repeaated explorations at various postoperative intervals; eight (15.4%) had early cholesteatoma regrowth even though there was no clinical evidence of it. Seven of these regrowths were small and were again srugically removed. It is advocated that conservative surgery for cholesteatoma be followed up in two years by another elective surgical exploration to check for and dispose of possible cholesteatoma regrowth. This would provide safety comparable to that achieved with radical mastoidectomy, with far better function and hearing. The method does necessitate patient understanding and cooperation and I suggest methods of achieving this.", "PMID": 836241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2005", "title": "Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu disease). Management of epistaxis in nine patients using systemic hormone therapy.", "content": "The combination of a progestogen and an estrogen (Enovid, Enovid E) has been used successfully in the management of nine patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) and severe epistaxis: Such therapy was instituted when epistaxis was severe and only after other therapeutic measures had failed. Seven of our patients required the 5-mg tablet (Enovid) to achieve a satisfactory clinical result; two patients received the 2.5-mg preparation (Enovid E). The eight women received cyclic therapy; the man received therapy without interruption. Because of the possibility of serious adverse effects from the drugs, it is required that each patient receive a complete medical evaluation prior to therapy and at frequent intervals while receiving therapy. Enovid therapy for HHT is not recommended for the patient with mild bleeding that can be controlled by conventional therapy.", "contents": "Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu disease). Management of epistaxis in nine patients using systemic hormone therapy. The combination of a progestogen and an estrogen (Enovid, Enovid E) has been used successfully in the management of nine patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) and severe epistaxis: Such therapy was instituted when epistaxis was severe and only after other therapeutic measures had failed. Seven of our patients required the 5-mg tablet (Enovid) to achieve a satisfactory clinical result; two patients received the 2.5-mg preparation (Enovid E). The eight women received cyclic therapy; the man received therapy without interruption. Because of the possibility of serious adverse effects from the drugs, it is required that each patient receive a complete medical evaluation prior to therapy and at frequent intervals while receiving therapy. Enovid therapy for HHT is not recommended for the patient with mild bleeding that can be controlled by conventional therapy.", "PMID": 836242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2006", "title": "Auditory test results in 500 cases of acoustic neuroma.", "content": "Auditory test results in the first 53 causes of this series of 500 acoustic neuromas were reported in 1964. Subsequent studies involving larger numbers of patients detailed new results based on these additional cases. Five hundred cases of surgically confirmed acoustic neuromas were analyzed. Pure-tone loss configurations, speech discrimination, auditory adaptation as measured by the modified tone decay test, Bekesy audiometry, short increment sensitivity index test, and alternate binaural loudness balance test data were evaluated. The results of this investigation in general confirm previous studies, although percentage figures for positive tests differed in the large series. Acoustic reflex results were reported for those patients evaluated more recently. Slightly more than half of the cases had inconsistent audiometric results in one or more aspects. Inconsistencies to the tests were examined in detail. Consistent responses to the tests appear to be related to the size of the lesion. The full battery of audiologic tests is of importance in the differential diagnosis of acoustic neuromas.", "contents": "Auditory test results in 500 cases of acoustic neuroma. Auditory test results in the first 53 causes of this series of 500 acoustic neuromas were reported in 1964. Subsequent studies involving larger numbers of patients detailed new results based on these additional cases. Five hundred cases of surgically confirmed acoustic neuromas were analyzed. Pure-tone loss configurations, speech discrimination, auditory adaptation as measured by the modified tone decay test, Bekesy audiometry, short increment sensitivity index test, and alternate binaural loudness balance test data were evaluated. The results of this investigation in general confirm previous studies, although percentage figures for positive tests differed in the large series. Acoustic reflex results were reported for those patients evaluated more recently. Slightly more than half of the cases had inconsistent audiometric results in one or more aspects. Inconsistencies to the tests were examined in detail. Consistent responses to the tests appear to be related to the size of the lesion. The full battery of audiologic tests is of importance in the differential diagnosis of acoustic neuromas.", "PMID": 836243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2007", "title": "Solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma of the larynx.", "content": "Plasmacytomas, indistinguishable histologically from plasma cell tumors arising in bone marrow, occur almost anywhere in the body-usually independently of multiple myeloma. Thus, they represent an isolated area of plasmacytic dyscrasia but occasionally can be the first evidence of multiple myeloma. From 1949 to 1974, six patients with solitary extramedullary plasmacytomas of the larynx were seen at the Mayo Clinic; during this period, approximately 3,100 patients with malignant laryngeal neoplasms were examined. For these six patients, the median age was 53 years (range, 32 to 63 years). The first symptom in five patients was hoarseness (mean duration, nine months). Excision, electrocoagulation, irradiation, or some combination of these constituted effective therapy. Follow-up ranged from 3 to 25 years. The choice of therapy depends on the size, shape, and location of the tumor. Extensive surgery is rarely necessary.", "contents": "Solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma of the larynx. Plasmacytomas, indistinguishable histologically from plasma cell tumors arising in bone marrow, occur almost anywhere in the body-usually independently of multiple myeloma. Thus, they represent an isolated area of plasmacytic dyscrasia but occasionally can be the first evidence of multiple myeloma. From 1949 to 1974, six patients with solitary extramedullary plasmacytomas of the larynx were seen at the Mayo Clinic; during this period, approximately 3,100 patients with malignant laryngeal neoplasms were examined. For these six patients, the median age was 53 years (range, 32 to 63 years). The first symptom in five patients was hoarseness (mean duration, nine months). Excision, electrocoagulation, irradiation, or some combination of these constituted effective therapy. Follow-up ranged from 3 to 25 years. The choice of therapy depends on the size, shape, and location of the tumor. Extensive surgery is rarely necessary.", "PMID": 836244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2008", "title": "Histopathologic changes in the temporal bone resulting from measles infection.", "content": "We report the pathologic changes in the temporal bones of four children who died of bronchoppenumonia secondary to acute measles infection. All suffered from severe necrotizing otitis media characterized by round cell infiltration. In one case, multilobulated giant cells (Warthin-Finkelday) were found in the middle ear. These cells appear to be similar to those found elsewhere within the body during acute measles infection. Inner ear changes were seen in two cases. Severe loss of nerve fibers and ganglion cells with atrophy of the striae vascularis was present in one case. Adhesions were seen between the Reissner membrane and the tectorial membrane in one case and the Reissner membrane and the inner spiral limbus in a second case. Such findings are characteristic of those seen in the cochlear duct of persons suffering from prenatal rubella.", "contents": "Histopathologic changes in the temporal bone resulting from measles infection. We report the pathologic changes in the temporal bones of four children who died of bronchoppenumonia secondary to acute measles infection. All suffered from severe necrotizing otitis media characterized by round cell infiltration. In one case, multilobulated giant cells (Warthin-Finkelday) were found in the middle ear. These cells appear to be similar to those found elsewhere within the body during acute measles infection. Inner ear changes were seen in two cases. Severe loss of nerve fibers and ganglion cells with atrophy of the striae vascularis was present in one case. Adhesions were seen between the Reissner membrane and the tectorial membrane in one case and the Reissner membrane and the inner spiral limbus in a second case. Such findings are characteristic of those seen in the cochlear duct of persons suffering from prenatal rubella.", "PMID": 836245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2009", "title": "Postnatal descent of the epiglottis in man. A preliminary report.", "content": "The function of the epiglottis in adult man is unclear. However, during early infancy the epiglottic cartilage appears to play an important role in separating the upper respiratory tract from the upper digestive tract. This separation is accomplished by approximation of the epiglottis to the palate, providing a continuous airway from the nose through the larynx into the trachea. This structural arrangement, however, is uniquely lost in man during postnatal development. Maturational descent of the epiglottis, found to occur between 4 and 6 months of age, is verified by cineradiography. This structural change, requiring a reorganization of respiratory function, represents a discrete developmental event manifesting the potential for oral tidal respiration from a pattern of obligate nasal breathing. This period, four to six months postnatally, interestingly coincides with the peak incidence of sudden infant death syndrome (crib death), which similarly occurs at 3 to 5 months of age.", "contents": "Postnatal descent of the epiglottis in man. A preliminary report. The function of the epiglottis in adult man is unclear. However, during early infancy the epiglottic cartilage appears to play an important role in separating the upper respiratory tract from the upper digestive tract. This separation is accomplished by approximation of the epiglottis to the palate, providing a continuous airway from the nose through the larynx into the trachea. This structural arrangement, however, is uniquely lost in man during postnatal development. Maturational descent of the epiglottis, found to occur between 4 and 6 months of age, is verified by cineradiography. This structural change, requiring a reorganization of respiratory function, represents a discrete developmental event manifesting the potential for oral tidal respiration from a pattern of obligate nasal breathing. This period, four to six months postnatally, interestingly coincides with the peak incidence of sudden infant death syndrome (crib death), which similarly occurs at 3 to 5 months of age.", "PMID": 836246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2010", "title": "Oncocytes in the nasopharynx.", "content": "A mucosal biopsy specimen taken from the anterior superior part of the nasopharynx revealed the presence of numerous oncocytes. These cells were observed in both the mucosal epithelium and in the submucosal glands. Ultrastructurally, the oncocytes were characterized by vast numbers of closely packed mitochondria, which in some cells had a rarified matrix, and by a paucity of other cytoplasmic organelles. It could not be determined whether these cells represented an early stage in the development of a nasopharyngeal oncocytoma, or whether they were the result of local reactive oncocytic metaplasia.", "contents": "Oncocytes in the nasopharynx. A mucosal biopsy specimen taken from the anterior superior part of the nasopharynx revealed the presence of numerous oncocytes. These cells were observed in both the mucosal epithelium and in the submucosal glands. Ultrastructurally, the oncocytes were characterized by vast numbers of closely packed mitochondria, which in some cells had a rarified matrix, and by a paucity of other cytoplasmic organelles. It could not be determined whether these cells represented an early stage in the development of a nasopharyngeal oncocytoma, or whether they were the result of local reactive oncocytic metaplasia.", "PMID": 836248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2011", "title": "The cardiovascular response to acoustic stimuli.", "content": "The purposes of this investigation were to determine whether adults display alterations of cardiac rate under acoustical stimulus conditions and whether such alterations are influenced by signal level. The stimulus consisted of a narrow band of noise centered at 1 000 Hz and presented at 20, 40, 60 and 80 dB SPL. The stimulus was found to produce alterations of heart rate significantly different from variation under non-stimulus conditions, indicating that cardiovascular responses occurred. However, the responses themselves were unaffected by differences of sound pressure level.", "contents": "The cardiovascular response to acoustic stimuli. The purposes of this investigation were to determine whether adults display alterations of cardiac rate under acoustical stimulus conditions and whether such alterations are influenced by signal level. The stimulus consisted of a narrow band of noise centered at 1 000 Hz and presented at 20, 40, 60 and 80 dB SPL. The stimulus was found to produce alterations of heart rate significantly different from variation under non-stimulus conditions, indicating that cardiovascular responses occurred. However, the responses themselves were unaffected by differences of sound pressure level.", "PMID": 836249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2012", "title": "Asymptotic noise-induced temporary threshold shift in chinchilla measured by the auditory evoked response.", "content": "Monaural chinchillas were exposed to octave band (4 kHz center frequency) noise at 80 dB SPL for 96 h. Auditory threshold at frequencies of 1, 2, 4, and 8 kHz was estimated by the auditory evoked response (AER) technique prior to noise exposure, and on a fixed schedule, both during exposure and following removal from the noise. Results were analyzed in terms of both threshold and threshold shift. Results indicate that the AER is adequate measure of asymptotic noise-induced temporary threshold shift. Advantages of the use of AER as opposed to behavioral means of threshold determination are discussed. Threshold during this long-term noise exposure was found to be determined by the spectral and intensity components of the noise independent of pre-exposure threshold. Implications for future research in long-term noise exposure are discussed.", "contents": "Asymptotic noise-induced temporary threshold shift in chinchilla measured by the auditory evoked response. Monaural chinchillas were exposed to octave band (4 kHz center frequency) noise at 80 dB SPL for 96 h. Auditory threshold at frequencies of 1, 2, 4, and 8 kHz was estimated by the auditory evoked response (AER) technique prior to noise exposure, and on a fixed schedule, both during exposure and following removal from the noise. Results were analyzed in terms of both threshold and threshold shift. Results indicate that the AER is adequate measure of asymptotic noise-induced temporary threshold shift. Advantages of the use of AER as opposed to behavioral means of threshold determination are discussed. Threshold during this long-term noise exposure was found to be determined by the spectral and intensity components of the noise independent of pre-exposure threshold. Implications for future research in long-term noise exposure are discussed.", "PMID": 836250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2013", "title": "Middle components of human auditory averaged electroencephalic response: waveform variations during averaging.", "content": "The bases for variations of the middle-component (8-50 ms) auditory averaged electroencephalic response (AER) to clicks during the averaging process were explored by examining (1) the trend of the mean variance of the averaged waveform, (2) averaged waveforms generated by successive blocks of stimuli fractioned from a total of 512 stimuli, and (3) averaged waveforms generated by successive, but partially overlapping, blocks of responses recorded for a train of 512 stimuli. These analyses indicated no systematic changes in peak latencies or peak-to-peak amplitudes as stimulation progressed. Fluctuations in middle AER waveform are more readily explained by non-stationarity of the background electrophysiologic noise. Previously reported amplitude reduction with increasing stimulus number possibly can be explained by progressive reduction of the background noise on which the consistent-amplitude middle components are superimposed.", "contents": "Middle components of human auditory averaged electroencephalic response: waveform variations during averaging. The bases for variations of the middle-component (8-50 ms) auditory averaged electroencephalic response (AER) to clicks during the averaging process were explored by examining (1) the trend of the mean variance of the averaged waveform, (2) averaged waveforms generated by successive blocks of stimuli fractioned from a total of 512 stimuli, and (3) averaged waveforms generated by successive, but partially overlapping, blocks of responses recorded for a train of 512 stimuli. These analyses indicated no systematic changes in peak latencies or peak-to-peak amplitudes as stimulation progressed. Fluctuations in middle AER waveform are more readily explained by non-stationarity of the background electrophysiologic noise. Previously reported amplitude reduction with increasing stimulus number possibly can be explained by progressive reduction of the background noise on which the consistent-amplitude middle components are superimposed.", "PMID": 836251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2014", "title": "[Stapedial reflexes in presbyacusis and occupational deafness].", "content": "Acoustic reflex thresholds were measured on 251 subjects (418 ears) with varying degrees of sensorineural hearing loss. The subjects are divided in three groups according to the pathology involved: presbyacusis and noise-induced hearing loss and combined hearing loss caused by both presbyacusis and noise exposure. The dynamic range of hearing was found to be reduced for all cases and at all frequencies. The decrease in dynamic range was proportional to the severity of the hearing loss. The sensation levels of the acoustic reflex thresholds seem to be dependent on the degree of hearing loss and not on the aetiology. Practical conclusions are drawn concerning the prediction of thresholds of hearing and the diagnosis of recruitment based on reflex measurements.", "contents": "[Stapedial reflexes in presbyacusis and occupational deafness]. Acoustic reflex thresholds were measured on 251 subjects (418 ears) with varying degrees of sensorineural hearing loss. The subjects are divided in three groups according to the pathology involved: presbyacusis and noise-induced hearing loss and combined hearing loss caused by both presbyacusis and noise exposure. The dynamic range of hearing was found to be reduced for all cases and at all frequencies. The decrease in dynamic range was proportional to the severity of the hearing loss. The sensation levels of the acoustic reflex thresholds seem to be dependent on the degree of hearing loss and not on the aetiology. Practical conclusions are drawn concerning the prediction of thresholds of hearing and the diagnosis of recruitment based on reflex measurements.", "PMID": 836252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2015", "title": "Audiometric and ophthalmological findings in rubella deafness.", "content": "In an attempt to study the relevance of ophthalmological changes to the diagnosis of cochlear hearing impairment due to fetal rubella infection, a survey of the literature combined with a clinical investigation was carried out. Based on the investigation of 57 patients, 31% had congenital hearing impairment due to fetal rubella infection. Of these patients, 61% had typical rubella retinal changes. In the remaining 69%, ophthalmoscopy revealed no abnormality, except in 1 patient. As the cause of the hearing impairment in this patient was unknown, it was concluded that the mother had suffered from subclinical rubella infection in the first trimester of her pregnancy. It is concluded that rubella retinitis is found with such a high incidence in rubella children that it can be used as a tool in the diagnosis of cochlear hearing impairment due to fetal rubella infection. Patients with congenital hearing impairment ought to undergo a routine ophthalmoscopy which will detect eventual pigmentary changes.", "contents": "Audiometric and ophthalmological findings in rubella deafness. In an attempt to study the relevance of ophthalmological changes to the diagnosis of cochlear hearing impairment due to fetal rubella infection, a survey of the literature combined with a clinical investigation was carried out. Based on the investigation of 57 patients, 31% had congenital hearing impairment due to fetal rubella infection. Of these patients, 61% had typical rubella retinal changes. In the remaining 69%, ophthalmoscopy revealed no abnormality, except in 1 patient. As the cause of the hearing impairment in this patient was unknown, it was concluded that the mother had suffered from subclinical rubella infection in the first trimester of her pregnancy. It is concluded that rubella retinitis is found with such a high incidence in rubella children that it can be used as a tool in the diagnosis of cochlear hearing impairment due to fetal rubella infection. Patients with congenital hearing impairment ought to undergo a routine ophthalmoscopy which will detect eventual pigmentary changes.", "PMID": 836253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2016", "title": "Pseudoauditory air conduction thresholds in the deaf.", "content": "Pure-tone air conduction thresholds, as well as speech detection thresholds, were obtained from both ears of 10 profoundly deaf individuals before and after the administration of a local anesthetic in two conditions: under earphones, and while wearing a conventional-type hearing aid. The results indicated only minimal differences between the pre-anesthetic and post-anesthetic thresholds. These findings support the contention that high intensity, low frequency thresholds in the profoundly deaf are primarily auditory in nature and do not contain significant vibratory components. The continued use of hearing aids with profoundly deaf children is recommended.", "contents": "Pseudoauditory air conduction thresholds in the deaf. Pure-tone air conduction thresholds, as well as speech detection thresholds, were obtained from both ears of 10 profoundly deaf individuals before and after the administration of a local anesthetic in two conditions: under earphones, and while wearing a conventional-type hearing aid. The results indicated only minimal differences between the pre-anesthetic and post-anesthetic thresholds. These findings support the contention that high intensity, low frequency thresholds in the profoundly deaf are primarily auditory in nature and do not contain significant vibratory components. The continued use of hearing aids with profoundly deaf children is recommended.", "PMID": 836254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2017", "title": "The relative importance of recovery time in compression hearing aids.", "content": "Recovery time (RT) in compression hearing aids was studied using six aids of identical characteristics except for factory-modified RT. Recordings of CID W-22 lists were made through the aids and played to normally hearing and otopathologic (sensorineural) subjects. Speech intelligibility was measurably influenced by RT variation with attack time held constant (10 ms). The effect was much more pronounced with the normal than with the hearing-impaired listeners, a phenomenon not unexpected when testing such a subtle feature in a low-fidelity transmission system. When the RTs of the aids were respecified according to a proposed standard (IEC) the data suggested that RTs for English in the vicinity of 90 ms may be most desirable. Additional work is required using more complex stimuli and background noise.", "contents": "The relative importance of recovery time in compression hearing aids. Recovery time (RT) in compression hearing aids was studied using six aids of identical characteristics except for factory-modified RT. Recordings of CID W-22 lists were made through the aids and played to normally hearing and otopathologic (sensorineural) subjects. Speech intelligibility was measurably influenced by RT variation with attack time held constant (10 ms). The effect was much more pronounced with the normal than with the hearing-impaired listeners, a phenomenon not unexpected when testing such a subtle feature in a low-fidelity transmission system. When the RTs of the aids were respecified according to a proposed standard (IEC) the data suggested that RTs for English in the vicinity of 90 ms may be most desirable. Additional work is required using more complex stimuli and background noise.", "PMID": 836255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2018", "title": "A comparison of hearing aids with amplitude compression.", "content": "Intelligibility scores with a modified rhyme test were obtained for normally hearing subjects and subjects with sensorineural hearing impairment using several commercial hearing aids. These hearing aids differed mainly in values of time constants of compression and of harmonic distortion during overshoots. In general, better performance was obtained for the shorter time constants of compression, but performance seemed also to be affected by the occurrence of higher levels of harmonic distortion and of peak-clipping during overshoots.", "contents": "A comparison of hearing aids with amplitude compression. Intelligibility scores with a modified rhyme test were obtained for normally hearing subjects and subjects with sensorineural hearing impairment using several commercial hearing aids. These hearing aids differed mainly in values of time constants of compression and of harmonic distortion during overshoots. In general, better performance was obtained for the shorter time constants of compression, but performance seemed also to be affected by the occurrence of higher levels of harmonic distortion and of peak-clipping during overshoots.", "PMID": 836256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2019", "title": "Progressive systemic sclerosis in a family: case report of a mother and son and review of the literature.", "content": "Progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) developed in a 6-year-old boy and in his 38-year-old mother 9 years later. Both parent and child had Raynaud's phenomenon, integumental sclerosis, and pulmonary involvement, but they differed in other aspects of their disease. Previous descriptions of the familial occurrence of PSS are reviewed and compared to the present case reports. Environmental and genetic factors of possible etiologic significance are discussed.", "contents": "Progressive systemic sclerosis in a family: case report of a mother and son and review of the literature. Progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) developed in a 6-year-old boy and in his 38-year-old mother 9 years later. Both parent and child had Raynaud's phenomenon, integumental sclerosis, and pulmonary involvement, but they differed in other aspects of their disease. Previous descriptions of the familial occurrence of PSS are reviewed and compared to the present case reports. Environmental and genetic factors of possible etiologic significance are discussed.", "PMID": 836336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2020", "title": "Resources for the care of arthritics in a nonmetropolitan community. Redding, California.", "content": "All professional, institutional, and administrative resources available to persons with musculoskeletal disabilities, including arthritis, were surveyed in a large nonmetropolitan community. Access to such resources and their residual capacity to serve local arthritics was determined. The resources appeared adequate as was the access, but the referral pattern was poorly developed. Most of the physicians in the community did not perceive a need for a trained rheumatologist practicing in the community.", "contents": "Resources for the care of arthritics in a nonmetropolitan community. Redding, California. All professional, institutional, and administrative resources available to persons with musculoskeletal disabilities, including arthritis, were surveyed in a large nonmetropolitan community. Access to such resources and their residual capacity to serve local arthritics was determined. The resources appeared adequate as was the access, but the referral pattern was poorly developed. Most of the physicians in the community did not perceive a need for a trained rheumatologist practicing in the community.", "PMID": 836337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2021", "title": "Comparative effects of adrenal regeneration hypertension on non-arteriosclerotic and arteriosclerotic Sprague-Dawley vs spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Adrenal regeneration hypertension (ARH) was induced in virgin and breeder, spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The blood pressure of the previously normotensive, virgin, SD rats and the SD breeder rats with preexistent mild hypertension became greatly elevated. ARH caused an increase in the preexisted severe hypertension in SHR virgin and breeder rats. Serum enzymes, e.g., CPK, SGOT and LDH, were greatly elevated concomitant with the finding of old and new foci of myocardial necrosis. ARH produced a dichotomous metabolic effect, i.e., elevated cholesterol, glucose, and corticosterone levels in SD rats but reduced levels in SHR rats. The zonae glomerulosae of the the regenerated adrenal glands of SD rats were devoid of lipid whereas the zonae glomerulosae of SHR rats were full of lipid. Intact SHR breeder rats develop arterial lesions confined to their reproductive organs but after ARH treatment, they were found to have aortic, coronary and renal arterial lesions which were similar to those which occur, spontaneously, in SD breeder rats. It is suggested that changes in the spectrum of adrenal steroids produced during ARH may contribute to the diverse metabolic changes and the alterations in the usual cardiovascular degenerative changes found in these two strains.", "contents": "Comparative effects of adrenal regeneration hypertension on non-arteriosclerotic and arteriosclerotic Sprague-Dawley vs spontaneously hypertensive rats. Adrenal regeneration hypertension (ARH) was induced in virgin and breeder, spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The blood pressure of the previously normotensive, virgin, SD rats and the SD breeder rats with preexistent mild hypertension became greatly elevated. ARH caused an increase in the preexisted severe hypertension in SHR virgin and breeder rats. Serum enzymes, e.g., CPK, SGOT and LDH, were greatly elevated concomitant with the finding of old and new foci of myocardial necrosis. ARH produced a dichotomous metabolic effect, i.e., elevated cholesterol, glucose, and corticosterone levels in SD rats but reduced levels in SHR rats. The zonae glomerulosae of the the regenerated adrenal glands of SD rats were devoid of lipid whereas the zonae glomerulosae of SHR rats were full of lipid. Intact SHR breeder rats develop arterial lesions confined to their reproductive organs but after ARH treatment, they were found to have aortic, coronary and renal arterial lesions which were similar to those which occur, spontaneously, in SD breeder rats. It is suggested that changes in the spectrum of adrenal steroids produced during ARH may contribute to the diverse metabolic changes and the alterations in the usual cardiovascular degenerative changes found in these two strains.", "PMID": 836344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2022", "title": "Glucocorticosteroid inhibition of nonphagocytic discharge of lysosomal enzymes from human neutrophils.", "content": "Glucocorticosteroids and mineralocorticosteroids were tested for their capacity to inhibit the nonphagocytic discharge of two lysosomal enzymes--a cartilage matrix-degrading neutral protease and beta-glucuronidase--from highly purified human neutrophils. Lysosomal enzyme discharge from neutrophils adherent to nonphagocytizable, immobilized, heat-aggregated IgG was inhibited by the four glucocorticosteroids--methylprednisolone sodium succinate, triamcinolone acetonide hemisuccinate, para methasone acetate, and hydrocortisone sodium succinate. These glucocorticoids also inhibited zymosan-induced release of beta-glucuronidase from neutrophils that had been pretreated with cytochalasin B in order to completely prevent the onset of phagocytosis. Inhibition by the glucocorticoids of lysosomal enzyme discharge provoked by a soluble divalent cation ionophore was also observed. Neither desoxycorticosterone acetate nor aldosterone hemisuccinate, two mineralocorticosteroids, inhibited lysosomal enzyme release. Similarly, the salt moieties of some of the steroids tested, such as sodium succinate and sodium acetate, failed to elicit an effect on enzyme release. Therefore interference with lysosomal enzyme discharge was restricted to the glucocorticosteroid ring structure. Because interference either with the adherence of neutrophils to immune reactants or with the activities of the discharged lysosomal enzymes by the glucocorticoids could be interpreted as inhibition of lysosomal enzyme release, steroidal effects on these parameters were examined. None of the glucocorticoids tested elicited any significant effects on neutrophil adherence or lysosomal enzyme activity. Thus it appears that glucocorticosteroids are capable of inhibiting directly the nonphagocytic discharge of lysosomal enzymes from human neutrophils.", "contents": "Glucocorticosteroid inhibition of nonphagocytic discharge of lysosomal enzymes from human neutrophils. Glucocorticosteroids and mineralocorticosteroids were tested for their capacity to inhibit the nonphagocytic discharge of two lysosomal enzymes--a cartilage matrix-degrading neutral protease and beta-glucuronidase--from highly purified human neutrophils. Lysosomal enzyme discharge from neutrophils adherent to nonphagocytizable, immobilized, heat-aggregated IgG was inhibited by the four glucocorticosteroids--methylprednisolone sodium succinate, triamcinolone acetonide hemisuccinate, para methasone acetate, and hydrocortisone sodium succinate. These glucocorticoids also inhibited zymosan-induced release of beta-glucuronidase from neutrophils that had been pretreated with cytochalasin B in order to completely prevent the onset of phagocytosis. Inhibition by the glucocorticoids of lysosomal enzyme discharge provoked by a soluble divalent cation ionophore was also observed. Neither desoxycorticosterone acetate nor aldosterone hemisuccinate, two mineralocorticosteroids, inhibited lysosomal enzyme release. Similarly, the salt moieties of some of the steroids tested, such as sodium succinate and sodium acetate, failed to elicit an effect on enzyme release. Therefore interference with lysosomal enzyme discharge was restricted to the glucocorticosteroid ring structure. Because interference either with the adherence of neutrophils to immune reactants or with the activities of the discharged lysosomal enzymes by the glucocorticoids could be interpreted as inhibition of lysosomal enzyme release, steroidal effects on these parameters were examined. None of the glucocorticoids tested elicited any significant effects on neutrophil adherence or lysosomal enzyme activity. Thus it appears that glucocorticosteroids are capable of inhibiting directly the nonphagocytic discharge of lysosomal enzymes from human neutrophils.", "PMID": 836339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2023", "title": "Lactoferrin and lysozyme levels in synovial fluid: differential indices of articular inflammation and degradation.", "content": "Lysozyme and lactoferrin levels were measured in 71 synovial fluids (SF) of patients with traumatic effusions, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, pseudogout, septic arthritis, and gout, as well as in 91 synovial fluids graded according to their neutrophil count. Elevated lysozyme levels were found in all the inflammatory arthritides and also in osteoarthritis. Lactoferrin levels were not increased in osteoarthritis but displayed a close correlation to the extent of the inflammatory response as judged by SF neutrophilia. The ratio of lysozyme to lactoferrin decreased progressively with increasing SF neutrophilia. In vitro experiments showed that lactoferrin is released from neutrophils isochronously with lysozyme and beta-glucuronidase. Lactoferrin was not found in hyaline cartilage, a tissue known to contain lysozyme. These results are consistent with belief that SF lysozyme has a major derivation from both cartilage and neutrophils, and that lactoferrin arises only from neutrophils. These findings indicate that the simultaneous measurement of lysozyme and lactoferrin provides a potentially useful index of both joint inflammation and cartilage degradation.", "contents": "Lactoferrin and lysozyme levels in synovial fluid: differential indices of articular inflammation and degradation. Lysozyme and lactoferrin levels were measured in 71 synovial fluids (SF) of patients with traumatic effusions, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, pseudogout, septic arthritis, and gout, as well as in 91 synovial fluids graded according to their neutrophil count. Elevated lysozyme levels were found in all the inflammatory arthritides and also in osteoarthritis. Lactoferrin levels were not increased in osteoarthritis but displayed a close correlation to the extent of the inflammatory response as judged by SF neutrophilia. The ratio of lysozyme to lactoferrin decreased progressively with increasing SF neutrophilia. In vitro experiments showed that lactoferrin is released from neutrophils isochronously with lysozyme and beta-glucuronidase. Lactoferrin was not found in hyaline cartilage, a tissue known to contain lysozyme. These results are consistent with belief that SF lysozyme has a major derivation from both cartilage and neutrophils, and that lactoferrin arises only from neutrophils. These findings indicate that the simultaneous measurement of lysozyme and lactoferrin provides a potentially useful index of both joint inflammation and cartilage degradation.", "PMID": 836340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2024", "title": "The effect of continuous heparin infusion for one year on serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in the dog.", "content": "Fourteen normal dogs received continuous infusions of intravenous heparin for one year by means of an implantable infusion pump. Heparin wad admistered at an overall mean rate of 666 units/kg/day, a dose sufficient to prolong the Lee-White clotting time to greater than twice normal. Eight control, animals, under the same dietary and activity regimen, received continuous infusions of bacteriostatic water for one year by means of implanted pumps. Serum cholesterol concentrations rose to 50% above control values after one month of heparin infusion, and remained significantly (P less than 0.05) elevated at this level for the remaining 11 months. Serum triglyceride levels were unchanged. A possible mechanism for this elevation resides in the known effect of heparin to increase plasma free fatty acid concentrations by its activation of lipoprotein lipase. These results may have implications for the long-term use of heparin anticoagulation in the treatment of atherosclerotic states in man.", "contents": "The effect of continuous heparin infusion for one year on serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in the dog. Fourteen normal dogs received continuous infusions of intravenous heparin for one year by means of an implantable infusion pump. Heparin wad admistered at an overall mean rate of 666 units/kg/day, a dose sufficient to prolong the Lee-White clotting time to greater than twice normal. Eight control, animals, under the same dietary and activity regimen, received continuous infusions of bacteriostatic water for one year by means of implanted pumps. Serum cholesterol concentrations rose to 50% above control values after one month of heparin infusion, and remained significantly (P less than 0.05) elevated at this level for the remaining 11 months. Serum triglyceride levels were unchanged. A possible mechanism for this elevation resides in the known effect of heparin to increase plasma free fatty acid concentrations by its activation of lipoprotein lipase. These results may have implications for the long-term use of heparin anticoagulation in the treatment of atherosclerotic states in man.", "PMID": 836345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2025", "title": "Relapsing polychondritis: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "Ear cartilage from a typical case of relapsing polychondritis was examined with the electron microscope. A large number of dense granules and vesicles, which were compatible with matrix vesicles or lysosomes, surrounded the affected chondrocytes. In less severely damaged chondrocytes, these granules and vesicles appeared to be formed by pinching off of the cytoplasmic processes or by budding from the processes. Calcification of the granules was minimal. In severely damaged chondrocytes, an admixture of these granules and cytoplasmic organelles occurred. It is speculated that many of these dense granules are lysosomal in nature and that they may produce inflammation and reduce the proteoglycan content of cartilage.", "contents": "Relapsing polychondritis: an ultrastructural study. Ear cartilage from a typical case of relapsing polychondritis was examined with the electron microscope. A large number of dense granules and vesicles, which were compatible with matrix vesicles or lysosomes, surrounded the affected chondrocytes. In less severely damaged chondrocytes, these granules and vesicles appeared to be formed by pinching off of the cytoplasmic processes or by budding from the processes. Calcification of the granules was minimal. In severely damaged chondrocytes, an admixture of these granules and cytoplasmic organelles occurred. It is speculated that many of these dense granules are lysosomal in nature and that they may produce inflammation and reduce the proteoglycan content of cartilage.", "PMID": 836341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2026", "title": "Lyme arthritis: an epidemic of oligoarticular arthritis in children and adults in three connecticut communities.", "content": "An epidemic form of arthritis has been occurring in eastern Connecticut at least since 1972, with the peak incidence of new cases in the summer and early fall. Its identification has been possible because of tight geographic clustering in some areas, and because of a characteristic preceding skin lesion in some patients. The authors studied 51 residents of three contiguous Connecticut communities -- 39 children and 12 adults -- who developed an illness characterized by recurrent attacks of asymmetric swelling and pain in a few large joints, especially the knee. Attacks were usually short (median: 1 week) with much longer intervening periods of complete remission (median: 2.5 months), but some attacks lasted for months. To date the typical patient has had three recurrences, but 16 patients have had none. A median of 4 weeks (range: 1-24) before the onset of arthritis, 13 patients (25%) noted an erythematous papule that developed into an expanding, red, annular lesion, as much as 50 cm in diameter. Only 2 of 159 family members of patients had such a lesion and did not develop arthritis (P less than 0.000001). The overalll prevalence of the arthritis was 4.3 cases per 1,000 residents, but the prevalence among children living on four roads was 1 in 10. Six families had more than 1 affected member. Nine of 20 symptomatic patients had low serum C3 levels, compared to none of 31 asymptomatic patients (P less than 0.005); no patient had iridocyclitis or a positive test for antinuclear antibodies. Neither cultures of synovium and synovial fluid nor serologic tests were positive for agents known to cause arthritis. \"Lynne arthritis\" is thought to be a previously unrecognized clinical entity, the epidemiology of which suggests transmission by an arthropod vector.", "contents": "Lyme arthritis: an epidemic of oligoarticular arthritis in children and adults in three connecticut communities. An epidemic form of arthritis has been occurring in eastern Connecticut at least since 1972, with the peak incidence of new cases in the summer and early fall. Its identification has been possible because of tight geographic clustering in some areas, and because of a characteristic preceding skin lesion in some patients. The authors studied 51 residents of three contiguous Connecticut communities -- 39 children and 12 adults -- who developed an illness characterized by recurrent attacks of asymmetric swelling and pain in a few large joints, especially the knee. Attacks were usually short (median: 1 week) with much longer intervening periods of complete remission (median: 2.5 months), but some attacks lasted for months. To date the typical patient has had three recurrences, but 16 patients have had none. A median of 4 weeks (range: 1-24) before the onset of arthritis, 13 patients (25%) noted an erythematous papule that developed into an expanding, red, annular lesion, as much as 50 cm in diameter. Only 2 of 159 family members of patients had such a lesion and did not develop arthritis (P less than 0.000001). The overalll prevalence of the arthritis was 4.3 cases per 1,000 residents, but the prevalence among children living on four roads was 1 in 10. Six families had more than 1 affected member. Nine of 20 symptomatic patients had low serum C3 levels, compared to none of 31 asymptomatic patients (P less than 0.005); no patient had iridocyclitis or a positive test for antinuclear antibodies. Neither cultures of synovium and synovial fluid nor serologic tests were positive for agents known to cause arthritis. \"Lynne arthritis\" is thought to be a previously unrecognized clinical entity, the epidemiology of which suggests transmission by an arthropod vector.", "PMID": 836338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2027", "title": "Fatty acid composition of adipose tissue in patients with coronary heart disease.", "content": "In order to study the relationship between the fatty acid composition of adipose tissue and coronary heart disease (CHD), 34 consecutive male patients with acute myocardial infarction and 33 hospitalized men free of CHD were compared. Patients with diabetes mellitus, endocrine disorders, liver and kidney diseases, recent changes in body weight and deviations from the \"normal\", customary diet were exlcuded. A statistically significant difference between the two groups was observed only in stearic acid, its proportion being lower in CHD patients (3.25% vs. 4.13%). Using multivariate discriminant analysis, age discriminated best between the groups, followed by stearic acid. The signs observed were positive for the former and negative for the latter. All other acids, relative body weight, and skinfold measurements did not significantly contribute to the discrimination. Age did not correlate with the proportion of stearic acid. Blood lipids from samples taken within 24 h of admission did not significantly differ between the groups. Three months later they had risen considerably in the infarct patients. The metabolic basis of the relationship between CHD and stearic acid is not clear at present. Additional studies are necessary to substantiate the importance of this acid as an indicator of CHD.", "contents": "Fatty acid composition of adipose tissue in patients with coronary heart disease. In order to study the relationship between the fatty acid composition of adipose tissue and coronary heart disease (CHD), 34 consecutive male patients with acute myocardial infarction and 33 hospitalized men free of CHD were compared. Patients with diabetes mellitus, endocrine disorders, liver and kidney diseases, recent changes in body weight and deviations from the \"normal\", customary diet were exlcuded. A statistically significant difference between the two groups was observed only in stearic acid, its proportion being lower in CHD patients (3.25% vs. 4.13%). Using multivariate discriminant analysis, age discriminated best between the groups, followed by stearic acid. The signs observed were positive for the former and negative for the latter. All other acids, relative body weight, and skinfold measurements did not significantly contribute to the discrimination. Age did not correlate with the proportion of stearic acid. Blood lipids from samples taken within 24 h of admission did not significantly differ between the groups. Three months later they had risen considerably in the infarct patients. The metabolic basis of the relationship between CHD and stearic acid is not clear at present. Additional studies are necessary to substantiate the importance of this acid as an indicator of CHD.", "PMID": 836346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2028", "title": "The time course of metabolic changes induced by dietary cholesterol in guinea pigs.", "content": "The time course of the effects of dietary cholesterol on the lipid composition of liver, plasma and red cells of guinea pigs, of the pathological changes of tissues and of hematological parameters was studied. The purpose was to identify the primary injury and so to contribute to the eludication of the mechanism(s) for the development of the hemolytic anemia observed in this species after long-term cholesterol supplementation. The results showed that the initial effects observed within 1 week occur in the liver lipids and histology accompanied by changes in plasma and RBC lipids. These events were followed by further, slower increases of tissue lipids without major qualitative changes. The earliest signs of an anemia were observed between weeks 5 and 7. We conclude that the primary insult of cholesterol is liver damage leading to the production of abnormal plasma lipoproteins which in turn cause a net increase of RBC-cholesterol that is accompanied by their morphological abnormalities. The hemolytic anemia does not seem to be caused directly by either the altered composition of RBC nor their altered morphology.", "contents": "The time course of metabolic changes induced by dietary cholesterol in guinea pigs. The time course of the effects of dietary cholesterol on the lipid composition of liver, plasma and red cells of guinea pigs, of the pathological changes of tissues and of hematological parameters was studied. The purpose was to identify the primary injury and so to contribute to the eludication of the mechanism(s) for the development of the hemolytic anemia observed in this species after long-term cholesterol supplementation. The results showed that the initial effects observed within 1 week occur in the liver lipids and histology accompanied by changes in plasma and RBC lipids. These events were followed by further, slower increases of tissue lipids without major qualitative changes. The earliest signs of an anemia were observed between weeks 5 and 7. We conclude that the primary insult of cholesterol is liver damage leading to the production of abnormal plasma lipoproteins which in turn cause a net increase of RBC-cholesterol that is accompanied by their morphological abnormalities. The hemolytic anemia does not seem to be caused directly by either the altered composition of RBC nor their altered morphology.", "PMID": 836347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2029", "title": "Serum 25-hydroxycalciferol in myocardial infarction.", "content": "Oral intake of calciferol (vitamin D) was higher in patients with myocardial infarction than in controls. Having established an assay for 25-hydroxycalciferol (25-OH-D), the principal circulating form of the vitamin, we measured this compound in control subjects and patients with myocardial infarction. In controls, 25-OH-D varied with the season: levels were high in summer and low in winter. Furthermore, levels were low in control subjects above 60 years of age. In patients with myocardial infarction, normal and low values for 25-OH-D were found. It is concluded that in this region patients with myocardial infarction do not consume greater amounts of vitamin D.", "contents": "Serum 25-hydroxycalciferol in myocardial infarction. Oral intake of calciferol (vitamin D) was higher in patients with myocardial infarction than in controls. Having established an assay for 25-hydroxycalciferol (25-OH-D), the principal circulating form of the vitamin, we measured this compound in control subjects and patients with myocardial infarction. In controls, 25-OH-D varied with the season: levels were high in summer and low in winter. Furthermore, levels were low in control subjects above 60 years of age. In patients with myocardial infarction, normal and low values for 25-OH-D were found. It is concluded that in this region patients with myocardial infarction do not consume greater amounts of vitamin D.", "PMID": 836348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2030", "title": "Inhibition of lipoprotein lipase activity by a monoclonal immunoglobulin in autoimmune hyperlipidemia.", "content": "Autoimmune hyperlipidemia (AIH) may be induced a variety of antibodies which inhibit different stages of the lipolytic process by which the lipid load is removed from the circulating lipoproteins. In a patient having a monoclonal gammopathy and a nephrotic syndrome with a glomerulonephritis and a marked hypertriglyceridemia, it was found previously that the monoclonal IgG gamma Lac. reacted with human VLDL as well as with human serum albumin. Here it is demonstrated that the purified IgG gamma inhibits the lipolysis of triglyceride substrates by reacting with a substance (Lac. S) necessary for lipoprotein lipase activity. The interaction of IgG lambda Lac. with serum or HDL-activated triglyceride substrates inhibits the lipolytic activity of human and rat plasma post heparin and also adipose tissue lipases. It slightly inhibits the activity of swine pancreatic lipases. The Lac S. which reacts with IgG Lac. is associated to whole and delipidated VLDL and HDL and not to LDL or purified APo-A. It may be an Apo-C or a non-peptidic co-factor of the lipases which remains bound to the apoprotein core after delipidation. Its lack of species specificity and its presence as traces in HSA preparations favors the latter hypothesis. The Lac. substances is different from the Pg and As substances which were found to react with IgA anti-Pg and IgG anti-As antibodies in previously reported antilipoprotein AIH.", "contents": "Inhibition of lipoprotein lipase activity by a monoclonal immunoglobulin in autoimmune hyperlipidemia. Autoimmune hyperlipidemia (AIH) may be induced a variety of antibodies which inhibit different stages of the lipolytic process by which the lipid load is removed from the circulating lipoproteins. In a patient having a monoclonal gammopathy and a nephrotic syndrome with a glomerulonephritis and a marked hypertriglyceridemia, it was found previously that the monoclonal IgG gamma Lac. reacted with human VLDL as well as with human serum albumin. Here it is demonstrated that the purified IgG gamma inhibits the lipolysis of triglyceride substrates by reacting with a substance (Lac. S) necessary for lipoprotein lipase activity. The interaction of IgG lambda Lac. with serum or HDL-activated triglyceride substrates inhibits the lipolytic activity of human and rat plasma post heparin and also adipose tissue lipases. It slightly inhibits the activity of swine pancreatic lipases. The Lac S. which reacts with IgG Lac. is associated to whole and delipidated VLDL and HDL and not to LDL or purified APo-A. It may be an Apo-C or a non-peptidic co-factor of the lipases which remains bound to the apoprotein core after delipidation. Its lack of species specificity and its presence as traces in HSA preparations favors the latter hypothesis. The Lac. substances is different from the Pg and As substances which were found to react with IgA anti-Pg and IgG anti-As antibodies in previously reported antilipoprotein AIH.", "PMID": 836349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2031", "title": "Anti-inflammatory agents in experimental atherosclerosis. Part 2. Failure of antihypertensive drugs to exacerbate atherosclerotic plaque formation.", "content": "Hypertension is associated with an increased incidence of generalized vascular disease. Antihypertensive drug therapy, while decreasing overall mortality due to cerebral hemorrhage, myocardial hypertrophy or renal failure, paradoxically does not appear to reduce the incidence of coronary atherosclerosis. This study investigates whether the drugs, as a possible side effect, may have an adverse influence on the development of atherosclerotic plaques. Groups of rabbits were fed an atherogenic diet containing 1% cholesterol for 12 weeks. Two commonly used antihypertensive agents (methyldopa and chlorthalidone) were added to the diet of some groups at levels of 100 mg and 10 mg per day respectively. No significant increase in total atherosclerotic plaque area was produced by either of the drugs tested singly or in combination. Plasma renin levels were only mildly elevated and in this experimental system there was no correlation between renin activity and atherosclerotic plaque intensity. There is thus no evidence from this study that antihypertensive drugs have any adverse effects on atherosclerotic plaque formation. While the ineffectiveness of these drugs against coronary atherosclerosis may indicate that normalization of pressure cannot arrest changes already initiated, it also supports the possibility that association of atherosclerosis with hypertension may be symptomatic of a common underlying defect not correlated by normalizing blood pressure.", "contents": "Anti-inflammatory agents in experimental atherosclerosis. Part 2. Failure of antihypertensive drugs to exacerbate atherosclerotic plaque formation. Hypertension is associated with an increased incidence of generalized vascular disease. Antihypertensive drug therapy, while decreasing overall mortality due to cerebral hemorrhage, myocardial hypertrophy or renal failure, paradoxically does not appear to reduce the incidence of coronary atherosclerosis. This study investigates whether the drugs, as a possible side effect, may have an adverse influence on the development of atherosclerotic plaques. Groups of rabbits were fed an atherogenic diet containing 1% cholesterol for 12 weeks. Two commonly used antihypertensive agents (methyldopa and chlorthalidone) were added to the diet of some groups at levels of 100 mg and 10 mg per day respectively. No significant increase in total atherosclerotic plaque area was produced by either of the drugs tested singly or in combination. Plasma renin levels were only mildly elevated and in this experimental system there was no correlation between renin activity and atherosclerotic plaque intensity. There is thus no evidence from this study that antihypertensive drugs have any adverse effects on atherosclerotic plaque formation. While the ineffectiveness of these drugs against coronary atherosclerosis may indicate that normalization of pressure cannot arrest changes already initiated, it also supports the possibility that association of atherosclerosis with hypertension may be symptomatic of a common underlying defect not correlated by normalizing blood pressure.", "PMID": 836350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2032", "title": "Variation in proteins of single lesions from the intima of the aorta from a human patient with severe atherosclerosis.", "content": "A method is presented for grinding and extracting very small samples of tough fibrous tissue from single atherosclerotic lesions of human aortas. Grinding to a powder was easily accomplished while the samples were frozen in liquid nitrogen in a porcelain micromortar. Extractions of the powder were made first in the mortar and then in tapered centrifuge tubes. Salt soluble, dodecyl sulfate--mercaptoethanol--urea soluble and hot alkali soluble fractions were obtained, in addition to a hot alkali insoluble elastin residue from each sample. Variation in the protein composition of 23 samples from the lumenal surface of the severely atherosclerotic aorta of a 58-year-old human male were determined. The proteins soluble in the buffered-saline and the dodecyl sulfate-urea soluble polypeptides from each sample were analyzed by dodecyl sulfate--acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The amino acid compositions of the insoluble elastin fractions were determined. The 5 grossly normal intima samples had very similar gel electrophoresis band patterns and amino acid compositions. The 3 samples of necrotic gruel had markedly different dodecyl sulfate--urea soluble polypeptides than either normal or calcified tissue; they also had elastin fractions whose amino acid compositions were unique in that they contained 10 times more serine than elastin fractions from grossly normal intima. The 3 calcified samples had less saline or dodecyl sulfate soluble protein than either grossly normal or necrotic gruel samples, and had very altered elastin fraction compositions characterized by much higher contents of hydroxylysine than grossly normal intima. The elastin fractions of necrotic gruel and calcified tissue samples had little or no isodesmosine or desmosine, suggesting that little of the elastin found in healthy aorta tissue was present.", "contents": "Variation in proteins of single lesions from the intima of the aorta from a human patient with severe atherosclerosis. A method is presented for grinding and extracting very small samples of tough fibrous tissue from single atherosclerotic lesions of human aortas. Grinding to a powder was easily accomplished while the samples were frozen in liquid nitrogen in a porcelain micromortar. Extractions of the powder were made first in the mortar and then in tapered centrifuge tubes. Salt soluble, dodecyl sulfate--mercaptoethanol--urea soluble and hot alkali soluble fractions were obtained, in addition to a hot alkali insoluble elastin residue from each sample. Variation in the protein composition of 23 samples from the lumenal surface of the severely atherosclerotic aorta of a 58-year-old human male were determined. The proteins soluble in the buffered-saline and the dodecyl sulfate-urea soluble polypeptides from each sample were analyzed by dodecyl sulfate--acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The amino acid compositions of the insoluble elastin fractions were determined. The 5 grossly normal intima samples had very similar gel electrophoresis band patterns and amino acid compositions. The 3 samples of necrotic gruel had markedly different dodecyl sulfate--urea soluble polypeptides than either normal or calcified tissue; they also had elastin fractions whose amino acid compositions were unique in that they contained 10 times more serine than elastin fractions from grossly normal intima. The 3 calcified samples had less saline or dodecyl sulfate soluble protein than either grossly normal or necrotic gruel samples, and had very altered elastin fraction compositions characterized by much higher contents of hydroxylysine than grossly normal intima. The elastin fractions of necrotic gruel and calcified tissue samples had little or no isodesmosine or desmosine, suggesting that little of the elastin found in healthy aorta tissue was present.", "PMID": 836351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2033", "title": "The association of elevated plasma cortisol and early atherosclerosis as demonstrated by coronary angiography.", "content": "To study the association of plasma cortisol and coronary atherosclerosis, we elected 71 male outpatients who had coronary angiography as part of their evaluation at our facility. Forty-eight percent of the angiograms showed no evidence of coronary artery disease (CAD), 20% showed mild CAD, and 32% showed moderate to severe CAD. We found significant correlations between elevated serial morning plasma cortisols and moderate to severe coronary atherosclerosis. Using the odds ratio, we compared plasma cortisol to the major risk factors for coronary artery disease. Plasma cortisol was second only to serum cholesterol as a discriminator in our patient population between diseased and non-diseased patients. We found a significant correlation between plasma cortisol and cholesterol, blood pressure, and smoking- the three cardinal risk factors for CAD. The highest degree of correlation was found between cortisol and cholesterol. The possible significance of the association of cortisol and the major risk factors for CAD is discussed.", "contents": "The association of elevated plasma cortisol and early atherosclerosis as demonstrated by coronary angiography. To study the association of plasma cortisol and coronary atherosclerosis, we elected 71 male outpatients who had coronary angiography as part of their evaluation at our facility. Forty-eight percent of the angiograms showed no evidence of coronary artery disease (CAD), 20% showed mild CAD, and 32% showed moderate to severe CAD. We found significant correlations between elevated serial morning plasma cortisols and moderate to severe coronary atherosclerosis. Using the odds ratio, we compared plasma cortisol to the major risk factors for coronary artery disease. Plasma cortisol was second only to serum cholesterol as a discriminator in our patient population between diseased and non-diseased patients. We found a significant correlation between plasma cortisol and cholesterol, blood pressure, and smoking- the three cardinal risk factors for CAD. The highest degree of correlation was found between cortisol and cholesterol. The possible significance of the association of cortisol and the major risk factors for CAD is discussed.", "PMID": 836352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2034", "title": "Dietary protein level and experimental aortic atherosclerosis.", "content": "White Carneau pigeons were fed diets containing three levels of protein (compensated for by changes in the dextrin level); all other dietary constituents, including cholesterol, were at the same level, and these diets were fed for nine months, when the birds were killed and necropsied. Group A, which was fed the lowest level of dietary protein (10%), which is considerably less than that in Pigeon Chow Checkers, showed a high mortality rate (50%) and the survivors showed a significant loss in body weight. The birds in the other two groups, B and C (20 and 40% protein respectively) showed no significant changes in body weight during the experiment. When the mean serum uric acid values for the last four blood sampling periods, at two months intervals, in the last seven months of the experiment were compared with the values for A, only Group C showed a significant increase. There was no significant difference in serum total cholesterol concentrations, when compared in the same way. There were no significant changes in either the aorta atherosclerosis indices or the mean aorta cholesterol concentrations, determined after necropsy. If one compares the serum total cholesterol concentration for the groups of pigeons, of the blood samples drawn the day before they were killed, there were significant increases observed for Groups B and C. This work does not support the suggestion previously made that the dietary protein cholesterol interact in determining the concentration of aorta cholesterol and the atherosclerosis index in this breed of pigeon.", "contents": "Dietary protein level and experimental aortic atherosclerosis. White Carneau pigeons were fed diets containing three levels of protein (compensated for by changes in the dextrin level); all other dietary constituents, including cholesterol, were at the same level, and these diets were fed for nine months, when the birds were killed and necropsied. Group A, which was fed the lowest level of dietary protein (10%), which is considerably less than that in Pigeon Chow Checkers, showed a high mortality rate (50%) and the survivors showed a significant loss in body weight. The birds in the other two groups, B and C (20 and 40% protein respectively) showed no significant changes in body weight during the experiment. When the mean serum uric acid values for the last four blood sampling periods, at two months intervals, in the last seven months of the experiment were compared with the values for A, only Group C showed a significant increase. There was no significant difference in serum total cholesterol concentrations, when compared in the same way. There were no significant changes in either the aorta atherosclerosis indices or the mean aorta cholesterol concentrations, determined after necropsy. If one compares the serum total cholesterol concentration for the groups of pigeons, of the blood samples drawn the day before they were killed, there were significant increases observed for Groups B and C. This work does not support the suggestion previously made that the dietary protein cholesterol interact in determining the concentration of aorta cholesterol and the atherosclerosis index in this breed of pigeon.", "PMID": 836353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2035", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of arteries. The morphology of aortic endothelium in haemodynamically stressed areas associated with branches.", "content": "The endothelial surface around branches of the normal rabbit aorta was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Focal endothelial damage was consistently found both on, and distal to, aortic flow dividers. In some case small areas were denuded of endothelial cover. Similar injury to endothelal cells was also occasionally observed proximal to the ostium of a branch. Haemodynamic forces, expecially high shear stress, may be responsible for these morphological changes. This altered endothelial integrity probably underlies the susceptibility of these sites to the formation of induced atherosclerotic lesions.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of arteries. The morphology of aortic endothelium in haemodynamically stressed areas associated with branches. The endothelial surface around branches of the normal rabbit aorta was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Focal endothelial damage was consistently found both on, and distal to, aortic flow dividers. In some case small areas were denuded of endothelial cover. Similar injury to endothelal cells was also occasionally observed proximal to the ostium of a branch. Haemodynamic forces, expecially high shear stress, may be responsible for these morphological changes. This altered endothelial integrity probably underlies the susceptibility of these sites to the formation of induced atherosclerotic lesions.", "PMID": 836354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2036", "title": "Influence of experimental stenosis on uptake of albumin by the abdominal aorta.", "content": "The influence of abdominal aortic stenosis on the uptake of the protein-binding trypan blue dye and 131I human serum albumin (HSA) has been studied. The major change was a region of high uptake proximal to the stenosis, returning to normal by the level of the renal arteries. There was reduced uptake distal to the stenosis, apart from occasional small areas of high uptake probably due to turbulence. The increase in uptake immediately proximal to the stenosis was dependent on the severity and duration of the stenosis. Removal of the stenosis immediately before the injection of dye and 131I-HSA still resulted in elevated uptake in the proximal region. Some haemodynamic modifications resulting from a stenosis are described. It is suggested that the most satisfactory haemodynamic explanation of the observed uptake change is a proximal increase in oscillatory pressure/strain. The relevance of these findings to atherosclerotic development at and above arterial junctions is discussed.", "contents": "Influence of experimental stenosis on uptake of albumin by the abdominal aorta. The influence of abdominal aortic stenosis on the uptake of the protein-binding trypan blue dye and 131I human serum albumin (HSA) has been studied. The major change was a region of high uptake proximal to the stenosis, returning to normal by the level of the renal arteries. There was reduced uptake distal to the stenosis, apart from occasional small areas of high uptake probably due to turbulence. The increase in uptake immediately proximal to the stenosis was dependent on the severity and duration of the stenosis. Removal of the stenosis immediately before the injection of dye and 131I-HSA still resulted in elevated uptake in the proximal region. Some haemodynamic modifications resulting from a stenosis are described. It is suggested that the most satisfactory haemodynamic explanation of the observed uptake change is a proximal increase in oscillatory pressure/strain. The relevance of these findings to atherosclerotic development at and above arterial junctions is discussed.", "PMID": 836355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2037", "title": "Glucosamine and experimental atherosclerosis. Increased wet weight and changed composition of cholesterol fatty acids in aorta of rabbits fed a cholesterol-enriched diet with added glucosamine.", "content": "Three groups of each 12 rabbits were fed a cholesterol-enriched diet. Glucosamine was added in amounts of 0.5% and 2.0% (w/w) to the diet of two of the groups, while the third group served as a control group. The amount of cholesterol in the diet was individually adjusted, so that all rabbits experimental period. Glucosamine did not affect the concentration response of serum cholesterol to dietary cholesterol or the amount of free and esterified cholesterol in the inner aorta. It did, however, cause an increase in the wet weight of the inner aorta with a corresponding decrease in the concentration of aortic cholesterol. Furthermore a decrease in the ratio between mono-unsaturated and di-unsaturated fatty acids of the cholesterol esters of serum and inner aorta were observed in the animals which received glucosamine.", "contents": "Glucosamine and experimental atherosclerosis. Increased wet weight and changed composition of cholesterol fatty acids in aorta of rabbits fed a cholesterol-enriched diet with added glucosamine. Three groups of each 12 rabbits were fed a cholesterol-enriched diet. Glucosamine was added in amounts of 0.5% and 2.0% (w/w) to the diet of two of the groups, while the third group served as a control group. The amount of cholesterol in the diet was individually adjusted, so that all rabbits experimental period. Glucosamine did not affect the concentration response of serum cholesterol to dietary cholesterol or the amount of free and esterified cholesterol in the inner aorta. It did, however, cause an increase in the wet weight of the inner aorta with a corresponding decrease in the concentration of aortic cholesterol. Furthermore a decrease in the ratio between mono-unsaturated and di-unsaturated fatty acids of the cholesterol esters of serum and inner aorta were observed in the animals which received glucosamine.", "PMID": 836356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2038", "title": "Inverse effect of chronically elevated blood flow on atherogenesis in miniature swine.", "content": "The effect of chronically elevated blood flow on the development of atherosclerosis in miniature swine was studied. Fistulas connecting the right external iliac artery and vein were surgically created in four swine, while three were not fistulated. Pulsed Doppler velocity detection cuffs placed around the abdominal aorta and both iliac arteries of all pigs permitted chronic measurements of blood velocity, blood velocity distributions, and blood flow. All swine were fed an atherogenic diet consisting of 20% beef tallow, 3% cholesterol, and 5% cholic acid for 6 months. This diet elevated the serum cholesterol to values exceeding 500 mg/100 ml. Creation of the arteriovenous fistula (AVF) markedly elevated blood velocity and flow in the abdominal aorta and in the shunted iliac artery. In the shunted animals the aortic blood flow was 42.1 +/- 2.0 ml/sec compared with 17.3 +/- 1.4 ml/sec in the unshunted swine. The velocity distribution pattern across the vessel was also indicative of an elevated wall shear stress. After 6 months, the animals were killed and the arterial vessels examined macroscopically and microscopically for the presence of atherosclerotic lesions. In the shunted pigs, 17 +/- 15% of the lumenal surface was occupied by sudanophilic lesions, whereas 80 +/- 8% of the surface was covered by lesions in the unshunted (control) pigs. From these studies, it is apparent that mechanical factors related to blood flow rates can influence the development of atherosclerotic lesions in swine.", "contents": "Inverse effect of chronically elevated blood flow on atherogenesis in miniature swine. The effect of chronically elevated blood flow on the development of atherosclerosis in miniature swine was studied. Fistulas connecting the right external iliac artery and vein were surgically created in four swine, while three were not fistulated. Pulsed Doppler velocity detection cuffs placed around the abdominal aorta and both iliac arteries of all pigs permitted chronic measurements of blood velocity, blood velocity distributions, and blood flow. All swine were fed an atherogenic diet consisting of 20% beef tallow, 3% cholesterol, and 5% cholic acid for 6 months. This diet elevated the serum cholesterol to values exceeding 500 mg/100 ml. Creation of the arteriovenous fistula (AVF) markedly elevated blood velocity and flow in the abdominal aorta and in the shunted iliac artery. In the shunted animals the aortic blood flow was 42.1 +/- 2.0 ml/sec compared with 17.3 +/- 1.4 ml/sec in the unshunted swine. The velocity distribution pattern across the vessel was also indicative of an elevated wall shear stress. After 6 months, the animals were killed and the arterial vessels examined macroscopically and microscopically for the presence of atherosclerotic lesions. In the shunted pigs, 17 +/- 15% of the lumenal surface was occupied by sudanophilic lesions, whereas 80 +/- 8% of the surface was covered by lesions in the unshunted (control) pigs. From these studies, it is apparent that mechanical factors related to blood flow rates can influence the development of atherosclerotic lesions in swine.", "PMID": 836357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2039", "title": "Lecithin: cholesterol acyl transferase activity in the serum of rats fed saturated and unsaturated fats.", "content": "Groups of rats were fed diets containing either butter, beef, fat or safflower oil. After 20 or 70 days of feeding, blood was taken from the animals in a postabsorptive state. Serum lipid levels and lecithin: cholesterol acyl transferase activity were measured. Feeding the different fats did not alter serum total cholesterol levels but free cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly lower in the safflower oil-fed group. Net cholesterol esterification in vitro was also significantly depressed in the safflower oil-fed group and this was shown to be due to the inability of the lipoprotein substrate to support the reaction rather than because of low LCAT enzyme activity.", "contents": "Lecithin: cholesterol acyl transferase activity in the serum of rats fed saturated and unsaturated fats. Groups of rats were fed diets containing either butter, beef, fat or safflower oil. After 20 or 70 days of feeding, blood was taken from the animals in a postabsorptive state. Serum lipid levels and lecithin: cholesterol acyl transferase activity were measured. Feeding the different fats did not alter serum total cholesterol levels but free cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly lower in the safflower oil-fed group. Net cholesterol esterification in vitro was also significantly depressed in the safflower oil-fed group and this was shown to be due to the inability of the lipoprotein substrate to support the reaction rather than because of low LCAT enzyme activity.", "PMID": 836358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2040", "title": "Short-term effect of coffee on blood fibrinolytic activity in healthy adults.", "content": "Ingestion of coffee was followed after one-half and one hour by shortening of whole blood fibrinolysis time. The amount of coffee was equivalent to a heaped teaspoonsful and a standard brand of instant coffee was tested. The effect was laregly lost when decaffeinated coffee was taken. It appears that the caffeine in the amounts of coffee ordinarily consumed stimulates fibrinolytic activity but 2 of the 12 subjects were resistant to the effect.", "contents": "Short-term effect of coffee on blood fibrinolytic activity in healthy adults. Ingestion of coffee was followed after one-half and one hour by shortening of whole blood fibrinolysis time. The amount of coffee was equivalent to a heaped teaspoonsful and a standard brand of instant coffee was tested. The effect was laregly lost when decaffeinated coffee was taken. It appears that the caffeine in the amounts of coffee ordinarily consumed stimulates fibrinolytic activity but 2 of the 12 subjects were resistant to the effect.", "PMID": 836359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2041", "title": "Anoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in the human neonatal period. The significance of brain stem involvement.", "content": "Although the human brain stem is considered relatively invulnerable to ischemic anoxia, evaluation of 16 cases of a single acute asphyxial episode either at or following birth indicates that such involvement is a frequent and characteristic aspect of anoxic encephalopathy in the infant. Ischemic cell change, neuronal loss, and nuclear or reticular formation gliosis were present in the brain stem of all but one infant. At least two topographic patterns of anoxic encephalopathy exist: (1) a rostrocaudal pattern of decreasing vulnerability, with the cerebral cortex being most sensitive and the brain stem least sensitive, and (2) a pattern of brain stem and thalamic damage. Of the two, the latter pattern appears to follow most acute asphyxial episodes in the human neonate and infant.", "contents": "Anoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in the human neonatal period. The significance of brain stem involvement. Although the human brain stem is considered relatively invulnerable to ischemic anoxia, evaluation of 16 cases of a single acute asphyxial episode either at or following birth indicates that such involvement is a frequent and characteristic aspect of anoxic encephalopathy in the infant. Ischemic cell change, neuronal loss, and nuclear or reticular formation gliosis were present in the brain stem of all but one infant. At least two topographic patterns of anoxic encephalopathy exist: (1) a rostrocaudal pattern of decreasing vulnerability, with the cerebral cortex being most sensitive and the brain stem least sensitive, and (2) a pattern of brain stem and thalamic damage. Of the two, the latter pattern appears to follow most acute asphyxial episodes in the human neonate and infant.", "PMID": 836361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2042", "title": "[Morphological classification of oral leukoplakia (author's transl)].", "content": "656 cases of oral leukoplakia were analysed according to macroscopic aspects, microscopic growth patterns and histologicalcytological differentiation, and the relationship to cancer of the oral cavity was studied. Homogeneous and speckled leukoplakia can be distinguished macroscopically, while flat (70%), papillary-endophytic (22%) and papillomatous-exophytic (8%) types can be distinguished by their growth pattern. Histological-cytological characteristics consist of epithelial hyperplasia (hyperkeratosis with ortho- or parakeratosis; akanthosis) and epithelial dysplasia (dyskeratosis, basal-cell hyperplasia, loss of polar arrangement of the basal cells, cell polymorphism, increased mitosis rate). No or little dysplasia was demonstrated in 74% of leukoplakias, moderate in 17% and marked in 6%. Carcinoma-in-situ, defined as high-grade dysplasia with additional loss of epithelial layering, was found in 3%. Precancerous leukoplakia (in almost 10% of cases, counting high-grade dysplasias and carcinoma-in-situ) must be delineated as a special group. Numerous correlations were found between dysplastic leukoplakias and oral cavity cancer as regards localisation, age and sex distribution. In the various leukoplakia forms there was an increased incidence of marked stroma reactions and of Candida colonisation with increased degrees of dysplasia.", "contents": "[Morphological classification of oral leukoplakia (author's transl)]. 656 cases of oral leukoplakia were analysed according to macroscopic aspects, microscopic growth patterns and histologicalcytological differentiation, and the relationship to cancer of the oral cavity was studied. Homogeneous and speckled leukoplakia can be distinguished macroscopically, while flat (70%), papillary-endophytic (22%) and papillomatous-exophytic (8%) types can be distinguished by their growth pattern. Histological-cytological characteristics consist of epithelial hyperplasia (hyperkeratosis with ortho- or parakeratosis; akanthosis) and epithelial dysplasia (dyskeratosis, basal-cell hyperplasia, loss of polar arrangement of the basal cells, cell polymorphism, increased mitosis rate). No or little dysplasia was demonstrated in 74% of leukoplakias, moderate in 17% and marked in 6%. Carcinoma-in-situ, defined as high-grade dysplasia with additional loss of epithelial layering, was found in 3%. Precancerous leukoplakia (in almost 10% of cases, counting high-grade dysplasias and carcinoma-in-situ) must be delineated as a special group. Numerous correlations were found between dysplastic leukoplakias and oral cavity cancer as regards localisation, age and sex distribution. In the various leukoplakia forms there was an increased incidence of marked stroma reactions and of Candida colonisation with increased degrees of dysplasia.", "PMID": 836383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2043", "title": "[Results of resection treatment of chronic pancreatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "A total of 201 patients with chronic pancreatitis were treated surgically between 1964 and 1975. In 116 cases (57,7%) resection was done at operation: 44 partial and 18 total duodenopancreatectomies, 37 partial and 17 subtotal left pancreatic resections. The mortality rate of the operation was 12.9%. The late mortality was 9.4% based on an average observation period of 2 7/12 years. Three quarters of the patients became completely asymptomatic. Preoperative diabetes was observed in 21% rising to 38% postoperatively. Satisfactory long-term results were mainly seen after partial duodeno-pancreatectomy and subtotal left resection. However, continued alcohol abuse limits the success rate.", "contents": "[Results of resection treatment of chronic pancreatitis (author's transl)]. A total of 201 patients with chronic pancreatitis were treated surgically between 1964 and 1975. In 116 cases (57,7%) resection was done at operation: 44 partial and 18 total duodenopancreatectomies, 37 partial and 17 subtotal left pancreatic resections. The mortality rate of the operation was 12.9%. The late mortality was 9.4% based on an average observation period of 2 7/12 years. Three quarters of the patients became completely asymptomatic. Preoperative diabetes was observed in 21% rising to 38% postoperatively. Satisfactory long-term results were mainly seen after partial duodeno-pancreatectomy and subtotal left resection. However, continued alcohol abuse limits the success rate.", "PMID": 836384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2044", "title": "Inequivalent conformational response of Chironomus hemoglobins to ligation with O2 and CO. A circular-dichrosim and infrared-spectroscopic study.", "content": "For the monomeric hemoglobins III and IV and the dimeric hemoglobins of Chironomus the tryptophan circular dichrosim reports different conformational response to binding of different ligands. The fine structure bands at 292 nm are most strongly developed in the unliganded state and considerably reduced in the oxy form. The spectrum of the CO derivative is intermediate but clearly more deoxy-like. This finding correlates well with the corresponding Bohr effect magnitudes determined by measuring proton release upon ligation. Infrared difference spectroscopy on O2 versus CO derivatives in aqueous solution shows a normal O2 stretching band position at 1107 cm-1 characteristic of asymmetric oxygen binding. The CO stretching band, however, is consistently blue-shifted by 11--13 cm-1 from the 1951 cm-1 position observed with mammalian hemoglobins, indicating reduced CO binding strength. Structural factors relevant to an explanation of the observed phenomena are discussed.", "contents": "Inequivalent conformational response of Chironomus hemoglobins to ligation with O2 and CO. A circular-dichrosim and infrared-spectroscopic study. For the monomeric hemoglobins III and IV and the dimeric hemoglobins of Chironomus the tryptophan circular dichrosim reports different conformational response to binding of different ligands. The fine structure bands at 292 nm are most strongly developed in the unliganded state and considerably reduced in the oxy form. The spectrum of the CO derivative is intermediate but clearly more deoxy-like. This finding correlates well with the corresponding Bohr effect magnitudes determined by measuring proton release upon ligation. Infrared difference spectroscopy on O2 versus CO derivatives in aqueous solution shows a normal O2 stretching band position at 1107 cm-1 characteristic of asymmetric oxygen binding. The CO stretching band, however, is consistently blue-shifted by 11--13 cm-1 from the 1951 cm-1 position observed with mammalian hemoglobins, indicating reduced CO binding strength. Structural factors relevant to an explanation of the observed phenomena are discussed.", "PMID": 836392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2045", "title": "Lignoceric acid biosynthesis in the developing brain. Activities of mitochondrial acetyl-CoA-dependent synthesis and microsomal malonyl-CoA chain-elongating system in relation to myelination. Comparison between normal mouse and dysmyelinating mutants (quaking and jimpy).", "content": "Age-related changes in the activities of microsomal and mitochondrial elongating systems have been determined in mouse brain from birth to maturity. In microsomes, the components necessary for behenyl-CoA (docosanoly-CoA) elongation have been found to be NADPH and malonyl-CoA. In mitochondria, both NADH and NADPH are used and acetyl-CoA is the only donor of two-carbon-atoms unit. The synthesised fatty acids were identified by thin-layer and gas chromatography. The specific activity is higher in microsomes than in mitochondria. In microsomes, the specific activity for malonyl-Co-A incorporation reached a maximum at 15 - 20 days of age; this peak was not obtained in the Quaking and Jimpy mutants. The increase in enzyme activity (specific activity and total activity per brain) paralleled the myelin deposition. The activity of the mitochondrial system increases regularly during development: it is not correlated to myelination and it is not affected in the Quaking mutant. The interplay between microsomal and mitochondrial elongation systems is studied.", "contents": "Lignoceric acid biosynthesis in the developing brain. Activities of mitochondrial acetyl-CoA-dependent synthesis and microsomal malonyl-CoA chain-elongating system in relation to myelination. Comparison between normal mouse and dysmyelinating mutants (quaking and jimpy). Age-related changes in the activities of microsomal and mitochondrial elongating systems have been determined in mouse brain from birth to maturity. In microsomes, the components necessary for behenyl-CoA (docosanoly-CoA) elongation have been found to be NADPH and malonyl-CoA. In mitochondria, both NADH and NADPH are used and acetyl-CoA is the only donor of two-carbon-atoms unit. The synthesised fatty acids were identified by thin-layer and gas chromatography. The specific activity is higher in microsomes than in mitochondria. In microsomes, the specific activity for malonyl-Co-A incorporation reached a maximum at 15 - 20 days of age; this peak was not obtained in the Quaking and Jimpy mutants. The increase in enzyme activity (specific activity and total activity per brain) paralleled the myelin deposition. The activity of the mitochondrial system increases regularly during development: it is not correlated to myelination and it is not affected in the Quaking mutant. The interplay between microsomal and mitochondrial elongation systems is studied.", "PMID": 836393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2046", "title": "Structural studies on the coat protein of alfalfa mosaic virus. The complete primary structure.", "content": "The complete amino acid sequence of the coat protein of alfalfa mosaic virus (strain 425) is reported. Sequence determinations were mainly performed on peptides obtained from fragmentation by cyanogen bromide and trypsin. Both manual and automatic sequence methods were used. Some refinements of the solid-phase Edman degradation were introduced. The final alignment of the peptides was established by means of alternative cleavage methods, such as limited tryptic digestion of intact virus particles, tryptic digestion after blockage of lysine residues and chymotryptic digestion. The coat protein consists of 220 amino acid residues corresponding to a molecular weight of 24252. A remarkable clustering of basic residues occurs in the N-terminal part of the protein chain. Several internal hydrophobic clusters and a strongly acidic site at the C-terminus can be observed. Two regions of sequence homology (12 residues) were found. Some features of the secondary structure are predicted.", "contents": "Structural studies on the coat protein of alfalfa mosaic virus. The complete primary structure. The complete amino acid sequence of the coat protein of alfalfa mosaic virus (strain 425) is reported. Sequence determinations were mainly performed on peptides obtained from fragmentation by cyanogen bromide and trypsin. Both manual and automatic sequence methods were used. Some refinements of the solid-phase Edman degradation were introduced. The final alignment of the peptides was established by means of alternative cleavage methods, such as limited tryptic digestion of intact virus particles, tryptic digestion after blockage of lysine residues and chymotryptic digestion. The coat protein consists of 220 amino acid residues corresponding to a molecular weight of 24252. A remarkable clustering of basic residues occurs in the N-terminal part of the protein chain. Several internal hydrophobic clusters and a strongly acidic site at the C-terminus can be observed. Two regions of sequence homology (12 residues) were found. Some features of the secondary structure are predicted.", "PMID": 836394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2047", "title": "Biochemistry of development in insects. Triacyglycerol and phosphoglyceride biosynthesis by subcellular fractions.", "content": "1. A different biochemical behaviour has been previously shown during several stages of the development of the insect Ceratitis capitata; thus, the acyl transferase activity has a different participation in the pathways of synthesis of triacylglycerols and phosphoglycerides by either larval or pharate adult stages of development. The results reported here are concerned with the behavior of mitochondria and microsomes from larvae and pharate adults for the synthesis of triacylglycerols and phosphoglycerides. In all preparations of either mitochondrial or microsomal fractions the optimum protein amount, previously determined, has been used. 2. The highest incorporation of [14C]palmitate into triacylglycerols and phosphoglycerides was achieved by the microsomal fraction from the larval stage of development of the insect. However, mitochondrial fractions from pharate adults utilized higher levels of [14C]palmitate than the microsomal preparation. These differences were not correlated with the palmitoyl-CoA synthetase activity. 3. Glycerol 3-phosphate influenced the fatty acid incorporation in a different manner depending on the stage of development of the insect. Increasing concentrations of glycerol 3-phosphate stimulated the synthesis of triacylglycerols by microsomal and mitochondrial preparations. This effect was not exhibited by the subcellular preparations of pharate adults. 4. Double-label experiments using [14C]glycerol 3-phosphate and[3H]palmitate showed qualitative differences in the synthesis of triacylglycerols by mitochondrial preparations from either larvae of pharate adults. Incorporation of the labelled fatty acids to endogenous triglycerides was preferentially shown by the mitochondria larval preparations. The pathways of synthesis of triacylglycerols and phosphoglycerides by microsomal preparations showed only quantitative differences depending on the stage of development of the insect. 5. Acylation of 14C-labelled lyso-phosphatidylcholine and 14C-labelled lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine by [3H]olate was assayed in the presence of miochondrial and microsomal preparations from the different stages of development of the insect. Microsomal fractions showed an efficient acyl transferase activity mainly when lyso-phosphatidyl-ethanolamine was used as a substrate.", "contents": "Biochemistry of development in insects. Triacyglycerol and phosphoglyceride biosynthesis by subcellular fractions. 1. A different biochemical behaviour has been previously shown during several stages of the development of the insect Ceratitis capitata; thus, the acyl transferase activity has a different participation in the pathways of synthesis of triacylglycerols and phosphoglycerides by either larval or pharate adult stages of development. The results reported here are concerned with the behavior of mitochondria and microsomes from larvae and pharate adults for the synthesis of triacylglycerols and phosphoglycerides. In all preparations of either mitochondrial or microsomal fractions the optimum protein amount, previously determined, has been used. 2. The highest incorporation of [14C]palmitate into triacylglycerols and phosphoglycerides was achieved by the microsomal fraction from the larval stage of development of the insect. However, mitochondrial fractions from pharate adults utilized higher levels of [14C]palmitate than the microsomal preparation. These differences were not correlated with the palmitoyl-CoA synthetase activity. 3. Glycerol 3-phosphate influenced the fatty acid incorporation in a different manner depending on the stage of development of the insect. Increasing concentrations of glycerol 3-phosphate stimulated the synthesis of triacylglycerols by microsomal and mitochondrial preparations. This effect was not exhibited by the subcellular preparations of pharate adults. 4. Double-label experiments using [14C]glycerol 3-phosphate and[3H]palmitate showed qualitative differences in the synthesis of triacylglycerols by mitochondrial preparations from either larvae of pharate adults. Incorporation of the labelled fatty acids to endogenous triglycerides was preferentially shown by the mitochondria larval preparations. The pathways of synthesis of triacylglycerols and phosphoglycerides by microsomal preparations showed only quantitative differences depending on the stage of development of the insect. 5. Acylation of 14C-labelled lyso-phosphatidylcholine and 14C-labelled lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine by [3H]olate was assayed in the presence of miochondrial and microsomal preparations from the different stages of development of the insect. Microsomal fractions showed an efficient acyl transferase activity mainly when lyso-phosphatidyl-ethanolamine was used as a substrate.", "PMID": 836395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2048", "title": "Uptake of D-glucose anomers by rat retina.", "content": "Uptake of D-glucose anomers by isolated rat retina was studied. After 3 min incubation at 37 degrees C in the presence of alpha or beta anomer (750 mug/ml), a significantly greater uptake (1.32 mg/g wet tissue) of beta-anomer was observed compared with that of alpha-D-glucose (1.11 mg/g wet tissue). This result and other data suggest that the carrier for D-glucose transport in the retina prefers the beta-anomer stereospecifically.", "contents": "Uptake of D-glucose anomers by rat retina. Uptake of D-glucose anomers by isolated rat retina was studied. After 3 min incubation at 37 degrees C in the presence of alpha or beta anomer (750 mug/ml), a significantly greater uptake (1.32 mg/g wet tissue) of beta-anomer was observed compared with that of alpha-D-glucose (1.11 mg/g wet tissue). This result and other data suggest that the carrier for D-glucose transport in the retina prefers the beta-anomer stereospecifically.", "PMID": 836409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2049", "title": "N-(5'-Phosphopyridoxyl)-4-aminobutyric acid: a stabel bisubstrate adduct inhibitor of rat brain 4-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase.", "content": "N-(5'-Phosphophopyridoxyl)-4-aminobutyric acid, a stable adduct of pyridoxal phosphate and 4-aminobutyrate acid, has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of rat brain 4-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase (GABA-T) with a K1 of 1.4 muM.", "contents": "N-(5'-Phosphopyridoxyl)-4-aminobutyric acid: a stabel bisubstrate adduct inhibitor of rat brain 4-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase. N-(5'-Phosphophopyridoxyl)-4-aminobutyric acid, a stable adduct of pyridoxal phosphate and 4-aminobutyrate acid, has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of rat brain 4-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase (GABA-T) with a K1 of 1.4 muM.", "PMID": 836410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2050", "title": "MAO inhibition, an unlikely mode of action for chlordimeform.", "content": "Inhibition constants of several formamidines, their corresponding formanilides and other representatives of compounds derived from aniline, such as phenylureas, N-phenyl-carbamates and acylanilides, were determined for rat liver monoamine oxidase. The reversability of the inhibition and the lack of correlation between inhibition potencies and toxicities of the compounds tested add to the opinion that MAO inhibition is not a prominent factor in chlordimeform poisoning.", "contents": "MAO inhibition, an unlikely mode of action for chlordimeform. Inhibition constants of several formamidines, their corresponding formanilides and other representatives of compounds derived from aniline, such as phenylureas, N-phenyl-carbamates and acylanilides, were determined for rat liver monoamine oxidase. The reversability of the inhibition and the lack of correlation between inhibition potencies and toxicities of the compounds tested add to the opinion that MAO inhibition is not a prominent factor in chlordimeform poisoning.", "PMID": 836412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2051", "title": "Mouse sex vesicle. C-band and pairing at the light and electron microscope.", "content": "C banded mouse pachytene chromsomes were studied with the light and electron microscopes by the whole mount technique. The X and Y chromosomes show pairing by the long, by the short or by both long and short arms. Assuming Lyon's hypothesis, the latter suggests that the Y segment transferred to the X is intercalar. With the light microscope, a negative image of the synaptonemal complex is evidenced.", "contents": "Mouse sex vesicle. C-band and pairing at the light and electron microscope. C banded mouse pachytene chromsomes were studied with the light and electron microscopes by the whole mount technique. The X and Y chromosomes show pairing by the long, by the short or by both long and short arms. Assuming Lyon's hypothesis, the latter suggests that the Y segment transferred to the X is intercalar. With the light microscope, a negative image of the synaptonemal complex is evidenced.", "PMID": 836413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2052", "title": "Physiological changes in hairless mice maintained on an antioxidant supplemented diet.", "content": "Several physiological parameters were measured in hairless mice maintained on a diet supplemented with antioxidants. Comparisons to animals on control diet revealed higher water-soluble antioxidant content of skin and increased liver weight. Only small differences in body weight occurred and no distinct histological changes were observed in skin or liver.", "contents": "Physiological changes in hairless mice maintained on an antioxidant supplemented diet. Several physiological parameters were measured in hairless mice maintained on a diet supplemented with antioxidants. Comparisons to animals on control diet revealed higher water-soluble antioxidant content of skin and increased liver weight. Only small differences in body weight occurred and no distinct histological changes were observed in skin or liver.", "PMID": 836416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2053", "title": "Sensitivity of the developing chick myocardium to the positive inotropic effects of calcium and isoproterenol.", "content": "The present results show that the sensitivity of the chick myocardium to the positive inotropic effect of Ca++ decreases during development and that the Ca++ concentration of the physiological solution used must be lowered below 'normal' to study the effects of positive inotropic agents in preparations from younger embryos. Isoproterenol elicits positive inotropic responses in 7-9 day embryonic ventricle and in newborn chick atria; however, the 4-day embryonic myocardium is unresponsive to isoproterenol.", "contents": "Sensitivity of the developing chick myocardium to the positive inotropic effects of calcium and isoproterenol. The present results show that the sensitivity of the chick myocardium to the positive inotropic effect of Ca++ decreases during development and that the Ca++ concentration of the physiological solution used must be lowered below 'normal' to study the effects of positive inotropic agents in preparations from younger embryos. Isoproterenol elicits positive inotropic responses in 7-9 day embryonic ventricle and in newborn chick atria; however, the 4-day embryonic myocardium is unresponsive to isoproterenol.", "PMID": 836418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2054", "title": "The influence of N-methyl-N-beta-chloroethyl hydrazines on the mitotic index of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells and the leukopoiesis of the mouse.", "content": "The cytostatic activity of N'-methyl-N'-beta-chloroethylbenzaldehyd hydrazone (B1) is at least equal to that of procarbazine when its effect is tested with the Ehrlich ascites tumor cells of the mouse and the Yoshida sarcoma of the rat. B1 causes a slighter decrease of mitotic cells and no shift from prophase to metaphase. These results suggest that the cytostatic effect of B1 is due to interference with cell metabolism or an effect at the cell membrane and not to an effect on cell proliferation. This assumption is supported by a considerable depression of lymphocytes and a minor effect on granulopoiesis, which is especially sensitive towards proliferation toxins. All these findings suggest a different mechanism of action of B1 and procarbazine.", "contents": "The influence of N-methyl-N-beta-chloroethyl hydrazines on the mitotic index of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells and the leukopoiesis of the mouse. The cytostatic activity of N'-methyl-N'-beta-chloroethylbenzaldehyd hydrazone (B1) is at least equal to that of procarbazine when its effect is tested with the Ehrlich ascites tumor cells of the mouse and the Yoshida sarcoma of the rat. B1 causes a slighter decrease of mitotic cells and no shift from prophase to metaphase. These results suggest that the cytostatic effect of B1 is due to interference with cell metabolism or an effect at the cell membrane and not to an effect on cell proliferation. This assumption is supported by a considerable depression of lymphocytes and a minor effect on granulopoiesis, which is especially sensitive towards proliferation toxins. All these findings suggest a different mechanism of action of B1 and procarbazine.", "PMID": 836422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2055", "title": "The local anesthetic potency of norcocaine, a metabolite of cocaine.", "content": "The local anesthetic effects of cocaine and one of its main metabolites norcocaine, were investigated comparatively on isolated ganglion cells of the marine gastropod, Aplysia californica. During a 4-hour-period, different action potential parameters such as amplitude, duration, maximum rate of rise were observed, which demonstrated that norcocaine exhibits a higher local anesthetic potency than cocaine.", "contents": "The local anesthetic potency of norcocaine, a metabolite of cocaine. The local anesthetic effects of cocaine and one of its main metabolites norcocaine, were investigated comparatively on isolated ganglion cells of the marine gastropod, Aplysia californica. During a 4-hour-period, different action potential parameters such as amplitude, duration, maximum rate of rise were observed, which demonstrated that norcocaine exhibits a higher local anesthetic potency than cocaine.", "PMID": 836425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2056", "title": "Inhibition of DNA synthesis in BHK fibroblasts treated in vitro with potassium dichromate.", "content": "Treatment of hamster fibroblasts with potassium dichromate in vitro stimulates tritiated thymidine uptake into the intracellular nucleotide pool. This effect is due to the oxidizing action of hexavalent chromium on the plasma membrane. Dichromate, induces also an inhibition of DNA replication, which is due to the interaction of reduced trivalent chromium with specific biological ligands on the DNA molecule.", "contents": "Inhibition of DNA synthesis in BHK fibroblasts treated in vitro with potassium dichromate. Treatment of hamster fibroblasts with potassium dichromate in vitro stimulates tritiated thymidine uptake into the intracellular nucleotide pool. This effect is due to the oxidizing action of hexavalent chromium on the plasma membrane. Dichromate, induces also an inhibition of DNA replication, which is due to the interaction of reduced trivalent chromium with specific biological ligands on the DNA molecule.", "PMID": 836428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2057", "title": "Lack of correlation between structural features and function of synthetic agents tested for leukocyte chemotaxis.", "content": "A number of proteins, poly-L-amino acids, oligopeptides and lipids were tested for neutrophil, eosinophil and macrophage chemotactic activity. One myoglobin preparation was active. Based on the negative findings for all other substances, primary structure, secondary structure, degree of hydrophobicity, size and charge of a molecule, could be ruled out as structural features recognized by chemotactically responding phagocytes.", "contents": "Lack of correlation between structural features and function of synthetic agents tested for leukocyte chemotaxis. A number of proteins, poly-L-amino acids, oligopeptides and lipids were tested for neutrophil, eosinophil and macrophage chemotactic activity. One myoglobin preparation was active. Based on the negative findings for all other substances, primary structure, secondary structure, degree of hydrophobicity, size and charge of a molecule, could be ruled out as structural features recognized by chemotactically responding phagocytes.", "PMID": 836432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2058", "title": "Thermal effects from degranulation of mastcells in cutaneous mastocytosis.", "content": "Small bipsies of the skin were taken from patients with papulo-cutaneous mastocytosis. The mast cell tumours were then degranulated with compound 48/80 (250 mug/ml in saline), and with a Sorption microcalorimeter, relatively strong exothermic reactions were measured, whereas normal skin showed only 1/10th the intensity. Disodium chromoglicate (1%) had no inhibitory effect on this thermal reaction.", "contents": "Thermal effects from degranulation of mastcells in cutaneous mastocytosis. Small bipsies of the skin were taken from patients with papulo-cutaneous mastocytosis. The mast cell tumours were then degranulated with compound 48/80 (250 mug/ml in saline), and with a Sorption microcalorimeter, relatively strong exothermic reactions were measured, whereas normal skin showed only 1/10th the intensity. Disodium chromoglicate (1%) had no inhibitory effect on this thermal reaction.", "PMID": 836433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2059", "title": "Interstate migrants in the United States: some social-economic differences by type of move;.", "content": "U.S. interstate migrants (over a five-year period) are separated into three groups: (a) those leaving state of birth; (b) those returning to state of birth; and (c) those outside state of birth at the beginning of the period and moving on to a third state by the end. Evidence is presented suggesting that the third group is particularly selective of persons with high social and economic status. The findings are linked to certain hypotheses about the changing role and function of migration in a highly developed country where the transition from a rural society based on agriculture has essentially been completed.", "contents": "Interstate migrants in the United States: some social-economic differences by type of move;. U.S. interstate migrants (over a five-year period) are separated into three groups: (a) those leaving state of birth; (b) those returning to state of birth; and (c) those outside state of birth at the beginning of the period and moving on to a third state by the end. Evidence is presented suggesting that the third group is particularly selective of persons with high social and economic status. The findings are linked to certain hypotheses about the changing role and function of migration in a highly developed country where the transition from a rural society based on agriculture has essentially been completed.", "PMID": 836434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2060", "title": "A model for estimating adolescent sterility among married women.", "content": "A model to estimate adolescent sterility among married women is presented using the principle of convex combination of two or more probability density functions.", "contents": "A model for estimating adolescent sterility among married women. A model to estimate adolescent sterility among married women is presented using the principle of convex combination of two or more probability density functions.", "PMID": 836435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2061", "title": "Trends in nonprinted U.S. census and survey data and some research implications.", "content": "I have raised a number of issues related to research using computerized data, which must be considered by supplying agencies, libraries, funding agencies. and researchers. Before the 1980 census data are released, researchers should suggest ways in which the data could be made easier and more useful to work with, and data supplying institutions should both respond to and take a lead in finding new approaches that will allow scientists to take full advantage of the opportunities provided by computerized data.", "contents": "Trends in nonprinted U.S. census and survey data and some research implications. I have raised a number of issues related to research using computerized data, which must be considered by supplying agencies, libraries, funding agencies. and researchers. Before the 1980 census data are released, researchers should suggest ways in which the data could be made easier and more useful to work with, and data supplying institutions should both respond to and take a lead in finding new approaches that will allow scientists to take full advantage of the opportunities provided by computerized data.", "PMID": 836437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2062", "title": "The use of public transportation in urban areas: toward a causal model.", "content": "In this study, using the statistical models recently introduced by Goodman, we analyze the reasons why individuals choose the car or public transportation for the journey to work and draw out some of the implications of our analysis for public policy. Building on the work of Schnore, we develop a model in which both structural and individual variables are interrelated and show that the structural contexts within which individuals make decisions about their choice are crucial. We also show that, while status differentials are largely accounted for by income differences, male preferences for the automobile tend not to be due either to the structural variables or to income differences. Our findings suggest that present policies designed to induce people to shift to public transportation for the journey to work are not likely to be effective, since they do nothing to alter present cost differentials between the two modes.", "contents": "The use of public transportation in urban areas: toward a causal model. In this study, using the statistical models recently introduced by Goodman, we analyze the reasons why individuals choose the car or public transportation for the journey to work and draw out some of the implications of our analysis for public policy. Building on the work of Schnore, we develop a model in which both structural and individual variables are interrelated and show that the structural contexts within which individuals make decisions about their choice are crucial. We also show that, while status differentials are largely accounted for by income differences, male preferences for the automobile tend not to be due either to the structural variables or to income differences. Our findings suggest that present policies designed to induce people to shift to public transportation for the journey to work are not likely to be effective, since they do nothing to alter present cost differentials between the two modes.", "PMID": 836440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2063", "title": "Cohort, age, and period effects upon the employment of white females: evidence for 1957-1968.", "content": "The net effects of birth cohort, age, and period upon the employment of white women, 1957-1968, are estimated by a regression analysis of data from the Social Security Administration's continuous work history file. By conceptualizing period-specific effects as those associated with the business cycle, we avoid multicollinearity and succeed in performing an analysis faithful to the cohort concerns usual in fertility analysis and to the macro-economic concerns usual in employment studies. The age pattern of employment and the pattern of intercohort employment change are examined in some detail. The long-run (cohort) trend of increasing white female employment is compared with the estimated (short-run) effects attributable to the business cycle, and it is found that, while both are significant, the former exerted a stronger effect in the 1957-1968 period.", "contents": "Cohort, age, and period effects upon the employment of white females: evidence for 1957-1968. The net effects of birth cohort, age, and period upon the employment of white women, 1957-1968, are estimated by a regression analysis of data from the Social Security Administration's continuous work history file. By conceptualizing period-specific effects as those associated with the business cycle, we avoid multicollinearity and succeed in performing an analysis faithful to the cohort concerns usual in fertility analysis and to the macro-economic concerns usual in employment studies. The age pattern of employment and the pattern of intercohort employment change are examined in some detail. The long-run (cohort) trend of increasing white female employment is compared with the estimated (short-run) effects attributable to the business cycle, and it is found that, while both are significant, the former exerted a stronger effect in the 1957-1968 period.", "PMID": 836441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2064", "title": "Wife's employment and cumulative family size in the United States, 1970 and 1960.", "content": "Using a multiple classification analysis of the data from the 1 percent public-use samples of the 1960 and 1970 censuses of population, it is found that the negative relationship between wives' employment and their cumulative family size is stronger among whites than nonwhites and is strongest among women married less than 10 years, with 12 or more years of schooling, and who have no relatives living with them. Moreover, although there are many similarities in the pattern of the employment status/fertility relationship between the 1960 and 1970 data, the relationship is weaker in 1970 than in 1960.", "contents": "Wife's employment and cumulative family size in the United States, 1970 and 1960. Using a multiple classification analysis of the data from the 1 percent public-use samples of the 1960 and 1970 censuses of population, it is found that the negative relationship between wives' employment and their cumulative family size is stronger among whites than nonwhites and is strongest among women married less than 10 years, with 12 or more years of schooling, and who have no relatives living with them. Moreover, although there are many similarities in the pattern of the employment status/fertility relationship between the 1960 and 1970 data, the relationship is weaker in 1970 than in 1960.", "PMID": 836442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2065", "title": "Marital instability and the economic status of women.", "content": "This paper uses longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to examine the relationship between changes in marital status and economic status. Differences between men and women and between whites and blacks are also considered. A major finding is that, after adjusting for changes in family size, the economic status of divorced or separated men improves, while that of women declines. Components of income change are discussed, with special emphasis on changes in the labor force and welfare status of women who were divorced or separated during the analysis period. Finally, data on the magnitude and distribution of alimony/child-support payments are presented.", "contents": "Marital instability and the economic status of women. This paper uses longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to examine the relationship between changes in marital status and economic status. Differences between men and women and between whites and blacks are also considered. A major finding is that, after adjusting for changes in family size, the economic status of divorced or separated men improves, while that of women declines. Components of income change are discussed, with special emphasis on changes in the labor force and welfare status of women who were divorced or separated during the analysis period. Finally, data on the magnitude and distribution of alimony/child-support payments are presented.", "PMID": 836443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2066", "title": "The stable equivalent population, age composition, and Fisher's reproductive value function.", "content": "This paper deals with a further analysis of the stable equivalent population for human populations. It first shows that the arithmetic difference between the size of the stable equivalent population and the actual population captures the total prospective contribution of age composition to the growth of the present population\" if fertility and mortality rates are held constant at their current levels. The second part of the paper examined Fisher's reproductive value function and investigates the location of maxima in relation to alternative values of the intrinsic growth rate. One conclusion which follows from this analysis is that, contrary to what has been discovered by others in specific examples, the reproductive value function can possess a global maximum in the first one or two years of life, provided the intrinsic rate of population growth is sufficiently negative. This principle is illustrated by reference to reproductive value functions calculated from the recent experience of U.S. females.", "contents": "The stable equivalent population, age composition, and Fisher's reproductive value function. This paper deals with a further analysis of the stable equivalent population for human populations. It first shows that the arithmetic difference between the size of the stable equivalent population and the actual population captures the total prospective contribution of age composition to the growth of the present population\" if fertility and mortality rates are held constant at their current levels. The second part of the paper examined Fisher's reproductive value function and investigates the location of maxima in relation to alternative values of the intrinsic growth rate. One conclusion which follows from this analysis is that, contrary to what has been discovered by others in specific examples, the reproductive value function can possess a global maximum in the first one or two years of life, provided the intrinsic rate of population growth is sufficiently negative. This principle is illustrated by reference to reproductive value functions calculated from the recent experience of U.S. females.", "PMID": 836444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2067", "title": "Methodological issues underlying multiple decrement life table analysis.", "content": "In this paper, the actuarial method of multiple decrement life table analysis of censored, longitudinal data is examined. The discussion is organized in terms of the first segment of usage of an intrauterine device. Weaknesses of the actuarial approach are pointed out, and an alternative approach, based on the classical model of competing risks, is proposed. Finally, the actuarial and the alternative method of analyzing censored data are compared, using data from the Taichung Medical Study on Intrauterine Devices.", "contents": "Methodological issues underlying multiple decrement life table analysis. In this paper, the actuarial method of multiple decrement life table analysis of censored, longitudinal data is examined. The discussion is organized in terms of the first segment of usage of an intrauterine device. Weaknesses of the actuarial approach are pointed out, and an alternative approach, based on the classical model of competing risks, is proposed. Finally, the actuarial and the alternative method of analyzing censored data are compared, using data from the Taichung Medical Study on Intrauterine Devices.", "PMID": 836445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2068", "title": "A new technique for measuring preferences in demographic studies.", "content": "In this article, we introduce an alternative technique to the single-sentence question for measuring preferences for number of children, age at marriage, length of first birth interval, length of employment, and years of schooling. This new measurement procedure utilizes a graphic scale rather than verbal responses, and it places family size decisions within the context of several other major life cycle decisions. One month reliability data for the measurement technique were obtained from a sample of 107 school children. Reliability results are compared to data from a previous study of teenagers.", "contents": "A new technique for measuring preferences in demographic studies. In this article, we introduce an alternative technique to the single-sentence question for measuring preferences for number of children, age at marriage, length of first birth interval, length of employment, and years of schooling. This new measurement procedure utilizes a graphic scale rather than verbal responses, and it places family size decisions within the context of several other major life cycle decisions. One month reliability data for the measurement technique were obtained from a sample of 107 school children. Reliability results are compared to data from a previous study of teenagers.", "PMID": 836446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2069", "title": "[Bladder dysfunctions years after radical hysterectomy without subsequent radiation therapy for cervical cancer. A urodynamic investigation. (author's transl)].", "content": "52% (21/40) of patients treated for cervical cancer by a radical hysterectomy without subsequent radiation therapy, complained months and years later still about a significant bladder dystunction and about urinary incontinence. A urodynamic investigation of the urologically sumptomatic cases revealed a severe hypertonus of the detrusor muscle in 58% (10/17). Uninhibited detrusor contractions are not typical of the bladder dysfunction after radical hysterectomy. The urinary incontinence was in most cases a mixed one, where a hypertonic detrusor and a sphincter incontinence are both present.", "contents": "[Bladder dysfunctions years after radical hysterectomy without subsequent radiation therapy for cervical cancer. A urodynamic investigation. (author's transl)]. 52% (21/40) of patients treated for cervical cancer by a radical hysterectomy without subsequent radiation therapy, complained months and years later still about a significant bladder dystunction and about urinary incontinence. A urodynamic investigation of the urologically sumptomatic cases revealed a severe hypertonus of the detrusor muscle in 58% (10/17). Uninhibited detrusor contractions are not typical of the bladder dysfunction after radical hysterectomy. The urinary incontinence was in most cases a mixed one, where a hypertonic detrusor and a sphincter incontinence are both present.", "PMID": 836455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2070", "title": "[Hemoccult tests of the stool at the time of preventive gynaecological examination (author's transl)].", "content": "From January 1, 1977 on, the test for occult blood in the stool becomes, by law, part of routine preventive checkups in order to detect carcinomatous and precancerous lesions of the colon. The effectiveness and practical use of the hemoccult test in the routine gynaecological annual checkup was tested. From October 1975 to June 1976 the test was done in 1,017 women at the time of the preventive gynaecological examinations. The patients received three hemoccult test sachets. They contained guayac resin on filter paper. The stool sample is placed on the filter paper and later tested with peroxide. The patients were informed about the test. The high interest of the patients in the test was exemplified by the high return rate of 80.7%. In 29 patients at least one hemoccult test was found to be positive for a rate of 3.53%. In one of the 821 patients who returned the test a carcinoma of the rectum was discovered which was too high for digital rectal examination. An optimal test is obtained when a stool sample is placed on the filter paper on three consecutive days. When a test is positive the patient is subjected to rectal digital examination, sigmoidoscopy and air contrast barium enema. If the source of bleeding cannot be detected in this manner a coloscopy is done. If the patient followed a diet prior and during the test the rate of positive tests of 3.53% was not increased compared to the group without dietary measures. A special diet prior and during the test is therefore not necessary. The above study shows that the inclusion of the hemoccult test in preventive examinations is a rational extention of preventive testing. Combined with gynaecological preventive examinations, the additional testing for precancerous and carcinomatous lesions of the colon is of additional preventive value for the health of the women.", "contents": "[Hemoccult tests of the stool at the time of preventive gynaecological examination (author's transl)]. From January 1, 1977 on, the test for occult blood in the stool becomes, by law, part of routine preventive checkups in order to detect carcinomatous and precancerous lesions of the colon. The effectiveness and practical use of the hemoccult test in the routine gynaecological annual checkup was tested. From October 1975 to June 1976 the test was done in 1,017 women at the time of the preventive gynaecological examinations. The patients received three hemoccult test sachets. They contained guayac resin on filter paper. The stool sample is placed on the filter paper and later tested with peroxide. The patients were informed about the test. The high interest of the patients in the test was exemplified by the high return rate of 80.7%. In 29 patients at least one hemoccult test was found to be positive for a rate of 3.53%. In one of the 821 patients who returned the test a carcinoma of the rectum was discovered which was too high for digital rectal examination. An optimal test is obtained when a stool sample is placed on the filter paper on three consecutive days. When a test is positive the patient is subjected to rectal digital examination, sigmoidoscopy and air contrast barium enema. If the source of bleeding cannot be detected in this manner a coloscopy is done. If the patient followed a diet prior and during the test the rate of positive tests of 3.53% was not increased compared to the group without dietary measures. A special diet prior and during the test is therefore not necessary. The above study shows that the inclusion of the hemoccult test in preventive examinations is a rational extention of preventive testing. Combined with gynaecological preventive examinations, the additional testing for precancerous and carcinomatous lesions of the colon is of additional preventive value for the health of the women.", "PMID": 836456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2071", "title": "[Polyps of the uterine cervix during the hormonal resting phase in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "The occurrance of polyps of the uterine cervix during childhood is described which is exceedingly rare according to the literature. A pediatric gynaecological outpatient department was established two years ago and among about 600 children examined by viginoscopy, nine children with polyps of the cervix were detected. All nine girls had similar symptoms and signs. There was vaginal bleeding with malodorous discharge which could also be characteristic of a malignant tumor. The vaginal introitus was rather larger with an almost absent hymen. It is important to recognize the conditions early and to treat it. The vaginal discharge was treated. The polyp was removed and the base of the polyp was coagulated to avoid a recurrence. It can be expected that polyps of the uterine cervix in childhood will be found more often as the interest in pediatric gynaecology increases.", "contents": "[Polyps of the uterine cervix during the hormonal resting phase in childhood (author's transl)]. The occurrance of polyps of the uterine cervix during childhood is described which is exceedingly rare according to the literature. A pediatric gynaecological outpatient department was established two years ago and among about 600 children examined by viginoscopy, nine children with polyps of the cervix were detected. All nine girls had similar symptoms and signs. There was vaginal bleeding with malodorous discharge which could also be characteristic of a malignant tumor. The vaginal introitus was rather larger with an almost absent hymen. It is important to recognize the conditions early and to treat it. The vaginal discharge was treated. The polyp was removed and the base of the polyp was coagulated to avoid a recurrence. It can be expected that polyps of the uterine cervix in childhood will be found more often as the interest in pediatric gynaecology increases.", "PMID": 836457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2072", "title": "The development of children born by vaginal or abdominal breech delivery (author's transl).", "content": "The early and late development of children born by the breech either by vaginal breech delivery or by caesarean Section is compared. The early and late morbidity of the two groups is discussed in detail. Considering the recently published data by Hagberg (6) theinterpretation of findings classified as secondary morbidity is very dificult. There are numerous especially antenatal factors which interfere with the interpretation. The conclusion is presented that it is a present not possible to make a definite statement on the value of vaginal or Caesarean Section delivery in breech presentation. It is still considered to be safe to do Caesarean Section delivery in breech presentation. It is still considered to be safe to do Caesarean Sections in breech presentations on an individualized basis.", "contents": "The development of children born by vaginal or abdominal breech delivery (author's transl). The early and late development of children born by the breech either by vaginal breech delivery or by caesarean Section is compared. The early and late morbidity of the two groups is discussed in detail. Considering the recently published data by Hagberg (6) theinterpretation of findings classified as secondary morbidity is very dificult. There are numerous especially antenatal factors which interfere with the interpretation. The conclusion is presented that it is a present not possible to make a definite statement on the value of vaginal or Caesarean Section delivery in breech presentation. It is still considered to be safe to do Caesarean Section delivery in breech presentation. It is still considered to be safe to do Caesarean Sections in breech presentations on an individualized basis.", "PMID": 836458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2073", "title": "[Vulvovaginal mycoses-stort-term treatment with Econazole (author's transl)].", "content": "The short-term treatment (3 days) of mycologically demonstrated vulvovaginal candidiasis with econazole vaginal suppositories 150 mg was tested in a population of 194 women. Substancial prerequisites for thorough and complete performance of the therapy are high cure rates (93,3%), prompt therapeutic results, minor burden for the patient and good tolerability. In view of the vital danger for the newborn provoked by candidiasis morbidity, this short-term therapy is also indicated for prenatal prophylaxis.", "contents": "[Vulvovaginal mycoses-stort-term treatment with Econazole (author's transl)]. The short-term treatment (3 days) of mycologically demonstrated vulvovaginal candidiasis with econazole vaginal suppositories 150 mg was tested in a population of 194 women. Substancial prerequisites for thorough and complete performance of the therapy are high cure rates (93,3%), prompt therapeutic results, minor burden for the patient and good tolerability. In view of the vital danger for the newborn provoked by candidiasis morbidity, this short-term therapy is also indicated for prenatal prophylaxis.", "PMID": 836459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2074", "title": "[Intraepithelial carcinoma of the cervix uteri in young women (author's transl)].", "content": "78 cases of cervical carcinoma in situ in women aged thirty years or less treated at the 1st Universit\u00e4ts-Frauenklinik in Vienna in the period 1960-1974 are being reported. This number represents 10,7% of all 729 cases of cervical carcinoma in situ in this period. It was surprising to notice a distinct increase in the incidence of this disease in the last years. The amount of young women with cervical carcinoma in situ went up to 15.8% in the period 1972-1974.", "contents": "[Intraepithelial carcinoma of the cervix uteri in young women (author's transl)]. 78 cases of cervical carcinoma in situ in women aged thirty years or less treated at the 1st Universit\u00e4ts-Frauenklinik in Vienna in the period 1960-1974 are being reported. This number represents 10,7% of all 729 cases of cervical carcinoma in situ in this period. It was surprising to notice a distinct increase in the incidence of this disease in the last years. The amount of young women with cervical carcinoma in situ went up to 15.8% in the period 1972-1974.", "PMID": 836460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2075", "title": "[Epidural anaesthesia in obstetrics (author's transl)].", "content": "Review of 1400 epidural anaesthesias during labour and delivery. The single shot method resulted in complete analgesia in 83.8% of the cases. There were 2.8% failures. With longer duration of albour 13.4% of the epidural anaesthesias had to be repeated. Epidural anaesthesia was tolerated well by the women in labour. Hypotension occurred in 21.6% of the cases and was corrected by intravenous infusion and positioning of the patient on the side. No adverse effects on the fetus were found. The duration of labour and delivery was not prolonged. The caesarean section rate was not increased by epidural anaesthesia. Because of the more difficult bearing down reflux during the second stage of labour, the incidence of vacuum extractions was increased by 1 to 3%. The incidence of forceps deliveries remained stable. There was no significant increase of abnormal vertex positions. Postpartum headaches because of decompression by loss of cerebrospinal fluid was seen in 2.2% of the cases. The headaches subsided on complete bed rest. One case of total spinal anesthesia with respiratory arrest is reported which necessitated immediate intubation. Another dangerous complication was noted in a Para 2 who suffered a complete uterine rupture below the level of the epidural anesthesia without any clinical signs and symptoms. Therefore continual internal fetal monitoring is considered to be essential in all cases with epidural anaesthesias. Previous caesarean sections or uterine operations are no contra-indications to epidural anaesthesia.", "contents": "[Epidural anaesthesia in obstetrics (author's transl)]. Review of 1400 epidural anaesthesias during labour and delivery. The single shot method resulted in complete analgesia in 83.8% of the cases. There were 2.8% failures. With longer duration of albour 13.4% of the epidural anaesthesias had to be repeated. Epidural anaesthesia was tolerated well by the women in labour. Hypotension occurred in 21.6% of the cases and was corrected by intravenous infusion and positioning of the patient on the side. No adverse effects on the fetus were found. The duration of labour and delivery was not prolonged. The caesarean section rate was not increased by epidural anaesthesia. Because of the more difficult bearing down reflux during the second stage of labour, the incidence of vacuum extractions was increased by 1 to 3%. The incidence of forceps deliveries remained stable. There was no significant increase of abnormal vertex positions. Postpartum headaches because of decompression by loss of cerebrospinal fluid was seen in 2.2% of the cases. The headaches subsided on complete bed rest. One case of total spinal anesthesia with respiratory arrest is reported which necessitated immediate intubation. Another dangerous complication was noted in a Para 2 who suffered a complete uterine rupture below the level of the epidural anesthesia without any clinical signs and symptoms. Therefore continual internal fetal monitoring is considered to be essential in all cases with epidural anaesthesias. Previous caesarean sections or uterine operations are no contra-indications to epidural anaesthesia.", "PMID": 836461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2076", "title": "Effects of ureteral obstruction on the renal metabolism of alpha-ketoglutarate and other substrates in vivo.", "content": "The renal metabolims of alpha-ketoglutarate, glutamate, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and citrate during the infusion of beta-hydroxybutyrate and/or alpha-ketoglutarate was evaluated in vivo in the awake, resting dog after varying periods of unilateral ureteral obstruction. The induction of reversible renal damage by 2 weeks of obstruction was associated with (i) decreased utilization of alpha-ketoglutarate and oxygen; (ii) decreased production of carbon dioxide; (iii) elevated respiratory quotient; and (iv) nearly complete lack of citrate production. The induction of irreversible renal damage by 6 weeks of obstruction was associated with (i) a nearly total absence of alpha-ketoglutarate utilization; (ii) a markedly decreased amount of oxygen utilization and carbon dioxide production; (iii) a normal respiratory quotient; and (iv) a nearly total absence of citrate production. The metabolic changes observed after obstruction indicate that aerobic metabolism is inhibited by either reversible or irreversible renal damage. However, certain anaerobic reactions continued in the reversibly damaged kidney. Differences in the extent and character of metabolic changes may make it possible to predict the degree of renal damage.", "contents": "Effects of ureteral obstruction on the renal metabolism of alpha-ketoglutarate and other substrates in vivo. The renal metabolims of alpha-ketoglutarate, glutamate, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and citrate during the infusion of beta-hydroxybutyrate and/or alpha-ketoglutarate was evaluated in vivo in the awake, resting dog after varying periods of unilateral ureteral obstruction. The induction of reversible renal damage by 2 weeks of obstruction was associated with (i) decreased utilization of alpha-ketoglutarate and oxygen; (ii) decreased production of carbon dioxide; (iii) elevated respiratory quotient; and (iv) nearly complete lack of citrate production. The induction of irreversible renal damage by 6 weeks of obstruction was associated with (i) a nearly total absence of alpha-ketoglutarate utilization; (ii) a markedly decreased amount of oxygen utilization and carbon dioxide production; (iii) a normal respiratory quotient; and (iv) a nearly total absence of citrate production. The metabolic changes observed after obstruction indicate that aerobic metabolism is inhibited by either reversible or irreversible renal damage. However, certain anaerobic reactions continued in the reversibly damaged kidney. Differences in the extent and character of metabolic changes may make it possible to predict the degree of renal damage.", "PMID": 836462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2077", "title": "Investigation of intrarenal blood flow and urine flow aspects by scintillation camera.", "content": "In order to clarify intrarenal dynamic processes related to regional distribution in patients with unilateral renal disease, two radioactive tracers, 133Xe and 99mTc-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (99mTc-DTPA) were introduced into a renal artery and intrarenal blood flow and urine flow aspects were observed by scintillation camera. Cortical blood flow decreased and medullary blood flow relatively increased with the advance of renal damage. Urine flow curve from normal cortex showed two phasic patterns. One early phase might correspond to the appearance of the tracer through the proximal tubule and a second phase might correspond to the appearance of the tracer through the loop of Henle to the distal tubule. Under mannitol diuresis, two phasic urine flow curves from the cortex became obscured and the peak time of pelvic curve shifted to the earlier period. These studies were considered to be useful in evaluating unilateral renal function and might offer a good insight for intrarenal physiology concerning blood flow as well as urine flow.", "contents": "Investigation of intrarenal blood flow and urine flow aspects by scintillation camera. In order to clarify intrarenal dynamic processes related to regional distribution in patients with unilateral renal disease, two radioactive tracers, 133Xe and 99mTc-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (99mTc-DTPA) were introduced into a renal artery and intrarenal blood flow and urine flow aspects were observed by scintillation camera. Cortical blood flow decreased and medullary blood flow relatively increased with the advance of renal damage. Urine flow curve from normal cortex showed two phasic patterns. One early phase might correspond to the appearance of the tracer through the proximal tubule and a second phase might correspond to the appearance of the tracer through the loop of Henle to the distal tubule. Under mannitol diuresis, two phasic urine flow curves from the cortex became obscured and the peak time of pelvic curve shifted to the earlier period. These studies were considered to be useful in evaluating unilateral renal function and might offer a good insight for intrarenal physiology concerning blood flow as well as urine flow.", "PMID": 836463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2078", "title": "Studies in ureteral regeneration: replacement of a large segment of ureter with an in situ pedicle graft of proximal ureter.", "content": "The phenomenon of ureteral regeneration has been of interest to clinicians, anatomists, and physiologists for many years. The object of this investigation was to study the regeneration of a long pedicle graft of ureter. Regeneration of the pedicle graft over a stent took place in 4 to 5 weeks. At sacrifice 8 to 10 months postoperatively, 7 of 10 operations were completely successful with no evidence of hydronephrosis, obstruction, or pyelonephritis. Two animals exhibited slight dilation of the upper tracts, and one operation was a failure. It is evident from this study that a strip of ureter removed from the ureteral artery will regenerate over a stent in 4 to 5 weeks if the blood supply from the adjacent adventitia is left intact.", "contents": "Studies in ureteral regeneration: replacement of a large segment of ureter with an in situ pedicle graft of proximal ureter. The phenomenon of ureteral regeneration has been of interest to clinicians, anatomists, and physiologists for many years. The object of this investigation was to study the regeneration of a long pedicle graft of ureter. Regeneration of the pedicle graft over a stent took place in 4 to 5 weeks. At sacrifice 8 to 10 months postoperatively, 7 of 10 operations were completely successful with no evidence of hydronephrosis, obstruction, or pyelonephritis. Two animals exhibited slight dilation of the upper tracts, and one operation was a failure. It is evident from this study that a strip of ureter removed from the ureteral artery will regenerate over a stent in 4 to 5 weeks if the blood supply from the adjacent adventitia is left intact.", "PMID": 836464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2079", "title": "Oxalate absorption from intestinal segments of rats.", "content": "An animal experimental model was used to study oxalate absorption from the gut. It was found that the initial rate of [14C]oxalate absorption is rapid (6.5 per cent per min), and that after 5 min the rate of absorption decreases to about 0.6 per cent per min. Absorption of [14C]oxalate was greatest in the jejunum and least in the colon. On the basis of linear coefficients derived from the data, it is estimated that at least 8.6 per cent of a challenge dose of oxalate should be absorbed from the small bowel during normal transit. The high absorption rate, compared with the normal absorption of oxalate, in this model is most likely attributable to the oxalate's being completely dissolved in the gut. Magnesium and calcium in the test solution did not cause large changes in the rate or amount of oxalate transfer in this experimental model.", "contents": "Oxalate absorption from intestinal segments of rats. An animal experimental model was used to study oxalate absorption from the gut. It was found that the initial rate of [14C]oxalate absorption is rapid (6.5 per cent per min), and that after 5 min the rate of absorption decreases to about 0.6 per cent per min. Absorption of [14C]oxalate was greatest in the jejunum and least in the colon. On the basis of linear coefficients derived from the data, it is estimated that at least 8.6 per cent of a challenge dose of oxalate should be absorbed from the small bowel during normal transit. The high absorption rate, compared with the normal absorption of oxalate, in this model is most likely attributable to the oxalate's being completely dissolved in the gut. Magnesium and calcium in the test solution did not cause large changes in the rate or amount of oxalate transfer in this experimental model.", "PMID": 836465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2080", "title": "Experimental transureteroureterostomy performed with tissue adhesive.", "content": "Transureteroureterostomy was performed on 20 experimental animals by an adhesive technique with no sutures. Sixteen cases displayed very good results, two were only partly successful, and two others proved to be failures. The longest follow-up was 3 years. Results obtained are documented by excretory urography and pathologic examinations.", "contents": "Experimental transureteroureterostomy performed with tissue adhesive. Transureteroureterostomy was performed on 20 experimental animals by an adhesive technique with no sutures. Sixteen cases displayed very good results, two were only partly successful, and two others proved to be failures. The longest follow-up was 3 years. Results obtained are documented by excretory urography and pathologic examinations.", "PMID": 836466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2081", "title": "Ultrastructural stereology: a new approach to the study of prostatic function.", "content": "Stereology is a method used to obtain quantitative information of structural changes at the light and electron microscopic level. The basic principles of stereology are outlined below. This paper shows how stereologic techniques can be used to obtain structural data from histologic and electron micrographs of intact tissue and cells. A morphometric model, which provides information on the structure of the prostatic gland has been developed for the rat prostate. The model consists of morphologically defined space and membrane compartments of the prostatic gland and the glandular cells. The alterations, induced in the glandular cells of the ventral lobe of rat prostate by the administration of a synthetic progestin (ethinyl-norgestrienone), were studied by electron microscopy. The results presented are relative to a cubic centimeter of prostatic tissue, a cubic centimeter of acinar parenchyma, and glandular cell cytoplasm. An attempt to relate stereologic and biochemical data is shown.", "contents": "Ultrastructural stereology: a new approach to the study of prostatic function. Stereology is a method used to obtain quantitative information of structural changes at the light and electron microscopic level. The basic principles of stereology are outlined below. This paper shows how stereologic techniques can be used to obtain structural data from histologic and electron micrographs of intact tissue and cells. A morphometric model, which provides information on the structure of the prostatic gland has been developed for the rat prostate. The model consists of morphologically defined space and membrane compartments of the prostatic gland and the glandular cells. The alterations, induced in the glandular cells of the ventral lobe of rat prostate by the administration of a synthetic progestin (ethinyl-norgestrienone), were studied by electron microscopy. The results presented are relative to a cubic centimeter of prostatic tissue, a cubic centimeter of acinar parenchyma, and glandular cell cytoplasm. An attempt to relate stereologic and biochemical data is shown.", "PMID": 836467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2082", "title": "Ureteral function. IV. The urometrogram at increased urine output.", "content": "In this study the shape of the urometrogram or ureteral pressure pulse is evaluated as a function of urine output. Using a simultaneous monitoring technique, the urometrogram, spurt volume, and wave speed, as well as various aspects of wave geometry, have been studied on dogs with explanted bladders during various stages of urine output. The qualitative shape of the urometrogram is discussed for urine flows ranging from less than 0.01 ml per min to about 6 ml per min. An explanation of the shape of the urometrogram is presented and shown to be related to urine output and to length of the bolus. Preliminary experiments using mannitol, Lasix, Hypaque, and saline were all shown to induce similar changes in the shape of the urometrogram; however, the rate at which the changes occur was a function of the specific drug.", "contents": "Ureteral function. IV. The urometrogram at increased urine output. In this study the shape of the urometrogram or ureteral pressure pulse is evaluated as a function of urine output. Using a simultaneous monitoring technique, the urometrogram, spurt volume, and wave speed, as well as various aspects of wave geometry, have been studied on dogs with explanted bladders during various stages of urine output. The qualitative shape of the urometrogram is discussed for urine flows ranging from less than 0.01 ml per min to about 6 ml per min. An explanation of the shape of the urometrogram is presented and shown to be related to urine output and to length of the bolus. Preliminary experiments using mannitol, Lasix, Hypaque, and saline were all shown to induce similar changes in the shape of the urometrogram; however, the rate at which the changes occur was a function of the specific drug.", "PMID": 836468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2083", "title": "The sympathetic innervation and adrenoreceptor function of the human lower urinary tract in the normal state and after parasympathetic denervation.", "content": "Adrenergic innervation of the human urinary bladder was studied in vitro in specimens excised during operation from six neurologically normal bladders and from five parasympathetically denervated (lower motor neuron lesion) bladders. Using a specific histochemical fluorescence technique, it was found that the adrenergic nerve terminals of the detrusor of the patients with lower motor neuron lesions were thicker, had a stronger fluorescence intensity, and were in most cases also more densely distributed than those of any of the six neurologically normal bladders examined. By recording the changes in the isometric tension of detrusor strips after different pharmacologic treatments, the existence of alpha-adrenergic receptors could be demonstrated in the parasympathetically denervated detrusor but not in the normal detrusor. The influence of alpha-adrenolytic treatment (phenoxybenzamine) was studied in vivo in seven patients with lower motor neuron lesions. In the cystometrograms, the bladders were more hypotonic and the \"autonomous waves\" appeared at a higher level of filling or were totally extinguished after this pharmacologic treatment. With an isotonic volume registration method, a bladder volume increase was recorded after alpha-adrenergic blockade. Using sphincterometry or urethral pressure profile studies, a decrease in the urethral resistance was observed after alpha-adrenolytic treatment.", "contents": "The sympathetic innervation and adrenoreceptor function of the human lower urinary tract in the normal state and after parasympathetic denervation. Adrenergic innervation of the human urinary bladder was studied in vitro in specimens excised during operation from six neurologically normal bladders and from five parasympathetically denervated (lower motor neuron lesion) bladders. Using a specific histochemical fluorescence technique, it was found that the adrenergic nerve terminals of the detrusor of the patients with lower motor neuron lesions were thicker, had a stronger fluorescence intensity, and were in most cases also more densely distributed than those of any of the six neurologically normal bladders examined. By recording the changes in the isometric tension of detrusor strips after different pharmacologic treatments, the existence of alpha-adrenergic receptors could be demonstrated in the parasympathetically denervated detrusor but not in the normal detrusor. The influence of alpha-adrenolytic treatment (phenoxybenzamine) was studied in vivo in seven patients with lower motor neuron lesions. In the cystometrograms, the bladders were more hypotonic and the \"autonomous waves\" appeared at a higher level of filling or were totally extinguished after this pharmacologic treatment. With an isotonic volume registration method, a bladder volume increase was recorded after alpha-adrenergic blockade. Using sphincterometry or urethral pressure profile studies, a decrease in the urethral resistance was observed after alpha-adrenolytic treatment.", "PMID": 836469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2084", "title": "Ultramicro GC determination of amino acids using glass open tubular columns and a nitrogen-selective detector.", "content": "A glass open tubular (capillary) column together with a nitrogen-selective detector were evaluated for the analysis of amino acids by gas chromatography. Test samples included normal and abnormal human sera and urine and several hydrolysates of pure proteins. Amino acids in the biological samples were isolated by ion exchange pretreatment and derivatized to the n-propyl, N-acetyl derivatives. Protein hydrolysates were derivatized without pretreatment. Compared with a flame ionization detector, the nitrogen-selective detector gave a sensitivity enhancement of 80x-180x for the amino acid derivatives, depending on the particular amino acid. Long-term stability of the detector was excellent. Reproducibility studies gave a long-term precision of about 6% for serum or urine samples while a precision of 5% was obtainable on a day-to-day basis when analyzing protein hydrolyzates. The experiments showed that amino acids at the picomole level could be reliably analyzed with the system. The open tubular column coated with a mixture of Carbowax 20M and Silar 5 CP and having a very thin liquid phase film gave greatly improved thermal stability compared with a previously used packed column.", "contents": "Ultramicro GC determination of amino acids using glass open tubular columns and a nitrogen-selective detector. A glass open tubular (capillary) column together with a nitrogen-selective detector were evaluated for the analysis of amino acids by gas chromatography. Test samples included normal and abnormal human sera and urine and several hydrolysates of pure proteins. Amino acids in the biological samples were isolated by ion exchange pretreatment and derivatized to the n-propyl, N-acetyl derivatives. Protein hydrolysates were derivatized without pretreatment. Compared with a flame ionization detector, the nitrogen-selective detector gave a sensitivity enhancement of 80x-180x for the amino acid derivatives, depending on the particular amino acid. Long-term stability of the detector was excellent. Reproducibility studies gave a long-term precision of about 6% for serum or urine samples while a precision of 5% was obtainable on a day-to-day basis when analyzing protein hydrolyzates. The experiments showed that amino acids at the picomole level could be reliably analyzed with the system. The open tubular column coated with a mixture of Carbowax 20M and Silar 5 CP and having a very thin liquid phase film gave greatly improved thermal stability compared with a previously used packed column.", "PMID": 836470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2085", "title": "A sample-bottle purging method for the determination of vinyl chloride in water at submicrogram per liter levels.", "content": "Methodology is presented for the concentration, detection and measurement of vinyl chloride (VC) in water at a maximum sensitivity of 0.1 mug/1 by gas chromatography, using the halogen specific microcoulometric titration detector. The methodology eliminates cyanogen chloride (CNCI) as a potential interference by using a 180 mm X 4 mm i.d. GC column packed in the first one-third with Chromosorb 101, and in the second two-thirds with Chromosorb 102; a procedure for purging the sealed sample bottle itself is utilized as a means of analyzing larger samples, while at the same time avoiding the loss of VC by volatilization which occurred when the sample was transferred to a purging device. A method of verifying the accuracy of standard solutions that utilizes a new device called a \"Reaction Coulometer,\" is also included and a detailed description of how to convert the inlet system of the Tracor MT 220 gas chromatograph to a desorbing device is provided.", "contents": "A sample-bottle purging method for the determination of vinyl chloride in water at submicrogram per liter levels. Methodology is presented for the concentration, detection and measurement of vinyl chloride (VC) in water at a maximum sensitivity of 0.1 mug/1 by gas chromatography, using the halogen specific microcoulometric titration detector. The methodology eliminates cyanogen chloride (CNCI) as a potential interference by using a 180 mm X 4 mm i.d. GC column packed in the first one-third with Chromosorb 101, and in the second two-thirds with Chromosorb 102; a procedure for purging the sealed sample bottle itself is utilized as a means of analyzing larger samples, while at the same time avoiding the loss of VC by volatilization which occurred when the sample was transferred to a purging device. A method of verifying the accuracy of standard solutions that utilizes a new device called a \"Reaction Coulometer,\" is also included and a detailed description of how to convert the inlet system of the Tracor MT 220 gas chromatograph to a desorbing device is provided.", "PMID": 836471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2086", "title": "High pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of Oryzalin and other selected herbicides.", "content": "Procedures are described for the analysis of Oryzalin, Tebuthiuron, and several other selected dinitroaniline herbicides by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Quantitation of Oryzalin and small concentrations of chemical impurities from the production process can be performed rapidly. Linearity and reproducibility are discussed and comparisons to other methods are made.", "contents": "High pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of Oryzalin and other selected herbicides. Procedures are described for the analysis of Oryzalin, Tebuthiuron, and several other selected dinitroaniline herbicides by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Quantitation of Oryzalin and small concentrations of chemical impurities from the production process can be performed rapidly. Linearity and reproducibility are discussed and comparisons to other methods are made.", "PMID": 836472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2087", "title": "Drug effects on fixed-interval responding with pause requirements for food presentation.", "content": "In pigeons performing under a multiple schedule of food presentation, low key-pecking rates (0.18 to 0.29 responses per second) were maintained during 3-min fixed-interval components by requiring a 4-, 5-, or 6-sec pause preceding the food-delivery response (tandem DRL), while higher rates (0.70 to 1.37 responses per second) were maintained in alternative fixed-interval components by requiring a pause of no more than 40 msec preceding the food-delivery response (tandem DRH). Thus, reinforcement density was equal but overall response rates markedly different in the two schedule components. Pentobarbital (3, 10 mg/kg) had effects on overall rates of responding consistent with a rate-dependency interpretation (low rates were increased while higher rates were decreased), but d-amphetamine (0.03 to 3 mg/kg) either failed to increase low overall rates in the tandem DRL components or increased them only slightly. Effects of both drugs on local responding within the fixed-intervals were always related in an orderly way to control response rate, but the extent of rate increases produced by d-amphetamine was modifed in some birds by pause requirements such that the drug increased comparable rates less when these occurred in the tandem DRL component than when they occurred in the tandem DRH components. Control rate is an important determinant of drug effects, independent DRH components. Control rate is an important determinant of drug effects, independent of reinforcement density maintaining rates, and independent of environmental influences, such as response-spacing requirements for food presentation, that can modify the extent of some drug-produced rate changes.", "contents": "Drug effects on fixed-interval responding with pause requirements for food presentation. In pigeons performing under a multiple schedule of food presentation, low key-pecking rates (0.18 to 0.29 responses per second) were maintained during 3-min fixed-interval components by requiring a 4-, 5-, or 6-sec pause preceding the food-delivery response (tandem DRL), while higher rates (0.70 to 1.37 responses per second) were maintained in alternative fixed-interval components by requiring a pause of no more than 40 msec preceding the food-delivery response (tandem DRH). Thus, reinforcement density was equal but overall response rates markedly different in the two schedule components. Pentobarbital (3, 10 mg/kg) had effects on overall rates of responding consistent with a rate-dependency interpretation (low rates were increased while higher rates were decreased), but d-amphetamine (0.03 to 3 mg/kg) either failed to increase low overall rates in the tandem DRL components or increased them only slightly. Effects of both drugs on local responding within the fixed-intervals were always related in an orderly way to control response rate, but the extent of rate increases produced by d-amphetamine was modifed in some birds by pause requirements such that the drug increased comparable rates less when these occurred in the tandem DRL component than when they occurred in the tandem DRH components. Control rate is an important determinant of drug effects, independent DRH components. Control rate is an important determinant of drug effects, independent of reinforcement density maintaining rates, and independent of environmental influences, such as response-spacing requirements for food presentation, that can modify the extent of some drug-produced rate changes.", "PMID": 836480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2088", "title": "Graded group procedures for long term regressed schizophrenics.", "content": "It has been suggested that a graded sequence of treatments might be the most efficacious approach to the rehabilitation of the regressed schizophrenic. To date, however, no research has been reported which examines the relative effectiveness of various treatment combinations with this difficult population. The present study is an investigation of the relative effectiveness of three treatment sequences in increasing social interaction among long term  regressed schizophrenics. In this study, 32 chronic schizophrenic patients were randomly assigned to one of three treatment sequences or to a control group. Each sequence began with six sessions of remotivation group therapy. Following, this, one group participated in four sessions of activities, another had social living discussions, and a third continued with remotivation therapy. Both the remotivation-activities sequence and the remotivation-only sesequence significantly increased social interaction relative to the remotivation-social living sequence and thecontrol group. Therefore it appears that both the activities groups and the remotivation groups are effective early components of a graded treatment program to increase social interaction among withdrawn schizophrenics.", "contents": "Graded group procedures for long term regressed schizophrenics. It has been suggested that a graded sequence of treatments might be the most efficacious approach to the rehabilitation of the regressed schizophrenic. To date, however, no research has been reported which examines the relative effectiveness of various treatment combinations with this difficult population. The present study is an investigation of the relative effectiveness of three treatment sequences in increasing social interaction among long term  regressed schizophrenics. In this study, 32 chronic schizophrenic patients were randomly assigned to one of three treatment sequences or to a control group. Each sequence began with six sessions of remotivation group therapy. Following, this, one group participated in four sessions of activities, another had social living discussions, and a third continued with remotivation therapy. Both the remotivation-activities sequence and the remotivation-only sesequence significantly increased social interaction relative to the remotivation-social living sequence and thecontrol group. Therefore it appears that both the activities groups and the remotivation groups are effective early components of a graded treatment program to increase social interaction among withdrawn schizophrenics.", "PMID": 836481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2089", "title": "Predicting outcome for mental hospital patients: who, what to ask.", "content": "Outcomes for 62 hospitalized mental patients were predicted, utilizing various background information, diagnoses, and staff ratings of behavior, as independent variables. Diagnoses and previous admissions correlated weakly with the outcomes, viz., length of stay, subsequent readmissions, and post-hospital adjustment. Staff ratings were more reliable, and of these, the open ward aides' estimates generally were more effective than those of admission ward personnel or professionals. Staff predictions and judgments of patients' behaviors yielded multiple correlations explaining over 60 per cent of the variation in each outcome measure. In addition, the patient's judged competence and posthospital living situation were associated with his or her use of outpatient facilities.", "contents": "Predicting outcome for mental hospital patients: who, what to ask. Outcomes for 62 hospitalized mental patients were predicted, utilizing various background information, diagnoses, and staff ratings of behavior, as independent variables. Diagnoses and previous admissions correlated weakly with the outcomes, viz., length of stay, subsequent readmissions, and post-hospital adjustment. Staff ratings were more reliable, and of these, the open ward aides' estimates generally were more effective than those of admission ward personnel or professionals. Staff predictions and judgments of patients' behaviors yielded multiple correlations explaining over 60 per cent of the variation in each outcome measure. In addition, the patient's judged competence and posthospital living situation were associated with his or her use of outpatient facilities.", "PMID": 836482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2090", "title": "WAIS and MMPI correlates of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychology Battery in normal male subjects.", "content": "Two groups, each consisting of 24 normal young men, were given the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychology Battery and additional tests of intellectual and personality functioning, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, and the Cornell Medical Index. The test (and subtest) scores were intercorrelated. No significant correlations were found between any of the personality tests and any of the subtests of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychology Battery. Most of the WAIS measures likewise failed to correlate with the Halstead-Reitan measures in the two samples. The exceptions were the Digit Span and Block Design subtests and the Performance Scale IG score on the WAIS which did correlate with some of the subtests from the  Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychology Battery. The findings with normal subjects reported in this paper, in contrast with findings with psychopathological and brain-damaged groups of subjects reported by others, indicate that for Ss in the top half of the population in education and WAIS FSIQ, individual differences in scores on the WAIS, the MMPI, TMAS, and CMI do not materially influence performance on the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychology Battery Measures.", "contents": "WAIS and MMPI correlates of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychology Battery in normal male subjects. Two groups, each consisting of 24 normal young men, were given the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychology Battery and additional tests of intellectual and personality functioning, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, and the Cornell Medical Index. The test (and subtest) scores were intercorrelated. No significant correlations were found between any of the personality tests and any of the subtests of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychology Battery. Most of the WAIS measures likewise failed to correlate with the Halstead-Reitan measures in the two samples. The exceptions were the Digit Span and Block Design subtests and the Performance Scale IG score on the WAIS which did correlate with some of the subtests from the  Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychology Battery. The findings with normal subjects reported in this paper, in contrast with findings with psychopathological and brain-damaged groups of subjects reported by others, indicate that for Ss in the top half of the population in education and WAIS FSIQ, individual differences in scores on the WAIS, the MMPI, TMAS, and CMI do not materially influence performance on the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychology Battery Measures.", "PMID": 836483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2091", "title": "Handedness and the lateral distribution of conversion reactions.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the observation of Ferenczi and Purves-Stewart that conversion reactions occur with higher frequency on the left side of the body than on the right side could be confirmed. Both right-handed and left-handed patients experienced a higher proportion of left-sided symptoms (weakness or paralysis; sensory loss or numbness) than would be expected by chance, indicating a lack of support for the hypothesis that unilateral conversion symptoms occur most frequently on the most \"convenient\" (nondominant) side of the body. These findings and prior reports of left-sided lateralization of psychogenic pain were interpreted as support for the hypothesis that the right cerebral hemisphere is particularly involved in the mediation of affectively or motivationally determined somatic symptoms. The question of a possible link between these results and certain symptoms of disease of the right hemisphere was raised.", "contents": "Handedness and the lateral distribution of conversion reactions. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the observation of Ferenczi and Purves-Stewart that conversion reactions occur with higher frequency on the left side of the body than on the right side could be confirmed. Both right-handed and left-handed patients experienced a higher proportion of left-sided symptoms (weakness or paralysis; sensory loss or numbness) than would be expected by chance, indicating a lack of support for the hypothesis that unilateral conversion symptoms occur most frequently on the most \"convenient\" (nondominant) side of the body. These findings and prior reports of left-sided lateralization of psychogenic pain were interpreted as support for the hypothesis that the right cerebral hemisphere is particularly involved in the mediation of affectively or motivationally determined somatic symptoms. The question of a possible link between these results and certain symptoms of disease of the right hemisphere was raised.", "PMID": 836484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2092", "title": "Platelet and plasma amine oxidase inhibition and urinary amine excretion changes during phenelzine treatment.", "content": "The treatment of depressed patients with the monoamine oxidase (MAO)-inhibiting antidepressant, phenelzine, was found to be accompanied by an 82 per cent reduction in platelet MAO activity and a 91 per cent reduction in plasma amine oxidase activity. Maximum reductions in enzyme activity occurred after 7 to 14 days of treatment; recovery of enzyme activity posttreatment required an average of 14 days for the platelet MAO and greater than 6 weeks for the plasma enzyme. Marked elevations in urinary tryptamine excretion occurred in conjunction with MAO inhibition during phenelzine treatment, but the magnitidue of urinary tryptamine change in individual patients was not closely correlated with the magnitude of enzyme activity reduction. Changes in platelet serotonin content serotonin content and in urinary catecholamine metabolites also occurred in response to phenelzine treatment.", "contents": "Platelet and plasma amine oxidase inhibition and urinary amine excretion changes during phenelzine treatment. The treatment of depressed patients with the monoamine oxidase (MAO)-inhibiting antidepressant, phenelzine, was found to be accompanied by an 82 per cent reduction in platelet MAO activity and a 91 per cent reduction in plasma amine oxidase activity. Maximum reductions in enzyme activity occurred after 7 to 14 days of treatment; recovery of enzyme activity posttreatment required an average of 14 days for the platelet MAO and greater than 6 weeks for the plasma enzyme. Marked elevations in urinary tryptamine excretion occurred in conjunction with MAO inhibition during phenelzine treatment, but the magnitidue of urinary tryptamine change in individual patients was not closely correlated with the magnitude of enzyme activity reduction. Changes in platelet serotonin content serotonin content and in urinary catecholamine metabolites also occurred in response to phenelzine treatment.", "PMID": 836485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2093", "title": "Facial recognition in \"pseudoneurological\" patients.", "content": "A test of facial recognition was given to 44 patients whose symptoms raised a question of differential diagnosis between brain disease and functional psychiatric disorder. These \"pseudoneurological\" patients presented symptoms (e.g., memory impairment, headache, sensory disturbances) that were sufficiently suggestive of CNS disease to warrant thorough neurological evaluation. In each case, such evaluation disclosed no evidence of brain disease and the final diagnosis was some type of functional psychiatric disorder. Facial recognition performances of these patients were indistinguishable from those of medical patients without history or evidence of brain disease. The findings support the clinical application of this type of task in cases presenting problems of differential diagnosis.", "contents": "Facial recognition in \"pseudoneurological\" patients. A test of facial recognition was given to 44 patients whose symptoms raised a question of differential diagnosis between brain disease and functional psychiatric disorder. These \"pseudoneurological\" patients presented symptoms (e.g., memory impairment, headache, sensory disturbances) that were sufficiently suggestive of CNS disease to warrant thorough neurological evaluation. In each case, such evaluation disclosed no evidence of brain disease and the final diagnosis was some type of functional psychiatric disorder. Facial recognition performances of these patients were indistinguishable from those of medical patients without history or evidence of brain disease. The findings support the clinical application of this type of task in cases presenting problems of differential diagnosis.", "PMID": 836486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2094", "title": "Psychological effects of mastectomy on a woman's feminine self-concept.", "content": "Previous literature on mastectomy indicates that the operation may be perceived by the patient as a threat to her feminity. Accordingly, the present study attempted to measure changes in body image, self-concept, and total self-image in mastectomy patients and two control groups (biopsy and surgical controls). Patients were given a questionnaire measuring the concepts in question three times: 1 day before surgery; 6 days after surgery; and 6 to 11 months later. There were distinctly different patterns of results for the three groups. Mastectomy patients did indeed evince a decline in body image and total self-image, but not until months after surgery. This was not unexpected in light of previous findings of massive denial in mastectomy patients. Immediately after surgery, this denial would be at its strongest, and it is feasible that it would take some months of reality testing until the denial is no longer a necessary defense. Biopsy patients showed a decline in body image and total self-image immediately after surgery, when their denial was no longer needed. Surgical control patients showed little overall change. Thus, mastectomy patients do appear to react to the operation with a decline in self-image, although this  does not appear until some time after the operation.", "contents": "Psychological effects of mastectomy on a woman's feminine self-concept. Previous literature on mastectomy indicates that the operation may be perceived by the patient as a threat to her feminity. Accordingly, the present study attempted to measure changes in body image, self-concept, and total self-image in mastectomy patients and two control groups (biopsy and surgical controls). Patients were given a questionnaire measuring the concepts in question three times: 1 day before surgery; 6 days after surgery; and 6 to 11 months later. There were distinctly different patterns of results for the three groups. Mastectomy patients did indeed evince a decline in body image and total self-image, but not until months after surgery. This was not unexpected in light of previous findings of massive denial in mastectomy patients. Immediately after surgery, this denial would be at its strongest, and it is feasible that it would take some months of reality testing until the denial is no longer a necessary defense. Biopsy patients showed a decline in body image and total self-image immediately after surgery, when their denial was no longer needed. Surgical control patients showed little overall change. Thus, mastectomy patients do appear to react to the operation with a decline in self-image, although this  does not appear until some time after the operation.", "PMID": 836487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2095", "title": "Dynamics of hypnotic analgesia: some new data.", "content": "Following two surgical operations under hypnotic anesthesia, it was possible, during subsequent recall under hypnosis, to elicit a representation of the past operative experience. It would seem that under hypnosis there is a persistence of the preception of nociceptive information and of its recognition as such by the subject. From an analysis of these two experiments in recall, it is possible to formulate several hypotheses concerning the psychological processes involved in hypnotic analgesia. In consequence of an affective relationship, in which the hypnotist's word assumes a special importance for the subject, the latter has recourse to two kinds of mechanism: a) internal (assimilation to an analogous sensation, not, however, registered as dangerous-rationalization); and b) external (total compliance with the interpretations proposed by the hypnotist), which lead to a qualitative transformation of nocieceptive information, as also the inhibition of the behavioral manifestations normally associated with a painful stimulus.", "contents": "Dynamics of hypnotic analgesia: some new data. Following two surgical operations under hypnotic anesthesia, it was possible, during subsequent recall under hypnosis, to elicit a representation of the past operative experience. It would seem that under hypnosis there is a persistence of the preception of nociceptive information and of its recognition as such by the subject. From an analysis of these two experiments in recall, it is possible to formulate several hypotheses concerning the psychological processes involved in hypnotic analgesia. In consequence of an affective relationship, in which the hypnotist's word assumes a special importance for the subject, the latter has recourse to two kinds of mechanism: a) internal (assimilation to an analogous sensation, not, however, registered as dangerous-rationalization); and b) external (total compliance with the interpretations proposed by the hypnotist), which lead to a qualitative transformation of nocieceptive information, as also the inhibition of the behavioral manifestations normally associated with a painful stimulus.", "PMID": 836488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2096", "title": "In vitro stereoselective metabolism of the psychotomimetic amine, 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane. An apparent enantiomeric interaction.", "content": "The stereoselective metabolism [R/S (metabolized) less than 1] of the psychotomimetic amine (R,S)-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane in 10 000g rabbit liver homogenate supernatant and 100 000g microsomal fractions has been demonstrated with the aid of the chiral reagent (S)-N-pentafluorobenzoylprolyl-1-imidazolide and GLC analyses. In contrast to the enantiomeric discrimination observed with racemic amine, the individual isomers were metabolized at approximately the same rate. This apparent enantiomeric interaction illustrates the fact that racemates should be viewed as unique chemical species with pharmacodynamic and toxicologic profiles potentially different from the individual antipodes.", "contents": "In vitro stereoselective metabolism of the psychotomimetic amine, 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane. An apparent enantiomeric interaction. The stereoselective metabolism [R/S (metabolized) less than 1] of the psychotomimetic amine (R,S)-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane in 10 000g rabbit liver homogenate supernatant and 100 000g microsomal fractions has been demonstrated with the aid of the chiral reagent (S)-N-pentafluorobenzoylprolyl-1-imidazolide and GLC analyses. In contrast to the enantiomeric discrimination observed with racemic amine, the individual isomers were metabolized at approximately the same rate. This apparent enantiomeric interaction illustrates the fact that racemates should be viewed as unique chemical species with pharmacodynamic and toxicologic profiles potentially different from the individual antipodes.", "PMID": 836489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2097", "title": "Synthesis and antitussive activity of aminotetra- (and -hexa-) hydrodibenzofurans.", "content": "The synthesis of a novel series of antitussive agents is described. Two series of amino-substituted tetra- and hexahydrodibenzofurans were prepared and examined for antitussive activity in the guinea pig after cough elicited by electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve. A significant level of activity, comparable with that of codeine, was found in the 4alpha-amino series. The 4-methylpiperazin-1-ylpropionamide (28) was found to be the most active of the compounds synthesized and was equipment with codeine. The effects of structural modification upon antitussive activity were investigated in numerous analogues but no enhancement of activity was achieved over that of 28.", "contents": "Synthesis and antitussive activity of aminotetra- (and -hexa-) hydrodibenzofurans. The synthesis of a novel series of antitussive agents is described. Two series of amino-substituted tetra- and hexahydrodibenzofurans were prepared and examined for antitussive activity in the guinea pig after cough elicited by electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve. A significant level of activity, comparable with that of codeine, was found in the 4alpha-amino series. The 4-methylpiperazin-1-ylpropionamide (28) was found to be the most active of the compounds synthesized and was equipment with codeine. The effects of structural modification upon antitussive activity were investigated in numerous analogues but no enhancement of activity was achieved over that of 28.", "PMID": 836490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2098", "title": "Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 5H,11 H-[I]benzopyrano[4,3-g]benzopyran-9-carboxylic acids.", "content": "The synthesis and properties of the title compounds 1 are described. Many of these compounds are potent inhibitors of the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction of rats against egg albumin challenge. Structural variations include substitutions in the 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 12 position of the nucleus 1. A novel rearrangement from a compound of the related [3,4-f] series to this group is reported.", "contents": "Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 5H,11 H-[I]benzopyrano[4,3-g]benzopyran-9-carboxylic acids. The synthesis and properties of the title compounds 1 are described. Many of these compounds are potent inhibitors of the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction of rats against egg albumin challenge. Structural variations include substitutions in the 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 12 position of the nucleus 1. A novel rearrangement from a compound of the related [3,4-f] series to this group is reported.", "PMID": 836491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2099", "title": "Derivatives of tetrahydro-1,4-benzodiazepines as potential antihypertensive agents.", "content": "4-Amidino derivatives and quaternary salts of tetrahydro-1,4-benzodiazepines were synthesized and evaluated for antihypertensive activity in conscious rats by the oral route. Included in this study were derivatives of 1,2,4,5,6,7-hexahydropyrrolo[3,2,1-jk][1,4]benzodiazepine and 1,2,3,4,8,9,10,11-octahydro[1,4]diazepino[6,5,4-jk]carbazole in which the 1 and 9 positions of tetrahydro-1,4-benzodiazepine are linked by an ethylene and a cyclohexenyl chain, respectively. Four compounds exhibited marked blood pressure lowering activity (greater than 50 mmHg) at doses of 75 mg/kg. Further study indicated that these compounds are effective by impairing transmission in the sympathetic nervous system.", "contents": "Derivatives of tetrahydro-1,4-benzodiazepines as potential antihypertensive agents. 4-Amidino derivatives and quaternary salts of tetrahydro-1,4-benzodiazepines were synthesized and evaluated for antihypertensive activity in conscious rats by the oral route. Included in this study were derivatives of 1,2,4,5,6,7-hexahydropyrrolo[3,2,1-jk][1,4]benzodiazepine and 1,2,3,4,8,9,10,11-octahydro[1,4]diazepino[6,5,4-jk]carbazole in which the 1 and 9 positions of tetrahydro-1,4-benzodiazepine are linked by an ethylene and a cyclohexenyl chain, respectively. Four compounds exhibited marked blood pressure lowering activity (greater than 50 mmHg) at doses of 75 mg/kg. Further study indicated that these compounds are effective by impairing transmission in the sympathetic nervous system.", "PMID": 836492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2100", "title": "Synthesis and topical antiinflammatory properties of 17,21-bis(acetyloxy)-6beta,9-difluoro-11beta-hydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione and related 2-halogenated compounds.", "content": "Introduction of a halogen atom at C-2 of steroid 3-ketofluorohydrins, obtained from the corresponding 5alpha,6alpha-epoxides by trans-diaxial opening with hydrofluoric acid, prevents the 6beta-fluorine atom from undergoing rearrangement to the more stable 6alpha configuration when the 5-tert-hydroxyl is split off to yield to yield a conjugated double bond. Two processes were investigated for the synthesis of 17,21-bis(acetyloxy)-6beta-fluoro-1,4,9(11)-triene-3,20-dione (24a) and the related 2-bromo compound 24b starting from the known 21-(acetyloxy)-6beta-fluoro-5alpha,11alpha,17-trihydroxypregnane-3,20-dione (13). Successive reaction with hypobromous acid, epoxidation, and fluorination converted 24a and 24b into the title compound 27a and the analogue 2-bromo compound 27b. In addition, a synthesis of 17,21-bis(acetyloxy)-2-chloro-6beta,9-difluoropregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione (27c) is reported. The antiinflammatory activity of 17,21-bis-(acetyloxy)-6beta,9-difluoropregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione (27a) and its 2-halogenated analogues 27b and 27c in comparison with the corresponding 6alpha,9-difluoro epimers was studied. Some 6beta-fluoro compounds displayed high topical antiinflammatory activity without systemic effects.", "contents": "Synthesis and topical antiinflammatory properties of 17,21-bis(acetyloxy)-6beta,9-difluoro-11beta-hydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione and related 2-halogenated compounds. Introduction of a halogen atom at C-2 of steroid 3-ketofluorohydrins, obtained from the corresponding 5alpha,6alpha-epoxides by trans-diaxial opening with hydrofluoric acid, prevents the 6beta-fluorine atom from undergoing rearrangement to the more stable 6alpha configuration when the 5-tert-hydroxyl is split off to yield to yield a conjugated double bond. Two processes were investigated for the synthesis of 17,21-bis(acetyloxy)-6beta-fluoro-1,4,9(11)-triene-3,20-dione (24a) and the related 2-bromo compound 24b starting from the known 21-(acetyloxy)-6beta-fluoro-5alpha,11alpha,17-trihydroxypregnane-3,20-dione (13). Successive reaction with hypobromous acid, epoxidation, and fluorination converted 24a and 24b into the title compound 27a and the analogue 2-bromo compound 27b. In addition, a synthesis of 17,21-bis(acetyloxy)-2-chloro-6beta,9-difluoropregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione (27c) is reported. The antiinflammatory activity of 17,21-bis-(acetyloxy)-6beta,9-difluoropregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione (27a) and its 2-halogenated analogues 27b and 27c in comparison with the corresponding 6alpha,9-difluoro epimers was studied. Some 6beta-fluoro compounds displayed high topical antiinflammatory activity without systemic effects.", "PMID": 836493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2101", "title": "Potential hypolipidemic agents derived from 3-hydroxy-17,17-dimethylgona-1,3,5(10),8,11,13-hexaene.", "content": "Numerous aryloxy derivatives containing a lipophilic group have been found to possess hypolipidemic activity. This has prompted the preparation of various derivatives of 3-hydroxy-17,17-dimethylgona-1,3,5(10),8,11,13-hexaene (6a). In 6a the lipophilic biphenyl group is incorporated into the steroid nucleus. A three-step synthesis of 6a from 17beta-methylestradiol methyl ether was developed. The derivatives prepared were tested in rats made hypercholesterolemic with propylthiouracil. Several were found active in this test.", "contents": "Potential hypolipidemic agents derived from 3-hydroxy-17,17-dimethylgona-1,3,5(10),8,11,13-hexaene. Numerous aryloxy derivatives containing a lipophilic group have been found to possess hypolipidemic activity. This has prompted the preparation of various derivatives of 3-hydroxy-17,17-dimethylgona-1,3,5(10),8,11,13-hexaene (6a). In 6a the lipophilic biphenyl group is incorporated into the steroid nucleus. A three-step synthesis of 6a from 17beta-methylestradiol methyl ether was developed. The derivatives prepared were tested in rats made hypercholesterolemic with propylthiouracil. Several were found active in this test.", "PMID": 836494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2102", "title": "Inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis. 4. Effects of alpha-methyl-(+/-)-ornithine and methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) on growth and polyamine content of L1210 leukemic cells of mice.", "content": "L1210 leukemic cells of mice were incubated for a period of two generations in the presence of either alpha-methyl-(+/-)-ornithine, an inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, or methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydroazone), an inhibitor of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase. alpha-Methyl-(+/-)-ornithine produced a 50% decrease in spermidine levels, reduced putrescine to nondetectable levels, and caused a slight increase in spermine levels of the cells. However, DNA content of the cell suspension was not altered by alpha-methyl-(+/-) ornithine. Thus putrescine and 50% of the cellular content of spermidine are not essential for DNA synthesis in these cells. Methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) produced a large increase inputrescine levels, the same decrease in spermidine levels as did alpha-methyl-(+/-)-ornithine, and approximately a 45% decrease in spermine levels. These changes were accompanied by a large decrease in the DNA content of the cell suspension. Since the two inhibitors caused a similar decrease in spermidine levels, it is unlikely that the inhibition of DNA synthesis by methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) is a result of a decrease in the cellular levels of spermidine. Rather, it seems likely that methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) inhibits DNA synthesis through a mechanism other than a decrease in polyamine levels.", "contents": "Inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis. 4. Effects of alpha-methyl-(+/-)-ornithine and methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) on growth and polyamine content of L1210 leukemic cells of mice. L1210 leukemic cells of mice were incubated for a period of two generations in the presence of either alpha-methyl-(+/-)-ornithine, an inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, or methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydroazone), an inhibitor of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase. alpha-Methyl-(+/-)-ornithine produced a 50% decrease in spermidine levels, reduced putrescine to nondetectable levels, and caused a slight increase in spermine levels of the cells. However, DNA content of the cell suspension was not altered by alpha-methyl-(+/-) ornithine. Thus putrescine and 50% of the cellular content of spermidine are not essential for DNA synthesis in these cells. Methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) produced a large increase inputrescine levels, the same decrease in spermidine levels as did alpha-methyl-(+/-)-ornithine, and approximately a 45% decrease in spermine levels. These changes were accompanied by a large decrease in the DNA content of the cell suspension. Since the two inhibitors caused a similar decrease in spermidine levels, it is unlikely that the inhibition of DNA synthesis by methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) is a result of a decrease in the cellular levels of spermidine. Rather, it seems likely that methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) inhibits DNA synthesis through a mechanism other than a decrease in polyamine levels.", "PMID": 836495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2103", "title": "Synthesis of [1-sarcosine, 8-O-methylserine]angiotensin II and 1-substituted analogues of [8-threonine]angiotensin II as antagonists of angiotensin II.", "content": "[1-N-methylisoleucine,8-threonine]-(I), [1-dimethylglycine,8-threonine]-(II), [1-guanidineacetic acid,8-threonine]-(III), des-1-aspartic acid-[8-threonine]-(IV), and [1-sarcosine,8-O-methylserine]angiotensin II (V) were synthesized by Merrifield's solid-phase procedure to study the effect of (a) substituents in position 1 on the antagonistic activity of [1-sarcosine,8-threonine]angiotensin II, and (b) a change in size and branching in position 8 of [1-sarcosine,-8-O-methylthreonine]angiotensin II. The analogues I-V caused an initial rise in blood pressure (30 min of infusion, 250 ng/kg/min in vagotomized ganglion-blocked rats) of 8.05, 11.7, 3.50, 4.5, and 11.16 mmHg. The pA2 values (rabbit aortic strips) obtained were 7.68, 7.53, 7.23, 7.53, and 9.66, and the dose ratios (in vagotomized ganglion-blocked rats infused at 250 ng/kg/min) obtained were 2.37, 4.49, 1.02, 1.47, and 24.04, respectively. The results obtained indicate that (a) the nature of the substituent in position 1 has an important influence on the biological activity of these peptides, and (b) the potency of antagonists I-IV (all less potent antagonists than [1-sarcosine,8-threonine]angiotensin II) is very much influenced by the length and branching of the side chain in position 8. The in vivo antagonistic activity of [1-sarcosine,8-O-methylthreonine]angiotensin II is reduced considerably by shortening the chain length by one carbon atom as is in V.", "contents": "Synthesis of [1-sarcosine, 8-O-methylserine]angiotensin II and 1-substituted analogues of [8-threonine]angiotensin II as antagonists of angiotensin II. [1-N-methylisoleucine,8-threonine]-(I), [1-dimethylglycine,8-threonine]-(II), [1-guanidineacetic acid,8-threonine]-(III), des-1-aspartic acid-[8-threonine]-(IV), and [1-sarcosine,8-O-methylserine]angiotensin II (V) were synthesized by Merrifield's solid-phase procedure to study the effect of (a) substituents in position 1 on the antagonistic activity of [1-sarcosine,8-threonine]angiotensin II, and (b) a change in size and branching in position 8 of [1-sarcosine,-8-O-methylthreonine]angiotensin II. The analogues I-V caused an initial rise in blood pressure (30 min of infusion, 250 ng/kg/min in vagotomized ganglion-blocked rats) of 8.05, 11.7, 3.50, 4.5, and 11.16 mmHg. The pA2 values (rabbit aortic strips) obtained were 7.68, 7.53, 7.23, 7.53, and 9.66, and the dose ratios (in vagotomized ganglion-blocked rats infused at 250 ng/kg/min) obtained were 2.37, 4.49, 1.02, 1.47, and 24.04, respectively. The results obtained indicate that (a) the nature of the substituent in position 1 has an important influence on the biological activity of these peptides, and (b) the potency of antagonists I-IV (all less potent antagonists than [1-sarcosine,8-threonine]angiotensin II) is very much influenced by the length and branching of the side chain in position 8. The in vivo antagonistic activity of [1-sarcosine,8-O-methylthreonine]angiotensin II is reduced considerably by shortening the chain length by one carbon atom as is in V.", "PMID": 836496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2104", "title": "A study of the mechanism of halothane-induced liver necrosis. Role of covalent binding of halothane metabolites to liver proteins in the rat.", "content": "Various anesthetic and nonanesthetic doses of [1-14C]halothane were administered separately to normal and phenobarbital-pretreated (PBP) rats by ip route. The rats were sacrificed at 0.5-24 h after dosing, and livers were removed and examined histopathologically for tissue necrosis. Only PBP rats that received anesthetic doses of halothane (11.5 or 23 mmol/kg) and sacrificed 24 h after dosing exhibited liver toxicity. Determination of the radioactivity distribution among various liver macromolecules revealed that the protein fraction contained the highest activity at all time points in all animals. The lipid fraction showed some radioactivity during the initial 1-6 h period which disappeared after 6-8 h, while the DNA fraction was devoid of radioactivity in all animals injected with [14C]halothane. All the PBP rats that exhibited liver necrosis consistently attained higher covalent binding of halothane metabolites to liver proteins (2.13-2.20 nmol/mg of protein) when compared with the protein binding (1.12-1.41 nmol/mg of protein) observed among the rats that did not exhibit liver toxicity during the same time period. These results suggest a correlation between covalent binding of halothane metabolites to liver proteins and halothane-induced liver necrosis.", "contents": "A study of the mechanism of halothane-induced liver necrosis. Role of covalent binding of halothane metabolites to liver proteins in the rat. Various anesthetic and nonanesthetic doses of [1-14C]halothane were administered separately to normal and phenobarbital-pretreated (PBP) rats by ip route. The rats were sacrificed at 0.5-24 h after dosing, and livers were removed and examined histopathologically for tissue necrosis. Only PBP rats that received anesthetic doses of halothane (11.5 or 23 mmol/kg) and sacrificed 24 h after dosing exhibited liver toxicity. Determination of the radioactivity distribution among various liver macromolecules revealed that the protein fraction contained the highest activity at all time points in all animals. The lipid fraction showed some radioactivity during the initial 1-6 h period which disappeared after 6-8 h, while the DNA fraction was devoid of radioactivity in all animals injected with [14C]halothane. All the PBP rats that exhibited liver necrosis consistently attained higher covalent binding of halothane metabolites to liver proteins (2.13-2.20 nmol/mg of protein) when compared with the protein binding (1.12-1.41 nmol/mg of protein) observed among the rats that did not exhibit liver toxicity during the same time period. These results suggest a correlation between covalent binding of halothane metabolites to liver proteins and halothane-induced liver necrosis.", "PMID": 836497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2105", "title": "Antiarrhythmic activity of p-hydroxy-N-(2-diethylaminoethyl) benzamide (the p-hydroxy isostere of procainamide) in dogs and mice.", "content": "p-Hydroxy-N-(2-diethylaminoethyl)benzamide (2), the p-hydroxy isostere of procainamide (1), shows antiarrhythmic activity against acontine-induced atrial arrhythmia and lowers mean arterial blood pressure after iv infusion in dogs. In isolated canine Purkinje fibers, phenolic 2 in a bath concentration of 20 mug/ml significantly reduced the rate of phase O depolarization, prolonged the repolarization time, and reduced automaticity. These in vitro and the above in vivo activities of phenolic 2 were similar to those observed for procainamide (1). Bioisosters, phenolic 2 and procainamide (1), have almost identical respective 13C NMR chemical shifts indicating that electron densities on the respective carbons are very similar. This may explain their similar antiarrhythmic and hypotensive effects. Phenolic 2 and procainamide (1) therapeutic ratios in ICR male mice (acute LD50/ED50 against chloroform hypoxia induced ventricular fibrillation) are 2.1 and 1.8, respectively. Procainamide analogues with electron-donating groups [OH, NH2, NHC(=O)CH3] on the aromatic ring possess more antiarrhythmic activity in mice than the analogue with an electron-withdrawing group (NO2). This indicates that a shift in electron density toward the amide region in the former analogues, as determined by 13C NMR spectroscopy, is one of the factors influencing antiarrhythmic potency in this series.", "contents": "Antiarrhythmic activity of p-hydroxy-N-(2-diethylaminoethyl) benzamide (the p-hydroxy isostere of procainamide) in dogs and mice. p-Hydroxy-N-(2-diethylaminoethyl)benzamide (2), the p-hydroxy isostere of procainamide (1), shows antiarrhythmic activity against acontine-induced atrial arrhythmia and lowers mean arterial blood pressure after iv infusion in dogs. In isolated canine Purkinje fibers, phenolic 2 in a bath concentration of 20 mug/ml significantly reduced the rate of phase O depolarization, prolonged the repolarization time, and reduced automaticity. These in vitro and the above in vivo activities of phenolic 2 were similar to those observed for procainamide (1). Bioisosters, phenolic 2 and procainamide (1), have almost identical respective 13C NMR chemical shifts indicating that electron densities on the respective carbons are very similar. This may explain their similar antiarrhythmic and hypotensive effects. Phenolic 2 and procainamide (1) therapeutic ratios in ICR male mice (acute LD50/ED50 against chloroform hypoxia induced ventricular fibrillation) are 2.1 and 1.8, respectively. Procainamide analogues with electron-donating groups [OH, NH2, NHC(=O)CH3] on the aromatic ring possess more antiarrhythmic activity in mice than the analogue with an electron-withdrawing group (NO2). This indicates that a shift in electron density toward the amide region in the former analogues, as determined by 13C NMR spectroscopy, is one of the factors influencing antiarrhythmic potency in this series.", "PMID": 836498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2106", "title": "Biological significance of the electronic structure of alloxan and its tautomers.", "content": "By means of a molecular orbital method which considers all valence electrons, INDO, we have calculated several electronic indices and determined the major tautomers in the lactan-lactim tautomerism of alloxan in the liquid and gaseous states. We have found that the principal tautomer, in both the gas phase and in solution, is the keto form; however, in solution, we have found a major contribution by the 2-hydroxy form. In addition, we have determined that the most reactive group, in all tautomers, to nucleophilic addition is the 5-CO group. We also made some observations concerning the effect of the electronic structure of alloxan on its diabetogenic activity.", "contents": "Biological significance of the electronic structure of alloxan and its tautomers. By means of a molecular orbital method which considers all valence electrons, INDO, we have calculated several electronic indices and determined the major tautomers in the lactan-lactim tautomerism of alloxan in the liquid and gaseous states. We have found that the principal tautomer, in both the gas phase and in solution, is the keto form; however, in solution, we have found a major contribution by the 2-hydroxy form. In addition, we have determined that the most reactive group, in all tautomers, to nucleophilic addition is the 5-CO group. We also made some observations concerning the effect of the electronic structure of alloxan on its diabetogenic activity.", "PMID": 836499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2107", "title": "Synthesis of analogues of N-(2-chloroethyl)-N'-(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)-N-nitrosourea for evaluation as anticancer agents.", "content": "The superior activity of N-(2-chloroethyl)-N'-(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)-N-nitrosourea (MeCCNU) against advanced murine Lewis lung carcinoma in comparisons with the cis form and other nitrosoureas prompted the synthesis of a number of MeCCNU analogues, including several cis-trans pairs. The methyl group was replaced by a variety of substituents (CO2H, CH2CO2H, CO2Me, CH2OAc, CH2Cl, OMe); the trans-3-methylcyclohexyl, cis-2-methyl-1,3-dithian-5-yl, cis- and trans-2-methyl-1,3-dithian-5-yl-tetraoxide, and 1-methylhexyl (open-chain) analogues were also prepared. Preliminary tests against murine leukemia L1210 revealed therapeutic indices (ED50/LD10) ranging from 0.26 to 0.79; all but three analogues effected 50% cure rates at nontoxic doses, the open-chain analogue being one of the least active. In terms of therapeutic index, diequatorial (trans-4) isomers were, with one exception, as active as or, in four of the eight examples, somewhat more active than the corresponding axial-equatorial (cis-4) isomers. In this series, four of the five 2-fluoroethyl analogues prepared were clearly inferior to the corresponding 2-chloroethyl analogues.", "contents": "Synthesis of analogues of N-(2-chloroethyl)-N'-(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)-N-nitrosourea for evaluation as anticancer agents. The superior activity of N-(2-chloroethyl)-N'-(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)-N-nitrosourea (MeCCNU) against advanced murine Lewis lung carcinoma in comparisons with the cis form and other nitrosoureas prompted the synthesis of a number of MeCCNU analogues, including several cis-trans pairs. The methyl group was replaced by a variety of substituents (CO2H, CH2CO2H, CO2Me, CH2OAc, CH2Cl, OMe); the trans-3-methylcyclohexyl, cis-2-methyl-1,3-dithian-5-yl, cis- and trans-2-methyl-1,3-dithian-5-yl-tetraoxide, and 1-methylhexyl (open-chain) analogues were also prepared. Preliminary tests against murine leukemia L1210 revealed therapeutic indices (ED50/LD10) ranging from 0.26 to 0.79; all but three analogues effected 50% cure rates at nontoxic doses, the open-chain analogue being one of the least active. In terms of therapeutic index, diequatorial (trans-4) isomers were, with one exception, as active as or, in four of the eight examples, somewhat more active than the corresponding axial-equatorial (cis-4) isomers. In this series, four of the five 2-fluoroethyl analogues prepared were clearly inferior to the corresponding 2-chloroethyl analogues.", "PMID": 836500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2108", "title": "Inhibition of solid tumors by nitrosoureas. 1. Lewis lung carcinoma.", "content": "The utility of the Lewis lung carcinoma as a secondary screen for the evaluation of nitrosoureas as anticancer agents has been assessed. The activity of this series of compounds was determined against both the early (before metastasis) and late (after metastasis) forms of the disease. Although some exceptions were noted, compounds most active against the early form of the disease were most active against the established tumor. A differentiation in activity based on the Lewis lung system was evident with nitrosoureas equally active against leukemia L1210, although the significance of this differentiation with respect to the human disease has not yet been established.", "contents": "Inhibition of solid tumors by nitrosoureas. 1. Lewis lung carcinoma. The utility of the Lewis lung carcinoma as a secondary screen for the evaluation of nitrosoureas as anticancer agents has been assessed. The activity of this series of compounds was determined against both the early (before metastasis) and late (after metastasis) forms of the disease. Although some exceptions were noted, compounds most active against the early form of the disease were most active against the established tumor. A differentiation in activity based on the Lewis lung system was evident with nitrosoureas equally active against leukemia L1210, although the significance of this differentiation with respect to the human disease has not yet been established.", "PMID": 836501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2109", "title": "Lipophilicity and serotonin agonist activity in a series of 4-substituted mescaline analogues.", "content": "Replacement of the 4-methoxy of mescaline with higher alkyl homologues or with bromine led to increased activity at serotonin receptors in a sheep umbilical artery preparation. This activity appears correlated with lipophilicity, as measured by 1-octanol-water partition coefficients, but drops off when the 4-substituent is about five atoms in length. It is suggested that 3,4,5-trisubhe 2,4,5-substitution pattern.", "contents": "Lipophilicity and serotonin agonist activity in a series of 4-substituted mescaline analogues. Replacement of the 4-methoxy of mescaline with higher alkyl homologues or with bromine led to increased activity at serotonin receptors in a sheep umbilical artery preparation. This activity appears correlated with lipophilicity, as measured by 1-octanol-water partition coefficients, but drops off when the 4-substituent is about five atoms in length. It is suggested that 3,4,5-trisubhe 2,4,5-substitution pattern.", "PMID": 836502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2110", "title": "Substituent constants for correlation analysis.", "content": "Constants for pi and omega ahve been measured for a miscellaneous group of aromatic substituents of interest to medicinal chemists. Swain and Lupton's gamma and kappa values have been calculated from the omego constants. Values for molar refractivity are also given for each of the substituents.", "contents": "Substituent constants for correlation analysis. Constants for pi and omega ahve been measured for a miscellaneous group of aromatic substituents of interest to medicinal chemists. Swain and Lupton's gamma and kappa values have been calculated from the omego constants. Values for molar refractivity are also given for each of the substituents.", "PMID": 836503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2111", "title": "Synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of cytotoxic epoxide derivatives of 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane.", "content": "Dimethyl exo-5,6-oxido-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene-2,3-dicarboxylate (1) and the 1-methyl homologue 2 were shown to exhibit significant cytotoxicity in the 9KB tissue culture assay. Several analogues of 1 were prepared and it was found that removal of the epoxide, or the oxygen bridge, or the 2,3 double bond from 1 resulted in loss of significant cytotoxic activity. One compound which lacked the epoxide moiety, dimethyl 1-methyl-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene-2,3-dicarboxylate (5), also exhibited marginal cytotoxic activity.", "contents": "Synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of cytotoxic epoxide derivatives of 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane. Dimethyl exo-5,6-oxido-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene-2,3-dicarboxylate (1) and the 1-methyl homologue 2 were shown to exhibit significant cytotoxicity in the 9KB tissue culture assay. Several analogues of 1 were prepared and it was found that removal of the epoxide, or the oxygen bridge, or the 2,3 double bond from 1 resulted in loss of significant cytotoxic activity. One compound which lacked the epoxide moiety, dimethyl 1-methyl-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene-2,3-dicarboxylate (5), also exhibited marginal cytotoxic activity.", "PMID": 836504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2112", "title": "9-hydroxy-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-1,5-methano-3-benzazocine derivatives as analgesics.", "content": "Three 1,3-dimethyl-9-hydroxy-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-1,5-methano-3-benzazocine derivatives (7-9) have been synthesized and tested as analgesics. The synthesis of these compounds involved conversion of 1-methyl-7-methoxy-beta-tetralone (1) by Mannich reaction with MeNH2 and HCHO to give the 11-ketone 2, from which 7,8, and 9, respectively, were obtained. These compounds have analgesic activity, and 7 was found to be comparable to codeine.", "contents": "9-hydroxy-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-1,5-methano-3-benzazocine derivatives as analgesics. Three 1,3-dimethyl-9-hydroxy-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-1,5-methano-3-benzazocine derivatives (7-9) have been synthesized and tested as analgesics. The synthesis of these compounds involved conversion of 1-methyl-7-methoxy-beta-tetralone (1) by Mannich reaction with MeNH2 and HCHO to give the 11-ketone 2, from which 7,8, and 9, respectively, were obtained. These compounds have analgesic activity, and 7 was found to be comparable to codeine.", "PMID": 836505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2113", "title": "Synthesis and specific pressor activity of [1-aspartic acid,5-valine,9-serine]angiotensin I (\"fowl angiotensin I\").", "content": "[Asp1, Val5, Ser9]angiotensin I was synthesized by Merrifield's solid-phase procedure. The dansylated derivative of this angiotensin was cochromatographed on the TLC with the dansylated angiotensin decapeptide isolated from white leghorn fowl. Either angiotensin showed identical behavior. The per mole pressor activity of the synthetic decapeptide (in rats anesthetized with pentobarbital and treated with pentolinium) as compared to mammalian angiotensins, namely, [Ile5]angiotensin I, [Val5]angiotensin I, [Ile5]angiotensin II, and [Val5]angiotensin II, was 157, 181, 114, and 85%, respectively.", "contents": "Synthesis and specific pressor activity of [1-aspartic acid,5-valine,9-serine]angiotensin I (\"fowl angiotensin I\"). [Asp1, Val5, Ser9]angiotensin I was synthesized by Merrifield's solid-phase procedure. The dansylated derivative of this angiotensin was cochromatographed on the TLC with the dansylated angiotensin decapeptide isolated from white leghorn fowl. Either angiotensin showed identical behavior. The per mole pressor activity of the synthetic decapeptide (in rats anesthetized with pentobarbital and treated with pentolinium) as compared to mammalian angiotensins, namely, [Ile5]angiotensin I, [Val5]angiotensin I, [Ile5]angiotensin II, and [Val5]angiotensin II, was 157, 181, 114, and 85%, respectively.", "PMID": 836506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2114", "title": "Estrogen potentiating activity of two spiro compounds having approximately similar molecular dimensions to stilbestrol.", "content": "Pharmacological investigation of members of a series of synthetic spiro derivatives with similar molecular dimensions to stilbestrol revealed that two compounds, spiro[cyclohexane-1,2'-tetralin]-1,4'-dione and spiro[cyclohexane-1,2'-indan]-1,4'-diol, exhibited a marked ability to potentiate stilbestrol at doses which had no intrinsic estrogenic activity. It is postulated that such compounds may be of use in reducing the side effects associated with estrogen therapy.", "contents": "Estrogen potentiating activity of two spiro compounds having approximately similar molecular dimensions to stilbestrol. Pharmacological investigation of members of a series of synthetic spiro derivatives with similar molecular dimensions to stilbestrol revealed that two compounds, spiro[cyclohexane-1,2'-tetralin]-1,4'-dione and spiro[cyclohexane-1,2'-indan]-1,4'-diol, exhibited a marked ability to potentiate stilbestrol at doses which had no intrinsic estrogenic activity. It is postulated that such compounds may be of use in reducing the side effects associated with estrogen therapy.", "PMID": 836507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2115", "title": "\"Normal\" children, \"abnormal\" results.", "content": "The relationship of sensitivity and specificity to disease frequency is considered in quantitative detail for typical screening situations. It is shown by illustrative examples that most screening procedures applied unselectively to total populations will yield a vast abundance of false positive results. The important role of prior probability in interpreting diagnostic test results is spelled out and applied to paradigms for screening.", "contents": "\"Normal\" children, \"abnormal\" results. The relationship of sensitivity and specificity to disease frequency is considered in quantitative detail for typical screening situations. It is shown by illustrative examples that most screening procedures applied unselectively to total populations will yield a vast abundance of false positive results. The important role of prior probability in interpreting diagnostic test results is spelled out and applied to paradigms for screening.", "PMID": 836509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2116", "title": "Perinephric abscess: an unusual presentation of perforation of the colon.", "content": "Perinephric abscess caused by spread of infection from an adjacent extrarenal focus is rare. Prior to diagnosis, several features of this case suggested such a pathogenesis: absence of an associated upper urinary tract infection or a distant focus for hematogenous seeding, and late recurrence of the abscess despite prompt clinical response following drainage and antimicrobial therapy. Specifically, the large bowel was suspected early on and subsequently documented as the source of infection because of the unusual finding of a polymicrobial perinephric abscess.", "contents": "Perinephric abscess: an unusual presentation of perforation of the colon. Perinephric abscess caused by spread of infection from an adjacent extrarenal focus is rare. Prior to diagnosis, several features of this case suggested such a pathogenesis: absence of an associated upper urinary tract infection or a distant focus for hematogenous seeding, and late recurrence of the abscess despite prompt clinical response following drainage and antimicrobial therapy. Specifically, the large bowel was suspected early on and subsequently documented as the source of infection because of the unusual finding of a polymicrobial perinephric abscess.", "PMID": 836510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2117", "title": "Ultraviolet air disinfection for protection against influenza.", "content": "Three converging lines of evidence support the belief that it may be possible, under appropriate circumstances, to interrupt the airborne transmission of influenza by ultraviolet (UV) air disinfection. These lines of evidence are: (a) that influenza is airborne; (b) that UV irradiation of the upper air of a room can provide safe and effective disinfection of air in the lower part of the room; and (c) that epidemic spread of airborne viral infections in humans can be prevented if the population under consideration remains in the UV-protected environment.", "contents": "Ultraviolet air disinfection for protection against influenza. Three converging lines of evidence support the belief that it may be possible, under appropriate circumstances, to interrupt the airborne transmission of influenza by ultraviolet (UV) air disinfection. These lines of evidence are: (a) that influenza is airborne; (b) that UV irradiation of the upper air of a room can provide safe and effective disinfection of air in the lower part of the room; and (c) that epidemic spread of airborne viral infections in humans can be prevented if the population under consideration remains in the UV-protected environment.", "PMID": 836512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2118", "title": "The characteristics and mortality of outpatient-acquired pneumonia.", "content": "One-hundred fifty-four cases of pneumonia occurring over a 6-month period were analyzed. Population characteristics, admission diagnoses, causative pathogens, frequency of associated illnesses, antibiotic usage and mortality were evaluated. Despite population characteristics known to predispose to a poor clinical outcome, the mortality was low, probably because of rapid institution of a single, appropriate antibiotic.", "contents": "The characteristics and mortality of outpatient-acquired pneumonia. One-hundred fifty-four cases of pneumonia occurring over a 6-month period were analyzed. Population characteristics, admission diagnoses, causative pathogens, frequency of associated illnesses, antibiotic usage and mortality were evaluated. Despite population characteristics known to predispose to a poor clinical outcome, the mortality was low, probably because of rapid institution of a single, appropriate antibiotic.", "PMID": 836513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2119", "title": "A migrant study of adopted Apache children.", "content": "Reservation-born Apache children adopted into non-Apache homes off the reservation at an early age were studied for incidence of three illnesses common on the reservation--pneumonia, diarrhea and otitis media. The illness rates were compared with those of non-Apache siblings in the adoptive home and with those of reservation children. Adopted Apache children had more illness than their non-Apache siblings, but less than Apache children on the reservation. Particularly striking was the low rate of multiple episodes of illness for adopted Apaches compared with those on the reservation. Intensive programs are needed to improve living conditions on the reservation.", "contents": "A migrant study of adopted Apache children. Reservation-born Apache children adopted into non-Apache homes off the reservation at an early age were studied for incidence of three illnesses common on the reservation--pneumonia, diarrhea and otitis media. The illness rates were compared with those of non-Apache siblings in the adoptive home and with those of reservation children. Adopted Apache children had more illness than their non-Apache siblings, but less than Apache children on the reservation. Particularly striking was the low rate of multiple episodes of illness for adopted Apaches compared with those on the reservation. Intensive programs are needed to improve living conditions on the reservation.", "PMID": 836514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2120", "title": "[Pathophysiology and diagnosis of autonomous adenoma (author's transl)].", "content": "From personal experience in 200 patients and after a careful review of the literature autonomous adenoma of the thyroid is discussed under three aspects: 1. Different ways of its pathogenesis are possible. None of them has been sufficiently proven. 2. Differentiation by scintigraphy into a compensated, partially decompensated and fully decompensated stage does not correlate sufficiently with the concentration of thyroid hormones in the blood and the overall clinical picture. The TRH test is negative in about 90% of patients independent of the stage evaluated by scintigraphy. 3. The diagnosis of the disease by modern tools is critically reviewed.", "contents": "[Pathophysiology and diagnosis of autonomous adenoma (author's transl)]. From personal experience in 200 patients and after a careful review of the literature autonomous adenoma of the thyroid is discussed under three aspects: 1. Different ways of its pathogenesis are possible. None of them has been sufficiently proven. 2. Differentiation by scintigraphy into a compensated, partially decompensated and fully decompensated stage does not correlate sufficiently with the concentration of thyroid hormones in the blood and the overall clinical picture. The TRH test is negative in about 90% of patients independent of the stage evaluated by scintigraphy. 3. The diagnosis of the disease by modern tools is critically reviewed.", "PMID": 836521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2121", "title": "[Clinical feature, treatment and prognosis of carcinoid tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "14 cases of carcinoid tumors over a period of 16 years are reported. There are 7 carcinoids of the vermiforme appendix, 3 of the small bowel, 1 of the rectum, and 2 carcinoids of the bronchus. No carcinoid syndrom was observed. Three patients with carcinoid tumors, localized in the small intestine died immediately post operationem. All others are still alife and followed up between 6 month and 13 years, are free of symptoms or rezidives. Poor prognosis of the carcinoids of the small intestine seems to depend on late diagnosis, complications already occured at the moment of operation, and advanced age of these patients. Different malignance is not considered to be an important factor of prognosis.", "contents": "[Clinical feature, treatment and prognosis of carcinoid tumors (author's transl)]. 14 cases of carcinoid tumors over a period of 16 years are reported. There are 7 carcinoids of the vermiforme appendix, 3 of the small bowel, 1 of the rectum, and 2 carcinoids of the bronchus. No carcinoid syndrom was observed. Three patients with carcinoid tumors, localized in the small intestine died immediately post operationem. All others are still alife and followed up between 6 month and 13 years, are free of symptoms or rezidives. Poor prognosis of the carcinoids of the small intestine seems to depend on late diagnosis, complications already occured at the moment of operation, and advanced age of these patients. Different malignance is not considered to be an important factor of prognosis.", "PMID": 836526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2122", "title": "[Septic shock following abdominal operations (author's transl)].", "content": "Septic or toxic shock is a life threatening complication after abdominal operations. The etiologic analysis of our 102 patients showed the following conditions: 1. diseases, which have already preoperatively a high incidence of septic complications, 2. sepsis developing after primary aseptic diseases, 3. septis without any etiologic connection to the primary disease or operation. An initial standarised intensive therapy must start before any irreversible organ damage may occur. First aim of all surgical measures is the eradication of the source of infection. Early relaparotomy is the only possibility for correction of intraoperativ technical defects. Only by longstanding combination of intensive personal and technical support prognosis of septic shock after abdominal operations can be improved.", "contents": "[Septic shock following abdominal operations (author's transl)]. Septic or toxic shock is a life threatening complication after abdominal operations. The etiologic analysis of our 102 patients showed the following conditions: 1. diseases, which have already preoperatively a high incidence of septic complications, 2. sepsis developing after primary aseptic diseases, 3. septis without any etiologic connection to the primary disease or operation. An initial standarised intensive therapy must start before any irreversible organ damage may occur. First aim of all surgical measures is the eradication of the source of infection. Early relaparotomy is the only possibility for correction of intraoperativ technical defects. Only by longstanding combination of intensive personal and technical support prognosis of septic shock after abdominal operations can be improved.", "PMID": 836527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2123", "title": "[Instrumental esophageal perforations--diagnosis and treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "In the last 6 years 16 patients with an iatrogenic esophageal lesion have been treated. Most frequently this lesion results from esophagoscopies and bouginages. Laying of a gastric tube, extraction of a foreign body or dilatation of a cardiospasm are rare reasons for a lesion. Only three patients suffered from cancer. The early diagnosis and immediately operation is decisive for the therapy's success. The operation with primary closure of the defect and drainage should be aspired. After this the best results are levelled. If the surgical operation is carried on after the 24-hours limit, the operation itself is of minor importance as the lethality of these patients is very high and does not depend on the kind of therapy.", "contents": "[Instrumental esophageal perforations--diagnosis and treatment (author's transl)]. In the last 6 years 16 patients with an iatrogenic esophageal lesion have been treated. Most frequently this lesion results from esophagoscopies and bouginages. Laying of a gastric tube, extraction of a foreign body or dilatation of a cardiospasm are rare reasons for a lesion. Only three patients suffered from cancer. The early diagnosis and immediately operation is decisive for the therapy's success. The operation with primary closure of the defect and drainage should be aspired. After this the best results are levelled. If the surgical operation is carried on after the 24-hours limit, the operation itself is of minor importance as the lethality of these patients is very high and does not depend on the kind of therapy.", "PMID": 836528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2124", "title": "[Postoperative alkaline reflux gastritis (author's transl)].", "content": "Postoperative alkaline reflux gastritis is a distinct clinical entity occuring after operations enlarging, bypassing or resecting the pylorus. Reflux of alkaline duodenal content into the stomach is the causative factor. Primarily bile acids have an aggressive effect and lead to a destruction of the gastric mucosal barrier. Epigastric pain, fullness after meals and bile vomiting are the main symptoms. Gastroscopy with biopsy reveals a severe chronic atrophic gastritis and bile reflux. In most cases an achlorhydria that can be histamin-resistant is present. For adequate treatment surgical procedures diverting the bile flow from the stomach should be performed.", "contents": "[Postoperative alkaline reflux gastritis (author's transl)]. Postoperative alkaline reflux gastritis is a distinct clinical entity occuring after operations enlarging, bypassing or resecting the pylorus. Reflux of alkaline duodenal content into the stomach is the causative factor. Primarily bile acids have an aggressive effect and lead to a destruction of the gastric mucosal barrier. Epigastric pain, fullness after meals and bile vomiting are the main symptoms. Gastroscopy with biopsy reveals a severe chronic atrophic gastritis and bile reflux. In most cases an achlorhydria that can be histamin-resistant is present. For adequate treatment surgical procedures diverting the bile flow from the stomach should be performed.", "PMID": 836529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2125", "title": "Increased blood fibrinolytic activity after aspirin ingestion.", "content": "Fibrinolytic activity of whole blood and of platelet-deficient plasma, measured by 125I-fibrin assay in four normal subjects before and after ingestion of 1.8 g of aspirin, increased 33 to 150 per cent at one to three hours, at plasma salicylate levels of 5 to 18 mg per 100 ml. In two, plasma activity also increased. Fibrinolysis in blood, but not in plasma, increased 66 per cent after sodium salicylate. Sodium salicylate increased fibrinolytic activities of blood and of purified polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vitro, whereas aspirin had little effect. These striking effects of aspirin on cellular and fluid phases of blood fibrinolysis are apparently distinct from known aspirin actions on platelets. Plasma fibrinolytic activity accounted for only 18.8 +/- 12.3 per cent (S.D.) and 17.4 +/- 10.4 per cent of the activity measured in the corresponding whole blood of 11 normal men and 10 normal women, respectively, indicating the importance of cellular elements in normal blood fibrinolysis.", "contents": "Increased blood fibrinolytic activity after aspirin ingestion. Fibrinolytic activity of whole blood and of platelet-deficient plasma, measured by 125I-fibrin assay in four normal subjects before and after ingestion of 1.8 g of aspirin, increased 33 to 150 per cent at one to three hours, at plasma salicylate levels of 5 to 18 mg per 100 ml. In two, plasma activity also increased. Fibrinolysis in blood, but not in plasma, increased 66 per cent after sodium salicylate. Sodium salicylate increased fibrinolytic activities of blood and of purified polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vitro, whereas aspirin had little effect. These striking effects of aspirin on cellular and fluid phases of blood fibrinolysis are apparently distinct from known aspirin actions on platelets. Plasma fibrinolytic activity accounted for only 18.8 +/- 12.3 per cent (S.D.) and 17.4 +/- 10.4 per cent of the activity measured in the corresponding whole blood of 11 normal men and 10 normal women, respectively, indicating the importance of cellular elements in normal blood fibrinolysis.", "PMID": 836536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2126", "title": "Somatostatin in human cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "To determine whether somatostatin is found in the hypothalamus and extrahypothalamic brain, we studied autopsy brain tissue by specific immunoassay. The hypothalamus contained the highest concentration (16.7 +/- 2.4 S.D. pg per microgram of protein), with small amounts in brainstem, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, pineal gland and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid of seven neurologically normal persons also contained somatostatin in concentrations ranging from 15 to 55 pg per milliliter. To determine whether brain disease leads to abnormal cerebrospinal-fluid somatostatin, we examined 30 patients with neurologic disease, of whom 20 of 24 with cord or cerebral disease had concentrations above the highest normal level. The wide variety of diseases with somatostatin elevation suggests nonspecific leakage from damaged brain tissue. Cerebrospinal-fluid somatostatin may provide a good index of brain damage. Although correlated statistically with cerebrospinal-fluid protein, somatostatin concentration in five of 24 cases exceeded the upper limit of normal by 3 S.D. while protein was normal.", "contents": "Somatostatin in human cerebrospinal fluid. To determine whether somatostatin is found in the hypothalamus and extrahypothalamic brain, we studied autopsy brain tissue by specific immunoassay. The hypothalamus contained the highest concentration (16.7 +/- 2.4 S.D. pg per microgram of protein), with small amounts in brainstem, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, pineal gland and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid of seven neurologically normal persons also contained somatostatin in concentrations ranging from 15 to 55 pg per milliliter. To determine whether brain disease leads to abnormal cerebrospinal-fluid somatostatin, we examined 30 patients with neurologic disease, of whom 20 of 24 with cord or cerebral disease had concentrations above the highest normal level. The wide variety of diseases with somatostatin elevation suggests nonspecific leakage from damaged brain tissue. Cerebrospinal-fluid somatostatin may provide a good index of brain damage. Although correlated statistically with cerebrospinal-fluid protein, somatostatin concentration in five of 24 cases exceeded the upper limit of normal by 3 S.D. while protein was normal.", "PMID": 836537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2127", "title": "Ultrasonic and radiographic cholecystography.", "content": "To define the relative merits of radiographic and ultrasonic cholecystography, we studied 208 randomly selected patients with possible cholelithiasis. The patients underwent both procedures, and the results were interpreted in blind fashion. Two hundred patients had satisfactory confirmation of their diagnosis, by either a well visualized radiographic cholecystogram or operation or both. The overall accuracy of the ultrasonic examination was 93 per cent, with a false-negative rate of 11 and an indeterminate rate of 4 per cent. The indeterminate rate was 24 per cent for the single-dose oral cholecystogram and 8 per cent for the double-dose oral cholecystogram. Both ultrasonic cholecystography and radiographic cholecystography are useful to detect gallstones. Our findings support using single-dose oral cholecystography as the routine first examination. If the gallbladder is not satifactorily visualized, ultrasonic cholecystography can be performed immediately. In an emergency or for patients who might be pregnant, ultrasonic cholecystography is available as the initial examination.", "contents": "Ultrasonic and radiographic cholecystography. To define the relative merits of radiographic and ultrasonic cholecystography, we studied 208 randomly selected patients with possible cholelithiasis. The patients underwent both procedures, and the results were interpreted in blind fashion. Two hundred patients had satisfactory confirmation of their diagnosis, by either a well visualized radiographic cholecystogram or operation or both. The overall accuracy of the ultrasonic examination was 93 per cent, with a false-negative rate of 11 and an indeterminate rate of 4 per cent. The indeterminate rate was 24 per cent for the single-dose oral cholecystogram and 8 per cent for the double-dose oral cholecystogram. Both ultrasonic cholecystography and radiographic cholecystography are useful to detect gallstones. Our findings support using single-dose oral cholecystography as the routine first examination. If the gallbladder is not satifactorily visualized, ultrasonic cholecystography can be performed immediately. In an emergency or for patients who might be pregnant, ultrasonic cholecystography is available as the initial examination.", "PMID": 836538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2128", "title": "[\"Paralytic shellfish poisoning\" (author's transl)].", "content": "In October 1976 an epidemic of 120 cases of paralytic shellfish poisoning was recorded in western Europe. Analysis of the 23 cases seen in Swizterland shows the following data; paresthesia of mouth and lips (100%); cerebellar syndrome (86%) with giddiness, ataxia, dysmetry and floating sensation; paresia or paralysis (62%); digestive symptoms (14%); no death. The mean incubation time is 3 hs 30 min; mean duration of the symptoms is 2 days. Half of the patients complain of asthenia and moderate memory disturbance lasting up to 3 weeks. The severity of the illness is in relation to the amount of ingested neurotoxin. The epidemiologic study shows that all European cases were due to consumption of mussels from the Atlantic coast of Spain.", "contents": "[\"Paralytic shellfish poisoning\" (author's transl)]. In October 1976 an epidemic of 120 cases of paralytic shellfish poisoning was recorded in western Europe. Analysis of the 23 cases seen in Swizterland shows the following data; paresthesia of mouth and lips (100%); cerebellar syndrome (86%) with giddiness, ataxia, dysmetry and floating sensation; paresia or paralysis (62%); digestive symptoms (14%); no death. The mean incubation time is 3 hs 30 min; mean duration of the symptoms is 2 days. Half of the patients complain of asthenia and moderate memory disturbance lasting up to 3 weeks. The severity of the illness is in relation to the amount of ingested neurotoxin. The epidemiologic study shows that all European cases were due to consumption of mussels from the Atlantic coast of Spain.", "PMID": 836560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2129", "title": "[The aminopyrine respiratory test under the acute effect of ethanol. Evaluation of a new method for the measurement of microsomal functions of the liver].", "content": "Microsomal demethylation, a partial function of the liver, can be estimated by the aminopyrine breath test. Both the determination of specific activity and the disappearance rate constant for 14CO2 in breath demand the assumption of rapid formaldehyde oxidation to CO2. Conversely, the disappearance of aminopyrine from plasma reflects microsomal aminopyrine metabolism only. Ethanol is known to affect both microsomal demethylation and formaldehyde metabolism. If in the presence of ethanol the latter process should become rate-limiting, a discrepancy between the data obtained in breath and in plasma could be expected. In order to investigate this possibility 10 fasting healthy male volunteers received 9 mg/kg (dimethylamine-14C)-aminopyrine (2 muCi) orally and, 3 hs later, 0.7 g/kg ethanol. Immediately following ethanol the specific activity of 14CO2 in breath decreased by 25% (p less than 0.005) and the disappearance of 14CO2 from breath was 31% lower than in 17 matched controls (p less than 0.005). The aminopyrine plasma disappearance rate, determined by GLC, decreased by 30% after ethanol (p less than 0.05). Since the decrease in aminopyrine plasma disappearance rate seems to account for the proportional decreases obtained by breath analysis, it is concluded that the aminopyrine breath test expresses the rate of microsomal demethylation even during altered formaldehyde metabolism, e.g. in acute ethanol intoxication.", "contents": "[The aminopyrine respiratory test under the acute effect of ethanol. Evaluation of a new method for the measurement of microsomal functions of the liver]. Microsomal demethylation, a partial function of the liver, can be estimated by the aminopyrine breath test. Both the determination of specific activity and the disappearance rate constant for 14CO2 in breath demand the assumption of rapid formaldehyde oxidation to CO2. Conversely, the disappearance of aminopyrine from plasma reflects microsomal aminopyrine metabolism only. Ethanol is known to affect both microsomal demethylation and formaldehyde metabolism. If in the presence of ethanol the latter process should become rate-limiting, a discrepancy between the data obtained in breath and in plasma could be expected. In order to investigate this possibility 10 fasting healthy male volunteers received 9 mg/kg (dimethylamine-14C)-aminopyrine (2 muCi) orally and, 3 hs later, 0.7 g/kg ethanol. Immediately following ethanol the specific activity of 14CO2 in breath decreased by 25% (p less than 0.005) and the disappearance of 14CO2 from breath was 31% lower than in 17 matched controls (p less than 0.005). The aminopyrine plasma disappearance rate, determined by GLC, decreased by 30% after ethanol (p less than 0.05). Since the decrease in aminopyrine plasma disappearance rate seems to account for the proportional decreases obtained by breath analysis, it is concluded that the aminopyrine breath test expresses the rate of microsomal demethylation even during altered formaldehyde metabolism, e.g. in acute ethanol intoxication.", "PMID": 836561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2130", "title": "[Experiences with the pneumatic drill for the taking of biopsy cylinders].", "content": "Surgical excisional biopsies, needle biopsies and aspiration biopsies are at present the most frequently used technical procedures in the diagnosis of tumors or other pathologic conditions. An additional, lesser known method of obtaining tissue for microscopic examination with a high speed pneumatic drill biopsy device is described. Over a period of 29 months 118 biopsies have been performed in 99 patients for histologic examinations limited to breast lymph nodes, skin and scars, thyroid gland, bone and parotic gland. Only 8 (6.8%) out of 118 biopsies were inadequate for microscopic evaluation. The 110 (93.2%) histologically adequate biopsies showed 76 (64.4%) specimens with pathologic changes and 28 (23.7%) were correctly negative. Consequently, 104 (88.1%) of the biopsies performed gave correct results. 6 cases (5.1%) were false-negative. False-positive cases were not obtained. In view of the number of successful examinations with adequate results, it can be concluded that the method presented is a useful diagnostic tool. The procedure involves little stress for the patient and can be performed under local anesthesia on an out-patient basis.", "contents": "[Experiences with the pneumatic drill for the taking of biopsy cylinders]. Surgical excisional biopsies, needle biopsies and aspiration biopsies are at present the most frequently used technical procedures in the diagnosis of tumors or other pathologic conditions. An additional, lesser known method of obtaining tissue for microscopic examination with a high speed pneumatic drill biopsy device is described. Over a period of 29 months 118 biopsies have been performed in 99 patients for histologic examinations limited to breast lymph nodes, skin and scars, thyroid gland, bone and parotic gland. Only 8 (6.8%) out of 118 biopsies were inadequate for microscopic evaluation. The 110 (93.2%) histologically adequate biopsies showed 76 (64.4%) specimens with pathologic changes and 28 (23.7%) were correctly negative. Consequently, 104 (88.1%) of the biopsies performed gave correct results. 6 cases (5.1%) were false-negative. False-positive cases were not obtained. In view of the number of successful examinations with adequate results, it can be concluded that the method presented is a useful diagnostic tool. The procedure involves little stress for the patient and can be performed under local anesthesia on an out-patient basis.", "PMID": 836562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2131", "title": "[Liver cirrhosis due to a breast neoplasm metastasis. So-called metastatic-carcinomatous cirrhosis].", "content": "A case is presented which, 9 years after surgical removal of a scirrhous breast cancer, exhibited morphologically atypical metastasis in the liver with fibrosis and reduction of liver parenchyma, as well as typical features of cirrhosis including portal hypertension and esophageal varices. Problems posed by the differential diagnosis and pathogenesis of this rare type of metastasis (known in the literature as metastatic carcinomatous cirrhosis) are briefly discussed.", "contents": "[Liver cirrhosis due to a breast neoplasm metastasis. So-called metastatic-carcinomatous cirrhosis]. A case is presented which, 9 years after surgical removal of a scirrhous breast cancer, exhibited morphologically atypical metastasis in the liver with fibrosis and reduction of liver parenchyma, as well as typical features of cirrhosis including portal hypertension and esophageal varices. Problems posed by the differential diagnosis and pathogenesis of this rare type of metastasis (known in the literature as metastatic carcinomatous cirrhosis) are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 836563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2132", "title": "Public health hazards from electricity-producing plants.", "content": "When a new electricity-producing plant is to be built in a given locality it is natural to take into account the public health consequences of the normal operation of each type of plant contemplated. Here, the fossil-burning plants and nuclear facilities come under consideration. I have attempted to show that, in spite of the many important studies performed, there is currently no reliable methodology to estimate how many more cancer cases, and how many more heart attacks and other diseases have to be anticipated as a consequence of the normal operation of this or that type of electric generator. In part, this is because the currently available estimates of radiation effects on humans are based on extrapolations from studies of two kinds. Those of one kind may be exemplified by studies of atomic bomb casualties in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The other kind are laboratory experiments with lower animals, frequently mice. The unreliability of both kinds of extrapolations is connected with the following circumstances: (i) The omnipresent troublesome phenomenon of competing risks. (ii) The dependence of health effects of a given noxious agent on the preexisting local pollution. (iii) The dependence of health effects not only on the \"dose\" of an agent, but also on the rate at which the agent is administered. (iv) The noted difficulties of making extrapolations from one mammal to another. Our obtaining reliable estimates of the public health effects of extra pollution from new industrial plants would seem to depend on a large multipollutant and multilocality epidemiological study being conducted--one requiring the cooperative effort of several governmental agencies. However, a much easier study of certain developments in the vicinity of Rocky Flats, Colorado, might provide important direct information on health phenomena as they occur in real life.", "contents": "Public health hazards from electricity-producing plants. When a new electricity-producing plant is to be built in a given locality it is natural to take into account the public health consequences of the normal operation of each type of plant contemplated. Here, the fossil-burning plants and nuclear facilities come under consideration. I have attempted to show that, in spite of the many important studies performed, there is currently no reliable methodology to estimate how many more cancer cases, and how many more heart attacks and other diseases have to be anticipated as a consequence of the normal operation of this or that type of electric generator. In part, this is because the currently available estimates of radiation effects on humans are based on extrapolations from studies of two kinds. Those of one kind may be exemplified by studies of atomic bomb casualties in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The other kind are laboratory experiments with lower animals, frequently mice. The unreliability of both kinds of extrapolations is connected with the following circumstances: (i) The omnipresent troublesome phenomenon of competing risks. (ii) The dependence of health effects of a given noxious agent on the preexisting local pollution. (iii) The dependence of health effects not only on the \"dose\" of an agent, but also on the rate at which the agent is administered. (iv) The noted difficulties of making extrapolations from one mammal to another. Our obtaining reliable estimates of the public health effects of extra pollution from new industrial plants would seem to depend on a large multipollutant and multilocality epidemiological study being conducted--one requiring the cooperative effort of several governmental agencies. However, a much easier study of certain developments in the vicinity of Rocky Flats, Colorado, might provide important direct information on health phenomena as they occur in real life.", "PMID": 836584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2133", "title": "Migrating birds respond to Project Seafarer's electromagnetic field.", "content": "Radar tracking of individual migrating birds flying over a large alternating-current antenna system showed that the birds turned or changed altitude more frequently when the antenna system was operating than when it was not. These results suggest that birds sense low-intensity alternating-current electromagnetic fields during nocturnal migratory flight.", "contents": "Migrating birds respond to Project Seafarer's electromagnetic field. Radar tracking of individual migrating birds flying over a large alternating-current antenna system showed that the birds turned or changed altitude more frequently when the antenna system was operating than when it was not. These results suggest that birds sense low-intensity alternating-current electromagnetic fields during nocturnal migratory flight.", "PMID": 836585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2134", "title": "Altered yolk structure and reduced hatchability of eggs from birds fed single doses of petroleum oils.", "content": "Yolk deposited by Japanese quail was abnormal for 24 hours after the oral administration of a single capsule containing 200 milligrams of bunker C oil. Both the structure and the staining properties of the yolk were affected. Fewer eggs were laid during the 4 days after dosing, compared to controls, and hatchability was drastically reduced. Hatchability returned to normal in 4 days. Three other reference oils also affected yolk structure. Canada geese given 2 grams and chickens given 500 milligrams of bunker C oil produced eggs with abnormal yolk rings.", "contents": "Altered yolk structure and reduced hatchability of eggs from birds fed single doses of petroleum oils. Yolk deposited by Japanese quail was abnormal for 24 hours after the oral administration of a single capsule containing 200 milligrams of bunker C oil. Both the structure and the staining properties of the yolk were affected. Fewer eggs were laid during the 4 days after dosing, compared to controls, and hatchability was drastically reduced. Hatchability returned to normal in 4 days. Three other reference oils also affected yolk structure. Canada geese given 2 grams and chickens given 500 milligrams of bunker C oil produced eggs with abnormal yolk rings.", "PMID": 836586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2135", "title": "Rapid brain cooling in exercising dogs.", "content": "In alert, resting dogs, the brain is warmer than arterial blood in the common carotid artery. When dogs run, brain temperature drops, despite a sharp rise in carotid blood temperature, and is maintained 1.3 degrees C below carotid temperature during exercise. This brain cooling apparently results from countercurrent heat exchange between warm arterial blood supplying the brain and cool venous blood draining the nose and mouth. The heat exchange occurs in the arteries at the base of the brain, which form a rudimentary carotid rete in the dog, and is greatest during exercise, when respiratory evaporation is at a peak. In animals with a carotid rete, the brain is protected against overheating during the severe thermal stress of exercise.", "contents": "Rapid brain cooling in exercising dogs. In alert, resting dogs, the brain is warmer than arterial blood in the common carotid artery. When dogs run, brain temperature drops, despite a sharp rise in carotid blood temperature, and is maintained 1.3 degrees C below carotid temperature during exercise. This brain cooling apparently results from countercurrent heat exchange between warm arterial blood supplying the brain and cool venous blood draining the nose and mouth. The heat exchange occurs in the arteries at the base of the brain, which form a rudimentary carotid rete in the dog, and is greatest during exercise, when respiratory evaporation is at a peak. In animals with a carotid rete, the brain is protected against overheating during the severe thermal stress of exercise.", "PMID": 836587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2136", "title": "Hereditary hemolytic anemia with increased red cell adenosine deaminase (45- to 70-fold) and decreased adenosine triphosphate.", "content": "Hereditary hemolytic anemia, a dominantly transmitted disorder, has affected 12 family members spanning three generations. The concentration of adenosine triphosphate in the red cells was about half that of comparably reticulocyte-rich blood. Since adenosine deaminase and adenosine kinase compete for a common substrate, the greatly increased activity of the former may interfere with nucleotide salvage via the latter.", "contents": "Hereditary hemolytic anemia with increased red cell adenosine deaminase (45- to 70-fold) and decreased adenosine triphosphate. Hereditary hemolytic anemia, a dominantly transmitted disorder, has affected 12 family members spanning three generations. The concentration of adenosine triphosphate in the red cells was about half that of comparably reticulocyte-rich blood. Since adenosine deaminase and adenosine kinase compete for a common substrate, the greatly increased activity of the former may interfere with nucleotide salvage via the latter.", "PMID": 836588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2137", "title": "Zinc binding: a difference between human and bovine milk.", "content": "Gel chromatography indicated that most of the zinc in cow's milk was associated with high-molecular-weight fractions, whereas zinc in human milk was associated with low-molecular-weight fractions. A species difference in zinc-binding ligands may explain why symptoms of the genetic disorder of zinc metabolism, acrodermatitis enteropathica, can be alleviated by feeding human but not cow's milk.", "contents": "Zinc binding: a difference between human and bovine milk. Gel chromatography indicated that most of the zinc in cow's milk was associated with high-molecular-weight fractions, whereas zinc in human milk was associated with low-molecular-weight fractions. A species difference in zinc-binding ligands may explain why symptoms of the genetic disorder of zinc metabolism, acrodermatitis enteropathica, can be alleviated by feeding human but not cow's milk.", "PMID": 836589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2138", "title": "Sexual calling behavior in primitive ants.", "content": "The wingless virgin females of the ponerine ant Rhytidoponera metallica attract males by the release of a pheromone from the tergal gland, a hitherto unrecognized exocrine gland located between the last two abdominal segments. This is the first evidence for sexual chemical communication in the large and primitive subfamily Ponerinae.", "contents": "Sexual calling behavior in primitive ants. The wingless virgin females of the ponerine ant Rhytidoponera metallica attract males by the release of a pheromone from the tergal gland, a hitherto unrecognized exocrine gland located between the last two abdominal segments. This is the first evidence for sexual chemical communication in the large and primitive subfamily Ponerinae.", "PMID": 836590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2139", "title": "Amygdaloid projections to prefrontal and motor cortex.", "content": "Direct projections from the amygdala to the entire frontal cortex were demonstrated in the cat using the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Injections throughout the prefrontal cortex labeled neurons in the ipsilateral basal magnocellular amygdaloid nucleus; injections in the premotor and motor cortices labeled neurons in the same nucleus plus a few cells in the anterior amygdaloid area.", "contents": "Amygdaloid projections to prefrontal and motor cortex. Direct projections from the amygdala to the entire frontal cortex were demonstrated in the cat using the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Injections throughout the prefrontal cortex labeled neurons in the ipsilateral basal magnocellular amygdaloid nucleus; injections in the premotor and motor cortices labeled neurons in the same nucleus plus a few cells in the anterior amygdaloid area.", "PMID": 836591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2140", "title": "Differential sensitivity for smell: \"noise\" at the nose.", "content": "The ability of subjects to resolve differences in concentration of chemicals in the vapor phase by smell rivaled the optimum performance of chromatographs. In some instances, subjects resolved a difference in concentration of only 5 percent. The reported inability of olfaction to register fine differences in intensity seems to be largely a result of fluctuations in the stimulus.", "contents": "Differential sensitivity for smell: \"noise\" at the nose. The ability of subjects to resolve differences in concentration of chemicals in the vapor phase by smell rivaled the optimum performance of chromatographs. In some instances, subjects resolved a difference in concentration of only 5 percent. The reported inability of olfaction to register fine differences in intensity seems to be largely a result of fluctuations in the stimulus.", "PMID": 836592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2141", "title": "The practical training of New Zealand veterinary undergraduates in meat hygiene.", "content": "Development of the veterinary undergraduate course in meat hygiene over a ten year period is discussed. Arrangements and supervision of students during a two week practical course at six specified centres of meat production, and the value of such training in an actual industrial environment are discussed. The timing of this course in relation to the veterinary curriculum and the seasonal nature of the meat industry in New Zealand creates some problems. Training centres must slaughter a variety of animals and have sufficient staff to effectively teach students. Adequate preparation of students and close co-operation with both the Ministry of Agriculture and the meat industry is essential for success.", "contents": "The practical training of New Zealand veterinary undergraduates in meat hygiene. Development of the veterinary undergraduate course in meat hygiene over a ten year period is discussed. Arrangements and supervision of students during a two week practical course at six specified centres of meat production, and the value of such training in an actual industrial environment are discussed. The timing of this course in relation to the veterinary curriculum and the seasonal nature of the meat industry in New Zealand creates some problems. Training centres must slaughter a variety of animals and have sufficient staff to effectively teach students. Adequate preparation of students and close co-operation with both the Ministry of Agriculture and the meat industry is essential for success.", "PMID": 836599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2142", "title": "Fetal electrocardiography in the mare as a practical aid to diagnosing singleton and twin pregnancy.", "content": "Fetal electrocardiography (FECG) in the mare has been investigated by several workers (Holmes and Darke 1968, Kanagawa and others 1967). This short paper seeks to evaluate previous work, present new findings, and provide a practical technique enabling veterinary surgeons to diagnose singleton and twin pregnancies in the latter part of pregnancy.", "contents": "Fetal electrocardiography in the mare as a practical aid to diagnosing singleton and twin pregnancy. Fetal electrocardiography (FECG) in the mare has been investigated by several workers (Holmes and Darke 1968, Kanagawa and others 1967). This short paper seeks to evaluate previous work, present new findings, and provide a practical technique enabling veterinary surgeons to diagnose singleton and twin pregnancies in the latter part of pregnancy.", "PMID": 836600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2143", "title": "[Two rare cases of neovascularity on coronary angiography (author's transl)].", "content": "The appearance of neovascularity on coronary angiography is described in two patients. A large thrombus was documented in one case at autopsy, whilst in the second case the presence of a thrombus was confirmed by two subsequent coronary arteriographic and ventriculographic studies. Thus, the observation of neovascularity of the left ventricle on angiography is indicative of thrombus formation rather than the presence of a neoplasm.", "contents": "[Two rare cases of neovascularity on coronary angiography (author's transl)]. The appearance of neovascularity on coronary angiography is described in two patients. A large thrombus was documented in one case at autopsy, whilst in the second case the presence of a thrombus was confirmed by two subsequent coronary arteriographic and ventriculographic studies. Thus, the observation of neovascularity of the left ventricle on angiography is indicative of thrombus formation rather than the presence of a neoplasm.", "PMID": 836609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2144", "title": "[The influence of somatostatin on serum gastrin concentrations in patients after total duodenopancreatectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum gastrin concentrations were measured in insulin-dependent diabetics and in patients who had undergone total duodenopancreatectomy and gastrectomy. Administration of somatostatin markedly inhibited gastrin release in the diabetic patients with an intact gastrointestinal tract. This inhibitory effect of somatostatin, however, is not detectable in the group of operated patients, who display basically low plasma gastrin levels. A marked increase in the plasma gastrin level after withdrawal of somatostatin was observed in patients with a normal gastrointestinal tract. This rebound effect was only slight in the operated patients.", "contents": "[The influence of somatostatin on serum gastrin concentrations in patients after total duodenopancreatectomy (author's transl)]. Serum gastrin concentrations were measured in insulin-dependent diabetics and in patients who had undergone total duodenopancreatectomy and gastrectomy. Administration of somatostatin markedly inhibited gastrin release in the diabetic patients with an intact gastrointestinal tract. This inhibitory effect of somatostatin, however, is not detectable in the group of operated patients, who display basically low plasma gastrin levels. A marked increase in the plasma gastrin level after withdrawal of somatostatin was observed in patients with a normal gastrointestinal tract. This rebound effect was only slight in the operated patients.", "PMID": 836610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2145", "title": "[Cefazolin content in the gall bladder (author's transl)].", "content": "The concentration of cefazolin in the bile obtained by means of duodenoscopy was determined and compared with the values published as results of sampling by gall bladder puncture and T drains. The results obtained using this endoscopic procedure accorded with the results in the literature. When 1 g cefazolin was administered intravenously, high biliary levels of this drug with antibacterial activity were achieved. Our preliminary studies show that not only highly-sensitive gram-positive organisms, but also most of the E. coli Klebsiella and indol-negative proteus bacteria were affected when 1 g cefazolin was administered 3-4 times daily. These results will be reported later. Cefazolin (Gramaxin) represents a valuable addition to the chemotherapeutic agents available in combating infections of the gall bladder and the biliary duct system.", "contents": "[Cefazolin content in the gall bladder (author's transl)]. The concentration of cefazolin in the bile obtained by means of duodenoscopy was determined and compared with the values published as results of sampling by gall bladder puncture and T drains. The results obtained using this endoscopic procedure accorded with the results in the literature. When 1 g cefazolin was administered intravenously, high biliary levels of this drug with antibacterial activity were achieved. Our preliminary studies show that not only highly-sensitive gram-positive organisms, but also most of the E. coli Klebsiella and indol-negative proteus bacteria were affected when 1 g cefazolin was administered 3-4 times daily. These results will be reported later. Cefazolin (Gramaxin) represents a valuable addition to the chemotherapeutic agents available in combating infections of the gall bladder and the biliary duct system.", "PMID": 836611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2146", "title": "[Characteristic features of ischaemic strokes in young adults (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical symptoms, angiographic findings and risk factors were recorded according to a classification system in 28 women and 39 men who suffered an ischaemic cerebral stroke before the age of 40. This enabled correlations to be made within the group of young patients and the discovery--by comparison with a corresponding group of patients over 40--of statistically significant age-specific features of cerebro-vascular disease. Vascular lesions in young patients show a sex-specific distribution and a characteristic relationship to clinical symptoms. The prognosis is more favorable in young patients; risk factors which predispose to stroke and influence its further development are less frequent. It is, therefore, suggested that characteristic features of strokes in young adults can be partially explained by the fact that they are usually caused by single pathological alterations in otherwise healthy persons.", "contents": "[Characteristic features of ischaemic strokes in young adults (author's transl)]. Clinical symptoms, angiographic findings and risk factors were recorded according to a classification system in 28 women and 39 men who suffered an ischaemic cerebral stroke before the age of 40. This enabled correlations to be made within the group of young patients and the discovery--by comparison with a corresponding group of patients over 40--of statistically significant age-specific features of cerebro-vascular disease. Vascular lesions in young patients show a sex-specific distribution and a characteristic relationship to clinical symptoms. The prognosis is more favorable in young patients; risk factors which predispose to stroke and influence its further development are less frequent. It is, therefore, suggested that characteristic features of strokes in young adults can be partially explained by the fact that they are usually caused by single pathological alterations in otherwise healthy persons.", "PMID": 836612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2147", "title": "[Orally-administered taurine in therapy-resistant epilepsy (author's transl)].", "content": "The anticonvulsive action of taurine, was tested in 9 therapy in 9 therapy-resistant patients with a high incidence of seizures. Taurine was given orally (1.5-7.5 g daily) over a period of 4 to 16 weeks and, despite the high dosage, no appreciable side effects were observed. During this time seizures disappeared temporarily for about two weeks in 5 out of 9 cases. In one case the seizure frequency was transiently reduced by approximately 25%, whilst in the remaining 3 cases no effect of taurine on seizure frequency was observed. The reason for the rapid disappearance of the anticonvulsive action of taurine is not known.", "contents": "[Orally-administered taurine in therapy-resistant epilepsy (author's transl)]. The anticonvulsive action of taurine, was tested in 9 therapy in 9 therapy-resistant patients with a high incidence of seizures. Taurine was given orally (1.5-7.5 g daily) over a period of 4 to 16 weeks and, despite the high dosage, no appreciable side effects were observed. During this time seizures disappeared temporarily for about two weeks in 5 out of 9 cases. In one case the seizure frequency was transiently reduced by approximately 25%, whilst in the remaining 3 cases no effect of taurine on seizure frequency was observed. The reason for the rapid disappearance of the anticonvulsive action of taurine is not known.", "PMID": 836613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2148", "title": "[Comparative bioptic and electrophysiological investigations in polyneuropathies (author's transl)].", "content": "Comparative bioptic and electrophysiological investigations were performed in 30 cases of polyneuropathy of varying aetiology. Axonal and demyelinating neuropathies were distinguishable concordantly on the basis of both investigations. Maximum motor nerve conduction velocity (NCV) and compound potential (CP) were regularly examined in several nerves of each patient. Low (NCV) values (critical limit 25 m/sec) and long-standing high CP values were characteristic of demyelinating processes, whereas axonal neuropathies showed a slight to moderate decrease in NCV with early decrease in CP, often rapidly followed by loss of nerve excitability. Nonclassifiable stages and diseases are discussed. In biopsies, ultrastructural examination in particular, not only allowed the differentiation of primary axonal and primary demyelinating lesions and the respective neuropathic syndromes, but permitted moreover, further classification of these heterogenous groups of neuropathies. According to the sequence of lesions of the nerve fibre classes on the one hand, and to the nature of the primary lesion of the nerve fibres on the other hand, the following types of neuropathies were distinguished: in axonal neuropathies of the myelinated fibres, dystrophic and disintegrative forms were differentiated; axonal neuropathies of unmyelinated fibres correlated with sensory neuropathies. Demyelinating neuropathies were represented by hypertrophic, leucodystrophic and paraproteinaemic forms. The correlation of these types of neuropathies to the different clinical and aetiological forms of polyneuropathies is diagrammatically shown. The connection between the electrophysiological data and the basic nerve fibre alterations of the different neuropathies is discussed.", "contents": "[Comparative bioptic and electrophysiological investigations in polyneuropathies (author's transl)]. Comparative bioptic and electrophysiological investigations were performed in 30 cases of polyneuropathy of varying aetiology. Axonal and demyelinating neuropathies were distinguishable concordantly on the basis of both investigations. Maximum motor nerve conduction velocity (NCV) and compound potential (CP) were regularly examined in several nerves of each patient. Low (NCV) values (critical limit 25 m/sec) and long-standing high CP values were characteristic of demyelinating processes, whereas axonal neuropathies showed a slight to moderate decrease in NCV with early decrease in CP, often rapidly followed by loss of nerve excitability. Nonclassifiable stages and diseases are discussed. In biopsies, ultrastructural examination in particular, not only allowed the differentiation of primary axonal and primary demyelinating lesions and the respective neuropathic syndromes, but permitted moreover, further classification of these heterogenous groups of neuropathies. According to the sequence of lesions of the nerve fibre classes on the one hand, and to the nature of the primary lesion of the nerve fibres on the other hand, the following types of neuropathies were distinguished: in axonal neuropathies of the myelinated fibres, dystrophic and disintegrative forms were differentiated; axonal neuropathies of unmyelinated fibres correlated with sensory neuropathies. Demyelinating neuropathies were represented by hypertrophic, leucodystrophic and paraproteinaemic forms. The correlation of these types of neuropathies to the different clinical and aetiological forms of polyneuropathies is diagrammatically shown. The connection between the electrophysiological data and the basic nerve fibre alterations of the different neuropathies is discussed.", "PMID": 836614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2149", "title": "[Raynaud's phenomenon in the carpal tunnel syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The case is reported of a female patient with bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome, the diagnosis confirmed on surgical exploration, associated with Raynaud's phenomenon. A review is given of the relatively sparse literature on the subject, followed by a discussion of the pathogenetic relationship and therapy.", "contents": "[Raynaud's phenomenon in the carpal tunnel syndrome (author's transl)]. The case is reported of a female patient with bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome, the diagnosis confirmed on surgical exploration, associated with Raynaud's phenomenon. A review is given of the relatively sparse literature on the subject, followed by a discussion of the pathogenetic relationship and therapy.", "PMID": 836615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2150", "title": "[Cyclic esotropia (alternate day squint) (author's transl)].", "content": "One case of the extremely rare conditioning of cyclic esotropia is reported following a short review of the literature and clinical features of this form of strabism. According to our experience the only effective treatment is operative correction on the day of the squint. It is not advisable to wait until the alternate day squint cycle breaks down and a permanent convergent squint develops.", "contents": "[Cyclic esotropia (alternate day squint) (author's transl)]. One case of the extremely rare conditioning of cyclic esotropia is reported following a short review of the literature and clinical features of this form of strabism. According to our experience the only effective treatment is operative correction on the day of the squint. It is not advisable to wait until the alternate day squint cycle breaks down and a permanent convergent squint develops.", "PMID": 836616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2151", "title": "Myospherulosis of the paranasal sinuses, nose and middle ear. A possible iatrogenic disease.", "content": "Sixteen cases of myospherulosis, a disease of unknown etiology previously reported only from East Africa, were found in the St. Louis metropolitan area. Although the disease in Africa occurred in the peripheral deep and superficial soft tissues, in St. Louis it involved the paranasal sinuses, nose, and middle ear. All patients had previously had surgical procedures involving the regions subsequently shown to contain the structures of myospherulosis. A common denominator in these cases was the operative use of hemostatic packing containing petrolatum-based ointments and gauze. These ointments, usually containing an antibiotic, were nonsterile. This raised the possibility that the as yet unidentified structures of myospherulosis may be introduced via these petrolatum-based substances.", "contents": "Myospherulosis of the paranasal sinuses, nose and middle ear. A possible iatrogenic disease. Sixteen cases of myospherulosis, a disease of unknown etiology previously reported only from East Africa, were found in the St. Louis metropolitan area. Although the disease in Africa occurred in the peripheral deep and superficial soft tissues, in St. Louis it involved the paranasal sinuses, nose, and middle ear. All patients had previously had surgical procedures involving the regions subsequently shown to contain the structures of myospherulosis. A common denominator in these cases was the operative use of hemostatic packing containing petrolatum-based ointments and gauze. These ointments, usually containing an antibiotic, were nonsterile. This raised the possibility that the as yet unidentified structures of myospherulosis may be introduced via these petrolatum-based substances.", "PMID": 836618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2152", "title": "Prostatic carcinoma and needle aspiration biopsy.", "content": "Carcinoma of the prostate can be diagnosed definitively only by biopsy. Needle aspiration biopsy obtained with a flexible 20- or 22-gauge needle may provide this diagnosis. This method has been utilized widely in Scandinavia but rarely in the United States. Fifty-one patients were so biopsied with concomitant punch biopsy. Of the 32 cases of carcinoma, there were abnormal cells in 27. There was no false-positive diagnosis. Although complications that occur with routine punch biopsy may be significant, there was no secondary to aspiration biopsy. The procedure should be used as a primary tool in the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma.", "contents": "Prostatic carcinoma and needle aspiration biopsy. Carcinoma of the prostate can be diagnosed definitively only by biopsy. Needle aspiration biopsy obtained with a flexible 20- or 22-gauge needle may provide this diagnosis. This method has been utilized widely in Scandinavia but rarely in the United States. Fifty-one patients were so biopsied with concomitant punch biopsy. Of the 32 cases of carcinoma, there were abnormal cells in 27. There was no false-positive diagnosis. Although complications that occur with routine punch biopsy may be significant, there was no secondary to aspiration biopsy. The procedure should be used as a primary tool in the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma.", "PMID": 836619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2153", "title": "Economic impact of a computer-based centralized organization in a clinical laboratory.", "content": "The Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, has explored various management of organizational approaches over the past seven years. The Centralized Processing Area supported by a computerized information system has evolved from these efforts. Despite a decrease in U.W. hospital usage since 1968-69, laboratory volume has steadily increased. The cost of these services is shown in relation both to three successive management systems and to the impact of inflation on laboratory costs. Chemistry and hematology costs per procedure, including administration and computer costs, are compared with microbiology cost per procedure, where the management system was not used. There is growing acceptance of the intangible benefits of computerization in the laboratory. Economic benefits are often presumed but have not been proven. Favorable economic effects of the Centralized Processing Area together with the computerized information system are demonstrated.", "contents": "Economic impact of a computer-based centralized organization in a clinical laboratory. The Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, has explored various management of organizational approaches over the past seven years. The Centralized Processing Area supported by a computerized information system has evolved from these efforts. Despite a decrease in U.W. hospital usage since 1968-69, laboratory volume has steadily increased. The cost of these services is shown in relation both to three successive management systems and to the impact of inflation on laboratory costs. Chemistry and hematology costs per procedure, including administration and computer costs, are compared with microbiology cost per procedure, where the management system was not used. There is growing acceptance of the intangible benefits of computerization in the laboratory. Economic benefits are often presumed but have not been proven. Favorable economic effects of the Centralized Processing Area together with the computerized information system are demonstrated.", "PMID": 836620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2154", "title": "An automatic leukocyte analyzer. Validity of its results.", "content": "A statistical study was undertaken to evaluate the Corning Larc Leukocyte Analyzer by comparing its results with those of 20 medical technologists with regard to reproducibility and degree of agreement. A special effort was made to use statistically quantitative comparisons, large numbers of samples, and a large group of technologists. The results of the Larc are frequently more reproducible than those of technologists, especially for bands and segmented neutrophils. Other comparative studies show that the Larc reports clinically equivalent proportions of the different cell types normal and abnormal. This is true for case by cases as well as cumulative comparisons. All known cases of leukemia was detected by the Larc during the study, although the number of samples from leukemia patients was small (11 of 700).", "contents": "An automatic leukocyte analyzer. Validity of its results. A statistical study was undertaken to evaluate the Corning Larc Leukocyte Analyzer by comparing its results with those of 20 medical technologists with regard to reproducibility and degree of agreement. A special effort was made to use statistically quantitative comparisons, large numbers of samples, and a large group of technologists. The results of the Larc are frequently more reproducible than those of technologists, especially for bands and segmented neutrophils. Other comparative studies show that the Larc reports clinically equivalent proportions of the different cell types normal and abnormal. This is true for case by cases as well as cumulative comparisons. All known cases of leukemia was detected by the Larc during the study, although the number of samples from leukemia patients was small (11 of 700).", "PMID": 836621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2155", "title": "Acquired factor X deficiency and amyloidosis.", "content": "A selective acquired Factor X deficiency is an unusual occurrence. Six cases of an acquired Factor X deficiency in association with amyloidosis have been reported. This paper describes two additional cases, suggesting that this relationship may be more than coincidental. The mechanism by which amyloid may affect Factor X levels remains unknown, but suggestions include consumption, inactivation or decreased synthesis of Factor X. Factor II, VII, IX, and X concentrate transiently increased the Factor X level to normal in one of the patients. In an adult patient who has an isolated Factor X deficiency, amyloidosis should be actively sought.", "contents": "Acquired factor X deficiency and amyloidosis. A selective acquired Factor X deficiency is an unusual occurrence. Six cases of an acquired Factor X deficiency in association with amyloidosis have been reported. This paper describes two additional cases, suggesting that this relationship may be more than coincidental. The mechanism by which amyloid may affect Factor X levels remains unknown, but suggestions include consumption, inactivation or decreased synthesis of Factor X. Factor II, VII, IX, and X concentrate transiently increased the Factor X level to normal in one of the patients. In an adult patient who has an isolated Factor X deficiency, amyloidosis should be actively sought.", "PMID": 836622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2156", "title": "Platelet-derived acid phosphatase isoenzyme in the serum in thrombocythemia.", "content": "Acid phosphatase is present in platelets and is released during the clotting process. In thrombocythemic conditions, this may increase serum enzymatic activity. An illustrative case in which the determination of plasma enzymatic activity suggested a platelet origin of elevated serum levels, confirmed by isoenzyme fractionation on disk polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is presented. It is concluded that in the presence of thrombocytosis a plasma sample is preferable to a serum sample for determination of acid phosphatase activity.", "contents": "Platelet-derived acid phosphatase isoenzyme in the serum in thrombocythemia. Acid phosphatase is present in platelets and is released during the clotting process. In thrombocythemic conditions, this may increase serum enzymatic activity. An illustrative case in which the determination of plasma enzymatic activity suggested a platelet origin of elevated serum levels, confirmed by isoenzyme fractionation on disk polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is presented. It is concluded that in the presence of thrombocytosis a plasma sample is preferable to a serum sample for determination of acid phosphatase activity.", "PMID": 836623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2157", "title": "Instability of the oxy form of sickle hemoglobin and of methemoglobin in isopropanol.", "content": "Oxygenated hemoglobin from water-lysed sickle erythrocytes preciptated more rapidly than hemoglobin from normal cells when exposed to 17% isopropanol in 0.1 M tris, pH 7.4, buffer (the isopropanol solubility test of Carrell and Kay). Precipitates became visible after approximately 20 minutes of incubation with SS, AS, or SC blood, while AC hemoglobin and normal adult A hemoglobin required 40-60 minutes of precipitate. Methemoglobin comprised less than 1.5% of the total hemoglobin present in all samples under study. Significant preciptation of methemoglobin did not occur unless methemoglobin levels were greater than 8%. Solubilization of the precipitate in 6M urea-barbital buffer and subsequent electrophoresis demonstrated that the insoluble material was sickle hemoglobin (Betas chain). The results of these experiments confirm previous findings indicating that even fully oxygenated sickle hemoglobin is unstable.", "contents": "Instability of the oxy form of sickle hemoglobin and of methemoglobin in isopropanol. Oxygenated hemoglobin from water-lysed sickle erythrocytes preciptated more rapidly than hemoglobin from normal cells when exposed to 17% isopropanol in 0.1 M tris, pH 7.4, buffer (the isopropanol solubility test of Carrell and Kay). Precipitates became visible after approximately 20 minutes of incubation with SS, AS, or SC blood, while AC hemoglobin and normal adult A hemoglobin required 40-60 minutes of precipitate. Methemoglobin comprised less than 1.5% of the total hemoglobin present in all samples under study. Significant preciptation of methemoglobin did not occur unless methemoglobin levels were greater than 8%. Solubilization of the precipitate in 6M urea-barbital buffer and subsequent electrophoresis demonstrated that the insoluble material was sickle hemoglobin (Betas chain). The results of these experiments confirm previous findings indicating that even fully oxygenated sickle hemoglobin is unstable.", "PMID": 836624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2158", "title": "Ecology of 350 isolates of group F Streptococcus.", "content": "The ecology of 350 strains of group F streptococci isolated from clinical material over a six-year period is described. The respiratory tract, particularly the throat, yielded the largest number of isolates. Wound swabs, mainly appendectomy, ranked second as a source of this organism, followed closely by the genitourinary tract. A significant proportion of strains was recovered from gastrointestinal sites. Dental abscess yielded several strains, often in pure culture, and the external auditory canal was identified as minor locale of the group F streptococcus. A few isolates were also obtained from blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and miscellaneous tissues.", "contents": "Ecology of 350 isolates of group F Streptococcus. The ecology of 350 strains of group F streptococci isolated from clinical material over a six-year period is described. The respiratory tract, particularly the throat, yielded the largest number of isolates. Wound swabs, mainly appendectomy, ranked second as a source of this organism, followed closely by the genitourinary tract. A significant proportion of strains was recovered from gastrointestinal sites. Dental abscess yielded several strains, often in pure culture, and the external auditory canal was identified as minor locale of the group F streptococcus. A few isolates were also obtained from blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and miscellaneous tissues.", "PMID": 836625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2159", "title": "Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns (antibiograms) as an aid in differentiating Citrobacter species.", "content": "The hydrogen sulfide-negative Citrobacter group represents a taxonomic problem. Various investigators have proposed such designations as Padlewskia, Levinea, atypical Enterobacter cloacae, H2S-negative variants of Citrobacter, Citrobacter koseri and Citrobacter diversus. This problem has been investigated with emphasis on antibiograms as a means of discrimination. Clinical isolates fitting the designation Citrobacter were studied and, using the criteria of Ewing and Davis, separated into two groups: C. diversus (40 strains) or C. freundii (25 strains). Susceptibilities to ampicillin, carbenicillin, cefazolin, cephaloridine and cephalothin were determined by the agar-dilution method. C. diversus strains were resistant to 8 mug/ml ampicillin (97.5%) and 32 mug/ml carbenicillin (87.5%), and were susceptible to 8 mug/ml cephalosporins (greater than or equal to 90%). C. freundii strains were moderately susceptible to 8 mug/ml ampicillin (25%) and susceptible to 8 mug/ml carbenicillin (92%), and were resistant to 8 mug/ml cephalosporin (greater than or equal 92%). Using these data one can separate C. diversus from C. freundii with 90% accuracy.", "contents": "Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns (antibiograms) as an aid in differentiating Citrobacter species. The hydrogen sulfide-negative Citrobacter group represents a taxonomic problem. Various investigators have proposed such designations as Padlewskia, Levinea, atypical Enterobacter cloacae, H2S-negative variants of Citrobacter, Citrobacter koseri and Citrobacter diversus. This problem has been investigated with emphasis on antibiograms as a means of discrimination. Clinical isolates fitting the designation Citrobacter were studied and, using the criteria of Ewing and Davis, separated into two groups: C. diversus (40 strains) or C. freundii (25 strains). Susceptibilities to ampicillin, carbenicillin, cefazolin, cephaloridine and cephalothin were determined by the agar-dilution method. C. diversus strains were resistant to 8 mug/ml ampicillin (97.5%) and 32 mug/ml carbenicillin (87.5%), and were susceptible to 8 mug/ml cephalosporins (greater than or equal to 90%). C. freundii strains were moderately susceptible to 8 mug/ml ampicillin (25%) and susceptible to 8 mug/ml carbenicillin (92%), and were resistant to 8 mug/ml cephalosporin (greater than or equal 92%). Using these data one can separate C. diversus from C. freundii with 90% accuracy.", "PMID": 836626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2160", "title": "Assessing the intellectural consequences of early intervention with high-risk infants.", "content": "Infants at-risk for mental retardation were divided into a group that received early day-care intervention and a matched control group that did not. The purpose of the intervention was to prevent sociocultural retardation. Children were tested at 7 and 18 months on a simple two-choice visual-discrimination task and on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development to assess the impact of the intervention program on their development. Analyses revealed that the experimental group's performance was reliably superior to that of the control group on both measures and that experimental subjects scoring high on the Bayley Scales reached criterion on the discrimination task on fewer trials than low Bayley scorers. The relationship was particularly strong at 18 months.", "contents": "Assessing the intellectural consequences of early intervention with high-risk infants. Infants at-risk for mental retardation were divided into a group that received early day-care intervention and a matched control group that did not. The purpose of the intervention was to prevent sociocultural retardation. Children were tested at 7 and 18 months on a simple two-choice visual-discrimination task and on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development to assess the impact of the intervention program on their development. Analyses revealed that the experimental group's performance was reliably superior to that of the control group on both measures and that experimental subjects scoring high on the Bayley Scales reached criterion on the discrimination task on fewer trials than low Bayley scorers. The relationship was particularly strong at 18 months.", "PMID": 836631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2161", "title": "Self-perception of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation: effects on institutionalized mentally retarded adolescents.", "content": "Self-perception theory predicts that the introduction of extrinsic rewards for behavior that was intrinsically rewarding may decrease rather than enhance overall motivation. This hypothesis was tested on a group of institutionalized mentally retarded adolescents (34 boys, 10 girls). Intrinsic (high and low task interest) and extrinsic (high- and low-incentive objects) motivation were both manipulated as independent variables, and the dependent variable was task persistence during a free-play period. Results indicated that for a high intrinsically interesting task, the task persistence was greater under the external reward of low- rather than high-incentive value conditions. The opposite trend was revealed for the low intrinsically interesting task. The results provided some evidence that the greater the amount of the reward for an interesting activity, the greater the degree to which the intrinsic interest is undermined.", "contents": "Self-perception of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation: effects on institutionalized mentally retarded adolescents. Self-perception theory predicts that the introduction of extrinsic rewards for behavior that was intrinsically rewarding may decrease rather than enhance overall motivation. This hypothesis was tested on a group of institutionalized mentally retarded adolescents (34 boys, 10 girls). Intrinsic (high and low task interest) and extrinsic (high- and low-incentive objects) motivation were both manipulated as independent variables, and the dependent variable was task persistence during a free-play period. Results indicated that for a high intrinsically interesting task, the task persistence was greater under the external reward of low- rather than high-incentive value conditions. The opposite trend was revealed for the low intrinsically interesting task. The results provided some evidence that the greater the amount of the reward for an interesting activity, the greater the degree to which the intrinsic interest is undermined.", "PMID": 836632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2162", "title": "Deficient acquisition strategies: a proposed conceptual framework for analyzing severe language deficiency.", "content": "A conceptual framework was proposed for analyzing aberrant or retarded language development. Recent developments in psycholinguistics have led to a view of language acquisition as an interactive process involving external interactions between child and environment and internal interactions between cognitive holdings and processes. The child's active participation in these interactions is conceptualized as a system of language-acquisition strategies. These consist of both information-gathering strategies and information-processing strategies and are distinguished from the adult speaker's facilitation strategies. We suggest that aberrant or retarded language development may be viewed in terms of specific process deficits in one or more of these strategy systems. In the present article three preverbal information-gathering strategies identified as selective listening, establishment of joint reference, and feedback mechanisms were described. Suggestions for future research and implications for intervention were discussed.", "contents": "Deficient acquisition strategies: a proposed conceptual framework for analyzing severe language deficiency. A conceptual framework was proposed for analyzing aberrant or retarded language development. Recent developments in psycholinguistics have led to a view of language acquisition as an interactive process involving external interactions between child and environment and internal interactions between cognitive holdings and processes. The child's active participation in these interactions is conceptualized as a system of language-acquisition strategies. These consist of both information-gathering strategies and information-processing strategies and are distinguished from the adult speaker's facilitation strategies. We suggest that aberrant or retarded language development may be viewed in terms of specific process deficits in one or more of these strategy systems. In the present article three preverbal information-gathering strategies identified as selective listening, establishment of joint reference, and feedback mechanisms were described. Suggestions for future research and implications for intervention were discussed.", "PMID": 836633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2163", "title": "Facilitative effects of coin displacement on teaching coin summation to mentally retarded adolescents.", "content": "Two methods of teaching coin summation to retarded adolescents were compared: one method involved a coin-displacement procedure, the other did not. Displacement was designed to compensate for retarded persons' attention and retention deficits. A pretest-posttest matched-groups design as well as a multiple baseline across coin-counting responses were used. Fourteen retarded subjects were assigned to either displacement or nondisplacement conditions. Subjects in both groups were first taught to count a single coin and then sum that coin in combination with coins previously taught. Both groups used the same finger-counting procedure; however, subjects in the displacement condition were also required to move each coin aside systematically after it was counted. The training methods were modeling, modeling with subject imitation, and independent counting by the subject. Both groups improved from pre- to posttest; however, the displacement group performance was significantly better. Skill maintenance for both groups was evident on follow-up. Displacement subjects required fewer trials and less time to complete training. Coin displacement may compensate for attention and retention deficits of retarded persons.", "contents": "Facilitative effects of coin displacement on teaching coin summation to mentally retarded adolescents. Two methods of teaching coin summation to retarded adolescents were compared: one method involved a coin-displacement procedure, the other did not. Displacement was designed to compensate for retarded persons' attention and retention deficits. A pretest-posttest matched-groups design as well as a multiple baseline across coin-counting responses were used. Fourteen retarded subjects were assigned to either displacement or nondisplacement conditions. Subjects in both groups were first taught to count a single coin and then sum that coin in combination with coins previously taught. Both groups used the same finger-counting procedure; however, subjects in the displacement condition were also required to move each coin aside systematically after it was counted. The training methods were modeling, modeling with subject imitation, and independent counting by the subject. Both groups improved from pre- to posttest; however, the displacement group performance was significantly better. Skill maintenance for both groups was evident on follow-up. Displacement subjects required fewer trials and less time to complete training. Coin displacement may compensate for attention and retention deficits of retarded persons.", "PMID": 836634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2164", "title": "Evaluation of entertainment materials for severely retarded persons.", "content": "Research with retarded and nonretarded populations suggest that toys can be an important part of group-care programs. Yet in a review of the literature. Wheman (1976) showed that there was a paucity of empirical data on effective toy utilization with retarded populations. In this study time-sampling measurements were made of the free-play behavior of 11 severely retarded females with 20 different toys and comparison items. Data analysis revealed that (a) the subjects had strong preferences among toys; (b) there was a low, statistically nonsignificant, correlation between toy preference and price; and (c) professional staff were unable to make accurate predictions of toy preference. Subjects were idle 65 percent of the time when only the 10 less popular toys were available, but only 25% of the time when only the 10 more popular toys were available. We concluded that (a) the behavior of retarded individuals is strongly influenced by the particular toys available to them, (b) empirical data are necessary to make maximally effective and economical use of entertainment materials, and (c) the current lack of such data for retarded population makes this an important area for future research.", "contents": "Evaluation of entertainment materials for severely retarded persons. Research with retarded and nonretarded populations suggest that toys can be an important part of group-care programs. Yet in a review of the literature. Wheman (1976) showed that there was a paucity of empirical data on effective toy utilization with retarded populations. In this study time-sampling measurements were made of the free-play behavior of 11 severely retarded females with 20 different toys and comparison items. Data analysis revealed that (a) the subjects had strong preferences among toys; (b) there was a low, statistically nonsignificant, correlation between toy preference and price; and (c) professional staff were unable to make accurate predictions of toy preference. Subjects were idle 65 percent of the time when only the 10 less popular toys were available, but only 25% of the time when only the 10 more popular toys were available. We concluded that (a) the behavior of retarded individuals is strongly influenced by the particular toys available to them, (b) empirical data are necessary to make maximally effective and economical use of entertainment materials, and (c) the current lack of such data for retarded population makes this an important area for future research.", "PMID": 836635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2165", "title": "Mothers' and graduate trainees' judgements of children: some effects of labeling.", "content": "Graduate students in a clinical practicum in mental retardation and mothers randomly chosen from a university community were asked to rate retarded and nonretarded children on characteristics reflecting social competence and interpersonal attractiveness and also on a social distance scale. The children rated were viewed on videotape in free-play interactions with their mothers. Each retarded child was shown once as an unlabeled child and once as a child labeled retarded. Mothers rated the retarded children as different from the nonretarded children on six of nine measures, regardless of label. When the retarded children were labeled, they were rated by mothers as significantly higher on items related to attractiveness than when they were unlabeled. Graduate student trainees' ratings did not discriminate between retarded children as a function of labeling, with one exception: like mothers, trainees rated retarded children as more likable when labeled. However, both observer groups placed retarded children, regardless of status, significantly farther from themselves on the social distance scale than they placed nonretarded children. The results were interpreted within the theoretical frameworks of Zigler (1971) and Mercer (1973).", "contents": "Mothers' and graduate trainees' judgements of children: some effects of labeling. Graduate students in a clinical practicum in mental retardation and mothers randomly chosen from a university community were asked to rate retarded and nonretarded children on characteristics reflecting social competence and interpersonal attractiveness and also on a social distance scale. The children rated were viewed on videotape in free-play interactions with their mothers. Each retarded child was shown once as an unlabeled child and once as a child labeled retarded. Mothers rated the retarded children as different from the nonretarded children on six of nine measures, regardless of label. When the retarded children were labeled, they were rated by mothers as significantly higher on items related to attractiveness than when they were unlabeled. Graduate student trainees' ratings did not discriminate between retarded children as a function of labeling, with one exception: like mothers, trainees rated retarded children as more likable when labeled. However, both observer groups placed retarded children, regardless of status, significantly farther from themselves on the social distance scale than they placed nonretarded children. The results were interpreted within the theoretical frameworks of Zigler (1971) and Mercer (1973).", "PMID": 836636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2166", "title": "Effects of music-listening contingencies on arithmetic performance and music preference of EMR children.", "content": "A five-phase experiment was designed to investigate (a) whether contingent music-listening would act as a reinforcer to increase arithmetic performance of EMR children and (b) whether this contingent reinforcement would affect preference for that reinforcer. During the three baseline (no reinforcement) phases, subjects returned to their classrooms at the end of the arithmetic work period. During the two treatment phases, experimental subjects meeting criterion were permitted to remain and listen to either rock (high preference) or music classics (low preference). Statistical analyses revealed significant differences between the no-reinforcement and contingent-reinforcement conditions and between the control and four experiment groups during the contingent reinforcement phases. No differential effect between the more or less preferred contingencies was found. Analyses of the music-selection data indicated that the contingencies did not influence music preference.", "contents": "Effects of music-listening contingencies on arithmetic performance and music preference of EMR children. A five-phase experiment was designed to investigate (a) whether contingent music-listening would act as a reinforcer to increase arithmetic performance of EMR children and (b) whether this contingent reinforcement would affect preference for that reinforcer. During the three baseline (no reinforcement) phases, subjects returned to their classrooms at the end of the arithmetic work period. During the two treatment phases, experimental subjects meeting criterion were permitted to remain and listen to either rock (high preference) or music classics (low preference). Statistical analyses revealed significant differences between the no-reinforcement and contingent-reinforcement conditions and between the control and four experiment groups during the contingent reinforcement phases. No differential effect between the more or less preferred contingencies was found. Analyses of the music-selection data indicated that the contingencies did not influence music preference.", "PMID": 836637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2167", "title": "Comparison of three training procedures for teaching social responses to developmentally disabled adults.", "content": "Three developmentally disabled adults were taught three peer interactive responses--verbailization, recreation, and cooperation--by three training procedures: (a) modeling, (b) instruction and feedback, and (c) modeling, instructions, and feedback. All three training procedures increased all three responses, but the most effective procedure was modeling, instructions, and feedback. In the two modeling conditions, videotapes of nonretarded adults were used, demonstrating the feasibility of this method for teaching retarded persons.", "contents": "Comparison of three training procedures for teaching social responses to developmentally disabled adults. Three developmentally disabled adults were taught three peer interactive responses--verbailization, recreation, and cooperation--by three training procedures: (a) modeling, (b) instruction and feedback, and (c) modeling, instructions, and feedback. All three training procedures increased all three responses, but the most effective procedure was modeling, instructions, and feedback. In the two modeling conditions, videotapes of nonretarded adults were used, demonstrating the feasibility of this method for teaching retarded persons.", "PMID": 836638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2168", "title": "Effects of preferred stimuli on the free recall of moderately and severely mentally retarded children.", "content": "The effects of two types of stimuli, preferred and nonpreferred, on the free recall and clustering of 16 moderately and severely retarded public-school children were investigated. An empirical determination was made as to whether to classify a particular conceptual category of stimuli as preferred or nonpreferred. All subjects were presented with 18 objects from 6 conceptual categories in blocked condition. Both the preferred and nonpreferred stimuli were given to each subject in a counterbalanced order using a repeated measures design. Our major finding was that the use of preferred stimuli had a significant facilitating effect on recall but not clustering.", "contents": "Effects of preferred stimuli on the free recall of moderately and severely mentally retarded children. The effects of two types of stimuli, preferred and nonpreferred, on the free recall and clustering of 16 moderately and severely retarded public-school children were investigated. An empirical determination was made as to whether to classify a particular conceptual category of stimuli as preferred or nonpreferred. All subjects were presented with 18 objects from 6 conceptual categories in blocked condition. Both the preferred and nonpreferred stimuli were given to each subject in a counterbalanced order using a repeated measures design. Our major finding was that the use of preferred stimuli had a significant facilitating effect on recall but not clustering.", "PMID": 836639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2169", "title": "Note on the interpretation of interactions in comparative research.", "content": "In comparative research it is often the case that attention centers around the existence of an interaction between subject population and an experimental manipulation. Several recent investigators have discussed problems in the interpretation of such interactions. The present paper concerns one particular conceptual difficulty that, although common in research of this type, has received little attention. It was pointed out that dependent variables that are only ordinally related to the construct for which they are a measure are subject to transformations that may create or eliminate statistical interactions.", "contents": "Note on the interpretation of interactions in comparative research. In comparative research it is often the case that attention centers around the existence of an interaction between subject population and an experimental manipulation. Several recent investigators have discussed problems in the interpretation of such interactions. The present paper concerns one particular conceptual difficulty that, although common in research of this type, has received little attention. It was pointed out that dependent variables that are only ordinally related to the construct for which they are a measure are subject to transformations that may create or eliminate statistical interactions.", "PMID": 836640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2170", "title": "Serum unconjugated estriol levels in the third trimester and their relationship to gestational age. II.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to further validate a preliminary report concerning the clinical usefulness of serum unconjugated estriols as a marker of gestational age. Serial estriol values from 50 women with uncertain dates were plotted on semilogarithmic graphs and the gestational age predicted from the timing of the abrupt surge in estriol values which normally occurs between 35 and 36 weeks. The gestational age at birth, as determined by careful neonatal examination, agreed with the age predicted by the estriol surge within +/- 1 week.", "contents": "Serum unconjugated estriol levels in the third trimester and their relationship to gestational age. II. The purpose of this study was to further validate a preliminary report concerning the clinical usefulness of serum unconjugated estriols as a marker of gestational age. Serial estriol values from 50 women with uncertain dates were plotted on semilogarithmic graphs and the gestational age predicted from the timing of the abrupt surge in estriol values which normally occurs between 35 and 36 weeks. The gestational age at birth, as determined by careful neonatal examination, agreed with the age predicted by the estriol surge within +/- 1 week.", "PMID": 836641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2171", "title": "The incompetent cervix and accelerated fetal lung maturation.", "content": "The incompetent cervix is an infrequent but identifiable cause of late midtrimester pregnancy loss. The early diagnosis and surgical treatment of these patients have resulted in successful outcomes in 70 to 80 per cent of patients treated. However, this closure of the cervix may be only partially successful, in that the pregnancy may continue beyond the age of fetal viability, but the fetus may be born prematurely. There are no reports in the literature of the neonatal respiratory status of these infants delivered between 24 and 33 weeks of gestation. Nineteen preterm infants of less than 3-4 weeks' gestation were born to mothers with an incompetent cervix. The incidence of the respiratory distress syndrome was significantly less in infants of mothers with an incompetent cervix than in control infants of similar gestation (p less than 0.001). The incomplete cervix appears to be related to maternal or fetal conditions which result in accelerated fetal lung maturation.", "contents": "The incompetent cervix and accelerated fetal lung maturation. The incompetent cervix is an infrequent but identifiable cause of late midtrimester pregnancy loss. The early diagnosis and surgical treatment of these patients have resulted in successful outcomes in 70 to 80 per cent of patients treated. However, this closure of the cervix may be only partially successful, in that the pregnancy may continue beyond the age of fetal viability, but the fetus may be born prematurely. There are no reports in the literature of the neonatal respiratory status of these infants delivered between 24 and 33 weeks of gestation. Nineteen preterm infants of less than 3-4 weeks' gestation were born to mothers with an incompetent cervix. The incidence of the respiratory distress syndrome was significantly less in infants of mothers with an incompetent cervix than in control infants of similar gestation (p less than 0.001). The incomplete cervix appears to be related to maternal or fetal conditions which result in accelerated fetal lung maturation.", "PMID": 836642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2172", "title": "Management and outcome of class A diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Patients who have a normal fasting serum glucose (FSG) and an abnormal glucose tolerance test, and who require little dietary regulation, have been designated as Class A diabetics by White. During the period 1970 through 1972, 261 Class A women were delivered at Los Angeles County (LAC) Women's Hospital. These patients were managed by a uniform protocol which included dietary supervision and continued surveillance for the onset of overt diabetes. Elective intervention prior to 40 weeks' gestation was to be avoided. Twenty-five per cent of the Class A patients--those who had had a previous stillbirth or who developed pre-clampsia--were considered at greater risk for perinatal death and were managed as if they had overt diabetes. The perinatal death rate for the entire Class A group was 19/1,000 as compared to 32/1,000 in the general population. Five perinatal deaths occurred, three associated with congenital malformations. There were no unexplained stillbirths or deaths due to trauma or iatrogenic prematurity. Our data thus indicate that as long as the FSG remains normal, an unexplained intrauterine death is a rare event. Twenty-five per cent of the infants did experience some morbidity.", "contents": "Management and outcome of class A diabetes mellitus. Patients who have a normal fasting serum glucose (FSG) and an abnormal glucose tolerance test, and who require little dietary regulation, have been designated as Class A diabetics by White. During the period 1970 through 1972, 261 Class A women were delivered at Los Angeles County (LAC) Women's Hospital. These patients were managed by a uniform protocol which included dietary supervision and continued surveillance for the onset of overt diabetes. Elective intervention prior to 40 weeks' gestation was to be avoided. Twenty-five per cent of the Class A patients--those who had had a previous stillbirth or who developed pre-clampsia--were considered at greater risk for perinatal death and were managed as if they had overt diabetes. The perinatal death rate for the entire Class A group was 19/1,000 as compared to 32/1,000 in the general population. Five perinatal deaths occurred, three associated with congenital malformations. There were no unexplained stillbirths or deaths due to trauma or iatrogenic prematurity. Our data thus indicate that as long as the FSG remains normal, an unexplained intrauterine death is a rare event. Twenty-five per cent of the infants did experience some morbidity.", "PMID": 836643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2173", "title": "Human amnion metabolism. I. In vitro maintenance.", "content": "The energy stores of human term amnion include glycogen (2.2 +/- 0.3 mumoles of glucose per gram, mean +/- S.E.) and ATP (0.13 +/- 0.2 MM.). Histologic structure and biochemical functions were preserved during incubations of amnion for 120 minutes at 37 degrees C. in a defined medium simulating amniotic fluid; glycogen concentrations were maintained at control values, and the concentration of ATP usually remained at 85 to 100 per cent of control values. Glucose utilization during the first 60 minutes of incubation was linear at a rate of 70.0 +/- 3.0 nmoles per minute per gram of tissue. It is concluded that amnion is a highly metabolically active tissue that can be maintained in a viable state in a suitable medium.", "contents": "Human amnion metabolism. I. In vitro maintenance. The energy stores of human term amnion include glycogen (2.2 +/- 0.3 mumoles of glucose per gram, mean +/- S.E.) and ATP (0.13 +/- 0.2 MM.). Histologic structure and biochemical functions were preserved during incubations of amnion for 120 minutes at 37 degrees C. in a defined medium simulating amniotic fluid; glycogen concentrations were maintained at control values, and the concentration of ATP usually remained at 85 to 100 per cent of control values. Glucose utilization during the first 60 minutes of incubation was linear at a rate of 70.0 +/- 3.0 nmoles per minute per gram of tissue. It is concluded that amnion is a highly metabolically active tissue that can be maintained in a viable state in a suitable medium.", "PMID": 836644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2174", "title": "Human amnion metabolism. II. Incorporation of fatty acids into tissue phospholipids in vitro.", "content": "The rate of incorporation of 3H-arachidonic acid and 14C-palmitic acid into 15 term amniotic membranes was studied during incubation of tissues in an artificial amniotic fluid medium. Phospholipids were extracted from the amnions, separated by thin-layer chromatography, and both the radioactivity and the phosphorus associated with each phospholipid species were determined. The distribution of amnion phospholipids was: lecithin, 47 per cent; phosphatidyl ethanolamine, 30 per cent; sphingomyelin, 7 per cent; phosphatidyl inositol, 5 per cent; lysolecithin, 4 per cent; and other phospholipids, 6 per cent. During incubation, the specific activities of the phospholipids became maximal after 2 hours and remained constant for at least the next 2 hours. Arachidonic acid was incorporated mainly into lecithin (53 per cent) and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (27 per cent) whereas palmitic acid was incorporated mainly into lecithin (70 per cent). Incorporation of fatty acids was 33 per cent higher in amnions obtained after vaginal delivery than in those obtained before labor. From the known fatty acid composition of amnion phospholipids, it is concluded that there is a high rate of turnover of arachidonic acid relative to palmitic acid in lecithin.", "contents": "Human amnion metabolism. II. Incorporation of fatty acids into tissue phospholipids in vitro. The rate of incorporation of 3H-arachidonic acid and 14C-palmitic acid into 15 term amniotic membranes was studied during incubation of tissues in an artificial amniotic fluid medium. Phospholipids were extracted from the amnions, separated by thin-layer chromatography, and both the radioactivity and the phosphorus associated with each phospholipid species were determined. The distribution of amnion phospholipids was: lecithin, 47 per cent; phosphatidyl ethanolamine, 30 per cent; sphingomyelin, 7 per cent; phosphatidyl inositol, 5 per cent; lysolecithin, 4 per cent; and other phospholipids, 6 per cent. During incubation, the specific activities of the phospholipids became maximal after 2 hours and remained constant for at least the next 2 hours. Arachidonic acid was incorporated mainly into lecithin (53 per cent) and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (27 per cent) whereas palmitic acid was incorporated mainly into lecithin (70 per cent). Incorporation of fatty acids was 33 per cent higher in amnions obtained after vaginal delivery than in those obtained before labor. From the known fatty acid composition of amnion phospholipids, it is concluded that there is a high rate of turnover of arachidonic acid relative to palmitic acid in lecithin.", "PMID": 836645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2175", "title": "Intra-amniotic injection of thyroxine (T4Y to a human fetus. Evidence for conversion of T4 to reverse T3.", "content": "131I (150 mCi) was inadvertently given to a woman during week 10 to 11 of her gestation. When referred, fetal size was estimated at 31 to 32 weeks' gestation. Because of the potential risk of fetal hypothyroidism, an amniocentesis, with an injection of 500 mug of thyroxine, was performed weekly from week 33 until delivery. T4, T3, thyrodi-stimulating hormone (TSH), and rT3 were measured in amniotic fluid samples obtained at 33, 36, and 37 weeks. Maternal serum T4 was measured on the day of delivery. T4, T3, and TSH concentrations were measured in cord blood and during the neonatal period. The concentration of T4 in amniotic fluid (AF) was within the normal range at 32 weeks (prior to thyroxine); AF T3 and TSH were not detectable. The concentration of AF rT3 at 32 weeks also was normal (160 ng. per deciliter) and increased markedly after beginning intra-amniotic T4 injections; AF T4 increased modestly, but the AF T3 level remained unmeasurable. The concentration of T4 in cord serum obtained within 24 hours of the last amniotic fluid thyroxine injection, was in the hyperthyroid range and the TSH level was low. The cord serum T3 level was at the upper range of normal. The infant's serum T4 and T3 both increased during the first 24 hours. The male infant developed normally and serum T4 and TSH concentrations were normal at 4 months of age. The data indicate: (1) that T4 injected into AF is absorbed by the human fetus, (2) that AF rT3 concentration increases markedly after the AF T4 injection, whereas AF T3 levels do not increase, and (3) that the neonatal TSH surge is not entirely suppressed by hyperthyroid levels of cord serum T4.", "contents": "Intra-amniotic injection of thyroxine (T4Y to a human fetus. Evidence for conversion of T4 to reverse T3. 131I (150 mCi) was inadvertently given to a woman during week 10 to 11 of her gestation. When referred, fetal size was estimated at 31 to 32 weeks' gestation. Because of the potential risk of fetal hypothyroidism, an amniocentesis, with an injection of 500 mug of thyroxine, was performed weekly from week 33 until delivery. T4, T3, thyrodi-stimulating hormone (TSH), and rT3 were measured in amniotic fluid samples obtained at 33, 36, and 37 weeks. Maternal serum T4 was measured on the day of delivery. T4, T3, and TSH concentrations were measured in cord blood and during the neonatal period. The concentration of T4 in amniotic fluid (AF) was within the normal range at 32 weeks (prior to thyroxine); AF T3 and TSH were not detectable. The concentration of AF rT3 at 32 weeks also was normal (160 ng. per deciliter) and increased markedly after beginning intra-amniotic T4 injections; AF T4 increased modestly, but the AF T3 level remained unmeasurable. The concentration of T4 in cord serum obtained within 24 hours of the last amniotic fluid thyroxine injection, was in the hyperthyroid range and the TSH level was low. The cord serum T3 level was at the upper range of normal. The infant's serum T4 and T3 both increased during the first 24 hours. The male infant developed normally and serum T4 and TSH concentrations were normal at 4 months of age. The data indicate: (1) that T4 injected into AF is absorbed by the human fetus, (2) that AF rT3 concentration increases markedly after the AF T4 injection, whereas AF T3 levels do not increase, and (3) that the neonatal TSH surge is not entirely suppressed by hyperthyroid levels of cord serum T4.", "PMID": 836646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2176", "title": "Thermodilution measurement of human umbilical blood flow at delivery.", "content": "A local thermal dilution technique was used to estimate blood flow in the human umbilical vein during the first minute after delivery of the neonate. Estimates of flow were attempted at 101 deliveries and thermal dilution curves obtained at 52. The mean estimation of all flows recorded up to 20 seconds after delivery was 171 ml. per minute reducing to 58 ml. per minute between 40 and 60 seconds.", "contents": "Thermodilution measurement of human umbilical blood flow at delivery. A local thermal dilution technique was used to estimate blood flow in the human umbilical vein during the first minute after delivery of the neonate. Estimates of flow were attempted at 101 deliveries and thermal dilution curves obtained at 52. The mean estimation of all flows recorded up to 20 seconds after delivery was 171 ml. per minute reducing to 58 ml. per minute between 40 and 60 seconds.", "PMID": 836647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2177", "title": "Embryotoxicity of bilirubin.", "content": "Intraperitoneal injection of bilirubin in a dosage of 25 mg. per kilogram during the days nine to 15 of gestation in bile duct-ligated heterozygous Gunn rats was embryotoxic. Bile duct ligation per se had no gross observable effects on fetal development. Infertility is found in homozygous female Gunn rats that have unconjugated plasma bilirubin concentrations comparable to those achieved in this study (approximately 6.0 mg. per deciliter).", "contents": "Embryotoxicity of bilirubin. Intraperitoneal injection of bilirubin in a dosage of 25 mg. per kilogram during the days nine to 15 of gestation in bile duct-ligated heterozygous Gunn rats was embryotoxic. Bile duct ligation per se had no gross observable effects on fetal development. Infertility is found in homozygous female Gunn rats that have unconjugated plasma bilirubin concentrations comparable to those achieved in this study (approximately 6.0 mg. per deciliter).", "PMID": 836648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2178", "title": "Glucose and oxygen metabolism in normally oxygenated and spontaneously hypoxemic fetal lambs.", "content": "Whole blood glucose and oxygen concentration were measured in chronically catheterized fetal lambs, some of whom had implanted common umbilical artery flow transducers. Ten of the fetuses were well oxygenated (femoral arterial PaO2 less than 18 torr) and 13 fetuses had evidence of chronic hypoxemia (femoral arterial PaO2 less than 18 torr). The mean glucose uptake (54.0 +/- 7.6 S.E.M. mM. per kilogram per day), umbilical blood flow (230 +/- 13 S.E.M. ml. per kilogram per minute), and glucose/oxygen ratio (0.503) were the same in both fetal groups. The oxygenated fetuses had higher glucose levels at ang given maternal glucose concentration than the hypoxemic animals (p less than 0.001y and showed a correlation between glucose again across the placental circulation and the transplacental driving force for glucose (p less than 0.002). The hypoxemic fetuses, who had a higher per kilogram oxygen consumption than the oxygenated fetuses (p less than 0.05), showed no correlation between the amount of glucose taken up and the transplacental glucose concentration gradient.", "contents": "Glucose and oxygen metabolism in normally oxygenated and spontaneously hypoxemic fetal lambs. Whole blood glucose and oxygen concentration were measured in chronically catheterized fetal lambs, some of whom had implanted common umbilical artery flow transducers. Ten of the fetuses were well oxygenated (femoral arterial PaO2 less than 18 torr) and 13 fetuses had evidence of chronic hypoxemia (femoral arterial PaO2 less than 18 torr). The mean glucose uptake (54.0 +/- 7.6 S.E.M. mM. per kilogram per day), umbilical blood flow (230 +/- 13 S.E.M. ml. per kilogram per minute), and glucose/oxygen ratio (0.503) were the same in both fetal groups. The oxygenated fetuses had higher glucose levels at ang given maternal glucose concentration than the hypoxemic animals (p less than 0.001y and showed a correlation between glucose again across the placental circulation and the transplacental driving force for glucose (p less than 0.002). The hypoxemic fetuses, who had a higher per kilogram oxygen consumption than the oxygenated fetuses (p less than 0.05), showed no correlation between the amount of glucose taken up and the transplacental glucose concentration gradient.", "PMID": 836649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2179", "title": "Carcinoma of vagina 10 or more years following pelvic irradiation therapy.", "content": "Gynecologic cancer records of 4,238 patients treated between 1956 and 1974 were reviewed. Sixteen patients developed noeplasia in the cervix or vagina 10 or more years following pelvic irradiation. Three patients had squamous carcinoma in situ; the other 13 patients had invasive squamous cancer involving the upper vagina. Only 1.26 per cent of invasive carcinoma of the cervix treated by radiation therapy from 1956 to 1966 presented with a late or recurrent or new primary tumor involving the vagina or cervix 10 or more years after primary treatment. The authors conclude that the risk of developing radiation-induced carcinoma in the upper vagina or cervix following pelvic irradiation is low. Follow-up Pap smears are indicated for all patients treated for cervical or vaginal malignancies by radiation therapy in order to detect vaginal neoplasia as well as recurrent carcinoma of the cervix.", "contents": "Carcinoma of vagina 10 or more years following pelvic irradiation therapy. Gynecologic cancer records of 4,238 patients treated between 1956 and 1974 were reviewed. Sixteen patients developed noeplasia in the cervix or vagina 10 or more years following pelvic irradiation. Three patients had squamous carcinoma in situ; the other 13 patients had invasive squamous cancer involving the upper vagina. Only 1.26 per cent of invasive carcinoma of the cervix treated by radiation therapy from 1956 to 1966 presented with a late or recurrent or new primary tumor involving the vagina or cervix 10 or more years after primary treatment. The authors conclude that the risk of developing radiation-induced carcinoma in the upper vagina or cervix following pelvic irradiation is low. Follow-up Pap smears are indicated for all patients treated for cervical or vaginal malignancies by radiation therapy in order to detect vaginal neoplasia as well as recurrent carcinoma of the cervix.", "PMID": 836650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2180", "title": "Increased incidence of postoperative localized osteitis in mandibular third molar surgery associated with patients using oral contraceptives.", "content": "Current literature has noted the various side effects of oral contraceptives. Oral surgeons have recently encountered an increased incidence of postoperative localized osteitis occurring with removal of manidibular third molars. This article documents the occurrence of this phenomenon among 105 women participating in a recent study at the Clinical Center of the National Institutes of Health.", "contents": "Increased incidence of postoperative localized osteitis in mandibular third molar surgery associated with patients using oral contraceptives. Current literature has noted the various side effects of oral contraceptives. Oral surgeons have recently encountered an increased incidence of postoperative localized osteitis occurring with removal of manidibular third molars. This article documents the occurrence of this phenomenon among 105 women participating in a recent study at the Clinical Center of the National Institutes of Health.", "PMID": 836651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2181", "title": "Implantation of pure crystalline pellets of estradiol for conception control.", "content": "Estradiol pellet implantation for contraception offers another alternative in conception control. The occurrence of only two pregnancies in 1,668 cycles (Pearl index: 1,42) reflects its efficacy. The advantages over oral contraceptives are: (1) absence of gastrointestinal symptoms, (2) minimal untoward effects, (3) no patient failure, and (4) convenience. Progressive stepdown in dose reduces the total amount of steroid used in long-term contraception. Contraceptive effect may not occur during the first month of implantation; adequate precaution should be taken. Because of the efficacy, minimal untoward side effects, and excellent patient acceptability, this regimen may be considered for contraception in developing countries and when other modalities are contraindicated.", "contents": "Implantation of pure crystalline pellets of estradiol for conception control. Estradiol pellet implantation for contraception offers another alternative in conception control. The occurrence of only two pregnancies in 1,668 cycles (Pearl index: 1,42) reflects its efficacy. The advantages over oral contraceptives are: (1) absence of gastrointestinal symptoms, (2) minimal untoward effects, (3) no patient failure, and (4) convenience. Progressive stepdown in dose reduces the total amount of steroid used in long-term contraception. Contraceptive effect may not occur during the first month of implantation; adequate precaution should be taken. Because of the efficacy, minimal untoward side effects, and excellent patient acceptability, this regimen may be considered for contraception in developing countries and when other modalities are contraindicated.", "PMID": 836652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2182", "title": "Cold pressor test in women: effect on vaginal blood flow.", "content": "Vaginal blood flow changes in women were evaluated qualitatively by heat-flow discs mounted on cooled vaginal probe. Statistically significant increases in vaginal blood flow, systolic blood pressure, and pulse rate were found in seven normal subjects during a 4 minute immersion of one hand in ice water.", "contents": "Cold pressor test in women: effect on vaginal blood flow. Vaginal blood flow changes in women were evaluated qualitatively by heat-flow discs mounted on cooled vaginal probe. Statistically significant increases in vaginal blood flow, systolic blood pressure, and pulse rate were found in seven normal subjects during a 4 minute immersion of one hand in ice water.", "PMID": 836653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2183", "title": "Coagulopathy with midtrimester induced abortion: association with hyperosmolar urea administration.", "content": "Coagulation changes, usually subclinical, have been reported in association with the induction of midtrimester abortion by the administration of intra-amniotic hypertonic sodium chloride, hyperosmolar urea, hyperosmolar urea plus prostaglandin F2alpha, and hyperosmolar ura or hypertonic glucose plus prostaglandin E2. In addition, clinically significant coagulopathy has been described in association with the administration of hypertonic sodium chloride. This study details a three-year experience involving 3,034 cases of midtrimester elective abortion and describes six cases of coagulopathy in association with the administration of hypertonic sodium chloride and two cases in association with the administration of hyperosmolar urea. The significance of these findings and etiologic considerations are discussed.", "contents": "Coagulopathy with midtrimester induced abortion: association with hyperosmolar urea administration. Coagulation changes, usually subclinical, have been reported in association with the induction of midtrimester abortion by the administration of intra-amniotic hypertonic sodium chloride, hyperosmolar urea, hyperosmolar urea plus prostaglandin F2alpha, and hyperosmolar ura or hypertonic glucose plus prostaglandin E2. In addition, clinically significant coagulopathy has been described in association with the administration of hypertonic sodium chloride. This study details a three-year experience involving 3,034 cases of midtrimester elective abortion and describes six cases of coagulopathy in association with the administration of hypertonic sodium chloride and two cases in association with the administration of hyperosmolar urea. The significance of these findings and etiologic considerations are discussed.", "PMID": 836654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2184", "title": "The pigment dispersion syndrome.", "content": "The pigment dispersion syndrome was noted in 10% of white and black subjects with and without glaucoma. This suggested pigment dispersion was not a high risk factor in the development of glaucoma. The HLA-B7 antigen was less prevalent and HLA-B13 and Bw17 antigens were significantly more prevalent in individuals with the pigment dispersion syndrome than in subjects without the syndrome. Either HLA-B13 or Bw17 antigen was found in 23 (77%) of 30 patients with the pigment dispersion syndrome and in only 13 (6%) of the 203 subjects without pigment dispersion. Pigmentary glaucoma was characterized by a significantly higher prevalence of combinations of HLA-B12 and B13 or HLA-B12 and Bw17 antigens as compared to the pigment dispersion syndrome without glaucoma, primary open-angle glaucoma, or the general population. This suggested that pigmentary glaucoma differed genetically from primary open-angle glaucoma and was a separate entity.", "contents": "The pigment dispersion syndrome. The pigment dispersion syndrome was noted in 10% of white and black subjects with and without glaucoma. This suggested pigment dispersion was not a high risk factor in the development of glaucoma. The HLA-B7 antigen was less prevalent and HLA-B13 and Bw17 antigens were significantly more prevalent in individuals with the pigment dispersion syndrome than in subjects without the syndrome. Either HLA-B13 or Bw17 antigen was found in 23 (77%) of 30 patients with the pigment dispersion syndrome and in only 13 (6%) of the 203 subjects without pigment dispersion. Pigmentary glaucoma was characterized by a significantly higher prevalence of combinations of HLA-B12 and B13 or HLA-B12 and Bw17 antigens as compared to the pigment dispersion syndrome without glaucoma, primary open-angle glaucoma, or the general population. This suggested that pigmentary glaucoma differed genetically from primary open-angle glaucoma and was a separate entity.", "PMID": 836656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2185", "title": "Analysis of the systemic corticosteroid sensitivity of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma.", "content": "Patients with primary open-angle glaucoma have an ocular and systemic sensitivity to corticosteroids. We adapted a cellular assay that used peripheral blood lymphocytes to detect this corticosteroid sensitivity in vitro in a microtiter assay. It reduced the time, cost, and amount of blood required to examine a patient. We examined ten subjects on three separate days and demonstrated that the reliability of one 50% inhibitory concentration was about 76%. We then studied 25 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and 25 control subjects using this in vitro assay. The patients with primary open-angle glaucoma were significantly more sensitive to corticosteroids than the control subjects (P less than .001).", "contents": "Analysis of the systemic corticosteroid sensitivity of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. Patients with primary open-angle glaucoma have an ocular and systemic sensitivity to corticosteroids. We adapted a cellular assay that used peripheral blood lymphocytes to detect this corticosteroid sensitivity in vitro in a microtiter assay. It reduced the time, cost, and amount of blood required to examine a patient. We examined ten subjects on three separate days and demonstrated that the reliability of one 50% inhibitory concentration was about 76%. We then studied 25 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and 25 control subjects using this in vitro assay. The patients with primary open-angle glaucoma were significantly more sensitive to corticosteroids than the control subjects (P less than .001).", "PMID": 836657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2186", "title": "Trabeculotomy ab externo and trabeculectomy in congenital and adult-onset glaucoma.", "content": "In one prospective study, 75 eyes (47 children with congenital glaucoma) were treated by trabeculotomy. Intraocular pressures were controlled in 93.4% after one or more trabeculotomy operations. In five eyes the intraocular pressure was not controlled and these had a fibrovascular membrane in the angle, extending over the trabeculum and iris base with finger-like processes over the peripheral iris. The eyes that had successful operations did not have this appearance. In a second study trabeculotomy in adult-onset open-angle glaucoma had a high rate of failure (30%) including the use of postoperative medication. Nineteen eyes (17 patients) were operated on, 13 successfully. Another group of 19 eyes (17 patients) were treated by trabeculectomy, with the same follow-up period. The one failure (5%) occurred in an eye in which the angle appeared to be totally closed on gonioscopic examination. The operation was equally effective in black and white patients.", "contents": "Trabeculotomy ab externo and trabeculectomy in congenital and adult-onset glaucoma. In one prospective study, 75 eyes (47 children with congenital glaucoma) were treated by trabeculotomy. Intraocular pressures were controlled in 93.4% after one or more trabeculotomy operations. In five eyes the intraocular pressure was not controlled and these had a fibrovascular membrane in the angle, extending over the trabeculum and iris base with finger-like processes over the peripheral iris. The eyes that had successful operations did not have this appearance. In a second study trabeculotomy in adult-onset open-angle glaucoma had a high rate of failure (30%) including the use of postoperative medication. Nineteen eyes (17 patients) were operated on, 13 successfully. Another group of 19 eyes (17 patients) were treated by trabeculectomy, with the same follow-up period. The one failure (5%) occurred in an eye in which the angle appeared to be totally closed on gonioscopic examination. The operation was equally effective in black and white patients.", "PMID": 836658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2187", "title": "Cataractogenic factors in patients with primary angle-closure glaucoma after peripheral iridectomy.", "content": "In this retrospective study we evaluated 154 patients with primary angle-closure glaucoma operated on by peripheral iridectomy to determine the factors contributing to the high occurrence (57%) of cataracts. Cataract formation in an eye operated on by peripheral iridectomy was age-dependent and less related to the time after surgery. The acute attack enhanced the appearance of the lenticular changes but did not influence the overall occurrence of cataracts in older patients.", "contents": "Cataractogenic factors in patients with primary angle-closure glaucoma after peripheral iridectomy. In this retrospective study we evaluated 154 patients with primary angle-closure glaucoma operated on by peripheral iridectomy to determine the factors contributing to the high occurrence (57%) of cataracts. Cataract formation in an eye operated on by peripheral iridectomy was age-dependent and less related to the time after surgery. The acute attack enhanced the appearance of the lenticular changes but did not influence the overall occurrence of cataracts in older patients.", "PMID": 836659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2188", "title": "Dust particles retained in the upper fornix.", "content": "Minute multiple dust particles enclosed in long stick mucous filaments may remain hidden in the recesses of the upper fornix for considerable periods of time. They produce the subjective sensations of grittiness  or smarting. After repeated maneuvers of eversion of the upper eyelid and blinking, the nasal end of the mucosities lodged in the upper fornix may become visible over the plica semilunaris or caruncle. When drawing them from the lacus lacrimalis with thin moist cotton-tipped applicators, long mucous filaments will be seen gliding out from under the nasal end of the upper eyelid.", "contents": "Dust particles retained in the upper fornix. Minute multiple dust particles enclosed in long stick mucous filaments may remain hidden in the recesses of the upper fornix for considerable periods of time. They produce the subjective sensations of grittiness  or smarting. After repeated maneuvers of eversion of the upper eyelid and blinking, the nasal end of the mucosities lodged in the upper fornix may become visible over the plica semilunaris or caruncle. When drawing them from the lacus lacrimalis with thin moist cotton-tipped applicators, long mucous filaments will be seen gliding out from under the nasal end of the upper eyelid.", "PMID": 836660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2189", "title": "Corneal mucus plaques.", "content": "Corneal mucus plaques adhered to the anterior corneal surface in 17 of 67 advanced cases of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. The plaques were translucent to opaque and varied in size and shape, from multiple isolated islands to bizarre patterns involving more than half the corneal surface. Ultrastructurally, they consisted of mucus mixed with desquamated degenerating epithelial cells and proteinaceous and lipoidal material. The condition may be symptomatic but can be controlled and prevented in most cases by topical ocular application of 10% acetylcysteine.", "contents": "Corneal mucus plaques. Corneal mucus plaques adhered to the anterior corneal surface in 17 of 67 advanced cases of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. The plaques were translucent to opaque and varied in size and shape, from multiple isolated islands to bizarre patterns involving more than half the corneal surface. Ultrastructurally, they consisted of mucus mixed with desquamated degenerating epithelial cells and proteinaceous and lipoidal material. The condition may be symptomatic but can be controlled and prevented in most cases by topical ocular application of 10% acetylcysteine.", "PMID": 836661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2190", "title": "Modification of the antibiotic system in M-K medium.", "content": "Corneal endothelial cell function and ultrastructure were studied in rabbit corneas stored in M-K medium with different antibiotics. At concentrations about ten times greater than their minimum inhibitory concentrations, tobramycin, gentamicin, polymixin B, penicillin and streptomycin mixture, cephaloridine, and cephalothin did not damage corneal endothelia. Corneas stored in M-K medium with bacitracin did not have temperature reversals as did other corneas after storage. This is probably not significant since they maintained almost constant thickness and the endothelial layer remained intact.", "contents": "Modification of the antibiotic system in M-K medium. Corneal endothelial cell function and ultrastructure were studied in rabbit corneas stored in M-K medium with different antibiotics. At concentrations about ten times greater than their minimum inhibitory concentrations, tobramycin, gentamicin, polymixin B, penicillin and streptomycin mixture, cephaloridine, and cephalothin did not damage corneal endothelia. Corneas stored in M-K medium with bacitracin did not have temperature reversals as did other corneas after storage. This is probably not significant since they maintained almost constant thickness and the endothelial layer remained intact.", "PMID": 836662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2191", "title": "Reactive corneal endothelialization.", "content": "Results of a study of 100 consecutive enucleated globes showed an incidence of 22% of corneal endothelialization of the anterior chamber angle. Endothelialization had been overlooked in 15 of the 22 eyes in the original pathologic descriptions of the globes.", "contents": "Reactive corneal endothelialization. Results of a study of 100 consecutive enucleated globes showed an incidence of 22% of corneal endothelialization of the anterior chamber angle. Endothelialization had been overlooked in 15 of the 22 eyes in the original pathologic descriptions of the globes.", "PMID": 836663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2192", "title": "Keratoglobus and blue sclera.", "content": "Five patients from two families had similar features including keratoglobus, blue scleras, hyperextensibility of the hand, wrist, and ankle joints, sensorineural conduction hearing alterations, and mottling of the teeth. Keratoglobus had been observed in all patients at, or shortly after, birth. Corneal perforations developed in seven of the ten eyes after minimal trauma. Repair of these perforations was complicated by the extremely thin corneas and six eyes had to be either enucleated or eviscerated. Histopathological examination of two of the enucleated eyes showed the corneal stromas of both eyes to be estremely thin, Bowman's membrane was absent, and Descemet's membrane was unusually thick. This condition has an autosomal-recessive inheritance pattern.", "contents": "Keratoglobus and blue sclera. Five patients from two families had similar features including keratoglobus, blue scleras, hyperextensibility of the hand, wrist, and ankle joints, sensorineural conduction hearing alterations, and mottling of the teeth. Keratoglobus had been observed in all patients at, or shortly after, birth. Corneal perforations developed in seven of the ten eyes after minimal trauma. Repair of these perforations was complicated by the extremely thin corneas and six eyes had to be either enucleated or eviscerated. Histopathological examination of two of the enucleated eyes showed the corneal stromas of both eyes to be estremely thin, Bowman's membrane was absent, and Descemet's membrane was unusually thick. This condition has an autosomal-recessive inheritance pattern.", "PMID": 836664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2193", "title": "Dominant cystoid macular dystrophy.", "content": "Of 24 examined family members, 14 had an undescribed macular dystrophy. There is a clear autosomal-dominant heredity. Essential features of the disease are pigmentary disturbance, cystoid macular edema, wrinkling of the internal limiting membrane, and vitreous body changes. In this family there was an increased incidence of severe hyperopia (greater than or equal to 6 diopters). As the disease progressed color vision deteriorated (type 1 acquired red-green defect), disturbance of the electro-oculogram became more prevalent, and the electroretinogram was normal. These finding differentiate this dystrophy from other diseases with a bull's eye aspect or cystoid macular edema and from vitreoretinal syndromes.", "contents": "Dominant cystoid macular dystrophy. Of 24 examined family members, 14 had an undescribed macular dystrophy. There is a clear autosomal-dominant heredity. Essential features of the disease are pigmentary disturbance, cystoid macular edema, wrinkling of the internal limiting membrane, and vitreous body changes. In this family there was an increased incidence of severe hyperopia (greater than or equal to 6 diopters). As the disease progressed color vision deteriorated (type 1 acquired red-green defect), disturbance of the electro-oculogram became more prevalent, and the electroretinogram was normal. These finding differentiate this dystrophy from other diseases with a bull's eye aspect or cystoid macular edema and from vitreoretinal syndromes.", "PMID": 836665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2194", "title": "Clinical and histopathologic observations in severe Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome.", "content": "Vogt-Koyanagi (V-K) syndrome is a severe anterior uveitis associated with alopecia, vitiligo, poliosis, and dysacousia. Harada's disease (HD) is primarily a posterior uveitis accompanied by signs of meningeal irritation and abnormalities of the cerebrospinal fluid. The overlapping of clinical manifestations between the two justified considering them as part of a spectrum of one disease (V-K-H). In a clinicopathologic study of nine cases four patients (three with V-K syndrome and one with V-K-H syndrome) histopathologically displayed a granulomatous uveitis. Five patients (two with V-K syndrome and three with HD) showed a nongranulomatous uveitis. We emphasized this latter finding, since in the past the diagnosis of this syndrome has been discarded both clinically and histopathologically because of the absence of a granulomatous uveitis. We established the clinical and histopathologic differences between V-K-H and sympathetic ophthalmia. The designation \"uveomeningoencephalitic syndrome\" stresses the key features of V-K-H, namely the uveal involvement and signs of meningeal irritation (that is, headaches, personality changes, and cerebrospinal fluid alterations).", "contents": "Clinical and histopathologic observations in severe Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome. Vogt-Koyanagi (V-K) syndrome is a severe anterior uveitis associated with alopecia, vitiligo, poliosis, and dysacousia. Harada's disease (HD) is primarily a posterior uveitis accompanied by signs of meningeal irritation and abnormalities of the cerebrospinal fluid. The overlapping of clinical manifestations between the two justified considering them as part of a spectrum of one disease (V-K-H). In a clinicopathologic study of nine cases four patients (three with V-K syndrome and one with V-K-H syndrome) histopathologically displayed a granulomatous uveitis. Five patients (two with V-K syndrome and three with HD) showed a nongranulomatous uveitis. We emphasized this latter finding, since in the past the diagnosis of this syndrome has been discarded both clinically and histopathologically because of the absence of a granulomatous uveitis. We established the clinical and histopathologic differences between V-K-H and sympathetic ophthalmia. The designation \"uveomeningoencephalitic syndrome\" stresses the key features of V-K-H, namely the uveal involvement and signs of meningeal irritation (that is, headaches, personality changes, and cerebrospinal fluid alterations).", "PMID": 836666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2195", "title": "The photostress recovery test in the clinical assessment of visual function.", "content": "To distinguish optic nerve conduction defects from macular disease in patients with otherwise unexplained loss of central vision we first determined the best visual acuity with correction at distance in unilateral defects. The normal eye was tested first and photostressed for ten seconds by looking at an ordinary penlight held 2 to 3 cm from the eye. The time required to read three letters on three Snellen test lines just larger than the best acuity was used as the end point. In 63 eyes with maculopathy the recovery time was prolonged. Prolonged recovery time was not observed in 20 patients who had optic nerve disease.", "contents": "The photostress recovery test in the clinical assessment of visual function. To distinguish optic nerve conduction defects from macular disease in patients with otherwise unexplained loss of central vision we first determined the best visual acuity with correction at distance in unilateral defects. The normal eye was tested first and photostressed for ten seconds by looking at an ordinary penlight held 2 to 3 cm from the eye. The time required to read three letters on three Snellen test lines just larger than the best acuity was used as the end point. In 63 eyes with maculopathy the recovery time was prolonged. Prolonged recovery time was not observed in 20 patients who had optic nerve disease.", "PMID": 836667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2196", "title": "The coating agent on the corneal contact lens in electroretinography.", "content": "Two animal groups were subjected to electroretinographic studies under identical circumstances with the exception of the coating agent on the surface of the corneal electrode, which consisted in one group of an ophthalmic artificial tear solution containing 1.6% hydroxyethylcellulose, and in the other group, an ophthalmic artificial tear solution containing 0.2% hydroxyethylcellose. A similar comparative recording was performed on five human subjects. Electrophysiological responses recorded with 0.2% ophthalmic artificial tear solution increased up to 81%, as compared to the values obtained with the 1.6% solution. The difference in electrical conductivity of these two solutions, which is also time dependent, correlated with differences in electroretinographic amplitudes. I cannot explain these observations at the present time.", "contents": "The coating agent on the corneal contact lens in electroretinography. Two animal groups were subjected to electroretinographic studies under identical circumstances with the exception of the coating agent on the surface of the corneal electrode, which consisted in one group of an ophthalmic artificial tear solution containing 1.6% hydroxyethylcellulose, and in the other group, an ophthalmic artificial tear solution containing 0.2% hydroxyethylcellose. A similar comparative recording was performed on five human subjects. Electrophysiological responses recorded with 0.2% ophthalmic artificial tear solution increased up to 81%, as compared to the values obtained with the 1.6% solution. The difference in electrical conductivity of these two solutions, which is also time dependent, correlated with differences in electroretinographic amplitudes. I cannot explain these observations at the present time.", "PMID": 836668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2197", "title": "A corneal electrode for patterned stimulus electroretinography.", "content": "A corneal contact lens electrode employs a silver-coated hard contact lens placed onto a soft contact lens. The electrode is used without corneal anesthesia and has excellent optical characteristics that allow reliable and convenient recording of patterned electroretinograms.", "contents": "A corneal electrode for patterned stimulus electroretinography. A corneal contact lens electrode employs a silver-coated hard contact lens placed onto a soft contact lens. The electrode is used without corneal anesthesia and has excellent optical characteristics that allow reliable and convenient recording of patterned electroretinograms.", "PMID": 836669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2198", "title": "Digital A-scan ultrasonography used to measure ocular distances.", "content": "Digital A-scan ultrasonography provided a digital display of intraocular distances with an overall accuracy of 0.05 mm. Since the control setting was easy and calibration was unnecessary, the time of measurement is reduced and hence the apparatus is useful in clinical practice.", "contents": "Digital A-scan ultrasonography used to measure ocular distances. Digital A-scan ultrasonography provided a digital display of intraocular distances with an overall accuracy of 0.05 mm. Since the control setting was easy and calibration was unnecessary, the time of measurement is reduced and hence the apparatus is useful in clinical practice.", "PMID": 836670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2199", "title": "Morphologic, biophysical, and biochemical consequences of ligation of the common biliary duct in the dog.", "content": "Common biliary ducts of 32 adult mongrel dogs were ligated for a period of 2 days to 6 weeks. Sham-operated animals served as controls. Bile ducts were removed at sacrifice, and biophysical, morphologic, and biochemical parameters were measured. Our study shows that biliary duct ligation results in an immediate increase of intraductular pressure and is followed quickly by significant increase in the rate of collagen synthesis and the activity of prolyl hydroxylase. Histologic data show subepithelial inflammation followed by marked increases in periductular fibrosis. This fibroproliferative response is paralleled by peak levels of prolyl hydroxylase activity at 2 weeks prostligation. Paradoxically, bile ducts continuously distend throughout the ligation period despite increased fibroplasia. We present here the first topographic (SEM) study of normal and ligated common bile duct epithelium. Following 2 weeks of ligation large crater-like fenestrae are seen ductular epithelial surfaces. This is followed by focal epithelial sloughing. We speculate that the continuous distention and epithelial necrosis seen in the present study may be due to biliary stasis and/or subepithelial infiltration of bile through epithelial fenestrae. This hypothesis is supported by our studies which show that collagen extractibility is markedly increased by the addition of bile to the homogenate.", "contents": "Morphologic, biophysical, and biochemical consequences of ligation of the common biliary duct in the dog. Common biliary ducts of 32 adult mongrel dogs were ligated for a period of 2 days to 6 weeks. Sham-operated animals served as controls. Bile ducts were removed at sacrifice, and biophysical, morphologic, and biochemical parameters were measured. Our study shows that biliary duct ligation results in an immediate increase of intraductular pressure and is followed quickly by significant increase in the rate of collagen synthesis and the activity of prolyl hydroxylase. Histologic data show subepithelial inflammation followed by marked increases in periductular fibrosis. This fibroproliferative response is paralleled by peak levels of prolyl hydroxylase activity at 2 weeks prostligation. Paradoxically, bile ducts continuously distend throughout the ligation period despite increased fibroplasia. We present here the first topographic (SEM) study of normal and ligated common bile duct epithelium. Following 2 weeks of ligation large crater-like fenestrae are seen ductular epithelial surfaces. This is followed by focal epithelial sloughing. We speculate that the continuous distention and epithelial necrosis seen in the present study may be due to biliary stasis and/or subepithelial infiltration of bile through epithelial fenestrae. This hypothesis is supported by our studies which show that collagen extractibility is markedly increased by the addition of bile to the homogenate.", "PMID": 836674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2200", "title": "Soft tissue calcification in chronic dialysis patients.", "content": "Autopsy protocols and microscopic slides of 56 dialyzed and 18 nondialyzed chronically uremic patients were reviewed to assess the presence, extent, and severity of extraosseous soft tissue calcification. Calcification was identified in 79% of the dialysis patients and 44% of the nondialysis patients (P iss less than .025). Soft tissue calcification most frequently involved the heart, lungs, stomach, and kidneys. Lesions were severe in 36% of the dialysis patients and, when strategically located within the myocardium, were life-threatening. The deaths of 6 dialysis patients were attributed to severe calcification of the cardiac conduction system and/or myocardium. The presence and severity of soft tissue calcification was not related to duration of dialysis, patients' age, degree of parathyroid gland hyperplasia, radiographic evidence of soft tissue calcification, serum calcium and phosphate levels, Ca X P products, or type or severity of metabolic bone disease.", "contents": "Soft tissue calcification in chronic dialysis patients. Autopsy protocols and microscopic slides of 56 dialyzed and 18 nondialyzed chronically uremic patients were reviewed to assess the presence, extent, and severity of extraosseous soft tissue calcification. Calcification was identified in 79% of the dialysis patients and 44% of the nondialysis patients (P iss less than .025). Soft tissue calcification most frequently involved the heart, lungs, stomach, and kidneys. Lesions were severe in 36% of the dialysis patients and, when strategically located within the myocardium, were life-threatening. The deaths of 6 dialysis patients were attributed to severe calcification of the cardiac conduction system and/or myocardium. The presence and severity of soft tissue calcification was not related to duration of dialysis, patients' age, degree of parathyroid gland hyperplasia, radiographic evidence of soft tissue calcification, serum calcium and phosphate levels, Ca X P products, or type or severity of metabolic bone disease.", "PMID": 836675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2201", "title": "Reversible inner medullary vascular obstruction in acute experimental hydronephrosis.", "content": "The pathogenesis of experimental unilateral hydronephrosis was studied in the rat, with emphasis on the role of medullary vascular obstruction. The medullary circulation was evaluated after increasing periods of ureteral obstruction (up to 48 hours) using in vivo perfusion of silicone rubber or colloidal carbon. Evidence of inner medullary hypoperfusion was seen after 1 hour, and by 6 hours, the entire papilla was ischemic. Papillar hypoperfusion was still present at 24 and 48 hours, but significant recirculation occurred in the presence of continued obstruction. Release of ureteral obstruction caused rapid reversal of the perfusion defect. Histologic studies of the renal parenchyma adjacent to the pelvis showed increasing vascular congestion, focal interstitial edema, and extravasation of erythrocytes; these changes were also diminished after release of obstruction. Endothelial swelling or thrombosis in inner medullary blood vessels was not observed. Inner medullary tubules showed degenerative changes in kidneys that had been obstructed for 6 hours or more; at later periods (18 hours or more) focal necrosis was seen, but it never involved the entire papilla. Thus, reversible collapse of inner medullary blood vessels occurs in acute unilateral hydronephrosis and may provide the basis for the development of ischemic tubular damage. The findings suggest that the vascular obstruction may be due to increased intrapelvic pressure, rather than endothelial swelling or thrombosis. The vascular-tubular defect may be relevant to the altered medullary physiology observed in this condition.", "contents": "Reversible inner medullary vascular obstruction in acute experimental hydronephrosis. The pathogenesis of experimental unilateral hydronephrosis was studied in the rat, with emphasis on the role of medullary vascular obstruction. The medullary circulation was evaluated after increasing periods of ureteral obstruction (up to 48 hours) using in vivo perfusion of silicone rubber or colloidal carbon. Evidence of inner medullary hypoperfusion was seen after 1 hour, and by 6 hours, the entire papilla was ischemic. Papillar hypoperfusion was still present at 24 and 48 hours, but significant recirculation occurred in the presence of continued obstruction. Release of ureteral obstruction caused rapid reversal of the perfusion defect. Histologic studies of the renal parenchyma adjacent to the pelvis showed increasing vascular congestion, focal interstitial edema, and extravasation of erythrocytes; these changes were also diminished after release of obstruction. Endothelial swelling or thrombosis in inner medullary blood vessels was not observed. Inner medullary tubules showed degenerative changes in kidneys that had been obstructed for 6 hours or more; at later periods (18 hours or more) focal necrosis was seen, but it never involved the entire papilla. Thus, reversible collapse of inner medullary blood vessels occurs in acute unilateral hydronephrosis and may provide the basis for the development of ischemic tubular damage. The findings suggest that the vascular obstruction may be due to increased intrapelvic pressure, rather than endothelial swelling or thrombosis. The vascular-tubular defect may be relevant to the altered medullary physiology observed in this condition.", "PMID": 836676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2202", "title": "The role of the pathologist in environmental medicine and public health.", "content": "The present paper summarizes the role of the morbid anatomist and clinical pathologist in environmental carcinogenesis. It points out that in the past he has contributed considerably to the identification of rare tumors and their etiology. He has an important role to play in the future in providing more accurate data on which epidemiology studies can be developed. The view is also expressed that it is highly important that modern pathologists have an understanding of toxicologic and pharmacologic techniques and their potential application to biologic material in order that they may be in a position to correlate and develop multidisciplinary approaches to the identification of environmental hazards. Some of these approaches are illustrated and their potential developments outlined.", "contents": "The role of the pathologist in environmental medicine and public health. The present paper summarizes the role of the morbid anatomist and clinical pathologist in environmental carcinogenesis. It points out that in the past he has contributed considerably to the identification of rare tumors and their etiology. He has an important role to play in the future in providing more accurate data on which epidemiology studies can be developed. The view is also expressed that it is highly important that modern pathologists have an understanding of toxicologic and pharmacologic techniques and their potential application to biologic material in order that they may be in a position to correlate and develop multidisciplinary approaches to the identification of environmental hazards. Some of these approaches are illustrated and their potential developments outlined.", "PMID": 836677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2203", "title": "HLA-B8 and dermatitis herpetiformis in patients with IgA deposits in skin.", "content": "The association between antigens of the HLA system and dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) using in vivo-bound IgA as an added criteria for diagnosis is reexamined. Twenty-eight of 33 (85%) immunologically proven patients with DH were HLA-B8 positive, whereas only 17 of 92 (18%) controls were HLA-B8 positive.", "contents": "HLA-B8 and dermatitis herpetiformis in patients with IgA deposits in skin. The association between antigens of the HLA system and dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) using in vivo-bound IgA as an added criteria for diagnosis is reexamined. Twenty-eight of 33 (85%) immunologically proven patients with DH were HLA-B8 positive, whereas only 17 of 92 (18%) controls were HLA-B8 positive.", "PMID": 836691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2204", "title": "Cutaneous manifestations of idiopathic hemochromatosis. Study of 100 cases.", "content": "Skin manifestations of idiopathic hemochromatosis (IH) are presented in 100 cases with emphasis on the previously unrecognized high frequency of ichthyosis-like states and koilonychia. In 50 cases with treated and nontreated groups, histological siderosis and clinical skin pigmentation were found to decrease postphlebotomy whereas melanosis, histologically, did not. By skin biopsy in 50 cases versus controls, the location of siderosis in eccrine sweat glands seems specific for IH providing a strong basis for a probable diagnosis of the disease. There are correlations between skin manifestations and other signs of the disease.", "contents": "Cutaneous manifestations of idiopathic hemochromatosis. Study of 100 cases. Skin manifestations of idiopathic hemochromatosis (IH) are presented in 100 cases with emphasis on the previously unrecognized high frequency of ichthyosis-like states and koilonychia. In 50 cases with treated and nontreated groups, histological siderosis and clinical skin pigmentation were found to decrease postphlebotomy whereas melanosis, histologically, did not. By skin biopsy in 50 cases versus controls, the location of siderosis in eccrine sweat glands seems specific for IH providing a strong basis for a probable diagnosis of the disease. There are correlations between skin manifestations and other signs of the disease.", "PMID": 836692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2205", "title": "Epidermal mast cells.", "content": "Tissue from 134 patients with neurodermatitis and prurigo, pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, pemphigus, and urticaria pigmentosa was examined qualitatively for epidermal mast cells. Epidermal mast cells were found in all of the diseases that were studied except dermatitis herpetiformis. Pemphigus vegetans and dermatitis vegetans were frequently associated with the presence of epidermal mast cells. In other pseudoepitheliomatous diseases, such as tuberculosis verrucosa cutis, blastomycosis, and bromoderma, epidermal mast cells were present in many cases. Four of eight patients with acral dermatitis with elevated IgE blood levels had intraepidermal mast cells; the number was much lower in patients with usual neurodermatitis and prurigo nodularis. Only two of ten cases of alopecia mucinosa showed epidermal mast cells. A single epidermal mast cell was found in ten cases of urticaria pigmentosa. Chronic inflammation associated with epidermal cell proliferation appeared to correlate with the presence of epidermal mast cell.", "contents": "Epidermal mast cells. Tissue from 134 patients with neurodermatitis and prurigo, pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, pemphigus, and urticaria pigmentosa was examined qualitatively for epidermal mast cells. Epidermal mast cells were found in all of the diseases that were studied except dermatitis herpetiformis. Pemphigus vegetans and dermatitis vegetans were frequently associated with the presence of epidermal mast cells. In other pseudoepitheliomatous diseases, such as tuberculosis verrucosa cutis, blastomycosis, and bromoderma, epidermal mast cells were present in many cases. Four of eight patients with acral dermatitis with elevated IgE blood levels had intraepidermal mast cells; the number was much lower in patients with usual neurodermatitis and prurigo nodularis. Only two of ten cases of alopecia mucinosa showed epidermal mast cells. A single epidermal mast cell was found in ten cases of urticaria pigmentosa. Chronic inflammation associated with epidermal cell proliferation appeared to correlate with the presence of epidermal mast cell.", "PMID": 836693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2206", "title": "Treatment of servere psoriasis with pyrimethamine.", "content": "Pyrimethamine, a folate antagonist similar to methrotrexate without known hepatotoxcity in man, was administer orally, once a week, to seven patients with severe, long-standing psoriasis. Four patients obtained a good to excellent response; a fifth withdrew from the study early after a partial response; a sixth had minimal response to high doses, and the seventh was withdrawn due to a probable drug-induced hepatotoxic reaction. Hepatotoxic reaction was suspected in another patient with abnormal liver biopsy and experienced severe gastrointestinal toxic reactions and two developed significant thrombocytopenia, which resolved after oral treatment with folic acid or discontinuation of the drug. These did not recur at lower doses. Pyrimethamine appears to be effective in severe psoriasis, but offers no advantage, and several disadvantages over methotrexate. Pyrimethamine is probably hepatotoxic. It should be used with caution in patients with liver disease or impaired renal function; pretreatment liver biopsy is recommended.", "contents": "Treatment of servere psoriasis with pyrimethamine. Pyrimethamine, a folate antagonist similar to methrotrexate without known hepatotoxcity in man, was administer orally, once a week, to seven patients with severe, long-standing psoriasis. Four patients obtained a good to excellent response; a fifth withdrew from the study early after a partial response; a sixth had minimal response to high doses, and the seventh was withdrawn due to a probable drug-induced hepatotoxic reaction. Hepatotoxic reaction was suspected in another patient with abnormal liver biopsy and experienced severe gastrointestinal toxic reactions and two developed significant thrombocytopenia, which resolved after oral treatment with folic acid or discontinuation of the drug. These did not recur at lower doses. Pyrimethamine appears to be effective in severe psoriasis, but offers no advantage, and several disadvantages over methotrexate. Pyrimethamine is probably hepatotoxic. It should be used with caution in patients with liver disease or impaired renal function; pretreatment liver biopsy is recommended.", "PMID": 836694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2207", "title": "Allergic contact dermatitis from topical fluorouracil.", "content": "An allergic contact dermatitis from fluorouracil developed in two patients 8 and 18 days respectively after institution of topical fluorouracil therapy. The character of the usual irritant dermatitis changed to that of an allergic dermatitis. Epicutaneous patch tests and intradermal tests with fluorourcil were reactive. Histologic specimens of positive test sites revealed the changes expected in allergic contact dermatitis. Twelve control subjects failed to react to intradermal fluorouracil tests.", "contents": "Allergic contact dermatitis from topical fluorouracil. An allergic contact dermatitis from fluorouracil developed in two patients 8 and 18 days respectively after institution of topical fluorouracil therapy. The character of the usual irritant dermatitis changed to that of an allergic dermatitis. Epicutaneous patch tests and intradermal tests with fluorourcil were reactive. Histologic specimens of positive test sites revealed the changes expected in allergic contact dermatitis. Twelve control subjects failed to react to intradermal fluorouracil tests.", "PMID": 836695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2208", "title": "Pseudomonas cepacia endocarditis and ecthyma gangrenosum.", "content": "A case of right-sided Pseudomonas cepacia endocarditis in a heroin addict is presented in which septic cutaneous vasculitis (ecthyma gangrenosum) is a prominent feature. Ecthyma gangrenosum, most commonly associated with sepsis due to P aeruginosa, has not been previously described with P cepacia septicemia.", "contents": "Pseudomonas cepacia endocarditis and ecthyma gangrenosum. A case of right-sided Pseudomonas cepacia endocarditis in a heroin addict is presented in which septic cutaneous vasculitis (ecthyma gangrenosum) is a prominent feature. Ecthyma gangrenosum, most commonly associated with sepsis due to P aeruginosa, has not been previously described with P cepacia septicemia.", "PMID": 836696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2209", "title": "Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. Clinical features, pathogenesis, and recent microbiological and biochemical developments.", "content": "The essential clinical features of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) and otherforms of toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are contrasted. Whereas TEN is a devastating disease of multiple causes and of high fatality affecting all age groups, SSSS comprises many clinical entitles that occur primarily in early childhood and is caused by certain phage group 2 staphylococci. Because of the high cleavage plane, the barrier is only translently perturbed, and rapid recovery is the rule. Although the early stages of SSSS may resemble other widespread dermatoses clinically, the correct diagnosis is suggested, even prior to frank exfoliation, by the presence of cutaneous tenderness and a positive Nikolski sign. However, rapid bedside confirmation is now possible with exfoliative cytology and frozen sections. Recent availability of in vivo and in vitro animal models of SSSS have advanced the knowledge of the disease: the responsible epidermolytic toxin has been characterized, and the purely extracellular pathogenesis of SSSS has been established. The epidermolytic toxin is strikingly species and tissue specific, attacking only certain keratinizing epithelia of mice, hamsters, monkeys, and man. The lower incidence of SSSS in adults is primarily due to a supreior capacity to metabolize and excrete the toxin, as well as more efficient immune capabilities. The mechanisms of epidermolytic toxin action and the molecular site of action are still the focus of active investigation.", "contents": "Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. Clinical features, pathogenesis, and recent microbiological and biochemical developments. The essential clinical features of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) and otherforms of toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are contrasted. Whereas TEN is a devastating disease of multiple causes and of high fatality affecting all age groups, SSSS comprises many clinical entitles that occur primarily in early childhood and is caused by certain phage group 2 staphylococci. Because of the high cleavage plane, the barrier is only translently perturbed, and rapid recovery is the rule. Although the early stages of SSSS may resemble other widespread dermatoses clinically, the correct diagnosis is suggested, even prior to frank exfoliation, by the presence of cutaneous tenderness and a positive Nikolski sign. However, rapid bedside confirmation is now possible with exfoliative cytology and frozen sections. Recent availability of in vivo and in vitro animal models of SSSS have advanced the knowledge of the disease: the responsible epidermolytic toxin has been characterized, and the purely extracellular pathogenesis of SSSS has been established. The epidermolytic toxin is strikingly species and tissue specific, attacking only certain keratinizing epithelia of mice, hamsters, monkeys, and man. The lower incidence of SSSS in adults is primarily due to a supreior capacity to metabolize and excrete the toxin, as well as more efficient immune capabilities. The mechanisms of epidermolytic toxin action and the molecular site of action are still the focus of active investigation.", "PMID": 836697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2210", "title": "[Immunity against measles in mother-child binomials].", "content": "The persistence of passively adquired measles hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody, was studied in a group of 50 mother-child binomials. In this longitudinal study, serial samples of blood were obtained from each infant during the first eight months of life. There was a high correlation between the level of the antibody titer in mothers and in their newborns. Passively antibody titers between 1:20 to 1:80, persisted as late as 8 months in more than 60% of infants. The presence of antibody may have a suppressive effect on the immunogenic response to live measles virus vaccine.", "contents": "[Immunity against measles in mother-child binomials]. The persistence of passively adquired measles hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody, was studied in a group of 50 mother-child binomials. In this longitudinal study, serial samples of blood were obtained from each infant during the first eight months of life. There was a high correlation between the level of the antibody titer in mothers and in their newborns. Passively antibody titers between 1:20 to 1:80, persisted as late as 8 months in more than 60% of infants. The presence of antibody may have a suppressive effect on the immunogenic response to live measles virus vaccine.", "PMID": 836708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2211", "title": "[Surgical correction of acute congenital cardiopathies in the newborn infant].", "content": "The experience of the Cardiac Surgery Service at the Hospital del Ni\u00f1o IMAN with the deep hypothermia method and hemodynamic arrest is shown in 30 infants with severe congenital cardiac malformations. The procedures followed before and during the operation are carefully described in their three aspects; anesthesia, extracorporeal circulation and surgery, including postoperative care. Ventilatory assistance is stressed. Results are analyzed considering postoperative evolution; stress is made on the causes of morbidity and mortality. Considering the results of this and other similar reports, we believe that the deep hypothermia method and heart arrest in treating severe cardiac malformations in infants are of outstanding importance since they have significantly improved results in these problems.", "contents": "[Surgical correction of acute congenital cardiopathies in the newborn infant]. The experience of the Cardiac Surgery Service at the Hospital del Ni\u00f1o IMAN with the deep hypothermia method and hemodynamic arrest is shown in 30 infants with severe congenital cardiac malformations. The procedures followed before and during the operation are carefully described in their three aspects; anesthesia, extracorporeal circulation and surgery, including postoperative care. Ventilatory assistance is stressed. Results are analyzed considering postoperative evolution; stress is made on the causes of morbidity and mortality. Considering the results of this and other similar reports, we believe that the deep hypothermia method and heart arrest in treating severe cardiac malformations in infants are of outstanding importance since they have significantly improved results in these problems.", "PMID": 836709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2212", "title": "[Neonatal meningoventriculitis].", "content": "Clinical and autopsy data indicate that ventriculitis persists despite parenteral and intralumbar antibiotic therapy. In the present study, ventriculitis was documented as postmortem examination in nine newborns. These studies indicate that ventriculitis occurs commonly in neonates with meningitis, particularly when there is delayed sterilization of CSF culture, A clinician has to bear in mind the diagnosis of ventriculitis when: 1) There is poor clinical and/or laboratory response to the usual therapy. 2) He has a critically ill patient with lethargy, convulsions and bulging fontanels. 3) He culture an unusual organism. 4) He faces a suspected complication of meningitis: subdural effusion, ventriculitis or abscess. 5) A CSF from ventricular puncture with more than 150 WBC, glucose less than 50 mg. and protein more than 200 mg.", "contents": "[Neonatal meningoventriculitis]. Clinical and autopsy data indicate that ventriculitis persists despite parenteral and intralumbar antibiotic therapy. In the present study, ventriculitis was documented as postmortem examination in nine newborns. These studies indicate that ventriculitis occurs commonly in neonates with meningitis, particularly when there is delayed sterilization of CSF culture, A clinician has to bear in mind the diagnosis of ventriculitis when: 1) There is poor clinical and/or laboratory response to the usual therapy. 2) He has a critically ill patient with lethargy, convulsions and bulging fontanels. 3) He culture an unusual organism. 4) He faces a suspected complication of meningitis: subdural effusion, ventriculitis or abscess. 5) A CSF from ventricular puncture with more than 150 WBC, glucose less than 50 mg. and protein more than 200 mg.", "PMID": 836710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2213", "title": "[Choledocal cyst. Surgical treatment].", "content": "Experience at the Hospital del Ni\u00f1o IMAN in choledochus cysts is reviewed in 13 patients with ages ranging from 3 months to 13 years. Nine were female patients and four were male. Seven cases were managed with cystoduodenostomy and six with cystojejunostomy using Roux's Y operation. Two patients from the cystoduodenostomy group died probably due to the serious hepatic lesion present before surgery and not to the surgical procedure itself. There were no deaths in the group with cystojejunostomy using Roux's Y operation and all patients are asymptomatic at 6 months to 5 years after surgery. Stress is made on the high incidence of cases in our country. Disadvantages of cystoduodenostomy due to the reflux of food contents of the biliary ducts, documented in these cases, are discussed. The possibility of a complete cyst resection is considered, based on reports of late malignancies and poor functioning of the anastomoses mentioned by other authors.", "contents": "[Choledocal cyst. Surgical treatment]. Experience at the Hospital del Ni\u00f1o IMAN in choledochus cysts is reviewed in 13 patients with ages ranging from 3 months to 13 years. Nine were female patients and four were male. Seven cases were managed with cystoduodenostomy and six with cystojejunostomy using Roux's Y operation. Two patients from the cystoduodenostomy group died probably due to the serious hepatic lesion present before surgery and not to the surgical procedure itself. There were no deaths in the group with cystojejunostomy using Roux's Y operation and all patients are asymptomatic at 6 months to 5 years after surgery. Stress is made on the high incidence of cases in our country. Disadvantages of cystoduodenostomy due to the reflux of food contents of the biliary ducts, documented in these cases, are discussed. The possibility of a complete cyst resection is considered, based on reports of late malignancies and poor functioning of the anastomoses mentioned by other authors.", "PMID": 836711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2214", "title": "[Epidemiology of skin diseases in 10,000 patients of pediatric age].", "content": "Ten thousand new patients were seen between January 1971 and January 1975 at the Department of Pediatric Dermatology, \"Hospital del Ni\u00f1o IMAN\" in Mexico City. The patients were between 0 and 18 years old. They represented 10.4% of the entire pediatric population attending the general out-patient clinic of the hospital. The results of our study showed no significant difference among the sexes of patients. The highest proportion of patients in the sample were under one year of age. The most frequently observed groups of dermatoses were: parasitic, cutaneous reactions, viral and bacterial. The ten diseases most frequently observed were: papular urticaria (16.3%); atopic dermatitis (12.9%); scabies (10.4%); viral warts (8.4%); impetigo (6.8%); pitiriasis alba (6.6%); vitiligo (2.6%); acne (2.5%); dermatophytosis (2.4%) and numular eczema (2.3%). The 20 skin diseases most frequently recorded accounted for 85.8% of the sample. The ten most frequent skin diseases in each group of age were also recorded. The monthly and annual frequency for the more frequent dermatoses was studied. The present study provides epidemiological information for a rational development of programs on care, education and investigation in pediatric dermatology in Mexico.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of skin diseases in 10,000 patients of pediatric age]. Ten thousand new patients were seen between January 1971 and January 1975 at the Department of Pediatric Dermatology, \"Hospital del Ni\u00f1o IMAN\" in Mexico City. The patients were between 0 and 18 years old. They represented 10.4% of the entire pediatric population attending the general out-patient clinic of the hospital. The results of our study showed no significant difference among the sexes of patients. The highest proportion of patients in the sample were under one year of age. The most frequently observed groups of dermatoses were: parasitic, cutaneous reactions, viral and bacterial. The ten diseases most frequently observed were: papular urticaria (16.3%); atopic dermatitis (12.9%); scabies (10.4%); viral warts (8.4%); impetigo (6.8%); pitiriasis alba (6.6%); vitiligo (2.6%); acne (2.5%); dermatophytosis (2.4%) and numular eczema (2.3%). The 20 skin diseases most frequently recorded accounted for 85.8% of the sample. The ten most frequent skin diseases in each group of age were also recorded. The monthly and annual frequency for the more frequent dermatoses was studied. The present study provides epidemiological information for a rational development of programs on care, education and investigation in pediatric dermatology in Mexico.", "PMID": 836712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2215", "title": "[Treatment of chronic osteomyelitis].", "content": "Levels of Cephaloridine and Cefazoline were measured in serum, pus and bone in 20 patients with chronic osteomyelitis and the efficiency of these drugs in the treatment of osteomyelitis was evaluated.", "contents": "[Treatment of chronic osteomyelitis]. Levels of Cephaloridine and Cefazoline were measured in serum, pus and bone in 20 patients with chronic osteomyelitis and the efficiency of these drugs in the treatment of osteomyelitis was evaluated.", "PMID": 836713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2216", "title": "[Site of BCG vaccine administration and development of hypertrophic scars].", "content": "In this preliminary report, two groups of children were vaccinated with subcutaneous BCG, one on the deltoid area and the other one on the area between the spine and the scapula. The number of hypertrophic scars on the deltoid area was significantly higher that in the area between the spine and the scapula. Vaccination on this area is as effective in turning the P.P.D. positive as on the deltoid area and the risk of hypertrophic scars in minimized.", "contents": "[Site of BCG vaccine administration and development of hypertrophic scars]. In this preliminary report, two groups of children were vaccinated with subcutaneous BCG, one on the deltoid area and the other one on the area between the spine and the scapula. The number of hypertrophic scars on the deltoid area was significantly higher that in the area between the spine and the scapula. Vaccination on this area is as effective in turning the P.P.D. positive as on the deltoid area and the risk of hypertrophic scars in minimized.", "PMID": 836714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2217", "title": "[Outpatient surgery].", "content": "The authors describe their experience in 778 patients under an ambulatory surgical program at the Hospital del Ni\u00f1o, IMAN. All were operated with general anesthesia; the child arrives in the morning to the hospital and is released in the afternoon. This report suggests that ambulatory surgery is a procedure which can be carried out in Mexican hospitals, saving time and money, since it decreases the number of beds in use; consequently, a better service can be provided. If it is duly fulfilled, the procedure is safe and an effective surgical care can be given to pediatric patients.", "contents": "[Outpatient surgery]. The authors describe their experience in 778 patients under an ambulatory surgical program at the Hospital del Ni\u00f1o, IMAN. All were operated with general anesthesia; the child arrives in the morning to the hospital and is released in the afternoon. This report suggests that ambulatory surgery is a procedure which can be carried out in Mexican hospitals, saving time and money, since it decreases the number of beds in use; consequently, a better service can be provided. If it is duly fulfilled, the procedure is safe and an effective surgical care can be given to pediatric patients.", "PMID": 836715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2218", "title": "[Disease due to gastroesophageal reflux].", "content": "Disease due to gastroesophageal reflux is one of the most important of the esophagogastric union; Depending on the time of diagnosis is the severity and prognosis of the disease. It is obvious that the collaboration of a skilled nurse is essential for the recovery of the patient as well as a timely medical evaluation.", "contents": "[Disease due to gastroesophageal reflux]. Disease due to gastroesophageal reflux is one of the most important of the esophagogastric union; Depending on the time of diagnosis is the severity and prognosis of the disease. It is obvious that the collaboration of a skilled nurse is essential for the recovery of the patient as well as a timely medical evaluation.", "PMID": 836716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2219", "title": "[Strongyloidiasis in children. Report of 17 cases].", "content": "Results from the study of 17 strongyloides infections without other associated parasitoses seen at the Hospital del Ni\u00f1o, IMAN between January 1971 and June 1976 are reported. The most affected age groups were of pre-school children with no sex predominance. Patients came from the states of Veracruz, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Michoac\u00edn, Morelos, San Luis Potos\u00ed and Sinalos. Different degrees of malnutrition were found in 10 out of the 17 patients. Predominant signs or symptoms were as follows: paleness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bloody and mucous stools, hyporexia, hyperthermia, pain and abdominal distention. Ferreira's method for coproparasitoscopic examination was the most efficient to show Strongyloides sterocarlis larvae. Moderate eosinophilia from 10 to 14% was found in most of the patients. Treatment was carried out with thiabendazole in most of the patients. This drug proved to be quite effective in the treatment for strongyloidoisis.", "contents": "[Strongyloidiasis in children. Report of 17 cases]. Results from the study of 17 strongyloides infections without other associated parasitoses seen at the Hospital del Ni\u00f1o, IMAN between January 1971 and June 1976 are reported. The most affected age groups were of pre-school children with no sex predominance. Patients came from the states of Veracruz, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Michoac\u00edn, Morelos, San Luis Potos\u00ed and Sinalos. Different degrees of malnutrition were found in 10 out of the 17 patients. Predominant signs or symptoms were as follows: paleness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bloody and mucous stools, hyporexia, hyperthermia, pain and abdominal distention. Ferreira's method for coproparasitoscopic examination was the most efficient to show Strongyloides sterocarlis larvae. Moderate eosinophilia from 10 to 14% was found in most of the patients. Treatment was carried out with thiabendazole in most of the patients. This drug proved to be quite effective in the treatment for strongyloidoisis.", "PMID": 836718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2220", "title": "[Ataxia telangectasia. Probability of damaging immune mechanisms].", "content": "Twelve patients suffering from ataxia telangiectasia and relatives of three of them were studied. A late diagnosis prevailed and the neurological symptoms in some turned worse after suffering recognizable viral infections. The cellular and humoral immunodeficiencies were evaluated in each case as well as the simultaneous presence of hyperimmunoglobulinemia and/or auto-antibodies. Among the relatives, there were frequent cases of immunological and neoplastic alterations; cellular immunodeficiency was not detected. Five cases showed lung disease; four with absence of IgA, and histologic interstitial lesion detected in three of them. The hypothesis that the defect of cell immunity predisposes mulisysthemic disease and that an early diagnosis with immune reconstructive treatment can modify the evolution of the disease was considered.", "contents": "[Ataxia telangectasia. Probability of damaging immune mechanisms]. Twelve patients suffering from ataxia telangiectasia and relatives of three of them were studied. A late diagnosis prevailed and the neurological symptoms in some turned worse after suffering recognizable viral infections. The cellular and humoral immunodeficiencies were evaluated in each case as well as the simultaneous presence of hyperimmunoglobulinemia and/or auto-antibodies. Among the relatives, there were frequent cases of immunological and neoplastic alterations; cellular immunodeficiency was not detected. Five cases showed lung disease; four with absence of IgA, and histologic interstitial lesion detected in three of them. The hypothesis that the defect of cell immunity predisposes mulisysthemic disease and that an early diagnosis with immune reconstructive treatment can modify the evolution of the disease was considered.", "PMID": 836720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2221", "title": "Relation between apex cardiogram and changes in left ventricular pressure and dimension.", "content": "The relation between the apex cardiogram and changes in left ventricular pressure measured by micromanometer, and dimension measured by echocardiography, was studied in 12 normal subjects and 64 patients with heart disease. In 12 patients, the apex cardiogram was delayed with respect to simultaneous left ventricular pressure by 17 +/- 18 ms during the upstroke and 28 +/- 16 ms during the downstroke. In the normal subjects, changes in left ventricular dimension during the upstroke and downstroke of the apex cardiogram were small, amounting to 6 +/- 5 and 21 +/- 7 per cent total excursion, respectively. In 10 patients with mitral regurgitation, there was significant inward wall movement during the upstroke and in 10 patients with aortic regurgitation, significant outward movement during the downstroke, both reflecting valvular regurgitation. In 20 patients with ischaemic heart disease and segmental abnormalities on left ventricular angiography, apex cardiogram-echo dimension relations were abnormal in all, because of inward or outward wall movement during the upstroke, increased outward movement before the 'O' point, or abnormal inward movement during the downstroke. These disturbances were displayed by constructing apex cardiogram-echo dimension loops, which appear to be a sensitive means of detecting incoordinate left ventricular contraction, analogous to those between pressure and dimension.", "contents": "Relation between apex cardiogram and changes in left ventricular pressure and dimension. The relation between the apex cardiogram and changes in left ventricular pressure measured by micromanometer, and dimension measured by echocardiography, was studied in 12 normal subjects and 64 patients with heart disease. In 12 patients, the apex cardiogram was delayed with respect to simultaneous left ventricular pressure by 17 +/- 18 ms during the upstroke and 28 +/- 16 ms during the downstroke. In the normal subjects, changes in left ventricular dimension during the upstroke and downstroke of the apex cardiogram were small, amounting to 6 +/- 5 and 21 +/- 7 per cent total excursion, respectively. In 10 patients with mitral regurgitation, there was significant inward wall movement during the upstroke and in 10 patients with aortic regurgitation, significant outward movement during the downstroke, both reflecting valvular regurgitation. In 20 patients with ischaemic heart disease and segmental abnormalities on left ventricular angiography, apex cardiogram-echo dimension relations were abnormal in all, because of inward or outward wall movement during the upstroke, increased outward movement before the 'O' point, or abnormal inward movement during the downstroke. These disturbances were displayed by constructing apex cardiogram-echo dimension loops, which appear to be a sensitive means of detecting incoordinate left ventricular contraction, analogous to those between pressure and dimension.", "PMID": 836726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2222", "title": "[Teaching of pediatric surgery in Mexico].", "content": "This is a brief presentation of the way in which a large number of Mexican pediatric surgeons have been made from the beginning of this specialty at the Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico to the present time, stressing the medical pediatric basis in pediatric surgery and on their lack of training in general surgery. Results are presented from a survey made among pediatric surgeons, highlighting the fact that the pediatric surgeon limits his role to only one type or surgery which always seems to be abdominal, disregarding vascular, gynecologic or urologic surgery. A noteworthy fact is that pediatric surgeons dedicate most of their time to medical pediatrics. A vicious circle in which the pediatric surgeon seems to have fallen in is presented. A series of steps are set forth to end this vicious circle such as improving training of pediatric surgery, establishing training objectives according to reality and avoiding frustration of those who are trained to operate on children and turn out dedicated to medical pediatrics.", "contents": "[Teaching of pediatric surgery in Mexico]. This is a brief presentation of the way in which a large number of Mexican pediatric surgeons have been made from the beginning of this specialty at the Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico to the present time, stressing the medical pediatric basis in pediatric surgery and on their lack of training in general surgery. Results are presented from a survey made among pediatric surgeons, highlighting the fact that the pediatric surgeon limits his role to only one type or surgery which always seems to be abdominal, disregarding vascular, gynecologic or urologic surgery. A noteworthy fact is that pediatric surgeons dedicate most of their time to medical pediatrics. A vicious circle in which the pediatric surgeon seems to have fallen in is presented. A series of steps are set forth to end this vicious circle such as improving training of pediatric surgery, establishing training objectives according to reality and avoiding frustration of those who are trained to operate on children and turn out dedicated to medical pediatrics.", "PMID": 836717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2223", "title": "[Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. Report of a case].", "content": "The first case of mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MLNS) seen at the Hospital del Ni\u00f1o IMAN and probably in Mexico City is described. The guidelines for the diagnosis of the syndrome are outlined as well the differential diagnosis with other diseases.", "contents": "[Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. Report of a case]. The first case of mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MLNS) seen at the Hospital del Ni\u00f1o IMAN and probably in Mexico City is described. The guidelines for the diagnosis of the syndrome are outlined as well the differential diagnosis with other diseases.", "PMID": 836722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2224", "title": "Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular function in coronary arterial disease.", "content": "This investigation was designed to determine the role of echocardiography in the assessment of left ventricular function in patients with significant coronary arterial disease. Satisfactory echocardiograms were obtained in 43 patients with coronary arterial disease. The ventriculographic ejection fraction was determined by the area length method. The echocardiographic left ventricular end-diastolic dimension was increased to more than 5-4 cm in 17 patients. Fifteen of these patients had an ejection fraction of 0-45 or less. Three patients had a normal left ventricular end-diastolic dimension but an ejection fraction of less than 0-45. Twenty-three patients had an ejection fraction of more than 0-45 and a normal left ventricular end-diastolic dimension. The left ventricular end-diastolic dimension index was increased (greater than 3 cm/m2) in 15 patients, all of whom had ejection fraction of less than 0-45. Three patients had a normal left ventricular end-diastolic dimension index and an ejection fraction of less than 0-45. Twenty-five patients had a left ventricular end-diastolic dimension index of less than 3 cm/m2 or less and an ejection fraction of more than 0-45. The percentage fractional shortening of the echocardiographic left ventricular dimension was reduced in 25 patients. In 18 of these the ejection fraction was 0-45 or less. The percentage fractional shortening of the left ventricle was normal in 18 patients. In 2 of them the ejection fraction was less than 0-45. In summary, increase of the left ventricular end-diastolic dimension or left ventricular end-diastolic dimension index is usually associated with a critical reduction of the ejection fraction as determined by ventriculography. Since the ejection fraction is an important determinant of mortality related to bypass graft surgery, echocardiography should be useful in the detection of patients with a poor prognosis.", "contents": "Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular function in coronary arterial disease. This investigation was designed to determine the role of echocardiography in the assessment of left ventricular function in patients with significant coronary arterial disease. Satisfactory echocardiograms were obtained in 43 patients with coronary arterial disease. The ventriculographic ejection fraction was determined by the area length method. The echocardiographic left ventricular end-diastolic dimension was increased to more than 5-4 cm in 17 patients. Fifteen of these patients had an ejection fraction of 0-45 or less. Three patients had a normal left ventricular end-diastolic dimension but an ejection fraction of less than 0-45. Twenty-three patients had an ejection fraction of more than 0-45 and a normal left ventricular end-diastolic dimension. The left ventricular end-diastolic dimension index was increased (greater than 3 cm/m2) in 15 patients, all of whom had ejection fraction of less than 0-45. Three patients had a normal left ventricular end-diastolic dimension index and an ejection fraction of less than 0-45. Twenty-five patients had a left ventricular end-diastolic dimension index of less than 3 cm/m2 or less and an ejection fraction of more than 0-45. The percentage fractional shortening of the echocardiographic left ventricular dimension was reduced in 25 patients. In 18 of these the ejection fraction was 0-45 or less. The percentage fractional shortening of the left ventricle was normal in 18 patients. In 2 of them the ejection fraction was less than 0-45. In summary, increase of the left ventricular end-diastolic dimension or left ventricular end-diastolic dimension index is usually associated with a critical reduction of the ejection fraction as determined by ventriculography. Since the ejection fraction is an important determinant of mortality related to bypass graft surgery, echocardiography should be useful in the detection of patients with a poor prognosis.", "PMID": 836727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2225", "title": "Learned voluntary control of heart rate and rhythm in two subjects with premature ventricular contractions.", "content": "Two people with frequent premature ventricular contractions and bigeminal rhythm not associated with other signs of heart disease, learned to suppress the arrhythmia using a biofeedback technique. In both cases, physical exercise and atropine suppressed the arrhythmia, and in both the learned control was related to the development of tachycardia. In Case 1, it appeared to depend on something more than speeding alone, for sinus rhythm could be maintained during voluntary control at a lower heart rate than during physical manoeuvres such as exercise. In Case 2, the premature ventricular contractions could be induced by a sudden fall of heart rate, e.g. after a Valsalva manoeuvre, and could be suppressed by voluntary increase of heart rate by up to 40 beats/minute produced with little change in breathing or muscle activity.", "contents": "Learned voluntary control of heart rate and rhythm in two subjects with premature ventricular contractions. Two people with frequent premature ventricular contractions and bigeminal rhythm not associated with other signs of heart disease, learned to suppress the arrhythmia using a biofeedback technique. In both cases, physical exercise and atropine suppressed the arrhythmia, and in both the learned control was related to the development of tachycardia. In Case 1, it appeared to depend on something more than speeding alone, for sinus rhythm could be maintained during voluntary control at a lower heart rate than during physical manoeuvres such as exercise. In Case 2, the premature ventricular contractions could be induced by a sudden fall of heart rate, e.g. after a Valsalva manoeuvre, and could be suppressed by voluntary increase of heart rate by up to 40 beats/minute produced with little change in breathing or muscle activity.", "PMID": 836728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2226", "title": "[Community participation patterns in health programs].", "content": "The study of some Latin American experiences of participation of the community in health programs allows us to consider the following as minimum requirements to establish interrelationships between local health organisms and the community: a) To have a local health system. b) To have a participating health them. c) To show respect for the community. d) To have contact with community organizations. e) To have contact with private and government organizations at a local level. The models for participation of the community in health are manifold and the experiences have been countless. For teaching purpose and based on Latin American experiences, some considerations are made regarding: 1) Community health volunteers. 2) Local health councils. 3) Local councils for community development. 4) Health brigades. Finally, it is concluded that the active participation of the community organized in health activities is the best guarantee of success in implementing integral health programs.", "contents": "[Community participation patterns in health programs]. The study of some Latin American experiences of participation of the community in health programs allows us to consider the following as minimum requirements to establish interrelationships between local health organisms and the community: a) To have a local health system. b) To have a participating health them. c) To show respect for the community. d) To have contact with community organizations. e) To have contact with private and government organizations at a local level. The models for participation of the community in health are manifold and the experiences have been countless. For teaching purpose and based on Latin American experiences, some considerations are made regarding: 1) Community health volunteers. 2) Local health councils. 3) Local councils for community development. 4) Health brigades. Finally, it is concluded that the active participation of the community organized in health activities is the best guarantee of success in implementing integral health programs.", "PMID": 836719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2227", "title": "[Torsion and infarct of the spleen with benign lymphoid hyperplasia of the colon].", "content": "A case of an infant with vomiting and a palpable abdominal mass is discussed. His preoperative studies showed a double right collecting system and a benign lymphoid hyperplasia of colon. The laparotomy showed a spleen in an abnormal position with total ischemic necrosis due to torsion of a pedicle. Emphasis is made on the complementary studies to help the diagnosis.", "contents": "[Torsion and infarct of the spleen with benign lymphoid hyperplasia of the colon]. A case of an infant with vomiting and a palpable abdominal mass is discussed. His preoperative studies showed a double right collecting system and a benign lymphoid hyperplasia of colon. The laparotomy showed a spleen in an abnormal position with total ischemic necrosis due to torsion of a pedicle. Emphasis is made on the complementary studies to help the diagnosis.", "PMID": 836721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2228", "title": "[Surgical treatment of pleuropulmonary infection in children].", "content": "Pleural empyema is most frequently seen in surgical pathology of the chest at the Hospital del Ni\u00f1o IMAN. Decortication has been necessary, with or without pulmonary resection, in 58% of the cases, contrasting with the limited number of cases in series published in countries with a high standard of life and where a conservative criterion for treatment is held by the authors and some national pediatric groups. Thus, a retrospective analysis is made with 118 patients who underwent surgery between 1971 and 1976 with ages ranging from 3 months to 17 years. The strict management procedure followed in all cases in mentioned, as well as the criterion to perform thoracotomy, to establish the irreversible nature of the anatomical lesions and to evaluate the results. 114 patients were discharged following recovery; 11 of these showed complications such as bronchopleural fistula, atelectasis and postoperative fever, which were treated with pleural drainage and bronchoscopy. Four patients died: one from upper gastrointestinal bleeding and three from sepsis. With the clinical and radiological, as well as the bronchoscopic evaluation, the destructive and irreversible nature of the lesions was determined. This was confirmed by the histopathological study of the resected parts. It is concluded that there should be no doubts or disagreements when surgical treatment is indicated.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of pleuropulmonary infection in children]. Pleural empyema is most frequently seen in surgical pathology of the chest at the Hospital del Ni\u00f1o IMAN. Decortication has been necessary, with or without pulmonary resection, in 58% of the cases, contrasting with the limited number of cases in series published in countries with a high standard of life and where a conservative criterion for treatment is held by the authors and some national pediatric groups. Thus, a retrospective analysis is made with 118 patients who underwent surgery between 1971 and 1976 with ages ranging from 3 months to 17 years. The strict management procedure followed in all cases in mentioned, as well as the criterion to perform thoracotomy, to establish the irreversible nature of the anatomical lesions and to evaluate the results. 114 patients were discharged following recovery; 11 of these showed complications such as bronchopleural fistula, atelectasis and postoperative fever, which were treated with pleural drainage and bronchoscopy. Four patients died: one from upper gastrointestinal bleeding and three from sepsis. With the clinical and radiological, as well as the bronchoscopic evaluation, the destructive and irreversible nature of the lesions was determined. This was confirmed by the histopathological study of the resected parts. It is concluded that there should be no doubts or disagreements when surgical treatment is indicated.", "PMID": 836723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2229", "title": "Improvement of symptoms in patients with sick sinus syndrome by spontaneous development of stable atrial fibrillation.", "content": "Fifty-six patients with symptomatic chronic sinus bradycardia because of sick sinus syndrome (SSS) were followed for periods from one month to 11 years (average 3-2 years). Eleven developed stable atrial fibrillation persisting for 8 to 61 months; 52 had permanent demand pacemakers implanted before atrial fibrillation commenced. In the 11 patients with atrial fibrillation, 10 had adequate ventricular rate, 8 with rates greater than 100 beats/min requiring digoxin for rate control. The 8 patients with atrial fibrillation with pacemakers remained asymptomatic for 13 to 18 months without requiring reimplantation; battery failure occurred in 2 whose rapid ventricular rates were controlled by digoxin. In the other 6 patients with pacemakers who developed atrial fibrillation, adequate ventricular rates persisted resulting in overdrive suppression. No patient had systemic embolisation. The previous duration of symptomatic sinus bradycardia was longer in patients developing atrial fibrillation (average 5-5 years) compared (P less than 0-01) with patients without atrial fibrillation (1-9 years). Further, premature atrial contractions occurred in all 11 patients before atrial fibrillation in contrast to only 21 of the 45 patients without atrial fibrillation. It is concluded that occurrence of atrial fibrillation in SSS with symptomatic sinus bradycardia provides a natural cure of symptoms caused by bradycardia. These data indicate that permanent ventricular pacing may not be necessary if persistent atrial fibrillation develops in SSS.", "contents": "Improvement of symptoms in patients with sick sinus syndrome by spontaneous development of stable atrial fibrillation. Fifty-six patients with symptomatic chronic sinus bradycardia because of sick sinus syndrome (SSS) were followed for periods from one month to 11 years (average 3-2 years). Eleven developed stable atrial fibrillation persisting for 8 to 61 months; 52 had permanent demand pacemakers implanted before atrial fibrillation commenced. In the 11 patients with atrial fibrillation, 10 had adequate ventricular rate, 8 with rates greater than 100 beats/min requiring digoxin for rate control. The 8 patients with atrial fibrillation with pacemakers remained asymptomatic for 13 to 18 months without requiring reimplantation; battery failure occurred in 2 whose rapid ventricular rates were controlled by digoxin. In the other 6 patients with pacemakers who developed atrial fibrillation, adequate ventricular rates persisted resulting in overdrive suppression. No patient had systemic embolisation. The previous duration of symptomatic sinus bradycardia was longer in patients developing atrial fibrillation (average 5-5 years) compared (P less than 0-01) with patients without atrial fibrillation (1-9 years). Further, premature atrial contractions occurred in all 11 patients before atrial fibrillation in contrast to only 21 of the 45 patients without atrial fibrillation. It is concluded that occurrence of atrial fibrillation in SSS with symptomatic sinus bradycardia provides a natural cure of symptoms caused by bradycardia. These data indicate that permanent ventricular pacing may not be necessary if persistent atrial fibrillation develops in SSS.", "PMID": 836729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2230", "title": "Circulatory reflexes in myocardial infarction.", "content": "The Valsalva manoeuvre was used to examine circulatory reflexes in 22 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Four patients had the 'square wave' response of cardiac failure and two responded normally to the manoeuvre. In the remaining 18 patients there was a 20 per cent or more fall in pulse pressure during the manoeuvre, but no ensuing rise in diastolic pressure, implying impairment of vasoconstriction. This impairment cannot be explained by acidosis, hypocapnia, or arterial hypoxaemia but may be explained by reflex inhibition of vasoconstriction. This abnormal response has important implications when transporting patients; furthermore, it could explain the rapid deterioration sometimes seen in patients with arrhythmias.", "contents": "Circulatory reflexes in myocardial infarction. The Valsalva manoeuvre was used to examine circulatory reflexes in 22 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Four patients had the 'square wave' response of cardiac failure and two responded normally to the manoeuvre. In the remaining 18 patients there was a 20 per cent or more fall in pulse pressure during the manoeuvre, but no ensuing rise in diastolic pressure, implying impairment of vasoconstriction. This impairment cannot be explained by acidosis, hypocapnia, or arterial hypoxaemia but may be explained by reflex inhibition of vasoconstriction. This abnormal response has important implications when transporting patients; furthermore, it could explain the rapid deterioration sometimes seen in patients with arrhythmias.", "PMID": 836730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2231", "title": "[Surgical treatment of pulmonary valve stenosis].", "content": "\"Open\" pulmonary valvotomy with vena cava occlusi\u00f3n and normothermia was first performed by Varco in 1950, but the procedure was abandoned with the arrival of extracorporeal circulation. This paper compares two groups of patients who were operated with Varco's procedure and extracorporeal circulation. Similar data of both procedures are analyzed as well as their advantages and disadvantages. It is concluded that Varco's proceduce is useful in well selected patients with no associated anomalies in which the possibility of complications of extracorporeal circulation is avoided. Also, equipment, personnel, surgical time and stay in the Intensive Care Unit and in the hospital are reduced, saving cost as much as 50%.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of pulmonary valve stenosis]. \"Open\" pulmonary valvotomy with vena cava occlusi\u00f3n and normothermia was first performed by Varco in 1950, but the procedure was abandoned with the arrival of extracorporeal circulation. This paper compares two groups of patients who were operated with Varco's procedure and extracorporeal circulation. Similar data of both procedures are analyzed as well as their advantages and disadvantages. It is concluded that Varco's proceduce is useful in well selected patients with no associated anomalies in which the possibility of complications of extracorporeal circulation is avoided. Also, equipment, personnel, surgical time and stay in the Intensive Care Unit and in the hospital are reduced, saving cost as much as 50%.", "PMID": 836725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2232", "title": "P loops during common and uncommon atrial flutter in man.", "content": "Atrial flutter has never been satisfactorily defined. The 'common' pattern of flutter was originally described by Lewis in 1913. Less frequently observed forms of flutter are termed 'uncommon'. Sixteen cases of the 'common' and 6 of the 'uncommon' type have been studied using isolated P loop vectorcardiography. All patients had some degree of atrioventricular block but none had evidence of digitalis excess. The atrial rates were regular and were in a range between 250 and 330/minute. Vagal manoeuvres increased AV block in each instance. All those with the 'common' type of flutter had P loops with a caudad-cephalad orientation and fifteen of the sixteen had forces which descended over the right atrium and ascended over the left atrium. The 6 cases of the uncommon type of flutter had rates which ranged between 250 and 300/minute and did not fulfil both of the criteria for 'common' flutter; namely continuous baselineu ndulation and prominent negative P deflections in the inferior leads. The cases with the 'uncommon' type of flutter had a variety of loop patterns. The most frequent type was oriented inferior slightly to the right and anterior. One patient satisfied criteria for left atrial flutter. In another the loop was oriented inferior leftward and anterior. The vectorcardiogram provides a rich source of descriptive data but does not identify the underlying mechanism(s) of flutter.", "contents": "P loops during common and uncommon atrial flutter in man. Atrial flutter has never been satisfactorily defined. The 'common' pattern of flutter was originally described by Lewis in 1913. Less frequently observed forms of flutter are termed 'uncommon'. Sixteen cases of the 'common' and 6 of the 'uncommon' type have been studied using isolated P loop vectorcardiography. All patients had some degree of atrioventricular block but none had evidence of digitalis excess. The atrial rates were regular and were in a range between 250 and 330/minute. Vagal manoeuvres increased AV block in each instance. All those with the 'common' type of flutter had P loops with a caudad-cephalad orientation and fifteen of the sixteen had forces which descended over the right atrium and ascended over the left atrium. The 6 cases of the uncommon type of flutter had rates which ranged between 250 and 300/minute and did not fulfil both of the criteria for 'common' flutter; namely continuous baselineu ndulation and prominent negative P deflections in the inferior leads. The cases with the 'uncommon' type of flutter had a variety of loop patterns. The most frequent type was oriented inferior slightly to the right and anterior. One patient satisfied criteria for left atrial flutter. In another the loop was oriented inferior leftward and anterior. The vectorcardiogram provides a rich source of descriptive data but does not identify the underlying mechanism(s) of flutter.", "PMID": 836731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2233", "title": "[Cryptococcosis of the central nervous system].", "content": "The steps for diagnosis and treatment and the clinical course followed in three patients with Cryptococcus meningitidis are discussed. One of them was treated with 5-flurocytosine alone. Two consecutive patients were treated with a combination of 5-flurocytosine and amphotericin B. The objectives of the study were: a) to achieve a therapeutic response better than that which might be obtained with either drug alone, b) to use lower doses of 5-fluorocytosine and amphotericin B in order to reduce toxicity, c) to extend treatment only for a period of four weeks, thus decreasing the period of hospitalization. None of the patients has relapsed. A shorter time of hospitalization and reduction in toxicity, suggests that combined therapy is a safe and effective alternative to other regimens.", "contents": "[Cryptococcosis of the central nervous system]. The steps for diagnosis and treatment and the clinical course followed in three patients with Cryptococcus meningitidis are discussed. One of them was treated with 5-flurocytosine alone. Two consecutive patients were treated with a combination of 5-flurocytosine and amphotericin B. The objectives of the study were: a) to achieve a therapeutic response better than that which might be obtained with either drug alone, b) to use lower doses of 5-fluorocytosine and amphotericin B in order to reduce toxicity, c) to extend treatment only for a period of four weeks, thus decreasing the period of hospitalization. None of the patients has relapsed. A shorter time of hospitalization and reduction in toxicity, suggests that combined therapy is a safe and effective alternative to other regimens.", "PMID": 836724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2234", "title": "Initial care of hypertensive patients. Influence of different types of clinical records.", "content": "The initial record of history and clinical findings has been studied in 278 patients attending three hypertension clinics. Half of these were randomly allocated to standard case notes and the other half to a special structured questionnaire record. The investigations carried out in a total of 521 patients with raised arterial pressures were examined. The records derived from the structured questionnaire were much more complete than the standard case notes but the difference was less obvious for a positive record than a negative one. None of the investigations was carried out in all patients, even though it was the policy of the clinics that most of them should be. A possible aetiological diagnosis was made in 28 patients and, at the time of writing, 3 patients had benefited from a surgical operation carried out as a result of investigation. These results raise the question of the quality of the initial care of hypertensive patients and suggest that the structured questionnaires might lead to an improvement. It remains to be established whether all the information collected does influence the outcome in patients with hypertension.", "contents": "Initial care of hypertensive patients. Influence of different types of clinical records. The initial record of history and clinical findings has been studied in 278 patients attending three hypertension clinics. Half of these were randomly allocated to standard case notes and the other half to a special structured questionnaire record. The investigations carried out in a total of 521 patients with raised arterial pressures were examined. The records derived from the structured questionnaire were much more complete than the standard case notes but the difference was less obvious for a positive record than a negative one. None of the investigations was carried out in all patients, even though it was the policy of the clinics that most of them should be. A possible aetiological diagnosis was made in 28 patients and, at the time of writing, 3 patients had benefited from a surgical operation carried out as a result of investigation. These results raise the question of the quality of the initial care of hypertensive patients and suggest that the structured questionnaires might lead to an improvement. It remains to be established whether all the information collected does influence the outcome in patients with hypertension.", "PMID": 836732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2235", "title": "Long-term prognosis after acute anterior infarction with atrioventricular block.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the need for permanent pacing in patients who have survived the effects of anterior myocardial infarction with complete heart block and have returned to sinus rhythm but who are left with impairment of intraventricular conduction. We have reviewed 52 patients with complete heart block complicating recent anterior myocardial infarction. Temporary pacing was instituted in all patients. There were 25 hospital survivors who were followed for an average of 49 months. Long-term pacing was established in 4 patients. Of the 21 patients in sinus rhythm, 14 had partial bilateral bundle-branch block with either right bundle-branch block and left anterior hemiblock or right bundle-branch block and left posterior hemiblock; at the end of the follow-up period, 10 of these 14 were alive and well. Furthermore, permanent pacing failed to prevent sudden death in 2 patients. At the present time, therefore, we conclude that long-term pacing is not justified in patients, otherwise asymptomatic, with partial bilateral bundle-branch block persisting after transient complete heart block in anterior myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Long-term prognosis after acute anterior infarction with atrioventricular block. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the need for permanent pacing in patients who have survived the effects of anterior myocardial infarction with complete heart block and have returned to sinus rhythm but who are left with impairment of intraventricular conduction. We have reviewed 52 patients with complete heart block complicating recent anterior myocardial infarction. Temporary pacing was instituted in all patients. There were 25 hospital survivors who were followed for an average of 49 months. Long-term pacing was established in 4 patients. Of the 21 patients in sinus rhythm, 14 had partial bilateral bundle-branch block with either right bundle-branch block and left anterior hemiblock or right bundle-branch block and left posterior hemiblock; at the end of the follow-up period, 10 of these 14 were alive and well. Furthermore, permanent pacing failed to prevent sudden death in 2 patients. At the present time, therefore, we conclude that long-term pacing is not justified in patients, otherwise asymptomatic, with partial bilateral bundle-branch block persisting after transient complete heart block in anterior myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 836733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2236", "title": "Formes frustes of Marfan's syndrome presenting with severe aortic regurgitation. Clinicogenetic study of 18 families.", "content": "Eighteen patients who presented with severe aortic regurgitation and dilatation of the ascending aorta were found to be formes frustes of Marfan's syndrome and formed the basis for this clinicogenetic study. All had aortic valve replacement and reconstruction of part of the ascending aorta. The diagnosis was confirmed by histological examination of the aortic tissue. There were 126 first degree relatives; 85 were living and 67 (78-8%) of these were examined. Limited information was available about 32 of the 41 relatives who had died. No relative had the classical clinical features of Marfan's syndrome but stigmata of the disease were found in 25 (37-3%) of the 67 first degree relatives examined. In 21, the abnormality was confined to the cardiovascular system, the skeleton, or the eye, but in 4, abnormalities involved 2 systems. Cardiovascular abnormalities affecting the aortic valve or aortic wall were present in 6 (9-0%) of the 67 first degree relatives examined. One or more of the skeletal indices measured (height-span difference, metacarpal index, phalangeal index) was abnormal in 18 (26-9%) and ocular abnormalities were found in 5 of 51 (9-8%) examined. There were no relatives with dislocation of the lens or iridodonesis. Using strict diagnostic criteria, a minimum of 37-3 per cent of the first degree relatives examined were affected; this involved 12 of the 18 families studied. There was nothing in our data to suggest that the formes frustes of the disease had a different mode of inheritance from the classical syndrome.", "contents": "Formes frustes of Marfan's syndrome presenting with severe aortic regurgitation. Clinicogenetic study of 18 families. Eighteen patients who presented with severe aortic regurgitation and dilatation of the ascending aorta were found to be formes frustes of Marfan's syndrome and formed the basis for this clinicogenetic study. All had aortic valve replacement and reconstruction of part of the ascending aorta. The diagnosis was confirmed by histological examination of the aortic tissue. There were 126 first degree relatives; 85 were living and 67 (78-8%) of these were examined. Limited information was available about 32 of the 41 relatives who had died. No relative had the classical clinical features of Marfan's syndrome but stigmata of the disease were found in 25 (37-3%) of the 67 first degree relatives examined. In 21, the abnormality was confined to the cardiovascular system, the skeleton, or the eye, but in 4, abnormalities involved 2 systems. Cardiovascular abnormalities affecting the aortic valve or aortic wall were present in 6 (9-0%) of the 67 first degree relatives examined. One or more of the skeletal indices measured (height-span difference, metacarpal index, phalangeal index) was abnormal in 18 (26-9%) and ocular abnormalities were found in 5 of 51 (9-8%) examined. There were no relatives with dislocation of the lens or iridodonesis. Using strict diagnostic criteria, a minimum of 37-3 per cent of the first degree relatives examined were affected; this involved 12 of the 18 families studied. There was nothing in our data to suggest that the formes frustes of the disease had a different mode of inheritance from the classical syndrome.", "PMID": 836734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2237", "title": "Experience with counterpulsation in cardiac surgical patients.", "content": "At Sheffield Regional Cardiothoracic Unit, the AVCO intra-aortic balloon pump has been used on 25 occasions in 21 months. Of the 25 patients, 12 survived and left hospital. The procedure is particularly beneficial in patients who have suffered some failure of myocardial protection during operation and to those who are suffering from acute ischaemia or the sequelae of myocardial infarction. The place of preoperative counterpulsation is discussed. Patients with long-standing cardiac disease who have emergency surgery benefit less from counterpulsation. Those patients with chronic ischaemic damage to the heart have nothing to gain from the use of counterpulsation.", "contents": "Experience with counterpulsation in cardiac surgical patients. At Sheffield Regional Cardiothoracic Unit, the AVCO intra-aortic balloon pump has been used on 25 occasions in 21 months. Of the 25 patients, 12 survived and left hospital. The procedure is particularly beneficial in patients who have suffered some failure of myocardial protection during operation and to those who are suffering from acute ischaemia or the sequelae of myocardial infarction. The place of preoperative counterpulsation is discussed. Patients with long-standing cardiac disease who have emergency surgery benefit less from counterpulsation. Those patients with chronic ischaemic damage to the heart have nothing to gain from the use of counterpulsation.", "PMID": 836735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2238", "title": "Chronic bilateral bundle-branch block. Long-term observations in ambulatory patients.", "content": "During a period of 28 months, all patients (79) who presented with bilateral bundle-branch block were selected for study from a private practice outpatient population. They were followed prospectively from the date of entry into the study and their charts were reviewed retrospectively. The average age of the participants was 73-3 years and they were observed clinically for a cumulative period of 4237 months (353-08 years). A high incidence of severe heart disease and death was noted among the study group. Twenty-four (30-3%) had a New York Heart Association functional classification of 3 or 4. Eight (10-1%) died. Only one patient died suddenly and he had had a stable electrocardiographic pattern of bilateral bundle-branch block for a period of 118 months (9 years 10 months). Seven patients required permanent pacemakers. In 6 instances death resulted from pump failure; in one it was the result of lung cancer. In none of these 7 individuals did rhythm disturbances contribute to death. In most cases vertigo was not of cardiac origin (88-2%). Eight patients had 11 major surgical procedures with no significant cardiac sequelae. Our observations suggest that elderly patients with chronic bilateral bundle-branch block should be managed conservatively. The prognosis in these patients appears primarily to be related to the degree of myocardial disease rather than to the conduction disorder.", "contents": "Chronic bilateral bundle-branch block. Long-term observations in ambulatory patients. During a period of 28 months, all patients (79) who presented with bilateral bundle-branch block were selected for study from a private practice outpatient population. They were followed prospectively from the date of entry into the study and their charts were reviewed retrospectively. The average age of the participants was 73-3 years and they were observed clinically for a cumulative period of 4237 months (353-08 years). A high incidence of severe heart disease and death was noted among the study group. Twenty-four (30-3%) had a New York Heart Association functional classification of 3 or 4. Eight (10-1%) died. Only one patient died suddenly and he had had a stable electrocardiographic pattern of bilateral bundle-branch block for a period of 118 months (9 years 10 months). Seven patients required permanent pacemakers. In 6 instances death resulted from pump failure; in one it was the result of lung cancer. In none of these 7 individuals did rhythm disturbances contribute to death. In most cases vertigo was not of cardiac origin (88-2%). Eight patients had 11 major surgical procedures with no significant cardiac sequelae. Our observations suggest that elderly patients with chronic bilateral bundle-branch block should be managed conservatively. The prognosis in these patients appears primarily to be related to the degree of myocardial disease rather than to the conduction disorder.", "PMID": 836736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2239", "title": "The normal electrocardiogram as a predictor of left ventricular function in patients with coronary artery disease.", "content": "Fifty-five consecutive patients with a normal resting electrocardiogram and coronary artery disease were examined to determine left ventricular function. Fifty-two (95%) had no evidence of left ventricular asynergy; 3 patients had only mild hypokinesis. Of this group of patients, 25 (47%) had one vessel disease, 17 (30%) had two vessel disease, and 13 (23%) had three vessel disease. Significant left ventricular asynergy was not found in patients with coronary artery disease and normal electrocardiograms. In addition, a normal electrocardiogram was not related to the number of coronary arteries involved.", "contents": "The normal electrocardiogram as a predictor of left ventricular function in patients with coronary artery disease. Fifty-five consecutive patients with a normal resting electrocardiogram and coronary artery disease were examined to determine left ventricular function. Fifty-two (95%) had no evidence of left ventricular asynergy; 3 patients had only mild hypokinesis. Of this group of patients, 25 (47%) had one vessel disease, 17 (30%) had two vessel disease, and 13 (23%) had three vessel disease. Significant left ventricular asynergy was not found in patients with coronary artery disease and normal electrocardiograms. In addition, a normal electrocardiogram was not related to the number of coronary arteries involved.", "PMID": 836737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2240", "title": "Bradycardia-dependent interatrial block with retrograde left atrial activation.", "content": "A patient with a peculiar interatrial block is reported. The electrocardiogram showed a short PR interval and negative P waves in II, III, and aVF, which were preceded, 0-07 s earlier, by another positive P wave present in the right praecordial leads which were absent in the limb leads. From the study with His bundle electrograms, high right atrial electrograms, and bipolar oesophageal electrocardiograms, it could be proved that atrioventricular, His-Purkinje, and right intra-atrial conduction were normal, and that P waves recorded in limb leads represented left atrial depolarization; whereas the ones in the right praecordial leads corresponded to right atrial activation. The vectorial analysis from both P waves and atrial potentials showed that the left atrium was activated in a retrograde fashion, because of an interatrial block. This block was bradycardia dependent and it disappeared in the cycles shorter than 800 ms.", "contents": "Bradycardia-dependent interatrial block with retrograde left atrial activation. A patient with a peculiar interatrial block is reported. The electrocardiogram showed a short PR interval and negative P waves in II, III, and aVF, which were preceded, 0-07 s earlier, by another positive P wave present in the right praecordial leads which were absent in the limb leads. From the study with His bundle electrograms, high right atrial electrograms, and bipolar oesophageal electrocardiograms, it could be proved that atrioventricular, His-Purkinje, and right intra-atrial conduction were normal, and that P waves recorded in limb leads represented left atrial depolarization; whereas the ones in the right praecordial leads corresponded to right atrial activation. The vectorial analysis from both P waves and atrial potentials showed that the left atrium was activated in a retrograde fashion, because of an interatrial block. This block was bradycardia dependent and it disappeared in the cycles shorter than 800 ms.", "PMID": 836739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2241", "title": "Controlled ventilation with the Mapleson D system A theoretical and experimental study.", "content": "A theoretical analysis has been performed to show the interrelationships between alveolar carbon dioxide concentration, carbon dioxide output, alveolar ventilation and fresh gas flow during controlled ventilation with the Mapleson D system. The model and forms of equation used have been substantiated by experiments in which dogs were ventilated through a coaxial version of the Mapleson D system at varying levels of fresh gas flow and alveolar ventilation. By assuming that man ventilated with this system behaves as does the dog, a nomogram has been produced to predict alveolar carbon dioxide concentrations at any levels of fresh gas flow and minute volume.", "contents": "Controlled ventilation with the Mapleson D system A theoretical and experimental study. A theoretical analysis has been performed to show the interrelationships between alveolar carbon dioxide concentration, carbon dioxide output, alveolar ventilation and fresh gas flow during controlled ventilation with the Mapleson D system. The model and forms of equation used have been substantiated by experiments in which dogs were ventilated through a coaxial version of the Mapleson D system at varying levels of fresh gas flow and alveolar ventilation. By assuming that man ventilated with this system behaves as does the dog, a nomogram has been produced to predict alveolar carbon dioxide concentrations at any levels of fresh gas flow and minute volume.", "PMID": 836743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2242", "title": "Halothane solubility in human blood.", "content": "In a study of the influence of nutritional state on halothane anaesthesia, results were obtained which showed how the blood/gas partition coefficient for halothane varied with blood chemistry in 20 patients undergoing elective surgery. For each patient the partition coefficient lambda was measured by equilibration at 37 degrees C  of a blood sample with a 1% halothane in 5% carbon dioxide in air mixture, followed by chemical extraction and estimation of the halothane content by gas chromatography. The haematocrit and haemoglobin, serum albumin, total protein, triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations were measured by routine laboratory methods. Regressions were sought of lambda on each of these, and on the globulin concentration and the ratios of albumin: globulin and albumin: total protein, deduced from these determinations. The only statistically significant regression (P = 0.0004) was that of lambda on the serum triglyceride concentration (T) (mmol/litre): lambda = 1.83 + 0.424T. The dependence of lambda on haemoglobin concentration was not statistically significant, but the slope of the regression was consistent with those of previous investigators. The regressions of lambda, corrected to the mean triglyceride concentration, on the ratios of albumin: globulin and albumin: total protein were not statistically significant but were not significantly different from an earlier reported result.", "contents": "Halothane solubility in human blood. In a study of the influence of nutritional state on halothane anaesthesia, results were obtained which showed how the blood/gas partition coefficient for halothane varied with blood chemistry in 20 patients undergoing elective surgery. For each patient the partition coefficient lambda was measured by equilibration at 37 degrees C  of a blood sample with a 1% halothane in 5% carbon dioxide in air mixture, followed by chemical extraction and estimation of the halothane content by gas chromatography. The haematocrit and haemoglobin, serum albumin, total protein, triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations were measured by routine laboratory methods. Regressions were sought of lambda on each of these, and on the globulin concentration and the ratios of albumin: globulin and albumin: total protein, deduced from these determinations. The only statistically significant regression (P = 0.0004) was that of lambda on the serum triglyceride concentration (T) (mmol/litre): lambda = 1.83 + 0.424T. The dependence of lambda on haemoglobin concentration was not statistically significant, but the slope of the regression was consistent with those of previous investigators. The regressions of lambda, corrected to the mean triglyceride concentration, on the ratios of albumin: globulin and albumin: total protein were not statistically significant but were not significantly different from an earlier reported result.", "PMID": 836744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2243", "title": "The effect of thiopentone on enflurane-induced cortical seizures.", "content": "The effect of thiopentone 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg on the enflurane-induced cortical spike discharge has been examined. Seven cats were anaesthetized with enflurane in oxygen and ventilation was controlled to maintain eucapnia during e.e.g. recording. End-tidal enflurane concentrations of between 1.2 and 2.2% provoked dose-dependent spontaneous spike discharges reproducibly. It was found that, during light enflurane anaesthesia, intravenous thiopentone could exacerbate e.e.g. signs of seizure activity. However, at a greater depth of anaesthesia spike activity was suppressed. The e.e.g. changes following thiopentone resembled the effects of still greater concentrations of enflurane.", "contents": "The effect of thiopentone on enflurane-induced cortical seizures. The effect of thiopentone 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg on the enflurane-induced cortical spike discharge has been examined. Seven cats were anaesthetized with enflurane in oxygen and ventilation was controlled to maintain eucapnia during e.e.g. recording. End-tidal enflurane concentrations of between 1.2 and 2.2% provoked dose-dependent spontaneous spike discharges reproducibly. It was found that, during light enflurane anaesthesia, intravenous thiopentone could exacerbate e.e.g. signs of seizure activity. However, at a greater depth of anaesthesia spike activity was suppressed. The e.e.g. changes following thiopentone resembled the effects of still greater concentrations of enflurane.", "PMID": 836745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2244", "title": "Feed-back monitoring in anaesthesia. IV. The indirect measurement of arterial pressure and its use for the control of halothane administration.", "content": "A technique of indirect determination of arterial systolic pressure using a photoelectric pulse monitor signal to indicate arterial occlusion has been applied to the feed-back control of halothane administration. In normotensive patients, the inspired halothane concentration had little influence on arterial pressure; in about 25% of patients a periodic pattern between the low and medium outputs of the vaporizer occurred. In hypertensive patients, the arterial pressure was more sensitive to the depressant effects of halothane and the concentration administered was reduced automatically as the operation proceeded.", "contents": "Feed-back monitoring in anaesthesia. IV. The indirect measurement of arterial pressure and its use for the control of halothane administration. A technique of indirect determination of arterial systolic pressure using a photoelectric pulse monitor signal to indicate arterial occlusion has been applied to the feed-back control of halothane administration. In normotensive patients, the inspired halothane concentration had little influence on arterial pressure; in about 25% of patients a periodic pattern between the low and medium outputs of the vaporizer occurred. In hypertensive patients, the arterial pressure was more sensitive to the depressant effects of halothane and the concentration administered was reduced automatically as the operation proceeded.", "PMID": 836746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2245", "title": "The pharmacokinetics of metabolism of inhalation anaesthetics. A simulation study.", "content": "The non-steady state metabolism of inhalation anaesthetics during anaesthesia and recovery was simulated with a linear and non-linear whole body compartmental model. These two models were studied for nine anaesthetics during 1-MAC anaesthesias lasting 1, 4 and 8 h and recovery from 5 to 10 days. Both models demonstrated significant metabolism for several days following anaesthesia. For the linear model, both the percentage and the molar quantity of anaesthetic metabolized increased with increased duration of anaesthesia, increased anaesthetic fat solubility and increased assumed rate of hepatic metabolism. For the non-linear model, the duration of anaesthesia had little effect on the percentage metabolized but demonstrated increased molar quantities of anaesthetic metabolized with increased duration of anaesthesia and increased fat solubility. The agreement between the results obtained from the non-linear model and experimental data in the literature suggests that many inhalation anaesthetics belong to a class of xenobiotics whose biotransformation is limited by the same or similar non-linear rate-limiting step(s). A difference in the quantities of anaesthetic metabolized would be a direct consequence of the tissue solubilities of the anaesthetic.", "contents": "The pharmacokinetics of metabolism of inhalation anaesthetics. A simulation study. The non-steady state metabolism of inhalation anaesthetics during anaesthesia and recovery was simulated with a linear and non-linear whole body compartmental model. These two models were studied for nine anaesthetics during 1-MAC anaesthesias lasting 1, 4 and 8 h and recovery from 5 to 10 days. Both models demonstrated significant metabolism for several days following anaesthesia. For the linear model, both the percentage and the molar quantity of anaesthetic metabolized increased with increased duration of anaesthesia, increased anaesthetic fat solubility and increased assumed rate of hepatic metabolism. For the non-linear model, the duration of anaesthesia had little effect on the percentage metabolized but demonstrated increased molar quantities of anaesthetic metabolized with increased duration of anaesthesia and increased fat solubility. The agreement between the results obtained from the non-linear model and experimental data in the literature suggests that many inhalation anaesthetics belong to a class of xenobiotics whose biotransformation is limited by the same or similar non-linear rate-limiting step(s). A difference in the quantities of anaesthetic metabolized would be a direct consequence of the tissue solubilities of the anaesthetic.", "PMID": 836747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2246", "title": "Screening for malignant hyperpyrexia.", "content": "Skeletal muscle from normal human subjects produced linear contracture responses in vitro to caffeine at concentrations of between 4 and 32 mmol/litre. In the presence of 0.4% halothane, caffeine contractures were greater but the magnitude of halothane potentiation decreased as the caffeine concentration was increased. The contractures produced by caffeine 4 and 8 mmol/litre at 37 degrees C were significantly reduced by decreasing the temperature of the incubation solution to 25 degrees C. Among 57 normal subjects, 18% had fibres which responded to halothane treatment with contracture. On the basis of these findings, it is suggested that screening for malignant hyperpyrexia by in vitro pharmacological testing of skeletal muscle should be carried out at 37 degrees C, and should include exposure of the sample to halothane, caffeine, suxamethonium and potassium rather than to halothane alone.", "contents": "Screening for malignant hyperpyrexia. Skeletal muscle from normal human subjects produced linear contracture responses in vitro to caffeine at concentrations of between 4 and 32 mmol/litre. In the presence of 0.4% halothane, caffeine contractures were greater but the magnitude of halothane potentiation decreased as the caffeine concentration was increased. The contractures produced by caffeine 4 and 8 mmol/litre at 37 degrees C were significantly reduced by decreasing the temperature of the incubation solution to 25 degrees C. Among 57 normal subjects, 18% had fibres which responded to halothane treatment with contracture. On the basis of these findings, it is suggested that screening for malignant hyperpyrexia by in vitro pharmacological testing of skeletal muscle should be carried out at 37 degrees C, and should include exposure of the sample to halothane, caffeine, suxamethonium and potassium rather than to halothane alone.", "PMID": 836748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2247", "title": "Anaesthetic management for children with alveolar proteinosis using extracorporeal circulation. Report of two cases.", "content": "This report demonstrates the results following massive simultaneous lavage of both lungs in two brothers suffering from pulmonary alveolar proteinosis with severe hypoxaemia, using partial extracorporeal bypass.", "contents": "Anaesthetic management for children with alveolar proteinosis using extracorporeal circulation. Report of two cases. This report demonstrates the results following massive simultaneous lavage of both lungs in two brothers suffering from pulmonary alveolar proteinosis with severe hypoxaemia, using partial extracorporeal bypass.", "PMID": 836749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2248", "title": "A hazard of the pollard endotracheal tube.", "content": "Two patients are described in whom failure of the Pollard endotracheal tube produced complete respiratory obstruction. Comparisons are made of external diameters, resistance to gas flow and resistance to compression between Pollard tubes and several conventional tubes. It is concluded that the Pollard tube is not satisfactory for microlaryngoscopy.", "contents": "A hazard of the pollard endotracheal tube. Two patients are described in whom failure of the Pollard endotracheal tube produced complete respiratory obstruction. Comparisons are made of external diameters, resistance to gas flow and resistance to compression between Pollard tubes and several conventional tubes. It is concluded that the Pollard tube is not satisfactory for microlaryngoscopy.", "PMID": 836750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2249", "title": "Inhibition, by anaesthetic agents, of human leucocyte locomotion towards chemical attractants.", "content": "The effects of local, i.v. and volatile anaesthetic agents on locomotion of human blood leucocytes were studied in vitro. Blood neutrohpils and monocytes and PHA-activated lymphocytes were allowed to migrate in filters towards standard chemotactic agents and the effect of adding anaesthetic agents to the system was measured. The results showed that locomotion of all cell types was depressed reversibly by all classes of anaesthetics used at clinical concentrations. The pattern of depression varied according to the cell type under study and the class of anaesthetic used. The action of anaesthetics on chemically stimulated locomotion of leucocytes was analysed. It was concluded that the principal action of these drugs is primarily on the mechanism of locomotion itself, rather than on the capacity of the cells to detect and respond to concentration gradients of attractants. Serum albumin can protect against the inhibitory action of anaesthetics.", "contents": "Inhibition, by anaesthetic agents, of human leucocyte locomotion towards chemical attractants. The effects of local, i.v. and volatile anaesthetic agents on locomotion of human blood leucocytes were studied in vitro. Blood neutrohpils and monocytes and PHA-activated lymphocytes were allowed to migrate in filters towards standard chemotactic agents and the effect of adding anaesthetic agents to the system was measured. The results showed that locomotion of all cell types was depressed reversibly by all classes of anaesthetics used at clinical concentrations. The pattern of depression varied according to the cell type under study and the class of anaesthetic used. The action of anaesthetics on chemically stimulated locomotion of leucocytes was analysed. It was concluded that the principal action of these drugs is primarily on the mechanism of locomotion itself, rather than on the capacity of the cells to detect and respond to concentration gradients of attractants. Serum albumin can protect against the inhibitory action of anaesthetics.", "PMID": 836755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2250", "title": "A cell line from an anaplastic transitional cell carcinoma of human urinary bladder.", "content": "A cell line, TCCSUP, derived from an undifferentiated, Grade IV transitional cell carcinoma is described. The karyotype showed an abnormal distribution of chromosomes, with no obvious modal number. Distinct marker chromosomes were observed in both early and late in vitro passages. These cells have been subcultured over 50 times during a 20-month period. TCCSUP differs in certain morphological and immunological features from other cell lines from transitional cell carcinomas.", "contents": "A cell line from an anaplastic transitional cell carcinoma of human urinary bladder. A cell line, TCCSUP, derived from an undifferentiated, Grade IV transitional cell carcinoma is described. The karyotype showed an abnormal distribution of chromosomes, with no obvious modal number. Distinct marker chromosomes were observed in both early and late in vitro passages. These cells have been subcultured over 50 times during a 20-month period. TCCSUP differs in certain morphological and immunological features from other cell lines from transitional cell carcinomas.", "PMID": 836756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2251", "title": "Comparison of autochthonous and allogeneic breast-tumour cells in tests for lymphocyte immunity to human tumours.", "content": "Lymphocytes from 10 patients with breast carcinoma were seeded in autologous serum, on autochthonous tumour cells and allogeneic tissue-cultured breast tumour cell lines. In 4 patients, the anti-tumour cell cytotoxicity against at least one of 3 breast tumour cell lines differed significantly from that against autochthonous tumour cells. Further study of these 4 individuals (using their previously frozen lymphoid cells and sera) showed that these differences occurred because serum which decreased (\"blocked\") lymphocyte anti-tumour cytotoxicity when applied to one tumour cell line, could either have no effect or potentiate it when applied to another, without any consistent pattern vis-\u00e0-vis target-cell susceptibility to these different humoral effects.", "contents": "Comparison of autochthonous and allogeneic breast-tumour cells in tests for lymphocyte immunity to human tumours. Lymphocytes from 10 patients with breast carcinoma were seeded in autologous serum, on autochthonous tumour cells and allogeneic tissue-cultured breast tumour cell lines. In 4 patients, the anti-tumour cell cytotoxicity against at least one of 3 breast tumour cell lines differed significantly from that against autochthonous tumour cells. Further study of these 4 individuals (using their previously frozen lymphoid cells and sera) showed that these differences occurred because serum which decreased (\"blocked\") lymphocyte anti-tumour cytotoxicity when applied to one tumour cell line, could either have no effect or potentiate it when applied to another, without any consistent pattern vis-\u00e0-vis target-cell susceptibility to these different humoral effects.", "PMID": 836757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2252", "title": "Sensitivity to cytotoxic agents of the EMT6 tumour in vivo: tumour volume versus in vitro plating. 1. Cyclophosphamide.", "content": "Growth curve measurements on the EMT6 tumour following treatment with cyclophosphamide indicate a growth delay of about 3 days for each 100 mg/kg of the drug. Tumours treated whilst still microscopic show a rather longer delay for the same dose. Data for the surviving fraction of cells in the tumours measured by in vitro plating at 2 h after cyclophosphamide are not compatible with the measured growth delay and realistic values for the doubling times of surviving clonogenic cells; It is concluded that there is considerable \"repair of potentially lethal damage\", and that there is probably no single time after cyclophosphamide treatment at which the surviving fraction of cells can be correctly measured by the in vitro plating technique. Cell loss from cyclophosphamide-treated tumours is increased only slightly over that from untreated tumours, and the regeneration of surviving cells is very rapid. In this situation, only marginal regressions in tumour volume are caused by the highest doses of the drug.", "contents": "Sensitivity to cytotoxic agents of the EMT6 tumour in vivo: tumour volume versus in vitro plating. 1. Cyclophosphamide. Growth curve measurements on the EMT6 tumour following treatment with cyclophosphamide indicate a growth delay of about 3 days for each 100 mg/kg of the drug. Tumours treated whilst still microscopic show a rather longer delay for the same dose. Data for the surviving fraction of cells in the tumours measured by in vitro plating at 2 h after cyclophosphamide are not compatible with the measured growth delay and realistic values for the doubling times of surviving clonogenic cells; It is concluded that there is considerable \"repair of potentially lethal damage\", and that there is probably no single time after cyclophosphamide treatment at which the surviving fraction of cells can be correctly measured by the in vitro plating technique. Cell loss from cyclophosphamide-treated tumours is increased only slightly over that from untreated tumours, and the regeneration of surviving cells is very rapid. In this situation, only marginal regressions in tumour volume are caused by the highest doses of the drug.", "PMID": 836758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2253", "title": "Mechanism for the incorporation of S-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)-L-cysteine into protein.", "content": "Evidence is presented which indicates that S-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)-L-cysteine (THN-cysteine), formed by the reaction of 1,2-epoxy-THN with cysteine, can be incorporated into protein; The position of incorporation of THN-cysteine into protein would depend on whether the epoxide of THN reacts with cysteinyl-tRNACyS or with cysteine. In both cases, the mechanism of incorporation of THN-cysteine into protein is the same as for the natural amino acids. For example, the incorporation of THN-cysteinyl-tRNACyS is stimulated by Poly-UG, the code for tRNACyS, and would be expected to be substituted for cysteine in protein being synthesized, whereas THN-cysteine not previously esterified to tRNA is activated by the isoleucyl- and valyl-RNA synthetases, and its incorporation is stimulated by Poly-AU and Poly-UG, respectively. Consequently, in this case, THN-cysteine would substitute for isoleucine and valine during protein synthesis.", "contents": "Mechanism for the incorporation of S-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)-L-cysteine into protein. Evidence is presented which indicates that S-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)-L-cysteine (THN-cysteine), formed by the reaction of 1,2-epoxy-THN with cysteine, can be incorporated into protein; The position of incorporation of THN-cysteine into protein would depend on whether the epoxide of THN reacts with cysteinyl-tRNACyS or with cysteine. In both cases, the mechanism of incorporation of THN-cysteine into protein is the same as for the natural amino acids. For example, the incorporation of THN-cysteinyl-tRNACyS is stimulated by Poly-UG, the code for tRNACyS, and would be expected to be substituted for cysteine in protein being synthesized, whereas THN-cysteine not previously esterified to tRNA is activated by the isoleucyl- and valyl-RNA synthetases, and its incorporation is stimulated by Poly-AU and Poly-UG, respectively. Consequently, in this case, THN-cysteine would substitute for isoleucine and valine during protein synthesis.", "PMID": 836759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2254", "title": "Quantification of the role of smoking and chewing tobacco in oral, pharyngeal, and oesophageal cancers.", "content": "The aetiologic fractions due to smoking and chewing tobacco have been quantified for the first time, for cancers of the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx and oesophagus. The overall aetiologic fractions due to smoking and/or chewing tobacco have been found to be 70% for cancer of the oral cavity, 84% for the oropharynx, and about 75% for the hypopharynx and larynx. In cancer of the oesophagus, however, the fraction is only 50%, showing that another factor or factors play an equal role in the aetiology of cancer of this site. At each of the sites studied, it was found that the two factors, smoking and chewing, acted synergistically, though in varying degrees.", "contents": "Quantification of the role of smoking and chewing tobacco in oral, pharyngeal, and oesophageal cancers. The aetiologic fractions due to smoking and chewing tobacco have been quantified for the first time, for cancers of the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx and oesophagus. The overall aetiologic fractions due to smoking and/or chewing tobacco have been found to be 70% for cancer of the oral cavity, 84% for the oropharynx, and about 75% for the hypopharynx and larynx. In cancer of the oesophagus, however, the fraction is only 50%, showing that another factor or factors play an equal role in the aetiology of cancer of this site. At each of the sites studied, it was found that the two factors, smoking and chewing, acted synergistically, though in varying degrees.", "PMID": 836760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2255", "title": "Cervical cancer: Age at registration and age at death.", "content": "The 5-year survival of women with localized (early-stage) cervical cancer is much higher than for women with non-localized (late-stage) cancer, but women with localized cancer tend also to be younger than those with advanced cancer. A new method of presenting the long-term survival is suggested, and the registrations of cervical cancers in South Wales are analysed in terms of average age at registration and average age at death. The observed average age at death was very close to 59 years regardless of stage (and age) at diagnosis, and calculations of expected ages at death of the whole populations suggest that more than half the advantage in survival shown by early stage cancers over late stage cancers is due to diagnosis of the former in younger women.", "contents": "Cervical cancer: Age at registration and age at death. The 5-year survival of women with localized (early-stage) cervical cancer is much higher than for women with non-localized (late-stage) cancer, but women with localized cancer tend also to be younger than those with advanced cancer. A new method of presenting the long-term survival is suggested, and the registrations of cervical cancers in South Wales are analysed in terms of average age at registration and average age at death. The observed average age at death was very close to 59 years regardless of stage (and age) at diagnosis, and calculations of expected ages at death of the whole populations suggest that more than half the advantage in survival shown by early stage cancers over late stage cancers is due to diagnosis of the former in younger women.", "PMID": 836761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2256", "title": "Mucosal surface morphology and histological changes in the duodenum of the rat following administration of cysteamine.", "content": "Acute duodenal ulcer can be produced in the rat by subcutaneous or oral administration of cysteamine. Development of this ulcer on the intestinal mucosal surface was followed from precursory stages to perforation using low power semimacroscopical and conventional histological techniques. The process started in the epithelium of the apical parts of the villi where segments of surface epithelial cells exfoliated and the lamina propria seemed to retract. As the process continued the villi gradually became lower eventually forming an avillous surface. Subsequently defects in the epithelium, necrosis, inflammation of the lamina propria, and a localized ulcer developed.", "contents": "Mucosal surface morphology and histological changes in the duodenum of the rat following administration of cysteamine. Acute duodenal ulcer can be produced in the rat by subcutaneous or oral administration of cysteamine. Development of this ulcer on the intestinal mucosal surface was followed from precursory stages to perforation using low power semimacroscopical and conventional histological techniques. The process started in the epithelium of the apical parts of the villi where segments of surface epithelial cells exfoliated and the lamina propria seemed to retract. As the process continued the villi gradually became lower eventually forming an avillous surface. Subsequently defects in the epithelium, necrosis, inflammation of the lamina propria, and a localized ulcer developed.", "PMID": 836762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2257", "title": "A qualitative and quantitative comparison of the fat in human, feline and canine kidneys.", "content": "While xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in humans tends to be rich in birefringent fat, this variety cannot be demonstrated microscopically in the feline morphological counterpart of the condition, which is, however, rich in readily stainable fat. Since normal feline kidney is rich in such lipid, a qualitative and quantitative comparison of the lipid in human, feline and canine kidney was carried out in an attempt to throw further light on the possible origin of the birefringent fat in the human disease. No significant difference could be found in the amount of cholesterol in the 3 species. Despite its visual prominence in feline kidneys, human kidney was richer in neutral fat and the percentage of total lipid formed by cholesterol was greater in humans than in the other species. The results suggested that cases of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis may occur in those kidneys unusually rich in cholesterol.", "contents": "A qualitative and quantitative comparison of the fat in human, feline and canine kidneys. While xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in humans tends to be rich in birefringent fat, this variety cannot be demonstrated microscopically in the feline morphological counterpart of the condition, which is, however, rich in readily stainable fat. Since normal feline kidney is rich in such lipid, a qualitative and quantitative comparison of the lipid in human, feline and canine kidney was carried out in an attempt to throw further light on the possible origin of the birefringent fat in the human disease. No significant difference could be found in the amount of cholesterol in the 3 species. Despite its visual prominence in feline kidneys, human kidney was richer in neutral fat and the percentage of total lipid formed by cholesterol was greater in humans than in the other species. The results suggested that cases of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis may occur in those kidneys unusually rich in cholesterol.", "PMID": 836763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2258", "title": "Tissue levels of (3(-14)C) coumarin in the rat: distribution and excretion.", "content": "The benzo-pyrones (including coumarin) are a very effective therapy for mild thermal oedema and cases of acute and chronic lymphoedema. In this preliminary report the distribution of a single injected dose of coumarin was followed in normal tissues of rats for 100 hours. Comparisons are to be made later with drug levels in thermally injured and lymphoedematous tissues. The resluts show 7-4% of the injected dose to remain in the tissues after 100 h. During this time 30-9% was excreted in the faeces and approximately 47% excreted in the urine. At any given time most of the dose was present in the gut, muscular tissues, skin and liver. For the gut tissues this was 33%, for the muscular tissues 28%, for the skin 18% and for the liver 16%. The highest concentrations per gram of tissue were however in the kidney and liver, representing the two organs of metabolism and excretion of the coumarin.", "contents": "Tissue levels of (3(-14)C) coumarin in the rat: distribution and excretion. The benzo-pyrones (including coumarin) are a very effective therapy for mild thermal oedema and cases of acute and chronic lymphoedema. In this preliminary report the distribution of a single injected dose of coumarin was followed in normal tissues of rats for 100 hours. Comparisons are to be made later with drug levels in thermally injured and lymphoedematous tissues. The resluts show 7-4% of the injected dose to remain in the tissues after 100 h. During this time 30-9% was excreted in the faeces and approximately 47% excreted in the urine. At any given time most of the dose was present in the gut, muscular tissues, skin and liver. For the gut tissues this was 33%, for the muscular tissues 28%, for the skin 18% and for the liver 16%. The highest concentrations per gram of tissue were however in the kidney and liver, representing the two organs of metabolism and excretion of the coumarin.", "PMID": 836764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2259", "title": "Skin stretching and epidermopoiesis.", "content": "In order to determine whether the heightened epidermopoiesis seen over dermal expansile lesions is due to stretch, attempts were made to induce similar degrees of skin stretching by implanting Silastic materials in the dermis of guinea-pigs. Silastic elastomer produced mild inflammation and thus, this model could not be used to evaluate the effects of stretch alone. Silastic testicular implants caused no inflammation and were found to initially stimulate a rise in thymidine autoradiographic labelling index, but no increase in epidermal thickness during the experiment. It is suggested that there is an increase in the germinative pool size caused by stretch but that the epidermal hyperplasia seen over dermal lesions is due to some other process.", "contents": "Skin stretching and epidermopoiesis. In order to determine whether the heightened epidermopoiesis seen over dermal expansile lesions is due to stretch, attempts were made to induce similar degrees of skin stretching by implanting Silastic materials in the dermis of guinea-pigs. Silastic elastomer produced mild inflammation and thus, this model could not be used to evaluate the effects of stretch alone. Silastic testicular implants caused no inflammation and were found to initially stimulate a rise in thymidine autoradiographic labelling index, but no increase in epidermal thickness during the experiment. It is suggested that there is an increase in the germinative pool size caused by stretch but that the epidermal hyperplasia seen over dermal lesions is due to some other process.", "PMID": 836765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2260", "title": "The role of catecholamine in the effects of trauma on thermoregulation, studied in rats treated with 6-hydroxydopamine.", "content": "Rats in which central noradrenergic terminals have been damaged by injecting 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the cerebral ventricular system have been used to study the possible role of noradrenaline (NA) in the effect of trauma on thermoregulation. In non-injured rats the 6-OHDA treatment did not affect the threshold environmental temperature (Ta) for the onset of shivering or the slope of the regression lines relating intensity of shivering to Ta. It raised the core temperature (Tc) threshold for the opening of the A-V anastomoses in the tail. Whereas in normal rats ischaemic limb injury depresses the threshold Ta for the onset of shivering without altering the slope of the regression line, in 6-OHDA-treated rats no depression of the threshold Ta was observed during limb ischaemia but the slope of the regression line was lower. The Tc threshold for the opening of the A-V anastomoses in the tail was the same as in the 6-OHDA-treated controls. The injection of NA into a lateral cerebral ventricle of a normal rat in a 5 degrees environment inhibited shivering and lowered Tc. The 6-OHDA treatment did not induce hypersensitivity to the injection of NA by this route. It is thought that NA is concerned in the central inhibition of shivering during limb ischaemia.", "contents": "The role of catecholamine in the effects of trauma on thermoregulation, studied in rats treated with 6-hydroxydopamine. Rats in which central noradrenergic terminals have been damaged by injecting 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the cerebral ventricular system have been used to study the possible role of noradrenaline (NA) in the effect of trauma on thermoregulation. In non-injured rats the 6-OHDA treatment did not affect the threshold environmental temperature (Ta) for the onset of shivering or the slope of the regression lines relating intensity of shivering to Ta. It raised the core temperature (Tc) threshold for the opening of the A-V anastomoses in the tail. Whereas in normal rats ischaemic limb injury depresses the threshold Ta for the onset of shivering without altering the slope of the regression line, in 6-OHDA-treated rats no depression of the threshold Ta was observed during limb ischaemia but the slope of the regression line was lower. The Tc threshold for the opening of the A-V anastomoses in the tail was the same as in the 6-OHDA-treated controls. The injection of NA into a lateral cerebral ventricle of a normal rat in a 5 degrees environment inhibited shivering and lowered Tc. The 6-OHDA treatment did not induce hypersensitivity to the injection of NA by this route. It is thought that NA is concerned in the central inhibition of shivering during limb ischaemia.", "PMID": 836766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2261", "title": "Localization of the brain regions concerned in the inhibition of shivering by trauma.", "content": "The effect on the inhibition of shivering by limb ischaemia of small 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions in the hypothalamus has been studied in rats. The injection of 6-OHDA into the posterior part of the hypothalamus in the neighbourhood of the N. dorsomedialis or into the ventral ascending catecholaminergic bundle caudal to that nucleus prevented the depression of the ambient temperature threshold for the onset of shivering which usually occurs during hind-limb ischaemia and lowered the slope of the regression line relating the intensity of shivering to ambient temperature. In rats not treated with 6-OHDA this slope is unaffected by limb ischaemia. These lesions reproduced the changes seen when 6-OHDA was injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle. Lesions in other parts of the hypothalamus were without effect. It is concluded that the inhibitory catecholaminergic synapses are situated in the posterior part of the hypothalamus and that the impulses reach them from nerve cells in the hind-brain via the ventral bundle. The lesions produced in these experiments had little effect on thermoregulation in non-injured rats.", "contents": "Localization of the brain regions concerned in the inhibition of shivering by trauma. The effect on the inhibition of shivering by limb ischaemia of small 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions in the hypothalamus has been studied in rats. The injection of 6-OHDA into the posterior part of the hypothalamus in the neighbourhood of the N. dorsomedialis or into the ventral ascending catecholaminergic bundle caudal to that nucleus prevented the depression of the ambient temperature threshold for the onset of shivering which usually occurs during hind-limb ischaemia and lowered the slope of the regression line relating the intensity of shivering to ambient temperature. In rats not treated with 6-OHDA this slope is unaffected by limb ischaemia. These lesions reproduced the changes seen when 6-OHDA was injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle. Lesions in other parts of the hypothalamus were without effect. It is concluded that the inhibitory catecholaminergic synapses are situated in the posterior part of the hypothalamus and that the impulses reach them from nerve cells in the hind-brain via the ventral bundle. The lesions produced in these experiments had little effect on thermoregulation in non-injured rats.", "PMID": 836767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2262", "title": "Glomerular lesions in argyric NZB/NZW mice.", "content": "Glomerular basement membranes showed strong silver labelling on electron microscopy in NZB/NZW mice fed 12 mmol AgNO3 for 6 weeks at ages from 1-7 months. Although some silver granules were seen within mesangial immune deposits following their concurrent deposition, silver was usually deposited in electron-lucent areas around pre-existing deposits, or formed a boundary to an expanded mesangium when immune deposits subsequently developed. Immune deposits in capillary loops occurred on the outer or inner aspect of the zone of silver labelling.", "contents": "Glomerular lesions in argyric NZB/NZW mice. Glomerular basement membranes showed strong silver labelling on electron microscopy in NZB/NZW mice fed 12 mmol AgNO3 for 6 weeks at ages from 1-7 months. Although some silver granules were seen within mesangial immune deposits following their concurrent deposition, silver was usually deposited in electron-lucent areas around pre-existing deposits, or formed a boundary to an expanded mesangium when immune deposits subsequently developed. Immune deposits in capillary loops occurred on the outer or inner aspect of the zone of silver labelling.", "PMID": 836768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2263", "title": "An electron microscopical study of chronic ulcers of the colon in rats.", "content": "Chronic colonic ulcers in the rat were produced by the administration of a hydrogen peroxide enema. Lesions of up to 10 months' duration were obtained by this method and a selection was examined ultrastructurally. It was hoped that the study would reveal causes for the chronicity of the lesions. From previous work it appeared that there was no failure of epithelial migration from the edge of the wound. The majority of cells at the ulcer margins demonstrated features of regeneration similar to those seen in other tissues, and that there were no specific changes concomitant with chronic ulceration. The majority of epithelial cells at the ulcer edge showed features of differentiation which indicated that there was no obvious fault in this process so essential to the basic requirements of tissue repair. It is possible that chronicity is produced by a failure of the epithelio-mesenchymal interaction mechanisms which, potentiated by an ischaemia resulting from submucosal vascular damage, results in the consequential death of migrating epithelial cells. This hypothesis is supported by the appearance of a squamous metaplasia in the healing lesions, a process which is commonly attributed to a chronic inflammatory response which may be induced by a relative vascular insufficiency.", "contents": "An electron microscopical study of chronic ulcers of the colon in rats. Chronic colonic ulcers in the rat were produced by the administration of a hydrogen peroxide enema. Lesions of up to 10 months' duration were obtained by this method and a selection was examined ultrastructurally. It was hoped that the study would reveal causes for the chronicity of the lesions. From previous work it appeared that there was no failure of epithelial migration from the edge of the wound. The majority of cells at the ulcer margins demonstrated features of regeneration similar to those seen in other tissues, and that there were no specific changes concomitant with chronic ulceration. The majority of epithelial cells at the ulcer edge showed features of differentiation which indicated that there was no obvious fault in this process so essential to the basic requirements of tissue repair. It is possible that chronicity is produced by a failure of the epithelio-mesenchymal interaction mechanisms which, potentiated by an ischaemia resulting from submucosal vascular damage, results in the consequential death of migrating epithelial cells. This hypothesis is supported by the appearance of a squamous metaplasia in the healing lesions, a process which is commonly attributed to a chronic inflammatory response which may be induced by a relative vascular insufficiency.", "PMID": 836769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2264", "title": "Response of pulmonary macrophages to lead.", "content": "The intratracheal instillation of moderate doses of PbO to Long-Evans strain rats resulted in a significant increase in the number of recoverable pulmonary alveolar macrophages. The viability of recovered cells was remarkably constant throughout the experimental period of 40 days. The results obtained indicate a low order of toxicity of PbO to alveolar macrophages and show that the mucociliary escalator is a significant route of excretion of PbO from the respiratory tract. The in vitro survival of macrophages from PbO-treated rats was significantly reduced. Survival of cells from both treated and control animals was somewhat enhanced by the addition of formalinized lymphocytes to the culture medium. Morphological changes and evidence of phagocytosis are discussed.", "contents": "Response of pulmonary macrophages to lead. The intratracheal instillation of moderate doses of PbO to Long-Evans strain rats resulted in a significant increase in the number of recoverable pulmonary alveolar macrophages. The viability of recovered cells was remarkably constant throughout the experimental period of 40 days. The results obtained indicate a low order of toxicity of PbO to alveolar macrophages and show that the mucociliary escalator is a significant route of excretion of PbO from the respiratory tract. The in vitro survival of macrophages from PbO-treated rats was significantly reduced. Survival of cells from both treated and control animals was somewhat enhanced by the addition of formalinized lymphocytes to the culture medium. Morphological changes and evidence of phagocytosis are discussed.", "PMID": 836770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2265", "title": "Family distribution of concomitant squint in Greece.", "content": "From a study of a large number of brothers and sisters suffering from concomitant squint, the following data were obtained: (1) 42-9% of the patients showed congenital strabismus. (2) In 96-5% of the sibs strabismus was of the same type. (3) The presence of a significant refractive error occurred in 82-8% of the patients. (4) In all twins strabismus appeared at the same age in both twins, and the squint and the refractive error were of the same type. (5) The distance of the patients' homes from Athens had no effect on either (a) the time intervening between the onset of squint and the first visit to the eye specialist, or (b) the effectiveness of treatment.", "contents": "Family distribution of concomitant squint in Greece. From a study of a large number of brothers and sisters suffering from concomitant squint, the following data were obtained: (1) 42-9% of the patients showed congenital strabismus. (2) In 96-5% of the sibs strabismus was of the same type. (3) The presence of a significant refractive error occurred in 82-8% of the patients. (4) In all twins strabismus appeared at the same age in both twins, and the squint and the refractive error were of the same type. (5) The distance of the patients' homes from Athens had no effect on either (a) the time intervening between the onset of squint and the first visit to the eye specialist, or (b) the effectiveness of treatment.", "PMID": 836773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2266", "title": "Stereopsis and aniseikonia in uniocular aphakia.", "content": "Uniocular aphakia in the adult when corrected with a contact lens is in most patients no obstacle to binocular function. The long-term result is a balance between binocular function obtained and the comfort of the contact lens, and in this respect the advent of the soft lens, and especially the continuous-wear lens, appears to be most promising.", "contents": "Stereopsis and aniseikonia in uniocular aphakia. Uniocular aphakia in the adult when corrected with a contact lens is in most patients no obstacle to binocular function. The long-term result is a balance between binocular function obtained and the comfort of the contact lens, and in this respect the advent of the soft lens, and especially the continuous-wear lens, appears to be most promising.", "PMID": 836774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2267", "title": "Hydrophilic lenses for \"continuous\" wear in aphakia: definitive fitting and the problems that occur.", "content": "Patients have been very satisfied with these lenses (78% wearing at the end of six months), not the least those with reduced function of the macula. The problems of infection have been discussed, and apart from improvement in lens materials patient selection is of paramount importance. The problem of deposits is presented, but theri elimination will depend on more research into their nature and development, improvement of the material's resistance to this form of attack, and improved lens design to overcome corneal and tear flow problems.", "contents": "Hydrophilic lenses for \"continuous\" wear in aphakia: definitive fitting and the problems that occur. Patients have been very satisfied with these lenses (78% wearing at the end of six months), not the least those with reduced function of the macula. The problems of infection have been discussed, and apart from improvement in lens materials patient selection is of paramount importance. The problem of deposits is presented, but theri elimination will depend on more research into their nature and development, improvement of the material's resistance to this form of attack, and improved lens design to overcome corneal and tear flow problems.", "PMID": 836775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2268", "title": "The problem of screening children for visual defects.", "content": "All the cases of squint and amblyopia referred to both hospital and school clinics in one district during one calendar year have been reviewed in order to clarify when, where, and how these cases first present to the ophthalmologist. The types of case at present seen in \"hospital\" and \"school\" clinics are quite different, and effective screening methods are unlikely to be developed if these two services continue to be regarded as separate entities. Exotropia is much less frequent than esotropia (only 15% of all cases of squint). The concept of a single peak number of first attendances of children with esotropia at age 3 to 4 years is not substantiated. There is a second peak at age 5 years, when children first go to school. In fact 49% first attended after their fifth birthday. The majority (69%) of cases of amblyopia presented after the age of 5 years. Three-quarters of these (46% of the total) have no clinically detectable squint. Neither they, nor those children who have a strabismic amblyopia, but not a cosmetically noticable squint, will at present be detected until they have a sight test at school. This is a measure of the need to re-examine our long-established methods of screening children for amblyopia. One screening test designed to identify both the \"squinter\" and the \"straight-eyed amblyope\" is required.", "contents": "The problem of screening children for visual defects. All the cases of squint and amblyopia referred to both hospital and school clinics in one district during one calendar year have been reviewed in order to clarify when, where, and how these cases first present to the ophthalmologist. The types of case at present seen in \"hospital\" and \"school\" clinics are quite different, and effective screening methods are unlikely to be developed if these two services continue to be regarded as separate entities. Exotropia is much less frequent than esotropia (only 15% of all cases of squint). The concept of a single peak number of first attendances of children with esotropia at age 3 to 4 years is not substantiated. There is a second peak at age 5 years, when children first go to school. In fact 49% first attended after their fifth birthday. The majority (69%) of cases of amblyopia presented after the age of 5 years. Three-quarters of these (46% of the total) have no clinically detectable squint. Neither they, nor those children who have a strabismic amblyopia, but not a cosmetically noticable squint, will at present be detected until they have a sight test at school. This is a measure of the need to re-examine our long-established methods of screening children for amblyopia. One screening test designed to identify both the \"squinter\" and the \"straight-eyed amblyope\" is required.", "PMID": 836776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2269", "title": "Fluorescein angiography of the hereditary choroidal dystrophies.", "content": "The hereditary choroidal dystrophies are divided into (1) geographic choroidal dystrophies (central areolar, peripapillary, generalised), (2) gyrate atrophy, and (3) choroideremia. Each of these disorders is discussed with regard to mode of inheritance, age of onset, symptoms, fundus appearance, and visual function testing. A typical case history of each disorder is presented together with fluorescein angiography, and the fluorescein angiographic findings are related to our present understanding of these diseases. Fluorescein angiography was found to be most helpful in diagnosing the early cases, by confirming the absence of the choriocapillaris, and in demonstrating either a local or general abnormality. The role of fluorescein angiography in understanding the aetiology of choroidan dystrophies is discussed.", "contents": "Fluorescein angiography of the hereditary choroidal dystrophies. The hereditary choroidal dystrophies are divided into (1) geographic choroidal dystrophies (central areolar, peripapillary, generalised), (2) gyrate atrophy, and (3) choroideremia. Each of these disorders is discussed with regard to mode of inheritance, age of onset, symptoms, fundus appearance, and visual function testing. A typical case history of each disorder is presented together with fluorescein angiography, and the fluorescein angiographic findings are related to our present understanding of these diseases. Fluorescein angiography was found to be most helpful in diagnosing the early cases, by confirming the absence of the choriocapillaris, and in demonstrating either a local or general abnormality. The role of fluorescein angiography in understanding the aetiology of choroidan dystrophies is discussed.", "PMID": 836777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2270", "title": "Management of small elevated pigmented choroidal lesions.", "content": "The diagnosis of small choroidal melanomas may be difficult, and the natural history of these small tumours is poorly understood. We followed up 20 patients with the diagnosis of small choroidal melanomas for from 2 to 20 years. In 11 of these patients the melanoma was observed to grow. Nine of these patients have undergone enucleation. Eight of the eyes contained spindle B melanomas and one contained a melanoma of mixed cell type. None of the 20 patients has developed detectable metastatic disease. From this series and others reported it appears that close serial examinations without therapeutic intervention is safe in patients with small melanomas until growth is observed, and that there is little evidence to suggest that photocoagulation or radiotherapy is of greater benefit in those patients than close serial examination.", "contents": "Management of small elevated pigmented choroidal lesions. The diagnosis of small choroidal melanomas may be difficult, and the natural history of these small tumours is poorly understood. We followed up 20 patients with the diagnosis of small choroidal melanomas for from 2 to 20 years. In 11 of these patients the melanoma was observed to grow. Nine of these patients have undergone enucleation. Eight of the eyes contained spindle B melanomas and one contained a melanoma of mixed cell type. None of the 20 patients has developed detectable metastatic disease. From this series and others reported it appears that close serial examinations without therapeutic intervention is safe in patients with small melanomas until growth is observed, and that there is little evidence to suggest that photocoagulation or radiotherapy is of greater benefit in those patients than close serial examination.", "PMID": 836778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2271", "title": "Orbital cyst due to Histoplasma duboisii.", "content": "A cystic swelling in the orbit due to Histoplasma duboisii, clinically thought to be a dermoid cyst, is described.", "contents": "Orbital cyst due to Histoplasma duboisii. A cystic swelling in the orbit due to Histoplasma duboisii, clinically thought to be a dermoid cyst, is described.", "PMID": 836779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2272", "title": "Refraction as a basis for screening children for squint and amblyopia.", "content": "+2-00 to +2-75 dioptres of spherical hypermetropia in the more emmetropic of a pair of eyes is significantly associated with esotropia (P less than 0-001) and the presence of amblyopia (P less than 0-01). Anisometropia is not significantly associated with esotropia (P = 0-31) unless there is spherical hypermetropia of +2-00 dioptres or more in the more emmetropic eye (P less than 0-001). Hypermetropic anisometropia of +1-00 DS or +1-00 D.Cyl. is associated with the presence of amblyopia (P less than 0-001). In the absence of esotropia there is also a significant association between the amount of anisometropia and the initial depth of amblyopia (P less than 0-01). The additional presence of esotropia increases the depth of amblyopia further (P less than 0-05) but not the incidence of amblyopia (P greater than 0-30). The level of significance of the association of refractive errors with squint/amblyopia was itself significantly higher (P less than 0-01) than that between a family history of squint or \"lazy eye\" on the one hand and squint and/or amblyopia on the other hand. 72 +/- 3% of all cases of esotropia and/or amblyopia in this sample of children had a refractive error of +2-00 DS or more spherical hypermetropia in the more emmetropic eye, or +1-00 D. or more spherical or cylindrical anisometropia. Since there is a close association between the refraction and how, when, and whether a child presents with squint and/or amblyopia, it would seem reasonable to reconsider refraction as a basis for screening young children for visual defects.", "contents": "Refraction as a basis for screening children for squint and amblyopia. +2-00 to +2-75 dioptres of spherical hypermetropia in the more emmetropic of a pair of eyes is significantly associated with esotropia (P less than 0-001) and the presence of amblyopia (P less than 0-01). Anisometropia is not significantly associated with esotropia (P = 0-31) unless there is spherical hypermetropia of +2-00 dioptres or more in the more emmetropic eye (P less than 0-001). Hypermetropic anisometropia of +1-00 DS or +1-00 D.Cyl. is associated with the presence of amblyopia (P less than 0-001). In the absence of esotropia there is also a significant association between the amount of anisometropia and the initial depth of amblyopia (P less than 0-01). The additional presence of esotropia increases the depth of amblyopia further (P less than 0-05) but not the incidence of amblyopia (P greater than 0-30). The level of significance of the association of refractive errors with squint/amblyopia was itself significantly higher (P less than 0-01) than that between a family history of squint or \"lazy eye\" on the one hand and squint and/or amblyopia on the other hand. 72 +/- 3% of all cases of esotropia and/or amblyopia in this sample of children had a refractive error of +2-00 DS or more spherical hypermetropia in the more emmetropic eye, or +1-00 D. or more spherical or cylindrical anisometropia. Since there is a close association between the refraction and how, when, and whether a child presents with squint and/or amblyopia, it would seem reasonable to reconsider refraction as a basis for screening young children for visual defects.", "PMID": 836780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2273", "title": "Binding of 4-methylumbelliferyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside to tetrameric and unmodified or derivatized dimeric concanavalin A: equilibrium studies.", "content": "The binding of 4-methylumbelliferyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside (MUM) and concanavalin A, composed of intact polypeptide chains, was studied by equilibrium dialysis, difference spectroscopy, and fluorescence titration (Dean, B.R., and Homer, R.B. (1973), Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 322, 141-144), measured either at a fixed wavelength or above 350 nm. Dimeric and tetrameric concanavalin A samples were used under conditions of apparently full metal saturation. The results are consistent with a single carbohydrate-specific site per protomer, without interaction between sites; no indication for additional unspecific binding could be obtained. The values of the association constant are independent of the method or of the saturation range used and 4-methylumbelliferyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside, bound at a fractional saturation of 0.91 can be totally displaced by methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside. The thermodynamic binding parameters for acetylated or succinylated concanavalin A, composed of intact polypeptide chains, were obtained by titration of total MUM fluorescence in the temperature range 9-39 degrees C. For unmodified dimeric concanavalin A at 25.0 degrees C, the values are K = (3.36 +/- 0.04) 10(4) M-1 with delta H degrees = -8.3 +/- 0.1 kcal mol-1 and delta S degrees = 7.2 +/- 0.3 eu; for tetrameric concanavalin A, the affinity is increased by 25% and within experimental error the values of delta H degrees and delta S degrees are identical to those for the dimeric protein. Derivatized concanavalin A shows binding characteristics that are entirely comparable to those of the native protein.", "contents": "Binding of 4-methylumbelliferyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside to tetrameric and unmodified or derivatized dimeric concanavalin A: equilibrium studies. The binding of 4-methylumbelliferyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside (MUM) and concanavalin A, composed of intact polypeptide chains, was studied by equilibrium dialysis, difference spectroscopy, and fluorescence titration (Dean, B.R., and Homer, R.B. (1973), Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 322, 141-144), measured either at a fixed wavelength or above 350 nm. Dimeric and tetrameric concanavalin A samples were used under conditions of apparently full metal saturation. The results are consistent with a single carbohydrate-specific site per protomer, without interaction between sites; no indication for additional unspecific binding could be obtained. The values of the association constant are independent of the method or of the saturation range used and 4-methylumbelliferyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside, bound at a fractional saturation of 0.91 can be totally displaced by methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside. The thermodynamic binding parameters for acetylated or succinylated concanavalin A, composed of intact polypeptide chains, were obtained by titration of total MUM fluorescence in the temperature range 9-39 degrees C. For unmodified dimeric concanavalin A at 25.0 degrees C, the values are K = (3.36 +/- 0.04) 10(4) M-1 with delta H degrees = -8.3 +/- 0.1 kcal mol-1 and delta S degrees = 7.2 +/- 0.3 eu; for tetrameric concanavalin A, the affinity is increased by 25% and within experimental error the values of delta H degrees and delta S degrees are identical to those for the dimeric protein. Derivatized concanavalin A shows binding characteristics that are entirely comparable to those of the native protein.", "PMID": 836781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2274", "title": "Binding of 4-methylumbelliferyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside to dimeric concanavalin A: fluorescence temperature-jump relaxation study.", "content": "The kinetics of saccharide binding to the dimer form of concanavalin A (con A) has been studied at pH 5.5 with the fluorescence temperature-jump method. 4-Methylumbelliferyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside, a fluorescent carbohydrate derivative which is quenched upon binding to con A, was used as the ligand. Three relaxation effects were seen. The major relaxation (r = 20-400 ms) was investigated at four different temperatures. The behaviour of this relaxation as a function of reactant concentrations is consistent with a simple one-step bimolecular association reaction. These conclusions result from the analysis of both the relaxation times and amplitudes, and from the comparison of the kinetically determined equilibrium parameters (Kass = 3.5 x 10(4) M-1 at 18.5 degrees C, delta H degrees = -(6-7) kcal/mol) to those obtained from a parallel series of equilibrium experiments (Loontiens, F.G., Clegg R.M., and Jovin, T.M. (1977), Biochemistry 16, preceding paper in this issue). The association and dissociation rate constants are in the range of (6-15) x 10(4) M-1 s-1 and (1.5 - 5.6) s-1, respectively, within a temperature range of 13.5-28.1 degrees C. The activation energies for the forward and reverse reactions are approximately 10 and approximately 15 kcal/mol, respectively. The two additional relaxations which are also present in the absence of saccharides result from changes in the protein fluorescence and are attributed to protein conformational changes which are not affected by the binding of saccharides. These effects were further studied using succinylated, acetylated, and demetallized con A. The faster relaxation (13 ms at 18.5 degrees C) was independent of the concentration of the protein and was not present in the derivatized con A samples. The two derivatized forms of con A show almost identical carbohydrate binding parameters as the underivatized protein. A limited series of stopped-flow experiments yielded results which were fully compatible with those from the relaxation measurements.", "contents": "Binding of 4-methylumbelliferyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside to dimeric concanavalin A: fluorescence temperature-jump relaxation study. The kinetics of saccharide binding to the dimer form of concanavalin A (con A) has been studied at pH 5.5 with the fluorescence temperature-jump method. 4-Methylumbelliferyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside, a fluorescent carbohydrate derivative which is quenched upon binding to con A, was used as the ligand. Three relaxation effects were seen. The major relaxation (r = 20-400 ms) was investigated at four different temperatures. The behaviour of this relaxation as a function of reactant concentrations is consistent with a simple one-step bimolecular association reaction. These conclusions result from the analysis of both the relaxation times and amplitudes, and from the comparison of the kinetically determined equilibrium parameters (Kass = 3.5 x 10(4) M-1 at 18.5 degrees C, delta H degrees = -(6-7) kcal/mol) to those obtained from a parallel series of equilibrium experiments (Loontiens, F.G., Clegg R.M., and Jovin, T.M. (1977), Biochemistry 16, preceding paper in this issue). The association and dissociation rate constants are in the range of (6-15) x 10(4) M-1 s-1 and (1.5 - 5.6) s-1, respectively, within a temperature range of 13.5-28.1 degrees C. The activation energies for the forward and reverse reactions are approximately 10 and approximately 15 kcal/mol, respectively. The two additional relaxations which are also present in the absence of saccharides result from changes in the protein fluorescence and are attributed to protein conformational changes which are not affected by the binding of saccharides. These effects were further studied using succinylated, acetylated, and demetallized con A. The faster relaxation (13 ms at 18.5 degrees C) was independent of the concentration of the protein and was not present in the derivatized con A samples. The two derivatized forms of con A show almost identical carbohydrate binding parameters as the underivatized protein. A limited series of stopped-flow experiments yielded results which were fully compatible with those from the relaxation measurements.", "PMID": 836782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2275", "title": "Isolation of type III collagen from human adult parenchymal lung tissue.", "content": "The isolation and characterization of type III collagen from adult human lung parenchyma are described. The identity of this molecule as type III collagen has been established on the basis of (a) demonstration of intramolecular disulfide cross-links in the helical portion of the molecule, (b) amino acid analysis characteristic for type III collagen, and (c) composition and size of isolated cyanogen bromide peptides alpha1(III)-CB3, alpha1(III)-CB5, and alpha1(III)-CB8. The molecular weight of lung alpha1(III) was determined as 93 000 by Agarose chromatography, but its electrophoretic mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels was slower than that of type I alpha chains which also have a molecular weight of 93 000.", "contents": "Isolation of type III collagen from human adult parenchymal lung tissue. The isolation and characterization of type III collagen from adult human lung parenchyma are described. The identity of this molecule as type III collagen has been established on the basis of (a) demonstration of intramolecular disulfide cross-links in the helical portion of the molecule, (b) amino acid analysis characteristic for type III collagen, and (c) composition and size of isolated cyanogen bromide peptides alpha1(III)-CB3, alpha1(III)-CB5, and alpha1(III)-CB8. The molecular weight of lung alpha1(III) was determined as 93 000 by Agarose chromatography, but its electrophoretic mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels was slower than that of type I alpha chains which also have a molecular weight of 93 000.", "PMID": 836783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2276", "title": "Bovine serum albumin and aqueous guanidine hydrochloride solutions. Preferential and absolute interactions and comparison with other systems.", "content": "The partial specific volume, upsilon20, of bovine serum albumin at 25 degrees C was found to be 0.728 +/- 0.001 ml/g in solutions of guanidine hydrochloride (GuHC1), 0.01 M dithioerythritol (DTE), independent of GuHC1 concentration (3-6 M). The volume decrease upon denaturation is about 400 ml/mol (upsilon20 in water at the same temperature was found to be 0.734). From the reduced density increments at constant chemical potential of diffusible solutes, The apparent volumes, phi, were found to increase from 0.693 ml/g at 3 M GuHC1 to about 0.725 ml/g at 7 M GuHC1. The phenomenological interaction parameter, xi3 (grams of GuHC1 \"bound\" per gram of protein), was found to decrease from about 0.2 at 3 M GuHC1 to about 0.07 at 6.4 M GuHC1. The phenomenological interaction parameter, xi1 (grams of water \"bound\" per gram of protein), is negative and become less negative with increase in GuHC1 concentration. The relation between xi3 and xi1 and physical binding and exclusion of low-molecular-weight components are discussed in terms of simple model consideration. It is concluded that over the range of GuHC1 concentrations studied about 0.2 g of water as well as 0.28 g of GuHC1 are bound per gram of protein. This corresponds on the average to 1.3 molecules of water and 0.35 molecule of GuHC1 per amino acid residue. Similar results were found by recalculating some previous results for aldolase. These results on proteins in GuHC1 solution are in marked contrast to the behavior of DNA at high concentrations of NaCl and CsCl, which is analyzed on the basis of earlier work.", "contents": "Bovine serum albumin and aqueous guanidine hydrochloride solutions. Preferential and absolute interactions and comparison with other systems. The partial specific volume, upsilon20, of bovine serum albumin at 25 degrees C was found to be 0.728 +/- 0.001 ml/g in solutions of guanidine hydrochloride (GuHC1), 0.01 M dithioerythritol (DTE), independent of GuHC1 concentration (3-6 M). The volume decrease upon denaturation is about 400 ml/mol (upsilon20 in water at the same temperature was found to be 0.734). From the reduced density increments at constant chemical potential of diffusible solutes, The apparent volumes, phi, were found to increase from 0.693 ml/g at 3 M GuHC1 to about 0.725 ml/g at 7 M GuHC1. The phenomenological interaction parameter, xi3 (grams of GuHC1 \"bound\" per gram of protein), was found to decrease from about 0.2 at 3 M GuHC1 to about 0.07 at 6.4 M GuHC1. The phenomenological interaction parameter, xi1 (grams of water \"bound\" per gram of protein), is negative and become less negative with increase in GuHC1 concentration. The relation between xi3 and xi1 and physical binding and exclusion of low-molecular-weight components are discussed in terms of simple model consideration. It is concluded that over the range of GuHC1 concentrations studied about 0.2 g of water as well as 0.28 g of GuHC1 are bound per gram of protein. This corresponds on the average to 1.3 molecules of water and 0.35 molecule of GuHC1 per amino acid residue. Similar results were found by recalculating some previous results for aldolase. These results on proteins in GuHC1 solution are in marked contrast to the behavior of DNA at high concentrations of NaCl and CsCl, which is analyzed on the basis of earlier work.", "PMID": 836784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2277", "title": "A novel approach to water proton relaxation in paramagnetic ion-macromolecule complexes.", "content": "The use of the proton relaxation enhancement (PRE) technique in solutions of macromolecules and paramagnetic ions to obtain information on molecular motion and ion-hydration numbers can be hazardous with the possibility of large errors in the derived parameters. Here we describe a method based on solvent proton-deuteron comparative relaxation measurements at a limited number of different magnetic fields for obtaining, reasonably accurately, rapidly, and unambiguously, certain of the parameters normally obtained from a PRE study. In the non-immune rabbit immunoglobulin G(IgG)-Gd(iii) system, we are able to obtain values for the ion hydration number (q), the residence lifetime of water molecules in the hydration sphere of the ion (tauM) and a correlation time of 5 ns, which can be associated to a large part with a rotational correlation time (tauR) for the Fc portion (C-terminal half of heavy-chain dimer) of the IgG molecule. This shows that there is a rapid internal motion in the Fc region. The limitations and possible applications of the method are discussed.", "contents": "A novel approach to water proton relaxation in paramagnetic ion-macromolecule complexes. The use of the proton relaxation enhancement (PRE) technique in solutions of macromolecules and paramagnetic ions to obtain information on molecular motion and ion-hydration numbers can be hazardous with the possibility of large errors in the derived parameters. Here we describe a method based on solvent proton-deuteron comparative relaxation measurements at a limited number of different magnetic fields for obtaining, reasonably accurately, rapidly, and unambiguously, certain of the parameters normally obtained from a PRE study. In the non-immune rabbit immunoglobulin G(IgG)-Gd(iii) system, we are able to obtain values for the ion hydration number (q), the residence lifetime of water molecules in the hydration sphere of the ion (tauM) and a correlation time of 5 ns, which can be associated to a large part with a rotational correlation time (tauR) for the Fc portion (C-terminal half of heavy-chain dimer) of the IgG molecule. This shows that there is a rapid internal motion in the Fc region. The limitations and possible applications of the method are discussed.", "PMID": 836785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2278", "title": "Role of hydrophobic forces in membrane protein asymmetry.", "content": "M13 virus coat protein is an integral cytoplasmic membrane protein at all stages of viral infection. The pure virus coat protein can also be incorporated into synthetic lecithin vesicles near the lipid-phase transition temperature (Tm), spanning the bilayer with its N terminus exposed on the outside and its C-terminus inside (Wickner, W. (1976), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73, 1159-1163). The assembly of coat protein into vesicles in this asymmetric fashion has a sharp maximum near the phase-transition temperature of the lipid fatty acyl chains. At temperatures well below the Tm, coat protein assembles into lecithin vesicles with both termini exposed on the exterior vesicle surface. In contrast to this important role of lipid physical state, asymmetry of assembly is unaffected by parameters which govern polar interactions such as pH, ionic strength, lipid polar head group, or prior proteolytic removal of either the N or C terminus. It is proposed that the orientation of this membrane protein, and perhaps others, is determined by interactions of the hydrophobic portion of the protein with the lipid hydrocarbon core.", "contents": "Role of hydrophobic forces in membrane protein asymmetry. M13 virus coat protein is an integral cytoplasmic membrane protein at all stages of viral infection. The pure virus coat protein can also be incorporated into synthetic lecithin vesicles near the lipid-phase transition temperature (Tm), spanning the bilayer with its N terminus exposed on the outside and its C-terminus inside (Wickner, W. (1976), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73, 1159-1163). The assembly of coat protein into vesicles in this asymmetric fashion has a sharp maximum near the phase-transition temperature of the lipid fatty acyl chains. At temperatures well below the Tm, coat protein assembles into lecithin vesicles with both termini exposed on the exterior vesicle surface. In contrast to this important role of lipid physical state, asymmetry of assembly is unaffected by parameters which govern polar interactions such as pH, ionic strength, lipid polar head group, or prior proteolytic removal of either the N or C terminus. It is proposed that the orientation of this membrane protein, and perhaps others, is determined by interactions of the hydrophobic portion of the protein with the lipid hydrocarbon core.", "PMID": 836786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2279", "title": "Kinetics of dithionite ion utilization and ATP hydrolysis for reactions catalyzed by the nitrogenase complex from Azotobacter vinelandii.", "content": "The kinetics of S2O42-utilization and ATP hydrolysis during the nitrogenase-catalyzed H2 evolution and acetylene and nitrogen-reducing reactions were studied using a polarographic technique to monitor-S2O42-concentration. Rate constants for both S2O42-utilization and ATP hydrolysis were determined as a function of temperature and corresponding activation energies determined. The activation energy for ATP hydrolysis differs from that for product formation or S2O42-utilization by 5 kcal/mol above 20 degrees C and by 25 kcal/mol below 20 degrees C. The rate law for S2O42-utilization was determined and describes the enzyme catalyzed rate over a 1000-fold variation in S2O42-concentration and at least a 100-fold change in ATP concentration. The rate law for S2O42-utilization under N2-reducing conditions at 25 degrees C is given by -d([S2O42-]/dt = (2.3 x 10(-3) ET[S2O42-]1/2-[ATP]2)/([ATP]2 + K1[ATP] + K2), where ET is total enzyme concentration in mg/ml and K1 and K2 are equilibrium constants for ATP binding to nitrogenase. The half-order dependence of the rate on S2O42-concentration in interpreted in terms of the equilibrium S2O42- = 2SO2-, in which SO2- is the actual electron donor to nitrogenase. A partial mechanism incorporating these results is presented.", "contents": "Kinetics of dithionite ion utilization and ATP hydrolysis for reactions catalyzed by the nitrogenase complex from Azotobacter vinelandii. The kinetics of S2O42-utilization and ATP hydrolysis during the nitrogenase-catalyzed H2 evolution and acetylene and nitrogen-reducing reactions were studied using a polarographic technique to monitor-S2O42-concentration. Rate constants for both S2O42-utilization and ATP hydrolysis were determined as a function of temperature and corresponding activation energies determined. The activation energy for ATP hydrolysis differs from that for product formation or S2O42-utilization by 5 kcal/mol above 20 degrees C and by 25 kcal/mol below 20 degrees C. The rate law for S2O42-utilization was determined and describes the enzyme catalyzed rate over a 1000-fold variation in S2O42-concentration and at least a 100-fold change in ATP concentration. The rate law for S2O42-utilization under N2-reducing conditions at 25 degrees C is given by -d([S2O42-]/dt = (2.3 x 10(-3) ET[S2O42-]1/2-[ATP]2)/([ATP]2 + K1[ATP] + K2), where ET is total enzyme concentration in mg/ml and K1 and K2 are equilibrium constants for ATP binding to nitrogenase. The half-order dependence of the rate on S2O42-concentration in interpreted in terms of the equilibrium S2O42- = 2SO2-, in which SO2- is the actual electron donor to nitrogenase. A partial mechanism incorporating these results is presented.", "PMID": 836787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2280", "title": "Metabolism of histones in avian erythroid cells.", "content": "The synthesis and enzymatic modifications of histones by phosphorylation, acetylation, and methylation during erythroid cell maturation have been studied. All newly synthesized histones, H1, H5, H2a, h2b, h3, and H4 undergo phosphorylation; histones H2a, H2b, H3, and H4, are acetylated and histones H3 and H4 are methylated. This type of histone metabolism is common to all dividing cells and therefore may be related to the assembly of histones into chromatin subunits. In the nondividing reticulocytes, the synthesis of histone H5 continues, while all the other histones show negligible incorporation of [3H]amino acids. Furthermore, the reticulocytes show a unique pattern of enzymatic modification: phosphorylation of histone H2b, acetylation of histones H2a, H2b, H3, and H4, and methylation of histones H3 and H4. These \"differentiation-linked\" modifications are not dependent on histone synthesis, nor related to RNA synthesis, but may be related to the reorganization of chromatin in preparation for genomic inactivation.", "contents": "Metabolism of histones in avian erythroid cells. The synthesis and enzymatic modifications of histones by phosphorylation, acetylation, and methylation during erythroid cell maturation have been studied. All newly synthesized histones, H1, H5, H2a, h2b, h3, and H4 undergo phosphorylation; histones H2a, H2b, H3, and H4, are acetylated and histones H3 and H4 are methylated. This type of histone metabolism is common to all dividing cells and therefore may be related to the assembly of histones into chromatin subunits. In the nondividing reticulocytes, the synthesis of histone H5 continues, while all the other histones show negligible incorporation of [3H]amino acids. Furthermore, the reticulocytes show a unique pattern of enzymatic modification: phosphorylation of histone H2b, acetylation of histones H2a, H2b, H3, and H4, and methylation of histones H3 and H4. These \"differentiation-linked\" modifications are not dependent on histone synthesis, nor related to RNA synthesis, but may be related to the reorganization of chromatin in preparation for genomic inactivation.", "PMID": 836788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2281", "title": "Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of histone (V (H5): controlled condensation of avian erythrocyte chromatin. Appendix: Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of histone H5. II. Circular dichroic studies.", "content": "During avian erythropoiesis, the blast cells of the bone marrow mature into polychromatic erythrocytes (late stages knwon as reticulocytes) and then into mature red blood cells. When chickens are made anemic, the proportion of immature cells in the anemic bone marrow increases dramatically. The level of the lysine-rich histones. H1 and H5, has been found to be constant in the blood and bone marrow of normal and anemic chickens. This implies that H5 replaces H1 quantitatively. Urea-aluminum-lactate starch gel electrophoresis of H5 from these sources show that the degree of phosphorylation of H5 is proportional to the number of immature cells. About 70% of the H5 from the most immature bone marrow is phosphorylated, while 50% of the H5 from anemic blood is phosphorylated and H5 in normal blood is almost completely devoid of phosphate. When immature cells of the anemia bone marrow are incubated in the presence of inorganic 32P and [3H]lysine and [3H]arginine, extensive 32P incorporation is found in the phospho species. A minimum of nine phosphorylated components have been demonstrated by starch gel electrophoresis. The incorporation of 3H is time dependent. After 1.5 h of labeling, 3H is found in H5 containing 0, 1, 2, and 3 phosphates. tthe combined data suggest that newly synthesized H5 becomes progressively phosphorylated and that at the terminal stage of development, the phosphorylated H5 is completely dephosphorylated. These events may be important in controlling the timing of chromatin condensation.", "contents": "Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of histone (V (H5): controlled condensation of avian erythrocyte chromatin. Appendix: Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of histone H5. II. Circular dichroic studies. During avian erythropoiesis, the blast cells of the bone marrow mature into polychromatic erythrocytes (late stages knwon as reticulocytes) and then into mature red blood cells. When chickens are made anemic, the proportion of immature cells in the anemic bone marrow increases dramatically. The level of the lysine-rich histones. H1 and H5, has been found to be constant in the blood and bone marrow of normal and anemic chickens. This implies that H5 replaces H1 quantitatively. Urea-aluminum-lactate starch gel electrophoresis of H5 from these sources show that the degree of phosphorylation of H5 is proportional to the number of immature cells. About 70% of the H5 from the most immature bone marrow is phosphorylated, while 50% of the H5 from anemic blood is phosphorylated and H5 in normal blood is almost completely devoid of phosphate. When immature cells of the anemia bone marrow are incubated in the presence of inorganic 32P and [3H]lysine and [3H]arginine, extensive 32P incorporation is found in the phospho species. A minimum of nine phosphorylated components have been demonstrated by starch gel electrophoresis. The incorporation of 3H is time dependent. After 1.5 h of labeling, 3H is found in H5 containing 0, 1, 2, and 3 phosphates. tthe combined data suggest that newly synthesized H5 becomes progressively phosphorylated and that at the terminal stage of development, the phosphorylated H5 is completely dephosphorylated. These events may be important in controlling the timing of chromatin condensation.", "PMID": 836789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2282", "title": "The structure of chromatin: interaction of ethidium bromide with native and denatured chromatin.", "content": "The binding of ethidium bromide, as monitored by fluorescence enhancement, to chromatin prepared by nuclease digestion has been compared with the binding of the dye to sheared chromatin. The nuclease preparation (native chromatin) is characterized by a high affinity region of the Scatchard plot (r = 0-0.025, K1 = 1 X 10(6) M-1), a transition (r = 0.025-0.05), and a low affinity region (r = 0.05-0.12, K2 = 3 X 10(5) M-1). The final amount of ethidium bromide bound per base is 0.12 as compared with 0.20 for free DNA. Sheared chromatin has the two regions of high and low affinity (K1 = 2 X 10(6) M-1, K2 = 5 X 10(5) M-1) as originally shown by Angerer and Moudrianakis (1972), but the transition is much reduced or absent. Binding of the dye to native chromatin is independent of salt at concentrations ranging from 0.2 mM EDTA to 10 mM Tris-Cl, 10 mM NaCl, 0.2 mM EDTA, while sheared chromatin and DNA both bind ethidium bromide electrostatically as well as by intercalation at the low salt concentration, leading to extensive energy transfer. Thus the phosphate groups in native chromatin are unavailable to external cations even at very low salt. Polarization of fluorescence of ethidium bromide intercalated into native chromatin at low r is very high, indicating a highly rigid structure. As r approaches 0.02, there is a very rapid depolarization; at r = 0.03, the polarization is no greater than that of the dye intercalated into DNA. Depolarization is not due to energy transfer. The Scatchard plot derived for the bulk preparation of native chromatin is very similar to the one derived for the monomer nu body. These results indicate that the DNA in native chromatin is in a very rigid form, with its phosphate anions neutralized by structural components, not by free salt. Ethidium bromide intercalation appears partially to disrupt this structure, perhaps by unwinding, leading to slight changes in its properties.", "contents": "The structure of chromatin: interaction of ethidium bromide with native and denatured chromatin. The binding of ethidium bromide, as monitored by fluorescence enhancement, to chromatin prepared by nuclease digestion has been compared with the binding of the dye to sheared chromatin. The nuclease preparation (native chromatin) is characterized by a high affinity region of the Scatchard plot (r = 0-0.025, K1 = 1 X 10(6) M-1), a transition (r = 0.025-0.05), and a low affinity region (r = 0.05-0.12, K2 = 3 X 10(5) M-1). The final amount of ethidium bromide bound per base is 0.12 as compared with 0.20 for free DNA. Sheared chromatin has the two regions of high and low affinity (K1 = 2 X 10(6) M-1, K2 = 5 X 10(5) M-1) as originally shown by Angerer and Moudrianakis (1972), but the transition is much reduced or absent. Binding of the dye to native chromatin is independent of salt at concentrations ranging from 0.2 mM EDTA to 10 mM Tris-Cl, 10 mM NaCl, 0.2 mM EDTA, while sheared chromatin and DNA both bind ethidium bromide electrostatically as well as by intercalation at the low salt concentration, leading to extensive energy transfer. Thus the phosphate groups in native chromatin are unavailable to external cations even at very low salt. Polarization of fluorescence of ethidium bromide intercalated into native chromatin at low r is very high, indicating a highly rigid structure. As r approaches 0.02, there is a very rapid depolarization; at r = 0.03, the polarization is no greater than that of the dye intercalated into DNA. Depolarization is not due to energy transfer. The Scatchard plot derived for the bulk preparation of native chromatin is very similar to the one derived for the monomer nu body. These results indicate that the DNA in native chromatin is in a very rigid form, with its phosphate anions neutralized by structural components, not by free salt. Ethidium bromide intercalation appears partially to disrupt this structure, perhaps by unwinding, leading to slight changes in its properties.", "PMID": 836790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2283", "title": "Binding sites for calcium on tubulin.", "content": "Calcium ions can inhibit the in vitro assembly of microtubules and, therefore, may play a role in the regulation of microtubule formation in vivo. In order to test the validity of this hypothesis; the interaction between calcium and pruified brain microtubular protein has been investigated by standard binding assays. We have detected and characterized two classes of binding sites for calcium on tubulin, the major component of cytoplasmic microtubules. There is a single high-affinity site per tubulin molecule, characterized by a dissociation constant of 3.2 X 10(-6) M. That site is inhibited by magnesium (k1 = 5 X 10(-5) M) and potassium chloride. There are approximately 16 low-affinity sites which have a dissociation constant of 2.8 X 10(-4) M, and which are also inhibited by potassium chloride. Binding at the low-affinity sites is slightly enhanced by low magnesium concentrations. Both classes of sites are distinguishable from the colchicine binding site, and are apparently also distinct from the vinblastine and guanine nucleotide sites. The characteristics of the calcium binding activity of tubulin are similar to those found for the calcium-binding proteins of sarcoplasmic reticulum. The results are consistent with a physiological role for calcium in the regulation of microtubule assembly.", "contents": "Binding sites for calcium on tubulin. Calcium ions can inhibit the in vitro assembly of microtubules and, therefore, may play a role in the regulation of microtubule formation in vivo. In order to test the validity of this hypothesis; the interaction between calcium and pruified brain microtubular protein has been investigated by standard binding assays. We have detected and characterized two classes of binding sites for calcium on tubulin, the major component of cytoplasmic microtubules. There is a single high-affinity site per tubulin molecule, characterized by a dissociation constant of 3.2 X 10(-6) M. That site is inhibited by magnesium (k1 = 5 X 10(-5) M) and potassium chloride. There are approximately 16 low-affinity sites which have a dissociation constant of 2.8 X 10(-4) M, and which are also inhibited by potassium chloride. Binding at the low-affinity sites is slightly enhanced by low magnesium concentrations. Both classes of sites are distinguishable from the colchicine binding site, and are apparently also distinct from the vinblastine and guanine nucleotide sites. The characteristics of the calcium binding activity of tubulin are similar to those found for the calcium-binding proteins of sarcoplasmic reticulum. The results are consistent with a physiological role for calcium in the regulation of microtubule assembly.", "PMID": 836791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2284", "title": "Synaptic plasma membrane glycoproteins: molecular identification of lectin receptors.", "content": "Synaptic plasma membranes isolated from rat cerebral cortex reacted with concanavalin (con A), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), Lens culinaris phytohaemagglutinin (LcH), and Ricinus commounus agglutinin (RCA). Competition studies indicated that specific topographical relationships exist between receptors for con A and LcH and for WGA AND LcH. Reaction of [125I]con A with synaptic membrane proteins following polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis identified eight distinct molecular weight classes of glycoproteins possessing receptor activity for con A, ranging in apparent molecular weight from 27 000 to 165 000. Each of these also reacted to varying degrees with LcH, WGA, and RCA, indicating that a diverse population of carbohydrate moieties is associated with each molecular-weight class of glycoprotein. Following gel electrophoresis, competition between lectins did not occur, suggesting that each lectin reacts with a distinct group of carbohydrates and that specific relationships between these groups are destroyed by the solubilization and electrophoretic procedure. Synaptic junctional complexes isolated by Triton-X-100 extraction of synaptic membranes exhibited a simplified glycoprotein composition with only three major molecular weight classes of glycoproteins possessing receptor activity for con A being present.", "contents": "Synaptic plasma membrane glycoproteins: molecular identification of lectin receptors. Synaptic plasma membranes isolated from rat cerebral cortex reacted with concanavalin (con A), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), Lens culinaris phytohaemagglutinin (LcH), and Ricinus commounus agglutinin (RCA). Competition studies indicated that specific topographical relationships exist between receptors for con A and LcH and for WGA AND LcH. Reaction of [125I]con A with synaptic membrane proteins following polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis identified eight distinct molecular weight classes of glycoproteins possessing receptor activity for con A, ranging in apparent molecular weight from 27 000 to 165 000. Each of these also reacted to varying degrees with LcH, WGA, and RCA, indicating that a diverse population of carbohydrate moieties is associated with each molecular-weight class of glycoprotein. Following gel electrophoresis, competition between lectins did not occur, suggesting that each lectin reacts with a distinct group of carbohydrates and that specific relationships between these groups are destroyed by the solubilization and electrophoretic procedure. Synaptic junctional complexes isolated by Triton-X-100 extraction of synaptic membranes exhibited a simplified glycoprotein composition with only three major molecular weight classes of glycoproteins possessing receptor activity for con A being present.", "PMID": 836792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2285", "title": "Serine transhydroxymethylase: evidence for a sequential random mechanism.", "content": "Initial velocity patterns in the presence of product and dead-end inhibitors suggest that in reaction 1 the addition of substrates and release of products occur by a sequential random mechanism: L-serine + tetrahydrofolate in equilibrium glycine + 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate. This interpretation is supported by equilibrium isotope-exchange studies. The relative maximum rates of exchange of L-serine in equilibrium glycine and L-serine in equilibrium 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate in reaction 1 were not inhibited by high levels of substrates. The relative rates of these two exchange reactions were similar but were not identical. These results suggest that the catalytic interconversion and dissociation of substrates are of the same order of magnitude. Reaction 1 represents the transfer of a one-carbon group from the third carbon of L-serine to tetrahydrofolate. Inhibition studies showed that abortive enzyme ternary complexes are formed with L-serine and tetrahydrofolate compounds, which also contain a one-carbon group, e.g., 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate. This suggests that the one-carbon binding site can accomodate two one-carbon groups simultaneously without serious steric hindrance.", "contents": "Serine transhydroxymethylase: evidence for a sequential random mechanism. Initial velocity patterns in the presence of product and dead-end inhibitors suggest that in reaction 1 the addition of substrates and release of products occur by a sequential random mechanism: L-serine + tetrahydrofolate in equilibrium glycine + 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate. This interpretation is supported by equilibrium isotope-exchange studies. The relative maximum rates of exchange of L-serine in equilibrium glycine and L-serine in equilibrium 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate in reaction 1 were not inhibited by high levels of substrates. The relative rates of these two exchange reactions were similar but were not identical. These results suggest that the catalytic interconversion and dissociation of substrates are of the same order of magnitude. Reaction 1 represents the transfer of a one-carbon group from the third carbon of L-serine to tetrahydrofolate. Inhibition studies showed that abortive enzyme ternary complexes are formed with L-serine and tetrahydrofolate compounds, which also contain a one-carbon group, e.g., 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate. This suggests that the one-carbon binding site can accomodate two one-carbon groups simultaneously without serious steric hindrance.", "PMID": 836793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2286", "title": "Enzymatic oxidation of cobalt protoporphyrin IX: observations on the mechanism of heme oxygenase action.", "content": "Studies on the enzymatic mechanism of microsomal heme oxygenase were made utilizing various porphyrins and metalloporphyrins of different ring substituents and central metal ions. Co-heme (cobalt protoporphyrin IX) was shown to be a substrate for the enzyme and the product of its oxidative metabolism was identified as the natural bile pigment, biliverdin IXalpha isomer. Metalloporphyrins, which do not bind molecular oxygen (Ni, Mn, and Sn protoporphyrin IX), were not substrates for heme oxygenase, although they could competitively inhibit oxidation of reactive substrates for the enzyme. The presence of lipophilic substitutents on pyrrole rings I and II, as well as a central metal atom, were required for the heme oxidation reaction to occur. The oxidative cleavage of Co-heme displayed typical characteristics of an enzyme-mediated reaction, and the oxidation of this substrate, as well as that of Fe-heme (iron protoporphyrin IX), could be supported with either reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate or reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. A hypothesis is proposed on the mode of action of heme oxygenase in which the enzyme and its substrate are considered to form a \"transitory\" hemoprotein which can activate molecular oxygen for cleavage of the heme tetrapyrrole ring. In this formulation, heme as substrate for heme oxygenase is synonymous with heme as prosthetic group for the enzyme.", "contents": "Enzymatic oxidation of cobalt protoporphyrin IX: observations on the mechanism of heme oxygenase action. Studies on the enzymatic mechanism of microsomal heme oxygenase were made utilizing various porphyrins and metalloporphyrins of different ring substituents and central metal ions. Co-heme (cobalt protoporphyrin IX) was shown to be a substrate for the enzyme and the product of its oxidative metabolism was identified as the natural bile pigment, biliverdin IXalpha isomer. Metalloporphyrins, which do not bind molecular oxygen (Ni, Mn, and Sn protoporphyrin IX), were not substrates for heme oxygenase, although they could competitively inhibit oxidation of reactive substrates for the enzyme. The presence of lipophilic substitutents on pyrrole rings I and II, as well as a central metal atom, were required for the heme oxidation reaction to occur. The oxidative cleavage of Co-heme displayed typical characteristics of an enzyme-mediated reaction, and the oxidation of this substrate, as well as that of Fe-heme (iron protoporphyrin IX), could be supported with either reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate or reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. A hypothesis is proposed on the mode of action of heme oxygenase in which the enzyme and its substrate are considered to form a \"transitory\" hemoprotein which can activate molecular oxygen for cleavage of the heme tetrapyrrole ring. In this formulation, heme as substrate for heme oxygenase is synonymous with heme as prosthetic group for the enzyme.", "PMID": 836794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2287", "title": "Kinetics of product inhibition during firefly luciferase luminescence.", "content": "A theoretical and experimental analysis is made of the kinetics of product inhibition during firefly luciferase luminescence. Equations for competitive, noncompetitive, and uncompetitive inhibition are derived which are useful in determining inhibitory mechanism when the product inhibitor, or its concentration, is unknown and not subject to direct experimental manipulation. Comparisons of experimental data with predictions based upon the three inhibitory models show that product inhibition during luciferase luminescence is noncompetitive with respect to both luciferin and ATP as substrates. The competitive and uncompetitive models are inconsistent with experimental data. These findings provide the basis for using luminescence to measure ATP concentration continuously in in vitro biological systems such as isolated mitochondria.", "contents": "Kinetics of product inhibition during firefly luciferase luminescence. A theoretical and experimental analysis is made of the kinetics of product inhibition during firefly luciferase luminescence. Equations for competitive, noncompetitive, and uncompetitive inhibition are derived which are useful in determining inhibitory mechanism when the product inhibitor, or its concentration, is unknown and not subject to direct experimental manipulation. Comparisons of experimental data with predictions based upon the three inhibitory models show that product inhibition during luciferase luminescence is noncompetitive with respect to both luciferin and ATP as substrates. The competitive and uncompetitive models are inconsistent with experimental data. These findings provide the basis for using luminescence to measure ATP concentration continuously in in vitro biological systems such as isolated mitochondria.", "PMID": 836795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2288", "title": "Hydroxylamine oxidoreductase from Nitrosomonas: inactivation by hydrogen peroxide.", "content": "Incubation of hydroxylamine oxidoreductase of Nitrosomonas with hydrogen peroxide resulted in the rapid and irreversible loss of the ability to catalyze the dehydrogenation of hydroxylamine in the presence of electron acceptors, such as phenazine methosulfate. The rate of the reaction was dependent on the concentration of enzyme and H2O2. Inactivation occurred most rapidly at pH values between 9 and 10. Inactivation of the enzyme by H2O2 did not result in alteration of absorption spectrum of either the oxidized form of the enzyme or dithionite-reduced enzyme cytochromes with alpha maxima in the wavelength range 540-570 nm, indicating that those cytochromes were not directly involved in the dehydrogenase step. In contrast to the active enzyme, cytochromes with alpha maxima in the wavelength range 540-570 nm were not reducible by hydroxylamine in the inactivated enzyme. The dithionite-induced absorption maximum at 460 nm (cytochrome P 460), present in the active enzyme, was lost upon inactivation of the enzyme. This is the first direct indication of the involvement of cytochrome P 460 in the action of hydroxylamine oxidoreductase. Protection from inactivation was afforded by (a) substrates for the reduction of enzyme cytochrome, hydrazine, and N-methylhydroxylamine; (b) metal binding agents, KCN, 1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonate, and hydroxyurea; (c) reductants, o-dianisidine, p-phenylenediamine, hydroquinone, pyrogallol, and dithiothreitol; (d) electron acceptors, phenazine methosulfate, and 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol; and (e) the singlet oxygen trapping agent, 1,3-diphenylfuran. Scavengers of superoxide anion or hydroxyl radical did not protect the enzyme from inactivation.", "contents": "Hydroxylamine oxidoreductase from Nitrosomonas: inactivation by hydrogen peroxide. Incubation of hydroxylamine oxidoreductase of Nitrosomonas with hydrogen peroxide resulted in the rapid and irreversible loss of the ability to catalyze the dehydrogenation of hydroxylamine in the presence of electron acceptors, such as phenazine methosulfate. The rate of the reaction was dependent on the concentration of enzyme and H2O2. Inactivation occurred most rapidly at pH values between 9 and 10. Inactivation of the enzyme by H2O2 did not result in alteration of absorption spectrum of either the oxidized form of the enzyme or dithionite-reduced enzyme cytochromes with alpha maxima in the wavelength range 540-570 nm, indicating that those cytochromes were not directly involved in the dehydrogenase step. In contrast to the active enzyme, cytochromes with alpha maxima in the wavelength range 540-570 nm were not reducible by hydroxylamine in the inactivated enzyme. The dithionite-induced absorption maximum at 460 nm (cytochrome P 460), present in the active enzyme, was lost upon inactivation of the enzyme. This is the first direct indication of the involvement of cytochrome P 460 in the action of hydroxylamine oxidoreductase. Protection from inactivation was afforded by (a) substrates for the reduction of enzyme cytochrome, hydrazine, and N-methylhydroxylamine; (b) metal binding agents, KCN, 1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonate, and hydroxyurea; (c) reductants, o-dianisidine, p-phenylenediamine, hydroquinone, pyrogallol, and dithiothreitol; (d) electron acceptors, phenazine methosulfate, and 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol; and (e) the singlet oxygen trapping agent, 1,3-diphenylfuran. Scavengers of superoxide anion or hydroxyl radical did not protect the enzyme from inactivation.", "PMID": 836796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2289", "title": "Substrate proton exchange catalyzed by gamma-cystathionase.", "content": "Pulsed Fourier transform proton magnetic resonance was used to study the labilization of protons of various L-amino acids by the enzyme gamma-cystathionase. In the course of the normal reaction, the enzyme labilizes the alpha and beta protons of the substrate, L-homoserine, and promotes elimination of the gamma substituent. It was found that gamma-cystathionase also catalyzes the exchange of the alpha and beta protons of L-amino acids which cannot undergo elimination reactions, but are competitive inhibitors of the enzyme. Both beta protons of L-alpha-aminobutyrate, although not stereochemically equivalent, were exchanged at equal rates, whereas selectivity was shown for one of the beta hydrogens when the carbon length was increased. The data also show that beta-proton exchange cannot occur without alpha-proton exchange. The rate of alpha-proton exchange from amino acids containing a terminal hydroxyl group at the beta, gamma, or lambda carbon is greater than from the corresponding unsubstituted amino acid. Exchange rates of the alpha proton for the inhibitors examined vary from one-seventh that of the normal enzymatic reaction to approximately the same rate as that for the elimination reaction with homoserine. An active site with two areas of substrate-enzyme interaction is proposed. One site contains pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and the base or bases involved in alpha- and beta-proton exchange; the second site contains a base which normally facilitates removal of the gamma substituent and can interact with the gamma and lambda carbons of the substrate molecule.", "contents": "Substrate proton exchange catalyzed by gamma-cystathionase. Pulsed Fourier transform proton magnetic resonance was used to study the labilization of protons of various L-amino acids by the enzyme gamma-cystathionase. In the course of the normal reaction, the enzyme labilizes the alpha and beta protons of the substrate, L-homoserine, and promotes elimination of the gamma substituent. It was found that gamma-cystathionase also catalyzes the exchange of the alpha and beta protons of L-amino acids which cannot undergo elimination reactions, but are competitive inhibitors of the enzyme. Both beta protons of L-alpha-aminobutyrate, although not stereochemically equivalent, were exchanged at equal rates, whereas selectivity was shown for one of the beta hydrogens when the carbon length was increased. The data also show that beta-proton exchange cannot occur without alpha-proton exchange. The rate of alpha-proton exchange from amino acids containing a terminal hydroxyl group at the beta, gamma, or lambda carbon is greater than from the corresponding unsubstituted amino acid. Exchange rates of the alpha proton for the inhibitors examined vary from one-seventh that of the normal enzymatic reaction to approximately the same rate as that for the elimination reaction with homoserine. An active site with two areas of substrate-enzyme interaction is proposed. One site contains pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and the base or bases involved in alpha- and beta-proton exchange; the second site contains a base which normally facilitates removal of the gamma substituent and can interact with the gamma and lambda carbons of the substrate molecule.", "PMID": 836797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2290", "title": "Isolation and characterization of initiation fragments from lens 10S and 14S alpha-crystallin messenger ribonucleic acids.", "content": "The alpha-crystallin 10S and 14S messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) for the B and A chains, respectively, were isolated from calf lenses. Initiation complexes were formed with both mRNAs after which the unprotected regions were digested with ribonuclease T1. A single fragment of approximately 45 nucleotides was obtained from both the 10S and 14S mRNAs. The fragments retained the ability to reform initiation complexes under standard conditions. Two-dimensional fractionation of ribonuclease T1 digests indicated considerable similarity between the 10S and 14S fragments. However, marked differences in the (U)G region were observed. The addition of the methylating agent S-adenosyl-L-methionine to the mRNA initiation system increases complex formation form two to five times, suggesting that methylation may be required for initiation.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of initiation fragments from lens 10S and 14S alpha-crystallin messenger ribonucleic acids. The alpha-crystallin 10S and 14S messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) for the B and A chains, respectively, were isolated from calf lenses. Initiation complexes were formed with both mRNAs after which the unprotected regions were digested with ribonuclease T1. A single fragment of approximately 45 nucleotides was obtained from both the 10S and 14S mRNAs. The fragments retained the ability to reform initiation complexes under standard conditions. Two-dimensional fractionation of ribonuclease T1 digests indicated considerable similarity between the 10S and 14S fragments. However, marked differences in the (U)G region were observed. The addition of the methylating agent S-adenosyl-L-methionine to the mRNA initiation system increases complex formation form two to five times, suggesting that methylation may be required for initiation.", "PMID": 836798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2291", "title": "Messenger RNA binding protein purified from reticulocyte polyribosomes.", "content": "One of the proteins in the 0.5 M KCl eluate of rabbit reticulocyte polyribosomes which bind poly(A)-rich mRNA has been purified to apparent homogeneity using ammonium sulfate fractionation and phosphocellulose, hydroxylapatite, and diethylaminoethylcellulose column chromatography. The protein appears to contain two subunits of 66 700 and 56 400 apparent molecular weights with a 1:1 stoichiometry, since an apparent molecular weight of 110 000 was determined using Sephadex G-200 chromatography and an s020,w of 5.6 was obtained with rate-zonal sedimentation. The mRNA binding activity banded at pH 5.2-5.5 on isoelectric-focusing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Protein-dependent binding appeared to be specific, since other natural or synthetic RNAs, including tRNA, ribosomal RNA, and poly(riboadenylic acid), were 90- to 250-fold less effective than mRNA at competing for binding of [3H]poly(adenylic acid)-rich mRNA. Poly(riboguanylic acid), however, was even more efficiently bound by this protein than mRNA.", "contents": "Messenger RNA binding protein purified from reticulocyte polyribosomes. One of the proteins in the 0.5 M KCl eluate of rabbit reticulocyte polyribosomes which bind poly(A)-rich mRNA has been purified to apparent homogeneity using ammonium sulfate fractionation and phosphocellulose, hydroxylapatite, and diethylaminoethylcellulose column chromatography. The protein appears to contain two subunits of 66 700 and 56 400 apparent molecular weights with a 1:1 stoichiometry, since an apparent molecular weight of 110 000 was determined using Sephadex G-200 chromatography and an s020,w of 5.6 was obtained with rate-zonal sedimentation. The mRNA binding activity banded at pH 5.2-5.5 on isoelectric-focusing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Protein-dependent binding appeared to be specific, since other natural or synthetic RNAs, including tRNA, ribosomal RNA, and poly(riboadenylic acid), were 90- to 250-fold less effective than mRNA at competing for binding of [3H]poly(adenylic acid)-rich mRNA. Poly(riboguanylic acid), however, was even more efficiently bound by this protein than mRNA.", "PMID": 836799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2292", "title": "High resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of the structural and dynamic properties of d(C15A15)-d(T15G15).", "content": "The high resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of the synthetic DNA block polymer d(C15A15)-d(T15G15) were studied in order to more completely understand telestability in DNA, and to provide fundamental NMR data on DNA helices and random coils. Spectra were measured in the spectral region from 0 to 15 ppm downfield from the usual standard, sodium 4,4-dimethyl-4-silapentane-1-sulfonate(DSS), at various temperatures (24-98 degrees C) in solution containing either moderate or high ionic strength. The effect of actinomycin binding to the block polymer also was studied. The major conclusions derived from this study are as follows: (1) The majority of base pairs in the AT helix of the block polymer have the same conformation as in d(A)n-d(T)25 and d(A)21-d(T)21. (2) The conformation of the GC helix in the block polymer is different from the AT helix and this perturbs the conformation of three or four A-T base pairs at the junction of the AT-GC helix. (3) The conformation of the AT helix is unaffected by salt over the range examined (approximately 0.04 - approximately 2 M), but the conformation of the GC helix changes. (4) There are subtle changes in the conformation of the AT helix as the temperature is increased and resonances characteristic of the random coil and the double-helical state can be simultaneously observed. (5) Binding of actinomycin, which is specific for the GC helix, induces quite large (over 1 ppm) upfield shifts of the resonances from the GC base pairs. This is consistent with an intercalation model in which actinomycin D (Am) is assymetrically sandwiched between two GC base pairs in such a manner that overlap with the guanosine residues is greater than with the neighboring cytidines. (6) The presence of the drug may also perturb A-T base pairs located near the AT-GC junction, but it has no effect on the majority of the AT pairs. However, as expected, Am elevated the Tm of the AT helix, even though it binds to the other end of the DNA.", "contents": "High resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of the structural and dynamic properties of d(C15A15)-d(T15G15). The high resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of the synthetic DNA block polymer d(C15A15)-d(T15G15) were studied in order to more completely understand telestability in DNA, and to provide fundamental NMR data on DNA helices and random coils. Spectra were measured in the spectral region from 0 to 15 ppm downfield from the usual standard, sodium 4,4-dimethyl-4-silapentane-1-sulfonate(DSS), at various temperatures (24-98 degrees C) in solution containing either moderate or high ionic strength. The effect of actinomycin binding to the block polymer also was studied. The major conclusions derived from this study are as follows: (1) The majority of base pairs in the AT helix of the block polymer have the same conformation as in d(A)n-d(T)25 and d(A)21-d(T)21. (2) The conformation of the GC helix in the block polymer is different from the AT helix and this perturbs the conformation of three or four A-T base pairs at the junction of the AT-GC helix. (3) The conformation of the AT helix is unaffected by salt over the range examined (approximately 0.04 - approximately 2 M), but the conformation of the GC helix changes. (4) There are subtle changes in the conformation of the AT helix as the temperature is increased and resonances characteristic of the random coil and the double-helical state can be simultaneously observed. (5) Binding of actinomycin, which is specific for the GC helix, induces quite large (over 1 ppm) upfield shifts of the resonances from the GC base pairs. This is consistent with an intercalation model in which actinomycin D (Am) is assymetrically sandwiched between two GC base pairs in such a manner that overlap with the guanosine residues is greater than with the neighboring cytidines. (6) The presence of the drug may also perturb A-T base pairs located near the AT-GC junction, but it has no effect on the majority of the AT pairs. However, as expected, Am elevated the Tm of the AT helix, even though it binds to the other end of the DNA.", "PMID": 836800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2293", "title": "Inhibition and alternate-substrate studies on the mechanism of malic enzyme.", "content": "A number of dead-end inhibitors and alternate substrates were examined to gain an understanding of the substrate specificity and mechanism of malic enzyme. Comparison of Ki values for competitive inhibitors suggested that binding of the l-carboxyl of L-malate is by ion pairing with lysine or arginine, while binding of the 4-carboxyl is weaker, and probably of the induced-dipolar type. The 2-hydroxyl hydrogen bonds to a catalytic group, which, when it is protonated, adsorbs the keto form of oxalacetate. Since the only molecule other than L-malate that is oxidized is L-malate-beta-amide, carbon 4 must be trigonal for substrate activity, although a tetrahedral carbon bearing one or two hydroxyl groups gives good binding. Hydroxy groups at carbon 3 contribute to binding, but prevent substrate activity. Hydroxy and ketomalonates are bound more strongly than any of the four carbon acids, suggesting that the latter are bound with some strain. In inhibition studies, pyruvate analogues were competitive vs. pyruvate but noncompetitive vs. malate, while malate analogues were competitive vs. malate and noncompetitive vs. pyruvate. These compounds thus bind to both enzyme-triphosphopyridine nucleotide (E-TPN) and enzyme-reduced triphosphopyridine nucleotide (E-TPNH), but only malate analogues prevent release of TPN, while pyruvate analogues prevent release of TPNH. Ketomalonate and oxalacetate, both of which are slowly reduced by the enzyme in the presence of TPNH and thus must combine in the keto form with E-TPNH,, appear to combine with E-TPN mainly in the gem-diol (or for oxalacetate, also the enol) form. The substrate for the decarboxylation of oxalacetate at pH 4.5 is the keto form.", "contents": "Inhibition and alternate-substrate studies on the mechanism of malic enzyme. A number of dead-end inhibitors and alternate substrates were examined to gain an understanding of the substrate specificity and mechanism of malic enzyme. Comparison of Ki values for competitive inhibitors suggested that binding of the l-carboxyl of L-malate is by ion pairing with lysine or arginine, while binding of the 4-carboxyl is weaker, and probably of the induced-dipolar type. The 2-hydroxyl hydrogen bonds to a catalytic group, which, when it is protonated, adsorbs the keto form of oxalacetate. Since the only molecule other than L-malate that is oxidized is L-malate-beta-amide, carbon 4 must be trigonal for substrate activity, although a tetrahedral carbon bearing one or two hydroxyl groups gives good binding. Hydroxy groups at carbon 3 contribute to binding, but prevent substrate activity. Hydroxy and ketomalonates are bound more strongly than any of the four carbon acids, suggesting that the latter are bound with some strain. In inhibition studies, pyruvate analogues were competitive vs. pyruvate but noncompetitive vs. malate, while malate analogues were competitive vs. malate and noncompetitive vs. pyruvate. These compounds thus bind to both enzyme-triphosphopyridine nucleotide (E-TPN) and enzyme-reduced triphosphopyridine nucleotide (E-TPNH), but only malate analogues prevent release of TPN, while pyruvate analogues prevent release of TPNH. Ketomalonate and oxalacetate, both of which are slowly reduced by the enzyme in the presence of TPNH and thus must combine in the keto form with E-TPNH,, appear to combine with E-TPN mainly in the gem-diol (or for oxalacetate, also the enol) form. The substrate for the decarboxylation of oxalacetate at pH 4.5 is the keto form.", "PMID": 836801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2294", "title": "Ligand modification of corpus luteum mitochondrial cytochrome P-450 spectra and cholesterol monooxygenation: an assay of enzyme-specific inhibitors.", "content": "Absorbance changes in the spectrum of cytochrome P-450 were related to the inhibition of [26-14C]cholesterol oxidation to [14C]isocaproate and pregnenolone in mitochondria from bovine corpus luteum produced by two types of ligands. Nitrogenous inhibitors, such as aminoglutethimide, elicit an absorption maximum at about 427 nm and a minimum at about 393 nm (type II), while steroidal inhibitors, such as (20R)-20-(p-tolyl)-5-pregnene-3beta,20-diol (20-tolyl-pregnenediol), cause difference spectra with maximum at about 420 nm and minimum at about 390 nm (reverse type I). The magnitude of spectral change and the amount of inhibition of pregnenolone synthesis by aminoglutethimide are closely correlated at concentrations ranging from 5 to 750 muM and by the model steroid, 20-tolyl-pregnenediol, at concentrations from 0.5 to 25 muM. The responses are concentration dependent and linear over the range of effective concentrations. The concentrations of inhibitors for the half-maximal inhibition of pregnenolone biosynthesis are identical with the concentrations producing half-maximal spectral changes within experimental error. Displacement of substrate from cytochrome P-450 and/or stabilization of the redox potential subsequent to to the ligation of heme iron is proposed as the specific mechanism of cholesterol side chain cleavage inhibition. Finding, together, the two procedures offer a sensitive, specific, and accurate means of screening inhibitors of the cholesterol side chain cleavage system.", "contents": "Ligand modification of corpus luteum mitochondrial cytochrome P-450 spectra and cholesterol monooxygenation: an assay of enzyme-specific inhibitors. Absorbance changes in the spectrum of cytochrome P-450 were related to the inhibition of [26-14C]cholesterol oxidation to [14C]isocaproate and pregnenolone in mitochondria from bovine corpus luteum produced by two types of ligands. Nitrogenous inhibitors, such as aminoglutethimide, elicit an absorption maximum at about 427 nm and a minimum at about 393 nm (type II), while steroidal inhibitors, such as (20R)-20-(p-tolyl)-5-pregnene-3beta,20-diol (20-tolyl-pregnenediol), cause difference spectra with maximum at about 420 nm and minimum at about 390 nm (reverse type I). The magnitude of spectral change and the amount of inhibition of pregnenolone synthesis by aminoglutethimide are closely correlated at concentrations ranging from 5 to 750 muM and by the model steroid, 20-tolyl-pregnenediol, at concentrations from 0.5 to 25 muM. The responses are concentration dependent and linear over the range of effective concentrations. The concentrations of inhibitors for the half-maximal inhibition of pregnenolone biosynthesis are identical with the concentrations producing half-maximal spectral changes within experimental error. Displacement of substrate from cytochrome P-450 and/or stabilization of the redox potential subsequent to to the ligation of heme iron is proposed as the specific mechanism of cholesterol side chain cleavage inhibition. Finding, together, the two procedures offer a sensitive, specific, and accurate means of screening inhibitors of the cholesterol side chain cleavage system.", "PMID": 836802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2295", "title": "Effects of detergents on the properties of 4-hydroxybenzoate. Polyprenyl transferase and the specificity of the polyprenyl pyrophosphate synthetic system in mitochondria.", "content": "The properties of 4-hydroxybenzoate:polyprenyl transferase and the system synthesizing polyprenyl pyrophosphate have been studied in mitochondria from rat and guinea pig livers. With solanesyl pyrophosphate and 4-hydroxybenzoate as substrates the formation of 3-nonaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate was linear with time, concentration of protein, and concentration of solanesyl pyrophosphate. Solanesyl monophosphate is inactive as a substrate and is noninhibitory. Conversion of solanesyl monophosphate to the pyrophosphate could not be detected. Detergents such as Triton X-100, Tween-80, and sodium deoxycholate activated the enzyme in mitochondria which were aged by freezing at -20 degrees C for periods ranging from 1 h to several days. Maximum activation also required Mg2+. In agreement with previous observation the effect of Mg2+ and Triton X-100 on fresh mitochondria was quite variable; however, activation with aged preparations was very consistent. Treatment with TritonX-100 causes al alteration in the biosynthetic pattern of rat liver mitochondria so that rather than nonaprenyl, decaprenyl, pyrophosphate is preferentially made in the presence of solanesyl pyrophosphate and isopentenyl pyrophosphate. In the presence of Triton X-100 and added pool of solanesyl pyrophosphate appears to exert a feedback inhibition on the incorporation of isopentenyl pyrophosphate into solanesyl pyrophosphate. In the case of guinea pig liver mitochondria a different pattern is observed with Triton X-100 in contrast to the rat. The de novo formation of decaprenyl pyrophosphate from isopentenyl pyrophosphate appears to be inhibited by Triton X-100, but the synthesis of decaprenyl pyrophosphate from isopentenyl pyrophosphate and nonaprenyl pyrophosphate is not inhibited. The data also indicate that in guinea pig liver in a system synthesizing decaprenyl pyrophosphate from isopentenyl pyrophosphate, there does not appear to be a detectable pool of nonaprenyl pyrophosphate. These results show that detergents can affect the specificity of the mitochondrial system synthesizing polyprenyl pyrophosphates.", "contents": "Effects of detergents on the properties of 4-hydroxybenzoate. Polyprenyl transferase and the specificity of the polyprenyl pyrophosphate synthetic system in mitochondria. The properties of 4-hydroxybenzoate:polyprenyl transferase and the system synthesizing polyprenyl pyrophosphate have been studied in mitochondria from rat and guinea pig livers. With solanesyl pyrophosphate and 4-hydroxybenzoate as substrates the formation of 3-nonaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate was linear with time, concentration of protein, and concentration of solanesyl pyrophosphate. Solanesyl monophosphate is inactive as a substrate and is noninhibitory. Conversion of solanesyl monophosphate to the pyrophosphate could not be detected. Detergents such as Triton X-100, Tween-80, and sodium deoxycholate activated the enzyme in mitochondria which were aged by freezing at -20 degrees C for periods ranging from 1 h to several days. Maximum activation also required Mg2+. In agreement with previous observation the effect of Mg2+ and Triton X-100 on fresh mitochondria was quite variable; however, activation with aged preparations was very consistent. Treatment with TritonX-100 causes al alteration in the biosynthetic pattern of rat liver mitochondria so that rather than nonaprenyl, decaprenyl, pyrophosphate is preferentially made in the presence of solanesyl pyrophosphate and isopentenyl pyrophosphate. In the presence of Triton X-100 and added pool of solanesyl pyrophosphate appears to exert a feedback inhibition on the incorporation of isopentenyl pyrophosphate into solanesyl pyrophosphate. In the case of guinea pig liver mitochondria a different pattern is observed with Triton X-100 in contrast to the rat. The de novo formation of decaprenyl pyrophosphate from isopentenyl pyrophosphate appears to be inhibited by Triton X-100, but the synthesis of decaprenyl pyrophosphate from isopentenyl pyrophosphate and nonaprenyl pyrophosphate is not inhibited. The data also indicate that in guinea pig liver in a system synthesizing decaprenyl pyrophosphate from isopentenyl pyrophosphate, there does not appear to be a detectable pool of nonaprenyl pyrophosphate. These results show that detergents can affect the specificity of the mitochondrial system synthesizing polyprenyl pyrophosphates.", "PMID": 836803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2296", "title": "Interaction of bovine neurophysin with oxytocin and vasopressin measured by temperature-jump relaxation.", "content": "The interaction between bovine neurophysins I and II and oxytocin and vasopressin was measured using temperature-jump relaxation. A single relaxation time in the 10 to 90 ms range was noted for each solution. This time depended upon the concentration of both neurophysin and hormone and increased with increasing pH. The formation rate constants (+/- SE) for the interaction of neurophysin I dimer with the protonated form of oxytocin and vasopressin at pH 7.4 in 0.1 M KNO3 and 25 degrees C were 2.8 (+/- 0.4) x 10(6) and 2.3 (+/- 0.5) x 10(6) M-1 s-1, respectively; the dissociation rate constants were 11 and 15 s-1, respectively.For neurophysin II dimer, formation rate constants were 6.0 (+/- 0.2) x 10(6) and 2.4 (+/- 0.3) x 10(6) M-1 s-1; dissociation rate constants were 24 and 16 s-1 for oxytocin and vasopressin, respectively. Formation rate constants for the interaction of neurophysin monomer with protinated hormone were approximatley an order of magniment with circular dichorism and pH titration studies which indicate that this interaction occurs between a negatively charged carboxyl group on the neurophysin and a protonated alpha-amino group on the hormone. Our results indicate that oxytocin and vasopressin bind with greater affinity to the neurophysin dimer than the monomer and that the binding of oxytocin and vasopressin in neurophysin dimer than the monomer and that the binding of oxytocin and vasopressin in neurophysin dimer at pH 7.4 and concentrations between 10(-4) and 10(-5) M is nearly identical for each hormone.", "contents": "Interaction of bovine neurophysin with oxytocin and vasopressin measured by temperature-jump relaxation. The interaction between bovine neurophysins I and II and oxytocin and vasopressin was measured using temperature-jump relaxation. A single relaxation time in the 10 to 90 ms range was noted for each solution. This time depended upon the concentration of both neurophysin and hormone and increased with increasing pH. The formation rate constants (+/- SE) for the interaction of neurophysin I dimer with the protonated form of oxytocin and vasopressin at pH 7.4 in 0.1 M KNO3 and 25 degrees C were 2.8 (+/- 0.4) x 10(6) and 2.3 (+/- 0.5) x 10(6) M-1 s-1, respectively; the dissociation rate constants were 11 and 15 s-1, respectively.For neurophysin II dimer, formation rate constants were 6.0 (+/- 0.2) x 10(6) and 2.4 (+/- 0.3) x 10(6) M-1 s-1; dissociation rate constants were 24 and 16 s-1 for oxytocin and vasopressin, respectively. Formation rate constants for the interaction of neurophysin monomer with protinated hormone were approximatley an order of magniment with circular dichorism and pH titration studies which indicate that this interaction occurs between a negatively charged carboxyl group on the neurophysin and a protonated alpha-amino group on the hormone. Our results indicate that oxytocin and vasopressin bind with greater affinity to the neurophysin dimer than the monomer and that the binding of oxytocin and vasopressin in neurophysin dimer than the monomer and that the binding of oxytocin and vasopressin in neurophysin dimer at pH 7.4 and concentrations between 10(-4) and 10(-5) M is nearly identical for each hormone.", "PMID": 836804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2297", "title": "Hydrocarbon trans-gauche isomerization in phospholipid bilayer gel assemblies.", "content": "The vibrational Raman spectra of dimyristoyl (DMPC)-, dipalmitoyl (DPPC)-, and distearoylphosphatidycholine (DSPC)-water bilayer system were used to probe lipid hydrocarbon chain trans-gauch isomerization dynamics below the gel-liquid crystalline phase transition temperature. In addition to the 1090-1085 cm-1 vibrational transitions, which appear with increasing temperatures and are characteristic of gauche conformers within the acyl chains, a new feature arises in all three bilayer systems at approximately 1122 cm-1. This carbon-carbon stretching mode is associated with the formation of the gauche bond rotation of the terminal methyl group oriented toward the center of the bilayer. Estimates of the enthalpy differences (deltaH) between hydrocarbon chains in an all-trans conformation and chain configurations containing gauche forms may be made from peak height intensities of vibrational features associated with the appropriate rotational isomers. For the DMPC-H2O, DPPC-H2O, and DSPC-H2O assemblies, the Raman data yield enthalpy differences of 2.9 +/- 0.6, 3.4 +/- 0.5, and 9.9 +/- 1.2 kcal/mol, respectively. These values are interpreted to reflect approximately two gauche bonds per lipid molecule for the DMPC-H2O and the DPPC-H2O gels and six gauche bonds per molecule for the DSPC-H2O gels.", "contents": "Hydrocarbon trans-gauche isomerization in phospholipid bilayer gel assemblies. The vibrational Raman spectra of dimyristoyl (DMPC)-, dipalmitoyl (DPPC)-, and distearoylphosphatidycholine (DSPC)-water bilayer system were used to probe lipid hydrocarbon chain trans-gauch isomerization dynamics below the gel-liquid crystalline phase transition temperature. In addition to the 1090-1085 cm-1 vibrational transitions, which appear with increasing temperatures and are characteristic of gauche conformers within the acyl chains, a new feature arises in all three bilayer systems at approximately 1122 cm-1. This carbon-carbon stretching mode is associated with the formation of the gauche bond rotation of the terminal methyl group oriented toward the center of the bilayer. Estimates of the enthalpy differences (deltaH) between hydrocarbon chains in an all-trans conformation and chain configurations containing gauche forms may be made from peak height intensities of vibrational features associated with the appropriate rotational isomers. For the DMPC-H2O, DPPC-H2O, and DSPC-H2O assemblies, the Raman data yield enthalpy differences of 2.9 +/- 0.6, 3.4 +/- 0.5, and 9.9 +/- 1.2 kcal/mol, respectively. These values are interpreted to reflect approximately two gauche bonds per lipid molecule for the DMPC-H2O and the DPPC-H2O gels and six gauche bonds per molecule for the DSPC-H2O gels.", "PMID": 836805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2298", "title": "Secondary-structure predictions of calcium-binding proteins.", "content": "The known tertiary structure of carp muscle parvalbumin is consistent with an \"EF-hand\" architecture (helix-loop-helix) for each calcium-ion binding site. Primary-sequence alignments have indicated four EF hands in rabbit skeletal muscle troponin C and in rabbit myosin alkali light chains. Five secondary-structure prediction methods, based on amino acid sequence only, have been fully computerized and used to calculate joint prediction histograms for several calcium-binding proteins. The joint histogram can suggest directly the extent and sequence of the helical- and loop-structural elements, as well as any secondary structural distortions or evolutionary developments. Since the histogram predicted well the length and sequence of secondary structural elements in carp muscle parvalbumin, it seemed reasonable to calculate the joint distribution for other proteins that might bind calcium through the EF-hand configuration. The histograms indicated the four EF-hand regions speculated fro rabbit skeletal muscle troponin C but suggested only three such hands in bovine cardiac muscle troponin C and with a distorted fourth hand. Considerable secondary structural distortion is postulated for the alkali light chains. Possible EF configurations consistent with the histogram results are speculated for Escherichia coli acyl-carrier protein and bovine prothrombin fragment 1, which have been shown to bind calcium. The secondary-structure-prediction algorithms appear to be a useful adjunct to sequence-alignment techniques, especially in cases where the primary sequence homology is weak or the evolutionary distance is large.", "contents": "Secondary-structure predictions of calcium-binding proteins. The known tertiary structure of carp muscle parvalbumin is consistent with an \"EF-hand\" architecture (helix-loop-helix) for each calcium-ion binding site. Primary-sequence alignments have indicated four EF hands in rabbit skeletal muscle troponin C and in rabbit myosin alkali light chains. Five secondary-structure prediction methods, based on amino acid sequence only, have been fully computerized and used to calculate joint prediction histograms for several calcium-binding proteins. The joint histogram can suggest directly the extent and sequence of the helical- and loop-structural elements, as well as any secondary structural distortions or evolutionary developments. Since the histogram predicted well the length and sequence of secondary structural elements in carp muscle parvalbumin, it seemed reasonable to calculate the joint distribution for other proteins that might bind calcium through the EF-hand configuration. The histograms indicated the four EF-hand regions speculated fro rabbit skeletal muscle troponin C but suggested only three such hands in bovine cardiac muscle troponin C and with a distorted fourth hand. Considerable secondary structural distortion is postulated for the alkali light chains. Possible EF configurations consistent with the histogram results are speculated for Escherichia coli acyl-carrier protein and bovine prothrombin fragment 1, which have been shown to bind calcium. The secondary-structure-prediction algorithms appear to be a useful adjunct to sequence-alignment techniques, especially in cases where the primary sequence homology is weak or the evolutionary distance is large.", "PMID": 836806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2299", "title": "Allosteric interactions between the membrane-bound acetylcholine receptor and chemical mediators: equilibrium measurements.", "content": "An approach to equilibrium dialysis measurements has been developed which enables one to study the interaction of chemical mediators with the membrane-bound acetylcholine receptor and to gain information of a type previously obtainable only with soluble proteins. Equilibrium dialysis experiments conducted at pH 7.0,4 degrees C, and mu = 0.18 M, with electroplax membrane preparations from Electrophorus electricus revealed apparently homogeneous binding isotherms for decamethonium with dissociation constants in the range of 0.2-0.4 muM. The following new information has been obtained. (1) The activators of neural transmission, decamethonium and carbamylcholine, occupy overlapping binding sites. (2) These activators and the inhibitors, alpha-bungarotoxin and d-tubocurarine, compete for only one-half of the sites available to them even through the stoichiometry of these is 1:1 as measured with decamethonium (a reversibly binding activator) and alpha-bungarotoxin (an irreversible specific inhibitor). Different receptor molecules, preexisting nonequivalent binding sites, or an allosteric mechanism involving ligand-induced conformational changes are often considered to account for such observations.", "contents": "Allosteric interactions between the membrane-bound acetylcholine receptor and chemical mediators: equilibrium measurements. An approach to equilibrium dialysis measurements has been developed which enables one to study the interaction of chemical mediators with the membrane-bound acetylcholine receptor and to gain information of a type previously obtainable only with soluble proteins. Equilibrium dialysis experiments conducted at pH 7.0,4 degrees C, and mu = 0.18 M, with electroplax membrane preparations from Electrophorus electricus revealed apparently homogeneous binding isotherms for decamethonium with dissociation constants in the range of 0.2-0.4 muM. The following new information has been obtained. (1) The activators of neural transmission, decamethonium and carbamylcholine, occupy overlapping binding sites. (2) These activators and the inhibitors, alpha-bungarotoxin and d-tubocurarine, compete for only one-half of the sites available to them even through the stoichiometry of these is 1:1 as measured with decamethonium (a reversibly binding activator) and alpha-bungarotoxin (an irreversible specific inhibitor). Different receptor molecules, preexisting nonequivalent binding sites, or an allosteric mechanism involving ligand-induced conformational changes are often considered to account for such observations.", "PMID": 836807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2300", "title": "Allosteric interactions between the membrane-bound acetylcholine receptor and chemical mediators. Kinetic studies.", "content": "The kinetics of the specific irreversible reaction of a snake neurotoxin, alpha-bungarotoxin, with the acetylcholine receptor of electroplax membrane preparations have been investigated. The effects of activators (decamethonium, carbamylcholine) and inhibitors (alpha-bungarotoxin, d-tubocurarine) of neural transmission on this reaction have been measured and the following new information obtained. (1) The irreversible reaction is preceded by the reversible formation of toxin-receptor complexes. (2) Two types of receptor binding site exist. d-Tubocurarine directly competes with the toxin for one type of binding site. Decamethonium and carbamylcholine are noncompetitive inhibitors of the toxin reaction. (3) The data are inconsistent with binding sites on separate and distinct molecules or with preexisting nonequivalent binding sites. A simple model is proposed to explain both the kinetic data and equilibrium measurements which indicated that activators and inhibitors of neural transmission compete for only one-half of the receptor sites available to them. The model proposes that for the compounds investigated the binding sites of activators do not overlap with those of inhibitors and the ligand-induced conformational changes of the receptor result in changes in the affinities of the binding sites. The model is simple and is based on mechanisms which have been found to be valid for many well-characterized regulatory enzymes.", "contents": "Allosteric interactions between the membrane-bound acetylcholine receptor and chemical mediators. Kinetic studies. The kinetics of the specific irreversible reaction of a snake neurotoxin, alpha-bungarotoxin, with the acetylcholine receptor of electroplax membrane preparations have been investigated. The effects of activators (decamethonium, carbamylcholine) and inhibitors (alpha-bungarotoxin, d-tubocurarine) of neural transmission on this reaction have been measured and the following new information obtained. (1) The irreversible reaction is preceded by the reversible formation of toxin-receptor complexes. (2) Two types of receptor binding site exist. d-Tubocurarine directly competes with the toxin for one type of binding site. Decamethonium and carbamylcholine are noncompetitive inhibitors of the toxin reaction. (3) The data are inconsistent with binding sites on separate and distinct molecules or with preexisting nonequivalent binding sites. A simple model is proposed to explain both the kinetic data and equilibrium measurements which indicated that activators and inhibitors of neural transmission compete for only one-half of the receptor sites available to them. The model proposes that for the compounds investigated the binding sites of activators do not overlap with those of inhibitors and the ligand-induced conformational changes of the receptor result in changes in the affinities of the binding sites. The model is simple and is based on mechanisms which have been found to be valid for many well-characterized regulatory enzymes.", "PMID": 836808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2301", "title": "A comparison of human prothrombin, factor IX (Christmas factor), factor X (Stuart factor), and protein S.", "content": "Human prothrombin, factor IX, and factor X have been idolated in high yield and characterized as the their amino-terminal sequence, molecular weight, amino acid composition, and migration in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. An additional human plasma protein, called protein S, has also been purified and its properties have been compared with those of prothrombin, factor IX, and factor X. Prothrombin (mol wt 72 000), factor IX (mol wt 57 000), and protein S (mol wt 69 000) are single-chain glycoproteins, while factor X (mol wt 59 000) is a glycoprotein composed of two polypeptide chains held together by a disulfide bond(s). The amino-terminal sequence of the light chain of human factor X is homologous with prothrombin, factor IX, and protein S. The heavy chain of human factor X is slightly larger than the heavy chain of bovine factor X and differs from bovine factor X in its amino-terminal sequence.", "contents": "A comparison of human prothrombin, factor IX (Christmas factor), factor X (Stuart factor), and protein S. Human prothrombin, factor IX, and factor X have been idolated in high yield and characterized as the their amino-terminal sequence, molecular weight, amino acid composition, and migration in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. An additional human plasma protein, called protein S, has also been purified and its properties have been compared with those of prothrombin, factor IX, and factor X. Prothrombin (mol wt 72 000), factor IX (mol wt 57 000), and protein S (mol wt 69 000) are single-chain glycoproteins, while factor X (mol wt 59 000) is a glycoprotein composed of two polypeptide chains held together by a disulfide bond(s). The amino-terminal sequence of the light chain of human factor X is homologous with prothrombin, factor IX, and protein S. The heavy chain of human factor X is slightly larger than the heavy chain of bovine factor X and differs from bovine factor X in its amino-terminal sequence.", "PMID": 836809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2302", "title": "The complete amino acid sequence of the major component myoglobin from the arctic minke whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata.", "content": "The complete primary structure of the major component myoglobin from the Arctic minke whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata, was determined by specific cleavage of the protein to obtain large peptides which are readily degraded by the automatic sequencer. Over 80% of the amino acid sequence was established from the three peptides resulting from the cleavage of the apomyoglobin at the two methionine residues with cyanogen bromide along with the four peptides resulting from the cleavage of the methylacetimidated apomyoglobin at the three arginine residues with trypsin. The further digestion of the central cyanogen bromide peptide with trypsin and S. aureus strain V8 protease enabled the determining of the remainder of the covalent structure. This myoglobin differs from that of the dwarf sperm whale, Kogia simus, at 16 positions, and the common dolphin, Delphinus delphis, at 14 positions, from that of the common porpoise, Phocaena phocaena, and the bottlenosed dolphin, Tursiops truncatus at 13 positions, from that of the Amazon River dolphin, Inia geoffrensis, at 10 positions, and from that of California gray whale, Eschrichtius gibbosus, at 3 positions- All of the substitutions observed in this sequence fit easily into the three-dimensional structure of the sperm whale myoglobin.", "contents": "The complete amino acid sequence of the major component myoglobin from the arctic minke whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata. The complete primary structure of the major component myoglobin from the Arctic minke whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata, was determined by specific cleavage of the protein to obtain large peptides which are readily degraded by the automatic sequencer. Over 80% of the amino acid sequence was established from the three peptides resulting from the cleavage of the apomyoglobin at the two methionine residues with cyanogen bromide along with the four peptides resulting from the cleavage of the methylacetimidated apomyoglobin at the three arginine residues with trypsin. The further digestion of the central cyanogen bromide peptide with trypsin and S. aureus strain V8 protease enabled the determining of the remainder of the covalent structure. This myoglobin differs from that of the dwarf sperm whale, Kogia simus, at 16 positions, and the common dolphin, Delphinus delphis, at 14 positions, from that of the common porpoise, Phocaena phocaena, and the bottlenosed dolphin, Tursiops truncatus at 13 positions, from that of the Amazon River dolphin, Inia geoffrensis, at 10 positions, and from that of California gray whale, Eschrichtius gibbosus, at 3 positions- All of the substitutions observed in this sequence fit easily into the three-dimensional structure of the sperm whale myoglobin.", "PMID": 836810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2303", "title": "Differences in the solubilizing effectiveness of the sodium dodecyl sulfate complexes of various proteins.", "content": "The detailed reversible binding isotherms of sodium dodecyl sulfate (NaDodSO4) with 13 different initially native proteins are reported; the data were obtained at 20 degrees C and pH 7.1, ionic strength 0.033, with amounts bound with some proteins up to 1.1 g per g of protein. Although the isotherms of some of the proteins do not vary widely, extreme variations between certain classes are found. Thus, for example, hemoglobin and myoglobin both have high affinities and high binding capacities, while gamma-globulin, apoferritin, and transferrin have low initial affinities, and change drastically at higher concentrations. The protein-NaDodSO4 complexes solubilize the water-insoluble dye dimethylaminoazobenzene (DMAB) as effectively as micelles of pure NaDodSO4 when only small amounts (0.2 to 0.5 g/g of NaDodSO4) are bound. In most cases this effectiveness falls progressively as larger amounts are bound, and may even cease altogether at limits characteristic of the individual protein. With some of the latter, a second region of renewed solubilization occurs when substantially higher amounts of NaDodSO4 are present. In all cases, solubilization by ordinary micelles in normal amount occurs when the free NaDodSO4 concentration exceeds the critical micelle concentration, but the binding of NPADodSO4 to the protein also increases, in competition with formation of micelles. With some, but not all proteins the NaDodSO4 bound at concentrations above the cmc also solubilizes DMAB. In such cases the solubilizations by the protein-NaDodSO4 complexes and by the simple micelles are additive. The significance of the differences in binding and solubilizing encountered among these proteins is discussed in terms of surface structure, cooperativity of binding, and protein composition. No certain correlations with content of most amino acids, subunit structure, solubility, and hydrophobicity have been found, but there is a weak inverse dependence of solubilizing effectiveness on molecular size and indications of a strong dependence on content of cationic groups.", "contents": "Differences in the solubilizing effectiveness of the sodium dodecyl sulfate complexes of various proteins. The detailed reversible binding isotherms of sodium dodecyl sulfate (NaDodSO4) with 13 different initially native proteins are reported; the data were obtained at 20 degrees C and pH 7.1, ionic strength 0.033, with amounts bound with some proteins up to 1.1 g per g of protein. Although the isotherms of some of the proteins do not vary widely, extreme variations between certain classes are found. Thus, for example, hemoglobin and myoglobin both have high affinities and high binding capacities, while gamma-globulin, apoferritin, and transferrin have low initial affinities, and change drastically at higher concentrations. The protein-NaDodSO4 complexes solubilize the water-insoluble dye dimethylaminoazobenzene (DMAB) as effectively as micelles of pure NaDodSO4 when only small amounts (0.2 to 0.5 g/g of NaDodSO4) are bound. In most cases this effectiveness falls progressively as larger amounts are bound, and may even cease altogether at limits characteristic of the individual protein. With some of the latter, a second region of renewed solubilization occurs when substantially higher amounts of NaDodSO4 are present. In all cases, solubilization by ordinary micelles in normal amount occurs when the free NaDodSO4 concentration exceeds the critical micelle concentration, but the binding of NPADodSO4 to the protein also increases, in competition with formation of micelles. With some, but not all proteins the NaDodSO4 bound at concentrations above the cmc also solubilizes DMAB. In such cases the solubilizations by the protein-NaDodSO4 complexes and by the simple micelles are additive. The significance of the differences in binding and solubilizing encountered among these proteins is discussed in terms of surface structure, cooperativity of binding, and protein composition. No certain correlations with content of most amino acids, subunit structure, solubility, and hydrophobicity have been found, but there is a weak inverse dependence of solubilizing effectiveness on molecular size and indications of a strong dependence on content of cationic groups.", "PMID": 836811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2304", "title": "Proton magnetic resonance studies of actinomycin D complexes with mixtures of nucleotides as models for the binding of the drug to DNA.", "content": "The proton magnetic resonance spectra of actinomycin solutions with mixtures of deoxynucleotides have been investigated to determine the relative preference for the binding of guanine and adenine nucleotides to the two nucleotide binding sites of actinomycin D. An analysis of the chemical shifts of the actinomycin D resonances shows that adenine and guanine nucleotides competitively bind to the benzenoid portion of the phenoxazone ring of actinomycin D while guanine nucleotides bind stronger than adenine nucleotides to the quinoid portion of the phenoxazone ring. The chemical shift data for the titrations of actinomycin D with pdG-dG, pdC-dC, and an equimolar mixture of these complementary deoxydinucleotides show that: (1) pdG-dG forms a stacked complex much like dGMP; (2) pdC-dC does not bind to actinomycin D under the conditions used in these experiments; (3) in the titration of actinomycin D with the equimolar mixture of pdG-dG + pdC-dC, a miniature intercalated complex is formed.", "contents": "Proton magnetic resonance studies of actinomycin D complexes with mixtures of nucleotides as models for the binding of the drug to DNA. The proton magnetic resonance spectra of actinomycin solutions with mixtures of deoxynucleotides have been investigated to determine the relative preference for the binding of guanine and adenine nucleotides to the two nucleotide binding sites of actinomycin D. An analysis of the chemical shifts of the actinomycin D resonances shows that adenine and guanine nucleotides competitively bind to the benzenoid portion of the phenoxazone ring of actinomycin D while guanine nucleotides bind stronger than adenine nucleotides to the quinoid portion of the phenoxazone ring. The chemical shift data for the titrations of actinomycin D with pdG-dG, pdC-dC, and an equimolar mixture of these complementary deoxydinucleotides show that: (1) pdG-dG forms a stacked complex much like dGMP; (2) pdC-dC does not bind to actinomycin D under the conditions used in these experiments; (3) in the titration of actinomycin D with the equimolar mixture of pdG-dG + pdC-dC, a miniature intercalated complex is formed.", "PMID": 836812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2305", "title": "Solubilized DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activities in resting and growing fibroblast.", "content": "The activities of RNA polymerases I and II have been measured in 3T6 during the transition from the resting to growing state by solubilization of the enzymes followed by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex columns. The activity of RNA polymerase II remains unchanged during the first 12 h after serum stimulation while the activity of RNA polymerase I increases and closely parallels the increased activity seen in isolated nuclei. Compared to enzyme from resting cells. RNA polymerase I from serum stimulated cells elutes at a lower ammonium sulfate concentration on DEAE-Sephadex chromatography and its activity shows distinctly different dependencies on the concentration of ammonium sulfate and magnesium ion. These observations are discussed in relation to the possible mechanism by which 3T6 regulates the synthesis of preribosomal RNA.", "contents": "Solubilized DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activities in resting and growing fibroblast. The activities of RNA polymerases I and II have been measured in 3T6 during the transition from the resting to growing state by solubilization of the enzymes followed by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex columns. The activity of RNA polymerase II remains unchanged during the first 12 h after serum stimulation while the activity of RNA polymerase I increases and closely parallels the increased activity seen in isolated nuclei. Compared to enzyme from resting cells. RNA polymerase I from serum stimulated cells elutes at a lower ammonium sulfate concentration on DEAE-Sephadex chromatography and its activity shows distinctly different dependencies on the concentration of ammonium sulfate and magnesium ion. These observations are discussed in relation to the possible mechanism by which 3T6 regulates the synthesis of preribosomal RNA.", "PMID": 836813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2306", "title": "Complete nucleotide sequence and properties of the major species of glycine transfer RNA from wheat germ.", "content": "The complete nucleotide sequence of wheat germ tRNA1Gly has been determined. It is a small tRNA, containing only 74 nucleotides of which 10 are methylated or otherwise modified. Several important features of this tRNA are: (a) a complete absence of ribothymidine which is the most common methylated nucleoside in tRNA; (b) a methylated sugar in the acceptor stem which is a region almost always free of modified residues; and (c) unusually weak base pairing in the dihydrouridine stem region consisting of only one standard A-U base pair in addition to G pi, AC, and GU. This tRNA functions in a wheat germ cell free protein synthesizing system directed by either natural mRNAs or poly(G,U). The complete nucleotide sequence of wheat germ tRNAlGly is: pG-C-A-Cm-CAGU-m1G-G-U-C-PSI-A-G-D-G-G-U-A-A-U-A-G-U-A-C-C-C-U-G-C-C-A-mC-G-G-U-A-C-A-C-A-G-A-mC-m5C-G-G-G-U-PSI-C-G-mA-U-U-C-C-C-G-G-C-U-G-G-U-G-C-A-C-C-AOH.", "contents": "Complete nucleotide sequence and properties of the major species of glycine transfer RNA from wheat germ. The complete nucleotide sequence of wheat germ tRNA1Gly has been determined. It is a small tRNA, containing only 74 nucleotides of which 10 are methylated or otherwise modified. Several important features of this tRNA are: (a) a complete absence of ribothymidine which is the most common methylated nucleoside in tRNA; (b) a methylated sugar in the acceptor stem which is a region almost always free of modified residues; and (c) unusually weak base pairing in the dihydrouridine stem region consisting of only one standard A-U base pair in addition to G pi, AC, and GU. This tRNA functions in a wheat germ cell free protein synthesizing system directed by either natural mRNAs or poly(G,U). The complete nucleotide sequence of wheat germ tRNAlGly is: pG-C-A-Cm-CAGU-m1G-G-U-C-PSI-A-G-D-G-G-U-A-A-U-A-G-U-A-C-C-C-U-G-C-C-A-mC-G-G-U-A-C-A-C-A-G-A-mC-m5C-G-G-G-U-PSI-C-G-mA-U-U-C-C-C-G-G-C-U-G-G-U-G-C-A-C-C-AOH.", "PMID": 836814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2307", "title": "Organization of the photosynthetic membrane in maize mesophyll and bundle sheath chloroplasts.", "content": "The freeze-fracturing technique has been used to investigate membrane architecture in the mesophyll and bundle sheath chloroplasts of Zea mays. The structural organization of mesophyll chloroplasts is virtually identical to that of other species of higher plants which have been investigated with this technique. Characteristic distributions of particles of various sizes are seen on each fracture face after membrane splitting during the fracturing process, and these distributions indicate the differentiation of the membrane system into sacked (grana) and unstacked (stroma) regions, typical of grana-containing chloroplasts. Bundle sheath chloroplasts contain very few grana, and the thylakoids of these plastids are therefore largely unstacked. Analysis of artificially unstacked mesophyll chloroplasts indicates that this difference is not merely related to the presence or absence of adhesion between adjacent thylakoids, but reflects a substantial difference in membrane substructure between mesophyll and bundle sheath photosynthetic membranes. Bundle sheath thylakoids contain virtually the same number of small (P fracture face) particles as mesophyll thylakoids, but contain only 40% as many of the larger (E fracture face) tetrameric particles. These differences, together with biochemical data indicating the comparative deficiency of bundle sheath chloroplasts in Photosystem II activity, suggest that the E face particles are related to the presence or absence of Photosystem II activity.", "contents": "Organization of the photosynthetic membrane in maize mesophyll and bundle sheath chloroplasts. The freeze-fracturing technique has been used to investigate membrane architecture in the mesophyll and bundle sheath chloroplasts of Zea mays. The structural organization of mesophyll chloroplasts is virtually identical to that of other species of higher plants which have been investigated with this technique. Characteristic distributions of particles of various sizes are seen on each fracture face after membrane splitting during the fracturing process, and these distributions indicate the differentiation of the membrane system into sacked (grana) and unstacked (stroma) regions, typical of grana-containing chloroplasts. Bundle sheath chloroplasts contain very few grana, and the thylakoids of these plastids are therefore largely unstacked. Analysis of artificially unstacked mesophyll chloroplasts indicates that this difference is not merely related to the presence or absence of adhesion between adjacent thylakoids, but reflects a substantial difference in membrane substructure between mesophyll and bundle sheath photosynthetic membranes. Bundle sheath thylakoids contain virtually the same number of small (P fracture face) particles as mesophyll thylakoids, but contain only 40% as many of the larger (E fracture face) tetrameric particles. These differences, together with biochemical data indicating the comparative deficiency of bundle sheath chloroplasts in Photosystem II activity, suggest that the E face particles are related to the presence or absence of Photosystem II activity.", "PMID": 836815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2308", "title": "Distribution of excitation energy among photosystem I and photosystem II in red algae. I. Action spectra of light reactions I and II.", "content": "Action spectra of light reaction I and light reaction II from red algae (marine members of Florideae and Bangiales) were measured with 550 nm (light 2) or 699 nm light 1) background light, using a Teflon-covered platinum electrode for O2 measurement. Care was taken to ensure that maximum enhancement was reached by the background light. The action spectra of light reaction I, we found under these conditions, are very similar to the thallus absorption, whilst the action spectra of light reaction II show, besides strong bands of the phycobilins, only minor bands of chlorophyll a, which account for only 10-20% of the total chlorophyll. The spectra are discussed on the basis of two main types of models of energy distribution over both photosynthetic systems. If this distrubution is considered to be invariable (models 1a and b), one has to assume that almost exactly half of the total chlorphyll is not involved in the supply of the non-cyclic electron transport with excitation energy. This part, however, has to be thought of as incorporated in the thylakoid membrane in a similar manner to the chlorophyll in photosystem I. However, if one supposes an almost complete equilibration in the energy distribution over both systems as long as the primary absorption in photosystem II prevails (models 2a and b), there is no need for the assumption of such photosynthetically 'inactive' or less active chlorophyll. Some evidence is shown that strongly supports model 2.", "contents": "Distribution of excitation energy among photosystem I and photosystem II in red algae. I. Action spectra of light reactions I and II. Action spectra of light reaction I and light reaction II from red algae (marine members of Florideae and Bangiales) were measured with 550 nm (light 2) or 699 nm light 1) background light, using a Teflon-covered platinum electrode for O2 measurement. Care was taken to ensure that maximum enhancement was reached by the background light. The action spectra of light reaction I, we found under these conditions, are very similar to the thallus absorption, whilst the action spectra of light reaction II show, besides strong bands of the phycobilins, only minor bands of chlorophyll a, which account for only 10-20% of the total chlorophyll. The spectra are discussed on the basis of two main types of models of energy distribution over both photosynthetic systems. If this distrubution is considered to be invariable (models 1a and b), one has to assume that almost exactly half of the total chlorphyll is not involved in the supply of the non-cyclic electron transport with excitation energy. This part, however, has to be thought of as incorporated in the thylakoid membrane in a similar manner to the chlorophyll in photosystem I. However, if one supposes an almost complete equilibration in the energy distribution over both systems as long as the primary absorption in photosystem II prevails (models 2a and b), there is no need for the assumption of such photosynthetically 'inactive' or less active chlorophyll. Some evidence is shown that strongly supports model 2.", "PMID": 836816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2309", "title": "A one microsecond component of chlorophyll luminescence suggesting a primary acceptor of system II of photosynthesis different from Q.", "content": "The kinetics of the luminescence of chlorophyll a in Chlorella vulgaris were studied in the time range from 0.2 mus to 20 mus after a short saturating flash (t 1/2 = 25 ns) under various pretreatment including anaerobiosis, flashes, continuous illumination and various additions. A 1 mus luminescence component probably originating from System II was found of which the relative amplitude was maximum under anaerobic conditions for reaction centers in the state SPQ- before the flash, about one third for centers in the state S+PQ- or SPQ before the flash, and about one tenth for centers in the state S+PQ before the flash. S is the secondary donor complex with zero change; S+ is the secondary donor complex with 1 to 3 positive charges; P, the primary donor, is the photoactive chlorophyll a, P-680, of reaction center 2; Q- is the reduced acceptor of System II, Q. Under aerobic conditions, where an endogenous quencher presumably was active, the luminescence was reduced by a factor two. The 1 mus decay of the luminescence is probably caused by the disappearance of P+ formed in the laser flash according to the reaction ZP+ leads to Z+ in which Z is the molecule which donates an electron to P+ and which is part of S. After addition of hydroxylamine, the 1 mus luminescence component changed with the incubation time exponentially (tau = 27 s) into a 30 mus component; during the same time, the variable fluorescence yield, measured 9 mus after the laser flash, decreased by a factor 2 with the same time constant. Hereafter in a second much slower phase the fluorescence yield decreased as an exponential function of the incubation time to about the dark value; meanwhile the 30 mus luminescence increased about 50% with the same time constant (tau = 7 min). Heat treatment abolished both luminescence components. The 1 mus luminescence component saturated at about the same energy as the System II fluorescence yield 60 mus after the laser flash and as the slower luminescence components. From the observation that the amplutide is maximum if the laser flash is given when the fluorescence yield is high after prolonged anaerobic conditions (state SQ-), we conclude that the 1 mus luminescence is probably caused by the reaction PWQ- + hv leads to P*WQ- leads to P+W-Q- leads to P*WQ- leads to PWQ- + hv in which W is an acceptor different from Q. The presence of S+ reduced the luminescence amplitude to about one third. Two models are discussed, one with W as an intermediate between P and Q and another, which gives the best interpretation, with W on a side path.", "contents": "A one microsecond component of chlorophyll luminescence suggesting a primary acceptor of system II of photosynthesis different from Q. The kinetics of the luminescence of chlorophyll a in Chlorella vulgaris were studied in the time range from 0.2 mus to 20 mus after a short saturating flash (t 1/2 = 25 ns) under various pretreatment including anaerobiosis, flashes, continuous illumination and various additions. A 1 mus luminescence component probably originating from System II was found of which the relative amplitude was maximum under anaerobic conditions for reaction centers in the state SPQ- before the flash, about one third for centers in the state S+PQ- or SPQ before the flash, and about one tenth for centers in the state S+PQ before the flash. S is the secondary donor complex with zero change; S+ is the secondary donor complex with 1 to 3 positive charges; P, the primary donor, is the photoactive chlorophyll a, P-680, of reaction center 2; Q- is the reduced acceptor of System II, Q. Under aerobic conditions, where an endogenous quencher presumably was active, the luminescence was reduced by a factor two. The 1 mus decay of the luminescence is probably caused by the disappearance of P+ formed in the laser flash according to the reaction ZP+ leads to Z+ in which Z is the molecule which donates an electron to P+ and which is part of S. After addition of hydroxylamine, the 1 mus luminescence component changed with the incubation time exponentially (tau = 27 s) into a 30 mus component; during the same time, the variable fluorescence yield, measured 9 mus after the laser flash, decreased by a factor 2 with the same time constant. Hereafter in a second much slower phase the fluorescence yield decreased as an exponential function of the incubation time to about the dark value; meanwhile the 30 mus luminescence increased about 50% with the same time constant (tau = 7 min). Heat treatment abolished both luminescence components. The 1 mus luminescence component saturated at about the same energy as the System II fluorescence yield 60 mus after the laser flash and as the slower luminescence components. From the observation that the amplutide is maximum if the laser flash is given when the fluorescence yield is high after prolonged anaerobic conditions (state SQ-), we conclude that the 1 mus luminescence is probably caused by the reaction PWQ- + hv leads to P*WQ- leads to P+W-Q- leads to P*WQ- leads to PWQ- + hv in which W is an acceptor different from Q. The presence of S+ reduced the luminescence amplitude to about one third. Two models are discussed, one with W as an intermediate between P and Q and another, which gives the best interpretation, with W on a side path.", "PMID": 836817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2310", "title": "NMR characterization of three forms of ferredoxin from Desulphovibrio gigas, a sulphate reducer.", "content": "A NMR and magnetic susceptibility study of the oxidized and reduced states of three different oligomers (forms) of a [4Fe-4S] ferrodoxin protein from Desulphovibrio gigas, FdI, FdI', and FdII was carried out. FdI and FdI' are different trimers and FdII a tetramer of the same basic subunit. A probable assignment of the contact shifted resonances is indicated. Since the temperature dependences of the contact shifted responances associated with each [4Fe-4S] are not all similar a delocalized model for the spin densities on the 4Fe does not apply. The exchange rate between oxidized and reduced states is slow on the NMR time scale. The three oligomers are not magnetically equivalent. Using the \"three state hypothesis\" terminology it is shown that FdIox is predominantly in the C2- state and changes upon reduction into the C3- state, while FdIIox is in the C- state and changes into the C2- state. FdI' does not easily fit into this classification. This study shows a similarity of magnetic behaviour between FdI and bacterial ferredoxins (e.g. Bacillus polymyxa) and between FdII and HiPIP from Chromatium sp. The influence of the quaternary structure on the stabilization of the different oxidation states of ferredoxins as well as on their redox potentials is discussed.", "contents": "NMR characterization of three forms of ferredoxin from Desulphovibrio gigas, a sulphate reducer. A NMR and magnetic susceptibility study of the oxidized and reduced states of three different oligomers (forms) of a [4Fe-4S] ferrodoxin protein from Desulphovibrio gigas, FdI, FdI', and FdII was carried out. FdI and FdI' are different trimers and FdII a tetramer of the same basic subunit. A probable assignment of the contact shifted resonances is indicated. Since the temperature dependences of the contact shifted responances associated with each [4Fe-4S] are not all similar a delocalized model for the spin densities on the 4Fe does not apply. The exchange rate between oxidized and reduced states is slow on the NMR time scale. The three oligomers are not magnetically equivalent. Using the \"three state hypothesis\" terminology it is shown that FdIox is predominantly in the C2- state and changes upon reduction into the C3- state, while FdIIox is in the C- state and changes into the C2- state. FdI' does not easily fit into this classification. This study shows a similarity of magnetic behaviour between FdI and bacterial ferredoxins (e.g. Bacillus polymyxa) and between FdII and HiPIP from Chromatium sp. The influence of the quaternary structure on the stabilization of the different oxidation states of ferredoxins as well as on their redox potentials is discussed.", "PMID": 836818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2311", "title": "Bounds on rate constants and relative potentials in electron transport chains.", "content": "Minimization of free-energy losses requires that the rate constants for reaction in both forward and reverse directions be several times the net rate of a reaction. In an electron transfer between wound molecules, the forward and reverse rate constants contribute separate factors to the free-energy drop across the reaction. If such a reaction has a reverse rate constant which is much greater than the net rate of reaction, then the midpoint potential of the acceptor may economically be more negative than the midpoint potential of the donor.", "contents": "Bounds on rate constants and relative potentials in electron transport chains. Minimization of free-energy losses requires that the rate constants for reaction in both forward and reverse directions be several times the net rate of a reaction. In an electron transfer between wound molecules, the forward and reverse rate constants contribute separate factors to the free-energy drop across the reaction. If such a reaction has a reverse rate constant which is much greater than the net rate of reaction, then the midpoint potential of the acceptor may economically be more negative than the midpoint potential of the donor.", "PMID": 836819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2312", "title": "Influence of membrane structure on the kinetics of carrier-mediated ion transport through lipid bilayers.", "content": "Charge-pulse relaxation experiments of valinomycin-mediated Rb+ transport have been carried out in order to study the influence of membrane structure on carrier kinetics. From the experiment data the rate constants of association (kR) and dissociation (kD) of the ion-carrier complex as well as the rate constants of translocation of the complex (kMS) and of the free carrier (kS) could be obtained. The composition of the planar bilayer membrane was varied in a wide range. In a first series of experiments, membranes made from glycerolmonooleate dissolved in different n-alkanes (n-decane to n-hexadecane), as well as solvent-free membranes made from the same lipid by the Montal-Mueller technique were studied. The translocation rate constants kS and kMS were found to differ by less than a factor of two in the membranes of different solvent content. Much larger changes of the rate constants were observed if the structure of the fatty acid residue was varied. For instance, an increase in the number of double bonds in the C20 fatty acid from one to four resulted in an increase of kS by a factor of seven and in an increase of kMS by a factor of twenty-four. The stability constant K = kR/kD of the ion-carrier complex as well as the translocation rate constants kS and kMS were found to depend strongly on the polar headgroup of the lipid. The incorporation of cholesterol into glycerolmonooleate membranes reduced kR, kMS and kS up to seven-fold.", "contents": "Influence of membrane structure on the kinetics of carrier-mediated ion transport through lipid bilayers. Charge-pulse relaxation experiments of valinomycin-mediated Rb+ transport have been carried out in order to study the influence of membrane structure on carrier kinetics. From the experiment data the rate constants of association (kR) and dissociation (kD) of the ion-carrier complex as well as the rate constants of translocation of the complex (kMS) and of the free carrier (kS) could be obtained. The composition of the planar bilayer membrane was varied in a wide range. In a first series of experiments, membranes made from glycerolmonooleate dissolved in different n-alkanes (n-decane to n-hexadecane), as well as solvent-free membranes made from the same lipid by the Montal-Mueller technique were studied. The translocation rate constants kS and kMS were found to differ by less than a factor of two in the membranes of different solvent content. Much larger changes of the rate constants were observed if the structure of the fatty acid residue was varied. For instance, an increase in the number of double bonds in the C20 fatty acid from one to four resulted in an increase of kS by a factor of seven and in an increase of kMS by a factor of twenty-four. The stability constant K = kR/kD of the ion-carrier complex as well as the translocation rate constants kS and kMS were found to depend strongly on the polar headgroup of the lipid. The incorporation of cholesterol into glycerolmonooleate membranes reduced kR, kMS and kS up to seven-fold.", "PMID": 836821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2313", "title": "Evidence for the preferential interaction of glycophorin with negatively charged phospholipids.", "content": "Glycophorin, extracted from the erythrocyte membrane after treatment with lithium-diiodo-salicylate, still contains a significant amount of phospholipid, consisting predominantly of phosphatidylserine. Methods are described which lead to a full delipidation of the protein. After treatment with neuraminidase, delipidated glycophorin shows a preferential interaction with monolayers of negatively-charged phospholipids. This lipid-protein interaction is decreased by the presence of cholesterol in the lipid film.", "contents": "Evidence for the preferential interaction of glycophorin with negatively charged phospholipids. Glycophorin, extracted from the erythrocyte membrane after treatment with lithium-diiodo-salicylate, still contains a significant amount of phospholipid, consisting predominantly of phosphatidylserine. Methods are described which lead to a full delipidation of the protein. After treatment with neuraminidase, delipidated glycophorin shows a preferential interaction with monolayers of negatively-charged phospholipids. This lipid-protein interaction is decreased by the presence of cholesterol in the lipid film.", "PMID": 836822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2314", "title": "Isolation of the membrane glycoproteins of human blood platelets by lectin affinity chromatography.", "content": "The major platelet membrane glycoproteins have been solubilized in 1.0% sodium deoxycholate and subjected to affinity chromatography on the lectins from Lens culinaris, wheat germ and Abrus precatorius. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence and absence of a reducing agent together with the differential binding of the lectins to the glycoproteins permitted the distinction of at least seven separate glycoprotein entities. A new nomenclature for the glycoproteins is proposed to accomodate the additional data. Using combinations of lectin columns, glycoproteins Ia and Ib could be prepared in a pure state and IIb and IIIa could be greatly purified. The binding of lectins to glycoprotein Ib has been strongly implicated as a necessary step in the aggregation response of platelets to lectins.", "contents": "Isolation of the membrane glycoproteins of human blood platelets by lectin affinity chromatography. The major platelet membrane glycoproteins have been solubilized in 1.0% sodium deoxycholate and subjected to affinity chromatography on the lectins from Lens culinaris, wheat germ and Abrus precatorius. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence and absence of a reducing agent together with the differential binding of the lectins to the glycoproteins permitted the distinction of at least seven separate glycoprotein entities. A new nomenclature for the glycoproteins is proposed to accomodate the additional data. Using combinations of lectin columns, glycoproteins Ia and Ib could be prepared in a pure state and IIb and IIIa could be greatly purified. The binding of lectins to glycoprotein Ib has been strongly implicated as a necessary step in the aggregation response of platelets to lectins.", "PMID": 836823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2315", "title": "The effect of cholesterol incorporation on the temperature dependence of water permeation through liposomal membranes prepared from phosphatidylcholines.", "content": "The permeation of water through liposomal membranes composed of phosphatidylcholine plus varying amounts of cholesterol was studied as a function of temperature. 1. Increasing amounts of cholesterol caused a gradual disappearance of the abrupt change in the rate of water permeation near the gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition temperature of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine liposomes. At cholesterol concentrations above about 30 mol % there was no longer a discontinuity in the rate of water permeation. 2. The incorporation of cholesterol produces a steep change in the activation energy of the water permeation above the transition temperature of the saturated lecithin occurring at about 15 mol % of cholesterol. Below the transition temperature there was a gradual decrease in the activation energy of the water permeation in the region of 0 to 33 mol % of cholesterol. 3. In systems containing unsaturated phosphatidylcholines cholesterol also enhanced the activation energy of the water permeation although to a lesser extent. The results indicate that the position of the cis-double bond in the fatty acid chain is very important in this respect. 4. In systems in which cholesterol increased the temperature dependence of the water permeation there is also an enhancement of the temperature dependence of the isotonic glycerol and erythritol swelling by the same number of kcal/mol.", "contents": "The effect of cholesterol incorporation on the temperature dependence of water permeation through liposomal membranes prepared from phosphatidylcholines. The permeation of water through liposomal membranes composed of phosphatidylcholine plus varying amounts of cholesterol was studied as a function of temperature. 1. Increasing amounts of cholesterol caused a gradual disappearance of the abrupt change in the rate of water permeation near the gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition temperature of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine liposomes. At cholesterol concentrations above about 30 mol % there was no longer a discontinuity in the rate of water permeation. 2. The incorporation of cholesterol produces a steep change in the activation energy of the water permeation above the transition temperature of the saturated lecithin occurring at about 15 mol % of cholesterol. Below the transition temperature there was a gradual decrease in the activation energy of the water permeation in the region of 0 to 33 mol % of cholesterol. 3. In systems containing unsaturated phosphatidylcholines cholesterol also enhanced the activation energy of the water permeation although to a lesser extent. The results indicate that the position of the cis-double bond in the fatty acid chain is very important in this respect. 4. In systems in which cholesterol increased the temperature dependence of the water permeation there is also an enhancement of the temperature dependence of the isotonic glycerol and erythritol swelling by the same number of kcal/mol.", "PMID": 836824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2316", "title": "gamma-Aminobutyric acid-stimulated chloride permeability in crayfish muscle.", "content": "gamma-Aminobutyric acid selectively increased Cl- permeability in isolated strips of crayfish abdominal muscle. Muscle fibers incubated in Van Harrevald's solution at room temperature took up 36Cl- to the extent of 700 ml/kg wet weight with a halftime of 2.5 min. During 15-S incubations, the control 36Cl- uptake space was 131 +/- 4 ml/kg (n = 60) and this was significantly increased by gamma-aminobutyric acid at 200 muM or higher concentrations to 177 +/- 4 ml/kg (n = 48, P less than 0.05). This effect was specific for chloride since gamma-aminobutyric acid did not increase the uptake by crayfish muscle of radioactive sucrose, inositol, or propionate. gamma-Aminobutyric acid stimulation of 36Cl- uptake is mediated by receptor-ionophore function since the process shows pharmacological properties virtually identical to those observed by electrophysiological techniques. The gamma-aminobutyric acid stimulation of Cl- permeability is dose dependent with 50% of the maximal effect at 40 muM gamma-aminobutyric acid and the dose vs. response curve is somewhat sigmoid. The gamma-aminobutyric acid agonist muscimol causes the same maximal effect on Cl- uptake as gamma-aminobutyric acid, but acts at 5-fold lower concentrations, i.e. is more potent. However, the partial agonist gamma-amino, beta-hydroxybutyric acid produced little or no stimulation of 36Cl- flux. The response to gamma-aminobutyric acid was blocked by 2 mM beta-guanidinopropionate or gamma-guanidinobutyrate, 0.5 mM bicuculline, and 10 muM picrotoxinin. Picrotoxinin inhibition was dose dependent with 50% inhibition occurring at 4 muM. Antagonists did not affect control 36Cl- uptake. These results confirm electrophysiological observations that the postsynaptic response to the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid involves a rapid increase in membrane permeability to Cl-.", "contents": "gamma-Aminobutyric acid-stimulated chloride permeability in crayfish muscle. gamma-Aminobutyric acid selectively increased Cl- permeability in isolated strips of crayfish abdominal muscle. Muscle fibers incubated in Van Harrevald's solution at room temperature took up 36Cl- to the extent of 700 ml/kg wet weight with a halftime of 2.5 min. During 15-S incubations, the control 36Cl- uptake space was 131 +/- 4 ml/kg (n = 60) and this was significantly increased by gamma-aminobutyric acid at 200 muM or higher concentrations to 177 +/- 4 ml/kg (n = 48, P less than 0.05). This effect was specific for chloride since gamma-aminobutyric acid did not increase the uptake by crayfish muscle of radioactive sucrose, inositol, or propionate. gamma-Aminobutyric acid stimulation of 36Cl- uptake is mediated by receptor-ionophore function since the process shows pharmacological properties virtually identical to those observed by electrophysiological techniques. The gamma-aminobutyric acid stimulation of Cl- permeability is dose dependent with 50% of the maximal effect at 40 muM gamma-aminobutyric acid and the dose vs. response curve is somewhat sigmoid. The gamma-aminobutyric acid agonist muscimol causes the same maximal effect on Cl- uptake as gamma-aminobutyric acid, but acts at 5-fold lower concentrations, i.e. is more potent. However, the partial agonist gamma-amino, beta-hydroxybutyric acid produced little or no stimulation of 36Cl- flux. The response to gamma-aminobutyric acid was blocked by 2 mM beta-guanidinopropionate or gamma-guanidinobutyrate, 0.5 mM bicuculline, and 10 muM picrotoxinin. Picrotoxinin inhibition was dose dependent with 50% inhibition occurring at 4 muM. Antagonists did not affect control 36Cl- uptake. These results confirm electrophysiological observations that the postsynaptic response to the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid involves a rapid increase in membrane permeability to Cl-.", "PMID": 836825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2317", "title": "Enzyme therapy. VI: Comparative in vivo fates and effects on lysosomal integrity of enzyme entrapped in negatively and positively charged liposomes.", "content": "Entrapment of enzyme in liposomes, biodegradable lipid vesicles, offers an intriguing strategy for the intracellular delivery of these macromolecules to the lysosomal apparatus for enzyme replacement endeavors in selected lysosomal storage diseases. Therefore, the in vivo tissue and subcellular fate and effect on the subcellular distribution of endogenous lysosomal hydrolases was determined following intravenous administration of beta-glucuronidase entrapped in positively and negatively charged liposomes into C3H/HeJ beta-glucuronidase-deficient mice. Enzyme entrapped in negatively charged liposomes was rapidly cleared from the circulation (t1/2 approximately 4 min); maximal tissue recovery, 75% of dose, was detedtec in the liver at 1 h, was maintained fro 48 h and then gradually declined to non-detectable levels by 8 days. A similar circulatory clearance and reciprocal hepatic uptake was observed fro positively charged liposomes; however, the beta-glucuronidase was retained in murine liver for 11 days. Significant activity, 15% of dose, was found in the kidneys up to 1 and 4 days post-injection of positively and negatively charged liposomes, respectively. No activity was recovered in neural or other visceral tissues except in spleen and lungs (less than 5% of the dose). Exogenous beta-glucuronidase activity administered in negatively charged liposomes was primarily localized in the lysosomally-enriched hepatic subcellular fraction, compared to the predominantly soluble localization of exogenous activity entrapped in positively charged liposomes. Administration of negatively charged liposomes caused no detectable change in the subcellular localization of several endogenous lysosomal hydrolase activities compared to their distribution in untreated mice. In contrast, a marked but temporary translocation of these hydrolase activities into the soluble fraction was observed following the administration of positively charged liposomes, identifying possible deleterious effects on cellular physiology.", "contents": "Enzyme therapy. VI: Comparative in vivo fates and effects on lysosomal integrity of enzyme entrapped in negatively and positively charged liposomes. Entrapment of enzyme in liposomes, biodegradable lipid vesicles, offers an intriguing strategy for the intracellular delivery of these macromolecules to the lysosomal apparatus for enzyme replacement endeavors in selected lysosomal storage diseases. Therefore, the in vivo tissue and subcellular fate and effect on the subcellular distribution of endogenous lysosomal hydrolases was determined following intravenous administration of beta-glucuronidase entrapped in positively and negatively charged liposomes into C3H/HeJ beta-glucuronidase-deficient mice. Enzyme entrapped in negatively charged liposomes was rapidly cleared from the circulation (t1/2 approximately 4 min); maximal tissue recovery, 75% of dose, was detedtec in the liver at 1 h, was maintained fro 48 h and then gradually declined to non-detectable levels by 8 days. A similar circulatory clearance and reciprocal hepatic uptake was observed fro positively charged liposomes; however, the beta-glucuronidase was retained in murine liver for 11 days. Significant activity, 15% of dose, was found in the kidneys up to 1 and 4 days post-injection of positively and negatively charged liposomes, respectively. No activity was recovered in neural or other visceral tissues except in spleen and lungs (less than 5% of the dose). Exogenous beta-glucuronidase activity administered in negatively charged liposomes was primarily localized in the lysosomally-enriched hepatic subcellular fraction, compared to the predominantly soluble localization of exogenous activity entrapped in positively charged liposomes. Administration of negatively charged liposomes caused no detectable change in the subcellular localization of several endogenous lysosomal hydrolase activities compared to their distribution in untreated mice. In contrast, a marked but temporary translocation of these hydrolase activities into the soluble fraction was observed following the administration of positively charged liposomes, identifying possible deleterious effects on cellular physiology.", "PMID": 836826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2318", "title": "Energy-dependent uptake of calcium by the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe.", "content": "1. In resting cells of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the uptake of calcium is stimulated by the addition of 90 mM glucose in the presence as in the absence of respiration and inhibited by Antimycin A in the absence of exogenous carbon source. This uptake therefore requires fermentative or respiratory metabolic energy. 2. The calcium uptake by S. pombe exhibits saturation kinetics and high affinity for calcium. At external pH 4.5, the apparent Km is 45 muM ca2+ 400 muM of other divalent cations exert competitive inhibitions of calcium uptake in the following order of affinities: Sr2+ greater than Mn2+ greater than Co2+ greater than Mg2+. Inhibition by KCl is also observed but is of non-competitive type and requires high concentrations of the order of 40 mM. 3. At 30 degrees C, the uptake rate of calcium is about 10-times higher at pH 8925 than at pH 4.0. An extrusion of 45Ca2+, the rate of which is estimated to be lower than one-fifth of the uptake, is observed in the presence of glucose when the external pH is acid. 4. At external pH 4.5, low concentrations of lanthanum chloride, ruthenium red and hexamine cobaltichloride are inhibitory for the uptake of calcium by the yeast cells. 5. In presence of Antimycin A, the uncouplers: NaN3, dinitrophenol, and concentrations of crobonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone higher than 80 muM inhibit the calcium uptake by glycolysing cells. In the presence of glucose, the K+ ionophore Dio-9 dnhances severalfold the uptake of calcium even at 2 degrees C. 6. It is concluded that S. pombe possess an active transport system for low concentrations of calcium. This transport seems to be dependent on an electric potential (negative inside) across the cellular membrane.", "contents": "Energy-dependent uptake of calcium by the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. 1. In resting cells of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the uptake of calcium is stimulated by the addition of 90 mM glucose in the presence as in the absence of respiration and inhibited by Antimycin A in the absence of exogenous carbon source. This uptake therefore requires fermentative or respiratory metabolic energy. 2. The calcium uptake by S. pombe exhibits saturation kinetics and high affinity for calcium. At external pH 4.5, the apparent Km is 45 muM ca2+ 400 muM of other divalent cations exert competitive inhibitions of calcium uptake in the following order of affinities: Sr2+ greater than Mn2+ greater than Co2+ greater than Mg2+. Inhibition by KCl is also observed but is of non-competitive type and requires high concentrations of the order of 40 mM. 3. At 30 degrees C, the uptake rate of calcium is about 10-times higher at pH 8925 than at pH 4.0. An extrusion of 45Ca2+, the rate of which is estimated to be lower than one-fifth of the uptake, is observed in the presence of glucose when the external pH is acid. 4. At external pH 4.5, low concentrations of lanthanum chloride, ruthenium red and hexamine cobaltichloride are inhibitory for the uptake of calcium by the yeast cells. 5. In presence of Antimycin A, the uncouplers: NaN3, dinitrophenol, and concentrations of crobonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone higher than 80 muM inhibit the calcium uptake by glycolysing cells. In the presence of glucose, the K+ ionophore Dio-9 dnhances severalfold the uptake of calcium even at 2 degrees C. 6. It is concluded that S. pombe possess an active transport system for low concentrations of calcium. This transport seems to be dependent on an electric potential (negative inside) across the cellular membrane.", "PMID": 836827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2319", "title": "The effects of hypothyroidism and fasting on electrogenic amino acid transfer: possible evidence for multiple neutral amino acid carrier systems in rat jejunum.", "content": "The jejunal mechanisms for the electrogenic transfer of four neutral amino acids (alanine, leucine, methionine, valine) and for sarcosine were characterised by an electrical method in vitro. The values for apparent Km obtained electrically agree well with those assessed by conventional chemical techniques. Hypothyroidism and/or fasting rats for 3 days induced differential changes in the apparent Km and p.d.max for the various amino acids. These alterations were interpreted as indicating the presence of at least three mechanisms for neutral amino acid transfer and one for sarcosine. In euthyroid rats, only alanine showed changes in apparent Km (decrease) and p.d.max (decrease) after fasting for 3 days. With hypothyroidism the kinetic parameters of electrogenic transfer for alanine, valine and sarcosine were significantly altered while those for leucine and methionine were unaffected.", "contents": "The effects of hypothyroidism and fasting on electrogenic amino acid transfer: possible evidence for multiple neutral amino acid carrier systems in rat jejunum. The jejunal mechanisms for the electrogenic transfer of four neutral amino acids (alanine, leucine, methionine, valine) and for sarcosine were characterised by an electrical method in vitro. The values for apparent Km obtained electrically agree well with those assessed by conventional chemical techniques. Hypothyroidism and/or fasting rats for 3 days induced differential changes in the apparent Km and p.d.max for the various amino acids. These alterations were interpreted as indicating the presence of at least three mechanisms for neutral amino acid transfer and one for sarcosine. In euthyroid rats, only alanine showed changes in apparent Km (decrease) and p.d.max (decrease) after fasting for 3 days. With hypothyroidism the kinetic parameters of electrogenic transfer for alanine, valine and sarcosine were significantly altered while those for leucine and methionine were unaffected.", "PMID": 836828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2320", "title": "Freeze-fracture electron microscopy of human erythrocytes lacking the major membrane sialoglycoprotein.", "content": "Human erythrocytes of blood group En (a-), a rare homozygous condition involving a complete lack of the major sialoglycoprotein of the cell membrane (glycophorin A), were compared with erythrocytes from normal (En (a+)) individuals by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. No decrease in number, or variation in morphology, of the intramembranal particles of En (a-) cells was detectable. The results show that the erythrocyte sialoglycoprotein is not essential for the maintenance of the integrity of the intramembranal particles of the human erythrocyte membrane.", "contents": "Freeze-fracture electron microscopy of human erythrocytes lacking the major membrane sialoglycoprotein. Human erythrocytes of blood group En (a-), a rare homozygous condition involving a complete lack of the major sialoglycoprotein of the cell membrane (glycophorin A), were compared with erythrocytes from normal (En (a+)) individuals by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. No decrease in number, or variation in morphology, of the intramembranal particles of En (a-) cells was detectable. The results show that the erythrocyte sialoglycoprotein is not essential for the maintenance of the integrity of the intramembranal particles of the human erythrocyte membrane.", "PMID": 836829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2321", "title": "The preferential interaction of cholesterol with different classes of phospholipids.", "content": "1. By differential scanning calorimetry a preferential affinity of cholesterol for sphingomyelin was established in mixtures of sphingomelin and phosphatidylcholine where sphingomyelin was either the higher or the lower melting phospholipid. 2. A preferential affinity of cholesterol for sphingomyelin was also found in mixtures of sphingomyelin and phosphatidylethanolamine where sphingomyelin was either the higher or the  lower melting phospholipid. The sphingomyelin used was isolated from beef erythrocytes or synthetic palmitoyl sphingomyelin. 3. In mixtures of phosphatidylserine with phosphatidylethanolamine, or phosphatidylserine with phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol showed the highest affinity for the lower melting phospholipid. 4. In a previous paper (van Dijck et al. (1976) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 455, 576-588) it was established that cholesterol has a higher affinity for phosphatidylcholine than for phosphatidylethanolamine. The affinity order of cholesterol for the neutral phospholipids which can be deduced form these experiments is sphingomyelin greater than phosphatidylcholine greater than phosphatidylethanolamine.", "contents": "The preferential interaction of cholesterol with different classes of phospholipids. 1. By differential scanning calorimetry a preferential affinity of cholesterol for sphingomyelin was established in mixtures of sphingomelin and phosphatidylcholine where sphingomyelin was either the higher or the lower melting phospholipid. 2. A preferential affinity of cholesterol for sphingomyelin was also found in mixtures of sphingomyelin and phosphatidylethanolamine where sphingomyelin was either the higher or the  lower melting phospholipid. The sphingomyelin used was isolated from beef erythrocytes or synthetic palmitoyl sphingomyelin. 3. In mixtures of phosphatidylserine with phosphatidylethanolamine, or phosphatidylserine with phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol showed the highest affinity for the lower melting phospholipid. 4. In a previous paper (van Dijck et al. (1976) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 455, 576-588) it was established that cholesterol has a higher affinity for phosphatidylcholine than for phosphatidylethanolamine. The affinity order of cholesterol for the neutral phospholipids which can be deduced form these experiments is sphingomyelin greater than phosphatidylcholine greater than phosphatidylethanolamine.", "PMID": 836830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2322", "title": "Choline influx across the brush border of guinea pig jejunum.", "content": "Choline uptake across the mucosal border of guinea pig jejunum was measured to determine the characteristics of this step in intestinal absorption. Unidirectional influx of [14C]choline appears to proceed primarily by a saturable, carrier-mediated process at low mucosal choline concentrations; at high concentrations (greater than 4 mM) the influx rate is approximately linearly related to the mucosal choline concentration, suggesting that absorption by passive diffusion predominates. Influx was only minimally reduced by elimination of Na+ from the mucosal test solution or by reduction of the intracellular Na+ concentration. Preincubation of tissue samples with metabolic inhibitors or with ouabain did not markedly reduce influx. These results are consistent with a model of choline transport across the brush border membrane by a carrier-mediated mechanism which is similar to that involved  in fructose absorption but different from the Na+-dependent mechanism which participates in active transport of sugars and amino acids. At low lumenal choline concentrations, influx into colonic mucosa is slower than in jejunum and appears to be attributed solely to simple diffusion.", "contents": "Choline influx across the brush border of guinea pig jejunum. Choline uptake across the mucosal border of guinea pig jejunum was measured to determine the characteristics of this step in intestinal absorption. Unidirectional influx of [14C]choline appears to proceed primarily by a saturable, carrier-mediated process at low mucosal choline concentrations; at high concentrations (greater than 4 mM) the influx rate is approximately linearly related to the mucosal choline concentration, suggesting that absorption by passive diffusion predominates. Influx was only minimally reduced by elimination of Na+ from the mucosal test solution or by reduction of the intracellular Na+ concentration. Preincubation of tissue samples with metabolic inhibitors or with ouabain did not markedly reduce influx. These results are consistent with a model of choline transport across the brush border membrane by a carrier-mediated mechanism which is similar to that involved  in fructose absorption but different from the Na+-dependent mechanism which participates in active transport of sugars and amino acids. At low lumenal choline concentrations, influx into colonic mucosa is slower than in jejunum and appears to be attributed solely to simple diffusion.", "PMID": 836831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2323", "title": "The erythrocyte membrane site for the effect of temperature on osmotic fragility.", "content": "The osmotic fragility of human erythrocytes is well known to decrease as the temperature is elevated. The cellular site for the temperature effect was studied by assessing possible roles of hemoglobin and of membrane lipids and by taking advantage of the unique response of camel erythrocytes to temperature. It is concluded that the erythrocyte membrane is the site for the temperature effect on osmotic fragility. The human erythrocyte is likely to rupture in protein--lipid boundary regions in the membrane, from which cholesterol is apparently excluded.", "contents": "The erythrocyte membrane site for the effect of temperature on osmotic fragility. The osmotic fragility of human erythrocytes is well known to decrease as the temperature is elevated. The cellular site for the temperature effect was studied by assessing possible roles of hemoglobin and of membrane lipids and by taking advantage of the unique response of camel erythrocytes to temperature. It is concluded that the erythrocyte membrane is the site for the temperature effect on osmotic fragility. The human erythrocyte is likely to rupture in protein--lipid boundary regions in the membrane, from which cholesterol is apparently excluded.", "PMID": 836832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2324", "title": "Effects of different bile salts upon the composition and morphology of a liver plasma membrane preparation. Deoxycholate is more membrane damaging than cholate and its conjugates.", "content": "1. Rat liver plasma membrane  preparations were incubated with various bile salts at 0 or 37 degrees C. the bile salts caused the removal of various amounts of proteins, membrane enzymes and phospholipids; the extent and nature of these losses, and the morphological changes which accompanied them, varied with the detergent used. 2. Cholate, taurocholate and glycocholate removed appreciable amounts of protein from the saline-washed membranes, and considerable amounts of both phospholipids and the membrane enzymes, 5-nucleotidase, alkaline phosphatase, alkaline phosphodiesterase 1 and L-leucyl-beta-naphtylamidase. These losses were greater at 37 that at 0 degrees C. The material remaining contained membrane-like profiles, many of vesicular form, even when the preparation was almost completely devoid of phospholipids. 3. Deoxycholate, both at 0 and 37 degrees C, removed more protein, membrane enzymes and phospholipids than did cholate and its conjugates. The material remaining was mainly granular and unorganised and the only remaining features were structures resembling the nexus, and occasional desmosomes. 4. Deoxycholate, a dihydroxy bile salt, therefore appears to cause greater perturbation of membrane structure than the trihydroxy bile salt, cholate, and its conjugates. The results may have implications for the effects of bile salts upon the membranes of liver cells during bile salt secretion and the production of bile.", "contents": "Effects of different bile salts upon the composition and morphology of a liver plasma membrane preparation. Deoxycholate is more membrane damaging than cholate and its conjugates. 1. Rat liver plasma membrane  preparations were incubated with various bile salts at 0 or 37 degrees C. the bile salts caused the removal of various amounts of proteins, membrane enzymes and phospholipids; the extent and nature of these losses, and the morphological changes which accompanied them, varied with the detergent used. 2. Cholate, taurocholate and glycocholate removed appreciable amounts of protein from the saline-washed membranes, and considerable amounts of both phospholipids and the membrane enzymes, 5-nucleotidase, alkaline phosphatase, alkaline phosphodiesterase 1 and L-leucyl-beta-naphtylamidase. These losses were greater at 37 that at 0 degrees C. The material remaining contained membrane-like profiles, many of vesicular form, even when the preparation was almost completely devoid of phospholipids. 3. Deoxycholate, both at 0 and 37 degrees C, removed more protein, membrane enzymes and phospholipids than did cholate and its conjugates. The material remaining was mainly granular and unorganised and the only remaining features were structures resembling the nexus, and occasional desmosomes. 4. Deoxycholate, a dihydroxy bile salt, therefore appears to cause greater perturbation of membrane structure than the trihydroxy bile salt, cholate, and its conjugates. The results may have implications for the effects of bile salts upon the membranes of liver cells during bile salt secretion and the production of bile.", "PMID": 836833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2325", "title": "Effect of anoxia, 2,4-dinitrophenol and salicylate on xylose transport by isolated rat soleus muscle.", "content": "1. These studies examined the theory that ATP served to regulate muscle sugar transport by a feedback mechanism. Xylose uptake by isolated rat soleus muscle was determined over a 5-min period following preincubation at 37 degrees C for various times in the presence of insulin (0.1 unit/ml), 2,4-dinitrophenol (0.5 or 0.05 mM) or salicylate (5 mM) or under anaerobic conditions. 2. Xylose uptake, measured in freshly isolated soleus muscles, was approximately 3.5--4.0 mumol/g per h. When the muscles were preincubated at 37 degrees C, this rate fell by 50% during the first 30 min and then slowly increased. 3. The stimulatory effect of insulin was evident within 2 min in freshly isolated soleus muscle and increased on preincubation, reaching a maximum value (approx. 14 mumol/g per h) after 20 min. 4. There was a 10-min lag period before xylose uptake was stimulated by anoxia. This lag period was approximately doubled when the incubation temperature was lowered from 37 degrees C. The stimulatory effect of anoxia was promptly reversed when muscles were transferred from anaerobic to aerobic conditions. 5. There was a 5-min lag period before xylose uptake was stimulated by 2,4-dinitrophenol (0.05 mM) or by sodium salicylate (mM). At a concentration of 0.5 mM, 2,4-dinitrophenol stimulated xylose uptake in freshly isolated muscle. Whereas the stimulatory effects of insulin, anoxia and salicylate all tended to plateau with time, the effect of 2,4-dinitrophenol tended to peak and then decline. 6. There was no obvious relationship between total muscle ATP levels and xylose uptake. The stimulatory effect of anoxia, 2,4-dinitrophenol or salicylate on xylose uptake was not preceded by the fall in muscle ATP. Similarly, ATP levels did not change when xylose uptake was stimulated by anoxia at 27 degrees C, or when xylose uptake was restored to basal values by transferring muscles from anaerobic to aerobic conditions. 7. It was argued that the presence of the myofibrils could act as a permeability barrier, which would limit the access of ATP produced within the interior of the cell to a regulatory site on, or close to, the sarcolemma. On the other hand, it is conceivable that the ATP produced on the periphery of the fibre by the subsarcolemmal mitochondria could play a more specific role in the feedback regulation of sugar transport. 8. Insulin stimulated xylose uptake in the presence of 2,4-dinitrophenol (0.5 mM) when this was measured in freshly isolated muscle, but not after a period of preincubation. This suggested that there may be some ATP-dependent process involved in the stimulatory effect of insulin.", "contents": "Effect of anoxia, 2,4-dinitrophenol and salicylate on xylose transport by isolated rat soleus muscle. 1. These studies examined the theory that ATP served to regulate muscle sugar transport by a feedback mechanism. Xylose uptake by isolated rat soleus muscle was determined over a 5-min period following preincubation at 37 degrees C for various times in the presence of insulin (0.1 unit/ml), 2,4-dinitrophenol (0.5 or 0.05 mM) or salicylate (5 mM) or under anaerobic conditions. 2. Xylose uptake, measured in freshly isolated soleus muscles, was approximately 3.5--4.0 mumol/g per h. When the muscles were preincubated at 37 degrees C, this rate fell by 50% during the first 30 min and then slowly increased. 3. The stimulatory effect of insulin was evident within 2 min in freshly isolated soleus muscle and increased on preincubation, reaching a maximum value (approx. 14 mumol/g per h) after 20 min. 4. There was a 10-min lag period before xylose uptake was stimulated by anoxia. This lag period was approximately doubled when the incubation temperature was lowered from 37 degrees C. The stimulatory effect of anoxia was promptly reversed when muscles were transferred from anaerobic to aerobic conditions. 5. There was a 5-min lag period before xylose uptake was stimulated by 2,4-dinitrophenol (0.05 mM) or by sodium salicylate (mM). At a concentration of 0.5 mM, 2,4-dinitrophenol stimulated xylose uptake in freshly isolated muscle. Whereas the stimulatory effects of insulin, anoxia and salicylate all tended to plateau with time, the effect of 2,4-dinitrophenol tended to peak and then decline. 6. There was no obvious relationship between total muscle ATP levels and xylose uptake. The stimulatory effect of anoxia, 2,4-dinitrophenol or salicylate on xylose uptake was not preceded by the fall in muscle ATP. Similarly, ATP levels did not change when xylose uptake was stimulated by anoxia at 27 degrees C, or when xylose uptake was restored to basal values by transferring muscles from anaerobic to aerobic conditions. 7. It was argued that the presence of the myofibrils could act as a permeability barrier, which would limit the access of ATP produced within the interior of the cell to a regulatory site on, or close to, the sarcolemma. On the other hand, it is conceivable that the ATP produced on the periphery of the fibre by the subsarcolemmal mitochondria could play a more specific role in the feedback regulation of sugar transport. 8. Insulin stimulated xylose uptake in the presence of 2,4-dinitrophenol (0.5 mM) when this was measured in freshly isolated muscle, but not after a period of preincubation. This suggested that there may be some ATP-dependent process involved in the stimulatory effect of insulin.", "PMID": 836834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2326", "title": "Properties of bilayer membranes in the presence of dipicrylamine. A comparative study by optical absorption and electrical relaxation measurements.", "content": "In order to test the question if a pool of lipophilic ions may exist in black lipid membranes which cannot be detected by electrical relaxation measurements we have performed simultaneously measurements of the optical absorption of a lipophilic ion. The absorbance of membrane-bound dipicrylamine at 410 nm was measured with a sensitive spectrophotometer which can detect absorbance changes larger than or equal to 4-10(-5). A minimal concentration of about 6-10(11) dipicrylamine ions per cm2 of the membrane could be detected with this instrument. The dipicrylamine concentration in the membrane obtained with the optical method Ntopt is compared with the concentrations Ntel obtained from simultaneous electrical relaxation meausurements. Ntopt and Ntel agreed at low dipicrylamine concentrations (10(-8)--10(-7) M in the aqueous phase) and showed saturation at higher concentrations (up to 5-10(-6) M). In the saturation range Ntopt was maximally four times higher than Ntel. The significance of this difference is discussed together with general aspects of the saturation phenomenon.", "contents": "Properties of bilayer membranes in the presence of dipicrylamine. A comparative study by optical absorption and electrical relaxation measurements. In order to test the question if a pool of lipophilic ions may exist in black lipid membranes which cannot be detected by electrical relaxation measurements we have performed simultaneously measurements of the optical absorption of a lipophilic ion. The absorbance of membrane-bound dipicrylamine at 410 nm was measured with a sensitive spectrophotometer which can detect absorbance changes larger than or equal to 4-10(-5). A minimal concentration of about 6-10(11) dipicrylamine ions per cm2 of the membrane could be detected with this instrument. The dipicrylamine concentration in the membrane obtained with the optical method Ntopt is compared with the concentrations Ntel obtained from simultaneous electrical relaxation meausurements. Ntopt and Ntel agreed at low dipicrylamine concentrations (10(-8)--10(-7) M in the aqueous phase) and showed saturation at higher concentrations (up to 5-10(-6) M). In the saturation range Ntopt was maximally four times higher than Ntel. The significance of this difference is discussed together with general aspects of the saturation phenomenon.", "PMID": 836835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2327", "title": "Outside-inside distribution and translocation of lysophosphatidylcholine in phosphatidylcholine vesicles as determinied by 13C-NMR using (N-13CH3)-enriched lipids.", "content": "1. The outside-inside distribution of palmitoyl lysophosphatidylcholine and dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine in mixed sonicated vesicles is measured with (N-13CH3)-labelled lipids using 13C NMR and Dy3+ as an impermeable shift reagent. 2. Palmitoyl lysophosphatidylcholine is preferentially localised in the outside layer of the vesicle membrane. Incorporation of cholesterol in the vesicle diminishes the extent of lysophosphatidylcholine asymmetry. 3. Palmitoyl lysophosphatidylcholine added to dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine vesicles is incorporated in the outer monolayer of the vesicle. Even after 40 h less than 2% of the lysophosphatidylcholine could be detected in the inner monolayer. Since in the cosonicated vesicles 17% of the lysophosphatidylcholine is present in the inner monolayer it can be concluded that the transmembrane movement of lysophosphatidylcholine across the lipid bilayer of these vesicles is an extremely slow process.", "contents": "Outside-inside distribution and translocation of lysophosphatidylcholine in phosphatidylcholine vesicles as determinied by 13C-NMR using (N-13CH3)-enriched lipids. 1. The outside-inside distribution of palmitoyl lysophosphatidylcholine and dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine in mixed sonicated vesicles is measured with (N-13CH3)-labelled lipids using 13C NMR and Dy3+ as an impermeable shift reagent. 2. Palmitoyl lysophosphatidylcholine is preferentially localised in the outside layer of the vesicle membrane. Incorporation of cholesterol in the vesicle diminishes the extent of lysophosphatidylcholine asymmetry. 3. Palmitoyl lysophosphatidylcholine added to dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine vesicles is incorporated in the outer monolayer of the vesicle. Even after 40 h less than 2% of the lysophosphatidylcholine could be detected in the inner monolayer. Since in the cosonicated vesicles 17% of the lysophosphatidylcholine is present in the inner monolayer it can be concluded that the transmembrane movement of lysophosphatidylcholine across the lipid bilayer of these vesicles is an extremely slow process.", "PMID": 836836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2328", "title": "Transbilayer distribution and movement of lysophosphatidylcholine in liposomal membranes.", "content": "Single bilayer vesicles were prepared by sonication of 5 mol% 1-palmitoyl lysophosphatidylcholine and 95 mol% egg phosphatidylcholine. Incubation with lysophospholipase results in a fast hydrolysis of 80-90% of lysophosphatidylcholine. The remaining lysophosphatidylcholine is only very slowly hydrolysed. There results are interpreted as lysophosphatidylcholine being asymmetrically distributed over the two halves of the bilayer. The slow phase of lysophosphatidylcholine hydrolysis sets an upper limit to the rate of transbilayer movement of lysophosphatidylcholine. The half time of this process at 37 degrees C is estimated to be about 100 h. Incorporation of cholesterol in the vesicles reduces the distributional asymmetry of lysophosphatidylcholine to the extent of an outside-inside ratio of 60 : 40 [14C]Lysophosphatidylcholine introduced into the outer monolayer of such vesicles by intervesicular transfer of lysophosphatidylcholine remains virtually completely available for hydrolysis by lysophospholipases, corroborating the interpretation that transbilayer movement of lysophosphatidylcholine in these vesicles is an extremely slow process. In handshaken liposomes consisting of 5 mol% 1-palmitoyl lysophosphatidylcholine and 95 mol% egg phosphatidylcholine 15-20% of lysophosphatidylcholine is readily available for exogenous lysophospholipase. This pool may represent lysophosphatidylcholine in the outer monolayer of the liposomes.", "contents": "Transbilayer distribution and movement of lysophosphatidylcholine in liposomal membranes. Single bilayer vesicles were prepared by sonication of 5 mol% 1-palmitoyl lysophosphatidylcholine and 95 mol% egg phosphatidylcholine. Incubation with lysophospholipase results in a fast hydrolysis of 80-90% of lysophosphatidylcholine. The remaining lysophosphatidylcholine is only very slowly hydrolysed. There results are interpreted as lysophosphatidylcholine being asymmetrically distributed over the two halves of the bilayer. The slow phase of lysophosphatidylcholine hydrolysis sets an upper limit to the rate of transbilayer movement of lysophosphatidylcholine. The half time of this process at 37 degrees C is estimated to be about 100 h. Incorporation of cholesterol in the vesicles reduces the distributional asymmetry of lysophosphatidylcholine to the extent of an outside-inside ratio of 60 : 40 [14C]Lysophosphatidylcholine introduced into the outer monolayer of such vesicles by intervesicular transfer of lysophosphatidylcholine remains virtually completely available for hydrolysis by lysophospholipases, corroborating the interpretation that transbilayer movement of lysophosphatidylcholine in these vesicles is an extremely slow process. In handshaken liposomes consisting of 5 mol% 1-palmitoyl lysophosphatidylcholine and 95 mol% egg phosphatidylcholine 15-20% of lysophosphatidylcholine is readily available for exogenous lysophospholipase. This pool may represent lysophosphatidylcholine in the outer monolayer of the liposomes.", "PMID": 836837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2329", "title": "A possible role of the phosphorylation of synaptic membrane proteins in the control of calcium ion permeability.", "content": "Incubation of synaptosomes under conditions which result in complete phosphorylation of membrane bound accepter proteins does not affect the permeability to Na+ or K+ as measured by a spectrophotometric method. This technique was not, however, sensitive enough to determine permeability to Ca2+ which was thus estimated, using 45Ca2+. It was found that although phosphorylation did not affect the equilibrium binding of 45Ca it did lower the rate of both Ca2+ uptake and efflux. The most likely interpretation of these results is that phosphorylation of proteins in the synaptic membrane lowers the permeability of the membrane to Ca2+. This could have a role in the regulation of synaptic transmission.", "contents": "A possible role of the phosphorylation of synaptic membrane proteins in the control of calcium ion permeability. Incubation of synaptosomes under conditions which result in complete phosphorylation of membrane bound accepter proteins does not affect the permeability to Na+ or K+ as measured by a spectrophotometric method. This technique was not, however, sensitive enough to determine permeability to Ca2+ which was thus estimated, using 45Ca2+. It was found that although phosphorylation did not affect the equilibrium binding of 45Ca it did lower the rate of both Ca2+ uptake and efflux. The most likely interpretation of these results is that phosphorylation of proteins in the synaptic membrane lowers the permeability of the membrane to Ca2+. This could have a role in the regulation of synaptic transmission.", "PMID": 836838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2330", "title": "Irreversibel inactivation of the membrane-bound enzyme IIlac of the lactose phosphotransferase system of Staphylococcus aureus by triton X-100 and protection by substrates.", "content": "Enzyme IIlac, the membrane-bound component of the lactose phosphotransferase system of Staphylococcus aureus, catalyzes the phosphorylation-transport reaction below: (see article).  (The sugar can be lactose or one of its analogs.) The effects of the non-ionic detergents Triton X-100, Brij 35, and Tween 40 on the activity of Enzyme IIlac were studied. Especially striking effects were observed using Triton X-100, a detergent previously used to solubilize and isolate this enzyme. A systematic study of Triton effects over a range of concentrations and temperatures demonstrated three aspects of Triton-membrane interaction. At 0.1% Triton and 25 degrees C Enzyme IIlac is activated, but remains particulate. At 0.5% Triton and 0.5% Triton and 37 degrees C, it is rapidly and irreversibly inactivated. Sugar substrates and inhibitory sugar analogs protect Enzyme IIlac against inactivation; the effect is specific for beta-galactosides. The other substrate of Enzyme IIlac, phospho-Factor IIIlac, does not affect Triton inactivation, and the product analog galactose 6-phosphate slightly enhances the inactivation rate.", "contents": "Irreversibel inactivation of the membrane-bound enzyme IIlac of the lactose phosphotransferase system of Staphylococcus aureus by triton X-100 and protection by substrates. Enzyme IIlac, the membrane-bound component of the lactose phosphotransferase system of Staphylococcus aureus, catalyzes the phosphorylation-transport reaction below: (see article).  (The sugar can be lactose or one of its analogs.) The effects of the non-ionic detergents Triton X-100, Brij 35, and Tween 40 on the activity of Enzyme IIlac were studied. Especially striking effects were observed using Triton X-100, a detergent previously used to solubilize and isolate this enzyme. A systematic study of Triton effects over a range of concentrations and temperatures demonstrated three aspects of Triton-membrane interaction. At 0.1% Triton and 25 degrees C Enzyme IIlac is activated, but remains particulate. At 0.5% Triton and 0.5% Triton and 37 degrees C, it is rapidly and irreversibly inactivated. Sugar substrates and inhibitory sugar analogs protect Enzyme IIlac against inactivation; the effect is specific for beta-galactosides. The other substrate of Enzyme IIlac, phospho-Factor IIIlac, does not affect Triton inactivation, and the product analog galactose 6-phosphate slightly enhances the inactivation rate.", "PMID": 836839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2331", "title": "Light-driven sodium transport in sub-bacterial particles of Halobacterium halobium.", "content": "Light-induced Na+ efflux was observed in sub-bacterial particles of Halobacterium halobium loaded and suspended in 4 M NaCl solution. The Na+ efflux was not ATP driven, since ATPase inhibitors were without effect or even enhanced efflux at low light intensity. Uncouplers, on the other hand, inhibited Na+ efflux, the inhibition being complete at low light intensity. The Na+ efflux was accompanied by proton influx. Both processes were dependent on light intensity, unaffected or enhanced by ATPase inhibitors and similarly affected by uncouplers. Proton influx was not observed in particles loaded with 4 M KCl instead of 4 M NaCl. Na+ transport in the dark could be induced by artificial formation of a pH difference across the membrane; changing the sign of the pH difference reversed the direction of the Na+ transport. Proton influx in the dark followed the artificial formation of a sodium gradient [Na+]in less than [Na+]out). These results may be explained by a Na+/H+ antiport mechanism. The fluxes of Na+ and H+ were of comparable magnitude, but the initial rate of Cl- efflux in the same experiment was one-third of the initial rate of Na+ efflux. Consequently Cl- is not regarded as a participant in the Na+ efflux mechanism.", "contents": "Light-driven sodium transport in sub-bacterial particles of Halobacterium halobium. Light-induced Na+ efflux was observed in sub-bacterial particles of Halobacterium halobium loaded and suspended in 4 M NaCl solution. The Na+ efflux was not ATP driven, since ATPase inhibitors were without effect or even enhanced efflux at low light intensity. Uncouplers, on the other hand, inhibited Na+ efflux, the inhibition being complete at low light intensity. The Na+ efflux was accompanied by proton influx. Both processes were dependent on light intensity, unaffected or enhanced by ATPase inhibitors and similarly affected by uncouplers. Proton influx was not observed in particles loaded with 4 M KCl instead of 4 M NaCl. Na+ transport in the dark could be induced by artificial formation of a pH difference across the membrane; changing the sign of the pH difference reversed the direction of the Na+ transport. Proton influx in the dark followed the artificial formation of a sodium gradient [Na+]in less than [Na+]out). These results may be explained by a Na+/H+ antiport mechanism. The fluxes of Na+ and H+ were of comparable magnitude, but the initial rate of Cl- efflux in the same experiment was one-third of the initial rate of Na+ efflux. Consequently Cl- is not regarded as a participant in the Na+ efflux mechanism.", "PMID": 836840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2332", "title": "Carnitine uptake into human heart cells in culture.", "content": "The uptake of radiolabeled carnitine and butyrobetaine has been studied in human heart cells (CCL 27). The uptake of carinitine is 3-10-fold higher in heart cells than in fibroblasts (pmol - mug DNA-1). The uptake of carnitine increases with temperature coefficient KT of 1.6 in the interval 10-20 degrees C and with a negligible uptake at 4 and 10 degrees C. The uptake of carnitine follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a KM of 4.8 +/- 2.2 muM and V = 8.7 +/- 3.2 pmol - mug DNA-1 - H-1. Carnitine uptake is suppressed 90% by NaF (24MM). Butyrobetaine is taken up into heart cells to the same extent as carnitine with a KM of 5.7-17.3 muM and V = 8.7-9.3 pmol - mug DNA-1 - h-1. Butyrobetaine inhibits competitively the uptake of carnitine and carnitine inhibits the uptake of butyrobetaine to the same extent. No conversion of radiolabeled butyrobetaine to carnitine, or carnitine to methyl choline was observed intra- or extracellulary during incubation. These data are compatible with a selective transport mechanism for carnitine which is also responsible for the uptake of butyrobetaine.", "contents": "Carnitine uptake into human heart cells in culture. The uptake of radiolabeled carnitine and butyrobetaine has been studied in human heart cells (CCL 27). The uptake of carinitine is 3-10-fold higher in heart cells than in fibroblasts (pmol - mug DNA-1). The uptake of carnitine increases with temperature coefficient KT of 1.6 in the interval 10-20 degrees C and with a negligible uptake at 4 and 10 degrees C. The uptake of carnitine follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a KM of 4.8 +/- 2.2 muM and V = 8.7 +/- 3.2 pmol - mug DNA-1 - H-1. Carnitine uptake is suppressed 90% by NaF (24MM). Butyrobetaine is taken up into heart cells to the same extent as carnitine with a KM of 5.7-17.3 muM and V = 8.7-9.3 pmol - mug DNA-1 - h-1. Butyrobetaine inhibits competitively the uptake of carnitine and carnitine inhibits the uptake of butyrobetaine to the same extent. No conversion of radiolabeled butyrobetaine to carnitine, or carnitine to methyl choline was observed intra- or extracellulary during incubation. These data are compatible with a selective transport mechanism for carnitine which is also responsible for the uptake of butyrobetaine.", "PMID": 836841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2333", "title": "Kinetics of 42K and 86Rb loss from the crayfish retina in the dark and the effect of light on the rate of isotope loss.", "content": "86Rb and 42K loss from non-illuminated crayfish retinas is described by a sum of two exponential functions with rate constants lambda1 approximately 0.12 min-1 and lambda 2 approximately 0.006 min-1. 86Rb and 42K movements distinguish mainly by the lambda2 rate constants, lambda2Rb/lambda2K = 0.7. Oubain causes a delayed increase in the rate of isotope loss from non-illuminated retinas (lambda approximately 0.009 min-1 after 40 min). Light stimuli evoke a temporary increase in the rate of both 86Rb and 42K loss by the same factor (2.7 under these conditions). In the presence of ouabain the light-induced isotope loss is abolished after 40 min if the retina is periodically illuminated but not if the retina is kept in the dark.", "contents": "Kinetics of 42K and 86Rb loss from the crayfish retina in the dark and the effect of light on the rate of isotope loss. 86Rb and 42K loss from non-illuminated crayfish retinas is described by a sum of two exponential functions with rate constants lambda1 approximately 0.12 min-1 and lambda 2 approximately 0.006 min-1. 86Rb and 42K movements distinguish mainly by the lambda2 rate constants, lambda2Rb/lambda2K = 0.7. Oubain causes a delayed increase in the rate of isotope loss from non-illuminated retinas (lambda approximately 0.009 min-1 after 40 min). Light stimuli evoke a temporary increase in the rate of both 86Rb and 42K loss by the same factor (2.7 under these conditions). In the presence of ouabain the light-induced isotope loss is abolished after 40 min if the retina is periodically illuminated but not if the retina is kept in the dark.", "PMID": 836842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2334", "title": "The effect of S-adenosylhomocysteine on DNA methylation in isolated rat liver nuclei.", "content": "DNA methylation was studied in vitro using whole nuclei from regenerating rat liver. Methyl incorporation from S-adenosyl-[Me-3H]methionine in nuclei from regenerating liver was four times higher than that of normal liver. The effect of S-adenosylhomocysteine on DNA methylation was examined, and it was found at equal molar concentrations of S-adenosylhomocysteine to to S-adenosylmethionine that DNA methylation was competitively inhibited 50%.", "contents": "The effect of S-adenosylhomocysteine on DNA methylation in isolated rat liver nuclei. DNA methylation was studied in vitro using whole nuclei from regenerating rat liver. Methyl incorporation from S-adenosyl-[Me-3H]methionine in nuclei from regenerating liver was four times higher than that of normal liver. The effect of S-adenosylhomocysteine on DNA methylation was examined, and it was found at equal molar concentrations of S-adenosylhomocysteine to to S-adenosylmethionine that DNA methylation was competitively inhibited 50%.", "PMID": 836843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2335", "title": "Dependence of the composition of the protein moiety of nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles on the extent of particle purification as studied by electrophoresis including a two-dimensional procedure.", "content": "Extraction with 0.1 M NaCl in 0.01 M Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0 releases from liver nuclei 30-40-S ribonucleoprotein particles containing newly synthesized RNA. Separation of the protein moiety of these particles by acid-urea gel electrophoresis depends on the concentration of beta-mercaptoethanol in the buffer used for the solubilization of the particles. At low concentration or with short time of solubilization, only a polypeptide chain with apparent molecular weight 38 000 penetrates into the gel and can be detected by electrophoresis. By introduction of two-dimensional polyacrylamine gel electrophoresis, we succeeded to separate the protein moiety of these particles into a core group of 4 major and 6 minor polypeptides with molecular weights ranging from 38 000 to 50 000 and a second group of 19 polypeptides ranging in molecular weight from 50 000 to 120 000. The composition of the protein moiety of these particles is dependent on the extent of purification. Polypeptides with molecular weight below 50 000 represent 55% of the total protein of particles purified only by centrifugation through a 15-30% sucrose gradient. If the particles were first  purified by gel filtration through Bio-Gel A-50m followed by centrifugation in sucrose gradient, the low molecular weight proteins represent 80% of all the proteins of the particles. The purification removed selectively the minor high molecular weight polypeptides without resulting in any extensive release of the four major polypeptides with molecular weight below 50 000 which form a stable core particle. By repeated purification it is possible to strip the particles of the high molecular weight polypeptides even further. An increase in the NaCl concentration of the extraction buffer to 0.35 M will extract additional 30-40-S particles associated with a newly synthesized RNA from the cell nucleus. These particles contain the same polypeptides as particles extracted at lower salt concentration. Extraction with 0.1 M and 0.35 M NaCl at pH 8.0 removed from the nucleus approximately 55% of all RNA labeled in 30 min after intraperitoneal injection of [3H] orotic acid to the rats.", "contents": "Dependence of the composition of the protein moiety of nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles on the extent of particle purification as studied by electrophoresis including a two-dimensional procedure. Extraction with 0.1 M NaCl in 0.01 M Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0 releases from liver nuclei 30-40-S ribonucleoprotein particles containing newly synthesized RNA. Separation of the protein moiety of these particles by acid-urea gel electrophoresis depends on the concentration of beta-mercaptoethanol in the buffer used for the solubilization of the particles. At low concentration or with short time of solubilization, only a polypeptide chain with apparent molecular weight 38 000 penetrates into the gel and can be detected by electrophoresis. By introduction of two-dimensional polyacrylamine gel electrophoresis, we succeeded to separate the protein moiety of these particles into a core group of 4 major and 6 minor polypeptides with molecular weights ranging from 38 000 to 50 000 and a second group of 19 polypeptides ranging in molecular weight from 50 000 to 120 000. The composition of the protein moiety of these particles is dependent on the extent of purification. Polypeptides with molecular weight below 50 000 represent 55% of the total protein of particles purified only by centrifugation through a 15-30% sucrose gradient. If the particles were first  purified by gel filtration through Bio-Gel A-50m followed by centrifugation in sucrose gradient, the low molecular weight proteins represent 80% of all the proteins of the particles. The purification removed selectively the minor high molecular weight polypeptides without resulting in any extensive release of the four major polypeptides with molecular weight below 50 000 which form a stable core particle. By repeated purification it is possible to strip the particles of the high molecular weight polypeptides even further. An increase in the NaCl concentration of the extraction buffer to 0.35 M will extract additional 30-40-S particles associated with a newly synthesized RNA from the cell nucleus. These particles contain the same polypeptides as particles extracted at lower salt concentration. Extraction with 0.1 M and 0.35 M NaCl at pH 8.0 removed from the nucleus approximately 55% of all RNA labeled in 30 min after intraperitoneal injection of [3H] orotic acid to the rats.", "PMID": 836844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2336", "title": "Isolation of biologically active polysomal messenger ribonucleoprotein by centrifugation in cesium sulfate.", "content": "The ribosomal fraction from HeLa cells treated at elevated temperature was centrifuged in Cs2SO4. 1. The bulk of the RNA labeled in the presence of a low dose of actinomycin D banded at p = 1.36 g/cm3. 2. This fraction contained heterogeneous RNA and proteins with molecular weights close to those of proteins found in polysomal messenger ribonucleoproteins. 3. This ribonucleoprotein bound ribosomes in conditions were deproteinized RNA did not. 4. The binding was inhibited by aurintricarboxylic acid, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid and sodium deoxycholate, but not by Triton X-100.", "contents": "Isolation of biologically active polysomal messenger ribonucleoprotein by centrifugation in cesium sulfate. The ribosomal fraction from HeLa cells treated at elevated temperature was centrifuged in Cs2SO4. 1. The bulk of the RNA labeled in the presence of a low dose of actinomycin D banded at p = 1.36 g/cm3. 2. This fraction contained heterogeneous RNA and proteins with molecular weights close to those of proteins found in polysomal messenger ribonucleoproteins. 3. This ribonucleoprotein bound ribosomes in conditions were deproteinized RNA did not. 4. The binding was inhibited by aurintricarboxylic acid, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid and sodium deoxycholate, but not by Triton X-100.", "PMID": 836845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2337", "title": "Actinomycin D inhibits hemoglobin synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates and binds to a 15 S cytoplasmic particle involved in the initiation step of translation.", "content": "Actinomycin D inhibits hemoglobin synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates by affecting initiation of globin polypeptide chains. To obtain information on the distribution of actinomycin-sensitive structures among the components of the translation machinery, a reticulocyte lysate is incubated with [3H]actinomycin. The tritium label is found associated with ribosomes actively engaged in protein synthesis and with a 15 S cytoplasmic particle. During cell-free incubation or when initiation is inhibited by aurintricarboxylic acid, the labeling of the 15 S particles increases, suggesting that they are relased from ribosomes into the cytoplasm and play a role in the initiation process. The 15 S cytoplasmic particles contain a DNAase-sensitive component, probably complexed with ribonucleic acids and proteins. A possible role of these DNA-containing particles in the initiation step of translation is discussed.", "contents": "Actinomycin D inhibits hemoglobin synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates and binds to a 15 S cytoplasmic particle involved in the initiation step of translation. Actinomycin D inhibits hemoglobin synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates by affecting initiation of globin polypeptide chains. To obtain information on the distribution of actinomycin-sensitive structures among the components of the translation machinery, a reticulocyte lysate is incubated with [3H]actinomycin. The tritium label is found associated with ribosomes actively engaged in protein synthesis and with a 15 S cytoplasmic particle. During cell-free incubation or when initiation is inhibited by aurintricarboxylic acid, the labeling of the 15 S particles increases, suggesting that they are relased from ribosomes into the cytoplasm and play a role in the initiation process. The 15 S cytoplasmic particles contain a DNAase-sensitive component, probably complexed with ribonucleic acids and proteins. A possible role of these DNA-containing particles in the initiation step of translation is discussed.", "PMID": 836846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2338", "title": "Inhibition of hexokinase by multisubstrate analogs.", "content": "The compounds P1-(adenosine-5')-P3-(glucose-6) triphosphate (Ap3 glucose) and P1-(adenosine-5')-P4-(glucose-6)tetraphosphate (Ap4 glucose) were synthesized as possible transition-state analogs for hexokinase (ATP: D-hexose 6- phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.1). Both compounds were inhibitors of this enzyme, competitive against ATP and apparently uncompetitive against glucose. The inhibition constants for Ap3 glucose and Ap4 glucose were 0.43 mM and 0.37 mM, respectively. These results indicate that the inhibitors do not appreciably bind to hexokinase until the glucose binding site is filled. The sugar portion of the inhibitors therefore does not contribute to binding, and the compounds are acting as ATP analogs, Ap3 glucose and Ap4 glucose are also slow substrates for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.", "contents": "Inhibition of hexokinase by multisubstrate analogs. The compounds P1-(adenosine-5')-P3-(glucose-6) triphosphate (Ap3 glucose) and P1-(adenosine-5')-P4-(glucose-6)tetraphosphate (Ap4 glucose) were synthesized as possible transition-state analogs for hexokinase (ATP: D-hexose 6- phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.1). Both compounds were inhibitors of this enzyme, competitive against ATP and apparently uncompetitive against glucose. The inhibition constants for Ap3 glucose and Ap4 glucose were 0.43 mM and 0.37 mM, respectively. These results indicate that the inhibitors do not appreciably bind to hexokinase until the glucose binding site is filled. The sugar portion of the inhibitors therefore does not contribute to binding, and the compounds are acting as ATP analogs, Ap3 glucose and Ap4 glucose are also slow substrates for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.", "PMID": 836847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2339", "title": "Glucose-phosphorylating enzymes of Candida yeasts and their regulation in vivo.", "content": "Three glucose-phosphorylating enzymes having different specificities for glucose and fructose were separated from the cell-free extract of Candida tropicalis by means of ammonium sulfate fractionation and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-100. Two of them, which phosphorylated fructose 1.5 times faster than glucose, were designated as hexokinase I and II (ATP : D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.1.), and the other with very low or no fructose-phosphorylating activity, as glucokinase (ATP : D-glucose 6-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.2). Km values for glucose with both hexokinase I and glucokinase were 0.3 mM, and that for fructose with hexokinase I was 2.2 mM. Time-course changes in the levels of these enzymes in C. tropicalis growing on glucose and on n-alkane revealed that hexokinase was induced specifically by the sugars, while glucokinase was a constitutive enzyme. Addition of cycloheximide to the culture medium prevented the increase in the hexose-phosphorylating activity and in the Fru/Glu ratio (the ratio of enzymatic phosphorylation of fructose to that of glucose) in the cells. Although Candida lipolytica also contained hexokinase and glucokinase, both enzymes seemed to be constitutive.", "contents": "Glucose-phosphorylating enzymes of Candida yeasts and their regulation in vivo. Three glucose-phosphorylating enzymes having different specificities for glucose and fructose were separated from the cell-free extract of Candida tropicalis by means of ammonium sulfate fractionation and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-100. Two of them, which phosphorylated fructose 1.5 times faster than glucose, were designated as hexokinase I and II (ATP : D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.1.), and the other with very low or no fructose-phosphorylating activity, as glucokinase (ATP : D-glucose 6-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.2). Km values for glucose with both hexokinase I and glucokinase were 0.3 mM, and that for fructose with hexokinase I was 2.2 mM. Time-course changes in the levels of these enzymes in C. tropicalis growing on glucose and on n-alkane revealed that hexokinase was induced specifically by the sugars, while glucokinase was a constitutive enzyme. Addition of cycloheximide to the culture medium prevented the increase in the hexose-phosphorylating activity and in the Fru/Glu ratio (the ratio of enzymatic phosphorylation of fructose to that of glucose) in the cells. Although Candida lipolytica also contained hexokinase and glucokinase, both enzymes seemed to be constitutive.", "PMID": 836848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2340", "title": "Purification of acetylcholinesterase from house fly brain by affinity chromatography.", "content": "Acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholine hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) from the heads of house flies (Musca domestica L.) was purified by affinity chromatography. The enzyme was adsorbed from the crude extracts on an affinity column containing trimethyl(p-aminophenyl) ammonium chloride hydrochloride (Ki approximately 1.7 - 10(-4) M), covalently linked to Sepharose 4B, then eluted with a solution of a selective reversible inhibitor, 1,5-bis (4-allyl dimethyl ammoniumphenyl)-pentan-3-one dibromide (BW 284C51; Ki approximately 1 - 10(-7) M). The enzyme was purified 1223 times in one step and had a specific activity of 752 units/mg protein. Disc gel electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel revealed five protein bands, four corresponding to the enzyme activity bands and one devoid of enzyme activity. On the basis of periodic acid-Schiff stain intensity, the slower moving isozyme I and the contaminating band appear to be rich in carbohydrate. The purity of the enzyme estimated by disc gel electrophoresis was 94%. Density gradient centrifugation in sucrose showed two major species each of which ran as a single band on disc gel electrophoresis. The average molecular weights were 306000 (+/- 11 150) for heavy (s20,w = 11.5 S) form and 143000 (+/- 4700) for light (s20,w = 6.9 S) form.", "contents": "Purification of acetylcholinesterase from house fly brain by affinity chromatography. Acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholine hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) from the heads of house flies (Musca domestica L.) was purified by affinity chromatography. The enzyme was adsorbed from the crude extracts on an affinity column containing trimethyl(p-aminophenyl) ammonium chloride hydrochloride (Ki approximately 1.7 - 10(-4) M), covalently linked to Sepharose 4B, then eluted with a solution of a selective reversible inhibitor, 1,5-bis (4-allyl dimethyl ammoniumphenyl)-pentan-3-one dibromide (BW 284C51; Ki approximately 1 - 10(-7) M). The enzyme was purified 1223 times in one step and had a specific activity of 752 units/mg protein. Disc gel electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel revealed five protein bands, four corresponding to the enzyme activity bands and one devoid of enzyme activity. On the basis of periodic acid-Schiff stain intensity, the slower moving isozyme I and the contaminating band appear to be rich in carbohydrate. The purity of the enzyme estimated by disc gel electrophoresis was 94%. Density gradient centrifugation in sucrose showed two major species each of which ran as a single band on disc gel electrophoresis. The average molecular weights were 306000 (+/- 11 150) for heavy (s20,w = 11.5 S) form and 143000 (+/- 4700) for light (s20,w = 6.9 S) form.", "PMID": 836849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2341", "title": "Inactivation of ethanolamine ammonia-lyase by 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). Further evidence for the involvement of sulfhydryl groups in adenosylcobalamin-dependent rearrangements.", "content": "Treatment of the adenosylcobalamin-requiring enzyme ethanolamine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.7) with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (Nbs2) discloses three classes of -SH groups: a rapidly reacting class (2 -SH groups/enzyme molecule), a slowly reacting class (6 -SH groups/molecule) and a class which does not react unless the enzyme is denatured (7 -SH groups/molecule (Kaplan, B.H. and Stadtman, E.R. (1968) J. Biol. Chem. 243, 1794)). The enzyme is inactivated by Nbs2 at a rate similar to the rate at which Nbs2 reacts with the slowly reacting class of -SH groups. Inactivation of the enzyme is retarded by adenosylcobalamin but not by ethanolamine. Once inactivated, the enzyme cannot be reactivated with mercaptoethanol. These observations provide further evidence for the importance of -SH groups in catalysis by adenosyl-cobalamin-requiring enzymes.", "contents": "Inactivation of ethanolamine ammonia-lyase by 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). Further evidence for the involvement of sulfhydryl groups in adenosylcobalamin-dependent rearrangements. Treatment of the adenosylcobalamin-requiring enzyme ethanolamine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.7) with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (Nbs2) discloses three classes of -SH groups: a rapidly reacting class (2 -SH groups/enzyme molecule), a slowly reacting class (6 -SH groups/molecule) and a class which does not react unless the enzyme is denatured (7 -SH groups/molecule (Kaplan, B.H. and Stadtman, E.R. (1968) J. Biol. Chem. 243, 1794)). The enzyme is inactivated by Nbs2 at a rate similar to the rate at which Nbs2 reacts with the slowly reacting class of -SH groups. Inactivation of the enzyme is retarded by adenosylcobalamin but not by ethanolamine. Once inactivated, the enzyme cannot be reactivated with mercaptoethanol. These observations provide further evidence for the importance of -SH groups in catalysis by adenosyl-cobalamin-requiring enzymes.", "PMID": 836850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2342", "title": "Magnitude of the equilibrium isotope effect on carbon-tritium bond synthesis.", "content": "The exchange of tritium from 3HOH into the methyl group of pyruvate catalyzed by 6-phospho-2-keto-3-deoxygluconate aldolase (6-phospho-2-keto-3-deoxy-D-gluconate D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-lyase, EC 4.1.2.14) of Pseudomonas putida shows an equilibrium isotope effect of 0.78. From this value and the deuterium effect on the fumarase equilibrium (Thomson, J.F. (1960) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 90, 1), one can calculate by use of the relative fractionation factors of Hartshorn and Shiner (Hartshorn, S.R. and Shiner, Jr., V.J. (1972) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 94, 9002), fractionation factors for transfer of deuterium or tritium from water to a number of organic molecules of interest.", "contents": "Magnitude of the equilibrium isotope effect on carbon-tritium bond synthesis. The exchange of tritium from 3HOH into the methyl group of pyruvate catalyzed by 6-phospho-2-keto-3-deoxygluconate aldolase (6-phospho-2-keto-3-deoxy-D-gluconate D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-lyase, EC 4.1.2.14) of Pseudomonas putida shows an equilibrium isotope effect of 0.78. From this value and the deuterium effect on the fumarase equilibrium (Thomson, J.F. (1960) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 90, 1), one can calculate by use of the relative fractionation factors of Hartshorn and Shiner (Hartshorn, S.R. and Shiner, Jr., V.J. (1972) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 94, 9002), fractionation factors for transfer of deuterium or tritium from water to a number of organic molecules of interest.", "PMID": 836851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2343", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for canine creatine kinase isoenzymes.", "content": "Antibodies specific for the B and M subunits of creatine kinase (ATP: creatine N-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.3.2) isoenzymes were obtained by immunization of rabbits with canine BB and MM creatine kinase. A radioimmunoassay capable of measuring picomolar amounts of creatine kinase isoenzymes has been developed which measures concentrations of intact isoenzymes rather than activity. It should aid in elucidating the metabolism and breakdown of creatine kinase isoenzymes.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for canine creatine kinase isoenzymes. Antibodies specific for the B and M subunits of creatine kinase (ATP: creatine N-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.3.2) isoenzymes were obtained by immunization of rabbits with canine BB and MM creatine kinase. A radioimmunoassay capable of measuring picomolar amounts of creatine kinase isoenzymes has been developed which measures concentrations of intact isoenzymes rather than activity. It should aid in elucidating the metabolism and breakdown of creatine kinase isoenzymes.", "PMID": 836852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2344", "title": "Rat liver microsomal palmitoyl-CoA synthetase: subunit structure.", "content": "Long chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase (acid:CoA ligase (AMP-forming), EC 6.2.1.3) from rat liver microsomes was shown to dissociate completely into one polypeptide chain in 75% 2-chloroethanol in water. The presence of one amino and one carboxy terminal was established. The molecular weight of the subunit as deduced from sedimentation equilibrium as well as quantitative carboxy terminal analysis agrees with the value of 28 000 +/- 1000 as reported previously (Bar-Tana, J. and Rose, G. (1973) Biochem. J. 131, 443--449). Hence, the catalytic unit of 168 000 daltons appears to be composed of identical subunits.", "contents": "Rat liver microsomal palmitoyl-CoA synthetase: subunit structure. Long chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase (acid:CoA ligase (AMP-forming), EC 6.2.1.3) from rat liver microsomes was shown to dissociate completely into one polypeptide chain in 75% 2-chloroethanol in water. The presence of one amino and one carboxy terminal was established. The molecular weight of the subunit as deduced from sedimentation equilibrium as well as quantitative carboxy terminal analysis agrees with the value of 28 000 +/- 1000 as reported previously (Bar-Tana, J. and Rose, G. (1973) Biochem. J. 131, 443--449). Hence, the catalytic unit of 168 000 daltons appears to be composed of identical subunits.", "PMID": 836853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2345", "title": "Raman spectra of some saturated, unsaturated and deuterated C18 fatty acids in the HCH-deformation and CH-stretching regions.", "content": "We have analyzed the Raman spectra of stearic acid and two deuterated derivatives thereof, 2,2-dideutero stearic acid and 18,18,18-trideutero stearic acid, as well as of four unsaturated, C18 acids, (cis,-9; cis, cis-9,12, cis, cis, cis-9,12,15; and trans, trans-9,12) in their solid and liquid states. The different spectra of stearic acid and the two deuterated derivatives exhibit distinctive HCH-deformation and CH-stretching features for CH2 residues adjacent to CO2H or CH3 residues. Unsaturated hydrocarbon chains reveal additional features attributed to CH2 residues adjacent to one or two HC=CH groups. The spectra of the various fatty acids in their solic or liquid states show that both the HCH-deformation and CH-stretching regions are very sensitive to chain architecture, the CH-stretching region most dramatically so. Evaluation of the spectral features in the two regions indicates that the detailed structure of the CH-stretching region depends strongly upon interaction, enhanced by Fermiresonance, between CH-stretching fundamentals and HCH-deformation overtones. The data further suggest that the differences between HCH-deformation, in the solid and liquid states, and the resulting altered interactions between CH-stretching fundamentals and HCH-deformation overtones, produce the large modifications of the CH-stretching region that accompany solid-liquid transitions. The results thus provide a basis for the changes in the CH-stretching region, that accompany order-disorder transitions in model and biological membranes.", "contents": "Raman spectra of some saturated, unsaturated and deuterated C18 fatty acids in the HCH-deformation and CH-stretching regions. We have analyzed the Raman spectra of stearic acid and two deuterated derivatives thereof, 2,2-dideutero stearic acid and 18,18,18-trideutero stearic acid, as well as of four unsaturated, C18 acids, (cis,-9; cis, cis-9,12, cis, cis, cis-9,12,15; and trans, trans-9,12) in their solid and liquid states. The different spectra of stearic acid and the two deuterated derivatives exhibit distinctive HCH-deformation and CH-stretching features for CH2 residues adjacent to CO2H or CH3 residues. Unsaturated hydrocarbon chains reveal additional features attributed to CH2 residues adjacent to one or two HC=CH groups. The spectra of the various fatty acids in their solic or liquid states show that both the HCH-deformation and CH-stretching regions are very sensitive to chain architecture, the CH-stretching region most dramatically so. Evaluation of the spectral features in the two regions indicates that the detailed structure of the CH-stretching region depends strongly upon interaction, enhanced by Fermiresonance, between CH-stretching fundamentals and HCH-deformation overtones. The data further suggest that the differences between HCH-deformation, in the solid and liquid states, and the resulting altered interactions between CH-stretching fundamentals and HCH-deformation overtones, produce the large modifications of the CH-stretching region that accompany solid-liquid transitions. The results thus provide a basis for the changes in the CH-stretching region, that accompany order-disorder transitions in model and biological membranes.", "PMID": 836854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2346", "title": "Mitochondrial biogenesis in cultured mammalian cells. III. Synthesis of mitochondrial phospholipids by subcellular fractions isolated from normal and chloramphenicol-treated BHK-21 cells.", "content": "The capacity of subcellular fractions isolated from chloramphenicol-treated BHK-21 cells to synthesize various mitochondrial phospholipids in vitro and examined. Both mitochondria and microsomes showed the capacity to acylate sn-glycerol 3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate to lysophosphatidic acid and acyldihydroxyacetone phosphate and subsequently to phosphatidic acid. Both processes are inhibited in mitochondria from chloramphenicol-treated cells. The synthesis of CDPdiacylglycerol in mitochondria or microsomes, and the synthesis of phosphatidylinositol and of phosphatidylcholine in microsomes were stimulated in treated cells. A slight stimulation was also observed in the synthesis of phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol when the labelled precursor was sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in treated cells, although the process was inhibited with labelled glycerol as the precursor. Conversion of phosphatidylglycerol phosphate to phosphatidylglycerol by mitochondria was rate limiting unless the post-microsomal supernatant fraction was added. These results are discussed in regard to the observed inhibition of phospholipid synthesis in BHK-21 cells in culture by chloramphenicol.", "contents": "Mitochondrial biogenesis in cultured mammalian cells. III. Synthesis of mitochondrial phospholipids by subcellular fractions isolated from normal and chloramphenicol-treated BHK-21 cells. The capacity of subcellular fractions isolated from chloramphenicol-treated BHK-21 cells to synthesize various mitochondrial phospholipids in vitro and examined. Both mitochondria and microsomes showed the capacity to acylate sn-glycerol 3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate to lysophosphatidic acid and acyldihydroxyacetone phosphate and subsequently to phosphatidic acid. Both processes are inhibited in mitochondria from chloramphenicol-treated cells. The synthesis of CDPdiacylglycerol in mitochondria or microsomes, and the synthesis of phosphatidylinositol and of phosphatidylcholine in microsomes were stimulated in treated cells. A slight stimulation was also observed in the synthesis of phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol when the labelled precursor was sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in treated cells, although the process was inhibited with labelled glycerol as the precursor. Conversion of phosphatidylglycerol phosphate to phosphatidylglycerol by mitochondria was rate limiting unless the post-microsomal supernatant fraction was added. These results are discussed in regard to the observed inhibition of phospholipid synthesis in BHK-21 cells in culture by chloramphenicol.", "PMID": 836855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2347", "title": "Phospholipids of subcellular organelles isolated from cultured BHK cells.", "content": "Mitochondrial and nuclei were purified from cultured hamster fibroblasts (BHK21 cells) by centrifugation in sucrose gradients. The phospholipid compositions of the preparations were compared to those of the previously purified plasma membranes, endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes. The mitochondria had a characteristically high content (approx. 16% of lipid phosphorus) of cardiolipin, which was practically absent from the other purified organelles. The nuclei were enriched in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol (approx. 68% and 5% of lipid phosphorus, respectively). Lysobisphosphatidic acid was almost absent from the mitochondria and nuclei, as well as from the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum, which suggests that this phospholipid is confined to the lysosomes of the BHK cell. The nuclei and the mitochondria contained relatively little sphingomyelin, a characteristic lipid of the plasma membrane. The distributions of the total cellular phospholipid and protein between the various organelles were calculated and compared to the corresponding data estimated for the rat liver. The BHK cell contained relatively more phospholipids in the nucleus and the lysosomes than the liver. All the organelles of the BHK cell contained less protein per phospholipid than the equivalent organelles of the liver.", "contents": "Phospholipids of subcellular organelles isolated from cultured BHK cells. Mitochondrial and nuclei were purified from cultured hamster fibroblasts (BHK21 cells) by centrifugation in sucrose gradients. The phospholipid compositions of the preparations were compared to those of the previously purified plasma membranes, endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes. The mitochondria had a characteristically high content (approx. 16% of lipid phosphorus) of cardiolipin, which was practically absent from the other purified organelles. The nuclei were enriched in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol (approx. 68% and 5% of lipid phosphorus, respectively). Lysobisphosphatidic acid was almost absent from the mitochondria and nuclei, as well as from the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum, which suggests that this phospholipid is confined to the lysosomes of the BHK cell. The nuclei and the mitochondria contained relatively little sphingomyelin, a characteristic lipid of the plasma membrane. The distributions of the total cellular phospholipid and protein between the various organelles were calculated and compared to the corresponding data estimated for the rat liver. The BHK cell contained relatively more phospholipids in the nucleus and the lysosomes than the liver. All the organelles of the BHK cell contained less protein per phospholipid than the equivalent organelles of the liver.", "PMID": 836856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2348", "title": "Effects of 25-hydroxycholesterol and 7-ketocholesterol, inhibitors of sterol synthesis, administered orally to mice.", "content": "When 25-hydroxycholesterol or 7-ketocholesterol was fed to mice with the diet, growth was suppressed and mature mice lost weight. The effect of the 7-ketone upon body weight was effectively counteracted by cholesterol whereas cholestanol and beta-sitosterol were ineffective. Growth repression due to 25-hydroxycholesterol was only partially relieved by cholesterol. The effects of 25-hydroxycholesterol and 7-ketocholesterol upon body weight were related to an apparent effect upon appetite. However the sterols were not unpalatable since diets containing them were not rejected in favor of control diet. Intestinal sterol synthesis was inhibited soon after the administration of dietary 7-ketocholesterol or 25-hydroxycholesterol but inhibition decreased with prolonged feeding. When fed by gavage, the sterols suppressed intestinal sterol synthesis as soon as 2 h after administration. In contrast, cholesterol administered by gavage did not affect intestinal sterol synthesis during a 24 h test period. When fed with the diet 25-hydroxycholesterol and 7-ketocholesterol did not depress hepatic cholesterol synthesis beyond the low levels found in pair-fed controls. Inhibition of intestinal sterol synthesis was accompanied by a decrease in the concentration of cholesterol in the intestinal mucosa and, usually, by a drop in the molar ratio of cholesterol to phospholipids.", "contents": "Effects of 25-hydroxycholesterol and 7-ketocholesterol, inhibitors of sterol synthesis, administered orally to mice. When 25-hydroxycholesterol or 7-ketocholesterol was fed to mice with the diet, growth was suppressed and mature mice lost weight. The effect of the 7-ketone upon body weight was effectively counteracted by cholesterol whereas cholestanol and beta-sitosterol were ineffective. Growth repression due to 25-hydroxycholesterol was only partially relieved by cholesterol. The effects of 25-hydroxycholesterol and 7-ketocholesterol upon body weight were related to an apparent effect upon appetite. However the sterols were not unpalatable since diets containing them were not rejected in favor of control diet. Intestinal sterol synthesis was inhibited soon after the administration of dietary 7-ketocholesterol or 25-hydroxycholesterol but inhibition decreased with prolonged feeding. When fed by gavage, the sterols suppressed intestinal sterol synthesis as soon as 2 h after administration. In contrast, cholesterol administered by gavage did not affect intestinal sterol synthesis during a 24 h test period. When fed with the diet 25-hydroxycholesterol and 7-ketocholesterol did not depress hepatic cholesterol synthesis beyond the low levels found in pair-fed controls. Inhibition of intestinal sterol synthesis was accompanied by a decrease in the concentration of cholesterol in the intestinal mucosa and, usually, by a drop in the molar ratio of cholesterol to phospholipids.", "PMID": 836857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2349", "title": "Site of synthesis of phosphatidic acid and diacyglycerol in spinach chloroplasts.", "content": "The enzymatic synthesis of lysophosphatidic acid, phosphatidic acid, monoacylglycerol and diacylglycerol from sn-[14C]glycerol 3-phosphate occurs in purified chloroplasts. The results indicate that: (1) the chloroplast extract contains a soluble acylase (acyl-CoA: sn-glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase); (2) the envelope fraction contains an acyl-CoA synthetase, a bound acylase (acyl-CoA: acyl-sn glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase) and a phosphatidic acid phosphatase; without chloroplast extract in the incubation medium, the envelope is unable to incorporate sn-glycerol 3-phosphate into phosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol; addition of chloroplast extract to the incubation medium induced a fast increase of the incorporation of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate into phosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol; thylakoids being unable to incorporate sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (in presence or absence of soluble chloroplast extract in the incubation medium) our results indicate that the envelope of spinach chloroplast is the site of phosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol synthesis; (3) diacylglycerol actively synthesized by the envelope is also the substrate for the first galactosylation enzyme.", "contents": "Site of synthesis of phosphatidic acid and diacyglycerol in spinach chloroplasts. The enzymatic synthesis of lysophosphatidic acid, phosphatidic acid, monoacylglycerol and diacylglycerol from sn-[14C]glycerol 3-phosphate occurs in purified chloroplasts. The results indicate that: (1) the chloroplast extract contains a soluble acylase (acyl-CoA: sn-glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase); (2) the envelope fraction contains an acyl-CoA synthetase, a bound acylase (acyl-CoA: acyl-sn glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase) and a phosphatidic acid phosphatase; without chloroplast extract in the incubation medium, the envelope is unable to incorporate sn-glycerol 3-phosphate into phosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol; addition of chloroplast extract to the incubation medium induced a fast increase of the incorporation of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate into phosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol; thylakoids being unable to incorporate sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (in presence or absence of soluble chloroplast extract in the incubation medium) our results indicate that the envelope of spinach chloroplast is the site of phosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol synthesis; (3) diacylglycerol actively synthesized by the envelope is also the substrate for the first galactosylation enzyme.", "PMID": 836858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2350", "title": "Rate constants for the uptake of cholesterol from various intestinal and serum lipoprotein fractions by the liver of the rat in vivo.", "content": "The increase in the mass of cholesterol esters in the liver was used to estimate hepatic net uptake rates of cholesterol from various serum and intestinal lipoprotein fractions. Initial uptake rates equalled essentially zero for high density serum lipoproteins and for large chylomicrons while administration of both low density serum lipoproteins and smaller chylomicrons produced a significant increase in hepatic cholesterol ester levels. The rate of uptake of both serum lipoprotein fractions did not change over a 5 h interval after injection: in contrast, the rates of uptake of the intestinal fractions increased 10-25-fold during this interval. Circulation of large chylomicrons in functionally eviscerated rats markedly increased the rate of hepatic cholesterol uptake when these metabolized lipoproteins were reinjected into recipient animals. Uptake of cholesterol from intestinal lipoproteins was essentially a linear function of the amount of chylomicrons administered to the animals and was independent of the level of circulating serum cholesterol and the rate of hepatic cholesterogenesis. These observations are consistent with the view that the liver is capable of taking up cholesterol from chylomicron remnants and, at significantly lower rate, low density serum lipoproteins.", "contents": "Rate constants for the uptake of cholesterol from various intestinal and serum lipoprotein fractions by the liver of the rat in vivo. The increase in the mass of cholesterol esters in the liver was used to estimate hepatic net uptake rates of cholesterol from various serum and intestinal lipoprotein fractions. Initial uptake rates equalled essentially zero for high density serum lipoproteins and for large chylomicrons while administration of both low density serum lipoproteins and smaller chylomicrons produced a significant increase in hepatic cholesterol ester levels. The rate of uptake of both serum lipoprotein fractions did not change over a 5 h interval after injection: in contrast, the rates of uptake of the intestinal fractions increased 10-25-fold during this interval. Circulation of large chylomicrons in functionally eviscerated rats markedly increased the rate of hepatic cholesterol uptake when these metabolized lipoproteins were reinjected into recipient animals. Uptake of cholesterol from intestinal lipoproteins was essentially a linear function of the amount of chylomicrons administered to the animals and was independent of the level of circulating serum cholesterol and the rate of hepatic cholesterogenesis. These observations are consistent with the view that the liver is capable of taking up cholesterol from chylomicron remnants and, at significantly lower rate, low density serum lipoproteins.", "PMID": 836859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2351", "title": "Cholesterol beta-D-glucoside-6'-O-palmitate, a metabolite of Pythium sylvaticum.", "content": "Cholesterol beta-D-glucoside-6'-O-palmitate has been identified as a polar metabolite in the mycelium of mated cultures of Pythium sylvaticum grown in the presence of cholesterol. The structure was confirmed by synthesis of the metabolite. Similar steroid beta-D-glucoside-6'-O-palmitates were obtained from beta-sitosterol and campesterol when these sterols were added to cultures of P-sylvaticum. Corresponding esters of myristic and stearic acids were also detected.", "contents": "Cholesterol beta-D-glucoside-6'-O-palmitate, a metabolite of Pythium sylvaticum. Cholesterol beta-D-glucoside-6'-O-palmitate has been identified as a polar metabolite in the mycelium of mated cultures of Pythium sylvaticum grown in the presence of cholesterol. The structure was confirmed by synthesis of the metabolite. Similar steroid beta-D-glucoside-6'-O-palmitates were obtained from beta-sitosterol and campesterol when these sterols were added to cultures of P-sylvaticum. Corresponding esters of myristic and stearic acids were also detected.", "PMID": 836860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2352", "title": "Partial characterization of the bile salt-dependent triacylglycerol lipase from the leopard shark pancreas.", "content": "Leopard shark triacylglycerol lipase has been characterized as a crude pancreatic preparation. The enzyme demonstrated an absolute requirement for trihydroxy bile salts for activity with natural bile salts of the shark giving a 4-fold greater stimulation of activity than pure sodium taurocholate. Bile salts also protected the enzyme from apparent inactivation by p-chloromercuribenzoate and trypsin treatment. The shark lipase demonstrated a temperature optimum of 36 degrees C and was rapidly inactivated at 50 degrees C even in the presence of bile salts. Divalent metal ions were required for activity with Ca2+ providing the greatest stimulation. At 22 degrees C, pH 8.5 and in the presence of natural bile salts, the apparent V was about 0.6 mumol fatty acid released/min per mg protein. The shark enzyme hydrolyzed over 90% of the fatty acids from trioleovylglycerol and methyl esters of pancreatic lipase-resistant fatty acids were hydrolyzed at the same rate as typical fatty acid methyl esters. Hydrolysis of triacylglycerol proceeded about ten-times faster than wax ester hydrolysis. The kinetic properties of the leopard shark enzyme were compared to other bile salt-dependent lipolytic enzymes. Pancreatic lipase activity was not detected.", "contents": "Partial characterization of the bile salt-dependent triacylglycerol lipase from the leopard shark pancreas. Leopard shark triacylglycerol lipase has been characterized as a crude pancreatic preparation. The enzyme demonstrated an absolute requirement for trihydroxy bile salts for activity with natural bile salts of the shark giving a 4-fold greater stimulation of activity than pure sodium taurocholate. Bile salts also protected the enzyme from apparent inactivation by p-chloromercuribenzoate and trypsin treatment. The shark lipase demonstrated a temperature optimum of 36 degrees C and was rapidly inactivated at 50 degrees C even in the presence of bile salts. Divalent metal ions were required for activity with Ca2+ providing the greatest stimulation. At 22 degrees C, pH 8.5 and in the presence of natural bile salts, the apparent V was about 0.6 mumol fatty acid released/min per mg protein. The shark enzyme hydrolyzed over 90% of the fatty acids from trioleovylglycerol and methyl esters of pancreatic lipase-resistant fatty acids were hydrolyzed at the same rate as typical fatty acid methyl esters. Hydrolysis of triacylglycerol proceeded about ten-times faster than wax ester hydrolysis. The kinetic properties of the leopard shark enzyme were compared to other bile salt-dependent lipolytic enzymes. Pancreatic lipase activity was not detected.", "PMID": 836861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2353", "title": "The effect of palmitoyl-coenzyme A on rat heart and liver mitochondria. Oxygen consumption and palmitoylcarnitine formation.", "content": "Rat heart and liver mitochondria, respectively, oxidized palmitoyl-CoA and palmitoylcarnitine optimally at 20-30 and 10-20 nmol substrate/mg. The oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA was accompanied by a lag in State 3 respiration that was proportional to the palmitoyl-CoA concentration. The delay in State 3 rates was more prolonged in liver than in heart at comparable palmitoyl-CoA levels. A similar range of palmitoyl-CoA concentrations produced significant inhibition of respiration in mitochondria oxidizing glutamate-malate. The inhibition was not due to a detergent effect of palmitoyl-CoA since addition of carnitine restored State 3 rates. Electron microscopic examination of mitochondria at low palmitoyl-CoA levels revealed normal ultrastructure. At comparable concentrations of palmitoyl-CoA, formation of palmitoylcarnitine by mitochondria from rat heart and liver followed first-order kinetics. The apparent first-order rate constants decreased with increasing palmitoyl-CoA. These results suggest that substrate inhibition may influence the rate of palmitoyl carnitine formation even at physiological concentrations of palmitoyl-CoA. The apparent first-order rate constant at palmitoyl-CoA levels (12 nmol palmitoyl CoA/mg) optimally oxidized by liver mitochondria, was one-third the value of the apparent rate constant measured in heart mitochondria at the identical substrate level. The prolongation in time to reach equilibrium may acocunt for the relatively greater respiratory sensitivity of liver mitochondria to increasing levels of palmitoyl-CoA.", "contents": "The effect of palmitoyl-coenzyme A on rat heart and liver mitochondria. Oxygen consumption and palmitoylcarnitine formation. Rat heart and liver mitochondria, respectively, oxidized palmitoyl-CoA and palmitoylcarnitine optimally at 20-30 and 10-20 nmol substrate/mg. The oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA was accompanied by a lag in State 3 respiration that was proportional to the palmitoyl-CoA concentration. The delay in State 3 rates was more prolonged in liver than in heart at comparable palmitoyl-CoA levels. A similar range of palmitoyl-CoA concentrations produced significant inhibition of respiration in mitochondria oxidizing glutamate-malate. The inhibition was not due to a detergent effect of palmitoyl-CoA since addition of carnitine restored State 3 rates. Electron microscopic examination of mitochondria at low palmitoyl-CoA levels revealed normal ultrastructure. At comparable concentrations of palmitoyl-CoA, formation of palmitoylcarnitine by mitochondria from rat heart and liver followed first-order kinetics. The apparent first-order rate constants decreased with increasing palmitoyl-CoA. These results suggest that substrate inhibition may influence the rate of palmitoyl carnitine formation even at physiological concentrations of palmitoyl-CoA. The apparent first-order rate constant at palmitoyl-CoA levels (12 nmol palmitoyl CoA/mg) optimally oxidized by liver mitochondria, was one-third the value of the apparent rate constant measured in heart mitochondria at the identical substrate level. The prolongation in time to reach equilibrium may acocunt for the relatively greater respiratory sensitivity of liver mitochondria to increasing levels of palmitoyl-CoA.", "PMID": 836862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2354", "title": "Specific requirement of lysophosphatidylcholine for palmitoyl-CoA synthetase of chicken intestine.", "content": "The presence of palmitoyl-CoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1.3) in the brush border-free particulate fraction of chicken intestinal mucosa is demonstrated. The enzyme was dependent on the simultaneous presence of lysophosphatidylcholine and Triton X-100 as well as ATP, CoA and Mg2+ for maximal activity. Lysophosphatidylcholine could not be replaced by other lipids. Enzyme preparations solubilized by Triton X-100 or lysophosphatidylcholine were still dependent on the presence of detergents for maximal activity.", "contents": "Specific requirement of lysophosphatidylcholine for palmitoyl-CoA synthetase of chicken intestine. The presence of palmitoyl-CoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1.3) in the brush border-free particulate fraction of chicken intestinal mucosa is demonstrated. The enzyme was dependent on the simultaneous presence of lysophosphatidylcholine and Triton X-100 as well as ATP, CoA and Mg2+ for maximal activity. Lysophosphatidylcholine could not be replaced by other lipids. Enzyme preparations solubilized by Triton X-100 or lysophosphatidylcholine were still dependent on the presence of detergents for maximal activity.", "PMID": 836863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2355", "title": "Heterogeneity of membrane-bound delta5-3-oxosteroid isomerase. Studies on bovine adrenocortical microsomes.", "content": "There are conflicting reports concerning the number of distinct delta5-3-oxosteroid isomerases present in various steroid producing tissues; this problem was reexamined by two techniques: (1) kinetics measurements with a mixture of androst-5-ene-3,17-dione and pregn-5-en-3, 20-dione. (2) thermal inactivation of the androst-5-ene-3,17-dione isomerase and pregn-5-ene-3,20-dione isomerase activities. The results are the following: (a) Kinetic data support the concept of a single delta5-3-oxosteroid isomerase with a low substrate specificity in the microsomes. (b) Thermal inactivation experiments also support the one enzyme theory, but strongly suggest an heterogeneity of the delta5-3-oxosteroid isomerase in the bovine adrenocortical microsomes. In view of these results, a tentative explanation of the conflicting reports is proposed.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of membrane-bound delta5-3-oxosteroid isomerase. Studies on bovine adrenocortical microsomes. There are conflicting reports concerning the number of distinct delta5-3-oxosteroid isomerases present in various steroid producing tissues; this problem was reexamined by two techniques: (1) kinetics measurements with a mixture of androst-5-ene-3,17-dione and pregn-5-en-3, 20-dione. (2) thermal inactivation of the androst-5-ene-3,17-dione isomerase and pregn-5-ene-3,20-dione isomerase activities. The results are the following: (a) Kinetic data support the concept of a single delta5-3-oxosteroid isomerase with a low substrate specificity in the microsomes. (b) Thermal inactivation experiments also support the one enzyme theory, but strongly suggest an heterogeneity of the delta5-3-oxosteroid isomerase in the bovine adrenocortical microsomes. In view of these results, a tentative explanation of the conflicting reports is proposed.", "PMID": 836864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2356", "title": "Rapid zymogen activation and isolation of serine proteases from an individual mouse pancreas by affinity chromatography: genetical heterogeneity of chymotrypsins of Mus musculus.", "content": "A rapid method to prepare homogeneous fractions of the various chymotrypsins and trypsins from a single mouse pancreas (130-150 mg wet weight) is described. The method was applied to investigate intra-species variation on a molecular level using chymotrypsins as biochemical indicators. The conditions for optimal extraction of the zymogens in the homogenized pancreas have been studied. DNA had to be removed from the homogenate to obtain maximum chymotrypsin yields (approximately 1% of the wet weight of the pancreas). The activation was initiated by immobilized bovine trypsin that was removed by filtration. Then chymotrypsinogens in the homogenate were activated by mouse trypsin. After completed activation homogeneous chymotrypsins (one anionic and one cationic form) could be isolated in an one step analytical affinity chromatographic separation, using soybean trypsin inhibitor bound in Sepharose as a protease specific adsorbent. The end products were characterized by isoelectric focussing, amino acid composition, enzymatic parameters, molar extinction coefficient, and the number of polypeptide chains. Hereby, the existence of two chymotrypsinogen loci in the mouse genome could be demonstrated. Differences in structure and function between the corresponding enzymes from the two strains were found. This allelomorphism was verified in the crossing of the off-spring.", "contents": "Rapid zymogen activation and isolation of serine proteases from an individual mouse pancreas by affinity chromatography: genetical heterogeneity of chymotrypsins of Mus musculus. A rapid method to prepare homogeneous fractions of the various chymotrypsins and trypsins from a single mouse pancreas (130-150 mg wet weight) is described. The method was applied to investigate intra-species variation on a molecular level using chymotrypsins as biochemical indicators. The conditions for optimal extraction of the zymogens in the homogenized pancreas have been studied. DNA had to be removed from the homogenate to obtain maximum chymotrypsin yields (approximately 1% of the wet weight of the pancreas). The activation was initiated by immobilized bovine trypsin that was removed by filtration. Then chymotrypsinogens in the homogenate were activated by mouse trypsin. After completed activation homogeneous chymotrypsins (one anionic and one cationic form) could be isolated in an one step analytical affinity chromatographic separation, using soybean trypsin inhibitor bound in Sepharose as a protease specific adsorbent. The end products were characterized by isoelectric focussing, amino acid composition, enzymatic parameters, molar extinction coefficient, and the number of polypeptide chains. Hereby, the existence of two chymotrypsinogen loci in the mouse genome could be demonstrated. Differences in structure and function between the corresponding enzymes from the two strains were found. This allelomorphism was verified in the crossing of the off-spring.", "PMID": 836865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2357", "title": "Binding properties of purified adult and fetal bovine serum albumin.", "content": "Fetal and adult bovine serum albumin were purified by standard techniques and then treated with activated charcoal at pH 2.75 to remove small molecular weight legands. The two proteins were compared and found to be identical by the following criteria: isoelectric focusing, electrophoresis on cellulose acetate and polyacrylamide gel, by the binding of bromcresol green, salicylic acid, diphenylhydantoin, and six different fatty acids (palmitic, stearic, oleic, elaidic, linoleic, and arachidonic). Reports of marked differences in the capacities of fatal and ault plasma to bind bilirubin and various drugs have usually been attributed to the presence of a \"fetal\" albumin. Our results, however, are consistent with the view that there is no difference between adult and fetal albumin and that the observed altered binding properties of fetal plasma are due to the tight binding of a ligand to fetal albumin in blood, which modifies the protein's affinity for lipophilic compounds.", "contents": "Binding properties of purified adult and fetal bovine serum albumin. Fetal and adult bovine serum albumin were purified by standard techniques and then treated with activated charcoal at pH 2.75 to remove small molecular weight legands. The two proteins were compared and found to be identical by the following criteria: isoelectric focusing, electrophoresis on cellulose acetate and polyacrylamide gel, by the binding of bromcresol green, salicylic acid, diphenylhydantoin, and six different fatty acids (palmitic, stearic, oleic, elaidic, linoleic, and arachidonic). Reports of marked differences in the capacities of fatal and ault plasma to bind bilirubin and various drugs have usually been attributed to the presence of a \"fetal\" albumin. Our results, however, are consistent with the view that there is no difference between adult and fetal albumin and that the observed altered binding properties of fetal plasma are due to the tight binding of a ligand to fetal albumin in blood, which modifies the protein's affinity for lipophilic compounds.", "PMID": 836866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2358", "title": "Comparative immunochemistry of bacterial, algal and plant ferredoxins.", "content": "1. Antibodies were produced in rabbits to the 4Fe-4S ferrodoxins from Bacillus stearothermophilus, the 2 [4Fe-4S] ferredoxin from Clostridium pasteurianum, and the 2Fe-2S ferredoxins from the blue-green algia Spirulina maxima, the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus, and the higher plant Beta vulgaris. The antibodies were tested for immunoprecipitation activity with seven bacterial, twelve blue-green algal, six eukaryotic algal and six higher plant ferredoxins. 2. Antibodies to the bacterial ferredoxins reacted to a significant extent only with their homologous proteins. On the other hand, antibodies to the plant and algal ferredoxins showed cross-reaction with other ferredoxins. There was a correlation between the degrees of immunoprecipitation and the similarity in amino acid sequences. These results suggest that the method can be used as a marker in taxonomic studies. 3. The interaction of the antibodies with the five native ferredoxins was compared with the reactions with their apoproteins. In each case the degree of interaction was different. This behaviour was interpreted as due to an influence of tertiary structure on the antibody-antigen interaction.", "contents": "Comparative immunochemistry of bacterial, algal and plant ferredoxins. 1. Antibodies were produced in rabbits to the 4Fe-4S ferrodoxins from Bacillus stearothermophilus, the 2 [4Fe-4S] ferredoxin from Clostridium pasteurianum, and the 2Fe-2S ferredoxins from the blue-green algia Spirulina maxima, the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus, and the higher plant Beta vulgaris. The antibodies were tested for immunoprecipitation activity with seven bacterial, twelve blue-green algal, six eukaryotic algal and six higher plant ferredoxins. 2. Antibodies to the bacterial ferredoxins reacted to a significant extent only with their homologous proteins. On the other hand, antibodies to the plant and algal ferredoxins showed cross-reaction with other ferredoxins. There was a correlation between the degrees of immunoprecipitation and the similarity in amino acid sequences. These results suggest that the method can be used as a marker in taxonomic studies. 3. The interaction of the antibodies with the five native ferredoxins was compared with the reactions with their apoproteins. In each case the degree of interaction was different. This behaviour was interpreted as due to an influence of tertiary structure on the antibody-antigen interaction.", "PMID": 836867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2359", "title": "The hemoglobin-oxygen equilibrium associated with subunit dissociation.", "content": "The effect of oxygen-linked tetramer-dimer dissociation on oxygen equilibrium of hemoglobin was investigated by measuring the equilibrium curves over a wide range of protein concentration. A Hill scheme which takes the subunit dissociation into account describes well the overall concentration dependences of the oxygen pressure and slope of the Hill plot at half saturation. Values of dissociation constant for oxyhemoglobin estimated from the equilibrium data agree with the vaues measured by other methods for phosphate-free and diphosphoglycerate-added hemoglobin. The present results indicate that oxygen equilibrium properties are only slightly influenced bysubunit dissociation in the concentration range above 60 muM (as heme) at which most equilibrium experiments have been carried out.", "contents": "The hemoglobin-oxygen equilibrium associated with subunit dissociation. The effect of oxygen-linked tetramer-dimer dissociation on oxygen equilibrium of hemoglobin was investigated by measuring the equilibrium curves over a wide range of protein concentration. A Hill scheme which takes the subunit dissociation into account describes well the overall concentration dependences of the oxygen pressure and slope of the Hill plot at half saturation. Values of dissociation constant for oxyhemoglobin estimated from the equilibrium data agree with the vaues measured by other methods for phosphate-free and diphosphoglycerate-added hemoglobin. The present results indicate that oxygen equilibrium properties are only slightly influenced bysubunit dissociation in the concentration range above 60 muM (as heme) at which most equilibrium experiments have been carried out.", "PMID": 836868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2360", "title": "Cleavage of the S-S bond in 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) in the presence of a cationic detergent: an approach to the cleavage of the S-S bond in bovine plasma albumin.", "content": "The hydrolysis of 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) was studied at pH 9.20 and 25 degrees C in presence of tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide or micellar tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide. The reaction was pseudo-unimolecular reaction with regard to the concentration of dithionitrobenzoic acid. The rate constant k1 depended on the tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide concentration and on the ionic strength of the buffer solution. At a constant ionic strength, the value of k1 increased with the increase in the tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide concentration, attained maximum at a certain concentration above the critical micelle concentration, and then decreased. The value of k1 was larger when the ionic strength was lower. The rate of hydrolysis at the ionic strength 0.1 was the same as that without tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide. On the contrary, sodium dodecyl sulfate or micellar sodium dodecyl sulfate had no effect on the rate of hydrolysis. These results lead to the conclusion that the S-S bond is cleaved easier, when it is surrounded by the cationic detergent. The SH/S-S exchange reaction of bovine plasma albumin in the presence of cationic detergent was slower when the ionic strength was higher. The fact could be explained by assuming that the exposed S-S bond is surrounded by the cationic detergent. Further, it was speculated that some S-S bonds in albumin are surrounded by the positively charged basic amino acid residues.", "contents": "Cleavage of the S-S bond in 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) in the presence of a cationic detergent: an approach to the cleavage of the S-S bond in bovine plasma albumin. The hydrolysis of 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) was studied at pH 9.20 and 25 degrees C in presence of tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide or micellar tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide. The reaction was pseudo-unimolecular reaction with regard to the concentration of dithionitrobenzoic acid. The rate constant k1 depended on the tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide concentration and on the ionic strength of the buffer solution. At a constant ionic strength, the value of k1 increased with the increase in the tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide concentration, attained maximum at a certain concentration above the critical micelle concentration, and then decreased. The value of k1 was larger when the ionic strength was lower. The rate of hydrolysis at the ionic strength 0.1 was the same as that without tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide. On the contrary, sodium dodecyl sulfate or micellar sodium dodecyl sulfate had no effect on the rate of hydrolysis. These results lead to the conclusion that the S-S bond is cleaved easier, when it is surrounded by the cationic detergent. The SH/S-S exchange reaction of bovine plasma albumin in the presence of cationic detergent was slower when the ionic strength was higher. The fact could be explained by assuming that the exposed S-S bond is surrounded by the cationic detergent. Further, it was speculated that some S-S bonds in albumin are surrounded by the positively charged basic amino acid residues.", "PMID": 836869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2361", "title": "Degradation of TN-C component of troponin by trypsin.", "content": "The peptide pattern obtained during degradation of TN-C component of troponin by trypsin markedly depends on the concentration of calcium ions. In the presence of calcium higher than 0.1 mM a peptide with a mass of about 16 000 daltons is formed, followed by its splitting into two peptides (8500 and 7500 daltons), which accumulate during further digestion. When calcium is sequestred by EGTA the degradation of TN-C is much faster. The first products of digestion are the 11 000 and 7500 dalton peptides. The former one is degraded to 9700 dalton peptide and, subsequently, both peptides are split to small fragments. In the presence of calcium only three -NH2 groups per molecule of TN-C appear during digestion, whereas in its absence almost all peptide bonds available for trypsin are cleaved. The fragments of TN-C obtained in the presence of calcium are still able to interact with TN-I component as judged by disc-electrophoresis performed in the presence of calcium. During digestion in the presence of calcium only a slight decrease of tyrosyl intrinsic fluorescence occurs and the further decrease after removal of calcium bound to TN-C is fully reversible. Similarly, the content of alpha-helix decreases only slowly during digestion in the presence of calcium. All the results suggest that calcium stabilizes the structure of TN-C molecule, so that trypsin in the presence of calcium releases one small peptide from N-terminal not involved in the first \"EF-hand\" and the other from the region between pairs 1-2 and 3-4 of \"EF-hands\" in the nomenclature of Kretsinger (see Kretsinger and Barry [16]). The obtained fragments, containing almost exclusively pairs of \"EF-hands\", restore most of the properties of original TN-C molecule.", "contents": "Degradation of TN-C component of troponin by trypsin. The peptide pattern obtained during degradation of TN-C component of troponin by trypsin markedly depends on the concentration of calcium ions. In the presence of calcium higher than 0.1 mM a peptide with a mass of about 16 000 daltons is formed, followed by its splitting into two peptides (8500 and 7500 daltons), which accumulate during further digestion. When calcium is sequestred by EGTA the degradation of TN-C is much faster. The first products of digestion are the 11 000 and 7500 dalton peptides. The former one is degraded to 9700 dalton peptide and, subsequently, both peptides are split to small fragments. In the presence of calcium only three -NH2 groups per molecule of TN-C appear during digestion, whereas in its absence almost all peptide bonds available for trypsin are cleaved. The fragments of TN-C obtained in the presence of calcium are still able to interact with TN-I component as judged by disc-electrophoresis performed in the presence of calcium. During digestion in the presence of calcium only a slight decrease of tyrosyl intrinsic fluorescence occurs and the further decrease after removal of calcium bound to TN-C is fully reversible. Similarly, the content of alpha-helix decreases only slowly during digestion in the presence of calcium. All the results suggest that calcium stabilizes the structure of TN-C molecule, so that trypsin in the presence of calcium releases one small peptide from N-terminal not involved in the first \"EF-hand\" and the other from the region between pairs 1-2 and 3-4 of \"EF-hands\" in the nomenclature of Kretsinger (see Kretsinger and Barry [16]). The obtained fragments, containing almost exclusively pairs of \"EF-hands\", restore most of the properties of original TN-C molecule.", "PMID": 836870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2362", "title": "Critical appraisal of electronic structure of metmyoglobin. 14N and 57Fe hyperfine interactions.", "content": "The electronic structure of metmyoglobin is subjected to a critical examination by comparison of results of recent ENDOR measurements of nitrogen hyperfine interaction constants on the porphyrin ring and on the proximal histidine linking the heme to the protein with theoretical values for these properties from calculated electronic wavefunctions for this molecule. The observed interesting trends of the 14N hyperfine data as well as available 57Fe data are both successfully explained showing that theory has provided a satisfactory description of the electronic distribution in this important molecule.", "contents": "Critical appraisal of electronic structure of metmyoglobin. 14N and 57Fe hyperfine interactions. The electronic structure of metmyoglobin is subjected to a critical examination by comparison of results of recent ENDOR measurements of nitrogen hyperfine interaction constants on the porphyrin ring and on the proximal histidine linking the heme to the protein with theoretical values for these properties from calculated electronic wavefunctions for this molecule. The observed interesting trends of the 14N hyperfine data as well as available 57Fe data are both successfully explained showing that theory has provided a satisfactory description of the electronic distribution in this important molecule.", "PMID": 836871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2363", "title": "Improved resolution of myofibrillar proteins with sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "content": "Standard experimental procedures for continuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate were modified to give more effective separation and improved resolution of myofibrillar proteins. The system utilizes a running gel consisting of 10% acrylamide with 0.1% bisacrylamide crosslinker (100:1) incorporating 400 mM Tris/glycine (pH 8.80), 0.1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetate, 5% glycerol and 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate. Electrophoresis was performed at 1 mA per gel with corresponding running times of 4-6 h. The myosin heavy chain enters and migrates as a narrow symmetrical band while the smaller regulatory proteins of the myofibril are resolved. The utility of the procedure in relation to the study of protein structure is detailed.", "contents": "Improved resolution of myofibrillar proteins with sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Standard experimental procedures for continuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate were modified to give more effective separation and improved resolution of myofibrillar proteins. The system utilizes a running gel consisting of 10% acrylamide with 0.1% bisacrylamide crosslinker (100:1) incorporating 400 mM Tris/glycine (pH 8.80), 0.1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetate, 5% glycerol and 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate. Electrophoresis was performed at 1 mA per gel with corresponding running times of 4-6 h. The myosin heavy chain enters and migrates as a narrow symmetrical band while the smaller regulatory proteins of the myofibril are resolved. The utility of the procedure in relation to the study of protein structure is detailed.", "PMID": 836873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2364", "title": "The cross-linking of 125I-labelled transferrin to rabbit reticulocytes.", "content": "125I-labelled transferrin has been covalently linked to proteins of rabbit reticulocyte membranes using three different cross-linking reagents: (a) bis(methyl) suberimidate (b) 4-methyl mercaptobutirimidate and (c) Cu-o-phenanthroline. Analysis of the products of the cross-linking reactions by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed three radioactively labelled components. The major component corresponds to non-cross-linked transferrin while a second smaller component represents a complex (125 000 daltons) of membrane protein and transferrin. A third component (210 000 daltons) was observed when 4-methyl mercaptobutirimidate was used as a cross-linking reagent. The possibility that the two higher molecular weight complexes contain the receptor protein for transferrin is discussed.", "contents": "The cross-linking of 125I-labelled transferrin to rabbit reticulocytes. 125I-labelled transferrin has been covalently linked to proteins of rabbit reticulocyte membranes using three different cross-linking reagents: (a) bis(methyl) suberimidate (b) 4-methyl mercaptobutirimidate and (c) Cu-o-phenanthroline. Analysis of the products of the cross-linking reactions by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed three radioactively labelled components. The major component corresponds to non-cross-linked transferrin while a second smaller component represents a complex (125 000 daltons) of membrane protein and transferrin. A third component (210 000 daltons) was observed when 4-methyl mercaptobutirimidate was used as a cross-linking reagent. The possibility that the two higher molecular weight complexes contain the receptor protein for transferrin is discussed.", "PMID": 836874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2365", "title": "Tyrosyl fluorescence in hemocyanin from the scorpion Leirus quinquestriatus.", "content": "The fluorescence properties of hemocyanin from the scorpion Leirus quinquestriatus were studied. Emission and excitation spectra were determined for protein in both its oxygenated and deoxygenated forms. Oxygenation was found to bring about a large blue shift in the position of the fluorescence maximum, in addition to a marked quenching of the fluorescence intensity as noted before for another hemocyanin. An appreciable tyrosyl contribution to the fluorscence of oxyhemocyanin was inferred from the wavelength dependence of its emission and excitation spectra. No tyrosyl fluorescence could be observed in either apo- or deoxyhemocyanin. It was concluded that the inability to observe tyrosyl emmision in deoxyhemocyanin is due to the dominating emission to tryptophan. The implication of the findings to the often noted failure to detect tyrosyl emission in proteins containing both tyrosine and tyrptophan is discussed.", "contents": "Tyrosyl fluorescence in hemocyanin from the scorpion Leirus quinquestriatus. The fluorescence properties of hemocyanin from the scorpion Leirus quinquestriatus were studied. Emission and excitation spectra were determined for protein in both its oxygenated and deoxygenated forms. Oxygenation was found to bring about a large blue shift in the position of the fluorescence maximum, in addition to a marked quenching of the fluorescence intensity as noted before for another hemocyanin. An appreciable tyrosyl contribution to the fluorscence of oxyhemocyanin was inferred from the wavelength dependence of its emission and excitation spectra. No tyrosyl fluorescence could be observed in either apo- or deoxyhemocyanin. It was concluded that the inability to observe tyrosyl emmision in deoxyhemocyanin is due to the dominating emission to tryptophan. The implication of the findings to the often noted failure to detect tyrosyl emission in proteins containing both tyrosine and tyrptophan is discussed.", "PMID": 836875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2366", "title": "M\u00f6ssbauer investigation of deoxymyoglobin in a high magnetic field. Orientation of the electric field gradient and magnetic tensors.", "content": "We have examined the M\u00f6ssbauer spectra of deosymyoglobin in a 6 T magnetic field in the temperature range 4.2-195 K. Spectra were fitted by the least-squares method using a phenomenological model in which the internal magnetic hyperfine field was assumed to be related to the applied field by a temperature dependent tensor \u00f5mega. The results indicate that \u00f5mega has axial symmetry and a principal axis system aligned with that of the electric field gradient (efg). The principal component of the latter is negative and lies on the symmetry axis of \u00f5mega. Our fits indicate that of efg asymmetry parameter is eta = 0.7, with no appreciable temperature dependence. Both axial and transverse components of \u00f5mega have the expected 1/T temperature dependence for T  greater than 20 K. Our experimentally determined value of eta, combined with published single crystal zero-field measurements, constrains the efg-heme relative orientation to two possibilities. In neither of these is an efg principal axis near to the heme normal.", "contents": "M\u00f6ssbauer investigation of deoxymyoglobin in a high magnetic field. Orientation of the electric field gradient and magnetic tensors. We have examined the M\u00f6ssbauer spectra of deosymyoglobin in a 6 T magnetic field in the temperature range 4.2-195 K. Spectra were fitted by the least-squares method using a phenomenological model in which the internal magnetic hyperfine field was assumed to be related to the applied field by a temperature dependent tensor \u00f5mega. The results indicate that \u00f5mega has axial symmetry and a principal axis system aligned with that of the electric field gradient (efg). The principal component of the latter is negative and lies on the symmetry axis of \u00f5mega. Our fits indicate that of efg asymmetry parameter is eta = 0.7, with no appreciable temperature dependence. Both axial and transverse components of \u00f5mega have the expected 1/T temperature dependence for T  greater than 20 K. Our experimentally determined value of eta, combined with published single crystal zero-field measurements, constrains the efg-heme relative orientation to two possibilities. In neither of these is an efg principal axis near to the heme normal.", "PMID": 836876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2367", "title": "Isolation of the high molecular form of bovine factor X and some of its physical properties.", "content": "A high molecular form of bovine factor X has been isolated from freshly collected bovine blood by BaSO4 absorption, exhaustive washing with 0.001 M BaCl2 and chromatographed on DEAE-cellulose column employing a linear salt gradient. This isolated factor X showed a single protein band on analytical polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. Only one single protein peak was observed in the chromatogram of DEAE-Sephadex A-50 chromatography conducted at 3 degrees C. Sedimentation equilibrium analysis of this bovine factor X revealed no apparent heterogeneity or self association-dissociation phenomena. It yielded a weight-average molecular weight of 74 000 for the native factor X. In the absence of any reducing agent, factor X migrated in dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis as a single component with an estimated molecular weight of 74 300. Both dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol and agarose gel chromatography in 6 M guanidinium chloride revealed that this native factor X is composed of two polypeptide chains of molecular weights of 56 000 and 22 100. Factor X can be converted to the enzymatically active factor Xa by Russell's viper venom and in the presence of Ca2+. Factor Xa was purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. This Russell's viper venom activated factor Xa also showed a single protein band upon analytical polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. Sedimentation equilibrium analysis of this factor Xa yields a weight-average molecular weight of 59 000 with no apparent heterogeneity or self-association phenomena. In the absence of any reducing agent, factor Xa migrated as a single component in dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis with an estimated molecular weight of 58 500. From the results of dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol as well as agarose gel chromatography in 6 M guanidinium chloride, factor Xa is also composed of two polypeptide chains of molecular weights of 36 700 and 22 800. Therefore, the heavy and light chains of both native factor X and factor Xa are linked together by disulfides. Great care was taken in washing the BaSO4 precipitate and it is this effective washing which enabled us to isolate the higher molecular from of bovine factor X.", "contents": "Isolation of the high molecular form of bovine factor X and some of its physical properties. A high molecular form of bovine factor X has been isolated from freshly collected bovine blood by BaSO4 absorption, exhaustive washing with 0.001 M BaCl2 and chromatographed on DEAE-cellulose column employing a linear salt gradient. This isolated factor X showed a single protein band on analytical polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. Only one single protein peak was observed in the chromatogram of DEAE-Sephadex A-50 chromatography conducted at 3 degrees C. Sedimentation equilibrium analysis of this bovine factor X revealed no apparent heterogeneity or self association-dissociation phenomena. It yielded a weight-average molecular weight of 74 000 for the native factor X. In the absence of any reducing agent, factor X migrated in dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis as a single component with an estimated molecular weight of 74 300. Both dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol and agarose gel chromatography in 6 M guanidinium chloride revealed that this native factor X is composed of two polypeptide chains of molecular weights of 56 000 and 22 100. Factor X can be converted to the enzymatically active factor Xa by Russell's viper venom and in the presence of Ca2+. Factor Xa was purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. This Russell's viper venom activated factor Xa also showed a single protein band upon analytical polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. Sedimentation equilibrium analysis of this factor Xa yields a weight-average molecular weight of 59 000 with no apparent heterogeneity or self-association phenomena. In the absence of any reducing agent, factor Xa migrated as a single component in dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis with an estimated molecular weight of 58 500. From the results of dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol as well as agarose gel chromatography in 6 M guanidinium chloride, factor Xa is also composed of two polypeptide chains of molecular weights of 36 700 and 22 800. Therefore, the heavy and light chains of both native factor X and factor Xa are linked together by disulfides. Great care was taken in washing the BaSO4 precipitate and it is this effective washing which enabled us to isolate the higher molecular from of bovine factor X.", "PMID": 836878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2368", "title": "Purification of human immunoglobulin M by affinity chromatography on protamine-Sepharose.", "content": "Human IgM has been isolated from plasma by a simple procedure in high yield. The first step was adsorption to protamine-Sepharose and elution by increasing the ionic strength with NaCl. This was followed by two gel filtration steps resulting in a 98% pure IgM in about 30% yield. A somewhat modified procedure could also be used for purification of IgM from Cohn fraction II + III. The purified IgM was found to have a sedimentation constant in agreement with reported values. In immunoelectrophoresis and isoelectric focusing, purified IgM showed the same behaviour as IgM in plasma. Different fragments of IgM were tested for binding to the protamine-Sepharose adsorbent. IgM and Fab were not bound unlike (FC)5, indicating that the sites responsible for binding are located in the Fc part and that several Fc parts are necessary for sufficiently strong binding for adsorption.", "contents": "Purification of human immunoglobulin M by affinity chromatography on protamine-Sepharose. Human IgM has been isolated from plasma by a simple procedure in high yield. The first step was adsorption to protamine-Sepharose and elution by increasing the ionic strength with NaCl. This was followed by two gel filtration steps resulting in a 98% pure IgM in about 30% yield. A somewhat modified procedure could also be used for purification of IgM from Cohn fraction II + III. The purified IgM was found to have a sedimentation constant in agreement with reported values. In immunoelectrophoresis and isoelectric focusing, purified IgM showed the same behaviour as IgM in plasma. Different fragments of IgM were tested for binding to the protamine-Sepharose adsorbent. IgM and Fab were not bound unlike (FC)5, indicating that the sites responsible for binding are located in the Fc part and that several Fc parts are necessary for sufficiently strong binding for adsorption.", "PMID": 836879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2369", "title": "A glycoprotein of high molecular weight in the urine of germ-free rats.", "content": "A carbohydrate-rich glycoprotein fraction was obtained by purification of the non-dialysable material of germ-free rat urine. This procedure involved proteolytic digestion with pronase, presipitation of the acidic glycoprotein with cetyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide (CTAB), and chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex and finally on Sepharose 4B from which it was partly excluded. The purified glycoprotein contained fucose (10.1%), galactose (12.2%).N-acetylglucosamine (16.6%), N-acetylgalactosamine (19.8%), sialic acid (11.9%), and sulphate ester groups (0.7%). The amino acid content was 19%, threonine, serine and proline being the predominating amino acids. Gel electrophoresis and gel chromatography revealed a pronounced poly-dispersity of the material. Treatment of the glycoprotein with alkali in the presence of borohydride led to partial degradation of the polymer with the formation of fragments containing N-acetylgalactosaminitol. The chemical properties of the purified glycoprotein are characteristic of a mucin. The presence of this glycoprotein could not be demonstrated in conventional rat urine.", "contents": "A glycoprotein of high molecular weight in the urine of germ-free rats. A carbohydrate-rich glycoprotein fraction was obtained by purification of the non-dialysable material of germ-free rat urine. This procedure involved proteolytic digestion with pronase, presipitation of the acidic glycoprotein with cetyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide (CTAB), and chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex and finally on Sepharose 4B from which it was partly excluded. The purified glycoprotein contained fucose (10.1%), galactose (12.2%).N-acetylglucosamine (16.6%), N-acetylgalactosamine (19.8%), sialic acid (11.9%), and sulphate ester groups (0.7%). The amino acid content was 19%, threonine, serine and proline being the predominating amino acids. Gel electrophoresis and gel chromatography revealed a pronounced poly-dispersity of the material. Treatment of the glycoprotein with alkali in the presence of borohydride led to partial degradation of the polymer with the formation of fragments containing N-acetylgalactosaminitol. The chemical properties of the purified glycoprotein are characteristic of a mucin. The presence of this glycoprotein could not be demonstrated in conventional rat urine.", "PMID": 836880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2370", "title": "Disulfide-linked cyanogen bromide peptides of bovine fibrinogen. II. Isolation and sequence analysis of the chain constituents from the amino terminal region.", "content": "Bovine fibrinogen was cleaved with CNBr and the peptide F-CB1 which originates from the amino end of the molecule was purified by chromatographic methods. After reduction and alkylation of F-CB1 three main polypeptide chains could be identified. They were derived from the A alpha chain (F-CB1 alpha), Bbeta chain (F-CB1 beta) and gamma chain (F-CB1 gamma) of fibrinogen and consisted of 54, 143 and 78 amino acid residues, respectively. Thrombin digestion released fibrinopeptide A from F-CB1 alpha and smaller amounts of the peptide Gly-Pro-Arg while fibrinopeptide B was released from F-CB1 beta. Fragment F-CB1 gamma was resistant to thrombin. The sequences of 35 amino acid residues in the portion of F-CB1 alpha adjacent to fibrinopeptide A and of 15 residues in F-CB1 beta beyond fibrinopeptide B were determined. They differ by six and two substitutions, respectively, when compared with the homologous part in human fibrinogen. However, the first 29 amino acid residues in bovine and human F-CB1 gamma were identical. The data show that the cysteine-containing regions and the portions to the right of the site of thrombin cleavage in fibrinogen show much less interspecies variability than that known for the fibrinopeptides.", "contents": "Disulfide-linked cyanogen bromide peptides of bovine fibrinogen. II. Isolation and sequence analysis of the chain constituents from the amino terminal region. Bovine fibrinogen was cleaved with CNBr and the peptide F-CB1 which originates from the amino end of the molecule was purified by chromatographic methods. After reduction and alkylation of F-CB1 three main polypeptide chains could be identified. They were derived from the A alpha chain (F-CB1 alpha), Bbeta chain (F-CB1 beta) and gamma chain (F-CB1 gamma) of fibrinogen and consisted of 54, 143 and 78 amino acid residues, respectively. Thrombin digestion released fibrinopeptide A from F-CB1 alpha and smaller amounts of the peptide Gly-Pro-Arg while fibrinopeptide B was released from F-CB1 beta. Fragment F-CB1 gamma was resistant to thrombin. The sequences of 35 amino acid residues in the portion of F-CB1 alpha adjacent to fibrinopeptide A and of 15 residues in F-CB1 beta beyond fibrinopeptide B were determined. They differ by six and two substitutions, respectively, when compared with the homologous part in human fibrinogen. However, the first 29 amino acid residues in bovine and human F-CB1 gamma were identical. The data show that the cysteine-containing regions and the portions to the right of the site of thrombin cleavage in fibrinogen show much less interspecies variability than that known for the fibrinopeptides.", "PMID": 836881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2371", "title": "Glycosylation of hemoglobin S by reducing sugars and its effect on gelation.", "content": "The binding of various reducing mono- and disaccharides to hemoglobin S has been measured both before and after treatment of the sugar-protein adducts with NaBH4. Incubation of 0.3 M solutions of D-glucose, D-galactose, D-maltose, and lactose, with 2% hemoglobin for 2 h at 37 degrees C, pH 7.2, leads to the incorporation of 1.1, 1.8, 1.8, and 3.3 mol of sugar, respectively, into 1 mol of hemoglobin tetramer (either A or S). Exposure of these aldose-protein adducts to NaBH4 for an additional hour at 10 degrees C increases the binding to 2.0, 3.3, 2.5, and 4.1 mol per mol tetramer, as would be expected if Schiff base linkages were involved in this protein modification reaction. The data suggest a stereochemical requirement for enhanced binding. The dependence of the pre-reduction binding of glucose on the sugar concentration, and on the oxygenation state of hemoglobin has also been examined. Glycosylation of hemoglobin significantly increases the minimum gelling concentration of the deoxy conformation, as measured by sedimentation  equilibrium ultracentrifugation. Of the sugar derivatives of hemoglobin S examined by this method, those modified by D-galactose or lactose have minimum gelling concentrations (in the absence of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate) which are comparable to, or greater than, that of fully carbamylated hemoglobinS.", "contents": "Glycosylation of hemoglobin S by reducing sugars and its effect on gelation. The binding of various reducing mono- and disaccharides to hemoglobin S has been measured both before and after treatment of the sugar-protein adducts with NaBH4. Incubation of 0.3 M solutions of D-glucose, D-galactose, D-maltose, and lactose, with 2% hemoglobin for 2 h at 37 degrees C, pH 7.2, leads to the incorporation of 1.1, 1.8, 1.8, and 3.3 mol of sugar, respectively, into 1 mol of hemoglobin tetramer (either A or S). Exposure of these aldose-protein adducts to NaBH4 for an additional hour at 10 degrees C increases the binding to 2.0, 3.3, 2.5, and 4.1 mol per mol tetramer, as would be expected if Schiff base linkages were involved in this protein modification reaction. The data suggest a stereochemical requirement for enhanced binding. The dependence of the pre-reduction binding of glucose on the sugar concentration, and on the oxygenation state of hemoglobin has also been examined. Glycosylation of hemoglobin significantly increases the minimum gelling concentration of the deoxy conformation, as measured by sedimentation  equilibrium ultracentrifugation. Of the sugar derivatives of hemoglobin S examined by this method, those modified by D-galactose or lactose have minimum gelling concentrations (in the absence of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate) which are comparable to, or greater than, that of fully carbamylated hemoglobinS.", "PMID": 836884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2372", "title": "Interaction of progesterone receptor with immobilized adenosine triphosphate.", "content": "Affinity chromatography has been used to study the binding of ATP to cyto-plasmic progesterone receptors of hen oviduct. A resin which selectively binds the receptor protein was prepared by linking ATP covalently to Sepharose 4B through a 6-carbon bridge of adipic acid dihydrazide. Receptor bound to the affinity resin was recovered in a single peak upon gradient elution with KCl (0.2-1 M) or ATP (0-0.1 M). While affinity chromatography was normally accomplished using the [3H]progesterone receptor complex, the hormone was not necessary for ATP binding under the conditions employed. The chromatography of crude receptor preparations allowed up to 100-fold purification with greater than 80% recovery of the receptor. The semipurified receptor appeared intact when analysed by sucrose gradient centrifugation, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The latter procedure separated the receptor into two components, A and B, both of which were capable of binding ATP. Although a specific biochemical role of ATP in hormone receptor action has not been demonstrated, the present studies support this possibility and, in addition, offer a convenient and reliable step for the purification of progesterone receptors.", "contents": "Interaction of progesterone receptor with immobilized adenosine triphosphate. Affinity chromatography has been used to study the binding of ATP to cyto-plasmic progesterone receptors of hen oviduct. A resin which selectively binds the receptor protein was prepared by linking ATP covalently to Sepharose 4B through a 6-carbon bridge of adipic acid dihydrazide. Receptor bound to the affinity resin was recovered in a single peak upon gradient elution with KCl (0.2-1 M) or ATP (0-0.1 M). While affinity chromatography was normally accomplished using the [3H]progesterone receptor complex, the hormone was not necessary for ATP binding under the conditions employed. The chromatography of crude receptor preparations allowed up to 100-fold purification with greater than 80% recovery of the receptor. The semipurified receptor appeared intact when analysed by sucrose gradient centrifugation, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The latter procedure separated the receptor into two components, A and B, both of which were capable of binding ATP. Although a specific biochemical role of ATP in hormone receptor action has not been demonstrated, the present studies support this possibility and, in addition, offer a convenient and reliable step for the purification of progesterone receptors.", "PMID": 836885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2373", "title": "Liquid-phase method for peptide synthesis utilizing photolytic cleavage from a new o-nitrobenzoyl polyethylene glycol support.", "content": "Photolysis as a method for removal of a tert-butyloxycarbonyl-protected peptide possessing a free C-terminal carboxyl group from a polystyrene support in the solid-phase method of peptide synthesis was introduced by Rich, D. H. and Gurwara, S. K.((1975) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 97, 1575-1578). Using this basic concept we prepared a photosensitive 3-nitro-4-bromomethylbenzoyl polyethylene glycol support for use in the liquid-phase method of peptide synthesis. Photolytic cleavage of a protected tetrapeptide possessing a free C-terminal carboxyl group from the polyethylene glycol support resulted in a 98% yield compared with a 69% yield for the photolytic leavage from the polystyrene support. This application of photolysis as a cleavage method in liquid-phase peptide synthesis avoids the low yields and rather drastic conditons needed to remove a peptide attached directly to the poly-ethylene glycol support in the conventional liquid-phase method.", "contents": "Liquid-phase method for peptide synthesis utilizing photolytic cleavage from a new o-nitrobenzoyl polyethylene glycol support. Photolysis as a method for removal of a tert-butyloxycarbonyl-protected peptide possessing a free C-terminal carboxyl group from a polystyrene support in the solid-phase method of peptide synthesis was introduced by Rich, D. H. and Gurwara, S. K.((1975) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 97, 1575-1578). Using this basic concept we prepared a photosensitive 3-nitro-4-bromomethylbenzoyl polyethylene glycol support for use in the liquid-phase method of peptide synthesis. Photolytic cleavage of a protected tetrapeptide possessing a free C-terminal carboxyl group from the polyethylene glycol support resulted in a 98% yield compared with a 69% yield for the photolytic leavage from the polystyrene support. This application of photolysis as a cleavage method in liquid-phase peptide synthesis avoids the low yields and rather drastic conditons needed to remove a peptide attached directly to the poly-ethylene glycol support in the conventional liquid-phase method.", "PMID": 836886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2374", "title": "Differences in the sites of iodination of proteins following four methods of radioiodination.", "content": "The rate of deiodination of radioiodinated proteins varies with the method of iodination. To elucidate differences in the iodinated protein labeled by various methods, we have hydrolyzed fibrinogen and several small peptides iodinated by the iodine monochloride, chloramine-T, electrolytic and enzymatic methods. Under conditions of either acidic or basic proteolysis, extensive deiodination occurred and the major product was I-. When a protease of Streptomyces griseus was used, radio-iodinated fibrinogen and other polypeptides were degraded to single iodinated amino acid residues and only a small yield of I-. The iodinated amino acids resulting from proteolysis were separated by ion-exchange chromatography. The iodine monochloride and enzymatic methods yielded largely iodotyrosine with small amounts of other iodinated amino acids. The chloramine-T product spectrum varied with the chloramine-T:protein ratio, whereas the electrolytic method yield was a complex function of the reaction conditions. The different methods of iodination lead to some differences in the site of iodination which correlate with stability of the protein-iodine bond.", "contents": "Differences in the sites of iodination of proteins following four methods of radioiodination. The rate of deiodination of radioiodinated proteins varies with the method of iodination. To elucidate differences in the iodinated protein labeled by various methods, we have hydrolyzed fibrinogen and several small peptides iodinated by the iodine monochloride, chloramine-T, electrolytic and enzymatic methods. Under conditions of either acidic or basic proteolysis, extensive deiodination occurred and the major product was I-. When a protease of Streptomyces griseus was used, radio-iodinated fibrinogen and other polypeptides were degraded to single iodinated amino acid residues and only a small yield of I-. The iodinated amino acids resulting from proteolysis were separated by ion-exchange chromatography. The iodine monochloride and enzymatic methods yielded largely iodotyrosine with small amounts of other iodinated amino acids. The chloramine-T product spectrum varied with the chloramine-T:protein ratio, whereas the electrolytic method yield was a complex function of the reaction conditions. The different methods of iodination lead to some differences in the site of iodination which correlate with stability of the protein-iodine bond.", "PMID": 836887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2375", "title": "The possible pathways of self-organization of immunoglobulin domains.", "content": "It was proposed that the most probably germ of the beta-structure in globular proteins would be an antiparallel beta-hairpin initiated by the flexibility and/or bend formation of the polypeptide chain between the connected strands. The possible pathways of self-organization of immunoglobulin domains from antiparallel beta-hairpins are computed using well-known kinetic limitations. The most favourable structures corresponding to the greatest number of dehydrated bulky hydrophobic groups are selected. One of the two most favorable structures obtained in such a way coincides with the native tertiary structure of the domains.", "contents": "The possible pathways of self-organization of immunoglobulin domains. It was proposed that the most probably germ of the beta-structure in globular proteins would be an antiparallel beta-hairpin initiated by the flexibility and/or bend formation of the polypeptide chain between the connected strands. The possible pathways of self-organization of immunoglobulin domains from antiparallel beta-hairpins are computed using well-known kinetic limitations. The most favourable structures corresponding to the greatest number of dehydrated bulky hydrophobic groups are selected. One of the two most favorable structures obtained in such a way coincides with the native tertiary structure of the domains.", "PMID": 836888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2376", "title": "Reinvestigation of the primary structures of red deer and roe deer pancreatic ribonuclease and proline sites in mammalian ribonucleases.", "content": "The sequences of amino acid residues 15-23 of red deer (Cervus elaphus) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) pancreatic ribonuclease and the identity of residue 99 in roe deer ribonuclease are corrected. Earlier results are explained by the cleavage of an Asp-Pro bond in both enzymes during the treatment with CNBr in 70% formic acid and by wrong interpretations of amino acid analyses. Proline residues, which occur at a number of positions in several mammalian ribonucleases, can be accommodated in a model of bovine ribonuclease S without disrupting the conformation of the main chain.", "contents": "Reinvestigation of the primary structures of red deer and roe deer pancreatic ribonuclease and proline sites in mammalian ribonucleases. The sequences of amino acid residues 15-23 of red deer (Cervus elaphus) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) pancreatic ribonuclease and the identity of residue 99 in roe deer ribonuclease are corrected. Earlier results are explained by the cleavage of an Asp-Pro bond in both enzymes during the treatment with CNBr in 70% formic acid and by wrong interpretations of amino acid analyses. Proline residues, which occur at a number of positions in several mammalian ribonucleases, can be accommodated in a model of bovine ribonuclease S without disrupting the conformation of the main chain.", "PMID": 836889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2377", "title": "The isolation and identification of 2-methyl-2,4-thiazolidine dicarboxylate as a by-product in the conversion of cysteine to glucose in the perfused rat liver.", "content": "Cysteine is one of the more toxic amino acids, however the toxic agent associated with cysteine toxicity has not been identified. Recently it was shown that 2-methyl-2,4-thiazolidine dicarboxylate (MTD) was formed fromcy steine by rat liver and would be toxic to the rat. This suggested that MTD formed by the rat liver can be produced both enzymatically and by chemical interaction between cysteine and another compound, possibly pyruvate. When MTD (1 mmol/rat) was injected into 6 rats, two of them died. Only 70-80% of the MTD was excreted within 24 h, suggesting an accumulation of MTD. It is possible the MTD could accumulate in the tissues until it reached a toxic concentration. Whether this could account for the death associated with cysteine toxicity is unknown.", "contents": "The isolation and identification of 2-methyl-2,4-thiazolidine dicarboxylate as a by-product in the conversion of cysteine to glucose in the perfused rat liver. Cysteine is one of the more toxic amino acids, however the toxic agent associated with cysteine toxicity has not been identified. Recently it was shown that 2-methyl-2,4-thiazolidine dicarboxylate (MTD) was formed fromcy steine by rat liver and would be toxic to the rat. This suggested that MTD formed by the rat liver can be produced both enzymatically and by chemical interaction between cysteine and another compound, possibly pyruvate. When MTD (1 mmol/rat) was injected into 6 rats, two of them died. Only 70-80% of the MTD was excreted within 24 h, suggesting an accumulation of MTD. It is possible the MTD could accumulate in the tissues until it reached a toxic concentration. Whether this could account for the death associated with cysteine toxicity is unknown.", "PMID": 836890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2378", "title": "A dialysis procedure for loading erythrocytes with enzymes and lipids.", "content": "A dialysis procedure for hypotonic hemolysis has been developed in which erythrocytes can be loaded with water-soluble enzymes, detergent-solubilized enzymes (glucocerebrosidase) and detergent-dispersed glycolipid (glucocerebroside). The procedure allows approx. 40-50% of the added enzyme or glycolipid to be encapsulated. The final intracellular concentration of enzyme or glycolipid is about to the extracellular concentration. The loaded cells can be ingested by macrophage in vitro and the glucocerebroside partially degraded by lysosomal glucocerebrosidase. The use of this procedure for the investogation of Gaucher's disease is discussed.", "contents": "A dialysis procedure for loading erythrocytes with enzymes and lipids. A dialysis procedure for hypotonic hemolysis has been developed in which erythrocytes can be loaded with water-soluble enzymes, detergent-solubilized enzymes (glucocerebrosidase) and detergent-dispersed glycolipid (glucocerebroside). The procedure allows approx. 40-50% of the added enzyme or glycolipid to be encapsulated. The final intracellular concentration of enzyme or glycolipid is about to the extracellular concentration. The loaded cells can be ingested by macrophage in vitro and the glucocerebroside partially degraded by lysosomal glucocerebrosidase. The use of this procedure for the investogation of Gaucher's disease is discussed.", "PMID": 836891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2379", "title": "Phytohaemagglutinin stimulation of human lymphocytes: effect of fatty acids on uridine uptake and phosphoglyceride fatty acid profile.", "content": "1. When added to cultures of human peripheral lymphocytes, saturated (palmitate, stearate, heptadecanoate) and unsaturated (oleate, linoleate, arachidonate) fatty acids bound to albumin at an acid-albumin ratio of 2:1, inhibited the phytohaemaegglutinin-stimulated uptake of [14C]-uridine. Uridine uptake in unstimulated cells was not affected by any of these fatty acids. 2. When saturated and unsaturated acids were present simultaneously in the incubation mixture the inhibit but relieved the inhibitory effects of both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. 4. Stimulated and unstimulated cells incorporated exogenous fatty acids into membrane phosphoglycerides. Details of the fatty acid profiles are given. 5. Evidence is presented that the inhibition results, at least in part, from modification of phosphoglyceride fatty acid profile.", "contents": "Phytohaemagglutinin stimulation of human lymphocytes: effect of fatty acids on uridine uptake and phosphoglyceride fatty acid profile. 1. When added to cultures of human peripheral lymphocytes, saturated (palmitate, stearate, heptadecanoate) and unsaturated (oleate, linoleate, arachidonate) fatty acids bound to albumin at an acid-albumin ratio of 2:1, inhibited the phytohaemaegglutinin-stimulated uptake of [14C]-uridine. Uridine uptake in unstimulated cells was not affected by any of these fatty acids. 2. When saturated and unsaturated acids were present simultaneously in the incubation mixture the inhibit but relieved the inhibitory effects of both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. 4. Stimulated and unstimulated cells incorporated exogenous fatty acids into membrane phosphoglycerides. Details of the fatty acid profiles are given. 5. Evidence is presented that the inhibition results, at least in part, from modification of phosphoglyceride fatty acid profile.", "PMID": 836892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2380", "title": "Protein-catabolic stage of isolated rat hepatocytes.", "content": "Isolated rat hepatocytes in suspension are in a protein-catabolic state (negative nitrogen balance), as measured by the continuous release of nitrogen in the form of amino acids and urea. The nitrogen loss corresponds to a protein degradation rate of 3-4% per h, while the rate of protein synthesis is negligible. Cells prepared from fasted, fed to regenerating livers are all highly protein-catabolic. The nitrogen balance is unaffected by insulin or amino acids (physiological mixture), and various metabolites and sera have only moderate effects. However, incubation of the cells for 2-4 h in a tissue culture medium (Dulbecco's) reduces the nitrogen loss dramatically, suggesting the formation of an anticatabolic factor under these conditions.", "contents": "Protein-catabolic stage of isolated rat hepatocytes. Isolated rat hepatocytes in suspension are in a protein-catabolic state (negative nitrogen balance), as measured by the continuous release of nitrogen in the form of amino acids and urea. The nitrogen loss corresponds to a protein degradation rate of 3-4% per h, while the rate of protein synthesis is negligible. Cells prepared from fasted, fed to regenerating livers are all highly protein-catabolic. The nitrogen balance is unaffected by insulin or amino acids (physiological mixture), and various metabolites and sera have only moderate effects. However, incubation of the cells for 2-4 h in a tissue culture medium (Dulbecco's) reduces the nitrogen loss dramatically, suggesting the formation of an anticatabolic factor under these conditions.", "PMID": 836893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2381", "title": "Inhibition of virus-induced plaque formation by atoxic derivatives of purified cobra neurotoxins.", "content": "Venom from Naja naja siamensis was resolved into 16 toxic and nontoxic fractions by chromatography on SP-Sephadex, C-25. The principal neurotoxin preparations were chromatographically and electrophoretically homogeneous. Of the purified constituents, only the principal neurotoxin and minor neurotoxins were precursors of inhibitors of plaque formation among baby hamster kidney fibroblasts infected with Semliki Forest Virus.", "contents": "Inhibition of virus-induced plaque formation by atoxic derivatives of purified cobra neurotoxins. Venom from Naja naja siamensis was resolved into 16 toxic and nontoxic fractions by chromatography on SP-Sephadex, C-25. The principal neurotoxin preparations were chromatographically and electrophoretically homogeneous. Of the purified constituents, only the principal neurotoxin and minor neurotoxins were precursors of inhibitors of plaque formation among baby hamster kidney fibroblasts infected with Semliki Forest Virus.", "PMID": 836894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2382", "title": "Application of polarography to the study of chemical radiosensitization of DNA components.", "content": "The half-wave reduction potentials of a range of nitroheterocyclic compounds were measured polarographically and compared with their radiosensitizing abilities in a simple radiation biochemical assay for damage to 5'-GMP. The chemical enhancement ratio for sensitization of inorganic phosphate release from irradiated 5'-GMP, increased with sensitizer electron affinity, but in a non-linear manner. An onset of sensitization was observed for nitroheterocyclics with half-wave potentials less negative then -0.05V vs. standard calomel electrode and maximum sensitization, approaching the oxygen effect, was obtained at a sensitizer half-wave potential of -0.25 V vs. standard calomel electrode. Nitroheterocyclic sensitizers with half-wave potentials in this range may be potential clinical radiotherapeutic agents.", "contents": "Application of polarography to the study of chemical radiosensitization of DNA components. The half-wave reduction potentials of a range of nitroheterocyclic compounds were measured polarographically and compared with their radiosensitizing abilities in a simple radiation biochemical assay for damage to 5'-GMP. The chemical enhancement ratio for sensitization of inorganic phosphate release from irradiated 5'-GMP, increased with sensitizer electron affinity, but in a non-linear manner. An onset of sensitization was observed for nitroheterocyclics with half-wave potentials less negative then -0.05V vs. standard calomel electrode and maximum sensitization, approaching the oxygen effect, was obtained at a sensitizer half-wave potential of -0.25 V vs. standard calomel electrode. Nitroheterocyclic sensitizers with half-wave potentials in this range may be potential clinical radiotherapeutic agents.", "PMID": 836895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2383", "title": "Ammonia inhibits protein secretion in isolated rat hepatocytes.", "content": "The general secretion of proteins by isolated rat hepatocytes in suspension is inhibited by colchicine, anoxia, or ammonia (NH4Cl). The inhibition by ammonia is accompanied by the cytoplasmic retention and swelling of protein secretory vesicles, suggesting that ammonia accumulates in the vesicles and thereby prevents their translocation to the cell periphery. General protein synthesis appears to be relatively unaffected by ammonia.", "contents": "Ammonia inhibits protein secretion in isolated rat hepatocytes. The general secretion of proteins by isolated rat hepatocytes in suspension is inhibited by colchicine, anoxia, or ammonia (NH4Cl). The inhibition by ammonia is accompanied by the cytoplasmic retention and swelling of protein secretory vesicles, suggesting that ammonia accumulates in the vesicles and thereby prevents their translocation to the cell periphery. General protein synthesis appears to be relatively unaffected by ammonia.", "PMID": 836896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2384", "title": "Effect of porphyrinogenic agents on protein synthesis and bilirubin formation by the isolated perfused rat liver.", "content": "We established an isolated rat liver perfusion system for the study of heme catabolism. The liver of rats fasted for 48 h is perfused with an erythrocyte-free medium. Ultrastructural analysis shows integrity of all subcellular organelles with the exception of minor alterations in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The perfused liver synthesizes serum proteins at a constant rate for 5 h. Albumin is secreted at a mean rate of 17 +/- 2 mg/h per 100 g liver, hemopexin at 5.0 +/- 0.7, haptoglobin at 3.2 +/- 0.6 and transferrin at 5.1 +/- 0.8 mg/h per 100 g liver. The mean ratio of ATP : ADP is 3.5 +/- 0.1, and that of lactate: pyruvate 27 +/- 6. The rate of conversion of heme into bilirubin is comparable to that reported for in vivo studies. A minimal effect on protein synthesis is observed after administration of the porphyrinogenic agents, allylisopropylacetamide (AIA) and 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4 dihydrocollidine (DDC). Pretreatment of the rats with the iron chelator, Desferal, causes a 3-4-fold increase in hemopexin but not in albumin and transferrin synthesis. A striking 2-3-fold enhancement of bile bilirubin production follows treatment with DDC and Desferal, but not with AIA. The amount of bilirubin formed from heme added to the perfusate is reduced by AIA and DDC and enhanced by Desferal treatment. It is proposed that unavailability of iron in a certain hepatic tissue pool causes protoporphyrin IX accumulation which may serve as an alternate source for bilirubin production.", "contents": "Effect of porphyrinogenic agents on protein synthesis and bilirubin formation by the isolated perfused rat liver. We established an isolated rat liver perfusion system for the study of heme catabolism. The liver of rats fasted for 48 h is perfused with an erythrocyte-free medium. Ultrastructural analysis shows integrity of all subcellular organelles with the exception of minor alterations in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The perfused liver synthesizes serum proteins at a constant rate for 5 h. Albumin is secreted at a mean rate of 17 +/- 2 mg/h per 100 g liver, hemopexin at 5.0 +/- 0.7, haptoglobin at 3.2 +/- 0.6 and transferrin at 5.1 +/- 0.8 mg/h per 100 g liver. The mean ratio of ATP : ADP is 3.5 +/- 0.1, and that of lactate: pyruvate 27 +/- 6. The rate of conversion of heme into bilirubin is comparable to that reported for in vivo studies. A minimal effect on protein synthesis is observed after administration of the porphyrinogenic agents, allylisopropylacetamide (AIA) and 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4 dihydrocollidine (DDC). Pretreatment of the rats with the iron chelator, Desferal, causes a 3-4-fold increase in hemopexin but not in albumin and transferrin synthesis. A striking 2-3-fold enhancement of bile bilirubin production follows treatment with DDC and Desferal, but not with AIA. The amount of bilirubin formed from heme added to the perfusate is reduced by AIA and DDC and enhanced by Desferal treatment. It is proposed that unavailability of iron in a certain hepatic tissue pool causes protoporphyrin IX accumulation which may serve as an alternate source for bilirubin production.", "PMID": 836897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2385", "title": "Sources of ammonia for urea synthesis in isolated rat liver cells.", "content": "L-Leucine inhibits urea synthesis in rat hepatocytes from a number of nitrogen sources, including ammonia. The inhibition by L-leucine is largely overcome by addition of 1 mM L-ornithine, suggesting that the main site of L-leucine action is at ornithine transcarbamylase, rather than at glutamate dyhydrogenase. L-Norvaline is a more potent inhibitor of urea synthesis than is L-leucine, but again the inhibition is largely counteracted by L-ornithine. Addition of aminooxyacetate and L-norvaline strongly suppresses the formation of glucose and lactate from L-asparagine, suggesting that an alternate pathway of aspartate metabolism, the purine nucleotide cycle, in not a major pathway. Hadacidin, an inhibitor of adenylosuccinate synthetase, an enzyme of the purine nucleotide cycle, has no effect on urea synthesis in rat liver cells.", "contents": "Sources of ammonia for urea synthesis in isolated rat liver cells. L-Leucine inhibits urea synthesis in rat hepatocytes from a number of nitrogen sources, including ammonia. The inhibition by L-leucine is largely overcome by addition of 1 mM L-ornithine, suggesting that the main site of L-leucine action is at ornithine transcarbamylase, rather than at glutamate dyhydrogenase. L-Norvaline is a more potent inhibitor of urea synthesis than is L-leucine, but again the inhibition is largely counteracted by L-ornithine. Addition of aminooxyacetate and L-norvaline strongly suppresses the formation of glucose and lactate from L-asparagine, suggesting that an alternate pathway of aspartate metabolism, the purine nucleotide cycle, in not a major pathway. Hadacidin, an inhibitor of adenylosuccinate synthetase, an enzyme of the purine nucleotide cycle, has no effect on urea synthesis in rat liver cells.", "PMID": 836898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2386", "title": "Biosynthesis and metabolism of cystathionine in Astragalus pectinatus.", "content": "Metabolism of L-[35S]cystathionine, L-[35S]cysteine and L-[35S]homocysteine has been investigated in Astragalus pectinatus. The results indicate that cystathionine undergoes both beta and gamma cleavage to give homocysteine and cysteine. Results also show that cystathionine is synthesized from both cysteine and homocysteine. Furthermore, in addition to the incorporation of 35S into cystathionine, incorporation of 35S from cysteine into methionine and from homocysteine into S-methylcysteine is not only in agreement with the above cystathionine cleavage activities, but also suggests, that transsulfuration in A. pectinatus proceeds in both directions, eg. cysteine leads to cystathionine leads to homocysteine and homocysteine leads to cystathionine leads to cysteine. It is suggested, that the latter reaction may be contributing to the net synthesis of cysteine.", "contents": "Biosynthesis and metabolism of cystathionine in Astragalus pectinatus. Metabolism of L-[35S]cystathionine, L-[35S]cysteine and L-[35S]homocysteine has been investigated in Astragalus pectinatus. The results indicate that cystathionine undergoes both beta and gamma cleavage to give homocysteine and cysteine. Results also show that cystathionine is synthesized from both cysteine and homocysteine. Furthermore, in addition to the incorporation of 35S into cystathionine, incorporation of 35S from cysteine into methionine and from homocysteine into S-methylcysteine is not only in agreement with the above cystathionine cleavage activities, but also suggests, that transsulfuration in A. pectinatus proceeds in both directions, eg. cysteine leads to cystathionine leads to homocysteine and homocysteine leads to cystathionine leads to cysteine. It is suggested, that the latter reaction may be contributing to the net synthesis of cysteine.", "PMID": 836899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2387", "title": "Metabolic effects of 2-deoxy-D-glucose in isolated fat cells.", "content": "The uptake and phosphorylation of 2-deoxy-D-glucose by isolated adipocytes of the rat was determined by a method of rapid flotation through oil coupled with separation of sugar from sugar phosphate by chromatography on Dowex-1-formate. Uptake of the sugar is rapid and linear over 5 min, with a gradual decline thereafter; by 1 h, no further uptake is observed. Initially only 2-deoxy-glucose phosphate is observed within the cells; by 1 h, however, free 2-deoxy-glucose accumulates to levels approximately those in the medium. Phosphorylation ceases when intracellular levels of 2-deoxyglucose phosphate are about 50 mM regardless of the medium concentration of 2-deoxyglucose; this does not represent feedback inhibition of hexokinase, since the enzyme in fat cell homogenates is not inhibited by 50 mM 2-deoxyglucose 6-phosphate. Accumulation of deoxyglucose 6-phosphate is associated with a marked decline in intracellular ATP levels. Fat cell respiration is also depressed by approximately 50 per cent after a 1 h preincubation with 10 or 20 mM 2-deoxyglucose. Intracellular ATP levels and O2 uptake are only partially corrected by the addition of pyruvate to the incubation medium. Since no glucose was present in the medium, and intracellular concentrations of glycogen are known to be small in adipose tissue, it is proposed that accumulation of 2-deoxyglucose 6-phosphate within fat cells has a direct inhibitory effect on cell respiration unrelated to inhibition of glycolysis. No increase in intracellular free fatty acids was observed to explain this, and under the conditions of the incubations it is unlikely that Pi availability was rate limiting. The exact locus of inhibition is unknown.", "contents": "Metabolic effects of 2-deoxy-D-glucose in isolated fat cells. The uptake and phosphorylation of 2-deoxy-D-glucose by isolated adipocytes of the rat was determined by a method of rapid flotation through oil coupled with separation of sugar from sugar phosphate by chromatography on Dowex-1-formate. Uptake of the sugar is rapid and linear over 5 min, with a gradual decline thereafter; by 1 h, no further uptake is observed. Initially only 2-deoxy-glucose phosphate is observed within the cells; by 1 h, however, free 2-deoxy-glucose accumulates to levels approximately those in the medium. Phosphorylation ceases when intracellular levels of 2-deoxyglucose phosphate are about 50 mM regardless of the medium concentration of 2-deoxyglucose; this does not represent feedback inhibition of hexokinase, since the enzyme in fat cell homogenates is not inhibited by 50 mM 2-deoxyglucose 6-phosphate. Accumulation of deoxyglucose 6-phosphate is associated with a marked decline in intracellular ATP levels. Fat cell respiration is also depressed by approximately 50 per cent after a 1 h preincubation with 10 or 20 mM 2-deoxyglucose. Intracellular ATP levels and O2 uptake are only partially corrected by the addition of pyruvate to the incubation medium. Since no glucose was present in the medium, and intracellular concentrations of glycogen are known to be small in adipose tissue, it is proposed that accumulation of 2-deoxyglucose 6-phosphate within fat cells has a direct inhibitory effect on cell respiration unrelated to inhibition of glycolysis. No increase in intracellular free fatty acids was observed to explain this, and under the conditions of the incubations it is unlikely that Pi availability was rate limiting. The exact locus of inhibition is unknown.", "PMID": 836900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2388", "title": "Glucocorticoid receptors in corticosensitive and corticoresistant thymocyte subpopulations. II. Studies with hydrocortisone-treated mice.", "content": "In vitro studies of the residual thymocyte population isolated 48 h after in vivo hydrocortisone injection showed: 1. These cells are partly sensitive to steroid as demonstrated by uridine incorporation inhibition. 2. This residual cell fraction appears heterogeneous after centrifugation on a bovine serum albumine gradient. 3. These cells exhibit low steroid binding and DNA synthesis capacities.", "contents": "Glucocorticoid receptors in corticosensitive and corticoresistant thymocyte subpopulations. II. Studies with hydrocortisone-treated mice. In vitro studies of the residual thymocyte population isolated 48 h after in vivo hydrocortisone injection showed: 1. These cells are partly sensitive to steroid as demonstrated by uridine incorporation inhibition. 2. This residual cell fraction appears heterogeneous after centrifugation on a bovine serum albumine gradient. 3. These cells exhibit low steroid binding and DNA synthesis capacities.", "PMID": 836901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2389", "title": "Influence of amytal and menadione on high-energy phosphates and acid secretion in frog gastric mucosa.", "content": "Measurement of ATP and creatine phosphate in isolated frog gastric mucosa showed that amytal depressed the level of both high-energy compounds and inhibited acid secretion. Addition of menadione restored the ATP level to control values and partially restored the creatine phosphate levels but did not support acid secretion. Menadione was found to support that portion of active chloride transport which is not associated with acid output. It is concluded that an amytal-sensitive reaction, presumably mitochondrial coupling site I, is required for acid secretion to occur and that ATP is not a sufficient source of energy for this secretory process.", "contents": "Influence of amytal and menadione on high-energy phosphates and acid secretion in frog gastric mucosa. Measurement of ATP and creatine phosphate in isolated frog gastric mucosa showed that amytal depressed the level of both high-energy compounds and inhibited acid secretion. Addition of menadione restored the ATP level to control values and partially restored the creatine phosphate levels but did not support acid secretion. Menadione was found to support that portion of active chloride transport which is not associated with acid output. It is concluded that an amytal-sensitive reaction, presumably mitochondrial coupling site I, is required for acid secretion to occur and that ATP is not a sufficient source of energy for this secretory process.", "PMID": 836902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2390", "title": "Plasminogen activator from human embryonic kidney cell cultures. Evidence for a proactivator.", "content": "The nature of the trypsin-activatable plasminogen activator produced by kidney cell cultures (Bernik, M.B (1973), J. Clin. Invest. 52, 823-834) was investigated using human embryonic kidney (HEK) cell cultures in serum-free medium. Plaminogen activator activity ratios (trypsin-activated/ untreated controls) in HEK cell-conditioned media were maximal (up to 3) during the first week of culture and remained nearly constant at approximatley 2 for the next 3-5 weeks, while the total plasminogen activator titer increased in a nearly linear manner. Therefore, coincident with progressive cell degeneration and death, the ratios decreased to near unity due to \"spontaneous\" activation of the enzyme, which was inhibited in cell-free conditioned media by the pancreatic trypsin inhibitor Kunitz and benzamidine. Since the activator is not inhibited by the trypsin inhibitor, it is concluded that a protease other than the plasminogen activator is responsible for the activation. Increases in the plasminogen activator titers (about 2-fold) were similarly obtained by culturing the cells in medium containing low concentrations (0.05-0.10 mug/ml) of trypsin for up to about 6 weeks. The presence of the trypsin inhibitor in HEK cells cultures decreased the rate of activation, resulting in higher activity ratios (up to 6), and the total plasminogen activator activity was reduced only minimally (less than 20%), if at all, by the highest concentration of the trypsin inhibitor (100 mug/ml) tested. Affinity chromatography of conditioned media with activity ratios of 1.6--2 separated the plasminogen activator into an active fraction and a fraction which was activated a minimum of 200-fold by trypsin and contained no measurable activity prior to activation. Gel filtration of crude conditioned media or partially purified activator separated the plasminogen activator into two peaks; both were trypsin-activatable, and their relative proportions varied with the isolated conditions. The results indicate the occurrence of a proenzyme form of the plasminogen activator in the culture media.", "contents": "Plasminogen activator from human embryonic kidney cell cultures. Evidence for a proactivator. The nature of the trypsin-activatable plasminogen activator produced by kidney cell cultures (Bernik, M.B (1973), J. Clin. Invest. 52, 823-834) was investigated using human embryonic kidney (HEK) cell cultures in serum-free medium. Plaminogen activator activity ratios (trypsin-activated/ untreated controls) in HEK cell-conditioned media were maximal (up to 3) during the first week of culture and remained nearly constant at approximatley 2 for the next 3-5 weeks, while the total plasminogen activator titer increased in a nearly linear manner. Therefore, coincident with progressive cell degeneration and death, the ratios decreased to near unity due to \"spontaneous\" activation of the enzyme, which was inhibited in cell-free conditioned media by the pancreatic trypsin inhibitor Kunitz and benzamidine. Since the activator is not inhibited by the trypsin inhibitor, it is concluded that a protease other than the plasminogen activator is responsible for the activation. Increases in the plasminogen activator titers (about 2-fold) were similarly obtained by culturing the cells in medium containing low concentrations (0.05-0.10 mug/ml) of trypsin for up to about 6 weeks. The presence of the trypsin inhibitor in HEK cells cultures decreased the rate of activation, resulting in higher activity ratios (up to 6), and the total plasminogen activator activity was reduced only minimally (less than 20%), if at all, by the highest concentration of the trypsin inhibitor (100 mug/ml) tested. Affinity chromatography of conditioned media with activity ratios of 1.6--2 separated the plasminogen activator into an active fraction and a fraction which was activated a minimum of 200-fold by trypsin and contained no measurable activity prior to activation. Gel filtration of crude conditioned media or partially purified activator separated the plasminogen activator into two peaks; both were trypsin-activatable, and their relative proportions varied with the isolated conditions. The results indicate the occurrence of a proenzyme form of the plasminogen activator in the culture media.", "PMID": 836903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2391", "title": "A tryptic digestion fragment of nerve growth factor with nerve growth promoting activity.", "content": "A peptide, isolated from the acid-insoluble portion of a tryptic digest of cyanogen bromide cleaved nerve growth factor, favors life maintenance of sensory target cells and promotes rapid neurite outgrowth from 7-day-old chick embryo sensory ganglia. The fragment has been identified as a 30 amino acid peptide consisting of two linear oligopeptides linked by a disulphide bridge and corresponding to residues 10-25 and 75-88 of the amino acid sequence of nerve growth factor. On a molar basis the fragment is about 100 times more effective than intact nerve growth factor. Other peptides isolated from the digest are biologically inactive.", "contents": "A tryptic digestion fragment of nerve growth factor with nerve growth promoting activity. A peptide, isolated from the acid-insoluble portion of a tryptic digest of cyanogen bromide cleaved nerve growth factor, favors life maintenance of sensory target cells and promotes rapid neurite outgrowth from 7-day-old chick embryo sensory ganglia. The fragment has been identified as a 30 amino acid peptide consisting of two linear oligopeptides linked by a disulphide bridge and corresponding to residues 10-25 and 75-88 of the amino acid sequence of nerve growth factor. On a molar basis the fragment is about 100 times more effective than intact nerve growth factor. Other peptides isolated from the digest are biologically inactive.", "PMID": 836904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2392", "title": "Preparation and biochemical characterisation of isolated parenchymal cells from adult sheep liver.", "content": "1. A simple procedure for the isolation of morphologically intact, metabolically viable sheep liver parenchymal cells is described in detail. 2. The method is based on the initial treatment of fresh liver slices with collagenase and hyaluronidase. 3. The cell preparation was studied with respect to membrane permeability, potassium content, ATP/ADP ratio, adenylate content, and gluconeogenic capacity with respect to various substrates. 4. Data are present with respect to the distribution of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in isolated cells and whole sheep liver. 5. The results are compared, where possible, with data currently available from isolated perfused sheep liver and multi-catheterised animals.", "contents": "Preparation and biochemical characterisation of isolated parenchymal cells from adult sheep liver. 1. A simple procedure for the isolation of morphologically intact, metabolically viable sheep liver parenchymal cells is described in detail. 2. The method is based on the initial treatment of fresh liver slices with collagenase and hyaluronidase. 3. The cell preparation was studied with respect to membrane permeability, potassium content, ATP/ADP ratio, adenylate content, and gluconeogenic capacity with respect to various substrates. 4. Data are present with respect to the distribution of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in isolated cells and whole sheep liver. 5. The results are compared, where possible, with data currently available from isolated perfused sheep liver and multi-catheterised animals.", "PMID": 836905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2393", "title": "Distribution of mitochondrial enzymes between the perikaryal and synaptic fractions of immature and adult rat brain.", "content": "The subcellular distribution of mitochondrial enzymes was studied in cerebral hemispheres of 15-day-old and adult rats. At both ages the synaptosomal fraction contained very little glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.2) but significant amounts of succinate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.1), glutaminase (EC 3.5.1.2), hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1), malate NADP dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.40) and beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.30). In immature brain, in the fraction enriched with free (perikaryal) mitochondria, the concentrations of these enzymes were 9.5, 1.8, 2.0, 0.92, 1.5, and 2.1 times higher, respectively, than in the synaptosomes. The increase with age in succinate dehydrogenase and glutaminase was restricted to free mitochondria while hexokinase and malate NADP dehydrogenase accumulated and beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase diminished in both fractions. In adult brain, too, where the above ratios became 7.5, 5.2, 3.5, 0.84, 1.4, and 2.0, respectively, the concentrations of enzymes relative to each other distinguished clearly between free and synaptic mitochondria. The results substantiate previously noted signs of mitochondrial heteroeneity in adult brain, and extend them to immature brain. The chemical composition, the quantitative pattern of enzymes, of free and synaptic mitochondria is clearly different, and undergoes separate changes during postnatal differentiation.", "contents": "Distribution of mitochondrial enzymes between the perikaryal and synaptic fractions of immature and adult rat brain. The subcellular distribution of mitochondrial enzymes was studied in cerebral hemispheres of 15-day-old and adult rats. At both ages the synaptosomal fraction contained very little glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.2) but significant amounts of succinate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.1), glutaminase (EC 3.5.1.2), hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1), malate NADP dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.40) and beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.30). In immature brain, in the fraction enriched with free (perikaryal) mitochondria, the concentrations of these enzymes were 9.5, 1.8, 2.0, 0.92, 1.5, and 2.1 times higher, respectively, than in the synaptosomes. The increase with age in succinate dehydrogenase and glutaminase was restricted to free mitochondria while hexokinase and malate NADP dehydrogenase accumulated and beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase diminished in both fractions. In adult brain, too, where the above ratios became 7.5, 5.2, 3.5, 0.84, 1.4, and 2.0, respectively, the concentrations of enzymes relative to each other distinguished clearly between free and synaptic mitochondria. The results substantiate previously noted signs of mitochondrial heteroeneity in adult brain, and extend them to immature brain. The chemical composition, the quantitative pattern of enzymes, of free and synaptic mitochondria is clearly different, and undergoes separate changes during postnatal differentiation.", "PMID": 836906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2394", "title": "Studies on the receptors to 5alpha-androst-16-en-3-one and 5alpha-androst-16-en-3alpha-ol in sow nasal mucosa.", "content": "The presence of receptors to the \"boar taint\" pheromones 5alpha-androst-16-en-3-one and 5alpha-androst-16-en-3alpha-ol has been demonstrated in sow olfactory mucosa. Binding studies indicated that a sufficiently low concentration of olfactory tissue homogenate exhibited saturation of binding of 5alpha-androst-16-en-3-one, and this was of high affinity compared with control tissues of non-olfactory and heated olfactory tissues. Analysis of receptor binding of 5alpha-androst-16-en-3-one gave a value for the affinity constant (Ka) of approx. 8.3-10(8) M-1 and the value for the molar concentration of binding sites (n[M]) was approx. 3.3 pmol/mg protein. Almost identical values of Ka and n [M] were obtained when receptor binding of 5alpha-[5alpha-3H]androst-16-en-3alpha-ol was investigated (Ka 8.4-10(8) M-1; n [M] 3.7 pmol/mg protein). This suggests that the same receptor binds both 5alpha-androst-16-en-3-one and 5alpha-androst-16-en-3alpha-ol with equally high affinity. In a preliminary investigation to establish the specificity of the receptor, the binding of 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one was assayed; this steroid is odourless but has a similar structure except in ring D to 5alpha-androst-16-en-3-one. Binding was of the low affinity, non-specific type only, indicating that the sow olfactory receptors are not sensitive to this androgen.", "contents": "Studies on the receptors to 5alpha-androst-16-en-3-one and 5alpha-androst-16-en-3alpha-ol in sow nasal mucosa. The presence of receptors to the \"boar taint\" pheromones 5alpha-androst-16-en-3-one and 5alpha-androst-16-en-3alpha-ol has been demonstrated in sow olfactory mucosa. Binding studies indicated that a sufficiently low concentration of olfactory tissue homogenate exhibited saturation of binding of 5alpha-androst-16-en-3-one, and this was of high affinity compared with control tissues of non-olfactory and heated olfactory tissues. Analysis of receptor binding of 5alpha-androst-16-en-3-one gave a value for the affinity constant (Ka) of approx. 8.3-10(8) M-1 and the value for the molar concentration of binding sites (n[M]) was approx. 3.3 pmol/mg protein. Almost identical values of Ka and n [M] were obtained when receptor binding of 5alpha-[5alpha-3H]androst-16-en-3alpha-ol was investigated (Ka 8.4-10(8) M-1; n [M] 3.7 pmol/mg protein). This suggests that the same receptor binds both 5alpha-androst-16-en-3-one and 5alpha-androst-16-en-3alpha-ol with equally high affinity. In a preliminary investigation to establish the specificity of the receptor, the binding of 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one was assayed; this steroid is odourless but has a similar structure except in ring D to 5alpha-androst-16-en-3-one. Binding was of the low affinity, non-specific type only, indicating that the sow olfactory receptors are not sensitive to this androgen.", "PMID": 836907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2395", "title": "Purification of rat intestinal receptor for intrinsic factor-vitamin B-12 complex by affinity chromatography.", "content": "Rat intrinsic factor was bound to vitamin B-12-Sepharose to produce intrinsic factor-vitamin B-12-Sepharose. Intestinal receptor for intrinsic factor-vitamin B-12 complex was purified from rat ileal extract by affinity chromatography using the intrinsic factor-vitamin B-12-Sepharose as an affinity adsorbent with recovery of 48.5% and specific activity increased 335 fold of original sample.", "contents": "Purification of rat intestinal receptor for intrinsic factor-vitamin B-12 complex by affinity chromatography. Rat intrinsic factor was bound to vitamin B-12-Sepharose to produce intrinsic factor-vitamin B-12-Sepharose. Intestinal receptor for intrinsic factor-vitamin B-12 complex was purified from rat ileal extract by affinity chromatography using the intrinsic factor-vitamin B-12-Sepharose as an affinity adsorbent with recovery of 48.5% and specific activity increased 335 fold of original sample.", "PMID": 836908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2396", "title": "Localization and characterization of luminescent cells in ophiopsila californica and Amphipholis squamate (echinodermata: ophiuroidea).", "content": "1. The distribution of luminescence in Ophiopsila californica and Amphipholis squamata is described on the basis of image intensification, fluorescence microscopy, and histological techniques. 2. Luminescence appears to be intracellular. 3. The photogenic cells, termed photocytes, can be identified in histological sections by observation of 460 nm excited fluorescence and appear to have two components: varicosities and processes. The processes are morphologically similar to the neurons of the peripheral nervous system and the radial nerve cord. 4. The theory of gland cells as sites of luminescence in Ophiopsila spp. and Amphipholis squamata is not supported. 5. The emission spectra of luminescence in O. californica and A. squamata are broad with a half band width of 71 nm and an approximate emission maximum at 510 nm. 6. Fluorescence appears only after the onset of luminescence.", "contents": "Localization and characterization of luminescent cells in ophiopsila californica and Amphipholis squamate (echinodermata: ophiuroidea). 1. The distribution of luminescence in Ophiopsila californica and Amphipholis squamata is described on the basis of image intensification, fluorescence microscopy, and histological techniques. 2. Luminescence appears to be intracellular. 3. The photogenic cells, termed photocytes, can be identified in histological sections by observation of 460 nm excited fluorescence and appear to have two components: varicosities and processes. The processes are morphologically similar to the neurons of the peripheral nervous system and the radial nerve cord. 4. The theory of gland cells as sites of luminescence in Ophiopsila spp. and Amphipholis squamata is not supported. 5. The emission spectra of luminescence in O. californica and A. squamata are broad with a half band width of 71 nm and an approximate emission maximum at 510 nm. 6. Fluorescence appears only after the onset of luminescence.", "PMID": 836909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2397", "title": "Genic similarity of American and European species of the lobster Homarus.", "content": "European lobsters (Homarus gammarus) from the Norway coast and from the Irish Sea are examined for electrophoretically detectable genetic variation in seventeen functionally different proteins. Forty-one loci encoding these proteins are homologous with loci studied in a previous survey of eight populations of H. americanus. Progeny hatched from ovigerous Norway females show variation in three enzymes, but Mendelian inheritance is confirmed only for triosephosphate isomerase and for one of the phosphoglucose isomerases. Complex PGI phenotypes are described. The average amounts of genetic variability in European and American lobster populations appear to be equivalent. More than one allele is detected at 20% of the loci, the average number of alleles detected per locus is 1.2 and the average proportion of loci heterozygous per individual is 4.0%. While much less genically variable than other invertebrates, Homarus is not atypical when compared with eleven decapod species that average 5.8% heterozygosity. This is consistent with hypotheses relating genetic variability to adaptive strategy. At thirty loci H. gammarus is monomorphic for the common H. americanus allele. Two acid phosphatase systems are fixed or nearly fixed for alternative alleles in the two species while the remaining polymorphic loci show various degrees of interspecific divergence. Unique H. gammarus alleles are detected at five loci but only contribute significantly to species differences at the Acph-5, Me, and Pgi-4 loci. Acph-1, Est-2, Pgi-3, and Pgm-1 are polymorphic for the same alleles in both species, but again, with various differences in allelic frequencies. In sum, average genetic identity and average genetic distance are: I = 0.896 +/- 0.007 and D = 0.110 +/- 0.007, respectively. Compared to the values for conspecific population comparisons, I = 0.994 +/- 0.001 and D - 0.006 +/- 0.001, it is clear that a small but significant amount of genetic divergence separates the European and American lobster. Based on the premise that protein differences between existing species reflect the amount of time since they shared a common ancestor, it can be speculated that the European and American lobsters were isolated during the Pleistocene. The apparent weakness of reproductive isolating barriers suggests that these populations have evolved allopatrically. Finally, quantification of species' genetic differences, together with recent successes in interspecific laboratory matings, implicates species hybridization as a potentially important breeding practice in lobster aquaculture.", "contents": "Genic similarity of American and European species of the lobster Homarus. European lobsters (Homarus gammarus) from the Norway coast and from the Irish Sea are examined for electrophoretically detectable genetic variation in seventeen functionally different proteins. Forty-one loci encoding these proteins are homologous with loci studied in a previous survey of eight populations of H. americanus. Progeny hatched from ovigerous Norway females show variation in three enzymes, but Mendelian inheritance is confirmed only for triosephosphate isomerase and for one of the phosphoglucose isomerases. Complex PGI phenotypes are described. The average amounts of genetic variability in European and American lobster populations appear to be equivalent. More than one allele is detected at 20% of the loci, the average number of alleles detected per locus is 1.2 and the average proportion of loci heterozygous per individual is 4.0%. While much less genically variable than other invertebrates, Homarus is not atypical when compared with eleven decapod species that average 5.8% heterozygosity. This is consistent with hypotheses relating genetic variability to adaptive strategy. At thirty loci H. gammarus is monomorphic for the common H. americanus allele. Two acid phosphatase systems are fixed or nearly fixed for alternative alleles in the two species while the remaining polymorphic loci show various degrees of interspecific divergence. Unique H. gammarus alleles are detected at five loci but only contribute significantly to species differences at the Acph-5, Me, and Pgi-4 loci. Acph-1, Est-2, Pgi-3, and Pgm-1 are polymorphic for the same alleles in both species, but again, with various differences in allelic frequencies. In sum, average genetic identity and average genetic distance are: I = 0.896 +/- 0.007 and D = 0.110 +/- 0.007, respectively. Compared to the values for conspecific population comparisons, I = 0.994 +/- 0.001 and D - 0.006 +/- 0.001, it is clear that a small but significant amount of genetic divergence separates the European and American lobster. Based on the premise that protein differences between existing species reflect the amount of time since they shared a common ancestor, it can be speculated that the European and American lobsters were isolated during the Pleistocene. The apparent weakness of reproductive isolating barriers suggests that these populations have evolved allopatrically. Finally, quantification of species' genetic differences, together with recent successes in interspecific laboratory matings, implicates species hybridization as a potentially important breeding practice in lobster aquaculture.", "PMID": 836910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2398", "title": "Morphological and cytochemical studies on the secretory granules of the pyloric caeca of the starfish, Asterias amurensis.", "content": "A fraction rich in secretory granules was prepared from the pyloric caeca of Asterias amurensis by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The freshly prepared fraction exhibited no casein-hydrolyzing activity, but showed nine times as much specific activity as that of tissue homogenates after incubation at 37 degrees C for thirty minutes. Electron microscopy showed that the secretory granules were membrane-bound granules measuring 0.5-2.0 mu in diameter and contained dense and/or light amorphous substances.", "contents": "Morphological and cytochemical studies on the secretory granules of the pyloric caeca of the starfish, Asterias amurensis. A fraction rich in secretory granules was prepared from the pyloric caeca of Asterias amurensis by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The freshly prepared fraction exhibited no casein-hydrolyzing activity, but showed nine times as much specific activity as that of tissue homogenates after incubation at 37 degrees C for thirty minutes. Electron microscopy showed that the secretory granules were membrane-bound granules measuring 0.5-2.0 mu in diameter and contained dense and/or light amorphous substances.", "PMID": 836911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2399", "title": "Development of the dimorphic claw closer muscles of the lobster Homarus americanus: L Regional distribution of muscle fiber types in adults.", "content": "1. The closer muscles of the dimorphic claws (chelipeds) were studied for the presence and location of fast and slow muscle fibers. 2. Cutter claws were composed of about 60-70% short sarcomere (less than 4 mum) fast fibers; the remainder was longer sarcomere (greater than 6 mum) slow and intermediate (4-6 mum) fibers. 3. Crusher claws were composed of a uniform population of long sarcomere (6-13 mum) slow and intermediate (4-6 mum) fibers. 4. There was a regional distribution of fibers in the cutter claw. Ventral fibers were predominantly slow. Dorsal fibers and central medial fibers were fast. Proximal and distal fibers in the medial section were usually mixed. 5. The regional distribution of cutter fibers correlates with previous physiological studies on the distribution of the fast and slow motor axons to these muscle fibers.", "contents": "Development of the dimorphic claw closer muscles of the lobster Homarus americanus: L Regional distribution of muscle fiber types in adults. 1. The closer muscles of the dimorphic claws (chelipeds) were studied for the presence and location of fast and slow muscle fibers. 2. Cutter claws were composed of about 60-70% short sarcomere (less than 4 mum) fast fibers; the remainder was longer sarcomere (greater than 6 mum) slow and intermediate (4-6 mum) fibers. 3. Crusher claws were composed of a uniform population of long sarcomere (6-13 mum) slow and intermediate (4-6 mum) fibers. 4. There was a regional distribution of fibers in the cutter claw. Ventral fibers were predominantly slow. Dorsal fibers and central medial fibers were fast. Proximal and distal fibers in the medial section were usually mixed. 5. The regional distribution of cutter fibers correlates with previous physiological studies on the distribution of the fast and slow motor axons to these muscle fibers.", "PMID": 836912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2400", "title": "The larval development of Cliban vittatus (Bosc) (Crustacea: Decapoda; Diogenidae) reared in the laboratory.", "content": "1. A table of previous descriptions of larvae of Diogenidae is given. 2. Larvae of the hermit crab Clibanarius vittatus were reared on a diet of Artemia nauplii. Five, rarely four, zoeal stages and megalopa were obtained. Duration, mortality and sizes of larvae from two hatches are listed. 3. Detailed descriptions and figures for each larval stage are presented.", "contents": "The larval development of Cliban vittatus (Bosc) (Crustacea: Decapoda; Diogenidae) reared in the laboratory. 1. A table of previous descriptions of larvae of Diogenidae is given. 2. Larvae of the hermit crab Clibanarius vittatus were reared on a diet of Artemia nauplii. Five, rarely four, zoeal stages and megalopa were obtained. Duration, mortality and sizes of larvae from two hatches are listed. 3. Detailed descriptions and figures for each larval stage are presented.", "PMID": 836913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2401", "title": "Calcium and electroconvulsive therapy of severe depressive illness.", "content": "In severely depressed patients with primary affective illness, consistent decreases in total calcium concentration have been demostrated in both CSF and serum following successful ECT treatment. The hypocalcemia does not appear to occur after the initial ECTs, but develops after three to five treatments, coincident with an acceleration in clinical antidepressant effects, and is not an artifact of the anesthetic premedications or mechanical ventilation of the patients. Evidence linking alterations in calcium metabolism to mood is reviewed and a number of mechanisms by which the calcium change might result from ECT and mediated its effects on mood are discussed.", "contents": "Calcium and electroconvulsive therapy of severe depressive illness. In severely depressed patients with primary affective illness, consistent decreases in total calcium concentration have been demostrated in both CSF and serum following successful ECT treatment. The hypocalcemia does not appear to occur after the initial ECTs, but develops after three to five treatments, coincident with an acceleration in clinical antidepressant effects, and is not an artifact of the anesthetic premedications or mechanical ventilation of the patients. Evidence linking alterations in calcium metabolism to mood is reviewed and a number of mechanisms by which the calcium change might result from ECT and mediated its effects on mood are discussed.", "PMID": 836923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2402", "title": "Average evoked responses in a rapidly cycling manic-depressive patient.", "content": "A patient with unusually regular and rapid switches from mania to depression was studied for 113 consecutive days through five switches. Average evoked responses (AERs) to four intesities of light were recorded from vertex and occipital leads; telemetered activity records and behavioral ratings were also collected. Late AER components (P200) tended to change amplitude synchronously with the switches, vertex P200 amplitude decreased and occipital P200 amplitude increased in mania. Urinary MHPG changes paralleled the changes in P200 amplitude. Early AER components (P100) and especially the amplitude/intesity slope measures for P100 decreased about 8-10 days before a switch from depression to mania. Cross-spectral and linear regression analysis helped confirm these observations. The results, taken together with AER data in recent L-dopa studies, were consistent with catecholamine potentiation prior to the switch process from depression into mania.", "contents": "Average evoked responses in a rapidly cycling manic-depressive patient. A patient with unusually regular and rapid switches from mania to depression was studied for 113 consecutive days through five switches. Average evoked responses (AERs) to four intesities of light were recorded from vertex and occipital leads; telemetered activity records and behavioral ratings were also collected. Late AER components (P200) tended to change amplitude synchronously with the switches, vertex P200 amplitude decreased and occipital P200 amplitude increased in mania. Urinary MHPG changes paralleled the changes in P200 amplitude. Early AER components (P100) and especially the amplitude/intesity slope measures for P100 decreased about 8-10 days before a switch from depression to mania. Cross-spectral and linear regression analysis helped confirm these observations. The results, taken together with AER data in recent L-dopa studies, were consistent with catecholamine potentiation prior to the switch process from depression into mania.", "PMID": 836924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2403", "title": "Asymmetric charge distributions in planar bilayer systems.", "content": "Using the simple argument based on irreversible thermodynamics and the Gouy-Chapman theory of the double layer, we show that the equilibrium distribution of charged lipid molecules between the two surfaces of a bilayer is asymmetric if the two solutions bathing the surfaces have the same ionic strength but contain ions of different valencies. For example, if one bathing solution contains 0.10 M NaCl and the other contains 0.70 M NaCl and 0.10 M CaCl2, the ratio of charged lipid molecules of the two surfaces in a membrane that contains 50% total negative lipids is 1.46, leading to a transbilayer potential of 18 mV. A complete set of such numerical results is presented in four figures.", "contents": "Asymmetric charge distributions in planar bilayer systems. Using the simple argument based on irreversible thermodynamics and the Gouy-Chapman theory of the double layer, we show that the equilibrium distribution of charged lipid molecules between the two surfaces of a bilayer is asymmetric if the two solutions bathing the surfaces have the same ionic strength but contain ions of different valencies. For example, if one bathing solution contains 0.10 M NaCl and the other contains 0.70 M NaCl and 0.10 M CaCl2, the ratio of charged lipid molecules of the two surfaces in a membrane that contains 50% total negative lipids is 1.46, leading to a transbilayer potential of 18 mV. A complete set of such numerical results is presented in four figures.", "PMID": 836930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2404", "title": "Theoretical calculation of the dielectric constant of a bilayer membrane.", "content": "The dielectric constant (epsilon) and refractive index (n) of a bilayer lipid membrane is determined from the known values of the polarizabilities of the carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds. It is assumed that the hydrocarbon chains are hexagonally arranged in an all-trans conformation perpendicular to the plane of the membrane. The only variable in the calculation is the average separation between the chains and the theory relates epsilon to this separation. The calculation and results differ significantly from those presented in a 1968 publication by Ohki. It is shown that a thin membrane is not homogeneously polarized by the applied field. This effect is analysed and the dependence of epsilon on the membrane thickness is determined. The theoretical results are in good quantitative agreement with experimental measurements on bulk paraffins and on oriented multilayers of saturated fatty acids. The most important conclusion is that the dielectric constant for an applied field perpendicular to the membrane (which is the appropriate value for capacitance measurements) differs by only a few percent from the value for the macroscopic (bulk) liquid hydrocarbon. Thus the dielectric constant of a bilayer membrane can be approximated by the value for the appropriate bulk hydrocarbon.", "contents": "Theoretical calculation of the dielectric constant of a bilayer membrane. The dielectric constant (epsilon) and refractive index (n) of a bilayer lipid membrane is determined from the known values of the polarizabilities of the carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds. It is assumed that the hydrocarbon chains are hexagonally arranged in an all-trans conformation perpendicular to the plane of the membrane. The only variable in the calculation is the average separation between the chains and the theory relates epsilon to this separation. The calculation and results differ significantly from those presented in a 1968 publication by Ohki. It is shown that a thin membrane is not homogeneously polarized by the applied field. This effect is analysed and the dependence of epsilon on the membrane thickness is determined. The theoretical results are in good quantitative agreement with experimental measurements on bulk paraffins and on oriented multilayers of saturated fatty acids. The most important conclusion is that the dielectric constant for an applied field perpendicular to the membrane (which is the appropriate value for capacitance measurements) differs by only a few percent from the value for the macroscopic (bulk) liquid hydrocarbon. Thus the dielectric constant of a bilayer membrane can be approximated by the value for the appropriate bulk hydrocarbon.", "PMID": 836931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2405", "title": "The cylindrical cell with a time-variant membrane resistance. Measuring passive parameters.", "content": "The passive electrical properties of a cable can be measured by injecting a step of current at a point and fitting the resulting potentials at several positions along the cable with analytic solutions of the cable equation. An error analysis is presented for this method (which is based on constant membrane resistance) when the membrane resistance is not constant, but increases linearly with time. The increase of rm produces a \"creep\" in the membrane potential at long times, as observed in cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle. The partial differential equation describing the time-varying cable was solved numberically for a step of current and these \"data\" were fit by standard constant-resistance methods. Comparing the resulting parameter values with the known true values, we suggest that a correction of the standard methods is not satisfactory for resistance changes of the kind observed; instead, the cable equation must be solved again for the particular form of rm(t). The practical implementation of a method by Adrian and Peachey for measuring the membrane capacitance and an approximate method for estimating the rate-of-change of membrane resistance are discussed in appendices.", "contents": "The cylindrical cell with a time-variant membrane resistance. Measuring passive parameters. The passive electrical properties of a cable can be measured by injecting a step of current at a point and fitting the resulting potentials at several positions along the cable with analytic solutions of the cable equation. An error analysis is presented for this method (which is based on constant membrane resistance) when the membrane resistance is not constant, but increases linearly with time. The increase of rm produces a \"creep\" in the membrane potential at long times, as observed in cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle. The partial differential equation describing the time-varying cable was solved numberically for a step of current and these \"data\" were fit by standard constant-resistance methods. Comparing the resulting parameter values with the known true values, we suggest that a correction of the standard methods is not satisfactory for resistance changes of the kind observed; instead, the cable equation must be solved again for the particular form of rm(t). The practical implementation of a method by Adrian and Peachey for measuring the membrane capacitance and an approximate method for estimating the rate-of-change of membrane resistance are discussed in appendices.", "PMID": 836932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2406", "title": "Nanosecond decay studies of a fluorescence probe bound to apomyoglobin.", "content": "Excited state interactions of N-(p-tolyl)-2-aminonaphthalene-6-sulfonate (2, 6 p-TNS) bound to apomyoglobin were studied by nanosecond time-resolved emission spectroscopy. A dynamic interaction of the excited dye molecule with its binding site, associated with a significant change in the emission energy with time, was observed. The decay kinetics were found to be complex and consistent with the kinetic model for solvent relaxation as proposed by Bakhshiev et al. (Opt. Spectrosc. 21:307. 1966). The behavior of 2, 6 p-TNS bound to apomyoglobin was found to be qualitatively similar to that of the dye dissolved in a viscous solvent such as glycerol or adsorbed to egg lecithin vesicles. The detailed information obtained by following the changes in emission spectra of fluorescent probes on the nanosecond time scale leads to a better understanding of their interactions with biological systems.", "contents": "Nanosecond decay studies of a fluorescence probe bound to apomyoglobin. Excited state interactions of N-(p-tolyl)-2-aminonaphthalene-6-sulfonate (2, 6 p-TNS) bound to apomyoglobin were studied by nanosecond time-resolved emission spectroscopy. A dynamic interaction of the excited dye molecule with its binding site, associated with a significant change in the emission energy with time, was observed. The decay kinetics were found to be complex and consistent with the kinetic model for solvent relaxation as proposed by Bakhshiev et al. (Opt. Spectrosc. 21:307. 1966). The behavior of 2, 6 p-TNS bound to apomyoglobin was found to be qualitatively similar to that of the dye dissolved in a viscous solvent such as glycerol or adsorbed to egg lecithin vesicles. The detailed information obtained by following the changes in emission spectra of fluorescent probes on the nanosecond time scale leads to a better understanding of their interactions with biological systems.", "PMID": 836933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2407", "title": "Viscoelastic properties of the human red blood cell membrane. II. Area and volume of individual red cells entering a micropipette.", "content": "Previous work demonstrated that human red cells can be drawn into cylindrical glass micropipettes of internal diameter approximately 2.0 mum without lysing. For pipettes of less than approximately 2.9 mum inside diameter, the red cell must become less spherical, that is, reduce its volume-to-area ratio. In this work measurements were made from 16-mm film records that allowed the determination of the cellular area and volume of individual erythrocytes as they were drawn into a 2.0-mum pipette with negative pressures. The results showed that the total surface area of the membrane remains constant and that the cell endures the passage into the pipette by losing volume. The volume loss was interpreted to be due to cell water and solute loss when the membrane is under stress. The loss of cell volume, rather than the stretching of the membrane, adds confirmation that although it is very deformable, the membrane is very resistant to two-dimensional strain.", "contents": "Viscoelastic properties of the human red blood cell membrane. II. Area and volume of individual red cells entering a micropipette. Previous work demonstrated that human red cells can be drawn into cylindrical glass micropipettes of internal diameter approximately 2.0 mum without lysing. For pipettes of less than approximately 2.9 mum inside diameter, the red cell must become less spherical, that is, reduce its volume-to-area ratio. In this work measurements were made from 16-mm film records that allowed the determination of the cellular area and volume of individual erythrocytes as they were drawn into a 2.0-mum pipette with negative pressures. The results showed that the total surface area of the membrane remains constant and that the cell endures the passage into the pipette by losing volume. The volume loss was interpreted to be due to cell water and solute loss when the membrane is under stress. The loss of cell volume, rather than the stretching of the membrane, adds confirmation that although it is very deformable, the membrane is very resistant to two-dimensional strain.", "PMID": 836934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2408", "title": "The quantum efficiency of the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle.", "content": "The quantum yield of the primary photoprocess in light-adapted bacteriorhodopsin (phi 1) was determined at room temperature with low-intensity 530 nm neodymium laser excitation, with bovine rhodopsin as a relative actinometer. The observed value of phi 1 - 0.25 +/- 0.05, and the previously determined parameter phi 1/phi 2 - 0.4 [where phi 2 denotes the quantum efficiency of the back photoprecess from the primary species K (590)] imply that phi 1 + phi 2 approximately equal 1. This feature, also characterizing the photochemistry of rhodopsin, bears on the nature and mechanism of the primary event in both systems.", "contents": "The quantum efficiency of the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle. The quantum yield of the primary photoprocess in light-adapted bacteriorhodopsin (phi 1) was determined at room temperature with low-intensity 530 nm neodymium laser excitation, with bovine rhodopsin as a relative actinometer. The observed value of phi 1 - 0.25 +/- 0.05, and the previously determined parameter phi 1/phi 2 - 0.4 [where phi 2 denotes the quantum efficiency of the back photoprecess from the primary species K (590)] imply that phi 1 + phi 2 approximately equal 1. This feature, also characterizing the photochemistry of rhodopsin, bears on the nature and mechanism of the primary event in both systems.", "PMID": 836935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2409", "title": "The quantum efficiency for the photochemical conversion of the purple membrane protein.", "content": "The quantum efficiency for the formation of M(412), an intermediate product in the photoconversion of the purple membrane protein of Halobacterium halobium, was determined to be 0.30 +/- 0.03 at -40 degrees C. This photochemical reaction was photoreversible to the original pigment and the ratio of the quantum efficiencies gamma PM(568 leads to M(412)/gamma M(412) leads to PM(568) was 0.39 +/- 0.02. No change was seen in either value when exciton interaction between chromophores was eliminated. The sum of gamma PM(568) leads to M(412) plus gamma M(412) leads to PM(568) was 1.07 +/- 0.10, approximately 1, suggesting that the pigment and its primary photoproduct share a common excited state.", "contents": "The quantum efficiency for the photochemical conversion of the purple membrane protein. The quantum efficiency for the formation of M(412), an intermediate product in the photoconversion of the purple membrane protein of Halobacterium halobium, was determined to be 0.30 +/- 0.03 at -40 degrees C. This photochemical reaction was photoreversible to the original pigment and the ratio of the quantum efficiencies gamma PM(568 leads to M(412)/gamma M(412) leads to PM(568) was 0.39 +/- 0.02. No change was seen in either value when exciton interaction between chromophores was eliminated. The sum of gamma PM(568) leads to M(412) plus gamma M(412) leads to PM(568) was 1.07 +/- 0.10, approximately 1, suggesting that the pigment and its primary photoproduct share a common excited state.", "PMID": 836936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2410", "title": "Microwave dielectric properties of tissue. Some comments on the rotational mobility of tissue water.", "content": "Dielectric permitivity and conductivity data are reviewed for tissue over the frequency range of 0.1-10 GHz. The conductivity of muscle increases quadratically with frequency above 1 GHz, suggesting a Debye relaxation for tissue water centered at 20 GHz at room temperature, the same as for bulk water. Approximate mixture equations suggest that this \"free\" water accounts for about 70% of the tissue weight, showing that most of the tissue water has rotational mobilities similar to those in the bulk fluid.", "contents": "Microwave dielectric properties of tissue. Some comments on the rotational mobility of tissue water. Dielectric permitivity and conductivity data are reviewed for tissue over the frequency range of 0.1-10 GHz. The conductivity of muscle increases quadratically with frequency above 1 GHz, suggesting a Debye relaxation for tissue water centered at 20 GHz at room temperature, the same as for bulk water. Approximate mixture equations suggest that this \"free\" water accounts for about 70% of the tissue weight, showing that most of the tissue water has rotational mobilities similar to those in the bulk fluid.", "PMID": 836937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2411", "title": "125I-UDR induced division delay.", "content": "Mitotic selection for cell cycle analysis was used to investigate the effects of (3)H and (125)I, incorporated into DNA, on the cell cycle progression of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The results indicate that S-phase cells were delayed and G(2) cells were not.", "contents": "125I-UDR induced division delay. Mitotic selection for cell cycle analysis was used to investigate the effects of (3)H and (125)I, incorporated into DNA, on the cell cycle progression of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The results indicate that S-phase cells were delayed and G(2) cells were not.", "PMID": 836938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2412", "title": "Use of new silylating agents for identification of hydroxylated steroids by gas chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectrometry.", "content": "Differences in methylene unit values were used for the determination of the hydroxyl group number of a steroid by means of gas chromatography. This index is defined as the difference in the methylene unit value between trimethylsilyl and other dimethylalkylsilyl (DMAS) ether derivatives of hydroxylated steroids, namely dimethylethylsilyl (DMES) and dimethyl-n-propylsilyl (DMPS) ethers. The reactivities of DMES and DMPS imidazoles as silylating agents were nearly equal to that of TMS-I. Mass spectra of these derivatives were characterized by the molecular ion cluster, [M]+., [M-15]+ and [M-29]+ (or [M-43]+). The molecular ion cluster of these derivatives is most useful for estimating the molecular weight. Therefore, these DMAS ethers provide valuable information for structural elucidation of hydroxylated steroids by gas chromatography electron impact mass spectrometry.", "contents": "Use of new silylating agents for identification of hydroxylated steroids by gas chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Differences in methylene unit values were used for the determination of the hydroxyl group number of a steroid by means of gas chromatography. This index is defined as the difference in the methylene unit value between trimethylsilyl and other dimethylalkylsilyl (DMAS) ether derivatives of hydroxylated steroids, namely dimethylethylsilyl (DMES) and dimethyl-n-propylsilyl (DMPS) ethers. The reactivities of DMES and DMPS imidazoles as silylating agents were nearly equal to that of TMS-I. Mass spectra of these derivatives were characterized by the molecular ion cluster, [M]+., [M-15]+ and [M-29]+ (or [M-43]+). The molecular ion cluster of these derivatives is most useful for estimating the molecular weight. Therefore, these DMAS ethers provide valuable information for structural elucidation of hydroxylated steroids by gas chromatography electron impact mass spectrometry.", "PMID": 836940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2413", "title": "Single and multiple ion recording techniques for the analysis of diphenylhydantoin and its major metabolite in plasma.", "content": "A method has been developed for single ion monitoring of diphenylhydantoin and its major metabolite 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin in plasma. A plasma extract is reacted with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl) acetamide and single ion recording is carried out using a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer system. The mass value selected, m/e 254, is common to the TMS ethers of diphenylhydantoin and its principal metabolite 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin. The result indicate that one cause of an adverse reaction to diphenylhydantoin could be a reduced ability to hydroxylate the drugmquantitative methods for the analysis of the drug and its major metabolite have also been developed. Diphenylhydantoin and 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin can be analysed in plasma after addition of deuterium labelled internal standards and conversion to volatile derivatives for mass fragmentographic analysis. Diphenylhydantoin and its internal standard are analysed as the N,N-dimethyl derivative, and the hydroxylated metabolite and its internal standard are converted to a petrimethylsilyl compound by reaction with N,O-bis-(trimethylsilyl)acetamide.", "contents": "Single and multiple ion recording techniques for the analysis of diphenylhydantoin and its major metabolite in plasma. A method has been developed for single ion monitoring of diphenylhydantoin and its major metabolite 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin in plasma. A plasma extract is reacted with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl) acetamide and single ion recording is carried out using a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer system. The mass value selected, m/e 254, is common to the TMS ethers of diphenylhydantoin and its principal metabolite 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin. The result indicate that one cause of an adverse reaction to diphenylhydantoin could be a reduced ability to hydroxylate the drugmquantitative methods for the analysis of the drug and its major metabolite have also been developed. Diphenylhydantoin and 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin can be analysed in plasma after addition of deuterium labelled internal standards and conversion to volatile derivatives for mass fragmentographic analysis. Diphenylhydantoin and its internal standard are analysed as the N,N-dimethyl derivative, and the hydroxylated metabolite and its internal standard are converted to a petrimethylsilyl compound by reaction with N,O-bis-(trimethylsilyl)acetamide.", "PMID": 836941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2414", "title": "Determination of phenylbutazone, tolbutamide and metabolites in plasma and urine using chemical ionization mass spectrometry.", "content": "Quantitative analytical procedures for the analysis of phenylbutazone and tolbutamide levels in plasma have been developed which involve the addition of deuterium labeled internal standards to plasma followed by extraction and direct sample insertion into a mass spectrometer operating under chemical ionization conditions. Peak height ratios used to calculate plasma levels were determined by using either selected ion monitoring or repetitive scan data. The scan approach was used in a related procedure for the simultaneous determination of tolbutamide and two metabolites from urine. The accuracy, precision and sensitivity of the direct sample insertion approach to drug level measurement has been determined. Examples are given of data obtained in the course of pharmacokinetic studies in which this analytical approach appears to offer advantages in the analysis of multicomponent mixtures encountered in drug-drug interaction studies.", "contents": "Determination of phenylbutazone, tolbutamide and metabolites in plasma and urine using chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Quantitative analytical procedures for the analysis of phenylbutazone and tolbutamide levels in plasma have been developed which involve the addition of deuterium labeled internal standards to plasma followed by extraction and direct sample insertion into a mass spectrometer operating under chemical ionization conditions. Peak height ratios used to calculate plasma levels were determined by using either selected ion monitoring or repetitive scan data. The scan approach was used in a related procedure for the simultaneous determination of tolbutamide and two metabolites from urine. The accuracy, precision and sensitivity of the direct sample insertion approach to drug level measurement has been determined. Examples are given of data obtained in the course of pharmacokinetic studies in which this analytical approach appears to offer advantages in the analysis of multicomponent mixtures encountered in drug-drug interaction studies.", "PMID": 836942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2415", "title": "Mass spectrometry of cyclopenta[alpha]phenanthrenes. Metabolites formed in vitro and in vivo from the carcinogen 15,16-dihydro-11-methyl-cyclopenta[alpha]phenanthren-17-one.", "content": "The mass spectra of a number of synthetic cyclopenta[alpha]phenanthrenes are described, and identification of an in vitro metabolite of a carcinogen of this series is reported. The correlation of the mass spectra of the major urinary metabolite, its dehydration product and its triacetate with the structure assigned to the metabolite is described.", "contents": "Mass spectrometry of cyclopenta[alpha]phenanthrenes. Metabolites formed in vitro and in vivo from the carcinogen 15,16-dihydro-11-methyl-cyclopenta[alpha]phenanthren-17-one. The mass spectra of a number of synthetic cyclopenta[alpha]phenanthrenes are described, and identification of an in vitro metabolite of a carcinogen of this series is reported. The correlation of the mass spectra of the major urinary metabolite, its dehydration product and its triacetate with the structure assigned to the metabolite is described.", "PMID": 836943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2416", "title": "A novel inexpensive device for the electrochemical generation of metallic emitters for field desorption.", "content": "Details for the construction of a novel, inexpensive device for the electrochemical generation of metallic emitters for field desorption mass spectrometry are described. Use of the device for the generation of cobalt and nickel emitters is demonstrated.", "contents": "A novel inexpensive device for the electrochemical generation of metallic emitters for field desorption. Details for the construction of a novel, inexpensive device for the electrochemical generation of metallic emitters for field desorption mass spectrometry are described. Use of the device for the generation of cobalt and nickel emitters is demonstrated.", "PMID": 836944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2417", "title": "An emission-controlled field desorption and electron impact spectrometry study of some N-substituted propane and butane sultams.", "content": "It is shown that the production of field desorption mass spectra with an emission-controlled emitter heating device is a useful tool in obtaining information about molecular structures. Since the structurally significant signals are sometimes missing in the corresponding electron impact spectra but not in the field desorption spectra the use of field desorption mass spectrometry appears to be more advantages. This will be especially true for substances that are thermally labile, unvolatile or unstable upon electron impact (both at high and low electron energy), the latter being the case for some of the compounds presently investigated which are derivatives of a drug with antitumour and antiepileptic effects. Further, emission-controlled desorption improves the reproducibility of the spectra obtained and thus appears to be a prerequisite for quantification in biomedical and pharmacokinetic studies.", "contents": "An emission-controlled field desorption and electron impact spectrometry study of some N-substituted propane and butane sultams. It is shown that the production of field desorption mass spectra with an emission-controlled emitter heating device is a useful tool in obtaining information about molecular structures. Since the structurally significant signals are sometimes missing in the corresponding electron impact spectra but not in the field desorption spectra the use of field desorption mass spectrometry appears to be more advantages. This will be especially true for substances that are thermally labile, unvolatile or unstable upon electron impact (both at high and low electron energy), the latter being the case for some of the compounds presently investigated which are derivatives of a drug with antitumour and antiepileptic effects. Further, emission-controlled desorption improves the reproducibility of the spectra obtained and thus appears to be a prerequisite for quantification in biomedical and pharmacokinetic studies.", "PMID": 836945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2418", "title": "Some simple modifications to the LKB 9000S to achieve improved selected ion monitoring and repetitive scanning performance.", "content": "Modifications are described to the electron multiplier pre-amplifier, selected ion monitor, magnet current supply and scan controller of the LKB 9000S gas chromatograph mass spectrometer. The modifications described have secured an improved performance for specific ion monitoring and fast repetitive scanning gas chromatography mass spectrometry.", "contents": "Some simple modifications to the LKB 9000S to achieve improved selected ion monitoring and repetitive scanning performance. Modifications are described to the electron multiplier pre-amplifier, selected ion monitor, magnet current supply and scan controller of the LKB 9000S gas chromatograph mass spectrometer. The modifications described have secured an improved performance for specific ion monitoring and fast repetitive scanning gas chromatography mass spectrometry.", "PMID": 836946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2419", "title": "Multiple myeloma: quantitative staging and assessment of response with a programmable pocket calculator.", "content": "Studies of M-component synthesis and metabolism, as well as clinical staging of multiple myeloma, have provided the basis for calculation of the total body tumor cell number and quantitation of response to treatment. Many of the calculations involved have been complex and have previously required the availability of a computer. The advent of programmable pocket calculators has permitted simplification of these programs for general clinical and investigative applications in studies of myeloma and related monoclonal gammopathies. In this paper we have included the background information and a clinical example of the use of the programmable calculator, as well as the logic steps and the calculator programs themselves, for several of the most useful programs for clinical staging and quantitation of response to therapy in IgG myeloma.", "contents": "Multiple myeloma: quantitative staging and assessment of response with a programmable pocket calculator. Studies of M-component synthesis and metabolism, as well as clinical staging of multiple myeloma, have provided the basis for calculation of the total body tumor cell number and quantitation of response to treatment. Many of the calculations involved have been complex and have previously required the availability of a computer. The advent of programmable pocket calculators has permitted simplification of these programs for general clinical and investigative applications in studies of myeloma and related monoclonal gammopathies. In this paper we have included the background information and a clinical example of the use of the programmable calculator, as well as the logic steps and the calculator programs themselves, for several of the most useful programs for clinical staging and quantitation of response to therapy in IgG myeloma.", "PMID": 836948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2420", "title": "Polycythemia vera: hormonal modulation of erythropoiesis in vitro.", "content": "We performed in vitro culture studies examining the interaction of erythropoietin with red cell progenitors in polycythemia vera. Bone marrow was obtained from five patients with typical disease and from five healthy volunteers, and assayed for erythroid colony formation (CFU-E) by the methylcellulose technique. In cultures without added erythropoietin, a mean eightfold greater cloning efficiency was noted with the polycythemia vera marrows, as compared to normal. There was prominent stimulation of colony formation by erythropoietin, and the shape of the erythropoietin dose-response cruves appeared to be similar in both patients and controls. Anti-erythropoietin antibody reduced the number of CFU-E in cultures not containing added erythropoietin, but did not eliminate them. Dexamethasone (10(-9) M) caused a consistent increase in CFU-E in the patients' cultures. These studies provide evidence for functional erythropoietin and glucocorticosteroid receptor mechanisms on erythroid precursors in polycythemia vera. The observations are consistent with a concept of this disease as a disorder of hematopoietic stem cells in which peripheral erythrocytosis is caused by an expanded erythroid progenitor compartment which maintains responsiveness to hormonal modulation.", "contents": "Polycythemia vera: hormonal modulation of erythropoiesis in vitro. We performed in vitro culture studies examining the interaction of erythropoietin with red cell progenitors in polycythemia vera. Bone marrow was obtained from five patients with typical disease and from five healthy volunteers, and assayed for erythroid colony formation (CFU-E) by the methylcellulose technique. In cultures without added erythropoietin, a mean eightfold greater cloning efficiency was noted with the polycythemia vera marrows, as compared to normal. There was prominent stimulation of colony formation by erythropoietin, and the shape of the erythropoietin dose-response cruves appeared to be similar in both patients and controls. Anti-erythropoietin antibody reduced the number of CFU-E in cultures not containing added erythropoietin, but did not eliminate them. Dexamethasone (10(-9) M) caused a consistent increase in CFU-E in the patients' cultures. These studies provide evidence for functional erythropoietin and glucocorticosteroid receptor mechanisms on erythroid precursors in polycythemia vera. The observations are consistent with a concept of this disease as a disorder of hematopoietic stem cells in which peripheral erythrocytosis is caused by an expanded erythroid progenitor compartment which maintains responsiveness to hormonal modulation.", "PMID": 836949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2421", "title": "Proliferation of diffusion chamber colony-forming units (CFUD) in cultures of normal human bone marrow in diffusion chambers in mice.", "content": "Normal human bone marrow contains cells capable of forming colonies of hemopoietic cells in fibrin clots in diffusion chambers implanted intraperitoneally (i.p.) into irradiated mice. The present paper describes the proliferation of such colony-forming units (CFUD) in cultures in vivo. Cells harvested from diffusion chambers after 1-14 days of culture in 450-R irradiated mice contained CFUD, which formed neutrophilic, eosinophilic, or megakaryocytic colonies when tested by secondary culture in fibrin clot chambers. When bone marrow was precultured in irradiated mice at a concentration of 10(6) cells per chamber, an initial fall in the number of neutrophilic CFUD was observed. This decrease was followed by an increase to a maximum at day 2, and then a secondary decrease. The number of neutrophilic CFUD recovered after 2 days of preculture in irradiated mice varied between 60% and 250% of the number present before preculture. Preculture in nonirradiated mice resulted in a significantly lower recovery of neutrophilic CFUD. In vitro treatment of bone marrow cells with hydroxyurea (OHU) after 2 days of preculture in irradiated mice resulted in a 68% +/- 5% reduction in the number of neutrophilic CFUD. In contrast, OHU had no similar effect on precultures from nonirradiated mice. Both the recovery and sensitivity to OHU of eosinophilic CFUD were independent of host irradiation. Similarly, no effect of host irradiation on the recovery or the 3H-thymidine (3HTdR) labeling index of morphologically recognizable granulocytic cells was observed at day 2. The data suggest an effect of humoral host factor(s) on the proliferation of early precursor cells, which are or become committed to differentiate into the neutrophilic pathway in diffusion chambers.", "contents": "Proliferation of diffusion chamber colony-forming units (CFUD) in cultures of normal human bone marrow in diffusion chambers in mice. Normal human bone marrow contains cells capable of forming colonies of hemopoietic cells in fibrin clots in diffusion chambers implanted intraperitoneally (i.p.) into irradiated mice. The present paper describes the proliferation of such colony-forming units (CFUD) in cultures in vivo. Cells harvested from diffusion chambers after 1-14 days of culture in 450-R irradiated mice contained CFUD, which formed neutrophilic, eosinophilic, or megakaryocytic colonies when tested by secondary culture in fibrin clot chambers. When bone marrow was precultured in irradiated mice at a concentration of 10(6) cells per chamber, an initial fall in the number of neutrophilic CFUD was observed. This decrease was followed by an increase to a maximum at day 2, and then a secondary decrease. The number of neutrophilic CFUD recovered after 2 days of preculture in irradiated mice varied between 60% and 250% of the number present before preculture. Preculture in nonirradiated mice resulted in a significantly lower recovery of neutrophilic CFUD. In vitro treatment of bone marrow cells with hydroxyurea (OHU) after 2 days of preculture in irradiated mice resulted in a 68% +/- 5% reduction in the number of neutrophilic CFUD. In contrast, OHU had no similar effect on precultures from nonirradiated mice. Both the recovery and sensitivity to OHU of eosinophilic CFUD were independent of host irradiation. Similarly, no effect of host irradiation on the recovery or the 3H-thymidine (3HTdR) labeling index of morphologically recognizable granulocytic cells was observed at day 2. The data suggest an effect of humoral host factor(s) on the proliferation of early precursor cells, which are or become committed to differentiate into the neutrophilic pathway in diffusion chambers.", "PMID": 836950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2422", "title": "Congenital neutropenia: an intrinsic cell defect demonstrated by electron microscopy of soft agar colonies.", "content": "Congenital neutropenia (CN), a disease characterized by recurrent infections leading to death in infancy, shows a maturation arrest of the myeloid series at the promyelocyte-myelocyte level. The potential value of marrow transplantation in this disease would be determined by the nature of the underlying defect. However, studies to date have failed to define whether the defect is intrinsic in the cells or attributable to \"environmental\" factors. Therefore, marrow of four patients with CN was cultured on soft agar, and the colonies were analyzed by a newly developed ultrastructural method. In parallel, patients' cells were used in feeder layers for normal marrow. Although the patients' colonies appeared grossly normal in size and number, electron microscopy showed only rare neutrophil colonies. These colonies contained markedly aberrant cells exhibiting asynchronous nucleocytoplasmic maturation, convoluted nuclei, excessive cytoplasm, and dearth of granules. Monocyte and eosinophil colonies differentiated normally. Patients' cells and sera supported growth of normal colonies. The studies have demonstrated unequivocally that the neutrophil cell line of patients with CN is intrinsically defective and suggest that attempts at marrow grafting are warranted.", "contents": "Congenital neutropenia: an intrinsic cell defect demonstrated by electron microscopy of soft agar colonies. Congenital neutropenia (CN), a disease characterized by recurrent infections leading to death in infancy, shows a maturation arrest of the myeloid series at the promyelocyte-myelocyte level. The potential value of marrow transplantation in this disease would be determined by the nature of the underlying defect. However, studies to date have failed to define whether the defect is intrinsic in the cells or attributable to \"environmental\" factors. Therefore, marrow of four patients with CN was cultured on soft agar, and the colonies were analyzed by a newly developed ultrastructural method. In parallel, patients' cells were used in feeder layers for normal marrow. Although the patients' colonies appeared grossly normal in size and number, electron microscopy showed only rare neutrophil colonies. These colonies contained markedly aberrant cells exhibiting asynchronous nucleocytoplasmic maturation, convoluted nuclei, excessive cytoplasm, and dearth of granules. Monocyte and eosinophil colonies differentiated normally. Patients' cells and sera supported growth of normal colonies. The studies have demonstrated unequivocally that the neutrophil cell line of patients with CN is intrinsically defective and suggest that attempts at marrow grafting are warranted.", "PMID": 836951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2423", "title": "Free erythrocyte porphyrin: hemoglobin ratios, serum ferritin, and transferrin saturation levels during treatment of infants with iron-deficiency anemia.", "content": "Free erythrocyte porphyrin:hemoglobin (FEP:Hb) ratios were determined on 20 infants with iron-deficiency anemia. FEB:Hb ratios were compared with simultaneously drawn serum ferritin and serum transferrin saturation levels. FEP:Hb ratios dropped steadily during treatment of the anemic infants, but remained elevated compared to age-matched nonanemic infants, until the anemia was corrected. FEP:Hb ratios detected iron deficiency when acute inflammatory disease was present. Serum ferritin levels and transferrin saturation failed to detect iron deficiency after iron therapy was started or when acute inflammatory disease was present. Measurement of FEP:Hb ratios is a reliable and practical way to make a prompt diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia in infants.", "contents": "Free erythrocyte porphyrin: hemoglobin ratios, serum ferritin, and transferrin saturation levels during treatment of infants with iron-deficiency anemia. Free erythrocyte porphyrin:hemoglobin (FEP:Hb) ratios were determined on 20 infants with iron-deficiency anemia. FEB:Hb ratios were compared with simultaneously drawn serum ferritin and serum transferrin saturation levels. FEP:Hb ratios dropped steadily during treatment of the anemic infants, but remained elevated compared to age-matched nonanemic infants, until the anemia was corrected. FEP:Hb ratios detected iron deficiency when acute inflammatory disease was present. Serum ferritin levels and transferrin saturation failed to detect iron deficiency after iron therapy was started or when acute inflammatory disease was present. Measurement of FEP:Hb ratios is a reliable and practical way to make a prompt diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia in infants.", "PMID": 836952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2424", "title": "Intraerythrocytic adaptation (2,3 DPG,P50) in thalassemia minor.", "content": "P50 and 2,3 DPG content of erythrocytes were determined in 25 patients with heterozygous beta thalassemia minor to assess the adaptive mechanisms to anemia. 2,3 DPG levels were appropriately elevated for the degree of anemia. However, P50 values were not proportionately increased. No correlations were noted between hemoglobin level, 2,3 DPG, or P50 and the presence of symptomatic complaints of fatigue or weakness in these heterozygous patients.", "contents": "Intraerythrocytic adaptation (2,3 DPG,P50) in thalassemia minor. P50 and 2,3 DPG content of erythrocytes were determined in 25 patients with heterozygous beta thalassemia minor to assess the adaptive mechanisms to anemia. 2,3 DPG levels were appropriately elevated for the degree of anemia. However, P50 values were not proportionately increased. No correlations were noted between hemoglobin level, 2,3 DPG, or P50 and the presence of symptomatic complaints of fatigue or weakness in these heterozygous patients.", "PMID": 836953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2425", "title": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and red cell glutathione peroxidase.", "content": "The activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH Px), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), hexokinase, and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (EGOT) was measured in 78 blood samples. GSH Px activity was not found to correlate with hexokinase or EGOT activity, indicating that it was not a strongly age-dependent enzyme. Although modest elevations of GSH Px activity were observed in the red cells of patients with a variety of hematologic disorders, the most consistent and striking increases in activity were observed in G-6-PD-deficient subjects.", "contents": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and red cell glutathione peroxidase. The activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH Px), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), hexokinase, and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (EGOT) was measured in 78 blood samples. GSH Px activity was not found to correlate with hexokinase or EGOT activity, indicating that it was not a strongly age-dependent enzyme. Although modest elevations of GSH Px activity were observed in the red cells of patients with a variety of hematologic disorders, the most consistent and striking increases in activity were observed in G-6-PD-deficient subjects.", "PMID": 836954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2426", "title": "Effects of ascorbic acid on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient erythrocytes: studies in an animal model.", "content": "There is little information available concerning the possible effects of ascorbic acid on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) -deficient erythrocytes. We therefore studied the survival of G-6-PD-deficient cells, incubated with ascorbic acid, in rats with partial reticuloendothelial and complement blockade. Animals were pretreated with ethyl palmitate and cobra venom factor. They were then transfused with 51Cr-labeled erythrocytes which had been incubated in the presence or absence of ascorbic acid. G-6-PD-deficient cells, incubated with ascorbic acid, had impaired survival when compared to that of controls. G-6-PD-deficient cells, in the absence of ascorbic acid, had survival times equal to those of normal control erythrocytes. At the concentrations used, ascorbic acid did not appear to alter the survival of normal cells. Ascorbic acid causes premature loss of G-6-PD-deficient human erythrocytes in this rat model. On the basis of previous clinical and experimental observations, as well as this study, caution should be used when administering ascorbic acid in large doses to individuals who might be G-6-PD deficient.", "contents": "Effects of ascorbic acid on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient erythrocytes: studies in an animal model. There is little information available concerning the possible effects of ascorbic acid on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) -deficient erythrocytes. We therefore studied the survival of G-6-PD-deficient cells, incubated with ascorbic acid, in rats with partial reticuloendothelial and complement blockade. Animals were pretreated with ethyl palmitate and cobra venom factor. They were then transfused with 51Cr-labeled erythrocytes which had been incubated in the presence or absence of ascorbic acid. G-6-PD-deficient cells, incubated with ascorbic acid, had impaired survival when compared to that of controls. G-6-PD-deficient cells, in the absence of ascorbic acid, had survival times equal to those of normal control erythrocytes. At the concentrations used, ascorbic acid did not appear to alter the survival of normal cells. Ascorbic acid causes premature loss of G-6-PD-deficient human erythrocytes in this rat model. On the basis of previous clinical and experimental observations, as well as this study, caution should be used when administering ascorbic acid in large doses to individuals who might be G-6-PD deficient.", "PMID": 836955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2427", "title": "Techniques for demonstration of the specificity of circulating anticoagulants against antihemophilic factor (factor VIII), with studies of two cases possibly related to diphenylhydantoin therapy.", "content": "Circulating anticoagulants against antihemophilic factor (AHF, factor VIII) sometimes seem to inactivate other clotting factors as well. Measurements of the concentration of clotting factors in highly diluted plasma, or after neutralization of the anticoagulant with purified AHF, have demonstrated the specific nature of the anticoagulant in a patient under treatment with diphenylhydantoin. A second case in a patient treated with this agent, and with penicillin, an agent previously associated with the evolution of circulating anticoagulants, is also described.", "contents": "Techniques for demonstration of the specificity of circulating anticoagulants against antihemophilic factor (factor VIII), with studies of two cases possibly related to diphenylhydantoin therapy. Circulating anticoagulants against antihemophilic factor (AHF, factor VIII) sometimes seem to inactivate other clotting factors as well. Measurements of the concentration of clotting factors in highly diluted plasma, or after neutralization of the anticoagulant with purified AHF, have demonstrated the specific nature of the anticoagulant in a patient under treatment with diphenylhydantoin. A second case in a patient treated with this agent, and with penicillin, an agent previously associated with the evolution of circulating anticoagulants, is also described.", "PMID": 836956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2428", "title": "Migration of transfused granulocytes in leukopenic dogs.", "content": "Although granulocyte transfusion therapy has been shown to be effective in infected granulocytopenic animals and humans, the relative effectiveness of granulocytes (PMN) harvested by continuous flow centrifugation (CFC) or by continuous flow filtration leukapheresis (FL) remains uncertain. Studies in vitro of morphology and granulocyte functions have suggested cells collected by FL may be damaged. To compare the function in vivo of granulocytes collected by different methods, dogs were made granulocytopenic with cyclophosphamide (CYT) and then transfused with granulocytes collected by CFC or FL. The local neutrophil mobilization (LNM) through a standard skin abrasion into a chamber containing a strong chemoattractant, autologous serum, was measured. Greater LNM was found after transfusions of CFC PMN than after transfusions of the same number of FL PMN (p less than 0.0003). This difference persisted even when the dose of FL PMNs was four times greater than that of CFC mn and when the FL donor was pretreated with steroids (p less than 0.001). These results suggest that during filtration leukapheresis, granulocytes are functionally altered and that their function in vivo may be compromised.", "contents": "Migration of transfused granulocytes in leukopenic dogs. Although granulocyte transfusion therapy has been shown to be effective in infected granulocytopenic animals and humans, the relative effectiveness of granulocytes (PMN) harvested by continuous flow centrifugation (CFC) or by continuous flow filtration leukapheresis (FL) remains uncertain. Studies in vitro of morphology and granulocyte functions have suggested cells collected by FL may be damaged. To compare the function in vivo of granulocytes collected by different methods, dogs were made granulocytopenic with cyclophosphamide (CYT) and then transfused with granulocytes collected by CFC or FL. The local neutrophil mobilization (LNM) through a standard skin abrasion into a chamber containing a strong chemoattractant, autologous serum, was measured. Greater LNM was found after transfusions of CFC PMN than after transfusions of the same number of FL PMN (p less than 0.0003). This difference persisted even when the dose of FL PMNs was four times greater than that of CFC mn and when the FL donor was pretreated with steroids (p less than 0.001). These results suggest that during filtration leukapheresis, granulocytes are functionally altered and that their function in vivo may be compromised.", "PMID": 836957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2429", "title": "On the measurement of vascular and respiratory smooth muscle responses in vitro.", "content": "The action of drugs on circular smooth muscle from rabbit renal artery, renal vein, mesenteric vein, inferior vena cava, guinea pig bronchus, and mouse trachea was studied using an inexpensive modification of the method of Bevan, Nielsen and Owman, and Bevan and Osher. Two 30-gauge disposable stainless steel hypodermic needles supported the tissue rings in a standard 10-ml isolated muscle bath. All the blood vessels contracted to norepinephrine, histamine, and KCl. The veins, unlike the renal artery, did not respond maximally to KCl and did not contract at all to serotonin. The guinea pig bronchi contracted to carbachol, histamine, and KCl and relaxed to isoproterenol. The mouse trachea contracted maximally to carbachol, did not contract to histamine, and contracted to 50% of maximum in response to KCl. Thus, standard isolated tissue baths can be inexpensively adapted for the study of relatively small blood vessels and airways (about 1 mm in diameter).", "contents": "On the measurement of vascular and respiratory smooth muscle responses in vitro. The action of drugs on circular smooth muscle from rabbit renal artery, renal vein, mesenteric vein, inferior vena cava, guinea pig bronchus, and mouse trachea was studied using an inexpensive modification of the method of Bevan, Nielsen and Owman, and Bevan and Osher. Two 30-gauge disposable stainless steel hypodermic needles supported the tissue rings in a standard 10-ml isolated muscle bath. All the blood vessels contracted to norepinephrine, histamine, and KCl. The veins, unlike the renal artery, did not respond maximally to KCl and did not contract at all to serotonin. The guinea pig bronchi contracted to carbachol, histamine, and KCl and relaxed to isoproterenol. The mouse trachea contracted maximally to carbachol, did not contract to histamine, and contracted to 50% of maximum in response to KCl. Thus, standard isolated tissue baths can be inexpensively adapted for the study of relatively small blood vessels and airways (about 1 mm in diameter).", "PMID": 836959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2430", "title": "Development of neuroeffector mechanisms in the carotid artery of the fetal lamb.", "content": "A survey has been made of mechanisms associated with vascular adrenergic neuroeffector transmission in the lamb fetuses between 53 days and term gestation. The common carotid artery was isolated for studies of enzymic activities, uptake of norepinephrine (NE) and reactivity to vasoactive agents. The extra-neuronal NE uptake, monoamine oxidase and catechol-O-methyltransferase activities were present in the carotid artery of the youngest fetuses. The contractile responses to NE and serotonin and neuronal NE uptake preceded the response to adrenergic nerve stimulation during fetal growth. These results suggest that the mechanisms for adrenergic transmitter inactivation, transmitter action on vascular smooth muscle cells, and neuronal transmitter delivery develop in that sequence.", "contents": "Development of neuroeffector mechanisms in the carotid artery of the fetal lamb. A survey has been made of mechanisms associated with vascular adrenergic neuroeffector transmission in the lamb fetuses between 53 days and term gestation. The common carotid artery was isolated for studies of enzymic activities, uptake of norepinephrine (NE) and reactivity to vasoactive agents. The extra-neuronal NE uptake, monoamine oxidase and catechol-O-methyltransferase activities were present in the carotid artery of the youngest fetuses. The contractile responses to NE and serotonin and neuronal NE uptake preceded the response to adrenergic nerve stimulation during fetal growth. These results suggest that the mechanisms for adrenergic transmitter inactivation, transmitter action on vascular smooth muscle cells, and neuronal transmitter delivery develop in that sequence.", "PMID": 836960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2431", "title": "Uptake and metabolism of noradrenaline by the mesenteric arteries of the dog.", "content": "Uptake and metabolism of tritiated noradrenaline by the mesenteric arteries of the dog and concomitant behaviour changes in endogenous noradrenaline are described. Posterior mesenteric artery strips were incubated for 30 min in Krebs solution containing (-)-7-3H-noradrenaline (1,084 muM); suitable pretreatments and/or preincubations were performed to study the influence of some drugs on these parameters. The atrial strips showed a high capacity to retain, accumulate and metabolize exogenous noradrenaline. At the concentration of noradrenaline studied, neuronal uptake and deamination represented the main inactivation mechanism, however, when neuronal uptake was blocked, extraneuronal deamination and o-methylation played a more important role, o-Methylation represented a vicarious enzymatic route when monoamine oxidase activity was inhibited. Iproniazid pretreatment increased markedly the endogenous noradrenaline content of the mesenteric arteries. During incubation with tritiated noradrenaline both an outflow of endogenous noradrenaline and an inflow of tritiated noradrenaline were observed.", "contents": "Uptake and metabolism of noradrenaline by the mesenteric arteries of the dog. Uptake and metabolism of tritiated noradrenaline by the mesenteric arteries of the dog and concomitant behaviour changes in endogenous noradrenaline are described. Posterior mesenteric artery strips were incubated for 30 min in Krebs solution containing (-)-7-3H-noradrenaline (1,084 muM); suitable pretreatments and/or preincubations were performed to study the influence of some drugs on these parameters. The atrial strips showed a high capacity to retain, accumulate and metabolize exogenous noradrenaline. At the concentration of noradrenaline studied, neuronal uptake and deamination represented the main inactivation mechanism, however, when neuronal uptake was blocked, extraneuronal deamination and o-methylation played a more important role, o-Methylation represented a vicarious enzymatic route when monoamine oxidase activity was inhibited. Iproniazid pretreatment increased markedly the endogenous noradrenaline content of the mesenteric arteries. During incubation with tritiated noradrenaline both an outflow of endogenous noradrenaline and an inflow of tritiated noradrenaline were observed.", "PMID": 836961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2432", "title": "Alterations in calcium transport and binding by the plasma membrane of mesenteric arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "The effect of Sr++, Ba++ and Mn++ on calcium uptake by a plasma membrane-enriched fraction from mesenteric arteries of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) was studied to determine what alterations in divalent cation interactions are associated with hypertension. 45Ca++ uptake in the presence of ATP by this fraction from SHR was significantly greater than that of normotensive rats (NWR). This 45Ca++ uptake by these fractions from both types of rat could be reduced by Ba++, Sr++ and nonradioactive Ca++, but not by Mn++; the ability of these cations to compete with 45Ca++ was in the following order Ca++ greater than Sr++ greater than Ba++. In contrast, 45Ca++ uptake in the absence of ATP by this subcellular fraction from SHR was significantly less than that of NWR, and this passive 45Ca++ binding could be displaced by Mn++ in addition to the other cations. Both qualitative and quantitative differences were found between SHR and NWR in this study of the effects of cations on calcium uptake by arterial plasma membrane. These results suggest that the plasma membrane of SHR arteries has calcium-binding and transport properties that are different from those of NWR. However, there is not a complete correlation between the reported effects of the cations on contraction of other arteries in hypertension and on calcium uptake by membranes of SHR and NWR.", "contents": "Alterations in calcium transport and binding by the plasma membrane of mesenteric arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats. The effect of Sr++, Ba++ and Mn++ on calcium uptake by a plasma membrane-enriched fraction from mesenteric arteries of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) was studied to determine what alterations in divalent cation interactions are associated with hypertension. 45Ca++ uptake in the presence of ATP by this fraction from SHR was significantly greater than that of normotensive rats (NWR). This 45Ca++ uptake by these fractions from both types of rat could be reduced by Ba++, Sr++ and nonradioactive Ca++, but not by Mn++; the ability of these cations to compete with 45Ca++ was in the following order Ca++ greater than Sr++ greater than Ba++. In contrast, 45Ca++ uptake in the absence of ATP by this subcellular fraction from SHR was significantly less than that of NWR, and this passive 45Ca++ binding could be displaced by Mn++ in addition to the other cations. Both qualitative and quantitative differences were found between SHR and NWR in this study of the effects of cations on calcium uptake by arterial plasma membrane. These results suggest that the plasma membrane of SHR arteries has calcium-binding and transport properties that are different from those of NWR. However, there is not a complete correlation between the reported effects of the cations on contraction of other arteries in hypertension and on calcium uptake by membranes of SHR and NWR.", "PMID": 836962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2433", "title": "Adrenergic potentiation by angiotensin II in isolated canine cutaneous arteries: effect of bathing media and calcium.", "content": "Contractions were elicited by field stimulation and norepinephrine in canine cutaneous arteries in Krebs-bicarbonate and Krebs-Tris media and the effect of angiotensin II, 1 x 10(-7) M, on these responses was determined. The absolute magnitude of the field stimulation responses was much greater in the bicarbonate buffer. Angiotensin caused potentiation in both media of the responses to field stimulation and norepinephrine. In Triss buffer with 5 mM calcium the responses to field stimulation and norepinephrine were greater than in 2.5 mM calcium, however; the degree of potentiation caused by angiotensin was similar at both calcium concentrations. The angiotensin potentiating effect in vitro appears to involve a postsynaptic action of the polypeptide which is not affected by alteration of calcium concentration or the medium.", "contents": "Adrenergic potentiation by angiotensin II in isolated canine cutaneous arteries: effect of bathing media and calcium. Contractions were elicited by field stimulation and norepinephrine in canine cutaneous arteries in Krebs-bicarbonate and Krebs-Tris media and the effect of angiotensin II, 1 x 10(-7) M, on these responses was determined. The absolute magnitude of the field stimulation responses was much greater in the bicarbonate buffer. Angiotensin caused potentiation in both media of the responses to field stimulation and norepinephrine. In Triss buffer with 5 mM calcium the responses to field stimulation and norepinephrine were greater than in 2.5 mM calcium, however; the degree of potentiation caused by angiotensin was similar at both calcium concentrations. The angiotensin potentiating effect in vitro appears to involve a postsynaptic action of the polypeptide which is not affected by alteration of calcium concentration or the medium.", "PMID": 836963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2434", "title": "Uptake of 3H-norepinephrine in rabbit mesenteric blood vessels.", "content": "The uptake of traited norepinephrine in isolated rabbit mesoduodenal blood vessels was measured. Neuronal uptake was estimated utilizing the inhibitory effect of cocaine, and expressed on the basis of wet and dry tissue weights as well as circumferential area of the vascular wall. This area was presumed to approximate the area of the adrenergic nerve terminal plexus. The wet weight of smaller tissues was apt to be underestimated due to excessive drying during weighing; dry weight was more consistent over a wide range of tissue size. Either on the basis of weight or circumferential are, neuronal uptake in arteries increased as the diameter diminished, but uptake was practically constant in all segments of the veins. Arterial uptake per unit circumferential area was greater than in the accompanying veins, but this was not necessarily the case when uptake was expressed per unit weight. Neuronal norepinephrine may be a useful index of adrenergic nerve density. On this basis it is suggested that the adrenergic neural vasoconstriction increases with decrease in diameter of both arteries and veins in rabbit mesoduodenum.", "contents": "Uptake of 3H-norepinephrine in rabbit mesenteric blood vessels. The uptake of traited norepinephrine in isolated rabbit mesoduodenal blood vessels was measured. Neuronal uptake was estimated utilizing the inhibitory effect of cocaine, and expressed on the basis of wet and dry tissue weights as well as circumferential area of the vascular wall. This area was presumed to approximate the area of the adrenergic nerve terminal plexus. The wet weight of smaller tissues was apt to be underestimated due to excessive drying during weighing; dry weight was more consistent over a wide range of tissue size. Either on the basis of weight or circumferential are, neuronal uptake in arteries increased as the diameter diminished, but uptake was practically constant in all segments of the veins. Arterial uptake per unit circumferential area was greater than in the accompanying veins, but this was not necessarily the case when uptake was expressed per unit weight. Neuronal norepinephrine may be a useful index of adrenergic nerve density. On this basis it is suggested that the adrenergic neural vasoconstriction increases with decrease in diameter of both arteries and veins in rabbit mesoduodenum.", "PMID": 836964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2435", "title": "Elastin fragmentation in the pulmonary artery of the newborn rabbit.", "content": "Pulmonary arteries of rabbits aged 1 day to 2 months were distended at 44 mm Hg pressure and sectioned for study with the light microscope. Photographs were enlarged, and the frequency distributions of elastin lengths obtained at different ages. Maximum fragmentation occurred in the inner third of the artery, and was most marked at 3 weeks of age. No significant growth, or change in number of elastin lamellae occurred at this age. The fibres tended to be circumferential except in rabbits 4 weeks of age, where they were slightly helical.", "contents": "Elastin fragmentation in the pulmonary artery of the newborn rabbit. Pulmonary arteries of rabbits aged 1 day to 2 months were distended at 44 mm Hg pressure and sectioned for study with the light microscope. Photographs were enlarged, and the frequency distributions of elastin lengths obtained at different ages. Maximum fragmentation occurred in the inner third of the artery, and was most marked at 3 weeks of age. No significant growth, or change in number of elastin lamellae occurred at this age. The fibres tended to be circumferential except in rabbits 4 weeks of age, where they were slightly helical.", "PMID": 836965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2436", "title": "Fibrinogen Marburg a new genetic variant of fibrinogen.", "content": "A new case of congenital dysfibrinogenemia has been discovered in a 20 year old woman, who suffered from a severe postpartal hemorrhage after the delivery of her first child, followed by episodes of thrombosis. Coagulation studies reveal a prolongation of thrombin time, reptilase time was immeasurable. Thromboplastin time and partial thromboplastin time were slightly prolonged. Low fibrinogen levels were obtained by techniques, which depend on the coagulation velocity following addition of thrombin, while immunological procedures gave slightly diminished values of fibrinogen. Patients's fibrinogen had a moderate inhibitory effect on the fibrin formation in normal plasma. However, inhibitors of the fibrinogen-fibrin conversion could not be detected. Coagulation factors were normal, fibriolysis as well. The cause of the coagulation disorder was found to be a defect of the fibrinogen molecule, leading to an abnormal fibrin polmerization of patient's fibrin monomers. The release of the fibrinopeptides in the paperelectrophoresis was normal. The defect of the fibrinogen molecule did not protect from thrombotic complications. The same defect could be found in the lower scale in patient's father, 4 of her 7 brothers and sisters, and her son.", "contents": "Fibrinogen Marburg a new genetic variant of fibrinogen. A new case of congenital dysfibrinogenemia has been discovered in a 20 year old woman, who suffered from a severe postpartal hemorrhage after the delivery of her first child, followed by episodes of thrombosis. Coagulation studies reveal a prolongation of thrombin time, reptilase time was immeasurable. Thromboplastin time and partial thromboplastin time were slightly prolonged. Low fibrinogen levels were obtained by techniques, which depend on the coagulation velocity following addition of thrombin, while immunological procedures gave slightly diminished values of fibrinogen. Patients's fibrinogen had a moderate inhibitory effect on the fibrin formation in normal plasma. However, inhibitors of the fibrinogen-fibrin conversion could not be detected. Coagulation factors were normal, fibriolysis as well. The cause of the coagulation disorder was found to be a defect of the fibrinogen molecule, leading to an abnormal fibrin polmerization of patient's fibrin monomers. The release of the fibrinopeptides in the paperelectrophoresis was normal. The defect of the fibrinogen molecule did not protect from thrombotic complications. The same defect could be found in the lower scale in patient's father, 4 of her 7 brothers and sisters, and her son.", "PMID": 836966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2437", "title": "Clinical and cytogenetic observations during a six-year period in an adult with Fanconi's anaemia.", "content": "A male adult patient suffering from Fanconi's anemia is described who was diagnosed 5 years before the onset of clinical symptoms by cytogenetic findings of chromosomeinstability in a lymphocyte culture. Repeated clinical, haematological and biochemical investigations of the untreated patient have been made during the observation period of six years. In the same period of time cytogenetic studies have been carried out which show no correlation in results compared with the clinical or physical findings. Four well defined lymphocyte clones have been discovered. The patient is still under observation of the clinic and the cytogenetic department.", "contents": "Clinical and cytogenetic observations during a six-year period in an adult with Fanconi's anaemia. A male adult patient suffering from Fanconi's anemia is described who was diagnosed 5 years before the onset of clinical symptoms by cytogenetic findings of chromosomeinstability in a lymphocyte culture. Repeated clinical, haematological and biochemical investigations of the untreated patient have been made during the observation period of six years. In the same period of time cytogenetic studies have been carried out which show no correlation in results compared with the clinical or physical findings. Four well defined lymphocyte clones have been discovered. The patient is still under observation of the clinic and the cytogenetic department.", "PMID": 836967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2438", "title": "[Conditioning of thrombocyte count changes and other components of human capillary blood].", "content": "An unconditioned rise in the number of platelets in the capillary blood of man, induced by dynamic exercise in the form of pedalling an ergobicycle (18 mkp/sec, 30 min), was conditioned to blinking light signal of low intensity in 5 healthy men. After 4, 7 and 11 reinforcements (1 per day) in all cases a conditioned rise could be observed, which remained extant---although slightly weaker--for 18 days without any reinforcement after the last trial. The authors assume that this fact is pointing out a direct participation of the platelets on nervous processes.", "contents": "[Conditioning of thrombocyte count changes and other components of human capillary blood]. An unconditioned rise in the number of platelets in the capillary blood of man, induced by dynamic exercise in the form of pedalling an ergobicycle (18 mkp/sec, 30 min), was conditioned to blinking light signal of low intensity in 5 healthy men. After 4, 7 and 11 reinforcements (1 per day) in all cases a conditioned rise could be observed, which remained extant---although slightly weaker--for 18 days without any reinforcement after the last trial. The authors assume that this fact is pointing out a direct participation of the platelets on nervous processes.", "PMID": 836968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2439", "title": "[Fibrinogen \"Hannover\", a further abnormal fibrinogen].", "content": "Another abnormal fibrinogen--\"fibrinogen Hannover\"--is reported. As known from most dysfibrinogenemias the clottability is poor, while immunologic test, heat precipitating test and the staphylococcal clumping test give normal fibrinogen concentrations. The clotting time when using thrombin or thrombin like enzymes is prolonged, it can be corrected with high thrombin concentration or thrombin combined with calcium inons, but not with thrombin like enzymes combined with calcium ions. The mild bleeding diathesis was first noted when the patient underwent an operation.", "contents": "[Fibrinogen \"Hannover\", a further abnormal fibrinogen]. Another abnormal fibrinogen--\"fibrinogen Hannover\"--is reported. As known from most dysfibrinogenemias the clottability is poor, while immunologic test, heat precipitating test and the staphylococcal clumping test give normal fibrinogen concentrations. The clotting time when using thrombin or thrombin like enzymes is prolonged, it can be corrected with high thrombin concentration or thrombin combined with calcium inons, but not with thrombin like enzymes combined with calcium ions. The mild bleeding diathesis was first noted when the patient underwent an operation.", "PMID": 836970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2440", "title": "Mercury levels in freshwater fish of the state of South Carolina.", "content": "Samples of fish from freshwater sources of rivers, lakes and ponds all over the state of South Carolina were collected during the Summer of 1974 and 1975. The fish collected were Bass, Bluegill, Redbreast, Catfish, Shad, Carp, Crappie, Mudfish and Pike. Samples were analyzed using the flameless atomic absorption procedure outlined by Hatch and Ott, and Uthe et al as modified for use with Perkin-Elmer, Coleman MAS-50 mercury analyzer. Triplicate samples of fish tissue were analyzed by wet digestion method. The mean mercury levels in ppb were determined for baseline mercury levels. A significant finding of this report is that those species for which fish of widely differing weights were analyzed, larger fish had higher mercury levels. Mercury levels exceeding the U.S. Food and Drug Administration guideline of 500 ppb for fish tissues have been found in the Mudfish from Edisto River and Pike fish from Lake Murray. Higher levels of mercury occurred in the highly vascularized blood tissues of liver and kidney than in muscle. Carnivorous and bottom-feeding fishes are the most reliable indicators of mercury pollution.", "contents": "Mercury levels in freshwater fish of the state of South Carolina. Samples of fish from freshwater sources of rivers, lakes and ponds all over the state of South Carolina were collected during the Summer of 1974 and 1975. The fish collected were Bass, Bluegill, Redbreast, Catfish, Shad, Carp, Crappie, Mudfish and Pike. Samples were analyzed using the flameless atomic absorption procedure outlined by Hatch and Ott, and Uthe et al as modified for use with Perkin-Elmer, Coleman MAS-50 mercury analyzer. Triplicate samples of fish tissue were analyzed by wet digestion method. The mean mercury levels in ppb were determined for baseline mercury levels. A significant finding of this report is that those species for which fish of widely differing weights were analyzed, larger fish had higher mercury levels. Mercury levels exceeding the U.S. Food and Drug Administration guideline of 500 ppb for fish tissues have been found in the Mudfish from Edisto River and Pike fish from Lake Murray. Higher levels of mercury occurred in the highly vascularized blood tissues of liver and kidney than in muscle. Carnivorous and bottom-feeding fishes are the most reliable indicators of mercury pollution.", "PMID": 836979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2441", "title": "What is Gorlin's syndrome? The diagnosis and management of the basal cell naevus syndrome, based on a study of thirty-seven patients.", "content": "A series of 37 patients with Gorlin's syndrome is described; 23 had the typical naevi, 19 had jaw cysts and only 10 had both. A wide range of associated deformities was noted. The need for early identification of patients at risk is stressed; follow-up is essential for 2 reasons: The naevi although indistinguishable histologically from basal cell carcinomas only rarely require radical removal. The jaw cysts are locally invasive and should be radically removed when small. In 8 patients examined there was a low level of alpha-globulins in the plasma. Spontaneous involution of the naevi may occur in un-irradiated skin.", "contents": "What is Gorlin's syndrome? The diagnosis and management of the basal cell naevus syndrome, based on a study of thirty-seven patients. A series of 37 patients with Gorlin's syndrome is described; 23 had the typical naevi, 19 had jaw cysts and only 10 had both. A wide range of associated deformities was noted. The need for early identification of patients at risk is stressed; follow-up is essential for 2 reasons: The naevi although indistinguishable histologically from basal cell carcinomas only rarely require radical removal. The jaw cysts are locally invasive and should be radically removed when small. In 8 patients examined there was a low level of alpha-globulins in the plasma. Spontaneous involution of the naevi may occur in un-irradiated skin.", "PMID": 836983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2442", "title": "Incorporation of stored cell-free dermal collagen allografts into skin wounds: a short term study.", "content": "Allogeneic dermal collagen has been evaluated as an alternative to skin autografts for the permanent replacement of lost or damaged skin in the rat. All non-collagenous structures were removed from full-thickness back skin by treatment with a solution of crystalline trypsin. Such dermal collagen preparations were grafted into skin wounds, examined up to 8 1/2 weeks after operation, and compared with excised wounds and skin isografts and allografts of the same initial size. The dermal collagen grafts, particularly when dressed with a sheet of dermal collagen, become recellularised, revascularised and re-epidermalised. Unlike the skin allografts, there was no evidence of cellular rejection. Whereas contracture of the excised wounds was delayed, but not suppressed, by applying a conventional dressing, collagen grafts maintained from 60 to 100 per cent of their original size. In contrast, equivalent skin isografts shrank to 50-60 per cent and showed persistent epidermal hyperplasia.", "contents": "Incorporation of stored cell-free dermal collagen allografts into skin wounds: a short term study. Allogeneic dermal collagen has been evaluated as an alternative to skin autografts for the permanent replacement of lost or damaged skin in the rat. All non-collagenous structures were removed from full-thickness back skin by treatment with a solution of crystalline trypsin. Such dermal collagen preparations were grafted into skin wounds, examined up to 8 1/2 weeks after operation, and compared with excised wounds and skin isografts and allografts of the same initial size. The dermal collagen grafts, particularly when dressed with a sheet of dermal collagen, become recellularised, revascularised and re-epidermalised. Unlike the skin allografts, there was no evidence of cellular rejection. Whereas contracture of the excised wounds was delayed, but not suppressed, by applying a conventional dressing, collagen grafts maintained from 60 to 100 per cent of their original size. In contrast, equivalent skin isografts shrank to 50-60 per cent and showed persistent epidermal hyperplasia.", "PMID": 836988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2443", "title": "Buried penis.", "content": "Six cases of buried penis in childhood are recorded. An attempt has been made to clarify the nomenclature of a number of penile deformities over which there has been some confusion. The treatment of buried penis, which should be completed before school age, depends upon freeing the penile shaft from abnormal attachments and correcting the skin defect. The importance of the tethering fibromuscular bands between the penile shaft and abdominal wall has not previously been stressed.", "contents": "Buried penis. Six cases of buried penis in childhood are recorded. An attempt has been made to clarify the nomenclature of a number of penile deformities over which there has been some confusion. The treatment of buried penis, which should be completed before school age, depends upon freeing the penile shaft from abnormal attachments and correcting the skin defect. The importance of the tethering fibromuscular bands between the penile shaft and abdominal wall has not previously been stressed.", "PMID": 836989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2444", "title": "Accumulation of radioactive cardiac glycosides by various brain regions in relation to the dysrhythmogenic effect.", "content": "Ouabain was administered at a loading dose of 3 mug/kg followed by an infusion at a rate of 1 mug/kg-1 min-1 in order to produce severe dysrhythmia in dogs within 60 minutes. Similarly, digitoxin at a loading dose of 9 mug/kg followed by an infusion at a rate of 3 mug kg-1 min-1 was administered to compare its effect with that of ouabain. 2 During the 60 min experimental period, the plasma concentrations gradually rose with the continuous infusion of these drugs. However, in comparison to the 60 min plasma value of 119+/-20 pmol/ml for ouabain and 177+/-68 pmol/ml for digitoxin, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations for these drugs at this time were less than 5 pmol/ml. 3 Upon termination of the experiment at 60 min it was found that kidney, liver, heart, adrenal, and the non-neural tissue in the brain such as pituitary and choroid plexus concentrated ouabain and digitoxin to give high tissue to plasma ratios. However, various neural areas of the brain (cerebellum, mesencephalon, hypothalamus, pons, and medulla) showed no preferential localization or uptake of these two glycosides. 4 Concentration of ouabain and digitoxin by the choroid plexus does not seem to affect the ionic composition of the CSF. 5 It was concluded that sampling the large areas of neural tissue above could provide no evidence for local accumulation of digitalis glycosides that might account for a central nervous system origin of digitalis-induced cardiac arrhythmias.", "contents": "Accumulation of radioactive cardiac glycosides by various brain regions in relation to the dysrhythmogenic effect. Ouabain was administered at a loading dose of 3 mug/kg followed by an infusion at a rate of 1 mug/kg-1 min-1 in order to produce severe dysrhythmia in dogs within 60 minutes. Similarly, digitoxin at a loading dose of 9 mug/kg followed by an infusion at a rate of 3 mug kg-1 min-1 was administered to compare its effect with that of ouabain. 2 During the 60 min experimental period, the plasma concentrations gradually rose with the continuous infusion of these drugs. However, in comparison to the 60 min plasma value of 119+/-20 pmol/ml for ouabain and 177+/-68 pmol/ml for digitoxin, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations for these drugs at this time were less than 5 pmol/ml. 3 Upon termination of the experiment at 60 min it was found that kidney, liver, heart, adrenal, and the non-neural tissue in the brain such as pituitary and choroid plexus concentrated ouabain and digitoxin to give high tissue to plasma ratios. However, various neural areas of the brain (cerebellum, mesencephalon, hypothalamus, pons, and medulla) showed no preferential localization or uptake of these two glycosides. 4 Concentration of ouabain and digitoxin by the choroid plexus does not seem to affect the ionic composition of the CSF. 5 It was concluded that sampling the large areas of neural tissue above could provide no evidence for local accumulation of digitalis glycosides that might account for a central nervous system origin of digitalis-induced cardiac arrhythmias.", "PMID": 836990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2445", "title": "Effect of p-bromophenacyl bromide, an inhibitor of phospholipase A2, on arachidonic acid release and prostaglandin synthesis by the guinea-pig uterus in vitro.", "content": "The synthesis of prostaglandins F2alpha and E2 by guinea-pig uterine homogenates was inhibited by p-bromophenacyl bromide (PBPAB), an inhibitor of phospholipase A2. 2 Metabolism of prostaglandin F2alpha by uterine homogenates was undetectable; this was not affected by PBPAB. 3 There was no significant difference between the amounts of arachidonic acid released from uterine homogenates on days 7 and 1k of the oestrous cycle. Small amounts of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid were detected in the homogenates. 4 The release of arachidonic acid from uterine homogenates was greatly inhibited by PBPAB. 5 Addition of exogenous arachidonic acid to uterine homogenates did not overcome the inhibition of uterine prostaglandin F2alpha synthesis produced by PBPAB. 6 It is concluded that PBPAB inhibits both the release of arachidonic acid from the guinea-pig uterus and its subsequent conversion into prostaglandins.", "contents": "Effect of p-bromophenacyl bromide, an inhibitor of phospholipase A2, on arachidonic acid release and prostaglandin synthesis by the guinea-pig uterus in vitro. The synthesis of prostaglandins F2alpha and E2 by guinea-pig uterine homogenates was inhibited by p-bromophenacyl bromide (PBPAB), an inhibitor of phospholipase A2. 2 Metabolism of prostaglandin F2alpha by uterine homogenates was undetectable; this was not affected by PBPAB. 3 There was no significant difference between the amounts of arachidonic acid released from uterine homogenates on days 7 and 1k of the oestrous cycle. Small amounts of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid were detected in the homogenates. 4 The release of arachidonic acid from uterine homogenates was greatly inhibited by PBPAB. 5 Addition of exogenous arachidonic acid to uterine homogenates did not overcome the inhibition of uterine prostaglandin F2alpha synthesis produced by PBPAB. 6 It is concluded that PBPAB inhibits both the release of arachidonic acid from the guinea-pig uterus and its subsequent conversion into prostaglandins.", "PMID": 836991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2446", "title": "Potentiation of the response to vasopressin (pitressin) by treatment with a combination of chlorpropamide and chlorothiazide in Brattleboro rats with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus.", "content": "1 The effect of a combination of chloropropamide and chlorothiazide in Brattleboro rats with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus (DI) treated with low doses of vasopressin (Pitressin tannate in oil) was investigated with particular reference to the time course of response from the initiation of treatment. 2 Analysis of the relationship between water intake and body weight indicated no real correlation and body weight accounted for only 4.4% of the variation in water intake. It was therefore decided to use whole body responses as the index in preference to the response per unit body weight. 3 The daily administration of 5 mg chlorpropamide combined with chlorothiazide in the drinking water (4 mg/1) to Pitressin-treated DI rats potentiated the response to small doses of vasopressin (25 and 50 mu Pitressin/24 hours). Water intake was reduced by the drug combination by an average of 12.35 ml/24 h, but only on the second day of treatment was the decrease of any real magnitude (30 ml/24 h but otherwise 9 ml/24 h or less). Analysis of urine volume measurements gave similar results to those obtained for water intake and the potency ratio measured in terms of free water clearance was 1.26 (agreeing closely with the ratio for water intake which was 1.24). 4 A reduction in the solute excretion was observed only in those DI rats treated with the higher dose of Pitressin (50 mu/24 h) combined with the two drugs. 5 Possible reasons for the discrepancy between the effect of the combination of chlorpropamide and chlorathiazide on water metabolism in the DI rat and the DI patient are discussed.", "contents": "Potentiation of the response to vasopressin (pitressin) by treatment with a combination of chlorpropamide and chlorothiazide in Brattleboro rats with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus. 1 The effect of a combination of chloropropamide and chlorothiazide in Brattleboro rats with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus (DI) treated with low doses of vasopressin (Pitressin tannate in oil) was investigated with particular reference to the time course of response from the initiation of treatment. 2 Analysis of the relationship between water intake and body weight indicated no real correlation and body weight accounted for only 4.4% of the variation in water intake. It was therefore decided to use whole body responses as the index in preference to the response per unit body weight. 3 The daily administration of 5 mg chlorpropamide combined with chlorothiazide in the drinking water (4 mg/1) to Pitressin-treated DI rats potentiated the response to small doses of vasopressin (25 and 50 mu Pitressin/24 hours). Water intake was reduced by the drug combination by an average of 12.35 ml/24 h, but only on the second day of treatment was the decrease of any real magnitude (30 ml/24 h but otherwise 9 ml/24 h or less). Analysis of urine volume measurements gave similar results to those obtained for water intake and the potency ratio measured in terms of free water clearance was 1.26 (agreeing closely with the ratio for water intake which was 1.24). 4 A reduction in the solute excretion was observed only in those DI rats treated with the higher dose of Pitressin (50 mu/24 h) combined with the two drugs. 5 Possible reasons for the discrepancy between the effect of the combination of chlorpropamide and chlorathiazide on water metabolism in the DI rat and the DI patient are discussed.", "PMID": 836992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2447", "title": "A comparison of the effects of sodium thiocyanate and dantrolene sodium on a mammalian isolated skeletal muscle.", "content": "1 A combination of electrical and pharmacological stimulation has been used to compare the effects of sodium thiocyanate and dantrolene sodium on the excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) mechanism of the mouse soleus muscle. 2 Thiocyanate prolonged the 'active state' after electrical stimulation and increased the response to 8 mM caffeine and 80 mM KCl. Dantrolene had an opposite effect to thiocyanate on all the indices studied. 3 It is concluded that the mechanism of action of dantrolene is by inhibition of the release of the calcium ions involved in the ECC mechanism, probably at the level of the transverse tubules.", "contents": "A comparison of the effects of sodium thiocyanate and dantrolene sodium on a mammalian isolated skeletal muscle. 1 A combination of electrical and pharmacological stimulation has been used to compare the effects of sodium thiocyanate and dantrolene sodium on the excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) mechanism of the mouse soleus muscle. 2 Thiocyanate prolonged the 'active state' after electrical stimulation and increased the response to 8 mM caffeine and 80 mM KCl. Dantrolene had an opposite effect to thiocyanate on all the indices studied. 3 It is concluded that the mechanism of action of dantrolene is by inhibition of the release of the calcium ions involved in the ECC mechanism, probably at the level of the transverse tubules.", "PMID": 836993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2448", "title": "Interaction of cocaine with chlordiazepoxide assessed by motor activity in mice.", "content": "1 Effects of a range of doses of cocaine and chlordiazepoxide given separately and as mixtures were determined on the spontaneous locomotor activity of mice. 2 Cocaine increased locomotor activity (walking) during 3 or 5 min trials in a dose-related manner. 3 Chlordiazepoxide had little effect on the total amount of locomotor activity except for depression at very high doses. A lower dose of chlordiazepoxide increased activity at the beginning of the trials only. 4 Mixtures containing certain doses of cocaine and chlordiazepoxide increased locomotor activity ot a much greater extent than cocaine alone. This high level of activity was manifested throughout 5 min trials. 5 This action of cocaine is similar to that of amphetamine.", "contents": "Interaction of cocaine with chlordiazepoxide assessed by motor activity in mice. 1 Effects of a range of doses of cocaine and chlordiazepoxide given separately and as mixtures were determined on the spontaneous locomotor activity of mice. 2 Cocaine increased locomotor activity (walking) during 3 or 5 min trials in a dose-related manner. 3 Chlordiazepoxide had little effect on the total amount of locomotor activity except for depression at very high doses. A lower dose of chlordiazepoxide increased activity at the beginning of the trials only. 4 Mixtures containing certain doses of cocaine and chlordiazepoxide increased locomotor activity ot a much greater extent than cocaine alone. This high level of activity was manifested throughout 5 min trials. 5 This action of cocaine is similar to that of amphetamine.", "PMID": 836994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2449", "title": "The effects of glucagon, secretin, pancreozymin and pentagastrin on the hepatic arterial vascular bed of the dog.", "content": "1 The sympathetically-innervated arterial vascular bed of the dog's liver was perfused from a femoral artery. Arterial blood flow and perfusion pressure were monitored continuously and the hepatic arterial vascular resistance (HAVR) calculated from these measurements. 2 Commercial preparations of secretin, pancroezymin, glucagon and pentagastrin were administered by intra-arterial (i.a.) injection and infusion. 3 Secretin and pancreozymin by injection caused dose-dependent hepatic arterial vasodilatation, and on a molar basis were both more potent than glucagon or pentagastrin. 4 Intra-arterial infusions of secretin and pancreozymin caused hepatic arterial vasodilatation at calculated blood concentrations close to those measured under physiological conditions by other investigators. The vasodilatation was of the same duration as that of the hormone infusions. 5 Pentagastrin by i.a. injection caused dose-dependent hepatic arterial vasodilatation; by i.a. infusion, vasodilatation occurred but there was marked 'escape' from the effects during the continued infusion. 6 As reported previously, glucagon by injection caused dose-dependent hepatic arterial vasodilatation of long duration; by infusion, glucagon caused vasodilatation that persisted after the cessation of the infusion. 7 Glucagon infused i.a. inhibited the vasoconstricter effects of i.a. noradrenaline, over the same range of infusions that caused hepatic arterial vasodilatation. 8 Secretin or pancreozymin did not antagonize the effects of noradrenaline on the hepatic arterial vascular bed at any doses used. 9 Pentagastrin did not antagonize the vasoconstrictor effect of noradrenaline whether hepatic arterial vasodilatation resulted from the pentagastrin infusion, or not. 10 These results are discussed with respect to the possible control of the hepatic arterial vascular bed by gastrointestinal hormones.", "contents": "The effects of glucagon, secretin, pancreozymin and pentagastrin on the hepatic arterial vascular bed of the dog. 1 The sympathetically-innervated arterial vascular bed of the dog's liver was perfused from a femoral artery. Arterial blood flow and perfusion pressure were monitored continuously and the hepatic arterial vascular resistance (HAVR) calculated from these measurements. 2 Commercial preparations of secretin, pancroezymin, glucagon and pentagastrin were administered by intra-arterial (i.a.) injection and infusion. 3 Secretin and pancreozymin by injection caused dose-dependent hepatic arterial vasodilatation, and on a molar basis were both more potent than glucagon or pentagastrin. 4 Intra-arterial infusions of secretin and pancreozymin caused hepatic arterial vasodilatation at calculated blood concentrations close to those measured under physiological conditions by other investigators. The vasodilatation was of the same duration as that of the hormone infusions. 5 Pentagastrin by i.a. injection caused dose-dependent hepatic arterial vasodilatation; by i.a. infusion, vasodilatation occurred but there was marked 'escape' from the effects during the continued infusion. 6 As reported previously, glucagon by injection caused dose-dependent hepatic arterial vasodilatation of long duration; by infusion, glucagon caused vasodilatation that persisted after the cessation of the infusion. 7 Glucagon infused i.a. inhibited the vasoconstricter effects of i.a. noradrenaline, over the same range of infusions that caused hepatic arterial vasodilatation. 8 Secretin or pancreozymin did not antagonize the effects of noradrenaline on the hepatic arterial vascular bed at any doses used. 9 Pentagastrin did not antagonize the vasoconstrictor effect of noradrenaline whether hepatic arterial vasodilatation resulted from the pentagastrin infusion, or not. 10 These results are discussed with respect to the possible control of the hepatic arterial vascular bed by gastrointestinal hormones.", "PMID": 836995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2450", "title": "Effect of anti-thyroid agents, methimazole and propylthiouracil, on brain noradrenaline content.", "content": "1 Methimazole (1-methyl-2-mercaptoimidazole, MMI) and propylthiouracil (6-propyl-2-thiouracil, PTU) which are used in the therapy of hyperthyroidism were found to reduce brain noradrenaline (NA) content. Endogenous NA levels in rat brain were reduced from 1 to 6 h after intraperitoneal injection of MMI by doses in excess of 25 mg/kg and by PTU at a dose of 50 mg/kg. However, endogenous NA in the rat heart was only slightly reduced after 50 mg/kg of MMI, and was not affected by PTU (50 mg/kg). 2 Both MMI and PTU effectively inhibited the in vivo conversion of [3H]-dopamine into [3H]-noradrenaline ([3H]-NA) in the brain of rats after a single intraperitoneal injection of doses above 10 mg/kg (MMI) and 25 mg/kg (PTU). This inhibition by MMI and PTU was dose-dependent over the range of 10 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg, was highest after 2-3 h and continued for at least 6 h after their injection; The conversion rates returned to normal after 24 hours. 3 The results suggest that the reduction of brain NA by these drugs is, at least in part, due to the inhibition of brain dopamine beta-hydroxylase.", "contents": "Effect of anti-thyroid agents, methimazole and propylthiouracil, on brain noradrenaline content. 1 Methimazole (1-methyl-2-mercaptoimidazole, MMI) and propylthiouracil (6-propyl-2-thiouracil, PTU) which are used in the therapy of hyperthyroidism were found to reduce brain noradrenaline (NA) content. Endogenous NA levels in rat brain were reduced from 1 to 6 h after intraperitoneal injection of MMI by doses in excess of 25 mg/kg and by PTU at a dose of 50 mg/kg. However, endogenous NA in the rat heart was only slightly reduced after 50 mg/kg of MMI, and was not affected by PTU (50 mg/kg). 2 Both MMI and PTU effectively inhibited the in vivo conversion of [3H]-dopamine into [3H]-noradrenaline ([3H]-NA) in the brain of rats after a single intraperitoneal injection of doses above 10 mg/kg (MMI) and 25 mg/kg (PTU). This inhibition by MMI and PTU was dose-dependent over the range of 10 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg, was highest after 2-3 h and continued for at least 6 h after their injection; The conversion rates returned to normal after 24 hours. 3 The results suggest that the reduction of brain NA by these drugs is, at least in part, due to the inhibition of brain dopamine beta-hydroxylase.", "PMID": 836996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2451", "title": "Thyroid hormone-dependent interconversion of myocardial alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors in the rat.", "content": "1 The effects of thyroid state on the properties of adrenoceptors mediating inotropic and chronotropic responses of the rat heart were assessed on the basis of the relative potencies of alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor agonists, the effects of alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor antagonists and the tissue uptake of [3H]-phenoxybenzamine ([3H]-PB). 2 In isolated, electrically driven left atria the ratio of the inotropic potencies of isoprenaline and phenylephrine and the inhibitory potency of propranolol (40nM-4 muM) were significantly reduced after thyroidectomy and were moderately increased after thyroxine treatment of control rats. 3 Block of inotropic responses to noradrenaline and to phenylephrine by PB (7.3 nM-7.3 muM) and the tissue uptake of [3H]-PB were significantly greater in preparations from thyroidectomized than in those from control or from thyroxine treated rats. alpha-Adrenoceptor inhibition by phentolamine (0.26-2.6 muM) also increased after thyroidectomy, and phentolamine effectively protected alpha-adrenoceptors from block by and binding of [3H]-PB. 4 The beta1-receptor antagonist H 93/26 (0.1 muM) significantly potentiated alpha-adrenoceptor blockade by PB in hypothyroid but not in control preparations. 5 In spontaneously beating right atria the chronotropic potency of agonists and the effects of antagonists were altered in the same way as were inotropic responses and the slope of the agonist concentration-response curves were significantly reduced after thyroidectomy. Effects of agonists and antagonists were not significantly influenced by thyroxine treatment. 6 Changes in the effects and tissue uptake of sympathomimetic drugs observed after thyroidectomy were reversed to or beyond control levels by thyroid hormone treatment of thyroidectomized animals. 7 The results presented are interpreted as indicating a thyroid hormone-dependent interconversion of myocardial alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors. It is suggested that this interconversion is similar to that observed earlier in frog hearts at different temperatures, and that both effects may reflect an allosteric transition between two forms of a single basic structure.", "contents": "Thyroid hormone-dependent interconversion of myocardial alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors in the rat. 1 The effects of thyroid state on the properties of adrenoceptors mediating inotropic and chronotropic responses of the rat heart were assessed on the basis of the relative potencies of alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor agonists, the effects of alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor antagonists and the tissue uptake of [3H]-phenoxybenzamine ([3H]-PB). 2 In isolated, electrically driven left atria the ratio of the inotropic potencies of isoprenaline and phenylephrine and the inhibitory potency of propranolol (40nM-4 muM) were significantly reduced after thyroidectomy and were moderately increased after thyroxine treatment of control rats. 3 Block of inotropic responses to noradrenaline and to phenylephrine by PB (7.3 nM-7.3 muM) and the tissue uptake of [3H]-PB were significantly greater in preparations from thyroidectomized than in those from control or from thyroxine treated rats. alpha-Adrenoceptor inhibition by phentolamine (0.26-2.6 muM) also increased after thyroidectomy, and phentolamine effectively protected alpha-adrenoceptors from block by and binding of [3H]-PB. 4 The beta1-receptor antagonist H 93/26 (0.1 muM) significantly potentiated alpha-adrenoceptor blockade by PB in hypothyroid but not in control preparations. 5 In spontaneously beating right atria the chronotropic potency of agonists and the effects of antagonists were altered in the same way as were inotropic responses and the slope of the agonist concentration-response curves were significantly reduced after thyroidectomy. Effects of agonists and antagonists were not significantly influenced by thyroxine treatment. 6 Changes in the effects and tissue uptake of sympathomimetic drugs observed after thyroidectomy were reversed to or beyond control levels by thyroid hormone treatment of thyroidectomized animals. 7 The results presented are interpreted as indicating a thyroid hormone-dependent interconversion of myocardial alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors. It is suggested that this interconversion is similar to that observed earlier in frog hearts at different temperatures, and that both effects may reflect an allosteric transition between two forms of a single basic structure.", "PMID": 836997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2452", "title": "Production of prostaglandins by the pseudopregnant rat uterus, in vitro, and the effect of tamoxifen with the identification of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha as a major product.", "content": "1 Prostaglandin production by rat uterus homogenates has been studied, in vitro, on days 2 to 13 of pseudopregnancy. 2 The highest production of prostaglandins occurred on day 5. 3 The amounts of prostaglandins F and D formed were higher than the amounts of prostaglandin E on every day studied. 4 The ratios of prostglandins F and D to prostaglandin E produced steadily decreased up to day 6. It then increased with the highest values occurring between days 10 and 13, 5 Progesterone levels in peripheral plasma increased rapidly from days 2 to 5, remained high up to day 9, then steadily decreased between days 10 and 13. 6 The anti-oestrogenic drug, tamoxifen administered on day 2, significantly inhibited the increase of prostaglandin production which occurred on day 5. Prostaglandin E production was inhibited more than the production of prostaglandins F and D. 7 Analysis of the uterine extracts by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry showed prostaglandin F2alpha, F1alpha (in trace amounts), E2 and D2 to be present. 8 The major product detected was 6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha. Its identification forms an addendum to the paper. 9 Also present as a major product was 6(9)-oxy-11,15-dihydroxyprosta-7,13-dienoic acid.", "contents": "Production of prostaglandins by the pseudopregnant rat uterus, in vitro, and the effect of tamoxifen with the identification of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha as a major product. 1 Prostaglandin production by rat uterus homogenates has been studied, in vitro, on days 2 to 13 of pseudopregnancy. 2 The highest production of prostaglandins occurred on day 5. 3 The amounts of prostaglandins F and D formed were higher than the amounts of prostaglandin E on every day studied. 4 The ratios of prostglandins F and D to prostaglandin E produced steadily decreased up to day 6. It then increased with the highest values occurring between days 10 and 13, 5 Progesterone levels in peripheral plasma increased rapidly from days 2 to 5, remained high up to day 9, then steadily decreased between days 10 and 13. 6 The anti-oestrogenic drug, tamoxifen administered on day 2, significantly inhibited the increase of prostaglandin production which occurred on day 5. Prostaglandin E production was inhibited more than the production of prostaglandins F and D. 7 Analysis of the uterine extracts by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry showed prostaglandin F2alpha, F1alpha (in trace amounts), E2 and D2 to be present. 8 The major product detected was 6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha. Its identification forms an addendum to the paper. 9 Also present as a major product was 6(9)-oxy-11,15-dihydroxyprosta-7,13-dienoic acid.", "PMID": 836998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2453", "title": "Anaphylactic contraction of pulmonary blood vessels of chicken.", "content": "1 Isolated pulmonary arterial and vein strips from sensitized or non-sensitized chickens exhibited dose-dependent contractions to adrenaline greater than, noradrenaline greater than, 5-hydroxytryptamine greater than, histamine greater than, dopamine. Individual variability in the responsiveness of the vessels to agonists was marked. In general veins were 2 to 25 times more sensitive to agonists than arterial strips. 2 Isoprenaline (a relatively specific beta-adrenoceptor agonist) induced relaxation of the submaximally contracted pulmonary vein and arteries at low doses and contractions at high concentrations. 3 Contractile responses to acetylcholine or carbachol were not regularly recorded; only 50% of the vessels reacted to cholinoceptor agonists over a wide threshold dose range. 4 Chicken pulmonary vessels were found relatively insensitive to bradykinin. 5 Effects of prostaglandins were variable. Prostaglandin F2alpha induced dose-related contractions of the vein and arterial strips; prostglandins E1 and E2 at low doses partially contracted pulmonary artery irrespective of the spasmogen used and further increase in doses induced either no effect or contractions. Prostaglandin E1 induced marked and rapid contractions of the vein. Prostaglandin E2 induced relaxations of the prostaglandin F2alpha-contracted vein only, but produced no effect or slight contractions of the veins partially contracted to other spasmogens. 6 Pulmonary arterial and vein strips obtained from chickens sensitized to horse plasma exhibited Schultz-Dale contractions of variable magnitude and duration to specific antigenic challenge only. In many vessels, antigen-induced contractions were associated with marked increase in spontaneous activity. 7 The importance of the Schultz-Dale reaction in avian pulmonary vessels is discussed in relation to the right heart dilatation associated with anaphylaxis in the chicken.", "contents": "Anaphylactic contraction of pulmonary blood vessels of chicken. 1 Isolated pulmonary arterial and vein strips from sensitized or non-sensitized chickens exhibited dose-dependent contractions to adrenaline greater than, noradrenaline greater than, 5-hydroxytryptamine greater than, histamine greater than, dopamine. Individual variability in the responsiveness of the vessels to agonists was marked. In general veins were 2 to 25 times more sensitive to agonists than arterial strips. 2 Isoprenaline (a relatively specific beta-adrenoceptor agonist) induced relaxation of the submaximally contracted pulmonary vein and arteries at low doses and contractions at high concentrations. 3 Contractile responses to acetylcholine or carbachol were not regularly recorded; only 50% of the vessels reacted to cholinoceptor agonists over a wide threshold dose range. 4 Chicken pulmonary vessels were found relatively insensitive to bradykinin. 5 Effects of prostaglandins were variable. Prostaglandin F2alpha induced dose-related contractions of the vein and arterial strips; prostglandins E1 and E2 at low doses partially contracted pulmonary artery irrespective of the spasmogen used and further increase in doses induced either no effect or contractions. Prostaglandin E1 induced marked and rapid contractions of the vein. Prostaglandin E2 induced relaxations of the prostaglandin F2alpha-contracted vein only, but produced no effect or slight contractions of the veins partially contracted to other spasmogens. 6 Pulmonary arterial and vein strips obtained from chickens sensitized to horse plasma exhibited Schultz-Dale contractions of variable magnitude and duration to specific antigenic challenge only. In many vessels, antigen-induced contractions were associated with marked increase in spontaneous activity. 7 The importance of the Schultz-Dale reaction in avian pulmonary vessels is discussed in relation to the right heart dilatation associated with anaphylaxis in the chicken.", "PMID": 836999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2454", "title": "The effects of reserpine and 6-hydroxydopamine on the concentrations of some arylakylamines in rat brain.", "content": "1 The concentrations of p- and m-tyramine were measured in the caudate nucleus of the rat brain following subcutaneous injection of reserpine or intraventricular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, beta-Phenylethylamine was analysed in the hypothalamus after reserpine. 2 Endogenous levels of p-tyramine and m-tyramine in the caudate nucleus, and beta-phenylethylamine in the hypothalamus were 8.02, 2.25 and 2.52 ng/g respectively. 3 Tyramine concentrations were reduced to less than 20% of control values one day after a reserpine injection of 1 or 10 mg/kg. A single dose of reserpine (0.4 mg/kg) significantly decreased the content of both tyramines in the caudate nucleus. The effects became apparent as early as 45 min after drug case of m-tyramine. 4 The hypothalamic content of beta-phenylethylamine was unaffected by reserpine. 5 Ten days after an intraventricular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (250 mug), p- and m-tyramine concentrations in the caudate nucleus were significantly below control levels. 6 The results suggest that p- and m-tyramine may be stored by an intraneuronal reserpine-sensitive storage mechanism. Alternatively, the tyramines may replace some of the catecholamines from their storage granules and then be released as false transmitters by the nervous impulse. The observed changes in tyramine levels might also the fact that these amines may be metabolically related to another amine which is stored in reserpine-sensitive granules.", "contents": "The effects of reserpine and 6-hydroxydopamine on the concentrations of some arylakylamines in rat brain. 1 The concentrations of p- and m-tyramine were measured in the caudate nucleus of the rat brain following subcutaneous injection of reserpine or intraventricular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, beta-Phenylethylamine was analysed in the hypothalamus after reserpine. 2 Endogenous levels of p-tyramine and m-tyramine in the caudate nucleus, and beta-phenylethylamine in the hypothalamus were 8.02, 2.25 and 2.52 ng/g respectively. 3 Tyramine concentrations were reduced to less than 20% of control values one day after a reserpine injection of 1 or 10 mg/kg. A single dose of reserpine (0.4 mg/kg) significantly decreased the content of both tyramines in the caudate nucleus. The effects became apparent as early as 45 min after drug case of m-tyramine. 4 The hypothalamic content of beta-phenylethylamine was unaffected by reserpine. 5 Ten days after an intraventricular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (250 mug), p- and m-tyramine concentrations in the caudate nucleus were significantly below control levels. 6 The results suggest that p- and m-tyramine may be stored by an intraneuronal reserpine-sensitive storage mechanism. Alternatively, the tyramines may replace some of the catecholamines from their storage granules and then be released as false transmitters by the nervous impulse. The observed changes in tyramine levels might also the fact that these amines may be metabolically related to another amine which is stored in reserpine-sensitive granules.", "PMID": 837000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2455", "title": "Can barium support the release of acetylcholine by nerve impulses?", "content": "Conventional electrophysiological techniques were used to study the effects of Ba on the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from frog motor nerve terminals. Equimolar substitution of Ba for Ca eliminated end-plate potentials (e.p.ps) without a corresponding decline in the amplitude of the nerve terminal action potential. Miniature end-plate potentials (m.e.p.ps) were readily detectable in Ba solutions despite a depolarized muscle membrane. Studies on the e.p.p. in curarized preparations bathed with different concentrations of Ca and Ba suggest that Ba may compete with Ca in the process by which depolarization of the nerve terminal leads to the release of ACh. Repetitive nerve stimulation at 1 Hz in Ba solutions caused 5-20 fold increases in m.e.p.p. frequencies (7 experiments). Stimulation of Ba-bathed preparations at 10 Hz elevated m.e.p.p. frequencies to very high levels that could not be measured accurately (''100/s). It is suggested that the asynchronous discharge of m.e.p.ps produced by repetitive nerve stimulation is the electrophysiological correlate of the evoked ACh outflow in Ba solutions detected previously by bioassay of ther perfusion fluid.", "contents": "Can barium support the release of acetylcholine by nerve impulses? Conventional electrophysiological techniques were used to study the effects of Ba on the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from frog motor nerve terminals. Equimolar substitution of Ba for Ca eliminated end-plate potentials (e.p.ps) without a corresponding decline in the amplitude of the nerve terminal action potential. Miniature end-plate potentials (m.e.p.ps) were readily detectable in Ba solutions despite a depolarized muscle membrane. Studies on the e.p.p. in curarized preparations bathed with different concentrations of Ca and Ba suggest that Ba may compete with Ca in the process by which depolarization of the nerve terminal leads to the release of ACh. Repetitive nerve stimulation at 1 Hz in Ba solutions caused 5-20 fold increases in m.e.p.p. frequencies (7 experiments). Stimulation of Ba-bathed preparations at 10 Hz elevated m.e.p.p. frequencies to very high levels that could not be measured accurately (''100/s). It is suggested that the asynchronous discharge of m.e.p.ps produced by repetitive nerve stimulation is the electrophysiological correlate of the evoked ACh outflow in Ba solutions detected previously by bioassay of ther perfusion fluid.", "PMID": 837001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2456", "title": "Stereospecificity of 2,4-diaminobutyric acid with respect to inhibition of 4-aminobutyric acid uptake and binding.", "content": "S(+)-2,4-Diaminobutyric acid is at least 20 times more potent than the R(-) stereoisomer as an inhibitor of the sodium-dependent uptake of 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in rat brain slices. Both isomers, however, are equipotent as inhibitors of sodium-independent binding of GABA to membranes from rat brain. The latter finding may be relevant to the reported neurotoxicity in rats of both isomers of 2,4-diaminobutyric acid after intracisternal injection.", "contents": "Stereospecificity of 2,4-diaminobutyric acid with respect to inhibition of 4-aminobutyric acid uptake and binding. S(+)-2,4-Diaminobutyric acid is at least 20 times more potent than the R(-) stereoisomer as an inhibitor of the sodium-dependent uptake of 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in rat brain slices. Both isomers, however, are equipotent as inhibitors of sodium-independent binding of GABA to membranes from rat brain. The latter finding may be relevant to the reported neurotoxicity in rats of both isomers of 2,4-diaminobutyric acid after intracisternal injection.", "PMID": 837002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2457", "title": "Dopamine and the depressant action of morphine on stimulated guinea-pig ileum.", "content": "1 Morphine reduces the amplitude of the contractions induced by electrical stimulation, in the myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle preparation of guinea-pig ileum. Dopamine and apomorphine have the same effect but at much higher concentrations. 2 Dopamine, at concentrations lower than those which would normally be inhibitory, partially reverses the depressant effect of morphine. 3 Pre-treatment of guinea-pigs with 6-hydroxydopamine results in a slight supersensitivity of innervated longitudinal muscle preparations to dopamine and has no effect on morphine activity. 4 Naloxone antagonizes the depressant effect of morphine but not that of dopamine or apomorphine. 5 The response of theileum preparation to morphine is not affected by phentolamine or propranolol; the effect of dopamine, however, is abolished by alpha-adrenoceptor blockade.", "contents": "Dopamine and the depressant action of morphine on stimulated guinea-pig ileum. 1 Morphine reduces the amplitude of the contractions induced by electrical stimulation, in the myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle preparation of guinea-pig ileum. Dopamine and apomorphine have the same effect but at much higher concentrations. 2 Dopamine, at concentrations lower than those which would normally be inhibitory, partially reverses the depressant effect of morphine. 3 Pre-treatment of guinea-pigs with 6-hydroxydopamine results in a slight supersensitivity of innervated longitudinal muscle preparations to dopamine and has no effect on morphine activity. 4 Naloxone antagonizes the depressant effect of morphine but not that of dopamine or apomorphine. 5 The response of theileum preparation to morphine is not affected by phentolamine or propranolol; the effect of dopamine, however, is abolished by alpha-adrenoceptor blockade.", "PMID": 837003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2458", "title": "The effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on adenosine triphosphate content and histamine release from rat peritoneal cell suspensions rich in mast cells.", "content": "1 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) suppressed compound 48/80-induced histamine release from rat peritoneal cells in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. 2 NSAID suppressed the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content of rat peritoneal cells in vitro and this correlated strongly with the suppression of compound 48/80-induced histamine release. 3 The correlation demonstrated suggests that the mechanism of action of NSAID in the rat peritoneal cells is via depletion of cellular ATP.", "contents": "The effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on adenosine triphosphate content and histamine release from rat peritoneal cell suspensions rich in mast cells. 1 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) suppressed compound 48/80-induced histamine release from rat peritoneal cells in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. 2 NSAID suppressed the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content of rat peritoneal cells in vitro and this correlated strongly with the suppression of compound 48/80-induced histamine release. 3 The correlation demonstrated suggests that the mechanism of action of NSAID in the rat peritoneal cells is via depletion of cellular ATP.", "PMID": 837004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2459", "title": "Effects of adrenoceptor blockade on plasma catecholamine levels during adrenaline infusion.", "content": "1. The present experiments investigate the effects of phenoxybenzamine and propranolol, singly and in combination, on plasma catecholamine levels in sheep receiving a three-hour adrenaline infusion. 2. Five groups of five anaesthetized sheep were studied for a period of 3 h each. One group acted as a control and received only a saline (0.9% w/v NaCl solution) infusion. A second group received a constant infusion of adrenaline (2 mug kg body weight-1 min-1). A third group received a similar adrenaline infusion, having been premedicated with phenoxybenzamine (1 mg/kg body weight). A fourth group recieved a similar adrenaline infusion following premedication with (+/-)-propranolol hydrochloride (7 mug/kg body weight). The fifth group received the adrenaline infusion following premedication with both the alpha- and beta-blocker in the above doses. 3. Plasma catecholamines were measured on blood samples taken at seven intervals before during and following the infusion. 4. Control animals receiving only a saline infusion remained physiologically and biochemically stable throughout the experimental period. 5. Adrenaline infusion in animals not receiving adrenoceptor blocking drugs caused a rise in plasma adrenaline levels from a low basal value of 1 mug/litre to a maximum level of 19.8 mug/litre. Animals premedicated with phenoxybenzamine exhibited a similar response. 6. Animals premedicated with propranolol before the infusion of adrenaline did not demonstrate as marked a rise of plasma adrenaline levels as the two previous groups. The maximum mean plasma adrenaline level recorded in this group was 6.88 mug/litre. 7. Animals premedicated with phenoxybenzamine and propranolol before the infusion of adrenaline showed only a small rise in plasma adrenaline levels compared with animals receiving adrenaline infusion alone. The maximum mean plasma adrenaline level in the group was only 3.43 mug/litre. 8. The studies demonstrate that by an unknown mechanism beta-adrenoceptor blockade with (+/-)-propranolol, either alone or in combination with phenoxybenzamine, lowers the plasma adrenaline response evoked by adrenaline infusion.", "contents": "Effects of adrenoceptor blockade on plasma catecholamine levels during adrenaline infusion. 1. The present experiments investigate the effects of phenoxybenzamine and propranolol, singly and in combination, on plasma catecholamine levels in sheep receiving a three-hour adrenaline infusion. 2. Five groups of five anaesthetized sheep were studied for a period of 3 h each. One group acted as a control and received only a saline (0.9% w/v NaCl solution) infusion. A second group received a constant infusion of adrenaline (2 mug kg body weight-1 min-1). A third group received a similar adrenaline infusion, having been premedicated with phenoxybenzamine (1 mg/kg body weight). A fourth group recieved a similar adrenaline infusion following premedication with (+/-)-propranolol hydrochloride (7 mug/kg body weight). The fifth group received the adrenaline infusion following premedication with both the alpha- and beta-blocker in the above doses. 3. Plasma catecholamines were measured on blood samples taken at seven intervals before during and following the infusion. 4. Control animals receiving only a saline infusion remained physiologically and biochemically stable throughout the experimental period. 5. Adrenaline infusion in animals not receiving adrenoceptor blocking drugs caused a rise in plasma adrenaline levels from a low basal value of 1 mug/litre to a maximum level of 19.8 mug/litre. Animals premedicated with phenoxybenzamine exhibited a similar response. 6. Animals premedicated with propranolol before the infusion of adrenaline did not demonstrate as marked a rise of plasma adrenaline levels as the two previous groups. The maximum mean plasma adrenaline level recorded in this group was 6.88 mug/litre. 7. Animals premedicated with phenoxybenzamine and propranolol before the infusion of adrenaline showed only a small rise in plasma adrenaline levels compared with animals receiving adrenaline infusion alone. The maximum mean plasma adrenaline level in the group was only 3.43 mug/litre. 8. The studies demonstrate that by an unknown mechanism beta-adrenoceptor blockade with (+/-)-propranolol, either alone or in combination with phenoxybenzamine, lowers the plasma adrenaline response evoked by adrenaline infusion.", "PMID": 837005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2460", "title": "Atropine resistance and muscarinic receptors in the rat urinary bladder.", "content": "The action of an anticholinesterase and an antimuscarinic drug upon nerve-induced contractions of the rat urinary bladder were examined during transmural stimulation at 20 Hz. Responses were graded in magnitude by limiting the duration of the stimulus trains. 2 Responses of low magnitude produced by short stimulus trains were unchanged by atropine; however, maximal responses resulting from long stimulus trains were diminished in magnitude and shortened in duration. 3 Responses of small magnitude elicited by short stimulus trains involve muscarinic receptors in close proximity to the neuroeffector junction and are resistant to atropine. 4 Maximal responses elicited by long stimulus trains involve 'junctional' muscarinic receptors as well as receptors located at the periphery of the junction; the 'extrajunctional' receptors are blocked by atropine. 5 Responses of low magnitude produced by short stimulus trains were unaffected by echothiophate; however, the duration of maximal responses resulting from the long stimulus trains was extended. 6 The inhibition of cholinesterase did not increase the occupation of muscarinic receptors by the transmitter; however, after large quantities of transmitter were released by the long stimulus trains the association between the receptors and acetylcholine was prolonged.", "contents": "Atropine resistance and muscarinic receptors in the rat urinary bladder. The action of an anticholinesterase and an antimuscarinic drug upon nerve-induced contractions of the rat urinary bladder were examined during transmural stimulation at 20 Hz. Responses were graded in magnitude by limiting the duration of the stimulus trains. 2 Responses of low magnitude produced by short stimulus trains were unchanged by atropine; however, maximal responses resulting from long stimulus trains were diminished in magnitude and shortened in duration. 3 Responses of small magnitude elicited by short stimulus trains involve muscarinic receptors in close proximity to the neuroeffector junction and are resistant to atropine. 4 Maximal responses elicited by long stimulus trains involve 'junctional' muscarinic receptors as well as receptors located at the periphery of the junction; the 'extrajunctional' receptors are blocked by atropine. 5 Responses of low magnitude produced by short stimulus trains were unaffected by echothiophate; however, the duration of maximal responses resulting from the long stimulus trains was extended. 6 The inhibition of cholinesterase did not increase the occupation of muscarinic receptors by the transmitter; however, after large quantities of transmitter were released by the long stimulus trains the association between the receptors and acetylcholine was prolonged.", "PMID": 837006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2461", "title": "Selective reserpine-induced supersensitivity of the positive inotropic and chronotropic responses to isoprenaline and salbutamol in guinea-pig isolated atria.", "content": "1 Dose-response curves for the positive inotropic and chronotropic responses to isoprenaline were obtained in atria from untreated guinea-pigs and those receiving various reserpine pretreatments. 2 Tension responses were unaffected, whereas rate responses were depressed by the lowest dose of reserpine (0.05 mg/kg i.p. at 24 hours). 3 With larger 24 h doses and a 3 day pretreatment, the rate and tension dose-response curves were progressively displaced to the left, indicating supersensitivity which was greater for tension at each pretreatment. 4 No supersensitivity to histamine or Ca2+ could be detected, leading to the conclusion that it was selective for the beta-adrenoceptor agonists possibly at the receptor level. 5 As an indication of the adrenergic neurone depleting effectiveness of each reserpine dosage, preparations were exposed to test doses of beta-phenylethylamine. 6 Salbutamol was a partial agonist in untreated atria, the maximum rate (63.3%) and tension (10.0%) responses being less than those for isoprenaline. In atria from reserpine pretreated animals the supersensitivity was revealed as an increase of this maximum compared with isoprenaline. 7 The significance of this observation in relation to the possible mechanism of the supersensitivity is discussed.", "contents": "Selective reserpine-induced supersensitivity of the positive inotropic and chronotropic responses to isoprenaline and salbutamol in guinea-pig isolated atria. 1 Dose-response curves for the positive inotropic and chronotropic responses to isoprenaline were obtained in atria from untreated guinea-pigs and those receiving various reserpine pretreatments. 2 Tension responses were unaffected, whereas rate responses were depressed by the lowest dose of reserpine (0.05 mg/kg i.p. at 24 hours). 3 With larger 24 h doses and a 3 day pretreatment, the rate and tension dose-response curves were progressively displaced to the left, indicating supersensitivity which was greater for tension at each pretreatment. 4 No supersensitivity to histamine or Ca2+ could be detected, leading to the conclusion that it was selective for the beta-adrenoceptor agonists possibly at the receptor level. 5 As an indication of the adrenergic neurone depleting effectiveness of each reserpine dosage, preparations were exposed to test doses of beta-phenylethylamine. 6 Salbutamol was a partial agonist in untreated atria, the maximum rate (63.3%) and tension (10.0%) responses being less than those for isoprenaline. In atria from reserpine pretreated animals the supersensitivity was revealed as an increase of this maximum compared with isoprenaline. 7 The significance of this observation in relation to the possible mechanism of the supersensitivity is discussed.", "PMID": 837007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2462", "title": "The pharmacological properties of the cholinergic false transmitter, N-2-acetoxyethyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium, and its precursor, N-2-hydroxyethyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium.", "content": "1 The pharmacological properties of N-2-hydroxyethyl-N-methyl pyrrolidinium (pyrrolcholine) and its acetate ester, recently shown to be a false transmitter at the cholinergic electromotor synapses in Torpedo marmorata, also those of the corresponding morpholinium compounds (morpholinecholine, acetylmorpholinecholine) have been studied on the guinea-pig ileum, frog heart, rectus abdominis muscle, rat blood pressure, rat gastrocnemius muscle and dorsal muscle of the leech. 2 Acetylpyrrolcholine and acetylmorpholinecholine are full cholinoceptor agonists with dose-response curves parallel to that of acetylcholine. They are, however, less potent. Acetylpyrrolcholine is relatively more potent as a muscarinic drug (molar potency about 30% of that of acetylcholine in the ileum but only 4% on the leech) whereas acetylmorpholinecholine is more strongly nicotinic. The unacetylated compounds are very weak agonists with potencies comparable to that of choline. 3 Pyrrolcholine in high concentration showed a distinct neuromuscular blocking effect in the rat gastrocnemius muscle preparation. It is likely that this is a direct effect and not due to uptake by the presynaptic nerve terminals followed by conversion to a false transmitter since it was not reduced by hemicholinium-3, which is known to block uptake of choline and choline analogues by the presynaptic high affinity choline uptake system.", "contents": "The pharmacological properties of the cholinergic false transmitter, N-2-acetoxyethyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium, and its precursor, N-2-hydroxyethyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium. 1 The pharmacological properties of N-2-hydroxyethyl-N-methyl pyrrolidinium (pyrrolcholine) and its acetate ester, recently shown to be a false transmitter at the cholinergic electromotor synapses in Torpedo marmorata, also those of the corresponding morpholinium compounds (morpholinecholine, acetylmorpholinecholine) have been studied on the guinea-pig ileum, frog heart, rectus abdominis muscle, rat blood pressure, rat gastrocnemius muscle and dorsal muscle of the leech. 2 Acetylpyrrolcholine and acetylmorpholinecholine are full cholinoceptor agonists with dose-response curves parallel to that of acetylcholine. They are, however, less potent. Acetylpyrrolcholine is relatively more potent as a muscarinic drug (molar potency about 30% of that of acetylcholine in the ileum but only 4% on the leech) whereas acetylmorpholinecholine is more strongly nicotinic. The unacetylated compounds are very weak agonists with potencies comparable to that of choline. 3 Pyrrolcholine in high concentration showed a distinct neuromuscular blocking effect in the rat gastrocnemius muscle preparation. It is likely that this is a direct effect and not due to uptake by the presynaptic nerve terminals followed by conversion to a false transmitter since it was not reduced by hemicholinium-3, which is known to block uptake of choline and choline analogues by the presynaptic high affinity choline uptake system.", "PMID": 837008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2463", "title": "Theophylline and phenylephrine effects on cardiac relaxation.", "content": "In the driven isolated left atrium of the rabbit theophylline shortened relaxation time in a similar manner to isoprenaline and histamine. 2 Phenylephrine lengthened relaxation time in a similar manner to calcium. 3 Theophylline caused phenylephrine to shorten relaxation time, which was inhibited by a beta-adrenoceptor blocking drug, but theophylline did not potentiate the effect of phenylephrine on peak tension. 4 Theophylline separated drug effects on cardiac relaxation and contraction: in the presence of theophylline at a low calcium concentration, phenylephrine shortened relaxation time by beta-adrenoceptor stimulation and increased peak tension by alpha-adrenoceptor stimulation. At a high calcium concentration, theophylline potentiated the effect of isoprenaline, histamine and phenylephrine on relaxation time but inhibited the effect on peak tension.", "contents": "Theophylline and phenylephrine effects on cardiac relaxation. In the driven isolated left atrium of the rabbit theophylline shortened relaxation time in a similar manner to isoprenaline and histamine. 2 Phenylephrine lengthened relaxation time in a similar manner to calcium. 3 Theophylline caused phenylephrine to shorten relaxation time, which was inhibited by a beta-adrenoceptor blocking drug, but theophylline did not potentiate the effect of phenylephrine on peak tension. 4 Theophylline separated drug effects on cardiac relaxation and contraction: in the presence of theophylline at a low calcium concentration, phenylephrine shortened relaxation time by beta-adrenoceptor stimulation and increased peak tension by alpha-adrenoceptor stimulation. At a high calcium concentration, theophylline potentiated the effect of isoprenaline, histamine and phenylephrine on relaxation time but inhibited the effect on peak tension.", "PMID": 837009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2464", "title": "Nicotine stimulates prostaglandin formation in the rabbit heart.", "content": "Rabbit isolated hearts were perfused according to Langendorff with Tyrode solution. Prostaglandin-like substances (PLS) in the effluent were purified and assayed on the rat stomach strip Noradrenaline (NA) in the effluent was assayed fluorimetrically. 2 Infusion of nicotine (1 muM-50 muM) caused a dose-dependent, brief increase, from 1.2+/-0.4 to maximally 8.3+/-2.1 ng/min, in the outflow of PLS from the heart. The increase was abolished by pretreatment of the heart with indomethacin. 3 Activation of nicotinic receptors in the heart with acetylcholine (ACh, 200 muM) in the presence of atropine (1 muM) also elicited an increase in the release of PLS. This release was smaller than that caused by nicotine. 4 Nicotine (50 muM) and ACh (200 muM) in the presence of atropine (1 muM) each caused a pronounced but brief release of NA into the effluent. There was no evident correlation between the ability of the drugs to cause release of PLS on the one hand, and NA on the other. 5 It is concluded that nicotine acts as a direct stimulus for the synthesis of prostaglandins in the rabbit heart.", "contents": "Nicotine stimulates prostaglandin formation in the rabbit heart. Rabbit isolated hearts were perfused according to Langendorff with Tyrode solution. Prostaglandin-like substances (PLS) in the effluent were purified and assayed on the rat stomach strip Noradrenaline (NA) in the effluent was assayed fluorimetrically. 2 Infusion of nicotine (1 muM-50 muM) caused a dose-dependent, brief increase, from 1.2+/-0.4 to maximally 8.3+/-2.1 ng/min, in the outflow of PLS from the heart. The increase was abolished by pretreatment of the heart with indomethacin. 3 Activation of nicotinic receptors in the heart with acetylcholine (ACh, 200 muM) in the presence of atropine (1 muM) also elicited an increase in the release of PLS. This release was smaller than that caused by nicotine. 4 Nicotine (50 muM) and ACh (200 muM) in the presence of atropine (1 muM) each caused a pronounced but brief release of NA into the effluent. There was no evident correlation between the ability of the drugs to cause release of PLS on the one hand, and NA on the other. 5 It is concluded that nicotine acts as a direct stimulus for the synthesis of prostaglandins in the rabbit heart.", "PMID": 837010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2465", "title": "Sleep induced by drugs injected into the inferior horn of the lateral cerebral ventricle in dogs.", "content": "1 In unanaesthetized dogs, cholinomimetic drugs and their antagonists were injected into the inferior horn of the left lateral cerebral ventricle. Injection volumes of 5 mul were used to limit spread of the drugs beyond the inferior horn. The effects on EEG and behaviour were recorded and compared with the effects of the same doses given into the body of the right lateral ventricle a little behind the foramen on Monro. 2 injections of cholinomimetic drugs into the inferior horn (acetylcholine 1-2 mug, physostigmine 1.0 mug, pilocarpine 100 mug and nicotine 10 mug) induced sleep during the following hour. The same doses injected into the body of the lateral ventricle did not produce sleep. 3 Cholinolytic drugs (atropine 10-20 mug, hyoscine 0.4-1.6 mug (+/-)-tubocuraine 10-20 ng and hexamethonium 40 mug) injected into the inferior horn also produced sleep, but the same doses injected into the body of the lateral ventricle were without effect. The EEG recorded after tubocurarine showed high voltage slow waves during sleep and desynchronized activation during rapid eye movement sleep. 4 Noradrenaline (10 mug) injected into the inferior horn produced sleep whereas the same dose given into the body of lateral ventricle did not produce sleep. The results with 5-hydroxytryptamine were equivocal. 5 It is suggested that the site for induction of sleep lies in structures lining the inferior horn of the lateral cerebral ventricle and that the cholinomimetic drugs probably act by a depolarizing block and the acetlycholine antagonists by a competitive block.", "contents": "Sleep induced by drugs injected into the inferior horn of the lateral cerebral ventricle in dogs. 1 In unanaesthetized dogs, cholinomimetic drugs and their antagonists were injected into the inferior horn of the left lateral cerebral ventricle. Injection volumes of 5 mul were used to limit spread of the drugs beyond the inferior horn. The effects on EEG and behaviour were recorded and compared with the effects of the same doses given into the body of the right lateral ventricle a little behind the foramen on Monro. 2 injections of cholinomimetic drugs into the inferior horn (acetylcholine 1-2 mug, physostigmine 1.0 mug, pilocarpine 100 mug and nicotine 10 mug) induced sleep during the following hour. The same doses injected into the body of the lateral ventricle did not produce sleep. 3 Cholinolytic drugs (atropine 10-20 mug, hyoscine 0.4-1.6 mug (+/-)-tubocuraine 10-20 ng and hexamethonium 40 mug) injected into the inferior horn also produced sleep, but the same doses injected into the body of the lateral ventricle were without effect. The EEG recorded after tubocurarine showed high voltage slow waves during sleep and desynchronized activation during rapid eye movement sleep. 4 Noradrenaline (10 mug) injected into the inferior horn produced sleep whereas the same dose given into the body of lateral ventricle did not produce sleep. The results with 5-hydroxytryptamine were equivocal. 5 It is suggested that the site for induction of sleep lies in structures lining the inferior horn of the lateral cerebral ventricle and that the cholinomimetic drugs probably act by a depolarizing block and the acetlycholine antagonists by a competitive block.", "PMID": 837011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2466", "title": "Vascular reactivity of perfused vascular bed in spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats.", "content": "1 Hypertensive and normotensive rats of the same age group were isolated from an inbred colony of spontaneously hypertensive rats. 2 The perfused hindquarter and mesenteric artery preparations obtained from hypertensive and normotensive rats exhibited an increased reactivity to noradrenaline (NA) and angiotensin II. 3 Dose-response curves to NA obtained from hypertensive and normotensive rats exhibited a steeper slope and higher maximum than those from control rats. 4 These findings suggest that increased vascular reactivity of blood vessels is independent of the development or maintenance of elevated blood pressure.", "contents": "Vascular reactivity of perfused vascular bed in spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats. 1 Hypertensive and normotensive rats of the same age group were isolated from an inbred colony of spontaneously hypertensive rats. 2 The perfused hindquarter and mesenteric artery preparations obtained from hypertensive and normotensive rats exhibited an increased reactivity to noradrenaline (NA) and angiotensin II. 3 Dose-response curves to NA obtained from hypertensive and normotensive rats exhibited a steeper slope and higher maximum than those from control rats. 4 These findings suggest that increased vascular reactivity of blood vessels is independent of the development or maintenance of elevated blood pressure.", "PMID": 837012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2467", "title": "The role of bacterial contamination in the isolation of apparent anti-inflammatory factors from rabbit anti-lymphocytic serum.", "content": "1 Rabbit anti-guinea-pig lymphocytic serum was fractionated by gel filtration to obtain partially purified materials possessing anti-inflammatory activity. The pharmacological properties of these materials were then studied. 2 Two fractions were found which reproducibly contained significant activity. One of these activities caused inflammation at the site of injection and was associated with high molecular weight protein (2008000). The other activity was found in low molecular weight fraction but was shown to be due to small amounts of endotoxin from Gram negative bacteria. These organisms contaminated the fractions in spite of the recommended precautions for gel filtration having been taken. 3 The endotoxin-containing fraction completely abolished leucocyte infiltration into the rat foot which had been injected with kaolin. It had no apparent effect on circulating haemolytic complement. It caused maximal elevation of serum 11-hydroxycorticosteroid concentrations and was found to cause the release of pharmacologically active amines. Many of the previously reported naturally occurring anti-inflammatory substances have similar pharmacological properties to those of the endotoxin-containing fraction. 4 It was concluded that doubt will exist about the presence of anti-inflammatory factors in mammalian body fluids unless stringent precautions are taken to exclude measurable bacterial contamination. 5 These experiments also cast doubt on the validity of accepted procedures for excluding microbial growth from columns used in the fractionation of serum.", "contents": "The role of bacterial contamination in the isolation of apparent anti-inflammatory factors from rabbit anti-lymphocytic serum. 1 Rabbit anti-guinea-pig lymphocytic serum was fractionated by gel filtration to obtain partially purified materials possessing anti-inflammatory activity. The pharmacological properties of these materials were then studied. 2 Two fractions were found which reproducibly contained significant activity. One of these activities caused inflammation at the site of injection and was associated with high molecular weight protein (2008000). The other activity was found in low molecular weight fraction but was shown to be due to small amounts of endotoxin from Gram negative bacteria. These organisms contaminated the fractions in spite of the recommended precautions for gel filtration having been taken. 3 The endotoxin-containing fraction completely abolished leucocyte infiltration into the rat foot which had been injected with kaolin. It had no apparent effect on circulating haemolytic complement. It caused maximal elevation of serum 11-hydroxycorticosteroid concentrations and was found to cause the release of pharmacologically active amines. Many of the previously reported naturally occurring anti-inflammatory substances have similar pharmacological properties to those of the endotoxin-containing fraction. 4 It was concluded that doubt will exist about the presence of anti-inflammatory factors in mammalian body fluids unless stringent precautions are taken to exclude measurable bacterial contamination. 5 These experiments also cast doubt on the validity of accepted procedures for excluding microbial growth from columns used in the fractionation of serum.", "PMID": 837013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2468", "title": "Vasoconstrictor response to arachidonic acid in the isolated hind limb of the dog.", "content": "1 Arachidonic acid(AA) (25-200 mug/kg) produced a dose-related increase in perfusion pressure in dog isolated hind limbs perfused with either blood or a platelet-free perfusate. 2 Prostaglandin E2 produced vasodilation while prostaglandin F2 alpha produced no vascular change at these administered doses. 3 Phentolamine did not alter the arachidonic acid response, eliminating possible alpha-adrenoceptor mediation. 4 Aspirin and idomethacin blocked the vasoconstrictor response to AA. 5 This study indicates that a vasoactive intermediate in prostaglandin synthesis can be elaborated in the absence of platelets.", "contents": "Vasoconstrictor response to arachidonic acid in the isolated hind limb of the dog. 1 Arachidonic acid(AA) (25-200 mug/kg) produced a dose-related increase in perfusion pressure in dog isolated hind limbs perfused with either blood or a platelet-free perfusate. 2 Prostaglandin E2 produced vasodilation while prostaglandin F2 alpha produced no vascular change at these administered doses. 3 Phentolamine did not alter the arachidonic acid response, eliminating possible alpha-adrenoceptor mediation. 4 Aspirin and idomethacin blocked the vasoconstrictor response to AA. 5 This study indicates that a vasoactive intermediate in prostaglandin synthesis can be elaborated in the absence of platelets.", "PMID": 837014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2469", "title": "Effects of thyroidectomy and L-thyroxine on adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations in the adrenal glands and plasma of rats during the pro-oestrous phase of the oestrous cycle and pregnancy.", "content": "1 The influence of thyroidectomy upon the adrenaline and noraddrenaline content of adrenal glands and plasma in mature female rats in pro-oestrus and in pregnant rats was studied. 2 Adrenal adrenaline and noradrenaline declined significantly after thyroidectomy in pro-oestrous and pregnant females but the effects were more marked in pregnant females. 3 Plasma adrenaline increased by 160% after thyroidectomy in pro-oestrous females but similar treatment resulted in 85% decrease in plasma adrenaline of pregnant rats. The loss of thyroid increased plasma noradrenaline significaantly in both groups of females. 4 The administration of L-thyroxine of thyroidectomized females increased adrenal noradrenaline stores of both the groups. The effects of L-thyroxine in pro-oestrous females resulted in decreased adrenaline stores of the adrenals but the pregnant group showed an increase. Plasma noradrenaline increased after treatment of pro-oestrous and pregnant-thyroidectomized females with L-thyroxine. 5 The thyroidectomized females in pro-oestrous phase receiving L-thyroxine showed a return to the control values for plasma adrenaline but in pregnant females whose plasma adrenaline had declined after thyroidectomy no such change occurred. 6 Considering the variations in total catecholamines in plasma and adrenals, it was observed that the loss of thyroid hormones results in an increase in total catecholamine storyage and output in the blood. The results provide evidence that the thyroid-catecholamine interrelation is significantly affected by pregnancy.", "contents": "Effects of thyroidectomy and L-thyroxine on adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations in the adrenal glands and plasma of rats during the pro-oestrous phase of the oestrous cycle and pregnancy. 1 The influence of thyroidectomy upon the adrenaline and noraddrenaline content of adrenal glands and plasma in mature female rats in pro-oestrus and in pregnant rats was studied. 2 Adrenal adrenaline and noradrenaline declined significantly after thyroidectomy in pro-oestrous and pregnant females but the effects were more marked in pregnant females. 3 Plasma adrenaline increased by 160% after thyroidectomy in pro-oestrous females but similar treatment resulted in 85% decrease in plasma adrenaline of pregnant rats. The loss of thyroid increased plasma noradrenaline significaantly in both groups of females. 4 The administration of L-thyroxine of thyroidectomized females increased adrenal noradrenaline stores of both the groups. The effects of L-thyroxine in pro-oestrous females resulted in decreased adrenaline stores of the adrenals but the pregnant group showed an increase. Plasma noradrenaline increased after treatment of pro-oestrous and pregnant-thyroidectomized females with L-thyroxine. 5 The thyroidectomized females in pro-oestrous phase receiving L-thyroxine showed a return to the control values for plasma adrenaline but in pregnant females whose plasma adrenaline had declined after thyroidectomy no such change occurred. 6 Considering the variations in total catecholamines in plasma and adrenals, it was observed that the loss of thyroid hormones results in an increase in total catecholamine storyage and output in the blood. The results provide evidence that the thyroid-catecholamine interrelation is significantly affected by pregnancy.", "PMID": 837015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2470", "title": "The effects of intraportal injections of noradrenaline, adrenaline, vasopressin and angiotensin on the hepatic portal vascular bed of the dog: marked tachyphylaxis to angiotensin.", "content": "1 The hepatic portal vein of the anesthetized dog was cannulated and perfused with blood derived from the cannulated superior mesenteric vein. 2 The portal vein was perfused at constant flow, the hepatic portal venous pressure being monitored continuously together with the inferior vena caval pressure. From these measurements, the hepatic portal venous vascular resistance was calculated. 3 Noradrenaline and adrenaline were injected intraportally in graded doses which caused dose-dependent increases in the hepatic portal vascular resistance. At all doses, adrenaline was significantly (P less than 0.05) more potent than noradrenaline. 4 Intraportal injections of vasopressin caused reductions in calculated hepatic portal venous vascular resistance in most experiments; three effects were dose-dependent. 5 No tachyphylaxis to the effects of noradrenaline, adrenaline or vasopressin was observed. 6 Intraportal injections of angiotensin caused dose-dependent increases in calculated hepatic portal vascular resistance up to 5 mug; therafter larger doses caused smaller increases in portal resistance. 7. Repeated intraportal injections of angiotensin revealed the existence of tachyphylaxis in the hapatic portal vascular bed. 8 Intraportal infusions of anagiotensin caused rises in calculated hepatic portal vascular resistance from which there was almost complete 'escape' despite the continued infusions. Infusions of noradrenaline which caused similar rises in calculated portal vascular resistance did not exhibit equivalent degrees of 'escape'. 9 The development of tachyphylaxisx explains the fact that doses of 10 and 20 mug of angiotensin injected after 5 mug doses produced smaller effects. If a much longer time interval was allowed between injections (30 min), the dose-response curve to angiotensin had a sigmoid shape. 10 These findings are discussed with respect to their possible importance in the functional status of the hepatic portal vascular bed in this species.", "contents": "The effects of intraportal injections of noradrenaline, adrenaline, vasopressin and angiotensin on the hepatic portal vascular bed of the dog: marked tachyphylaxis to angiotensin. 1 The hepatic portal vein of the anesthetized dog was cannulated and perfused with blood derived from the cannulated superior mesenteric vein. 2 The portal vein was perfused at constant flow, the hepatic portal venous pressure being monitored continuously together with the inferior vena caval pressure. From these measurements, the hepatic portal venous vascular resistance was calculated. 3 Noradrenaline and adrenaline were injected intraportally in graded doses which caused dose-dependent increases in the hepatic portal vascular resistance. At all doses, adrenaline was significantly (P less than 0.05) more potent than noradrenaline. 4 Intraportal injections of vasopressin caused reductions in calculated hepatic portal venous vascular resistance in most experiments; three effects were dose-dependent. 5 No tachyphylaxis to the effects of noradrenaline, adrenaline or vasopressin was observed. 6 Intraportal injections of angiotensin caused dose-dependent increases in calculated hepatic portal vascular resistance up to 5 mug; therafter larger doses caused smaller increases in portal resistance. 7. Repeated intraportal injections of angiotensin revealed the existence of tachyphylaxis in the hapatic portal vascular bed. 8 Intraportal infusions of anagiotensin caused rises in calculated hepatic portal vascular resistance from which there was almost complete 'escape' despite the continued infusions. Infusions of noradrenaline which caused similar rises in calculated portal vascular resistance did not exhibit equivalent degrees of 'escape'. 9 The development of tachyphylaxisx explains the fact that doses of 10 and 20 mug of angiotensin injected after 5 mug doses produced smaller effects. If a much longer time interval was allowed between injections (30 min), the dose-response curve to angiotensin had a sigmoid shape. 10 These findings are discussed with respect to their possible importance in the functional status of the hepatic portal vascular bed in this species.", "PMID": 837016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2471", "title": "The effect of conformationally restricted amino acid. Analogues on the frog spinal cord in vitro.", "content": "1 The isolated spinal cord of the frog (Rana pipiens) was used to examine the structural requirement for the activity of neutral amino acids. The potencies of the aliphatic amino acids, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), beta-alanine and glycine were compared with the potencies of conformationally restricted cyclopentane and cyclohexane amino acid analogues. Both motoneurone hyperpolarizing and primary afferent depolarizing activity were examined in this study. 2 On motoneurones beta-alanine was the most potent aliphatic amino acid and glycine the least potent. Of the substituted aminocyclopentane carboxylic acids, that compound with a separation of amino and carboxylic acid groups closest to that of the extended GABA molecule (4.74 A) had a potency similar to GABA. As the separation decreased the hyperpolarizing activity fell off rapidly. The substituted aminocyclohexane carboxylic acids were generally inactive even at a concentration of 10 mM. 3 Strychnine blocked the motoneurone hyperpolarizing responses to all compounds with a distance between the amino and carboxylic acid groups of 3.66 A or less, but did not block the response of compounds with a distance of 4.08 A or greater.  Picrotoxin and bicuculline antagonized all the responses to varying degrees and therefore were of little value in characterizing the responses. 4 On the primary afferents GABA was the most potent aliphatic amino acid and glycine the least potent. The substituted aminocyclohexane carboxylic acids were generally inactive on primary afferents. The response of the substituted aminocyclopentane carboxylic acid whose separation of amino and carboxylic acid groups was closest to that of the extended GABA molecule was most similar to the GABA response. However, (+/-)-cis-3-aminocyclopentane-carboxylic acid (separation=4.08 A),which mimicked the action of GABA on motoneurones, closely mimicked the depolarizing action of beta-alanine on primary afferents. 5 The findings suggest that the hyperpolarizing GABA receptor on motoneurones will accept a molecule whose amino and carboxylic acid groups are separated by a distance of 4.08 A or greater while the glycine receptor will accept a compound with a distance of 3.66 A or less. The depolarizing GABA receptors on primary afferents appear to be more selective since they are not activated by (+/-)-cis-3-aminocyclopentane carboxylic acid (separation = 4.08 A), while the motoneurone receptors are.", "contents": "The effect of conformationally restricted amino acid. Analogues on the frog spinal cord in vitro. 1 The isolated spinal cord of the frog (Rana pipiens) was used to examine the structural requirement for the activity of neutral amino acids. The potencies of the aliphatic amino acids, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), beta-alanine and glycine were compared with the potencies of conformationally restricted cyclopentane and cyclohexane amino acid analogues. Both motoneurone hyperpolarizing and primary afferent depolarizing activity were examined in this study. 2 On motoneurones beta-alanine was the most potent aliphatic amino acid and glycine the least potent. Of the substituted aminocyclopentane carboxylic acids, that compound with a separation of amino and carboxylic acid groups closest to that of the extended GABA molecule (4.74 A) had a potency similar to GABA. As the separation decreased the hyperpolarizing activity fell off rapidly. The substituted aminocyclohexane carboxylic acids were generally inactive even at a concentration of 10 mM. 3 Strychnine blocked the motoneurone hyperpolarizing responses to all compounds with a distance between the amino and carboxylic acid groups of 3.66 A or less, but did not block the response of compounds with a distance of 4.08 A or greater.  Picrotoxin and bicuculline antagonized all the responses to varying degrees and therefore were of little value in characterizing the responses. 4 On the primary afferents GABA was the most potent aliphatic amino acid and glycine the least potent. The substituted aminocyclohexane carboxylic acids were generally inactive on primary afferents. The response of the substituted aminocyclopentane carboxylic acid whose separation of amino and carboxylic acid groups was closest to that of the extended GABA molecule was most similar to the GABA response. However, (+/-)-cis-3-aminocyclopentane-carboxylic acid (separation=4.08 A),which mimicked the action of GABA on motoneurones, closely mimicked the depolarizing action of beta-alanine on primary afferents. 5 The findings suggest that the hyperpolarizing GABA receptor on motoneurones will accept a molecule whose amino and carboxylic acid groups are separated by a distance of 4.08 A or greater while the glycine receptor will accept a compound with a distance of 3.66 A or less. The depolarizing GABA receptors on primary afferents appear to be more selective since they are not activated by (+/-)-cis-3-aminocyclopentane carboxylic acid (separation = 4.08 A), while the motoneurone receptors are.", "PMID": 837017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2472", "title": "The effect of (-)-isoprenaline and (+/-)-salbutamol on pepsinogen and acid secretion in the dog.", "content": "1 The beta-adrenoceptor agonists, (-)-isoprenaline and (+/-)-salbutamol, reduced pepsinogen secretion induced by pentagastrin in conscious dogs with Heidenhaim pouches. 2 (-)-Isoprenaline and (+/-)-salbutamol also reduced gastric acid secretion while producing a moderate tachycardia.", "contents": "The effect of (-)-isoprenaline and (+/-)-salbutamol on pepsinogen and acid secretion in the dog. 1 The beta-adrenoceptor agonists, (-)-isoprenaline and (+/-)-salbutamol, reduced pepsinogen secretion induced by pentagastrin in conscious dogs with Heidenhaim pouches. 2 (-)-Isoprenaline and (+/-)-salbutamol also reduced gastric acid secretion while producing a moderate tachycardia.", "PMID": 837019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2473", "title": "The haemodynamic and metabolic effects of MG 8926, a prospective antidysrhythmic and antianginal agent.", "content": "1 The antidysrhythmic, haemodynamic and metabolic effects of a new prospective antianginal and antidysrhythmic agent, N-(3-3-dipenylpropyl)-alpha-methyl-beta-cyclohexylethylamine hydrochloride (MG 8926), have been compared with the chemically related substance, prenylamine, in anaesthetized greyhounds and guinea-pigs. 2 When given intravenously 20 min beforehand, both MG 8926 and prenylamine (5 mg/kg) significantly suppressed the early dysrhythmias induced by coronary artery ligation in anaesthetized greyhounds. At a dose of 1 mg/kg, MG 8926 also protected anaesthetized guinea-pigs from dysrhythmias induced by ouabain infusions. 3 In dogs pretreated with MG 8926, metabolic changes indicative of myocardial ischaemia (increased PCO2 and potassium efflux, decreased oxygen content and pH) were less marked than those occurring in control animals. 4 Evidence was obtained that MG 8926, when given either before or after coronary occlusion, was capable of decreasing the severity of myocardial ischaemia as assessed by ST-segment changes in epicardial electrocardiograms.", "contents": "The haemodynamic and metabolic effects of MG 8926, a prospective antidysrhythmic and antianginal agent. 1 The antidysrhythmic, haemodynamic and metabolic effects of a new prospective antianginal and antidysrhythmic agent, N-(3-3-dipenylpropyl)-alpha-methyl-beta-cyclohexylethylamine hydrochloride (MG 8926), have been compared with the chemically related substance, prenylamine, in anaesthetized greyhounds and guinea-pigs. 2 When given intravenously 20 min beforehand, both MG 8926 and prenylamine (5 mg/kg) significantly suppressed the early dysrhythmias induced by coronary artery ligation in anaesthetized greyhounds. At a dose of 1 mg/kg, MG 8926 also protected anaesthetized guinea-pigs from dysrhythmias induced by ouabain infusions. 3 In dogs pretreated with MG 8926, metabolic changes indicative of myocardial ischaemia (increased PCO2 and potassium efflux, decreased oxygen content and pH) were less marked than those occurring in control animals. 4 Evidence was obtained that MG 8926, when given either before or after coronary occlusion, was capable of decreasing the severity of myocardial ischaemia as assessed by ST-segment changes in epicardial electrocardiograms.", "PMID": 837018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2474", "title": "Modification of cardiovascular responses to histamine by dithiothreitol.", "content": "1 Histamine produced dose-dependent contractile responses on both isolated perfused ear arteries and aortic strips of the rabbit. These responses were blocked by mepyramine and potentiated by both metiamide and dithiothreitol. 2 In the presence of maximum potentiation by metiamide, dithiothreitol still potentiated the contractile response to histamine of both preparations. 3 In the presence of mepyramine, histamine produced dose-dependent reductions in the contractile response to noradrenaline. This vasodilator action of histamine was abolished by metiamide but was unaffected by dithiothreitol. 4 The vasodilator action of histamine on the human isolated perfused temporal artery and the positive inotropic effect of histamine on the isolated spontaneously beating atria of the rabbit were blocked by metiamide but unaffected by dithiothreitol. 5 It is concluded that the rabbit aorta, like the ear artery, contains both H1 and H2 histamine receptors and that dithiothreitol potentiates cardiovascular responses mediated by H1-receptors but not by H2-receptors.", "contents": "Modification of cardiovascular responses to histamine by dithiothreitol. 1 Histamine produced dose-dependent contractile responses on both isolated perfused ear arteries and aortic strips of the rabbit. These responses were blocked by mepyramine and potentiated by both metiamide and dithiothreitol. 2 In the presence of maximum potentiation by metiamide, dithiothreitol still potentiated the contractile response to histamine of both preparations. 3 In the presence of mepyramine, histamine produced dose-dependent reductions in the contractile response to noradrenaline. This vasodilator action of histamine was abolished by metiamide but was unaffected by dithiothreitol. 4 The vasodilator action of histamine on the human isolated perfused temporal artery and the positive inotropic effect of histamine on the isolated spontaneously beating atria of the rabbit were blocked by metiamide but unaffected by dithiothreitol. 5 It is concluded that the rabbit aorta, like the ear artery, contains both H1 and H2 histamine receptors and that dithiothreitol potentiates cardiovascular responses mediated by H1-receptors but not by H2-receptors.", "PMID": 837020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2475", "title": "The effects of bradykinin and prostaglandin E1 on rat cutaneous afferent nerve activity.", "content": "1 The activity produced by intra-arterial bradykinin and prostaglandin E1 was investigated in multifibre strands dissected from the saphenous nerves of anaesthetized rats. 2 Bradykinin (0.5-10mug) alone produced little activity in nerve strands but produced considerable activity following a 10 min infusion, but not a single injection, of prostaglandin E1 (5-100 ng). 3 Prostaglandin E, alone produced a few large height spikes but following several injections of bradykinin smaller height spikes were also produced by prostaglandin E1. 4 It was concluded that the presence of a low concentration of prostaglandin E, is required for bradykinin to manifest its actions and that bradykinin and prostaglandin E1 are mutually potentiating in their effects on afferent nerve terminals.", "contents": "The effects of bradykinin and prostaglandin E1 on rat cutaneous afferent nerve activity. 1 The activity produced by intra-arterial bradykinin and prostaglandin E1 was investigated in multifibre strands dissected from the saphenous nerves of anaesthetized rats. 2 Bradykinin (0.5-10mug) alone produced little activity in nerve strands but produced considerable activity following a 10 min infusion, but not a single injection, of prostaglandin E1 (5-100 ng). 3 Prostaglandin E, alone produced a few large height spikes but following several injections of bradykinin smaller height spikes were also produced by prostaglandin E1. 4 It was concluded that the presence of a low concentration of prostaglandin E, is required for bradykinin to manifest its actions and that bradykinin and prostaglandin E1 are mutually potentiating in their effects on afferent nerve terminals.", "PMID": 837021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2476", "title": "Nature of histamine receptors concerned in capillary permeability.", "content": "1 Histamine and 2-methyl-histamine (H1-receptor agonist) caused dose-dependent increases in capillary permeability in albino mice, but 4-methyl-histamine (H2-receptor agonist) caused no significant increase. 2 Mepyramine (H1-receptor antagonist) blocked the histamine-induced increase in capillary permeability whereas burimamide (H2-receptor antagonist) produced no significant blockade of the histamine-response. 3 Combined mepyramine and burimamide pretreatment did not give any significantly greater protection than mepyramine alone. 4 The results indicate involvement of the H1-receptors in histamine-induced increase in capillary permeability.", "contents": "Nature of histamine receptors concerned in capillary permeability. 1 Histamine and 2-methyl-histamine (H1-receptor agonist) caused dose-dependent increases in capillary permeability in albino mice, but 4-methyl-histamine (H2-receptor agonist) caused no significant increase. 2 Mepyramine (H1-receptor antagonist) blocked the histamine-induced increase in capillary permeability whereas burimamide (H2-receptor antagonist) produced no significant blockade of the histamine-response. 3 Combined mepyramine and burimamide pretreatment did not give any significantly greater protection than mepyramine alone. 4 The results indicate involvement of the H1-receptors in histamine-induced increase in capillary permeability.", "PMID": 837022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2477", "title": "The distribution and metabolism of arachidonic acid in rabbit platelets during aggregation and its modification by drugs.", "content": "1 Gas chromatographic and radio-isotope labelling techniques have been used to establish the origin of the arachindonic acid used by the platelet cyclo-oxygenase for the synthesis of pro-aggregatory prostaglandin endoperoxide derivatives. 2 Measurements of total platelet arachidonate content indicated that more than 95% is esterified in the phosphatide fraction of the cells. 3 During aggregation by collagen or thrombin as much as 80% of the total platelet arachidonate may be liberated and transformed by the platelet enzymes into hydroxyacids and other more polar compounds. 4 The phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol fractions are major sources of the arachidonate thus used. 5 Indomethacin, which prevents platelet aggregation by inhibiting the cyclo-oxygenase, did not affect this release of arachidonate from the phosphatides but did prevent the transformation of arachidonate to endoperoxide derivatives. 6 Mepacrine, a drug which possesses weak anti-phospholipase activity in platelets, also prevents aggregation by collagen or thrombin, but seems to do so by preventing substrate release from the phosphatide fraction. 7 It is suggested that phospholipase A2 plays a key role in the initial events during platelet aggregation induced by collagen.", "contents": "The distribution and metabolism of arachidonic acid in rabbit platelets during aggregation and its modification by drugs. 1 Gas chromatographic and radio-isotope labelling techniques have been used to establish the origin of the arachindonic acid used by the platelet cyclo-oxygenase for the synthesis of pro-aggregatory prostaglandin endoperoxide derivatives. 2 Measurements of total platelet arachidonate content indicated that more than 95% is esterified in the phosphatide fraction of the cells. 3 During aggregation by collagen or thrombin as much as 80% of the total platelet arachidonate may be liberated and transformed by the platelet enzymes into hydroxyacids and other more polar compounds. 4 The phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol fractions are major sources of the arachidonate thus used. 5 Indomethacin, which prevents platelet aggregation by inhibiting the cyclo-oxygenase, did not affect this release of arachidonate from the phosphatides but did prevent the transformation of arachidonate to endoperoxide derivatives. 6 Mepacrine, a drug which possesses weak anti-phospholipase activity in platelets, also prevents aggregation by collagen or thrombin, but seems to do so by preventing substrate release from the phosphatide fraction. 7 It is suggested that phospholipase A2 plays a key role in the initial events during platelet aggregation induced by collagen.", "PMID": 837023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2478", "title": "The role of mental concepts in explaining neurotic behaviour.", "content": "This paper attempts to define the areas of applicability of behavioural and mentalistic explanations of neurotic behaviour. It is argued that intentional behaviour requires mental concepts for its explanation on the grounds that the statement of reasons which form the basis of intentions cannot be submitted to a stimulus-response analysis. This argument applies to situations in which the therapist uncovers the reasons for purposeful action of which the agent may initially be unaware. It is further argued that behaviour of this kind is rule-conforming and not law-abiding and therefore is not susceptible to explanations of the kind that are available in other areas of science. It is nevertheless argued that causal explanations can be given in terms of reasons for action.", "contents": "The role of mental concepts in explaining neurotic behaviour. This paper attempts to define the areas of applicability of behavioural and mentalistic explanations of neurotic behaviour. It is argued that intentional behaviour requires mental concepts for its explanation on the grounds that the statement of reasons which form the basis of intentions cannot be submitted to a stimulus-response analysis. This argument applies to situations in which the therapist uncovers the reasons for purposeful action of which the agent may initially be unaware. It is further argued that behaviour of this kind is rule-conforming and not law-abiding and therefore is not susceptible to explanations of the kind that are available in other areas of science. It is nevertheless argued that causal explanations can be given in terms of reasons for action.", "PMID": 837025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2479", "title": "'Dissolution of the mental hospital': fifteen years on.", "content": "The pattern of decline of a mental hospital population over fifteen years is described. Continuing problems are commented on, particularly the presence of 'old' long-stay patients and the accumulation of 'new chronic patients'. The number of beds required for each of these categories is estimated. The dissolution of the mental hospital service by degradation is deplored, and a suggestion is made that some of the good points of the old service might be salvaged before it is too late.", "contents": "'Dissolution of the mental hospital': fifteen years on. The pattern of decline of a mental hospital population over fifteen years is described. Continuing problems are commented on, particularly the presence of 'old' long-stay patients and the accumulation of 'new chronic patients'. The number of beds required for each of these categories is estimated. The dissolution of the mental hospital service by degradation is deplored, and a suggestion is made that some of the good points of the old service might be salvaged before it is too late.", "PMID": 837026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2480", "title": "Another style of psychogeriatric service.", "content": "This paper describes a psychogeriatric service in Gloucestershire. Agreement on policies was reached with general practitioners, Social Services, other psychiatrists and hospital nursing staff. The day hospital is regarded as the preferred area of treatment for a wide variety of patients, including the severely demented. In this service less than five per cent of admissions appear to become long-stay. With emphasis on day hospital and community support the number of beds for this type of patient recommended by DHSS may be excessive.", "contents": "Another style of psychogeriatric service. This paper describes a psychogeriatric service in Gloucestershire. Agreement on policies was reached with general practitioners, Social Services, other psychiatrists and hospital nursing staff. The day hospital is regarded as the preferred area of treatment for a wide variety of patients, including the severely demented. In this service less than five per cent of admissions appear to become long-stay. With emphasis on day hospital and community support the number of beds for this type of patient recommended by DHSS may be excessive.", "PMID": 837027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2481", "title": "The discharge of mentally handicapped patients to residential care.", "content": "The present policy of reducing the number of patients in hospitals for the mentally handicapped involves the discharge of many patients to residential care outside hospital. This paper considers 89 patients discharged from a hospital in the five years 1971-1975. 64 (70%) went to facilities controlled by the Social Services Department, ten to other residential homes, eleven to lodgings and four to other institutions. Thirty five (40%) were subnormal (WAIS Full Scale IQ 55-69); the remainder, an unexpectedly high proportion, severely subnormal (WAIS Full Scale IQ under 55). The majority of the patients discharged were the normal-looking mentally handicapped, few of whom had a specific cause for their condition. The suitability of patients for discharge in relation to the services available was more relevant than their ages or their years in hospital.", "contents": "The discharge of mentally handicapped patients to residential care. The present policy of reducing the number of patients in hospitals for the mentally handicapped involves the discharge of many patients to residential care outside hospital. This paper considers 89 patients discharged from a hospital in the five years 1971-1975. 64 (70%) went to facilities controlled by the Social Services Department, ten to other residential homes, eleven to lodgings and four to other institutions. Thirty five (40%) were subnormal (WAIS Full Scale IQ 55-69); the remainder, an unexpectedly high proportion, severely subnormal (WAIS Full Scale IQ under 55). The majority of the patients discharged were the normal-looking mentally handicapped, few of whom had a specific cause for their condition. The suitability of patients for discharge in relation to the services available was more relevant than their ages or their years in hospital.", "PMID": 837028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2482", "title": "Neurological investigation of dementia.", "content": "Fifty-two patients thought to be suffering from dementia when first seen as neurological out-patients were fully investigated. Four of them were found to have tumours, whilst in five the dementia was due to a treatable cause. Neither a long history nor an age above sixty-five precludes a dementia being due to a treatable cause.", "contents": "Neurological investigation of dementia. Fifty-two patients thought to be suffering from dementia when first seen as neurological out-patients were fully investigated. Four of them were found to have tumours, whilst in five the dementia was due to a treatable cause. Neither a long history nor an age above sixty-five precludes a dementia being due to a treatable cause.", "PMID": 837029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2483", "title": "On the significance of the erythrocyte lithium to plasma lithium ratio.", "content": "Correlations between the ratio of erythrocyte to plasma lithium (Le/Lp) and clinical status have been reported by some authors and disputed by others. Examination of the literature on Le/Lp and erythrocyte physiology suggests that Le/Lp is determined by peripheral pharmacokinetic parameters and has no direct relationship to central pathophysiology. Because of this, and because of inconsistencies between studies reporting correlations of the ratio with clinical status, such correlations probably cannot illuminate either the pathophysiology of affective illness or the mode of action of lithium.", "contents": "On the significance of the erythrocyte lithium to plasma lithium ratio. Correlations between the ratio of erythrocyte to plasma lithium (Le/Lp) and clinical status have been reported by some authors and disputed by others. Examination of the literature on Le/Lp and erythrocyte physiology suggests that Le/Lp is determined by peripheral pharmacokinetic parameters and has no direct relationship to central pathophysiology. Because of this, and because of inconsistencies between studies reporting correlations of the ratio with clinical status, such correlations probably cannot illuminate either the pathophysiology of affective illness or the mode of action of lithium.", "PMID": 837030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2484", "title": "Plasma levels of antidiuretic hormone in patients receiving prolonged lithium therapy.", "content": "Among 18 patients receiving prophylactic, long-term lithium treatment for manic-depressive psychosis, a high incidence of increased thirst and frequency of micturition (60-70 per cent) was noted on direct questioning. Symptoms arose at varying times after the start of lithium therapy; in no patient did symptoms antedate the use of the drug. Plasma levels of antidiuretic hormone were found, on average, to be higher than in normal control subjects for a given level of plasma osmolality, although the scatter of results was wide. It is suggested that elevation of antidiuretic hormone occurs as a compensatory mechansims for the polyuria which is a common feature of long-term lithium treatment. The more florid form of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus occasionally seen in lithium takers seems likely to be due to a different mechanism from the more common mild polyuria.", "contents": "Plasma levels of antidiuretic hormone in patients receiving prolonged lithium therapy. Among 18 patients receiving prophylactic, long-term lithium treatment for manic-depressive psychosis, a high incidence of increased thirst and frequency of micturition (60-70 per cent) was noted on direct questioning. Symptoms arose at varying times after the start of lithium therapy; in no patient did symptoms antedate the use of the drug. Plasma levels of antidiuretic hormone were found, on average, to be higher than in normal control subjects for a given level of plasma osmolality, although the scatter of results was wide. It is suggested that elevation of antidiuretic hormone occurs as a compensatory mechansims for the polyuria which is a common feature of long-term lithium treatment. The more florid form of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus occasionally seen in lithium takers seems likely to be due to a different mechanism from the more common mild polyuria.", "PMID": 837031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2485", "title": "Usefulness of saliva lithium estimation.", "content": "Estimation of lithium in 24 samples of serum and saliva show that there is a very high correlation between the lithium levels in serum and saliva (r= + 0-88). The ratio found in our patients is very similar to that reported from North America. Estimation of lithium in saliva at different periods of time show there is a good degree of stability for saliva lithium levels. Thus saliva can be used as a substitute for serum for lithium monitoring. The practical advantages of this are discussed.", "contents": "Usefulness of saliva lithium estimation. Estimation of lithium in 24 samples of serum and saliva show that there is a very high correlation between the lithium levels in serum and saliva (r= + 0-88). The ratio found in our patients is very similar to that reported from North America. Estimation of lithium in saliva at different periods of time show there is a good degree of stability for saliva lithium levels. Thus saliva can be used as a substitute for serum for lithium monitoring. The practical advantages of this are discussed.", "PMID": 837032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2486", "title": "Family suicide.", "content": "Five suicides in one family, mainly by burning, are reported. The ritualistic manner, closeness of events in time and absence of serious exogenous factors suggest the term 'family suicide'.", "contents": "Family suicide. Five suicides in one family, mainly by burning, are reported. The ritualistic manner, closeness of events in time and absence of serious exogenous factors suggest the term 'family suicide'.", "PMID": 837033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2487", "title": "Mortality in patients with schizophrenia, mania, depression and surgical conditions. A comparison with general population mortality.", "content": "Mortality data are presented from a four-decade follow-up study of 200 schizophrenic, 100 manic, 225 depressive patients, and 160 surgical controls (80 appendicectomy; 80 herniorrhaphy). Data for this analysis were available on 648 (95 per cent) members of the study population. Using sex-age standardized mortality ratios (SMR), the mortality experience of the study population was compared with that of the state of Iowa, the geographical area served by the admitting medical facility for the study group. Results are presented for a four-decade period beginning 1935-44, and ending 1965-74. All three psychiatric groups had a significant increase in mortality risk. This was most pronounced in the first decade following admission, although schizophrenic patients, especially females, continued to show a significant excess of deaths throughout the entire four decades of the follow-up period. During no decade of the follow-up period did the mortality of the surgical controls differ significantly from that of the Iowa population.", "contents": "Mortality in patients with schizophrenia, mania, depression and surgical conditions. A comparison with general population mortality. Mortality data are presented from a four-decade follow-up study of 200 schizophrenic, 100 manic, 225 depressive patients, and 160 surgical controls (80 appendicectomy; 80 herniorrhaphy). Data for this analysis were available on 648 (95 per cent) members of the study population. Using sex-age standardized mortality ratios (SMR), the mortality experience of the study population was compared with that of the state of Iowa, the geographical area served by the admitting medical facility for the study group. Results are presented for a four-decade period beginning 1935-44, and ending 1965-74. All three psychiatric groups had a significant increase in mortality risk. This was most pronounced in the first decade following admission, although schizophrenic patients, especially females, continued to show a significant excess of deaths throughout the entire four decades of the follow-up period. During no decade of the follow-up period did the mortality of the surgical controls differ significantly from that of the Iowa population.", "PMID": 837034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2488", "title": "What have cognitive deficits to do with schizophrenic symptoms?", "content": "This paper considers possible relationships between cognitive deficits and symptomatology in schizophrenia. It is argued that a combination of defective filtering and slowness in response selection results in a state of information overload in acute schizophrenia. The methods by which normal subjects adapt to experimenter-induced overload may therefore be relevant to aspects of schizophrenic behaviour. The considerable intra- and inter-subject variability in symptomatology of schizophrenic patients may represent differeing adaptations to similar cognitive disturbance, such secondary abnormalities being prominent in chronic patients. Sections of the literature on acute-chronic differences are consistent with such a formulation, although one cannot infer intra-individual change from cross-sectional studies; there is a clear need for longitudinal investigations in this area. The preferred method of adaptation will be dependent on the severity of overload, the environment, and personality factors independent of the psychosis. The implications for the modification of schizophrenics' behavioural abnormalities by operant procedures are discussed.", "contents": "What have cognitive deficits to do with schizophrenic symptoms? This paper considers possible relationships between cognitive deficits and symptomatology in schizophrenia. It is argued that a combination of defective filtering and slowness in response selection results in a state of information overload in acute schizophrenia. The methods by which normal subjects adapt to experimenter-induced overload may therefore be relevant to aspects of schizophrenic behaviour. The considerable intra- and inter-subject variability in symptomatology of schizophrenic patients may represent differeing adaptations to similar cognitive disturbance, such secondary abnormalities being prominent in chronic patients. Sections of the literature on acute-chronic differences are consistent with such a formulation, although one cannot infer intra-individual change from cross-sectional studies; there is a clear need for longitudinal investigations in this area. The preferred method of adaptation will be dependent on the severity of overload, the environment, and personality factors independent of the psychosis. The implications for the modification of schizophrenics' behavioural abnormalities by operant procedures are discussed.", "PMID": 837035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2489", "title": "Aspects of intensity of affective constructs in depressed patients.", "content": "Two groups, 10 subjects in each, one consisting of depressed patients and the others normal controls, ranked photographs of faces for two sets of six constructs. One set consisted of the critical constructs of the Bannister and Fransella grid test, while the other set of constructs were all related to affect. The depressed patients showed a higher intensity score for affective constructs than did the normal subjects. There was no difference for critical constructs. The affective intensity score decreased on two further retestings for the depressed group; for the normal group they remained reasonably constant. These results may shed light on the reorganization in construing aspects of affect which occurs with depression and its remission.", "contents": "Aspects of intensity of affective constructs in depressed patients. Two groups, 10 subjects in each, one consisting of depressed patients and the others normal controls, ranked photographs of faces for two sets of six constructs. One set consisted of the critical constructs of the Bannister and Fransella grid test, while the other set of constructs were all related to affect. The depressed patients showed a higher intensity score for affective constructs than did the normal subjects. There was no difference for critical constructs. The affective intensity score decreased on two further retestings for the depressed group; for the normal group they remained reasonably constant. These results may shed light on the reorganization in construing aspects of affect which occurs with depression and its remission.", "PMID": 837036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2490", "title": "Obsessional personality disorder and remembering.", "content": "Patients suffering from obsessional personality disorder (anankasts) have been described as possessing 'superior memories', because of the detailed precision of their accounts. At the same time, such classical phenomena as doubt, checking and rumination imply faulty recall. This paradox is discussed, and some predictions drawn from a hypothesis regarding the cognitive charactteristics of obsessional disorder. Findings are presented which indicate that, by comparison with matched psychiatric controls, anankasts do not excel in the long-term recall of factual information or meaningful anecdotal material. But they show the following mnemonic features: (a) Superiority of immediate memory span, reflecting high levels of attention. (b) Superior recall of ambiguous anecdotal material, reflecting a tendency to the pointless 'rehearsal' of such material. (c) Weak redintegration in personal reminiscence. It is suggested that anankasts' doubts about their remembering refer not so much to the correctness of what is being recalled as to the quality of the recalling itself.", "contents": "Obsessional personality disorder and remembering. Patients suffering from obsessional personality disorder (anankasts) have been described as possessing 'superior memories', because of the detailed precision of their accounts. At the same time, such classical phenomena as doubt, checking and rumination imply faulty recall. This paradox is discussed, and some predictions drawn from a hypothesis regarding the cognitive charactteristics of obsessional disorder. Findings are presented which indicate that, by comparison with matched psychiatric controls, anankasts do not excel in the long-term recall of factual information or meaningful anecdotal material. But they show the following mnemonic features: (a) Superiority of immediate memory span, reflecting high levels of attention. (b) Superior recall of ambiguous anecdotal material, reflecting a tendency to the pointless 'rehearsal' of such material. (c) Weak redintegration in personal reminiscence. It is suggested that anankasts' doubts about their remembering refer not so much to the correctness of what is being recalled as to the quality of the recalling itself.", "PMID": 837037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2491", "title": "Obsessional cognition: performance on two numerical tasks.", "content": "It is argued that obsessional indecision reflects a formal cognitive characteristic, and should therefore be detectable in slower performance of insignificant, neutral tasks. The obsessional will not be handicapped in structured tasks requiring concentration and a deductive approach, but he will be slower in less structured tasks requiring a predominantly inductive approach. Results from two neutral (numerical) tasks support the predictions.", "contents": "Obsessional cognition: performance on two numerical tasks. It is argued that obsessional indecision reflects a formal cognitive characteristic, and should therefore be detectable in slower performance of insignificant, neutral tasks. The obsessional will not be handicapped in structured tasks requiring concentration and a deductive approach, but he will be slower in less structured tasks requiring a predominantly inductive approach. Results from two neutral (numerical) tasks support the predictions.", "PMID": 837038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2492", "title": "Group exposure for agoraphobics: a replication study.", "content": "A replication study was conducted of the treatment of agoraphobics by exposure in cohesive groups, as described by Hand, Lamantagne and Marks (1974). The continuing improvement during follow-up, with consequent large overall improvement, reported in the original study was not replicated. However, the present study confirmed the usefulness of this procedure as a highly cost-efficient treatment. The assumed equivalence of the Gelder and Marks (1966) phobic rating scale and its modification by Watson and Marks (1971) was examined. Large discrepancies between the scales were obtained for initial assessments and change scores. It is suggested that there is a need for workers in this field to agree on methods of measurement.", "contents": "Group exposure for agoraphobics: a replication study. A replication study was conducted of the treatment of agoraphobics by exposure in cohesive groups, as described by Hand, Lamantagne and Marks (1974). The continuing improvement during follow-up, with consequent large overall improvement, reported in the original study was not replicated. However, the present study confirmed the usefulness of this procedure as a highly cost-efficient treatment. The assumed equivalence of the Gelder and Marks (1966) phobic rating scale and its modification by Watson and Marks (1971) was examined. Large discrepancies between the scales were obtained for initial assessments and change scores. It is suggested that there is a need for workers in this field to agree on methods of measurement.", "PMID": 837039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2493", "title": "Renal phleborgraphy in hydronephrosis.", "content": "A phlebographic study of the renal venous tree was made in 24 cases of hydronephrosis. There was an alteration in the renal phlebographic pattern, the most characteristic appearance being the visualisation of extensive free anastomoses among the branches of the renal vein. Elongation of the branches of the renal vein, which is not as typical nor as constant, is presumably caused by enlargement of the pelvis and the distended calyces. In more advanced stages there is a visualisation of a fine network located peripherally to the previously described anastomoses. When there is a secondary disruption of the renal parenchyma there is no visualisation of the branches of the renal vein.", "contents": "Renal phleborgraphy in hydronephrosis. A phlebographic study of the renal venous tree was made in 24 cases of hydronephrosis. There was an alteration in the renal phlebographic pattern, the most characteristic appearance being the visualisation of extensive free anastomoses among the branches of the renal vein. Elongation of the branches of the renal vein, which is not as typical nor as constant, is presumably caused by enlargement of the pelvis and the distended calyces. In more advanced stages there is a visualisation of a fine network located peripherally to the previously described anastomoses. When there is a secondary disruption of the renal parenchyma there is no visualisation of the branches of the renal vein.", "PMID": 837041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2494", "title": "123-Iodine: a new isotope for functional renal scanning.", "content": "The results are presented of functional renal scanning in 11 urological patients using 123-iodine labelled Hippuran--a new radiopharmaceutical. The 123-iodine isotope possesses distinct advantages over existing isotopes, permitting high resolution imaging whilst delivering a low integrated radiation dose. It is hoped that the expense of this cyclotron-produced isotope will not mitigate against full evaluation of its promising potential.", "contents": "123-Iodine: a new isotope for functional renal scanning. The results are presented of functional renal scanning in 11 urological patients using 123-iodine labelled Hippuran--a new radiopharmaceutical. The 123-iodine isotope possesses distinct advantages over existing isotopes, permitting high resolution imaging whilst delivering a low integrated radiation dose. It is hoped that the expense of this cyclotron-produced isotope will not mitigate against full evaluation of its promising potential.", "PMID": 837042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2495", "title": "Primary malignant lymphoma of the testis associated with sclerosis and nodularity.", "content": "A case of primary malignant lymphoma of the testis associated with an unusual degree of sclerosis and nodularity is reported. The patient, a 21-year-old male, is alive and well 5 years after orchidectomy followed by radiation therapy to the lumbar and para-aortic lymph nodes in spite of very extensive involvement of the testis, epdidymis and presence of tumour deposits within the spermatic cord and in para-aortic lymph nodes. It is suggested that sclerosis and nodularity may be favourable prognostic features in patients with primary malignant lymphoma of the testis.", "contents": "Primary malignant lymphoma of the testis associated with sclerosis and nodularity. A case of primary malignant lymphoma of the testis associated with an unusual degree of sclerosis and nodularity is reported. The patient, a 21-year-old male, is alive and well 5 years after orchidectomy followed by radiation therapy to the lumbar and para-aortic lymph nodes in spite of very extensive involvement of the testis, epdidymis and presence of tumour deposits within the spermatic cord and in para-aortic lymph nodes. It is suggested that sclerosis and nodularity may be favourable prognostic features in patients with primary malignant lymphoma of the testis.", "PMID": 837044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2496", "title": "Recurrent stress urinary incontinence in the female.", "content": "1,500 females presenting with recurrent urinary incontinence were investigated in depth. 27% required further surgery, 127 of whom were treated with a 2-team Marlex sling. Careful assessment is the key to treatment including cystoscopy and good radiological documentation. One must be aware of the capabilities and limitations of the various procedures employed for stress incontinence and select the correct procedure for the given problem. When dealing with recurrent stress incontinence the surgical procedure must take down all periurethral scar, anteriorly and posteriorly and adequately elevate the urethrovesical junction so it is not the dependent point at the base of the funnel. The Marlex sling procedure fulfills the above criteria, has been singularly effective, and remarkably free of complications.", "contents": "Recurrent stress urinary incontinence in the female. 1,500 females presenting with recurrent urinary incontinence were investigated in depth. 27% required further surgery, 127 of whom were treated with a 2-team Marlex sling. Careful assessment is the key to treatment including cystoscopy and good radiological documentation. One must be aware of the capabilities and limitations of the various procedures employed for stress incontinence and select the correct procedure for the given problem. When dealing with recurrent stress incontinence the surgical procedure must take down all periurethral scar, anteriorly and posteriorly and adequately elevate the urethrovesical junction so it is not the dependent point at the base of the funnel. The Marlex sling procedure fulfills the above criteria, has been singularly effective, and remarkably free of complications.", "PMID": 837045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2497", "title": "Massive bladder stone.", "content": "3 cases of massive bladder calculus are described and are of interest not only because they are rare, but also because of the remarkably few symptoms they produced.", "contents": "Massive bladder stone. 3 cases of massive bladder calculus are described and are of interest not only because they are rare, but also because of the remarkably few symptoms they produced.", "PMID": 837047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2498", "title": "Cystitis cystica: characteristics of the disease in children.", "content": "Cystitis cystica was found at cystoscopy in 157 children between the ages of 9 1/2 months and 14 years. Girls were affected much more often than boys, the proportion being 153 to 4. Urinary infection, most commonly caused by E. coli, was almost invariable. Urinary tract anomalies, in particular vesico-ureteric reflux, were frequently present. Histologically, the cysts were composed of submucous aggregations of lymphoid tissue. Cystitis cystica affecting the ureteric orifices may contribute to the occurence of reflux and involvement of the bladder neck may produce some degree of vesical outlet obstruction.", "contents": "Cystitis cystica: characteristics of the disease in children. Cystitis cystica was found at cystoscopy in 157 children between the ages of 9 1/2 months and 14 years. Girls were affected much more often than boys, the proportion being 153 to 4. Urinary infection, most commonly caused by E. coli, was almost invariable. Urinary tract anomalies, in particular vesico-ureteric reflux, were frequently present. Histologically, the cysts were composed of submucous aggregations of lymphoid tissue. Cystitis cystica affecting the ureteric orifices may contribute to the occurence of reflux and involvement of the bladder neck may produce some degree of vesical outlet obstruction.", "PMID": 837048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2499", "title": "The clinical diagnostic value of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in haematuria.", "content": "Plasma and urinary CEA levels in patients presenting with haematuria have been studied to assess whether they facilitate the differentiation between benign and malignant urothelial conditions. Plasma CEA is of no diagnostic value although, if raised, it may suggest an invasive tumour. Urinary CEA levels are only of value in the absence of urinary infection; even then, only 37% of the cases with overt urothelial tumours had raised titres. A knowledge of the urinary CEA level, therefore, would seem to contribute little to the diagnosis of patients presenting with haematuria and all patients must still be investigated by the conventional techniques of urinary bacteriology, cytology, intravenous pyelography and cystourethroscopy.", "contents": "The clinical diagnostic value of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in haematuria. Plasma and urinary CEA levels in patients presenting with haematuria have been studied to assess whether they facilitate the differentiation between benign and malignant urothelial conditions. Plasma CEA is of no diagnostic value although, if raised, it may suggest an invasive tumour. Urinary CEA levels are only of value in the absence of urinary infection; even then, only 37% of the cases with overt urothelial tumours had raised titres. A knowledge of the urinary CEA level, therefore, would seem to contribute little to the diagnosis of patients presenting with haematuria and all patients must still be investigated by the conventional techniques of urinary bacteriology, cytology, intravenous pyelography and cystourethroscopy.", "PMID": 837050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2500", "title": "Treatment of advanced carcinoma of the prostate with estramustine phosphate.", "content": "40 patients with inoperable, histologically proved carcinoma of the prostate were treated with estramustine phosphate. 35 patients had progressive, symptomatic, metastatic disease unresponsive to conventional oestrogens and/or castration Estramustine phosphate was given intravenously initially at a dose of 150 mg/day increasing to 300 mg/day. After 3 weeks or more oral therapy was substituted in 23 patients at a dose of 560 mg/day. Of 23 evaluable patients given the drug by both routes, 17 died after a mean treatment period of 12.5 months and 6 are alive and well after a mean treatment period of 27.7 months. The cause of death in 2 patients was probably, and in a third certainly, due to myocardial infarction. The other 31 deaths were due to carcinoma of the prostate. 18 patients showed transient toxic side-effects. No haematological abnormalities were found during treatment. An attempt at active treatment with estramustine phosphate in patients with prostatic cancer is justified when the disease is resistant to treatment with conventional oestrogens.", "contents": "Treatment of advanced carcinoma of the prostate with estramustine phosphate. 40 patients with inoperable, histologically proved carcinoma of the prostate were treated with estramustine phosphate. 35 patients had progressive, symptomatic, metastatic disease unresponsive to conventional oestrogens and/or castration Estramustine phosphate was given intravenously initially at a dose of 150 mg/day increasing to 300 mg/day. After 3 weeks or more oral therapy was substituted in 23 patients at a dose of 560 mg/day. Of 23 evaluable patients given the drug by both routes, 17 died after a mean treatment period of 12.5 months and 6 are alive and well after a mean treatment period of 27.7 months. The cause of death in 2 patients was probably, and in a third certainly, due to myocardial infarction. The other 31 deaths were due to carcinoma of the prostate. 18 patients showed transient toxic side-effects. No haematological abnormalities were found during treatment. An attempt at active treatment with estramustine phosphate in patients with prostatic cancer is justified when the disease is resistant to treatment with conventional oestrogens.", "PMID": 837052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2501", "title": "Does ureteric reflux protect against calculus formation?", "content": "The infrequent association of reflux and kidney stone suggest the possibility that reflux may in some measure protect against stone formation. A simple animal experiment is proposed which should indicate whether this assumption is valid.", "contents": "Does ureteric reflux protect against calculus formation? The infrequent association of reflux and kidney stone suggest the possibility that reflux may in some measure protect against stone formation. A simple animal experiment is proposed which should indicate whether this assumption is valid.", "PMID": 837053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2502", "title": "Incidence of anencephaly and other major malformations when oestriol excretion is very low.", "content": "A study of 533 women with very low urinary oestriol excretion during the third trimester of pregnancy showed an incidence of major fetal malformations among their infants of 7-1% and a perinatal mortality rate of 14-6%. Thirteen of the malformations were cases of anencephaly, and 26 of the 78 perinatal deaths were due to or associated with major fetal malformations. The incidence of these complications was higher when maternal oestriol excretion was lower. Routine screening by urinary oestriol assay, with fetal radiography when values below 20-8 mumol/24 hours (6 mg/24 h) are detected is the most reliable method of detecting anencephaly before birth.", "contents": "Incidence of anencephaly and other major malformations when oestriol excretion is very low. A study of 533 women with very low urinary oestriol excretion during the third trimester of pregnancy showed an incidence of major fetal malformations among their infants of 7-1% and a perinatal mortality rate of 14-6%. Thirteen of the malformations were cases of anencephaly, and 26 of the 78 perinatal deaths were due to or associated with major fetal malformations. The incidence of these complications was higher when maternal oestriol excretion was lower. Routine screening by urinary oestriol assay, with fetal radiography when values below 20-8 mumol/24 hours (6 mg/24 h) are detected is the most reliable method of detecting anencephaly before birth.", "PMID": 837059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2503", "title": "Immediate effects of tobramycin on human cochlea and correlation with serum tobramycin levels.", "content": "Electrocochleography was performed on three patients to monitor the intravenous administration of tobramycin. When peak serum tobramycin levels exceeded 8-10 mug/ml an immediate dramatic reduction in cochlear output was observed, which recovered fully as serum levels fell. The patients had no auditory or vestibular symptoms either during or after treatment.", "contents": "Immediate effects of tobramycin on human cochlea and correlation with serum tobramycin levels. Electrocochleography was performed on three patients to monitor the intravenous administration of tobramycin. When peak serum tobramycin levels exceeded 8-10 mug/ml an immediate dramatic reduction in cochlear output was observed, which recovered fully as serum levels fell. The patients had no auditory or vestibular symptoms either during or after treatment.", "PMID": 837060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2504", "title": "Falls in the elderly related to postural imbalance.", "content": "Two hundred and forty-three elderly people aged 60 to 96 years were questioned about their falls, and their sway was measured. For comparison sway was also measured in 63 younger subjects. Sway increased with age and was higher in women at all ages. There was no difference in sway between those with no history of falls and those who fell only because of tripping. In both sexes sway was significantly increases in people who fell because of loss of balance and in women whose falls were due to giddiness, drop attacks, turning the head, and rising from bed or a chair. This suggests that there is a physiological decline in postural control with advancing age and also a decline due to disease of the central nervous system.", "contents": "Falls in the elderly related to postural imbalance. Two hundred and forty-three elderly people aged 60 to 96 years were questioned about their falls, and their sway was measured. For comparison sway was also measured in 63 younger subjects. Sway increased with age and was higher in women at all ages. There was no difference in sway between those with no history of falls and those who fell only because of tripping. In both sexes sway was significantly increases in people who fell because of loss of balance and in women whose falls were due to giddiness, drop attacks, turning the head, and rising from bed or a chair. This suggests that there is a physiological decline in postural control with advancing age and also a decline due to disease of the central nervous system.", "PMID": 837061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2505", "title": "Evaluation of 125I-fibrinogen test for venous thrombosis in patients with hip fractures: comparison between isotope scanning and necropsy findings.", "content": "The results of 125I-fibrinogen leg scanning during life were compared with the findings at a detailed post-mortem dissection of the leg veins in 31 patients with hip fractures who died during the period of isotope scanning or within seven days of the last scan. Thigh scanning on the side of the hip fracture proved valueless, and criteria for the confident isotopic diagnosis of venous thrombosis in the uninjured thigh could not be determined. In the lower leg a difference in uptake of 20% or more that persisted for 24 hours between adjacent positions on one leg or between corresponding positions on the two legs was consistently associated with the presence of venous thrombosis at necropsy.", "contents": "Evaluation of 125I-fibrinogen test for venous thrombosis in patients with hip fractures: comparison between isotope scanning and necropsy findings. The results of 125I-fibrinogen leg scanning during life were compared with the findings at a detailed post-mortem dissection of the leg veins in 31 patients with hip fractures who died during the period of isotope scanning or within seven days of the last scan. Thigh scanning on the side of the hip fracture proved valueless, and criteria for the confident isotopic diagnosis of venous thrombosis in the uninjured thigh could not be determined. In the lower leg a difference in uptake of 20% or more that persisted for 24 hours between adjacent positions on one leg or between corresponding positions on the two legs was consistently associated with the presence of venous thrombosis at necropsy.", "PMID": 837062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2506", "title": "Who is at risk of a coronary?", "content": "The Joint Working Party of the Royal College of Physicians and the British Cardiac Society have recently given advice to medical practitioners about preventing coronary heart disease. We have formulated an easy method by which the medical practitioner may apply a rule to identify individuals who are at moderate to high risk of developing the disease. The simple arithmetic requires finding the product of four numbers and can be done with a pocket calculator costing less than pound 10. The four numbers correspond to known values of the four risk variables--age, systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol levels, and smoking--for a given individual. Tables of relative risk components for men aged 40 to 59 years for coronary heart disease defined by hard criteria (fatal or definite myocardial infarction) have been drawn up. The overall effect of the four risk variables is multiplicative so that some men aged 40 are at far greater risk than some of 55 year olds.", "contents": "Who is at risk of a coronary? The Joint Working Party of the Royal College of Physicians and the British Cardiac Society have recently given advice to medical practitioners about preventing coronary heart disease. We have formulated an easy method by which the medical practitioner may apply a rule to identify individuals who are at moderate to high risk of developing the disease. The simple arithmetic requires finding the product of four numbers and can be done with a pocket calculator costing less than pound 10. The four numbers correspond to known values of the four risk variables--age, systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol levels, and smoking--for a given individual. Tables of relative risk components for men aged 40 to 59 years for coronary heart disease defined by hard criteria (fatal or definite myocardial infarction) have been drawn up. The overall effect of the four risk variables is multiplicative so that some men aged 40 are at far greater risk than some of 55 year olds.", "PMID": 837093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2507", "title": "Perinatal deaths: analysis by clinical cause to assess value of induction of labour.", "content": "Over the 10 years 1966-75 the rate of induction of labour in the Glasgow Royal Maternity Hospital has increased from 16-3% of all births. During the same period perinatal mortality fell from 33 to 22 per 1000, mainly because of significantly fewer deaths due to antepartum haemorrhage; trauma; maternal diseases; and unknown causes in mature babies. The reduction in the number of deaths of unknown causes in mature fetuses was achieved by preventing deaths occurring after 40 weeks and was recorded in all age and parity groups. The results suggested that increased use of induction of labour has contributed to the improved perinatal mortality rate.", "contents": "Perinatal deaths: analysis by clinical cause to assess value of induction of labour. Over the 10 years 1966-75 the rate of induction of labour in the Glasgow Royal Maternity Hospital has increased from 16-3% of all births. During the same period perinatal mortality fell from 33 to 22 per 1000, mainly because of significantly fewer deaths due to antepartum haemorrhage; trauma; maternal diseases; and unknown causes in mature babies. The reduction in the number of deaths of unknown causes in mature fetuses was achieved by preventing deaths occurring after 40 weeks and was recorded in all age and parity groups. The results suggested that increased use of induction of labour has contributed to the improved perinatal mortality rate.", "PMID": 837094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2508", "title": "Accidental hypothermia and impaired temperature homoeostasis in the elderly.", "content": "A longitudinal study of the age-related decline in thermoregulatory capacity was made in 47 elderly people to try to identify those at risk from spontaneous hypothermia. During the winters of 1971-2 and 1975-6 environmental and body temperature profiles were obtained in the home, and thermoregulatory function was investigated by cooling and warming tests. Environmental temperature and socioeconomic conditions had not changed but the body core-shell temperature gradients were smaller in 1976, indicating progressive thermoregulatory impairment. People at risk of developing hypothermia also seem to have low resting peripheral blood flows, a nonconstrictor pattern of vasomotor response to cold, and a higher incidence of orthostatic hypotension.", "contents": "Accidental hypothermia and impaired temperature homoeostasis in the elderly. A longitudinal study of the age-related decline in thermoregulatory capacity was made in 47 elderly people to try to identify those at risk from spontaneous hypothermia. During the winters of 1971-2 and 1975-6 environmental and body temperature profiles were obtained in the home, and thermoregulatory function was investigated by cooling and warming tests. Environmental temperature and socioeconomic conditions had not changed but the body core-shell temperature gradients were smaller in 1976, indicating progressive thermoregulatory impairment. People at risk of developing hypothermia also seem to have low resting peripheral blood flows, a nonconstrictor pattern of vasomotor response to cold, and a higher incidence of orthostatic hypotension.", "PMID": 837095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2509", "title": "Can drug compliance in the elderly be improved?", "content": "Three instruction schemes for self-medication in older patients were designed and compared to see whether they improved drug compliance. Forty-six patients in two rehabilitation units were divided into three different groups. Each group was instructed verbally on the nature and amount of their medication. One group was also given a tear-off calendar and a second group a tablet identification card as a memory aid. Patients were then responsible for taking their own medicine for 14 days. Those with calendars made fewer errors than those with cards, and those with either a card or a calendar made significantly fewer errors than those given only standard instructions.", "contents": "Can drug compliance in the elderly be improved? Three instruction schemes for self-medication in older patients were designed and compared to see whether they improved drug compliance. Forty-six patients in two rehabilitation units were divided into three different groups. Each group was instructed verbally on the nature and amount of their medication. One group was also given a tear-off calendar and a second group a tablet identification card as a memory aid. Patients were then responsible for taking their own medicine for 14 days. Those with calendars made fewer errors than those with cards, and those with either a card or a calendar made significantly fewer errors than those given only standard instructions.", "PMID": 837099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2510", "title": "Clinical trials of the treatment of breast cancer in Britain and Ireland. Report by co-ordinating committee.", "content": "Thirteen trials of systemic chemotherapy in early breast cancer were identified and protocols obtained. The differences in the latter prevented a true comparison of the results. In setting up any trial it is important to define the primary objectives and to include a statistician from the start. Only truly random allocation of patients is acceptable, while treatment programmes must be fully monitored. Other important aspects include review of the results by an independent member of the trial committee and keeping full, but simple, case records. Though any trial must be designed by a committee and not a single investigator, the individual clinician remains responsible for the patients under his care. To launch a controlled randomised trial without full preparation and guaranteed resources is in the best interests of neither patients nor doctors.", "contents": "Clinical trials of the treatment of breast cancer in Britain and Ireland. Report by co-ordinating committee. Thirteen trials of systemic chemotherapy in early breast cancer were identified and protocols obtained. The differences in the latter prevented a true comparison of the results. In setting up any trial it is important to define the primary objectives and to include a statistician from the start. Only truly random allocation of patients is acceptable, while treatment programmes must be fully monitored. Other important aspects include review of the results by an independent member of the trial committee and keeping full, but simple, case records. Though any trial must be designed by a committee and not a single investigator, the individual clinician remains responsible for the patients under his care. To launch a controlled randomised trial without full preparation and guaranteed resources is in the best interests of neither patients nor doctors.", "PMID": 837100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2511", "title": "Sexual knowledge and attitudes of general practitioners in Wessex.", "content": "A survey of the sexual attitudes and knowledge of general practitioners in Wessex found that GP trainees and those in practice for less than 10 years were less conservative and better informed than doctors in practice for 20 years or more, The results suggest that the attitudes of the doctors are determined by their early environmental influences rather than their clinical experience.", "contents": "Sexual knowledge and attitudes of general practitioners in Wessex. A survey of the sexual attitudes and knowledge of general practitioners in Wessex found that GP trainees and those in practice for less than 10 years were less conservative and better informed than doctors in practice for 20 years or more, The results suggest that the attitudes of the doctors are determined by their early environmental influences rather than their clinical experience.", "PMID": 837103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2512", "title": "Angiotensin II in essential hypertension.", "content": "Plasma concentrations of angiotensin II (PAC) were measured in a group of 146 hypertensive patients (diastolic pressure greater than 105 mm Hg) who had no apparent underlying cause for their condition and 113 randomly selected normotensive controls (diastolic pressure less than 90 mm Hg). There was no evidence of bimodality in the frequency distribution curves for plasma angiotensin II concentrations among the hypertensive patients. It was concluded that hypertension associated with low angiotensin II concentration and by implication \"low-renin\" hypertension is not a condition separate from essential hypertension.", "contents": "Angiotensin II in essential hypertension. Plasma concentrations of angiotensin II (PAC) were measured in a group of 146 hypertensive patients (diastolic pressure greater than 105 mm Hg) who had no apparent underlying cause for their condition and 113 randomly selected normotensive controls (diastolic pressure less than 90 mm Hg). There was no evidence of bimodality in the frequency distribution curves for plasma angiotensin II concentrations among the hypertensive patients. It was concluded that hypertension associated with low angiotensin II concentration and by implication \"low-renin\" hypertension is not a condition separate from essential hypertension.", "PMID": 837134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2513", "title": "Role of dietary energy supplementation in growth of children with chronic renal insufficiency.", "content": "The effect of dietary energy supplements in children with varying degrees of chronic renal insufficiency was investigated. Despite an increased energy intake of 8-4% there was no increase growth velocity, although some patients reported improved wellbeing and activity. The proportion of dietary energy supplied by protein fell significantly during supplementation. The evidence suggests that the reduced energy intake of children with chronic renal insufficiency is a related but not causal factor in their growth retardation.", "contents": "Role of dietary energy supplementation in growth of children with chronic renal insufficiency. The effect of dietary energy supplements in children with varying degrees of chronic renal insufficiency was investigated. Despite an increased energy intake of 8-4% there was no increase growth velocity, although some patients reported improved wellbeing and activity. The proportion of dietary energy supplied by protein fell significantly during supplementation. The evidence suggests that the reduced energy intake of children with chronic renal insufficiency is a related but not causal factor in their growth retardation.", "PMID": 837135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2514", "title": "Why hypertensive patients vary in their response to oral debrisoquine.", "content": "The relation between dose, systemic availability, and response to oral debrisoquine was studied in 13 hypertensive patients receiving no other treatment. In 11 who received the same daily dose (40 mg) the fall in mean standing systolic blood pressure varied between 0-3 and 44-4 mm Hg. There was a ninefold difference in the daily urinary excretion and pre-dose plasma concentration of unchanged drug but an inverse correlation between daily urinary excretion of debrisoquine and its 4-hydroxy metabolite (r= -0-86), suggesting that a low recovery of debrisoquine occurs because of extensive metabolism. There was a significant correlation between the fall in standing systolic blood pressure and the mean daily urinary excretion (r= +0-82) and pre-dose plasma concentration (r= +0-82) of unchanged debrisoquine. In contrast, there was a significant inverse correlation between the urinary recovery of the metabolite and the fall in blood pressure (r= -0-82). The availability of debrisoquine is the major determinant of response to this drug. In the absence of side effects a poor response may be an indication to increase the daily dose rather than add another hypotensive agent.", "contents": "Why hypertensive patients vary in their response to oral debrisoquine. The relation between dose, systemic availability, and response to oral debrisoquine was studied in 13 hypertensive patients receiving no other treatment. In 11 who received the same daily dose (40 mg) the fall in mean standing systolic blood pressure varied between 0-3 and 44-4 mm Hg. There was a ninefold difference in the daily urinary excretion and pre-dose plasma concentration of unchanged drug but an inverse correlation between daily urinary excretion of debrisoquine and its 4-hydroxy metabolite (r= -0-86), suggesting that a low recovery of debrisoquine occurs because of extensive metabolism. There was a significant correlation between the fall in standing systolic blood pressure and the mean daily urinary excretion (r= +0-82) and pre-dose plasma concentration (r= +0-82) of unchanged debrisoquine. In contrast, there was a significant inverse correlation between the urinary recovery of the metabolite and the fall in blood pressure (r= -0-82). The availability of debrisoquine is the major determinant of response to this drug. In the absence of side effects a poor response may be an indication to increase the daily dose rather than add another hypotensive agent.", "PMID": 837136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2515", "title": "Recurrent breast cancer treated with the antioestrogen tamoxifen: correlation between hormonal changes and clinical course.", "content": "Forty-five post-menopausal women with recurrent breast cancer were treated with the antioestrogen, tamoxifen, 20 mg twice daily. Clinical assessment after 12 weeks indicated that 18 (40%) showed some remission. Gonadotrophins were suppressed within two weeks to relatively constant concentrations within the post-menopausal range, responses to luteinising hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) did not change, and androgen concentrations remained within the normal range in all patients. Oestradiol concentrations rose steadily only in women in whom treatment failed. Serum prolactin concentrations were raised in 18 out of the 44 (41%) patients in whom they were measured; 13 of these did not respond to treatment. Treatment did not change the average prolactin concentration when this was within the normal range, but it significantly reduced prolactin concentrations in hyperprolactinaemic patients--within two weeks (P less than 0-01) in those who responded well and by six weeks (P less than 0-05) in those who showed no remission. Among patients with normal prolactin values the release of prolactin after thyrotrophin-releasing hormone was significantly greater in those with no remission than in those who responded to tamoxifen. Responses in those with hyperprolactinaemia were reduced to about half the control values, and again this change occurred faster in those who were successfully treated. Patients therefore seem to have a better chance of responding to anti-oestrogen treatment if prolactin secretion is low.", "contents": "Recurrent breast cancer treated with the antioestrogen tamoxifen: correlation between hormonal changes and clinical course. Forty-five post-menopausal women with recurrent breast cancer were treated with the antioestrogen, tamoxifen, 20 mg twice daily. Clinical assessment after 12 weeks indicated that 18 (40%) showed some remission. Gonadotrophins were suppressed within two weeks to relatively constant concentrations within the post-menopausal range, responses to luteinising hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) did not change, and androgen concentrations remained within the normal range in all patients. Oestradiol concentrations rose steadily only in women in whom treatment failed. Serum prolactin concentrations were raised in 18 out of the 44 (41%) patients in whom they were measured; 13 of these did not respond to treatment. Treatment did not change the average prolactin concentration when this was within the normal range, but it significantly reduced prolactin concentrations in hyperprolactinaemic patients--within two weeks (P less than 0-01) in those who responded well and by six weeks (P less than 0-05) in those who showed no remission. Among patients with normal prolactin values the release of prolactin after thyrotrophin-releasing hormone was significantly greater in those with no remission than in those who responded to tamoxifen. Responses in those with hyperprolactinaemia were reduced to about half the control values, and again this change occurred faster in those who were successfully treated. Patients therefore seem to have a better chance of responding to anti-oestrogen treatment if prolactin secretion is low.", "PMID": 837137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2516", "title": "Incidence of post-abortion psychosis: a prospective study.", "content": "Twenty-one cunsultant psychiatrists participated in a prospective study of post-abortion psychosis among a population of 1 333 000 people. During the 15-month study only a single case was reported, concerning a woman who had a history of two previous attacks of puerperal psychosis. The incidence of post-abortion psychosis was 0-3 per 1000 legal abortions. The incidence of puerperal psychosis, which was also studied as an index of validity, was 1-7 per 1000 deliveries. This conforms with currently accepted figures and indicates that the study population was representative. I suggest that physiological changes, which are probably more profound after childbirth than after abortion, may be responsible for the higher incidence of puerperal psychosis.", "contents": "Incidence of post-abortion psychosis: a prospective study. Twenty-one cunsultant psychiatrists participated in a prospective study of post-abortion psychosis among a population of 1 333 000 people. During the 15-month study only a single case was reported, concerning a woman who had a history of two previous attacks of puerperal psychosis. The incidence of post-abortion psychosis was 0-3 per 1000 legal abortions. The incidence of puerperal psychosis, which was also studied as an index of validity, was 1-7 per 1000 deliveries. This conforms with currently accepted figures and indicates that the study population was representative. I suggest that physiological changes, which are probably more profound after childbirth than after abortion, may be responsible for the higher incidence of puerperal psychosis.", "PMID": 837169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2517", "title": "Blood and vein-wall fibrinolytic activity in health and vascular disease.", "content": "The resting blood fibrinolytic activity of 120 normal subjects and 294 patients with various forms of vascular disease was assessed by measuring the dilute blood clot lysis time and fibrin plate lysis area before and after 10 minutes of venous congestion. The tissue fibrinolytic activity of several of these subjects was assessed in vein biopsy specimens. The results suggested that there was a correlation between blood and tissue fibrinolytic activity and that certain venous diseases, particularly recurrent superficial thrombophlebitis and venous liposclerosis, were associated with a deficiency of blood and tissue fibrinolytic activity.", "contents": "Blood and vein-wall fibrinolytic activity in health and vascular disease. The resting blood fibrinolytic activity of 120 normal subjects and 294 patients with various forms of vascular disease was assessed by measuring the dilute blood clot lysis time and fibrin plate lysis area before and after 10 minutes of venous congestion. The tissue fibrinolytic activity of several of these subjects was assessed in vein biopsy specimens. The results suggested that there was a correlation between blood and tissue fibrinolytic activity and that certain venous diseases, particularly recurrent superficial thrombophlebitis and venous liposclerosis, were associated with a deficiency of blood and tissue fibrinolytic activity.", "PMID": 837170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2518", "title": "Renal insufficiency associated with excessive lead exposure.", "content": "Water lead concentrations were measured in 970 households throughout Scotland. Blood lead concentrations were measured in 283 people living in houses with water lead levels of over 0-48 mumol/l (100 mug/l). A highly significant correlation was found between lead concentrations in water and blood. Raised blood lead concentrations were associated with renal insufficiency, reflected in raised serum urea concentrations, and with hyperuricaemia, although there was no evidence of clinical disease in any of the affected people. This is further evidence that excessive lead in domestic water supplies has a harmful effect on the community's health.", "contents": "Renal insufficiency associated with excessive lead exposure. Water lead concentrations were measured in 970 households throughout Scotland. Blood lead concentrations were measured in 283 people living in houses with water lead levels of over 0-48 mumol/l (100 mug/l). A highly significant correlation was found between lead concentrations in water and blood. Raised blood lead concentrations were associated with renal insufficiency, reflected in raised serum urea concentrations, and with hyperuricaemia, although there was no evidence of clinical disease in any of the affected people. This is further evidence that excessive lead in domestic water supplies has a harmful effect on the community's health.", "PMID": 837171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2519", "title": "Effect of eating liquorice on the renin-angiotensin aldosterone axis in normal subjects.", "content": "The effect of confectionery liquorice on electrolyte status and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) axis was studied in 14 healthy volunteers. They ate liquorice in daily doses of 100 g or 200 g (equivalent to 0-7-1-4 g glycyrrhizinic acid) for one to four weeks. Plasma potassium concentrations fell by over 0-3 mmol/l in 11 people, including four who had to be withdrawn from the study because of hypokalaemia. One or more values of the RAA axis, especially plasma renin activity and urinary aldosterone concentrations, were considerably depressed in all subjects. These results show that potentially serious metabolic effects may occur in some people who eat modest amounts of liquorice daily for less than a week.", "contents": "Effect of eating liquorice on the renin-angiotensin aldosterone axis in normal subjects. The effect of confectionery liquorice on electrolyte status and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) axis was studied in 14 healthy volunteers. They ate liquorice in daily doses of 100 g or 200 g (equivalent to 0-7-1-4 g glycyrrhizinic acid) for one to four weeks. Plasma potassium concentrations fell by over 0-3 mmol/l in 11 people, including four who had to be withdrawn from the study because of hypokalaemia. One or more values of the RAA axis, especially plasma renin activity and urinary aldosterone concentrations, were considerably depressed in all subjects. These results show that potentially serious metabolic effects may occur in some people who eat modest amounts of liquorice daily for less than a week.", "PMID": 837172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2520", "title": "An in vitro analysis of metal electrodes for use in the neural environment.", "content": "The results of evaluation of the corrosion response of Pt, Au, Rh, Ir, Pt-10% Ir and Pt-10% Rh electrodes subjected to bipolar current pulses of 0.1 and 1.0 A/geom. cm2 in a simulated neural environment are reported. The criteria for evaluation include the extent and morphology of material removal and corrosion product formation. The chemical changes on the electrode surface and in the test electrolyte are also evaluated. Modified potentiographic methods were developed which monitor interface conditions of the electrodes during chronic, long-term biphasic current passage. Under the test conditions established by the neural model, evaluation of the corrosion response of the candidate electrode materials shows that Rh was moderately damaged at 1.0 A/geom. cm2, while the remaining test electrodes were severely damaged at this current density. While Rh, Ir and Au exhibit corrosion resistance at 0.1 A/geom. cm2, damage to all of the test materials preclude their use in any long-term chronic neural prosthetic implant under the simulated stimulation parameters of the tests. The relative corrosion resistance of the test electrode materials is related to the adherence and coherence of the corrosion product produced on the electrode surface during the first few hundred hours of stimulation. Analysis of the voltage response of the electrodes to current passage provides a means of monitoring the nucleation and growth of the corrosion product.", "contents": "An in vitro analysis of metal electrodes for use in the neural environment. The results of evaluation of the corrosion response of Pt, Au, Rh, Ir, Pt-10% Ir and Pt-10% Rh electrodes subjected to bipolar current pulses of 0.1 and 1.0 A/geom. cm2 in a simulated neural environment are reported. The criteria for evaluation include the extent and morphology of material removal and corrosion product formation. The chemical changes on the electrode surface and in the test electrolyte are also evaluated. Modified potentiographic methods were developed which monitor interface conditions of the electrodes during chronic, long-term biphasic current passage. Under the test conditions established by the neural model, evaluation of the corrosion response of the candidate electrode materials shows that Rh was moderately damaged at 1.0 A/geom. cm2, while the remaining test electrodes were severely damaged at this current density. While Rh, Ir and Au exhibit corrosion resistance at 0.1 A/geom. cm2, damage to all of the test materials preclude their use in any long-term chronic neural prosthetic implant under the simulated stimulation parameters of the tests. The relative corrosion resistance of the test electrode materials is related to the adherence and coherence of the corrosion product produced on the electrode surface during the first few hundred hours of stimulation. Analysis of the voltage response of the electrodes to current passage provides a means of monitoring the nucleation and growth of the corrosion product.", "PMID": 837211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2521", "title": "Responses of single neurons to electrical stimulation of the surface of the visual cortex.", "content": "We have recorded from single neurons in the visual cortex of the cat while stimulating the cortical surface with the same type of electrodes and the same parameters of stimulation which have produced phosphenes in conscious man. Parameters of stimulation which will permit excitation of single cortical neurons with little risk of producing afterdischarges are described. The patterns of excitation of single neurons during surface stimulation and the effects of stimulation on neuroglial cells have also been studied. Surface stimulation also produced marked alterations in cortical excitability as tested with visually presented stimuli. Mechanisms by which single neurons are excited by surface stimulation are also considered.", "contents": "Responses of single neurons to electrical stimulation of the surface of the visual cortex. We have recorded from single neurons in the visual cortex of the cat while stimulating the cortical surface with the same type of electrodes and the same parameters of stimulation which have produced phosphenes in conscious man. Parameters of stimulation which will permit excitation of single cortical neurons with little risk of producing afterdischarges are described. The patterns of excitation of single neurons during surface stimulation and the effects of stimulation on neuroglial cells have also been studied. Surface stimulation also produced marked alterations in cortical excitability as tested with visually presented stimuli. Mechanisms by which single neurons are excited by surface stimulation are also considered.", "PMID": 837212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2522", "title": "The visual cortex during chronic stimulation.", "content": "The lateral and suprasylvian gyris of cats have been stimulated anodically by surface electrodes for a total of 40 h by biphasic square waves. Peak currents were +/-6.0 mA, O to peak. Control electrodes were never stimulated. Electrode materials were low-temperature isotropic carbon and metals (Rh, Pt, Au). Reductions in tissue impedance quickly followed the onset of stimulation. The impedance change was related to stimulus current and to the incidence of motor seizures but not clearly to the electrode material. Utilizing concentric electrodes, the impedance change was not localized to the stimulating electrode - tissue interface. No protection from stimulation-associated impedance modifications was provided by the systemic administration of a material of high osmolarity (Mannitol) but the usual impedance decrease was not seen after systemic administration of a glucocorticoid.", "contents": "The visual cortex during chronic stimulation. The lateral and suprasylvian gyris of cats have been stimulated anodically by surface electrodes for a total of 40 h by biphasic square waves. Peak currents were +/-6.0 mA, O to peak. Control electrodes were never stimulated. Electrode materials were low-temperature isotropic carbon and metals (Rh, Pt, Au). Reductions in tissue impedance quickly followed the onset of stimulation. The impedance change was related to stimulus current and to the incidence of motor seizures but not clearly to the electrode material. Utilizing concentric electrodes, the impedance change was not localized to the stimulating electrode - tissue interface. No protection from stimulation-associated impedance modifications was provided by the systemic administration of a material of high osmolarity (Mannitol) but the usual impedance decrease was not seen after systemic administration of a glucocorticoid.", "PMID": 837213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2523", "title": "Rapid dendritic atrophy following deafferentation: an EM morphometric analysis.", "content": "The nucleus laminaris (NL), a third-order brain stem auditory nucleus in birds, receives afferents to its dorsal dendrites from the ipsilateral nucleus magnocellularis (NM), while the ventral dendrites of NL neurons are innervated by axons from the contralateral NM via the crossed dorsal cochlear tract (CTrX). The CTrx was transected in young chickens and, 96 h later, NL was examined for cytological changes. A morphometric analysis of electron micrographs from lesioned and shamd axon terminals were localized almost entirely to the ventral neuropil region of NL. (2) The volume density of dendrite in the ventral region of NL of lesioned animals was reduced by 85% compared to both the dorsal dendritic region of the same animals and the ventral dendritic region of sham-operated control animals. (3) The frequency with which primary dendrites were encountered in the ventral neuropil of lesioned animals was 81% lower than sham-operated controls. (4) Frequently, there was an apparent reduction in the amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and cytoplasmic granularity in the deafferented part of the NL neurons. (5) The data indicate that the cytological integrity of dendritic processes cna be specifically, profoundly and very rapidly compromised by removing a significant proportion of their afferents, suggesting that a tonic influence may be exerted by the presynaptic terminals.", "contents": "Rapid dendritic atrophy following deafferentation: an EM morphometric analysis. The nucleus laminaris (NL), a third-order brain stem auditory nucleus in birds, receives afferents to its dorsal dendrites from the ipsilateral nucleus magnocellularis (NM), while the ventral dendrites of NL neurons are innervated by axons from the contralateral NM via the crossed dorsal cochlear tract (CTrX). The CTrx was transected in young chickens and, 96 h later, NL was examined for cytological changes. A morphometric analysis of electron micrographs from lesioned and shamd axon terminals were localized almost entirely to the ventral neuropil region of NL. (2) The volume density of dendrite in the ventral region of NL of lesioned animals was reduced by 85% compared to both the dorsal dendritic region of the same animals and the ventral dendritic region of sham-operated control animals. (3) The frequency with which primary dendrites were encountered in the ventral neuropil of lesioned animals was 81% lower than sham-operated controls. (4) Frequently, there was an apparent reduction in the amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and cytoplasmic granularity in the deafferented part of the NL neurons. (5) The data indicate that the cytological integrity of dendritic processes cna be specifically, profoundly and very rapidly compromised by removing a significant proportion of their afferents, suggesting that a tonic influence may be exerted by the presynaptic terminals.", "PMID": 837214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2524", "title": "Effects of posterior neocortical lesions on wavelength, light/dark and stripe orientation discrimination in ground squirrels.", "content": "Thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Citellus tridecemlineatus) were trained on three two-choice visual discrimination problems: light/dark, color and stripe orientation. After posterior neocortical lesions in one or two stages, they were tested on all three discriminations. The results demonstrate that animals with large posterior neocortical lesions which produced retrograde changes throughout the dorsal lateral geniculate (LGNd) were capable of light/dark and wavelength discrimination. These animals were not able to discriminate stripe orientation. It is proposed that wavelength discrimination depends on extrageniculostriate mechanisms in posterior neodecorticates of this species.", "contents": "Effects of posterior neocortical lesions on wavelength, light/dark and stripe orientation discrimination in ground squirrels. Thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Citellus tridecemlineatus) were trained on three two-choice visual discrimination problems: light/dark, color and stripe orientation. After posterior neocortical lesions in one or two stages, they were tested on all three discriminations. The results demonstrate that animals with large posterior neocortical lesions which produced retrograde changes throughout the dorsal lateral geniculate (LGNd) were capable of light/dark and wavelength discrimination. These animals were not able to discriminate stripe orientation. It is proposed that wavelength discrimination depends on extrageniculostriate mechanisms in posterior neodecorticates of this species.", "PMID": 837217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2525", "title": "Analysis of sleep-wakefulness rhythms in male rats after suprachiasmatic nucleus lesions and ocular enucleation.", "content": "To determine quantitatively characteristics of sleep-wakefulness rhythms in male albino rats, computer analysis of long term polygraphic records (24 h/day) of cortical EEG activity, neck EMG and EOG taken from 23 rats under 12:12 light-dark schedule was performed. After bilateral suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) lesions, the circadian rhythm in sleep-wakefulness was completely eliminated, although no attenuation or even slight enhancement of the ultradian rhythms with 2-4 h pweiodicity was observed. After enucleation of both eyes, the circadian rhythm was free-running with a phase shift in the range from --12 to +22 min/day in 6 rats. A gradual decrease of the spectral value of the circadian rhythm and inverse enhancement of the ultradian rhythms with 4--7 h periodicity (predominantly 6 h in 4 out of 6 rats) were also shown. In the spectral diagram, the appearance of paradoxical sleep (PS) paralleled slow-wave sleep (SWS), in the cases of the circadian rhythm and ultradian rhythms with 4--7 h periodicity. Behaviorally blind rats with bilateral primary optic tract (POT) lesions maintained the circadian rhythm in sleep-wakefulness entrained to the environmental light-dark cycle. Power spectral analysis showed no characteristic difference from normal rats. Based on these data, the role of the SCN as a pacemaker of endogenous circadian rhythm in sleep-wakefulness is discussed.", "contents": "Analysis of sleep-wakefulness rhythms in male rats after suprachiasmatic nucleus lesions and ocular enucleation. To determine quantitatively characteristics of sleep-wakefulness rhythms in male albino rats, computer analysis of long term polygraphic records (24 h/day) of cortical EEG activity, neck EMG and EOG taken from 23 rats under 12:12 light-dark schedule was performed. After bilateral suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) lesions, the circadian rhythm in sleep-wakefulness was completely eliminated, although no attenuation or even slight enhancement of the ultradian rhythms with 2-4 h pweiodicity was observed. After enucleation of both eyes, the circadian rhythm was free-running with a phase shift in the range from --12 to +22 min/day in 6 rats. A gradual decrease of the spectral value of the circadian rhythm and inverse enhancement of the ultradian rhythms with 4--7 h periodicity (predominantly 6 h in 4 out of 6 rats) were also shown. In the spectral diagram, the appearance of paradoxical sleep (PS) paralleled slow-wave sleep (SWS), in the cases of the circadian rhythm and ultradian rhythms with 4--7 h periodicity. Behaviorally blind rats with bilateral primary optic tract (POT) lesions maintained the circadian rhythm in sleep-wakefulness entrained to the environmental light-dark cycle. Power spectral analysis showed no characteristic difference from normal rats. Based on these data, the role of the SCN as a pacemaker of endogenous circadian rhythm in sleep-wakefulness is discussed.", "PMID": 837222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2526", "title": "Morphine, naloxone and the responses of medial thalamic neurones of the cat.", "content": "Administered electrophoretically morphine depressed the firing of medial thalamic neurones. This effect was not antagonized by naloxone which itself was a depressant. A long lasting increase in sensitivity to L-glutamate followed ejection of both morphine and naloxone. Intravenous morphine, 0.5-1.5 mg/kg, had inconstant effects on spontaneous firing that evoked by electrical stimulation of the forepaws but in 7 of 10 experiments reduced the sensitivity of neurones to L-glutamate. This effect was reversed in all cases by intravenous naloxone, 0.3 mg/kg", "contents": "Morphine, naloxone and the responses of medial thalamic neurones of the cat. Administered electrophoretically morphine depressed the firing of medial thalamic neurones. This effect was not antagonized by naloxone which itself was a depressant. A long lasting increase in sensitivity to L-glutamate followed ejection of both morphine and naloxone. Intravenous morphine, 0.5-1.5 mg/kg, had inconstant effects on spontaneous firing that evoked by electrical stimulation of the forepaws but in 7 of 10 experiments reduced the sensitivity of neurones to L-glutamate. This effect was reversed in all cases by intravenous naloxone, 0.3 mg/kg", "PMID": 837223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2527", "title": "Genetic variation in brain L-glutamate decarboxylase activity from two inbred strains of mice.", "content": "Two inbred strains of mice, C57BL/6Bg and DBA/1Bg, were compared for genetic varaition in brain L-glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activity. Although no large difference was found between the strains in whole brain GAD activity at adult age (27--45 days postnatally), regional examination revealed a difference in GAD activity in the cerebral cortex (15% higher in DBA); subcellular examination revealed a difference in synaptosomal fraction (21% higher in DBA). When GAD activity was measured in synaptosomal fractions prepared from dissected cerebral cortex, DBA was 34% higher than C57BL. In addition, differences in GAD activity between the two strains could be observed even in the whole brain (10--15% higher in DBA) during earlier development (15--23 days postnatally). These data indicate that at adult age, genetic difference in GAD activity between the two strains exists mainly in nerve terminals of the cerebral cortex. It is postulated that the difference may be due to a genetically mediated mechanism regulating GAD in the presynaptic terminals of GABA neurons of the cerebral cortex.", "contents": "Genetic variation in brain L-glutamate decarboxylase activity from two inbred strains of mice. Two inbred strains of mice, C57BL/6Bg and DBA/1Bg, were compared for genetic varaition in brain L-glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activity. Although no large difference was found between the strains in whole brain GAD activity at adult age (27--45 days postnatally), regional examination revealed a difference in GAD activity in the cerebral cortex (15% higher in DBA); subcellular examination revealed a difference in synaptosomal fraction (21% higher in DBA). When GAD activity was measured in synaptosomal fractions prepared from dissected cerebral cortex, DBA was 34% higher than C57BL. In addition, differences in GAD activity between the two strains could be observed even in the whole brain (10--15% higher in DBA) during earlier development (15--23 days postnatally). These data indicate that at adult age, genetic difference in GAD activity between the two strains exists mainly in nerve terminals of the cerebral cortex. It is postulated that the difference may be due to a genetically mediated mechanism regulating GAD in the presynaptic terminals of GABA neurons of the cerebral cortex.", "PMID": 837224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2528", "title": "Characteristics of dopamine and beta-adrenergic sensitive adenylate cyclases in the frontal cerebral cortex of the rat. Comparative effects of neuroleptics on frontal cortex and striatal dopamine sensitive adenylate cyclases.", "content": "Homogenates of frontal cerebral cortex of the rat were prepared from microdiscs punched out in areas rich in dopaminergic terminals. Under optimal assay conditions, dopamine (10-4 M) stimulated an adenylate cyclase present in these homogenates by 80-100%. This stimulation reached 200% when microdiscs were punched out from the medial part of the frontal cerebral cortex, adjacent to the forceps minor. Dopamine interacted with an homogeneous population of receptor sites which had an apparent affinity (KD) of 3.8 +/- 0.9 x 10-6 M (N = 4). The dopamine receptor was blocked by fluphenazine and phentolamine but had no affinity for pindolol, propranolol or L-isoproterenol. The affinities of several neuroleptics having different chemical structures were simultaneously determined on striatal and on frontal cerebral cortex dopamine sensitive adenylate cyclases. Fluphenazine was more potent in blocking the striatal than the frontal cerebral cortex dopaminergic receptors. In contrast, in all experiments, haloperidol had an higher affinity for the cerebral frontal cortex than for the striatal dopaminergic receptors. Thus, haloperidol was less effective than fluphenazine in blocking the striatal dopaminergic receptors, and equally potent than fluphenazine in inhibiting the frontal cerebral cortex dopamine sensitive adenylate cyclase. Chlorpromazine, thioridazine and clozapine had the same affinity for the two dopaminergic adenylate cyclase systems. L-isoproterenol interacted with an homogeneous population of beta-adrenergic receptor sites (KD = 3 +/- 2 X 10-7 M; N = 4) coupled with an adenylate cyclase distince from the dopamine sensitive adenylate cyclase. This beta-receptor had no affinity for dopamine or fluphenazine but was blocked by propranolol or pindolol. L-Norepinephrine was shown to stimulate both the dopamine (KD = 1.8 +/- 1 X 10-5 M; N = 4) and the beta-adrenergic (KD = 8 +/- 3 X 10-7 M; N = 4) sensitive adenylate cyclases. Thus, the L-norepinephrine effect was totally blocked in the combined presence of fluphenazine and pindolol.", "contents": "Characteristics of dopamine and beta-adrenergic sensitive adenylate cyclases in the frontal cerebral cortex of the rat. Comparative effects of neuroleptics on frontal cortex and striatal dopamine sensitive adenylate cyclases. Homogenates of frontal cerebral cortex of the rat were prepared from microdiscs punched out in areas rich in dopaminergic terminals. Under optimal assay conditions, dopamine (10-4 M) stimulated an adenylate cyclase present in these homogenates by 80-100%. This stimulation reached 200% when microdiscs were punched out from the medial part of the frontal cerebral cortex, adjacent to the forceps minor. Dopamine interacted with an homogeneous population of receptor sites which had an apparent affinity (KD) of 3.8 +/- 0.9 x 10-6 M (N = 4). The dopamine receptor was blocked by fluphenazine and phentolamine but had no affinity for pindolol, propranolol or L-isoproterenol. The affinities of several neuroleptics having different chemical structures were simultaneously determined on striatal and on frontal cerebral cortex dopamine sensitive adenylate cyclases. Fluphenazine was more potent in blocking the striatal than the frontal cerebral cortex dopaminergic receptors. In contrast, in all experiments, haloperidol had an higher affinity for the cerebral frontal cortex than for the striatal dopaminergic receptors. Thus, haloperidol was less effective than fluphenazine in blocking the striatal dopaminergic receptors, and equally potent than fluphenazine in inhibiting the frontal cerebral cortex dopamine sensitive adenylate cyclase. Chlorpromazine, thioridazine and clozapine had the same affinity for the two dopaminergic adenylate cyclase systems. L-isoproterenol interacted with an homogeneous population of beta-adrenergic receptor sites (KD = 3 +/- 2 X 10-7 M; N = 4) coupled with an adenylate cyclase distince from the dopamine sensitive adenylate cyclase. This beta-receptor had no affinity for dopamine or fluphenazine but was blocked by propranolol or pindolol. L-Norepinephrine was shown to stimulate both the dopamine (KD = 1.8 +/- 1 X 10-5 M; N = 4) and the beta-adrenergic (KD = 8 +/- 3 X 10-7 M; N = 4) sensitive adenylate cyclases. Thus, the L-norepinephrine effect was totally blocked in the combined presence of fluphenazine and pindolol.", "PMID": 837225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2529", "title": "An enzymatically stable peptide with activity in the central nervous system: its penetration through the blood-CSF barrier.", "content": "Vasopressin, other neurohpophyseal peptides and certain of their fragments can affect central nervous system function. Cyclo(Leu-Gly), formally derived from the C-terminal dipeptide of oxytocin, is also active in memory processes. This molecule, radioactively labeled for this study, was found to be resistant to enzymatic degradation both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, after its intravenous application in cat, it easily penetrated into cerebrospinal fluid. This indicates that cyclo(Leu-Gly) can readily pass from blood into the central nervous system to exert it's central pharmacological actions. Thus, labeled cyclo(Leu-Gly) is a valuable model for studying the distribution and localization of peptides which have activity in the central nervous system.", "contents": "An enzymatically stable peptide with activity in the central nervous system: its penetration through the blood-CSF barrier. Vasopressin, other neurohpophyseal peptides and certain of their fragments can affect central nervous system function. Cyclo(Leu-Gly), formally derived from the C-terminal dipeptide of oxytocin, is also active in memory processes. This molecule, radioactively labeled for this study, was found to be resistant to enzymatic degradation both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, after its intravenous application in cat, it easily penetrated into cerebrospinal fluid. This indicates that cyclo(Leu-Gly) can readily pass from blood into the central nervous system to exert it's central pharmacological actions. Thus, labeled cyclo(Leu-Gly) is a valuable model for studying the distribution and localization of peptides which have activity in the central nervous system.", "PMID": 837226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2530", "title": "Subcellular distribution of rat brain cortex high-affinity, sodium-dependent, glycine transport sites.", "content": "The subcellular distribution of the membrane components, present in rat brain cortex homogenates, that interact with glycine in the presence of sodium ions was studied. The distribution in the primary fractions, as per cent of total binding in the homogenate, was: P1 ('nuclear'), 58%; P2 (large granule), 39%; P3 (microsomal), 2%9 Of the subfractions obtained by centrifuging P1 in a linear 0.32--1.5 M sucrose gradient, only the lighter fraction (P1-III) formed by large myelin fragments was enriched in specific binding activity with respect to P1. The pellet formed by purified nuclei had negligible binding, and fractions of intermediate density had a lower activity than P1. Transient exposure of P1-III to 1.5 M sucrose did not diminish its binding ability. Similarly, in the subfractions obtained by centrifuging P1 in a discontinuous sucrose gradient, only the least dense one, P1-A, that is formed exclusively by large myelin fragments, was enriched with respect to P1. The electron microscopy of these fractions is presented. The P2 subfractions, obtained in a linear 2--18% Ficoll gradient, had the following sodium-dependent activity (counts/min/mg protein, fractions being in the order of decreasing density): pellet, 0; P2-I, O; P2-II, 450; P2-III, 1770; P2-IV, 4130; unfractionated P2, 880; P2-IV, the least dense fraction being composed mainly of myelin. With P2 subfractions obtained in a discontinuous sucrose gradient (0.32, 0.8 and 1.2 M sucrose layers), it was also found that sodium-dependent glycine binding was only enriched, with respect to P2, in the myelin fraction P2-A. Glycine binding to purified brain cortex myelin was also found to be very high, while binding to non-myelin membranes, obtained during the purification procedure, was only 0--7% of that seen with myelin. These results suggest that high-affinity glycine binding is located in myelin proper, and possibly also in some other glial plasma membranes, but not in nuclei, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum or synaptosomes. The relevance of these findings for interpreting previous reports on high-affinity glycine transport in the central nervous system is analyzed.", "contents": "Subcellular distribution of rat brain cortex high-affinity, sodium-dependent, glycine transport sites. The subcellular distribution of the membrane components, present in rat brain cortex homogenates, that interact with glycine in the presence of sodium ions was studied. The distribution in the primary fractions, as per cent of total binding in the homogenate, was: P1 ('nuclear'), 58%; P2 (large granule), 39%; P3 (microsomal), 2%9 Of the subfractions obtained by centrifuging P1 in a linear 0.32--1.5 M sucrose gradient, only the lighter fraction (P1-III) formed by large myelin fragments was enriched in specific binding activity with respect to P1. The pellet formed by purified nuclei had negligible binding, and fractions of intermediate density had a lower activity than P1. Transient exposure of P1-III to 1.5 M sucrose did not diminish its binding ability. Similarly, in the subfractions obtained by centrifuging P1 in a discontinuous sucrose gradient, only the least dense one, P1-A, that is formed exclusively by large myelin fragments, was enriched with respect to P1. The electron microscopy of these fractions is presented. The P2 subfractions, obtained in a linear 2--18% Ficoll gradient, had the following sodium-dependent activity (counts/min/mg protein, fractions being in the order of decreasing density): pellet, 0; P2-I, O; P2-II, 450; P2-III, 1770; P2-IV, 4130; unfractionated P2, 880; P2-IV, the least dense fraction being composed mainly of myelin. With P2 subfractions obtained in a discontinuous sucrose gradient (0.32, 0.8 and 1.2 M sucrose layers), it was also found that sodium-dependent glycine binding was only enriched, with respect to P2, in the myelin fraction P2-A. Glycine binding to purified brain cortex myelin was also found to be very high, while binding to non-myelin membranes, obtained during the purification procedure, was only 0--7% of that seen with myelin. These results suggest that high-affinity glycine binding is located in myelin proper, and possibly also in some other glial plasma membranes, but not in nuclei, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum or synaptosomes. The relevance of these findings for interpreting previous reports on high-affinity glycine transport in the central nervous system is analyzed.", "PMID": 837227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2531", "title": "Electrophysiological and horseradish peroxidase studies of precerebellar afferents to the nucleus interpositus anterior. I. Climbing fiber system.", "content": "The input to the nucleus interpositus anterior (NIA) of the cat from the inferior olive (IO) was studied by stimulating the IO while recording intracellularly from the NIA, and by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Stimulation of the IO evoked monosynaptic EPSPs in NIA neurons. The cells labeled in the IO following electrophoretic and pressure injection of HRP into NIA were located in the rostral parts of the dorsal and medial accessory olive. Stimulation of the IO also polysynaptically evoked an IPSP and a late disinhibitory depolarization. Data were presented which indicated that these potentials were mediated by the Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex.", "contents": "Electrophysiological and horseradish peroxidase studies of precerebellar afferents to the nucleus interpositus anterior. I. Climbing fiber system. The input to the nucleus interpositus anterior (NIA) of the cat from the inferior olive (IO) was studied by stimulating the IO while recording intracellularly from the NIA, and by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Stimulation of the IO evoked monosynaptic EPSPs in NIA neurons. The cells labeled in the IO following electrophoretic and pressure injection of HRP into NIA were located in the rostral parts of the dorsal and medial accessory olive. Stimulation of the IO also polysynaptically evoked an IPSP and a late disinhibitory depolarization. Data were presented which indicated that these potentials were mediated by the Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex.", "PMID": 837228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2532", "title": "Electrophysiological and horseradish peroxidase studies of precerebellar afferents to the nucleus interpositus anterior. II. Mossy fiber system.", "content": "Inputs to the nucleus interpositus anterior (NIA) of the cat from precerebellar nuclei which are thought to give rise to mossy fibers were studied using electrophysiological and anatomical techniques. Stimulation of one of these precerebellar nuclei, the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) evoked monosynaptic EPSPs in NIA neurons. These EPSPs were followed by polysynaptic IPSPs and late depolarization mediated by the response of the cerebellar cortex. Similar responses were occasionally seen following stimulation of the brachium pontis (BP). When horseradish peroxidase was injected into the NIA, labeled cells were found in the magnocellular and parvicellular LRN, the external cuneate nucleus (ECN), the pontine nuclei and the perihypoglossal nuclei. There was no evidence for a direct projection of the nucleus reticularis pontis to the NIA. It was suggested that most of the tonic excitation of NIA neurons is provided by the LRN and ECN.", "contents": "Electrophysiological and horseradish peroxidase studies of precerebellar afferents to the nucleus interpositus anterior. II. Mossy fiber system. Inputs to the nucleus interpositus anterior (NIA) of the cat from precerebellar nuclei which are thought to give rise to mossy fibers were studied using electrophysiological and anatomical techniques. Stimulation of one of these precerebellar nuclei, the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) evoked monosynaptic EPSPs in NIA neurons. These EPSPs were followed by polysynaptic IPSPs and late depolarization mediated by the response of the cerebellar cortex. Similar responses were occasionally seen following stimulation of the brachium pontis (BP). When horseradish peroxidase was injected into the NIA, labeled cells were found in the magnocellular and parvicellular LRN, the external cuneate nucleus (ECN), the pontine nuclei and the perihypoglossal nuclei. There was no evidence for a direct projection of the nucleus reticularis pontis to the NIA. It was suggested that most of the tonic excitation of NIA neurons is provided by the LRN and ECN.", "PMID": 837229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2533", "title": "Habenular and other midbrain raphe afferents demonstrated by a modified retrograde tracing technique.", "content": "Afferents to th midbrain dorsal and median raphe nuclei in the rat were studied by means of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde transport method. The HRP was given by means of a modified iontophoretic delivery technique. This technique permitted an efficient and localized deposition of a high concentration of HRP into the raphe nuclei. Afferents to the raphe as determined by this method could be categorized into 2 classes; those exclusively to the raphe and those also positive for adjacent reticular formation. The most striking afferent area to the raphe, both in terms of selectivity and density, was the lateral habenula. This result is in accord with previous studies using degeneration methods which indicate an habenular projection to the raphe area. There were afferents exclusively positive for the dorsal raphe nucleus emanating from the nucleus of the solitary tract. Most other raphe afferent areas were also positive for the reticular formation (e.g;, prefrontal cortex, medial forebrain bundle, preoptic nuclei, and reticular formation). The existence of a major afferent system from the lateral habenula to the midbrain raphe is consistent with the concept of a \"dorsal pathway\" which might be responsible for relaying information from forebrain limbic structures to the \"midbrain limbic areas\".", "contents": "Habenular and other midbrain raphe afferents demonstrated by a modified retrograde tracing technique. Afferents to th midbrain dorsal and median raphe nuclei in the rat were studied by means of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde transport method. The HRP was given by means of a modified iontophoretic delivery technique. This technique permitted an efficient and localized deposition of a high concentration of HRP into the raphe nuclei. Afferents to the raphe as determined by this method could be categorized into 2 classes; those exclusively to the raphe and those also positive for adjacent reticular formation. The most striking afferent area to the raphe, both in terms of selectivity and density, was the lateral habenula. This result is in accord with previous studies using degeneration methods which indicate an habenular projection to the raphe area. There were afferents exclusively positive for the dorsal raphe nucleus emanating from the nucleus of the solitary tract. Most other raphe afferent areas were also positive for the reticular formation (e.g;, prefrontal cortex, medial forebrain bundle, preoptic nuclei, and reticular formation). The existence of a major afferent system from the lateral habenula to the midbrain raphe is consistent with the concept of a \"dorsal pathway\" which might be responsible for relaying information from forebrain limbic structures to the \"midbrain limbic areas\".", "PMID": 837230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2534", "title": "The relation between end-tidal CO2 and discharge patterns of sympathetic preganglionic neurons.", "content": "In 11 Nembutal-anesthetized, vagotomized, thoracotomized, paralyzed and artificially ventilated cats, the electrical activity of 32 single sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs), dissected from the cervical nerve was recorded at various end-tidal CO2 levels, together with the activity of the phrenic nerve. Seven of these neurons were insensitive to CO2 changes, within a range of end-tidal CO2 values from 1;0 to 10;0%. All 7 had a background firing pattern without respiratory modulation, even at the highest CO2 levels tested, i.e., had the same firing frequency in both phases of the phrenic nerve activity cycle. Seventeen units were silent at low CO2 levels, began to discharge at particular CO2 levels (on the average, at 2.3% CO2) and increased their firing frequency (on the average, by 0.9 spikes/sec/% CO2) as end-tidal CO2 was raised above the threshold level. Their background discharge pattern was characterized by firing only in the inspiratory phase of the phrenic nerve activity cycle. Three units had firing which was CO2-independent within a range of low CO2 concentrations and which increased as CO2 concentration was increased above this range. These units fired throughout the phrenic nerve activity cycle but had their peak frequency in inspiration. Five units had a firing frequency which was highest at low CO2 and which decreased with increasing CO2 levels. These units had their peak frequency in expiration. These results show that the output of this SPN population is strongly influenced by CO2 within the range of concentrations tested. The finding that sensitivity to CO2 changes is a property only of SPNs with respiratory-modulated firing pattern suggests that the CO2-dependent input is relayed to these SPNs via the respiratory center; A comparison of data obtained under hypocapnic conditions with data obtained in previous studies in normocapnic cats with mid-cervical spinal cord transections suggests that brain stem inspiratory neurons represent a major excitatory input to this SPN pool.", "contents": "The relation between end-tidal CO2 and discharge patterns of sympathetic preganglionic neurons. In 11 Nembutal-anesthetized, vagotomized, thoracotomized, paralyzed and artificially ventilated cats, the electrical activity of 32 single sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs), dissected from the cervical nerve was recorded at various end-tidal CO2 levels, together with the activity of the phrenic nerve. Seven of these neurons were insensitive to CO2 changes, within a range of end-tidal CO2 values from 1;0 to 10;0%. All 7 had a background firing pattern without respiratory modulation, even at the highest CO2 levels tested, i.e., had the same firing frequency in both phases of the phrenic nerve activity cycle. Seventeen units were silent at low CO2 levels, began to discharge at particular CO2 levels (on the average, at 2.3% CO2) and increased their firing frequency (on the average, by 0.9 spikes/sec/% CO2) as end-tidal CO2 was raised above the threshold level. Their background discharge pattern was characterized by firing only in the inspiratory phase of the phrenic nerve activity cycle. Three units had firing which was CO2-independent within a range of low CO2 concentrations and which increased as CO2 concentration was increased above this range. These units fired throughout the phrenic nerve activity cycle but had their peak frequency in inspiration. Five units had a firing frequency which was highest at low CO2 and which decreased with increasing CO2 levels. These units had their peak frequency in expiration. These results show that the output of this SPN population is strongly influenced by CO2 within the range of concentrations tested. The finding that sensitivity to CO2 changes is a property only of SPNs with respiratory-modulated firing pattern suggests that the CO2-dependent input is relayed to these SPNs via the respiratory center; A comparison of data obtained under hypocapnic conditions with data obtained in previous studies in normocapnic cats with mid-cervical spinal cord transections suggests that brain stem inspiratory neurons represent a major excitatory input to this SPN pool.", "PMID": 837231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2535", "title": "Central actions of histamine: microelectrophoretic studies.", "content": "Responses of neurones in different regions of the rat and cat brain to micro-electrophoretically applied histamine and some related substances including antagonists are reported. Histamine excites most neurones in the hypothalamus but depresses the vast majority of neurones in other structures. Depressant actions of histamine and some inhibitions in the cortex and hippocampus of the rat are antagonized by metiamide, an H2-receptor antagonist. The results lend strong support to the idea of histaminergic transmission in the mammalian brain.", "contents": "Central actions of histamine: microelectrophoretic studies. Responses of neurones in different regions of the rat and cat brain to micro-electrophoretically applied histamine and some related substances including antagonists are reported. Histamine excites most neurones in the hypothalamus but depresses the vast majority of neurones in other structures. Depressant actions of histamine and some inhibitions in the cortex and hippocampus of the rat are antagonized by metiamide, an H2-receptor antagonist. The results lend strong support to the idea of histaminergic transmission in the mammalian brain.", "PMID": 837232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2536", "title": "The occurrence and seasonal variation of gigartinine and L-citrullinyl-L-arginine in Chondrus crispus Stackh.", "content": "Gigartinine, 5-(3-amidinoureido)-2-aminovaleric acid, and L-citrullinyl-L-arginine were islated from aqueous extracts of Chondrus crispus (Rhodophyceae). Their identifications were confirmed by chemical procedures, and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopic methods. Citrullinylarginine, gigartinine, taurine, citrulline, and glutamic acid were the predominant free amino compounds. Citrullinylarginine showed the most pronounced change in concentration. This occurred during the winter months when it reached a maximum (in March) of 58 mumol/g fresh weight, a value 10 times greater than that of any of the free amino acids and equal to 50% of the total organic nitrogen in the plant; All of these compounds were depleted to a minimum of about 1 mumol/g fresh weight in October. Both gigartinine and citrullinylarginine were detected in Ahnfeltia plicata, Gracilaria sp. Petrocelis middendorfii, Polyides rotundus, Polysiphonia lanosa, and Rhodomela confervoides.", "contents": "The occurrence and seasonal variation of gigartinine and L-citrullinyl-L-arginine in Chondrus crispus Stackh. Gigartinine, 5-(3-amidinoureido)-2-aminovaleric acid, and L-citrullinyl-L-arginine were islated from aqueous extracts of Chondrus crispus (Rhodophyceae). Their identifications were confirmed by chemical procedures, and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopic methods. Citrullinylarginine, gigartinine, taurine, citrulline, and glutamic acid were the predominant free amino compounds. Citrullinylarginine showed the most pronounced change in concentration. This occurred during the winter months when it reached a maximum (in March) of 58 mumol/g fresh weight, a value 10 times greater than that of any of the free amino acids and equal to 50% of the total organic nitrogen in the plant; All of these compounds were depleted to a minimum of about 1 mumol/g fresh weight in October. Both gigartinine and citrullinylarginine were detected in Ahnfeltia plicata, Gracilaria sp. Petrocelis middendorfii, Polyides rotundus, Polysiphonia lanosa, and Rhodomela confervoides.", "PMID": 837242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2537", "title": "Cytoplasmic compartmentation of glucose 6-phosphate.", "content": "When rat diaphragm, intact or homogenized, was incubated with [14C]glucose, the initial specific activity of the fructose 6-phosphate was higher than that of glucose 6-phosphate (glc-6-P). This relationship was also found when the cytosol was incubated with the labeled glucose. The early time course of production of glc-6-P from glucose and its removal provide evidence that newly synthesized glc-6-P does not equilibrate rapidly with the total pool of this metabolite and is preferentially removed by isomerization. It is concluded that glc-6-P is functionally compartmented within the cytoplasm.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic compartmentation of glucose 6-phosphate. When rat diaphragm, intact or homogenized, was incubated with [14C]glucose, the initial specific activity of the fructose 6-phosphate was higher than that of glucose 6-phosphate (glc-6-P). This relationship was also found when the cytosol was incubated with the labeled glucose. The early time course of production of glc-6-P from glucose and its removal provide evidence that newly synthesized glc-6-P does not equilibrate rapidly with the total pool of this metabolite and is preferentially removed by isomerization. It is concluded that glc-6-P is functionally compartmented within the cytoplasm.", "PMID": 837243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2538", "title": "Morphine-like activity of sheep beta-lipotropin and of its tryptic fragments.", "content": "Sheep beta-lipotropin (beta-LPH) (sequence 1-91) was selectively cleaved with trypsin after blocking the epsilon-amino groups of lysine with citraconic anhydride. The resulting peptides were purified by a combination of cation-exchange chromatography and high-voltage electrophoresis. The purified fragments were then tested for their morphine-like activity in the mouse vas deferens bioassay. The active peptides were 61-91 and 61-80 were about as active as the synthetic methionine-enkephalin, and in turn these were about 100 times more active than beta-LPH itself. The inhibition of electrically stimulated mouse vas deferens by these peptides is reversed by naloxone, and suggests a competitive character of interaction. It is thus concluded that the active core for the morphine like activity in the mouse vas deferens bioassay is the fragment 61-65 of beta-LPH.", "contents": "Morphine-like activity of sheep beta-lipotropin and of its tryptic fragments. Sheep beta-lipotropin (beta-LPH) (sequence 1-91) was selectively cleaved with trypsin after blocking the epsilon-amino groups of lysine with citraconic anhydride. The resulting peptides were purified by a combination of cation-exchange chromatography and high-voltage electrophoresis. The purified fragments were then tested for their morphine-like activity in the mouse vas deferens bioassay. The active peptides were 61-91 and 61-80 were about as active as the synthetic methionine-enkephalin, and in turn these were about 100 times more active than beta-LPH itself. The inhibition of electrically stimulated mouse vas deferens by these peptides is reversed by naloxone, and suggests a competitive character of interaction. It is thus concluded that the active core for the morphine like activity in the mouse vas deferens bioassay is the fragment 61-65 of beta-LPH.", "PMID": 837244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2539", "title": "Steroid beta-D-glucosidase in steer liver and kidney.", "content": "Homogenates of liver and kidney tissue from young steers had beta-D-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) activity toward 17alpha-estradiol-3-glucoside, 17beta-estradiol-3-glucoside, 17alpha-estradiol-17-glucoside, and deoxycorticosterone-21-glucoside. The activity towards the phenolic 3-glucosides was largely present in the 100 000 X g supernatant, while that towards 17alpha-estradiol-17-glucoside was concentrated in the microsomes. The use of beef liver preparations for the hydrolysis of steroid 'glucuronide' fractions could result in hydrolysis of other steroid glycosides which might be present.", "contents": "Steroid beta-D-glucosidase in steer liver and kidney. Homogenates of liver and kidney tissue from young steers had beta-D-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) activity toward 17alpha-estradiol-3-glucoside, 17beta-estradiol-3-glucoside, 17alpha-estradiol-17-glucoside, and deoxycorticosterone-21-glucoside. The activity towards the phenolic 3-glucosides was largely present in the 100 000 X g supernatant, while that towards 17alpha-estradiol-17-glucoside was concentrated in the microsomes. The use of beef liver preparations for the hydrolysis of steroid 'glucuronide' fractions could result in hydrolysis of other steroid glycosides which might be present.", "PMID": 837245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2540", "title": "Radioactive conversion products of intramuscularly injected [4-14C]formononetin including sulfates in the urine of hens.", "content": "The phytoestrogen formononetin was injected intramuscularly as [4-14C]formononetin into two adult hens. Radioactive materials in the urine for the succeeding 14 days (hen 1) or 16 days (hen 2) were fractionated on DEAE-Sephadex-25 columns by elution with a gradient of NaCl; the four major fractions thus separated were examined by solvent partition, thin-layer chromatography, and enzymic cleavage. The following seven radioactive components were identified in the urine, the average proportions of each being given in terms of percentage of total 14C recovered from the urine: [14C]formononetin (4.3%); [14C]diaidzein (11.4%); [14C]equol (6.8%); [14C]daidzein monosulfate (30.4%); [14C]equol monosulfate (5.8%); [14C]diadzein disulfate (19.8%); and [14C]equol disulfate (6.5%). Small proportions of sulfates of unidentified radioactive phenols were present. Tests for presence of glucosiduronates of 14C-labelled material gave negative results. Radioactive formononetin sulfate was not detected in the urine of either hen.", "contents": "Radioactive conversion products of intramuscularly injected [4-14C]formononetin including sulfates in the urine of hens. The phytoestrogen formononetin was injected intramuscularly as [4-14C]formononetin into two adult hens. Radioactive materials in the urine for the succeeding 14 days (hen 1) or 16 days (hen 2) were fractionated on DEAE-Sephadex-25 columns by elution with a gradient of NaCl; the four major fractions thus separated were examined by solvent partition, thin-layer chromatography, and enzymic cleavage. The following seven radioactive components were identified in the urine, the average proportions of each being given in terms of percentage of total 14C recovered from the urine: [14C]formononetin (4.3%); [14C]diaidzein (11.4%); [14C]equol (6.8%); [14C]daidzein monosulfate (30.4%); [14C]equol monosulfate (5.8%); [14C]diadzein disulfate (19.8%); and [14C]equol disulfate (6.5%). Small proportions of sulfates of unidentified radioactive phenols were present. Tests for presence of glucosiduronates of 14C-labelled material gave negative results. Radioactive formononetin sulfate was not detected in the urine of either hen.", "PMID": 837246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2541", "title": "Synthesis and solution conformation of [Trp1, Val5]-angiotensin II.", "content": "[Trp1, Val5]-Angiotensin II was synthesized by the solid-phase method and purified by partition chromatography on Sephadex G-25 and by ion-exchange chromatography on Sephadex SP-25. Relative to [Val5]-angiotensin II, the analog displayed 36% smooth muscle activity in a preparation of the superior mesenteric artery. Conformational aspects of the analog were revealed by fluorescence techniques. The fluorescence emission maximum at 350 nm suggests a completely aqueous environment for the tryptophanyl residue in [Trp1, Val5]-angiotensin II. Singlet-singlet resonance energy transfer between Tyr in position 4 and Trp in position 1 was evaluated for a calculation of the intramolecular distance between these two residues on the basis of the F\u00f6rster equation. From the relative increase of tryptophan fluorescence a transfer efficiency of greater 0.9 was obtained, which is compatible with the observed complete quenching of tyrosine fluorescence in the analog. The computed average intramolecular distance of less than 8 A precludes an extended conformation for the N-terminal sequence encompassing residues 1 through 4 at neutral pH and suggests the existence of a loop in this part of the molecule. The results are discussed in relation to the various models proposed for the solution conformation of angiotensin II.", "contents": "Synthesis and solution conformation of [Trp1, Val5]-angiotensin II. [Trp1, Val5]-Angiotensin II was synthesized by the solid-phase method and purified by partition chromatography on Sephadex G-25 and by ion-exchange chromatography on Sephadex SP-25. Relative to [Val5]-angiotensin II, the analog displayed 36% smooth muscle activity in a preparation of the superior mesenteric artery. Conformational aspects of the analog were revealed by fluorescence techniques. The fluorescence emission maximum at 350 nm suggests a completely aqueous environment for the tryptophanyl residue in [Trp1, Val5]-angiotensin II. Singlet-singlet resonance energy transfer between Tyr in position 4 and Trp in position 1 was evaluated for a calculation of the intramolecular distance between these two residues on the basis of the F\u00f6rster equation. From the relative increase of tryptophan fluorescence a transfer efficiency of greater 0.9 was obtained, which is compatible with the observed complete quenching of tyrosine fluorescence in the analog. The computed average intramolecular distance of less than 8 A precludes an extended conformation for the N-terminal sequence encompassing residues 1 through 4 at neutral pH and suggests the existence of a loop in this part of the molecule. The results are discussed in relation to the various models proposed for the solution conformation of angiotensin II.", "PMID": 837247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2542", "title": "Electron-microscopic visualization of transcriptionally active and less active chromatin fractions from the rat ventral prostate and their content of histones.", "content": "The content of histones in transcriptionally active (euchromatin-like (E)) and transcriptionally less active (heterochromatin-like (H)) fractions from the rat ventral prostate was determined. The absolute amount of total histone was less in the E fraction, which contained relatively more stained histone F2b and F3 and less histone F1 than either the H fraction or unfractionated chromatin. The phosphotungstic-acid-stained E fraction was composed predominantly of shorter (50-500 nm) and thinner (5-15 nm) structures. In some preparations, pieces estimated to be 500-1000 + nm in length were present. Spherical structures, from 10 to 20 nm in diameter, some of which were present as 'dimers,' trimers,' or higher-ordered ensembles were seen in the shadow-case E fraction. The stained or shadow-cast H fraction contained longer (200-2000 + nm) and thicker (congruent to 20 nm) fragments with a more complex substructure. When the shadow-cast H fraction was sufficiently dispersed, it had a nodular or 'beaded' appearance.", "contents": "Electron-microscopic visualization of transcriptionally active and less active chromatin fractions from the rat ventral prostate and their content of histones. The content of histones in transcriptionally active (euchromatin-like (E)) and transcriptionally less active (heterochromatin-like (H)) fractions from the rat ventral prostate was determined. The absolute amount of total histone was less in the E fraction, which contained relatively more stained histone F2b and F3 and less histone F1 than either the H fraction or unfractionated chromatin. The phosphotungstic-acid-stained E fraction was composed predominantly of shorter (50-500 nm) and thinner (5-15 nm) structures. In some preparations, pieces estimated to be 500-1000 + nm in length were present. Spherical structures, from 10 to 20 nm in diameter, some of which were present as 'dimers,' trimers,' or higher-ordered ensembles were seen in the shadow-case E fraction. The stained or shadow-cast H fraction contained longer (200-2000 + nm) and thicker (congruent to 20 nm) fragments with a more complex substructure. When the shadow-cast H fraction was sufficiently dispersed, it had a nodular or 'beaded' appearance.", "PMID": 837248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2543", "title": "A study on the reaction mechanism of adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate reductase from Thiobacillus thioparus, an iron-sulfur flavoprotein.", "content": "The reaction mechanism of adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (APS) reductase (EC 1.8.99.2) from Thiobacillus thioparus was studied using difference spectrum and stopped-flow techniques. The enzyme-bound FAD was rapidly reduced by sulfite with a first order rate constant of 97.1 s-1. The addition of AMP induced further spectral changes in the reduced enzyme which were consistent with the oxidation of FADH2 to the red (anionic) semiquinone FADH-) and the concomitant reduction of nonheme iron to the ferrous state. Superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) or anaerobiosis inhibited the reduction of cytochrome c by the enzyme only to the extent of 25-35%, indicating the existence of a direct reduction of cytochrome c by the enzyme without involving O2-. the activity of enzyme with cytochrome c was inhibited by increasing the potassium phosphate concentration, the inhibition being more pronounced with horse heart cytochrome c than with Candida krusei cytochrome c.", "contents": "A study on the reaction mechanism of adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate reductase from Thiobacillus thioparus, an iron-sulfur flavoprotein. The reaction mechanism of adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (APS) reductase (EC 1.8.99.2) from Thiobacillus thioparus was studied using difference spectrum and stopped-flow techniques. The enzyme-bound FAD was rapidly reduced by sulfite with a first order rate constant of 97.1 s-1. The addition of AMP induced further spectral changes in the reduced enzyme which were consistent with the oxidation of FADH2 to the red (anionic) semiquinone FADH-) and the concomitant reduction of nonheme iron to the ferrous state. Superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) or anaerobiosis inhibited the reduction of cytochrome c by the enzyme only to the extent of 25-35%, indicating the existence of a direct reduction of cytochrome c by the enzyme without involving O2-. the activity of enzyme with cytochrome c was inhibited by increasing the potassium phosphate concentration, the inhibition being more pronounced with horse heart cytochrome c than with Candida krusei cytochrome c.", "PMID": 837249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2544", "title": "Wheat embryo ribonucleates. VII. Rapid, efficient and selective formation of 5S-18S and 5.8S-26S hybrids in an aqueous solution of the four ribosomal polynucleotides, and the results of a search for the corresponding hybrids in wheat embryo ribosomes.", "content": "(1) If wheat embryo 5S and 5.8S rRNA are differentially labelled, it can be shown that there is highly selective association of 5S [14C]RNA with 18S rRNA, and of 5.8S [3H]RNA with 26S rRNA when a solution (0.3 M NaCl) that contains approximately equimolar amounts of the four ribosomal polynucleotides is heated briefly (3 min) at 60 degrees C. (2) Comparison of Tm values and melting profiles for laboratory-prepared and natural 5.8S-26S rRNA hybrids suggests that restoration of the natural union between 5.8S and 26 rRNA can be achieved with facility and fidelity in the laboratory. (3) Union between 5.8S rRNA remains intact when wheat embryo ribosomes are disintegrated either by digestion with pronase or by treatment with sodium dodecyl sulphate, but the same treatments release 5S and 18S rRNA as freely migrating electrophoretic components. (4) Intact 18S and 26S rRNA can be prepared from small and large subunits, respectively, when wheat embryo ribosomes are dissociated by treatment with 0.5 M KCl. (5) Incidental to the principal investigation, it has been shown that, even after storage for more than 6 years at -70 degrees C, commercial supplies of roller-milled wheat germ yield S23 extracts that are very active in the cell-free translation of globin mRNA. (6) The physicochemical and possible biochemical significance of various types of intermolecular complexing between pairs of ribosomal polynucleotides is a subject of discussion.", "contents": "Wheat embryo ribonucleates. VII. Rapid, efficient and selective formation of 5S-18S and 5.8S-26S hybrids in an aqueous solution of the four ribosomal polynucleotides, and the results of a search for the corresponding hybrids in wheat embryo ribosomes. (1) If wheat embryo 5S and 5.8S rRNA are differentially labelled, it can be shown that there is highly selective association of 5S [14C]RNA with 18S rRNA, and of 5.8S [3H]RNA with 26S rRNA when a solution (0.3 M NaCl) that contains approximately equimolar amounts of the four ribosomal polynucleotides is heated briefly (3 min) at 60 degrees C. (2) Comparison of Tm values and melting profiles for laboratory-prepared and natural 5.8S-26S rRNA hybrids suggests that restoration of the natural union between 5.8S and 26 rRNA can be achieved with facility and fidelity in the laboratory. (3) Union between 5.8S rRNA remains intact when wheat embryo ribosomes are disintegrated either by digestion with pronase or by treatment with sodium dodecyl sulphate, but the same treatments release 5S and 18S rRNA as freely migrating electrophoretic components. (4) Intact 18S and 26S rRNA can be prepared from small and large subunits, respectively, when wheat embryo ribosomes are dissociated by treatment with 0.5 M KCl. (5) Incidental to the principal investigation, it has been shown that, even after storage for more than 6 years at -70 degrees C, commercial supplies of roller-milled wheat germ yield S23 extracts that are very active in the cell-free translation of globin mRNA. (6) The physicochemical and possible biochemical significance of various types of intermolecular complexing between pairs of ribosomal polynucleotides is a subject of discussion.", "PMID": 837250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2545", "title": "beta-Glucosidase: microbial production and effect on enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose.", "content": "The enzymatic conversion of cellulose is catalyzed by a multiple enzyme system. The Trichoderma enzyme system has been studied extensively and has insufficient beta-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) activity for the practical saccharification of celluose. The black aspergilli (A. niger and A. phoenicis) were superior producers of beta-glucosidase and a method for production of this enzyme in liquid culture is presented. When Trichoderma cellulase preparations are supplemented with beta-glucosidase from Aspergillus during practical saccharifications, glucose is the predominant product and the rate of saccharification is significantly increased. The stimulatory effect of beta-glucosidase appears to be due to the removal of inhibitory levels of cellobiose.", "contents": "beta-Glucosidase: microbial production and effect on enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. The enzymatic conversion of cellulose is catalyzed by a multiple enzyme system. The Trichoderma enzyme system has been studied extensively and has insufficient beta-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) activity for the practical saccharification of celluose. The black aspergilli (A. niger and A. phoenicis) were superior producers of beta-glucosidase and a method for production of this enzyme in liquid culture is presented. When Trichoderma cellulase preparations are supplemented with beta-glucosidase from Aspergillus during practical saccharifications, glucose is the predominant product and the rate of saccharification is significantly increased. The stimulatory effect of beta-glucosidase appears to be due to the removal of inhibitory levels of cellobiose.", "PMID": 837251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2546", "title": "Requirements for the rapid conversion of macroconidia of Fusarium sulphureum to chlamydospores.", "content": "Chlamydospores of Fusarium sulphureum were formed within 72 h by incubating macroconidia at 37 degrees C in stationary culture in a medium containing mannitol and inorganic salts. The conversion process was dependent on inoculum level, temperature, aeration, and the presence of an external source of nitrogen and carbon. Chlamydospore formation was not inhibited by an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, 2,4-dinitrophenol, or by inhibitors of bacterial cell wall synthesis; however, it was affected by inhibitors of respiration and of protein and chitin synthesis.", "contents": "Requirements for the rapid conversion of macroconidia of Fusarium sulphureum to chlamydospores. Chlamydospores of Fusarium sulphureum were formed within 72 h by incubating macroconidia at 37 degrees C in stationary culture in a medium containing mannitol and inorganic salts. The conversion process was dependent on inoculum level, temperature, aeration, and the presence of an external source of nitrogen and carbon. Chlamydospore formation was not inhibited by an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, 2,4-dinitrophenol, or by inhibitors of bacterial cell wall synthesis; however, it was affected by inhibitors of respiration and of protein and chitin synthesis.", "PMID": 837252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2547", "title": "Ontogeny of lipid bodies in the endoplasmic reticulum of Fusarium sulphureum.", "content": "The ontogeny of lipid bodies during the differentiation of conidial cells to chlamydospores in Fusarium sulphureum (F. sambucinum f. 6) is described. The lipid bodies are first seen as electron-transparent areas within dilated cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). One or more such cisternae may be formed within a strand of ER. The intracisternal lipid bodies are bounded by a unit membrane derived from the double membrane of the ER. The dilated cisternae increase in size and remain electron-transparent; however, some electron-dense granular material is present in the lipid bodies. The limiting unit membrane is visible throughout development of the lipid body; however, in mature chlamydospores the membrane is obscured by a broad band of electron-dense material which may provide protection to the stored lipids during adverse environmental conditions. The system of lipid body development in F. sulphureum is discussed in relation to those described for higher plants.", "contents": "Ontogeny of lipid bodies in the endoplasmic reticulum of Fusarium sulphureum. The ontogeny of lipid bodies during the differentiation of conidial cells to chlamydospores in Fusarium sulphureum (F. sambucinum f. 6) is described. The lipid bodies are first seen as electron-transparent areas within dilated cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). One or more such cisternae may be formed within a strand of ER. The intracisternal lipid bodies are bounded by a unit membrane derived from the double membrane of the ER. The dilated cisternae increase in size and remain electron-transparent; however, some electron-dense granular material is present in the lipid bodies. The limiting unit membrane is visible throughout development of the lipid body; however, in mature chlamydospores the membrane is obscured by a broad band of electron-dense material which may provide protection to the stored lipids during adverse environmental conditions. The system of lipid body development in F. sulphureum is discussed in relation to those described for higher plants.", "PMID": 837253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2548", "title": "Characterization of an immunogenic fraction of Pasteurella multocida culture filtrates.", "content": "An immunogenic fraction (IF) of Pasteurella multocida strain P-1059 was separated from culture filtrate by Sephadex gel filtration. Additional fractionation of IF with aqueous ether resulted in the glycoprotein-like preparation (GLP) while extraction with aqueous phenol provided the lipopolysaccharide-like preparation (LPP). The unextracted IF contained carbohydrate, protein, and lipid; the GLP contained carbohydrate and protein; and the LPP contained carbohydrate and lipid. The GLP was maximally protective for mice against homologous challenge, and was medially toxic in rabbit skin when compared to the other culture-filtrate preparations; the LPP was maximally toxic in rabbit skin, and was least protective for mice; and the unextracted IF was medially protective for mice, and was least toxic in rabbit skin.", "contents": "Characterization of an immunogenic fraction of Pasteurella multocida culture filtrates. An immunogenic fraction (IF) of Pasteurella multocida strain P-1059 was separated from culture filtrate by Sephadex gel filtration. Additional fractionation of IF with aqueous ether resulted in the glycoprotein-like preparation (GLP) while extraction with aqueous phenol provided the lipopolysaccharide-like preparation (LPP). The unextracted IF contained carbohydrate, protein, and lipid; the GLP contained carbohydrate and protein; and the LPP contained carbohydrate and lipid. The GLP was maximally protective for mice against homologous challenge, and was medially toxic in rabbit skin when compared to the other culture-filtrate preparations; the LPP was maximally toxic in rabbit skin, and was least protective for mice; and the unextracted IF was medially protective for mice, and was least toxic in rabbit skin.", "PMID": 837254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2549", "title": "Effects of proteolytic enzymes on invertase secretion in sphaeroplasts of Saccharomyces: inhibition by trypsin.", "content": "Exogenously added trypsin arrested invertase secretion by sphacroplasts of Saccharomyces strain 1016. The mechanism of inhibition is presumed due to attack on plasma membrane protein(s). Gross membrane damage by trypsin was not apparent, as evidence by the absence of leakage of intracellular alkaline phosphatase, after trypsin treatment. Trypsin treatment did induce an increased sensitivity to lysis, observed only when changes in osmotic pressure were made and fresh glucose added. While synthesis of invertase was eventually inhibited by trypsin, a greater than twofold increase in internal invertase was observed, due to complete inhibition of secretion. This is the first report of the uncoupling of synthesis and secretion in yeast.", "contents": "Effects of proteolytic enzymes on invertase secretion in sphaeroplasts of Saccharomyces: inhibition by trypsin. Exogenously added trypsin arrested invertase secretion by sphacroplasts of Saccharomyces strain 1016. The mechanism of inhibition is presumed due to attack on plasma membrane protein(s). Gross membrane damage by trypsin was not apparent, as evidence by the absence of leakage of intracellular alkaline phosphatase, after trypsin treatment. Trypsin treatment did induce an increased sensitivity to lysis, observed only when changes in osmotic pressure were made and fresh glucose added. While synthesis of invertase was eventually inhibited by trypsin, a greater than twofold increase in internal invertase was observed, due to complete inhibition of secretion. This is the first report of the uncoupling of synthesis and secretion in yeast.", "PMID": 837255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2550", "title": "Manganese-mediated morphogenesis in Penicillium claviforme and Penicillium clavigerum.", "content": "The colonial morphology and growth of Penicillium claviforme and P. clavigerum in manganese-deficient, defined medium, were examined with and without manganese supplementation. In unsupplemented medium rendered free of manganese through treatment with a chelating resin, P. claviforme grew but did not produce coremia. Similar results were obtained for P. clavigerum on media devoid of added manganese. However, when these media were supplemented with optimal concentrations of manganese both fungi produced coremia. The presence of manganese in various colony sections oed in the conidia.", "contents": "Manganese-mediated morphogenesis in Penicillium claviforme and Penicillium clavigerum. The colonial morphology and growth of Penicillium claviforme and P. clavigerum in manganese-deficient, defined medium, were examined with and without manganese supplementation. In unsupplemented medium rendered free of manganese through treatment with a chelating resin, P. claviforme grew but did not produce coremia. Similar results were obtained for P. clavigerum on media devoid of added manganese. However, when these media were supplemented with optimal concentrations of manganese both fungi produced coremia. The presence of manganese in various colony sections oed in the conidia.", "PMID": 837256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2551", "title": "Small cells in pure cultures of Agromyces ramosus and in natural soil.", "content": "Previously, transmission electron-microscopic observations of thin-sectioned and frozen-etched preparations of microorganisms concentrated directly from soil showed many cells that were considerably smaller than the cells found in pure cultures isolated from soil. The present study shows that pure cultures of the soil bacterium Agromyces ramosus can produce cells as small as those observed in natural soil. Growth on a nutritionally limiting medium and the presence of an agar surface contributed to the occurrence of these small cells.", "contents": "Small cells in pure cultures of Agromyces ramosus and in natural soil. Previously, transmission electron-microscopic observations of thin-sectioned and frozen-etched preparations of microorganisms concentrated directly from soil showed many cells that were considerably smaller than the cells found in pure cultures isolated from soil. The present study shows that pure cultures of the soil bacterium Agromyces ramosus can produce cells as small as those observed in natural soil. Growth on a nutritionally limiting medium and the presence of an agar surface contributed to the occurrence of these small cells.", "PMID": 837257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2552", "title": "Hyperlipoproteinemia and cerebral strokes.", "content": "Determination of lipoprotein patterns and of major plasma lipids was carried out in 171 patients with strokes. Of these, 22 had hyperlipoproteinemia (HLIPR) by paper electrophoresis and by elevation of principal plasma lipids (either cholesterol over 300 mg/100 ml or triglycerides over 200 mg/100 ml or both these components). More than two-thirds of the patients had at least one close relative with elevated blood lipids. Using criteria of the World Health Organization, these patients were classified as follows: 5 had HLIPR type IIa, 8 had HLIPR type IIb, 3 had HLIPR type III and 6 had HLIPR type IV. Phospholipids showed relatively little change from the values of normal controls. The numerical distribution of patients with stroke and HLIPR into the four different types corresponds quite well with the approximate frequency of these types of HLIPR in the general population. Thus, this study does not indicate that the patients with a particular type of HLIPR are at a greater risk to have a stroke than those belonging to other types.", "contents": "Hyperlipoproteinemia and cerebral strokes. Determination of lipoprotein patterns and of major plasma lipids was carried out in 171 patients with strokes. Of these, 22 had hyperlipoproteinemia (HLIPR) by paper electrophoresis and by elevation of principal plasma lipids (either cholesterol over 300 mg/100 ml or triglycerides over 200 mg/100 ml or both these components). More than two-thirds of the patients had at least one close relative with elevated blood lipids. Using criteria of the World Health Organization, these patients were classified as follows: 5 had HLIPR type IIa, 8 had HLIPR type IIb, 3 had HLIPR type III and 6 had HLIPR type IV. Phospholipids showed relatively little change from the values of normal controls. The numerical distribution of patients with stroke and HLIPR into the four different types corresponds quite well with the approximate frequency of these types of HLIPR in the general population. Thus, this study does not indicate that the patients with a particular type of HLIPR are at a greater risk to have a stroke than those belonging to other types.", "PMID": 837259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2553", "title": "Mechanisms of the \"low-flow\" state during resuscitation of the totally ischemic brain.", "content": "Resuscitation of the brain following total circulatory arrest may be impeded by difficulty in establishing cerebral tissue perfusion, a postischemic \"low-flow\"state. We have confirmed this hypothesis in a rat model of total cerebral ischemia and have demonstrated marked imporvement in post-ischemic brain tissue perfusion following epinephrine injection. This is mainly due to the systemic vascular effects of epinephrine, resulting in improved central arotic pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure. Hyperkalemic induced vasoconstriction has also been postulated as a cause of the \"low-flow/. We have, therefore, investigated the in vitro effects of increasing potassium ion concentration on cerebrovascular smooth muscle strips. Large arteries constrict, while small arteries dilate in response to hyperkalemia. The net effect on cerebral blood flow remains unsettled. Our research to date suggests that resuscitation of the totally ischemic brain, in animal models at least, is enhanced by epinephrine, mainly via its effects on central aortic pressure.", "contents": "Mechanisms of the \"low-flow\" state during resuscitation of the totally ischemic brain. Resuscitation of the brain following total circulatory arrest may be impeded by difficulty in establishing cerebral tissue perfusion, a postischemic \"low-flow\"state. We have confirmed this hypothesis in a rat model of total cerebral ischemia and have demonstrated marked imporvement in post-ischemic brain tissue perfusion following epinephrine injection. This is mainly due to the systemic vascular effects of epinephrine, resulting in improved central arotic pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure. Hyperkalemic induced vasoconstriction has also been postulated as a cause of the \"low-flow/. We have, therefore, investigated the in vitro effects of increasing potassium ion concentration on cerebrovascular smooth muscle strips. Large arteries constrict, while small arteries dilate in response to hyperkalemia. The net effect on cerebral blood flow remains unsettled. Our research to date suggests that resuscitation of the totally ischemic brain, in animal models at least, is enhanced by epinephrine, mainly via its effects on central aortic pressure.", "PMID": 837260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2554", "title": "An autoradiographic study of muscular dystrophy, motor neuron disease and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.", "content": "The autoradiographic findings using tritiated leucine are described in muscle biopsy material from five patients with progressive muscular dystrophy (P.M.D.), three with motor neuron disease (M.N.D.) and four with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (C.M.T.). In progressive muscular dystrophy there is a marked increase in uptake of leucine into cytoplasmic proteins and precursors, and reduced incorporation into structural protein. In Charcot-Marie Tooth disease muscle there is a significantly increased uptake into cytoplasmic elements and a normal uptake into structural protein. In motor neuron disease the uptake into cytoplasmic elements appears normal but is reduced into structural proteins. The abnormal uptake in C.M.T. could be explained as a product of regenerative efforts associated with reinnervation. However, the abnormal uptake may represent the primary effects of gene action in the muscle, as seems probable in progressive muscular dystrophy.", "contents": "An autoradiographic study of muscular dystrophy, motor neuron disease and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. The autoradiographic findings using tritiated leucine are described in muscle biopsy material from five patients with progressive muscular dystrophy (P.M.D.), three with motor neuron disease (M.N.D.) and four with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (C.M.T.). In progressive muscular dystrophy there is a marked increase in uptake of leucine into cytoplasmic proteins and precursors, and reduced incorporation into structural protein. In Charcot-Marie Tooth disease muscle there is a significantly increased uptake into cytoplasmic elements and a normal uptake into structural protein. In motor neuron disease the uptake into cytoplasmic elements appears normal but is reduced into structural proteins. The abnormal uptake in C.M.T. could be explained as a product of regenerative efforts associated with reinnervation. However, the abnormal uptake may represent the primary effects of gene action in the muscle, as seems probable in progressive muscular dystrophy.", "PMID": 837261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2555", "title": "Response recovery cycles in the visual cortex and superior colliculus following conditioning \"ON\" and \"OFF\" stimulation in the rabbit.", "content": "The responsiveness of visual cortex (VC) and superior colliculus (SC) was simultaneously compared following conditioning \"ON\" or \"OFF\" stimulation, in the rabbit. Average evoked responses were recorded simultaneously from the visual cortex ans superior colliculus. \"ON\" or \"OFF\" steps constituted the conditioning stimuli whereas the test stimulus consisted of optic nerve stimulation. All evoked responses exhibited a reversal of their polarity when the electrode was moved in the dorsoventral direction (Negative-Positive in the SC, Positive-Negative in the VC). This assured the somato-dentritic origin of the potentials. The results showed that responsiveness in both structures was significantly higher following an \"OFF\" simulus than after an \"ON\" step. Collicular responsiveness was higher than in the VC when the same conditioning stimulus was applied. The spatial distribution of the source of \"OFF\" responses was circumscribed to the ventral part of the superficial layer of the superior colliculus. These results suggest specific properties associated with the brightening and dimming systems.", "contents": "Response recovery cycles in the visual cortex and superior colliculus following conditioning \"ON\" and \"OFF\" stimulation in the rabbit. The responsiveness of visual cortex (VC) and superior colliculus (SC) was simultaneously compared following conditioning \"ON\" or \"OFF\" stimulation, in the rabbit. Average evoked responses were recorded simultaneously from the visual cortex ans superior colliculus. \"ON\" or \"OFF\" steps constituted the conditioning stimuli whereas the test stimulus consisted of optic nerve stimulation. All evoked responses exhibited a reversal of their polarity when the electrode was moved in the dorsoventral direction (Negative-Positive in the SC, Positive-Negative in the VC). This assured the somato-dentritic origin of the potentials. The results showed that responsiveness in both structures was significantly higher following an \"OFF\" simulus than after an \"ON\" step. Collicular responsiveness was higher than in the VC when the same conditioning stimulus was applied. The spatial distribution of the source of \"OFF\" responses was circumscribed to the ventral part of the superficial layer of the superior colliculus. These results suggest specific properties associated with the brightening and dimming systems.", "PMID": 837262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2556", "title": "Wicket spikes: clinical correlates of a previously undescribed EEG pattern.", "content": "From an analysis of the electroencephalograms of 4,458 patients who underwent recording during both wakefulness ans sleep, through the years 1969 to 1975, wicket spikes-- recorded in 39 patients-- may be described as follows: They were found during both wakefulness ans sleep, almost exclusively in adults. Their cardinal feature is a changing mode of occurrence through any single recording: from intermittent trains of more or less sustained, arciform, discharges resembling mu rhythm, to sporadic, urinary, single spikes. When occurring singly, wicket spikes can be mistaken for anterior or middle temporal spikes, since they predominate in eith er area, and since they share with them other characteristics such as amplitude (60 to 210 microvolts), polarity (surface negative) duration, and configuration. Wicket spikes should not be considered interictal abnormalities; they do nor correlate with epilepsy or with any particular symptom complex.", "contents": "Wicket spikes: clinical correlates of a previously undescribed EEG pattern. From an analysis of the electroencephalograms of 4,458 patients who underwent recording during both wakefulness ans sleep, through the years 1969 to 1975, wicket spikes-- recorded in 39 patients-- may be described as follows: They were found during both wakefulness ans sleep, almost exclusively in adults. Their cardinal feature is a changing mode of occurrence through any single recording: from intermittent trains of more or less sustained, arciform, discharges resembling mu rhythm, to sporadic, urinary, single spikes. When occurring singly, wicket spikes can be mistaken for anterior or middle temporal spikes, since they predominate in eith er area, and since they share with them other characteristics such as amplitude (60 to 210 microvolts), polarity (surface negative) duration, and configuration. Wicket spikes should not be considered interictal abnormalities; they do nor correlate with epilepsy or with any particular symptom complex.", "PMID": 837263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2557", "title": "Transfer and interference in amygdaloid kindling in cats.", "content": "Examination of the effects of primary site kindling upon the development of secondary site amygdaloid kindling in cats showed that the former exerts powerful positive as well as negative after effects upon the latter. The positive after effect appears to be directed towards establishing a linkage between the secondary site and the Stage 6 generalized convulsive mechanism. The negative after effects were strikingly similar to those observed in animals with forebrain bisection subjected to amygdaloid kindling, suggesting that it is primarily directed towards functional accessibility of the cerebral structures interconnected by the forebrain commissure. The similarity of the findings in animals with anterior neocortical lesions supports such an assumption. The transient nature of the negative after effects was indicated by the development of a 'normal' clinical ictal pattern from the secondary site when it occurred spontaneously. Secondary site kindling exerted similar but less prominent negative after effects when the primary site was re-tested. Stage 6 seizure was elicited upon the first trial, however.", "contents": "Transfer and interference in amygdaloid kindling in cats. Examination of the effects of primary site kindling upon the development of secondary site amygdaloid kindling in cats showed that the former exerts powerful positive as well as negative after effects upon the latter. The positive after effect appears to be directed towards establishing a linkage between the secondary site and the Stage 6 generalized convulsive mechanism. The negative after effects were strikingly similar to those observed in animals with forebrain bisection subjected to amygdaloid kindling, suggesting that it is primarily directed towards functional accessibility of the cerebral structures interconnected by the forebrain commissure. The similarity of the findings in animals with anterior neocortical lesions supports such an assumption. The transient nature of the negative after effects was indicated by the development of a 'normal' clinical ictal pattern from the secondary site when it occurred spontaneously. Secondary site kindling exerted similar but less prominent negative after effects when the primary site was re-tested. Stage 6 seizure was elicited upon the first trial, however.", "PMID": 837264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2558", "title": "Regional cerebral blood flow statistical patterns and psychological performance in multi-infarct dementia and Alzheimer's disease.", "content": "Multivariate data analysis statistical procedures were applied to identify regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) patterns in patients with multi-infarct dementia (M.I.D.) and Alzheimer's disease (A.D.) when compared to a control group (C.). A fronto-temporal-parietal pattern was identified for the A.D. group. The M.I.D. group demonstrated a predominant temporal parietal pattern. A discriminant function analysis classified 96% of the A.D. and C. patients correctly. One hundred per cent hit rate was obtained in discriminating between M.I.D. and C. Discrimination of A.D. and M.I.D. obtained 82% diagnostic accuracy. When the three groups were compared the hit rate was 93%. Mean rCBF and mean relative weight of the gray matter (Wg) differences were found when each dementia group was compared with C.M.I.D. and A.D. did not differ in mean rCBF but significant differences were found for Wg, with M.I.D. having greater reduction. The performance on standardized psychological tests of two independent samples of A.D. and M.I.D. were compared. The Memory Quotient from the Wechsler Memory Scale was consistently more imparied for the A.D. group. No correlation between degree of psychological impairment and rCBF or Wg reduction was found.", "contents": "Regional cerebral blood flow statistical patterns and psychological performance in multi-infarct dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Multivariate data analysis statistical procedures were applied to identify regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) patterns in patients with multi-infarct dementia (M.I.D.) and Alzheimer's disease (A.D.) when compared to a control group (C.). A fronto-temporal-parietal pattern was identified for the A.D. group. The M.I.D. group demonstrated a predominant temporal parietal pattern. A discriminant function analysis classified 96% of the A.D. and C. patients correctly. One hundred per cent hit rate was obtained in discriminating between M.I.D. and C. Discrimination of A.D. and M.I.D. obtained 82% diagnostic accuracy. When the three groups were compared the hit rate was 93%. Mean rCBF and mean relative weight of the gray matter (Wg) differences were found when each dementia group was compared with C.M.I.D. and A.D. did not differ in mean rCBF but significant differences were found for Wg, with M.I.D. having greater reduction. The performance on standardized psychological tests of two independent samples of A.D. and M.I.D. were compared. The Memory Quotient from the Wechsler Memory Scale was consistently more imparied for the A.D. group. No correlation between degree of psychological impairment and rCBF or Wg reduction was found.", "PMID": 837265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2559", "title": "[Obstructive parietal hemodissection of the intracranial vessels, a particular form of dissecting aneurysm].", "content": "A six year old girl complained of sudden severe headache, became hemiplegic and unconscious. A right carotid arteriogram revealed an obstruction of the right anterior cerebral artery and many sulvian branches. Death occurred four days later. At autopsy, a recent softening of nearly all the right middle cerebral arterial territory was found. Thrombus filled the sylvian artery and its main branches. Histologic examination of the vessel walls showed a dissecting infiltration of blood between the internal elastic lamina and the media. This particular form of dissecting aneurysm, occurring in young subjects, in the absence of atherosclerosis, high blood pressure and idiopathic medial necrosis, represents a distinct medial necrosis, represents a distinct nosologic entity that has been called \"Obstructive parietal hemodissection of intracranial vessels.\" The pathogenesis of the disease is unknown: trauma has been mentioned, also congenital defects in the elastic lamina or other morphologic abnormalities of that lamina.", "contents": "[Obstructive parietal hemodissection of the intracranial vessels, a particular form of dissecting aneurysm]. A six year old girl complained of sudden severe headache, became hemiplegic and unconscious. A right carotid arteriogram revealed an obstruction of the right anterior cerebral artery and many sulvian branches. Death occurred four days later. At autopsy, a recent softening of nearly all the right middle cerebral arterial territory was found. Thrombus filled the sylvian artery and its main branches. Histologic examination of the vessel walls showed a dissecting infiltration of blood between the internal elastic lamina and the media. This particular form of dissecting aneurysm, occurring in young subjects, in the absence of atherosclerosis, high blood pressure and idiopathic medial necrosis, represents a distinct medial necrosis, represents a distinct nosologic entity that has been called \"Obstructive parietal hemodissection of intracranial vessels.\" The pathogenesis of the disease is unknown: trauma has been mentioned, also congenital defects in the elastic lamina or other morphologic abnormalities of that lamina.", "PMID": 837266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2560", "title": "Myopathy associated with amyloid angiopathy.", "content": "A 38-year-old patient with the clinical picture of a progressive myopathy resembling limb girdle muscular dystrophy is presented. Muscle biopsy showed amyloid deposits in the walls of small endomysial blood vessels. There was no clinical or physiological evidence of peripheral nerve involvement, no plasma cell dyscrasia and no generalized amyloidosis. There was no muscle fiber hypertrophy, inflammation or neurogenic change. Theere was no response to steroid therapy. The etiopathogenesis of this amyloid angiopathy is undetermined. The extensive vessel involvement with amyloid deposition and the absence of changes indicative of muscular dystropyy or inflammatory myopathy leads us to favor an ischemic basis for this patient's myopathy.", "contents": "Myopathy associated with amyloid angiopathy. A 38-year-old patient with the clinical picture of a progressive myopathy resembling limb girdle muscular dystrophy is presented. Muscle biopsy showed amyloid deposits in the walls of small endomysial blood vessels. There was no clinical or physiological evidence of peripheral nerve involvement, no plasma cell dyscrasia and no generalized amyloidosis. There was no muscle fiber hypertrophy, inflammation or neurogenic change. Theere was no response to steroid therapy. The etiopathogenesis of this amyloid angiopathy is undetermined. The extensive vessel involvement with amyloid deposition and the absence of changes indicative of muscular dystropyy or inflammatory myopathy leads us to favor an ischemic basis for this patient's myopathy.", "PMID": 837267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2561", "title": "Antimicrobial drug use in three Canadian general hospitals.", "content": "Total amounts of antimicrobial drugs used to treat inpatients during 1975 were calculated for three Canadian general hospitals, one of them the principal teaching hospital of a medical school. Use of drugs was compared with that reported for Boston City Hospital during periods when antimicrobial therapy was and was not supervised by infectious disease consultants. Ampicillin, tetracyclines, cephalosporins, erythromycin and aminoglycosides for prophylactic oral administration were used excessively in the three hospitals. The degree of overuse was comparable to that at Boston City Hospital during years when drug use was uncontrolled. Overuse or improper choice of antimicrobial drug decreases the quality of patient care and increases its cost. More rigorous education is needed for both medical students and practising physicians in the rational use of antimicrobial drugs. Informal consultation with an infectious disease unit should be required before certain overly popular or toxic antibiotics are administered to hospitalized patients.", "contents": "Antimicrobial drug use in three Canadian general hospitals. Total amounts of antimicrobial drugs used to treat inpatients during 1975 were calculated for three Canadian general hospitals, one of them the principal teaching hospital of a medical school. Use of drugs was compared with that reported for Boston City Hospital during periods when antimicrobial therapy was and was not supervised by infectious disease consultants. Ampicillin, tetracyclines, cephalosporins, erythromycin and aminoglycosides for prophylactic oral administration were used excessively in the three hospitals. The degree of overuse was comparable to that at Boston City Hospital during years when drug use was uncontrolled. Overuse or improper choice of antimicrobial drug decreases the quality of patient care and increases its cost. More rigorous education is needed for both medical students and practising physicians in the rational use of antimicrobial drugs. Informal consultation with an infectious disease unit should be required before certain overly popular or toxic antibiotics are administered to hospitalized patients.", "PMID": 837301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2562", "title": "Rational and irrational use of antibiotics in a Canadian teaching hospital.", "content": "Parenteral therapy with gentamicin, cloxacillin, ampicillin and cephalothin was surveyed on a surgical, a gynecologic and medical ward of a teaching hospital. During a 3-month period 219 patients (12.9% of the total number admitted to the three wards) received at least one of the four antibiotics parenterally. Ampicillin and gentamicin were used most frequently on the three wards when the indication for therapy was either infection or empirical use. Cephalothin was used most frequently for prophylaxis in the gynecologic and surgical patients; no medical patient received this drug. Overall, therapy was assessed to be irrational in 42.0, 50.0 and 12.0% of the surgical, gynecologic and medical patients, respectively. Prophylaxis was the indication for therapy in 76.9 and 86.8% of the surgical and gynecologic patients, respectively, for whom the therapy was assessed to be irrational.", "contents": "Rational and irrational use of antibiotics in a Canadian teaching hospital. Parenteral therapy with gentamicin, cloxacillin, ampicillin and cephalothin was surveyed on a surgical, a gynecologic and medical ward of a teaching hospital. During a 3-month period 219 patients (12.9% of the total number admitted to the three wards) received at least one of the four antibiotics parenterally. Ampicillin and gentamicin were used most frequently on the three wards when the indication for therapy was either infection or empirical use. Cephalothin was used most frequently for prophylaxis in the gynecologic and surgical patients; no medical patient received this drug. Overall, therapy was assessed to be irrational in 42.0, 50.0 and 12.0% of the surgical, gynecologic and medical patients, respectively. Prophylaxis was the indication for therapy in 76.9 and 86.8% of the surgical and gynecologic patients, respectively, for whom the therapy was assessed to be irrational.", "PMID": 837302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2563", "title": "Adverse reactions to 1975 bivalent influenza vaccine in children.", "content": "A questionnaire survey was undertaken to investigate incidence and types of reactions to a bivalent, zonally purified, killed influenza vaccine administered to 155 children aged 1 to 18 years in 1975. Local or systemic reactions or both occurred in 42 children (27%). However, these reactions were not considered serious and should not constitute a major drawback to future influenza programs in children under 3 years of age.", "contents": "Adverse reactions to 1975 bivalent influenza vaccine in children. A questionnaire survey was undertaken to investigate incidence and types of reactions to a bivalent, zonally purified, killed influenza vaccine administered to 155 children aged 1 to 18 years in 1975. Local or systemic reactions or both occurred in 42 children (27%). However, these reactions were not considered serious and should not constitute a major drawback to future influenza programs in children under 3 years of age.", "PMID": 837303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2564", "title": "Absence of cell-mediated immunity to rubella virus 5 years after rubella vaccination.", "content": "The long-term effectiveness of rubella vaccination in childhood is particularly important because the ultimate goal of immunization is the prevention of infection during pregnancy. Of 25 healthy children tested 4 to 5 years after rubella vaccination, 19 showed no evidence of cell-mediated immunity (CM) to rubella virus despite the presence of hemagglutination-inhibition or complement-fixation antibodies or both. Twenty-two of 25 seropositive, naturally infected young adults showed evidence of CMI. These results indicate that fetuses of women who have been vaccinated against rubella may not be protected against damage by wild rubella infection during the pregnancy, when CMI is physiologically depressed.", "contents": "Absence of cell-mediated immunity to rubella virus 5 years after rubella vaccination. The long-term effectiveness of rubella vaccination in childhood is particularly important because the ultimate goal of immunization is the prevention of infection during pregnancy. Of 25 healthy children tested 4 to 5 years after rubella vaccination, 19 showed no evidence of cell-mediated immunity (CM) to rubella virus despite the presence of hemagglutination-inhibition or complement-fixation antibodies or both. Twenty-two of 25 seropositive, naturally infected young adults showed evidence of CMI. These results indicate that fetuses of women who have been vaccinated against rubella may not be protected against damage by wild rubella infection during the pregnancy, when CMI is physiologically depressed.", "PMID": 837312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2565", "title": "Guide to the management of rubella problems.", "content": "Despite the availability of rubella vaccine the incidence of the congenital rubella syndrome has been increasing in certain regions of Canada. Perhaps this is not surprising in view of the known irregular cyclic activity of rubella virus in a community and the fact that the percentage of seropositive women of childbearing age has not changed appreciable since the vaccine was introduced. Clearly vaccine is not being administered to sufficient numbers of women at risk. Until a much higher percentage of women of childbearing age possess rubella antibody, the costly problem of congenital rubella syndrome is likely to be with us. Common rubella problems relate to four categories: the exposed pregnant woman, laboratory diagnosis, the infant with suspected congenital rubella and the vaccine. One of the most common questions about the vaccine is the following: Can recently vaccinated individuals disseminate vaccine and infect seronegative contact? The answer is No.", "contents": "Guide to the management of rubella problems. Despite the availability of rubella vaccine the incidence of the congenital rubella syndrome has been increasing in certain regions of Canada. Perhaps this is not surprising in view of the known irregular cyclic activity of rubella virus in a community and the fact that the percentage of seropositive women of childbearing age has not changed appreciable since the vaccine was introduced. Clearly vaccine is not being administered to sufficient numbers of women at risk. Until a much higher percentage of women of childbearing age possess rubella antibody, the costly problem of congenital rubella syndrome is likely to be with us. Common rubella problems relate to four categories: the exposed pregnant woman, laboratory diagnosis, the infant with suspected congenital rubella and the vaccine. One of the most common questions about the vaccine is the following: Can recently vaccinated individuals disseminate vaccine and infect seronegative contact? The answer is No.", "PMID": 837313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2566", "title": "Nutrition survey of schoolchildren in greater Winnipeg. I. Descriptive and anthropometric data.", "content": "By sequential random numbering 10 schools in greater Winnipeg were selected for a nutrition survey. Interviews were conducted with 201 grade 3 children and 182 grade 6 children for whom parental consent was obtained. Of these, 48 in grade 3 and 51 in grade 6 were studied in further detail. There were no differences in descriptive data between the general and detailed groups or among the 10 schools. Most fathers were skilled or unskilled labourers and about 50% of the mothers were homemakers without outside employment; parental occupation did not influence eating patterns. Breakfast was the meal most often missed; 8% of the 383 children had come to school without breakfast. Since many children in grade 3 had prepared their own breakfast and since there was a relative lack of physical activity, school health programs should incorporate more than nutritional supplements and nutrition education. On the basis of body weight and height the nutritional status of the 99 children studied in detail was judged to be generally satisfactory; according to the Boston standards the boys were heavy and tall, and the girls were normal in weight but short.", "contents": "Nutrition survey of schoolchildren in greater Winnipeg. I. Descriptive and anthropometric data. By sequential random numbering 10 schools in greater Winnipeg were selected for a nutrition survey. Interviews were conducted with 201 grade 3 children and 182 grade 6 children for whom parental consent was obtained. Of these, 48 in grade 3 and 51 in grade 6 were studied in further detail. There were no differences in descriptive data between the general and detailed groups or among the 10 schools. Most fathers were skilled or unskilled labourers and about 50% of the mothers were homemakers without outside employment; parental occupation did not influence eating patterns. Breakfast was the meal most often missed; 8% of the 383 children had come to school without breakfast. Since many children in grade 3 had prepared their own breakfast and since there was a relative lack of physical activity, school health programs should incorporate more than nutritional supplements and nutrition education. On the basis of body weight and height the nutritional status of the 99 children studied in detail was judged to be generally satisfactory; according to the Boston standards the boys were heavy and tall, and the girls were normal in weight but short.", "PMID": 837314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2567", "title": "Nutrition survey of schoolchildren in greater Winnipeg. II. Dietary intake and biochemical assessment.", "content": "The total dietary intake of energy and of individual nutrients of 99 grades 3 and 6 children from 10 greater Winnipeg shcools were generally comparable to those reported by Nutrition Canada for the Manitoba and national samples, although the percentile distributions of total caloric intake and dietary intake of vitamin A for the Winnipeg children tended to be lower. The median daily intake of protein was 212% of the Canadian Dietary Standard and most came from animal sources. Dietary fat was largely from animal sources as well. Hemoglobin concentrations were marginally low in four children, and urinary riboflavin:creatinine ratios were low in six children. There was no biochemical evidence of thiamin deficiency. The results suggest a need for change in dietary patterns and for education in nutrition, including relative nutrient/cost benefits. A well planned school snack program with an education component is a medium by which change could be introduced. This should preferable be part of a total school health program.", "contents": "Nutrition survey of schoolchildren in greater Winnipeg. II. Dietary intake and biochemical assessment. The total dietary intake of energy and of individual nutrients of 99 grades 3 and 6 children from 10 greater Winnipeg shcools were generally comparable to those reported by Nutrition Canada for the Manitoba and national samples, although the percentile distributions of total caloric intake and dietary intake of vitamin A for the Winnipeg children tended to be lower. The median daily intake of protein was 212% of the Canadian Dietary Standard and most came from animal sources. Dietary fat was largely from animal sources as well. Hemoglobin concentrations were marginally low in four children, and urinary riboflavin:creatinine ratios were low in six children. There was no biochemical evidence of thiamin deficiency. The results suggest a need for change in dietary patterns and for education in nutrition, including relative nutrient/cost benefits. A well planned school snack program with an education component is a medium by which change could be introduced. This should preferable be part of a total school health program.", "PMID": 837315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2568", "title": "Congenital hip disease in a Cree-Ojibwa population: a retrospective study.", "content": "Retrospective study of data from annual surveys and hospital records over 23 years confirmed the 1950 report of a high prevalence of congenital hip disease (CHD) in the Cree-Ojibwa population of Island Lake, Man. Annual ascertainment rates ranged from 35 to 600 cases per 1000 live births; 5-year rates for dislocation or subluxation were the highest reported for any population. The minimally declining rates of CHD may reflect upgrading in criteria for hip abnormality as well as decreasing isolation and increasing outbreeding of the population. The preponderance of females (female:male ratio, 1.90:1) was low compared with that found in other studies. For all diagnoses bilateral hip involvement exceeded unilateral in frequency; laterality differences were not significant when the sexes were studied separately. Function in everyday activities was impaired little.", "contents": "Congenital hip disease in a Cree-Ojibwa population: a retrospective study. Retrospective study of data from annual surveys and hospital records over 23 years confirmed the 1950 report of a high prevalence of congenital hip disease (CHD) in the Cree-Ojibwa population of Island Lake, Man. Annual ascertainment rates ranged from 35 to 600 cases per 1000 live births; 5-year rates for dislocation or subluxation were the highest reported for any population. The minimally declining rates of CHD may reflect upgrading in criteria for hip abnormality as well as decreasing isolation and increasing outbreeding of the population. The preponderance of females (female:male ratio, 1.90:1) was low compared with that found in other studies. For all diagnoses bilateral hip involvement exceeded unilateral in frequency; laterality differences were not significant when the sexes were studied separately. Function in everyday activities was impaired little.", "PMID": 837316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2569", "title": "Lead poisoning from lead-soldered electric kettles.", "content": "Lead poisoning occurred in two infants, causing lead encephalopathy in one but no symptoms in the other. Both infants had been fed a formula prepared with water boiled in a lead-soldered electric kettle. The diagnosis was suggested by dense metaphyseal bands in radiographs, illustrating the importance of careful examination of \"routine\" radiographs, particularly in asymptomatic infants.", "contents": "Lead poisoning from lead-soldered electric kettles. Lead poisoning occurred in two infants, causing lead encephalopathy in one but no symptoms in the other. Both infants had been fed a formula prepared with water boiled in a lead-soldered electric kettle. The diagnosis was suggested by dense metaphyseal bands in radiographs, illustrating the importance of careful examination of \"routine\" radiographs, particularly in asymptomatic infants.", "PMID": 837317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2570", "title": "Massive intestinal infarction in young women: complication of use of oral contraceptives?", "content": "Massive intestinal infarction due to occlusion of the celiac, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric arteries occurred in two young women, one of who subsequently died. Both were smokers. They had ingested oral contraceptives for 5 and 8 years, respectively, but this therapy could not be proven to be a causative factor in their ischemic bowel disease; although such an association is uncommon, it should be considered in young women with abdominal pain.", "contents": "Massive intestinal infarction in young women: complication of use of oral contraceptives? Massive intestinal infarction due to occlusion of the celiac, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric arteries occurred in two young women, one of who subsequently died. Both were smokers. They had ingested oral contraceptives for 5 and 8 years, respectively, but this therapy could not be proven to be a causative factor in their ischemic bowel disease; although such an association is uncommon, it should be considered in young women with abdominal pain.", "PMID": 837318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2571", "title": "Enterobacter agglomerans: the clinically important plant pathogen.", "content": "During a 5-month period Enterobacter agglomerans, now described as a member of the phytopathogenic genus Erwinia, was isolated from 13 patients in a general hospital; in 1 patient it was isolated from two sites. In six instances the organism was the sole pathogen isolated, in two instances it may have contributed to infection and in the remaining instances it was probably a transient saprophyte. The strains showed some variation in biochemical reactions but were similar in colonial morphology and were consistently sensitive to several antibiotics. Although this organism is prevalent in the general environment and usually relatively benign, it does have a potential for nosocomial infection.", "contents": "Enterobacter agglomerans: the clinically important plant pathogen. During a 5-month period Enterobacter agglomerans, now described as a member of the phytopathogenic genus Erwinia, was isolated from 13 patients in a general hospital; in 1 patient it was isolated from two sites. In six instances the organism was the sole pathogen isolated, in two instances it may have contributed to infection and in the remaining instances it was probably a transient saprophyte. The strains showed some variation in biochemical reactions but were similar in colonial morphology and were consistently sensitive to several antibiotics. Although this organism is prevalent in the general environment and usually relatively benign, it does have a potential for nosocomial infection.", "PMID": 837319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2572", "title": "Preliminary report of the lung cancer detection program in New York.", "content": "The early lung cancer detection program in New York is described, and preliminary prevalence rate data are reported. Cigarette-smoking men over the age of 45, who are considered at high risk, are encouraged to enroll in the program and, to date, 6,612 have done so. These men receive PA and lateral chest x-rays annually, while a randomly selected sub-population of about half also have sputum cytology every four months. A controlled study of sputum cytology as an adjunct to the chest x-ray is now in progress. There were 15 cases of late lung cancer (pathologic stages II and III) detected at the initial examination, and 11 early cases (pathologic stages O and I). In the population of 3,387 men who had x-rays alone there were three early lung cancers detected; in the population of 3,225 men who had both examinations four early cancers were detected by x-ray and four by cytology. In addition, three cases of larynx cancer were detected by cytology. The early lung cancers detected by x-ray were peripheral and most were bronchiolar or adenocarcinoma; the early cancers detected by cytology were central epidermoid carcinoma of major bronchi. No early carcinomas were detected by both techniques. These findings suggest that a combination of chest x-rays and sputum cytology can be more effective than either one alone in detecting early lung cancer.", "contents": "Preliminary report of the lung cancer detection program in New York. The early lung cancer detection program in New York is described, and preliminary prevalence rate data are reported. Cigarette-smoking men over the age of 45, who are considered at high risk, are encouraged to enroll in the program and, to date, 6,612 have done so. These men receive PA and lateral chest x-rays annually, while a randomly selected sub-population of about half also have sputum cytology every four months. A controlled study of sputum cytology as an adjunct to the chest x-ray is now in progress. There were 15 cases of late lung cancer (pathologic stages II and III) detected at the initial examination, and 11 early cases (pathologic stages O and I). In the population of 3,387 men who had x-rays alone there were three early lung cancers detected; in the population of 3,225 men who had both examinations four early cancers were detected by x-ray and four by cytology. In addition, three cases of larynx cancer were detected by cytology. The early lung cancers detected by x-ray were peripheral and most were bronchiolar or adenocarcinoma; the early cancers detected by cytology were central epidermoid carcinoma of major bronchi. No early carcinomas were detected by both techniques. These findings suggest that a combination of chest x-rays and sputum cytology can be more effective than either one alone in detecting early lung cancer.", "PMID": 837325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2573", "title": "Suspected pulmonary metastases: correlation of chest x-ray, whole lung tomograms, and operative findings.", "content": "Chest x-rays, whole lung tomograms, and operative findings were correlated in 152 patients with an extrathoracic malignancy who underwent 182 thoracotomies for the evaluation of pulmonary nodules. Among 25 patients with a normal chest x-ray but one or more pulmonary nodules demonstrated by whole lung tomography, 19 had metastatic disease documented at thoracotomy. Of 64 patients with unilateral nodules seen on conventional chest x-ray, 10 of 32 with sarcoma, 2 of 7 with melanoma, but only 2 of 25 with carcinoma had bilateral nodules demonstrated by tomography. At thoracotomy, 8 of 38 patients in whom a solitary nodule was present on both chest x-ray and on tomogram had multiple nodules. Similarly, 35 of 48 patients with more nodules seen on the tomograms than on the chest x-ray had even more extensive metastatic disease demonstrated by operation. Among patients who had resection of all metastatic pulmonary nodules, 50% of those with carcinoma and 32% of those with sarcoma who underwent resection of a solitary nodule approached that of patients with carcinoma. These findings suggest that whole lung tomograms contribute to the determination of the extent of pulmonary metastasis in patients with solid malignancies, even in the presence of a negative chest x-ray. The improved long term survival achieved by resection of these metastases may be partially attributed to this screening procedure.", "contents": "Suspected pulmonary metastases: correlation of chest x-ray, whole lung tomograms, and operative findings. Chest x-rays, whole lung tomograms, and operative findings were correlated in 152 patients with an extrathoracic malignancy who underwent 182 thoracotomies for the evaluation of pulmonary nodules. Among 25 patients with a normal chest x-ray but one or more pulmonary nodules demonstrated by whole lung tomography, 19 had metastatic disease documented at thoracotomy. Of 64 patients with unilateral nodules seen on conventional chest x-ray, 10 of 32 with sarcoma, 2 of 7 with melanoma, but only 2 of 25 with carcinoma had bilateral nodules demonstrated by tomography. At thoracotomy, 8 of 38 patients in whom a solitary nodule was present on both chest x-ray and on tomogram had multiple nodules. Similarly, 35 of 48 patients with more nodules seen on the tomograms than on the chest x-ray had even more extensive metastatic disease demonstrated by operation. Among patients who had resection of all metastatic pulmonary nodules, 50% of those with carcinoma and 32% of those with sarcoma who underwent resection of a solitary nodule approached that of patients with carcinoma. These findings suggest that whole lung tomograms contribute to the determination of the extent of pulmonary metastasis in patients with solid malignancies, even in the presence of a negative chest x-ray. The improved long term survival achieved by resection of these metastases may be partially attributed to this screening procedure.", "PMID": 837326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2574", "title": "Paragangliomas of the head and neck region: a clinical study of 69 patients.", "content": "Over a 38-year-period 73 paragangliomas from the head and neck region were seen at Memorial Hospital. These occurred in 69 patients. There were 44 carotid body, 13 vagal body, eight jugulo-tympanic, and three nasal paragangliomas. In addition, one each arose in the orbit, larynx, and area of the aortic arch. Sixty-two patients were surgically treated while three received irradiation only and four were observed but not treated. Follow-up was obtained for 94% of the patients. There were six postoperative deaths, five of which occurred before 1945. Of those treated surgically, 37 had no evidence of recurrent tumor while the paragangliomas recurred locally in 11. All patients in the radiation and untreated groups had persistent tumor. Malignant behavior with death due to tumor was observed in five cases (four carotid body and one vagal body paraganglioma). Using modern techniques carotid body and vagal body paragangliomas can usually be managed by surgery alone. Other paragangliomas of the head and neck due to their anatomic location are sometimes best treated by a combination of surgery and radiation or only by radiation therapy.", "contents": "Paragangliomas of the head and neck region: a clinical study of 69 patients. Over a 38-year-period 73 paragangliomas from the head and neck region were seen at Memorial Hospital. These occurred in 69 patients. There were 44 carotid body, 13 vagal body, eight jugulo-tympanic, and three nasal paragangliomas. In addition, one each arose in the orbit, larynx, and area of the aortic arch. Sixty-two patients were surgically treated while three received irradiation only and four were observed but not treated. Follow-up was obtained for 94% of the patients. There were six postoperative deaths, five of which occurred before 1945. Of those treated surgically, 37 had no evidence of recurrent tumor while the paragangliomas recurred locally in 11. All patients in the radiation and untreated groups had persistent tumor. Malignant behavior with death due to tumor was observed in five cases (four carotid body and one vagal body paraganglioma). Using modern techniques carotid body and vagal body paragangliomas can usually be managed by surgery alone. Other paragangliomas of the head and neck due to their anatomic location are sometimes best treated by a combination of surgery and radiation or only by radiation therapy.", "PMID": 837327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2575", "title": "Psychophysiologic aspects of cancer: the James Ewing lecture.", "content": "Clinicians have long been aware of the influence of the neuro-endocrine axis and the action of the hypothalmus on the humoral immune response in the origin and course of cancer. Little attention has been paid, however, to the psychophysiologic aspects of cancer. These psycho-social effects may be related to hypothalamic activity, the autonomic nervous system, and neuro-endocrine activity. More attention should be paid to the manipulation of the psyche in the prevention and management of cancer.", "contents": "Psychophysiologic aspects of cancer: the James Ewing lecture. Clinicians have long been aware of the influence of the neuro-endocrine axis and the action of the hypothalmus on the humoral immune response in the origin and course of cancer. Little attention has been paid, however, to the psychophysiologic aspects of cancer. These psycho-social effects may be related to hypothalamic activity, the autonomic nervous system, and neuro-endocrine activity. More attention should be paid to the manipulation of the psyche in the prevention and management of cancer.", "PMID": 837328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2576", "title": "The use of CEA as an early indicator for gastrointestinal tumor recurrence and second-look procedures.", "content": "Since 1972 plasma CEA levels of 25 cancer patients have been assayed to evaluate the reliability of CEA as an early indicator of recurrent gastrointestinal cancer. Identification of significant elevations in CEA levels required definition of exactly what a given value meant. Intraassay and interassay accuracy was determined and graphed as a CEA NOMOGRAM, which measures the observed CEA level against the 95% confidence limits for that observation and thus can be used to identify statistically significant increases. A statistically significant rise above a baseline value established by the NOMOGRAM proved to be a correct indicator of tumor recurrence in 22 (88%) of 25 patients who underwent second-look intraabdominal operations (22 colorectal, 2 gastric, and 1 pancreatic). In each case, other accepted procedures, such as liver enzymes, scans, and x-rays, were nondiagnostic. Of the 22 patients with proved tumor recurrence, 16 (73%) had distant metastases and 6 (27%) had localized tumors. One patient remains tumor-free three years after second-look operation and has had no significant change in CEA levels. More frequent serial CEA determinations combined with sound clinical judgment should facilitate earlier detection of recurrent gastrointestinal cancer.", "contents": "The use of CEA as an early indicator for gastrointestinal tumor recurrence and second-look procedures. Since 1972 plasma CEA levels of 25 cancer patients have been assayed to evaluate the reliability of CEA as an early indicator of recurrent gastrointestinal cancer. Identification of significant elevations in CEA levels required definition of exactly what a given value meant. Intraassay and interassay accuracy was determined and graphed as a CEA NOMOGRAM, which measures the observed CEA level against the 95% confidence limits for that observation and thus can be used to identify statistically significant increases. A statistically significant rise above a baseline value established by the NOMOGRAM proved to be a correct indicator of tumor recurrence in 22 (88%) of 25 patients who underwent second-look intraabdominal operations (22 colorectal, 2 gastric, and 1 pancreatic). In each case, other accepted procedures, such as liver enzymes, scans, and x-rays, were nondiagnostic. Of the 22 patients with proved tumor recurrence, 16 (73%) had distant metastases and 6 (27%) had localized tumors. One patient remains tumor-free three years after second-look operation and has had no significant change in CEA levels. More frequent serial CEA determinations combined with sound clinical judgment should facilitate earlier detection of recurrent gastrointestinal cancer.", "PMID": 837330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2577", "title": "An approach for the treatment of penile carcinoma.", "content": "One hundred cases were studied in detail using lymphangiograms (LAG), anatomic dissections, and/or microscopic evaluation. LAG performed via the dorsal lymphatics of the penis demonstrate the existence of specific lymph node center, the so-called sentinel lymph node (SLN). This appears to be the primary site of metastases from penile carcinoma. The SLN is visualized radiographically, on the antero-posterior view, at the junction of the femoral head and the ascending ramus of the pubis. Anatomically, the SLN is part of the lymphatic system around the superficial epigastric vein. Forty-six SLN biopsies were performed with 15 positive for metastatic disease. In these 15 patients, an inguinofemoroiliac dissection was performed; in 12 cases there was no involvement of other lymph nodes. Lymphatic channels draining into the iliac lymph nodes without first draining into the sentinel lymph node were never demonstrated, nor were the inguinal-femoral lymph nodes involved in the absence of SLN involvement. On this bases, we recommend preliminary bilateral SLN biopsy to be followed by inguinofemoroiliac dissection when biopsy of the SLN biopsy to be followed by inguinofemoroiliac dissection when biopsy of the SLN is positive. When biopsy of the SLN is negative for metastatic disease, no further surgical therapy is immediately indicated. With negative SLN, 5-year survival was 90%. When SLN alone was involved, 5-year survival was 70%. Five-year survival was 50% with both SLN and other inguinal nodes involved. When iliac metastases were also present, 3-year survival was 20%.", "contents": "An approach for the treatment of penile carcinoma. One hundred cases were studied in detail using lymphangiograms (LAG), anatomic dissections, and/or microscopic evaluation. LAG performed via the dorsal lymphatics of the penis demonstrate the existence of specific lymph node center, the so-called sentinel lymph node (SLN). This appears to be the primary site of metastases from penile carcinoma. The SLN is visualized radiographically, on the antero-posterior view, at the junction of the femoral head and the ascending ramus of the pubis. Anatomically, the SLN is part of the lymphatic system around the superficial epigastric vein. Forty-six SLN biopsies were performed with 15 positive for metastatic disease. In these 15 patients, an inguinofemoroiliac dissection was performed; in 12 cases there was no involvement of other lymph nodes. Lymphatic channels draining into the iliac lymph nodes without first draining into the sentinel lymph node were never demonstrated, nor were the inguinal-femoral lymph nodes involved in the absence of SLN involvement. On this bases, we recommend preliminary bilateral SLN biopsy to be followed by inguinofemoroiliac dissection when biopsy of the SLN biopsy to be followed by inguinofemoroiliac dissection when biopsy of the SLN is positive. When biopsy of the SLN is negative for metastatic disease, no further surgical therapy is immediately indicated. With negative SLN, 5-year survival was 90%. When SLN alone was involved, 5-year survival was 70%. Five-year survival was 50% with both SLN and other inguinal nodes involved. When iliac metastases were also present, 3-year survival was 20%.", "PMID": 837331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2578", "title": "Economic status and survival of cancer patients.", "content": "The relation of economic status to survival was studied for 39 kinds of cancer representing all types for which 60 or more indigent patients were seen in University of Iowa Hospital for primary care during the years 1940-1969. For every type the indigent patients had poorer survival than non-indigent patients. Quality of care would be eliminated as a major variable since a second group of \"ward\" patients of higher economic status was available for comparison and the differences were substantially greater between the two groups of teaching patients than between the \"clinic pay\" and \"private\" patients. Age differences and differences in stage of disease accounted for less than half of the survival deficits in the indigents. The two important problems were high mortality from causes other than cancer and excess cancer mortality not accounted for by stage differences, particularly among patients who should have had 5-year survival rates between 40 and 70%. In these patients cancer recurred more often and earlier among the indigent. We postulate host differences associated with poverty that could also account for much of the observed Black-White differences as well as some international differences in cancer survival rates.", "contents": "Economic status and survival of cancer patients. The relation of economic status to survival was studied for 39 kinds of cancer representing all types for which 60 or more indigent patients were seen in University of Iowa Hospital for primary care during the years 1940-1969. For every type the indigent patients had poorer survival than non-indigent patients. Quality of care would be eliminated as a major variable since a second group of \"ward\" patients of higher economic status was available for comparison and the differences were substantially greater between the two groups of teaching patients than between the \"clinic pay\" and \"private\" patients. Age differences and differences in stage of disease accounted for less than half of the survival deficits in the indigents. The two important problems were high mortality from causes other than cancer and excess cancer mortality not accounted for by stage differences, particularly among patients who should have had 5-year survival rates between 40 and 70%. In these patients cancer recurred more often and earlier among the indigent. We postulate host differences associated with poverty that could also account for much of the observed Black-White differences as well as some international differences in cancer survival rates.", "PMID": 837332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2579", "title": "Physical and psychologic readjustment after mastectomy: an evaluation of Memorial Hospitals' PMRG program.", "content": "Memorial Hospital in New York City, the clinical section of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, has developed a Post-Mastectomy Rehabilitation Group (PMRG) Program. The PMRG Program is comprised of a series of structured exercise, information, discussion, and group therapy sessions conducted by a social worker, nurse, physical therapist, and a volunteer from Reach to Recovery. The specific purposes of the program are to help a patient to begin to regain functional use of her arm and shoulder on the affected side, and to adapt functionally, psychologically, and emotionally to the loss of her breast and to the diagnosis of cancer in the shortest time possible. Approximately 1,700 women who underwent mastectomy participated in the program between 1970 and 1974. Some results and conclusions are: the patient's age and type of operation are related to physical recovery, resumption of normal activities, return to work, and emotional stress; 84% (661 of 790 patients) resumed normal activities within the four-month postoperative period; 74% (237 of 317 patients) returned to work (full time) within three months of their mastectomies; 13% (52 of 406 patients) experienced moderate or severe emotional stress; activity per se (any activity, doing something, keeping busy) affects readjustment; the apparent disadvantage of greater trauma with more extensive surgery may be more than compensated for by the relatively young age of that population, and the relatively less physical trauma and injury, resulting from simple mastectomies may be overshadowed by the patient's age and general physical condition; 98% (284 of 291 patients) reported the PMRG program helpful.", "contents": "Physical and psychologic readjustment after mastectomy: an evaluation of Memorial Hospitals' PMRG program. Memorial Hospital in New York City, the clinical section of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, has developed a Post-Mastectomy Rehabilitation Group (PMRG) Program. The PMRG Program is comprised of a series of structured exercise, information, discussion, and group therapy sessions conducted by a social worker, nurse, physical therapist, and a volunteer from Reach to Recovery. The specific purposes of the program are to help a patient to begin to regain functional use of her arm and shoulder on the affected side, and to adapt functionally, psychologically, and emotionally to the loss of her breast and to the diagnosis of cancer in the shortest time possible. Approximately 1,700 women who underwent mastectomy participated in the program between 1970 and 1974. Some results and conclusions are: the patient's age and type of operation are related to physical recovery, resumption of normal activities, return to work, and emotional stress; 84% (661 of 790 patients) resumed normal activities within the four-month postoperative period; 74% (237 of 317 patients) returned to work (full time) within three months of their mastectomies; 13% (52 of 406 patients) experienced moderate or severe emotional stress; activity per se (any activity, doing something, keeping busy) affects readjustment; the apparent disadvantage of greater trauma with more extensive surgery may be more than compensated for by the relatively young age of that population, and the relatively less physical trauma and injury, resulting from simple mastectomies may be overshadowed by the patient's age and general physical condition; 98% (284 of 291 patients) reported the PMRG program helpful.", "PMID": 837333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2580", "title": "Intravenous Corynebacterium parvum: an adjunct to chemotherapy for resistant advanced ovarian cancer.", "content": "This is a prelimianry report of an effort to treat women with advanced (Stage III and IV) ovarian cancer who had progressive disease in spite of previous surgery, chemotherapy and/or radiation by a program of reductive surgery, intensive immune stimulation and combination chemotherapy. An initial laparotomy was done where possible to reduce tumor burden, and then all patients were given intravenous corynebacterium parvum (C.P.) in escalating doses over a 10- to 14-day period. Cyclic chemotherapy with Cytoxan, adriamycin and 5-fluorouracil (CAF) was started and repeated monthly. Maintenance subcutaneous C.P. was given weekly. All patients had frequent follow-up clinical and laboratory examination. Immune function was measured by skin tests and in vitro tests prior to treatment and periodically during therapy. Two-thirds of the patients had depressed DNCB and PHA stimulation responses prior to treatment, and almost all had severely depressed lymphocyte counts. Thirty-nine patients entered the program. Exploratory laparotomy was done in 16 patients and in eight, successful tumor reduction was accomplished. Eleven patients received intravenous C. Parvum and all expired before receiving chemotherapy. Four patients received C. Parvum and less than three cycles of CAF; all expired within 2 months. Twenty-four patients received C. Parvum and less than or equal to three cycles of CAF. Four patients had complete regression of measurable disease and were living free of disease 9-12 months after starting CAF. Eight patients had more than 50% regression for a minimum of 3 months, and five were living with disease (LWD) 5-11 months. Five patients had 25% to 50% regression and three were LWD 4-8 months. Seven patients had no regression and all expired within 4 months. Of eight patients who had successful reductive surgery prior to treatment, three were free of disease, median of 10 months, and five had partial responses and were living with disease, a median of 9 months. Although pre-treatment immune function was better in the patients who had a good response to CP and CAF (10 of 12 were DNCB+) vs that in patients with a poor response (4 of 12 were DNCB+) immune function was not significantly improved during therapy. The initial treatment results in this program are encouraging and suggest that this approach may be useful in patients with earlier disease.", "contents": "Intravenous Corynebacterium parvum: an adjunct to chemotherapy for resistant advanced ovarian cancer. This is a prelimianry report of an effort to treat women with advanced (Stage III and IV) ovarian cancer who had progressive disease in spite of previous surgery, chemotherapy and/or radiation by a program of reductive surgery, intensive immune stimulation and combination chemotherapy. An initial laparotomy was done where possible to reduce tumor burden, and then all patients were given intravenous corynebacterium parvum (C.P.) in escalating doses over a 10- to 14-day period. Cyclic chemotherapy with Cytoxan, adriamycin and 5-fluorouracil (CAF) was started and repeated monthly. Maintenance subcutaneous C.P. was given weekly. All patients had frequent follow-up clinical and laboratory examination. Immune function was measured by skin tests and in vitro tests prior to treatment and periodically during therapy. Two-thirds of the patients had depressed DNCB and PHA stimulation responses prior to treatment, and almost all had severely depressed lymphocyte counts. Thirty-nine patients entered the program. Exploratory laparotomy was done in 16 patients and in eight, successful tumor reduction was accomplished. Eleven patients received intravenous C. Parvum and all expired before receiving chemotherapy. Four patients received C. Parvum and less than three cycles of CAF; all expired within 2 months. Twenty-four patients received C. Parvum and less than or equal to three cycles of CAF. Four patients had complete regression of measurable disease and were living free of disease 9-12 months after starting CAF. Eight patients had more than 50% regression for a minimum of 3 months, and five were living with disease (LWD) 5-11 months. Five patients had 25% to 50% regression and three were LWD 4-8 months. Seven patients had no regression and all expired within 4 months. Of eight patients who had successful reductive surgery prior to treatment, three were free of disease, median of 10 months, and five had partial responses and were living with disease, a median of 9 months. Although pre-treatment immune function was better in the patients who had a good response to CP and CAF (10 of 12 were DNCB+) vs that in patients with a poor response (4 of 12 were DNCB+) immune function was not significantly improved during therapy. The initial treatment results in this program are encouraging and suggest that this approach may be useful in patients with earlier disease.", "PMID": 837334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2581", "title": "Carcinoma of the breast: analysis of total lymph node involvement versus level of metastasis.", "content": "The histologic presence of axillary lymph node metastasis is the most commonly used indicator or prognosis for patients with operable breast cancer. The record of 385 patients treated by 380 radical mastectomies between the years 1944 and 1972 were reviewed to clarify this. The axillary nodes recovered were evenly distributed. The median number of positive lymph nodes at each level was two; 50% had involvement of only one level. The number of lymph nodes identified increased with the number of positive nodes. When compared with similar patients, survival curves for those having a single involved node and also those having multiple metastatic nodes were similar whether the node were in the proximal, middle, or distal levels. The 10-year determinate survival for patients with fewer than five positive positive nodes was just under 50%. High positive nodal counts, or involvement of more than one level, were associated with local recurrence of disease.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the breast: analysis of total lymph node involvement versus level of metastasis. The histologic presence of axillary lymph node metastasis is the most commonly used indicator or prognosis for patients with operable breast cancer. The record of 385 patients treated by 380 radical mastectomies between the years 1944 and 1972 were reviewed to clarify this. The axillary nodes recovered were evenly distributed. The median number of positive lymph nodes at each level was two; 50% had involvement of only one level. The number of lymph nodes identified increased with the number of positive nodes. When compared with similar patients, survival curves for those having a single involved node and also those having multiple metastatic nodes were similar whether the node were in the proximal, middle, or distal levels. The 10-year determinate survival for patients with fewer than five positive positive nodes was just under 50%. High positive nodal counts, or involvement of more than one level, were associated with local recurrence of disease.", "PMID": 837335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2582", "title": "The influence of untreated internal mammary metastases upon the course of mammary cancer.", "content": "Internal mammary lymph node biopsies were performed during radical mastectomy in 113 cases of invasive carcinoma of the breast. Metastases were found in 25 cases, 22% of the total. One hundred five of the cases received no further treatment unless cancer recurred and were observed for an average of 13.6 years. Local recurrence and 10-year mortality were significantly increased in the presence of internal mammary metastases, but it could not be demonstrated that the latter increased chest wall recurrence or decreased survival independently of axillary lymph node involvement. The survival of five patients with internal mammary metastases who were treated with postoperative irradiation or castration was not superior to that of 20 patients with untreated metastases. It was concluded that internal mammary metastases usually reflect generalized tumor spread and that local therapy directed at these nodes has a negligible influence upon cure of the disease. In that they reflect a poor prognosis, metastases at this site would justify systemic adjuvant chemotherapy.", "contents": "The influence of untreated internal mammary metastases upon the course of mammary cancer. Internal mammary lymph node biopsies were performed during radical mastectomy in 113 cases of invasive carcinoma of the breast. Metastases were found in 25 cases, 22% of the total. One hundred five of the cases received no further treatment unless cancer recurred and were observed for an average of 13.6 years. Local recurrence and 10-year mortality were significantly increased in the presence of internal mammary metastases, but it could not be demonstrated that the latter increased chest wall recurrence or decreased survival independently of axillary lymph node involvement. The survival of five patients with internal mammary metastases who were treated with postoperative irradiation or castration was not superior to that of 20 patients with untreated metastases. It was concluded that internal mammary metastases usually reflect generalized tumor spread and that local therapy directed at these nodes has a negligible influence upon cure of the disease. In that they reflect a poor prognosis, metastases at this site would justify systemic adjuvant chemotherapy.", "PMID": 837336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2583", "title": "Further studies of biochemical predictive tests in breast cancer.", "content": "This report extends our observations on the relationship between the therapy of breast cancer, estrogen binding and tissue enzymes. We have compared the dextran-coated charcoal method and the sucrose gradient analysis in determining estrogen receptors, and find a sub-group of receptor positive tumors--identifiable only by the latter technique--which we suggest may lead to an incorrect prediction of response to hormonal therapy. Data are also presented to suggest that enzyme analyses show promise in predicting responsiveness to present modes of combination chemotherapy of breast cancer.", "contents": "Further studies of biochemical predictive tests in breast cancer. This report extends our observations on the relationship between the therapy of breast cancer, estrogen binding and tissue enzymes. We have compared the dextran-coated charcoal method and the sucrose gradient analysis in determining estrogen receptors, and find a sub-group of receptor positive tumors--identifiable only by the latter technique--which we suggest may lead to an incorrect prediction of response to hormonal therapy. Data are also presented to suggest that enzyme analyses show promise in predicting responsiveness to present modes of combination chemotherapy of breast cancer.", "PMID": 837337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2584", "title": "Medical and surgical adrenalectomy in patients with advanced breast carcinoma.", "content": "Twenty-four postmenopausal patients with metastatic breast carcinoma were placed on aminoglutethimide and dexamethasone as a form of reversible medical adrenalectomy. Six patients experienced adverse side-effects. Of the 18 remaining patients 50% had a definite subjective or objective response to therapy. Thirteen of these patients underwent subsequent surgical adrenalectomy after a maximum of 3 month's trial of the medical regimen. In every patient the response to therapy was identical with the two modalities of therapy. In those postmenopausal patients with metastatic breast cancer who are felt to have a hormone- dependent tumor by clinical and/or hormonal assay criteria, medical adrenalectomy may eventually be a feasible replacement for surgery in selected cases. As important, perhaps, is the potential value of this medical adrenalectomy as a reliable indicator of the subsequent response to endocrine ablative therapy.", "contents": "Medical and surgical adrenalectomy in patients with advanced breast carcinoma. Twenty-four postmenopausal patients with metastatic breast carcinoma were placed on aminoglutethimide and dexamethasone as a form of reversible medical adrenalectomy. Six patients experienced adverse side-effects. Of the 18 remaining patients 50% had a definite subjective or objective response to therapy. Thirteen of these patients underwent subsequent surgical adrenalectomy after a maximum of 3 month's trial of the medical regimen. In every patient the response to therapy was identical with the two modalities of therapy. In those postmenopausal patients with metastatic breast cancer who are felt to have a hormone- dependent tumor by clinical and/or hormonal assay criteria, medical adrenalectomy may eventually be a feasible replacement for surgery in selected cases. As important, perhaps, is the potential value of this medical adrenalectomy as a reliable indicator of the subsequent response to endocrine ablative therapy.", "PMID": 837338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2585", "title": "Lymphatic metastasis with childhood rhabdomyosarcoma.", "content": "Clinico-pathologic reviews of series of children with rhabdomyosarcoma have yielded conflicting information regarding frequency of lymphatic spread of this disease. The 264 eligible entries in the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study (from November 1972 to September 1975) have been categorized by a prospective staging system and pre-treatment characteristics and pathologic findings reviewed. Data accumulated thus far have revealed a higher than expected incidence of lymphatic metastases from extremity (17%) and genito-urinary sites (19%) with a somewhat lower incidence from the orbit (0%), the head and neck region (3%), and trunk (10%). These differences in regard to lymphatic metastases were found to have no relationship to age, sex, tumor size, or histologic type when these factors were simultaneously examined.", "contents": "Lymphatic metastasis with childhood rhabdomyosarcoma. Clinico-pathologic reviews of series of children with rhabdomyosarcoma have yielded conflicting information regarding frequency of lymphatic spread of this disease. The 264 eligible entries in the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study (from November 1972 to September 1975) have been categorized by a prospective staging system and pre-treatment characteristics and pathologic findings reviewed. Data accumulated thus far have revealed a higher than expected incidence of lymphatic metastases from extremity (17%) and genito-urinary sites (19%) with a somewhat lower incidence from the orbit (0%), the head and neck region (3%), and trunk (10%). These differences in regard to lymphatic metastases were found to have no relationship to age, sex, tumor size, or histologic type when these factors were simultaneously examined.", "PMID": 837339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2586", "title": "Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver: report of six patients. Concepts of surgical management.", "content": "The authors add six patients with focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver to the increasing number reported. All had ingested hormones as contraceptives for periods of from one and one-half to seven years. In five patients, the initial manifestation was massive intraabdominal hemorrhage and hypovolemic shock. Five of the six underwent emergency laparotomy for control of hemorrhage. Five patients are living; one patient died six days postoperatively because of coagulopathy. The single diagnostic procedure which proved valuable was liver scan. When hepatic focal nodular hyperplasia is disclosed, we recommend limited resection without ligation of the hepatic artery. Ingestion of birth control hormones should be prohibited.", "contents": "Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver: report of six patients. Concepts of surgical management. The authors add six patients with focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver to the increasing number reported. All had ingested hormones as contraceptives for periods of from one and one-half to seven years. In five patients, the initial manifestation was massive intraabdominal hemorrhage and hypovolemic shock. Five of the six underwent emergency laparotomy for control of hemorrhage. Five patients are living; one patient died six days postoperatively because of coagulopathy. The single diagnostic procedure which proved valuable was liver scan. When hepatic focal nodular hyperplasia is disclosed, we recommend limited resection without ligation of the hepatic artery. Ingestion of birth control hormones should be prohibited.", "PMID": 837340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2587", "title": "Endometrial carcinoma in women under 40 years of age: comparison of cases in oral contraceptive users and non-users.", "content": "Women under 40 years of age rarely develop carcinoma of the endometrium, this age group comprising less than 3% of all cases in most large series. The Registry for Endometrial Carcinoma in Young Women Taking Oral Contraceptive Agents has recorded and studied 30 cases in women under 40 with a history of oral contraceptive administration, and these are compared with 25 cases in the same age group which were accessioned at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology prior to the era during which these agents have been available, and with series reported in the literature totaling 137 cases with no contraceptive history. In the first group, special attention is paid to the 20 women who received sequential agents exclusively or predominantly, since the association with these agents (primarily Oracon) is much higher than would be expected from the fact that less that 10% of oral contraceptives used in this country are of the sequential type. An analysis of the three groups reveals a similar incidence of the various histologic types (primarily well differentiated tumors with a relatively favorable prognosis), the only difference being the presence of secretory features in 14 of 29 oral contraceptive users vs. only two of 25 women not taking these agents. Clinical and pathologic staging were also predominantly favorable, and comparable in all groups. There were, however, notably higher incidences of nulliparity, obesity, and sclerocystic ovaries--all features traditionally associated with endometrial carcinoma--in the patients not receiving oral contraceptives or receiving combined agents, suggesting that the group receiving sequentials may not represent the same constitutionally predisposed population. Only three of 55 women among our personally reviewed cases have thus far died of cancer (one in the contraceptive group and two in the non-user group) and all three of these had poorly differentiated tumors with myometrial invasion. The excellent prognosis for most patients in this age group is thus confirmed.", "contents": "Endometrial carcinoma in women under 40 years of age: comparison of cases in oral contraceptive users and non-users. Women under 40 years of age rarely develop carcinoma of the endometrium, this age group comprising less than 3% of all cases in most large series. The Registry for Endometrial Carcinoma in Young Women Taking Oral Contraceptive Agents has recorded and studied 30 cases in women under 40 with a history of oral contraceptive administration, and these are compared with 25 cases in the same age group which were accessioned at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology prior to the era during which these agents have been available, and with series reported in the literature totaling 137 cases with no contraceptive history. In the first group, special attention is paid to the 20 women who received sequential agents exclusively or predominantly, since the association with these agents (primarily Oracon) is much higher than would be expected from the fact that less that 10% of oral contraceptives used in this country are of the sequential type. An analysis of the three groups reveals a similar incidence of the various histologic types (primarily well differentiated tumors with a relatively favorable prognosis), the only difference being the presence of secretory features in 14 of 29 oral contraceptive users vs. only two of 25 women not taking these agents. Clinical and pathologic staging were also predominantly favorable, and comparable in all groups. There were, however, notably higher incidences of nulliparity, obesity, and sclerocystic ovaries--all features traditionally associated with endometrial carcinoma--in the patients not receiving oral contraceptives or receiving combined agents, suggesting that the group receiving sequentials may not represent the same constitutionally predisposed population. Only three of 55 women among our personally reviewed cases have thus far died of cancer (one in the contraceptive group and two in the non-user group) and all three of these had poorly differentiated tumors with myometrial invasion. The excellent prognosis for most patients in this age group is thus confirmed.", "PMID": 837341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2588", "title": "Complications following surgery for cancer of the larynx and hypopharynx.", "content": "The hospital and office records of patients undergoing major surgery for cancer of the larynx and hypopharynx at the Washington University Medical Center, St. Louis from 1955 to 1972 were reviewed. Study parameters were correlated with the incidence of major complications and statistically analyzed to elucidate what factors contribute to increased complication rates. Abnormal margins of surgical resection were found to be significant in determining subsequent complication. Age, sex, race, site and stage of the primary tumor, and the presence of pre-treatment cervical lymph node fixation did not alter the rate of complications. Similarly, low dose preoperative irradiation, various forms of carotid artery protection, and surgical patholgic findings including the size of the tumor, number of positive cervical nodes and cellular characteristics of the tumor showed no significant effect on the rate of complications. Increased total complication rate was associated with an increased death rate. Common complications included wound infection, wound necrosis, salivary fistula, hemorrhage, and carotid artery catastrophe. Also considered were operative deaths and delayed fatal complications. The common causes and treatment of these complications are outlined and safeguards which have been valuable in a sizeable number of patients are discussed.", "contents": "Complications following surgery for cancer of the larynx and hypopharynx. The hospital and office records of patients undergoing major surgery for cancer of the larynx and hypopharynx at the Washington University Medical Center, St. Louis from 1955 to 1972 were reviewed. Study parameters were correlated with the incidence of major complications and statistically analyzed to elucidate what factors contribute to increased complication rates. Abnormal margins of surgical resection were found to be significant in determining subsequent complication. Age, sex, race, site and stage of the primary tumor, and the presence of pre-treatment cervical lymph node fixation did not alter the rate of complications. Similarly, low dose preoperative irradiation, various forms of carotid artery protection, and surgical patholgic findings including the size of the tumor, number of positive cervical nodes and cellular characteristics of the tumor showed no significant effect on the rate of complications. Increased total complication rate was associated with an increased death rate. Common complications included wound infection, wound necrosis, salivary fistula, hemorrhage, and carotid artery catastrophe. Also considered were operative deaths and delayed fatal complications. The common causes and treatment of these complications are outlined and safeguards which have been valuable in a sizeable number of patients are discussed.", "PMID": 837342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2589", "title": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil in young adults.", "content": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil is rare in people under 40 years of age. Only 11 cases have been treated at the M.D. Anderson Hospital since 1944. Their 5-year survival was decreased (14%) when compared to the total group of patients treated for squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil (48%). Young adults had higher clinical staging than the total group. Ninety-one percent of the young patients had neck nodal metastasis, with 55% staged N3. Of the entire group, 76% had neck nodal metastasis with 23% staged N3. Case histories indicate a lack of suspicion of tonsillar cancer on the part of patients and physicians. The average total delay from symptoms to diagnosis was 11 months. Response rates of radiotherapy alone were excellent (no failures) in patients with staging T1, T2, TX, N0, and N1. However, five (45%) of the 11 young patients had T3 or T4 primaries and all died, four with regional failure. Six of the 11 young patients had N3 staging and five of these died, all with regional failure except one. Planned combined treatment should be used more frequently in young adults with high staging.", "contents": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil in young adults. Squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil is rare in people under 40 years of age. Only 11 cases have been treated at the M.D. Anderson Hospital since 1944. Their 5-year survival was decreased (14%) when compared to the total group of patients treated for squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil (48%). Young adults had higher clinical staging than the total group. Ninety-one percent of the young patients had neck nodal metastasis, with 55% staged N3. Of the entire group, 76% had neck nodal metastasis with 23% staged N3. Case histories indicate a lack of suspicion of tonsillar cancer on the part of patients and physicians. The average total delay from symptoms to diagnosis was 11 months. Response rates of radiotherapy alone were excellent (no failures) in patients with staging T1, T2, TX, N0, and N1. However, five (45%) of the 11 young patients had T3 or T4 primaries and all died, four with regional failure. Six of the 11 young patients had N3 staging and five of these died, all with regional failure except one. Planned combined treatment should be used more frequently in young adults with high staging.", "PMID": 837343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2590", "title": "Forty years' evolution in the management of patients with endometrial carcinoma.", "content": "Of 218 patients with early endometrial cancer treated with planned pre-hysterectomy intracavitary irradiation, 105 were operated 6 weeks after the completion of radiation therapy in the traditional fashion. A group of 113 patients, similar as to stage and differentiation of their disease, were operated on within 48 hours of the removal of the radiation sources. More than 90% of both groups were cured, indicating the lack of benefit from the traditional delayed hysterectomy sequence.", "contents": "Forty years' evolution in the management of patients with endometrial carcinoma. Of 218 patients with early endometrial cancer treated with planned pre-hysterectomy intracavitary irradiation, 105 were operated 6 weeks after the completion of radiation therapy in the traditional fashion. A group of 113 patients, similar as to stage and differentiation of their disease, were operated on within 48 hours of the removal of the radiation sources. More than 90% of both groups were cured, indicating the lack of benefit from the traditional delayed hysterectomy sequence.", "PMID": 837344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2591", "title": "The evolving role of computerized tomography in radiation oncology.", "content": "The development and application of computerized tomography of the body have important implications in the diagnosis of tumors and in the planning of the radiotherapy treatment of malignancies because the modality provedes: a) an exact contour of transverse sections of the body; b) distinct representation of anatomic internal structures; c) ability to diagnose the presence and extent of tumor involvement of internal organs; d) opportunity to obtain, quantitatively, the \"density\" (x-ray absorption) of the anatomical structures in the sections; e) capability to develop isodose curves with inhomogeneity corrections; and f) ability to follow the response of a tumor to treatment, non-invasively. Although the diagnostic efficacy of computerized tomography of tumors, relative to other diagnostic modalities, is still to be defined accurately and the exact role of this new method in radiotherapy treatment planning is still to be determined, computerized tomography appears to provide oncologists with a valuable adjunct in their management of tumor patients.", "contents": "The evolving role of computerized tomography in radiation oncology. The development and application of computerized tomography of the body have important implications in the diagnosis of tumors and in the planning of the radiotherapy treatment of malignancies because the modality provedes: a) an exact contour of transverse sections of the body; b) distinct representation of anatomic internal structures; c) ability to diagnose the presence and extent of tumor involvement of internal organs; d) opportunity to obtain, quantitatively, the \"density\" (x-ray absorption) of the anatomical structures in the sections; e) capability to develop isodose curves with inhomogeneity corrections; and f) ability to follow the response of a tumor to treatment, non-invasively. Although the diagnostic efficacy of computerized tomography of tumors, relative to other diagnostic modalities, is still to be defined accurately and the exact role of this new method in radiotherapy treatment planning is still to be determined, computerized tomography appears to provide oncologists with a valuable adjunct in their management of tumor patients.", "PMID": 837345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2592", "title": "Tumor localization and treatment planning with ultrasound.", "content": "The successful management of cancer with high energy radiation requires precise knowledge of the tumor position relative to the body surface and normal organs. Diagnostic ultrasound assists in determining the size and location of tumors and vital normal structures in patients undergoing radiation therapy. Radiation fields can be established dynamically under direct ultrasound imaging, and anatomical information about the tumor, normal organs, and body contour utilized in dosimetry calculations. Diagnostic ultrasound is a safe, noninvasive technique of acquiring anatomical information that cannot be obtained by other routine diagnostic methods. Its application in clinical radiation therapy planning has the potential of improving cure rates and decreasing complication rates.", "contents": "Tumor localization and treatment planning with ultrasound. The successful management of cancer with high energy radiation requires precise knowledge of the tumor position relative to the body surface and normal organs. Diagnostic ultrasound assists in determining the size and location of tumors and vital normal structures in patients undergoing radiation therapy. Radiation fields can be established dynamically under direct ultrasound imaging, and anatomical information about the tumor, normal organs, and body contour utilized in dosimetry calculations. Diagnostic ultrasound is a safe, noninvasive technique of acquiring anatomical information that cannot be obtained by other routine diagnostic methods. Its application in clinical radiation therapy planning has the potential of improving cure rates and decreasing complication rates.", "PMID": 837346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2593", "title": "Lymphangiography in the determination of the extent of metastatic carcinoma: the potential value of percutaneous lymph node biopsy.", "content": "In determining the extent of disease in patients with carcinoma, lymphangiography when read as positive has an accuracy of 90 to 95%. When considered negative 15 to 20% prove to have metastatic disease. the recent use of percutaneous transperitoneal aspiration biopsy of previously opacified lymph nodes has enhanced the value of lymphangiography. Eighty percent of the aspiration biopsies yield sufficient tissue for cytologic diagnosis.", "contents": "Lymphangiography in the determination of the extent of metastatic carcinoma: the potential value of percutaneous lymph node biopsy. In determining the extent of disease in patients with carcinoma, lymphangiography when read as positive has an accuracy of 90 to 95%. When considered negative 15 to 20% prove to have metastatic disease. the recent use of percutaneous transperitoneal aspiration biopsy of previously opacified lymph nodes has enhanced the value of lymphangiography. Eighty percent of the aspiration biopsies yield sufficient tissue for cytologic diagnosis.", "PMID": 837347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2594", "title": "Radiation toxicology: quantitative radiation pathology for predicting effects.", "content": "Radiation toxicology is the quantification of radiation pathophysiology. It is based upon the development of more precise and accurate radiation dose response data in humans. Such information is particularly important because of the development of combined radiation therapy and chemotherapy. The search for models which will predict radiation injury is presented along with innovative approaches to the 3-dimensional reconstruction of isodose curves in autopsy material, and ultrastructural studies.", "contents": "Radiation toxicology: quantitative radiation pathology for predicting effects. Radiation toxicology is the quantification of radiation pathophysiology. It is based upon the development of more precise and accurate radiation dose response data in humans. Such information is particularly important because of the development of combined radiation therapy and chemotherapy. The search for models which will predict radiation injury is presented along with innovative approaches to the 3-dimensional reconstruction of isodose curves in autopsy material, and ultrastructural studies.", "PMID": 837348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2595", "title": "The place of irradiation in the management of the primary lesion in head and neck cancers.", "content": "Lesions of the skin are best excised except for specific locations where surgical excision would not likely produce disease-free margins and/or would require extensive plastic repair. A control rate of 90% for T1 lesions and 80% for T2 lesions is obtained with irradiation in the squamous cell carcinomas of the upper respiratory and digestive tract. Heavy smokers and/or severe alcoholics may be preferably treated surgically. The control rates in the T3 and T4 lesions are unsatisfactory with either irradiation or surgery alone. Pre- or postoperative irradiation combined with the appropriate surgical procedure improves the local control rates and to some extent the survival rates. Postoperative irradiation for the highly malignant tumors of the salivary gland reduces the local failure rate from 36% to 11%. The facial nerve can be preserved unless it is grossly involved.", "contents": "The place of irradiation in the management of the primary lesion in head and neck cancers. Lesions of the skin are best excised except for specific locations where surgical excision would not likely produce disease-free margins and/or would require extensive plastic repair. A control rate of 90% for T1 lesions and 80% for T2 lesions is obtained with irradiation in the squamous cell carcinomas of the upper respiratory and digestive tract. Heavy smokers and/or severe alcoholics may be preferably treated surgically. The control rates in the T3 and T4 lesions are unsatisfactory with either irradiation or surgery alone. Pre- or postoperative irradiation combined with the appropriate surgical procedure improves the local control rates and to some extent the survival rates. Postoperative irradiation for the highly malignant tumors of the salivary gland reduces the local failure rate from 36% to 11%. The facial nerve can be preserved unless it is grossly involved.", "PMID": 837349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2596", "title": "Treatment of the neck in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.", "content": "A retrospective study of 702 patients with clinically positive nodes associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, supraglottic larynx, and hypopharynx observed from 1954 to 1968 was done. The policies of treatment for the neck were not standardized during those years. Three hundred eleven patients who survived 24 months with the primary lesion controlled were divided into two groups: 1) those whose neck was treated by surgery alone; and 2) those who had combined radiation therapy and surgery to the neck, to test the efficacy of the two forms of treatment. For the three sites, the recurrence rate in the necks for the surgically treated group was 14% for stage N1, 26% for N2 and 34% N3. Rates for the group receiving combined treatment were 2%, 11% and 25% respectively. Results of the study also showed that elective irradiation, 5,000 rads in five weeks, will prevent metastasis from occurring in the NO staged neck.", "contents": "Treatment of the neck in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. A retrospective study of 702 patients with clinically positive nodes associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, supraglottic larynx, and hypopharynx observed from 1954 to 1968 was done. The policies of treatment for the neck were not standardized during those years. Three hundred eleven patients who survived 24 months with the primary lesion controlled were divided into two groups: 1) those whose neck was treated by surgery alone; and 2) those who had combined radiation therapy and surgery to the neck, to test the efficacy of the two forms of treatment. For the three sites, the recurrence rate in the necks for the surgically treated group was 14% for stage N1, 26% for N2 and 34% N3. Rates for the group receiving combined treatment were 2%, 11% and 25% respectively. Results of the study also showed that elective irradiation, 5,000 rads in five weeks, will prevent metastasis from occurring in the NO staged neck.", "PMID": 837350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2597", "title": "Radiation therapy of brain tumors.", "content": "Results of radiation therapy obtained at the University of California, San Francisco, over approximately the past 20 years for various histologic types of brain tumors are presented. Included are astrocytomas, malignant gliomas, medulloblastomas, ependymomas, oligodendrogliomas, and brain stem tumors. Degree of malignancy and tendency to disseminate within the central nervous system are also reviewed. For each tumor type and grade considered, the survival rate appeared improved when incomplete resection was followed by irradiation. The increase in survival rate for glioblastomas was only evident for 1-2 years, but for the remainder the improvement extends to 5-10 years. Since many patients were still alive at the time of review, it is possible that permanent control of many intracranial neoplasms may be induced by radiation therapy.", "contents": "Radiation therapy of brain tumors. Results of radiation therapy obtained at the University of California, San Francisco, over approximately the past 20 years for various histologic types of brain tumors are presented. Included are astrocytomas, malignant gliomas, medulloblastomas, ependymomas, oligodendrogliomas, and brain stem tumors. Degree of malignancy and tendency to disseminate within the central nervous system are also reviewed. For each tumor type and grade considered, the survival rate appeared improved when incomplete resection was followed by irradiation. The increase in survival rate for glioblastomas was only evident for 1-2 years, but for the remainder the improvement extends to 5-10 years. Since many patients were still alive at the time of review, it is possible that permanent control of many intracranial neoplasms may be induced by radiation therapy.", "PMID": 837351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2598", "title": "Surgical considerations in colorectal cancer.", "content": "The large bowel, functioning largely as a wast storage receptacle, and with its long mesentery permits wide local excision and liberal removal of the lymphatics and blood vessels following the principles of cancer surgery. Rectal lesions with no mesentery or peritoneum, located in the narrowing lower pelvic cone are exceptions. With improved general patient support, antibiotics and technical improvements, 5-year survival in patients with localized disease now approaches 70%. \"No-touch\" principles with early ligation of the vascular pedicle, constricting tapes above and below the lesion, and local management of the resected bowel margins, have presumably diminished the dissemination of tumor cells at operation and lessened the chance of local implantation. Abdominoperineal resection, first described by Miles in 1908, is being reassessed because operative mortality and morbidity with a permanent colostomy is high, especially in the elderly patient. Local treatment by electrofulgeration, cryosurgery or radiotherapy are under intensive study as possible alternatives to surgery. The overall national death rate has improved only slightly during recent years. Thus the search for effective systemic measures to destroy small foci of cancer cells beyond the surgeon's reach must continue at a vigorous pace.", "contents": "Surgical considerations in colorectal cancer. The large bowel, functioning largely as a wast storage receptacle, and with its long mesentery permits wide local excision and liberal removal of the lymphatics and blood vessels following the principles of cancer surgery. Rectal lesions with no mesentery or peritoneum, located in the narrowing lower pelvic cone are exceptions. With improved general patient support, antibiotics and technical improvements, 5-year survival in patients with localized disease now approaches 70%. \"No-touch\" principles with early ligation of the vascular pedicle, constricting tapes above and below the lesion, and local management of the resected bowel margins, have presumably diminished the dissemination of tumor cells at operation and lessened the chance of local implantation. Abdominoperineal resection, first described by Miles in 1908, is being reassessed because operative mortality and morbidity with a permanent colostomy is high, especially in the elderly patient. Local treatment by electrofulgeration, cryosurgery or radiotherapy are under intensive study as possible alternatives to surgery. The overall national death rate has improved only slightly during recent years. Thus the search for effective systemic measures to destroy small foci of cancer cells beyond the surgeon's reach must continue at a vigorous pace.", "PMID": 837352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2599", "title": "Tumorigenic agents in unburned processed tobacco: N-nitrosodiethanolamine and 1,1-dimethylhydrazine.", "content": "Two tumorigenic agents, N-nitrosodiethanolamine and 1,1-dimethylhydrazine, have been isolated from tobacco for the first time. The former, a reportedly weak hepatic carcinogen in rats, varied in amounts from a low of 0.1 ppb in flue-cured tobacco not treated with the herbicide MH-30, to a high of 173 ppb in Burley tobacco to which the herbicide had been applied prior to harvesting. MH-30 (maleic hydrazide) used by farmers to remove 'suckers' from tobacco plants, is commonly formulated as the diethanolamine salt. 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine, reported to induce tumors in mice, ranged in amounts from 60 to 147 ppb, except in the case of Burley tobacco where none was detected (detection limit: 0.1 ng). The source of the nitrosamine in the tobacco appears to be the MH-30, whereas that of dimethylhydrazine has not been determined.", "contents": "Tumorigenic agents in unburned processed tobacco: N-nitrosodiethanolamine and 1,1-dimethylhydrazine. Two tumorigenic agents, N-nitrosodiethanolamine and 1,1-dimethylhydrazine, have been isolated from tobacco for the first time. The former, a reportedly weak hepatic carcinogen in rats, varied in amounts from a low of 0.1 ppb in flue-cured tobacco not treated with the herbicide MH-30, to a high of 173 ppb in Burley tobacco to which the herbicide had been applied prior to harvesting. MH-30 (maleic hydrazide) used by farmers to remove 'suckers' from tobacco plants, is commonly formulated as the diethanolamine salt. 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine, reported to induce tumors in mice, ranged in amounts from 60 to 147 ppb, except in the case of Burley tobacco where none was detected (detection limit: 0.1 ng). The source of the nitrosamine in the tobacco appears to be the MH-30, whereas that of dimethylhydrazine has not been determined.", "PMID": 837359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2600", "title": "Inhibitory effects of selenium on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine and methylazoxymethanol acetate induction of colon tumors.", "content": "Sprague-Dawley rats were injected weekly with either 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) or methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM). Addition of 4 ppm selenium (sodium selenite) in the drinking water reduced the number of rats developing DMH-induced colon tumors from 13 to 6 groups of 15 each. The total number of tumors observed in these two groups was 39 in the DMH treated and 11 in the DMH plus selenium. The incidence of MAM-induced tumors was 93% (14/15) with the selenium additive and 100% (14/14) when MAM was administered without the selenium supplement. However, selenium decreased the total number of colon tumors induced by MAM to 42 tumors as compared to a total of 73 tumors in rats receiving only MAM. Both carcinogens induced tumors with a higher frequency in the transverse colon as compared to either the proximal or distal colon. Selenium at this level did not affect the weight gain of the animals.", "contents": "Inhibitory effects of selenium on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine and methylazoxymethanol acetate induction of colon tumors. Sprague-Dawley rats were injected weekly with either 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) or methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM). Addition of 4 ppm selenium (sodium selenite) in the drinking water reduced the number of rats developing DMH-induced colon tumors from 13 to 6 groups of 15 each. The total number of tumors observed in these two groups was 39 in the DMH treated and 11 in the DMH plus selenium. The incidence of MAM-induced tumors was 93% (14/15) with the selenium additive and 100% (14/14) when MAM was administered without the selenium supplement. However, selenium decreased the total number of colon tumors induced by MAM to 42 tumors as compared to a total of 73 tumors in rats receiving only MAM. Both carcinogens induced tumors with a higher frequency in the transverse colon as compared to either the proximal or distal colon. Selenium at this level did not affect the weight gain of the animals.", "PMID": 837360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2601", "title": "High multiplicity of H1 histones from mouse mammary tumors.", "content": "Lysine-rich (H1) histones were isolated from mammary tumors of GR mice. Chromatography of the H1 histone class on a long column (130 X 1 cm) of Amberlite IRC-50 resin revealed the presence of nine components, designated 1-9 according to their order of elution. Amino acid analysis indicated that components 2-9 represented H1 class histones, but that peak 1 represented a nonhistone protein. Studies of three types of mouse mammary tumors, viz. hormone-dependent, hormone-responsive and hormone-independent, did not reveal significant differences in elution profiles of the H1 histones. In contrast, the H1 histone class from a dog mammary tumor differed chromatographically from that of mouse mammary tumors, indicating species specificity in elution patterns of mammary tumor H1 histones.", "contents": "High multiplicity of H1 histones from mouse mammary tumors. Lysine-rich (H1) histones were isolated from mammary tumors of GR mice. Chromatography of the H1 histone class on a long column (130 X 1 cm) of Amberlite IRC-50 resin revealed the presence of nine components, designated 1-9 according to their order of elution. Amino acid analysis indicated that components 2-9 represented H1 class histones, but that peak 1 represented a nonhistone protein. Studies of three types of mouse mammary tumors, viz. hormone-dependent, hormone-responsive and hormone-independent, did not reveal significant differences in elution profiles of the H1 histones. In contrast, the H1 histone class from a dog mammary tumor differed chromatographically from that of mouse mammary tumors, indicating species specificity in elution patterns of mammary tumor H1 histones.", "PMID": 837361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2602", "title": "Induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in human pulmonary alveolar macrophages and peripheral lymphocytes by cigarette tars.", "content": "Cigarette smoking is associated with alterations in pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs), including increased cytoplasmic inclusions and induction of the aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) system. Nonpigmented PAMs from nonsmokers were able to ingest and accumulate pigment from lysed PAMs of smokers, however, this pigment did not induce AHH activity in either PAMs or peripheral lymphocytes. In contrast, the cigarette tars significantly induced AHH levels in PAMs and in peripheral lymphocytes from either nonsmokers or smokers. This provides further evidence that components in cigarette smoke can explain the in vivo induction of AHH documented in cells from smokers.", "contents": "Induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in human pulmonary alveolar macrophages and peripheral lymphocytes by cigarette tars. Cigarette smoking is associated with alterations in pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs), including increased cytoplasmic inclusions and induction of the aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) system. Nonpigmented PAMs from nonsmokers were able to ingest and accumulate pigment from lysed PAMs of smokers, however, this pigment did not induce AHH activity in either PAMs or peripheral lymphocytes. In contrast, the cigarette tars significantly induced AHH levels in PAMs and in peripheral lymphocytes from either nonsmokers or smokers. This provides further evidence that components in cigarette smoke can explain the in vivo induction of AHH documented in cells from smokers.", "PMID": 837362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2603", "title": "A study of tobacco carcinogenesis. XV. Effects of N'-nitrosonornicotine and N'-nitrosoanabasine in Syrian golden hamsters.", "content": "N'-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and N'-nitrosoanabasine (NAB) were synthesized and injected subcutaneously three times weekly in male and female Syrian golden hamsters for 25 weeks (total dose 375 mg). N-Nitrosopiperidine (NPD) served as positive control (total dose 150 mg). Within 83 weeks 12 out of 19 hamsters given NNN had developed tracheal tumors, 1 had a carcinoma of the nasal cavity. During the same time none of the hamsters given NAB developed tumors, whereas all 20 hamsters given NPD developed tracheal tumors and about 50% had additional neoplasms in the nasal cavity. Under the described conditions and in comparison to NPD, NNN appears to be a moderately active tumorigenic agent in the upper respiratory tract of Syrian hamsters, whereas NAB is inactive.", "contents": "A study of tobacco carcinogenesis. XV. Effects of N'-nitrosonornicotine and N'-nitrosoanabasine in Syrian golden hamsters. N'-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and N'-nitrosoanabasine (NAB) were synthesized and injected subcutaneously three times weekly in male and female Syrian golden hamsters for 25 weeks (total dose 375 mg). N-Nitrosopiperidine (NPD) served as positive control (total dose 150 mg). Within 83 weeks 12 out of 19 hamsters given NNN had developed tracheal tumors, 1 had a carcinoma of the nasal cavity. During the same time none of the hamsters given NAB developed tumors, whereas all 20 hamsters given NPD developed tracheal tumors and about 50% had additional neoplasms in the nasal cavity. Under the described conditions and in comparison to NPD, NNN appears to be a moderately active tumorigenic agent in the upper respiratory tract of Syrian hamsters, whereas NAB is inactive.", "PMID": 837363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2604", "title": "Evaluation of estrogen receptor assays in human breast cancer tissue.", "content": "Standard dextran-coated charcoal (DCC) and sucrose gradient centrifugation assays for estrogen receptor were compared in a series of human breast cancer tissues. From a quantitative standpoint the results were remarkably similar. A simplified version of the DCC assay compared to the sucrose gradient assay yielded acceptable results. We conclude that, in spite of the lack of specificity controls inherent in the sophisticated standard assays, the simplified DCC assay might be useful if the biopsy specimen is too small to provide the number of aliquots for a standard DCC assay or sufficient protein for a sucrose gradient analysis. It also might be useful in research laboratories attempting to develop assays for multiple receptors or other constituents in a single tumor biopsy specimen.", "contents": "Evaluation of estrogen receptor assays in human breast cancer tissue. Standard dextran-coated charcoal (DCC) and sucrose gradient centrifugation assays for estrogen receptor were compared in a series of human breast cancer tissues. From a quantitative standpoint the results were remarkably similar. A simplified version of the DCC assay compared to the sucrose gradient assay yielded acceptable results. We conclude that, in spite of the lack of specificity controls inherent in the sophisticated standard assays, the simplified DCC assay might be useful if the biopsy specimen is too small to provide the number of aliquots for a standard DCC assay or sufficient protein for a sucrose gradient analysis. It also might be useful in research laboratories attempting to develop assays for multiple receptors or other constituents in a single tumor biopsy specimen.", "PMID": 837364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2605", "title": "Macromolecular binding of glucocorticoids in human mammary carcinoma.", "content": "The presence of glucocorticoid receptors was examined in 100 primary and 22 metastatic human breast cancer lesions. Aliquots of cytosol were incubated in vitro with tritiated cortisol and dexamethasone with and without competing steroids. Two different types of glucocorticoid receptors were detected. One is similar to transcortin; it sediments at 4 S in the ultracentrifuge, has a dissociation constant in the same range (10(-8) M), and does not bind fluorinated corticosteroids. While every tumor showed cortisol binding, very high activity (greater than 1000 fmoles/g tissue) was detected in 38% of primaries and in 59% of metastases. Plasma transcortin could be excluded as the source of binding activity. The other receptor binds both natural and fluorinated corticosteroids, has a higher affinity (Kd 10(-9) M), and sediments at 8 S. It was present in 23% of tumors and its quantity (26 to 995 fmoles/g) was much less than that of cortisol binder (50 to 6000 fmoles/g). While there was no correlation between the two glucocorticoid receptors, 80% of dexamethasone receptor-positive cases also had estrogen receptor. The results indicate that a significant proportion of these tumors could be subject to glucocorticoid influence.", "contents": "Macromolecular binding of glucocorticoids in human mammary carcinoma. The presence of glucocorticoid receptors was examined in 100 primary and 22 metastatic human breast cancer lesions. Aliquots of cytosol were incubated in vitro with tritiated cortisol and dexamethasone with and without competing steroids. Two different types of glucocorticoid receptors were detected. One is similar to transcortin; it sediments at 4 S in the ultracentrifuge, has a dissociation constant in the same range (10(-8) M), and does not bind fluorinated corticosteroids. While every tumor showed cortisol binding, very high activity (greater than 1000 fmoles/g tissue) was detected in 38% of primaries and in 59% of metastases. Plasma transcortin could be excluded as the source of binding activity. The other receptor binds both natural and fluorinated corticosteroids, has a higher affinity (Kd 10(-9) M), and sediments at 8 S. It was present in 23% of tumors and its quantity (26 to 995 fmoles/g) was much less than that of cortisol binder (50 to 6000 fmoles/g). While there was no correlation between the two glucocorticoid receptors, 80% of dexamethasone receptor-positive cases also had estrogen receptor. The results indicate that a significant proportion of these tumors could be subject to glucocorticoid influence.", "PMID": 837365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2606", "title": "Free DNA in the serum of cancer patients and the effect of therapy.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for ng quantities of DNA was developed. [125l]lododeoxyuridine-labeled DNA was used as the antigen, and the serum of a lupus erythematosus patient served as the source of antibody. The level of free DNA in the serum of 173 patients with various types of cancer and in 55 healthy individuals was determined by this radioimmunoassay. DNA concentration in the normal controls had a range of 0 to 100 ng/ml with a mean of 13 +/- 3 ng/ml (S.E.). For comparison purposes, the range of 0 to 50 ng/ml was designated as normal, and 93% of controls were found in this range. In the cancer patients, the DNA concentration ranged from zero to mug levels with a mean of 180 +/- 38 ng/ml. Fifty % of the patients values were found in the range of 0 to 50 ng/ml; the other 50% were between 50 and 5000 ng/ml. No correlation could be seen between DNA levels and the size or location of the primary tumor. Significantly higher DNA levels, however, were found in the serum of patients with metastatic disease (mean of 209 +/- 39 ng/ml), as compared to nonmetastatic patients (mean 100 +/- 30, p less than 0.02). After radiation therapy in lymphoma, lung, ovary, uterus, and cervical tumors, the levels decreased in 66 to 90% of the patients, whereas in glioma, breast, colon, and rectal tumors, the DNA levels decreased only in 16 to 33% of the patients. Generally, the decrease in DNA concene of tumor size and reduction of pain. Conversely, when DNA levels either increased or remained unchanged, a lack of response to the treatment was noted. Of 17 patients who died within a year, 13 showed DNA levels that remained high or unchanged, whereas only 4 showed lower levels during treatment. Persistent high or increasing DNA levels in the circulation, therefore, may signal a relapse and are probably a poor prognostic sign. The relatively high percentage (50%) of cancer patients with apparently normal DNA levels would suggest that this test may have low diagnostic value. It should be pointed out, however, that all these patients represent a selected group considered for radiation therapy, usually after surgery and/or chemotherapy. It is possible that a better correlation between DNA levels and cancer will be obtained prior to the initiation of treatment. On the other hand, DNA in the serum may be an important tool for the evaluation of therapy or the comparison of different regimens.", "contents": "Free DNA in the serum of cancer patients and the effect of therapy. A radioimmunoassay for ng quantities of DNA was developed. [125l]lododeoxyuridine-labeled DNA was used as the antigen, and the serum of a lupus erythematosus patient served as the source of antibody. The level of free DNA in the serum of 173 patients with various types of cancer and in 55 healthy individuals was determined by this radioimmunoassay. DNA concentration in the normal controls had a range of 0 to 100 ng/ml with a mean of 13 +/- 3 ng/ml (S.E.). For comparison purposes, the range of 0 to 50 ng/ml was designated as normal, and 93% of controls were found in this range. In the cancer patients, the DNA concentration ranged from zero to mug levels with a mean of 180 +/- 38 ng/ml. Fifty % of the patients values were found in the range of 0 to 50 ng/ml; the other 50% were between 50 and 5000 ng/ml. No correlation could be seen between DNA levels and the size or location of the primary tumor. Significantly higher DNA levels, however, were found in the serum of patients with metastatic disease (mean of 209 +/- 39 ng/ml), as compared to nonmetastatic patients (mean 100 +/- 30, p less than 0.02). After radiation therapy in lymphoma, lung, ovary, uterus, and cervical tumors, the levels decreased in 66 to 90% of the patients, whereas in glioma, breast, colon, and rectal tumors, the DNA levels decreased only in 16 to 33% of the patients. Generally, the decrease in DNA concene of tumor size and reduction of pain. Conversely, when DNA levels either increased or remained unchanged, a lack of response to the treatment was noted. Of 17 patients who died within a year, 13 showed DNA levels that remained high or unchanged, whereas only 4 showed lower levels during treatment. Persistent high or increasing DNA levels in the circulation, therefore, may signal a relapse and are probably a poor prognostic sign. The relatively high percentage (50%) of cancer patients with apparently normal DNA levels would suggest that this test may have low diagnostic value. It should be pointed out, however, that all these patients represent a selected group considered for radiation therapy, usually after surgery and/or chemotherapy. It is possible that a better correlation between DNA levels and cancer will be obtained prior to the initiation of treatment. On the other hand, DNA in the serum may be an important tool for the evaluation of therapy or the comparison of different regimens.", "PMID": 837366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2607", "title": "Increased susceptibility of cytosol proteins to proteolytic digestion during regression of a hormone-dependent mammary tumor.", "content": "Regression of MTW9 mammary carcinoma, which consistently follows withdrawal of mammotropic hormones, was characterized by a rapid decrease of thymidine incorporation into DNA but only a slight reduction or uridine incorporation into RNA and amino acid incorporation into proteins. Within 24 hr of hormone withdrawal, cytosol proteins of MTW9 became more easily degraded by trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin, or subtilisin BPN'. Labilization of cytosol proteins occurred much earlier than any change in the level of protein synthesis or lysosomal enzyme activity. The data showing increased susceptibility to proteolysis could not be explained either by the presence of endogenous proteases, by the destruction of the exogenous proteases used in the assay, or by the existence of protease inhibitors. Nor were any differences detected either in the distribution of radioactive precursor among the cytosol proteins from growing or regressing tumors or in the electrophoretic pattern of the same proteins. Preincubation of the cytosol proteins with dithiothreitol or with prolactin, 17 beta-estradiol, progesterone, and hydrocortisone did not modify the susceptibility to proteolysis. However, after heat denaturation, cytosol proteins of regressing and growing tumors became equally susceptible to proteolysis. It is suggested that regression of MTW9 mammary carcinoma occurs not only because cell reproduction is arrested, but also because susceptibility of cytosol proteins to proteolysis is increased.", "contents": "Increased susceptibility of cytosol proteins to proteolytic digestion during regression of a hormone-dependent mammary tumor. Regression of MTW9 mammary carcinoma, which consistently follows withdrawal of mammotropic hormones, was characterized by a rapid decrease of thymidine incorporation into DNA but only a slight reduction or uridine incorporation into RNA and amino acid incorporation into proteins. Within 24 hr of hormone withdrawal, cytosol proteins of MTW9 became more easily degraded by trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin, or subtilisin BPN'. Labilization of cytosol proteins occurred much earlier than any change in the level of protein synthesis or lysosomal enzyme activity. The data showing increased susceptibility to proteolysis could not be explained either by the presence of endogenous proteases, by the destruction of the exogenous proteases used in the assay, or by the existence of protease inhibitors. Nor were any differences detected either in the distribution of radioactive precursor among the cytosol proteins from growing or regressing tumors or in the electrophoretic pattern of the same proteins. Preincubation of the cytosol proteins with dithiothreitol or with prolactin, 17 beta-estradiol, progesterone, and hydrocortisone did not modify the susceptibility to proteolysis. However, after heat denaturation, cytosol proteins of regressing and growing tumors became equally susceptible to proteolysis. It is suggested that regression of MTW9 mammary carcinoma occurs not only because cell reproduction is arrested, but also because susceptibility of cytosol proteins to proteolysis is increased.", "PMID": 837367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2608", "title": "Adriamycin and cyclophosphamide in combination chemotherapy of L1210 leukemia.", "content": "Combination of cyclophosphamide and adriamycin, encompassing a wide range of dosages, were administered on five different schedules to C57BL/6J X DBA/2J F1 female mice inoculated i.p. with L1210 ascites tumor cells. Among the resulting 85 treatment groups, the mean postinoculation survival of mice that died with tumor was 11.4 to 51.3 days; this represented increases of 62 to 628% over the survival of untreated controls. In some groups, tumor cells were eradicated in 9 of 10 treated mice. By contrast, neither drug given alone cured leukemic mice or extended their survival beyond controls by more than 96%. Adriamycin and cyclophosphamide were most effective when administered simultaneously on Day 1; additional treatment with adriamycin on Days 4 and 7 produced a significant increase in the survival of mice that died with tumor, but this regimen did not increase the incidence of cures. Combination therapy with these agents reduced the cytotoxic response of the host to subsequently inoculated L1210 cells. The pronounced therapeutic effectiveness of this drug combination is attributed to a true potentiation of the independent oncolytic action of each agent.", "contents": "Adriamycin and cyclophosphamide in combination chemotherapy of L1210 leukemia. Combination of cyclophosphamide and adriamycin, encompassing a wide range of dosages, were administered on five different schedules to C57BL/6J X DBA/2J F1 female mice inoculated i.p. with L1210 ascites tumor cells. Among the resulting 85 treatment groups, the mean postinoculation survival of mice that died with tumor was 11.4 to 51.3 days; this represented increases of 62 to 628% over the survival of untreated controls. In some groups, tumor cells were eradicated in 9 of 10 treated mice. By contrast, neither drug given alone cured leukemic mice or extended their survival beyond controls by more than 96%. Adriamycin and cyclophosphamide were most effective when administered simultaneously on Day 1; additional treatment with adriamycin on Days 4 and 7 produced a significant increase in the survival of mice that died with tumor, but this regimen did not increase the incidence of cures. Combination therapy with these agents reduced the cytotoxic response of the host to subsequently inoculated L1210 cells. The pronounced therapeutic effectiveness of this drug combination is attributed to a true potentiation of the independent oncolytic action of each agent.", "PMID": 837368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2609", "title": "Effect of N-2-acetylaminofluorene modification on the structure and template activity of DNA and reconstituted chromatin.", "content": "This study compares the effects of in vitro modification of native duck reticulocyte DNA by [14C]-N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene in terms of alterations in DNA secondary structure, ability to reconstitute nucleosome structures in chromatin, and template activity for in vitro transcription. In contrast to the control native DNA, the carcinogen-modified DNA was susceptible to partial digestion by the single-strand-specific endonuclease S1. Depending on the particular conditions, for every [14C]-N-2-acetylaminofluorene residue released, about 5 to 35 base pairs of DNA were also released during the S1 nuclease digestion. Chromatin was reconstituted in vitro utilizing [14C]-N-2-acetylaminofluorene-modified DNA and unmodified chromatin-associated proteins. This reconstituted chromatin showed the same kinetics and extent of digestion by staphylococcal nuclease and similar nucleosome profiles on sucrose gradient density centrifugation as those obtained with native chromatin or chromatin reconstituted with unmodified DNA. The carcinogen-modified DNA and also chromatin reconstituted from this DNA showed, however, marked reductions in their abilities to serve as templates for transcription with Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. These results suggest that the covalent binding of N-2-acetylaminofluorene to DNA produces localized regions of denaturation in the DNA and that this is associated with a marked impairment in template activity during transcription. This modification, however, does not grossly affect the ability of the DNA to interact with chromosomal proteins to form apparently normal nucleosome structures.", "contents": "Effect of N-2-acetylaminofluorene modification on the structure and template activity of DNA and reconstituted chromatin. This study compares the effects of in vitro modification of native duck reticulocyte DNA by [14C]-N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene in terms of alterations in DNA secondary structure, ability to reconstitute nucleosome structures in chromatin, and template activity for in vitro transcription. In contrast to the control native DNA, the carcinogen-modified DNA was susceptible to partial digestion by the single-strand-specific endonuclease S1. Depending on the particular conditions, for every [14C]-N-2-acetylaminofluorene residue released, about 5 to 35 base pairs of DNA were also released during the S1 nuclease digestion. Chromatin was reconstituted in vitro utilizing [14C]-N-2-acetylaminofluorene-modified DNA and unmodified chromatin-associated proteins. This reconstituted chromatin showed the same kinetics and extent of digestion by staphylococcal nuclease and similar nucleosome profiles on sucrose gradient density centrifugation as those obtained with native chromatin or chromatin reconstituted with unmodified DNA. The carcinogen-modified DNA and also chromatin reconstituted from this DNA showed, however, marked reductions in their abilities to serve as templates for transcription with Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. These results suggest that the covalent binding of N-2-acetylaminofluorene to DNA produces localized regions of denaturation in the DNA and that this is associated with a marked impairment in template activity during transcription. This modification, however, does not grossly affect the ability of the DNA to interact with chromosomal proteins to form apparently normal nucleosome structures.", "PMID": 837369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2610", "title": "A clinical evaluation of serum C3DP levels in individuals with malignant diseases.", "content": "A human serum DNA-binding protein (C3DP) derived from complement component C3 has been found in elevated concentrations in the sera of individuals with malignant diseases. An assay system has been devised which reveals quantitative values of serum C3DP levels. Results obtained using this system indicate that normal human sera have an average C3DP level of 242 mug/ml (range, 40 to 146), whereas sera from individuals with active carcinomas have an average C3DP level of 242 mug/ml (range, 146 to 400). Sera from individuals with active leukemias, lymphomas, and melanomas all had elevated levels of C3DP, whereas sera from individuals with polycythemia vera or other nonmalignant diseases had normal or only slightly elevated C3DP concentrations. No tissue specificity seems to be required for malignant growths to result in elevated C3DP serum concentrations. The levels of C3DP in 79% of the individuals who experienced disease remission were found to decline to normal values, concurrent with the disease regression. Patients who did not respond to therapy regimens retained high C3DP levels.", "contents": "A clinical evaluation of serum C3DP levels in individuals with malignant diseases. A human serum DNA-binding protein (C3DP) derived from complement component C3 has been found in elevated concentrations in the sera of individuals with malignant diseases. An assay system has been devised which reveals quantitative values of serum C3DP levels. Results obtained using this system indicate that normal human sera have an average C3DP level of 242 mug/ml (range, 40 to 146), whereas sera from individuals with active carcinomas have an average C3DP level of 242 mug/ml (range, 146 to 400). Sera from individuals with active leukemias, lymphomas, and melanomas all had elevated levels of C3DP, whereas sera from individuals with polycythemia vera or other nonmalignant diseases had normal or only slightly elevated C3DP concentrations. No tissue specificity seems to be required for malignant growths to result in elevated C3DP serum concentrations. The levels of C3DP in 79% of the individuals who experienced disease remission were found to decline to normal values, concurrent with the disease regression. Patients who did not respond to therapy regimens retained high C3DP levels.", "PMID": 837370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2611", "title": "Nuclear DNA polymerases of human carcinomas.", "content": "Comparisons have been made of the DNA polymerases of normal human lung and cecum, primary carcinomas of human lung, breast, and cecum, and resting and regeneration rat liver. The picture for the normal human tissues is similar to the one for unstimulated rat liver, that for the human carcinomas resembles regenerating rat liver. The human tissues contain two polymerases with sedimentation coefficients of about 3 and 7 S, the enzymes are restricted to the nucleus, and the specific activities of the 7 S polymerase, but not of the 3 S enzyme, are elevated in the cancers. Just as with the regenerating rat liver polymerases, the 3 S activity of a bronchogenic carcinoma is unaffected by cytosine arabinoside 5'-triphosphate and only little reduced by novobiocin, whereas DNA synthesis by the 7 S enzyme is abolished by both compounds. A variety of other inhibitory agents have similar effects on the 7 S polymerases of the human carcinomas and regenerating rat liver.", "contents": "Nuclear DNA polymerases of human carcinomas. Comparisons have been made of the DNA polymerases of normal human lung and cecum, primary carcinomas of human lung, breast, and cecum, and resting and regeneration rat liver. The picture for the normal human tissues is similar to the one for unstimulated rat liver, that for the human carcinomas resembles regenerating rat liver. The human tissues contain two polymerases with sedimentation coefficients of about 3 and 7 S, the enzymes are restricted to the nucleus, and the specific activities of the 7 S polymerase, but not of the 3 S enzyme, are elevated in the cancers. Just as with the regenerating rat liver polymerases, the 3 S activity of a bronchogenic carcinoma is unaffected by cytosine arabinoside 5'-triphosphate and only little reduced by novobiocin, whereas DNA synthesis by the 7 S enzyme is abolished by both compounds. A variety of other inhibitory agents have similar effects on the 7 S polymerases of the human carcinomas and regenerating rat liver.", "PMID": 837371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2612", "title": "Characterization of macrophage chemotaxins in tumor cell cultures and comparison with lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factors.", "content": "Culture fluids from five murine sarcomas were chemotactic for syngeneic peritoneal macrophages in vitro. Peritoneal macrophages from mice infected with Mycobacterium bovis, strain Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin, were more responsive to the chemotactic factor in tumor cultures than were normal macrophages. Peritoneal granulocytes, however, did not significantly respond to this factor. The level of chemotactic activity in tumor cultures paralleled cell growth for all five tumors; maximal levels occurred during log growth. Culture medium alone or fluids from proliferating spleen cell cultures stimulated with mitogens did not have detectable chemotactic activity. Chromatography of the tumor culture fluids resulted in a single peak of chemotactic activity in the 15,000-molecular weight range on Sephadex G-100 and at about 7.5 mmho/cm specific conductance on diethylaminoethyl cellulose. By both biological and physicochemical characteristics, the chemotactic activity in tumor culture fluids was different from mouse lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor.", "contents": "Characterization of macrophage chemotaxins in tumor cell cultures and comparison with lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factors. Culture fluids from five murine sarcomas were chemotactic for syngeneic peritoneal macrophages in vitro. Peritoneal macrophages from mice infected with Mycobacterium bovis, strain Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin, were more responsive to the chemotactic factor in tumor cultures than were normal macrophages. Peritoneal granulocytes, however, did not significantly respond to this factor. The level of chemotactic activity in tumor cultures paralleled cell growth for all five tumors; maximal levels occurred during log growth. Culture medium alone or fluids from proliferating spleen cell cultures stimulated with mitogens did not have detectable chemotactic activity. Chromatography of the tumor culture fluids resulted in a single peak of chemotactic activity in the 15,000-molecular weight range on Sephadex G-100 and at about 7.5 mmho/cm specific conductance on diethylaminoethyl cellulose. By both biological and physicochemical characteristics, the chemotactic activity in tumor culture fluids was different from mouse lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor.", "PMID": 837372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2613", "title": "Consequences of inhibition of guanine nucleotide synthesis by mycophenolic acid and virazole.", "content": "Mycophenolic acid and virazole are inhibitors of inosinate dehydrogenase and produce growth inhibition and loss of viability in cultured murine lymphoma L5178Y cells. Treatment with 1 muM mycophenolic acid produced the following changes in concentrations of acid-soluble nucleotides: (a) guanosine triphosphate decreased to less than 10% of control within 2 hr; (b) uridine triphosphate and cytidine triphosphate concentrations increased markedly; (c) adenosine triphosphate did not change; (d) deoxyguanosine triphosphate decreased; and (e) thymidine triphosphate increased. DNA synthesis was inhibited by 90% within 2 hr, whereas the incorporation of adenosine into RNA and of leucine into protein were much less affected. Virazole (100 muM) produces similar effects. These biochemical effects of mycophenolic acid, as well as its effects on cell growth, can be prevented by addition of guanylate to the medium. Mycophenolic acid treatment also appears to cause breakdown of high-molecular-weight DNA.", "contents": "Consequences of inhibition of guanine nucleotide synthesis by mycophenolic acid and virazole. Mycophenolic acid and virazole are inhibitors of inosinate dehydrogenase and produce growth inhibition and loss of viability in cultured murine lymphoma L5178Y cells. Treatment with 1 muM mycophenolic acid produced the following changes in concentrations of acid-soluble nucleotides: (a) guanosine triphosphate decreased to less than 10% of control within 2 hr; (b) uridine triphosphate and cytidine triphosphate concentrations increased markedly; (c) adenosine triphosphate did not change; (d) deoxyguanosine triphosphate decreased; and (e) thymidine triphosphate increased. DNA synthesis was inhibited by 90% within 2 hr, whereas the incorporation of adenosine into RNA and of leucine into protein were much less affected. Virazole (100 muM) produces similar effects. These biochemical effects of mycophenolic acid, as well as its effects on cell growth, can be prevented by addition of guanylate to the medium. Mycophenolic acid treatment also appears to cause breakdown of high-molecular-weight DNA.", "PMID": 837373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2614", "title": "Casein production by human breast cancer.", "content": "Casein was measured in the sera of breast cancer patients, in breast cancer tumors, and in breast cancer cells in long-term tissue culture using a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay. Levels present in breast cancer sera were not elevated above control values. Eight of forty-seven (17%) of the tumor samples tested were positive for casein, the highest level representing 0.003% of the soluble protein. When seven human breast cancer cell lines were assayed for casein, the results were uniformly negative even under conditions of stimulation by lactogenic hormones. In addition, direct immunoprecipitation of labeled cellular protein supported the negative result of the radioimmunoassay. Thus it appears that casein production is not a common characteristic of most human breast cancers.", "contents": "Casein production by human breast cancer. Casein was measured in the sera of breast cancer patients, in breast cancer tumors, and in breast cancer cells in long-term tissue culture using a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay. Levels present in breast cancer sera were not elevated above control values. Eight of forty-seven (17%) of the tumor samples tested were positive for casein, the highest level representing 0.003% of the soluble protein. When seven human breast cancer cell lines were assayed for casein, the results were uniformly negative even under conditions of stimulation by lactogenic hormones. In addition, direct immunoprecipitation of labeled cellular protein supported the negative result of the radioimmunoassay. Thus it appears that casein production is not a common characteristic of most human breast cancers.", "PMID": 837374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2615", "title": "Evidence for carrier-mediated transport of melphalan by L5178Y lymphoblasts in vitro.", "content": "Mechanism of transport of the alkylating agent [14C]melphalan was investigated in L5178Y lymphoblasts in vitro. A time course of melphalan uptake was approximately linear for 5 to 10 min and thereafter entered a plateau region. Evidence that unidirectional influx of melphalan is carrier mediated was that uptake obeyed simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics, that it demonstrated chemical specificity, and that the cell/medium distribution ratio of drug decreased with increasing extracellular drug concentration. The kinetic parameters for melphalan transport consisted of a Km (mean +/- S.E.) of 1.53 +/- 0.18 X 10(-4) M and a transport capacity (Vmax) of 3.48 +/- 0.31 X 10(-17) mole/min/cell. Findings suggesting that transport was at least in part energy dependent and not simply a passive process were that drug uptake was temperature sensitive and sodium dependent. Analysis of cell sap constituents indicated the presence of intact drug within the cell. The percentage of radioactivity (mean +/- S.D.) found in the cell sap fraction was 95.8 +/- 2.2% of total cell activity, and 92.6 +/- 4.1% of this was trichloroacetic acid soluble. Thin-layer chromatography of the cell sap fraction and medium each revealed that the majority of radioactivity migrated as a single peak with an RF value identical with that obtained for free drug. The alkylating potential of intact drug complicated interpretation of the finding of apparent uphill transport against a concentration gradient. This observation, together with the relatively low cell-medium ratio (mean +/- S.D.) of 3.07 +/- 1.07, favors the concept that melphalan transport occurs by a facilitated diffusion process, although an active transport system has not been entirely excluded. The relative insensitivity of melphalan uptake to a wide range of metabolic inhibitors also suggests that transport is by a facilitated diffusion mechanism rather than an active process. Other alkylating agents and several amino acids including the L and D isomers of phenylalanine did not inhibit melphalan transport; thus a native substrate was not identified for the melphalan carrier and transport was by a mechanism separate from that of other alkylating agents.", "contents": "Evidence for carrier-mediated transport of melphalan by L5178Y lymphoblasts in vitro. Mechanism of transport of the alkylating agent [14C]melphalan was investigated in L5178Y lymphoblasts in vitro. A time course of melphalan uptake was approximately linear for 5 to 10 min and thereafter entered a plateau region. Evidence that unidirectional influx of melphalan is carrier mediated was that uptake obeyed simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics, that it demonstrated chemical specificity, and that the cell/medium distribution ratio of drug decreased with increasing extracellular drug concentration. The kinetic parameters for melphalan transport consisted of a Km (mean +/- S.E.) of 1.53 +/- 0.18 X 10(-4) M and a transport capacity (Vmax) of 3.48 +/- 0.31 X 10(-17) mole/min/cell. Findings suggesting that transport was at least in part energy dependent and not simply a passive process were that drug uptake was temperature sensitive and sodium dependent. Analysis of cell sap constituents indicated the presence of intact drug within the cell. The percentage of radioactivity (mean +/- S.D.) found in the cell sap fraction was 95.8 +/- 2.2% of total cell activity, and 92.6 +/- 4.1% of this was trichloroacetic acid soluble. Thin-layer chromatography of the cell sap fraction and medium each revealed that the majority of radioactivity migrated as a single peak with an RF value identical with that obtained for free drug. The alkylating potential of intact drug complicated interpretation of the finding of apparent uphill transport against a concentration gradient. This observation, together with the relatively low cell-medium ratio (mean +/- S.D.) of 3.07 +/- 1.07, favors the concept that melphalan transport occurs by a facilitated diffusion process, although an active transport system has not been entirely excluded. The relative insensitivity of melphalan uptake to a wide range of metabolic inhibitors also suggests that transport is by a facilitated diffusion mechanism rather than an active process. Other alkylating agents and several amino acids including the L and D isomers of phenylalanine did not inhibit melphalan transport; thus a native substrate was not identified for the melphalan carrier and transport was by a mechanism separate from that of other alkylating agents.", "PMID": 837375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2616", "title": "The glutathione S-transferases of the small intestine in the rat.", "content": "Glutathione S-transferase activities have been identified in the small intestine of the rat. Thrree activities obtained with p-nitrobenzyl chloride (aralkyl), 1,2-epoxy-3(p-nitrophenoxy)propane (epoxide), and ethacrynic acid (alkene) as substrates were present in significant amounts. Gel filtration indicated an elution volume for the intestinal transferase activities that was similar to those activities in the liver and kidney. The induction of the intestinal transferases by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phenobarbital is similar to those effects observed previously for the hepatic and renal enzymes. The highest concentration of transferase activities occurs in the proximal small intestine; these activities are reduced upon fasting. Parallel observations have been reported for aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylases. Because only low or negligible levels of epoxide hydrases have been reported in the small intestine, the glutathione S-transferases may be the primary epoxide-detoxifying system in that organ.", "contents": "The glutathione S-transferases of the small intestine in the rat. Glutathione S-transferase activities have been identified in the small intestine of the rat. Thrree activities obtained with p-nitrobenzyl chloride (aralkyl), 1,2-epoxy-3(p-nitrophenoxy)propane (epoxide), and ethacrynic acid (alkene) as substrates were present in significant amounts. Gel filtration indicated an elution volume for the intestinal transferase activities that was similar to those activities in the liver and kidney. The induction of the intestinal transferases by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phenobarbital is similar to those effects observed previously for the hepatic and renal enzymes. The highest concentration of transferase activities occurs in the proximal small intestine; these activities are reduced upon fasting. Parallel observations have been reported for aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylases. Because only low or negligible levels of epoxide hydrases have been reported in the small intestine, the glutathione S-transferases may be the primary epoxide-detoxifying system in that organ.", "PMID": 837376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2617", "title": "The phosphorylation of histones in rat liver undergoing malignant transformation.", "content": "The incorporation of inorganic phosphate into H1-histones of rat liver was stimulated after the repeated s.c. administration of diethylnitrosamine. This stimulation was observed as early as after the fifth daily injection of the carcinogen and amounts to approximately 3 times the control value on the 60th day of the experiment. The effect was reversible when the application of the carcinogen was not extended beyond 4 weeks. A correlation was observed between these phenomena and alterations in the morphological structure, although the latter required a higher amount of single doses before the first signs of a forthcoming malignant transformation were seen. There was a difference in distribution of phosphate between the individual phosphorylation sites of the H1 molecule as compared to stimulated phosphate incorporation induced by adenosine cyclic 3':5'-monophosphoric acid or liver regeneration. The stimulated phosphorylation was not due to the inflammatory action of the carcinogen.", "contents": "The phosphorylation of histones in rat liver undergoing malignant transformation. The incorporation of inorganic phosphate into H1-histones of rat liver was stimulated after the repeated s.c. administration of diethylnitrosamine. This stimulation was observed as early as after the fifth daily injection of the carcinogen and amounts to approximately 3 times the control value on the 60th day of the experiment. The effect was reversible when the application of the carcinogen was not extended beyond 4 weeks. A correlation was observed between these phenomena and alterations in the morphological structure, although the latter required a higher amount of single doses before the first signs of a forthcoming malignant transformation were seen. There was a difference in distribution of phosphate between the individual phosphorylation sites of the H1 molecule as compared to stimulated phosphate incorporation induced by adenosine cyclic 3':5'-monophosphoric acid or liver regeneration. The stimulated phosphorylation was not due to the inflammatory action of the carcinogen.", "PMID": 837377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2618", "title": "In vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity of adriamycin and daunomycin for murine macrophages.", "content": "In virto exposure of murine lymphoma cells to adriamycin and daunomycin (DM) for 24 hr resulted in comparable cytotoxicity as assessed by viable cell counts and inhibition of DNA synthesis. The spontaneous DNA synthesis of spleen lymphocytes in vitro was also equally affected by the two agents. However, when the in vitro effects of the two drugs on macrophage monolayers were investigated, DM was found to be at least four times more toxic than AM. In vivo-administered DM was more suppressive than AM of Corynebacterium parvum-induced spleen macrophage cytotoxicity. The fact that DM is less effective than AM as a cancer chemotherapeutic agent in vivo may actually be due to the greater destruction of macrophages by DM and a resultant reduction in the contribution of host immunity to the anti-tumor action.", "contents": "In vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity of adriamycin and daunomycin for murine macrophages. In virto exposure of murine lymphoma cells to adriamycin and daunomycin (DM) for 24 hr resulted in comparable cytotoxicity as assessed by viable cell counts and inhibition of DNA synthesis. The spontaneous DNA synthesis of spleen lymphocytes in vitro was also equally affected by the two agents. However, when the in vitro effects of the two drugs on macrophage monolayers were investigated, DM was found to be at least four times more toxic than AM. In vivo-administered DM was more suppressive than AM of Corynebacterium parvum-induced spleen macrophage cytotoxicity. The fact that DM is less effective than AM as a cancer chemotherapeutic agent in vivo may actually be due to the greater destruction of macrophages by DM and a resultant reduction in the contribution of host immunity to the anti-tumor action.", "PMID": 837378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2619", "title": "Morphology and serum dependence of cloned cell lines undergoing spontaneous malignant transformation in culture.", "content": "A number of morphological changes were found to correlate with the occurrence of spontaneous neoplastic transformation in sublines of five rigidly isolated clones of mouse embryo fibroblasts. These morphological changes included increased cytoplasmic basophilia, reduced spreading of cells on the substrate, increased nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio, greater heterogeneity in the size and shape of cells and nuclei, and more random orientation of cells. Because these changes were reproducible, occurring in some sublines of all five clones, they have been described and illustrated to serve as a guide for identifying spontaneous transformants among rodent fibroblasts in culture. Neoplastic transformation was determined by the growth of the cells as malignant neoplasms in syngeneic hosts. The spontaneous transformants, as compared with nonneoplastic fibroblasts derived from the same cell, showed similar saturation densities and serum dependence. Some clones had a higher transformation frequency than the parental line, which remained nonneoplastic for years. Thus, the capacity for continuous growth in vitro can be independent of malignant potential. The use of horse serum as supplement to the medium did not accelerate or increase the frequency of neoplastic transformation.", "contents": "Morphology and serum dependence of cloned cell lines undergoing spontaneous malignant transformation in culture. A number of morphological changes were found to correlate with the occurrence of spontaneous neoplastic transformation in sublines of five rigidly isolated clones of mouse embryo fibroblasts. These morphological changes included increased cytoplasmic basophilia, reduced spreading of cells on the substrate, increased nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio, greater heterogeneity in the size and shape of cells and nuclei, and more random orientation of cells. Because these changes were reproducible, occurring in some sublines of all five clones, they have been described and illustrated to serve as a guide for identifying spontaneous transformants among rodent fibroblasts in culture. Neoplastic transformation was determined by the growth of the cells as malignant neoplasms in syngeneic hosts. The spontaneous transformants, as compared with nonneoplastic fibroblasts derived from the same cell, showed similar saturation densities and serum dependence. Some clones had a higher transformation frequency than the parental line, which remained nonneoplastic for years. Thus, the capacity for continuous growth in vitro can be independent of malignant potential. The use of horse serum as supplement to the medium did not accelerate or increase the frequency of neoplastic transformation.", "PMID": 837379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2620", "title": "Topography of nonneoplastic and neoplastic cells of common origin.", "content": "The possibility that neoplastic transformation may characteristically alter cell surface morphology prompted a comparison by scanning electron microscopy of nonneoplastic and tumorigenic cell lines from a single clone of mouse embryo cells. Among those studied by scanning electron microscopy, six lines of this clone proved nonneoplastic, and nine others underwent neoplastic transformation in culture, as evidenced by tumor production in vivo. Combined cinephotomicrography and scanning electron microscopy allowed the determination of postmitotic time and topography of individual cells without perturbing the cells or detectably altering their surface morphology; no pattern of morphological change as a function of postmitotic time was evident in either nonneoplastic or neoplastic cell populations. Accordingly, these cell populations could be compared under their usual conditions of attached asynchronous growth despite differences in proliferation rates. Cells of the neoplastic lines were characteristically less spread, and some lines displayed greater morphological variability than was evident among cells of nonneoplastic lines. However, most cells in all nine neoplastic lines and all six nonneoplastic lines were smooth surfaced. Thus, the exaggerated incidence of microvilli, ruffles, or blebs reported for established tumor-derived lines and most morphologically transformed lines did not prove a reliable criterion of neoplastic state for these cell lines of common origin grown under the same culture conditions.", "contents": "Topography of nonneoplastic and neoplastic cells of common origin. The possibility that neoplastic transformation may characteristically alter cell surface morphology prompted a comparison by scanning electron microscopy of nonneoplastic and tumorigenic cell lines from a single clone of mouse embryo cells. Among those studied by scanning electron microscopy, six lines of this clone proved nonneoplastic, and nine others underwent neoplastic transformation in culture, as evidenced by tumor production in vivo. Combined cinephotomicrography and scanning electron microscopy allowed the determination of postmitotic time and topography of individual cells without perturbing the cells or detectably altering their surface morphology; no pattern of morphological change as a function of postmitotic time was evident in either nonneoplastic or neoplastic cell populations. Accordingly, these cell populations could be compared under their usual conditions of attached asynchronous growth despite differences in proliferation rates. Cells of the neoplastic lines were characteristically less spread, and some lines displayed greater morphological variability than was evident among cells of nonneoplastic lines. However, most cells in all nine neoplastic lines and all six nonneoplastic lines were smooth surfaced. Thus, the exaggerated incidence of microvilli, ruffles, or blebs reported for established tumor-derived lines and most morphologically transformed lines did not prove a reliable criterion of neoplastic state for these cell lines of common origin grown under the same culture conditions.", "PMID": 837380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2621", "title": "Identification and kinetics of G1 phase-confined cells in experimental mammary carcinomas.", "content": "Three lines of mouse mammary carcinoma growing in isogenic hosts and differing in degree of histological differentiation and rates of proliferation were used to study parenchymal cells with various types of nucleoli. The relative number of cells possessing trabeculate or ring-shaped nucleoli or nucleolar fragments was closely related to the growth rate and degree of differentiation of tumor lines tested. All three subpopulations increased with increasing age and with decelerated tumor growth. In some cells in late telophase, either trabeculate or ring-shaped nucleoli could be distinguished in mitotic poles. This demonstrated that cells with these nucleoli are detected at the beginning of G1 phase. Even low levels of DNA synthesis, which would indicate that some cells with trabeculate or ring-shaped nucleoli or possessing nucleolar fragments were in S phase, could not be demonstrated. Microfluorometric measurements have indicated that cells with trabeculate and ring-shaped nucleoli have a DNA content close to 2c, whereas cells with dense nucleoli have a DNA content corresponding to either 2c, 2 to 4c, 4c, or greater than 4c. On the basis of these observations, it is concluded that cells with trabeculate and ring-shaped nucleoli and cells with nucleolar fragments either proceed slowly through G1 or are arrested in this phase. Cells with trabeculate nucleoli were replaced steadily, having a transit time of no longer than 84 hr. These cells constituted a \"fast\" component of cell renewal of G1-confined cells. A \"slow\" component, cells bearing ring-shaped nucleoli or nucleolar fragments, were replaced after a lag of 24 to 48 hr. with residency time for some of these cells being in excess of 84 hr.", "contents": "Identification and kinetics of G1 phase-confined cells in experimental mammary carcinomas. Three lines of mouse mammary carcinoma growing in isogenic hosts and differing in degree of histological differentiation and rates of proliferation were used to study parenchymal cells with various types of nucleoli. The relative number of cells possessing trabeculate or ring-shaped nucleoli or nucleolar fragments was closely related to the growth rate and degree of differentiation of tumor lines tested. All three subpopulations increased with increasing age and with decelerated tumor growth. In some cells in late telophase, either trabeculate or ring-shaped nucleoli could be distinguished in mitotic poles. This demonstrated that cells with these nucleoli are detected at the beginning of G1 phase. Even low levels of DNA synthesis, which would indicate that some cells with trabeculate or ring-shaped nucleoli or possessing nucleolar fragments were in S phase, could not be demonstrated. Microfluorometric measurements have indicated that cells with trabeculate and ring-shaped nucleoli have a DNA content close to 2c, whereas cells with dense nucleoli have a DNA content corresponding to either 2c, 2 to 4c, 4c, or greater than 4c. On the basis of these observations, it is concluded that cells with trabeculate and ring-shaped nucleoli and cells with nucleolar fragments either proceed slowly through G1 or are arrested in this phase. Cells with trabeculate nucleoli were replaced steadily, having a transit time of no longer than 84 hr. These cells constituted a \"fast\" component of cell renewal of G1-confined cells. A \"slow\" component, cells bearing ring-shaped nucleoli or nucleolar fragments, were replaced after a lag of 24 to 48 hr. with residency time for some of these cells being in excess of 84 hr.", "PMID": 837381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2622", "title": "Time dependence of ethionine-induced changes in rat liver transfer RNA methylation.", "content": "Methyl-deficient transfer RNA (tRNA) and subnormal levels of tRNA-methylating enzymes were found in the livers of female rats that had received injections of 250 mg DL-ethionine per kg body weight per day and 120 mg adenine per kg body weight per day for 2 days. Adenine alone had no effect. When the ethionine plus adenine injections were continued for longer periods of time, liver tRNA-methylating enzyme activity measured in vitro gradually increased and exceeded that of the controls. Concurrently, the relative methyl deficiency of liver tRNA decreased. The latter was evident because of the decreased ability of the tRNA to accept methyl groups during in vitro methylation catalyzed by homologous enzymes. Liver tRNA from animals that were treated with ethionine for 7 days could accept only about 40% as many methyl groups as could tRNA from animals that had received ethionine for only 2 days. No further significant change in methyl deficiency of the tRNA was seen when ethionine administration was extended to a total of 14 days. Enzyme preparations from ethionine-treated, but not control, rat livers contained dialyzable substances that inhibited the tRNA methylases and altered the base specificity of these enzymes. Although S-adenosylhomocysteine and S-adenosylethionine were found to be present in the liver preparations, neither of these substances could account for the observed changes in specificity.", "contents": "Time dependence of ethionine-induced changes in rat liver transfer RNA methylation. Methyl-deficient transfer RNA (tRNA) and subnormal levels of tRNA-methylating enzymes were found in the livers of female rats that had received injections of 250 mg DL-ethionine per kg body weight per day and 120 mg adenine per kg body weight per day for 2 days. Adenine alone had no effect. When the ethionine plus adenine injections were continued for longer periods of time, liver tRNA-methylating enzyme activity measured in vitro gradually increased and exceeded that of the controls. Concurrently, the relative methyl deficiency of liver tRNA decreased. The latter was evident because of the decreased ability of the tRNA to accept methyl groups during in vitro methylation catalyzed by homologous enzymes. Liver tRNA from animals that were treated with ethionine for 7 days could accept only about 40% as many methyl groups as could tRNA from animals that had received ethionine for only 2 days. No further significant change in methyl deficiency of the tRNA was seen when ethionine administration was extended to a total of 14 days. Enzyme preparations from ethionine-treated, but not control, rat livers contained dialyzable substances that inhibited the tRNA methylases and altered the base specificity of these enzymes. Although S-adenosylhomocysteine and S-adenosylethionine were found to be present in the liver preparations, neither of these substances could account for the observed changes in specificity.", "PMID": 837382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2623", "title": "Tumor cure and cell survival after localized radiofrequency heating.", "content": "Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields at 13.56 MHz were used to heat locally EMT-6 sarcomas and KHJJ carcinomas in BALB/cKa mice. Temperature profiles obtained in tumors during treatment showed uniform temperature distribution throughout the tumor volume with no systemic hyperthermia. Temperature could be maintained at a stable level throughout treatment by adjustment of power. Tumors were treated at 43 degrees, 43-5 degrees, and 44 degrees, for 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 min. The EMT-6 tumor was highly sensitive to cure by radiofrequency heating: a 5-min exposure at 44 degrees resulted in cure of almost 50% of the tumors. Cure rate was a function of temperature and of duration of exposure. The KHJJ carcinoma was somewhat more resistant to cure by radiofrequency heating, although most of the animals treated at 43.5 degrees or above were cured of their tumors. In an effort to explain the remarkable effectiveness of radiofrequency heating, tumor cell survival studies were done on EMT-6 tumors treated in situ. Cell inactivation by radiofrequency heating was similar to that for hot water bath heating. However, direct cell killing cannot account for the observed cures, and an additional mechanism must be responsible for tumor eradication.", "contents": "Tumor cure and cell survival after localized radiofrequency heating. Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields at 13.56 MHz were used to heat locally EMT-6 sarcomas and KHJJ carcinomas in BALB/cKa mice. Temperature profiles obtained in tumors during treatment showed uniform temperature distribution throughout the tumor volume with no systemic hyperthermia. Temperature could be maintained at a stable level throughout treatment by adjustment of power. Tumors were treated at 43 degrees, 43-5 degrees, and 44 degrees, for 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 min. The EMT-6 tumor was highly sensitive to cure by radiofrequency heating: a 5-min exposure at 44 degrees resulted in cure of almost 50% of the tumors. Cure rate was a function of temperature and of duration of exposure. The KHJJ carcinoma was somewhat more resistant to cure by radiofrequency heating, although most of the animals treated at 43.5 degrees or above were cured of their tumors. In an effort to explain the remarkable effectiveness of radiofrequency heating, tumor cell survival studies were done on EMT-6 tumors treated in situ. Cell inactivation by radiofrequency heating was similar to that for hot water bath heating. However, direct cell killing cannot account for the observed cures, and an additional mechanism must be responsible for tumor eradication.", "PMID": 837383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2624", "title": "Morphometric analysis of neoplastic transformation in rodent fibroblast cell lines.", "content": "Populations from seven pairs of neoplastic and nonneoplastic cell lines of common origin were compared for evidence of a change in morphotogical parameters accompanying neoplastic transformation. Projected cytoplasmic area, projected nuclear area, cell dry mass, nuclear dry mass, whole-cell absorption at 265 nm, and nuclear absorption at 265 nm were determined. Neoplastic transformation was consistently accompanied by three morphological features: (a) decrease in projected area of the lamellar cytoplasm; (b) decrease in the projected area of the nucleus; and (c) decrease in dry mass of the lamellar cytoplasm. Ultraviolet absorption was generally less in the neoplastic cells than in the nonneoplastic cells, while nuclear mass remained approximately the same. These results are interpreted as quantitative evidence that neoplastic transformation is accompanied by morphological change. The morphological events may be characterized as a loss in cell surface and nuclear membrane components.", "contents": "Morphometric analysis of neoplastic transformation in rodent fibroblast cell lines. Populations from seven pairs of neoplastic and nonneoplastic cell lines of common origin were compared for evidence of a change in morphotogical parameters accompanying neoplastic transformation. Projected cytoplasmic area, projected nuclear area, cell dry mass, nuclear dry mass, whole-cell absorption at 265 nm, and nuclear absorption at 265 nm were determined. Neoplastic transformation was consistently accompanied by three morphological features: (a) decrease in projected area of the lamellar cytoplasm; (b) decrease in the projected area of the nucleus; and (c) decrease in dry mass of the lamellar cytoplasm. Ultraviolet absorption was generally less in the neoplastic cells than in the nonneoplastic cells, while nuclear mass remained approximately the same. These results are interpreted as quantitative evidence that neoplastic transformation is accompanied by morphological change. The morphological events may be characterized as a loss in cell surface and nuclear membrane components.", "PMID": 837384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2625", "title": "Repair of ultraviolet light damage in a variety of human fibroblast cell strains.", "content": "Postreplication repair of DNA damage after ultraviolet light irradiation has been examined in a wide variety of human fibroblast strains. The donors were patients with xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) of different complementation groups or other hereditary disorders with indications of radiosensitivity, or with light sensitivity or multiple cancers. The defect in postreplication repair previously found in XP variants (excision-proficient XP's) has now been observed in a total of five XP variants and a less severe defect in postreplication repair has been found in excision-defective XP's in Complementation Groups A, B, C, and D. Complementation Group E and all other cell strains studied showed a response that was not significantly different from that of cells from normal donors. Excision repair was also measured in some of these cell strains and was found to be defective only in XP cells. Ultraviolet cell survival characteristics have been obtained for may of the cell strains. The most sensitive were cells from the excision-deficient XP's and from a sun-sensitive child (11961); the latter had no measurable defect in either excision or postreplication repair. The rest of the survival curves lay in a band limited by normal cell strains on the one hand and the slightly more sensitive excision-proficient XP variant XP30RO. Only in the case of the variants XP30RO and XP7TA were we able to demonstrate any influence of caffeine on cell survival.", "contents": "Repair of ultraviolet light damage in a variety of human fibroblast cell strains. Postreplication repair of DNA damage after ultraviolet light irradiation has been examined in a wide variety of human fibroblast strains. The donors were patients with xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) of different complementation groups or other hereditary disorders with indications of radiosensitivity, or with light sensitivity or multiple cancers. The defect in postreplication repair previously found in XP variants (excision-proficient XP's) has now been observed in a total of five XP variants and a less severe defect in postreplication repair has been found in excision-defective XP's in Complementation Groups A, B, C, and D. Complementation Group E and all other cell strains studied showed a response that was not significantly different from that of cells from normal donors. Excision repair was also measured in some of these cell strains and was found to be defective only in XP cells. Ultraviolet cell survival characteristics have been obtained for may of the cell strains. The most sensitive were cells from the excision-deficient XP's and from a sun-sensitive child (11961); the latter had no measurable defect in either excision or postreplication repair. The rest of the survival curves lay in a band limited by normal cell strains on the one hand and the slightly more sensitive excision-proficient XP variant XP30RO. Only in the case of the variants XP30RO and XP7TA were we able to demonstrate any influence of caffeine on cell survival.", "PMID": 837385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2626", "title": "Homologous neurosecretory cell groups in the land snail Achatina fulica and the sea slug Aplysia californica.", "content": "The right parietal ganglion of the African snail Achatina fulica contains an identifiable cluster of 20-40 white cells with somatic diameters of 80-110 mu. Cobalt chloride injection into these cells revealed an axon projection in the right parietal nerve as well as apparent terminations in the capsule. The cells contain an abundance of electron dense granules 1000-2000 A in diameter which are formed in the Golgi apparatus. The granules stain with Gomori's chrome hematoxylin and paraldehyde fuchsin methods. While most cluster cells showed no \"spontaneous\" electrical activity, there was a correlation for the active cells between rate of activity and intensity of cell whiteness. These and other data suggest that the cluster cells are neurosecretory. A claim of homology with the \"rostral white cells\", R3-R13, in the parieto-visceral ganglion of Aplysia is based on a similarity of morphological and electrophysiological features, together with analogous locations in the respective ganglia. It is concluded that the right parietal ganglion of Achatina is homologous with the right half of the parieto-visceral ganglion of Aplysia.", "contents": "Homologous neurosecretory cell groups in the land snail Achatina fulica and the sea slug Aplysia californica. The right parietal ganglion of the African snail Achatina fulica contains an identifiable cluster of 20-40 white cells with somatic diameters of 80-110 mu. Cobalt chloride injection into these cells revealed an axon projection in the right parietal nerve as well as apparent terminations in the capsule. The cells contain an abundance of electron dense granules 1000-2000 A in diameter which are formed in the Golgi apparatus. The granules stain with Gomori's chrome hematoxylin and paraldehyde fuchsin methods. While most cluster cells showed no \"spontaneous\" electrical activity, there was a correlation for the active cells between rate of activity and intensity of cell whiteness. These and other data suggest that the cluster cells are neurosecretory. A claim of homology with the \"rostral white cells\", R3-R13, in the parieto-visceral ganglion of Aplysia is based on a similarity of morphological and electrophysiological features, together with analogous locations in the respective ganglia. It is concluded that the right parietal ganglion of Achatina is homologous with the right half of the parieto-visceral ganglion of Aplysia.", "PMID": 837391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2627", "title": "Ultrastructure of the rat pineal gland grafted under the kidney capsule.", "content": "Pineal glands were grafted under the kidney capsule of mature male rats for periods of 20, 40, 60 and 100 days. Each grafted gland was then excised and divided into two halves. One half was processed for conventional electron microscopy and the other was fixed in aldehydes and then incubated in a zinc-iodide-osmium tetroxide mixture at pH 4.4 (A-ZIO-4.4). During the forty days following the operation pinealocytes showed the typical ultrastructural features associated with cells with a high protein and/or peptide secretory activity. On the other hand, during this period, the number of granular vesicles decreased progressively. From day 40 on, the grafted pinealocytes lacked granular vesicles. During the second half of the experimental period the ultrastructure of the pinealocytes indicated that their secretory activity was considerably decreased. During the acute phase of the experimental period numerous structures regarded as the tip of growing axons as well as typical nerve fibres appeared around blood vessels and within the paren chyma of the grafted gland. In the transplanted tissue obtained 60 and 100 days after the operation the growth cones were scarce, whereas typical nerve endings became numerous. These endings contained small clear vesicles which reacted positively when the tissue was treated with A-ZIO-4.4. The secretory activity of the grafted pineal gland and the nature of the nerve fibres which innervate the graft are discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the rat pineal gland grafted under the kidney capsule. Pineal glands were grafted under the kidney capsule of mature male rats for periods of 20, 40, 60 and 100 days. Each grafted gland was then excised and divided into two halves. One half was processed for conventional electron microscopy and the other was fixed in aldehydes and then incubated in a zinc-iodide-osmium tetroxide mixture at pH 4.4 (A-ZIO-4.4). During the forty days following the operation pinealocytes showed the typical ultrastructural features associated with cells with a high protein and/or peptide secretory activity. On the other hand, during this period, the number of granular vesicles decreased progressively. From day 40 on, the grafted pinealocytes lacked granular vesicles. During the second half of the experimental period the ultrastructure of the pinealocytes indicated that their secretory activity was considerably decreased. During the acute phase of the experimental period numerous structures regarded as the tip of growing axons as well as typical nerve fibres appeared around blood vessels and within the paren chyma of the grafted gland. In the transplanted tissue obtained 60 and 100 days after the operation the growth cones were scarce, whereas typical nerve endings became numerous. These endings contained small clear vesicles which reacted positively when the tissue was treated with A-ZIO-4.4. The secretory activity of the grafted pineal gland and the nature of the nerve fibres which innervate the graft are discussed.", "PMID": 837392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2628", "title": "Fine structure of the ordinary lateral line organ. II. The lateral line canal organ of spotted shark, Mustelus manazo.", "content": "The lateral line organ of the spotted shark is characterized by its semi-cylindrical shape. Each organ (neuromast) is so closely apposed to the next that the individual neuromasts are almost continuous. The neuromast is composed of receptor cells, supporting cells and mantle cells. The receptor cells bear one kinocilium and up to 40 stereocilia. Bi-directional arrangement of the receptor cells as occurs in teleosts was demonstrated. Afferent and efferent nerve endings were found at the base of the receptor cells. The supporting cells extend from the basal lamina to the free surface. Long microvilli and a cilium-like \"ciliary rod\" project from the top of each supporting cell. The cell contains relatively few elements of the Golgi apparatus and little rough endoplasmic reticulum, but mitochondria and filaments are abundant. The mantle cell limits the lateral margin of the neuromast. It is distinguished from the supporting cell because of its long crescent-shaped nucleus and scarce, short microvilli. Myelinated nerve fibres are found in the subepithelial connective tissue but not in the epithelium. The fine structure of the shark lateral line organ suggests that this organ is in an intermediated step of evolution between that of lamphrey and teleost.", "contents": "Fine structure of the ordinary lateral line organ. II. The lateral line canal organ of spotted shark, Mustelus manazo. The lateral line organ of the spotted shark is characterized by its semi-cylindrical shape. Each organ (neuromast) is so closely apposed to the next that the individual neuromasts are almost continuous. The neuromast is composed of receptor cells, supporting cells and mantle cells. The receptor cells bear one kinocilium and up to 40 stereocilia. Bi-directional arrangement of the receptor cells as occurs in teleosts was demonstrated. Afferent and efferent nerve endings were found at the base of the receptor cells. The supporting cells extend from the basal lamina to the free surface. Long microvilli and a cilium-like \"ciliary rod\" project from the top of each supporting cell. The cell contains relatively few elements of the Golgi apparatus and little rough endoplasmic reticulum, but mitochondria and filaments are abundant. The mantle cell limits the lateral margin of the neuromast. It is distinguished from the supporting cell because of its long crescent-shaped nucleus and scarce, short microvilli. Myelinated nerve fibres are found in the subepithelial connective tissue but not in the epithelium. The fine structure of the shark lateral line organ suggests that this organ is in an intermediated step of evolution between that of lamphrey and teleost.", "PMID": 837393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2629", "title": "Glycogen deposits in the pyloric gland of the ascidian Styela clava (Urochordata).", "content": "The pyloric gland of Styela clava contains large glycogen deposits that are digested by treatment with alpha amylase and depleted by 15 days starvation. The deposits are surrounded by cytoplasmic regions containing smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. The cells also have rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi cisterns, lysosomes, microvilli, cilia, and lateral infoldings of the plasma membrane. The fine structure of the pyloric cells and the position of tubules between the absorptive epithelium and general circulation suggest that the gland functions as the vertebrate liver in carbohydrate metabolism. The pyloric cells of Styela do not appear to be excretory in a \"renal\" sense, since there is no infolding of the basal plasmalemma and mitochondria are usually associated only with the glycogen deposits. However, a hepatic-like excretory role is consistent with current findings. In light of the phylogenic affinities of vertebrates and ascidians, it is possible that the pyloric gland is homologous to the liver.", "contents": "Glycogen deposits in the pyloric gland of the ascidian Styela clava (Urochordata). The pyloric gland of Styela clava contains large glycogen deposits that are digested by treatment with alpha amylase and depleted by 15 days starvation. The deposits are surrounded by cytoplasmic regions containing smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. The cells also have rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi cisterns, lysosomes, microvilli, cilia, and lateral infoldings of the plasma membrane. The fine structure of the pyloric cells and the position of tubules between the absorptive epithelium and general circulation suggest that the gland functions as the vertebrate liver in carbohydrate metabolism. The pyloric cells of Styela do not appear to be excretory in a \"renal\" sense, since there is no infolding of the basal plasmalemma and mitochondria are usually associated only with the glycogen deposits. However, a hepatic-like excretory role is consistent with current findings. In light of the phylogenic affinities of vertebrates and ascidians, it is possible that the pyloric gland is homologous to the liver.", "PMID": 837394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2630", "title": "Neurosecretion in the basommatophoran snail Bulinus truncatus (Gastropoda, Pulmonata).", "content": "The neurosecretory system of the freshwater snail Bulinus truncatus was investigated. With the Alcian blue-Alcian yellow (AB/AY) staining method at least 10 different types of neurosecretory cells (NSC) were distinguished in the ganglia of the central nervous system. The differences in staining properties of the NSC - with AB/AY the cells take on different shades of green and yellow - are borne out at the ultrastructural level: the NSC types contain different types of neurosecretory elementary granules. The neurosecretory system of B. truncatus is compared to that of Lymnaea stagnalis, the species which has received the most attention among the pulmonates. It appears from the comparison that the systems of both species show many similarities, although some differences are also apparent.", "contents": "Neurosecretion in the basommatophoran snail Bulinus truncatus (Gastropoda, Pulmonata). The neurosecretory system of the freshwater snail Bulinus truncatus was investigated. With the Alcian blue-Alcian yellow (AB/AY) staining method at least 10 different types of neurosecretory cells (NSC) were distinguished in the ganglia of the central nervous system. The differences in staining properties of the NSC - with AB/AY the cells take on different shades of green and yellow - are borne out at the ultrastructural level: the NSC types contain different types of neurosecretory elementary granules. The neurosecretory system of B. truncatus is compared to that of Lymnaea stagnalis, the species which has received the most attention among the pulmonates. It appears from the comparison that the systems of both species show many similarities, although some differences are also apparent.", "PMID": 837395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2631", "title": "Sertoli cells of adult rats \"in vitro\". A morphologic and functional study.", "content": "A cell line obtained from isolated seminiferous tubules of adult rat testis has been studied \"in vitro\" over a period of 35 days. Light and electron microscopic studies performed from hour 2 to the end of culture have shown the presence of a monomorphic cell population. After 5-6 days of culture the cells formed a monolayer. The cytoplasm of the cells contained numerous lipid bodies and produced numerous projections. The nucleus showed several indentations and one or more nucleoli. From the 9th to the 15th day of culture the cells developed a large amount of endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and aggregates of electron dense granules. From the 20th to 40th day the cell cultures progressively degenerated. Immunochemical analysis of the culture medium revealed the presence of estradiol-17beta, which reached its maximum production rate from the 8th day to the 18th day of culture. Corresponding to cell involution estradiol concentration underwent a rapid decrease. On the basis of morphological and biochemical data the cells could be considered Sertoli cells.", "contents": "Sertoli cells of adult rats \"in vitro\". A morphologic and functional study. A cell line obtained from isolated seminiferous tubules of adult rat testis has been studied \"in vitro\" over a period of 35 days. Light and electron microscopic studies performed from hour 2 to the end of culture have shown the presence of a monomorphic cell population. After 5-6 days of culture the cells formed a monolayer. The cytoplasm of the cells contained numerous lipid bodies and produced numerous projections. The nucleus showed several indentations and one or more nucleoli. From the 9th to the 15th day of culture the cells developed a large amount of endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and aggregates of electron dense granules. From the 20th to 40th day the cell cultures progressively degenerated. Immunochemical analysis of the culture medium revealed the presence of estradiol-17beta, which reached its maximum production rate from the 8th day to the 18th day of culture. Corresponding to cell involution estradiol concentration underwent a rapid decrease. On the basis of morphological and biochemical data the cells could be considered Sertoli cells.", "PMID": 837396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2632", "title": "Hypothalamic and hormonal control of photoperiodically induced vernal functions in the white-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii. 2. The effects of hypothalamic inplantation of testosterone propionate.", "content": "The effects of implantation of testosterone propionate (TP) in various sites in the hypothalamus on the photoperiodically induced vernal premigratory functions in the White-crowned Sparrows were investigated in order to assess the role of the hypothalamo-hypophysial-testicular axis in the induction of these responses. Implantation of glass capillary tubes containing TP in the basal infundibular nucleus (IN), in the median eminence, or in the pars distalis inhibited the photoperiodically induced increase in plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), as measured by radioimmunoassay, and testicular growth. The effective inplants significantly lowered the levels of LH in birds held on nonstimulatory short days. These TP implants apparently inhibited release from the pars distalis of both LH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). It is concluded that the site of sensitivity in the negative feedback by testosterone is either the basal IN or the pars distalis, or both. The implants of TP that inhibited the increase in plasma LH and testicular growth completely did not prevent the birds from fattening.", "contents": "Hypothalamic and hormonal control of photoperiodically induced vernal functions in the white-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii. 2. The effects of hypothalamic inplantation of testosterone propionate. The effects of implantation of testosterone propionate (TP) in various sites in the hypothalamus on the photoperiodically induced vernal premigratory functions in the White-crowned Sparrows were investigated in order to assess the role of the hypothalamo-hypophysial-testicular axis in the induction of these responses. Implantation of glass capillary tubes containing TP in the basal infundibular nucleus (IN), in the median eminence, or in the pars distalis inhibited the photoperiodically induced increase in plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), as measured by radioimmunoassay, and testicular growth. The effective inplants significantly lowered the levels of LH in birds held on nonstimulatory short days. These TP implants apparently inhibited release from the pars distalis of both LH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). It is concluded that the site of sensitivity in the negative feedback by testosterone is either the basal IN or the pars distalis, or both. The implants of TP that inhibited the increase in plasma LH and testicular growth completely did not prevent the birds from fattening.", "PMID": 837397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2633", "title": "The villous stroma of the human placenta. I. The ultrastructure of fixed connective tissue cells.", "content": "In human placental villi the connective tissue is constructed by mesenchymal cells, small and large reticulum cells and fibroblasts. During early pregnancy mesenchymal cells dominate; starting with the third month of gestation the reticulum cells are in the majority within the terminal villi, the fibroblasts within the stem villi. Ultrastructurally intermediary types of cells can be differentiated. Together with reticular and collagenous fibres the reticulum cells form the basic architecture of the villous stroma during the first 2/3 of gestation: the \"reticular type of stroma\". This consists of a network of cells and fibres with fetal vessels fitted in between. The remaining interspaces form a fluid system of compartments in which Hofbauer cells are suspended. They are called stromal channels. During the last trimester these channels and the Hofbauer cells as well are progressively replaced either by voluminous masses of fibres (\"fibrous type of stroma\", mainly in the stem villi) or by sinusoidal enlargements of fetal capillaries (\"sinusoidal type of stroma\", mainly in the terminal villi).", "contents": "The villous stroma of the human placenta. I. The ultrastructure of fixed connective tissue cells. In human placental villi the connective tissue is constructed by mesenchymal cells, small and large reticulum cells and fibroblasts. During early pregnancy mesenchymal cells dominate; starting with the third month of gestation the reticulum cells are in the majority within the terminal villi, the fibroblasts within the stem villi. Ultrastructurally intermediary types of cells can be differentiated. Together with reticular and collagenous fibres the reticulum cells form the basic architecture of the villous stroma during the first 2/3 of gestation: the \"reticular type of stroma\". This consists of a network of cells and fibres with fetal vessels fitted in between. The remaining interspaces form a fluid system of compartments in which Hofbauer cells are suspended. They are called stromal channels. During the last trimester these channels and the Hofbauer cells as well are progressively replaced either by voluminous masses of fibres (\"fibrous type of stroma\", mainly in the stem villi) or by sinusoidal enlargements of fetal capillaries (\"sinusoidal type of stroma\", mainly in the terminal villi).", "PMID": 837398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2634", "title": "Microtubules and extracellular microtubule-like structures in the retina of the rainbow trout.", "content": "In the retina of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri, Richardson) two types of microtubular structures are demonstrated. Besides the normal type of microtubules (about 200 A in diameter), occurring in all cell types of the retina, a second type is described which is termed microtubule-like structure (MLS) because of its extracellular localization. These MLS have a diameter of about 250 A under the same preparative conditions in which the normal microtubules appear 180-200 A thick. The interspace between the tubules is smaller than between the microtubules. Specific MLS to membrane associations exist, which are analyzed by serial sectioning and tilting procedures. It is suggested that the MLS have their origin at small membranous extrusions of the plasmalemma. These extrusions could contain nucleation sites for the MLS-formation within the extracellular space. It remains unknown which cell type produces the MLS proteins and which factors are responsible for the aggregation of the subunits to intact MLS.", "contents": "Microtubules and extracellular microtubule-like structures in the retina of the rainbow trout. In the retina of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri, Richardson) two types of microtubular structures are demonstrated. Besides the normal type of microtubules (about 200 A in diameter), occurring in all cell types of the retina, a second type is described which is termed microtubule-like structure (MLS) because of its extracellular localization. These MLS have a diameter of about 250 A under the same preparative conditions in which the normal microtubules appear 180-200 A thick. The interspace between the tubules is smaller than between the microtubules. Specific MLS to membrane associations exist, which are analyzed by serial sectioning and tilting procedures. It is suggested that the MLS have their origin at small membranous extrusions of the plasmalemma. These extrusions could contain nucleation sites for the MLS-formation within the extracellular space. It remains unknown which cell type produces the MLS proteins and which factors are responsible for the aggregation of the subunits to intact MLS.", "PMID": 837399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2635", "title": "The cell cycle in the small intestine transplanted beneath the kidney capsule in syngenic mice.", "content": "Transplantation of a small fragment of the ileum beneath the kidney capsule in syngenic mice results in the formation of a cyst lined with proliferating intestinal epithelium. The duration of the cell cycle in the epithelium was determined (using tritiated thymidine and the FLM method) as 14.5 h, as compared with 11.5 h in the intestinal epithelium in situ. We conclude that the intestinal content has little effect on the cell cycle of epithelial cells of the small intestine.", "contents": "The cell cycle in the small intestine transplanted beneath the kidney capsule in syngenic mice. Transplantation of a small fragment of the ileum beneath the kidney capsule in syngenic mice results in the formation of a cyst lined with proliferating intestinal epithelium. The duration of the cell cycle in the epithelium was determined (using tritiated thymidine and the FLM method) as 14.5 h, as compared with 11.5 h in the intestinal epithelium in situ. We conclude that the intestinal content has little effect on the cell cycle of epithelial cells of the small intestine.", "PMID": 837400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2636", "title": "Localization of vitamin A in the small intestine of mouse. An electron microscope radioautographic study.", "content": "Localization of vitamin A in the small intestine of mice was studied with electron microscope radioautography after administration of tritiated vitamin A. The label was concentrated over lipid droplets in cells distributed in the lamina propria and the submucous layer. The cells were similar both to fibroblasts and to fat-storing cells in their morphological features. The name \"Vitamin A-Storing Cell\" is proposed for these labeled cells, including the fat-storing cell in the liver.", "contents": "Localization of vitamin A in the small intestine of mouse. An electron microscope radioautographic study. Localization of vitamin A in the small intestine of mice was studied with electron microscope radioautography after administration of tritiated vitamin A. The label was concentrated over lipid droplets in cells distributed in the lamina propria and the submucous layer. The cells were similar both to fibroblasts and to fat-storing cells in their morphological features. The name \"Vitamin A-Storing Cell\" is proposed for these labeled cells, including the fat-storing cell in the liver.", "PMID": 837401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2637", "title": "Light microscope radioautographic study of glycoprotein secretion in the hypothalamic-neurohypophysial system of the rat, after L-fucose-3H injection.", "content": "Fucose-3H was injected into the cerebral ventricle of rats that were killed at several time intervals after injection. Semi-thin sections of the supraoptic nucleus and neurohypophysis were processed for radioautography and analysed quantitatively. Silver grains indicating the site of fucoselabeled glycoproteins were first located at the perinuclear region of the secretory neurons. The highest silver-grain density in these cells was observed at 2 h after injection , declining afterwards. Silver grains over the neurohypophysis were observed from 2 h on, reached a peak at 1 day after injection and decreased in the subsequent time intervals. The distributions of the silver grains over the neurohypophysis fitted Poissonian distributions and these were shown to be heterogeneous at the several time intervals. Pituicytes were not labeled. The percentage of silver grains over the Herring bodies increased with time. In rats deprived of water after fucose-3H injection there was a great increase in the release of labeled glycoproteins from the neurohypophysis. These results indicate that the glycoproteins synthesized by the secretory neurons of the hypothalamic nuclei are secreted in the neurohypophysis.", "contents": "Light microscope radioautographic study of glycoprotein secretion in the hypothalamic-neurohypophysial system of the rat, after L-fucose-3H injection. Fucose-3H was injected into the cerebral ventricle of rats that were killed at several time intervals after injection. Semi-thin sections of the supraoptic nucleus and neurohypophysis were processed for radioautography and analysed quantitatively. Silver grains indicating the site of fucoselabeled glycoproteins were first located at the perinuclear region of the secretory neurons. The highest silver-grain density in these cells was observed at 2 h after injection , declining afterwards. Silver grains over the neurohypophysis were observed from 2 h on, reached a peak at 1 day after injection and decreased in the subsequent time intervals. The distributions of the silver grains over the neurohypophysis fitted Poissonian distributions and these were shown to be heterogeneous at the several time intervals. Pituicytes were not labeled. The percentage of silver grains over the Herring bodies increased with time. In rats deprived of water after fucose-3H injection there was a great increase in the release of labeled glycoproteins from the neurohypophysis. These results indicate that the glycoproteins synthesized by the secretory neurons of the hypothalamic nuclei are secreted in the neurohypophysis.", "PMID": 837402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2638", "title": "Ultrastructure of a scent scale organ with pressure discharge in male Caligo eurilochus brasiliensis (Fldr.) (Lepidoptera/ Brassolidae).", "content": "The abdominal scent apparatus of male Caligo eurilochus was examined at different ages by light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The glandular epithelium is covered with specialized scales and forms a pad on each side of the 4th to 6th abdominal segments. The pads are surrounded by smooth, elastic cuticle and can protrude toward the opposite hind wing hair pencil. The scales have a poreless cuticle with a fibrillar texture. They are impregnated by an oily, slowly volatile substance. The scales are elongated toward the base, forming hoods over the long cone-shaped sockets. The scale pedicel is anchored tension-free by rootlets in the central socket base. The slightly asymmetric cuticular sockets are very elastic, due to their high water content. They are stabilized by internal epicuticular rods. The release of the secretions from the cell and a possibly active microvillar transport is discussed. Different secretions are found in the space between the microvillar surface of the gland cell and the socket floor. They are probably discharged from the supraglandular space into the scale lumen by means of pressure and bending of the sockets. A flowback might be prevented by capillary effect of a \"ball\" of vesicles, which lies exactly above the outlet of the scale pedicel.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of a scent scale organ with pressure discharge in male Caligo eurilochus brasiliensis (Fldr.) (Lepidoptera/ Brassolidae). The abdominal scent apparatus of male Caligo eurilochus was examined at different ages by light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The glandular epithelium is covered with specialized scales and forms a pad on each side of the 4th to 6th abdominal segments. The pads are surrounded by smooth, elastic cuticle and can protrude toward the opposite hind wing hair pencil. The scales have a poreless cuticle with a fibrillar texture. They are impregnated by an oily, slowly volatile substance. The scales are elongated toward the base, forming hoods over the long cone-shaped sockets. The scale pedicel is anchored tension-free by rootlets in the central socket base. The slightly asymmetric cuticular sockets are very elastic, due to their high water content. They are stabilized by internal epicuticular rods. The release of the secretions from the cell and a possibly active microvillar transport is discussed. Different secretions are found in the space between the microvillar surface of the gland cell and the socket floor. They are probably discharged from the supraglandular space into the scale lumen by means of pressure and bending of the sockets. A flowback might be prevented by capillary effect of a \"ball\" of vesicles, which lies exactly above the outlet of the scale pedicel.", "PMID": 837403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2639", "title": "The superposition eye of Cloeon dipterum: the organization of the lamina ganglionaris.", "content": "The lamina ganglionaris of the superposition eye of Cloeon dipterum is composed of separate optic cartridges arranged in a hexagonal pattern. Each optic cartridge consists of one central, radially branched monopolar cell (Li) surrounded by a crown of seven retinula cell terminals and two more unilaterally branched monopolar cells (La1/La2) situated close together outside the cartridge. Projections to neighbouring cartridges have not been observed. In most cases, synaptic contacts could be seen between a presynaptic retinula cell and more than two other postsynaptic profiles, which belong to monopolar cells or sometimes to glial cells. Seven retinula cell fibers of one ommatidium pass in a bundle through the basement membrane, run into their respective cartridges without changing orientation and terminate at approximately equal levels in the lamina. Long visual fibers with endings in the medulla are not visible in the superposition eye lamina, but are present in the lateral apposition eye. The relationship between the behaviour of the animal, optic mechanisms of the superposition eye and the structure of the lamina is discussed.", "contents": "The superposition eye of Cloeon dipterum: the organization of the lamina ganglionaris. The lamina ganglionaris of the superposition eye of Cloeon dipterum is composed of separate optic cartridges arranged in a hexagonal pattern. Each optic cartridge consists of one central, radially branched monopolar cell (Li) surrounded by a crown of seven retinula cell terminals and two more unilaterally branched monopolar cells (La1/La2) situated close together outside the cartridge. Projections to neighbouring cartridges have not been observed. In most cases, synaptic contacts could be seen between a presynaptic retinula cell and more than two other postsynaptic profiles, which belong to monopolar cells or sometimes to glial cells. Seven retinula cell fibers of one ommatidium pass in a bundle through the basement membrane, run into their respective cartridges without changing orientation and terminate at approximately equal levels in the lamina. Long visual fibers with endings in the medulla are not visible in the superposition eye lamina, but are present in the lateral apposition eye. The relationship between the behaviour of the animal, optic mechanisms of the superposition eye and the structure of the lamina is discussed.", "PMID": 837404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2640", "title": "Excitatory synapses of blue crab gastric mill muscles.", "content": "Physiological and ultrastructural studies were made of neuromuscular synapses in stomach muscles, especially two gastric mill muscles of the blue crab innervated by neurons of the stomatogastric ganglion. These muscles depolarized and contracted with application of glutamate, but not acetylcholine, whereas the dorsal dilator muscles of the pyloric region depolarized and contracted in acetylcholine, but not in glutamate. Large excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP's) of 5-20 mV were recorded in the gastric mill muscles. At low frequencies of activation, individual synapses released on average about 2 quanta of transmitter for each nerve impulse. Facilitation of EPSP's after a single nerve impulse could be detected for at least 10 s. Synapses were found on enlarged terminals of the motor axon; their contact areas ranged from 0.2 mum2 up to 3mum2. Both electron-lucent, round synaptic vesicles and dense-cored vesicles occurred near these synapses. A possible correlation between contact area of a synapse and output of transmitter, is discussed.", "contents": "Excitatory synapses of blue crab gastric mill muscles. Physiological and ultrastructural studies were made of neuromuscular synapses in stomach muscles, especially two gastric mill muscles of the blue crab innervated by neurons of the stomatogastric ganglion. These muscles depolarized and contracted with application of glutamate, but not acetylcholine, whereas the dorsal dilator muscles of the pyloric region depolarized and contracted in acetylcholine, but not in glutamate. Large excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP's) of 5-20 mV were recorded in the gastric mill muscles. At low frequencies of activation, individual synapses released on average about 2 quanta of transmitter for each nerve impulse. Facilitation of EPSP's after a single nerve impulse could be detected for at least 10 s. Synapses were found on enlarged terminals of the motor axon; their contact areas ranged from 0.2 mum2 up to 3mum2. Both electron-lucent, round synaptic vesicles and dense-cored vesicles occurred near these synapses. A possible correlation between contact area of a synapse and output of transmitter, is discussed.", "PMID": 837405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2641", "title": "The accessory outer segment of rods and cones in the retina of the guppy, Poecilia reticulata P. (Teleostei). An electron microscopical study.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the accessory outer segment (AOS)--a cilium-like structure emanating from the inner segment and running alongside the outer segment of photoreceptors--is described. The AOS occurs in both rods and cones of Poecilia reticulata. Its ultrastructure, including the arrangement of microtubules, which originate from the ciliary stalk, is the same in rods and cones. The cone-AOS is connected with the outer segment by a thin plasmabridge, whereaa the rod-AOS lies embedded within the outer segment. The outer segment of the cone, in contrast to that of the rod, is separated from the pigment epithelium by a large extracellular space. An intimate contact, however, is secured by the AOS; its membrane is closely appositioned to the pigment epithelium membrane. The functional significance of the AOS and its possible occurrence in other vertebrate classes, are discussed.", "contents": "The accessory outer segment of rods and cones in the retina of the guppy, Poecilia reticulata P. (Teleostei). An electron microscopical study. The ultrastructure of the accessory outer segment (AOS)--a cilium-like structure emanating from the inner segment and running alongside the outer segment of photoreceptors--is described. The AOS occurs in both rods and cones of Poecilia reticulata. Its ultrastructure, including the arrangement of microtubules, which originate from the ciliary stalk, is the same in rods and cones. The cone-AOS is connected with the outer segment by a thin plasmabridge, whereaa the rod-AOS lies embedded within the outer segment. The outer segment of the cone, in contrast to that of the rod, is separated from the pigment epithelium by a large extracellular space. An intimate contact, however, is secured by the AOS; its membrane is closely appositioned to the pigment epithelium membrane. The functional significance of the AOS and its possible occurrence in other vertebrate classes, are discussed.", "PMID": 837406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2642", "title": "Ultrastructure of sea urchin tube feet. Evidence for connective tissue involvement in motor control.", "content": "An analysis of the ultrastructure of the tube feet of three species of sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus, Arbacia lixula and Echinus esculentus) revealed that the smooth muscle, although known to be cholinoceptive, receives no motor innervation. The muscle fibers are attached to a double layer of circular and longitudinal connective tissue which surrounds the muscle layer and contains numerous bundles of collagen fibers. On its outside, the connective tissue cylinder is invested by a basal lamina of the outer epithelium to which numerous nerve terminals are attached. These are part of a nerve plexus which surrounds the connective tissue cylinder. The plexus itself is an extension of a longitudinal nerve that extends the whole length of the tube foot. It is composed of axons, but nerve cell bodies and synapses are conspicuously lacking, suggesting that the axons and terminals derive from cells of the radial nerve. Processes of the epithelial cells penetrate the nerve plexus and attach to the basal lamina. There is no evidence that the epithelial cells function as sensory cells. On the basis of supporting evidence it is suggested that the transmitter released by the nerve terminals diffuses to the muscle cells over a distance of several microns and in doing so affects the mechanical properties of the connective tissue.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of sea urchin tube feet. Evidence for connective tissue involvement in motor control. An analysis of the ultrastructure of the tube feet of three species of sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus, Arbacia lixula and Echinus esculentus) revealed that the smooth muscle, although known to be cholinoceptive, receives no motor innervation. The muscle fibers are attached to a double layer of circular and longitudinal connective tissue which surrounds the muscle layer and contains numerous bundles of collagen fibers. On its outside, the connective tissue cylinder is invested by a basal lamina of the outer epithelium to which numerous nerve terminals are attached. These are part of a nerve plexus which surrounds the connective tissue cylinder. The plexus itself is an extension of a longitudinal nerve that extends the whole length of the tube foot. It is composed of axons, but nerve cell bodies and synapses are conspicuously lacking, suggesting that the axons and terminals derive from cells of the radial nerve. Processes of the epithelial cells penetrate the nerve plexus and attach to the basal lamina. There is no evidence that the epithelial cells function as sensory cells. On the basis of supporting evidence it is suggested that the transmitter released by the nerve terminals diffuses to the muscle cells over a distance of several microns and in doing so affects the mechanical properties of the connective tissue.", "PMID": 837407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2643", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in midgut cells of female Aedes aegypti L. (Insecta, Diptera) after starvation or sugar diet.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the epithelial cells in the posterior part of the midgut in female Aedes aegypti was partly changed after starvation periods of 5 or 8 days. Most obvious is a drastic reduction of the amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum (rer), which is responsible for the synthesis of enzymes for blood digestion. A similar influence on rer membranes is to be observed in mosquitoes fed on sucrose solution only, without additional blood meals.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in midgut cells of female Aedes aegypti L. (Insecta, Diptera) after starvation or sugar diet. The ultrastructure of the epithelial cells in the posterior part of the midgut in female Aedes aegypti was partly changed after starvation periods of 5 or 8 days. Most obvious is a drastic reduction of the amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum (rer), which is responsible for the synthesis of enzymes for blood digestion. A similar influence on rer membranes is to be observed in mosquitoes fed on sucrose solution only, without additional blood meals.", "PMID": 837408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2644", "title": "The effect of age on the ultrastructure of the mid-gut cells of the hymenopteran Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.) (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae).", "content": "The ultrastructure of the mid-gut cells of aged female Nasonia vitripennis is described. The mid-gut is a shrunken and distorted organ in the aged animal. The individual cells are highly disorganised and the organelle components are altered. The small lipid droplets formed in the apical cell region do not coalesce to form the large central lipid inclusions characteristic of the young animal. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is reduced and some of the mitochondria enlarge. The mid- and apical cell regions also contain large numbers of cytolysosomes. The basal cell region is essentially unchanged, but the channels formed by the infolded basal plasma membranes are dilated. The changes observed are discussed in relation to previous observations on other insect species.", "contents": "The effect of age on the ultrastructure of the mid-gut cells of the hymenopteran Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.) (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae). The ultrastructure of the mid-gut cells of aged female Nasonia vitripennis is described. The mid-gut is a shrunken and distorted organ in the aged animal. The individual cells are highly disorganised and the organelle components are altered. The small lipid droplets formed in the apical cell region do not coalesce to form the large central lipid inclusions characteristic of the young animal. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is reduced and some of the mitochondria enlarge. The mid- and apical cell regions also contain large numbers of cytolysosomes. The basal cell region is essentially unchanged, but the channels formed by the infolded basal plasma membranes are dilated. The changes observed are discussed in relation to previous observations on other insect species.", "PMID": 837409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2645", "title": "Neurosecretory system of the ventral ganglia in the dragonfly, Orthetrum chrysis (Selys) (Odonata: Libellulidae).", "content": "The neurosecretory cells of the ventral ganglia in the adult dragonfly, Orthetrum chrysis, are classified into A, B, C1 and C2 cells. The neurosecretory material in the ventral ganglia is composed of PAS-positive material with 1-, 2-glycol groups and some proteins. The proteins rich in cystine or cysteine occur predominantly in the A cells, moderately in C cells and negligibly in B cells. Proteins containing arginine occur in A and B cells only, and those containing basic amino acids occur in C2 cells. The neurosecretory pathways and the neurohemal organs are also described.", "contents": "Neurosecretory system of the ventral ganglia in the dragonfly, Orthetrum chrysis (Selys) (Odonata: Libellulidae). The neurosecretory cells of the ventral ganglia in the adult dragonfly, Orthetrum chrysis, are classified into A, B, C1 and C2 cells. The neurosecretory material in the ventral ganglia is composed of PAS-positive material with 1-, 2-glycol groups and some proteins. The proteins rich in cystine or cysteine occur predominantly in the A cells, moderately in C cells and negligibly in B cells. Proteins containing arginine occur in A and B cells only, and those containing basic amino acids occur in C2 cells. The neurosecretory pathways and the neurohemal organs are also described.", "PMID": 837410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2646", "title": "Structure and position of receptors within scales bordering the toes of gekkonids.", "content": "In gekkonids, the scales bordering the toes or the adjacent tissue possess suberpidermal and intraepithelial receptors in addition to setae-bearing organs. The position of subepidermal lamellated corpuscles seems to be correlated with the size of the species. The larger the adult animal the more frequently is this type of receptor found laterally in the toe. This can be explained in connection with the vibration-sensitive function of lamellated receptors. Intraepithelial axon terminals were found close to the setae-bearing sensilla in one species only. They are surrounded by numerous tonofibrils and may function as receptors for mechanical (pressure)-stimuli.", "contents": "Structure and position of receptors within scales bordering the toes of gekkonids. In gekkonids, the scales bordering the toes or the adjacent tissue possess suberpidermal and intraepithelial receptors in addition to setae-bearing organs. The position of subepidermal lamellated corpuscles seems to be correlated with the size of the species. The larger the adult animal the more frequently is this type of receptor found laterally in the toe. This can be explained in connection with the vibration-sensitive function of lamellated receptors. Intraepithelial axon terminals were found close to the setae-bearing sensilla in one species only. They are surrounded by numerous tonofibrils and may function as receptors for mechanical (pressure)-stimuli.", "PMID": 837411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2647", "title": "Electron microprobe investigations into the process of hard tissue formation.", "content": "The electron microprobe microanalyser has been used to measure the concentrations of Ca, P and S in the predentine of young rat incisors. The specimens were prepared as alcohol embedded ultrathin sections, unfixed vacuum embedded dry cut ultrathin sections and as thin cryostat sections. The results show the influence of preparation on the measured compositions and indicate that Ca is tightly bound to the matrix, whereas P can be easily washed out. Measurements along the dentine-predentine border demonstrated zones of Ca enrichment, the average size of which suggests that the zones could be the prestages of calcospherites. A mineralisation mechanism is discussed in which the high Ca concentration activates pyrophosphosphatase or ATPase before the onset of nucleation.", "contents": "Electron microprobe investigations into the process of hard tissue formation. The electron microprobe microanalyser has been used to measure the concentrations of Ca, P and S in the predentine of young rat incisors. The specimens were prepared as alcohol embedded ultrathin sections, unfixed vacuum embedded dry cut ultrathin sections and as thin cryostat sections. The results show the influence of preparation on the measured compositions and indicate that Ca is tightly bound to the matrix, whereas P can be easily washed out. Measurements along the dentine-predentine border demonstrated zones of Ca enrichment, the average size of which suggests that the zones could be the prestages of calcospherites. A mineralisation mechanism is discussed in which the high Ca concentration activates pyrophosphosphatase or ATPase before the onset of nucleation.", "PMID": 837412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2648", "title": "Radioautographic study of glycoprotein biosynthesis and renewal in the ovarian follicles of mice and the origin of the zona pellucida.", "content": "L-fucose-3H was injected intravenously into mice which were killed at several time intervals after injection and semi-thin sections of their ovaries were processed for radioautography and analysed quantitatively; At the same time the specific activity of serum glycoproteins was determined. Glycoprotein biosynthesis was demonstrated in the oocytes, granulosa and stromal cells. The silver grain density of the follicular fluid in large follicles reached a peak at 4 h, remained high at 8 h after injection and decreased steadily at the subsequent intervals. It was demonstrated that the labeling pattern of the follicular fluid depends on the secretory activity of the granulosa cells and also on the specific activity of serum glycoproteins. The collapsed zonae pellucidae which represent the highest degree of follicular atresia are able to take up glycoprotein macromolecules. Based on this finding and also on the labeling pattern of the large follicles it was shown that there is very little synthesis of specific glycoproteins for the zona pellucida in large follicles. A more specific labeling of the zona pellucida occurred in the medium follicles. Following the growth of these follicles having a previously labeled zona pellucida, it was demonstrated that this extracellular structure is secreted by the oocyte.", "contents": "Radioautographic study of glycoprotein biosynthesis and renewal in the ovarian follicles of mice and the origin of the zona pellucida. L-fucose-3H was injected intravenously into mice which were killed at several time intervals after injection and semi-thin sections of their ovaries were processed for radioautography and analysed quantitatively; At the same time the specific activity of serum glycoproteins was determined. Glycoprotein biosynthesis was demonstrated in the oocytes, granulosa and stromal cells. The silver grain density of the follicular fluid in large follicles reached a peak at 4 h, remained high at 8 h after injection and decreased steadily at the subsequent intervals. It was demonstrated that the labeling pattern of the follicular fluid depends on the secretory activity of the granulosa cells and also on the specific activity of serum glycoproteins. The collapsed zonae pellucidae which represent the highest degree of follicular atresia are able to take up glycoprotein macromolecules. Based on this finding and also on the labeling pattern of the large follicles it was shown that there is very little synthesis of specific glycoproteins for the zona pellucida in large follicles. A more specific labeling of the zona pellucida occurred in the medium follicles. Following the growth of these follicles having a previously labeled zona pellucida, it was demonstrated that this extracellular structure is secreted by the oocyte.", "PMID": 837413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2649", "title": "Ultrastructure of the epithelium from the ovary wall of Dendrochirus brachypterus (Pteroidae, Teleostei).", "content": "The inner epithelium of the ovary wall in Dendrochirus brachypterus does not take part in egg production, as it does in other teleosts. The epithelium consists of columnar cells rich in mitochondria and secretory organelles. The distal ends of these cells hang free in the ovary lumen, separated from each other and densely covered by large microvilli. During reproduction the epithelium secretes large amounts of mucus that forms an envelope around the eggs produced from a spongy stroma of the ovary, and keeps the spawn afloat for 24 h.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the epithelium from the ovary wall of Dendrochirus brachypterus (Pteroidae, Teleostei). The inner epithelium of the ovary wall in Dendrochirus brachypterus does not take part in egg production, as it does in other teleosts. The epithelium consists of columnar cells rich in mitochondria and secretory organelles. The distal ends of these cells hang free in the ovary lumen, separated from each other and densely covered by large microvilli. During reproduction the epithelium secretes large amounts of mucus that forms an envelope around the eggs produced from a spongy stroma of the ovary, and keeps the spawn afloat for 24 h.", "PMID": 837414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2650", "title": "Quantitative electron microscopic analysis of the stratified epithelium of normal human buccal mucosa.", "content": "The epithelium of normal human buccal mucosa was subjected to stereologic analysis. Ten biopsies were selected from a total of 20 specimens collected from 10 to 15 year old females, and processed for light- and electron microscopy. At two levels of magnification, electron micrographs were sampled from four strata in epithelial ridges and from three strata in regions over connective tissue papillae. Stereologic point counting based on a recently improved system for analyzing stratified epithelia was employed to analyze a toatl of 1820 electron micrographs. Buccal epithelium was found to be 0.48 mm thick, interdigitated by long, slender connective tissue papillae, and comprised of a narrow basal and suprabasal, and a broad, homogeneously structured spinous and surface compartment. From basal to surface layers, the epithelium displayed a differentiation pattern different from that of keratinizing epithelia. This pattern was a function mainly of a drastic density increase of cytoplasmic filaments of a constant 80 A diameter, a corresponding decrease of the cytoplasmic ground substance, the appearance of dark-cored membrane coating granules and individually varying amounts of glycogen deposition. It is suggested that the dense meshwork of filaments which fill 70% of the epithelial cytoplasm in a broad subsurface and surface layer, serves as the functional matrix for epithelial distensibility.", "contents": "Quantitative electron microscopic analysis of the stratified epithelium of normal human buccal mucosa. The epithelium of normal human buccal mucosa was subjected to stereologic analysis. Ten biopsies were selected from a total of 20 specimens collected from 10 to 15 year old females, and processed for light- and electron microscopy. At two levels of magnification, electron micrographs were sampled from four strata in epithelial ridges and from three strata in regions over connective tissue papillae. Stereologic point counting based on a recently improved system for analyzing stratified epithelia was employed to analyze a toatl of 1820 electron micrographs. Buccal epithelium was found to be 0.48 mm thick, interdigitated by long, slender connective tissue papillae, and comprised of a narrow basal and suprabasal, and a broad, homogeneously structured spinous and surface compartment. From basal to surface layers, the epithelium displayed a differentiation pattern different from that of keratinizing epithelia. This pattern was a function mainly of a drastic density increase of cytoplasmic filaments of a constant 80 A diameter, a corresponding decrease of the cytoplasmic ground substance, the appearance of dark-cored membrane coating granules and individually varying amounts of glycogen deposition. It is suggested that the dense meshwork of filaments which fill 70% of the epithelial cytoplasm in a broad subsurface and surface layer, serves as the functional matrix for epithelial distensibility.", "PMID": 837415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2651", "title": "On the ultrastructure of polypeptide hormone-producing cells in the gut of the ascidian, Ciona intestinalis L. and the bivalve, Mytilus edulis L.", "content": "Ultrastructural evidence has been found for the presence of polypeptide hormone-producing cells in the gut of Ciona intestinalis L. and Mytilus edulis L. which do not appear to have been described before. Due to their localization and ultrastructural characteristics, it is suggested that the cells in Mytilus edulis probably produce an insulin-like substance and that some of these cells in Ciona interstinalis may produce 5-HT (5-Hydroxytryptamine). In each species only one granulated cell type can be observed; The granules, which are electron dense and membrane bound, also show a halo. The average diameter of the granules is 100-200 nm for Ciona and 200-400 nm for Mytilus.", "contents": "On the ultrastructure of polypeptide hormone-producing cells in the gut of the ascidian, Ciona intestinalis L. and the bivalve, Mytilus edulis L. Ultrastructural evidence has been found for the presence of polypeptide hormone-producing cells in the gut of Ciona intestinalis L. and Mytilus edulis L. which do not appear to have been described before. Due to their localization and ultrastructural characteristics, it is suggested that the cells in Mytilus edulis probably produce an insulin-like substance and that some of these cells in Ciona interstinalis may produce 5-HT (5-Hydroxytryptamine). In each species only one granulated cell type can be observed; The granules, which are electron dense and membrane bound, also show a halo. The average diameter of the granules is 100-200 nm for Ciona and 200-400 nm for Mytilus.", "PMID": 837416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2652", "title": "Freeze-fracturing of the auditory basilar papilla in the lizard Calotes versicolor.", "content": "Membrane-associated structures were studied in the cells of the basilar papilla, the hearing organ of a lizard, Calotes versicolor, by means of freeze-fracture. Zonulae occludents of an intermediate to tight type were found to join the apical membranes of sensory and supporting cells. Gap junctions were frequently observed between neighboring supporting cells. The size and shape of the gap junctions varied considerably. Their distribution was as follows: small junctions were seen apically, large ones basally. This finding suggests the existence of electrical coupling among the supporting cells. Only afferent synapses have been described in this organ. Aggregates of particles were found in the pre- as well as the post-synaptic membranes, similar to those described at synapses in the central nervous system.", "contents": "Freeze-fracturing of the auditory basilar papilla in the lizard Calotes versicolor. Membrane-associated structures were studied in the cells of the basilar papilla, the hearing organ of a lizard, Calotes versicolor, by means of freeze-fracture. Zonulae occludents of an intermediate to tight type were found to join the apical membranes of sensory and supporting cells. Gap junctions were frequently observed between neighboring supporting cells. The size and shape of the gap junctions varied considerably. Their distribution was as follows: small junctions were seen apically, large ones basally. This finding suggests the existence of electrical coupling among the supporting cells. Only afferent synapses have been described in this organ. Aggregates of particles were found in the pre- as well as the post-synaptic membranes, similar to those described at synapses in the central nervous system.", "PMID": 837417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2653", "title": "Exocrine pancreas under experimental conditions. III. Membrane and cell junctions in isolated acinar cells.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the cell membrane and intercellular junctions was studied after isolation of exocrine pancreatic cells by tryptic digestion and mechanical treatment. The number and distribution of membrane associated particles does not change significantly when acinar cells in situ are compared to those after the isolation procedure. However, intercellular junctions undergo distinct alterations. Gap junctions in normal pancreatic cells are macular in shape and localized at the lateral parts of the cell membrane. In isolated acinar cells gap junctions are irregularly shaped, more extended, and frequently associated with tight junctions. Tight junctions form belt-like structures which are found to persist after isolation but subsequently become elongated and interrupted. Thus extensive macular areas of tight junctions develop. Further, the strands on the P-face and the grooves on the E-face of freeze-fracture replicas change in array, dissociate, and become loosely packed on large membrane areas. The present investigation shows that the intramembranous proteins of tight and gap junctions are mobile structures within the fluid membrane. The shape of their array is dependent on the form of the intercellular contact zone.", "contents": "Exocrine pancreas under experimental conditions. III. Membrane and cell junctions in isolated acinar cells. The ultrastructure of the cell membrane and intercellular junctions was studied after isolation of exocrine pancreatic cells by tryptic digestion and mechanical treatment. The number and distribution of membrane associated particles does not change significantly when acinar cells in situ are compared to those after the isolation procedure. However, intercellular junctions undergo distinct alterations. Gap junctions in normal pancreatic cells are macular in shape and localized at the lateral parts of the cell membrane. In isolated acinar cells gap junctions are irregularly shaped, more extended, and frequently associated with tight junctions. Tight junctions form belt-like structures which are found to persist after isolation but subsequently become elongated and interrupted. Thus extensive macular areas of tight junctions develop. Further, the strands on the P-face and the grooves on the E-face of freeze-fracture replicas change in array, dissociate, and become loosely packed on large membrane areas. The present investigation shows that the intramembranous proteins of tight and gap junctions are mobile structures within the fluid membrane. The shape of their array is dependent on the form of the intercellular contact zone.", "PMID": 837418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2654", "title": "\"Tight\" junctions in the sheath of normal and regenerating motor nerves of the crayfish, Orconectes virilis.", "content": "\"Tight\" or occluding intercellular junctions occur between adjacent glial processes in normal and regenerating crayfish motor nerve sheaths. Although infrequent, these junctions possess the ridge and groove configuration characteristics of freeze-cleaved occluding junctions. When present, nerve sheath tight junctions consist of a single, or at most a few, parallel intramembrane ridges situated on the EF membrane face of the glial plasma membrane. Consequently, such contacts are rarely recognized in thin sections of plastic-embedded nerve sheaths. Crayfish nerve sheath tight junctions are of the fascia occludens type and, therefore, do not impede solute flow across the nerve sheath. Fasciae occludentes of regenerating nerve sheaths occur in close proximity to discoid plaque-like aggregates of particles assumed to represent maculae adhaerentes. This relationship, which was not observed in normal nerve sheaths, suggests a functional association between the two types of junctions, perhaps developmental transformation of one junction type into the other. Although ridges and grooves of tight junctions occur next to cross-fractured trans-glial channels, no functional significance is proposed for this relationship. This study is the first report of tight intercellular junctions in crustacean glial nerve sheaths.", "contents": "\"Tight\" junctions in the sheath of normal and regenerating motor nerves of the crayfish, Orconectes virilis. \"Tight\" or occluding intercellular junctions occur between adjacent glial processes in normal and regenerating crayfish motor nerve sheaths. Although infrequent, these junctions possess the ridge and groove configuration characteristics of freeze-cleaved occluding junctions. When present, nerve sheath tight junctions consist of a single, or at most a few, parallel intramembrane ridges situated on the EF membrane face of the glial plasma membrane. Consequently, such contacts are rarely recognized in thin sections of plastic-embedded nerve sheaths. Crayfish nerve sheath tight junctions are of the fascia occludens type and, therefore, do not impede solute flow across the nerve sheath. Fasciae occludentes of regenerating nerve sheaths occur in close proximity to discoid plaque-like aggregates of particles assumed to represent maculae adhaerentes. This relationship, which was not observed in normal nerve sheaths, suggests a functional association between the two types of junctions, perhaps developmental transformation of one junction type into the other. Although ridges and grooves of tight junctions occur next to cross-fractured trans-glial channels, no functional significance is proposed for this relationship. This study is the first report of tight intercellular junctions in crustacean glial nerve sheaths.", "PMID": 837419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2655", "title": "Fine structure of the sensilla of Peripatopsis moseleyi (Onychophora).", "content": "Three types of sensilla occurring on the lips and on the antennae of Peripatopsis moseleyi have been investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. On the lips sensory spines can be found which contain numerous cilia originating from bipolar receptor cells. They reach the tip of the spine where the cuticle is modified. The perikarya of the sensory cells, a large supporting cell with a complicated surface and a second type of receptor, form a bud-like structure and are surrounded by a layer of collagen fibrils. The second receptor cell bears apical stereocilia as well as a kinocilium which are directed towards the centre of the animal -- thus the cell appears to be turned upside down. The sensilla of the antennae are 1) sensory bristles containing two or three kinds of receptor cells, one of which bears an apical cilium and one kind of supportive cell and 2) sensory bulbs located within furrows consisting of receptor cells with branched cilia and two kinds of supportive cells which are covered by a modified thin cuticle. According to the electron microscopical findings the sensory spines on the lips are presumably chemoreceptors. The sensory bristles on the antennae can be regarded as mechanoreceptors and the sensory bulbs as chemoreceptors.", "contents": "Fine structure of the sensilla of Peripatopsis moseleyi (Onychophora). Three types of sensilla occurring on the lips and on the antennae of Peripatopsis moseleyi have been investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. On the lips sensory spines can be found which contain numerous cilia originating from bipolar receptor cells. They reach the tip of the spine where the cuticle is modified. The perikarya of the sensory cells, a large supporting cell with a complicated surface and a second type of receptor, form a bud-like structure and are surrounded by a layer of collagen fibrils. The second receptor cell bears apical stereocilia as well as a kinocilium which are directed towards the centre of the animal -- thus the cell appears to be turned upside down. The sensilla of the antennae are 1) sensory bristles containing two or three kinds of receptor cells, one of which bears an apical cilium and one kind of supportive cell and 2) sensory bulbs located within furrows consisting of receptor cells with branched cilia and two kinds of supportive cells which are covered by a modified thin cuticle. According to the electron microscopical findings the sensory spines on the lips are presumably chemoreceptors. The sensory bristles on the antennae can be regarded as mechanoreceptors and the sensory bulbs as chemoreceptors.", "PMID": 837420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2656", "title": "Cellular mechanisms of stimulation of bud production in Hydra by low levels of inorganic lead compounds.", "content": "Treatment of Hydra with subtoxic levels of inorganic lead compounds (lead nitrate and lead chloride) for perods ranging from 5 min to one hour causes a temporary increase in bud production as compared to untreated control animals. This effect can be inhibited by the addition of large amounts of calcium chloride to the culture medium. The increased rate of budding is preceded by a dramatic increase in the number of nerve cells per animal, which is first observed within six hours after lead treatment. This appears to be the result of an increased rate of mitosis in the undifferentiated interstitial cells and their subsequent differentiation into nerve cells. The total number of cells per animal also increases after exposure to lead compounds, suggesting that lead may act as a general mitotic stimulator of all dividing cell types in Hydra.", "contents": "Cellular mechanisms of stimulation of bud production in Hydra by low levels of inorganic lead compounds. Treatment of Hydra with subtoxic levels of inorganic lead compounds (lead nitrate and lead chloride) for perods ranging from 5 min to one hour causes a temporary increase in bud production as compared to untreated control animals. This effect can be inhibited by the addition of large amounts of calcium chloride to the culture medium. The increased rate of budding is preceded by a dramatic increase in the number of nerve cells per animal, which is first observed within six hours after lead treatment. This appears to be the result of an increased rate of mitosis in the undifferentiated interstitial cells and their subsequent differentiation into nerve cells. The total number of cells per animal also increases after exposure to lead compounds, suggesting that lead may act as a general mitotic stimulator of all dividing cell types in Hydra.", "PMID": 837421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2657", "title": "Formation of primordial yolk granules in the avia oocyte.", "content": "Electron and light microscopical investigations of early oocytes (between 1.0 mm and 5.0 mm in diameter) from the ovary of 28-30 week-old chickens, suggested the formation of primordial yolk granules from cytoplasmic vesicles. These vesicles formed an aggregation which was observed to be surrounded by membranes, giving the aggregate a multivesicular body-like appearance. At a later stage the vesicles inside the membrane disintegrated and the multivesicular bodies acquired the appearance of primordial yolk granules. The contribution of other structures to the formation of yolk granules is discussed.", "contents": "Formation of primordial yolk granules in the avia oocyte. Electron and light microscopical investigations of early oocytes (between 1.0 mm and 5.0 mm in diameter) from the ovary of 28-30 week-old chickens, suggested the formation of primordial yolk granules from cytoplasmic vesicles. These vesicles formed an aggregation which was observed to be surrounded by membranes, giving the aggregate a multivesicular body-like appearance. At a later stage the vesicles inside the membrane disintegrated and the multivesicular bodies acquired the appearance of primordial yolk granules. The contribution of other structures to the formation of yolk granules is discussed.", "PMID": 837422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2658", "title": "The hypothalamo-choridal tract. II. Ultrastructural response of the choroid plexus to vasopressin.", "content": "Light and electron microsopic examination of choroid plexuses from lateral ventricles of water-deprived and subcutaneously or intravenously vasopressin administered rats reveal morphologic changes typical for vasopressin responsive fluid transporting epithelia during hormonal stimulation. Ultrastructural changes noted in both dehydrated and vasopressin treated animals included: the frequent occurrence of choroidal \"dark\" cells, dilatation of the lateral and basal intercellular spaces, increased vacuolization of the apical cytoplasm, and a change in microvillar conformation from the normal clavate type to those with a filiforma shape. On the basis of the ultrastructural changes observed it is proposed that the choroids plexus be regarded as a target tissue for vasopressin. These findings indicated that a vasopressin mediated transchoroidal cerebrospinal fluid absorption capability exists.", "contents": "The hypothalamo-choridal tract. II. Ultrastructural response of the choroid plexus to vasopressin. Light and electron microsopic examination of choroid plexuses from lateral ventricles of water-deprived and subcutaneously or intravenously vasopressin administered rats reveal morphologic changes typical for vasopressin responsive fluid transporting epithelia during hormonal stimulation. Ultrastructural changes noted in both dehydrated and vasopressin treated animals included: the frequent occurrence of choroidal \"dark\" cells, dilatation of the lateral and basal intercellular spaces, increased vacuolization of the apical cytoplasm, and a change in microvillar conformation from the normal clavate type to those with a filiforma shape. On the basis of the ultrastructural changes observed it is proposed that the choroids plexus be regarded as a target tissue for vasopressin. These findings indicated that a vasopressin mediated transchoroidal cerebrospinal fluid absorption capability exists.", "PMID": 837423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2659", "title": "Endocrine-like cells of the pulmonary epithelium of the human adult lung.", "content": "The morphological and histochemical characteristics of endocrine-like cells of the pulmonary epithelium of the right lower lobe of 12 human adult lungs were studied. Few cells were reactive to the argyrophil silver method of Grimelius and of Sevier and Munger and cells with a similar morphology and distribution emitted a green or yellow fluorescence after treatment of the lung epithelium with the amine presursors L-DOPA or L-HTP, respectively. A greater number of cells seems to be demonstrated by electron microscopy. The cells were characterized by small, round secretory granules showing a central dense core and a very thin clear halo between the core and the surrounding membrane. The cells are thought to be related to the endocrine-like cells of the pulmonary epithelium of the human foetal lung and to cells of carcinoids of larger bronchi.", "contents": "Endocrine-like cells of the pulmonary epithelium of the human adult lung. The morphological and histochemical characteristics of endocrine-like cells of the pulmonary epithelium of the right lower lobe of 12 human adult lungs were studied. Few cells were reactive to the argyrophil silver method of Grimelius and of Sevier and Munger and cells with a similar morphology and distribution emitted a green or yellow fluorescence after treatment of the lung epithelium with the amine presursors L-DOPA or L-HTP, respectively. A greater number of cells seems to be demonstrated by electron microscopy. The cells were characterized by small, round secretory granules showing a central dense core and a very thin clear halo between the core and the surrounding membrane. The cells are thought to be related to the endocrine-like cells of the pulmonary epithelium of the human foetal lung and to cells of carcinoids of larger bronchi.", "PMID": 837424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2660", "title": "Measurements of noradrenaline fluorescence in axons of chick embryo sympathetic ganglia grown in three day culture.", "content": "Chicken embryo sympathetic ganglion fragments, grown in culture for three days, were incubated for short periods in appropriate experimental and control media to provide information on axonal uptake of exogenous noradrenaline in the presence and absence of the uptake-blocking drugs, protriptyline and phenoxybenzamine. The cultures were dried, gassed in formaldehyde vapour and examined by fluorescence microscopy. Spot readings were taken on axon-bundles using a microspectrophotometer. Readings were corrected for the amount of tissue present in each field, using graticule and interferometric methods. Brightness was uniform along individual axon-bundles, but varied from bundle to bundle within the same culture. Despite this range in brightness the readings fell into a normal distribution about the mean. Dose-dependent increases in brightness were obtained following incubation with noradrenaline. A clear indication of the effect of the blocking drugs was observed but the range in brightness prevented reliable quantitative data on these effects from being obtained. It was concluded that the wide range of brightness within each culture reflected a lack of equivalence in the intrinsic noradrenaline-uptake properties of the axon-bundles developing in such cultures.", "contents": "Measurements of noradrenaline fluorescence in axons of chick embryo sympathetic ganglia grown in three day culture. Chicken embryo sympathetic ganglion fragments, grown in culture for three days, were incubated for short periods in appropriate experimental and control media to provide information on axonal uptake of exogenous noradrenaline in the presence and absence of the uptake-blocking drugs, protriptyline and phenoxybenzamine. The cultures were dried, gassed in formaldehyde vapour and examined by fluorescence microscopy. Spot readings were taken on axon-bundles using a microspectrophotometer. Readings were corrected for the amount of tissue present in each field, using graticule and interferometric methods. Brightness was uniform along individual axon-bundles, but varied from bundle to bundle within the same culture. Despite this range in brightness the readings fell into a normal distribution about the mean. Dose-dependent increases in brightness were obtained following incubation with noradrenaline. A clear indication of the effect of the blocking drugs was observed but the range in brightness prevented reliable quantitative data on these effects from being obtained. It was concluded that the wide range of brightness within each culture reflected a lack of equivalence in the intrinsic noradrenaline-uptake properties of the axon-bundles developing in such cultures.", "PMID": 837425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2661", "title": "The development of innervation in the rat atrioventricular node.", "content": "The problem of development of the innervation of the rat atrioventricular node has been investigated by electron microscopy. Nerve bundles appear in relation to the node as early as the second postnatal day and vesiculated axons are seen throughout the entire node by the fourth day. Intimate contacts between nodal cells, axons and terminal varicosities are frequently observed. Use of the 5-hydroxydopamine tracer technique has enabled the identification of both cholinergic and adrenergic axons. It is concluded that the node has a dual innervation although cholinergic endings far outnumber those classified as adrenergic on the sixth postnatal day. These results are quite different to earlier findings made at the light microscope level and the discrepancies are discussed with respect to the histochemical techniques used. The suggestion that nodal differentiation is induced by nerves is considered in relation to the differences in cholinesterase activity exhibited by nodal cells during normal development and following neonatal sympathectomy.", "contents": "The development of innervation in the rat atrioventricular node. The problem of development of the innervation of the rat atrioventricular node has been investigated by electron microscopy. Nerve bundles appear in relation to the node as early as the second postnatal day and vesiculated axons are seen throughout the entire node by the fourth day. Intimate contacts between nodal cells, axons and terminal varicosities are frequently observed. Use of the 5-hydroxydopamine tracer technique has enabled the identification of both cholinergic and adrenergic axons. It is concluded that the node has a dual innervation although cholinergic endings far outnumber those classified as adrenergic on the sixth postnatal day. These results are quite different to earlier findings made at the light microscope level and the discrepancies are discussed with respect to the histochemical techniques used. The suggestion that nodal differentiation is induced by nerves is considered in relation to the differences in cholinesterase activity exhibited by nodal cells during normal development and following neonatal sympathectomy.", "PMID": 837426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2662", "title": "Specialization of the endoplasmic reticulum in the apex of the midgut cells of Aeshna cyanea (Insecta, Odonata).", "content": "Lamellar stacks of cisternae regularly spaced and bound to each other by fine filaments are observed in the apex of midgut cells of Aeshna cyanea. These cisternae are connected with the rough endoplasmic reticulum but are devoid of ribosomes except on their terminal sacs. Their location and their structure, quite different in fed and starved animals, suggest that they are involved in intracellular transport.", "contents": "Specialization of the endoplasmic reticulum in the apex of the midgut cells of Aeshna cyanea (Insecta, Odonata). Lamellar stacks of cisternae regularly spaced and bound to each other by fine filaments are observed in the apex of midgut cells of Aeshna cyanea. These cisternae are connected with the rough endoplasmic reticulum but are devoid of ribosomes except on their terminal sacs. Their location and their structure, quite different in fed and starved animals, suggest that they are involved in intracellular transport.", "PMID": 837427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2663", "title": "Incidence and age distribution of patients with myocardial infarction and normal coronary arteriograms.", "content": "Over a 41 month period selective coronary arteriography was performed on all patients age 35 and under seen at our hospital with a documented myocardial infarction. In these 25 patients, 4 (16%) demonstrated no arteriographic evidence of coronary artery disease. One-hundred and fifty-two patients over age 35 with a documented myocardial infarction underwent selective coronary arteriography during the same period. In each of the 15 2 cases, obstructive coronary artery disease was demonstrated. The generally favorable prognosis of patients with myocardial infarction and normal coronary arteriograms has been previously documented. On the basis of our experience and a review of the literature, it is recommended that all patients age 35 and under sustaining a myocardial infarction should undergo selective coronary arteriography, in order to establish prognosis.", "contents": "Incidence and age distribution of patients with myocardial infarction and normal coronary arteriograms. Over a 41 month period selective coronary arteriography was performed on all patients age 35 and under seen at our hospital with a documented myocardial infarction. In these 25 patients, 4 (16%) demonstrated no arteriographic evidence of coronary artery disease. One-hundred and fifty-two patients over age 35 with a documented myocardial infarction underwent selective coronary arteriography during the same period. In each of the 15 2 cases, obstructive coronary artery disease was demonstrated. The generally favorable prognosis of patients with myocardial infarction and normal coronary arteriograms has been previously documented. On the basis of our experience and a review of the literature, it is recommended that all patients age 35 and under sustaining a myocardial infarction should undergo selective coronary arteriography, in order to establish prognosis.", "PMID": 837428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2664", "title": "A simplified method of echocardiographic data analysis.", "content": "Rapid accurate analysis of echocardiographic data is accomplished using a sonic digitizer and programmable calculator. This method allows the echocardiographer to select technically optimal areas of the recording for analysis. The resolution of the measuring device is 0.1 mm. A hardcopy printout of both measurement and calculation is provided. Instead of expensive on-line computer, an inexpensive programmable calculator is used.", "contents": "A simplified method of echocardiographic data analysis. Rapid accurate analysis of echocardiographic data is accomplished using a sonic digitizer and programmable calculator. This method allows the echocardiographer to select technically optimal areas of the recording for analysis. The resolution of the measuring device is 0.1 mm. A hardcopy printout of both measurement and calculation is provided. Instead of expensive on-line computer, an inexpensive programmable calculator is used.", "PMID": 837429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2665", "title": "Pulmonary artery wedge pressures in congenital heart disease.", "content": "The bilateral measurement of pulmonary artery wedge pressure is essential in the cardiac catheterization evaluation of all patients with pulmonary artery hypertension. Five cases of pulmonary venous obstruction are presented, 4 of whom had additional intracardiac defects. The pulmonary artery hypertension in these 4 patients was initially attributed to the associated cardiac anomalies and because the left atrium had been entered directly with the catheter in each case, pulmonary artery wedge to the left atrium pressure gradients were initially either not obtained or were discounted as being artificial. Pulmonary venous obstruction was recognized in all 5 cases on the basis of an elevated pulmonary artery wedge pressure, and the anatomic site of the obstruction was successfully documented. Unless bilateral pulmonary artery wedge pressures are measured in all patients with pulmonary artery hypertension regardless of the presence of additional cardiac anomalies, a surgically correctable cause of pulmonary hypertension may be overlooked.", "contents": "Pulmonary artery wedge pressures in congenital heart disease. The bilateral measurement of pulmonary artery wedge pressure is essential in the cardiac catheterization evaluation of all patients with pulmonary artery hypertension. Five cases of pulmonary venous obstruction are presented, 4 of whom had additional intracardiac defects. The pulmonary artery hypertension in these 4 patients was initially attributed to the associated cardiac anomalies and because the left atrium had been entered directly with the catheter in each case, pulmonary artery wedge to the left atrium pressure gradients were initially either not obtained or were discounted as being artificial. Pulmonary venous obstruction was recognized in all 5 cases on the basis of an elevated pulmonary artery wedge pressure, and the anatomic site of the obstruction was successfully documented. Unless bilateral pulmonary artery wedge pressures are measured in all patients with pulmonary artery hypertension regardless of the presence of additional cardiac anomalies, a surgically correctable cause of pulmonary hypertension may be overlooked.", "PMID": 837430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2666", "title": "Characterization of left ventricular external wall motion in man by video dimension analyzer (Vidian).", "content": "Several investigators have described close relationships between left ventricular wall motion and physiologic cardiac events. Using an improved wall motion tracking devide (Vidian) in studies of 30 patients, we have compared the dynamics of left ventricular wall motion, recorded noninvasively, with high fidelity left ventricular and aortic pressures, intracardiac phonocardiograms, apexcardiograms, and cyclic left ventricular volume curves obtained during cardiac catheterization. Wall motion tracking signals comprised: pre-ejection outward deflection commencing with the first component of the first heart sound and coincident with the pre-ejection phase of the left ventricular pressure and apexcardiogram; a sharp descent during ejection, commencing with the \"E\" point of the apexcardiogram and with the onset of the upstroke of the aortic pressure; end ejection nadir, synchronous with the dicrotic notch of the aortic pressure; a nadir representing cessation of inward displacement, presumably reflecting slight inertial motion of the wall; a brief period of isovolumic relaxation which terminated synchronously with the \"O\" point of the apexcardiogram; rapid, then slow filling waves, coincident with those of the apexcardiogram, and demarcated by a transitional angulation synchronous with the third heart sound; and \"a\" wave, occurring simultaneously with that of the apexcardiogram. Ventricular wall motion tracking signals also corresponded to curves representing cyclic changes in left ventricular minor radius, and chamber volume derived from cineventriculograms. In 10 patients with abnormal contraction patterns detected by biplane cineventriculography, anomalous deflections were also recorded during ejection by the Vidian. Left ventricular wall motion tracking with the Vidian: 1) provides a sensitive index for timing of intracardiac events, 2) reflects cyclic changes in ventricular volumes and minor dimensions, 3) provides a convenient noninvasive technique for detection of regional asynergy involving the lateral left ventricular wall, and 4) by correlation with simultaneous ventricular pressure measurements, may provide useful information regarding left ventricular pressure/segment dimension relations.", "contents": "Characterization of left ventricular external wall motion in man by video dimension analyzer (Vidian). Several investigators have described close relationships between left ventricular wall motion and physiologic cardiac events. Using an improved wall motion tracking devide (Vidian) in studies of 30 patients, we have compared the dynamics of left ventricular wall motion, recorded noninvasively, with high fidelity left ventricular and aortic pressures, intracardiac phonocardiograms, apexcardiograms, and cyclic left ventricular volume curves obtained during cardiac catheterization. Wall motion tracking signals comprised: pre-ejection outward deflection commencing with the first component of the first heart sound and coincident with the pre-ejection phase of the left ventricular pressure and apexcardiogram; a sharp descent during ejection, commencing with the \"E\" point of the apexcardiogram and with the onset of the upstroke of the aortic pressure; end ejection nadir, synchronous with the dicrotic notch of the aortic pressure; a nadir representing cessation of inward displacement, presumably reflecting slight inertial motion of the wall; a brief period of isovolumic relaxation which terminated synchronously with the \"O\" point of the apexcardiogram; rapid, then slow filling waves, coincident with those of the apexcardiogram, and demarcated by a transitional angulation synchronous with the third heart sound; and \"a\" wave, occurring simultaneously with that of the apexcardiogram. Ventricular wall motion tracking signals also corresponded to curves representing cyclic changes in left ventricular minor radius, and chamber volume derived from cineventriculograms. In 10 patients with abnormal contraction patterns detected by biplane cineventriculography, anomalous deflections were also recorded during ejection by the Vidian. Left ventricular wall motion tracking with the Vidian: 1) provides a sensitive index for timing of intracardiac events, 2) reflects cyclic changes in ventricular volumes and minor dimensions, 3) provides a convenient noninvasive technique for detection of regional asynergy involving the lateral left ventricular wall, and 4) by correlation with simultaneous ventricular pressure measurements, may provide useful information regarding left ventricular pressure/segment dimension relations.", "PMID": 837431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2667", "title": "External counterpulsation: coronary hemodynamics and use in treatment of patients with stable angina pectoris.", "content": "External pressure counterpulsation (ECP) has been reported to improve the clinical status of patients with angina pectoris. To document the mechanisms for such an improvement left ventricular oxygen consumption and lactate metabolism, coronary sinus blood flow, and cardiac index were studied in 10 patients with angina pectoris 1) prior to and during ECP; and 2) during right atrial pacing before and after 4 consecutive 2-hour sessions of ECP treatment. During ECP peak early and mean arterial diastolic pressures were significantly raised above control values by 32 and 13% respectively. However, coronary sinus blood flow, left ventricular oxygen consumption and left ventricular lactate extraction, mean systolic arterial pressure and cardiac index were not significantly altered by ECP. Right atrial pacing at 140 beats/min increased coronary sinus blood flow 70% over control values and induced angina and ischemic ST segment changes in 8 patients before and after 4 consecutive treatments of ECP. ECP treatment did not significantly modify the above metabolic and hemodynamic responses at rest or during atrial pacing. Although 5 patients reported improvement in angina symptoms the effect was transitory. No significant improvement over pre ECP-treatment exercise angina threshold was observed immediately following or at 1 and 3 months post treatment. This method of noninvasive circulatory assistance appears to be of doubtful value in the management of patients with stable angina pectoris.", "contents": "External counterpulsation: coronary hemodynamics and use in treatment of patients with stable angina pectoris. External pressure counterpulsation (ECP) has been reported to improve the clinical status of patients with angina pectoris. To document the mechanisms for such an improvement left ventricular oxygen consumption and lactate metabolism, coronary sinus blood flow, and cardiac index were studied in 10 patients with angina pectoris 1) prior to and during ECP; and 2) during right atrial pacing before and after 4 consecutive 2-hour sessions of ECP treatment. During ECP peak early and mean arterial diastolic pressures were significantly raised above control values by 32 and 13% respectively. However, coronary sinus blood flow, left ventricular oxygen consumption and left ventricular lactate extraction, mean systolic arterial pressure and cardiac index were not significantly altered by ECP. Right atrial pacing at 140 beats/min increased coronary sinus blood flow 70% over control values and induced angina and ischemic ST segment changes in 8 patients before and after 4 consecutive treatments of ECP. ECP treatment did not significantly modify the above metabolic and hemodynamic responses at rest or during atrial pacing. Although 5 patients reported improvement in angina symptoms the effect was transitory. No significant improvement over pre ECP-treatment exercise angina threshold was observed immediately following or at 1 and 3 months post treatment. This method of noninvasive circulatory assistance appears to be of doubtful value in the management of patients with stable angina pectoris.", "PMID": 837432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2668", "title": "Effects of propranolol on coronary hemodynamic and metabolic responses to tachycardia stress in patients with and without coronary disease.", "content": "To clarify the influence of propranolol-and particularly its heart-rate effects-on myocardial ischemia, coronary hemodynamics and metabolism were studied in 15 patients utilizing a protocol to control heart rate. Ten patients had significant coronary narrowing (CAD) and 5 were normal. Systemic pressure, coronary sinus blood flow (CSBF), left ventricular oxygen utilization (LVVO2), ST Segment depression, and myocardial lactate extraction were measured before and after propranolol (10 mg IV), at rest, during pacing-induced tachycardia stress. Propranolol-related reduction in CSBF and LVVO2 at rest was reversed when heart rate was controlled in both patient groups. Propranolol failed to alter heart-rate threshold, tension-time index (TTI), CSBF, or LVVO2 at angina in the CAD patients. Likewise, ischemic-type ST depression, decreases in lactate extraction, and coronary resistance were unchanged compared to values observed during tachycardia stress before propranolol. In normal coronary patients, propranolol also produced no significant change in LVVO2 or coronary resistance when its heart rate effects were controlled. These data imply that a major coronary and metabolic influence of propranolol relates to changes occurring secondary to its influence on heart rate. Furthermore, this agent's anti-ischemic effect is not prominent during tachycardia stress suggesting that this stress test may be clinically useful in patients taking propranolol.", "contents": "Effects of propranolol on coronary hemodynamic and metabolic responses to tachycardia stress in patients with and without coronary disease. To clarify the influence of propranolol-and particularly its heart-rate effects-on myocardial ischemia, coronary hemodynamics and metabolism were studied in 15 patients utilizing a protocol to control heart rate. Ten patients had significant coronary narrowing (CAD) and 5 were normal. Systemic pressure, coronary sinus blood flow (CSBF), left ventricular oxygen utilization (LVVO2), ST Segment depression, and myocardial lactate extraction were measured before and after propranolol (10 mg IV), at rest, during pacing-induced tachycardia stress. Propranolol-related reduction in CSBF and LVVO2 at rest was reversed when heart rate was controlled in both patient groups. Propranolol failed to alter heart-rate threshold, tension-time index (TTI), CSBF, or LVVO2 at angina in the CAD patients. Likewise, ischemic-type ST depression, decreases in lactate extraction, and coronary resistance were unchanged compared to values observed during tachycardia stress before propranolol. In normal coronary patients, propranolol also produced no significant change in LVVO2 or coronary resistance when its heart rate effects were controlled. These data imply that a major coronary and metabolic influence of propranolol relates to changes occurring secondary to its influence on heart rate. Furthermore, this agent's anti-ischemic effect is not prominent during tachycardia stress suggesting that this stress test may be clinically useful in patients taking propranolol.", "PMID": 837433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2669", "title": "Single left pulmonary vein with normal pulmonary venous drainage: association with partial anomalous pulmonary venous return.", "content": "An unusual case of a single left pulmonary vein draining the left lung and joining the left atrium without venous obstruction is reported. This anomaly occurred in association with partial anomalous pulmonary venous return from the upper lobe of the right lung to the superior vena cava. A similar case has been previously reported from our laboratory. The diagnosis of a single left pulmonary vein can be made by routine chest roentgenography because of the characteristic radiologic appearance of this anomaly. It is important to distinguish this benign entity from more ominous pulmonary radiodensities.", "contents": "Single left pulmonary vein with normal pulmonary venous drainage: association with partial anomalous pulmonary venous return. An unusual case of a single left pulmonary vein draining the left lung and joining the left atrium without venous obstruction is reported. This anomaly occurred in association with partial anomalous pulmonary venous return from the upper lobe of the right lung to the superior vena cava. A similar case has been previously reported from our laboratory. The diagnosis of a single left pulmonary vein can be made by routine chest roentgenography because of the characteristic radiologic appearance of this anomaly. It is important to distinguish this benign entity from more ominous pulmonary radiodensities.", "PMID": 837434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2670", "title": "Long-term survival in preductal atresia of the aortic arch.", "content": "Atresia of the aortic arch is distinguished from complete interruption of the aorta by the presence of a fibrotic strand bridging the 2 discontinuous segments of aorta. Most patients with aortic arch atresia have associated intracardiac defects. There is a high neonatal mortality in this condition, with 95% of the patients dying in the first year of life. The case described herein is the first long-term survivor with atresia of the aortic arch, a patent ductus arteriosus, and an atrial septal defect to reach adulthood. In this patient an extensive collateral network existed in spite of the presence of a patent ductus arteriosus.", "contents": "Long-term survival in preductal atresia of the aortic arch. Atresia of the aortic arch is distinguished from complete interruption of the aorta by the presence of a fibrotic strand bridging the 2 discontinuous segments of aorta. Most patients with aortic arch atresia have associated intracardiac defects. There is a high neonatal mortality in this condition, with 95% of the patients dying in the first year of life. The case described herein is the first long-term survivor with atresia of the aortic arch, a patent ductus arteriosus, and an atrial septal defect to reach adulthood. In this patient an extensive collateral network existed in spite of the presence of a patent ductus arteriosus.", "PMID": 837435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2671", "title": "Determination of shunt flow in a case of multiple arteriosystemic connections.", "content": "A 64-year-old woman presented with acute congestive heart failure and atrial fibrillation, with good response to medical management. Selective coronary and left ventricular cineangiography demonstrated multiple arteriosystemic connections arising from both left and right coronary arteries, but normal (although tortuous) coronary vessels and ventricular contraction pattern. Determination of the magnitude of the shunt flow and concommitant measurement of myocardial lactate extraction suggested that this type of coronary vascular abnormality was an angiographic curiosity without discernible clinical import; however, the etiology of the patient's heart disease remains an enigma.", "contents": "Determination of shunt flow in a case of multiple arteriosystemic connections. A 64-year-old woman presented with acute congestive heart failure and atrial fibrillation, with good response to medical management. Selective coronary and left ventricular cineangiography demonstrated multiple arteriosystemic connections arising from both left and right coronary arteries, but normal (although tortuous) coronary vessels and ventricular contraction pattern. Determination of the magnitude of the shunt flow and concommitant measurement of myocardial lactate extraction suggested that this type of coronary vascular abnormality was an angiographic curiosity without discernible clinical import; however, the etiology of the patient's heart disease remains an enigma.", "PMID": 837436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2672", "title": "Coronary arteriography by the percutaneous transfemoral technique in patients on intraaortic counterpulsation.", "content": "Presented are the results of the use of the transfemoral approach for coronary arteriography, as a safe alternative to the brachial approach, in evaluating patients in cardiogenic shock. Five patients, each with an intraaortic balloon pump device in operation, were evaluated. No complications were encountered using the transfemoral approach.", "contents": "Coronary arteriography by the percutaneous transfemoral technique in patients on intraaortic counterpulsation. Presented are the results of the use of the transfemoral approach for coronary arteriography, as a safe alternative to the brachial approach, in evaluating patients in cardiogenic shock. Five patients, each with an intraaortic balloon pump device in operation, were evaluated. No complications were encountered using the transfemoral approach.", "PMID": 837437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2673", "title": "Selective cannulation of the anterior interventricular vein and coronary sinus: potential applications.", "content": "A technique of cannulation of the anterior interventricular vein (AIV) selectively, along with selective cannulation of the coronary sinus, is described. The technique was successful in 61 of 82 patients (76%) in whom it was attempted. There were no serious complications. The technique allows one to obtain blood samples simultaneously from the anterior interventricular vein and the coronary sinus, so that the metabolism of the left ventricular anterior wall and that of the overall left ventricle can be studied. Possible clinical applications of simultaneous investigation of the left ventricular anterior wall and global myocardial metabolism are discussed.", "contents": "Selective cannulation of the anterior interventricular vein and coronary sinus: potential applications. A technique of cannulation of the anterior interventricular vein (AIV) selectively, along with selective cannulation of the coronary sinus, is described. The technique was successful in 61 of 82 patients (76%) in whom it was attempted. There were no serious complications. The technique allows one to obtain blood samples simultaneously from the anterior interventricular vein and the coronary sinus, so that the metabolism of the left ventricular anterior wall and that of the overall left ventricle can be studied. Possible clinical applications of simultaneous investigation of the left ventricular anterior wall and global myocardial metabolism are discussed.", "PMID": 837438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2674", "title": "Integrated viral sequences in adenovirus type 12-transformed hamster cells.", "content": "The physical state of the viral genome in four lines of hamster cells transformed by adenovirus type 12 (Ad12) has been investigated. The four lines of transformed cells originated from hamster cells after infection with Ad12 at multiplicities ranging from 5-350 plaque-forming units per cell. The DNA from transformed cells has been restricted with the Sal I endonuclease from Streptomyces albus which cleaves adenovirus DNA more frequently than DNA from adenovirus-transformed hamster cells. Thus after cleavage by the Sal I enzyme, it is possible to separate free adenovirus DNA sequences from these which are covalently linked to cellular DNA in transformed hamster cells. The results of sequential hybridization experiments in which the Sal I-treated DNA from transformed cells is first annealed to Ad12 DNA on filters, then eluted, and finally hybridized to hamster cell DNA, support the model of Ad12 DNA integrated in multiple fragments into the host genome. Further experiments will be required to characterize the host sequences adjacent to adenovirus DNA and to compare these sequences in different lines of Ad12 transformed cells.", "contents": "Integrated viral sequences in adenovirus type 12-transformed hamster cells. The physical state of the viral genome in four lines of hamster cells transformed by adenovirus type 12 (Ad12) has been investigated. The four lines of transformed cells originated from hamster cells after infection with Ad12 at multiplicities ranging from 5-350 plaque-forming units per cell. The DNA from transformed cells has been restricted with the Sal I endonuclease from Streptomyces albus which cleaves adenovirus DNA more frequently than DNA from adenovirus-transformed hamster cells. Thus after cleavage by the Sal I enzyme, it is possible to separate free adenovirus DNA sequences from these which are covalently linked to cellular DNA in transformed hamster cells. The results of sequential hybridization experiments in which the Sal I-treated DNA from transformed cells is first annealed to Ad12 DNA on filters, then eluted, and finally hybridized to hamster cell DNA, support the model of Ad12 DNA integrated in multiple fragments into the host genome. Further experiments will be required to characterize the host sequences adjacent to adenovirus DNA and to compare these sequences in different lines of Ad12 transformed cells.", "PMID": 837440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2675", "title": "Histone mRNAs contain blocked and methylated 5' terminal sequences but lack methylated nucleosides at internal positions.", "content": "Histone mRNA, labeled with 32P or 3H-methionine during the S phase of partially synchronized HeLa cells, was isolated from the polyribosomes and purified as a \"9S\" component by sucrose gradient sedimentation. We identified two types of 5' terminals, m7G(5')pppNmpN and m7G(5')pppNm-pNmpN, in which the first methylated nucleoside is 7-methylguanosine, the second is either N6, 2'-O-dimethyladenosine, 2'-O-methyladenosine, or 2'-O-methylguanosine, and the third is 2'-O-methyluridine, 2'-O-methylcytidine, or 2'-O-methyladenosine. Approximately 1.7% of the 32P label was present in the 5' terminal structures. Assuming a similar specific radioactivity for all phosphates, this percentage corresponds to an average of one terminal per 335 nucleotides. Histone mRNA differed from bulk polyadenylylated mRNA of HeLa cells in lacking significant amounts of 2'-O-methyluridine or 2'-O-methylcytidine in the second position of the 5' terminal oligonucleotide and in lacking N6-methyladenosine residues at internal positions.", "contents": "Histone mRNAs contain blocked and methylated 5' terminal sequences but lack methylated nucleosides at internal positions. Histone mRNA, labeled with 32P or 3H-methionine during the S phase of partially synchronized HeLa cells, was isolated from the polyribosomes and purified as a \"9S\" component by sucrose gradient sedimentation. We identified two types of 5' terminals, m7G(5')pppNmpN and m7G(5')pppNm-pNmpN, in which the first methylated nucleoside is 7-methylguanosine, the second is either N6, 2'-O-dimethyladenosine, 2'-O-methyladenosine, or 2'-O-methylguanosine, and the third is 2'-O-methyluridine, 2'-O-methylcytidine, or 2'-O-methyladenosine. Approximately 1.7% of the 32P label was present in the 5' terminal structures. Assuming a similar specific radioactivity for all phosphates, this percentage corresponds to an average of one terminal per 335 nucleotides. Histone mRNA differed from bulk polyadenylylated mRNA of HeLa cells in lacking significant amounts of 2'-O-methyluridine or 2'-O-methylcytidine in the second position of the 5' terminal oligonucleotide and in lacking N6-methyladenosine residues at internal positions.", "PMID": 837441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2676", "title": "Development of methods for the quantitative in vitro analysis of androgen-dependent and autonomous Shionogi carcinoma 115 cells.", "content": "Androgen-dependent and androgen-independent (autonomous), cloned, cultured cell lines of the androgen-dependent mouse mammary adenocarcinoma, Shionogi carcinoma 115, have been established. Growth of the dependent cells requires the presence of androgen, provided they are growth in suspension culture in medium containing dextran-charcoal-treated fetal calf serum. The growth rate of autonomous cells in the presence or absence of DHT is similar to that of dependent cells grown in its presence. An agar culture method has been developed that enables the proportion of dependent and autonomous cells in mixed populations to be determined. Autonomous cells appear in dependent clones, and their frequency increases with increasing time of subculture. Dependent cells form tumors preferentially in male animals and dependent cell cytosols contain significant amounts (approximately 300 femtomoles per mg protein) of a specific androgen-binding macromolecule. Autonomous cells formed tumors equally well in both male and female mice, and autonomous cell cytols contain very low levels (less than or equal to 7 femtomoles per mg protein) of the specific androgen-binding macromolecule(s). These studies delineate a system which can be used to investigate the mechanism of steroid hormone-dependent and autonomous tumor growth, and the transitions between the hormone-dependent and autonomous states.", "contents": "Development of methods for the quantitative in vitro analysis of androgen-dependent and autonomous Shionogi carcinoma 115 cells. Androgen-dependent and androgen-independent (autonomous), cloned, cultured cell lines of the androgen-dependent mouse mammary adenocarcinoma, Shionogi carcinoma 115, have been established. Growth of the dependent cells requires the presence of androgen, provided they are growth in suspension culture in medium containing dextran-charcoal-treated fetal calf serum. The growth rate of autonomous cells in the presence or absence of DHT is similar to that of dependent cells grown in its presence. An agar culture method has been developed that enables the proportion of dependent and autonomous cells in mixed populations to be determined. Autonomous cells appear in dependent clones, and their frequency increases with increasing time of subculture. Dependent cells form tumors preferentially in male animals and dependent cell cytosols contain significant amounts (approximately 300 femtomoles per mg protein) of a specific androgen-binding macromolecule. Autonomous cells formed tumors equally well in both male and female mice, and autonomous cell cytols contain very low levels (less than or equal to 7 femtomoles per mg protein) of the specific androgen-binding macromolecule(s). These studies delineate a system which can be used to investigate the mechanism of steroid hormone-dependent and autonomous tumor growth, and the transitions between the hormone-dependent and autonomous states.", "PMID": 837442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2677", "title": "Regulation of RNA polymerase II activity in alpha-amanitin-resistant CHO hybrid cells.", "content": "CHO hybrid cell lines obtained by fusing cells of wild-type sensitivity to alpha-amanitin with mutant cells containing RNA polymerase II activity resistant to alpha-amanitin have both sensitive (wild-type) and resistant forms of RNA polymerase II. When these hybrids were grown in medium containing alpha-amanitin, the sensitive form of polymerase II was inactivated, and the activity resistant to alpha-amanitin increased proportionally. The total polymerase II activity level therefore remained constant. This regulation of RNA polymerase II activity occurred independently of that of RNA polymerase I and was similar to that observed previously in the alpha-amanitin-resistant rat myoblast mutant clone Ama102 (Somers, Pearson, and Ingles, 1975a). A sensitive radioimmunoassay was developed to quantitate the total mass of RNA polymerase II enzyme. Under conditions of regulation of the enzymatic activity when hybrids grown in alpha-amanitin exhibited a 2-3 fold increase in the activity of the alpha-amanitin-resistant enzyme, no major change in the enzyme mass was detected immunologically. However, quantitation of the alpha-amanitin-inactivated polymerase II of wild-type sensitivity by 3H-amanitin binding indicated that the loss of its enzymic activity was accompanied by a loss of 3H-amanitin binding capacity in the cell lysates. All these results taken together indicate that a mechanism for regulating the intracellular level of RNA polymerase II exists and that it involves changes in the concentration of enzyme.", "contents": "Regulation of RNA polymerase II activity in alpha-amanitin-resistant CHO hybrid cells. CHO hybrid cell lines obtained by fusing cells of wild-type sensitivity to alpha-amanitin with mutant cells containing RNA polymerase II activity resistant to alpha-amanitin have both sensitive (wild-type) and resistant forms of RNA polymerase II. When these hybrids were grown in medium containing alpha-amanitin, the sensitive form of polymerase II was inactivated, and the activity resistant to alpha-amanitin increased proportionally. The total polymerase II activity level therefore remained constant. This regulation of RNA polymerase II activity occurred independently of that of RNA polymerase I and was similar to that observed previously in the alpha-amanitin-resistant rat myoblast mutant clone Ama102 (Somers, Pearson, and Ingles, 1975a). A sensitive radioimmunoassay was developed to quantitate the total mass of RNA polymerase II enzyme. Under conditions of regulation of the enzymatic activity when hybrids grown in alpha-amanitin exhibited a 2-3 fold increase in the activity of the alpha-amanitin-resistant enzyme, no major change in the enzyme mass was detected immunologically. However, quantitation of the alpha-amanitin-inactivated polymerase II of wild-type sensitivity by 3H-amanitin binding indicated that the loss of its enzymic activity was accompanied by a loss of 3H-amanitin binding capacity in the cell lysates. All these results taken together indicate that a mechanism for regulating the intracellular level of RNA polymerase II exists and that it involves changes in the concentration of enzyme.", "PMID": 837443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2678", "title": "The molecular basis of emetine resistance in Chinese hamster ovary cells: alteration in the 40S ribosomal subunit.", "content": "The molecular basis of resistance to the protein synthesis inhibitor emetine has been examined in cell-free, protein-synthesizing extracts derived from normal and emetine-resistant (EmtR) mutants. We had earlier shown that protein synthesis in extracts of the mutant cells was resistant to the inhibitory action of emetin. When extracts from a wild-type and mutant cell line were fractionated into supernatant (S-100) and polyribosome fractions and mixed in different combinations, resistance to emetine was found to be associated with the mutant polyribosome fraction. Further fractionation of wild-type and mutant polyribosomes into 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits and mixing them in various combinations with an S-100 fraction from the wild-type cell indicates that resistance of mutant cells to emetine involves an alteration in the 40S ribosomal subunit. The behavior of EmtR has also been examined in somatic cell hybrids. Studies of EmtR X EmtS hybrid cell lines in vivo and in vitro show that EmtR is pheontypically recessive to EmtS, which is consistent with the ribosomal location of the genetic change.", "contents": "The molecular basis of emetine resistance in Chinese hamster ovary cells: alteration in the 40S ribosomal subunit. The molecular basis of resistance to the protein synthesis inhibitor emetine has been examined in cell-free, protein-synthesizing extracts derived from normal and emetine-resistant (EmtR) mutants. We had earlier shown that protein synthesis in extracts of the mutant cells was resistant to the inhibitory action of emetin. When extracts from a wild-type and mutant cell line were fractionated into supernatant (S-100) and polyribosome fractions and mixed in different combinations, resistance to emetine was found to be associated with the mutant polyribosome fraction. Further fractionation of wild-type and mutant polyribosomes into 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits and mixing them in various combinations with an S-100 fraction from the wild-type cell indicates that resistance of mutant cells to emetine involves an alteration in the 40S ribosomal subunit. The behavior of EmtR has also been examined in somatic cell hybrids. Studies of EmtR X EmtS hybrid cell lines in vivo and in vitro show that EmtR is pheontypically recessive to EmtS, which is consistent with the ribosomal location of the genetic change.", "PMID": 837444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2679", "title": "A cytoskeletal structure with associated polyribosomes obtained from HeLa cells.", "content": "A method is described by which HeLa cells can be fractionated to reveal a skeletal-like structure in the cytoplasm. This cytoskeleton has many of the cell's ultrastructural features, such as 100A filaments, microfilaments, centrioles, and microspikes, although most of the cellular protein, membranes, and microtubules have been extracted. Associated with the cytoskeleton are most of the polysomal, but not the monomeric, ribosomes. These polysomes are distributed throughout the cytoskeleton except in the region of the 100A filaments, which resembles the distribution in intact cells. Degradation of mRNA with low levels of ribonuclease releases most ribosomes from the cytoskeleton. Prior disaggregation of polyribosomes in vivo releases ribosomes but not mRNA. Cytochalasin B administered in vivo releases the mRNA from the cytoskeleton. These results suggest an attachment of polyribosomes to the cytoskeleton via mRNA.", "contents": "A cytoskeletal structure with associated polyribosomes obtained from HeLa cells. A method is described by which HeLa cells can be fractionated to reveal a skeletal-like structure in the cytoplasm. This cytoskeleton has many of the cell's ultrastructural features, such as 100A filaments, microfilaments, centrioles, and microspikes, although most of the cellular protein, membranes, and microtubules have been extracted. Associated with the cytoskeleton are most of the polysomal, but not the monomeric, ribosomes. These polysomes are distributed throughout the cytoskeleton except in the region of the 100A filaments, which resembles the distribution in intact cells. Degradation of mRNA with low levels of ribonuclease releases most ribosomes from the cytoskeleton. Prior disaggregation of polyribosomes in vivo releases ribosomes but not mRNA. Cytochalasin B administered in vivo releases the mRNA from the cytoskeleton. These results suggest an attachment of polyribosomes to the cytoskeleton via mRNA.", "PMID": 837445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2680", "title": "Visualization and mapping of late nuclear adenovirus RNA.", "content": "Nuclei of KB cells harvested at late stages of productive infection with adenovirus type 2 (Ad2) harbor RNA molecules which measure up to 13 mum in length, as determined by electron microscopy of denatured RNA. While some of the molecules display features of secondary structure that are characteristic for precursor rRNA, our interest was in those showing almost no intramolecular folding. When hybridized to double stranded viral DNA under conditions which favor RNA:DNA duplex formation, nuclear AD2 RNA displaces the homologous DNA region and generates R loop structures whose size is proportional to the length of the hybridizing RNA. Slowly sedimenting RNA forms small R loops, whereas RNA of high sedimentation velocity generates loops that span a large proportion of the DNA length. Using SV40 sequences within Ad2+ND4 hybrid DNA as a position marker, we oriented many of the R loops on the conventional Ad2 map. Our analysis was restricted to the most abundant sequences of late Ad2 nuclear RNA participating in R loop formation. A small but significant proportion of large RNA generates loops between map positions 0.3 and 0.9. The much more frequent RNA of intermediate size (although larger than mRNA) hybridizes with midpoints near map positions 0.55 and 0.88--that is, near the gene locations for hexon and fiber. Our findings are compatible with the idea that the nuclear RNAs visualized in this study are intermediates in a processing pathway leading to mature forms of late Ad2 mRNA.", "contents": "Visualization and mapping of late nuclear adenovirus RNA. Nuclei of KB cells harvested at late stages of productive infection with adenovirus type 2 (Ad2) harbor RNA molecules which measure up to 13 mum in length, as determined by electron microscopy of denatured RNA. While some of the molecules display features of secondary structure that are characteristic for precursor rRNA, our interest was in those showing almost no intramolecular folding. When hybridized to double stranded viral DNA under conditions which favor RNA:DNA duplex formation, nuclear AD2 RNA displaces the homologous DNA region and generates R loop structures whose size is proportional to the length of the hybridizing RNA. Slowly sedimenting RNA forms small R loops, whereas RNA of high sedimentation velocity generates loops that span a large proportion of the DNA length. Using SV40 sequences within Ad2+ND4 hybrid DNA as a position marker, we oriented many of the R loops on the conventional Ad2 map. Our analysis was restricted to the most abundant sequences of late Ad2 nuclear RNA participating in R loop formation. A small but significant proportion of large RNA generates loops between map positions 0.3 and 0.9. The much more frequent RNA of intermediate size (although larger than mRNA) hybridizes with midpoints near map positions 0.55 and 0.88--that is, near the gene locations for hexon and fiber. Our findings are compatible with the idea that the nuclear RNAs visualized in this study are intermediates in a processing pathway leading to mature forms of late Ad2 mRNA.", "PMID": 837447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2681", "title": "How a single Sindbis virus mRNA directs the synthesis of one soluble protein and two integral membrane glycoproteins.", "content": "Previous work has shown that the 26S RNA found in Sindbis-infected chicken embryo fibroblasts encodes the three viral structural proteins, one internal protein, core, and two membrane glycoproteins, E1 and E2. This mRNA has one initiation site; core, E1, and E2 are derived by proteolytic cleavage. Here we show that during infection, the 26S RNA is found mainly in membrane-bound polysomes which synthesize all three virion structural proteins. These polysomes are released from the membrane upon treatment with puromycin and high salt. Newly synthesized core protein is localized on the cytoplasmic side of endoplasmic reticulum membranes, while newly synthesized envelope proteins are sequestered by the lipid bilayer. These results suggest that the nascent glycoproteins, presumably their amino termini, are of major importance in directing the binding of polysomes containing 26S mRNA to endoplasmic reticulum membranes and the subsequent transfer of glycoproteins into the bilayer.", "contents": "How a single Sindbis virus mRNA directs the synthesis of one soluble protein and two integral membrane glycoproteins. Previous work has shown that the 26S RNA found in Sindbis-infected chicken embryo fibroblasts encodes the three viral structural proteins, one internal protein, core, and two membrane glycoproteins, E1 and E2. This mRNA has one initiation site; core, E1, and E2 are derived by proteolytic cleavage. Here we show that during infection, the 26S RNA is found mainly in membrane-bound polysomes which synthesize all three virion structural proteins. These polysomes are released from the membrane upon treatment with puromycin and high salt. Newly synthesized core protein is localized on the cytoplasmic side of endoplasmic reticulum membranes, while newly synthesized envelope proteins are sequestered by the lipid bilayer. These results suggest that the nascent glycoproteins, presumably their amino termini, are of major importance in directing the binding of polysomes containing 26S mRNA to endoplasmic reticulum membranes and the subsequent transfer of glycoproteins into the bilayer.", "PMID": 837448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2682", "title": "Messenger RNA for myosin polypeptides: isolation from single myogenic cell cultures.", "content": "Messenger RNA which stimilates the synthesis of myosin heavy chain in a reticulocyte lysate has been isolated from single myogenic cell cultures. Specific myosin polypeptides have been identified by immunoprecipitation with an antibody made to purified adult chicken skeletal muscle myosin. This mRNA binds to oligo(dT)-cellulose, and an active fraction from sucrose gradients migrates as 26S on formamide-polyacrylamide gels. The relative amount of this RNA increases dramatically at the time of terminal differentiation.", "contents": "Messenger RNA for myosin polypeptides: isolation from single myogenic cell cultures. Messenger RNA which stimilates the synthesis of myosin heavy chain in a reticulocyte lysate has been isolated from single myogenic cell cultures. Specific myosin polypeptides have been identified by immunoprecipitation with an antibody made to purified adult chicken skeletal muscle myosin. This mRNA binds to oligo(dT)-cellulose, and an active fraction from sucrose gradients migrates as 26S on formamide-polyacrylamide gels. The relative amount of this RNA increases dramatically at the time of terminal differentiation.", "PMID": 837449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2683", "title": "Procollagen and collagen produced by a teratocarcinoma-derived cell line, TSD4: evidence for a new molecular form of collagen.", "content": "Procollagen and collagen were isolated from the culture medium and cell layer of line TSD4 (obtained from mouse teratocarcinoma OTT6050). SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the highly purified procollagen fraction demonstrated that the fraction is composed of theta chains (150,000 daltons), pro alpha chains (130,000 daltons), and alpha chains (100,000 daltons). Limited pepsin digestion of this fraction yielded a single species of collagen molecules having a chain composition (alpha1)3, as did collagen isolated from the cell layer. Each alpha1 chain appears to be slightly larger than alpha1 chains from calf or human type I and type III collagen. Amino acid analysis and cyanogen bromide peptide profiles of pepsin-treated TSD4 collagen demonstrated significant differences from those of other collagens (II, III, IV) of the type alpha1(X)3, although similar to that of the alpha1 chain of type I collagen, [alpha1(1)]2alpha2. Taken together, acrylamide gel electrophoresis, amino acid composition, electron microscopy, and cyanogen bromide peptide analysis indicate that this material represents a new molecular species of collagen not previously characterized, probably related to [alpha1(I)]3.", "contents": "Procollagen and collagen produced by a teratocarcinoma-derived cell line, TSD4: evidence for a new molecular form of collagen. Procollagen and collagen were isolated from the culture medium and cell layer of line TSD4 (obtained from mouse teratocarcinoma OTT6050). SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the highly purified procollagen fraction demonstrated that the fraction is composed of theta chains (150,000 daltons), pro alpha chains (130,000 daltons), and alpha chains (100,000 daltons). Limited pepsin digestion of this fraction yielded a single species of collagen molecules having a chain composition (alpha1)3, as did collagen isolated from the cell layer. Each alpha1 chain appears to be slightly larger than alpha1 chains from calf or human type I and type III collagen. Amino acid analysis and cyanogen bromide peptide profiles of pepsin-treated TSD4 collagen demonstrated significant differences from those of other collagens (II, III, IV) of the type alpha1(X)3, although similar to that of the alpha1 chain of type I collagen, [alpha1(1)]2alpha2. Taken together, acrylamide gel electrophoresis, amino acid composition, electron microscopy, and cyanogen bromide peptide analysis indicate that this material represents a new molecular species of collagen not previously characterized, probably related to [alpha1(I)]3.", "PMID": 837450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2684", "title": "Clonal variation in colony morphology and growth of CHO cells cultured on agar.", "content": "Single Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells plated on agar form macroscopic colonies with high efficiency. Colonies produced by cells from the uncloned cell line increase in diameter continuously for 10-12 days after plating to form mounds of cells about 1 mm in diameter. With further incubation, some of these colonies do not increase in diameter (arrested dome), some form an expanding annular monolayer of cells around the central mount (fried egg), and some grow by enlarging the central mound into a low multilayered disc (saucer). These colony types on agar appear to be clonal characteristics of the CHO cell line. Cloning the line gives two kinds of isolates: one forms a mixture of arrested dome and fried egg colonies in an inheritable ratio, and the other forms saucer colonies. Cells from saucer colonies form saucer colonies when replated on agar. Cells from all colony types replate with similar efficiency on plastic or agar, and exhibit the same growth rate and cell size in liquid suspension culture. On plastic substrate, all these CHO cells form colonies which increase continuously in diameter for as long as 21 days, and little clonal difference in the morphology of colonies or of single cells is observed. These observations reveal a previously unsuspected heterogeneity in an established line of cultured mammalian cells and provide a method for studying new classes of in vitro growth control phenomena. These control phenomena may help in the building an in vitro model for tumor growth.", "contents": "Clonal variation in colony morphology and growth of CHO cells cultured on agar. Single Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells plated on agar form macroscopic colonies with high efficiency. Colonies produced by cells from the uncloned cell line increase in diameter continuously for 10-12 days after plating to form mounds of cells about 1 mm in diameter. With further incubation, some of these colonies do not increase in diameter (arrested dome), some form an expanding annular monolayer of cells around the central mount (fried egg), and some grow by enlarging the central mound into a low multilayered disc (saucer). These colony types on agar appear to be clonal characteristics of the CHO cell line. Cloning the line gives two kinds of isolates: one forms a mixture of arrested dome and fried egg colonies in an inheritable ratio, and the other forms saucer colonies. Cells from saucer colonies form saucer colonies when replated on agar. Cells from all colony types replate with similar efficiency on plastic or agar, and exhibit the same growth rate and cell size in liquid suspension culture. On plastic substrate, all these CHO cells form colonies which increase continuously in diameter for as long as 21 days, and little clonal difference in the morphology of colonies or of single cells is observed. These observations reveal a previously unsuspected heterogeneity in an established line of cultured mammalian cells and provide a method for studying new classes of in vitro growth control phenomena. These control phenomena may help in the building an in vitro model for tumor growth.", "PMID": 837451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2685", "title": "Metallothionein synthesis as an indication of the parenchymal origin of cells cultured from liver.", "content": "A line of cell derived from pig liver has been shown to retain the ability to synthesize zinc-thionein and to respond to Cd2+ with a greatly increased metallothionein synthesis, a property specific for liver and kidney parenchymal cells.", "contents": "Metallothionein synthesis as an indication of the parenchymal origin of cells cultured from liver. A line of cell derived from pig liver has been shown to retain the ability to synthesize zinc-thionein and to respond to Cd2+ with a greatly increased metallothionein synthesis, a property specific for liver and kidney parenchymal cells.", "PMID": 837461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2686", "title": "Heavy metal complexation in polluted molluscs. I. Limpets (Patella vulgata and Patella intermedia).", "content": "The accumulation of cadmium, zinc and copper by the marine gastropod molluscs Patella vulgata and Patella intermedia has been studied by gel permeation chromatography of water-soluble extracts of environmentally contaminated shellfish. A major proportion of the water-soluble cadmium and copper in these molluscs is associated with a protein of molecular weight 10 800 daltons. Evidence is presented supporting the similarity of this protein with mammalian metallothionein. This protein contained only a small proportion of the zinc found in the samples.", "contents": "Heavy metal complexation in polluted molluscs. I. Limpets (Patella vulgata and Patella intermedia). The accumulation of cadmium, zinc and copper by the marine gastropod molluscs Patella vulgata and Patella intermedia has been studied by gel permeation chromatography of water-soluble extracts of environmentally contaminated shellfish. A major proportion of the water-soluble cadmium and copper in these molluscs is associated with a protein of molecular weight 10 800 daltons. Evidence is presented supporting the similarity of this protein with mammalian metallothionein. This protein contained only a small proportion of the zinc found in the samples.", "PMID": 837462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2687", "title": "The in vitro oxidative metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene in human liver measured by different assays.", "content": "The specific metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene (BP) in adult human liver samples was studied by using triated BP and thin-layer chromatographic separation of metabolites and by using the conventional fluorometric assay. The incubation in vitro of BP with human liver homogenates yielded the usual pattern of metabolites, including several dihydrodiols, phenols and quinones, as well as products bound convalently to protein. Interindividual variation in the production of different metabolites were very large, several ten-fold. The over-all metabolism was inhibited by aminopyrine and SKF 525A but not by 7,8-benzoflavone. The formation of dihydrodiols was inhibited by several epoxide hydratase inhibitors with consequent accumulation of phenols and an unidentified metabolite (possibly BP 4,5-oxide). Radiometric measurement of phenols, total dihydrodiols and individual dihydrodiols correlated well with the fluorometric assay of BP hydroxylase activity.", "contents": "The in vitro oxidative metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene in human liver measured by different assays. The specific metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene (BP) in adult human liver samples was studied by using triated BP and thin-layer chromatographic separation of metabolites and by using the conventional fluorometric assay. The incubation in vitro of BP with human liver homogenates yielded the usual pattern of metabolites, including several dihydrodiols, phenols and quinones, as well as products bound convalently to protein. Interindividual variation in the production of different metabolites were very large, several ten-fold. The over-all metabolism was inhibited by aminopyrine and SKF 525A but not by 7,8-benzoflavone. The formation of dihydrodiols was inhibited by several epoxide hydratase inhibitors with consequent accumulation of phenols and an unidentified metabolite (possibly BP 4,5-oxide). Radiometric measurement of phenols, total dihydrodiols and individual dihydrodiols correlated well with the fluorometric assay of BP hydroxylase activity.", "PMID": 837464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2688", "title": "Studies on the structure--activity relationship among aliphatic and aromatic bisguanylhydrazones and some related compounds.", "content": "A total of 18 compounds consisting of 7 alphatic and 7 aromatic bis(guanylhydrazones), p-quinone-bis(guanylhydrazone), one monoguanylhydrazone, one diamidine and one diguanidine were studied spectrophotometrically to determine their ability to interact with native calf-thymus DNA and the possible correlation of binding with biological activity. In each case, the ability of a compound to bind to DNA correlate with its ability to inhibit the activity of DNA-dependent DNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.7) extracted from mouse leukemia L1210 cells. For example, all the aromatic bis-guanylhydrazones and diamidine (hydroxystilbamidine), which were good inhibitors of the enzyme activity, showed a biphasic interaction with DNA. All the aliphatic compounds displayed no detectable interaction with DNA in the Tris buffer used, and were also poor inhibitors of the polymerase activity. Interaction of decamethylene diguanide (Synthalin with DNA could not be determined because the compound does not absorb light in the UV-VIS region. However, in similarity with other aliphatic compounds, this agent was a poor inhibitor of DNA polymerase reduction. The p-quinone-bis(guanyl-hydrazone) and p-phenylbenzaldehyde-monoguanylhydrazone showed only a monophasic interaction with DNA and caused an intermediate inhibition of the enzyme activity. When tested for possible anti-leukemic activity against i.p. L1210 leukemia in syngeneic DBA/2J mice, all the aromatic bis-guanylhydrazones as well as hydroxystilbamidine caused prolongation of survival of tumor-bearing mice. Among the aliphatic bisguanylhydrazones, all of which showed no binding to DNA and caused at the most only a very slight inhibition of DNA polymerase, only methylglyoxal-bis(guanylhydrazone) (CH3--G) had antileukemic activity. Synthalin also inhibited leukemia growth. Evidences presented indicate that the mechanisms of action of aliphatic and aromatic bisguanylhydrazones may be quite different. Furthermore, the ability to bind to DNA may be a useful criterion to predict the antileukemic activity of aromatic guanylhydrazones and possibly other aromatic-bis-cationic compounds, but not that of aliphatic congeners.", "contents": "Studies on the structure--activity relationship among aliphatic and aromatic bisguanylhydrazones and some related compounds. A total of 18 compounds consisting of 7 alphatic and 7 aromatic bis(guanylhydrazones), p-quinone-bis(guanylhydrazone), one monoguanylhydrazone, one diamidine and one diguanidine were studied spectrophotometrically to determine their ability to interact with native calf-thymus DNA and the possible correlation of binding with biological activity. In each case, the ability of a compound to bind to DNA correlate with its ability to inhibit the activity of DNA-dependent DNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.7) extracted from mouse leukemia L1210 cells. For example, all the aromatic bis-guanylhydrazones and diamidine (hydroxystilbamidine), which were good inhibitors of the enzyme activity, showed a biphasic interaction with DNA. All the aliphatic compounds displayed no detectable interaction with DNA in the Tris buffer used, and were also poor inhibitors of the polymerase activity. Interaction of decamethylene diguanide (Synthalin with DNA could not be determined because the compound does not absorb light in the UV-VIS region. However, in similarity with other aliphatic compounds, this agent was a poor inhibitor of DNA polymerase reduction. The p-quinone-bis(guanyl-hydrazone) and p-phenylbenzaldehyde-monoguanylhydrazone showed only a monophasic interaction with DNA and caused an intermediate inhibition of the enzyme activity. When tested for possible anti-leukemic activity against i.p. L1210 leukemia in syngeneic DBA/2J mice, all the aromatic bis-guanylhydrazones as well as hydroxystilbamidine caused prolongation of survival of tumor-bearing mice. Among the aliphatic bisguanylhydrazones, all of which showed no binding to DNA and caused at the most only a very slight inhibition of DNA polymerase, only methylglyoxal-bis(guanylhydrazone) (CH3--G) had antileukemic activity. Synthalin also inhibited leukemia growth. Evidences presented indicate that the mechanisms of action of aliphatic and aromatic bisguanylhydrazones may be quite different. Furthermore, the ability to bind to DNA may be a useful criterion to predict the antileukemic activity of aromatic guanylhydrazones and possibly other aromatic-bis-cationic compounds, but not that of aliphatic congeners.", "PMID": 837465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2689", "title": "Trypan blue: identification and teratogenic and oncogenic activities of its coloured constituents.", "content": "Three coloured substances frequently present as contaminants in commercial samples of trypan blue have been identified as those monoazo dyes in which 4-amino-3,3'-dimethyl-biphenyl, 4-amino-3,3'-dimethyl-4'-hydroxy-biphenyl or omicroc-tolidine are coupled to H-acid. These dyes have been synthesized and, together with purified samples of trypan blue, tested for teratogenic activity in mice and oncogenic activity in rats. Unpurified trypan blue was both teratogenic and oncogenic; purified trypan blue, was teratogenic but only weakly oncogenic; the monoazo dyes possessed neither activity. It is concluded that the main blue component of trypan blue is the teratogenic principle and that some as yet unidentified component of the purple fraction either is the main oncogenic principle or potentiates the action of the blue component.", "contents": "Trypan blue: identification and teratogenic and oncogenic activities of its coloured constituents. Three coloured substances frequently present as contaminants in commercial samples of trypan blue have been identified as those monoazo dyes in which 4-amino-3,3'-dimethyl-biphenyl, 4-amino-3,3'-dimethyl-4'-hydroxy-biphenyl or omicroc-tolidine are coupled to H-acid. These dyes have been synthesized and, together with purified samples of trypan blue, tested for teratogenic activity in mice and oncogenic activity in rats. Unpurified trypan blue was both teratogenic and oncogenic; purified trypan blue, was teratogenic but only weakly oncogenic; the monoazo dyes possessed neither activity. It is concluded that the main blue component of trypan blue is the teratogenic principle and that some as yet unidentified component of the purple fraction either is the main oncogenic principle or potentiates the action of the blue component.", "PMID": 837466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2690", "title": "Action of 1,10-phenanthroline transition metal chelates on P388 mouse lymphocyte leukaemic cells.", "content": "(1)Fully coordinated 1,10-phenanthroline and 2,2'-bipyridine chelates of Ru(II) are lethal in vitro to cultured and ascites P388 mouse lymphocytic leukaemic cells; 1,10-phenanthroline chelates are generally more potent than corresponding 2,2'-bipyridine compounds, and mixed-ligand (acetylacetonato) monovalent chelates of both series are more active than the corresponding identical-ligand divalent chelates. Lethal potency is greatest for Ru(II) chelates containing highly alkylated ligands. (2) Within two series of tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline chelates, the inert Ru(II) and Ni(II) members are less active against P388 cultured and ascites cells than the corresponding more labile chelates of Cu(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), Fe(II), and Co(II); for the ascites cells, the rank order of lethal potency of the chelates correlates reasonably well with their anticipated rank order of kinetic reactivity. (3) Repeated subculture of P388 cells in the presence of a mixed-ligand Ru(II) chelate has produced a cell line that shows a stable 10-fold resistance to the chelate; the resistant cell line is selectively cross-resistant to certain Ru(II) identical and mixed-ligand chelates. (4) The presence of a fluorescent Ru(II) chelate has been demonstrated at the surface and within the cytoplasm and nucleus of P388 ascites cells exposed to it either in vitro or in the mouse. (5) Ru(II) and Cu(II) chelates of tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline do not appear to be chemotherapeutically active against P388 ascites cells in the mouse.", "contents": "Action of 1,10-phenanthroline transition metal chelates on P388 mouse lymphocyte leukaemic cells. (1)Fully coordinated 1,10-phenanthroline and 2,2'-bipyridine chelates of Ru(II) are lethal in vitro to cultured and ascites P388 mouse lymphocytic leukaemic cells; 1,10-phenanthroline chelates are generally more potent than corresponding 2,2'-bipyridine compounds, and mixed-ligand (acetylacetonato) monovalent chelates of both series are more active than the corresponding identical-ligand divalent chelates. Lethal potency is greatest for Ru(II) chelates containing highly alkylated ligands. (2) Within two series of tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline chelates, the inert Ru(II) and Ni(II) members are less active against P388 cultured and ascites cells than the corresponding more labile chelates of Cu(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), Fe(II), and Co(II); for the ascites cells, the rank order of lethal potency of the chelates correlates reasonably well with their anticipated rank order of kinetic reactivity. (3) Repeated subculture of P388 cells in the presence of a mixed-ligand Ru(II) chelate has produced a cell line that shows a stable 10-fold resistance to the chelate; the resistant cell line is selectively cross-resistant to certain Ru(II) identical and mixed-ligand chelates. (4) The presence of a fluorescent Ru(II) chelate has been demonstrated at the surface and within the cytoplasm and nucleus of P388 ascites cells exposed to it either in vitro or in the mouse. (5) Ru(II) and Cu(II) chelates of tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline do not appear to be chemotherapeutically active against P388 ascites cells in the mouse.", "PMID": 837467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2691", "title": "Characteristics of rat aortic baroreceptors with nonmedullated afferent nerve fibers.", "content": "Nervous activity was recorded from nonmedullated afferent baroreceptor fibers in the left aortic nerve of normotensive rats. The aortic arch was perfused in vitro with oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit solution. Two different patterns of aortic C fiber discharge were found. One type (5 of 29 fibers) had a regular discharge at constant pressure whereas the other type had an irregular discharge. The differences between the two types were independent of the mean steady state rates of discharge. The average threshold pressure for the receptors with the regular discharge was 87 mm Hg (range, 65-125); it was 152 mm Hg (range, 85-260) for the irregularly discharging receptors. During a pressure step the receptors in either group normally showed an initial high frequency burst of activity and a sustained discharge which had a lower frequency. Furthermore, the peak discharge and the sustained discharge were lower on the average in the receptors with the irregular type of firing. We also found that addition of norepinephrine to the perfusate lowered threshold. Since unmyelinated axons are the predominant fiber type in the rat aortic nerve and since some receptors are activated at physiological pressures they may contribute to the tonic control of blood pressure. Their effects should be particularly important when the blood pressure is increased.", "contents": "Characteristics of rat aortic baroreceptors with nonmedullated afferent nerve fibers. Nervous activity was recorded from nonmedullated afferent baroreceptor fibers in the left aortic nerve of normotensive rats. The aortic arch was perfused in vitro with oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit solution. Two different patterns of aortic C fiber discharge were found. One type (5 of 29 fibers) had a regular discharge at constant pressure whereas the other type had an irregular discharge. The differences between the two types were independent of the mean steady state rates of discharge. The average threshold pressure for the receptors with the regular discharge was 87 mm Hg (range, 65-125); it was 152 mm Hg (range, 85-260) for the irregularly discharging receptors. During a pressure step the receptors in either group normally showed an initial high frequency burst of activity and a sustained discharge which had a lower frequency. Furthermore, the peak discharge and the sustained discharge were lower on the average in the receptors with the irregular type of firing. We also found that addition of norepinephrine to the perfusate lowered threshold. Since unmyelinated axons are the predominant fiber type in the rat aortic nerve and since some receptors are activated at physiological pressures they may contribute to the tonic control of blood pressure. Their effects should be particularly important when the blood pressure is increased.", "PMID": 837469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2692", "title": "Intrarenal renin-angiotensin-sodium interdependent mechanism controlling postclamp renal artery pressure and renin release in the conscious dog with chronic one-kidney Goldblatt hypertension.", "content": "We studied postclamp renal artery pressure and renin release in eight conscious dogs with one-kidney Goldblatt hypertension. On normal sodium intake, intrarenal blockade of angiotensin II with Sar1-Ala8-angiotension II (P-113, saralasin acetate) markedly decreased postclamp renal artery pressure and increased renin release during the first 5 days after renal artery constriction. We found that 10-14 days after renal artery constriction, the maintenance of postclamp renal artery pressure and negative feedback on renin release became markedly less dependent on angiotensin II, as shown by almost no change in postclamp renal pressure or renin release with intrarenal blockade of angiotensin II. At this stage of our study the dogs were given a sodium diet of less than 5 mEq/day and we found that within 5-10 days intrarenal blockade of angiotensin II once again markedly decreased postclamp renal artery pressure and increased renin release. These observations support the concept of an angiotensin II-sodium interdependent negative feedback mechanism for renin release.", "contents": "Intrarenal renin-angiotensin-sodium interdependent mechanism controlling postclamp renal artery pressure and renin release in the conscious dog with chronic one-kidney Goldblatt hypertension. We studied postclamp renal artery pressure and renin release in eight conscious dogs with one-kidney Goldblatt hypertension. On normal sodium intake, intrarenal blockade of angiotensin II with Sar1-Ala8-angiotension II (P-113, saralasin acetate) markedly decreased postclamp renal artery pressure and increased renin release during the first 5 days after renal artery constriction. We found that 10-14 days after renal artery constriction, the maintenance of postclamp renal artery pressure and negative feedback on renin release became markedly less dependent on angiotensin II, as shown by almost no change in postclamp renal pressure or renin release with intrarenal blockade of angiotensin II. At this stage of our study the dogs were given a sodium diet of less than 5 mEq/day and we found that within 5-10 days intrarenal blockade of angiotensin II once again markedly decreased postclamp renal artery pressure and increased renin release. These observations support the concept of an angiotensin II-sodium interdependent negative feedback mechanism for renin release.", "PMID": 837470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2693", "title": "Pressor response to 1-sar-8-ala-angiotensin II (saralasin) in hypertensive subjects.", "content": "An angiotensin II (A II) analogue (1-Sar-8-Ala-angiotensin II) (saralasin) was infused into 418 untreated hypertensive subjects during a 1-day evaluation while blood pressure was recorded every 2 minutes by Arteriosonade. At 5 mug/kg per min, saralasin produced a change in mean blood pressure which correlated significantly (r=-0.54, P less than 0.001) with the stimulated plasma renin activity (PRA) (after intravenous furosemide and ambulation for 2 hours. Saralasin caused a rise inmean blood pressure of at least 7.0 mm Hg in 97 hypertensive subjects, who also had a low stimulated PRA (1.3+/-SEM, 0.1 ng/ml per hour; normal range, 1.7-8.5). On a low sodium diet, the pressor response of hypertensive subjects to saralasin continued and was an even better indicator of a low stimulated PRA. Infusion of saralasin at 10 mug/kg per min into normal subjects on an unrestricted diet, a low sodium diet, and a high sodium diet produced, respectively, no change, a fall (P less than 0.05), and a rise (P less than 0.005) in blood pressure. The same saralasin dose in six hypertensive subjects who showed a pressor response to the analogue in the 1-day study also produced a rise in blood pressure when given on a low sodium diet, and this rise was more than twice that seen in normal subjects on a high sodium diet. Hypertensive subjects who showed the pressor response had a significantly greater (P less than 0.01) pressor sensitivity to A II than did hypertensive nonresponders to saralasin and noraml subjects on an uncontrolled diet. The affinity of the vascular receptors for the analogue was greater in the hypertensive group that showed the pressor response to saralasin. In summary, the pressor response to saralasin, as defined above, occurred in 23% of a large unselected group of hypertensive subjects and was associated with salt loading, a low stimulated PRA, and increased pressor sensitivity to A II.", "contents": "Pressor response to 1-sar-8-ala-angiotensin II (saralasin) in hypertensive subjects. An angiotensin II (A II) analogue (1-Sar-8-Ala-angiotensin II) (saralasin) was infused into 418 untreated hypertensive subjects during a 1-day evaluation while blood pressure was recorded every 2 minutes by Arteriosonade. At 5 mug/kg per min, saralasin produced a change in mean blood pressure which correlated significantly (r=-0.54, P less than 0.001) with the stimulated plasma renin activity (PRA) (after intravenous furosemide and ambulation for 2 hours. Saralasin caused a rise inmean blood pressure of at least 7.0 mm Hg in 97 hypertensive subjects, who also had a low stimulated PRA (1.3+/-SEM, 0.1 ng/ml per hour; normal range, 1.7-8.5). On a low sodium diet, the pressor response of hypertensive subjects to saralasin continued and was an even better indicator of a low stimulated PRA. Infusion of saralasin at 10 mug/kg per min into normal subjects on an unrestricted diet, a low sodium diet, and a high sodium diet produced, respectively, no change, a fall (P less than 0.05), and a rise (P less than 0.005) in blood pressure. The same saralasin dose in six hypertensive subjects who showed a pressor response to the analogue in the 1-day study also produced a rise in blood pressure when given on a low sodium diet, and this rise was more than twice that seen in normal subjects on a high sodium diet. Hypertensive subjects who showed the pressor response had a significantly greater (P less than 0.01) pressor sensitivity to A II than did hypertensive nonresponders to saralasin and noraml subjects on an uncontrolled diet. The affinity of the vascular receptors for the analogue was greater in the hypertensive group that showed the pressor response to saralasin. In summary, the pressor response to saralasin, as defined above, occurred in 23% of a large unselected group of hypertensive subjects and was associated with salt loading, a low stimulated PRA, and increased pressor sensitivity to A II.", "PMID": 837471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2694", "title": "Length-dependent activation: its effect on the length-tension relation in cat ventricular muscle.", "content": "In cat papillary muscles at 30 degrees C, bathed with Tyrode's solution containing 2.25 mM Ca2+, the effect of various inotropic interventions (varying the stimulus frequency and continual paired stimulation) on the shape of the steady state length-tension relation was examined at lengths from Lmax, where tension production is maximal, to 0.87 Lmax. The relative steepness of the length-tension curves for peak tension developed (DT) and for maximum rate of tension development (dT/dT) varied inversely with the degree of potentiation. Thus, during paired pulse stimulation the relative decline in DT and dT/dT for a given change in muscle length was significantly less than the decline observed during stimulation at 5 min-1. When a muscle was stretched DT did not reach its final steady level for several minutes, and this slow increase in DT contributed significantly to the steepness of the steady state length-tension relation. The half-time of the slow increase in DT exhibited beat-dependency, and conditions that reduce the transsarcolemmal influx of calcium (reduction in bathing [Ca2+] or the presence of verapamil) significantly prolonged the time course of the slow increase and reduced its magnitude. These results support the hypothesis (1) that there is length-dependence of the excitation-contraction coupling process, such that an increase in muscle length is accompanied by greater activation of the contractile system; and (2) that this is due at least in part to an increased influx of calcium into the muscle cells. The implication of this hypothesis is that the influence of muscle length on myocardial performance (the Frank-Starling relation) should not be regarded as fundamentally different in character from other inotropic interventions.", "contents": "Length-dependent activation: its effect on the length-tension relation in cat ventricular muscle. In cat papillary muscles at 30 degrees C, bathed with Tyrode's solution containing 2.25 mM Ca2+, the effect of various inotropic interventions (varying the stimulus frequency and continual paired stimulation) on the shape of the steady state length-tension relation was examined at lengths from Lmax, where tension production is maximal, to 0.87 Lmax. The relative steepness of the length-tension curves for peak tension developed (DT) and for maximum rate of tension development (dT/dT) varied inversely with the degree of potentiation. Thus, during paired pulse stimulation the relative decline in DT and dT/dT for a given change in muscle length was significantly less than the decline observed during stimulation at 5 min-1. When a muscle was stretched DT did not reach its final steady level for several minutes, and this slow increase in DT contributed significantly to the steepness of the steady state length-tension relation. The half-time of the slow increase in DT exhibited beat-dependency, and conditions that reduce the transsarcolemmal influx of calcium (reduction in bathing [Ca2+] or the presence of verapamil) significantly prolonged the time course of the slow increase and reduced its magnitude. These results support the hypothesis (1) that there is length-dependence of the excitation-contraction coupling process, such that an increase in muscle length is accompanied by greater activation of the contractile system; and (2) that this is due at least in part to an increased influx of calcium into the muscle cells. The implication of this hypothesis is that the influence of muscle length on myocardial performance (the Frank-Starling relation) should not be regarded as fundamentally different in character from other inotropic interventions.", "PMID": 837472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2695", "title": "Relative dipolar behavior of the equivalent T wave generator: quantitative comparison with ventricular excitation in the rabbit heart.", "content": "We studied the relative dipolar and nondipolar content of signal energy throughout ventricular excitation and recovery in 34 isolated, perfused rabbit hearts, suspended in an electrolyte-filled spherical chamber. Computer-processed signals were derived from 20 evenly spaced tank-surface electrodes, and a single, moving, equivalent cardiac dipole generator was optimally fitted to the recorded potentials for each 1-msec sampling interval. Superimposed, time-based plots of signal energy for the 34 preparations showed ventricular excitation to be strikingly more nondipolar than was recovery. In terms of the summed square ratio of nondipolar residual energies, overall nondipolarity of QRS exceed that of ST-T by 41%. Furthermore, the maximum instantaneous ratio during QRS was considerably greater than during the ST-T. Evaluation of paired differences, comparing nondipolar behavior throughout QRS with all of ST-T, proved highly significant (P less than .005). We also found that in contrast to the considerable mobility exhibited by the equivalent QRS dipole, the ST-T dipole locus remained nearly stationary during most of ventricular recovery. Presumably because repolarization is temporally and spatially a relatively diffuse process, it may generate electrical fields which are notably more dipolar than those caused by depolarization.", "contents": "Relative dipolar behavior of the equivalent T wave generator: quantitative comparison with ventricular excitation in the rabbit heart. We studied the relative dipolar and nondipolar content of signal energy throughout ventricular excitation and recovery in 34 isolated, perfused rabbit hearts, suspended in an electrolyte-filled spherical chamber. Computer-processed signals were derived from 20 evenly spaced tank-surface electrodes, and a single, moving, equivalent cardiac dipole generator was optimally fitted to the recorded potentials for each 1-msec sampling interval. Superimposed, time-based plots of signal energy for the 34 preparations showed ventricular excitation to be strikingly more nondipolar than was recovery. In terms of the summed square ratio of nondipolar residual energies, overall nondipolarity of QRS exceed that of ST-T by 41%. Furthermore, the maximum instantaneous ratio during QRS was considerably greater than during the ST-T. Evaluation of paired differences, comparing nondipolar behavior throughout QRS with all of ST-T, proved highly significant (P less than .005). We also found that in contrast to the considerable mobility exhibited by the equivalent QRS dipole, the ST-T dipole locus remained nearly stationary during most of ventricular recovery. Presumably because repolarization is temporally and spatially a relatively diffuse process, it may generate electrical fields which are notably more dipolar than those caused by depolarization.", "PMID": 837473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2696", "title": "The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in rabbits with congestive heart failure produced by aortic constriction.", "content": "Severe constriction of the suprarenal abdominal aorta of 3-kg rabbits to 3.7+/-0.2 mm2 and maintenance of a daily sodium intake of 10 mE q by infusion of 0.9% sodium chloride resulted in a progressive increase in central ear arterial pressure to 106+/-3 (SEM) mm Hg (control=79+/-1). This was accompanied by a progressive increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure to 22+/-2 mm Hg (control=3+/-1), plasma renin activity to 21+/-5 ng of angiotensin/hour per ml (control=5+/-1), plasma aldosterone concentration to 99+/-23 pg/ml (control=14+/-4), and plasma sodium concentration to 142+/-1 mEq/liter (control=136+/-1). Urinary excretion of sodium decreased to 3.9+/-0.7 mEq/day and marked fluid retention occurred. We also found that these changes were accompanied by a decrease in hematocrit to 24+/-2% (control=40+/-1), formation of 36+/-9 ml of fluid in the thoracic cavity, 33+/-9 ml of ascites, pulmonary congestion and edema, hepatic congestion, and enlargement and hypertrophy of both the left and right ventricles. All rabbits died of ventricular failure at a time that was partly related to the degree of aortic constriction and that ranged from 2 to 12 days. The model we have established is chronic, highly reproducible, easy to produce, and inexpensive, and resembles the clinical syndrome of right and left congestive heart failure in man. Furthermore, the studies provide evidence for an important role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the fluid retention that leads to pulmonary and systemic venous congestion after suprarenal aortic constriction.", "contents": "The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in rabbits with congestive heart failure produced by aortic constriction. Severe constriction of the suprarenal abdominal aorta of 3-kg rabbits to 3.7+/-0.2 mm2 and maintenance of a daily sodium intake of 10 mE q by infusion of 0.9% sodium chloride resulted in a progressive increase in central ear arterial pressure to 106+/-3 (SEM) mm Hg (control=79+/-1). This was accompanied by a progressive increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure to 22+/-2 mm Hg (control=3+/-1), plasma renin activity to 21+/-5 ng of angiotensin/hour per ml (control=5+/-1), plasma aldosterone concentration to 99+/-23 pg/ml (control=14+/-4), and plasma sodium concentration to 142+/-1 mEq/liter (control=136+/-1). Urinary excretion of sodium decreased to 3.9+/-0.7 mEq/day and marked fluid retention occurred. We also found that these changes were accompanied by a decrease in hematocrit to 24+/-2% (control=40+/-1), formation of 36+/-9 ml of fluid in the thoracic cavity, 33+/-9 ml of ascites, pulmonary congestion and edema, hepatic congestion, and enlargement and hypertrophy of both the left and right ventricles. All rabbits died of ventricular failure at a time that was partly related to the degree of aortic constriction and that ranged from 2 to 12 days. The model we have established is chronic, highly reproducible, easy to produce, and inexpensive, and resembles the clinical syndrome of right and left congestive heart failure in man. Furthermore, the studies provide evidence for an important role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the fluid retention that leads to pulmonary and systemic venous congestion after suprarenal aortic constriction.", "PMID": 837474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2697", "title": "Influence of a prostaglandin endoperoxide analogue on the canine pulmonary vascular bed.", "content": "We evaluated the effects of an analogue of the prostaglandin endoperoxide, PGH2, in the canine pulmonary vascular bed. The analogue increased pulmonary arterial pressure whereas cardiac output and left atrial pressure were unchanged. Although pulmonary vascular resistance was increased markedly, only small increases in systemic vascular resistance were observed. In experiments in which blood flow to a lobe was maintained constant, the analogue produced dose-related increases in lobar arterial and small vein pressure but little change in left atrial pressure. These data suggest that the analogue increased resistance to flow by constricting intrapulmonary veins and upstream vessels presumed to be small arteries. The increase in resistance was similar when the lung was perfused with dextran or with blood. In addition, the analogue increased inflation pressure; however, similar increments in vascular resistance were obtained in ventilated and nonventilated lung lobes. Indomethacin, in doses which abolished responses to arachidonic acid, did not attenuate the response to the analogue. These results suggest that interaction with formed elements, increases in airway tone, or stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis contribute little if anything to the pressor response to the analogue. These data show that the analogue is far more potent than the bisenoic prostaglandins in the pulmonary vascular bed and suggest that endoperoxides may represent an active form of the prostaglandins in the lung.", "contents": "Influence of a prostaglandin endoperoxide analogue on the canine pulmonary vascular bed. We evaluated the effects of an analogue of the prostaglandin endoperoxide, PGH2, in the canine pulmonary vascular bed. The analogue increased pulmonary arterial pressure whereas cardiac output and left atrial pressure were unchanged. Although pulmonary vascular resistance was increased markedly, only small increases in systemic vascular resistance were observed. In experiments in which blood flow to a lobe was maintained constant, the analogue produced dose-related increases in lobar arterial and small vein pressure but little change in left atrial pressure. These data suggest that the analogue increased resistance to flow by constricting intrapulmonary veins and upstream vessels presumed to be small arteries. The increase in resistance was similar when the lung was perfused with dextran or with blood. In addition, the analogue increased inflation pressure; however, similar increments in vascular resistance were obtained in ventilated and nonventilated lung lobes. Indomethacin, in doses which abolished responses to arachidonic acid, did not attenuate the response to the analogue. These results suggest that interaction with formed elements, increases in airway tone, or stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis contribute little if anything to the pressor response to the analogue. These data show that the analogue is far more potent than the bisenoic prostaglandins in the pulmonary vascular bed and suggest that endoperoxides may represent an active form of the prostaglandins in the lung.", "PMID": 837475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2698", "title": "The diastolic viscous properties of cat papillary muscle.", "content": "The measurement of ventricular diastolic compliance is complicated by the presence of viscous properties. To approach this problem, cat papillary muscles contracting isometrically at 15/min at 26 degrees C were stretched at different velocities during diastole. At a given length there was no excess of force above that defined by the static force-length curve until velocity of stretch exceeded 1 muscle length/sec. At greater velocities of stretch there was an increase of force with increasing velocity of stretch denoting viscous resistance to stretch. The viscous characteristic was alinear and increased with muscle length. At a given muscle length potentiation of contractile state by paired pulse stimulation caused a change in the diastolic force-length curve but there was no apparent relationship between viscous resistance to stretch and contractile state or the length of the \"series viscous element.\" These results lead one to expect viscous resistance to stretch during rapid filling of the intact left ventricle.", "contents": "The diastolic viscous properties of cat papillary muscle. The measurement of ventricular diastolic compliance is complicated by the presence of viscous properties. To approach this problem, cat papillary muscles contracting isometrically at 15/min at 26 degrees C were stretched at different velocities during diastole. At a given length there was no excess of force above that defined by the static force-length curve until velocity of stretch exceeded 1 muscle length/sec. At greater velocities of stretch there was an increase of force with increasing velocity of stretch denoting viscous resistance to stretch. The viscous characteristic was alinear and increased with muscle length. At a given muscle length potentiation of contractile state by paired pulse stimulation caused a change in the diastolic force-length curve but there was no apparent relationship between viscous resistance to stretch and contractile state or the length of the \"series viscous element.\" These results lead one to expect viscous resistance to stretch during rapid filling of the intact left ventricle.", "PMID": 837476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2699", "title": "Mechanism of renin release during acute ureteral constriction in dogs.", "content": "The relationship between renal arterial pressure and renin release was examined in anesthetized dogs during complete or partial ureteral constriction. During complete ureteral occlusion ureteral pressure rose to 95+/-4 mm Hg and renin release increased from 1.7+/-0.7 to 22.3+/-3.1 mug/min; renal blood flow (RBF) was not significantly changed. Renin release was not further increased during subsequent renal arterial constriction; RBF fell in proportion to perfusion pressure, indicating maximum autoregulated arteriolar dilation. During partial ureteral constriction to a ureteral pressure of 65+/-6 mm Hg, renin release was moderately raised but release mechanisms became fully stimulated when renal arterial pressure was reduced to 104+/-3 mm Hg. By further constricted of the renal artery, RBF fell in proportion to perfusion pressure and renin release remained high and constant. In control experiments without ureteral constriction, renal arterial pressure had to be reduced to below 65+/-8 mm Hg to fully stimulate renin release (22.0+/-3.8 mug/ml which is not different from 22.3+/-3.1 mug/min during ureteral occlusion). During partial ureteral constriction, saline infusion (0.9% NaCl at 40 ml/min) raised urine flow, sodium excretion, renal pelvic pressure, and renin release. Thus, the stimulatory effect on renin release of a rise in ureteral pressure exceeded the inhibitory effect of increased sodium excretion. This observation, together with maximum renin release coinciding with complete arteriolar dilation during various combinations of renal arterial and ureteral constriction, is compatible with the conclusion that arteriolar dilation is predominating stimulus to renin release during ureteral constriction.", "contents": "Mechanism of renin release during acute ureteral constriction in dogs. The relationship between renal arterial pressure and renin release was examined in anesthetized dogs during complete or partial ureteral constriction. During complete ureteral occlusion ureteral pressure rose to 95+/-4 mm Hg and renin release increased from 1.7+/-0.7 to 22.3+/-3.1 mug/min; renal blood flow (RBF) was not significantly changed. Renin release was not further increased during subsequent renal arterial constriction; RBF fell in proportion to perfusion pressure, indicating maximum autoregulated arteriolar dilation. During partial ureteral constriction to a ureteral pressure of 65+/-6 mm Hg, renin release was moderately raised but release mechanisms became fully stimulated when renal arterial pressure was reduced to 104+/-3 mm Hg. By further constricted of the renal artery, RBF fell in proportion to perfusion pressure and renin release remained high and constant. In control experiments without ureteral constriction, renal arterial pressure had to be reduced to below 65+/-8 mm Hg to fully stimulate renin release (22.0+/-3.8 mug/ml which is not different from 22.3+/-3.1 mug/min during ureteral occlusion). During partial ureteral constriction, saline infusion (0.9% NaCl at 40 ml/min) raised urine flow, sodium excretion, renal pelvic pressure, and renin release. Thus, the stimulatory effect on renin release of a rise in ureteral pressure exceeded the inhibitory effect of increased sodium excretion. This observation, together with maximum renin release coinciding with complete arteriolar dilation during various combinations of renal arterial and ureteral constriction, is compatible with the conclusion that arteriolar dilation is predominating stimulus to renin release during ureteral constriction.", "PMID": 837477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2700", "title": "Role of the thyroid gland in the development and maintenance of spontaneous hypertension in rats.", "content": "We studied the vascular mechanisms involved  in the prevention of the development of hypertension following thyroidectomy. Ablation of the thyroid gland of 4-week-old spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats inhibited the development of hypertension and reduced the sensitivity of aortic strips to the vasoconstrictors phenylephrine, norepinephrine, and potassium chloride and the vasodilator isoproterenol. Daily injections of a replacement dose of L-thyroxine caused a complete recurrence of hypertension in these rats. This was accompanied by complete recovery of the aortic sensitivity to the vasconstrictors and isoproterenol. In 10-week-old SH rats thyroidectomy prevented a further increase of blood pressure but did not reverse the hypertention. Here, the aortic sensitivity to vasoactive substances also was reduced but to a lesser extent than in the SH rats thyroidectomized at 4 weeks of age. Hypertension was not obviously associated with hyperfunction of the thyroid gland. Furthermore, we found that at 4 weeks of age, during the prehypertensive period, SH rats have a significantly lower (42%) serum thyroxine level than age-matched normotensive Kyoto Wistar, American Wistar, and Sprague-Dawley rats. However, at 6 and 9 weeks, the serum thyroxine levels of SH rats are similar to those of the normotensive rats. In conclusion, we propose that the reduced sensitivity to endogenous vasoconstrictors in arteries of SH rats following juvenile ablation of the thyroid gland may prevent the development of hypertension in these rats. Moreover, the low serum thyroxine level in SH rats during the prehypertensive period may explain why young SH rats do not develop hypertension before 6 weeks of age.", "contents": "Role of the thyroid gland in the development and maintenance of spontaneous hypertension in rats. We studied the vascular mechanisms involved  in the prevention of the development of hypertension following thyroidectomy. Ablation of the thyroid gland of 4-week-old spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats inhibited the development of hypertension and reduced the sensitivity of aortic strips to the vasoconstrictors phenylephrine, norepinephrine, and potassium chloride and the vasodilator isoproterenol. Daily injections of a replacement dose of L-thyroxine caused a complete recurrence of hypertension in these rats. This was accompanied by complete recovery of the aortic sensitivity to the vasconstrictors and isoproterenol. In 10-week-old SH rats thyroidectomy prevented a further increase of blood pressure but did not reverse the hypertention. Here, the aortic sensitivity to vasoactive substances also was reduced but to a lesser extent than in the SH rats thyroidectomized at 4 weeks of age. Hypertension was not obviously associated with hyperfunction of the thyroid gland. Furthermore, we found that at 4 weeks of age, during the prehypertensive period, SH rats have a significantly lower (42%) serum thyroxine level than age-matched normotensive Kyoto Wistar, American Wistar, and Sprague-Dawley rats. However, at 6 and 9 weeks, the serum thyroxine levels of SH rats are similar to those of the normotensive rats. In conclusion, we propose that the reduced sensitivity to endogenous vasoconstrictors in arteries of SH rats following juvenile ablation of the thyroid gland may prevent the development of hypertension in these rats. Moreover, the low serum thyroxine level in SH rats during the prehypertensive period may explain why young SH rats do not develop hypertension before 6 weeks of age.", "PMID": 837478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2701", "title": "Prostaglandins and the control of blood flow in the canine myocardium.", "content": "A comprehensive study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of inhibition of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis on a variety of reactions in the coronary vascular bed of anesthetized, open-chest dogs. In 23 dogs an electromagnetic flow probe (EMFP) and hydraulic occluder were placed around either the left anterior descending or circumflex branches of the coronary artery and a needle was inserted distral to the EMFP. Injections into the coronary artery of arachidonic acid (AA), bradykinin, adenosine, angiotensin, and PGE2 were given before and after inhibition of PG synthesis by indomethacin (IND) or meclofenamate (MF). The effects of the inhibitors on reactive hyperemia resulting from 5-, 10-, 15-, and 20-second occlusions and the dilation resulting from 90-second exposure to 8% O2 were also examined. In each experiment, inhibition of PG synthesis was ascertained by the elimination of vasodilation to AA. After administration of IND or MF, while baseline coronary blood flow was slightly reduced, the total increment of blood flow to vasodilator agents was not significantly altered. Whereas the peak dilation and volume of reactive hyperemia were decreased, the percent flow debt repaid was unchanged and total increment of coronary flow due to hypoxia-induced vasodilation was not significantly modified. Vasoconstrictor responses to angiotensin were also unchanged. These results indicate that while inhibitors of PG synthesis increase coronary resistance, they do not adversely affect vascular responsiveness. We conclude that prostaglandins play little, if any, role in modulating coronary blood flow.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and the control of blood flow in the canine myocardium. A comprehensive study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of inhibition of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis on a variety of reactions in the coronary vascular bed of anesthetized, open-chest dogs. In 23 dogs an electromagnetic flow probe (EMFP) and hydraulic occluder were placed around either the left anterior descending or circumflex branches of the coronary artery and a needle was inserted distral to the EMFP. Injections into the coronary artery of arachidonic acid (AA), bradykinin, adenosine, angiotensin, and PGE2 were given before and after inhibition of PG synthesis by indomethacin (IND) or meclofenamate (MF). The effects of the inhibitors on reactive hyperemia resulting from 5-, 10-, 15-, and 20-second occlusions and the dilation resulting from 90-second exposure to 8% O2 were also examined. In each experiment, inhibition of PG synthesis was ascertained by the elimination of vasodilation to AA. After administration of IND or MF, while baseline coronary blood flow was slightly reduced, the total increment of blood flow to vasodilator agents was not significantly altered. Whereas the peak dilation and volume of reactive hyperemia were decreased, the percent flow debt repaid was unchanged and total increment of coronary flow due to hypoxia-induced vasodilation was not significantly modified. Vasoconstrictor responses to angiotensin were also unchanged. These results indicate that while inhibitors of PG synthesis increase coronary resistance, they do not adversely affect vascular responsiveness. We conclude that prostaglandins play little, if any, role in modulating coronary blood flow.", "PMID": 837479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2702", "title": "The relationship between enzymatic and histologic estimates of the extent of myocardial infarction in conscious dogs with permanent coronary occlusion.", "content": "Relationships between enzyme estimates (EE) and histologic measurements of infarct size (HIS) were analyzed in 14 conscious dogs with permanent occlusion of the circumflex coronary artery. EE were derived from serial CPK, CPK-MM, CPK-MB, and CPK-BB. Estimates were obtained using methods of Shell et al., Norris et al., and Roberts et al. HIS was determined from multiple histologic sections 5-6 days after infarction. In 14 animals, HIS ranged from 0.1-26.6 grams. Regression analysis demonstrated poor correlation (r2 less than 0.06) between EE by each method and HIS. Using the Shell method and restricting the analysis to HIS of less than 13 grams, improved the correlation (r2 = 0.42). Correlation in this subgroup could be further improved by using CPK-MM and MB data, elimination of animals with high background values, or limiting analysis to the portion of the curve where LDH isoenzymes indicated a cardiac zone. When the analysis was restricted to animals with HIS of less than 13 grams, Norris and Roberts modifications as compared to Shell's method improved correlation with CPK-MB but reduced correlation using CPK and CPK-MM data. In this subgroup, each method overestimated extent of HIS; Shell greater than Norris greater than Roberts. In this study it was not possible to distinguish small from large HIS by serum enzyme measurements.", "contents": "The relationship between enzymatic and histologic estimates of the extent of myocardial infarction in conscious dogs with permanent coronary occlusion. Relationships between enzyme estimates (EE) and histologic measurements of infarct size (HIS) were analyzed in 14 conscious dogs with permanent occlusion of the circumflex coronary artery. EE were derived from serial CPK, CPK-MM, CPK-MB, and CPK-BB. Estimates were obtained using methods of Shell et al., Norris et al., and Roberts et al. HIS was determined from multiple histologic sections 5-6 days after infarction. In 14 animals, HIS ranged from 0.1-26.6 grams. Regression analysis demonstrated poor correlation (r2 less than 0.06) between EE by each method and HIS. Using the Shell method and restricting the analysis to HIS of less than 13 grams, improved the correlation (r2 = 0.42). Correlation in this subgroup could be further improved by using CPK-MM and MB data, elimination of animals with high background values, or limiting analysis to the portion of the curve where LDH isoenzymes indicated a cardiac zone. When the analysis was restricted to animals with HIS of less than 13 grams, Norris and Roberts modifications as compared to Shell's method improved correlation with CPK-MB but reduced correlation using CPK and CPK-MM data. In this subgroup, each method overestimated extent of HIS; Shell greater than Norris greater than Roberts. In this study it was not possible to distinguish small from large HIS by serum enzyme measurements.", "PMID": 837480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2703", "title": "The effect of \"ischemic\" blood on transmembrane potentials of normal porcine ventricular myocardium.", "content": "\"Ischemic\" blood was obtained in pigs from a local coronary vein on release of coronary artery occlusion. The effects of this blood on transmembrane potentials of muscle strips taken from the same heart were compared with control blood. Whereas action potentials remained stable in control blood, ischemic blood collected after more than 15 minutes of coronary occlusion produced shortening of action potential duration, reduction of resting potential, upstroke velocity and amplitude, then postrepolarization refractoriness and finally unresponsiveness. Ischemic blood collected after shorter periods of coronary occlusion produced only mild effects (shortening of action potential and postrepolarization refractoriness). These effects of ischemic blood could not be attributed to increased potassium concentration even in combination with acidosis, hypoxia and hypoglycemia. It appears that during ischemia unidentified factors are released which have potent depressant effects on the excitability of even normal myocardium.", "contents": "The effect of \"ischemic\" blood on transmembrane potentials of normal porcine ventricular myocardium. \"Ischemic\" blood was obtained in pigs from a local coronary vein on release of coronary artery occlusion. The effects of this blood on transmembrane potentials of muscle strips taken from the same heart were compared with control blood. Whereas action potentials remained stable in control blood, ischemic blood collected after more than 15 minutes of coronary occlusion produced shortening of action potential duration, reduction of resting potential, upstroke velocity and amplitude, then postrepolarization refractoriness and finally unresponsiveness. Ischemic blood collected after shorter periods of coronary occlusion produced only mild effects (shortening of action potential and postrepolarization refractoriness). These effects of ischemic blood could not be attributed to increased potassium concentration even in combination with acidosis, hypoxia and hypoglycemia. It appears that during ischemia unidentified factors are released which have potent depressant effects on the excitability of even normal myocardium.", "PMID": 837481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2704", "title": "Cryosurgical ablation of the A-V node-His bundle: a new method for producing A-V block.", "content": "A cryosurgical instrument was used to ablate atrioventricular conduction. The procedure was carried out in 20 dogs and subsequently in three patients with drug resistant, life-threatening supraventricular tachycardias. In patients, the cryosurgical unit lowered the temperature of the His bundle area to 0 degrees C, effecting complete but reversible heart block. Rewarming resulted in resumption of normal atrioventricular conduction. The His bundle region then was cooled to -60 degrees C; complete heart block was produced with two or more 90-120 second freezes. Postoperative evaluations revealed persistent atrioventricular conduction block. The lesion showed no tendency to rupture, form aneurysm, or interfere with valvular function. In the clinical cases, postoperative studies demonstrated a stable pacemaker arising proximal to the branching portion of the His bundle. A potential application of the cryosurgical technique might be ablation of sites of dysrhythmia (i.e., ectopic foci, re-entry circuits, accessory pathways).", "contents": "Cryosurgical ablation of the A-V node-His bundle: a new method for producing A-V block. A cryosurgical instrument was used to ablate atrioventricular conduction. The procedure was carried out in 20 dogs and subsequently in three patients with drug resistant, life-threatening supraventricular tachycardias. In patients, the cryosurgical unit lowered the temperature of the His bundle area to 0 degrees C, effecting complete but reversible heart block. Rewarming resulted in resumption of normal atrioventricular conduction. The His bundle region then was cooled to -60 degrees C; complete heart block was produced with two or more 90-120 second freezes. Postoperative evaluations revealed persistent atrioventricular conduction block. The lesion showed no tendency to rupture, form aneurysm, or interfere with valvular function. In the clinical cases, postoperative studies demonstrated a stable pacemaker arising proximal to the branching portion of the His bundle. A potential application of the cryosurgical technique might be ablation of sites of dysrhythmia (i.e., ectopic foci, re-entry circuits, accessory pathways).", "PMID": 837482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2705", "title": "Cryosurgical ablation of accessory atrioventricular connections: a method for correction of the pre-excitation syndrome.", "content": "Cryothermia, a new technique for definitive treatment of the pre-excitation syndrome, is described in two patients. The first patient presented with a normal P-R interval with a delta wave and reciprocating tachycardia. Preoperative electrophysiologic study suggested a free-wall atrioventricular connection on the left posterior atrioventricular (A-V) groove. At surgery, epicardial mapping confirmed the site of pre-excitation on the posterior left ventricular (LV) wall. An electrogram arising from the accessory pathway (AP) was recorded at the site of earliest ventricular activation. Interatrial delay combined with an apparently long accessory pathway to the ventricle caused the P-R interval to appear normal. Local pressure abolished pre-excitation. The site of early ventricular activation was cooled to -60 degrees C with a specially designed cryoprobe. All evidence of pre-excitation and arrhythmias disappeared. The second patient presented with a refractory reciprocating tachycardia and was found to have an AP in the septum capable of only retrograde conduction. Retrograde conduction was abolished by applying a temperature of 0 degrees C to the anulus at this site during tachycardia. Conduction over the AP and reciprocating tachycardia returned with rewarming. Ablation of the AP was obtained by applying a temperature of -60 degrees C for 90 seconds on two occasions to the same area. The His bundle was not injured.", "contents": "Cryosurgical ablation of accessory atrioventricular connections: a method for correction of the pre-excitation syndrome. Cryothermia, a new technique for definitive treatment of the pre-excitation syndrome, is described in two patients. The first patient presented with a normal P-R interval with a delta wave and reciprocating tachycardia. Preoperative electrophysiologic study suggested a free-wall atrioventricular connection on the left posterior atrioventricular (A-V) groove. At surgery, epicardial mapping confirmed the site of pre-excitation on the posterior left ventricular (LV) wall. An electrogram arising from the accessory pathway (AP) was recorded at the site of earliest ventricular activation. Interatrial delay combined with an apparently long accessory pathway to the ventricle caused the P-R interval to appear normal. Local pressure abolished pre-excitation. The site of early ventricular activation was cooled to -60 degrees C with a specially designed cryoprobe. All evidence of pre-excitation and arrhythmias disappeared. The second patient presented with a refractory reciprocating tachycardia and was found to have an AP in the septum capable of only retrograde conduction. Retrograde conduction was abolished by applying a temperature of 0 degrees C to the anulus at this site during tachycardia. Conduction over the AP and reciprocating tachycardia returned with rewarming. Ablation of the AP was obtained by applying a temperature of -60 degrees C for 90 seconds on two occasions to the same area. The His bundle was not injured.", "PMID": 837483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2706", "title": "Prevalence and characteristics of disproportionate ventricular septal thickening in patients with acquired or congenital heart diseases: echocardiographic and morphologic findings.", "content": "Echocardiographic and necropsy studies were performed in 304 patients with various cardiac diseases. The overall prevalence of disproportionate ventricular septal thickening (septal to free wall ratio greater than or equal to 1.3) was 10%. However, it was related to the type of cardiac lesion. Prevalence was high (greater than 20%) in pulmonary stenosis or primary pulmonary hypertension, lower (less than 15%) in Eisenmenger syndrome or aortic or mitral valvular disease and was not present in atrial or ventricular septal defect. In right ventricular overload, prevalence of disproportionate septal thickening correlated with increasing ventricular systolic pressure. None of 16 patients with disproportionate septal thickening studied at necropsy showed marked disorientation of cardiac muscle cells in the ventricular septum, characteristic of genetically transmitted asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH). Furthermore, disproportionate septal thickening was demonstrated by echocardiography in only one of 59 first degree relatives of patients with disproportionate septal thickening and associated cardiac diseases. Thus, disproportionate ventricular septal thickening associated with other cardiac diseases usually is due to secondary hypertrophy and is not a manifestation of genetically transmitted ASH.", "contents": "Prevalence and characteristics of disproportionate ventricular septal thickening in patients with acquired or congenital heart diseases: echocardiographic and morphologic findings. Echocardiographic and necropsy studies were performed in 304 patients with various cardiac diseases. The overall prevalence of disproportionate ventricular septal thickening (septal to free wall ratio greater than or equal to 1.3) was 10%. However, it was related to the type of cardiac lesion. Prevalence was high (greater than 20%) in pulmonary stenosis or primary pulmonary hypertension, lower (less than 15%) in Eisenmenger syndrome or aortic or mitral valvular disease and was not present in atrial or ventricular septal defect. In right ventricular overload, prevalence of disproportionate septal thickening correlated with increasing ventricular systolic pressure. None of 16 patients with disproportionate septal thickening studied at necropsy showed marked disorientation of cardiac muscle cells in the ventricular septum, characteristic of genetically transmitted asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH). Furthermore, disproportionate septal thickening was demonstrated by echocardiography in only one of 59 first degree relatives of patients with disproportionate septal thickening and associated cardiac diseases. Thus, disproportionate ventricular septal thickening associated with other cardiac diseases usually is due to secondary hypertrophy and is not a manifestation of genetically transmitted ASH.", "PMID": 837484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2707", "title": "Reproducibility of thallium-201 myocardial imaging.", "content": "Seventy-six thallium-201 myocardial perfusion studies were performed on twenty-five patients to assess their reproducibility and the effect ofvarying the level of exercise on the results of imaging. Each patient had a thallium-201 study at rest. Fourteen patients had studies on two occasions at maximum exercise, and twelve patients had studies both at light and at maximum exercise. Of 70 segments in the 14 patients assessed on each of two maximum exercise tests, 64 (91%) were reproducible. Only 53% (16/30) of the ischemic defects present at maximum exercise were seen in the light exercise study in the 12 patients assessed at two levels of exercise. Correlation of perfusion defects with arteriographically proven significant coronary stenosis was good for the left anterior descending and right coronary arteries, but not as good for circumflex artery disease. Thallium-201 myocardial imaging at maximum exercise is reproducible within acceptable limits, but careful attention to exercise technique is essential for valid comparative studies.", "contents": "Reproducibility of thallium-201 myocardial imaging. Seventy-six thallium-201 myocardial perfusion studies were performed on twenty-five patients to assess their reproducibility and the effect ofvarying the level of exercise on the results of imaging. Each patient had a thallium-201 study at rest. Fourteen patients had studies on two occasions at maximum exercise, and twelve patients had studies both at light and at maximum exercise. Of 70 segments in the 14 patients assessed on each of two maximum exercise tests, 64 (91%) were reproducible. Only 53% (16/30) of the ischemic defects present at maximum exercise were seen in the light exercise study in the 12 patients assessed at two levels of exercise. Correlation of perfusion defects with arteriographically proven significant coronary stenosis was good for the left anterior descending and right coronary arteries, but not as good for circumflex artery disease. Thallium-201 myocardial imaging at maximum exercise is reproducible within acceptable limits, but careful attention to exercise technique is essential for valid comparative studies.", "PMID": 837485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2708", "title": "Contrast echocardiography in single or common ventricle.", "content": "Common ventricle is a rare congenital anomaly in which the ventricular chamber receives blood from two separate atrioventricular valves or from a common atrioventricular valve. We used contrast echocardiography during cardiac catheterization to confirm ventricular anatomy and to characterize blood flow dynamics in 35 patients with common ventricle. After injections of dye, a cloud of echoes anterior to the mitral valve echo during the rapid inflow phase of ventricular diastole is indirect evidence of common ventricle with two atrioventricular valves. Common ventricle with an outflow chamber is characterized by a smaller ventricular chamber visualized anterior to both atrioventricular valves which opacifies with subsequent ventricular systole. The arrival of all dye posterior to the only recorded atrioventricular valve further established the presence of a single atrioventricular valve. These contrast flow patterns gave greater specificity to the standard M-mode echocardiographic assessment of patients suspected of having common ventricle.", "contents": "Contrast echocardiography in single or common ventricle. Common ventricle is a rare congenital anomaly in which the ventricular chamber receives blood from two separate atrioventricular valves or from a common atrioventricular valve. We used contrast echocardiography during cardiac catheterization to confirm ventricular anatomy and to characterize blood flow dynamics in 35 patients with common ventricle. After injections of dye, a cloud of echoes anterior to the mitral valve echo during the rapid inflow phase of ventricular diastole is indirect evidence of common ventricle with two atrioventricular valves. Common ventricle with an outflow chamber is characterized by a smaller ventricular chamber visualized anterior to both atrioventricular valves which opacifies with subsequent ventricular systole. The arrival of all dye posterior to the only recorded atrioventricular valve further established the presence of a single atrioventricular valve. These contrast flow patterns gave greater specificity to the standard M-mode echocardiographic assessment of patients suspected of having common ventricle.", "PMID": 837486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2709", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of dobutamine in patients following open heart surgery.", "content": "Dobutamine, a new synthetic inotropic agent, was administered by intravenous infusion to 22 patients following open heart surgery. The dosage of dobutamine started from 2 mug/kg/min and was increased stepwise to 4, 6, and 8 mug/kg/min. Cardiac index increased from 2.54 +/- 0.13 to 3.11 +/- 0.19 and 3.50 +/- 0.22 L/min/m2 with 4 and 8 mug/kg/min, respectively. Heart rate increased from 87.6 +/- 2.9 to 96.4 +/- 2.3 and 108.9 +/- 3.2 beats/min with 4 and 8 mug/kg/min, respectively. Systolic and mean aortic pressure and systolic pulmonary arterial pressure were elevated from 126.0 +/- 3.8 to 144.6 +/- 6.0 mm Hg, from 91.8 +/- 2.7 to 96.2 +/- 3.2 mm Hg, and from 33.4 +/- 2.3 to 37.1 +/- 2.5 mm Hg with 8 mug/kg/min, while other pressures were unchanged. Mean left atrial pressure fell significantly from 15.9 +/- 0.6 to 14.8 +/- 0.7 mm Hg. Stroke volume index, stroke work index, and left ventricular work also increased. Premature ventricular beats were observed in only one patient during dobutamine infusion, but no other side effect was observed. We conclude that dobutamine is a potent inotropic agent which increases cardiac output without causing significant tachycardia or arrhythmias, and is useful for the treatment of patients following open heart surgery.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of dobutamine in patients following open heart surgery. Dobutamine, a new synthetic inotropic agent, was administered by intravenous infusion to 22 patients following open heart surgery. The dosage of dobutamine started from 2 mug/kg/min and was increased stepwise to 4, 6, and 8 mug/kg/min. Cardiac index increased from 2.54 +/- 0.13 to 3.11 +/- 0.19 and 3.50 +/- 0.22 L/min/m2 with 4 and 8 mug/kg/min, respectively. Heart rate increased from 87.6 +/- 2.9 to 96.4 +/- 2.3 and 108.9 +/- 3.2 beats/min with 4 and 8 mug/kg/min, respectively. Systolic and mean aortic pressure and systolic pulmonary arterial pressure were elevated from 126.0 +/- 3.8 to 144.6 +/- 6.0 mm Hg, from 91.8 +/- 2.7 to 96.2 +/- 3.2 mm Hg, and from 33.4 +/- 2.3 to 37.1 +/- 2.5 mm Hg with 8 mug/kg/min, while other pressures were unchanged. Mean left atrial pressure fell significantly from 15.9 +/- 0.6 to 14.8 +/- 0.7 mm Hg. Stroke volume index, stroke work index, and left ventricular work also increased. Premature ventricular beats were observed in only one patient during dobutamine infusion, but no other side effect was observed. We conclude that dobutamine is a potent inotropic agent which increases cardiac output without causing significant tachycardia or arrhythmias, and is useful for the treatment of patients following open heart surgery.", "PMID": 837487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2710", "title": "Physiologic evaluation of a new antihypertensive agent: prazosin HCl.", "content": "The mechanism of action of prazosin hydrochloride, a new antihypertensive agent was studied in 14 patients with essential hypertension. Mean supine blood pressure for the group fell from 148/102 +/- 3/2 (SE) mm Hg at baseline to 139/91 +/- 5/4 after eight weeks of therapy (P less than 0.05). No significant postural hypotension was noted in the patients who responded to therapy. Glomerular filtration rate (endogenous creatinine or inulin clearance) and effective renal plasma flow (PAH clearance) remained unchanged during therapy as did supine and stimulated peripheral plasma renin activity. Cardiac output did not change significantly although plasma volume increased in ten out of 12 patients in whom it was measured (P less than 0.025). Among the patients whose mean blood pressure fell 10 mm Hg or more, peripheral vascular resistance fell significantly (P less than 0.025), and the change in plasma volume was not statistically significant. Among the patients whose mean blood pressure changed less than 10 mm Hg with therapy, there was no significant change in peripheral vascular resistance and plasma volume increased significantly (P less than 0.025). Prazosin hydrochloride appears to be an effective antihypertensive agent which acts by peripheral vasodilatation. It may cause fluid retention. The drug does not appear to affect renal function or renin secretion.", "contents": "Physiologic evaluation of a new antihypertensive agent: prazosin HCl. The mechanism of action of prazosin hydrochloride, a new antihypertensive agent was studied in 14 patients with essential hypertension. Mean supine blood pressure for the group fell from 148/102 +/- 3/2 (SE) mm Hg at baseline to 139/91 +/- 5/4 after eight weeks of therapy (P less than 0.05). No significant postural hypotension was noted in the patients who responded to therapy. Glomerular filtration rate (endogenous creatinine or inulin clearance) and effective renal plasma flow (PAH clearance) remained unchanged during therapy as did supine and stimulated peripheral plasma renin activity. Cardiac output did not change significantly although plasma volume increased in ten out of 12 patients in whom it was measured (P less than 0.025). Among the patients whose mean blood pressure fell 10 mm Hg or more, peripheral vascular resistance fell significantly (P less than 0.025), and the change in plasma volume was not statistically significant. Among the patients whose mean blood pressure changed less than 10 mm Hg with therapy, there was no significant change in peripheral vascular resistance and plasma volume increased significantly (P less than 0.025). Prazosin hydrochloride appears to be an effective antihypertensive agent which acts by peripheral vasodilatation. It may cause fluid retention. The drug does not appear to affect renal function or renin secretion.", "PMID": 837488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2711", "title": "The effect of jejunoileal bypass on the pharmacokinetics of digoxin in man.", "content": "Seven subjects who underwent jejunoileal bypass surgery for massive obesity participated in a study to examine the relative bioavailability of digoxin before and one to two months after surgery. They were given a loading dose of 1 mg digoxin in divided oral doses followed by oral maintenance doses of 0.5 mg daily. There were no significant differences in the area under the serum concentration time curve, steady state serum levels or 24 hour steady state excretion of digoxin before and after surgery. We conclude that the bioavailability of digoxin from the Lanoxin tablets employed is not impaired in these patients, although urinary d-xylose and 24 hour fecal fat excretion indicated moderate to severe malabsorption after surgery.", "contents": "The effect of jejunoileal bypass on the pharmacokinetics of digoxin in man. Seven subjects who underwent jejunoileal bypass surgery for massive obesity participated in a study to examine the relative bioavailability of digoxin before and one to two months after surgery. They were given a loading dose of 1 mg digoxin in divided oral doses followed by oral maintenance doses of 0.5 mg daily. There were no significant differences in the area under the serum concentration time curve, steady state serum levels or 24 hour steady state excretion of digoxin before and after surgery. We conclude that the bioavailability of digoxin from the Lanoxin tablets employed is not impaired in these patients, although urinary d-xylose and 24 hour fecal fat excretion indicated moderate to severe malabsorption after surgery.", "PMID": 837489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2712", "title": "Experience with bretylium tosylate by a hospital cardiac arrest team.", "content": "The effect of bretylium tosylate (BT) was determined in 27 consecutive cases of resistant ventricular fibrillation (VF) encountered by a hospital cardiac arrest team. The VF was sustained and completely resistant to multiple injections of lidocaine, sequential DC shocks at 400 watt-sec and one or a combination of intravenous propranolol, diphenylhydantoin or procainamide. Following 30 min of sustained cardiac massage, BT (5 mg/kg i.v.) was administered. In 20 patients, VF was terminated within 9-12 min after DC shock. Eight of these patients failed to recover while 12 (44%) of all patients resuscitated survived to be discharged from hospital. Eleven out of 20 (55%) of all patients who had a cardiac arrest outside the CCU were survivors; only one out of seven in the CCU were successfully resuscitated. While receiving maintanance BT post-resuscitation (5 mg/kg i.m. q 8-12 hrs x 48 hrs), half the patients developed hypotension and three required vasopressors and/or fluid replacement. The data indicate that BT is a useful agent in patients with sustained VF refractory to repeated lidocaine injections, some other antiarrhythmic agents, and multiple DC shocks.", "contents": "Experience with bretylium tosylate by a hospital cardiac arrest team. The effect of bretylium tosylate (BT) was determined in 27 consecutive cases of resistant ventricular fibrillation (VF) encountered by a hospital cardiac arrest team. The VF was sustained and completely resistant to multiple injections of lidocaine, sequential DC shocks at 400 watt-sec and one or a combination of intravenous propranolol, diphenylhydantoin or procainamide. Following 30 min of sustained cardiac massage, BT (5 mg/kg i.v.) was administered. In 20 patients, VF was terminated within 9-12 min after DC shock. Eight of these patients failed to recover while 12 (44%) of all patients resuscitated survived to be discharged from hospital. Eleven out of 20 (55%) of all patients who had a cardiac arrest outside the CCU were survivors; only one out of seven in the CCU were successfully resuscitated. While receiving maintanance BT post-resuscitation (5 mg/kg i.m. q 8-12 hrs x 48 hrs), half the patients developed hypotension and three required vasopressors and/or fluid replacement. The data indicate that BT is a useful agent in patients with sustained VF refractory to repeated lidocaine injections, some other antiarrhythmic agents, and multiple DC shocks.", "PMID": 837490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2713", "title": "Asymptomatic left ventricular aneurysm: a sequela of blunt chest trauma.", "content": "A routine chest X-ray taken four months after blunt chest trauma revealed a left ventricular aneurysm in a totally asymptomatic patient. At surgery a thin-walled, clot-filled aneurysm was successfully removed. This case demonstrates the need for careful follow-up of all patients sustaining blunt chest trauma even though the initial cardiac evaluation may be negative. Our feeling that all such aneurysms should be treated surgically is further reinforced by our operative findings.", "contents": "Asymptomatic left ventricular aneurysm: a sequela of blunt chest trauma. A routine chest X-ray taken four months after blunt chest trauma revealed a left ventricular aneurysm in a totally asymptomatic patient. At surgery a thin-walled, clot-filled aneurysm was successfully removed. This case demonstrates the need for careful follow-up of all patients sustaining blunt chest trauma even though the initial cardiac evaluation may be negative. Our feeling that all such aneurysms should be treated surgically is further reinforced by our operative findings.", "PMID": 837491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2714", "title": "Fluoroscope-generated electromagnetic interference in an external demand pacemaker: report of a case.", "content": "Electromagnetic interference presented as inhibition and resetting of the demand circuitry of a ventricular-inhibited temporary external pacemaker in a 70-year-old man undergoing surgical implantation of a permanent bipolar pacemaker generator and lead. The arrhythmia was found to be due to oversensing of waveforms modulated to simulate myocardial potentials emitted by a faulty fluoroscopy unit used in the vicinity of external temporary transvenous pacing equipment. The documentation of this disruption of pacemaker rhythm reinforces the need for continuous monitoring of patients treated with external demand pacemakers and for the careful maintenance of all electrical equipment.", "contents": "Fluoroscope-generated electromagnetic interference in an external demand pacemaker: report of a case. Electromagnetic interference presented as inhibition and resetting of the demand circuitry of a ventricular-inhibited temporary external pacemaker in a 70-year-old man undergoing surgical implantation of a permanent bipolar pacemaker generator and lead. The arrhythmia was found to be due to oversensing of waveforms modulated to simulate myocardial potentials emitted by a faulty fluoroscopy unit used in the vicinity of external temporary transvenous pacing equipment. The documentation of this disruption of pacemaker rhythm reinforces the need for continuous monitoring of patients treated with external demand pacemakers and for the careful maintenance of all electrical equipment.", "PMID": 837492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2715", "title": "Coronary arterial origin in persistent truncus arteriosus.", "content": "Specimens of heart from 30 subjects with persistent truncus arteriosus were studied for the nature and sites of coronary arterial origin. These factors were related to the sinuses of the truncus valve. Bicuspid truncal valve was observed in six cases (20%) and tricuspid in 21 cases (70%). Single coronary artery was observed in four cases (three with tricuspid and one with quadricuspid truncal valves). In three other cases the coronary arteries arose separately but near one another. There was a strong tendency for the left coronary artery to arise from a more posterior level than it does normally from the aorta. It was common for the posterior descending artery to arise from the left circumflex artery. This arrangement was noted in eight of 25 cases (32%) with single posterior descending coronary artery. In five other cases, two posterior descending arteries were present, one arising from the left circumflex and the other from the right coronary artery.", "contents": "Coronary arterial origin in persistent truncus arteriosus. Specimens of heart from 30 subjects with persistent truncus arteriosus were studied for the nature and sites of coronary arterial origin. These factors were related to the sinuses of the truncus valve. Bicuspid truncal valve was observed in six cases (20%) and tricuspid in 21 cases (70%). Single coronary artery was observed in four cases (three with tricuspid and one with quadricuspid truncal valves). In three other cases the coronary arteries arose separately but near one another. There was a strong tendency for the left coronary artery to arise from a more posterior level than it does normally from the aorta. It was common for the posterior descending artery to arise from the left circumflex artery. This arrangement was noted in eight of 25 cases (32%) with single posterior descending coronary artery. In five other cases, two posterior descending arteries were present, one arising from the left circumflex and the other from the right coronary artery.", "PMID": 837493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2716", "title": "Aschoff bodies in operatively excised atrial appendages and in papillary muscles. Frequency and clinical significance.", "content": "Among 481 patients undergoing various mitral valve operations, Aschoff bodies were found in 40 (21%) of 191 operatively excised left atrial appendages, in four (2%) of 273 operatively excised left ventricular papillary muscles (1 per patient), and in one (6%) of 17 patients with both left atrial appendage and papillary muscle operatively excised. Of the total of 45 patients with Aschoff bodies, 44 preoperatively had mitral stenosis, and only one, a 10-year-old boy, had pure mitral regurgitation. Sinus rhythm was present in 38 (84%), and atrial fibrillation in seven (16%). Perioperatively, only one of the 45 patients with Aschoff bodies had clinical or laboratory stigmata compatible with acute rhematic fever, and 58% had an illness compatible with acute rheumatic fever at any time.", "contents": "Aschoff bodies in operatively excised atrial appendages and in papillary muscles. Frequency and clinical significance. Among 481 patients undergoing various mitral valve operations, Aschoff bodies were found in 40 (21%) of 191 operatively excised left atrial appendages, in four (2%) of 273 operatively excised left ventricular papillary muscles (1 per patient), and in one (6%) of 17 patients with both left atrial appendage and papillary muscle operatively excised. Of the total of 45 patients with Aschoff bodies, 44 preoperatively had mitral stenosis, and only one, a 10-year-old boy, had pure mitral regurgitation. Sinus rhythm was present in 38 (84%), and atrial fibrillation in seven (16%). Perioperatively, only one of the 45 patients with Aschoff bodies had clinical or laboratory stigmata compatible with acute rhematic fever, and 58% had an illness compatible with acute rheumatic fever at any time.", "PMID": 837496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2717", "title": "Characteristics of sinoatrial conduction in patients with coronary artery disease.", "content": "Electrophysiologic studies were performed in 32 patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease (CAD). Group I was composed of ten patients (31%) with severe stenosis (greater than or equal to 75%) proximal to the origin of the sinus node artery (SNA); group II was composed of five patients (16%) with moderate (50--75%) proximal stenosis; and group III was composed of 17 patients (53%) with insignificant (0--50%) proximal stenosis. The mean sinoatrial conduction time (SACT) for group I was 119 +/- 18 msec; group II was 84+/- 16 msec; and group III was 72 +/- 5 msec. The SACT was significantly longer in group I than in group III (P less than 0.005). In conclusion 1) in patients with CAD, SACT greater than 72 +/- 5 msec is abnormal; 2) the results suggest a pathogenetic role of CAD in the development of sinus node dysfunction; 3) the SACT is a more sensitive indicator of subtle sinus node dysfunction in CAD patients than is heart rate, sinus node response to artrial extrastimuli, or sinus node recovery time; and 4) the ability to diagnose sinus node dysfunction in its early stages and recognition that coronary artery disease is an etiologic factor may allow for the elucidation of the natural history of the sick sinus syndrome.", "contents": "Characteristics of sinoatrial conduction in patients with coronary artery disease. Electrophysiologic studies were performed in 32 patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease (CAD). Group I was composed of ten patients (31%) with severe stenosis (greater than or equal to 75%) proximal to the origin of the sinus node artery (SNA); group II was composed of five patients (16%) with moderate (50--75%) proximal stenosis; and group III was composed of 17 patients (53%) with insignificant (0--50%) proximal stenosis. The mean sinoatrial conduction time (SACT) for group I was 119 +/- 18 msec; group II was 84+/- 16 msec; and group III was 72 +/- 5 msec. The SACT was significantly longer in group I than in group III (P less than 0.005). In conclusion 1) in patients with CAD, SACT greater than 72 +/- 5 msec is abnormal; 2) the results suggest a pathogenetic role of CAD in the development of sinus node dysfunction; 3) the SACT is a more sensitive indicator of subtle sinus node dysfunction in CAD patients than is heart rate, sinus node response to artrial extrastimuli, or sinus node recovery time; and 4) the ability to diagnose sinus node dysfunction in its early stages and recognition that coronary artery disease is an etiologic factor may allow for the elucidation of the natural history of the sick sinus syndrome.", "PMID": 837497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2718", "title": "Alternans of the ST segment in Prinzmetal's angina.", "content": "Alternans of the elevated ST segment (STEA) was found in 8 of 21 patients (38%) with Prinzmetal's variant angina. In addition to STEA, all eight patients had varying cardiac arrhythmias: multiple premature ventricular depolarizations in eight, ventricular tachycardia in five, and ventricular fibrillation in three. There was no consistent temporal relationship between the occurrence of STEA and the cardiac arrhythmias. Alternans occurred during periods when no arrhythmias were present. All eight patients underwent coronary angiography. Spontaneous coronary artery spasm was documented angiographically in three patients including two who had minimal or no coronary atherosclerotic disease. Six patients had severe, fixed, occlusive coronary artery disease. Possible mechanisms for STEA include: 1) failure of regions of myocardium to depolarize on alternate beats due to variation in conduction and refractoriness between ischemic and nonischemic zones of myocardium, and 2) electrical alternans of the transmembrane action potential during phase 2 and 3 (repolarization) caused by changes in the rate and extent of electrolyte transfer across cell membranes during ischemia. It is postulated that STEA is an electrocardiographic sign in the surface ECG of a dysequilibrium of refractory periods during ischemia and reflects an unstable electrical state of the myocardium.", "contents": "Alternans of the ST segment in Prinzmetal's angina. Alternans of the elevated ST segment (STEA) was found in 8 of 21 patients (38%) with Prinzmetal's variant angina. In addition to STEA, all eight patients had varying cardiac arrhythmias: multiple premature ventricular depolarizations in eight, ventricular tachycardia in five, and ventricular fibrillation in three. There was no consistent temporal relationship between the occurrence of STEA and the cardiac arrhythmias. Alternans occurred during periods when no arrhythmias were present. All eight patients underwent coronary angiography. Spontaneous coronary artery spasm was documented angiographically in three patients including two who had minimal or no coronary atherosclerotic disease. Six patients had severe, fixed, occlusive coronary artery disease. Possible mechanisms for STEA include: 1) failure of regions of myocardium to depolarize on alternate beats due to variation in conduction and refractoriness between ischemic and nonischemic zones of myocardium, and 2) electrical alternans of the transmembrane action potential during phase 2 and 3 (repolarization) caused by changes in the rate and extent of electrolyte transfer across cell membranes during ischemia. It is postulated that STEA is an electrocardiographic sign in the surface ECG of a dysequilibrium of refractory periods during ischemia and reflects an unstable electrical state of the myocardium.", "PMID": 837498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2719", "title": "The nature and clinical features of myocardial infarction with normal coronary arteriogram.", "content": "Six new cases of acute myocardial infarction with normal coronary arteriogram are presented and supplemented by 19 collected cases (group I). These are compared with 16 cases of myocardial infarction caused by occlusive coronary artery disease in a comparable population (group ii). The following significant differences between the two groups are established: patients in group I were younger (27.5 years vs 33.7 years, P less than 0.005); at least one risk factor was present in all patients in group II, but in only 40% of group I (P less than 0.0001). effort angina preceded the attack in ten patients of group II, but in none of group I (P less than 0.0001). The attack was unheralded in 24 of the 25 patients in group I, but was preceded by prodromes in 11 of 16 in group II (P less than 0.0001). Attacks of pain following myocardial infarction occurred in five patients of group 2 and II of group II) (P less than 0.001). Results are discussed in the light of the nature of myocardial infarction in group I. No support is found for the coronary spasm theory. The most likely mechanism for development of myocardial infarction in group I is thought to be a thromboembolic \"accident.\" This accident is not necessarily related to atherosclerotic coronary disease and is presumed to be benign in nature.", "contents": "The nature and clinical features of myocardial infarction with normal coronary arteriogram. Six new cases of acute myocardial infarction with normal coronary arteriogram are presented and supplemented by 19 collected cases (group I). These are compared with 16 cases of myocardial infarction caused by occlusive coronary artery disease in a comparable population (group ii). The following significant differences between the two groups are established: patients in group I were younger (27.5 years vs 33.7 years, P less than 0.005); at least one risk factor was present in all patients in group II, but in only 40% of group I (P less than 0.0001). effort angina preceded the attack in ten patients of group II, but in none of group I (P less than 0.0001). The attack was unheralded in 24 of the 25 patients in group I, but was preceded by prodromes in 11 of 16 in group II (P less than 0.0001). Attacks of pain following myocardial infarction occurred in five patients of group 2 and II of group II) (P less than 0.001). Results are discussed in the light of the nature of myocardial infarction in group I. No support is found for the coronary spasm theory. The most likely mechanism for development of myocardial infarction in group I is thought to be a thromboembolic \"accident.\" This accident is not necessarily related to atherosclerotic coronary disease and is presumed to be benign in nature.", "PMID": 837499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2720", "title": "Effect of the calcium antagonist verapamil on necrosis following temporary coronary artery occlusion in dogs.", "content": "Calcium metabolism may play an important role in the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemic injury. The effect of the sarcolemmal calcium flux inhibitor, verapamil, on myocardial necrosis was studied in dogs subjected to temporary coronary artery occlusion. One group of dogs was untreated. A second group was given 0.8 mg/kg verapamil intravenously over a 30 min period beginning 10 min prior to coronary occlusion. In a third group, the dose of verapamil was increased until complicated by hypotension or conduction abnormalities. Cardiac necrosis was produced in all dogs by 40 min of left circumflex coronary artery occlusion followed by 2--4 days of reperfusion. At the end of the experiment, animals were sacrificed and necrosis was quantitated histologically in transmural slices through the posterior papillary muscle. Pre-treatment with the lower dose of verapamil resulted in significantly less necrosis (14% treated vs 35% untreated) with minimal hemodynamic consequences. Higher does of verapamil were even more effective in limiting cardiac necrosis despite the development of hypotension and varying degrees of heart block.", "contents": "Effect of the calcium antagonist verapamil on necrosis following temporary coronary artery occlusion in dogs. Calcium metabolism may play an important role in the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemic injury. The effect of the sarcolemmal calcium flux inhibitor, verapamil, on myocardial necrosis was studied in dogs subjected to temporary coronary artery occlusion. One group of dogs was untreated. A second group was given 0.8 mg/kg verapamil intravenously over a 30 min period beginning 10 min prior to coronary occlusion. In a third group, the dose of verapamil was increased until complicated by hypotension or conduction abnormalities. Cardiac necrosis was produced in all dogs by 40 min of left circumflex coronary artery occlusion followed by 2--4 days of reperfusion. At the end of the experiment, animals were sacrificed and necrosis was quantitated histologically in transmural slices through the posterior papillary muscle. Pre-treatment with the lower dose of verapamil resulted in significantly less necrosis (14% treated vs 35% untreated) with minimal hemodynamic consequences. Higher does of verapamil were even more effective in limiting cardiac necrosis despite the development of hypotension and varying degrees of heart block.", "PMID": 837500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2721", "title": "Inability of methylprednisolone sodium succinate to decrease infarct size or preserve enzyme activity measured 24 hours after coronary occlusion in the dog.", "content": "Methylprednisolone sodium succinate (50 mg/kg) was given 30 minutes before or after the start of a 90 minute occlusion of the left circumflex coronary artery (LCX) in one group of dogs. In a second group, methylprednisolone sodium succinate was given 15 minutes after permanent occlusion of the left anterior descending artery (LAD). Infarct size was determined by dehydrogenase staining after 24 or 96 hours. Heart slices were incubated with nitro-blue tetrazolium and nonstaining infarcted tissue was dissected and weighed. Myocardial depletion of creatine phosphokinase activity (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase activity (LDH) were determined 24 hours after temporary LCX occlusion. When measured after 24 hours, methylprednisolone sodium succinate treatment did not reduce infarct size or decrease enzyme loss. After temporary LCX occlusion infarct size was 30.4 +/- 3.6% of left ventricular weight in control dogs and 30.0 +/- 2.3% in treated dogs. No significant difference in infarct size was observed in hearts examined 24 or 96 hours after myocardial infarction. After permanent LAD occlusion, infarct size in control dogs was 39.2 +/- 1.6% of left ventricular weight and 33.7 +/- 3.5% in treated dogs. CPK activity in the LCX area decreased by 26.5 +/- 7% in controls and by 28.1% +/- 7% in treated dogs. Treated dogs sustained a significantly greater fall in arterial blood pressure after LCX occlusion than did controls. During LCX occlusion and upon reperfusion, methylprednisolone sodium succinate treated dogs exhibited a significantly greater number of premature ventricular beats. Since infarct size and enzyme depletion were not reduced when measured after 24 hours, methylprednisolone sodium succinate treatment does not appear to have enhanced myocardial cell viability.", "contents": "Inability of methylprednisolone sodium succinate to decrease infarct size or preserve enzyme activity measured 24 hours after coronary occlusion in the dog. Methylprednisolone sodium succinate (50 mg/kg) was given 30 minutes before or after the start of a 90 minute occlusion of the left circumflex coronary artery (LCX) in one group of dogs. In a second group, methylprednisolone sodium succinate was given 15 minutes after permanent occlusion of the left anterior descending artery (LAD). Infarct size was determined by dehydrogenase staining after 24 or 96 hours. Heart slices were incubated with nitro-blue tetrazolium and nonstaining infarcted tissue was dissected and weighed. Myocardial depletion of creatine phosphokinase activity (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase activity (LDH) were determined 24 hours after temporary LCX occlusion. When measured after 24 hours, methylprednisolone sodium succinate treatment did not reduce infarct size or decrease enzyme loss. After temporary LCX occlusion infarct size was 30.4 +/- 3.6% of left ventricular weight in control dogs and 30.0 +/- 2.3% in treated dogs. No significant difference in infarct size was observed in hearts examined 24 or 96 hours after myocardial infarction. After permanent LAD occlusion, infarct size in control dogs was 39.2 +/- 1.6% of left ventricular weight and 33.7 +/- 3.5% in treated dogs. CPK activity in the LCX area decreased by 26.5 +/- 7% in controls and by 28.1% +/- 7% in treated dogs. Treated dogs sustained a significantly greater fall in arterial blood pressure after LCX occlusion than did controls. During LCX occlusion and upon reperfusion, methylprednisolone sodium succinate treated dogs exhibited a significantly greater number of premature ventricular beats. Since infarct size and enzyme depletion were not reduced when measured after 24 hours, methylprednisolone sodium succinate treatment does not appear to have enhanced myocardial cell viability.", "PMID": 837501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2722", "title": "The effect of the Valsalva maneuver on echocardiographic dimensions in man.", "content": "Physiologic changes in the circulatory system caused by performing the Valsalva maneuver are blunted or absent in patients with congestive heart failure. Previously there has been no noninvasive method for examining cardiac chamber size during this maneuver. M-mode echocardiography was used to evaluate possible changes in cardiac chamber dimensions in 12 normal subjects (group I) and 15 patients with cardiovascular disease (group II). In group I, the left ventricular end-diastolic dimension decreased 11.2% (+/- 1.5%) and the end-systolic dimension 9.5% (+/- 1.32%), with a fall in stroke volume of 29%. The left atrial (LA) dimension decreased 30%. In group II, only the response of the LA dimension is reported. There was a diminished response to Valsalva related to the severity of congestive heart failure. Patients in NYHA classes III and IV decreased LA dimension by only 3.8%, significantly less (P less than 0.001) than those in classes I and II who had essentially normal responses. Echocardiographically-determined changes in left atrial size in response to the Valsalva maneuver may provide an objective, noninvasive means of evaluating and following patients with suspected or proven congestive heart failure. Possible mechanisms for the changes observed are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of the Valsalva maneuver on echocardiographic dimensions in man. Physiologic changes in the circulatory system caused by performing the Valsalva maneuver are blunted or absent in patients with congestive heart failure. Previously there has been no noninvasive method for examining cardiac chamber size during this maneuver. M-mode echocardiography was used to evaluate possible changes in cardiac chamber dimensions in 12 normal subjects (group I) and 15 patients with cardiovascular disease (group II). In group I, the left ventricular end-diastolic dimension decreased 11.2% (+/- 1.5%) and the end-systolic dimension 9.5% (+/- 1.32%), with a fall in stroke volume of 29%. The left atrial (LA) dimension decreased 30%. In group II, only the response of the LA dimension is reported. There was a diminished response to Valsalva related to the severity of congestive heart failure. Patients in NYHA classes III and IV decreased LA dimension by only 3.8%, significantly less (P less than 0.001) than those in classes I and II who had essentially normal responses. Echocardiographically-determined changes in left atrial size in response to the Valsalva maneuver may provide an objective, noninvasive means of evaluating and following patients with suspected or proven congestive heart failure. Possible mechanisms for the changes observed are discussed.", "PMID": 837502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2723", "title": "Intracardiac pressure-sound correlates of echographic aortic valve closure.", "content": "Echographic aortic valve closure was compared to the dicrotic notch of the aortic pressure and intracardiac A2 to define the exact temporal relationship of the echographic, pressure, and sound parameters of aortic valve closure. Sixteen children, ages 3--20 years, were evaluated by simultaneous aortic valve echograms, micromanometric aortic root pressure tracings, and intracardiac phonocardiograms recorded at paper speeds of 200 mm/sec. Our observations demonstrated that echographic coaptation of the aortic valve leaflets coincides with the trough of the aortic pressure incisura and the onset of A2. The data suggest that A2 is a result of valve closure.", "contents": "Intracardiac pressure-sound correlates of echographic aortic valve closure. Echographic aortic valve closure was compared to the dicrotic notch of the aortic pressure and intracardiac A2 to define the exact temporal relationship of the echographic, pressure, and sound parameters of aortic valve closure. Sixteen children, ages 3--20 years, were evaluated by simultaneous aortic valve echograms, micromanometric aortic root pressure tracings, and intracardiac phonocardiograms recorded at paper speeds of 200 mm/sec. Our observations demonstrated that echographic coaptation of the aortic valve leaflets coincides with the trough of the aortic pressure incisura and the onset of A2. The data suggest that A2 is a result of valve closure.", "PMID": 837503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2724", "title": "Suprasternal notch echocardiography. Assessment of its clinical utility in pediatric cardiology.", "content": "Echocardiographic suprasternal relationships of the transverse aortic arch (TAA), right pulmonary artery (RPA) and left atrium (Y' LAD) were validated and angiographic-echocardiographic measurement correlations were made for each structure. Normal values were determined with respect to body surface area. In normals, regardless of age or body size, mean dimensional TAA/RPA ratio was 1.2:1 and Y' LAD equaled the anterior-posterior, or Z axis, left atrial dimension (Z LAD)- TAA/RPA ratio was increased in aortic stenosis and tetralogy of Fallot and was decreased in ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect and pulmonary stenosis. Ratio did not correlate with lesions severity as assessed by cardiac catheterization except in pulmonary stenosis. Discrepant Y' LAD values (usually increased Y' LAD and decreased Z LAD) occurred in children with various forms of heart disease. Some had sternal compression but others had normal chests. Children with pectus excavatum showed similar compression. These findings underscore the need for incorporation of a suprasternal examination into the standard echocardiographic examination of children.", "contents": "Suprasternal notch echocardiography. Assessment of its clinical utility in pediatric cardiology. Echocardiographic suprasternal relationships of the transverse aortic arch (TAA), right pulmonary artery (RPA) and left atrium (Y' LAD) were validated and angiographic-echocardiographic measurement correlations were made for each structure. Normal values were determined with respect to body surface area. In normals, regardless of age or body size, mean dimensional TAA/RPA ratio was 1.2:1 and Y' LAD equaled the anterior-posterior, or Z axis, left atrial dimension (Z LAD)- TAA/RPA ratio was increased in aortic stenosis and tetralogy of Fallot and was decreased in ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect and pulmonary stenosis. Ratio did not correlate with lesions severity as assessed by cardiac catheterization except in pulmonary stenosis. Discrepant Y' LAD values (usually increased Y' LAD and decreased Z LAD) occurred in children with various forms of heart disease. Some had sternal compression but others had normal chests. Children with pectus excavatum showed similar compression. These findings underscore the need for incorporation of a suprasternal examination into the standard echocardiographic examination of children.", "PMID": 837504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2725", "title": "Echocardiographic, angiocardiographic, and surgical correlations in right ventricular myxoma simulating valvar pulmonic stenosis.", "content": "The echocardiographic, angiographic and surgical correlations in a patients with a right ventricular myxoma simulating valvar pulmonic stenosis are presented. A dense mass of echoes was seen in the body of the right ventricle in diastole; in the right ventricular outflow tract throughout the cardiac cycle; and within the pulmonic valve in systole. These echocardiographic findings suggested the presence of a mass high in the right ventricle, which moved throught the pulmonic valve in systole. This impression was confirmed by angiography and surgery. A 53 mmHg gradient across the pulmonic valve was noted at cardiac catheterization. At operation a myxoma which originated above the crista supraventricularis was found. The tumor moved into the main pulmonary artery in systole. Surgical removal of the tumor resulted in the disappearance of the abnormal echoes.", "contents": "Echocardiographic, angiocardiographic, and surgical correlations in right ventricular myxoma simulating valvar pulmonic stenosis. The echocardiographic, angiographic and surgical correlations in a patients with a right ventricular myxoma simulating valvar pulmonic stenosis are presented. A dense mass of echoes was seen in the body of the right ventricle in diastole; in the right ventricular outflow tract throughout the cardiac cycle; and within the pulmonic valve in systole. These echocardiographic findings suggested the presence of a mass high in the right ventricle, which moved throught the pulmonic valve in systole. This impression was confirmed by angiography and surgery. A 53 mmHg gradient across the pulmonic valve was noted at cardiac catheterization. At operation a myxoma which originated above the crista supraventricularis was found. The tumor moved into the main pulmonary artery in systole. Surgical removal of the tumor resulted in the disappearance of the abnormal echoes.", "PMID": 837505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2726", "title": "Echocardiographic observations on the association between mitral valve prolapse and asymmetric septal hypertrophy.", "content": "One hundred and ninety consecutive patients with mitral valve prolapse (MVP) were studied by echocardiography. Asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH) was noted in 16 patients. Three patients had syncope which was associated with supraventricular arrhythmias. Three others had episodes of presyncope which were not related to rhythm disturbances. One of the patients with MVP and ASH had a family history of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. The septal thickness ranged from 1.6 to 3.1 cm, mean = 2 cm. The posterior wall thickness ranged from 0.7 to 2.1 cm, mean = 1.0 cm. The ratio of the thickness of the interventricular septum to that of the posterior wall ranged from 1.5 to 2.5, mean = 1.9. The percentage of thickening of the septum in systole was reduced in 13 patients. The excursion of the interventricular septum was reduced in three patients. In nine patients the left ventricular end-systolic dimension was below the lower limit of normal. Percentage fractional shortening of the left ventricle was increased in eight patients. Since MVP predisposes to cardiac arrhythmias which are poorly toletated in the setting of ventricular hypertrophy and reduced left ventricular compliance, the recognition of this combination of MVP and ASH is of clinical importance.", "contents": "Echocardiographic observations on the association between mitral valve prolapse and asymmetric septal hypertrophy. One hundred and ninety consecutive patients with mitral valve prolapse (MVP) were studied by echocardiography. Asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH) was noted in 16 patients. Three patients had syncope which was associated with supraventricular arrhythmias. Three others had episodes of presyncope which were not related to rhythm disturbances. One of the patients with MVP and ASH had a family history of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. The septal thickness ranged from 1.6 to 3.1 cm, mean = 2 cm. The posterior wall thickness ranged from 0.7 to 2.1 cm, mean = 1.0 cm. The ratio of the thickness of the interventricular septum to that of the posterior wall ranged from 1.5 to 2.5, mean = 1.9. The percentage of thickening of the septum in systole was reduced in 13 patients. The excursion of the interventricular septum was reduced in three patients. In nine patients the left ventricular end-systolic dimension was below the lower limit of normal. Percentage fractional shortening of the left ventricle was increased in eight patients. Since MVP predisposes to cardiac arrhythmias which are poorly toletated in the setting of ventricular hypertrophy and reduced left ventricular compliance, the recognition of this combination of MVP and ASH is of clinical importance.", "PMID": 837506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2727", "title": "Phonoangiography by autocorrelation.", "content": "Phonoangiography, as a noninvasive quantitative analysis of arterial bruits, was conducted just prior to standard invasive radiographic angiography in 135 patients. Sound records from 162 carotid arteries were analyzed with a new processing technique employing a high speed analog acoustic analyzer, the autocorrelator. In 18 arteries with carotid stenosis, a correlation coefficient of 0.87 resulted between phonoangiographic diameter predictions and radiographic diameter estimates. Bruit analysis identified two patients with patent lumen diameters, but tortuous carotid vessels. One hundred thirty-three carotid arteries had no bruits that could be analyzed, but angiograms showed no extracranial stenosis. Four arteries from which bruits could not be analyzed were found to be totally occluded. Carotid phonoangiography appears applicable in approximately one of seven patients now requiring angiography of head and neck vessels. When applicable, phonoangiography is significantly correlated with angiographic findings.", "contents": "Phonoangiography by autocorrelation. Phonoangiography, as a noninvasive quantitative analysis of arterial bruits, was conducted just prior to standard invasive radiographic angiography in 135 patients. Sound records from 162 carotid arteries were analyzed with a new processing technique employing a high speed analog acoustic analyzer, the autocorrelator. In 18 arteries with carotid stenosis, a correlation coefficient of 0.87 resulted between phonoangiographic diameter predictions and radiographic diameter estimates. Bruit analysis identified two patients with patent lumen diameters, but tortuous carotid vessels. One hundred thirty-three carotid arteries had no bruits that could be analyzed, but angiograms showed no extracranial stenosis. Four arteries from which bruits could not be analyzed were found to be totally occluded. Carotid phonoangiography appears applicable in approximately one of seven patients now requiring angiography of head and neck vessels. When applicable, phonoangiography is significantly correlated with angiographic findings.", "PMID": 837507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2728", "title": "The role of the QT interval in the sudden infant death syndrome.", "content": "To evaluate the role of QT interval prolongation in the genesis of the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), the post-resuscitation electrocardiograms of 21 aborted SIDS infants were reviewed. The infants had been found apneic, cyanotic, limp and unresponsive during sleep and required vigorous physical stimulation and mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Three subsequently experienced repeat similar episodes from which they could not be resuscitated. Extensive studies eliminated all \"known\" etiologies for death. The QT intervals of these infants were compared to age and sex matched normal infants as well as to established normal values in the literature; in both the aborted and the subsequent actual SIDS infants, the QT intervals were not significantly different from those of the normal population. Thus, we conclude that QT intervals prolongation does not play a major role in the genesis of the aborted SIDS.", "contents": "The role of the QT interval in the sudden infant death syndrome. To evaluate the role of QT interval prolongation in the genesis of the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), the post-resuscitation electrocardiograms of 21 aborted SIDS infants were reviewed. The infants had been found apneic, cyanotic, limp and unresponsive during sleep and required vigorous physical stimulation and mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Three subsequently experienced repeat similar episodes from which they could not be resuscitated. Extensive studies eliminated all \"known\" etiologies for death. The QT intervals of these infants were compared to age and sex matched normal infants as well as to established normal values in the literature; in both the aborted and the subsequent actual SIDS infants, the QT intervals were not significantly different from those of the normal population. Thus, we conclude that QT intervals prolongation does not play a major role in the genesis of the aborted SIDS.", "PMID": 837508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2729", "title": "Early and late results of surgical repair of truncus arteriosus.", "content": "Ninety-two patients had corrective operation for truncus arteriosus between 1967 and 1975. During the first 30 days after surgery, 23 patients died. No significant differences appear between early mortality and sex, type of truncus, variations in pulmonary arterial anatomy, truncal valve regurgitation, associated anomalies, previous operation, or duration of extracorporeal circulation. Greater risk is probably encountered with the higher but still operable levels of pulmonary resistance. Reoperation has been required in three patients. Fifty-nine percent of survivors are symptom-free, with all but two of the remainder (38%) being in NYHA functional class II. The late result is suggestively less satisfactory in patients with significant preoperative truncal valve regurgitation. Some late complications related to deterioration of the earlier aortic homograft conduit may be avoided by use of a porcine valve Dacron conduit. The current operative mortality of 9%, and the well-being of 97% of surviving patients suggest the continued advisability of recommending operation for appropriate patients.", "contents": "Early and late results of surgical repair of truncus arteriosus. Ninety-two patients had corrective operation for truncus arteriosus between 1967 and 1975. During the first 30 days after surgery, 23 patients died. No significant differences appear between early mortality and sex, type of truncus, variations in pulmonary arterial anatomy, truncal valve regurgitation, associated anomalies, previous operation, or duration of extracorporeal circulation. Greater risk is probably encountered with the higher but still operable levels of pulmonary resistance. Reoperation has been required in three patients. Fifty-nine percent of survivors are symptom-free, with all but two of the remainder (38%) being in NYHA functional class II. The late result is suggestively less satisfactory in patients with significant preoperative truncal valve regurgitation. Some late complications related to deterioration of the earlier aortic homograft conduit may be avoided by use of a porcine valve Dacron conduit. The current operative mortality of 9%, and the well-being of 97% of surviving patients suggest the continued advisability of recommending operation for appropriate patients.", "PMID": 837509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2730", "title": "Truncus arteriosus with unilateral absence of a pulmonary artery. Criteria for operability and surgical results.", "content": "In 15 of 126 (12%) patients with truncus arteriosus who were catheterized at the Mayo Clinic from 1967 through 1975, natural agenesis of one pulmonary artery was present. Ten truncus patients with either natural or acquired absence of one pulmonary artery have undergone definitive operation. The criteria for operability, based on a calculation of pulmonary resistance, are different in patients with single pulmonary artery than in patients with two pulmonary arteries. Study revealed that, if the calculated pulmonary resistance in the patient with single pulmonary artery is halved, this new value provides a more reliable assessment of the reactivity of the pulmonary arteriolar bed than does the total calculated pulmonary resistance value. Follow-up information suggests that the patient with single pulmonary artery may be at potentially high risk of continued progression of pulmonary vascular disease after surgical correction, possibly because of the postoperative obligatory increased flow through the single pulmonary arteriolar bed as a result of the entire cardiac output passing through it. Surgical correction of truncus arteriosus during infancy, before significant pulmonary vascular disease has developed, appears to be particularly desirable in this subgroup of patients with single pulmonary artery.", "contents": "Truncus arteriosus with unilateral absence of a pulmonary artery. Criteria for operability and surgical results. In 15 of 126 (12%) patients with truncus arteriosus who were catheterized at the Mayo Clinic from 1967 through 1975, natural agenesis of one pulmonary artery was present. Ten truncus patients with either natural or acquired absence of one pulmonary artery have undergone definitive operation. The criteria for operability, based on a calculation of pulmonary resistance, are different in patients with single pulmonary artery than in patients with two pulmonary arteries. Study revealed that, if the calculated pulmonary resistance in the patient with single pulmonary artery is halved, this new value provides a more reliable assessment of the reactivity of the pulmonary arteriolar bed than does the total calculated pulmonary resistance value. Follow-up information suggests that the patient with single pulmonary artery may be at potentially high risk of continued progression of pulmonary vascular disease after surgical correction, possibly because of the postoperative obligatory increased flow through the single pulmonary arteriolar bed as a result of the entire cardiac output passing through it. Surgical correction of truncus arteriosus during infancy, before significant pulmonary vascular disease has developed, appears to be particularly desirable in this subgroup of patients with single pulmonary artery.", "PMID": 837510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2731", "title": "Myocardial metabolism in cyanotic congenital heart disease studied by arteriovenous differences of lactate, phosphate, and potassium at rest and during atrial pacing.", "content": "To study myocardial metabolism in chronic hypoxia due to cyanotic congenital heart disease, coronary arteriovenous differences of lactate (L), pyruvate (P), inorganic phosphate (Pi) and potassium (K) were measured in 14 cyanotic patients and seven controls, at rest and during atrial pacing. At rest, there was no difference in any parameter between cyanotic and noncyanotic patients. During atrial pacing (150-175/min) for 10 min, a moderate drop in L-extraction occurred in the control patients with some increase in L/P ratio in coronary venous blood. Cyanotic patients fell into two groups: in nine (group I), the arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) dropped with pacing. Their L-extraction fell sharply, from 28.1 +/- 3.12 to --2.8 5.51 and L production occurred in five. There was a significance increase in coronary venous L/P ratio. Five cyanotic patients (group II) showed no drop in SaO2 with pacing, and L extraction as well as L/P ratio remained stable. Uptake of Pi was noted in all patients at rest, during pacing this disappeared in controls and group I cyanotics but not in group II. No K changes were seen in any patient. Thus, myocardial metabolism is normal at rest in patients with cyanotic CHD; during atrial pacing, a shift toward anaerobic metabolism occurs if SaO2 drops; cyanotic patients whose SaO2 remains stable appear to withstand pacing better than controls.", "contents": "Myocardial metabolism in cyanotic congenital heart disease studied by arteriovenous differences of lactate, phosphate, and potassium at rest and during atrial pacing. To study myocardial metabolism in chronic hypoxia due to cyanotic congenital heart disease, coronary arteriovenous differences of lactate (L), pyruvate (P), inorganic phosphate (Pi) and potassium (K) were measured in 14 cyanotic patients and seven controls, at rest and during atrial pacing. At rest, there was no difference in any parameter between cyanotic and noncyanotic patients. During atrial pacing (150-175/min) for 10 min, a moderate drop in L-extraction occurred in the control patients with some increase in L/P ratio in coronary venous blood. Cyanotic patients fell into two groups: in nine (group I), the arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) dropped with pacing. Their L-extraction fell sharply, from 28.1 +/- 3.12 to --2.8 5.51 and L production occurred in five. There was a significance increase in coronary venous L/P ratio. Five cyanotic patients (group II) showed no drop in SaO2 with pacing, and L extraction as well as L/P ratio remained stable. Uptake of Pi was noted in all patients at rest, during pacing this disappeared in controls and group I cyanotics but not in group II. No K changes were seen in any patient. Thus, myocardial metabolism is normal at rest in patients with cyanotic CHD; during atrial pacing, a shift toward anaerobic metabolism occurs if SaO2 drops; cyanotic patients whose SaO2 remains stable appear to withstand pacing better than controls.", "PMID": 837511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2732", "title": "Platelet survival time in patients with hypoxemia and pulmonary hypertension.", "content": "Platelet survival time (autologous labeling with 51chromium) was measured in 63 patients in order to evaluate the role of platelets in the thromboembolic complications of patients with hypoxemia and pulmonary hypertension. Thirty-eight of these patients had chronic obstructive airways disease; 13, primary pulmonary hypertension; seven, recurrent pulmonary embolism; four, the Eisenmenger syndrome; and one, multiple pulmonary arteriovenous fistula. Forty-three patients were hypeakly associated with arterial oxygen tension ( r = 0.50), but not with the arterial carbon dioxide tension or the level of pulmonary artery pressure. Sulfinpyrazone lengthened platelet survival in 12 of 24 (50%) treated patients but this drug did not alter either arterial oxygen tension arterial carbon dioxide tension, or pulmonary artery pressure. Our results suggest that hypoxemia is associated with shortened platelet survival time and that platelets may, therefore, be involved in the thromboembolic complications that develop in patients with hypoxemia.", "contents": "Platelet survival time in patients with hypoxemia and pulmonary hypertension. Platelet survival time (autologous labeling with 51chromium) was measured in 63 patients in order to evaluate the role of platelets in the thromboembolic complications of patients with hypoxemia and pulmonary hypertension. Thirty-eight of these patients had chronic obstructive airways disease; 13, primary pulmonary hypertension; seven, recurrent pulmonary embolism; four, the Eisenmenger syndrome; and one, multiple pulmonary arteriovenous fistula. Forty-three patients were hypeakly associated with arterial oxygen tension ( r = 0.50), but not with the arterial carbon dioxide tension or the level of pulmonary artery pressure. Sulfinpyrazone lengthened platelet survival in 12 of 24 (50%) treated patients but this drug did not alter either arterial oxygen tension arterial carbon dioxide tension, or pulmonary artery pressure. Our results suggest that hypoxemia is associated with shortened platelet survival time and that platelets may, therefore, be involved in the thromboembolic complications that develop in patients with hypoxemia.", "PMID": 837512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2733", "title": "Participation of fast and slow A-V nodal pathways in tachycardias complicating the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Report of a case.", "content": "Electrophysiological studies in one patient with type B pre-excitation and dual A-V nodal pathway revealed several types of paroxysmal narrow QRS tachycardia (PSVT). One type of PSVT reflected antegrade fast A-V nodal pathway and retrograde anomalous pathway conduction. This PSVT was characterized by early retorgrade activation of right atrial appendage, P following QRS and cycle length of 290 to 350 msec. A second PSVT reflected antegrade slow A-V nodal pathway and retrograde anomalous pathway conduction. This PSVT was characterized by early retrograde activation of right atrial appendage, P following QRS, and cycle length of 440 msec. A third PSVT reflected A-V nodal re-entrance with antegrade slow pathway and retrograde fast pathway conduction. This PSVT was characterized by normal retrograde atrial activation sequences, P simultaneous with QRS, and cycle length of 320 msec. All PSVT inductions could be explained in terms of antegrade and retrograde properties of fast and slow A-V nodal and anomalous pathways.", "contents": "Participation of fast and slow A-V nodal pathways in tachycardias complicating the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Report of a case. Electrophysiological studies in one patient with type B pre-excitation and dual A-V nodal pathway revealed several types of paroxysmal narrow QRS tachycardia (PSVT). One type of PSVT reflected antegrade fast A-V nodal pathway and retrograde anomalous pathway conduction. This PSVT was characterized by early retorgrade activation of right atrial appendage, P following QRS and cycle length of 290 to 350 msec. A second PSVT reflected antegrade slow A-V nodal pathway and retrograde anomalous pathway conduction. This PSVT was characterized by early retrograde activation of right atrial appendage, P following QRS, and cycle length of 440 msec. A third PSVT reflected A-V nodal re-entrance with antegrade slow pathway and retrograde fast pathway conduction. This PSVT was characterized by normal retrograde atrial activation sequences, P simultaneous with QRS, and cycle length of 320 msec. All PSVT inductions could be explained in terms of antegrade and retrograde properties of fast and slow A-V nodal and anomalous pathways.", "PMID": 837513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2734", "title": "De subitaneis mortibus. XXIII. Rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "The conduction system of the heart was carefully examined at necropsy in two cases of rheumatoid arthritis and one of ankylosing spondylitis. All three patients had cardiac electrical instability and two fo the three died suddenly. The electrophysiological abnormalities of the three patients included paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in the first case, sustained atrial  fibrillation with complete heart block and escape atrioventricular (A-V) junctional rhythm in the second case, and progressively increasing heart block eventually became complete in the third case. The sinus node exhibited extensive focal degeneration with and without associated inflammation in all three hearts, but the sinus node artery was not remarkably abnormal in any of these. All three hearts had important focal degenerative disease in the A-V node and His bundle, and in each of these there was marked narrowing of the local nutrient arteries, amounting to virtual occlusion in two hearts. The probable relationship of these postmortem histological findings to the electrocardiographic disturbances in each patient is discussed. Abnormalities in the cardiac conduction system of the hearts of these three patients are compared to ones previously reported for disseminated lupus erythematosus, polyarteritis nodosa, and scleroderma heart disease.", "contents": "De subitaneis mortibus. XXIII. Rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. The conduction system of the heart was carefully examined at necropsy in two cases of rheumatoid arthritis and one of ankylosing spondylitis. All three patients had cardiac electrical instability and two fo the three died suddenly. The electrophysiological abnormalities of the three patients included paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in the first case, sustained atrial  fibrillation with complete heart block and escape atrioventricular (A-V) junctional rhythm in the second case, and progressively increasing heart block eventually became complete in the third case. The sinus node exhibited extensive focal degeneration with and without associated inflammation in all three hearts, but the sinus node artery was not remarkably abnormal in any of these. All three hearts had important focal degenerative disease in the A-V node and His bundle, and in each of these there was marked narrowing of the local nutrient arteries, amounting to virtual occlusion in two hearts. The probable relationship of these postmortem histological findings to the electrocardiographic disturbances in each patient is discussed. Abnormalities in the cardiac conduction system of the hearts of these three patients are compared to ones previously reported for disseminated lupus erythematosus, polyarteritis nodosa, and scleroderma heart disease.", "PMID": 837514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2735", "title": "Rapid two point kenetic determination of plasma lactic acid.", "content": "1. Plasma levels of L-lactic acid were determined employing a two-point kinetic, lactic dehydrogenase method without a protein free filtrate preparation. 2. The method was characterized with regards to precision, linearity, recovery and accuracy. 3. Regression analyses were accomplished by comparison of the kinetic and standard enzymatic end point procedures. 4. Clinically significant values are obtained within 50% less time than routine methods presently employed.", "contents": "Rapid two point kenetic determination of plasma lactic acid. 1. Plasma levels of L-lactic acid were determined employing a two-point kinetic, lactic dehydrogenase method without a protein free filtrate preparation. 2. The method was characterized with regards to precision, linearity, recovery and accuracy. 3. Regression analyses were accomplished by comparison of the kinetic and standard enzymatic end point procedures. 4. Clinically significant values are obtained within 50% less time than routine methods presently employed.", "PMID": 837519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2736", "title": "A semi-automated enzymatic assay for free glycerol and triglycerides in serum or plasma.", "content": "1. A relatively inexpensive semi-automated enzymatic procedure is described for the determination of total glycerol with an Auto Analyzer. Free glycerol is determined without saponification in a deproteinized supernatant. 2. The dilution of triglyceride samples during preparation is such that the samples during preparation is such that the samples can be quantified directly from the free glycerol standards by multiplying by 100. 3. A pyruvate kiluent solution is used in the triglyceride sample preparation to increase the precision by improving the accuracy in determining blank optical densities. 4. The end-point reaction is complete in eight minutes, and the assay is linear up to 6 mg% free glycerol or 600 mg% triglycerides. The within-run and between-run coefficients of variation were both 1.5% for the glycerol assay, and 1.0% and 4.3% for the triglyceride assay. The mean recovery of added glycerol was 100.7% and 102.3% for the glycerol and triglyceride assays respectively.", "contents": "A semi-automated enzymatic assay for free glycerol and triglycerides in serum or plasma. 1. A relatively inexpensive semi-automated enzymatic procedure is described for the determination of total glycerol with an Auto Analyzer. Free glycerol is determined without saponification in a deproteinized supernatant. 2. The dilution of triglyceride samples during preparation is such that the samples during preparation is such that the samples can be quantified directly from the free glycerol standards by multiplying by 100. 3. A pyruvate kiluent solution is used in the triglyceride sample preparation to increase the precision by improving the accuracy in determining blank optical densities. 4. The end-point reaction is complete in eight minutes, and the assay is linear up to 6 mg% free glycerol or 600 mg% triglycerides. The within-run and between-run coefficients of variation were both 1.5% for the glycerol assay, and 1.0% and 4.3% for the triglyceride assay. The mean recovery of added glycerol was 100.7% and 102.3% for the glycerol and triglyceride assays respectively.", "PMID": 837520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2737", "title": "Hyperprolinemia type II: identification of the glycine conjugate of pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid in urine.", "content": "The urinary organic acids were studied in two cases of hyperprolinemia Type II, using various combinations of chromatographic, electrophoretic and mass spectrometric techniques. In both cases N-(pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid) was idenfitied as a major urinary metabolite. While there was evidence for an additional conjugate of this pyrrolic acid, no free pyrrole-carboxylate could be detected in the urine from either case.", "contents": "Hyperprolinemia type II: identification of the glycine conjugate of pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid in urine. The urinary organic acids were studied in two cases of hyperprolinemia Type II, using various combinations of chromatographic, electrophoretic and mass spectrometric techniques. In both cases N-(pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid) was idenfitied as a major urinary metabolite. While there was evidence for an additional conjugate of this pyrrolic acid, no free pyrrole-carboxylate could be detected in the urine from either case.", "PMID": 837521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2738", "title": "Urinary p-tyramine in hereditary tyrosinemia: I. Levels as compared to normal individuals, effect of diet, and relationship to urinary tyrosine.", "content": "1. A 40-fold increase in urinary p-tyramine was observed in a patient with hereditary tyrosinemia as compared to a control population. 2. The excretion of urinary-free p-tyramine was decreased with the restriction of oral phenylalanine and tyrosine in this patient. The pattern of urinary tyrosine and urinary-free p-tyramine was similar during the period of normal protein diet and restricted diet of phenylalanin and tyrosine. 3. The pattern of urinary-free p-tyramine and tyrosine following oral loads of tyrosine and phenylalanine was similar except for a lag period before a tyramine response was observed. 4. The possibility of the patient with hereditary tyrosinemia providing a model to study the origin of urinary p-tyramine is discussed.", "contents": "Urinary p-tyramine in hereditary tyrosinemia: I. Levels as compared to normal individuals, effect of diet, and relationship to urinary tyrosine. 1. A 40-fold increase in urinary p-tyramine was observed in a patient with hereditary tyrosinemia as compared to a control population. 2. The excretion of urinary-free p-tyramine was decreased with the restriction of oral phenylalanine and tyrosine in this patient. The pattern of urinary tyrosine and urinary-free p-tyramine was similar during the period of normal protein diet and restricted diet of phenylalanin and tyrosine. 3. The pattern of urinary-free p-tyramine and tyrosine following oral loads of tyrosine and phenylalanine was similar except for a lag period before a tyramine response was observed. 4. The possibility of the patient with hereditary tyrosinemia providing a model to study the origin of urinary p-tyramine is discussed.", "PMID": 837522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2739", "title": "Urinary p-tyramine in hereditary tyrosinemia: II. Origin of urinary p-tyramine.", "content": "1. A patient with hereditary tyrosinemia (tyrosinosis) was given oral loads of p-tyramine and tyrosine with and without medication (neomycin) to investigate the respective roles of intestinal bacteria and tissues in accounting for the origin of urinary p-tyramine. 2. The excretion of a high circulating level of p-tyramine following an oral load of p-tyramine in a patient with hereditary tyrosinemia (tyrosinosis) was as conjugated p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (p-HPAA) and conjugated p-tyramine. 3. Both intestinal bacterial activity and tissue decarboxylation appeared to account for urinary p-tyramine in this patient following an oral load of tyrosine. 4. Sterilization of the gut by oral neomycin and a second load of oral tyrosine further supported a predominate role for tissue decarboxylation in the origin of urinary p-tyramine. 5. The data suggested that a major route of tyrosine metabolism in man may be via tissue decarboxylation of tyrosine.", "contents": "Urinary p-tyramine in hereditary tyrosinemia: II. Origin of urinary p-tyramine. 1. A patient with hereditary tyrosinemia (tyrosinosis) was given oral loads of p-tyramine and tyrosine with and without medication (neomycin) to investigate the respective roles of intestinal bacteria and tissues in accounting for the origin of urinary p-tyramine. 2. The excretion of a high circulating level of p-tyramine following an oral load of p-tyramine in a patient with hereditary tyrosinemia (tyrosinosis) was as conjugated p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (p-HPAA) and conjugated p-tyramine. 3. Both intestinal bacterial activity and tissue decarboxylation appeared to account for urinary p-tyramine in this patient following an oral load of tyrosine. 4. Sterilization of the gut by oral neomycin and a second load of oral tyrosine further supported a predominate role for tissue decarboxylation in the origin of urinary p-tyramine. 5. The data suggested that a major route of tyrosine metabolism in man may be via tissue decarboxylation of tyrosine.", "PMID": 837523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2740", "title": "A precise semi-automated uricase method for determining uric acid in serum or urine.", "content": "1. A semi-automated uricase method is described for measuring uric acid in serum or urine directly at 292 nm at reduced cost. 2. The coefficient of variation within and between batch assays, is estimated to be 2.5% and 4.3% respectively, which is less than the estimated daily intrapersonal variation in uric acid levels. 3. Recovery of uric acid added to samples ranges from 98.5% to 101.2% with a mean of 99.6%. 4. The cost of reagents per sample determination is estimated at $0.05, and in batch analyses the mean time required per sample determination is 2-3 minutes.", "contents": "A precise semi-automated uricase method for determining uric acid in serum or urine. 1. A semi-automated uricase method is described for measuring uric acid in serum or urine directly at 292 nm at reduced cost. 2. The coefficient of variation within and between batch assays, is estimated to be 2.5% and 4.3% respectively, which is less than the estimated daily intrapersonal variation in uric acid levels. 3. Recovery of uric acid added to samples ranges from 98.5% to 101.2% with a mean of 99.6%. 4. The cost of reagents per sample determination is estimated at $0.05, and in batch analyses the mean time required per sample determination is 2-3 minutes.", "PMID": 837524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2741", "title": "Effect of structure on the excretion of steroidal acids in human urine and their potential colorimetric assay as 17-oxogenic steroids.", "content": "Following the oral administration of tritiated coricosterone, cortisol, deoxycorticosterone and progesterone to human subjects, 14.9%, 12.8%, 3.4% and 2.1% of the dose was recovered in the acidic metabolite fraction of 48 h urines after conventional hydrolysis and solvent partition. Neutral and acidic 17-oxogenic steroids (17-OGS) excreted in 24 h urines were also measured with the Zimmermann color reaction. The acidic  17-IGS accounted for 14.1%, 16.4% and 12.1% of the fractionated 17-OGS in the urines of normal and pregnant females and normal males respectively. From structural considerations, it was concluded that only 17-hydroxylated steroidal acids, with a 20-hydroxy-21-oic acid side chain and derived predominantly from cortisol, would be estimated as 17-OGS after oxidation with sodium periodate. 17-Dexy steroidal acids resemble the neutral 17-deoxycorticosteroids in undergoing side chain oxication to 17-aldehydes which do not form Zimmermann chromogens. The excretion of both neutral and acidic 17-OGS was suppressible with dexamethasone administration.", "contents": "Effect of structure on the excretion of steroidal acids in human urine and their potential colorimetric assay as 17-oxogenic steroids. Following the oral administration of tritiated coricosterone, cortisol, deoxycorticosterone and progesterone to human subjects, 14.9%, 12.8%, 3.4% and 2.1% of the dose was recovered in the acidic metabolite fraction of 48 h urines after conventional hydrolysis and solvent partition. Neutral and acidic 17-oxogenic steroids (17-OGS) excreted in 24 h urines were also measured with the Zimmermann color reaction. The acidic  17-IGS accounted for 14.1%, 16.4% and 12.1% of the fractionated 17-OGS in the urines of normal and pregnant females and normal males respectively. From structural considerations, it was concluded that only 17-hydroxylated steroidal acids, with a 20-hydroxy-21-oic acid side chain and derived predominantly from cortisol, would be estimated as 17-OGS after oxidation with sodium periodate. 17-Dexy steroidal acids resemble the neutral 17-deoxycorticosteroids in undergoing side chain oxication to 17-aldehydes which do not form Zimmermann chromogens. The excretion of both neutral and acidic 17-OGS was suppressible with dexamethasone administration.", "PMID": 837525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2742", "title": "Observations on the determination of serum and red-cell folate levels by a radiometric assay method.", "content": "Our experience with the Bio-Rad \"Quanta-Count\" folate radioassay kit has revealed very good in-run precision and good day-to-day reproducibility in the assay of both serum and red-cell folate levels. Ascorbic acid is not required as folate preservative if blood samples are frozen within hours after collection. For the determination of red-cell folates, our data clearly show the need for maintenance of a certain level (6-8 gm%) of protein in the assay system. Protein (albumin or folate-free human serum) must be added to the red-cell lysate to compensate for the serum loss resulting from the high dilution factor necessary. In the absence of this added protein, red-cell values are markedly lower. A good correlation exists between red-cell folate values obtained from the assay of washed red cells and from the assay of whole blood with corrections for serum folate levels.", "contents": "Observations on the determination of serum and red-cell folate levels by a radiometric assay method. Our experience with the Bio-Rad \"Quanta-Count\" folate radioassay kit has revealed very good in-run precision and good day-to-day reproducibility in the assay of both serum and red-cell folate levels. Ascorbic acid is not required as folate preservative if blood samples are frozen within hours after collection. For the determination of red-cell folates, our data clearly show the need for maintenance of a certain level (6-8 gm%) of protein in the assay system. Protein (albumin or folate-free human serum) must be added to the red-cell lysate to compensate for the serum loss resulting from the high dilution factor necessary. In the absence of this added protein, red-cell values are markedly lower. A good correlation exists between red-cell folate values obtained from the assay of washed red cells and from the assay of whole blood with corrections for serum folate levels.", "PMID": 837526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2743", "title": "Clinical evaluation of the Technico Stat/Ion system.", "content": "1. We describe our evaluation of the Technicon Stat/Ion, an instrument which performs sodium, chloride and bicarbonate analysis simultaneously. 2. All four of the assays resulted in linear response over the entire clinical range with insignificant carryover between specimens. 3. Precision studies for within-run variation were: sodium 0.3 percent, potassium 0.7 percent, chloride 0.5 percent and bicarbonate 1.6 percent. Day-to-day precision was similar to the within-run precision. 4. Comparison methods for sodium, potassium, chloride and bicarbonate utilizing flame photometry, chloridometry and titration of released carbon dioxide respectively showed the following linear regression and correlation coefficients: sodium y=0.96+5.5 (a=0.988) potassium y=1.01x+0.0 (a=.996) chloride y=0.99x+1.0 (a=.993)bicarbonate y=1.0x+1.2 (alpha=.969).", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of the Technico Stat/Ion system. 1. We describe our evaluation of the Technicon Stat/Ion, an instrument which performs sodium, chloride and bicarbonate analysis simultaneously. 2. All four of the assays resulted in linear response over the entire clinical range with insignificant carryover between specimens. 3. Precision studies for within-run variation were: sodium 0.3 percent, potassium 0.7 percent, chloride 0.5 percent and bicarbonate 1.6 percent. Day-to-day precision was similar to the within-run precision. 4. Comparison methods for sodium, potassium, chloride and bicarbonate utilizing flame photometry, chloridometry and titration of released carbon dioxide respectively showed the following linear regression and correlation coefficients: sodium y=0.96+5.5 (a=0.988) potassium y=1.01x+0.0 (a=.996) chloride y=0.99x+1.0 (a=.993)bicarbonate y=1.0x+1.2 (alpha=.969).", "PMID": 837527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2744", "title": "The in vitro effect of drugs on biochemical parameters determined by a SMAC system.", "content": "1. We have studied the in vitro effect of 39 drugs on 17 biochemical parameters determined by a SMAC System. Only two drugs were found to interfere: ascorbic and theophyline. 2. The ascorbic acid lowers the glucose and the bilirubine values; it increases the creatinine and the uric acid concentration. At concentration smaller than 5 mg/dl of this drug, these effects are negligible. 3. We have found a new drug interference: theophylline inhibits the alkaline phosphatase and LDH activities. This effect is not negligible on alkaline phosphatase for therapeutic levels of this drug; the action on LDH can be ignored at normal therapeutic range. 4. For a given drug, we have found different interference with biochemical parameters determined with various commercial lyophlised control sera or a liquid pool of sera. This indicates that the type of sera used in drug interference studies must be described.", "contents": "The in vitro effect of drugs on biochemical parameters determined by a SMAC system. 1. We have studied the in vitro effect of 39 drugs on 17 biochemical parameters determined by a SMAC System. Only two drugs were found to interfere: ascorbic and theophyline. 2. The ascorbic acid lowers the glucose and the bilirubine values; it increases the creatinine and the uric acid concentration. At concentration smaller than 5 mg/dl of this drug, these effects are negligible. 3. We have found a new drug interference: theophylline inhibits the alkaline phosphatase and LDH activities. This effect is not negligible on alkaline phosphatase for therapeutic levels of this drug; the action on LDH can be ignored at normal therapeutic range. 4. For a given drug, we have found different interference with biochemical parameters determined with various commercial lyophlised control sera or a liquid pool of sera. This indicates that the type of sera used in drug interference studies must be described.", "PMID": 837528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2745", "title": "Elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase activity and related enzymes in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Of 101 consecutive hospitalised diabetic patients, 29 had elevated serum enzyme activities attributable to recognized clinical entities; 17% of the remainder had raised alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity, 15% had raised aspartate aminotransferase (GOT) activity, and 12% raised lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in serum. Ketoacidosis and death within 3 months were commoner among patients with elevated serum enzyme activities than among those with normal enzymes. Study of 200 consecutive new untreated diabetics when first seen at an out-patient clinic revealed 15 with clinically explainable abnormal serum enzyme activities. Of the remainder, 11% had raised AP activity, 12% raised GOT activity, and 21% raised LDH activity in serum; these patients tended to have higher blood sugar concentrations than the subjects with normal serum enzymes. These abnormalities seem to be an intrinsic feature of diabetes mellitus which do not relate to duration, complications, or treatment of the disease. They do not seem to be directly related to hepatic involvement.", "contents": "Elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase activity and related enzymes in diabetes mellitus. Of 101 consecutive hospitalised diabetic patients, 29 had elevated serum enzyme activities attributable to recognized clinical entities; 17% of the remainder had raised alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity, 15% had raised aspartate aminotransferase (GOT) activity, and 12% raised lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in serum. Ketoacidosis and death within 3 months were commoner among patients with elevated serum enzyme activities than among those with normal enzymes. Study of 200 consecutive new untreated diabetics when first seen at an out-patient clinic revealed 15 with clinically explainable abnormal serum enzyme activities. Of the remainder, 11% had raised AP activity, 12% raised GOT activity, and 21% raised LDH activity in serum; these patients tended to have higher blood sugar concentrations than the subjects with normal serum enzymes. These abnormalities seem to be an intrinsic feature of diabetes mellitus which do not relate to duration, complications, or treatment of the disease. They do not seem to be directly related to hepatic involvement.", "PMID": 837529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2746", "title": "In vitro cholesterol esterification in human serum.", "content": "We report a simple, convenient, and reproducible method, involving the use of radiolabeled cholesterol dispersed in Tween 20 as a tracer and endogenous lipoproteins as a substrate, for measuring the rate of serum cholesterol esterification in vitro. The reaction of lecithin acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.43) was enhanced by the presence of Tween 20, which probably accelerates the exchange between radiolabeled cholesterol and endogenous lipoprotein cholesterol. In sera from 65 normal subjects, the in vitro cholesterol esterification rate was significantly correlated (r=0.47,P=0.001) with age. The mean rate of esterification of 31 subjects 30 years old or younger was significantly lower than that of 34 subjects 31 to 64 years of age. We found no significant difference in the rate of esterification between men and women. The rate of cholesterol esterification (nmol/ml per h) was significantly correlated with the concentration of endogenous free cholesterol in serum, but the fractional rate (the percentage of radiolabeled cholesterol esterified per hour) was inversely proportional to the endogenous free cholesterol. The fatty acid composition of the cholesteryl esters formed by the acyltransferase reaction may provide an index in recognizing some specific disorder.", "contents": "In vitro cholesterol esterification in human serum. We report a simple, convenient, and reproducible method, involving the use of radiolabeled cholesterol dispersed in Tween 20 as a tracer and endogenous lipoproteins as a substrate, for measuring the rate of serum cholesterol esterification in vitro. The reaction of lecithin acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.43) was enhanced by the presence of Tween 20, which probably accelerates the exchange between radiolabeled cholesterol and endogenous lipoprotein cholesterol. In sera from 65 normal subjects, the in vitro cholesterol esterification rate was significantly correlated (r=0.47,P=0.001) with age. The mean rate of esterification of 31 subjects 30 years old or younger was significantly lower than that of 34 subjects 31 to 64 years of age. We found no significant difference in the rate of esterification between men and women. The rate of cholesterol esterification (nmol/ml per h) was significantly correlated with the concentration of endogenous free cholesterol in serum, but the fractional rate (the percentage of radiolabeled cholesterol esterified per hour) was inversely proportional to the endogenous free cholesterol. The fatty acid composition of the cholesteryl esters formed by the acyltransferase reaction may provide an index in recognizing some specific disorder.", "PMID": 837531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2747", "title": "L-p-Bromotetramisole, a new reagent for use in measuring placental or intestinal isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase in human serum.", "content": "L-p-Bromotetramisole is proposed as a new reagent for use in determining intestinal and (or) placental isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase in human serum. Its main advantage over L-phenylalanine is its high discriminating potency at very low concentrations. For highest accuracy, the samples may even be \"titrated\" with the inhibitor. Analytical recoveries of intestinal and placental isoenzymes in serum are complete, and results correlate well with those by other methods. At the appropriate concentrations, L-p-bromotetramisole gives nearly identical results on a variety of sera, irrespective of the buffer used. Within-day CV's were 6.1 and 2.1 for 20% and 60% of the resistant isoenzyme activity, respectively. The day-to-day CV was 3.45 for a sample containing 53.3% of the resistant isoenzyme (n=15). The well-known increase in placental isoenzyme activity with time of gestation could be confirmed on 612 sera from pregnant women. The activities of the intestinal isoenzyme in sera from healty blood donors (n = 126) and hospitalized patients (n = 135) agree with previous findings obtained by the other techniques.", "contents": "L-p-Bromotetramisole, a new reagent for use in measuring placental or intestinal isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase in human serum. L-p-Bromotetramisole is proposed as a new reagent for use in determining intestinal and (or) placental isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase in human serum. Its main advantage over L-phenylalanine is its high discriminating potency at very low concentrations. For highest accuracy, the samples may even be \"titrated\" with the inhibitor. Analytical recoveries of intestinal and placental isoenzymes in serum are complete, and results correlate well with those by other methods. At the appropriate concentrations, L-p-bromotetramisole gives nearly identical results on a variety of sera, irrespective of the buffer used. Within-day CV's were 6.1 and 2.1 for 20% and 60% of the resistant isoenzyme activity, respectively. The day-to-day CV was 3.45 for a sample containing 53.3% of the resistant isoenzyme (n=15). The well-known increase in placental isoenzyme activity with time of gestation could be confirmed on 612 sera from pregnant women. The activities of the intestinal isoenzyme in sera from healty blood donors (n = 126) and hospitalized patients (n = 135) agree with previous findings obtained by the other techniques.", "PMID": 837532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2748", "title": "Ion pair extraction technique with azure A, for differentiating biles of normal subjects and patients with liver disease from patients with Crohn's disease with small bowel involvement.", "content": "The ion pair extraction technique with Azure A solution, chloroform/methanol (equal volumes), and dilute sulfuric acid, was used to study bile-rich duodenal aspirates of (a) healthy volunteers and patients with (b) cholestatic liver disease, (c) Crohn's disease with small bowel involvement, and (d) those with primarily colon involvement. Duplicate aliquots of extracted duodenal aspirates from these four groups were subjected to ion pair extraction, with and without prior acetylation, and the absorbance ratios at 645 nm without acetylation/with acetylation (\"acetylation index\") compared; values (+/- SD) obtained were 0.052 +/- 0.0098, 0.038 +/- 0.014, 0.136 +/- 0.048, and 0.077 +/- 0.056, respectively, for the four groups. The acetylation index for group c was significantly (P less than 0.001) different from that of groups a and b. All other intergroup comparisons were not significant. The acetylation index correlated positively (r = 0.922) with the ratio of glycine- to taurine-conjugated bile acids, measured independently, implying that it reflects this ratio.", "contents": "Ion pair extraction technique with azure A, for differentiating biles of normal subjects and patients with liver disease from patients with Crohn's disease with small bowel involvement. The ion pair extraction technique with Azure A solution, chloroform/methanol (equal volumes), and dilute sulfuric acid, was used to study bile-rich duodenal aspirates of (a) healthy volunteers and patients with (b) cholestatic liver disease, (c) Crohn's disease with small bowel involvement, and (d) those with primarily colon involvement. Duplicate aliquots of extracted duodenal aspirates from these four groups were subjected to ion pair extraction, with and without prior acetylation, and the absorbance ratios at 645 nm without acetylation/with acetylation (\"acetylation index\") compared; values (+/- SD) obtained were 0.052 +/- 0.0098, 0.038 +/- 0.014, 0.136 +/- 0.048, and 0.077 +/- 0.056, respectively, for the four groups. The acetylation index for group c was significantly (P less than 0.001) different from that of groups a and b. All other intergroup comparisons were not significant. The acetylation index correlated positively (r = 0.922) with the ratio of glycine- to taurine-conjugated bile acids, measured independently, implying that it reflects this ratio.", "PMID": 837533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2749", "title": "Alkaline phosphatase activity in the plasma of children and adolescents.", "content": "We determined plasma (serum alkaline phosphatase activity in 854 healthy students of the Rochester, Minnesota, public schools. Prepubertal girls had somewhat greater upper limits than did boys, and there was a low trend of increasing activity in both sexes. At the beginning of adolescence increasing activities were observed, which peaked at ages 11 to 12 years in girls and at ages 13 to 14 in boys. Adult values were not reached until six to eight years later. In 180 pairs of siblings, a significant intraclass correlation was noted. A possible role of alkaline phosphatase in the regulation of protein synthesis is suggested.", "contents": "Alkaline phosphatase activity in the plasma of children and adolescents. We determined plasma (serum alkaline phosphatase activity in 854 healthy students of the Rochester, Minnesota, public schools. Prepubertal girls had somewhat greater upper limits than did boys, and there was a low trend of increasing activity in both sexes. At the beginning of adolescence increasing activities were observed, which peaked at ages 11 to 12 years in girls and at ages 13 to 14 in boys. Adult values were not reached until six to eight years later. In 180 pairs of siblings, a significant intraclass correlation was noted. A possible role of alkaline phosphatase in the regulation of protein synthesis is suggested.", "PMID": 837534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2750", "title": "Urinary free norepinephrine and dopamine determined by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "We used reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography to measure free norepinephrine and dopamine simultaneously in human urine. Samples were treated with alumina, and the catecholamine(s) then eluted from it were directly injected onto a reverse-phase column (octadecyl-silica stationary phase), with 0.17 mol/liter acetic acid as the mobile phase and ultraviolet detection at 280 nm. The assay detects concentrations in urine as low as 5 mug/liter. Assay of 24-h urines (n = 10) gave within-run and day-to-day coefficients of variation of 3.7 and 4.7% for norepinephrine, and 2.6 and 3.5% for dopamine, respectively. Comparison studies with the traditional trihydroxyindole fluorometric method showed the liquid-chromatographic procedure to be more precise and subject to less interference. This relatively rapid procedure for urinary free norepinephrine and dopamine provides an efficient, reproducible method, readily adaptable to routine clinical use.", "contents": "Urinary free norepinephrine and dopamine determined by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. We used reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography to measure free norepinephrine and dopamine simultaneously in human urine. Samples were treated with alumina, and the catecholamine(s) then eluted from it were directly injected onto a reverse-phase column (octadecyl-silica stationary phase), with 0.17 mol/liter acetic acid as the mobile phase and ultraviolet detection at 280 nm. The assay detects concentrations in urine as low as 5 mug/liter. Assay of 24-h urines (n = 10) gave within-run and day-to-day coefficients of variation of 3.7 and 4.7% for norepinephrine, and 2.6 and 3.5% for dopamine, respectively. Comparison studies with the traditional trihydroxyindole fluorometric method showed the liquid-chromatographic procedure to be more precise and subject to less interference. This relatively rapid procedure for urinary free norepinephrine and dopamine provides an efficient, reproducible method, readily adaptable to routine clinical use.", "PMID": 837535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2751", "title": "Evaluation of a semi-automated blood urea nitrogen analyzer.", "content": "We compared results for urea concentrations in plasma and serum as measured with the Kimble Blood Urea Nitrogen Analyzer method as the test method with those determined by continuous-flow analysis (AutoAnalyzer 1 method) as the comparison method. We evaluated accuracy and precision for patients' samples, National Bureau of Standards Standard Reference Material, College of American Pathologists Survey Validated Reference Materials, and College of American Pathologists Quality Assurance Service control materials. We found the test method to be more accurate and precise than the comparison method.", "contents": "Evaluation of a semi-automated blood urea nitrogen analyzer. We compared results for urea concentrations in plasma and serum as measured with the Kimble Blood Urea Nitrogen Analyzer method as the test method with those determined by continuous-flow analysis (AutoAnalyzer 1 method) as the comparison method. We evaluated accuracy and precision for patients' samples, National Bureau of Standards Standard Reference Material, College of American Pathologists Survey Validated Reference Materials, and College of American Pathologists Quality Assurance Service control materials. We found the test method to be more accurate and precise than the comparison method.", "PMID": 837536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2752", "title": "Copper, zinc, magnesium, and calcium in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neurological diseases.", "content": "We investigated whether information on concentrations of some trace-mental concentrations in blood plasma or cerebrospinal fluid, or both, could be of value in diagnosis or management of various neurological diseases, and whether concentrations in plasma could serve as a means of estimating the protein or metal concentrations in cerebropsinal fluid. Samples of both from 82 patients were analyzed for copper, zinc, magnesium, and calcium by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Protein concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid were also determined. Metal and protein concentrations in plasma and in cerebrospinal fluid were not strongly enough correlated to permit the estimation of one from the other. However, the correlation coefficients between calcium in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (r = 0.41), magnesium and protein in cerebrospinal fluid (r = 0.40), magnesium in plasma and calcium in cerebrospinal fluid (r = 0.36), and magnesium and calcium in cerebrospinal fluid (r = 0.66) were statistically significant (P less than .01). Patients with cerebral infarctions had abnormally high copper concentrations in their plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. The ratio of plasma copper to plasma zinc was also significantly higher in cases of cerebral infarction.", "contents": "Copper, zinc, magnesium, and calcium in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neurological diseases. We investigated whether information on concentrations of some trace-mental concentrations in blood plasma or cerebrospinal fluid, or both, could be of value in diagnosis or management of various neurological diseases, and whether concentrations in plasma could serve as a means of estimating the protein or metal concentrations in cerebropsinal fluid. Samples of both from 82 patients were analyzed for copper, zinc, magnesium, and calcium by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Protein concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid were also determined. Metal and protein concentrations in plasma and in cerebrospinal fluid were not strongly enough correlated to permit the estimation of one from the other. However, the correlation coefficients between calcium in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (r = 0.41), magnesium and protein in cerebrospinal fluid (r = 0.40), magnesium in plasma and calcium in cerebrospinal fluid (r = 0.36), and magnesium and calcium in cerebrospinal fluid (r = 0.66) were statistically significant (P less than .01). Patients with cerebral infarctions had abnormally high copper concentrations in their plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. The ratio of plasma copper to plasma zinc was also significantly higher in cases of cerebral infarction.", "PMID": 837537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2753", "title": "Separation of serum creatine kinase isoenzymes by ion-exchange column chromatography.", "content": "We describe a practical, technically convenient DEAE-Sephadex chromatographic column and a three-fraction salt-gradient elution procedure, with which serum creatine kinase activity is rapidly and quantitatively separated into the isoenzyme components with excellent analytical recovery of the total activity applied. The homogeneity of the isoenzyme fractions was demonstrated by electrophoresis and rechromatography. Sera assessed by the Mercer fractionation [Clin. Chem. 20, 36 (1974)] and the present procedure showed excellent agreement.", "contents": "Separation of serum creatine kinase isoenzymes by ion-exchange column chromatography. We describe a practical, technically convenient DEAE-Sephadex chromatographic column and a three-fraction salt-gradient elution procedure, with which serum creatine kinase activity is rapidly and quantitatively separated into the isoenzyme components with excellent analytical recovery of the total activity applied. The homogeneity of the isoenzyme fractions was demonstrated by electrophoresis and rechromatography. Sera assessed by the Mercer fractionation [Clin. Chem. 20, 36 (1974)] and the present procedure showed excellent agreement.", "PMID": 837538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2754", "title": "Spectrofluorometry of free and protein-bound plasma tryptophan.", "content": "We report a rapid, simple, and sensitive spectrofluorometric procedure for total serum or plasma tryptophan. Plasma deproteinization, tryptophan extraction, and pH optimization are all carried out with a buffered cellulose/ethanol reagent. The fluorescence is measured at an emission wavelength of 350 nm, on excitation of 290 nm. Tryptophan fluorescence relative to concentration is linear up to 50 mg/liter. The high precision, evidenced by a between-run coefficient of variation of 3.1%, negates the need for duplicate analysis of samples. Analytical recovery of tryptophan from plasma up to 50 mg/liter is 90-100%. We observed no significant difference between values for tryptophan in serum and plasma from the same individual. Assay of up to 32 samples requires 60 min. Commonly used anti-depressants have no detectable effect on tryptophan determination by this procedure.", "contents": "Spectrofluorometry of free and protein-bound plasma tryptophan. We report a rapid, simple, and sensitive spectrofluorometric procedure for total serum or plasma tryptophan. Plasma deproteinization, tryptophan extraction, and pH optimization are all carried out with a buffered cellulose/ethanol reagent. The fluorescence is measured at an emission wavelength of 350 nm, on excitation of 290 nm. Tryptophan fluorescence relative to concentration is linear up to 50 mg/liter. The high precision, evidenced by a between-run coefficient of variation of 3.1%, negates the need for duplicate analysis of samples. Analytical recovery of tryptophan from plasma up to 50 mg/liter is 90-100%. We observed no significant difference between values for tryptophan in serum and plasma from the same individual. Assay of up to 32 samples requires 60 min. Commonly used anti-depressants have no detectable effect on tryptophan determination by this procedure.", "PMID": 837539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2755", "title": "Cortisol production rate determined by radio gas-chromatography.", "content": "We describe a ratio gas-chromatographic method for determination of cortisol production rate by measuring the isotope dilution of urinary cortisol metabolites. The method was calibrated by analyzing [3H]tetrahydrocortisol and [3H]tetrahydrocortisone of known specific activities. Results are reasonably well reproducible, the coefficients of variation ranging from 8-15% of allotetrahydrocortisol/tetrahydrocortisol and from 9-19% for tetrahydrocortisone. Correlation coefficients were 0.966 and 0.998 for tetrahydrocortisone and allotetrahydrocortisol/tetrahydrocortisol, respectively, when the method was compared with a method involving thin-layer chromatography and colorimetry. Only one chromatographic step is needed for both purification and quantitation, thus time and effort are saved.", "contents": "Cortisol production rate determined by radio gas-chromatography. We describe a ratio gas-chromatographic method for determination of cortisol production rate by measuring the isotope dilution of urinary cortisol metabolites. The method was calibrated by analyzing [3H]tetrahydrocortisol and [3H]tetrahydrocortisone of known specific activities. Results are reasonably well reproducible, the coefficients of variation ranging from 8-15% of allotetrahydrocortisol/tetrahydrocortisol and from 9-19% for tetrahydrocortisone. Correlation coefficients were 0.966 and 0.998 for tetrahydrocortisone and allotetrahydrocortisol/tetrahydrocortisol, respectively, when the method was compared with a method involving thin-layer chromatography and colorimetry. Only one chromatographic step is needed for both purification and quantitation, thus time and effort are saved.", "PMID": 837540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2756", "title": "Faster estimation of reserve bilirubin binding capacity of serum from the neonate by thin-layer chromatography on sephadex.", "content": "Knowledge of the reserve bilirubin-binding capacity is useful in management of hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn. We describe thin-layer gel chromatography that permits measurement of this variable, with a 250-mul sample of serum, within 50 min. Single samples from four different infants can be analyzed on the same plate. The capacity of 40 sera from jaundiced and of 19 sera from nonjaundiced infants was measured. Results by thin-layer Sephadex gel chromatography and column Sephadex chromatography correlated well. Dithiothreitol, added to the standard bilirubin solution, protected bilirubin from oxidation for at least six days, which obviated the time consuming preparation of standard solution before such determination.", "contents": "Faster estimation of reserve bilirubin binding capacity of serum from the neonate by thin-layer chromatography on sephadex. Knowledge of the reserve bilirubin-binding capacity is useful in management of hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn. We describe thin-layer gel chromatography that permits measurement of this variable, with a 250-mul sample of serum, within 50 min. Single samples from four different infants can be analyzed on the same plate. The capacity of 40 sera from jaundiced and of 19 sera from nonjaundiced infants was measured. Results by thin-layer Sephadex gel chromatography and column Sephadex chromatography correlated well. Dithiothreitol, added to the standard bilirubin solution, protected bilirubin from oxidation for at least six days, which obviated the time consuming preparation of standard solution before such determination.", "PMID": 837541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2757", "title": "Evaluation of the Du Pont aca alpha-amylase procedure.", "content": "The procedure used with the Du Pont aca for alpha-amylase (1,4,-alpha-D-glucan glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.1) was evaluated in our laboratory and compared with the Roche Diagnostics \"Amylochrome\" and Perkin-Elmer Coleman 91 amylase assays. The within-run coefficients of variation (CV) for samples of fresh normal sera were: aca 5.8% and 4.3% on two different lots of reagent, Amylochrome 7.4%, and Coleman 91 3.3%. In sera with abnormally high amylase activity, the respective CV's were: aca, 1.2% and 0.8%; Amylochrome, 2.0%; and Coleman 91, 2.8%. Day-to-day precision studies on fresh and lyophilized normal and abnormal sera gave CV's in the following ranges: aca, 1.8% to 6.7%; Amylochrome, 3.0% to 5.2%; and Coleman 91, 4.5% to 5.9%. Results by the aca procedure were linearly related to activity to about 10-fold the upper limit of normal amylase activity. For serum, correlations were: r = 0.977 for aca vs. Coleman 91 and r = 0.974 for aca vs. Amylochrome. For urine they were: r = 0.978 for aca vs. Coleman 91 and r = 0.975 for aca vs. Amylochrome. Mean recovery from 53 supplemented samples was 98%. Icterus, hemolysis, and lipemia did not interfere with method correlation of aca vs. Coleman 91 or Amylochrome.", "contents": "Evaluation of the Du Pont aca alpha-amylase procedure. The procedure used with the Du Pont aca for alpha-amylase (1,4,-alpha-D-glucan glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.1) was evaluated in our laboratory and compared with the Roche Diagnostics \"Amylochrome\" and Perkin-Elmer Coleman 91 amylase assays. The within-run coefficients of variation (CV) for samples of fresh normal sera were: aca 5.8% and 4.3% on two different lots of reagent, Amylochrome 7.4%, and Coleman 91 3.3%. In sera with abnormally high amylase activity, the respective CV's were: aca, 1.2% and 0.8%; Amylochrome, 2.0%; and Coleman 91, 2.8%. Day-to-day precision studies on fresh and lyophilized normal and abnormal sera gave CV's in the following ranges: aca, 1.8% to 6.7%; Amylochrome, 3.0% to 5.2%; and Coleman 91, 4.5% to 5.9%. Results by the aca procedure were linearly related to activity to about 10-fold the upper limit of normal amylase activity. For serum, correlations were: r = 0.977 for aca vs. Coleman 91 and r = 0.974 for aca vs. Amylochrome. For urine they were: r = 0.978 for aca vs. Coleman 91 and r = 0.975 for aca vs. Amylochrome. Mean recovery from 53 supplemented samples was 98%. Icterus, hemolysis, and lipemia did not interfere with method correlation of aca vs. Coleman 91 or Amylochrome.", "PMID": 837542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2758", "title": "Biological variability in aspartate aminotransferase activity in serum of healthy persons, and effect of in vitro supplemantation with pyridoxal 5-phosphate.", "content": "Aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1) activities in sera from nine healthy individuals were monitored during two weeks, both with and without first supplementing the serum with pyridoxal phosphate. Pyridoxal phosphate supplementation caused a mean increase of 39% (range, 33-55%) in measured activity. The biological variability during the two-week period was independent of pyridoxal phosphate supplemantation. The intra-individual variability (CV) was 5.3% and 5.1% with and without pyridoxal phosphate supplementation, respectively; the corresponding inter-individual variability was 13.2% and 13.6%. We conclude that the reference interval will be insensitive to intra-individual fluctuations in aspartate aminotransferase activity in serum, whether or not the serum is supplemented with pyridoxal phosphate.", "contents": "Biological variability in aspartate aminotransferase activity in serum of healthy persons, and effect of in vitro supplemantation with pyridoxal 5-phosphate. Aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1) activities in sera from nine healthy individuals were monitored during two weeks, both with and without first supplementing the serum with pyridoxal phosphate. Pyridoxal phosphate supplementation caused a mean increase of 39% (range, 33-55%) in measured activity. The biological variability during the two-week period was independent of pyridoxal phosphate supplemantation. The intra-individual variability (CV) was 5.3% and 5.1% with and without pyridoxal phosphate supplementation, respectively; the corresponding inter-individual variability was 13.2% and 13.6%. We conclude that the reference interval will be insensitive to intra-individual fluctuations in aspartate aminotransferase activity in serum, whether or not the serum is supplemented with pyridoxal phosphate.", "PMID": 837543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2759", "title": "Determination of cadmium in blood by use of atomic absorption spectroscopy with crucibles--and a rational procedure for dry-ashing.", "content": "A simple, minimal-reagent procedure for analysis of cadmium in blood is introduced. Blood samples from workers occupationally exposed to cadmium were collected with heparin. Titon X-100 surfactant was added, and 15-mul aliquots of the blood were pipetted into small nickel sampling cups and placed in  a holder for 100 cups, which was enclosed in a stainless steel box. After the samples were dried and ashed in a muffle oven at various times and temperatures, cadmium was determined in an air/acetylene flame in an atomic absorption instrument with a deuterium arc background corrector. Absorbance measurements were made by signal-averaging facilities in the instrument. The conditions for analysis are specified. The method appears to be accurate and reproducible, with a CV of about 6% in the range 35-160 nmol/liter. The detection limit was 3.0 nmol/liter of blood. With the new procedure, many blood samples can be dried and ashed in parallel, which favors both simplicity and precision.", "contents": "Determination of cadmium in blood by use of atomic absorption spectroscopy with crucibles--and a rational procedure for dry-ashing. A simple, minimal-reagent procedure for analysis of cadmium in blood is introduced. Blood samples from workers occupationally exposed to cadmium were collected with heparin. Titon X-100 surfactant was added, and 15-mul aliquots of the blood were pipetted into small nickel sampling cups and placed in  a holder for 100 cups, which was enclosed in a stainless steel box. After the samples were dried and ashed in a muffle oven at various times and temperatures, cadmium was determined in an air/acetylene flame in an atomic absorption instrument with a deuterium arc background corrector. Absorbance measurements were made by signal-averaging facilities in the instrument. The conditions for analysis are specified. The method appears to be accurate and reproducible, with a CV of about 6% in the range 35-160 nmol/liter. The detection limit was 3.0 nmol/liter of blood. With the new procedure, many blood samples can be dried and ashed in parallel, which favors both simplicity and precision.", "PMID": 837544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2760", "title": "Differential serum amylase determination by use of an inhibitor, and design of a routine procedure.", "content": "We describe a new method for measuring pancreatic and salivary-type amylases in serum that requires no electrophoresis or chromatography. An inhibitor protein (from wheat) with a 100-fold greater specificity for human salivary than for human pancreatic amylase was used to analyze mixtures of the two enzymes. The concentration of pancreatic and salivary amyalase was determined in 141 normal sera (72 men and 69 women). Statistically significant differences were found for serum pancreatic amylase between mean and women, higher values being shown in women. No sex-related difference was found for the salivary component of serum amylase. With this method, the increase in serum amylase activity in pancreatitis was shown to be attributable to the pancreatic component. In mumps, the increase is attributable to the salivary component. In pancreatic insufficiency, serum pancreatic amylase activities were significantly lower than in the controls. Our method is simple and rapid; our results agree well with those of other authors who used chromatographic or electrophoretic methods.", "contents": "Differential serum amylase determination by use of an inhibitor, and design of a routine procedure. We describe a new method for measuring pancreatic and salivary-type amylases in serum that requires no electrophoresis or chromatography. An inhibitor protein (from wheat) with a 100-fold greater specificity for human salivary than for human pancreatic amylase was used to analyze mixtures of the two enzymes. The concentration of pancreatic and salivary amyalase was determined in 141 normal sera (72 men and 69 women). Statistically significant differences were found for serum pancreatic amylase between mean and women, higher values being shown in women. No sex-related difference was found for the salivary component of serum amylase. With this method, the increase in serum amylase activity in pancreatitis was shown to be attributable to the pancreatic component. In mumps, the increase is attributable to the salivary component. In pancreatic insufficiency, serum pancreatic amylase activities were significantly lower than in the controls. Our method is simple and rapid; our results agree well with those of other authors who used chromatographic or electrophoretic methods.", "PMID": 837545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2761", "title": "Creatine kinase isoenzyme MB in myocardial infarction: methods compared.", "content": "Several methods are available for specifically identifying and assessing the activity of MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase in serum. We compared two electrophoretic techniques with three column-chromatographic ones for efficacy in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. No technique was considered absolute, but we found surprisingly large errors of diagnosis in the column-chromatographic techniques, attributable to incomplete elution.", "contents": "Creatine kinase isoenzyme MB in myocardial infarction: methods compared. Several methods are available for specifically identifying and assessing the activity of MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase in serum. We compared two electrophoretic techniques with three column-chromatographic ones for efficacy in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. No technique was considered absolute, but we found surprisingly large errors of diagnosis in the column-chromatographic techniques, attributable to incomplete elution.", "PMID": 837546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2762", "title": "Interference of sodium azide with measurement of serum uric acid by the direct acid ferric reduction procedure.", "content": "We examined the effect of sodium azide on the quantitation of serum uric acid by the direct acid ferric reduction procedure. Ferric phenanthroline was used as redox indicator. Sodium azide, in a concentration commonly used as preservative (2 g/liter, 27.2 mmol/liter), increased the absorption at 505 nm and increased apparent uric acid values in specimens, as shown by calculations based on an azide-free standard. Spectral studies indicated that this interference was a result of the color produced by sodium azide in the reaction mixture. The mechanism for azide interference was the interaction of sodium azide and ferric ions to form ferric azide, which also absorbs extensively at 505 nm.", "contents": "Interference of sodium azide with measurement of serum uric acid by the direct acid ferric reduction procedure. We examined the effect of sodium azide on the quantitation of serum uric acid by the direct acid ferric reduction procedure. Ferric phenanthroline was used as redox indicator. Sodium azide, in a concentration commonly used as preservative (2 g/liter, 27.2 mmol/liter), increased the absorption at 505 nm and increased apparent uric acid values in specimens, as shown by calculations based on an azide-free standard. Spectral studies indicated that this interference was a result of the color produced by sodium azide in the reaction mixture. The mechanism for azide interference was the interaction of sodium azide and ferric ions to form ferric azide, which also absorbs extensively at 505 nm.", "PMID": 837547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2763", "title": "Micro-scale anticonvulsant assay with use of nitrogen/phosphorus detector and on-column methylation compared with a macro-scale procedure involving flame-ionization detection.", "content": "We report a modified micro-scale gas-chromatographic procedure for determining phenobarbital, primidone, and diphenylhydantoin in serum with use of a nitrogen/phosphorus detector. Serum, 20 mul, is extracted into chloroform, the solvent is evaporated, and the residue dissolved in dilute (32 mmol/liter) trimethylanillinium hydroxide, which yields the methyl-derivatives of the drugs upon on-column injection. Within-run precision (CV) for the three drugs was 1.0, 2.1, and 1.4+, respectively, at concentrations of 19.2, 13.2, and 18.9 mg/liter; run-to-run precision at these concentrations was 4.4, 3.8, and 2.8%. Comparison of the 20-mul micro-scale procedure (y) with our conventional, flame-ionization macro-scale procedure (x), in which on-column methylation is used and which requires 1 ml of serum, gave the following respective results: y = 1.01 X -- 0.16 mg/liter, r = 0.992, y = 1.02 X + 0.29 mg/liter, r = 0.973; and y = 0.96x + 0.04 mg/liter, r = 0.996.", "contents": "Micro-scale anticonvulsant assay with use of nitrogen/phosphorus detector and on-column methylation compared with a macro-scale procedure involving flame-ionization detection. We report a modified micro-scale gas-chromatographic procedure for determining phenobarbital, primidone, and diphenylhydantoin in serum with use of a nitrogen/phosphorus detector. Serum, 20 mul, is extracted into chloroform, the solvent is evaporated, and the residue dissolved in dilute (32 mmol/liter) trimethylanillinium hydroxide, which yields the methyl-derivatives of the drugs upon on-column injection. Within-run precision (CV) for the three drugs was 1.0, 2.1, and 1.4+, respectively, at concentrations of 19.2, 13.2, and 18.9 mg/liter; run-to-run precision at these concentrations was 4.4, 3.8, and 2.8%. Comparison of the 20-mul micro-scale procedure (y) with our conventional, flame-ionization macro-scale procedure (x), in which on-column methylation is used and which requires 1 ml of serum, gave the following respective results: y = 1.01 X -- 0.16 mg/liter, r = 0.992, y = 1.02 X + 0.29 mg/liter, r = 0.973; and y = 0.96x + 0.04 mg/liter, r = 0.996.", "PMID": 837549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2764", "title": "Micro-scale method for theophylline in body fluids by reversed-phase, high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "We describe a micro-scale method for determining serum theophylline. The chromatography system includes a muBondapack C18 column and acetonitrile, 70 ml/liter of sodium acetate buffer (10 mmol/liter, ph 4.0) as the mobile phase. Test serum or plasma, 30 mul, is mixed with an equal quantity of a solution containing the internal standard, beta-hydroxyethyltheophylline in acetonitrile/sodium acetate buffer (20 mmol/liter, pH 4.0), 7/43 by vol. After the precipitate is removed by centrifugation, the mixture is chromatographed and the amount of theophylline calculated from the ratio between peak heights for theophylline and the internal standard. Advantages include easy sample preparation, involving only addition of internal standard and centrifugation before injection, long column life, and the suitability of the internal standard, which is adjusted to a peak height equivalent to 20 mg of theophylline per liter for easy computation of results.", "contents": "Micro-scale method for theophylline in body fluids by reversed-phase, high-pressure liquid chromatography. We describe a micro-scale method for determining serum theophylline. The chromatography system includes a muBondapack C18 column and acetonitrile, 70 ml/liter of sodium acetate buffer (10 mmol/liter, ph 4.0) as the mobile phase. Test serum or plasma, 30 mul, is mixed with an equal quantity of a solution containing the internal standard, beta-hydroxyethyltheophylline in acetonitrile/sodium acetate buffer (20 mmol/liter, pH 4.0), 7/43 by vol. After the precipitate is removed by centrifugation, the mixture is chromatographed and the amount of theophylline calculated from the ratio between peak heights for theophylline and the internal standard. Advantages include easy sample preparation, involving only addition of internal standard and centrifugation before injection, long column life, and the suitability of the internal standard, which is adjusted to a peak height equivalent to 20 mg of theophylline per liter for easy computation of results.", "PMID": 837550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2765", "title": "Improved electroimmunoassay of factor VIII-related antigen.", "content": "Factor VIII-related antigen migrates poorly into gel during electrophoresis in agarose, probably in major part because of the relatively high sulfate content of the commonly used agars. A recently available low-sulfate residue agar, substituted for standard agar preparations in electroimmunoassay, allows Factor VIII antigen to travel more rapidly, producing \"rockets\" that are well defined and easily measured, making the assay easier and more reliable.", "contents": "Improved electroimmunoassay of factor VIII-related antigen. Factor VIII-related antigen migrates poorly into gel during electrophoresis in agarose, probably in major part because of the relatively high sulfate content of the commonly used agars. A recently available low-sulfate residue agar, substituted for standard agar preparations in electroimmunoassay, allows Factor VIII antigen to travel more rapidly, producing \"rockets\" that are well defined and easily measured, making the assay easier and more reliable.", "PMID": 837551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2766", "title": "Morphology of the placenta in fetal I-cell disease.", "content": "Placentas were studied from three interrupted pregnancies of a mother whose first liveborn child had I-cell disease (mucolipidosis II). I-cell disease of the fetus was shown by investigation of the amniotic fluid, fetal cells and the aborted fetus in two pregnancies, but in the third case placenta was the only available product of conception. In every placenta extensive vacuolization of the syncytiotrophoblastic layer of the chorionic villi and chorionic mesenchymal cells was found. In electron microscopy the inclusions were identical to those of other tissues in I-cell disease. The importance of histological study of placenta in unexplained spontaneous abortions needs to be emphasized, since this may be the only way of detecing new cases of lysosomal storage diseases.", "contents": "Morphology of the placenta in fetal I-cell disease. Placentas were studied from three interrupted pregnancies of a mother whose first liveborn child had I-cell disease (mucolipidosis II). I-cell disease of the fetus was shown by investigation of the amniotic fluid, fetal cells and the aborted fetus in two pregnancies, but in the third case placenta was the only available product of conception. In every placenta extensive vacuolization of the syncytiotrophoblastic layer of the chorionic villi and chorionic mesenchymal cells was found. In electron microscopy the inclusions were identical to those of other tissues in I-cell disease. The importance of histological study of placenta in unexplained spontaneous abortions needs to be emphasized, since this may be the only way of detecing new cases of lysosomal storage diseases.", "PMID": 837559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2767", "title": "Adrenoleukodystrophy (Siemerling-creutzfeldt disease): Heterozygote with two clonal fibroblast populations.", "content": "On the fifth day after subcultivation,, fibroblasts of two unrelated patients with adrenoleukodystrophy (Siemerling-Creutzfeldt disease (SCD)) developed typical morphologic anomalies which could be seen by light microscopy. From skin biopsy material of an obligatorily heterozygous womam, both normal and morphologically defective colonies could be isolated. These findings suggest that the morphologic alterations are an expression of the defect in Siemerling-Creutzfeldt disease. Futhermore, they suggest that the SCD locus is subject to lyonization.", "contents": "Adrenoleukodystrophy (Siemerling-creutzfeldt disease): Heterozygote with two clonal fibroblast populations. On the fifth day after subcultivation,, fibroblasts of two unrelated patients with adrenoleukodystrophy (Siemerling-Creutzfeldt disease (SCD)) developed typical morphologic anomalies which could be seen by light microscopy. From skin biopsy material of an obligatorily heterozygous womam, both normal and morphologically defective colonies could be isolated. These findings suggest that the morphologic alterations are an expression of the defect in Siemerling-Creutzfeldt disease. Futhermore, they suggest that the SCD locus is subject to lyonization.", "PMID": 837560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2768", "title": "46, X,X-X terminal rearrangement/45, X mosaicism in a child with short stature.", "content": "A phenotypically female child, investigated because of short stature, had abnormally large, often bipartite Barr bodies and a mosaicism of 45, X cells and cells with 46 chromosomes which included an exceptionally large metacentric chromosome (Xp+). G- and C-banding established that the chromosome was derived from two substantially entire X chromosomes joined short arm-to-short arm, and was likely to be an isodicentric X with functional inactivation of one centromere.", "contents": "46, X,X-X terminal rearrangement/45, X mosaicism in a child with short stature. A phenotypically female child, investigated because of short stature, had abnormally large, often bipartite Barr bodies and a mosaicism of 45, X cells and cells with 46 chromosomes which included an exceptionally large metacentric chromosome (Xp+). G- and C-banding established that the chromosome was derived from two substantially entire X chromosomes joined short arm-to-short arm, and was likely to be an isodicentric X with functional inactivation of one centromere.", "PMID": 837561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2769", "title": "X-linked skeletal dysplasia with mental retardation.", "content": "A syndrome compatible with an X-linked trait is described, affecting four male cousins in three sibships. The body had skeletal anomalies, including short stature, ridging of the metopic suture, fusion of cervical vertebrae, thoracic hemivertebrae, scoliosis, sarcral hypoplasia and short middle phalanges. In addition, they had moderate developmental retardation, and abducens palsies. Three of the four had glucose intolerance, and one was born with an imperforate anus. Of five female obligate carriers studied, three had fusion of cervical vertebrae, three had some shortening of the middle phalanges and three had glucose intolerance. The syndrome in this family was compared to previously reported syndromes, and the conclusion was reached that it represents a previously unreported X-linked syndrome with minor manifestations in carrier females.", "contents": "X-linked skeletal dysplasia with mental retardation. A syndrome compatible with an X-linked trait is described, affecting four male cousins in three sibships. The body had skeletal anomalies, including short stature, ridging of the metopic suture, fusion of cervical vertebrae, thoracic hemivertebrae, scoliosis, sarcral hypoplasia and short middle phalanges. In addition, they had moderate developmental retardation, and abducens palsies. Three of the four had glucose intolerance, and one was born with an imperforate anus. Of five female obligate carriers studied, three had fusion of cervical vertebrae, three had some shortening of the middle phalanges and three had glucose intolerance. The syndrome in this family was compared to previously reported syndromes, and the conclusion was reached that it represents a previously unreported X-linked syndrome with minor manifestations in carrier females.", "PMID": 837562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2770", "title": "Heterozygote detection in phenylketonuria.", "content": "Phenylalanine loading was carried out on 105 parents of children with phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency and 33 apparently normal individuals with no family history of phenylketonuria. The best discriminant was found to be the logarithmic transformation of the slope of the rise in serum tyrosine multiplied by the maximum serum tyrosine concentration over the maximum serum phenylalanine concentration obtained after an oral load with a pure solution of L-phenylalanine. The overlap between heterozygotes for penylketonuria and normal homozygotes was 2.4 percent. The distribution of the discriminant values suggested three heterozygous phenotypes for phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency, and the phenotypic combination of parents could be correlated to the phenotype of their affected offspring, i.e. classical phenylketonuria, mild phenylketonuria of hyperphenylalaninemia. The probability of heterozygosity for phenylketonuria was determined by means of the distribution of the discriminant values of the heterozygotes and that of normal homozygotes. The likelihood of being a heterozygote was corrected for the genetic background of the person requiring genetic counseling, and was finally expressed as the percentage probability of being a heterozygote for phenylketonuria.", "contents": "Heterozygote detection in phenylketonuria. Phenylalanine loading was carried out on 105 parents of children with phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency and 33 apparently normal individuals with no family history of phenylketonuria. The best discriminant was found to be the logarithmic transformation of the slope of the rise in serum tyrosine multiplied by the maximum serum tyrosine concentration over the maximum serum phenylalanine concentration obtained after an oral load with a pure solution of L-phenylalanine. The overlap between heterozygotes for penylketonuria and normal homozygotes was 2.4 percent. The distribution of the discriminant values suggested three heterozygous phenotypes for phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency, and the phenotypic combination of parents could be correlated to the phenotype of their affected offspring, i.e. classical phenylketonuria, mild phenylketonuria of hyperphenylalaninemia. The probability of heterozygosity for phenylketonuria was determined by means of the distribution of the discriminant values of the heterozygotes and that of normal homozygotes. The likelihood of being a heterozygote was corrected for the genetic background of the person requiring genetic counseling, and was finally expressed as the percentage probability of being a heterozygote for phenylketonuria.", "PMID": 837563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2771", "title": "Congenital dislocation of the hip joint in northern Sweden.", "content": "The incidence of neonatally diagnosed congeital dislocation of the hip joint (CDH) was found to vary between three hospitals in Northern Seden. The incidence was 10.0, 7.1 and 3.5 per thousand in hospitals A, B and C, repectively. The incidence increased during the period 1960-73 in hospitals A and B, but not in hospital C. At these hospitals the number of cases needing prolonged orthopaedic treatment showed an inverse relationship to the incidence of neonatally diagnosed CDH.", "contents": "Congenital dislocation of the hip joint in northern Sweden. The incidence of neonatally diagnosed congeital dislocation of the hip joint (CDH) was found to vary between three hospitals in Northern Seden. The incidence was 10.0, 7.1 and 3.5 per thousand in hospitals A, B and C, repectively. The incidence increased during the period 1960-73 in hospitals A and B, but not in hospital C. At these hospitals the number of cases needing prolonged orthopaedic treatment showed an inverse relationship to the incidence of neonatally diagnosed CDH.", "PMID": 837564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2772", "title": "A case of double trisomy in a liveborn infant: 48, XXY, \"13.", "content": "Ambigouous genitalia, microcephaly, microphthalmia, hyoptelorism, single choanal opening, low-set ears, simian creases, Tetralogy of Fallot, bilateral hydronephrosis, and absence of the left ureter characterized an infant the died 1 hour postpartum with the karyotype 48,XXY,+13.", "contents": "A case of double trisomy in a liveborn infant: 48, XXY, \"13. Ambigouous genitalia, microcephaly, microphthalmia, hyoptelorism, single choanal opening, low-set ears, simian creases, Tetralogy of Fallot, bilateral hydronephrosis, and absence of the left ureter characterized an infant the died 1 hour postpartum with the karyotype 48,XXY,+13.", "PMID": 837565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2773", "title": "Cystic fibrosis: Evidence for a genetic compound from a family study in cell culture.", "content": "Although the majority of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) show a typical clinical course, a minority with the same clinical phenotype at the time of initial diagnosis have an atypical (mild) course. Skin fibroblast cultures were established from 49 members of the family of one such atypical CF adult patient, previously identified (Danes et al. 1976) as CF Class II (ametachromatic and no metabolic cooperation with CF Class I fibroblasts), the offspring of Class I (metachromatic, metabolic cooperation with normal fibroblasts)/Class II mating. The culture phenotype for Class I was traced on the maternal side and for Class II on the paternal side through consecutive generations and the culture phenotype of each class segregated. This family study added experimental evidence to support the hypothesis that the atypical (mild) clinical features and course of this adult CF patient were due to two different CF genes combining to produce a genetic compound expressing a mild form of CF.", "contents": "Cystic fibrosis: Evidence for a genetic compound from a family study in cell culture. Although the majority of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) show a typical clinical course, a minority with the same clinical phenotype at the time of initial diagnosis have an atypical (mild) course. Skin fibroblast cultures were established from 49 members of the family of one such atypical CF adult patient, previously identified (Danes et al. 1976) as CF Class II (ametachromatic and no metabolic cooperation with CF Class I fibroblasts), the offspring of Class I (metachromatic, metabolic cooperation with normal fibroblasts)/Class II mating. The culture phenotype for Class I was traced on the maternal side and for Class II on the paternal side through consecutive generations and the culture phenotype of each class segregated. This family study added experimental evidence to support the hypothesis that the atypical (mild) clinical features and course of this adult CF patient were due to two different CF genes combining to produce a genetic compound expressing a mild form of CF.", "PMID": 837566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2774", "title": "Two XX males in one family and additional observations bearing on the etiology of XX males.", "content": "Two XX males who were second cousins are reported. A genetic mechanism producing maleness is suggested. The putative factor had been transmitted solely through males, which excludes the possibility of a heritable X-Y interchange. Recent reports on fluorescent Y chromatin in Sertoli cells of XX males prompted investigations into the fluorescence patterns of testicular cells. Sertoli cells from three XX males displayed brightly fluorescent spots, but it was concluded that they did not represent Y chromosomes. Evidence for this conclusion was obtained from the study of testicular fluorescence in XX, XXY and XY males. No visually detectalbe cytogenetic evidence for an increase in length or altered banding pattern of one of the X chromosomes was found in three XX males. We conclude that an autosomal gene is the most likely explanation of the male differentiation in the two XX males presented here.", "contents": "Two XX males in one family and additional observations bearing on the etiology of XX males. Two XX males who were second cousins are reported. A genetic mechanism producing maleness is suggested. The putative factor had been transmitted solely through males, which excludes the possibility of a heritable X-Y interchange. Recent reports on fluorescent Y chromatin in Sertoli cells of XX males prompted investigations into the fluorescence patterns of testicular cells. Sertoli cells from three XX males displayed brightly fluorescent spots, but it was concluded that they did not represent Y chromosomes. Evidence for this conclusion was obtained from the study of testicular fluorescence in XX, XXY and XY males. No visually detectalbe cytogenetic evidence for an increase in length or altered banding pattern of one of the X chromosomes was found in three XX males. We conclude that an autosomal gene is the most likely explanation of the male differentiation in the two XX males presented here.", "PMID": 837567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2775", "title": "A case report of a presumptive +i(18p) associated with serum IgA deficiency.", "content": "The case of a 4-month-old male infant with retarded psychomotor development and multiple anomalies is presented. Cytogenetic studies on peripheral blood and skin cultures revealed a normal male complement with a supernumerary small metacentric chromosome. According to its size and its banding patterns, the metacentric chromosome was postulated to be an isochromosome for the short arm of number 18. A deficiency of serum IgA was observed in this patient.", "contents": "A case report of a presumptive +i(18p) associated with serum IgA deficiency. The case of a 4-month-old male infant with retarded psychomotor development and multiple anomalies is presented. Cytogenetic studies on peripheral blood and skin cultures revealed a normal male complement with a supernumerary small metacentric chromosome. According to its size and its banding patterns, the metacentric chromosome was postulated to be an isochromosome for the short arm of number 18. A deficiency of serum IgA was observed in this patient.", "PMID": 837568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2776", "title": "The distribution of ancestral secondary cases in Parkinson's disease.", "content": "Recent evidence suggests a genetic mode of transmission of Parkinson's disease. A multifactorial mechanism is likely, but autosomal dominance with reduced penetrance has not been excluded. The distribution of ancestral second-degree relatives with Parkinson's disease was evaluated in 12 families. Affected relatives were bilaterally distributed more often than would be expected for autosomal dominance. The distribution of ancestral secondary cases suggests a multifactorial etiology for most cases of Parkinson's disease. The possibility of dominant gene inheritance in some families is not entirely ruled out.", "contents": "The distribution of ancestral secondary cases in Parkinson's disease. Recent evidence suggests a genetic mode of transmission of Parkinson's disease. A multifactorial mechanism is likely, but autosomal dominance with reduced penetrance has not been excluded. The distribution of ancestral second-degree relatives with Parkinson's disease was evaluated in 12 families. Affected relatives were bilaterally distributed more often than would be expected for autosomal dominance. The distribution of ancestral secondary cases suggests a multifactorial etiology for most cases of Parkinson's disease. The possibility of dominant gene inheritance in some families is not entirely ruled out.", "PMID": 837569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2777", "title": "Genetic heterogeneity of hypoxanthine-phosphoribosyl transferase in human fibroblasts of 3 families.", "content": "Incorporation of hypoxanthine, resistance to 8-azaguanine and activation by lyophilisation have been studied in cultured human fibroblasts. Cells from one family where there was a boy with Lesch-Nyham syndrome, from two families with variant H-PRT mutations and three cell strains from patients with the Lesch-Nyham syndrome were investigated. Cells from patients with the Lesch-Nyham syndrome showed almost no hypoxanthine incorporation and resistance to concentrations of 8-azaguanine up to 10(-3) M, whereas cells of patients with partial H-PRT deficiency demonstrated variant patterns of hypoxanthine uptake and partial resistance to 8-azaguanine. Lyophilisation of fibroblast sediment from patients with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome and patients with variant H-PRT mutations showed activation of the deficient or partially deficient H-PRT enzyme. No such activation was observed in healthy controls. Activation of lyophilised fibroblast extract from patients and controls was not obtained. These results suggest that H-PRT could be associated with the cell membranes.", "contents": "Genetic heterogeneity of hypoxanthine-phosphoribosyl transferase in human fibroblasts of 3 families. Incorporation of hypoxanthine, resistance to 8-azaguanine and activation by lyophilisation have been studied in cultured human fibroblasts. Cells from one family where there was a boy with Lesch-Nyham syndrome, from two families with variant H-PRT mutations and three cell strains from patients with the Lesch-Nyham syndrome were investigated. Cells from patients with the Lesch-Nyham syndrome showed almost no hypoxanthine incorporation and resistance to concentrations of 8-azaguanine up to 10(-3) M, whereas cells of patients with partial H-PRT deficiency demonstrated variant patterns of hypoxanthine uptake and partial resistance to 8-azaguanine. Lyophilisation of fibroblast sediment from patients with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome and patients with variant H-PRT mutations showed activation of the deficient or partially deficient H-PRT enzyme. No such activation was observed in healthy controls. Activation of lyophilised fibroblast extract from patients and controls was not obtained. These results suggest that H-PRT could be associated with the cell membranes.", "PMID": 837570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2778", "title": "Dermatoglyphics in Cri du Chat syndrome.", "content": "The dermatoglyphics of 33 Japanese (20 females and 13 males) with Cri du Chat syndrome were compared with 544 male and 129 female controls. In these cases, 18 cases were described only with regard to simian crease and distal axial triradius. It was found that these patients showed high frequencies of certain characteristics such as whorl pattern, arch pattern, thenar pattern, bilateral simian creases and distally displaced axial triradii on both palms (t').", "contents": "Dermatoglyphics in Cri du Chat syndrome. The dermatoglyphics of 33 Japanese (20 females and 13 males) with Cri du Chat syndrome were compared with 544 male and 129 female controls. In these cases, 18 cases were described only with regard to simian crease and distal axial triradius. It was found that these patients showed high frequencies of certain characteristics such as whorl pattern, arch pattern, thenar pattern, bilateral simian creases and distally displaced axial triradii on both palms (t').", "PMID": 837572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2779", "title": "The 9p- deletion syndrome. A patient with a 45, XX-9, -15, +t(9/15) constitution due to maternal 3:1 meiotic disjunction.", "content": "Deletion of the short arm of chromosome 9, derived from a 3:1 meiotic segregation in the mother, carrier of a balanced 9/15 translocation, was found in a 3-year-old female. Severe psychomotor retardation with delayed speech, brachicephaly, flat occiput hypertelorism and long upper lip were the main signs in the girl.", "contents": "The 9p- deletion syndrome. A patient with a 45, XX-9, -15, +t(9/15) constitution due to maternal 3:1 meiotic disjunction. Deletion of the short arm of chromosome 9, derived from a 3:1 meiotic segregation in the mother, carrier of a balanced 9/15 translocation, was found in a 3-year-old female. Severe psychomotor retardation with delayed speech, brachicephaly, flat occiput hypertelorism and long upper lip were the main signs in the girl.", "PMID": 837573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2780", "title": "Physiology of aging: metabolic changes during the climacteric and menopausal periods.", "content": "Endocrine regulation is altered with age. Changes in hormone secretory rates, patterns of secretion, and responses to physiologic and pharmacologic stimuli have been demonstrated. Target tissue sensitivity to hormones appears to be age related and to involve hormone receptor mechanisms, enzymatic responses, and carrier proteins. The aging process reflects changes in cellular structure and metabolism that decrease the function and efficiency of tissues. Structural changes occur with age and are characterized by a loss of elastic tissue, accumulation of highly crosslinked collagen, reduction in ground substance, and an increase in a cellular fluorescent pigment called lipofuscin. These changes decrease the pliability of tissues and alter membrane permeability. Modifications in protein synthesis and enzymatic systems may predispose the aged to autoimmune and neoplastic disease. Endocrine diseases are common in the aged and often may be atypical in their presentation. Cancer is common in the elderly and may be associated with endocrine manifestations because the tumor is producing hormones. Physicians must be aware of these syndromes so that a correct diagnosis can be established, treatment instituted, and the quality of life improved. Laboratory test results in the aged must be carefully interpreted because most aged patients are taking medications that interfere with endocrine tests and also the normal range for the elderly has not been clearly established. Abnormal laboratory diagnostic tests are common in the aged and do not always imply endocrine disease. No hormone can reverse the natural process of aging; however, hormones do regulate all metabolic functions and the neuroendocrine system plays a key role in all phases of growth, maturation, and aging.", "contents": "Physiology of aging: metabolic changes during the climacteric and menopausal periods. Endocrine regulation is altered with age. Changes in hormone secretory rates, patterns of secretion, and responses to physiologic and pharmacologic stimuli have been demonstrated. Target tissue sensitivity to hormones appears to be age related and to involve hormone receptor mechanisms, enzymatic responses, and carrier proteins. The aging process reflects changes in cellular structure and metabolism that decrease the function and efficiency of tissues. Structural changes occur with age and are characterized by a loss of elastic tissue, accumulation of highly crosslinked collagen, reduction in ground substance, and an increase in a cellular fluorescent pigment called lipofuscin. These changes decrease the pliability of tissues and alter membrane permeability. Modifications in protein synthesis and enzymatic systems may predispose the aged to autoimmune and neoplastic disease. Endocrine diseases are common in the aged and often may be atypical in their presentation. Cancer is common in the elderly and may be associated with endocrine manifestations because the tumor is producing hormones. Physicians must be aware of these syndromes so that a correct diagnosis can be established, treatment instituted, and the quality of life improved. Laboratory test results in the aged must be carefully interpreted because most aged patients are taking medications that interfere with endocrine tests and also the normal range for the elderly has not been clearly established. Abnormal laboratory diagnostic tests are common in the aged and do not always imply endocrine disease. No hormone can reverse the natural process of aging; however, hormones do regulate all metabolic functions and the neuroendocrine system plays a key role in all phases of growth, maturation, and aging.", "PMID": 837575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2781", "title": "Infections in elderly women.", "content": "The topic of infections in elderly women is reviewed. In this age group consideration must be given to possible underlying disease and to the patient's age when antibiotic therapy is to be utilized. Preventive measures are stressed in the care of elderly women with infections.", "contents": "Infections in elderly women. The topic of infections in elderly women is reviewed. In this age group consideration must be given to possible underlying disease and to the patient's age when antibiotic therapy is to be utilized. Preventive measures are stressed in the care of elderly women with infections.", "PMID": 837579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2782", "title": "Ambulatory care of aging women: a gynecologist's point of view.", "content": "The purpose of this presentation has been to describe, in a very general way, the gynecologic problems of elderly women and of the system available to provide gynecologic services to them on an ambulatory basis. Several suggestions to improve care are made. Some can be implemented readily, but others will require new and additional personnel. I firmly believe that the care of aging women will soon require the creation of new facilities and development of new equipment and of new approaches much like the care of other special groups has required.", "contents": "Ambulatory care of aging women: a gynecologist's point of view. The purpose of this presentation has been to describe, in a very general way, the gynecologic problems of elderly women and of the system available to provide gynecologic services to them on an ambulatory basis. Several suggestions to improve care are made. Some can be implemented readily, but others will require new and additional personnel. I firmly believe that the care of aging women will soon require the creation of new facilities and development of new equipment and of new approaches much like the care of other special groups has required.", "PMID": 837581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2783", "title": "Preventative aspects of liability in obstetrics and gynecology.", "content": "It would be impossible to devise a complete list of \"Do's and Don'ts\" for the physician to follow in preventing legal involvement. Indeed, such a list, even if considered complete, would not benefit the physician as much as would an overall feel for this whole area of patient interaction. When about to engage in some specific activity, the physician should consult the helpful medical-legal articles in publications that are readily available, e.g., articles on artificial insemination (1, 10), sex therapy (12), and human experimentation (9, 11, 15, 17). The physician must never undertake an action for which he/she does not have the training, the experience, and the emotional security to perform. If complications occur, exact and detailed documentation of the circumstances and the steps taken to correct the complication should be made. All this should be explained to the patient, if she is in a condition to understand, or to relatives. The physician needs to assume a humble attitude, but should not be defensive or make guiltridden admissions. When surgical procedures are undertaken, there should always be adequate pathology to justify the procecure. The physician should avoid pressuring the patient for a quick consent and should avoid statements that might invoke excessively optimistic expectations on the part of the patient (7).", "contents": "Preventative aspects of liability in obstetrics and gynecology. It would be impossible to devise a complete list of \"Do's and Don'ts\" for the physician to follow in preventing legal involvement. Indeed, such a list, even if considered complete, would not benefit the physician as much as would an overall feel for this whole area of patient interaction. When about to engage in some specific activity, the physician should consult the helpful medical-legal articles in publications that are readily available, e.g., articles on artificial insemination (1, 10), sex therapy (12), and human experimentation (9, 11, 15, 17). The physician must never undertake an action for which he/she does not have the training, the experience, and the emotional security to perform. If complications occur, exact and detailed documentation of the circumstances and the steps taken to correct the complication should be made. All this should be explained to the patient, if she is in a condition to understand, or to relatives. The physician needs to assume a humble attitude, but should not be defensive or make guiltridden admissions. When surgical procedures are undertaken, there should always be adequate pathology to justify the procecure. The physician should avoid pressuring the patient for a quick consent and should avoid statements that might invoke excessively optimistic expectations on the part of the patient (7).", "PMID": 837583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2784", "title": "Congenital idiopathic clubfoot.", "content": "Using a relatively conservative approach to the problem, the results were fair to good in two-thirds of the patients in a series of 23 congenital idiopathic clubfeet with an average follow-up of 6 and one-half years.", "contents": "Congenital idiopathic clubfoot. Using a relatively conservative approach to the problem, the results were fair to good in two-thirds of the patients in a series of 23 congenital idiopathic clubfeet with an average follow-up of 6 and one-half years.", "PMID": 837595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2785", "title": "Management of arthritis of the ankle. An alternative of arthrodesis.", "content": "Twenty-eight patients treated by total ankle arthroplasty at the University of California, Irvine, were evaluated on a 100-point ankle analysis scale preoperatively and postoperatively. The average preoperative score was 35 and the average postoperative score was 74. Significant improvement occurred in function, pain relief and range of motion. The average follow-up period for these patients was 9 months. Although the number in each group is small, it does not appear that the procedure has merit for the treatment of ankle arthritis from such diverse causes as trauma, rheumatoid arthritis, aseptic necrosis of the talus and talectomy. Complications included wound healing problems in 3 patients. Malalignment of the prosthesis occurred in 2 other patients; one required revision. Ankle replacement failed in 2 patients. One patient required a fusion; the other an amputation following occlusion of the posterior tibial artery after surgery. At the present time, ankle replacement appears to be an acceptable alternative to ankle arthrodesis.", "contents": "Management of arthritis of the ankle. An alternative of arthrodesis. Twenty-eight patients treated by total ankle arthroplasty at the University of California, Irvine, were evaluated on a 100-point ankle analysis scale preoperatively and postoperatively. The average preoperative score was 35 and the average postoperative score was 74. Significant improvement occurred in function, pain relief and range of motion. The average follow-up period for these patients was 9 months. Although the number in each group is small, it does not appear that the procedure has merit for the treatment of ankle arthritis from such diverse causes as trauma, rheumatoid arthritis, aseptic necrosis of the talus and talectomy. Complications included wound healing problems in 3 patients. Malalignment of the prosthesis occurred in 2 other patients; one required revision. Ankle replacement failed in 2 patients. One patient required a fusion; the other an amputation following occlusion of the posterior tibial artery after surgery. At the present time, ankle replacement appears to be an acceptable alternative to ankle arthrodesis.", "PMID": 837596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2786", "title": "Biomechanics of the foot and ankle.", "content": "The human foot evolved to provide: (1) mechanisms to limit the excursion of the center of mass during ambulation and thereby minimize the expenditure of energy; (2) a base of support of sufficien dimensions for the stability necessary to maintain the upright position without excessive muscular activity; (3) mechanisms for flexibility to absorb the shock of the body weight and for accommodation to uneven terrain; (4) rigidity of the foot when it acts as a lever in the push-off period of stance.", "contents": "Biomechanics of the foot and ankle. The human foot evolved to provide: (1) mechanisms to limit the excursion of the center of mass during ambulation and thereby minimize the expenditure of energy; (2) a base of support of sufficien dimensions for the stability necessary to maintain the upright position without excessive muscular activity; (3) mechanisms for flexibility to absorb the shock of the body weight and for accommodation to uneven terrain; (4) rigidity of the foot when it acts as a lever in the push-off period of stance.", "PMID": 837594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2787", "title": "Triple osteotomy of the innominate bone. A procedure to accomplish coverage of the dislocated or subluxated femoral head in the older patient.", "content": "The triple osteotomy of the innominate bone is a total redirectional reconstruction and is obtained by circum-acetabular osteotomies through the ilium, ischium and pubis. The method achieves coverage of a dislocated or subluxated femoral head where other iliac osteotomies are ineffective or incomplete. Triple osteotomy was performed on 175 hips including 121 congenital dislocation-subluxations. The patients' ages ranged from 6 to 35, with 70 per cent falling between 9 and 12. Eighty-six per cent had a satisfactory result. Most of the unsatisfactory results were in cerebral palsy, myelodysplasia and peroneal muscular atrophy and associated with uncontrolled muscle contractures or progressive disease.", "contents": "Triple osteotomy of the innominate bone. A procedure to accomplish coverage of the dislocated or subluxated femoral head in the older patient. The triple osteotomy of the innominate bone is a total redirectional reconstruction and is obtained by circum-acetabular osteotomies through the ilium, ischium and pubis. The method achieves coverage of a dislocated or subluxated femoral head where other iliac osteotomies are ineffective or incomplete. Triple osteotomy was performed on 175 hips including 121 congenital dislocation-subluxations. The patients' ages ranged from 6 to 35, with 70 per cent falling between 9 and 12. Eighty-six per cent had a satisfactory result. Most of the unsatisfactory results were in cerebral palsy, myelodysplasia and peroneal muscular atrophy and associated with uncontrolled muscle contractures or progressive disease.", "PMID": 837597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2788", "title": "Fractures of the hip in the institutionalized psychotic patient. A mortality and morbidity survey of 106 cases.", "content": "Fractures of the hip and its resultant mortality are a reflection of age more than any other factor. The death and morbidity in this poor risk patient group with multiple medical problems can be significantly lowered by the generalized use of prophylactic antibiotics and thromboembolic protection. Stabilization of intertrochanteric fractures at the time of surgery with stronger implants, displacement osteotomy, and the judicious use of bone cement, along with primary replacement of displaced subcapital fractures allows the patient earlier ambulation before the skills of walking have been forgotten.", "contents": "Fractures of the hip in the institutionalized psychotic patient. A mortality and morbidity survey of 106 cases. Fractures of the hip and its resultant mortality are a reflection of age more than any other factor. The death and morbidity in this poor risk patient group with multiple medical problems can be significantly lowered by the generalized use of prophylactic antibiotics and thromboembolic protection. Stabilization of intertrochanteric fractures at the time of surgery with stronger implants, displacement osteotomy, and the judicious use of bone cement, along with primary replacement of displaced subcapital fractures allows the patient earlier ambulation before the skills of walking have been forgotten.", "PMID": 837598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2789", "title": "Slipped capital femoral epiphysis co-existent with hypothyroidism.", "content": "Five patients with slipped capital femoral epiphysis were conclusively diagnosed as being hypothyroid. One was a cretin, who was diagnosed and begun on thyroid medication at four months of age but subsequently many years later developed the slip. Suspicion of hypothyroidism should exist for the clinician who finds himself with a child below age 12 with a delayed bone age, borderline mental status and a slipped capital femoral epiphysis. His attention in addition to the orthopedic management of the slip, should be directed towards laboratory studies to rule out hypothyroidism.", "contents": "Slipped capital femoral epiphysis co-existent with hypothyroidism. Five patients with slipped capital femoral epiphysis were conclusively diagnosed as being hypothyroid. One was a cretin, who was diagnosed and begun on thyroid medication at four months of age but subsequently many years later developed the slip. Suspicion of hypothyroidism should exist for the clinician who finds himself with a child below age 12 with a delayed bone age, borderline mental status and a slipped capital femoral epiphysis. His attention in addition to the orthopedic management of the slip, should be directed towards laboratory studies to rule out hypothyroidism.", "PMID": 837599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2790", "title": "The use of cryosurgery in the treatment of low and medium grade chondrosarcoma. A preliminary report.", "content": "Eighteen chondrosarcoma (Grade I and Grade II) have been treated with cryosurgery. One patient subsequently developed a metastasis; three later had to have an en bloc resection (in two of these there was no tumor in the specimen) and three underwent amputation (one of these had tumor in the specimen). In general, cryosurgery for low grade chondrosarcoma is encouraging as long as the limb is protected postoperatively from fracture -- using various orthopedic appliances to allow bone regeneration (i.e. ischial weight bearing brace). Other complications such as nerve paralysis have been transient. One air embolis death occurred (in another disease) where the exit of nitrogen gas was blocked. This is preventable by allowing free exit of gas from the bone. Approximately 500 cases of primary bone have been treated with cryosurgery as of this date; long term follow-up results will be reported later.", "contents": "The use of cryosurgery in the treatment of low and medium grade chondrosarcoma. A preliminary report. Eighteen chondrosarcoma (Grade I and Grade II) have been treated with cryosurgery. One patient subsequently developed a metastasis; three later had to have an en bloc resection (in two of these there was no tumor in the specimen) and three underwent amputation (one of these had tumor in the specimen). In general, cryosurgery for low grade chondrosarcoma is encouraging as long as the limb is protected postoperatively from fracture -- using various orthopedic appliances to allow bone regeneration (i.e. ischial weight bearing brace). Other complications such as nerve paralysis have been transient. One air embolis death occurred (in another disease) where the exit of nitrogen gas was blocked. This is preventable by allowing free exit of gas from the bone. Approximately 500 cases of primary bone have been treated with cryosurgery as of this date; long term follow-up results will be reported later.", "PMID": 837601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2791", "title": "The epidemiology of femoral neck fractures in Jerusalem. A prospective study (1967-1971).", "content": "A prospective study of 570 patients with fracture of the upper end of the femur was carried out between 1967 and 1971 in Jerusalem. Of three distinct ethnic groupings, Western or Ashkenazi females and Eastern or Sephardi males produced the highest incidence of fractured neck of the femur proportional to their makeup in the population at risk. No explanation for this is forthcoming as both groups are of differing sex and race. The age and sex incidence of these fractures in the Eastern and Western ethnic groups in this city showed a distinct resemblance to their geographicaly counterparts in other studies. There is an interesting seasonal pattern of incidence of fractures in females and correlation with increased physical activity during the three special holiday periods.", "contents": "The epidemiology of femoral neck fractures in Jerusalem. A prospective study (1967-1971). A prospective study of 570 patients with fracture of the upper end of the femur was carried out between 1967 and 1971 in Jerusalem. Of three distinct ethnic groupings, Western or Ashkenazi females and Eastern or Sephardi males produced the highest incidence of fractured neck of the femur proportional to their makeup in the population at risk. No explanation for this is forthcoming as both groups are of differing sex and race. The age and sex incidence of these fractures in the Eastern and Western ethnic groups in this city showed a distinct resemblance to their geographicaly counterparts in other studies. There is an interesting seasonal pattern of incidence of fractures in females and correlation with increased physical activity during the three special holiday periods.", "PMID": 837600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2792", "title": "Dedifferentiation of low grade chondrosarcomas.", "content": "In four unusual cases where a low-grade chondrosarcoma suddenly dedifferentiated into a florid, highly-malignant fibrosarcoma, the average survival was 12 months (range 5-18 months). The surgical treatment of chondrosarcoma consists of a primary excisional biopsy, and if dedifferentiation to fibrosarcoma is seen, radical excision and chemotherapy or irradiation or both.", "contents": "Dedifferentiation of low grade chondrosarcomas. In four unusual cases where a low-grade chondrosarcoma suddenly dedifferentiated into a florid, highly-malignant fibrosarcoma, the average survival was 12 months (range 5-18 months). The surgical treatment of chondrosarcoma consists of a primary excisional biopsy, and if dedifferentiation to fibrosarcoma is seen, radical excision and chemotherapy or irradiation or both.", "PMID": 837602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2793", "title": "Cystic degeneration and calcification following ischemic paralysis of the leg.", "content": "Increased pressure within a closed space which leads to a compromise of the circulation and function of tissues is referred to as a compartmental syndrome. The resulting changes range from the mild reversible ones to extensive necrosis and fibrosis. Rarely, a cystic calcified mass may develop in the affected area years after the onset of ischemia. Two such cases which involve the lower limb have been reported by Gallie. The authors report one new case of late cystic degeneration and calcification following ischemic paralysis of the leg.", "contents": "Cystic degeneration and calcification following ischemic paralysis of the leg. Increased pressure within a closed space which leads to a compromise of the circulation and function of tissues is referred to as a compartmental syndrome. The resulting changes range from the mild reversible ones to extensive necrosis and fibrosis. Rarely, a cystic calcified mass may develop in the affected area years after the onset of ischemia. Two such cases which involve the lower limb have been reported by Gallie. The authors report one new case of late cystic degeneration and calcification following ischemic paralysis of the leg.", "PMID": 837606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2794", "title": "Posterior compartment syndrome resulting from a dissecting popliteal cyst. Case report.", "content": "Calf swelling, associated with an intra-articular effusion of the knee, should be considered a dissecting popliteal cyst until proven otherwise. The posterior compartment syndrome caused by an increase in pressure within the deep posterior compartment of the leg is usually secondary to trauma. This case history of a dissecting popliteal cyst reports another unusual cause of the posterior compartment syndrome. Popliteal cysts, especially dissecting ones, are typical of connective tissue diseases, and are not limited to rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Posterior compartment syndrome resulting from a dissecting popliteal cyst. Case report. Calf swelling, associated with an intra-articular effusion of the knee, should be considered a dissecting popliteal cyst until proven otherwise. The posterior compartment syndrome caused by an increase in pressure within the deep posterior compartment of the leg is usually secondary to trauma. This case history of a dissecting popliteal cyst reports another unusual cause of the posterior compartment syndrome. Popliteal cysts, especially dissecting ones, are typical of connective tissue diseases, and are not limited to rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 837605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2795", "title": "The intramedullary compression rod.", "content": "The Kaessmann compression device was employed in 26 patients with fractures of the long bones. In 15 fractures of the tibia, prompt healing occurred, even in fractures in the distal one-fourth of the tibia. Most of these cases were treated without external plaster support, and were permitted early ambulation, with partial weight-bearing. The technique for immobilizing these fractures involves a sliding a Kuntscher nail over a tension rod, and then fixing the clevis of the tension rod to the distal bone fragments by a transverse screw. The Kuntscher nail is fixed to the proximal bone fragment by a metal lip, and after compression is achieved, a locking sleeve fixed by a screw to the tension rod, prevents loss of compression. In 11 cases of pseudarthrosis of the tibia, the medullary canal was enlarged by passing graduated drills down the bony canal, over a guide wire. The compression rod was then inserted across the pseudarthrosis, and seventy to 80 kg/cm2 pressure was applied to the bone ends. No bone grafting procedure was performed. In all 11 cases, prompt union occurred. Postoperative management was similar to that employed in the treatment of fresh fractures. Three success fusions of the ankle also attest to the effectiveness of this immobilization. Although controversy exists regarding the role of compression in the healing of fractures, the axial compression rod does overcome distraction, compresses the bony surfaces, immobilizing them securely to produce union with an economy of callus.", "contents": "The intramedullary compression rod. The Kaessmann compression device was employed in 26 patients with fractures of the long bones. In 15 fractures of the tibia, prompt healing occurred, even in fractures in the distal one-fourth of the tibia. Most of these cases were treated without external plaster support, and were permitted early ambulation, with partial weight-bearing. The technique for immobilizing these fractures involves a sliding a Kuntscher nail over a tension rod, and then fixing the clevis of the tension rod to the distal bone fragments by a transverse screw. The Kuntscher nail is fixed to the proximal bone fragment by a metal lip, and after compression is achieved, a locking sleeve fixed by a screw to the tension rod, prevents loss of compression. In 11 cases of pseudarthrosis of the tibia, the medullary canal was enlarged by passing graduated drills down the bony canal, over a guide wire. The compression rod was then inserted across the pseudarthrosis, and seventy to 80 kg/cm2 pressure was applied to the bone ends. No bone grafting procedure was performed. In all 11 cases, prompt union occurred. Postoperative management was similar to that employed in the treatment of fresh fractures. Three success fusions of the ankle also attest to the effectiveness of this immobilization. Although controversy exists regarding the role of compression in the healing of fractures, the axial compression rod does overcome distraction, compresses the bony surfaces, immobilizing them securely to produce union with an economy of callus.", "PMID": 837603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2796", "title": "Acute cervical strain. Evaluation and short term prognostic factors.", "content": "An independent examiner evaluated 179 consecutive private ambulatory litigant patients with soft tissue neck injuries (whiplash) from automobile injuries. Treatment of all patients consisted of neck and shoulder exercises with the exclusion of cervical collars, cervical traction and hospitalization. Forty-three patients had intermittent cervical traction in addition to the exercises. All patients were encouraged to resume their usual work and other activities. The presence of interscapular or upper back pain prognosticated a less favorable result. The average length of treatment was 7.4 weeks. Thirty-seven per cent of the patients with asymptomatic; 16 per cent showed no significant recovery. Older patients recovered as well as younger patients. There was no relation between X-ray findings of flattening or reversal of the cervical lordotic curve and the degree of recovery.", "contents": "Acute cervical strain. Evaluation and short term prognostic factors. An independent examiner evaluated 179 consecutive private ambulatory litigant patients with soft tissue neck injuries (whiplash) from automobile injuries. Treatment of all patients consisted of neck and shoulder exercises with the exclusion of cervical collars, cervical traction and hospitalization. Forty-three patients had intermittent cervical traction in addition to the exercises. All patients were encouraged to resume their usual work and other activities. The presence of interscapular or upper back pain prognosticated a less favorable result. The average length of treatment was 7.4 weeks. Thirty-seven per cent of the patients with asymptomatic; 16 per cent showed no significant recovery. Older patients recovered as well as younger patients. There was no relation between X-ray findings of flattening or reversal of the cervical lordotic curve and the degree of recovery.", "PMID": 837607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2797", "title": "Results of single compartment arthroplasty with acrylic cement fixation. A minimum follow-up of two years.", "content": "Single compartment modular knee replacements produced good or excellent three-year follow-up results in a success rate of 92 per cent. Contracture, thrombophlebitis, infections and other complications are infrequent.", "contents": "Results of single compartment arthroplasty with acrylic cement fixation. A minimum follow-up of two years. Single compartment modular knee replacements produced good or excellent three-year follow-up results in a success rate of 92 per cent. Contracture, thrombophlebitis, infections and other complications are infrequent.", "PMID": 837604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2798", "title": "The use of the Varney brace for subluxating shoulders in stroke and upper motor neuron injuries.", "content": "Applying the Varney shoulder brace for painful subluxating shoulders in stroke and head injury patients with or without spasticity has proved to be an extremely effective means of reducing the subluxed shoulder. Other causes for painful shoulders in these patients must be ruled out. Not every shoulder which subluxes with or without spasticity is painful. Correct diagnosis of the etiology of the pain is essential to help the patient. Rotator cuff tendinitis, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, glenohumeral arthritis, shoulder contracture, pain due to central nervous system origin (thalmic pain) and other intrinsic causes of referred pain must be ruled out. Once the subluxed shoulder is proven to be the cause of pain, the Varney brace is an excellent orthosis for the reduction and maintenance of position. Pain usually subsides completely within 5 to 7 days.", "contents": "The use of the Varney brace for subluxating shoulders in stroke and upper motor neuron injuries. Applying the Varney shoulder brace for painful subluxating shoulders in stroke and head injury patients with or without spasticity has proved to be an extremely effective means of reducing the subluxed shoulder. Other causes for painful shoulders in these patients must be ruled out. Not every shoulder which subluxes with or without spasticity is painful. Correct diagnosis of the etiology of the pain is essential to help the patient. Rotator cuff tendinitis, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, glenohumeral arthritis, shoulder contracture, pain due to central nervous system origin (thalmic pain) and other intrinsic causes of referred pain must be ruled out. Once the subluxed shoulder is proven to be the cause of pain, the Varney brace is an excellent orthosis for the reduction and maintenance of position. Pain usually subsides completely within 5 to 7 days.", "PMID": 837609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2799", "title": "A neurologic complication following Monteggia fracture.", "content": "Posterior interosseous nerve palsy can occur following a Monteggia fracture by a variety of mechanisms. In this case report of a 35-year-old man the nerve became wrapped around an anterolaterally dislocated radial head in the course of an unsuccessful attempt as closed reduction. Cadaveric dissections demonstrated how reduction of the radial head can be blocked by an enwrapped nerve. Obviously open reduction of the fracture with exploration of the nerve is the treatment of choice.", "contents": "A neurologic complication following Monteggia fracture. Posterior interosseous nerve palsy can occur following a Monteggia fracture by a variety of mechanisms. In this case report of a 35-year-old man the nerve became wrapped around an anterolaterally dislocated radial head in the course of an unsuccessful attempt as closed reduction. Cadaveric dissections demonstrated how reduction of the radial head can be blocked by an enwrapped nerve. Obviously open reduction of the fracture with exploration of the nerve is the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 837610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2800", "title": "Hemiarthroplasty for the rheumatoid shoulder joint.", "content": "Hemiarthroplasty was performed in 10 patients with rheumatoid arthritis of the shoulder joint. A humeral head prosthesis was inserted to replace the articular surface of the humeral head in 12 shoulders. Marked relief of pain and improved function in long term follow-up examinations were noted in the majority of the patients. The indication for shoulder hemiarthroplasty is severe pain and chronic rheumatoid disease.", "contents": "Hemiarthroplasty for the rheumatoid shoulder joint. Hemiarthroplasty was performed in 10 patients with rheumatoid arthritis of the shoulder joint. A humeral head prosthesis was inserted to replace the articular surface of the humeral head in 12 shoulders. Marked relief of pain and improved function in long term follow-up examinations were noted in the majority of the patients. The indication for shoulder hemiarthroplasty is severe pain and chronic rheumatoid disease.", "PMID": 837608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2801", "title": "Recognition of factitial hand injuries.", "content": "Facitial injuries with various presentations occur with some frequency to the hand because it is a body part that is easily accessible. Methods used to produce wounds included insertion of porcupine quills, application of constrictive rubber bands, mascara injections and excoriation of healing wounds. It is important to recognize the factitial origin in order to avoid needless repetitive surgery and permanent hand disability. No specific pattern of psychopathology was found in our cases. The patients' attitude toward their lesions was one of bland unconcern and stoicism. The patients were resistant to psychiatric referral and persisted in seeking medical responsibility for cure. Successful management requires early suspicion and prompt recognition as well as establishment of non-accusatory relationship with the primary physician. Confrontation should be avoided if possible. Even if reinforced with collaborative evidence, such confrontation will have limited effect on the patient's subsequent behavior.", "contents": "Recognition of factitial hand injuries. Facitial injuries with various presentations occur with some frequency to the hand because it is a body part that is easily accessible. Methods used to produce wounds included insertion of porcupine quills, application of constrictive rubber bands, mascara injections and excoriation of healing wounds. It is important to recognize the factitial origin in order to avoid needless repetitive surgery and permanent hand disability. No specific pattern of psychopathology was found in our cases. The patients' attitude toward their lesions was one of bland unconcern and stoicism. The patients were resistant to psychiatric referral and persisted in seeking medical responsibility for cure. Successful management requires early suspicion and prompt recognition as well as establishment of non-accusatory relationship with the primary physician. Confrontation should be avoided if possible. Even if reinforced with collaborative evidence, such confrontation will have limited effect on the patient's subsequent behavior.", "PMID": 837612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2802", "title": "Airborne contamination in orthopedic surgery. Evaluation of laminar air flow system and aspiration suit.", "content": "The question arises whether, on the basis of our studies, the laminar flow system and aspiration suit should be considered as useful and effective components of the overall proctocol to prevent postoperative surgical infections. Our observations do not permit a definitive answer. This would obviously depend on the demonstration of a reduction of the incidence of postoperative infection by means of a large controlled study. The infection rate encountered in this study can not be used to draw any conclusion as to the efficacy of the laminar flow systems, since there are too many uncontrollable variables which may be influential in causing a post operative wound infection. Published reports and present data seem to indicate that the airborne route of transmission is of little significance in modern surgery and that the amount of wound contamination is not necessarily a reflection of airborne contamination. Thus, the use of the laminar air flow system and aspiration suits, which are clearly designed to prevent wound infection by the airborne route, does not seem to be justified on this basis at the present time. On the other hand, the use of laminar air flow system and/or aspiration suit by necessity imposes a strict discipline in those operating rooms, where multiple personnel are routinely involved; i.e., they reduced the number of personnel in contact with patient, reduce the traffic about the surgical patient, etc., which may have significant benefits towards the control of surgical wound infections. This enforced discipline may very well account for the significant decrease in the number of positive intraoperative wound cultures in this study when laminar air flow systems and/or aspiration suits were in use.", "contents": "Airborne contamination in orthopedic surgery. Evaluation of laminar air flow system and aspiration suit. The question arises whether, on the basis of our studies, the laminar flow system and aspiration suit should be considered as useful and effective components of the overall proctocol to prevent postoperative surgical infections. Our observations do not permit a definitive answer. This would obviously depend on the demonstration of a reduction of the incidence of postoperative infection by means of a large controlled study. The infection rate encountered in this study can not be used to draw any conclusion as to the efficacy of the laminar flow systems, since there are too many uncontrollable variables which may be influential in causing a post operative wound infection. Published reports and present data seem to indicate that the airborne route of transmission is of little significance in modern surgery and that the amount of wound contamination is not necessarily a reflection of airborne contamination. Thus, the use of the laminar air flow system and aspiration suits, which are clearly designed to prevent wound infection by the airborne route, does not seem to be justified on this basis at the present time. On the other hand, the use of laminar air flow system and/or aspiration suit by necessity imposes a strict discipline in those operating rooms, where multiple personnel are routinely involved; i.e., they reduced the number of personnel in contact with patient, reduce the traffic about the surgical patient, etc., which may have significant benefits towards the control of surgical wound infections. This enforced discipline may very well account for the significant decrease in the number of positive intraoperative wound cultures in this study when laminar air flow systems and/or aspiration suits were in use.", "PMID": 837613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2803", "title": "Barton's fractures-reverse Barton's fractures. Confusing eponyms.", "content": "Anterior and posterior marginal fracture dislocations of the distal radius are unusual injuries, both of which are called Barton's fracture in the current world literature. Barton's original description delineates only the posterior marginal injury. An attempt is made to clarify the nature of these injuries by a complete review of the literature and a study of the clinical experience at UCLA Hospital from 1972 through 1975. Ten anterior and five posterior marginal fractures were treated during that period of time, constituting 2.3 per cent of all distal forearm fractures. Fractures in males typically stemmed from high velocity accidents in the younger age group and were associated with significant additional injuries. The injuries in females resulted from simple falls, generally in the older age group. Eight fractures were treated open and seven closed without complications; treatment results have not been determined yet. Eponym descriptions should be discontinued and replaced with a lucid anatomically descriptive classification such as anterior and posterior marginal fracture-dislocations of the distal radius.", "contents": "Barton's fractures-reverse Barton's fractures. Confusing eponyms. Anterior and posterior marginal fracture dislocations of the distal radius are unusual injuries, both of which are called Barton's fracture in the current world literature. Barton's original description delineates only the posterior marginal injury. An attempt is made to clarify the nature of these injuries by a complete review of the literature and a study of the clinical experience at UCLA Hospital from 1972 through 1975. Ten anterior and five posterior marginal fractures were treated during that period of time, constituting 2.3 per cent of all distal forearm fractures. Fractures in males typically stemmed from high velocity accidents in the younger age group and were associated with significant additional injuries. The injuries in females resulted from simple falls, generally in the older age group. Eight fractures were treated open and seven closed without complications; treatment results have not been determined yet. Eponym descriptions should be discontinued and replaced with a lucid anatomically descriptive classification such as anterior and posterior marginal fracture-dislocations of the distal radius.", "PMID": 837611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2804", "title": "An unusual presentation of pigmented villonodular synovitis.", "content": "A case of multiple joint and tendon involvement by PVS seems not to have been preciously reported. In a 7-year-old girl there were other organ system problems usually not seen with PVS, and the entire complex may represent a more generalized disease process. The diffuse form of the disease was refractory to multiple attempts at surgical excision. The similarities between PVS and synovial hemangioma suggest that it is important to establish the diagnosis after the first operation.", "contents": "An unusual presentation of pigmented villonodular synovitis. A case of multiple joint and tendon involvement by PVS seems not to have been preciously reported. In a 7-year-old girl there were other organ system problems usually not seen with PVS, and the entire complex may represent a more generalized disease process. The diffuse form of the disease was refractory to multiple attempts at surgical excision. The similarities between PVS and synovial hemangioma suggest that it is important to establish the diagnosis after the first operation.", "PMID": 837615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2805", "title": "Spinal stenosis. The narrow lumbar spinal canal syndrome.", "content": "This is a report of 7 cases of narrow lumbar spinal canal syndrome encountered in 7 patients in a community hospital in one year. Nerve compression occurred from pressure from enlarged posterior elements. Although the clinical manifestations were unspecific, the lumbar spine radiographs and myelographic features are quite characteristic. Supported by myelography and/or operative findings, surgical management consisted of decompression laminectomy at multiple levels, together with diskectomy at the appropriate levels. The interim results observed at one year follow-up examination were excellent.", "contents": "Spinal stenosis. The narrow lumbar spinal canal syndrome. This is a report of 7 cases of narrow lumbar spinal canal syndrome encountered in 7 patients in a community hospital in one year. Nerve compression occurred from pressure from enlarged posterior elements. Although the clinical manifestations were unspecific, the lumbar spine radiographs and myelographic features are quite characteristic. Supported by myelography and/or operative findings, surgical management consisted of decompression laminectomy at multiple levels, together with diskectomy at the appropriate levels. The interim results observed at one year follow-up examination were excellent.", "PMID": 837614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2806", "title": "Management of penetrating injuries of the knee.", "content": "One hundred and two patients with 121 known or suspected penetrating wounds of the knee demonstrated that successful results are dependent upon early diagnosis and surgical treatment. The willingness to act immediately on the basis of clinical judgment alone is important in order to avoid irreparable damage damage to the joint. The knee should be debrided and thoroughly irrigated. The menisci, articular cartilage and bony stock should be preserved as much as possible. The joint and skin are left open. If joint surfaces are damaged or infection is grossly purulent, the synovium is also left open. The dressing is dry fluff gauze, and a Jones compression dressing which allows drainage and prevents fluid accumulation. Early active mobilization of the joint is important.", "contents": "Management of penetrating injuries of the knee. One hundred and two patients with 121 known or suspected penetrating wounds of the knee demonstrated that successful results are dependent upon early diagnosis and surgical treatment. The willingness to act immediately on the basis of clinical judgment alone is important in order to avoid irreparable damage damage to the joint. The knee should be debrided and thoroughly irrigated. The menisci, articular cartilage and bony stock should be preserved as much as possible. The joint and skin are left open. If joint surfaces are damaged or infection is grossly purulent, the synovium is also left open. The dressing is dry fluff gauze, and a Jones compression dressing which allows drainage and prevents fluid accumulation. Early active mobilization of the joint is important.", "PMID": 837616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2807", "title": "The effect of denervation on bony overgrowth after below knee amputation in rats.", "content": "Bony overgrowth of amputated limbs of children is an infrequent but difficult problem. This article presents the hypothesis that the bony overgrowth is under nerve control and may represent an abortive form of partial limb regeneration. Tested in young rats, denervation produces a significant reduction in the mass and length of the bony overgrowth and a reduced rate of periosteal cell mitosis.", "contents": "The effect of denervation on bony overgrowth after below knee amputation in rats. Bony overgrowth of amputated limbs of children is an infrequent but difficult problem. This article presents the hypothesis that the bony overgrowth is under nerve control and may represent an abortive form of partial limb regeneration. Tested in young rats, denervation produces a significant reduction in the mass and length of the bony overgrowth and a reduced rate of periosteal cell mitosis.", "PMID": 837617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2808", "title": "Measurement of regional bone and bone marrow blood flow in the rabbit using the hydrogen washout technique.", "content": "This study tested the feasibility of using the hydrogen washout technique for measuring regional bone and bone marrow blood flow. Washout curves in cancellous and cortical bone were mono-exponential, indicating homogeneous perfusion of these tissues. Epiphyseal cancellous bone blood flow (0.129 +/- 0.015 ml/min/ml) and metaphyseal cancellous bone blood flow (0.170 +/- 0.014 ml/min/ml) were approximately twice as rapid as that of cortical bone (0.069 +/- 0.002 ml/min/ml). Washout of hydrogen from bone marrow was variable and usually formed a bi-exponential pattern, indicating non-homogeneous perfusion. Blood flow rate determined by analyzing the rapid components was 1.04 +/- 0.10 ml/min/ml, and that from the slow components was 0.27 +/- 0.02 ml/min/ml. Our blood flow rates are within the range of values reported by investigators using different methods, and the hydrogen washout technique offers specificity and ease of repetitive determinations not available with other methods.", "contents": "Measurement of regional bone and bone marrow blood flow in the rabbit using the hydrogen washout technique. This study tested the feasibility of using the hydrogen washout technique for measuring regional bone and bone marrow blood flow. Washout curves in cancellous and cortical bone were mono-exponential, indicating homogeneous perfusion of these tissues. Epiphyseal cancellous bone blood flow (0.129 +/- 0.015 ml/min/ml) and metaphyseal cancellous bone blood flow (0.170 +/- 0.014 ml/min/ml) were approximately twice as rapid as that of cortical bone (0.069 +/- 0.002 ml/min/ml). Washout of hydrogen from bone marrow was variable and usually formed a bi-exponential pattern, indicating non-homogeneous perfusion. Blood flow rate determined by analyzing the rapid components was 1.04 +/- 0.10 ml/min/ml, and that from the slow components was 0.27 +/- 0.02 ml/min/ml. Our blood flow rates are within the range of values reported by investigators using different methods, and the hydrogen washout technique offers specificity and ease of repetitive determinations not available with other methods.", "PMID": 837618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2809", "title": "Rapid recovery from contracture in rabbit hindlimb. A correlative biomechanical and biochemical study.", "content": "Between 3 to 6 weeks after release of immobilized rabbits' knees, joint stiffness as determined by measurement of torque and area of hysteresis was overcome. The total hexosamine and water content of periarticular tissues had increased to within the range of control rabbits' joints and showed strong correlation with the biomechanical measurements.", "contents": "Rapid recovery from contracture in rabbit hindlimb. A correlative biomechanical and biochemical study. Between 3 to 6 weeks after release of immobilized rabbits' knees, joint stiffness as determined by measurement of torque and area of hysteresis was overcome. The total hexosamine and water content of periarticular tissues had increased to within the range of control rabbits' joints and showed strong correlation with the biomechanical measurements.", "PMID": 837619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2810", "title": "Amputations of the foot and ankle. Current status.", "content": "Doppler assessment of ankle and foot systolic pressure is a practical aid in the evaluation of neurocirculatory problems. If the ratio of ankle pressure to arm pressure is over 0.45, more than 90 per cent of operative procedures will heal. Intraoperative testing of blood supply aids in determining level of amputation. Healing results in 80 per cent of cases if bleeding occurs in the skin within three minutes after release of tourniquet. With vigorous debridement of infected soft tissue and bone, the remaining tissue will often heal in local foot operations. A high percentage of patients with neuro-circulation disorders become bilateral amputees. Partial foot and Syme level amputations allow these patients to remain prosthetic users. Function tests show the Syme amputee to be superior in stride length, velocity, cadence and oxygen uptake when compared with the below-knee and above-knee amputees. The criteria of McKittrick must be followed carefully to ensure healing of transmetartarsal amputations.", "contents": "Amputations of the foot and ankle. Current status. Doppler assessment of ankle and foot systolic pressure is a practical aid in the evaluation of neurocirculatory problems. If the ratio of ankle pressure to arm pressure is over 0.45, more than 90 per cent of operative procedures will heal. Intraoperative testing of blood supply aids in determining level of amputation. Healing results in 80 per cent of cases if bleeding occurs in the skin within three minutes after release of tourniquet. With vigorous debridement of infected soft tissue and bone, the remaining tissue will often heal in local foot operations. A high percentage of patients with neuro-circulation disorders become bilateral amputees. Partial foot and Syme level amputations allow these patients to remain prosthetic users. Function tests show the Syme amputee to be superior in stride length, velocity, cadence and oxygen uptake when compared with the below-knee and above-knee amputees. The criteria of McKittrick must be followed carefully to ensure healing of transmetartarsal amputations.", "PMID": 837621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2811", "title": "The management of spastic deformities of the foot and ankle.", "content": "The most common ankle and foot deformities in cerebral palsy are equinus, equinovalgus, equinovarus, calcaneus and hallux valgus. It makes little difference how the length of the triceps surae is re-established and how its stretch reflex is weakened as long as the patient is carefully chosen, the procedure done well and the postoperative regimen prolonged and detailed. The most common cause of failure is inadequate use of night support during growth to prevent recurrence. Significant equinovalgus has been successfully managed by heel cord lengthening and subtalar arthrodesis. The arthrodesis should not be performed unless the equinus has been corrected prior to or at the same time as the procedure to correct the valgus. Overcorrection must be avoided. Where equinovarus needs surgical correction and no bone deformity exists, heel cord and posterior tibial lengthening are successful. If there is significant bone deformity, a triple arthrodesis may also be necessary when growth is complete. The latter procedure should not be used to correct equinus for it ends up with a foot short in height, length and width.", "contents": "The management of spastic deformities of the foot and ankle. The most common ankle and foot deformities in cerebral palsy are equinus, equinovalgus, equinovarus, calcaneus and hallux valgus. It makes little difference how the length of the triceps surae is re-established and how its stretch reflex is weakened as long as the patient is carefully chosen, the procedure done well and the postoperative regimen prolonged and detailed. The most common cause of failure is inadequate use of night support during growth to prevent recurrence. Significant equinovalgus has been successfully managed by heel cord lengthening and subtalar arthrodesis. The arthrodesis should not be performed unless the equinus has been corrected prior to or at the same time as the procedure to correct the valgus. Overcorrection must be avoided. Where equinovarus needs surgical correction and no bone deformity exists, heel cord and posterior tibial lengthening are successful. If there is significant bone deformity, a triple arthrodesis may also be necessary when growth is complete. The latter procedure should not be used to correct equinus for it ends up with a foot short in height, length and width.", "PMID": 837622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2812", "title": "Children who age rapidly--progeroid syndromes: case report of a new variant.", "content": "A case report of an apparently unique progeroid syndrome is reported here. Major clinical characteristics included growth failure with onset of senility in the early teens, atrophic skin, hypogonadism, and retinal and vascular sclerosis. Mental retardation was present, but could have been attributable to trauma. The replicative life spans of several lines of cultured skin fibroblasts were within the normal range, in contrast to the limited life-spans of such cultures from patients with Werner's syndrome, whom our patient most closely resembles. Also, in contrast to Werner's syndrome, our patient did not have white or gray hair or cataracts.", "contents": "Children who age rapidly--progeroid syndromes: case report of a new variant. A case report of an apparently unique progeroid syndrome is reported here. Major clinical characteristics included growth failure with onset of senility in the early teens, atrophic skin, hypogonadism, and retinal and vascular sclerosis. Mental retardation was present, but could have been attributable to trauma. The replicative life spans of several lines of cultured skin fibroblasts were within the normal range, in contrast to the limited life-spans of such cultures from patients with Werner's syndrome, whom our patient most closely resembles. Also, in contrast to Werner's syndrome, our patient did not have white or gray hair or cataracts.", "PMID": 837628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2813", "title": "Rigid flatfoot.", "content": "The proper management of the rigid flat-foot requires an accurate diagnosis since the condition is treated on causal or rational basis. Calcaneonavicular coalition best seen on an oblique view of the foot may be treated by resection of the coalition with extensor digitorum brevis interposition. If the diagnosis is made sufficiently early, the resection can lead to an essentially normal foot. Coalition between the talus and the calcaneus may occur in the posterior, middle or anterior facet. The most common coalitions are seen in the middle facet area followed by those in the anterior facet with the posterior facet coalition rarely being seen. Coalitions in the area of the middle facet are usually managed nonoperatively; triple arthrodesis is used only if symptoms are not relieved by nonoperative measures. Resection of a talocalcaneal coalition in the middle facet is rarely indicated but occasionally will give relief when the coalition either presses on the medial plantar nerve or causes a mechanical disturbance of the ankle. Anterior facet coalitions should receive a trial of cast immobilization but frequently require triple arthrodesis. Other conditions such as rheumatoid and post-traumatic arthritis will frequently respond to a period of immobilization in a plaster cast. Triple arthrodesis has not been required in rheumatoid arthritis in the author's series but occasionally is necessary in the post-traumatic rigid flatfoot. Other rare causes of the rigid flatfoot should be kept in mind for a complete diagnostic evaluation since even a neoplasm (fibrosarcoma) has been reported to cause this symptom complex.", "contents": "Rigid flatfoot. The proper management of the rigid flat-foot requires an accurate diagnosis since the condition is treated on causal or rational basis. Calcaneonavicular coalition best seen on an oblique view of the foot may be treated by resection of the coalition with extensor digitorum brevis interposition. If the diagnosis is made sufficiently early, the resection can lead to an essentially normal foot. Coalition between the talus and the calcaneus may occur in the posterior, middle or anterior facet. The most common coalitions are seen in the middle facet area followed by those in the anterior facet with the posterior facet coalition rarely being seen. Coalitions in the area of the middle facet are usually managed nonoperatively; triple arthrodesis is used only if symptoms are not relieved by nonoperative measures. Resection of a talocalcaneal coalition in the middle facet is rarely indicated but occasionally will give relief when the coalition either presses on the medial plantar nerve or causes a mechanical disturbance of the ankle. Anterior facet coalitions should receive a trial of cast immobilization but frequently require triple arthrodesis. Other conditions such as rheumatoid and post-traumatic arthritis will frequently respond to a period of immobilization in a plaster cast. Triple arthrodesis has not been required in rheumatoid arthritis in the author's series but occasionally is necessary in the post-traumatic rigid flatfoot. Other rare causes of the rigid flatfoot should be kept in mind for a complete diagnostic evaluation since even a neoplasm (fibrosarcoma) has been reported to cause this symptom complex.", "PMID": 837623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2814", "title": "Preschool developmental testing in prediction of school problems. Studies of 55 children in Denver.", "content": "Sixty-five children from lower income families, first evaluated with the Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST) and the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale at age 4 to 6 years, were followed up 3 years later to determine how well preschool test results could predict later school problems. Eighty-eight per cent of children with Abnormal DDSTs, 66% of children with Questionable DDSTs, and 32% of children with Normal DDSTs showed later school problems. Combining DDST and IQ results did not change the total number of children who would be misclassified, but the type of misclassification changed. When developmental screening is used to identify children at risk for developing school problems, children with Questionable  findings should be referred for further evaluation along with those with Abnormal findings since a high percentage of Questionables develop school problems despite adequate intelligence.", "contents": "Preschool developmental testing in prediction of school problems. Studies of 55 children in Denver. Sixty-five children from lower income families, first evaluated with the Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST) and the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale at age 4 to 6 years, were followed up 3 years later to determine how well preschool test results could predict later school problems. Eighty-eight per cent of children with Abnormal DDSTs, 66% of children with Questionable DDSTs, and 32% of children with Normal DDSTs showed later school problems. Combining DDST and IQ results did not change the total number of children who would be misclassified, but the type of misclassification changed. When developmental screening is used to identify children at risk for developing school problems, children with Questionable  findings should be referred for further evaluation along with those with Abnormal findings since a high percentage of Questionables develop school problems despite adequate intelligence.", "PMID": 837629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2815", "title": "Vietnamese and Cambodian orphans 1975--the first look. The initial medical screening and treatment at Clark Air Force Base.", "content": "In April of 1975, the United States government evacuated approximately 2,000 orphans from Vietnam and Cambodia. More than 1,500 orphans received initial medical evaluation and treatment at Clark Air Force Base, Republic of the Phillipines. The orphans underwent a minimum of 2 physician evaluations and were individually cared for by a volunteer. One hundred and six children were ill enough to require acute admission to the hospital. Four infants died while at Clark. No unusual tropical illnesses were diagnosed at Clark nor were any diseases identified that might represent a significant health hazard to the United States. The medical conditions found among these orphans appear to be similar to the problems found among the children of migrant farm workers in the United States.", "contents": "Vietnamese and Cambodian orphans 1975--the first look. The initial medical screening and treatment at Clark Air Force Base. In April of 1975, the United States government evacuated approximately 2,000 orphans from Vietnam and Cambodia. More than 1,500 orphans received initial medical evaluation and treatment at Clark Air Force Base, Republic of the Phillipines. The orphans underwent a minimum of 2 physician evaluations and were individually cared for by a volunteer. One hundred and six children were ill enough to require acute admission to the hospital. Four infants died while at Clark. No unusual tropical illnesses were diagnosed at Clark nor were any diseases identified that might represent a significant health hazard to the United States. The medical conditions found among these orphans appear to be similar to the problems found among the children of migrant farm workers in the United States.", "PMID": 837630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2816", "title": "Neurology of hard times. Economic depression as related to neurologic illness in children.", "content": "Many children and their families have experienced \"hard times\" because of the current economic conditions. Five cases are presented in which neurologic illness in children was related to changes in the family's economic circumstances. Pediatricians are encouraged to look carefully at the impact of changing economic conditions upon child health.", "contents": "Neurology of hard times. Economic depression as related to neurologic illness in children. Many children and their families have experienced \"hard times\" because of the current economic conditions. Five cases are presented in which neurologic illness in children was related to changes in the family's economic circumstances. Pediatricians are encouraged to look carefully at the impact of changing economic conditions upon child health.", "PMID": 837631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2817", "title": "Studies on digitalis. VIII. Digitoxin metabolism on a maintenance regimen and after a single dose.", "content": "The metabolic pattern of cardioactive and inactive conjugated metabolites of digitoxin on maintenance (9 patients) and after a single 0.6-mg dose (5 patients) was studied in patients with normal renal and hepatic function. Serum samples were obtained 24 hr after the last dose, and urine was collected over 24 hr. The extent of conjugation to glucuronic and sulfuric acid was 35.0% (SD, 17.4) in whole serum and 31.6% (SD, 19.3) in urine samples. Unchanged digitoxin was the main cardioactive substance found both in serum and in urine (89.7% and 87.0%) in the steady-state group. All known cardioactive metabolites were present; digoxin represented less than 1%. All active metabolites were conjugated to glucuronic/sulfuric acid. Serum and urine patterns of metabolites were quite similar, Hydrolysis and conjugation appeared to be more important pathways than hydroxylation. Unchanged digitoxin was the most important cardioactive substance in serum and urine (80.4% and 56.5%) in the single-dose group. Digoxin was the main cardioactive metabolite (12.5% in serum and 25.5% in urine). All active metabolites were conjugated. Hydroxylation, hydrolysis, and conjugation seemed to be equally important. The most important differences between the steady-state and single-dose groups were that in the steady-state group there was significantly more unchanged digitoxin, far less digoxin, and less hydroxylated metabolities than in the single-dose group. Caution is thus necessary when interpreting single-dose data for a drug that is used for maintenance.", "contents": "Studies on digitalis. VIII. Digitoxin metabolism on a maintenance regimen and after a single dose. The metabolic pattern of cardioactive and inactive conjugated metabolites of digitoxin on maintenance (9 patients) and after a single 0.6-mg dose (5 patients) was studied in patients with normal renal and hepatic function. Serum samples were obtained 24 hr after the last dose, and urine was collected over 24 hr. The extent of conjugation to glucuronic and sulfuric acid was 35.0% (SD, 17.4) in whole serum and 31.6% (SD, 19.3) in urine samples. Unchanged digitoxin was the main cardioactive substance found both in serum and in urine (89.7% and 87.0%) in the steady-state group. All known cardioactive metabolites were present; digoxin represented less than 1%. All active metabolites were conjugated to glucuronic/sulfuric acid. Serum and urine patterns of metabolites were quite similar, Hydrolysis and conjugation appeared to be more important pathways than hydroxylation. Unchanged digitoxin was the most important cardioactive substance in serum and urine (80.4% and 56.5%) in the single-dose group. Digoxin was the main cardioactive metabolite (12.5% in serum and 25.5% in urine). All active metabolites were conjugated. Hydroxylation, hydrolysis, and conjugation seemed to be equally important. The most important differences between the steady-state and single-dose groups were that in the steady-state group there was significantly more unchanged digitoxin, far less digoxin, and less hydroxylated metabolities than in the single-dose group. Caution is thus necessary when interpreting single-dose data for a drug that is used for maintenance.", "PMID": 837632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2818", "title": "Conservative management of pes valgus with plantar flexed talus, flexible.", "content": "The type of flat foot that we have called pes valgus with plantar flexed talus, flexible, was treated in children with the Helfet heel seat or the UCBL shoe insert. In follow-up examination of 71 cases for periods longer than one year, 79 per cent of the patients showed that the UCBL shoe insert and the Helfet heel seat improved the clinical and roentgenographic appearance of the foot. The Helfet heel seat is recommended in cases where the plantar flexion angle of the talus is 35 to 45 degrees and the UCBL shoe insert in those cases of plantar flexion of the talus greater than 45 degrees.", "contents": "Conservative management of pes valgus with plantar flexed talus, flexible. The type of flat foot that we have called pes valgus with plantar flexed talus, flexible, was treated in children with the Helfet heel seat or the UCBL shoe insert. In follow-up examination of 71 cases for periods longer than one year, 79 per cent of the patients showed that the UCBL shoe insert and the Helfet heel seat improved the clinical and roentgenographic appearance of the foot. The Helfet heel seat is recommended in cases where the plantar flexion angle of the talus is 35 to 45 degrees and the UCBL shoe insert in those cases of plantar flexion of the talus greater than 45 degrees.", "PMID": 837624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2819", "title": "Depression of renal clearance of furosemide in man by azotemia.", "content": "The renal clearance of furosemide and tetraethylammonium (TEA) were compared in 10 patients with hypertensive nephropathy. BUN and creatinine ranges were 10 to 88 mg/dl and 0.9 to 3.8 mg/dl, respectively. Diuretics were discontinued 48 hr prior to the study, and 2 consecutive clearances (ml/min/1.73 m2BSA) of creatinine were performed. The patient then received a bolus followed by a constant infusion of furosemide-14C and tetraethylammonium-14C (analyzed by specific methodology for plasma and urine), both in subpharmacologic doses. After 40-min equilibration sequential 20-min clearance periods were obtained. Both the clearance of furosemide (range 17 to 133) and TEA (range 99 to 443) correlated negatively with BUN and serum creatinine and positively with creatinine and urea clearances. Thus, by using a constant-infusion technique we demonstrated that the renal clearance of furosemide is depressed by azotemia in man and that there was greater depression with furosemide than with TEA.", "contents": "Depression of renal clearance of furosemide in man by azotemia. The renal clearance of furosemide and tetraethylammonium (TEA) were compared in 10 patients with hypertensive nephropathy. BUN and creatinine ranges were 10 to 88 mg/dl and 0.9 to 3.8 mg/dl, respectively. Diuretics were discontinued 48 hr prior to the study, and 2 consecutive clearances (ml/min/1.73 m2BSA) of creatinine were performed. The patient then received a bolus followed by a constant infusion of furosemide-14C and tetraethylammonium-14C (analyzed by specific methodology for plasma and urine), both in subpharmacologic doses. After 40-min equilibration sequential 20-min clearance periods were obtained. Both the clearance of furosemide (range 17 to 133) and TEA (range 99 to 443) correlated negatively with BUN and serum creatinine and positively with creatinine and urea clearances. Thus, by using a constant-infusion technique we demonstrated that the renal clearance of furosemide is depressed by azotemia in man and that there was greater depression with furosemide than with TEA.", "PMID": 837633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2820", "title": "The operative treatment of hypermobile flatfeet in the young child.", "content": "Osteotomy of the anterolateral aspect of the calcaneus in 81 hypermobile flatfeet produced a good or excellent clinical result in 95 per cent of the feet. Roentgenographically, 72.8 per cent of the feet have normal alignment and normal joint spaces, 5 per cent have narrow subtalar joints, and 22.2 percent have narrowing of the talonavicular joint. Arthrosis of the talonavicular joint can be demonstrated preoperatively by routine roentgenograms and probably develops as a result of excessive load on this joint by the flatfoot position. It is frequently associated with loss of foot motion postoperatively but is usually not accompanied by foot pain. There is no relationship between preoperative pain in the foot and arthrosis of the talonavicular joint.", "contents": "The operative treatment of hypermobile flatfeet in the young child. Osteotomy of the anterolateral aspect of the calcaneus in 81 hypermobile flatfeet produced a good or excellent clinical result in 95 per cent of the feet. Roentgenographically, 72.8 per cent of the feet have normal alignment and normal joint spaces, 5 per cent have narrow subtalar joints, and 22.2 percent have narrowing of the talonavicular joint. Arthrosis of the talonavicular joint can be demonstrated preoperatively by routine roentgenograms and probably develops as a result of excessive load on this joint by the flatfoot position. It is frequently associated with loss of foot motion postoperatively but is usually not accompanied by foot pain. There is no relationship between preoperative pain in the foot and arthrosis of the talonavicular joint.", "PMID": 837625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2821", "title": "Clinical effects and pharmacokinetics of racemic methadone and its optical isomers.", "content": "The respiratory and pupillary effects of oral l-, d-, and d,l-methadone were studied in healthy male volunteers 21 to 35 yr of age. The mean half-life of drug in blood was 22 hr for racemic methadone, 24 hr for l-methadone, and 25 hr for d-methadone. The effects of d-methadone were not significantly different from the placebo response at a 7.5 mg dose, whereas a 50 and 100 mg dose slightly depressed respiration in one subject each. Both 7.5 mg of l-methadone and 15 mg of d,l-methadone induced intense and sustained respiratory depression and miosis. The changes induced by l-methadone were of longer duration than those of d,l-methadone, lasting more than 72 hr in some subjects. Whole blood drug concentration correlated well with respiratory depression and miosis for l- and d,,l-methadone. The potency ratio of l-methadone to d,l-methdone, calculated from blood drug concentration data, was found to be 3.0 for respiratory depression and 2.7 for miosis. The antiduretic effect of 15 mg of d,l-methadone was investigated in three subjects and was found to persist for as long as measurements were taken, namely 11 and 12 hr in two subjects. d,l-Methadone administered frequently for pain may have cumulative effects on respiratory control and ability to excrete a water load.", "contents": "Clinical effects and pharmacokinetics of racemic methadone and its optical isomers. The respiratory and pupillary effects of oral l-, d-, and d,l-methadone were studied in healthy male volunteers 21 to 35 yr of age. The mean half-life of drug in blood was 22 hr for racemic methadone, 24 hr for l-methadone, and 25 hr for d-methadone. The effects of d-methadone were not significantly different from the placebo response at a 7.5 mg dose, whereas a 50 and 100 mg dose slightly depressed respiration in one subject each. Both 7.5 mg of l-methadone and 15 mg of d,l-methadone induced intense and sustained respiratory depression and miosis. The changes induced by l-methadone were of longer duration than those of d,l-methadone, lasting more than 72 hr in some subjects. Whole blood drug concentration correlated well with respiratory depression and miosis for l- and d,,l-methadone. The potency ratio of l-methadone to d,l-methdone, calculated from blood drug concentration data, was found to be 3.0 for respiratory depression and 2.7 for miosis. The antiduretic effect of 15 mg of d,l-methadone was investigated in three subjects and was found to persist for as long as measurements were taken, namely 11 and 12 hr in two subjects. d,l-Methadone administered frequently for pain may have cumulative effects on respiratory control and ability to excrete a water load.", "PMID": 837634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2822", "title": "Comparative metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene and drugs in human liver.", "content": "The oxidative metabolism of antipyrine, hexobarbital, coumarin, zoxazolamine, 7-ethoxycoumarin, and the chemical carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene (BP) was studied in 32 adult human livers obtained at autopsy. When enzyme activity for one substrate was plotted against enzyme activity for a second substrate for each of the 32 livers, statistically significant correlations were found between the rates of metabolism of BP and the rates of metabolism of each of the other five drug substrates. The degree of correlation was dependent upon the substrate pair that was studied. Highly significant statistical correlations (p less than 0.001) for monooxygenase activities among the different livers were observed for BP with antipyrine (r = 0.85), antipyrine with zoxazolamine (r = 0.82), antipyrine with hexobarbital (r = 0.79), zoxazolamine with 7-ethoxycoumarin (r = 0.75), antipyrine with coumarin ( r= 0.72), zoxazolamine with coumarin (r = 0.72), BP with hexobarbital (r = 0.72), hexobarbital with coumarin (r = 0.71), BP with zoxazolamine (r = 0.69), hexobarbital with zoxazolamine (r = 0.64), coumarin with 7-ethoxycoumarin (r = 0.61), and BP with coumarin (r = 0.57). Less significant correlations were obtained for BP with 7-ethoxycoumarin (r = 0.35; p = 0.05). It is not known whether the relationships between the metabolism of the several substrates described here for autopsy livers would also occur with fresh livers. The lack of a perfect correlation for any of the substrate pairs suggests the presence in human liver of multiple monooxygenase enzyme systems for the metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene and the five other substrates studied, as well as heterogeneity in their distribution among the 32 livers that were examined. The approach described in the present report may have significance in the study of the comparative metabolism of drugs, chemical carcinogens, and other environmental pollutants by human tissues and may help us find predictor drugs that will be useful for evaluating the drug- and carcinogen-metabolizing capacity of different individuals in the human population.", "contents": "Comparative metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene and drugs in human liver. The oxidative metabolism of antipyrine, hexobarbital, coumarin, zoxazolamine, 7-ethoxycoumarin, and the chemical carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene (BP) was studied in 32 adult human livers obtained at autopsy. When enzyme activity for one substrate was plotted against enzyme activity for a second substrate for each of the 32 livers, statistically significant correlations were found between the rates of metabolism of BP and the rates of metabolism of each of the other five drug substrates. The degree of correlation was dependent upon the substrate pair that was studied. Highly significant statistical correlations (p less than 0.001) for monooxygenase activities among the different livers were observed for BP with antipyrine (r = 0.85), antipyrine with zoxazolamine (r = 0.82), antipyrine with hexobarbital (r = 0.79), zoxazolamine with 7-ethoxycoumarin (r = 0.75), antipyrine with coumarin ( r= 0.72), zoxazolamine with coumarin (r = 0.72), BP with hexobarbital (r = 0.72), hexobarbital with coumarin (r = 0.71), BP with zoxazolamine (r = 0.69), hexobarbital with zoxazolamine (r = 0.64), coumarin with 7-ethoxycoumarin (r = 0.61), and BP with coumarin (r = 0.57). Less significant correlations were obtained for BP with 7-ethoxycoumarin (r = 0.35; p = 0.05). It is not known whether the relationships between the metabolism of the several substrates described here for autopsy livers would also occur with fresh livers. The lack of a perfect correlation for any of the substrate pairs suggests the presence in human liver of multiple monooxygenase enzyme systems for the metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene and the five other substrates studied, as well as heterogeneity in their distribution among the 32 livers that were examined. The approach described in the present report may have significance in the study of the comparative metabolism of drugs, chemical carcinogens, and other environmental pollutants by human tissues and may help us find predictor drugs that will be useful for evaluating the drug- and carcinogen-metabolizing capacity of different individuals in the human population.", "PMID": 837635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2823", "title": "Acetaminophen production in man after coadministration of acetanilid and phenacetin. A study with stable isotopes.", "content": "A new method for the investigation of interindividual differences in drug metabolism is described. We have studied the metabolism of ring-deuterated acetanilid in man following the coadministration of phenacetin. The principal metabolite of acetanilid-d5 is acetaminophen-d4, and the principal metabolite of phenacetin is acetaminophen-do. Using a gas chromatograph--mass spectrometer (gc-ms) we are able to monitor both the devterion-labeled acetaminophen produced by hydroxylation of acetanilid-d5 and the nonlabeled material produced by oxidative removal of the ethyl group in phenacetin. This system allows us to detect differences in the handling of these drugs by different subjects. nonlabeled material produced by oxidative removal of the ethyl group in phenacetin. This system allows us to detect differences in the handling of these drugs by different subjects.", "contents": "Acetaminophen production in man after coadministration of acetanilid and phenacetin. A study with stable isotopes. A new method for the investigation of interindividual differences in drug metabolism is described. We have studied the metabolism of ring-deuterated acetanilid in man following the coadministration of phenacetin. The principal metabolite of acetanilid-d5 is acetaminophen-d4, and the principal metabolite of phenacetin is acetaminophen-do. Using a gas chromatograph--mass spectrometer (gc-ms) we are able to monitor both the devterion-labeled acetaminophen produced by hydroxylation of acetanilid-d5 and the nonlabeled material produced by oxidative removal of the ethyl group in phenacetin. This system allows us to detect differences in the handling of these drugs by different subjects. nonlabeled material produced by oxidative removal of the ethyl group in phenacetin. This system allows us to detect differences in the handling of these drugs by different subjects.", "PMID": 837636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2824", "title": "Plasma pyridostigmine levels in patients with myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Plasma concentrations of pyridostigmine were measured in 7 patients with myasthenia gravis. Six subjects on oral pyridostigmine bromide were stabilized on widely different doses of the drug (60 to 660 mg/day). Nevertheless, the concentration of the quaternary amine in plasma was maintained within a relatively narrow range (usually between 20 and 60 ng/ml). In 3 myasthenic patients, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve was relatively constant for 4 hr after the same oral dose of pyridostigmine (60 mg). Despite this similarity, there were in general considerable interindividual differences in the bioavailability of pyridostigmine in myasthenic patients. In 1 subject, the bioavailability of the quaternary amine was increased sixfold by doubling the oral dose from 30 mg to 60 mg. After oral administration of pyridostigmine, the half-life of the drug in one subject (4.25 hr) was almost three times as great as after intramuscular administration in a different patient (1.49 hr).", "contents": "Plasma pyridostigmine levels in patients with myasthenia gravis. Plasma concentrations of pyridostigmine were measured in 7 patients with myasthenia gravis. Six subjects on oral pyridostigmine bromide were stabilized on widely different doses of the drug (60 to 660 mg/day). Nevertheless, the concentration of the quaternary amine in plasma was maintained within a relatively narrow range (usually between 20 and 60 ng/ml). In 3 myasthenic patients, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve was relatively constant for 4 hr after the same oral dose of pyridostigmine (60 mg). Despite this similarity, there were in general considerable interindividual differences in the bioavailability of pyridostigmine in myasthenic patients. In 1 subject, the bioavailability of the quaternary amine was increased sixfold by doubling the oral dose from 30 mg to 60 mg. After oral administration of pyridostigmine, the half-life of the drug in one subject (4.25 hr) was almost three times as great as after intramuscular administration in a different patient (1.49 hr).", "PMID": 837637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2825", "title": "Initial clinical trial based on biochemical methodology of zimelidine (a serotonin uptake inhibitor) in depressed patients.", "content": "The bicyclic compound Z-1-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(3-pyridyl)-3-dimethylaminopropen (zimelidine) has a pronounced inhibitory effect on neuronal 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) uptake in animals. Zimelidine was given to 6 depressed patients in doses ranging between 25 and 150 mg twice daily for about 3 wk. To get an objective assessment of its pharmacologic effects, the following variables were monitored: (1) plasma levels of parent compound and its desmethylated metabolite; (2) the 5-HT and norepinephrine (NE) uptake inhibiting activity in vitro of plasma drawn from the patients; and (3) the concentrations of the main metabolites of serotonin (5-HT), tryptamine, NE, and dopamine in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), i.e., 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), indoleacetic acid (IAA), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylglycol (HMPG), and homovanillic acid (HVA), respectively. Plasma from the patients markedly inhibited 5-HT uptake compared to NE uptake. The inhibitory effect of 5-HT uptake and the plasma concentration of the desmethylated metabolite correlated significantly. The 5-HIAA levels in CSF decreased markedly in 4 patients while the IAA levels increased. The levels of HMPG also decreased significantly, but less so than the 5-HIAA levels. The effects on HVA were inconsistent. Zimelidine appears to be a selective inhibitor of 5-HT uptake in central monoamine neurons and is therefore an interesting pharmacologic tool in future central nervous system (CNS) research.", "contents": "Initial clinical trial based on biochemical methodology of zimelidine (a serotonin uptake inhibitor) in depressed patients. The bicyclic compound Z-1-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(3-pyridyl)-3-dimethylaminopropen (zimelidine) has a pronounced inhibitory effect on neuronal 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) uptake in animals. Zimelidine was given to 6 depressed patients in doses ranging between 25 and 150 mg twice daily for about 3 wk. To get an objective assessment of its pharmacologic effects, the following variables were monitored: (1) plasma levels of parent compound and its desmethylated metabolite; (2) the 5-HT and norepinephrine (NE) uptake inhibiting activity in vitro of plasma drawn from the patients; and (3) the concentrations of the main metabolites of serotonin (5-HT), tryptamine, NE, and dopamine in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), i.e., 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), indoleacetic acid (IAA), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylglycol (HMPG), and homovanillic acid (HVA), respectively. Plasma from the patients markedly inhibited 5-HT uptake compared to NE uptake. The inhibitory effect of 5-HT uptake and the plasma concentration of the desmethylated metabolite correlated significantly. The 5-HIAA levels in CSF decreased markedly in 4 patients while the IAA levels increased. The levels of HMPG also decreased significantly, but less so than the 5-HIAA levels. The effects on HVA were inconsistent. Zimelidine appears to be a selective inhibitor of 5-HT uptake in central monoamine neurons and is therefore an interesting pharmacologic tool in future central nervous system (CNS) research.", "PMID": 837638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2826", "title": "Hemolytic potential of methocarbamol.", "content": "Methocarbamol, a compound related to mephenesin, has in vitro hemolytic potential. A study was performed to determine whether any hemolysis was detectable after intravenous injection. Methocarbamol and its vehicle (50% polyethylene glycol-300) was compared with vehicle alone and with normal saline controls in high- and low-dose regimens in normal volunteers. Significant increases in plasma hemoglobin were detected 30 min after intravenous injection of methocarbamol or its vehicle alone. Maximum initial plasma hemoglobin levels were approximately 10 mg/dl with vehicle alone, but only 4 mg/dl with the methocarbamol added. Serum haptoglobin levels fell after both high-dose methocarbamol and vehicle during the 3-day period of treatment. Hemolysis, though detectable, did not exceed levels found under physiologic circumstances such as exercise, and represents only a small fraction of the normal daily hemolysis of aged erythrocytes.", "contents": "Hemolytic potential of methocarbamol. Methocarbamol, a compound related to mephenesin, has in vitro hemolytic potential. A study was performed to determine whether any hemolysis was detectable after intravenous injection. Methocarbamol and its vehicle (50% polyethylene glycol-300) was compared with vehicle alone and with normal saline controls in high- and low-dose regimens in normal volunteers. Significant increases in plasma hemoglobin were detected 30 min after intravenous injection of methocarbamol or its vehicle alone. Maximum initial plasma hemoglobin levels were approximately 10 mg/dl with vehicle alone, but only 4 mg/dl with the methocarbamol added. Serum haptoglobin levels fell after both high-dose methocarbamol and vehicle during the 3-day period of treatment. Hemolysis, though detectable, did not exceed levels found under physiologic circumstances such as exercise, and represents only a small fraction of the normal daily hemolysis of aged erythrocytes.", "PMID": 837639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2827", "title": "Salivary and urinary lithium clearance while recumbent and upright.", "content": "Excretion of lithium in urine and saliva was studied in healthy males while recumbent and while upright, walking and standing quietly. An oral dose of 24.3 mEq of LI+ was taken as three lithium carbonate tablets 13 hr before clearance tests. Urinary lithium clearance decreased when posture was changed from recumbent to upright, but salivary lithium clearance was not affected by the abrupt change in posture. A correlation was observed while recumbent between lithium clearance in urine and saliva, but not while upright. The findings are related to the extrapolation of saliva lithium excretion data to urinary lithium clearance.", "contents": "Salivary and urinary lithium clearance while recumbent and upright. Excretion of lithium in urine and saliva was studied in healthy males while recumbent and while upright, walking and standing quietly. An oral dose of 24.3 mEq of LI+ was taken as three lithium carbonate tablets 13 hr before clearance tests. Urinary lithium clearance decreased when posture was changed from recumbent to upright, but salivary lithium clearance was not affected by the abrupt change in posture. A correlation was observed while recumbent between lithium clearance in urine and saliva, but not while upright. The findings are related to the extrapolation of saliva lithium excretion data to urinary lithium clearance.", "PMID": 837640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2828", "title": "On the question of an interaction between sulindac and tolbutamide in the control of diabetes.", "content": "The effect of sulindac and tolbutamide on the control of diabetes was studied in 12 tolbutamide-treated maturity-onset diabetics with stable glycemic control. After one week of hospitalization on a metabolic ward for adjustment of diet and activity, the patients were treated with sulindac, 200 mg twice daily for one week. The time-to-peak plasma tolbutamide concentration was 3.1, 3.1, and 3.2 hr, respectively, after tolbutamide alone, after the first dose of sulindac, and after sulindac for a week. The areas under the plasma tolbutamide curve were 23.68, 22.10, and 22.78 for the same periods. The half-life for plasma tolbutamide was 7.46, 7.15, and 7.38 hr, respectively. None of the differences were statistically significant. The mean fasting plasma sugar was lower after the sulindac treatment (from 12.5 to 112.9 mg/100 ml, p less than 0.05), but the postprandial values increased slightly (from 137.7 to 142.6). It was concluded that there was no clinically significant interaction between sulindac and tolbutamide.", "contents": "On the question of an interaction between sulindac and tolbutamide in the control of diabetes. The effect of sulindac and tolbutamide on the control of diabetes was studied in 12 tolbutamide-treated maturity-onset diabetics with stable glycemic control. After one week of hospitalization on a metabolic ward for adjustment of diet and activity, the patients were treated with sulindac, 200 mg twice daily for one week. The time-to-peak plasma tolbutamide concentration was 3.1, 3.1, and 3.2 hr, respectively, after tolbutamide alone, after the first dose of sulindac, and after sulindac for a week. The areas under the plasma tolbutamide curve were 23.68, 22.10, and 22.78 for the same periods. The half-life for plasma tolbutamide was 7.46, 7.15, and 7.38 hr, respectively. None of the differences were statistically significant. The mean fasting plasma sugar was lower after the sulindac treatment (from 12.5 to 112.9 mg/100 ml, p less than 0.05), but the postprandial values increased slightly (from 137.7 to 142.6). It was concluded that there was no clinically significant interaction between sulindac and tolbutamide.", "PMID": 837641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2829", "title": "Toward the operational identification of adverse drug reactions.", "content": "The evaluation of adverse drug reactions in clinical practice is somewhat arbitrary and is characterized by considerable differences of opinion. This report presents a decision table algorithm approach toward the development of an operational system for the identification of adverse drug reactions. The algorithm incorporates an estimate of the certainty of the link between the untoward clinical event and the suspect drug, and examines the underlying causes of the identified drug reactions. Use of such a system is a first step toward reducing ambiguity in the evaluation of adverse drug reactions.", "contents": "Toward the operational identification of adverse drug reactions. The evaluation of adverse drug reactions in clinical practice is somewhat arbitrary and is characterized by considerable differences of opinion. This report presents a decision table algorithm approach toward the development of an operational system for the identification of adverse drug reactions. The algorithm incorporates an estimate of the certainty of the link between the untoward clinical event and the suspect drug, and examines the underlying causes of the identified drug reactions. Use of such a system is a first step toward reducing ambiguity in the evaluation of adverse drug reactions.", "PMID": 837643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2830", "title": "Studies on digitalis. IX. Some kinetic aspects of digitoxin metabolism.", "content": "The metabolic pattern of cardioactive and inactive conjugated metabolites (a maximum of 24 substances) was studied in one female and one male after a single dose of 0.6 mg digitoxin intravenously. Serum samples were obtained after 24 hr, and 24-hr urine was collected after 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 days. With the methods used, enzymatic cleavage of conjugated bonds, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) separation, and a modified 86Rb method, the products of hydroxylation, hydrolysis, and conjugation could be separated. The Kendall rank correlation coefficient was used to compare the results from Subjects 1 and 2. Conjugation was the most rapid process, followed by hydrolysis and hydroxylation. Metabolism was progressive, leading to an increase in metabolites resulting from several enzymatic processes with time. Unchanged digitoxin reached minimum values on the fourth and sixth days and increased again on the eighth day. This indicated a continuous release of digitoxin from tissue stores and the enterohepatic circulation.", "contents": "Studies on digitalis. IX. Some kinetic aspects of digitoxin metabolism. The metabolic pattern of cardioactive and inactive conjugated metabolites (a maximum of 24 substances) was studied in one female and one male after a single dose of 0.6 mg digitoxin intravenously. Serum samples were obtained after 24 hr, and 24-hr urine was collected after 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 days. With the methods used, enzymatic cleavage of conjugated bonds, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) separation, and a modified 86Rb method, the products of hydroxylation, hydrolysis, and conjugation could be separated. The Kendall rank correlation coefficient was used to compare the results from Subjects 1 and 2. Conjugation was the most rapid process, followed by hydrolysis and hydroxylation. Metabolism was progressive, leading to an increase in metabolites resulting from several enzymatic processes with time. Unchanged digitoxin reached minimum values on the fourth and sixth days and increased again on the eighth day. This indicated a continuous release of digitoxin from tissue stores and the enterohepatic circulation.", "PMID": 837644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2831", "title": "Differences between the effects of practolol and propranolol on the diastolic properties of the left ventricle.", "content": "To elucidate the mechanism by which left ventricular and diastolic pressure (LVEDP) is reduced by practolol, ventricular volumes, hemodynamics, and diastolic elastic stiffness were determined before and 10 min after intravenous practolol (400 mug/kg) in 12 patients. Heart rate decreased in all patients after practolol (avg., --9/min, p less than 0.02). There was an insignificant increase in stroke work index and decrease in cardiac index attributable to the fall in rate. Practolol did not change and diastolic volume or ejection fraction, but the average LVEDP fell from 21 to 15 mm Hg (p less than 0.01) which was sustained even with atrial pacing to prepractolol heart rates. Diastolic elastic stiffness was also reduced after practolol (0.665 to 0.593, p less than 0.0025). The data indicate that practolol exerts a negative chronotropic effect on the intact heart and, in contrast to other beta blockers such as propranolol, appears to decrease diastolic stiffness in the left ventricle.", "contents": "Differences between the effects of practolol and propranolol on the diastolic properties of the left ventricle. To elucidate the mechanism by which left ventricular and diastolic pressure (LVEDP) is reduced by practolol, ventricular volumes, hemodynamics, and diastolic elastic stiffness were determined before and 10 min after intravenous practolol (400 mug/kg) in 12 patients. Heart rate decreased in all patients after practolol (avg., --9/min, p less than 0.02). There was an insignificant increase in stroke work index and decrease in cardiac index attributable to the fall in rate. Practolol did not change and diastolic volume or ejection fraction, but the average LVEDP fell from 21 to 15 mm Hg (p less than 0.01) which was sustained even with atrial pacing to prepractolol heart rates. Diastolic elastic stiffness was also reduced after practolol (0.665 to 0.593, p less than 0.0025). The data indicate that practolol exerts a negative chronotropic effect on the intact heart and, in contrast to other beta blockers such as propranolol, appears to decrease diastolic stiffness in the left ventricle.", "PMID": 837645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2832", "title": "Frequency distribution of free warfarin and free phenytoin fraction values in serum of healthy human adults.", "content": "The protein binding of racemic warfarin was determined in serum from 57 normal adults (27 men and 30 women). The free fraction of warfarin (total concentration, 0.8 mug/ml) ranged from 0.0050 to 0.0186 and was log-normally distributed. The frequency distribution differs from that in rats in which the serum free fraction values of warfarin are trimodally distributed. The protein binding of phenytoin was determined in serum from 39 of the subjects. The free fraction of phenytoin (total concentration, 15 mug/ml) ranged from 0.111 to 0.155 and was unimodally distributed. There was no apparent correlation between the extent of protein binding of warfarin and phenytoin in individual serum samples. The pronounced intersubject variation in serum free fraction of warfarin observed in consistent with our previous finding that serum protein binding is an important determinant of interindividual differences in the total clearance of warfarin in man. On the other hand, the relatively narrow distribution of free phenytoin fraction values suggests that differences in serum protein binding of phenytoin are not an important cause of the prounounced interindividual differences in the total clearance of phenytoin by subjects with normal renal function.", "contents": "Frequency distribution of free warfarin and free phenytoin fraction values in serum of healthy human adults. The protein binding of racemic warfarin was determined in serum from 57 normal adults (27 men and 30 women). The free fraction of warfarin (total concentration, 0.8 mug/ml) ranged from 0.0050 to 0.0186 and was log-normally distributed. The frequency distribution differs from that in rats in which the serum free fraction values of warfarin are trimodally distributed. The protein binding of phenytoin was determined in serum from 39 of the subjects. The free fraction of phenytoin (total concentration, 15 mug/ml) ranged from 0.111 to 0.155 and was unimodally distributed. There was no apparent correlation between the extent of protein binding of warfarin and phenytoin in individual serum samples. The pronounced intersubject variation in serum free fraction of warfarin observed in consistent with our previous finding that serum protein binding is an important determinant of interindividual differences in the total clearance of warfarin in man. On the other hand, the relatively narrow distribution of free phenytoin fraction values suggests that differences in serum protein binding of phenytoin are not an important cause of the prounounced interindividual differences in the total clearance of phenytoin by subjects with normal renal function.", "PMID": 837646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2833", "title": "Individualization of phenytoin dosage regimens.", "content": "Two methods for arriving at optimum, individual phenytoin dosage regimens have been evaluated in 12 patients. (1) Individual Michaelis-Menten pharmacokinetic parameters for phenytoin were estimated from two reliable steady-state phenytoin serum concentrations resulting from different daily doses: The observed steady-state phenytoin serum levels obtained after 3 to 8 wk of compliance with dosage regimens calculated from the individual pharmacokinetic parameters agreed well with predicted levels (r = 0.824, p less than 0.02). The average deviation between observed and predicted levels was 0.04 mug/ml (range, +/- 3.2 mug/ml). (2) A previously published nomogram for making adjustments in phenytoin dosage regimens: The serum phenytoin concentration actually expected from the dose indicated by the nomogram was calculated using individual pharmacokinetic parameters. The daily dose for one patient would have exceeded his estimated maximal rate of metabolism. The correlation between calculated and predicted phenytoin serum levels in the other 11 patients was weak but significant (r= 0.360, p less than 0.05). The average deviation was --3 mug/ml (range, 3.9 to --11.3 mug/ml). It was concluded that the use of individual pharmacokinetic parameters is practical and is also superior to the nomogram.", "contents": "Individualization of phenytoin dosage regimens. Two methods for arriving at optimum, individual phenytoin dosage regimens have been evaluated in 12 patients. (1) Individual Michaelis-Menten pharmacokinetic parameters for phenytoin were estimated from two reliable steady-state phenytoin serum concentrations resulting from different daily doses: The observed steady-state phenytoin serum levels obtained after 3 to 8 wk of compliance with dosage regimens calculated from the individual pharmacokinetic parameters agreed well with predicted levels (r = 0.824, p less than 0.02). The average deviation between observed and predicted levels was 0.04 mug/ml (range, +/- 3.2 mug/ml). (2) A previously published nomogram for making adjustments in phenytoin dosage regimens: The serum phenytoin concentration actually expected from the dose indicated by the nomogram was calculated using individual pharmacokinetic parameters. The daily dose for one patient would have exceeded his estimated maximal rate of metabolism. The correlation between calculated and predicted phenytoin serum levels in the other 11 patients was weak but significant (r= 0.360, p less than 0.05). The average deviation was --3 mug/ml (range, 3.9 to --11.3 mug/ml). It was concluded that the use of individual pharmacokinetic parameters is practical and is also superior to the nomogram.", "PMID": 837647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2834", "title": "Plasma concentrations of 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin in phenytoin-treated patients.", "content": "A mass fragmentographic method was used to determine unconjugated and conjugated 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantonin (4-OH-DPH) in plasma of patients being treated with phenytoin (DPH). The plasma concentration of unconjugated 4-OH-DPH is stable at steady-state for DPH and the level does not change during the dose interval. Most patients (82.5%) have plasma concentrations of unconjugated 4-OH-DPH between 0.04 and 0.2 mug/ml at concentrations of DPH between 5 and 30 mug/ml. Interindividual differences in the ratio between plasma concentration of unconjugated 4-OH-DPH and DPH were noted in a wide range of doses. Dosage adjustments of DPH in patients were not associated with major changes in the plasma level of unconjugated 4-OH-DPH. The plasma concentration of conjugated 4-OH-DPH also showed interindividual differences and varied between 1.2 and 4.5 mug/ml in patients with DPH concentrations between 5 and 30 mug/ml. The data are consistent with the concept of Michaelis-Menten kinetics for DPH metabolism.", "contents": "Plasma concentrations of 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin in phenytoin-treated patients. A mass fragmentographic method was used to determine unconjugated and conjugated 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantonin (4-OH-DPH) in plasma of patients being treated with phenytoin (DPH). The plasma concentration of unconjugated 4-OH-DPH is stable at steady-state for DPH and the level does not change during the dose interval. Most patients (82.5%) have plasma concentrations of unconjugated 4-OH-DPH between 0.04 and 0.2 mug/ml at concentrations of DPH between 5 and 30 mug/ml. Interindividual differences in the ratio between plasma concentration of unconjugated 4-OH-DPH and DPH were noted in a wide range of doses. Dosage adjustments of DPH in patients were not associated with major changes in the plasma level of unconjugated 4-OH-DPH. The plasma concentration of conjugated 4-OH-DPH also showed interindividual differences and varied between 1.2 and 4.5 mug/ml in patients with DPH concentrations between 5 and 30 mug/ml. The data are consistent with the concept of Michaelis-Menten kinetics for DPH metabolism.", "PMID": 837648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2835", "title": "Influence of acute viral hepatitis on disposition and plasma binding of tolbutamide.", "content": "To study the influence of acute hepatic disease on the disposition of tolbutamide, we measured tolbutamide plasma protein binding and pharmacokinetic parameters after intravenous administration of the drug to 5 subjects during and after apparent recovery from acute viral hepatitis. Although during the acute phase of illness protein binding of the drug decreased in all, volume of distribution of tolbutamide (0.15 +/- 0.03 L/kg) did not change. Clearance based on total concentration of tolbutamide in plasma increased in all subjects during the acute phase of study (26 +/- 5.4 ml/hr/kg) in comparison to the recovery phase (18 +/- 2.8 ml/hr/kg, p less than 0.02). Protein binding decreased after unconjugated bilirubin was added to plasma from the recovery phase, but not to the extent observed during the acute phase of illness at comparable levels of bilirubin. Clearance based on unbound drug concentration, calculated by dividing the observed plasma clearance by the fraction of unbound drug in plasma, did not differ significantly between the 2 study phases (300 +/- 47 and 260 +/- 39 ml/hr/kg). These observations suggest that the increase in clearance based on total drug concentration in plasma during hepatitis can be attributed solely to decreased plasma binding. This decrease in binding may be attributed in part, but not entirely, to increased combination of bilirubin during illness. The concentration of unbound drug in plasma at steady-state is determined by the rate of drug administration and the clearance based on unbound drug. If this clearance does not change during hepatic disease, no dosage alterations for tolbutamide and other comparable drugs are necessary to maintain a constant concentration of unbound drug.", "contents": "Influence of acute viral hepatitis on disposition and plasma binding of tolbutamide. To study the influence of acute hepatic disease on the disposition of tolbutamide, we measured tolbutamide plasma protein binding and pharmacokinetic parameters after intravenous administration of the drug to 5 subjects during and after apparent recovery from acute viral hepatitis. Although during the acute phase of illness protein binding of the drug decreased in all, volume of distribution of tolbutamide (0.15 +/- 0.03 L/kg) did not change. Clearance based on total concentration of tolbutamide in plasma increased in all subjects during the acute phase of study (26 +/- 5.4 ml/hr/kg) in comparison to the recovery phase (18 +/- 2.8 ml/hr/kg, p less than 0.02). Protein binding decreased after unconjugated bilirubin was added to plasma from the recovery phase, but not to the extent observed during the acute phase of illness at comparable levels of bilirubin. Clearance based on unbound drug concentration, calculated by dividing the observed plasma clearance by the fraction of unbound drug in plasma, did not differ significantly between the 2 study phases (300 +/- 47 and 260 +/- 39 ml/hr/kg). These observations suggest that the increase in clearance based on total drug concentration in plasma during hepatitis can be attributed solely to decreased plasma binding. This decrease in binding may be attributed in part, but not entirely, to increased combination of bilirubin during illness. The concentration of unbound drug in plasma at steady-state is determined by the rate of drug administration and the clearance based on unbound drug. If this clearance does not change during hepatic disease, no dosage alterations for tolbutamide and other comparable drugs are necessary to maintain a constant concentration of unbound drug.", "PMID": 837649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2836", "title": "Theophylline kinetics in acute pulmonary edema.", "content": "Nine patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema were given theophylline intravenously, and its disposition was observed over the next 24 hr. Compared to that in 19 normal subjects, these patients had prolonged plasma half-lifes (mean, 22.9 from 6.7 hr) and decreased plasma clearances of theophylline (mean, 0.041 from 0.062 L [kg-1] hr-1). The intersubject variation in these parameters was 20-fold in patients with pulmonary edema and 4-fold in normal subjects. Since the peak plasma concentrations attained and the apparent volumes of distribution were not different in the two groups, a suitable initial dose can be calculated. A loading dose of 4.5 to 5 mg/kg theophylline (6 mg/kg aminophylline) given over 20 min appears safe. Because of the great variability in the plasma clearance of this drug in patients with heart failure, plasma concentrations and toxicity would be unpredictable after repeated doses or constant infusions.", "contents": "Theophylline kinetics in acute pulmonary edema. Nine patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema were given theophylline intravenously, and its disposition was observed over the next 24 hr. Compared to that in 19 normal subjects, these patients had prolonged plasma half-lifes (mean, 22.9 from 6.7 hr) and decreased plasma clearances of theophylline (mean, 0.041 from 0.062 L [kg-1] hr-1). The intersubject variation in these parameters was 20-fold in patients with pulmonary edema and 4-fold in normal subjects. Since the peak plasma concentrations attained and the apparent volumes of distribution were not different in the two groups, a suitable initial dose can be calculated. A loading dose of 4.5 to 5 mg/kg theophylline (6 mg/kg aminophylline) given over 20 min appears safe. Because of the great variability in the plasma clearance of this drug in patients with heart failure, plasma concentrations and toxicity would be unpredictable after repeated doses or constant infusions.", "PMID": 837650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2837", "title": "Control of clofibrate toxicity in uremic hypertriglyceridemia.", "content": "A daily dose of 1.5 to 2.0 gm of clofibrate lowers serum triglyceride (TG) levels in patients with normal renal function but causes muscle toxicity and elevated creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels in patients with long-term renal failure. Plasma clofibrate disappearance is prolonged as much as seven times normal in severely uremic patients. A marked reduction in the standard 14 gm/wk clofibrate dose to a total dose of 1.0 to 1.5 gm/wk effectively lowered serum TG levels (--28%, p less than 0.02) in hypertriglyceridemic hemodialysis patients without toxicity. The serum clofibrate level at this dose was comparable to that in hypertriglyceridemic nonuremic patients receiving 14 gm/wk of clofibrate. The dose of clofibrate administered to hemodialysis patients can be adjusted to avoid toxicity and provide the desired therapeutic effect by monitoring serum CPK and TG levels.", "contents": "Control of clofibrate toxicity in uremic hypertriglyceridemia. A daily dose of 1.5 to 2.0 gm of clofibrate lowers serum triglyceride (TG) levels in patients with normal renal function but causes muscle toxicity and elevated creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels in patients with long-term renal failure. Plasma clofibrate disappearance is prolonged as much as seven times normal in severely uremic patients. A marked reduction in the standard 14 gm/wk clofibrate dose to a total dose of 1.0 to 1.5 gm/wk effectively lowered serum TG levels (--28%, p less than 0.02) in hypertriglyceridemic hemodialysis patients without toxicity. The serum clofibrate level at this dose was comparable to that in hypertriglyceridemic nonuremic patients receiving 14 gm/wk of clofibrate. The dose of clofibrate administered to hemodialysis patients can be adjusted to avoid toxicity and provide the desired therapeutic effect by monitoring serum CPK and TG levels.", "PMID": 837651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2838", "title": "Prolonged delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol ingestion. Effects of sympathomimetic amines and autonomic blockades.", "content": "In order to evaluate the possible effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on autonomic nervous system function, cardiovascular responses to intravenous isoproterenol, phenylephrine, atropine, and propranolol were compared in hospitalized volunteers before and after 14 days of THC ingestion. There was no significant alteration in responses to isoproterenol or phenylephrine, although in one subject the pressor effect of phenylephrine was considerably augmented by THC. Heart rates after parasympathetic (atropine) blockade and after combined parasympathetic and sympathetic (propranolol) blockade were significantly greater during THC ingestion. These and other data presented are consistent with the picture of reduced sympathetic and enhanced parasympathetic activity described in animals on THC. During THC ingestion, atropine had a pronounced pressor effect, which might represent a clinically significant drug interaction.", "contents": "Prolonged delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol ingestion. Effects of sympathomimetic amines and autonomic blockades. In order to evaluate the possible effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on autonomic nervous system function, cardiovascular responses to intravenous isoproterenol, phenylephrine, atropine, and propranolol were compared in hospitalized volunteers before and after 14 days of THC ingestion. There was no significant alteration in responses to isoproterenol or phenylephrine, although in one subject the pressor effect of phenylephrine was considerably augmented by THC. Heart rates after parasympathetic (atropine) blockade and after combined parasympathetic and sympathetic (propranolol) blockade were significantly greater during THC ingestion. These and other data presented are consistent with the picture of reduced sympathetic and enhanced parasympathetic activity described in animals on THC. During THC ingestion, atropine had a pronounced pressor effect, which might represent a clinically significant drug interaction.", "PMID": 837652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2839", "title": "Aging and ethanol metabolism.", "content": "The effect of aging on the distribution and elimination of ethanol was studied in a group of 50 healthy subjects ranging in age from 21 to 81 yr (mean, 53.3). Ethanol was administered in a continuous 1-hr infusion at a mean rate of 375 mg/m2 body surface area/min (equivalent to a mean dose of 0.57 gm/kg body weight). Serial blood samples for the determination of ethanol concentration was obtained at 15- to 30-min intervals for up to 4 hr post infusion. Ethanol elimination and distribution were evaluated with the aid of a two-compartment model. Rates of ethanol elimination were not affected by age. Peak ethanol concentration in blood water at the end of the infusion period was correlated with age (r= 0.55, p less than 0.001). Lean body mass and total volume of distirbution fo the ethanol were negatively correlated with age. The smaller volume of distirbution, in association with the decreased lean body mass, most likely explains the higher peak ethanol concentration found in the blood after administration of an ethanol does on the basis of surface area in the old as compared with the young subjects. This study demonstrates that age-related changes in body composition are important factors in the study of ethanol metabolism and its pharmacologic effects.", "contents": "Aging and ethanol metabolism. The effect of aging on the distribution and elimination of ethanol was studied in a group of 50 healthy subjects ranging in age from 21 to 81 yr (mean, 53.3). Ethanol was administered in a continuous 1-hr infusion at a mean rate of 375 mg/m2 body surface area/min (equivalent to a mean dose of 0.57 gm/kg body weight). Serial blood samples for the determination of ethanol concentration was obtained at 15- to 30-min intervals for up to 4 hr post infusion. Ethanol elimination and distribution were evaluated with the aid of a two-compartment model. Rates of ethanol elimination were not affected by age. Peak ethanol concentration in blood water at the end of the infusion period was correlated with age (r= 0.55, p less than 0.001). Lean body mass and total volume of distirbution fo the ethanol were negatively correlated with age. The smaller volume of distirbution, in association with the decreased lean body mass, most likely explains the higher peak ethanol concentration found in the blood after administration of an ethanol does on the basis of surface area in the old as compared with the young subjects. This study demonstrates that age-related changes in body composition are important factors in the study of ethanol metabolism and its pharmacologic effects.", "PMID": 837653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2840", "title": "Kinetic model for gentamicin dosing with the use of individual patient parameters.", "content": "Multiple-infusion dosing regimens for gentamicin were established for 84 patients with the use of individually calculated values of elimination kinetic parameters. Serum level-time data obtained after a single infusion were used to determine the patient's gentamicin half-life (t 1/2) and distribution volume. Patients with serum creatinine (Cr) less than 1.2 mg per 100 ml had t 1/2 (mean, 2.25 hr) and total body clearances (mean, 0.082 L/hr/kg) significantly different from those with Cr greater than or equal to 1.2 mg/100 ml (means, 5.3 and 0.039, respectively). Distribution volumes were not significantly different (means, 0.22 and 0.21 L/kg, respectively). Calculations of dosing intervals and infusion rates, based on each patient's kinetic parameters and desired steady-state peaks and nadirs, assumed a one-compartment model with first-order elimination and 1-hr constant-rate input at fixed intervals. Follow-up steady-state peak and nadir levels were measured in 63 of the regimens. Differences between predicted and measured peak levels averaged --0.05 mug/ml with 60% of the measured values falling within 1 mug/ml of that predicted. Predicted-measured nadir differences averaged --0.62 mug/ml (significantly different from zero) indicating slight bias in the model. Fifty-six percent of these nadirs were within 1 mug/ml of that predicted.", "contents": "Kinetic model for gentamicin dosing with the use of individual patient parameters. Multiple-infusion dosing regimens for gentamicin were established for 84 patients with the use of individually calculated values of elimination kinetic parameters. Serum level-time data obtained after a single infusion were used to determine the patient's gentamicin half-life (t 1/2) and distribution volume. Patients with serum creatinine (Cr) less than 1.2 mg per 100 ml had t 1/2 (mean, 2.25 hr) and total body clearances (mean, 0.082 L/hr/kg) significantly different from those with Cr greater than or equal to 1.2 mg/100 ml (means, 5.3 and 0.039, respectively). Distribution volumes were not significantly different (means, 0.22 and 0.21 L/kg, respectively). Calculations of dosing intervals and infusion rates, based on each patient's kinetic parameters and desired steady-state peaks and nadirs, assumed a one-compartment model with first-order elimination and 1-hr constant-rate input at fixed intervals. Follow-up steady-state peak and nadir levels were measured in 63 of the regimens. Differences between predicted and measured peak levels averaged --0.05 mug/ml with 60% of the measured values falling within 1 mug/ml of that predicted. Predicted-measured nadir differences averaged --0.62 mug/ml (significantly different from zero) indicating slight bias in the model. Fifty-six percent of these nadirs were within 1 mug/ml of that predicted.", "PMID": 837654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2841", "title": "Sequelae of abdominal radiation and their medical management.", "content": "As various chemotherapeutic agents are added to treatment routines, the possibility of adverse effects is appreciably increased, particularly in those organs for which the agents have specific toxicity. Symptoms most commonly associated with radiation sickness, such as malaise, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dysphagia, dermatitis, and depleted hemopoietic elements, are usually seen late in the course of radiation therapy or shortly thereafter. Consequently, they are managed by the physician in charge of radiation or the patient's referring physician. The general physician may be concerned with symptoms arising from delayed organ pathology. These symptoms may arise in many tissues that are still considered somewhat radioresistant, but secondary to sequelae arising because of connective tissue changes from obliterative narrowing of the finer vasculature. Radiation may be only one of several possible causes, and the symptoms of sequelae may appear only after a long latent period, so that the previous radiation may not be considered in the differential diagnosis unless a detailed history is taken. The medical management of these sequelae is, in general, similar to that used for the pathology produced in these organs by other agents.", "contents": "Sequelae of abdominal radiation and their medical management. As various chemotherapeutic agents are added to treatment routines, the possibility of adverse effects is appreciably increased, particularly in those organs for which the agents have specific toxicity. Symptoms most commonly associated with radiation sickness, such as malaise, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dysphagia, dermatitis, and depleted hemopoietic elements, are usually seen late in the course of radiation therapy or shortly thereafter. Consequently, they are managed by the physician in charge of radiation or the patient's referring physician. The general physician may be concerned with symptoms arising from delayed organ pathology. These symptoms may arise in many tissues that are still considered somewhat radioresistant, but secondary to sequelae arising because of connective tissue changes from obliterative narrowing of the finer vasculature. Radiation may be only one of several possible causes, and the symptoms of sequelae may appear only after a long latent period, so that the previous radiation may not be considered in the differential diagnosis unless a detailed history is taken. The medical management of these sequelae is, in general, similar to that used for the pathology produced in these organs by other agents.", "PMID": 837656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2842", "title": "Management of neonatal seizures.", "content": "Seizures in the neonatal period are usually concomitants of serious neurological disease. The convulsive phenomena take certain distinctive and often subtle forms because of the status of the neuroanatomical and neurophysiological development of the neonatal brain. The predominant etiological process is hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, but intracranial hemorrhage, intracranial infection, development defects and metabolic disorders are also responsible for a considerable proportion of cases. Prognosis is related primarily to the neurological disease that underlies the seizures. Treatment may be specific for the underlying disorder, e.g., glucose, calcium, magnesium, pyridoxine, but whatever the cause, urgent control of the convulsions is important because they may have deleterious consequences. Phenobarbital is the single, most important anticonvulsant in the management of neonatal seizures.", "contents": "Management of neonatal seizures. Seizures in the neonatal period are usually concomitants of serious neurological disease. The convulsive phenomena take certain distinctive and often subtle forms because of the status of the neuroanatomical and neurophysiological development of the neonatal brain. The predominant etiological process is hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, but intracranial hemorrhage, intracranial infection, development defects and metabolic disorders are also responsible for a considerable proportion of cases. Prognosis is related primarily to the neurological disease that underlies the seizures. Treatment may be specific for the underlying disorder, e.g., glucose, calcium, magnesium, pyridoxine, but whatever the cause, urgent control of the convulsions is important because they may have deleterious consequences. Phenobarbital is the single, most important anticonvulsant in the management of neonatal seizures.", "PMID": 837700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2843", "title": "Neonatal hypocalcemia mechanism of occurrence and management.", "content": "Early neonatal hypocalcemia occurs in premature infants, infants with birth asphyxia, and infants of diabetic mothers. Etiological considerations include decreased calcium (Ca) supply, increased endogenous phosphate load, hypomagnesemia, alkali therapy, functional hypoparathyroidism, defects in vitamin D metabolism, and possibly calcitonin excess. Late neonatal hypocalcemia occurs, with malabsorption of magnesium (Mg), increased exogenous phosphate loading, after alkali therapy of diarrheal acidosis, hypoparathyroidism, and vitamin D related disorders. The therapy of hypocalcemia includes oral or iv Ca salts and in the near future, possibly the newly discovered vitamin D metabolites.", "contents": "Neonatal hypocalcemia mechanism of occurrence and management. Early neonatal hypocalcemia occurs in premature infants, infants with birth asphyxia, and infants of diabetic mothers. Etiological considerations include decreased calcium (Ca) supply, increased endogenous phosphate load, hypomagnesemia, alkali therapy, functional hypoparathyroidism, defects in vitamin D metabolism, and possibly calcitonin excess. Late neonatal hypocalcemia occurs, with malabsorption of magnesium (Mg), increased exogenous phosphate loading, after alkali therapy of diarrheal acidosis, hypoparathyroidism, and vitamin D related disorders. The therapy of hypocalcemia includes oral or iv Ca salts and in the near future, possibly the newly discovered vitamin D metabolites.", "PMID": 837701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2844", "title": "Psychodynamic considerations in the neonatal ICU.", "content": "A description of the psychodynamic patterns of behavior among the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit staff, the parents, and the neonate is presented by a consulting child psychiatrist, who has spent three and one-half years working in an NICU. This is a clinical and empirical study that relied on informal and unstructured interviews with the staff and the parents, the short-term and long-term observations of their behavior, and the personal objective and subjective analysis of the psychiatrist. From this has emerged a picture of a dynamic that recreates the nuclear family within the confines of the NICU from the nurses and the physicians. These surrogate mothers and fathers play out unconscious parental roles with the neonate and with each other. Given this setting, inappropriate maternal attachment can occur between primary nurse and her charge, as well as inappropriate paternal attachment occurring between physician and infants under his medical care. Understanding of these psychodynamic reactions is basic to implement parental involvement in the NICU, so as to encourage the natural infant-parent bonding.", "contents": "Psychodynamic considerations in the neonatal ICU. A description of the psychodynamic patterns of behavior among the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit staff, the parents, and the neonate is presented by a consulting child psychiatrist, who has spent three and one-half years working in an NICU. This is a clinical and empirical study that relied on informal and unstructured interviews with the staff and the parents, the short-term and long-term observations of their behavior, and the personal objective and subjective analysis of the psychiatrist. From this has emerged a picture of a dynamic that recreates the nuclear family within the confines of the NICU from the nurses and the physicians. These surrogate mothers and fathers play out unconscious parental roles with the neonate and with each other. Given this setting, inappropriate maternal attachment can occur between primary nurse and her charge, as well as inappropriate paternal attachment occurring between physician and infants under his medical care. Understanding of these psychodynamic reactions is basic to implement parental involvement in the NICU, so as to encourage the natural infant-parent bonding.", "PMID": 837702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2845", "title": "Perilesional vitiligo in melanoma.", "content": "The malignant transformation of a plantar nevus is presented. Perilesional vitiligo developed concurrently with the onset of malignancy. The primary lesion was controlled surgically, but the patient succumbed to metastiatic melanoma within a year. The relation of perilesional vitiligo in malignant melanoma to the so-called halo nevus, and the immunologic significance of these discolorations is reviewed.", "contents": "Perilesional vitiligo in melanoma. The malignant transformation of a plantar nevus is presented. Perilesional vitiligo developed concurrently with the onset of malignancy. The primary lesion was controlled surgically, but the patient succumbed to metastiatic melanoma within a year. The relation of perilesional vitiligo in malignant melanoma to the so-called halo nevus, and the immunologic significance of these discolorations is reviewed.", "PMID": 837717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2846", "title": "Pearly penile papules: incidence.", "content": "Eight hundred forty consecutive male patients were examined for the presence of pearly penile papules. The age, race and presence or absence of circumcision were recorded. Two hundred fifty-three (30.1%) of patients had lesions, and there was a significantly increased incidence of pearly penile papules in Negroes and uncircumcised men. A significantly greater proportion of Negroes were uncircumcised, possibly explaining the racial difference. The incidence of papules was greatest in young adults and tended to decrease with increasing age. A higher percentage of men over 40 had pearly penile papules than previously reported.", "contents": "Pearly penile papules: incidence. Eight hundred forty consecutive male patients were examined for the presence of pearly penile papules. The age, race and presence or absence of circumcision were recorded. Two hundred fifty-three (30.1%) of patients had lesions, and there was a significantly increased incidence of pearly penile papules in Negroes and uncircumcised men. A significantly greater proportion of Negroes were uncircumcised, possibly explaining the racial difference. The incidence of papules was greatest in young adults and tended to decrease with increasing age. A higher percentage of men over 40 had pearly penile papules than previously reported.", "PMID": 837718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2847", "title": "Myiasis Dermatobia hominis, Linn: report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "A description of the life cycle of the tropical botfly, Dermatobia hominis, is presented. The entomology of this parasite is discussed along  with the pathologic manifestations of human infestation and a description of the various modes of treatment. A recent case of multiple botfly infestation in a young man during a trip to Central America is reported. A review of the literature including the earliest reported case (1904) is presented, along with a brief discussion of the epidemiology and public health aspects of this problem.", "contents": "Myiasis Dermatobia hominis, Linn: report of a case and review of the literature. A description of the life cycle of the tropical botfly, Dermatobia hominis, is presented. The entomology of this parasite is discussed along  with the pathologic manifestations of human infestation and a description of the various modes of treatment. A recent case of multiple botfly infestation in a young man during a trip to Central America is reported. A review of the literature including the earliest reported case (1904) is presented, along with a brief discussion of the epidemiology and public health aspects of this problem.", "PMID": 837719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2848", "title": "Hypomelanotic canopy of sarcoidosis.", "content": "A case of cutaneous hypopigmented macules localized above deep dermal and subcutaneous sarcoid granulomas in a patient with systemic sarcoidosis is presented. Melanin was only sparsely distributed in the upper stratum malpighii. Hypopigmentation is an unusual manifestation of sarcoidosis. With an armamentarium of clinical observation, dermatologists may suspect a hypomelanotic cutaneous diadem overlying a palpable dermal mass to be a visual vignette of a sarcoidal montage requiring diagnostic biopsy.", "contents": "Hypomelanotic canopy of sarcoidosis. A case of cutaneous hypopigmented macules localized above deep dermal and subcutaneous sarcoid granulomas in a patient with systemic sarcoidosis is presented. Melanin was only sparsely distributed in the upper stratum malpighii. Hypopigmentation is an unusual manifestation of sarcoidosis. With an armamentarium of clinical observation, dermatologists may suspect a hypomelanotic cutaneous diadem overlying a palpable dermal mass to be a visual vignette of a sarcoidal montage requiring diagnostic biopsy.", "PMID": 837720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2849", "title": "Subungual exostosis.", "content": "This report is intended to focus attention on the often occurring, but seldom reported, subungual exostosis. Familiarity with its clinical characteristics should enable the physician to make a preoperative diagnosis or at least include it in the differential diagnosis of any subungual growth. Establishing the practice of x-raying all subungual tumors may save the physician's ego from the trauma of a missed diagnosis. More importantly, however, it may save the patient from unnecessary and at times even unnecessarily drastic surgery.", "contents": "Subungual exostosis. This report is intended to focus attention on the often occurring, but seldom reported, subungual exostosis. Familiarity with its clinical characteristics should enable the physician to make a preoperative diagnosis or at least include it in the differential diagnosis of any subungual growth. Establishing the practice of x-raying all subungual tumors may save the physician's ego from the trauma of a missed diagnosis. More importantly, however, it may save the patient from unnecessary and at times even unnecessarily drastic surgery.", "PMID": 837724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2850", "title": "Dermatomyositis and Malignancy.", "content": "Dermatomyositis is a disease of unknown etiology characterized by muscle weakness and associated with a variety of cutaneous lesions. There appears to be an increased incidence of malignancy among patients with dermatomyositis. The association is estimated at about 20 percent.", "contents": "Dermatomyositis and Malignancy. Dermatomyositis is a disease of unknown etiology characterized by muscle weakness and associated with a variety of cutaneous lesions. There appears to be an increased incidence of malignancy among patients with dermatomyositis. The association is estimated at about 20 percent.", "PMID": 837725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2851", "title": "Bowen's Disease of the Finger.", "content": "Four cases of Bowen's disease of the finger have been treated, three during the past two years. This form of carcinoma-in-situ should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any persistent scaly and/or crusted lesion of the finger. Bowen's disease in this particular site may be more common than the literature suggests.", "contents": "Bowen's Disease of the Finger. Four cases of Bowen's disease of the finger have been treated, three during the past two years. This form of carcinoma-in-situ should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any persistent scaly and/or crusted lesion of the finger. Bowen's disease in this particular site may be more common than the literature suggests.", "PMID": 837726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2852", "title": "Treatment of cancer of the eyelids.", "content": "With a few modifications, the old technique of curettage and electrodesiccation has been successfully applied to the treatment of eyelid cancer.", "contents": "Treatment of cancer of the eyelids. With a few modifications, the old technique of curettage and electrodesiccation has been successfully applied to the treatment of eyelid cancer.", "PMID": 837727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2853", "title": "Facial osteoma.", "content": "Osteoma cutis is an oddity--small blue spots appearing de novo, unconnected to any other disease or syndrome. To briefly quote: \"The appearance of a cell or tissue where it is normally absent excites curiosity and stimulates speculation as to its origin. Heterotopic bone deposition in the skin is such a phenomenon. Extrinsic bone formation is either neoplastic or metaplastic. This presentation represents neoplasia. The term osteoma is restricted to lesions with primary bone formation.\"25 I would welcome suggestions on therapy other than chelation, which is patently inappropriate, and strip mining, which has already been tediously tired.", "contents": "Facial osteoma. Osteoma cutis is an oddity--small blue spots appearing de novo, unconnected to any other disease or syndrome. To briefly quote: \"The appearance of a cell or tissue where it is normally absent excites curiosity and stimulates speculation as to its origin. Heterotopic bone deposition in the skin is such a phenomenon. Extrinsic bone formation is either neoplastic or metaplastic. This presentation represents neoplasia. The term osteoma is restricted to lesions with primary bone formation.\"25 I would welcome suggestions on therapy other than chelation, which is patently inappropriate, and strip mining, which has already been tediously tired.", "PMID": 837729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2854", "title": "The significance and prognosis of chronic bifascicular block.", "content": "The clinical course of 303 patients with bifascicular block was reviewed. Initially, 62% of the total group had evidence of heart disease. The highest frequency of heart disease was in patients with left bundle-branch block and first-degree atrioventricular block (78% or 22/28), while the lowest was in those with right bundle-branch block and left axis deviation (56% or 55/98). During the subsequent clinical course the occurrence of cardiovascular morbidity was greatest in patients who had left bundle-branch block and heart disease (55% or 49/89). Complete heart block occurred in only 11 patients. The highest incidence of complete heart block occurred in right bundle-branch block and left axis deviation when associated with heart disease, but the annual rate was only 4%/yr. Mortality was highest in those with left bundle-branch block, first-degree atrioventricular block, and left axis deviation (43%/yr). A one-year mortality of 65% (11/17) was noted for patients who had bifascicular block prior to the time of acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "The significance and prognosis of chronic bifascicular block. The clinical course of 303 patients with bifascicular block was reviewed. Initially, 62% of the total group had evidence of heart disease. The highest frequency of heart disease was in patients with left bundle-branch block and first-degree atrioventricular block (78% or 22/28), while the lowest was in those with right bundle-branch block and left axis deviation (56% or 55/98). During the subsequent clinical course the occurrence of cardiovascular morbidity was greatest in patients who had left bundle-branch block and heart disease (55% or 49/89). Complete heart block occurred in only 11 patients. The highest incidence of complete heart block occurred in right bundle-branch block and left axis deviation when associated with heart disease, but the annual rate was only 4%/yr. Mortality was highest in those with left bundle-branch block, first-degree atrioventricular block, and left axis deviation (43%/yr). A one-year mortality of 65% (11/17) was noted for patients who had bifascicular block prior to the time of acute myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 837746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2855", "title": "The electrocardiographic response to maximal treadmill exercise of asymptomatic men with right bundle branch block.", "content": "This study presents the results of maximal treadmill testing and cardiac catheterization in 40 asymptomatic and apparently healthy men with acquired right bundle-branch block. Eight of the men had significant angiographic coronary artery disease, and six of the eight only had single-vessel disease. The 40 men had normal maximal oxygen consumptions, normal maximal heart rates, and normal maximal blood pressure responses; none of the men had abnormal ST-segment changes in response to maximal treadmill testing. Thus, the sensitivity of exercise testing for coronary artery disease in men with right bundle branch block is uncertain. However, the apparently high specificity of exercise testing demonstrated by this study necessitates further evaluation for coronary artery disease in men with right bundle branch block who develop abnormal ST-segment depression in response to exercise testing.", "contents": "The electrocardiographic response to maximal treadmill exercise of asymptomatic men with right bundle branch block. This study presents the results of maximal treadmill testing and cardiac catheterization in 40 asymptomatic and apparently healthy men with acquired right bundle-branch block. Eight of the men had significant angiographic coronary artery disease, and six of the eight only had single-vessel disease. The 40 men had normal maximal oxygen consumptions, normal maximal heart rates, and normal maximal blood pressure responses; none of the men had abnormal ST-segment changes in response to maximal treadmill testing. Thus, the sensitivity of exercise testing for coronary artery disease in men with right bundle branch block is uncertain. However, the apparently high specificity of exercise testing demonstrated by this study necessitates further evaluation for coronary artery disease in men with right bundle branch block who develop abnormal ST-segment depression in response to exercise testing.", "PMID": 837747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2856", "title": "Bronchial brushing in bronchogenic carcinoma. Factors influencing cellular yield and diagnostic accuracy.", "content": "In a prospective study, varying the bronchial brushing technique through the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope was examined for the effects of cellular yield and diagnostic accuracy. The yield of cells obtained from the 1.7-mm brush was increased by more than twofold when the brush and bronchoscope were withdrawn as a unit through the pharynx and nose, (nonwithdrawn brushing), rather than withdrawing the brush alone through the aspiration channel of the bronchoscope (withdrawn brushing). The greater number of total cells in the nonwithdrawn brushing specimen was largely due to squamous cells, and the yield of tumor cells by the two methods was similar. The yield of cells from the same brush withdrawn through a new suction adapter available on the bronchoscope (Olympus BF-B2) was significantly decreased, as compared with the withdrawn brushing. There was a further decrease using a shielded 1-mm brush. In 23 of 30 cases of proven carcinoma, the diagnosis was made by the single withdrawn brushing, and in 26 of the 30 by the single nonwithdrawn brushing, a difference which was not statistically significant. We conclude that diagnostic accuracy is not significantly enhanced by withdrawing the brush and bronchoscope as a unit through the pharynx and nose; use of a small shielded brush offers no advantage over a larger unshielded brush; modifications of flexible bronchoscopes, such as the adapter to improve efficacy of suction, should be evaluated for effects on harvests of cells from bronchial brushes before being put into general use.", "contents": "Bronchial brushing in bronchogenic carcinoma. Factors influencing cellular yield and diagnostic accuracy. In a prospective study, varying the bronchial brushing technique through the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope was examined for the effects of cellular yield and diagnostic accuracy. The yield of cells obtained from the 1.7-mm brush was increased by more than twofold when the brush and bronchoscope were withdrawn as a unit through the pharynx and nose, (nonwithdrawn brushing), rather than withdrawing the brush alone through the aspiration channel of the bronchoscope (withdrawn brushing). The greater number of total cells in the nonwithdrawn brushing specimen was largely due to squamous cells, and the yield of tumor cells by the two methods was similar. The yield of cells from the same brush withdrawn through a new suction adapter available on the bronchoscope (Olympus BF-B2) was significantly decreased, as compared with the withdrawn brushing. There was a further decrease using a shielded 1-mm brush. In 23 of 30 cases of proven carcinoma, the diagnosis was made by the single withdrawn brushing, and in 26 of the 30 by the single nonwithdrawn brushing, a difference which was not statistically significant. We conclude that diagnostic accuracy is not significantly enhanced by withdrawing the brush and bronchoscope as a unit through the pharynx and nose; use of a small shielded brush offers no advantage over a larger unshielded brush; modifications of flexible bronchoscopes, such as the adapter to improve efficacy of suction, should be evaluated for effects on harvests of cells from bronchial brushes before being put into general use.", "PMID": 837748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2857", "title": "Regression of pulmonary hypertension after mitral valve surgery in children. Operative management of rheumatic mitral valve disease.", "content": "Forty-one children with advanced chronic rheumatic disease of the mitral valve had preoperative and postoperative hemodynamic studies. Twenty-three cases had open mitral commissurotomy, and 20 had mitral valvular replacement. After surgery the average pulmonary arterial systolic pressure in the group with valve replacement decreased from 78 to 42 mm Hg, the pulmonary vascular resistance decreased from 974 to 313 dynes sec cm 5, and the cardiac index rose from 2.29 to 4.15 L/min sq m. In the group with mitral commissurotomy, the average pulmonary arterial systolic pressure decreased from 90 to 63 mm Hg, the pulmonary vascular resistance decreased from 1,201 to 616 dynes sec cm-5, and the cardiac index rose from 2.5 to 3.5 L/min sq m. While all patients with mitral valve replacement showed a drop in pulmonary arterial pressure, the postoperative pressures were higher after commissurotomy in four patients, two of whom required a second operation of valve replacement. The study shows that in children, even severe degrees of pulmonary hypertension secondary to mitral valve abnormality is corrected.", "contents": "Regression of pulmonary hypertension after mitral valve surgery in children. Operative management of rheumatic mitral valve disease. Forty-one children with advanced chronic rheumatic disease of the mitral valve had preoperative and postoperative hemodynamic studies. Twenty-three cases had open mitral commissurotomy, and 20 had mitral valvular replacement. After surgery the average pulmonary arterial systolic pressure in the group with valve replacement decreased from 78 to 42 mm Hg, the pulmonary vascular resistance decreased from 974 to 313 dynes sec cm 5, and the cardiac index rose from 2.29 to 4.15 L/min sq m. In the group with mitral commissurotomy, the average pulmonary arterial systolic pressure decreased from 90 to 63 mm Hg, the pulmonary vascular resistance decreased from 1,201 to 616 dynes sec cm-5, and the cardiac index rose from 2.5 to 3.5 L/min sq m. While all patients with mitral valve replacement showed a drop in pulmonary arterial pressure, the postoperative pressures were higher after commissurotomy in four patients, two of whom required a second operation of valve replacement. The study shows that in children, even severe degrees of pulmonary hypertension secondary to mitral valve abnormality is corrected.", "PMID": 837749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2858", "title": "Occult pulmonary abnormalities in asymptomatic asthmatic children.", "content": "The pulmonary status of 178 asymptomatic asthmatic children with normal time-volume spirograms was further evaluated using flow-volume loops, body plethysmographic studies, and blood gas tensions in arterialized capillary blood. Residual volume (RV) was abnormal in 26%, total lung capacity (TLC) in 33%, RV/TLC% in 41%, and arterial oxygen pressure in 23% of them. All values for expiratory flow measured relative to observed vital capacity (VC), (ie, the forced expiratory volume in one second [FEV1], the mean forced expiratory flow during the middle half of the forced vital capacity [FEF25-75%; FVC], FEV1/VC, and the instantaneous forced expiratory flow after 75% and after 50% of the FVC has been exhaled) were normal, and VC was subnormal in only five instances, but flow rates measured relative to TLC were abnormal in 26% of the patients. Some abnormality of pulmonary function was present in all but 13% of these asymptomatic children. Reliance upon conventional evaluation of pulmonary function by forced expiratory spirograms and freedom from wheezing may frequently give the clinician a false impression of the true conditon of the lungs of the asthmatic child.", "contents": "Occult pulmonary abnormalities in asymptomatic asthmatic children. The pulmonary status of 178 asymptomatic asthmatic children with normal time-volume spirograms was further evaluated using flow-volume loops, body plethysmographic studies, and blood gas tensions in arterialized capillary blood. Residual volume (RV) was abnormal in 26%, total lung capacity (TLC) in 33%, RV/TLC% in 41%, and arterial oxygen pressure in 23% of them. All values for expiratory flow measured relative to observed vital capacity (VC), (ie, the forced expiratory volume in one second [FEV1], the mean forced expiratory flow during the middle half of the forced vital capacity [FEF25-75%; FVC], FEV1/VC, and the instantaneous forced expiratory flow after 75% and after 50% of the FVC has been exhaled) were normal, and VC was subnormal in only five instances, but flow rates measured relative to TLC were abnormal in 26% of the patients. Some abnormality of pulmonary function was present in all but 13% of these asymptomatic children. Reliance upon conventional evaluation of pulmonary function by forced expiratory spirograms and freedom from wheezing may frequently give the clinician a false impression of the true conditon of the lungs of the asthmatic child.", "PMID": 837750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2859", "title": "Bronchial adenoma. A clinicopathologic study.", "content": "Among 28 patients with bronchial adenomas, 24 adenomas (86%) were of the carcinoid type. The 28 bronchial adenomas provided an incidence of 0.6% of all primary lung tumors seen in our institutions. There was a slightly greater preponderance of female patients and a greater incidence of the lision occurring in the right bronchopulmonary tree than the left. Symptoms of bronchial adenoma may exist for many years before the condition is diagnosed, and prolonged survival is recorded, even in the absence of surgical treatment. Although pneumonectomy was performed in several patients, lobectomy, bronchoplastic procedures, or sleeve resection of the affected area are generally recommended.", "contents": "Bronchial adenoma. A clinicopathologic study. Among 28 patients with bronchial adenomas, 24 adenomas (86%) were of the carcinoid type. The 28 bronchial adenomas provided an incidence of 0.6% of all primary lung tumors seen in our institutions. There was a slightly greater preponderance of female patients and a greater incidence of the lision occurring in the right bronchopulmonary tree than the left. Symptoms of bronchial adenoma may exist for many years before the condition is diagnosed, and prolonged survival is recorded, even in the absence of surgical treatment. Although pneumonectomy was performed in several patients, lobectomy, bronchoplastic procedures, or sleeve resection of the affected area are generally recommended.", "PMID": 837751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2860", "title": "Experimental leukocyte-induced pulmonary vasculitis with inquiry into mechanism.", "content": "Intravenous transfusions of washed allogeneic or autologous leukocytes in rabbits resulted in lesions of pulmonary periarteritis 48 hours later. Intact leukocytes were required. Systemic anaphylaxis, generalized Shwartzman reaction, alternate pathway complement activation and inert particle microembolism failed to produce identical lesions. Leukocytes tagged with radioactive chromium were found within arterial thromboses with proximal vasculitis. Generation or release of inflammatory factors plus thromboembolism would explain the pathogenesis of the lesions described. Specific mechanisms may be quite complex. Similar lesions have not been described in studies of pulmonary leukocyte entrapment or experimental microembolism of the lung. This model may be useful for studying pathogenetic mechanisms in pulmonary vasculitis and may have clinical implications.", "contents": "Experimental leukocyte-induced pulmonary vasculitis with inquiry into mechanism. Intravenous transfusions of washed allogeneic or autologous leukocytes in rabbits resulted in lesions of pulmonary periarteritis 48 hours later. Intact leukocytes were required. Systemic anaphylaxis, generalized Shwartzman reaction, alternate pathway complement activation and inert particle microembolism failed to produce identical lesions. Leukocytes tagged with radioactive chromium were found within arterial thromboses with proximal vasculitis. Generation or release of inflammatory factors plus thromboembolism would explain the pathogenesis of the lesions described. Specific mechanisms may be quite complex. Similar lesions have not been described in studies of pulmonary leukocyte entrapment or experimental microembolism of the lung. This model may be useful for studying pathogenetic mechanisms in pulmonary vasculitis and may have clinical implications.", "PMID": 837753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2861", "title": "The volume of isoflow and increase in maximal flow at 50 percent of forced vital capacity during helium-oxygen breathing as tests of small airway dysfunction.", "content": "The purpose of this report is to review the role of helium in the early detection of obstructive pulmonary disease. The underlying physiologic mechanisms of the volume of isoflow (the volume at which flow was the same with the subject breathing air and breathing a mixture of 80 percent helium and 20 percent oxygen) and increases in maximal flow at 50 percent of vital capacity (Vmax50) after breathing helium are reviewed. These tests are able to detect physiologic abnormalities in asymptomatic subjects when the results of other tests are normal; and following cessation of smoking, abnormal results may be reversible. The volume of isoflow is increased when maximal flow is reduced because of loss of elastic recoil or increase in upstream resistance. The increase in Vmax50 after breathing helium appears to be relatively specific for the caliber of the small airways, being uninfluenced by loss of elastic recoil; it can further help to localize the major site of obstruction to either small or large airways. At present, random screening for early unsuspected disease is not warranted, and these tests remain an investigative tool.", "contents": "The volume of isoflow and increase in maximal flow at 50 percent of forced vital capacity during helium-oxygen breathing as tests of small airway dysfunction. The purpose of this report is to review the role of helium in the early detection of obstructive pulmonary disease. The underlying physiologic mechanisms of the volume of isoflow (the volume at which flow was the same with the subject breathing air and breathing a mixture of 80 percent helium and 20 percent oxygen) and increases in maximal flow at 50 percent of vital capacity (Vmax50) after breathing helium are reviewed. These tests are able to detect physiologic abnormalities in asymptomatic subjects when the results of other tests are normal; and following cessation of smoking, abnormal results may be reversible. The volume of isoflow is increased when maximal flow is reduced because of loss of elastic recoil or increase in upstream resistance. The increase in Vmax50 after breathing helium appears to be relatively specific for the caliber of the small airways, being uninfluenced by loss of elastic recoil; it can further help to localize the major site of obstruction to either small or large airways. At present, random screening for early unsuspected disease is not warranted, and these tests remain an investigative tool.", "PMID": 837755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2862", "title": "Low-dose amphotericin B therapy for acute pulmonary histoplasmosis.", "content": "A patient wtih acute epidemic pulmonary histoplasmosis was treated with 500 mg of amphotericin B. Traditionally, such patients have not been treated, since the illness is usually self-limited; however, fatalities have been reported, and some authorities have recommended therapy with small doses of amphotericin B. Patients with acute pulmonary histoplasmosis who are acutely ill should be considered for low-dose treatment with amphotericin B, inasmuch as they are likely candidates for early dissemination. Cures have been reported with as little as 105 mg of amphotericin B administered intravenously.", "contents": "Low-dose amphotericin B therapy for acute pulmonary histoplasmosis. A patient wtih acute epidemic pulmonary histoplasmosis was treated with 500 mg of amphotericin B. Traditionally, such patients have not been treated, since the illness is usually self-limited; however, fatalities have been reported, and some authorities have recommended therapy with small doses of amphotericin B. Patients with acute pulmonary histoplasmosis who are acutely ill should be considered for low-dose treatment with amphotericin B, inasmuch as they are likely candidates for early dissemination. Cures have been reported with as little as 105 mg of amphotericin B administered intravenously.", "PMID": 837756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2863", "title": "Isolated massive chylopericardium. Complication of open heart surgery for aortic valve replacement.", "content": "Chylopericardium following open-heart surgery for aortic valve replacement in a 53-year-old woman is described. Five weeks after surgery, the chylous pericardial effusion was detected when the patient developed recurrent chest pain and cardiomegaly. Treatment included drainage of the fluid and partial pericardiectomy. No recurrence of the chylopericardium was observed in this patient up to 14 months after surgery.", "contents": "Isolated massive chylopericardium. Complication of open heart surgery for aortic valve replacement. Chylopericardium following open-heart surgery for aortic valve replacement in a 53-year-old woman is described. Five weeks after surgery, the chylous pericardial effusion was detected when the patient developed recurrent chest pain and cardiomegaly. Treatment included drainage of the fluid and partial pericardiectomy. No recurrence of the chylopericardium was observed in this patient up to 14 months after surgery.", "PMID": 837757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2864", "title": "Myocardial dysfunction and hemolytic anemia in a patient with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection.", "content": "A patient with evidence of myocardial abnormalities and hemolytic anemia is described, in whom the responsible pathogen appeared to be Mycoplasma pneumoniae (as indicated by a 64-fold rise in complement-fixation titers, and by a change in cold-agglutinin titers from 1:8 to 1:4,096). Both cardiac and hematologic problems occurred during the recovery phase from pneumonia and were associated with marked deterioration in the patient's clinical status. Electrocardiographic and serum enzymatic changes mimicked the patterns seen in acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Myocardial dysfunction and hemolytic anemia in a patient with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. A patient with evidence of myocardial abnormalities and hemolytic anemia is described, in whom the responsible pathogen appeared to be Mycoplasma pneumoniae (as indicated by a 64-fold rise in complement-fixation titers, and by a change in cold-agglutinin titers from 1:8 to 1:4,096). Both cardiac and hematologic problems occurred during the recovery phase from pneumonia and were associated with marked deterioration in the patient's clinical status. Electrocardiographic and serum enzymatic changes mimicked the patterns seen in acute myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 837758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2865", "title": "Echocardiographic diagnosis of intraventricular clot.", "content": "The literature contains many reports of the echocardiographic findings in left atrial myxoma and clot; however, descriptions of left ventricular thrombus or tumor are rare. We discuss here the echocardiographic findings in a patient with a large apical left ventricular thrombus which was confirmed both angiographically and pathologically. The importance of echocardiographically examining the area below the mitral valve near the apex of the left ventricle, where most of the thrombi are located, is stressed.", "contents": "Echocardiographic diagnosis of intraventricular clot. The literature contains many reports of the echocardiographic findings in left atrial myxoma and clot; however, descriptions of left ventricular thrombus or tumor are rare. We discuss here the echocardiographic findings in a patient with a large apical left ventricular thrombus which was confirmed both angiographically and pathologically. The importance of echocardiographically examining the area below the mitral valve near the apex of the left ventricle, where most of the thrombi are located, is stressed.", "PMID": 837760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2866", "title": "Idiopathic spontaneous pneumothorax. Electron microscopic study.", "content": "A lung biopsy obtained from a patient following a second occurrence of idiopathic spontaneous pneumothorax was studied by electron microscopy. A remarkable increase in septal mass was a notable finding. Proliferation of the interstitium was due to an abundance of collagen and elastic fibers. In additon, a proliferation of type 1 and type 2 epithelial cells was seen.", "contents": "Idiopathic spontaneous pneumothorax. Electron microscopic study. A lung biopsy obtained from a patient following a second occurrence of idiopathic spontaneous pneumothorax was studied by electron microscopy. A remarkable increase in septal mass was a notable finding. Proliferation of the interstitium was due to an abundance of collagen and elastic fibers. In additon, a proliferation of type 1 and type 2 epithelial cells was seen.", "PMID": 837761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2867", "title": "Silicosis in slate pencil workers. A clinicoradiologic study.", "content": "We present a study of 151 persons working in slate-pencil manufacturing industries located in the Mandsaur district of Madhya Pradesh, India. Cough, dyspnea, and pain in the chest were the important symptoms. Cyanosis, rhonchi, and crepitations were found in varying numbers of cases. The chest x-ray films were abnormal in 85 cases.", "contents": "Silicosis in slate pencil workers. A clinicoradiologic study. We present a study of 151 persons working in slate-pencil manufacturing industries located in the Mandsaur district of Madhya Pradesh, India. Cough, dyspnea, and pain in the chest were the important symptoms. Cyanosis, rhonchi, and crepitations were found in varying numbers of cases. The chest x-ray films were abnormal in 85 cases.", "PMID": 837763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2868", "title": "Resistant ventricular tachycardias and recurrent cardiac arrests. 96 episodes.", "content": "A 66-year-old man suffered an acute myocardial infarction complicated by multiple episodes of ventricular tachycardia and 96 episodes of ventricular fibrillation requiring cardioversion over a period of 55 days. Following ventricular aneurysmectomy, the ventricular tachycardia persisted. This converted to regular sinus rhythm with a regimen of disopyramide phosphate, quinidine, and propranolol.", "contents": "Resistant ventricular tachycardias and recurrent cardiac arrests. 96 episodes. A 66-year-old man suffered an acute myocardial infarction complicated by multiple episodes of ventricular tachycardia and 96 episodes of ventricular fibrillation requiring cardioversion over a period of 55 days. Following ventricular aneurysmectomy, the ventricular tachycardia persisted. This converted to regular sinus rhythm with a regimen of disopyramide phosphate, quinidine, and propranolol.", "PMID": 837764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2869", "title": "Pulmonary mycetoma due to Coccidioides immitis.", "content": "Pulmonary mycetoma due to Coccidioides immitis has been reported on three occasions. The present case is the fourth such report occurring in a patient with widely disseminated disease. Spherules and hyphae were found in the specimen. While the active pulmonary and extra-pulmonary lesions responded well to therapy with amphotericin B, resection was required to eliminate the residual mycetoma and its attendant hemoptysis.", "contents": "Pulmonary mycetoma due to Coccidioides immitis. Pulmonary mycetoma due to Coccidioides immitis has been reported on three occasions. The present case is the fourth such report occurring in a patient with widely disseminated disease. Spherules and hyphae were found in the specimen. While the active pulmonary and extra-pulmonary lesions responded well to therapy with amphotericin B, resection was required to eliminate the residual mycetoma and its attendant hemoptysis.", "PMID": 837765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2870", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of ampicillin, cephalothin and doxycycline in various tissues of the rat.", "content": "To study the behavior of antibiotics in the tissues, rats were sacrificed repeatedly in groups of six, after the injection of 25 mg/kg ampicillin, 100 mg/kg cephalothin or 10 mg/kg doxycycline. These antibiotics were bioassayed in ten different organs. Standards were established for each organ by using identical organs, thus avoiding errors caused by tissue binding or inhibition. Penetration into the tissue is very fast. Compared to serum levels, lung, muscle, heart, testicle and spleen, levels are higher for doycycline, lower for ampicillin and variable for cephalothin: for example, lung/serum ratio at 1 h is 2.2, 0.5 and 1.1, respectively; muscle/serum is 2.3, 0.2 and 0.18. The decrease in tissue levels parrallels that in the serum for doxycycline, but is slower for ampicillin. The hepatic penetration of cephalothin is less than that of doxycycline or ampicillin. Levels are higher in the renal cortex than in the medulla for doxycycline, lower for cephalothin, and similar for ampicillin. The data enabled calculation of tissular pharmacokinetics. They have practical implications in the selection of antibiotics.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of ampicillin, cephalothin and doxycycline in various tissues of the rat. To study the behavior of antibiotics in the tissues, rats were sacrificed repeatedly in groups of six, after the injection of 25 mg/kg ampicillin, 100 mg/kg cephalothin or 10 mg/kg doxycycline. These antibiotics were bioassayed in ten different organs. Standards were established for each organ by using identical organs, thus avoiding errors caused by tissue binding or inhibition. Penetration into the tissue is very fast. Compared to serum levels, lung, muscle, heart, testicle and spleen, levels are higher for doycycline, lower for ampicillin and variable for cephalothin: for example, lung/serum ratio at 1 h is 2.2, 0.5 and 1.1, respectively; muscle/serum is 2.3, 0.2 and 0.18. The decrease in tissue levels parrallels that in the serum for doxycycline, but is slower for ampicillin. The hepatic penetration of cephalothin is less than that of doxycycline or ampicillin. Levels are higher in the renal cortex than in the medulla for doxycycline, lower for cephalothin, and similar for ampicillin. The data enabled calculation of tissular pharmacokinetics. They have practical implications in the selection of antibiotics.", "PMID": 837772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2871", "title": "Association of halogenated isoxazolylpenicillins with penicillinase-sensitive beta-lactam antibiotics. Microbiological evaluation on beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae.", "content": "The validity of nonsimultaneous association of penicillinase-sensitive beta-lactam antibiotics with halogenated isoxazolylpenicillins was tested in various Enterobacteriaceae strains. With several bacterial strains, expecially if producers of beta-lactamase type IV, exposure of either the bacterial suspensions of the brothsupernatant to the isoxazolylpenicillins appears both in vivo and in vitro to reduce the extent of subsequent hydrolysis of penicillinase-sensitive beta-lactam antibiotics.", "contents": "Association of halogenated isoxazolylpenicillins with penicillinase-sensitive beta-lactam antibiotics. Microbiological evaluation on beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. The validity of nonsimultaneous association of penicillinase-sensitive beta-lactam antibiotics with halogenated isoxazolylpenicillins was tested in various Enterobacteriaceae strains. With several bacterial strains, expecially if producers of beta-lactamase type IV, exposure of either the bacterial suspensions of the brothsupernatant to the isoxazolylpenicillins appears both in vivo and in vitro to reduce the extent of subsequent hydrolysis of penicillinase-sensitive beta-lactam antibiotics.", "PMID": 837773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2872", "title": "[Intraoperative instrumental autotransfusion. 1st experiences in vascular surgery and traumatology].", "content": "Intraoperative autotransfusion with the Bentley-ATS system was performed in 22 patients, saving a total of 98 000 ml of their own blood. In addition 77 000 ml of homologous blood were given, intraoperatively. Eleven patients underwent major vascular surgery and 11 were operated for major traumatic injuries. There was a total of 11 deaths overall but none related to the autotransfusion. It is concluded that intraoperative autotransfusion is a safe and simple method of rapid transfusion which can save significant volumes of precious homologous blood.", "contents": "[Intraoperative instrumental autotransfusion. 1st experiences in vascular surgery and traumatology]. Intraoperative autotransfusion with the Bentley-ATS system was performed in 22 patients, saving a total of 98 000 ml of their own blood. In addition 77 000 ml of homologous blood were given, intraoperatively. Eleven patients underwent major vascular surgery and 11 were operated for major traumatic injuries. There was a total of 11 deaths overall but none related to the autotransfusion. It is concluded that intraoperative autotransfusion is a safe and simple method of rapid transfusion which can save significant volumes of precious homologous blood.", "PMID": 837776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2873", "title": "[New technic of the transjugular cava blocking in the removal of acute pelvic vein and inferior vena cava thrombosis].", "content": "Thrombosis of the inferior vena cava rarely occurs. However, it mostly develops by continous growth from thrombosis of the deep leg and pelvic veins. Thrombus formation in the inferior vena cava carries a potentially lethal risk because of possible involvement of the renal veins with consecutive renal failure or development of fulminant pulmonary embolism. Therapy of choice consists in early diagnosis and immediate thrombectomy. Choice of the operative procedure is of the utmost importance for immediate and late results. Our technique consists of inserting a balloon catheter via a side vessel of the internal jugular vein and placing it into an infrarenal position, where it is blocked, thereby preventing blood flow from the area to be cleared. Three cases in which this technique was employed are presented.", "contents": "[New technic of the transjugular cava blocking in the removal of acute pelvic vein and inferior vena cava thrombosis]. Thrombosis of the inferior vena cava rarely occurs. However, it mostly develops by continous growth from thrombosis of the deep leg and pelvic veins. Thrombus formation in the inferior vena cava carries a potentially lethal risk because of possible involvement of the renal veins with consecutive renal failure or development of fulminant pulmonary embolism. Therapy of choice consists in early diagnosis and immediate thrombectomy. Choice of the operative procedure is of the utmost importance for immediate and late results. Our technique consists of inserting a balloon catheter via a side vessel of the internal jugular vein and placing it into an infrarenal position, where it is blocked, thereby preventing blood flow from the area to be cleared. Three cases in which this technique was employed are presented.", "PMID": 837777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2874", "title": "[Hemothorax after abdominal vagotomy. Diagnostic problem].", "content": "Selective or selective-proximal vagotomy has increased in preference as surgical treatment for uncomplicated duodenal ulcer disease. An unusual immediate complication of transabdominal vagotomy is the hemothorax. Few cases of this complication have been reported in literature. Our case represents a variation with simultaneous presence of a both-sided hemothorax. Although the exact etiology of this complication remains obscure, we try to explain this spontaneous hemothorax by operative injuries of subpleural vessels.", "contents": "[Hemothorax after abdominal vagotomy. Diagnostic problem]. Selective or selective-proximal vagotomy has increased in preference as surgical treatment for uncomplicated duodenal ulcer disease. An unusual immediate complication of transabdominal vagotomy is the hemothorax. Few cases of this complication have been reported in literature. Our case represents a variation with simultaneous presence of a both-sided hemothorax. Although the exact etiology of this complication remains obscure, we try to explain this spontaneous hemothorax by operative injuries of subpleural vessels.", "PMID": 837778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2875", "title": "[Bronchobiliary fistula. Pathogenesis, diagnosis, therapy].", "content": "The case demonstrated shows the pathomechanism of bronchobiliary fistula. In most cases, bronchobiliary fistulae are caused by stenosing lesions of the common bile duct. For diagnosis the combined cholangio-bronchography is the preferred method. Removal of the obstructing lesion is the aim of operative treatment. Usually spontaneous healing of the bronchobiliary fistula results.", "contents": "[Bronchobiliary fistula. Pathogenesis, diagnosis, therapy]. The case demonstrated shows the pathomechanism of bronchobiliary fistula. In most cases, bronchobiliary fistulae are caused by stenosing lesions of the common bile duct. For diagnosis the combined cholangio-bronchography is the preferred method. Removal of the obstructing lesion is the aim of operative treatment. Usually spontaneous healing of the bronchobiliary fistula results.", "PMID": 837779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2876", "title": "[Clinical importance of passage time and reflux after small intestine bypass surgery].", "content": "1. After jejunoileostomy patients rapidly loose body weight. This loss of weight may turn out to be too small in cases where there is a reflux. 2. There is a direct relationship between the rapidity of the loss of body weight and the duration of gastro-intestinal passage. The shorter the duration of passage, the quicker the patient's loss of body weight. 3. Duration of passage remains approximately constant during the first 9 months after jejunoileostomy as shown by the evaluation of 52 patients. From the 15th month onward the duration of passage rises significantly and reaches 2-3 times its initial value from the 18th month onward. Simultaneously, a cessation of the loss of body weight is to be observed owing to an adaptation to the malabsorption.", "contents": "[Clinical importance of passage time and reflux after small intestine bypass surgery]. 1. After jejunoileostomy patients rapidly loose body weight. This loss of weight may turn out to be too small in cases where there is a reflux. 2. There is a direct relationship between the rapidity of the loss of body weight and the duration of gastro-intestinal passage. The shorter the duration of passage, the quicker the patient's loss of body weight. 3. Duration of passage remains approximately constant during the first 9 months after jejunoileostomy as shown by the evaluation of 52 patients. From the 15th month onward the duration of passage rises significantly and reaches 2-3 times its initial value from the 18th month onward. Simultaneously, a cessation of the loss of body weight is to be observed owing to an adaptation to the malabsorption.", "PMID": 837780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2877", "title": "[The Rapeutic principles in malignant rectal polyps based on late results].", "content": "The late results of various treatment of 114 patients with malignant rectal polyps were found to be similar over a 5-25-year follow-up. On this basis, the following principles of therapy were established: 1. All rectal polyps should be removed completely. 2. Local removal of a malignant polyp, looking macroscopically benign and of favorable size and location, is justified, even though a cancer - not infiltrating the stalk - is situated in the head of the polyp. In any other case a radical operation is indicated. 3. Patients should be held under a life-long supervision. 4. The control should be performed as an organized care.", "contents": "[The Rapeutic principles in malignant rectal polyps based on late results]. The late results of various treatment of 114 patients with malignant rectal polyps were found to be similar over a 5-25-year follow-up. On this basis, the following principles of therapy were established: 1. All rectal polyps should be removed completely. 2. Local removal of a malignant polyp, looking macroscopically benign and of favorable size and location, is justified, even though a cancer - not infiltrating the stalk - is situated in the head of the polyp. In any other case a radical operation is indicated. 3. Patients should be held under a life-long supervision. 4. The control should be performed as an organized care.", "PMID": 837781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2878", "title": "[Recording of the surgical procedures and postoperative complications in general surgery].", "content": "With selected examples from general surgery, a better statistical elaboration of patient's data by means of operation and complication classification is demonstrated. The use of an operation and a complication key is presented. The advantage of such a classification key in documentation is the possibility of maintaining an accurate yearly review of all therapeutical methods in surgery.", "contents": "[Recording of the surgical procedures and postoperative complications in general surgery]. With selected examples from general surgery, a better statistical elaboration of patient's data by means of operation and complication classification is demonstrated. The use of an operation and a complication key is presented. The advantage of such a classification key in documentation is the possibility of maintaining an accurate yearly review of all therapeutical methods in surgery.", "PMID": 837782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2879", "title": "[Experimental splenic artery ligation. Changes in hemodynamics and immunoreaction].", "content": "In 27 male rabbits the splenic artery was ligated. During the procedure and 10-14 days postoperatively, orthostatic regulation using a tilting table, the hemogram (RBC + WBC), and concentration of immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM) were measured. The arterial and venous blood pressure (CVP and portal vein) were only slightly increased whereas there was a marked (up to 40%) increase in the area of the mesenteric veins compared with the preoperative values. The orthostatic tolerance by 90degrees was uniformly diminished. No changes were seen in the hemogram nor in the immunoglobulins. Macroscopically and microscopically a fibrotic transformation of the spleen was seen.", "contents": "[Experimental splenic artery ligation. Changes in hemodynamics and immunoreaction]. In 27 male rabbits the splenic artery was ligated. During the procedure and 10-14 days postoperatively, orthostatic regulation using a tilting table, the hemogram (RBC + WBC), and concentration of immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM) were measured. The arterial and venous blood pressure (CVP and portal vein) were only slightly increased whereas there was a marked (up to 40%) increase in the area of the mesenteric veins compared with the preoperative values. The orthostatic tolerance by 90degrees was uniformly diminished. No changes were seen in the hemogram nor in the immunoglobulins. Macroscopically and microscopically a fibrotic transformation of the spleen was seen.", "PMID": 837786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2880", "title": "[Reconstruction of intraoperative ureteral injury].", "content": "Intraoperative injuries of the upper urinary tract are seldom and mostly found in the prevesical segment of the ureter. The immediate plastic reconstruction by reanastomosis or regeneration shows positive results. Depending on the localization of the ureter trauma, ureterocystoneostomy, end to end anastomosis, or pyeloureteroneostomy are the most successful reconstruction methods.", "contents": "[Reconstruction of intraoperative ureteral injury]. Intraoperative injuries of the upper urinary tract are seldom and mostly found in the prevesical segment of the ureter. The immediate plastic reconstruction by reanastomosis or regeneration shows positive results. Depending on the localization of the ureter trauma, ureterocystoneostomy, end to end anastomosis, or pyeloureteroneostomy are the most successful reconstruction methods.", "PMID": 837787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2881", "title": "[Sacrococcygeal chordoma. Radical operation, a problem].", "content": "A sacrococcygeal chordoma was observed over a 7-year follow-up period. Primarily there were only local recurrences. The long-term results of the treatment of sacrococcygeal chordoma are bad. The indication of hemipelvectomy or hemicorporectomy as surgical treatment is therefore discussed.", "contents": "[Sacrococcygeal chordoma. Radical operation, a problem]. A sacrococcygeal chordoma was observed over a 7-year follow-up period. Primarily there were only local recurrences. The long-term results of the treatment of sacrococcygeal chordoma are bad. The indication of hemipelvectomy or hemicorporectomy as surgical treatment is therefore discussed.", "PMID": 837788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2882", "title": "[Congenital aplasia of the diaphragm].", "content": "The present paper reports on a complete left-sided aplasia of the diaphragm. In this especially risky case (birth weight 2000g) the left hepatic lobe was used for separation of the abdominal from the thoracical space in order to quickly terminate the surgical operation. Very probably the child would not have survived a major plastic operation. As the control examination (annual control) showed, the child is developing quite normally. Until now tests of the hepatic function did not render any pathologic findings either.", "contents": "[Congenital aplasia of the diaphragm]. The present paper reports on a complete left-sided aplasia of the diaphragm. In this especially risky case (birth weight 2000g) the left hepatic lobe was used for separation of the abdominal from the thoracical space in order to quickly terminate the surgical operation. Very probably the child would not have survived a major plastic operation. As the control examination (annual control) showed, the child is developing quite normally. Until now tests of the hepatic function did not render any pathologic findings either.", "PMID": 837791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2883", "title": "[Rare abnormality of the extrahepatic bile duct and the V. coronaria ventriculi].", "content": "An accessory bile duct was observed during anatomical dissection of the body of an 84-year-old man. The duct originated in the superior area of the lateral segment of the liver and penetrated the stomach wall in the region of the pylorus. Histologic examination revealed that the duct passed through the pyloric sphincter and could be traced to the submucosa of the pars superior of the duodenum. In addition the left gastric vein was enlarged and instead of opening into the portal vein, passed directly to the superior area of the lateral segment of the liver.", "contents": "[Rare abnormality of the extrahepatic bile duct and the V. coronaria ventriculi]. An accessory bile duct was observed during anatomical dissection of the body of an 84-year-old man. The duct originated in the superior area of the lateral segment of the liver and penetrated the stomach wall in the region of the pylorus. Histologic examination revealed that the duct passed through the pyloric sphincter and could be traced to the submucosa of the pars superior of the duodenum. In addition the left gastric vein was enlarged and instead of opening into the portal vein, passed directly to the superior area of the lateral segment of the liver.", "PMID": 837794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2884", "title": "[Stomach duplication].", "content": "The eighty-four cases of stomach duplication known to date from world literature are presented including one case of the authors' own experience. The most varied theories of pathogenesis are discussed, as well as the very different clinical course the disease may take, and the diagnostic difficulties presented by X-ray examination. Finally, attention is drawn to the current use of the scintigraphy, which has broadened the diagnostic possibilities.", "contents": "[Stomach duplication]. The eighty-four cases of stomach duplication known to date from world literature are presented including one case of the authors' own experience. The most varied theories of pathogenesis are discussed, as well as the very different clinical course the disease may take, and the diagnostic difficulties presented by X-ray examination. Finally, attention is drawn to the current use of the scintigraphy, which has broadened the diagnostic possibilities.", "PMID": 837795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2885", "title": "[Persistent duodenal septum in an adult].", "content": "A case of duodenal obstruction by a congenital duodenal web in a 34-year-old woman is presented. A mucosal diaphragm obstructed the duodenum. It showed an excentric opening of 0.8 cm diameter, but the dilated diaphragm caused a total stop during the last months. Despite a typical history, exact X-ray, and endoscopic examination, the correct preoperative diagnosis was not found, because nobody thought it possible, that a mucosal diapharm of the duodenum could persist for 34 years.", "contents": "[Persistent duodenal septum in an adult]. A case of duodenal obstruction by a congenital duodenal web in a 34-year-old woman is presented. A mucosal diaphragm obstructed the duodenum. It showed an excentric opening of 0.8 cm diameter, but the dilated diaphragm caused a total stop during the last months. Despite a typical history, exact X-ray, and endoscopic examination, the correct preoperative diagnosis was not found, because nobody thought it possible, that a mucosal diapharm of the duodenum could persist for 34 years.", "PMID": 837796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2886", "title": "[Recidivism of Crohn's diseases. Indication and therapeutic problems of reintervention].", "content": "The recurrence of Crohn's disease often presents problems in the indication for surgery. Reoperation is indicated in all recurrent complicated cases and in postoperative complication not specific for Crohn's disease. However relaparotomy should be performed only after conservative measures have proved unavoiding. In the Department of Surgery at the University Hospital in Mainz 153 patients with Crohn's diseases were treated over an 11-year-period. Of 310 patients operated for Crohn's disease 153 reoperations were performed in 73 patients. The aim of reoperation should be the prevention of  further complications. In view of the individually differing courses of the disease no general guidelines can be laid down for the indications for laparotomy.", "contents": "[Recidivism of Crohn's diseases. Indication and therapeutic problems of reintervention]. The recurrence of Crohn's disease often presents problems in the indication for surgery. Reoperation is indicated in all recurrent complicated cases and in postoperative complication not specific for Crohn's disease. However relaparotomy should be performed only after conservative measures have proved unavoiding. In the Department of Surgery at the University Hospital in Mainz 153 patients with Crohn's diseases were treated over an 11-year-period. Of 310 patients operated for Crohn's disease 153 reoperations were performed in 73 patients. The aim of reoperation should be the prevention of  further complications. In view of the individually differing courses of the disease no general guidelines can be laid down for the indications for laparotomy.", "PMID": 837797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2887", "title": "[Localization, prophylaxis and therapy of subphrenic abscess].", "content": "Main symptoms and causes of subphrenic abscess are described. Localization is possible using Gallium 67 scanning. Prophylaxis and surgical approach are illustrated. In 75 patients of the surgical clinic of the University of Hamburg, the subphrenic abscess was drained by an anterolateral extrapleural incision through the diaphragm. Positive identification and localization are necessary to prevent contamination of the peritoneal cavity. Scintigraphic Gallium 67 scanning is also useful to identify synchronous subphrenic (bilateral) abscesses.", "contents": "[Localization, prophylaxis and therapy of subphrenic abscess]. Main symptoms and causes of subphrenic abscess are described. Localization is possible using Gallium 67 scanning. Prophylaxis and surgical approach are illustrated. In 75 patients of the surgical clinic of the University of Hamburg, the subphrenic abscess was drained by an anterolateral extrapleural incision through the diaphragm. Positive identification and localization are necessary to prevent contamination of the peritoneal cavity. Scintigraphic Gallium 67 scanning is also useful to identify synchronous subphrenic (bilateral) abscesses.", "PMID": 837798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2888", "title": "[Technique, difficulties and results of endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP)].", "content": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography belongs to the diagnostical equipment of gallduct obstruction and obturation. ERCP is indicated if any doubts arise with the usual clinical diagnostic methods, laboratory, or x-ray studies. This paper presents the technique of ERCP and the several steps in its operation: pylorus passage, description and evaluation of the papilla of Vater and insertion of the papilla. Daily practice and patience produce successful work without complications. Rate of complication in 604 ERCP procedures = 2%. No lethal outcome was observed.", "contents": "[Technique, difficulties and results of endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP)]. Endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography belongs to the diagnostical equipment of gallduct obstruction and obturation. ERCP is indicated if any doubts arise with the usual clinical diagnostic methods, laboratory, or x-ray studies. This paper presents the technique of ERCP and the several steps in its operation: pylorus passage, description and evaluation of the papilla of Vater and insertion of the papilla. Daily practice and patience produce successful work without complications. Rate of complication in 604 ERCP procedures = 2%. No lethal outcome was observed.", "PMID": 837799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2889", "title": "Mechanisms for sister chromatid exchanges and their relation to the production of chromosomal aberrations.", "content": "By taking advantage of the fact that fluorescent light (FL) induces strand breaks only in bromodeoxyuridine(BrdUy-substituted DNA, and that those breaks eventually lead to the formation of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), the response of SCEs to FL was studied carefully in Chinese hamster chromosomes in which, out of four DNA strands, BrdU-substitution had occurred either in one or three strands. The FL-induced SCE frequency did not differ greatly between these two types of chromosomes. However, when they were submitted to caffeine treatment, a drastic increase in the frequency was detected in the trifilarly-substituted chromosomes while a significant decrease occurred in the unifilarly-substituted chromosomes. Based on these results, a working hypothesis was developed that the SCE can arise by at least two different mechanisms, one operating at replicating points probably utilizing the machinery of DNA replication, and the other acting only in the post-replicational DNA portion, probably in a similar fashion as assumed in a general model of crossing over in the eukaryote. These dual mechansims may account for the discrepancy encountered in the explanations of the induction of SCEs by various exogenous agents as well as spontaneous SCEs. The present study also showed that some, but clearly not all, of chromatid deletions are the outcome of the failure to complete SCEs arising through these mechanisms.", "contents": "Mechanisms for sister chromatid exchanges and their relation to the production of chromosomal aberrations. By taking advantage of the fact that fluorescent light (FL) induces strand breaks only in bromodeoxyuridine(BrdUy-substituted DNA, and that those breaks eventually lead to the formation of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), the response of SCEs to FL was studied carefully in Chinese hamster chromosomes in which, out of four DNA strands, BrdU-substitution had occurred either in one or three strands. The FL-induced SCE frequency did not differ greatly between these two types of chromosomes. However, when they were submitted to caffeine treatment, a drastic increase in the frequency was detected in the trifilarly-substituted chromosomes while a significant decrease occurred in the unifilarly-substituted chromosomes. Based on these results, a working hypothesis was developed that the SCE can arise by at least two different mechanisms, one operating at replicating points probably utilizing the machinery of DNA replication, and the other acting only in the post-replicational DNA portion, probably in a similar fashion as assumed in a general model of crossing over in the eukaryote. These dual mechansims may account for the discrepancy encountered in the explanations of the induction of SCEs by various exogenous agents as well as spontaneous SCEs. The present study also showed that some, but clearly not all, of chromatid deletions are the outcome of the failure to complete SCEs arising through these mechanisms.", "PMID": 837800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2890", "title": "Somatic pairing and meiotic nonrandom disjunction in a pericentric inversion of Hylemya antiqua (Meigen).", "content": "An asymmetrical pericentric inversion in the onion fly, Hylemya antiqua was studied. Somatic pairing was studied in young eggs from test-and sibcrossed inversion heterozygous females which gave four and seven distinguishable karyotypes respectively. From these seven, three are balanced: the normal type, the inversion heterozygote and homozygote, and four are unbalanced recombinant karyotypes descending from crossovers in the loop. In all types at all mitotic stages the centromeres are paired. The telomeres only show association during prophase but this decreases from mid to late prophase. Quantitative analysis of the four different crossover products as produced by inversion heterozygous females showed the presence of nonrandom disjunction. A significant disparity was observed, viz. the normal chromosome was taken up preferentially into the functional gamete compared to the inverted chromosome. Dragging of long chromatids in the asymmetric dyad during M I-A I is a possible explanation of this feature.", "contents": "Somatic pairing and meiotic nonrandom disjunction in a pericentric inversion of Hylemya antiqua (Meigen). An asymmetrical pericentric inversion in the onion fly, Hylemya antiqua was studied. Somatic pairing was studied in young eggs from test-and sibcrossed inversion heterozygous females which gave four and seven distinguishable karyotypes respectively. From these seven, three are balanced: the normal type, the inversion heterozygote and homozygote, and four are unbalanced recombinant karyotypes descending from crossovers in the loop. In all types at all mitotic stages the centromeres are paired. The telomeres only show association during prophase but this decreases from mid to late prophase. Quantitative analysis of the four different crossover products as produced by inversion heterozygous females showed the presence of nonrandom disjunction. A significant disparity was observed, viz. the normal chromosome was taken up preferentially into the functional gamete compared to the inverted chromosome. Dragging of long chromatids in the asymmetric dyad during M I-A I is a possible explanation of this feature.", "PMID": 837801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2891", "title": "Differential staining of polytene chromosome bands in Chironomus by Giemsa banding methods.", "content": "Two Giemsa banding methods (C banding and RB banding) are described which selectively stain the centromere bands of polytene salivary gland chromosomes in a number of Chironomus species. - By the C banding method the polytene chromosome appearance is changed grossly. Chromosome bands, as far as they are identifiable, are stained pale with the exception of the centromere bands and in some cases telomeres, which then are intensely stained reddish blue. - By the RB method the centromere bands are stained bright blue, whereas the remainder of the polytene bands stain red to red-violet. - Contrary to all other species examined, in Chironomus th. thummi numerous interstitial polytene chromosome bands, in addition to the centromere regions, are positively C banded and blue stained by RB banding. In the hybrid of Ch. th. thummi X Ch. th. piger only those interstitial thummi bands which are known to have a greater DNA content than their homologous piger bands are C banding positive and blue stained by the RB method whereas the homologous piger bands are C banding negative and red stained by RB banding. Ch. thummi and piger bands with an equal amount of DNA both show no C banding and stain red by RB banding. - It seems that the Giemsa banding methods used are capable of demonstrating, in addition to centromeric heterochromatin, heterochromatin in those interstitial polytene chromosome bands whose DNA content has been increased during chromosome evolution.", "contents": "Differential staining of polytene chromosome bands in Chironomus by Giemsa banding methods. Two Giemsa banding methods (C banding and RB banding) are described which selectively stain the centromere bands of polytene salivary gland chromosomes in a number of Chironomus species. - By the C banding method the polytene chromosome appearance is changed grossly. Chromosome bands, as far as they are identifiable, are stained pale with the exception of the centromere bands and in some cases telomeres, which then are intensely stained reddish blue. - By the RB method the centromere bands are stained bright blue, whereas the remainder of the polytene bands stain red to red-violet. - Contrary to all other species examined, in Chironomus th. thummi numerous interstitial polytene chromosome bands, in addition to the centromere regions, are positively C banded and blue stained by RB banding. In the hybrid of Ch. th. thummi X Ch. th. piger only those interstitial thummi bands which are known to have a greater DNA content than their homologous piger bands are C banding positive and blue stained by the RB method whereas the homologous piger bands are C banding negative and red stained by RB banding. Ch. thummi and piger bands with an equal amount of DNA both show no C banding and stain red by RB banding. - It seems that the Giemsa banding methods used are capable of demonstrating, in addition to centromeric heterochromatin, heterochromatin in those interstitial polytene chromosome bands whose DNA content has been increased during chromosome evolution.", "PMID": 837802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2892", "title": "DNA content in the genus Xenopus.", "content": "Nuclear DNA amounts were determined by cytofluorometry for twelve species and subspecies of the genus Xenopus. Absolute values, in pg per nucleus, were obtained by direct comparison with human lymphocyte nuclei. The lowest DNA amount (3.55 pg) was found in X. tropicalis, which possess only 20 chromosomes, and the highest (16.25 pg), in the hexaploid X. ruwenzoriensis, with 108 chromosomes. The two recently discovered tetraploid species, X. sp.n. and X. vestitus have, respectively 12,57 and 12.83 pg of DNA. Among the species and subspecies with 36 chromosomes, the DNA content ranges from 6.35 to 8.45 pg.", "contents": "DNA content in the genus Xenopus. Nuclear DNA amounts were determined by cytofluorometry for twelve species and subspecies of the genus Xenopus. Absolute values, in pg per nucleus, were obtained by direct comparison with human lymphocyte nuclei. The lowest DNA amount (3.55 pg) was found in X. tropicalis, which possess only 20 chromosomes, and the highest (16.25 pg), in the hexaploid X. ruwenzoriensis, with 108 chromosomes. The two recently discovered tetraploid species, X. sp.n. and X. vestitus have, respectively 12,57 and 12.83 pg of DNA. Among the species and subspecies with 36 chromosomes, the DNA content ranges from 6.35 to 8.45 pg.", "PMID": 837803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2893", "title": "Diplotene chromosomes of Xenopus hybrid oocytes.", "content": "Observation on meiotic diplotene chromosomes from oocytes of Xenopus species and subspecies hybrids are reported. Species interrelationships are established on the basis of the number of bivalent in the respective hybrids. Polyploid oocytes were found and their origin by supplementary endoreduplication placed at the differentiation stage of gametogenesis when oogonia become oocytes. The significance of polyploid oocytes for speciation is discussed.", "contents": "Diplotene chromosomes of Xenopus hybrid oocytes. Observation on meiotic diplotene chromosomes from oocytes of Xenopus species and subspecies hybrids are reported. Species interrelationships are established on the basis of the number of bivalent in the respective hybrids. Polyploid oocytes were found and their origin by supplementary endoreduplication placed at the differentiation stage of gametogenesis when oogonia become oocytes. The significance of polyploid oocytes for speciation is discussed.", "PMID": 837804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2894", "title": "An investigation of some problems concerning nucleolus organizers in salamanders.", "content": "Observed differences in the sizes of lampbrush nucleolus organizers in Plethodon cinereus have been shown by in situ hybridization to reflect true molecular differences in the numbers of ribosomal cistrons located at these organizers. Likewise, from in situ hybridization experiments on lampbrush and spermatocyte chromosomes it has been shown that animals may be, and indeed usually are, heterozygous with respect to the numbers of ribosomal cistrons on each half of the nucleolus bivalent. Filter hybridizations carried out on 33 males from a New Jersey population and 20 males from a Connecticut population have shown a 7.5-fold range in the numbers of ribosomal cistrons per diploid cell in the New Jersey population, and a 2.5-fold range in the Connecticut population. In view of the general heterozygosity of nucleolus organizers in these animals, the actual range in nucleolus organizer sizes in the New Jersey population is estimated to be at least 15-fold.", "contents": "An investigation of some problems concerning nucleolus organizers in salamanders. Observed differences in the sizes of lampbrush nucleolus organizers in Plethodon cinereus have been shown by in situ hybridization to reflect true molecular differences in the numbers of ribosomal cistrons located at these organizers. Likewise, from in situ hybridization experiments on lampbrush and spermatocyte chromosomes it has been shown that animals may be, and indeed usually are, heterozygous with respect to the numbers of ribosomal cistrons on each half of the nucleolus bivalent. Filter hybridizations carried out on 33 males from a New Jersey population and 20 males from a Connecticut population have shown a 7.5-fold range in the numbers of ribosomal cistrons per diploid cell in the New Jersey population, and a 2.5-fold range in the Connecticut population. In view of the general heterozygosity of nucleolus organizers in these animals, the actual range in nucleolus organizer sizes in the New Jersey population is estimated to be at least 15-fold.", "PMID": 837805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2895", "title": "[Transmission analysis of the B chromosomes in Locusta migratoria migratorioides R. et F. (Orthoptera, Acrididae) (author's transl)].", "content": "In a African grasshopper population of Locusta migratoria migratorioides reared in the laboratory, B chromosome transmission is analysed in progeny of pairs taken at radom from the population. An accumulation mechanism of Bs exists in the females which presumably results from preferential egregation of the Bs in the female pronucleus. The analysis also shows B chromosome elimination during embryonic and larval development by means of mitotic non-kisjunction: these non-disjunctions induce interfollicular variations in the number of Bs but all the cells of a follicle have the same number of Bs. The frequency of animals with B chromosome rises from 34% to 75% as the diurnal temperature rises from 27 degrees C to 35 degrees C. Thus frequency is controlled by genetic and environmental factors.", "contents": "[Transmission analysis of the B chromosomes in Locusta migratoria migratorioides R. et F. (Orthoptera, Acrididae) (author's transl)]. In a African grasshopper population of Locusta migratoria migratorioides reared in the laboratory, B chromosome transmission is analysed in progeny of pairs taken at radom from the population. An accumulation mechanism of Bs exists in the females which presumably results from preferential egregation of the Bs in the female pronucleus. The analysis also shows B chromosome elimination during embryonic and larval development by means of mitotic non-kisjunction: these non-disjunctions induce interfollicular variations in the number of Bs but all the cells of a follicle have the same number of Bs. The frequency of animals with B chromosome rises from 34% to 75% as the diurnal temperature rises from 27 degrees C to 35 degrees C. Thus frequency is controlled by genetic and environmental factors.", "PMID": 837806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2896", "title": "Evidence for dosage compensation in parthenogenetic Hymenoptera.", "content": "Amounts of DNA-Feulgen staining in individual somatic nuclei and mature sperm of the parthenogenetic wasps, Habrobracon juglandis, H. serinopae, and Mormoniella vitripennis, were determined with a scanning microdensitometer. The haploid genome for both species of Habrobracon was estimated to be 0.15-0.16 X 10-(12) gDNA, corresponding to a molecular weight of roughly 10 X10(10) daltons. The haploid genome of M. vitripennis is approximately twice this value, 0.33-0.34 X 10-(12) g, or about 20X10(10) daltons. Measurements made on dividing nuclei from syncytial preblastoderm embryos of H. juglandis and M. viripennis showed that the chromosomes of impaternate males were present in the haploid number and contained the C amount of DNA; whereas nuclei from female preblastoderm embryos contained the diploid number of chromosomes and the 2C amount of DNA. However, hemocyte and brain cell nuclei from either male or female adult wasps contained 2C and 4C amounts of DNA. Both sexes also showed equivalent levels of polyploidy (8C, 16C, or 32C) in Malpighian tubule nuclei. Therefore, in these parthenogenetic species,, a mechanism must exist the compensates during later development for the initial two-fold difference in the chromatin content of somatic nuclei in haploid male and diploid female embryos. Hemocytes from impaternate Mormoniella diploid males and triploid females contain the 2C and 3C amounts of DNA, respectively Therefore dosage compensation involves an additional cycle of DNA replication only in hapoid cells, and it insures that a certain minimum quantity of DNA is received by each somatic cell.", "contents": "Evidence for dosage compensation in parthenogenetic Hymenoptera. Amounts of DNA-Feulgen staining in individual somatic nuclei and mature sperm of the parthenogenetic wasps, Habrobracon juglandis, H. serinopae, and Mormoniella vitripennis, were determined with a scanning microdensitometer. The haploid genome for both species of Habrobracon was estimated to be 0.15-0.16 X 10-(12) gDNA, corresponding to a molecular weight of roughly 10 X10(10) daltons. The haploid genome of M. vitripennis is approximately twice this value, 0.33-0.34 X 10-(12) g, or about 20X10(10) daltons. Measurements made on dividing nuclei from syncytial preblastoderm embryos of H. juglandis and M. viripennis showed that the chromosomes of impaternate males were present in the haploid number and contained the C amount of DNA; whereas nuclei from female preblastoderm embryos contained the diploid number of chromosomes and the 2C amount of DNA. However, hemocyte and brain cell nuclei from either male or female adult wasps contained 2C and 4C amounts of DNA. Both sexes also showed equivalent levels of polyploidy (8C, 16C, or 32C) in Malpighian tubule nuclei. Therefore, in these parthenogenetic species,, a mechanism must exist the compensates during later development for the initial two-fold difference in the chromatin content of somatic nuclei in haploid male and diploid female embryos. Hemocytes from impaternate Mormoniella diploid males and triploid females contain the 2C and 3C amounts of DNA, respectively Therefore dosage compensation involves an additional cycle of DNA replication only in hapoid cells, and it insures that a certain minimum quantity of DNA is received by each somatic cell.", "PMID": 837807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2897", "title": "Severe neurotoxicity despite \"therapeutic\" serum lithium levels.", "content": "One may not rely solely on serum lithium levels to detect or prevent lithium intoxication. A review of the reported cases of serious lithium intoxication despite \"therapeutic\" blood levels of lithium is presented, along with a discussion of possible explanations for the phenomenon. Possible alternate means of following a patient on lithium carbonate are discussed.", "contents": "Severe neurotoxicity despite \"therapeutic\" serum lithium levels. One may not rely solely on serum lithium levels to detect or prevent lithium intoxication. A review of the reported cases of serious lithium intoxication despite \"therapeutic\" blood levels of lithium is presented, along with a discussion of possible explanations for the phenomenon. Possible alternate means of following a patient on lithium carbonate are discussed.", "PMID": 837809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2898", "title": "Antipsychotic drug use: physician prescribing practices in relation to current recommendations.", "content": "Forty-two Veterans Administration hospitals contributed data on all the psychotherapeutic drugs being prescribed for a sample of their patients. These prescriptions were compared with the recommendations in \"Guidelines for Antipsychotic Drug Use\" by Drs. Prien and Caffey (1975). Generally, the results showed moderate differences between the actual physician practices and those recommended in the guidelines. The most significant differences were in polypharmacy, use of antiparkinson drugs, dosage levels and \"drug holidays\". The use of once- or twice-a-day schedules and the administration of major portion of the dose at night were much closer to the recommendation.", "contents": "Antipsychotic drug use: physician prescribing practices in relation to current recommendations. Forty-two Veterans Administration hospitals contributed data on all the psychotherapeutic drugs being prescribed for a sample of their patients. These prescriptions were compared with the recommendations in \"Guidelines for Antipsychotic Drug Use\" by Drs. Prien and Caffey (1975). Generally, the results showed moderate differences between the actual physician practices and those recommended in the guidelines. The most significant differences were in polypharmacy, use of antiparkinson drugs, dosage levels and \"drug holidays\". The use of once- or twice-a-day schedules and the administration of major portion of the dose at night were much closer to the recommendation.", "PMID": 837810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2899", "title": "Multiple sclerosis--presenting as depressive illness.", "content": "A diagnostic dilemma exists when clinicians face patients with atypical recurrent symptoms involving both physical and psychologic elements. Multiple sclerosis (MS) represents such a dilemma. Few authors address themselves to the significance of depressive illness as the initial presentation in MS. Three patients hospitalized solely due to recurrent emotional disorders are described. Depressive symptoms predominated. In each case no precipitant for depression was identified, no previous neurologic diagnosis was entertained by clinician or patient, and multiple prior psychotherapeutic interventions were unsuccessful. The episodic nature of the symptoms and poor response to usually effective treatments created a high index of suspicion for central nervous system disease. A diagnosis of MS was made based on subtle neurologic signs, spinal fluid gamma globulin elevations, and abnormalities in neuropsychological testing. Treatment involved integrated psychiatric and medical measures.", "contents": "Multiple sclerosis--presenting as depressive illness. A diagnostic dilemma exists when clinicians face patients with atypical recurrent symptoms involving both physical and psychologic elements. Multiple sclerosis (MS) represents such a dilemma. Few authors address themselves to the significance of depressive illness as the initial presentation in MS. Three patients hospitalized solely due to recurrent emotional disorders are described. Depressive symptoms predominated. In each case no precipitant for depression was identified, no previous neurologic diagnosis was entertained by clinician or patient, and multiple prior psychotherapeutic interventions were unsuccessful. The episodic nature of the symptoms and poor response to usually effective treatments created a high index of suspicion for central nervous system disease. A diagnosis of MS was made based on subtle neurologic signs, spinal fluid gamma globulin elevations, and abnormalities in neuropsychological testing. Treatment involved integrated psychiatric and medical measures.", "PMID": 837811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2900", "title": "Cardiac side effects and sudden death in hospitalized psychiatric patients.", "content": "Cardiac side effects were evaluated in 1,932 psychiatric inpatients and were found to be more common among the 48 patients with co-existing cardiac disease (18.8%) than among the remaining 1,884 patients (1.3%). Sinus tachycardia was the most common reaction and affected 19 patients, 17 of whom did not have heart disease. While there were two cases of sudden death in which drugs were suspected, in both cases a causal relationship was in some doubt. Neither of the two patients who died received tricyclic antidepressants or phenothiazines.", "contents": "Cardiac side effects and sudden death in hospitalized psychiatric patients. Cardiac side effects were evaluated in 1,932 psychiatric inpatients and were found to be more common among the 48 patients with co-existing cardiac disease (18.8%) than among the remaining 1,884 patients (1.3%). Sinus tachycardia was the most common reaction and affected 19 patients, 17 of whom did not have heart disease. While there were two cases of sudden death in which drugs were suspected, in both cases a causal relationship was in some doubt. Neither of the two patients who died received tricyclic antidepressants or phenothiazines.", "PMID": 837812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2901", "title": "Depressive subtypes, blood pressure changes and response to treatment.", "content": "Blood pressure changes during treatment with an intravenous tricyclic (chlorimipramine) were systematically assessed on twenty depressed patients diagnosed as primary or secondary affective disorders according to research diagnostic criteria. Patients with primary affective disorder showed a significantly greater decline in systolic blood pressure during this treatment than patients with secondary affective disorder. The decline in the blood pressure paralleled clinical improvement. Differential changes in blood pressure appear to be one more instance of constitutional differences for depressive subtypes, and may prove to be practical and reliable predictors of treatment response to tricyclic antidepressants.", "contents": "Depressive subtypes, blood pressure changes and response to treatment. Blood pressure changes during treatment with an intravenous tricyclic (chlorimipramine) were systematically assessed on twenty depressed patients diagnosed as primary or secondary affective disorders according to research diagnostic criteria. Patients with primary affective disorder showed a significantly greater decline in systolic blood pressure during this treatment than patients with secondary affective disorder. The decline in the blood pressure paralleled clinical improvement. Differential changes in blood pressure appear to be one more instance of constitutional differences for depressive subtypes, and may prove to be practical and reliable predictors of treatment response to tricyclic antidepressants.", "PMID": 837813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2902", "title": "Reappraisal of the value of mode-A-echoencephalography.", "content": "The result of the first 425 cases studied in the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, NTUH, by Mode A ultrasonic pulse techniques in the diagnosis of intracranial lesions is presented and compared with the findings in EEG, angiogram, air study and operation. The overall diagnostic accuracy in predicting midline echo shifting is 95.3%. The degree of echo shift is shown to be more closely related to the shift of venous angle than that of the anterior cerebral artery. The benefit of the combined use of echo and EEG is stressed. A method aiming at decreasing the operator bias is presented.", "contents": "Reappraisal of the value of mode-A-echoencephalography. The result of the first 425 cases studied in the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, NTUH, by Mode A ultrasonic pulse techniques in the diagnosis of intracranial lesions is presented and compared with the findings in EEG, angiogram, air study and operation. The overall diagnostic accuracy in predicting midline echo shifting is 95.3%. The degree of echo shift is shown to be more closely related to the shift of venous angle than that of the anterior cerebral artery. The benefit of the combined use of echo and EEG is stressed. A method aiming at decreasing the operator bias is presented.", "PMID": 837814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2903", "title": "Age of onset and psychometric correlates of MMPI profiles in major motor epilepsy.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to examine the MMPI performances of patients with major motor epilepsy and of nonepileptic brain damaged patients in relation to age of onset, duration of brain dysfunction and adequacy of intellectual functions. The present results suggest that MMPI indices of emotional disturbance are more closely associated with the degree of psychometric and cognitive impairment than they are with age of onset or duration of brain dysfunction. This effect is evident both in patients with major motor epilepsy and in nonepileptic brain damaged subjects.", "contents": "Age of onset and psychometric correlates of MMPI profiles in major motor epilepsy. The purpose of the present study was to examine the MMPI performances of patients with major motor epilepsy and of nonepileptic brain damaged patients in relation to age of onset, duration of brain dysfunction and adequacy of intellectual functions. The present results suggest that MMPI indices of emotional disturbance are more closely associated with the degree of psychometric and cognitive impairment than they are with age of onset or duration of brain dysfunction. This effect is evident both in patients with major motor epilepsy and in nonepileptic brain damaged subjects.", "PMID": 837820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2904", "title": "Effects of changes in standing medication distribution times on PRN drug use.", "content": "Effects of changes in standing distribution times of medication on \"as needed\", prn, medication use on an inpatient psychiatric unit were studied. It was found that significantly less prn doses were distributed when standing medications were administred at 8 A.M., 12 Noon, 4 P.M., and 9 P.M. rather than at 10 A.M., 2 P.M., 6 P.M., AND 10 P.M. Data on three categories of prn drugs were collected. Of the three groups, significant effects were found for tranquilizers and hypnotics, but not for analgesics. The results are discusses in relation to psychosocial interactions on the unit and pharmacologic effects. The current psychopharmacology literature is replete with studies of drug efficacy and pharmacologic mechanisms of action. Less clinical investigation has been conducted on the effects of drug administration. Since 1958, when Tibbits first questioned the need to give chlorpromazine in divided standing doses, many clinical investigators have evaluated the effects of medication administration frequency on clinical outcome, Clinical trials of this type have been conducted for major tranquilizers and tricyclic antidepressants. A patient's complete medication schedule includes drugs given on a regularly standing basis and those given on a pro re nata (prn), according to the circumstances, basis. The effects of varying the times throughout the day at which standing medication doses are distributed have not been investigated. This study was designed to investigate the effects of alteration in administration schedules on the prn distribution of drugs in an inpatient psychiatric hospital setting.", "contents": "Effects of changes in standing medication distribution times on PRN drug use. Effects of changes in standing distribution times of medication on \"as needed\", prn, medication use on an inpatient psychiatric unit were studied. It was found that significantly less prn doses were distributed when standing medications were administred at 8 A.M., 12 Noon, 4 P.M., and 9 P.M. rather than at 10 A.M., 2 P.M., 6 P.M., AND 10 P.M. Data on three categories of prn drugs were collected. Of the three groups, significant effects were found for tranquilizers and hypnotics, but not for analgesics. The results are discusses in relation to psychosocial interactions on the unit and pharmacologic effects. The current psychopharmacology literature is replete with studies of drug efficacy and pharmacologic mechanisms of action. Less clinical investigation has been conducted on the effects of drug administration. Since 1958, when Tibbits first questioned the need to give chlorpromazine in divided standing doses, many clinical investigators have evaluated the effects of medication administration frequency on clinical outcome, Clinical trials of this type have been conducted for major tranquilizers and tricyclic antidepressants. A patient's complete medication schedule includes drugs given on a regularly standing basis and those given on a pro re nata (prn), according to the circumstances, basis. The effects of varying the times throughout the day at which standing medication doses are distributed have not been investigated. This study was designed to investigate the effects of alteration in administration schedules on the prn distribution of drugs in an inpatient psychiatric hospital setting.", "PMID": 837821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2905", "title": "An implementation of therapeutic community in a private mental health center.", "content": "The concepts of milieu therapy have, in the past 20 years, been widely applied to various facilities for treatment of people with emotional and mental illness. One type of milieu therapy, the Therapeutic Community, has gained increasing acceptance, as a means of implementing milieu therapy. This paper describes the application of therapeutic community concepts to the in-hospital population of a private, open-staffed, open-door psychiatric facility, and some of the effects that this has had on both the staff, and the patient population. Since the development of the therapeutic community concept almost 25 years ago, programs have been developed in various centers which implement the concepts of social psychiatry in different ways. This paper describes the development of a particular therapeutic community on the in-patient adult and adolescent psychiatric services of a private psychiatric hospital. Parkwood was developed as a small (40 bed) psychiatric hospital in Atlanta, Georgia in 1966 by a group of physicians wanting to implement the ideas of milieu therapy in an area where no such program was available. In its initial stages, the hospital -- of attractive, middle-class decor -- was built in a wooded setting on the edge of a large metropolis. It was open-staffed, with psychiatrists having an eclectic, though psychoanalytically based, orientation toward treatment. The concepts of milieu therapy were interpreted to mean the following: a warm, pleasant atmosphere, in  pleasant surroundings, conducive to the usual brief psychotherapy, chemotherapy, or somatic therapy, which had previously been used in non-milieu psychiatric hospitals. The total hospital patient population was divided in half and met in group sessions with a psychiatrist once each week. The Medical Director, a psychiatrist, had weekly staff meetings, in which he discussed various administrative problems. In 1969, a Medical Director with a therapeutic community orientation was employed. Over a five-year period, the total complexion of the hospital changed to its present state, an open-staffed, open door, comprehensive, community mental health center financed on a private basis. The facility now provides out-patient, partial or total hospitalization, emergency services, and community education for children, adolescents, adults and alcohol addicted patients. This paper deals with the therapeutic community on the adult and adolescent units.", "contents": "An implementation of therapeutic community in a private mental health center. The concepts of milieu therapy have, in the past 20 years, been widely applied to various facilities for treatment of people with emotional and mental illness. One type of milieu therapy, the Therapeutic Community, has gained increasing acceptance, as a means of implementing milieu therapy. This paper describes the application of therapeutic community concepts to the in-hospital population of a private, open-staffed, open-door psychiatric facility, and some of the effects that this has had on both the staff, and the patient population. Since the development of the therapeutic community concept almost 25 years ago, programs have been developed in various centers which implement the concepts of social psychiatry in different ways. This paper describes the development of a particular therapeutic community on the in-patient adult and adolescent psychiatric services of a private psychiatric hospital. Parkwood was developed as a small (40 bed) psychiatric hospital in Atlanta, Georgia in 1966 by a group of physicians wanting to implement the ideas of milieu therapy in an area where no such program was available. In its initial stages, the hospital -- of attractive, middle-class decor -- was built in a wooded setting on the edge of a large metropolis. It was open-staffed, with psychiatrists having an eclectic, though psychoanalytically based, orientation toward treatment. The concepts of milieu therapy were interpreted to mean the following: a warm, pleasant atmosphere, in  pleasant surroundings, conducive to the usual brief psychotherapy, chemotherapy, or somatic therapy, which had previously been used in non-milieu psychiatric hospitals. The total hospital patient population was divided in half and met in group sessions with a psychiatrist once each week. The Medical Director, a psychiatrist, had weekly staff meetings, in which he discussed various administrative problems. In 1969, a Medical Director with a therapeutic community orientation was employed. Over a five-year period, the total complexion of the hospital changed to its present state, an open-staffed, open door, comprehensive, community mental health center financed on a private basis. The facility now provides out-patient, partial or total hospitalization, emergency services, and community education for children, adolescents, adults and alcohol addicted patients. This paper deals with the therapeutic community on the adult and adolescent units.", "PMID": 837822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2906", "title": "Preoccupation with death in schizophrenic men.", "content": "A systemic review of psychiatric histories of 205 hospitalized, schizophrenic men (veterans) revealed that 80 had expressed fear of dying, being killed, of no longer existing, or other evidence of preoccupation with death. These expressions of fear appeared either at the clinical onset of the psychosis, or during exacerbations, and often coincided with schizophrenic panic. The similarity of expressions of the fear among the patients was striking, and they were practically indentical from one exacerbation to the next. This consistency suggests that the fear of death stems from schizophrenic psychopathology rather than from individual situational influence. The explicitly stated preoccupation with death was quite common in this sample (40%), and contrary to expectation, was not limited to cases with favorable outcome.", "contents": "Preoccupation with death in schizophrenic men. A systemic review of psychiatric histories of 205 hospitalized, schizophrenic men (veterans) revealed that 80 had expressed fear of dying, being killed, of no longer existing, or other evidence of preoccupation with death. These expressions of fear appeared either at the clinical onset of the psychosis, or during exacerbations, and often coincided with schizophrenic panic. The similarity of expressions of the fear among the patients was striking, and they were practically indentical from one exacerbation to the next. This consistency suggests that the fear of death stems from schizophrenic psychopathology rather than from individual situational influence. The explicitly stated preoccupation with death was quite common in this sample (40%), and contrary to expectation, was not limited to cases with favorable outcome.", "PMID": 837823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2907", "title": "Primary intracranial hypotension: the syndrome of spontaneous low cerebospinal fluid pressure with traction headache.", "content": "A case of primary Intracranial Hypotension (PIH) is described. This syndrome consists of spontaneous lowering of CSF pressure with traction headache. It is a benign disorder and is self-limited. The cause is unknown, but local choroid plexus vasospasm, possibly due to a hypothalamic disturbance, has been suggested, as has leakage of CSF through spontaneous arachnoid tears. Transient symptomatic relief was achieved with 5% CO2 inhalation, apparently due to increase in cerebral blood flow.", "contents": "Primary intracranial hypotension: the syndrome of spontaneous low cerebospinal fluid pressure with traction headache. A case of primary Intracranial Hypotension (PIH) is described. This syndrome consists of spontaneous lowering of CSF pressure with traction headache. It is a benign disorder and is self-limited. The cause is unknown, but local choroid plexus vasospasm, possibly due to a hypothalamic disturbance, has been suggested, as has leakage of CSF through spontaneous arachnoid tears. Transient symptomatic relief was achieved with 5% CO2 inhalation, apparently due to increase in cerebral blood flow.", "PMID": 837825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2908", "title": "[How dangerous is lumbosacral myelography with water-soluble contrast media? (author's transl)].", "content": "In the exact diagnosis of space-occupying processes of the lumbosacral spine myelography with water-soluble contrast media is unsurpassed. Neurotoxicity of the water-soluble contrast media is known and feared in many centres. However, after 2500 exclusively in-patient lumbosacral myelographies and after a prospective study of 100 patients we were able to demonstrate that this investigation is only slightly dangerous.", "contents": "[How dangerous is lumbosacral myelography with water-soluble contrast media? (author's transl)]. In the exact diagnosis of space-occupying processes of the lumbosacral spine myelography with water-soluble contrast media is unsurpassed. Neurotoxicity of the water-soluble contrast media is known and feared in many centres. However, after 2500 exclusively in-patient lumbosacral myelographies and after a prospective study of 100 patients we were able to demonstrate that this investigation is only slightly dangerous.", "PMID": 837832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2909", "title": "[The importance of cytodiagnosis of perbronchial fine needle aspiration of mediastinal or hilar tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "In almost all bronchoscopy patients perbronchial puncture of hilar lymph nodes was performed routinely. There were 1883 punctures performed in 1841 patients. In histologically proven malignant processes tumour cells were demonstrated in the smear in 84% of the cases, whereas in 97 cases of sarcoidosis a cytological diagnosis could be made in 94%. On account of the high specificity, the harmlessness of the procedure and the minimal stress caused to the patient in comparison with mediastinoscopy or thoracoscopy perbronchial fine needle asperation is highly recommended in unclear mediastinal processes as well as to determine the operability of a bronchial carcinoma or stage of a tumour according to the TNM system.", "contents": "[The importance of cytodiagnosis of perbronchial fine needle aspiration of mediastinal or hilar tumours (author's transl)]. In almost all bronchoscopy patients perbronchial puncture of hilar lymph nodes was performed routinely. There were 1883 punctures performed in 1841 patients. In histologically proven malignant processes tumour cells were demonstrated in the smear in 84% of the cases, whereas in 97 cases of sarcoidosis a cytological diagnosis could be made in 94%. On account of the high specificity, the harmlessness of the procedure and the minimal stress caused to the patient in comparison with mediastinoscopy or thoracoscopy perbronchial fine needle asperation is highly recommended in unclear mediastinal processes as well as to determine the operability of a bronchial carcinoma or stage of a tumour according to the TNM system.", "PMID": 837833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2910", "title": "[Successful treatment of a supraventricular re-entry tachycardia in a patient with WPW and sick-sinus syndrome with permanent rapid atrial and QRS-inhibited ventricular pacemaker stimulation (author's transl)].", "content": "A supraventricular re-entry tachycardia was successfully treated in a patient with WPW and sick-sinus syndrome by permanent rapid atrial pacing and ventricular demand pacing. The use of a demand pacemaker with bipolar electrode avoided slow ventricular rates resulting from second degree A-V block during rapid atrial pacing. The trigger system of this pacemaker was not disturbed by unipolar atrial stimulation. Ventricular rates responded satisfactorily to physical and to emotional stress as a result of improved A-V conduction in these circumstances. Rapid atrial pacing has prevented the re-entry tachycardia. In an emergency the atrial pacemaker can be inhibited by a magnet, but otherwise discharges permanently at a constant rapid rate.", "contents": "[Successful treatment of a supraventricular re-entry tachycardia in a patient with WPW and sick-sinus syndrome with permanent rapid atrial and QRS-inhibited ventricular pacemaker stimulation (author's transl)]. A supraventricular re-entry tachycardia was successfully treated in a patient with WPW and sick-sinus syndrome by permanent rapid atrial pacing and ventricular demand pacing. The use of a demand pacemaker with bipolar electrode avoided slow ventricular rates resulting from second degree A-V block during rapid atrial pacing. The trigger system of this pacemaker was not disturbed by unipolar atrial stimulation. Ventricular rates responded satisfactorily to physical and to emotional stress as a result of improved A-V conduction in these circumstances. Rapid atrial pacing has prevented the re-entry tachycardia. In an emergency the atrial pacemaker can be inhibited by a magnet, but otherwise discharges permanently at a constant rapid rate.", "PMID": 837834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2911", "title": "[Exercise testing and atrial pacing in the diagnosis of latent coronary insufficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "Right atrial pacing at different rates was performed on 15 women and  11 men with persistent angina with normal resting and exercise ECG. In 21 subjects there developed during bicycle exercise unequivocal S-T depression of myocardial ischaemia at maximal frequency. In 16 of them the diagnosis was confirmed by rate-dependent attacks of angina. These results demonstrate that, especially in the elderly, the maximal rate (+/-15%) thought to give a full load to cardiovascular functions is not suitable for diagnosing with certainty coronary insufficiency on exercise. In such patients rate-stimulation test may help in recognising the basic disease. On the other hand, in younger patients, capable of marked increase in heart rate on maximal exercise, rapid atrial stimulation has no diagnostic advantage. This test is indicated in those subjects who during ergometric exercise have an insufficient increase in heart rate because of a general reduction in exercise tolerance.", "contents": "[Exercise testing and atrial pacing in the diagnosis of latent coronary insufficiency (author's transl)]. Right atrial pacing at different rates was performed on 15 women and  11 men with persistent angina with normal resting and exercise ECG. In 21 subjects there developed during bicycle exercise unequivocal S-T depression of myocardial ischaemia at maximal frequency. In 16 of them the diagnosis was confirmed by rate-dependent attacks of angina. These results demonstrate that, especially in the elderly, the maximal rate (+/-15%) thought to give a full load to cardiovascular functions is not suitable for diagnosing with certainty coronary insufficiency on exercise. In such patients rate-stimulation test may help in recognising the basic disease. On the other hand, in younger patients, capable of marked increase in heart rate on maximal exercise, rapid atrial stimulation has no diagnostic advantage. This test is indicated in those subjects who during ergometric exercise have an insufficient increase in heart rate because of a general reduction in exercise tolerance.", "PMID": 837845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2912", "title": "[Post-traumatic and post-operative paresis of the leg plexus (author's transl)].", "content": "Post-traumatic and post-operative leg-plexus paresis is often misdiagnosed as sciatic or femoral paresis and thus falsely thought to be rare. In 20 post-traumatic cases the cause was predominantly or exclusively due to sacral plexus damage, with paralysis of the muscles innervated by the sciatic nerve and of the gluteal muscles. The most frequent cause was severe pelvic trauma with ring fracture of the pelvis, separation of the symphysis and iliosacral gap or fracture of the hip joint. Postoperative leg-plexus paresis was noted in eight cases after total hip-joint replacement (predominantly damage to the lumbar plexus) and twice after operatively treated fracture of the acetabulum. Both pressure and tearing lesions can be the basic cause.", "contents": "[Post-traumatic and post-operative paresis of the leg plexus (author's transl)]. Post-traumatic and post-operative leg-plexus paresis is often misdiagnosed as sciatic or femoral paresis and thus falsely thought to be rare. In 20 post-traumatic cases the cause was predominantly or exclusively due to sacral plexus damage, with paralysis of the muscles innervated by the sciatic nerve and of the gluteal muscles. The most frequent cause was severe pelvic trauma with ring fracture of the pelvis, separation of the symphysis and iliosacral gap or fracture of the hip joint. Postoperative leg-plexus paresis was noted in eight cases after total hip-joint replacement (predominantly damage to the lumbar plexus) and twice after operatively treated fracture of the acetabulum. Both pressure and tearing lesions can be the basic cause.", "PMID": 837846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2913", "title": "[The management of a case of congenital erythropoetic prophyria (author's transl)].", "content": "The present condition of a now 18-year-old boy with congenital erythropoetic porphyria is reported. The case had been first described 15 years ago in this journal (Heilmeyer, L., et al.: Dtsch. med. Wschr.88 [1963], 2449). Physical and mental development has been normal. He has been on a maintenance dose of beta-carotene, 50 mg daily, for the last four years except during the winter months. This has allowed him to be in the open air in normal clothing. At the same time, the improvement in light tolerance has enable him to pursue normally the work of a biology laboratory technician. The genetic features are such that neither marriage nor children need be advised against.", "contents": "[The management of a case of congenital erythropoetic prophyria (author's transl)]. The present condition of a now 18-year-old boy with congenital erythropoetic porphyria is reported. The case had been first described 15 years ago in this journal (Heilmeyer, L., et al.: Dtsch. med. Wschr.88 [1963], 2449). Physical and mental development has been normal. He has been on a maintenance dose of beta-carotene, 50 mg daily, for the last four years except during the winter months. This has allowed him to be in the open air in normal clothing. At the same time, the improvement in light tolerance has enable him to pursue normally the work of a biology laboratory technician. The genetic features are such that neither marriage nor children need be advised against.", "PMID": 837847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2914", "title": "[Children of mothers with phenylketonuria (author's transl)].", "content": "Microcephaly and considerable motor and mental retardation occurred in two non-phenylketonuric children of an untreated mother with phenylketonuria. The cerebral damage of the children must be considered the consequence of the maternal metabolic disorder. Since the first phenylketonuric children who were treated on strict diet are now reaching the age of marriage and pregnancy, the problem of maternal phenylketonuria is becoming topical. Published reports indicate that of 72 well documented cases with a maternal phenylalanine level above 200 mg/1 (1210 mumol/1) 39 offspring had microcephaly, in 33 intra-uterine growth had been retarded and in 25 there are cerebral palsy and seizures. Almost all had mental retardation. At the same time there have been reports about three normal children whose mothers had kept to a phenylalanine-low diet during their pregnancy.", "contents": "[Children of mothers with phenylketonuria (author's transl)]. Microcephaly and considerable motor and mental retardation occurred in two non-phenylketonuric children of an untreated mother with phenylketonuria. The cerebral damage of the children must be considered the consequence of the maternal metabolic disorder. Since the first phenylketonuric children who were treated on strict diet are now reaching the age of marriage and pregnancy, the problem of maternal phenylketonuria is becoming topical. Published reports indicate that of 72 well documented cases with a maternal phenylalanine level above 200 mg/1 (1210 mumol/1) 39 offspring had microcephaly, in 33 intra-uterine growth had been retarded and in 25 there are cerebral palsy and seizures. Almost all had mental retardation. At the same time there have been reports about three normal children whose mothers had kept to a phenylalanine-low diet during their pregnancy.", "PMID": 837853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2915", "title": "Management of cystitis in young women.", "content": "The common clinical problem of recurrent symptomatic urinary tract infections (UTI) in young women may be inconvenient and distressing to both the patient and her family, particularly if the infections are not managed in a rational manner. A suggested approach is included in table 1.", "contents": "Management of cystitis in young women. The common clinical problem of recurrent symptomatic urinary tract infections (UTI) in young women may be inconvenient and distressing to both the patient and her family, particularly if the infections are not managed in a rational manner. A suggested approach is included in table 1.", "PMID": 837860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2916", "title": "Effect of inorganic iodide on thyroglobulin hydrolysis in cultured thyroid glands.", "content": "The process of thyroglobulin hydrolysis in mouse thyroid glands labelled in vitro was studied from 2-24 h after they had been maintained in tissue culture. The culture medium was supplemented with mononitrotyrosine to prevent deiodination of iodotyrosines. Hydrolysis of labelled thyroglobulin, under these conditions, led to the release of labelled iodotyrosines and iodothyronines. The rate of formation of these compounds was measured as an index of thyroglobulin hydrolysis (TH). TH was markedly stimulated by TSH. NaI inhibited TSH stimulation of TH at a concentration of 10(-5)M or greater. NaI, at similar concentrations,also markedly diminished or abolished the incorporation of 131I into thyroidal proteins from radioiodide-supplemented media. The addition of various inhibitors of iodination effectively blocked the effect of iodide on TH. In experiments where radioimmunossay was used to measure medium hormone concentrations, the release of unlabelled thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) induced by TSH was found to be significantly decreased in the presence of 10(-4)M NaI. These studies demonstrate that iodide inhibits the hydrolysis of thyroglobulin at or near concentrations which also inhibit iodination of thyroidal proteins. The present data suggest that formation of an iodinated compound is necessary for the effect of iodide. In addition, these studies demonstrate the utility of this in vitro system for the investigation of thyroid physiology.", "contents": "Effect of inorganic iodide on thyroglobulin hydrolysis in cultured thyroid glands. The process of thyroglobulin hydrolysis in mouse thyroid glands labelled in vitro was studied from 2-24 h after they had been maintained in tissue culture. The culture medium was supplemented with mononitrotyrosine to prevent deiodination of iodotyrosines. Hydrolysis of labelled thyroglobulin, under these conditions, led to the release of labelled iodotyrosines and iodothyronines. The rate of formation of these compounds was measured as an index of thyroglobulin hydrolysis (TH). TH was markedly stimulated by TSH. NaI inhibited TSH stimulation of TH at a concentration of 10(-5)M or greater. NaI, at similar concentrations,also markedly diminished or abolished the incorporation of 131I into thyroidal proteins from radioiodide-supplemented media. The addition of various inhibitors of iodination effectively blocked the effect of iodide on TH. In experiments where radioimmunossay was used to measure medium hormone concentrations, the release of unlabelled thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) induced by TSH was found to be significantly decreased in the presence of 10(-4)M NaI. These studies demonstrate that iodide inhibits the hydrolysis of thyroglobulin at or near concentrations which also inhibit iodination of thyroidal proteins. The present data suggest that formation of an iodinated compound is necessary for the effect of iodide. In addition, these studies demonstrate the utility of this in vitro system for the investigation of thyroid physiology.", "PMID": 837867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2917", "title": "Effect of acute potassium loading on plasma renin and on urinary aldosterone in rats.", "content": "The disposition of aldosterone radiometabolites in rats has been studied following iv [3H]aldosterone administration. Of injected [3H]-aldosterone, 0.31% is recovered in 24 h urine as free aldosterone and 0.08% as acid-labile conjugate. A simple, sensitive and reliable radioimmunoassay of free aldosterone has been developed and the effect of acute oral potassium loading (171, 513 or 769 mueq of KCl/100 g body weight) on 4 h aldosterone excretion, plasma renin concentration and sodium and potassium balance has been investigated. There was a positive correlation between log urinary aldosterone and potassium load (r = 0.92, P less than 0.001). Potassium induced a natriuresis which was correlated directly with the dose of potassium administered (r = 0.89, P less than 0.001). Ptasssium loading also increased plasma renin concentration which was correlated with the sodium excretion rate (r = 0.64, P less than 0.01). Prevention of a negative sodium balance during the 769 mueq potassium load was obtained by administration of 513 mueq sodium. In this experiment, plasma renin concentration increased little, whereas the aldosterone excretion rate was as high as during the 769 mueq potassium load without sodium addition.", "contents": "Effect of acute potassium loading on plasma renin and on urinary aldosterone in rats. The disposition of aldosterone radiometabolites in rats has been studied following iv [3H]aldosterone administration. Of injected [3H]-aldosterone, 0.31% is recovered in 24 h urine as free aldosterone and 0.08% as acid-labile conjugate. A simple, sensitive and reliable radioimmunoassay of free aldosterone has been developed and the effect of acute oral potassium loading (171, 513 or 769 mueq of KCl/100 g body weight) on 4 h aldosterone excretion, plasma renin concentration and sodium and potassium balance has been investigated. There was a positive correlation between log urinary aldosterone and potassium load (r = 0.92, P less than 0.001). Potassium induced a natriuresis which was correlated directly with the dose of potassium administered (r = 0.89, P less than 0.001). Ptasssium loading also increased plasma renin concentration which was correlated with the sodium excretion rate (r = 0.64, P less than 0.01). Prevention of a negative sodium balance during the 769 mueq potassium load was obtained by administration of 513 mueq sodium. In this experiment, plasma renin concentration increased little, whereas the aldosterone excretion rate was as high as during the 769 mueq potassium load without sodium addition.", "PMID": 837868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2918", "title": "Stimulation of gastrin secretion in the pig by parathyroid hormone and its inhibition by thyrocalcitonin.", "content": "Gastrin secretion was studied in 16 young anesthetized pigs weighing 14-26 kg. Test substances were infused (0.1 ml/min x 10-20 min) directly into the gastric antrum via a catheter in the right gastroepiploic artery. Samples were collected from a catheter in the right gastroepiploic vein and plasma gastrin was measured by radiommunoassay. The following results were observed: 1) basal gastrin in antral venous blood was 10-5 times that in peripheral blood (620+/-222 pg/ml vs. 41+/-10 pg/ml, 2) native bovine parathyroid hormone (PTH) and synthetic human 1-34 PTH (0.02-4U/min) produced rapid (within 10-30 min) and pronounced (approximately 10-fold) increases in gastrin release with no increase in plasma calcium and, in several animals, in the face of a falling plasma calcium concentration, 3) neither acute thyroidectomy nor infusion of porcine thyrocalcitonin (TCT), 0.5-2.5 U/min) consistently altered basal gastrin secretion (N=3-6), and 4) infusion of TCT (0.5 U/min)along with PTH (2U/min) significantly suppressed the 10-11-fold increase in gastrin release observed when PTH subsequently was infused alone in each pig (N=6). The results demonstrate that PTH can stimulate gastrin secretion in the pig and that TCT can suppress this effect.", "contents": "Stimulation of gastrin secretion in the pig by parathyroid hormone and its inhibition by thyrocalcitonin. Gastrin secretion was studied in 16 young anesthetized pigs weighing 14-26 kg. Test substances were infused (0.1 ml/min x 10-20 min) directly into the gastric antrum via a catheter in the right gastroepiploic artery. Samples were collected from a catheter in the right gastroepiploic vein and plasma gastrin was measured by radiommunoassay. The following results were observed: 1) basal gastrin in antral venous blood was 10-5 times that in peripheral blood (620+/-222 pg/ml vs. 41+/-10 pg/ml, 2) native bovine parathyroid hormone (PTH) and synthetic human 1-34 PTH (0.02-4U/min) produced rapid (within 10-30 min) and pronounced (approximately 10-fold) increases in gastrin release with no increase in plasma calcium and, in several animals, in the face of a falling plasma calcium concentration, 3) neither acute thyroidectomy nor infusion of porcine thyrocalcitonin (TCT), 0.5-2.5 U/min) consistently altered basal gastrin secretion (N=3-6), and 4) infusion of TCT (0.5 U/min)along with PTH (2U/min) significantly suppressed the 10-11-fold increase in gastrin release observed when PTH subsequently was infused alone in each pig (N=6). The results demonstrate that PTH can stimulate gastrin secretion in the pig and that TCT can suppress this effect.", "PMID": 837869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2919", "title": "Arginine vasopressin secretion in thyroidectomized sheep..", "content": "Indwelling, exteriorized, jugular vein catheters were placed in five thyroidectomized ewes at a time when myxedema was manifested clinically and chemically and three euthyroid sheep were used as controls. Post-operatively, tracer doses of [125I]-iodovasopressin were injected and serial blood specimens were obtained for determination of volume of distribution, plasma disappearance, and blood production rates. Serum vasopressin was measured by radioimmunoassay. The mean volumes of distribution for vasopressin in the hypothyroid and euthyroid sheep, respectively, were 8.15 and 5.90 liters, mean t1/2 of vasopressin 9.5 and 19.3 min, mean serum vasopressin concentrations 5.1 and 1.2 muU/ml, and mean blood production rates 2.84 and 0.23 mU/kg/h. Renal and organ biologic effectiveness of the elevated vasopressin levels was suggested by the lowered serum osmolalities in the hypothyroid sheep over controls (272 vs. 301 mosmol/kg). These results suggest an augmented secretion of vasopressin in the myxedematous state.", "contents": "Arginine vasopressin secretion in thyroidectomized sheep.. Indwelling, exteriorized, jugular vein catheters were placed in five thyroidectomized ewes at a time when myxedema was manifested clinically and chemically and three euthyroid sheep were used as controls. Post-operatively, tracer doses of [125I]-iodovasopressin were injected and serial blood specimens were obtained for determination of volume of distribution, plasma disappearance, and blood production rates. Serum vasopressin was measured by radioimmunoassay. The mean volumes of distribution for vasopressin in the hypothyroid and euthyroid sheep, respectively, were 8.15 and 5.90 liters, mean t1/2 of vasopressin 9.5 and 19.3 min, mean serum vasopressin concentrations 5.1 and 1.2 muU/ml, and mean blood production rates 2.84 and 0.23 mU/kg/h. Renal and organ biologic effectiveness of the elevated vasopressin levels was suggested by the lowered serum osmolalities in the hypothyroid sheep over controls (272 vs. 301 mosmol/kg). These results suggest an augmented secretion of vasopressin in the myxedematous state.", "PMID": 837870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2920", "title": "Serum 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol, androsterone, and testosterone concentrations in the male rat. Influence of age and gonadotropin stimulation.", "content": "Serum concentrations of testosterone plus dihydrotestosterone (T-DHT), 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol (Diol) and androsterone were measured during sexual maturation in male rats. Diol concentrations of 1 to 2.25 ng/ml were found in animals 10-90 days of age with no significant changes. Diol was the major androgen (5.75-8 times T-DHT) from age 20-40 days. Androsterone rose to 1.25 ng/ml at 25 days of age and declined to values of greater than 0.5 ng/ml from age 30-90 days. Testosterone-DHT levels were 1 ng/ml or less from 10-40 days of age, and then rose to a peak at 60 days. The ratio of Diol toT-DHT was significantly elevated from age 20-35 days, indicating that Diol is the major androgen in circulation at this time. Acute treatment of 33 day old rats with LH, but not with FSH, resulted in a dose-dependent increase in serum T-DHT, Diol, and androsterone. The dose-response and time course of response for the three steriods were nearly identical. Changes in testes capacity to secrete androgens were assessed 25, 33, 40 and 60 days of age by administering a maximum dose of LH before blood collection. Maximum response (sum of androsterone, Diol and T-DHT) occurred at 40 days with no further increase at 60 days.", "contents": "Serum 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol, androsterone, and testosterone concentrations in the male rat. Influence of age and gonadotropin stimulation. Serum concentrations of testosterone plus dihydrotestosterone (T-DHT), 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol (Diol) and androsterone were measured during sexual maturation in male rats. Diol concentrations of 1 to 2.25 ng/ml were found in animals 10-90 days of age with no significant changes. Diol was the major androgen (5.75-8 times T-DHT) from age 20-40 days. Androsterone rose to 1.25 ng/ml at 25 days of age and declined to values of greater than 0.5 ng/ml from age 30-90 days. Testosterone-DHT levels were 1 ng/ml or less from 10-40 days of age, and then rose to a peak at 60 days. The ratio of Diol toT-DHT was significantly elevated from age 20-35 days, indicating that Diol is the major androgen in circulation at this time. Acute treatment of 33 day old rats with LH, but not with FSH, resulted in a dose-dependent increase in serum T-DHT, Diol, and androsterone. The dose-response and time course of response for the three steriods were nearly identical. Changes in testes capacity to secrete androgens were assessed 25, 33, 40 and 60 days of age by administering a maximum dose of LH before blood collection. Maximum response (sum of androsterone, Diol and T-DHT) occurred at 40 days with no further increase at 60 days.", "PMID": 837871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2921", "title": "Luteinizing hormone secretion and female lordosis behavior in male pigs.", "content": "Serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone were monitored during the first 9 weeks of life in male pigs. In boars, testosterone was constant during this period, and LH was elevated from birth through day 21 and declined between days 21 and 28 to levels observed in adult boars. Castration on day 3 reduced testosterone concentrations without having an immediate effect on LH, but after day 21, LH was consistently greater in castrated males than in boars. Responsiveness of the early postnatal testes to LH was shown by reduced testosterone concentrations after treatment with LH-antiserum on day 2. Norethindrone had no effect on LH or testosterone when given on day 2 but decreased the concentrations of these hormones in 5-month-old boars. Similarly, estrogen had no effect on LH secretion in 4-day-old boars. In 9-month-old castrated males, estrogen decreased LH concentrations during the first 48 h of daily treatment, but after this, LH increased and returned to pretreatment levels by 88 h. Also, daily estrogen treatment of castrated males induced female lordosis behavior. From these observations we conclude that negative feedback control of LH secretion is inoperative in neonatal male pigs and that exogenous estrogen can induce responses characteristic of females in castrated postpubertal males.", "contents": "Luteinizing hormone secretion and female lordosis behavior in male pigs. Serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone were monitored during the first 9 weeks of life in male pigs. In boars, testosterone was constant during this period, and LH was elevated from birth through day 21 and declined between days 21 and 28 to levels observed in adult boars. Castration on day 3 reduced testosterone concentrations without having an immediate effect on LH, but after day 21, LH was consistently greater in castrated males than in boars. Responsiveness of the early postnatal testes to LH was shown by reduced testosterone concentrations after treatment with LH-antiserum on day 2. Norethindrone had no effect on LH or testosterone when given on day 2 but decreased the concentrations of these hormones in 5-month-old boars. Similarly, estrogen had no effect on LH secretion in 4-day-old boars. In 9-month-old castrated males, estrogen decreased LH concentrations during the first 48 h of daily treatment, but after this, LH increased and returned to pretreatment levels by 88 h. Also, daily estrogen treatment of castrated males induced female lordosis behavior. From these observations we conclude that negative feedback control of LH secretion is inoperative in neonatal male pigs and that exogenous estrogen can induce responses characteristic of females in castrated postpubertal males.", "PMID": 837872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2922", "title": "Effect of thyrotropin on ornithine decarboxylase and of polyamines on RNA polymerase in the thyroid.", "content": "Two major forms of RNA polymerase were partially purified from calf thyroid nuclei. Type I showed greatest activity in 30 mM(NH4)2SO4, transcribed native DNA best and was resistant to the inhibitor alpha-amanitin. Type II showed greatest activity in 100 mM(NH4)2SO4, transcribed denatured DNA template best and was sensitive to low concentrations of alpha-amanitin...", "contents": "Effect of thyrotropin on ornithine decarboxylase and of polyamines on RNA polymerase in the thyroid. Two major forms of RNA polymerase were partially purified from calf thyroid nuclei. Type I showed greatest activity in 30 mM(NH4)2SO4, transcribed native DNA best and was resistant to the inhibitor alpha-amanitin. Type II showed greatest activity in 100 mM(NH4)2SO4, transcribed denatured DNA template best and was sensitive to low concentrations of alpha-amanitin...", "PMID": 837873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2923", "title": "Relation of triiodothyronine and reverse triiodothyronine administration in rats to hepatic L-triiodothyronine aminotransferase activity.", "content": "The effects of administration of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) to normal and to hypothyroid male rats upon the hepatic activity of L-triiodothyronine aminotransferase were determined using 3,5-dinitro-L-tyrosine as substrate in the assay. Initial studies in normal rats demonstrated that basal enzyme activity was highest in liver and kidney of the organs tested, and that virtually no activity was detectable in skeletal muscle, serum, thyroid or pituitary gland. Hepatic enzyme activity increased from birth to a peak at 80-120 days and declined thereafter. Daily administration of T3 to normal rats in doses of 5 mug/100g BW for 8 days significantly elevated hepatic enzyme activity above normal. In daily doses of 2.5mug/100g BW, T3 restored the depressed enzyme activities in hypothyroid rats to normal. Daily administration of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3) to normal rats in doses of 17.5 mug/100g BW and greater for 3 days increased L-T3 aminotransferase activity more than 30% above normal levels. Reverse T3 appeared to be approximately as active as T3 in increasing the hepatic activity of L-T3 aminotransferase.", "contents": "Relation of triiodothyronine and reverse triiodothyronine administration in rats to hepatic L-triiodothyronine aminotransferase activity. The effects of administration of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) to normal and to hypothyroid male rats upon the hepatic activity of L-triiodothyronine aminotransferase were determined using 3,5-dinitro-L-tyrosine as substrate in the assay. Initial studies in normal rats demonstrated that basal enzyme activity was highest in liver and kidney of the organs tested, and that virtually no activity was detectable in skeletal muscle, serum, thyroid or pituitary gland. Hepatic enzyme activity increased from birth to a peak at 80-120 days and declined thereafter. Daily administration of T3 to normal rats in doses of 5 mug/100g BW for 8 days significantly elevated hepatic enzyme activity above normal. In daily doses of 2.5mug/100g BW, T3 restored the depressed enzyme activities in hypothyroid rats to normal. Daily administration of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3) to normal rats in doses of 17.5 mug/100g BW and greater for 3 days increased L-T3 aminotransferase activity more than 30% above normal levels. Reverse T3 appeared to be approximately as active as T3 in increasing the hepatic activity of L-T3 aminotransferase.", "PMID": 837874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2924", "title": "In vivo inhibition of thyroid secretion by indomethacin.", "content": "Indomethacin (Ind) was administered to adult female rats to reduce endogenous prostaglandin (PG) synthesis in order to investigate the role of PGs in thyroid hormone secretin. This treatment markedly reduced thyroidal PGF levels (667.7 vs. 1822.1 pg/my, P less than .001). Although the plasma TSH concentrations were normal in the Ind-treated group (41.14 vs. 40.01 mug/100 ml), dramatic decreases were observed in plasma T3 (24.5 ca. 6.7 nf/100 ml, P less than .001) and T4 (5.6 vs. 0.7 mug/100 ml, P less than .001) levels...", "contents": "In vivo inhibition of thyroid secretion by indomethacin. Indomethacin (Ind) was administered to adult female rats to reduce endogenous prostaglandin (PG) synthesis in order to investigate the role of PGs in thyroid hormone secretin. This treatment markedly reduced thyroidal PGF levels (667.7 vs. 1822.1 pg/my, P less than .001). Although the plasma TSH concentrations were normal in the Ind-treated group (41.14 vs. 40.01 mug/100 ml), dramatic decreases were observed in plasma T3 (24.5 ca. 6.7 nf/100 ml, P less than .001) and T4 (5.6 vs. 0.7 mug/100 ml, P less than .001) levels...", "PMID": 837875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2925", "title": "Changes in hepatic steroid metabolism in rat following transplantation of four different clones of pituitary tumor cells.", "content": "The effect of four different clonal pituitary tumors on hepatic steroid metabolism was studied in male and female rats and this effect was related to the secretion of prolactin, LH and FSH from the tumors. Tumors derived from the cell line C811RAP caused an alteration of the steriod metabolism to a completely female pattern in male rats whereas it had little effect on metabolism in female rats. This tumor cell line was the only one which appeared to secrete prolactin according to the observed level of this hormone in host serum. Furthermore, extract from C811RAP tumor tissue increased the 5alpha-reductase activity in cultured HTC CELLS. The other cell lines tested (C29RAP, C13RAP and C311RAP) did not appear to secrete prolactin but did have general effects on the hepatic steroid metabolism of both sexes. These effects could not be interpreted as changes towards a female or a male pattern of metabolism. When extract from C13RAP or C211RAP tumor tissue was assayed in the HTC cell system, small or insignificant effects on the 5alpha-reductase activity were observed. In conclusion, it appears that the C811RAP pituitary tumor cell line produces a factor(s) that in duces a female type of hepatic steroid metabolism in the rat. This factor does not seem to be produced by the other cell lines tested. Based on the clonal nature of the cells and the fact that the C811RAP cells also secrete prolactin, it is reasonable to suggest that the mammotrophs of the normal female pituitary are the cells that produce this factor.", "contents": "Changes in hepatic steroid metabolism in rat following transplantation of four different clones of pituitary tumor cells. The effect of four different clonal pituitary tumors on hepatic steroid metabolism was studied in male and female rats and this effect was related to the secretion of prolactin, LH and FSH from the tumors. Tumors derived from the cell line C811RAP caused an alteration of the steriod metabolism to a completely female pattern in male rats whereas it had little effect on metabolism in female rats. This tumor cell line was the only one which appeared to secrete prolactin according to the observed level of this hormone in host serum. Furthermore, extract from C811RAP tumor tissue increased the 5alpha-reductase activity in cultured HTC CELLS. The other cell lines tested (C29RAP, C13RAP and C311RAP) did not appear to secrete prolactin but did have general effects on the hepatic steroid metabolism of both sexes. These effects could not be interpreted as changes towards a female or a male pattern of metabolism. When extract from C13RAP or C211RAP tumor tissue was assayed in the HTC cell system, small or insignificant effects on the 5alpha-reductase activity were observed. In conclusion, it appears that the C811RAP pituitary tumor cell line produces a factor(s) that in duces a female type of hepatic steroid metabolism in the rat. This factor does not seem to be produced by the other cell lines tested. Based on the clonal nature of the cells and the fact that the C811RAP cells also secrete prolactin, it is reasonable to suggest that the mammotrophs of the normal female pituitary are the cells that produce this factor.", "PMID": 837876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2926", "title": "Parallel shift in circadian rhythms of adrenocortical activity and food intake in blinded and intact rats exposed to continuous illumination.", "content": "Twenty-four hour patterns of plasma corticosterone levels and food intake were determined at 3-4 h intervals weekly for 7 consecutive weeks in blinded and intact female adult rats exposed to continuous illumination. Plasma samples were obtained from the tail vein. Resting levels and circadian periodicity of plasma corticosterone levels determined by this method were essentially similar to those obtained by decapitation. Circadian periodicity of adrenocortical activity and food intake shifted in both blinded and intact rats. In each group, the patterns of shift in these two activities were essentially similar. Between the two groups, however, the patterns of shift were markedly different. In blinded rats under either constant light or regular light-dark alternation a fairly constant phase shift was observed after the 3rd week and phase reversal of rhythms was found at the end of the 7th week. An additional determination of 48 h pattern of plasma corticosterone levels at the end of the 7th week demonstrated a clear periodicity in the majority of the blinded rats when the patterns were determined individually. On the other hand, in the intact rats exposed to constant light the parallel shift in the two activities was observed for only two weeks. Although a significant difference between the peak and trough values was observed up to the 6th week in food intake and the 4th week for corticosterone levels, a plot of the plasma corticosterone levels determined at 4 h intervals for 48 h did not show any periodicity in individual rats at the 4th and 7th week. In the case of partial food deprivation (feeding time, 1900-2100 h), peak elevation of plasma corticosterone levels occurred at 1900 h for two consecutive weeks in the intact rats exposed to continuous illumination. These results indicate that rhythmicities of adrenocortical activity and food intake persist longer in the blinded rats than in the intact rats kept under constant light. The fact that the phase shift of adrenocortical activity was prevented by the artificial fixation of the feeding period indicates that the shift of adrenocortical activity is a secondary phenomenon to the shift in the periodicity of food intake.", "contents": "Parallel shift in circadian rhythms of adrenocortical activity and food intake in blinded and intact rats exposed to continuous illumination. Twenty-four hour patterns of plasma corticosterone levels and food intake were determined at 3-4 h intervals weekly for 7 consecutive weeks in blinded and intact female adult rats exposed to continuous illumination. Plasma samples were obtained from the tail vein. Resting levels and circadian periodicity of plasma corticosterone levels determined by this method were essentially similar to those obtained by decapitation. Circadian periodicity of adrenocortical activity and food intake shifted in both blinded and intact rats. In each group, the patterns of shift in these two activities were essentially similar. Between the two groups, however, the patterns of shift were markedly different. In blinded rats under either constant light or regular light-dark alternation a fairly constant phase shift was observed after the 3rd week and phase reversal of rhythms was found at the end of the 7th week. An additional determination of 48 h pattern of plasma corticosterone levels at the end of the 7th week demonstrated a clear periodicity in the majority of the blinded rats when the patterns were determined individually. On the other hand, in the intact rats exposed to constant light the parallel shift in the two activities was observed for only two weeks. Although a significant difference between the peak and trough values was observed up to the 6th week in food intake and the 4th week for corticosterone levels, a plot of the plasma corticosterone levels determined at 4 h intervals for 48 h did not show any periodicity in individual rats at the 4th and 7th week. In the case of partial food deprivation (feeding time, 1900-2100 h), peak elevation of plasma corticosterone levels occurred at 1900 h for two consecutive weeks in the intact rats exposed to continuous illumination. These results indicate that rhythmicities of adrenocortical activity and food intake persist longer in the blinded rats than in the intact rats kept under constant light. The fact that the phase shift of adrenocortical activity was prevented by the artificial fixation of the feeding period indicates that the shift of adrenocortical activity is a secondary phenomenon to the shift in the periodicity of food intake.", "PMID": 837877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2927", "title": "The importance of thyroglobulin structure in thyroid peroxidase-catalyzed conversion of diiodotyrosine to thyroxine.", "content": "We have previously demonstrated that thyroid peroxidase (TPO) not only catalyzes the iodination of thyroglobulin and other proteins, but that it also catalyzes the intramolecular conversion of DIT residues to T4 (coupling reaction). The present study was designed to determine whether the native structure of thyroglobulin contributes to the efficiency of TPO-catalyzed coupling. Two lines of evidence are presented in support of the view that the conformation of thyroglobulin is important for TPO-catalyzed coupling. The first was based on comparison of T4 yields in thyroglobulin and other proteins. The second involved the effect of guanidine pretreatment on T4 yields in thyroglobulin. Both types of experiment provided evidence that the native structure of thyroglobulin contributes to the efficiency of the coupling reaction. Specificity of thyroid peroxidase activity, on the other hand, does not appear to be of importance in the coupling reaction.", "contents": "The importance of thyroglobulin structure in thyroid peroxidase-catalyzed conversion of diiodotyrosine to thyroxine. We have previously demonstrated that thyroid peroxidase (TPO) not only catalyzes the iodination of thyroglobulin and other proteins, but that it also catalyzes the intramolecular conversion of DIT residues to T4 (coupling reaction). The present study was designed to determine whether the native structure of thyroglobulin contributes to the efficiency of TPO-catalyzed coupling. Two lines of evidence are presented in support of the view that the conformation of thyroglobulin is important for TPO-catalyzed coupling. The first was based on comparison of T4 yields in thyroglobulin and other proteins. The second involved the effect of guanidine pretreatment on T4 yields in thyroglobulin. Both types of experiment provided evidence that the native structure of thyroglobulin contributes to the efficiency of the coupling reaction. Specificity of thyroid peroxidase activity, on the other hand, does not appear to be of importance in the coupling reaction.", "PMID": 837878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2928", "title": "Mechanisms of decreased insulin responsiveness of large adipocytes.", "content": "We have studied glucose metabolism using large adipocytes isolated from older, fatter rats (greater than 12 months old, greater than 550 g), and smaller cells obtained from younger, leaner animals (4-5 weeks old, 126-160 g). 2-Deoxyglucose uptake was equal in large and small adipocytes, while insulin mediated oxidation of [1(-14)C]glucose was greatly diminished (7-fold) in large cells. Thus, the defect in oxidation of the number one carbon atom of glucose (pentose pathway oxidation) is distal to the 2-deoxyglucose uptake system. However, this intracellular defect is not present in all pathways of glucose oxidation as demonstrated by the finding that [6(-14)C]glucose oxidation was comparable in small and large adipocytes. Thus, the number six carbon atom of glucose is oxidized normally indicating that glycolytic and Krebs cycle activity is intact in the large adipocyte. Furthermore, in large adipocytes conversion of glucose to total lipid was normal in the basal state and moderately decreased at high glucose concentrations in the presence of insulin (up to 35%). When the radioactivity in total lipids was fractionated, a severe decrease in glucose incorporation into fatty acids was found in the large cells. Total glucose uptake was also measured, and found to be 10-50% decreased in large cells, suggesting that the decreases in pentose pathway glucose metabolism and conversion to fatty acids lead to accumulation of free intracellular glucose with glucose efflux and a decrease in net glucose uptake. Comparing the 2-deoxyglucose uptake and glucose oxidation data showed that insulin promotes [6(-14)C]glucose oxidation by stimulating the processes responsible for 2-deoxyglucose uptake whereas insulin promotes [1(-14)C]glucose oxidation both by increasing these processes and by increasing the activity of the C-1 oxidative pathway. 1) the 2-deoxyglucose uptake system of the large adipocyte is basically intact, 2) [1(-14)C]glucose oxidation is markedly decreased in large adipocytes, while [6(-14)C]glucose oxidation is normal, and 3) in comparing small and large adipocytes, it appears that it is the ability of insulin to enhance glucose oxidation via the pentose pathway and to promote glucose incorporation into fatty acids which is most impaired in large adipocytes.", "contents": "Mechanisms of decreased insulin responsiveness of large adipocytes. We have studied glucose metabolism using large adipocytes isolated from older, fatter rats (greater than 12 months old, greater than 550 g), and smaller cells obtained from younger, leaner animals (4-5 weeks old, 126-160 g). 2-Deoxyglucose uptake was equal in large and small adipocytes, while insulin mediated oxidation of [1(-14)C]glucose was greatly diminished (7-fold) in large cells. Thus, the defect in oxidation of the number one carbon atom of glucose (pentose pathway oxidation) is distal to the 2-deoxyglucose uptake system. However, this intracellular defect is not present in all pathways of glucose oxidation as demonstrated by the finding that [6(-14)C]glucose oxidation was comparable in small and large adipocytes. Thus, the number six carbon atom of glucose is oxidized normally indicating that glycolytic and Krebs cycle activity is intact in the large adipocyte. Furthermore, in large adipocytes conversion of glucose to total lipid was normal in the basal state and moderately decreased at high glucose concentrations in the presence of insulin (up to 35%). When the radioactivity in total lipids was fractionated, a severe decrease in glucose incorporation into fatty acids was found in the large cells. Total glucose uptake was also measured, and found to be 10-50% decreased in large cells, suggesting that the decreases in pentose pathway glucose metabolism and conversion to fatty acids lead to accumulation of free intracellular glucose with glucose efflux and a decrease in net glucose uptake. Comparing the 2-deoxyglucose uptake and glucose oxidation data showed that insulin promotes [6(-14)C]glucose oxidation by stimulating the processes responsible for 2-deoxyglucose uptake whereas insulin promotes [1(-14)C]glucose oxidation both by increasing these processes and by increasing the activity of the C-1 oxidative pathway. 1) the 2-deoxyglucose uptake system of the large adipocyte is basically intact, 2) [1(-14)C]glucose oxidation is markedly decreased in large adipocytes, while [6(-14)C]glucose oxidation is normal, and 3) in comparing small and large adipocytes, it appears that it is the ability of insulin to enhance glucose oxidation via the pentose pathway and to promote glucose incorporation into fatty acids which is most impaired in large adipocytes.", "PMID": 837879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2929", "title": "Lactogenesis in explant cultures of mammary tissue from pregnant cows.", "content": "The hormonal requirements for lactogenesis were investigated using explant cultures of mammary tissue obtained from cows at 30-40 days prepartum. Hormones used were insulin, hydrocortisone, and prolactin, and parameters examined were radioactive acetate incorporation into fatty acids, secretory response ratings, and histological and ultrastructural analysis. Data indicated that insulin was essential for mammary epithelial cell survival, but insulin alone did not result in the intiation of milk synthesis. The culture of explants in a medium containing insulin plus hydrocortisone resulted in alterations in the cytology of alveolar cells but no induction of milk synthesis. Biosynthesis results and secretory response ratings indicated that the initiation of milk synthesis occurred when explants were cultured in insulin and prolactin; however, synthesis was limited and alveolar integrity was not well maintained. Results from all parameters demonstrated that the maximal lactogenic response was obtained when the culture medium contained insulin, hydrocortisone and prolactin. After 48 h of culture in this medium, the rate of acetate incorporation into fatty acids had increased 3-fold and the markedly distended alveolar lumina contained many fat droplets and abundant eosinophilic staining secretion. However, an unusal amount of casein-like micelles and especially lipid also accumulated in the alveolar cells. The accumulation of milk components within the epithelial cells may be related indirectly to the accumulation of products in the lumina or perhaps related to a difference in the hormonal requirement between the initiation of milk synthesis and initiation of milk secretion.", "contents": "Lactogenesis in explant cultures of mammary tissue from pregnant cows. The hormonal requirements for lactogenesis were investigated using explant cultures of mammary tissue obtained from cows at 30-40 days prepartum. Hormones used were insulin, hydrocortisone, and prolactin, and parameters examined were radioactive acetate incorporation into fatty acids, secretory response ratings, and histological and ultrastructural analysis. Data indicated that insulin was essential for mammary epithelial cell survival, but insulin alone did not result in the intiation of milk synthesis. The culture of explants in a medium containing insulin plus hydrocortisone resulted in alterations in the cytology of alveolar cells but no induction of milk synthesis. Biosynthesis results and secretory response ratings indicated that the initiation of milk synthesis occurred when explants were cultured in insulin and prolactin; however, synthesis was limited and alveolar integrity was not well maintained. Results from all parameters demonstrated that the maximal lactogenic response was obtained when the culture medium contained insulin, hydrocortisone and prolactin. After 48 h of culture in this medium, the rate of acetate incorporation into fatty acids had increased 3-fold and the markedly distended alveolar lumina contained many fat droplets and abundant eosinophilic staining secretion. However, an unusal amount of casein-like micelles and especially lipid also accumulated in the alveolar cells. The accumulation of milk components within the epithelial cells may be related indirectly to the accumulation of products in the lumina or perhaps related to a difference in the hormonal requirement between the initiation of milk synthesis and initiation of milk secretion.", "PMID": 837880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2930", "title": "Factors affecting cytidine uptake and utilization by the rat uterus.", "content": "The influence of cytidine dosage on uptake and distribution of [3H]cytidine by the uterus of the adult ovariectomized control rat was examined 20 min after injecting the nucleoside. Intracellular accumulation of free cytidine was observed only at a dosage of 4.2 mumol/100g. At lower dosages, the nucleoside was phosphorylated as rapidly as it entered uterine cells, thereby preventing its accumulation within cells. [3H]Cytidine (4.2 mumol/100 g) was used in time-course studies in ovariectomized control and estradiol-treated rats. From this study the following differences between uteri of control and estradiol-treated animals were noted: 1) both nucleotides and RNA were five to six times more highly labeled in treated than control animals after a five minute labeling period, 2) this difference between control and treated animals was reduced to twofold when the labeling period was extended to 20 min, 3) free nucleoside had begun to accumulate intracellularly in treated animals, but had not equilibrated with uterine extracellular space in controls 5 min after [3H]cytidine injection, and 4) at 20 min, the free nucleoside of the uterus was labeled about equally in control and treated rats. It is concluded that estradiol causes a rapid equilibration of circulating cytidine with the uterus and that increases in labeling of RNA and precursor nucleotides 2 h after hormone treatment are largely a consequence of this rapid equilibration.", "contents": "Factors affecting cytidine uptake and utilization by the rat uterus. The influence of cytidine dosage on uptake and distribution of [3H]cytidine by the uterus of the adult ovariectomized control rat was examined 20 min after injecting the nucleoside. Intracellular accumulation of free cytidine was observed only at a dosage of 4.2 mumol/100g. At lower dosages, the nucleoside was phosphorylated as rapidly as it entered uterine cells, thereby preventing its accumulation within cells. [3H]Cytidine (4.2 mumol/100 g) was used in time-course studies in ovariectomized control and estradiol-treated rats. From this study the following differences between uteri of control and estradiol-treated animals were noted: 1) both nucleotides and RNA were five to six times more highly labeled in treated than control animals after a five minute labeling period, 2) this difference between control and treated animals was reduced to twofold when the labeling period was extended to 20 min, 3) free nucleoside had begun to accumulate intracellularly in treated animals, but had not equilibrated with uterine extracellular space in controls 5 min after [3H]cytidine injection, and 4) at 20 min, the free nucleoside of the uterus was labeled about equally in control and treated rats. It is concluded that estradiol causes a rapid equilibration of circulating cytidine with the uterus and that increases in labeling of RNA and precursor nucleotides 2 h after hormone treatment are largely a consequence of this rapid equilibration.", "PMID": 837881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2931", "title": "Effect of lesions in the ventral noradrenergic tract produced by microinjection of 6-hydroxydopamine on gonadotropin release in the rat.", "content": "Noradrenergic innervation to the hypothalamus is provided principally by the ventral noradrenergic tract (VNAT) which carries the axons of noradrenergic neurons whose cell bodies lie in the brain stem. To determine the importance of the VNAT in the stimulation of LH release induced by progesterone in ovariectomized, estrogen-primed rats, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), an agent which selectively destroys catecholaninergic neurons, was microinjected bilaterally into this tract, 2 days after priming of the ovariectomized animals with 5 mug of estradiol benzoate, sc. Following microinjection, 2 mg of progesterone was injected sc to provoke LH release. A surge of FSH and LH release occurred 6 h after progesterone in control animals and those injected with the ascorbic acid diluent into the VNAT. Injections of 6-OHDA into the tract completely blocked both the LHP AND FSH surge. Control injections of 6-OHDA into the superior colliculus, the caudate-putamen or the frontal cortex did not alter the release of FSH and LH induced by progesterone. Twenty-four hours after injection of 6-OHDA into the VNAT, there was a slight reduction in norepinephrine content in the anterior hypothalamic area and a significant reduction in the region of the arcuate nucleus and median eminence. In this experiment, 6-OHDA injections into the VNAT blocked not only the FSH and LH release induced by progesterone but also the increase in serum prolactin which was present in control animals. In normal females, injections of 6-OHDA into the VNAT blocked the proestrous discharge of LH and partially blocked that of FSH. It is concluded that acute interruption of the VNAT induced by a 6-OHDA can block not only the stimulation of FSH and LH induced by progesterone, but also the preovulatory discharge of gonadotropins. The results suggest that increased impulse traffic in the VNAT on the afternoon of proestrus may be involved in induction of the proestrous gonadotropin surge.", "contents": "Effect of lesions in the ventral noradrenergic tract produced by microinjection of 6-hydroxydopamine on gonadotropin release in the rat. Noradrenergic innervation to the hypothalamus is provided principally by the ventral noradrenergic tract (VNAT) which carries the axons of noradrenergic neurons whose cell bodies lie in the brain stem. To determine the importance of the VNAT in the stimulation of LH release induced by progesterone in ovariectomized, estrogen-primed rats, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), an agent which selectively destroys catecholaninergic neurons, was microinjected bilaterally into this tract, 2 days after priming of the ovariectomized animals with 5 mug of estradiol benzoate, sc. Following microinjection, 2 mg of progesterone was injected sc to provoke LH release. A surge of FSH and LH release occurred 6 h after progesterone in control animals and those injected with the ascorbic acid diluent into the VNAT. Injections of 6-OHDA into the tract completely blocked both the LHP AND FSH surge. Control injections of 6-OHDA into the superior colliculus, the caudate-putamen or the frontal cortex did not alter the release of FSH and LH induced by progesterone. Twenty-four hours after injection of 6-OHDA into the VNAT, there was a slight reduction in norepinephrine content in the anterior hypothalamic area and a significant reduction in the region of the arcuate nucleus and median eminence. In this experiment, 6-OHDA injections into the VNAT blocked not only the FSH and LH release induced by progesterone but also the increase in serum prolactin which was present in control animals. In normal females, injections of 6-OHDA into the VNAT blocked the proestrous discharge of LH and partially blocked that of FSH. It is concluded that acute interruption of the VNAT induced by a 6-OHDA can block not only the stimulation of FSH and LH induced by progesterone, but also the preovulatory discharge of gonadotropins. The results suggest that increased impulse traffic in the VNAT on the afternoon of proestrus may be involved in induction of the proestrous gonadotropin surge.", "PMID": 837882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2932", "title": "Identification of aromatase in the reptilian brain.", "content": "The present study tests the hypothesis that brain aromatase is an \"ancient\" property of nervous tissue and may be identified in homologues of the limbic system in a non-mammalian vertebrate, the turtle Chrysemys picta. Tissue homogenates (180 mg wet weight/2 ml) were incubated with [7 alpha-3H]androstenedione and cofactors for 60 min at 37 C. Estrone (E1) was isolated and characterized by thin layer chromatography, methylation and recrystallization to constant specific activity. No estradiol-17 beta was detected. Aromatase was found only in the forebrain but was diffusely distributed throughout this major brain division. No other neural or non-neural tissues, including mid- and hindbrain structures, testis, and ovary, synthesized detectable quantities of E1 in our system. The strio-amygdaloid complex of both sexes synthesized more E1 per unit weight than the preoptic-hypothalamic area (POA-HTH) or other forebrain structures. It is possible that the conversion of androgen to estrogen has biological significance in this species since the reaction occurred throughout the physiological temperature range experienced during activity in nature and sex differences in brain aromatase activity during the breeding season were apparent. These experiments in Chrysemys demonstrate that the synthesis of estrogen from androgen by the brain is not limited to mammals, but also occurs at a more primitive level of phylogenetic development. Restriction of aromatase to forebrain structures of the turtle is consistent with the neuroanatomic distribution of enzyme activity in the limbic system of mammals. Estrogen yield from adult turtle brain incubates (3.2-22.6 pmol/g) is more like that reported for fetal (2.7-33 pmol/g) than for adult (0.1-1.9 pmol/g) mammals. We suggest that the in situ synthesis of estrogen by the central nervous system has its orgins early in vertebrate evolution and may be a primitive characteristic of brain-steroid interactions that regulate physiological and behavioral sex in vertebrates.", "contents": "Identification of aromatase in the reptilian brain. The present study tests the hypothesis that brain aromatase is an \"ancient\" property of nervous tissue and may be identified in homologues of the limbic system in a non-mammalian vertebrate, the turtle Chrysemys picta. Tissue homogenates (180 mg wet weight/2 ml) were incubated with [7 alpha-3H]androstenedione and cofactors for 60 min at 37 C. Estrone (E1) was isolated and characterized by thin layer chromatography, methylation and recrystallization to constant specific activity. No estradiol-17 beta was detected. Aromatase was found only in the forebrain but was diffusely distributed throughout this major brain division. No other neural or non-neural tissues, including mid- and hindbrain structures, testis, and ovary, synthesized detectable quantities of E1 in our system. The strio-amygdaloid complex of both sexes synthesized more E1 per unit weight than the preoptic-hypothalamic area (POA-HTH) or other forebrain structures. It is possible that the conversion of androgen to estrogen has biological significance in this species since the reaction occurred throughout the physiological temperature range experienced during activity in nature and sex differences in brain aromatase activity during the breeding season were apparent. These experiments in Chrysemys demonstrate that the synthesis of estrogen from androgen by the brain is not limited to mammals, but also occurs at a more primitive level of phylogenetic development. Restriction of aromatase to forebrain structures of the turtle is consistent with the neuroanatomic distribution of enzyme activity in the limbic system of mammals. Estrogen yield from adult turtle brain incubates (3.2-22.6 pmol/g) is more like that reported for fetal (2.7-33 pmol/g) than for adult (0.1-1.9 pmol/g) mammals. We suggest that the in situ synthesis of estrogen by the central nervous system has its orgins early in vertebrate evolution and may be a primitive characteristic of brain-steroid interactions that regulate physiological and behavioral sex in vertebrates.", "PMID": 837883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2933", "title": "Prolactin activation of phospholipase A activity in membrane preparations from mammary glands.", "content": "The addition of prolactin to the 150,000 x g sedimented fraction of mammary gland homogenates increased by about two-fold the rate of [3H]-arachidonic acid released from phosphatidyl choline. This enhanced activity was observed during incubation periods of 1-3 hours and occurred with prolactin concentrations ranging between 2.5 and 100 mug per 300 mul. The enhanced rate of arachidonic acid release from phosphatidyl choline suggests that prolactin stimulates phospholipase A activity and this may be the primary site of action of prolactin in the mammary gland. Specificity of the prolactin effect is suggested by the fact that growth hormone at 100 mug per 300 mul had no effect on the rate of [3H]-arachidonic acid release from phosphatidyl choline.", "contents": "Prolactin activation of phospholipase A activity in membrane preparations from mammary glands. The addition of prolactin to the 150,000 x g sedimented fraction of mammary gland homogenates increased by about two-fold the rate of [3H]-arachidonic acid released from phosphatidyl choline. This enhanced activity was observed during incubation periods of 1-3 hours and occurred with prolactin concentrations ranging between 2.5 and 100 mug per 300 mul. The enhanced rate of arachidonic acid release from phosphatidyl choline suggests that prolactin stimulates phospholipase A activity and this may be the primary site of action of prolactin in the mammary gland. Specificity of the prolactin effect is suggested by the fact that growth hormone at 100 mug per 300 mul had no effect on the rate of [3H]-arachidonic acid release from phosphatidyl choline.", "PMID": 837884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2934", "title": "Testicular LH binding in the hamster: modification by photoperiod and prolactin.", "content": "Suppression of testicular weight and activity induced in the hamster by light deprivation can be partially reversed by treatment with prolactin (PRL). The present study investigates the possibility that the stimulatory effect of PRL in this preparation may be mediated through increased LH binding. Hamsters exposed to 5 h light per day for two months to induce gonadal atrophy were injected daily for 2 1/2 weeks with saline, 250 mug PRLP, 20 MUG LH+150 mug FSH, or PRL+LH+FSH. Short light control animals exhibited significantly less LH binding than controls on 14 h of light per day. Treatment with LH+FSH had no effect on LH binding while PRL alone or in combination with LH+FSH increased binding to levels greater than the long light controls. Peripheral testosterone concentrations reflected the level of LH binding. Scatchard analysis indicates that the decreased binding in the short-day animals is due to reduced LH receptor numbers and that PRL treatment elevates receptor levels thereby increasing LH binding. These results suggest that the mechanism by which PRL stimulates testicular function in hamsters with regressed gonads is through increased binding of endogenously produced LH.", "contents": "Testicular LH binding in the hamster: modification by photoperiod and prolactin. Suppression of testicular weight and activity induced in the hamster by light deprivation can be partially reversed by treatment with prolactin (PRL). The present study investigates the possibility that the stimulatory effect of PRL in this preparation may be mediated through increased LH binding. Hamsters exposed to 5 h light per day for two months to induce gonadal atrophy were injected daily for 2 1/2 weeks with saline, 250 mug PRLP, 20 MUG LH+150 mug FSH, or PRL+LH+FSH. Short light control animals exhibited significantly less LH binding than controls on 14 h of light per day. Treatment with LH+FSH had no effect on LH binding while PRL alone or in combination with LH+FSH increased binding to levels greater than the long light controls. Peripheral testosterone concentrations reflected the level of LH binding. Scatchard analysis indicates that the decreased binding in the short-day animals is due to reduced LH receptor numbers and that PRL treatment elevates receptor levels thereby increasing LH binding. These results suggest that the mechanism by which PRL stimulates testicular function in hamsters with regressed gonads is through increased binding of endogenously produced LH.", "PMID": 837885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2935", "title": "Effects of an estrogen antagonist on enzyme activities and [3H]estradiol nuclear binding in uterus, pituitary and brain.", "content": "The estrogenic and anti-estrogenic properties of CI-628 on these specific biochemical markers of estrogen action was not identical in the different target tissues. The CI-628 dependent changes in protein content and enzyme activities in the uterus were less than half of the EB changes. In the preoptic area and CM-amygdala, CI-628 resulted in approximately the same changes in CAT and MAO activity as EB. 3) In the pituitary and uterus, CI-628 antagonized the EB-dependent increase in G6PDH activity. In the CM-amygdala and preoptic area, CI-628 pretreatment did not anatagonize the EB dependent changes in CAT and MAO. 4) CI-628 reduced nuclear binding of[3H]estradiol to approximately 5% of control in the uterus and pituitary and this effect lasted for at least 96 h. In contrast, CI-628 reduced nuclear binding in the preoptic area-hypothalamus-amygdala to 13% of control at 18 h after CI-628, but at 96 h nuclear binding of [3H]estradiol had recovered to 70% of control. Thus, the effect of CI-628 ON THESE SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS OF ESTROGEN ACTION WAS NOT IDENTICAL IN THE DIFFERENT TARGET TISSUES. The possibility is discussed that the basis for the heterogeneity of responses may reside in the different time course of CI-628 interaction with cellular estrogen receptors in the target tissues.or the heterogeneity of responses may reside in the different time course of CI-628 interaction with cellular estrogen receptors in the target tissues.", "contents": "Effects of an estrogen antagonist on enzyme activities and [3H]estradiol nuclear binding in uterus, pituitary and brain. The estrogenic and anti-estrogenic properties of CI-628 on these specific biochemical markers of estrogen action was not identical in the different target tissues. The CI-628 dependent changes in protein content and enzyme activities in the uterus were less than half of the EB changes. In the preoptic area and CM-amygdala, CI-628 resulted in approximately the same changes in CAT and MAO activity as EB. 3) In the pituitary and uterus, CI-628 antagonized the EB-dependent increase in G6PDH activity. In the CM-amygdala and preoptic area, CI-628 pretreatment did not anatagonize the EB dependent changes in CAT and MAO. 4) CI-628 reduced nuclear binding of[3H]estradiol to approximately 5% of control in the uterus and pituitary and this effect lasted for at least 96 h. In contrast, CI-628 reduced nuclear binding in the preoptic area-hypothalamus-amygdala to 13% of control at 18 h after CI-628, but at 96 h nuclear binding of [3H]estradiol had recovered to 70% of control. Thus, the effect of CI-628 ON THESE SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS OF ESTROGEN ACTION WAS NOT IDENTICAL IN THE DIFFERENT TARGET TISSUES. The possibility is discussed that the basis for the heterogeneity of responses may reside in the different time course of CI-628 interaction with cellular estrogen receptors in the target tissues.or the heterogeneity of responses may reside in the different time course of CI-628 interaction with cellular estrogen receptors in the target tissues.", "PMID": 837886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2936", "title": "Liver protein kinase activity and triiodothyronine.", "content": "Protein kinase activities were determined in liver from normal, thyroidectomized and triiodothyronine (T3)-treated rats. Changes related to thyroid hormone were observed in cytosol and nuclear protein kinase activities. When protamine was used as substrate for phosphorylation, thyroidectomy induced a decrease of protein kinase activity associated with nuclei but an increase of activity was found in the cytosol. Fifteen hours after injection of T3 the levels in nuclei and cytosol were restored to normal. When casein was used as substrate, hypothyroidism led to a lowering of protein kinase activity in both fractions and T3 treatment augmented the activity in both. These studies suggest that thyroid hormones modify hepatic protein kinase activity. Results differ depending upon the substrate used. The hormones also appear to alter the subcellular distribution of some protein kinase activities.", "contents": "Liver protein kinase activity and triiodothyronine. Protein kinase activities were determined in liver from normal, thyroidectomized and triiodothyronine (T3)-treated rats. Changes related to thyroid hormone were observed in cytosol and nuclear protein kinase activities. When protamine was used as substrate for phosphorylation, thyroidectomy induced a decrease of protein kinase activity associated with nuclei but an increase of activity was found in the cytosol. Fifteen hours after injection of T3 the levels in nuclei and cytosol were restored to normal. When casein was used as substrate, hypothyroidism led to a lowering of protein kinase activity in both fractions and T3 treatment augmented the activity in both. These studies suggest that thyroid hormones modify hepatic protein kinase activity. Results differ depending upon the substrate used. The hormones also appear to alter the subcellular distribution of some protein kinase activities.", "PMID": 837887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2937", "title": "Appearances of responses to glucagon in cultured neoatal rat heart cells.", "content": "Heart cells from neonatal rats have been cultured. The ability of 10(-5)M glucagon to stimulate adenylyl cyclase activity, and to increase the cAMP concentration and the beating rate in these cells was followed as a function of time in culture. The cultured cells show no response to 10(-5)M glucagon until 5 weeks. By contrast, the cells do respond to 10(-5)M epinephrine with an increase in beat rate, adenylyl cyclase activity and cAMP levels when freshly prepared or after 1 week in culture. Previous studies on the newborn rat heart, acutely isolated, have also shown that the neonatal rat heart is insensitive to glucagon until 4-5 weeks after birth. We conclude that the cultured neonatal rat heart cells can also mature in the same time frame with respect to a glucagon response.", "contents": "Appearances of responses to glucagon in cultured neoatal rat heart cells. Heart cells from neonatal rats have been cultured. The ability of 10(-5)M glucagon to stimulate adenylyl cyclase activity, and to increase the cAMP concentration and the beating rate in these cells was followed as a function of time in culture. The cultured cells show no response to 10(-5)M glucagon until 5 weeks. By contrast, the cells do respond to 10(-5)M epinephrine with an increase in beat rate, adenylyl cyclase activity and cAMP levels when freshly prepared or after 1 week in culture. Previous studies on the newborn rat heart, acutely isolated, have also shown that the neonatal rat heart is insensitive to glucagon until 4-5 weeks after birth. We conclude that the cultured neonatal rat heart cells can also mature in the same time frame with respect to a glucagon response.", "PMID": 837888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2938", "title": "Presence of two neurophysins in the human pineal gland.", "content": "The tentative identification of two neurophysins in human pineal glands is reported. The presence of these carrier-proteins for neurohormones was demonstrated by two different radioimmunossays: one highly specific for human pituitary estrogen-stimulated neurophysin (h-ESN) and the second for pituitary bovine neurophysin II (b-NII). These neurophysins accounted for about 0.425% of the total soluble pineal proteins. They were eluted from Sephadex G-75 column with the same elution volume as 125I labeled h-ESN. Their dilution curves were parallel to the standard curves of h-ESN and b-NII, respectively. Electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel separated two distinct neurophysins. The less anodic neurophysin corresponding to b-NII and the faster moving one to h-ESN. The two proteins were named human pineal neurophysins I and II (h-PNI and h-PNII) in the order of their electrophoretic mobility. Purification of pineal neurophysins by isoelectric focusing resulted also in the separation of two neurophysins: one, recognized by antibody against h-ESN with an isoelectric point (pI) of 4.6, the other recognized by antibody against b-NII with a pI of 4.9. The presence of neurohormone(s), assessed by radioimmunoassay for [8-arginine] vasopressin, was also demonstrated. Under optimal conditions for the association the neurophysin and the neurohormone were eluted from Sephadex columns as a complex. This complex could be dissociated in 0.1N formic acid and the neurophysin and the neurohormone separated on Sephadex G-75.", "contents": "Presence of two neurophysins in the human pineal gland. The tentative identification of two neurophysins in human pineal glands is reported. The presence of these carrier-proteins for neurohormones was demonstrated by two different radioimmunossays: one highly specific for human pituitary estrogen-stimulated neurophysin (h-ESN) and the second for pituitary bovine neurophysin II (b-NII). These neurophysins accounted for about 0.425% of the total soluble pineal proteins. They were eluted from Sephadex G-75 column with the same elution volume as 125I labeled h-ESN. Their dilution curves were parallel to the standard curves of h-ESN and b-NII, respectively. Electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel separated two distinct neurophysins. The less anodic neurophysin corresponding to b-NII and the faster moving one to h-ESN. The two proteins were named human pineal neurophysins I and II (h-PNI and h-PNII) in the order of their electrophoretic mobility. Purification of pineal neurophysins by isoelectric focusing resulted also in the separation of two neurophysins: one, recognized by antibody against h-ESN with an isoelectric point (pI) of 4.6, the other recognized by antibody against b-NII with a pI of 4.9. The presence of neurohormone(s), assessed by radioimmunoassay for [8-arginine] vasopressin, was also demonstrated. Under optimal conditions for the association the neurophysin and the neurohormone were eluted from Sephadex columns as a complex. This complex could be dissociated in 0.1N formic acid and the neurophysin and the neurohormone separated on Sephadex G-75.", "PMID": 837889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2939", "title": "Naphthylamidase (arylaminopeptidase) activities in rat cartilages and bone.", "content": "Extracts of epiphyseal articular and costal cartilages and of metaphyseal bone showed different profiles of activity against 21 aminoacyl beta-naphthylamides. Except for the activity against arginyl and lysyl beta-naphthylamides, most of the activities required the presence of Triton X-100 for extraction, suggesting that in situ, the enzymes are bound to or within membranous structures. Histochemical studies demonstrated that most, if not all, activity was intracellular. The activity is enhanced by Co2+. TAME (2 X 10(-4) mol/l) inhibits activity against leucyl beta-naphthylamide and some others, but has little, if any, inhibition of activity against alanyl beta-naphthylamide. Gel filtration of the extract showed a high molecular weight active fraction eluting with proteoglycan, and an active fraction with an approximate molecular weight of about 230,000. Two active fractions are obtained by gradient elution from DEAE-cellulose.", "contents": "Naphthylamidase (arylaminopeptidase) activities in rat cartilages and bone. Extracts of epiphyseal articular and costal cartilages and of metaphyseal bone showed different profiles of activity against 21 aminoacyl beta-naphthylamides. Except for the activity against arginyl and lysyl beta-naphthylamides, most of the activities required the presence of Triton X-100 for extraction, suggesting that in situ, the enzymes are bound to or within membranous structures. Histochemical studies demonstrated that most, if not all, activity was intracellular. The activity is enhanced by Co2+. TAME (2 X 10(-4) mol/l) inhibits activity against leucyl beta-naphthylamide and some others, but has little, if any, inhibition of activity against alanyl beta-naphthylamide. Gel filtration of the extract showed a high molecular weight active fraction eluting with proteoglycan, and an active fraction with an approximate molecular weight of about 230,000. Two active fractions are obtained by gradient elution from DEAE-cellulose.", "PMID": 837891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2940", "title": "Effects of aluminium, lead and zinc on delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase.", "content": "The effects of aluminium, lead and zinc on ALA dehydratase were examined in vitro and in vivo. Aluminium alone added to the erythrocyte enzyme assay caused a highly significant increase in enzyme activity. A similar result was found with zinc alone. When lead and aluminium were added together, the inhibition found with lead alone was depressed in an additive manner by aluminium. Zinc and aluminium together showed an activation that was stoichiometrically additive. Studies in vivo using rats injected with aluminium and lead showed similar results for hepatic ALA dehydratase as those found in vitro.", "contents": "Effects of aluminium, lead and zinc on delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase. The effects of aluminium, lead and zinc on ALA dehydratase were examined in vitro and in vivo. Aluminium alone added to the erythrocyte enzyme assay caused a highly significant increase in enzyme activity. A similar result was found with zinc alone. When lead and aluminium were added together, the inhibition found with lead alone was depressed in an additive manner by aluminium. Zinc and aluminium together showed an activation that was stoichiometrically additive. Studies in vivo using rats injected with aluminium and lead showed similar results for hepatic ALA dehydratase as those found in vitro.", "PMID": 837892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2941", "title": "Citrate uptake and oxidation by fragments of rat ventral prostate.", "content": "Citrate oxidation was studied utilizing an in vitro preparation of rat ventral prostate which was very similar, with respect to citrate metabolish, to the intact prostate. The rate of citrate oxidation was very slow in comparison to kidney, although citrate entered prostatic tissue and accumulated intracellularly. Citrate was converted to isocitrate at a rate which resulted in a constant citrate/isocitrate ratio over a 10-fold variation in medium citrate concentration. The prostate oxidized significantly more alpha-ketoglutarate and malate than citrate. These results suggested that limited citrate oxidation could account for the accumulation of high prostatic citrate levels.", "contents": "Citrate uptake and oxidation by fragments of rat ventral prostate. Citrate oxidation was studied utilizing an in vitro preparation of rat ventral prostate which was very similar, with respect to citrate metabolish, to the intact prostate. The rate of citrate oxidation was very slow in comparison to kidney, although citrate entered prostatic tissue and accumulated intracellularly. Citrate was converted to isocitrate at a rate which resulted in a constant citrate/isocitrate ratio over a 10-fold variation in medium citrate concentration. The prostate oxidized significantly more alpha-ketoglutarate and malate than citrate. These results suggested that limited citrate oxidation could account for the accumulation of high prostatic citrate levels.", "PMID": 837893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2942", "title": "Maternal serum hyaluronidase activity in pregnancy.", "content": "An unselected series of 291 pregnant women was followed during pregnancy. Maternal serum was assayed for both hyaluraonidase activity and HPL. Urine was assayed for 24 h oestrogen output. A retrospective examination of the results showed that hyaluronidase activity did not provide as good an indication of fetoplacental well-being as did either HPL or pregnancy oestrogen. There were differences, however, in the mean levels obtained in complicated pregnancy, compared to the levels in normal pregnancy. Fetal death was associated with increased hyaluronidase activity whereas fetoplacental dysfunction was associated with lower levels of hyaluronidase activity.", "contents": "Maternal serum hyaluronidase activity in pregnancy. An unselected series of 291 pregnant women was followed during pregnancy. Maternal serum was assayed for both hyaluraonidase activity and HPL. Urine was assayed for 24 h oestrogen output. A retrospective examination of the results showed that hyaluronidase activity did not provide as good an indication of fetoplacental well-being as did either HPL or pregnancy oestrogen. There were differences, however, in the mean levels obtained in complicated pregnancy, compared to the levels in normal pregnancy. Fetal death was associated with increased hyaluronidase activity whereas fetoplacental dysfunction was associated with lower levels of hyaluronidase activity.", "PMID": 837894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2943", "title": "Enzymes of citrate-cleavage pathway in liver of subjects with adult-onset diabetes.", "content": "In the liver of adult diabetics, the activity of two enzymes of the citrate-cleavage pathway was increased, the change being statistically significant for NADP-malate dehydrogenase (+ 46%, p less than 0.05) but not significant for ATP citrate-lyase (+ 55%, p greater than 0.10). The increased activity of NADP-malate dehydrogenase, together with the previously described elevation of pentose cycle dehydrogenases, suggests enhanced NADPH generation. Considering the recently proposed possibility of extramitochondrial acetyl-CoA formation by routes other than the citrate-cleavage (i.e., via cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA synthetase), our data is consistent with the occurrence of increased lipogenetic capacity.", "contents": "Enzymes of citrate-cleavage pathway in liver of subjects with adult-onset diabetes. In the liver of adult diabetics, the activity of two enzymes of the citrate-cleavage pathway was increased, the change being statistically significant for NADP-malate dehydrogenase (+ 46%, p less than 0.05) but not significant for ATP citrate-lyase (+ 55%, p greater than 0.10). The increased activity of NADP-malate dehydrogenase, together with the previously described elevation of pentose cycle dehydrogenases, suggests enhanced NADPH generation. Considering the recently proposed possibility of extramitochondrial acetyl-CoA formation by routes other than the citrate-cleavage (i.e., via cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA synthetase), our data is consistent with the occurrence of increased lipogenetic capacity.", "PMID": 837895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2944", "title": "A clotting defect in an Arab colt foal.", "content": "A multiple clotting defect in a 3 month old Arab colt foal associated with a deficiency in Factors VIII, IX, and XI is described. No abnormalities in clotting factors were detected in the colt's sire, dam, half-sister and half-brother.", "contents": "A clotting defect in an Arab colt foal. A multiple clotting defect in a 3 month old Arab colt foal associated with a deficiency in Factors VIII, IX, and XI is described. No abnormalities in clotting factors were detected in the colt's sire, dam, half-sister and half-brother.", "PMID": 837896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2945", "title": "A method of ether anaesthesia in ponies.", "content": "A method of inhalation anaesthesia using diethyl ether, following induction with thiopentone, is described in ponies. The high concentrations of ether needed to maintain anaesthesia were obtained by using a Marrett head in circle vaporizer. This methods would only be used in ponies, since the diameter of the tubing is too small for use on larger horses.", "contents": "A method of ether anaesthesia in ponies. A method of inhalation anaesthesia using diethyl ether, following induction with thiopentone, is described in ponies. The high concentrations of ether needed to maintain anaesthesia were obtained by using a Marrett head in circle vaporizer. This methods would only be used in ponies, since the diameter of the tubing is too small for use on larger horses.", "PMID": 837897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2946", "title": "An experimental approach to surgery of the equine fetlock and its associated structures.", "content": "An illustrated approach to the medial aspect of the equine fetlock joint is described, whereby the collateral ligaments are transected. This approach is suggested as a possible technique for metatarsal or metacarpal bone fracture repair by retrograde pinning, arthrodesis of the fetlock joint and other joint and sesamoid bone surgery. The histological evidence of satisfactory healing is presented and the advantages and disadvantages are discussed.", "contents": "An experimental approach to surgery of the equine fetlock and its associated structures. An illustrated approach to the medial aspect of the equine fetlock joint is described, whereby the collateral ligaments are transected. This approach is suggested as a possible technique for metatarsal or metacarpal bone fracture repair by retrograde pinning, arthrodesis of the fetlock joint and other joint and sesamoid bone surgery. The histological evidence of satisfactory healing is presented and the advantages and disadvantages are discussed.", "PMID": 837898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2947", "title": "Veterinary aspects of doping.", "content": "Doping can improve or impair performance and can be done either deliberately or accidentally. Accidental doping to win is the offence which most concerns the veterinary surgeon. The distinction between legitimate therapy and assisting an unfit horse to win a race by giving it a drug is a fine one. General guidelines are presented for the veterinary surgeon in practice.", "contents": "Veterinary aspects of doping. Doping can improve or impair performance and can be done either deliberately or accidentally. Accidental doping to win is the offence which most concerns the veterinary surgeon. The distinction between legitimate therapy and assisting an unfit horse to win a race by giving it a drug is a fine one. General guidelines are presented for the veterinary surgeon in practice.", "PMID": 837899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2948", "title": "Liver fluke infection in horses and ponies.", "content": "Thirty eight cases of Fasciola hepatica infection in horses with associated clinical signs are reported. A method of examining large amounts of faeces for fluke is described. A safe method of treatment for infected horses is given which involves oral medication with oxyclozanide at a dose rate of 15 ml/50 kg body weight.", "contents": "Liver fluke infection in horses and ponies. Thirty eight cases of Fasciola hepatica infection in horses with associated clinical signs are reported. A method of examining large amounts of faeces for fluke is described. A safe method of treatment for infected horses is given which involves oral medication with oxyclozanide at a dose rate of 15 ml/50 kg body weight.", "PMID": 837900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2949", "title": "Rupture of the diaphragm in the horse.", "content": "Four cases of fatal diaphragmatic rupture in the horse are described. In 2 cases there was no history of injury but the other 2 animals had sustained recent thoracic trauma. Three of the horses had signs of colic and bowel obstruction complicated, in 2 cases, by respiratory embarrassment; the fourth died rapidly, presumably of shock. Previously published cases are reviewed and the causes, clinical effects, diagnosis and treatment of the disorder are discussed.", "contents": "Rupture of the diaphragm in the horse. Four cases of fatal diaphragmatic rupture in the horse are described. In 2 cases there was no history of injury but the other 2 animals had sustained recent thoracic trauma. Three of the horses had signs of colic and bowel obstruction complicated, in 2 cases, by respiratory embarrassment; the fourth died rapidly, presumably of shock. Previously published cases are reviewed and the causes, clinical effects, diagnosis and treatment of the disorder are discussed.", "PMID": 837901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2950", "title": "Ataxia in a Welsh cob filly due to a venous malformation in the thoracic spinal cord.", "content": "An 8-month old Welsh Cob filly had shown progressive ataxia of the hindquarters since about 3 months of age. Autopsy revealed a venous malformation resulting in malacia in the ninth thoracic segment of the spinal cord. It is proposed that the tissue destruction associated with this congenital lesion gave rise to the ataxia.", "contents": "Ataxia in a Welsh cob filly due to a venous malformation in the thoracic spinal cord. An 8-month old Welsh Cob filly had shown progressive ataxia of the hindquarters since about 3 months of age. Autopsy revealed a venous malformation resulting in malacia in the ninth thoracic segment of the spinal cord. It is proposed that the tissue destruction associated with this congenital lesion gave rise to the ataxia.", "PMID": 837902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2951", "title": "A review of the diagnosis and treatment of fluid and electrolyte disorders in the horse.", "content": "Disturbances of fluid and electrolyte balance may occur in the horse as a consequence of many disease processes. Disorders may be classified into 3 main categories, primary water loss, mixed water and electrolyte depletion and acid base disturbances. This paper reviews the changes which occur with each type of disorder and discusses methods of diagnosis and assessment of such imbalances. The principles of treatment are described and the management of fluid replacement therapy in 3 of the disorders, mainly acute intestinal obstruction, inability to drink and diarrohea is discussed.", "contents": "A review of the diagnosis and treatment of fluid and electrolyte disorders in the horse. Disturbances of fluid and electrolyte balance may occur in the horse as a consequence of many disease processes. Disorders may be classified into 3 main categories, primary water loss, mixed water and electrolyte depletion and acid base disturbances. This paper reviews the changes which occur with each type of disorder and discusses methods of diagnosis and assessment of such imbalances. The principles of treatment are described and the management of fluid replacement therapy in 3 of the disorders, mainly acute intestinal obstruction, inability to drink and diarrohea is discussed.", "PMID": 837903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2952", "title": "Thyroid and testicular hormone responses to graded and prolonged exercise in man.", "content": "Eight men were studied during graded (47, 77 and 100% of maximal oxygen uptake) and prolonged (76%) exhaustive treadmill running. Plasma catecholamine levels increased progressively with intensity and duration of exercise. Serum concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) increased with increasing work loads and were 107 (58--243)% (P less than 0.001) above resting values after maximal work. Thyroxine, triiodothyronine and luteinizing hormone in serum never changed significantly. While a small increase in testosterone concentrations (13 [1--24]%) after maximal exercise probably could be explained by changes in plasma volume, a definite increase (31 [14--56]%) occurred after 40 min of prolonged exercise. During continued exercise testosterone concentrations then gradually declined. Testicular stimulation by the increased catecholamine concentrations possible contributed to the rise in testosterone concentrations, but no evidence was found for a direct catecholamine induced increase in the activity of the thyroid gland. The exercise induced increase in TSH levels possibly explians the increased thyroid hormone secretion rate, which previously has been found in individuals participating in physical training programs.", "contents": "Thyroid and testicular hormone responses to graded and prolonged exercise in man. Eight men were studied during graded (47, 77 and 100% of maximal oxygen uptake) and prolonged (76%) exhaustive treadmill running. Plasma catecholamine levels increased progressively with intensity and duration of exercise. Serum concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) increased with increasing work loads and were 107 (58--243)% (P less than 0.001) above resting values after maximal work. Thyroxine, triiodothyronine and luteinizing hormone in serum never changed significantly. While a small increase in testosterone concentrations (13 [1--24]%) after maximal exercise probably could be explained by changes in plasma volume, a definite increase (31 [14--56]%) occurred after 40 min of prolonged exercise. During continued exercise testosterone concentrations then gradually declined. Testicular stimulation by the increased catecholamine concentrations possible contributed to the rise in testosterone concentrations, but no evidence was found for a direct catecholamine induced increase in the activity of the thyroid gland. The exercise induced increase in TSH levels possibly explians the increased thyroid hormone secretion rate, which previously has been found in individuals participating in physical training programs.", "PMID": 837910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2953", "title": "Perceived exertion of absolute work during a military physical training program.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to compare the rating of perceived exertion (PRE) and heart rate (HR) in two groups of 60 military personnel who differed in their level of fitness as determined by maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max). At an initial testing period (T1), Group I represented a sample of personnel not participating in a training program while Group II had engaged in an endurance program (2--4 mile run/day) for 5 months. Six months later (T2), Groups I and II were retested after having participated in the program for 6 and 11 months, respectively. RPE and HR were measured at the end of each min of a 6 min run at an absolute workload of 6 mph, 0% grade on the treadmill. At T1, Group II had a significantly lower HR at each min of work but no difference existed in RPE between groups at any time during the run. At T2, both groups showed a significant decrease in HR and RPE during each min when compared lobgitudinally. The data suggest that the perception of the intensity of absolute work does not differ in groups differing in their level of fitness when studied cross-sectionally. However, significant reductions in perceived exertion occur following physical training.", "contents": "Perceived exertion of absolute work during a military physical training program. The purpose of this study was to compare the rating of perceived exertion (PRE) and heart rate (HR) in two groups of 60 military personnel who differed in their level of fitness as determined by maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max). At an initial testing period (T1), Group I represented a sample of personnel not participating in a training program while Group II had engaged in an endurance program (2--4 mile run/day) for 5 months. Six months later (T2), Groups I and II were retested after having participated in the program for 6 and 11 months, respectively. RPE and HR were measured at the end of each min of a 6 min run at an absolute workload of 6 mph, 0% grade on the treadmill. At T1, Group II had a significantly lower HR at each min of work but no difference existed in RPE between groups at any time during the run. At T2, both groups showed a significant decrease in HR and RPE during each min when compared lobgitudinally. The data suggest that the perception of the intensity of absolute work does not differ in groups differing in their level of fitness when studied cross-sectionally. However, significant reductions in perceived exertion occur following physical training.", "PMID": 837911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2954", "title": "Submaximal working capacity, heart size and body size in boys 8-18 years.", "content": "Heart diameters, heart volume (HV), PWC130, VO2 at 130 heart rate, and cardiorespiratory reactions during work at 3 kgm-s-1 were obtained in 237 boys ranging in age from 8--18 years. Results indicate that heart size, PWC130, VO130, and exercise HR, VO2/HR, f and SBP change significantly  with age. On the other hand, HV - kg-1 and work VO2, VE and VE/VO2 remain rather stable throughout the growth period. Correlation analysis indicates that about 85% of the observed variation in the size of the heart during growth can be accounted for by the body weight, while about 70% of the variation in light submaximal working capacity (VO130) can be explained by HV alone. Holding age, height and body weight constant by partial correlation procedures yeilds significant relationships between HV and VO130 (r = 0.461), and between HV - kg-1 and VO130 (r = 0.414). Age, height, weight and size of the heart correlated simultaneously against VO130 account for 75% of the variance in the dependent variable. It would seem important to suggest the need for study of the interactions between age, size and maturity, in addition to indicators of size and efficiency of the oxygen delivery system, and indices of muscle oxygen utilization efficiency. Such an approach will permit a more definite partitioning of the variance in submaximal aerobic capicity during growth, and would probably yeild a more conservative estimate of the relationship between the size of the heart and submaximal working capacity during growth.", "contents": "Submaximal working capacity, heart size and body size in boys 8-18 years. Heart diameters, heart volume (HV), PWC130, VO2 at 130 heart rate, and cardiorespiratory reactions during work at 3 kgm-s-1 were obtained in 237 boys ranging in age from 8--18 years. Results indicate that heart size, PWC130, VO130, and exercise HR, VO2/HR, f and SBP change significantly  with age. On the other hand, HV - kg-1 and work VO2, VE and VE/VO2 remain rather stable throughout the growth period. Correlation analysis indicates that about 85% of the observed variation in the size of the heart during growth can be accounted for by the body weight, while about 70% of the variation in light submaximal working capacity (VO130) can be explained by HV alone. Holding age, height and body weight constant by partial correlation procedures yeilds significant relationships between HV and VO130 (r = 0.461), and between HV - kg-1 and VO130 (r = 0.414). Age, height, weight and size of the heart correlated simultaneously against VO130 account for 75% of the variance in the dependent variable. It would seem important to suggest the need for study of the interactions between age, size and maturity, in addition to indicators of size and efficiency of the oxygen delivery system, and indices of muscle oxygen utilization efficiency. Such an approach will permit a more definite partitioning of the variance in submaximal aerobic capicity during growth, and would probably yeild a more conservative estimate of the relationship between the size of the heart and submaximal working capacity during growth.", "PMID": 837912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2955", "title": "Estimation of body density and lean body weight from body measurements at high altitude.", "content": "Body density and other anthropometric data were obtained on 101 Indian soldiers who were continously staying at high altitude (3920 m) for more than 10 months. Use was made of a human body volumeter, and body density was calculated from observed body weight and volume. Measurements were taken on the body using standard techniques. A stepwise linear regression analysis was performed to establish possible relationships of 36 body measurements with density and lean body weight. Thigh anterior, juxta-nipple skin folds and forearm and ankle circumference were selected in the regression equation predicting body density. Multiple correlation coefficient (R) equal to 0.765 was obtained for this equation. For the predicted lean body weight, R equalled 0.930. The regression equations included body weight, thigh, anterior and juxta-nipple skin fold thicknesses, and forearm circumference. Contribution of other body measurements in the regression of these parameters was not significant. The analysis also revealed that a new set of coefficients is required for the measurements included in the published regression equations.", "contents": "Estimation of body density and lean body weight from body measurements at high altitude. Body density and other anthropometric data were obtained on 101 Indian soldiers who were continously staying at high altitude (3920 m) for more than 10 months. Use was made of a human body volumeter, and body density was calculated from observed body weight and volume. Measurements were taken on the body using standard techniques. A stepwise linear regression analysis was performed to establish possible relationships of 36 body measurements with density and lean body weight. Thigh anterior, juxta-nipple skin folds and forearm and ankle circumference were selected in the regression equation predicting body density. Multiple correlation coefficient (R) equal to 0.765 was obtained for this equation. For the predicted lean body weight, R equalled 0.930. The regression equations included body weight, thigh, anterior and juxta-nipple skin fold thicknesses, and forearm circumference. Contribution of other body measurements in the regression of these parameters was not significant. The analysis also revealed that a new set of coefficients is required for the measurements included in the published regression equations.", "PMID": 837913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2956", "title": "Maximal O2 uptake of boys and girls -- ages 14--17.", "content": "White high school girls (n = 120) and boys (n = 120) aged 14--17 years, selected from 9th, 10th, 11th and 12 grades of a northern, midwest U.S. high school performed running exercise on a motor driven treadmill for determinations of maximal O2 uptake (VO2 max). The mean VO max for all age groups was 40.8 +/- 4.0 and 54.7 +/- 5.6 ml/kg-min-1 for girls and boys respectively. The difference in VO2 max across age groups varied only from 40.2--41.2 ml/kg-min-1 for girls and 54.0-56.3 ml/kg-min-1 for boys. These differences were not significant (P greater than 0.05). The reported VO2 max data are compared with those reported in other studies for bicycle ergometer and treadmill excercise using similar age groups.", "contents": "Maximal O2 uptake of boys and girls -- ages 14--17. White high school girls (n = 120) and boys (n = 120) aged 14--17 years, selected from 9th, 10th, 11th and 12 grades of a northern, midwest U.S. high school performed running exercise on a motor driven treadmill for determinations of maximal O2 uptake (VO2 max). The mean VO max for all age groups was 40.8 +/- 4.0 and 54.7 +/- 5.6 ml/kg-min-1 for girls and boys respectively. The difference in VO2 max across age groups varied only from 40.2--41.2 ml/kg-min-1 for girls and 54.0-56.3 ml/kg-min-1 for boys. These differences were not significant (P greater than 0.05). The reported VO2 max data are compared with those reported in other studies for bicycle ergometer and treadmill excercise using similar age groups.", "PMID": 837914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2957", "title": "[On tremor during movement (author's transl)].", "content": "An analysis of the movement of stretching the right forearm showed that the frequency of tremor slightly decreases, whereas the average (absolute) acceleration of tremor and the average electromyoactivity (EMA) of the agonist increase as expected.", "contents": "[On tremor during movement (author's transl)]. An analysis of the movement of stretching the right forearm showed that the frequency of tremor slightly decreases, whereas the average (absolute) acceleration of tremor and the average electromyoactivity (EMA) of the agonist increase as expected.", "PMID": 837915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2958", "title": "Oxygen transport system during exhaustive exercise in Japanese boys.", "content": "The study was designed to investigate the age-related increase in maximal oxygen uptake with special reference to the other physiological parameters (ventilation, pulmonary diffusing capacity, cardiac output etc.). 77 normal boys aged 10-18 years were tested by the progressive loading method on a bicycle ergometer. VO2 max increased by approximately 55% with the age from 10-18 years. The increase in VO2 max was accompanied with increase in ventilation (49%), pulmonary diffusing capacity (45%) and cardiac output (5%).", "contents": "Oxygen transport system during exhaustive exercise in Japanese boys. The study was designed to investigate the age-related increase in maximal oxygen uptake with special reference to the other physiological parameters (ventilation, pulmonary diffusing capacity, cardiac output etc.). 77 normal boys aged 10-18 years were tested by the progressive loading method on a bicycle ergometer. VO2 max increased by approximately 55% with the age from 10-18 years. The increase in VO2 max was accompanied with increase in ventilation (49%), pulmonary diffusing capacity (45%) and cardiac output (5%).", "PMID": 837916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2959", "title": "Role of thyroid gland on the peroxidase and iodinating enzymes of submaxillary gland.", "content": "The peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) and iodinase (EC 1.11.1.8) activities of rat submaxillary gland were found to be increased after thyroidectomy. The enzyme activities were maximal on the seventh day after operation and then decreased slightly. However, the enzyme activities were still more than 100% even 28 days following operation. Administration of thyroxine (10mug/100 g body weight) prevented the increase. Puromycin, cycloheximide, and actinomycin D, the inhibitors of protein synthesis, as well as thiouracil partially abolished the increase of activities. These results suggest that thyroxine acts as a regulator of the iodinase and peroxidase enzyme(s) of submaxillary gland,", "contents": "Role of thyroid gland on the peroxidase and iodinating enzymes of submaxillary gland. The peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) and iodinase (EC 1.11.1.8) activities of rat submaxillary gland were found to be increased after thyroidectomy. The enzyme activities were maximal on the seventh day after operation and then decreased slightly. However, the enzyme activities were still more than 100% even 28 days following operation. Administration of thyroxine (10mug/100 g body weight) prevented the increase. Puromycin, cycloheximide, and actinomycin D, the inhibitors of protein synthesis, as well as thiouracil partially abolished the increase of activities. These results suggest that thyroxine acts as a regulator of the iodinase and peroxidase enzyme(s) of submaxillary gland,", "PMID": 837917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2960", "title": "Effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on the cell-surface glycoproteins of hamster fibroblasts,.", "content": "1. Growth of baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells in medium containing 2-deoxy-D-glucose is retarded in direct proportion of the 2-deoxyglucose concentration. The severity of the effect is reduced in medium containing high relative concentrations of glucose. 2. 2-Deoxyglucose inhibits the incorporation of radioactivity from mannose, galactose, glucosamine, fucose and N-acetylmannosamine precursors into acid-insoluble cellular material. Incorporation of radioactively labelled leucine into protein is not affected by 2-deoxyglucose. 3. BHK cells grown in the presence of 2-deoxyglucose become less sensitive to the toxic action of certain plant lectins, ricin of Ricinus communis and Phaseolus vulgaris phytohaemagglutinin, which bind specifically to cell surface galactose and N-acetyl-galactosamine residues. By contrast, 2-deoxyglucose increased the sensitivity of BHK cells to the weak toxicity of concanavalin A, which binds to surface mannosides. Treated cells also become more agglutinable with concanavalin A. 4. Cell surface glycoprotein labelled by lactoperoxidase-catalysed iodination have been examined by dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The radio-iodinated glycoprotein prepared from cells grown in medium containing 2-deoxyglucose migrate more rapidly than glycoproteins from cells grown in the absence of inhibitor.", "contents": "Effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on the cell-surface glycoproteins of hamster fibroblasts,. 1. Growth of baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells in medium containing 2-deoxy-D-glucose is retarded in direct proportion of the 2-deoxyglucose concentration. The severity of the effect is reduced in medium containing high relative concentrations of glucose. 2. 2-Deoxyglucose inhibits the incorporation of radioactivity from mannose, galactose, glucosamine, fucose and N-acetylmannosamine precursors into acid-insoluble cellular material. Incorporation of radioactively labelled leucine into protein is not affected by 2-deoxyglucose. 3. BHK cells grown in the presence of 2-deoxyglucose become less sensitive to the toxic action of certain plant lectins, ricin of Ricinus communis and Phaseolus vulgaris phytohaemagglutinin, which bind specifically to cell surface galactose and N-acetyl-galactosamine residues. By contrast, 2-deoxyglucose increased the sensitivity of BHK cells to the weak toxicity of concanavalin A, which binds to surface mannosides. Treated cells also become more agglutinable with concanavalin A. 4. Cell surface glycoprotein labelled by lactoperoxidase-catalysed iodination have been examined by dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The radio-iodinated glycoprotein prepared from cells grown in medium containing 2-deoxyglucose migrate more rapidly than glycoproteins from cells grown in the absence of inhibitor.", "PMID": 837918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2961", "title": "Properties of a baby-hamster-kidney cell line with increased resistance of 2-deoxy-D-glucose.", "content": "A cultured cell line with increased resistance to 2-deoxy-D-glucose was obtained from cloned baby hamster kidney fibroblasts, BHK 21/C13, after repeated exposure to high concentrations of 2-deoxyglucose. The increased resistance could not be attributed to a decreased permeability of deoxysugar. The resistant cell line incorporated radioactive 2-deoxy-Dglucose in glycoproteins at a similar rate as parental BHK 21C13 cells. Incorporation of radioactive glucosamine, galactose and to lesser extent mannose into cellular glycoproteins was inhibited by 2-deoxyglucose to similar extents in the resistant cells and parental BHK 21/C13 cells. Changes induct cells were detected by altered to toxic plant lectins and by surface labelling as described for parental cells in the preceding paper. It is suggested that the toxicity of 2-deoxy-D-glucose to normal fibroblasts is not mediated through effects on glycosylation of cellular glycoproteins.", "contents": "Properties of a baby-hamster-kidney cell line with increased resistance of 2-deoxy-D-glucose. A cultured cell line with increased resistance to 2-deoxy-D-glucose was obtained from cloned baby hamster kidney fibroblasts, BHK 21/C13, after repeated exposure to high concentrations of 2-deoxyglucose. The increased resistance could not be attributed to a decreased permeability of deoxysugar. The resistant cell line incorporated radioactive 2-deoxy-Dglucose in glycoproteins at a similar rate as parental BHK 21C13 cells. Incorporation of radioactive glucosamine, galactose and to lesser extent mannose into cellular glycoproteins was inhibited by 2-deoxyglucose to similar extents in the resistant cells and parental BHK 21/C13 cells. Changes induct cells were detected by altered to toxic plant lectins and by surface labelling as described for parental cells in the preceding paper. It is suggested that the toxicity of 2-deoxy-D-glucose to normal fibroblasts is not mediated through effects on glycosylation of cellular glycoproteins.", "PMID": 837919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2962", "title": "On the role of ferredoxin and ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase in cyclic electron transport of spinach chloroplasts.", "content": "Antibodies prepared against purified spinach ferredoxin and ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase were used as specific inhibitors of electron-transfer reactions dependent on either ferredoxin or ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase; The possible role of both electron carriers in cyclic electron transport was checked using cytochrome b6 photoreactions as indicator. It could be demonstrated that the ferredoxin antibody inhibits cytochrome b6 photoreduction. Ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase, however, appears not to be involved in this pathway: reductase antibody in concentrations sufficient to completely inhibit electron transport to NADP+ had no effect on cytochrome b6 photoreduction. Quantitative treatment of the immunoassay data showed that osmotically shocked chloroplasts contain both bound ferredoxin and ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase in concentration approximately equal to that of cytochrome b6.", "contents": "On the role of ferredoxin and ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase in cyclic electron transport of spinach chloroplasts. Antibodies prepared against purified spinach ferredoxin and ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase were used as specific inhibitors of electron-transfer reactions dependent on either ferredoxin or ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase; The possible role of both electron carriers in cyclic electron transport was checked using cytochrome b6 photoreactions as indicator. It could be demonstrated that the ferredoxin antibody inhibits cytochrome b6 photoreduction. Ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase, however, appears not to be involved in this pathway: reductase antibody in concentrations sufficient to completely inhibit electron transport to NADP+ had no effect on cytochrome b6 photoreduction. Quantitative treatment of the immunoassay data showed that osmotically shocked chloroplasts contain both bound ferredoxin and ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase in concentration approximately equal to that of cytochrome b6.", "PMID": 837920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2963", "title": "RNA polysomes and RNA synthesis in the silk glands of the silkworm Bombyx mori;.", "content": "Total RNA polymerase activity, as well as the proportion of alpha-amantin-sensitive and resistant during activity, have been measured in the posterior silk glands of the silkworm as a function of growth the fifth larval instar. During the first 5 days, termed the growth phase, the total enzyme activity and particularly the portion that is alpha-amantin-resistant increases to reach a peak value and thereafter declines during the secretory phase, Much of the enzyme remains firmly bound and insoluble. Heparin only only does not inhibit this insoluble and probably chromatin-bound activity which would indicate lack of initiation, but it enhances the activity. A large proportion of newly transcribed RNA is released from the transcription complex. The synthesis of RNA has been studied both qualitatively and quantitatively during the same period. RNA synthesis becomes important on the second day of the fifth instar, as does the RNA polymerase, and stays at a high level for several more days. The results from these studied as well as those with incorporation of 32P indicate interference of varying precursor pools in quantitatively measured RNA synthesis. However, RNA content as well as RNA synthesis in vitro show a close correlation with RNA polymerase activity. The labeled RNAs extracted at different days of the fifth instar have been fractioned on sucrose gradients; this demonstrated that the predominant product of RNA synthesis, as followed by [3H]uridine incorporation at short time intervals, is 45-S preribosomal RNA and 4-5 S RNA. The 45-S RNA is transformed to 19-S and 30-S ribosomal RNA as time progresses or after a chase with unlabeled and/or actinomycin D. There also exists a component heavier than 45S which is fairly rapidly labeled to a small extent.", "contents": "RNA polysomes and RNA synthesis in the silk glands of the silkworm Bombyx mori;. Total RNA polymerase activity, as well as the proportion of alpha-amantin-sensitive and resistant during activity, have been measured in the posterior silk glands of the silkworm as a function of growth the fifth larval instar. During the first 5 days, termed the growth phase, the total enzyme activity and particularly the portion that is alpha-amantin-resistant increases to reach a peak value and thereafter declines during the secretory phase, Much of the enzyme remains firmly bound and insoluble. Heparin only only does not inhibit this insoluble and probably chromatin-bound activity which would indicate lack of initiation, but it enhances the activity. A large proportion of newly transcribed RNA is released from the transcription complex. The synthesis of RNA has been studied both qualitatively and quantitatively during the same period. RNA synthesis becomes important on the second day of the fifth instar, as does the RNA polymerase, and stays at a high level for several more days. The results from these studied as well as those with incorporation of 32P indicate interference of varying precursor pools in quantitatively measured RNA synthesis. However, RNA content as well as RNA synthesis in vitro show a close correlation with RNA polymerase activity. The labeled RNAs extracted at different days of the fifth instar have been fractioned on sucrose gradients; this demonstrated that the predominant product of RNA synthesis, as followed by [3H]uridine incorporation at short time intervals, is 45-S preribosomal RNA and 4-5 S RNA. The 45-S RNA is transformed to 19-S and 30-S ribosomal RNA as time progresses or after a chase with unlabeled and/or actinomycin D. There also exists a component heavier than 45S which is fairly rapidly labeled to a small extent.", "PMID": 837921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2964", "title": "Fate of histone messenger RNA in synchronized HeLa cells in the absence of initiation of protein synthesis.", "content": "The fate of cytoplasmic histone mRNA was studied under conditions in which initiation of protein synthesis in synchronized HeLa cells is S phase was blocked by increasing the osmolarity of the growth medium with NaCl. In contrast to the interruption of DNA replication with hydroxyurea, which results in an exponential degradation of translatable histone mRNA with a half-life of about 10-13 min, blocking the initiation of protein synthesis leads to only a marginal loss of biologically active histone mRNA in the cytoplasm. When the initiation of protein synthesis was interrupted by treating cells with 150 mM NaCl, 40-50% of the total cytoplasmic histone mRNA previously translated in polyribosomes appears in the cytoplasm integrated into mRNA-protein particle(s) sedimenting between 15 S and 30 S. On the other hand, in untreated S-phase cells or in cells blocked with hydroxyurea only 3-6% of the total translatable histone mRNA is found in the cytoplasm not bound to ribosomes or their subunits. In addition, the degradation of histone mRNA in hydroxyurea-blocked S-phase cells is prevented when the initiation of protein synthesis is inhibited with NaCl. These studies clearly indicate that the inhibition of initiation of protein synthesis per se is not the cause for the rapid degradation of cytoplasmic histone mRNA observed when DNA replication is turned off and that the inactivation of these mRNAs is a process dependent on continuous protein synthesis.", "contents": "Fate of histone messenger RNA in synchronized HeLa cells in the absence of initiation of protein synthesis. The fate of cytoplasmic histone mRNA was studied under conditions in which initiation of protein synthesis in synchronized HeLa cells is S phase was blocked by increasing the osmolarity of the growth medium with NaCl. In contrast to the interruption of DNA replication with hydroxyurea, which results in an exponential degradation of translatable histone mRNA with a half-life of about 10-13 min, blocking the initiation of protein synthesis leads to only a marginal loss of biologically active histone mRNA in the cytoplasm. When the initiation of protein synthesis was interrupted by treating cells with 150 mM NaCl, 40-50% of the total cytoplasmic histone mRNA previously translated in polyribosomes appears in the cytoplasm integrated into mRNA-protein particle(s) sedimenting between 15 S and 30 S. On the other hand, in untreated S-phase cells or in cells blocked with hydroxyurea only 3-6% of the total translatable histone mRNA is found in the cytoplasm not bound to ribosomes or their subunits. In addition, the degradation of histone mRNA in hydroxyurea-blocked S-phase cells is prevented when the initiation of protein synthesis is inhibited with NaCl. These studies clearly indicate that the inhibition of initiation of protein synthesis per se is not the cause for the rapid degradation of cytoplasmic histone mRNA observed when DNA replication is turned off and that the inactivation of these mRNAs is a process dependent on continuous protein synthesis.", "PMID": 837922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2965", "title": "Progesterone receptors in the chick oviduct. Determination of the total concentration of binding sites in the cytosol and nuclear fraction and effect of progesterone on their distribution.", "content": "1. Exchange techniques were developed for measurement of total progesterone receptor binding sites concentration in the cytosol and nuclei of chicken oviduct. 2. The level of progesterone receptor in the cytosol was under both oestrogen and progesterone control. Primary stimulation by oestradiol benzoate increased the receptor concentration from approximately 10 000 sites/cell to approximately 40 000 sites/cell in the magnum cytosol; subsequent withdrawal from oestrogen treatment led to a decrease to approximately 14 000 sites/cell after 6 weeks. After progesterone administration (3 mg/kg) to oestrogen-stimulated, withdrawn chicken, the receptor concentration decreased to approximately 40% of the initial level within the first 4 h; afterwards the receptor level rose again and by 40 h exceeded slightly the initial one. 3. The nuclear levels of the receptor reached a maximum at 1 h after the progesterone injection; however, the gain of the binding sites by the nuclei (approximately 900/nucleus) did not account for their loss from the cytosol. The maximum nuclear receptor level was not influenced by the dose of progesterone within range of 1-10 mg/kg. 4. The extractibility of the nuclear progesterone receptor by 0.5 M NaCl was strongly influenced by preincubation of the nuclei at 30 degrees C; irrespective of this preincubation, approximately 12% of the nuclear receptor resisted extraction with 2 M NaCl/5 M urea.", "contents": "Progesterone receptors in the chick oviduct. Determination of the total concentration of binding sites in the cytosol and nuclear fraction and effect of progesterone on their distribution. 1. Exchange techniques were developed for measurement of total progesterone receptor binding sites concentration in the cytosol and nuclei of chicken oviduct. 2. The level of progesterone receptor in the cytosol was under both oestrogen and progesterone control. Primary stimulation by oestradiol benzoate increased the receptor concentration from approximately 10 000 sites/cell to approximately 40 000 sites/cell in the magnum cytosol; subsequent withdrawal from oestrogen treatment led to a decrease to approximately 14 000 sites/cell after 6 weeks. After progesterone administration (3 mg/kg) to oestrogen-stimulated, withdrawn chicken, the receptor concentration decreased to approximately 40% of the initial level within the first 4 h; afterwards the receptor level rose again and by 40 h exceeded slightly the initial one. 3. The nuclear levels of the receptor reached a maximum at 1 h after the progesterone injection; however, the gain of the binding sites by the nuclei (approximately 900/nucleus) did not account for their loss from the cytosol. The maximum nuclear receptor level was not influenced by the dose of progesterone within range of 1-10 mg/kg. 4. The extractibility of the nuclear progesterone receptor by 0.5 M NaCl was strongly influenced by preincubation of the nuclei at 30 degrees C; irrespective of this preincubation, approximately 12% of the nuclear receptor resisted extraction with 2 M NaCl/5 M urea.", "PMID": 837923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2966", "title": "Nucleotide sequence (n=159) of the amino-acid-accepting 3'-OH extremity of turnip-yellow-mosaic-virus RNA and the last portion of its coat-protein cistron.", "content": "The experiments described in this paper and the following one establish the sequence of the 3'-OH terminal 159 nucleotides of turnip yellow mosaic virus RNA. Uniformly 32P-labeled turnip yellow mosaic virus RNA was partially digested with T1 ribonuclease and the fragments were fractionated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Fragments originating from the 3'-OH end of the RNA molecule were identified by testing for the 3'-terminal oligonucleotide, C-COH, after total U2 ribonuclease hydrolysis. Once identified, the 3'-OH terminal fragments were sequenced by the methods of Sanger et al. The first 51 nucleotides of the longest of the sequenced fragments (158 nucleotides) extends into the 3'-terminal part of the coat protein cistron. The coat protein cistron is followed by a stretch of 108 untranslated nucleotides whose function, though still unknown, is probably linked to the tRNA-like properties which have been attributed to the 3'-OH extremity of this viral RNA. Two possible secondary structures are proposed for the sequence and the implications of the findings with regard to the tRNA-like properties of the extremity are discussed.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence (n=159) of the amino-acid-accepting 3'-OH extremity of turnip-yellow-mosaic-virus RNA and the last portion of its coat-protein cistron. The experiments described in this paper and the following one establish the sequence of the 3'-OH terminal 159 nucleotides of turnip yellow mosaic virus RNA. Uniformly 32P-labeled turnip yellow mosaic virus RNA was partially digested with T1 ribonuclease and the fragments were fractionated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Fragments originating from the 3'-OH end of the RNA molecule were identified by testing for the 3'-terminal oligonucleotide, C-COH, after total U2 ribonuclease hydrolysis. Once identified, the 3'-OH terminal fragments were sequenced by the methods of Sanger et al. The first 51 nucleotides of the longest of the sequenced fragments (158 nucleotides) extends into the 3'-terminal part of the coat protein cistron. The coat protein cistron is followed by a stretch of 108 untranslated nucleotides whose function, though still unknown, is probably linked to the tRNA-like properties which have been attributed to the 3'-OH extremity of this viral RNA. Two possible secondary structures are proposed for the sequence and the implications of the findings with regard to the tRNA-like properties of the extremity are discussed.", "PMID": 837924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2967", "title": "Subcellular distribution of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in various eukaryotic cells.", "content": "The total amount, size distribution and binding of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to ribosomes in a variety of mammalian and avian cells was studied under standard conditions of sample preparation and assay. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases appear to exist in three general forms; 'free' enzyme of about 4-9 S, one or more 'enzyme complexes' of about 18-25 S, and in association with ribosomes. The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activity for many individual amino acids was surprisingly similar in cell types chosen to be diverse with respect to differentiation state, transformation, and growth rate. Total activity for all amino acids varied about 4-fold, based on a constant volume of cells. Embryonic tissues had a comparatively high proportion of total synthetase activity associated with ribosomes, whereas this value was relatively low for mouse liver. Distinctive distribution patterns with common and variable features were observed for individual enzymes. The only aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases found not to be associated in significant amounts with either 18-25 S enzyme complexes or ribosomes in any of the cell types examined were the enzymes for alanine, histidine, and serine. All cell types evidenced 18-25-S synthetase activity for arginine, aspartic acid, glutamine, glutamic acid, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, proline, and valine, although in quite variable porportions of the total activity observed for these amino acids. For example, of the valyl-tRNA synthetase activity not associated with ribosomes, 35% and 100% were found to sediment at 18-25 S in Friend leukemia cells and mouse liver respectively. All cells had two easily distinguishable peaks of arginyl tRNA synthetase activity at 4-9S and 18-25S respectively; however, the relative proportion of enzyme activity in the peaks differed between cell types. Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase was not observed to occur in an 18-25-S complex in any of the cell types examined but was bound to ribosomes in variable but generally relatively high proportions. Numerous other specific differences are described. No underlying physiological or biochemical principle has been recognized to account for the specific distribution patterns observed. However, they may reflect variations in cellular architecture that may be related to regulation of protein synthesis.", "contents": "Subcellular distribution of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in various eukaryotic cells. The total amount, size distribution and binding of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to ribosomes in a variety of mammalian and avian cells was studied under standard conditions of sample preparation and assay. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases appear to exist in three general forms; 'free' enzyme of about 4-9 S, one or more 'enzyme complexes' of about 18-25 S, and in association with ribosomes. The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activity for many individual amino acids was surprisingly similar in cell types chosen to be diverse with respect to differentiation state, transformation, and growth rate. Total activity for all amino acids varied about 4-fold, based on a constant volume of cells. Embryonic tissues had a comparatively high proportion of total synthetase activity associated with ribosomes, whereas this value was relatively low for mouse liver. Distinctive distribution patterns with common and variable features were observed for individual enzymes. The only aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases found not to be associated in significant amounts with either 18-25 S enzyme complexes or ribosomes in any of the cell types examined were the enzymes for alanine, histidine, and serine. All cell types evidenced 18-25-S synthetase activity for arginine, aspartic acid, glutamine, glutamic acid, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, proline, and valine, although in quite variable porportions of the total activity observed for these amino acids. For example, of the valyl-tRNA synthetase activity not associated with ribosomes, 35% and 100% were found to sediment at 18-25 S in Friend leukemia cells and mouse liver respectively. All cells had two easily distinguishable peaks of arginyl tRNA synthetase activity at 4-9S and 18-25S respectively; however, the relative proportion of enzyme activity in the peaks differed between cell types. Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase was not observed to occur in an 18-25-S complex in any of the cell types examined but was bound to ribosomes in variable but generally relatively high proportions. Numerous other specific differences are described. No underlying physiological or biochemical principle has been recognized to account for the specific distribution patterns observed. However, they may reflect variations in cellular architecture that may be related to regulation of protein synthesis.", "PMID": 837925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2968", "title": "DNA synthesis in HeLa cells and isolated nuclei after treatment with an inhibitor of spermidine synthesis, methyl glyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone).", "content": "Addition of methyl glyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) to HeLa S3 suspension cultures resulted in increased putrescine levels and decreased spermidine and spermine levels preceding a drop in incorporation of [3H]thymidine, [3H]uridine and [14C]leucine into macromolecules. When putrescine, spermidine, spermine or cadaverine was added simultaneously with methyl glyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone), the drug had no detectable effect on the synthesis of macromolecules. In nuclei isolated from cells treated with methyl glyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) the reduction in the rate of DNA synthesis was equal to the reduction of [3H]thymidine incorporation in the corresponding whole cells. The capability of the nuclei to synthesize DNA could not be restored by adding spermidine or spermine to the system in vitro. The rate of DNA chain elongation was only reduced slightly by methyl glyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) indicating that decreased levels of spermidine and spermine lead to a decrease in the number of replication units active in DNA synthesis within each cell.", "contents": "DNA synthesis in HeLa cells and isolated nuclei after treatment with an inhibitor of spermidine synthesis, methyl glyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone). Addition of methyl glyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) to HeLa S3 suspension cultures resulted in increased putrescine levels and decreased spermidine and spermine levels preceding a drop in incorporation of [3H]thymidine, [3H]uridine and [14C]leucine into macromolecules. When putrescine, spermidine, spermine or cadaverine was added simultaneously with methyl glyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone), the drug had no detectable effect on the synthesis of macromolecules. In nuclei isolated from cells treated with methyl glyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) the reduction in the rate of DNA synthesis was equal to the reduction of [3H]thymidine incorporation in the corresponding whole cells. The capability of the nuclei to synthesize DNA could not be restored by adding spermidine or spermine to the system in vitro. The rate of DNA chain elongation was only reduced slightly by methyl glyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) indicating that decreased levels of spermidine and spermine lead to a decrease in the number of replication units active in DNA synthesis within each cell.", "PMID": 837926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2969", "title": "Characterization and partial purification of an inducible protein related to hexose proton cotransport of Chlorella vulgaris.", "content": "1. Cells of Chlorella vulgaris induced for hexose transport contain a membrane-bound protein component that is missing in non-induced cells. This was shown by double labelling experiments with [14C]phenylalanine and [3H]phenylalanine applying the method of Kolber and Stein [Nature (Lond) 209 (1966) 691]. The specific protein is completely absent from soluble fractions. 2. An enrichment of the double-labelled peak was observed in membrane fractions enriched in plasmalemma. The best purification was obtained when cell walls were purified; the residual membranes attached to the walls contained the transport protein with a 12-times-higher specific activity than the crude extract. 3. The transport protein had the characteristics of an intrinsic membrane protein. Its molecular weight was found to be 30 000 on sodium dodecylsulphate gels. The protein did not show sugar binding activity, however. 4. Induced cells lose their state of induction with a half life of about 4 h; 7 h after induction the double-labelled transport protein is no longer detectable.", "contents": "Characterization and partial purification of an inducible protein related to hexose proton cotransport of Chlorella vulgaris. 1. Cells of Chlorella vulgaris induced for hexose transport contain a membrane-bound protein component that is missing in non-induced cells. This was shown by double labelling experiments with [14C]phenylalanine and [3H]phenylalanine applying the method of Kolber and Stein [Nature (Lond) 209 (1966) 691]. The specific protein is completely absent from soluble fractions. 2. An enrichment of the double-labelled peak was observed in membrane fractions enriched in plasmalemma. The best purification was obtained when cell walls were purified; the residual membranes attached to the walls contained the transport protein with a 12-times-higher specific activity than the crude extract. 3. The transport protein had the characteristics of an intrinsic membrane protein. Its molecular weight was found to be 30 000 on sodium dodecylsulphate gels. The protein did not show sugar binding activity, however. 4. Induced cells lose their state of induction with a half life of about 4 h; 7 h after induction the double-labelled transport protein is no longer detectable.", "PMID": 837927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2970", "title": "Accumulation of tRNAMetf on 80-S ribosomes in vitro under the influence of a Met-tRNA deacylase from rat-liver microsomes.", "content": "A Met-tRNA deacylase has been partially purified from the 0.5 M KCl wash of rat liver microsomes. In preparative sucrose gradients, the active component sediments as a single band at about 6 S, corresponding to an estimated molecular weight of 1.7 X 10(5). The deacylase is specific for Met-tRNA, without discriminating between Met-tRNA f and Met-tRNAm. Met-tRNAf bound to the initiation factor IF-MP in the ternary complex, IF-MP-GTP-Met-tRNAf, or to initiation-factor-dependent, complexes with 40-S subunits or 80-S ribosomes, is protected against deacylation. However, in the course of the initiation-factor-dependent joining of the 40-S subunit complex to 60-S ribosomal subunits, the bound Met-tRNAf is exposed to added deacylase. Under these conditions, deacylation is inhibited by GTP. The tRNAMetf remains bound and accumulates on the 80-S ribosomes.", "contents": "Accumulation of tRNAMetf on 80-S ribosomes in vitro under the influence of a Met-tRNA deacylase from rat-liver microsomes. A Met-tRNA deacylase has been partially purified from the 0.5 M KCl wash of rat liver microsomes. In preparative sucrose gradients, the active component sediments as a single band at about 6 S, corresponding to an estimated molecular weight of 1.7 X 10(5). The deacylase is specific for Met-tRNA, without discriminating between Met-tRNA f and Met-tRNAm. Met-tRNAf bound to the initiation factor IF-MP in the ternary complex, IF-MP-GTP-Met-tRNAf, or to initiation-factor-dependent, complexes with 40-S subunits or 80-S ribosomes, is protected against deacylation. However, in the course of the initiation-factor-dependent joining of the 40-S subunit complex to 60-S ribosomal subunits, the bound Met-tRNAf is exposed to added deacylase. Under these conditions, deacylation is inhibited by GTP. The tRNAMetf remains bound and accumulates on the 80-S ribosomes.", "PMID": 837928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2971", "title": "Forms AI and AII DNA-dependent RNA polymerases as components of two defined pools of polymerase activity in mammalian cells.", "content": "Two species of form A (or I) RNA polymerase have been identified in eucaryotic cells and there is evidence that this alpha-amanitin-insensitive activity exists as two discrete pools: a pool of 'free' activity, which is identified by its ability to transcribe poly d(A-T) in the presence of actinomycin in vitro, and a pool of enzyme in the form of a transcription complex ('engaged') which is unaffected by inhibitors of initiation of RNA synthesis. 1. The principles underlying and the practical application of the technique used to define the pool of 'free' RNA polymerase activity have been analysed in considerable detail. On the basis of actinomycin titrations of poly[d(A-T)]dependent activity in isolated organelles, it is concluded that a pool of 'free' RNA polymerase A activity exists in mammalian nuclei which, under certain circumstances, is lost from nuclei during their isolation. The evidence presented suggests that nucleoli, resolved from nuclei by the classical sonication technique, contain form A polymerase exclusively in the transcription complex form. 2. Different techniques used to solubilise RNA polymerase activity from nucleoli are shown to give rise to different proportions of the two form A RNA polymerase species (AI and AII, as defined by their differential elution from phosphocellulose): whereas low-ionic-strength extraction gives rise to form AII, high-salt, sonication extracts contain predominantly the form AI enzyme. It is shown that the sonication technique results in the conversion of form AII to form AI. By a careful appraisal of the products of these procedures and a novel polymerase solubilisation technique, it is concluded that RNA polymerase AII is the 'engaged' form of the enzyme found in the transcription complex. 3. Making use of the finding that the 'free' form of the enzyme is lost to the cytoplasmic fraction on nuclear isolation, this activity has been characterised without the requirement for solubilisation techniques which might result in the conversion of one form to another: the 'free' species is shown to be form AI RNA polymerase. 4. These conclusions that two discrete pools of form A RNA polymerase activity contain different species of the enzyme are briefly discussed in the light of other published information concerning their subunit structures and their potential role in the expression of the ribosomal RNA coding sequences.", "contents": "Forms AI and AII DNA-dependent RNA polymerases as components of two defined pools of polymerase activity in mammalian cells. Two species of form A (or I) RNA polymerase have been identified in eucaryotic cells and there is evidence that this alpha-amanitin-insensitive activity exists as two discrete pools: a pool of 'free' activity, which is identified by its ability to transcribe poly d(A-T) in the presence of actinomycin in vitro, and a pool of enzyme in the form of a transcription complex ('engaged') which is unaffected by inhibitors of initiation of RNA synthesis. 1. The principles underlying and the practical application of the technique used to define the pool of 'free' RNA polymerase activity have been analysed in considerable detail. On the basis of actinomycin titrations of poly[d(A-T)]dependent activity in isolated organelles, it is concluded that a pool of 'free' RNA polymerase A activity exists in mammalian nuclei which, under certain circumstances, is lost from nuclei during their isolation. The evidence presented suggests that nucleoli, resolved from nuclei by the classical sonication technique, contain form A polymerase exclusively in the transcription complex form. 2. Different techniques used to solubilise RNA polymerase activity from nucleoli are shown to give rise to different proportions of the two form A RNA polymerase species (AI and AII, as defined by their differential elution from phosphocellulose): whereas low-ionic-strength extraction gives rise to form AII, high-salt, sonication extracts contain predominantly the form AI enzyme. It is shown that the sonication technique results in the conversion of form AII to form AI. By a careful appraisal of the products of these procedures and a novel polymerase solubilisation technique, it is concluded that RNA polymerase AII is the 'engaged' form of the enzyme found in the transcription complex. 3. Making use of the finding that the 'free' form of the enzyme is lost to the cytoplasmic fraction on nuclear isolation, this activity has been characterised without the requirement for solubilisation techniques which might result in the conversion of one form to another: the 'free' species is shown to be form AI RNA polymerase. 4. These conclusions that two discrete pools of form A RNA polymerase activity contain different species of the enzyme are briefly discussed in the light of other published information concerning their subunit structures and their potential role in the expression of the ribosomal RNA coding sequences.", "PMID": 837929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2972", "title": "On the involvement of cytochrome P-450 in the binding of ribosomes to a subfraction of rat-liver rapidly sedimenting endoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "Rat liver endoplasmic reticulum has been separated into four ribosome-containing subfractions, two from rapidly sedimentation endoplasmic reticulum and two from the microsomes, by differential centrifugation and sucrose density centrifugation. Ribosomes from one of the rapidly sedimenting subfractions were extracted by Trion X-100 as a complex with cytochrome P-450, optimally at a detergent protein ratio of 2/1 (w/w). Upon extraction approximately 50% of the cytochrome P-450 in the membrane appeared complex-bound to ribosomes, and, maximally, 6-7 subunit molecules of the cytochrome were attached per ribosome. The specific concentration of cytochrome P-450 on these ribosomes was 2.5-times higher than in the parent membrane. Cytochrome b5, glucose-6-phosphatase, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, NADH-ferricyanide reductase, cytochrome oxidase and phospholipids were present in small or trace amounts on the ribosomes in relation to cytochrome P-450. Ribosomes extracted from other subfractions contained much less bound cytochrome P-450. Phenobarbital treatment induced an increase in the cytochrome P-450 content that was different for the various subfractions. This increase could not be correlated with changes in the amounts of cytochrome-ribosome complexes released by detergent. We propose that cytochrome P-450 is part of a specific binding site in the membrane for a fraction of the ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. The ribosomes may be anchored to cytochrome P-450 via nascent chain proteins.", "contents": "On the involvement of cytochrome P-450 in the binding of ribosomes to a subfraction of rat-liver rapidly sedimenting endoplasmic reticulum. Rat liver endoplasmic reticulum has been separated into four ribosome-containing subfractions, two from rapidly sedimentation endoplasmic reticulum and two from the microsomes, by differential centrifugation and sucrose density centrifugation. Ribosomes from one of the rapidly sedimenting subfractions were extracted by Trion X-100 as a complex with cytochrome P-450, optimally at a detergent protein ratio of 2/1 (w/w). Upon extraction approximately 50% of the cytochrome P-450 in the membrane appeared complex-bound to ribosomes, and, maximally, 6-7 subunit molecules of the cytochrome were attached per ribosome. The specific concentration of cytochrome P-450 on these ribosomes was 2.5-times higher than in the parent membrane. Cytochrome b5, glucose-6-phosphatase, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, NADH-ferricyanide reductase, cytochrome oxidase and phospholipids were present in small or trace amounts on the ribosomes in relation to cytochrome P-450. Ribosomes extracted from other subfractions contained much less bound cytochrome P-450. Phenobarbital treatment induced an increase in the cytochrome P-450 content that was different for the various subfractions. This increase could not be correlated with changes in the amounts of cytochrome-ribosome complexes released by detergent. We propose that cytochrome P-450 is part of a specific binding site in the membrane for a fraction of the ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. The ribosomes may be anchored to cytochrome P-450 via nascent chain proteins.", "PMID": 837930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2973", "title": "Inversion of the unnatural cis C/D sterol ring junction of 5alpha, 14beta-cholest-7en-3beta-ol by rat-liver enzymes.", "content": "Labelled 5alpha, 14beta-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol with the 'unnatural' cis C/D ring junction was synthesized. Incubations of this sterol with rat liver homogenate under aerobic conditions gave radioactive 5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol, 5alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3beta-ol andcholesterol indicating the presence of enzymes in the rat liver capable of inverting the C/D cis to a trans configuration. No radioactivity was found associated with added 14beta-cholesterol showing the specificity of the 14alpha configuration for the enzymic conversion of a sterol molecule into cholesterol.", "contents": "Inversion of the unnatural cis C/D sterol ring junction of 5alpha, 14beta-cholest-7en-3beta-ol by rat-liver enzymes. Labelled 5alpha, 14beta-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol with the 'unnatural' cis C/D ring junction was synthesized. Incubations of this sterol with rat liver homogenate under aerobic conditions gave radioactive 5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol, 5alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3beta-ol andcholesterol indicating the presence of enzymes in the rat liver capable of inverting the C/D cis to a trans configuration. No radioactivity was found associated with added 14beta-cholesterol showing the specificity of the 14alpha configuration for the enzymic conversion of a sterol molecule into cholesterol.", "PMID": 837931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2974", "title": "Structural studies of yeast flavocytochrome b2: cooperative roles of the alpha and beta globules in the formation of the flavin-binding sites.", "content": "The purpose of the study reported here was the localization of the heme binding sites on the two globular fragments, alpha and beta, of the 'cleaved' form of the flavocytochrome b2 chain. These fragments were partially resolved by means of molecular sieving under denaturing conditions (3 M or 6 M guanidine in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol). They were then renatured in the presence of excesses of FMN and protoheme. The protoheme was found to be quantitatively bound to the alpha subunit, confirming previous findings. The flavin binds neither to alpha alone nor to beta alone, but only to the reassociated alphabeta protomer. the results are discussed in terms of the possible occurrence of gene fusion in the formation of the complex flavocytochrome chain of this very particular L-lactate cytochrome c reductase found specifically in yeasts.", "contents": "Structural studies of yeast flavocytochrome b2: cooperative roles of the alpha and beta globules in the formation of the flavin-binding sites. The purpose of the study reported here was the localization of the heme binding sites on the two globular fragments, alpha and beta, of the 'cleaved' form of the flavocytochrome b2 chain. These fragments were partially resolved by means of molecular sieving under denaturing conditions (3 M or 6 M guanidine in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol). They were then renatured in the presence of excesses of FMN and protoheme. The protoheme was found to be quantitatively bound to the alpha subunit, confirming previous findings. The flavin binds neither to alpha alone nor to beta alone, but only to the reassociated alphabeta protomer. the results are discussed in terms of the possible occurrence of gene fusion in the formation of the complex flavocytochrome chain of this very particular L-lactate cytochrome c reductase found specifically in yeasts.", "PMID": 837932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2975", "title": "alpha-Mannosidase from Phaseolus vulgaris. Composition and structural properties.", "content": "Both alpha-mannosidases I and II from Phaseolus vulgaris have molecular weights about 210000-220000 and contain approximately 2 mol zinc/mol protein. alpha-Mannosidase I seems to consist of more glutamic acid than alpha-mannosidase II, while the latter is richer in serine. They are glycoproteins: alpha-mannosidase I contains 8.3% carbohydrate by weight while alpha-mannosidase II contains 16.5%. This enzyme form shows a greater thermal stability than alpha-mannosidase I. The structure of alpha-mannosidase has been investigated by equilibrium sedimentation analysis in guanidine hydrochloride, electrophoresis in dodecylsulphate, and alkaline electrophoresis after exposure to high pH. The protein appears to be composed of two non-covalently bound subunits of molecular weights about 110000. Electron micrographs revealed images of molecules that consisted of two rod-shaped monomers of roughly square cross-sections 4.2 X 4.2 nm. Each rod was about 7.4 nm long. The monomers seemed parallell along the long axis.", "contents": "alpha-Mannosidase from Phaseolus vulgaris. Composition and structural properties. Both alpha-mannosidases I and II from Phaseolus vulgaris have molecular weights about 210000-220000 and contain approximately 2 mol zinc/mol protein. alpha-Mannosidase I seems to consist of more glutamic acid than alpha-mannosidase II, while the latter is richer in serine. They are glycoproteins: alpha-mannosidase I contains 8.3% carbohydrate by weight while alpha-mannosidase II contains 16.5%. This enzyme form shows a greater thermal stability than alpha-mannosidase I. The structure of alpha-mannosidase has been investigated by equilibrium sedimentation analysis in guanidine hydrochloride, electrophoresis in dodecylsulphate, and alkaline electrophoresis after exposure to high pH. The protein appears to be composed of two non-covalently bound subunits of molecular weights about 110000. Electron micrographs revealed images of molecules that consisted of two rod-shaped monomers of roughly square cross-sections 4.2 X 4.2 nm. Each rod was about 7.4 nm long. The monomers seemed parallell along the long axis.", "PMID": 837933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2976", "title": "Monitoring of the specific radioactivity of S-adenosylmethionine in kidney in vivo.", "content": "The specific radioactivity of S-adenosylmethionine was followed in the cat kidney during the infusion of L-[Me-3H]methionine into the corresponding renal artery. For this purpose 14C-labelled 4-(2-aminoethyl)pyrocatechol([14C]dopamine) as methyl acceptor was injected locally every 15 min and the 3H and 14C activity of the methylation product homovanillic acid, isolated from urine, was measured. Approximately 5% of the 14C label is excreted during the first renal passage as [14C]homovanillic acid. The specific activity of S-adenosy[Me-3H]methionine in the kidney was calculated from the known specific radioactivity of [14C]dopamine injected and the measured radioactivity ratio, 3H: 14C, of homovanillic acid isolated from urine. The specific activity of S-adenosyl[Me-3H]methionine reaches a constant value in kidney about 30-60 min after the beginning of the L-[Me-3H]methionine infusion. This plateau value was 28% +/- 14% (n = 5) lower than the specific activity of L-[Me-3H]methionine in the venous blood from the corresponding kidney. The difference between the specific radioactivity of S-adenosyl[Me-3H]methionine in kidney and of free methionine in plasma is explained by the existence of a methionine source of minor specific activity in the kidney. The average life span of S-adenosylmethionine in the kidney is 19.5 +/- 8.7 min (n = 5).", "contents": "Monitoring of the specific radioactivity of S-adenosylmethionine in kidney in vivo. The specific radioactivity of S-adenosylmethionine was followed in the cat kidney during the infusion of L-[Me-3H]methionine into the corresponding renal artery. For this purpose 14C-labelled 4-(2-aminoethyl)pyrocatechol([14C]dopamine) as methyl acceptor was injected locally every 15 min and the 3H and 14C activity of the methylation product homovanillic acid, isolated from urine, was measured. Approximately 5% of the 14C label is excreted during the first renal passage as [14C]homovanillic acid. The specific activity of S-adenosy[Me-3H]methionine in the kidney was calculated from the known specific radioactivity of [14C]dopamine injected and the measured radioactivity ratio, 3H: 14C, of homovanillic acid isolated from urine. The specific activity of S-adenosyl[Me-3H]methionine reaches a constant value in kidney about 30-60 min after the beginning of the L-[Me-3H]methionine infusion. This plateau value was 28% +/- 14% (n = 5) lower than the specific activity of L-[Me-3H]methionine in the venous blood from the corresponding kidney. The difference between the specific radioactivity of S-adenosyl[Me-3H]methionine in kidney and of free methionine in plasma is explained by the existence of a methionine source of minor specific activity in the kidney. The average life span of S-adenosylmethionine in the kidney is 19.5 +/- 8.7 min (n = 5).", "PMID": 837934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2977", "title": "A single-strand-specific DNA-binding protein from mouse cells that stimulates DNA polymerase.", "content": "A protein of 30000-35000 molecular weight was isolated from mouse ascites cells. This protein binds preferentially to single-stranded DNA. Evidence is presented that this protein maintains single-stranded DNA in an extended configuration. In the presence of single-stranded template the protein stimulates mammalian DNA polymerase alpha but not the mammalian DNA polymerase beta and not some microbial DNA polymerases. The protein is phosphorylated in vitro by a chromatin-associated protein kinase. The modified DNA-binding protein does not stimulate the DNA polymerase alpha.", "contents": "A single-strand-specific DNA-binding protein from mouse cells that stimulates DNA polymerase. A protein of 30000-35000 molecular weight was isolated from mouse ascites cells. This protein binds preferentially to single-stranded DNA. Evidence is presented that this protein maintains single-stranded DNA in an extended configuration. In the presence of single-stranded template the protein stimulates mammalian DNA polymerase alpha but not the mammalian DNA polymerase beta and not some microbial DNA polymerases. The protein is phosphorylated in vitro by a chromatin-associated protein kinase. The modified DNA-binding protein does not stimulate the DNA polymerase alpha.", "PMID": 837935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2978", "title": "Electron microscopy of negatively stained jackbean urease at three levels of quaternary structure, and comparison with hydrodynamic studies.", "content": "Electron microscopy, with sodium phosphotungstate as negative stain, has been carried out on purified jackbean urease prepared at three levels of quaternary structure: (a) A1 urease, Mr = 240 000, S20,W = 11.5 S (b) alpha urease, Mr = 480 000, S20,w = 18.3 S (c) polymers of alpha urease above the tetramer stage. The compatibility of the images from level to level leaves no doubt that the enzyme itself is being visualized, and the following geometry is suggested by electron microscopy: A1 molecules are cyclic trimers, which pair up in eclipsed position across a 1-nm cleft to form the hexameric alpha, which displays D3 (or 32) symmetry of a trigonal prism. Polymers consist of alpha molecules aligned with their clefts coplanar and an angle of 120 degrees between each triplet of 3-fold axes. These features correspond reasonably well with sedimentation and electrophoretic studies of the solvated enzyme, which have indicated a hemispherical A1, a spherical alpha, and string-of-beads polymers. Sedimentation constants of the urease polymers up through the pentamer level were found to be compatible with the rosette, straight-chain, and zig-zag forms seen in the electron microscope, and with the suggested protomer arrangement in A1 and alpha urease.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of negatively stained jackbean urease at three levels of quaternary structure, and comparison with hydrodynamic studies. Electron microscopy, with sodium phosphotungstate as negative stain, has been carried out on purified jackbean urease prepared at three levels of quaternary structure: (a) A1 urease, Mr = 240 000, S20,W = 11.5 S (b) alpha urease, Mr = 480 000, S20,w = 18.3 S (c) polymers of alpha urease above the tetramer stage. The compatibility of the images from level to level leaves no doubt that the enzyme itself is being visualized, and the following geometry is suggested by electron microscopy: A1 molecules are cyclic trimers, which pair up in eclipsed position across a 1-nm cleft to form the hexameric alpha, which displays D3 (or 32) symmetry of a trigonal prism. Polymers consist of alpha molecules aligned with their clefts coplanar and an angle of 120 degrees between each triplet of 3-fold axes. These features correspond reasonably well with sedimentation and electrophoretic studies of the solvated enzyme, which have indicated a hemispherical A1, a spherical alpha, and string-of-beads polymers. Sedimentation constants of the urease polymers up through the pentamer level were found to be compatible with the rosette, straight-chain, and zig-zag forms seen in the electron microscope, and with the suggested protomer arrangement in A1 and alpha urease.", "PMID": 837936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2979", "title": "Covalent structure of collagen: isolation of chymotryptic peptides and amino acid sequence of the amino-terminal region of alpha2-CB3 from chick skin.", "content": "Five chymotryptic peptides were isolated from alpha2-CB3 of chick skin collagen by a combination of ion-exchange and molecular sieve chromatography. Together, they account for the entire amino acid content of the parent peptide. Their alignment was deduced by isolation and sequence analyses of overlapping tryptic peptides. In addition, the amino acid sequence of the three consecutive chymotryptic peptides, containing 132 amino acid residues, from the NH2-terminus of alpha2-CB3 was determined by automated Edman degradation of the peptides and tryptic peptides derived from them. The resulting sequence shows an identity of approximately 80% when compared with those of the homologous portions of rat and calf skin collagen. In contrast, extensive substitutions are present when the sequence was compared with that of the corresponding segment of the alpha1 chain from the same species.", "contents": "Covalent structure of collagen: isolation of chymotryptic peptides and amino acid sequence of the amino-terminal region of alpha2-CB3 from chick skin. Five chymotryptic peptides were isolated from alpha2-CB3 of chick skin collagen by a combination of ion-exchange and molecular sieve chromatography. Together, they account for the entire amino acid content of the parent peptide. Their alignment was deduced by isolation and sequence analyses of overlapping tryptic peptides. In addition, the amino acid sequence of the three consecutive chymotryptic peptides, containing 132 amino acid residues, from the NH2-terminus of alpha2-CB3 was determined by automated Edman degradation of the peptides and tryptic peptides derived from them. The resulting sequence shows an identity of approximately 80% when compared with those of the homologous portions of rat and calf skin collagen. In contrast, extensive substitutions are present when the sequence was compared with that of the corresponding segment of the alpha1 chain from the same species.", "PMID": 837937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2980", "title": "Chemical and physical properties of mycobacteriophage D29.", "content": "Mycobacteriophage D29 has a head of uniform size (average diameter 65 nm) and regular shape and a tail of variable length. The stability of the bacteriophage is optimal between pH 9 and 10. The virus contain double-stranded DNA and six structural polypeptides, three major and three minor. The molecular weights of these six polypeptides, as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of dodecylsulfate, are 150 000, 138 000, 13 000, 66 000 and 24 000. The virus contains no lipids as shown by (a) the lack of structural changes after inactivation of the bacteriophage with chloroform, (b) the absence of lipids containing [32P]phosphate or [35S]sulfate in labeled virus, and (c) the absence of an electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum in bacteriophage which had been incubated with a nitroxide-containing fatty acid.", "contents": "Chemical and physical properties of mycobacteriophage D29. Mycobacteriophage D29 has a head of uniform size (average diameter 65 nm) and regular shape and a tail of variable length. The stability of the bacteriophage is optimal between pH 9 and 10. The virus contain double-stranded DNA and six structural polypeptides, three major and three minor. The molecular weights of these six polypeptides, as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of dodecylsulfate, are 150 000, 138 000, 13 000, 66 000 and 24 000. The virus contains no lipids as shown by (a) the lack of structural changes after inactivation of the bacteriophage with chloroform, (b) the absence of lipids containing [32P]phosphate or [35S]sulfate in labeled virus, and (c) the absence of an electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum in bacteriophage which had been incubated with a nitroxide-containing fatty acid.", "PMID": 837938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2981", "title": "Peptidyl transferase center of rat-liver ribosome cores.", "content": "Protein-deficient particles have been obtained by treating rat liver 80-S ribosomes or their 60-S subunits with 1 M NH4Cl in the presence of 50% ethanol at 0 degrees C (Po-cores) and 37 degrees C (P37-cores). The Po-cores from 80-S ribosomes are totally inactive in polyphenylalanine synthesis but fully active in the 'fragment assay' to test peptidyl transferase activity. The polymerizing activity of the cores is restored up to 40--50% of control activity by incubation in the presence of the split proteins. Three proteins are totally lost in the treatment, namely proteins L12, L40/41 ans S25. A series of up to nine different spots in the region of the L40/41 proteins are detected when the split fraction is analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis. This series of spots is, however, reduced to only two proteins when the second dimension is carried out in the presence of sodium dodecylsulphate. 80-S ribosome-derived P37-cores are about 80% active in the 'fragment reaction' while 60-S-subunit-derived particles are inactive in this assay. The inhibitory effect of a number of antibiotics is differentially affected by the treatment suggesting different localization of their binding sites. A comparative study of the proteins released by treatment in the two types of particles suggests the involvement in the peptidyl transferase center of the ribosome of one or more of the floolwing proteins: L21, L24, L27, L28 and L36.", "contents": "Peptidyl transferase center of rat-liver ribosome cores. Protein-deficient particles have been obtained by treating rat liver 80-S ribosomes or their 60-S subunits with 1 M NH4Cl in the presence of 50% ethanol at 0 degrees C (Po-cores) and 37 degrees C (P37-cores). The Po-cores from 80-S ribosomes are totally inactive in polyphenylalanine synthesis but fully active in the 'fragment assay' to test peptidyl transferase activity. The polymerizing activity of the cores is restored up to 40--50% of control activity by incubation in the presence of the split proteins. Three proteins are totally lost in the treatment, namely proteins L12, L40/41 ans S25. A series of up to nine different spots in the region of the L40/41 proteins are detected when the split fraction is analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis. This series of spots is, however, reduced to only two proteins when the second dimension is carried out in the presence of sodium dodecylsulphate. 80-S ribosome-derived P37-cores are about 80% active in the 'fragment reaction' while 60-S-subunit-derived particles are inactive in this assay. The inhibitory effect of a number of antibiotics is differentially affected by the treatment suggesting different localization of their binding sites. A comparative study of the proteins released by treatment in the two types of particles suggests the involvement in the peptidyl transferase center of the ribosome of one or more of the floolwing proteins: L21, L24, L27, L28 and L36.", "PMID": 837939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2982", "title": "Synthesis and turnover of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in root tissue of sweet potatoe injured by cutting.", "content": "1. Antibody toward phenylalanine ammonia-lyase of root tissue of sweet potato injured by cutting was obtained by immunizing of a rabbit with purified enzyme. 2. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity developed markedly in disks of sweet potato roots in response to cut injury, reached a maximum after 12 h, and then decreased thereafter. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase content, which was determined by the quantitative immunoprecipitation method, changed in parallel with enzyme activity. The rate of incorporation of the label from [14C]leucine into phenylalanine ammonia-lyase initially increased with the time of incubation after slicing, reached a maximum in 6h of incubation, then remained at an almost constant level regardless of the decrease in enzyme activity. The results indicate that the increase in enzyme activity is due to de novo synthesis of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and the subsequent decrease in activity is not based on decreased synthesis of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase.", "contents": "Synthesis and turnover of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in root tissue of sweet potatoe injured by cutting. 1. Antibody toward phenylalanine ammonia-lyase of root tissue of sweet potato injured by cutting was obtained by immunizing of a rabbit with purified enzyme. 2. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity developed markedly in disks of sweet potato roots in response to cut injury, reached a maximum after 12 h, and then decreased thereafter. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase content, which was determined by the quantitative immunoprecipitation method, changed in parallel with enzyme activity. The rate of incorporation of the label from [14C]leucine into phenylalanine ammonia-lyase initially increased with the time of incubation after slicing, reached a maximum in 6h of incubation, then remained at an almost constant level regardless of the decrease in enzyme activity. The results indicate that the increase in enzyme activity is due to de novo synthesis of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and the subsequent decrease in activity is not based on decreased synthesis of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase.", "PMID": 837940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2983", "title": "The synthesis of several 8-substituted derivatives of adenosine 5'-monophosphate to study the effect of the nature of the spacer arm in affinity chromatography.", "content": "Reaction of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (Ado-5'-P) with bromine at pH 4.0 yielded 8-bromo-adenosine 5'-monophosphate and following reaction with several alpha,omega-diaminoalkanes gave the corresponding 8-(omega-aminoalkyl)-Ado-5'-P derivatives. Condensation of these analogues with N-trifluoroacetyl-glycine or beta-alanine in the presence of a water-soluble carbodiimide generated several 8-substituted derivatives. These analogues: (see article) comprised an 8-substituted Ado-5'-P ligand to which a spacer molecule of similar length but differing hydrophobicity was attached. The derivatives were purified, characterised and attached to CNBr-activated Sepharose. The chromatographic behaviour of the resulting absorbents was investigated in terms of their ability to bind both lactate and alanine dehydrogenase. The enzymes bound tighter to the more hydrophobic derivatives with the strength of the interaction decreasing with increasing hydropholicity. The effect of the introduction of a single hydroxyl group in the spacer arm was also studied with several enzymes known to exhibit anomalous behavior on affinity chromatography. In free solution, (Ado-5'-P)-8-NH CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2NH2 and (Ado-5'-P)-8-NH CH2-CH CH2NH CO CH2NH2 were competitive with NADH for rabbit muscle lactate dehydrogenase, (see article) with Ki values of 2.0 and 1.8 mM respectively. These data suggest a difference in accessibility of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic derivatives when attached to Sepharose rather than a fundamental difference in affinity. This suggestion is supported by the fact that there is no obvious correlation between the Ki values in free solution of a series of 8-(omega-aminoalkyl)-Ado-5'-P derivatives of increasing chain length, and hence hydrophobicity, and their chromatographic behaviour when immobilised. The data suggest that the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity of the spacer arm determined the accessibility of the immobilised ligand to interaction with the complementary enzyme.", "contents": "The synthesis of several 8-substituted derivatives of adenosine 5'-monophosphate to study the effect of the nature of the spacer arm in affinity chromatography. Reaction of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (Ado-5'-P) with bromine at pH 4.0 yielded 8-bromo-adenosine 5'-monophosphate and following reaction with several alpha,omega-diaminoalkanes gave the corresponding 8-(omega-aminoalkyl)-Ado-5'-P derivatives. Condensation of these analogues with N-trifluoroacetyl-glycine or beta-alanine in the presence of a water-soluble carbodiimide generated several 8-substituted derivatives. These analogues: (see article) comprised an 8-substituted Ado-5'-P ligand to which a spacer molecule of similar length but differing hydrophobicity was attached. The derivatives were purified, characterised and attached to CNBr-activated Sepharose. The chromatographic behaviour of the resulting absorbents was investigated in terms of their ability to bind both lactate and alanine dehydrogenase. The enzymes bound tighter to the more hydrophobic derivatives with the strength of the interaction decreasing with increasing hydropholicity. The effect of the introduction of a single hydroxyl group in the spacer arm was also studied with several enzymes known to exhibit anomalous behavior on affinity chromatography. In free solution, (Ado-5'-P)-8-NH CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2NH2 and (Ado-5'-P)-8-NH CH2-CH CH2NH CO CH2NH2 were competitive with NADH for rabbit muscle lactate dehydrogenase, (see article) with Ki values of 2.0 and 1.8 mM respectively. These data suggest a difference in accessibility of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic derivatives when attached to Sepharose rather than a fundamental difference in affinity. This suggestion is supported by the fact that there is no obvious correlation between the Ki values in free solution of a series of 8-(omega-aminoalkyl)-Ado-5'-P derivatives of increasing chain length, and hence hydrophobicity, and their chromatographic behaviour when immobilised. The data suggest that the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity of the spacer arm determined the accessibility of the immobilised ligand to interaction with the complementary enzyme.", "PMID": 837941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2984", "title": "Study of protein synthesis in rat liver mitochondria use of cycloheximide.", "content": "1. The effects of short-term and long-term administration of cyclohexidine on rat liver mitochondrial protein synthesis have been examined and were found to be different. 2. Long-term administration of cycloheximide resulted in inhibition of total cellular protein synthesis including that of mitochondria while, at short-term intervals, 8-10% of mitochondrial protein synthesis was cycloheximide-resistant. 3. The inhibitory effect was also reflected in terms of protein synthesizing ability of mitochondria in vitro, the inhibition becoming apparent at 40 min and showing progressive increase with time. 4. The observed inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis by cycloheximide was not due to either inhibition of energy metabolism or alteration of amino-acid pool. 5. Cycloheximide did not enter mitochondria or sonic preparation under conditions in vitro. On the other hand, after administration of [3H]cycloheximide, significant quantities of the label were found to be associated with mitochondria and mitoribosomes. 6. These results indicated that cycloheximide reached the site of action in mitochondria under conditions in vivo but was unable to do so in vitro. 7. The results are discussed to elucidate the possible mechanisms involved in the inhibition of truly mitochondrial protein synthesis by cyclohexamide.", "contents": "Study of protein synthesis in rat liver mitochondria use of cycloheximide. 1. The effects of short-term and long-term administration of cyclohexidine on rat liver mitochondrial protein synthesis have been examined and were found to be different. 2. Long-term administration of cycloheximide resulted in inhibition of total cellular protein synthesis including that of mitochondria while, at short-term intervals, 8-10% of mitochondrial protein synthesis was cycloheximide-resistant. 3. The inhibitory effect was also reflected in terms of protein synthesizing ability of mitochondria in vitro, the inhibition becoming apparent at 40 min and showing progressive increase with time. 4. The observed inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis by cycloheximide was not due to either inhibition of energy metabolism or alteration of amino-acid pool. 5. Cycloheximide did not enter mitochondria or sonic preparation under conditions in vitro. On the other hand, after administration of [3H]cycloheximide, significant quantities of the label were found to be associated with mitochondria and mitoribosomes. 6. These results indicated that cycloheximide reached the site of action in mitochondria under conditions in vivo but was unable to do so in vitro. 7. The results are discussed to elucidate the possible mechanisms involved in the inhibition of truly mitochondrial protein synthesis by cyclohexamide.", "PMID": 837942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2985", "title": "Entry of mRNA into polyribosomes during recovery from starvation in mouse sarcoma 180 cells.", "content": "Starvation in mouse sarcoma 180 cells leads to a block in initiation of protein synthesis which results in the conversion of polysomes to 80-S ribosomes. The mRNA is released as nucleoprotein particles. Addition of nutrients to the starved cell causes the rapid uptake of the mRNA into large polysomal structures. The ribosomes enter these structures more gradually, without much effect on the sedimentation profile of the labeled mRNA. The results indicate that the stored mRNA in starved cells is readily available for uptake into polysomes. They also suggest that the mRNA may be binding to components other than ribosomes during the initial stages of polysome formation.", "contents": "Entry of mRNA into polyribosomes during recovery from starvation in mouse sarcoma 180 cells. Starvation in mouse sarcoma 180 cells leads to a block in initiation of protein synthesis which results in the conversion of polysomes to 80-S ribosomes. The mRNA is released as nucleoprotein particles. Addition of nutrients to the starved cell causes the rapid uptake of the mRNA into large polysomal structures. The ribosomes enter these structures more gradually, without much effect on the sedimentation profile of the labeled mRNA. The results indicate that the stored mRNA in starved cells is readily available for uptake into polysomes. They also suggest that the mRNA may be binding to components other than ribosomes during the initial stages of polysome formation.", "PMID": 837943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2986", "title": "Structural studies on 2-acetamido-1-N-(4-L-aspartyl)-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosylamine and 2-acetamido-6-O-(alpha-L-fucopyranosyl)-1-N-(4-L-aspartyl)-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosylamine by 360-MHz proton-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy.", "content": "The 360-MHz proton magnetic resonance spectra of 2-acetamido-1-N-(4-L-aspartyl)-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosylamine (GlcNAcbeta1 leads to Asn) and 2-acetamido-6-O-(alpha-L-fucopyranosyl)-1-N-(4-L-aspartyl)-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosylamine (Fucalpha1 leads to 6GlcNAcbeta1 leads to Asn) in deuterium oxide were completely interpreted. The chemical shifts and coupling constants were refined by simulation of the spectra. By means of an adapted Karplus equation the pyranose ring conformation of the sugars was calculated. The change of the geminal coupling constant J6a,6b in the N-acetylglucosamine residue of Fucalpha1 leads to 6GlcNAcbeta1 leads to Asn with respect to GlcNAcbeta1 leads to Asn is proposed to be characteristic for the (1 leads to 6) glycosidic linkage.", "contents": "Structural studies on 2-acetamido-1-N-(4-L-aspartyl)-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosylamine and 2-acetamido-6-O-(alpha-L-fucopyranosyl)-1-N-(4-L-aspartyl)-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosylamine by 360-MHz proton-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy. The 360-MHz proton magnetic resonance spectra of 2-acetamido-1-N-(4-L-aspartyl)-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosylamine (GlcNAcbeta1 leads to Asn) and 2-acetamido-6-O-(alpha-L-fucopyranosyl)-1-N-(4-L-aspartyl)-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosylamine (Fucalpha1 leads to 6GlcNAcbeta1 leads to Asn) in deuterium oxide were completely interpreted. The chemical shifts and coupling constants were refined by simulation of the spectra. By means of an adapted Karplus equation the pyranose ring conformation of the sugars was calculated. The change of the geminal coupling constant J6a,6b in the N-acetylglucosamine residue of Fucalpha1 leads to 6GlcNAcbeta1 leads to Asn with respect to GlcNAcbeta1 leads to Asn is proposed to be characteristic for the (1 leads to 6) glycosidic linkage.", "PMID": 837944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2987", "title": "Hemihypotrophy in a girl with a translocation t(13q;7p).", "content": "A 10 year old girl with a mental age of 7-8 years, normal height and head circumference and several minor anomalies had hemiasymmetry of the entire body, the left side being uniformly smaller than the right. The smaller side was considered the abnormal side and her condition interpreted as hemihypotrophy on the basis of a chromosome abnormality which involved mosaicism, with lymphocytes showing a balanced but very unequal translocation of most of 13q transferred to 7p and both translocation chromosomes being present, and all examined fibroblasts lacking the small translocation chromosome and hence being monosomic for 13p, proximal part of 13q and a terminal portion of 7p.", "contents": "Hemihypotrophy in a girl with a translocation t(13q;7p). A 10 year old girl with a mental age of 7-8 years, normal height and head circumference and several minor anomalies had hemiasymmetry of the entire body, the left side being uniformly smaller than the right. The smaller side was considered the abnormal side and her condition interpreted as hemihypotrophy on the basis of a chromosome abnormality which involved mosaicism, with lymphocytes showing a balanced but very unequal translocation of most of 13q transferred to 7p and both translocation chromosomes being present, and all examined fibroblasts lacking the small translocation chromosome and hence being monosomic for 13p, proximal part of 13q and a terminal portion of 7p.", "PMID": 837945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2988", "title": "Fatal CNS dysgenesis with severe microencephaly, mental retardation, seizures and paucity of myelin, autosomal recessive trait?", "content": "Siblings are reported with severe mental retardation, spastic cerebral palsy and seizures; in addition they had progressive or intermittent jaundice and recurrent infections; they died at 3 and 4 years respectively. Neuropathological studies in one showed a small brain with an almost complete lack of myelin in cerebral white matter, brain stem, cerebellum and anterolateral parts of the spinal cord. The condition most likely represents a dysgenesis of myelin (dysmyelination), possibly due to an inability of oligodendrocytes to form myelin and/or metabolic defects in the process of myelination. This mental retardation condition is probably inherited as an autosomal recessive trait and may represent a special type of a primary CNS developmental defect.", "contents": "Fatal CNS dysgenesis with severe microencephaly, mental retardation, seizures and paucity of myelin, autosomal recessive trait? Siblings are reported with severe mental retardation, spastic cerebral palsy and seizures; in addition they had progressive or intermittent jaundice and recurrent infections; they died at 3 and 4 years respectively. Neuropathological studies in one showed a small brain with an almost complete lack of myelin in cerebral white matter, brain stem, cerebellum and anterolateral parts of the spinal cord. The condition most likely represents a dysgenesis of myelin (dysmyelination), possibly due to an inability of oligodendrocytes to form myelin and/or metabolic defects in the process of myelination. This mental retardation condition is probably inherited as an autosomal recessive trait and may represent a special type of a primary CNS developmental defect.", "PMID": 837946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2989", "title": "HLA frequencies in primary immunodeficiency diseases (pidd).", "content": "Thirteen patients with primary immunodeficiency disorders and their twenty-five healthy first-degree relatives were tissue typed and their HLA make-up was compared with that of a normal control population. HLA-A2 occured in 92.3% of patients as opposed to 60.8% in the control group (P less than 0.02), HLA-A9 in 7.6% vs. 25% (P less than 0.02) and HLA-B8 in 0% vs. 21% (P less than 0.04). One of the patients with severe combined immunodeficiency showed one \"extraneous\" HLA specifity.", "contents": "HLA frequencies in primary immunodeficiency diseases (pidd). Thirteen patients with primary immunodeficiency disorders and their twenty-five healthy first-degree relatives were tissue typed and their HLA make-up was compared with that of a normal control population. HLA-A2 occured in 92.3% of patients as opposed to 60.8% in the control group (P less than 0.02), HLA-A9 in 7.6% vs. 25% (P less than 0.02) and HLA-B8 in 0% vs. 21% (P less than 0.04). One of the patients with severe combined immunodeficiency showed one \"extraneous\" HLA specifity.", "PMID": 837947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2990", "title": "Digoxin elimination by exchange transfusion.", "content": "The report covers four cases presenting simultaneous indications for digitalisation and exchange transfusions. Intravenous administration of digoxin was followed: 1. by monitoring of the behaviour of the plasma digoxin level; 2. by determination of the total amount of glycoside eliminated by the blood exchange. Particular attention was paid to the effect of the delay between injection and exchange transfusion on the amount of digoxin eliminated. All four cases showed moderate falls in plasma levels. The amounts of digoxin eliminated by exchange transfusion were in reverse relationship to the delay between administration of digoxin and the blood exchange. At no time did the eliminated fraction exceed 5% of the total amount present in the body.", "contents": "Digoxin elimination by exchange transfusion. The report covers four cases presenting simultaneous indications for digitalisation and exchange transfusions. Intravenous administration of digoxin was followed: 1. by monitoring of the behaviour of the plasma digoxin level; 2. by determination of the total amount of glycoside eliminated by the blood exchange. Particular attention was paid to the effect of the delay between injection and exchange transfusion on the amount of digoxin eliminated. All four cases showed moderate falls in plasma levels. The amounts of digoxin eliminated by exchange transfusion were in reverse relationship to the delay between administration of digoxin and the blood exchange. At no time did the eliminated fraction exceed 5% of the total amount present in the body.", "PMID": 837948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2991", "title": "Nonspecific immunotherapy with BCG vaccine in bladder tumors: a preliminary report.", "content": "The therapeutic and prophylactic value of nonspecific immunological stimulation with BCG vaccine against papillary bladder carcinomas has been evaluated. Nine patients were treated and followed for periods of 4-9 months. Attempts have been made to compare the effects of BCG vaccine administered via dermal scarifications, or by means of direct intralesional injection into the tumor and/or its base. The initial results obtained so far show the advantages of the intralesional injection method, with perceptible regressions observed in 2 cases. Nonetheless, it is not considered an adequate procedure, since repeated cystoscopies are necessary, and it is not devoid of risks. One patient suffered a severe hypersensitivity reaction. Dermal administration proved a failure in 3 cases where it was used with curative purpose. Sufficient time has not elapsed to allow us to estimate its full prophylactic value in preventing recurrences, although as yet, none of the 4 patients who have been stimulated have shown any signs of recurrence. More time and more cases are required before one can draw valid conclusions, but we consider that dermal scarifications may be useful to patients who have undergone surgery, helping their immunological system to destroy small remnants of malignant cells in the bladder wall, the regional lymph nodes or distant structures, as well as to prevent recurrences in patients with dysplastic urothelium.", "contents": "Nonspecific immunotherapy with BCG vaccine in bladder tumors: a preliminary report. The therapeutic and prophylactic value of nonspecific immunological stimulation with BCG vaccine against papillary bladder carcinomas has been evaluated. Nine patients were treated and followed for periods of 4-9 months. Attempts have been made to compare the effects of BCG vaccine administered via dermal scarifications, or by means of direct intralesional injection into the tumor and/or its base. The initial results obtained so far show the advantages of the intralesional injection method, with perceptible regressions observed in 2 cases. Nonetheless, it is not considered an adequate procedure, since repeated cystoscopies are necessary, and it is not devoid of risks. One patient suffered a severe hypersensitivity reaction. Dermal administration proved a failure in 3 cases where it was used with curative purpose. Sufficient time has not elapsed to allow us to estimate its full prophylactic value in preventing recurrences, although as yet, none of the 4 patients who have been stimulated have shown any signs of recurrence. More time and more cases are required before one can draw valid conclusions, but we consider that dermal scarifications may be useful to patients who have undergone surgery, helping their immunological system to destroy small remnants of malignant cells in the bladder wall, the regional lymph nodes or distant structures, as well as to prevent recurrences in patients with dysplastic urothelium.", "PMID": 837949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2992", "title": "Correlation between tumour stage, tumour grade, and immunocompetence in patients with carcinoma of the bladder and prostate.", "content": "The cellular immunocompetence was examined in 132 patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and 85 patients with carcinoma of the prostate with reference to the tumour stage and grade. In both groups a significant correlation between tumour stage and grade was found. These two parameters were also correlated with the reduction of immunocompetence. The results are discussed and compared with those in the literature.", "contents": "Correlation between tumour stage, tumour grade, and immunocompetence in patients with carcinoma of the bladder and prostate. The cellular immunocompetence was examined in 132 patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and 85 patients with carcinoma of the prostate with reference to the tumour stage and grade. In both groups a significant correlation between tumour stage and grade was found. These two parameters were also correlated with the reduction of immunocompetence. The results are discussed and compared with those in the literature.", "PMID": 837950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2993", "title": "Retrospective analysis of 645 simultaneous perineal punch biopsies and transrectal aspiration biopsies for diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma.", "content": "Transrectal aspiration biopsy of the prostate has been recommended as method of choice for morphological diagnosis of prostatic malignancies. It is less inconvenient to the patient and with hardly any complications. A retrospective analysis of 645 simultaneous perineal punch biopsies and transrectal aspiration biopsies was carried out in order to elicit whether prostatic carcinoma can be detected with transrectal aspiration biopsy as frequently as with perineal punch biopsy, and whether a cytological diagnosis of prostatic cancer is reliable. Carcinoma of the prostate was found in a total of 39.1% either with both techniques or with only one of them. A concordant diagnosis has been obtained in only 25.1%. Prostatic carcinoma was diagnosed more often by perineal punch biopsy  (36.1%) than by transrectal aspiration biopsy (27.7%). However, the diagnosis has been missed by perineal punch biopsy in 2.6% of the cases. Doubtful results and unsatisfactory preparations have been observed more frequently after transrectal aspiration biopsies. Definite 'false-positive' cystological findings have not been detected. Thus, cytological evaluation of aspirated prostatic cells appears reliable. A definite morphological diagnosis can be expected with this technique. Simultaneous application of perineal punch biopsy and transrectal aspiration biopsy can be recommended in order to diagnose prostatic carcinoma with a higher frequency.", "contents": "Retrospective analysis of 645 simultaneous perineal punch biopsies and transrectal aspiration biopsies for diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma. Transrectal aspiration biopsy of the prostate has been recommended as method of choice for morphological diagnosis of prostatic malignancies. It is less inconvenient to the patient and with hardly any complications. A retrospective analysis of 645 simultaneous perineal punch biopsies and transrectal aspiration biopsies was carried out in order to elicit whether prostatic carcinoma can be detected with transrectal aspiration biopsy as frequently as with perineal punch biopsy, and whether a cytological diagnosis of prostatic cancer is reliable. Carcinoma of the prostate was found in a total of 39.1% either with both techniques or with only one of them. A concordant diagnosis has been obtained in only 25.1%. Prostatic carcinoma was diagnosed more often by perineal punch biopsy  (36.1%) than by transrectal aspiration biopsy (27.7%). However, the diagnosis has been missed by perineal punch biopsy in 2.6% of the cases. Doubtful results and unsatisfactory preparations have been observed more frequently after transrectal aspiration biopsies. Definite 'false-positive' cystological findings have not been detected. Thus, cytological evaluation of aspirated prostatic cells appears reliable. A definite morphological diagnosis can be expected with this technique. Simultaneous application of perineal punch biopsy and transrectal aspiration biopsy can be recommended in order to diagnose prostatic carcinoma with a higher frequency.", "PMID": 837951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2994", "title": "Allopurinol in the recurrence prevention of calcium oxalate lithiasis.", "content": "Since 1973 we have used allopurinol in the prevention and aftercare of recurrent urolithiasis. We give indications for the administration of allopurinol for patients with chronically recurring calcium oxalate lithiasis. Special attention is given to the urinary stone analysis as well as to metabolic disorders as for example hyperuricaemia, hyperuricuria or idiopathic hypercalciuria. In 15 patients with calcium oxalate lithiasis the stone/patient/year ratio could be decreased to 38%. In 19 patients with uric acid/calcium oxalate calculi or alternating stone formations from uric acid and calcium oxalate we succeeded in decreasing this ratio from 1.72 to 0.47 or 27%.", "contents": "Allopurinol in the recurrence prevention of calcium oxalate lithiasis. Since 1973 we have used allopurinol in the prevention and aftercare of recurrent urolithiasis. We give indications for the administration of allopurinol for patients with chronically recurring calcium oxalate lithiasis. Special attention is given to the urinary stone analysis as well as to metabolic disorders as for example hyperuricaemia, hyperuricuria or idiopathic hypercalciuria. In 15 patients with calcium oxalate lithiasis the stone/patient/year ratio could be decreased to 38%. In 19 patients with uric acid/calcium oxalate calculi or alternating stone formations from uric acid and calcium oxalate we succeeded in decreasing this ratio from 1.72 to 0.47 or 27%.", "PMID": 837952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2995", "title": "Transrectal ultrasono-tomography.", "content": "A relatively simple and painless technique of transrectal ultrasono-tomography is presented. It constitutes a reliable and objective adjuvant to the determination of size and possible infiltration of prostatic and bladder tumours in the human.", "contents": "Transrectal ultrasono-tomography. A relatively simple and painless technique of transrectal ultrasono-tomography is presented. It constitutes a reliable and objective adjuvant to the determination of size and possible infiltration of prostatic and bladder tumours in the human.", "PMID": 837953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2996", "title": "Hormone blood levels in patients with prostatic carcinoma and their relation to the type of carcinoma growth differentiation.", "content": "Human prolactin (HPr), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), oestrone and oestradiol are measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and bilogical prolactin activity additionally by pigeon crop sac assay in plasma of patients with prostatic carcinoma and two control groups. Pigeon crop sac assay is more often positive in cancer patients (50%) than in controls (20%) and HPr distinctly elevated in 20% of the carcinoma patients. Patients are classified according to histological type of tumour: carcinomas with cribriform and/or solid growth show significantly elevated pigeon crop sac activity and higher testosterone, DHT and oestrone levels in plasma than tumours without such growth. Values are discussed with respect to age.", "contents": "Hormone blood levels in patients with prostatic carcinoma and their relation to the type of carcinoma growth differentiation. Human prolactin (HPr), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), oestrone and oestradiol are measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and bilogical prolactin activity additionally by pigeon crop sac assay in plasma of patients with prostatic carcinoma and two control groups. Pigeon crop sac assay is more often positive in cancer patients (50%) than in controls (20%) and HPr distinctly elevated in 20% of the carcinoma patients. Patients are classified according to histological type of tumour: carcinomas with cribriform and/or solid growth show significantly elevated pigeon crop sac activity and higher testosterone, DHT and oestrone levels in plasma than tumours without such growth. Values are discussed with respect to age.", "PMID": 837954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2997", "title": "Urological complications in chronic inflammatory diseases of the bowel.", "content": "In advanced stages, the three most common inflammatory bowel diseases - colonic diverticulitis, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis - cause, in some 10% of cases, secondary urological pathology involving either bladder or ureter. Colovesical fistula is found more frequently in diverticulitis and less often in Crohn's disease, which penetrates predominantly from the ileum into the bladder. On the other hand, if uretic stenosis develops it will be caused on the right side by Crohn's disease and on the left by ulcerative colitis. Vesico-intestinal fistulae will close without sequelae after resection of the diseased bowel segment. On the other hand, retroperitoneal ureteric stenosis - despite bowel resection and ureterolysis - will often require nephrectomy if operation is not carried out early enough. Frequent re-checks with infusion excretory urography will help to prevent this. Nephrolithiasis, amyloidosis and contracted bladder are other, though less common, complications of chronic inflammatory diseases of the bowel.", "contents": "Urological complications in chronic inflammatory diseases of the bowel. In advanced stages, the three most common inflammatory bowel diseases - colonic diverticulitis, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis - cause, in some 10% of cases, secondary urological pathology involving either bladder or ureter. Colovesical fistula is found more frequently in diverticulitis and less often in Crohn's disease, which penetrates predominantly from the ileum into the bladder. On the other hand, if uretic stenosis develops it will be caused on the right side by Crohn's disease and on the left by ulcerative colitis. Vesico-intestinal fistulae will close without sequelae after resection of the diseased bowel segment. On the other hand, retroperitoneal ureteric stenosis - despite bowel resection and ureterolysis - will often require nephrectomy if operation is not carried out early enough. Frequent re-checks with infusion excretory urography will help to prevent this. Nephrolithiasis, amyloidosis and contracted bladder are other, though less common, complications of chronic inflammatory diseases of the bowel.", "PMID": 837955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2998", "title": "Intracardial blood cyst causing subpulmonary stenosis in congenitally corrected transposition.", "content": "A patient with congenitally corrected transposition is described. The second sound showed wide fixed splitting of two loud components and hemodynamic and angiocardiographic examinations revealed subpulmonary stenosis. At autopsy a large intracardial blood cyst was found below the pulmonary valves in the outflow region of the morphological left ventricle.", "contents": "Intracardial blood cyst causing subpulmonary stenosis in congenitally corrected transposition. A patient with congenitally corrected transposition is described. The second sound showed wide fixed splitting of two loud components and hemodynamic and angiocardiographic examinations revealed subpulmonary stenosis. At autopsy a large intracardial blood cyst was found below the pulmonary valves in the outflow region of the morphological left ventricle.", "PMID": 837956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_2999", "title": "Long-term ECG in ambulatory clinical practice. Analysis and 2-year follow-up of 100 patients studied with a portable ECG tape recorder.", "content": "A portable tape recorder for long-term ECG monitoring is described. Its light weight (500 g) and small size (138 X 115 X 39 mm) make its usage in routine clinical practice a practical proposition. The most important application has been in the differential diagnosis of Adams--Strokes syndrome. The results from the first 100 patients with a 2-yr follow-up are presented. The importance of GCG recording during  the patients' relevant subjective symptoms is stressed. The mean duration of recording was 2.8 days. In the 28 patients with histories which fitted the symptoms of Adams--Stokes syndrome this diagnosis was confirmed by an arrhythmia recorded simultaneously with the symptoms. In 36 other patients with a similar history the diagnosis was excluded becase of a normal ECG during subjective symptoms. Of the 28 patients with Adams--Stokes sydrome, bradyarrhthmia was the causal factor in 20 patients and these had a pacemaker implanted, whereas the remaining 8 patients had a tachyarrhythmia, which wa treated with antiarrhythmic drugs. The 2-yrs follow-up revealed an improvement and a disappearance of the Adams--Stokes attack in all the patients with an implanted pacemaker. In several of the 36 patients in whom Adams--Stokes syndrome could not be confirmed the syncopal attacks disappeared spontaneously. A large number of arrhythmias, including ventricular and supraventricular tachycardia, 2nd degree AV block and sinus bradycardia were observed during symptom-free intervals in these 36 patients. The introduction of long-term ECG recording routinely in patients with dizziness and syncope of unknown reason has resulted in an increase of the number of patients with a confirmed diagnosis of the Adams--Stokes syndrome, and it has contributed to an increase in the incidence of pacemaker implantation in Malm\u00f6 from 130 per million inhabitants in 1971 to 220 in 1973, and 1974, respectively.", "contents": "Long-term ECG in ambulatory clinical practice. Analysis and 2-year follow-up of 100 patients studied with a portable ECG tape recorder. A portable tape recorder for long-term ECG monitoring is described. Its light weight (500 g) and small size (138 X 115 X 39 mm) make its usage in routine clinical practice a practical proposition. The most important application has been in the differential diagnosis of Adams--Strokes syndrome. The results from the first 100 patients with a 2-yr follow-up are presented. The importance of GCG recording during  the patients' relevant subjective symptoms is stressed. The mean duration of recording was 2.8 days. In the 28 patients with histories which fitted the symptoms of Adams--Stokes syndrome this diagnosis was confirmed by an arrhythmia recorded simultaneously with the symptoms. In 36 other patients with a similar history the diagnosis was excluded becase of a normal ECG during subjective symptoms. Of the 28 patients with Adams--Stokes sydrome, bradyarrhthmia was the causal factor in 20 patients and these had a pacemaker implanted, whereas the remaining 8 patients had a tachyarrhythmia, which wa treated with antiarrhythmic drugs. The 2-yrs follow-up revealed an improvement and a disappearance of the Adams--Stokes attack in all the patients with an implanted pacemaker. In several of the 36 patients in whom Adams--Stokes syndrome could not be confirmed the syncopal attacks disappeared spontaneously. A large number of arrhythmias, including ventricular and supraventricular tachycardia, 2nd degree AV block and sinus bradycardia were observed during symptom-free intervals in these 36 patients. The introduction of long-term ECG recording routinely in patients with dizziness and syncope of unknown reason has resulted in an increase of the number of patients with a confirmed diagnosis of the Adams--Stokes syndrome, and it has contributed to an increase in the incidence of pacemaker implantation in Malm\u00f6 from 130 per million inhabitants in 1971 to 220 in 1973, and 1974, respectively.", "PMID": 837958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3000", "title": "Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome type A obscured by left bundle branch block.", "content": "2 patients are presented whom the presence of left bundel branch block obscured the signs of the Wolff--Parkison--White syndrome expected with a bypass on the left side of the heart. While it was possible to infer the presence of both disorders from the surface ECGS, electrophysiological studies proved invaluable in defining the precise situation in both cases. When atypical electrocardiographic appearances are observed in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, careful investigation may reveal the cause to be bundle branch block on the same side of the hear as the anomalous pathway. In both patients there was in addition evidence of sinoatrial disease, which was associated with the occurrence of arrythmias, and this was also confirmed with intracardiac studies.", "contents": "Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome type A obscured by left bundle branch block. 2 patients are presented whom the presence of left bundel branch block obscured the signs of the Wolff--Parkison--White syndrome expected with a bypass on the left side of the heart. While it was possible to infer the presence of both disorders from the surface ECGS, electrophysiological studies proved invaluable in defining the precise situation in both cases. When atypical electrocardiographic appearances are observed in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, careful investigation may reveal the cause to be bundle branch block on the same side of the hear as the anomalous pathway. In both patients there was in addition evidence of sinoatrial disease, which was associated with the occurrence of arrythmias, and this was also confirmed with intracardiac studies.", "PMID": 837959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3001", "title": "Auto-interference by a demand pacemaker.", "content": "Immediately after implantation of a unipolar demand pacemaker, inappropriate inhibition accompanied by instability of the ECG baseline became apparent. Later, higher frequency artifact appeared and the pacemaker fired intermittently in its fixed rate mode, indicating the sensing of severe interference. These phenomena were subsequently found to have resulted form ecposure on the pacemaker surface of a connection between the negative side of the battery and the electronic components.", "contents": "Auto-interference by a demand pacemaker. Immediately after implantation of a unipolar demand pacemaker, inappropriate inhibition accompanied by instability of the ECG baseline became apparent. Later, higher frequency artifact appeared and the pacemaker fired intermittently in its fixed rate mode, indicating the sensing of severe interference. These phenomena were subsequently found to have resulted form ecposure on the pacemaker surface of a connection between the negative side of the battery and the electronic components.", "PMID": 837960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3002", "title": "Paradoxical potassium excretion in response to aldosterone antagonists.", "content": "The activity of two aldosterone antagonists in reversing the urinary electrolyte changes induced by the mineralocorticoid fludrocortisone was examined in healthy subjects. Between 2-10 h after treatment there were dose-related increases in sodium excretion and the urine log 10 Na/K ratio, but no significant changes in urine volume, potassium concentration, or potassium excretion. Between 12-16 h after treatment there were dose-related increases in urine sodium excretion and the log 10 Na/K ratio. Unexpectedly, there were significant dose-related increases in potassium excretion despite significant dose-related reductions in urinary potassium concentration. The paradoxical increases in potassium excretion were attributed to dose-related increases in urine volume in the same period. These observations may explain the increased potassium excretion occasionally observed during clinical use of aldosterone antagonists and suggest that potassium excretion in man is influenced by the urine flow rate.", "contents": "Paradoxical potassium excretion in response to aldosterone antagonists. The activity of two aldosterone antagonists in reversing the urinary electrolyte changes induced by the mineralocorticoid fludrocortisone was examined in healthy subjects. Between 2-10 h after treatment there were dose-related increases in sodium excretion and the urine log 10 Na/K ratio, but no significant changes in urine volume, potassium concentration, or potassium excretion. Between 12-16 h after treatment there were dose-related increases in urine sodium excretion and the log 10 Na/K ratio. Unexpectedly, there were significant dose-related increases in potassium excretion despite significant dose-related reductions in urinary potassium concentration. The paradoxical increases in potassium excretion were attributed to dose-related increases in urine volume in the same period. These observations may explain the increased potassium excretion occasionally observed during clinical use of aldosterone antagonists and suggest that potassium excretion in man is influenced by the urine flow rate.", "PMID": 837961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3003", "title": "Exercise-induced asthma and doxantrazole.", "content": "In a double-blind cross-over trial in 13 patients with exercise-induced asthma, doxantrazole 200 mg taken orally 1 hour before a standardized exercise test involving stair climbing failed to block post-exercise bronchoconstriction. In an open assessment study with the same patients, increasing the doxantrazole dose to 400 mg did not affect post-exercise bronchoconstriction.", "contents": "Exercise-induced asthma and doxantrazole. In a double-blind cross-over trial in 13 patients with exercise-induced asthma, doxantrazole 200 mg taken orally 1 hour before a standardized exercise test involving stair climbing failed to block post-exercise bronchoconstriction. In an open assessment study with the same patients, increasing the doxantrazole dose to 400 mg did not affect post-exercise bronchoconstriction.", "PMID": 837962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3004", "title": "Acute effects of acetylsalicylic acid in patients with chronic renal insufficiency.", "content": "The effect of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) in patients with renal insufficiency has been examined. In one investigation (A), in patients with a mean GFR of 23.0 ml/min the acute effects of ASA 750 mg i.v. (lysine-ASA 7.5 ml) and 0.9% NaCl 7.5 ml on renal water and solute output and on the clearance of inulin, creatinine and PAH were compared. In another (B) the effects of simultaneous administration of ASA 750 mg or 0.9% NaCl 7.5 ml i.v. with an infusion of furosemide 250 mg were investigated in six patients (mean GFR 12.9 ml/min) in a cross-over study. In study A there was a significant fall in urinary sodium excretion within the first 15 min after ASA administration, with a maximal decrease to 21% of the control period. Urine flow fell to 35%, osmolal clearance to 41%, inulin clearance to 54% and PAH clearance reabsorption of sodium increased. The effect of ASA lasted for 2-6 h. The mean salicylic acid concentration during the first two hours after ASA administration was 60.0 mug/ml, and the mean protein bound salicylic acid (SA) was 70.4%. There was no effect of placebo (0.9% NaCl 7.5 ml) on renal function. Pretreatment with ALA 750 mg i.v. attenuated the diuretic effect of furosemide 250 mg, and reduced creatinine clearance significantly within 0-2 h after drug administration.", "contents": "Acute effects of acetylsalicylic acid in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. The effect of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) in patients with renal insufficiency has been examined. In one investigation (A), in patients with a mean GFR of 23.0 ml/min the acute effects of ASA 750 mg i.v. (lysine-ASA 7.5 ml) and 0.9% NaCl 7.5 ml on renal water and solute output and on the clearance of inulin, creatinine and PAH were compared. In another (B) the effects of simultaneous administration of ASA 750 mg or 0.9% NaCl 7.5 ml i.v. with an infusion of furosemide 250 mg were investigated in six patients (mean GFR 12.9 ml/min) in a cross-over study. In study A there was a significant fall in urinary sodium excretion within the first 15 min after ASA administration, with a maximal decrease to 21% of the control period. Urine flow fell to 35%, osmolal clearance to 41%, inulin clearance to 54% and PAH clearance reabsorption of sodium increased. The effect of ASA lasted for 2-6 h. The mean salicylic acid concentration during the first two hours after ASA administration was 60.0 mug/ml, and the mean protein bound salicylic acid (SA) was 70.4%. There was no effect of placebo (0.9% NaCl 7.5 ml) on renal function. Pretreatment with ALA 750 mg i.v. attenuated the diuretic effect of furosemide 250 mg, and reduced creatinine clearance significantly within 0-2 h after drug administration.", "PMID": 837963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3005", "title": "Acute effects of acetylsalicylic acid on renal function in normal man.", "content": "The acute effects of therapeutic doses of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on renal water and solute output, and the possible interaction of ASA with the diuretic effects of furosemide, have been studied in a double blind double cross over study in healthy human subjects. There was a significant decrease in 24 h sodium excretion and Na/K ratio in urine in the ASA-treated subjects. The effect of ASA on urinary sodium excretion was most prominent during day time (8 a.m.-10 p.m.) and on days with low sodium intake, as confirmed by control sodium excretion and plasma renin activity. A decrease in urine volume and an increase in tubular reabsorption of free water were caused by ASA, the antidiuretic effect being most marked at night (10 p.m.-8 a.m.). No action of ASA on the effect of furosemide on urinary sodium excretion was found. Creatinine clearance remained unaltered by ASA treatment, and ASA did not interfere with the increase in urinary creatinine excretion after furosemide treatment.", "contents": "Acute effects of acetylsalicylic acid on renal function in normal man. The acute effects of therapeutic doses of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on renal water and solute output, and the possible interaction of ASA with the diuretic effects of furosemide, have been studied in a double blind double cross over study in healthy human subjects. There was a significant decrease in 24 h sodium excretion and Na/K ratio in urine in the ASA-treated subjects. The effect of ASA on urinary sodium excretion was most prominent during day time (8 a.m.-10 p.m.) and on days with low sodium intake, as confirmed by control sodium excretion and plasma renin activity. A decrease in urine volume and an increase in tubular reabsorption of free water were caused by ASA, the antidiuretic effect being most marked at night (10 p.m.-8 a.m.). No action of ASA on the effect of furosemide on urinary sodium excretion was found. Creatinine clearance remained unaltered by ASA treatment, and ASA did not interfere with the increase in urinary creatinine excretion after furosemide treatment.", "PMID": 837964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3006", "title": "Monoamine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid during treatment with clonidine or alprenolol.", "content": "Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of the major metabolites of noradrenaline (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl glycol, HMPG), serotonin (5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid) and dopamine (homovanillic acid) were measured before and during the administration of clonidine or alprenolol to hypertensive patients. The noradrenaline receptor stimulant clonidine significantly decreased the CSF level of HMPG, but there was no consistent change in the concentration of serotonin or dopamine metabolites. Patients on alprenolol showed no change in the levels of these metabolites in CSF.", "contents": "Monoamine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid during treatment with clonidine or alprenolol. Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of the major metabolites of noradrenaline (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl glycol, HMPG), serotonin (5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid) and dopamine (homovanillic acid) were measured before and during the administration of clonidine or alprenolol to hypertensive patients. The noradrenaline receptor stimulant clonidine significantly decreased the CSF level of HMPG, but there was no consistent change in the concentration of serotonin or dopamine metabolites. Patients on alprenolol showed no change in the levels of these metabolites in CSF.", "PMID": 837965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3007", "title": "Carbamazepine and its 10,11-epoxide in children and adults with epilepsy.", "content": "The plasma concentrations of carbamazepine and its 10,11-epoxide were measured in 37 children and 13 adults with epilepsy during maintenance therapy. The children formed relatively more of the epoxy metabolite than adults. The daily dose, expressed as mg/kg or mg/m2, showed a statistically significant correlation with blood level in children, but not in adults. The cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide in nine children were 33 and 41 per cent, respectively, of the concomitant plasma level.", "contents": "Carbamazepine and its 10,11-epoxide in children and adults with epilepsy. The plasma concentrations of carbamazepine and its 10,11-epoxide were measured in 37 children and 13 adults with epilepsy during maintenance therapy. The children formed relatively more of the epoxy metabolite than adults. The daily dose, expressed as mg/kg or mg/m2, showed a statistically significant correlation with blood level in children, but not in adults. The cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide in nine children were 33 and 41 per cent, respectively, of the concomitant plasma level.", "PMID": 837966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3008", "title": "Plasma levels and half lives of thioridazine and some of its metabolites. II. Low doses in older psychiatric patients.", "content": "Plasma-levels of thioridazine, mesoridazine, sulphoridazine and two other metabolites were determined in ten older chronic psychotic patients on thioridazine therapy. The plasma-level before the morning dose of thioridazine was the most reliable parameter for clinical studies. An intra-individual relationship between lower doses of thioridazine and plasma-levels was found. The percentage contribution of psychoactive compounds to the total sum of \"thioridazine plus metabolites\" ranged from 43-74%. The mean \"early disappearance half-life\" of thioridazine was 5 hours, and its mean \"late disappearance half-life\" was 26 hours.", "contents": "Plasma levels and half lives of thioridazine and some of its metabolites. II. Low doses in older psychiatric patients. Plasma-levels of thioridazine, mesoridazine, sulphoridazine and two other metabolites were determined in ten older chronic psychotic patients on thioridazine therapy. The plasma-level before the morning dose of thioridazine was the most reliable parameter for clinical studies. An intra-individual relationship between lower doses of thioridazine and plasma-levels was found. The percentage contribution of psychoactive compounds to the total sum of \"thioridazine plus metabolites\" ranged from 43-74%. The mean \"early disappearance half-life\" of thioridazine was 5 hours, and its mean \"late disappearance half-life\" was 26 hours.", "PMID": 837967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3009", "title": "Fluorometric determination of hydroflumethiazide in human plasma and urine after its oral administration.", "content": "A spectrofluorometric method for determination of hydroflumethiazide in human plasma and urine has been developed. The limit of detection was 10 ng/ml plasma and 100 ng/ml urine. The plasma concentration of hydroflumethiazide was determined for 9-11 hours and excretion in urine for 24-37 hrs after oral administration of about 1 mg/kg body weight to 7 subjects. Plasma half life in healthy subjects was 1.9-2.1 h, and 2.7-8.6 h in patients during the period 4-9 hrs after dosing. Cumulative excretion in urine was 67-79% of the dose during 31-37 hrs in 6 subjects; one patient with renal disease was found to excrete only 25.8% of dose during 24 hours. Renal clearance of hydroflumethiazide was higher in the healthy subjects (0.29-0.44 1 h-1 kg-1) than in the patients (0.040-0.15 1 h-1 kg-1). Plasma half life of hydroflumethiazide was not closely correlated with renal clearance of the drug, which suggests that other factors may play a role in determining plasma half life.", "contents": "Fluorometric determination of hydroflumethiazide in human plasma and urine after its oral administration. A spectrofluorometric method for determination of hydroflumethiazide in human plasma and urine has been developed. The limit of detection was 10 ng/ml plasma and 100 ng/ml urine. The plasma concentration of hydroflumethiazide was determined for 9-11 hours and excretion in urine for 24-37 hrs after oral administration of about 1 mg/kg body weight to 7 subjects. Plasma half life in healthy subjects was 1.9-2.1 h, and 2.7-8.6 h in patients during the period 4-9 hrs after dosing. Cumulative excretion in urine was 67-79% of the dose during 31-37 hrs in 6 subjects; one patient with renal disease was found to excrete only 25.8% of dose during 24 hours. Renal clearance of hydroflumethiazide was higher in the healthy subjects (0.29-0.44 1 h-1 kg-1) than in the patients (0.040-0.15 1 h-1 kg-1). Plasma half life of hydroflumethiazide was not closely correlated with renal clearance of the drug, which suggests that other factors may play a role in determining plasma half life.", "PMID": 837968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3010", "title": "The ambiguity of adverse drug reactions.", "content": "Three clinical pharmacologists independently evaluated 500 untoward clinical events reported by physicians as adverse drug reactions (ADRs). They often disagreed with the reporting physicians and with each other. They judged 14.4-28.2% of the events to be definite, 26.4-38.0% probable, 21.4-31.0% possible and 15.8-28.2% of the events to be definite, 26.4-38.0% probable, 21.4-31.0% possible and 15.8-28.2% unlikely ADRs. In their opinion 19.1-32.4% of the drugs blamed were definitely, 29.8-34.4% probably, 24.9-36.7% possibly and 8.4-14.5% not responsible for the adverse reactions. Evaluators disagreed among themselves about the drug most likely to have been responsible in 36.4% of the events, about ADRs causing hospital admission in 56.8%, about severe ADR morbidity in 55.8%, about ADR prolongation of hospitalization in 67.3% and ADR prolongation of hospitalization in 67.3% and about ADR contribution to death in 71.0%. The divergence of judgements suggests that suspected ADRs are usually ambiguous clinical events, and that incidence, severity, medical consequences and cost of ADRs can only be estimated.", "contents": "The ambiguity of adverse drug reactions. Three clinical pharmacologists independently evaluated 500 untoward clinical events reported by physicians as adverse drug reactions (ADRs). They often disagreed with the reporting physicians and with each other. They judged 14.4-28.2% of the events to be definite, 26.4-38.0% probable, 21.4-31.0% possible and 15.8-28.2% of the events to be definite, 26.4-38.0% probable, 21.4-31.0% possible and 15.8-28.2% unlikely ADRs. In their opinion 19.1-32.4% of the drugs blamed were definitely, 29.8-34.4% probably, 24.9-36.7% possibly and 8.4-14.5% not responsible for the adverse reactions. Evaluators disagreed among themselves about the drug most likely to have been responsible in 36.4% of the events, about ADRs causing hospital admission in 56.8%, about severe ADR morbidity in 55.8%, about ADR prolongation of hospitalization in 67.3% and ADR prolongation of hospitalization in 67.3% and about ADR contribution to death in 71.0%. The divergence of judgements suggests that suspected ADRs are usually ambiguous clinical events, and that incidence, severity, medical consequences and cost of ADRs can only be estimated.", "PMID": 837969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3011", "title": "Reserpine and breast cancer in women in germany.", "content": "Exposure to reserpine was compared in 181 women interviewed prior to biopsy and found to have breast cancer and 307 women found to have a benign disorder of the breast. The age-adjusted relative risk of breast cancer in those who had taken reserpine was 0.6 (95% confidence limits: 0.4 and 1.1). When the 181 breast cancer patients were compared with a second control group of 101 women with a benign condition requiring surgery, the relative risk was 0.9 (95% confidence limits: 0.4 and 1.7). Neither long-term exposure nor its timing, gave any evidence of an association with breast cancer. The findings in this study do not support the hypothesis that rauwolfia derivatives initiate or promote breast cancer.", "contents": "Reserpine and breast cancer in women in germany. Exposure to reserpine was compared in 181 women interviewed prior to biopsy and found to have breast cancer and 307 women found to have a benign disorder of the breast. The age-adjusted relative risk of breast cancer in those who had taken reserpine was 0.6 (95% confidence limits: 0.4 and 1.1). When the 181 breast cancer patients were compared with a second control group of 101 women with a benign condition requiring surgery, the relative risk was 0.9 (95% confidence limits: 0.4 and 1.7). Neither long-term exposure nor its timing, gave any evidence of an association with breast cancer. The findings in this study do not support the hypothesis that rauwolfia derivatives initiate or promote breast cancer.", "PMID": 837970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3012", "title": "Effect of lisuride and other ergot derivatives on monoaminergic mechanisms in rat brain.", "content": "The effects of the ergot derivative lisuride hydrogen maleate on synthesis, turnover and receptor activity of monoamines were compared with those of LSD, methysergide, yohimbine and methiothepin. In the dopamine (DA) rich areas, c. striatum and mesolimbic forebrain, lisuride, (30-100 mug/kg) decreased the rate of dopa formation after inhibition of the aromatic amino acid decarboxylase with NSD 1015, 100 mg/kp i.p. After axotomy of the ascending monoaminergic fibers, lisuride (0.5 mg/kg) antagonized the accumulation of dopa in c. striatum and mesolimbic forebrain even on the lesioned side; haloperidol effectively counteracted this lisuride-induced decrease in dopa formation. In the predominantly noradrenaline (NA)-innervated neocortex, lisuride in doses of 0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg increased dopa accumulation. Methysergide, yohimbine and methiothepin also stimulated tyrosine hydroxylation. After inhibition of catecholamine synthesis with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine methylester HCl, lisuride decelerated DA disappearance and accelerated NA disappearance. 3-Methoxytryramine (3-MY) accumulating after inhibition of monoamine axidase with pargyline HCl (100 mg/kg) was used as an indicator of DA release. Lisuride and LSD, 50 mug/kg administered twice, reduced 3-MT formation while methysergide, 50 mg/kp i.p. had no effect on 3-MT accumulation. All compounds except methiothepin reduced 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) accumulation in whole brain after NSD 1015. In addition, lisuride caused an increase in 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and a decrease in 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid concentration. In spinal reserpinized rats, lisuride was indistinguishable from LSD in inducing extension and athetoid movements of the hind legs. The data support the view that lisuride stimulates pre- and postsynaptic DA and 5-HT receptors and suggest that lisuride blocks NA receptors in the central nervous system.", "contents": "Effect of lisuride and other ergot derivatives on monoaminergic mechanisms in rat brain. The effects of the ergot derivative lisuride hydrogen maleate on synthesis, turnover and receptor activity of monoamines were compared with those of LSD, methysergide, yohimbine and methiothepin. In the dopamine (DA) rich areas, c. striatum and mesolimbic forebrain, lisuride, (30-100 mug/kg) decreased the rate of dopa formation after inhibition of the aromatic amino acid decarboxylase with NSD 1015, 100 mg/kp i.p. After axotomy of the ascending monoaminergic fibers, lisuride (0.5 mg/kg) antagonized the accumulation of dopa in c. striatum and mesolimbic forebrain even on the lesioned side; haloperidol effectively counteracted this lisuride-induced decrease in dopa formation. In the predominantly noradrenaline (NA)-innervated neocortex, lisuride in doses of 0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg increased dopa accumulation. Methysergide, yohimbine and methiothepin also stimulated tyrosine hydroxylation. After inhibition of catecholamine synthesis with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine methylester HCl, lisuride decelerated DA disappearance and accelerated NA disappearance. 3-Methoxytryramine (3-MY) accumulating after inhibition of monoamine axidase with pargyline HCl (100 mg/kg) was used as an indicator of DA release. Lisuride and LSD, 50 mug/kg administered twice, reduced 3-MT formation while methysergide, 50 mg/kp i.p. had no effect on 3-MT accumulation. All compounds except methiothepin reduced 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) accumulation in whole brain after NSD 1015. In addition, lisuride caused an increase in 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and a decrease in 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid concentration. In spinal reserpinized rats, lisuride was indistinguishable from LSD in inducing extension and athetoid movements of the hind legs. The data support the view that lisuride stimulates pre- and postsynaptic DA and 5-HT receptors and suggest that lisuride blocks NA receptors in the central nervous system.", "PMID": 837971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3013", "title": "Possible storage of (+)-amphetamine in catecholaminergic terminals of the striatum and brainstem.", "content": "6-Hydroxydopamine, given intraventricularly, did not affect the high concentrations of (+)-amphetamine present in the rat striatum and brainstem 1 h after its administration but considerably reduced the small amounts of (+)-amphetamine remaining after 5 h. In contrast, 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine did not modify the (+)-amphetamine concentrations at the times tested. These findings suggest that (+)-amphetamine might be stored in the catecholaminergic but not in the serotonergic central terminals.", "contents": "Possible storage of (+)-amphetamine in catecholaminergic terminals of the striatum and brainstem. 6-Hydroxydopamine, given intraventricularly, did not affect the high concentrations of (+)-amphetamine present in the rat striatum and brainstem 1 h after its administration but considerably reduced the small amounts of (+)-amphetamine remaining after 5 h. In contrast, 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine did not modify the (+)-amphetamine concentrations at the times tested. These findings suggest that (+)-amphetamine might be stored in the catecholaminergic but not in the serotonergic central terminals.", "PMID": 837972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3014", "title": "Effect of dexamethasone on monoamine oxidase inhibiton by iproniazid in rat brain.", "content": "Chronic (6 days) dexamethasone administration caused a slight decrease of rat brain MAO enzyme activity which was reflected by lower levels of 14C-homovanillic acid (HVA) and increased levels of 14C-3-methoxytyramine (3MT) following intracisternal injections of 14C-dopamine (DA). Opposite results with dexamethasone were obtained in iproniazid (MAO-inhibited)-treated rats. In these animals, brain MAO enzyme activity was significantly increased by dexamethasone. This effect increased with the duration of dexamethasone treatment and appeared to be dose dependent. In the brain areas tested (hypothalamus, midbrain, cerebellum, pons and medulla, olfactory, rest of brain) increases of MAO enzyme activity were also indicated by lower levels of 14C-3MT and increased levels of 14C-HVA formed from intracisternally injected radiolabeled DA. Treatment with other glucocorticoids (16alpha-methyldichlorisone, 16beta-methylprednisone and prednisolone) had a similar effect on 14C-DA metabolism. On the other hand, desoxycorticosterone, progestone, estradiol and testosterone, did not exhibit this property. The data indicate that chronic glucocorticoid treatment may have a slight inhibitory effect on brain MAO and also has the ability to partially reverse or antagonize the inhibition of MAO caused by iproniazid.", "contents": "Effect of dexamethasone on monoamine oxidase inhibiton by iproniazid in rat brain. Chronic (6 days) dexamethasone administration caused a slight decrease of rat brain MAO enzyme activity which was reflected by lower levels of 14C-homovanillic acid (HVA) and increased levels of 14C-3-methoxytyramine (3MT) following intracisternal injections of 14C-dopamine (DA). Opposite results with dexamethasone were obtained in iproniazid (MAO-inhibited)-treated rats. In these animals, brain MAO enzyme activity was significantly increased by dexamethasone. This effect increased with the duration of dexamethasone treatment and appeared to be dose dependent. In the brain areas tested (hypothalamus, midbrain, cerebellum, pons and medulla, olfactory, rest of brain) increases of MAO enzyme activity were also indicated by lower levels of 14C-3MT and increased levels of 14C-HVA formed from intracisternally injected radiolabeled DA. Treatment with other glucocorticoids (16alpha-methyldichlorisone, 16beta-methylprednisone and prednisolone) had a similar effect on 14C-DA metabolism. On the other hand, desoxycorticosterone, progestone, estradiol and testosterone, did not exhibit this property. The data indicate that chronic glucocorticoid treatment may have a slight inhibitory effect on brain MAO and also has the ability to partially reverse or antagonize the inhibition of MAO caused by iproniazid.", "PMID": 837973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3015", "title": "Increase of free arachidonic acid by furosemide in man as the cause of prostaglandin and renin release.", "content": "Arachidonic acid (C20 :4) plasma renin activity (PRA), PGF2alpha, and sodium excretion were determined before and after furosemide in men. C20 : 4 and PRA increase (p less than 0.005) within 10 min after furosemide, PRA then decreased again whereas C20 : 4 levels remained elevated. Maximal exretion of PGF2alpha and sodium occurred 30-60 min after furosemide. Indomethacin prevented the rise of C20 : 4, PRA and PGF2alpha after furosemide, leaving sodium excretion unaltered. The release of C20 : 4 is assumed to be the primary mechanism of furosemide to increase PG biosynthesis and renin release.", "contents": "Increase of free arachidonic acid by furosemide in man as the cause of prostaglandin and renin release. Arachidonic acid (C20 :4) plasma renin activity (PRA), PGF2alpha, and sodium excretion were determined before and after furosemide in men. C20 : 4 and PRA increase (p less than 0.005) within 10 min after furosemide, PRA then decreased again whereas C20 : 4 levels remained elevated. Maximal exretion of PGF2alpha and sodium occurred 30-60 min after furosemide. Indomethacin prevented the rise of C20 : 4, PRA and PGF2alpha after furosemide, leaving sodium excretion unaltered. The release of C20 : 4 is assumed to be the primary mechanism of furosemide to increase PG biosynthesis and renin release.", "PMID": 837974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3016", "title": "Decreased anticonvulsant activity of carbamazepine in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats.", "content": "An intraventricular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, which produced a marked decrease of catecholamines in the forebrain, significantly lowered the electroconvulsive threshold in rats. The anticonvulsant effect of carbamazepine was also significantly reduced in the animals treated with 6-hydroxydopamine. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that brain catecholamines may play an important role in seizure susceptibility as well as in the anticonvulsant activity of carbamazepine in rats.", "contents": "Decreased anticonvulsant activity of carbamazepine in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats. An intraventricular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, which produced a marked decrease of catecholamines in the forebrain, significantly lowered the electroconvulsive threshold in rats. The anticonvulsant effect of carbamazepine was also significantly reduced in the animals treated with 6-hydroxydopamine. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that brain catecholamines may play an important role in seizure susceptibility as well as in the anticonvulsant activity of carbamazepine in rats.", "PMID": 837975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3017", "title": "Effect of ouabain on reinnervating mammalian skeletal muscle.", "content": "The resting membrane potential (RMP) of denervated mammalian muscle fibers increases when reinnervation occurs. This recovery of RMP is temporally associated with the return of a ouabain-sensitive fraction of the RMP. The data suggest that the activity of an electrogenic pump within the sarcolemma is, either directly or indirectly, under neurotrophic regulation.", "contents": "Effect of ouabain on reinnervating mammalian skeletal muscle. The resting membrane potential (RMP) of denervated mammalian muscle fibers increases when reinnervation occurs. This recovery of RMP is temporally associated with the return of a ouabain-sensitive fraction of the RMP. The data suggest that the activity of an electrogenic pump within the sarcolemma is, either directly or indirectly, under neurotrophic regulation.", "PMID": 837976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3018", "title": "Somatosensory function and cortical unit activity in cats with only dorsal column fibers.", "content": "Cats received lesions that transected the entire thoracic cord except for partial sparing of the dorsal columns. The cats were required to discriminate the side on which they were touched, the size of simultaneously presented discs, or the direction their fur was stroked to obtain food reward. All cats found by anatomical and/or electrophysiological criteria to have any functional continuity in the dorsal columns were able to master the first of these tasks; some responded above chance on the second. Performance was at chance on blank trials, and cats with complete cord transection failed to discriminate. Lesioned cats did not orient or otherwise react to any nonrewarded stimulus below the level of the lesion. A total of 532 units were recorded under light barbiturate anesthesia from the hind paw projection near the tip of the ansate sulcus in these and other similarly prepared cats. Three-fourths of the units found before and acutely after the cord lesions were made were driven by hind limb stimulation. Only 27% of the units recorded 10 or more days afterwards could be driven. Of these driven units, 15 (38%) responded to foreleg stimulation, 13 exclusively so. No such units were found in intact or acutely lesioned cats.", "contents": "Somatosensory function and cortical unit activity in cats with only dorsal column fibers. Cats received lesions that transected the entire thoracic cord except for partial sparing of the dorsal columns. The cats were required to discriminate the side on which they were touched, the size of simultaneously presented discs, or the direction their fur was stroked to obtain food reward. All cats found by anatomical and/or electrophysiological criteria to have any functional continuity in the dorsal columns were able to master the first of these tasks; some responded above chance on the second. Performance was at chance on blank trials, and cats with complete cord transection failed to discriminate. Lesioned cats did not orient or otherwise react to any nonrewarded stimulus below the level of the lesion. A total of 532 units were recorded under light barbiturate anesthesia from the hind paw projection near the tip of the ansate sulcus in these and other similarly prepared cats. Three-fourths of the units found before and acutely after the cord lesions were made were driven by hind limb stimulation. Only 27% of the units recorded 10 or more days afterwards could be driven. Of these driven units, 15 (38%) responded to foreleg stimulation, 13 exclusively so. No such units were found in intact or acutely lesioned cats.", "PMID": 838006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3019", "title": "Discharges of superior colliculus neurons during head and eye movements of the alert cat.", "content": "452 single neurons from the superior colliculus were recorded in awake and non-paralysed cats. 75 neurons were obtained from cats with unrestrained horizontal head movements. 228 neurons remained unaffected by saccadic eye movements. Eye movement related discharge followed the onset of saccades in 156 neurons either only in the presence of a visual pattern (92 neurons) or in darkness, too (64 neurons). The latter reaction type probably depends on eye muscle afferents. In 48 neurons eye movements related activity preceded the onset of eye movements. 12 neurons eye movement related activity preceded the onset of eye movements. 12 neurons fired in synchrony with eye movements of any direction (type I). 30 neurons were excited during contralaterally directed eye versions within or into the contralateral head related hemifield. They were inhibited when the eyes moved within or into the ipsilateral head related hemifield (type II). 6 neurons with constant maintained activity during fixation were inhibited by ipsilaterally directed saccades, but remained unaffected by contralateral eye movements. Head movement related discharge followed the onset of head movements in 20 neurons only in presence of a visual pattern and also in darkness in 6 neurons. Ipsilateral head movements or postures strongly suppressed maintained activity and visual responsiveness of some neurons. 15 neurons discharged in synchrony with and prior to contralateral head movements. Ipsilateral head movements inhibited these neurons. Activation or inhibition were usually related to movement and to posture, exceptionally to movement or to posture. Electrical stimulation of recording sites of these neurons through the recording microelectrode elicits contralateral head movements.", "contents": "Discharges of superior colliculus neurons during head and eye movements of the alert cat. 452 single neurons from the superior colliculus were recorded in awake and non-paralysed cats. 75 neurons were obtained from cats with unrestrained horizontal head movements. 228 neurons remained unaffected by saccadic eye movements. Eye movement related discharge followed the onset of saccades in 156 neurons either only in the presence of a visual pattern (92 neurons) or in darkness, too (64 neurons). The latter reaction type probably depends on eye muscle afferents. In 48 neurons eye movements related activity preceded the onset of eye movements. 12 neurons eye movement related activity preceded the onset of eye movements. 12 neurons fired in synchrony with eye movements of any direction (type I). 30 neurons were excited during contralaterally directed eye versions within or into the contralateral head related hemifield. They were inhibited when the eyes moved within or into the ipsilateral head related hemifield (type II). 6 neurons with constant maintained activity during fixation were inhibited by ipsilaterally directed saccades, but remained unaffected by contralateral eye movements. Head movement related discharge followed the onset of head movements in 20 neurons only in presence of a visual pattern and also in darkness in 6 neurons. Ipsilateral head movements or postures strongly suppressed maintained activity and visual responsiveness of some neurons. 15 neurons discharged in synchrony with and prior to contralateral head movements. Ipsilateral head movements inhibited these neurons. Activation or inhibition were usually related to movement and to posture, exceptionally to movement or to posture. Electrical stimulation of recording sites of these neurons through the recording microelectrode elicits contralateral head movements.", "PMID": 838007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3020", "title": "The rubro-bulbospinal path. A descending system known to influence dynamic fusimotor neurones and its interaction with distal cutaneous afferents in the control of flexor reflex afferent pathways.", "content": "The inhibitory effect of electrical stimulation in the near-rubral region on polysynaptic segmental as well as ascending pathways activated by the flexor reflex afferents (FRA) in hind limb nerves was studied in chloralose anaesthetized cats. The effective stimulating region totally coincided with the one from which a D zone climbing fibre response may be elicited in the contralateral cerebellar cortex. The descending path was dependent upon an intact dorsolateral spinal funiculus, where also a characteristic volley could be recorded with a surface electrode on short train central stimulation. The suppressive action on the transmission through the FRA pathways was evoked in the absence of a lower lumbar dorsal root potential, and it was concluded that the effect was exerted by postsynaptic inhibition. It was suggested that this descending path, the effects of which resemble those elicited from the dorsal reticulospinal system, is identical to the rubro-bulbospinal path, previously known to influence dynamic fusimotor neurones. The transmission through the FRA pathways was also suppressed by conditioning stimulation of ipsilateral, low threshold distal cutaneous afferents. The time course of this effect was the same as that with central conditioning stimulation. Facilitatory interaction was revealed with double conditioning and it was suggested that the descending path and the distal cutaneous afferents converge upon a common group of interneurones, which postsynaptically inhibit an early (possibly the first one) interneurone in the FRA pathways. As low threshold distal cutaneous afferents supply the primary peripheral input via climbing fibres to the cerebello-cortical D zone, it was concluded that the different stimuli (central or peripheral) which activate a common group of inferior olivary neurones destined for the D zone also activate a common group of segmental inhibitory interneurones. The results are discussed in relation to current concepts of segmental motor control, and it is suggested that the mechanisms studied could be involved in the regulation of stepping.", "contents": "The rubro-bulbospinal path. A descending system known to influence dynamic fusimotor neurones and its interaction with distal cutaneous afferents in the control of flexor reflex afferent pathways. The inhibitory effect of electrical stimulation in the near-rubral region on polysynaptic segmental as well as ascending pathways activated by the flexor reflex afferents (FRA) in hind limb nerves was studied in chloralose anaesthetized cats. The effective stimulating region totally coincided with the one from which a D zone climbing fibre response may be elicited in the contralateral cerebellar cortex. The descending path was dependent upon an intact dorsolateral spinal funiculus, where also a characteristic volley could be recorded with a surface electrode on short train central stimulation. The suppressive action on the transmission through the FRA pathways was evoked in the absence of a lower lumbar dorsal root potential, and it was concluded that the effect was exerted by postsynaptic inhibition. It was suggested that this descending path, the effects of which resemble those elicited from the dorsal reticulospinal system, is identical to the rubro-bulbospinal path, previously known to influence dynamic fusimotor neurones. The transmission through the FRA pathways was also suppressed by conditioning stimulation of ipsilateral, low threshold distal cutaneous afferents. The time course of this effect was the same as that with central conditioning stimulation. Facilitatory interaction was revealed with double conditioning and it was suggested that the descending path and the distal cutaneous afferents converge upon a common group of interneurones, which postsynaptically inhibit an early (possibly the first one) interneurone in the FRA pathways. As low threshold distal cutaneous afferents supply the primary peripheral input via climbing fibres to the cerebello-cortical D zone, it was concluded that the different stimuli (central or peripheral) which activate a common group of inferior olivary neurones destined for the D zone also activate a common group of segmental inhibitory interneurones. The results are discussed in relation to current concepts of segmental motor control, and it is suggested that the mechanisms studied could be involved in the regulation of stepping.", "PMID": 838008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3021", "title": "Movement adaptation in the visual evoked response.", "content": "Visual evoked responses to sinusoidal movement before and after adaptation to linear movement were compared. Fourier analysis indicated that the responses evoked by sinusoidal movement were insensitive to direction of movement. Following adaptation, the harmonics describing the waveforms changed in magnitude and phase, and showed an asymmetry of waveshape not evident before adaptation. The data are consistent with the existence of movement-sensitive cells within the intact visual system which change in response characteristics as a result of adaptation to linear movement.", "contents": "Movement adaptation in the visual evoked response. Visual evoked responses to sinusoidal movement before and after adaptation to linear movement were compared. Fourier analysis indicated that the responses evoked by sinusoidal movement were insensitive to direction of movement. Following adaptation, the harmonics describing the waveforms changed in magnitude and phase, and showed an asymmetry of waveshape not evident before adaptation. The data are consistent with the existence of movement-sensitive cells within the intact visual system which change in response characteristics as a result of adaptation to linear movement.", "PMID": 838009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3022", "title": "Spatial properties of binocular neurones in the human visual system.", "content": "The spatial properties of human binocular mechanisms were investigated using the technique of subthreshold summation. Isolation of binocular mechanisms was achieved by means of interocular stimulus presentation. The contrast detection threshold for a sinusoidal test grating viewed by one eye was found to be reduced by a subthreshold grating of the same spatial frequency and orientation seen by the other eye. The interaction between the gratings was approximately linear. Threshold increased as the spatial frequencies or orientations of test and subthreshold gratings were made increasingly different. Spatial stimulus specificities measured in this way were as great for interocular presentation as for simultaneous monocular presentation. The results suggest that human contrast sensitivity for gratings may depend upon binocularly-activated neurones similar to those found in cat and monkey visual cortex.", "contents": "Spatial properties of binocular neurones in the human visual system. The spatial properties of human binocular mechanisms were investigated using the technique of subthreshold summation. Isolation of binocular mechanisms was achieved by means of interocular stimulus presentation. The contrast detection threshold for a sinusoidal test grating viewed by one eye was found to be reduced by a subthreshold grating of the same spatial frequency and orientation seen by the other eye. The interaction between the gratings was approximately linear. Threshold increased as the spatial frequencies or orientations of test and subthreshold gratings were made increasingly different. Spatial stimulus specificities measured in this way were as great for interocular presentation as for simultaneous monocular presentation. The results suggest that human contrast sensitivity for gratings may depend upon binocularly-activated neurones similar to those found in cat and monkey visual cortex.", "PMID": 838010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3023", "title": "Dietary-induced overeating in experimental animals.", "content": "Modifications in dietary conditions can result in small, but consistent, increases in caloric intake which over time accumulate to substantial increases in body weight. Allowing rats access to either high fat diets or a variety of highly palatable foods can lead to obesity. Recent experiments also have shown that providing access to sweet carbohydrate solutions in addition to the complete diet can cause weight gains in normal neurologically intact adult rats. Although animals increase consumption of carbohydrate on this dietary regime, they continue to maintain minimum requirements for other dietary nutrients. It appears that increasing the palatability of the diet can lead to overeating, but cannot induce the rat to select a diet that is deficient in protein, fat, vitamins, or minerals. Further exploration of the conditions associated with dietary-induced overeating in animals may provide insights into conditions related to obesity in man.", "contents": "Dietary-induced overeating in experimental animals. Modifications in dietary conditions can result in small, but consistent, increases in caloric intake which over time accumulate to substantial increases in body weight. Allowing rats access to either high fat diets or a variety of highly palatable foods can lead to obesity. Recent experiments also have shown that providing access to sweet carbohydrate solutions in addition to the complete diet can cause weight gains in normal neurologically intact adult rats. Although animals increase consumption of carbohydrate on this dietary regime, they continue to maintain minimum requirements for other dietary nutrients. It appears that increasing the palatability of the diet can lead to overeating, but cannot induce the rat to select a diet that is deficient in protein, fat, vitamins, or minerals. Further exploration of the conditions associated with dietary-induced overeating in animals may provide insights into conditions related to obesity in man.", "PMID": 838081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3024", "title": "Isolated perfused lung--substrate utilization.", "content": "Lung metabolism has been extremely difficult to determine in vivo primarily because the lung is overwhelmed by a great blood flow that generally makes the Fick principle inadequate. Largely for reasons such as this, investigators have had to rely on in vitro preparations. The isolated perfused lung has the apparent advantage of being similar to the lung in vivo when compared with other preparations. For instance, there is evidence that the capillary bed of the lung may alter substrates and influence their subsequent metabolism. Substrates have contact with the capillary endothelium in isolated perfused lungs but not to tissue slices, homogenates, or isolated cells. Our studies indicate that precursors of saturated phosphatidylcholine may include lipids, which are hydrolyzed in the capillary of the isolated perfused lung and thus become substrates such as free fatty acids, etc. However, tissue slices do not use the esterified lipids to the same extent, presumably because in this preparation the enzymes in the capillary endothelium do not have contact with the esterified lipids. Substrate utilization of the isolated perfused lung may be considerably altered by inflation of the lung or by pulmonary edema. Although glucose utilization and palmitate oxidation by the isolated perfused lung and by tissue slices of the rat lung are very similar, if the isolated perfused lung develops pulmonary edema, glucose utilization increases by nearly 100%. This phenomenon is apparently not due solely to fluid in the airspaces because in control studies with fluid added into the airways the glucose utilization did not increase to the degree observed with edematous lungs. Lung distention is associated with increased glucose consumption but marked distention is also associated with pulmonary edema. The effect of lung distension may be a direct effect or it may be secondary to the pulmonary edema.", "contents": "Isolated perfused lung--substrate utilization. Lung metabolism has been extremely difficult to determine in vivo primarily because the lung is overwhelmed by a great blood flow that generally makes the Fick principle inadequate. Largely for reasons such as this, investigators have had to rely on in vitro preparations. The isolated perfused lung has the apparent advantage of being similar to the lung in vivo when compared with other preparations. For instance, there is evidence that the capillary bed of the lung may alter substrates and influence their subsequent metabolism. Substrates have contact with the capillary endothelium in isolated perfused lungs but not to tissue slices, homogenates, or isolated cells. Our studies indicate that precursors of saturated phosphatidylcholine may include lipids, which are hydrolyzed in the capillary of the isolated perfused lung and thus become substrates such as free fatty acids, etc. However, tissue slices do not use the esterified lipids to the same extent, presumably because in this preparation the enzymes in the capillary endothelium do not have contact with the esterified lipids. Substrate utilization of the isolated perfused lung may be considerably altered by inflation of the lung or by pulmonary edema. Although glucose utilization and palmitate oxidation by the isolated perfused lung and by tissue slices of the rat lung are very similar, if the isolated perfused lung develops pulmonary edema, glucose utilization increases by nearly 100%. This phenomenon is apparently not due solely to fluid in the airspaces because in control studies with fluid added into the airways the glucose utilization did not increase to the degree observed with edematous lungs. Lung distention is associated with increased glucose consumption but marked distention is also associated with pulmonary edema. The effect of lung distension may be a direct effect or it may be secondary to the pulmonary edema.", "PMID": 838083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3025", "title": "Nutrient transport systems in dog brain.", "content": "The cerebral circulation of the dog was isolated and an extracorporeal system was used to perfuse the brain with diluted blood. Transport of blood-borne substances was investigated by measurement of arteriovenous (a-v) differences (net transport) and by the indicator dilution method (unidirectional influx). The net movement of amino acids between blood and brain was qualitatively and quantitatively different when measured by whole blood a-v differences than when measured by plasma a-v differences. This result suggests that erythrocytes are involved in the movement of amino acids between the blood and brain, a finding similar to that observed in other vascular beds (Elwyn et al. Am. J. Physiol. 222: 13338 1972). The transport of 13 different blood-borne substances was investigated at normal and elevated solute concentrations using the indicator dilution method. Saturable processes were observed for the unidirectional transport of tyrosine, tryptophan, L-dopa, free palmitic acid, adenine, thymine, adenosine, and guanosine. However, the blood-brain interface did not appear to contain a carrier for dopamine, folic acid, cyanocobalamin, guanine, hypoxanthine, and free oleic acid.", "contents": "Nutrient transport systems in dog brain. The cerebral circulation of the dog was isolated and an extracorporeal system was used to perfuse the brain with diluted blood. Transport of blood-borne substances was investigated by measurement of arteriovenous (a-v) differences (net transport) and by the indicator dilution method (unidirectional influx). The net movement of amino acids between blood and brain was qualitatively and quantitatively different when measured by whole blood a-v differences than when measured by plasma a-v differences. This result suggests that erythrocytes are involved in the movement of amino acids between the blood and brain, a finding similar to that observed in other vascular beds (Elwyn et al. Am. J. Physiol. 222: 13338 1972). The transport of 13 different blood-borne substances was investigated at normal and elevated solute concentrations using the indicator dilution method. Saturable processes were observed for the unidirectional transport of tyrosine, tryptophan, L-dopa, free palmitic acid, adenine, thymine, adenosine, and guanosine. However, the blood-brain interface did not appear to contain a carrier for dopamine, folic acid, cyanocobalamin, guanine, hypoxanthine, and free oleic acid.", "PMID": 838084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3026", "title": "Effect of starvation on muscle glucose metabolism: studies with the isolated perfused rat hindquarter.", "content": "Studies in man and experimental animals suggest that the metabolism of glucose by skeletal muscle is depressed during starvation. To investigate the basis for this, the effect of starvation on the uptake and disposition of glucose in skeletal muscle was studied in the isolated perfused rat hindquarter. In contrast to earlier work carried out in heart, neither glucose uptake, whether stimulated by insulin or exercise, nor glycolysis were depressed by 48 hr of starvation or by perfusion of the hindquarter with acetoacetate, palmitate, or octanoate. Glucose oxidation, assessed from the oxidation of 1-[14C]lactate, was depressed by approximately 75% in starved rats and by 30% in fed rats perfused with acetoacetate. Exercise increased lactate oxidation 10-fold in both fed and starved rats; however, the relative difference between the groups persisted. In general, changes in lactate oxidation were paralleled by changes in the activity of pyruvate dehycrogenase (active form). The data suggest that glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle is inhibited during starvation at the step of pyruvate oxidation and that this inhibition persists during exercise. The also suggest that the diminution of glucose uptake that occurs in skeletal muscle of intact organisms during starvation may not be related to the presence of high concentrations of free fatty acids and ketone bodies.", "contents": "Effect of starvation on muscle glucose metabolism: studies with the isolated perfused rat hindquarter. Studies in man and experimental animals suggest that the metabolism of glucose by skeletal muscle is depressed during starvation. To investigate the basis for this, the effect of starvation on the uptake and disposition of glucose in skeletal muscle was studied in the isolated perfused rat hindquarter. In contrast to earlier work carried out in heart, neither glucose uptake, whether stimulated by insulin or exercise, nor glycolysis were depressed by 48 hr of starvation or by perfusion of the hindquarter with acetoacetate, palmitate, or octanoate. Glucose oxidation, assessed from the oxidation of 1-[14C]lactate, was depressed by approximately 75% in starved rats and by 30% in fed rats perfused with acetoacetate. Exercise increased lactate oxidation 10-fold in both fed and starved rats; however, the relative difference between the groups persisted. In general, changes in lactate oxidation were paralleled by changes in the activity of pyruvate dehycrogenase (active form). The data suggest that glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle is inhibited during starvation at the step of pyruvate oxidation and that this inhibition persists during exercise. The also suggest that the diminution of glucose uptake that occurs in skeletal muscle of intact organisms during starvation may not be related to the presence of high concentrations of free fatty acids and ketone bodies.", "PMID": 838085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3027", "title": "Vascular perfusion of rat small intestine: metabolic studies with isolated and in situ preparations.", "content": "Two different preparations of vascularly-perfused rat small intestine are described and their application to metabolic studies in this tissue illustrated. The first, a totally isolated, blood-perfused intestinal preparation, has an apparent requirement for glucocorticoid and norepinephrine. Lymph is produced and collected, permitting studies of fat transport and lipoprotein biosynthesis. Results indicate that intestine synthesizes some, but not all, of the proteins associated with chylomicrons and other lipoproteins of intestinal lymph. The isolated intestine from 260-g rats metabolizes 75 mumoles of circulating glutamine per hour, mostly to CO2, lactate, citrulline, proline, alanine, and ammonia. In a second preparation, all venous blood is collected from a short, isolated intestinal segment in situ with intact arterial blood supply. Adaptations allow the quantitative determination of rates of uptake and metabolism of substances from both blood and lumen. Results indicate that over 36% of CO2 produced by intestine of fasted rats is derived from plasma glutamine and only 8% from glucose. Virtually all glutamate and aspartate and significant amounts of glutamine and arginine absorbed from the lumen are also metabolized. The resulting metabolic products were quantitated and include CO2, lactate, proline, citrulline, alanine, and glucose.", "contents": "Vascular perfusion of rat small intestine: metabolic studies with isolated and in situ preparations. Two different preparations of vascularly-perfused rat small intestine are described and their application to metabolic studies in this tissue illustrated. The first, a totally isolated, blood-perfused intestinal preparation, has an apparent requirement for glucocorticoid and norepinephrine. Lymph is produced and collected, permitting studies of fat transport and lipoprotein biosynthesis. Results indicate that intestine synthesizes some, but not all, of the proteins associated with chylomicrons and other lipoproteins of intestinal lymph. The isolated intestine from 260-g rats metabolizes 75 mumoles of circulating glutamine per hour, mostly to CO2, lactate, citrulline, proline, alanine, and ammonia. In a second preparation, all venous blood is collected from a short, isolated intestinal segment in situ with intact arterial blood supply. Adaptations allow the quantitative determination of rates of uptake and metabolism of substances from both blood and lumen. Results indicate that over 36% of CO2 produced by intestine of fasted rats is derived from plasma glutamine and only 8% from glucose. Virtually all glutamate and aspartate and significant amounts of glutamine and arginine absorbed from the lumen are also metabolized. The resulting metabolic products were quantitated and include CO2, lactate, proline, citrulline, alanine, and glucose.", "PMID": 838086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3028", "title": "Metabolism of cyhlomicrons in perfused adipose and mammary tissue of the rat.", "content": "Perfused adipose and mammary tissues of the rat were used to study the role of capillary endothelium and lipoprotein lipase in the metabolism of chylomicrons. Triacylglycerol of chylomicrons was hydrolyzed stepwise during uptake by both tissues, first to di- or monoacylglycerol and fatty acid, and then to glycerol and fatty acid. Cytochemical studies in perfused adipose tissue showed that lipolysis occurred at the luminal surface of capillaries, within vacuoles and microvesicles in the endothelium, and between the endothelium and pericytes. Radioautography of perfused lactating mammary tissue showed that acyl and glyceryl moieties derived from chylomicron triacylglycerol were both incorporated into milk lipid droplets. Perfused lactating mammary tissue also took up cholesterol from chylomicrons. There was marked reduction of lipoprotein lipase activity and uptake of both triacylglycerol and cholesterol in perfused mammary tissue of hypophysectomized lactating rats. It is proposed that uptake of triacylglycerol by extrahepatic tissues requires the direct action of lipoprotein lipase, while uptake of cholesterol is dependent on reduction of the triacylglycerol core volume, resulting from action of the enzyme on the core and uptake of lipolytic products by the tissue.", "contents": "Metabolism of cyhlomicrons in perfused adipose and mammary tissue of the rat. Perfused adipose and mammary tissues of the rat were used to study the role of capillary endothelium and lipoprotein lipase in the metabolism of chylomicrons. Triacylglycerol of chylomicrons was hydrolyzed stepwise during uptake by both tissues, first to di- or monoacylglycerol and fatty acid, and then to glycerol and fatty acid. Cytochemical studies in perfused adipose tissue showed that lipolysis occurred at the luminal surface of capillaries, within vacuoles and microvesicles in the endothelium, and between the endothelium and pericytes. Radioautography of perfused lactating mammary tissue showed that acyl and glyceryl moieties derived from chylomicron triacylglycerol were both incorporated into milk lipid droplets. Perfused lactating mammary tissue also took up cholesterol from chylomicrons. There was marked reduction of lipoprotein lipase activity and uptake of both triacylglycerol and cholesterol in perfused mammary tissue of hypophysectomized lactating rats. It is proposed that uptake of triacylglycerol by extrahepatic tissues requires the direct action of lipoprotein lipase, while uptake of cholesterol is dependent on reduction of the triacylglycerol core volume, resulting from action of the enzyme on the core and uptake of lipolytic products by the tissue.", "PMID": 838087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3029", "title": "Rumen bacteria: interaction with particulate dietary components and response to dietary variation.", "content": "The bovine rumen resembles many other ecosystems in that its component bacterial cells are universally surrounded and protected by extracellular structures. The most common form of these structures is a fibrous carbohydrate slime that extends away from the cell and may mediate the attachment of the bacterium to a surface. This attachment is relatively specific and it may occur at the surface of the rumen epithelium or on the cell walls of a specific tissue within the plant-derived food of the animal. The production of the extracellular slime is under nutritional control and slime may be overproduced when soluble carbohydrates are available in high concentration. This overproduction results in cell-cell adhesion among the rumen bacteria with the eventual formation of slime-enclosed microcolonies and, in extreme cases, the generation of sufficient viscosity to cause feedlot bloat.", "contents": "Rumen bacteria: interaction with particulate dietary components and response to dietary variation. The bovine rumen resembles many other ecosystems in that its component bacterial cells are universally surrounded and protected by extracellular structures. The most common form of these structures is a fibrous carbohydrate slime that extends away from the cell and may mediate the attachment of the bacterium to a surface. This attachment is relatively specific and it may occur at the surface of the rumen epithelium or on the cell walls of a specific tissue within the plant-derived food of the animal. The production of the extracellular slime is under nutritional control and slime may be overproduced when soluble carbohydrates are available in high concentration. This overproduction results in cell-cell adhesion among the rumen bacteria with the eventual formation of slime-enclosed microcolonies and, in extreme cases, the generation of sufficient viscosity to cause feedlot bloat.", "PMID": 838089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3030", "title": "Ruminal microbial yields: factors influencing synthesis and bypass.", "content": "Bacterial growth (protein production) in the rumen is typically limited by anaerobic energy supply. But the mass of bacteria produced per mole of ATP (YATP) varies markedly with turnover or growth rate of bacteria, availability of cell components, accumulation of ash or starch, and intraspecies transfer of reducing equivalents. Increased turnover rate of rumen contents appears to enhance bacterial protein production, increase ruminal acetate and methane production and increase bypass of fiber and concentrate components of the ration.", "contents": "Ruminal microbial yields: factors influencing synthesis and bypass. Bacterial growth (protein production) in the rumen is typically limited by anaerobic energy supply. But the mass of bacteria produced per mole of ATP (YATP) varies markedly with turnover or growth rate of bacteria, availability of cell components, accumulation of ash or starch, and intraspecies transfer of reducing equivalents. Increased turnover rate of rumen contents appears to enhance bacterial protein production, increase ruminal acetate and methane production and increase bypass of fiber and concentrate components of the ration.", "PMID": 838090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3031", "title": "Estimating rapid changes in the rates of glucose production from glycogenolysis and recycling through lactate.", "content": "In order to obtain independent estimates of changes in the rate of glucose production from glycogenolysis from the glucose carbon recycled throught lactate, previously validated nonsteady tracer methods are used. Changes in glycogenolysis are estimated by calculating the rate of appearance of a label ([6-3H]glucose) uniformly distributed through glycogen and simultaneously the rate of recycling of 14C is measured under nonsteady-state conditions. It is indicated that these results can be extended to the determination of absolute rates of glucose production from glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenetic precursors.", "contents": "Estimating rapid changes in the rates of glucose production from glycogenolysis and recycling through lactate. In order to obtain independent estimates of changes in the rate of glucose production from glycogenolysis from the glucose carbon recycled throught lactate, previously validated nonsteady tracer methods are used. Changes in glycogenolysis are estimated by calculating the rate of appearance of a label ([6-3H]glucose) uniformly distributed through glycogen and simultaneously the rate of recycling of 14C is measured under nonsteady-state conditions. It is indicated that these results can be extended to the determination of absolute rates of glucose production from glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenetic precursors.", "PMID": 838092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3032", "title": "The turnover and conversion to glucose of alanine in newborn and grown dogs.", "content": "The extent of transfer of carbon atoms from alanine to glucose was examined in pups and grown dogs. [U-14C]Alanine and [2-3H]glucose were injected intravenously and by using the SAAM-26 program a compartmental model was formulated from the tracer data to quantify the kinetics of the alanine- and glucose-carbon system. A 3-compartment model was necessary to describe the alanine-carbon kinetics. Strict identification of these compartments with physiological counterparts was not possible. The overall transport (turnover) rate of alanine-C was found not to change significantly with age when calculated on the basis of body weight. Carbon atoms from alanine reach glucose by three identifiable pathways of different speed. The kinetics suggest that the different pathways are at least in part due to differences in the metabolism of the three carbon atoms of alanine. In pups less than 11 days of age 45-49% of the carbon atoms leaving the alanine subsystem enter glucose; in adults it was 70%. In young pups 18-19% of glucose-C utilized was derived from alanine-C, whereas in adults, 62%. Accordingly a smaller percentage of carbon atoms utilized as alanine appears in glucose and a smaller percentage of glucose-C is derived from alanine in pups than in grown dogs.", "contents": "The turnover and conversion to glucose of alanine in newborn and grown dogs. The extent of transfer of carbon atoms from alanine to glucose was examined in pups and grown dogs. [U-14C]Alanine and [2-3H]glucose were injected intravenously and by using the SAAM-26 program a compartmental model was formulated from the tracer data to quantify the kinetics of the alanine- and glucose-carbon system. A 3-compartment model was necessary to describe the alanine-carbon kinetics. Strict identification of these compartments with physiological counterparts was not possible. The overall transport (turnover) rate of alanine-C was found not to change significantly with age when calculated on the basis of body weight. Carbon atoms from alanine reach glucose by three identifiable pathways of different speed. The kinetics suggest that the different pathways are at least in part due to differences in the metabolism of the three carbon atoms of alanine. In pups less than 11 days of age 45-49% of the carbon atoms leaving the alanine subsystem enter glucose; in adults it was 70%. In young pups 18-19% of glucose-C utilized was derived from alanine-C, whereas in adults, 62%. Accordingly a smaller percentage of carbon atoms utilized as alanine appears in glucose and a smaller percentage of glucose-C is derived from alanine in pups than in grown dogs.", "PMID": 838093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3033", "title": "Measurement of glucose recycling and liver glycogen synthesis in mice using doubly labeled substrates.", "content": "Tracer experiments have been carried out using gorging and nibbling mice to study several related aspects of carbohydrate metabolism: 1) inhibition of gluconeogenesis shortly after animals ingest a glucose-rich meal; 2) the extent to which dietary glucose carbon is recycled by way of 3C compounds after dietary glucose is absorbed; and 3) recycling of glucose by exchange between free and a hypothetical, \"bound\" glucose pool. Fasted, gorging mice were allowed to eat 120 mg [U-14C,6-T]glucose (58% glucose diet) in 4 min. Plasma glucose-C specific activity rapidly reached that of the dietary glucose-C. Superficially, this suggested nearly complete inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis. However, plasma [6-T]glucose, glycogen-[14C, 3H]glucose analyses, and [14C]-glycerol conversion to glucose showed that hepatic gluconeogenesis continued during alimentary hyperglycemia. Half of liver glycogen seemed to be formed from a hepatic G-6-P pool that was never labeled. Indirect kinetic evidence of a large, bound exchangeable glucose pool was presented. Since no direct evidence of such a pool has been obtained, the possibility is raised that a serious artifact of the tracer technique exists or else some unconventional model of carbohydrate metabolism is required to explain our data.", "contents": "Measurement of glucose recycling and liver glycogen synthesis in mice using doubly labeled substrates. Tracer experiments have been carried out using gorging and nibbling mice to study several related aspects of carbohydrate metabolism: 1) inhibition of gluconeogenesis shortly after animals ingest a glucose-rich meal; 2) the extent to which dietary glucose carbon is recycled by way of 3C compounds after dietary glucose is absorbed; and 3) recycling of glucose by exchange between free and a hypothetical, \"bound\" glucose pool. Fasted, gorging mice were allowed to eat 120 mg [U-14C,6-T]glucose (58% glucose diet) in 4 min. Plasma glucose-C specific activity rapidly reached that of the dietary glucose-C. Superficially, this suggested nearly complete inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis. However, plasma [6-T]glucose, glycogen-[14C, 3H]glucose analyses, and [14C]-glycerol conversion to glucose showed that hepatic gluconeogenesis continued during alimentary hyperglycemia. Half of liver glycogen seemed to be formed from a hepatic G-6-P pool that was never labeled. Indirect kinetic evidence of a large, bound exchangeable glucose pool was presented. Since no direct evidence of such a pool has been obtained, the possibility is raised that a serious artifact of the tracer technique exists or else some unconventional model of carbohydrate metabolism is required to explain our data.", "PMID": 838094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3034", "title": "Management of hyperstimulation syndrome.", "content": "A case of hyperstimulation syndrome secondary to Pergonal therapy is presented. Successful management was based principally on severe sodium and fluid restriction without the use of volume expanders. The rationale for this therapeutic approach is presented and discussed. Although this iatrogenic disease should be virtually eliminated with the monitoring of daily urinary estrogens, severe hyperstimulation may still occur as a result of laboratory error.", "contents": "Management of hyperstimulation syndrome. A case of hyperstimulation syndrome secondary to Pergonal therapy is presented. Successful management was based principally on severe sodium and fluid restriction without the use of volume expanders. The rationale for this therapeutic approach is presented and discussed. Although this iatrogenic disease should be virtually eliminated with the monitoring of daily urinary estrogens, severe hyperstimulation may still occur as a result of laboratory error.", "PMID": 838096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3035", "title": "Meiotic figures in the testicular biopsy of subfertile males.", "content": "The phases and sequence of meiotic division are herein reviewed and illustrated as they occur in the human testis. Normally all phases of meiosis can be identified, and arrest at a phase is indicative of faulty spermatogenesis. The correlation of these arrest patterns with the clinical course and response to clinical therapy is now in progress. These meiotic studies can be undertaken in any laboratory with cytogenetic capabilities, and this study is intended to serve as a base line illustration of the normal.", "contents": "Meiotic figures in the testicular biopsy of subfertile males. The phases and sequence of meiotic division are herein reviewed and illustrated as they occur in the human testis. Normally all phases of meiosis can be identified, and arrest at a phase is indicative of faulty spermatogenesis. The correlation of these arrest patterns with the clinical course and response to clinical therapy is now in progress. These meiotic studies can be undertaken in any laboratory with cytogenetic capabilities, and this study is intended to serve as a base line illustration of the normal.", "PMID": 838097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3036", "title": "Effect of intrauterine estriol on reproductive function in the rabbit.", "content": "The effect of intrauterine estriol on spontaneous ovulation, ovum fertilization, blastocyst development, and blastocyst implantation in rabbits has been investigated. Estriolreleasing intrauterine capsules constructed of biocompatible polymer were implanted in one uterine horn of adult New Zealand White female rabbits, while placebo-containing capsules were implanted into the contralateral horn. The animals were artificially inseminated and ovulated or mated to fertile bucks. The does were killed and their reproductive tracts were examined 54 hours, 6 days, and 10 days after ovulation-inducing injection or after coitus. The results indicate that intrauterine estriol released at a steady state rate of 1.25 mug/day effectively inhibits blastocyst development and implantation. This contraceptive effect was clearly local, since implantations in the contralateral,placebo-bearing horn were not inhibited. Furthermore, the same dose of estriol, when released systemically from a subcutaneously placed capsule, had no effect on implantation. Intrauterine estriol appeared also to have no effect on spontaneous ovulation or ovum fertilization.", "contents": "Effect of intrauterine estriol on reproductive function in the rabbit. The effect of intrauterine estriol on spontaneous ovulation, ovum fertilization, blastocyst development, and blastocyst implantation in rabbits has been investigated. Estriolreleasing intrauterine capsules constructed of biocompatible polymer were implanted in one uterine horn of adult New Zealand White female rabbits, while placebo-containing capsules were implanted into the contralateral horn. The animals were artificially inseminated and ovulated or mated to fertile bucks. The does were killed and their reproductive tracts were examined 54 hours, 6 days, and 10 days after ovulation-inducing injection or after coitus. The results indicate that intrauterine estriol released at a steady state rate of 1.25 mug/day effectively inhibits blastocyst development and implantation. This contraceptive effect was clearly local, since implantations in the contralateral,placebo-bearing horn were not inhibited. Furthermore, the same dose of estriol, when released systemically from a subcutaneously placed capsule, had no effect on implantation. Intrauterine estriol appeared also to have no effect on spontaneous ovulation or ovum fertilization.", "PMID": 838098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3037", "title": "Haemodynamic effects of dobutamine in patients with coronary artery disease.", "content": "The haemodynamic effects of the infusion of dobutamine in dosages of 2-5, 5-0 and 10-0 mug/kg/min were studied in twelve patients with coronary artery disease. At the lowest dose, infusion of dobutamine caused a significant increase in cardiac output; greater increases occurred with doses of 5-0 and 10-0 mug/kg/min. The means by which the myocardium produced the increase in cardiac output differed according to the dose of the drug; 2-5 and 5-0 mug/kg/min produced an increase in stroke volume without any significant variation in the heart rate. At the highest dose rate, an increase in heart rate made a distinct contribution to the overall increase in output. The ventricular dp/dt max. increased at all three dosages. Blood pressure, pulmonary arterial and capillary pressure, and left ventricular and diastolic pressure did not show any significant change. The separation of the inotropic and the chronotropic effects of dobutamine according to the infused dose appears to have extremely interesting clinical implications.", "contents": "Haemodynamic effects of dobutamine in patients with coronary artery disease. The haemodynamic effects of the infusion of dobutamine in dosages of 2-5, 5-0 and 10-0 mug/kg/min were studied in twelve patients with coronary artery disease. At the lowest dose, infusion of dobutamine caused a significant increase in cardiac output; greater increases occurred with doses of 5-0 and 10-0 mug/kg/min. The means by which the myocardium produced the increase in cardiac output differed according to the dose of the drug; 2-5 and 5-0 mug/kg/min produced an increase in stroke volume without any significant variation in the heart rate. At the highest dose rate, an increase in heart rate made a distinct contribution to the overall increase in output. The ventricular dp/dt max. increased at all three dosages. Blood pressure, pulmonary arterial and capillary pressure, and left ventricular and diastolic pressure did not show any significant change. The separation of the inotropic and the chronotropic effects of dobutamine according to the infused dose appears to have extremely interesting clinical implications.", "PMID": 838109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3038", "title": "Maprotiline (Ludiomil) in depression: a report of a monitored release study of 10,000 patients in general practice.", "content": "In a three-week study of 10,000 general practice patients with depressive illness, a single dose of maprotiline 75 mg at night was effective therapy in three-quarters of the patients who completed the study. At this dose the drug was well tolerated, and troublesome side-effects presented in only a small percentage of patients. Drowsiness was the most commonly reported side-effect, and the main reason for withdrawal of treatment. The drug was acceptable to most physicians, and in this study was used in a wide range of patients and over a broad spectrum of depressive illness.", "contents": "Maprotiline (Ludiomil) in depression: a report of a monitored release study of 10,000 patients in general practice. In a three-week study of 10,000 general practice patients with depressive illness, a single dose of maprotiline 75 mg at night was effective therapy in three-quarters of the patients who completed the study. At this dose the drug was well tolerated, and troublesome side-effects presented in only a small percentage of patients. Drowsiness was the most commonly reported side-effect, and the main reason for withdrawal of treatment. The drug was acceptable to most physicians, and in this study was used in a wide range of patients and over a broad spectrum of depressive illness.", "PMID": 838110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3039", "title": "The mechanism of action of a normophasic oral contraceptive 'Fysioquens'.", "content": "Six women with normal menstrual cycles were treated over six cycles with Fysioquens, a normophasic contraceptive consisting of 7 tablets of ethinyloestradiol (EE) 0-050 mg and 15 tablets containing 1-0 mg lynestrenol + 0-050 mg EE. In the 1st, 3rd and 6th treatment cycles and in the cycles before and after treatment, hormonal assays and other tests were carried out to determine whether ovulation had occurred. No treatment cycles showed any signs of ovulation, but it did occur in the pre-and post-treatment cycles. Blood pressures and liver function tests remained normal, but two of the six volunteers showed a slight increase in body-weight.", "contents": "The mechanism of action of a normophasic oral contraceptive 'Fysioquens'. Six women with normal menstrual cycles were treated over six cycles with Fysioquens, a normophasic contraceptive consisting of 7 tablets of ethinyloestradiol (EE) 0-050 mg and 15 tablets containing 1-0 mg lynestrenol + 0-050 mg EE. In the 1st, 3rd and 6th treatment cycles and in the cycles before and after treatment, hormonal assays and other tests were carried out to determine whether ovulation had occurred. No treatment cycles showed any signs of ovulation, but it did occur in the pre-and post-treatment cycles. Blood pressures and liver function tests remained normal, but two of the six volunteers showed a slight increase in body-weight.", "PMID": 838111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3040", "title": "An assessment of the bacteriological activity of Locabiotal (Fusafungine) --a non-systemic antibiotic.", "content": "Various tests were performed to establish the bacteriological potency of Locabiotal, an aerosol for local application to the nose and throat containing fusafungine. Using impregnated filter paper on a plate of solid sensitivity media considerable inhibition of the growth of common pathogens was shown. Plates of nasal swabs from adults and buccal swabs from children showed similar inhibition. Further tests after the application of the spray to the nose and throat indicated that inhibition lasts for at least eight hours.", "contents": "An assessment of the bacteriological activity of Locabiotal (Fusafungine) --a non-systemic antibiotic. Various tests were performed to establish the bacteriological potency of Locabiotal, an aerosol for local application to the nose and throat containing fusafungine. Using impregnated filter paper on a plate of solid sensitivity media considerable inhibition of the growth of common pathogens was shown. Plates of nasal swabs from adults and buccal swabs from children showed similar inhibition. Further tests after the application of the spray to the nose and throat indicated that inhibition lasts for at least eight hours.", "PMID": 838112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3041", "title": "A general practice assessment of Locabiotal in the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections.", "content": "An open clinical trial of Locabiotal, in which the antibiotic, fusafungine, is presented in a micronized aerosol was performed in general practice. One hundred and ten patients suffering from upper respiratory infections without associated hyperpyrexia or toxic symptoms were treated for 7 days. There was a marked improvement in the symptoms rated during the first 48 hours. After the full course of treatment 37 patients regarded its effect as excellent and 48 as good.", "contents": "A general practice assessment of Locabiotal in the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections. An open clinical trial of Locabiotal, in which the antibiotic, fusafungine, is presented in a micronized aerosol was performed in general practice. One hundred and ten patients suffering from upper respiratory infections without associated hyperpyrexia or toxic symptoms were treated for 7 days. There was a marked improvement in the symptoms rated during the first 48 hours. After the full course of treatment 37 patients regarded its effect as excellent and 48 as good.", "PMID": 838113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3042", "title": "Comparative effect of food on absorption of ampicillin and pivampicillin.", "content": "The effect of food on the absorption of simultaneously ingested ampicillin or pivampicillin was compared in a crossover study in eight healthy volunteers. The absorption of both ampicillin and pivampicillin was delayed by simultaneous food intake as judged by serum concentration and urinary excretion of ampicillin. The total absorption of ampicillin, but not that of pivampicillin was decreased by simultaneous food intake as indicated by the are under the serum ampicillin concentration-time curves and by 24 hours urinary excretion of ampicillin. The excretion of ampicillin into urine was about 30% of the dose when ampicillin was ingested with water into an empty stomach and about 20% when ingested with food. The respective excretion of ampicillin following the ingestion of pivampicillin was about 60% of the dose taken either with or without food.", "contents": "Comparative effect of food on absorption of ampicillin and pivampicillin. The effect of food on the absorption of simultaneously ingested ampicillin or pivampicillin was compared in a crossover study in eight healthy volunteers. The absorption of both ampicillin and pivampicillin was delayed by simultaneous food intake as judged by serum concentration and urinary excretion of ampicillin. The total absorption of ampicillin, but not that of pivampicillin was decreased by simultaneous food intake as indicated by the are under the serum ampicillin concentration-time curves and by 24 hours urinary excretion of ampicillin. The excretion of ampicillin into urine was about 30% of the dose when ampicillin was ingested with water into an empty stomach and about 20% when ingested with food. The respective excretion of ampicillin following the ingestion of pivampicillin was about 60% of the dose taken either with or without food.", "PMID": 838114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3043", "title": "Purification of oestradiol receptor from human uterus by affinity chromotrgraphy.", "content": "The oestrogen receptor from human myometrium has been extensively purified by affinity chromatography and isoelectric focusing. The latter step is necessary to remove contaminating sex-steroid-binding globulin. The unpurified 3.7-S cytoplasmic receptor has a molecular weight of 41,000, a Stokes radius of 27.0 A and a frictional ratio (f/f0) of 1.19; the KD (4 degrees C) for [3H]oestradiol-17 beta was 1.03 X 10(-10) M. After purification, the molecular weight was 30,000, the Stokes radius 23.6 A, frictional ratio 1.15 and isoelectric point 6.15.", "contents": "Purification of oestradiol receptor from human uterus by affinity chromotrgraphy. The oestrogen receptor from human myometrium has been extensively purified by affinity chromatography and isoelectric focusing. The latter step is necessary to remove contaminating sex-steroid-binding globulin. The unpurified 3.7-S cytoplasmic receptor has a molecular weight of 41,000, a Stokes radius of 27.0 A and a frictional ratio (f/f0) of 1.19; the KD (4 degrees C) for [3H]oestradiol-17 beta was 1.03 X 10(-10) M. After purification, the molecular weight was 30,000, the Stokes radius 23.6 A, frictional ratio 1.15 and isoelectric point 6.15.", "PMID": 838115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3044", "title": "The presence of an estradiol binding component in cytosol from immature rat epididymides.", "content": "Cytosol prepared from epididymides of sexually immature (21-23-day-old) rats contains a macromolecular binding component for estradiol-17 beta. This binding moiety sediments as an 8-S species on 5-20% sucrose gradients containing 0.01 M KCl. Under conditions of high ionic strength (0.4 M KCl) the 8-S peak of estradiol binding is shifted to the 4-S region, suggesting dissociation of receptor aggregates. Time-course studies indicated that binding equilibrium was essentially achieved after 2 hours incubation at 0 degrees C. Although unlabeled estrone and estriol are capable of inhibiting [3H]estradiol binding to epididymal cytosol, they are less effective than unlabeled estradiol. Unlabeled 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5 alpha-DHT) at a 100-fold molar excess did not cause a statistically significant inhibition of [3H]estradiol binding. Unlabeled estrogens, but not unlabeled 5 alpha-DHT or cortisol (at the concentrations used), were capable of displacint [3H]estradiol from its binding sites. The dissociation of [3H]estradiol from the binding component is very slow, with half-time of dissociation being greater than 16 hours. The epididymal estrogen binder is saturable at low concentrations of ligand. The dissociation constant was of the order of 10(-11)M and the concentration of binding sites was approximately 10(-14) mol/mg protein. This estrogen binder has the characteristics which are usually attributed to steroid receptors and is clearly different from the testicular androgen-binding protein and the epididymal androgen receptor.", "contents": "The presence of an estradiol binding component in cytosol from immature rat epididymides. Cytosol prepared from epididymides of sexually immature (21-23-day-old) rats contains a macromolecular binding component for estradiol-17 beta. This binding moiety sediments as an 8-S species on 5-20% sucrose gradients containing 0.01 M KCl. Under conditions of high ionic strength (0.4 M KCl) the 8-S peak of estradiol binding is shifted to the 4-S region, suggesting dissociation of receptor aggregates. Time-course studies indicated that binding equilibrium was essentially achieved after 2 hours incubation at 0 degrees C. Although unlabeled estrone and estriol are capable of inhibiting [3H]estradiol binding to epididymal cytosol, they are less effective than unlabeled estradiol. Unlabeled 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5 alpha-DHT) at a 100-fold molar excess did not cause a statistically significant inhibition of [3H]estradiol binding. Unlabeled estrogens, but not unlabeled 5 alpha-DHT or cortisol (at the concentrations used), were capable of displacint [3H]estradiol from its binding sites. The dissociation of [3H]estradiol from the binding component is very slow, with half-time of dissociation being greater than 16 hours. The epididymal estrogen binder is saturable at low concentrations of ligand. The dissociation constant was of the order of 10(-11)M and the concentration of binding sites was approximately 10(-14) mol/mg protein. This estrogen binder has the characteristics which are usually attributed to steroid receptors and is clearly different from the testicular androgen-binding protein and the epididymal androgen receptor.", "PMID": 838116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3045", "title": "Suppression of 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in cultured rat luteal cells by prolactin.", "content": "20alpha-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20 alpha-SDH) activity increases in the cycling corpus luteum of the rat, beginning at 14.00 h on the day of diestrus, but remains low in corpora lutea of pregnancy throughout the first 19 days of gestation. When cells derived from 7-day-old corpora lutea of pregnant rats were cultured for 7 or 12 days, there was a spontaneous rise in 20 alpha-SDH activity from an initial value of 0.44 +/- 0.27 to 4.1 +/- 0.7 units/mg supernatant protein. Addition of LH (NIH-S-18; 2.0 mug/ml) or prostaglandin F2alpha (2.8 X 10(-5) M) to the medium from day 4 to the end of incubation period caused a slight but significant reduction in 20 alpha-SDH activity (20%, P less than 0.05). Supplementation of the medium with ovine prolactin (HIH-P-S11; 10.0 mug/ml) from the time of seeding or from the 2nd to 4th day of culture reduced the activity of 20 alpha-SDH measured on day 12 by 61% (P less than 0.001). This finding suggests that the suppression of 20 alpha-SDH by prolactin, hitherto demonstrated only in vivo results from a direct action of the hormone on the luteal cell.", "contents": "Suppression of 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in cultured rat luteal cells by prolactin. 20alpha-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20 alpha-SDH) activity increases in the cycling corpus luteum of the rat, beginning at 14.00 h on the day of diestrus, but remains low in corpora lutea of pregnancy throughout the first 19 days of gestation. When cells derived from 7-day-old corpora lutea of pregnant rats were cultured for 7 or 12 days, there was a spontaneous rise in 20 alpha-SDH activity from an initial value of 0.44 +/- 0.27 to 4.1 +/- 0.7 units/mg supernatant protein. Addition of LH (NIH-S-18; 2.0 mug/ml) or prostaglandin F2alpha (2.8 X 10(-5) M) to the medium from day 4 to the end of incubation period caused a slight but significant reduction in 20 alpha-SDH activity (20%, P less than 0.05). Supplementation of the medium with ovine prolactin (HIH-P-S11; 10.0 mug/ml) from the time of seeding or from the 2nd to 4th day of culture reduced the activity of 20 alpha-SDH measured on day 12 by 61% (P less than 0.001). This finding suggests that the suppression of 20 alpha-SDH by prolactin, hitherto demonstrated only in vivo results from a direct action of the hormone on the luteal cell.", "PMID": 838117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3046", "title": "Androgen regulation of transferase II activity in the mouse kidney.", "content": "Castration of adult male mice reduced the ability of the transferase factors of the kidney to stimulate amino acid incorporation by polysomes in vitro. The administration of testosterone propionate (TP) to the mice for 11 days greatly increased the activity of the transferase fraction. The changes occurred only in transferase II. The induction of the increase in transferase activity was evident 24 h after the injection of TP and required a lag period of at least 12 h. The concentration of pH 5 enzymes (protein) was slightly decreased by castration and was restored by TP administration. The radioactivity in the hot perchloric acid extract of the protein after amino acid incorporation was increased but the activity of the pH 5 enzyme fraction on amino incorporation was not significantly changed by androgen administration.", "contents": "Androgen regulation of transferase II activity in the mouse kidney. Castration of adult male mice reduced the ability of the transferase factors of the kidney to stimulate amino acid incorporation by polysomes in vitro. The administration of testosterone propionate (TP) to the mice for 11 days greatly increased the activity of the transferase fraction. The changes occurred only in transferase II. The induction of the increase in transferase activity was evident 24 h after the injection of TP and required a lag period of at least 12 h. The concentration of pH 5 enzymes (protein) was slightly decreased by castration and was restored by TP administration. The radioactivity in the hot perchloric acid extract of the protein after amino acid incorporation was increased but the activity of the pH 5 enzyme fraction on amino incorporation was not significantly changed by androgen administration.", "PMID": 838118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3047", "title": "Circadian [3H] leucine incorporation into protein of the rat brain: sex differences.", "content": "The incorporation of 3H from [3H]leucine into protein in various regions of the brain and in the anterior pituitary was measured at 6-h intervals throughout a 24-h period in groups of male and female rats. No rhythm was observed in the male, while there were significant circadian rhythms in certain areas of the female brain, with peaks at 15.00 h. Statistically significant rhythms of the acid-soluble tritium and of the protein concentrations in the individual tissues were also observed, but were unrelated to the rhythms of incorporation of the label into protein.", "contents": "Circadian [3H] leucine incorporation into protein of the rat brain: sex differences. The incorporation of 3H from [3H]leucine into protein in various regions of the brain and in the anterior pituitary was measured at 6-h intervals throughout a 24-h period in groups of male and female rats. No rhythm was observed in the male, while there were significant circadian rhythms in certain areas of the female brain, with peaks at 15.00 h. Statistically significant rhythms of the acid-soluble tritium and of the protein concentrations in the individual tissues were also observed, but were unrelated to the rhythms of incorporation of the label into protein.", "PMID": 838119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3048", "title": "Protein concentration in immunological preparations and pyrogenic reaction of rabbits.", "content": "The drop of arterial pressure was found to be caused by proteins injected intravenously into test animals. The drop was related to the protein concentration and the volume of the dose. Low pressure was caused neither by the histamine nor by the protein characterized by its property of liberating histamine. Antihistamines had no influence on quantitative or qualitative depressory reaction, caused by the presence of dissolved proteins. Concentrated protein solutions, when applied intravenously, did not contribute to identifying the pyrogenic reaction, but had a damaging effect on the organism and homeostasis of animals used in the experiments.", "contents": "Protein concentration in immunological preparations and pyrogenic reaction of rabbits. The drop of arterial pressure was found to be caused by proteins injected intravenously into test animals. The drop was related to the protein concentration and the volume of the dose. Low pressure was caused neither by the histamine nor by the protein characterized by its property of liberating histamine. Antihistamines had no influence on quantitative or qualitative depressory reaction, caused by the presence of dissolved proteins. Concentrated protein solutions, when applied intravenously, did not contribute to identifying the pyrogenic reaction, but had a damaging effect on the organism and homeostasis of animals used in the experiments.", "PMID": 838134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3049", "title": "Regularities of the frequency of minus temperatures in the rabbit pyrogen test.", "content": "The author draws the attention on the fact that in the pyrogen test on rabbit lowering of temperature is frequently observed; the drop can reach minus 0.6 degrees C or more. Attempts to explain this phenomenon are presented.", "contents": "Regularities of the frequency of minus temperatures in the rabbit pyrogen test. The author draws the attention on the fact that in the pyrogen test on rabbit lowering of temperature is frequently observed; the drop can reach minus 0.6 degrees C or more. Attempts to explain this phenomenon are presented.", "PMID": 838135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3050", "title": "Pyrogen tests of infusions, blood anticoagulant solutions, plastic materials and rubber products.", "content": "The methods of the pyrogen test in rabbit as adopted by the authors are presented. The test includes positive and negative controls. The conditions of using the same rabbits on two consecutive days are discussed. Methods of sampling of sterile infusions and the preparation for pyrogen test of anticoagulant solutions containing citrate, phosphate and/or edetate ions are presented. The necessity of pyrogen control of distilled water is stressed. Attention is called on the importance of testing for pyrogenicity of the plastic materials and the rubber-wares to be applied during the production of anticoagulant solutions and infusions. A pyrogen test highly sensitive for detecting traces of detergent is applied for washed glassware. It is emphasized that sensitive pyrogen tests are indispensable not only when new derivatives are being introduced, but also during routine control, because occasional changes in the manufacturer's technology may sometimes be demonstrable in this way.", "contents": "Pyrogen tests of infusions, blood anticoagulant solutions, plastic materials and rubber products. The methods of the pyrogen test in rabbit as adopted by the authors are presented. The test includes positive and negative controls. The conditions of using the same rabbits on two consecutive days are discussed. Methods of sampling of sterile infusions and the preparation for pyrogen test of anticoagulant solutions containing citrate, phosphate and/or edetate ions are presented. The necessity of pyrogen control of distilled water is stressed. Attention is called on the importance of testing for pyrogenicity of the plastic materials and the rubber-wares to be applied during the production of anticoagulant solutions and infusions. A pyrogen test highly sensitive for detecting traces of detergent is applied for washed glassware. It is emphasized that sensitive pyrogen tests are indispensable not only when new derivatives are being introduced, but also during routine control, because occasional changes in the manufacturer's technology may sometimes be demonstrable in this way.", "PMID": 838136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3051", "title": "Comparative pyrogen reactivity of rabbit and man to human albumin and immunoglobulin solutions.", "content": "According to the prescriptions of the Hungarian Pharmacopoeia regarding the pyrogenicity of human albumin and immunoglobulin solutions, the temperature increase should not exceed 0.5 degrees C in rabbits. If the average rise in temperature of rabbits is between 0.6 to 1.1 degrees C, the preparation--in other respects meeting the requirements--can be tested in man (generally 20 persons per preparation). Products causing an average rise in temperature less than 0.6 degrees C and provoking individual rises of temperature below 1 degrees C in man, can be issued. On the basis of these data going back for many years, no reliable correlation could be found between the pyrogen test in rabbits and temperature rise in man. The same preparation which failed to pass the rabbit pyrogen test proved to be apyrogenic in man.", "contents": "Comparative pyrogen reactivity of rabbit and man to human albumin and immunoglobulin solutions. According to the prescriptions of the Hungarian Pharmacopoeia regarding the pyrogenicity of human albumin and immunoglobulin solutions, the temperature increase should not exceed 0.5 degrees C in rabbits. If the average rise in temperature of rabbits is between 0.6 to 1.1 degrees C, the preparation--in other respects meeting the requirements--can be tested in man (generally 20 persons per preparation). Products causing an average rise in temperature less than 0.6 degrees C and provoking individual rises of temperature below 1 degrees C in man, can be issued. On the basis of these data going back for many years, no reliable correlation could be found between the pyrogen test in rabbits and temperature rise in man. The same preparation which failed to pass the rabbit pyrogen test proved to be apyrogenic in man.", "PMID": 838137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3052", "title": "Irreversibility of toxoids. An improved method of testing.", "content": "Reversion of toxoid to toxin has been described by several authors yet present day regulations of all National Control Authorities have no specific requirements to check for this possibility. Most producers however have included some form of test in their own protocols for release. We have developed a satisfactory test for both diphtheria and tetanus toxoids which involves storing diluted toxoid at 20 degrees C and 34 degrees C for 6 weeks and performing a full toxicity test on the samples. In the case of diphtheria toxoid we have evidence that it may be dangerous to rely on the simpler guinea-pig skin test, since we have shown that several lots, while giving a negative skin reaction, exhibit diphtheria toxicity when given systemically. It is felt that an in vivo conversion to toxin may occur in some lots which would not be detected by the skin test.", "contents": "Irreversibility of toxoids. An improved method of testing. Reversion of toxoid to toxin has been described by several authors yet present day regulations of all National Control Authorities have no specific requirements to check for this possibility. Most producers however have included some form of test in their own protocols for release. We have developed a satisfactory test for both diphtheria and tetanus toxoids which involves storing diluted toxoid at 20 degrees C and 34 degrees C for 6 weeks and performing a full toxicity test on the samples. In the case of diphtheria toxoid we have evidence that it may be dangerous to rely on the simpler guinea-pig skin test, since we have shown that several lots, while giving a negative skin reaction, exhibit diphtheria toxicity when given systemically. It is felt that an in vivo conversion to toxin may occur in some lots which would not be detected by the skin test.", "PMID": 838138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3053", "title": "The limulus amebocyte lysate test micromethod and application in the control of sera and vaccines.", "content": "To estimate the amount of endotoxin in sera and vaccines relatively high quantities of limulus lysate are necessary. Because this makes the control rather expensive, a micromethod was developed in which the amount of limulus lysate was reduced fivefold. This method was used to estimate endotoxin in typhoid vaccines. The relation between the reactions in man and the amount of endotoxin in the vaccines was examined. In these experiments it appeared that the limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test demonstrates predominantly the endotoxin in solution. The test was also used as a control test for calf sera. The culture quality of these calf sera as estimated by the lymphocyte stimulation test appeared to be influenced by previous bacterial contamination as could be demonstrated with the LAL test.", "contents": "The limulus amebocyte lysate test micromethod and application in the control of sera and vaccines. To estimate the amount of endotoxin in sera and vaccines relatively high quantities of limulus lysate are necessary. Because this makes the control rather expensive, a micromethod was developed in which the amount of limulus lysate was reduced fivefold. This method was used to estimate endotoxin in typhoid vaccines. The relation between the reactions in man and the amount of endotoxin in the vaccines was examined. In these experiments it appeared that the limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test demonstrates predominantly the endotoxin in solution. The test was also used as a control test for calf sera. The culture quality of these calf sera as estimated by the lymphocyte stimulation test appeared to be influenced by previous bacterial contamination as could be demonstrated with the LAL test.", "PMID": 838139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3054", "title": "In vivo and in vitro innocuity tests applied at the National Institute of Haematology and Blood Transfusion.", "content": "The system of testing for toxocity in the authors' laboratories is presented; it includes toxicity tests in rabbits of the sodium citrate and citric acid ingredients of anticoagulant solutions. The necessity of controlling the biological activity of containers, rubber-ware, accessories, etc. applied in infusion and blood preservation practice is stressed. Innocuity tests are performed in vivo, in the course of the production of the plastic materials to be used, from extracts of the ingredients, of intermediary products and of the finished product. The fish test has proved to be a sensitive method for demonstrating biologically harmful degradation products occasionally appearing in extracts of samples taken during the production and subsequent treatment of plastics. As to in vitro testing, experiences with the 51Cr release test and the control of the haemolyzing effect are presented. Testing of silicon tubes and rubber stoppers used in blood preservation and of infusions and anticoagulant solutions as well as the innocuity tests for anti-D immune globulin and other plasma fractions are presented.", "contents": "In vivo and in vitro innocuity tests applied at the National Institute of Haematology and Blood Transfusion. The system of testing for toxocity in the authors' laboratories is presented; it includes toxicity tests in rabbits of the sodium citrate and citric acid ingredients of anticoagulant solutions. The necessity of controlling the biological activity of containers, rubber-ware, accessories, etc. applied in infusion and blood preservation practice is stressed. Innocuity tests are performed in vivo, in the course of the production of the plastic materials to be used, from extracts of the ingredients, of intermediary products and of the finished product. The fish test has proved to be a sensitive method for demonstrating biologically harmful degradation products occasionally appearing in extracts of samples taken during the production and subsequent treatment of plastics. As to in vitro testing, experiences with the 51Cr release test and the control of the haemolyzing effect are presented. Testing of silicon tubes and rubber stoppers used in blood preservation and of infusions and anticoagulant solutions as well as the innocuity tests for anti-D immune globulin and other plasma fractions are presented.", "PMID": 838140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3055", "title": "The encephalitogenicity of the Hempt vaccine.", "content": "The encephalitogenic property of rabies vaccines of brain tissue origin (Hempt vaccine produced in different institutes, Semple vaccine, International Standard of Rabies Vaccine) was studied in animal experiments. Guinea pigs inoculated with the vaccines in complete Freund adjuvant were observed for clinical signs and histopathological changes characteristic of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Normal sheep brain suspension was used as control. The minimal encephalitogenic dose of the Hempt vaccine was found about 3,500 times more than that of the control material. Hempt vaccine proved much less reactogenic than the International Standard of Rabies Vaccine and the Semple vaccine. Subsequent lots of Hempt vaccine were slightly different in respect of their encephalitogenic activity.", "contents": "The encephalitogenicity of the Hempt vaccine. The encephalitogenic property of rabies vaccines of brain tissue origin (Hempt vaccine produced in different institutes, Semple vaccine, International Standard of Rabies Vaccine) was studied in animal experiments. Guinea pigs inoculated with the vaccines in complete Freund adjuvant were observed for clinical signs and histopathological changes characteristic of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Normal sheep brain suspension was used as control. The minimal encephalitogenic dose of the Hempt vaccine was found about 3,500 times more than that of the control material. Hempt vaccine proved much less reactogenic than the International Standard of Rabies Vaccine and the Semple vaccine. Subsequent lots of Hempt vaccine were slightly different in respect of their encephalitogenic activity.", "PMID": 838141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3056", "title": "Studies on the toxicity of a variety of human vaccines as measured by laboratory tests.", "content": "The results obtained from our laboratory tests for pyrogenic activity on 8 bacterial vaccines are compared with the clinical reactogenicity of the same 8 vaccines in man. It is concluded that, although none of the tests correlate exactly with clinical reactogenicity, the rabbit pyrogenicity test provides the best indication of such activity. The limulus test, although valuable as a means of detecting contaminant endotoxin in pyrogen free preparations appears to be of little value as a gauge of pyrogenicity in bacterial vaccines.", "contents": "Studies on the toxicity of a variety of human vaccines as measured by laboratory tests. The results obtained from our laboratory tests for pyrogenic activity on 8 bacterial vaccines are compared with the clinical reactogenicity of the same 8 vaccines in man. It is concluded that, although none of the tests correlate exactly with clinical reactogenicity, the rabbit pyrogenicity test provides the best indication of such activity. The limulus test, although valuable as a means of detecting contaminant endotoxin in pyrogen free preparations appears to be of little value as a gauge of pyrogenicity in bacterial vaccines.", "PMID": 838142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3057", "title": "Comparison of the toxic effect on mice of a massive dose of French BCG after low, medium and high dose pretreatment of the French, Glaxo and Japan BCG strains.", "content": "Numerous laboratory experiments and field trials for tuberculosis prevention have been analyzed. The results concern the comparison of different BCG strains, the correlation between the protection and allergenic property and the degree of residual virulence as an inherited character in producing post vaccination side effects. There are more and more reports about incidence of side effects following BCG immunostimulation. We used the French, Glaxo and International Reference (Japan) strains for this toxicity test because these are the most used strains for vaccine production. The differences obtained in toxic effects of the three tested BCG strains in this experimental model suggest that the investigations should be continued and comparative analyses with histological and immunochemical methods should be extended.", "contents": "Comparison of the toxic effect on mice of a massive dose of French BCG after low, medium and high dose pretreatment of the French, Glaxo and Japan BCG strains. Numerous laboratory experiments and field trials for tuberculosis prevention have been analyzed. The results concern the comparison of different BCG strains, the correlation between the protection and allergenic property and the degree of residual virulence as an inherited character in producing post vaccination side effects. There are more and more reports about incidence of side effects following BCG immunostimulation. We used the French, Glaxo and International Reference (Japan) strains for this toxicity test because these are the most used strains for vaccine production. The differences obtained in toxic effects of the three tested BCG strains in this experimental model suggest that the investigations should be continued and comparative analyses with histological and immunochemical methods should be extended.", "PMID": 838143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3058", "title": "Toxicity testing of peptide for human use.", "content": "The extent and design of animal tests to obtain information on the possible risks involved with the use of a new peptide in man is still a matter of dispute. It might be relevant to carry out subacute or prolonged toxocity studies in animals also on peptides of human origin to evaluate the possible risk involved if systematically administered peptides reach distant target organs in much higher concentrations than normally, especially peptides whose biological action is close to the site where they are secreted. It seems possible to handle synthetic analogues of naturally occurring peptides similar to any other synthetic compound concerning toxocity testing in animals. Improved methods of peptide synthesis and of chemico-physical characterization may in the future decrease the problem of differences between batches. Today tests should be carried out on hypotensive effect in cats and perhaps also a subacute toxocity study undertaken in animals on each batch prepared by the solid phase technique.", "contents": "Toxicity testing of peptide for human use. The extent and design of animal tests to obtain information on the possible risks involved with the use of a new peptide in man is still a matter of dispute. It might be relevant to carry out subacute or prolonged toxocity studies in animals also on peptides of human origin to evaluate the possible risk involved if systematically administered peptides reach distant target organs in much higher concentrations than normally, especially peptides whose biological action is close to the site where they are secreted. It seems possible to handle synthetic analogues of naturally occurring peptides similar to any other synthetic compound concerning toxocity testing in animals. Improved methods of peptide synthesis and of chemico-physical characterization may in the future decrease the problem of differences between batches. Today tests should be carried out on hypotensive effect in cats and perhaps also a subacute toxocity study undertaken in animals on each batch prepared by the solid phase technique.", "PMID": 838144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3059", "title": "Pertussis vaccine: reactivity in animal and man.", "content": "Clinical investigation of the reactivity of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccines is a routine control in the GDR. This paper shows the results of the clinical control of 26 batches of DTP vaccine in comparison with animal tests (weight-gain-test, histamine-sensitizing test, dermonecrotic test). The animal tests gave no support to innocuity. The batches were tested on 427 children and passed the requirements for reactivity. After a storage for 2 years the control of 3 different batches was repeated. Two of them showed side reactions in children in spite of the fact that the results of the weight-gain test did not change.", "contents": "Pertussis vaccine: reactivity in animal and man. Clinical investigation of the reactivity of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccines is a routine control in the GDR. This paper shows the results of the clinical control of 26 batches of DTP vaccine in comparison with animal tests (weight-gain-test, histamine-sensitizing test, dermonecrotic test). The animal tests gave no support to innocuity. The batches were tested on 427 children and passed the requirements for reactivity. After a storage for 2 years the control of 3 different batches was repeated. Two of them showed side reactions in children in spite of the fact that the results of the weight-gain test did not change.", "PMID": 838145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3060", "title": "Pertussis vaccine: mouse-weight-gain (toxicity) test.", "content": "Toxicity tests based on mouse-weight-gain (whether control of pertussis, DPT, cholera or typhoid vaccine) are not satisfactory, particularly since the vaccines may be adsorbed and non-adsorbed preparations. Comparison between results of tests in animals some of which were treated with vaccine and others with saline does not allow to make conclusions as valid as those supplied by a standard control vaccine (adsorbed and not adsorbed) instead of saline.", "contents": "Pertussis vaccine: mouse-weight-gain (toxicity) test. Toxicity tests based on mouse-weight-gain (whether control of pertussis, DPT, cholera or typhoid vaccine) are not satisfactory, particularly since the vaccines may be adsorbed and non-adsorbed preparations. Comparison between results of tests in animals some of which were treated with vaccine and others with saline does not allow to make conclusions as valid as those supplied by a standard control vaccine (adsorbed and not adsorbed) instead of saline.", "PMID": 838146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3061", "title": "Comparison of the pyrogen tests in rabbits and with limulus lysate.", "content": "In the past years an assortment of samples of plasma proteins, enzymes, vaccines and blood substitutes were tested comparatively in rabbits (pyrogen test, European Pharmacopoeia) and with the LAL test (Pyrogent, Byk-Mallinckrodt, Inc.). Specificity and sensitivity were tested with endotoxins and lipid A of gram-negative bacteria. The limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test gave similar results or was tenfold more sensitive than the assay in rabbits. More than 300 samples of drugs were examined by both tests. All preparations positive in the rabbit test were positive in the LAL test too. In the testing of plasma proteins the LAL test was more sensitive. The examination of 45 samples of vaccines for pyrogens gave the same result in both assays. Streptokinase does not inhibit the LAL test unspecifically. The LAL test is not an alternative but an additional method in the detection of lipopolysaccharides in drugs.", "contents": "Comparison of the pyrogen tests in rabbits and with limulus lysate. In the past years an assortment of samples of plasma proteins, enzymes, vaccines and blood substitutes were tested comparatively in rabbits (pyrogen test, European Pharmacopoeia) and with the LAL test (Pyrogent, Byk-Mallinckrodt, Inc.). Specificity and sensitivity were tested with endotoxins and lipid A of gram-negative bacteria. The limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test gave similar results or was tenfold more sensitive than the assay in rabbits. More than 300 samples of drugs were examined by both tests. All preparations positive in the rabbit test were positive in the LAL test too. In the testing of plasma proteins the LAL test was more sensitive. The examination of 45 samples of vaccines for pyrogens gave the same result in both assays. Streptokinase does not inhibit the LAL test unspecifically. The LAL test is not an alternative but an additional method in the detection of lipopolysaccharides in drugs.", "PMID": 838147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3062", "title": "Comparison of the limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test with the rabbit test: false positives and false negatives.", "content": "Although the test for pyrogens on rabbits, described by the European Pharmacopoeia, is efficient for the detection of clinically important concentrations of pyrogens, it has some practical disadvantages; for instance, it blocks the further use of a rabbit for three weeks once this has been used to test a solution which proved to contain pyrogens. The LAL test for bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharides was explored as an alternative method for the detection of pyrogens in infusion fluids and medicinal preparations. False negatives in the LAL test were obtained on some corticosteroid preparations and on some infusion fluids from a batch which had caused febrile reactions in the clinic.", "contents": "Comparison of the limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test with the rabbit test: false positives and false negatives. Although the test for pyrogens on rabbits, described by the European Pharmacopoeia, is efficient for the detection of clinically important concentrations of pyrogens, it has some practical disadvantages; for instance, it blocks the further use of a rabbit for three weeks once this has been used to test a solution which proved to contain pyrogens. The LAL test for bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharides was explored as an alternative method for the detection of pyrogens in infusion fluids and medicinal preparations. False negatives in the LAL test were obtained on some corticosteroid preparations and on some infusion fluids from a batch which had caused febrile reactions in the clinic.", "PMID": 838148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3063", "title": "Tests alternative to the rabbit bioassay for pyrogens.", "content": "The rabbit bioassay is currently the only legally acceptable method to test for pyrogenic contamination of parenteral preparations and medical devices designed to enter the parenterum. However, research efforts have recently made available alternative procedures to test for pyrogens which may have significant value in quality control. Part of the reluctance to accept tests other than the rabbit test may be due to the low visibility of emerging understanding of a significant theory of testing in which it is contended that the parameters of sensitivity and specificity are inversely related and that accuracy is an ideal. The rabbit pyrogen assay will detect 1 to 10 ng of enterobacteriaceal endotoxin (ET). The limulus test will detect 0.01 to 0.1 ng/ml of ET; some of the other tests approach the rabbit assay in sensitivity. Since it is current dogma that pyrogen is equivalent to ET, the basis for the use of ET to standardize pyrogen tests is rationalized. The source of ET in practice is bacterial contamination; therefore, numbers of bacteria that contaminate parenteral preparations can be directly related to potential pyrogenicity. Further, viable counts of bacteria in parenteral preparations, prior to sterilization, is a reliable test for pyrogens. Other tests such as nitroblue tetrazolium reduction and actinomycin-D enhancement of lethality of pyrogen for mice deserve consideration in quality control procedures. The limulus test, the most practical of currently available alternative tests for detection of ET and therefore, of pyrogen has application where the rabbit test cannot be used. Therefore, control personnel must learn of the availability, performance and interpretation of the limulus test. Practical considerations must govern the choice of an alternative test when the use of a test other than the rabbit bioassay is indicated.", "contents": "Tests alternative to the rabbit bioassay for pyrogens. The rabbit bioassay is currently the only legally acceptable method to test for pyrogenic contamination of parenteral preparations and medical devices designed to enter the parenterum. However, research efforts have recently made available alternative procedures to test for pyrogens which may have significant value in quality control. Part of the reluctance to accept tests other than the rabbit test may be due to the low visibility of emerging understanding of a significant theory of testing in which it is contended that the parameters of sensitivity and specificity are inversely related and that accuracy is an ideal. The rabbit pyrogen assay will detect 1 to 10 ng of enterobacteriaceal endotoxin (ET). The limulus test will detect 0.01 to 0.1 ng/ml of ET; some of the other tests approach the rabbit assay in sensitivity. Since it is current dogma that pyrogen is equivalent to ET, the basis for the use of ET to standardize pyrogen tests is rationalized. The source of ET in practice is bacterial contamination; therefore, numbers of bacteria that contaminate parenteral preparations can be directly related to potential pyrogenicity. Further, viable counts of bacteria in parenteral preparations, prior to sterilization, is a reliable test for pyrogens. Other tests such as nitroblue tetrazolium reduction and actinomycin-D enhancement of lethality of pyrogen for mice deserve consideration in quality control procedures. The limulus test, the most practical of currently available alternative tests for detection of ET and therefore, of pyrogen has application where the rabbit test cannot be used. Therefore, control personnel must learn of the availability, performance and interpretation of the limulus test. Practical considerations must govern the choice of an alternative test when the use of a test other than the rabbit bioassay is indicated.", "PMID": 838149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3064", "title": "Comparability of pyrogen tests.", "content": "The results of the rabbit pyrogen test carried out in different but similarly equipped Institutes on 36 batches of plasma substitute are comparable. If extreme variations occur in the results of the test the cause is not likely to be found in the conditions and execution of the work, as is shown by testing material from the same bottle. When the material is taken from the same bottle the results obtained by the different Institutes are similar. One explanation of the non-comparable results seems to lie in the cleaning of the bottles. It is therefore essential that manufacturers utilize properly washed bottles. Another cause of non-comparable results seems to be linked with the time factor; as it is known from the literature, pyrogen can disappear during storage.", "contents": "Comparability of pyrogen tests. The results of the rabbit pyrogen test carried out in different but similarly equipped Institutes on 36 batches of plasma substitute are comparable. If extreme variations occur in the results of the test the cause is not likely to be found in the conditions and execution of the work, as is shown by testing material from the same bottle. When the material is taken from the same bottle the results obtained by the different Institutes are similar. One explanation of the non-comparable results seems to lie in the cleaning of the bottles. It is therefore essential that manufacturers utilize properly washed bottles. Another cause of non-comparable results seems to be linked with the time factor; as it is known from the literature, pyrogen can disappear during storage.", "PMID": 838150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3065", "title": "Detection of endotoxin in biological products by the limulus test.", "content": "The limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test is established as a beneficial quality assurance measure for the parenteral drug industry because of its sensitivity, specificity, and simplicity. Limulus amebocyte lysate reacts with various forms of endotoxin to form an opaque gel under acceptable conditions of pH, temperature, and ionic content. Although certain materials and conditions may alter the lysate-endotoxin reaction, the test is not significantly limited by inhibition or non-specific activation. Many U.S. drug firms apply the LAL test generally for monitoring production water and other ingredients, for an in-process control, and as a supplemental end product test for pyrogenic contamination. Specific applications are made for bacterial and viral vaccines, antineoplastic agents, radiopharmaceuticals and drugs designed for intrathecal injection. Efforts to standardize LAL test technique and lysate potency continue.", "contents": "Detection of endotoxin in biological products by the limulus test. The limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test is established as a beneficial quality assurance measure for the parenteral drug industry because of its sensitivity, specificity, and simplicity. Limulus amebocyte lysate reacts with various forms of endotoxin to form an opaque gel under acceptable conditions of pH, temperature, and ionic content. Although certain materials and conditions may alter the lysate-endotoxin reaction, the test is not significantly limited by inhibition or non-specific activation. Many U.S. drug firms apply the LAL test generally for monitoring production water and other ingredients, for an in-process control, and as a supplemental end product test for pyrogenic contamination. Specific applications are made for bacterial and viral vaccines, antineoplastic agents, radiopharmaceuticals and drugs designed for intrathecal injection. Efforts to standardize LAL test technique and lysate potency continue.", "PMID": 838151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3066", "title": "Studies of the sensitivity and reproducibility of pharmacopoeial pyrogen testing.", "content": "Rabbits generally numbering 27 or 36 in each experiment were injected in 1970 with doses of the pyrogenic preparation Pyrago (HUMAN) and in 1971-72 and 76 with doses of the International Pyrogen Standard (I.P.St.). The maximum temperature rises were registered, randomized and interpreted according to the requirements of the BP, USP, P. Hung. and P. Nord. 0.29 degrees C mean temperature rises proved to be non-pyrogenic according to BP and P. Hung; whereas according to the USP and P. Nord. in some percents 'to be rejected' qualifications were also established. At more increasing mean temperature rises 0.49 degrees C and 0.58 degrees C, increasing pyrogenic and decreasing 'passable' qualifications were obtained. Beginning with 0.70 degrees C and at 0.86 degrees C and 1.08 degrees C, 'passable' groups disappeared. Exclusion of the rabbits showing low sensitivity (before randomization) barely influenced the results with 3.5 ng kg-1 I.P.St. in the experiment in which the mean temperature rise was 0.49 degrees C. If, however, the mean temperature rise was higher (0.57 degrees C or 0.69 degrees C), such a selection practically resulted in the disappearance of 'passable' qualifications in the triplet groups and a great predominance of 'to be rejected' qualifications in the large groups.", "contents": "Studies of the sensitivity and reproducibility of pharmacopoeial pyrogen testing. Rabbits generally numbering 27 or 36 in each experiment were injected in 1970 with doses of the pyrogenic preparation Pyrago (HUMAN) and in 1971-72 and 76 with doses of the International Pyrogen Standard (I.P.St.). The maximum temperature rises were registered, randomized and interpreted according to the requirements of the BP, USP, P. Hung. and P. Nord. 0.29 degrees C mean temperature rises proved to be non-pyrogenic according to BP and P. Hung; whereas according to the USP and P. Nord. in some percents 'to be rejected' qualifications were also established. At more increasing mean temperature rises 0.49 degrees C and 0.58 degrees C, increasing pyrogenic and decreasing 'passable' qualifications were obtained. Beginning with 0.70 degrees C and at 0.86 degrees C and 1.08 degrees C, 'passable' groups disappeared. Exclusion of the rabbits showing low sensitivity (before randomization) barely influenced the results with 3.5 ng kg-1 I.P.St. in the experiment in which the mean temperature rise was 0.49 degrees C. If, however, the mean temperature rise was higher (0.57 degrees C or 0.69 degrees C), such a selection practically resulted in the disappearance of 'passable' qualifications in the triplet groups and a great predominance of 'to be rejected' qualifications in the large groups.", "PMID": 838152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3067", "title": "Remarks on some properties and effects of sodium nucleinate.", "content": "The pyrogen standard of the Pharmacopoeia of the German Democratic Republic--which is recommended in the Compendium Medicamentorum and the Pharmacopoeia of the CMEA countries, consists of a selected batch of sodium nucleinate, the pyrogenicity of which had been demonstrated in very many rabbits. One ampoule of this standard contains 10 mg freeze-dried sodium nucleinate. After inoculation of 0.4 mg per kg of body weight into rabbits an increase in temperature of 0.8 degrees C or more will occur. Westphal assumes that the reason for the pyrogenicity of sodium nucleinate is possibly due to its obligatory contamination with bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Some investigations to find out if the properties and effects of this standard are different from those of isolated bacterial lipopolysaccharides have been performed by the author: adsorption by plastic granulates, inactivation by heating and by incubation with horse serum, temperature changes produced by inoculation into rabbits and results of investigations using the limulus amebocyte lysate test. The results of the investigations did not show significant differences between sodium nucleinate and isolated bacterial lipopolysaccharides. This is in agreement with Westphal's hypothesis mentioned above.", "contents": "Remarks on some properties and effects of sodium nucleinate. The pyrogen standard of the Pharmacopoeia of the German Democratic Republic--which is recommended in the Compendium Medicamentorum and the Pharmacopoeia of the CMEA countries, consists of a selected batch of sodium nucleinate, the pyrogenicity of which had been demonstrated in very many rabbits. One ampoule of this standard contains 10 mg freeze-dried sodium nucleinate. After inoculation of 0.4 mg per kg of body weight into rabbits an increase in temperature of 0.8 degrees C or more will occur. Westphal assumes that the reason for the pyrogenicity of sodium nucleinate is possibly due to its obligatory contamination with bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Some investigations to find out if the properties and effects of this standard are different from those of isolated bacterial lipopolysaccharides have been performed by the author: adsorption by plastic granulates, inactivation by heating and by incubation with horse serum, temperature changes produced by inoculation into rabbits and results of investigations using the limulus amebocyte lysate test. The results of the investigations did not show significant differences between sodium nucleinate and isolated bacterial lipopolysaccharides. This is in agreement with Westphal's hypothesis mentioned above.", "PMID": 838153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3068", "title": "Limulus test, parenteral drugs and biological products: an approach.", "content": "The authors report their experience with the LAL test for endotoxin assay. They have examined parenteral drugs, blood products and biological substances employed in immunology. The results were compared with rabbit pyrogen tests. All the data suggest that if correctly performed, the LAL test is a simple, rapid and sensitive test. This assay appears to be very useful for materials employed in immunology in order to test the possible contamination with bacterial endotoxin, since the interference between endotoxin and immunologic response is well known.", "contents": "Limulus test, parenteral drugs and biological products: an approach. The authors report their experience with the LAL test for endotoxin assay. They have examined parenteral drugs, blood products and biological substances employed in immunology. The results were compared with rabbit pyrogen tests. All the data suggest that if correctly performed, the LAL test is a simple, rapid and sensitive test. This assay appears to be very useful for materials employed in immunology in order to test the possible contamination with bacterial endotoxin, since the interference between endotoxin and immunologic response is well known.", "PMID": 838154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3069", "title": "Early protein malnutrition in the rat: behavioral changes during rehabilitation.", "content": "Behavioral development was studied in 2 groups of rats during the postweaning period. Pups were selected from litters nursed by dams fed either a standard protein (25% casein by weight) or a low protein diet (12% casein) during lactation. Two pups from each litter were housed together and fed the control diet throughout rehabilitation. Behavioral observations were made by repeated time-lapse photography at 5-day intervals. Differences in home cage behavior were observed at the onset of rehabilitation in the postnatally malnourished rats. Increased feeding behavior was observed during the 1st week of rehabilitation. Locomotor behavior was depressed during the rehabilitation period in the experimental animals. Climbing activity, however, was significantly greater. Self-grooming activity was elevated throughout rehabilitation in post-natally malnourished animals. During the course of rehabilitation, the behavioral differences between the 2 groups gradually disappeared.", "contents": "Early protein malnutrition in the rat: behavioral changes during rehabilitation. Behavioral development was studied in 2 groups of rats during the postweaning period. Pups were selected from litters nursed by dams fed either a standard protein (25% casein by weight) or a low protein diet (12% casein) during lactation. Two pups from each litter were housed together and fed the control diet throughout rehabilitation. Behavioral observations were made by repeated time-lapse photography at 5-day intervals. Differences in home cage behavior were observed at the onset of rehabilitation in the postnatally malnourished rats. Increased feeding behavior was observed during the 1st week of rehabilitation. Locomotor behavior was depressed during the rehabilitation period in the experimental animals. Climbing activity, however, was significantly greater. Self-grooming activity was elevated throughout rehabilitation in post-natally malnourished animals. During the course of rehabilitation, the behavioral differences between the 2 groups gradually disappeared.", "PMID": 838155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3070", "title": "Maternal pituitary-adrenal responsiveness as a function of differential treatment of rat pups.", "content": "The effects of litter separation and pup treatment on the maternal pituitary-adrenal system were investigated in 3 experiments. Lactating females did not show a pituitary-adrenal response to separation from their pups. However, the lactating females showed an increase in plasma corticosterone when their pups had been briefly removed and then returned. If, in addition, the pups were subjected to a noxious stimulus (electric shock) during the 2-min separation, mothers showed a further increase in corticosterone. When pups were returned after 3 hr of separation, mothers again showed a differential pattern of corticoid responsiveness. The magnitude of the mother's pituitary adrenocortical response depended upon the intensity of treatment given to the pups. These data lend physiological support to behavioral studies which have shown that maternal behavior is differentially influenced by pup-produced stimuli.", "contents": "Maternal pituitary-adrenal responsiveness as a function of differential treatment of rat pups. The effects of litter separation and pup treatment on the maternal pituitary-adrenal system were investigated in 3 experiments. Lactating females did not show a pituitary-adrenal response to separation from their pups. However, the lactating females showed an increase in plasma corticosterone when their pups had been briefly removed and then returned. If, in addition, the pups were subjected to a noxious stimulus (electric shock) during the 2-min separation, mothers showed a further increase in corticosterone. When pups were returned after 3 hr of separation, mothers again showed a differential pattern of corticoid responsiveness. The magnitude of the mother's pituitary adrenocortical response depended upon the intensity of treatment given to the pups. These data lend physiological support to behavioral studies which have shown that maternal behavior is differentially influenced by pup-produced stimuli.", "PMID": 838156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3071", "title": "A critical period for social isolation in the rat.", "content": "Rats housed in social isolation show heightened levels of object-contact in an open-field and are slower than socially-housed controls to emerge from a small enclosure into an unfamiliar environment. Isolation between 25 and 45 days of age produced an irreversible effect upon object contact but had no lasting effect if between 16 and 25 days or after 45 days. In contrast to object contact, emergence was affected by isolation at any age and the effect was reversed by subsequent social housing. Thus the effects of isolation upon object contact and upon emergence apparently do not depend upon a single underlying variable.", "contents": "A critical period for social isolation in the rat. Rats housed in social isolation show heightened levels of object-contact in an open-field and are slower than socially-housed controls to emerge from a small enclosure into an unfamiliar environment. Isolation between 25 and 45 days of age produced an irreversible effect upon object contact but had no lasting effect if between 16 and 25 days or after 45 days. In contrast to object contact, emergence was affected by isolation at any age and the effect was reversed by subsequent social housing. Thus the effects of isolation upon object contact and upon emergence apparently do not depend upon a single underlying variable.", "PMID": 838157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3072", "title": "Mirror-image response during the first two years of life.", "content": "Children aged 1-24 months viewed themselves in planar or distorted mirrors that were either clear or partially occluded. Analysis of videotaped records revealed that interest in viewing one's face did not vary with age among the 1- to 24-month-old subjects. All performed the simple behaviors of observing themselves although the older ones performed more complex (related) behaviors. Neither the flat nor the distorted mirror exposure was preferred suggesting that the infant observes the general configuration of the face for its intrinsic interest. Specific developmental trends were noted in the kind and amount of activity during the 1st 2 years of life culminating in a sequence of behaviors that suggested self-recognition.", "contents": "Mirror-image response during the first two years of life. Children aged 1-24 months viewed themselves in planar or distorted mirrors that were either clear or partially occluded. Analysis of videotaped records revealed that interest in viewing one's face did not vary with age among the 1- to 24-month-old subjects. All performed the simple behaviors of observing themselves although the older ones performed more complex (related) behaviors. Neither the flat nor the distorted mirror exposure was preferred suggesting that the infant observes the general configuration of the face for its intrinsic interest. Specific developmental trends were noted in the kind and amount of activity during the 1st 2 years of life culminating in a sequence of behaviors that suggested self-recognition.", "PMID": 838158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3073", "title": "Acquisition and extinction of an operant response in differentially reared rats.", "content": "Rats reared in either socially isolated or control environments were trained to bar press for food on a variable interval schedule of reinforcement, beginning at 125 days of age for 37 consecutive days. Following this phase the subjects were tested for response persistence during an extinction test. Next, the subjects were compared on measures of spontaneous recovery and the rate of response reacquisition when the reinforcement contingencies were once again reinstated. Though no differences were discerned between the groups on measures of acquisition, maintenance, and reacquisition, isolated rats emitted many more responses than the controls during extinction testing.", "contents": "Acquisition and extinction of an operant response in differentially reared rats. Rats reared in either socially isolated or control environments were trained to bar press for food on a variable interval schedule of reinforcement, beginning at 125 days of age for 37 consecutive days. Following this phase the subjects were tested for response persistence during an extinction test. Next, the subjects were compared on measures of spontaneous recovery and the rate of response reacquisition when the reinforcement contingencies were once again reinstated. Though no differences were discerned between the groups on measures of acquisition, maintenance, and reacquisition, isolated rats emitted many more responses than the controls during extinction testing.", "PMID": 838159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3074", "title": "Early handling influences on behavioral and physiological responses during active avoidance.", "content": "The effects of early handling on behavioral and physiological responses of the rat during active avoidance learning were investigated. Handled and nonhandled males and females were run in a 2-way shuttlebox task with an unconditioned stimulus of either .5 mA or .8 mA. Animals exposed to .8 mA showed a higher corticosterone response, a shorter response latency, and increased defecation. Early handling did not affect performance of the task, however handling did alter the patterns of the plasma corticosterone response over the course of avoidance training. Handled females showed less elevation of plasma corticosterone than nonhandled females, but all females showed a decrease in corticosterone over the course of avoidance learning. All males showed the drop in corticoids if run at .5 mA shock, but only handled males showed this change at .8 mA shock.", "contents": "Early handling influences on behavioral and physiological responses during active avoidance. The effects of early handling on behavioral and physiological responses of the rat during active avoidance learning were investigated. Handled and nonhandled males and females were run in a 2-way shuttlebox task with an unconditioned stimulus of either .5 mA or .8 mA. Animals exposed to .8 mA showed a higher corticosterone response, a shorter response latency, and increased defecation. Early handling did not affect performance of the task, however handling did alter the patterns of the plasma corticosterone response over the course of avoidance training. Handled females showed less elevation of plasma corticosterone than nonhandled females, but all females showed a decrease in corticosterone over the course of avoidance learning. All males showed the drop in corticoids if run at .5 mA shock, but only handled males showed this change at .8 mA shock.", "PMID": 838160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3075", "title": "The cardiac self-stimulation hypothesis and the chick's differential attraction toward intermittent sound.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted to determine whether the chick's attraction toward specific rates of intermittent sound stems from long-term prehatch exposure by the chick to its own fetal heart beat. Contrary to prediction, Experiment I showed stronger attraction toward an intermittent square wave white noise signal matched for pulse rate, overall pulse duration, and mean intensity, than the sound of the actual fetal heart beat from which this attraction is said to derive, Experiment II demonstrated that long-term prehatch exposure to an intermittent auditory signal having a normally non-preferred rate will not establish an attraction for that same rate after hatching unless it contains a frequency component having latent appetitive properties. Alternatives to the cardiac self-stimulation hypothesis are discussed and, in the context of related evidence, the fetus' general capacity for exposure learning is reconsidered.", "contents": "The cardiac self-stimulation hypothesis and the chick's differential attraction toward intermittent sound. Two experiments were conducted to determine whether the chick's attraction toward specific rates of intermittent sound stems from long-term prehatch exposure by the chick to its own fetal heart beat. Contrary to prediction, Experiment I showed stronger attraction toward an intermittent square wave white noise signal matched for pulse rate, overall pulse duration, and mean intensity, than the sound of the actual fetal heart beat from which this attraction is said to derive, Experiment II demonstrated that long-term prehatch exposure to an intermittent auditory signal having a normally non-preferred rate will not establish an attraction for that same rate after hatching unless it contains a frequency component having latent appetitive properties. Alternatives to the cardiac self-stimulation hypothesis are discussed and, in the context of related evidence, the fetus' general capacity for exposure learning is reconsidered.", "PMID": 838161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3076", "title": "Development of dustbathing components in bobwhite and Japanese quail.", "content": "The development of dustbathing components was investigated in Bobwhite and Japanese quail. The incidence and frequencies of components for both species increased with age, but dustbathing occurred earlier in Japanese quail. The dust toss, head rub, and side rub components invariably developed in the same order they occur during an adult bout. The topographies of many components changed systematically with a \"rudimentary\" form preceding the typical adult form. Large individual differences were observed in the development of the temporal relations among components, but these differences were unrelated to the relative frequencies of components.", "contents": "Development of dustbathing components in bobwhite and Japanese quail. The development of dustbathing components was investigated in Bobwhite and Japanese quail. The incidence and frequencies of components for both species increased with age, but dustbathing occurred earlier in Japanese quail. The dust toss, head rub, and side rub components invariably developed in the same order they occur during an adult bout. The topographies of many components changed systematically with a \"rudimentary\" form preceding the typical adult form. Large individual differences were observed in the development of the temporal relations among components, but these differences were unrelated to the relative frequencies of components.", "PMID": 838163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3077", "title": "Retinopathy and plasma growth hormone levels in idiopathic hemochromatosis with diabetes.", "content": "In patients with idiopathic hemochromatosis, retinopathy was investigated by ophthalmoscopy and fluorescein angiography and was present in eight out of 23; this prevalence is similar to that reported in patients with diabetes aged between 30 and 60 years at onset of diabetes and with the same duration of the disease; in these eight patients retinopathy was of mild degree, with no impairment of visual acuity, fewer than 10 microaneurysms in each fundus, and no other retinal abnormatic islets directly. These studies confirm that anticholinergic drugs may be useful adjuvants in treating these patients.", "contents": "Retinopathy and plasma growth hormone levels in idiopathic hemochromatosis with diabetes. In patients with idiopathic hemochromatosis, retinopathy was investigated by ophthalmoscopy and fluorescein angiography and was present in eight out of 23; this prevalence is similar to that reported in patients with diabetes aged between 30 and 60 years at onset of diabetes and with the same duration of the disease; in these eight patients retinopathy was of mild degree, with no impairment of visual acuity, fewer than 10 microaneurysms in each fundus, and no other retinal abnormatic islets directly. These studies confirm that anticholinergic drugs may be useful adjuvants in treating these patients.", "PMID": 838164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3078", "title": "Cholinergic blockade in reactive hypoglycemia.", "content": "The effects of cholinergic blockade on the plasma glucose and insulin responses during oral and intravenous glucose administration were studied. Propantheline (30 mg.) was given by mouth 45 minutes before standard glucose tolerance testing to produce symptomatic chollinergic blockade. In 10 normal subjects a flattening of the over-all plasma glucose response to oral glucose was observed compared with the control test, whereas insulin secretion was not different. In seven patients with repeated episodes of symptomatic reactive hypoglycemia, cholinergic blockade eliminated both symptomatic and chemical hypoglycemia in each, raising the mean nadir glucose from 44 +/- 4 mg./dl. to 84 +/- 8 mg./dl. (p less than 0.01) and significantly reducing insulin secretion. In contrast, following intravenous glucose challenge, cholinergic blockade produced no significant difference in the rate of glucose utilization or insulin secretion in either group. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that excessive vagal stimulation may contribute to the hypoglycemia seen in patients with reactive hypoglycemia but suggest that the predominant effect is on the gastrointestinal tract rather than on pancreatic islets directly. These studies confirm that anticholinergic drugs may be useful adjuvants in treating these patients.", "contents": "Cholinergic blockade in reactive hypoglycemia. The effects of cholinergic blockade on the plasma glucose and insulin responses during oral and intravenous glucose administration were studied. Propantheline (30 mg.) was given by mouth 45 minutes before standard glucose tolerance testing to produce symptomatic chollinergic blockade. In 10 normal subjects a flattening of the over-all plasma glucose response to oral glucose was observed compared with the control test, whereas insulin secretion was not different. In seven patients with repeated episodes of symptomatic reactive hypoglycemia, cholinergic blockade eliminated both symptomatic and chemical hypoglycemia in each, raising the mean nadir glucose from 44 +/- 4 mg./dl. to 84 +/- 8 mg./dl. (p less than 0.01) and significantly reducing insulin secretion. In contrast, following intravenous glucose challenge, cholinergic blockade produced no significant difference in the rate of glucose utilization or insulin secretion in either group. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that excessive vagal stimulation may contribute to the hypoglycemia seen in patients with reactive hypoglycemia but suggest that the predominant effect is on the gastrointestinal tract rather than on pancreatic islets directly. These studies confirm that anticholinergic drugs may be useful adjuvants in treating these patients.", "PMID": 838165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3079", "title": "Tolbutamide-induced hemolytic anemia.", "content": "A 67-year-old female diabetic is presented who developed a Coombs'-positive hemolytic anemia after a year of treatment with tolbutamide. An IgG antibody was identified in the patient's serum that caused the agglutination of both the patient's red blood cells and tolbutamide-coated erythrocytes in the absence of complement. Such a reaction did not occur with the patient's erythrocytes when not exposed to tolbutamide. Agglutination of the patient's serum also occurred with erythrocytes treated with other sulfonylureas (chlorpropamide, glibenclamide, carbutamide) but not with phenacetin.", "contents": "Tolbutamide-induced hemolytic anemia. A 67-year-old female diabetic is presented who developed a Coombs'-positive hemolytic anemia after a year of treatment with tolbutamide. An IgG antibody was identified in the patient's serum that caused the agglutination of both the patient's red blood cells and tolbutamide-coated erythrocytes in the absence of complement. Such a reaction did not occur with the patient's erythrocytes when not exposed to tolbutamide. Agglutination of the patient's serum also occurred with erythrocytes treated with other sulfonylureas (chlorpropamide, glibenclamide, carbutamide) but not with phenacetin.", "PMID": 838166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3080", "title": "Blood glucose, insulin, and free fatty acid levels during oral glucose tolerance tests in 158 obese children.", "content": "In 158 obese children, aged from three months to 15 years, blood glucose, immunoreactive insulin, and free fatty acid levels were measured during a standard oral glucose tolerance test carried out prior to treatment. The results were analyzed for the total sample as well as for three age groups: 0-5 years, 6-10 years, and 11-15 years and compared with those of 70 normal-weight children matched for age and sex. Glucose tolerance is normal in the obese children. It is different from the controls only two hours after glucose loading, when a slight but significant elevation is found. The glucose levels at one and two hours are significantly higher in the obese children of group III than in the younger ones. Fasting F.F.A. levels are similar in normal and obese children, but the F.F.A. decrease following glucose absorption is significantly diminished in the obese. The F.F.A. levels of the youngest obese are significantly higher than those of the older ones. A constant and important hyperinsulinism, fasting and postabsorptive, is demonstrated in obese children of all ages, even before five years and at the beginning of obesity. Age- and sex-related differences in insulin secretion are much more marked in the obese than in normal children. The degree of hyperinsulinemia is related to the degree of obesity, but not to its duration. The results suggest that hyperinsulinism is associated with obesity from its onset rather than being a long-term consequence of overweight. However, the origin of hyperinsulinism in obesity and the mechanism of insulin resistance still remain obscure.", "contents": "Blood glucose, insulin, and free fatty acid levels during oral glucose tolerance tests in 158 obese children. In 158 obese children, aged from three months to 15 years, blood glucose, immunoreactive insulin, and free fatty acid levels were measured during a standard oral glucose tolerance test carried out prior to treatment. The results were analyzed for the total sample as well as for three age groups: 0-5 years, 6-10 years, and 11-15 years and compared with those of 70 normal-weight children matched for age and sex. Glucose tolerance is normal in the obese children. It is different from the controls only two hours after glucose loading, when a slight but significant elevation is found. The glucose levels at one and two hours are significantly higher in the obese children of group III than in the younger ones. Fasting F.F.A. levels are similar in normal and obese children, but the F.F.A. decrease following glucose absorption is significantly diminished in the obese. The F.F.A. levels of the youngest obese are significantly higher than those of the older ones. A constant and important hyperinsulinism, fasting and postabsorptive, is demonstrated in obese children of all ages, even before five years and at the beginning of obesity. Age- and sex-related differences in insulin secretion are much more marked in the obese than in normal children. The degree of hyperinsulinemia is related to the degree of obesity, but not to its duration. The results suggest that hyperinsulinism is associated with obesity from its onset rather than being a long-term consequence of overweight. However, the origin of hyperinsulinism in obesity and the mechanism of insulin resistance still remain obscure.", "PMID": 838167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3081", "title": "Dietary intake and hyperlipidemia in controlled diabetic outpatients.", "content": "Statistical analyses were performed in order to determine the effects of the control of the diabetes as well as the food intake on serum lipid levels of 73 diabetic outpatients. They had had elevated fasting blood glucose levels, mostly complicated by various grades of hyperlipidemia, before the initiation of treatment. Hyperlipidemia was found to be ameliorated in nearly half of those patients after the start of diabetic treatment. However, the elevation of serum triglyceride persisted in 30 per cent of controlled diabetics, and no differences were found in occurrence of hypertriglyceridemia between diet-treatment group, sulfonylurea group, biguanide group, combined group and insulin group. Estimation of diet intake revealed that the controlled hypertriglyceridemic patients consumed slightly (but significantly) greater amounts of sucrose, alcohol, and total calories than the controlled normotriglyceridemic patients. In addition to such inadequate diet consumptions, the tendency to be overweight and the subtle increment of fasting blood glucose levels were also shown to have contributed to hypertriglyceridemia. It is thus concluded that the lipid disorder in controlled diabetic outpatients is the result of multifactorial influences and that well-conducted diet therapy and stricter regulation of blood glucose are essential in the management of posttreatment hyperlipidemia.", "contents": "Dietary intake and hyperlipidemia in controlled diabetic outpatients. Statistical analyses were performed in order to determine the effects of the control of the diabetes as well as the food intake on serum lipid levels of 73 diabetic outpatients. They had had elevated fasting blood glucose levels, mostly complicated by various grades of hyperlipidemia, before the initiation of treatment. Hyperlipidemia was found to be ameliorated in nearly half of those patients after the start of diabetic treatment. However, the elevation of serum triglyceride persisted in 30 per cent of controlled diabetics, and no differences were found in occurrence of hypertriglyceridemia between diet-treatment group, sulfonylurea group, biguanide group, combined group and insulin group. Estimation of diet intake revealed that the controlled hypertriglyceridemic patients consumed slightly (but significantly) greater amounts of sucrose, alcohol, and total calories than the controlled normotriglyceridemic patients. In addition to such inadequate diet consumptions, the tendency to be overweight and the subtle increment of fasting blood glucose levels were also shown to have contributed to hypertriglyceridemia. It is thus concluded that the lipid disorder in controlled diabetic outpatients is the result of multifactorial influences and that well-conducted diet therapy and stricter regulation of blood glucose are essential in the management of posttreatment hyperlipidemia.", "PMID": 838168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3082", "title": "Relation of fasting plasma glucose concentration to plasma insulin and glucagon concentrations. Studies in latent diabetics and women who have produced large-for-dates babies.", "content": "Mothers who have had gestations diabetes (latent diabetics-LD), as well as those who have produced a large-for-dates baby (LFD) but who were not known to have been diabetic, have raised fasting plasma glucose levels, and these may induce fetal overnutrition. The increased birthweight of babies of obese mothers may also be due to their raised fasting plasma glucose levels. LD and LFD have normal or raised fasting plasma insulin levels even though they have both decreased insulin secretion to small changes in plasma glucose and normal or increased insulin sensitivity. The high fasting plasma glucose probably results from the decreased insulin-secretory response to glucose. Normal subjects have little day-to-day variation of their fasting plasma glucose, whereas subjects with a high fasting plasma glucose have less precise control. Although LD and LFD had abnormal insulin responses, they have normal plasma glucagon concentrations that do not correlate with glucose tolerance or insulin sensitivity. The reported abnormalities of glucagon in diabetes are probably a secondary, not a primary event.", "contents": "Relation of fasting plasma glucose concentration to plasma insulin and glucagon concentrations. Studies in latent diabetics and women who have produced large-for-dates babies. Mothers who have had gestations diabetes (latent diabetics-LD), as well as those who have produced a large-for-dates baby (LFD) but who were not known to have been diabetic, have raised fasting plasma glucose levels, and these may induce fetal overnutrition. The increased birthweight of babies of obese mothers may also be due to their raised fasting plasma glucose levels. LD and LFD have normal or raised fasting plasma insulin levels even though they have both decreased insulin secretion to small changes in plasma glucose and normal or increased insulin sensitivity. The high fasting plasma glucose probably results from the decreased insulin-secretory response to glucose. Normal subjects have little day-to-day variation of their fasting plasma glucose, whereas subjects with a high fasting plasma glucose have less precise control. Although LD and LFD had abnormal insulin responses, they have normal plasma glucagon concentrations that do not correlate with glucose tolerance or insulin sensitivity. The reported abnormalities of glucagon in diabetes are probably a secondary, not a primary event.", "PMID": 838169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3083", "title": "Habitual physical activity and glucose tolerance. Males age 16-64 in a total community.", "content": "The data being reported are part of an epidemiologic study of health and disease in an entire community, Tecumseh, Michigan. Approximately 1,300 males age 16-65 were classified into three groups on the basis of their habitual leisure and occupational physical activity. A blood sample was drawn one hour after a glucose challenge and analyzed for glucose concentration. A measure of body fatness (sun of four skinfolds) was also available on the men. Glucose concentration of the three physical activity groups was compared by analyses of variance within narrow age group. There was no significant relationship between glucose tolerance and habitual physical activity. There was a slight, but in some age groups significant, relationship between glucose tolerance and body fatness. The population was then divided within each age group into subgroups (thirds) by sum of skinfolds. The analysis was repeated in each age-fatness group. Glucose tolerance was better in the active men but only among the leanest subgroup of subjects.", "contents": "Habitual physical activity and glucose tolerance. Males age 16-64 in a total community. The data being reported are part of an epidemiologic study of health and disease in an entire community, Tecumseh, Michigan. Approximately 1,300 males age 16-65 were classified into three groups on the basis of their habitual leisure and occupational physical activity. A blood sample was drawn one hour after a glucose challenge and analyzed for glucose concentration. A measure of body fatness (sun of four skinfolds) was also available on the men. Glucose concentration of the three physical activity groups was compared by analyses of variance within narrow age group. There was no significant relationship between glucose tolerance and habitual physical activity. There was a slight, but in some age groups significant, relationship between glucose tolerance and body fatness. The population was then divided within each age group into subgroups (thirds) by sum of skinfolds. The analysis was repeated in each age-fatness group. Glucose tolerance was better in the active men but only among the leanest subgroup of subjects.", "PMID": 838170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3084", "title": "Lack of glucagon response to hypoglycemia in diabetic autonomic neuropathy.", "content": "Glucagon response to insulin hypoglycemia was tested in diabetics with autonomic neuropathy (N=9), diabetics without neuropathy (N=8), and normals (N=9). With similar levels of hypoglycemia, growth hormone and plasma cortisol increased in all groups. The glucagon response in normals (121+/-19 vs. 308+/-30 pg./ml., mean+/-S.E.M. of baseline vs. hypoglycemia peak) was significantly less in nonneuropathic diabetics than in normals (128+/-13 vs. 209+/-30) and absent in neuropathic diabetes (128+/-23 vs. 115+/-20). Arginine stimulation produced a glucagon response in the neuropathic diabetics (106+/-16 vs. 523+/-103). The data indicate that the capacity to release glucagon during hypoglycemia is lost in diabetic neuropathy while glucagon responsiveness to arginine is retained. Neuropathy in diabetes may contribute to metabolic instability.", "contents": "Lack of glucagon response to hypoglycemia in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Glucagon response to insulin hypoglycemia was tested in diabetics with autonomic neuropathy (N=9), diabetics without neuropathy (N=8), and normals (N=9). With similar levels of hypoglycemia, growth hormone and plasma cortisol increased in all groups. The glucagon response in normals (121+/-19 vs. 308+/-30 pg./ml., mean+/-S.E.M. of baseline vs. hypoglycemia peak) was significantly less in nonneuropathic diabetics than in normals (128+/-13 vs. 209+/-30) and absent in neuropathic diabetes (128+/-23 vs. 115+/-20). Arginine stimulation produced a glucagon response in the neuropathic diabetics (106+/-16 vs. 523+/-103). The data indicate that the capacity to release glucagon during hypoglycemia is lost in diabetic neuropathy while glucagon responsiveness to arginine is retained. Neuropathy in diabetes may contribute to metabolic instability.", "PMID": 838171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3085", "title": "Myoinositol metabolism in diabetes mellitus. Effect of insulin treatment.", "content": "The metabolism of myoinositol has been studied in 10 nondiabetic subjects and in six patients with diabetes mellitus before and after insulin therapy. While dietary myoinositol intake and fecal myoinositol excretion were similar in both groups, urinary myoinositol excretion was increased 10-fold in the untreated diabetic and accounted for a significant fraction of his dietary myoinositol intake. Insulin treatment restored the urinary myoinositol excretion toward normal. Despite increased myoinositol excretion, plasma myoinositol concentrations were significantly higher in the diabetics following the ingestion of a standard diet or of a 3.0-gm. myoinositol load. This abnormality in oral myoinositol tolerance was also corrected by insulin treatment. The size of the rapidly equilibrating myoinositol pool was significantly decreased in the untreated diabetic and returned to normal following a brief period of insulin treatment. The elevated plasma myoinositol concentrations observed following myoinositol ingestion in the uncontrolled diabetic presumably represents a combination of enhanced gastrointestinal absorption and impaired intracellular transport of myoinositol. The decreased space of distribution of myoinositol also suggests an impairment of intracellular myoinositol transport in the untreated diabetic. These observations are consistent with the speculation that hyperglycemia may condition a widespread relative intracellular myoinositol deficiency in man and suggest that restoration of normal intracellular myoinositol concentrations might prove to be of benefit in the prevention and treatment of certain of the complications associated with human diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "Myoinositol metabolism in diabetes mellitus. Effect of insulin treatment. The metabolism of myoinositol has been studied in 10 nondiabetic subjects and in six patients with diabetes mellitus before and after insulin therapy. While dietary myoinositol intake and fecal myoinositol excretion were similar in both groups, urinary myoinositol excretion was increased 10-fold in the untreated diabetic and accounted for a significant fraction of his dietary myoinositol intake. Insulin treatment restored the urinary myoinositol excretion toward normal. Despite increased myoinositol excretion, plasma myoinositol concentrations were significantly higher in the diabetics following the ingestion of a standard diet or of a 3.0-gm. myoinositol load. This abnormality in oral myoinositol tolerance was also corrected by insulin treatment. The size of the rapidly equilibrating myoinositol pool was significantly decreased in the untreated diabetic and returned to normal following a brief period of insulin treatment. The elevated plasma myoinositol concentrations observed following myoinositol ingestion in the uncontrolled diabetic presumably represents a combination of enhanced gastrointestinal absorption and impaired intracellular transport of myoinositol. The decreased space of distribution of myoinositol also suggests an impairment of intracellular myoinositol transport in the untreated diabetic. These observations are consistent with the speculation that hyperglycemia may condition a widespread relative intracellular myoinositol deficiency in man and suggest that restoration of normal intracellular myoinositol concentrations might prove to be of benefit in the prevention and treatment of certain of the complications associated with human diabetes mellitus.", "PMID": 838172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3086", "title": "Antral denervation of parietal cell vagotomized dogs. Effect upon gastric emptying and motility, Heidenhain pouch acid secretion and serum gastrin concentration.", "content": "In ten Heidenhain pouch (HP) dogs who previously had undergone parietal cell vagotomy (PCV) with gastroduodenostomy, the antral nerves were cut, and the PCV thus converted to a selective gastric vagotomy (SGV). Mean gastric emptying rate was unaffected but antral motility changed considerably, the stomach became big and slack, and the emptying of a food-barium meal became purely passive. While the duodenal bulb was often filled with gastric content before antral denervation, this happened very seldom afterwards. Fasting, food-stimulated and 24-hour HP acid secretion increased significantly after denervation, but this was not accompanied by any significant changes in serum gastrin concentration. This indicates that other factors than gastrin must be responsible for the increased HP acid response to a meal after antral denervation.", "contents": "Antral denervation of parietal cell vagotomized dogs. Effect upon gastric emptying and motility, Heidenhain pouch acid secretion and serum gastrin concentration. In ten Heidenhain pouch (HP) dogs who previously had undergone parietal cell vagotomy (PCV) with gastroduodenostomy, the antral nerves were cut, and the PCV thus converted to a selective gastric vagotomy (SGV). Mean gastric emptying rate was unaffected but antral motility changed considerably, the stomach became big and slack, and the emptying of a food-barium meal became purely passive. While the duodenal bulb was often filled with gastric content before antral denervation, this happened very seldom afterwards. Fasting, food-stimulated and 24-hour HP acid secretion increased significantly after denervation, but this was not accompanied by any significant changes in serum gastrin concentration. This indicates that other factors than gastrin must be responsible for the increased HP acid response to a meal after antral denervation.", "PMID": 838173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3087", "title": "Failure of lactose and glucose to influence in vivo intestinal calcium transport in normal rats.", "content": "The influence of luminal lactose and glucose on intestinal calcium transport was examined in vivo in normal post-weaned young rats. In situ segments of duodenum, midgut and ileum were perfused through the lumen for 1 h with an isotonic solution of 3.4 mM calcium containing radioactive isotopic 45Ca as tracer and additionally either 10 mM lactose or 10 mM glucose, or, for the control group, no saccharide. Net absorption was measured by disappearance of luminal calcium; lumen-to-plasma flux was determined from the disappearance of tracer 45Ca. This concentration of luminal lactose or glucose had no direct effect on calcium transport under these steady state conditions.", "contents": "Failure of lactose and glucose to influence in vivo intestinal calcium transport in normal rats. The influence of luminal lactose and glucose on intestinal calcium transport was examined in vivo in normal post-weaned young rats. In situ segments of duodenum, midgut and ileum were perfused through the lumen for 1 h with an isotonic solution of 3.4 mM calcium containing radioactive isotopic 45Ca as tracer and additionally either 10 mM lactose or 10 mM glucose, or, for the control group, no saccharide. Net absorption was measured by disappearance of luminal calcium; lumen-to-plasma flux was determined from the disappearance of tracer 45Ca. This concentration of luminal lactose or glucose had no direct effect on calcium transport under these steady state conditions.", "PMID": 838174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3088", "title": "Quantitative studies in vitro on uptake and esterification of palmitate into human and rat jejunal mucosa.", "content": "Quantitative incorporation and esterification of (9-10) 3H palmitate into jejunal mucosa was studied in vitro comparatively on human biopsies and on everted rings of rat intestine following various incubation times. This procedure is fitted for investigation of the glycophosphate pathway. Quantitatively the total uptake of palmitate was similar in man and rat. But the distribution among the various esterified fractions was different in animal and man and different again in coeliac disease. Notwithstanding incorporation of palmitate into triglyceride the fatty acid composition of mucosal triglyceride showed little or no modification.", "contents": "Quantitative studies in vitro on uptake and esterification of palmitate into human and rat jejunal mucosa. Quantitative incorporation and esterification of (9-10) 3H palmitate into jejunal mucosa was studied in vitro comparatively on human biopsies and on everted rings of rat intestine following various incubation times. This procedure is fitted for investigation of the glycophosphate pathway. Quantitatively the total uptake of palmitate was similar in man and rat. But the distribution among the various esterified fractions was different in animal and man and different again in coeliac disease. Notwithstanding incorporation of palmitate into triglyceride the fatty acid composition of mucosal triglyceride showed little or no modification.", "PMID": 838176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3089", "title": "Metiamide treatment in five patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.", "content": "Five patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome received metiamide per os in doses ranging from 600 to 1,200 mg/day for a minimum period of 2 weeks. Drug produced an inhibition of basal gastric acid secretion ranging from 5 to 100% with relief of symptoms. Survey of patients during and after metiamide course showed sometimes a prolonged antisecretory effect up to 26 days after the end of treatment or, on the contrary, a reduced drug activity in spite of increasing doses.", "contents": "Metiamide treatment in five patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Five patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome received metiamide per os in doses ranging from 600 to 1,200 mg/day for a minimum period of 2 weeks. Drug produced an inhibition of basal gastric acid secretion ranging from 5 to 100% with relief of symptoms. Survey of patients during and after metiamide course showed sometimes a prolonged antisecretory effect up to 26 days after the end of treatment or, on the contrary, a reduced drug activity in spite of increasing doses.", "PMID": 838177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3090", "title": "Relaxation of the lower-oesophageal sphincter during swallowing.", "content": "A rapid-pull through technique was used to measure lower oesophageal sphincter pressure before and immediately after swallowing. Often no high pressure zone could be detected after a swallow although sometimes an attenuated pressure profile persisted, associated with weakly developed peristalsis. The persistence of normal sphincter profiles was associated with failure of peristalsis or weak peristaltic pressure waves. Overall, there was a significant drop in mean sphincter pressure after swallowing.", "contents": "Relaxation of the lower-oesophageal sphincter during swallowing. A rapid-pull through technique was used to measure lower oesophageal sphincter pressure before and immediately after swallowing. Often no high pressure zone could be detected after a swallow although sometimes an attenuated pressure profile persisted, associated with weakly developed peristalsis. The persistence of normal sphincter profiles was associated with failure of peristalsis or weak peristaltic pressure waves. Overall, there was a significant drop in mean sphincter pressure after swallowing.", "PMID": 838178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3091", "title": "Intestinal transit in rural and urban population of Greece.", "content": "Intestinal transit times and daily stool weights were measured in 14 residents of Athens and 22 residents of a small village of Greece. Subjects in rural Greece have significantly shorter transit times (38.4 vs 56.8 hr) and heavier daily stools (172 vs 131 g) than those living in Athens. These findings may be attributable to the more refined diet of the urban Greek population and may explain the different incidence of certain bowel diseases in the urban and rural population of Greece.", "contents": "Intestinal transit in rural and urban population of Greece. Intestinal transit times and daily stool weights were measured in 14 residents of Athens and 22 residents of a small village of Greece. Subjects in rural Greece have significantly shorter transit times (38.4 vs 56.8 hr) and heavier daily stools (172 vs 131 g) than those living in Athens. These findings may be attributable to the more refined diet of the urban Greek population and may explain the different incidence of certain bowel diseases in the urban and rural population of Greece.", "PMID": 838179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3092", "title": "Comparison of caerulein and cholecystokinin effects upon enzyme concentrations in duodenal aspirates.", "content": "The effect of maximal doses of cholecystokinin and caerulein on lipase and chymotropsin concentrations were compared in large groups of patients with almost equal capacities of bicarbonate secretion. The responsiveness of the pancreas is, as a whole, higher with caerulein than with cholecystokinin, this feature being specially evident in patients with chronic calcifying pancreatitis.", "contents": "Comparison of caerulein and cholecystokinin effects upon enzyme concentrations in duodenal aspirates. The effect of maximal doses of cholecystokinin and caerulein on lipase and chymotropsin concentrations were compared in large groups of patients with almost equal capacities of bicarbonate secretion. The responsiveness of the pancreas is, as a whole, higher with caerulein than with cholecystokinin, this feature being specially evident in patients with chronic calcifying pancreatitis.", "PMID": 838180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3093", "title": "Gastroduodenostomy in dogs with and without parietal cell vagotomy. Effect upon gastric emptying and motility, Heidenhain pouch acid secretion and serum gastrin concentration.", "content": "Heidenhain pouch (HP) dogs were studied. After gastroduodenostomy (GD) gastric emptying time was unaffected, but cineradiography showed that the strength of the antral contractions diminished considerably, while the number of peristaltic waves increased. \"Circus movements\" of the barium meal through the GD to the duodenum and back to the stomach through the pylorus occurred. No significant changes in food-stimulated HP acid secretion or serum gastrin response were observed. After parietal cell vagotomy (PCV) gastric emptying and motility was unaffected, but food-stimulated HP acid secretion and serum gastrin response increased significantly. After addition of a GD to PCV gastric emptying time decreased significantly but similar changes in antral motility occurred as after GD alone. The food-stimulated HP acid secretion and serum gastrin response became significantly reduced. Fasting HP acid secretion and serum gastrin concentration were not significantly altered by any of the surgical procedures.", "contents": "Gastroduodenostomy in dogs with and without parietal cell vagotomy. Effect upon gastric emptying and motility, Heidenhain pouch acid secretion and serum gastrin concentration. Heidenhain pouch (HP) dogs were studied. After gastroduodenostomy (GD) gastric emptying time was unaffected, but cineradiography showed that the strength of the antral contractions diminished considerably, while the number of peristaltic waves increased. \"Circus movements\" of the barium meal through the GD to the duodenum and back to the stomach through the pylorus occurred. No significant changes in food-stimulated HP acid secretion or serum gastrin response were observed. After parietal cell vagotomy (PCV) gastric emptying and motility was unaffected, but food-stimulated HP acid secretion and serum gastrin response increased significantly. After addition of a GD to PCV gastric emptying time decreased significantly but similar changes in antral motility occurred as after GD alone. The food-stimulated HP acid secretion and serum gastrin response became significantly reduced. Fasting HP acid secretion and serum gastrin concentration were not significantly altered by any of the surgical procedures.", "PMID": 838181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3094", "title": "Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and primitive malnutrition.", "content": "Pancreatic function tests were performed before and after dietary therapy in four patients suffering from primitive malnutrition. Maximal bicarbonate concentrations and lipase activity were the parameters most clearly affected by malnutrition and those showing the fastest recovery following therapy. With reference to this quick recovery it seems unlikely that, at least in Western countries, malnutrition could be a cause of chronic pancreatitis. Interpretation of pancreatic function tests requires an exact knowledge of the nutritional status.", "contents": "Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and primitive malnutrition. Pancreatic function tests were performed before and after dietary therapy in four patients suffering from primitive malnutrition. Maximal bicarbonate concentrations and lipase activity were the parameters most clearly affected by malnutrition and those showing the fastest recovery following therapy. With reference to this quick recovery it seems unlikely that, at least in Western countries, malnutrition could be a cause of chronic pancreatitis. Interpretation of pancreatic function tests requires an exact knowledge of the nutritional status.", "PMID": 838182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3095", "title": "Non-parallel response of amylase and chymotrypsinogen biosynthesis following pancreatic stimulation: a possible explanation for observed non-parallelism in pancreatic secretion.", "content": "The response of amylase and chymotrypsinogen to a pancreatic secretory stimulation (intragastric administration of oleic acid or sodium oleate) are compared in rats. This comparison concerned the rates of biosynthesis of the two enzymes, their intrapancreatic levels of storage and their rates of excretion in the juice. In each of these 3 steps, it was found that the stimulation induced non-parallel courses of amylase and chymotrypsinogen. The non-parallelism in the rates of biosynthesis was found unable to explain the entire non-parallelism observed in the rates of excretion. These results suggest that the mechanism which controls the proportions of the different enzymes in the juice is different from that which monitors the rates of individual enzymes biosynthesis.", "contents": "Non-parallel response of amylase and chymotrypsinogen biosynthesis following pancreatic stimulation: a possible explanation for observed non-parallelism in pancreatic secretion. The response of amylase and chymotrypsinogen to a pancreatic secretory stimulation (intragastric administration of oleic acid or sodium oleate) are compared in rats. This comparison concerned the rates of biosynthesis of the two enzymes, their intrapancreatic levels of storage and their rates of excretion in the juice. In each of these 3 steps, it was found that the stimulation induced non-parallel courses of amylase and chymotrypsinogen. The non-parallelism in the rates of biosynthesis was found unable to explain the entire non-parallelism observed in the rates of excretion. These results suggest that the mechanism which controls the proportions of the different enzymes in the juice is different from that which monitors the rates of individual enzymes biosynthesis.", "PMID": 838183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3096", "title": "Duodenal denervation in dogs. Effect upon gastroduodenal emptying and motility, Heidenhain pouch acid secretion and serum gastrin concentration.", "content": "In dogs with the continuity of the stomach and duodenum intact the peristaltic and antiperistaltic waves in the duodenum disappeared completely and gastric emptying became faster after selective duodenal denervation. No significant changes occurred in fasting and food-stimulated Heidenhain pouch acid secretion or in serum concentration. It is concluded that the duodenal vagal nerves have importance for duodenal motility, but do not influence the gastrin release from the antrum and the small bowel or the acid secretion from a Heidenhain pouch.", "contents": "Duodenal denervation in dogs. Effect upon gastroduodenal emptying and motility, Heidenhain pouch acid secretion and serum gastrin concentration. In dogs with the continuity of the stomach and duodenum intact the peristaltic and antiperistaltic waves in the duodenum disappeared completely and gastric emptying became faster after selective duodenal denervation. No significant changes occurred in fasting and food-stimulated Heidenhain pouch acid secretion or in serum concentration. It is concluded that the duodenal vagal nerves have importance for duodenal motility, but do not influence the gastrin release from the antrum and the small bowel or the acid secretion from a Heidenhain pouch.", "PMID": 838184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3097", "title": "Effect of alcohol on the heme and porphyrin synthesis interaction with phenobarbital and pyrazole.", "content": "The effect of alcohol in addition with respectively phenobarbital and pyrazole on the heme porphyrin synthesis in the liver of male rats was studied. After a single dose of 2 g alcohol/kg p.o. the activity of the delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase (ALA synthetase) in the liver of starving rats increased 2- to 3-fold within 3 h. The porphyrin concentration in the liver of these animals was increased maximally by 75%. The activity of the delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA dehydratase), of the microsomal monoxygenase and of the concentration of cytochrome P-450 and ATP in the liver were not altered. A previous injection of pyrazole (6 mumol/kg) could abolish the inducing effect of alcohol on the ALA synthetase. The inducing effect of alcohol was increased by a previous injection of phenobarbital (80 mg/kg). The activity of the microsomal monoxygenase and the concentration of cytochrome P-450 was not altered by administration of an 8% alcohol solution instead of drinking water. The activity of the ALA synthetase in the liver of these animals was increased 3- to 4-fold only when they starved before sacrifice. In fed animals the activity of this enzyme was in the range of the control animals. The increase of the cytochrome P-450 concentration in the liver after 80 mg phenobarbital sodium/kg was lowered by alcohol. The experiments show that alcohol differs from other known porphyrinogenic agents. An alteration of the cytochrome P-450 concentration could not be demonstrated as the cause of the induction of the ALA synthetase. The observed porphyrinogenic effect is not caused by alcohol itself by either by its metabolites or by the changes of the liver metabolism caused by the effect of alcohol on the NAD/NADH ratio.", "contents": "Effect of alcohol on the heme and porphyrin synthesis interaction with phenobarbital and pyrazole. The effect of alcohol in addition with respectively phenobarbital and pyrazole on the heme porphyrin synthesis in the liver of male rats was studied. After a single dose of 2 g alcohol/kg p.o. the activity of the delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase (ALA synthetase) in the liver of starving rats increased 2- to 3-fold within 3 h. The porphyrin concentration in the liver of these animals was increased maximally by 75%. The activity of the delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA dehydratase), of the microsomal monoxygenase and of the concentration of cytochrome P-450 and ATP in the liver were not altered. A previous injection of pyrazole (6 mumol/kg) could abolish the inducing effect of alcohol on the ALA synthetase. The inducing effect of alcohol was increased by a previous injection of phenobarbital (80 mg/kg). The activity of the microsomal monoxygenase and the concentration of cytochrome P-450 was not altered by administration of an 8% alcohol solution instead of drinking water. The activity of the ALA synthetase in the liver of these animals was increased 3- to 4-fold only when they starved before sacrifice. In fed animals the activity of this enzyme was in the range of the control animals. The increase of the cytochrome P-450 concentration in the liver after 80 mg phenobarbital sodium/kg was lowered by alcohol. The experiments show that alcohol differs from other known porphyrinogenic agents. An alteration of the cytochrome P-450 concentration could not be demonstrated as the cause of the induction of the ALA synthetase. The observed porphyrinogenic effect is not caused by alcohol itself by either by its metabolites or by the changes of the liver metabolism caused by the effect of alcohol on the NAD/NADH ratio.", "PMID": 838185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3098", "title": "Relation between cholic acid synthesis rate and faecal radioisotope excretion following oral administration of 14C-cholic acid.", "content": "Bile acid kinetics were evaluated after oral administration of 14C-labelled cholic acid in ten normal subjects and two patients with severe bile acid malabsorption. The faecal 14C excretion was measured during the turnover study. Cholic acid synthesis rate was significantly correlated to 14C output in stools. The faecal radioisotope excretion is recommended for detection and semi-quantitation of bile acid malabsorption.", "contents": "Relation between cholic acid synthesis rate and faecal radioisotope excretion following oral administration of 14C-cholic acid. Bile acid kinetics were evaluated after oral administration of 14C-labelled cholic acid in ten normal subjects and two patients with severe bile acid malabsorption. The faecal 14C excretion was measured during the turnover study. Cholic acid synthesis rate was significantly correlated to 14C output in stools. The faecal radioisotope excretion is recommended for detection and semi-quantitation of bile acid malabsorption.", "PMID": 838186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3099", "title": "Somatostatin mode of action on gastric acid secretion in dogs.", "content": "The aim of the present study was to investigate the mode of the inhibitory effect of somatostatin on gastric acid secretion. This was done in Heidenhain-pouch dogs studying the effect of somatostatin on cumulative dose response curves of pentagastrin, carbachol and histamine. Somatostatin inhibited gastric secretion after all three stimuli, with decreasing potency against carbachol, pentagastrin and histamine. The pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion was inhibited in a noncompetitive way; in contrary to this the carbachol and also the histamine-stimulated secretion was inhibited in a competitive way.", "contents": "Somatostatin mode of action on gastric acid secretion in dogs. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mode of the inhibitory effect of somatostatin on gastric acid secretion. This was done in Heidenhain-pouch dogs studying the effect of somatostatin on cumulative dose response curves of pentagastrin, carbachol and histamine. Somatostatin inhibited gastric secretion after all three stimuli, with decreasing potency against carbachol, pentagastrin and histamine. The pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion was inhibited in a noncompetitive way; in contrary to this the carbachol and also the histamine-stimulated secretion was inhibited in a competitive way.", "PMID": 838187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3100", "title": "Glucagon levels in normal and diabetic subjects: use of a specific immunoabsorbent for glucagon radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Non-specific plasma effects may produce major errors in the estimation of true plasma pancreatic glucagon concentrations by radioimmunoassay. This has been circumvented by the production of glucagon-free plasma for each individual investigated, by means of glucagon antibody, coupled to sepharose beads. True fasting pancreatic glucagon levels (mean+/-SEM) in 18 healthy subjects (24+/-3 pg/ml) were significantly lower (p less than .005) than in 10 non-ketotic non-obese diabetics (38+/-3 pg/ml). It is suggested that, in the presence of decreased insulin-effect in the diabetic, this 55% glucagon elevation in diabetics may be of biological importance and contribute to the fasting hyperglycaemia.", "contents": "Glucagon levels in normal and diabetic subjects: use of a specific immunoabsorbent for glucagon radioimmunoassay. Non-specific plasma effects may produce major errors in the estimation of true plasma pancreatic glucagon concentrations by radioimmunoassay. This has been circumvented by the production of glucagon-free plasma for each individual investigated, by means of glucagon antibody, coupled to sepharose beads. True fasting pancreatic glucagon levels (mean+/-SEM) in 18 healthy subjects (24+/-3 pg/ml) were significantly lower (p less than .005) than in 10 non-ketotic non-obese diabetics (38+/-3 pg/ml). It is suggested that, in the presence of decreased insulin-effect in the diabetic, this 55% glucagon elevation in diabetics may be of biological importance and contribute to the fasting hyperglycaemia.", "PMID": 838198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3101", "title": "HLA-types, C-peptide and insulin antibodies in juvenile diabetes.", "content": "HLA-types were determined in 102 juvenile diabetics. HLA-B8 was found in 39 patients (RR 2.64; p less than 0.01) and HLA-BW15 in 32 patients (RR 1.33; n.s.). HLA-B7 was found in 14 patients (RR 0.40; p less than 0;05). There were no correlations between HLA-B8 or BW15 and family history of diabetes, occurrence of infection before onset of diabetes, ketonuria at onset or the age at onset of diabetes. Serum C-peptide, insulin binding capacity of IgG and total serum insulin, IRI, were determined in 94 patients who had had diabetes for more than two years and who were beyond the remission period. Measurable amounts of C-peptide were found in 33 patients (34.7%). There was no evidence of a relationship between any particular HLA-antigen and the B-cell function except for an increased incidence of do a decreased incidence of detectable C-peptide in patients with the combination HLA-B8, W15. Only four patients (4.3%) were lacking insulin antibodies; HLA-BW15 positive patients had higher levels of insulin antibodies than other groups, while HLA-B7 positive patients had lower levels; The results suggest that HLA-B7 and HLA-B18 might be associated with a different and perhaps milder form of juvenile diabetes.", "contents": "HLA-types, C-peptide and insulin antibodies in juvenile diabetes. HLA-types were determined in 102 juvenile diabetics. HLA-B8 was found in 39 patients (RR 2.64; p less than 0.01) and HLA-BW15 in 32 patients (RR 1.33; n.s.). HLA-B7 was found in 14 patients (RR 0.40; p less than 0;05). There were no correlations between HLA-B8 or BW15 and family history of diabetes, occurrence of infection before onset of diabetes, ketonuria at onset or the age at onset of diabetes. Serum C-peptide, insulin binding capacity of IgG and total serum insulin, IRI, were determined in 94 patients who had had diabetes for more than two years and who were beyond the remission period. Measurable amounts of C-peptide were found in 33 patients (34.7%). There was no evidence of a relationship between any particular HLA-antigen and the B-cell function except for an increased incidence of do a decreased incidence of detectable C-peptide in patients with the combination HLA-B8, W15. Only four patients (4.3%) were lacking insulin antibodies; HLA-BW15 positive patients had higher levels of insulin antibodies than other groups, while HLA-B7 positive patients had lower levels; The results suggest that HLA-B7 and HLA-B18 might be associated with a different and perhaps milder form of juvenile diabetes.", "PMID": 838199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3102", "title": "Plasma corticosterone concentrations in diabetic (db) mice.", "content": "Plasma corticosterone concentrations in diabetic (db) mice maintained on two different inbred backgrounds were found to be elevated significantly when compared to normal controls. These data are similar to that reported with the phenotypically similar obese (ob) mouse. These results suggest that the hyperadrenolcorticism is not related to the primary gene action of either gene but rather is a consequence of the development of the obesity-diabetes syndromes.", "contents": "Plasma corticosterone concentrations in diabetic (db) mice. Plasma corticosterone concentrations in diabetic (db) mice maintained on two different inbred backgrounds were found to be elevated significantly when compared to normal controls. These data are similar to that reported with the phenotypically similar obese (ob) mouse. These results suggest that the hyperadrenolcorticism is not related to the primary gene action of either gene but rather is a consequence of the development of the obesity-diabetes syndromes.", "PMID": 838200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3103", "title": "Is a lag-storage curve an early sign of diabetes? Early insulin responses to i.v. glucose in normal subjects, mild maturity-onset diabetics and patients with lag-storage curves.", "content": "Early insulin responses were measured after a high dose (50 g/1.73 m2) of rapidly injected glucose in 31 subjects who had repeatedly shown \"lag-storage\" curves in the OGTT, in 24 controls and in 19 mild maturity-onset diabetics. Division between controls and diabetics was virtually complete, when the insulin responses were expressed as \"insulinogenic index\" (delta insulin/delta glucose). Twenty out of 31 patients with lag curves showed normal early insulin responses and 11 patients showed diabetic responses. In patients with lag curves, presence of obesity, and absence of family history of diabetes were associated with normal insulin responses. It is concluded that the finding of a lag curve is of little consequence in obese persons but, when in conjunction with a genetic background of diabetes, is suggestive of diabetes.", "contents": "Is a lag-storage curve an early sign of diabetes? Early insulin responses to i.v. glucose in normal subjects, mild maturity-onset diabetics and patients with lag-storage curves. Early insulin responses were measured after a high dose (50 g/1.73 m2) of rapidly injected glucose in 31 subjects who had repeatedly shown \"lag-storage\" curves in the OGTT, in 24 controls and in 19 mild maturity-onset diabetics. Division between controls and diabetics was virtually complete, when the insulin responses were expressed as \"insulinogenic index\" (delta insulin/delta glucose). Twenty out of 31 patients with lag curves showed normal early insulin responses and 11 patients showed diabetic responses. In patients with lag curves, presence of obesity, and absence of family history of diabetes were associated with normal insulin responses. It is concluded that the finding of a lag curve is of little consequence in obese persons but, when in conjunction with a genetic background of diabetes, is suggestive of diabetes.", "PMID": 838201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3104", "title": "Glomerular size and structure in diabetes mellitus. II. Late abnormalities.", "content": "A study of autopsy kidney material from six long-term diabetics and four controls was performed in order to elucidate the mechanism of the glomerular enlargement in long-term diabetics. The volume and the severity of the glomerular lesions were measured in each of a number of randomly selected, open glomeruli. The relative amount of solid material was taken as an expression of the severity of the glomerular lesion. In the long-term diabetics the volume of open glomeruli was almost doubled compared to that of controls and in the individual subject the enlargement was found to be inversely related to the relative amount of solid material in the glomeruli. This indicates that the enlargement of open glomeruli in long-term diabetics is due to a compensatory hypertrophy rather than to the excessive deposition of basement membrane material. The number of nuclei per open glomerulus was increased in long-term diabetics, but nuclear size was unchanged. Most of the long-term diabetics had a large number of occluded glomeruli and the individual, relative number of such glomeruli correlated closely both with the duration of diabetes above 15 years and the concentration of creatinine in serum. It is concluded that the destruction of glomeruli due to diabetic microangiopathy is compensated for some years by hypertrophy of the least affected glomeruli. This compensatory hypertrophy of glomeruli might well account for the preservation of renal funtion in long-term diabetics for a number of years despite the progressive basement membrane lesions of diabetic microangiopathy.", "contents": "Glomerular size and structure in diabetes mellitus. II. Late abnormalities. A study of autopsy kidney material from six long-term diabetics and four controls was performed in order to elucidate the mechanism of the glomerular enlargement in long-term diabetics. The volume and the severity of the glomerular lesions were measured in each of a number of randomly selected, open glomeruli. The relative amount of solid material was taken as an expression of the severity of the glomerular lesion. In the long-term diabetics the volume of open glomeruli was almost doubled compared to that of controls and in the individual subject the enlargement was found to be inversely related to the relative amount of solid material in the glomeruli. This indicates that the enlargement of open glomeruli in long-term diabetics is due to a compensatory hypertrophy rather than to the excessive deposition of basement membrane material. The number of nuclei per open glomerulus was increased in long-term diabetics, but nuclear size was unchanged. Most of the long-term diabetics had a large number of occluded glomeruli and the individual, relative number of such glomeruli correlated closely both with the duration of diabetes above 15 years and the concentration of creatinine in serum. It is concluded that the destruction of glomeruli due to diabetic microangiopathy is compensated for some years by hypertrophy of the least affected glomeruli. This compensatory hypertrophy of glomeruli might well account for the preservation of renal funtion in long-term diabetics for a number of years despite the progressive basement membrane lesions of diabetic microangiopathy.", "PMID": 838202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3105", "title": "Effects of exogenous glucagon and epinephrine in physiological amounts on the blood levels of free fatty acids and glycerol in dogs.", "content": "Exogenous glucagon or epinephrine were infused into normal overnight fasted dogs to raise circulating hormone levels to concentrations within the physiologic range. Plasma levels of glycerol and free fatty acids remained unchanged during the glucagon infusion, but rose significantly during the administration of epinephrine. Plasma insulin in the systemic circulation remained unchanged during the glucagon infusion and increased slightly during the infusion of thecatecholamine. The data suggest that in normal dogs glucagon in physiological amounts has no lipolytic effect. The importance of the sympathetic nervous system in regulating lipolysis in normal mammals is stressed.", "contents": "Effects of exogenous glucagon and epinephrine in physiological amounts on the blood levels of free fatty acids and glycerol in dogs. Exogenous glucagon or epinephrine were infused into normal overnight fasted dogs to raise circulating hormone levels to concentrations within the physiologic range. Plasma levels of glycerol and free fatty acids remained unchanged during the glucagon infusion, but rose significantly during the administration of epinephrine. Plasma insulin in the systemic circulation remained unchanged during the glucagon infusion and increased slightly during the infusion of thecatecholamine. The data suggest that in normal dogs glucagon in physiological amounts has no lipolytic effect. The importance of the sympathetic nervous system in regulating lipolysis in normal mammals is stressed.", "PMID": 838203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3106", "title": "The influence of age on the development of hypertriglyceridaemia and hypercholesterolaemia in genetically diabetic mice.", "content": "The effect of spontaneous diabetes on plasma lipids during the natural course of the disease was studied in genetically diabetic mice (C57BL/KsJ-db/db). Hyperlipidaemia developed uniformly in all mice studied and was found to be a characteristic part of the diabetic syndrome, as compared to normal littermates. The hyperlipidaemia was characterized by a marked rise in plasma triglyceride levels with age and severity of the disease increaing from 120+/-6 mg/dl at 5 weeks of age to 400+/-91 mg/dl at 19 weeks of age. In addition, db/db mice were observed to be hypercholesterolaemic as compared to age-matched normal littermates, The plasma cholesterol levels of diabetic mice were elevated early in the disease, as compared to control mice (200+/-6 vs. 130+/-7 mg/dl, respectively), and the mean level remained elevated throughout the period of observation.", "contents": "The influence of age on the development of hypertriglyceridaemia and hypercholesterolaemia in genetically diabetic mice. The effect of spontaneous diabetes on plasma lipids during the natural course of the disease was studied in genetically diabetic mice (C57BL/KsJ-db/db). Hyperlipidaemia developed uniformly in all mice studied and was found to be a characteristic part of the diabetic syndrome, as compared to normal littermates. The hyperlipidaemia was characterized by a marked rise in plasma triglyceride levels with age and severity of the disease increaing from 120+/-6 mg/dl at 5 weeks of age to 400+/-91 mg/dl at 19 weeks of age. In addition, db/db mice were observed to be hypercholesterolaemic as compared to age-matched normal littermates, The plasma cholesterol levels of diabetic mice were elevated early in the disease, as compared to control mice (200+/-6 vs. 130+/-7 mg/dl, respectively), and the mean level remained elevated throughout the period of observation.", "PMID": 838204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3107", "title": "Persistent metabolic abnormalities in diabetes in the absence of glucagon.", "content": "In order to investigate the contribution of glucagon to the abnormalities of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in diabetes, hormones and metabolites were measured in response to IV arginine in 5 juvenile onset (control) diabetics and 5 totally pancreatectomised subjects. In the basal state, both control diabetics and pancreatectomised patients showed abnormally elevated levels of plasma glucose, blood 3-hydroxybutyrate, glycerol and plasma free fatty acids (NEFA), although no glucagon was detectable in the plasma of the pancreatectomised subjects. Blood concentrations of the gluconeogenic precursors alanine and glycerol were higher pancreatectomised patients than in the diabetics. Following infusion of arginine, the rise in glucagon observed in the diabetics was accompanied by a significant increase in plasma glucose and a fall in blood lactate when compared to the pancreatectomised subjects. In spite of the rise in glucagon in the control diabetics, no sigficant change was found in the concentrations of ketone bodies, glycerol or NEFA. Thus glucagon does not seem to have a primary role in producing the metabolic abnormalities of diabetes.", "contents": "Persistent metabolic abnormalities in diabetes in the absence of glucagon. In order to investigate the contribution of glucagon to the abnormalities of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in diabetes, hormones and metabolites were measured in response to IV arginine in 5 juvenile onset (control) diabetics and 5 totally pancreatectomised subjects. In the basal state, both control diabetics and pancreatectomised patients showed abnormally elevated levels of plasma glucose, blood 3-hydroxybutyrate, glycerol and plasma free fatty acids (NEFA), although no glucagon was detectable in the plasma of the pancreatectomised subjects. Blood concentrations of the gluconeogenic precursors alanine and glycerol were higher pancreatectomised patients than in the diabetics. Following infusion of arginine, the rise in glucagon observed in the diabetics was accompanied by a significant increase in plasma glucose and a fall in blood lactate when compared to the pancreatectomised subjects. In spite of the rise in glucagon in the control diabetics, no sigficant change was found in the concentrations of ketone bodies, glycerol or NEFA. Thus glucagon does not seem to have a primary role in producing the metabolic abnormalities of diabetes.", "PMID": 838205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3108", "title": "Separation of isolated cell nuclei of tissues of the meal moth, Ephestia kuehniella Z. by metrizamide density gradient centrifugation.", "content": "The behaviour of isolated cell nuclei of different tissues in the mediterranean meal moth has been studied in metrizamide density gradients to find whether differences exist in the bouyant density between nuclei derived from different specialized tissues. The different nuclei studied have buoyant densities ranging form 1.228-1.295 g/cm3 in metrizamide density gradients and clear differences exist between different populations of nuclei. The different buoyant densities make it possible to separate isolated nuclei from a heterogeneous population of nuclei according to their characteristic densities. This has been tested by the separation of silk gland nuclei from follicle cell nuclei by the density centrifugation method. The degree of polyploidy of the nuclei is not correlated to a decrease or increase of the buoyant density, which suggests that different amounts of nuclear proteins, ribonucleoproteins or RNA are responsible for the differences determined. These tissue-specific differences of the nuclear densities might be correlated to different transcriptional activities. In addition to this, the isopycnic sedimentation technique in metrizamide density gradient provides a method to purify nuclei very carefully without any visible alteration of their morphology and integrity.", "contents": "Separation of isolated cell nuclei of tissues of the meal moth, Ephestia kuehniella Z. by metrizamide density gradient centrifugation. The behaviour of isolated cell nuclei of different tissues in the mediterranean meal moth has been studied in metrizamide density gradients to find whether differences exist in the bouyant density between nuclei derived from different specialized tissues. The different nuclei studied have buoyant densities ranging form 1.228-1.295 g/cm3 in metrizamide density gradients and clear differences exist between different populations of nuclei. The different buoyant densities make it possible to separate isolated nuclei from a heterogeneous population of nuclei according to their characteristic densities. This has been tested by the separation of silk gland nuclei from follicle cell nuclei by the density centrifugation method. The degree of polyploidy of the nuclei is not correlated to a decrease or increase of the buoyant density, which suggests that different amounts of nuclear proteins, ribonucleoproteins or RNA are responsible for the differences determined. These tissue-specific differences of the nuclear densities might be correlated to different transcriptional activities. In addition to this, the isopycnic sedimentation technique in metrizamide density gradient provides a method to purify nuclei very carefully without any visible alteration of their morphology and integrity.", "PMID": 838206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3109", "title": "Structures indicative of keratinization in lactating cells of bovine mammary gland.", "content": "Keratohyalin granule-like aggregates and tangles of filaments similar to epidermal prekeratin fibrils have been observed in lactating cells of bovine mammary epithelium. The concomitant occurence of such structures, which are characteristic of early stages of keratinization, with typical secretory products such as casein micelles demonstrates that keratinization can take place in functional secretory cells. The observations are discussed in relation to current concepts of keratinization in epidermal and in non-epidermal epithelia.", "contents": "Structures indicative of keratinization in lactating cells of bovine mammary gland. Keratohyalin granule-like aggregates and tangles of filaments similar to epidermal prekeratin fibrils have been observed in lactating cells of bovine mammary epithelium. The concomitant occurence of such structures, which are characteristic of early stages of keratinization, with typical secretory products such as casein micelles demonstrates that keratinization can take place in functional secretory cells. The observations are discussed in relation to current concepts of keratinization in epidermal and in non-epidermal epithelia.", "PMID": 838207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3110", "title": "The effect of alpha-amanitin on nucleic acid synthesis in preimplantation mouse embryos.", "content": "It has been hypothesized that multiple forms of RNA polymerase may play a role in the control of development and differentiation in eukaryotic organisms. For this to be true, three criteria must be met. First, multiple forms of RNA polymerase must be demonstrated. Second, the relative proportion of the enzyme forms must be shown to change with development or differentiation. And third, the types of RNA synthesized must correlate with the types of RNA polymerase present at each developmental stage. We have previously reported data satisfying the first two criteria for preimplantation mouse embryos. The present paper probes the third criterion in this differentiating system. It was found that although the proportion of the RNA polymerase enzyme forms changes from the 8-cell to the blastocyst stage of development, the types of newly synthesized nucleic acids at each of these stages were similar. Furthermore, inhibition of rRNA, mRNA, and tRNA, by alpha-amanitin, was identical for 8-cell and blastocyst embryos. The only difference between these two stages was that DNA synthesis in blastocysts was more sensitive to inhibition by alpha-amanitin than DNA synthesis in 8-cell embryos. We conclude that the synthesis of different classes of RNA by preimplantation mouse embryos is not simply controlled by changes in the levels of the multiple forms of RNA polymerase.", "contents": "The effect of alpha-amanitin on nucleic acid synthesis in preimplantation mouse embryos. It has been hypothesized that multiple forms of RNA polymerase may play a role in the control of development and differentiation in eukaryotic organisms. For this to be true, three criteria must be met. First, multiple forms of RNA polymerase must be demonstrated. Second, the relative proportion of the enzyme forms must be shown to change with development or differentiation. And third, the types of RNA synthesized must correlate with the types of RNA polymerase present at each developmental stage. We have previously reported data satisfying the first two criteria for preimplantation mouse embryos. The present paper probes the third criterion in this differentiating system. It was found that although the proportion of the RNA polymerase enzyme forms changes from the 8-cell to the blastocyst stage of development, the types of newly synthesized nucleic acids at each of these stages were similar. Furthermore, inhibition of rRNA, mRNA, and tRNA, by alpha-amanitin, was identical for 8-cell and blastocyst embryos. The only difference between these two stages was that DNA synthesis in blastocysts was more sensitive to inhibition by alpha-amanitin than DNA synthesis in 8-cell embryos. We conclude that the synthesis of different classes of RNA by preimplantation mouse embryos is not simply controlled by changes in the levels of the multiple forms of RNA polymerase.", "PMID": 838208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3111", "title": "Ribosomal RNA synthesis in the Eastern North-American Newt, Notophthalmus viridescens.", "content": "Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis, the initiation of which is an early major event during the transformation of iris into lens in the newt, was characterized in the TVI cell-line derived from the eastern North-American newt Notophthalmus viridescens. Employing the technique of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, molecular-weight measurements were made on newt rRNAs using Xenopus laevis and E. coli rRNAs as standards. The molecular weights of N. viridescens 28S and 18S rRNA were found to be 1.4 X 10(6) and 0.7 X 10(6) respectively. The precursor to these RNAs had a molecular weight of 3.1 X 10(6). Three probable intermediates in the processing of precursor to mature rRNA were also identified. On the basis of the molecular weights of all species of RNA identified, a processing pathway, similar to that of Xenopus, has been suggested. Some unusual features in the kinetics of precursor rRNA labelling and processing suggest the possibility that newt-cell rRNA synthesis may be controlled by the availability of essential amino acids in a manner similar to that observed in mammalian cells. A possible relationship between the availability of essential amino acids, the initiation of rRNA synthesis in the newt iris, and the control of lens regeneration is discussed.", "contents": "Ribosomal RNA synthesis in the Eastern North-American Newt, Notophthalmus viridescens. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis, the initiation of which is an early major event during the transformation of iris into lens in the newt, was characterized in the TVI cell-line derived from the eastern North-American newt Notophthalmus viridescens. Employing the technique of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, molecular-weight measurements were made on newt rRNAs using Xenopus laevis and E. coli rRNAs as standards. The molecular weights of N. viridescens 28S and 18S rRNA were found to be 1.4 X 10(6) and 0.7 X 10(6) respectively. The precursor to these RNAs had a molecular weight of 3.1 X 10(6). Three probable intermediates in the processing of precursor to mature rRNA were also identified. On the basis of the molecular weights of all species of RNA identified, a processing pathway, similar to that of Xenopus, has been suggested. Some unusual features in the kinetics of precursor rRNA labelling and processing suggest the possibility that newt-cell rRNA synthesis may be controlled by the availability of essential amino acids in a manner similar to that observed in mammalian cells. A possible relationship between the availability of essential amino acids, the initiation of rRNA synthesis in the newt iris, and the control of lens regeneration is discussed.", "PMID": 838209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3112", "title": "Direct transhepatic measurement of portal vein pressure using a thin needle. Comparison with wedged hepatic vein pressure.", "content": "A technique for the direct measurement of portal vein pressure in fully conscious patients is described. This uses a percutaneous transhepatic approach with a thin Chiba needle and is shown to be simple and safe. The technique has been applied to 123 patients with a variety of liver disorders and the pressure measurements have been compared with those obtained by the indirect technique of wedge hepatic vein catheterization. Close agreement was found between portal vein pressure and wedged hepatic vein pressure in quiescent alcoholic liver disease and alcoholic hepatitis. In chronic active hepatitis, portal vein pressure tended to be higher than wedged hepatic vein pressure, indicating a presinusoidal component to the portal hypertension. This technique is shown to be useful in assessing idiopathic protal hypertension and in demonstrating hepatofugal flow.", "contents": "Direct transhepatic measurement of portal vein pressure using a thin needle. Comparison with wedged hepatic vein pressure. A technique for the direct measurement of portal vein pressure in fully conscious patients is described. This uses a percutaneous transhepatic approach with a thin Chiba needle and is shown to be simple and safe. The technique has been applied to 123 patients with a variety of liver disorders and the pressure measurements have been compared with those obtained by the indirect technique of wedge hepatic vein catheterization. Close agreement was found between portal vein pressure and wedged hepatic vein pressure in quiescent alcoholic liver disease and alcoholic hepatitis. In chronic active hepatitis, portal vein pressure tended to be higher than wedged hepatic vein pressure, indicating a presinusoidal component to the portal hypertension. This technique is shown to be useful in assessing idiopathic protal hypertension and in demonstrating hepatofugal flow.", "PMID": 838210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3113", "title": "Antibody to hepatitis B core antigen in chronic hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis: evaluation by a new autologous solid phase radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Anti-HBc, the antibody to core antigen of hepatitis B virions, was assayed by a new solid phase sandwich radioimmunoassay inhibition method in the sera of 26 patients with HBsAg-negative chronic active hepatitis (CAH) and 31 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). The sensitivity of the method was validated by finding anti-Hb titers averaging greater than 1:1000 in a group of 8 chronically HBsAG-positive individuals, 4 of whom had chronic persistent hepatitis and 4 of whom had no histological or biochemical evidence of liver disease. However, anti-HBc was not detectable in any of the 26 patients with HBsAg-negative CAH. Sera from 2 of the 31 PBC patients contained anti-HBc but only in low titers, a distribution of anti-HBc similar to that found among a comparison group of medical personnel. Anti-HBc testing among PBC patients and control subjects identified a few persons in whom negative tests for HBsAg and anti-HBs failed to identify previous hepatitis B infections. Nevertheless, the uniformly negative tests for anti-HBc among our HBsAg-negative patients with CAH provide additional evidence that this subgroup, typically young-middle age females, seldom derive CAH from hepatitis B infection.", "contents": "Antibody to hepatitis B core antigen in chronic hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis: evaluation by a new autologous solid phase radioimmunoassay. Anti-HBc, the antibody to core antigen of hepatitis B virions, was assayed by a new solid phase sandwich radioimmunoassay inhibition method in the sera of 26 patients with HBsAg-negative chronic active hepatitis (CAH) and 31 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). The sensitivity of the method was validated by finding anti-Hb titers averaging greater than 1:1000 in a group of 8 chronically HBsAG-positive individuals, 4 of whom had chronic persistent hepatitis and 4 of whom had no histological or biochemical evidence of liver disease. However, anti-HBc was not detectable in any of the 26 patients with HBsAg-negative CAH. Sera from 2 of the 31 PBC patients contained anti-HBc but only in low titers, a distribution of anti-HBc similar to that found among a comparison group of medical personnel. Anti-HBc testing among PBC patients and control subjects identified a few persons in whom negative tests for HBsAg and anti-HBs failed to identify previous hepatitis B infections. Nevertheless, the uniformly negative tests for anti-HBc among our HBsAg-negative patients with CAH provide additional evidence that this subgroup, typically young-middle age females, seldom derive CAH from hepatitis B infection.", "PMID": 838211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3114", "title": "\"Nonalcoholic\" chronic hepatitis in the alcoholic.", "content": "Ten alcoholic patients with biopsy proved chronic active or chronic persistent hepatitis were observed. In each patient, the responsible etiological agent appeared to be ethanol. Laboratory abnormalities could be distinguished statistically from those in a group of 121 patients with alcoholic hepatitis by their higher SGPT (262 +/- 139 versus 62 +/- 7 U per ml, P is less than 0.01), lower ratio of SGOT:SGPT (1.96 +/- 0.34 versus 4.71 +/- 0.40, P is less than 0.01), and lower white blood cell count 5,833 +/- 763 versus 10,370 +/- 742, P is less than 0.01). However, the overlap between the groups was sufficiently large that without histological confirmation the correct diagnosis was in doubt for any given patient.", "contents": "\"Nonalcoholic\" chronic hepatitis in the alcoholic. Ten alcoholic patients with biopsy proved chronic active or chronic persistent hepatitis were observed. In each patient, the responsible etiological agent appeared to be ethanol. Laboratory abnormalities could be distinguished statistically from those in a group of 121 patients with alcoholic hepatitis by their higher SGPT (262 +/- 139 versus 62 +/- 7 U per ml, P is less than 0.01), lower ratio of SGOT:SGPT (1.96 +/- 0.34 versus 4.71 +/- 0.40, P is less than 0.01), and lower white blood cell count 5,833 +/- 763 versus 10,370 +/- 742, P is less than 0.01). However, the overlap between the groups was sufficiently large that without histological confirmation the correct diagnosis was in doubt for any given patient.", "PMID": 838212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3115", "title": "Dantrolene-associated hepatic injury. Incidence and character.", "content": "Hepatic injury during long term dantrolene sodium therapy occurred in 19 of 1044 patients (1.8%) monitored for at least 60 days. Six had icteric hepatitis (0.6%) and 3 died (0.3%). After the marketing of the drug, an additional 31 cases of dantrolene-associated liver disease were available for analysis. Of these 16 had icteric hepatitis with a favorable outcome, whereas 11 died. The injury was mainly hepatocellular with a pattern of acute or subacute hepatic disease or chronic active hepatitis. Analysis of total of 50 cases showed a 28% case fatality rate. All the fatalities occurred in patients above 30 years of age and after at least 2 months of therapy, with 57% cases exposed for at least 6 months. Eleven of the 14 fatalities occurred in females (P is less than 0.05). No cases of hepatic disease occurred in patients exposed for less than 1 month or under the age of 10. The majority of adverse reactions (71%) occurred between 1 and 6 months of therapy. Daily dosage of 300 mg or more is associated with higher incidenceof hepatotoxic reactions and with the majority (85%) of the fatalities. The idiosyncratic hepatic injury does not appear to involve hypersensitivity to the drug. A careful assessment of the benefit-risk ratio in the therapeutic use of dantrolene sodium is proposed.", "contents": "Dantrolene-associated hepatic injury. Incidence and character. Hepatic injury during long term dantrolene sodium therapy occurred in 19 of 1044 patients (1.8%) monitored for at least 60 days. Six had icteric hepatitis (0.6%) and 3 died (0.3%). After the marketing of the drug, an additional 31 cases of dantrolene-associated liver disease were available for analysis. Of these 16 had icteric hepatitis with a favorable outcome, whereas 11 died. The injury was mainly hepatocellular with a pattern of acute or subacute hepatic disease or chronic active hepatitis. Analysis of total of 50 cases showed a 28% case fatality rate. All the fatalities occurred in patients above 30 years of age and after at least 2 months of therapy, with 57% cases exposed for at least 6 months. Eleven of the 14 fatalities occurred in females (P is less than 0.05). No cases of hepatic disease occurred in patients exposed for less than 1 month or under the age of 10. The majority of adverse reactions (71%) occurred between 1 and 6 months of therapy. Daily dosage of 300 mg or more is associated with higher incidenceof hepatotoxic reactions and with the majority (85%) of the fatalities. The idiosyncratic hepatic injury does not appear to involve hypersensitivity to the drug. A careful assessment of the benefit-risk ratio in the therapeutic use of dantrolene sodium is proposed.", "PMID": 838213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3116", "title": "Protein content of thoracic duct lymph in patients with bilharzial hepatic fibrosis.", "content": "The proteins in the thoracic duct lymph were studied in 46 patients with bilharzial hepatic disease in various stages. The thoracic duct proteins were compared to those of serum and ascitic fluid. Total protein and albumin in thoracic duct lymph were 66 and 69% of the concentration of those in the serum of nonascitic patients. The proteins in the thoracic duct lymph were 29% of the serum level in patients with tense ascites. The lymph to serum and ascitic fluid to serum ratios of the total protein and albumin were similar to each other in moderate and severe ascites, reflecting a low protein content in both the ascitic fluid and thoracic duct lymph. The gamma-globulin concentration was raised in the serum of all patients as well as in the ascitic fluid of those with tense ascites. A contrasting pattern of the proteins is present in the thoracic duct lymph in bilharzial hepatic fibrosis. In the early stages the lymph has a relatively high concentration of protein, which decreases as the disease advances.", "contents": "Protein content of thoracic duct lymph in patients with bilharzial hepatic fibrosis. The proteins in the thoracic duct lymph were studied in 46 patients with bilharzial hepatic disease in various stages. The thoracic duct proteins were compared to those of serum and ascitic fluid. Total protein and albumin in thoracic duct lymph were 66 and 69% of the concentration of those in the serum of nonascitic patients. The proteins in the thoracic duct lymph were 29% of the serum level in patients with tense ascites. The lymph to serum and ascitic fluid to serum ratios of the total protein and albumin were similar to each other in moderate and severe ascites, reflecting a low protein content in both the ascitic fluid and thoracic duct lymph. The gamma-globulin concentration was raised in the serum of all patients as well as in the ascitic fluid of those with tense ascites. A contrasting pattern of the proteins is present in the thoracic duct lymph in bilharzial hepatic fibrosis. In the early stages the lymph has a relatively high concentration of protein, which decreases as the disease advances.", "PMID": 838214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3117", "title": "Intrahepatic branching patterns of portal vein. A study by corrosion cast.", "content": "Eighty-five corrosion casts of human portal veins were studied. The following observations were made: (1) In 88% of the cases, the portal vein divided into right and left branches, and in 12% of the cases, it divided into the left branch of the portal vein and anterior and posterior segmental n:veins; (2) Anterior and posterior segmental veins were branches of the right branch of the portal vein in 88% of the cases and arose directly from the portal trunk in 12% of the cases. In all cases, the anterior and posterior segmental veins in turn divided into superior and inferior area veins. (3) The left branch of the portal vein underwent a sharp kink leading into two parts: pars transversa nad pars umbilicalis. (4) The lateral superior area vein either sprang from the left side of the kink (69%), or from pars transversa near the kink (16%), or from the left side of pars umbilicalis near the kink (14%). The lateral inferior area vein arose from the left side of pars umbilicalis in all cases. (5) The medical segmental veins originated from the right side of pars umbilicalis. The number of branches varied from two to four. Further division of these into area branches were not fixed. (6) The right portion of the caudate lobe received portal blood either from the pars transversa (68%), or from the right branch of portal trunk (14%), or from the portal trunk (18%). The left portion of the caudate lobe received portal blood always from the pars transversa of the left trunk. (7) The branches to the caudate process arose from right branch of the portal vein in the majority of cases (72%). In the rest of the cases, these arose either from portal trunk (16% cases) or from pars transversa of the left trunk (12% cases).", "contents": "Intrahepatic branching patterns of portal vein. A study by corrosion cast. Eighty-five corrosion casts of human portal veins were studied. The following observations were made: (1) In 88% of the cases, the portal vein divided into right and left branches, and in 12% of the cases, it divided into the left branch of the portal vein and anterior and posterior segmental n:veins; (2) Anterior and posterior segmental veins were branches of the right branch of the portal vein in 88% of the cases and arose directly from the portal trunk in 12% of the cases. In all cases, the anterior and posterior segmental veins in turn divided into superior and inferior area veins. (3) The left branch of the portal vein underwent a sharp kink leading into two parts: pars transversa nad pars umbilicalis. (4) The lateral superior area vein either sprang from the left side of the kink (69%), or from pars transversa near the kink (16%), or from the left side of pars umbilicalis near the kink (14%). The lateral inferior area vein arose from the left side of pars umbilicalis in all cases. (5) The medical segmental veins originated from the right side of pars umbilicalis. The number of branches varied from two to four. Further division of these into area branches were not fixed. (6) The right portion of the caudate lobe received portal blood either from the pars transversa (68%), or from the right branch of portal trunk (14%), or from the portal trunk (18%). The left portion of the caudate lobe received portal blood always from the pars transversa of the left trunk. (7) The branches to the caudate process arose from right branch of the portal vein in the majority of cases (72%). In the rest of the cases, these arose either from portal trunk (16% cases) or from pars transversa of the left trunk (12% cases).", "PMID": 838215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3118", "title": "Factors affecting bilirubin excretion in patients with cholesterol or pigment gallstones.", "content": "To identify factors affecting bilirubin excretion, the effects of bile flow and bile salt excretion on bilirubin output into bile have been examined in normobilirubinemic, cholecystectomized patients with balloon-occludable, reinfusion T-tubes, 8 patients with cholesterol (CS) and 2 with pigment (PS) gallstones. Another patient with pigment gallstones, sickle cell disease (SS), and stable jaundice was studied to examine the mechanism by which an increased bilirubin load was excreted. Total bilirubin was almost entirely conjugated and excretion was related linearly to bile salt excretion PS and CS subjects; one-third of bilirubin excretion was bile salt independent and two-thirds was bile salt associated. In the SS patient 90% of the bilirubin excretion was independent of bile salt output. In PS and CS patients, bilirubin output was linearly related to bile flow, but the SS patient showed significant bilirubin excretion at low flow rates. CS and PS patients had similar patterns of bilirubin excretion, but the increased bilirubin load in the SS patient was excreted independently of bile salts. In the SS patient, unconjugated bilirubin output was hyperbolically related to bile salts output and represented a maximum of 3% of the total bilirubin output. The bile salt-independent excretion of conjugated bilirubin suggests that micelles were not required for transport into bile; whereas the hyperbolic relationship for unconjugated bilirubin and bile salt output, similar to that of the micellar lipids. cholesterol, and phospholipids, suggests interaction with micelles.", "contents": "Factors affecting bilirubin excretion in patients with cholesterol or pigment gallstones. To identify factors affecting bilirubin excretion, the effects of bile flow and bile salt excretion on bilirubin output into bile have been examined in normobilirubinemic, cholecystectomized patients with balloon-occludable, reinfusion T-tubes, 8 patients with cholesterol (CS) and 2 with pigment (PS) gallstones. Another patient with pigment gallstones, sickle cell disease (SS), and stable jaundice was studied to examine the mechanism by which an increased bilirubin load was excreted. Total bilirubin was almost entirely conjugated and excretion was related linearly to bile salt excretion PS and CS subjects; one-third of bilirubin excretion was bile salt independent and two-thirds was bile salt associated. In the SS patient 90% of the bilirubin excretion was independent of bile salt output. In PS and CS patients, bilirubin output was linearly related to bile flow, but the SS patient showed significant bilirubin excretion at low flow rates. CS and PS patients had similar patterns of bilirubin excretion, but the increased bilirubin load in the SS patient was excreted independently of bile salts. In the SS patient, unconjugated bilirubin output was hyperbolically related to bile salts output and represented a maximum of 3% of the total bilirubin output. The bile salt-independent excretion of conjugated bilirubin suggests that micelles were not required for transport into bile; whereas the hyperbolic relationship for unconjugated bilirubin and bile salt output, similar to that of the micellar lipids. cholesterol, and phospholipids, suggests interaction with micelles.", "PMID": 838216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3119", "title": "An experimental method for studying in vivo gallbladder absorption.", "content": "A perfusion technique has been developed for the study of net absorption in the gallbaldder of the cat. The lumen of the gallbladder in situ with intact blood vessels and nerves is perfused at a constant rate with bile or a solution of known composition. Differences in volume input and output from the gallbladder are measured with a volume transducer, which in the absence of changes in gallbladder volume reflects net water absorption. By adding polyethylene glycol to the perfusate, net water absorption rate can be calculated from the changes in concentration of this test substance regardless of gallbladder motility. A combined use of these two methods makes possible a concomitant estimation of net water absorption and changes in gallbladder volume. The technique was tested and used for the study of net water absorption from bile, saline and isotonic mannitol solution in the gallbladder lumen.", "contents": "An experimental method for studying in vivo gallbladder absorption. A perfusion technique has been developed for the study of net absorption in the gallbaldder of the cat. The lumen of the gallbladder in situ with intact blood vessels and nerves is perfused at a constant rate with bile or a solution of known composition. Differences in volume input and output from the gallbladder are measured with a volume transducer, which in the absence of changes in gallbladder volume reflects net water absorption. By adding polyethylene glycol to the perfusate, net water absorption rate can be calculated from the changes in concentration of this test substance regardless of gallbladder motility. A combined use of these two methods makes possible a concomitant estimation of net water absorption and changes in gallbladder volume. The technique was tested and used for the study of net water absorption from bile, saline and isotonic mannitol solution in the gallbladder lumen.", "PMID": 838217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3120", "title": "Effects of intravenous secretin and cholecystokinin on gallbladder net water absorption and motility in the cat.", "content": "A perfusion technique has been used for the simultaneous study of the concentrating mechanism and the motility of the gallbladder in the anesthetized cat. It was found that intravenous secretin abolished the net water absorption from bile in the gallbladder and thereby impeded its concentrating mechanism, but alone did not influence gallbladder motility. It was sometimes seen that secretin even reversed the net water transport in the gallbladder, producing a secretion. Intravenous cholecystokinin was found not to influence the net water transport but to induce a strong contraction of the gallbladder. These results are discussed in relation to those from earlier in vitro studies.", "contents": "Effects of intravenous secretin and cholecystokinin on gallbladder net water absorption and motility in the cat. A perfusion technique has been used for the simultaneous study of the concentrating mechanism and the motility of the gallbladder in the anesthetized cat. It was found that intravenous secretin abolished the net water absorption from bile in the gallbladder and thereby impeded its concentrating mechanism, but alone did not influence gallbladder motility. It was sometimes seen that secretin even reversed the net water transport in the gallbladder, producing a secretion. Intravenous cholecystokinin was found not to influence the net water transport but to induce a strong contraction of the gallbladder. These results are discussed in relation to those from earlier in vitro studies.", "PMID": 838218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3121", "title": "Fiberoptic pansigmoidoscopy. An evaluation and comparison with rigid sigmoidoscopy.", "content": "A flexible 60-cm fiberoptic sigmoidoscope was evaluated in 139 patients. In 120 patients flexible sigmoidoscopy was compared with routine rigid sigmoidoscopy with respect to patient tolerance, distance of inspection, procedure time, and diagnostic yield. All patients were prepared with a single cleansing enema, and given no analgesia. Despite the fact that the flexible instrument was inserted nearly 3 times as far into the colon (55 cm versus 20 cm), more patients preferred the flexible examination. Significant pathological lesions were discovered by the flexible examination in 39% of patients, whereas rigid sigmoidoscopy discovered lesions in only 13%. Fluoroscopy performed during flexible sigmoidoscopy in 19 additional patients revealed that the instrument tip had reached the descending colon or beyond in 84% of patients. There were no complications. The flexible fiberoptic pansigmoidoscope offers promise as a practical diagnostic tool for a rapid and complete examination in patients with suspected colorectal diseases.", "contents": "Fiberoptic pansigmoidoscopy. An evaluation and comparison with rigid sigmoidoscopy. A flexible 60-cm fiberoptic sigmoidoscope was evaluated in 139 patients. In 120 patients flexible sigmoidoscopy was compared with routine rigid sigmoidoscopy with respect to patient tolerance, distance of inspection, procedure time, and diagnostic yield. All patients were prepared with a single cleansing enema, and given no analgesia. Despite the fact that the flexible instrument was inserted nearly 3 times as far into the colon (55 cm versus 20 cm), more patients preferred the flexible examination. Significant pathological lesions were discovered by the flexible examination in 39% of patients, whereas rigid sigmoidoscopy discovered lesions in only 13%. Fluoroscopy performed during flexible sigmoidoscopy in 19 additional patients revealed that the instrument tip had reached the descending colon or beyond in 84% of patients. There were no complications. The flexible fiberoptic pansigmoidoscope offers promise as a practical diagnostic tool for a rapid and complete examination in patients with suspected colorectal diseases.", "PMID": 838219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3122", "title": "Minimal bile acid malabsorption and normal bile acid breath tests in cystic fibrosis and acquired pancreatic insufficiency.", "content": "This study was undertaken because of reports of a marked increase in fecal bile acid excretion by children with cystic fibrosis. We attempted to confirm this finding by performing [1-14C]cholylglycine breath tests and by measuring fecal bile acid and fat excretion in patients with cystic fibrosis and acquired pancreatic insufficiency. Studies were done when patients were taking pancreatic enzymes (Cotazym) and also without medication. 14CO2 excretion in breath was normal in patients with acquired pancreatic insufficiency and even lower in cystic fibrosis, both with and without Cotazym therapy. Fecal bile acid excretion was slightly elevated in both groups without Cotazym and became normal with Cotazym in patients with acquired pancreatic insufficiency. Steatorrhea was present in both patient groups and improved during Cotazym therapy. Bile acid malabsorption in cystic fibrosis and acquired pancreatic insufficiency is minimal and probably not clinically important.", "contents": "Minimal bile acid malabsorption and normal bile acid breath tests in cystic fibrosis and acquired pancreatic insufficiency. This study was undertaken because of reports of a marked increase in fecal bile acid excretion by children with cystic fibrosis. We attempted to confirm this finding by performing [1-14C]cholylglycine breath tests and by measuring fecal bile acid and fat excretion in patients with cystic fibrosis and acquired pancreatic insufficiency. Studies were done when patients were taking pancreatic enzymes (Cotazym) and also without medication. 14CO2 excretion in breath was normal in patients with acquired pancreatic insufficiency and even lower in cystic fibrosis, both with and without Cotazym therapy. Fecal bile acid excretion was slightly elevated in both groups without Cotazym and became normal with Cotazym in patients with acquired pancreatic insufficiency. Steatorrhea was present in both patient groups and improved during Cotazym therapy. Bile acid malabsorption in cystic fibrosis and acquired pancreatic insufficiency is minimal and probably not clinically important.", "PMID": 838220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3123", "title": "Regnerative of cardiac type mucosa and acquisition of Barrett mucosa after esophagogastrostomy.", "content": "The surgically created squamocolumnar junction in patients who have undergone an esophagogastrostomy after partial esophagogastrectomy provides a unique opportunity to study mucosal regeneration in the setting of gastroesophageal reflux. The pathological and clinical findings in 17 such patients are presented. In each patient the anastomosis had been performed between histologically documented squamous-lined esophagus and gastric fundus. Cardiac type mucosa had regenerated in the region of the anastomosis in 9 patients and was detected as early as 2 months after operation. In addition, 3 patients, 2 of whom had cardiac type mucosa, had acquired Barrett or Barrett-like mucosa on the distal esophagus by 76 to 119 months. Gastroesophageal reflux was prominent in all 3 of these patients. The findings strongly support the hypothesis that the distinctive mucosa of Barrett's esophagus develops after reflux-induced ulceration and subsequent mucosal regeneration by immature cells that are derived from cardiac and/or fundic mucosa, and which undergo specialized differentiation in the presence of reflux.", "contents": "Regnerative of cardiac type mucosa and acquisition of Barrett mucosa after esophagogastrostomy. The surgically created squamocolumnar junction in patients who have undergone an esophagogastrostomy after partial esophagogastrectomy provides a unique opportunity to study mucosal regeneration in the setting of gastroesophageal reflux. The pathological and clinical findings in 17 such patients are presented. In each patient the anastomosis had been performed between histologically documented squamous-lined esophagus and gastric fundus. Cardiac type mucosa had regenerated in the region of the anastomosis in 9 patients and was detected as early as 2 months after operation. In addition, 3 patients, 2 of whom had cardiac type mucosa, had acquired Barrett or Barrett-like mucosa on the distal esophagus by 76 to 119 months. Gastroesophageal reflux was prominent in all 3 of these patients. The findings strongly support the hypothesis that the distinctive mucosa of Barrett's esophagus develops after reflux-induced ulceration and subsequent mucosal regeneration by immature cells that are derived from cardiac and/or fundic mucosa, and which undergo specialized differentiation in the presence of reflux.", "PMID": 838221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3124", "title": "Symptomatic intestinal disaccharidase deficiency in alcoholics.", "content": "Lactase and sucrase activities were measured in jejunal biopsies from a group of alcoholic and nonalcoholic men of similar nutritional status, consisting of American blacks, and whites of northern European origin. When measured withing 10 days of alcohol withdrawal, sucrase activity was decreased by 33% in the alcoholics. Lactase activity was less than 1 U per g in 100% of the black and 20% of the white alcholics as compared to 50% of the black and none of the white control subjects. Lactase activity was virtually absent in 45% of the black alcoholics. A second jejunal biopsy after an additional 2-week period of alcohol abstinenece exhibited significant secondary increases in the activities of both disaccharidases. Oral administration of lactose (1 g per kg of body weight) resulted in significantly lower blood glucose concentration and higher incidence of adverse effects in alcoholics, mainly among the blacks. Although data from larger populations are needed to confirm our observations, these findings suggest that chronic alcohol ingestion decreases intestinal disaccharidase activities even in the absence of overt malnutrition. The decrease in enzyme activity produced by alcohol is associated with increased morbidity after lactose administration.", "contents": "Symptomatic intestinal disaccharidase deficiency in alcoholics. Lactase and sucrase activities were measured in jejunal biopsies from a group of alcoholic and nonalcoholic men of similar nutritional status, consisting of American blacks, and whites of northern European origin. When measured withing 10 days of alcohol withdrawal, sucrase activity was decreased by 33% in the alcoholics. Lactase activity was less than 1 U per g in 100% of the black and 20% of the white alcholics as compared to 50% of the black and none of the white control subjects. Lactase activity was virtually absent in 45% of the black alcoholics. A second jejunal biopsy after an additional 2-week period of alcohol abstinenece exhibited significant secondary increases in the activities of both disaccharidases. Oral administration of lactose (1 g per kg of body weight) resulted in significantly lower blood glucose concentration and higher incidence of adverse effects in alcoholics, mainly among the blacks. Although data from larger populations are needed to confirm our observations, these findings suggest that chronic alcohol ingestion decreases intestinal disaccharidase activities even in the absence of overt malnutrition. The decrease in enzyme activity produced by alcohol is associated with increased morbidity after lactose administration.", "PMID": 838222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3125", "title": "Effect of protonated 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine, a tight junction blocker, on intestinal transport in dog ileum in vivo.", "content": "Previous in vitro experiments suggest that protonated 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine (TAP+) inhibits passive Na+ movement across tight junctions of various epithelial tissues. So far no evidence has been found that TAP+ interferes with other mucosal transport processes. Because blockage of the tight junctions would be a promising tool in studying intestinal transport physiology, the effect of TAP+ was investigated in the dog ileum in vivo. When TAP+ was added to a sodium-free mannitol solution, the transepithelial sodium diffusion potential was significantly decreased (60% inhibition with 34 mm TAP+); this would be expected if TAP+ inhibited NA+ permeation through tight junctions. However, TAP+ was also found to diminish Na+ and Cl- absorption. Furthermore, TAP+ increased unidirectional Na+ flux from plasma to lumen; this is opposite to the expected result of tight junction blockage. In addition, TAP+ reduced glucose, fructose, and xylose absorption by about 50%. In ileal loops exposed to cholera toxin, TAP+ enhanced secretion by a rate equal to the rate by which it reduced absorption in loops not exposed to cholera toxin. All changes induced by TAP+ approached normal within 4 hr of its removal from the perfusate. TAP+ did not cause nay mucosal damage that could be detected by protein leakage or by light microscopy. These studies show that TAP+ has many effects on intestinal transport processes that cannot be explained on the basis of tight junction blockage.", "contents": "Effect of protonated 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine, a tight junction blocker, on intestinal transport in dog ileum in vivo. Previous in vitro experiments suggest that protonated 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine (TAP+) inhibits passive Na+ movement across tight junctions of various epithelial tissues. So far no evidence has been found that TAP+ interferes with other mucosal transport processes. Because blockage of the tight junctions would be a promising tool in studying intestinal transport physiology, the effect of TAP+ was investigated in the dog ileum in vivo. When TAP+ was added to a sodium-free mannitol solution, the transepithelial sodium diffusion potential was significantly decreased (60% inhibition with 34 mm TAP+); this would be expected if TAP+ inhibited NA+ permeation through tight junctions. However, TAP+ was also found to diminish Na+ and Cl- absorption. Furthermore, TAP+ increased unidirectional Na+ flux from plasma to lumen; this is opposite to the expected result of tight junction blockage. In addition, TAP+ reduced glucose, fructose, and xylose absorption by about 50%. In ileal loops exposed to cholera toxin, TAP+ enhanced secretion by a rate equal to the rate by which it reduced absorption in loops not exposed to cholera toxin. All changes induced by TAP+ approached normal within 4 hr of its removal from the perfusate. TAP+ did not cause nay mucosal damage that could be detected by protein leakage or by light microscopy. These studies show that TAP+ has many effects on intestinal transport processes that cannot be explained on the basis of tight junction blockage.", "PMID": 838223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3126", "title": "Compensation by the residual intestine after intestinal resection in the rat. I. Influence of amount of tissue removed.", "content": "Thirty days after resection of 10 to 80% of the midportion of the small intestine, excluding the duodenum, several cell kinetic parameters were investigated in the residual intestine. The degree of intestinal response increased in a stepwise fashion as the amount of tissue removed was increased. The response involved marked increases in: DNA synthesis per crypt expressed as disintegrations per minute of tritium (3H) reflecting (3H)thymidine incorporation, cells per crypt column, 3H-labelled cells per crypt column, cells per villus column, and thickness of all intestinal wall components. These changes occureed throughout the small intestine even at lesser resections. \"\"Crypt profiles'' reflected changes in cell counts, but when the labeling frequency of proliferative cells was expressed as a percentage of the total crypt height, there was no change. The total number of crypts in the duodenum remained unchanged and the total number of cyrpts in the residual jejunum plus ileum decreased proportionally to the amount of tissue removed. Intestinal compensation occurred by increasing the size of the structures present in the residual intestine, not by increasing the number of structural units.", "contents": "Compensation by the residual intestine after intestinal resection in the rat. I. Influence of amount of tissue removed. Thirty days after resection of 10 to 80% of the midportion of the small intestine, excluding the duodenum, several cell kinetic parameters were investigated in the residual intestine. The degree of intestinal response increased in a stepwise fashion as the amount of tissue removed was increased. The response involved marked increases in: DNA synthesis per crypt expressed as disintegrations per minute of tritium (3H) reflecting (3H)thymidine incorporation, cells per crypt column, 3H-labelled cells per crypt column, cells per villus column, and thickness of all intestinal wall components. These changes occureed throughout the small intestine even at lesser resections. \"\"Crypt profiles'' reflected changes in cell counts, but when the labeling frequency of proliferative cells was expressed as a percentage of the total crypt height, there was no change. The total number of crypts in the duodenum remained unchanged and the total number of cyrpts in the residual jejunum plus ileum decreased proportionally to the amount of tissue removed. Intestinal compensation occurred by increasing the size of the structures present in the residual intestine, not by increasing the number of structural units.", "PMID": 838224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3127", "title": "Compensation by the residual intestine after intestinal resection in the rat. II. Influence of postoperative time interval.", "content": "The sequence of events which comprise the early response of the residual intestine to 70% resection of the combined jejunum and ileum was investigated. Animals were killed at 2,4,6,8, and 12 postoperative days. Marked increases in DNA synthesis expressed as disintegraions per minute per crypt, cells per cyrypt column, labeled cells per crypt column, thickness of intestinal wall components, and cells per villus column were apparent as early as 2 to 4 postoperative days. By 12 days, the values had reached the 30-day postoperative levels found in earlier experiments, indicating that a new steady state had already been reached. Jejunal and ileal crypts responded nearly the same during the first 12 days with their sizes increasing to about 150% of control values. However, although jejunal villus cell counts increased to 125% of controls, the ileal villus cell counts  increased to 180% of controls, indicating that the sizes of the two crypt and villus epithelial cell populations are independently controlled.", "contents": "Compensation by the residual intestine after intestinal resection in the rat. II. Influence of postoperative time interval. The sequence of events which comprise the early response of the residual intestine to 70% resection of the combined jejunum and ileum was investigated. Animals were killed at 2,4,6,8, and 12 postoperative days. Marked increases in DNA synthesis expressed as disintegraions per minute per crypt, cells per cyrypt column, labeled cells per crypt column, thickness of intestinal wall components, and cells per villus column were apparent as early as 2 to 4 postoperative days. By 12 days, the values had reached the 30-day postoperative levels found in earlier experiments, indicating that a new steady state had already been reached. Jejunal and ileal crypts responded nearly the same during the first 12 days with their sizes increasing to about 150% of control values. However, although jejunal villus cell counts increased to 125% of controls, the ileal villus cell counts  increased to 180% of controls, indicating that the sizes of the two crypt and villus epithelial cell populations are independently controlled.", "PMID": 838225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3128", "title": "Direct and indirect effects of dextrose and amino acids on gut mass.", "content": "Oral intake of an elemental diet maintains small intestinal mucosal mass compared to the atrophy seen after intravenous infusion of the same diet. The greatest difference in intestinal mass occurs in the proximal bowel and is thought to occur because of rapid absorption in the proximal small bowel. This study was designed to determine the effects of the individual components of the elemental diet and their site of administration within the small bowel on small intestinal mass. Rats were maintained on intravenous alimentation and the proximal gut (by intragastric infusion) or the ileum was continuously infused with equal volumes of 30% dextrose, 5% dextrose, 5% amino acids, saline, or 30% mannitol. After 1 week of combined intravenous alimentation and gut infusion, the rats were killed and parameters of small intestinal epithelial mass were determined sequentially for the entire bowel. Although saline- and mannitol-infused controls did not differ from uninfused intravenously fed rats, proximal infusion of 30% dextrose reproduced the effects of a complete elemental diet. Proximal infusion of amino acids but not 5% dextrose had a limited effect on the duodenum and jejunum. Ileal infusion of 30% dextrose led to local hyperplasia of the site of infusion and in addition produced hyperplasia of the proximal gut. Ileal amino acid infusion, but not 5% dextrose infusion, led to local ileal hyperplasia. We conclude that: (1) intraluminal dextrose and amino acids have direct effects in maintaining gut mass (2) the gut is more responsive to amino acids compared to 5% dextrose, and (3) ileal 30% dextrose infusion leads to remote effects in the proximal gut, perhaps mediated by hormonal or neurovascular factors.", "contents": "Direct and indirect effects of dextrose and amino acids on gut mass. Oral intake of an elemental diet maintains small intestinal mucosal mass compared to the atrophy seen after intravenous infusion of the same diet. The greatest difference in intestinal mass occurs in the proximal bowel and is thought to occur because of rapid absorption in the proximal small bowel. This study was designed to determine the effects of the individual components of the elemental diet and their site of administration within the small bowel on small intestinal mass. Rats were maintained on intravenous alimentation and the proximal gut (by intragastric infusion) or the ileum was continuously infused with equal volumes of 30% dextrose, 5% dextrose, 5% amino acids, saline, or 30% mannitol. After 1 week of combined intravenous alimentation and gut infusion, the rats were killed and parameters of small intestinal epithelial mass were determined sequentially for the entire bowel. Although saline- and mannitol-infused controls did not differ from uninfused intravenously fed rats, proximal infusion of 30% dextrose reproduced the effects of a complete elemental diet. Proximal infusion of amino acids but not 5% dextrose had a limited effect on the duodenum and jejunum. Ileal infusion of 30% dextrose led to local hyperplasia of the site of infusion and in addition produced hyperplasia of the proximal gut. Ileal amino acid infusion, but not 5% dextrose infusion, led to local ileal hyperplasia. We conclude that: (1) intraluminal dextrose and amino acids have direct effects in maintaining gut mass (2) the gut is more responsive to amino acids compared to 5% dextrose, and (3) ileal 30% dextrose infusion leads to remote effects in the proximal gut, perhaps mediated by hormonal or neurovascular factors.", "PMID": 838226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3129", "title": "Effects of catecholamines and their inhibitors on the isolated canine pancreas. I. Noradrenaline and isoprenaline.", "content": "alpha Adrenergic agonist (noradrenaline, 2, 20, and 200 mug) and antagonist (phenoxybenzamine, 15 mg), and beta adrenergic agonist (isoproterenol, 2, 20, and 200 mug), and antagonist (propranolol, 6 mg), were tested on isolated perfused canine pancreas under basal conditions, and under stimulation by a background of secretin (0.5 clinical unit per hr), or of caerulein (600 to 1200 ng per hr). Noradrenaline induced a strong vasoconstriction (inhibited by phenoxybenzamine), followed by a moderate vasodilation (possibly mechanical). Noradrenaline did not stimulate a resting pancreas and inhibited a pancreas from secreting in response to secretin or caerulein. After phenoxybenzamine, in the absence of vasoconstriction, this latter effect was reversed into a dose-dependent stimulation of hydrelatic secretion, suggesting that noradrenaline had a direct action on the secretory cell. There was no stimulation of protein and no acinar degranulation. Propranolol and atropine did not modify the effectiveness of noradrenaline. Isoprenaline had a weak vasodilatory effect but no effect on the secretion. Adrenergic blocking agents did not alter the response to secretin or caerulein.", "contents": "Effects of catecholamines and their inhibitors on the isolated canine pancreas. I. Noradrenaline and isoprenaline. alpha Adrenergic agonist (noradrenaline, 2, 20, and 200 mug) and antagonist (phenoxybenzamine, 15 mg), and beta adrenergic agonist (isoproterenol, 2, 20, and 200 mug), and antagonist (propranolol, 6 mg), were tested on isolated perfused canine pancreas under basal conditions, and under stimulation by a background of secretin (0.5 clinical unit per hr), or of caerulein (600 to 1200 ng per hr). Noradrenaline induced a strong vasoconstriction (inhibited by phenoxybenzamine), followed by a moderate vasodilation (possibly mechanical). Noradrenaline did not stimulate a resting pancreas and inhibited a pancreas from secreting in response to secretin or caerulein. After phenoxybenzamine, in the absence of vasoconstriction, this latter effect was reversed into a dose-dependent stimulation of hydrelatic secretion, suggesting that noradrenaline had a direct action on the secretory cell. There was no stimulation of protein and no acinar degranulation. Propranolol and atropine did not modify the effectiveness of noradrenaline. Isoprenaline had a weak vasodilatory effect but no effect on the secretion. Adrenergic blocking agents did not alter the response to secretin or caerulein.", "PMID": 838227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3130", "title": "Effects of catecholamines and their inhibitors on the isolated canine pancreas. II. Dopamine.", "content": "Dopaminergic agonists (dopamine, 2, 10, 50, and 250 mug; apomorphine, 1 mg; noradrenaline, 2, 20, and 200 mug), and inhibitors (haloperidol, 5 mg; pentamethonium, 500 mg; phenoxybenzamine, 15 mg, and atropine sulfate, 10 mg), were tested on isolated perfused canine pancreas; under basal conditions and under stimulation by a background of secretin (0.1, 0.5, and 10.0 clinical unit per hr), or of caerulein (1200 ng per hr). Low doses of dopamine induced a vasodilation inhibited by haloperidol Large doses induced a vasoconstriction, presumably by stimulation of alpha adrenergic receptors. Dopamine stimulated hydrelatic secretion. The calculated maximal response was about one-half that of secretin. This response was inhibited by haloperidol but not by atropine, pentamethonium, and phenoxybenzamine. No acinar degranulation was observed after stimulation by dopamine. The response to secretin was not altered by haloperidol. It was concluded that blood vessels and pancreatic tissue contain specific receptors to dopamine different from secretin receptors. Secretory response to noradrenaline after phenoxy benzamine was inhibited by haloperidol, suggesting that this effect was mediated by the stimulation of dopamine receptors of the cells. A hypothetical representation of the interrelation between dopamine, secretin, and noradrenaline is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of catecholamines and their inhibitors on the isolated canine pancreas. II. Dopamine. Dopaminergic agonists (dopamine, 2, 10, 50, and 250 mug; apomorphine, 1 mg; noradrenaline, 2, 20, and 200 mug), and inhibitors (haloperidol, 5 mg; pentamethonium, 500 mg; phenoxybenzamine, 15 mg, and atropine sulfate, 10 mg), were tested on isolated perfused canine pancreas; under basal conditions and under stimulation by a background of secretin (0.1, 0.5, and 10.0 clinical unit per hr), or of caerulein (1200 ng per hr). Low doses of dopamine induced a vasodilation inhibited by haloperidol Large doses induced a vasoconstriction, presumably by stimulation of alpha adrenergic receptors. Dopamine stimulated hydrelatic secretion. The calculated maximal response was about one-half that of secretin. This response was inhibited by haloperidol but not by atropine, pentamethonium, and phenoxybenzamine. No acinar degranulation was observed after stimulation by dopamine. The response to secretin was not altered by haloperidol. It was concluded that blood vessels and pancreatic tissue contain specific receptors to dopamine different from secretin receptors. Secretory response to noradrenaline after phenoxy benzamine was inhibited by haloperidol, suggesting that this effect was mediated by the stimulation of dopamine receptors of the cells. A hypothetical representation of the interrelation between dopamine, secretin, and noradrenaline is discussed.", "PMID": 838228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3131", "title": "Salicylate hepatitis.", "content": "Two patients developed acute hepatic injury as a result of salicylate therapy. In each patient serum salicylate levels were below 25 mg per 100 ml during the development of hepatic dysfunction. Liver biopsies, obtained a few days after the peak abnormalities in serum transaminases, revealed nonspecific acute hepatitis. Normal liver tissue was found before the beginning of salicylate treatment in 1 patient, who had systemic lupus erythematosus and drug rechallenge was not attempted. In the other patient, who had rheumatoid arthritis, rechallenge with salicylate evoked hepatic dysfunction and recurrent symptoms. Salicylate-induced liver injury should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hepatic disease occurring in patients receiving high dose salicylate therapy, regardless of serum salicylate levels.", "contents": "Salicylate hepatitis. Two patients developed acute hepatic injury as a result of salicylate therapy. In each patient serum salicylate levels were below 25 mg per 100 ml during the development of hepatic dysfunction. Liver biopsies, obtained a few days after the peak abnormalities in serum transaminases, revealed nonspecific acute hepatitis. Normal liver tissue was found before the beginning of salicylate treatment in 1 patient, who had systemic lupus erythematosus and drug rechallenge was not attempted. In the other patient, who had rheumatoid arthritis, rechallenge with salicylate evoked hepatic dysfunction and recurrent symptoms. Salicylate-induced liver injury should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hepatic disease occurring in patients receiving high dose salicylate therapy, regardless of serum salicylate levels.", "PMID": 838229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3132", "title": "Celiac sprue and Crohn's disease: an association causing severe growth retardation.", "content": "Celiac sprue and Crohn's disease have very rarely been documented in the same patient. We report a case involving an adolescent male with known Crohn's disease who had extreme wasting, growth retardation, intractable diarrhea, and delay in development of secondary sexual characteristics. Peroral jejunal biopsy showed a nonspecific flat mucosal lesion compatible with celiac sprue. An 8.0-kg weight increase occurred within 4 weeks of institution of a gluten-free diet. Jejunal rebiopsy documented significant improvement with a mild to moderate villous abnormality. After 2 years on a gluten-free diet, a rebiopsy of the jejunum documented only a mild villous abnormality.", "contents": "Celiac sprue and Crohn's disease: an association causing severe growth retardation. Celiac sprue and Crohn's disease have very rarely been documented in the same patient. We report a case involving an adolescent male with known Crohn's disease who had extreme wasting, growth retardation, intractable diarrhea, and delay in development of secondary sexual characteristics. Peroral jejunal biopsy showed a nonspecific flat mucosal lesion compatible with celiac sprue. An 8.0-kg weight increase occurred within 4 weeks of institution of a gluten-free diet. Jejunal rebiopsy documented significant improvement with a mild to moderate villous abnormality. After 2 years on a gluten-free diet, a rebiopsy of the jejunum documented only a mild villous abnormality.", "PMID": 838230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3133", "title": "Meconium ileus equivalent complicating cystic fibrosis in postneonatal children and young adults. Report of 12 cases.", "content": "Twelve patients with meconium ileus equivalent complicating cystic fibrosis in the postneonatal period were seen at the Mayo Clinic in the years 1950 through 1975. In a child or young adult with known or suspected cystic fibrosis, the triad of recurrent colicky abdominal pain, a mass in the right lower quadrant, and mechanical intestinal obstruction provides a clue to diagnosis of meconium ileus equivalent. The clinical suspicion of meconium ileus equivalent may be confirmed by meglumine diatrizoate (Gastrografin) enema, which in most uncomplicated cases also serves as treatment.", "contents": "Meconium ileus equivalent complicating cystic fibrosis in postneonatal children and young adults. Report of 12 cases. Twelve patients with meconium ileus equivalent complicating cystic fibrosis in the postneonatal period were seen at the Mayo Clinic in the years 1950 through 1975. In a child or young adult with known or suspected cystic fibrosis, the triad of recurrent colicky abdominal pain, a mass in the right lower quadrant, and mechanical intestinal obstruction provides a clue to diagnosis of meconium ileus equivalent. The clinical suspicion of meconium ileus equivalent may be confirmed by meglumine diatrizoate (Gastrografin) enema, which in most uncomplicated cases also serves as treatment.", "PMID": 838231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3134", "title": "New aspects of the trophic action of gastrointestinal hormones.", "content": "This paper deals with several new findings regarding the trophic action of gastrointestinal hormones. Naturally occurring gastrins (G-17 I, G-17 II, G-34 II) stimulated DNA synthesis and increased total DNA content of gastric mucosa. These were several times more potent than pentagastrin on a molar basis. In a survey of various tissues from the gastrointestinal tract, pentagastrin exerted trophic effects on mucosa of the oxyntic gland area, duodenum, and colon; it had no effect on the esophagus, antrum, or diaphragm. Maximal stimulation (200% of control) of colonic DNA synthesis was produced by 250 mug of pentagastrin per kg. Vasoactive intestinal peptide did not stimulate DNA synthesis when given alone and inhibited the trophic effect of pentagastrin when administered simultaneously. Glucagon stimulated DNA synthesis in both colon and oxyntic gland mucosa to 40% of the increase caused by pentagastrin and did not inhibit the effects of pentagastrin when administered concurrently.", "contents": "New aspects of the trophic action of gastrointestinal hormones. This paper deals with several new findings regarding the trophic action of gastrointestinal hormones. Naturally occurring gastrins (G-17 I, G-17 II, G-34 II) stimulated DNA synthesis and increased total DNA content of gastric mucosa. These were several times more potent than pentagastrin on a molar basis. In a survey of various tissues from the gastrointestinal tract, pentagastrin exerted trophic effects on mucosa of the oxyntic gland area, duodenum, and colon; it had no effect on the esophagus, antrum, or diaphragm. Maximal stimulation (200% of control) of colonic DNA synthesis was produced by 250 mug of pentagastrin per kg. Vasoactive intestinal peptide did not stimulate DNA synthesis when given alone and inhibited the trophic effect of pentagastrin when administered simultaneously. Glucagon stimulated DNA synthesis in both colon and oxyntic gland mucosa to 40% of the increase caused by pentagastrin and did not inhibit the effects of pentagastrin when administered concurrently.", "PMID": 838237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3135", "title": "Chemical and biological properties of porcine secretin and secretin analogues modified in positions 3 and 4.", "content": "The synthesis of secretin does not offer fundamental difficulties any longer. The problem of the stability of the hormone seems to be solved from a practical point of view. However, the mechanism of the inactivation of secretin in solution is not yet satisfactorily explained, alpha-beta Rearrangement of the Asp-Gly bond may play a role, but some observations indicate that inactivation is not a straight reaction. Like secretion [Ala-4] secretin shows beta-sympathomimetic activity. The availability of a suitable depot preparation permits physiological studies with secretin and its analogues after subcutaneous administration.", "contents": "Chemical and biological properties of porcine secretin and secretin analogues modified in positions 3 and 4. The synthesis of secretin does not offer fundamental difficulties any longer. The problem of the stability of the hormone seems to be solved from a practical point of view. However, the mechanism of the inactivation of secretin in solution is not yet satisfactorily explained, alpha-beta Rearrangement of the Asp-Gly bond may play a role, but some observations indicate that inactivation is not a straight reaction. Like secretion [Ala-4] secretin shows beta-sympathomimetic activity. The availability of a suitable depot preparation permits physiological studies with secretin and its analogues after subcutaneous administration.", "PMID": 838238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3136", "title": "The role of some polar amino acid residues in secretin.", "content": "Three analogues of S5-27, the tricosapeptide with the carboxyl-terminal sequence of secretin, were studied. In the analogues, the acidic residues at positions 9 and 15 of S5-27 were replaced by the neutral residues glutamine and asparagine. These changes resulted in a decrease in immunoreactivity. Binding to an antibody against secretin could be correlated with the changes in the conformation of the synthetic analogues.", "contents": "The role of some polar amino acid residues in secretin. Three analogues of S5-27, the tricosapeptide with the carboxyl-terminal sequence of secretin, were studied. In the analogues, the acidic residues at positions 9 and 15 of S5-27 were replaced by the neutral residues glutamine and asparagine. These changes resulted in a decrease in immunoreactivity. Binding to an antibody against secretin could be correlated with the changes in the conformation of the synthetic analogues.", "PMID": 838239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3137", "title": "Immunological aspects of secretin, substance P, and VIP.", "content": "Secretin, substance P, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) were studied from the immunological point of view using synthetic hormones and their related peptides which were prepared by the conventional method for peptide synthesis. Immunological properties of these hormones were characterized by radioimmunoassays specific to the respective hormones. Antisecretin antisera (NCC-R-1 and R-801) were generated in rabbits with synthetic porcine secretin absorbed on polyvinylpyrrolidone. Antiserum to substance P (R-400) was produced in a rabbit with synthetic substance P-human alpha-globulin conjugate. Generation of anti-VIP antiserum (R-502) was carried out by immunizing rabbits with synthetic VIP absorbed on polyvinylpyrrolidone. Synthetic polypeptides related to the three hormones that were examined in this study include secretin(4-27), secretin(5-27), secretin(7-27), secretin(11-27), secretin(14-27), secretin(18-27), secretin(1-22)amide, secretin(7-22)amide, Nalpha-tyrosyl-secretin, [1-Tyr]secretin, [4-Ala]secretin, [4-D-Ala]secretin, [4-Ala,5-Val]secretin, [6-Tyr]secretin, substance P(2-11), substance P (3-11), substance P(4-11), substance P(5-11), substance P(6-11), Nalpha-tyrosyl-substance P, [1-Tyr]substance P, [8-Tyr]substance P, [11-Leu]substance P, des-11-Met-substance P, VIP(7-28), VIP(11-28), VIP(18-28), VIP(1-18)amide, and VIP(1-22)AMIDE. The results revealed two antigenic regions at the amino- and carboxylterminal portions of the secretin and VIP molecules. As to substance P, the major antigenic region was located within the 3 to 11 sequence. The proline residue in position 4 and methionine in position 11 seemed to be of special importance. The immunoassays demonstrated the existence of immunoreactivities of these hormones in hot water extracts from various porcine tissues. In the pituitary, VIP and substance P immunoreactivities were detected, whereas secretin was not. Secretin, VIP, and substance P were found in the pancreas, but at low concentrations. Distributions of these hormones in various sites of the gastrointestinal tract were also demonstrated.", "contents": "Immunological aspects of secretin, substance P, and VIP. Secretin, substance P, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) were studied from the immunological point of view using synthetic hormones and their related peptides which were prepared by the conventional method for peptide synthesis. Immunological properties of these hormones were characterized by radioimmunoassays specific to the respective hormones. Antisecretin antisera (NCC-R-1 and R-801) were generated in rabbits with synthetic porcine secretin absorbed on polyvinylpyrrolidone. Antiserum to substance P (R-400) was produced in a rabbit with synthetic substance P-human alpha-globulin conjugate. Generation of anti-VIP antiserum (R-502) was carried out by immunizing rabbits with synthetic VIP absorbed on polyvinylpyrrolidone. Synthetic polypeptides related to the three hormones that were examined in this study include secretin(4-27), secretin(5-27), secretin(7-27), secretin(11-27), secretin(14-27), secretin(18-27), secretin(1-22)amide, secretin(7-22)amide, Nalpha-tyrosyl-secretin, [1-Tyr]secretin, [4-Ala]secretin, [4-D-Ala]secretin, [4-Ala,5-Val]secretin, [6-Tyr]secretin, substance P(2-11), substance P (3-11), substance P(4-11), substance P(5-11), substance P(6-11), Nalpha-tyrosyl-substance P, [1-Tyr]substance P, [8-Tyr]substance P, [11-Leu]substance P, des-11-Met-substance P, VIP(7-28), VIP(11-28), VIP(18-28), VIP(1-18)amide, and VIP(1-22)AMIDE. The results revealed two antigenic regions at the amino- and carboxylterminal portions of the secretin and VIP molecules. As to substance P, the major antigenic region was located within the 3 to 11 sequence. The proline residue in position 4 and methionine in position 11 seemed to be of special importance. The immunoassays demonstrated the existence of immunoreactivities of these hormones in hot water extracts from various porcine tissues. In the pituitary, VIP and substance P immunoreactivities were detected, whereas secretin was not. Secretin, VIP, and substance P were found in the pancreas, but at low concentrations. Distributions of these hormones in various sites of the gastrointestinal tract were also demonstrated.", "PMID": 838240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3138", "title": "[Ancillary chemotherapy in the primary treatment of carcinoma of the breast. On the growth pattern of carcinoma of the breast and the establishment of a new concept in treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "A prospective study of 25 cases of primary carcinoma of the breast was established. The patients were treated by radical mastectomy and lymphadenectomy followed by chemotherapy with Vincristin, Adriblastin and Endoxan. No radiotherapy was employed. During a 12 month follow-up, no patient, had recurrence or progression of the tumor. It is too early to evaluate the treatment definitively regarding survival and definite value of the method. The theoretical and experimental considerations for ancillary chemotherapy are discussed.", "contents": "[Ancillary chemotherapy in the primary treatment of carcinoma of the breast. On the growth pattern of carcinoma of the breast and the establishment of a new concept in treatment (author's transl)]. A prospective study of 25 cases of primary carcinoma of the breast was established. The patients were treated by radical mastectomy and lymphadenectomy followed by chemotherapy with Vincristin, Adriblastin and Endoxan. No radiotherapy was employed. During a 12 month follow-up, no patient, had recurrence or progression of the tumor. It is too early to evaluate the treatment definitively regarding survival and definite value of the method. The theoretical and experimental considerations for ancillary chemotherapy are discussed.", "PMID": 838258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3139", "title": "[Psychological and sexual acceptance of vaginal hysterectomy for sterilization (author's transl)].", "content": "Psychological and sexual sequelae of hysterectomy were studied in 1007 cases between 1 1/2 and 8 years following the operation. Younger women had more often vaginal and older women more ofter abdominal hysterectomies. 78% of the patients thought they had been fully informed about the operation. 4.1% of the patients regretted the hysterectomy. 8% of the patients regretted the loss of menstruation. Most of these did not think they were fully informed. Full information on the type of operation can reduce negative postoperative sequelae. As many patients gained as lost weight following the hysterectomy. Postoperative coital difference did not show any relationship to the type of hysterectomy. In 57% of the cases, improvement occured one year later and in 10% of the cases improvement occurred 2 years later. Sexual relationships were not adversely affected by hysterectomy. Deterioration of the sexual relationship regarding libido and frequency of orgasms was a more frequent complaint in the control group. Improvement of libido and frequency of organsms can still occur 2 years following hysterectomy. Covert and overt depression was as frequent in the hysterectomized group as in the control group. The adverse effects of sterilization by tubal ligation were identical to those found in our group of hysterectomies according to the literature. Therefore we prefer vaginal hysterectomy for voluntary sterilization to tubal ligation.", "contents": "[Psychological and sexual acceptance of vaginal hysterectomy for sterilization (author's transl)]. Psychological and sexual sequelae of hysterectomy were studied in 1007 cases between 1 1/2 and 8 years following the operation. Younger women had more often vaginal and older women more ofter abdominal hysterectomies. 78% of the patients thought they had been fully informed about the operation. 4.1% of the patients regretted the hysterectomy. 8% of the patients regretted the loss of menstruation. Most of these did not think they were fully informed. Full information on the type of operation can reduce negative postoperative sequelae. As many patients gained as lost weight following the hysterectomy. Postoperative coital difference did not show any relationship to the type of hysterectomy. In 57% of the cases, improvement occured one year later and in 10% of the cases improvement occurred 2 years later. Sexual relationships were not adversely affected by hysterectomy. Deterioration of the sexual relationship regarding libido and frequency of orgasms was a more frequent complaint in the control group. Improvement of libido and frequency of organsms can still occur 2 years following hysterectomy. Covert and overt depression was as frequent in the hysterectomized group as in the control group. The adverse effects of sterilization by tubal ligation were identical to those found in our group of hysterectomies according to the literature. Therefore we prefer vaginal hysterectomy for voluntary sterilization to tubal ligation.", "PMID": 838259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3140", "title": "[Extreme oedema of the ovaries: a contribution to conservative surgery for ovarian \"tumours\" (author's transl)].", "content": "A laparotomy for a suspected cystic ovarian tumour which was thought to extent as far as the costal arch, was carried out on a 24-year-old patient with a long history of oligomenorrhea and sterility. Due to excessive oedema, both ovaries were tremendously enlarged. The right ovary was twisted 360 degrees. No haemorrhagic infarct, however, was present. Both ovaries, which were about 40% of the normal size due to pressure from the oedema, were incized. The ovaries were than sutured and left in situ. Laparoscopy 9 weeks later confirmed that the ovaries had returned to a normal size. The patient's menstrual cycle became regular. Even though the process may be unusually extensive, conservative methods should be given preference when the patient is so young.", "contents": "[Extreme oedema of the ovaries: a contribution to conservative surgery for ovarian \"tumours\" (author's transl)]. A laparotomy for a suspected cystic ovarian tumour which was thought to extent as far as the costal arch, was carried out on a 24-year-old patient with a long history of oligomenorrhea and sterility. Due to excessive oedema, both ovaries were tremendously enlarged. The right ovary was twisted 360 degrees. No haemorrhagic infarct, however, was present. Both ovaries, which were about 40% of the normal size due to pressure from the oedema, were incized. The ovaries were than sutured and left in situ. Laparoscopy 9 weeks later confirmed that the ovaries had returned to a normal size. The patient's menstrual cycle became regular. Even though the process may be unusually extensive, conservative methods should be given preference when the patient is so young.", "PMID": 838260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3141", "title": "[Combined therapy of ovarian cancer (author's transl].", "content": "Following the introduction of massive triple drug therapy with high doses of Endoxan, Proresid and Methotrexat instead of the earlier long-term Endoxan treatment in addition of surgery, percutaneous irradiation and intraperitoneal radio-gold, 3 year survival of advanced stages IIb-IV of ovarian carcinoma rose from 19.6% to 42.6%. The 3 year survival of all malignant ovarian tumors (primary or secondary) rose from 38.3% to 51.0%. Further development led to targeted multiple drug therapy (ultrahigh Endoxan, Proresid/VM26, Methotrexat and Adriblastin) according to oncobiogram. The main side-effects, their control and experience with combined chemotherapy and irradiation are described.", "contents": "[Combined therapy of ovarian cancer (author's transl]. Following the introduction of massive triple drug therapy with high doses of Endoxan, Proresid and Methotrexat instead of the earlier long-term Endoxan treatment in addition of surgery, percutaneous irradiation and intraperitoneal radio-gold, 3 year survival of advanced stages IIb-IV of ovarian carcinoma rose from 19.6% to 42.6%. The 3 year survival of all malignant ovarian tumors (primary or secondary) rose from 38.3% to 51.0%. Further development led to targeted multiple drug therapy (ultrahigh Endoxan, Proresid/VM26, Methotrexat and Adriblastin) according to oncobiogram. The main side-effects, their control and experience with combined chemotherapy and irradiation are described.", "PMID": 838261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3142", "title": "[Increasing individualization of the treatment of carcinoma of the endometrium (author's transl)].", "content": "Metrium seen from 1969 to 1973 are reported. These results were compared to the results of treatment of carcinoma of the endometrium at the same institution between 1944 and 1960. There was a considerable increase of the mean age of the patients. Consequently the operability was reduced to 74.3%. The necessity to resort to primary radiotherapy rose to 25.7%. Diseases of old age were contra-indications to operative treatment. In cases generally fit for operation the contra-indications to vaginal surgery increased. Vaginal hysterectomy was therefore only employed in 78.5% of the operations. An individualization of the treatment of carcinoma of the endometrium is recommended. Continually good or improved results of the treatment are expected by individualization in the group of patients which already showed impaired health by age or concomittant diseases.", "contents": "[Increasing individualization of the treatment of carcinoma of the endometrium (author's transl)]. Metrium seen from 1969 to 1973 are reported. These results were compared to the results of treatment of carcinoma of the endometrium at the same institution between 1944 and 1960. There was a considerable increase of the mean age of the patients. Consequently the operability was reduced to 74.3%. The necessity to resort to primary radiotherapy rose to 25.7%. Diseases of old age were contra-indications to operative treatment. In cases generally fit for operation the contra-indications to vaginal surgery increased. Vaginal hysterectomy was therefore only employed in 78.5% of the operations. An individualization of the treatment of carcinoma of the endometrium is recommended. Continually good or improved results of the treatment are expected by individualization in the group of patients which already showed impaired health by age or concomittant diseases.", "PMID": 838262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3143", "title": "[Prophylactic procedures to prevent respiratory distress syndrome in prematures (author's transl)].", "content": "A controlled trial of antepartum glucocorticoid treatment for prevention of Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) or Hyaline Membrane Syndrome (HMS) was carried out. 91 mothers, in whom premature delivery threatened between 27 and 37 weeks of gestation, were given intramuscular injections of 8-12 mg of betamethasone as well as medication inhibiting uterine activity (tocolytica and sedation) and strict bedrest to delay premature delivery for at least 24 to 48 hours. A control group of 118 mothers, who were hospitalized late and premature delivery could not be delayed, had no betamethasone treatment. There was no significant differerence in the incidence of Respiratory Distress Syndrome in premature infants in both groups, but there was a 50% lower mortality rate of Respiratory Distress Syndrome in the betamethasone treated group, due to a milder course of Respiratory Distress Syndrome Disease. Harmful effects from corticosteroids given to pregnant women prior to premature delivery were not observed in our group. The prophylactic treatment with betamethasone to diminish the mortality rate of Respiratory Distress Syndrome is therefore considered encouraging and profitable.", "contents": "[Prophylactic procedures to prevent respiratory distress syndrome in prematures (author's transl)]. A controlled trial of antepartum glucocorticoid treatment for prevention of Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) or Hyaline Membrane Syndrome (HMS) was carried out. 91 mothers, in whom premature delivery threatened between 27 and 37 weeks of gestation, were given intramuscular injections of 8-12 mg of betamethasone as well as medication inhibiting uterine activity (tocolytica and sedation) and strict bedrest to delay premature delivery for at least 24 to 48 hours. A control group of 118 mothers, who were hospitalized late and premature delivery could not be delayed, had no betamethasone treatment. There was no significant differerence in the incidence of Respiratory Distress Syndrome in premature infants in both groups, but there was a 50% lower mortality rate of Respiratory Distress Syndrome in the betamethasone treated group, due to a milder course of Respiratory Distress Syndrome Disease. Harmful effects from corticosteroids given to pregnant women prior to premature delivery were not observed in our group. The prophylactic treatment with betamethasone to diminish the mortality rate of Respiratory Distress Syndrome is therefore considered encouraging and profitable.", "PMID": 838263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3144", "title": "[Lymphografy--a meaningful diagnostic method for classification of gynaecological tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "The data about the significance of lymphografy vary between 50% and 90%. The histological findings of the lymphnodes by patients with carcinoma of the cervix uteri operated according to the method of Wertheim-Meigs showed that the findings of lymphografy agree in 68% of the cases with the histological ones. An agreement of lymphografy and histological diagnosis however had been demonstrated in 84% of the cases when there was more than a suspect praetherapeutic lymphografical finding. Although the indication of lymphografy as a searching method is reasonably doubtful in early cancer cases this possibility of an exact verification of the extension of the tumour should not be neglected. An exact praetherapeutic exploration about the consistance of the lymphonodes is of great importance of an optimal therapeutic effect. The presented data show that the lymphografy should be applicated by patients with gynaecological carcinoma if there is no contraindication.", "contents": "[Lymphografy--a meaningful diagnostic method for classification of gynaecological tumours (author's transl)]. The data about the significance of lymphografy vary between 50% and 90%. The histological findings of the lymphnodes by patients with carcinoma of the cervix uteri operated according to the method of Wertheim-Meigs showed that the findings of lymphografy agree in 68% of the cases with the histological ones. An agreement of lymphografy and histological diagnosis however had been demonstrated in 84% of the cases when there was more than a suspect praetherapeutic lymphografical finding. Although the indication of lymphografy as a searching method is reasonably doubtful in early cancer cases this possibility of an exact verification of the extension of the tumour should not be neglected. An exact praetherapeutic exploration about the consistance of the lymphonodes is of great importance of an optimal therapeutic effect. The presented data show that the lymphografy should be applicated by patients with gynaecological carcinoma if there is no contraindication.", "PMID": 838264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3145", "title": "[The activity of L-cysteine aminopeptidase (Oxytocinase) during premature labour and tocolytic treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "The normal levels of L-Cysteine aminopeptidase in the maternal serum from 20 to 41 weeks gestation were tested in 240 samples of serum. The normal levels rise from 0.82 mU/ml at 24 weeks to 4.63 mU/ml at term. In 14 patients with premature labour the enzyme levels were tested during the treatment to inhibit labour with fenotero-hydrobromide. There was no decrease of oxytocinase as a cause of the onset of premature labour. During treatment to inhibit labour the L-Cysteine aminopeptidase showed no deviatiameter of placental function even in patients undergoing treatment to inhibit premature labour.", "contents": "[The activity of L-cysteine aminopeptidase (Oxytocinase) during premature labour and tocolytic treatment (author's transl)]. The normal levels of L-Cysteine aminopeptidase in the maternal serum from 20 to 41 weeks gestation were tested in 240 samples of serum. The normal levels rise from 0.82 mU/ml at 24 weeks to 4.63 mU/ml at term. In 14 patients with premature labour the enzyme levels were tested during the treatment to inhibit labour with fenotero-hydrobromide. There was no decrease of oxytocinase as a cause of the onset of premature labour. During treatment to inhibit labour the L-Cysteine aminopeptidase showed no deviatiameter of placental function even in patients undergoing treatment to inhibit premature labour.", "PMID": 838265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3146", "title": "[Venous flow studies by ultrasound prior and following vaginal hysterectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "The flow in the femoral veins was studied by systematic ultrasound examinations in 100 patients before and after vaginal hysterectomies. The following observations were made: 1. In the diagnosis of thrombosis the Valsalyamaneuver is important and preferable to an evaluation of the spontaneous flow with deeprespirations. 2. Postoperatively slight deterioration of the function of the walls of the veins and a slight increase in venous stasis due to impeded venous return is found. 3. The Doppler ultrasound examination does not appear to be efficient enough for routine use. 4. In cases with a history of thrombosis or clinical suspicion of thrombosis the Doppler examination should be used with a specific diagnostic question in mind. In these cases the diagnostic gap between clinical examination and phlebography can be closed by the Doppler examination.", "contents": "[Venous flow studies by ultrasound prior and following vaginal hysterectomy (author's transl)]. The flow in the femoral veins was studied by systematic ultrasound examinations in 100 patients before and after vaginal hysterectomies. The following observations were made: 1. In the diagnosis of thrombosis the Valsalyamaneuver is important and preferable to an evaluation of the spontaneous flow with deeprespirations. 2. Postoperatively slight deterioration of the function of the walls of the veins and a slight increase in venous stasis due to impeded venous return is found. 3. The Doppler ultrasound examination does not appear to be efficient enough for routine use. 4. In cases with a history of thrombosis or clinical suspicion of thrombosis the Doppler examination should be used with a specific diagnostic question in mind. In these cases the diagnostic gap between clinical examination and phlebography can be closed by the Doppler examination.", "PMID": 838266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3147", "title": "[Submucous lipoma of the uterus (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of submucous lipoma of the uterus is described. The suspected location in the curettings was confirmed in the hysterectomy specimen.", "contents": "[Submucous lipoma of the uterus (author's transl)]. A case of submucous lipoma of the uterus is described. The suspected location in the curettings was confirmed in the hysterectomy specimen.", "PMID": 838267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3148", "title": "Patterns of molecular variation. II. associations of electrophoretic mobility and larval substrate within species of the Drosophila mulleri complex.", "content": "Electromorphic variation among populations of Drosophila mojavensis, D. arizonensis and D. longicornis was examined for seven genetic loci. The average electrophoretic mobility for a population was used as the metric. D. mojavensis and D. arizonensis use larval substrates in different parts of their geographic ranges, while D. longicornis is more narrowly restricted to different species of the cactus Opuntia in different localities. There is marked electromorphic variation among populations of either D. mojavensis of D. arizonensis, and the bulk of this variation is accounted for by differences in laval substrate. There is somewhat less variation among populations of D. longicornis, and only a moderate portion of this is accounted for by larval substrate differences. There appears to be an association between the taxonomic diversity of the larval substrates and the electromorphic diversity of the Drosophila populations utilizing those substrates. Evidence is reviewed that suggests physiological mechanisms for these possibly adaptive associations.", "contents": "Patterns of molecular variation. II. associations of electrophoretic mobility and larval substrate within species of the Drosophila mulleri complex. Electromorphic variation among populations of Drosophila mojavensis, D. arizonensis and D. longicornis was examined for seven genetic loci. The average electrophoretic mobility for a population was used as the metric. D. mojavensis and D. arizonensis use larval substrates in different parts of their geographic ranges, while D. longicornis is more narrowly restricted to different species of the cactus Opuntia in different localities. There is marked electromorphic variation among populations of either D. mojavensis of D. arizonensis, and the bulk of this variation is accounted for by differences in laval substrate. There is somewhat less variation among populations of D. longicornis, and only a moderate portion of this is accounted for by larval substrate differences. There appears to be an association between the taxonomic diversity of the larval substrates and the electromorphic diversity of the Drosophila populations utilizing those substrates. Evidence is reviewed that suggests physiological mechanisms for these possibly adaptive associations.", "PMID": 838268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3149", "title": "Regions of stable equilibria for models of differential selection in the two sexes under random mating.", "content": "The equilibrium structure of models of differential selection in the sexes is investigated. It is shown that opposing additive selection leads to stable polymorphic equilibria for only a restricted set of selection intensities, and that for weak selection intensities must be of approximately the same magnitude in the sexes. General models of opposing directional selection, with arbitrary dominance, are investigated by considering simultaneously the stability properties of the trivial equilibria and the curve along which multiple roots appear. Numerical calculations lead us to infer that the average degree of dominance determines the equilibrium characteristics of models of opposing selection. It appears that if the favored alleles are, on the average, recessive, there may be multiple polymorphic equilibria, whereas only a single polymorphic equilibrium can occur when the favored alleles are, on the average, dominant. The principle that the average degree of dominance controls equilibrium behavior is then extended to models allowing directional selection in one sex with overdominance in the other sex, by showing that polymorphism is maintained if and only if the average fitness in heterozygotes exceeds one.", "contents": "Regions of stable equilibria for models of differential selection in the two sexes under random mating. The equilibrium structure of models of differential selection in the sexes is investigated. It is shown that opposing additive selection leads to stable polymorphic equilibria for only a restricted set of selection intensities, and that for weak selection intensities must be of approximately the same magnitude in the sexes. General models of opposing directional selection, with arbitrary dominance, are investigated by considering simultaneously the stability properties of the trivial equilibria and the curve along which multiple roots appear. Numerical calculations lead us to infer that the average degree of dominance determines the equilibrium characteristics of models of opposing selection. It appears that if the favored alleles are, on the average, recessive, there may be multiple polymorphic equilibria, whereas only a single polymorphic equilibrium can occur when the favored alleles are, on the average, dominant. The principle that the average degree of dominance controls equilibrium behavior is then extended to models allowing directional selection in one sex with overdominance in the other sex, by showing that polymorphism is maintained if and only if the average fitness in heterozygotes exceeds one.", "PMID": 838269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3150", "title": "The nature of quantitative genetic variation in Drosophila. III. Mechanism of dosage compensation for sex-linked abdominal bristle polygenes.", "content": "Seventeen lines, each homozygous for a different X chromosome but all with a common autosomal genetic blackground, were constructed and assayed for abdominal bristle number to determine whether dosage compensation operates for sex-linked genes affecting this character. --The regression coefficient of male mean on female mean using a logarithmic scale was 0.90 +/- 0.13 and the genetic regression coefficient 0.92, neither differing significantly from unity. The genetic components of variance in males and females were also very similar (0.000234 or 0.000228, respectively). These results indicate that dosage compensation is complete (or nearly so) for sex-linked genes affecting this character. The bristle scores of females did not differ in reciprocal crosses between these lines, thus dosage compensation does not operate by paternal X inactivation. --The question of an adequate scale for abdominal bristle number had to be examined during the study. A logarithmic scale appeared to be adequate for both genotypic and environmental differences.", "contents": "The nature of quantitative genetic variation in Drosophila. III. Mechanism of dosage compensation for sex-linked abdominal bristle polygenes. Seventeen lines, each homozygous for a different X chromosome but all with a common autosomal genetic blackground, were constructed and assayed for abdominal bristle number to determine whether dosage compensation operates for sex-linked genes affecting this character. --The regression coefficient of male mean on female mean using a logarithmic scale was 0.90 +/- 0.13 and the genetic regression coefficient 0.92, neither differing significantly from unity. The genetic components of variance in males and females were also very similar (0.000234 or 0.000228, respectively). These results indicate that dosage compensation is complete (or nearly so) for sex-linked genes affecting this character. The bristle scores of females did not differ in reciprocal crosses between these lines, thus dosage compensation does not operate by paternal X inactivation. --The question of an adequate scale for abdominal bristle number had to be examined during the study. A logarithmic scale appeared to be adequate for both genotypic and environmental differences.", "PMID": 838270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3151", "title": "Delayed formation of chromosome aberrations in mouse pachytene spermatocytes treated with triethylenemelamine (TEM).", "content": "Induction of chromosome aberrations in pachytene spermatocytes of mice by 2 mg/kg TEM was compared with induction by 400 R X rays. These doses induced comparably high dominant lethal effects in pachytene spermatocytes of mice. Cytological analysis at diakinesis-metaphase I stage showed that whereas 76.4% of the cells treated with X rays at pachytene stage had aberrations, the frequencies observed in two TEM experiments were only 0.8 and 2.2%. On the other hand, 5% of the progeny from TEM-treated pachytene spermatocytes were found to be translocation heterozygotes. This is the first report on the recovery of heritable translocations from treated spermatocytes of mice. The aberration frequencies observed for TEM in diakinesis-metaphase I were much too low to account for all the lethal mutations and heritable translocations. Thus, the formation of the bulk of aberrations induced by TEM in pachytene spermatocytes was delayed--a marked contrast to the more immediate formation of X-ray-induced aberrations. It is postulated that the formation of the bulk of TEM-induced aberrations in pachytene spermatocytes and in certain postmeiotic stages occurs sometime during spermiogenesis, and not through the operation of postfertilization pronuclear DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Delayed formation of chromosome aberrations in mouse pachytene spermatocytes treated with triethylenemelamine (TEM). Induction of chromosome aberrations in pachytene spermatocytes of mice by 2 mg/kg TEM was compared with induction by 400 R X rays. These doses induced comparably high dominant lethal effects in pachytene spermatocytes of mice. Cytological analysis at diakinesis-metaphase I stage showed that whereas 76.4% of the cells treated with X rays at pachytene stage had aberrations, the frequencies observed in two TEM experiments were only 0.8 and 2.2%. On the other hand, 5% of the progeny from TEM-treated pachytene spermatocytes were found to be translocation heterozygotes. This is the first report on the recovery of heritable translocations from treated spermatocytes of mice. The aberration frequencies observed for TEM in diakinesis-metaphase I were much too low to account for all the lethal mutations and heritable translocations. Thus, the formation of the bulk of aberrations induced by TEM in pachytene spermatocytes was delayed--a marked contrast to the more immediate formation of X-ray-induced aberrations. It is postulated that the formation of the bulk of TEM-induced aberrations in pachytene spermatocytes and in certain postmeiotic stages occurs sometime during spermiogenesis, and not through the operation of postfertilization pronuclear DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 838271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3152", "title": "Linkage of genetic determinants for mouse beta-galactosidase electrophoresis and activity.", "content": "An electrophoretic polymorphism for beta-galactosidase has been identified among common inbred strains of mice. It is inherited as a single Mendelian factor with two alleles showing codominant expression. This structural gene, Bge, is closely linked (0/163 recombinants) with the Bgs site on chromosome 9 which regulates systemic levels of beta-galactosidase. The distribution of electrophoretic and activity phenotypes among inbred strains is not concordant, indicating that they result from separate mutations. Three aspects of beta-galactosidase realization, its structure, systemic regulation and developmental program, are now known to be organized in close proximity on chromosome 9. Considered in conjuction with evidence from other mammalian systems, this suggests that the mammalian genome, like Drosophila, is organized into large functional units in which relevant regulatory and developmental information is closely associated with individual structural genes.", "contents": "Linkage of genetic determinants for mouse beta-galactosidase electrophoresis and activity. An electrophoretic polymorphism for beta-galactosidase has been identified among common inbred strains of mice. It is inherited as a single Mendelian factor with two alleles showing codominant expression. This structural gene, Bge, is closely linked (0/163 recombinants) with the Bgs site on chromosome 9 which regulates systemic levels of beta-galactosidase. The distribution of electrophoretic and activity phenotypes among inbred strains is not concordant, indicating that they result from separate mutations. Three aspects of beta-galactosidase realization, its structure, systemic regulation and developmental program, are now known to be organized in close proximity on chromosome 9. Considered in conjuction with evidence from other mammalian systems, this suggests that the mammalian genome, like Drosophila, is organized into large functional units in which relevant regulatory and developmental information is closely associated with individual structural genes.", "PMID": 838272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3153", "title": "Chromosomal polymorphisms of constitutive heterochromatin and inversions in Drosophila.", "content": "A simple technique for preparing mitotic metaphases from a larval ganglion of Drosophila is described. Parallel examination of polytene and metaphase chromosome groups shows that inversion polymorphism in chromosome 3 of D. recticilia from East Maui (Hawaii) manifests a one-to-one correlation with a metaphase karyotype polymorphism due to the presence of an extra heterochromatic portion. These observations are consistent with the previous findings on other species of Hawaiian Drosophila. They strongly support the hypothesis that when one breakpoint of a long inverted segment of a chromosome element occurs in the vicinity of the constitutive heterochromatin, it may exert an effect in eliciting the production of heterochromatic material in the same chromosome.", "contents": "Chromosomal polymorphisms of constitutive heterochromatin and inversions in Drosophila. A simple technique for preparing mitotic metaphases from a larval ganglion of Drosophila is described. Parallel examination of polytene and metaphase chromosome groups shows that inversion polymorphism in chromosome 3 of D. recticilia from East Maui (Hawaii) manifests a one-to-one correlation with a metaphase karyotype polymorphism due to the presence of an extra heterochromatic portion. These observations are consistent with the previous findings on other species of Hawaiian Drosophila. They strongly support the hypothesis that when one breakpoint of a long inverted segment of a chromosome element occurs in the vicinity of the constitutive heterochromatin, it may exert an effect in eliciting the production of heterochromatic material in the same chromosome.", "PMID": 838273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3154", "title": "The population genetics of sperm displacement.", "content": "This article reports the results of some sperm displacement experiments, as well as the results of a theoretical study of selection arising from genetic differences in displacing ability. The experimental work involved the use of three genetic marker stocks in double and triple matings. The speed of displacement following the matings was determined by scoring the progeny of each female daily. There were clear differences between strains in their displacing ability. It is shown how new information concerning the displacement process results when three markers are used; however, no new light is shed by these experiments on the mechanism of displacement. The theoretical study of selection resulting from displacement uses a one-locus, two-allele model in which three diploid male genotypes confer different displacing abilities. The results indicate stable equilibria if (1) there is heterosis, and (2) there are certain nontransitive relationships in displacing ability among the different kinds of double matings. Some evolutionary consequences are discussed in which sperm displacement is regarded as a form of sexual selection.", "contents": "The population genetics of sperm displacement. This article reports the results of some sperm displacement experiments, as well as the results of a theoretical study of selection arising from genetic differences in displacing ability. The experimental work involved the use of three genetic marker stocks in double and triple matings. The speed of displacement following the matings was determined by scoring the progeny of each female daily. There were clear differences between strains in their displacing ability. It is shown how new information concerning the displacement process results when three markers are used; however, no new light is shed by these experiments on the mechanism of displacement. The theoretical study of selection resulting from displacement uses a one-locus, two-allele model in which three diploid male genotypes confer different displacing abilities. The results indicate stable equilibria if (1) there is heterosis, and (2) there are certain nontransitive relationships in displacing ability among the different kinds of double matings. Some evolutionary consequences are discussed in which sperm displacement is regarded as a form of sexual selection.", "PMID": 838274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3155", "title": "Cardiopathy of aging: are the changes related to congestive heart failure?", "content": "Over the years, hemodynamic stresses and biologic changes bring about reduced cardiac function. The addition of one or more types of organic heart disease leds to further deterioration of fuction. This is why elderly patients require special consideration and management, why their clinical manifestations and therapeutic responses differ from those in young patients. Although no single abnormality characterizes the aging process, cellular, functional, and structural changes support the existence of a cardiopathy. However, there are insufficient data to link so-called senile cardiopathy directly to otherwise unexplained heart failure. Failure is usually due to the typical reasons, i.e., coronary artery or valvular disease, hypertension, amyloidosis, and chronic pulmonary lesions. Nevertheless, the possibility of senile heart failure should not be overlooked in case of impending or actual myocardial failure. In patients over 60, edema, dyspnea, or tachycardia cannot always be attributed to heart disease. It is hazardous to diagnose and prescribe treatment for cardiac failure if the heart shadow is not enlarged on the x-ray,the circulation time is not prolonged, and the heart sounds and rhythmare normal. Other reasons for the complaints should be looked for, even when the heart rate is fast.", "contents": "Cardiopathy of aging: are the changes related to congestive heart failure? Over the years, hemodynamic stresses and biologic changes bring about reduced cardiac function. The addition of one or more types of organic heart disease leds to further deterioration of fuction. This is why elderly patients require special consideration and management, why their clinical manifestations and therapeutic responses differ from those in young patients. Although no single abnormality characterizes the aging process, cellular, functional, and structural changes support the existence of a cardiopathy. However, there are insufficient data to link so-called senile cardiopathy directly to otherwise unexplained heart failure. Failure is usually due to the typical reasons, i.e., coronary artery or valvular disease, hypertension, amyloidosis, and chronic pulmonary lesions. Nevertheless, the possibility of senile heart failure should not be overlooked in case of impending or actual myocardial failure. In patients over 60, edema, dyspnea, or tachycardia cannot always be attributed to heart disease. It is hazardous to diagnose and prescribe treatment for cardiac failure if the heart shadow is not enlarged on the x-ray,the circulation time is not prolonged, and the heart sounds and rhythmare normal. Other reasons for the complaints should be looked for, even when the heart rate is fast.", "PMID": 838276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3156", "title": "The special problems of heart disease in old people.", "content": "The major difference between heart disease in the old and the young is that elderly people almost have one or more other major, even life-threateninng conditions. These associated diseases challenge the physician in establishing a diagnosis and prognosis, understanding the pathogenesis of the symptoms and signs, and determining the best managemnt. Another important difference is that old persons have senescent changes in all organ systems, whether the heart is normal or diseased. Dyspnea, especially on exertion, is common, and so is edema of the feet and ankles. Chest x-rays show changes typical of old age, e.g., small lung fields, mild to moderate pulmonary fibrosis, and calcium plaques in the aorta. In the absence of cardiac disease, the heart is normal in size or even small. Translationg experience in managing heart disease in young patients to elderly patients must be done cautiously. Old people tend to be confused, delicate, mentally and physically slow, feeble, and unreliable, and they are more sensitive to most-if not all-drugs, especially digitalis. The physician should see them often and question them routinely about their symptoms, signs, and medication. Decisions on management should not be hurried, except in an emergency situation.", "contents": "The special problems of heart disease in old people. The major difference between heart disease in the old and the young is that elderly people almost have one or more other major, even life-threateninng conditions. These associated diseases challenge the physician in establishing a diagnosis and prognosis, understanding the pathogenesis of the symptoms and signs, and determining the best managemnt. Another important difference is that old persons have senescent changes in all organ systems, whether the heart is normal or diseased. Dyspnea, especially on exertion, is common, and so is edema of the feet and ankles. Chest x-rays show changes typical of old age, e.g., small lung fields, mild to moderate pulmonary fibrosis, and calcium plaques in the aorta. In the absence of cardiac disease, the heart is normal in size or even small. Translationg experience in managing heart disease in young patients to elderly patients must be done cautiously. Old people tend to be confused, delicate, mentally and physically slow, feeble, and unreliable, and they are more sensitive to most-if not all-drugs, especially digitalis. The physician should see them often and question them routinely about their symptoms, signs, and medication. Decisions on management should not be hurried, except in an emergency situation.", "PMID": 838277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3157", "title": "Using noninvasive methods to study the aging heart.", "content": "Except in unusual cases, complex or invasive techniques aren't necessary to examine the heart of an elderly patient. Noninvasive methods currently being used are electrocardiography, arterial and venous pulse tracings, echocardiography, and roentgenology. Interesting data have been collected by correlating phonocardiographic with echocardiographic tracings of the mitral valve, as well as with arterial pulse tracings. Two findings that should prevent a hasty diagnosis of heart disease are that the senile heart often has an abnormal fouth sound and that a systolic murmur can be heard in one of five persons. Other studies have shown that about one-third of patients have some type of heart block and that the interval between the aortic component of the second heart sound and the peak of the early diastolic wave of the mitral echogram is longer in old persons.", "contents": "Using noninvasive methods to study the aging heart. Except in unusual cases, complex or invasive techniques aren't necessary to examine the heart of an elderly patient. Noninvasive methods currently being used are electrocardiography, arterial and venous pulse tracings, echocardiography, and roentgenology. Interesting data have been collected by correlating phonocardiographic with echocardiographic tracings of the mitral valve, as well as with arterial pulse tracings. Two findings that should prevent a hasty diagnosis of heart disease are that the senile heart often has an abnormal fouth sound and that a systolic murmur can be heard in one of five persons. Other studies have shown that about one-third of patients have some type of heart block and that the interval between the aortic component of the second heart sound and the peak of the early diastolic wave of the mitral echogram is longer in old persons.", "PMID": 838278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3158", "title": "The issues in geriatric medical education and postgraduate training: old problems in a new field.", "content": "To meet the needs of old patients and young physicians, all medical schools and hospitals should have geriatric courses, residency training programs, and geriatricians to lead these programs.", "contents": "The issues in geriatric medical education and postgraduate training: old problems in a new field. To meet the needs of old patients and young physicians, all medical schools and hospitals should have geriatric courses, residency training programs, and geriatricians to lead these programs.", "PMID": 838280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3159", "title": "The establishment of criteria for \"quiescence\" in ageing human embryo cell cultures and their response to a proliferative stimulus.", "content": "Experimental observations have shown that late passage cultured cells have a different growth pattern from early passage cells. For a meaningful comparison of the response of \"quiescent\" ageing cells to a proliferative stimulus it was, therefore, necessary to use cells in comparable states of \"quiescence\". Criteria have been established for defining quiescence in ageing cells which include alterations in cell number, ability to transport non-metabolizable substrates and inability to incorporate 3H-thymidine. Using cells of different ages in comparable quiescent states, it has been shown that a smaller proportion of older cells reacted to a proliferative stimulus, and the time taken to respond was longer.", "contents": "The establishment of criteria for \"quiescence\" in ageing human embryo cell cultures and their response to a proliferative stimulus. Experimental observations have shown that late passage cultured cells have a different growth pattern from early passage cells. For a meaningful comparison of the response of \"quiescent\" ageing cells to a proliferative stimulus it was, therefore, necessary to use cells in comparable states of \"quiescence\". Criteria have been established for defining quiescence in ageing cells which include alterations in cell number, ability to transport non-metabolizable substrates and inability to incorporate 3H-thymidine. Using cells of different ages in comparable quiescent states, it has been shown that a smaller proportion of older cells reacted to a proliferative stimulus, and the time taken to respond was longer.", "PMID": 838281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3160", "title": "Sex differences in overt personality patterns in older men and women.", "content": "A population of 118 older persons, 59--90 years of age, completed an adaptation of the short version of the Bortner rating scale. The seven scales and a total score were analyzed in separate 2 (sex) X 2 (age) analyses of variance to examine sex and age differences in overt personality patterns in men and women under and over the age of 70. Although the results in no way presume to characterize these older persons as prototype A-B personalities, for theoretical reasons, the women reflected significantly stronger pattern A behavior than the men regardless of age. The Bortner scale appears to offer a crude but effective measure of overt \"Type Active\" behavior -- aggressiveness, expressiveness, and time-conscious activity -- which is consistent with reports of sex differences in intrapsychic and psychosocial adaptive measures of personality. The lack of any main effect due to age is also in line with previous reports that age appears to be a significant variable in internal personality processes rather than external or overt aspects of personality.", "contents": "Sex differences in overt personality patterns in older men and women. A population of 118 older persons, 59--90 years of age, completed an adaptation of the short version of the Bortner rating scale. The seven scales and a total score were analyzed in separate 2 (sex) X 2 (age) analyses of variance to examine sex and age differences in overt personality patterns in men and women under and over the age of 70. Although the results in no way presume to characterize these older persons as prototype A-B personalities, for theoretical reasons, the women reflected significantly stronger pattern A behavior than the men regardless of age. The Bortner scale appears to offer a crude but effective measure of overt \"Type Active\" behavior -- aggressiveness, expressiveness, and time-conscious activity -- which is consistent with reports of sex differences in intrapsychic and psychosocial adaptive measures of personality. The lack of any main effect due to age is also in line with previous reports that age appears to be a significant variable in internal personality processes rather than external or overt aspects of personality.", "PMID": 838282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3161", "title": "Alterations in the numerical density of perichromatin granules in different tissues during ageing and cell differentiation.", "content": "Perichromatin granules (PG) were counted on electron micrographs of different tissues taken from young and old female Wistar rats as well as in the basal and spinous layers of adult human epidermis. A significant age-dependent decrease was observed in the following cell types: large brain cortical cells, cerebellar granular cells, hepatocytes, parotid gland cells. No significant decrease was found in the heart muscle nuclei and in the erythroblasts of identical maturation level. The number of PG decreased during the erythroblast maturation almost to zero, and increased in the cells of spinous layer of human epidermis as compared to the basal cells. There is a very wide variation in the number of PG per nucleus between the different tissues. The correlation between the transcriptional activity, the protein synthesis, ageing and cell differentiation is discussed.", "contents": "Alterations in the numerical density of perichromatin granules in different tissues during ageing and cell differentiation. Perichromatin granules (PG) were counted on electron micrographs of different tissues taken from young and old female Wistar rats as well as in the basal and spinous layers of adult human epidermis. A significant age-dependent decrease was observed in the following cell types: large brain cortical cells, cerebellar granular cells, hepatocytes, parotid gland cells. No significant decrease was found in the heart muscle nuclei and in the erythroblasts of identical maturation level. The number of PG decreased during the erythroblast maturation almost to zero, and increased in the cells of spinous layer of human epidermis as compared to the basal cells. There is a very wide variation in the number of PG per nucleus between the different tissues. The correlation between the transcriptional activity, the protein synthesis, ageing and cell differentiation is discussed.", "PMID": 838283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3162", "title": "Influence of age and different drugs on the healing process in human skin wounds.", "content": "The paper contains the results the authors obtained when following, by means of electron-microscopic examination, the healing process of skin specimens after tetracyclin and hydrocortisone administration with regard to age. The results were compared to those in experiments, in which the healing of skin wounds in animals was judged by both mechanical tests and autoradiographic evaluations of the fibroblastic and epithelial reaction. It has been found that in the electron-optical picture age reduces the functional activity of the fibroblasts, delays contraction and permits the phase of exudation pass over to that of proliferation. After tetracyclin and hydrocortisone there were no structural changes in the fibroblasts; on the contrary, tetracyclin supported collagenization and both of them further suppressed exudation, which proved to be very favourable in the process of healing.", "contents": "Influence of age and different drugs on the healing process in human skin wounds. The paper contains the results the authors obtained when following, by means of electron-microscopic examination, the healing process of skin specimens after tetracyclin and hydrocortisone administration with regard to age. The results were compared to those in experiments, in which the healing of skin wounds in animals was judged by both mechanical tests and autoradiographic evaluations of the fibroblastic and epithelial reaction. It has been found that in the electron-optical picture age reduces the functional activity of the fibroblasts, delays contraction and permits the phase of exudation pass over to that of proliferation. After tetracyclin and hydrocortisone there were no structural changes in the fibroblasts; on the contrary, tetracyclin supported collagenization and both of them further suppressed exudation, which proved to be very favourable in the process of healing.", "PMID": 838284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3163", "title": "Gastric histology and its relation to anaemia in the elderly.", "content": "During 1 year 725 consecutive patients admitted to a geriatric unit were investigated for anaemia. 51% of men had haemoglobin levels below 13.5 g/dl and 41% of women had levels below 12 g/dl. 657 patients had an azuresin tubeless test meal following an augmented dose of histamine acid phosphate and 450 (68%) had achlorhydria. Gastric biopsies were performed on 240 of the patients with achloryhdria and 201 satisfactory biopsies were obtained. These were graded into five categories: (1) normal; (2) surface gastritis; (3) diffuse gastritis; (4) chronic atrophic gastritis, and (5) chronic atrophic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia. The grades of mucosal change could not be correlated with the presence or absence of anaemia, the state of gastric function as measured by the Schilling test for absorption of vitamin B12, or the level of vitamin B12 in the serum.", "contents": "Gastric histology and its relation to anaemia in the elderly. During 1 year 725 consecutive patients admitted to a geriatric unit were investigated for anaemia. 51% of men had haemoglobin levels below 13.5 g/dl and 41% of women had levels below 12 g/dl. 657 patients had an azuresin tubeless test meal following an augmented dose of histamine acid phosphate and 450 (68%) had achlorhydria. Gastric biopsies were performed on 240 of the patients with achloryhdria and 201 satisfactory biopsies were obtained. These were graded into five categories: (1) normal; (2) surface gastritis; (3) diffuse gastritis; (4) chronic atrophic gastritis, and (5) chronic atrophic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia. The grades of mucosal change could not be correlated with the presence or absence of anaemia, the state of gastric function as measured by the Schilling test for absorption of vitamin B12, or the level of vitamin B12 in the serum.", "PMID": 838286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3164", "title": "Vitamin B6 deficiency in chronic liver disease--evidence for increased degradation of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate.", "content": "Plasma levels of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP), the active coenzyme form of vitamin B6, were found to be significantly lower than normal in 22 out of 31 patients with decompensated cirrhosis or subacute hepatic necrosis. There was no significant difference in plasma PLP levels between those with liver disease due to alcohol and those with other varieties. When intravenous supplements with pyridoxine hydrochloride were given only 33% responded with an increase in plasma PLP. In contrast, all patients given PLP responded, although peak plasma levels were variable, the response being significantly less than that found in normal control subjects. After supplementation with pyridoxine hydrochloride, and with PLP, the urinary excretion of 4-pyridoxic acid, which is derived from the degradation of PLP, was higher in patients who showed the least increase in plasma PLP levels. Although impaired phosphorylation of pyridoxine hydrochloride may be one factor, the most likely explanation for these findings is an increased rate of PLP degradation which may be important in the pathogenesis of vitamin B6 deficiency in patients with severe liver disease.", "contents": "Vitamin B6 deficiency in chronic liver disease--evidence for increased degradation of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate. Plasma levels of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP), the active coenzyme form of vitamin B6, were found to be significantly lower than normal in 22 out of 31 patients with decompensated cirrhosis or subacute hepatic necrosis. There was no significant difference in plasma PLP levels between those with liver disease due to alcohol and those with other varieties. When intravenous supplements with pyridoxine hydrochloride were given only 33% responded with an increase in plasma PLP. In contrast, all patients given PLP responded, although peak plasma levels were variable, the response being significantly less than that found in normal control subjects. After supplementation with pyridoxine hydrochloride, and with PLP, the urinary excretion of 4-pyridoxic acid, which is derived from the degradation of PLP, was higher in patients who showed the least increase in plasma PLP levels. Although impaired phosphorylation of pyridoxine hydrochloride may be one factor, the most likely explanation for these findings is an increased rate of PLP degradation which may be important in the pathogenesis of vitamin B6 deficiency in patients with severe liver disease.", "PMID": 838399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3165", "title": "Detection, by three techniques, of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and determination of HBsAg and anti-HBs titres in patients with chronic liver disease.", "content": "The sensitivities of three technqiues used to detect serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were compared in 411 patients with various types of chronic liver disease. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis proved an unreliable test. Two haemagglutination technqiues were slightly less sensitive than radioimmunoassay but were more rapidly performed. Less sensitive techniques were particularly unreliable in active liver disease where HBsAg titres were low. HBsAg was detected in patients with chronic persistent hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, chronic active liver disease with or without cirrhosis, and primary liver cell carcinoma. Forty-six of the 68 (68%) HBsAg positive subjects were males coming from outside the United Kingdom. The HBsAg titres in 13 subjects with chronic persistent hepatitis were significantly higher (P less than 0-001) than those in 43 subjects with chronic active liver disease. Corticosteroid therapy did not alter the HBsAg titre significantly. None of the 28 HBsAg positive subjects studied serially for up to two years cleared HBsAg from the serum. Anti-HBs was examined by passive haemagglutination and found in 35 subjects, 26 of whom had no evidence of liver disease, 80% came from abroad. Anti-HBs was believed to be of epidemiological rather than of pathological importance.", "contents": "Detection, by three techniques, of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and determination of HBsAg and anti-HBs titres in patients with chronic liver disease. The sensitivities of three technqiues used to detect serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were compared in 411 patients with various types of chronic liver disease. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis proved an unreliable test. Two haemagglutination technqiues were slightly less sensitive than radioimmunoassay but were more rapidly performed. Less sensitive techniques were particularly unreliable in active liver disease where HBsAg titres were low. HBsAg was detected in patients with chronic persistent hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, chronic active liver disease with or without cirrhosis, and primary liver cell carcinoma. Forty-six of the 68 (68%) HBsAg positive subjects were males coming from outside the United Kingdom. The HBsAg titres in 13 subjects with chronic persistent hepatitis were significantly higher (P less than 0-001) than those in 43 subjects with chronic active liver disease. Corticosteroid therapy did not alter the HBsAg titre significantly. None of the 28 HBsAg positive subjects studied serially for up to two years cleared HBsAg from the serum. Anti-HBs was examined by passive haemagglutination and found in 35 subjects, 26 of whom had no evidence of liver disease, 80% came from abroad. Anti-HBs was believed to be of epidemiological rather than of pathological importance.", "PMID": 838398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3166", "title": "Consequences of partial and subtotal colectomy in the rat.", "content": "Rats were subjects to right hemicolectomy (including removal of the caecum), left hemicolectomy or subtotal colectomy. Body weight resumed and maintained a rate of increase very similar to that in control rats. After hemicolectomy, food intake showed no change. Faecal weight increased by about one-third after right hemicolectomy, but did not increase after left hemicolectomy. After right hemicolectomy, the remaining--that is, downstream--portion of the colon showed increase in weight, and so did the (upstream) small intestine, in which the increase involved all three-thirds of its length and was predominantly mucosal. No such changes in the remaining colon or in small intestine were found after left hemicolectomy. After subtotal hemicolectomy, rats ate 30-40% more food than control rats, and faecal weight increased 60% at three months after operation. Study of energy intake and output indicated diminished absorption. All three-thirds of the small intestine showed increase in weight, predominantly mucosal in the upper two-thirds and predominantly seromuscular in the lowest third; villi were taller at all levels. Evidence suggests that the increase in food intake is not due to cessation of coprophagy, and that the small intestine changes are not due solely to increased food intake and occur when the colon is bypassed but not removed.", "contents": "Consequences of partial and subtotal colectomy in the rat. Rats were subjects to right hemicolectomy (including removal of the caecum), left hemicolectomy or subtotal colectomy. Body weight resumed and maintained a rate of increase very similar to that in control rats. After hemicolectomy, food intake showed no change. Faecal weight increased by about one-third after right hemicolectomy, but did not increase after left hemicolectomy. After right hemicolectomy, the remaining--that is, downstream--portion of the colon showed increase in weight, and so did the (upstream) small intestine, in which the increase involved all three-thirds of its length and was predominantly mucosal. No such changes in the remaining colon or in small intestine were found after left hemicolectomy. After subtotal hemicolectomy, rats ate 30-40% more food than control rats, and faecal weight increased 60% at three months after operation. Study of energy intake and output indicated diminished absorption. All three-thirds of the small intestine showed increase in weight, predominantly mucosal in the upper two-thirds and predominantly seromuscular in the lowest third; villi were taller at all levels. Evidence suggests that the increase in food intake is not due to cessation of coprophagy, and that the small intestine changes are not due solely to increased food intake and occur when the colon is bypassed but not removed.", "PMID": 838400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3167", "title": "Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme pattern in uninvolved mucosa of patients with colorectal carcinoma.", "content": "Colorectal mucosa from patients with colorectal carcinoma was compared with rectal mucosa from a control group. It was found that the LDH isoenzyme pattern of uninvolved mucosa proximal and distal to the carcinoma differed from that of normal tissue and resembled that of carcinoma tissue except in the case of the uninvolved mucosa proximal to the carcinoma of the sigmoid colon, which did not differ from normal mucosa.", "contents": "Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme pattern in uninvolved mucosa of patients with colorectal carcinoma. Colorectal mucosa from patients with colorectal carcinoma was compared with rectal mucosa from a control group. It was found that the LDH isoenzyme pattern of uninvolved mucosa proximal and distal to the carcinoma differed from that of normal tissue and resembled that of carcinoma tissue except in the case of the uninvolved mucosa proximal to the carcinoma of the sigmoid colon, which did not differ from normal mucosa.", "PMID": 838401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3168", "title": "Reinvestigation of lactose intolerant children: lack of correlation between continuing lactose intolerance and small intestinal morphology, disaccharidase activity, and lactose tolerance tests.", "content": "Thirty children on a lactose-free diet aged from 2-38 months who had previously been diagnosed as having secondary lactose intolerance were reinvestigated on 32 occasions by an oral lactose tolerance test, small intestinal biopsy, and measurement of disaccharidase activity in order to detect the presence of continuing lactose intolerance before reintroduction of milk. No correlation was found between continuing lactose intolerance, as diagnosed by the development of watery stools containing excess reducing substances after an oral load of lactose, and maximum blood glucose rise during a lactose tolerance test, lactase levels, and small intestinal morphology.", "contents": "Reinvestigation of lactose intolerant children: lack of correlation between continuing lactose intolerance and small intestinal morphology, disaccharidase activity, and lactose tolerance tests. Thirty children on a lactose-free diet aged from 2-38 months who had previously been diagnosed as having secondary lactose intolerance were reinvestigated on 32 occasions by an oral lactose tolerance test, small intestinal biopsy, and measurement of disaccharidase activity in order to detect the presence of continuing lactose intolerance before reintroduction of milk. No correlation was found between continuing lactose intolerance, as diagnosed by the development of watery stools containing excess reducing substances after an oral load of lactose, and maximum blood glucose rise during a lactose tolerance test, lactase levels, and small intestinal morphology.", "PMID": 838402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3169", "title": "Coxsackie and mumpsvirus infection in a prospective study of acute pancreatitis.", "content": "A prospective study of 116 patients with acute pancreatitis included routine screening for evidence of viral infection. Five patients (all female) exhibited significant rising antibody titres to Coxsackie B or mumpsvirus, while none of the remaining 111 patients did. Diarrhoea was a prodromal feature of the pancreatitis in those patients with evidence of viral disease. Screening patients with acute pancreatitis for Coxsackie B and mumpsvirus infections is worthwhile in the identification of aetiological factors and may minimise protracted biliary investigations. The incidence of \"idiopathic\" acute pancreatitis in this study was 5-2% (six patients).", "contents": "Coxsackie and mumpsvirus infection in a prospective study of acute pancreatitis. A prospective study of 116 patients with acute pancreatitis included routine screening for evidence of viral infection. Five patients (all female) exhibited significant rising antibody titres to Coxsackie B or mumpsvirus, while none of the remaining 111 patients did. Diarrhoea was a prodromal feature of the pancreatitis in those patients with evidence of viral disease. Screening patients with acute pancreatitis for Coxsackie B and mumpsvirus infections is worthwhile in the identification of aetiological factors and may minimise protracted biliary investigations. The incidence of \"idiopathic\" acute pancreatitis in this study was 5-2% (six patients).", "PMID": 838403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3170", "title": "Basal gastric secretion: reproducibility and relationship with duodenal ulceration.", "content": "Basal gastric secretion was examined in control subjects, patients with duodenal ulcer, and patients after vagotomy with or without a drainage procedure, not only in terms of conventional indices of secretion--volume, titratable aciditiy, and acid output--but also in terms of the volume corrected for pyloric losses and duodenal reflux (Vg). In all groups, secretion was less in the second than in the first half-hour of a one-hour basal collection. Basal secretion was examined on more than one occasion in non-operated subjects and patients after vagotomy with or without a drainage procedure. In both groups extreme variability in secretion was found from one study to the next, and the variability was the same whether secretion was expressed in terms of conventional indices or VG. It is concluded that such variability is physiological rather than due to experimental errors. Basal secretion was found on average to be greater in duodenal ulcer patients than in control subjects, and, after vagotomy, to be greater in patients with recurrent ulcer than in asymptomatic patients. However, despite all the corrections made, the overlap in the results from the different groups was so great that basal secretion could not be ascribed an aetiological role in the majority of patients with duodenal ulcer.", "contents": "Basal gastric secretion: reproducibility and relationship with duodenal ulceration. Basal gastric secretion was examined in control subjects, patients with duodenal ulcer, and patients after vagotomy with or without a drainage procedure, not only in terms of conventional indices of secretion--volume, titratable aciditiy, and acid output--but also in terms of the volume corrected for pyloric losses and duodenal reflux (Vg). In all groups, secretion was less in the second than in the first half-hour of a one-hour basal collection. Basal secretion was examined on more than one occasion in non-operated subjects and patients after vagotomy with or without a drainage procedure. In both groups extreme variability in secretion was found from one study to the next, and the variability was the same whether secretion was expressed in terms of conventional indices or VG. It is concluded that such variability is physiological rather than due to experimental errors. Basal secretion was found on average to be greater in duodenal ulcer patients than in control subjects, and, after vagotomy, to be greater in patients with recurrent ulcer than in asymptomatic patients. However, despite all the corrections made, the overlap in the results from the different groups was so great that basal secretion could not be ascribed an aetiological role in the majority of patients with duodenal ulcer.", "PMID": 838404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3171", "title": "Significance of Ca-soap formation for calcium absorption in the rat.", "content": "The significance of calcium soap formation in the inhibition of calcium absorption has been studied in rats. 47Ca labelled soaps of fatty acids were introduced into the duodenum and the absorption of calcium measured after four hours in a whole body counter. The absorption of calcium was inversely correlated with the chain length of the fatty acid varying from 1% for Ca-stearate to 60% for Ca-hexanoate. Increasing the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acid was accompanied by increased calcium absorption. The availability of calcium for absorption from the soaps was correlated with their solubility in 1% aqueous Na-tauroglycocholate. The percentages of calcium as soap in the small intestine and the faeces after intragastric administration of calcium and fats were similar, which suggests that the faecal content of calcium soaps is an index of intestinal soap formation. Soap formation was negligible when CaCl2 was given with tristearate, triolaeate, or tridecanoate and no depression of calcium absorption was observed. Calcium absorption was markedly impaired by the addition of phosphates at a Ca/P ratio of 1:1 irrespective of the presence of neutral fats. Stearic acid resulted in significant soap formation and reduced calcium absorption. The degree of Ca-soap formation and the inhibition of calcium absorption were well correlated. The results suggest that, although calcium soap formation may markedly depress calcium absorption in the rat, no significant soap formation takes place when fats are given in the form of triglycerides.", "contents": "Significance of Ca-soap formation for calcium absorption in the rat. The significance of calcium soap formation in the inhibition of calcium absorption has been studied in rats. 47Ca labelled soaps of fatty acids were introduced into the duodenum and the absorption of calcium measured after four hours in a whole body counter. The absorption of calcium was inversely correlated with the chain length of the fatty acid varying from 1% for Ca-stearate to 60% for Ca-hexanoate. Increasing the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acid was accompanied by increased calcium absorption. The availability of calcium for absorption from the soaps was correlated with their solubility in 1% aqueous Na-tauroglycocholate. The percentages of calcium as soap in the small intestine and the faeces after intragastric administration of calcium and fats were similar, which suggests that the faecal content of calcium soaps is an index of intestinal soap formation. Soap formation was negligible when CaCl2 was given with tristearate, triolaeate, or tridecanoate and no depression of calcium absorption was observed. Calcium absorption was markedly impaired by the addition of phosphates at a Ca/P ratio of 1:1 irrespective of the presence of neutral fats. Stearic acid resulted in significant soap formation and reduced calcium absorption. The degree of Ca-soap formation and the inhibition of calcium absorption were well correlated. The results suggest that, although calcium soap formation may markedly depress calcium absorption in the rat, no significant soap formation takes place when fats are given in the form of triglycerides.", "PMID": 838405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3172", "title": "Speed of change in biliary lipids and bile acids with chenodeoxycholic acid--is intermittent therapy feasible?", "content": "To see whehter intermittent chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) therapy is a potential alternative to continous treatment for gallstone dissolution, the speed of change in bile lipid composition was studied after starting and stopping CDCA therapy. In addition, the relationship between bile lipid composition and the proportions of the bile acids was examined. Bile-rich duodenal fluid was collected twice in the first week and then at approximately weekly intervals for four to six weeks, from six gallstone patients starting 13-15 mg CDCA.kg BW-1 day-1 and from another group of six patients whose treatment was stopped after gallstone dissolution. After starting treatment, the mean biliary cholesterol saturation index (based on criteria of Hegardt and Dam, 1971) decreased from 1-49 +/- SEM 0-17 to 0-92 +/- 0-13 at three weeks and 0-88 +/- 0-10 at four weeks, by which time bile lipid composition had become relatively constant. In patients whose treatment was stopped, bile reverted to its supersaturated state within one week, changing from an on-treatment mean saturation index of 0-74 +/- 0-10 to 1-15 +/- 0-15 in six to eight days after withdrawing CDCA. The proportion of conjugated CDCA in the biliary bile acids increased from 27-9 +/- 2-5% to 60-5 +/- 4-2% within four days and to 80-7 +/- 6-2% by four weeks after starting CDCA. When treatment was stopped, the proportion of CDCA reverted to pretreatment levels by two to three weeks. The saturation index was significantly related (P less than 0-001) to the percent of conjugated CDCA present, such that when the proportion of CDCA exceeded 70%, bile was almost invariably unsaturated. Since the mean time taken for bile to become unsaturated was not shorter than the time taken for bile to revert to its supersaturated state, it seems that intermittent treatment would not be adequate to maintain an unsaturated bile and is, therefore, unlikely to be as effective as continuous treatment in dissolving gallstones.", "contents": "Speed of change in biliary lipids and bile acids with chenodeoxycholic acid--is intermittent therapy feasible? To see whehter intermittent chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) therapy is a potential alternative to continous treatment for gallstone dissolution, the speed of change in bile lipid composition was studied after starting and stopping CDCA therapy. In addition, the relationship between bile lipid composition and the proportions of the bile acids was examined. Bile-rich duodenal fluid was collected twice in the first week and then at approximately weekly intervals for four to six weeks, from six gallstone patients starting 13-15 mg CDCA.kg BW-1 day-1 and from another group of six patients whose treatment was stopped after gallstone dissolution. After starting treatment, the mean biliary cholesterol saturation index (based on criteria of Hegardt and Dam, 1971) decreased from 1-49 +/- SEM 0-17 to 0-92 +/- 0-13 at three weeks and 0-88 +/- 0-10 at four weeks, by which time bile lipid composition had become relatively constant. In patients whose treatment was stopped, bile reverted to its supersaturated state within one week, changing from an on-treatment mean saturation index of 0-74 +/- 0-10 to 1-15 +/- 0-15 in six to eight days after withdrawing CDCA. The proportion of conjugated CDCA in the biliary bile acids increased from 27-9 +/- 2-5% to 60-5 +/- 4-2% within four days and to 80-7 +/- 6-2% by four weeks after starting CDCA. When treatment was stopped, the proportion of CDCA reverted to pretreatment levels by two to three weeks. The saturation index was significantly related (P less than 0-001) to the percent of conjugated CDCA present, such that when the proportion of CDCA exceeded 70%, bile was almost invariably unsaturated. Since the mean time taken for bile to become unsaturated was not shorter than the time taken for bile to revert to its supersaturated state, it seems that intermittent treatment would not be adequate to maintain an unsaturated bile and is, therefore, unlikely to be as effective as continuous treatment in dissolving gallstones.", "PMID": 838406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3173", "title": "Nitrite and thiocyanate in the fasting and secreting stomach and in saliva.", "content": "The concentrations of nitrite and thiocyanate in fasting and pentagastrin stimulated gastric juice and in saliva have been examined. Nitrite was found in all of 17 samples of fasting gastric juice, mean 4-9 +/- 1-1 muM. Stimulation of gastric secretion with pentagastrin caused no significant change in nitrite concentration. Thiocyanate was detected in all of 21 samples of fasting gastric juice and the difference in concentration between smokers and non-smokers probably reflects similar differences in saliva. In contrast to the nitrite data there was a significant drop in thiocyanate concentration of gastric juice after pentagastrin from 0-9 +/- 0-1 mM to 0-3 +/- 0-04 mM, suggesting a salivary origin for the thiocyanate in gastric juice. Thiocyanate is a powerful catalyst of nitrosation, which, together with small amounts of nitrite and naturally occurring amines could lead to the intragastric formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines and in certain circumstances be a factor in the aetiology of gastric cancer.", "contents": "Nitrite and thiocyanate in the fasting and secreting stomach and in saliva. The concentrations of nitrite and thiocyanate in fasting and pentagastrin stimulated gastric juice and in saliva have been examined. Nitrite was found in all of 17 samples of fasting gastric juice, mean 4-9 +/- 1-1 muM. Stimulation of gastric secretion with pentagastrin caused no significant change in nitrite concentration. Thiocyanate was detected in all of 21 samples of fasting gastric juice and the difference in concentration between smokers and non-smokers probably reflects similar differences in saliva. In contrast to the nitrite data there was a significant drop in thiocyanate concentration of gastric juice after pentagastrin from 0-9 +/- 0-1 mM to 0-3 +/- 0-04 mM, suggesting a salivary origin for the thiocyanate in gastric juice. Thiocyanate is a powerful catalyst of nitrosation, which, together with small amounts of nitrite and naturally occurring amines could lead to the intragastric formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines and in certain circumstances be a factor in the aetiology of gastric cancer.", "PMID": 838407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3174", "title": "Production and characteristics of the exocellular polysaccharide in mutant strains of Xanthomonas fuscans.", "content": "Production of the exocellular polysaccharide of the phytopathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas fuscans was investigated with respect to its possible use in utilization of industrial wastes containing lactose. Six stable lac+ mutants were obtained after the treatment with N-methyl-N-nitroso-N'-nitroguanidine. The mutants were compared with the parent strain. Morphological and cultivation characteristics, as well as production of the exocellular polysaccharide were compared. The production was found to be maximal during the stationary phase of growth in strains cultivated under submerged conditions. Gas chromatography revealed that the polysaccharide of the parent strain is formed by alpha- and beta-D-glucose and alpha- and beta-D-mannose with a small amount of D-ribose and 6-deoxy-L-mannose. Composition of the polysaccharides produced by the mutant strains (lac+) does not qualitatively differ from that of the parent strain. However, they were found to contain a higher quantity of D-mannose, which is favourable for their industrial utilization.", "contents": "Production and characteristics of the exocellular polysaccharide in mutant strains of Xanthomonas fuscans. Production of the exocellular polysaccharide of the phytopathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas fuscans was investigated with respect to its possible use in utilization of industrial wastes containing lactose. Six stable lac+ mutants were obtained after the treatment with N-methyl-N-nitroso-N'-nitroguanidine. The mutants were compared with the parent strain. Morphological and cultivation characteristics, as well as production of the exocellular polysaccharide were compared. The production was found to be maximal during the stationary phase of growth in strains cultivated under submerged conditions. Gas chromatography revealed that the polysaccharide of the parent strain is formed by alpha- and beta-D-glucose and alpha- and beta-D-mannose with a small amount of D-ribose and 6-deoxy-L-mannose. Composition of the polysaccharides produced by the mutant strains (lac+) does not qualitatively differ from that of the parent strain. However, they were found to contain a higher quantity of D-mannose, which is favourable for their industrial utilization.", "PMID": 838408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3175", "title": "Relationship between amino acid production and phosphate-dissolving capacity of bacteria.", "content": "The ability of soil bacteria to produce amino acids (alanine, aspartic acid, leucine, arginine, glutamic acid, and lysine) was related to the ability to dissolve inorganic phosphate. With the exception of lysine, amino acid production increased with increasing ability to dissolve phosphate.", "contents": "Relationship between amino acid production and phosphate-dissolving capacity of bacteria. The ability of soil bacteria to produce amino acids (alanine, aspartic acid, leucine, arginine, glutamic acid, and lysine) was related to the ability to dissolve inorganic phosphate. With the exception of lysine, amino acid production increased with increasing ability to dissolve phosphate.", "PMID": 838409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3176", "title": "alpha-Mannosidase and mannanase of some wood-rotting fungi.", "content": "Cultivation media from 11 wood-rotting fungi contained alpha-mannosidase and mannanase activity, alpha-Mannosidase was studied in more detail in Phellinus abietis and mannanase was studied more intimately in basidiomycetes Phellinus abietis, Trametes sanguinea and Pholiota aurivella. Suitable cultivation conditions and optimum conditions for the production of alpha-mannosidase and mannanase were determined. Both enzymes are constitutive; mannanase is extracellular, alpha-mannosidase was found in both mycelium and cultivation medium.", "contents": "alpha-Mannosidase and mannanase of some wood-rotting fungi. Cultivation media from 11 wood-rotting fungi contained alpha-mannosidase and mannanase activity, alpha-Mannosidase was studied in more detail in Phellinus abietis and mannanase was studied more intimately in basidiomycetes Phellinus abietis, Trametes sanguinea and Pholiota aurivella. Suitable cultivation conditions and optimum conditions for the production of alpha-mannosidase and mannanase were determined. Both enzymes are constitutive; mannanase is extracellular, alpha-mannosidase was found in both mycelium and cultivation medium.", "PMID": 838410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3177", "title": "Contribution of pantomography to forensic odontology.", "content": "Dento-maxillary pantomography is an excellent means of investigating the oral sphere and its maxillary connections. This type of radiographic recording can be particularly useful in forensic odontology when trying to identify a person from certain selected indications [9] or from a greater range of data [7]. In the first case, the original picture provides sufficient support for the evaluation of the reference indications. In the second case, our proposed method should enable the expert to normalize his examinations with the assistance of analytical patterns consistent with a conventional classification. The processing of the pictures submitted to the expert is performed by the use of 3 different analyzers which facilitate the integral transcription of the data. It thus becomes possible for the expert to establish a rigorously exact relation through comparison and assimilation of previously recorded standards. This method should permit specialists to construct information files for all particularly exposed professional groups. It is suited for data processing of the collected formulas and may allow certain statistical evaluations (e.g. pathological, anthropological).", "contents": "Contribution of pantomography to forensic odontology. Dento-maxillary pantomography is an excellent means of investigating the oral sphere and its maxillary connections. This type of radiographic recording can be particularly useful in forensic odontology when trying to identify a person from certain selected indications [9] or from a greater range of data [7]. In the first case, the original picture provides sufficient support for the evaluation of the reference indications. In the second case, our proposed method should enable the expert to normalize his examinations with the assistance of analytical patterns consistent with a conventional classification. The processing of the pictures submitted to the expert is performed by the use of 3 different analyzers which facilitate the integral transcription of the data. It thus becomes possible for the expert to establish a rigorously exact relation through comparison and assimilation of previously recorded standards. This method should permit specialists to construct information files for all particularly exposed professional groups. It is suited for data processing of the collected formulas and may allow certain statistical evaluations (e.g. pathological, anthropological).", "PMID": 838411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3178", "title": "Toxicological investigations of cases of death involving codeine and dihydrocodeine.", "content": "Drug levels in post-mortem specimens from 6 cases of poisoning involving codeine or dihydrocodeine have been determined using a direct extraction method followed by gas liquid chromatography. The relevant case histories are described. A preliminary qualitative investigation of dihydrocodeine metabolism has been described involving the analysis of urine samples by thin layer and gas chromatography.", "contents": "Toxicological investigations of cases of death involving codeine and dihydrocodeine. Drug levels in post-mortem specimens from 6 cases of poisoning involving codeine or dihydrocodeine have been determined using a direct extraction method followed by gas liquid chromatography. The relevant case histories are described. A preliminary qualitative investigation of dihydrocodeine metabolism has been described involving the analysis of urine samples by thin layer and gas chromatography.", "PMID": 838412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3179", "title": "Fatal poisoning by potassium in human and rabbit.", "content": "An unusual case of suicidal poisoning by intra venous injection of K+ is presented to demonstrate the limitations of toxicological analysis of post-mortem examination in such a case. Its potential for a \"clean undetectable murder\" in a homicidal situation is indicated, the parallel being intra muscular insulin/penicillin poisoning which on the other hand are detectable. The intra venous lethal dose is approximately 30-35 mg K+/kg (Human/Rabbits).", "contents": "Fatal poisoning by potassium in human and rabbit. An unusual case of suicidal poisoning by intra venous injection of K+ is presented to demonstrate the limitations of toxicological analysis of post-mortem examination in such a case. Its potential for a \"clean undetectable murder\" in a homicidal situation is indicated, the parallel being intra muscular insulin/penicillin poisoning which on the other hand are detectable. The intra venous lethal dose is approximately 30-35 mg K+/kg (Human/Rabbits).", "PMID": 838413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3180", "title": "[The copper IUD as an alternative to the \"pill\". Experiences with the intrauterine device Gyne-T].", "content": "The author reports upon his experiences with the copper-IUCD Gyne-T in 100 cases. With careful selection of appropriate patients and wary procedure there were no difficulties of insertion, not even in nulliparous women. In the majority of cases the IUCD was inserted because of contraindication or intolerance of hormonal contraceptives. 68 women had no complaints at all, 32 showed unwanted reactions, mostly bleeding disturbances, dysmenorrhoea or inflammation. These, however, occurred only temporarily or could be relieved by therapy. In 4 cases only the IUD had to be removed for medical reasons; in 2 cases it was expelled. Perforations or pregnancies did not occur. Thus the insertion of Gyne-T seems to be an effective, practicable and acceptable contraceptive method, particularly as alternative to hormonal contraception.", "contents": "[The copper IUD as an alternative to the \"pill\". Experiences with the intrauterine device Gyne-T]. The author reports upon his experiences with the copper-IUCD Gyne-T in 100 cases. With careful selection of appropriate patients and wary procedure there were no difficulties of insertion, not even in nulliparous women. In the majority of cases the IUCD was inserted because of contraindication or intolerance of hormonal contraceptives. 68 women had no complaints at all, 32 showed unwanted reactions, mostly bleeding disturbances, dysmenorrhoea or inflammation. These, however, occurred only temporarily or could be relieved by therapy. In 4 cases only the IUD had to be removed for medical reasons; in 2 cases it was expelled. Perforations or pregnancies did not occur. Thus the insertion of Gyne-T seems to be an effective, practicable and acceptable contraceptive method, particularly as alternative to hormonal contraception.", "PMID": 838420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3181", "title": "[Injuries and emergencies in othorhinolaryngology. Diagnosis and immediate therapy. 1. Injuries of the ear].", "content": "Following the general discussion of the causes of accidents and emergencies in the ENT-field, important accident-situations are classified and explained according to anatomical criteria. The differential diagnostic aspects as well as possibilities of first aid are discussed. The most important aspect of first aid is to assess the situation correctly in regard to acute dangers and prospective damage. Important problems and correct guide-lines for first aid at the site of accident are mentioned and discussed.", "contents": "[Injuries and emergencies in othorhinolaryngology. Diagnosis and immediate therapy. 1. Injuries of the ear]. Following the general discussion of the causes of accidents and emergencies in the ENT-field, important accident-situations are classified and explained according to anatomical criteria. The differential diagnostic aspects as well as possibilities of first aid are discussed. The most important aspect of first aid is to assess the situation correctly in regard to acute dangers and prospective damage. Important problems and correct guide-lines for first aid at the site of accident are mentioned and discussed.", "PMID": 838421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3182", "title": "[Therapy of herpes zoster through active premunization. 2. Treatment of zoster patients, results of experimental and clinical studies, treatment results].", "content": "A brief review of the previous and generally inadequate methods for the treatment of  Herpes Zoster is presented. The concept of \"active premunization\" by appropriate inducer to provide an objective treatment is  defined. A \"Premunization Inducer\" (PIND) based on a particular non-infectious preparation of an avian pox (\"avipox\") virus has been shown to enhance non-specific defence mechanisms in the host by T-cell stimulation and to inhibit virus proliferation by the induction of Interferon. The mode of action, efficacy against different viruses and the safety of the preparation is described and discussed. 114 patients with Herpes Zoster were treated with this \"premunization Inducer\" either orally (for buccal absorption) or by means of a nasal spray. There were no side effects and in all cases there was a marked reduction in the duration of the illness up to the shedding of the last scab (about 15 days instead of the more usual 31 days). Pain was relieved in some cases within 6 hours and in the remainder within 2 days: a rapid resolution of the inflammation could be observed. There were practically no signs of postherpetic neurological complications among the patients treated (the usual incidence of post-herpetic neuritis is around 18%). The treatment of Herpes I and Herpes II infection other viral conditions will be reported elsewhere.", "contents": "[Therapy of herpes zoster through active premunization. 2. Treatment of zoster patients, results of experimental and clinical studies, treatment results]. A brief review of the previous and generally inadequate methods for the treatment of  Herpes Zoster is presented. The concept of \"active premunization\" by appropriate inducer to provide an objective treatment is  defined. A \"Premunization Inducer\" (PIND) based on a particular non-infectious preparation of an avian pox (\"avipox\") virus has been shown to enhance non-specific defence mechanisms in the host by T-cell stimulation and to inhibit virus proliferation by the induction of Interferon. The mode of action, efficacy against different viruses and the safety of the preparation is described and discussed. 114 patients with Herpes Zoster were treated with this \"premunization Inducer\" either orally (for buccal absorption) or by means of a nasal spray. There were no side effects and in all cases there was a marked reduction in the duration of the illness up to the shedding of the last scab (about 15 days instead of the more usual 31 days). Pain was relieved in some cases within 6 hours and in the remainder within 2 days: a rapid resolution of the inflammation could be observed. There were practically no signs of postherpetic neurological complications among the patients treated (the usual incidence of post-herpetic neuritis is around 18%). The treatment of Herpes I and Herpes II infection other viral conditions will be reported elsewhere.", "PMID": 838422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3183", "title": "Possibilities of determining the person steering a surface-craft or an aircraft at the time of accident (impact).", "content": "Accident investigators are often confronted with the fact that there are doubts with regard to the person who has piloted a vehicle at the time of the accident. By securing all traces in or on the vehicle and on the clothes of the persons on board it will be possible to identify the person who has been piloting the vehicle. Evidence can also be obtained from blood-traces, the remnants of human tissue and hair and textile fibres and by the abrasion of synthetics and of paint as well as by characteristic deformations. The controls (steering-wheel or horn, pedals, etc.) and their traces on the gloves and shoes of the pilot must be taken into account, and vice versa.", "contents": "Possibilities of determining the person steering a surface-craft or an aircraft at the time of accident (impact). Accident investigators are often confronted with the fact that there are doubts with regard to the person who has piloted a vehicle at the time of the accident. By securing all traces in or on the vehicle and on the clothes of the persons on board it will be possible to identify the person who has been piloting the vehicle. Evidence can also be obtained from blood-traces, the remnants of human tissue and hair and textile fibres and by the abrasion of synthetics and of paint as well as by characteristic deformations. The controls (steering-wheel or horn, pedals, etc.) and their traces on the gloves and shoes of the pilot must be taken into account, and vice versa.", "PMID": 838417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3184", "title": "[Urinary tract infections and abnormalities of the urinary tract in childhood].", "content": "The results of an ambulant two-year kidney diagnostic study are compared with those of in-patients from the same period. In 932 intravenous urographies and 616 voiding urethrocystographies the rate of pyelonephritis and vesico-ureteral reflux in girls was significantly higher than in boys (p less than 0.005). Furthermore pyelonephritis was found more often in out-patients (p less than 0.01) than in in-patients. Focal scarring of kidneys occurred in 60% of children with reflux, and only in 6% of those without reflux. The correlation between pyelonephritis and reflux is confirmed. Urinary tract anomalies were seen in 25,8% irregular urographies in 39.3% of our patients. Double kidneys were seen in girls in a statistically higher rate than in boys (p less than 0.05), hydronephrosis and urinary calculi occurred more often in boys (p less than 0.05). Corrective surgery was performed in 71.4% of the children with reflux, follow-up control (54.7%) showed a relaps in no case.", "contents": "[Urinary tract infections and abnormalities of the urinary tract in childhood]. The results of an ambulant two-year kidney diagnostic study are compared with those of in-patients from the same period. In 932 intravenous urographies and 616 voiding urethrocystographies the rate of pyelonephritis and vesico-ureteral reflux in girls was significantly higher than in boys (p less than 0.005). Furthermore pyelonephritis was found more often in out-patients (p less than 0.01) than in in-patients. Focal scarring of kidneys occurred in 60% of children with reflux, and only in 6% of those without reflux. The correlation between pyelonephritis and reflux is confirmed. Urinary tract anomalies were seen in 25,8% irregular urographies in 39.3% of our patients. Double kidneys were seen in girls in a statistically higher rate than in boys (p less than 0.05), hydronephrosis and urinary calculi occurred more often in boys (p less than 0.05). Corrective surgery was performed in 71.4% of the children with reflux, follow-up control (54.7%) showed a relaps in no case.", "PMID": 838423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3185", "title": "Forensic toxicology of some orphenadrine-related deaths.", "content": "Toxicological data for orphenadrine in ten cases of fatal poisoning are presented together with results for a further eight cases in which orphenadrine was present in combination with alcohol or another drug. Collapse and convulsions occur within an hour of ingestion of an overdose and death supervenes soon after. Autopsy blood concentrations of orphenadrine in such acute fatal poisonings range from 5.5-37 mug/ml. The unchanged drug was found in the bile and urine and the concentrations in the liver, lung and kidney, though differing between cases, were of the same order in any one case.", "contents": "Forensic toxicology of some orphenadrine-related deaths. Toxicological data for orphenadrine in ten cases of fatal poisoning are presented together with results for a further eight cases in which orphenadrine was present in combination with alcohol or another drug. Collapse and convulsions occur within an hour of ingestion of an overdose and death supervenes soon after. Autopsy blood concentrations of orphenadrine in such acute fatal poisonings range from 5.5-37 mug/ml. The unchanged drug was found in the bile and urine and the concentrations in the liver, lung and kidney, though differing between cases, were of the same order in any one case.", "PMID": 838418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3186", "title": "[Echoencephalography in premature infants. Normal values and limitations].", "content": "The study includes a continuous and unselected group of 125 premature infants whose birth weight was below 2500 gr. The echo-encephalogram was done at the time when the infants had reached a weight of 2500 gr. The width of the third ventricle and the brain mantle index (relation between the distances of midline echo-end echo and echo of the lateral wall of the temporal horn-end echo) were measured. The third ventricle showed a normal width of 2--3 mm which was independant from birth weight and gestational age. There were only two infants with higher values, one of them had different symptoms of brain damage. The calculation of  the brain mantle index showed unsatisfactory results. The values varied between 2,35 and 4,91. They were markedly beyond the normal value of 2,4 of adults and bigger children. Technical difficulties in temporal horn and inaccuracy in reading the results on the screen as a possible cause of these discrepancies are disussed.", "contents": "[Echoencephalography in premature infants. Normal values and limitations]. The study includes a continuous and unselected group of 125 premature infants whose birth weight was below 2500 gr. The echo-encephalogram was done at the time when the infants had reached a weight of 2500 gr. The width of the third ventricle and the brain mantle index (relation between the distances of midline echo-end echo and echo of the lateral wall of the temporal horn-end echo) were measured. The third ventricle showed a normal width of 2--3 mm which was independant from birth weight and gestational age. There were only two infants with higher values, one of them had different symptoms of brain damage. The calculation of  the brain mantle index showed unsatisfactory results. The values varied between 2,35 and 4,91. They were markedly beyond the normal value of 2,4 of adults and bigger children. Technical difficulties in temporal horn and inaccuracy in reading the results on the screen as a possible cause of these discrepancies are disussed.", "PMID": 838424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3187", "title": "[Changes in the benefit of immunization].", "content": "The beneficial effects and the risks of vaccinations may be calculated by means of special formulas (N,Q,D). Changes in the effect of vaccinations may be substantiated by constant (eventually computerized) reevaluation of the present epidemiologic situation with the help of the above mentioned formulas. Another possibility lies in the calculation of the epidemiologic trend and determination of Rlim, the latter meaning the borderline number of complications of a certain disease, when risks as consequence of the disease or of the vaccination are about equal (D = 0). The follow-up of the epidemiologic situation over many years allows the estimation when this will be the case or, in other words, when the vaccination against the disease in question is not meaningful any more and has lost its beneficial effect and practical importance. In case of smallpox the risk of importation of the disease is practically zero; this means that N and Q less than 1 and D less than 0 thus underlining the view that the compulsory vaccination of the newborn is obsolete. A follow up of the case mortality of whooping cough in Austria over the past 15 years leads to the conclusion that Rlim, when calculated according to Ehrengut (that means that deadly risks of vaccination, r, are considered to be 2,4 x 10(-5), has been reached already in 1971. When calculated according to the WHO(r = 0,1 x 10(-5)) this will be the case by the end of 1976. In case of BCG vaccination the borderline mortality (Rlim) is not yet reached in Austria. The total number of deaths from tuberculosis that have been prevented by vaccination is already very low. The beneficial effect of this vaccination is much more expressed however when the prevention of leucemic deaths, as quoted by Davignon et al. (1970, 1971) and Rosenthal et al. (1972), is taken for granted. More observations will be necessary to clarify that point.", "contents": "[Changes in the benefit of immunization]. The beneficial effects and the risks of vaccinations may be calculated by means of special formulas (N,Q,D). Changes in the effect of vaccinations may be substantiated by constant (eventually computerized) reevaluation of the present epidemiologic situation with the help of the above mentioned formulas. Another possibility lies in the calculation of the epidemiologic trend and determination of Rlim, the latter meaning the borderline number of complications of a certain disease, when risks as consequence of the disease or of the vaccination are about equal (D = 0). The follow-up of the epidemiologic situation over many years allows the estimation when this will be the case or, in other words, when the vaccination against the disease in question is not meaningful any more and has lost its beneficial effect and practical importance. In case of smallpox the risk of importation of the disease is practically zero; this means that N and Q less than 1 and D less than 0 thus underlining the view that the compulsory vaccination of the newborn is obsolete. A follow up of the case mortality of whooping cough in Austria over the past 15 years leads to the conclusion that Rlim, when calculated according to Ehrengut (that means that deadly risks of vaccination, r, are considered to be 2,4 x 10(-5), has been reached already in 1971. When calculated according to the WHO(r = 0,1 x 10(-5)) this will be the case by the end of 1976. In case of BCG vaccination the borderline mortality (Rlim) is not yet reached in Austria. The total number of deaths from tuberculosis that have been prevented by vaccination is already very low. The beneficial effect of this vaccination is much more expressed however when the prevention of leucemic deaths, as quoted by Davignon et al. (1970, 1971) and Rosenthal et al. (1972), is taken for granted. More observations will be necessary to clarify that point.", "PMID": 838425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3188", "title": "[Myocardial excitability under the influence of digitalis glycosides and anti-arrhythmia agent].", "content": "Using the technical procedure of transvenous cardiac pacing right ventricular myocardium was stimulated with various pulse duration (voltage-duration curves) and with paired stimuli utilizing double pacing technique, to determine diastolic threshold profile up to the absolute refractory period. Two kinds of cardiac drugs were tested: Digitalis glycosides increase distolic excitability and shorten refractory period. Anitarrhythmic drugs have different effects: Lidocaine and Phenytoine in several cases decrease slightly the stimulatory threshold and can shorten the refractory period. Procainamide and Ajmaline prolong the refractory period and increase the stimulatory threshold. Propranolol and Verapamil have no significant effect. Their major action is supraventricular. The results are important in view of clinical pharmacology of cardiac drugs and of long term cardiac pacemaker therapy.", "contents": "[Myocardial excitability under the influence of digitalis glycosides and anti-arrhythmia agent]. Using the technical procedure of transvenous cardiac pacing right ventricular myocardium was stimulated with various pulse duration (voltage-duration curves) and with paired stimuli utilizing double pacing technique, to determine diastolic threshold profile up to the absolute refractory period. Two kinds of cardiac drugs were tested: Digitalis glycosides increase distolic excitability and shorten refractory period. Anitarrhythmic drugs have different effects: Lidocaine and Phenytoine in several cases decrease slightly the stimulatory threshold and can shorten the refractory period. Procainamide and Ajmaline prolong the refractory period and increase the stimulatory threshold. Propranolol and Verapamil have no significant effect. Their major action is supraventricular. The results are important in view of clinical pharmacology of cardiac drugs and of long term cardiac pacemaker therapy.", "PMID": 838426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3189", "title": "[Antiphiogistic drugs. Sudies on the pharmocokinetics of anti-inflammatory agents].", "content": "The kinetic behaviour of radioactively labeled acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), phenylbutazone (PBZ), indometacin and dexamethasone in rabbits with knee joints experimentally inflamed can be summarized as follows: 1. Under control (non-inflammation) conditions as well as during inflammation, subthreshold doses of 14C-ASA intravenously (i.v.) administered were eliminated from the blood in a fast and slow biphasis process. The changes of the concentration in the perfusion fluid were very similar compared to the changes in the blood. However, they were enhanced during experimentally induced synovitis. 2. Subthreshold does of 3H-phenylbutazone i.v. administered were eliminated from the blood like 14C-ASA in a biphasic process. During an experimentally produced inflammation of the joints, the blood level decreased rapidly. The concentration of radioactivity in the perfusion fluid was very low. 3. In constrast, 3H-indometacin injected like ASA and PBZ in subtherapeutic dosage diappeared from the blood in a threephasic process. The uptake into both the normal and the inflamed synovial space was biphasic. Under both conditions the perfusion fluid contained low concentrations of the drug. 4. 3H-dexamethasone (subtherapeutic dosage) displayed a biphasis fall of concentration in the blood: a fast first phase and a slower second phase. With inflammation of the kneejoint, the elimination was characterized by a three-phase slope and was significantly faster compared with control animals. While the alterations of ASA and indometacin level in the perfusion fluid were corresponding to the decrease of the blood concentration, the uptake of dexamethasone into the synovial space did not show any change. 5. Under control conditions. 3H-dexamethasone (subthreshold doses) injected intraariculary was rapidly detectalbe in the blood. However, systemic absorption was considerably faster under inflammation conditions; the blood level was lower than following administration of 3H-dexamethasone into the normal knee-joint, the distribution from which was not uniform. After pretreating the animals with high does of hydrocortisonacetate, the i.v. application of 3H-dexamethasone was followed by a delayed first phase of the biphasis process of elimination. 6. Autoradiographic studies revealed 14C-ASA to be accumulated in the synovial fluid under normal conditions and in the periaricular connective tissue under inflammation conditions.", "contents": "[Antiphiogistic drugs. Sudies on the pharmocokinetics of anti-inflammatory agents]. The kinetic behaviour of radioactively labeled acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), phenylbutazone (PBZ), indometacin and dexamethasone in rabbits with knee joints experimentally inflamed can be summarized as follows: 1. Under control (non-inflammation) conditions as well as during inflammation, subthreshold doses of 14C-ASA intravenously (i.v.) administered were eliminated from the blood in a fast and slow biphasis process. The changes of the concentration in the perfusion fluid were very similar compared to the changes in the blood. However, they were enhanced during experimentally induced synovitis. 2. Subthreshold does of 3H-phenylbutazone i.v. administered were eliminated from the blood like 14C-ASA in a biphasic process. During an experimentally produced inflammation of the joints, the blood level decreased rapidly. The concentration of radioactivity in the perfusion fluid was very low. 3. In constrast, 3H-indometacin injected like ASA and PBZ in subtherapeutic dosage diappeared from the blood in a threephasic process. The uptake into both the normal and the inflamed synovial space was biphasic. Under both conditions the perfusion fluid contained low concentrations of the drug. 4. 3H-dexamethasone (subtherapeutic dosage) displayed a biphasis fall of concentration in the blood: a fast first phase and a slower second phase. With inflammation of the kneejoint, the elimination was characterized by a three-phase slope and was significantly faster compared with control animals. While the alterations of ASA and indometacin level in the perfusion fluid were corresponding to the decrease of the blood concentration, the uptake of dexamethasone into the synovial space did not show any change. 5. Under control conditions. 3H-dexamethasone (subthreshold doses) injected intraariculary was rapidly detectalbe in the blood. However, systemic absorption was considerably faster under inflammation conditions; the blood level was lower than following administration of 3H-dexamethasone into the normal knee-joint, the distribution from which was not uniform. After pretreating the animals with high does of hydrocortisonacetate, the i.v. application of 3H-dexamethasone was followed by a delayed first phase of the biphasis process of elimination. 6. Autoradiographic studies revealed 14C-ASA to be accumulated in the synovial fluid under normal conditions and in the periaricular connective tissue under inflammation conditions.", "PMID": 838428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3190", "title": "The mechanism of adipocere formation 1. Identification and chemical properties of hydroxy fatty acids in adipocere.", "content": "The hydroxy fatty acid purified from the adipocere, m.p. 78.5 degrees -79.0 degrees C, was optically inactive and the adipocere contained about 3 to 20% hydroxy fatty acid of the total fatty acids. The melting point of the hydroxy fatty acid was nearly identical with that of the 10-D, L-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid synthesized organically, suggesting that the hydroxy fatty acid in the adipocere appears to be converted non-enzymatically. In the adipocere two hydroxy fatty acid components were detected by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). The major and minor components were identified as 10-hydroxyoctadecanoic and 10-hydroxyhexadecanoic acids, respectively, by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). These hydroxy fatty acids found in the adipocere appear to play an important role on the formation of adipocere.", "contents": "The mechanism of adipocere formation 1. Identification and chemical properties of hydroxy fatty acids in adipocere. The hydroxy fatty acid purified from the adipocere, m.p. 78.5 degrees -79.0 degrees C, was optically inactive and the adipocere contained about 3 to 20% hydroxy fatty acid of the total fatty acids. The melting point of the hydroxy fatty acid was nearly identical with that of the 10-D, L-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid synthesized organically, suggesting that the hydroxy fatty acid in the adipocere appears to be converted non-enzymatically. In the adipocere two hydroxy fatty acid components were detected by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). The major and minor components were identified as 10-hydroxyoctadecanoic and 10-hydroxyhexadecanoic acids, respectively, by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). These hydroxy fatty acids found in the adipocere appear to play an important role on the formation of adipocere.", "PMID": 838419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3191", "title": "[Anatomic principles as a prerequisite for the diagnosis of knee-ligament injuries in skiing].", "content": "The anatomy of the capsulo-ligamentous structures is most important because of its immense significance for the physiology of the knee joint and its high danger to lesions. On the other hand there exists new knowledge of anatomy which leads to a revision of the importance of the clinical findings. It must be emphasized that the capsule is as essential for the passive stability of the joint as the 4 known main ligaments. Therefore, the instability of varus and valgus must be tested in full extension and in slight flexion of 20 to 30 degrees. To exclude rotatory instability the anterior drawer test of Slocum and Larson (1968) must be routinely performed. If the rotatory drawer sign is positive a lesion of the dorsal capsule and the anterior cruciate ligament is to be suspected.", "contents": "[Anatomic principles as a prerequisite for the diagnosis of knee-ligament injuries in skiing]. The anatomy of the capsulo-ligamentous structures is most important because of its immense significance for the physiology of the knee joint and its high danger to lesions. On the other hand there exists new knowledge of anatomy which leads to a revision of the importance of the clinical findings. It must be emphasized that the capsule is as essential for the passive stability of the joint as the 4 known main ligaments. Therefore, the instability of varus and valgus must be tested in full extension and in slight flexion of 20 to 30 degrees. To exclude rotatory instability the anterior drawer test of Slocum and Larson (1968) must be routinely performed. If the rotatory drawer sign is positive a lesion of the dorsal capsule and the anterior cruciate ligament is to be suspected.", "PMID": 838431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3192", "title": "[Incidence and type of injuries in icehockey].", "content": "This investigation analyzes 79 injuries of players of the German Ice-Hockey-National-Team which happened in 37 international games from 1974 to 1976. 36% of the injuries are caused by the stick, which corresponds to the reports of literature. Serious injuries, especially head injuries can be reduced if the following rules are observed: Good conditioning of the players, equipment according to regulations with helm and mouth protection during training and game, exact control of the game by the referees.", "contents": "[Incidence and type of injuries in icehockey]. This investigation analyzes 79 injuries of players of the German Ice-Hockey-National-Team which happened in 37 international games from 1974 to 1976. 36% of the injuries are caused by the stick, which corresponds to the reports of literature. Serious injuries, especially head injuries can be reduced if the following rules are observed: Good conditioning of the players, equipment according to regulations with helm and mouth protection during training and game, exact control of the game by the referees.", "PMID": 838433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3193", "title": "[Weather and disease].", "content": "About one third of our population is weather-sensitive. The specific symptoms depend from age, sex, health state and social class. A great number of meteorotropic diseases are either caused or intensified by certain meteorological events. The same is true for both alterations of common fitness and physiological parameters. The most important correlation-statistical results from different meteorological study-groups of the past decennials are summarized. By means of these tabularies the physician is able to recognize weather-dependent diseases. The telephone-service of the Deutschen Wetterdienst (bioprog) keeps him informed of the actual weather-situation. Taking advantage of these possibilities every physician can give prophylactic medicare.", "contents": "[Weather and disease]. About one third of our population is weather-sensitive. The specific symptoms depend from age, sex, health state and social class. A great number of meteorotropic diseases are either caused or intensified by certain meteorological events. The same is true for both alterations of common fitness and physiological parameters. The most important correlation-statistical results from different meteorological study-groups of the past decennials are summarized. By means of these tabularies the physician is able to recognize weather-dependent diseases. The telephone-service of the Deutschen Wetterdienst (bioprog) keeps him informed of the actual weather-situation. Taking advantage of these possibilities every physician can give prophylactic medicare.", "PMID": 838436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3194", "title": "[Pilon fracture of the skier].", "content": "Comminuted intraarticular fractures of the distal end of the tibia have considerably increased. This is due to the modern manner and equipment of skiing. Skiing is the cause of these lesions in about 80%. According to the mechanism of the accident and to the localization of the damage of the bone there are special types of fracture. The diagnosis on the X-ray picture is easy. A great problem is the therapy as the joint is mostly considerably damaged. Today the operative reconstruction with the modern procedure of osteosynthesis accoriding to the principles of ASIF is generally accepted. Even if the operative therapy is optimal the late results are not satisfactory in a high number of cases. A chance for prophylaxis is only expected in the responsible behaviour of the skier.", "contents": "[Pilon fracture of the skier]. Comminuted intraarticular fractures of the distal end of the tibia have considerably increased. This is due to the modern manner and equipment of skiing. Skiing is the cause of these lesions in about 80%. According to the mechanism of the accident and to the localization of the damage of the bone there are special types of fracture. The diagnosis on the X-ray picture is easy. A great problem is the therapy as the joint is mostly considerably damaged. Today the operative reconstruction with the modern procedure of osteosynthesis accoriding to the principles of ASIF is generally accepted. Even if the operative therapy is optimal the late results are not satisfactory in a high number of cases. A chance for prophylaxis is only expected in the responsible behaviour of the skier.", "PMID": 838437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3195", "title": "[Model of intramedullary compression-osteosynthesis procedure for the humerus].", "content": "A method of osteosynthesis is being tested for its effectiveness by means of physican and experimental study and animal research. This could make it possible to stabilize fractures of the humerus diaphysis safely with pressure produced intramedullary on the interfragmentary, that is to say through \"Kompressions-B\u00fcndelnagelung\" (compression bundle nailing). Rating tests on skelleted animal bones have shown stability on quasi natural fractures surpassing the exercise load called for the upper arm. This procedure, however, does not prove rating stability by sole means of staying osteosynthesis with only one pair of nails on diagonal (sawed through) fractures of tibia diaphysis. Rating stability is gained however--even with unrelenting use--through \"Kompressions-B\u00fcndelnagelung\", that is an additional filling in the medulla ossium with a bundle of nails, the fracture having been braced already with the first pair of nails. To use this technique routinely a further simplification of process is necessary much like the one solving the distal guying. Also a reposition instrument is needed which would anable simple nailing. Such a repositor is now being tested at our clinics.", "contents": "[Model of intramedullary compression-osteosynthesis procedure for the humerus]. A method of osteosynthesis is being tested for its effectiveness by means of physican and experimental study and animal research. This could make it possible to stabilize fractures of the humerus diaphysis safely with pressure produced intramedullary on the interfragmentary, that is to say through \"Kompressions-B\u00fcndelnagelung\" (compression bundle nailing). Rating tests on skelleted animal bones have shown stability on quasi natural fractures surpassing the exercise load called for the upper arm. This procedure, however, does not prove rating stability by sole means of staying osteosynthesis with only one pair of nails on diagonal (sawed through) fractures of tibia diaphysis. Rating stability is gained however--even with unrelenting use--through \"Kompressions-B\u00fcndelnagelung\", that is an additional filling in the medulla ossium with a bundle of nails, the fracture having been braced already with the first pair of nails. To use this technique routinely a further simplification of process is necessary much like the one solving the distal guying. Also a reposition instrument is needed which would anable simple nailing. Such a repositor is now being tested at our clinics.", "PMID": 838440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3196", "title": "[Vaccination in childhood. Indications towards change].", "content": "Indications of vaccinations in childhood are changing due to the development of new vaccines and to changes of the epidemiological situation. In Germany one of the most controversial vaccinations is the BCG-immunization. Regarding our own experiences in the northern part of Bavaria we recommend the BCG-vaccination of all newborn infants. Indication of vaccination against tetanus remains unchanged. All children should be immunized against diphtheria. To protect against measles and parotitis epidemica we use the combined measles-parotitis-vaccine in the second year of life. The indication of vaccination against smallpox changed meanwhile due to the changed legal situation and the nearly complete eradication of smallpox in the world. Before puberty all girls should be vaccinated against rubella. To fight poliomyelitis oral vaccination is necessary.", "contents": "[Vaccination in childhood. Indications towards change]. Indications of vaccinations in childhood are changing due to the development of new vaccines and to changes of the epidemiological situation. In Germany one of the most controversial vaccinations is the BCG-immunization. Regarding our own experiences in the northern part of Bavaria we recommend the BCG-vaccination of all newborn infants. Indication of vaccination against tetanus remains unchanged. All children should be immunized against diphtheria. To protect against measles and parotitis epidemica we use the combined measles-parotitis-vaccine in the second year of life. The indication of vaccination against smallpox changed meanwhile due to the changed legal situation and the nearly complete eradication of smallpox in the world. Before puberty all girls should be vaccinated against rubella. To fight poliomyelitis oral vaccination is necessary.", "PMID": 838443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3197", "title": "[Risk factors in juveniles. Indications of cardiovascular risk in higher-grade school children of Cologne].", "content": "During the last years several studies on the cardiovascular risk-profile of children and adolescents have been started. About 6000 pupils between 15 and 19 years of age have been examined in a cross-sectional investigation in Cologne 1975. One third of them underwent a reexamination in 1976 (80% of the eligible population). The results of the 1975-survey indicate that between 5 and 15% of these adolescents show the following risk-factors in varying combinations: systolic blood pressure above 140 mmHg, cholesterol above 225 mg/100 ml, uric acid above 7 mg/100 ml, smoking of more than 20 cigarettes per day, Broca-weight-index of more than 1,0. The gross partial correlation factors indicate a relatively close association between systolic blood pressure, cholesterol and weight. Some of the risk-factors in adolescents can probably be traced throughout longer periods, thus systolic blood pressure was measured repeatedly in high categories for the same individuals (with a predicitve value of about 50%). The Cologne-study is to be continued for high risk-groups as a long-time-follow-up study.", "contents": "[Risk factors in juveniles. Indications of cardiovascular risk in higher-grade school children of Cologne]. During the last years several studies on the cardiovascular risk-profile of children and adolescents have been started. About 6000 pupils between 15 and 19 years of age have been examined in a cross-sectional investigation in Cologne 1975. One third of them underwent a reexamination in 1976 (80% of the eligible population). The results of the 1975-survey indicate that between 5 and 15% of these adolescents show the following risk-factors in varying combinations: systolic blood pressure above 140 mmHg, cholesterol above 225 mg/100 ml, uric acid above 7 mg/100 ml, smoking of more than 20 cigarettes per day, Broca-weight-index of more than 1,0. The gross partial correlation factors indicate a relatively close association between systolic blood pressure, cholesterol and weight. Some of the risk-factors in adolescents can probably be traced throughout longer periods, thus systolic blood pressure was measured repeatedly in high categories for the same individuals (with a predicitve value of about 50%). The Cologne-study is to be continued for high risk-groups as a long-time-follow-up study.", "PMID": 838444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3198", "title": "[Radioimmunologic determination of immunoglobulin E in neoplasms].", "content": "3000 IgE serum concentrations were determine d radioimmunologically in a large group of 1616 tumor patients and a group of 308 controls. Because of a wide scattering the individual IgE levels do not give a diagnostic indication. On the other hand we have found a highly significant difference (p less than 0.001) between the IgE levels of male and female tumor patient-groups, which does not exist among the controls. Female patients tend to lower, male patients to higher levels. In patients with carcinoma of the testis three times higher IgE levels were found. Their relation to a coincidence with high HCG levels is discussed. Furthermore IgE follow up-studies are described. They correlate close by with the clinical picture. Consequently IgE follow up-studies are applicable to tumor prognosis and possibly to tumor therapy.", "contents": "[Radioimmunologic determination of immunoglobulin E in neoplasms]. 3000 IgE serum concentrations were determine d radioimmunologically in a large group of 1616 tumor patients and a group of 308 controls. Because of a wide scattering the individual IgE levels do not give a diagnostic indication. On the other hand we have found a highly significant difference (p less than 0.001) between the IgE levels of male and female tumor patient-groups, which does not exist among the controls. Female patients tend to lower, male patients to higher levels. In patients with carcinoma of the testis three times higher IgE levels were found. Their relation to a coincidence with high HCG levels is discussed. Furthermore IgE follow up-studies are described. They correlate close by with the clinical picture. Consequently IgE follow up-studies are applicable to tumor prognosis and possibly to tumor therapy.", "PMID": 838446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3199", "title": "[Acute liver damage due to thioacetamide. Morphology, biochemistry and neurophysiologic comparison with cerebrotoxic substances].", "content": "Morphology, biochemistry and neurophysiological comparisons with effects of brain-toxic substances. The acute damage of the liver by thioacetamide is characterized neurophysiologically by a far--reached synchronous beginning of cortical and subcortical alteration of activity, a retardation of cortical and subcortical EEG, threshold increase of the EEG--arousal reaction, reductions in amplitude of centrally evoked potentials and increase of acoustically evoked potentials. We impute that according to an acute \"toxic\" damage of the liver a \"membrane hyperpolarisation\" results in all or nearly all areas of the brain. A general decrease of excitability of the brain seems consequently plausible. In opposition to this results only activities of the cortex or structures nearby the cortex (areas above the midbrain reticular formation) will be affected by exogenous arterial hyperammoniemia up to 1700 mug/100 ml.", "contents": "[Acute liver damage due to thioacetamide. Morphology, biochemistry and neurophysiologic comparison with cerebrotoxic substances]. Morphology, biochemistry and neurophysiological comparisons with effects of brain-toxic substances. The acute damage of the liver by thioacetamide is characterized neurophysiologically by a far--reached synchronous beginning of cortical and subcortical alteration of activity, a retardation of cortical and subcortical EEG, threshold increase of the EEG--arousal reaction, reductions in amplitude of centrally evoked potentials and increase of acoustically evoked potentials. We impute that according to an acute \"toxic\" damage of the liver a \"membrane hyperpolarisation\" results in all or nearly all areas of the brain. A general decrease of excitability of the brain seems consequently plausible. In opposition to this results only activities of the cortex or structures nearby the cortex (areas above the midbrain reticular formation) will be affected by exogenous arterial hyperammoniemia up to 1700 mug/100 ml.", "PMID": 838448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3200", "title": "[Macromolecular biochemistry of normal and pathological white blood cells in man].", "content": "Leucocytes from normal donors and leukemia patients were isolated and lebelled in vitro with 32P-orthophosphate in order to compare labelling characteristics of nuclear high-molecular weight RNA, labelling characteristics, nucleotide compositions and oligonucleotide frequencies of ribosomal 28 S RNA. These studies revealed 1. structural microheterogeneity of 28 S RNA between the various leukemia cells studies without presenting a leukemia-specific structural marker, 2. an impaired production of ribosomal 28 S RNA from its nuclear precursor 45 S RNA in acute myeloblastic leukemia compared to PHA-stimulated normal lymphocytes. In the second part of this work, the influence of RNA from immunocompetent lymphocytes on the PHA-stimulation of M. Hodgkin lymphocytes was analyzed; the third part deals with studies on macromolecular carriers forcytostatic anthracyclines in human leukemia cells.", "contents": "[Macromolecular biochemistry of normal and pathological white blood cells in man]. Leucocytes from normal donors and leukemia patients were isolated and lebelled in vitro with 32P-orthophosphate in order to compare labelling characteristics of nuclear high-molecular weight RNA, labelling characteristics, nucleotide compositions and oligonucleotide frequencies of ribosomal 28 S RNA. These studies revealed 1. structural microheterogeneity of 28 S RNA between the various leukemia cells studies without presenting a leukemia-specific structural marker, 2. an impaired production of ribosomal 28 S RNA from its nuclear precursor 45 S RNA in acute myeloblastic leukemia compared to PHA-stimulated normal lymphocytes. In the second part of this work, the influence of RNA from immunocompetent lymphocytes on the PHA-stimulation of M. Hodgkin lymphocytes was analyzed; the third part deals with studies on macromolecular carriers forcytostatic anthracyclines in human leukemia cells.", "PMID": 838449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3201", "title": "[Important occupational diseases and their prevention].", "content": "In spite of the increasing industrialization no increase in tht total number of occupational diseases has been registered during the past 10 years. This fact must mainly be attributed to the improvement in the security measures taken in all occupational fields and the extension of the occupational medical care. Nevertheless, we are actually faced with a high number of occupational diseases. While the frequency of diseases diminished obviously for some occupational diseases, it increases for others partly considerably. The change in the structure of the statistics concerning occupational diseases is, amongst others and besides the continuous change of technic and the development of new products, also due to alterations of the law respective to the accident insurance right. In this connexion it is referred to the deafness due to noisy working conditions. Among the 10 most frequent occupational diseases, which are mainly manifested in internal organs, some--like pneumoconioses and lead-poisoning--are regarded as classic but still actual occupational diseases. Contrary to this, other occupational diseases--like asthma bronchiale or health injuries by halogen-hydrocarbon--became increasingly important only during the last few years. Corresponding details are given. The danger of health through working material or working methods will in most cases be recognized only after years of occupation. Very often the discovered diseases at that time are no longer reversibel. Consequently, the main task of the doctors for occupational diseases is the prevention of occupational diseases. In 1971 the professional associations put together, in cooperation with occupational medical experts, uniform principles for the necessary preventional examinations in the field of occupational medicien. The quality of the tests carried out with reference to suitability and supervision of working places as well as the extension of such tests to all fields of occupational danger will determine whether or not the number of occupational--therefore not fatal-diseases will decrease essentially.", "contents": "[Important occupational diseases and their prevention]. In spite of the increasing industrialization no increase in tht total number of occupational diseases has been registered during the past 10 years. This fact must mainly be attributed to the improvement in the security measures taken in all occupational fields and the extension of the occupational medical care. Nevertheless, we are actually faced with a high number of occupational diseases. While the frequency of diseases diminished obviously for some occupational diseases, it increases for others partly considerably. The change in the structure of the statistics concerning occupational diseases is, amongst others and besides the continuous change of technic and the development of new products, also due to alterations of the law respective to the accident insurance right. In this connexion it is referred to the deafness due to noisy working conditions. Among the 10 most frequent occupational diseases, which are mainly manifested in internal organs, some--like pneumoconioses and lead-poisoning--are regarded as classic but still actual occupational diseases. Contrary to this, other occupational diseases--like asthma bronchiale or health injuries by halogen-hydrocarbon--became increasingly important only during the last few years. Corresponding details are given. The danger of health through working material or working methods will in most cases be recognized only after years of occupation. Very often the discovered diseases at that time are no longer reversibel. Consequently, the main task of the doctors for occupational diseases is the prevention of occupational diseases. In 1971 the professional associations put together, in cooperation with occupational medical experts, uniform principles for the necessary preventional examinations in the field of occupational medicien. The quality of the tests carried out with reference to suitability and supervision of working places as well as the extension of such tests to all fields of occupational danger will determine whether or not the number of occupational--therefore not fatal-diseases will decrease essentially.", "PMID": 838450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3202", "title": "[Pindolol as an antihypertensive agent].", "content": "26 hypertensive patients groupded according to the severity-index and the WHO-index were treated with pindolol (monotherapy, 15 mg daily). The response of blood pressure depression was statistically significant, although not always sufficient when judged by clinical parameters. Plasma renin activity responded variably to the treatment in different patients and different groups. In 18 patients a statistically significant increase of serum potassium could be observed. No major side effects of therapy were encountered.", "contents": "[Pindolol as an antihypertensive agent]. 26 hypertensive patients groupded according to the severity-index and the WHO-index were treated with pindolol (monotherapy, 15 mg daily). The response of blood pressure depression was statistically significant, although not always sufficient when judged by clinical parameters. Plasma renin activity responded variably to the treatment in different patients and different groups. In 18 patients a statistically significant increase of serum potassium could be observed. No major side effects of therapy were encountered.", "PMID": 838451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3203", "title": "[Syndrome of the unilateral or partially \"hyperlucent lung\"].", "content": "The paper presents the picture of the unilateral or partial \"hyperlucent lung\" syndrome. The most common causes of this anomaly are described according to pathological and anatomical criteria. The difficult diagnosis of its X-ray-appearance is discussed. The value of differential diagnostic criteria is demonstrated in suitable cases. Differentiation from the pseudo-syndrome is also outlined. Various methods of radiological examination are described and evaluated.", "contents": "[Syndrome of the unilateral or partially \"hyperlucent lung\"]. The paper presents the picture of the unilateral or partial \"hyperlucent lung\" syndrome. The most common causes of this anomaly are described according to pathological and anatomical criteria. The difficult diagnosis of its X-ray-appearance is discussed. The value of differential diagnostic criteria is demonstrated in suitable cases. Differentiation from the pseudo-syndrome is also outlined. Various methods of radiological examination are described and evaluated.", "PMID": 838453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3204", "title": "[Cryptogenetic facial paralysis. Studies on the disease course].", "content": "A report on 22 patients with idiopathic facial paralysis is given. A systematic interdisplinary examination in short intervals was carried out. The efficiency of the more time consuming and technically more difficult methods was checked. At the same time it was investigated whether as a result of these findings new aspects of early therapy and prognosis could be expected.", "contents": "[Cryptogenetic facial paralysis. Studies on the disease course]. A report on 22 patients with idiopathic facial paralysis is given. A systematic interdisplinary examination in short intervals was carried out. The efficiency of the more time consuming and technically more difficult methods was checked. At the same time it was investigated whether as a result of these findings new aspects of early therapy and prognosis could be expected.", "PMID": 838454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3205", "title": "[Psychological reactions due to death of spouse].", "content": "Bereavement is one of the most frequent and severe stress situations in human life. Studies on the work of mourning are reviewed and discussed. Bereavement produces reactive depressions very similar to those after other severe losses. Cultural influences are of importance. Results of the first trials on prevention of ill-health following bereavement are reviewed.", "contents": "[Psychological reactions due to death of spouse]. Bereavement is one of the most frequent and severe stress situations in human life. Studies on the work of mourning are reviewed and discussed. Bereavement produces reactive depressions very similar to those after other severe losses. Cultural influences are of importance. Results of the first trials on prevention of ill-health following bereavement are reviewed.", "PMID": 838455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3206", "title": "[Anemia in terminal kidney failure. Pathogenesis and therapy].", "content": "Various factors are involved in the pathogenesis of anemia in dialysis patients. Reduced erythropoiesis is mainly attributed to erythropoietin deficiency. Stimulation of erythropoiesis may be promoted by androgens. Substitution of iron is recommended in case of iron deficiency. As a rule, supplementation of vitamin B12 is not necessary, but administration of folic acid is recommended. Treatment of anemia in renal failure is rendered more effective by increased technical efficiency in hemodialysis permitting a relatively protein-rich diet. Blood transfusions are not necessary during routine treatment of dialysis. Since bilateral nephrectomy will always provoke severe anemia, it should be reserved to special cases of severe hypertension. Until now, no conservative therapy has been developed which would allow optimal treatment of anemia in dialysis patients. Successful renal transplantation still is, and will be, the best therapeutic intervention.", "contents": "[Anemia in terminal kidney failure. Pathogenesis and therapy]. Various factors are involved in the pathogenesis of anemia in dialysis patients. Reduced erythropoiesis is mainly attributed to erythropoietin deficiency. Stimulation of erythropoiesis may be promoted by androgens. Substitution of iron is recommended in case of iron deficiency. As a rule, supplementation of vitamin B12 is not necessary, but administration of folic acid is recommended. Treatment of anemia in renal failure is rendered more effective by increased technical efficiency in hemodialysis permitting a relatively protein-rich diet. Blood transfusions are not necessary during routine treatment of dialysis. Since bilateral nephrectomy will always provoke severe anemia, it should be reserved to special cases of severe hypertension. Until now, no conservative therapy has been developed which would allow optimal treatment of anemia in dialysis patients. Successful renal transplantation still is, and will be, the best therapeutic intervention.", "PMID": 838456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3207", "title": "[Experimental induction of maligant tumors in the urinary bladder of the rabbit].", "content": "Suspended material of Brown-Pearce carcinoma is qualified for producing bladder tumors in rabbits after injection into the wall of the exposed, but not opened bladder. The advantages are the rapid growing and the possibility of controlling by endoscopy and radiography. At present we use this tumor-pattern for examination of the effect of different laser beams in experimental bladder tumors.", "contents": "[Experimental induction of maligant tumors in the urinary bladder of the rabbit]. Suspended material of Brown-Pearce carcinoma is qualified for producing bladder tumors in rabbits after injection into the wall of the exposed, but not opened bladder. The advantages are the rapid growing and the possibility of controlling by endoscopy and radiography. At present we use this tumor-pattern for examination of the effect of different laser beams in experimental bladder tumors.", "PMID": 838457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3208", "title": "[Results of irradiation in recurrent collum carcinoma].", "content": "From 1961 to 1970 82 patients with recurrent carcinoma of the uterine cervix were treated by Co60 biaxial pendular rotation therapy. The applicated dose was 4000 R, in some cases supplementary radium implants. This method of irradiation is especially suitable for treatment in recurrent cancer by the augmentation of the relative tumor dose. 46 cases were histologically confirmed, the others were parametric recurrences. The 5-year-survival-rate was 20.7%.", "contents": "[Results of irradiation in recurrent collum carcinoma]. From 1961 to 1970 82 patients with recurrent carcinoma of the uterine cervix were treated by Co60 biaxial pendular rotation therapy. The applicated dose was 4000 R, in some cases supplementary radium implants. This method of irradiation is especially suitable for treatment in recurrent cancer by the augmentation of the relative tumor dose. 46 cases were histologically confirmed, the others were parametric recurrences. The 5-year-survival-rate was 20.7%.", "PMID": 838459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3209", "title": "[Optimum delivery methods in breech presentation].", "content": "In 581 cases of breech presentation during the years 1966--1974 in 90% of cases delivery was possible vaginally. We prefered the method of L\u00f6vset und Veit-Smellie. Casarian section was performed in 9,5% of the cases, the mortality of the newborns was 14%. Without the premature newborns (less than 1000 gr), the cases of intrauterine deaths and not viable children with malformations the mortality was 5,6%. The perinatal mortality of the children or more than 2500 gr was merely 0,69%. The general enlargement of the indication for Caesarian section is not recommended.", "contents": "[Optimum delivery methods in breech presentation]. In 581 cases of breech presentation during the years 1966--1974 in 90% of cases delivery was possible vaginally. We prefered the method of L\u00f6vset und Veit-Smellie. Casarian section was performed in 9,5% of the cases, the mortality of the newborns was 14%. Without the premature newborns (less than 1000 gr), the cases of intrauterine deaths and not viable children with malformations the mortality was 5,6%. The perinatal mortality of the children or more than 2500 gr was merely 0,69%. The general enlargement of the indication for Caesarian section is not recommended.", "PMID": 838461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3210", "title": "[Health hazards due to industrial substances. A toxicologic environmental problem].", "content": "Work-site chemicals are substances which are employed in manufacturing industrial operations. Contact with such materials may present a hazard to health. Substantial hygienic significance is to be attached to the detection of such injurious potentials by experimental and theoretical toxicology. The preparation of toxicologic expertises on industrial materials presents many problems. The standard approach is to utilize scientific methods on the basis of defined experimental models and quantitative relationships. Judgment of the toxicologic relevance is guided by well-documented epidemiologic or experimental data and the study of case histories. After scientific validation the result is used in practice for setting threshold limit values (MAK's, MIK's) for occupational health purposes.", "contents": "[Health hazards due to industrial substances. A toxicologic environmental problem]. Work-site chemicals are substances which are employed in manufacturing industrial operations. Contact with such materials may present a hazard to health. Substantial hygienic significance is to be attached to the detection of such injurious potentials by experimental and theoretical toxicology. The preparation of toxicologic expertises on industrial materials presents many problems. The standard approach is to utilize scientific methods on the basis of defined experimental models and quantitative relationships. Judgment of the toxicologic relevance is guided by well-documented epidemiologic or experimental data and the study of case histories. After scientific validation the result is used in practice for setting threshold limit values (MAK's, MIK's) for occupational health purposes.", "PMID": 838462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3211", "title": "[A21-Asparaginimide] insulin. Saponification of insulin hexamethyl ester, I.", "content": "[Asn A21]Insulin is formed as the main product during alkaline saponification of insulin hexamethyl ester. Purification was achieved by gel chromatography followed by ion-exchange chromatography on carboxymethyl cellulose at pH 4 or by preparative isoelectric focusing in a granulated gel over a narrow pH range. Two main products could be isolated. One of them showed the electrophoretic behaviour of insulin (A), whilst the other corresponded to insulin with a blocked carboxyl function (B). Incubation of this product B with carboxypeptidase A liberated only the C-terminal alanine of the B-chain, but not the asparagine of the C-terminus of the A-chain. Chymotryptic digestion of the isolated S-sulfonate A-chain derivative (C) followed by high-voltage electrophoresis confirmed that the carboxyl function of asparagine A21 was blocked. In order to determine the free carboxyl functions of the A-chain derivative C, it was coupled with glycine methyl ester yielding D. Amino acid analysis of the chymotryptic peptides of D showed that the carboxyl functions of glutamic acid A4 and A17 had been free prior to coupling. The amino acid analysis of the enzymatic hydrolysate (subtilisin, aminopeptidase M) of the A-chain derivative C showed an additional peak with an elution position identical to the model compound aminosuccinimide. The biological activity of the [Asm A21[insulin was found to be about 40% in the fat cell test and 13.2 units/mg measured by the mouse convulsion method.", "contents": "[A21-Asparaginimide] insulin. Saponification of insulin hexamethyl ester, I. [Asn A21]Insulin is formed as the main product during alkaline saponification of insulin hexamethyl ester. Purification was achieved by gel chromatography followed by ion-exchange chromatography on carboxymethyl cellulose at pH 4 or by preparative isoelectric focusing in a granulated gel over a narrow pH range. Two main products could be isolated. One of them showed the electrophoretic behaviour of insulin (A), whilst the other corresponded to insulin with a blocked carboxyl function (B). Incubation of this product B with carboxypeptidase A liberated only the C-terminal alanine of the B-chain, but not the asparagine of the C-terminus of the A-chain. Chymotryptic digestion of the isolated S-sulfonate A-chain derivative (C) followed by high-voltage electrophoresis confirmed that the carboxyl function of asparagine A21 was blocked. In order to determine the free carboxyl functions of the A-chain derivative C, it was coupled with glycine methyl ester yielding D. Amino acid analysis of the chymotryptic peptides of D showed that the carboxyl functions of glutamic acid A4 and A17 had been free prior to coupling. The amino acid analysis of the enzymatic hydrolysate (subtilisin, aminopeptidase M) of the A-chain derivative C showed an additional peak with an elution position identical to the model compound aminosuccinimide. The biological activity of the [Asm A21[insulin was found to be about 40% in the fat cell test and 13.2 units/mg measured by the mouse convulsion method.", "PMID": 838463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3212", "title": "The fate of 131 I-labelled human pancreatic elastase after intraduodenal administration.", "content": "Human pancreatic elastase labelled with 131 I was administered into the duodenum through the fiberoptic gastro-duodenoscope in eight persons. Radioactivity was measured in their plasma, urine and feces during 72 h. 131 I was present in the plasma in a dialyzable form 15 min after administration in all but one person. In one case labelled elastase bound by alpha1-antitrypsin and alpha2-macroglobulin was recovered from plasma indicating absorption of elastase from the intestine. In all individuals most of the radioactivity (28 - 73%) was recovered in the urine. Their feces contained low amounts of labelled substance (0.9 - 7.0%), except in two individuals where large amounts of radioactivity were found in the feces of one person with diarrhoea (43%) and of another, who received oral treatment with antibiotics two months previously (22%). In the latter case endogenous elastase was also present in feces in considerable amounts.", "contents": "The fate of 131 I-labelled human pancreatic elastase after intraduodenal administration. Human pancreatic elastase labelled with 131 I was administered into the duodenum through the fiberoptic gastro-duodenoscope in eight persons. Radioactivity was measured in their plasma, urine and feces during 72 h. 131 I was present in the plasma in a dialyzable form 15 min after administration in all but one person. In one case labelled elastase bound by alpha1-antitrypsin and alpha2-macroglobulin was recovered from plasma indicating absorption of elastase from the intestine. In all individuals most of the radioactivity (28 - 73%) was recovered in the urine. Their feces contained low amounts of labelled substance (0.9 - 7.0%), except in two individuals where large amounts of radioactivity were found in the feces of one person with diarrhoea (43%) and of another, who received oral treatment with antibiotics two months previously (22%). In the latter case endogenous elastase was also present in feces in considerable amounts.", "PMID": 838464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3213", "title": "Galactosylation of different monogalactosyldiacylglycerols by cell-free preparations from pea leaves.", "content": "The formation of digalactosyldiglycerol (DGD) from monogalactosyldiglycerol (MDG) was studied in cell-free preparations from pea leaves. Under optimized conditions UDP-[U-14C]galactose was incorporated into a single lipid which was shown to be DGD by cochromatography before and after deacylation and by cocrystallization of the acetyl derivative. Seven MGD species were prepared which had different fatty acids and from zero to eight double bonds. These substrates were dispersed at identical overall concentrations by sonication in Triton X-100 solution and galactosylation rates were measured under optimized conditions. Galactosylation rates increased with the number of double bonds up to a total of six, beyond which the rate decreased again. These galactosylation rates cannot be related to difference in the diglyceride moieties of natural MGD and DGD.", "contents": "Galactosylation of different monogalactosyldiacylglycerols by cell-free preparations from pea leaves. The formation of digalactosyldiglycerol (DGD) from monogalactosyldiglycerol (MDG) was studied in cell-free preparations from pea leaves. Under optimized conditions UDP-[U-14C]galactose was incorporated into a single lipid which was shown to be DGD by cochromatography before and after deacylation and by cocrystallization of the acetyl derivative. Seven MGD species were prepared which had different fatty acids and from zero to eight double bonds. These substrates were dispersed at identical overall concentrations by sonication in Triton X-100 solution and galactosylation rates were measured under optimized conditions. Galactosylation rates increased with the number of double bonds up to a total of six, beyond which the rate decreased again. These galactosylation rates cannot be related to difference in the diglyceride moieties of natural MGD and DGD.", "PMID": 838468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3214", "title": "Hemoglobin M Oldenburg identified as HB alpha 2 87(F8)His replaced by Tyr beta 2.", "content": "The abnormal hemoblobin designated as Hb M Oldenburg and already characterized as alpha 2 (72,87 or 89)His replaced by Tyr beta 2 was further identified by isolation, amino acid analysis and automated sequencing of the altered tryptic peptide alpha TIX. In this peptide the histidine in the position 87 is replaced by a tyrosine reside. Thus Hb M Oldenburg has to be described as alpha 2 87(F8)His replaced by Tyr beta 2 and is, therefore, identical with the mutant hemoblobins M Iwate and M Kankakee.", "contents": "Hemoglobin M Oldenburg identified as HB alpha 2 87(F8)His replaced by Tyr beta 2. The abnormal hemoblobin designated as Hb M Oldenburg and already characterized as alpha 2 (72,87 or 89)His replaced by Tyr beta 2 was further identified by isolation, amino acid analysis and automated sequencing of the altered tryptic peptide alpha TIX. In this peptide the histidine in the position 87 is replaced by a tyrosine reside. Thus Hb M Oldenburg has to be described as alpha 2 87(F8)His replaced by Tyr beta 2 and is, therefore, identical with the mutant hemoblobins M Iwate and M Kankakee.", "PMID": 838469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3215", "title": "The topography of porcine lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme H4. The identification of lysines on the surface.", "content": "Porcine lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme H4 was treated with methyl 6-(2,4-dinitrophenylamino)hexanimidate hydrochloride and the lysines modified hereby were identified. For this purpose 20 chymotryptic-tryptic N epsilon-[6-(2,4-dinitrophenylamino)hexanimidoyl]lysine containing peptides were isolated by means of gel chromatography, countercurrent distribution, thin-layer chromatography and ion-exchange chromatography. Their amino acid composition, the amino end groups and their electrophoretic mobilities were determined. With these data, the known primary structure of the procine lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme H4 and the 6-A resolution structure analysis performed by Rossmann et al.[1] we identified the following lysines on the surface of the quarternary structure of the enzyme: no. 4, 6, 60, 77, 82, 121, 157, 179, 226, 230, 241, 306, 308, 316, 327 and 330. No modified lysine peptides were found in the intersubunit binding sites.", "contents": "The topography of porcine lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme H4. The identification of lysines on the surface. Porcine lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme H4 was treated with methyl 6-(2,4-dinitrophenylamino)hexanimidate hydrochloride and the lysines modified hereby were identified. For this purpose 20 chymotryptic-tryptic N epsilon-[6-(2,4-dinitrophenylamino)hexanimidoyl]lysine containing peptides were isolated by means of gel chromatography, countercurrent distribution, thin-layer chromatography and ion-exchange chromatography. Their amino acid composition, the amino end groups and their electrophoretic mobilities were determined. With these data, the known primary structure of the procine lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme H4 and the 6-A resolution structure analysis performed by Rossmann et al.[1] we identified the following lysines on the surface of the quarternary structure of the enzyme: no. 4, 6, 60, 77, 82, 121, 157, 179, 226, 230, 241, 306, 308, 316, 327 and 330. No modified lysine peptides were found in the intersubunit binding sites.", "PMID": 838470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3216", "title": "X-ray photoelectron spectrometry of copper-thiouracil complexes.", "content": "X-ray photoelectron spectrometry was applied to evaluate the correct oxidation number of copper in complexes with 2-thiouracil, 6-amino-2-thiouracil and 6-methyl-2-thiouracil. Regardless of the mode of preparation exclusively Cu(I) was bound to the different thiouracil compounds, producing one homogeneous signal of the Cu2p3/2 electrons at 932.5 eV. Upon oxidation with H2O2, a typical Cu(II) satellite appeared in the main signal of the Cu2p3/2 level was shifted to higher binding energy values. The reaction of Cu(II) with thioracil yielded identical complexes as above, in which Cu had the formal oxidation state +I. During this reaction portions of the thiouracil were oxidized to 2,2'-dithiobis(4-pyrimidinol) [bis(4-hydroxy-2-pyrimidinyl)disulphide], as seen by the shifted sulphur 2p signals to 163.5 eV. After treating the Cu-thiouracil complexes with H2O2, the simultaneous presence of sulphur species having the oxidation states RStheta (161 eV), RSSR (163.5 eV) and RSOtheta3 (168.5 eV) is indicated by the ESCA signals monitored.", "contents": "X-ray photoelectron spectrometry of copper-thiouracil complexes. X-ray photoelectron spectrometry was applied to evaluate the correct oxidation number of copper in complexes with 2-thiouracil, 6-amino-2-thiouracil and 6-methyl-2-thiouracil. Regardless of the mode of preparation exclusively Cu(I) was bound to the different thiouracil compounds, producing one homogeneous signal of the Cu2p3/2 electrons at 932.5 eV. Upon oxidation with H2O2, a typical Cu(II) satellite appeared in the main signal of the Cu2p3/2 level was shifted to higher binding energy values. The reaction of Cu(II) with thioracil yielded identical complexes as above, in which Cu had the formal oxidation state +I. During this reaction portions of the thiouracil were oxidized to 2,2'-dithiobis(4-pyrimidinol) [bis(4-hydroxy-2-pyrimidinyl)disulphide], as seen by the shifted sulphur 2p signals to 163.5 eV. After treating the Cu-thiouracil complexes with H2O2, the simultaneous presence of sulphur species having the oxidation states RStheta (161 eV), RSSR (163.5 eV) and RSOtheta3 (168.5 eV) is indicated by the ESCA signals monitored.", "PMID": 838471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3217", "title": "The influence of glycosaminoglycans on the synthesis of polyphenylalanine by rat liver ribosomes.", "content": "Of the natural glycosaminoglycans tested, only heparin was a potent inhibitor of poly (U)-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis by rat liver ribosomes (50% inhibition at 10 mug/ml). A chemically oversulfated chondroitin sulfate was twice as effective, and another synthetic polyanion, sodium pentosan polysulfate was ten times more effective than heparin. Chondroitin-4,6-sulfate was inhibitory at very high concentrations (15 mg/ml) and heparan sulfate at concentrations above 100 mug/ml. The compounds interfere with the formation of ternary complex consisting of the ribosome, poly(U) and phenylalanyl-tRNA. The inhibitors prevented the attachment of the mRNA to the ribosome, probably by competition with poly(U) for the ribosomal binding site of mRNA. However, they were ineffective in doing so once phenylalanyl-tRNA has bound to the ribosomepoly(U) complex. Sucrose gradient analysis in presence of the inhibitors revealed a selective effect on the sedimentation of the small ribosomal subunit; the large subunit was unaltered. This effect, however, was dependent on the concentration of magnesium. In contrast to Escherichia coli ribosomes, no binding of the inhibitors to the particles could be demonstrated.", "contents": "The influence of glycosaminoglycans on the synthesis of polyphenylalanine by rat liver ribosomes. Of the natural glycosaminoglycans tested, only heparin was a potent inhibitor of poly (U)-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis by rat liver ribosomes (50% inhibition at 10 mug/ml). A chemically oversulfated chondroitin sulfate was twice as effective, and another synthetic polyanion, sodium pentosan polysulfate was ten times more effective than heparin. Chondroitin-4,6-sulfate was inhibitory at very high concentrations (15 mg/ml) and heparan sulfate at concentrations above 100 mug/ml. The compounds interfere with the formation of ternary complex consisting of the ribosome, poly(U) and phenylalanyl-tRNA. The inhibitors prevented the attachment of the mRNA to the ribosome, probably by competition with poly(U) for the ribosomal binding site of mRNA. However, they were ineffective in doing so once phenylalanyl-tRNA has bound to the ribosomepoly(U) complex. Sucrose gradient analysis in presence of the inhibitors revealed a selective effect on the sedimentation of the small ribosomal subunit; the large subunit was unaltered. This effect, however, was dependent on the concentration of magnesium. In contrast to Escherichia coli ribosomes, no binding of the inhibitors to the particles could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 838472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3218", "title": "Snake venom toxin. The amino acid sequence of three toxins (CM-2h, CM-4b and CM-6) from Naja haje annulifera (Egyptian cobra) venom.", "content": "Three toxins CM-2h, CM-4b and CM-6 were purified from the venom of Naja haje annulifera by gel filtration on Sephadex and by ion-exchange chromatography on CM-cellulose. They comprise 60 amino acid residues and are cross-linked by four intrachain disulphide bridges. The complete amino acid sequences of the three toxins have been elucidated. The toxicities, the serological properties, the sequences and the invariant amino acid residues of toxin CM-2h, CM-4b and CM-6 resemble the corresponding properties of the cytotoxin group.", "contents": "Snake venom toxin. The amino acid sequence of three toxins (CM-2h, CM-4b and CM-6) from Naja haje annulifera (Egyptian cobra) venom. Three toxins CM-2h, CM-4b and CM-6 were purified from the venom of Naja haje annulifera by gel filtration on Sephadex and by ion-exchange chromatography on CM-cellulose. They comprise 60 amino acid residues and are cross-linked by four intrachain disulphide bridges. The complete amino acid sequences of the three toxins have been elucidated. The toxicities, the serological properties, the sequences and the invariant amino acid residues of toxin CM-2h, CM-4b and CM-6 resemble the corresponding properties of the cytotoxin group.", "PMID": 838473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3219", "title": "Drug bioavailability studies.", "content": "All drugs are not created equal even if the pharmacopoeia seems to suggest they are. Factors that affect bioavailability among drugs of the same type (especially oral drugs) include not only disintegration and absorption rates but also the amount of food taken before or with the dose, interactions with other drugs, the physical state of the patient, and the \"first-pass effect\" upon drug with high liver clearance.", "contents": "Drug bioavailability studies. All drugs are not created equal even if the pharmacopoeia seems to suggest they are. Factors that affect bioavailability among drugs of the same type (especially oral drugs) include not only disintegration and absorption rates but also the amount of food taken before or with the dose, interactions with other drugs, the physical state of the patient, and the \"first-pass effect\" upon drug with high liver clearance.", "PMID": 838484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3220", "title": "Implications of biologic rhythms for clinical practice.", "content": "The fact that many bodily functions display rhythmicity has an important bearing on resistance to toxins, response to drug or irradiation, and weight gain or loss according to when food is ingested. Though considerable clinical research remains to be done, \"chronobiology\" has already made available techniques for establishing predictable human rhythms, opening the way to more specific treatment of many condtions.", "contents": "Implications of biologic rhythms for clinical practice. The fact that many bodily functions display rhythmicity has an important bearing on resistance to toxins, response to drug or irradiation, and weight gain or loss according to when food is ingested. Though considerable clinical research remains to be done, \"chronobiology\" has already made available techniques for establishing predictable human rhythms, opening the way to more specific treatment of many condtions.", "PMID": 838486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3221", "title": "Ileal bypass for obesity: postoperative perspective.", "content": "Initially, diarrhea is almost universal but becomes self-limited unless the patient persists in overeating. Weight loss averages 75 to 100 lb the first year, with a stable level generally achieved after 18 months. Among the serious potential complications are enteritis, kidney stones, gallstones, and hepatopathology. Some can be anticipated and kept at bay by prophylactic measures like high-protein intake.", "contents": "Ileal bypass for obesity: postoperative perspective. Initially, diarrhea is almost universal but becomes self-limited unless the patient persists in overeating. Weight loss averages 75 to 100 lb the first year, with a stable level generally achieved after 18 months. Among the serious potential complications are enteritis, kidney stones, gallstones, and hepatopathology. Some can be anticipated and kept at bay by prophylactic measures like high-protein intake.", "PMID": 838488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3222", "title": "The metabolic basis of alcohol's toxicity.", "content": "The mechanisms by which excess alcohol directly damages the liver cells have been elucidated by studies in the baboon, which have shown that inability of the liver's enzyme systems to cope with hydrogen and fat overloads is far more significant in the progression to cirrhosis than any indirect effects of malnutrition. With the appearance of mitochondrial deformation, the process may have reached the stage of irreversibility.", "contents": "The metabolic basis of alcohol's toxicity. The mechanisms by which excess alcohol directly damages the liver cells have been elucidated by studies in the baboon, which have shown that inability of the liver's enzyme systems to cope with hydrogen and fat overloads is far more significant in the progression to cirrhosis than any indirect effects of malnutrition. With the appearance of mitochondrial deformation, the process may have reached the stage of irreversibility.", "PMID": 838493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3223", "title": "Detecting early colon cancer.", "content": "Techniques enabling detection of early colon cancer already exist, but to be more productive in terms of improving survival they must be applied in a meaningful sequence and repeated regularly in high-risk patients. Positive findings in specific screening steps based on well-known risk factors in colon cancer always call for aggressive follow-up. The advantages and disadvantages of the various techniques are discussed.", "contents": "Detecting early colon cancer. Techniques enabling detection of early colon cancer already exist, but to be more productive in terms of improving survival they must be applied in a meaningful sequence and repeated regularly in high-risk patients. Positive findings in specific screening steps based on well-known risk factors in colon cancer always call for aggressive follow-up. The advantages and disadvantages of the various techniques are discussed.", "PMID": 838496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3224", "title": "CNS regulation of salt and water intake.", "content": "The brain has evolved a number of mechanisms to maintain body fluid balance. They include the sensation of thirst, which stimulates water intake, the secretion of vasopressin, which helps prevent water loss, and the secretion of aldosterone, which helps prevent sodium depletion. In the research described here, all three mechanisms are shown to be mediated by the actions of angiotensin on the brain.", "contents": "CNS regulation of salt and water intake. The brain has evolved a number of mechanisms to maintain body fluid balance. They include the sensation of thirst, which stimulates water intake, the secretion of vasopressin, which helps prevent water loss, and the secretion of aldosterone, which helps prevent sodium depletion. In the research described here, all three mechanisms are shown to be mediated by the actions of angiotensin on the brain.", "PMID": 838497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3225", "title": "Pediatric otolaryngologic crises.", "content": "In the second article on pediatric otolaryngology, speed of diagnosis is stressed as vital to prevent permanent aftereffects such as deafness or facial paralysis. Aggressive education of parents in preventing emergencies is recommended.", "contents": "Pediatric otolaryngologic crises. In the second article on pediatric otolaryngology, speed of diagnosis is stressed as vital to prevent permanent aftereffects such as deafness or facial paralysis. Aggressive education of parents in preventing emergencies is recommended.", "PMID": 838498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3226", "title": "Monocyte and neutrophil chemotactic activity of normal and diluted human serum and plasma.", "content": "The chemotactic activity of normal and diluted human serum and plasma for human monocytes and neutrophils was investigated. Undiluted, neither serum nor plasma attract monocytes, but this is attributable to an inhibitor masking chemotactic activity. When diluted 3- to 100-fold, appreciable activity for monocyte is detected. In contrast, chemotactic activity for neutrophils is already demonstrable in undiluted normal serum. Chemotactic activities are heat-labile, behave as pseudoglobulins, do not pass through a Diaflo PM 30 membrane and are not inactivated by treatment with di-isopropylfluorophosphate. They seem to be unrelated to the recognized components (or split products) of complement, kallikrein formation, clotting, fibrinolysis or isoantibody-blood cell-complement interaction. Upon complement activation of serum, neutrophil and monocyte chemotactic activities were generated which differed in several respects from the normal serum activities. The relative increase in activity upon activation of serum compared with normal serum was generally high for neutrophils but low for monocytes.", "contents": "Monocyte and neutrophil chemotactic activity of normal and diluted human serum and plasma. The chemotactic activity of normal and diluted human serum and plasma for human monocytes and neutrophils was investigated. Undiluted, neither serum nor plasma attract monocytes, but this is attributable to an inhibitor masking chemotactic activity. When diluted 3- to 100-fold, appreciable activity for monocyte is detected. In contrast, chemotactic activity for neutrophils is already demonstrable in undiluted normal serum. Chemotactic activities are heat-labile, behave as pseudoglobulins, do not pass through a Diaflo PM 30 membrane and are not inactivated by treatment with di-isopropylfluorophosphate. They seem to be unrelated to the recognized components (or split products) of complement, kallikrein formation, clotting, fibrinolysis or isoantibody-blood cell-complement interaction. Upon complement activation of serum, neutrophil and monocyte chemotactic activities were generated which differed in several respects from the normal serum activities. The relative increase in activity upon activation of serum compared with normal serum was generally high for neutrophils but low for monocytes.", "PMID": 838512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3227", "title": "Different concentrations of chemotactic factors can produce attraction or migration inhibition of leukocytes.", "content": "Parallel tests were conducted utilizing, the capillary tube migration test and the Boyden chamber assay, in order to determine whether the decrease in leukocyte chemotaxis that occurs if overoptimal cytotaxin concentrations are applied is due to migration inhibition. Overoptimal doses of casein produced decreased chemotactic response and migration inhibition for both rabbit macrophages and neutrophils. However, guinea pig neutrophils exhibited no decrease in chemotaxis despite high casein doses. Overoptimal doses of acid-denatured anaphylatoxin produced a decreased chemotactic response and migration inhibition of neutrophils. In both assays, this agent showed no effect upon macrophages. It is concluded that a chemotactic signal at different concentrations can elicit unidirectional migration or migration inhibition. Accordingly, chemotactic leukocyte attraction could be antagonistically regulated not only by serum-derived and lymphocyte-derived migration inhibitory factors but also by high doses of the chemotactic factor itself. Thus, the Boyden chamber technique can measure both chemotactic migration and migration inhibition phenomena.", "contents": "Different concentrations of chemotactic factors can produce attraction or migration inhibition of leukocytes. Parallel tests were conducted utilizing, the capillary tube migration test and the Boyden chamber assay, in order to determine whether the decrease in leukocyte chemotaxis that occurs if overoptimal cytotaxin concentrations are applied is due to migration inhibition. Overoptimal doses of casein produced decreased chemotactic response and migration inhibition for both rabbit macrophages and neutrophils. However, guinea pig neutrophils exhibited no decrease in chemotaxis despite high casein doses. Overoptimal doses of acid-denatured anaphylatoxin produced a decreased chemotactic response and migration inhibition of neutrophils. In both assays, this agent showed no effect upon macrophages. It is concluded that a chemotactic signal at different concentrations can elicit unidirectional migration or migration inhibition. Accordingly, chemotactic leukocyte attraction could be antagonistically regulated not only by serum-derived and lymphocyte-derived migration inhibitory factors but also by high doses of the chemotactic factor itself. Thus, the Boyden chamber technique can measure both chemotactic migration and migration inhibition phenomena.", "PMID": 838513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3228", "title": "Relationships between IgE antibody production and other immune responses I. Ontogenic development of IgE antibody-producing capacity in mice.", "content": "In adult C57BL/6 mice, a high-responder strain to ovalbumin, PCA and HA antibodies appeared at the same time after immunization. In young mice, on the other hand, the capacity to produce IgE antibodies against ovalbumin developed earlier than that to produce IgM or IgG antibodies.", "contents": "Relationships between IgE antibody production and other immune responses I. Ontogenic development of IgE antibody-producing capacity in mice. In adult C57BL/6 mice, a high-responder strain to ovalbumin, PCA and HA antibodies appeared at the same time after immunization. In young mice, on the other hand, the capacity to produce IgE antibodies against ovalbumin developed earlier than that to produce IgM or IgG antibodies.", "PMID": 838514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3229", "title": "Plasma cells in vertebrate paraocular glands.", "content": "The Harderian and lachrymal glands of eight mammals and two reptiles were examined histologically for plasma cells and the extent of infiltration compared to that in the Harderian gland of the fowl. Moderate accumulations were observed in one or both glands of the goat, sheep, cow, horse, dog and pig, but only few cells were present in the glands of the mouse and rabbit. No plasma cells were encountered in snake glands but some were detected in both glands of lizards. It is suggested that glandular secretions contribute to local immunity.", "contents": "Plasma cells in vertebrate paraocular glands. The Harderian and lachrymal glands of eight mammals and two reptiles were examined histologically for plasma cells and the extent of infiltration compared to that in the Harderian gland of the fowl. Moderate accumulations were observed in one or both glands of the goat, sheep, cow, horse, dog and pig, but only few cells were present in the glands of the mouse and rabbit. No plasma cells were encountered in snake glands but some were detected in both glands of lizards. It is suggested that glandular secretions contribute to local immunity.", "PMID": 838515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3230", "title": "Immunochemical studies on a nephritis-associated ubiquitous tissue antigen.", "content": "A ubiquitous tissue antigen (UTA), associated with chronic renal diseases was partially purified and characterized. The antigen was extracted by solubilization in 0.5% sodium deoxycholate (DOC) of various organs of human and animal origin. UTA was soluble in ammonium sulfate at 50% concentration and precipitable in 71% ethanol. Considerable purification of UTA was achieved by fractional ammunium sulfate precipitation, zone electrophoresis and gel filtration. Gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and velocity gradient centrifugation through 10-40% sucrose gradients suggested that the main antigenic component is a macromolecule, although aggregability of DOC-extracted proteins upon removal of the solubilizer prevented more accurate determinations. UTA appeared to be a heat-stable glycoprotein which did not contain lipids detectable by Sudan black B staining. The yield of purest UTA preparations, which did not contain components of homologous serum as tested by double diffusion gel precipitation or immunoelectrophoresis, was 0.1-0.2 mg/100 g of starting tissue. Immunization of rabbits with homologous UTA-containing preparations resulted in anti-UTA antibody formation.", "contents": "Immunochemical studies on a nephritis-associated ubiquitous tissue antigen. A ubiquitous tissue antigen (UTA), associated with chronic renal diseases was partially purified and characterized. The antigen was extracted by solubilization in 0.5% sodium deoxycholate (DOC) of various organs of human and animal origin. UTA was soluble in ammonium sulfate at 50% concentration and precipitable in 71% ethanol. Considerable purification of UTA was achieved by fractional ammunium sulfate precipitation, zone electrophoresis and gel filtration. Gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and velocity gradient centrifugation through 10-40% sucrose gradients suggested that the main antigenic component is a macromolecule, although aggregability of DOC-extracted proteins upon removal of the solubilizer prevented more accurate determinations. UTA appeared to be a heat-stable glycoprotein which did not contain lipids detectable by Sudan black B staining. The yield of purest UTA preparations, which did not contain components of homologous serum as tested by double diffusion gel precipitation or immunoelectrophoresis, was 0.1-0.2 mg/100 g of starting tissue. Immunization of rabbits with homologous UTA-containing preparations resulted in anti-UTA antibody formation.", "PMID": 838516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3231", "title": "Are cellular and humoral components of the immune response linked by a dispatcher cell?", "content": "Variations in opposite directions of cellular and humoral reactions observed during desensitization and immune deviation could reflect a balance controlled by a cell which dispatches information towards cells involved in delayed hypersensitivity and those involved in antibody synthesis. This dispatcher cell could be one of the targets of antigen-antibody complexes which modulate both cellular and humoral components of the immune response.", "contents": "Are cellular and humoral components of the immune response linked by a dispatcher cell? Variations in opposite directions of cellular and humoral reactions observed during desensitization and immune deviation could reflect a balance controlled by a cell which dispatches information towards cells involved in delayed hypersensitivity and those involved in antibody synthesis. This dispatcher cell could be one of the targets of antigen-antibody complexes which modulate both cellular and humoral components of the immune response.", "PMID": 838517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3232", "title": "Failure to demonstrate involvement of prostaglandins in the immune expulsion of Trichostrongylus colubriformis from the intestine of guinea pigs.", "content": "The intraduodenal injection of synthetic prostaglandins did not lead to the expulsion of Trichostrongylus colubriformis from the intestine of guinea pigs. Treatment of immune guinea pigs with aspirin and indomethacin failed to inhibit the expulsion of a challenge infection with this nematode. These results suggest that in this infection, unlike Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection in the rat, prostaglandins do not play an important role in the immune expulsion of the parasite from the intestine.", "contents": "Failure to demonstrate involvement of prostaglandins in the immune expulsion of Trichostrongylus colubriformis from the intestine of guinea pigs. The intraduodenal injection of synthetic prostaglandins did not lead to the expulsion of Trichostrongylus colubriformis from the intestine of guinea pigs. Treatment of immune guinea pigs with aspirin and indomethacin failed to inhibit the expulsion of a challenge infection with this nematode. These results suggest that in this infection, unlike Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection in the rat, prostaglandins do not play an important role in the immune expulsion of the parasite from the intestine.", "PMID": 838518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3233", "title": "Long-term administration of DDT or phenobarbital-Na in Wistar rats.", "content": "In lifespan studies, outbred male and female Wistar rats were given either technical DDT mixed into the diet at a dose of 500 parts per million (ppm) or phenobarbital-sodium dissolved in drinking water at a dose of 500 ppm. Liver-cell tumors developed in treated animals but not in controls. The incidence of liver tumors was 45% in the DDT-treated group and 44% in the phenobarbital-sodium-group. When evaluated by sex, DDT-treated females and males had incidences of 56% and 35%, respectively, while in the phenobarbital-sodium group, the respective incidences were 32% and 59% in females and males. These data show a varying susceptibility between the sexes, with regard to induction of liver-cell tumors by the two compounds. In both treated groups, the number of nodular tumors per rat and the average size increased with age and were greater in females. None of these tumors and metastasized. Histologically, the liver tumors were nodular growths, which compressed surrounding parenchyma did not infiltrate it. The total incidence of extrahepatic tumors was higher in controls than in treated animals. In this connection, we must mention the apparent, but not significant, reduction of adrenal tumors in treated rats compared to the controls.", "contents": "Long-term administration of DDT or phenobarbital-Na in Wistar rats. In lifespan studies, outbred male and female Wistar rats were given either technical DDT mixed into the diet at a dose of 500 parts per million (ppm) or phenobarbital-sodium dissolved in drinking water at a dose of 500 ppm. Liver-cell tumors developed in treated animals but not in controls. The incidence of liver tumors was 45% in the DDT-treated group and 44% in the phenobarbital-sodium-group. When evaluated by sex, DDT-treated females and males had incidences of 56% and 35%, respectively, while in the phenobarbital-sodium group, the respective incidences were 32% and 59% in females and males. These data show a varying susceptibility between the sexes, with regard to induction of liver-cell tumors by the two compounds. In both treated groups, the number of nodular tumors per rat and the average size increased with age and were greater in females. None of these tumors and metastasized. Histologically, the liver tumors were nodular growths, which compressed surrounding parenchyma did not infiltrate it. The total incidence of extrahepatic tumors was higher in controls than in treated animals. In this connection, we must mention the apparent, but not significant, reduction of adrenal tumors in treated rats compared to the controls.", "PMID": 838519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3234", "title": "Cellular effects of combined adriamycin and x-irradiation in human tumor cells.", "content": "The effects on cell survival in tissue culture of Adriamycin, of various Adriamycin derivatives and of the parent compound, daunomycin, have been studied. Adriamycin and three of its C-14 derivatives show similar toxicities towards cells chronically exposed in culture. Acute (30 min) exposures are significantly less toxic than exposures to the drug throughout the period of colony formation. Daunomycin, the parent compound, is significantly more toxic than any Adriamycin compound. Both high-dose, pulsed exposures and low-dose, chronic exposures result in shoulders on the cell survival curves. Split-dose experiments show little evidence for a significant acute repair of Ad damage. Ad toxicity is additive to X-rays at high levels of cell survival and synergistic at low levels of cell survival. Both excision repair-competent and excision-deficient cells show sensitization to X-irradiation when significantly cytotoxic levels of Ad are used. No evidence for an induction of Ad resistance by previous irradiation was found. Ad does not appear to inhibit the repair of sub-lethal X-ray damage. Since Ad produces molecular lesions similar to those induced by X-rays it is hypothesized that both radiation \"enhancement\" and the recall of latent X-ray injuries result from the induction of Ad of DNA damage similar to that occurring following X-ray exposure. The implications of these findings with respect to clinical drug and X-ray scheduling is discussed.", "contents": "Cellular effects of combined adriamycin and x-irradiation in human tumor cells. The effects on cell survival in tissue culture of Adriamycin, of various Adriamycin derivatives and of the parent compound, daunomycin, have been studied. Adriamycin and three of its C-14 derivatives show similar toxicities towards cells chronically exposed in culture. Acute (30 min) exposures are significantly less toxic than exposures to the drug throughout the period of colony formation. Daunomycin, the parent compound, is significantly more toxic than any Adriamycin compound. Both high-dose, pulsed exposures and low-dose, chronic exposures result in shoulders on the cell survival curves. Split-dose experiments show little evidence for a significant acute repair of Ad damage. Ad toxicity is additive to X-rays at high levels of cell survival and synergistic at low levels of cell survival. Both excision repair-competent and excision-deficient cells show sensitization to X-irradiation when significantly cytotoxic levels of Ad are used. No evidence for an induction of Ad resistance by previous irradiation was found. Ad does not appear to inhibit the repair of sub-lethal X-ray damage. Since Ad produces molecular lesions similar to those induced by X-rays it is hypothesized that both radiation \"enhancement\" and the recall of latent X-ray injuries result from the induction of Ad of DNA damage similar to that occurring following X-ray exposure. The implications of these findings with respect to clinical drug and X-ray scheduling is discussed.", "PMID": 838520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3235", "title": "Gross-virus-induced lymphoma in the rat. IV. Cytotoxic cells in normal rats.", "content": "Lymphoid cells from normal W/Fu rats are cytotoxic in vitro for syngeneic Gross-virus-induced lymphoma cells in a 4 1/2 h 51Cr release test, and protect against tumour growth in vivo when adoptively transferred to syngeneic recipient rats. Cytotoxicity by normal lymphoid cells was greater with in vitro rather than in vivo passaged target cells, and was increased by preincubation of the lymphoid cells at 37 degrees C for 3 h in vitro before their addition to the target cells. Cytotoxic activity, which was localized predominantly in the spleen, was absent at birth but increased until adulthood with some decline in older age. Histocompatibility at the major Ag-B locus was not required for the killer cell--target cell interaction; normal spleen cells of many Ag-B genotypes were cytotoxic for W/FuG-1 target cells, although BDIX and (BDIX X W/Fu)F1 were less active and BN were inactive. The specificity of cytotoxicity was studied by the techniques of direct lysis, competitive inhibition or adsorption to cellular monolayers, using a variety of cell lines. Selectively of lysis or binding was observed and was restricted to rat target cells releasing exogenous or endogenous C-type viruses.", "contents": "Gross-virus-induced lymphoma in the rat. IV. Cytotoxic cells in normal rats. Lymphoid cells from normal W/Fu rats are cytotoxic in vitro for syngeneic Gross-virus-induced lymphoma cells in a 4 1/2 h 51Cr release test, and protect against tumour growth in vivo when adoptively transferred to syngeneic recipient rats. Cytotoxicity by normal lymphoid cells was greater with in vitro rather than in vivo passaged target cells, and was increased by preincubation of the lymphoid cells at 37 degrees C for 3 h in vitro before their addition to the target cells. Cytotoxic activity, which was localized predominantly in the spleen, was absent at birth but increased until adulthood with some decline in older age. Histocompatibility at the major Ag-B locus was not required for the killer cell--target cell interaction; normal spleen cells of many Ag-B genotypes were cytotoxic for W/FuG-1 target cells, although BDIX and (BDIX X W/Fu)F1 were less active and BN were inactive. The specificity of cytotoxicity was studied by the techniques of direct lysis, competitive inhibition or adsorption to cellular monolayers, using a variety of cell lines. Selectively of lysis or binding was observed and was restricted to rat target cells releasing exogenous or endogenous C-type viruses.", "PMID": 838521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3236", "title": "Cortisol secretion rate during beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol therapy in bronchial asthma.", "content": "Beclomethasone dipropionate is a new synthetic corticosteroid for the inhalatory treatment of bronchial asthma. The effect of beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol (400 mug/day/j weeks) on the cortisol secretion rate in comparison with prednisone per os (10 mg/day/4 weeks) was investigated in 12 patients with allergic bronchial asthma. There was no suppression of the adrenal cortex in the course of beclomethasone dipropionate inhalation, while prednisone significantly suppressed adrenal cortex function.", "contents": "Cortisol secretion rate during beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol therapy in bronchial asthma. Beclomethasone dipropionate is a new synthetic corticosteroid for the inhalatory treatment of bronchial asthma. The effect of beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol (400 mug/day/j weeks) on the cortisol secretion rate in comparison with prednisone per os (10 mg/day/4 weeks) was investigated in 12 patients with allergic bronchial asthma. There was no suppression of the adrenal cortex in the course of beclomethasone dipropionate inhalation, while prednisone significantly suppressed adrenal cortex function.", "PMID": 838522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3237", "title": "Lack of hypertensive and hyperglycemic effect of diazoxide after intraventricular injection.", "content": "In adult fowls intravenous but not intraventricular injection of diazoxide produced hypotension and a rise in blood glucose concentration. Since noradrenaline microinfused into the hypothalamus produced a fall in blood pressure, it does not seem that hypotensive effects of diazoxide are mediated through release of noradrenaline in areas of the luain accessible from the ventriculus tertius cerebri. Present experiments also indicate that the hyperglycemic effects of diazoxide is unlikely to be due to an action on central adrenergic receptors.", "contents": "Lack of hypertensive and hyperglycemic effect of diazoxide after intraventricular injection. In adult fowls intravenous but not intraventricular injection of diazoxide produced hypotension and a rise in blood glucose concentration. Since noradrenaline microinfused into the hypothalamus produced a fall in blood pressure, it does not seem that hypotensive effects of diazoxide are mediated through release of noradrenaline in areas of the luain accessible from the ventriculus tertius cerebri. Present experiments also indicate that the hyperglycemic effects of diazoxide is unlikely to be due to an action on central adrenergic receptors.", "PMID": 838524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3238", "title": "Comparative effect of intravenous administration of atenolol and practolol on resting and exercise-evoked increase in heart rate and cardiac work load in normal human subjects.", "content": "A comparative study of the intensity and duration of action of intravenously administered single doses of atenolol and practolol on the resting and exercise-evoked increase in heart rate and rate-pressure product was carried out in six normal human subjects. On a weight to weight basis, atenolol was 8 times more potent than practolol. There were only marginal differences in the intensity and duration of action of the two drugs. Atenolol, like practolol, was well-tolerated and no side effects were observed. If found safe on longterm use, atenolol may be a suitable alternative to practolol. The daily administration of atenolol in two divided doses should suffice for therapeutic purposes.", "contents": "Comparative effect of intravenous administration of atenolol and practolol on resting and exercise-evoked increase in heart rate and cardiac work load in normal human subjects. A comparative study of the intensity and duration of action of intravenously administered single doses of atenolol and practolol on the resting and exercise-evoked increase in heart rate and rate-pressure product was carried out in six normal human subjects. On a weight to weight basis, atenolol was 8 times more potent than practolol. There were only marginal differences in the intensity and duration of action of the two drugs. Atenolol, like practolol, was well-tolerated and no side effects were observed. If found safe on longterm use, atenolol may be a suitable alternative to practolol. The daily administration of atenolol in two divided doses should suffice for therapeutic purposes.", "PMID": 838525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3239", "title": "The heart rate response as an indicator of changes in activation induced by alcohol.", "content": "This experiment was conducted in order to examine different alcohol-induced states of activation as indicated by the acoustic evoked heart rate response (HRR). Twelve healthy male subjects received 0.7 g/kg alcohol in one session of a cross-over designed experiment. In the control session no alcohol was given. The measurements of three parameters of the heart rate response as well as the self-assessments of mood were repeated five times along the course of the venous blood alcohol concentration. Significant depressant alcohol effects were reflected in a decrease in the HRR acceleration as well as in a decrease in vitality, vigilance, and self-estimated startle reaction. Stimulating effects could be observed in an increase of the mean heart rate and the second HRR deceleration. We conclude that different alcohol-induced states of activiation represent different patterns of inhibitory and facilitatory processes, each manifesting itself in different parameters. The results suggest three major components of alcohol action: 1) an inhibition release with immediate onset,2) a slower processing inhitition,3) attention focussing as a compensatory response to inhibition.", "contents": "The heart rate response as an indicator of changes in activation induced by alcohol. This experiment was conducted in order to examine different alcohol-induced states of activation as indicated by the acoustic evoked heart rate response (HRR). Twelve healthy male subjects received 0.7 g/kg alcohol in one session of a cross-over designed experiment. In the control session no alcohol was given. The measurements of three parameters of the heart rate response as well as the self-assessments of mood were repeated five times along the course of the venous blood alcohol concentration. Significant depressant alcohol effects were reflected in a decrease in the HRR acceleration as well as in a decrease in vitality, vigilance, and self-estimated startle reaction. Stimulating effects could be observed in an increase of the mean heart rate and the second HRR deceleration. We conclude that different alcohol-induced states of activiation represent different patterns of inhibitory and facilitatory processes, each manifesting itself in different parameters. The results suggest three major components of alcohol action: 1) an inhibition release with immediate onset,2) a slower processing inhitition,3) attention focussing as a compensatory response to inhibition.", "PMID": 838526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3240", "title": "Interaction of tolbutamide and chloramphenicol in diabetic patients.", "content": "In study 1 we investigated 8 diabetic female patients treated with tolbutamide who received chloramphenicol to combat urinary tract infections. In 5 patients, chloramphenicol was found to produce a distinct decrease of glycemia. Evaluation of the whole series revealed that the latter averaged 31.5%. No patient developed a marked hypoglycemia. With one exception, the values of immunoreactive insulin (IRI) in serum were within normal. In study 2 we investigated another series of 8 diabetic patients. Given chloramphenicol, 7 patients registered an almost twofold increase in the mean morning tolbutamide level in serum and glycemia decreased by one fourth. No patient developed severe hypoglycemia. Tolbutamide increase in serum was not associated with a rise of IRI level in serum. All patients displayed steady chloramphenicol level in serum. Potential reasons for the development of hypoglycemia during the treatment with sulphonylurea antidiabetics are discussed.", "contents": "Interaction of tolbutamide and chloramphenicol in diabetic patients. In study 1 we investigated 8 diabetic female patients treated with tolbutamide who received chloramphenicol to combat urinary tract infections. In 5 patients, chloramphenicol was found to produce a distinct decrease of glycemia. Evaluation of the whole series revealed that the latter averaged 31.5%. No patient developed a marked hypoglycemia. With one exception, the values of immunoreactive insulin (IRI) in serum were within normal. In study 2 we investigated another series of 8 diabetic patients. Given chloramphenicol, 7 patients registered an almost twofold increase in the mean morning tolbutamide level in serum and glycemia decreased by one fourth. No patient developed severe hypoglycemia. Tolbutamide increase in serum was not associated with a rise of IRI level in serum. All patients displayed steady chloramphenicol level in serum. Potential reasons for the development of hypoglycemia during the treatment with sulphonylurea antidiabetics are discussed.", "PMID": 838527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3241", "title": "Symmetry patterns in trypsinogen.", "content": "When the primary structure of bovine trypsinogen is searched for the existence of regularities, according to Greller & Erhan (1974), one finds eight pairs of peptides, arranged in a symmetrical pattern along the molecule. These peptides cover 49% of the length of the molecule-112 of the 227 amino acids-and each pair folds in a similar way. This observation is in agreement with the observation that \"Trypsin folds into two halves, each of which contains a pseudo-cylindrical arrangement of hydrogen bonds...\", Stroud et al. (1971). Thus the above mentioned method is capable not only of detecting regulatities along the primary structure but also of predicting the folding of a protein.", "contents": "Symmetry patterns in trypsinogen. When the primary structure of bovine trypsinogen is searched for the existence of regularities, according to Greller & Erhan (1974), one finds eight pairs of peptides, arranged in a symmetrical pattern along the molecule. These peptides cover 49% of the length of the molecule-112 of the 227 amino acids-and each pair folds in a similar way. This observation is in agreement with the observation that \"Trypsin folds into two halves, each of which contains a pseudo-cylindrical arrangement of hydrogen bonds...\", Stroud et al. (1971). Thus the above mentioned method is capable not only of detecting regulatities along the primary structure but also of predicting the folding of a protein.", "PMID": 838530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3242", "title": "Des-Nalpha-acetyl-alpha-melanotropin: a synthetic substrate for specific N-terminal directed enzymatic acetylation.", "content": "Application of the 2-methylsulfonylethyloxycarbonyl group for temporary amino protection enables the synthesis from one precursor of des-Nalpha1-acetyl-alpha-MSH, the two mono N-acetylated forms (in positions I and II) and the diacetyl form of this tridecapeptide amideq The free tridecapeptide amide, although structurally unrelated to the normal substrate, was recognized by an enzyme occurring in calf eye-lens tissue. The product of the enzymatic reaction was exclusively alpha-MSH. Partial sequences derived from the N-terminus were less rapidly acetylated or not at all, depending on their chain length. The enzyme, therefore, appears to direct its activity to free N-terminal alpha-amino groups of peptides exceeding a certain critical chain length. Acetylation of epsilon-amino functions did not occur.", "contents": "Des-Nalpha-acetyl-alpha-melanotropin: a synthetic substrate for specific N-terminal directed enzymatic acetylation. Application of the 2-methylsulfonylethyloxycarbonyl group for temporary amino protection enables the synthesis from one precursor of des-Nalpha1-acetyl-alpha-MSH, the two mono N-acetylated forms (in positions I and II) and the diacetyl form of this tridecapeptide amideq The free tridecapeptide amide, although structurally unrelated to the normal substrate, was recognized by an enzyme occurring in calf eye-lens tissue. The product of the enzymatic reaction was exclusively alpha-MSH. Partial sequences derived from the N-terminus were less rapidly acetylated or not at all, depending on their chain length. The enzyme, therefore, appears to direct its activity to free N-terminal alpha-amino groups of peptides exceeding a certain critical chain length. Acetylation of epsilon-amino functions did not occur.", "PMID": 838531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3243", "title": "The solid phase synthesis of porcine secretin with full biological activity.", "content": "The solid phase synthesis of procine secretin is described. The C-terminal residue was attached to a polymeric amino support and all the Boc-amino acids, including Boc-glutamine, were coupled by a modified carbodiimide method. A preliminary test synthesis showed that the couplings of several amino acids of the N-terminal section were unsatisfactory. This problem was overcome in the main synthesis by executing all the major reactions twice. Cleavage of the peptide fromthe resin as well as the removal of all the side chain protecting groups was achieved with liquid HF. The product was purified by ion-exchange chromatography on SP-Sephadex to obtain a highly purified heptacosapeptide amide with full biological activity.", "contents": "The solid phase synthesis of porcine secretin with full biological activity. The solid phase synthesis of procine secretin is described. The C-terminal residue was attached to a polymeric amino support and all the Boc-amino acids, including Boc-glutamine, were coupled by a modified carbodiimide method. A preliminary test synthesis showed that the couplings of several amino acids of the N-terminal section were unsatisfactory. This problem was overcome in the main synthesis by executing all the major reactions twice. Cleavage of the peptide fromthe resin as well as the removal of all the side chain protecting groups was achieved with liquid HF. The product was purified by ion-exchange chromatography on SP-Sephadex to obtain a highly purified heptacosapeptide amide with full biological activity.", "PMID": 838532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3244", "title": "Bee venom peptides XVIII. Peptide-m and mcd-peptide: Isolation and characterization.", "content": "A simple method is described for the purification of peptide-M and MCD-peptide from bee venom. The steps are Sephadex G-50 gel filtration of pH 4.5 (Steps 1 and 2) and chromatography on silica gel (Steps 3 and 4). The peptides are homo geneous with respect to thin-layer chromatography, electrophoresis at pH 2.0, and amino acid analysis. Peptide-M contains 24 amino acid residues and has a calculated molecular weight of 2750.", "contents": "Bee venom peptides XVIII. Peptide-m and mcd-peptide: Isolation and characterization. A simple method is described for the purification of peptide-M and MCD-peptide from bee venom. The steps are Sephadex G-50 gel filtration of pH 4.5 (Steps 1 and 2) and chromatography on silica gel (Steps 3 and 4). The peptides are homo geneous with respect to thin-layer chromatography, electrophoresis at pH 2.0, and amino acid analysis. Peptide-M contains 24 amino acid residues and has a calculated molecular weight of 2750.", "PMID": 838533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3245", "title": "Studies on trypsin inhibitors. Part VII. Synthesis of protected peptides related to sequences 1 - 14 and 36 - 52 of porcine pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor II (Kazal).", "content": "The synthesis, by fragment condensation, of protected peptides related to the N-terminal (positions 1-14) and C-terminal (positions 36-52) portions of the amino acid sequence of porcine pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor II (Kazal type) is described. The alpha-carboxyl function of the lysyl residue in position 14 was used as the free acid, or protected by the tert-butyloxycarbonylhydrazide. Two different synthetic pathways were used in the preparation of the 36-52 sequence of the inhibitor. The identity and purity of the synthesized peptide derivatives were established by amino acid analysis of acid hydrolysates, optical rotation and this layer chromatography in two solvent sytems. The final products were also evaluated, after partial deprotection with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride or aqueous 90% trifluoroacetic acid, by paper electrophoresis at different pH values and enzymic digestion with papain and aminopeptidase M followed by quantitative amino acid analysis.", "contents": "Studies on trypsin inhibitors. Part VII. Synthesis of protected peptides related to sequences 1 - 14 and 36 - 52 of porcine pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor II (Kazal). The synthesis, by fragment condensation, of protected peptides related to the N-terminal (positions 1-14) and C-terminal (positions 36-52) portions of the amino acid sequence of porcine pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor II (Kazal type) is described. The alpha-carboxyl function of the lysyl residue in position 14 was used as the free acid, or protected by the tert-butyloxycarbonylhydrazide. Two different synthetic pathways were used in the preparation of the 36-52 sequence of the inhibitor. The identity and purity of the synthesized peptide derivatives were established by amino acid analysis of acid hydrolysates, optical rotation and this layer chromatography in two solvent sytems. The final products were also evaluated, after partial deprotection with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride or aqueous 90% trifluoroacetic acid, by paper electrophoresis at different pH values and enzymic digestion with papain and aminopeptidase M followed by quantitative amino acid analysis.", "PMID": 838534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3246", "title": "A note on the two-dimensional representation of hydrogen bonding scheme in triose phosphate isomerase.", "content": "When the backbone hydrogen bonding scheme of the protein triose phosphate isomerase is represented in the two-dimensional map where the donor residue number (i) is taken along the x-axis and the acceptor residue number (j) is taken along the y-axis, the (i, j)-map shows a characteristic pattern of (beta alpha)8-super-secondary structure.", "contents": "A note on the two-dimensional representation of hydrogen bonding scheme in triose phosphate isomerase. When the backbone hydrogen bonding scheme of the protein triose phosphate isomerase is represented in the two-dimensional map where the donor residue number (i) is taken along the x-axis and the acceptor residue number (j) is taken along the y-axis, the (i, j)-map shows a characteristic pattern of (beta alpha)8-super-secondary structure.", "PMID": 838535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3247", "title": "A photolabile protecting group for the phenolic hydroxyl function of tyrosine.", "content": "The ortho-nitrobenzyl group (ONBzl) was utilized to protect the phenolic functions of the side chain of tyrosine. Optimal conditions for its mild photolyti removal were established. This paper describes the preparation and properties of some (O-ONBzl)-tyrosine derivatives of potential value in the synthesis of tyrosine-containing peptides. Their use in the synthesis of the dipeptide, N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-tyrosyl-glycine ethyl ester is presented as an example.", "contents": "A photolabile protecting group for the phenolic hydroxyl function of tyrosine. The ortho-nitrobenzyl group (ONBzl) was utilized to protect the phenolic functions of the side chain of tyrosine. Optimal conditions for its mild photolyti removal were established. This paper describes the preparation and properties of some (O-ONBzl)-tyrosine derivatives of potential value in the synthesis of tyrosine-containing peptides. Their use in the synthesis of the dipeptide, N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-tyrosyl-glycine ethyl ester is presented as an example.", "PMID": 838537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3248", "title": "Dissociation, aggregation and denaturation of sesame alpha-globulin in urea and guanidine hydrochloride solutions.", "content": "The effect of urea and GuHCl on the major protein of sesame seed (Sesamum indicum L.), alpha-globulin, has been investigated by turbidity, sedimentation velocity, viscosity, difference spectra and fluorescence spectral measurements. The protein undergoes dissociation, aggregation and denaturation in the presence of the above denaturants. There is a critical concentration of the denaturant where aggregation is maximum. Both denaturation and aggregation are lower in buffers of high ionic strength. Dissociation and aggregation have been explained by considering two types of subunits present in the protein molecule, one leading to smaller sedimenting component and the other producing the aggregate. The amino acid analysis shows that the aggregated fraction is rich in aliphatic amino acid residues. The endothermic nature of the aggregation process has been considered to arise from hydrophobic interaction of aliphatic side chains of the relevant subunits. The protein exists in a more denatured state in GuHCl than in urea solution.", "contents": "Dissociation, aggregation and denaturation of sesame alpha-globulin in urea and guanidine hydrochloride solutions. The effect of urea and GuHCl on the major protein of sesame seed (Sesamum indicum L.), alpha-globulin, has been investigated by turbidity, sedimentation velocity, viscosity, difference spectra and fluorescence spectral measurements. The protein undergoes dissociation, aggregation and denaturation in the presence of the above denaturants. There is a critical concentration of the denaturant where aggregation is maximum. Both denaturation and aggregation are lower in buffers of high ionic strength. Dissociation and aggregation have been explained by considering two types of subunits present in the protein molecule, one leading to smaller sedimenting component and the other producing the aggregate. The amino acid analysis shows that the aggregated fraction is rich in aliphatic amino acid residues. The endothermic nature of the aggregation process has been considered to arise from hydrophobic interaction of aliphatic side chains of the relevant subunits. The protein exists in a more denatured state in GuHCl than in urea solution.", "PMID": 838538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3249", "title": "Rhinorrhea, ventricular radiopharmaceutical stasis and communicating hydrocephalus: evaluation by serial cisternography.", "content": "Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea has been known to occur in association with hydrocephalus. The specific pathophysiology which results in a potential communication between the cerebrospinal fluid space (subarachnoid space) and the nasopharynx is unknown. The relationship of CSF movement and rhinorrhea was evaluated in ten random source mongrel dogs. These data suggest that spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea may occur during the early developmental phase of communicating hydrocephalus in dogs. At this time radiopharmaceutical movement showed ventricular entry and clearing. When the lateral ventricles enlarged, ventricular radiopharmaceutical stasis was seen and the rhinorrhea disappeared. This suggests that CSF rkinorrhea may act as a compensatory mechanism which partially protects the CSF compartment to withstand the extra CSF during the early development of communicating hydrocephalus.", "contents": "Rhinorrhea, ventricular radiopharmaceutical stasis and communicating hydrocephalus: evaluation by serial cisternography. Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea has been known to occur in association with hydrocephalus. The specific pathophysiology which results in a potential communication between the cerebrospinal fluid space (subarachnoid space) and the nasopharynx is unknown. The relationship of CSF movement and rhinorrhea was evaluated in ten random source mongrel dogs. These data suggest that spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea may occur during the early developmental phase of communicating hydrocephalus in dogs. At this time radiopharmaceutical movement showed ventricular entry and clearing. When the lateral ventricles enlarged, ventricular radiopharmaceutical stasis was seen and the rhinorrhea disappeared. This suggests that CSF rkinorrhea may act as a compensatory mechanism which partially protects the CSF compartment to withstand the extra CSF during the early development of communicating hydrocephalus.", "PMID": 838552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3250", "title": "Xenon and krypton as radiographic inhalation contrast media with computerized tomography: preliminary note.", "content": "Computerized tomography (CT) scans of samples of the inert gases xenon and krypton inside a Lucite phantom, show these gases to be potentially useful inhalation contrast media with CT scanning of the chest.", "contents": "Xenon and krypton as radiographic inhalation contrast media with computerized tomography: preliminary note. Computerized tomography (CT) scans of samples of the inert gases xenon and krypton inside a Lucite phantom, show these gases to be potentially useful inhalation contrast media with CT scanning of the chest.", "PMID": 838553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3251", "title": "Computerized tomography in the evaluation of pituitary adenomas.", "content": "Computerized tomography during the past few years has been unequivocally been proven to be of extreme value in the evaluation of intracranial disease. Despite earlier reports, accuracy of diagnosis in the area of the sella turcica is found to be high despite the close proximity of both bony and air-containing structures. Correlation between computed tomographic images, angiography and pneumoencephalography has been performed and demonstrates that CT scans with a low margin of erro depict the relationships of pituitary adenomas to the surrounding brain parenchyma. The continued importance of angiography, and to some degree pneumoencephalography, in the diagnosis of pituitary tumors is discussed.", "contents": "Computerized tomography in the evaluation of pituitary adenomas. Computerized tomography during the past few years has been unequivocally been proven to be of extreme value in the evaluation of intracranial disease. Despite earlier reports, accuracy of diagnosis in the area of the sella turcica is found to be high despite the close proximity of both bony and air-containing structures. Correlation between computed tomographic images, angiography and pneumoencephalography has been performed and demonstrates that CT scans with a low margin of erro depict the relationships of pituitary adenomas to the surrounding brain parenchyma. The continued importance of angiography, and to some degree pneumoencephalography, in the diagnosis of pituitary tumors is discussed.", "PMID": 838555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3252", "title": "Focal spots: II. Models.", "content": "A new \"smeared filament image\" focal spot model is suggested. This model and previous models are compared to experimental results. It is found that the proposed model fits the experimental data in a self consistent and accurate manner. The rectangular model also gives satisfactory results in situations where the focus MTF does not dominate the system MTF.", "contents": "Focal spots: II. Models. A new \"smeared filament image\" focal spot model is suggested. This model and previous models are compared to experimental results. It is found that the proposed model fits the experimental data in a self consistent and accurate manner. The rectangular model also gives satisfactory results in situations where the focus MTF does not dominate the system MTF.", "PMID": 838558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3253", "title": "Focal spots: III. Field characteristics.", "content": "Experimental results for focal spot field characteristics are presented. These results do not agree completely with results published by Moores and Roeck but are in agreement with Doi's theory as applied to separable focal spots. A new image plane origin called the principal ray is proposed. The variation of the star test pattern image for separable, symmetric focal spots is described. The equation for the field variation of the RMS equivalent rectangle is presented.", "contents": "Focal spots: III. Field characteristics. Experimental results for focal spot field characteristics are presented. These results do not agree completely with results published by Moores and Roeck but are in agreement with Doi's theory as applied to separable focal spots. A new image plane origin called the principal ray is proposed. The variation of the star test pattern image for separable, symmetric focal spots is described. The equation for the field variation of the RMS equivalent rectangle is presented.", "PMID": 838559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3254", "title": "Diatrizoate in computed cranial tomography: a quantitative study.", "content": "Plasma diatrizoate concentrations during computed cranial tomography were measured by UV spectrophotometry in 14 patients. A loading dose of 0.82 mg diatrizoate/kg followed by a stead infusion of 0.01 mg/kg was required to attain and maintain plasma concentrations of approximately 400 mg/100 ml. Lowering the beam energy resulted in a substantial increase in the EMI numbers of diatrizoate and significant improvement in the delineation of contrast containing lesions. A contrast index estimating the volume of pixel containing diatrizoate was calculated for five diagnosed lesions and this factor appears to be related to vascularity and extravasation.", "contents": "Diatrizoate in computed cranial tomography: a quantitative study. Plasma diatrizoate concentrations during computed cranial tomography were measured by UV spectrophotometry in 14 patients. A loading dose of 0.82 mg diatrizoate/kg followed by a stead infusion of 0.01 mg/kg was required to attain and maintain plasma concentrations of approximately 400 mg/100 ml. Lowering the beam energy resulted in a substantial increase in the EMI numbers of diatrizoate and significant improvement in the delineation of contrast containing lesions. A contrast index estimating the volume of pixel containing diatrizoate was calculated for five diagnosed lesions and this factor appears to be related to vascularity and extravasation.", "PMID": 838554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3255", "title": "Focal spots: I. MTF separability.", "content": "Focal spot models have been based on the implicit assumption that the two dimensional MTF is mathematically separable in the form P(u, v) = P(u)P(v). Experimental results for nine foci are presented. It is concluded that the assumption of separability can be used without introducing a large error. As a consequence of this property, considerable simplification is brought to the measurement and mathematical description of the two dimensional focal distribution.", "contents": "Focal spots: I. MTF separability. Focal spot models have been based on the implicit assumption that the two dimensional MTF is mathematically separable in the form P(u, v) = P(u)P(v). Experimental results for nine foci are presented. It is concluded that the assumption of separability can be used without introducing a large error. As a consequence of this property, considerable simplification is brought to the measurement and mathematical description of the two dimensional focal distribution.", "PMID": 838556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3256", "title": "Iothalamate ethyl ester as hepatolienographic agent.", "content": "In search of a hepatolienographic agent, the iothalamate ethyl ester particulate suspension was prepared with the average particle size of 1.5 mu in diameter. When mixed with plasma of different animal species, the physical properties of the particular suspension changed significantly. The nature of this difference is not understood but is probably related to protein-particle interaction in the different species. Doses of 550 mg iodine per kg body weight as a single intravenous infusion of the particulate suspension resulted in satisfactory opacification of liver and spleen in rats, followed by complete loss of radiopacity within three days. Larger doses resulted in the death of the rats within 12-14 hours. In general, the mice tolerated larger doses than rats, but there was very poor opacification of the liver, despite good opacification of spleen. Further work is being carried out to improve the suspension and to better understand the difference in behavior of the particulate suspension in different animal species.", "contents": "Iothalamate ethyl ester as hepatolienographic agent. In search of a hepatolienographic agent, the iothalamate ethyl ester particulate suspension was prepared with the average particle size of 1.5 mu in diameter. When mixed with plasma of different animal species, the physical properties of the particular suspension changed significantly. The nature of this difference is not understood but is probably related to protein-particle interaction in the different species. Doses of 550 mg iodine per kg body weight as a single intravenous infusion of the particulate suspension resulted in satisfactory opacification of liver and spleen in rats, followed by complete loss of radiopacity within three days. Larger doses resulted in the death of the rats within 12-14 hours. In general, the mice tolerated larger doses than rats, but there was very poor opacification of the liver, despite good opacification of spleen. Further work is being carried out to improve the suspension and to better understand the difference in behavior of the particulate suspension in different animal species.", "PMID": 838561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3257", "title": "Heterogeneity of Wilson's disease in Israel.", "content": "In a survey in Israel of 50 patients with Wilson's disease, it was found that this disease occurred in all ethnic groups. In the Arab patients there was a significantly early age of onset and the disease followed a more severe course than that in the Jewish patients. The overall sex ratio of patients was nearly 1:1, and genetic analysis of 20 families confirmed an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. The very similar age of onset and type of disease within sibships and the varying ages of onset noted between the Arab and Jewish patients suggest that the disease is genetically heterogeneous.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of Wilson's disease in Israel. In a survey in Israel of 50 patients with Wilson's disease, it was found that this disease occurred in all ethnic groups. In the Arab patients there was a significantly early age of onset and the disease followed a more severe course than that in the Jewish patients. The overall sex ratio of patients was nearly 1:1, and genetic analysis of 20 families confirmed an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. The very similar age of onset and type of disease within sibships and the varying ages of onset noted between the Arab and Jewish patients suggest that the disease is genetically heterogeneous.", "PMID": 838566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3258", "title": "The biliary and urinary excretion of sodium tyropanoate and sodium ipodate in dogs: pharmacokinetics, influence of bile salts and choleretic effects with comparison to iopanoic acid.", "content": "The biliary and urinary excretion of sodium tyropanoate (Bilopaque) and sodium ipodate (Oragrafin) were studied in unanesthetized bile-fistula dogs using stepwise, increasing, intravenous infusions of the contrast materials. A constant intravenous infusion of sodium taurocholate was administered at the rate of either 0.5 or 2.0 mu moles per min per kg throughout each experiment. The biliary excretion of sodium tyropanoate or sodium ipodate was not effected by the rate of sodium taurocholate infusion. The maximum rate of biliary excretion of sodium ipodate was significantly greater than that of sodium tyropanoate with the low taurocholate infusion, but there was no significant difference between the two with the high taurocholate infusion. With the low taurocholate infusion the maximum biliary excretion rate of sodium tyropanoate (0.956 mu moles per min per kg) and sodium ipodate (1.472 mu moles per min per kg) were significantly greater than the maximum biliary excretion of iopanoic acid (Telepaque) (0.671 mu moles per min per kg). With the high taurocholate infusion the maximum biliary excretion rates of the three contrast agents were not statistically different. Both sodium tyropanoate and sodium ipodate produced an increase in canalicular bile flow (8-11 ml per millimole). These data suggest that in clinical cholecystography sodium tyropanoate and sodium ipodate are not excreted in bile more rapidly than iopanoic acid, except when the rate of biliary excretion of bile salts is low; that is, except in patients who are fasting or those who are on a fat-free diet.", "contents": "The biliary and urinary excretion of sodium tyropanoate and sodium ipodate in dogs: pharmacokinetics, influence of bile salts and choleretic effects with comparison to iopanoic acid. The biliary and urinary excretion of sodium tyropanoate (Bilopaque) and sodium ipodate (Oragrafin) were studied in unanesthetized bile-fistula dogs using stepwise, increasing, intravenous infusions of the contrast materials. A constant intravenous infusion of sodium taurocholate was administered at the rate of either 0.5 or 2.0 mu moles per min per kg throughout each experiment. The biliary excretion of sodium tyropanoate or sodium ipodate was not effected by the rate of sodium taurocholate infusion. The maximum rate of biliary excretion of sodium ipodate was significantly greater than that of sodium tyropanoate with the low taurocholate infusion, but there was no significant difference between the two with the high taurocholate infusion. With the low taurocholate infusion the maximum biliary excretion rate of sodium tyropanoate (0.956 mu moles per min per kg) and sodium ipodate (1.472 mu moles per min per kg) were significantly greater than the maximum biliary excretion of iopanoic acid (Telepaque) (0.671 mu moles per min per kg). With the high taurocholate infusion the maximum biliary excretion rates of the three contrast agents were not statistically different. Both sodium tyropanoate and sodium ipodate produced an increase in canalicular bile flow (8-11 ml per millimole). These data suggest that in clinical cholecystography sodium tyropanoate and sodium ipodate are not excreted in bile more rapidly than iopanoic acid, except when the rate of biliary excretion of bile salts is low; that is, except in patients who are fasting or those who are on a fat-free diet.", "PMID": 838560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3259", "title": "Small blood vessel involvement in childhood dermatomyositis. An ultrastructural study of a case.", "content": "The electron microscopic changes in a muscle biopsy from a child with the clinical picture of acute dermatomyositis are described. Skin and muscle tissue examined by light microscopy did not revealed vascular alterations. Degeneration of isolated muscle fibers was detected with complete loss of myofilaments and disintegration of the Z-band material. Muscle arteries and veins were free of thrombi, but striking ultrastructural changes were seen in the smallest blood vessels in the muscle. These consisted mainly of vascular occlusion due to necrotic cells mixed with degenerated platelets. Dissoluted endothelial cells and denuded basement membrane were usually seen in the wall of the occluded capillaries. Cytoplasmic  tubular particles were present in otherwise unaltered endothelial cells. The possibility that the capillary lesions are related to an acute immunological injury is mentioned.", "contents": "Small blood vessel involvement in childhood dermatomyositis. An ultrastructural study of a case. The electron microscopic changes in a muscle biopsy from a child with the clinical picture of acute dermatomyositis are described. Skin and muscle tissue examined by light microscopy did not revealed vascular alterations. Degeneration of isolated muscle fibers was detected with complete loss of myofilaments and disintegration of the Z-band material. Muscle arteries and veins were free of thrombi, but striking ultrastructural changes were seen in the smallest blood vessels in the muscle. These consisted mainly of vascular occlusion due to necrotic cells mixed with degenerated platelets. Dissoluted endothelial cells and denuded basement membrane were usually seen in the wall of the occluded capillaries. Cytoplasmic  tubular particles were present in otherwise unaltered endothelial cells. The possibility that the capillary lesions are related to an acute immunological injury is mentioned.", "PMID": 838568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3260", "title": "Cervical incompetence: diagnostic and therapeutic aspects.", "content": "During a seven-year period, 311 women with cervical incompetence were treated by cerclage. Fifty-three of the women were treated twice during the study period, 12, three times, and one, four times, so that a total of 391 pregnancies was studied. There were only 45 emergency procedures. Candidates for elective cerclage were selected on the basis of hysterographic findings and the Hegar test. Cerclage was performed by the simple McDonald procedure, usually during the 11th to 12th week of gestation, after the presence of fetal life had been established by ultrasonic detection of the fetal heartbeats. Apart from antibiotics no medical treatment was given. Hospitalization following cerclage was reduced to less than 24 h. The fetal salvage rate was 89%, with minor differences among four etiologic subgroups. The minimum benefit rate of the operations was 64.6%. The degree of cervical patency, as established by the Hegar test, was found to be of prognostic value in cerclage-treated pregnancies. Ultrasonic detection of fetal heartbeat before cerclage significantly improved fetal salvage by almost complete elimination of early fetal loss. Simplification of the surgical procedure is recommended.", "contents": "Cervical incompetence: diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. During a seven-year period, 311 women with cervical incompetence were treated by cerclage. Fifty-three of the women were treated twice during the study period, 12, three times, and one, four times, so that a total of 391 pregnancies was studied. There were only 45 emergency procedures. Candidates for elective cerclage were selected on the basis of hysterographic findings and the Hegar test. Cerclage was performed by the simple McDonald procedure, usually during the 11th to 12th week of gestation, after the presence of fetal life had been established by ultrasonic detection of the fetal heartbeats. Apart from antibiotics no medical treatment was given. Hospitalization following cerclage was reduced to less than 24 h. The fetal salvage rate was 89%, with minor differences among four etiologic subgroups. The minimum benefit rate of the operations was 64.6%. The degree of cervical patency, as established by the Hegar test, was found to be of prognostic value in cerclage-treated pregnancies. Ultrasonic detection of fetal heartbeat before cerclage significantly improved fetal salvage by almost complete elimination of early fetal loss. Simplification of the surgical procedure is recommended.", "PMID": 838569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3261", "title": "Traumatic hemolysis after aortofemoral bypass. A study of 25 cases.", "content": "The prevalance of traumatic intravascular hemolysis was estimated in 25 patients following aortofemoral bypass. Stigmata of mild red cell fragmentation were noted in approximately one third of the patients, but in only one of them was hemolysis of sufficient severity to be of clinical significance. The case history and laboratory findings in this patient are described in detail. This study indicates that traumatic hemolysis should be considered as a possible cause of anemia developing after aortofemoral bypass.", "contents": "Traumatic hemolysis after aortofemoral bypass. A study of 25 cases. The prevalance of traumatic intravascular hemolysis was estimated in 25 patients following aortofemoral bypass. Stigmata of mild red cell fragmentation were noted in approximately one third of the patients, but in only one of them was hemolysis of sufficient severity to be of clinical significance. The case history and laboratory findings in this patient are described in detail. This study indicates that traumatic hemolysis should be considered as a possible cause of anemia developing after aortofemoral bypass.", "PMID": 838570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3262", "title": "Constrictive pericarditis in familial Mediterranean fever.", "content": "Fibrosing peritonitis and constrictive pericarditis occurred in an 18-year-old patient who manifested the classic features of familial Mediterranean fever (FMF). Pericardial calcification had been present in chest X-rays taken when the patient was five years old. Intermittent intestinal obstruction and congestive heart failure were relieved by appropriate surgical intervention, but attacks of FMF subsided only after colchicine therapy. This is the first instance of nonuremic pericarditis in our experience with over 1,000 FMF patients. Critical analysis of the reported cases in which pericarditis was attributed to FMF strengthens our belief that the occurrence of pericarditis in a patient with FMF probably represents a fortuitous intercurrent disease.", "contents": "Constrictive pericarditis in familial Mediterranean fever. Fibrosing peritonitis and constrictive pericarditis occurred in an 18-year-old patient who manifested the classic features of familial Mediterranean fever (FMF). Pericardial calcification had been present in chest X-rays taken when the patient was five years old. Intermittent intestinal obstruction and congestive heart failure were relieved by appropriate surgical intervention, but attacks of FMF subsided only after colchicine therapy. This is the first instance of nonuremic pericarditis in our experience with over 1,000 FMF patients. Critical analysis of the reported cases in which pericarditis was attributed to FMF strengthens our belief that the occurrence of pericarditis in a patient with FMF probably represents a fortuitous intercurrent disease.", "PMID": 838571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3263", "title": "Life-threatening \"vagal reaction\" to emotional stimuli.", "content": "\"Vagal reactions\" may follow sudden emotional or physical strain in \"vagotonic individuals\" and are usually benign. In the case described, emotional stimuli caused life-threatening vagal reactions in a \"healthy individual.\" Implantation of an artifical pacemaker was necessary to control the attacks.", "contents": "Life-threatening \"vagal reaction\" to emotional stimuli. \"Vagal reactions\" may follow sudden emotional or physical strain in \"vagotonic individuals\" and are usually benign. In the case described, emotional stimuli caused life-threatening vagal reactions in a \"healthy individual.\" Implantation of an artifical pacemaker was necessary to control the attacks.", "PMID": 838572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3264", "title": "A comparative study of hepatitis B and non-B in hospitalized adults in an endemic area.", "content": "The epidemiologic, clinical and laboratory features of 40 adults with acute viral hepatitis type B were compared with those of 40 adults with hepatitis non-B. Overall, the clinical presentations were remarkably similar and the etiology could not be determined in individual cases. An exception to this was that all post-transfusion cases in this series were affected by hepatitis B. Men predominated in both the hepatitis B and non-B groups. There was a tendency to seasonal clustering in summer/autumn in both groups. Hepatitis B patients were significantly older and 59% of them had a history of possible parenteral exposure during the six months preceding admission. On the other hand 76% of patients with hepatitis non-B had no apparent parenteral exposure. Dental treatment, injections and contact with jaundiced patients were recorded in both groups and were therefore of no value in determining the exact etiology in individual cases. Fever was more common in hepatitis non-B, while the onset of the disease was insidious and afebrile in 80% of patients with hepatitis B. As a group, patients with hepatitis B had more extensive liver injury and a more prolonged clinical course, and the only fatality was in this group. Cholestatic features were rare and extrahepatic immune complex disease was extremely uncommon in both hepatitis B and non-B.", "contents": "A comparative study of hepatitis B and non-B in hospitalized adults in an endemic area. The epidemiologic, clinical and laboratory features of 40 adults with acute viral hepatitis type B were compared with those of 40 adults with hepatitis non-B. Overall, the clinical presentations were remarkably similar and the etiology could not be determined in individual cases. An exception to this was that all post-transfusion cases in this series were affected by hepatitis B. Men predominated in both the hepatitis B and non-B groups. There was a tendency to seasonal clustering in summer/autumn in both groups. Hepatitis B patients were significantly older and 59% of them had a history of possible parenteral exposure during the six months preceding admission. On the other hand 76% of patients with hepatitis non-B had no apparent parenteral exposure. Dental treatment, injections and contact with jaundiced patients were recorded in both groups and were therefore of no value in determining the exact etiology in individual cases. Fever was more common in hepatitis non-B, while the onset of the disease was insidious and afebrile in 80% of patients with hepatitis B. As a group, patients with hepatitis B had more extensive liver injury and a more prolonged clinical course, and the only fatality was in this group. Cholestatic features were rare and extrahepatic immune complex disease was extremely uncommon in both hepatitis B and non-B.", "PMID": 838575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3265", "title": "[Idiopathic and sclerodermic facial hemiatrophy with generalized myopathy. Clinical, electromyographic and histologic examinations of six patients].", "content": "Six patients with facial hemiatrophy (H.f) were thoroughly examined by clinical and laboratory investigations. Two were found to have idiopathic and four facial hemiatrophy due to different types of localized scleroderma. In all cases a generalized myopathy was present, demonstrated by electromyographical, histological, and biochemical means. In none of these cases a hereditary or neurological cause for the facial hemiatrophy was found. However, in two cases autoantibodies against nuclei and muscle were repeatedly obtained. No prolongation of sensory or pain chronaxy occurred in either the patients with sclerodermal or idiopathic facial hemiatrophy. These observations suggest that facial hemiatrophy can originate (a) in a localized scleroderma in the involved part of the face, (b) in an ipsilateral \"scl\u00e9rodermie en coup de sabre\", or (c) in the coexistence of both. There is a close pathological and physiological correlation between idiopathic and sclerodermal facial hemiatrophy. In both forms of facial hemiatrophy the disease involves skeletal muscle tissue systematically. This myopathy is similar to that of progressive scleroderma, far exceeding the limited muscular involvement of localized scleroderma. Sclerodermal facial hemiatrophy can be associated with autoimmune phenomena.", "contents": "[Idiopathic and sclerodermic facial hemiatrophy with generalized myopathy. Clinical, electromyographic and histologic examinations of six patients]. Six patients with facial hemiatrophy (H.f) were thoroughly examined by clinical and laboratory investigations. Two were found to have idiopathic and four facial hemiatrophy due to different types of localized scleroderma. In all cases a generalized myopathy was present, demonstrated by electromyographical, histological, and biochemical means. In none of these cases a hereditary or neurological cause for the facial hemiatrophy was found. However, in two cases autoantibodies against nuclei and muscle were repeatedly obtained. No prolongation of sensory or pain chronaxy occurred in either the patients with sclerodermal or idiopathic facial hemiatrophy. These observations suggest that facial hemiatrophy can originate (a) in a localized scleroderma in the involved part of the face, (b) in an ipsilateral \"scl\u00e9rodermie en coup de sabre\", or (c) in the coexistence of both. There is a close pathological and physiological correlation between idiopathic and sclerodermal facial hemiatrophy. In both forms of facial hemiatrophy the disease involves skeletal muscle tissue systematically. This myopathy is similar to that of progressive scleroderma, far exceeding the limited muscular involvement of localized scleroderma. Sclerodermal facial hemiatrophy can be associated with autoimmune phenomena.", "PMID": 838576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3266", "title": "[Oral florid papillomatosis or \"speckled\" leukoplakia? A discussion with reference to three cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Three patients in whom the  diagnosis of oral florid papillomatosis or speckled leukoplakia was made are reported. All three patients were elderly men, who had been heavy smokers for years. In two of the treated patients the disease recurred. Histologically pseudohyphae of Candida could be demonstrated of all three cases. The etiology and the differential diagnosis of oral florid papillomatosis and speckled leukoplakia are discussed. In our opinion, there is no essential difference between oral florid papillomatosis and speckled leukoplakia.", "contents": "[Oral florid papillomatosis or \"speckled\" leukoplakia? A discussion with reference to three cases (author's transl)]. Three patients in whom the  diagnosis of oral florid papillomatosis or speckled leukoplakia was made are reported. All three patients were elderly men, who had been heavy smokers for years. In two of the treated patients the disease recurred. Histologically pseudohyphae of Candida could be demonstrated of all three cases. The etiology and the differential diagnosis of oral florid papillomatosis and speckled leukoplakia are discussed. In our opinion, there is no essential difference between oral florid papillomatosis and speckled leukoplakia.", "PMID": 838577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3267", "title": "[Skin syphilids, only incidental findings].", "content": "Six cases of syphilides- rarely seen cutaneous manifestations today--are reported and the difficulties in finding the correct diagnosis are stressed. Considerations with particular reference to the differential diagnosis of clinically and histomorphologically similar diseases are discussed. Beside case history and serological tests it is of overall importance to bear in mind the possibility of late syphilis.", "contents": "[Skin syphilids, only incidental findings]. Six cases of syphilides- rarely seen cutaneous manifestations today--are reported and the difficulties in finding the correct diagnosis are stressed. Considerations with particular reference to the differential diagnosis of clinically and histomorphologically similar diseases are discussed. Beside case history and serological tests it is of overall importance to bear in mind the possibility of late syphilis.", "PMID": 838578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3268", "title": "[Tinea capitis in school children in London].", "content": "An account is given of the increase in incidence of scalp ringworm seen in London school children over a twelve year period. The increase was accompanied by the isolation of a greater variety of species of dermatophytes some of which are not indigenous to Britain, such as Trichophyton soudanense. Four main radical groups of children were investigated and the distribution of the fungi causing scalp infections among them determined.", "contents": "[Tinea capitis in school children in London]. An account is given of the increase in incidence of scalp ringworm seen in London school children over a twelve year period. The increase was accompanied by the isolation of a greater variety of species of dermatophytes some of which are not indigenous to Britain, such as Trichophyton soudanense. Four main radical groups of children were investigated and the distribution of the fungi causing scalp infections among them determined.", "PMID": 838579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3269", "title": "[Malignant granular cell tumor].", "content": "A case of malignant granular cell tumor is reported. A 44-year-old male patient presented a tumor starting from the left side of the neck which finally extended shoulder and left thoracic region. Despite repeated gammatron radiations and cytostatic therapy death occurred three years after the discovery of the primary tumor due to spreading of metastases into the cervical spinal cord, para-aortic lymph nodes, lungs, kidney and liver. The differential diagnosis of the morphological substrate is discussed and the preference of the termination introduced by Stout and Lattes is established.", "contents": "[Malignant granular cell tumor]. A case of malignant granular cell tumor is reported. A 44-year-old male patient presented a tumor starting from the left side of the neck which finally extended shoulder and left thoracic region. Despite repeated gammatron radiations and cytostatic therapy death occurred three years after the discovery of the primary tumor due to spreading of metastases into the cervical spinal cord, para-aortic lymph nodes, lungs, kidney and liver. The differential diagnosis of the morphological substrate is discussed and the preference of the termination introduced by Stout and Lattes is established.", "PMID": 838580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3270", "title": "[Psoriasis: a general disease?].", "content": "Though particular immunological findings are reported in some cases of psoriasis (increased IgA-, IgE- and IgG-levels, decreased IgM-level, and occurrence of antiglobulin-factors), psoriasis should not be considered as an autoimmune disease. Likewise psoriasis is not a general disease, nor is it a systemic disease. The vascular alterations in the upper corium which are quite regularly found in the apparently-non-affected skin, are probably restricted to the extracerbations of the disease.", "contents": "[Psoriasis: a general disease?]. Though particular immunological findings are reported in some cases of psoriasis (increased IgA-, IgE- and IgG-levels, decreased IgM-level, and occurrence of antiglobulin-factors), psoriasis should not be considered as an autoimmune disease. Likewise psoriasis is not a general disease, nor is it a systemic disease. The vascular alterations in the upper corium which are quite regularly found in the apparently-non-affected skin, are probably restricted to the extracerbations of the disease.", "PMID": 838582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3271", "title": "Catecholamine histofluorescence using cryostat sectioning and glyoxylic acid in unperfused frozen brain: a detailed description of the technique.", "content": "This paper presents a technique for glyoxylic acid-induced monoamine histofluorescence in the central nervous system. Unperfused rat brains are sectioned in a cryostat, immersed in 2% glyoxylic acid solution, warm-air dried and gassed at 100 degrees C. Intense, well-localized catecholamine fluorescence is produced and all known catecholamine-containing structures are demonstrated. The fluorescence obtained by this method was evaluated by a variety of agents and was shown to be catecholaminergic in origin. In contrast to the Vibratome-glyoxylic acid technique, this procedure reliably produces thin, whole-brain sections of even thickness and allows protracted use of the tissue block. Because unperfused tissue is used, the technique can be applied to a broad variety of material, such as post-mortem tissue or invertebrate preparations. Alternate sections can be prepared for a variety of techniques requiring unperfused tissue (e.g., enzymatic localization, chemical assay, anatomical techniques). The reasons for choosing each of the parameters in the technique are discussed.", "contents": "Catecholamine histofluorescence using cryostat sectioning and glyoxylic acid in unperfused frozen brain: a detailed description of the technique. This paper presents a technique for glyoxylic acid-induced monoamine histofluorescence in the central nervous system. Unperfused rat brains are sectioned in a cryostat, immersed in 2% glyoxylic acid solution, warm-air dried and gassed at 100 degrees C. Intense, well-localized catecholamine fluorescence is produced and all known catecholamine-containing structures are demonstrated. The fluorescence obtained by this method was evaluated by a variety of agents and was shown to be catecholaminergic in origin. In contrast to the Vibratome-glyoxylic acid technique, this procedure reliably produces thin, whole-brain sections of even thickness and allows protracted use of the tissue block. Because unperfused tissue is used, the technique can be applied to a broad variety of material, such as post-mortem tissue or invertebrate preparations. Alternate sections can be prepared for a variety of techniques requiring unperfused tissue (e.g., enzymatic localization, chemical assay, anatomical techniques). The reasons for choosing each of the parameters in the technique are discussed.", "PMID": 838603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3272", "title": "An enzymatic method for the histochemical localization of free and esterified cholesterol separately.", "content": "An enzymatic method for the histochemical localization of cholesterol is presented. It makes possible the localization of free cholesterol, cholesterol esters, or both and is compatible with routine histological staining procedures. The method is based on the production of H2O2 from free cholesterol by cholesterol oxidase. Sites of peroxide production are visualized by a brown reaction product formed in a peroxidase-catalysed reaction between diaminobenzidine and H2O2. Cholesterol esters can be demonstrated as cholesterol after hydrolysis by cholesterol ester hydrolase. Some examples of the application of the method are given.", "contents": "An enzymatic method for the histochemical localization of free and esterified cholesterol separately. An enzymatic method for the histochemical localization of cholesterol is presented. It makes possible the localization of free cholesterol, cholesterol esters, or both and is compatible with routine histological staining procedures. The method is based on the production of H2O2 from free cholesterol by cholesterol oxidase. Sites of peroxide production are visualized by a brown reaction product formed in a peroxidase-catalysed reaction between diaminobenzidine and H2O2. Cholesterol esters can be demonstrated as cholesterol after hydrolysis by cholesterol ester hydrolase. Some examples of the application of the method are given.", "PMID": 838604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3273", "title": "Electron histochemistry of mucosubstances in normal human rectal epithelium.", "content": "The electron microscopic histochemistry of mucosubstances in sigmoidoscopically and microscopically normal rectal biopsies was studied using techniques currently available. The deposition of Alcian Blue and Ruthenium Red and the distribution of Concanavalin A receptors were limited to the epithelial cell borders. Mucosubstances in the fuzzy coat, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes and secretory vesicles were demonstrated by the periodic acid-chromic acid oxidation methods. Glycogen was demonstrated in the epithelium by periodate oxidation methods and the complex cyanide technique. There was little difference in the distribution of mucosubstances in the epithelial cells at any level of the crypts. Phosphotungstic acid staining under controlled conditions gave a similar distribution of mucosubstances to those revealed by the oxidation techniques.", "contents": "Electron histochemistry of mucosubstances in normal human rectal epithelium. The electron microscopic histochemistry of mucosubstances in sigmoidoscopically and microscopically normal rectal biopsies was studied using techniques currently available. The deposition of Alcian Blue and Ruthenium Red and the distribution of Concanavalin A receptors were limited to the epithelial cell borders. Mucosubstances in the fuzzy coat, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes and secretory vesicles were demonstrated by the periodic acid-chromic acid oxidation methods. Glycogen was demonstrated in the epithelium by periodate oxidation methods and the complex cyanide technique. There was little difference in the distribution of mucosubstances in the epithelial cells at any level of the crypts. Phosphotungstic acid staining under controlled conditions gave a similar distribution of mucosubstances to those revealed by the oxidation techniques.", "PMID": 838605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3274", "title": "[Greater petrosal nerve surgery in long-term cluster headache (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on three cases with cluster headache for a period of 10 to 20 years, respectively. This was healed by resection of the greater petrosal nerve. In these patients the nerve was found in a bony canal of a length of 5 to 6 mm between the geniculate ganglion and the facial nerve hiatus. In this region the nerve was blurred free, luxated from the canal, and resected. Histological control of this part of the nerve revealed a fibrosis of the peri- and epineurium and a degeneration of some nerve fibers. Histological control in a greater number of cases is recommended.", "contents": "[Greater petrosal nerve surgery in long-term cluster headache (author's transl)]. Report on three cases with cluster headache for a period of 10 to 20 years, respectively. This was healed by resection of the greater petrosal nerve. In these patients the nerve was found in a bony canal of a length of 5 to 6 mm between the geniculate ganglion and the facial nerve hiatus. In this region the nerve was blurred free, luxated from the canal, and resected. Histological control of this part of the nerve revealed a fibrosis of the peri- and epineurium and a degeneration of some nerve fibers. Histological control in a greater number of cases is recommended.", "PMID": 838609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3275", "title": "[Spontaneously occuring and experimentally induced enzymatic changes in the rat parotid gland: a possible experimental model of ageing (author's transl)].", "content": "The activity, specificity and stability of many enzymes decreases in ageing organisms. This fact is attributed to the accumulation of errors in protein biosynthesis. Due to its very active protein metabolism, the parotid gland is a suitable experimental model for the investigation of such age-dependent processes. By administration of 5-bromodeoxyuridine to young rats, changes of isoamylase.activity were induced in the parotid glands which were strikingly similar to those found earlier in control normally-aged animals.", "contents": "[Spontaneously occuring and experimentally induced enzymatic changes in the rat parotid gland: a possible experimental model of ageing (author's transl)]. The activity, specificity and stability of many enzymes decreases in ageing organisms. This fact is attributed to the accumulation of errors in protein biosynthesis. Due to its very active protein metabolism, the parotid gland is a suitable experimental model for the investigation of such age-dependent processes. By administration of 5-bromodeoxyuridine to young rats, changes of isoamylase.activity were induced in the parotid glands which were strikingly similar to those found earlier in control normally-aged animals.", "PMID": 838610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3276", "title": "[Surgical correction of vocal cord synechia (author's transl)].", "content": "Anterior webs of the larynx, whether congenital or traumatic in origin, are conventionally treated by excision and subsequent interposition of a stent between the raw surfaces of the defect to prevent regrowth of the web. The present paper describes a new technique which does not require interposition of a stent. The web is divided through a laryngofissure and adjacent connective tissue is removed. The cut raw surfaces of the vocal cords are covered by the adjacent mucosa, which is carefully mobilized, adapted and sutured with interrupted silk sutures. The method described has been used in eight patients, with a good result obtained in seven of the patients. In the eighth patient, post-tranumatic scars with web formation were removed so that the condition was improved but not completely corrected.", "contents": "[Surgical correction of vocal cord synechia (author's transl)]. Anterior webs of the larynx, whether congenital or traumatic in origin, are conventionally treated by excision and subsequent interposition of a stent between the raw surfaces of the defect to prevent regrowth of the web. The present paper describes a new technique which does not require interposition of a stent. The web is divided through a laryngofissure and adjacent connective tissue is removed. The cut raw surfaces of the vocal cords are covered by the adjacent mucosa, which is carefully mobilized, adapted and sutured with interrupted silk sutures. The method described has been used in eight patients, with a good result obtained in seven of the patients. In the eighth patient, post-tranumatic scars with web formation were removed so that the condition was improved but not completely corrected.", "PMID": 838611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3277", "title": "[Isotopic cisternography in detection of CSF Rhinorrhea (author's transl)].", "content": "The radioisotope cisternogram has proven itself to be a valuable diagnostic procedure during the evaluation of patients with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea. If it is not possible to define the origin of such a leak, extensive intracranial explorations may be required, which may or may not result in successful correction of the defect. As a functional examination with limited risk to the patient and minimal radiation exposure, the isotopic cisternogram can either establish a diagnosis of CSF rhinorrhea or eliminate cerebrospinal fluid as a cause for rhinorrhea. When occurring, CSF leaks can be shown by demonstrating a \"path\" from the cranial fossage into the nasal cavity. The present technique utilizes tampons placed in each nostril. A positive diagnosis of CSF rhinorrhea is made by finding a tampon impregnated with at least twice the radioactivity of a control tampon from the opposite nostril (in the presence of an intact septum). Conclusions indicate that a positive anterior fossa cisternogram may be the only evidence for hidden site of CSF leakage, especially when other signs are lacking.", "contents": "[Isotopic cisternography in detection of CSF Rhinorrhea (author's transl)]. The radioisotope cisternogram has proven itself to be a valuable diagnostic procedure during the evaluation of patients with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea. If it is not possible to define the origin of such a leak, extensive intracranial explorations may be required, which may or may not result in successful correction of the defect. As a functional examination with limited risk to the patient and minimal radiation exposure, the isotopic cisternogram can either establish a diagnosis of CSF rhinorrhea or eliminate cerebrospinal fluid as a cause for rhinorrhea. When occurring, CSF leaks can be shown by demonstrating a \"path\" from the cranial fossage into the nasal cavity. The present technique utilizes tampons placed in each nostril. A positive diagnosis of CSF rhinorrhea is made by finding a tampon impregnated with at least twice the radioactivity of a control tampon from the opposite nostril (in the presence of an intact septum). Conclusions indicate that a positive anterior fossa cisternogram may be the only evidence for hidden site of CSF leakage, especially when other signs are lacking.", "PMID": 838612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3278", "title": "Clinical and histologic evaluation of bilateral hemilaminectomy and deep dorsal laminectomy for extensive spinal cord decompression in the dog.", "content": "Various forms of 2 techniques for maximal decompression of the thoracolumbar spinal cord in dogs were evaluated clinically and histologically. Based on the results of this study, the veterinary surgeon could consider the following spinal decompression procedures: (1) deep dorsal laminectomy over 1 vertebra; (2) bilateral hemilaminectomy on 1 vertebra, with removal of articular processes and dorsal spinal plating; and (3) bilateral hemilaminectomy on 2 vertebrae, with the articular processes left intact. Of these 3, the 1st and 3rd techniques would probably be considered for use more often than the 2nd. Deep dorsal laminectomy over 2 vertebrae should be considered with reservation. Bilateral hemilaminectomy on 2 vertebrae, with rigid dorsal spinal plating and without articular processes at the ends of the defect, should not be used. Before using one of the techniques, the surgeon should consider the indications, advantages, and disadvantages for that technique.", "contents": "Clinical and histologic evaluation of bilateral hemilaminectomy and deep dorsal laminectomy for extensive spinal cord decompression in the dog. Various forms of 2 techniques for maximal decompression of the thoracolumbar spinal cord in dogs were evaluated clinically and histologically. Based on the results of this study, the veterinary surgeon could consider the following spinal decompression procedures: (1) deep dorsal laminectomy over 1 vertebra; (2) bilateral hemilaminectomy on 1 vertebra, with removal of articular processes and dorsal spinal plating; and (3) bilateral hemilaminectomy on 2 vertebrae, with the articular processes left intact. Of these 3, the 1st and 3rd techniques would probably be considered for use more often than the 2nd. Deep dorsal laminectomy over 2 vertebrae should be considered with reservation. Bilateral hemilaminectomy on 2 vertebrae, with rigid dorsal spinal plating and without articular processes at the ends of the defect, should not be used. Before using one of the techniques, the surgeon should consider the indications, advantages, and disadvantages for that technique.", "PMID": 838614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3279", "title": "Canine urolithiasis: retrospective analysis of 438 cases.", "content": "In a retrospective analysis of 438 cases of canine urolithiasis, a total of 561 urolithic episodes were found to have occurred in a 6 1/2-year period. The hospital incidence of urolithiasis during that period, defined as the proportion of dogs hospitalized with urolithiasis to the total number of dogs hospitalized, was 2.8%. The major chemical component of the calculus in 307 dogs was phosphate; in 95 dogs, cystine; in 21 dogs, urate; in 12 dogs, oxalate; and in 3 dogs, carbonate. The Miniature Schnauzer, Dachsund, Dalmatian, Pug, Bulldog, Welsh Corgi, Beagle, and Bassett Hound were breeds that had a significantly higher (P less than 0.05) incidence of calculi than did breeds of other dogs hospitalized. Predisposition for calculi, by sex, was not found. Most dogs with calculi were between 3 and 7 years old. Most calculi were radiopaque and were located in the bladder or in the bladder and urethra. Specimens for bacteriologic culture were obtained by catheterization or by swabbing of tissue at the surgical site. Of 259 specimens obtained, 181 were culture-positive. The most common organisms isolated were Staphylococcus spp, Escherichia coli, Proteus spp, Streptococcus spp, and Klebsiella spp. Most of the bacteria were sensitive to gentamicin, chloramphenicol, nitrofurantoin, cephalothin, and methanamine mandelate.", "contents": "Canine urolithiasis: retrospective analysis of 438 cases. In a retrospective analysis of 438 cases of canine urolithiasis, a total of 561 urolithic episodes were found to have occurred in a 6 1/2-year period. The hospital incidence of urolithiasis during that period, defined as the proportion of dogs hospitalized with urolithiasis to the total number of dogs hospitalized, was 2.8%. The major chemical component of the calculus in 307 dogs was phosphate; in 95 dogs, cystine; in 21 dogs, urate; in 12 dogs, oxalate; and in 3 dogs, carbonate. The Miniature Schnauzer, Dachsund, Dalmatian, Pug, Bulldog, Welsh Corgi, Beagle, and Bassett Hound were breeds that had a significantly higher (P less than 0.05) incidence of calculi than did breeds of other dogs hospitalized. Predisposition for calculi, by sex, was not found. Most dogs with calculi were between 3 and 7 years old. Most calculi were radiopaque and were located in the bladder or in the bladder and urethra. Specimens for bacteriologic culture were obtained by catheterization or by swabbing of tissue at the surgical site. Of 259 specimens obtained, 181 were culture-positive. The most common organisms isolated were Staphylococcus spp, Escherichia coli, Proteus spp, Streptococcus spp, and Klebsiella spp. Most of the bacteria were sensitive to gentamicin, chloramphenicol, nitrofurantoin, cephalothin, and methanamine mandelate.", "PMID": 838615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3280", "title": "Recurrence of canine urolithiasis.", "content": "A retrospective analysis of urolithiasis in the dog was done at the Animal Medical Center, New York, NY, and involved a review of case records from Jan 1, 1968, to June 30, 1974. The study involved a total of 438 dogs that had a total of 561 urolithic episodes. Of the 438 dogs, 111 had 155 known recurrences of calculi. The types of recurrent calculi were phosphate (54 dogs), cystine (45 dogs), urate (7 dogs), oxalate (3 dogs), and carbonate (2 dogs). Two-thirds of the recurrent cases involved only 2 episodes. One-half of the population was composed of mixed breeds, Schnauzers, and Poodles. With the exception of 25 females that had phosphate calculi, all of the dogs with recurrences were males. Sixty-six dogs were tested for urinary bacteria and of these dogs, 40 had infected urinary tracts. The infected dogs had both phosphate and cystine calculi. In addition, most dogs with phosphate calculi had Staphylococcus infections, whereas the cultures from the dogs with cystine calculi had a wide range of bacteria.", "contents": "Recurrence of canine urolithiasis. A retrospective analysis of urolithiasis in the dog was done at the Animal Medical Center, New York, NY, and involved a review of case records from Jan 1, 1968, to June 30, 1974. The study involved a total of 438 dogs that had a total of 561 urolithic episodes. Of the 438 dogs, 111 had 155 known recurrences of calculi. The types of recurrent calculi were phosphate (54 dogs), cystine (45 dogs), urate (7 dogs), oxalate (3 dogs), and carbonate (2 dogs). Two-thirds of the recurrent cases involved only 2 episodes. One-half of the population was composed of mixed breeds, Schnauzers, and Poodles. With the exception of 25 females that had phosphate calculi, all of the dogs with recurrences were males. Sixty-six dogs were tested for urinary bacteria and of these dogs, 40 had infected urinary tracts. The infected dogs had both phosphate and cystine calculi. In addition, most dogs with phosphate calculi had Staphylococcus infections, whereas the cultures from the dogs with cystine calculi had a wide range of bacteria.", "PMID": 838616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3281", "title": "Associations in the hominoid facial skeleton.", "content": "A comparative study has been made of the correlations between numerous linear and angular dimensions of the facial skeleton of man and the three great apes. The Varimax (rotated orthogonal) factor analysis was found to be an essential aid in analysing the very large correlation matrices obtained. It indicated that three groups of association can be identified in the hominoid skull. The first reflects co-ordonated variation in total skull size; the second, co-ordinated variation within common anatomical regions; the third, co-ordination between the jaws and dentition. A broadly similar pattern was found in each group for all four genera. The principal contrasts between man, on the one hand, and the apes, on the other, were found in groups 1 and 2. The most prominent of these was a generally much tighter degree of association between the size and position of upper and lower jaws in the apes, and a consequently reduced tendency for disruption of the occlusal relationship of the teeth.", "contents": "Associations in the hominoid facial skeleton. A comparative study has been made of the correlations between numerous linear and angular dimensions of the facial skeleton of man and the three great apes. The Varimax (rotated orthogonal) factor analysis was found to be an essential aid in analysing the very large correlation matrices obtained. It indicated that three groups of association can be identified in the hominoid skull. The first reflects co-ordonated variation in total skull size; the second, co-ordinated variation within common anatomical regions; the third, co-ordination between the jaws and dentition. A broadly similar pattern was found in each group for all four genera. The principal contrasts between man, on the one hand, and the apes, on the other, were found in groups 1 and 2. The most prominent of these was a generally much tighter degree of association between the size and position of upper and lower jaws in the apes, and a consequently reduced tendency for disruption of the occlusal relationship of the teeth.", "PMID": 838617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3282", "title": "The presence of fine elastin fibrils within the elastin fibre observed by scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy of critical point dried, enzymically and chemically purified fetal and adult elastin fibres from bovine ligamentum nuchae has shown that the fibres are composed of fine elastin fibrils (110-130nm diameter). In the fetal tissue the elastin fibres were of relatively uniform thickness and did not bifurcate, but in the adult, much thicker, branching fibres were present. It would appear that, during maturation of the elastin fibre, thickening is the result of the aggregation of many fine fibrils, and bifurcations result form bundles of such fibrils crossing over from one fibre to another.", "contents": "The presence of fine elastin fibrils within the elastin fibre observed by scanning electron microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy of critical point dried, enzymically and chemically purified fetal and adult elastin fibres from bovine ligamentum nuchae has shown that the fibres are composed of fine elastin fibrils (110-130nm diameter). In the fetal tissue the elastin fibres were of relatively uniform thickness and did not bifurcate, but in the adult, much thicker, branching fibres were present. It would appear that, during maturation of the elastin fibre, thickening is the result of the aggregation of many fine fibrils, and bifurcations result form bundles of such fibrils crossing over from one fibre to another.", "PMID": 838618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3283", "title": "Fine structure of the olfactory epithelium in some primates.", "content": "Electron microscopy of the olfactory epithelium of two prosimian primates, the trees shrew and slow loris, and two simian primates, the macaque and gibbon, has shown that this epithelium consists of three cell types, receptor cells, supporting cells and basal cells, as in other mammals. Receptor cells were ciliated in all the animals investigated except the tree shrew, where, in addition to ciliated receptors, nonciliated receptors bearing only microvilli were occasionally present. Developing receptor cells containing numerous centrioles between nucleus and cell surface were occasionally observed and these cells had poorly developed olfactory knobs and few mitochondria. The olfactory epithelium was similar in morphology in all four species, except that supporting cells showed progressively more numerous, more slender and longer microvilli on their distal surface from tree shrew to slow loris to macaque to gibbon. This may imply a more discriminatory surface in the higher primates in view of the close relationship of these microvilli to the receptor cell surface.", "contents": "Fine structure of the olfactory epithelium in some primates. Electron microscopy of the olfactory epithelium of two prosimian primates, the trees shrew and slow loris, and two simian primates, the macaque and gibbon, has shown that this epithelium consists of three cell types, receptor cells, supporting cells and basal cells, as in other mammals. Receptor cells were ciliated in all the animals investigated except the tree shrew, where, in addition to ciliated receptors, nonciliated receptors bearing only microvilli were occasionally present. Developing receptor cells containing numerous centrioles between nucleus and cell surface were occasionally observed and these cells had poorly developed olfactory knobs and few mitochondria. The olfactory epithelium was similar in morphology in all four species, except that supporting cells showed progressively more numerous, more slender and longer microvilli on their distal surface from tree shrew to slow loris to macaque to gibbon. This may imply a more discriminatory surface in the higher primates in view of the close relationship of these microvilli to the receptor cell surface.", "PMID": 838619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3284", "title": "Studies on the postnatal growth of the rat adrenal cortex.", "content": "In the male rat the volumes of the several zones of the adrenal cortex were measured using a point-counting technique at various ages. The resulting growth curves were fitted by the Gompertz method, and the specific growth rate calculated for each zone at 14 days of age. Also at 14 days the flash labelling index was measured in contiguous bands each three cells in thickness across the cortex; maximum indices were found in the outer cortical layers. Calculations of the birth rate for each zona were compared with the growth rates. In the zona glomerulosa, the birth rate exceeded the growth rate, giving a cell migration rate of 4 cells/1000 cells/hour. In the zona reticularis there was a net cell gain of 5 cells/1000 cells/hour; in this zone, for every 100 cells born by cell division, nearly 2000 were added by cell migration. The results support the migration hypothesis of adrenocortical cytogenesis.", "contents": "Studies on the postnatal growth of the rat adrenal cortex. In the male rat the volumes of the several zones of the adrenal cortex were measured using a point-counting technique at various ages. The resulting growth curves were fitted by the Gompertz method, and the specific growth rate calculated for each zone at 14 days of age. Also at 14 days the flash labelling index was measured in contiguous bands each three cells in thickness across the cortex; maximum indices were found in the outer cortical layers. Calculations of the birth rate for each zona were compared with the growth rates. In the zona glomerulosa, the birth rate exceeded the growth rate, giving a cell migration rate of 4 cells/1000 cells/hour. In the zona reticularis there was a net cell gain of 5 cells/1000 cells/hour; in this zone, for every 100 cells born by cell division, nearly 2000 were added by cell migration. The results support the migration hypothesis of adrenocortical cytogenesis.", "PMID": 838620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3285", "title": "Identification of keratohyalin in freeze-fracture replicas of rat buccal epithelium.", "content": "In freeze-fracture replicas of rat cheek epithelium structures representing various forms of keratohyalin granules as seen in stained thin sections have been identified. Discrete spherical granules present in nuclei and cytoplasm are represented in replicas by aggregates of 6 nm particles, and composite granules by similar aggregates associated with a homogeneous component. The observations tend to support the concept of the structural heterogeneity of keratohyalin granules.", "contents": "Identification of keratohyalin in freeze-fracture replicas of rat buccal epithelium. In freeze-fracture replicas of rat cheek epithelium structures representing various forms of keratohyalin granules as seen in stained thin sections have been identified. Discrete spherical granules present in nuclei and cytoplasm are represented in replicas by aggregates of 6 nm particles, and composite granules by similar aggregates associated with a homogeneous component. The observations tend to support the concept of the structural heterogeneity of keratohyalin granules.", "PMID": 838621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3286", "title": "Ultrastructural morphometry of the rat neurohypophysis.", "content": "Standard sterological methods have been used to determine the morphometric parameters of the rat neurohypophysis. Sectioned material from six neurohypophyses was analysed at four levels of magnification in the electron microscope. Quantitative data was obtained about the volume, number and surface area of the various cytological components, and was expressed as density per mm3 of tissue and as absolute dimensions for the average neurohypophysis.", "contents": "Ultrastructural morphometry of the rat neurohypophysis. Standard sterological methods have been used to determine the morphometric parameters of the rat neurohypophysis. Sectioned material from six neurohypophyses was analysed at four levels of magnification in the electron microscope. Quantitative data was obtained about the volume, number and surface area of the various cytological components, and was expressed as density per mm3 of tissue and as absolute dimensions for the average neurohypophysis.", "PMID": 838622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3287", "title": "Experiments concerning the initiation of the choroid fissure in Gallus domesticus.", "content": "121 experiments are reported in Gallus domesticus, in which the left optic primordium from donor embryos ranging from stages 9 to 17 (Hamburger & Hamilton) was grafted upside down into host embryos at approximately stage 11-(12 somite stage), replacing the host right primary optic vesicle, which had previously been removed. In 36 experiments, up to donor stage 12+, the choroid fissure in the graft developed in hostwise ventral orientation, i.e. from the original dorsal quadrant of the graft. In four cases no fissure appeared. In donor stage 17 grafts, the fissure was invariably in graftwise dorsal orientation. In the intermediate donor stages 14 and 15, hostwise fissures occured in 12 out of 23 experiments, and in the donor stages 15 and 16, in 7 out of 28. Six cases were seen in which the fissure was in a position approximately midway between the hostwise and graftwise positions. Multiple fissures were not encountered. The results are compared with those reported in Trition by Sato (1933).", "contents": "Experiments concerning the initiation of the choroid fissure in Gallus domesticus. 121 experiments are reported in Gallus domesticus, in which the left optic primordium from donor embryos ranging from stages 9 to 17 (Hamburger & Hamilton) was grafted upside down into host embryos at approximately stage 11-(12 somite stage), replacing the host right primary optic vesicle, which had previously been removed. In 36 experiments, up to donor stage 12+, the choroid fissure in the graft developed in hostwise ventral orientation, i.e. from the original dorsal quadrant of the graft. In four cases no fissure appeared. In donor stage 17 grafts, the fissure was invariably in graftwise dorsal orientation. In the intermediate donor stages 14 and 15, hostwise fissures occured in 12 out of 23 experiments, and in the donor stages 15 and 16, in 7 out of 28. Six cases were seen in which the fissure was in a position approximately midway between the hostwise and graftwise positions. Multiple fissures were not encountered. The results are compared with those reported in Trition by Sato (1933).", "PMID": 838623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3288", "title": "Influence of ovarian surface epithelium and rete ovarii on follicle formation.", "content": "Early follicle development has been studied in mouse ovaries grafted to immunologically incompetent hosts. Early follicular formation and growth is apparently dependent on the presence of the rete ovarii: the surface epithelium does not seem to play a decisive role. This was shown in transplantation studies of fetal gonads which had been divided into parts with and without the rete ovarii. None of the rete-depleted ovaries exhibited normal follicular differentiation regardless of the presence or absence of the surface epithelium, whereas follicles developed normally in all the implants containing the rete system.", "contents": "Influence of ovarian surface epithelium and rete ovarii on follicle formation. Early follicle development has been studied in mouse ovaries grafted to immunologically incompetent hosts. Early follicular formation and growth is apparently dependent on the presence of the rete ovarii: the surface epithelium does not seem to play a decisive role. This was shown in transplantation studies of fetal gonads which had been divided into parts with and without the rete ovarii. None of the rete-depleted ovaries exhibited normal follicular differentiation regardless of the presence or absence of the surface epithelium, whereas follicles developed normally in all the implants containing the rete system.", "PMID": 838624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3289", "title": "Architecture and density of the connective tissue papillae of the human oral mucosa.", "content": "The papillary body of the human oral mucosa was studied at six different sites. Biopsy and autopsy material from 57 individuals, 11-81 years of age, was split chemically along the basal lamina and the epithelium-connective tissue interface examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. Morphometric techniques were employed in order to determine: epithelial thickness, height and density of connective tissue papillae and the percentage of basal epithelial surfaces occupied by them. In the majority of sites, connective tissue plateaux or ridges carrying a variable number of single or grouped papillae were found to be the basic structural units of the papillary body. Three regions with diferent characteristics of the epithelium-connective tissue interface could be identified: (1) floor of the mouth, (2) lip and cheek, (3) gingiva and hard palate. The floor of the mouth showed the lowest connective tissue papillae density, the smallest papillae, and connective tissue plateaux separated by narrow grooves. Lip and cheek mucosae revealed an intermediate density, the papillae were frequently bifurcated and angulated. Gingiva and hard palate were characterized by the highest papillary density and by papillae which were cylindrical, slender and erect. The alveolar mucosa exhibited intermediate features between those of the floor of the mouth and those of the cheek mucosa.", "contents": "Architecture and density of the connective tissue papillae of the human oral mucosa. The papillary body of the human oral mucosa was studied at six different sites. Biopsy and autopsy material from 57 individuals, 11-81 years of age, was split chemically along the basal lamina and the epithelium-connective tissue interface examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. Morphometric techniques were employed in order to determine: epithelial thickness, height and density of connective tissue papillae and the percentage of basal epithelial surfaces occupied by them. In the majority of sites, connective tissue plateaux or ridges carrying a variable number of single or grouped papillae were found to be the basic structural units of the papillary body. Three regions with diferent characteristics of the epithelium-connective tissue interface could be identified: (1) floor of the mouth, (2) lip and cheek, (3) gingiva and hard palate. The floor of the mouth showed the lowest connective tissue papillae density, the smallest papillae, and connective tissue plateaux separated by narrow grooves. Lip and cheek mucosae revealed an intermediate density, the papillae were frequently bifurcated and angulated. Gingiva and hard palate were characterized by the highest papillary density and by papillae which were cylindrical, slender and erect. The alveolar mucosa exhibited intermediate features between those of the floor of the mouth and those of the cheek mucosa.", "PMID": 838625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3290", "title": "Biosynthesis of streptolidine moiety of streptothricins by Streptomyces noursei JA 3890b.", "content": "The incorporation of uniformly 14C-labeled compounds into the streptothricin-type antibiotic nourseothricin was studied with a strain of Streptomyces noursei JA 3890b. 6.5% of radioactivity from U-14C-L-arginine was incorporated into the antibiotic, while glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine, proline, glycine and leucine displayed much lower incorporations. Furhtermore, 95% of the activity incorporated from arginine was located in the streptolidine moiety supporting the suggestion that this subunit of streptothricin antibiotics is formed via the dehydroarginine pathway.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of streptolidine moiety of streptothricins by Streptomyces noursei JA 3890b. The incorporation of uniformly 14C-labeled compounds into the streptothricin-type antibiotic nourseothricin was studied with a strain of Streptomyces noursei JA 3890b. 6.5% of radioactivity from U-14C-L-arginine was incorporated into the antibiotic, while glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine, proline, glycine and leucine displayed much lower incorporations. Furhtermore, 95% of the activity incorporated from arginine was located in the streptolidine moiety supporting the suggestion that this subunit of streptothricin antibiotics is formed via the dehydroarginine pathway.", "PMID": 838626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3291", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a new nucleoside antibiotic, amipurimycin.", "content": "A new antibiotic amipurimycin, active against Pyricularia oryzae in vitro and in vivo, was isolated from the culture filtrate of Streptomyces novoguineensis nov. sp. The antibiotic was purified by a combination of ion-exchange and adsorption chromatography based on its amphoteric water-soluble characteristics. Its molecular formula was estimated to be C20H27approximately31N7O8-H2O. Characteristic maxima in the UV spectrum and signals in the PMR and CMR spectra were similar to those of 2-aminopurine 9-(beta-D)-riboside. These findings indicated that amipurimycin is a new nucleoside antibiotic and the first example of a natural product containing 2-aminopurine.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a new nucleoside antibiotic, amipurimycin. A new antibiotic amipurimycin, active against Pyricularia oryzae in vitro and in vivo, was isolated from the culture filtrate of Streptomyces novoguineensis nov. sp. The antibiotic was purified by a combination of ion-exchange and adsorption chromatography based on its amphoteric water-soluble characteristics. Its molecular formula was estimated to be C20H27approximately31N7O8-H2O. Characteristic maxima in the UV spectrum and signals in the PMR and CMR spectra were similar to those of 2-aminopurine 9-(beta-D)-riboside. These findings indicated that amipurimycin is a new nucleoside antibiotic and the first example of a natural product containing 2-aminopurine.", "PMID": 838627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3292", "title": "A new aminoglycoside antibiotic complex--the seldomycins. I. Taxonomy, fermentation and antibacterial properties.", "content": "A soil isolate named Streptomyces hofunensis sp. nov. was found to produce seldomycin factors 1, 2, 3 and 5, new aminoglycoside antibiotics. Taxonomy of the producing organism, a study of cultural conditions for seldomycin production, and antibacterial activity of seldomycins are reported. Seldomycin factor 5 was the most active both in vitro and in vivo against gram-positive and negative bacteria.", "contents": "A new aminoglycoside antibiotic complex--the seldomycins. I. Taxonomy, fermentation and antibacterial properties. A soil isolate named Streptomyces hofunensis sp. nov. was found to produce seldomycin factors 1, 2, 3 and 5, new aminoglycoside antibiotics. Taxonomy of the producing organism, a study of cultural conditions for seldomycin production, and antibacterial activity of seldomycins are reported. Seldomycin factor 5 was the most active both in vitro and in vivo against gram-positive and negative bacteria.", "PMID": 838628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3293", "title": "A new aminoglycoside antibiotic complex--the seldomycins. II. Isolation, physicochemical and chromatographic properties.", "content": "An antibiotic complex consisting of four components, seldomycin factors 1, 2, 3 and 5 was isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces hofunensis sp. nov. by use of a cationic exchange resin. After silica gel column chromatography, the purified components were characterized as new aminoglycoside antibiotics by their physicochemical, chromatographic and antimicrobial properties.", "contents": "A new aminoglycoside antibiotic complex--the seldomycins. II. Isolation, physicochemical and chromatographic properties. An antibiotic complex consisting of four components, seldomycin factors 1, 2, 3 and 5 was isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces hofunensis sp. nov. by use of a cationic exchange resin. After silica gel column chromatography, the purified components were characterized as new aminoglycoside antibiotics by their physicochemical, chromatographic and antimicrobial properties.", "PMID": 838629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3294", "title": "A new aminoglycoside antibiotic complex--the seldomycins. III. The structures of seldomycin factors 1 and 2+.", "content": "The structures of seldomycin factors 1 and 2 have been determined by consideration of chemical degradation and spectral properties. Factor 1, also known as XK-88-1, is shown to be 6-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-xylopyranosyl) paromamine (1) and factor 2, also known as XK-88-2, is shown to be 4'-deoxy-neamine (2). Mass spectral evidence has been obtained that suggests the most probable structure for seldomycin factor 3, also known as XK-88-3, is 6'-amino-6'-deoxyseldomycin factor 1 (12).", "contents": "A new aminoglycoside antibiotic complex--the seldomycins. III. The structures of seldomycin factors 1 and 2+. The structures of seldomycin factors 1 and 2 have been determined by consideration of chemical degradation and spectral properties. Factor 1, also known as XK-88-1, is shown to be 6-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-xylopyranosyl) paromamine (1) and factor 2, also known as XK-88-2, is shown to be 4'-deoxy-neamine (2). Mass spectral evidence has been obtained that suggests the most probable structure for seldomycin factor 3, also known as XK-88-3, is 6'-amino-6'-deoxyseldomycin factor 1 (12).", "PMID": 838630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3295", "title": "Microbial reduction of the side-chain carbonyl of daunorubicin and N-acetyldaunorubicin.", "content": "Microorganisms reduced the side-chain carbonyl of daunorubicin to yield 13-dihydrodaunorubicin (daunorubicinol; daunomycinol). This microbial transformation occurred under aerobic conditions in agitated baffled shake flasks incubated at 37 degrees C. The microorganisms were first grown in a medium which supported dense growth. Daunorubicin-HCl was then added. Following a period of incubation, broths were adjusted to pH 10.0 and extracted with chloroform. Daunorubicinol was recovered and purified from the chloroform extracts by preparative TLC. Identity of the daunorubicinol was established by TLC and spectroscopy (UV-vis, IR, NMR, MS, CD and ORD). N-Acetyldaunorubicin was likewise reduced microbially to N-acetyldaunorubicinol. N-Acetyldaunorubicinol appears to be a new compound which is yet to be tested for antitumor activity.", "contents": "Microbial reduction of the side-chain carbonyl of daunorubicin and N-acetyldaunorubicin. Microorganisms reduced the side-chain carbonyl of daunorubicin to yield 13-dihydrodaunorubicin (daunorubicinol; daunomycinol). This microbial transformation occurred under aerobic conditions in agitated baffled shake flasks incubated at 37 degrees C. The microorganisms were first grown in a medium which supported dense growth. Daunorubicin-HCl was then added. Following a period of incubation, broths were adjusted to pH 10.0 and extracted with chloroform. Daunorubicinol was recovered and purified from the chloroform extracts by preparative TLC. Identity of the daunorubicinol was established by TLC and spectroscopy (UV-vis, IR, NMR, MS, CD and ORD). N-Acetyldaunorubicin was likewise reduced microbially to N-acetyldaunorubicinol. N-Acetyldaunorubicinol appears to be a new compound which is yet to be tested for antitumor activity.", "PMID": 838632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3296", "title": "Syntheses of 6'-C-aminomethyl-3'-deoxyparomamines.", "content": "The first synthesis of 6'-C-aminomethyl derivatives (6'-epimers) of 3'-deoxyparomamine is reported starting from 3'-deoxyparomamine by way of 6'-O-tritylation, O-acetylation, hydrolysis of the trityl group, conversion of the 6'-hydroxyl group into an aldehyde group, nitromethane condensation of the aldehyde group and catalytic reduction of the nitro group into an amino group.", "contents": "Syntheses of 6'-C-aminomethyl-3'-deoxyparomamines. The first synthesis of 6'-C-aminomethyl derivatives (6'-epimers) of 3'-deoxyparomamine is reported starting from 3'-deoxyparomamine by way of 6'-O-tritylation, O-acetylation, hydrolysis of the trityl group, conversion of the 6'-hydroxyl group into an aldehyde group, nitromethane condensation of the aldehyde group and catalytic reduction of the nitro group into an amino group.", "PMID": 838633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3297", "title": "Distribution of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase and chloramphenicol-3-acetate esterase among Streptomyces and Corynebacterium.", "content": "Chloramphenicol-3-acetate esterase activity was detected in cell-free extracts of strains of Streptomyces venezuela, Streptomyces sp. and Streptosporangium viridogriseum var. kofuense which produced chloramphenicol and also Corynebacterium hydrocarboclastus which produced chloramphenicol analogs (corynecins). None of the cell-free extracts of chloramphenicol- or corynecin-producing strains possessed chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity under conditions which avoided the influenced of the esterase activity. Among 20 strains examined that did not produce chloramphenicol, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase was detected in cell-free extracts of one strain of Streptomyces coelicolor M\u00fcller and one strain of S. fradiae ISP5063.", "contents": "Distribution of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase and chloramphenicol-3-acetate esterase among Streptomyces and Corynebacterium. Chloramphenicol-3-acetate esterase activity was detected in cell-free extracts of strains of Streptomyces venezuela, Streptomyces sp. and Streptosporangium viridogriseum var. kofuense which produced chloramphenicol and also Corynebacterium hydrocarboclastus which produced chloramphenicol analogs (corynecins). None of the cell-free extracts of chloramphenicol- or corynecin-producing strains possessed chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity under conditions which avoided the influenced of the esterase activity. Among 20 strains examined that did not produce chloramphenicol, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase was detected in cell-free extracts of one strain of Streptomyces coelicolor M\u00fcller and one strain of S. fradiae ISP5063.", "PMID": 838634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3298", "title": "Mutational biosynthesis by idiotrophs of Micromonospora purpurea. II. Conversion of non-amino containing cyclitols to aminoglycoside antibiotics.", "content": "A mutant of Micromonospora purpurea, which produces the gentamicin complex only when 2-deoxystreptamine is added to the fermentation medium, produces a new antibiotic complex, 2-hydroxygentamicin, when streptamine or 2,4,6/3,5-pentahydroxycyclohexanone is added to the fermentation medium. This mutant also produces the gentamicin complex when 2,4/3,5-tetrahydroxycyclohexanone is added to the fermentation medium. The C1 and C2 components of 2-hydroxygentamicin have broad spectrum in vitro antibacterial activity similar to the gentamicin C1 and C2 components, but with greater activity against some gentamicin-resistant strains.", "contents": "Mutational biosynthesis by idiotrophs of Micromonospora purpurea. II. Conversion of non-amino containing cyclitols to aminoglycoside antibiotics. A mutant of Micromonospora purpurea, which produces the gentamicin complex only when 2-deoxystreptamine is added to the fermentation medium, produces a new antibiotic complex, 2-hydroxygentamicin, when streptamine or 2,4,6/3,5-pentahydroxycyclohexanone is added to the fermentation medium. This mutant also produces the gentamicin complex when 2,4/3,5-tetrahydroxycyclohexanone is added to the fermentation medium. The C1 and C2 components of 2-hydroxygentamicin have broad spectrum in vitro antibacterial activity similar to the gentamicin C1 and C2 components, but with greater activity against some gentamicin-resistant strains.", "PMID": 838635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3299", "title": "Muscle glycogen repletion after high-intensity intermittent exercise.", "content": "Six subjects exercised to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer at intensities corresponding to approximately 140% of their maximal aerobic power. Subjects attempted to pedal for 1-min intervals with 3-min rest periods between, and continued until 30 s of exercise could no longer be maintained. Venous blood was sampled for lactate and glucose analysis. Muscle biopsies were extracted from the quadriceps before and immediately after exercise and at 2-, 5-, 12-, and 24-h intervals thereafter for total glycogen analysis. Three subjects consumed a mixed controlled diet (approx. 3,100 kcal) during the 24 h after exercise, and three consumed the same diet plus an additional 2,500/kcal carbohydrate. Following exercise, glycogen concentration had dropped to a mean value of approximately 28% of its preexercise value. After 2 h, it had recovered to 39%, at 5 h to 53%, at 12 h to 67%, and at 24 h to 102% of its preexercise value, with no difference in resynthesis rate between the two groups. It was concluded that, following glycogen depletion through intense intermittent exercise, complete recovery to preexercise values may be accomplished within 24 h; and that within this time period, the rate of resynthesis cannot be accelerated by a higher than normal carbohydrate intake.", "contents": "Muscle glycogen repletion after high-intensity intermittent exercise. Six subjects exercised to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer at intensities corresponding to approximately 140% of their maximal aerobic power. Subjects attempted to pedal for 1-min intervals with 3-min rest periods between, and continued until 30 s of exercise could no longer be maintained. Venous blood was sampled for lactate and glucose analysis. Muscle biopsies were extracted from the quadriceps before and immediately after exercise and at 2-, 5-, 12-, and 24-h intervals thereafter for total glycogen analysis. Three subjects consumed a mixed controlled diet (approx. 3,100 kcal) during the 24 h after exercise, and three consumed the same diet plus an additional 2,500/kcal carbohydrate. Following exercise, glycogen concentration had dropped to a mean value of approximately 28% of its preexercise value. After 2 h, it had recovered to 39%, at 5 h to 53%, at 12 h to 67%, and at 24 h to 102% of its preexercise value, with no difference in resynthesis rate between the two groups. It was concluded that, following glycogen depletion through intense intermittent exercise, complete recovery to preexercise values may be accomplished within 24 h; and that within this time period, the rate of resynthesis cannot be accelerated by a higher than normal carbohydrate intake.", "PMID": 838636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3300", "title": "Hemodynamic response to graded exercise after chronic beta-adrenergic blockade.", "content": "The effect of sustained beta-adrenergic blockade (BB) on the hemodynamic response to graded exercise has been studied in 31 patients with high blood pressure. Hemodynamic investigations were conducted during a control period and were repeated after 1 mo of BB. Similar readjustments were observed at rest and during submaximal and maximal exercise. No significant change occurred in maximal physical working capacity during beta blockade. This resulted from hemodynamic readjustments. Maximal exercise heart rate was reduced by 34%, and this was compensated for by a 31% enhancement in stroke index. Consequently cardiac index decreased by only 14%. In the Fick equation the decrease in cardiac index was further compensated by an increase of the total arteriovenous O2 difference of 8%, thereby maintaining O2 delivery to the tissues. At maximal exercise mean brachial artery pressure dropped 14.5%, while mean pulmonary artery pressure increased by 20%. It is concluded that the compensatory action of the stroke volume, resulting from the interaction of an increased preload and a decreased impedance, played a major role in the hemodynamic readjustments following chronic BB to maintain maximal working capacity.", "contents": "Hemodynamic response to graded exercise after chronic beta-adrenergic blockade. The effect of sustained beta-adrenergic blockade (BB) on the hemodynamic response to graded exercise has been studied in 31 patients with high blood pressure. Hemodynamic investigations were conducted during a control period and were repeated after 1 mo of BB. Similar readjustments were observed at rest and during submaximal and maximal exercise. No significant change occurred in maximal physical working capacity during beta blockade. This resulted from hemodynamic readjustments. Maximal exercise heart rate was reduced by 34%, and this was compensated for by a 31% enhancement in stroke index. Consequently cardiac index decreased by only 14%. In the Fick equation the decrease in cardiac index was further compensated by an increase of the total arteriovenous O2 difference of 8%, thereby maintaining O2 delivery to the tissues. At maximal exercise mean brachial artery pressure dropped 14.5%, while mean pulmonary artery pressure increased by 20%. It is concluded that the compensatory action of the stroke volume, resulting from the interaction of an increased preload and a decreased impedance, played a major role in the hemodynamic readjustments following chronic BB to maintain maximal working capacity.", "PMID": 838637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3301", "title": "Role of bulk fluid flow in protein permeability of the dog lung alveolar membrane.", "content": "In five anesthetized, closed-thorax dogs, we measured net tracer albumin (RISA) uptake rate from an isosmotic buffer-filled lung lobe for 6 h; 3 h at each of two different alveolar RISA concentrations. We calculated the permeability coefficient assuming a two-compartment (alveolar fluid and plasma) diffusional model. In every dog the permeability coefficient decreased after the alveolar RISA concentration was increased. After freezing the lungs terminally, we found the fluid-filled lobes had extensive free interstitial fluid perivascular cuffs, indicating a third compartment filled by bulk flow. In separate experiments, we filled isolated lung lobes with buffer containing RISA and microsampled free interstitial fluid. The free interstitial fluid RISA concentration averaged 90% of airway concentration. The interstitium appears to fill by bulk flow through low-resistance channels. Tracer protein uptake from a fluid-filled lung lobe involves three fluid compartments. We postulate fluid and protein enter the interstitium by bulk flow along a hydrostatic pressure gradient, and protein then diffuses into plasma from the interstitium.", "contents": "Role of bulk fluid flow in protein permeability of the dog lung alveolar membrane. In five anesthetized, closed-thorax dogs, we measured net tracer albumin (RISA) uptake rate from an isosmotic buffer-filled lung lobe for 6 h; 3 h at each of two different alveolar RISA concentrations. We calculated the permeability coefficient assuming a two-compartment (alveolar fluid and plasma) diffusional model. In every dog the permeability coefficient decreased after the alveolar RISA concentration was increased. After freezing the lungs terminally, we found the fluid-filled lobes had extensive free interstitial fluid perivascular cuffs, indicating a third compartment filled by bulk flow. In separate experiments, we filled isolated lung lobes with buffer containing RISA and microsampled free interstitial fluid. The free interstitial fluid RISA concentration averaged 90% of airway concentration. The interstitium appears to fill by bulk flow through low-resistance channels. Tracer protein uptake from a fluid-filled lung lobe involves three fluid compartments. We postulate fluid and protein enter the interstitium by bulk flow along a hydrostatic pressure gradient, and protein then diffuses into plasma from the interstitium.", "PMID": 838638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3302", "title": "Ouabain-sensitive liver and diaphragm respiration in cold-acclimated hamster.", "content": "The in vitro respiratory rates of liver and diaphragm from hamsters were compared before and after prolonged cold exposure (5 degrees C, 3-4 wk). In the presence or absence of glucose, respiratory rates were elevated in both tissues from the cold-acclimated hamsters, and these cold-induced increases were significantly reduced by ouabain. This ouabain inhibition is consistent with the hypothesis that cold exposure of these rodents stimulates the energy demands of the Na+/K+ transport system in liver and diaphragm, with these demands providing a driving force, at least in part, for respiration and accompanying cellular thermogenesis.", "contents": "Ouabain-sensitive liver and diaphragm respiration in cold-acclimated hamster. The in vitro respiratory rates of liver and diaphragm from hamsters were compared before and after prolonged cold exposure (5 degrees C, 3-4 wk). In the presence or absence of glucose, respiratory rates were elevated in both tissues from the cold-acclimated hamsters, and these cold-induced increases were significantly reduced by ouabain. This ouabain inhibition is consistent with the hypothesis that cold exposure of these rodents stimulates the energy demands of the Na+/K+ transport system in liver and diaphragm, with these demands providing a driving force, at least in part, for respiration and accompanying cellular thermogenesis.", "PMID": 838639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3303", "title": "Spinal cord thermosensitivity and sorting of neural signals in cold-exposed rats.", "content": "In the present study, data relevant to the presence or absence of sorting of neural signals were obtained by evaluating the thermal responses to spinal warming in the chronically prepared rat. Specifically, shivering activity and the rate of oxygen consumption (VO2) were measured in unanesthetized rats during cold exposure (10-16 degrees C). Warming the spinal cord at the level of T2 resulted in a significant decrease in shivering (P less than 0.001), without a significant change in VO2. The shivering response was reversed upon cessation of heating. These results are interpreted as indicating a direct influence of spinal cord temperature on shivering but not nonshivering thermogenesis in the rat. Similarly, in previous work with the rat, we have obtained data supporting hypothalamic receptor control of nonshivering but not shivering heat production. These findings are thus consistent with the suggestion that in the rat there occurs a sorting of neural signals. That is, impulses from the three thermoreceptor locations are not integrated in an identical manner for the control of shivering and nonshivering thermogenesis.", "contents": "Spinal cord thermosensitivity and sorting of neural signals in cold-exposed rats. In the present study, data relevant to the presence or absence of sorting of neural signals were obtained by evaluating the thermal responses to spinal warming in the chronically prepared rat. Specifically, shivering activity and the rate of oxygen consumption (VO2) were measured in unanesthetized rats during cold exposure (10-16 degrees C). Warming the spinal cord at the level of T2 resulted in a significant decrease in shivering (P less than 0.001), without a significant change in VO2. The shivering response was reversed upon cessation of heating. These results are interpreted as indicating a direct influence of spinal cord temperature on shivering but not nonshivering thermogenesis in the rat. Similarly, in previous work with the rat, we have obtained data supporting hypothalamic receptor control of nonshivering but not shivering heat production. These findings are thus consistent with the suggestion that in the rat there occurs a sorting of neural signals. That is, impulses from the three thermoreceptor locations are not integrated in an identical manner for the control of shivering and nonshivering thermogenesis.", "PMID": 838640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3304", "title": "Role of ketone bodies in nonshivering thermogenesis in cold-acclimated rats.", "content": "The role of ketone bodies (KB) in nonshivering thermogenesis was investigated in warm- and cold-acclimated rats with and without norepinephrine (NE) loads. NE-induced calorigenesis, as evidenced by changes in rectal temperature, was highly developed in cold-acclimated rats, but the levels of blood KB and free fatty acids (FFA) remained almost unaltered. In contrast, FFA turnover rate in cold-acclimated rats under NE load was much greater than in warm-acclimated rats. Similarly, turnover rate of beta-hydroxybutyrate estimated from decay curves of the endogenous substrate in functionally eviscerated rats was significantly higher in cold- than warm-acclimated rats. Perfused livers from cold-acclimated rats produced more KB than warm-acclimated ones. No significant effect of NE load was observed in either group. Quantitative analysis shows that the turnover rate of KB in vivo essentially equals the production rate in the perfused liver when no exogenous NE is added. In contrast, under constant NE infusion the turnover rate in vivo was almost double that of the perfused liver. These results indicate that KB are an energy source as important as FFA in nonshivering thermogenesis. It may be further surmised that increased KB production in vivo, particularly in the cold-acclimated state, is affected by factor(s) other than NE.", "contents": "Role of ketone bodies in nonshivering thermogenesis in cold-acclimated rats. The role of ketone bodies (KB) in nonshivering thermogenesis was investigated in warm- and cold-acclimated rats with and without norepinephrine (NE) loads. NE-induced calorigenesis, as evidenced by changes in rectal temperature, was highly developed in cold-acclimated rats, but the levels of blood KB and free fatty acids (FFA) remained almost unaltered. In contrast, FFA turnover rate in cold-acclimated rats under NE load was much greater than in warm-acclimated rats. Similarly, turnover rate of beta-hydroxybutyrate estimated from decay curves of the endogenous substrate in functionally eviscerated rats was significantly higher in cold- than warm-acclimated rats. Perfused livers from cold-acclimated rats produced more KB than warm-acclimated ones. No significant effect of NE load was observed in either group. Quantitative analysis shows that the turnover rate of KB in vivo essentially equals the production rate in the perfused liver when no exogenous NE is added. In contrast, under constant NE infusion the turnover rate in vivo was almost double that of the perfused liver. These results indicate that KB are an energy source as important as FFA in nonshivering thermogenesis. It may be further surmised that increased KB production in vivo, particularly in the cold-acclimated state, is affected by factor(s) other than NE.", "PMID": 838641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3305", "title": "Metabolic and cardiovascular responses to norepinephrine in trained and nontrained human subjects.", "content": "Forty young male adults, aged 18-30 yr, with maximal oxygen intake (VO2 max) varying between 35 and 76 ml-kg-1-min-1 were studied. The fasting subjects were perfused for 15 min with saline and thereafter for 30 min with norepinephrine (0.1 mug/kg per min). Blood variables were determined at the end of slaine perfusion, at 15 and 30 min during norepinephrine perfusion and 15 min after the end of NE perfusion. Trained subjects are characterized by lower basal plasma glucose and insulin concentration. NE perfusion produced a larger increase in plasma glucose in the trained subjects. Levels of insulin in the postperfusion period were smaller in the trained group. Serum free fatty acids (FFA) and glycerol increased less in the trained subjects during NE perfusion and this difference persisted in the post-perfusion period. During NE perfusion, blood lactate increased only in the nontrained subjects. Initial heart rate and blood pressure were lower in trained subjects but, during NE perfusion, elevated levels of blood pressure and decreased levels of heart rate were comparable in both groups. Because of similarities in responses to exercise and to NE in trained subjects, the results of the present study suggest a possible role for NE in exercise training.", "contents": "Metabolic and cardiovascular responses to norepinephrine in trained and nontrained human subjects. Forty young male adults, aged 18-30 yr, with maximal oxygen intake (VO2 max) varying between 35 and 76 ml-kg-1-min-1 were studied. The fasting subjects were perfused for 15 min with saline and thereafter for 30 min with norepinephrine (0.1 mug/kg per min). Blood variables were determined at the end of slaine perfusion, at 15 and 30 min during norepinephrine perfusion and 15 min after the end of NE perfusion. Trained subjects are characterized by lower basal plasma glucose and insulin concentration. NE perfusion produced a larger increase in plasma glucose in the trained subjects. Levels of insulin in the postperfusion period were smaller in the trained group. Serum free fatty acids (FFA) and glycerol increased less in the trained subjects during NE perfusion and this difference persisted in the post-perfusion period. During NE perfusion, blood lactate increased only in the nontrained subjects. Initial heart rate and blood pressure were lower in trained subjects but, during NE perfusion, elevated levels of blood pressure and decreased levels of heart rate were comparable in both groups. Because of similarities in responses to exercise and to NE in trained subjects, the results of the present study suggest a possible role for NE in exercise training.", "PMID": 838642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3306", "title": "Fetal O2 changes in response to hypoxic stress: a mathematical model.", "content": "We developed a mathematical model to compute the time course of PO2 changes in fetal blood vessels during hypoxia. The model represents the circulation and major organs as a system of paths and nodes. We calculated outflow O2 for a path from its inflow O2 content and its distribution of transit times. The O2 content at a given node equals the flow-weighted sum of O2 delivered by different paths. Placental O2 transfer and organ O2 consumption are related to their arterial PO2 levels. We simulated the effects of uterine contractions with Gaussian-shaped decreases in placental O2 transfer. Increasing the intensity and increasing the duration of hypoxic episodes have comparable effects. Liver O2 consumption decreases more than that of other organs during hypoxic episodes. At the peak of a contraction, fetal systemic PO2 values decrease only about one-fourth as much as those in end-capillary placental blood. This indicates that despite rapid circulation times, fetal O2 reserves protect it against severe, short term hypoxia.", "contents": "Fetal O2 changes in response to hypoxic stress: a mathematical model. We developed a mathematical model to compute the time course of PO2 changes in fetal blood vessels during hypoxia. The model represents the circulation and major organs as a system of paths and nodes. We calculated outflow O2 for a path from its inflow O2 content and its distribution of transit times. The O2 content at a given node equals the flow-weighted sum of O2 delivered by different paths. Placental O2 transfer and organ O2 consumption are related to their arterial PO2 levels. We simulated the effects of uterine contractions with Gaussian-shaped decreases in placental O2 transfer. Increasing the intensity and increasing the duration of hypoxic episodes have comparable effects. Liver O2 consumption decreases more than that of other organs during hypoxic episodes. At the peak of a contraction, fetal systemic PO2 values decrease only about one-fourth as much as those in end-capillary placental blood. This indicates that despite rapid circulation times, fetal O2 reserves protect it against severe, short term hypoxia.", "PMID": 838643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3307", "title": "Regulation of arousal from hibernation by temperature in three species of Citellus.", "content": "The frequency of arousal from periods of hibernation of Citellus lateralis, C. tridecemlineatus, and C. columbianus was demonstrated to be regulated by environmental (and therefore body) temperature over the range of 2-12 degrees C in a log-linear relationship. The slopes of the lines of regression for all three species were not significantly different from one another. Durations of the periods of hibernation for the considerably larger C. columbianus, however, were significantly longer at all levels of temperature than those for the similar-sized C. lateralis and C. tridecemlineatus. The mechanism(s) regulating the duration of the period of hibernation was considered to be concerned with some aspect of metabolism and probably the same for all three species.", "contents": "Regulation of arousal from hibernation by temperature in three species of Citellus. The frequency of arousal from periods of hibernation of Citellus lateralis, C. tridecemlineatus, and C. columbianus was demonstrated to be regulated by environmental (and therefore body) temperature over the range of 2-12 degrees C in a log-linear relationship. The slopes of the lines of regression for all three species were not significantly different from one another. Durations of the periods of hibernation for the considerably larger C. columbianus, however, were significantly longer at all levels of temperature than those for the similar-sized C. lateralis and C. tridecemlineatus. The mechanism(s) regulating the duration of the period of hibernation was considered to be concerned with some aspect of metabolism and probably the same for all three species.", "PMID": 838644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3308", "title": "Mechanism of change in pulmonary shunt flow with hemorrhage.", "content": "In the presence of regional atelectasis, hemorrhage increases the pulmonary shunt fraction (Qs/Qt). We wanted to determine if the increase in Qs/Qt occurs due to inhibition of hypoxic vasoconstriction or due to hydrostatic effects associated with a collapsed lung and decrease in cardiac output. We compared the effects of hemorrhage on flow to a hypoxic lung (Qh) produced in two ways in anesthetized dogs. In six dogs atelectasis of one lung was produced by bronchial occlusion and in a second group of six dogs one lung was ventilated with 100% nitrogen. The other lung in each group was ventilated with 100% nitrogen. The other lung in each group was ventilated with 100% O2. Hemorrhage (20 ml/kg) had no effect on Qh/Qt in dogs with a nitrogen-ventilated lung suggesting that hemorrhage did not inhibit hypoxic vasoconstriction. In contrast, hemorrhage caused a marked increase in Qh/Qt in dogs with a collapsed lung because the flow to the inflated ventilated lung fell, while flow to the collapsed lung did not change. The increase in Qs/Qt in the dogs with atelectasis can be explained solely on the basis of mechanical effects produced by the differences in lung heights and alveolar pressures between ventilated and atelectatic lung.", "contents": "Mechanism of change in pulmonary shunt flow with hemorrhage. In the presence of regional atelectasis, hemorrhage increases the pulmonary shunt fraction (Qs/Qt). We wanted to determine if the increase in Qs/Qt occurs due to inhibition of hypoxic vasoconstriction or due to hydrostatic effects associated with a collapsed lung and decrease in cardiac output. We compared the effects of hemorrhage on flow to a hypoxic lung (Qh) produced in two ways in anesthetized dogs. In six dogs atelectasis of one lung was produced by bronchial occlusion and in a second group of six dogs one lung was ventilated with 100% nitrogen. The other lung in each group was ventilated with 100% nitrogen. The other lung in each group was ventilated with 100% O2. Hemorrhage (20 ml/kg) had no effect on Qh/Qt in dogs with a nitrogen-ventilated lung suggesting that hemorrhage did not inhibit hypoxic vasoconstriction. In contrast, hemorrhage caused a marked increase in Qh/Qt in dogs with a collapsed lung because the flow to the inflated ventilated lung fell, while flow to the collapsed lung did not change. The increase in Qs/Qt in the dogs with atelectasis can be explained solely on the basis of mechanical effects produced by the differences in lung heights and alveolar pressures between ventilated and atelectatic lung.", "PMID": 838645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3309", "title": "Lung lipid metabolism after 7 days of hydrocortisone administration to adult rats.", "content": "Pathogen-free rats were given either hydrocortisone (4 mg) or saline by intraperitoneal injection twice daily for 7 consecutive days. Lung weight, body weight, DNA, and total phosphatidylcholine content in lungs were equal in the saline and hydrocortisone groups. Lungs of rats receiving hydrocortisone had 23% more saturated phosphatidylcholine (P less than 0.001) and 7% less unsaturated phosphatidylcholine (P greater than 0.05). When tissue slices of these lungs were incubated with radioactive glycerol and palmitate, the incorporation of radioactivity into saturated phosphatidylcholine from animals given hydrocortisone was significantly higher (P less than 0.001 and P less than 0.05, respectively). Incorporation of radioactivity from lysophosphatidylcholine into phosphatidylcholine was 10 times greater than from glycerol or palmitate, but hydrocortisone had no effect. These results suggest that lysophosphatidylcholine may be an important precursor for phosphatidylcholine synthesis, especially saturated phosphatidylcholine, and hydrocortisone may lead to increased de novo synthesis of phosphatidylcholine.", "contents": "Lung lipid metabolism after 7 days of hydrocortisone administration to adult rats. Pathogen-free rats were given either hydrocortisone (4 mg) or saline by intraperitoneal injection twice daily for 7 consecutive days. Lung weight, body weight, DNA, and total phosphatidylcholine content in lungs were equal in the saline and hydrocortisone groups. Lungs of rats receiving hydrocortisone had 23% more saturated phosphatidylcholine (P less than 0.001) and 7% less unsaturated phosphatidylcholine (P greater than 0.05). When tissue slices of these lungs were incubated with radioactive glycerol and palmitate, the incorporation of radioactivity into saturated phosphatidylcholine from animals given hydrocortisone was significantly higher (P less than 0.001 and P less than 0.05, respectively). Incorporation of radioactivity from lysophosphatidylcholine into phosphatidylcholine was 10 times greater than from glycerol or palmitate, but hydrocortisone had no effect. These results suggest that lysophosphatidylcholine may be an important precursor for phosphatidylcholine synthesis, especially saturated phosphatidylcholine, and hydrocortisone may lead to increased de novo synthesis of phosphatidylcholine.", "PMID": 838646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3310", "title": "Influence of insulin on amino acid uptake by lung slices.", "content": "We examined the transport of amino acids by rat lung slices using mainly 14C-labeled alpha-aminoisobutyric acid ([14C]AIB) as a nonmetabolized amino acid. We found that [14C]AIB is accumulated by the lung in an energy-dependent fashion against a concentration gradient. The uptake is saturable, stereospecific, and follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics suggesting enzyme or carrier mediation across the plasma membrane. Insulin increases the uptake of [14C]AIB and insulin plus glucose increases its uptake even more. The diffusion constant (KD) in the presence of glucose, insulin, or glucose plus insulin is the same, 0.29 h-1; the Vmax is also the same, 83.0 mmol-1-1-h-1, under these three conditions. The apparent Km is 14.0 mM with glucose, 9.0 mM with insulin, and 4.0 mM in the presence of glucose and insulin. We conclude that the uptake of [14C]AIB is increased by insulin, and insulin plus glucose, and, based on this kinetic analysis, this is due to an increased affinity of the transport sites for AIB (decreased Km, unchanged Vmax, and KD).", "contents": "Influence of insulin on amino acid uptake by lung slices. We examined the transport of amino acids by rat lung slices using mainly 14C-labeled alpha-aminoisobutyric acid ([14C]AIB) as a nonmetabolized amino acid. We found that [14C]AIB is accumulated by the lung in an energy-dependent fashion against a concentration gradient. The uptake is saturable, stereospecific, and follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics suggesting enzyme or carrier mediation across the plasma membrane. Insulin increases the uptake of [14C]AIB and insulin plus glucose increases its uptake even more. The diffusion constant (KD) in the presence of glucose, insulin, or glucose plus insulin is the same, 0.29 h-1; the Vmax is also the same, 83.0 mmol-1-1-h-1, under these three conditions. The apparent Km is 14.0 mM with glucose, 9.0 mM with insulin, and 4.0 mM in the presence of glucose and insulin. We conclude that the uptake of [14C]AIB is increased by insulin, and insulin plus glucose, and, based on this kinetic analysis, this is due to an increased affinity of the transport sites for AIB (decreased Km, unchanged Vmax, and KD).", "PMID": 838647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3311", "title": "Effects of intravenous histamine on pulmonary mechanics in nonasthmatic and asthmatic subjects.", "content": "Histamine is thought to be one of the primary mediators of the airways response in allergic asthma. We have studied in detail in nonasthmatic and asthmatic volunteers the effects of its intravenous infusion on pulmonary mechanics. The doses used were similar in both groups and limited by vascular rather than pulmonary effects. Measurements were made of lung resistance, the subdivisions of lung volume, maximal flow, density dependence, lung elastic recoil and dynamic compliance. The only mean group changes were a decrease in dynamic compliance and increase in frequency dependence of compliance in the nonasthmatics. Although in nonasthmatic individuals, statistically significant changes occasionally occurred in some parameters, the response was variable on repeated studies and sufficiently small to be of questionable physiological significance. Some of the asthmatics developed larger changes, but these only occurred in those individuals whose preinfusion pulmonary function was abnormal. Our results suggest the possibility that altered prechallenge pulmonary function rather than an unusual sensitivity to histamine may determine the greater responses observed in asthmatics.", "contents": "Effects of intravenous histamine on pulmonary mechanics in nonasthmatic and asthmatic subjects. Histamine is thought to be one of the primary mediators of the airways response in allergic asthma. We have studied in detail in nonasthmatic and asthmatic volunteers the effects of its intravenous infusion on pulmonary mechanics. The doses used were similar in both groups and limited by vascular rather than pulmonary effects. Measurements were made of lung resistance, the subdivisions of lung volume, maximal flow, density dependence, lung elastic recoil and dynamic compliance. The only mean group changes were a decrease in dynamic compliance and increase in frequency dependence of compliance in the nonasthmatics. Although in nonasthmatic individuals, statistically significant changes occasionally occurred in some parameters, the response was variable on repeated studies and sufficiently small to be of questionable physiological significance. Some of the asthmatics developed larger changes, but these only occurred in those individuals whose preinfusion pulmonary function was abnormal. Our results suggest the possibility that altered prechallenge pulmonary function rather than an unusual sensitivity to histamine may determine the greater responses observed in asthmatics.", "PMID": 838648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3312", "title": "Lung elasticity and airway dynamics in Peruvian natives to high altitude.", "content": "To evaluate the role of genetic and environmental factors in the genesis of large lungs in high-altitude natives, we measured forced vital capacity (FVC), static lung pressure-volume characteristics and maximum expiratory flow-volume loops in 17- to 20-yr-old Peruvian natives to 3,850 m (highlanders) and 800 m (lowlanders). Forced vital capacity was 5.11 +/- 0.64 liters in highlanders, 116 +/- 11% of predicted; and 3.73 +/- 0.32 liters in lowlanders, 84 +/- 7% of predicted. Lung elastic recoil at functional residual capacity and at total lung capacity, and size-corrected pressure volume curves were similar in the two groups. Despite the larger volumes in highlanders, density-corrected maximum flow rates were similar in highlanders and lowlanders, and flow expressed in FVC'S-S-1 was less in highlanders. Upstream conductance at 50% FVC expressed in fvc's-s-1-cmH2O was 0.094 +/- 0.023 in highlanders vs. 0.147 +/- 0.050 in lowlanders. Flow rates did not change in sojourners to altitude, suggesting that the lower values of highlanders were due to anatomic factors. These findings suggest that airways, which form in fetal life, do not participate in adaptation to altitude, and that the large lungs of highlanders result from postnatal environmental hypoxic stimulation of lung growth. Our results illustrate the importance of \"dysynaptic\" lung growth in determining patterns of adult lung function.", "contents": "Lung elasticity and airway dynamics in Peruvian natives to high altitude. To evaluate the role of genetic and environmental factors in the genesis of large lungs in high-altitude natives, we measured forced vital capacity (FVC), static lung pressure-volume characteristics and maximum expiratory flow-volume loops in 17- to 20-yr-old Peruvian natives to 3,850 m (highlanders) and 800 m (lowlanders). Forced vital capacity was 5.11 +/- 0.64 liters in highlanders, 116 +/- 11% of predicted; and 3.73 +/- 0.32 liters in lowlanders, 84 +/- 7% of predicted. Lung elastic recoil at functional residual capacity and at total lung capacity, and size-corrected pressure volume curves were similar in the two groups. Despite the larger volumes in highlanders, density-corrected maximum flow rates were similar in highlanders and lowlanders, and flow expressed in FVC'S-S-1 was less in highlanders. Upstream conductance at 50% FVC expressed in fvc's-s-1-cmH2O was 0.094 +/- 0.023 in highlanders vs. 0.147 +/- 0.050 in lowlanders. Flow rates did not change in sojourners to altitude, suggesting that the lower values of highlanders were due to anatomic factors. These findings suggest that airways, which form in fetal life, do not participate in adaptation to altitude, and that the large lungs of highlanders result from postnatal environmental hypoxic stimulation of lung growth. Our results illustrate the importance of \"dysynaptic\" lung growth in determining patterns of adult lung function.", "PMID": 838649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3313", "title": "Fluid shifts during thermal stress with and without fluid replacement.", "content": "Six unacclimatized men rested for 4 h in a hot, dry environment (Ta 50 degrees C, Tw 26 degrees C; wind speed 0.5 m/s) without fluid replacement (DH). Another group of six men were exposed to the same thermal stress, replacing evaporative fluid loss with warm 0.1% NaCl solution (FRP). Total grams of circulating hemoglobin, determined by CO immediately prior to and again during the last minutes of heat exposure, increased an insignificant 1.6 and 1.3% during DH and FRP, respectively. With DH, body weight loss of 2.6% was accompanied by a 7.8% reduction in calculated plasma volume (PV). Even when body weight was maintained (FRP), PV decreased 2.9% during the heat exposure. Total circulating serum protein did not change as a result of the heat stress with either DH or FRP. In a test-retest series of experiments on four men, DH was not detrimental to sweat rate which averaged 251 g/m2-h compared with 239 g/m2-h with FRP. It was concluded that hemodilution is not a general response to acute heat exposure, and the disproportionately large reduction in PV during thermal dehydration was confirmed.", "contents": "Fluid shifts during thermal stress with and without fluid replacement. Six unacclimatized men rested for 4 h in a hot, dry environment (Ta 50 degrees C, Tw 26 degrees C; wind speed 0.5 m/s) without fluid replacement (DH). Another group of six men were exposed to the same thermal stress, replacing evaporative fluid loss with warm 0.1% NaCl solution (FRP). Total grams of circulating hemoglobin, determined by CO immediately prior to and again during the last minutes of heat exposure, increased an insignificant 1.6 and 1.3% during DH and FRP, respectively. With DH, body weight loss of 2.6% was accompanied by a 7.8% reduction in calculated plasma volume (PV). Even when body weight was maintained (FRP), PV decreased 2.9% during the heat exposure. Total circulating serum protein did not change as a result of the heat stress with either DH or FRP. In a test-retest series of experiments on four men, DH was not detrimental to sweat rate which averaged 251 g/m2-h compared with 239 g/m2-h with FRP. It was concluded that hemodilution is not a general response to acute heat exposure, and the disproportionately large reduction in PV during thermal dehydration was confirmed.", "PMID": 838650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3314", "title": "Cardiac responses to moderate training in rats.", "content": "Left ventricular (LV) performance was studied in 30 rats conditioned by swimming and in 27 sedentary controls. Hearts were studied in the open chest both during sinus rhythm and during atrial pacing. Afterload was increased by occlusion of the aorta. Sinus rates were 328 beats/min in sedentary and 300 in conditioned animals (P less than 0.01). During ejection (E), peak left ventricular systolic pressure (PLVSP) and maximum LV dP/dt were significantly higher in conditioned than in sedentary animals. When data from hearts matched for similar heart rates were compared, increased LV performance was still seen during aortic obstruction in conditioned animals. Performance at pacing rates up to 400 beats/min was similar in hearts from conditioned and sedentary animals. At pacing rates above 400 beats/min cardiac performance was less in sedentary than in the conditioned animals. These data illustrate that although base-line cardiac performance may be the same in rats conditioned by a moderate swimming program and in sedentary animals, cardiac reserve is improved by the swimming program.", "contents": "Cardiac responses to moderate training in rats. Left ventricular (LV) performance was studied in 30 rats conditioned by swimming and in 27 sedentary controls. Hearts were studied in the open chest both during sinus rhythm and during atrial pacing. Afterload was increased by occlusion of the aorta. Sinus rates were 328 beats/min in sedentary and 300 in conditioned animals (P less than 0.01). During ejection (E), peak left ventricular systolic pressure (PLVSP) and maximum LV dP/dt were significantly higher in conditioned than in sedentary animals. When data from hearts matched for similar heart rates were compared, increased LV performance was still seen during aortic obstruction in conditioned animals. Performance at pacing rates up to 400 beats/min was similar in hearts from conditioned and sedentary animals. At pacing rates above 400 beats/min cardiac performance was less in sedentary than in the conditioned animals. These data illustrate that although base-line cardiac performance may be the same in rats conditioned by a moderate swimming program and in sedentary animals, cardiac reserve is improved by the swimming program.", "PMID": 838651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3315", "title": "Interaction of lung volume and chemical drive on respiratory muscle EMG and respiratory timing.", "content": "The effect of increased FRC on the change in respiratory muscle electrical activity (EMG) and the duration of inspiration (Ti) and expiration (Te) produced by increases in chemical drive (i.e., progressive hypercapnia and isocapnic hypoxia) was assessed in 15 anesthetized, spontaneously breathing dogs. FRC was raised by applying continuous positive pressure (4 and 8 cmH2O) to the airway. Progressive hypercapnia and hypoxia were produced by rebreathing techniques. At any PCO2 or PO2, increases in FRC decreased diaphragm EMG (D); increased abdominal muscle EMG (AB); and prolonged Te without affecting Ti. The effect of increased FRC on D, AB, and Te diminished as PCO2 increased or PO2 decreased. The effect of sustained increases in lung volume in the absence of phasic changes was assessed by performing airway occlusion for a single inspiration during rebreathing at both control and increased FRC. The effects of increases in FRC were present during airway occlusion but were eliminated by vagotomy. We conclude, therefore, that tonic vagal stimulation produced by increases in FRC modified the change in respiratory muscle electrical activity and timing produced by increasing chemical drive.", "contents": "Interaction of lung volume and chemical drive on respiratory muscle EMG and respiratory timing. The effect of increased FRC on the change in respiratory muscle electrical activity (EMG) and the duration of inspiration (Ti) and expiration (Te) produced by increases in chemical drive (i.e., progressive hypercapnia and isocapnic hypoxia) was assessed in 15 anesthetized, spontaneously breathing dogs. FRC was raised by applying continuous positive pressure (4 and 8 cmH2O) to the airway. Progressive hypercapnia and hypoxia were produced by rebreathing techniques. At any PCO2 or PO2, increases in FRC decreased diaphragm EMG (D); increased abdominal muscle EMG (AB); and prolonged Te without affecting Ti. The effect of increased FRC on D, AB, and Te diminished as PCO2 increased or PO2 decreased. The effect of sustained increases in lung volume in the absence of phasic changes was assessed by performing airway occlusion for a single inspiration during rebreathing at both control and increased FRC. The effects of increases in FRC were present during airway occlusion but were eliminated by vagotomy. We conclude, therefore, that tonic vagal stimulation produced by increases in FRC modified the change in respiratory muscle electrical activity and timing produced by increasing chemical drive.", "PMID": 838652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3316", "title": "Effects of cold exposure and dehydration on renal function in black-tailed prairie dogs.", "content": "Black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) were deprived of food and water for several weeks during the fall and winter in a cold-room hibernaculum (Ta 5-8 degrees C), and for several days at room temperature during the summer. Body temperatures (Tb) were determined periodically in nine animals by radiotransmitters implanted in the abdomen. Animals deprived of food and water in the summer were killed when maximum urine concentration was achieved. Eight animals in the winter were active when killed after 7-35 days in the hibernaculum with Tb between 18 and 36 degrees C. Five animals that became torpid periodically in the winter were killed after 19-42 days in the hibernaculum when their Tb indicated torpor (Tb less than 13 degrees C). Active animals in the summer and winter possessed pronounced renal corticomedullary urea and sodium concentration gradients. Torpid animals lacked these gradients and had lower urine and plasma osmotic concentrations than active animals. Plasma urea values and terminal osmolal U/P ratios were lowest in torpid prairie dogs.", "contents": "Effects of cold exposure and dehydration on renal function in black-tailed prairie dogs. Black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) were deprived of food and water for several weeks during the fall and winter in a cold-room hibernaculum (Ta 5-8 degrees C), and for several days at room temperature during the summer. Body temperatures (Tb) were determined periodically in nine animals by radiotransmitters implanted in the abdomen. Animals deprived of food and water in the summer were killed when maximum urine concentration was achieved. Eight animals in the winter were active when killed after 7-35 days in the hibernaculum with Tb between 18 and 36 degrees C. Five animals that became torpid periodically in the winter were killed after 19-42 days in the hibernaculum when their Tb indicated torpor (Tb less than 13 degrees C). Active animals in the summer and winter possessed pronounced renal corticomedullary urea and sodium concentration gradients. Torpid animals lacked these gradients and had lower urine and plasma osmotic concentrations than active animals. Plasma urea values and terminal osmolal U/P ratios were lowest in torpid prairie dogs.", "PMID": 838653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3317", "title": "Ventilatory and gas exchange dynamics in response to sinusoidal work.", "content": "The dynamic relationships between ventilation and gas exchange variables during exercise were determined utilizing frequency analysis techniques. Five subjects exercised on a cycle ergometer for 30 min at work rates which fluctuated sinusoidally between 25 W and 80% of the anaerobic threshold at sinusoidal periods of 0.7, 1,2,4,6, and 10 min. VE, VCO2, VO2, and HR were computed and displayed breath-by-breath. From these and steady-state response data, digital computer routines extracted amplitude and phase relations between each variable and the perturbing work load. These response characteristics were well described by first-order linear dynamics with time constants for VE, VCO2, VO2, and HR averaging 1.4, 1.2, 0.8, and 0.8 min, respectively. The time constants of VE and VCO2 were strongly correlated among subjects (r = 0.97). Further, there was no evidence that neural afferents from the exercising limbs induced fast components in the ventilatory response to these forcings. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that exercise hyperpnea is linked to metabolism via carbon dioxide production.", "contents": "Ventilatory and gas exchange dynamics in response to sinusoidal work. The dynamic relationships between ventilation and gas exchange variables during exercise were determined utilizing frequency analysis techniques. Five subjects exercised on a cycle ergometer for 30 min at work rates which fluctuated sinusoidally between 25 W and 80% of the anaerobic threshold at sinusoidal periods of 0.7, 1,2,4,6, and 10 min. VE, VCO2, VO2, and HR were computed and displayed breath-by-breath. From these and steady-state response data, digital computer routines extracted amplitude and phase relations between each variable and the perturbing work load. These response characteristics were well described by first-order linear dynamics with time constants for VE, VCO2, VO2, and HR averaging 1.4, 1.2, 0.8, and 0.8 min, respectively. The time constants of VE and VCO2 were strongly correlated among subjects (r = 0.97). Further, there was no evidence that neural afferents from the exercising limbs induced fast components in the ventilatory response to these forcings. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that exercise hyperpnea is linked to metabolism via carbon dioxide production.", "PMID": 838654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3318", "title": "Temperature and per se hydrostatic pressure reversal of pentobarbital anesthesia in fish.", "content": "Investigations have been made into the effects of temperature (between 10 and 19 degrees C) on the one hand, and hydrostatic pressure per se (101 ATA) on the other, on recovery time from anesthesia (pentobarbital) in a fish (Salmo gairdneri R). At each of the two pressures studied (1 and 101 ATA) the rise in temperature shortens the recovery period, after a treatment by a constant dose of pentobarbital. Under hyperbaric pressure conditions (101 ATA) the duration of anesthesia is lower than the control value obtained at barometric pressure, whatever the temperature. The analysis of the results shows a similarity between the effects of temperature and pressure on the recovery from pentobarbital anesthesia on the one hand and on chemical kinetics on the other. The results support the hypothesis of the direct action of hydrostatic pressure per se at molecular level.", "contents": "Temperature and per se hydrostatic pressure reversal of pentobarbital anesthesia in fish. Investigations have been made into the effects of temperature (between 10 and 19 degrees C) on the one hand, and hydrostatic pressure per se (101 ATA) on the other, on recovery time from anesthesia (pentobarbital) in a fish (Salmo gairdneri R). At each of the two pressures studied (1 and 101 ATA) the rise in temperature shortens the recovery period, after a treatment by a constant dose of pentobarbital. Under hyperbaric pressure conditions (101 ATA) the duration of anesthesia is lower than the control value obtained at barometric pressure, whatever the temperature. The analysis of the results shows a similarity between the effects of temperature and pressure on the recovery from pentobarbital anesthesia on the one hand and on chemical kinetics on the other. The results support the hypothesis of the direct action of hydrostatic pressure per se at molecular level.", "PMID": 838655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3319", "title": "Carotid and aortic chemoreceptor function in the rat.", "content": "Carotid and aortic chemoreceptor function was studied in normal Wistar rats. Sodium cyanide, lobeline HCl, and doxapram HCl in the doses of 2-400 mug/kg injected into the external carotid artery stimulated respiration significantly. Injections of the drugs into the ascending aorta produced less effects which were abolished after section of the carotid sinus nerves. The drugs produced a significant increase in the carotid sinus nerve activity but failed to do so in the aortic depressor or recurrent laryngeal nerves. These results indicate that the carotid chemoreceptor function in Wistar rats in normal while functional aortic chemoreceptors are absent in them.", "contents": "Carotid and aortic chemoreceptor function in the rat. Carotid and aortic chemoreceptor function was studied in normal Wistar rats. Sodium cyanide, lobeline HCl, and doxapram HCl in the doses of 2-400 mug/kg injected into the external carotid artery stimulated respiration significantly. Injections of the drugs into the ascending aorta produced less effects which were abolished after section of the carotid sinus nerves. The drugs produced a significant increase in the carotid sinus nerve activity but failed to do so in the aortic depressor or recurrent laryngeal nerves. These results indicate that the carotid chemoreceptor function in Wistar rats in normal while functional aortic chemoreceptors are absent in them.", "PMID": 838656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3320", "title": "Effect of chronic exposure to cold on some responses to catecholamines.", "content": "An objective of these studies was to test the responsiveness of cold-adapted (8 wk, 5 degrees C) rats to a specific beta-adrenergic agonist. Twenty-four hours after removal from cold, increases in tail skin temperature (Tsk) and colonic temperature (Tco) were measured for 2 h in air at 25 degrees C following subcutaneous (sc) administration of 28, 70 or 136 mug d,l-isoproterenol sulfate dihydrate/kg body wt to restrained male rats. Cold-adapted rats responded to each dose of isoproterenol with greater increases in Tsk than controls. Tco of both groups increased at the two highest doses, but cold-adapted rats showed a greater rise. Thus, cold-adapted rats showed greater metabolic (Tco) and vascular (Tsk) responsiveness to the beta-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol, than nonadapted controls. No effect of the alpha-adrenergic agonist, phenylephrine (50 or 100 mug/kg body weight, sc), was observed on Tco or Tsk. A second objective was to study the tension developed by aortic smooth muscle rings of cold-adapted and control rats both during stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors by norepinephrine and membrane depolarization by KCl. Adaptation to cold air appeared to suppress alpha-adrenergic responsiveness in aortic segments but did not alter responsiveness to KCl. This suggests an unchanged contractile mechanism in aortic rings of cold-adapted rats and a reduced responsiveness either at the level of the alpha-receptor or at a site immediately beyond.", "contents": "Effect of chronic exposure to cold on some responses to catecholamines. An objective of these studies was to test the responsiveness of cold-adapted (8 wk, 5 degrees C) rats to a specific beta-adrenergic agonist. Twenty-four hours after removal from cold, increases in tail skin temperature (Tsk) and colonic temperature (Tco) were measured for 2 h in air at 25 degrees C following subcutaneous (sc) administration of 28, 70 or 136 mug d,l-isoproterenol sulfate dihydrate/kg body wt to restrained male rats. Cold-adapted rats responded to each dose of isoproterenol with greater increases in Tsk than controls. Tco of both groups increased at the two highest doses, but cold-adapted rats showed a greater rise. Thus, cold-adapted rats showed greater metabolic (Tco) and vascular (Tsk) responsiveness to the beta-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol, than nonadapted controls. No effect of the alpha-adrenergic agonist, phenylephrine (50 or 100 mug/kg body weight, sc), was observed on Tco or Tsk. A second objective was to study the tension developed by aortic smooth muscle rings of cold-adapted and control rats both during stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors by norepinephrine and membrane depolarization by KCl. Adaptation to cold air appeared to suppress alpha-adrenergic responsiveness in aortic segments but did not alter responsiveness to KCl. This suggests an unchanged contractile mechanism in aortic rings of cold-adapted rats and a reduced responsiveness either at the level of the alpha-receptor or at a site immediately beyond.", "PMID": 838657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3321", "title": "Linear increase in aerobic power induced by a strenuous program of endurance exercise.", "content": "Eight subjects exercised for 40 min/day, 6 days/wk for 10 wk. For 3 days/wk they performed six 5-min intervals of bicycling on an ergometer against a resistance that elicited VO2 max, separated by 2-min intervals of exercise requiring 50-60% of Vo2 max. On the alternate 3 days, they ran as far as they could in 40 min. Our purpose was to obtain information regarding the time course and magnitude of the increase in Vo2 max and endurance that occur in response to strenuous exercise when the training stimulus is kept approximately constant relative to maximum aerobic capacity. Average Vo2 max increased 5% (P less than 0.05) during the 1st wk. Endurance, Vo2 max, and time to attainment of peak heart rate all increased linearly during the 10 wk. The average weekly increase in Vo2 max was 0.12 l/min. The total increase in Vo2 max averaged 16.8 ml/kg per min (44%). Four of the eight subjects attained Vo2 max levels approaching or exceeding 60 ml/kg per min. It appears from these results that aerobic work capacity can increase more rapidly and to a greater extent in response to training than has generally been thought.", "contents": "Linear increase in aerobic power induced by a strenuous program of endurance exercise. Eight subjects exercised for 40 min/day, 6 days/wk for 10 wk. For 3 days/wk they performed six 5-min intervals of bicycling on an ergometer against a resistance that elicited VO2 max, separated by 2-min intervals of exercise requiring 50-60% of Vo2 max. On the alternate 3 days, they ran as far as they could in 40 min. Our purpose was to obtain information regarding the time course and magnitude of the increase in Vo2 max and endurance that occur in response to strenuous exercise when the training stimulus is kept approximately constant relative to maximum aerobic capacity. Average Vo2 max increased 5% (P less than 0.05) during the 1st wk. Endurance, Vo2 max, and time to attainment of peak heart rate all increased linearly during the 10 wk. The average weekly increase in Vo2 max was 0.12 l/min. The total increase in Vo2 max averaged 16.8 ml/kg per min (44%). Four of the eight subjects attained Vo2 max levels approaching or exceeding 60 ml/kg per min. It appears from these results that aerobic work capacity can increase more rapidly and to a greater extent in response to training than has generally been thought.", "PMID": 838658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3322", "title": "Thermoregulatory heat production in man: prediction equation based on skin and core temperatures.", "content": "The relationship of metabolic rate to skin and core temperatures was measured in eight subjects cooled in 10 degrees C water. Reference core temperatures, based on the tympanic and rectal sites, were 41.0 and 41.4 degrees C, respectively. Reference mean skin temperatures were 41.8 and 42.2 degrees C when determined in relation to tympanic and rectal temperatures, respectively. These results enabled construction of equations for predicting the steady-state metabolic rate (MR, W-kg-1) of nonexercising man according to thermal inputs from the skin (Tsk) and core (Tty or Tre) MR = 0.0356(Tsk - 41.8)(Tty - 41.0) or, MR = 0.0314(Tsk - 42.2)(Tre - 41.4). Each equation was limited by the low level of basal metabolic rate (1.1 W-kg-1) and by the high level of peak metabolic rate (6.4 W-kg-1). Evaluation of these equations showed satisfactory agreement with previous observations and concepts on the regulation of heat production in man.", "contents": "Thermoregulatory heat production in man: prediction equation based on skin and core temperatures. The relationship of metabolic rate to skin and core temperatures was measured in eight subjects cooled in 10 degrees C water. Reference core temperatures, based on the tympanic and rectal sites, were 41.0 and 41.4 degrees C, respectively. Reference mean skin temperatures were 41.8 and 42.2 degrees C when determined in relation to tympanic and rectal temperatures, respectively. These results enabled construction of equations for predicting the steady-state metabolic rate (MR, W-kg-1) of nonexercising man according to thermal inputs from the skin (Tsk) and core (Tty or Tre) MR = 0.0356(Tsk - 41.8)(Tty - 41.0) or, MR = 0.0314(Tsk - 42.2)(Tre - 41.4). Each equation was limited by the low level of basal metabolic rate (1.1 W-kg-1) and by the high level of peak metabolic rate (6.4 W-kg-1). Evaluation of these equations showed satisfactory agreement with previous observations and concepts on the regulation of heat production in man.", "PMID": 838659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3323", "title": "Effects of hyperoxia on leg blood flow and metabolism during exercise.", "content": "These experiments were designed to investigate the effects of O2 breathing on limb blood flow and metabolism during exercise. Six subjects took part in the study. Four subjects breathed air or 100% O2 while pedaling a Krogh bicycle at 150 W (55-70% of maximal aerobic capacity). Two subjects breathed either 60% or 100% O2 while working at a power output at or slightly in excess of their maximal aerobic capacities. The major findings of the study were 1) leg blood flow is reduced during exercise when comparing hyperoxia with normoxia; 2) VO2 of the exercising limb is not different during hyperoxia; 3) O2 delivery to the leg (the product of blood flow and arteriovenous O2 difference) is not significantly different in the two conditions; and 4) blood pressure is not markedly affected in the experiments at 150 W. Since BP was not different during hyperoxia, at a time when flow was reduced by 11%, this suggests an increased resistance to flow in the exercising limb. In general, these findings are consistent with those reported for the in situ dog muscle but are at variance with results of experiments with humans, especially the reports indicating substantial increases in O2 uptake during hypertoxic conditions.", "contents": "Effects of hyperoxia on leg blood flow and metabolism during exercise. These experiments were designed to investigate the effects of O2 breathing on limb blood flow and metabolism during exercise. Six subjects took part in the study. Four subjects breathed air or 100% O2 while pedaling a Krogh bicycle at 150 W (55-70% of maximal aerobic capacity). Two subjects breathed either 60% or 100% O2 while working at a power output at or slightly in excess of their maximal aerobic capacities. The major findings of the study were 1) leg blood flow is reduced during exercise when comparing hyperoxia with normoxia; 2) VO2 of the exercising limb is not different during hyperoxia; 3) O2 delivery to the leg (the product of blood flow and arteriovenous O2 difference) is not significantly different in the two conditions; and 4) blood pressure is not markedly affected in the experiments at 150 W. Since BP was not different during hyperoxia, at a time when flow was reduced by 11%, this suggests an increased resistance to flow in the exercising limb. In general, these findings are consistent with those reported for the in situ dog muscle but are at variance with results of experiments with humans, especially the reports indicating substantial increases in O2 uptake during hypertoxic conditions.", "PMID": 838660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3324", "title": "Mechanisms responsible for decreased glomerular filtration in hibernation and hypothermia.", "content": "Mechanisms underlying the elimination or marked depression of renal function in hibernation and hypothermia were investigated through measurements of blood pressure, heart rate, red blood cell and plasma volumes, and relative distribution of cardiac output. Hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) were made hypothermic (rectal temperature (Tre), 7 degrees C) by exposure to helox and cold, or permitted to hibernate with several weeks of cold exposure (Ta approximately 5 degrees C). Mean arterial pressure, 120 Torr in normothermic control animals, demonstrated a 55% and 60% decrease during hibernation and hypothermia, respectively. As the animals rewarmed from hypothermia or aroused from hibernation, blood pressure increased rapidly at 8-12 degrees C, more gradually at 12-17 degrees C, and plateaued thereafter. Blood pressure rapidly returned to near control levels whereas heart rate remained at less than one-half control value at the highest temperature examined. Red blood cell volume, 26.2 +/- 0.6 ml/kg body wt in the control animals appeared unaffected by hypothermia. Plasma volume, by contrast, decreased from control values of 33.0 +/- 0.8 to 21.3 +/- 0.6 ml/kg body wt in hypothermia, a decrease of approximately 35%. Distribution of cardiac output to various organs in hibernation and hypothermia followed a similar pattern. Relative flow to the heart, lung, diaphragm, and brown fat increased while the fraction distributed to the visceral organs appeared to decrease. The normothermic control kidney received approximately 16% of the cardiac output while the hibernating and hypothermic kidneys received approximately 10% and 6%, respectively. The data are discussed in terms of the determinants of glomarular filtration rate and explain, in part, the elimination or marked reduction in renal function observed in depressed metabolic states.", "contents": "Mechanisms responsible for decreased glomerular filtration in hibernation and hypothermia. Mechanisms underlying the elimination or marked depression of renal function in hibernation and hypothermia were investigated through measurements of blood pressure, heart rate, red blood cell and plasma volumes, and relative distribution of cardiac output. Hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) were made hypothermic (rectal temperature (Tre), 7 degrees C) by exposure to helox and cold, or permitted to hibernate with several weeks of cold exposure (Ta approximately 5 degrees C). Mean arterial pressure, 120 Torr in normothermic control animals, demonstrated a 55% and 60% decrease during hibernation and hypothermia, respectively. As the animals rewarmed from hypothermia or aroused from hibernation, blood pressure increased rapidly at 8-12 degrees C, more gradually at 12-17 degrees C, and plateaued thereafter. Blood pressure rapidly returned to near control levels whereas heart rate remained at less than one-half control value at the highest temperature examined. Red blood cell volume, 26.2 +/- 0.6 ml/kg body wt in the control animals appeared unaffected by hypothermia. Plasma volume, by contrast, decreased from control values of 33.0 +/- 0.8 to 21.3 +/- 0.6 ml/kg body wt in hypothermia, a decrease of approximately 35%. Distribution of cardiac output to various organs in hibernation and hypothermia followed a similar pattern. Relative flow to the heart, lung, diaphragm, and brown fat increased while the fraction distributed to the visceral organs appeared to decrease. The normothermic control kidney received approximately 16% of the cardiac output while the hibernating and hypothermic kidneys received approximately 10% and 6%, respectively. The data are discussed in terms of the determinants of glomarular filtration rate and explain, in part, the elimination or marked reduction in renal function observed in depressed metabolic states.", "PMID": 838661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3325", "title": "Functions of selected biochemical systems from the exercised-trained dog heart.", "content": "Mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) fractions were isolated from exercised-trained (E-T) and sedentary control dog hearts. Measurements of mitochondrial respiratory functions indicated no changes in energy-producing (ATP synthesis) capacity in mitochondria from E-T compared to control dog hearts. However, the ability of isolated mitochondria from E-T hearts to retain accumulated calcium was markedly decreased compared to controls. Inhibition of mitochondrial rates of calcium uptake with the inhibitor, ruthenium red, revealed fewer binding and/or transport sites in mitochondrial membranes from exercised-trained heart preparations. ATP-dependent binding (- oxalate) and uptake (+ oxalate) of calcium by SR preparations from E-T hearts were unchanged compared to controls. In contrast, significant differences in the rates of release of bound calcium were found in SR isolated from E-T hearts. Total myocardial protein, nucleic acids, and connective tissue levels were unchanged in E-T hearts compared to controls. The results suggest subtle changes are occurring in the energy-utilizing mechanism(s) involving calcium transport of the myocardial cell during exercise training. These changes may be related to alterations in the performance of the exercised-trained heart.", "contents": "Functions of selected biochemical systems from the exercised-trained dog heart. Mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) fractions were isolated from exercised-trained (E-T) and sedentary control dog hearts. Measurements of mitochondrial respiratory functions indicated no changes in energy-producing (ATP synthesis) capacity in mitochondria from E-T compared to control dog hearts. However, the ability of isolated mitochondria from E-T hearts to retain accumulated calcium was markedly decreased compared to controls. Inhibition of mitochondrial rates of calcium uptake with the inhibitor, ruthenium red, revealed fewer binding and/or transport sites in mitochondrial membranes from exercised-trained heart preparations. ATP-dependent binding (- oxalate) and uptake (+ oxalate) of calcium by SR preparations from E-T hearts were unchanged compared to controls. In contrast, significant differences in the rates of release of bound calcium were found in SR isolated from E-T hearts. Total myocardial protein, nucleic acids, and connective tissue levels were unchanged in E-T hearts compared to controls. The results suggest subtle changes are occurring in the energy-utilizing mechanism(s) involving calcium transport of the myocardial cell during exercise training. These changes may be related to alterations in the performance of the exercised-trained heart.", "PMID": 838662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3326", "title": "Phagocytosis: quantification of rates and intercellular heterogeneity.", "content": "We present a method which permits analysis of phagocytic behavior in small samples of macrophages. Both overall phagocytic kinetics and intercellular variability in particle uptake were measured. Macrophages lavaged from Syrian golden hamster lungs were incubated (5 min at 37 degrees C) with 2- to 4-mum plastic particles at 4.6, 6.9, 9.1, and 16.0 X 10(6) part./ml. Harvested macrophages ranged from 0.6 to 4.0 X 10(6) cells per animal. To concentrate the cells and separate them from cell-free substrate after termination of phagocytosis, 30-60% of each flask's contents were centrifuged (400 X g, 20 min) atop a Metrizamide subphase (34% wt/vol, rho = 1.18). Cells were collected from the interface, fixed, and visually scored for number of particles phagocytized. Phagocytic rates followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with Vmax = 0.63 +/- 0.18 (SEM) part./viable cell per min and Km = 8.5 +/- 2.7 (SEM) X 10(6) part./ml. In every case (23/23 flasks from 6 animals) particle uptake exhibited greater (P less than 0.01) cell-to-cell variability in avidity for substrate than the Poisson distribution would predict from mean number of particles phagocytized per viable cell.", "contents": "Phagocytosis: quantification of rates and intercellular heterogeneity. We present a method which permits analysis of phagocytic behavior in small samples of macrophages. Both overall phagocytic kinetics and intercellular variability in particle uptake were measured. Macrophages lavaged from Syrian golden hamster lungs were incubated (5 min at 37 degrees C) with 2- to 4-mum plastic particles at 4.6, 6.9, 9.1, and 16.0 X 10(6) part./ml. Harvested macrophages ranged from 0.6 to 4.0 X 10(6) cells per animal. To concentrate the cells and separate them from cell-free substrate after termination of phagocytosis, 30-60% of each flask's contents were centrifuged (400 X g, 20 min) atop a Metrizamide subphase (34% wt/vol, rho = 1.18). Cells were collected from the interface, fixed, and visually scored for number of particles phagocytized. Phagocytic rates followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with Vmax = 0.63 +/- 0.18 (SEM) part./viable cell per min and Km = 8.5 +/- 2.7 (SEM) X 10(6) part./ml. In every case (23/23 flasks from 6 animals) particle uptake exhibited greater (P less than 0.01) cell-to-cell variability in avidity for substrate than the Poisson distribution would predict from mean number of particles phagocytized per viable cell.", "PMID": 838663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3327", "title": "Mechanical response of pulmonary artery under aerobic and hypoxic conditions.", "content": "The present study demonstrates the reactivity of isolated main pulmonary artery (MPA) from guinea pigs and rats to two vasoactive drugs, norepinephrine (NE) and histamine (H), in substrate-rich and substrate-free medium, under both aerobic (PO2 = 95 +/- 0.5 Torr) and hypoxic conditions (PO2 = 30 +/- 1 Torr). The sensitivity of MPA from guinea pigs to NE and H during aerobic conditions is not significantly affected by the absence of substrate in the experimental medium. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that in the substrate-rich experimental medium (5.5 mM glucose), the reactivity of MPA from guinea pigs to NE and H is not significantly affected by acute hypoxia as compared with the response of MPA during aerobic conditions. These experiments contrast with data obtained when substrate is absent from the experimental medium. The dose-response curves of MPA from guinea pigs to NE and H under this condition were significantly blunted during hypoxia. Following the completion of the dose-response curves during aerobic conditions, with both NE and H, spontaneous mechanical activities were seen in the guinea pig MPA. On the other hand, it was demonstrated that during aerobic and hypoxic conditions MPA's isolated from rats exhibit no physiological response to histamine even when administered in the dose required to produce the maximal response in MPA isolated from guinea pigs. The sensitivity of MPA from rats to NE during aerobic conditions is not significantly affected by the absence of substrate in the experimental medium. However, when the preparation was exposed to hypoxia, the presence of substrate failed to maintain the reactivity of MPA to norepinephrine. In addition, MPA isolated from rats demonstrated a smaller contractile response to NE than those from guinea pigs. Furthermore, no spontaneous mechanical activities were observed after norepinephrine or histamine administration. The present study, in addition to pointing out species differences, shows the important role of exogenous substrate in maintaining the reactivity of pulmonary vascular smooth muscle during hypoxia.", "contents": "Mechanical response of pulmonary artery under aerobic and hypoxic conditions. The present study demonstrates the reactivity of isolated main pulmonary artery (MPA) from guinea pigs and rats to two vasoactive drugs, norepinephrine (NE) and histamine (H), in substrate-rich and substrate-free medium, under both aerobic (PO2 = 95 +/- 0.5 Torr) and hypoxic conditions (PO2 = 30 +/- 1 Torr). The sensitivity of MPA from guinea pigs to NE and H during aerobic conditions is not significantly affected by the absence of substrate in the experimental medium. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that in the substrate-rich experimental medium (5.5 mM glucose), the reactivity of MPA from guinea pigs to NE and H is not significantly affected by acute hypoxia as compared with the response of MPA during aerobic conditions. These experiments contrast with data obtained when substrate is absent from the experimental medium. The dose-response curves of MPA from guinea pigs to NE and H under this condition were significantly blunted during hypoxia. Following the completion of the dose-response curves during aerobic conditions, with both NE and H, spontaneous mechanical activities were seen in the guinea pig MPA. On the other hand, it was demonstrated that during aerobic and hypoxic conditions MPA's isolated from rats exhibit no physiological response to histamine even when administered in the dose required to produce the maximal response in MPA isolated from guinea pigs. The sensitivity of MPA from rats to NE during aerobic conditions is not significantly affected by the absence of substrate in the experimental medium. However, when the preparation was exposed to hypoxia, the presence of substrate failed to maintain the reactivity of MPA to norepinephrine. In addition, MPA isolated from rats demonstrated a smaller contractile response to NE than those from guinea pigs. Furthermore, no spontaneous mechanical activities were observed after norepinephrine or histamine administration. The present study, in addition to pointing out species differences, shows the important role of exogenous substrate in maintaining the reactivity of pulmonary vascular smooth muscle during hypoxia.", "PMID": 838664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3328", "title": "Combined effects of breathing resistance and hyperoxia on aerobic work tolerance.", "content": "Effects of three curvilinear inspiratory resistances (R1, R2, R3) on the cardiorespiratory responses of seven well-trained men during incremental cycling tests to exhaustion were studied by comparison to the low resistance R0 (at 1 l/s, R0 = 0.2; R3 = 6.5 cmH2O-s/l). Submaximal VO2 and the gas exchange anaerobic threshold (AT) were not affected by increasing resistance. Although maximal work rates were not significantly changed, highly significant reductions were observed for VE (R0 = 166.3; R3 = 99.7 l/min BTPS), VO2 max (R0 = 4,26; R3 = 3.74 l/min), HR (R0 = 185; R3 = 176 beats/min), and endurance (R0 = 17.3; R3 = 15.5 min) suggesting that aerobic work tolerance was dependent on ventilatory capacity. In additional tests removal of R3 at exhaustion abruptly increased VE and VO2, and permitted work to continue. Ventilation and work tolerance were therefore limited by R3 before the legs fatigued. Breathing 35% O2 against R3 produced significant, although small, increases in AT, VO2 max, peak HR, and endurance while decreasing the hyperventilatory response to work above AT. Thus, aerobic work tolerance reduced with high inspiratory resistance was partly restored by moderate hyperoxia, apparently because the ventilatory limit was delayed.", "contents": "Combined effects of breathing resistance and hyperoxia on aerobic work tolerance. Effects of three curvilinear inspiratory resistances (R1, R2, R3) on the cardiorespiratory responses of seven well-trained men during incremental cycling tests to exhaustion were studied by comparison to the low resistance R0 (at 1 l/s, R0 = 0.2; R3 = 6.5 cmH2O-s/l). Submaximal VO2 and the gas exchange anaerobic threshold (AT) were not affected by increasing resistance. Although maximal work rates were not significantly changed, highly significant reductions were observed for VE (R0 = 166.3; R3 = 99.7 l/min BTPS), VO2 max (R0 = 4,26; R3 = 3.74 l/min), HR (R0 = 185; R3 = 176 beats/min), and endurance (R0 = 17.3; R3 = 15.5 min) suggesting that aerobic work tolerance was dependent on ventilatory capacity. In additional tests removal of R3 at exhaustion abruptly increased VE and VO2, and permitted work to continue. Ventilation and work tolerance were therefore limited by R3 before the legs fatigued. Breathing 35% O2 against R3 produced significant, although small, increases in AT, VO2 max, peak HR, and endurance while decreasing the hyperventilatory response to work above AT. Thus, aerobic work tolerance reduced with high inspiratory resistance was partly restored by moderate hyperoxia, apparently because the ventilatory limit was delayed.", "PMID": 838665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3329", "title": "Antirotatory device permitting free movement in animals with several catheters.", "content": "A very simple antirotatory device permitting free movement of small and middle-sized animals is described. It allows the performance of chronic experiments in animals bearing several catheters and wires for perfusion or recording purposes. A set of eight metal plates, articulated end to end by small brackets, sets the animal's head at a fixed point on the ceiling of the cage. This device has been perfectly tolerated by rats during 2 wk to 3 mo.", "contents": "Antirotatory device permitting free movement in animals with several catheters. A very simple antirotatory device permitting free movement of small and middle-sized animals is described. It allows the performance of chronic experiments in animals bearing several catheters and wires for perfusion or recording purposes. A set of eight metal plates, articulated end to end by small brackets, sets the animal's head at a fixed point on the ceiling of the cage. This device has been perfectly tolerated by rats during 2 wk to 3 mo.", "PMID": 838666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3330", "title": "Measurement of mucociliary clearance from the trachea of conscious and anesthetized rats.", "content": "A technique is described whereby particles are injected as a suspension into the trachea of conscious rats. Tracheostomy and cannulation are performed under halothane, but the particles are injected 10 min after recovery. Clearance of BaSO4 particles labeled with 133Ba was determined with a collimated slit gamma-counter, either aligned with the region of particle deposition or used to scan along the animal. Compared with clearance up the trachea in conscous rats, the effect of halothane, thiopental and pentobarbital was to inhibit clearance. With halothane, clearance was resumed at the control rate 0-3 min after anesthesia lasting 7-9 min.", "contents": "Measurement of mucociliary clearance from the trachea of conscious and anesthetized rats. A technique is described whereby particles are injected as a suspension into the trachea of conscious rats. Tracheostomy and cannulation are performed under halothane, but the particles are injected 10 min after recovery. Clearance of BaSO4 particles labeled with 133Ba was determined with a collimated slit gamma-counter, either aligned with the region of particle deposition or used to scan along the animal. Compared with clearance up the trachea in conscous rats, the effect of halothane, thiopental and pentobarbital was to inhibit clearance. With halothane, clearance was resumed at the control rate 0-3 min after anesthesia lasting 7-9 min.", "PMID": 838667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3331", "title": "Anodal block of medullated cardiopulmonary vagal afferents in cats.", "content": "In anesthetized cats examination was made of the conditions under which the application of DC current to a mixed nerve permits determination of whether a reflex response is mediated by medullated or nonmedullated afferents. The following precautions should be observed. The nerve must be stripped of its sheath and bleeding avoided. The anode should be 6 mm distant from the cathode. The temperature of the mineral oil surrounding the nerve should be 30-32 degrees C to avoid activation of nonmedullated fibers during the block. The major limitation is a time- and frequency-dependent block of nonmedullated fibers which makes the technique suitable only for differentiating between medullated fibers and nonmedullated fibers with low frequency traffic. Observing these criteria, anodal block of the cervical vagus in sino-aortic denervated cats resulted in a mean rise in aortic pressure of 8 Torr; subsequent cold block caused a further mean rise of 30 Torr. Thus 80% of the total increase in aortic pressure could be ascribed to interruption of vagal C-fiber activity.", "contents": "Anodal block of medullated cardiopulmonary vagal afferents in cats. In anesthetized cats examination was made of the conditions under which the application of DC current to a mixed nerve permits determination of whether a reflex response is mediated by medullated or nonmedullated afferents. The following precautions should be observed. The nerve must be stripped of its sheath and bleeding avoided. The anode should be 6 mm distant from the cathode. The temperature of the mineral oil surrounding the nerve should be 30-32 degrees C to avoid activation of nonmedullated fibers during the block. The major limitation is a time- and frequency-dependent block of nonmedullated fibers which makes the technique suitable only for differentiating between medullated fibers and nonmedullated fibers with low frequency traffic. Observing these criteria, anodal block of the cervical vagus in sino-aortic denervated cats resulted in a mean rise in aortic pressure of 8 Torr; subsequent cold block caused a further mean rise of 30 Torr. Thus 80% of the total increase in aortic pressure could be ascribed to interruption of vagal C-fiber activity.", "PMID": 838668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3332", "title": "Evaluation of rapid partitioning cleanup method for pesticides.", "content": "A partitioning cleanup method performed in test tubes with small solvent volumes, and using syringes instead of separatory funnels for phase separations, has been tested for potential as a general cleanup method for a variety of pesticidal compounds. More than 50% recoveries were obtained for most of the 60 compounds tested, even though minimal manipulation rather than maximum recovery was the aim. Since the recoveries usually are constant, procedural losses can be compensated  for by correction factors.", "contents": "Evaluation of rapid partitioning cleanup method for pesticides. A partitioning cleanup method performed in test tubes with small solvent volumes, and using syringes instead of separatory funnels for phase separations, has been tested for potential as a general cleanup method for a variety of pesticidal compounds. More than 50% recoveries were obtained for most of the 60 compounds tested, even though minimal manipulation rather than maximum recovery was the aim. Since the recoveries usually are constant, procedural losses can be compensated  for by correction factors.", "PMID": 838669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3333", "title": "Trace analysis of zearalenone and/or zearalanol in animal chow by high pressure liquid chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "An analytical method is described for determining residues of the estrogens zearalenone and/or zearalanol in animal chow at levels as low as 10 ppb. The chow is extracted with methanol and cleaned up by a 3-step procedure employing a Sephadex LH-20 column, liquid-liquid partitioning at pH 13 and 8.3, and a silica gel column. Residues of the 2 compounds, separated on silica gel, are assayed by using high pressure liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Additional data are also included concerning p-values of the compounds in several solvent systems, Rf values from thin layer chromatography with 9 solvent systems, solubilities in 3 solvents, and a procedure for preparing their pentafluoropropionyl derivatives for analysis by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography.", "contents": "Trace analysis of zearalenone and/or zearalanol in animal chow by high pressure liquid chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography. An analytical method is described for determining residues of the estrogens zearalenone and/or zearalanol in animal chow at levels as low as 10 ppb. The chow is extracted with methanol and cleaned up by a 3-step procedure employing a Sephadex LH-20 column, liquid-liquid partitioning at pH 13 and 8.3, and a silica gel column. Residues of the 2 compounds, separated on silica gel, are assayed by using high pressure liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Additional data are also included concerning p-values of the compounds in several solvent systems, Rf values from thin layer chromatography with 9 solvent systems, solubilities in 3 solvents, and a procedure for preparing their pentafluoropropionyl derivatives for analysis by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography.", "PMID": 838670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3334", "title": "Butyl ester preparation for gas-liquid chromatographic determination of fatty acids in butter.", "content": "Butter oil is extracted from butter with hexane, using a rolling boil technique. The resulting 10% butter oil in hexane is converted to butyl esters, using butanol in place of methanol as specified in the official final action method, 28.063-28.067. A water wash and centrifuge technique is used to remove butanol from the n-hexane-butyl ester solution. Conversions to butyl esters are quantitative by the boron trifluoride, sulfuric acid, and sodium butoxide procedures. When methyl ester methods are used, there are serious losses of the short chain volatile and water-soluble acids, making the methyl ester procedures questionable for determining the authenticity of milk fat.", "contents": "Butyl ester preparation for gas-liquid chromatographic determination of fatty acids in butter. Butter oil is extracted from butter with hexane, using a rolling boil technique. The resulting 10% butter oil in hexane is converted to butyl esters, using butanol in place of methanol as specified in the official final action method, 28.063-28.067. A water wash and centrifuge technique is used to remove butanol from the n-hexane-butyl ester solution. Conversions to butyl esters are quantitative by the boron trifluoride, sulfuric acid, and sodium butoxide procedures. When methyl ester methods are used, there are serious losses of the short chain volatile and water-soluble acids, making the methyl ester procedures questionable for determining the authenticity of milk fat.", "PMID": 838671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3335", "title": "Improved procedure for quantitative determination of aflatoxins in corn and wet milled corn products.", "content": "Aflatoxins are extracted from the sample by high-speed blending with aqueous acetone, purified with ammonium sulfate, and partitioned into benzene. The benzene extract is purified on a silica gel-alumina column by washing with benzene-acetic acid and ether-hexane, and eluted with methylene chloride-acetone. The eluate is evaporated, redissolved in benzene-acetonitrile, and spotted on a thin layer chromatographic plate for resolution and quantitative determination against standards.", "contents": "Improved procedure for quantitative determination of aflatoxins in corn and wet milled corn products. Aflatoxins are extracted from the sample by high-speed blending with aqueous acetone, purified with ammonium sulfate, and partitioned into benzene. The benzene extract is purified on a silica gel-alumina column by washing with benzene-acetic acid and ether-hexane, and eluted with methylene chloride-acetone. The eluate is evaporated, redissolved in benzene-acetonitrile, and spotted on a thin layer chromatographic plate for resolution and quantitative determination against standards.", "PMID": 838672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3336", "title": "Modified Sutter's arginine dihydrolase medium for Pseudomonas speciation.", "content": "Sutter's arginine dihydrolase medium has been modified to obtain maximum yields of arginine dihydrolase. Bromothymol blue is the indicator for alkalinity in Sutter's medium. By adding glucose and lowering the pH of the medium, more positive reactions were obtained in 24 hr as well as a sharper color contrast to the base medium which facilitated reading the reactions. The modified Sutter's medium was included in the routine biochemical schema for speciation of pseudomonads isolated from cosmetic products. Of the 706 strains belonging to the 5 species isolated form cosmetic products, only one false negative reaction was obtained with a strain of Pseudomonas putida. The medium was also used for the biochemical characterization of 122 Pseudomonas sp. isolates.", "contents": "Modified Sutter's arginine dihydrolase medium for Pseudomonas speciation. Sutter's arginine dihydrolase medium has been modified to obtain maximum yields of arginine dihydrolase. Bromothymol blue is the indicator for alkalinity in Sutter's medium. By adding glucose and lowering the pH of the medium, more positive reactions were obtained in 24 hr as well as a sharper color contrast to the base medium which facilitated reading the reactions. The modified Sutter's medium was included in the routine biochemical schema for speciation of pseudomonads isolated from cosmetic products. Of the 706 strains belonging to the 5 species isolated form cosmetic products, only one false negative reaction was obtained with a strain of Pseudomonas putida. The medium was also used for the biochemical characterization of 122 Pseudomonas sp. isolates.", "PMID": 838673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3337", "title": "Biochemical localization of the alkaline phosphatase of Bacillus licheniformis as a function of culture age.", "content": "Biochemical localization of the enzyme as a function of age of cell culture showed the alkaline phosphatase (orthophosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.1) activity of Bacillus licheniformis MC14 predominantly in the particulate cell fraction in early- and mid-log cells. However, in late-log and stationary cells, increasing amounts of activity were found in the soluble fraction of lysed cells. Upon protoplast formation of these cells, the activity was released into the soluble fraction. No alkaline phosphatase activity was found in either the cytoplasmic fraction or in the cell medium during any phase of cell growth. The soluble fraction released on protoplast formation that contained alkaline phosphatase activity showed immunological cross-reactivity with antibody to the purified heat--salt-solubilized membrane alkaline phosphatase (F. M. Hulett-Cowling and L. L. Campbell, 1971). Theparticulate membrane fraction containing a firmly associated alkaline phosphatase also showed similar cross-reactivity. Further, the effectiveness of nonionic detergents, ionic detergents, bile salts, and various concentrations of magnesium and sodium as solubilizing agents for this membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase was investigated. Hexadecyl pyridinium chloride (0.03 M) and magnesium and sodium salts (above 0.2 M) were effective solubilizing agents. The substrate specificities of the various fractions were determined and compared to the substrate specificities of the purified membrane alkaline phosphatase.", "contents": "Biochemical localization of the alkaline phosphatase of Bacillus licheniformis as a function of culture age. Biochemical localization of the enzyme as a function of age of cell culture showed the alkaline phosphatase (orthophosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.1) activity of Bacillus licheniformis MC14 predominantly in the particulate cell fraction in early- and mid-log cells. However, in late-log and stationary cells, increasing amounts of activity were found in the soluble fraction of lysed cells. Upon protoplast formation of these cells, the activity was released into the soluble fraction. No alkaline phosphatase activity was found in either the cytoplasmic fraction or in the cell medium during any phase of cell growth. The soluble fraction released on protoplast formation that contained alkaline phosphatase activity showed immunological cross-reactivity with antibody to the purified heat--salt-solubilized membrane alkaline phosphatase (F. M. Hulett-Cowling and L. L. Campbell, 1971). Theparticulate membrane fraction containing a firmly associated alkaline phosphatase also showed similar cross-reactivity. Further, the effectiveness of nonionic detergents, ionic detergents, bile salts, and various concentrations of magnesium and sodium as solubilizing agents for this membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase was investigated. Hexadecyl pyridinium chloride (0.03 M) and magnesium and sodium salts (above 0.2 M) were effective solubilizing agents. The substrate specificities of the various fractions were determined and compared to the substrate specificities of the purified membrane alkaline phosphatase.", "PMID": 838674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3338", "title": "Morphological changes associated with novobiocin resistance in Bacillus licheniformis.", "content": "Spontaneously occurring novobiocin-resistant (Nov) mutants of Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 9945, resistant to low levels of novobiocin (15 mug/ml), were isolated with a frequency of 3 in 106 organisms. Such isolates grew well, but nearly all exhibited consistent plleiotropic alterations in colonial and cell morphologies. One mutant, nov-12, grew as chains of unseparated but clearly distinct daughter cells in the absence of novobiocin in liquid culture. When novobiocin was present, nov-12 grew as very long \"filaments\" which were, however, septate. Septa formed in the presence of the antibiotic were normal, except that no annular clevage of the septal wall was observed. Septa were also irregularly positioned along the filament. These observations were compared with previous findings on the effects of novobiocin and novobiocin resistance described for other organisms. It was concluded that the primary action of novobiocin might differ in gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. However, when the low-level novobiocin sensitivity, normally associated with gram-positive organisms, was genetically abolished in Nov strains of B. licheniformis they became susceptible to an action of novobiocin more analogous to that found for gram-negative organisms. The morphological alterations associated with the Nov phenotype in this organism, together with observations in other organisms, indicate that novobiocin resistance might be generally useful in the search for mutants of gram-positive organisms with altered cell walls.", "contents": "Morphological changes associated with novobiocin resistance in Bacillus licheniformis. Spontaneously occurring novobiocin-resistant (Nov) mutants of Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 9945, resistant to low levels of novobiocin (15 mug/ml), were isolated with a frequency of 3 in 106 organisms. Such isolates grew well, but nearly all exhibited consistent plleiotropic alterations in colonial and cell morphologies. One mutant, nov-12, grew as chains of unseparated but clearly distinct daughter cells in the absence of novobiocin in liquid culture. When novobiocin was present, nov-12 grew as very long \"filaments\" which were, however, septate. Septa formed in the presence of the antibiotic were normal, except that no annular clevage of the septal wall was observed. Septa were also irregularly positioned along the filament. These observations were compared with previous findings on the effects of novobiocin and novobiocin resistance described for other organisms. It was concluded that the primary action of novobiocin might differ in gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. However, when the low-level novobiocin sensitivity, normally associated with gram-positive organisms, was genetically abolished in Nov strains of B. licheniformis they became susceptible to an action of novobiocin more analogous to that found for gram-negative organisms. The morphological alterations associated with the Nov phenotype in this organism, together with observations in other organisms, indicate that novobiocin resistance might be generally useful in the search for mutants of gram-positive organisms with altered cell walls.", "PMID": 838675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3339", "title": "Role of teichuronic acid in Bacillus licheniformis: defective autolysis due to deficiency of teichuronic acid in a novobiocin-resistant mutant.", "content": "nov-12, a novobiocin-resistant mutant of Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 9945, grows as long chains of cells, a characteristic of autolytic-deficient (Lyt-) mutants. Isolated walls from nov-12 autolyzed at a rate equal to 5% of that displayed by wild-type walls, thus confirming the Lyt- phenotype. Protein-free nov-12 walls displayed marked resistance to, and also failure to bind, added autolysin solubilized from wild-type walls. Comparison of isolated cell walls revealed a deficiency in teichuronic acid in the mutant. Lesser differences were observed in walls of this strain, including a reduction in galactose, an increase in the proportion of peptidoglycan, and small quantitative differences in peptidoglycan composition though the proportions of protein and teichoic acid were similar in walls of both strains. Autolytic sensitivity was studied in walls in which protein, teichoic acid, and teichuronic acid were removed successively by selective extraction procedures. Autolysis of wild-type walls was unaffected by removal or protein or teichoic acid, but teichuronic acid removal rendered wild-type walls as insensitive to autolysis as mutant walls had been throughout. Therefore, in this mutant, deficiency in teichuronic acid alone leads to the Lyt- phenotype and, hence, activity and binding of autolysin(s) are dependent upon teichuronic acid but not teichoic acid. Also, the potential rate of autolysis of cell walls in this organism was correlated with the proportion of teichuronic acid in the wall. The possible significance of these findings with respect to control of autolysis and cell separation is discussed.", "contents": "Role of teichuronic acid in Bacillus licheniformis: defective autolysis due to deficiency of teichuronic acid in a novobiocin-resistant mutant. nov-12, a novobiocin-resistant mutant of Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 9945, grows as long chains of cells, a characteristic of autolytic-deficient (Lyt-) mutants. Isolated walls from nov-12 autolyzed at a rate equal to 5% of that displayed by wild-type walls, thus confirming the Lyt- phenotype. Protein-free nov-12 walls displayed marked resistance to, and also failure to bind, added autolysin solubilized from wild-type walls. Comparison of isolated cell walls revealed a deficiency in teichuronic acid in the mutant. Lesser differences were observed in walls of this strain, including a reduction in galactose, an increase in the proportion of peptidoglycan, and small quantitative differences in peptidoglycan composition though the proportions of protein and teichoic acid were similar in walls of both strains. Autolytic sensitivity was studied in walls in which protein, teichoic acid, and teichuronic acid were removed successively by selective extraction procedures. Autolysis of wild-type walls was unaffected by removal or protein or teichoic acid, but teichuronic acid removal rendered wild-type walls as insensitive to autolysis as mutant walls had been throughout. Therefore, in this mutant, deficiency in teichuronic acid alone leads to the Lyt- phenotype and, hence, activity and binding of autolysin(s) are dependent upon teichuronic acid but not teichoic acid. Also, the potential rate of autolysis of cell walls in this organism was correlated with the proportion of teichuronic acid in the wall. The possible significance of these findings with respect to control of autolysis and cell separation is discussed.", "PMID": 838676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3340", "title": "Distribution of lipopolysaccharide and the detection of a new subfraction in the cell envelope of a marine pseudomonad.", "content": "The three outer layers of the cell envelope of marine pseudomonad B-16, the loosely bound outer layer, the outer membrane, and the periplasmic space layer, are the only ones containing appreciable amounts of both lipid and carbohydrate. These layers and a fraction released into the medium during growth of the cells were examined for the presence of common antigens by double immunodiffusion using anti-whole serum. Each of the layers, the medium fraction, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from the organism were shown to contain two or more diffusible components showing reactions of identity. Thus LPS is found in each of the three outer layers of the cell envelope of this gram-negative bacterium. The periplasmic space layer was found to contain a fraction accounting for 20% of the dry weight of the layer, which was sedimentable at 30,000 x g and contained lipid, protein, and carbohydrate. Double-immunodiffusion tests indicated that the fraction contained at least one of the two antigens present in isolated LPS. A  particulate material was released by the cells during growth which gave a positive test for 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid and cross-reacted serologically with LPS.", "contents": "Distribution of lipopolysaccharide and the detection of a new subfraction in the cell envelope of a marine pseudomonad. The three outer layers of the cell envelope of marine pseudomonad B-16, the loosely bound outer layer, the outer membrane, and the periplasmic space layer, are the only ones containing appreciable amounts of both lipid and carbohydrate. These layers and a fraction released into the medium during growth of the cells were examined for the presence of common antigens by double immunodiffusion using anti-whole serum. Each of the layers, the medium fraction, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from the organism were shown to contain two or more diffusible components showing reactions of identity. Thus LPS is found in each of the three outer layers of the cell envelope of this gram-negative bacterium. The periplasmic space layer was found to contain a fraction accounting for 20% of the dry weight of the layer, which was sedimentable at 30,000 x g and contained lipid, protein, and carbohydrate. Double-immunodiffusion tests indicated that the fraction contained at least one of the two antigens present in isolated LPS. A  particulate material was released by the cells during growth which gave a positive test for 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid and cross-reacted serologically with LPS.", "PMID": 838677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3341", "title": "Bacterial parasite of a plant nematode: morphology and ultrastructure.", "content": "The life cycle of a bacterial endoparasite of the plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita was examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The infective stage begins with the attachment of an endospore to the surface of the nematode. A germ tube then penetrates the cuticle, and mycelil colonies form in the pseudocoelom. Sporulation is initiated when terminal cells of the mycelium enlarge to form sporangia. A septum within each sporangium divides the forespore from the basal or parasporal portion of the cell. The forespore becomes enclosed by several laminar coats. The parasporal cell remains attached to the forespore and forms the parasporal microfibers. After the newly formed spores are released into the soil, these microfibers apparently enable a mature spore to attach to the nematode. These results indicate that the endoparasite is a procaryotic organism having structural features that are more common to members of Actinomycetales and to the bacterium Pasteuria ramosa than to the sporozoans or to the family Bacillaceae, as previous investigatios have concluded.", "contents": "Bacterial parasite of a plant nematode: morphology and ultrastructure. The life cycle of a bacterial endoparasite of the plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita was examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The infective stage begins with the attachment of an endospore to the surface of the nematode. A germ tube then penetrates the cuticle, and mycelil colonies form in the pseudocoelom. Sporulation is initiated when terminal cells of the mycelium enlarge to form sporangia. A septum within each sporangium divides the forespore from the basal or parasporal portion of the cell. The forespore becomes enclosed by several laminar coats. The parasporal cell remains attached to the forespore and forms the parasporal microfibers. After the newly formed spores are released into the soil, these microfibers apparently enable a mature spore to attach to the nematode. These results indicate that the endoparasite is a procaryotic organism having structural features that are more common to members of Actinomycetales and to the bacterium Pasteuria ramosa than to the sporozoans or to the family Bacillaceae, as previous investigatios have concluded.", "PMID": 838678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3342", "title": "Effects of incident light levels on photosynthetic membrane polypeptide composition and assembly in Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides.", "content": "Cells of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides were grown anaerobically with incident light levels ranging between 4,500 and 400 footcandles (ca. 48,420 and 4,304 lux). Cells grown with the higher light levels had lower contents of total bacteriochlorophyll and incorporated L-[U-14C]leucine into membrane protein at higher rates than cells grown with lower light levels. The former cells also contained relatively lower amounts of light-harvesting membrane polypeptides as compared with the latter cells. In contrast, the relative amounts of reaction center membrane polypeptides were approximately the same with varying incident light levels. The relative amounts of these membrane polypeptides were correlated with differences in rates of synthesis and assembly of the polypeptides into membrane by measuring the rates of incorporation of L-[U-14C]leucine into the membrane-bound polypeptides. No significant differences in rates of turnover of these polypeptides were detected under the varying incident light levels as measured in pulse-chase radioactive labeling experiments.", "contents": "Effects of incident light levels on photosynthetic membrane polypeptide composition and assembly in Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Cells of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides were grown anaerobically with incident light levels ranging between 4,500 and 400 footcandles (ca. 48,420 and 4,304 lux). Cells grown with the higher light levels had lower contents of total bacteriochlorophyll and incorporated L-[U-14C]leucine into membrane protein at higher rates than cells grown with lower light levels. The former cells also contained relatively lower amounts of light-harvesting membrane polypeptides as compared with the latter cells. In contrast, the relative amounts of reaction center membrane polypeptides were approximately the same with varying incident light levels. The relative amounts of these membrane polypeptides were correlated with differences in rates of synthesis and assembly of the polypeptides into membrane by measuring the rates of incorporation of L-[U-14C]leucine into the membrane-bound polypeptides. No significant differences in rates of turnover of these polypeptides were detected under the varying incident light levels as measured in pulse-chase radioactive labeling experiments.", "PMID": 838679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3343", "title": "Purification of flagellar cores of Vibrio cholerae.", "content": "A procedure is described for the purification of the cores of flagella sheared from Vibrio cholerae. V. cholerae is a monotrichous organism whose flagellar core (FC) is enclosed within a sheath. The purification procedure consists of several cycles of differential centrifugation and cesium chloride density-gradient ultracentrifugation in the presence of a neutral detergent, Triton X-100. Purity of the FC preparations is assessed by electron microscopy, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and chemical analysis. The purified FC preparations are devoid of flagellar sheaths and free from detectable cell wall and cytoplasmic contamination. Antibody prepared in rabbits against purified FC reacts with the flagellum of intact V. cholerae or purified FC as seen by ferritin-labeled antibody studies. Purified FC is composed of a single protein subunit with an estimated molecular weight of 45,000 g/mol and a density of about 1.3 g/cm3.", "contents": "Purification of flagellar cores of Vibrio cholerae. A procedure is described for the purification of the cores of flagella sheared from Vibrio cholerae. V. cholerae is a monotrichous organism whose flagellar core (FC) is enclosed within a sheath. The purification procedure consists of several cycles of differential centrifugation and cesium chloride density-gradient ultracentrifugation in the presence of a neutral detergent, Triton X-100. Purity of the FC preparations is assessed by electron microscopy, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and chemical analysis. The purified FC preparations are devoid of flagellar sheaths and free from detectable cell wall and cytoplasmic contamination. Antibody prepared in rabbits against purified FC reacts with the flagellum of intact V. cholerae or purified FC as seen by ferritin-labeled antibody studies. Purified FC is composed of a single protein subunit with an estimated molecular weight of 45,000 g/mol and a density of about 1.3 g/cm3.", "PMID": 838680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3344", "title": "Identical nutritional requirements of Streptococcus faecium f24 and a derived stable L-phase variant.", "content": "The nutritional requirements of Streptococcus faecium F24 and a lysozyme-produced stable L-phase variant of this strain appear to be identical. Thus, conversion of bacteria to the stable L-phase can occur without changes in nutritional requirements.", "contents": "Identical nutritional requirements of Streptococcus faecium f24 and a derived stable L-phase variant. The nutritional requirements of Streptococcus faecium F24 and a lysozyme-produced stable L-phase variant of this strain appear to be identical. Thus, conversion of bacteria to the stable L-phase can occur without changes in nutritional requirements.", "PMID": 838681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3345", "title": "Comparison of nucleic acid content in populations of free-living and symbiotic Rhizobium meliloti by flow microfluorometry.", "content": "Populations of symbiotic Rhizobium meliloti extracted from alfalfa nodules were shown by flow microfluorometry to contain a significant number of bacteroids with higher nucleic acid content than the free-living rhizobia. Bacteroids with lower nucleic acid content than the free-living bacteria were not detected in significant quantities in these populations. These results indicate that the incapability of bacteroids to reestablish growth in nutrient media may not be caused by a decrease in nucleic acid content of the symbiotic rhizobia.", "contents": "Comparison of nucleic acid content in populations of free-living and symbiotic Rhizobium meliloti by flow microfluorometry. Populations of symbiotic Rhizobium meliloti extracted from alfalfa nodules were shown by flow microfluorometry to contain a significant number of bacteroids with higher nucleic acid content than the free-living rhizobia. Bacteroids with lower nucleic acid content than the free-living bacteria were not detected in significant quantities in these populations. These results indicate that the incapability of bacteroids to reestablish growth in nutrient media may not be caused by a decrease in nucleic acid content of the symbiotic rhizobia.", "PMID": 838682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3346", "title": "Purification and properties of homoprotocatechuate 2,3-dioxygenase from Bacillus stearothermophilus.", "content": "The enzyme 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing) (homoprotocatechuate 2,3-dioxygenase) was purified from the thermophilic organism Bacillus stearothermophilus, grown with j-hydroxyphenylacetic acid as a source of carbon. The enzyme appeared to be homogeneous as judged by disc-gel electrophoresis and sedimentation equilibrium measurements. The average molecular weight determined by three independent procedures was 106,000; the protein was globular and was dissociated in sodium dodecyl sulfate to give a species of molecular weight 33,000 to 35,000. The enzyme was fairly stable on heating and showed maximal activity at about 57 degrees C. An Arrhenius plot of Km for homoprotocatechuate was concave upward, with a break at 32 degrees C; an increase in delta H above this temperature was compensated by lower values of --delta S. Several properties of this enzyme are contrasted with those reported for homoprotocatechuate 2,3-dioxygenase purified by other workers from Pseudomonas ovalis.", "contents": "Purification and properties of homoprotocatechuate 2,3-dioxygenase from Bacillus stearothermophilus. The enzyme 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing) (homoprotocatechuate 2,3-dioxygenase) was purified from the thermophilic organism Bacillus stearothermophilus, grown with j-hydroxyphenylacetic acid as a source of carbon. The enzyme appeared to be homogeneous as judged by disc-gel electrophoresis and sedimentation equilibrium measurements. The average molecular weight determined by three independent procedures was 106,000; the protein was globular and was dissociated in sodium dodecyl sulfate to give a species of molecular weight 33,000 to 35,000. The enzyme was fairly stable on heating and showed maximal activity at about 57 degrees C. An Arrhenius plot of Km for homoprotocatechuate was concave upward, with a break at 32 degrees C; an increase in delta H above this temperature was compensated by lower values of --delta S. Several properties of this enzyme are contrasted with those reported for homoprotocatechuate 2,3-dioxygenase purified by other workers from Pseudomonas ovalis.", "PMID": 838683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3347", "title": "Nitrogen fixation in nitrate reductase-deficient mutants of cultured rhizobia.", "content": "Forty-eight mutants unable to reduce nitrate were isolated from \"cowpea\" Rhizobium sp. strain 32Hl and examined for nitrogenase activity in culture. All but two of the mutants had nitrogenase activity comparable with the parental sttain and two nitrogenase-defective strains showed alterations in their symbiotic properties. One strain was unable to nodulate either Macroptilium atropurpureum or Vigna uguiculata and, with the other, nodules appeared promptly, but effective nitrogen fixation was delayed. These results, and the relatively low proportion of nitrate reductase mutants with impaired nitrogenase activity, do not support the proposed commanality between nitrogenase and nitrate reductase in cowpea rhizobia. Inhibition studies of the effect of nitrate and its reduction products on the nitrogenase activity in cultured strains 32Hl and the nitrate reductase-deficient, Nif+ strains, indicated that nitrogenase activity was sensitive to nitrite rather than to nitrate.", "contents": "Nitrogen fixation in nitrate reductase-deficient mutants of cultured rhizobia. Forty-eight mutants unable to reduce nitrate were isolated from \"cowpea\" Rhizobium sp. strain 32Hl and examined for nitrogenase activity in culture. All but two of the mutants had nitrogenase activity comparable with the parental sttain and two nitrogenase-defective strains showed alterations in their symbiotic properties. One strain was unable to nodulate either Macroptilium atropurpureum or Vigna uguiculata and, with the other, nodules appeared promptly, but effective nitrogen fixation was delayed. These results, and the relatively low proportion of nitrate reductase mutants with impaired nitrogenase activity, do not support the proposed commanality between nitrogenase and nitrate reductase in cowpea rhizobia. Inhibition studies of the effect of nitrate and its reduction products on the nitrogenase activity in cultured strains 32Hl and the nitrate reductase-deficient, Nif+ strains, indicated that nitrogenase activity was sensitive to nitrite rather than to nitrate.", "PMID": 838684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3348", "title": "H2 metabolism in the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas capsulata: H2 production by growing cultures.", "content": "Purple photosynthetic bacteria produce H2 from organic compounds by an anaerobic light-dependent electron transfer process in which nitrogenase functions as the terminal catalyst. It has been established that the H2-evolving function of nitrogenase is inhibited by N2 and ammonium salts, and is maximally expressed in cells growing photoheterotrophically with certain amino acids as sources of nitrogen. In the present studies with Rhodopseudomonas capsulata, nutritional factors affecting the rate and magnitude of H2 photoproduction in cultures growing with amino acid nitrogen sources were examined. The highest H2 yields and rates of formation were observed with the organic acids: lactate, pyruvate, malate, and succinate in media containing glutamate as the N source; under optimal conditions with excess lactate, H2 was produced at rates of ca. 130 ml/h per g(dry weight) of cells. Hydrogen production is significantly influenced by the N/C ratio in the growth substrates; when this ratio exceeds a critical value, free ammonia appears in the medium and H2 is not evolved. In the \"standard\" lactate + glutamate system, both H2 production and growth are \"saturated\" at a light intesity of ca. 600 ft-c (6,500 lux). Evolution of H2, however, occurs during growth at lithe intensities as low as 50 to 100 ft-c (540 to 1,080 lux), i.e., under conditions of energy limitation. In circumstances in which energy conversion rate and supplies of reducing power exceed the capacity of the biosynthetic machinery, energy-dependent H2 production presumably represents a regulatory device that facilitates \"energy-idling.\" It appears that even when light intensity (energy) is limiting, a significant fraction of the available reducing power and adenosine 5'-triphosphate is diverted to nitrogenase, resulting in H2 formation and a bioenergetic burden to the cell.", "contents": "H2 metabolism in the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas capsulata: H2 production by growing cultures. Purple photosynthetic bacteria produce H2 from organic compounds by an anaerobic light-dependent electron transfer process in which nitrogenase functions as the terminal catalyst. It has been established that the H2-evolving function of nitrogenase is inhibited by N2 and ammonium salts, and is maximally expressed in cells growing photoheterotrophically with certain amino acids as sources of nitrogen. In the present studies with Rhodopseudomonas capsulata, nutritional factors affecting the rate and magnitude of H2 photoproduction in cultures growing with amino acid nitrogen sources were examined. The highest H2 yields and rates of formation were observed with the organic acids: lactate, pyruvate, malate, and succinate in media containing glutamate as the N source; under optimal conditions with excess lactate, H2 was produced at rates of ca. 130 ml/h per g(dry weight) of cells. Hydrogen production is significantly influenced by the N/C ratio in the growth substrates; when this ratio exceeds a critical value, free ammonia appears in the medium and H2 is not evolved. In the \"standard\" lactate + glutamate system, both H2 production and growth are \"saturated\" at a light intesity of ca. 600 ft-c (6,500 lux). Evolution of H2, however, occurs during growth at lithe intensities as low as 50 to 100 ft-c (540 to 1,080 lux), i.e., under conditions of energy limitation. In circumstances in which energy conversion rate and supplies of reducing power exceed the capacity of the biosynthetic machinery, energy-dependent H2 production presumably represents a regulatory device that facilitates \"energy-idling.\" It appears that even when light intensity (energy) is limiting, a significant fraction of the available reducing power and adenosine 5'-triphosphate is diverted to nitrogenase, resulting in H2 formation and a bioenergetic burden to the cell.", "PMID": 838685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3349", "title": "H2 metabolism in the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas capsulata: production and utilization of H2 by resting cells.", "content": "Photoproduction of H2 and activation of H2 for CO2 reduction (photoreduction) by Rhodopseudomonas capsulata are catalyzed by different enzyme systems. Formation of H2 from organic compounds is mediated by nitrogenase and is nto inhibited by an atmosphere of 99% H2. Cells grown photoheterotrophically on C4 dicarboxylic acids (with glutamate as N source) evolve H2 from the C4 acids and also from lactate and pyruvate; cells grown on C3 carbon sources, however, are inactive with the C4 acids, presumably because they lack inducible transport systems. Ammonia is known to inhibit N2 fixation by photosynthetic bacteria, and it also effectively prevents photoproduction of H2; these effects are due to inhibition and, in part, inactivation of nitrogenase. Biosynthesis of the latter, as measured by both H2 production and acetylene reduction assays, is markedly increased when cells are grown at high light intensity; synthesis of the photoreduction system, on the other hand, is not appreciably influenced by light intensity during photoheterotrophic growth. The photoreduction activity of cells grown on lactate + glutamate (which contain active nitrogenase) is greatly activated by NH4+, but this effect is not observed in cells grown with NH4+ as N source (nitrogenase repressed) or in a Nif- mutant that is unable to produce H2. Lactate, malate, and succinate, which are readily used as growth substrates by R. capsulata and are excellent H donors for photoproduction of H2, abolish photoreduction activity. The physiological significances of this phenomenon and of the reciprocal regulatory effects of NH4+ on H2 production and photoreduction are discussed.", "contents": "H2 metabolism in the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas capsulata: production and utilization of H2 by resting cells. Photoproduction of H2 and activation of H2 for CO2 reduction (photoreduction) by Rhodopseudomonas capsulata are catalyzed by different enzyme systems. Formation of H2 from organic compounds is mediated by nitrogenase and is nto inhibited by an atmosphere of 99% H2. Cells grown photoheterotrophically on C4 dicarboxylic acids (with glutamate as N source) evolve H2 from the C4 acids and also from lactate and pyruvate; cells grown on C3 carbon sources, however, are inactive with the C4 acids, presumably because they lack inducible transport systems. Ammonia is known to inhibit N2 fixation by photosynthetic bacteria, and it also effectively prevents photoproduction of H2; these effects are due to inhibition and, in part, inactivation of nitrogenase. Biosynthesis of the latter, as measured by both H2 production and acetylene reduction assays, is markedly increased when cells are grown at high light intensity; synthesis of the photoreduction system, on the other hand, is not appreciably influenced by light intensity during photoheterotrophic growth. The photoreduction activity of cells grown on lactate + glutamate (which contain active nitrogenase) is greatly activated by NH4+, but this effect is not observed in cells grown with NH4+ as N source (nitrogenase repressed) or in a Nif- mutant that is unable to produce H2. Lactate, malate, and succinate, which are readily used as growth substrates by R. capsulata and are excellent H donors for photoproduction of H2, abolish photoreduction activity. The physiological significances of this phenomenon and of the reciprocal regulatory effects of NH4+ on H2 production and photoreduction are discussed.", "PMID": 838686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3350", "title": "Generation of a transmembrane electric potential during respiration by Azotobacter vinelandii membrand vesicles.", "content": "Membrane vesicles isolated from Azotobacter vinelandii strain O by lysis of spheroplasts in potassium of sodium phosphate buffer develop a transmembrane electric potential during respiration. The magnitude of this potential was determined by three independent methods: (i) fluorescence of 3,3'-dipropylthiodicarbocyanine and 3,3'-dihexyloxacarbocyanine; (ii) uptake of 86Rb+ in the presence of valinomycin; and (iii) uptake of [3H]triphenylmethyl phosphonium. In method (i), the relative fluorescence of these cyanine dyes in the presence of intact cells or derived vesicles is quenched during oxication of electron donors. A linear relationship between this quenching and a potassium diffusion potential was employed to calibrate the probe response. In method (ii), the steady-state concentration ratio of rubidium across the vesicle membrane during oxidation of L-malate was converted to potential by the Nernst equation. In method (iii), the steady-state concentration ratio of this lipophilic cation was likewise converted to a potential. With the exception of 3,3'-dihexyloxacarbocyanine fluorescence, these methods gave good agreement for the potential developed during L-malate oxidation by membrane vesicles. A value of 75 to 80 mV (inside negative) was obtained for vesicles prepared in potassium phosphate, and 104 mV (inside negative) was obtained for vesicles prepared in sodium phosphate. Electrogenic expulsion of hydrogen ion was observed during L-malate oxidation, and the amount of proton exodus was greater in potassium rather than the sodium-containing vesicles. This indicates the presence of a sodium-proton antiport mechanism. In addition, D-glucose uptake was observed during development of a potassium diffusion potential that was artificially imposed across the vesicle membrane. These observations suggest the presence of a glucose-proton symport mechanism in accordance with the principles of Mitchell.", "contents": "Generation of a transmembrane electric potential during respiration by Azotobacter vinelandii membrand vesicles. Membrane vesicles isolated from Azotobacter vinelandii strain O by lysis of spheroplasts in potassium of sodium phosphate buffer develop a transmembrane electric potential during respiration. The magnitude of this potential was determined by three independent methods: (i) fluorescence of 3,3'-dipropylthiodicarbocyanine and 3,3'-dihexyloxacarbocyanine; (ii) uptake of 86Rb+ in the presence of valinomycin; and (iii) uptake of [3H]triphenylmethyl phosphonium. In method (i), the relative fluorescence of these cyanine dyes in the presence of intact cells or derived vesicles is quenched during oxication of electron donors. A linear relationship between this quenching and a potassium diffusion potential was employed to calibrate the probe response. In method (ii), the steady-state concentration ratio of rubidium across the vesicle membrane during oxidation of L-malate was converted to potential by the Nernst equation. In method (iii), the steady-state concentration ratio of this lipophilic cation was likewise converted to a potential. With the exception of 3,3'-dihexyloxacarbocyanine fluorescence, these methods gave good agreement for the potential developed during L-malate oxidation by membrane vesicles. A value of 75 to 80 mV (inside negative) was obtained for vesicles prepared in potassium phosphate, and 104 mV (inside negative) was obtained for vesicles prepared in sodium phosphate. Electrogenic expulsion of hydrogen ion was observed during L-malate oxidation, and the amount of proton exodus was greater in potassium rather than the sodium-containing vesicles. This indicates the presence of a sodium-proton antiport mechanism. In addition, D-glucose uptake was observed during development of a potassium diffusion potential that was artificially imposed across the vesicle membrane. These observations suggest the presence of a glucose-proton symport mechanism in accordance with the principles of Mitchell.", "PMID": 838687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3351", "title": "Phototaxis mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.", "content": "A group of 31 mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with altered phototactic responses was isolated. Growth of all the mutants was normal and, with one exception, they had no gross morphological aberrations. One mutant produced supernumerary flagella. The mutants can be subdivided into five phenotypic classes on the basis of their abnormal responses: slow positive, no reponse, slow negative, fast negative, and variable. Random motility of the mutants was also characterized. About half were indistinguishable from wild type; the others exhibited \"jerky\" or \"twirly\" movements instead of relatively straight paths. These mutants can now be used for genetic and biochemical studies of the cellular basis of phototaxis.", "contents": "Phototaxis mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. A group of 31 mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with altered phototactic responses was isolated. Growth of all the mutants was normal and, with one exception, they had no gross morphological aberrations. One mutant produced supernumerary flagella. The mutants can be subdivided into five phenotypic classes on the basis of their abnormal responses: slow positive, no reponse, slow negative, fast negative, and variable. Random motility of the mutants was also characterized. About half were indistinguishable from wild type; the others exhibited \"jerky\" or \"twirly\" movements instead of relatively straight paths. These mutants can now be used for genetic and biochemical studies of the cellular basis of phototaxis.", "PMID": 838688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3352", "title": "Induction of D-aldohexoside:cytochrome c oxidoreductase in Agrobacterium tumefaciens.", "content": "D-Aldohexopyranoside:cytochrome c oxidoreductase (ACO) was strongly induced by cellobiose, alpha-methylglucoside, beta-methylglucoside, kojibiose, and sophorose. Induction was rapid, and ACO was readily detectable within 10 min after addition of cellobiose as inducer. Although not measurable for 30 to 40 min after addition of inducer, once started, the rate of induction with alpha-methylglucoside equaled or even exceeded that obtained with cellobiose. Induction by sucrose, maltose, alpha-alpha-trehalose, melibiose, and lactose was weak. In general, the active ACO inducers were poor glycosidase inducers; the converse also appeared to be true. Although ACO induction was not repressed by D-glucose, it was repressed by succinate, malate, and fumarate.", "contents": "Induction of D-aldohexoside:cytochrome c oxidoreductase in Agrobacterium tumefaciens. D-Aldohexopyranoside:cytochrome c oxidoreductase (ACO) was strongly induced by cellobiose, alpha-methylglucoside, beta-methylglucoside, kojibiose, and sophorose. Induction was rapid, and ACO was readily detectable within 10 min after addition of cellobiose as inducer. Although not measurable for 30 to 40 min after addition of inducer, once started, the rate of induction with alpha-methylglucoside equaled or even exceeded that obtained with cellobiose. Induction by sucrose, maltose, alpha-alpha-trehalose, melibiose, and lactose was weak. In general, the active ACO inducers were poor glycosidase inducers; the converse also appeared to be true. Although ACO induction was not repressed by D-glucose, it was repressed by succinate, malate, and fumarate.", "PMID": 838689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3353", "title": "Control of arginine utilization in Neurospora.", "content": "The response of Neurospora to changes in the availibility of exogenous arginine was investigated. Upon addition of arginine to the growth medium, catabolism is initiated within minutes. This occurs prior to expansion of the arginine pool or augmentation of catabolic enzyme levels. (Basal levels are approximately 25% of those found during growth in arginine-supplemented medium.) Catabolism of arginine is independent of protein synthesis, indicating that the catabolic enzymes are active but that arginine is not available for catabolism unless present in the medium. Upon exhaustion of the supply of exogenous arginine, catabolism ceases abruptly, despite an expanded arginine pool and induced levels of the catabolic enzymes. The arginine pool supports protein synthesis until the cells regain their normal capacity for endogenous arginine synthesis. These observations, combined with the known small level of induction of arginine catabolic enzymes, non-repressibility of most biosynthetic enzymes, and vesicular localization of the bulk of the arginine pool, suggest that compartmentation plays a significant role in controlling arginine metabolism in Neurospora.", "contents": "Control of arginine utilization in Neurospora. The response of Neurospora to changes in the availibility of exogenous arginine was investigated. Upon addition of arginine to the growth medium, catabolism is initiated within minutes. This occurs prior to expansion of the arginine pool or augmentation of catabolic enzyme levels. (Basal levels are approximately 25% of those found during growth in arginine-supplemented medium.) Catabolism of arginine is independent of protein synthesis, indicating that the catabolic enzymes are active but that arginine is not available for catabolism unless present in the medium. Upon exhaustion of the supply of exogenous arginine, catabolism ceases abruptly, despite an expanded arginine pool and induced levels of the catabolic enzymes. The arginine pool supports protein synthesis until the cells regain their normal capacity for endogenous arginine synthesis. These observations, combined with the known small level of induction of arginine catabolic enzymes, non-repressibility of most biosynthetic enzymes, and vesicular localization of the bulk of the arginine pool, suggest that compartmentation plays a significant role in controlling arginine metabolism in Neurospora.", "PMID": 838690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3354", "title": "Chromosomal and extrachromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid from four bacterial endosymbionts derived from stock 51 of Paramecium tetraurelia.", "content": "Four variant lines of stock 51 kappa (Paramecium tetraurelia) were screened for the presence of covalently closed circular (CCC) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Stock 51m43 kappa, a nonkiller resistant to 51 killing, contained four classes of CCC DNA: 2.9 X 10(7), 9.7 X 10(7), and 11.8 X 10(7) daltons. The buoyant densities of 51m43 kappa chromosomal and CCC DNA were 1.700 and 1.698 g/cm3, respectively. Stock 51m43 pi, a sensitive nonkiller, contained two CCC species: 0.3 X 10(7) and 4.4 X 10(7) daltons. The buoyant densities of both the chromosomal and CCC DNA were 1.694 to 1.695 g/cm3. Three sizes of CCC DNA were found in 51m1 pi: 0.3 X 10(7), 2.3 X 10(7), and 4.5 X 10(7) daltons. The buoyant densities of both the chromosoaml DNA and the CC DNA were 1.694 to 1.695 g/cm3. It is not known whether 51m1 kappa, a sensitive spinner killer, contains CCC DNA. The buoyant density of its chromosomal DNA was 1.703 g/cm3. Of the four variant lines, only 51m43 kappa appears to be a mutant of 51 kappa. The chromosomal and CCC DNAs of 51m43 kappa have the same buoyant densities as those of 51 kappa; in addition 51m43 kappa contain a CCC molecule the same size as that found in 51 kappa (2.8 x 10(7) daltons). The three other lines are probably bacterial species that are distinct from 51 kappa and which, at one time, were co-inhabitants with 51 kappa in stock 51 paramecia.", "contents": "Chromosomal and extrachromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid from four bacterial endosymbionts derived from stock 51 of Paramecium tetraurelia. Four variant lines of stock 51 kappa (Paramecium tetraurelia) were screened for the presence of covalently closed circular (CCC) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Stock 51m43 kappa, a nonkiller resistant to 51 killing, contained four classes of CCC DNA: 2.9 X 10(7), 9.7 X 10(7), and 11.8 X 10(7) daltons. The buoyant densities of 51m43 kappa chromosomal and CCC DNA were 1.700 and 1.698 g/cm3, respectively. Stock 51m43 pi, a sensitive nonkiller, contained two CCC species: 0.3 X 10(7) and 4.4 X 10(7) daltons. The buoyant densities of both the chromosomal and CCC DNA were 1.694 to 1.695 g/cm3. Three sizes of CCC DNA were found in 51m1 pi: 0.3 X 10(7), 2.3 X 10(7), and 4.5 X 10(7) daltons. The buoyant densities of both the chromosoaml DNA and the CC DNA were 1.694 to 1.695 g/cm3. It is not known whether 51m1 kappa, a sensitive spinner killer, contains CCC DNA. The buoyant density of its chromosomal DNA was 1.703 g/cm3. Of the four variant lines, only 51m43 kappa appears to be a mutant of 51 kappa. The chromosomal and CCC DNAs of 51m43 kappa have the same buoyant densities as those of 51 kappa; in addition 51m43 kappa contain a CCC molecule the same size as that found in 51 kappa (2.8 x 10(7) daltons). The three other lines are probably bacterial species that are distinct from 51 kappa and which, at one time, were co-inhabitants with 51 kappa in stock 51 paramecia.", "PMID": 838691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3355", "title": "Phylogenetic relationships of bacterial endosymbionts of Paramecium aurelia: polynucleotide sequence relationships of 51 kappa and its mutants.", "content": "Hydroxyapatite chromatographic procedures were used to investigate the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence relationships of kappa of Paramecium tetraurelia stock 51 and the organisms that have been designated as mutants of 51 kappa. Of the \"mutants\" studied, only 51m43 kappa possessed a high percentage (89%) of DNA sequences homologous to those of 51 kappa. All other \"mutant\" strains possessed less than 25% polynucleotide sequence homology to 51 kappa DNA. The three strains of pi endosymbionts (51m1 pi, 51m43 pi, and 139 pi) share greater than 75% DNA sequence homology with each other and approximately 50% DNA sequence homology with 138 mu, the mate-killer endosymbiont found in P. octaurelia. Only 23% of the 51 kappa DNA sequences were found to be homologous with those of 51m1 kappa. The data indicate that of the \"mutants\" studied, only 51m43 kappa could be a mutant of 51 kappa. The pi endosymbionts comprise a closely related group of organisms that are also related to 138 mu but not to any of the kappas tested. The group of organisms designated as kappa appears to be comprised of at least two distinct phylogenetic groups.", "contents": "Phylogenetic relationships of bacterial endosymbionts of Paramecium aurelia: polynucleotide sequence relationships of 51 kappa and its mutants. Hydroxyapatite chromatographic procedures were used to investigate the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence relationships of kappa of Paramecium tetraurelia stock 51 and the organisms that have been designated as mutants of 51 kappa. Of the \"mutants\" studied, only 51m43 kappa possessed a high percentage (89%) of DNA sequences homologous to those of 51 kappa. All other \"mutant\" strains possessed less than 25% polynucleotide sequence homology to 51 kappa DNA. The three strains of pi endosymbionts (51m1 pi, 51m43 pi, and 139 pi) share greater than 75% DNA sequence homology with each other and approximately 50% DNA sequence homology with 138 mu, the mate-killer endosymbiont found in P. octaurelia. Only 23% of the 51 kappa DNA sequences were found to be homologous with those of 51m1 kappa. The data indicate that of the \"mutants\" studied, only 51m43 kappa could be a mutant of 51 kappa. The pi endosymbionts comprise a closely related group of organisms that are also related to 138 mu but not to any of the kappas tested. The group of organisms designated as kappa appears to be comprised of at least two distinct phylogenetic groups.", "PMID": 838692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3356", "title": "Evidence for the participation of saccharide-lipids in the synthesis of the oligosaccharide chain of ovalbumin.", "content": "To obtain information on the mechanism of glycosylation of ovalbumin, three types of experiments were performed with either hen oviduct membrane preparations or tissue slices and the antibiotic tunicamycin. First, experiments involving the addition of tunicamycin to oviduct membranes demonstrated that this antibiotic inhibited the synthesis of a N-acetylglucosaminyl-lipid with the properties of N-acetyl-glucosaminylpyrophosphorylpolyisoprenol. No inhibitory effects on the other steps in the synthesis of oligosaccharide-lipid were observed. Thus, tunicamycin inhibits the lipid-linked pathway for membrane protein glycosylation by blocking the first step in the synthesis of oligosaccharide-lipid, namely, the synthesis of N-acetylglucosaminylpyrophosphorylpolyisoprenol. Second, in experiments using membranes prepared from oviduct tissue slices preincubated with tunicamycin, it was found that mannosylphosphoryldolichol was the only saccharide-lipid synthesized. This result indicates that tunicamycin administered in vivo depletes endogenous pools of N-acetylglucosamine-lipid precursors to oligosaccharide-lipid in a manner consistent with its activity in vitro. Finally, it was found that tissue slices incubated in the presence of tunicamycin synthesized the polypeptide chain of ovalbumin at almost normal rates. However, the protein newly synthesized in vivo did not contain labeled N-acetylglucosamine or mannose and had the properties of unglycosylated ovalbumin. These results indicate that saccharide-lipids participate in the assembly of the core oligosaccharide of the secretory glycoprotein, ovalbumin.", "contents": "Evidence for the participation of saccharide-lipids in the synthesis of the oligosaccharide chain of ovalbumin. To obtain information on the mechanism of glycosylation of ovalbumin, three types of experiments were performed with either hen oviduct membrane preparations or tissue slices and the antibiotic tunicamycin. First, experiments involving the addition of tunicamycin to oviduct membranes demonstrated that this antibiotic inhibited the synthesis of a N-acetylglucosaminyl-lipid with the properties of N-acetyl-glucosaminylpyrophosphorylpolyisoprenol. No inhibitory effects on the other steps in the synthesis of oligosaccharide-lipid were observed. Thus, tunicamycin inhibits the lipid-linked pathway for membrane protein glycosylation by blocking the first step in the synthesis of oligosaccharide-lipid, namely, the synthesis of N-acetylglucosaminylpyrophosphorylpolyisoprenol. Second, in experiments using membranes prepared from oviduct tissue slices preincubated with tunicamycin, it was found that mannosylphosphoryldolichol was the only saccharide-lipid synthesized. This result indicates that tunicamycin administered in vivo depletes endogenous pools of N-acetylglucosamine-lipid precursors to oligosaccharide-lipid in a manner consistent with its activity in vitro. Finally, it was found that tissue slices incubated in the presence of tunicamycin synthesized the polypeptide chain of ovalbumin at almost normal rates. However, the protein newly synthesized in vivo did not contain labeled N-acetylglucosamine or mannose and had the properties of unglycosylated ovalbumin. These results indicate that saccharide-lipids participate in the assembly of the core oligosaccharide of the secretory glycoprotein, ovalbumin.", "PMID": 838693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3357", "title": "Structural analysis of nine oligosaccharides isolated from the urine of a blood group O, nonsecretor, woman during pregnancy and lactation.", "content": "Nine oligosaccharides have been isolated from urine collected from an O(H), Le(a+ b-), nonsecretor, woman during her pregnancy and subsequent lactation. One of them is a new hexasaccharide denoted lacto-N-neo-difucohexaose II: beta-D-Gal-(1 leads to 4)-[alpha-L-Fuc-(1 leads to 3)]-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1 leads to 3)-beta-D-Gal-(1 leads to 4)-[alpha-L-Fuc-(1 leads to 3)]-D-Glc. Seven of the remainder were identified as the milk oligosaccharides lacto-N-difucohexaose II, lacto-N-fucopentaose II and III, lacto-N-tetraose, 6'-galactosyllactose, 3-fucosyllactose, and lactose. The ninth component is a glucose-containing tetrasaccharide, alpha-D-Glc-(1 leads to 6)-alpha-D-Glc-(1 leads to 4)-alpha-D-Glc-(1 leads to 4)-D-Glc, previously found in normal human urine. The oligosaccharides were isolated by gel chromatography, preparative zone electrophoresis, and paper chromatography. The structures were determined by sugar and methylation analyses. Sequence analysis of tri- and tetra-saccharides was carried out by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of reduced and permethylated oligosaccharide derivatives. The monosaccharide sequence in penta- and hexasaccharides was deduced from gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric studies of di- and trisaccharides obtained from partial acid hydrolysis of the parent compound. Anomeric configurations were deduced from the optical rotation.", "contents": "Structural analysis of nine oligosaccharides isolated from the urine of a blood group O, nonsecretor, woman during pregnancy and lactation. Nine oligosaccharides have been isolated from urine collected from an O(H), Le(a+ b-), nonsecretor, woman during her pregnancy and subsequent lactation. One of them is a new hexasaccharide denoted lacto-N-neo-difucohexaose II: beta-D-Gal-(1 leads to 4)-[alpha-L-Fuc-(1 leads to 3)]-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1 leads to 3)-beta-D-Gal-(1 leads to 4)-[alpha-L-Fuc-(1 leads to 3)]-D-Glc. Seven of the remainder were identified as the milk oligosaccharides lacto-N-difucohexaose II, lacto-N-fucopentaose II and III, lacto-N-tetraose, 6'-galactosyllactose, 3-fucosyllactose, and lactose. The ninth component is a glucose-containing tetrasaccharide, alpha-D-Glc-(1 leads to 6)-alpha-D-Glc-(1 leads to 4)-alpha-D-Glc-(1 leads to 4)-D-Glc, previously found in normal human urine. The oligosaccharides were isolated by gel chromatography, preparative zone electrophoresis, and paper chromatography. The structures were determined by sugar and methylation analyses. Sequence analysis of tri- and tetra-saccharides was carried out by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of reduced and permethylated oligosaccharide derivatives. The monosaccharide sequence in penta- and hexasaccharides was deduced from gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric studies of di- and trisaccharides obtained from partial acid hydrolysis of the parent compound. Anomeric configurations were deduced from the optical rotation.", "PMID": 838694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3358", "title": "Structural analysis of oligosaccharides isolated from the urine of a blood group A, secretor, woman during pregnancy and lactation.", "content": "Twenty different oligosaccharides have been isolated from urine collected from an A, Le(a- b+), secretor woman during her pregnancy and subsequent lactation. Nine of these have been found previously in the milk of Le (a- b+) individuals. Three new fucose-containing oligosaccharides denoted lacto-N-neotrifucoheptaose II (alpha-L-Fuc-(1 leads to 2)-beta-D-Gal-(1 leads to 4)-[alpha-L-Fuc-(1 leads to 3)]-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1 leads to 3)-[alpha-L-Fuc-(1 leads to 2)]-beta-D-Gal-(1 leads to 4)-D-Glc), lacto-N-neodfucohexaose I (alpha-L-Fuc-(1 leads to 2)-beta-D-Gal-(1 leads to 4)-[alpha-L-Fuc-(1 leads to 3)]beta-D-GlcNAc-(1 leads to 3)-beta-D-Gal-(1 leads to 4)-D-Glc), and lacto-N-difucohexaose IV (alpha-L-Fuc-(1 leads to 2)-beta-D-Gal-(1 leads to 3)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1 leads to 3)-[alpha-L-Fuc-(1 leads to 2)]-beta-D-Gal-(1 leads to 4)-D-Glc) are described. Three new myo-inositol-containing oligosaccharides which are characteristic for pregnancy have also been isolated. Their structures are: alpha-D-GalNAc-(1 leads to 3)-[alpha-L-Fuc-(1 leads to 2)]-beta-D-Gal-(1 leads to 0)-[alpha-L-Fuc-(1 leads to 0)]-myo-inositol; alpha-L-Fuc-(1 leads to 2)-beta-D-Gal-(1 leads to 0)-[alpha-D-Fuc-(1 leads to 0)]myo-inositol; and alpha-L-Fuc-(1 leads to 2)-beta-D-Gal-(1 leads to 0)-myo-inositol, respectively. Three oligosaccharides containing only glucose were found and partially characterized. In addition, two oligosaccharides described previously (a glucose tetrasaccharide (Hallgren, P., Hansson, G., Henriksson, K.-G., H\u00e4ger, A., Lundblad, A., and Svensson, S. (1974) Eur. j. clin. Invest. 4, 429-433) and a urine A pentasaccharide (Lundblad, A., and Svensson, S. (1973) Carbohyd. Res. 30, 187-189) were also isolated and characterized. The isolation procedure included ultrafiltration, gel chromatography on Sephadex G-25, and preparative paper chromatography, Structural determination involved sugar and methylation analyses. Tri- and tetrasaccharides were investigated by combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sequence analyses of larger oligosaccharides were performed by combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of di- and trisaccharides obtained after partial acid hydrolysis of the parent compound. Anomeric configurations were deduced from optical rotations and by comparison with authentic samples.", "contents": "Structural analysis of oligosaccharides isolated from the urine of a blood group A, secretor, woman during pregnancy and lactation. Twenty different oligosaccharides have been isolated from urine collected from an A, Le(a- b+), secretor woman during her pregnancy and subsequent lactation. Nine of these have been found previously in the milk of Le (a- b+) individuals. Three new fucose-containing oligosaccharides denoted lacto-N-neotrifucoheptaose II (alpha-L-Fuc-(1 leads to 2)-beta-D-Gal-(1 leads to 4)-[alpha-L-Fuc-(1 leads to 3)]-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1 leads to 3)-[alpha-L-Fuc-(1 leads to 2)]-beta-D-Gal-(1 leads to 4)-D-Glc), lacto-N-neodfucohexaose I (alpha-L-Fuc-(1 leads to 2)-beta-D-Gal-(1 leads to 4)-[alpha-L-Fuc-(1 leads to 3)]beta-D-GlcNAc-(1 leads to 3)-beta-D-Gal-(1 leads to 4)-D-Glc), and lacto-N-difucohexaose IV (alpha-L-Fuc-(1 leads to 2)-beta-D-Gal-(1 leads to 3)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1 leads to 3)-[alpha-L-Fuc-(1 leads to 2)]-beta-D-Gal-(1 leads to 4)-D-Glc) are described. Three new myo-inositol-containing oligosaccharides which are characteristic for pregnancy have also been isolated. Their structures are: alpha-D-GalNAc-(1 leads to 3)-[alpha-L-Fuc-(1 leads to 2)]-beta-D-Gal-(1 leads to 0)-[alpha-L-Fuc-(1 leads to 0)]-myo-inositol; alpha-L-Fuc-(1 leads to 2)-beta-D-Gal-(1 leads to 0)-[alpha-D-Fuc-(1 leads to 0)]myo-inositol; and alpha-L-Fuc-(1 leads to 2)-beta-D-Gal-(1 leads to 0)-myo-inositol, respectively. Three oligosaccharides containing only glucose were found and partially characterized. In addition, two oligosaccharides described previously (a glucose tetrasaccharide (Hallgren, P., Hansson, G., Henriksson, K.-G., H\u00e4ger, A., Lundblad, A., and Svensson, S. (1974) Eur. j. clin. Invest. 4, 429-433) and a urine A pentasaccharide (Lundblad, A., and Svensson, S. (1973) Carbohyd. Res. 30, 187-189) were also isolated and characterized. The isolation procedure included ultrafiltration, gel chromatography on Sephadex G-25, and preparative paper chromatography, Structural determination involved sugar and methylation analyses. Tri- and tetrasaccharides were investigated by combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sequence analyses of larger oligosaccharides were performed by combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of di- and trisaccharides obtained after partial acid hydrolysis of the parent compound. Anomeric configurations were deduced from optical rotations and by comparison with authentic samples.", "PMID": 838695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3359", "title": "Quantitation of some urinary oligosaccharides during pregnancy and lactation.", "content": "The excretion rates of different oligosaccharides in the urine of two individuals, a blood group O, nonsecretor woman, and a blood group A, secretor woman, were studied at different times during pregnancy and lactation. Quantitative determinations of di-, tri-, and tetrasaccharides were performed by combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Larger oligosaccharides were quantitated by their content of total hexose or 6-deoxyhexose (fucose). The urinary oligosaccharide excretion during pregnancy is detectable by the 13th week. All oligosaccharides studied increased and reached the highest levels during the last trimester. During lactation more complex excretion patterns were observed. Lactose and oligosaccharides with a lactose backbone were the most predominant compounds. Oligosaccharides with a lacto-K-tetraose or a lacto-N-neotetraose backbone were present both during pregnancy and lactation, but the former type showed a much more pronounced increase of excretion during lactation. Four oligosaccharides containing only D-glucose were found in largest amounts during pregnancy. One of these oligosaccharides, a glucose tetrasaccharide, was quantitatively determined in the urine of 13 individuals and the excretion was found to decrease 2- to 5-fold in the first week post partum relative to the last week of pregnancy. Urine from a woman whose fetus died unexpectedly in the 24th week of pregnancy was also studied. No oligosaccharides characteristic of a normal pregnancy could be detected, suggesting that at least some oligosaccharides appearing specifically during pregnancy might reflect the function of the placenta or the fetus, or both.", "contents": "Quantitation of some urinary oligosaccharides during pregnancy and lactation. The excretion rates of different oligosaccharides in the urine of two individuals, a blood group O, nonsecretor woman, and a blood group A, secretor woman, were studied at different times during pregnancy and lactation. Quantitative determinations of di-, tri-, and tetrasaccharides were performed by combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Larger oligosaccharides were quantitated by their content of total hexose or 6-deoxyhexose (fucose). The urinary oligosaccharide excretion during pregnancy is detectable by the 13th week. All oligosaccharides studied increased and reached the highest levels during the last trimester. During lactation more complex excretion patterns were observed. Lactose and oligosaccharides with a lactose backbone were the most predominant compounds. Oligosaccharides with a lacto-K-tetraose or a lacto-N-neotetraose backbone were present both during pregnancy and lactation, but the former type showed a much more pronounced increase of excretion during lactation. Four oligosaccharides containing only D-glucose were found in largest amounts during pregnancy. One of these oligosaccharides, a glucose tetrasaccharide, was quantitatively determined in the urine of 13 individuals and the excretion was found to decrease 2- to 5-fold in the first week post partum relative to the last week of pregnancy. Urine from a woman whose fetus died unexpectedly in the 24th week of pregnancy was also studied. No oligosaccharides characteristic of a normal pregnancy could be detected, suggesting that at least some oligosaccharides appearing specifically during pregnancy might reflect the function of the placenta or the fetus, or both.", "PMID": 838696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3360", "title": "Hormonal control of transcription in the rat uterus. Stimulation of deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent RNA polymerase III by estradiol.", "content": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerases were extracted from rat uterine tissue, partially purified and resolved by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. RNA polymerases I, II, IIIA, and IIIB eluted at the characteristic ammonium sulfate concentrations of 0.15, 0.28, 0.34, and 0.42 M, respectively. The sensitivity of each peak of polymerase to alpha-amanitin was examined and was shown to be essentially identical to the three classes of RNA polymerases in other mammalian systems. RNA polymerase I was insensitive to high levels of alpha-amanitin, RNA polymerase II was sensitive to low concentrations of alpha-amanitin (50% inhibition at 0.006 mug/ml) and RNA polymerases IIIA and IIIB were sensitive to high concentrations of alpha-amanitin (50% inhibition at 18 mug/ml). The alpha-amanitin sensitivity curve of total RNA synthesis measured in isolated nucleo demonstrated that the activity of each class of RNA polymerase could be quantitated in uterine nuclei. Thus the initial decrease in activity at low concentrations of alpha-amanitin (50% inhibition at 0.005 mug/ml) was attributed to the inhibition of RNA polymerase II activity, the second decrease in activity at higher concentrations of alpha-amanitin (50% inhibition at 15 mug/ml) was attributed to the inhibition of RNA polymerase III activity, and the activity which was resistant to the highest alpha-amanitin concentration tested was attributed to RNA polymerase I activity. When estradiol was given to immature rats 6 h before killing both RNA polymerases I and III levels in nuclei were increased significantly over the control values. The time course of these changes demonstrated that the increases in RNA polymerases I and III were first evident between 1.5 and 3 h following hormone treatment. Significantly, these increases in polymerase I and III in nuclei parallel the published increases for rRNA and tRNA synthesis following hormone treatment. However, the amount of RNA polymerase I and III was not altered upon extraction, suggesting that these changes are due to the alteration in chromatin template activity. Both estradiol and estriol produced identical increases in uterine RNA polymerase I and III 6 h after treatment.", "contents": "Hormonal control of transcription in the rat uterus. Stimulation of deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent RNA polymerase III by estradiol. DNA-dependent RNA polymerases were extracted from rat uterine tissue, partially purified and resolved by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. RNA polymerases I, II, IIIA, and IIIB eluted at the characteristic ammonium sulfate concentrations of 0.15, 0.28, 0.34, and 0.42 M, respectively. The sensitivity of each peak of polymerase to alpha-amanitin was examined and was shown to be essentially identical to the three classes of RNA polymerases in other mammalian systems. RNA polymerase I was insensitive to high levels of alpha-amanitin, RNA polymerase II was sensitive to low concentrations of alpha-amanitin (50% inhibition at 0.006 mug/ml) and RNA polymerases IIIA and IIIB were sensitive to high concentrations of alpha-amanitin (50% inhibition at 18 mug/ml). The alpha-amanitin sensitivity curve of total RNA synthesis measured in isolated nucleo demonstrated that the activity of each class of RNA polymerase could be quantitated in uterine nuclei. Thus the initial decrease in activity at low concentrations of alpha-amanitin (50% inhibition at 0.005 mug/ml) was attributed to the inhibition of RNA polymerase II activity, the second decrease in activity at higher concentrations of alpha-amanitin (50% inhibition at 15 mug/ml) was attributed to the inhibition of RNA polymerase III activity, and the activity which was resistant to the highest alpha-amanitin concentration tested was attributed to RNA polymerase I activity. When estradiol was given to immature rats 6 h before killing both RNA polymerases I and III levels in nuclei were increased significantly over the control values. The time course of these changes demonstrated that the increases in RNA polymerases I and III were first evident between 1.5 and 3 h following hormone treatment. Significantly, these increases in polymerase I and III in nuclei parallel the published increases for rRNA and tRNA synthesis following hormone treatment. However, the amount of RNA polymerase I and III was not altered upon extraction, suggesting that these changes are due to the alteration in chromatin template activity. Both estradiol and estriol produced identical increases in uterine RNA polymerase I and III 6 h after treatment.", "PMID": 838697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3361", "title": "Methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase-methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase-formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase. A multifunctional protein from porcine liver.", "content": "Methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase, and formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase from porcine liver have been co-purified more than 500-fold to apparent homogeneity. The inability of three sequential chromatographic procedures followed by affinity chromatography using NADP+- or ATP-substituted Sepharose to resolve the three activities demonstrates that they are physically associated. Molecular weight estimates of the native protein by gel filtration (Mr = 150,000) and by dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis (Mr = 100,000) indicate that the native structure is probably a single subunit. Since only one protein band is seen on dodecyl sulfate gels, it is concluded that the three activities are properties of a single polypeptide chain. The kinetic properties of the three activities are described, the most unusual feature being the susceptibility of the cyclohydrolase to competitive inhibition by NADP+, NAD+, ATP, and folate.", "contents": "Methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase-methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase-formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase. A multifunctional protein from porcine liver. Methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase, and formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase from porcine liver have been co-purified more than 500-fold to apparent homogeneity. The inability of three sequential chromatographic procedures followed by affinity chromatography using NADP+- or ATP-substituted Sepharose to resolve the three activities demonstrates that they are physically associated. Molecular weight estimates of the native protein by gel filtration (Mr = 150,000) and by dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis (Mr = 100,000) indicate that the native structure is probably a single subunit. Since only one protein band is seen on dodecyl sulfate gels, it is concluded that the three activities are properties of a single polypeptide chain. The kinetic properties of the three activities are described, the most unusual feature being the susceptibility of the cyclohydrolase to competitive inhibition by NADP+, NAD+, ATP, and folate.", "PMID": 838698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3362", "title": "Characterization of a novel metabolic pathway of arachidonate in coronary arteries which generates a potent endogenous coronary vasodilator.", "content": "Bovine coronary artery strips were incubated with [1-14C]arachidonic acid and the chemical properties of the various prostaglandins (PG) formed were studied. Arachidonate was converted to two major prostaglandin products, PGE2 and a novel prostaglandin having chemical (i.e. base hydrolysis and borohydride reduction) and chromatographic properties identical with 6-keto-PGF1alpha. This final compound was inactive on coronary artery strips. The endoperoxide intermediates, PGG2 or PGH2, previously shown to induce coronary relaxation, were not released into the medium from isolated bovine coronaries. The arachidonic acid-induced dilation may have been due to an intracellular action of PGH2 (or PGG2) or to the action of another, yet unidentified, labile intermediate formed in the enzymatic conversion of endoperoxides to 6-keto PGF1alpha. When PGH2 was incubated with bovine coronary microsomes, the PGH2 was completely metabolized (i.e. loss of rabbit aorta contraction) but a compound was generated which was a much more potent coronary relaxant. We suggest that this major novel metabolic pathway of arachidonate generates a substance, intermediate between PGH2 and the final 6-keto PGF1alpha-like product, which is a potent coronary vasodilator.", "contents": "Characterization of a novel metabolic pathway of arachidonate in coronary arteries which generates a potent endogenous coronary vasodilator. Bovine coronary artery strips were incubated with [1-14C]arachidonic acid and the chemical properties of the various prostaglandins (PG) formed were studied. Arachidonate was converted to two major prostaglandin products, PGE2 and a novel prostaglandin having chemical (i.e. base hydrolysis and borohydride reduction) and chromatographic properties identical with 6-keto-PGF1alpha. This final compound was inactive on coronary artery strips. The endoperoxide intermediates, PGG2 or PGH2, previously shown to induce coronary relaxation, were not released into the medium from isolated bovine coronaries. The arachidonic acid-induced dilation may have been due to an intracellular action of PGH2 (or PGG2) or to the action of another, yet unidentified, labile intermediate formed in the enzymatic conversion of endoperoxides to 6-keto PGF1alpha. When PGH2 was incubated with bovine coronary microsomes, the PGH2 was completely metabolized (i.e. loss of rabbit aorta contraction) but a compound was generated which was a much more potent coronary relaxant. We suggest that this major novel metabolic pathway of arachidonate generates a substance, intermediate between PGH2 and the final 6-keto PGF1alpha-like product, which is a potent coronary vasodilator.", "PMID": 838699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3363", "title": "Differentiation of metal ion-induced transitions of prothrombin fragment 1.", "content": "The intrinsic fluorescence of human and bovine prothrombin fragment 1 is quenched (approximately -35%) when calcium ions are bound. The intrinsic fluorescence of prothrombin is also quenched by the binding of Ca2+ but to a lesser extent (total change is approximately -6%). The prothrombin fragment 1 fluorescence transition is also effected by the binding of Mg2+, Mn2+, Gd3+, and Tb3+. With all ions the fluorescence quenching is readily reversed by titration with EDTA. Titration with any of the above ions results in a sigmoidal titration curve. The fluorescence transition midpoints (expressed as Tm) occur at the following concentrations of ions: Ca2+, 0.22 (0.35) mM; Mg2+, 0.22 (0.45) mM; Mn2+, 12.6 (12.6) muM; and Gd3+, 3.6 (5.3) muM (the values in parentheses indicate the concentration of the respective ions bound to bovine prothrombin fragment 1). The presence of phospholipid steepens the Ca2+ titration curve, significantly more so for the bovine system than for the human. Tm values for Ca2+ binding in the presence of phospholipid are 0.21 mM and 0.22 mM for binding to human and bovine prothrombin fragment 1, respectively. Sedimentation equilibrium and velocity studies indicate that prothrombin fragment 1 which is monomeric in the presence of EDTA undergoes concentration-dependent association in the presence of Ca2+. A plot of fraction monomer versus Ca2+ concentration is sigmoidal, with a Tm of approximately 1 mM Ca2+. Mg2+ is only marginally effective in promoting the dimerization, and Mn2+ and Gd3+ are even less effective. However, sedimentation studies performed in the presence of 1 mM Mg2+ at varying Ca2+ concentrations shifted the apparent dimerization transition markedly to the left, the midpoint of the transition occurring at 0.25 mM. Kinetic studies reveal that while Mg2+ by itself does not promote prothrombin activation to thrombin, Mg2+ will partially substitute for Ca2+ in prothrombin activation. In the presence of 1 mM Mg2+ maximal activation rates are attained with 0.3 mM Ca2+; higher Mg2+ concentrations (at this Ca2+ concentration) are inhibitory. Only Ca2+ and Gd3+ permit significant prothrombin-phospholipid binding. Scatchard plots derived from equilibrium dialysis experiments performed with bovine prothrombin fragment 1 suggest marked cooperativity in calcium binding and the existence of approximately six Ca2+ binding sites. Similar studies, but with 1 mM Mg2+ also present in the dialysate, suggested that Mg2+ promotes a greater degree of cooperativity in Ca2+ binding to prothrombin fragment 1 with an apparent decrease in the number of Ca2+ sites occupied. It therefore appears that prothrombin fragment 1 has two classes of metal ion binding sites. One class, probably comprising two of six sites, is apparently fairly nonselective with respect to which metal ion is bound; binding of metal ion to these sites is responsible for the fluorescence change and apparently triggers a conformational transition...", "contents": "Differentiation of metal ion-induced transitions of prothrombin fragment 1. The intrinsic fluorescence of human and bovine prothrombin fragment 1 is quenched (approximately -35%) when calcium ions are bound. The intrinsic fluorescence of prothrombin is also quenched by the binding of Ca2+ but to a lesser extent (total change is approximately -6%). The prothrombin fragment 1 fluorescence transition is also effected by the binding of Mg2+, Mn2+, Gd3+, and Tb3+. With all ions the fluorescence quenching is readily reversed by titration with EDTA. Titration with any of the above ions results in a sigmoidal titration curve. The fluorescence transition midpoints (expressed as Tm) occur at the following concentrations of ions: Ca2+, 0.22 (0.35) mM; Mg2+, 0.22 (0.45) mM; Mn2+, 12.6 (12.6) muM; and Gd3+, 3.6 (5.3) muM (the values in parentheses indicate the concentration of the respective ions bound to bovine prothrombin fragment 1). The presence of phospholipid steepens the Ca2+ titration curve, significantly more so for the bovine system than for the human. Tm values for Ca2+ binding in the presence of phospholipid are 0.21 mM and 0.22 mM for binding to human and bovine prothrombin fragment 1, respectively. Sedimentation equilibrium and velocity studies indicate that prothrombin fragment 1 which is monomeric in the presence of EDTA undergoes concentration-dependent association in the presence of Ca2+. A plot of fraction monomer versus Ca2+ concentration is sigmoidal, with a Tm of approximately 1 mM Ca2+. Mg2+ is only marginally effective in promoting the dimerization, and Mn2+ and Gd3+ are even less effective. However, sedimentation studies performed in the presence of 1 mM Mg2+ at varying Ca2+ concentrations shifted the apparent dimerization transition markedly to the left, the midpoint of the transition occurring at 0.25 mM. Kinetic studies reveal that while Mg2+ by itself does not promote prothrombin activation to thrombin, Mg2+ will partially substitute for Ca2+ in prothrombin activation. In the presence of 1 mM Mg2+ maximal activation rates are attained with 0.3 mM Ca2+; higher Mg2+ concentrations (at this Ca2+ concentration) are inhibitory. Only Ca2+ and Gd3+ permit significant prothrombin-phospholipid binding. Scatchard plots derived from equilibrium dialysis experiments performed with bovine prothrombin fragment 1 suggest marked cooperativity in calcium binding and the existence of approximately six Ca2+ binding sites. Similar studies, but with 1 mM Mg2+ also present in the dialysate, suggested that Mg2+ promotes a greater degree of cooperativity in Ca2+ binding to prothrombin fragment 1 with an apparent decrease in the number of Ca2+ sites occupied. It therefore appears that prothrombin fragment 1 has two classes of metal ion binding sites. One class, probably comprising two of six sites, is apparently fairly nonselective with respect to which metal ion is bound; binding of metal ion to these sites is responsible for the fluorescence change and apparently triggers a conformational transition...", "PMID": 838700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3364", "title": "In vitro synthesis of a high molecular weight virion-associated RNA by vaccinia.", "content": "Although the bulk of RNA synthesized in vitro by vaccinia virus is 8 to 12 S, a small amount of high molecular weight RNA can be detected. This RNA is virion-associated and is not extruded from the virus as high molecular weight RNA. It is sensitive to pancreatic RNase digestion in high salt, has a density in neutral CS2SO4 of 1.68 g ml-1 and remains large after digestion with DNase or denaturation in dimethyl sulfoxide. In the presence of high concentrations of virus in the in vitro RNA polymerase reaction, pulse-labeling experiments indicate an RNA sedimenting heterogeneously between 20 and 30 S. Pulse-chase experiments indicate that a fraction of this high molecular weight RNA can be chased into RNA sedimenting at 8 to 12 S. Cleavage into smaller fragments is not dependent on continued RNA synthesis but does require ribonucleoside triphosphates. In the presence of ethidium bromide, the RNA is not cleaved.", "contents": "In vitro synthesis of a high molecular weight virion-associated RNA by vaccinia. Although the bulk of RNA synthesized in vitro by vaccinia virus is 8 to 12 S, a small amount of high molecular weight RNA can be detected. This RNA is virion-associated and is not extruded from the virus as high molecular weight RNA. It is sensitive to pancreatic RNase digestion in high salt, has a density in neutral CS2SO4 of 1.68 g ml-1 and remains large after digestion with DNase or denaturation in dimethyl sulfoxide. In the presence of high concentrations of virus in the in vitro RNA polymerase reaction, pulse-labeling experiments indicate an RNA sedimenting heterogeneously between 20 and 30 S. Pulse-chase experiments indicate that a fraction of this high molecular weight RNA can be chased into RNA sedimenting at 8 to 12 S. Cleavage into smaller fragments is not dependent on continued RNA synthesis but does require ribonucleoside triphosphates. In the presence of ethidium bromide, the RNA is not cleaved.", "PMID": 838701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3365", "title": "High molecular weight virion-associated RNA of vaccinia. A possible precursor to 8 to 12 S mRNA.", "content": "The high molecular weight virion-associated RNA synthesized by vaccinia in vitro can be cleaved into smaller components, some of which are extruded from the virus as 8 to 12 S RNA. The high molecular weight virion-associated RNA fails to bind appreciably (5%) to poly(U) filters indicating that it is not polyadenylated. Its cleavage products will, however, bind to poly(U) (40 to 50%) after processing in the presence of ATP. The high molecular weight virion-associated RNA is methylated by the virus, and purified unmethylated RNA can be methylated by detergent-solubilized extracts of vaccinia virus cores. In the presence of GTP, methylation is stimulated 3-fold. The level of methylation of purified unmethylated high molecular weight RNA achieved by soluble core extracts is approximately 80% of the level of methylation achieved with purified unmethylated 8 to 12 S viral RNA, suggesting that more residues than the primary 5' termini became methylated. Approximately 85% of the methylated RNA binds to poly(U) when purified high molecular weight RNA is processed with soluble core extracts in the presence of S-adenosyl[methyl-3H]methionine, GTP, and ATP, conditions which also cleave the RNA. Nucleic acid hybridization-competition studies indicate that virion-extruded 8 to 12 S mRNA contains sequences found in the high molecular weight virion-associated RNA.", "contents": "High molecular weight virion-associated RNA of vaccinia. A possible precursor to 8 to 12 S mRNA. The high molecular weight virion-associated RNA synthesized by vaccinia in vitro can be cleaved into smaller components, some of which are extruded from the virus as 8 to 12 S RNA. The high molecular weight virion-associated RNA fails to bind appreciably (5%) to poly(U) filters indicating that it is not polyadenylated. Its cleavage products will, however, bind to poly(U) (40 to 50%) after processing in the presence of ATP. The high molecular weight virion-associated RNA is methylated by the virus, and purified unmethylated RNA can be methylated by detergent-solubilized extracts of vaccinia virus cores. In the presence of GTP, methylation is stimulated 3-fold. The level of methylation of purified unmethylated high molecular weight RNA achieved by soluble core extracts is approximately 80% of the level of methylation achieved with purified unmethylated 8 to 12 S viral RNA, suggesting that more residues than the primary 5' termini became methylated. Approximately 85% of the methylated RNA binds to poly(U) when purified high molecular weight RNA is processed with soluble core extracts in the presence of S-adenosyl[methyl-3H]methionine, GTP, and ATP, conditions which also cleave the RNA. Nucleic acid hybridization-competition studies indicate that virion-extruded 8 to 12 S mRNA contains sequences found in the high molecular weight virion-associated RNA.", "PMID": 838702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3366", "title": "Prostaglandin endoperoxide E isomerase from bovine vesicular gland microsomes, a glutathione-requiring enzyme.", "content": "Prostaglandin endoperoxide E isomerase catalyzes the isomerization of the endoperoxy group of prostaglandin H and produces prostaglandin E. The enzyme was solubilized with Tween 20 from bovine vesicular gland microsomes and purified 26-fold by successive column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and omega-aminobutyl Sepharose 4B. The previously known requirement for glutathione was further investigated. The activity of freshly prepared enzyme was destroyed rapidly with a half-life of about 30 min at 24 degrees, pH 8.0. Various thiol compounds including glutathione protected the enzyme from such an inactivation. However, several findings indicated that glutathione was possibly specifically involved as a coenzyme in the isomerase reaction, but was not oxidized in a stoichiometric quantity. The enzyme also isomerized prostaglandin G at a rate approximately half of that of prostaglandin H.", "contents": "Prostaglandin endoperoxide E isomerase from bovine vesicular gland microsomes, a glutathione-requiring enzyme. Prostaglandin endoperoxide E isomerase catalyzes the isomerization of the endoperoxy group of prostaglandin H and produces prostaglandin E. The enzyme was solubilized with Tween 20 from bovine vesicular gland microsomes and purified 26-fold by successive column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and omega-aminobutyl Sepharose 4B. The previously known requirement for glutathione was further investigated. The activity of freshly prepared enzyme was destroyed rapidly with a half-life of about 30 min at 24 degrees, pH 8.0. Various thiol compounds including glutathione protected the enzyme from such an inactivation. However, several findings indicated that glutathione was possibly specifically involved as a coenzyme in the isomerase reaction, but was not oxidized in a stoichiometric quantity. The enzyme also isomerized prostaglandin G at a rate approximately half of that of prostaglandin H.", "PMID": 838703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3367", "title": "Spinach nitrite reductase. Purification and properties of a siroheme-containing iron-sulfur enzyme.", "content": "Ferredoxin-nitrite reductase (EC 1.7.7.1.) from spinach has been purified to homogeneity with a specific activity of 110 units/mg of protein. The enzyme, Mr = 61,000 has 3 iron atoms (of which one is in siroheme) and 2 labile sulfides, i.e. 1 (Fe2-S2) per molecule, with absorption maxima at 276, 386 (Soret), 573 (alpha), and 690 nm, with an E386 of 3.97 X 10(4) M-1-cm-1, and A276/A386 absorptivity ratio of 1.8. Anaerobic addition of dithionite results in the loss of the 690 nm peak and the splitting of the 573 nm absorption band into two broad peaks at 545 and 585 nm. Reduction by dithionite is enhanced by cyanide (Fig. 7) and requires about 3 electron eq per mol of enzyme. With nitrite or hydroxylamine (substrates of the enzyme), cyanide (a competitive inhibitor with respect to nitrite), or sulfite, the 690 nm absorption band of substrate-free enzyme disappears and the absorbance in the Soret and alpha region are altered. The high spin EPR signals disappear (J. M. Vega, H. Kamin, N. R. Orme-Johnson, and W. H. Orme-Johnson, unpublished observations). Titration permits calculation of 1 mol of nitrite bound/mol of enzyme with a Kdiss of 3.2 X 10(-6) M. Dithionite-reduced enzyme also forms complexes with added nitrite, hydroxylamine, or cyanide, characterized by marked alterations in the 573 (alpha) absorption band. THus, substrates or competitive inhibitors can be bound to the oxidized or reduced enzyme forms. CO inhibits nitrite reductase and forms a complex with reduced enzyme (epsilonmax at 395, 543, and 585 nm). Formation or dissociation of the spectrophotometrically detectable CO complex correlates with inhibition or inhibition-reversal of nitrite reduction catalysis. During steady state turnover with dithionite and nitrite, the enzyme forms a complex with added nitrite with absorption difference maxima at 445, 538, and 580 nm with respect to reduced enzyme. When nearly all substrate is depleted the spectrum of a new species appears, indicating that nitrite reductase may form complexes with nitrogen compounds of more than one oxidation state. Nitrite is stoichiometrically reduced to ammonia without detectable free nitrogen compounds of intermediate reduction state. p-Chloromercuribenzoate (pCMB) inhibits nitrite reductase activity and nitrite partially protects against this inhibition. Titration of native enzyme with the mercurial shows that 6 mol of pCMB can be bound/mol or nitrite reductase. The Soret absorption band of the native nitrite reductase is altered and partially bleached in the pCMB-treated enzyme, and the 573 (alpha) band disappears.", "contents": "Spinach nitrite reductase. Purification and properties of a siroheme-containing iron-sulfur enzyme. Ferredoxin-nitrite reductase (EC 1.7.7.1.) from spinach has been purified to homogeneity with a specific activity of 110 units/mg of protein. The enzyme, Mr = 61,000 has 3 iron atoms (of which one is in siroheme) and 2 labile sulfides, i.e. 1 (Fe2-S2) per molecule, with absorption maxima at 276, 386 (Soret), 573 (alpha), and 690 nm, with an E386 of 3.97 X 10(4) M-1-cm-1, and A276/A386 absorptivity ratio of 1.8. Anaerobic addition of dithionite results in the loss of the 690 nm peak and the splitting of the 573 nm absorption band into two broad peaks at 545 and 585 nm. Reduction by dithionite is enhanced by cyanide (Fig. 7) and requires about 3 electron eq per mol of enzyme. With nitrite or hydroxylamine (substrates of the enzyme), cyanide (a competitive inhibitor with respect to nitrite), or sulfite, the 690 nm absorption band of substrate-free enzyme disappears and the absorbance in the Soret and alpha region are altered. The high spin EPR signals disappear (J. M. Vega, H. Kamin, N. R. Orme-Johnson, and W. H. Orme-Johnson, unpublished observations). Titration permits calculation of 1 mol of nitrite bound/mol of enzyme with a Kdiss of 3.2 X 10(-6) M. Dithionite-reduced enzyme also forms complexes with added nitrite, hydroxylamine, or cyanide, characterized by marked alterations in the 573 (alpha) absorption band. THus, substrates or competitive inhibitors can be bound to the oxidized or reduced enzyme forms. CO inhibits nitrite reductase and forms a complex with reduced enzyme (epsilonmax at 395, 543, and 585 nm). Formation or dissociation of the spectrophotometrically detectable CO complex correlates with inhibition or inhibition-reversal of nitrite reduction catalysis. During steady state turnover with dithionite and nitrite, the enzyme forms a complex with added nitrite with absorption difference maxima at 445, 538, and 580 nm with respect to reduced enzyme. When nearly all substrate is depleted the spectrum of a new species appears, indicating that nitrite reductase may form complexes with nitrogen compounds of more than one oxidation state. Nitrite is stoichiometrically reduced to ammonia without detectable free nitrogen compounds of intermediate reduction state. p-Chloromercuribenzoate (pCMB) inhibits nitrite reductase activity and nitrite partially protects against this inhibition. Titration of native enzyme with the mercurial shows that 6 mol of pCMB can be bound/mol or nitrite reductase. The Soret absorption band of the native nitrite reductase is altered and partially bleached in the pCMB-treated enzyme, and the 573 (alpha) band disappears.", "PMID": 838704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3368", "title": "Identification of folate binding proteins in rat liver.", "content": "Intraperitoneal injection of tritiated folic acid (PteGlu) into rats has revealed the presence of three separate protein fractions in the cytosol fraction of the liver and one in the mitochondria which bind folate derivatives. The proteins in the cytosol (cytosol I, II and III) have approximate molecular weights of 350,000, 150,000, and 25,000 and the protein in the mitochondria has an approximate molecular weight of 90,000 as estimated by gel filtration. The bound folate derivatives are primarily polyglutamate forms while cytosol II contains primarily bound 5-methyltetrahydrofolate polyglutamate derivatives. Little binding of radioactively labeled folic acid or 5-methyltetrahydrofolate to these fractions was observed when binding was carried out in vitro. Significant binding in vitro was observed, however, when a mixture of biosynthetically labeled natural folate derivatives was used. These proteins have not been purified, but cytosol III partially consists of the enzyme, tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (EC 1.5.1.3). Studies on the time course of folic acid incorporation into the liver showed that soon after injection nonmetabolized folic acid was bound to the plasma membrane fraction of the liver cell. It is suggested that at least one of the binding proteins in the cytosol may be involved in storage of the vitamin while the binding of nonmetabolized folic acid to the plasma membrane may reflect the existence of a carrier for folic acid transport into the cell.", "contents": "Identification of folate binding proteins in rat liver. Intraperitoneal injection of tritiated folic acid (PteGlu) into rats has revealed the presence of three separate protein fractions in the cytosol fraction of the liver and one in the mitochondria which bind folate derivatives. The proteins in the cytosol (cytosol I, II and III) have approximate molecular weights of 350,000, 150,000, and 25,000 and the protein in the mitochondria has an approximate molecular weight of 90,000 as estimated by gel filtration. The bound folate derivatives are primarily polyglutamate forms while cytosol II contains primarily bound 5-methyltetrahydrofolate polyglutamate derivatives. Little binding of radioactively labeled folic acid or 5-methyltetrahydrofolate to these fractions was observed when binding was carried out in vitro. Significant binding in vitro was observed, however, when a mixture of biosynthetically labeled natural folate derivatives was used. These proteins have not been purified, but cytosol III partially consists of the enzyme, tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (EC 1.5.1.3). Studies on the time course of folic acid incorporation into the liver showed that soon after injection nonmetabolized folic acid was bound to the plasma membrane fraction of the liver cell. It is suggested that at least one of the binding proteins in the cytosol may be involved in storage of the vitamin while the binding of nonmetabolized folic acid to the plasma membrane may reflect the existence of a carrier for folic acid transport into the cell.", "PMID": 838705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3369", "title": "Impaired conversion of procollagen to collagen by fibroblasts and bone treated with tunicamycin, an inhibitor of protein glycosylation.", "content": "Tunicamycin, an inhibitor of lipid carrier-dependent protein glycosylation, was used in studies of procollagen synthesis, secretion, and proteolytic modification by chick cranial bones in organ culture and by chick tendon fibroblasts in tissue culture. Tunicamycin inhibited the incorporation of D-[2-3H]mannose into procollagen by greater than 90% whereas general protein synthesis and collagen synthesis were decreased by only 10 to 20%. The procollagen synthesized in the presence of tunicamycin was secreted normally and its immunological characteristics, as detected by an antiserum to the intact protein, were unchanged. However, tunicamycin caused an accumulation of biosynthetic intermediates containing disulfide-bonded COOH-terminal extensions in both cell and bone culture. Cleavage of NH2-terminal extensions was not detectably impaired. These findings provide additional support for the involvement of more than one enzyme in the limited proteolytic conversion of procollagen to collagen.", "contents": "Impaired conversion of procollagen to collagen by fibroblasts and bone treated with tunicamycin, an inhibitor of protein glycosylation. Tunicamycin, an inhibitor of lipid carrier-dependent protein glycosylation, was used in studies of procollagen synthesis, secretion, and proteolytic modification by chick cranial bones in organ culture and by chick tendon fibroblasts in tissue culture. Tunicamycin inhibited the incorporation of D-[2-3H]mannose into procollagen by greater than 90% whereas general protein synthesis and collagen synthesis were decreased by only 10 to 20%. The procollagen synthesized in the presence of tunicamycin was secreted normally and its immunological characteristics, as detected by an antiserum to the intact protein, were unchanged. However, tunicamycin caused an accumulation of biosynthetic intermediates containing disulfide-bonded COOH-terminal extensions in both cell and bone culture. Cleavage of NH2-terminal extensions was not detectably impaired. These findings provide additional support for the involvement of more than one enzyme in the limited proteolytic conversion of procollagen to collagen.", "PMID": 838706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3370", "title": "Primary structure of rabbit skeletal muscle troponin-T. Purification of cyanogen bromide fragments and the amino acid sequence of fragment CB2.", "content": "Troponin-T was cleaved by cyanogen bromide (CB) to produce the seven fragments CB1 (151 residues), CB3 (70 residues), CB2 (81 residues), CB5 (24 residues), CB4 (54 residues), CB7 (8 residues), and CB6 (21 residues). The NH2-terminal fragment CB1, composed of CB3 plus CB2, had an internal homoserine which was not completely cleaved. The amino acid sequence of CB2 was determined by a combination of automated and manual Edman degradation techniques. Peptides suitable for the latter method were derived from tryptic, alpha-chymotryptic, alpha-lytic protease, and thermolytic digestions. Fragment CB2 contains 81 of the 259 residues of troponin-T.", "contents": "Primary structure of rabbit skeletal muscle troponin-T. Purification of cyanogen bromide fragments and the amino acid sequence of fragment CB2. Troponin-T was cleaved by cyanogen bromide (CB) to produce the seven fragments CB1 (151 residues), CB3 (70 residues), CB2 (81 residues), CB5 (24 residues), CB4 (54 residues), CB7 (8 residues), and CB6 (21 residues). The NH2-terminal fragment CB1, composed of CB3 plus CB2, had an internal homoserine which was not completely cleaved. The amino acid sequence of CB2 was determined by a combination of automated and manual Edman degradation techniques. Peptides suitable for the latter method were derived from tryptic, alpha-chymotryptic, alpha-lytic protease, and thermolytic digestions. Fragment CB2 contains 81 of the 259 residues of troponin-T.", "PMID": 838707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3371", "title": "Primary structure of rabbit skeletal muscle troponin-T. Sequence determination of four cyanogen bromide fragments, CB4, CB6, and CB7.", "content": "The amino acid sequences of four cyanogen bromide (CB) fragments from rabbit skeletal troponin-T have been determined. Fragment CB4 (55 residues) was documented by chymotryptic, thermolytic, tryptic, and 2-(2-nitrophenylsulfenyl)-3-methyl-3'-bromoindolenine peptides. A combination of automated sequence analysis, tryptic digestion, and penicillocarboxypeptidase-S treatment was used to assemble fragments CB5 (24 residues), CB7 (8 residues), and the COOH-terminal CB6 (21 residues).", "contents": "Primary structure of rabbit skeletal muscle troponin-T. Sequence determination of four cyanogen bromide fragments, CB4, CB6, and CB7. The amino acid sequences of four cyanogen bromide (CB) fragments from rabbit skeletal troponin-T have been determined. Fragment CB4 (55 residues) was documented by chymotryptic, thermolytic, tryptic, and 2-(2-nitrophenylsulfenyl)-3-methyl-3'-bromoindolenine peptides. A combination of automated sequence analysis, tryptic digestion, and penicillocarboxypeptidase-S treatment was used to assemble fragments CB5 (24 residues), CB7 (8 residues), and the COOH-terminal CB6 (21 residues).", "PMID": 838708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3372", "title": "Revised amino acid sequence of Qbeta coat protein between positions 1 and 60.", "content": "A reinvestigation of the primary structure of Qbeta coat protein between positions 1 and 60 was undertaken to resolve two discrepancies between the published amino acid seuqence (Maita, T., and Konigsberg, W. (1971) J. Biol. Chem. 246, 5003-5024) and the cognate nucleotide sequence recently determined in our laboratory (C. Escarmis and M. A. Billeter, unpublished results). The 22nd amino acid was asparagine rather than aspartic acid, and an additional amino acid, serine, was present between proline in position 55 and arginine in position 56. The revised structure agrees with the nucleotide sequence determined so far.", "contents": "Revised amino acid sequence of Qbeta coat protein between positions 1 and 60. A reinvestigation of the primary structure of Qbeta coat protein between positions 1 and 60 was undertaken to resolve two discrepancies between the published amino acid seuqence (Maita, T., and Konigsberg, W. (1971) J. Biol. Chem. 246, 5003-5024) and the cognate nucleotide sequence recently determined in our laboratory (C. Escarmis and M. A. Billeter, unpublished results). The 22nd amino acid was asparagine rather than aspartic acid, and an additional amino acid, serine, was present between proline in position 55 and arginine in position 56. The revised structure agrees with the nucleotide sequence determined so far.", "PMID": 838709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3373", "title": "Properties of a nuclear polyadenylate-protein complex from mouse ascites cells.", "content": "Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) subcomplexes containing at least 60% of the total nuclear poly(A) were isolated from mouse ascites cells; these 15 S ribonucleoprotein particles were most probably derived from larger hnRNA containing complexes. The buoyant density of the 15 S ribonucleoprotein in formaldehyde-CsCl was significantly less than that of the hnRNA-containing 30 S ribonucleoprotein subcomplex, indicating a higher proportion of protein (approximately 80%) in the 15 S ribonucleoprotein. The proteins partially protected the poly(A) from the action of ribonuclease T2. RNA isolated from purified 15 S ribonucleoprotein was estimated to be 190 to 200 nucleotides in length by gel electrophoresis, whereas the RNA from crude preparations was slightly larger. Base composition analysis of 32P-labeled crude 15 S RNP-RNA showed it to be rich in adenylate (70%) but containing a substantial amount of uridylate (20%). The base composition of RNA from purified complexes was approximately 90% adenyalte. Our results suggested that oligo(U) sequences from hnRNA could artificially associated with the poly(A) during preparation of 15 S RNP-RNA.", "contents": "Properties of a nuclear polyadenylate-protein complex from mouse ascites cells. Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) subcomplexes containing at least 60% of the total nuclear poly(A) were isolated from mouse ascites cells; these 15 S ribonucleoprotein particles were most probably derived from larger hnRNA containing complexes. The buoyant density of the 15 S ribonucleoprotein in formaldehyde-CsCl was significantly less than that of the hnRNA-containing 30 S ribonucleoprotein subcomplex, indicating a higher proportion of protein (approximately 80%) in the 15 S ribonucleoprotein. The proteins partially protected the poly(A) from the action of ribonuclease T2. RNA isolated from purified 15 S ribonucleoprotein was estimated to be 190 to 200 nucleotides in length by gel electrophoresis, whereas the RNA from crude preparations was slightly larger. Base composition analysis of 32P-labeled crude 15 S RNP-RNA showed it to be rich in adenylate (70%) but containing a substantial amount of uridylate (20%). The base composition of RNA from purified complexes was approximately 90% adenyalte. Our results suggested that oligo(U) sequences from hnRNA could artificially associated with the poly(A) during preparation of 15 S RNP-RNA.", "PMID": 838710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3374", "title": "Structural studies on the oligosaccharides of a glycoprotein isolated from alveoli of patients with alveolar proteinosis.", "content": "The carbohydrate composition and structure of the oligosaccharide units of the major glycoprotein (Mr=36,000) isolated from alveoli of patients with alveolar proteinosis have been determined. This glycoprotein was found to contain 3.0 mol of sialic acid 4.0 mol of galactose, 4.0 mol of mannose, 1.0 mol of fucose, and 6.0 mol of N-acetylglucosamine/mol of peptide. Two major glycopeptide fractions hvae been isolated from this glycoprotein by pronase digestion followed by gel filtration and DEAE-cellulose column fractionation. Glycopeptide I contained 1 residue of sialic acid, 2 residues of galactose, 2 residues of mannose, 3 residues of N-acetylglucosamine, and no fucose. Glycopeptide II contained 2-residues of sialic acid, 2 residues of galactose, 2 residues of mannose, 1 residue of fucose, and 3 residues of N-acetylglucosamine. In both cases, the major amino acid was found to be aspartic acid. Glycopeptides I and II appeared to be homogeneous and the molecular weights of these glycopeptides were estimated to be 2,150 and 2,400 by gel filtration. The carbohydrate structure of these two glycopeptides has been determined by sequential hyrolysis with specific glycosidases and methylation analyses. N-Acetylglucosamine was found to be attached to asparagine of the peptide chain of both oligosaccharides.", "contents": "Structural studies on the oligosaccharides of a glycoprotein isolated from alveoli of patients with alveolar proteinosis. The carbohydrate composition and structure of the oligosaccharide units of the major glycoprotein (Mr=36,000) isolated from alveoli of patients with alveolar proteinosis have been determined. This glycoprotein was found to contain 3.0 mol of sialic acid 4.0 mol of galactose, 4.0 mol of mannose, 1.0 mol of fucose, and 6.0 mol of N-acetylglucosamine/mol of peptide. Two major glycopeptide fractions hvae been isolated from this glycoprotein by pronase digestion followed by gel filtration and DEAE-cellulose column fractionation. Glycopeptide I contained 1 residue of sialic acid, 2 residues of galactose, 2 residues of mannose, 3 residues of N-acetylglucosamine, and no fucose. Glycopeptide II contained 2-residues of sialic acid, 2 residues of galactose, 2 residues of mannose, 1 residue of fucose, and 3 residues of N-acetylglucosamine. In both cases, the major amino acid was found to be aspartic acid. Glycopeptides I and II appeared to be homogeneous and the molecular weights of these glycopeptides were estimated to be 2,150 and 2,400 by gel filtration. The carbohydrate structure of these two glycopeptides has been determined by sequential hyrolysis with specific glycosidases and methylation analyses. N-Acetylglucosamine was found to be attached to asparagine of the peptide chain of both oligosaccharides.", "PMID": 838711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3375", "title": "Amino acid sequence of phospholipase A2 from horse pancreas.", "content": "The complete amino acid sequence of phosphlipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) from horse pancreas was determined. The protein controls of a single polypeptide chain of 125 amino acids and has a molecular weight of 13,927. The chain is crosslinked by seven disulfide bridges. The sequence was determined by automated Edman degradation of the intact protein and several of the large peptide fragments. Smaller peptides were analyzed by manual Edman degradation. Fragmentation of the peptide chain was accomplished by enzymatic digestion with trypsin, chymotrypsin, and thermolysin. The final overlap was found by digestion of the polypeptide with a staphylococcal protease specific for glutamoyl bonds. Phospholipase A2 from horse pancreas shows homology to snake venom phospholipases A2 and to the enzyme from porcine pancreas, provided that the published amino acid sequence of the porcine phospholipase A2 is revised to some extent.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of phospholipase A2 from horse pancreas. The complete amino acid sequence of phosphlipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) from horse pancreas was determined. The protein controls of a single polypeptide chain of 125 amino acids and has a molecular weight of 13,927. The chain is crosslinked by seven disulfide bridges. The sequence was determined by automated Edman degradation of the intact protein and several of the large peptide fragments. Smaller peptides were analyzed by manual Edman degradation. Fragmentation of the peptide chain was accomplished by enzymatic digestion with trypsin, chymotrypsin, and thermolysin. The final overlap was found by digestion of the polypeptide with a staphylococcal protease specific for glutamoyl bonds. Phospholipase A2 from horse pancreas shows homology to snake venom phospholipases A2 and to the enzyme from porcine pancreas, provided that the published amino acid sequence of the porcine phospholipase A2 is revised to some extent.", "PMID": 838712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3376", "title": "Magnetic resonance studies of three forms of creatine kinase. Comparison of the properties of native, CH-S-blocked, and H2NCOCH-blocked enzymes.", "content": "Magnetic resonance methods are applied in a comparative study of native creatine kinase from rabbit muscle with two sulfhydryl-modified forms of the enzyme--one inactive form obtained by reaction of the enzyme with iodoacetamide and one form with reduced activity obtained by reaction of the iodoacetamide-sensitive sulfhydryl group with methyl methanethiolsulfonate, which blocks the sulfhydryl with a CH3S-group. Water proton relaxation rate (PRR) titrations with the CH3S-blocked enzyme show that the modification does not alter appreciably the affinities of the enzyme for MnADP and for creatine in the presence of MnADP. Similar measurements for the H2NCOCH2-blocked enzyme indicate that this modification weakens the affinity of the enzyme for MnADP. In agreement with previous findings, there is no observable change in the PRR enhancement upon additions of creatine to solutions of the ternary complex, enzyme-MnADP, for the H2NCOCH2-blocked enzyme. PRR titrations enabled the measurement of binding of creatine to the ternary CH3S-enzyme-MnADP complex and show that specific anions such as nitrate, formate, and thiocyanate decrease the apparent dissociation constant for creatine in its complex with the CH3S-blocked enzyme and MnADP, as is observed with native creatine kinase. However, the change in the PRR enhancement for the CH3S-enzyme-MnADP upon binding of creatine in the presence or absence of anions was appreciably smaller than for the native enzyme. For the H2NCOCH2-blocked enzyme, these anions failed to bring about any influence of creatine on the PRR enhancement. Consistent with the diminished influence of these anions on the PRR enhancement of the CH3S-enzyme-MnADP-creatine complex, EPR spectra of bound Mn(II) show that the CH3S-blocking group interferes with the pronounced anion-induced spectral changes which are observed with the native enzyme. EPR spectra for the H2NCOCH2-enzyme-MnADP complex were not influenced upon additions of creatine, even in the presence of anions. These results suggest that the altered catalytic properties of the CH3S-blocked enzyme arise from structural perturbations at the active site which are also reflected in the PRR enhancement factors and EPR spectral features of the Mn(II) complexes. Moreover, the results clearly indicate that the H2NCOCH2-blocking group, which completely inactivates the enzyme, also eliminates the ability of the MnADP site to sense the presence of the second substrate, creatine, alone and in combination with anions which are structural analogs of the migrating phosphoryl group.", "contents": "Magnetic resonance studies of three forms of creatine kinase. Comparison of the properties of native, CH-S-blocked, and H2NCOCH-blocked enzymes. Magnetic resonance methods are applied in a comparative study of native creatine kinase from rabbit muscle with two sulfhydryl-modified forms of the enzyme--one inactive form obtained by reaction of the enzyme with iodoacetamide and one form with reduced activity obtained by reaction of the iodoacetamide-sensitive sulfhydryl group with methyl methanethiolsulfonate, which blocks the sulfhydryl with a CH3S-group. Water proton relaxation rate (PRR) titrations with the CH3S-blocked enzyme show that the modification does not alter appreciably the affinities of the enzyme for MnADP and for creatine in the presence of MnADP. Similar measurements for the H2NCOCH2-blocked enzyme indicate that this modification weakens the affinity of the enzyme for MnADP. In agreement with previous findings, there is no observable change in the PRR enhancement upon additions of creatine to solutions of the ternary complex, enzyme-MnADP, for the H2NCOCH2-blocked enzyme. PRR titrations enabled the measurement of binding of creatine to the ternary CH3S-enzyme-MnADP complex and show that specific anions such as nitrate, formate, and thiocyanate decrease the apparent dissociation constant for creatine in its complex with the CH3S-blocked enzyme and MnADP, as is observed with native creatine kinase. However, the change in the PRR enhancement for the CH3S-enzyme-MnADP upon binding of creatine in the presence or absence of anions was appreciably smaller than for the native enzyme. For the H2NCOCH2-blocked enzyme, these anions failed to bring about any influence of creatine on the PRR enhancement. Consistent with the diminished influence of these anions on the PRR enhancement of the CH3S-enzyme-MnADP-creatine complex, EPR spectra of bound Mn(II) show that the CH3S-blocking group interferes with the pronounced anion-induced spectral changes which are observed with the native enzyme. EPR spectra for the H2NCOCH2-enzyme-MnADP complex were not influenced upon additions of creatine, even in the presence of anions. These results suggest that the altered catalytic properties of the CH3S-blocked enzyme arise from structural perturbations at the active site which are also reflected in the PRR enhancement factors and EPR spectral features of the Mn(II) complexes. Moreover, the results clearly indicate that the H2NCOCH2-blocking group, which completely inactivates the enzyme, also eliminates the ability of the MnADP site to sense the presence of the second substrate, creatine, alone and in combination with anions which are structural analogs of the migrating phosphoryl group.", "PMID": 838713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3377", "title": "Properties of a CH3-blocked creatine kinase with altered catalytic activity. Kinetic consequences of the presence of the blocking group.", "content": "Steady state kinetic parameters for rabbit muscle creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2) and this enzyme stoichiometrically blocked at the iodoacetamide-sensitive cysteinyl residue with a CH3S-group have been measured at 30+/-0.1 degrees, pH 9.00, using Mg(II) as the required metal ion cofactor. The double reciprocal plots for the CH3S-blocked enzyme with MgATP as the variable substrate are biphasic, each curve showing a break at approximately 1.9 mM MgATP, and suggest the possibility of negative cooperativity in metal-nucleotide binding. Furthermore, extrapolated lines at high MgATP concentrations intersect on the abscissa, indicating loss of synergism in binding of substrates. In contrast, observed Michaelis constants for creatine are, within experimental error, the same for both native and blocked enzymes. The maximal velocity of the CH3S-blocked enzyme is found to be 28.1% of the value of the native enzyme. Product inhibition patterns for both native and blocked enzyme are also compared. Again, these patterns indicate that the CH3S-blocking group alters the nucleotide binding site more than the guanidino substrate binding site. Calculations using the methods of Chou and Fasman (1970) Biochemistry 13, 211-222) lead to the prediction that the active cysteinyl residue occurs at the beginning of a beta turn which separates two portions of beta sheet structure of the enzyme, and so may be in a position to mediate conformational changes in the protein.", "contents": "Properties of a CH3-blocked creatine kinase with altered catalytic activity. Kinetic consequences of the presence of the blocking group. Steady state kinetic parameters for rabbit muscle creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2) and this enzyme stoichiometrically blocked at the iodoacetamide-sensitive cysteinyl residue with a CH3S-group have been measured at 30+/-0.1 degrees, pH 9.00, using Mg(II) as the required metal ion cofactor. The double reciprocal plots for the CH3S-blocked enzyme with MgATP as the variable substrate are biphasic, each curve showing a break at approximately 1.9 mM MgATP, and suggest the possibility of negative cooperativity in metal-nucleotide binding. Furthermore, extrapolated lines at high MgATP concentrations intersect on the abscissa, indicating loss of synergism in binding of substrates. In contrast, observed Michaelis constants for creatine are, within experimental error, the same for both native and blocked enzymes. The maximal velocity of the CH3S-blocked enzyme is found to be 28.1% of the value of the native enzyme. Product inhibition patterns for both native and blocked enzyme are also compared. Again, these patterns indicate that the CH3S-blocking group alters the nucleotide binding site more than the guanidino substrate binding site. Calculations using the methods of Chou and Fasman (1970) Biochemistry 13, 211-222) lead to the prediction that the active cysteinyl residue occurs at the beginning of a beta turn which separates two portions of beta sheet structure of the enzyme, and so may be in a position to mediate conformational changes in the protein.", "PMID": 838714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3378", "title": "Nature of interaction of dextran sulfate with lecithin dispersions and lysolecithin micelles.", "content": "Lecithin and lecithin/cholesterol dispersions as well as lysolecithin micelles were used to provide basic information on the mechanism of the interaction of zwitterionic phospholipids with dextran sulfate. The addition of dextran sulfate to lecithin dispersions or lysolecithin micelles in the presence of Ca2+ produced insoluble complexes. At each Ca2+ concentration, the amount of insoluble complex formed was maximal at the equivalence dextran sulfate/phospholipid weight ratio. An increase in CaCl2 concentration up to 10 mM progressively increased the equivalence ratios for the phospholipids. Further increase in Ca2+ concentration did not influence the equivalence ratio for maximal complex formation. The conversion of lecithin dispersions into insoluble complexes was very effective even at low Ca2+ concentrations. Approximately 70% of the lecithin was converted to the insoluble complex at CaCl2 concentrations as low as 0.5 mM and the complete conversion was observed at CaCl2 concentrations above 2.5 mM. In the presence of cholesterol, the precipitation curve for insoluble complex formation became broader than that of lecithin alone, indicating the enhancing effect of cholesterol on the insoluble complex formation both below and above the equivalence ratio. The stoichiometry of the interaction of the zwitterionic phospholipids with dextran sulfate inthe presence of calcium was determined using lysolecithin micelles. At the CaCl2 concentrations above 20 mM, the insoluble complex possessed a ratio of lysolecithin/calcium/sulfate group of approximately 2/1/3 (mol/mol/mol). It appears that the formation of the insoluble complex of lecithin or lysolecithin with dextran sulfate represents the mutually enhancing interactions involving both positive and negative charges of the zwitterionic phospholipids. These are the direct electro static interaction between the phospholipid choline nitrogen and the sulfate groups of dextran sulfate and the calcium cross-linking of the phosphate groups to the sulfate groups or to the phosphate groups of neighboring phospholipids.", "contents": "Nature of interaction of dextran sulfate with lecithin dispersions and lysolecithin micelles. Lecithin and lecithin/cholesterol dispersions as well as lysolecithin micelles were used to provide basic information on the mechanism of the interaction of zwitterionic phospholipids with dextran sulfate. The addition of dextran sulfate to lecithin dispersions or lysolecithin micelles in the presence of Ca2+ produced insoluble complexes. At each Ca2+ concentration, the amount of insoluble complex formed was maximal at the equivalence dextran sulfate/phospholipid weight ratio. An increase in CaCl2 concentration up to 10 mM progressively increased the equivalence ratios for the phospholipids. Further increase in Ca2+ concentration did not influence the equivalence ratio for maximal complex formation. The conversion of lecithin dispersions into insoluble complexes was very effective even at low Ca2+ concentrations. Approximately 70% of the lecithin was converted to the insoluble complex at CaCl2 concentrations as low as 0.5 mM and the complete conversion was observed at CaCl2 concentrations above 2.5 mM. In the presence of cholesterol, the precipitation curve for insoluble complex formation became broader than that of lecithin alone, indicating the enhancing effect of cholesterol on the insoluble complex formation both below and above the equivalence ratio. The stoichiometry of the interaction of the zwitterionic phospholipids with dextran sulfate inthe presence of calcium was determined using lysolecithin micelles. At the CaCl2 concentrations above 20 mM, the insoluble complex possessed a ratio of lysolecithin/calcium/sulfate group of approximately 2/1/3 (mol/mol/mol). It appears that the formation of the insoluble complex of lecithin or lysolecithin with dextran sulfate represents the mutually enhancing interactions involving both positive and negative charges of the zwitterionic phospholipids. These are the direct electro static interaction between the phospholipid choline nitrogen and the sulfate groups of dextran sulfate and the calcium cross-linking of the phosphate groups to the sulfate groups or to the phosphate groups of neighboring phospholipids.", "PMID": 838715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3379", "title": "Novel enzymic machinery for the metabolism of oxalacetate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and pyruvate in Pseudomonas citronellolis.", "content": "The metabolic pathways for the interconversion of oxalacetate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and pyruvate in Pseudomonas citronellolis form an interlocking system (Scheme 1) that would appear to require complex regulatory mechanisms to permit a proper flow of metabolites through the pathways and to prevent futile cycling. Oxalacetate decarboxylase (I in Scheme 1), P-enolpyruvate synthase (II), P-enolpyruvate carboxylase (III), and pyruvate kinase (V) are constitutive enzymes in this organism. Pyruvate carboxylase (VI) is inducible and has its highest activity in cells grown on glucose or lactate, moderate activity in cells grown on acetate, citrate, or glutamate, and virtually no activity in aspartate-grown cells. P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase (IV) was not detected. The presence of these five enzymes in a single cell has not been previously reported. In Scheme 1, three futile cycles are possible: the simultaneous operation of Reactions I and VI; of Reactions II and V; or of I, II, and III. An examination of the regulatory properties of the individual enzymes after partial purification offers support for the hypothesis of an intricate regulatory system. Oxalacetate decarboxylase (I) is inhibited by acetyl-CoA; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (III) is activated by acetyl-CoA and ADP and inhibited by aspartate; phosphoenolpyruvate synthase (II) is inhibited by 5'-AMP and phosphoenolpyruvate; and pyruvate kinase (V) is activated by 5'-AMP and 2 keto, 3-deoxy,6-phosphogluconate and inhibited by ATP. The presence of metabolites with reciprocal but reinforcing functions is noteworthy. As an example, acetyl-CoA both inhibits the breakdown of oxalacetate and stimulates its formation. Only pyruvate carboxylase appears to be regulated by the carbon substrates of the growth medium.", "contents": "Novel enzymic machinery for the metabolism of oxalacetate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and pyruvate in Pseudomonas citronellolis. The metabolic pathways for the interconversion of oxalacetate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and pyruvate in Pseudomonas citronellolis form an interlocking system (Scheme 1) that would appear to require complex regulatory mechanisms to permit a proper flow of metabolites through the pathways and to prevent futile cycling. Oxalacetate decarboxylase (I in Scheme 1), P-enolpyruvate synthase (II), P-enolpyruvate carboxylase (III), and pyruvate kinase (V) are constitutive enzymes in this organism. Pyruvate carboxylase (VI) is inducible and has its highest activity in cells grown on glucose or lactate, moderate activity in cells grown on acetate, citrate, or glutamate, and virtually no activity in aspartate-grown cells. P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase (IV) was not detected. The presence of these five enzymes in a single cell has not been previously reported. In Scheme 1, three futile cycles are possible: the simultaneous operation of Reactions I and VI; of Reactions II and V; or of I, II, and III. An examination of the regulatory properties of the individual enzymes after partial purification offers support for the hypothesis of an intricate regulatory system. Oxalacetate decarboxylase (I) is inhibited by acetyl-CoA; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (III) is activated by acetyl-CoA and ADP and inhibited by aspartate; phosphoenolpyruvate synthase (II) is inhibited by 5'-AMP and phosphoenolpyruvate; and pyruvate kinase (V) is activated by 5'-AMP and 2 keto, 3-deoxy,6-phosphogluconate and inhibited by ATP. The presence of metabolites with reciprocal but reinforcing functions is noteworthy. As an example, acetyl-CoA both inhibits the breakdown of oxalacetate and stimulates its formation. Only pyruvate carboxylase appears to be regulated by the carbon substrates of the growth medium.", "PMID": 838716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3380", "title": "Binding of concanavalin A to the surface of sea urchin eggs and its alteration upon fertilization.", "content": "The binding of concanavalin A (Con A) to Strongylocentrotus purpuratus eggs has been investigated using 125I-concanavalin A (125I-Con A). The lectin binds specifically to the egg surface and does not produce agglutination of the eggs. High 125I-Con A concentrations are necessary to saturate all of the surface binding sites. Scatchard plots of the binding data are biphasic and may be interpreted as showing two main classes of sites. Unfertilized eggs have 4 X 10(8) high affinity sites/egg (Ka=8 X 10(-7) M) and 4.5 X 10(8) istes of lower affinity (Kb=4 X 10(-6) M). The sites may be assigned to different layers of the egg surface by studying the effects of removal of egg coats on the binding reaction. Removal of the jelly coat by washing eggs at pH 4.5 has no effect on binding. However, disruption of the vitelline layer with dithiothreitol leads to a decrease in the number of high affinity sites. After fertilization, the high affinity sites are found upon the fertilization membrane produced from the vitelline layer. Low affinity sites predominate in the plasma membrane, and are not affected by treatments which alter the vitellinelayer. The number of low affinity sites double upon fertilization, with the insertion of new membrane into the egg surface, as a result of cortical granule exocytosis. The doubling of sites is not due to hyaline material released from the cortical vesicles at fertilization, and thus these sites appear to reside upon the new membrane that is inserted from the cortical vesicles. If eggs are activated with ammonia, bypassing the cortical reaction, no change in the binding of ConA occurs. Con A inhibits fertilization at concentrations higher than 0.1 mg/ml, where less than 50% of the high affinity (viteline layer) binding sites are occupied, and there is little binding to the low affinity (plasma membrane) sites. Thus, the interaction of sperm with vitelline layer components may be an obligatory step in the fertilization process. A fraction of the 125I-Con A binding sites is cleaved from the egg surface upon fertilization or after activation by the calcium ionophore A23187. This release of Con A binding sites occurs during the limited proteolysis of surface components that accompanies the cortical reaction, and does not occur with ammonia activation of the egg, where the cortical reaction does not occur. Thus, the changes in Con A binding at fertilization are caused by the massive cortical granule exocytosis that occurs within minutes of sperm penetration, and not by activation of the egg per se.", "contents": "Binding of concanavalin A to the surface of sea urchin eggs and its alteration upon fertilization. The binding of concanavalin A (Con A) to Strongylocentrotus purpuratus eggs has been investigated using 125I-concanavalin A (125I-Con A). The lectin binds specifically to the egg surface and does not produce agglutination of the eggs. High 125I-Con A concentrations are necessary to saturate all of the surface binding sites. Scatchard plots of the binding data are biphasic and may be interpreted as showing two main classes of sites. Unfertilized eggs have 4 X 10(8) high affinity sites/egg (Ka=8 X 10(-7) M) and 4.5 X 10(8) istes of lower affinity (Kb=4 X 10(-6) M). The sites may be assigned to different layers of the egg surface by studying the effects of removal of egg coats on the binding reaction. Removal of the jelly coat by washing eggs at pH 4.5 has no effect on binding. However, disruption of the vitelline layer with dithiothreitol leads to a decrease in the number of high affinity sites. After fertilization, the high affinity sites are found upon the fertilization membrane produced from the vitelline layer. Low affinity sites predominate in the plasma membrane, and are not affected by treatments which alter the vitellinelayer. The number of low affinity sites double upon fertilization, with the insertion of new membrane into the egg surface, as a result of cortical granule exocytosis. The doubling of sites is not due to hyaline material released from the cortical vesicles at fertilization, and thus these sites appear to reside upon the new membrane that is inserted from the cortical vesicles. If eggs are activated with ammonia, bypassing the cortical reaction, no change in the binding of ConA occurs. Con A inhibits fertilization at concentrations higher than 0.1 mg/ml, where less than 50% of the high affinity (viteline layer) binding sites are occupied, and there is little binding to the low affinity (plasma membrane) sites. Thus, the interaction of sperm with vitelline layer components may be an obligatory step in the fertilization process. A fraction of the 125I-Con A binding sites is cleaved from the egg surface upon fertilization or after activation by the calcium ionophore A23187. This release of Con A binding sites occurs during the limited proteolysis of surface components that accompanies the cortical reaction, and does not occur with ammonia activation of the egg, where the cortical reaction does not occur. Thus, the changes in Con A binding at fertilization are caused by the massive cortical granule exocytosis that occurs within minutes of sperm penetration, and not by activation of the egg per se.", "PMID": 838717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3381", "title": "Pyruvate metabolism in bovine epididymal spermatozoa.", "content": "Treating bovine epididymal spermatozoa with rutamycin or rotenone inhibited both respiration and motility supported by endogenous substrates. When oxidative phosphorylation had been blocked with various inhibitors, pyruvate was metabolized to yield ATP and restored motility. Fructose, which is metabolized via glycolysis to yield ATP, was also able to resuscitate the cells. Other substrates tested (lactate, acetate, alpha-ketoglutarate, or glyoxylate) were unable to restore motility in rutamycin-treated cells. In the presence of pyruvate, the phosphorylation uncoupler, carbonylcyanide-p-trifluoromethyoxphenylhydrazone, reduced motility and ATP to common levels in untreated cells or cells treated with rutamycin or rotenone. Pyruvate is thus metabolized to produce ATP by a pathway independent of oxidative phosphorylation associated with the electron transport chain. 5-Methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid, an inhibitor of lipoyldehydrogenase, prevented the increase of motility and ATP in rutamycin-treated cells, indicating that alpha-keto acid oxidation is involved in the production of ATP from pyruvate when rutamycin is present. With pyruvate present, bongkrekic acid, antimycin A, and anaerobiosis eliminated motility, reduced ATP to low levels, and also significantly reduced the rate of pyruvate metabolism. Acetate was produced from pyruvate only when cellular ATP concentrations were low. Decreases in free carnitine concentrations showed that pyruvate initially used was converted to acetylcarnitine. The results indicate that the intramitochondrial lactate dehydrogenase X, which is unique to spermatozoa, allows the NADH resulting from pyruvate oxidation to reduce other pyruvate molecules to lactate. Pyruvate thus competes with, and can substitute for, the NADH dehydrogenase of the electron transport chain. Pyruvate rapidly repletes the acetylcarnitine pool under a variety of conditions.", "contents": "Pyruvate metabolism in bovine epididymal spermatozoa. Treating bovine epididymal spermatozoa with rutamycin or rotenone inhibited both respiration and motility supported by endogenous substrates. When oxidative phosphorylation had been blocked with various inhibitors, pyruvate was metabolized to yield ATP and restored motility. Fructose, which is metabolized via glycolysis to yield ATP, was also able to resuscitate the cells. Other substrates tested (lactate, acetate, alpha-ketoglutarate, or glyoxylate) were unable to restore motility in rutamycin-treated cells. In the presence of pyruvate, the phosphorylation uncoupler, carbonylcyanide-p-trifluoromethyoxphenylhydrazone, reduced motility and ATP to common levels in untreated cells or cells treated with rutamycin or rotenone. Pyruvate is thus metabolized to produce ATP by a pathway independent of oxidative phosphorylation associated with the electron transport chain. 5-Methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid, an inhibitor of lipoyldehydrogenase, prevented the increase of motility and ATP in rutamycin-treated cells, indicating that alpha-keto acid oxidation is involved in the production of ATP from pyruvate when rutamycin is present. With pyruvate present, bongkrekic acid, antimycin A, and anaerobiosis eliminated motility, reduced ATP to low levels, and also significantly reduced the rate of pyruvate metabolism. Acetate was produced from pyruvate only when cellular ATP concentrations were low. Decreases in free carnitine concentrations showed that pyruvate initially used was converted to acetylcarnitine. The results indicate that the intramitochondrial lactate dehydrogenase X, which is unique to spermatozoa, allows the NADH resulting from pyruvate oxidation to reduce other pyruvate molecules to lactate. Pyruvate thus competes with, and can substitute for, the NADH dehydrogenase of the electron transport chain. Pyruvate rapidly repletes the acetylcarnitine pool under a variety of conditions.", "PMID": 838718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3382", "title": "Mitochondrial metabolism of pyruvate in bovine spermatozoa.", "content": "Treatment with the polyene antibiotic, filipin, renders the spermatozoan cell membrane permeable to small molecules, but not to the intracellular enzymes aldolase and lactate dehydrogenase. Pyruvate (10 mM) as the sole substrate was metabolized very slowly. L-Carnitine increased pyruvate metabolism 3- to 4-fold and allowed limited rates of oxidative phosphorylation. When spermatozoa treated with filipin were supplemented with malate, there was a rapid, almost linear rate of pyruvate metabolism which was slightly increased by L-carnitine. In the absence of malate, 20 to 30% of the pyruvate used was reduced to lactate; this increased to 57% in the presence of malate. Without malate, about 90% of the pyruvate metabolized was converted to lactate and acetate or L-acetylcarnitine. Rutamycin or rotenone increased both the rate of pyruvate use and the delta lactate/deltapyruvate ratio. Under all treatments, L-carnitine consistently reduced the percentage of pyruvate converted to lactate by about 10%; part of the pyruvate was preferentially shunted into L-acetylcarnitine rather than lactate. The mitochondrial inhibitors, rotenone or rutamycin, did not change the amount of pyruvate that was converted to metabolites other than lactate, or L-acetylcarnitine, or both. Pyruvate-supported State 3 respiration was linear only if L-carnitine, or malate, or both, were added to the incubation medium. Added malate was necessary to produce a rapid State 3 respiratory rate and was also required for significant respiratory activity in the presence of rotenone or rutamycin. From cells metabolizing [2-14C]pyruvate (1.4 mM), 14C-labeled acid-extractable metabolites were separated by ion exchange column chromatography. All of the [2-14C]pyruvate (+/-5%) used was recovered in 14C-labeled metabolites and 14CO2. In the presence of malate, citrate accumulation was significant, and was always large in comparison to flux through the citric acid cycle. Glutamate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, fumarate, aspartate, and alpha-ketoglutarate did not accumulate in significant amounts. Some 14C-labeled succinate was produced but only in the presence of malate. Alkaline hydrolysis of a fraction containing carnitine esters yielded acetate and a compound tentatively identified as beta-hydroxybutyrate or lactate. As in intact cells, intramitochondrial lactate dehydrogenase competes successfully with the electron transport system for the NADH generated by pyruvate metabolism. The role of lactate and L-carnitine, and conclusions suggested by the accumulation of certain metabolites are discussed in relation to control of citric acid cycle activity.", "contents": "Mitochondrial metabolism of pyruvate in bovine spermatozoa. Treatment with the polyene antibiotic, filipin, renders the spermatozoan cell membrane permeable to small molecules, but not to the intracellular enzymes aldolase and lactate dehydrogenase. Pyruvate (10 mM) as the sole substrate was metabolized very slowly. L-Carnitine increased pyruvate metabolism 3- to 4-fold and allowed limited rates of oxidative phosphorylation. When spermatozoa treated with filipin were supplemented with malate, there was a rapid, almost linear rate of pyruvate metabolism which was slightly increased by L-carnitine. In the absence of malate, 20 to 30% of the pyruvate used was reduced to lactate; this increased to 57% in the presence of malate. Without malate, about 90% of the pyruvate metabolized was converted to lactate and acetate or L-acetylcarnitine. Rutamycin or rotenone increased both the rate of pyruvate use and the delta lactate/deltapyruvate ratio. Under all treatments, L-carnitine consistently reduced the percentage of pyruvate converted to lactate by about 10%; part of the pyruvate was preferentially shunted into L-acetylcarnitine rather than lactate. The mitochondrial inhibitors, rotenone or rutamycin, did not change the amount of pyruvate that was converted to metabolites other than lactate, or L-acetylcarnitine, or both. Pyruvate-supported State 3 respiration was linear only if L-carnitine, or malate, or both, were added to the incubation medium. Added malate was necessary to produce a rapid State 3 respiratory rate and was also required for significant respiratory activity in the presence of rotenone or rutamycin. From cells metabolizing [2-14C]pyruvate (1.4 mM), 14C-labeled acid-extractable metabolites were separated by ion exchange column chromatography. All of the [2-14C]pyruvate (+/-5%) used was recovered in 14C-labeled metabolites and 14CO2. In the presence of malate, citrate accumulation was significant, and was always large in comparison to flux through the citric acid cycle. Glutamate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, fumarate, aspartate, and alpha-ketoglutarate did not accumulate in significant amounts. Some 14C-labeled succinate was produced but only in the presence of malate. Alkaline hydrolysis of a fraction containing carnitine esters yielded acetate and a compound tentatively identified as beta-hydroxybutyrate or lactate. As in intact cells, intramitochondrial lactate dehydrogenase competes successfully with the electron transport system for the NADH generated by pyruvate metabolism. The role of lactate and L-carnitine, and conclusions suggested by the accumulation of certain metabolites are discussed in relation to control of citric acid cycle activity.", "PMID": 838719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3383", "title": "Estrogen binding proteins of calf uterus. Molecular and functional characterization of the receptor transforming factor: A Ca2+-activated protease.", "content": "It was previously shown that calf uterus cytosol contains a Ca2+-activated receptor transforming factor (RTF) which irreversibly converts the larger molecular states of estrogen receptor (5.3 to 8.6 S, depending on ionic strength) into a smaller, salt-stable form (4.5 S, independent of ionic strength). We now describe a method for rapid and reliable separation of precursor and RTF-transformed receptor forms, which takes advantage of a difference in isoelectric point between the two: the more acidic precursor (isoelectric point, 6.2) is still retained by DEAE-cellulose under conditions (0.12 M KCl, pH 8.3) which produce release from cellulose of the less acidic transformed form (isoelectric point, 6.6 to 6.8). Based on this method of separation, RTF activity can be assayed easily and we could thus progress in the purification and physical and functional characterization of this factor, RTF has been purified about 100-fold. Molecular properties, as assayed by methods suited to partially purified preparations, are as follows: sedimentation coefficient, 6.4 S; Stokes radius, 45 A; molecular weight, 115,000; isoelectric point, 4.9. The Michaelis constant, expressed as moles/liter of estradiol binding sites, is 1.25 X 10(8), at pH 7.5 and 4 degrees, pH 8.5 is optimum for activity. RTF attacks native casein (Km, 1.25 X 10(-5) mol/liter at pH 7.5 and 22 degrees) but not hemoglobin, ovalbumin, or albumin. N-Benzoylarginine methyl ester is a competitive inhibitor of RTF-induced receptor transformation, while L-leucylglycylglycine and N-benzoyltyrosinamide are not. RTF activity is protected by -SH compounds. RTF activity is Ca2+-dependent. Ca2+ starts an activation-inactivation cycle of RTF, with permanent loss of transforming activity which proceeds at a particularly fast rate in the absence of substrate. Mg2+ is inactive, while Sr2+ and Mn2+ may in part substitute for Ca2+. RTF is present in both endometrium and myometrium. RTF is not a lysosomal hydrolase, as shown by its alkaline pH optimum (8.5) and exclusive location in cytosol, nor is it trypsin or a protease of the trypsin group. Also, it is distinct from known proteases of human uterus. The functional significance of this Ca2+-activated protease of cytosol with alkaline pH optimum and high affinity for the larger native form of receptor is still unknown.", "contents": "Estrogen binding proteins of calf uterus. Molecular and functional characterization of the receptor transforming factor: A Ca2+-activated protease. It was previously shown that calf uterus cytosol contains a Ca2+-activated receptor transforming factor (RTF) which irreversibly converts the larger molecular states of estrogen receptor (5.3 to 8.6 S, depending on ionic strength) into a smaller, salt-stable form (4.5 S, independent of ionic strength). We now describe a method for rapid and reliable separation of precursor and RTF-transformed receptor forms, which takes advantage of a difference in isoelectric point between the two: the more acidic precursor (isoelectric point, 6.2) is still retained by DEAE-cellulose under conditions (0.12 M KCl, pH 8.3) which produce release from cellulose of the less acidic transformed form (isoelectric point, 6.6 to 6.8). Based on this method of separation, RTF activity can be assayed easily and we could thus progress in the purification and physical and functional characterization of this factor, RTF has been purified about 100-fold. Molecular properties, as assayed by methods suited to partially purified preparations, are as follows: sedimentation coefficient, 6.4 S; Stokes radius, 45 A; molecular weight, 115,000; isoelectric point, 4.9. The Michaelis constant, expressed as moles/liter of estradiol binding sites, is 1.25 X 10(8), at pH 7.5 and 4 degrees, pH 8.5 is optimum for activity. RTF attacks native casein (Km, 1.25 X 10(-5) mol/liter at pH 7.5 and 22 degrees) but not hemoglobin, ovalbumin, or albumin. N-Benzoylarginine methyl ester is a competitive inhibitor of RTF-induced receptor transformation, while L-leucylglycylglycine and N-benzoyltyrosinamide are not. RTF activity is protected by -SH compounds. RTF activity is Ca2+-dependent. Ca2+ starts an activation-inactivation cycle of RTF, with permanent loss of transforming activity which proceeds at a particularly fast rate in the absence of substrate. Mg2+ is inactive, while Sr2+ and Mn2+ may in part substitute for Ca2+. RTF is present in both endometrium and myometrium. RTF is not a lysosomal hydrolase, as shown by its alkaline pH optimum (8.5) and exclusive location in cytosol, nor is it trypsin or a protease of the trypsin group. Also, it is distinct from known proteases of human uterus. The functional significance of this Ca2+-activated protease of cytosol with alkaline pH optimum and high affinity for the larger native form of receptor is still unknown.", "PMID": 838720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3384", "title": "Sequence analysis of protamine mRNA from the rainbow trout. Depurination and nearest neighbor analysis of protamine cDNA.", "content": "Protamine cDNA, which was a full length copy of protamine mRNA was labeled during its synthesis by using deoxynucleoside [alpha-32P]triphosphates. Depurination analysis showed that there were 19 different pyrimidine oligonucleotides in protamine cDNA, some of which contained isomeric sequences. The stoichiometry of the pyrimidine oligonucleotides indicated that, while some sequences probably occur in each of the protamine mRNA components, other sequences are clearly absent from one or more of the components. Several of the pyrimidine oligonucleotides had sequences consistent with the amino acid sequences of the rainbow trout protamines. The longest oligopyrimidine tract, C7T4, had a complementary RNA sequence of AGGAGAGGAGG, a stoichiometry of close to 1, and fitted the amino acid sequence Arg-Arg-Gly-Gly which occurs near the COOH terminus of each of three major protamine components. Other pyrimidine oligonucleotides analyzed were complementary to RNA sequences from the noncoding region of protamine mRNA. There appears to be no preferential use of one particular arginine codon or set of codons. Of the 21 to 22 arginine codons in protamine mRNA no less than 7 and no more than 12 are of the CGX series. The other two codons, AGA and AGG, both occur but not in a series of more than two together. This indicates that the RNA sequences coding for the arginine tracts tend to contain a mixture of arginine codons. Nearest neighbor frequency analysis of protamine cDNA gives a low value for the frequency of the CpG doublet, despite its occurrence in four out of the six arginine codons. This is in accordance with the observation that the sequence CpG is surprisingly rare in vertebrate DNA and in the RNA transcribed from it.", "contents": "Sequence analysis of protamine mRNA from the rainbow trout. Depurination and nearest neighbor analysis of protamine cDNA. Protamine cDNA, which was a full length copy of protamine mRNA was labeled during its synthesis by using deoxynucleoside [alpha-32P]triphosphates. Depurination analysis showed that there were 19 different pyrimidine oligonucleotides in protamine cDNA, some of which contained isomeric sequences. The stoichiometry of the pyrimidine oligonucleotides indicated that, while some sequences probably occur in each of the protamine mRNA components, other sequences are clearly absent from one or more of the components. Several of the pyrimidine oligonucleotides had sequences consistent with the amino acid sequences of the rainbow trout protamines. The longest oligopyrimidine tract, C7T4, had a complementary RNA sequence of AGGAGAGGAGG, a stoichiometry of close to 1, and fitted the amino acid sequence Arg-Arg-Gly-Gly which occurs near the COOH terminus of each of three major protamine components. Other pyrimidine oligonucleotides analyzed were complementary to RNA sequences from the noncoding region of protamine mRNA. There appears to be no preferential use of one particular arginine codon or set of codons. Of the 21 to 22 arginine codons in protamine mRNA no less than 7 and no more than 12 are of the CGX series. The other two codons, AGA and AGG, both occur but not in a series of more than two together. This indicates that the RNA sequences coding for the arginine tracts tend to contain a mixture of arginine codons. Nearest neighbor frequency analysis of protamine cDNA gives a low value for the frequency of the CpG doublet, despite its occurrence in four out of the six arginine codons. This is in accordance with the observation that the sequence CpG is surprisingly rare in vertebrate DNA and in the RNA transcribed from it.", "PMID": 838721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3385", "title": "Kinetic properties and substrate specificities of two cellulases from auxin-treated pea epicotyls.", "content": "Two cellulases purified from growing regions of auxin-treated peas (buffer-soluble and buffer-insoluble) hydrolyze cellulose powder, partially substituted carboxymethylcellulose (CM-cellulose), higher cellodextrins, and certain mixed linkage glucans (e.g. barley beta-glucan), at rates comparable to these reported for the most active fungal cellulases, and with kinetics and product formation characteristic of endohydrolase action. They are unable to cleave 1,3-linkages in beta-glucans, or 1,4-linkages in dextrins containing excessive substitution at C6, alpha configuration, alternating beta-1,3- and 1,4-linkages, or residues other than anhydroglucose. They are not active towards cellobiose or the 1,4-linkage adjacent to the reducing end of cellodextrin chains. It is concluded that buffer-soluble and buffer-insoluble cellulases are true beta-1,4-glucan 4-glucanohydrolases (EC 3.2.1.4). On a molar basis, Vmax values for buffer-insoluble are higher than buffer-soluble cellulase acting towards any of the substrates tested, but Km values towards CM-cellulose and cellohexaose are essentially identical. Both cellulases were inhibited by C12+, Hg2+, and sulfhydryl-binding reagents. Buffer-insoluble, but not buffer-soluble, cellulose was inactivated by reagents that bind serine and threonine, which reflects differences in their amino acid composition. No major qualitative differences have been detected in the mode of action of the two enzymes. Despite marked differences in their physical and immunological properties, close similarities between buffer-soluble and buffer-insoluble enzymic properties suggest that their active sites are the same.", "contents": "Kinetic properties and substrate specificities of two cellulases from auxin-treated pea epicotyls. Two cellulases purified from growing regions of auxin-treated peas (buffer-soluble and buffer-insoluble) hydrolyze cellulose powder, partially substituted carboxymethylcellulose (CM-cellulose), higher cellodextrins, and certain mixed linkage glucans (e.g. barley beta-glucan), at rates comparable to these reported for the most active fungal cellulases, and with kinetics and product formation characteristic of endohydrolase action. They are unable to cleave 1,3-linkages in beta-glucans, or 1,4-linkages in dextrins containing excessive substitution at C6, alpha configuration, alternating beta-1,3- and 1,4-linkages, or residues other than anhydroglucose. They are not active towards cellobiose or the 1,4-linkage adjacent to the reducing end of cellodextrin chains. It is concluded that buffer-soluble and buffer-insoluble cellulases are true beta-1,4-glucan 4-glucanohydrolases (EC 3.2.1.4). On a molar basis, Vmax values for buffer-insoluble are higher than buffer-soluble cellulase acting towards any of the substrates tested, but Km values towards CM-cellulose and cellohexaose are essentially identical. Both cellulases were inhibited by C12+, Hg2+, and sulfhydryl-binding reagents. Buffer-insoluble, but not buffer-soluble, cellulose was inactivated by reagents that bind serine and threonine, which reflects differences in their amino acid composition. No major qualitative differences have been detected in the mode of action of the two enzymes. Despite marked differences in their physical and immunological properties, close similarities between buffer-soluble and buffer-insoluble enzymic properties suggest that their active sites are the same.", "PMID": 838722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3386", "title": "The 24-hydroxylation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.", "content": "The production of 1,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3 in vivo in vitamin D-deficient rats has been demonstrated from either 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. The stereochemical configuration of the hydroxyl on the 24 position of 1,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3 has also been unambiguously established to be R. Nephrectomy failed to eliminate the conversion of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 to the 1,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3, establishing that the 24-hydroxylase can be demonstrated in at least one organ in addition to kidney in contrast to the 1-hydroxylase. 1,24,25-Trihydroxyvitamin D3 can also be produced in vivo from 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 or from 24-hydroxyvitamin D3, analogs of vitamin D3 which are not naturally occurring. Using chick kidney mitochondrial preparations it has been demonstrated that the 24-hydroxylase is able to utilize 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 as a substrate whereas it is unable to utilize 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3. In addition, the chicke kidney 1-hydroxylase is known to convert 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 to the 1,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3, but this hydroxylase is unable to act on the 24-hydroxyvitamin D3. These results demonstrate that the renal vitamin D hydroxylases require that a hydroxyl be on the 25 carbon of the vitamin D molecule before it can be 1- or 24-hydroxylated.", "contents": "The 24-hydroxylation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. The production of 1,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3 in vivo in vitamin D-deficient rats has been demonstrated from either 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. The stereochemical configuration of the hydroxyl on the 24 position of 1,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3 has also been unambiguously established to be R. Nephrectomy failed to eliminate the conversion of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 to the 1,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3, establishing that the 24-hydroxylase can be demonstrated in at least one organ in addition to kidney in contrast to the 1-hydroxylase. 1,24,25-Trihydroxyvitamin D3 can also be produced in vivo from 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 or from 24-hydroxyvitamin D3, analogs of vitamin D3 which are not naturally occurring. Using chick kidney mitochondrial preparations it has been demonstrated that the 24-hydroxylase is able to utilize 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 as a substrate whereas it is unable to utilize 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3. In addition, the chicke kidney 1-hydroxylase is known to convert 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 to the 1,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3, but this hydroxylase is unable to act on the 24-hydroxyvitamin D3. These results demonstrate that the renal vitamin D hydroxylases require that a hydroxyl be on the 25 carbon of the vitamin D molecule before it can be 1- or 24-hydroxylated.", "PMID": 838723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3387", "title": "P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase ferroactivator. Purification and some properties.", "content": "P-enolpyruvate carboxykianse ferroactivator was purified from rat liver cytosol to apparent homogeneity. This protein has an S20 of 4.69. High speed sedimentation equilibrium indicated a molecular weight of 82,000; that obtained by gel filtration was 126,000. this discrepancy in molecular weight by the two methods may indicate that this protein has a high axial ratio. A subunit molecular weight of 23,600 was obtained by sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis. Synthesis of P-enolpyruvate is stimulated 3-fold when P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase is incubated in the presence of ferroactivator plus Fe2+; activity with Fe3+, Mn2+, Co2+, Cd2+, Mg2+, or Ca2+ was not affected by the ferroactivator. P-enolpyruvate synthesis by carboxykinase was activated by Mn2+ in the absence of ferroactivator. Quinolinic acid strongly inhibits carboxykinase activated by ferroactivator and Fe2+, but does not inhibit the enzyme activated by Mn2+. In the reverse reaction, ferroactivator and Fe2+ stimulated oxalacetate synthesis only briefly and carboxykinase activity rapidly returned to control rates. Increased oxalacetate synthesis by carboxykinase that had been incubated with ferroactivator and Co2+ was sustained. Stimulation of P-enolpyruvate synthesis by enzyme incubated in the presence of sulfate and Fe2+ rapidly diminished as a function of incubation time. Under similar conditions, P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase ferroactivator maintained the enzyme in the Fe2+-activated state for at least 4 h. The amounts of purified ferroactivator required to stimulate P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase maximally and the amount present in liver cytosol are sufficient to activate the enzyme maximally in vivo if adequate Fe2+ were present. It is possible that the rate of P-enolpyruvate synthesis in gluconeogenic tissues may be regulated by the availability of intracellular Fe2+ to the ferroactivator and P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase.", "contents": "P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase ferroactivator. Purification and some properties. P-enolpyruvate carboxykianse ferroactivator was purified from rat liver cytosol to apparent homogeneity. This protein has an S20 of 4.69. High speed sedimentation equilibrium indicated a molecular weight of 82,000; that obtained by gel filtration was 126,000. this discrepancy in molecular weight by the two methods may indicate that this protein has a high axial ratio. A subunit molecular weight of 23,600 was obtained by sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis. Synthesis of P-enolpyruvate is stimulated 3-fold when P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase is incubated in the presence of ferroactivator plus Fe2+; activity with Fe3+, Mn2+, Co2+, Cd2+, Mg2+, or Ca2+ was not affected by the ferroactivator. P-enolpyruvate synthesis by carboxykinase was activated by Mn2+ in the absence of ferroactivator. Quinolinic acid strongly inhibits carboxykinase activated by ferroactivator and Fe2+, but does not inhibit the enzyme activated by Mn2+. In the reverse reaction, ferroactivator and Fe2+ stimulated oxalacetate synthesis only briefly and carboxykinase activity rapidly returned to control rates. Increased oxalacetate synthesis by carboxykinase that had been incubated with ferroactivator and Co2+ was sustained. Stimulation of P-enolpyruvate synthesis by enzyme incubated in the presence of sulfate and Fe2+ rapidly diminished as a function of incubation time. Under similar conditions, P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase ferroactivator maintained the enzyme in the Fe2+-activated state for at least 4 h. The amounts of purified ferroactivator required to stimulate P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase maximally and the amount present in liver cytosol are sufficient to activate the enzyme maximally in vivo if adequate Fe2+ were present. It is possible that the rate of P-enolpyruvate synthesis in gluconeogenic tissues may be regulated by the availability of intracellular Fe2+ to the ferroactivator and P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase.", "PMID": 838724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3388", "title": "Regulation by insulin of amino acid release and protein turnover in the perfused rat hemicorpus.", "content": "Net changes in the concentrations of 18 amino acids in perfusate and skeletal muscle were followed during perfusion of hemicorpus preparations from fed rat. Perfusate levels of 16 amino acids showed little change from their initial concentrations during the 1st h, but increased dramatically during the 2nd and 3rd h. Aspartate and glutamate levels decreased continuously throughout the perfusion. Release of alanine and glutamine accounted for approximately 50% of the total change in perfusate amino acids. The increase in perfusate amino acids was derived from net breakdown of muscle proteins and not from leakage from the intracellular pool as evidenced by elevated concentrations of intracellular amino acids in perfused muscle. Addition of insulin to the perfusate did not change the pattern of amino acid release during the 1st h of perfusion. However, during the 2nd and 3rd h the hormone completely prevented the net release of most amino acids and maintained intracellular concentrations of most amino acids at levels found in upperfused tissue. Effects of time of perfusion and insulin on amino acid release were accounted for by changes in the rate of protein turnover. Protein synthesis in gastrocemius and psoas muscles in control perfusions decreased after 1 h to approximately 50% of the initial rate. This decrease was accompanied by a 2-fold increase in the level of ribosomal subunits, indicating development of a block in peptide chain initiation. Addition of insulin maintained the initial rate of synthesis and the in vivo level of ribosomal subunits, demonstrating that the hormone prevented the block in peptide chain initiation from forming. Addition of insulin after 2 h reversed the perfusion-induced block in initiation. Synthesis of the specific muscle protein myosin was increased 45% over the control rate in the presence of insulin. Insulin also produced a 50% decrease in the rate of protein degradation during the 2nd and 3rd h of perfusion. A similar effect was noted when protein synthesis was inhibited by addition of cycloheximide. Higher concentrations of insulin were required to maximally inhibit protein degradation than to increase protein synthesis. Involvement of lysosomal proteases in the effect of insulin on protein degradation was evaluated by measuring cathepsin D activity in psoas muscle homogenates. \"Free\" enzyme activity increased as a result of perfusion while addition of insulin maintained this activity at the unperfused level. Neither perfusion nor insulin had any effect on total cathepsin D activity. Alterations in protein degradation and lysosomal enzyme activity were not due to changes in levels of adenine nucleotides, GTP, or creatine phosphate.", "contents": "Regulation by insulin of amino acid release and protein turnover in the perfused rat hemicorpus. Net changes in the concentrations of 18 amino acids in perfusate and skeletal muscle were followed during perfusion of hemicorpus preparations from fed rat. Perfusate levels of 16 amino acids showed little change from their initial concentrations during the 1st h, but increased dramatically during the 2nd and 3rd h. Aspartate and glutamate levels decreased continuously throughout the perfusion. Release of alanine and glutamine accounted for approximately 50% of the total change in perfusate amino acids. The increase in perfusate amino acids was derived from net breakdown of muscle proteins and not from leakage from the intracellular pool as evidenced by elevated concentrations of intracellular amino acids in perfused muscle. Addition of insulin to the perfusate did not change the pattern of amino acid release during the 1st h of perfusion. However, during the 2nd and 3rd h the hormone completely prevented the net release of most amino acids and maintained intracellular concentrations of most amino acids at levels found in upperfused tissue. Effects of time of perfusion and insulin on amino acid release were accounted for by changes in the rate of protein turnover. Protein synthesis in gastrocemius and psoas muscles in control perfusions decreased after 1 h to approximately 50% of the initial rate. This decrease was accompanied by a 2-fold increase in the level of ribosomal subunits, indicating development of a block in peptide chain initiation. Addition of insulin maintained the initial rate of synthesis and the in vivo level of ribosomal subunits, demonstrating that the hormone prevented the block in peptide chain initiation from forming. Addition of insulin after 2 h reversed the perfusion-induced block in initiation. Synthesis of the specific muscle protein myosin was increased 45% over the control rate in the presence of insulin. Insulin also produced a 50% decrease in the rate of protein degradation during the 2nd and 3rd h of perfusion. A similar effect was noted when protein synthesis was inhibited by addition of cycloheximide. Higher concentrations of insulin were required to maximally inhibit protein degradation than to increase protein synthesis. Involvement of lysosomal proteases in the effect of insulin on protein degradation was evaluated by measuring cathepsin D activity in psoas muscle homogenates. \"Free\" enzyme activity increased as a result of perfusion while addition of insulin maintained this activity at the unperfused level. Neither perfusion nor insulin had any effect on total cathepsin D activity. Alterations in protein degradation and lysosomal enzyme activity were not due to changes in levels of adenine nucleotides, GTP, or creatine phosphate.", "PMID": 838725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3389", "title": "Electron microscopy of the large form of transcarboxylase with six attached subunits.", "content": "In this paper we show that the native form of transcarboxylase may be a species which has six rather than three subunits attached to the central subunit. We have designated this form as the 26 S enzyme. Electron micrographs support the view that the six subunits are attached in sets of three at the opposite faces of the central subunit, in contrast to the 18 S form in which all three subunits appear to be attached only at one face. In addition, evidence is presented that the dissociation of the 26 S to the 18 S form of transcarboxylase occurs with the loss of three subunits exclusively from one face of the central subunit. This result may indicate that the two faces of the central subunit differ structurally or there is negative cooperativity in the dissociation of subunits. The 26 S transcarboxylase, which was made by attachment of subunits to the 18 S enzyme or trypsin-treated 18 S enzyme was shown to have subunits on both faces of the central subunit. Treatment of the 26 S enzyme with carbodimide to cross-link the subunits to the central subunit and thus stabilize the structure resulted in improved electron micrographs. A model of the 26 S form of the enzyme is presented.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of the large form of transcarboxylase with six attached subunits. In this paper we show that the native form of transcarboxylase may be a species which has six rather than three subunits attached to the central subunit. We have designated this form as the 26 S enzyme. Electron micrographs support the view that the six subunits are attached in sets of three at the opposite faces of the central subunit, in contrast to the 18 S form in which all three subunits appear to be attached only at one face. In addition, evidence is presented that the dissociation of the 26 S to the 18 S form of transcarboxylase occurs with the loss of three subunits exclusively from one face of the central subunit. This result may indicate that the two faces of the central subunit differ structurally or there is negative cooperativity in the dissociation of subunits. The 26 S transcarboxylase, which was made by attachment of subunits to the 18 S enzyme or trypsin-treated 18 S enzyme was shown to have subunits on both faces of the central subunit. Treatment of the 26 S enzyme with carbodimide to cross-link the subunits to the central subunit and thus stabilize the structure resulted in improved electron micrographs. A model of the 26 S form of the enzyme is presented.", "PMID": 838726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3390", "title": "Dissociation of prelycopersene pyrophosphate synthetase from phytoene synthetase complex of tomato fruit plastids.", "content": "The partially purified phytoene synthetase enzyme complex obtained from tomato fruit plastids dissociates into two or more subunit species on chromatography in low ionic strength buffer on DEAE-cellulose. One of these subunits prelycopersene pyrophosphate synthetase, has a molecular weight of approximately 40,000, whereas the phytoene synthetase complex has a molecular weight of 200,000. The prelycopersene pyrophosphate synthetase catalyzes the conversion of isopentenyl pyrophosphate to geranylgeranyl and prelycopersene pyrophosphates. The identities of these substances were established by thin layer chromatography in several solvent systems. The formation of both geranylgeranyl and prelycopersene pyrophosphates by this enzyme supports earlier results with cruder enzyme systems which suggested that these compounds are intermediates in the synthesis of phytoene.", "contents": "Dissociation of prelycopersene pyrophosphate synthetase from phytoene synthetase complex of tomato fruit plastids. The partially purified phytoene synthetase enzyme complex obtained from tomato fruit plastids dissociates into two or more subunit species on chromatography in low ionic strength buffer on DEAE-cellulose. One of these subunits prelycopersene pyrophosphate synthetase, has a molecular weight of approximately 40,000, whereas the phytoene synthetase complex has a molecular weight of 200,000. The prelycopersene pyrophosphate synthetase catalyzes the conversion of isopentenyl pyrophosphate to geranylgeranyl and prelycopersene pyrophosphates. The identities of these substances were established by thin layer chromatography in several solvent systems. The formation of both geranylgeranyl and prelycopersene pyrophosphates by this enzyme supports earlier results with cruder enzyme systems which suggested that these compounds are intermediates in the synthesis of phytoene.", "PMID": 838727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3391", "title": "Studies on inactivation of pyruvate dehydrogenase by palmitoylcarnitine oxidation in isolated rat heart mitochondria.", "content": "The oxidation of an optimal concentration of palmitoyl-carnitine, buffered with bovine serum albumin, by isolated rat heart mitochondria was found to give rise to an inactivation of pyruvate dehydrogenase, provided that the concentration of pyruvate present in the mitochondrial incubation was less than 250 muM. The greatest degree of inactivation was found at the lowest pyruvate concentration used, 50 muM, and this concentration was adopted for further studies in which the rate of mitochondrial respiration was varied. This was done by varying the activity of added hexokinase, in the presence of ATP, MgCl2, and glucose, and thus the availability of ADP to the mitochondrion. The pyruvate concentration in the incubation was approximately stabilized by adding pyruvate on the basis of oxygen consumption, with the ratio of pyruvate consumed:O2 consumed determined by trial and error. This device allowed the maintenance of essentially steady pyruvate concentrations and ATP/ADP ratios for at least 5 min, and allowed the pyruvate dehydrogenase interconversion time to approach a steady state. Activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase after 5 or 6 min of respiration were as follows, with values given in nanomoles/min/mg of protein for incubations containing pyruvate as sole substrate, and values for incubations containing pyruvate plus palmitoylcarnitine given in parentheses: State 4, 27 (9); 55% of State 3, 54 (14); 85% of State 3, 73 (28); State 3, 90 (93). Respiratory states are defined by Chance and Williams (1955) J. Biol. Chem. 217, 409-427). Values at earlier time points are also presented so that some idea may be formed of the time course of pyruvate dehydrogenase inactivation. CoASH/acetyl-CoA, NAD+/NADH, and ATP/ADP ratios were measured at the same time points in precisely scaled up incubations. The presence of palmitoylcarnitine in State 4 was found to give essentially no change in NAD+/NADH and ATP/ADP ratios and thus the inactivation of pyruvate dehydrogenase in that state may be attributed to a decreased CoASH/acetyl-CoA ratio. At a respiratory rate of 85% of State 3, palmitoylcarnitine did not change the ATP/ADP ratio, but lowered both CoASH/acetyl-CoA and NAD+/NADH ratios, both of which may contribute to pyruvate dehydrogenase inactivation. In State 3 there was no pyruvate dehydrogenase inactivation, despite a lowered CoASH/acetyl-CoA ratio in the presence of palmitoylcarnitine. It is concluded that ATP/ADP ratio has a pronounced effect on the interconversion of active and inactive pyruvate dehydrogenase, in according with previous work. Moreover, at a given ATP/ADP ratio, the effects of palmitoylcarnitine oxidation on enzyme interconversion are consistent with a mechanism involving the modulation of the interconversion by NAD+/NADH and CoASH/acetyl-CoA ratios...", "contents": "Studies on inactivation of pyruvate dehydrogenase by palmitoylcarnitine oxidation in isolated rat heart mitochondria. The oxidation of an optimal concentration of palmitoyl-carnitine, buffered with bovine serum albumin, by isolated rat heart mitochondria was found to give rise to an inactivation of pyruvate dehydrogenase, provided that the concentration of pyruvate present in the mitochondrial incubation was less than 250 muM. The greatest degree of inactivation was found at the lowest pyruvate concentration used, 50 muM, and this concentration was adopted for further studies in which the rate of mitochondrial respiration was varied. This was done by varying the activity of added hexokinase, in the presence of ATP, MgCl2, and glucose, and thus the availability of ADP to the mitochondrion. The pyruvate concentration in the incubation was approximately stabilized by adding pyruvate on the basis of oxygen consumption, with the ratio of pyruvate consumed:O2 consumed determined by trial and error. This device allowed the maintenance of essentially steady pyruvate concentrations and ATP/ADP ratios for at least 5 min, and allowed the pyruvate dehydrogenase interconversion time to approach a steady state. Activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase after 5 or 6 min of respiration were as follows, with values given in nanomoles/min/mg of protein for incubations containing pyruvate as sole substrate, and values for incubations containing pyruvate plus palmitoylcarnitine given in parentheses: State 4, 27 (9); 55% of State 3, 54 (14); 85% of State 3, 73 (28); State 3, 90 (93). Respiratory states are defined by Chance and Williams (1955) J. Biol. Chem. 217, 409-427). Values at earlier time points are also presented so that some idea may be formed of the time course of pyruvate dehydrogenase inactivation. CoASH/acetyl-CoA, NAD+/NADH, and ATP/ADP ratios were measured at the same time points in precisely scaled up incubations. The presence of palmitoylcarnitine in State 4 was found to give essentially no change in NAD+/NADH and ATP/ADP ratios and thus the inactivation of pyruvate dehydrogenase in that state may be attributed to a decreased CoASH/acetyl-CoA ratio. At a respiratory rate of 85% of State 3, palmitoylcarnitine did not change the ATP/ADP ratio, but lowered both CoASH/acetyl-CoA and NAD+/NADH ratios, both of which may contribute to pyruvate dehydrogenase inactivation. In State 3 there was no pyruvate dehydrogenase inactivation, despite a lowered CoASH/acetyl-CoA ratio in the presence of palmitoylcarnitine. It is concluded that ATP/ADP ratio has a pronounced effect on the interconversion of active and inactive pyruvate dehydrogenase, in according with previous work. Moreover, at a given ATP/ADP ratio, the effects of palmitoylcarnitine oxidation on enzyme interconversion are consistent with a mechanism involving the modulation of the interconversion by NAD+/NADH and CoASH/acetyl-CoA ratios...", "PMID": 838728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3392", "title": "Evidence for the presence of a natural inactivating factor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in soluble extracts from rat liver microsomes.", "content": "The temperature sensitivity of crude solubilized 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, prepared from rat liver microsomes by different procedures, varies widely. When enzyme was solubilized by several techniques, HMG-CoA reductase activity in these extracts was rapidly and irreversibly inactivated at 4 degrees (Brown, M.S. Dana, S.E. Dietschy, J.M. and Siperstein, M.D. (1973) J. Biol. Chem 248, 4731-4738). In contrast, HMG-CoA reductase, solubilized from microsomes by a slow freeze-thaw method, was reversibility inactivated at 4 degrees over an interval of 2 h (Heller, R.A. and Gould, R.G. (1974) J. Biol. Chem 249, 5254-5260). In the present article irreversible inactivation at 4 degrees of crude solubilized HMG-CoA reductase, prepared from liver microsomes by a slow freeze-thaw technique, was investigated. In the absence of preincubation at 37 degrees, HMG-CoA reductase activity in the crude soluble extract had a half-life at 4 degrees of 4 h. Enzyme activity was more rapidly inactivated (t1/2=4 h) in extracts from younger (150 to 250 g) rats than in extracts from older (500 g) rats (t1/2=37 h). In contrast, partially purified HMG-CoA reductase was far more stable at 4 degrees (t1/2=312 h). However, when partially purified enzyme was treated with crude soluble extract, the enzyme was inactivated much more rapidly (t1/2=26 h). It is concluded that rapid irreversible inactivation of HMG-CoA reductase at 4 degrees is not an intrinsic property of this enzyme, but instead, this inactivation is caused by a factor or factors present in the crude soluble extract. While HMG-CoA reductase activity was rapidly inactivated in crude extracts from animals killed at the midpoint of the dark cycle, enzyme activity was inactivated much more slowly in extracts obtained from animals killed at the midpoint of the light cycle. These findings suggest that the concentration of the inactivating factor may vary, depending upon the physiological state of the animal. The nature of the inactivating factor is not known at the present time; however, it may be a protein since it is nondialyzable and destroyed by heat.", "contents": "Evidence for the presence of a natural inactivating factor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in soluble extracts from rat liver microsomes. The temperature sensitivity of crude solubilized 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, prepared from rat liver microsomes by different procedures, varies widely. When enzyme was solubilized by several techniques, HMG-CoA reductase activity in these extracts was rapidly and irreversibly inactivated at 4 degrees (Brown, M.S. Dana, S.E. Dietschy, J.M. and Siperstein, M.D. (1973) J. Biol. Chem 248, 4731-4738). In contrast, HMG-CoA reductase, solubilized from microsomes by a slow freeze-thaw method, was reversibility inactivated at 4 degrees over an interval of 2 h (Heller, R.A. and Gould, R.G. (1974) J. Biol. Chem 249, 5254-5260). In the present article irreversible inactivation at 4 degrees of crude solubilized HMG-CoA reductase, prepared from liver microsomes by a slow freeze-thaw technique, was investigated. In the absence of preincubation at 37 degrees, HMG-CoA reductase activity in the crude soluble extract had a half-life at 4 degrees of 4 h. Enzyme activity was more rapidly inactivated (t1/2=4 h) in extracts from younger (150 to 250 g) rats than in extracts from older (500 g) rats (t1/2=37 h). In contrast, partially purified HMG-CoA reductase was far more stable at 4 degrees (t1/2=312 h). However, when partially purified enzyme was treated with crude soluble extract, the enzyme was inactivated much more rapidly (t1/2=26 h). It is concluded that rapid irreversible inactivation of HMG-CoA reductase at 4 degrees is not an intrinsic property of this enzyme, but instead, this inactivation is caused by a factor or factors present in the crude soluble extract. While HMG-CoA reductase activity was rapidly inactivated in crude extracts from animals killed at the midpoint of the dark cycle, enzyme activity was inactivated much more slowly in extracts obtained from animals killed at the midpoint of the light cycle. These findings suggest that the concentration of the inactivating factor may vary, depending upon the physiological state of the animal. The nature of the inactivating factor is not known at the present time; however, it may be a protein since it is nondialyzable and destroyed by heat.", "PMID": 838729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3393", "title": "Effect of membrane environment on succinate dehydrogenase activity.", "content": "The turnover number of succinate dehydrogenase from mammalian heart determined by the spectrophotometric phenazine methosulfate assay, after complete activation, is approximately 21,000 mol of succinate oxidized/min/mol of histidyl flavin at 38 degrees in relatively intact inner membrane preparations and mitochondria. Reconstitutively active soluble preparations, extracted anaerobically in the presence of succinate from inner membrane preparations show turnover numbers of 11,500 to 14,500 and a significantly lower apparent Km for phenazine methosulfate than the parent particles. The decline of both the turnover number and of the Km occurs during the brief period when the enzyme is detached from the membrane. The observed values represent the activities in the soluble extract of both the reconstitutively active and reconstitutively inactive enzyme. The latter may be from 10 to 40% even in the most carefully prepared enzyme; it has a lower turnover number in the phenazine methosulfate assay than the average for the solution and is devoid of catalytic activity in the \"low Km\" ferricyanide assay (Vinogradov, A. D., Ackrell, B.A.C., and Singer, T.P. (1975) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 67, 803-809). The reconstitutively active form of the soluble enzyme has a turnover number of at least 15,000 and an equal activity in the low Km ferricyamide assay. When recombined with the membrane the total activity of the enzyme is increased by over 60% and it regains the original turnover number, Km for phenazine methosulfate, and sensitivity of the phenazine methosulfate reductase activity to thenoyltrifluoroacetone, carboxamides, and cyanide. It appears, therefore, that the membrane environment or some component of it exerts a positive modulating influence on the enzyme even in the fully activated state. In certain particulate sources (Keilin-Hartree preparations, Complex II) the enzyme shows lower turnover numbers (11,000 to 12,500) than in more intact inner membranes. This seems to be due to inactivation in the course of preparation and, in the case of Complex II, in part also to loss of the normal membrane environment or of a membrane component, possibly Q-10, during isolation.", "contents": "Effect of membrane environment on succinate dehydrogenase activity. The turnover number of succinate dehydrogenase from mammalian heart determined by the spectrophotometric phenazine methosulfate assay, after complete activation, is approximately 21,000 mol of succinate oxidized/min/mol of histidyl flavin at 38 degrees in relatively intact inner membrane preparations and mitochondria. Reconstitutively active soluble preparations, extracted anaerobically in the presence of succinate from inner membrane preparations show turnover numbers of 11,500 to 14,500 and a significantly lower apparent Km for phenazine methosulfate than the parent particles. The decline of both the turnover number and of the Km occurs during the brief period when the enzyme is detached from the membrane. The observed values represent the activities in the soluble extract of both the reconstitutively active and reconstitutively inactive enzyme. The latter may be from 10 to 40% even in the most carefully prepared enzyme; it has a lower turnover number in the phenazine methosulfate assay than the average for the solution and is devoid of catalytic activity in the \"low Km\" ferricyanide assay (Vinogradov, A. D., Ackrell, B.A.C., and Singer, T.P. (1975) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 67, 803-809). The reconstitutively active form of the soluble enzyme has a turnover number of at least 15,000 and an equal activity in the low Km ferricyamide assay. When recombined with the membrane the total activity of the enzyme is increased by over 60% and it regains the original turnover number, Km for phenazine methosulfate, and sensitivity of the phenazine methosulfate reductase activity to thenoyltrifluoroacetone, carboxamides, and cyanide. It appears, therefore, that the membrane environment or some component of it exerts a positive modulating influence on the enzyme even in the fully activated state. In certain particulate sources (Keilin-Hartree preparations, Complex II) the enzyme shows lower turnover numbers (11,000 to 12,500) than in more intact inner membranes. This seems to be due to inactivation in the course of preparation and, in the case of Complex II, in part also to loss of the normal membrane environment or of a membrane component, possibly Q-10, during isolation.", "PMID": 838730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3394", "title": "Rat muscle 5'-adenylic acid aminohydrolase. Role of K+ and adenylate energy charge in expression of kinetic and regulatory properties.", "content": "The kinetic and regulatory properties of homogeneous AMP deaminase from rat skeletal muscle have ben examined with particular emphasis on (a) the role of potassium ions in the expression of these properties and (b) the role of the adenylate energy charge in the regulation of AMP deaminase activity. Although the enzyme has an absolute requirement for K+, the concentration required for maximum activation is dependent on the concentration of substrate. At saturating levels of AMP (greater than or equal 2.0 mM) maximum activation is observed with 25 mM KCl, whereas at lower substrate concentrations (0.2 mM) approximately 50 mM KCl is needed for maximum activation. Conversely, the response of enzyme activity ot increasing levels of substrate is dependent on the level of potassium ions. At substrating concentrations of K+, the saturation curve for AMP is highly sigmoidal (nh=3.2) whereas at higher KCl concentrations, the apparent cooperativity between AMP sites is almost completely abolished (nh=1.5). The inhibition by a number of phosphorylated metabolites, including ATP, GTP, creatine-P, and P1, is likewise sensitive to the concentration of K+. These results suggest that a significant amount of interaction between K+ sites and both substrate and effector sites is required for the expression of the catalytic and regulatory properties of the enzyme. The specific effects of ATP, creatine-P, and P1 on the parameters of Km and Vmax indicate that each of these profile of AMP deaminase activity generated in response to variations in the adenylate energy charge shows that within the physiological range of energy charge (0.75 to 0.95), the activity increases linearly with decreasesing energy charge and is insensitive to both the total adenylate pool size and the presence of P1 and creatine-P. These data suggest that the most important factor in the regulation of AMP deaminase activity is the state of the energy charge rather than the absolute concentrations of the individual effectors.", "contents": "Rat muscle 5'-adenylic acid aminohydrolase. Role of K+ and adenylate energy charge in expression of kinetic and regulatory properties. The kinetic and regulatory properties of homogeneous AMP deaminase from rat skeletal muscle have ben examined with particular emphasis on (a) the role of potassium ions in the expression of these properties and (b) the role of the adenylate energy charge in the regulation of AMP deaminase activity. Although the enzyme has an absolute requirement for K+, the concentration required for maximum activation is dependent on the concentration of substrate. At saturating levels of AMP (greater than or equal 2.0 mM) maximum activation is observed with 25 mM KCl, whereas at lower substrate concentrations (0.2 mM) approximately 50 mM KCl is needed for maximum activation. Conversely, the response of enzyme activity ot increasing levels of substrate is dependent on the level of potassium ions. At substrating concentrations of K+, the saturation curve for AMP is highly sigmoidal (nh=3.2) whereas at higher KCl concentrations, the apparent cooperativity between AMP sites is almost completely abolished (nh=1.5). The inhibition by a number of phosphorylated metabolites, including ATP, GTP, creatine-P, and P1, is likewise sensitive to the concentration of K+. These results suggest that a significant amount of interaction between K+ sites and both substrate and effector sites is required for the expression of the catalytic and regulatory properties of the enzyme. The specific effects of ATP, creatine-P, and P1 on the parameters of Km and Vmax indicate that each of these profile of AMP deaminase activity generated in response to variations in the adenylate energy charge shows that within the physiological range of energy charge (0.75 to 0.95), the activity increases linearly with decreasesing energy charge and is insensitive to both the total adenylate pool size and the presence of P1 and creatine-P. These data suggest that the most important factor in the regulation of AMP deaminase activity is the state of the energy charge rather than the absolute concentrations of the individual effectors.", "PMID": 838731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3395", "title": "Rat liver proteins capable of transferring phosphatidylethanolamine. Purification and transfer activity for other phospholipids and cholesterol.", "content": "Two proteins, one in a highly purified form, have been isolated from the soluble fraction of rat liver homogenate. These proteins accelerate the transfer of labeled phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, sphingomyelin, and cholesterol from liposomes to mitochondria or erythrocyte ghosts. The fraction obtained after ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration on Sephadex G-75, ion-exchange chromatography on CM-cellulose, ampholyte displacement chromatography, and heat treatment exhibited an 876-fold increase in its phosphatidylethanolamine transfer activity as compared with the postmitochondrial supernatant adjusted to pH 5.1. Isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gels shows a single band between pH 8.6 and 9.0. The transfer activity is abolished by trypsin, but withstands 5-min heating at 90 degrees. After heat treatment, a single major band is seen on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by two minor ones. The molecular weight of the major band is 12,500, as determined by electrophoresis on 15% polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. A molecular weight of 13,500 was calculated from molecular filtration through Sephadex G-50. The relative transfer activities toward the different phospholipids remain constant throughout the last three steps of the purification procedure in spite of the extensive change in the electrophoretic profile of the protein mixture. The cholesterol transfer activity remains unchanged after the final heat treatment as well. This indicates that all of the transfer activities are present in a single protein.", "contents": "Rat liver proteins capable of transferring phosphatidylethanolamine. Purification and transfer activity for other phospholipids and cholesterol. Two proteins, one in a highly purified form, have been isolated from the soluble fraction of rat liver homogenate. These proteins accelerate the transfer of labeled phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, sphingomyelin, and cholesterol from liposomes to mitochondria or erythrocyte ghosts. The fraction obtained after ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration on Sephadex G-75, ion-exchange chromatography on CM-cellulose, ampholyte displacement chromatography, and heat treatment exhibited an 876-fold increase in its phosphatidylethanolamine transfer activity as compared with the postmitochondrial supernatant adjusted to pH 5.1. Isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gels shows a single band between pH 8.6 and 9.0. The transfer activity is abolished by trypsin, but withstands 5-min heating at 90 degrees. After heat treatment, a single major band is seen on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by two minor ones. The molecular weight of the major band is 12,500, as determined by electrophoresis on 15% polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. A molecular weight of 13,500 was calculated from molecular filtration through Sephadex G-50. The relative transfer activities toward the different phospholipids remain constant throughout the last three steps of the purification procedure in spite of the extensive change in the electrophoretic profile of the protein mixture. The cholesterol transfer activity remains unchanged after the final heat treatment as well. This indicates that all of the transfer activities are present in a single protein.", "PMID": 838732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3396", "title": "Mutants of mouse fibroblasts altered in the synthesis of cell surface glycoproteins. Preliminary evidence for a defect in the acetylation of glucosamine 6-phosphate.", "content": "We hve reported the isolation and preliminary biochemical characterization of two mutants of mouse fibroblasts selected for a decrease incell-to-substrate adhesion (Pouyss\u00e9gur, J., and Pastan, I. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73, 544-548). We attributed the adhesive defect of these mutants (AD6 and AD8) to the absence of iodinatable cell surface proteins. This study demonstrates that a defect in glycoprotein synthesis is the biochemical basis for the reduction in proteins exposed at the outer surface of the mutant cells. When D-glucosamine or L-fucose was used as radioactive precursor, analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a decrease in the labeling of all the glycoproteins of both clones. This decrease in glycoprotein labeling was not due to a defect in D-glucosamine uptake, since this precursor was taken up at a higher rate in the mutants than in the wild type. In spite of this high uptake, the rate of D-glucosamine incorporation into macromolecules was decreased by 60% and the carbohydrate content of membranes (mannose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, and sialic acid) from clone AD6 was diminished by 40 to 60%. When the various cell lines were labeled for 1 to 3 h with glucosamine and the acid-soluble pool analyzed, the wild type cells were found to accumulate UDP-N-acetylhexosamine as the major component. In contrast, clones AD6 and AD8 accumulated glucosamine 6-phosphate as the major component. This last finding suggests that there is a block in the N-acetylation of glucosamine 6-phosphate in both instants. This suggestion is supported by the finding that feeding the mutant cells 10 mM N-acetylglucosamine reverts them to the wild type phenotype (Pouyss\u00e9gur, J., Willingham, M. and Pastan, I. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., in pressy. In wild type cells all of the iodinatable proteins of the cell surface have the same mobility as the glycoproteins when analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. We conclude that the early block in glycoprotein synthesis accounts for the reduction in iodinatable surface proteins in the mutant cells.", "contents": "Mutants of mouse fibroblasts altered in the synthesis of cell surface glycoproteins. Preliminary evidence for a defect in the acetylation of glucosamine 6-phosphate. We hve reported the isolation and preliminary biochemical characterization of two mutants of mouse fibroblasts selected for a decrease incell-to-substrate adhesion (Pouyss\u00e9gur, J., and Pastan, I. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73, 544-548). We attributed the adhesive defect of these mutants (AD6 and AD8) to the absence of iodinatable cell surface proteins. This study demonstrates that a defect in glycoprotein synthesis is the biochemical basis for the reduction in proteins exposed at the outer surface of the mutant cells. When D-glucosamine or L-fucose was used as radioactive precursor, analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a decrease in the labeling of all the glycoproteins of both clones. This decrease in glycoprotein labeling was not due to a defect in D-glucosamine uptake, since this precursor was taken up at a higher rate in the mutants than in the wild type. In spite of this high uptake, the rate of D-glucosamine incorporation into macromolecules was decreased by 60% and the carbohydrate content of membranes (mannose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, and sialic acid) from clone AD6 was diminished by 40 to 60%. When the various cell lines were labeled for 1 to 3 h with glucosamine and the acid-soluble pool analyzed, the wild type cells were found to accumulate UDP-N-acetylhexosamine as the major component. In contrast, clones AD6 and AD8 accumulated glucosamine 6-phosphate as the major component. This last finding suggests that there is a block in the N-acetylation of glucosamine 6-phosphate in both instants. This suggestion is supported by the finding that feeding the mutant cells 10 mM N-acetylglucosamine reverts them to the wild type phenotype (Pouyss\u00e9gur, J., Willingham, M. and Pastan, I. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., in pressy. In wild type cells all of the iodinatable proteins of the cell surface have the same mobility as the glycoproteins when analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. We conclude that the early block in glycoprotein synthesis accounts for the reduction in iodinatable surface proteins in the mutant cells.", "PMID": 838733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3397", "title": "1-Alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate: acyl-CoA acyltransferase in rat brain microsomes.", "content": "1-Alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate:acyl-CoA acyltransferase activity was found in six rat tissues: heart, spleen, brain, kidney, liver, and lung. The enzyme in rat brain showed highest specific activity in the microsomal fraction and its properties were studied in detail. Triton X-100 and bovine serum albumin were found to stimulate the activity of the enzyme. It was found that Triton X-100 affects the acyltransferase activity differentially depending on the acyl-CoA donor. Albumin reversed the inhibition caused by a high concentration of 1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate. The enzyme was shown to be stereospecific in acylating the alkylglycerophosphate substrate. Only the 1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate isomer, not the other optical enantiomer, was active with brain acyltransferase. Evidence is presented to show that this enzyme is different from 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate:acyl-CoA acyltransferase. Investigations of the specificity of the brain acyltransferase activity for different acyl-CoA species (16:0, 18:0, 18:2, 20:4, 22:4, 22:6) showed a selectivity which was dependent on the alkylglycerophosphate concentration. At low 1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate concentration the enzyme selected polyunsaturated acyl-CoA species over saturated species. Providing a low but continuous amount of 1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate to the acyltransferase was accomplished by the in situ enzymatic reduction of alkyldihydroxyacetone phosphate with NADPH in the incubation mixtures. The acyl composition of ether-containing phosphoglycerides in rat brain microsomes, as well as the free fatty acid composition, was determined. Alkenylacylglycerophosphorylethanolamine contains a high percentage of 22:6 ester, and alkenylacylglycerophosphorylcholine contains a large amount of 16:0 ester. Comparison of the acyl-CoA specificity of 1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate acyltransferase and ether/glycerolipid acyl composition suggests that this acyltransferase could partially determine the composition of acyl groups in ether lipids.", "contents": "1-Alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate: acyl-CoA acyltransferase in rat brain microsomes. 1-Alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate:acyl-CoA acyltransferase activity was found in six rat tissues: heart, spleen, brain, kidney, liver, and lung. The enzyme in rat brain showed highest specific activity in the microsomal fraction and its properties were studied in detail. Triton X-100 and bovine serum albumin were found to stimulate the activity of the enzyme. It was found that Triton X-100 affects the acyltransferase activity differentially depending on the acyl-CoA donor. Albumin reversed the inhibition caused by a high concentration of 1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate. The enzyme was shown to be stereospecific in acylating the alkylglycerophosphate substrate. Only the 1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate isomer, not the other optical enantiomer, was active with brain acyltransferase. Evidence is presented to show that this enzyme is different from 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate:acyl-CoA acyltransferase. Investigations of the specificity of the brain acyltransferase activity for different acyl-CoA species (16:0, 18:0, 18:2, 20:4, 22:4, 22:6) showed a selectivity which was dependent on the alkylglycerophosphate concentration. At low 1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate concentration the enzyme selected polyunsaturated acyl-CoA species over saturated species. Providing a low but continuous amount of 1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate to the acyltransferase was accomplished by the in situ enzymatic reduction of alkyldihydroxyacetone phosphate with NADPH in the incubation mixtures. The acyl composition of ether-containing phosphoglycerides in rat brain microsomes, as well as the free fatty acid composition, was determined. Alkenylacylglycerophosphorylethanolamine contains a high percentage of 22:6 ester, and alkenylacylglycerophosphorylcholine contains a large amount of 16:0 ester. Comparison of the acyl-CoA specificity of 1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate acyltransferase and ether/glycerolipid acyl composition suggests that this acyltransferase could partially determine the composition of acyl groups in ether lipids.", "PMID": 838734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3398", "title": "Complete covalent structure of statherin, a tyrosine-rich acidic peptide which inhibits calcium phosphate precipitation from human parotid saliva.", "content": "The complete amino acid sequence of human salivary statherin, a peptide which strongly inhibits precipitation from supersaturated calcium phosphate solutions, and therefore stabilizes supersaturated saliva, has been determined. The NH2-terminal half of this Mr=5380 (43 amino acids) polypeptide was determined by automated Edman degradations (liquid phase) on native statherin. The peptide was digested separately with trypsin, chymotrypsin, and Staphylococcus aureus protease, and the resulting peptides were purified by gel filtration. Manual Edman degradations on purified peptide fragments yielded peptides that completed the amino acid sequence through the penultimate COOH-terminal residue. These analyses, together with carboxypeptidase digestion of native statherin and of peptide fragments of statherin, established the complete sequence of the molecule. The 2 serine residues (positions 2 and 3) in statherin were identified as phosphoserine. The amino acid sequence of human salivary statherin is striking in a number of ways. The NH2-terminal one-third is highly polar and includes three polar dipeptides: H2PO3-Ser-Ser-H2PO3-Arg-Arg-, and Glu-Glu-. The COOH-terminal two-thirds of the molecule is hydrophobic, containing several repeating dipeptides: four of -Gn-Pro-, three of -Tyr-Gln-, two of -Gly-Tyr-, two of-Gln-Tyr-, and two of the tetrapeptide sequence -Pro-Tyr-Gln-Pro-. Unusual cleavage sites in the statherin sequence obtained with chymotrypsin and S. aureus protease were also noted.", "contents": "Complete covalent structure of statherin, a tyrosine-rich acidic peptide which inhibits calcium phosphate precipitation from human parotid saliva. The complete amino acid sequence of human salivary statherin, a peptide which strongly inhibits precipitation from supersaturated calcium phosphate solutions, and therefore stabilizes supersaturated saliva, has been determined. The NH2-terminal half of this Mr=5380 (43 amino acids) polypeptide was determined by automated Edman degradations (liquid phase) on native statherin. The peptide was digested separately with trypsin, chymotrypsin, and Staphylococcus aureus protease, and the resulting peptides were purified by gel filtration. Manual Edman degradations on purified peptide fragments yielded peptides that completed the amino acid sequence through the penultimate COOH-terminal residue. These analyses, together with carboxypeptidase digestion of native statherin and of peptide fragments of statherin, established the complete sequence of the molecule. The 2 serine residues (positions 2 and 3) in statherin were identified as phosphoserine. The amino acid sequence of human salivary statherin is striking in a number of ways. The NH2-terminal one-third is highly polar and includes three polar dipeptides: H2PO3-Ser-Ser-H2PO3-Arg-Arg-, and Glu-Glu-. The COOH-terminal two-thirds of the molecule is hydrophobic, containing several repeating dipeptides: four of -Gn-Pro-, three of -Tyr-Gln-, two of -Gly-Tyr-, two of-Gln-Tyr-, and two of the tetrapeptide sequence -Pro-Tyr-Gln-Pro-. Unusual cleavage sites in the statherin sequence obtained with chymotrypsin and S. aureus protease were also noted.", "PMID": 838735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3399", "title": "Metabolic properties of the products of mitochondrial protein synthesis in HeLa cells.", "content": "The metabolic behavior of the mitochondrial protein synthesis products has been investigated in HeLa cells. Particular attention was given to the four major electrophoretic components (designated as Nos. 2, 3, 5, and 8) of the 10 previously identified as organelle-specific products. Inhibition of cytoplasmic protein synthesis with emetine or cycloheximide causes a rapid decline in the rate of mitochondrial protein synthesis, with an estimated half-life of 1 to 2 h, affecting in a parallel way all the discrete components. About 30% of the original synthetic activity appears to be resistant to emetine treatment for at least 24 h; however, all the polypeptides synthesized after the first 4 h of cell exposure to emetine are metabolically unstable, possibly because of lack of integration into the inner mitochondrial membrane. An analysis of the stability of newly synthesized products of mitochondrial protein synthesis pulse-labeled in the presence of cycloheximide and then chased in the absence of the drug (i.e. under conditions of resumed cytoplasmic protein synthesis) has revealed marked differences among the various discrete components. In particular, about three-fourths of the radioactivity associated with components 3 and 5 decays within 4 h of chase, the remainder being substantailly stable afterwards; by contrast, the radioactivity in components 2 and 8 shows only a slow decline during a 3-day chase. If the chase is carried out under conditions of a persistent block of cytoplasmic protein synthesis, as is the situation after a pulse labeling in the presence of emetine, all newly synthesized components appear to be destablized in various degrees, with the exception of component 5, which is to a great extent stabilized. Inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis with chloramphenicol has a progressive stabilizing effect on most of the discrete components newly synthesized after removal of the drug; this effect is especially striking in the case of component 5 which, in experiments of continuous labeling in the presence of emetine after prolonged chloramphenicol treatment, becomes, after 24 h of labeling or more, the only recognizable peak in the electrophoretic pattern of the sodium dodecyl sulfate-lysed mitochondrial fraction. The results of the kinetic experiments described here are interpreted in terms of two roles of cytoplasmically synthesized proteins, one required for the synthesis of polypeptides within the organelles, the other necessary for the stabilization of the mitochondrial products.", "contents": "Metabolic properties of the products of mitochondrial protein synthesis in HeLa cells. The metabolic behavior of the mitochondrial protein synthesis products has been investigated in HeLa cells. Particular attention was given to the four major electrophoretic components (designated as Nos. 2, 3, 5, and 8) of the 10 previously identified as organelle-specific products. Inhibition of cytoplasmic protein synthesis with emetine or cycloheximide causes a rapid decline in the rate of mitochondrial protein synthesis, with an estimated half-life of 1 to 2 h, affecting in a parallel way all the discrete components. About 30% of the original synthetic activity appears to be resistant to emetine treatment for at least 24 h; however, all the polypeptides synthesized after the first 4 h of cell exposure to emetine are metabolically unstable, possibly because of lack of integration into the inner mitochondrial membrane. An analysis of the stability of newly synthesized products of mitochondrial protein synthesis pulse-labeled in the presence of cycloheximide and then chased in the absence of the drug (i.e. under conditions of resumed cytoplasmic protein synthesis) has revealed marked differences among the various discrete components. In particular, about three-fourths of the radioactivity associated with components 3 and 5 decays within 4 h of chase, the remainder being substantailly stable afterwards; by contrast, the radioactivity in components 2 and 8 shows only a slow decline during a 3-day chase. If the chase is carried out under conditions of a persistent block of cytoplasmic protein synthesis, as is the situation after a pulse labeling in the presence of emetine, all newly synthesized components appear to be destablized in various degrees, with the exception of component 5, which is to a great extent stabilized. Inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis with chloramphenicol has a progressive stabilizing effect on most of the discrete components newly synthesized after removal of the drug; this effect is especially striking in the case of component 5 which, in experiments of continuous labeling in the presence of emetine after prolonged chloramphenicol treatment, becomes, after 24 h of labeling or more, the only recognizable peak in the electrophoretic pattern of the sodium dodecyl sulfate-lysed mitochondrial fraction. The results of the kinetic experiments described here are interpreted in terms of two roles of cytoplasmically synthesized proteins, one required for the synthesis of polypeptides within the organelles, the other necessary for the stabilization of the mitochondrial products.", "PMID": 838736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3400", "title": "Formation of adenosine 5'-phosphoroglycerol from ATP and glycerol by rat liver plasma membranes.", "content": "Rat liver plasma membranes are shown to catalyze the formation of adenosine 5'-phosphoroglycerol and adenosine 5'-phosphoromethanol from ATP and glycerol or methanol, respectively. In the presence of 2.7 M glycerol and 1 mM ATP, 30 nmol of adenosine 5'-phosphoroglycerol were formed in 10 min per mg of rat liver plasma membranes. The structures of these phosphodiesters were determined from the following evidence. Radioactivity was incorporated into the nucleotide from [alpha-32P]ATP, [2,8-3H]ATP, or [2-3H]glycerol. Treatment with snake venom phosphodiesterase I converted the nucleotides to AMP. The compound formed from glycerol and ATP co-migrated with adenosine 5'-phosphoroglycerol synthesized from glycerol and adenosine 5'-phosphoromorpholidate in five thin layer chromatography systems. The methyl derivative co-migrated with adenosine 5'-phosphoromethanol synthesized from methanol and adenosine 5'-phosphormorpholidate in several thin layer chromatography systems. The synthesis of these phosphodiesters was also catalyzed by chicken embryo fibroblast membranes and solubilized rat liver plasma membranes but not by rat heart plasma membrane preparations. Formation of significant amounts of these phosphodiesters required relatively high concentrations of the alcohols (greater than 1 M). The alcohol concentration dependence did not exhibit substrate saturation at physiologically meaningful concentrations of glycerol or methacol. It is proposed that either the alcohols examined were not the natural substrates for this enzyme or that the alcohol/AMP phosphodiesters were formed as a result of trapping of an enzyme/nucleotide intermediate. Adenosine 5'-phosphoroglycerol formation was inhibited approximately 50% by 15 mM NaF. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, glucagon, and prostaglandin E1 were without effect. Alloxan, an inhibitor of adenylate cyclase did not inhibit formation of adenosine 5'-phosphoroglycerol. It is concluded that adenylate cyclase was not responsible for formation of these phosphodiesters. The physiological significance of this reaction remains undefined.", "contents": "Formation of adenosine 5'-phosphoroglycerol from ATP and glycerol by rat liver plasma membranes. Rat liver plasma membranes are shown to catalyze the formation of adenosine 5'-phosphoroglycerol and adenosine 5'-phosphoromethanol from ATP and glycerol or methanol, respectively. In the presence of 2.7 M glycerol and 1 mM ATP, 30 nmol of adenosine 5'-phosphoroglycerol were formed in 10 min per mg of rat liver plasma membranes. The structures of these phosphodiesters were determined from the following evidence. Radioactivity was incorporated into the nucleotide from [alpha-32P]ATP, [2,8-3H]ATP, or [2-3H]glycerol. Treatment with snake venom phosphodiesterase I converted the nucleotides to AMP. The compound formed from glycerol and ATP co-migrated with adenosine 5'-phosphoroglycerol synthesized from glycerol and adenosine 5'-phosphoromorpholidate in five thin layer chromatography systems. The methyl derivative co-migrated with adenosine 5'-phosphoromethanol synthesized from methanol and adenosine 5'-phosphormorpholidate in several thin layer chromatography systems. The synthesis of these phosphodiesters was also catalyzed by chicken embryo fibroblast membranes and solubilized rat liver plasma membranes but not by rat heart plasma membrane preparations. Formation of significant amounts of these phosphodiesters required relatively high concentrations of the alcohols (greater than 1 M). The alcohol concentration dependence did not exhibit substrate saturation at physiologically meaningful concentrations of glycerol or methacol. It is proposed that either the alcohols examined were not the natural substrates for this enzyme or that the alcohol/AMP phosphodiesters were formed as a result of trapping of an enzyme/nucleotide intermediate. Adenosine 5'-phosphoroglycerol formation was inhibited approximately 50% by 15 mM NaF. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, glucagon, and prostaglandin E1 were without effect. Alloxan, an inhibitor of adenylate cyclase did not inhibit formation of adenosine 5'-phosphoroglycerol. It is concluded that adenylate cyclase was not responsible for formation of these phosphodiesters. The physiological significance of this reaction remains undefined.", "PMID": 838737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3401", "title": "Penicillinase-releasing protease of Bacillus licheniformis 749 Specificity for hydroxyamino acids.", "content": "The membrane penicillinase of Bacillus licheniformis 749/C differs from the exopenicillinase in that it has an additional 24 amino acid residues and a phosphatidylserine at the NH2 terminus (Yamamoto, S., and Lampen, J.O. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 4095-4101). The conversion of the membrane penicillinase to the exo form is probably carried out by a specific penicillinase-releasing protease (PR-protease) whose properties are generally consistent with the properties of penicillinase secretion. The substrate specificity of the PR-protease was determined by identifying the NH2 and COOH termini of the peptides produced by hydrolysis of ribonuclease B and beef insulin. The enzyme hydrolyzed only peptide bonds involving the carboxyl groups of serine or thrombine. Similar bonds in synthetic di- or tripeptides of L-serine were not cleaved. The existence of seryl-lysine and threonyl-glucamic acid bonds in the protease-susceptible (phospholipopeptide) region of the membrane penicillinase and the presence of only lysine or glutamic acid at the NH2 terminus of the exoenzyme released in vivo are consistent with the specificity of PR-protease; hence, we propose that this enzyme has an essential role in the formation of exopenicillinase. The PR-protease is a potential tool for protein sequence determination because of its narrow and novel substrate specificity.", "contents": "Penicillinase-releasing protease of Bacillus licheniformis 749 Specificity for hydroxyamino acids. The membrane penicillinase of Bacillus licheniformis 749/C differs from the exopenicillinase in that it has an additional 24 amino acid residues and a phosphatidylserine at the NH2 terminus (Yamamoto, S., and Lampen, J.O. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 4095-4101). The conversion of the membrane penicillinase to the exo form is probably carried out by a specific penicillinase-releasing protease (PR-protease) whose properties are generally consistent with the properties of penicillinase secretion. The substrate specificity of the PR-protease was determined by identifying the NH2 and COOH termini of the peptides produced by hydrolysis of ribonuclease B and beef insulin. The enzyme hydrolyzed only peptide bonds involving the carboxyl groups of serine or thrombine. Similar bonds in synthetic di- or tripeptides of L-serine were not cleaved. The existence of seryl-lysine and threonyl-glucamic acid bonds in the protease-susceptible (phospholipopeptide) region of the membrane penicillinase and the presence of only lysine or glutamic acid at the NH2 terminus of the exoenzyme released in vivo are consistent with the specificity of PR-protease; hence, we propose that this enzyme has an essential role in the formation of exopenicillinase. The PR-protease is a potential tool for protein sequence determination because of its narrow and novel substrate specificity.", "PMID": 838738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3402", "title": "Hydrogen peroxide lowers ATP levels in platelets without altering adenyalte energy charge and platelet function.", "content": "H2O2 irreversibly reduced metabolic platelet ATP levels with a corresponding accumulation of hypoxanthine. This process was enhanced by sodium azide or potassium cyanide and by increasing H2O2 concentrations. The adenylate energy charge was unaltered when less than two thirds of the metabolic ATP had disappeared but decreased markedly when more ATP disappeared. Platelet shape change, primary aggregation, dense granule and alpha-granule secretion were unaffected by H2O2-induced lowering of ATP provided that the adenylate energy charge did not fall by more than 5%; at greater adenylate energy charge reduction, platelet functions were inhibited. These results indicate that cell functions depend more on adenyalte energy charge than on the ATP level and expands the applicability of this view from bacterial systems to a mammalian cell, the human platelet.", "contents": "Hydrogen peroxide lowers ATP levels in platelets without altering adenyalte energy charge and platelet function. H2O2 irreversibly reduced metabolic platelet ATP levels with a corresponding accumulation of hypoxanthine. This process was enhanced by sodium azide or potassium cyanide and by increasing H2O2 concentrations. The adenylate energy charge was unaltered when less than two thirds of the metabolic ATP had disappeared but decreased markedly when more ATP disappeared. Platelet shape change, primary aggregation, dense granule and alpha-granule secretion were unaffected by H2O2-induced lowering of ATP provided that the adenylate energy charge did not fall by more than 5%; at greater adenylate energy charge reduction, platelet functions were inhibited. These results indicate that cell functions depend more on adenyalte energy charge than on the ATP level and expands the applicability of this view from bacterial systems to a mammalian cell, the human platelet.", "PMID": 838739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3403", "title": "The 5'-terminal structures of murine alpha- and beta-globin messenger RNA.", "content": "The 5'-terminal structures of murine alpha- and beta-globin mRNA were determined after incubating cells of the erythropoietic spleens of mice with [methyl-3H]methionine. Globin mRNA was obtained from total cellular RNA by oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography followed by elution of mRNA from formamide gels after electrophoresis. The globin mRNA was then hydrolyzed with KOH or digested with a combination of RNase T2 and bacterial alkaline phosphatase, and 5'-terminal structures were isolated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The methylated nucleotides of these 5'-structures were determined following digestion with specific ribonucleases and bacterial alkaline phosphatase. Analyses of mRNA fractions enriched for either alpha- or beta-mRNA gave similar results. Our data indicate that murine alpha- and beta-globin mRNAs are identical through the first three nucleotides and that partial dimethylation exists at the second position: m7G(5')ppp(5') [m6Am/Am]pCmpNp.", "contents": "The 5'-terminal structures of murine alpha- and beta-globin messenger RNA. The 5'-terminal structures of murine alpha- and beta-globin mRNA were determined after incubating cells of the erythropoietic spleens of mice with [methyl-3H]methionine. Globin mRNA was obtained from total cellular RNA by oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography followed by elution of mRNA from formamide gels after electrophoresis. The globin mRNA was then hydrolyzed with KOH or digested with a combination of RNase T2 and bacterial alkaline phosphatase, and 5'-terminal structures were isolated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The methylated nucleotides of these 5'-structures were determined following digestion with specific ribonucleases and bacterial alkaline phosphatase. Analyses of mRNA fractions enriched for either alpha- or beta-mRNA gave similar results. Our data indicate that murine alpha- and beta-globin mRNAs are identical through the first three nucleotides and that partial dimethylation exists at the second position: m7G(5')ppp(5') [m6Am/Am]pCmpNp.", "PMID": 838740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3404", "title": "Methylated nucleosides in globin mRNA from mouse nucleated erythroid cells.", "content": "Poly(A)-containing mRNAs labeled with [methyl-3H]methionine were isolated from nucleated erythroid cells obtained from the spleens of anemic mice. The RNAs were further separated into non-globin poly(A)-containing RNAs and highly purified globin mRNA by globin cDNA-cellulose affinity chromatography. DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography of the T2 ribonuclease digestion products of the cDNA-purified globin mRNA fraction yielded methylated resistant fragments with charges of -4.7 (Cap 1) and -5.3 (Cap 2). Digestion of the non-globin RNA fraction revealed a similar pattern with the addition of a methylated mononucleotide identified as 6-methyladenosine at -2 charges. Alkaline phosphatase treatment of the T2 resistant fragments reduced their charges by approximately 2, which is consistent with the removal of one terminal phosphate. Treatment of the globin T2 and alkaline phosphatase-resistant fragments withpenicillium P1 nuclease and alkaline phosphatase yielded a P1-resistant core structure in both fragments. In addition to the core, 2'-O-methylcytidine (Cm) was released from the more negatively charged globin fragment. The P1-resistant cores of the cap structures eluted from DEAE-Sephadex with the known standard m2G5'ppp5'Am and were found to be pyrophosphatase-sensitive establishing a 5'-5'-triphosphate linkage. The pyrophosphatase and alkaline phosphatase digestion products of the globin Cap 1 and Cap 2 core structures were analyzed by high voltage electrophoresis and paper chromatography and found to be 7-methyiguanosine (m7G) and the dimethylated nucleoside 6-methyl-2'-O-methyladenosine (N6mAm). A small amount of the singularly methylated adenosine, 2'-O-methyladenosine (Am) was also observed. The predominant sequences of the methylated nucleosides in the globin cap structures are therefore m7G5'ppp5'N6mAm and m7G5'ppp5'N6mAmpCm.", "contents": "Methylated nucleosides in globin mRNA from mouse nucleated erythroid cells. Poly(A)-containing mRNAs labeled with [methyl-3H]methionine were isolated from nucleated erythroid cells obtained from the spleens of anemic mice. The RNAs were further separated into non-globin poly(A)-containing RNAs and highly purified globin mRNA by globin cDNA-cellulose affinity chromatography. DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography of the T2 ribonuclease digestion products of the cDNA-purified globin mRNA fraction yielded methylated resistant fragments with charges of -4.7 (Cap 1) and -5.3 (Cap 2). Digestion of the non-globin RNA fraction revealed a similar pattern with the addition of a methylated mononucleotide identified as 6-methyladenosine at -2 charges. Alkaline phosphatase treatment of the T2 resistant fragments reduced their charges by approximately 2, which is consistent with the removal of one terminal phosphate. Treatment of the globin T2 and alkaline phosphatase-resistant fragments withpenicillium P1 nuclease and alkaline phosphatase yielded a P1-resistant core structure in both fragments. In addition to the core, 2'-O-methylcytidine (Cm) was released from the more negatively charged globin fragment. The P1-resistant cores of the cap structures eluted from DEAE-Sephadex with the known standard m2G5'ppp5'Am and were found to be pyrophosphatase-sensitive establishing a 5'-5'-triphosphate linkage. The pyrophosphatase and alkaline phosphatase digestion products of the globin Cap 1 and Cap 2 core structures were analyzed by high voltage electrophoresis and paper chromatography and found to be 7-methyiguanosine (m7G) and the dimethylated nucleoside 6-methyl-2'-O-methyladenosine (N6mAm). A small amount of the singularly methylated adenosine, 2'-O-methyladenosine (Am) was also observed. The predominant sequences of the methylated nucleosides in the globin cap structures are therefore m7G5'ppp5'N6mAm and m7G5'ppp5'N6mAmpCm.", "PMID": 838741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3405", "title": "Effects of UDP-glucose addition on the synthesis of mannosyl lipid-linked oligosaccharides by cell-free fibroblast preparations.", "content": "The pattern of mannosyl lipid-linked oligosaccharides synthesized by cell-free enzyme preparations from cultured fibroblasts is altered substantially when 0.2 muM UDP-glucose is added to the incubation medium. Inclusion of UDP-glucose results in the appearance of a new labeled oligosaccharide, which is 1 or 2 glycose units larger than the lipid-linked oligosaccharide synthesized in the presence of only GDP-mannose (2 muM) and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (20 muM). Label from UDP-[3H]glucose is incorporated into the same larger oligosaccharide size class. The results can be explained most easily by assuming that the new mannosyl lipid-linked oligosaccharide contains 1 or 2 glucose residues in addition to 5 to 6 mannose residues. The results are compatible with the recent finding by Spiro et al. (Spiro, M.J., Spiro, R.G., and Bhoyroo, V.D. (1976) Fed Proc. 35, 1375; Spiro M.J. Spiro, R.G., and Bhoyroo, V.D. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 6400-6408; Spiro, R.G., and Spiro, M.J. AND Bhoyroo, V.D. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 6409-6419; Spiro, M.J., Spiro R.G., and Bhoyroo, V.D. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 6420-6425) that naturally occurring mannosyl lipid-linked oligosaccharides contain glucose. In addition to being incorporated into lipid oligosaccharides, glucose residues are also incorporated into endogenous glycoproteins. Incorporation of glucose into glycoproteins that give rise to pronase glycopeptides of the typical asparagine-linked size classes is almost completely dependent on the presence of GDP-mannose.", "contents": "Effects of UDP-glucose addition on the synthesis of mannosyl lipid-linked oligosaccharides by cell-free fibroblast preparations. The pattern of mannosyl lipid-linked oligosaccharides synthesized by cell-free enzyme preparations from cultured fibroblasts is altered substantially when 0.2 muM UDP-glucose is added to the incubation medium. Inclusion of UDP-glucose results in the appearance of a new labeled oligosaccharide, which is 1 or 2 glycose units larger than the lipid-linked oligosaccharide synthesized in the presence of only GDP-mannose (2 muM) and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (20 muM). Label from UDP-[3H]glucose is incorporated into the same larger oligosaccharide size class. The results can be explained most easily by assuming that the new mannosyl lipid-linked oligosaccharide contains 1 or 2 glucose residues in addition to 5 to 6 mannose residues. The results are compatible with the recent finding by Spiro et al. (Spiro, M.J., Spiro, R.G., and Bhoyroo, V.D. (1976) Fed Proc. 35, 1375; Spiro M.J. Spiro, R.G., and Bhoyroo, V.D. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 6400-6408; Spiro, R.G., and Spiro, M.J. AND Bhoyroo, V.D. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 6409-6419; Spiro, M.J., Spiro R.G., and Bhoyroo, V.D. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 6420-6425) that naturally occurring mannosyl lipid-linked oligosaccharides contain glucose. In addition to being incorporated into lipid oligosaccharides, glucose residues are also incorporated into endogenous glycoproteins. Incorporation of glucose into glycoproteins that give rise to pronase glycopeptides of the typical asparagine-linked size classes is almost completely dependent on the presence of GDP-mannose.", "PMID": 838742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3406", "title": "Requirement of the delta subunit of chloroplast coupling factor 1 for photophosphorylation.", "content": "1. Chloroplast coupling factor (CF1) can be prepared by a rapid and simple procedure after release of the protein from the membrane by brief exposure to chloroform. It is suitable for large scale preparation of the coupling factor. 2. The protein contains five subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon in order of decreasing molecular weight) and serves as a coupling factor for photophosphorylation. However, when this preparation of CF1 was passed through a DEAE-Sephadex A-50 column, a protein with four subunits, missing the delta subunit, was obtained. The four-subunit protein did not serve as a coupling factor. 3. Photophosphorylation was restored to CF4-depleted chloroplast by addition of the four-subunit protein together with a partially purified preparation of the delta subunit. The latter subunit, when added alone, not only did not stimulate photophosphorylation but consistently diminished the residual activity. 4. The delta subunit is required for the binding of CF1 and may represent the stalk seen in electron micrographs as a link between the protein and the membrane.", "contents": "Requirement of the delta subunit of chloroplast coupling factor 1 for photophosphorylation. 1. Chloroplast coupling factor (CF1) can be prepared by a rapid and simple procedure after release of the protein from the membrane by brief exposure to chloroform. It is suitable for large scale preparation of the coupling factor. 2. The protein contains five subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon in order of decreasing molecular weight) and serves as a coupling factor for photophosphorylation. However, when this preparation of CF1 was passed through a DEAE-Sephadex A-50 column, a protein with four subunits, missing the delta subunit, was obtained. The four-subunit protein did not serve as a coupling factor. 3. Photophosphorylation was restored to CF4-depleted chloroplast by addition of the four-subunit protein together with a partially purified preparation of the delta subunit. The latter subunit, when added alone, not only did not stimulate photophosphorylation but consistently diminished the residual activity. 4. The delta subunit is required for the binding of CF1 and may represent the stalk seen in electron micrographs as a link between the protein and the membrane.", "PMID": 838744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3407", "title": "Synthesis of tubulin and actin by neuronal and glial nuclear preparations from devloping rat brain.", "content": "A system was established in which nuclear preparations from rat brains were capable of protein synthesis under cell-free conditions. The electrophoretic pattern of the synthesized proteins was similar to that found in vivo provided that the reaction mixture contained pH 5 precipitated factors derived from the high speed supernatant fraction of brain. In the absence of the pH 5 factors, using nuclear preparations from brains of 2-day-old rats, approximately 1.5% and 2% of the newly synthesized proteins were identified as tubulin and actin, respectively. In the presence of pH 5 factors, protein synthesis was stimulated and the proportion of the newly synthesized tubulin and actin increased to 26% and 11%, respectively. In contrast to nuclear fractions from 2-day-old rats, when nuclei from brains of 1-month-old rats were tested in the presence of pH 5 factors, the proportion of tubulin and actin synthesized was lower and amounted to 10% and 4%, respectively. The age-dependent change in the relative amount of the tubulin and actin synthesized is in good agreement with the translational pattern shown by brain polyribosomes in a brain cell-free system as well as with the pattern obtained with brain mRNA translated in a wheat germ cell-free system. Nuclei enriched for either neuronal or glial populations synthesized similar proportions of tubulin and actin in vitro. We conclude that the reduction in the synthesis of tubulin and actin during the postnatal development of the rat brain occurs in both neuronal and glial cells.", "contents": "Synthesis of tubulin and actin by neuronal and glial nuclear preparations from devloping rat brain. A system was established in which nuclear preparations from rat brains were capable of protein synthesis under cell-free conditions. The electrophoretic pattern of the synthesized proteins was similar to that found in vivo provided that the reaction mixture contained pH 5 precipitated factors derived from the high speed supernatant fraction of brain. In the absence of the pH 5 factors, using nuclear preparations from brains of 2-day-old rats, approximately 1.5% and 2% of the newly synthesized proteins were identified as tubulin and actin, respectively. In the presence of pH 5 factors, protein synthesis was stimulated and the proportion of the newly synthesized tubulin and actin increased to 26% and 11%, respectively. In contrast to nuclear fractions from 2-day-old rats, when nuclei from brains of 1-month-old rats were tested in the presence of pH 5 factors, the proportion of tubulin and actin synthesized was lower and amounted to 10% and 4%, respectively. The age-dependent change in the relative amount of the tubulin and actin synthesized is in good agreement with the translational pattern shown by brain polyribosomes in a brain cell-free system as well as with the pattern obtained with brain mRNA translated in a wheat germ cell-free system. Nuclei enriched for either neuronal or glial populations synthesized similar proportions of tubulin and actin in vitro. We conclude that the reduction in the synthesis of tubulin and actin during the postnatal development of the rat brain occurs in both neuronal and glial cells.", "PMID": 838745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3408", "title": "Chemical evidence for common genetic ancestry of complement components C3 and C5.", "content": "Sequence studies reveal a marked similarity between the partial primary structures of human C3a and C5a anaphylatoxins. Eight of the first 25 residues are identical when threonine at position 1 in C5a is aligned with glutamine at position 3 in C3a and one gap is inserted in the C3a sequence. A unique cysteinyl-cysteine sequence is conserved in the 2 molecules, which further suggests a genetic relatedness. Computer-generated alignment scores from comparison of the NH2-terminal portions of human C3a and C5a exceeded by 4 standard deviations the score from random permutations of these same sequences. This sequence similarity between the two anaphylatoxins suggests that the respective precursors, C3 and C5, had a common genetic ancestry. The proposed genetic relationship between C3 and C5 may express itself functionally through a similar molecular behavior in complement-dependent cytolysis.", "contents": "Chemical evidence for common genetic ancestry of complement components C3 and C5. Sequence studies reveal a marked similarity between the partial primary structures of human C3a and C5a anaphylatoxins. Eight of the first 25 residues are identical when threonine at position 1 in C5a is aligned with glutamine at position 3 in C3a and one gap is inserted in the C3a sequence. A unique cysteinyl-cysteine sequence is conserved in the 2 molecules, which further suggests a genetic relatedness. Computer-generated alignment scores from comparison of the NH2-terminal portions of human C3a and C5a exceeded by 4 standard deviations the score from random permutations of these same sequences. This sequence similarity between the two anaphylatoxins suggests that the respective precursors, C3 and C5, had a common genetic ancestry. The proposed genetic relationship between C3 and C5 may express itself functionally through a similar molecular behavior in complement-dependent cytolysis.", "PMID": 838746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3409", "title": "Stability of glycolytic enzymes of human erythrocytes.", "content": "The stability of various glycolytic enzymes of human erythrocytes has been studied by the mechanical shaking method. The rate of denaturation apparently followed first order kinetics. The t1/2, the shaking time required to denature 50% of the original activity, for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase was less than 1 min; that for hexokinase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and monophosphoglyceromutase was between 2 and 13 min; that for all the other enzymes was more than 30 min. Since the t1/2 value for each enzyme is highly reproducible if the shaking conditions are kept constant, these parameters may be used as an indicator of protein stability in solution. The mechanical denaturation method may also be used to remove unstable components from a mixture of proteins with different stabilities.", "contents": "Stability of glycolytic enzymes of human erythrocytes. The stability of various glycolytic enzymes of human erythrocytes has been studied by the mechanical shaking method. The rate of denaturation apparently followed first order kinetics. The t1/2, the shaking time required to denature 50% of the original activity, for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase was less than 1 min; that for hexokinase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and monophosphoglyceromutase was between 2 and 13 min; that for all the other enzymes was more than 30 min. Since the t1/2 value for each enzyme is highly reproducible if the shaking conditions are kept constant, these parameters may be used as an indicator of protein stability in solution. The mechanical denaturation method may also be used to remove unstable components from a mixture of proteins with different stabilities.", "PMID": 838747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3410", "title": "Pseudosequestration.", "content": "Three children with radiologic findings consistent with right-sided pulmonary sequestration were found at surgery to have a defect in the right hemidiaphragm which permitted a portion of normal liver to herniate into the chest and was associated with an anomalous systemic circulation to the right lower lobe. We refer to this abnormality as \"pseudosequestration\" and feel it is related to true pulmonary sequestration within the sequestration spectrum.", "contents": "Pseudosequestration. Three children with radiologic findings consistent with right-sided pulmonary sequestration were found at surgery to have a defect in the right hemidiaphragm which permitted a portion of normal liver to herniate into the chest and was associated with an anomalous systemic circulation to the right lower lobe. We refer to this abnormality as \"pseudosequestration\" and feel it is related to true pulmonary sequestration within the sequestration spectrum.", "PMID": 838752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3411", "title": "Radiology services for one million people (1974 Diagnostic Radiology Services in the Province of Manitoba).", "content": "For the year 1974, in Manitoba, 905,586 x-ray examinations were performed. The services were provided in 154 facilities, using 332 x-ray units, conducted by 566.6 full-time equivalent individuals, at a cost of $11,117,183. The examinations per capita have increased from 0.52 to 0.86 in the past decade while the cost per examination rose only from $11.00 to $12.63.", "contents": "Radiology services for one million people (1974 Diagnostic Radiology Services in the Province of Manitoba). For the year 1974, in Manitoba, 905,586 x-ray examinations were performed. The services were provided in 154 facilities, using 332 x-ray units, conducted by 566.6 full-time equivalent individuals, at a cost of $11,117,183. The examinations per capita have increased from 0.52 to 0.86 in the past decade while the cost per examination rose only from $11.00 to $12.63.", "PMID": 838754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3412", "title": "[Atypical achondrogenesis. Review of the literature apropos of 2 cases].", "content": "The authors describe two cases of a minor form of achondrogenesis. This form has not been published previously. A discussion of the different possibilities of differential diagnosis follows.", "contents": "[Atypical achondrogenesis. Review of the literature apropos of 2 cases]. The authors describe two cases of a minor form of achondrogenesis. This form has not been published previously. A discussion of the different possibilities of differential diagnosis follows.", "PMID": 838755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3413", "title": "Ureteropelvic junction obstruction in the adult.", "content": "Cases of ureteropelvic (UP) obstruction presenting for the first time in the adult were analyzed and etiologic factors considered. Besides idiopathic causes, calculi and neoplasm were found in our series. Comparison with other reports of UP obstruction in pediatric patients revealed differences pertaining to mode of clinical presentation, sex predominance and incidence of neoplasm occuring at the UP junction in the adult.", "contents": "Ureteropelvic junction obstruction in the adult. Cases of ureteropelvic (UP) obstruction presenting for the first time in the adult were analyzed and etiologic factors considered. Besides idiopathic causes, calculi and neoplasm were found in our series. Comparison with other reports of UP obstruction in pediatric patients revealed differences pertaining to mode of clinical presentation, sex predominance and incidence of neoplasm occuring at the UP junction in the adult.", "PMID": 838756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3414", "title": "Lymphocyte transformation in lung  cancer patients.", "content": "Lymphocyte mitogen transformation has been studied before and after treatment with sugery and radiation in lung cancer patients, in surgically treated patients with non-malignant lesions, and in healthy persons. We have shown a fall in lymphocyte response following operation, even in patients with benign lesions. Patients with cancer have a lymphocyte response which is depressed following operation more than the patients with benign lesions. Following cobalt irradiation there is a further fall in response. We were not able to identify a factor in the serum of patient with depressed lymphocyte transfromation which affected lymphocyte response to Phytohemagglutinin. A recovery in response towards pre-treatment levels occurs earliest in patients with benign lesions. In the patients who had not received irradiation, lymphocyte transformation did not have any prognostic value. In patients with advancing cancer, who ultimately die following irradiation, there is no recovery of response. This lack of recovery signals a very poor prognosis.", "contents": "Lymphocyte transformation in lung  cancer patients. Lymphocyte mitogen transformation has been studied before and after treatment with sugery and radiation in lung cancer patients, in surgically treated patients with non-malignant lesions, and in healthy persons. We have shown a fall in lymphocyte response following operation, even in patients with benign lesions. Patients with cancer have a lymphocyte response which is depressed following operation more than the patients with benign lesions. Following cobalt irradiation there is a further fall in response. We were not able to identify a factor in the serum of patient with depressed lymphocyte transfromation which affected lymphocyte response to Phytohemagglutinin. A recovery in response towards pre-treatment levels occurs earliest in patients with benign lesions. In the patients who had not received irradiation, lymphocyte transformation did not have any prognostic value. In patients with advancing cancer, who ultimately die following irradiation, there is no recovery of response. This lack of recovery signals a very poor prognosis.", "PMID": 838757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3415", "title": "Telephone line transmission of rectilinear radionuclide scans. Report of a pilot project.", "content": "The General Electric-Elscint system for telephone line transmission of rectillinear scans has been tested and with certain limitations found to be acceptable in terms of diagnostic accuracy for many scan procedures. The system tested had some logistic disadvantage requiring batch processing of the scans, and making quality control of the scans difficult with the one video data processor available at the reference centre.", "contents": "Telephone line transmission of rectilinear radionuclide scans. Report of a pilot project. The General Electric-Elscint system for telephone line transmission of rectillinear scans has been tested and with certain limitations found to be acceptable in terms of diagnostic accuracy for many scan procedures. The system tested had some logistic disadvantage requiring batch processing of the scans, and making quality control of the scans difficult with the one video data processor available at the reference centre.", "PMID": 838758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3416", "title": "Diagnosis of rotator cuff tear on routine radiographs.", "content": "Routine shoulder radiographs were reviewed in 42 patients with proven rotator cuff tears and in 38 patients in whom a rotator cuff tear had been excluded by shoulder arthrography. Five radiographic findings were identified which were commonly associated with a rotator cuff tear. One or more of these findings were seen in 90.4% of those patients with a rotator cuff tear. These findings were not specific and were also seen in 64.3% of those patients with a frozen shoulder.", "contents": "Diagnosis of rotator cuff tear on routine radiographs. Routine shoulder radiographs were reviewed in 42 patients with proven rotator cuff tears and in 38 patients in whom a rotator cuff tear had been excluded by shoulder arthrography. Five radiographic findings were identified which were commonly associated with a rotator cuff tear. One or more of these findings were seen in 90.4% of those patients with a rotator cuff tear. These findings were not specific and were also seen in 64.3% of those patients with a frozen shoulder.", "PMID": 838759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3417", "title": "Precocious onset of Paget's disease--a report of three cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Paget's disease generally has its onset in mid-adult life, however cases are known to occur in young adults, albeit rare. Three patients with precocious onset of Paget's disease are reported and the literature is reviewed. The classical radiographic appearance of Paget's disease of bone is described.", "contents": "Precocious onset of Paget's disease--a report of three cases and review of the literature. Paget's disease generally has its onset in mid-adult life, however cases are known to occur in young adults, albeit rare. Three patients with precocious onset of Paget's disease are reported and the literature is reviewed. The classical radiographic appearance of Paget's disease of bone is described.", "PMID": 838761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3418", "title": "\"Brown tumor\" of hyperparathyroidism induced with anticonvulsant medication.", "content": "A case history is presented of a 50-year-old epileptic receiving massive dose of phenobarbital and small doses of dilantin. Following a minor injury to her forearm a \"brown tumor\" of hyperparathyroidism and osteomalacia, both of which responded to vitamin D.A review of the literature is given; this is the second case reported which documents hyperparathyroidism under such circumstances, and the first to show radiographs of such changes. Radiologists should be aware of the possibility of these changes in patients on long-term anticonvulsants.", "contents": "\"Brown tumor\" of hyperparathyroidism induced with anticonvulsant medication. A case history is presented of a 50-year-old epileptic receiving massive dose of phenobarbital and small doses of dilantin. Following a minor injury to her forearm a \"brown tumor\" of hyperparathyroidism and osteomalacia, both of which responded to vitamin D.A review of the literature is given; this is the second case reported which documents hyperparathyroidism under such circumstances, and the first to show radiographs of such changes. Radiologists should be aware of the possibility of these changes in patients on long-term anticonvulsants.", "PMID": 838762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3419", "title": "[Pyelocalyceal submucosal hemorrhage in a child treated with oral anticoagulants].", "content": "A 15 1/2-year-old girl with disseminated lupus erythematosus presented with acute flank pain and hematuria during oral anticoagulant therapy for thrombophlebitis of the lower extremities. The intravenous pyelogram demonstrated multiple filling defects of the renal collecting system interpreted as pyelocalyceal submocosal hemorrhage. This benign complication disappeared following adjustment of the anticoagulant therapy. An identical appearance has been described in a case of aplastic anemia, Henoch-Schonlein purpupa, and in renal truma. Submocosal hemorrhage of the renal collecting system is to be differentiated from pyeloureteritis cystca, uroepithelial tumor, vascular impressions from collateral circulation and submucosal edema.", "contents": "[Pyelocalyceal submucosal hemorrhage in a child treated with oral anticoagulants]. A 15 1/2-year-old girl with disseminated lupus erythematosus presented with acute flank pain and hematuria during oral anticoagulant therapy for thrombophlebitis of the lower extremities. The intravenous pyelogram demonstrated multiple filling defects of the renal collecting system interpreted as pyelocalyceal submocosal hemorrhage. This benign complication disappeared following adjustment of the anticoagulant therapy. An identical appearance has been described in a case of aplastic anemia, Henoch-Schonlein purpupa, and in renal truma. Submocosal hemorrhage of the renal collecting system is to be differentiated from pyeloureteritis cystca, uroepithelial tumor, vascular impressions from collateral circulation and submucosal edema.", "PMID": 838763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3420", "title": "Bilateral intrathoracic meningoceles.", "content": "Bilateral intrathoracic meningoceles are reported in a 22-year-old man with a family history of neurofibromatosis. Clinical evaluation and conventional radiography are inadequate to differentiate intrathoracic meningocele from other posterior mediastinal masses, especially dumbbell neurofibroma. Myelography is the diagnostic procedure of choice.", "contents": "Bilateral intrathoracic meningoceles. Bilateral intrathoracic meningoceles are reported in a 22-year-old man with a family history of neurofibromatosis. Clinical evaluation and conventional radiography are inadequate to differentiate intrathoracic meningocele from other posterior mediastinal masses, especially dumbbell neurofibroma. Myelography is the diagnostic procedure of choice.", "PMID": 838764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3421", "title": "A simple device for testing the accuracy of x-ray timers.", "content": "A simple device for testing the accuracy of x-ray timers uses a portable record player whose turntable spins the film cassette beneath the lid on which lead shielding protects the film except for a tiny pin-hole through which the exposures  are made. Multiple exposures of different times of the reproducibility of one time setting can all be made on one film.", "contents": "A simple device for testing the accuracy of x-ray timers. A simple device for testing the accuracy of x-ray timers uses a portable record player whose turntable spins the film cassette beneath the lid on which lead shielding protects the film except for a tiny pin-hole through which the exposures  are made. Multiple exposures of different times of the reproducibility of one time setting can all be made on one film.", "PMID": 838765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3422", "title": "Ultrastructural and histochemical differences in cell surface properties of strain-specific and nonstrain-specific TA3 adenocarcinoma cells.", "content": "Transmission and scanning electron microscopy and histochemical and biochemical methods were used to investigate differences in cell structure and cell surface properties between the strain-specific TA3-St and nonstrain-specific TA3-Ha ascites sublines of the TA3 murine mammary adenocarcinoma. The TA3-St subline is lethal only to the syngeneic strain A mouse (the strain of origin), whereas the TA3-Ha subline is lethal even to foreign species. In contrast to the TA3-St cell surface, which has numerous folds and irregular microprojections, the TA3-Ha cell has abundant long microvilli of uniform dimensions. An extensive cell surface coat which resembles the \"fuzz\" coat found on microvilli of normal epithelium was present on the TA3-Ha, but not on the TA3-St cells. After routine fixation, the surface coat of the TA3-Ha cell usually appeared as a filamentous network extending 30-50 nm from the plasmalemma; occasionally, longer filamentous or rod-like structures were found extending 200-400 nm from the plasmalemma. The cell coat material was more extensive on the microvilli than on the intermicrovillous membranes. Free virus-like particles associated with TA3-Ha cells have a similar-appearing surface coat on their outer membranes. The density of surface anionic sites, determined with polycationic ferritin, was greater on the TA3-Ha than on the TA3-St cell surface, consistent with the presence at the TA3-Ha cell surface of several-fold more neuraminidase-susceptible sialic acid groups. The observed surface features of the nonstrain-specific TA3-Ha cell, in comparison to the strain-specific TA3-St cell, are consistent with the suggestion that sialic acid-rich glycoproteins at the TA3-Ha cell surface mask histocompatibility antigens and enhance the ability of malignant cells to invade foreign species.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and histochemical differences in cell surface properties of strain-specific and nonstrain-specific TA3 adenocarcinoma cells. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy and histochemical and biochemical methods were used to investigate differences in cell structure and cell surface properties between the strain-specific TA3-St and nonstrain-specific TA3-Ha ascites sublines of the TA3 murine mammary adenocarcinoma. The TA3-St subline is lethal only to the syngeneic strain A mouse (the strain of origin), whereas the TA3-Ha subline is lethal even to foreign species. In contrast to the TA3-St cell surface, which has numerous folds and irregular microprojections, the TA3-Ha cell has abundant long microvilli of uniform dimensions. An extensive cell surface coat which resembles the \"fuzz\" coat found on microvilli of normal epithelium was present on the TA3-Ha, but not on the TA3-St cells. After routine fixation, the surface coat of the TA3-Ha cell usually appeared as a filamentous network extending 30-50 nm from the plasmalemma; occasionally, longer filamentous or rod-like structures were found extending 200-400 nm from the plasmalemma. The cell coat material was more extensive on the microvilli than on the intermicrovillous membranes. Free virus-like particles associated with TA3-Ha cells have a similar-appearing surface coat on their outer membranes. The density of surface anionic sites, determined with polycationic ferritin, was greater on the TA3-Ha than on the TA3-St cell surface, consistent with the presence at the TA3-Ha cell surface of several-fold more neuraminidase-susceptible sialic acid groups. The observed surface features of the nonstrain-specific TA3-Ha cell, in comparison to the strain-specific TA3-St cell, are consistent with the suggestion that sialic acid-rich glycoproteins at the TA3-Ha cell surface mask histocompatibility antigens and enhance the ability of malignant cells to invade foreign species.", "PMID": 838766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3423", "title": "Mobility of ribosomes bound to microsomal membranes. A freeze-etch and thin-section electron microscope study of the structure and fluidity of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "The lateral mobility of ribosomes bound to rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) membranes was demonstrated under experimental conditions. High-salt-washed rough microsomes were treated with pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase) to cleave the mRNA of bound polyribosomes and allow the movement of individual bound ribosomesmfreeze-etch and thin-section electron microscopy demonstrated that, when rough microsomes were treated with RNase at 4 degrees C and then maintained at this temperature until fixation, the bound ribosomes retained their homogeneous distribution on the microsomal surface. However, when RNase-treated rough microsomes were brought to 24 degrees C, a temperature above the thermotropic phase transition of the microsomal phospholipids, bound ribosomes were no longer distributed homogeneously but, instead, formed large, tightly packed aggregates on the microsomal surface. Bound polyribosomes could also be aggregated by treating rough microsomes with antibodies raised against large ribosomal subunit proteins. In these experiments, extensive cross-linking of ribosomes from adjacent microsomes also occurred, and large ribosome-free membrane areas were produced. Sedimentation analysis in sucrose density gradients demonstrated that the RNase treatment did not release bound ribosomes from the membranes; however, the aggregated ribosomes remain capable of peptide bond synthesis and were released by puromycin. It is proposed that the formation of ribosomal aggregates on the microsomal surface results from the lateral displacement of ribosomes along with their attached binding sites, nascent polypeptide chains, and other associated membrane proteins; The inhibition of ribosome mobility after maintaining rough microsomes at 4 degrees C after RNase, or antibody, treatment suggests that the ribosome binding sites are integral membrane proteins and that their mobility is controlled by the fluidity of the RER membrane. Examination of the hydrophobic interior of microsomal membranes by the freeze-fracture technique revealed the presence of homogeneously distributed 105-A intramembrane particles in control rough microsomes. However, aggregation of ribosomes by RNase, or their removal by treatment with puromycin, led to a redistribution of the particles into large aggregates on the cytoplasmic fracture face, leaving large particle-free regions.", "contents": "Mobility of ribosomes bound to microsomal membranes. A freeze-etch and thin-section electron microscope study of the structure and fluidity of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The lateral mobility of ribosomes bound to rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) membranes was demonstrated under experimental conditions. High-salt-washed rough microsomes were treated with pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase) to cleave the mRNA of bound polyribosomes and allow the movement of individual bound ribosomesmfreeze-etch and thin-section electron microscopy demonstrated that, when rough microsomes were treated with RNase at 4 degrees C and then maintained at this temperature until fixation, the bound ribosomes retained their homogeneous distribution on the microsomal surface. However, when RNase-treated rough microsomes were brought to 24 degrees C, a temperature above the thermotropic phase transition of the microsomal phospholipids, bound ribosomes were no longer distributed homogeneously but, instead, formed large, tightly packed aggregates on the microsomal surface. Bound polyribosomes could also be aggregated by treating rough microsomes with antibodies raised against large ribosomal subunit proteins. In these experiments, extensive cross-linking of ribosomes from adjacent microsomes also occurred, and large ribosome-free membrane areas were produced. Sedimentation analysis in sucrose density gradients demonstrated that the RNase treatment did not release bound ribosomes from the membranes; however, the aggregated ribosomes remain capable of peptide bond synthesis and were released by puromycin. It is proposed that the formation of ribosomal aggregates on the microsomal surface results from the lateral displacement of ribosomes along with their attached binding sites, nascent polypeptide chains, and other associated membrane proteins; The inhibition of ribosome mobility after maintaining rough microsomes at 4 degrees C after RNase, or antibody, treatment suggests that the ribosome binding sites are integral membrane proteins and that their mobility is controlled by the fluidity of the RER membrane. Examination of the hydrophobic interior of microsomal membranes by the freeze-fracture technique revealed the presence of homogeneously distributed 105-A intramembrane particles in control rough microsomes. However, aggregation of ribosomes by RNase, or their removal by treatment with puromycin, led to a redistribution of the particles into large aggregates on the cytoplasmic fracture face, leaving large particle-free regions.", "PMID": 838767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3424", "title": "Ultrastructure of blebbing and phagocytosis of blebs by hyperplastic thyroid epithelial cells in vivo.", "content": "In addition to pseudopods, somewhat pleomorphic blebs were consistently found protruding from the apical surfaces of hyperplastic rat thyroid epithelial cells into the follicular lumens in vivo. Many blebs were knobby, roughly hemispherical protrusions, with a diameter of 2-3 mum. Such blebs had a densely packed microfilamentous core and contained numerous apparent ribosomes. They were morphologically similar to blebs that have been observed in a variety of cultured cells. Other blebs were larger, more elongate, and less knobby, but had a similar ultrastructural organization. Blebs of all sizes appeared to be phagocytosed on some occasions by nearby epithelial cells. The phagocytic process involved partial engulfment of the bleb by a typical epithelial pseudopod, followed by an apparent pinching-off process, presumably resulting in the separation of the bleb from its cells or origin. The pinching-off process was associated with a band of approx. 6-nm diameter microfilaments that developed within the pseudopod cytoplasm surrounding the base of the bleb and is postulated to function as a contractile ring. The finding of blebbing is an intact tissue in vivo indicates that this phenomenon is not restricted to cultured cells, and thus tends to extend the significance of in vitro observations of the process. In relation to their occurrence in the hyperplastic thyroid gland in vivo, possible interconversions are considered between different types of blebs, and between blebs and pseudopods.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of blebbing and phagocytosis of blebs by hyperplastic thyroid epithelial cells in vivo. In addition to pseudopods, somewhat pleomorphic blebs were consistently found protruding from the apical surfaces of hyperplastic rat thyroid epithelial cells into the follicular lumens in vivo. Many blebs were knobby, roughly hemispherical protrusions, with a diameter of 2-3 mum. Such blebs had a densely packed microfilamentous core and contained numerous apparent ribosomes. They were morphologically similar to blebs that have been observed in a variety of cultured cells. Other blebs were larger, more elongate, and less knobby, but had a similar ultrastructural organization. Blebs of all sizes appeared to be phagocytosed on some occasions by nearby epithelial cells. The phagocytic process involved partial engulfment of the bleb by a typical epithelial pseudopod, followed by an apparent pinching-off process, presumably resulting in the separation of the bleb from its cells or origin. The pinching-off process was associated with a band of approx. 6-nm diameter microfilaments that developed within the pseudopod cytoplasm surrounding the base of the bleb and is postulated to function as a contractile ring. The finding of blebbing is an intact tissue in vivo indicates that this phenomenon is not restricted to cultured cells, and thus tends to extend the significance of in vitro observations of the process. In relation to their occurrence in the hyperplastic thyroid gland in vivo, possible interconversions are considered between different types of blebs, and between blebs and pseudopods.", "PMID": 838768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3425", "title": "Daughter 3T3 cells. Are they mirror images of each other?", "content": "Using a new technique to visualize the tracks of moving 3T3 cells and combining it with the visualization of actin-containing microfilament bundles by indirect immunofluorescence (Lazarides, E. and K. Weber. 1974, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71:2268-2272), I present experiments which suggest that: (a) 30-40%  of the pairs of daughter 3T3 mouse fibroblasts in noncloned cultures have mirror symmetrical actin-bundle patterns. (b) The angle between separating daughter cells is approx. 90 degrees or 180 degrees and seems related to the directions of certain actin-containing bundles. (c) Approximately 40% of separately moving daughter cells which did not collide with any other cell in the culture performed directional changes in a mirror symmetrical way. Both daughter cells entered the next mitosis at approximately the same time. I suggest that the actin-bundle pattern, the angle of separation, major directional changes during interphase, and the time of the next mitosis are predetermined by the parental cell.", "contents": "Daughter 3T3 cells. Are they mirror images of each other? Using a new technique to visualize the tracks of moving 3T3 cells and combining it with the visualization of actin-containing microfilament bundles by indirect immunofluorescence (Lazarides, E. and K. Weber. 1974, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71:2268-2272), I present experiments which suggest that: (a) 30-40%  of the pairs of daughter 3T3 mouse fibroblasts in noncloned cultures have mirror symmetrical actin-bundle patterns. (b) The angle between separating daughter cells is approx. 90 degrees or 180 degrees and seems related to the directions of certain actin-containing bundles. (c) Approximately 40% of separately moving daughter cells which did not collide with any other cell in the culture performed directional changes in a mirror symmetrical way. Both daughter cells entered the next mitosis at approximately the same time. I suggest that the actin-bundle pattern, the angle of separation, major directional changes during interphase, and the time of the next mitosis are predetermined by the parental cell.", "PMID": 838769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3426", "title": "Gap junctions. Structural changes after uncoupling procedures.", "content": "The freeze-fracture appearance of rat stomach and liver gap junctions changes after uncoupling procedures such as inhibition of the metabolism of perfusion with hypertonic sucrose. In control stomach, either fixed immediately or kept for 1 h in a well-oxygenated Tyrode's solution at 37 degrees C, most gap junctions between mucous cells contain particles irregularly packed at an average center-to-center spacing of 10.3-10.5 nm. After 1-h treatment with 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), at the same temperature and oxygenation, most particles aggregate hexagonally at an average spacing of approximately 8.5 nm. Similar changes are seen in hypoxic specimens. In control liver, fixed by perfusion, most junctional particles are irregularly packed at an average center-to-center spacing of approximately 10 mm. Small areas of fairly regular hexagonal packing are occasionally seen, where the average particle spacing is 9.2-9.5 nm. In hypoxic liver, the junctional particles form regular hexagonal packings in which the average center-to-center particle spacing is approximately 8.5 nm. In liver perfused with hypertonic sucrose-calcium solutions, following EDTA solutions, most junctions are pulled apart. The separated junctional membranes, expected to be highly impermeable, contain particles regularly and tightly packed as in hypoxic or DNP-treated junctions. Preliminary measurements indicate also a possible change in particle diameter, from approximately 8.6 nm (control) to approximately 7.7 nm (treated). The structural changes are similar to those previously reported in crayfish and may reflect conformational changes in particle subunits resulting in functional uncoupling.", "contents": "Gap junctions. Structural changes after uncoupling procedures. The freeze-fracture appearance of rat stomach and liver gap junctions changes after uncoupling procedures such as inhibition of the metabolism of perfusion with hypertonic sucrose. In control stomach, either fixed immediately or kept for 1 h in a well-oxygenated Tyrode's solution at 37 degrees C, most gap junctions between mucous cells contain particles irregularly packed at an average center-to-center spacing of 10.3-10.5 nm. After 1-h treatment with 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), at the same temperature and oxygenation, most particles aggregate hexagonally at an average spacing of approximately 8.5 nm. Similar changes are seen in hypoxic specimens. In control liver, fixed by perfusion, most junctional particles are irregularly packed at an average center-to-center spacing of approximately 10 mm. Small areas of fairly regular hexagonal packing are occasionally seen, where the average particle spacing is 9.2-9.5 nm. In hypoxic liver, the junctional particles form regular hexagonal packings in which the average center-to-center particle spacing is approximately 8.5 nm. In liver perfused with hypertonic sucrose-calcium solutions, following EDTA solutions, most junctions are pulled apart. The separated junctional membranes, expected to be highly impermeable, contain particles regularly and tightly packed as in hypoxic or DNP-treated junctions. Preliminary measurements indicate also a possible change in particle diameter, from approximately 8.6 nm (control) to approximately 7.7 nm (treated). The structural changes are similar to those previously reported in crayfish and may reflect conformational changes in particle subunits resulting in functional uncoupling.", "PMID": 838770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3427", "title": "Freeze-fracture studies of the developing cell surface. I. The plasmalemma of the corneal fibroblast.", "content": "The freeze-fracture technique was used to study changes in the corneal fibroblast cell membrane during morphogenesis in chick embryos. Fibroblasts migrate into the acellular primary corneal stroma on day 6 of embryogenesis, moving between the orthogonal layers of collagen fibrils which serve as their substratum. Morphometric analysis of the intramembrane particles (IMP) reveals their concentration on the P face to decrease from 756 to 534/mum2 from day 6 to day 14. After day 14, fibroblast migration and cell division cease and the stroma condenses due to dehydration, so that by day 18 all of the layers of fibroblasts are extremely flattened and the cornea has taken on its mature, transparent form. The cell membranes of the terminally differentiated, highly compacted fibroblasts are rich in IMP (1,300/MUM2, P face). In seeking to relate the particle increase to cell differentiation, we analyzed synthetic events taking place at this time, but no correlation, we analyzed synthetic events taking place at this time, but no correlation with 25SO4 or proline-3H incorporation was found. The event which seems best correlated with the doubling of P face particles between days 15 and 18 is the dehydration and condensation of the stroma, an event which is associated with cessation of both cell division and migration. Thyroxine stimulates premature condensation of the stroma, whereas thiouracil delays condensation, but neither of these treatments affects IMP concentration. Interestingly, IMP concentration on the filopodia of migrating fibroblasts is similar to that on the cell bodies, suggesting that the new membrane has the same composition as the pre-existing membrane. Observations are also presented on tight and gap junctions between fibroblasts and on the relation of extracellular matrix to the outer etched surface of the fibroblast plasmalemma.", "contents": "Freeze-fracture studies of the developing cell surface. I. The plasmalemma of the corneal fibroblast. The freeze-fracture technique was used to study changes in the corneal fibroblast cell membrane during morphogenesis in chick embryos. Fibroblasts migrate into the acellular primary corneal stroma on day 6 of embryogenesis, moving between the orthogonal layers of collagen fibrils which serve as their substratum. Morphometric analysis of the intramembrane particles (IMP) reveals their concentration on the P face to decrease from 756 to 534/mum2 from day 6 to day 14. After day 14, fibroblast migration and cell division cease and the stroma condenses due to dehydration, so that by day 18 all of the layers of fibroblasts are extremely flattened and the cornea has taken on its mature, transparent form. The cell membranes of the terminally differentiated, highly compacted fibroblasts are rich in IMP (1,300/MUM2, P face). In seeking to relate the particle increase to cell differentiation, we analyzed synthetic events taking place at this time, but no correlation, we analyzed synthetic events taking place at this time, but no correlation with 25SO4 or proline-3H incorporation was found. The event which seems best correlated with the doubling of P face particles between days 15 and 18 is the dehydration and condensation of the stroma, an event which is associated with cessation of both cell division and migration. Thyroxine stimulates premature condensation of the stroma, whereas thiouracil delays condensation, but neither of these treatments affects IMP concentration. Interestingly, IMP concentration on the filopodia of migrating fibroblasts is similar to that on the cell bodies, suggesting that the new membrane has the same composition as the pre-existing membrane. Observations are also presented on tight and gap junctions between fibroblasts and on the relation of extracellular matrix to the outer etched surface of the fibroblast plasmalemma.", "PMID": 838771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3428", "title": "Two fractions of rough endoplasmic reticulum from rat liver. I. Recovery of rapidly sedimenting endoplasmic reticulum in association with mitochondria.", "content": "Low-speed centrifugation (640 g) of rat liver homogenates, prepared with a standard ionic medium, yielded a pellet from which a rapidly sedimenting fraction of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RSER) was recovered free of nuclei. This fraction contained 20-25% of cellular RNA and approximately 30% of total glucose-6-phosphatase (ER marker) activity. A major portion of total cytochrome c oxidase (mitochondrial marker) activity was also recovered in this fraction, with the remainder sedimenting between 640 and 6,000 g. Evidence is provided which indicates that RSER may be intimately associated with mitochondria. Complete dissociation of ER from mitochondria in the RSER fraction required very harsh conditions. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation analysis revealed that 95% dissociation could be achieved when the RSER fraction was first resuspended in buffer containing 500 mM KCl and 20 mM EDTA, and subjected to shearing. Excluding KCl, EDTA, or shearing from the procedure resulted in incomplete separation. Both electron microscopy and marker enzyme analysis of mitochondria purified by this procedure indicated that some structural damage and leakage of proteins from matrix and intermembrane compartments had occurred. Nevertheless, when mitochondria from RSER and postnuclear 6,000-g pellet fractions were purified in this way fromanimals injected with [35S]methionine +/- cycloheximide, mitochondria from the postnuclear 6,000-g pellet were found to incorporate approximately two times more cytoplasmically synthesized radioactive protein per milligram mitochondrial protein (or per unit cytochrome c oxidase activity) than did mitochondria from the RSER fraction. Mitochondria-RSER associations, therefore, do not appear to facilitate enhanced incorporation of mitochondrial proteins which are newly synthesized in the cytoplasm.", "contents": "Two fractions of rough endoplasmic reticulum from rat liver. I. Recovery of rapidly sedimenting endoplasmic reticulum in association with mitochondria. Low-speed centrifugation (640 g) of rat liver homogenates, prepared with a standard ionic medium, yielded a pellet from which a rapidly sedimenting fraction of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RSER) was recovered free of nuclei. This fraction contained 20-25% of cellular RNA and approximately 30% of total glucose-6-phosphatase (ER marker) activity. A major portion of total cytochrome c oxidase (mitochondrial marker) activity was also recovered in this fraction, with the remainder sedimenting between 640 and 6,000 g. Evidence is provided which indicates that RSER may be intimately associated with mitochondria. Complete dissociation of ER from mitochondria in the RSER fraction required very harsh conditions. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation analysis revealed that 95% dissociation could be achieved when the RSER fraction was first resuspended in buffer containing 500 mM KCl and 20 mM EDTA, and subjected to shearing. Excluding KCl, EDTA, or shearing from the procedure resulted in incomplete separation. Both electron microscopy and marker enzyme analysis of mitochondria purified by this procedure indicated that some structural damage and leakage of proteins from matrix and intermembrane compartments had occurred. Nevertheless, when mitochondria from RSER and postnuclear 6,000-g pellet fractions were purified in this way fromanimals injected with [35S]methionine +/- cycloheximide, mitochondria from the postnuclear 6,000-g pellet were found to incorporate approximately two times more cytoplasmically synthesized radioactive protein per milligram mitochondrial protein (or per unit cytochrome c oxidase activity) than did mitochondria from the RSER fraction. Mitochondria-RSER associations, therefore, do not appear to facilitate enhanced incorporation of mitochondrial proteins which are newly synthesized in the cytoplasm.", "PMID": 838772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3429", "title": "Two fractions of rough endoplasmic reticulum from rat liver. II. Cytoplasmic messenger RNA's which code for albumin and mitochondrial proteins are distributed differently between the two fractions.", "content": "Subcellular fractions were obtained from rat liver homogenates under conditions which prevented degradation of polysomes (pH 8.5 and high ionic strength). Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) was recovered in high yields from a low-speed nuclear pellet (rapidly sedimenting endoplasmic reticulum, RSER) and from a postmitochondrial supernate (rough microsomes). The polysomal RNA content of these two fractions was very similar. When polyA+-RNA's were translated inthe mRNA-dependent wheat embryo cell-free system, both fractions yielded polypeptide products which had similar electrophoretic patterns on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gels. Activities of messenger RNA's which code for albumin and for polypeptides destined for transport to the inner membrane and matrix of mitochondria (i.e. 'mitoplasts') were assayed by translating in the more active rabbit reticulocyte cell-free system followed by immunoprecipitation of radioactive products and coelectrophoresis with immunoprecipitated marker proteins on SDS-polyacrylamide gels. These tests indicated that albumin mRNA is about equally distributed between the two fractions of RER, or slightly enriched in the RSER fraction when activity is expressed as a percentage of total polypeptide synthesis. Activities of cytoplasmic mRNA's which code for at least some mitoplast proteins could be detected in both fractions, but all were enriched in the rough microsome fraction, not the RSER (two- to threefold when corrected for differences in total polypeptide synthesis in the lysate). Comparisons of mRNA's from free vs. membrane-bound polysomes indicated that most of the albumin mRNA activity (86-91%) and mitoplast protein mRNA activities (75%) were present in the bound fraction. Assuming that RSER and rough microsomes do not derive exclusively from different cells types, the evidence suggests that, compared to albumin and most other membrane-bound mRNA's, cytoplasmic mRNA's coding for mitoplast proteins may be preferentially segregated or compartmentalized within the cell on the microsomal class of RER.", "contents": "Two fractions of rough endoplasmic reticulum from rat liver. II. Cytoplasmic messenger RNA's which code for albumin and mitochondrial proteins are distributed differently between the two fractions. Subcellular fractions were obtained from rat liver homogenates under conditions which prevented degradation of polysomes (pH 8.5 and high ionic strength). Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) was recovered in high yields from a low-speed nuclear pellet (rapidly sedimenting endoplasmic reticulum, RSER) and from a postmitochondrial supernate (rough microsomes). The polysomal RNA content of these two fractions was very similar. When polyA+-RNA's were translated inthe mRNA-dependent wheat embryo cell-free system, both fractions yielded polypeptide products which had similar electrophoretic patterns on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gels. Activities of messenger RNA's which code for albumin and for polypeptides destined for transport to the inner membrane and matrix of mitochondria (i.e. 'mitoplasts') were assayed by translating in the more active rabbit reticulocyte cell-free system followed by immunoprecipitation of radioactive products and coelectrophoresis with immunoprecipitated marker proteins on SDS-polyacrylamide gels. These tests indicated that albumin mRNA is about equally distributed between the two fractions of RER, or slightly enriched in the RSER fraction when activity is expressed as a percentage of total polypeptide synthesis. Activities of cytoplasmic mRNA's which code for at least some mitoplast proteins could be detected in both fractions, but all were enriched in the rough microsome fraction, not the RSER (two- to threefold when corrected for differences in total polypeptide synthesis in the lysate). Comparisons of mRNA's from free vs. membrane-bound polysomes indicated that most of the albumin mRNA activity (86-91%) and mitoplast protein mRNA activities (75%) were present in the bound fraction. Assuming that RSER and rough microsomes do not derive exclusively from different cells types, the evidence suggests that, compared to albumin and most other membrane-bound mRNA's, cytoplasmic mRNA's coding for mitoplast proteins may be preferentially segregated or compartmentalized within the cell on the microsomal class of RER.", "PMID": 838773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3430", "title": "Freeze-fracture of monolayer cultures.", "content": "This paper describes a simple method for the freeze-fracturing of cells in monolayers or multi-layer tissue cultures. The method produces high quality replicas and is applicable to the study of virtually any tissue culture or organ culture system. It uses standard materials and equipment for both tissue culture and freeze-fracturing.", "contents": "Freeze-fracture of monolayer cultures. This paper describes a simple method for the freeze-fracturing of cells in monolayers or multi-layer tissue cultures. The method produces high quality replicas and is applicable to the study of virtually any tissue culture or organ culture system. It uses standard materials and equipment for both tissue culture and freeze-fracturing.", "PMID": 838774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3431", "title": "Secretion of nerve growth factor by central nervous system glioma cells in culture.", "content": "Bacteriophage immunoassays, radioimmunoassays, and biological assays have been used to measure levels of NGF in media conditioned by rat C-6 glioma cells in culture. By all three criteria, these cells secrete a macromolecule which is indistinguishable from mouse submandibular gland NGF.", "contents": "Secretion of nerve growth factor by central nervous system glioma cells in culture. Bacteriophage immunoassays, radioimmunoassays, and biological assays have been used to measure levels of NGF in media conditioned by rat C-6 glioma cells in culture. By all three criteria, these cells secrete a macromolecule which is indistinguishable from mouse submandibular gland NGF.", "PMID": 838775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3432", "title": "Rapid decline thymidine kinase activity during differentiation of Naegleria.", "content": "A logarithmically growing population of Naegleria gruberi differentiate into flagellates synchronously in about 85 to 90 minutes after the stimulation. Using this system, two separate enzymes that phosphorylate thymidine were assayed. Thymidine kinase activity decreases rapidly after the stimulation, while nucleoside phosphotransferase activity remains approximately constant. The possibility that this observed decrease in thymidine kinase activity is due to an expanded thymidine pool or to an increased phosphatase activity has been ruled out. Mixing experiments indicated that there is neither an activator of thymidine kinase in growing cells nor an inhibitor in differentiating cells. Thus, the observed decrease is likely to be due to an inactivation of the enzyme. Addition of actinomycin D or cycloheximide does not prevent the decrease in thymidine kinase activity suggesting that neither transcription nor translation is involved in the putative inactivation of thymidine kinase enzyme. There is very good correlation between the degree (or rate) of decrease in thymidine kinase activity and the percent of cells differentiating into flagellates. Thus, it appears certain that the residual thymidine kinase activity is primarily due to some portion of cells which did not respond to the stimulation and did not differentiate. Since there is an early termination of nuclear DNA synthesis in differentiating Naegeria, the decrease in thymidine activity (but no change in nucleoside phosphotransferase) suggests a correlation between thymidine kinase and DNA synthesis in Naegleria.", "contents": "Rapid decline thymidine kinase activity during differentiation of Naegleria. A logarithmically growing population of Naegleria gruberi differentiate into flagellates synchronously in about 85 to 90 minutes after the stimulation. Using this system, two separate enzymes that phosphorylate thymidine were assayed. Thymidine kinase activity decreases rapidly after the stimulation, while nucleoside phosphotransferase activity remains approximately constant. The possibility that this observed decrease in thymidine kinase activity is due to an expanded thymidine pool or to an increased phosphatase activity has been ruled out. Mixing experiments indicated that there is neither an activator of thymidine kinase in growing cells nor an inhibitor in differentiating cells. Thus, the observed decrease is likely to be due to an inactivation of the enzyme. Addition of actinomycin D or cycloheximide does not prevent the decrease in thymidine kinase activity suggesting that neither transcription nor translation is involved in the putative inactivation of thymidine kinase enzyme. There is very good correlation between the degree (or rate) of decrease in thymidine kinase activity and the percent of cells differentiating into flagellates. Thus, it appears certain that the residual thymidine kinase activity is primarily due to some portion of cells which did not respond to the stimulation and did not differentiate. Since there is an early termination of nuclear DNA synthesis in differentiating Naegeria, the decrease in thymidine activity (but no change in nucleoside phosphotransferase) suggests a correlation between thymidine kinase and DNA synthesis in Naegleria.", "PMID": 838776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3433", "title": "Messenger RNA regulation in humam diploid fibroblasts.", "content": "In resting, non-growing human diploid fibroblasts the amount of rRNA is reduced 1.8-fold, cytoplasmic polysomes are disaggregated, and the level of poly-A RNA (mRNA) is reduced 1.8-fold in relation to growing cells. The distribution of poly-A RNA is altered in resting, non-growing cells so that an average of 64% of the total cytoplasmic poly-A RNA sediments along with particles  lighter than 80S (prepolysomal) in sucrose density gradients. By camparison, in growing cells only 30% of the cytoplasmic poly-A RNA sediments in the prepolysomal region. In SDS sucrose gradients, the sedimentation profile of the prepolysomal poly-A RNA from resting cells resembles that of polysomal poly-A RNA from those cells. In contrast, the average size of prepolysomal poly-A RNA from growing cells is much smaller than that of the polysomal poly-A RNA from those cells. These data are compatible with the possibility that resting cell prepolysomal poly-A is untranslated mRNA. Also consistent with this interpretation are experiments which demonstrate that one-quarter to one-third of the prepolysomal poly-A RNA of resting cells is recruited into polysomes in the presence of of cyoloheximide.", "contents": "Messenger RNA regulation in humam diploid fibroblasts. In resting, non-growing human diploid fibroblasts the amount of rRNA is reduced 1.8-fold, cytoplasmic polysomes are disaggregated, and the level of poly-A RNA (mRNA) is reduced 1.8-fold in relation to growing cells. The distribution of poly-A RNA is altered in resting, non-growing cells so that an average of 64% of the total cytoplasmic poly-A RNA sediments along with particles  lighter than 80S (prepolysomal) in sucrose density gradients. By camparison, in growing cells only 30% of the cytoplasmic poly-A RNA sediments in the prepolysomal region. In SDS sucrose gradients, the sedimentation profile of the prepolysomal poly-A RNA from resting cells resembles that of polysomal poly-A RNA from those cells. In contrast, the average size of prepolysomal poly-A RNA from growing cells is much smaller than that of the polysomal poly-A RNA from those cells. These data are compatible with the possibility that resting cell prepolysomal poly-A is untranslated mRNA. Also consistent with this interpretation are experiments which demonstrate that one-quarter to one-third of the prepolysomal poly-A RNA of resting cells is recruited into polysomes in the presence of of cyoloheximide.", "PMID": 838777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3434", "title": "The effects of erythropoietin in vitro on spleen colony-forming cells.", "content": "Erythropoietin (epo) added to liquid cultures of mouse bone marrow cells effected both the numbers of spleen colony-forming cells (CFU) in the cultures and the types of spleen colonies formed from these cells in irradiated hosts. Epo caused an increase in the number of CFU detected in cultures on the second day; this effect persisted through day 10, with the maximal increase occurring on the seventh day. The magnitude of the rise on day 7 was proportional to the amount of epo added. The increase in spleen colonies found with cells cultured in the presence of epo was due solely to erythroid colonies. After seven days in culture without epo, there was a peak of cells that formed non-erythroid colonies. This peak did not appear when the cells were cultured in the presence of epo.", "contents": "The effects of erythropoietin in vitro on spleen colony-forming cells. Erythropoietin (epo) added to liquid cultures of mouse bone marrow cells effected both the numbers of spleen colony-forming cells (CFU) in the cultures and the types of spleen colonies formed from these cells in irradiated hosts. Epo caused an increase in the number of CFU detected in cultures on the second day; this effect persisted through day 10, with the maximal increase occurring on the seventh day. The magnitude of the rise on day 7 was proportional to the amount of epo added. The increase in spleen colonies found with cells cultured in the presence of epo was due solely to erythroid colonies. After seven days in culture without epo, there was a peak of cells that formed non-erythroid colonies. This peak did not appear when the cells were cultured in the presence of epo.", "PMID": 838778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3435", "title": "Quantitation of mitochondrial DNA, RNA, and protein in starved and starved-refed rat liver.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to investigate the problem of mitochondrial biogenesis in rat liver. The approach consisted of isolating mitochondria from control, 6 day starved and 6 day starved-5 day refed rats and comparing their DNA, RNA and protein content. This was performed by isolating the mitochondria by reorienting rate zonal centrifugation in sucrose gradients. It was found that six days of starvation resulted in a loss of 30% of the body weight, 55% of the liver weight, 40% of the mitochondrial protein, 60% of the mitochondrial RNA, but only 20% of the mitrochondrial DNA. It was also shown that refeeding of the rats for five days resulted in a restoration to normal or near normal levels in all the parameters measured. Further experiments employing the incorporation of 3H-TTP into into isolated mitochondria indicated that the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA was not the result of continuous DNA sythesis.", "contents": "Quantitation of mitochondrial DNA, RNA, and protein in starved and starved-refed rat liver. The purpose of this study was to investigate the problem of mitochondrial biogenesis in rat liver. The approach consisted of isolating mitochondria from control, 6 day starved and 6 day starved-5 day refed rats and comparing their DNA, RNA and protein content. This was performed by isolating the mitochondria by reorienting rate zonal centrifugation in sucrose gradients. It was found that six days of starvation resulted in a loss of 30% of the body weight, 55% of the liver weight, 40% of the mitochondrial protein, 60% of the mitochondrial RNA, but only 20% of the mitrochondrial DNA. It was also shown that refeeding of the rats for five days resulted in a restoration to normal or near normal levels in all the parameters measured. Further experiments employing the incorporation of 3H-TTP into into isolated mitochondria indicated that the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA was not the result of continuous DNA sythesis.", "PMID": 838779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3436", "title": "Accumulation of polyploid cells and G2-phase cells during ascites tumor growth.", "content": "Ehrlich ascites tumor cells from the plateau phase of growth were transplanted into new hosts, pulse-labeled with tritiated thymidine and blocked with repeated injections of vinblastine. When unlabeled cells were analyzed for their cellular DNA content utilizing a cytophotometric technique it was found that in relation to the total number of cells (labeled plus unlabeled), 13% had a 2C DNA content, 36% a 4C DNA content and 5% and 8C DNA content at 0.5 hours after tranplantation. By 24 hours the distributions changed dramatically: the initally unlabeled 2C cells were now 4C, the 36% of the cells that were initially 4C partitioned into 24% that were still 4C and 12% that progressed to 8C, and the initial 8C cells remained 8C. These studies indicate that the accumulation of 4C cells during the plateau phase of growth is due to a combination of G2 diploid and G1 tetraploid cells.", "contents": "Accumulation of polyploid cells and G2-phase cells during ascites tumor growth. Ehrlich ascites tumor cells from the plateau phase of growth were transplanted into new hosts, pulse-labeled with tritiated thymidine and blocked with repeated injections of vinblastine. When unlabeled cells were analyzed for their cellular DNA content utilizing a cytophotometric technique it was found that in relation to the total number of cells (labeled plus unlabeled), 13% had a 2C DNA content, 36% a 4C DNA content and 5% and 8C DNA content at 0.5 hours after tranplantation. By 24 hours the distributions changed dramatically: the initally unlabeled 2C cells were now 4C, the 36% of the cells that were initially 4C partitioned into 24% that were still 4C and 12% that progressed to 8C, and the initial 8C cells remained 8C. These studies indicate that the accumulation of 4C cells during the plateau phase of growth is due to a combination of G2 diploid and G1 tetraploid cells.", "PMID": 838780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3437", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic studies of reactions and structural relationships of steroids. V. Concurrent substitution in the pregnane side-chain and position II.", "content": "Qualitative and quantitative effects of classical reactions on steroids observed by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) under standardized conditions, including the double internal standard technique, are reported. Simple procedures applicable to nanogram amounts of reactants are described. Reactions studied include the conversion of keto groups to hydroxyl groups by NaBH4, and the removal of the pregnane side-chain with NaBiO3. GLC chromatograms readily provide information on effects on functional groups at positions 3, 11, 17, 20, and 21 and the retention times of many steroids unavailable from commercial sources. GLC data analysis provides relationships between steroid structure and retention time from which methods for the computation of retention times and steroid identification are designed. The accuracy of these methods is demonstrated.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic studies of reactions and structural relationships of steroids. V. Concurrent substitution in the pregnane side-chain and position II. Qualitative and quantitative effects of classical reactions on steroids observed by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) under standardized conditions, including the double internal standard technique, are reported. Simple procedures applicable to nanogram amounts of reactants are described. Reactions studied include the conversion of keto groups to hydroxyl groups by NaBH4, and the removal of the pregnane side-chain with NaBiO3. GLC chromatograms readily provide information on effects on functional groups at positions 3, 11, 17, 20, and 21 and the retention times of many steroids unavailable from commercial sources. GLC data analysis provides relationships between steroid structure and retention time from which methods for the computation of retention times and steroid identification are designed. The accuracy of these methods is demonstrated.", "PMID": 838790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3438", "title": "Liquid chromatography of nucleic acid components and their analogues on hydroxyethyl methacrylate gels.", "content": "Spheron hydroxyethyl methacrylate gels are advantageous sorbents for the high-performance liquid chromatography of various nucleic acid components and their analogues. In aqueous media these compounds are reversible sorbed on the surface of the gel. Differences in the sorption characteristics of particular derivatives enable good separations of even relatively complicated mixtures to be achieved.", "contents": "Liquid chromatography of nucleic acid components and their analogues on hydroxyethyl methacrylate gels. Spheron hydroxyethyl methacrylate gels are advantageous sorbents for the high-performance liquid chromatography of various nucleic acid components and their analogues. In aqueous media these compounds are reversible sorbed on the surface of the gel. Differences in the sorption characteristics of particular derivatives enable good separations of even relatively complicated mixtures to be achieved.", "PMID": 838791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3439", "title": "Gas chromatography of methyl glycosides as their tri-methylsilyl ethers. The methanolysis and re-N-acetylation steps.", "content": "Gas chromatographic procedures for the analysis of carbohydrates in glyco-proteins frequently include methanolysis and re-N-acetylation steps. The usual methanolysis conditions were found to result in almost complete conversion of the methanolic HCl into methyl chloride. A neutral solution of methyl chloride in methanol was found capable of releasing fucose, sialic acid, and a portion of the galactose from alpha 1-acid glycoprotein. During the re-N-acetylation of the amino sugars O-acetylation of the alditols commonly employed as internal standards occurs. Addition of the standards after the re-N-acetylation step avoided the problem. The complete procedure for the determination of both neutral and amino sugars has been simplified to involve only one transfer step prior to final gas chromatography.", "contents": "Gas chromatography of methyl glycosides as their tri-methylsilyl ethers. The methanolysis and re-N-acetylation steps. Gas chromatographic procedures for the analysis of carbohydrates in glyco-proteins frequently include methanolysis and re-N-acetylation steps. The usual methanolysis conditions were found to result in almost complete conversion of the methanolic HCl into methyl chloride. A neutral solution of methyl chloride in methanol was found capable of releasing fucose, sialic acid, and a portion of the galactose from alpha 1-acid glycoprotein. During the re-N-acetylation of the amino sugars O-acetylation of the alditols commonly employed as internal standards occurs. Addition of the standards after the re-N-acetylation step avoided the problem. The complete procedure for the determination of both neutral and amino sugars has been simplified to involve only one transfer step prior to final gas chromatography.", "PMID": 838792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3440", "title": "Gas chromatographic separation of diastereoisomeric amino acid derivatives on glass capillaries. THE USE OF PENTAFLUOROPROPIONYL-AMINO ACID (+)-3-METHYL-2-BUTYL ESTERS.", "content": "The separation of diastereoisomeric pentafluoropropionyl-D, L-amino acid (+)-3-methyl-2-butyl esters, including those derived from histidine, arginine and tryptophan, is achieved on glass capillaries. Separation factors of between 1.03 and 1.09 are observed for the derivatives of protein amino acids. The gas chromatographic separation of a mixture of common amino acids usually takes less than 1 h.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic separation of diastereoisomeric amino acid derivatives on glass capillaries. THE USE OF PENTAFLUOROPROPIONYL-AMINO ACID (+)-3-METHYL-2-BUTYL ESTERS. The separation of diastereoisomeric pentafluoropropionyl-D, L-amino acid (+)-3-methyl-2-butyl esters, including those derived from histidine, arginine and tryptophan, is achieved on glass capillaries. Separation factors of between 1.03 and 1.09 are observed for the derivatives of protein amino acids. The gas chromatographic separation of a mixture of common amino acids usually takes less than 1 h.", "PMID": 838793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3441", "title": "Determination of (+)-(3R), (4S)-3-[(4methoxyphenoxy)methyl]-1-methyl-4-phenylpiperidine hydrochloride (FG 4963) in biological fluids using competition for adsorption to glass.", "content": "A procedure has been developed for the gas chromatographic determination of a structurally new 5HT-uptake inhibitor with antidepressant properties (FG 4963) in plasma and urine. The method involves an extraction from alkaline solution with n-pentane, and a quantitative determination by gas chromatography using an internal standard and a nitrogen-sensitive detector. The binding of FG 4963 to glass during storage and evaporation necessitates the addition of a structurally similar compound to the vials used for collection of the blood and urine, in order to compete for the binding sites of the glass. The method is suitable for pharmacokinetic and clinical studies, the sensitivity being ca. 5 ng/ml in plasma and 1 ng/ml in urine and the precision being 10-15% for concentrations greater than 10 ng/ml.", "contents": "Determination of (+)-(3R), (4S)-3-[(4methoxyphenoxy)methyl]-1-methyl-4-phenylpiperidine hydrochloride (FG 4963) in biological fluids using competition for adsorption to glass. A procedure has been developed for the gas chromatographic determination of a structurally new 5HT-uptake inhibitor with antidepressant properties (FG 4963) in plasma and urine. The method involves an extraction from alkaline solution with n-pentane, and a quantitative determination by gas chromatography using an internal standard and a nitrogen-sensitive detector. The binding of FG 4963 to glass during storage and evaporation necessitates the addition of a structurally similar compound to the vials used for collection of the blood and urine, in order to compete for the binding sites of the glass. The method is suitable for pharmacokinetic and clinical studies, the sensitivity being ca. 5 ng/ml in plasma and 1 ng/ml in urine and the precision being 10-15% for concentrations greater than 10 ng/ml.", "PMID": 838794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3442", "title": "Determination of papaverine in blood samples by gas-liquid chromatography and mass fragmentography.", "content": "The measurement of papaverine in blood samples by using either a glass capillary column with a flame-ionization detector or a packed column with mass fragmentographic detection is described. The two methods permit the determination of the normal range of concentrations of papaverine in blood (2-500 ng/ml). Owing to its high specificity, mass fragmentography is greatly superior to capillary chromatography, which is sometimes subject to interferences by solvent impurities.", "contents": "Determination of papaverine in blood samples by gas-liquid chromatography and mass fragmentography. The measurement of papaverine in blood samples by using either a glass capillary column with a flame-ionization detector or a packed column with mass fragmentographic detection is described. The two methods permit the determination of the normal range of concentrations of papaverine in blood (2-500 ng/ml). Owing to its high specificity, mass fragmentography is greatly superior to capillary chromatography, which is sometimes subject to interferences by solvent impurities.", "PMID": 838795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3443", "title": "Determination of debrisoquine and its 4-hydroxy metabolite in biological fluids by gas chromatography with flame-ionization and nitrogen-selective detection.", "content": "Specific methods have been devised for the simultaneous determination of the guanidino-type antihypertensive agent debrisoquine and its 4-hydroxy metabolite in human urine, involving in situ derivatisation with acetylacetone, extraction of the resulting pyrimidines, and gas chromatography using a flame-ionisation detector or a nitrogen-specific detector. Using the latter, a similar procedure was also developed to measure debrisoquine in human plasma and whole blood following prior extraction at pH 13.5 with chloroform. Concentrations down to 3 ng/ml can be measured accurately using a 1.0-ml sample. The methods were applied to the analysis of samples collected after a single 20-mg oral dose of debrisoquine hemisulphate.", "contents": "Determination of debrisoquine and its 4-hydroxy metabolite in biological fluids by gas chromatography with flame-ionization and nitrogen-selective detection. Specific methods have been devised for the simultaneous determination of the guanidino-type antihypertensive agent debrisoquine and its 4-hydroxy metabolite in human urine, involving in situ derivatisation with acetylacetone, extraction of the resulting pyrimidines, and gas chromatography using a flame-ionisation detector or a nitrogen-specific detector. Using the latter, a similar procedure was also developed to measure debrisoquine in human plasma and whole blood following prior extraction at pH 13.5 with chloroform. Concentrations down to 3 ng/ml can be measured accurately using a 1.0-ml sample. The methods were applied to the analysis of samples collected after a single 20-mg oral dose of debrisoquine hemisulphate.", "PMID": 838796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3444", "title": "A nitrosamide-specific detector for use with high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "A highly specific automated method for identification of nitrosamides has been developed for use in conjuction with reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. The method is based on the well-known Griess reagent, and is capable of sensitivities of 0.5 nmoles of injected nitrosamide in most cases. The method may be used for analysis of nitrite, nitrosamides, nitrosocarbamates, and alkylnitrites.", "contents": "A nitrosamide-specific detector for use with high-pressure liquid chromatography. A highly specific automated method for identification of nitrosamides has been developed for use in conjuction with reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. The method is based on the well-known Griess reagent, and is capable of sensitivities of 0.5 nmoles of injected nitrosamide in most cases. The method may be used for analysis of nitrite, nitrosamides, nitrosocarbamates, and alkylnitrites.", "PMID": 838807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3445", "title": "Rapid method for the simultaneous determination of 1,4-dioxan and its major metabolite, beta-hydroxyethoxyacetic acid, concentrations in plasma and urine.", "content": "1,4-Dioxan and its principle metabolite, beta-hydroxyethoxyacetic acid (HEAA), are determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) on a 3% OV-17 column using selected ion monitoring, following the methylation of HEAA directly in plasma or urine without extraction. The recoveries of dioxan from plasma and urine are 98 and 94%, respectively, and the recoveries of HEAA from plasma and urine are 86 and 94%, respectively. The detection limits of 1,4-dioxan in plasma and urine are 0.07 ppm, and the detection limits of HEAA in plasma and urine are 0.5 and 0.1 ppm, respectively. Separate simultaneous measurements of 1,4-dioxan and HEAA methyl ester concentrations in urine and plasma are obtained after the methylation via GC-MS without additional preparation of the samples.", "contents": "Rapid method for the simultaneous determination of 1,4-dioxan and its major metabolite, beta-hydroxyethoxyacetic acid, concentrations in plasma and urine. 1,4-Dioxan and its principle metabolite, beta-hydroxyethoxyacetic acid (HEAA), are determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) on a 3% OV-17 column using selected ion monitoring, following the methylation of HEAA directly in plasma or urine without extraction. The recoveries of dioxan from plasma and urine are 98 and 94%, respectively, and the recoveries of HEAA from plasma and urine are 86 and 94%, respectively. The detection limits of 1,4-dioxan in plasma and urine are 0.07 ppm, and the detection limits of HEAA in plasma and urine are 0.5 and 0.1 ppm, respectively. Separate simultaneous measurements of 1,4-dioxan and HEAA methyl ester concentrations in urine and plasma are obtained after the methylation via GC-MS without additional preparation of the samples.", "PMID": 838808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3446", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatography of methylpentynol carbamate and its metabolite 3-methylpentyne-3,4-diol.", "content": "Procedures are described for the determination of methylpentynol carbamate in serum, either by injection into the chromatograph of diluted serum or extraction of the drug into chloroform and injection of an aliquot of the concentrated organic phase; a 4% CDMS column is used. Similar assays for measuring the metabolite 3-methylpentyne-3,4-diol in urine are reported. The methods have been used for measuring methylpentynol carbamate and its metabolite in samples from rats and dogs.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatography of methylpentynol carbamate and its metabolite 3-methylpentyne-3,4-diol. Procedures are described for the determination of methylpentynol carbamate in serum, either by injection into the chromatograph of diluted serum or extraction of the drug into chloroform and injection of an aliquot of the concentrated organic phase; a 4% CDMS column is used. Similar assays for measuring the metabolite 3-methylpentyne-3,4-diol in urine are reported. The methods have been used for measuring methylpentynol carbamate and its metabolite in samples from rats and dogs.", "PMID": 838809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3447", "title": "Liquid chromatographic separation of bile acids.", "content": "The recent revival in interest in the role of bile acids in biological systems has emphasised the importance of analysing individual bile acids for the presence of closely related impurities. An assessment of the value of modern, high-performance liquid chromatography for this application has shown that mixtures of underivatised bile acids may be resolved by reversed-phase chromatography. Separation of isomeric acids and those differing in the extent of hydroxyl substitution is possible by this approach. Mixtures of amino acid conjugates of bile acids may also be resolved by this method. The use of an ultraviolet absorbance detector, operating at a wavelength in the region of 210 nm, results in a detection limit in the order of 50 ng.", "contents": "Liquid chromatographic separation of bile acids. The recent revival in interest in the role of bile acids in biological systems has emphasised the importance of analysing individual bile acids for the presence of closely related impurities. An assessment of the value of modern, high-performance liquid chromatography for this application has shown that mixtures of underivatised bile acids may be resolved by reversed-phase chromatography. Separation of isomeric acids and those differing in the extent of hydroxyl substitution is possible by this approach. Mixtures of amino acid conjugates of bile acids may also be resolved by this method. The use of an ultraviolet absorbance detector, operating at a wavelength in the region of 210 nm, results in a detection limit in the order of 50 ng.", "PMID": 838810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3448", "title": "Thin-layer chromatographic classification of antibiotics exhibiting antitumor properties.", "content": "A classification system for 151 antibiotics exhibiting antitumor properties using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and bioautography was developed. TLC classification is based on mobility of the compounds in a solvent system using a certain adsorbent, rather than on misleading RF values. The solvent systems and conditions used are presented.", "contents": "Thin-layer chromatographic classification of antibiotics exhibiting antitumor properties. A classification system for 151 antibiotics exhibiting antitumor properties using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and bioautography was developed. TLC classification is based on mobility of the compounds in a solvent system using a certain adsorbent, rather than on misleading RF values. The solvent systems and conditions used are presented.", "PMID": 838811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3449", "title": "Use of silylating agents for the identification of hydroxylated steroids by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Discrimination between phenolic and alcoholic hydroxyl groups.", "content": "A phenolic trimethylsilyl (TMS) group was selectively exchanged for a dimethylalkylsilyl (DMAS) group on a gas chromatographic column by use of sandwich injection technique with DMAS-imidazole, and a TMS ether derivative of a phenolic steroid was converted into a DMAS ether or a mixed TMS and DMAS ether derivative with over 95% recovery. The selective exchange reaction seemed to be caused by the difference in lability between the ethereal TMS linkages to phenolic and alcoholic hydroxyl groups. This selectivity was found to be useful for discriminating gas chromatographically between the phenolic and alcoholic hydroxyl groups in steroids.", "contents": "Use of silylating agents for the identification of hydroxylated steroids by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Discrimination between phenolic and alcoholic hydroxyl groups. A phenolic trimethylsilyl (TMS) group was selectively exchanged for a dimethylalkylsilyl (DMAS) group on a gas chromatographic column by use of sandwich injection technique with DMAS-imidazole, and a TMS ether derivative of a phenolic steroid was converted into a DMAS ether or a mixed TMS and DMAS ether derivative with over 95% recovery. The selective exchange reaction seemed to be caused by the difference in lability between the ethereal TMS linkages to phenolic and alcoholic hydroxyl groups. This selectivity was found to be useful for discriminating gas chromatographically between the phenolic and alcoholic hydroxyl groups in steroids.", "PMID": 838812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3450", "title": "Determination of the configurations of lactic and glyceric acids from human serum and urine by capillary gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "The separation of the enantiomers of lactic and glyceric acids can be achieved by capillary gas chromatography on SP-1000 using the corresponding O-acetylated methyl esters. The structures of the derivatives were proved by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The method has been used for the determination of the absolute configuration of lactic and glyceric acids isolated from serum and urine from different patients.", "contents": "Determination of the configurations of lactic and glyceric acids from human serum and urine by capillary gas-liquid chromatography. The separation of the enantiomers of lactic and glyceric acids can be achieved by capillary gas chromatography on SP-1000 using the corresponding O-acetylated methyl esters. The structures of the derivatives were proved by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The method has been used for the determination of the absolute configuration of lactic and glyceric acids isolated from serum and urine from different patients.", "PMID": 838825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3451", "title": "Rapid chromatographic method to determine polyamines in urine and whole blood.", "content": "A procedure is described for the rapid determination of putrascine, spermine and spermidine in ruine and whole blood. The samples are hydrolyzed with barium hydroxide and are neutralized with sulfuric acid. The polyamines are concentrated and separated from amino acids on a small bed of ion-exchange resin that then serves to load the samples on a two-channel, automated ion-exchange chromatography apparatus. As many as 100 samples can be analyzed in a 24-h period. The method has been shown to be applicable to the analysis of urine and whole blood samples, but further development is needed for application to serum samples.", "contents": "Rapid chromatographic method to determine polyamines in urine and whole blood. A procedure is described for the rapid determination of putrascine, spermine and spermidine in ruine and whole blood. The samples are hydrolyzed with barium hydroxide and are neutralized with sulfuric acid. The polyamines are concentrated and separated from amino acids on a small bed of ion-exchange resin that then serves to load the samples on a two-channel, automated ion-exchange chromatography apparatus. As many as 100 samples can be analyzed in a 24-h period. The method has been shown to be applicable to the analysis of urine and whole blood samples, but further development is needed for application to serum samples.", "PMID": 838826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3452", "title": "Recommended method for the analysis of amino acids in biological materials.", "content": "Fifty-five ninhydrin-positive compounds in physiological fluids were determined with a Hitachi Model KLA-5 amino acid analyzer by a two-column chromatographic procedure. Both columns were packed with Hitachi Custom 2618 ion-exchange resin. The total analysis time was 9.5 h. In this procedure, particularly glucosamine, mannosamine and galactosamine were separated completely from normal \"protein\" amino acids, and NG-monomethylarginine, NG, NG-dimethylarginine and NG,NG-dimethylarginine, which were present in the myelin basic protein of several species and excreted in human urine, were separated from other basic amino acids. The method is useful for various applications with biological materials.", "contents": "Recommended method for the analysis of amino acids in biological materials. Fifty-five ninhydrin-positive compounds in physiological fluids were determined with a Hitachi Model KLA-5 amino acid analyzer by a two-column chromatographic procedure. Both columns were packed with Hitachi Custom 2618 ion-exchange resin. The total analysis time was 9.5 h. In this procedure, particularly glucosamine, mannosamine and galactosamine were separated completely from normal \"protein\" amino acids, and NG-monomethylarginine, NG, NG-dimethylarginine and NG,NG-dimethylarginine, which were present in the myelin basic protein of several species and excreted in human urine, were separated from other basic amino acids. The method is useful for various applications with biological materials.", "PMID": 838827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3453", "title": "Quantitative analysis of human serum cholesterol by thin-layer chromatographic spot test.", "content": "A fast, inexpensive, simple method is described for the determination of the total cholesterol concentration in human serum. The cholesterols (free and esterified) are extracted from serum by a double extraction procedure, using isopropanol-water-10 N sodium hydroxide (250:125:10) and then n-octane. An aliquot of the octane extract is spotted on a thin-layer plate and the cholesterol in the spot is rendered visible using an aqueous phosphomolybdic acid staining solution and a heat treatment for the color development. The colored spot is scanned with a densitometer.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of human serum cholesterol by thin-layer chromatographic spot test. A fast, inexpensive, simple method is described for the determination of the total cholesterol concentration in human serum. The cholesterols (free and esterified) are extracted from serum by a double extraction procedure, using isopropanol-water-10 N sodium hydroxide (250:125:10) and then n-octane. An aliquot of the octane extract is spotted on a thin-layer plate and the cholesterol in the spot is rendered visible using an aqueous phosphomolybdic acid staining solution and a heat treatment for the color development. The colored spot is scanned with a densitometer.", "PMID": 838828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3454", "title": "Micro-determination of plasma diphenylhydantoin by gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "A selective, sensitive and precise gas-liquid chromatographic method for the determination of diphenylhydantoin in micro samples of blood plasma is described. After a double extraction with chloroform containing an analogue of diphenylhydantoin as an internal standard, the drug and standard are N,N-dimethylated in alkaline aqueous solution with methyl iodide followed by extraction into acetone. The methylated derivatives are separated gas chromatographically and measured using a flame-ionization detector. The lowest concentration of diphenylhydantoin in plasma which can be measured in a 100 mul sample is 1 mug/ml, which is well below the normal therapeutic concentration of 10-20 mug/ml in plasma. The methylated derivatives of diphenylhydantoin and the internal standard have been identified by their proton magnetic resonance spectra and mass spectra.", "contents": "Micro-determination of plasma diphenylhydantoin by gas-liquid chromatography. A selective, sensitive and precise gas-liquid chromatographic method for the determination of diphenylhydantoin in micro samples of blood plasma is described. After a double extraction with chloroform containing an analogue of diphenylhydantoin as an internal standard, the drug and standard are N,N-dimethylated in alkaline aqueous solution with methyl iodide followed by extraction into acetone. The methylated derivatives are separated gas chromatographically and measured using a flame-ionization detector. The lowest concentration of diphenylhydantoin in plasma which can be measured in a 100 mul sample is 1 mug/ml, which is well below the normal therapeutic concentration of 10-20 mug/ml in plasma. The methylated derivatives of diphenylhydantoin and the internal standard have been identified by their proton magnetic resonance spectra and mass spectra.", "PMID": 838829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3455", "title": "Rapid trace analysis of barbiturates in blood and saliva by high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "The performances of a number of liquid--solid systems, consisting of mixtures of water and methanol as liquid phase and methyl silica as solid phase, were investigated with respect to their use in the separation of barbiturates by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Phase system selectivities and column efficiencies were determined. The results were applied to the development of a rapid method for the determination of trace amounts of barbiturates in blood. The first step in the analysis, the extraction of barbiturates from blood, was also investigated and good recoveries were achieved. The extracts were analyzed by HPLC using ultraviolet detection at 220 nm. A low detection limit and high precision were obtained; An amount of 5 ng hexobarbital, for example, can be determined with a precision of +/-15% and 5 mug with a precision of +/-0.3%. The time course of the concentration of hexobarbital in the serum and saliva of man after an oral administration of 400 mg is demonstrated.", "contents": "Rapid trace analysis of barbiturates in blood and saliva by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The performances of a number of liquid--solid systems, consisting of mixtures of water and methanol as liquid phase and methyl silica as solid phase, were investigated with respect to their use in the separation of barbiturates by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Phase system selectivities and column efficiencies were determined. The results were applied to the development of a rapid method for the determination of trace amounts of barbiturates in blood. The first step in the analysis, the extraction of barbiturates from blood, was also investigated and good recoveries were achieved. The extracts were analyzed by HPLC using ultraviolet detection at 220 nm. A low detection limit and high precision were obtained; An amount of 5 ng hexobarbital, for example, can be determined with a precision of +/-15% and 5 mug with a precision of +/-0.3%. The time course of the concentration of hexobarbital in the serum and saliva of man after an oral administration of 400 mg is demonstrated.", "PMID": 838830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3456", "title": "The determination of allopurinol and oxipurinol in human plasma and urine.", "content": "A method is described for allopurinol and oxipurinol assay within human plasma and urine in the range expected during therapy. The method is based on high-performance ion-exchange chromatography following an efficient sample purification step using Chelex-100 resin in the Cu2+-form. Linear calibration curves are produced for allopurinol over the range 0.05-10 mumole/1 (0.068-1.36 mug/ml) in plasma and 0.005-1 mmole/1 (0.68-136 mug/ml) in urine and for oxipurinol 0.5-100 mumole/1 (0.076-15.2 mug/ml) in plasma and 0.1-2 mmole/1 (15.2-304 mug/ml) in urine.", "contents": "The determination of allopurinol and oxipurinol in human plasma and urine. A method is described for allopurinol and oxipurinol assay within human plasma and urine in the range expected during therapy. The method is based on high-performance ion-exchange chromatography following an efficient sample purification step using Chelex-100 resin in the Cu2+-form. Linear calibration curves are produced for allopurinol over the range 0.05-10 mumole/1 (0.068-1.36 mug/ml) in plasma and 0.005-1 mmole/1 (0.68-136 mug/ml) in urine and for oxipurinol 0.5-100 mumole/1 (0.076-15.2 mug/ml) in plasma and 0.1-2 mmole/1 (15.2-304 mug/ml) in urine.", "PMID": 838831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3457", "title": "The nature of the defect in a salt-wasting disorder in Jews of Iran.", "content": "Studies in 8 families of Iranian Jews revealed 12 patients with selective aldosterone deficiency due to a biosynthetic defect. There was a marked range in clinical severity which varied from acute salt-wasting crisis in infancy to an asymptomatic state in adults detectable only by biochemical screening. Manifestations of intermediate degrees of severity included unexplained short stature and postural hypotension. This clinical variability in the manifestations of aldosterone deficiency was not due entirely to quantitative differences in hormone secretion but also to a changing pattern of requirement throughout life in which deficiency during the first year of life had grave consequences while a similar degree of deficiency in the adult was well-tolerated, suggesting that the hormone was no longer essential. Most families came from a relatively isolated community in Isfahan with a high incidence of consanguinity and three were related. Aldosterone deficiency was due to an inborn error involving the terminal portion of the biosynthetic pathway and characterized by marked overproduction of glomerulosa zone 18-hydroxycorticosterone relative to aldosterone. The best diagnostic index was the excretory ratio of the major urinary metabolites of these steroids. This ratio, normally less than 3.0, was frequently greater than 100 in untreated patients with this defect. Plasma aldosterone was not a reliable index of the disorder since some patients achieved normal levels but at the expense of marked elevation in plasma renin activity and overproduction of precursors.", "contents": "The nature of the defect in a salt-wasting disorder in Jews of Iran. Studies in 8 families of Iranian Jews revealed 12 patients with selective aldosterone deficiency due to a biosynthetic defect. There was a marked range in clinical severity which varied from acute salt-wasting crisis in infancy to an asymptomatic state in adults detectable only by biochemical screening. Manifestations of intermediate degrees of severity included unexplained short stature and postural hypotension. This clinical variability in the manifestations of aldosterone deficiency was not due entirely to quantitative differences in hormone secretion but also to a changing pattern of requirement throughout life in which deficiency during the first year of life had grave consequences while a similar degree of deficiency in the adult was well-tolerated, suggesting that the hormone was no longer essential. Most families came from a relatively isolated community in Isfahan with a high incidence of consanguinity and three were related. Aldosterone deficiency was due to an inborn error involving the terminal portion of the biosynthetic pathway and characterized by marked overproduction of glomerulosa zone 18-hydroxycorticosterone relative to aldosterone. The best diagnostic index was the excretory ratio of the major urinary metabolites of these steroids. This ratio, normally less than 3.0, was frequently greater than 100 in untreated patients with this defect. Plasma aldosterone was not a reliable index of the disorder since some patients achieved normal levels but at the expense of marked elevation in plasma renin activity and overproduction of precursors.", "PMID": 838841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3458", "title": "Renin reactivity in plasma of patients with normal renin and low renin essential hypertension.", "content": "Plasma renin reactivity (PRR) is the rate of angiotensin generation in vitro after addition of exogenous renin to plasma. To evaluate the hypothesis that suppressed plasma renin activity (PRA) in patients with low renin essential hypertension may be related to an alteration of the kinetics of the in vitro renin reaction, PRR was compared in plasma of patients with low renin and normal renin essential hypertension. Prostaglandin A (PGA) inhibits renin, and PGA was also measured to determine if suppressed PRA may be related to increased PGA. Low renin and normal renin hypertension were defined by comparing PRA responses of 30 hypertensive patients and 16 matched control subjects to upright posture and furosemide (80 mg p.o.). Nine of 30 patients had low PRA. Compared to that in plasma of patients with normal renin hypertension, PRR was suppressed (P less than 0.005) during 30, 60, and 180 min incubations in the low renin patients. Overall, in the hypertensive patients, there was a significant positive correlation (r= +0.58; P less than 0.01) between PRR and the PRA response to furosemide. PGA in patients with low renin hypertension (0.86 ng/ml+/-0.06 SE) was less (P less than 0.05) than that in patients with normal renin hypertension (1.10 ng/ml+/-0.07) SE) and control subjects (1.18 ng/ml+/-0.10 SE); PGA of normal renin patients and control subjects did not differ (P less than 0.1). These results suggest that an alteration of the kinetics of the renin reaction may contribute to the apparent renin suppression in patients with low renin hypertension. Hypertensive patients with suppressed PRA also have low PGA.", "contents": "Renin reactivity in plasma of patients with normal renin and low renin essential hypertension. Plasma renin reactivity (PRR) is the rate of angiotensin generation in vitro after addition of exogenous renin to plasma. To evaluate the hypothesis that suppressed plasma renin activity (PRA) in patients with low renin essential hypertension may be related to an alteration of the kinetics of the in vitro renin reaction, PRR was compared in plasma of patients with low renin and normal renin essential hypertension. Prostaglandin A (PGA) inhibits renin, and PGA was also measured to determine if suppressed PRA may be related to increased PGA. Low renin and normal renin hypertension were defined by comparing PRA responses of 30 hypertensive patients and 16 matched control subjects to upright posture and furosemide (80 mg p.o.). Nine of 30 patients had low PRA. Compared to that in plasma of patients with normal renin hypertension, PRR was suppressed (P less than 0.005) during 30, 60, and 180 min incubations in the low renin patients. Overall, in the hypertensive patients, there was a significant positive correlation (r= +0.58; P less than 0.01) between PRR and the PRA response to furosemide. PGA in patients with low renin hypertension (0.86 ng/ml+/-0.06 SE) was less (P less than 0.05) than that in patients with normal renin hypertension (1.10 ng/ml+/-0.07) SE) and control subjects (1.18 ng/ml+/-0.10 SE); PGA of normal renin patients and control subjects did not differ (P less than 0.1). These results suggest that an alteration of the kinetics of the renin reaction may contribute to the apparent renin suppression in patients with low renin hypertension. Hypertensive patients with suppressed PRA also have low PGA.", "PMID": 838842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3459", "title": "Serum thyrotropin and thyroid hormone levels in humans receiving chronic potassium iodide.", "content": "Serum thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyrotropin (TSH) concentrations were measured in 13 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease receiving saturated solution of potassium iodide (SSKI). All had a low serum T4 and a high serum TSH concentration. However, serum T3 levels were normal in eight. Recovery of normal thyroid function was observed in each of the seven patients in whom the iodide was discontinued. The same hormones were measured in four normal subjects who received 30 drops of SSKI daily for 11 weeks. An increase in serum TSH levels was preceded by a fall in serum concentrations of T4 and to some extent, T3. Upon SSKI withdrawal  subsequent increases in the serum concentrations of both thyroid hormones, but particularly T3, resulted in the return of serum TSH to baseline levels. None of the subjects developed clinical hypothyroidism. It is not apparent why the normal subjects did not exhibit clinical or laboratory evidence of hypothyroidism while the patients with chronic pulmonary disease did. A younger age and the shorter duration of iodide administration in the normal subjects may have played a role.", "contents": "Serum thyrotropin and thyroid hormone levels in humans receiving chronic potassium iodide. Serum thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyrotropin (TSH) concentrations were measured in 13 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease receiving saturated solution of potassium iodide (SSKI). All had a low serum T4 and a high serum TSH concentration. However, serum T3 levels were normal in eight. Recovery of normal thyroid function was observed in each of the seven patients in whom the iodide was discontinued. The same hormones were measured in four normal subjects who received 30 drops of SSKI daily for 11 weeks. An increase in serum TSH levels was preceded by a fall in serum concentrations of T4 and to some extent, T3. Upon SSKI withdrawal  subsequent increases in the serum concentrations of both thyroid hormones, but particularly T3, resulted in the return of serum TSH to baseline levels. None of the subjects developed clinical hypothyroidism. It is not apparent why the normal subjects did not exhibit clinical or laboratory evidence of hypothyroidism while the patients with chronic pulmonary disease did. A younger age and the shorter duration of iodide administration in the normal subjects may have played a role.", "PMID": 838843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3460", "title": "Growth hormone, glucagon, and insulin response to depression of plasma free fatty acids and the effect of glucose infusion.", "content": "It has previously been shown that nicotinic acid (NA)-induced depression of free fatty acids (FFA) stimulates the secretion of GH and glucagon. To evaluate this hormonal response further, we studied the influence of different doses of glucose administered by continuous iv infusion on the GH and glucagon increase during NA-induced FFA depression. In ten male non-obese volunteers, FFA depression by the infusion of NA (2.3 g over a period of 210 min) resulted in a late rise (from 150 min on) of GH (From 1.1 to 25.9 ng/ml) and an early increase (from 30 min on) of glucagon (from 71.7 to 138.2 pg/ml). When glucose was infused (approximately 60, 120 and 180 g, respectively, over a period of 270 min) during NA-induced FFA depression, the GH rise was reduced and delayed in relation to the amount of glucose infused, but could not be completely abolished (maximal GH concentration during the three NA-plus-glucose infusions: 16.5, 8.0 and 6.1 ng/ml, respectively). The glucagon rise was entirely reversed by the high glucose dose. Insulin did not rise during NA infusion alone. Its secretion in response to glucose infusion was not significantly influenced by FFA depression. Thus, during NA-induced FFA depression the secretion of two lipolytic hormones--GH and glucagon--is stimulated while the secretion of the lipogenetic hormone insulin remains low. Glucose has an inhibitory effect on the GH and glucagon response which, however, is different for each of the hormones.", "contents": "Growth hormone, glucagon, and insulin response to depression of plasma free fatty acids and the effect of glucose infusion. It has previously been shown that nicotinic acid (NA)-induced depression of free fatty acids (FFA) stimulates the secretion of GH and glucagon. To evaluate this hormonal response further, we studied the influence of different doses of glucose administered by continuous iv infusion on the GH and glucagon increase during NA-induced FFA depression. In ten male non-obese volunteers, FFA depression by the infusion of NA (2.3 g over a period of 210 min) resulted in a late rise (from 150 min on) of GH (From 1.1 to 25.9 ng/ml) and an early increase (from 30 min on) of glucagon (from 71.7 to 138.2 pg/ml). When glucose was infused (approximately 60, 120 and 180 g, respectively, over a period of 270 min) during NA-induced FFA depression, the GH rise was reduced and delayed in relation to the amount of glucose infused, but could not be completely abolished (maximal GH concentration during the three NA-plus-glucose infusions: 16.5, 8.0 and 6.1 ng/ml, respectively). The glucagon rise was entirely reversed by the high glucose dose. Insulin did not rise during NA infusion alone. Its secretion in response to glucose infusion was not significantly influenced by FFA depression. Thus, during NA-induced FFA depression the secretion of two lipolytic hormones--GH and glucagon--is stimulated while the secretion of the lipogenetic hormone insulin remains low. Glucose has an inhibitory effect on the GH and glucagon response which, however, is different for each of the hormones.", "PMID": 838844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3461", "title": "Studies on human sexual development. IV. Fetal pituitary and serum, and amniotic fluid concentrations of prolactin.", "content": "Prolactin concentrations were measured in 161 amniotic fluid specimens from 8-40 weeks fetal age and the levels compared with those observed in 45 fetal and neonatal cord sera and in 42 fetal pituitary specimens. Amniotic fluid prolactin levels rose steeply between 12-16 weeks gestation, and then declined to term; the calculated total amniotic fluid content of prolactin showed a similar pattern, but the peak was later, at about 26 weeks gestation. Amniotic fluid concentrations consistently exceeded fetal serum prolactin levels, even during the last trimester, when fetal serum and pituitary levels were highest. The data are compatible with a fetal origin for amniotic fluid prolactin, but only if one assumes that flux of prolactin out of amniotic fluid compartment is negligible, that the fetal kidney in mid-pregnancy clears prolactin at a rate virtually equal to the glomerular filtration rate, and the fetal pituitary shows secretion characteristics quite different from those of the adult gland.", "contents": "Studies on human sexual development. IV. Fetal pituitary and serum, and amniotic fluid concentrations of prolactin. Prolactin concentrations were measured in 161 amniotic fluid specimens from 8-40 weeks fetal age and the levels compared with those observed in 45 fetal and neonatal cord sera and in 42 fetal pituitary specimens. Amniotic fluid prolactin levels rose steeply between 12-16 weeks gestation, and then declined to term; the calculated total amniotic fluid content of prolactin showed a similar pattern, but the peak was later, at about 26 weeks gestation. Amniotic fluid concentrations consistently exceeded fetal serum prolactin levels, even during the last trimester, when fetal serum and pituitary levels were highest. The data are compatible with a fetal origin for amniotic fluid prolactin, but only if one assumes that flux of prolactin out of amniotic fluid compartment is negligible, that the fetal kidney in mid-pregnancy clears prolactin at a rate virtually equal to the glomerular filtration rate, and the fetal pituitary shows secretion characteristics quite different from those of the adult gland.", "PMID": 838845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3462", "title": "Glucagon and catecholamine secretion during hypoglycemia in normal and diabetic man.", "content": "To examine the role of catecholamines in glucopenia-induced glucagon secretion, urinary epinephrine and norepinephrine and plasma immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) were measured during insulin-induced hypoglycemia in normal and insulin-dependent diabetic-man. Despite equivalent levels of hypoglycemia the mean plasma IRG increment in diabetes was only 15% of normals. The increases in epinephrine and norepinephrine were comparable in diabetics and normals; thus, the blunted response in plasma IRG to the stimulus of low blood sugar in diabetics cannot be explained by a generalized defect in catecholamine secretion. It is suggested that an alpha-cell glucoreceptor defect may account for the abnormal response to glucopenia in diabetics. To evaluate the possibility that impaired sensitivity to circulating catecholamines could explain the alpha cell dysfunction in diabetics, exogenous epinephrine was infused in normals and insulin-dependent diabetics. Elevated plasma IRG during epinephrine infusion was observed in only 50% of normals. The diabetics were hyperresponsive; mean increment in plasma IRG 3 times that of normals. The data demonstrate enhanced rather than impaired sensitivity to catecholamines in diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "Glucagon and catecholamine secretion during hypoglycemia in normal and diabetic man. To examine the role of catecholamines in glucopenia-induced glucagon secretion, urinary epinephrine and norepinephrine and plasma immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) were measured during insulin-induced hypoglycemia in normal and insulin-dependent diabetic-man. Despite equivalent levels of hypoglycemia the mean plasma IRG increment in diabetes was only 15% of normals. The increases in epinephrine and norepinephrine were comparable in diabetics and normals; thus, the blunted response in plasma IRG to the stimulus of low blood sugar in diabetics cannot be explained by a generalized defect in catecholamine secretion. It is suggested that an alpha-cell glucoreceptor defect may account for the abnormal response to glucopenia in diabetics. To evaluate the possibility that impaired sensitivity to circulating catecholamines could explain the alpha cell dysfunction in diabetics, exogenous epinephrine was infused in normals and insulin-dependent diabetics. Elevated plasma IRG during epinephrine infusion was observed in only 50% of normals. The diabetics were hyperresponsive; mean increment in plasma IRG 3 times that of normals. The data demonstrate enhanced rather than impaired sensitivity to catecholamines in diabetes mellitus.", "PMID": 838846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3463", "title": "Effect of dopamine on plasma growth hormone and prolactin levels in normal and acromegalic subjects.", "content": "In contrast with other dopaminergic drugs (L-dopa, apomorphine or bromocriptine) a 280 mug/min dose of dopamine infused for 120 min failed to induce an increase in plasma GH in 9 normal subjects. During dopamine infusion, no significant change in the GH response to arginine was also noted, whereas prolactin displayed a significant fall. In 15 acromegalic patients, on the other hand, the drug caused a marked fall in both GH (mean+/-SE; 71.1%+/-5.6) and prolactin (mean+/-SE; 67.6%+/-4.0) followed by a distinct rebound after the end of the test. There was a very close relation (P less than 0.001) between the maximum per cent decrease in GH during dopamine and after 2.5 mg bromocriptine by mouth. Dopamine also inhibited the GH response to TRH (4 patients). Since dopamine does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier, these results suggest that the stimulating effect of dopaminergic drugs on GH secretion in the normal subject is exerted via the CNS, whereas in acromegaly there is a direct action on structures lying outside the blood-brain barrier, probably in the hypophysis. Dopaminergic inhibition of prolactin is primarily the result of action on the hypophysis, as well as on the hypothalamus, in both normal and acromegalic subjects.", "contents": "Effect of dopamine on plasma growth hormone and prolactin levels in normal and acromegalic subjects. In contrast with other dopaminergic drugs (L-dopa, apomorphine or bromocriptine) a 280 mug/min dose of dopamine infused for 120 min failed to induce an increase in plasma GH in 9 normal subjects. During dopamine infusion, no significant change in the GH response to arginine was also noted, whereas prolactin displayed a significant fall. In 15 acromegalic patients, on the other hand, the drug caused a marked fall in both GH (mean+/-SE; 71.1%+/-5.6) and prolactin (mean+/-SE; 67.6%+/-4.0) followed by a distinct rebound after the end of the test. There was a very close relation (P less than 0.001) between the maximum per cent decrease in GH during dopamine and after 2.5 mg bromocriptine by mouth. Dopamine also inhibited the GH response to TRH (4 patients). Since dopamine does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier, these results suggest that the stimulating effect of dopaminergic drugs on GH secretion in the normal subject is exerted via the CNS, whereas in acromegaly there is a direct action on structures lying outside the blood-brain barrier, probably in the hypophysis. Dopaminergic inhibition of prolactin is primarily the result of action on the hypophysis, as well as on the hypothalamus, in both normal and acromegalic subjects.", "PMID": 838847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3464", "title": "Insulin-glucagon interaction in controlling splanchnic glucose production in normal man.", "content": "The interaction of glucagon and insulin in controlling hepatic glucose production in man has been inferred from studies of immunoreactive glucagon and insulin. This study directly examines the interaction of glucagon and insulin in controlling net splanching glucose production (NSGP) in eight normal men. Glucagon was infused iv at 5 ng/kg/min for 15 min and resultant arterial glucagon levels (1.3 X 10(-10) M) did not exceed the physiologic portal range. In four normal men NSGP increased 2.3-fold by 5 min and remained elevated for 15 min. There was no change in arterial insulin concentration. To study the effect of exogenous insulin on this glucagon-induced increase in NSGP, insulin was infused at 10 mU/kg/min in four normal men to achieve arterial immunoreactive insulin concentrations of 1500 muU/ml (1 X 10(-8) M). Blood glucose was stabilized by glucose infusions. During insulin and glucose administration, NSGP was suppressed and net splanchnic glucose uptake occurred. After 40 min of insulin and glucose pretreatment, a 5 ng/kg/min glucagon infusion resulted in no increase in NSGP (arterial insulin: glucagon molar ratio of approximately 100). In two subjects the glucagon infusion rate was then increased to 15 ng/kg/min (arterial insulin: glucagon molar ratio of approximately 33), resulting in stimulation of NSGP. These studies provide evidence that insulin in high concentration can suppress glucagon-stimulated NSGP in normal man.", "contents": "Insulin-glucagon interaction in controlling splanchnic glucose production in normal man. The interaction of glucagon and insulin in controlling hepatic glucose production in man has been inferred from studies of immunoreactive glucagon and insulin. This study directly examines the interaction of glucagon and insulin in controlling net splanching glucose production (NSGP) in eight normal men. Glucagon was infused iv at 5 ng/kg/min for 15 min and resultant arterial glucagon levels (1.3 X 10(-10) M) did not exceed the physiologic portal range. In four normal men NSGP increased 2.3-fold by 5 min and remained elevated for 15 min. There was no change in arterial insulin concentration. To study the effect of exogenous insulin on this glucagon-induced increase in NSGP, insulin was infused at 10 mU/kg/min in four normal men to achieve arterial immunoreactive insulin concentrations of 1500 muU/ml (1 X 10(-8) M). Blood glucose was stabilized by glucose infusions. During insulin and glucose administration, NSGP was suppressed and net splanchnic glucose uptake occurred. After 40 min of insulin and glucose pretreatment, a 5 ng/kg/min glucagon infusion resulted in no increase in NSGP (arterial insulin: glucagon molar ratio of approximately 100). In two subjects the glucagon infusion rate was then increased to 15 ng/kg/min (arterial insulin: glucagon molar ratio of approximately 33), resulting in stimulation of NSGP. These studies provide evidence that insulin in high concentration can suppress glucagon-stimulated NSGP in normal man.", "PMID": 838848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3465", "title": "A variant of iodotyrosine-dehalogenase deficiency.", "content": "Three siblings (products of consanguineous marriage) affected with iodotyrosine-dehalogenase deficiency (presumed homozygotes) were found to have low thyroxine and large multinodular goiters, but none was mentally retarded. Iodide therapy corrected the serum T4 and thyroidal iodide uptake and discharge curve. The goiters shrank with iodide treatment. The subjects demonstrated significant ability to deiodinate intravenously injected L-mono-iodotyrosine (MIT) but not L-diiodotyrosine (DIT); 9.9% and 80.0% of an injected dose of 125I-MIT and 125I-DIT appeared unchanged in the urine 4 h, respectively. The data in presumed heterozygote subjects (both parents and two other siblings) were intermediate between controls and affected subjects. Thyroidal dehalogenase activity was measured in one of the affected subjects in vitro. The tissue showed greater ability to deiodinate MIT than DIT, but both activities were much lower than that of control tissue. The disease appears to be transmitted in an autosomal recessive fashion. The MIT-dehalogenase activity demonstrable in the affected individuals may explain the mild phenotype, in that MIT leaking from the goiter can be deiodinated to a significance degree and the liberated iodide reutilized.", "contents": "A variant of iodotyrosine-dehalogenase deficiency. Three siblings (products of consanguineous marriage) affected with iodotyrosine-dehalogenase deficiency (presumed homozygotes) were found to have low thyroxine and large multinodular goiters, but none was mentally retarded. Iodide therapy corrected the serum T4 and thyroidal iodide uptake and discharge curve. The goiters shrank with iodide treatment. The subjects demonstrated significant ability to deiodinate intravenously injected L-mono-iodotyrosine (MIT) but not L-diiodotyrosine (DIT); 9.9% and 80.0% of an injected dose of 125I-MIT and 125I-DIT appeared unchanged in the urine 4 h, respectively. The data in presumed heterozygote subjects (both parents and two other siblings) were intermediate between controls and affected subjects. Thyroidal dehalogenase activity was measured in one of the affected subjects in vitro. The tissue showed greater ability to deiodinate MIT than DIT, but both activities were much lower than that of control tissue. The disease appears to be transmitted in an autosomal recessive fashion. The MIT-dehalogenase activity demonstrable in the affected individuals may explain the mild phenotype, in that MIT leaking from the goiter can be deiodinated to a significance degree and the liberated iodide reutilized.", "PMID": 838849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3466", "title": "A case of idiopathic hypoparathyroidism and dietary vitamin D deficiency: the requirement for calcium and vitamin D for bone, but not renal responsiveness to PTH.", "content": "A patient with concurrent idiopathic hypoparathyroidism and dietary vitamin D deficiency was studied. Acute renal responsiveness to PTH was demonstrated by immediate increases in urinary cyclic AMP and phosphorus excretion. An impaired bone response to sustained PTH administration was demonstrated by absence of significant increases in serum calcium or urine hydroxyproline during 3 days of PTH administration. Skeletal responsiveness was restored either by raising the initial serum calcium with constant calcium infusion or by raising serum 25-OH-D levels to normal by administration of 1,000 units vitamin D daily. These results extend to the human, animal observations which suggest that vitamin D is required for the skeletal but not for the renal actions of parathyroid hormone.", "contents": "A case of idiopathic hypoparathyroidism and dietary vitamin D deficiency: the requirement for calcium and vitamin D for bone, but not renal responsiveness to PTH. A patient with concurrent idiopathic hypoparathyroidism and dietary vitamin D deficiency was studied. Acute renal responsiveness to PTH was demonstrated by immediate increases in urinary cyclic AMP and phosphorus excretion. An impaired bone response to sustained PTH administration was demonstrated by absence of significant increases in serum calcium or urine hydroxyproline during 3 days of PTH administration. Skeletal responsiveness was restored either by raising the initial serum calcium with constant calcium infusion or by raising serum 25-OH-D levels to normal by administration of 1,000 units vitamin D daily. These results extend to the human, animal observations which suggest that vitamin D is required for the skeletal but not for the renal actions of parathyroid hormone.", "PMID": 838850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3467", "title": "Steady state hormonal secretion in traumatic quadriplegia.", "content": "Physiologically complete cervical spinal cord transection results in motor and sensory quadriplegia and interruption of the sympathetic neural pathways; this condition leads to metabolic deficiencies suggestive of abnormal endocrine function. An investigation of the non-stimulated secretion of some of the hormones influencing metabolism was undertaken by evaluating thyroxine, iodothyronine binding index, testosterone, growth hormone, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone in venous blood of fasting healthy subjects and quadriplegic patients. The effect of the duration of the paralysis was examined by repeating the evaluations at different periods after onset. The results show that 1) thyroxine was low for 2 months after onset in 21 patients and normal thereafter in 53 patients, 2) testosterone was low throughout the study in 62 patients; the decrease is greatest during the first 2 months, 3) growth hormone was often increased in 46 patients for 8 months after onset, and nearly normal afterward in 25 patients, 4) calcitonin was normal in 22 patients throughout the study, and 5) parathyroid hormone was normal in relation to normal serum calcium as early as 6 days after onset in 79 out of 83 patients. These data do not preclude a parathyroid hormone increase at onset or alterations in the patterns of circadian secretion and in the responses to specific stimulation for the hormones evaluated. Therefore, it may be concluded only that the steady state secretion of these hormones is not altered by traumatic quadriplegia per se, but is temporarily modified by the original insult to the nervous system, and by changes in life pattern and the heavy sedation that follows. The results suggest that the minor endocrin changes occurring in quadriplegic patients during the early period of paralysis will be rapidly overcome by rehabilitation to an active life pattern.", "contents": "Steady state hormonal secretion in traumatic quadriplegia. Physiologically complete cervical spinal cord transection results in motor and sensory quadriplegia and interruption of the sympathetic neural pathways; this condition leads to metabolic deficiencies suggestive of abnormal endocrine function. An investigation of the non-stimulated secretion of some of the hormones influencing metabolism was undertaken by evaluating thyroxine, iodothyronine binding index, testosterone, growth hormone, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone in venous blood of fasting healthy subjects and quadriplegic patients. The effect of the duration of the paralysis was examined by repeating the evaluations at different periods after onset. The results show that 1) thyroxine was low for 2 months after onset in 21 patients and normal thereafter in 53 patients, 2) testosterone was low throughout the study in 62 patients; the decrease is greatest during the first 2 months, 3) growth hormone was often increased in 46 patients for 8 months after onset, and nearly normal afterward in 25 patients, 4) calcitonin was normal in 22 patients throughout the study, and 5) parathyroid hormone was normal in relation to normal serum calcium as early as 6 days after onset in 79 out of 83 patients. These data do not preclude a parathyroid hormone increase at onset or alterations in the patterns of circadian secretion and in the responses to specific stimulation for the hormones evaluated. Therefore, it may be concluded only that the steady state secretion of these hormones is not altered by traumatic quadriplegia per se, but is temporarily modified by the original insult to the nervous system, and by changes in life pattern and the heavy sedation that follows. The results suggest that the minor endocrin changes occurring in quadriplegic patients during the early period of paralysis will be rapidly overcome by rehabilitation to an active life pattern.", "PMID": 838851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3468", "title": "Failure of papaverine to alter L-dopa-influenced GH and PRL secretion.", "content": "Papaverine, 150 mg BID for 2 weeks, a dose which produced marked clinical impairment in Parkinsonian patients taking L-Dopa, failed to alter L-Dopa-stimulated GH secretion or L-Dopa inhibited PRL secretion in 6 normal volunteers. Failure to demonstrate an inhibitory effect of papaverine on dopaminergic hypothalamic-pituitary systems, despite its inhibition of striatal dopaminergic pathways, may imply qualitative or quantitative functional differences between hypothalamic and striatal dopaminergic systems.", "contents": "Failure of papaverine to alter L-dopa-influenced GH and PRL secretion. Papaverine, 150 mg BID for 2 weeks, a dose which produced marked clinical impairment in Parkinsonian patients taking L-Dopa, failed to alter L-Dopa-stimulated GH secretion or L-Dopa inhibited PRL secretion in 6 normal volunteers. Failure to demonstrate an inhibitory effect of papaverine on dopaminergic hypothalamic-pituitary systems, despite its inhibition of striatal dopaminergic pathways, may imply qualitative or quantitative functional differences between hypothalamic and striatal dopaminergic systems.", "PMID": 838852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3469", "title": "The metabolism of [6-3H]1alpha, hydroxycholecalciferol to [6-3H]1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in a patient with renal insufficiency.", "content": "To evaluate whether 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol is metabolized to 1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in man, [6-3H]1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol was given intravenously to a patient with renal failure who was maintained daily on 100,000 IU vitamin D and calcium supplements. Using Sephadex LH-20 and high-pressure liquid chromatography, it was clearly demonstrated that 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol rapidly disappears from the blood and is metabolized to 1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.", "contents": "The metabolism of [6-3H]1alpha, hydroxycholecalciferol to [6-3H]1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in a patient with renal insufficiency. To evaluate whether 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol is metabolized to 1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in man, [6-3H]1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol was given intravenously to a patient with renal failure who was maintained daily on 100,000 IU vitamin D and calcium supplements. Using Sephadex LH-20 and high-pressure liquid chromatography, it was clearly demonstrated that 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol rapidly disappears from the blood and is metabolized to 1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.", "PMID": 838853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3470", "title": "Transient appearance of a provocative growth hormone response to L-dopa following incomplete adenomectomy in an acromegalic patient.", "content": "A 33-year female patient with active acromegaly and hyperthyroidism was examined before and after incomplete removal of a pituitary adenoma. Before adenomectomy the mean basal plasma GH level was 786+/-189 ng/ml. After surgery this value decreased to 251+/-22 ng/ml. Before surgery L-dopa decreased the plasma GH levels, but after adenomectomy normal GH responses were transiently observed to L-dopa. At 10 months after incomplete surgery the GH response to L-dopa became abnormal again despite a lower GH concentration. These findings suggest that the abnormal GH response to L-dopa may be due to a short-loop negative feedback system which was reset by an elevated GH level.", "contents": "Transient appearance of a provocative growth hormone response to L-dopa following incomplete adenomectomy in an acromegalic patient. A 33-year female patient with active acromegaly and hyperthyroidism was examined before and after incomplete removal of a pituitary adenoma. Before adenomectomy the mean basal plasma GH level was 786+/-189 ng/ml. After surgery this value decreased to 251+/-22 ng/ml. Before surgery L-dopa decreased the plasma GH levels, but after adenomectomy normal GH responses were transiently observed to L-dopa. At 10 months after incomplete surgery the GH response to L-dopa became abnormal again despite a lower GH concentration. These findings suggest that the abnormal GH response to L-dopa may be due to a short-loop negative feedback system which was reset by an elevated GH level.", "PMID": 838854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3471", "title": "Effect of acute ammonia intoxication on cerebral metabolism in rats with portacaval shunts.", "content": "Rats were made chronically hyperammonemic by portal-systemic shunting and, 8 wk later, were subjected to acute ammonia intoxication by the intraperitoneal injection of 5.2 mmol/kg of ammonium acetate. In free-ranging animals, ammonia treatment induced a brief period of precoma (10-15 min) that progressed into deep, anesthetic coma lasting for several hours and was associated with a high mortality. In paralyzed, artificially ventilated animals that were lightly anesthetized with nitrous oxide, acute ammonia intoxication caused major disturbances of cerebral carbohydrate, amino acid, and energy metabolism that correlated in time with the change in functional state. At 10 min after injection (precoma), the concentrations of most glycolytic intermediates were increased, as was the lactate/pyruvate ratio. Citrate declined, despite a twofold rise in pyruvate, suggesting that the conversion of pyruvate to citrate had been impaired. Concentrations of phosphocreatine, and of the putative neurotransmitters, glutamate and aspartate, declined during precoma, but the concentrations of the adenine nucleotides in the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and brain stem remained within normal limits. At 60 min after injection (coma), ATP declined in all regions of brain; the reduction in total high-energy phosphates was most notable in the brain stem. The findings indicate that cerebral dysfunction in chronic, relapsing ammonia intoxication is not due to primary energy failure. Rather, it is suggested that ammonia-induced depletion of glutamic and aspartic acids, and inhibition of the malate-asparate hydrogen shuttle are the dominant neurochemical lesions.", "contents": "Effect of acute ammonia intoxication on cerebral metabolism in rats with portacaval shunts. Rats were made chronically hyperammonemic by portal-systemic shunting and, 8 wk later, were subjected to acute ammonia intoxication by the intraperitoneal injection of 5.2 mmol/kg of ammonium acetate. In free-ranging animals, ammonia treatment induced a brief period of precoma (10-15 min) that progressed into deep, anesthetic coma lasting for several hours and was associated with a high mortality. In paralyzed, artificially ventilated animals that were lightly anesthetized with nitrous oxide, acute ammonia intoxication caused major disturbances of cerebral carbohydrate, amino acid, and energy metabolism that correlated in time with the change in functional state. At 10 min after injection (precoma), the concentrations of most glycolytic intermediates were increased, as was the lactate/pyruvate ratio. Citrate declined, despite a twofold rise in pyruvate, suggesting that the conversion of pyruvate to citrate had been impaired. Concentrations of phosphocreatine, and of the putative neurotransmitters, glutamate and aspartate, declined during precoma, but the concentrations of the adenine nucleotides in the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and brain stem remained within normal limits. At 60 min after injection (coma), ATP declined in all regions of brain; the reduction in total high-energy phosphates was most notable in the brain stem. The findings indicate that cerebral dysfunction in chronic, relapsing ammonia intoxication is not due to primary energy failure. Rather, it is suggested that ammonia-induced depletion of glutamic and aspartic acids, and inhibition of the malate-asparate hydrogen shuttle are the dominant neurochemical lesions.", "PMID": 838855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3472", "title": "Irreversible bronchial goblet cell metaplasia in hamsters with elastase-induced panacinar emphysema.", "content": "A single intratracheal instillation of pancreatic elastase in hamsters induces a lesion resembling human panacinar emphysema. This paper reports the occurrence of irreversible goblet cell metaplasia in the bronchial epithelium of hamsters similarly exposed to elastase. The goblet cell change was dose related; a dose of 0.1 mg/100 g body wt or less at 16 days, produced slight or moderate goblet cell metaplasia in fewer than half the animals, whereas 84% of animals treated with a dose between 0.2 and 0.5 mg/100 g body wt developed goblet cell metaplastic lesions, more than half of which were considered to be severe. The percentage of goblet cells in the epithelium of elastase-treated hamsters (32.5) was significantly higher (P less than 0.005) than that of unexposed (12.2) and saline-exposed controls (18.7). All hamsters examined 6 and 12 mo after elastase treatment showed the lesion. The pathogenesis of the changes is unclear but the possibility is raised that the bronchial changes may be due to disturbance of an endogenous protease-antiprotease system. The findings suggest the hypothesis that, under appropriate circumstances, a single pulmonary insult in man could lead to a permanent lung injury demonstrating the anatomic lesions of both chronic bronchitis and panacinar emphysema.", "contents": "Irreversible bronchial goblet cell metaplasia in hamsters with elastase-induced panacinar emphysema. A single intratracheal instillation of pancreatic elastase in hamsters induces a lesion resembling human panacinar emphysema. This paper reports the occurrence of irreversible goblet cell metaplasia in the bronchial epithelium of hamsters similarly exposed to elastase. The goblet cell change was dose related; a dose of 0.1 mg/100 g body wt or less at 16 days, produced slight or moderate goblet cell metaplasia in fewer than half the animals, whereas 84% of animals treated with a dose between 0.2 and 0.5 mg/100 g body wt developed goblet cell metaplastic lesions, more than half of which were considered to be severe. The percentage of goblet cells in the epithelium of elastase-treated hamsters (32.5) was significantly higher (P less than 0.005) than that of unexposed (12.2) and saline-exposed controls (18.7). All hamsters examined 6 and 12 mo after elastase treatment showed the lesion. The pathogenesis of the changes is unclear but the possibility is raised that the bronchial changes may be due to disturbance of an endogenous protease-antiprotease system. The findings suggest the hypothesis that, under appropriate circumstances, a single pulmonary insult in man could lead to a permanent lung injury demonstrating the anatomic lesions of both chronic bronchitis and panacinar emphysema.", "PMID": 838856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3473", "title": "Binding of collagen alpha1 chains to human platelets.", "content": "We previously reported that purified alpha1 chains of type 1 chick skin collagen induce platelet aggregation. We now describe immunological and biochemical evidence that the peptide binds to intact platelets as an early event in the induction of platelet aggregation and the release reaction. Antibody against alpha1 (I) was obtained by immunizing rabbits with complete Freund's adjuvant mixed with purified alpha1. Immunofluorescence studies showed that alpha1(I)-treated platelets exhibited strong immunofluorescence. The intensity of fluorescence was markedly decreased by the pretreatment of platelets with alpha1-CB5 and glucosylgalactosylhydroxylysine. Dose-response curves of platelet aggregation induced by alpha1 and the binding of alpha1 by washed intact platelets are correlated. The biochemical studies showed that the binding of the alpha1 chain to washed intact platelets was platelet concentration and temperature dependent, and that it reached a maximum in 10 min. The process was reversible and specific, with an association constant of 1.7 muM. The inhibitor of alpha1-induced platelet aggregation, glucosylgalactosyl hydroxylysine, inhibited the alpha1 binding. These results suggest that alpha1(I) chains bind to specific receptor site(s) on platelet membranes to trigger aggregation and the release reaction.", "contents": "Binding of collagen alpha1 chains to human platelets. We previously reported that purified alpha1 chains of type 1 chick skin collagen induce platelet aggregation. We now describe immunological and biochemical evidence that the peptide binds to intact platelets as an early event in the induction of platelet aggregation and the release reaction. Antibody against alpha1 (I) was obtained by immunizing rabbits with complete Freund's adjuvant mixed with purified alpha1. Immunofluorescence studies showed that alpha1(I)-treated platelets exhibited strong immunofluorescence. The intensity of fluorescence was markedly decreased by the pretreatment of platelets with alpha1-CB5 and glucosylgalactosylhydroxylysine. Dose-response curves of platelet aggregation induced by alpha1 and the binding of alpha1 by washed intact platelets are correlated. The biochemical studies showed that the binding of the alpha1 chain to washed intact platelets was platelet concentration and temperature dependent, and that it reached a maximum in 10 min. The process was reversible and specific, with an association constant of 1.7 muM. The inhibitor of alpha1-induced platelet aggregation, glucosylgalactosyl hydroxylysine, inhibited the alpha1 binding. These results suggest that alpha1(I) chains bind to specific receptor site(s) on platelet membranes to trigger aggregation and the release reaction.", "PMID": 838857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3474", "title": "Kinetics of serum amyloid protein A in casein-induced murine amyloidosis.", "content": "Serum amyloid protein A (SAA), the precursor of secondary amyloid protein, is elevated in chronic diseases which are associated with an increased incidence of amyloid. However, SAA is also elevated in acute bacterial and viral infections and somes forms of cancer. The murine model of casein-induced amyloidosis was studied to determine the relationship between SAA production and amyloid deposition. SAA levels measured by radioimmunoassay were found to be as high as 200 times the normal level in CBA/J mice receiving daily parenteral casein. After a single injection of casein the SAA level was elevated by 3h and peaked by 12-18 h. Similar levels were found in casein-treated A/J mice, a strain less susceptible to the induction of amyloid. Parenterally administered bovine serum albumin, which has low potential for amyloid induction, gave SAA levels in CBA/J and A/J mice comparable to casein treatment. These data show that, while SAA levels are elevated during chronic antigenic stimulation, there are other factors involved in amyloid formation. These factors may include alterations in the degradation of SAA by the reticuloendothelial system caused by substances such as casein. Nude (athymic) mice were shown to attain high levels of SAA after receiving casein parenterally. Therefore, thymus-derived lymphocytes are not necessary for the synthesis of SAA.", "contents": "Kinetics of serum amyloid protein A in casein-induced murine amyloidosis. Serum amyloid protein A (SAA), the precursor of secondary amyloid protein, is elevated in chronic diseases which are associated with an increased incidence of amyloid. However, SAA is also elevated in acute bacterial and viral infections and somes forms of cancer. The murine model of casein-induced amyloidosis was studied to determine the relationship between SAA production and amyloid deposition. SAA levels measured by radioimmunoassay were found to be as high as 200 times the normal level in CBA/J mice receiving daily parenteral casein. After a single injection of casein the SAA level was elevated by 3h and peaked by 12-18 h. Similar levels were found in casein-treated A/J mice, a strain less susceptible to the induction of amyloid. Parenterally administered bovine serum albumin, which has low potential for amyloid induction, gave SAA levels in CBA/J and A/J mice comparable to casein treatment. These data show that, while SAA levels are elevated during chronic antigenic stimulation, there are other factors involved in amyloid formation. These factors may include alterations in the degradation of SAA by the reticuloendothelial system caused by substances such as casein. Nude (athymic) mice were shown to attain high levels of SAA after receiving casein parenterally. Therefore, thymus-derived lymphocytes are not necessary for the synthesis of SAA.", "PMID": 838858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3475", "title": "Neutrophil preservation: the effect of short-term storage on in vivo kinetics.", "content": "A rabbit model was developed to study the in vivo viability of neutrophils stored in vitro for up to 72 h. Acid-citrate-dextrose anticoagulated whole blood was obtained from rabbits previously injected with tritiated thymidine ([3H]thymidine), stored under varying conditions, and then injected into recipient rabbits. Neutrophil viability and function were assessed by measuring the ability of the tagged neutrophils to circulate and to migrate into subcutaneous polyvinyl sponges. Unstored neutrophils disappeared exponentially from the circulation with a t1/2 of 3.2 h and gave a zero time recovery of 30.5%. Storage of cells at either room temperature or 4 degrees C for 24 h or longer resulted in temporary sequestration of cells from active circulation. With cells stored for up to 72 h at 4 degrees C, recovery returned to normal values after 1-2 h. Room temperature stored cells, in contrast, showed evidence of irreversible damage at 48-h storage with low recovery for the entire time span studied. With unstored blood, 8.1+/-0.9% of the injected neutrophil label was present in the subcutaneous sponges. The accumulated label progressively decreased as cell storage time increased reaching at 72 h 5.1+/-0.6 and 2.6+/-0.3% for 4 degrees C and room temperature-stored cells, respectively. The results of this study indicate that 4 degrees C storage of rabbit neutrophils is superior to storage at room temperature. The data suggest that it may be feasible to store neutrophils at least a few days without loss of in vivo functions.", "contents": "Neutrophil preservation: the effect of short-term storage on in vivo kinetics. A rabbit model was developed to study the in vivo viability of neutrophils stored in vitro for up to 72 h. Acid-citrate-dextrose anticoagulated whole blood was obtained from rabbits previously injected with tritiated thymidine ([3H]thymidine), stored under varying conditions, and then injected into recipient rabbits. Neutrophil viability and function were assessed by measuring the ability of the tagged neutrophils to circulate and to migrate into subcutaneous polyvinyl sponges. Unstored neutrophils disappeared exponentially from the circulation with a t1/2 of 3.2 h and gave a zero time recovery of 30.5%. Storage of cells at either room temperature or 4 degrees C for 24 h or longer resulted in temporary sequestration of cells from active circulation. With cells stored for up to 72 h at 4 degrees C, recovery returned to normal values after 1-2 h. Room temperature stored cells, in contrast, showed evidence of irreversible damage at 48-h storage with low recovery for the entire time span studied. With unstored blood, 8.1+/-0.9% of the injected neutrophil label was present in the subcutaneous sponges. The accumulated label progressively decreased as cell storage time increased reaching at 72 h 5.1+/-0.6 and 2.6+/-0.3% for 4 degrees C and room temperature-stored cells, respectively. The results of this study indicate that 4 degrees C storage of rabbit neutrophils is superior to storage at room temperature. The data suggest that it may be feasible to store neutrophils at least a few days without loss of in vivo functions.", "PMID": 838860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3476", "title": "Inhibition of antigen- and mitogen-induced human lymphocyte proliferation by gold compounds.", "content": "Gold sodium thiomalate (GST) inhibited in vitro antigen- and mitogen-triggered human lymphocyte DNA synthesis. Inhibition of responsiveness was observed with concentrations of GST equivalent to gold levels found in serum or tissues of patients receiving chrysotherapy, Inhibition was dependent upon the gold ion itself since GST and gold chloride were both inhibitory whereas thiomalic acid was not. Inhibition could not be explained by nonspecific killing of cells or by an alteration in the kinetics of the responses. GST inhibited mitogen-induced proliferation most effectively when present from the initiation of culture and could not inhibit the responsiveness of cells which previously had been activated by concanvalin A. These findings indicated that GST blocked a critical early step in lymphocyte activation. The degree of GST-induced inhibition of proliferation was increased in cultures of cells partially depleted of monocytes. Moreover, inhibition was reversed by supplementation of these cultures with purified monocytes. These observations suggested that GST blocked thymus-derived (T)-lymphocyte activation by interfering with a requisite function of the monocyte population in initiating such responses. Prolonged incubation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with GST resulted in diminished mitogen responsiveness upon subsequent culture in the absence of gold. The addition of fresh monocytes restored responsiveness to these populations. Furthermore, preincubation of purified monocytes with GST rendered them deficient in their ability to support mitogen-induced T-lymphocyte proliferation on subsequent culture. These observations indicate that the major effect of GST results from interference with the functional capability of the monocyte population.", "contents": "Inhibition of antigen- and mitogen-induced human lymphocyte proliferation by gold compounds. Gold sodium thiomalate (GST) inhibited in vitro antigen- and mitogen-triggered human lymphocyte DNA synthesis. Inhibition of responsiveness was observed with concentrations of GST equivalent to gold levels found in serum or tissues of patients receiving chrysotherapy, Inhibition was dependent upon the gold ion itself since GST and gold chloride were both inhibitory whereas thiomalic acid was not. Inhibition could not be explained by nonspecific killing of cells or by an alteration in the kinetics of the responses. GST inhibited mitogen-induced proliferation most effectively when present from the initiation of culture and could not inhibit the responsiveness of cells which previously had been activated by concanvalin A. These findings indicated that GST blocked a critical early step in lymphocyte activation. The degree of GST-induced inhibition of proliferation was increased in cultures of cells partially depleted of monocytes. Moreover, inhibition was reversed by supplementation of these cultures with purified monocytes. These observations suggested that GST blocked thymus-derived (T)-lymphocyte activation by interfering with a requisite function of the monocyte population in initiating such responses. Prolonged incubation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with GST resulted in diminished mitogen responsiveness upon subsequent culture in the absence of gold. The addition of fresh monocytes restored responsiveness to these populations. Furthermore, preincubation of purified monocytes with GST rendered them deficient in their ability to support mitogen-induced T-lymphocyte proliferation on subsequent culture. These observations indicate that the major effect of GST results from interference with the functional capability of the monocyte population.", "PMID": 838859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3477", "title": "Measurement of pulmonary capillary blood flow in infants by plethysmography.", "content": "An accurate method for measuring effective pulmonary capillary blood flow (Qc eff) in infants has been developed with an adaptation of the plethysmographic technique. Measurements were made on 19 preterm. 14 small-for-dates, and 7 fullterm normal infants with a constant volume whole body plethysmograph in which the infant rebreathed nitrous oxide. There was a highly significant correlation between Qc eff and body weight, and this relationship was unaffected by premature delivery or intrauterine growth retardation. Mean Qc eff in preterm, small-for dates, and fullterm infants was 203, 208 and 197 ml min-1 kg-1, respectively, with no significant differences between the groups. A significant negative correlation existed between Qc eff and haematocrit in the preterm infants. There was no relationship between weight standardized Qc eff and postnatal age in any of the groups. With this technique, it was possible to readily recognise the presence of rapid recirculation (indicative of shunting) in several of the infants, suggesting that rebreathing methods for the assessment of Qc eff should not be applied indiscriminately during the neonatal period. By taking care to overcome the potential sources of technical error, it was possible to obtain highly reproducible results of Qc eff in infants over a wider age range than has been previously reported.", "contents": "Measurement of pulmonary capillary blood flow in infants by plethysmography. An accurate method for measuring effective pulmonary capillary blood flow (Qc eff) in infants has been developed with an adaptation of the plethysmographic technique. Measurements were made on 19 preterm. 14 small-for-dates, and 7 fullterm normal infants with a constant volume whole body plethysmograph in which the infant rebreathed nitrous oxide. There was a highly significant correlation between Qc eff and body weight, and this relationship was unaffected by premature delivery or intrauterine growth retardation. Mean Qc eff in preterm, small-for dates, and fullterm infants was 203, 208 and 197 ml min-1 kg-1, respectively, with no significant differences between the groups. A significant negative correlation existed between Qc eff and haematocrit in the preterm infants. There was no relationship between weight standardized Qc eff and postnatal age in any of the groups. With this technique, it was possible to readily recognise the presence of rapid recirculation (indicative of shunting) in several of the infants, suggesting that rebreathing methods for the assessment of Qc eff should not be applied indiscriminately during the neonatal period. By taking care to overcome the potential sources of technical error, it was possible to obtain highly reproducible results of Qc eff in infants over a wider age range than has been previously reported.", "PMID": 838861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3478", "title": "Effects of hypercapnia and inspiratory flow-resistive loading on respiratory activity in chronic airways obstruction.", "content": "The respiratory responses to hypercapnia alone and to hypercapnia and flow-resistive loading during inspiration were studied in normal individuals and in eucapnic and hypercapnic patients with chronic airways obstruction. Responses were assessed in terms of minute ventilation and occlusion pressure (mouth pressure during airway occlusion 100 ms after the onset of inspiration). Ventilatory responses to CO2 (deltaV/deltaPCO2) were distinctly subnormal in both groups of patients with airways obstruction. The two groups of patients, however, showed different occlusion pressure responses to CO2 (deltaP100/deltaPCO2): deltaP100/deltaPCO2 was normal in the eucapnic patients but subnormal in the hypercapnic patients. Flow-resistive loading during inspiration reduced deltaV/deltaPCO2 both in normal subjects and in patients with airways obstruction. The occlusion pressure response to CO2 increased in normal subjects during flow-resistive loading but remained unchanged in both groups of patients with chronic airways obstruction. These results indicate that while chemosensitivity as determined by deltaP100/deltaPCO2 is impaired only in hypercapnic patients with chronic airways obstruction, an acute increase in flow resistance elicits a subnormal increase in respiratory efferent activity in both eucapnic and hypercapnic patients.", "contents": "Effects of hypercapnia and inspiratory flow-resistive loading on respiratory activity in chronic airways obstruction. The respiratory responses to hypercapnia alone and to hypercapnia and flow-resistive loading during inspiration were studied in normal individuals and in eucapnic and hypercapnic patients with chronic airways obstruction. Responses were assessed in terms of minute ventilation and occlusion pressure (mouth pressure during airway occlusion 100 ms after the onset of inspiration). Ventilatory responses to CO2 (deltaV/deltaPCO2) were distinctly subnormal in both groups of patients with airways obstruction. The two groups of patients, however, showed different occlusion pressure responses to CO2 (deltaP100/deltaPCO2): deltaP100/deltaPCO2 was normal in the eucapnic patients but subnormal in the hypercapnic patients. Flow-resistive loading during inspiration reduced deltaV/deltaPCO2 both in normal subjects and in patients with airways obstruction. The occlusion pressure response to CO2 increased in normal subjects during flow-resistive loading but remained unchanged in both groups of patients with chronic airways obstruction. These results indicate that while chemosensitivity as determined by deltaP100/deltaPCO2 is impaired only in hypercapnic patients with chronic airways obstruction, an acute increase in flow resistance elicits a subnormal increase in respiratory efferent activity in both eucapnic and hypercapnic patients.", "PMID": 838862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3479", "title": "Metabolic clearance and secretion rates of subunits of human thyrotropin.", "content": "Metabolic clearance rates (MCR) of the alpha and beta subunits of human thyrotropin (hTSH-alpha and hTSH-beta) were determined by a constant infusion to equilibrium method. In 15 normal individuals (six men, six premenopausal women, and three post-menopausal women), the mean MCR of hTSH-alpha (68 ml/min per m2) was significantly faster than that of hTSH-beta (48 ml/min per m2) was significantly faster than that of hTSH-beta (48 ml/min per m2); both were two to three times more rapid than the previously determined MCR of hTSH. In patients with primary hypothyroidism, MCR were significantly slower with a mean value of 55 ml/min per m2 for hTSH-alpha and 37 ml/min per m2 for hTSH-beta. However, MCR of subunits were not significantly faster than normal in hyperthyroid patients. Serum concentrations of alpha subunits and hTSH-beta were measured by radioimmunoassay, and secretion rates of alpha and hTSH-beta from the pituitary were calculated using hTSH-alpha and hTSH-beta MCR, respectively. In the normal individuals, alpha secretion rates averaged 91 mug/day per m2, greater than those previously determined for hTSH and human follicle-stimulating hormone. Alpha secretion rates were significantly elevated in the normal postmenopausal women (211 mug/day per m2) and in the premenopausal hypothyroid women (202 mug/day per m2); they were also elevated in the postmenopausal hypothyroid women (277 mug/day per m2). Alpha secretion rates were significantly decreased in the premenopausal hyperthyroid women (66 mug/day per m2). Usually, the secretion rates of hTSH-beta could not be calculated in normal individuals, and the rates in hyperthyroid patients could never be calculated because serum hTSH-beta was not detected. Six normals had detectable hTSH-beta secretion rates (17 mug/day per m2); hTSH-beta secretion rates were significantly increased in patients with primary hypothyroidism (28 mug/day per m2). Although we had previously demonstrated a 50-fold increase in hTSH secretion rates in primary hypothyroidism, there was only a 2-fold increase in alpha and hTSH-beta secretion rates. Thus, increased subunit synthesis appears to be utilized predominantly for production of complete hTSH.", "contents": "Metabolic clearance and secretion rates of subunits of human thyrotropin. Metabolic clearance rates (MCR) of the alpha and beta subunits of human thyrotropin (hTSH-alpha and hTSH-beta) were determined by a constant infusion to equilibrium method. In 15 normal individuals (six men, six premenopausal women, and three post-menopausal women), the mean MCR of hTSH-alpha (68 ml/min per m2) was significantly faster than that of hTSH-beta (48 ml/min per m2) was significantly faster than that of hTSH-beta (48 ml/min per m2); both were two to three times more rapid than the previously determined MCR of hTSH. In patients with primary hypothyroidism, MCR were significantly slower with a mean value of 55 ml/min per m2 for hTSH-alpha and 37 ml/min per m2 for hTSH-beta. However, MCR of subunits were not significantly faster than normal in hyperthyroid patients. Serum concentrations of alpha subunits and hTSH-beta were measured by radioimmunoassay, and secretion rates of alpha and hTSH-beta from the pituitary were calculated using hTSH-alpha and hTSH-beta MCR, respectively. In the normal individuals, alpha secretion rates averaged 91 mug/day per m2, greater than those previously determined for hTSH and human follicle-stimulating hormone. Alpha secretion rates were significantly elevated in the normal postmenopausal women (211 mug/day per m2) and in the premenopausal hypothyroid women (202 mug/day per m2); they were also elevated in the postmenopausal hypothyroid women (277 mug/day per m2). Alpha secretion rates were significantly decreased in the premenopausal hyperthyroid women (66 mug/day per m2). Usually, the secretion rates of hTSH-beta could not be calculated in normal individuals, and the rates in hyperthyroid patients could never be calculated because serum hTSH-beta was not detected. Six normals had detectable hTSH-beta secretion rates (17 mug/day per m2); hTSH-beta secretion rates were significantly increased in patients with primary hypothyroidism (28 mug/day per m2). Although we had previously demonstrated a 50-fold increase in hTSH secretion rates in primary hypothyroidism, there was only a 2-fold increase in alpha and hTSH-beta secretion rates. Thus, increased subunit synthesis appears to be utilized predominantly for production of complete hTSH.", "PMID": 838863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3480", "title": "Induction of arthritis by purified cell-derived chemotactic factor: role of chemotaxis and vascular permeability.", "content": "The injection of monosidium urate-induced chemotactic factor into the joint cavities of rabbits induces an acute inflammatory response that resembles the one produced by monosodium urate crystals. The leukocyte accumulation induced by the factor was not accompanied by a measurable increase in vascular permeability as measured by appearance of 125I-albumin in the joint cavity. When histamine was injected into the joints, a marked increase in vascular permeability but no leukocytosis above control levels was observed. The above results suggest that the cell-derived factor is primarily responsible for the accumulation of cells seen in the acute inflammation induced by monosodium urate crystals.", "contents": "Induction of arthritis by purified cell-derived chemotactic factor: role of chemotaxis and vascular permeability. The injection of monosidium urate-induced chemotactic factor into the joint cavities of rabbits induces an acute inflammatory response that resembles the one produced by monosodium urate crystals. The leukocyte accumulation induced by the factor was not accompanied by a measurable increase in vascular permeability as measured by appearance of 125I-albumin in the joint cavity. When histamine was injected into the joints, a marked increase in vascular permeability but no leukocytosis above control levels was observed. The above results suggest that the cell-derived factor is primarily responsible for the accumulation of cells seen in the acute inflammation induced by monosodium urate crystals.", "PMID": 838864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3481", "title": "Pseudomembranous colitis.", "content": "Three basic histopathological patterns which may be seen in rectal biopsies from patients with pseudomembranous colitis are described, based on a study of 29 cases. The spectrum of change is illustrated and the problems of differential diagnosis are discussed--from a non-diagnostic proctitis at one extreme to acute ischaemia at the other. In the differential diagnosis of the acute colitic, the importance of urgent rectal biopsy and a carefully taken drug history is stressed. The association of pseudomembranous colitis with pre-existing disease and antibiotic therapy is confirmed. It is suggested that these cause local mucosal damage and may trigger the first part of a local Shwartzman reaction. Capillary microthrombosis may then paly a part in producing the mucosal necrosis seen later in the disease.", "contents": "Pseudomembranous colitis. Three basic histopathological patterns which may be seen in rectal biopsies from patients with pseudomembranous colitis are described, based on a study of 29 cases. The spectrum of change is illustrated and the problems of differential diagnosis are discussed--from a non-diagnostic proctitis at one extreme to acute ischaemia at the other. In the differential diagnosis of the acute colitic, the importance of urgent rectal biopsy and a carefully taken drug history is stressed. The association of pseudomembranous colitis with pre-existing disease and antibiotic therapy is confirmed. It is suggested that these cause local mucosal damage and may trigger the first part of a local Shwartzman reaction. Capillary microthrombosis may then paly a part in producing the mucosal necrosis seen later in the disease.", "PMID": 838865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3482", "title": "Rapid electron microscopy in oncology.", "content": "The case is argued for wider use of electron microscopy as an aid to histological diagnosis in problem cases such as tumours of uncertain histogenesis. In practical terms, electron microscopy can produce results as \"immediate\" as many special stains in regular use. The cost of providing an effective service can be favourably compared with that of various other diagnostic aids commonly called upon in normal clinical practice. It is suggested that exploitation of this growth area of morphological pathology will enhance the attractions of the discipline of histopathology to talented potential recruits.", "contents": "Rapid electron microscopy in oncology. The case is argued for wider use of electron microscopy as an aid to histological diagnosis in problem cases such as tumours of uncertain histogenesis. In practical terms, electron microscopy can produce results as \"immediate\" as many special stains in regular use. The cost of providing an effective service can be favourably compared with that of various other diagnostic aids commonly called upon in normal clinical practice. It is suggested that exploitation of this growth area of morphological pathology will enhance the attractions of the discipline of histopathology to talented potential recruits.", "PMID": 838866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3483", "title": "Crystals in brain and meninges in primary hyperoxaluria and oxalosis.", "content": "A case of primary hyperoxaluria and oxalosis with chronic renal failure, crystalline myocarditis, and disseminated calcium oxalate crystal deposition in various tissues including the brain and meninges is described. Deposition of crystals in brain and meninges is exceptionally rare in primary oxalosis.", "contents": "Crystals in brain and meninges in primary hyperoxaluria and oxalosis. A case of primary hyperoxaluria and oxalosis with chronic renal failure, crystalline myocarditis, and disseminated calcium oxalate crystal deposition in various tissues including the brain and meninges is described. Deposition of crystals in brain and meninges is exceptionally rare in primary oxalosis.", "PMID": 838867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3484", "title": "Avian erythrocyte agglutination tests with the sera of bird fanciers.", "content": "The agglutination of avian red cells, particularly pigeon and budgerigar cells, by sera from patients who had been exposed to birds and had respiratory symptoms, as well as from healthy bird fanciers, has been used to detect the presence of avian specific antibody. Agglutination tests performed by standard techniques using bird erythrocytes can be read within 45 minutes. One hundred and sixty-five sera were tested, and the 44 which were precipitin positive gave a positive agglutination test with one exception. Of 61 sera which gave positive agglutination tests, 43 gave positive precipitin tests with unconcentrated serum and seven others after fourfold concentration of the serum. Avian antibodies were demonstrated in the remaining 11 sera by radioimmunoelectrophoretic tests. Absorption of the sera with pigeon IgG and IgM and the use of animal antisera directed against pigeon IgG showed that the agglutination reactions were mediated by antibodies directed against pigeon IgG and IgM, and against light chains derived from pigeon IgG.", "contents": "Avian erythrocyte agglutination tests with the sera of bird fanciers. The agglutination of avian red cells, particularly pigeon and budgerigar cells, by sera from patients who had been exposed to birds and had respiratory symptoms, as well as from healthy bird fanciers, has been used to detect the presence of avian specific antibody. Agglutination tests performed by standard techniques using bird erythrocytes can be read within 45 minutes. One hundred and sixty-five sera were tested, and the 44 which were precipitin positive gave a positive agglutination test with one exception. Of 61 sera which gave positive agglutination tests, 43 gave positive precipitin tests with unconcentrated serum and seven others after fourfold concentration of the serum. Avian antibodies were demonstrated in the remaining 11 sera by radioimmunoelectrophoretic tests. Absorption of the sera with pigeon IgG and IgM and the use of animal antisera directed against pigeon IgG showed that the agglutination reactions were mediated by antibodies directed against pigeon IgG and IgM, and against light chains derived from pigeon IgG.", "PMID": 838868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3485", "title": "Susceptibility of the \"penicillinase-resistant\" penicillins and cephalosporins to penicillinase of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "The activities of some semisynthetic penicillins and cephalosporins have been tested against clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus. The apparent activity in vitro varies with the method of testing used. Determination of MICs using light inocula fails to detect the destructive effect of penicillinase on the antibiotic. This was, however, demonstrated reproducibly by the use of a technique in which a heavy inoculum was pre-incubated for two hours before application of antibiotic to wells. This method of testing probably represents most of the clinical situations in which the drugs are used since both in vitro and in vivo a growing culture is exposed to an antibiotic gradient. Flucloxacillin was inactivated by penicillinase considerably more than either methicillin, cloxacillin, or nafcillin. Cephaloridine was the most vulnerable of the cephalosporins. Cephazolin, cephalothin, and cephalexin were intermediate. Cephradine was the least hydrolysed by staphylococcal penicillinase. It is recommended that the activities of all penicillins and cephalosporins against staphylococci should be tested by diffusion at 37 degrees C with pre-incubation of the culture for two hours at this temperature.", "contents": "Susceptibility of the \"penicillinase-resistant\" penicillins and cephalosporins to penicillinase of Staphylococcus aureus. The activities of some semisynthetic penicillins and cephalosporins have been tested against clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus. The apparent activity in vitro varies with the method of testing used. Determination of MICs using light inocula fails to detect the destructive effect of penicillinase on the antibiotic. This was, however, demonstrated reproducibly by the use of a technique in which a heavy inoculum was pre-incubated for two hours before application of antibiotic to wells. This method of testing probably represents most of the clinical situations in which the drugs are used since both in vitro and in vivo a growing culture is exposed to an antibiotic gradient. Flucloxacillin was inactivated by penicillinase considerably more than either methicillin, cloxacillin, or nafcillin. Cephaloridine was the most vulnerable of the cephalosporins. Cephazolin, cephalothin, and cephalexin were intermediate. Cephradine was the least hydrolysed by staphylococcal penicillinase. It is recommended that the activities of all penicillins and cephalosporins against staphylococci should be tested by diffusion at 37 degrees C with pre-incubation of the culture for two hours at this temperature.", "PMID": 838869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3486", "title": "Antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in dermatology and burn wards.", "content": "Staphylococcus aureus isolated between 1967 and 1975 from the nose and skin lesions of patients in dermatology wards and from the burns of patients in a burns unit in Birmingham showed a high incidence of multiple antibiotic-resistant strains in both environments. Over 20% of the strains isolated from patients on admission to the dermatology wards were multiresistant. Resistance to benzylpenicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, and fusidic acid was common in the dermatology wards; a smaller proportion of strains were resistant to lincomycin, and few (since 1972 none) were resistant to methicillin; resistance to novobiocin and chloramphenicol was uncommon. In the burns unit, fusidic acid resistance was uncommon, but resistance to benzylpenicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, novobiocin, neomycin, methicilin, and lincomycin was common. Several of the antibiotics to which resistance was common in the burns unit were rarely if ever used there; strains resistant to these antibiotics probably remained common in the ward through the frequent use of other antibiotics, especially erythromycin, to which these strains were also resistant.", "contents": "Antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in dermatology and burn wards. Staphylococcus aureus isolated between 1967 and 1975 from the nose and skin lesions of patients in dermatology wards and from the burns of patients in a burns unit in Birmingham showed a high incidence of multiple antibiotic-resistant strains in both environments. Over 20% of the strains isolated from patients on admission to the dermatology wards were multiresistant. Resistance to benzylpenicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, and fusidic acid was common in the dermatology wards; a smaller proportion of strains were resistant to lincomycin, and few (since 1972 none) were resistant to methicillin; resistance to novobiocin and chloramphenicol was uncommon. In the burns unit, fusidic acid resistance was uncommon, but resistance to benzylpenicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, novobiocin, neomycin, methicilin, and lincomycin was common. Several of the antibiotics to which resistance was common in the burns unit were rarely if ever used there; strains resistant to these antibiotics probably remained common in the ward through the frequent use of other antibiotics, especially erythromycin, to which these strains were also resistant.", "PMID": 838870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3487", "title": "Development and use of a micro haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) technique, based on Hepatest, for the detection and quantitation of hepatitis B surface antibody (Anti-HBs) in blood donors.", "content": "A simple micro haemagglutination inhibition technique, based on Hepatest (Wellcome Reagents Limited), is described. Its application in the screening of blood donors is shown, and its sensitivity is discussed in two forms of usage and also when compared to the previous immunoelectroosmophoresis technique used in this centre.", "contents": "Development and use of a micro haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) technique, based on Hepatest, for the detection and quantitation of hepatitis B surface antibody (Anti-HBs) in blood donors. A simple micro haemagglutination inhibition technique, based on Hepatest (Wellcome Reagents Limited), is described. Its application in the screening of blood donors is shown, and its sensitivity is discussed in two forms of usage and also when compared to the previous immunoelectroosmophoresis technique used in this centre.", "PMID": 838871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3488", "title": "Haemocytometry by laser-beam optics: evaluation of the Hemac 630L.", "content": "Hemac is an automated blood counting system which is based on production of impulses from light scattered and diffracted by cells flowing past a laser beam. The pulses are processed electronically for cell counts and packed cell volume; haemoblobin is measured as cyanmethaemoglobin; absolute values are computed. On evaluation the precision was of the order of 2% for Hb and RBC, 2-8% for PVC, and 3% for WBC. When compared with other methods in the routine laboratory, PCV and absolute values gave divergent results, but PCV was found to correlate well with microhaematocrit corrected for trapped plasma. This suggests that Hemac may more closely reflect true values of PCV, MCV, and MCHC than other routine methods. Whether this \"accuracy\" is necessarily an advantage must be considered ietation of the blood count data, especially MCV, are discussed.", "contents": "Haemocytometry by laser-beam optics: evaluation of the Hemac 630L. Hemac is an automated blood counting system which is based on production of impulses from light scattered and diffracted by cells flowing past a laser beam. The pulses are processed electronically for cell counts and packed cell volume; haemoblobin is measured as cyanmethaemoglobin; absolute values are computed. On evaluation the precision was of the order of 2% for Hb and RBC, 2-8% for PVC, and 3% for WBC. When compared with other methods in the routine laboratory, PCV and absolute values gave divergent results, but PCV was found to correlate well with microhaematocrit corrected for trapped plasma. This suggests that Hemac may more closely reflect true values of PCV, MCV, and MCHC than other routine methods. Whether this \"accuracy\" is necessarily an advantage must be considered ietation of the blood count data, especially MCV, are discussed.", "PMID": 838872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3489", "title": "The platelet count in pregnancy.", "content": "The platelet count was measured at approximately monthly intervals during the course of 44 normal pregnancies. There was no evidence of any fall in the platelet count during pregnancy. Any significant change in the platelet count in pregnant women is unlikely to be the result of a normal pregnancy.", "contents": "The platelet count in pregnancy. The platelet count was measured at approximately monthly intervals during the course of 44 normal pregnancies. There was no evidence of any fall in the platelet count during pregnancy. Any significant change in the platelet count in pregnant women is unlikely to be the result of a normal pregnancy.", "PMID": 838873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3490", "title": "Reduced oxidase activity in the caeruloplasmin of two families with Wilson's disease.", "content": "Caeruloplasmin has been determined immunologically and by coper oxidase activity in 25 normal subjects, 20 patients with Wilson's disease, and 80 patients with chronic liver disease. Repeated estimation in four patients with Wilson's disease and two heterozygous mothers from two families revealed a consistent reduction in the copper oxidase activity of caeruloplasmin (12-32 units copper oxidase activity/mg caeruloplasmin) relative to the values obtained in normal subjects, patients with chronic liver disease, and other Wilson's disease patients (mean 65-79 units/mg). It is suggested that the functional abnormality in caeruloplasmin observed in these two families is an inherited variant, which does not appear to be due to the presence of a serum inhibitor of copper oxidase.", "contents": "Reduced oxidase activity in the caeruloplasmin of two families with Wilson's disease. Caeruloplasmin has been determined immunologically and by coper oxidase activity in 25 normal subjects, 20 patients with Wilson's disease, and 80 patients with chronic liver disease. Repeated estimation in four patients with Wilson's disease and two heterozygous mothers from two families revealed a consistent reduction in the copper oxidase activity of caeruloplasmin (12-32 units copper oxidase activity/mg caeruloplasmin) relative to the values obtained in normal subjects, patients with chronic liver disease, and other Wilson's disease patients (mean 65-79 units/mg). It is suggested that the functional abnormality in caeruloplasmin observed in these two families is an inherited variant, which does not appear to be due to the presence of a serum inhibitor of copper oxidase.", "PMID": 838874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3491", "title": "A sensitive urine-test method for monitoring the ingestion of isoniazid.", "content": "A method is described for monitoring the ingestion of isoniazid based on detecting its metabolites, isonicotinic acid, and isonicotinylglycine in the urine. The sensitivity of the method is high so that reliably positive results were obtained up to about 24 hours after the ingestion of 100 mg isoniazid. The method should facilitate monitoring the taking of isoniazid by tuberculosis patients and the use of isoniazid as a marker for assessing the regularity with which other drugs prescribed for self-administration are actually ingested.", "contents": "A sensitive urine-test method for monitoring the ingestion of isoniazid. A method is described for monitoring the ingestion of isoniazid based on detecting its metabolites, isonicotinic acid, and isonicotinylglycine in the urine. The sensitivity of the method is high so that reliably positive results were obtained up to about 24 hours after the ingestion of 100 mg isoniazid. The method should facilitate monitoring the taking of isoniazid by tuberculosis patients and the use of isoniazid as a marker for assessing the regularity with which other drugs prescribed for self-administration are actually ingested.", "PMID": 838875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3492", "title": "Cat cones have rod input: a comparison of the response properties of cones and horizontal cell bodies in the retina of the cat.", "content": "The responses of horizontal cell bodies and cones in the retina of the cat have been studied by means of intracellular recording and Procion dye injection in an isolated, arterially perfused eyecup preparation. Comparison of the hyperpolarizing responses of these units to red and blue stimuli of different intensities indicated that all morphological varieties of horizontal cells and, additionally, cones themselves, had mixed rod and cone input. The rod input into horizontal cell bodies is thus explained on the basis of cone physiology. The half-saturating intensity of 441 nm stimuli for the rod input into cones and horizontal cells was about 400 quanta/mum2/sec and about 160,000 quanta/mum2/sec for the cone input. Little of this difference can be related to the different quantum catching abilities of rods and cones. The spatial properties of horizontal cell bodies and cones have been characterized using stimuli consisting of long slits in conjunction with a continuous cable model. Space constants for horizontal cells ranged from 210 mum to 410 mum, whereas those for cones ranged from 50 mum, or possibly less, to 180 mum. It is argued that horizontal cell bodies of the cat retina form electrical networks, and that the sizes of the receptive fields generated in these networks may be limited by the diameters of the primary and secondary dendrites of horizontal cells. The rod and cone fields of horizontal cell bodies were found to be nearly coextensive in space, arguing against the notion that substantial rod input came from distant, rod-dominated terminal arborizations.", "contents": "Cat cones have rod input: a comparison of the response properties of cones and horizontal cell bodies in the retina of the cat. The responses of horizontal cell bodies and cones in the retina of the cat have been studied by means of intracellular recording and Procion dye injection in an isolated, arterially perfused eyecup preparation. Comparison of the hyperpolarizing responses of these units to red and blue stimuli of different intensities indicated that all morphological varieties of horizontal cells and, additionally, cones themselves, had mixed rod and cone input. The rod input into horizontal cell bodies is thus explained on the basis of cone physiology. The half-saturating intensity of 441 nm stimuli for the rod input into cones and horizontal cells was about 400 quanta/mum2/sec and about 160,000 quanta/mum2/sec for the cone input. Little of this difference can be related to the different quantum catching abilities of rods and cones. The spatial properties of horizontal cell bodies and cones have been characterized using stimuli consisting of long slits in conjunction with a continuous cable model. Space constants for horizontal cells ranged from 210 mum to 410 mum, whereas those for cones ranged from 50 mum, or possibly less, to 180 mum. It is argued that horizontal cell bodies of the cat retina form electrical networks, and that the sizes of the receptive fields generated in these networks may be limited by the diameters of the primary and secondary dendrites of horizontal cells. The rod and cone fields of horizontal cell bodies were found to be nearly coextensive in space, arguing against the notion that substantial rod input came from distant, rod-dominated terminal arborizations.", "PMID": 838876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3493", "title": "The ultrastructure of cutaneous type I mechanoreceptors (Haarscheiben) in cats following denervation.", "content": "Denervation of specialized cutaneous mechanoreceptors (Haarscheiben or domes) in cats was followed after 20 and 25 days by the following alterations in receptor structure: (1) reduced numbers of Merkel cells, (2) Merkel cells degenerating in situ, (3) fewer dense-core granules in the cytoplasm of Merkel cells, (4) an increased number of agranular dendritic cells and Langerhans cells in the dome, (5) the apparent phagocytosis of Merkel cells by Schwann and Langerhans cells, (6) fewer epithelial cell layers over the dome, and (7) a decrease in the number of transitional cells. Skin excised between the domes in the denervated nerve field appeared normal when compared to innervated skin, and it was considered unlikely that the alterations in dome structure were due to generalized nutritional changes in the skin caused by transection of sympathetic axons or to some other side effect of denervation. Since domes are formed in new locations on the skin after nerves have regenerated (Burgess et al., '74), changes in dome structure following nerve transection are probably due to loss of the \"trophic\" influence of the nerves supplying the dome.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of cutaneous type I mechanoreceptors (Haarscheiben) in cats following denervation. Denervation of specialized cutaneous mechanoreceptors (Haarscheiben or domes) in cats was followed after 20 and 25 days by the following alterations in receptor structure: (1) reduced numbers of Merkel cells, (2) Merkel cells degenerating in situ, (3) fewer dense-core granules in the cytoplasm of Merkel cells, (4) an increased number of agranular dendritic cells and Langerhans cells in the dome, (5) the apparent phagocytosis of Merkel cells by Schwann and Langerhans cells, (6) fewer epithelial cell layers over the dome, and (7) a decrease in the number of transitional cells. Skin excised between the domes in the denervated nerve field appeared normal when compared to innervated skin, and it was considered unlikely that the alterations in dome structure were due to generalized nutritional changes in the skin caused by transection of sympathetic axons or to some other side effect of denervation. Since domes are formed in new locations on the skin after nerves have regenerated (Burgess et al., '74), changes in dome structure following nerve transection are probably due to loss of the \"trophic\" influence of the nerves supplying the dome.", "PMID": 838877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3494", "title": "Unmyelinated axons in thoracic ventral roots of the cat.", "content": "This study shows that approximately 30% of the axons in the T11 and T12 ventral roots of the cat are unmyelinated. The unmyelinated axons fall into two categories. Slightly less than half are efferents from the spinal cord and slightly more than half arise from dorsal root ganglion cells. The efferent fibers are regarded as unmyelinated preganglionic sympathetics, the fibers of dorsal root ganglion origin are regarded as sensory. This organization of the T11-T12 ventral roots, which are part of the sympathetic outflow, is similar to that of cat ventral roots S3 and Cal, which are part of the parasympathetic outflow, but different from cat ventral roots L7 and S1, which are between the visceral outflows.", "contents": "Unmyelinated axons in thoracic ventral roots of the cat. This study shows that approximately 30% of the axons in the T11 and T12 ventral roots of the cat are unmyelinated. The unmyelinated axons fall into two categories. Slightly less than half are efferents from the spinal cord and slightly more than half arise from dorsal root ganglion cells. The efferent fibers are regarded as unmyelinated preganglionic sympathetics, the fibers of dorsal root ganglion origin are regarded as sensory. This organization of the T11-T12 ventral roots, which are part of the sympathetic outflow, is similar to that of cat ventral roots S3 and Cal, which are part of the parasympathetic outflow, but different from cat ventral roots L7 and S1, which are between the visceral outflows.", "PMID": 838878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3495", "title": "The effect of superior colliculus lesions upon the visual fields of cats with cortical ablations.", "content": "The visual fields of 18 cats were measured before and after various lesions. Preoperatively, all cats had identical fields. With both eyes open, they saw from 90 degrees left to 90 degrees right; with one eye, from 90 degrees ipsilateral to 45 degrees contralateral. Thus the field for nasal retina extends from 90 degrees ipsilateral through to the midline; for temporal retina, from the midline through to 45 degrees contralateral. In summary, postoperative testing led to two major conclusions. (1) Large occipito-temporal cortical lesions produce a stable field blindness, but the blindness is alleviated by a transection of the commissure of the superior colliculus (or a unilateral collicular ablation). This transection yields the same result whether it occurs in an operation before, during, or after the cortical lesion. These data confirm and extend the Sprague effect. (2) Cats made dependent upon retinotectal pathways due to cortical ablations responded much better to stimulation of nasal retina than to stimulation of temporal retina. This presumably is related to the preponderance of nasal retina as a source of the retinotectal pathway. Since even smaller cortical lesions limited to areas 17, 18, and 19 produce this nasal/temporal retinal difference, it is concluded that integrity of the geniculocortical pathways is necessary for good temporal retinal vision as determined by these methods.", "contents": "The effect of superior colliculus lesions upon the visual fields of cats with cortical ablations. The visual fields of 18 cats were measured before and after various lesions. Preoperatively, all cats had identical fields. With both eyes open, they saw from 90 degrees left to 90 degrees right; with one eye, from 90 degrees ipsilateral to 45 degrees contralateral. Thus the field for nasal retina extends from 90 degrees ipsilateral through to the midline; for temporal retina, from the midline through to 45 degrees contralateral. In summary, postoperative testing led to two major conclusions. (1) Large occipito-temporal cortical lesions produce a stable field blindness, but the blindness is alleviated by a transection of the commissure of the superior colliculus (or a unilateral collicular ablation). This transection yields the same result whether it occurs in an operation before, during, or after the cortical lesion. These data confirm and extend the Sprague effect. (2) Cats made dependent upon retinotectal pathways due to cortical ablations responded much better to stimulation of nasal retina than to stimulation of temporal retina. This presumably is related to the preponderance of nasal retina as a source of the retinotectal pathway. Since even smaller cortical lesions limited to areas 17, 18, and 19 produce this nasal/temporal retinal difference, it is concluded that integrity of the geniculocortical pathways is necessary for good temporal retinal vision as determined by these methods.", "PMID": 838879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3496", "title": "The effect of cortical and tectal lesions on the visual fields of binocularly deprived cats.", "content": "The visual fields of seven cats raised with binocular lid suture were measured before and after various neural lesions. Each of the cats preoperatively responded with each eye to stimuli from 90 degrees ipsilateral through to the midline. A transection of the optic chiasm rendered one cat blind on the visual field tests. Large bilateral occipito-temporal cortical ablations (4 cats) did not measurably affect orienting responses or the extent of visual field. Unilateral occipito-temporal cortical ablations (2 cats) also had no affect on the visual fields, but subsequent ablations of the contralateral superior colliculus produced permanent blindness in the hemifield contralateral to the ablated tectum. These two cats also were apparently blind with the eye contralateral to the ablated tectum; but with the other eye, the cats retained their preoperative orienting responses. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that, with early binocular deprivation, cats develop dependence upon retinotectal and not thalamocortical pathways for visually guided orienting behavior.", "contents": "The effect of cortical and tectal lesions on the visual fields of binocularly deprived cats. The visual fields of seven cats raised with binocular lid suture were measured before and after various neural lesions. Each of the cats preoperatively responded with each eye to stimuli from 90 degrees ipsilateral through to the midline. A transection of the optic chiasm rendered one cat blind on the visual field tests. Large bilateral occipito-temporal cortical ablations (4 cats) did not measurably affect orienting responses or the extent of visual field. Unilateral occipito-temporal cortical ablations (2 cats) also had no affect on the visual fields, but subsequent ablations of the contralateral superior colliculus produced permanent blindness in the hemifield contralateral to the ablated tectum. These two cats also were apparently blind with the eye contralateral to the ablated tectum; but with the other eye, the cats retained their preoperative orienting responses. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that, with early binocular deprivation, cats develop dependence upon retinotectal and not thalamocortical pathways for visually guided orienting behavior.", "PMID": 838880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3497", "title": "Response of the three main types of glial cells of cortex and corpus callosum in rats handled during suckling or exposed to enriched, control and impoverished environments following weaning.", "content": "The cell populations of the occipital cortex were examined in young rats subjected to different sensory experiences. In one series recently weaned animals were reared in enriched, impoverished or control environments. The enriched environment was obtained by keeping the animals among \"toys\" and other rats; the impoverished environment, by rearing the animals one per cage in a darkened, quiet room; and the control environment, by housing the animals three per cage under usual animal room conditions. Six recently weaned rats were kept in each environment for 30 days and ten, for 80 days. In a second series suckling rats were handled daily. Handling consisted of touching, holding and rubbing rat pups for 15 minutes per day during the first ten days after birth; twelve rats were studied, six handled and six unhandled controls. In the two series, the animals were sacrificed under anesthesia by perfusion with mixed aldehydes. Semithin epon sections of occipital cortex were stained with toluidine blue; neurons and the three main types of glia were enumerated. In addition, the thickness of the cortex was measured and the glial cells of corpus callosum counted in the animals exposed to the three environments for 80 days. Under the influence of the enriched environment, the occipital cortex enlarged, the number of oligodendrocytes increased over the controls by 27-33% in the 30- and 80-day groups and the number of astrocytes, by 13% in the 80-day group. Within the cortex, only certain layers showed the increase in glial numbers. In the corpus callosum, however, the numbers of glial cells did not differ from those in controls. In the animals exposed to the impoverished environment, neither the size of the cortex nor the number of oligodendrocytes and astrocytes differed from controls. The animals subjected to handling also showed evidence of cortical enlargement, but the only significant change in glial cells was a 12% increase in astrocytes. It is concluded that handling and enrichment produce changes in anatomical indices of neural function including depth of cortex and numbers of glial cells. The glial response was specific to the type.of manipulation since astrocytes were predominantly affected by handling and oligodendrocytes, by enrichment. The effect of handling on astrocytes may be attributed to the stimulation being applied at a time of astrocyte proliferation, whereas the effect of enriched environment on oligodendrocytes occurred at a time of active production of these cells. The differences in cell numbers were explained by changes in the rate of cell population growth; since the impoverished did not differ from the control animals, the changes probably consisted of growth acceleration in the enriched animals rather than diminution in the impoverished ones.", "contents": "Response of the three main types of glial cells of cortex and corpus callosum in rats handled during suckling or exposed to enriched, control and impoverished environments following weaning. The cell populations of the occipital cortex were examined in young rats subjected to different sensory experiences. In one series recently weaned animals were reared in enriched, impoverished or control environments. The enriched environment was obtained by keeping the animals among \"toys\" and other rats; the impoverished environment, by rearing the animals one per cage in a darkened, quiet room; and the control environment, by housing the animals three per cage under usual animal room conditions. Six recently weaned rats were kept in each environment for 30 days and ten, for 80 days. In a second series suckling rats were handled daily. Handling consisted of touching, holding and rubbing rat pups for 15 minutes per day during the first ten days after birth; twelve rats were studied, six handled and six unhandled controls. In the two series, the animals were sacrificed under anesthesia by perfusion with mixed aldehydes. Semithin epon sections of occipital cortex were stained with toluidine blue; neurons and the three main types of glia were enumerated. In addition, the thickness of the cortex was measured and the glial cells of corpus callosum counted in the animals exposed to the three environments for 80 days. Under the influence of the enriched environment, the occipital cortex enlarged, the number of oligodendrocytes increased over the controls by 27-33% in the 30- and 80-day groups and the number of astrocytes, by 13% in the 80-day group. Within the cortex, only certain layers showed the increase in glial numbers. In the corpus callosum, however, the numbers of glial cells did not differ from those in controls. In the animals exposed to the impoverished environment, neither the size of the cortex nor the number of oligodendrocytes and astrocytes differed from controls. The animals subjected to handling also showed evidence of cortical enlargement, but the only significant change in glial cells was a 12% increase in astrocytes. It is concluded that handling and enrichment produce changes in anatomical indices of neural function including depth of cortex and numbers of glial cells. The glial response was specific to the type.of manipulation since astrocytes were predominantly affected by handling and oligodendrocytes, by enrichment. The effect of handling on astrocytes may be attributed to the stimulation being applied at a time of astrocyte proliferation, whereas the effect of enriched environment on oligodendrocytes occurred at a time of active production of these cells. The differences in cell numbers were explained by changes in the rate of cell population growth; since the impoverished did not differ from the control animals, the changes probably consisted of growth acceleration in the enriched animals rather than diminution in the impoverished ones.", "PMID": 838881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3498", "title": "Quantitative studies of cell size in the cat's dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus following visual deprivation.", "content": "The effects of visual deprivation upon dorsal lateral geniculate (DLG) cell size were compared for seven kittens reared with monocular lid-suture (MD), seven with binocular lid-suture (BD), and six with one eye lid-sutured and the other eye enucleated soon after birth (MD-E). Six additional kittens were reared normally for comparison. For each kitten the cross-sectional areas of 300 cells were measured in one or both nuclei. Measurements were taken from the binocular segment of laminae A and A1 and the monocular segment of lamina A. In agreement with previous studies, cells in the binocular segment of the deprived laminae of MD cats were smaller (33-34%) than those in the non-deprived laminae. Comparisons with normal animals indicated that this difference was due to an increase (10-15%) in size of cells in the non-deprived laminae as well as a decrease (23-25%) in size of cells in the deprived laminae. Cells in the monocular segment also were affected by deprivation in MD cats, and this effect increased with the age (and duration of the deprivation) of the animal. However, it was always smaller than the decrease in cell size in the binocular portion of the DLG. In BD kittens, DLG cells were smaller (7-12%) than normal in all portions of the nucleus, including both the binocular and monocular segments. Direct comparisons between the deprived laminae of MD and BD kittens indicated that the decrease in cell size was greater for MD kittens in the binocular segment, but tended to be greater for BD kittens in the monocular segment. In MD-E kittens, DLG cells in the deprived laminae were smaller (11-17%) than normal in all portions of the nucleus, including both the binocular and monocular segments. Thus, the effects of deprivation were similar to those in BD kittens, even though inputs from the deprived eye had been placed at a competitive advantage in MD-E kittens. These results indicate that two factors may affect cell size in the DLG of visually deprived cats: deprivation per se and abnormal binocular competition. Finally, separate analyses for the ten largest and the ten smallest cells in each lamina of each cat were carried out in an attempt to determine if the changes in cell size were limited to the largest cells. In every case, differences observed for the total sample of cells were paralleled by differences from normal of both the largest cells present and the smallest cells present in the deprived laminae. Since at least two alternative interpretations can account for this finding, the question of whether the large cells are selectively affected by visual deprivation remains unanswered in the cat.", "contents": "Quantitative studies of cell size in the cat's dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus following visual deprivation. The effects of visual deprivation upon dorsal lateral geniculate (DLG) cell size were compared for seven kittens reared with monocular lid-suture (MD), seven with binocular lid-suture (BD), and six with one eye lid-sutured and the other eye enucleated soon after birth (MD-E). Six additional kittens were reared normally for comparison. For each kitten the cross-sectional areas of 300 cells were measured in one or both nuclei. Measurements were taken from the binocular segment of laminae A and A1 and the monocular segment of lamina A. In agreement with previous studies, cells in the binocular segment of the deprived laminae of MD cats were smaller (33-34%) than those in the non-deprived laminae. Comparisons with normal animals indicated that this difference was due to an increase (10-15%) in size of cells in the non-deprived laminae as well as a decrease (23-25%) in size of cells in the deprived laminae. Cells in the monocular segment also were affected by deprivation in MD cats, and this effect increased with the age (and duration of the deprivation) of the animal. However, it was always smaller than the decrease in cell size in the binocular portion of the DLG. In BD kittens, DLG cells were smaller (7-12%) than normal in all portions of the nucleus, including both the binocular and monocular segments. Direct comparisons between the deprived laminae of MD and BD kittens indicated that the decrease in cell size was greater for MD kittens in the binocular segment, but tended to be greater for BD kittens in the monocular segment. In MD-E kittens, DLG cells in the deprived laminae were smaller (11-17%) than normal in all portions of the nucleus, including both the binocular and monocular segments. Thus, the effects of deprivation were similar to those in BD kittens, even though inputs from the deprived eye had been placed at a competitive advantage in MD-E kittens. These results indicate that two factors may affect cell size in the DLG of visually deprived cats: deprivation per se and abnormal binocular competition. Finally, separate analyses for the ten largest and the ten smallest cells in each lamina of each cat were carried out in an attempt to determine if the changes in cell size were limited to the largest cells. In every case, differences observed for the total sample of cells were paralleled by differences from normal of both the largest cells present and the smallest cells present in the deprived laminae. Since at least two alternative interpretations can account for this finding, the question of whether the large cells are selectively affected by visual deprivation remains unanswered in the cat.", "PMID": 838882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3499", "title": "Hair cell distribution and orientation in goldfish otolith organs.", "content": "Structurally diverse sensory regions occur in the otolith organs of the goldfish inner ear. Scanning electron microscopy reveals regional distinctions based on three criteria. (1) Hair cells have different sizes of apical bundles, based on thickness. In all three maculae, two central regions have hair cells with bundles significantly thicker than those in surrounding regions. (2) Hair cell population density varies, with regional aggregations present. The central regions with thick bundles have two to three times the density of surrounding regions with thin bundles, and contain 40-80% of the total hair cell number in each macula. (3) Hair cell orientation maps show that each macula has two oppositely oriented cell populations that can be separated completely, not by a zone of interspersion, but apparently by a single unbroken line. The lagena is like the utricle in having hair cells with the kinocilium on the side of the cell toward the opposition line, but in the saccule the kinocilia face away from the line, and the small macula neglecta consists of two completely separate, oppositely oriented patches. The opposition line does not divide each macula simply down its midline; instead, the line divides the regions with thich bundles into nearly equal opposing areas, except for a remarkably abrupt large loop in the line in the anterior part of the saccule. The regional structural diversity in these organs may relate to localized functional diversity of responses to tilt, vibration and sound.", "contents": "Hair cell distribution and orientation in goldfish otolith organs. Structurally diverse sensory regions occur in the otolith organs of the goldfish inner ear. Scanning electron microscopy reveals regional distinctions based on three criteria. (1) Hair cells have different sizes of apical bundles, based on thickness. In all three maculae, two central regions have hair cells with bundles significantly thicker than those in surrounding regions. (2) Hair cell population density varies, with regional aggregations present. The central regions with thick bundles have two to three times the density of surrounding regions with thin bundles, and contain 40-80% of the total hair cell number in each macula. (3) Hair cell orientation maps show that each macula has two oppositely oriented cell populations that can be separated completely, not by a zone of interspersion, but apparently by a single unbroken line. The lagena is like the utricle in having hair cells with the kinocilium on the side of the cell toward the opposition line, but in the saccule the kinocilia face away from the line, and the small macula neglecta consists of two completely separate, oppositely oriented patches. The opposition line does not divide each macula simply down its midline; instead, the line divides the regions with thich bundles into nearly equal opposing areas, except for a remarkably abrupt large loop in the line in the anterior part of the saccule. The regional structural diversity in these organs may relate to localized functional diversity of responses to tilt, vibration and sound.", "PMID": 838883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3500", "title": "The vestibular complex of the American opossum, Didelphis virginiana. I. Conformation, cytoarchitecture and primary vestibular input.", "content": "Degeneration experiments reveal that the vestibular nerve of the adult opossum distributes to an extensive and diverse area of the brainstem and, as in placental mammals, the traditionally named nuclei do not receive a uniform distribution of primary afferent fibers. Nevertheless, such nuclei as well as other nearby cell groups have been considered as vestibular since they share other mutual connections. Except for subgroups \"l\", \"g\" and the nucleus supravestibularis all of the vestibular subdivisions generally recognized in more specialized placentals (e.g., the cat) have been identified in the marsupial opossum. Each of the vestibular nuclei and \"extra-nuclear\" cell stations are described as to their boundaries, cytoarchitecture and dendritic domain. Whenever possible we have employed a terminology consistent with that used for the cat. In several instances we have used results from experimental degeneration material to identify nuclear boundaries and divisions which are not apparent in routine Nissl, Golgi or silver preparations.", "contents": "The vestibular complex of the American opossum, Didelphis virginiana. I. Conformation, cytoarchitecture and primary vestibular input. Degeneration experiments reveal that the vestibular nerve of the adult opossum distributes to an extensive and diverse area of the brainstem and, as in placental mammals, the traditionally named nuclei do not receive a uniform distribution of primary afferent fibers. Nevertheless, such nuclei as well as other nearby cell groups have been considered as vestibular since they share other mutual connections. Except for subgroups \"l\", \"g\" and the nucleus supravestibularis all of the vestibular subdivisions generally recognized in more specialized placentals (e.g., the cat) have been identified in the marsupial opossum. Each of the vestibular nuclei and \"extra-nuclear\" cell stations are described as to their boundaries, cytoarchitecture and dendritic domain. Whenever possible we have employed a terminology consistent with that used for the cat. In several instances we have used results from experimental degeneration material to identify nuclear boundaries and divisions which are not apparent in routine Nissl, Golgi or silver preparations.", "PMID": 838884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3501", "title": "Second order auditory pathways in the chimpanzee.", "content": "Substantial portions of the dorsal, and almost the entire posteroventral and anteroventral (Av) cochlear nuclei were aspirated unilaterally in a chimpanzee. Axonal degeneration was studied by the Fink-Heimer method. The greatest amount of degeneration was followed medially from the region of Av into the lateral part of the trapezoid body. Degeneration also coursed around the superior surface of the restiform body and was traced into the dorsal and intermediate acoustic striae. Within the superior olivary complex, degeneration was distributed to: the ipsilateral lateral superior olive; laterally and medially oriented dendrites of the ipsilateral and contralateral medial superior olivary nuclei respectively (some perisomatic degeneration also was present bilaterally); the contralateral medial trapezoid nucleus; retro-olivary and preolivary cell groups bilaterally. Abundant degeneration passed into the contralateral lateral lemniscus and was distributed largely to its ventral nucleus. The contralateral central nucleus of the inferior colliculus was a major site of termination of ascending second order auditory fibers. The caudal tip of the ipsilateral ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus received abundant degeneration, but this diminished rostrally. The ipsilateral inferior colliculus contained a moderate amount of degeneration. A fair number of degenerated second order auditory fibers ascended in the contralateral brachium of the inferior colliculus and were distributed both to the principle and magnocellular divisions of the medial geniculate body. This pathway appears to represent a phylogenetic advance in the brain of the great ape.", "contents": "Second order auditory pathways in the chimpanzee. Substantial portions of the dorsal, and almost the entire posteroventral and anteroventral (Av) cochlear nuclei were aspirated unilaterally in a chimpanzee. Axonal degeneration was studied by the Fink-Heimer method. The greatest amount of degeneration was followed medially from the region of Av into the lateral part of the trapezoid body. Degeneration also coursed around the superior surface of the restiform body and was traced into the dorsal and intermediate acoustic striae. Within the superior olivary complex, degeneration was distributed to: the ipsilateral lateral superior olive; laterally and medially oriented dendrites of the ipsilateral and contralateral medial superior olivary nuclei respectively (some perisomatic degeneration also was present bilaterally); the contralateral medial trapezoid nucleus; retro-olivary and preolivary cell groups bilaterally. Abundant degeneration passed into the contralateral lateral lemniscus and was distributed largely to its ventral nucleus. The contralateral central nucleus of the inferior colliculus was a major site of termination of ascending second order auditory fibers. The caudal tip of the ipsilateral ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus received abundant degeneration, but this diminished rostrally. The ipsilateral inferior colliculus contained a moderate amount of degeneration. A fair number of degenerated second order auditory fibers ascended in the contralateral brachium of the inferior colliculus and were distributed both to the principle and magnocellular divisions of the medial geniculate body. This pathway appears to represent a phylogenetic advance in the brain of the great ape.", "PMID": 838885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3502", "title": "The locust wing hinge stretch receptors. I. Primary sensory neurones with enormous central arborizations.", "content": "In locusts a single-celled stretch receptor (SR) neurone at the base of each wing monitors wing elevation and contributes to the control of the flight motor output. The central projections of these neurones are very complex but consistent in detail in the three species studied (Chortoicetes, Locusta and Schistocerca). The hindwing SR projects to the second and third thoracic ganglia, the forewing SR to the first, second and third thoracic ganglia. Both send fine axons into the abdominal connective. Within the ganglia each SR forms an extensive arborization, entirely ipsilateral and mainly in the dorsal neuropile, divided into medial, mediolateral, and lateral branches. The projections of the two ipsilateral SR neurones overlap almost completely in the second and third ganglia. There are recurrent loops between branches of a single neurone both within and between ganglia. Light microscope analysis shows apparent contacts between the SR aneurones and flight motor neurones and other wing sensory afferents, as well as long interneurones, other motor neurones and two types of multiaxonal neurones of unknown function. There are three groups of contacts between each SR and a flight motor neurone: laterally on the main branches, medially with the terminal twigs; and in the anterior dorso-medial glomerulus, where the inter ganglionic recurrent branch also terminates. All contacts are ipsilateral except for those with the contralateral branches of the dorsal longitudinal muscle motor neurones. We suggest that the SR neurones are multifunctional. Differential information transfer could result both from the spatial distribution of synaptic connections with the motor neurones and from filtering caused by low safety factors at branch junctions. Information in the lateral branching could be used for general excitation and control of firing frequency of the motor neurones; that in the medial branch for wing control and co-ordination.", "contents": "The locust wing hinge stretch receptors. I. Primary sensory neurones with enormous central arborizations. In locusts a single-celled stretch receptor (SR) neurone at the base of each wing monitors wing elevation and contributes to the control of the flight motor output. The central projections of these neurones are very complex but consistent in detail in the three species studied (Chortoicetes, Locusta and Schistocerca). The hindwing SR projects to the second and third thoracic ganglia, the forewing SR to the first, second and third thoracic ganglia. Both send fine axons into the abdominal connective. Within the ganglia each SR forms an extensive arborization, entirely ipsilateral and mainly in the dorsal neuropile, divided into medial, mediolateral, and lateral branches. The projections of the two ipsilateral SR neurones overlap almost completely in the second and third ganglia. There are recurrent loops between branches of a single neurone both within and between ganglia. Light microscope analysis shows apparent contacts between the SR aneurones and flight motor neurones and other wing sensory afferents, as well as long interneurones, other motor neurones and two types of multiaxonal neurones of unknown function. There are three groups of contacts between each SR and a flight motor neurone: laterally on the main branches, medially with the terminal twigs; and in the anterior dorso-medial glomerulus, where the inter ganglionic recurrent branch also terminates. All contacts are ipsilateral except for those with the contralateral branches of the dorsal longitudinal muscle motor neurones. We suggest that the SR neurones are multifunctional. Differential information transfer could result both from the spatial distribution of synaptic connections with the motor neurones and from filtering caused by low safety factors at branch junctions. Information in the lateral branching could be used for general excitation and control of firing frequency of the motor neurones; that in the medial branch for wing control and co-ordination.", "PMID": 838886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3503", "title": "The locust wing hinge stretch receptors. II. Variation, alternative pathways and \"mistakes\" in the central arborizations.", "content": "The central arborizations of the stretch receptor (SR) neurones are very consistent from one individual to another. Superimposition of normalized neurones from eight individuals of Locusta show very little variation even in the detailed branching pattern. There is, however, a commonly found alternative course for the main medial branch in the metathoracic ganglion. Rare, radical departures from the normal branching pattern are termed \"mistakes.\" Only three have been found, all in the forewing SR projection, one with an extra branch and two with missing branches. Terminals of twigs in the alternative region of the medial branch occupy consistent positions in the neuropile, although these are reached by different routes. Mistakes have terminals in areas normally containing SR endings. Both these findings suggest that there may be labelled sites in the neuropile which the growing tips of the SR neurones seek out.", "contents": "The locust wing hinge stretch receptors. II. Variation, alternative pathways and \"mistakes\" in the central arborizations. The central arborizations of the stretch receptor (SR) neurones are very consistent from one individual to another. Superimposition of normalized neurones from eight individuals of Locusta show very little variation even in the detailed branching pattern. There is, however, a commonly found alternative course for the main medial branch in the metathoracic ganglion. Rare, radical departures from the normal branching pattern are termed \"mistakes.\" Only three have been found, all in the forewing SR projection, one with an extra branch and two with missing branches. Terminals of twigs in the alternative region of the medial branch occupy consistent positions in the neuropile, although these are reached by different routes. Mistakes have terminals in areas normally containing SR endings. Both these findings suggest that there may be labelled sites in the neuropile which the growing tips of the SR neurones seek out.", "PMID": 838887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3504", "title": "Visual cortical areas mediating form discrimination in the cat.", "content": "Cats were trained pre- and/or postoperatively on flux and pattern discriminations, and were examined in a series of visuomotor tests which measured attention and orientation to, and following and localization of stationary and moving stimuli, in a free situation and in a perimetry test. Cortical lesions were placed in areas 17 and 18, or in the middle and posterior suprasylvian gyri and sulci--areas 19, 20, 21, 7 and lateral suprasylvian cortex (LSA), as delineated by cyto- and myeloarchitecture, and by electrophysiological mapping. After removal of all of area 17 and up to 90-95% of 18, postoperative learning of flux and pattern discriminations is at a high level, although in some cases slowed. Visuomotor behavior is normal. Such lesions result in severe atrophy only of laminae A, A1 and C in the lateral geniculate nuclear complex (LGNd). The neuronal systems for perceiving and discriminating simple, large planimetric patterns and forms, and for mediating visually guided behavior characteristic of this species lie outside of areas 17-18. The cortices primarily responsible for form discrimination in the cat include those in the suprasylvian gyri and sulci. After lesions which removed areas 19, 20, 21 and LSA, sparing most of 17-18, form discriminations based on orientation or shape were prolonged or absent. Although these animals showed slow tracking and poor depth judgment, the visual fields were full and they had good sensory and perceptive capacity as seen in normal flux and near normal pattern (gratings) discrimination. Such lesions result in severe atrophy in lateral and inferior pulvinar complex. Although these nuclei receive visual input primarily from the superficial laminae of the superior colliculus and certain nuclei of the pretectum, both areas 19 and LSA receive a dual input from pulvinar and parts of LGNd. Whether these marked deficits in form discrimination after suprasylvian lesions are due to involvement of certain crucial areas of this extensive cortex, or whether all are involved in some integrated fashion, is not yet completely clear. Removal of 19, 21 and parts of LSA are followed by similar (but somewhat less marked) deficits of both retention and learning. Lesion in area 20 alone (cortical target of the lateral pulvinar) leaves retention of preoperatively learned discriminations intact but results in prolonged initial learning. Previous work by the present authors has shown similar deficits in form discrimination in the cat after lesions in the pretectum-superior colliculus. These data, together with the present findings appear to support the hypothesis that the midbrain-pulvinar-cortical pathways provide the first stage in simple, coarse form perception and discrimination in this species.", "contents": "Visual cortical areas mediating form discrimination in the cat. Cats were trained pre- and/or postoperatively on flux and pattern discriminations, and were examined in a series of visuomotor tests which measured attention and orientation to, and following and localization of stationary and moving stimuli, in a free situation and in a perimetry test. Cortical lesions were placed in areas 17 and 18, or in the middle and posterior suprasylvian gyri and sulci--areas 19, 20, 21, 7 and lateral suprasylvian cortex (LSA), as delineated by cyto- and myeloarchitecture, and by electrophysiological mapping. After removal of all of area 17 and up to 90-95% of 18, postoperative learning of flux and pattern discriminations is at a high level, although in some cases slowed. Visuomotor behavior is normal. Such lesions result in severe atrophy only of laminae A, A1 and C in the lateral geniculate nuclear complex (LGNd). The neuronal systems for perceiving and discriminating simple, large planimetric patterns and forms, and for mediating visually guided behavior characteristic of this species lie outside of areas 17-18. The cortices primarily responsible for form discrimination in the cat include those in the suprasylvian gyri and sulci. After lesions which removed areas 19, 20, 21 and LSA, sparing most of 17-18, form discriminations based on orientation or shape were prolonged or absent. Although these animals showed slow tracking and poor depth judgment, the visual fields were full and they had good sensory and perceptive capacity as seen in normal flux and near normal pattern (gratings) discrimination. Such lesions result in severe atrophy in lateral and inferior pulvinar complex. Although these nuclei receive visual input primarily from the superficial laminae of the superior colliculus and certain nuclei of the pretectum, both areas 19 and LSA receive a dual input from pulvinar and parts of LGNd. Whether these marked deficits in form discrimination after suprasylvian lesions are due to involvement of certain crucial areas of this extensive cortex, or whether all are involved in some integrated fashion, is not yet completely clear. Removal of 19, 21 and parts of LSA are followed by similar (but somewhat less marked) deficits of both retention and learning. Lesion in area 20 alone (cortical target of the lateral pulvinar) leaves retention of preoperatively learned discriminations intact but results in prolonged initial learning. Previous work by the present authors has shown similar deficits in form discrimination in the cat after lesions in the pretectum-superior colliculus. These data, together with the present findings appear to support the hypothesis that the midbrain-pulvinar-cortical pathways provide the first stage in simple, coarse form perception and discrimination in this species.", "PMID": 838888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3505", "title": "Specific neuroanatomical changes in chemosensory mutants of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.", "content": "Eight of nineteen chemotactic mutants of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have morphological defects in the sensory endings of neurons at the tip of the head. The mutants were obtained as worms swimming away from attractant or found amongst male potency mutants or mutants exhibiting erratic behavior. The nineteen mutants fall into at least twelve complementation groups. Mutants E1034 and E1035, alleles of che-1, show morphological alterations in the sensory endings of amphidial neurons and inner labial type 2 neurons, both prospective chemosensory neurons. Both mutants contain non-complementing ts sterile mutations linked to the chemosensory mutation. E1066 shows abnormalities in all the sheath cells associated with the sensory neurons and in the bundling pattern of the amphidial neurons. E1126 is structurally abnormal only in the sensory endings of inner labial type 2 neurons, supporting a chemosensory role for these neurons. E1033 (che-2) and E1124 (che-3) cause defects in the ciliary structure of all but one type of ciliated sensory neuron in the head. E1062 is grossly defective in head structure and the structure of the male copulatory organ, suggesting these opposite ends of the nematode rich in sensory structures share gene functions in embryogenesis. Our study illustrates the possibilities for genetic dissection of the development of a small set of nerves in a simple organism.", "contents": "Specific neuroanatomical changes in chemosensory mutants of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Eight of nineteen chemotactic mutants of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have morphological defects in the sensory endings of neurons at the tip of the head. The mutants were obtained as worms swimming away from attractant or found amongst male potency mutants or mutants exhibiting erratic behavior. The nineteen mutants fall into at least twelve complementation groups. Mutants E1034 and E1035, alleles of che-1, show morphological alterations in the sensory endings of amphidial neurons and inner labial type 2 neurons, both prospective chemosensory neurons. Both mutants contain non-complementing ts sterile mutations linked to the chemosensory mutation. E1066 shows abnormalities in all the sheath cells associated with the sensory neurons and in the bundling pattern of the amphidial neurons. E1126 is structurally abnormal only in the sensory endings of inner labial type 2 neurons, supporting a chemosensory role for these neurons. E1033 (che-2) and E1124 (che-3) cause defects in the ciliary structure of all but one type of ciliated sensory neuron in the head. E1062 is grossly defective in head structure and the structure of the male copulatory organ, suggesting these opposite ends of the nematode rich in sensory structures share gene functions in embryogenesis. Our study illustrates the possibilities for genetic dissection of the development of a small set of nerves in a simple organism.", "PMID": 838889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3506", "title": "Preterminal and terminal axon arborizations in the substantia gelatinosa of cat's spinal cord.", "content": "Extensive terminal branchings of fine fibers in the substantia gelatinosa of Golgi-Kopsch preparations of the adult cat spinal cord were subjected to a semi-quantitative analysis. transverse sections suggest that these fibers are probably unmyelinated primary afferent elements of dorsal root origin. In transverse sections these elements pass medially and ventrally and shortly disappear due to a change in orientation. Similar thin fibers in sagittal sections can be followed for several hundred microns as they give rise to side branches that also run mainly in a longitudinal direction. The side branches divide in turn to produce preterminal axon arborizations. The arborizations were distributed in 150 mum wide zones in the dorsal horn region corresponding to Rexed's lamina II. The end terminals are large bulbs, usually preceded by two to three equally large en passant enlargements. Seven to eight terminals stem from each side branch. The terminals and enlargements are arranged in narrow (16-26 mum thick) sagittal sheets. The terminals of several side branches often converge upon a common region so that clusters of terminals occur within the sagittal sheet. It is proposed that these observations are consistent with the substantia gelatinosa (lamina II) as the termination of unmyelinated (C) primary afferent fibers and that the latter are the only type of primary fibers ending in this portion of the spinal cord.", "contents": "Preterminal and terminal axon arborizations in the substantia gelatinosa of cat's spinal cord. Extensive terminal branchings of fine fibers in the substantia gelatinosa of Golgi-Kopsch preparations of the adult cat spinal cord were subjected to a semi-quantitative analysis. transverse sections suggest that these fibers are probably unmyelinated primary afferent elements of dorsal root origin. In transverse sections these elements pass medially and ventrally and shortly disappear due to a change in orientation. Similar thin fibers in sagittal sections can be followed for several hundred microns as they give rise to side branches that also run mainly in a longitudinal direction. The side branches divide in turn to produce preterminal axon arborizations. The arborizations were distributed in 150 mum wide zones in the dorsal horn region corresponding to Rexed's lamina II. The end terminals are large bulbs, usually preceded by two to three equally large en passant enlargements. Seven to eight terminals stem from each side branch. The terminals and enlargements are arranged in narrow (16-26 mum thick) sagittal sheets. The terminals of several side branches often converge upon a common region so that clusters of terminals occur within the sagittal sheet. It is proposed that these observations are consistent with the substantia gelatinosa (lamina II) as the termination of unmyelinated (C) primary afferent fibers and that the latter are the only type of primary fibers ending in this portion of the spinal cord.", "PMID": 838890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3507", "title": "Central connections of ventral root afferents as demonstrated by the HRP method.", "content": "To study the central connections of ventral root afferents, horseradish peroxidase was injected into the lumbosacral spinal cord of the cat and the appropriate dorsal root ganglia were examined from segments with (1) both dorsal and ventral roots intact, (2) both roots sectioned, and (3) only the dorsal root sectioned. The key finding was that a number of labeled cells (up to 133) were observed in the ganglion after dorsal rhizotomy. We interpret these findings to mean that the central processes of the labeled cells projected to the spinal cord through the ventral root. As expected, when both roots were cut, almost no cells were labeled and when both roots were intact, there were large numbers of labeled cells. Of the labeled cells observed in ganglia after dorsal rhizotomy, all were found to be within the ganglion itself. No labeled aberrant dorsal root ganglion cells could be found.", "contents": "Central connections of ventral root afferents as demonstrated by the HRP method. To study the central connections of ventral root afferents, horseradish peroxidase was injected into the lumbosacral spinal cord of the cat and the appropriate dorsal root ganglia were examined from segments with (1) both dorsal and ventral roots intact, (2) both roots sectioned, and (3) only the dorsal root sectioned. The key finding was that a number of labeled cells (up to 133) were observed in the ganglion after dorsal rhizotomy. We interpret these findings to mean that the central processes of the labeled cells projected to the spinal cord through the ventral root. As expected, when both roots were cut, almost no cells were labeled and when both roots were intact, there were large numbers of labeled cells. Of the labeled cells observed in ganglia after dorsal rhizotomy, all were found to be within the ganglion itself. No labeled aberrant dorsal root ganglion cells could be found.", "PMID": 838891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3508", "title": "Regeneration of fungiform taste buds: temporal and spatial characteristics.", "content": "The gross morphology of the tongue of the Mongolian gerbil Meriones unguiculatus), the location of papillae and taste buds, and the normal innervation pattern of the tongue and taste buds were determined. The chorda tympani nerve was interrupted to produce degeneration of fungiform taste buds. Regenerating chorda tympani axons followed the original nerve pathways in the tongue en route to the fungiform papillae in the epithelium where they initiated the regeneration of taste buds. The spatial distribution of reinnervated fungiform papillae and reformed taste buds was examined 7 to 19 days following surgery. Beginning at eight days following chorda tympani interruption there was a progressive increase, first, in the proportion of fungiform papillae that were reinnervated, and later in the number of reformed taste buds. On the basis of these measures it was concluded that a taste bud is reformed one to two days after reinnervation of its papilla. From the time course of reinnervation of the fungiform papillae it was calculated that some fibers regenerated at rates in excess of 2 mm/day. Regeneration was precise and systematic. The regenerating chorda tympani fibers accurately returned to the fungiform papillae; they did not follow the pathways of lingual nerve axons. In the initial stages of recovery both reinnervated papillae and reformed taste buds were preferentially located toward the front of the tongue; the reinnervation of posterior fungiform papillae was delayed.", "contents": "Regeneration of fungiform taste buds: temporal and spatial characteristics. The gross morphology of the tongue of the Mongolian gerbil Meriones unguiculatus), the location of papillae and taste buds, and the normal innervation pattern of the tongue and taste buds were determined. The chorda tympani nerve was interrupted to produce degeneration of fungiform taste buds. Regenerating chorda tympani axons followed the original nerve pathways in the tongue en route to the fungiform papillae in the epithelium where they initiated the regeneration of taste buds. The spatial distribution of reinnervated fungiform papillae and reformed taste buds was examined 7 to 19 days following surgery. Beginning at eight days following chorda tympani interruption there was a progressive increase, first, in the proportion of fungiform papillae that were reinnervated, and later in the number of reformed taste buds. On the basis of these measures it was concluded that a taste bud is reformed one to two days after reinnervation of its papilla. From the time course of reinnervation of the fungiform papillae it was calculated that some fibers regenerated at rates in excess of 2 mm/day. Regeneration was precise and systematic. The regenerating chorda tympani fibers accurately returned to the fungiform papillae; they did not follow the pathways of lingual nerve axons. In the initial stages of recovery both reinnervated papillae and reformed taste buds were preferentially located toward the front of the tongue; the reinnervation of posterior fungiform papillae was delayed.", "PMID": 838892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3509", "title": "Taste fiber responses during reinnervation of fungiform papillae.", "content": "Crushing or transecting the chorda tympani nerve of the gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) caused ipsilateral degeneration of taste buds in the fungiform papillae. In less than two weeks some taste fibers regenerated into the tongue and formed new taste buds and receptor cells. The recovery process was evaluated electrophysiologically in 53 gerbils by acute recording proximal to the nerve injury site. Initially the chorda tympani was electrically silent. In gerbils tested at later times spontaneous activity appeared. This was followed by responses to pressure on the tongue. Taste responses returned as early as day 11. The receptive field of regenerated taste fibers was limited to a small number of fungiform papillae. Taste responses were always associated with the presence of one or more taste buds in the receptive field. Taste buds identified as responsive to chemicals contained some fusiform cells. We found that the taste responses of single fiber, few-fiber and multi-unit preparations reflected the diversity of responses found in normal taste axons as determined by recording from 26 normal single fibers and 27 normal whole nerves. The early emergence of a variety of fiber types and responses to many chemicals in regeneration is inconsistent with the proposition that the relative chemical responsiveness of a receptor cell is strictly a function of its age; the response of a given young taste receptor is not necessarily limited to a few of the standard taste stimulants.", "contents": "Taste fiber responses during reinnervation of fungiform papillae. Crushing or transecting the chorda tympani nerve of the gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) caused ipsilateral degeneration of taste buds in the fungiform papillae. In less than two weeks some taste fibers regenerated into the tongue and formed new taste buds and receptor cells. The recovery process was evaluated electrophysiologically in 53 gerbils by acute recording proximal to the nerve injury site. Initially the chorda tympani was electrically silent. In gerbils tested at later times spontaneous activity appeared. This was followed by responses to pressure on the tongue. Taste responses returned as early as day 11. The receptive field of regenerated taste fibers was limited to a small number of fungiform papillae. Taste responses were always associated with the presence of one or more taste buds in the receptive field. Taste buds identified as responsive to chemicals contained some fusiform cells. We found that the taste responses of single fiber, few-fiber and multi-unit preparations reflected the diversity of responses found in normal taste axons as determined by recording from 26 normal single fibers and 27 normal whole nerves. The early emergence of a variety of fiber types and responses to many chemicals in regeneration is inconsistent with the proposition that the relative chemical responsiveness of a receptor cell is strictly a function of its age; the response of a given young taste receptor is not necessarily limited to a few of the standard taste stimulants.", "PMID": 838893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3510", "title": "Neurogenesis in the epithalamus, dorsal thalamus and ventral thalamus of the rat: an autoradiographic and cytological study.", "content": "Times of final mitotic division for neurons of the epithalamic, dorsal thalamic and subthalamic nuclei of the rat were determined with the aid of thymidine-H3 autoradiography. Intensely labelled neurons were observed in the brains of animals injected with radiochemical from days 13 to 19 of gestation. The pattern of distribution of the labelled neurons indicated that neurogenesis in the regions followed caudorostral, lateromedial and ventrodorsal neurogenetic gradients, all of which were found to operate simultaneously. Since neurogenesis in the epithalamus, subthalamus and caudolateral thalamic regions began on days 13 and 14 of gestation, the ventrodorsal and lateromedial proliferative gradients were clearly discerned only within the ventral and dorsal thalamus exclusive of the epithalamus. These directional neurogenetic gradients were apparent throughout the entire thalamus and within individual thalamic nuclei. No neurogenetic pattern based upon neuronal size was observed, i.e., large neurons were not preferentially formed earlier than smaller ones. Detailed information has also been provided on the cytological character of each thalamic nucleus.", "contents": "Neurogenesis in the epithalamus, dorsal thalamus and ventral thalamus of the rat: an autoradiographic and cytological study. Times of final mitotic division for neurons of the epithalamic, dorsal thalamic and subthalamic nuclei of the rat were determined with the aid of thymidine-H3 autoradiography. Intensely labelled neurons were observed in the brains of animals injected with radiochemical from days 13 to 19 of gestation. The pattern of distribution of the labelled neurons indicated that neurogenesis in the regions followed caudorostral, lateromedial and ventrodorsal neurogenetic gradients, all of which were found to operate simultaneously. Since neurogenesis in the epithalamus, subthalamus and caudolateral thalamic regions began on days 13 and 14 of gestation, the ventrodorsal and lateromedial proliferative gradients were clearly discerned only within the ventral and dorsal thalamus exclusive of the epithalamus. These directional neurogenetic gradients were apparent throughout the entire thalamus and within individual thalamic nuclei. No neurogenetic pattern based upon neuronal size was observed, i.e., large neurons were not preferentially formed earlier than smaller ones. Detailed information has also been provided on the cytological character of each thalamic nucleus.", "PMID": 838894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3511", "title": "Projections from the amygdaloid complex to the cerebral cortex and thalamus in the rat and cat.", "content": "Projections are described from the basolateral, lateral and anterior cortical nuclei of the amygdaloid complex, and from the prepiriform cortex, to several discrete areas of the cerebral cortex in the rat and cat and to the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus in the rat. These projections are very well-defined in their origin, and in their area of laminar pattern of termination. The basolateral amygdaloid nucleus can be divided into anterior and posterior divisions, based on cytoarchitectonic and connectional distinctions. In both the rat and cat the posterior division projects to the prelimbic area (area 32) and the infralimbic area (area 25) on the medical surface of the hemisphere. The anterior division projects more lightly to these areas, but also sends fibers to the dorsal and posterior agranular insular areas and the perirhinal area on the lateral surface. Furthermore, in the cat the perirhinal area is divided into two areas (areas 35 and 36) and the anterior division projects to both of these and also to a ventral part of the granular insular area; this last area is adjacent to, but separate from the auditory insular area and the second cortical taste area. In most of these areas, the fibers from the basolateral nucleus terminate predominantly in two bands: one in the deep part of layer I and layer II, and a heavier band in layer V (in the rat) or layers V and VI (in the cat). The lateral amygdaloid nucleus projects heavily to the perirhinal area, and also to the posterior agranular insular area. These fibers terminate predominantly in the middle layers of the cortex, although the cellular lamination in these two areas is relatively indistinct. The anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus and the prepiriform cortex both project to the infralimbic area and the ventral agranular insular area, and the anterior cortical nucleus also projects to the posterior agranular area and the perirhinal area. In all of these areas, the fibers from these olfactory-related structures terminate in the middle of layer I. In the rat, the two divisions of the basolateral nucleus also project to the medial segment of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, with the anterior division projecting mainly to the posterior part of this segment and the posterior division to the anterior part. The endopiriform nucleus, deep to the prepiriform cortex, projects to the central segment of the mediodorsal nucleus; this may constitute the major olfactory input into the mediodorsal nucleus, since little or no projection could be demonstrated from the prepiriform cortex itself. Projections to the mediodorsal nucleus have not been found in the cat.", "contents": "Projections from the amygdaloid complex to the cerebral cortex and thalamus in the rat and cat. Projections are described from the basolateral, lateral and anterior cortical nuclei of the amygdaloid complex, and from the prepiriform cortex, to several discrete areas of the cerebral cortex in the rat and cat and to the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus in the rat. These projections are very well-defined in their origin, and in their area of laminar pattern of termination. The basolateral amygdaloid nucleus can be divided into anterior and posterior divisions, based on cytoarchitectonic and connectional distinctions. In both the rat and cat the posterior division projects to the prelimbic area (area 32) and the infralimbic area (area 25) on the medical surface of the hemisphere. The anterior division projects more lightly to these areas, but also sends fibers to the dorsal and posterior agranular insular areas and the perirhinal area on the lateral surface. Furthermore, in the cat the perirhinal area is divided into two areas (areas 35 and 36) and the anterior division projects to both of these and also to a ventral part of the granular insular area; this last area is adjacent to, but separate from the auditory insular area and the second cortical taste area. In most of these areas, the fibers from the basolateral nucleus terminate predominantly in two bands: one in the deep part of layer I and layer II, and a heavier band in layer V (in the rat) or layers V and VI (in the cat). The lateral amygdaloid nucleus projects heavily to the perirhinal area, and also to the posterior agranular insular area. These fibers terminate predominantly in the middle layers of the cortex, although the cellular lamination in these two areas is relatively indistinct. The anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus and the prepiriform cortex both project to the infralimbic area and the ventral agranular insular area, and the anterior cortical nucleus also projects to the posterior agranular area and the perirhinal area. In all of these areas, the fibers from these olfactory-related structures terminate in the middle of layer I. In the rat, the two divisions of the basolateral nucleus also project to the medial segment of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, with the anterior division projecting mainly to the posterior part of this segment and the posterior division to the anterior part. The endopiriform nucleus, deep to the prepiriform cortex, projects to the central segment of the mediodorsal nucleus; this may constitute the major olfactory input into the mediodorsal nucleus, since little or no projection could be demonstrated from the prepiriform cortex itself. Projections to the mediodorsal nucleus have not been found in the cat.", "PMID": 838895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3512", "title": "Projections from the amygdaloid complex and adjacent olfactory structures to the entorhinal cortex and to the subiculum in the rat and cat.", "content": "Axonal projections are described from the lateral and basolateral nuclei of the amygdaloid complex, and from the overlying periamygdaloid and prepiriform cortices and the endopiriform nucleus, to the lateral entohinal area, the ventral part of the subiculum, and the parasubiculum in the cat and rat. All of these projections have well-defined laminar patterns of termination, which are complementary to those of other projections to the same structure. Based on these results, and on cytoarchitectonic distinctions, the lateral entohinal area has been divided into dorsal, ventral, and ventromedial subdivisions. The olfactory bulb and prepiriform cortex project to layers IA and IB, respectively, of all three subdivisions, but the lateral amygdaloid nucleus has a restricted projection to layer III of the ventral subdivision only. The periamygdaloid cortex projects to layer II of the ventromedial and adjoining parts of the ventral subdivisions. The ventral part of the subiculum receives fibers from the posterior division of the basolateral nucleus, which terminate in the cellular layer and the deep half to one-third of the plexiform layer. The periamygdaloid cortex and the endopiriform nucleus also project to the same part of the subiculum, but these fibers terminate in the outer part of the plexiform layer. None of these projections extend into the dorsal part of the subiculum. The posterior division of the basolateral nucleus also projects to the posterodorsal part of the parasubiculum (\"parasubiculum a\" of Blackstad, '56). These fibers end in the deeper part of the plexiform layer and the superficial part of the cellular layer.", "contents": "Projections from the amygdaloid complex and adjacent olfactory structures to the entorhinal cortex and to the subiculum in the rat and cat. Axonal projections are described from the lateral and basolateral nuclei of the amygdaloid complex, and from the overlying periamygdaloid and prepiriform cortices and the endopiriform nucleus, to the lateral entohinal area, the ventral part of the subiculum, and the parasubiculum in the cat and rat. All of these projections have well-defined laminar patterns of termination, which are complementary to those of other projections to the same structure. Based on these results, and on cytoarchitectonic distinctions, the lateral entohinal area has been divided into dorsal, ventral, and ventromedial subdivisions. The olfactory bulb and prepiriform cortex project to layers IA and IB, respectively, of all three subdivisions, but the lateral amygdaloid nucleus has a restricted projection to layer III of the ventral subdivision only. The periamygdaloid cortex projects to layer II of the ventromedial and adjoining parts of the ventral subdivisions. The ventral part of the subiculum receives fibers from the posterior division of the basolateral nucleus, which terminate in the cellular layer and the deep half to one-third of the plexiform layer. The periamygdaloid cortex and the endopiriform nucleus also project to the same part of the subiculum, but these fibers terminate in the outer part of the plexiform layer. None of these projections extend into the dorsal part of the subiculum. The posterior division of the basolateral nucleus also projects to the posterodorsal part of the parasubiculum (\"parasubiculum a\" of Blackstad, '56). These fibers end in the deeper part of the plexiform layer and the superficial part of the cellular layer.", "PMID": 838896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3513", "title": "Enhanced response acceleration or suppression produced by response-independent food presentations in rats with septal lesions.", "content": "In two separate experiments, the response rates of rats with septal lesions were compared with those of control rats when response-independent food was presented while subjects were responding on a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate schedule of reinforcement (Experiment 1) or according to a conjunctive differential-reinforcement-of-high-rate, fixed-ratio schedule (Experiment 2). Free-food deliveries resulted in acceleration of responding of subjects working on the low-rate schedule and in suppression of responding of those animals working on the high-rate schedule. Both of these effects were localized to a brief time period immediately following the free-food deliveries, and baseline rates of responding were not altered. The acceleration and suppression of responding that occurred on the respective schedules were greatly enhanced in rats with septal lesions. This finding supports the suggestion that these animals are hyperreactive to the reinforcing and/or eliciting properties of discrete stimulus events.", "contents": "Enhanced response acceleration or suppression produced by response-independent food presentations in rats with septal lesions. In two separate experiments, the response rates of rats with septal lesions were compared with those of control rats when response-independent food was presented while subjects were responding on a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate schedule of reinforcement (Experiment 1) or according to a conjunctive differential-reinforcement-of-high-rate, fixed-ratio schedule (Experiment 2). Free-food deliveries resulted in acceleration of responding of subjects working on the low-rate schedule and in suppression of responding of those animals working on the high-rate schedule. Both of these effects were localized to a brief time period immediately following the free-food deliveries, and baseline rates of responding were not altered. The acceleration and suppression of responding that occurred on the respective schedules were greatly enhanced in rats with septal lesions. This finding supports the suggestion that these animals are hyperreactive to the reinforcing and/or eliciting properties of discrete stimulus events.", "PMID": 838909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3514", "title": "Conditioned insulin secretion and meal feeding in rats.", "content": "Previous researchers have reported that rats placed upon a feeding regimen such that they receive only 2 hr of food per day (meal-fed rats) develop hyperinsulinemia at the time of the day associated with feeding, even in the absence of food. Controls fed ad lib had no such response. In a series of several experiments, meal-fed rats had elevated insulin levels at only the specific time of the day associated with feeding, and the increment of insulin at that time could be eliminated with atropine. Free-feeding controls, on the other hand, always had higher insulin levels than the meal-fed rats, did not have an elevation of insulin at the time of the day that the meal-fed rats normally ate, and had insulin values that were unaffected by atropine. Further experimentation showed that hyperinsulinemia could become associated with arbitrary stimuli always associated with eating for meal-fed rats. It is concluded that the hyperinsulinemia of meal-fed rats associated with their feeding time is a learned response.", "contents": "Conditioned insulin secretion and meal feeding in rats. Previous researchers have reported that rats placed upon a feeding regimen such that they receive only 2 hr of food per day (meal-fed rats) develop hyperinsulinemia at the time of the day associated with feeding, even in the absence of food. Controls fed ad lib had no such response. In a series of several experiments, meal-fed rats had elevated insulin levels at only the specific time of the day associated with feeding, and the increment of insulin at that time could be eliminated with atropine. Free-feeding controls, on the other hand, always had higher insulin levels than the meal-fed rats, did not have an elevation of insulin at the time of the day that the meal-fed rats normally ate, and had insulin values that were unaffected by atropine. Further experimentation showed that hyperinsulinemia could become associated with arbitrary stimuli always associated with eating for meal-fed rats. It is concluded that the hyperinsulinemia of meal-fed rats associated with their feeding time is a learned response.", "PMID": 838910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3515", "title": "Somatosensory determinants of lordosis in female rats: behavioral definition of the estrogen effect.", "content": "By coating the ventral surface of male rats with a dye, regions of contact between male and female during male mounting were recorded precisely on the female's hair and skin. The male rat touches the female's flanks, rump, tailbase, perineum, and perivaginal surfaces during the female's initiation and maintenance of lordosis. Film analyses showed that the male's paws and pelvic thrusting stimulate the female's skin with dominant frequencies between 10 and 20 per second. Somatosensory stimuli were applied by the experimenter to the female skin locations contacted by the male. Deflection of hair on the flanks or perineum alone did not cause lordosis. Light stimulation simultaneously on flanks and perineum caused lordosis only in some females given high estrogen dosages supplemented by progesterone. When flank stimuli were followed by pressure on the rump, tailbase, and perineum, lordosis was triggered reliably in hormone-treated females. Here the estrogen-dependence of the reflex was shown, and progesterone synergized with the estrogen effect. Among lordosis components, rump and head elevations in response to pressure stimuli on the rump, tailbase, and perineum appear to be hormone-sensitive. These results help to define the minimal cutaneous sensory requirement for lordosis. In turn, the estrogen effect on lordosis may be defined behaviorally as increased responsiveness to pressure on rump, tailbase, and perineal skin, after flank stimulation. These results illustrate how estrogen, progesterone, and somatosensory stimuli interact in causing lordosis, increases in the strength of one factor compensating for decreases in another.", "contents": "Somatosensory determinants of lordosis in female rats: behavioral definition of the estrogen effect. By coating the ventral surface of male rats with a dye, regions of contact between male and female during male mounting were recorded precisely on the female's hair and skin. The male rat touches the female's flanks, rump, tailbase, perineum, and perivaginal surfaces during the female's initiation and maintenance of lordosis. Film analyses showed that the male's paws and pelvic thrusting stimulate the female's skin with dominant frequencies between 10 and 20 per second. Somatosensory stimuli were applied by the experimenter to the female skin locations contacted by the male. Deflection of hair on the flanks or perineum alone did not cause lordosis. Light stimulation simultaneously on flanks and perineum caused lordosis only in some females given high estrogen dosages supplemented by progesterone. When flank stimuli were followed by pressure on the rump, tailbase, and perineum, lordosis was triggered reliably in hormone-treated females. Here the estrogen-dependence of the reflex was shown, and progesterone synergized with the estrogen effect. Among lordosis components, rump and head elevations in response to pressure stimuli on the rump, tailbase, and perineum appear to be hormone-sensitive. These results help to define the minimal cutaneous sensory requirement for lordosis. In turn, the estrogen effect on lordosis may be defined behaviorally as increased responsiveness to pressure on rump, tailbase, and perineal skin, after flank stimulation. These results illustrate how estrogen, progesterone, and somatosensory stimuli interact in causing lordosis, increases in the strength of one factor compensating for decreases in another.", "PMID": 838911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3516", "title": "A factor analytic--genetic approach to the relation between obesity and behavior in mice.", "content": "Genetically heterogenous mice (N = 377) were reared on either high- or low-fat diets for the first 40 days of life. The mice were cross fostered to permit the separation of genetic and environmental effects in a sibling analysis. A total of 26 measures were taken on these mice, including oxygen consumption, activity, sucrose consumption, body weight changes when bitter or high-fat diets were given as the only food, and various morphological measures. A principal-factor analysis of these measures produced eight factors, most of which appeared to be \"instrument\" factors rather than general factors. Analyses of variance on the factor scores indicated that genetic influences contributed to five of the factors and sex contributed to three of the factors. However, none of the main effects of diet, gene by environment interactions, or sex by environment interactions were significant. Although obesity and behaviors were correlated, the magnitudes of the correlations were generally small.", "contents": "A factor analytic--genetic approach to the relation between obesity and behavior in mice. Genetically heterogenous mice (N = 377) were reared on either high- or low-fat diets for the first 40 days of life. The mice were cross fostered to permit the separation of genetic and environmental effects in a sibling analysis. A total of 26 measures were taken on these mice, including oxygen consumption, activity, sucrose consumption, body weight changes when bitter or high-fat diets were given as the only food, and various morphological measures. A principal-factor analysis of these measures produced eight factors, most of which appeared to be \"instrument\" factors rather than general factors. Analyses of variance on the factor scores indicated that genetic influences contributed to five of the factors and sex contributed to three of the factors. However, none of the main effects of diet, gene by environment interactions, or sex by environment interactions were significant. Although obesity and behaviors were correlated, the magnitudes of the correlations were generally small.", "PMID": 838912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3517", "title": "Angiotensin-induced dipsogenesis in domestic fowl (Gallus gallus).", "content": "Both systemic (100 mug, 200 mug, and 400 mug im) and intracranial (75 ng, 150 ng, and 300 ng) injections of Val5-angiotensin II-amide produce copious and dose-related drinking in White Leghorn chickens in normal water balance. Angiotensin-induced drinking has been reported in several mammalian species and in Barbary doves and white-crowned sparrows. The findings reported here extend the species generality of angiotensin-induced thirst and are evaluated in light of current biochemical and pharmacological analyses of the renin-angiotensin system in chickens.", "contents": "Angiotensin-induced dipsogenesis in domestic fowl (Gallus gallus). Both systemic (100 mug, 200 mug, and 400 mug im) and intracranial (75 ng, 150 ng, and 300 ng) injections of Val5-angiotensin II-amide produce copious and dose-related drinking in White Leghorn chickens in normal water balance. Angiotensin-induced drinking has been reported in several mammalian species and in Barbary doves and white-crowned sparrows. The findings reported here extend the species generality of angiotensin-induced thirst and are evaluated in light of current biochemical and pharmacological analyses of the renin-angiotensin system in chickens.", "PMID": 838913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3518", "title": "Heart rate and cardiac phase influences on visual perception.", "content": "Twenty-six subjects were tested with a tachistoscopic recognition task while heart rate and several other autonomic indexes were monitored. In Experiment 1, heart rate was employed as an independent variable, and stimulus presentation was contingent upon the presence of individually determined low, middle, and high heart rates. The results indicated that low heart rate facilitated performance especially for stimuli presented at the fastest exposure. In Experiment 2, stimulus presentation was dependent upon cardiac phase. The findings indicated that stimulus recognition was enhanced during the cardiac P wave, but the effect was apparent only during the fastest exposure. Multiple regression analyses of the individual subject's data during both experiments indicated that highly idiosyncratic patterns of physiological responses predicted perceptual performance. The results were interpreted as being consistent with the formulations of the Laceys and also suggested that cerebral perfusion be considered as a relevant determinant of behavior.", "contents": "Heart rate and cardiac phase influences on visual perception. Twenty-six subjects were tested with a tachistoscopic recognition task while heart rate and several other autonomic indexes were monitored. In Experiment 1, heart rate was employed as an independent variable, and stimulus presentation was contingent upon the presence of individually determined low, middle, and high heart rates. The results indicated that low heart rate facilitated performance especially for stimuli presented at the fastest exposure. In Experiment 2, stimulus presentation was dependent upon cardiac phase. The findings indicated that stimulus recognition was enhanced during the cardiac P wave, but the effect was apparent only during the fastest exposure. Multiple regression analyses of the individual subject's data during both experiments indicated that highly idiosyncratic patterns of physiological responses predicted perceptual performance. The results were interpreted as being consistent with the formulations of the Laceys and also suggested that cerebral perfusion be considered as a relevant determinant of behavior.", "PMID": 838914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3519", "title": "Sensory components of bite-force response in the rat.", "content": "The relative roles of proprioceptive input from the muscles of mastication and the periodontal pressure receptor input from membranes surrounding upper and lower incisors were assessed in animals trained to bite with peak forces within certain bands of forces for water reinforcement. Measures of performance obtained from animals before and after chronic bilateral lesions were made in the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve suggest that proprioceptive input does not play a major role in the differentiation of bite force. However, measures of performance obtained before and after acute peripheral blocking of input from the pressure receptors indicate that these pressure receptors are the main source of input used in bite-force differentiation.", "contents": "Sensory components of bite-force response in the rat. The relative roles of proprioceptive input from the muscles of mastication and the periodontal pressure receptor input from membranes surrounding upper and lower incisors were assessed in animals trained to bite with peak forces within certain bands of forces for water reinforcement. Measures of performance obtained from animals before and after chronic bilateral lesions were made in the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve suggest that proprioceptive input does not play a major role in the differentiation of bite force. However, measures of performance obtained before and after acute peripheral blocking of input from the pressure receptors indicate that these pressure receptors are the main source of input used in bite-force differentiation.", "PMID": 838915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3520", "title": "Relatively brief environmental enrichment aids recovery of learning capacity and alters brain measures after postweaning brain lesions in rats.", "content": "Enriched postlesion experience aided in overcoming effects of simultaneous bilateral cerebral lesions made at 30 days of age in one experiment with inbred Fischer rats and in a second experiment with the Berkeley S1 strain. The lesions were directed to the occipital cortex, but in most cases there was also some impairment of the hippocampus. For 60 days after operations, half of the rats lived in small individual cages and half lived in groups in large enriched-environment cages. They were then pretrained and tested on the standard 12 Hebb-Williams problems. Daily injections of methamphetamine (vs. saline) during the period of differential experience in the first experiment produced no effect on the behavioral scores. The second experiment included groups that received only 2 hr/day of enriched experience, and they benefited as much as groups that remained in the enriched environment 24 hr/day. The results of both experiments demonstrated significant beneficial effects of environment when bilateral lesions were made at a later age and when the periods of enriched experience were shorter than had previously been tested. Two additional experiments revealed significant effects of both lesions and environment on weight and RNA/DNA of brain regions.", "contents": "Relatively brief environmental enrichment aids recovery of learning capacity and alters brain measures after postweaning brain lesions in rats. Enriched postlesion experience aided in overcoming effects of simultaneous bilateral cerebral lesions made at 30 days of age in one experiment with inbred Fischer rats and in a second experiment with the Berkeley S1 strain. The lesions were directed to the occipital cortex, but in most cases there was also some impairment of the hippocampus. For 60 days after operations, half of the rats lived in small individual cages and half lived in groups in large enriched-environment cages. They were then pretrained and tested on the standard 12 Hebb-Williams problems. Daily injections of methamphetamine (vs. saline) during the period of differential experience in the first experiment produced no effect on the behavioral scores. The second experiment included groups that received only 2 hr/day of enriched experience, and they benefited as much as groups that remained in the enriched environment 24 hr/day. The results of both experiments demonstrated significant beneficial effects of environment when bilateral lesions were made at a later age and when the periods of enriched experience were shorter than had previously been tested. Two additional experiments revealed significant effects of both lesions and environment on weight and RNA/DNA of brain regions.", "PMID": 838916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3521", "title": "Effects of age, strain, and illumination intensity on activity and self-selection of light-dark schedules in mice.", "content": "Young and senescent albino A/J mice, pigmented C57BL/6J pure inbred mice, and their hybrid F1S were tested under low or high illumination intensities to observe differences in self-selected wheel running, bar pressing, and durations of light and dark over time. The animals (N = 120) were always allowed ad lib access to food, water, running wheel, and bar-press levers. During the pre- and postexperimental phases, the mice were kept under a standard 12:12 hr light/dark cycle; during the experimental phase, however, they were allowed to select their own light and dark schedules by pressing on either of two accessible bars, one light contingent and the other dark contingent. Measures of general running and bar-pressing activities, motivational aspects of illumination change and intensity preferences, time-series analyses of periodicities, power ratios, and significant other multiples were obtained from the subjects during a total of three experimental phases. Age differences were found for most of the measures studied and in general showed declines in activity levels, inccreases in motivation to change illumination conditions, lengthening of activity cycles (slower periods), and decreases in the strengths of the oscillations underlying these behaviors as well as an increase in the number of other periodic components in old mice relative to young. Genetic group and illumination-intensity differences were also found, and the results are discussed in light of theories concerning illumination preference and stimulus change, earlier work involving voluntary light selection behavior, and aging studies.", "contents": "Effects of age, strain, and illumination intensity on activity and self-selection of light-dark schedules in mice. Young and senescent albino A/J mice, pigmented C57BL/6J pure inbred mice, and their hybrid F1S were tested under low or high illumination intensities to observe differences in self-selected wheel running, bar pressing, and durations of light and dark over time. The animals (N = 120) were always allowed ad lib access to food, water, running wheel, and bar-press levers. During the pre- and postexperimental phases, the mice were kept under a standard 12:12 hr light/dark cycle; during the experimental phase, however, they were allowed to select their own light and dark schedules by pressing on either of two accessible bars, one light contingent and the other dark contingent. Measures of general running and bar-pressing activities, motivational aspects of illumination change and intensity preferences, time-series analyses of periodicities, power ratios, and significant other multiples were obtained from the subjects during a total of three experimental phases. Age differences were found for most of the measures studied and in general showed declines in activity levels, inccreases in motivation to change illumination conditions, lengthening of activity cycles (slower periods), and decreases in the strengths of the oscillations underlying these behaviors as well as an increase in the number of other periodic components in old mice relative to young. Genetic group and illumination-intensity differences were also found, and the results are discussed in light of theories concerning illumination preference and stimulus change, earlier work involving voluntary light selection behavior, and aging studies.", "PMID": 838917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3522", "title": "Role of auditory feedback in canary song development.", "content": "As in other songbirds, early deafening had drastic effects on the song of the roller canary, a cardueline finch, resulting in a song that was much simpler and more variable than the normal. The repertoire of the syllable types, of which the song is made, was reduced from 30 to a mean of 5.0. Loud white noise was successfully used as a reversible method of cutting off auditory feedback from vocal behavior. Although suffering permanent elevation of hearing thresholds, birds reared in noise to 200 days, singing at first like deaf birds, subsequently increased their syllable repertoires significantly. Birds reared in noise to weaning at 40 days, again partly deaf, achieved a normal repertoire size when stimulated with a singing adult. Without such stimulation the repertoire was significantly reduced, showing that canary song is not fully innate, as had been thought. Although abnormal, the song of deaf canaries retained more species-specific features than did the song of emberizine sparrows when the songs developed without auditory feedback. The results are interpreted in terms of a sensory template theory.", "contents": "Role of auditory feedback in canary song development. As in other songbirds, early deafening had drastic effects on the song of the roller canary, a cardueline finch, resulting in a song that was much simpler and more variable than the normal. The repertoire of the syllable types, of which the song is made, was reduced from 30 to a mean of 5.0. Loud white noise was successfully used as a reversible method of cutting off auditory feedback from vocal behavior. Although suffering permanent elevation of hearing thresholds, birds reared in noise to 200 days, singing at first like deaf birds, subsequently increased their syllable repertoires significantly. Birds reared in noise to weaning at 40 days, again partly deaf, achieved a normal repertoire size when stimulated with a singing adult. Without such stimulation the repertoire was significantly reduced, showing that canary song is not fully innate, as had been thought. Although abnormal, the song of deaf canaries retained more species-specific features than did the song of emberizine sparrows when the songs developed without auditory feedback. The results are interpreted in terms of a sensory template theory.", "PMID": 838918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3523", "title": "Influence of neonatal septal lesions on DRL performance in adulthood.", "content": "Two experiments are reported describing the influence of neonatal septal lesions on responding of rats trained on a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate (DRL) schedule in adulthood. Rats given septal lesions at 1 day or at 7 days after birth emitted a significantly higher number of responses and earned fewer reinforcements than did animals given control electrode insertions. Thus, the inefficient performance on the DRL schedule, often observed after septal lesions in adulthood, does not depend upon the age of the animal at the time of the lesion. Furthermore, operant training given at an early age (25-45 days) to animals with neonatal septal damage did not facilitate performance when the animals were retrained in adulthood. In short, septal lesions at any age lead to permanent impairments of performance on a DRL 20-sec reinforcement schedule.", "contents": "Influence of neonatal septal lesions on DRL performance in adulthood. Two experiments are reported describing the influence of neonatal septal lesions on responding of rats trained on a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate (DRL) schedule in adulthood. Rats given septal lesions at 1 day or at 7 days after birth emitted a significantly higher number of responses and earned fewer reinforcements than did animals given control electrode insertions. Thus, the inefficient performance on the DRL schedule, often observed after septal lesions in adulthood, does not depend upon the age of the animal at the time of the lesion. Furthermore, operant training given at an early age (25-45 days) to animals with neonatal septal damage did not facilitate performance when the animals were retrained in adulthood. In short, septal lesions at any age lead to permanent impairments of performance on a DRL 20-sec reinforcement schedule.", "PMID": 838919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3524", "title": "Developmental analysis of behavioral dysfunction in rats with septal lesions.", "content": "At 7 days of age, rats received lesions of the septal nuclei or control operations. The rats received 30 hr of training on a schedule that differentially reinforced low rates of responding (DRL 20 sec), 1 hr per day, beginning at either 27 or 96 days of age. At 126 days of age, all subjects received 10 additional training sessions. After operant testing, all subjects were tested on spontaneous alternation, spatial reversal, and passive avoidance. Results indicated that on a DRL 20-sec schedule subjects that received lesions of the septum neonatally and were tested at different ages performed in a similar manner. Approximately 50% of the subjects with lesions of the septal nuclei reached efficiency levels comparable with those of normal controls. When tested for retention, these efficient subjects still performed similarly to normal subjects. Subjects with septal lesions were facilitated in the acquisition of a spatial habit, were deficient in spatial habit reversal, were less likely to demonstrate spontaneous alternation, and were deficient in passive avoidance. It was concluded that neonatal lesions of the septal nuclei produce permanent behavioral impairments on a dirersity of measures and that although juvenile animals with limbic system damage often manifest behaviors different from adult subjects, the difference was not evident during operant testing.", "contents": "Developmental analysis of behavioral dysfunction in rats with septal lesions. At 7 days of age, rats received lesions of the septal nuclei or control operations. The rats received 30 hr of training on a schedule that differentially reinforced low rates of responding (DRL 20 sec), 1 hr per day, beginning at either 27 or 96 days of age. At 126 days of age, all subjects received 10 additional training sessions. After operant testing, all subjects were tested on spontaneous alternation, spatial reversal, and passive avoidance. Results indicated that on a DRL 20-sec schedule subjects that received lesions of the septum neonatally and were tested at different ages performed in a similar manner. Approximately 50% of the subjects with lesions of the septal nuclei reached efficiency levels comparable with those of normal controls. When tested for retention, these efficient subjects still performed similarly to normal subjects. Subjects with septal lesions were facilitated in the acquisition of a spatial habit, were deficient in spatial habit reversal, were less likely to demonstrate spontaneous alternation, and were deficient in passive avoidance. It was concluded that neonatal lesions of the septal nuclei produce permanent behavioral impairments on a dirersity of measures and that although juvenile animals with limbic system damage often manifest behaviors different from adult subjects, the difference was not evident during operant testing.", "PMID": 838920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3525", "title": "Effect of pregnancy on lactation in mice.", "content": "Albino mice were used to test the effect of simultaneous pregnancy on lactation in successive lactations. Weights of litters were used to estimate lactational performance by standardizing litters at eight pups on day 1 postpartum and weighing pups immediately after a normal nursing period on days 10, 14 and 20 of lactation. Eight dams were used in each of two treatments:lactating-nonpregnant and lactating-pregnant. Dams were sibling pairs for each treatment to reduce variation. Dams that were simultaneously pregnant and lactating had heavier litters on day 20 of the first lactation and on days 14 and 20 of the second lactation as compared to their lactating-nonpregnant siblings. The results imply that pregnancy provides a stimulus to concurrent and sucessive lactation in the mouse. This may be due to the effect of placental hormones on delaying mammary involution or on maintaining high milk synthesis past day 10 of lactation.", "contents": "Effect of pregnancy on lactation in mice. Albino mice were used to test the effect of simultaneous pregnancy on lactation in successive lactations. Weights of litters were used to estimate lactational performance by standardizing litters at eight pups on day 1 postpartum and weighing pups immediately after a normal nursing period on days 10, 14 and 20 of lactation. Eight dams were used in each of two treatments:lactating-nonpregnant and lactating-pregnant. Dams were sibling pairs for each treatment to reduce variation. Dams that were simultaneously pregnant and lactating had heavier litters on day 20 of the first lactation and on days 14 and 20 of the second lactation as compared to their lactating-nonpregnant siblings. The results imply that pregnancy provides a stimulus to concurrent and sucessive lactation in the mouse. This may be due to the effect of placental hormones on delaying mammary involution or on maintaining high milk synthesis past day 10 of lactation.", "PMID": 838921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3526", "title": "Enhancement of chemotactic response of polymorphonuclear leukocytes into the mammary gland and isolation from milk.", "content": "Intramammary infusion of saline containing .1% glycogen resulted in diapedesis of numerous leukocytes (93% polymorphonuclear leukocytes) into milk. Direct microscopic somatic cell counts of primary milk 11 h after infusion with 100 ml of either saline containing .1% glycogen, saline, distilled water, or noninfused averaged 4.17, 1.06, .05, and .10 X 10(6) cells/ml of milk. Four times more polymorphonuclear leukocytes were isolated from residual milk (6.1 X 10(9) cells) collected 11 h following infusion than from primary milk (1.5 X 10(9)). The polymorphonuclear leukocytes isolated from either the primary or residual milk collected 11 h after infusion of saline containing .1% glycogen phagocytosed Staphylococcus aureus with great avidity. Sixty-eight percent of a culture of heat-killed phosphorus-32-labeled Staphylococcus auresu (400 X 10(6)) were phagocytosed within 60 min by 25 X 10(6) polymorphonuclear leukocytes. When isolated polymorphonuclear leukocytes were incubated with live Staphylococcus aureus, 98% of the ingested organisms were killed. Isolation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes from residual milk 11 h after intramammary infusion of saline containing .1% glycogen will provide large numbers of polymorphonuclear leukocytes for in vitro studies of the cellular defense of the mammary gland.", "contents": "Enhancement of chemotactic response of polymorphonuclear leukocytes into the mammary gland and isolation from milk. Intramammary infusion of saline containing .1% glycogen resulted in diapedesis of numerous leukocytes (93% polymorphonuclear leukocytes) into milk. Direct microscopic somatic cell counts of primary milk 11 h after infusion with 100 ml of either saline containing .1% glycogen, saline, distilled water, or noninfused averaged 4.17, 1.06, .05, and .10 X 10(6) cells/ml of milk. Four times more polymorphonuclear leukocytes were isolated from residual milk (6.1 X 10(9) cells) collected 11 h following infusion than from primary milk (1.5 X 10(9)). The polymorphonuclear leukocytes isolated from either the primary or residual milk collected 11 h after infusion of saline containing .1% glycogen phagocytosed Staphylococcus aureus with great avidity. Sixty-eight percent of a culture of heat-killed phosphorus-32-labeled Staphylococcus auresu (400 X 10(6)) were phagocytosed within 60 min by 25 X 10(6) polymorphonuclear leukocytes. When isolated polymorphonuclear leukocytes were incubated with live Staphylococcus aureus, 98% of the ingested organisms were killed. Isolation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes from residual milk 11 h after intramammary infusion of saline containing .1% glycogen will provide large numbers of polymorphonuclear leukocytes for in vitro studies of the cellular defense of the mammary gland.", "PMID": 838922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3527", "title": "In vitro aging of frozen bull semen.", "content": "The change in fertility of bull semen with time in storage at -196 C was examined in data on inseminations by the Michigan Animal Breeders Cooperative over 5 yr. Intervals from collection to use were grouped by 10 days for the 1st yr, 30 days for the 2nd yr, 180 days for the 3rd yr, and a single class for semen stored 4 or 5 yr. There were 97,586 first inseminations from bulls with 10 or more ejaculates and from ejaculates with four or more classes. Nonreturn rates for 50-, 60-, 90-, and 180-day intervals post-breeding were calculated. Heterogeneity of quadratic regressions of nonreturn rates on semen age was unimportant. Both regression and least squares analyses were used. Nonreturn rates increased to about 115 days of storage and remained there through the 4 and 5 yr age group. The lowest and highest nonreturn rates for a return interval differed by approximately 4%. Maximum differences in nonreturn rates for different intervals were at the lowest nonreturn rates.", "contents": "In vitro aging of frozen bull semen. The change in fertility of bull semen with time in storage at -196 C was examined in data on inseminations by the Michigan Animal Breeders Cooperative over 5 yr. Intervals from collection to use were grouped by 10 days for the 1st yr, 30 days for the 2nd yr, 180 days for the 3rd yr, and a single class for semen stored 4 or 5 yr. There were 97,586 first inseminations from bulls with 10 or more ejaculates and from ejaculates with four or more classes. Nonreturn rates for 50-, 60-, 90-, and 180-day intervals post-breeding were calculated. Heterogeneity of quadratic regressions of nonreturn rates on semen age was unimportant. Both regression and least squares analyses were used. Nonreturn rates increased to about 115 days of storage and remained there through the 4 and 5 yr age group. The lowest and highest nonreturn rates for a return interval differed by approximately 4%. Maximum differences in nonreturn rates for different intervals were at the lowest nonreturn rates.", "PMID": 838923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3528", "title": "Variation in physical activity as an indication of estrus in dairy cows.", "content": "Pedometers were used to measure daily physical activity of cows to determine if variation related to estrus was great enough to be useful in estrus detection. Forty cows in free stalls and 28 cows in comfort stalls were studied during the breeding period after calving. Pedometers were enclosed in specially designed cases and attached to a cow's lower rear leg with a plastic ankle strap. Readings were taken twice daily when the cows were milked in a milking parlor. Data from free stalls were available for 5163 intervals between milkings, 87 of which were periods of estrus. Activity definitely increased at the time of estrus; cows were about four times as active during estrus as they were when not in estrus. Data from comfort stalls were available for 2433 intervals between milkings, 39 of which were periods of estrus. Cows in comfort stalls were about 2.75 times as active during estrus as when not in estrus. There was relatively little variation within cow in activity from day to day among cows not in estrus. Activity monitoring appears to have potential as an aid in estrus detection.", "contents": "Variation in physical activity as an indication of estrus in dairy cows. Pedometers were used to measure daily physical activity of cows to determine if variation related to estrus was great enough to be useful in estrus detection. Forty cows in free stalls and 28 cows in comfort stalls were studied during the breeding period after calving. Pedometers were enclosed in specially designed cases and attached to a cow's lower rear leg with a plastic ankle strap. Readings were taken twice daily when the cows were milked in a milking parlor. Data from free stalls were available for 5163 intervals between milkings, 87 of which were periods of estrus. Activity definitely increased at the time of estrus; cows were about four times as active during estrus as they were when not in estrus. Data from comfort stalls were available for 2433 intervals between milkings, 39 of which were periods of estrus. Cows in comfort stalls were about 2.75 times as active during estrus as when not in estrus. There was relatively little variation within cow in activity from day to day among cows not in estrus. Activity monitoring appears to have potential as an aid in estrus detection.", "PMID": 838925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3529", "title": "Blood plasma and milk prolactin, and effects of sampling technique on composition of milk from suckled ewes.", "content": "Relations of techniques of sampling milk to its composition and concentrations of prolactin in blood plasma and milk from 59 suckled ewes were compared; Prolactin in milk and blood samples 0 to 2 h (hour 0) after removal of lambs did not differ significantly within autumn or summer, but both were doubled in summer. After the hour 0 sampling (summer only), one side of the udder of each of 12 ewes (group 1) was milked hourly for 4 h, and the opposite side was milked only at 0 and 4 h. Group 2 ewes were milked only at 0 and 4 h and blood was collected from both groups at 0 h and 4 h. Concentrations of prolactin were correlated in pairs of milk or blood samples from the same ewe and in plasma and milk of ewes in group 2 but not in group 1. Prolactin in milk increased between 0 h and 4 h in groups 1 and 2. Although milk lactose and prolactin concentrations differed among hourly samples, their average was similar to that of milk accumulated in the contralateral side for 4 h (group 1). Variations among ewes in progesterone of plasma indicated luteal activity during autumn and none during summer. Prolactin was unchanged in milk stored at -23 C for 30 days. The hour-0 milk-sampling technique was satisfactory to compare among individuals the concentrations of prolactin, total protein, or somatic cells in milk but not percentage fat and lactose, or milk yield due to variable time from last suckling to milking at hour 0.", "contents": "Blood plasma and milk prolactin, and effects of sampling technique on composition of milk from suckled ewes. Relations of techniques of sampling milk to its composition and concentrations of prolactin in blood plasma and milk from 59 suckled ewes were compared; Prolactin in milk and blood samples 0 to 2 h (hour 0) after removal of lambs did not differ significantly within autumn or summer, but both were doubled in summer. After the hour 0 sampling (summer only), one side of the udder of each of 12 ewes (group 1) was milked hourly for 4 h, and the opposite side was milked only at 0 and 4 h. Group 2 ewes were milked only at 0 and 4 h and blood was collected from both groups at 0 h and 4 h. Concentrations of prolactin were correlated in pairs of milk or blood samples from the same ewe and in plasma and milk of ewes in group 2 but not in group 1. Prolactin in milk increased between 0 h and 4 h in groups 1 and 2. Although milk lactose and prolactin concentrations differed among hourly samples, their average was similar to that of milk accumulated in the contralateral side for 4 h (group 1). Variations among ewes in progesterone of plasma indicated luteal activity during autumn and none during summer. Prolactin was unchanged in milk stored at -23 C for 30 days. The hour-0 milk-sampling technique was satisfactory to compare among individuals the concentrations of prolactin, total protein, or somatic cells in milk but not percentage fat and lactose, or milk yield due to variable time from last suckling to milking at hour 0.", "PMID": 838924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3530", "title": "Heterogeneity in whey proteins of mare's milk.", "content": "The possible existence of multiple forms in the whey proteins of mare's milk was investigated. When individual milk samples from over 300 animals of various breeds were examined, four forms of an undescribed whey protein could be observed. Based on chemical properties and electrophoretic behavior, this protein has been identified tentatively as Whey1 (Wh1). A single case of heterogeneity in mare's alpha-lactalbumin also was observed. Previously described variation in beta-lactoglobulin could not be confirmed. The results of this study provide further evidence of the widespread, perhaps universal, occurrence of polymorphism in milk proteins.", "contents": "Heterogeneity in whey proteins of mare's milk. The possible existence of multiple forms in the whey proteins of mare's milk was investigated. When individual milk samples from over 300 animals of various breeds were examined, four forms of an undescribed whey protein could be observed. Based on chemical properties and electrophoretic behavior, this protein has been identified tentatively as Whey1 (Wh1). A single case of heterogeneity in mare's alpha-lactalbumin also was observed. Previously described variation in beta-lactoglobulin could not be confirmed. The results of this study provide further evidence of the widespread, perhaps universal, occurrence of polymorphism in milk proteins.", "PMID": 838926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3531", "title": "Twenty-four-hour rhythm in the bronchial hyperreactivity to house dust in asthmatics.", "content": "Four subjects, 2 males (17 and 35 yr of age) and 2 females (24 and 47 yr of age) suffering from allergic asthma were studied for 10 days in allergen-shielded rooms and without medication. Synchronization of subjects to activity was by light on at 7 A.M. and sleep by light off at midnight. A single bronchial challenge to the threshold concentration of house dust, predetermined for each subject, was presented every other day at designated clock hours such that during a 10-day study span tests were presented at the following times: 8 A.M., 3 P.M., 7 P.M., and 11 P.M. The effect upon bronchial patency determined by FEV 1.0 15 min after house dust inhalation resulted in greatest effect at 11 P.M., while that at 8 A.M. resulted in least effect. The differences were statistically significant (p less than 0.025). Peak expiratory flow (PEF), self-measured at 3-hr intervals throughout the 10-day span, revealed practically no persistence of effect for inhalation of the house dust preparations at 8 A.M.; on the other hand, considerable persistence of effect on airway patency occurred from tests carried out at 11 P.M. The differences between the 24-hr rhythm-adjusted means (mesors) in the PEF for the (24-hr) spans following house dust inhalation at 8 A.M. and 11 P.M. were statistically significant (p less than 0.025) as well.", "contents": "Twenty-four-hour rhythm in the bronchial hyperreactivity to house dust in asthmatics. Four subjects, 2 males (17 and 35 yr of age) and 2 females (24 and 47 yr of age) suffering from allergic asthma were studied for 10 days in allergen-shielded rooms and without medication. Synchronization of subjects to activity was by light on at 7 A.M. and sleep by light off at midnight. A single bronchial challenge to the threshold concentration of house dust, predetermined for each subject, was presented every other day at designated clock hours such that during a 10-day study span tests were presented at the following times: 8 A.M., 3 P.M., 7 P.M., and 11 P.M. The effect upon bronchial patency determined by FEV 1.0 15 min after house dust inhalation resulted in greatest effect at 11 P.M., while that at 8 A.M. resulted in least effect. The differences were statistically significant (p less than 0.025). Peak expiratory flow (PEF), self-measured at 3-hr intervals throughout the 10-day span, revealed practically no persistence of effect for inhalation of the house dust preparations at 8 A.M.; on the other hand, considerable persistence of effect on airway patency occurred from tests carried out at 11 P.M. The differences between the 24-hr rhythm-adjusted means (mesors) in the PEF for the (24-hr) spans following house dust inhalation at 8 A.M. and 11 P.M. were statistically significant (p less than 0.025) as well.", "PMID": 838991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3532", "title": "Beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol in perennial rhinitis.", "content": "Beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol (BDA), 50 mug four times daily sprayed into each nostril, was compared with placebo in a double-blind crossover trial in 26 patients with perennial rhinitis. Patients received BDA for 3 weeks and placebo for 3 weeks; the order of administration was randomized. Response was assessed with daily symptom score cards and twice weekly measurements of nasal airway inspiratory resistance at a standard flow rate of 0.4 L/sec. Symptom score and nasal resistance during BDA treatment were significantly lower than those duirng placebo treatment (p less than 0.02 and p less than 0.05, respectively) in the third week. Eighteen of the patients expressed a preference for BDA, 6 for placebo, and 2 for neither (p less than 0.05). Acceptable symptomatic improvement (moderate or marked) was achieved by 54%. Mild side effects were noted by 5 patients; these included nasal irritation and bleeding in 2, aerosol-induced sneezing in 2, and headache in 1. These side effects occurred in 3 patients who used BDA, 1 who used placebo, and 1 who used both. After a 6-mo follow-up period, in which the dose of BDA was adjusted and concurrent initial oral prednisone was administered to patients who were treatment failures, 73% of the patients obtained moderate or marked symptomatic improvement. No further side effects were noted during this time. Results in those in whom a possible allergic component could be identified were not different from those of the whole group. We conclude that BDA is a useful addition to the therapy of perennial rhinitis.", "contents": "Beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol in perennial rhinitis. Beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol (BDA), 50 mug four times daily sprayed into each nostril, was compared with placebo in a double-blind crossover trial in 26 patients with perennial rhinitis. Patients received BDA for 3 weeks and placebo for 3 weeks; the order of administration was randomized. Response was assessed with daily symptom score cards and twice weekly measurements of nasal airway inspiratory resistance at a standard flow rate of 0.4 L/sec. Symptom score and nasal resistance during BDA treatment were significantly lower than those duirng placebo treatment (p less than 0.02 and p less than 0.05, respectively) in the third week. Eighteen of the patients expressed a preference for BDA, 6 for placebo, and 2 for neither (p less than 0.05). Acceptable symptomatic improvement (moderate or marked) was achieved by 54%. Mild side effects were noted by 5 patients; these included nasal irritation and bleeding in 2, aerosol-induced sneezing in 2, and headache in 1. These side effects occurred in 3 patients who used BDA, 1 who used placebo, and 1 who used both. After a 6-mo follow-up period, in which the dose of BDA was adjusted and concurrent initial oral prednisone was administered to patients who were treatment failures, 73% of the patients obtained moderate or marked symptomatic improvement. No further side effects were noted during this time. Results in those in whom a possible allergic component could be identified were not different from those of the whole group. We conclude that BDA is a useful addition to the therapy of perennial rhinitis.", "PMID": 838992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3533", "title": "Large airway constriction in allergic rhinitis.", "content": "Extensive pulmonary function tests, including most of the sensitive new techniques capable of detecting small airways obstruction, were performed in 16 asymptomatic patients with allergic rhinitis and 31 normal control subjects. Mean flow rates, lung volumes, and results of tests measuring airways closure, distribution of ventilation, and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide/alveolar volume did not differ significantly between the groups. Airways resistance (RAW) was significantly higher and specific conductance (SGAW) was significantly lower in subjects with rhinitis. Following administration of nebulized isoproterenol, RAW decreased (p less than 0.001) and SGAW increased (p less than 0.001) to mean values statistically indistinguishable from results obtained in control subjects. Individual results were normal for all tests except RAW and SGAW which were both abnormal in 3 subjects with rhinitis. The results of this investigation indicate that asymptomatic subjects with allergic have large airway (trachea and/or major bronchi) narrowing due to bronchoconstriction and no evidence of diffuse, or small airways, obstruction.", "contents": "Large airway constriction in allergic rhinitis. Extensive pulmonary function tests, including most of the sensitive new techniques capable of detecting small airways obstruction, were performed in 16 asymptomatic patients with allergic rhinitis and 31 normal control subjects. Mean flow rates, lung volumes, and results of tests measuring airways closure, distribution of ventilation, and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide/alveolar volume did not differ significantly between the groups. Airways resistance (RAW) was significantly higher and specific conductance (SGAW) was significantly lower in subjects with rhinitis. Following administration of nebulized isoproterenol, RAW decreased (p less than 0.001) and SGAW increased (p less than 0.001) to mean values statistically indistinguishable from results obtained in control subjects. Individual results were normal for all tests except RAW and SGAW which were both abnormal in 3 subjects with rhinitis. The results of this investigation indicate that asymptomatic subjects with allergic have large airway (trachea and/or major bronchi) narrowing due to bronchoconstriction and no evidence of diffuse, or small airways, obstruction.", "PMID": 838993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3534", "title": "Clinical application of measurements of serum level of bee venom-specific IgE and IgG.", "content": "Bee venom--specific IgE and IgG antibodies were measured in the serum of beekeeepers, bee-allergic persons, and normal persons infrequently stung without adverse effects. Beekeepers, who are stung frequently and relatively \"immune\" to bee stings, are characterized by high serum levels of IgG- and low serum levels of IgE-specific antibodies. Bee-allergic individuals have high titers of bee venom--specific IgG. Following a bee sting, allergic individuals develop a rising titer of IgE antibodies, accompanied occasionally by a rise in IgG antibodies. Therapy with whole bee body extracts fail to effect IgE or IgG antibody titers. During the course of venom immunotherapy IgG-specific antibodies are stimulated and IgE-specific antibodies continue to decline. These observations suggest that: (1) bee sting allergy is a function of bee venom--specific IgE; (2) bee sting immunity is a function of bee venom--specific IgG; and (3) bee venom is an appropriate therapeutic antigen.", "contents": "Clinical application of measurements of serum level of bee venom-specific IgE and IgG. Bee venom--specific IgE and IgG antibodies were measured in the serum of beekeeepers, bee-allergic persons, and normal persons infrequently stung without adverse effects. Beekeepers, who are stung frequently and relatively \"immune\" to bee stings, are characterized by high serum levels of IgG- and low serum levels of IgE-specific antibodies. Bee-allergic individuals have high titers of bee venom--specific IgG. Following a bee sting, allergic individuals develop a rising titer of IgE antibodies, accompanied occasionally by a rise in IgG antibodies. Therapy with whole bee body extracts fail to effect IgE or IgG antibody titers. During the course of venom immunotherapy IgG-specific antibodies are stimulated and IgE-specific antibodies continue to decline. These observations suggest that: (1) bee sting allergy is a function of bee venom--specific IgE; (2) bee sting immunity is a function of bee venom--specific IgG; and (3) bee venom is an appropriate therapeutic antigen.", "PMID": 838994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3535", "title": "C1q levels in hereditary angioedema.", "content": "In 21 affected members from 4 kindreds with hereditary angioedema, serum C1q levels generally were in the lower part of the normal range, with some values clearly below the lower limit of normal. The serum C1q levels in patients with hereditary angioedema were significantly depressed when compared with those in unaffected family members (p less than 0.001) and healthy control subjects (p less than 0.05). serum C1q levels were significantly (p less than 0.01) related to serum C4 levels which have been used as an indicator of disease activity in individual patients. C1q was stable during storage of serum samples at --20 degrees C for 60 days compared to storage at --70 degrees C. These studies indicate that depressed serum C1q concentrations may be seen in patients with hereditary angioedema and that the finding of this abnormality does not exclude the diagnosis.", "contents": "C1q levels in hereditary angioedema. In 21 affected members from 4 kindreds with hereditary angioedema, serum C1q levels generally were in the lower part of the normal range, with some values clearly below the lower limit of normal. The serum C1q levels in patients with hereditary angioedema were significantly depressed when compared with those in unaffected family members (p less than 0.001) and healthy control subjects (p less than 0.05). serum C1q levels were significantly (p less than 0.01) related to serum C4 levels which have been used as an indicator of disease activity in individual patients. C1q was stable during storage of serum samples at --20 degrees C for 60 days compared to storage at --70 degrees C. These studies indicate that depressed serum C1q concentrations may be seen in patients with hereditary angioedema and that the finding of this abnormality does not exclude the diagnosis.", "PMID": 838995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3536", "title": "An interdisciplinary clinical training program for dietitians. New primary care function.", "content": "One approach to teaching clinical skills to dietetic interns and students has been described. This approach has been taken to promote the use of on-going dietitian-client relationships where appropriate and to help prepare dietitians to function optimally in such situations. It is hoped that other, different programs will emerge with similar goals, the overall impact being one of developing the potential of dietitians as primary health care professionals in their field of expertise.", "contents": "An interdisciplinary clinical training program for dietitians. New primary care function. One approach to teaching clinical skills to dietetic interns and students has been described. This approach has been taken to promote the use of on-going dietitian-client relationships where appropriate and to help prepare dietitians to function optimally in such situations. It is hoped that other, different programs will emerge with similar goals, the overall impact being one of developing the potential of dietitians as primary health care professionals in their field of expertise.", "PMID": 839024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3537", "title": "Establishing guidelines for peer review of the clinical dietitian.", "content": "Guidelines for peer review of clinical dietitians are needed. In this study, two areas relevant to such guidelines, i.e., data useful in assessing nutritional status of patients and written communications of the dietary staff with other health care staff, were explored. Admission height and weight and blood chemistries, as found on dietary cards for 119 randomly selected patients during 1973, were tabulated. In addition, pertinent information on dietary cards and in the medical records was compared. The findings indicated that the biochemical and anthropometric indicators of nutritional status were available in the medical records but were not being utilized by dietitians to the degree expected. The dietary card is the logical focus for peer review, but better documentation is needed in areas of dietary history recording, computation of ideal weights, utilization of laboratory data, and development of nutritional care plans.", "contents": "Establishing guidelines for peer review of the clinical dietitian. Guidelines for peer review of clinical dietitians are needed. In this study, two areas relevant to such guidelines, i.e., data useful in assessing nutritional status of patients and written communications of the dietary staff with other health care staff, were explored. Admission height and weight and blood chemistries, as found on dietary cards for 119 randomly selected patients during 1973, were tabulated. In addition, pertinent information on dietary cards and in the medical records was compared. The findings indicated that the biochemical and anthropometric indicators of nutritional status were available in the medical records but were not being utilized by dietitians to the degree expected. The dietary card is the logical focus for peer review, but better documentation is needed in areas of dietary history recording, computation of ideal weights, utilization of laboratory data, and development of nutritional care plans.", "PMID": 839025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3538", "title": "Folacin in selected foods.", "content": "Representative values for folacin in 299 foods have been developed, based on an extensive literature review. A provisional table of these folacin values has been prepared for foods in 100-gm. portions and for specified weights, representing common household units. The data reflect newer methodology than that used for a prior USDA publication, namely, protection of folacin by ascorbic acid. L. casei is the preferred assay organism. The table includes values for both free and total folacin; however, the authors recommend that, in calculating routine hospital diets, total rather than free folacin be used; this would allow easy and direct comparison with the Recommended Dietary Allowances.", "contents": "Folacin in selected foods. Representative values for folacin in 299 foods have been developed, based on an extensive literature review. A provisional table of these folacin values has been prepared for foods in 100-gm. portions and for specified weights, representing common household units. The data reflect newer methodology than that used for a prior USDA publication, namely, protection of folacin by ascorbic acid. L. casei is the preferred assay organism. The table includes values for both free and total folacin; however, the authors recommend that, in calculating routine hospital diets, total rather than free folacin be used; this would allow easy and direct comparison with the Recommended Dietary Allowances.", "PMID": 839026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3539", "title": "Quantity food production labor time.", "content": "To facilitate the development and use of production time data in quantity foodservice, Master Standard Data (MSD) were applied to determine the feasibility of developing a standard code for synthesizing and predetermining production times. Observations were made in a 2,000-meal-per-day foodservice system to determine basic activities common to the production of single-item entr\u00e9es. An MSD Quantity Food Production Code was developed through the use of MSD and verified by stop-watch time study. Three formulas for single-item entr\u00e9es were analyzed, divided into basic elements of production, from which production time for preparation of 100 portions of each entr\u00e9e was synthesized. Stop-watch studies were performed on three replications of the production of 100 portions of each item. Differences between synthesized time values determined by applying the MSD and stop-watch technique were within acceptable limits. The MSD Quantity Food Production Code was, therefore, considered valid and reliable. Repeated occurrence of similar elements within production methods indicated that the code could serve as a structural framework for establishing a universal data code applicable to all aspects of quantity food production.", "contents": "Quantity food production labor time. To facilitate the development and use of production time data in quantity foodservice, Master Standard Data (MSD) were applied to determine the feasibility of developing a standard code for synthesizing and predetermining production times. Observations were made in a 2,000-meal-per-day foodservice system to determine basic activities common to the production of single-item entr\u00e9es. An MSD Quantity Food Production Code was developed through the use of MSD and verified by stop-watch time study. Three formulas for single-item entr\u00e9es were analyzed, divided into basic elements of production, from which production time for preparation of 100 portions of each entr\u00e9e was synthesized. Stop-watch studies were performed on three replications of the production of 100 portions of each item. Differences between synthesized time values determined by applying the MSD and stop-watch technique were within acceptable limits. The MSD Quantity Food Production Code was, therefore, considered valid and reliable. Repeated occurrence of similar elements within production methods indicated that the code could serve as a structural framework for establishing a universal data code applicable to all aspects of quantity food production.", "PMID": 839027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3540", "title": "Labor time per portion and volume in foodservice.", "content": "A Master Standard Data Quantity Food Production Code was applied to illustrate the use of predetermined production times in estimating production in relation to volume for two standardized entr\u00e9e formulas. Labor time per portion was shown to decrease as total production volume increased. However, the decrease in time per portion was not directly proportional to the increase in volume; rather, it resembled an exponential relationship. As volume approached system capacity, the decrease in production time per portion began to stabilize. The availability of a universal standard data code fo quantity foodservice could assist management in determining and optimizing the relationship between time per portion and total volume produced for each menu item utilized.", "contents": "Labor time per portion and volume in foodservice. A Master Standard Data Quantity Food Production Code was applied to illustrate the use of predetermined production times in estimating production in relation to volume for two standardized entr\u00e9e formulas. Labor time per portion was shown to decrease as total production volume increased. However, the decrease in time per portion was not directly proportional to the increase in volume; rather, it resembled an exponential relationship. As volume approached system capacity, the decrease in production time per portion began to stabilize. The availability of a universal standard data code fo quantity foodservice could assist management in determining and optimizing the relationship between time per portion and total volume produced for each menu item utilized.", "PMID": 839028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3541", "title": "Are selenium supplements needed (by the general public)?", "content": "Selenium is an unusual trace element, since both toxicities and deficiencies are known to occur in animals in the United States under natural conditions. Such extremes in the selenium intake of animals are due to the fact that the plants consumed by the animals are often of local origin and there are great geographic variations in the amount of selenium in the soil that is available for uptake by the plants. In contrast to animals, the human population generally draws its foods from several different regions of the country. There is no evidence at this time to suggest that the food supply in the United States contains either too little or too much selenium. There is reason, however, to suspect that indiscriminate selenium supplementation of the diet is potentially hazardous. A well balanced diet is the best way to obtain not only selenium but all of the other nutritionally essential trace elements as well.", "contents": "Are selenium supplements needed (by the general public)? Selenium is an unusual trace element, since both toxicities and deficiencies are known to occur in animals in the United States under natural conditions. Such extremes in the selenium intake of animals are due to the fact that the plants consumed by the animals are often of local origin and there are great geographic variations in the amount of selenium in the soil that is available for uptake by the plants. In contrast to animals, the human population generally draws its foods from several different regions of the country. There is no evidence at this time to suggest that the food supply in the United States contains either too little or too much selenium. There is reason, however, to suspect that indiscriminate selenium supplementation of the diet is potentially hazardous. A well balanced diet is the best way to obtain not only selenium but all of the other nutritionally essential trace elements as well.", "PMID": 839032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3542", "title": "A model for statistical forecasting of menu item demand.", "content": "Foodservice planning necessarily begins with a forecast of demand. Menu item demand forecasts are needed to make food item production decisions, work force and facility acquisition plans, and resource allocation and scheduling decisions. As these forecasts become more accurate, the tasks of adjusting original plans are minimized. Forecasting menu item demand need no longer be the tedious and inaccurate chore which is so prevalent in hospital food management systems today. In most instances, data may be easily collected as a by-product of existing activities to support accurate statistical time series predictions. Forecasts of meal tray count, based on a rather sophisticated model, multiplied by average menu item preference percentages can provide accurate predictions of demand. Once the forecasting models for tray count have been developed, simple worksheets can be prepared to facilitate manual generation of the forecasts on a continuing basis. These forecasts can then be recorded on a worksheet that reflects average patient preference percentages (of tray count), so that the product of the percentages with the tray count prediction produces menu item predictions on the same worksheet. As the patient preference percentages stabilize, data collection can be reduced to the daily recording of tray count and one-step-ahead forecase errors for each meal with a periodic gathering of patient preference percentages to update and/or verify the existing date. The author is more thoroughly investigating the cost/benefit relationship of such a system through the analysis of new empirical data. It is clear that the system offers potential for reducing costs at the diet category or total tray count levels. It is felt that these benefits transfer down to the meal item level as well as offer ways of generating more accurate predictions, with perhaps only minor (if any) labor time increments. Research in progress will delineate expected savings more explicitly. The approach requires statistical and computer expertise primarily during the development of the tray count model and patient preference percentage table. The results of this effort can be transferred to a form that is easily utilized by food management personnel manually to generate menu item demand forecasts.", "contents": "A model for statistical forecasting of menu item demand. Foodservice planning necessarily begins with a forecast of demand. Menu item demand forecasts are needed to make food item production decisions, work force and facility acquisition plans, and resource allocation and scheduling decisions. As these forecasts become more accurate, the tasks of adjusting original plans are minimized. Forecasting menu item demand need no longer be the tedious and inaccurate chore which is so prevalent in hospital food management systems today. In most instances, data may be easily collected as a by-product of existing activities to support accurate statistical time series predictions. Forecasts of meal tray count, based on a rather sophisticated model, multiplied by average menu item preference percentages can provide accurate predictions of demand. Once the forecasting models for tray count have been developed, simple worksheets can be prepared to facilitate manual generation of the forecasts on a continuing basis. These forecasts can then be recorded on a worksheet that reflects average patient preference percentages (of tray count), so that the product of the percentages with the tray count prediction produces menu item predictions on the same worksheet. As the patient preference percentages stabilize, data collection can be reduced to the daily recording of tray count and one-step-ahead forecase errors for each meal with a periodic gathering of patient preference percentages to update and/or verify the existing date. The author is more thoroughly investigating the cost/benefit relationship of such a system through the analysis of new empirical data. It is clear that the system offers potential for reducing costs at the diet category or total tray count levels. It is felt that these benefits transfer down to the meal item level as well as offer ways of generating more accurate predictions, with perhaps only minor (if any) labor time increments. Research in progress will delineate expected savings more explicitly. The approach requires statistical and computer expertise primarily during the development of the tray count model and patient preference percentage table. The results of this effort can be transferred to a form that is easily utilized by food management personnel manually to generate menu item demand forecasts.", "PMID": 839033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3543", "title": "Nutritive content of college meals. III. Mineral elements.", "content": "Two samples, each consisting of two breakfasts, two lunches, and two dinners as offered to college students, were collected for seven consecutive days from each fifty colleges. The composited meals for each college were analyzed for five major mineral elements--calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, and potassium--and five trace mineral elements--iron, chromium, copper, manganese, and zinc. On a per-person-per-day basis, the meals met or exceeded the recommended dietary allowances for nineteen-to-twenty-two-year-old men and women for calcium and phosphorus. Meals from most of the colleges were below the allowance for magnesium, over nine-tenths were short in zinc, and about three-fifths were below the allowance for iron for females but in only one college for males. Average ratios for mineral element to mineral element are reported.", "contents": "Nutritive content of college meals. III. Mineral elements. Two samples, each consisting of two breakfasts, two lunches, and two dinners as offered to college students, were collected for seven consecutive days from each fifty colleges. The composited meals for each college were analyzed for five major mineral elements--calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, and potassium--and five trace mineral elements--iron, chromium, copper, manganese, and zinc. On a per-person-per-day basis, the meals met or exceeded the recommended dietary allowances for nineteen-to-twenty-two-year-old men and women for calcium and phosphorus. Meals from most of the colleges were below the allowance for magnesium, over nine-tenths were short in zinc, and about three-fifths were below the allowance for iron for females but in only one college for males. Average ratios for mineral element to mineral element are reported.", "PMID": 839034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3544", "title": "Egg substitutes: use and preference--with and without nutritional information.", "content": "Three egg substitutes, plus fresh and dried whole eggs, were evaluated by a consumer panel before and after receiving information on cost and caloric and cholesterol content of the products, and before and after sensory evaluations. Initially, most of the thirty panelists believed that the egg substitutes would cost the same or less than fresh eggs. After receiving information on cost and caloric and cholesterol content, the panelists perceived no significant differences in the nutritional value of the products. Fresh whole egg was the preferred product. After tasting, the consumers judged the nutritional value of all of the products higher, but their preferences were lower for all products except the fresh whole egg. Presentation of information on the caloric and cholesterol content of the egg substitutes without explanation of possible benefit in current health problems appears insufficient to change consumers' perception of a fat-modified product.", "contents": "Egg substitutes: use and preference--with and without nutritional information. Three egg substitutes, plus fresh and dried whole eggs, were evaluated by a consumer panel before and after receiving information on cost and caloric and cholesterol content of the products, and before and after sensory evaluations. Initially, most of the thirty panelists believed that the egg substitutes would cost the same or less than fresh eggs. After receiving information on cost and caloric and cholesterol content, the panelists perceived no significant differences in the nutritional value of the products. Fresh whole egg was the preferred product. After tasting, the consumers judged the nutritional value of all of the products higher, but their preferences were lower for all products except the fresh whole egg. Presentation of information on the caloric and cholesterol content of the egg substitutes without explanation of possible benefit in current health problems appears insufficient to change consumers' perception of a fat-modified product.", "PMID": 839035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3545", "title": "The three-consideration diet revisited.", "content": "Three-consideration diets based on the 1974 Recommended Dietary Allowances, current food composition data, and October 1975 retail prices in Atlanta have been developed for a reference family of four persons. While the diets are less than satisfactory as to variety and palatability, they have a greater degree of variety than three-consideration diets published in earlier decades.", "contents": "The three-consideration diet revisited. Three-consideration diets based on the 1974 Recommended Dietary Allowances, current food composition data, and October 1975 retail prices in Atlanta have been developed for a reference family of four persons. While the diets are less than satisfactory as to variety and palatability, they have a greater degree of variety than three-consideration diets published in earlier decades.", "PMID": 839036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3546", "title": "External-cue responsivity as a function of age at onset of obesity.", "content": "Sixty subjects, averaging 26 per cent overweight, were classified according to age at onset in order to test the external-cue hypothesis of obesity and to investigate the possibility of different \"types\" of obesity. Subjects were presented with Hershey's kisses wrapped in either transparent (visible) or non-transparent (non-visible) wrappers while performing a sham test; the number of chocolates consumed was the dependent measure. Subjects were placed in four groups: Early onset-food visible (EV), early onset-food non-visible (ENV), late onset-food visible (LV), or late onset-food non-visible (LNV). The first two groups consumed about the same number of chocolates, but the early-onset subjects ate almost twice as many kisses as the late-onset participants. The evidence was inconclusive concerning the external-cue hypothesis, although there was some suggestion that there may be \"types\" of obesity. The findings are discussed in terms of the need to acknowledge factors other than weight alone in studying and treating obesity.", "contents": "External-cue responsivity as a function of age at onset of obesity. Sixty subjects, averaging 26 per cent overweight, were classified according to age at onset in order to test the external-cue hypothesis of obesity and to investigate the possibility of different \"types\" of obesity. Subjects were presented with Hershey's kisses wrapped in either transparent (visible) or non-transparent (non-visible) wrappers while performing a sham test; the number of chocolates consumed was the dependent measure. Subjects were placed in four groups: Early onset-food visible (EV), early onset-food non-visible (ENV), late onset-food visible (LV), or late onset-food non-visible (LNV). The first two groups consumed about the same number of chocolates, but the early-onset subjects ate almost twice as many kisses as the late-onset participants. The evidence was inconclusive concerning the external-cue hypothesis, although there was some suggestion that there may be \"types\" of obesity. The findings are discussed in terms of the need to acknowledge factors other than weight alone in studying and treating obesity.", "PMID": 839037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3547", "title": "The biology of aging: 1976, an overview.", "content": "This article is a comprehensive overview of the biology of aging. The largely unproductive history of research on aging is presented, to lay the groundwork for a discussion of why such research is performed and what aging levels and human models are employed. The anatomic, biochemical, physiologic and behavioral measures used in such studies are delineated. Some of the most promising theories of aging (genetic, autoimmune, viral, free radical) are discussed, as are factors that could prolong the lifespan if optimally employed. Philosophic considerations are emphasized.", "contents": "The biology of aging: 1976, an overview. This article is a comprehensive overview of the biology of aging. The largely unproductive history of research on aging is presented, to lay the groundwork for a discussion of why such research is performed and what aging levels and human models are employed. The anatomic, biochemical, physiologic and behavioral measures used in such studies are delineated. Some of the most promising theories of aging (genetic, autoimmune, viral, free radical) are discussed, as are factors that could prolong the lifespan if optimally employed. Philosophic considerations are emphasized.", "PMID": 839041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3548", "title": "Endometrial screening of asymptomatic women by irrigation technique in the private gynecology office.", "content": "A study was made of 201 asymptomatic women over age 40 (range, 40-74 years) who underwent uterine sounding and endometrial screening by the negative-pressure jet irrigation technique, without anesthesia, in private gynecologists' offices. Introduction of the irrigator was accomplished in 88 percent of these patients. In 97 percent of the successful irrigations, the specimens obtained were satisfactory for cytologic and histologic diagnosis of neoplasia. No occult endometrial carcinomas were discovered. The factors which interfered with endometrial screening by these methods are analyzed. Cervical stenosis prevented endometrial irrigation in 13 of the 24 unsuccessful attempts. Acceptance by the patients was high, in that 74.2 percent reported slight or no discomfort and only 4.7 percent complained of severe discomfort. Although 12.5 percent experienced pelvic cramping after irrigation, no other significant side effects were observed. The results of this investigation indicate the feasibility of using the endometrial irrigation technique for massive screening studies of asymptomatic women who are at risk for the development of endometrial carcinoma.", "contents": "Endometrial screening of asymptomatic women by irrigation technique in the private gynecology office. A study was made of 201 asymptomatic women over age 40 (range, 40-74 years) who underwent uterine sounding and endometrial screening by the negative-pressure jet irrigation technique, without anesthesia, in private gynecologists' offices. Introduction of the irrigator was accomplished in 88 percent of these patients. In 97 percent of the successful irrigations, the specimens obtained were satisfactory for cytologic and histologic diagnosis of neoplasia. No occult endometrial carcinomas were discovered. The factors which interfered with endometrial screening by these methods are analyzed. Cervical stenosis prevented endometrial irrigation in 13 of the 24 unsuccessful attempts. Acceptance by the patients was high, in that 74.2 percent reported slight or no discomfort and only 4.7 percent complained of severe discomfort. Although 12.5 percent experienced pelvic cramping after irrigation, no other significant side effects were observed. The results of this investigation indicate the feasibility of using the endometrial irrigation technique for massive screening studies of asymptomatic women who are at risk for the development of endometrial carcinoma.", "PMID": 839042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3549", "title": "Histochemical and ultrastructural changes in senile human skeletal muscle.", "content": "Eighty biopsy specimens of muscles from 79 elderly patients (chiefly in the 60-90 age group) were examined by histochemical and electron microscopic methods. Neuropathic change and type-II fiber atrophy of various grades were prominent findings in the muscles from patients of advanced age. Nemaline rod formation, \"ragged red\" change and an increase of sarcolemmal nuclei were also common. Several electron microscopic features of the muscle fiber corresponded to those reported for various neuromuscular diseases. Various factors associated with the aging process apparently act on the motor neurons and cause the neuropathic and myopathic changes seen in the muscles of the aged.", "contents": "Histochemical and ultrastructural changes in senile human skeletal muscle. Eighty biopsy specimens of muscles from 79 elderly patients (chiefly in the 60-90 age group) were examined by histochemical and electron microscopic methods. Neuropathic change and type-II fiber atrophy of various grades were prominent findings in the muscles from patients of advanced age. Nemaline rod formation, \"ragged red\" change and an increase of sarcolemmal nuclei were also common. Several electron microscopic features of the muscle fiber corresponded to those reported for various neuromuscular diseases. Various factors associated with the aging process apparently act on the motor neurons and cause the neuropathic and myopathic changes seen in the muscles of the aged.", "PMID": 839043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3550", "title": "A clinical psychogeriatric unit: organization and function.", "content": "A psychogeriatric unit in Brentwood VA hospital is described with regard to function and organization. Its clinical task is to evaluate the elderly veterans in several dimensions. Then a comprehensive plan emerges for continuing care, to which each professional staff member contributes his own experience. The presenting problems are given priorities, and needed services are coordinated. This process involves staff roles and training, the needs of the population served, diagnostic and treatment procedures, and aftercare programs. Liaison with other agencies addressing the problems of aging provides support in policy-making, consultation and education for the proprietors of homes accepting placement of elderly veterans. It is hoped that the findings of this report (including a clinical study of 47 patients) may serve as a stimulus to others who contribute to the care of the aged.", "contents": "A clinical psychogeriatric unit: organization and function. A psychogeriatric unit in Brentwood VA hospital is described with regard to function and organization. Its clinical task is to evaluate the elderly veterans in several dimensions. Then a comprehensive plan emerges for continuing care, to which each professional staff member contributes his own experience. The presenting problems are given priorities, and needed services are coordinated. This process involves staff roles and training, the needs of the population served, diagnostic and treatment procedures, and aftercare programs. Liaison with other agencies addressing the problems of aging provides support in policy-making, consultation and education for the proprietors of homes accepting placement of elderly veterans. It is hoped that the findings of this report (including a clinical study of 47 patients) may serve as a stimulus to others who contribute to the care of the aged.", "PMID": 839044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3551", "title": "Mission of the National Institute on Aging.", "content": "The National Institute on Aging (NIA), the newest of the eleven National Institutes of Health, is dedicated to improving the quality of life of the old in America through biomedical, social, and behavioral research. Aging is reviewed as more than just decline and deterioration; it is also a process of continued development and accumulated knowledge. The NIA will encourage innovative research, but will not support the delivery of health services, as that is the domain of other agencies. In areas of overlap, such as diseases common to the old, the NIA will collaborate with other Institutes. A good target area for collaboration is senile dementia. Other areas of interest to the NIA are: encouraging the incorporation of geriatric medicine as a subspecialty, developing retirement test patterns, and investigating drug-drug and drug-age interactions, personality and social processes, and immunocompetence.", "contents": "Mission of the National Institute on Aging. The National Institute on Aging (NIA), the newest of the eleven National Institutes of Health, is dedicated to improving the quality of life of the old in America through biomedical, social, and behavioral research. Aging is reviewed as more than just decline and deterioration; it is also a process of continued development and accumulated knowledge. The NIA will encourage innovative research, but will not support the delivery of health services, as that is the domain of other agencies. In areas of overlap, such as diseases common to the old, the NIA will collaborate with other Institutes. A good target area for collaboration is senile dementia. Other areas of interest to the NIA are: encouraging the incorporation of geriatric medicine as a subspecialty, developing retirement test patterns, and investigating drug-drug and drug-age interactions, personality and social processes, and immunocompetence.", "PMID": 839045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3552", "title": "Replantation of digits and hands: analysis of surgical techniques and functional results in 71 patients with 86 replantations.", "content": "Defining replantation as the restoration of a completely amputated part as opposed to simply restoring circulation to an incompletely severed part, the results of replantation of 86 completely amputated parts in 71 patients performed from January, 1970, to December, 1975, were studied. Twenty-eight, or 32.5 percent, were the result of sharp severances of the part; localized crushing accounted for 56, or 65.1 percent. Two were classified as degloving injuries. Twelve amputations were transmetacarpal, six were at the metacarpophalangeal joints, 14 through the proximal phalanx, 15 at the proximal interphalangeal joint, 21 in the middle phalanx, 13 at the distal interphalangeal joint, and five through the distal phalanx. The technique consisted of bone shortening and fixation and repair of all tendons and nerves if possible. Veins are repaired first, at least two for each artery, and heparinized saline and lidocaine are used locally. Irrigation of the vessels is not done, but an intravenous bolus of 3,000 U. of heparin is given when the anastomoses are completed. Aspirin and low molecular weight dextran are given for 3 to 7 days. For the more distal replantation, heparin may be used. Antibiotics are given. In the total series of 86 completely amputated hand units, 52 were unsuccessful, primarly due to vascular thrombosis and usually on the venous side. In the year 1975 a success rate of 69.2 percent was achieved, whereas in the last 50 replantations, done between Jan. 1, 1976, and Oct. 15, 1976, the success rate was 90 percent. Results improved with more experience in the technique and with more careful selection of patients.", "contents": "Replantation of digits and hands: analysis of surgical techniques and functional results in 71 patients with 86 replantations. Defining replantation as the restoration of a completely amputated part as opposed to simply restoring circulation to an incompletely severed part, the results of replantation of 86 completely amputated parts in 71 patients performed from January, 1970, to December, 1975, were studied. Twenty-eight, or 32.5 percent, were the result of sharp severances of the part; localized crushing accounted for 56, or 65.1 percent. Two were classified as degloving injuries. Twelve amputations were transmetacarpal, six were at the metacarpophalangeal joints, 14 through the proximal phalanx, 15 at the proximal interphalangeal joint, 21 in the middle phalanx, 13 at the distal interphalangeal joint, and five through the distal phalanx. The technique consisted of bone shortening and fixation and repair of all tendons and nerves if possible. Veins are repaired first, at least two for each artery, and heparinized saline and lidocaine are used locally. Irrigation of the vessels is not done, but an intravenous bolus of 3,000 U. of heparin is given when the anastomoses are completed. Aspirin and low molecular weight dextran are given for 3 to 7 days. For the more distal replantation, heparin may be used. Antibiotics are given. In the total series of 86 completely amputated hand units, 52 were unsuccessful, primarly due to vascular thrombosis and usually on the venous side. In the year 1975 a success rate of 69.2 percent was achieved, whereas in the last 50 replantations, done between Jan. 1, 1976, and Oct. 15, 1976, the success rate was 90 percent. Results improved with more experience in the technique and with more careful selection of patients.", "PMID": 839049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3553", "title": "Traumatic amputation of digits: the fate of remaining blood. An experimental and clinical study.", "content": "Experimental studies on rabbit ears amputated by either a clean sharp division or severed by a crushing blow showed that twice as much blood remained in the crush group. Microthrombi and tissue thrombi were seen in this group only. A review of 142 digital replantations performed over a 10 year period showed 126 survivals. Ninety-three were complete amputations and 80 of these survived; 49 were incomplete amputations and 46 survived after revascularization attemps. Of 74 clear amputations, 68 survived; of 68 crush-type amputations, 58 survived. Circulatory disturbances occurred in 36 replanted digits; 16 could not be salvaged. The primary cause of complications was venous obstruction. In 80 digital replantations done from January, 1974, to December, 1975, success was obtained in 75 (93.75 percent). Irrigation of vessels of the severed part is done only in cases of double level amputation, severely crushed or those due to avulsion. Heparin, low molecular weight dextran, urokinase, and antibiotics are given for several days after operation.", "contents": "Traumatic amputation of digits: the fate of remaining blood. An experimental and clinical study. Experimental studies on rabbit ears amputated by either a clean sharp division or severed by a crushing blow showed that twice as much blood remained in the crush group. Microthrombi and tissue thrombi were seen in this group only. A review of 142 digital replantations performed over a 10 year period showed 126 survivals. Ninety-three were complete amputations and 80 of these survived; 49 were incomplete amputations and 46 survived after revascularization attemps. Of 74 clear amputations, 68 survived; of 68 crush-type amputations, 58 survived. Circulatory disturbances occurred in 36 replanted digits; 16 could not be salvaged. The primary cause of complications was venous obstruction. In 80 digital replantations done from January, 1974, to December, 1975, success was obtained in 75 (93.75 percent). Irrigation of vessels of the severed part is done only in cases of double level amputation, severely crushed or those due to avulsion. Heparin, low molecular weight dextran, urokinase, and antibiotics are given for several days after operation.", "PMID": 839050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3554", "title": "The irrigation jet: an aid in microvascular surgery.", "content": "Techniques for manipulating and positioning blood vessels during microvascular surgery which utilize a jeweler's forceps tend to inflict significant trauma to the wall and to the intima of the vessel. An irrigation jet device was designed which allows atraumatic positioning of the vessel, gentle and controlled dilation , and better visualization. With this device rat arteries and veins with an external diameter of 0.6 mm. were joined. Upon examination 3 weeks later, over 95 percent remained patent. In addition, vessels of 0.2 to 0.4 mm. were anastomosed successfully with a long-term patency rate of approximately 50 percent. The device has been found to be useful in clinical replantation and revascularization problems in man.", "contents": "The irrigation jet: an aid in microvascular surgery. Techniques for manipulating and positioning blood vessels during microvascular surgery which utilize a jeweler's forceps tend to inflict significant trauma to the wall and to the intima of the vessel. An irrigation jet device was designed which allows atraumatic positioning of the vessel, gentle and controlled dilation , and better visualization. With this device rat arteries and veins with an external diameter of 0.6 mm. were joined. Upon examination 3 weeks later, over 95 percent remained patent. In addition, vessels of 0.2 to 0.4 mm. were anastomosed successfully with a long-term patency rate of approximately 50 percent. The device has been found to be useful in clinical replantation and revascularization problems in man.", "PMID": 839051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3555", "title": "The influence of experimentally induced anemia on the patency of microvascular anastomoses.", "content": "Anemia, secondary to blood loss or hemodilution, causes reduction of blood viscosity and has been assumed to favor the long-term patency of microvascular anastomoses. This assumption was tested by performing arterial and venous anastomoses on rat vessels measuring 0.3 to 0.8 mm. in external diameter. A group of rats rendered experimentally anemic (whose blood viscocity was lowered by 37 percent) showed no higher patency rates when the involved vessels were examined 3 weeks later than did a control group. The hypothesis that anemia favors higher patency rates was not substantiated.", "contents": "The influence of experimentally induced anemia on the patency of microvascular anastomoses. Anemia, secondary to blood loss or hemodilution, causes reduction of blood viscosity and has been assumed to favor the long-term patency of microvascular anastomoses. This assumption was tested by performing arterial and venous anastomoses on rat vessels measuring 0.3 to 0.8 mm. in external diameter. A group of rats rendered experimentally anemic (whose blood viscocity was lowered by 37 percent) showed no higher patency rates when the involved vessels were examined 3 weeks later than did a control group. The hypothesis that anemia favors higher patency rates was not substantiated.", "PMID": 839052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3556", "title": "The reaction of nerve tissue to various suture materials: a study in rabbits.", "content": "Adult, male white New Zealand rabbits were used to compare two new synthetic suture materials, polyglycolic acid (Dexon) and polypropylene (Prolene), with wire, plain catgut, and silk. The purpose of the study was simply to determine the reaction of nerve tissue to each of the five different materials. No attempt was made to measure functional results. The nerves were examined grossly and microscopically in an effort to evaluate which suture incited the least host reaction. Although no difference was noted in the initial cellular response, Prolene was shown to incite the least fibrolastic response. Silk evoked the most marked fibroblastic response.", "contents": "The reaction of nerve tissue to various suture materials: a study in rabbits. Adult, male white New Zealand rabbits were used to compare two new synthetic suture materials, polyglycolic acid (Dexon) and polypropylene (Prolene), with wire, plain catgut, and silk. The purpose of the study was simply to determine the reaction of nerve tissue to each of the five different materials. No attempt was made to measure functional results. The nerves were examined grossly and microscopically in an effort to evaluate which suture incited the least host reaction. Although no difference was noted in the initial cellular response, Prolene was shown to incite the least fibrolastic response. Silk evoked the most marked fibroblastic response.", "PMID": 839053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3557", "title": "Anatomical variations of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel.", "content": "In 246 hands in which the carpal tunnel was explored at operation, 29 variations in the course of the median nerve were found. Accessory branches at the distal portion of the tunnel were found in 18 hands, a high division of the median nerve in seven, and accessory branches proximal to the tunnel in four. Based upon these findings and including published reports of others, the variations were classified into four groups: I-variation in the course of the thenar branch; II-accessory branches at the distal portion of the carpal tunnel; III-high divisions of the median nerve; and IV-accessory branches proximal to the carpal canal. The thenar branch variations in 100 cadaver hands (Poisel) were extraligamentous in 46 percent, subligamentous in 31 percent, and transligamentous in 23 percent. The findings emphasize the importance of approaching the median nerve from the ulnar side when opening the carpal tunnel.", "contents": "Anatomical variations of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel. In 246 hands in which the carpal tunnel was explored at operation, 29 variations in the course of the median nerve were found. Accessory branches at the distal portion of the tunnel were found in 18 hands, a high division of the median nerve in seven, and accessory branches proximal to the tunnel in four. Based upon these findings and including published reports of others, the variations were classified into four groups: I-variation in the course of the thenar branch; II-accessory branches at the distal portion of the carpal tunnel; III-high divisions of the median nerve; and IV-accessory branches proximal to the carpal canal. The thenar branch variations in 100 cadaver hands (Poisel) were extraligamentous in 46 percent, subligamentous in 31 percent, and transligamentous in 23 percent. The findings emphasize the importance of approaching the median nerve from the ulnar side when opening the carpal tunnel.", "PMID": 839054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3558", "title": "Denervation of the wrist joint.", "content": "A collective review was made of the results of denervation of the wrist joint for painful restrictiorn of motion done in 313 patients and follow-up studies on 195 (average 4.1 years, ranging from 9 months to 14 years). Complete denervation was done in only 30, partial denervation in the others being done after testing with local anesthetic blocks. Sixty-nine of the patients retained a moble wrist without pain or with slight pain with heavy work. No evidence of Charcot-like joints was seen. Poorest results followed when the operation was done for sequelae of intra-articular fracture of the radius, fracture dislocations, unstable ligamentous support, joint surface destruction, or for those required to do heavy manual labor. Arthrodesis was done secondarily in nine patients.", "contents": "Denervation of the wrist joint. A collective review was made of the results of denervation of the wrist joint for painful restrictiorn of motion done in 313 patients and follow-up studies on 195 (average 4.1 years, ranging from 9 months to 14 years). Complete denervation was done in only 30, partial denervation in the others being done after testing with local anesthetic blocks. Sixty-nine of the patients retained a moble wrist without pain or with slight pain with heavy work. No evidence of Charcot-like joints was seen. Poorest results followed when the operation was done for sequelae of intra-articular fracture of the radius, fracture dislocations, unstable ligamentous support, joint surface destruction, or for those required to do heavy manual labor. Arthrodesis was done secondarily in nine patients.", "PMID": 839055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3559", "title": "Avulsion of the profundus tendon insertion in athletes.", "content": "A review of 36 avulsions of the flexor profundus tendon insertion in athletes seen during the past 5 years showed the injury to be most common in the ring finger. The injury was classified into three types depending upon (1) the presence or absence of a bony fragment on roentgenograms, (2) the level to which the tendon retracted, and (3) the status of the blood supply of the avulsed tendon. If the tendon retracts into the palm at the time of injury, it should be repaired within 7 days. If the tendon retracts only to the proximal interphalangeal joint, it often can be repaired a few months after the injury. Late untreated patients who were relatively asymptomatic were left alone. Those with unstable distal interphalangeal joints were treated by fusion or tenodesis of the distal joint. A flexor tendon graft through an intact functioning superficialis tendon in the ring finger seldom was indicated. Prompt diagnosis and surgical repair within the first week gave the best results.", "contents": "Avulsion of the profundus tendon insertion in athletes. A review of 36 avulsions of the flexor profundus tendon insertion in athletes seen during the past 5 years showed the injury to be most common in the ring finger. The injury was classified into three types depending upon (1) the presence or absence of a bony fragment on roentgenograms, (2) the level to which the tendon retracted, and (3) the status of the blood supply of the avulsed tendon. If the tendon retracts into the palm at the time of injury, it should be repaired within 7 days. If the tendon retracts only to the proximal interphalangeal joint, it often can be repaired a few months after the injury. Late untreated patients who were relatively asymptomatic were left alone. Those with unstable distal interphalangeal joints were treated by fusion or tenodesis of the distal joint. A flexor tendon graft through an intact functioning superficialis tendon in the ring finger seldom was indicated. Prompt diagnosis and surgical repair within the first week gave the best results.", "PMID": 839056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3560", "title": "The prevention and treatment of amputation neuromata by silicone capping.", "content": "A technique of silicone capping of amputated sciatic or tibial nerves was evaluated in a single litter of ten New Zealand white rabbits (eight experimental, two control). All nerves and caps were evaluated 12 and 4 weeks after operation. Neuroma formation was prevented when a lengh:diameter ratio of 5:1 (minimum) to 10:1 (maximum) of the cap was observed and a smooth, filmy, nonreactive capsule around all nerve ends and caps was noted. Eighteen patients with 38 traumatic neuromata in the upper extremity were treated by silicone capping and were evaluated an average of 41 months after operation. Of these 18 patients, 17 underwent revision surgery for the specific purpose of relieving disabling neuroma pain. Two patients developed a causalgic state. One patient had recurrence of symptoms in one of four nerves capped and was relieved by reoperation and recapping. The remaining 15 patients were relieved of their preoperative complaints.", "contents": "The prevention and treatment of amputation neuromata by silicone capping. A technique of silicone capping of amputated sciatic or tibial nerves was evaluated in a single litter of ten New Zealand white rabbits (eight experimental, two control). All nerves and caps were evaluated 12 and 4 weeks after operation. Neuroma formation was prevented when a lengh:diameter ratio of 5:1 (minimum) to 10:1 (maximum) of the cap was observed and a smooth, filmy, nonreactive capsule around all nerve ends and caps was noted. Eighteen patients with 38 traumatic neuromata in the upper extremity were treated by silicone capping and were evaluated an average of 41 months after operation. Of these 18 patients, 17 underwent revision surgery for the specific purpose of relieving disabling neuroma pain. Two patients developed a causalgic state. One patient had recurrence of symptoms in one of four nerves capped and was relieved by reoperation and recapping. The remaining 15 patients were relieved of their preoperative complaints.", "PMID": 839057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3561", "title": "Hyperphalangism: report of a case.", "content": "A case of hyperphalangism is presented with a review of the literature. Ninety-one cases of this deformity have been recorded now in the literature. This abnormality is inherited as an autosomal dominant. The index and middle fingers show hyperphalangism, which is confused occasionally with nonunion of a fracture. The anatomical features of this unusual duplication are presented along with a simple plan of treatment for the cosmetic aspects of this rare congenital defect.", "contents": "Hyperphalangism: report of a case. A case of hyperphalangism is presented with a review of the literature. Ninety-one cases of this deformity have been recorded now in the literature. This abnormality is inherited as an autosomal dominant. The index and middle fingers show hyperphalangism, which is confused occasionally with nonunion of a fracture. The anatomical features of this unusual duplication are presented along with a simple plan of treatment for the cosmetic aspects of this rare congenital defect.", "PMID": 839058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3562", "title": "An improved method for the histochemical localization of glucose-6-phoshate dehydrogenase in animal and plant tissues.", "content": "An improved procedure is reported for the histochemical localization of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in fresh-frozen sections of animal and plant tissues. Used in this procedure are an incubation medium and an inert high-molecular-weight polyvinyl alcohol as a stabilizer to check enzyme diffusion. The incubation medium consists of 10 mg each of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and nitroblue tetrazolium chloride and 60 mg of glucose-6-phosphate per 20 ml of 22% polyvinyl alcohol solution in 0.2 M Tris-maleate buffer, pH 7.2. Use of this medium has given consistent results with the tissues tested. Because the use of an electron-transfer agent in the incubation medium often resulted in enzyme diffusion, its use in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase localization is considered undersirable. Incubation time of 15 to 30 min for animal tissue and 20 to 45 min for plant tissue of 37degreesC was found to be optimal for producing the characteristic blue formazan at the reaction sites.", "contents": "An improved method for the histochemical localization of glucose-6-phoshate dehydrogenase in animal and plant tissues. An improved procedure is reported for the histochemical localization of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in fresh-frozen sections of animal and plant tissues. Used in this procedure are an incubation medium and an inert high-molecular-weight polyvinyl alcohol as a stabilizer to check enzyme diffusion. The incubation medium consists of 10 mg each of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and nitroblue tetrazolium chloride and 60 mg of glucose-6-phosphate per 20 ml of 22% polyvinyl alcohol solution in 0.2 M Tris-maleate buffer, pH 7.2. Use of this medium has given consistent results with the tissues tested. Because the use of an electron-transfer agent in the incubation medium often resulted in enzyme diffusion, its use in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase localization is considered undersirable. Incubation time of 15 to 30 min for animal tissue and 20 to 45 min for plant tissue of 37degreesC was found to be optimal for producing the characteristic blue formazan at the reaction sites.", "PMID": 839060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3563", "title": "Improvements of glycol methacrylate. I. Its use as an embedding medium for electron microscopic studies.", "content": "The technique for using the water-soluble embedding medium glycol methacrylate has been improved for ultrastructural studies by the simplification of the method of formation of prepolymers used in embedding the tissue, by the addition of a cross-linking agent so that sections are stable in the electron beam, and by improving the softness of the blocks by the addition of a plasticizing agent. The preservation of tissue morphology has been improved by complete dehydration in glycol methacrylate monomer prior to infiltration with the prepolymer. Preservations of tissue morphology is further enhanced by complete dehydration in ethanols and embedding in the improved glycol methacrylate medium.", "contents": "Improvements of glycol methacrylate. I. Its use as an embedding medium for electron microscopic studies. The technique for using the water-soluble embedding medium glycol methacrylate has been improved for ultrastructural studies by the simplification of the method of formation of prepolymers used in embedding the tissue, by the addition of a cross-linking agent so that sections are stable in the electron beam, and by improving the softness of the blocks by the addition of a plasticizing agent. The preservation of tissue morphology has been improved by complete dehydration in glycol methacrylate monomer prior to infiltration with the prepolymer. Preservations of tissue morphology is further enhanced by complete dehydration in ethanols and embedding in the improved glycol methacrylate medium.", "PMID": 839061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3564", "title": "A simplified method of \"hypothetical grain\" analysis of electron microscope autoradiographs.", "content": "An improved method for the analysis of high resolution electron microscope autoradiographs is described which is simple and quick to perform. The method uses a transparent screen superimposed over the autoradiograph prints to provide information on the distribution of grains over neighboring structures, produced by radioactive disintegrations occurring in different regions of the section. This \"cross-scatter\" information is used to estimate the radioactivity in different structures without the need to make any assumptions about the size, shape and arrangement of the structures within the autoradiographs being analyzed. The method allows activity in membranes and other linear structures to be determined and also the accuracy attributable to the activity values obtained.", "contents": "A simplified method of \"hypothetical grain\" analysis of electron microscope autoradiographs. An improved method for the analysis of high resolution electron microscope autoradiographs is described which is simple and quick to perform. The method uses a transparent screen superimposed over the autoradiograph prints to provide information on the distribution of grains over neighboring structures, produced by radioactive disintegrations occurring in different regions of the section. This \"cross-scatter\" information is used to estimate the radioactivity in different structures without the need to make any assumptions about the size, shape and arrangement of the structures within the autoradiographs being analyzed. The method allows activity in membranes and other linear structures to be determined and also the accuracy attributable to the activity values obtained.", "PMID": 839062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3565", "title": "Altered renal cortical reabsorption of protein and urinary excretion of sodium in relation to vascular leakage induced by horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "The intravenous injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain caused vascular leakage as detectable by a 20-40% increase in the hematocrit and a 15-20% decrease in plasma protein concentration. These changes did not occur when the same amounts of HRP were injected into rats pretreated with antagonists to histamine and serotonin. After pretreatment with the antagonists, the reabsorption of HRP by the proximal tubule cells (the concentration of HRP in the total particulate fractions) showed a 77% decrease and the urinary excretion of sodium showed more than an 80% increase as compared to the values from rats treated with HRP alone. In addition, the blood clearance rate of HRP was decreased and the urinary excretion of HRP was increased after treatment with the antagonists to histamine and serotonin. Cytochemical observations of formaldehyde vapor-fixed tissue also showed the effects of vascular leakage. After the injection of HRP in physiologic or hypertonic saline, the basal infoldings of the proximal tubule cells were strongly peroxidase-positive. When the same amounts of HRP were injected after pretreatment with antagonists to histamine and serotonin, or with mannitol, the basal infoldings were not stained or were stained faintly. Rats of the Wistar/Furth strain did not show the effects of vascular leakage observed with rats of the Sprague-Dawley strains. The questions are discussed as to whether the marked depression of renal cortical HRP absorption by mannitol and hypertonic saline (J Histochem Cytochem 23:707, 1975) is related to the prevention of vascular leakage, and whether the reabsorption of both sodium and protein is increased during the leakage of serum proteins into the interstitial tissue.", "contents": "Altered renal cortical reabsorption of protein and urinary excretion of sodium in relation to vascular leakage induced by horseradish peroxidase. The intravenous injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain caused vascular leakage as detectable by a 20-40% increase in the hematocrit and a 15-20% decrease in plasma protein concentration. These changes did not occur when the same amounts of HRP were injected into rats pretreated with antagonists to histamine and serotonin. After pretreatment with the antagonists, the reabsorption of HRP by the proximal tubule cells (the concentration of HRP in the total particulate fractions) showed a 77% decrease and the urinary excretion of sodium showed more than an 80% increase as compared to the values from rats treated with HRP alone. In addition, the blood clearance rate of HRP was decreased and the urinary excretion of HRP was increased after treatment with the antagonists to histamine and serotonin. Cytochemical observations of formaldehyde vapor-fixed tissue also showed the effects of vascular leakage. After the injection of HRP in physiologic or hypertonic saline, the basal infoldings of the proximal tubule cells were strongly peroxidase-positive. When the same amounts of HRP were injected after pretreatment with antagonists to histamine and serotonin, or with mannitol, the basal infoldings were not stained or were stained faintly. Rats of the Wistar/Furth strain did not show the effects of vascular leakage observed with rats of the Sprague-Dawley strains. The questions are discussed as to whether the marked depression of renal cortical HRP absorption by mannitol and hypertonic saline (J Histochem Cytochem 23:707, 1975) is related to the prevention of vascular leakage, and whether the reabsorption of both sodium and protein is increased during the leakage of serum proteins into the interstitial tissue.", "PMID": 839063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3566", "title": "Ir-gene control of antibody class production.", "content": "The antibody response in mice to DNP-insulin is under Ir-gene control. The Ir gene defects in two strains have been analyzed. In both cases the IgG immune response was impaired whereas the IgM response was not affected. One H-2 gene haplotype was characterized by lack of IgG response, independent of the immunization protocol. A second H-2 haplotype manifested a low response of IgG after immunization with Bordetella pertussis as an adjuvant but a high response after complete Freund's adjuvant. It is proposed that a low level of T cell help induces the production of IgM antibodies, intermediate levels allow few IgG clones to develop, and high levels induce a heterogeneous IgG response.", "contents": "Ir-gene control of antibody class production. The antibody response in mice to DNP-insulin is under Ir-gene control. The Ir gene defects in two strains have been analyzed. In both cases the IgG immune response was impaired whereas the IgM response was not affected. One H-2 gene haplotype was characterized by lack of IgG response, independent of the immunization protocol. A second H-2 haplotype manifested a low response of IgG after immunization with Bordetella pertussis as an adjuvant but a high response after complete Freund's adjuvant. It is proposed that a low level of T cell help induces the production of IgM antibodies, intermediate levels allow few IgG clones to develop, and high levels induce a heterogeneous IgG response.", "PMID": 839064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3567", "title": "Serologic diagnosis of Lymphogranuloma venereum by counterimmunoelectrophoresis with a Chlamydia trachomatis protein antigen.", "content": "Previously a protein antigen was identified which was common to members of the species Chlamydia trachomatis and to which antibody could be demonstrated in human sera by two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis. The antigen has been purified by immunoadsorption chromatography, and an exploration undertaken to determine whether the detection of antibody to this antigen by counterimmunoelectrophoresis would be useful for the diagnosis of C. trachomatis infections. Antibody was found in 43 of 45 (96%) sera from patients with lymphogranuloma venerum proven by either isolation or other serologic methods. No positive reactions were observed in 50 patients with nongonococcal urethritis, 38 of whom had evidence of antibody as measured by microimmunofluorescence with whole organism antigen. Sera were also negative from 50 normal individuals, 10 persons with gonorrhea, and 2 patients with psittacosis. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis with purified C. trachomatis protein antigen appears to be a useful serologic test for diagnosis of lymphogranuloma venereum.", "contents": "Serologic diagnosis of Lymphogranuloma venereum by counterimmunoelectrophoresis with a Chlamydia trachomatis protein antigen. Previously a protein antigen was identified which was common to members of the species Chlamydia trachomatis and to which antibody could be demonstrated in human sera by two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis. The antigen has been purified by immunoadsorption chromatography, and an exploration undertaken to determine whether the detection of antibody to this antigen by counterimmunoelectrophoresis would be useful for the diagnosis of C. trachomatis infections. Antibody was found in 43 of 45 (96%) sera from patients with lymphogranuloma venerum proven by either isolation or other serologic methods. No positive reactions were observed in 50 patients with nongonococcal urethritis, 38 of whom had evidence of antibody as measured by microimmunofluorescence with whole organism antigen. Sera were also negative from 50 normal individuals, 10 persons with gonorrhea, and 2 patients with psittacosis. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis with purified C. trachomatis protein antigen appears to be a useful serologic test for diagnosis of lymphogranuloma venereum.", "PMID": 839065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3568", "title": "The nature of the local immune system of the bovine mammary gland.", "content": "The origin of the immunoglobulins of bovine colostrum and milk were examined by using radiolabeled protein. Colostrum was found to consist mainly of immunoglobulin derived from serum, although there was some local synthesis. In lactation the immunoglobulins of milk were almost entirely serum derived. The local immune system was very inactive but could be stimulated to activity by local immunization. The immunoglobulin profiles of the secretion from the stimulated gland were still relatively deficient in IgA compared to other species, notably the pig.", "contents": "The nature of the local immune system of the bovine mammary gland. The origin of the immunoglobulins of bovine colostrum and milk were examined by using radiolabeled protein. Colostrum was found to consist mainly of immunoglobulin derived from serum, although there was some local synthesis. In lactation the immunoglobulins of milk were almost entirely serum derived. The local immune system was very inactive but could be stimulated to activity by local immunization. The immunoglobulin profiles of the secretion from the stimulated gland were still relatively deficient in IgA compared to other species, notably the pig.", "PMID": 839066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3569", "title": "Antibody-mediated suppression of tumor growth. II. Macrophage and platelet cooperation with murine IgG1 isolated from alloantiserum.", "content": "The effectors that cooperate with IgG1 in causing tumor suppression were identified as exudate macrophages and blood platelets in animals syngeneic and allogeneic to the tumor. Lymphocytes were not active in suppressing tumor growth in the presence of IgG1 antibody, although they were active with whole antiserum.", "contents": "Antibody-mediated suppression of tumor growth. II. Macrophage and platelet cooperation with murine IgG1 isolated from alloantiserum. The effectors that cooperate with IgG1 in causing tumor suppression were identified as exudate macrophages and blood platelets in animals syngeneic and allogeneic to the tumor. Lymphocytes were not active in suppressing tumor growth in the presence of IgG1 antibody, although they were active with whole antiserum.", "PMID": 839067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3570", "title": "Antibody-mediated suppression of tumor growth. III. Molecular assay of murine IgG1 alloantibody required to cause tumor suppression in vivo.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay was used to quantitate the number of tumor cell-bound IgG1 anti-tumor antibody molecules required to cause suppression of tumor growth in C3H mice. Radiolabeled anti-IgG1 was used to detect cell-bound IgG1 antibody. The assay was calibrated by using TNP-coupled tumor cells that had a known number of bound IgG1 anti DNP molecules. Between 70,000 and 130,000 IgG1 anti-tumor antibody molecules per tumor cell were sufficient to cause 50% suppression of tumor growth in mice inoculated with appriximately 50,000 tumor cells.", "contents": "Antibody-mediated suppression of tumor growth. III. Molecular assay of murine IgG1 alloantibody required to cause tumor suppression in vivo. A radioimmunoassay was used to quantitate the number of tumor cell-bound IgG1 anti-tumor antibody molecules required to cause suppression of tumor growth in C3H mice. Radiolabeled anti-IgG1 was used to detect cell-bound IgG1 antibody. The assay was calibrated by using TNP-coupled tumor cells that had a known number of bound IgG1 anti DNP molecules. Between 70,000 and 130,000 IgG1 anti-tumor antibody molecules per tumor cell were sufficient to cause 50% suppression of tumor growth in mice inoculated with appriximately 50,000 tumor cells.", "PMID": 839068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3571", "title": "Alternative pathway of complement: nonenzymatic, reversible transition of precursor to active properdin.", "content": "A method for the purification of properdin in precursor state (pre-P) has been elaborated. Precursor properdin, in contrast to activated properdin (P), does not initiate the formation of a C3 convertase when added to properdin-depleted serum, rather it requires the presence of an activating substance such as zymosan for expression of its activity. Comparing the activities of pre-P and P it was found that some P preparations contained significant amounts of pre-P because they were fully active only in the presence of zymosan. This observation indicated that P can partly revert to pre-P. Comparison by immunoelectrophoresis and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed no charge or size differences between pre-P and P. Radiolabeled pre-P, when analyzed after its participation in the reactions of the pathway, displayed an unchanged subunit m.w. of 50,000. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that the transition of pre-P to P is due to a partly reversible change in the conformation of the protein rather than the result of proteolytic cleavage.", "contents": "Alternative pathway of complement: nonenzymatic, reversible transition of precursor to active properdin. A method for the purification of properdin in precursor state (pre-P) has been elaborated. Precursor properdin, in contrast to activated properdin (P), does not initiate the formation of a C3 convertase when added to properdin-depleted serum, rather it requires the presence of an activating substance such as zymosan for expression of its activity. Comparing the activities of pre-P and P it was found that some P preparations contained significant amounts of pre-P because they were fully active only in the presence of zymosan. This observation indicated that P can partly revert to pre-P. Comparison by immunoelectrophoresis and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed no charge or size differences between pre-P and P. Radiolabeled pre-P, when analyzed after its participation in the reactions of the pathway, displayed an unchanged subunit m.w. of 50,000. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that the transition of pre-P to P is due to a partly reversible change in the conformation of the protein rather than the result of proteolytic cleavage.", "PMID": 839069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3572", "title": "Endothelial proliferation in the delayed hypersensitivity reaction: an autoradiographic study.", "content": "The time-sequence of endothelial proliferation in the delayed hypersensitivity reaction was examined in the skin of guinea pigs. Animals were sensitized to tuberculin (PPD) and dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and skin lesions were examined 12 hr to 7 days after challenge. Thirty minutes before sacrifice 3H-thymidine (3H-T) was injected i.p. and endothelial labeling was assessed in autoradiographs of 1.5-mu thick methacrylate sections. Endothelial labeling became manifest at 24 hr (PPD) and 12 hr (DNCB) after challenge, reaching a peak at 48 to 72 hr in PPD-sensitized animals and 36 to 48 hr in DNCB-sensitized animals. Peak labeling indices were 7.88 and 15.08%, respectively. Labeling indices for nonsensitized control groups were always less than 1%. Endothelial labeling was associated, in time of occurrence, distribution, and magnitude with mononuclear cell infiltration of the lesions. These findings thus document the occurrence of significant endothelial cell proliferation in delayed hypersensitivity responses and suggest that the events leading to the expression of hypersensitivity also result in endothelial replication.", "contents": "Endothelial proliferation in the delayed hypersensitivity reaction: an autoradiographic study. The time-sequence of endothelial proliferation in the delayed hypersensitivity reaction was examined in the skin of guinea pigs. Animals were sensitized to tuberculin (PPD) and dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and skin lesions were examined 12 hr to 7 days after challenge. Thirty minutes before sacrifice 3H-thymidine (3H-T) was injected i.p. and endothelial labeling was assessed in autoradiographs of 1.5-mu thick methacrylate sections. Endothelial labeling became manifest at 24 hr (PPD) and 12 hr (DNCB) after challenge, reaching a peak at 48 to 72 hr in PPD-sensitized animals and 36 to 48 hr in DNCB-sensitized animals. Peak labeling indices were 7.88 and 15.08%, respectively. Labeling indices for nonsensitized control groups were always less than 1%. Endothelial labeling was associated, in time of occurrence, distribution, and magnitude with mononuclear cell infiltration of the lesions. These findings thus document the occurrence of significant endothelial cell proliferation in delayed hypersensitivity responses and suggest that the events leading to the expression of hypersensitivity also result in endothelial replication.", "PMID": 839070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3573", "title": "Schistosomiasis in the congenitally athymic (nude) mouse. I. Thymic dependency of eosinophilia, granuloma formation, and host morbidity.", "content": "Athymic nude mice (Nu/Nu), heterozygous littermates (Nu/+), and thymus reconstituted homozygous animals (Nu/Nu TXR) were exposed to Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. A marked impairment in the development of peripheral blood eosinophilia and hepatic granuloma was observed in the Nu/Nu animal. In addition, host morbidity judged by organ weight, portal pressures and reticuloendothelial activity were less in the Nu/Nu animal. Thymus-reconstituted animals demonstrated eosinophilia, increased granuloma size, and morbidity equivalent to that shown by the Nu/+ heterozygous littermates. These studies indicate that the eosinophilia, granulomatous hypersensitivity, and ultimate host morbidity, associated with murine schistosomiasis, is dependent on thymic dependent lymphocyte function.", "contents": "Schistosomiasis in the congenitally athymic (nude) mouse. I. Thymic dependency of eosinophilia, granuloma formation, and host morbidity. Athymic nude mice (Nu/Nu), heterozygous littermates (Nu/+), and thymus reconstituted homozygous animals (Nu/Nu TXR) were exposed to Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. A marked impairment in the development of peripheral blood eosinophilia and hepatic granuloma was observed in the Nu/Nu animal. In addition, host morbidity judged by organ weight, portal pressures and reticuloendothelial activity were less in the Nu/Nu animal. Thymus-reconstituted animals demonstrated eosinophilia, increased granuloma size, and morbidity equivalent to that shown by the Nu/+ heterozygous littermates. These studies indicate that the eosinophilia, granulomatous hypersensitivity, and ultimate host morbidity, associated with murine schistosomiasis, is dependent on thymic dependent lymphocyte function.", "PMID": 839071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3574", "title": "Immunologic characteristics in relation to high and low leukemogenic activity of radiation leukemia virus variants. II. Analysis of the immune response.", "content": "Comparative analysis of immune responses induced by two variants of the radiation leukemia virus having high (A-RadLV) or low (D-RadLV) leukemogenic potential was performed. Effective immunization could be induced only with RadLV variants having low leukemogenic potential when injected into adult mice of specific strains, (D-RadLV in C57BL/6 mice and A-RadLV in (BALB/c X C57BL/6)F1 mice). Immunologic cross-reactivity among the RadLV variants and the leukemic cells induced by them was demonstrated in several systems. Transplantation resistance could be induced in certain strains against challenge of leukemic cells induced by both RadLV variants. Isoantisera, raised in the suitable strains, could neutralize effectively the leukemogenic activity of both A-RadLV and D-RadLV. Leukemic cells induced by each of the variants shared cell-surface antigens. Circulating anti-tumor antibodies, induced by both variants in the appropriate strains, lysed efficiently the target leukemic cells.", "contents": "Immunologic characteristics in relation to high and low leukemogenic activity of radiation leukemia virus variants. II. Analysis of the immune response. Comparative analysis of immune responses induced by two variants of the radiation leukemia virus having high (A-RadLV) or low (D-RadLV) leukemogenic potential was performed. Effective immunization could be induced only with RadLV variants having low leukemogenic potential when injected into adult mice of specific strains, (D-RadLV in C57BL/6 mice and A-RadLV in (BALB/c X C57BL/6)F1 mice). Immunologic cross-reactivity among the RadLV variants and the leukemic cells induced by them was demonstrated in several systems. Transplantation resistance could be induced in certain strains against challenge of leukemic cells induced by both RadLV variants. Isoantisera, raised in the suitable strains, could neutralize effectively the leukemogenic activity of both A-RadLV and D-RadLV. Leukemic cells induced by each of the variants shared cell-surface antigens. Circulating anti-tumor antibodies, induced by both variants in the appropriate strains, lysed efficiently the target leukemic cells.", "PMID": 839072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3575", "title": "Human transfer factor: fractionation by electrofocusing and high pressure, reverse phase chromatography.", "content": "The biologically active fraction of human transfer factor (Sephadex G-25, fraction III) has been separated by exclusion chromatography into two component fractions (IIIa and IIIb). Fraction IIIa transferred donor reactivities to PPD or KLH into 9 of 9 recipients. Fraction IIIb did not transfer donor reactivities (0 of 8 transfers) but did produce both antigen-independent and antigen-dependent dermal reactions in recipients. Fractionation by electrofocusing and high pressure reverse phase chromatography revealed that IIIa has a major UV254 absorbing component and that fraction IIIb has at least three major and three minor UV absorbing components. The major component of IIIa was isolated by preparative electrofocusing, had an isoelectric point of 1.6, and transferred KLH reactivity to four of five recipients.", "contents": "Human transfer factor: fractionation by electrofocusing and high pressure, reverse phase chromatography. The biologically active fraction of human transfer factor (Sephadex G-25, fraction III) has been separated by exclusion chromatography into two component fractions (IIIa and IIIb). Fraction IIIa transferred donor reactivities to PPD or KLH into 9 of 9 recipients. Fraction IIIb did not transfer donor reactivities (0 of 8 transfers) but did produce both antigen-independent and antigen-dependent dermal reactions in recipients. Fractionation by electrofocusing and high pressure reverse phase chromatography revealed that IIIa has a major UV254 absorbing component and that fraction IIIb has at least three major and three minor UV absorbing components. The major component of IIIa was isolated by preparative electrofocusing, had an isoelectric point of 1.6, and transferred KLH reactivity to four of five recipients.", "PMID": 839073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3576", "title": "Immunity to lymphoid tumors in syngeneic mice by immunization with mitomycin C-treated cells.", "content": "Immunization of mice with syngeneic mitomycin C-treated lymphoid tumor cells (EL-4 and S49A) conferred a high degree of immunity to transplantation with viable tumor cells in syngeneic animals. The development of this immunity was paralleled by the development of specific cell-mediated cytotoxicity; no anti-tumor antibodies could be detected in the immunized animals. In contrast to the high immunoprophylactic capacity of mitomycin C-treated cells, attempts to utilize these cells for immunotherapy were unsuccessful. Preliminary experiments did not reveal antigenic differences between mitomycin C-treated and untreated tumor cells.", "contents": "Immunity to lymphoid tumors in syngeneic mice by immunization with mitomycin C-treated cells. Immunization of mice with syngeneic mitomycin C-treated lymphoid tumor cells (EL-4 and S49A) conferred a high degree of immunity to transplantation with viable tumor cells in syngeneic animals. The development of this immunity was paralleled by the development of specific cell-mediated cytotoxicity; no anti-tumor antibodies could be detected in the immunized animals. In contrast to the high immunoprophylactic capacity of mitomycin C-treated cells, attempts to utilize these cells for immunotherapy were unsuccessful. Preliminary experiments did not reveal antigenic differences between mitomycin C-treated and untreated tumor cells.", "PMID": 839074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3577", "title": "Effects of local immunization with glucosyltransferase fractions from Streptococcus mutans on dental caries in rats and hamsters.", "content": "The effect of local immunization with glucosyltransferase enzymes of Streptococcus mutans on dental caries in conventional rats, hamsters, and gnotobiotic rats was studied. Injection of these animals with crude or defined glucosyltransferase enzyme preparations incorporated into complete Freund's adjuvant consistently resulted in the presence of antibody in saliva demonstrable by functional inhibition of enzymatic activity and binding of radioactive enzyme. Serum antibody was also present. Two experiments have been completed in conventional rats and one in gnotobiotic rats in which the animals were immunized with crude enzyme antigens. The immunized groups of animals always had lower mean caries scores than comparably sham-immunized or nonimmunized control groups. Hamsters immunized with a defined enzyme preparation, containing no more than three antigenic components (two of which were enzyme), also demonstrated significant reductions in mean caries scores. The numbers of lesions were also always lower in immunized animals. In some cases there were reductions in the numbers of S. mutans that could be recovered from the teeth of immunized, infected animals. The reductions in dental caries and lesions were greater on smooth dental surfaces than on occlusal surfaces, which might be explained as interference with adherence phenomena demonstrated by S. mutans. It is proposed that antibody interference affects dental caries caused by this organism.", "contents": "Effects of local immunization with glucosyltransferase fractions from Streptococcus mutans on dental caries in rats and hamsters. The effect of local immunization with glucosyltransferase enzymes of Streptococcus mutans on dental caries in conventional rats, hamsters, and gnotobiotic rats was studied. Injection of these animals with crude or defined glucosyltransferase enzyme preparations incorporated into complete Freund's adjuvant consistently resulted in the presence of antibody in saliva demonstrable by functional inhibition of enzymatic activity and binding of radioactive enzyme. Serum antibody was also present. Two experiments have been completed in conventional rats and one in gnotobiotic rats in which the animals were immunized with crude enzyme antigens. The immunized groups of animals always had lower mean caries scores than comparably sham-immunized or nonimmunized control groups. Hamsters immunized with a defined enzyme preparation, containing no more than three antigenic components (two of which were enzyme), also demonstrated significant reductions in mean caries scores. The numbers of lesions were also always lower in immunized animals. In some cases there were reductions in the numbers of S. mutans that could be recovered from the teeth of immunized, infected animals. The reductions in dental caries and lesions were greater on smooth dental surfaces than on occlusal surfaces, which might be explained as interference with adherence phenomena demonstrated by S. mutans. It is proposed that antibody interference affects dental caries caused by this organism.", "PMID": 839075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3578", "title": "Activation of the classical complement pathway by Fc fragment of human IgA.", "content": "Intact Fcalpha fragments from five human IgA myeloma proteins were produced by two different methods, high temperature trypsinolysis and IgA protease digestion. Three of the Fcalpha fragments activated the classical pathway as determined by the titers of the individual complement components. Two other fragments did not fix complement by either pathway.", "contents": "Activation of the classical complement pathway by Fc fragment of human IgA. Intact Fcalpha fragments from five human IgA myeloma proteins were produced by two different methods, high temperature trypsinolysis and IgA protease digestion. Three of the Fcalpha fragments activated the classical pathway as determined by the titers of the individual complement components. Two other fragments did not fix complement by either pathway.", "PMID": 839077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3579", "title": "A simple method for obtaining peritoneal macrophages from chickens.", "content": "A simple technique for inducing the production of peritoneal exudate cells within 3 to 4 days in chickens is described. In each 5 to 6 week old chicken, 5 to 8 ml of washed Sephadex particles suspension in saline (3%) were injected intraperitoneally. Three to 4 days later, peritoneal exudate cells were harvested, washed, suspended in Hank's solution, counted and adjusted to one million cells per ml. In each well of 4-chamber slide 1 ml of peritoneal cell suspension was incubated at 37 degrees C for 30 min. Cultures were then gently washed several times leaving a monolayer of glass adherent cells. The phagocytic activity of these adherent cells was examined using either latex particles or antibody-sensitized sheep erythrocytes. The monolayer cells were incubated with particles in Hank's solution (with excess particles in particle/peritoneal cell ratio) for 1 h at 37 degrees C. From 99.5 to 100% of the monolayer cells were found actively phagocytic for either the latex particles or sensitized erythrocytes or both. Adherent cell monolayers were cultivated in vitro for several weeks with no detectable decrease in their phagocytic activity.", "contents": "A simple method for obtaining peritoneal macrophages from chickens. A simple technique for inducing the production of peritoneal exudate cells within 3 to 4 days in chickens is described. In each 5 to 6 week old chicken, 5 to 8 ml of washed Sephadex particles suspension in saline (3%) were injected intraperitoneally. Three to 4 days later, peritoneal exudate cells were harvested, washed, suspended in Hank's solution, counted and adjusted to one million cells per ml. In each well of 4-chamber slide 1 ml of peritoneal cell suspension was incubated at 37 degrees C for 30 min. Cultures were then gently washed several times leaving a monolayer of glass adherent cells. The phagocytic activity of these adherent cells was examined using either latex particles or antibody-sensitized sheep erythrocytes. The monolayer cells were incubated with particles in Hank's solution (with excess particles in particle/peritoneal cell ratio) for 1 h at 37 degrees C. From 99.5 to 100% of the monolayer cells were found actively phagocytic for either the latex particles or sensitized erythrocytes or both. Adherent cell monolayers were cultivated in vitro for several weeks with no detectable decrease in their phagocytic activity.", "PMID": 839078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3580", "title": "Determination of RNA antibodies in serum and unconcentrated CSF by counterimmunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "A quantitative counterimmunoelectrophoresis technique has been applied to evaluation of RNA antibodies in serum and unconcentrated CSF. Serum anti-RNA antibodies have been found at high dilutions in some patients with infectious diseases, subacute panencephalitis and multiple sclerosis. RNA antibodies in CSF are significantly linked to oligoclonal aspect, i.e. to a synthesis of IgG inside the CNS.", "contents": "Determination of RNA antibodies in serum and unconcentrated CSF by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. A quantitative counterimmunoelectrophoresis technique has been applied to evaluation of RNA antibodies in serum and unconcentrated CSF. Serum anti-RNA antibodies have been found at high dilutions in some patients with infectious diseases, subacute panencephalitis and multiple sclerosis. RNA antibodies in CSF are significantly linked to oligoclonal aspect, i.e. to a synthesis of IgG inside the CNS.", "PMID": 839079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3581", "title": "Cryopreservation of mouse peritoneal macrophages.", "content": "A method for the preservation of mouse peritoneal macrophages is described. Using 5% dimethylsulphoxide with either a cooling rate of 1 degree C/min or two-step cooling with 10 min interruption at -30 degrres C allows 80% survival as judged by pinocytic activity. An important finding was that the cells must be handled at 0 degrees C both before and after freezing.", "contents": "Cryopreservation of mouse peritoneal macrophages. A method for the preservation of mouse peritoneal macrophages is described. Using 5% dimethylsulphoxide with either a cooling rate of 1 degree C/min or two-step cooling with 10 min interruption at -30 degrres C allows 80% survival as judged by pinocytic activity. An important finding was that the cells must be handled at 0 degrees C both before and after freezing.", "PMID": 839080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3582", "title": "Kinetics of staphylococcal opsonization, attachment, ingestion and killing by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes: a quantitative assay using [3H]thymidine labeled bacteria.", "content": "A method has been developed for studying quantitatively the separate processes of bacterial opsonization, phagocytosis, and killing by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes using [3H]thymidine labeled Staphylococcus aureus. Phagocytosis is determined by assaying for leukocytes-associated radioactivity after differential centrifugation and washing the leukocytes. Opsonization is studied by incubating bacteria with an opsonic source for varying durations and then adding leukocytes. By treatment of samples with the muralytic enzyme, lysostaphin, the attachment and ingestion phases of phagocytosis can be separated. Sampling for colony forming units after disruption of the leukocytes permits the measurement of bacterial killing. Using this method, differences in the kinetics of staphylococcal opsonization by normal and C2 deficient sera were defined, opsonic influences on the attachment and ingestion phases of pH agocytosis were delineated, and the influences of different opsonins and leukocyte populations on killing were determined.", "contents": "Kinetics of staphylococcal opsonization, attachment, ingestion and killing by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes: a quantitative assay using [3H]thymidine labeled bacteria. A method has been developed for studying quantitatively the separate processes of bacterial opsonization, phagocytosis, and killing by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes using [3H]thymidine labeled Staphylococcus aureus. Phagocytosis is determined by assaying for leukocytes-associated radioactivity after differential centrifugation and washing the leukocytes. Opsonization is studied by incubating bacteria with an opsonic source for varying durations and then adding leukocytes. By treatment of samples with the muralytic enzyme, lysostaphin, the attachment and ingestion phases of phagocytosis can be separated. Sampling for colony forming units after disruption of the leukocytes permits the measurement of bacterial killing. Using this method, differences in the kinetics of staphylococcal opsonization by normal and C2 deficient sera were defined, opsonic influences on the attachment and ingestion phases of pH agocytosis were delineated, and the influences of different opsonins and leukocyte populations on killing were determined.", "PMID": 839081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3583", "title": "UVA erythema in skin: is it a sunburn?", "content": "Specimens obtained from human skin following the induction of erythema responses with long ultraviolet (UVA) and with middle ultraviolet (UVB) radiation alone were compared histologically to determine whether the effects of these two portions of the electromagnetic spectrum were the same. It was found that, except for similar dermal inflammatory changes, the effects of UVA were not the same as those of UVB; characteristic epidermal sunburn damage was induced by the latter, but not by the former.", "contents": "UVA erythema in skin: is it a sunburn? Specimens obtained from human skin following the induction of erythema responses with long ultraviolet (UVA) and with middle ultraviolet (UVB) radiation alone were compared histologically to determine whether the effects of these two portions of the electromagnetic spectrum were the same. It was found that, except for similar dermal inflammatory changes, the effects of UVA were not the same as those of UVB; characteristic epidermal sunburn damage was induced by the latter, but not by the former.", "PMID": 839085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3584", "title": "The effects of indomethacin on long-wave ultraviolet-induced delayed erythema.", "content": "Indomethacin, a known inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, administered topically as a 2.5% solution, intradermally in 10 mug doses, and orally in a dose of 150 mg/day for 2 days did not diminish the delayed erythema produced a long-wave ultraviolet light (320-400 nm). The delayed phototoxic erythema produced by 8-methoxypsoralen and subsequent exposure the long-wave ultraviolet light was similarly unaffected. By comparison, topical and intradermal indomethacin treatment produced sustained decrease in the erythemal response to ultraviolet radiation in the UVB ranges (290-320 nm).", "contents": "The effects of indomethacin on long-wave ultraviolet-induced delayed erythema. Indomethacin, a known inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, administered topically as a 2.5% solution, intradermally in 10 mug doses, and orally in a dose of 150 mg/day for 2 days did not diminish the delayed erythema produced a long-wave ultraviolet light (320-400 nm). The delayed phototoxic erythema produced by 8-methoxypsoralen and subsequent exposure the long-wave ultraviolet light was similarly unaffected. By comparison, topical and intradermal indomethacin treatment produced sustained decrease in the erythemal response to ultraviolet radiation in the UVB ranges (290-320 nm).", "PMID": 839086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3585", "title": "Cytologic and metabolic effects of prostaglandins on rat skin.", "content": "The cellular and metabolic effects of exogenous prostaglandins E1, E2, and F2alpha (PGE1, PGE2, and PGF2alpha) were studied in the skin of rats by using scintillation counting, autoradiography, electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Radioactivity measurements demonstrated that prostaglandins of the E series induced a marked increase in the incorporation of [3H]leucine, [3H]thymidine, [3H]uridine, and [3H]proline in the rat skin, mostly at 1 hr, whereas PGF2alpha inhibited this phenomenon. Light microscopic autoradiography revealed an increased incorporation of [3H]leucine in the cytoplasm of hyperplastic epidermis of PGE-treated rats; also, the incorporation of [3H]thymidine, [3H]uridine, and [3H]proline was significantly increased over the epidermal nuclei, nucleoli, and the collagen fibers of PGE-treated rats. Electron microscopy revealed ultrastructural changes of the epidermal cells and fibroblasts following PGE administration, including an increase in polyribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, keratohyaline granules, and enlarged intercellular spaces; PGF2alpha induced advanced cytolysis and cell disintegration, with increased lysosome formation. Scanning electron microscopy showed hypertrophied collagen fibers in PGE-treated rats; however, a disruption and disintegration of collagen fibers occurred in PGF2alpha-treated rats. The level of PGE1 in the skin of treated rats was markedly elevated as compared to those of controls. These findings demonstrate that prostaglandins are potent regulators for the epidermal cell ultrastructure and metabolism as well as for collagen synthesis.", "contents": "Cytologic and metabolic effects of prostaglandins on rat skin. The cellular and metabolic effects of exogenous prostaglandins E1, E2, and F2alpha (PGE1, PGE2, and PGF2alpha) were studied in the skin of rats by using scintillation counting, autoradiography, electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Radioactivity measurements demonstrated that prostaglandins of the E series induced a marked increase in the incorporation of [3H]leucine, [3H]thymidine, [3H]uridine, and [3H]proline in the rat skin, mostly at 1 hr, whereas PGF2alpha inhibited this phenomenon. Light microscopic autoradiography revealed an increased incorporation of [3H]leucine in the cytoplasm of hyperplastic epidermis of PGE-treated rats; also, the incorporation of [3H]thymidine, [3H]uridine, and [3H]proline was significantly increased over the epidermal nuclei, nucleoli, and the collagen fibers of PGE-treated rats. Electron microscopy revealed ultrastructural changes of the epidermal cells and fibroblasts following PGE administration, including an increase in polyribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, keratohyaline granules, and enlarged intercellular spaces; PGF2alpha induced advanced cytolysis and cell disintegration, with increased lysosome formation. Scanning electron microscopy showed hypertrophied collagen fibers in PGE-treated rats; however, a disruption and disintegration of collagen fibers occurred in PGF2alpha-treated rats. The level of PGE1 in the skin of treated rats was markedly elevated as compared to those of controls. These findings demonstrate that prostaglandins are potent regulators for the epidermal cell ultrastructure and metabolism as well as for collagen synthesis.", "PMID": 839087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3586", "title": "Photoprotection in erythropoietic protoporphyria: mechanism of photoprotection by beta carotene.", "content": "Erythropoietic protoporphyria is a genetic disease caused by the accumulation of protoporphyrin IX. This molecule absorbs 400-nm light and its presence is at times associated with severe cutaneous photosensitivity. The only effective treatment for this disease is oral administration of beta carotene. Several possible mechanisms of photoprotection by beta carotene were investigated using the photohemolysis of red blood cells as an in vitro model. Additional studies were done in an in vivo model which involves lethal hematoporphyrin photosensitization of white mice. The photoprotective effects of beta carotene were compared with those of alpha tocopherol, an agent which possesses some but not all the properties that have been implicated in explaining the known effectiveness of beta carotene. In the photohemolysis model, both compounds demonstrated partial protection. In hematoporphyrin-photosensitized mice, tocopherol showed some protection at high doses, while beta carotene showed greater protection at lower concentrations. Although these results suggest that photoprotective was due to free radical scavenging or singlet oxygen quenching, properties common to both agents, they do not rule out the possible role of 400-nm light absorption, a property of beta carotene alone.", "contents": "Photoprotection in erythropoietic protoporphyria: mechanism of photoprotection by beta carotene. Erythropoietic protoporphyria is a genetic disease caused by the accumulation of protoporphyrin IX. This molecule absorbs 400-nm light and its presence is at times associated with severe cutaneous photosensitivity. The only effective treatment for this disease is oral administration of beta carotene. Several possible mechanisms of photoprotection by beta carotene were investigated using the photohemolysis of red blood cells as an in vitro model. Additional studies were done in an in vivo model which involves lethal hematoporphyrin photosensitization of white mice. The photoprotective effects of beta carotene were compared with those of alpha tocopherol, an agent which possesses some but not all the properties that have been implicated in explaining the known effectiveness of beta carotene. In the photohemolysis model, both compounds demonstrated partial protection. In hematoporphyrin-photosensitized mice, tocopherol showed some protection at high doses, while beta carotene showed greater protection at lower concentrations. Although these results suggest that photoprotective was due to free radical scavenging or singlet oxygen quenching, properties common to both agents, they do not rule out the possible role of 400-nm light absorption, a property of beta carotene alone.", "PMID": 839088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3587", "title": "Assessment of topical anti-inflammatory activity in rats with cantharidin-induced inflammation.", "content": "Topical application of 400 mug of cantharidin to the rat's ear caused an approximate doubling in the mean weight of uniform ear punch samples when compared to vehicle-treated controls at 72 hr, and produced a maximal response at 7 days. Dexamethasone reduced the increase in weight when applied topically, but was ineffective when given subcutaneously or orally at the same doses. Hydrocortisone, prednisolone, triamcinolone, betamethasone, flurometholone, paramethasone acetate, fluocinolone acetonide, fluocinonide, and flurandrenolide showed significant suppression of cantharidin-induced inflammation. Cholesterol, diphenhydramine, tripelennamine, chlorpheniramine, promethazine, cyproheptadine, epinephrine, phenylephrine, alpha-tocopherol, indomethacin, and bufexamac were inactive. It is suggested that the procedure employed may be useful in the screening and evaluation of topical anti-inflammatory agents.", "contents": "Assessment of topical anti-inflammatory activity in rats with cantharidin-induced inflammation. Topical application of 400 mug of cantharidin to the rat's ear caused an approximate doubling in the mean weight of uniform ear punch samples when compared to vehicle-treated controls at 72 hr, and produced a maximal response at 7 days. Dexamethasone reduced the increase in weight when applied topically, but was ineffective when given subcutaneously or orally at the same doses. Hydrocortisone, prednisolone, triamcinolone, betamethasone, flurometholone, paramethasone acetate, fluocinolone acetonide, fluocinonide, and flurandrenolide showed significant suppression of cantharidin-induced inflammation. Cholesterol, diphenhydramine, tripelennamine, chlorpheniramine, promethazine, cyproheptadine, epinephrine, phenylephrine, alpha-tocopherol, indomethacin, and bufexamac were inactive. It is suggested that the procedure employed may be useful in the screening and evaluation of topical anti-inflammatory agents.", "PMID": 839089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3588", "title": "Persistent effect of antibiotics on Staphylococcus aureus after exposure for limited periods of time.", "content": "Persistent suppression of bacterial growth by certain antibiotics was tested by periodic counts of viable organisms in a culture of Staphylococcus aureus that had been incubated in media containing drugs for limited periods of time and then removed by centrifugation. During short (2 hr) periods of exposure of test cultures to penicillin G, cephalothin, erythromycin, clindamycin, vancomycin, and tetracyline, effects on the growth of S. aureus were produced that persisted after removal of the drug for periods of 1.7-4.1 hr. A persistent antibiotic effect was not observed with gentamicin. The persistent effects of penicillin G and erythromycin were directly related to duration of exposure and concentration of drug, up to a point of maximal response. The maximal durations of bacterial suppression after exposure to penicillin G and erythromycin were approximately 2 and 5 hr, respectively. These effects were observed over a wide range of inocula.", "contents": "Persistent effect of antibiotics on Staphylococcus aureus after exposure for limited periods of time. Persistent suppression of bacterial growth by certain antibiotics was tested by periodic counts of viable organisms in a culture of Staphylococcus aureus that had been incubated in media containing drugs for limited periods of time and then removed by centrifugation. During short (2 hr) periods of exposure of test cultures to penicillin G, cephalothin, erythromycin, clindamycin, vancomycin, and tetracyline, effects on the growth of S. aureus were produced that persisted after removal of the drug for periods of 1.7-4.1 hr. A persistent antibiotic effect was not observed with gentamicin. The persistent effects of penicillin G and erythromycin were directly related to duration of exposure and concentration of drug, up to a point of maximal response. The maximal durations of bacterial suppression after exposure to penicillin G and erythromycin were approximately 2 and 5 hr, respectively. These effects were observed over a wide range of inocula.", "PMID": 839090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3589", "title": "Hepatitis B in subjects treated with a drug containing immunoglobulins.", "content": "In late  1974 and early 1975, several cases of viral hepatitis were reported in Italy among subjects who had received subcutaneous injections of a drug containing human immunoglobulins that was prescribed for the treatment of allergies. Epidemiologic and laboratory investigations provided evidence that the original immunoglobulins, the series of the drug containing these immunoglobulins, and sera from a number of patients were all positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag) of the adw subtype, which is relatively rare in Italy. Some sera from patients and healthy subjects treated with the HBs Ag-positive drug were also found to be positive for antibody to HBs Ag of the adw subtype. The clinical course of the disease was consistent with typical forms of icteric hepatitis in all patients examined. The average length of the possible incubation period was 111-143 days, and an inverse relation was observed between the number of doses administered and the length of the incubation period. The possibility that immunoglobulins can be responsible for the transmission of viral hepatitis raises a number of theoretical and practical problems concerning control and use of these blood products.", "contents": "Hepatitis B in subjects treated with a drug containing immunoglobulins. In late  1974 and early 1975, several cases of viral hepatitis were reported in Italy among subjects who had received subcutaneous injections of a drug containing human immunoglobulins that was prescribed for the treatment of allergies. Epidemiologic and laboratory investigations provided evidence that the original immunoglobulins, the series of the drug containing these immunoglobulins, and sera from a number of patients were all positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag) of the adw subtype, which is relatively rare in Italy. Some sera from patients and healthy subjects treated with the HBs Ag-positive drug were also found to be positive for antibody to HBs Ag of the adw subtype. The clinical course of the disease was consistent with typical forms of icteric hepatitis in all patients examined. The average length of the possible incubation period was 111-143 days, and an inverse relation was observed between the number of doses administered and the length of the incubation period. The possibility that immunoglobulins can be responsible for the transmission of viral hepatitis raises a number of theoretical and practical problems concerning control and use of these blood products.", "PMID": 839091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3590", "title": "Current status of rubella in the United States, 1969-1975.", "content": "Implementation of the rubella immunization policy in the United States has resulted in marked decreases in the number of reported cases of both rubella and CRS. Emphasis on immunization of one- to 12-year-old children has resulted in a dramatic reduction in reported rubella in this age group. Accordingly, the proportion of reported cases occurring in adolescents and young adults has increased. Therefore, it seems appropriate to place more emphasis on immunizing susceptible adolescent and adult females as an adjunct to routine immunization in early childhood. This joint strategy should result in a further decrease in the incidence of rubella and CRS.", "contents": "Current status of rubella in the United States, 1969-1975. Implementation of the rubella immunization policy in the United States has resulted in marked decreases in the number of reported cases of both rubella and CRS. Emphasis on immunization of one- to 12-year-old children has resulted in a dramatic reduction in reported rubella in this age group. Accordingly, the proportion of reported cases occurring in adolescents and young adults has increased. Therefore, it seems appropriate to place more emphasis on immunizing susceptible adolescent and adult females as an adjunct to routine immunization in early childhood. This joint strategy should result in a further decrease in the incidence of rubella and CRS.", "PMID": 839093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3591", "title": "On the mechanism of lithium-induced renal tubular acidosis.", "content": "The effect of lithium chloride administration on urinary acidification was studied in dogs. Lithium-treated dogs developed hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis with alkaline urine. Bicarbonate loading resulted in a normal increase in urinary Pco2 in normal dogs but failed to produce the same response in lithium-treated dogs. The bicarbonate titration curve of lithium-treated dogs revealed a small leak of bicarbonate at low plasma levels of bicarbonate; at high plasma levels bicarbonate reabsorption was significantly higher in lithium-treated dogs. This pattern of bicarbonate reabsorption is identical to that described in classic distal renal tubular acidosis. Sodium sulfate administration resulted in a normal urinary acidification ilithium-treated dogs. It is possible that lithium administration induces distal renal tubular acidosis by allowing excessive back-diffusion of acid. This excessive back-diffusion of acid would result in a low urinary Pco2 during bicarbonate loading. Sodium sulfate administration, by increasing the negative intratubular potential, would restrict back-diffusion of hydrogen ion and thereby result in a normal acidification in lithium-treated dogs. We previously demonstrated that postureteral obstruction of the kidney fails to increase urinary Pco2 during bicarbonate loading and to lower urinary pH with sodium sulfate. It is possible that a low urinary Pco2 during HCO3 loading can occur as a consequence of either diminished hydrogen ion secretion (postobstructed kidney) or excessive back-diffusion of acid (lithium administration). Further studies are indicated to determine whether both mechanisms may be found in patients with distal renal tubular acidosis.", "contents": "On the mechanism of lithium-induced renal tubular acidosis. The effect of lithium chloride administration on urinary acidification was studied in dogs. Lithium-treated dogs developed hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis with alkaline urine. Bicarbonate loading resulted in a normal increase in urinary Pco2 in normal dogs but failed to produce the same response in lithium-treated dogs. The bicarbonate titration curve of lithium-treated dogs revealed a small leak of bicarbonate at low plasma levels of bicarbonate; at high plasma levels bicarbonate reabsorption was significantly higher in lithium-treated dogs. This pattern of bicarbonate reabsorption is identical to that described in classic distal renal tubular acidosis. Sodium sulfate administration resulted in a normal urinary acidification ilithium-treated dogs. It is possible that lithium administration induces distal renal tubular acidosis by allowing excessive back-diffusion of acid. This excessive back-diffusion of acid would result in a low urinary Pco2 during bicarbonate loading. Sodium sulfate administration, by increasing the negative intratubular potential, would restrict back-diffusion of hydrogen ion and thereby result in a normal acidification in lithium-treated dogs. We previously demonstrated that postureteral obstruction of the kidney fails to increase urinary Pco2 during bicarbonate loading and to lower urinary pH with sodium sulfate. It is possible that a low urinary Pco2 during HCO3 loading can occur as a consequence of either diminished hydrogen ion secretion (postobstructed kidney) or excessive back-diffusion of acid (lithium administration). Further studies are indicated to determine whether both mechanisms may be found in patients with distal renal tubular acidosis.", "PMID": 839104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3592", "title": "Effect of amphotercin B on urine acidification in rats: implications for the pathogenesis of distal renal tubular acidosis.", "content": "It has been proposed that distal renal tubular acidosis is a gradient-limited disorder an that the low urine Pco2 observed in this condition is caused by back diffusion of carbonic acid. This study was designed to examine this hypothesis using the amphotericin B model of gradient-limited distal renal tubular acidosis in rats. After induction of acute metabolic acidosis the minimum urine pH in 12 of 24 amphotericin B-treated rats exceeded 5.63 (mean 5.76 +/- 0.04), whereas it was 5.41 +/-0.04 in control rats. These animals with impaired urine acidification were presumed to have a gradient lesion and were studied in bicarbonate-loading experiments. The urine minus blood Pco2 gradient in these rats was 24.9 +/- 1.5 mm. Hg, a value similar to that of the control rats (26.7 +/- 2.1 mm. Hg). The presence of a normal urine minus blood Pco2 value in this experimentally induced gradient-limited type of acidification lesion indicates that a permeability defect for hydrogen ions was not associated with a similar defect for carbonic acid and that the urine minus blood Pco2 gradient is a valid index of distal nephron hydrogen ion secretion in amphotericin B-like gradient-type lesions.", "contents": "Effect of amphotercin B on urine acidification in rats: implications for the pathogenesis of distal renal tubular acidosis. It has been proposed that distal renal tubular acidosis is a gradient-limited disorder an that the low urine Pco2 observed in this condition is caused by back diffusion of carbonic acid. This study was designed to examine this hypothesis using the amphotericin B model of gradient-limited distal renal tubular acidosis in rats. After induction of acute metabolic acidosis the minimum urine pH in 12 of 24 amphotericin B-treated rats exceeded 5.63 (mean 5.76 +/- 0.04), whereas it was 5.41 +/-0.04 in control rats. These animals with impaired urine acidification were presumed to have a gradient lesion and were studied in bicarbonate-loading experiments. The urine minus blood Pco2 gradient in these rats was 24.9 +/- 1.5 mm. Hg, a value similar to that of the control rats (26.7 +/- 2.1 mm. Hg). The presence of a normal urine minus blood Pco2 value in this experimentally induced gradient-limited type of acidification lesion indicates that a permeability defect for hydrogen ions was not associated with a similar defect for carbonic acid and that the urine minus blood Pco2 gradient is a valid index of distal nephron hydrogen ion secretion in amphotericin B-like gradient-type lesions.", "PMID": 839105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3593", "title": "Rheological evaluation of hemoglobin S and hemoglobin C hemoglobinopathies.", "content": "The concept of optimum hematocrit was used to compare the rheology of bloods from patients with various hemoglobin S and hemoglobin C hemoglobinopathies. The technique involved the utilization of cone and plate viscometric data to predict average flow rates under representative physiological-fluid mechanical conditions. The shape of the curve relating optimum hematocrit to oxygen tension, rather than the absolute magnitude of the optimum hematocrit at fixed oxygen tension, is shown to give an indication of clinical severity of the disease.", "contents": "Rheological evaluation of hemoglobin S and hemoglobin C hemoglobinopathies. The concept of optimum hematocrit was used to compare the rheology of bloods from patients with various hemoglobin S and hemoglobin C hemoglobinopathies. The technique involved the utilization of cone and plate viscometric data to predict average flow rates under representative physiological-fluid mechanical conditions. The shape of the curve relating optimum hematocrit to oxygen tension, rather than the absolute magnitude of the optimum hematocrit at fixed oxygen tension, is shown to give an indication of clinical severity of the disease.", "PMID": 839106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3594", "title": "Maintenance of low screen filtration pressure in blood stored in a new liquid medium: BAGPM.", "content": "Formation of microaggregates in blood stored in conventional media is reflected by rapidly rising screen filtration pressure (SFP). We show that the BAGPM (bicarbonate, adenine, glucose, phosphate, and mannitol) blood preservation system maintains SFP at near normal levels throughout the storage period of 42 days. Whenever the SFP had a tendency to rise in BAGPM blood, filtration through a routine in-line blood filter reverted SFP back to baseline levels. Blood from the same donors stored in citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD) adenine had a rapidly rising SFP by 7 to 14 days of storage. Filtration through the routine blood filter had no effect on the SFP of blood stored in CPD-adenine, CPD, or ACD. BAGPM not only maintains adequate levels of ATP and 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid (2,3-DPG) during full 42 days of storage but also offers a unique system in which microparticulate material is prevented from forming, with maintenance of low SFP, perhaps because of its low leukocyte, platelet, and fibrinogen content.", "contents": "Maintenance of low screen filtration pressure in blood stored in a new liquid medium: BAGPM. Formation of microaggregates in blood stored in conventional media is reflected by rapidly rising screen filtration pressure (SFP). We show that the BAGPM (bicarbonate, adenine, glucose, phosphate, and mannitol) blood preservation system maintains SFP at near normal levels throughout the storage period of 42 days. Whenever the SFP had a tendency to rise in BAGPM blood, filtration through a routine in-line blood filter reverted SFP back to baseline levels. Blood from the same donors stored in citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD) adenine had a rapidly rising SFP by 7 to 14 days of storage. Filtration through the routine blood filter had no effect on the SFP of blood stored in CPD-adenine, CPD, or ACD. BAGPM not only maintains adequate levels of ATP and 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid (2,3-DPG) during full 42 days of storage but also offers a unique system in which microparticulate material is prevented from forming, with maintenance of low SFP, perhaps because of its low leukocyte, platelet, and fibrinogen content.", "PMID": 839107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3595", "title": "Characteristics of stroma-free hemoglobin prepared by crystallization.", "content": "Stroma-free hemoglobin was prepared from outdated human red cells by crystallization. After hemolysis with water and toluene and low speed centrifugation, the solution was dialyzed against 2.8M phosphate buffer. Hemoglobin crystals formed within the dialysis casing and were washed with phosphate buffer. After being dissolved in water, dialyzed against kidney dialysis fluid, and sterilized by Millipore filtration, the hemoglobin solution obtained had normal serum potassium, sodium, and osmolality. Spectral maxima and minima were characteristic for oxyhemoglobin, and cellulose acetate electrophoresis showed a sharp, well-defined hemoglobin band and slight contamination with carbonic anhydrase. The crystallized hemoglobin solution showed no coagulant activity, and preparation from group A cells showed no blood group A activity by hemagglutination inhibition. Methemoglobin was less than 0.28 gm./dl. and did not increase with storage at refrigerated temperature for a period up to 6 months. The P50 ranged between 15 and 18 mm. Hg at pH 7.4 and n values were normal.", "contents": "Characteristics of stroma-free hemoglobin prepared by crystallization. Stroma-free hemoglobin was prepared from outdated human red cells by crystallization. After hemolysis with water and toluene and low speed centrifugation, the solution was dialyzed against 2.8M phosphate buffer. Hemoglobin crystals formed within the dialysis casing and were washed with phosphate buffer. After being dissolved in water, dialyzed against kidney dialysis fluid, and sterilized by Millipore filtration, the hemoglobin solution obtained had normal serum potassium, sodium, and osmolality. Spectral maxima and minima were characteristic for oxyhemoglobin, and cellulose acetate electrophoresis showed a sharp, well-defined hemoglobin band and slight contamination with carbonic anhydrase. The crystallized hemoglobin solution showed no coagulant activity, and preparation from group A cells showed no blood group A activity by hemagglutination inhibition. Methemoglobin was less than 0.28 gm./dl. and did not increase with storage at refrigerated temperature for a period up to 6 months. The P50 ranged between 15 and 18 mm. Hg at pH 7.4 and n values were normal.", "PMID": 839108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3596", "title": "Uroporphyrinogen III cosynthetase in liver and blood in the Dubin-Johnson syndrome.", "content": "The activities of uroporphyrinogen III cosynthetase in blood lysates from five patients with the Dubin-Johnson syndrome (DJS) and four control subjects and in liver homogenates from four patients and four control subjects were determined. No significant difference was found in enzyme activity between the two groups in either blood lysate or liver homogenate. These results indicate that low urinary coproporphyrin III output in the DJS is not due to deficiency of uroporphyrinogen III cosynthetase in the liver and the erythropoietic system.", "contents": "Uroporphyrinogen III cosynthetase in liver and blood in the Dubin-Johnson syndrome. The activities of uroporphyrinogen III cosynthetase in blood lysates from five patients with the Dubin-Johnson syndrome (DJS) and four control subjects and in liver homogenates from four patients and four control subjects were determined. No significant difference was found in enzyme activity between the two groups in either blood lysate or liver homogenate. These results indicate that low urinary coproporphyrin III output in the DJS is not due to deficiency of uroporphyrinogen III cosynthetase in the liver and the erythropoietic system.", "PMID": 839109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3597", "title": "Regulation of plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase. II. Activation during alimentary lipemia.", "content": "The effect of dietary fat on plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity has been investigated in 14 normal male subjects. After determination of postabsorptive lipid and LCAT levels, a high-fat liquid test meal (1 to 2 gm./kg. body weight) was fed, followed by lipid and LCAT determinations at 2.5 hour intervals. Plasma triglycerides were elevated by 2.5 hours, peaked at 5.0 hours, fell at 7.5 hours, and were normalized by 10 hours. LCAT was unchanged at 2.5 hours but was elevated by 5.0 hours, exhibiting a broad plateau through 10 hours. Most subjects manifested peak responses at 7.5 hours. The mean maximal increase in individual subjects was 37.2 +/- 13.3 (S.D.) percent. LCAT changes similarly followed the elevation and recession of chylomicrons (Sf greater than 400) and very-low-density lipoprotein triglycerides, both of which closely paralleled plasma triglycerides. Enzyme responses were proportional to percentage elevations of plasma triglycerides (r = 0.93, p less than 0.01) and related to quantity of fat in the test diet. Three subjects who ingested the test diet devoid of the fat component showed no significant change in enzyme activity. Enzyme progress curves revealed linearity for 3 hours for both postabsorptive and lipemic (7.5 hour) plasma from the same subjects, supporting the validity of the assay as a measure of enzyme rate. These studies demonstrate an increase in cholesterol esterifying activity temporally related to the clearance of alimentary particles, suggesting a physiologic role in the clearance process.", "contents": "Regulation of plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase. II. Activation during alimentary lipemia. The effect of dietary fat on plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity has been investigated in 14 normal male subjects. After determination of postabsorptive lipid and LCAT levels, a high-fat liquid test meal (1 to 2 gm./kg. body weight) was fed, followed by lipid and LCAT determinations at 2.5 hour intervals. Plasma triglycerides were elevated by 2.5 hours, peaked at 5.0 hours, fell at 7.5 hours, and were normalized by 10 hours. LCAT was unchanged at 2.5 hours but was elevated by 5.0 hours, exhibiting a broad plateau through 10 hours. Most subjects manifested peak responses at 7.5 hours. The mean maximal increase in individual subjects was 37.2 +/- 13.3 (S.D.) percent. LCAT changes similarly followed the elevation and recession of chylomicrons (Sf greater than 400) and very-low-density lipoprotein triglycerides, both of which closely paralleled plasma triglycerides. Enzyme responses were proportional to percentage elevations of plasma triglycerides (r = 0.93, p less than 0.01) and related to quantity of fat in the test diet. Three subjects who ingested the test diet devoid of the fat component showed no significant change in enzyme activity. Enzyme progress curves revealed linearity for 3 hours for both postabsorptive and lipemic (7.5 hour) plasma from the same subjects, supporting the validity of the assay as a measure of enzyme rate. These studies demonstrate an increase in cholesterol esterifying activity temporally related to the clearance of alimentary particles, suggesting a physiologic role in the clearance process.", "PMID": 839110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3598", "title": "Myelopoiesis in the infected burn.", "content": "A modified bone marrow clonal cell culture technique was used to study granulocyte production during burn injury and sepsis. When rats were inflicted with a 30 percent third-degree scald burn, marrow cellularity and colony-forming units in culture (CFU-C) per 10(5) marrow cells increased progressively to four times normal by 7 days after injury. Conversely, When animals were burned and the burn wound immediately seeded with 10(8) Pseudomonas organisms, CFU-C declined steadily until the day of death and reflected a progressive loss in marrow cellularity. Further studies were conducted replacing or mixing standard colony-stimulating serum with burn, burn-infected, or normal rat serum. The results indicated that colony-stimulating activity could be supplied by postburn serum, but not with normal or burn-infected rat serum. Additionally, serum from burned-infected animals significantly inhibited colony formation when added to the standard colony-stimulating serum. Marrow failure appears to be the major cause for granulocytopenia in burn infection and may partly be serum mediated.", "contents": "Myelopoiesis in the infected burn. A modified bone marrow clonal cell culture technique was used to study granulocyte production during burn injury and sepsis. When rats were inflicted with a 30 percent third-degree scald burn, marrow cellularity and colony-forming units in culture (CFU-C) per 10(5) marrow cells increased progressively to four times normal by 7 days after injury. Conversely, When animals were burned and the burn wound immediately seeded with 10(8) Pseudomonas organisms, CFU-C declined steadily until the day of death and reflected a progressive loss in marrow cellularity. Further studies were conducted replacing or mixing standard colony-stimulating serum with burn, burn-infected, or normal rat serum. The results indicated that colony-stimulating activity could be supplied by postburn serum, but not with normal or burn-infected rat serum. Additionally, serum from burned-infected animals significantly inhibited colony formation when added to the standard colony-stimulating serum. Marrow failure appears to be the major cause for granulocytopenia in burn infection and may partly be serum mediated.", "PMID": 839111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3599", "title": "Size and weight of glomeruli isolated from human diabetic and nondiabetic kidneys.", "content": "A sieving technique was used to isolate human glomeruli and to fractionate them by size in order to determine whether nondiabetic and diabetic glomeruli can be separated from one another on the basis of size and mass and to observe the effects of diabetes on the physical properties of glomeruli. The kidneys studied were from five diabetic patients and five nondiabetic controls that were age- and sex-matched. About 40 percent of the glomeruli in the samples of renal tissues were isolated for study. The preparations consisted of more than 90 percent glomeruli, and over 90 percent of the glomeruli were isolated whole. The mean diameter of the diabetic glomeruli was 45 percent greater than that of nondiabetic glomeruli. The mean mass of the diabetic glomeruli was 2.5 times greater than the mean nondiabetic glomerular mass.", "contents": "Size and weight of glomeruli isolated from human diabetic and nondiabetic kidneys. A sieving technique was used to isolate human glomeruli and to fractionate them by size in order to determine whether nondiabetic and diabetic glomeruli can be separated from one another on the basis of size and mass and to observe the effects of diabetes on the physical properties of glomeruli. The kidneys studied were from five diabetic patients and five nondiabetic controls that were age- and sex-matched. About 40 percent of the glomeruli in the samples of renal tissues were isolated for study. The preparations consisted of more than 90 percent glomeruli, and over 90 percent of the glomeruli were isolated whole. The mean diameter of the diabetic glomeruli was 45 percent greater than that of nondiabetic glomeruli. The mean mass of the diabetic glomeruli was 2.5 times greater than the mean nondiabetic glomerular mass.", "PMID": 839112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3600", "title": "Effect of phosphate depletion on renal tubular reabsorption of glucose.", "content": "The renal handling of glucose was evaluated in six dogs before and after chronic phosphate depletion of 51 to 112 days' duration. Phosphate depletion was produced by feeding the dogs with phosphate-restricted diet and administration of Al(OH)3. With phosphate depletion, serum phosphate fell from 3.5 +/- 0.36 (S.E.) to 0.5 +/- 0.19 mg./dl. Both TmG and TmG/GFR fell significantly during phosphate depletion. TmG/GFR was 4.0 +/- 0.41 mg./ml. before phosphate depletion and 2.9 +/- 0.19 mg./ml. after phosphate depletion. In four phosphate-depleted dogs TmG/GFR fell precipitously after glucose loading for more than 200 minutes, and practically all of the filtered glucose was excreted in the urine. It is possible that the levels of cytosolic adenine nucleotides which are required for energy of the renal cell may be reduced during phosphate depletion. This may underlie the fall in TmG and may explain the precipitous fall in TmG when the transport mechanism for glucose was operating at maximum capacity for a prolonged period of time.", "contents": "Effect of phosphate depletion on renal tubular reabsorption of glucose. The renal handling of glucose was evaluated in six dogs before and after chronic phosphate depletion of 51 to 112 days' duration. Phosphate depletion was produced by feeding the dogs with phosphate-restricted diet and administration of Al(OH)3. With phosphate depletion, serum phosphate fell from 3.5 +/- 0.36 (S.E.) to 0.5 +/- 0.19 mg./dl. Both TmG and TmG/GFR fell significantly during phosphate depletion. TmG/GFR was 4.0 +/- 0.41 mg./ml. before phosphate depletion and 2.9 +/- 0.19 mg./ml. after phosphate depletion. In four phosphate-depleted dogs TmG/GFR fell precipitously after glucose loading for more than 200 minutes, and practically all of the filtered glucose was excreted in the urine. It is possible that the levels of cytosolic adenine nucleotides which are required for energy of the renal cell may be reduced during phosphate depletion. This may underlie the fall in TmG and may explain the precipitous fall in TmG when the transport mechanism for glucose was operating at maximum capacity for a prolonged period of time.", "PMID": 839113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3601", "title": "Reliable identification of reovirus-like agent in diarrheal stools.", "content": "In recent reports, reovirus-like particles have been identified in stools of children with diarrhea by using several different methods of preparing the stools for electron microscopy. These papers have reported varying incidences of the reovirus-like agent (RLA) in groups of patients with diarrhea. Since no standardized stool processing method has been used, it is difficult to compare the incidence figures which have been published. This study evaluates two commonly used methods to determine which would be more sensitive for use in future clinical studies. Stool samples from 72 Mexican children who had acute-onset diarrhea were processed for reading on the electron microscope by the pseudoreplica technique and by differential centrifugation. Reovirus-like particles were seen in 25 samples (34.7 percent) when the results of both methods were combined. With the pseudoreplica technique 22 samples (30.6 percent) contained the viral particles; with differential centrifugation 21 (29.2 percent) had particles. This study demonstrates that the two methods are equally reliable for demonstrating reovirus-like particles in stool samples. We believe that the pseudoreplica technique, which is quicker and less expensive than differential centrifugation, is the preferred method for clinical studies of diarrhea associated with reovirus-like particles.", "contents": "Reliable identification of reovirus-like agent in diarrheal stools. In recent reports, reovirus-like particles have been identified in stools of children with diarrhea by using several different methods of preparing the stools for electron microscopy. These papers have reported varying incidences of the reovirus-like agent (RLA) in groups of patients with diarrhea. Since no standardized stool processing method has been used, it is difficult to compare the incidence figures which have been published. This study evaluates two commonly used methods to determine which would be more sensitive for use in future clinical studies. Stool samples from 72 Mexican children who had acute-onset diarrhea were processed for reading on the electron microscope by the pseudoreplica technique and by differential centrifugation. Reovirus-like particles were seen in 25 samples (34.7 percent) when the results of both methods were combined. With the pseudoreplica technique 22 samples (30.6 percent) contained the viral particles; with differential centrifugation 21 (29.2 percent) had particles. This study demonstrates that the two methods are equally reliable for demonstrating reovirus-like particles in stool samples. We believe that the pseudoreplica technique, which is quicker and less expensive than differential centrifugation, is the preferred method for clinical studies of diarrhea associated with reovirus-like particles.", "PMID": 839114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3602", "title": "Effects of hyperthermia on hypoxic ventilatory response in normal man.", "content": "Increased body temperature stimulates hyperventilation in man but little is known about its effects on ventilatory responsiveness to hypoxia. Hence this study examined the effects of hyperthermia on hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR), hypercapnic ventilatory response (HCVR), and oxygen consumption (VO2). Six fasting subjects had these variables measured under basal conditions and at two levels of hyperthermia. Hypoxic ventilatory response was measured as the shape paramater A of the VE/PAO2 curves. Since hyperthermia produces hyperventilation and, therefore, hypocapnia, HVR was measured at the hyperthermic (hypocapnic alveolar CO2 tension (PACO2) and at the basal (normothermic) PACO2. Hypoxic ventilatory response (A) increased when measured at basal PACO2 levels, from 113 +/- 8.8 (S.E.M.) to 189 +/- 21.8 at 0.7 degrees C. and 240 +/- 34.0 at + 1.40 degrees C. (P less than 0.005). HVR measured during hyperthermic hypocapnia also increased at each temperature level but did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.1). Hypercapnic ventilatory response, as measured by the slope S of VE/PACO2 lines, increased significantly at each temperature elevation (P less than 0.025). We conclude that raising body temperature causes a significant augmentation of ventilatory responses to hypoxia (during normothermic PACO2 conditions) and to hypercapnia.", "contents": "Effects of hyperthermia on hypoxic ventilatory response in normal man. Increased body temperature stimulates hyperventilation in man but little is known about its effects on ventilatory responsiveness to hypoxia. Hence this study examined the effects of hyperthermia on hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR), hypercapnic ventilatory response (HCVR), and oxygen consumption (VO2). Six fasting subjects had these variables measured under basal conditions and at two levels of hyperthermia. Hypoxic ventilatory response was measured as the shape paramater A of the VE/PAO2 curves. Since hyperthermia produces hyperventilation and, therefore, hypocapnia, HVR was measured at the hyperthermic (hypocapnic alveolar CO2 tension (PACO2) and at the basal (normothermic) PACO2. Hypoxic ventilatory response (A) increased when measured at basal PACO2 levels, from 113 +/- 8.8 (S.E.M.) to 189 +/- 21.8 at 0.7 degrees C. and 240 +/- 34.0 at + 1.40 degrees C. (P less than 0.005). HVR measured during hyperthermic hypocapnia also increased at each temperature level but did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.1). Hypercapnic ventilatory response, as measured by the slope S of VE/PACO2 lines, increased significantly at each temperature elevation (P less than 0.025). We conclude that raising body temperature causes a significant augmentation of ventilatory responses to hypoxia (during normothermic PACO2 conditions) and to hypercapnia.", "PMID": 839115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3603", "title": "Decreased surface charge and accelerated senescence of red blood cells following neuraminidase treatment.", "content": "Female LAF1 mice were given single or repeated injections of V. cholerae N'ase and the effects on circulating RBC surface charge and life span were determined. Intravenous injection of N'ase caused a rapid decrease in RBC surface charge of approximately 14 percent, and survival of such treated cells was reduced by approximately one fifth by virtue of an acceleration of senescence. When RBC's were treated in vitro with N'ase, a comparable (14 to 17 percent) reduction in surface charge was seen. Such cells, when injected into intact mice, showed a similar acceleration of senescence. When N'ase was injected intravenously into splenectomized mice, RBC survival was similar to that of controls. Intravenous injection of N'ase 1 hour before injection of labeled RBC's did not alter RBC survival nor did it accelerate the clearance of carbon particles by the RES. These results indicate that N'ase accelerates senescence in treated mouse erythrocytes by acting on the RBC's and not by activating the RES. Absence of this effect in splenectomized mice implicates the spleen as the sensor of the induced alterations in surface charge. These results and those recently reported for treated RBC's in the dog, rat, rabbit, and man suggest that at least a portion of the phenomenon of RBC senescence may be related to the loss of RBC surface charge.", "contents": "Decreased surface charge and accelerated senescence of red blood cells following neuraminidase treatment. Female LAF1 mice were given single or repeated injections of V. cholerae N'ase and the effects on circulating RBC surface charge and life span were determined. Intravenous injection of N'ase caused a rapid decrease in RBC surface charge of approximately 14 percent, and survival of such treated cells was reduced by approximately one fifth by virtue of an acceleration of senescence. When RBC's were treated in vitro with N'ase, a comparable (14 to 17 percent) reduction in surface charge was seen. Such cells, when injected into intact mice, showed a similar acceleration of senescence. When N'ase was injected intravenously into splenectomized mice, RBC survival was similar to that of controls. Intravenous injection of N'ase 1 hour before injection of labeled RBC's did not alter RBC survival nor did it accelerate the clearance of carbon particles by the RES. These results indicate that N'ase accelerates senescence in treated mouse erythrocytes by acting on the RBC's and not by activating the RES. Absence of this effect in splenectomized mice implicates the spleen as the sensor of the induced alterations in surface charge. These results and those recently reported for treated RBC's in the dog, rat, rabbit, and man suggest that at least a portion of the phenomenon of RBC senescence may be related to the loss of RBC surface charge.", "PMID": 839116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3604", "title": "Hemopoietic stem cell dynamics in 89Sr marrow-ablated mice.", "content": "89Sr was used to ablate the marrows of 12- to 16-week-old CAF1 mice. The CFU-S of their blood, marrows, and spleens were assayed at intervals from days 10 through 56. The effects of splenectomy performed on day 14 or 42 on the numbers of CFU-S in the blood and marrow were also studied. On day 10 after treatment with 89Sr both the cellularity and CFU-S of the marrow were markedly decreased. Later, especially during the third week after treatment, marrow cellularity increased and by day 56 had returned to 74 percent of normal; the concentration of marrow CFU-S also increased but by day 56 had attained a level of only one-third normal. Thus, replenishment of the marrow's CFU-S lagged behind the repletion of its cellularity. Spleen and blood CFU-S were elevated throughout the 56 days. The number of splenic CFU-S was highest at day 10, decreased somewhat by day 21, and remained remarkably stable thereafter. After splenectomy there was a significant decline in the content of both blood and marrow CFU-S, whereas the reverse occurred in the \"cold\" 88Sr-treated control group. The results of these studies suggest that in the 89Sr-irradiated animal the spleen is transformed from a trapper to the prime supplier of CFU-S and that in normal mice the spleen may suppress marrow CFU-S proliferation. An inverse relationship between the size of the pool of mature granulocytes and the number of CFU-S was found, suggesting that the granulocyte compartment may, at least in part, play a role in the regulation of CFU-S proliferation.", "contents": "Hemopoietic stem cell dynamics in 89Sr marrow-ablated mice. 89Sr was used to ablate the marrows of 12- to 16-week-old CAF1 mice. The CFU-S of their blood, marrows, and spleens were assayed at intervals from days 10 through 56. The effects of splenectomy performed on day 14 or 42 on the numbers of CFU-S in the blood and marrow were also studied. On day 10 after treatment with 89Sr both the cellularity and CFU-S of the marrow were markedly decreased. Later, especially during the third week after treatment, marrow cellularity increased and by day 56 had returned to 74 percent of normal; the concentration of marrow CFU-S also increased but by day 56 had attained a level of only one-third normal. Thus, replenishment of the marrow's CFU-S lagged behind the repletion of its cellularity. Spleen and blood CFU-S were elevated throughout the 56 days. The number of splenic CFU-S was highest at day 10, decreased somewhat by day 21, and remained remarkably stable thereafter. After splenectomy there was a significant decline in the content of both blood and marrow CFU-S, whereas the reverse occurred in the \"cold\" 88Sr-treated control group. The results of these studies suggest that in the 89Sr-irradiated animal the spleen is transformed from a trapper to the prime supplier of CFU-S and that in normal mice the spleen may suppress marrow CFU-S proliferation. An inverse relationship between the size of the pool of mature granulocytes and the number of CFU-S was found, suggesting that the granulocyte compartment may, at least in part, play a role in the regulation of CFU-S proliferation.", "PMID": 839117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3605", "title": "Potentiation by collagen or epinephrine of platelet responsiveness to aggregation. The possible role of substance(s) released from platelet membranes.", "content": "When human platelets in plasma were exposed to a small amount (nonaggregating concentration) of collagen, epinephrine, or arachidonic acid, their responsiveness to aggregating agents was potentiated and they were aggregated by a subsequent addition of nonaggregating concentrations of the stimulants. Otherwise the nonaggregating concentrations of the stimulants were incapable of inducing platelet aggregation. The potentiation of platelet responsiveness to aggregating agents was also caused by collagen- or epinephrine-treated platelet membranes. Furthermore, the soluble fraction of collagen- or epinephrine-treated membranes contained some material responsible for platelet potentiation, indicating that the responsible material was released from platelet membranes by collagen or epinephrine. It is suggested that the material may be arachidonic acid or its derivatives related to prostaglandins, since the soluble fraction of collagen- or epinephrine-treated membranes contained a larger amount of the precursor(s) of prostaglandin Falpha than the untreated membranes.", "contents": "Potentiation by collagen or epinephrine of platelet responsiveness to aggregation. The possible role of substance(s) released from platelet membranes. When human platelets in plasma were exposed to a small amount (nonaggregating concentration) of collagen, epinephrine, or arachidonic acid, their responsiveness to aggregating agents was potentiated and they were aggregated by a subsequent addition of nonaggregating concentrations of the stimulants. Otherwise the nonaggregating concentrations of the stimulants were incapable of inducing platelet aggregation. The potentiation of platelet responsiveness to aggregating agents was also caused by collagen- or epinephrine-treated platelet membranes. Furthermore, the soluble fraction of collagen- or epinephrine-treated membranes contained some material responsible for platelet potentiation, indicating that the responsible material was released from platelet membranes by collagen or epinephrine. It is suggested that the material may be arachidonic acid or its derivatives related to prostaglandins, since the soluble fraction of collagen- or epinephrine-treated membranes contained a larger amount of the precursor(s) of prostaglandin Falpha than the untreated membranes.", "PMID": 839118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3606", "title": "The effect of concomitant mercuric chloride and gentamicin on kidney function and structure in the rat.", "content": "In order to define the possible effects of gentamicin on the course of experimental acute renal failure, the interaction between gentamicin and mercuric chloride was studied in rats. Acute renal failure was induced with 1 mg. of HgCl2 per kilogram intravenously. When given alone, HgCl2 produced a uniform, reproducible, nonoliguric, acute renal failure with a low mortality rate. Animals receiving gentamicin over the course of HgCl2-induced acute renal failure, in doses sufficient to produce a 1 hour postinjection serum concentration of 10 mug/ml., recovered glomerular filtration in a fashion similar to animals receiving only HgCl2(p greater than 0.05). Animals that recovered from HgCl2-induced acute renal failure were given 10 mg./Kg. of gentamicin every 4 hours for 15 days and developed proteinuria and decline in urine osmolality to the same degree as animals given gentamicin alone, but failed to develop azotemia. Nevertheless, morphological changes associated with gentamicin nephrotoxicity were found which were similar in severity to those seen with gentamicin alone. Animals pretreated with 10 mg./Kg. of gentamicin every 4 hours for 7 days were then given HgCl2. Acute renal failure in these animals was more severe than in animals receiving HgCl2 alone, as manifest by a greater degree of azotemia and death (p less than 0.05). The data indicate that in the rat the concomitant administration of gentamicin did not interfere with recovery from HgCl2-induced renal failure. Rats recovering from HgCl2-induced acute renal failure were resistant to a depression in glomerular filtration when given gentamicin. The prior administration of gentamicin enhanced the nephrotoxicity of HgCl2.", "contents": "The effect of concomitant mercuric chloride and gentamicin on kidney function and structure in the rat. In order to define the possible effects of gentamicin on the course of experimental acute renal failure, the interaction between gentamicin and mercuric chloride was studied in rats. Acute renal failure was induced with 1 mg. of HgCl2 per kilogram intravenously. When given alone, HgCl2 produced a uniform, reproducible, nonoliguric, acute renal failure with a low mortality rate. Animals receiving gentamicin over the course of HgCl2-induced acute renal failure, in doses sufficient to produce a 1 hour postinjection serum concentration of 10 mug/ml., recovered glomerular filtration in a fashion similar to animals receiving only HgCl2(p greater than 0.05). Animals that recovered from HgCl2-induced acute renal failure were given 10 mg./Kg. of gentamicin every 4 hours for 15 days and developed proteinuria and decline in urine osmolality to the same degree as animals given gentamicin alone, but failed to develop azotemia. Nevertheless, morphological changes associated with gentamicin nephrotoxicity were found which were similar in severity to those seen with gentamicin alone. Animals pretreated with 10 mg./Kg. of gentamicin every 4 hours for 7 days were then given HgCl2. Acute renal failure in these animals was more severe than in animals receiving HgCl2 alone, as manifest by a greater degree of azotemia and death (p less than 0.05). The data indicate that in the rat the concomitant administration of gentamicin did not interfere with recovery from HgCl2-induced renal failure. Rats recovering from HgCl2-induced acute renal failure were resistant to a depression in glomerular filtration when given gentamicin. The prior administration of gentamicin enhanced the nephrotoxicity of HgCl2.", "PMID": 839119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3607", "title": "Interaction between ethyl methylene blue and cyanide-induced increases in blood lactate.", "content": "Previous workers have reported that ethyl methylene blue (EMB) diminishes cyanide-induced increases in blood lactate (CIL); the present study investigates the mechanism underlying this interaction. Accordingly, sodium cyanide (1.2 mg./Kg.) was infused into the abdominal aorta of anesthetized, spontaneously breathing dogs. Following cyanide infusion, arterial lactate concentration increased 5.4 +/- 1.1 mmol./L. and arterial PCO2 decreased 22 +/- 3 mm. Hg. A second group of dogs was pretreated with EMB (8 to 15 mg./Kg.); this dose of EMB elicited twofold increments in oxygen consumption and induced the formation in vivo of methemoglobin (0.8 +/- 0.1 gm./100 ml.). Following cyanide infusion, the increase in lactate in EMB animals was only 0.6 +/- 0.2 mmol./L.; the decrease in arterial PCO2 was limited to 5 +/- 1 mm. Hg. In order to clarify the relationship between cyanide-induced hypocapnia and CIL, cyanide was infused into a third group of dogs that were maintained isocapneic via mechanical ventilation; despite constancy of arterial PCO2, lactate increased 6.0 +/- 0.7 mmol./L. To determine the effect of EMB-induced tissue hypermetabolism on CIL, twofold increments in oxygen consumption were produced in a fourth group of dogs by pretreatment with sodium salicylate. Following cyanide infusion, salicylate-pretreated animals increased lactate 7.2 +/- 1.2 mmol./L. In order to assess the relationship between EMB-induced methemoglobinemia and the decrease in CIL, similar concentrations of methemoglobin were produced in two subsequent groups of dogs by two different techniques (i.e., by aniline pretreatment or by infusion of methemoglobinemic blood that had been prepared in vitro by addition of sodium nitrite). CIL in these animals was again markedly diminished (i.e., increments of only 0.6 +/- 0.3 mmol./L.) It is concluded that EMB diminishes CIL by a mechanism other than elimination of cyanide-induced hypocapnia or induction of tissue hypermetabolism. The results suggest that methemoglobin formation may completely account for the ability of EMB to effect a decrement in CIL.", "contents": "Interaction between ethyl methylene blue and cyanide-induced increases in blood lactate. Previous workers have reported that ethyl methylene blue (EMB) diminishes cyanide-induced increases in blood lactate (CIL); the present study investigates the mechanism underlying this interaction. Accordingly, sodium cyanide (1.2 mg./Kg.) was infused into the abdominal aorta of anesthetized, spontaneously breathing dogs. Following cyanide infusion, arterial lactate concentration increased 5.4 +/- 1.1 mmol./L. and arterial PCO2 decreased 22 +/- 3 mm. Hg. A second group of dogs was pretreated with EMB (8 to 15 mg./Kg.); this dose of EMB elicited twofold increments in oxygen consumption and induced the formation in vivo of methemoglobin (0.8 +/- 0.1 gm./100 ml.). Following cyanide infusion, the increase in lactate in EMB animals was only 0.6 +/- 0.2 mmol./L.; the decrease in arterial PCO2 was limited to 5 +/- 1 mm. Hg. In order to clarify the relationship between cyanide-induced hypocapnia and CIL, cyanide was infused into a third group of dogs that were maintained isocapneic via mechanical ventilation; despite constancy of arterial PCO2, lactate increased 6.0 +/- 0.7 mmol./L. To determine the effect of EMB-induced tissue hypermetabolism on CIL, twofold increments in oxygen consumption were produced in a fourth group of dogs by pretreatment with sodium salicylate. Following cyanide infusion, salicylate-pretreated animals increased lactate 7.2 +/- 1.2 mmol./L. In order to assess the relationship between EMB-induced methemoglobinemia and the decrease in CIL, similar concentrations of methemoglobin were produced in two subsequent groups of dogs by two different techniques (i.e., by aniline pretreatment or by infusion of methemoglobinemic blood that had been prepared in vitro by addition of sodium nitrite). CIL in these animals was again markedly diminished (i.e., increments of only 0.6 +/- 0.3 mmol./L.) It is concluded that EMB diminishes CIL by a mechanism other than elimination of cyanide-induced hypocapnia or induction of tissue hypermetabolism. The results suggest that methemoglobin formation may completely account for the ability of EMB to effect a decrement in CIL.", "PMID": 839120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3608", "title": "Liver as the primary site of erythropoietin formation in the fetus.", "content": "Fetal sheep produced significant amounts of erythropoietin in response to bleeding. Bilateral nephrectomy prior to bleeding failed to influence the formation of erythropoietin. Removal of the spleen, in addition to kidneys, was also without effect. Subtotal hepatectomy prior to bleeding, however, inhibited erythropoietin formation in these fetuses. In situ perfusion of the liver, but not the kidney, resulted in the appearance of significant quantities of the hormone in the perfusate. These results suggest that the liver is the primary site of erythropoietin production in the mammalian fetus.", "contents": "Liver as the primary site of erythropoietin formation in the fetus. Fetal sheep produced significant amounts of erythropoietin in response to bleeding. Bilateral nephrectomy prior to bleeding failed to influence the formation of erythropoietin. Removal of the spleen, in addition to kidneys, was also without effect. Subtotal hepatectomy prior to bleeding, however, inhibited erythropoietin formation in these fetuses. In situ perfusion of the liver, but not the kidney, resulted in the appearance of significant quantities of the hormone in the perfusate. These results suggest that the liver is the primary site of erythropoietin production in the mammalian fetus.", "PMID": 839121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3609", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for serum transcobalamin II.", "content": "A radioimmune assay for transcobalamin II (TC II) was devised from the following: (1) TC II-57Co B12 precipitated from normal serum with (NH4)2SO4 as the labeled ligand; (2) the TC II of whole serum as the standard source of TC II; (3) rabbit anti-pure TC II as the binding agent; (4) separation of the bound and free TC II-B12 by precipitation of the antibody bound with polyethylene glycol. The assay was responsive to either TC II or TC II-B12 and to TC II either pure or in crude preparations. It was not responsive to R-type binders of B12. The median TC II of 10 normal sera was 890 pg. per milliliter and of 10 sera from 10 random hospital patients was 1,010 pg. per milliliter. There was no measurable TC II in the serum of a child with congenital absence of TC II and the assay measured levels greater than 5,000 pg. per milliliter in abnormalities of TC II metabolism.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for serum transcobalamin II. A radioimmune assay for transcobalamin II (TC II) was devised from the following: (1) TC II-57Co B12 precipitated from normal serum with (NH4)2SO4 as the labeled ligand; (2) the TC II of whole serum as the standard source of TC II; (3) rabbit anti-pure TC II as the binding agent; (4) separation of the bound and free TC II-B12 by precipitation of the antibody bound with polyethylene glycol. The assay was responsive to either TC II or TC II-B12 and to TC II either pure or in crude preparations. It was not responsive to R-type binders of B12. The median TC II of 10 normal sera was 890 pg. per milliliter and of 10 sera from 10 random hospital patients was 1,010 pg. per milliliter. There was no measurable TC II in the serum of a child with congenital absence of TC II and the assay measured levels greater than 5,000 pg. per milliliter in abnormalities of TC II metabolism.", "PMID": 839122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3610", "title": "A method for measurement of fibrin monomer with the use of an immune precipitate of fibrinogen.", "content": "A semiquantitative test for measuring fibrin monomer in human plasma is described. The test is based upon the ability of fibrin monomer to form a complex with an immune precipitate of fibrinogen. The test is not sensitive to the plasmin digestion products of fibrinogen and relatively insensitive to plasmin digestion products of fibrin. The test is easily performed on small quantities of plasma in approximately 2 hours.", "contents": "A method for measurement of fibrin monomer with the use of an immune precipitate of fibrinogen. A semiquantitative test for measuring fibrin monomer in human plasma is described. The test is based upon the ability of fibrin monomer to form a complex with an immune precipitate of fibrinogen. The test is not sensitive to the plasmin digestion products of fibrinogen and relatively insensitive to plasmin digestion products of fibrin. The test is easily performed on small quantities of plasma in approximately 2 hours.", "PMID": 839123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3611", "title": "A simple fluorometric assay of protoporphyrin in erythrocytes (EPP) as a screening test for lead poisoning.", "content": "A simple microfluorometric procedure for the measurement of protoporphyrin in erythrocytes (EPP) is described. The technique, which can be performed in less than 4 minutes with portable equipment, utilizes 40 mul of capillary blood and only one reagent (94 percent acidified ethanol) for the extraction. The results obtained by this micromethod are in close agreement with those of the ethyl acetate/hydrochloric acid double-extraction methods. The EPP concentration increases markedly when the blood lead level is increased, and the test can be used to screen children for lead poisoning. This new micromethod also gives reproducible results when dried blood spots on filter paper are used instead of liquid blood.", "contents": "A simple fluorometric assay of protoporphyrin in erythrocytes (EPP) as a screening test for lead poisoning. A simple microfluorometric procedure for the measurement of protoporphyrin in erythrocytes (EPP) is described. The technique, which can be performed in less than 4 minutes with portable equipment, utilizes 40 mul of capillary blood and only one reagent (94 percent acidified ethanol) for the extraction. The results obtained by this micromethod are in close agreement with those of the ethyl acetate/hydrochloric acid double-extraction methods. The EPP concentration increases markedly when the blood lead level is increased, and the test can be used to screen children for lead poisoning. This new micromethod also gives reproducible results when dried blood spots on filter paper are used instead of liquid blood.", "PMID": 839124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3612", "title": "Validation of a stable emulsion for the assay of lipoprotein lipase activity.", "content": "The preparation of a stable, stock, radioactive, trioleoyl glycerol emulsion in glycerol and its application to the assay of lipoprotein lipase are described. The data presented indicate that this stock emulsion combines the convenience and reproducibility of commercially available, nonradioactive emulsions with the sensitivity of sonicated, radioactive, aqueous emulsions. Furthermore, in practice, this glycerol-based emulsion appears to be specific for the protamine-sensitive extrahepatic lipase, having little or no reactivity toward the hepatic lipase measured in postheparin plasma.", "contents": "Validation of a stable emulsion for the assay of lipoprotein lipase activity. The preparation of a stable, stock, radioactive, trioleoyl glycerol emulsion in glycerol and its application to the assay of lipoprotein lipase are described. The data presented indicate that this stock emulsion combines the convenience and reproducibility of commercially available, nonradioactive emulsions with the sensitivity of sonicated, radioactive, aqueous emulsions. Furthermore, in practice, this glycerol-based emulsion appears to be specific for the protamine-sensitive extrahepatic lipase, having little or no reactivity toward the hepatic lipase measured in postheparin plasma.", "PMID": 839125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3613", "title": "Iodination by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes: a re-evaluation.", "content": "The conversion of iodide to a trichloroacetic acid-precipitable form (iodination) by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN's) has been re-evaluated as a measure of neutrophil function. Optimum conditions are described which result in an iodination value for normal cells during the phagocytosis of zymosan of 64.1 +/- 13.2 (S.D.) nmol. per 10(7) PMN's per hour. Iodination is inhibited by agents which decrease phagocytosis, inhibit myeloperoxidase-catalyzed reactions, or degrade H2O2 and is stimulated by superoxide dismutase, an enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of the superoxide anion to oxygen and H2O2. When patients' cells and normal serum are employed, the iodinating capacity of the patients' cells is evaluated. It is low in patients with myeloperoxidase deficiency and chronic granulomatous disease, and an intermediate value was observed in a carrier of chronic granulomatous disease. When normal cells and patients' serum are employed, the iodination reaction is an indirect measure of the opsonic activity of the patients' serum. The decreased opsonic activity for zymosan of human sera deficient in the fourth or third component of complement was demonstrated in this way. Thus measurement of iodination is a convenient and sensitive screening test for cellular or humoral abnormalities of the phagocytic process.", "contents": "Iodination by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes: a re-evaluation. The conversion of iodide to a trichloroacetic acid-precipitable form (iodination) by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN's) has been re-evaluated as a measure of neutrophil function. Optimum conditions are described which result in an iodination value for normal cells during the phagocytosis of zymosan of 64.1 +/- 13.2 (S.D.) nmol. per 10(7) PMN's per hour. Iodination is inhibited by agents which decrease phagocytosis, inhibit myeloperoxidase-catalyzed reactions, or degrade H2O2 and is stimulated by superoxide dismutase, an enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of the superoxide anion to oxygen and H2O2. When patients' cells and normal serum are employed, the iodinating capacity of the patients' cells is evaluated. It is low in patients with myeloperoxidase deficiency and chronic granulomatous disease, and an intermediate value was observed in a carrier of chronic granulomatous disease. When normal cells and patients' serum are employed, the iodination reaction is an indirect measure of the opsonic activity of the patients' serum. The decreased opsonic activity for zymosan of human sera deficient in the fourth or third component of complement was demonstrated in this way. Thus measurement of iodination is a convenient and sensitive screening test for cellular or humoral abnormalities of the phagocytic process.", "PMID": 839126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3614", "title": "Detachment of the trachea following total laryngectomy.", "content": "Two cases of tracheal detachment following laryngectomy are described and a suitable method of repair is suggested. The possible causes of detachment of the trachea following total laryngectomy may be summarized as follows: (a) Poor surgical technique when fashioning the tracheostome. (b) Poor quality of the tissues. (c) Poor general condition of the patient. (d) Excessive tension on the trachea. Reconstruction of the tracheostome requires:- (a) Elimination of infection by antibiotics and total debridement of non-viable tissue. (b) Absence of tension on the wound and the raising of adequate skin flaps. Should these conditions be met, the method of repair described above has been shown to be satisfactory.", "contents": "Detachment of the trachea following total laryngectomy. Two cases of tracheal detachment following laryngectomy are described and a suitable method of repair is suggested. The possible causes of detachment of the trachea following total laryngectomy may be summarized as follows: (a) Poor surgical technique when fashioning the tracheostome. (b) Poor quality of the tissues. (c) Poor general condition of the patient. (d) Excessive tension on the trachea. Reconstruction of the tracheostome requires:- (a) Elimination of infection by antibiotics and total debridement of non-viable tissue. (b) Absence of tension on the wound and the raising of adequate skin flaps. Should these conditions be met, the method of repair described above has been shown to be satisfactory.", "PMID": 839131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3615", "title": "Membranous tracheitis following endotracheal intubation.", "content": "In this study, four patients with membranous tracheitis following endotracheal intubation are presented. Possible causes for the development of the condition were mostly related to subglottic epithelial trauma caused by the pressure of the cuff of the tube for a long time on the mucosa and the drying effect of atropine. The literature concerning the development of membranous tracheitis in previous studies is also presented.", "contents": "Membranous tracheitis following endotracheal intubation. In this study, four patients with membranous tracheitis following endotracheal intubation are presented. Possible causes for the development of the condition were mostly related to subglottic epithelial trauma caused by the pressure of the cuff of the tube for a long time on the mucosa and the drying effect of atropine. The literature concerning the development of membranous tracheitis in previous studies is also presented.", "PMID": 839132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3616", "title": "Temporal bone findings in the late stage of secretory otitis media.", "content": "The temporal bone findings in a patient with secretory otitis media are presented. One ear had been fitted with tympanostomy tubes for five and the other for three years. Before death the latter ear had been without a tube for two years. Histological study revealed secreting tympanic mucosa with a very high density of goblet cells both in the ear with a ventilating tube in position and in the ear with an intact tympanic membrane. The case represents a late stage of secretory otitis media. It seems that ventilating tubes cause the degeneration and disappearance of subepithelial glands but the effect on goblet cells is less pronounced.", "contents": "Temporal bone findings in the late stage of secretory otitis media. The temporal bone findings in a patient with secretory otitis media are presented. One ear had been fitted with tympanostomy tubes for five and the other for three years. Before death the latter ear had been without a tube for two years. Histological study revealed secreting tympanic mucosa with a very high density of goblet cells both in the ear with a ventilating tube in position and in the ear with an intact tympanic membrane. The case represents a late stage of secretory otitis media. It seems that ventilating tubes cause the degeneration and disappearance of subepithelial glands but the effect on goblet cells is less pronounced.", "PMID": 839133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3617", "title": "Nasal aspects of cystic fibrosis in children.", "content": "Despite the extraordinary prevalence of upper respiratory allergy and infection in children nasal polyposis is an extremely rare condition. Seven cases of cystic fibrosis are presented in order to demonstrate the nasal aspects of the disease. All but one had nasal polyposis. The literature has been reviewed with particular reference to clinical, radiological and histo-pathological features. Conservative treatment is stressed.", "contents": "Nasal aspects of cystic fibrosis in children. Despite the extraordinary prevalence of upper respiratory allergy and infection in children nasal polyposis is an extremely rare condition. Seven cases of cystic fibrosis are presented in order to demonstrate the nasal aspects of the disease. All but one had nasal polyposis. The literature has been reviewed with particular reference to clinical, radiological and histo-pathological features. Conservative treatment is stressed.", "PMID": 839134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3618", "title": "Craniometaphyseal dysplasia.", "content": "A case report of craniometaphyseal dysplasia is presented with a classification of this disease, supported by a review of the literature. Certain unusual features are observed-mastoid surgery and later contralateral tempory facial paresis. The patient showed no further deterioration of symptoms when last reviewed.", "contents": "Craniometaphyseal dysplasia. A case report of craniometaphyseal dysplasia is presented with a classification of this disease, supported by a review of the literature. Certain unusual features are observed-mastoid surgery and later contralateral tempory facial paresis. The patient showed no further deterioration of symptoms when last reviewed.", "PMID": 839137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3619", "title": "Iatrogenic reflux oesophagitis.", "content": "A report on two patients with severe reflux oesophagitis  caused by Emepronium Bromide ('CETIRPIN') prescribed for the treatment of urinary symptoms.", "contents": "Iatrogenic reflux oesophagitis. A report on two patients with severe reflux oesophagitis  caused by Emepronium Bromide ('CETIRPIN') prescribed for the treatment of urinary symptoms.", "PMID": 839138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3620", "title": "Midline cleft lip with associated abnormalities.", "content": "A rare case of midline cleft lip with the following deformities is presented: (a) Partial midline cleft of the upper lip. (b) Cleft alveolus. (c) A fibro-cystic swelling arising from the left side of the nasal septum and columella. (d)  A frenulum and a cystic swelling attached to the frenulum and hanging into the mouth by a narrow pedicle.", "contents": "Midline cleft lip with associated abnormalities. A rare case of midline cleft lip with the following deformities is presented: (a) Partial midline cleft of the upper lip. (b) Cleft alveolus. (c) A fibro-cystic swelling arising from the left side of the nasal septum and columella. (d)  A frenulum and a cystic swelling attached to the frenulum and hanging into the mouth by a narrow pedicle.", "PMID": 839140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3621", "title": "Kinetic enzymatic method for automated determination of glucose in blood and serum.", "content": "Studies are reported on the reaction kinetics of the glucose assay according to Trinder which involves the specific oxidation of glucose by glucose oxidase and the determination of the hydrogen peroxide released by means of phenol and 4-aminophenazone in the presence of peroxidase. The results have been used to develop a general kinetic fixed-time method for the analysis of glucose in whole blood and serum. The single reagent method has been adapted to the ENI GEMSAEC centrifugal analyzer and to the Abbott ABA-100 analyzer. The procedures exhibited excellent precision and the results correlated well with those obtained by the hexokinase method, Linearity was achieved from 3 to 64 mmol/1 glucose for the GEMSAEC method, and from 3 to 33 mmol/1 glucose for the ABA-100 method. Reagent or sample blank corrections were not necessary. There were no interferences from various drugs, hemoglobin, bilirubin, or lipemia.", "contents": "Kinetic enzymatic method for automated determination of glucose in blood and serum. Studies are reported on the reaction kinetics of the glucose assay according to Trinder which involves the specific oxidation of glucose by glucose oxidase and the determination of the hydrogen peroxide released by means of phenol and 4-aminophenazone in the presence of peroxidase. The results have been used to develop a general kinetic fixed-time method for the analysis of glucose in whole blood and serum. The single reagent method has been adapted to the ENI GEMSAEC centrifugal analyzer and to the Abbott ABA-100 analyzer. The procedures exhibited excellent precision and the results correlated well with those obtained by the hexokinase method, Linearity was achieved from 3 to 64 mmol/1 glucose for the GEMSAEC method, and from 3 to 33 mmol/1 glucose for the ABA-100 method. Reagent or sample blank corrections were not necessary. There were no interferences from various drugs, hemoglobin, bilirubin, or lipemia.", "PMID": 839160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3622", "title": "[The influence of pentagastrin on the concentration of free amino acids in the gastric juice (author's transl)].", "content": "The content of the free amino acids in the gastric juice is different in the state of normo-, hypo-, hyper- and anacidity. Free amino acids can be determined by the amino autoanalyzer after deproteinisation and delipidation of the gastric juice. 45 min after pentagastrin stimulation the content of free amino acids is significantly reduced compared to the values before stimulation, except for patients with anacidity.", "contents": "[The influence of pentagastrin on the concentration of free amino acids in the gastric juice (author's transl)]. The content of the free amino acids in the gastric juice is different in the state of normo-, hypo-, hyper- and anacidity. Free amino acids can be determined by the amino autoanalyzer after deproteinisation and delipidation of the gastric juice. 45 min after pentagastrin stimulation the content of free amino acids is significantly reduced compared to the values before stimulation, except for patients with anacidity.", "PMID": 839161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3623", "title": "Injuries in amateur ice hockey: a two-year analysis.", "content": "A compilation of injuires sustained in an amateur ice hockey program over a tw0-year period revealed that the majority of those injuires were facial lacerations. The number of injuries increased with the level of players' skill and with the intensity of the games. Youth players who were required to wear head and total face protection had fewer injuries than either the adult league or semi-professional players. Injuries were greatest to the semi-professional players who wore little or not head protection, and no facial protection. Physicians have a duty to urge all hockey players to wear adequate head and face protection to prevent such injuries. Equipment which is currently available is illustrated.", "contents": "Injuries in amateur ice hockey: a two-year analysis. A compilation of injuires sustained in an amateur ice hockey program over a tw0-year period revealed that the majority of those injuires were facial lacerations. The number of injuries increased with the level of players' skill and with the intensity of the games. Youth players who were required to wear head and total face protection had fewer injuries than either the adult league or semi-professional players. Injuries were greatest to the semi-professional players who wore little or not head protection, and no facial protection. Physicians have a duty to urge all hockey players to wear adequate head and face protection to prevent such injuries. Equipment which is currently available is illustrated.", "PMID": 839166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3624", "title": "Myelopathy associated with cervical spondylosis: a frequently unrecognized disease.", "content": "Cervical spondylosis or chronic diskogenic disease of the cervical spine is a relatively common cause of myelopathy, but it is often not recognized or is incorrectly diagnosed. The clinical presentation may mimic several types of neurological disease including multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Even more frequently, and especially early in the course of the disease, neurologic impairment is not recognized and the symptoms are thought to be due to osteoarthritis. Early recognition of this condition is important since adequate treatment can prevent slowly progressive neurologic impairment. Knowledge of the pathophysiology of myelopathy due to cervical spondylosis and adequate radiographic evaluation will often lead to treatment that can prevent progressive spinal cord damage. Cervical spondylosis with myelopathy is one of the most frequently unrecognized and misdiagnosed, yet treatable, conditions affecting the nervous system.", "contents": "Myelopathy associated with cervical spondylosis: a frequently unrecognized disease. Cervical spondylosis or chronic diskogenic disease of the cervical spine is a relatively common cause of myelopathy, but it is often not recognized or is incorrectly diagnosed. The clinical presentation may mimic several types of neurological disease including multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Even more frequently, and especially early in the course of the disease, neurologic impairment is not recognized and the symptoms are thought to be due to osteoarthritis. Early recognition of this condition is important since adequate treatment can prevent slowly progressive neurologic impairment. Knowledge of the pathophysiology of myelopathy due to cervical spondylosis and adequate radiographic evaluation will often lead to treatment that can prevent progressive spinal cord damage. Cervical spondylosis with myelopathy is one of the most frequently unrecognized and misdiagnosed, yet treatable, conditions affecting the nervous system.", "PMID": 839167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3625", "title": "Ten years' experience in a British casualty department staffed by general practitioners.", "content": "Ten years' documented experience in a British Casualty Department shows that the family physician has a potentially large role to play in the accident and emergency services of his community. It is clear that a well-trained family physician in a properly equipped hospital department can care for the great majority of his patients' injuries, minor surgical operations, and anesthetic needs. This is especially so where group practice and helpful specialist colleagues provide a supportive framework for problem sharing. A case is made for education of all family practice students and residents in this large and important area of medicine.", "contents": "Ten years' experience in a British casualty department staffed by general practitioners. Ten years' documented experience in a British Casualty Department shows that the family physician has a potentially large role to play in the accident and emergency services of his community. It is clear that a well-trained family physician in a properly equipped hospital department can care for the great majority of his patients' injuries, minor surgical operations, and anesthetic needs. This is especially so where group practice and helpful specialist colleagues provide a supportive framework for problem sharing. A case is made for education of all family practice students and residents in this large and important area of medicine.", "PMID": 839168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3626", "title": "Orthopedic practice and training of family physicians: a survey of 302 North Carolina practitioners.", "content": "A mailed survey questionnaire was distributed to the North Carolina Academy of Family Physicians to assess their orthopedic training and their opinions of the orthopedic training of resident physicians in family practice. Approximately 300 questionnaires were analyzed and the spectrum of orthopedic activities in office, hospital, and community were tabulated. There was no significant geographic variation in practice within the state for these variables, but there were statistis in their management and referral practice of several patient problems. Seventy percent of respondents thought that their training in orthopedics was appropriate to their present practice, but half felt that their training was inadequate. Most of the respondents (57 percent) had less than one month of postgraduate training in orthopedics. The majority (68 percent) recommended some postgraduate training in orthopedics, with about 50 percent recommending one to three months of postgraduate training. The mail survey questionnaire is proposed as a useful aid in curricular design in family practice.", "contents": "Orthopedic practice and training of family physicians: a survey of 302 North Carolina practitioners. A mailed survey questionnaire was distributed to the North Carolina Academy of Family Physicians to assess their orthopedic training and their opinions of the orthopedic training of resident physicians in family practice. Approximately 300 questionnaires were analyzed and the spectrum of orthopedic activities in office, hospital, and community were tabulated. There was no significant geographic variation in practice within the state for these variables, but there were statistis in their management and referral practice of several patient problems. Seventy percent of respondents thought that their training in orthopedics was appropriate to their present practice, but half felt that their training was inadequate. Most of the respondents (57 percent) had less than one month of postgraduate training in orthopedics. The majority (68 percent) recommended some postgraduate training in orthopedics, with about 50 percent recommending one to three months of postgraduate training. The mail survey questionnaire is proposed as a useful aid in curricular design in family practice.", "PMID": 839169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3627", "title": "Developing behavioral science for a family practice residency.", "content": "The development of behavioral science in a family practice residency has first to be structured around a statement of purpose and adequate goals. These goals can only be implemented when the purely custodial function of the medical profession is rejected and the ethical responsiblity of the physician to society is allowed to direct the role innovations that must be incorporated. It is the person of the physician as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool that must be cultivated. The curriculum presented has included behavioral science conferences, a one-month behavioral science rotation, a two-month orientation program, behavioral science clinical attendings, and a personal counseling program for each resident throughout the three years of training. To be complete, such a program requires the further refinement of behavioral objectives that allow reliable evaluation and redefinition by residents and faculty.", "contents": "Developing behavioral science for a family practice residency. The development of behavioral science in a family practice residency has first to be structured around a statement of purpose and adequate goals. These goals can only be implemented when the purely custodial function of the medical profession is rejected and the ethical responsiblity of the physician to society is allowed to direct the role innovations that must be incorporated. It is the person of the physician as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool that must be cultivated. The curriculum presented has included behavioral science conferences, a one-month behavioral science rotation, a two-month orientation program, behavioral science clinical attendings, and a personal counseling program for each resident throughout the three years of training. To be complete, such a program requires the further refinement of behavioral objectives that allow reliable evaluation and redefinition by residents and faculty.", "PMID": 839170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3628", "title": "On becoming a teacher of family medicine.", "content": "The emergence of family practice education in the past decade has created an unprecedented demand for faculty. Since no reservoir of trained teachers existed, it has become necessary for practicing family physicians to enter the academic world and assume the role of teacher. This paper examines the internal processes by which this transformation occurs. It begins with the fantasies common to physicians who are considering the decision to teach;, and progresses through self-assessment of qualifications to a consideration of the content of family practice teaching. It concludes with guidelines for negotiation with an academic institution and the early stages of professionalization in the new role.", "contents": "On becoming a teacher of family medicine. The emergence of family practice education in the past decade has created an unprecedented demand for faculty. Since no reservoir of trained teachers existed, it has become necessary for practicing family physicians to enter the academic world and assume the role of teacher. This paper examines the internal processes by which this transformation occurs. It begins with the fantasies common to physicians who are considering the decision to teach;, and progresses through self-assessment of qualifications to a consideration of the content of family practice teaching. It concludes with guidelines for negotiation with an academic institution and the early stages of professionalization in the new role.", "PMID": 839171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3629", "title": "Why home visits? Analysis of 142 planned home visits.", "content": "The functions of the traditional home visit in practice and teaching are controversial. A different kind of planned home visit was developed and implemented as part of orientation of first-year family practice residents. The objectives were to get acquainted and establish communications; to facilitate observational skills and awareness of the community; and to improve research parameters of the family record. This kind of home visit is feasible: all residents participated; 92.2 percent of families participated of whom 90.8 percent responded to a follow-up questionaire. Communication patterns between doctor and patient/family were analyzed for skills at listening and speaking clearly. Poor communication was infrequent, occuring in only 8 to 12 percent of the encounters. Ethnic differences between family and resident were important in such visits.", "contents": "Why home visits? Analysis of 142 planned home visits. The functions of the traditional home visit in practice and teaching are controversial. A different kind of planned home visit was developed and implemented as part of orientation of first-year family practice residents. The objectives were to get acquainted and establish communications; to facilitate observational skills and awareness of the community; and to improve research parameters of the family record. This kind of home visit is feasible: all residents participated; 92.2 percent of families participated of whom 90.8 percent responded to a follow-up questionaire. Communication patterns between doctor and patient/family were analyzed for skills at listening and speaking clearly. Poor communication was infrequent, occuring in only 8 to 12 percent of the encounters. Ethnic differences between family and resident were important in such visits.", "PMID": 839172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3630", "title": "Analysis of the work of nurse-practitioners in family practice and its effect on the physicians' activities.", "content": "A three-year study on the inclusion of nurse-practitioners (18 months basic training) in family medicine is presented. The nurses were entitled to screen patients and to treat minor ailments. Patient-nurse contact rates were 6.1, 7.1, and 4.2 per year in 1971, 1972, and 1973, respectively. The increased responsibility given the nurses resulted in a decrease in patient-physician contacts from 4.0 in 1970 to 2.0, 2.1, and 1.3 in 1971, 1972, and 1973, respectively. This permitted the physicians to spend more time with each patient, to look for disease in the community, to participate actively in the work of the department of medicine in the regional hospital, and to engage actively in research. As a result, numerous surveys have been performed and a great amount of important medical and epidemiological information has been accumulated. More than one third of all patients handled by nurses suffered from respiratory infections; these were followed by musculoskeletal disorders and skin infections. Diagnosis and treatment accounted for 50 to 53 percent of the nurses' activities. Consequently, the medical and social status of the nurses rose markedly and patients seems to rely increasingly on their judgment.", "contents": "Analysis of the work of nurse-practitioners in family practice and its effect on the physicians' activities. A three-year study on the inclusion of nurse-practitioners (18 months basic training) in family medicine is presented. The nurses were entitled to screen patients and to treat minor ailments. Patient-nurse contact rates were 6.1, 7.1, and 4.2 per year in 1971, 1972, and 1973, respectively. The increased responsibility given the nurses resulted in a decrease in patient-physician contacts from 4.0 in 1970 to 2.0, 2.1, and 1.3 in 1971, 1972, and 1973, respectively. This permitted the physicians to spend more time with each patient, to look for disease in the community, to participate actively in the work of the department of medicine in the regional hospital, and to engage actively in research. As a result, numerous surveys have been performed and a great amount of important medical and epidemiological information has been accumulated. More than one third of all patients handled by nurses suffered from respiratory infections; these were followed by musculoskeletal disorders and skin infections. Diagnosis and treatment accounted for 50 to 53 percent of the nurses' activities. Consequently, the medical and social status of the nurses rose markedly and patients seems to rely increasingly on their judgment.", "PMID": 839173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3631", "title": "The consultation process and its effects on therapeutic outcome.", "content": "There is little in the literature dealing with consultation from the point of view of patient care. Since one of the major elements in the definition of family practice deals with the synthesizing role and the responsiblity of the family physician to help guide patients through the complex health-care system, it is entirely appropriate to take a critical look at the consultation process. This will allow more appropriate teaching of the family practice resident, so that he may use consultation and referral in a more productive manner in the future. This paper defines and discusses six common problems in the consultation process. Classification of pitfalls in the consutative process can serve as a starting point from which a more critical and systematic study of the consultation can be made, to the end of making the consultant and the referring physician both more skilled and more comfortable with their coordinated tasks.", "contents": "The consultation process and its effects on therapeutic outcome. There is little in the literature dealing with consultation from the point of view of patient care. Since one of the major elements in the definition of family practice deals with the synthesizing role and the responsiblity of the family physician to help guide patients through the complex health-care system, it is entirely appropriate to take a critical look at the consultation process. This will allow more appropriate teaching of the family practice resident, so that he may use consultation and referral in a more productive manner in the future. This paper defines and discusses six common problems in the consultation process. Classification of pitfalls in the consutative process can serve as a starting point from which a more critical and systematic study of the consultation can be made, to the end of making the consultant and the referring physician both more skilled and more comfortable with their coordinated tasks.", "PMID": 839175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3632", "title": "Lumbar puncture in infants and young children.", "content": "Lumbar puncture is an important diagnostic procedure in infants and young children, particularly to rule out acute meningitis. Special problems are presented to the physician with respect to technique and interpretation in this age group. This paper discusses lumbar puncture in infants and young children with attention given to certain procedural details (including the use of the Butterfly Infusion Set) and to significant differences in interpretation of findings in the cerebrospinal fluid in the newborn.", "contents": "Lumbar puncture in infants and young children. Lumbar puncture is an important diagnostic procedure in infants and young children, particularly to rule out acute meningitis. Special problems are presented to the physician with respect to technique and interpretation in this age group. This paper discusses lumbar puncture in infants and young children with attention given to certain procedural details (including the use of the Butterfly Infusion Set) and to significant differences in interpretation of findings in the cerebrospinal fluid in the newborn.", "PMID": 839176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3633", "title": "Relation between nerve fiber number and pectoral fin regeneration in the teleost.", "content": "The number of nerve fibers per unit of amputation surface area has been determined in four teleosts capable of regenerating their fins (Gobius paganellus, Gobius minutus, Ictalurus nebulosus and Fundulus heteroclitus) and in two-non-regenerating ones (Cottus bubalis and Blennius pholis). The number of nerve fibers is about 16 in the non-regenerating fin and varies between 25 and 35 in the regenrating ones. These data, correlated with previous ones obtained on tetrapods, affirm the principle that there is a phylogenetic decline in the quantitative innervation of the vertebrate appendage. Moreover, they show that in the fish a quantitative neuronal threshold must also be satisfied in order for fin regeneration to occur. The threshold, in terms of fiber number, is higher than in the urodele amphibian. However, the fibers appear to be of smaller caliber; and so, the total amount of neuroplasm at the amputation surface which is required for regeneration may be similar to that for the amphibian.", "contents": "Relation between nerve fiber number and pectoral fin regeneration in the teleost. The number of nerve fibers per unit of amputation surface area has been determined in four teleosts capable of regenerating their fins (Gobius paganellus, Gobius minutus, Ictalurus nebulosus and Fundulus heteroclitus) and in two-non-regenerating ones (Cottus bubalis and Blennius pholis). The number of nerve fibers is about 16 in the non-regenerating fin and varies between 25 and 35 in the regenrating ones. These data, correlated with previous ones obtained on tetrapods, affirm the principle that there is a phylogenetic decline in the quantitative innervation of the vertebrate appendage. Moreover, they show that in the fish a quantitative neuronal threshold must also be satisfied in order for fin regeneration to occur. The threshold, in terms of fiber number, is higher than in the urodele amphibian. However, the fibers appear to be of smaller caliber; and so, the total amount of neuroplasm at the amputation surface which is required for regeneration may be similar to that for the amphibian.", "PMID": 839179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3634", "title": "Biosynthesis of crustacean lipovitellin. III. The incorporation of labeled amino acids into the purified lipovitellin of the crab Pachygrapsus crassipes.", "content": "Electrophoretically pure subunits were obtained from the lipovitellin (LV) of the intertidal crab, Pachygrapsus crassipes. The molecular weights of these subunits were determined. In addition, it was demonstrated that the ovaries of Pachygrapsus, incubated in vitro, incorporated 3H-leucine into the two principal subunits of lipovitellin. At the end of a 30 hour incubation the specific activity of each of the principal subunits was approximately 30,000 dpm/mg protein. It is concluded that the ovaries of Pachygrapsus crassipes are capable of synthesizing the proteinaceous yolk found in the mature egg.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of crustacean lipovitellin. III. The incorporation of labeled amino acids into the purified lipovitellin of the crab Pachygrapsus crassipes. Electrophoretically pure subunits were obtained from the lipovitellin (LV) of the intertidal crab, Pachygrapsus crassipes. The molecular weights of these subunits were determined. In addition, it was demonstrated that the ovaries of Pachygrapsus, incubated in vitro, incorporated 3H-leucine into the two principal subunits of lipovitellin. At the end of a 30 hour incubation the specific activity of each of the principal subunits was approximately 30,000 dpm/mg protein. It is concluded that the ovaries of Pachygrapsus crassipes are capable of synthesizing the proteinaceous yolk found in the mature egg.", "PMID": 839180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3635", "title": "Esterase isozyme patterns in developing embryos of Brachydanio rerio (zebra danio), Brachydanio abolineatus (pearl danio), and their hybrids.", "content": "The ontogeny of esterase isozymes in Brachydanio rerio (zebra danio), Brachydanio albolineatus (pearl danio), and hybrids formed by their reciprocal crosses was investigated using polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis. Seven esterase isozymes were identified in each species from the unfertilized egg stage to nine days posthatch. Electrophoretic analysis of qualitative changes in enzyme pattern indicated that some esterases were present at all stages of development while other esterases abruptly appeared at a specific stage of morphological differentiation. The esterases of both species were classified on the basis differential substrate and inhibitor specificities. In developing hybrids formed by B. rerio eggs inseminated with B. albolineatus sperm, the maternal isozyme pattern persisted until Stage 17 (gastrulation). Embryonic extracts from Stage 17 onward showed a slow-moving, DFP-sensitive carboxylesterase of paternal origin. In developing hybrids formed by B. albolineatus eggs inseminated with B. rerio sperm, a paternal contribution to the esterase pattern was probably present by the end of gastrulation; esterase activity of distinctively paternal origin was present by Stage 22 (retinal pigmentation) The maternal contribution to the total esterase profile appeared to remain high through hatching. Additional evidence for gene activity at gastrulation was obtained in experiments utilizing actinomycin-D and cycloheximide. Results of exposing embryos of B. rerio to 15 mug/ml of actinomycin-D indicated that transcription of the template RNA coding for cholinesterase occurred during gastrulation or some 20-30 hours prior to the appearance of the isozyme at Stage 22. This template RNA was translated sometime during that 10-hour interval immediately preceding Stage 22.", "contents": "Esterase isozyme patterns in developing embryos of Brachydanio rerio (zebra danio), Brachydanio abolineatus (pearl danio), and their hybrids. The ontogeny of esterase isozymes in Brachydanio rerio (zebra danio), Brachydanio albolineatus (pearl danio), and hybrids formed by their reciprocal crosses was investigated using polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis. Seven esterase isozymes were identified in each species from the unfertilized egg stage to nine days posthatch. Electrophoretic analysis of qualitative changes in enzyme pattern indicated that some esterases were present at all stages of development while other esterases abruptly appeared at a specific stage of morphological differentiation. The esterases of both species were classified on the basis differential substrate and inhibitor specificities. In developing hybrids formed by B. rerio eggs inseminated with B. albolineatus sperm, the maternal isozyme pattern persisted until Stage 17 (gastrulation). Embryonic extracts from Stage 17 onward showed a slow-moving, DFP-sensitive carboxylesterase of paternal origin. In developing hybrids formed by B. albolineatus eggs inseminated with B. rerio sperm, a paternal contribution to the esterase pattern was probably present by the end of gastrulation; esterase activity of distinctively paternal origin was present by Stage 22 (retinal pigmentation) The maternal contribution to the total esterase profile appeared to remain high through hatching. Additional evidence for gene activity at gastrulation was obtained in experiments utilizing actinomycin-D and cycloheximide. Results of exposing embryos of B. rerio to 15 mug/ml of actinomycin-D indicated that transcription of the template RNA coding for cholinesterase occurred during gastrulation or some 20-30 hours prior to the appearance of the isozyme at Stage 22. This template RNA was translated sometime during that 10-hour interval immediately preceding Stage 22.", "PMID": 839181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3636", "title": "Inhibition of hamster sperm acrosome reaction and fertilization by oligomycin, antimycin A, and rotenone.", "content": "Effects of respiratory inhibitors (oligomycin, antimycin A and rotenone) on hamster sperm acrosome reaction and fertilization were studied. Hamster spermatozoa were incubated in a mixture of a modified Tyrode's solution and heat-treated human serum in the presence and absence of inhibitors. Oligomycin (2.4 x 10(-6) M), antimycin A (2.5 x 10(-6) M) and rotenone (2.5 x 10(-6) M) all reduced the incidence of the sperm acrosome reaction and fertilization without markedly affecting sperm motility. Antimycin A was the most effective in reducing the incidence of acrosome reaction. A reduction in the rate of fertilization was found in the presence of all of these respiratory inhibitors. The reduction in the incidence of acrosome reaction and fertilization by respiratory inhibitors implies an intimate relationship between high energy production (via respiration and oxidative phosphorylation) and capacitation and the acrosome reaction of spermatozoa. The necessity of oxidative metabolism for efficient capacitation and acrosome reaction of spermatozoa is suggested.", "contents": "Inhibition of hamster sperm acrosome reaction and fertilization by oligomycin, antimycin A, and rotenone. Effects of respiratory inhibitors (oligomycin, antimycin A and rotenone) on hamster sperm acrosome reaction and fertilization were studied. Hamster spermatozoa were incubated in a mixture of a modified Tyrode's solution and heat-treated human serum in the presence and absence of inhibitors. Oligomycin (2.4 x 10(-6) M), antimycin A (2.5 x 10(-6) M) and rotenone (2.5 x 10(-6) M) all reduced the incidence of the sperm acrosome reaction and fertilization without markedly affecting sperm motility. Antimycin A was the most effective in reducing the incidence of acrosome reaction. A reduction in the rate of fertilization was found in the presence of all of these respiratory inhibitors. The reduction in the incidence of acrosome reaction and fertilization by respiratory inhibitors implies an intimate relationship between high energy production (via respiration and oxidative phosphorylation) and capacitation and the acrosome reaction of spermatozoa. The necessity of oxidative metabolism for efficient capacitation and acrosome reaction of spermatozoa is suggested.", "PMID": 839182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3637", "title": "Changes in the cell coat at the onset of gastrulation in Xenopus laevis embryos.", "content": "Four developmental stages of Xenopus laevis embryos were fixed in standard electron microscopic fixatives with 1% lanthanum nitrate added. This treatment reveals a lanthanum staining material (LSM) on the cell surface and in extracellular spaces. Morula and blastula stage cells have a small amount of LSM; in blastulae, 3 +/- 3 SD % of the cell surface is coated with LSM. In early gastrulae, 29 +/- 6 SD % of the cell periphery is covered with LSM. In late gastrulae, 82 +/- 13 SD % of the cell periphery is either coated with LSM or faces a space with LSM in it. There is also an appreciable accumulation of LSM within extracellular spaces during gastrulation.", "contents": "Changes in the cell coat at the onset of gastrulation in Xenopus laevis embryos. Four developmental stages of Xenopus laevis embryos were fixed in standard electron microscopic fixatives with 1% lanthanum nitrate added. This treatment reveals a lanthanum staining material (LSM) on the cell surface and in extracellular spaces. Morula and blastula stage cells have a small amount of LSM; in blastulae, 3 +/- 3 SD % of the cell surface is coated with LSM. In early gastrulae, 29 +/- 6 SD % of the cell periphery is covered with LSM. In late gastrulae, 82 +/- 13 SD % of the cell periphery is either coated with LSM or faces a space with LSM in it. There is also an appreciable accumulation of LSM within extracellular spaces during gastrulation.", "PMID": 839183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3638", "title": "Base composition of DNA from some reptiles.", "content": "The DNA base composition was studied in 9 reptilian species (4 chelonians, 3 saurians, and 2 ophidians) by the thermal denaturation method. This preliminary investigation has brought to light differences in GC percentages and in the shape of melting curves between chelonian DNA and that from saurians and ophidians.", "contents": "Base composition of DNA from some reptiles. The DNA base composition was studied in 9 reptilian species (4 chelonians, 3 saurians, and 2 ophidians) by the thermal denaturation method. This preliminary investigation has brought to light differences in GC percentages and in the shape of melting curves between chelonian DNA and that from saurians and ophidians.", "PMID": 839184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3639", "title": "Involvement of a trypsin-like activity in sperm penetration of zona-free mouse ova.", "content": "The presence of trypsin inhibitors during insemination reduced penetration of zona-intact and zona-free mouse ova by capacitated sperm. This inhibition was dependent upon both concentration of inhibitor and sperm. Preincubation of gametes in inhibitors did not markedly influence their subsequent fertility, nor did it alter sperm motility. Trypsin inhibitors may exert an effect on penetration by interfering with the induction of the sperm acrosome reaction or with the process of sperm-egg fusion.", "contents": "Involvement of a trypsin-like activity in sperm penetration of zona-free mouse ova. The presence of trypsin inhibitors during insemination reduced penetration of zona-intact and zona-free mouse ova by capacitated sperm. This inhibition was dependent upon both concentration of inhibitor and sperm. Preincubation of gametes in inhibitors did not markedly influence their subsequent fertility, nor did it alter sperm motility. Trypsin inhibitors may exert an effect on penetration by interfering with the induction of the sperm acrosome reaction or with the process of sperm-egg fusion.", "PMID": 839185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3640", "title": "The relationship between growth, developmental stage and postamputation age of the regeneration blasterma of the newt, Notophthalmus viridescens.", "content": "The growth of the regeneration blastema of the newt forelimb has been quantitated and analyzed as a function of postamputation age, developmental stage, animal weight, animal length, and cross sectional diameter of the blastemal base in both the anteroposterior and dorsoventral dimensions. Correlation coefficients computed for these variables show that growth of the regenerate in both length and volume is more closely correlated with developmental stage than postamputation age. In addition, the results show a linear relation between the loge (regenerate length) and developmental stage, and between regenerate length and volume. Thus, length can be used to assess growth of the regenerate according to a developmental rather thana chronological time scale. There were no significant correlations between regenerate length or volume and animal length, animal weight or cross sectional dimensions of the blastemal base. These results show that one can use a randomly selected population of animals and study the growth of the regeneration blastema by relating to a developmental time scale through a logarithmic transformation of the linear growth data.", "contents": "The relationship between growth, developmental stage and postamputation age of the regeneration blasterma of the newt, Notophthalmus viridescens. The growth of the regeneration blastema of the newt forelimb has been quantitated and analyzed as a function of postamputation age, developmental stage, animal weight, animal length, and cross sectional diameter of the blastemal base in both the anteroposterior and dorsoventral dimensions. Correlation coefficients computed for these variables show that growth of the regenerate in both length and volume is more closely correlated with developmental stage than postamputation age. In addition, the results show a linear relation between the loge (regenerate length) and developmental stage, and between regenerate length and volume. Thus, length can be used to assess growth of the regenerate according to a developmental rather thana chronological time scale. There were no significant correlations between regenerate length or volume and animal length, animal weight or cross sectional dimensions of the blastemal base. These results show that one can use a randomly selected population of animals and study the growth of the regeneration blastema by relating to a developmental time scale through a logarithmic transformation of the linear growth data.", "PMID": 839186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3641", "title": "Acetylcholinesterase isozymes in developing mouse tissues.", "content": "Several isozymes of acetylcholinesterase are separated by 10% acrylamide gel electrophoresis of mouse blood, brain, heart, muscle and tongue tissues. Two isozymes migrating near the origin are described which show changes in relative activity during development. The faster of the two bands is proportionately higher in concentration in embryonic tissues and is highly specific for the acetylthiocholine iodide substrate. This isozyme corresponds to the erythrocyte membrane AChE in electrophortic mobility and substrate specificity. The slower of the two bands is predominant in adult tissues and exhibits considerable cross reaction with the butyrylthiocholine iodide substrate. During embryonic and postnatal developmental stages there is a gradual shift from the faster migrating isozyme toward a predominance of the slower migrating isozyme.", "contents": "Acetylcholinesterase isozymes in developing mouse tissues. Several isozymes of acetylcholinesterase are separated by 10% acrylamide gel electrophoresis of mouse blood, brain, heart, muscle and tongue tissues. Two isozymes migrating near the origin are described which show changes in relative activity during development. The faster of the two bands is proportionately higher in concentration in embryonic tissues and is highly specific for the acetylthiocholine iodide substrate. This isozyme corresponds to the erythrocyte membrane AChE in electrophortic mobility and substrate specificity. The slower of the two bands is predominant in adult tissues and exhibits considerable cross reaction with the butyrylthiocholine iodide substrate. During embryonic and postnatal developmental stages there is a gradual shift from the faster migrating isozyme toward a predominance of the slower migrating isozyme.", "PMID": 839187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3642", "title": "Slow sodium inactivation in nerve after exposure to sulhydryl blocking reagents.", "content": "Exposure to N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), a reagent that binds covalently to protein sulfhydryl groups, results in a specific reduction in sodium conductance in crayfish axons. Resting potential, the delayed rise in potassium conductance, and the selectivity of the sodium channel are unaffected. Sodium currents are only slightly increased by hyperpolarizing prepulses of up to 50 ms duration, but can be restored to about 70% of their value before treatment if this duration is increased to 300-800 ms. The time to peak sodium current and the time constant of decay of sodium tail currents are unaffected by NEM, suggesting that the sodium activation system remains unaltered. Kinetic studies suggest that NEM reacts with a \"slow\" sodium inactivation system that is present in normal axons and that may be seen after depolarization produced by lowered the holding potential or increasing the external potassium concentration. NEM also perturbs the fast h inactivation system, and in a potential-dependent manner. At small depolarizations tauh is decreased, while at strong depolarizations it is increased over control values. Experiments with structural analogs of NEM suggest that sulfhydryl block is involved, but do not rule out an action similar to that of local anesthetics, p-Chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid (PCMBS), another reagent with high specificity for SH groups, also blocks sodium currents, but restoration with prolonged hyperpolarizations is not possible.", "contents": "Slow sodium inactivation in nerve after exposure to sulhydryl blocking reagents. Exposure to N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), a reagent that binds covalently to protein sulfhydryl groups, results in a specific reduction in sodium conductance in crayfish axons. Resting potential, the delayed rise in potassium conductance, and the selectivity of the sodium channel are unaffected. Sodium currents are only slightly increased by hyperpolarizing prepulses of up to 50 ms duration, but can be restored to about 70% of their value before treatment if this duration is increased to 300-800 ms. The time to peak sodium current and the time constant of decay of sodium tail currents are unaffected by NEM, suggesting that the sodium activation system remains unaltered. Kinetic studies suggest that NEM reacts with a \"slow\" sodium inactivation system that is present in normal axons and that may be seen after depolarization produced by lowered the holding potential or increasing the external potassium concentration. NEM also perturbs the fast h inactivation system, and in a potential-dependent manner. At small depolarizations tauh is decreased, while at strong depolarizations it is increased over control values. Experiments with structural analogs of NEM suggest that sulfhydryl block is involved, but do not rule out an action similar to that of local anesthetics, p-Chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid (PCMBS), another reagent with high specificity for SH groups, also blocks sodium currents, but restoration with prolonged hyperpolarizations is not possible.", "PMID": 839196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3643", "title": "Properties of visual cells in the lateral eye of Limulus in situ: intracellular recordings.", "content": "Two types of potential fluctuations, large and small, recorded intracellularly from photoreceptors in the dark-adapted Limulus eye in situ underlie the dual properties of the impulse discharge of the optic nerve fibers. The small potential fluctuations (SPFs)--the well-known quantum bumps--were normally less than 20 mV in amplitude. The large potential fluctuations (LPFs) were up to 80 mV in amplitude. LPFs appear to be regenerative events triggered by SPFs that enable single photon absorptions in retinular cells to fire off nerve impulses in the eccentric cell. In the dark, SPFs and LPFs occur spontaneously. At low light intensities, LPFs are the major components of the receptor potential. At high intensities, LPFs are suppressed and SPFs become the major components. SPFs and LPFs together enable single photoreceptor cells to encode approximately a 9-log unit range of light intensity. Excising the eye from the animal or cutting off its blood supply generally abolishes LPFs and thereby reduces the range of light intensity coded in the optic nerve discharge.", "contents": "Properties of visual cells in the lateral eye of Limulus in situ: intracellular recordings. Two types of potential fluctuations, large and small, recorded intracellularly from photoreceptors in the dark-adapted Limulus eye in situ underlie the dual properties of the impulse discharge of the optic nerve fibers. The small potential fluctuations (SPFs)--the well-known quantum bumps--were normally less than 20 mV in amplitude. The large potential fluctuations (LPFs) were up to 80 mV in amplitude. LPFs appear to be regenerative events triggered by SPFs that enable single photon absorptions in retinular cells to fire off nerve impulses in the eccentric cell. In the dark, SPFs and LPFs occur spontaneously. At low light intensities, LPFs are the major components of the receptor potential. At high intensities, LPFs are suppressed and SPFs become the major components. SPFs and LPFs together enable single photoreceptor cells to encode approximately a 9-log unit range of light intensity. Excising the eye from the animal or cutting off its blood supply generally abolishes LPFs and thereby reduces the range of light intensity coded in the optic nerve discharge.", "PMID": 839197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3644", "title": "Force velocity relations of single cardiac muscle cells: calcium dependency.", "content": "Cellular cardiac preparations in which spontaneous activity was suppressed by EGTA buffering were isolated by microdissection. Uniform and reproducible contractions were induced by iontophoretically released calcium ions. No effects of a diffusional barrier to calcium ions between the micropipette and the contractile system were detected since the sensitivity of the mechanical performance for calcium was the same regardless of whether a constant amount of calcium ions was released from a single micropipette or from two micropipettes positioned at different sites along the longitudinal axis of the preparation. Force development, muscle length, and shortening velocity of eitherisometric or isotopic contractions were measured simultaneously. Initial length, and hence preload of the preparation were established by means of an electronic stop and any additional load was sensed as afterload. Mechanical performance was derived from force velocity relations and from the interrelationship between simultaneously measured force, length, and shortening velocity. From phase plane analysis of shortening velocity vs, instantaneous length during shortening and from load clamp experiments, the interrelationship between force, shortening, and velocity was shown to be independent of time during the major portion of shortening. Moreover, peak force, shortening, and velocity of shortening depended on the amount of calcium ions in the medium at low and high ionic strength.", "contents": "Force velocity relations of single cardiac muscle cells: calcium dependency. Cellular cardiac preparations in which spontaneous activity was suppressed by EGTA buffering were isolated by microdissection. Uniform and reproducible contractions were induced by iontophoretically released calcium ions. No effects of a diffusional barrier to calcium ions between the micropipette and the contractile system were detected since the sensitivity of the mechanical performance for calcium was the same regardless of whether a constant amount of calcium ions was released from a single micropipette or from two micropipettes positioned at different sites along the longitudinal axis of the preparation. Force development, muscle length, and shortening velocity of eitherisometric or isotopic contractions were measured simultaneously. Initial length, and hence preload of the preparation were established by means of an electronic stop and any additional load was sensed as afterload. Mechanical performance was derived from force velocity relations and from the interrelationship between simultaneously measured force, length, and shortening velocity. From phase plane analysis of shortening velocity vs, instantaneous length during shortening and from load clamp experiments, the interrelationship between force, shortening, and velocity was shown to be independent of time during the major portion of shortening. Moreover, peak force, shortening, and velocity of shortening depended on the amount of calcium ions in the medium at low and high ionic strength.", "PMID": 839198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3645", "title": "The virus particle nucleic acids and proteins of four bunyaviruses.", "content": "The structural polypeptides of five bunyaviruses, snowshoe hare, Lumbo and La Crosse viruses (members of the California encephalitis subgroup of bunyaviruses), Bunyamwera and Main Drain viruses (members of the Bunyamwera subgroup of bunyaviruses), have been compared by polyacrylamide-SDS gel electrophoresis. Each virus was found to possess three major structural polypeptides, two glycoproteins (G1 and G2), and one nucleocapsid protein (N). Although the sizes of the G1 polypeptides (mol. wt. approx. 115 X 10(3)) and G2 polypeptides (mol. wt. approx. 38 X 10(3)) of the five viruses were found to be essentially similar, the sizes of the N polypeptides of the various viruses differed (mol. wt. range 19 to 24 X 10(3)). The RNA genomes of four bunyaviruses (snowshoe hare, La Crosse, Bunyamwera and Main Drain) have also been compared. Each virus has three RNA species of mol. wt. approx. 3 X 10(6), 1-9 X 10(6) and 0-4 X 10(6). Minor size differences were observed for the smallest RNA species of the four viruses (mol. wt. range 0-34 to 0-50 X 10(6)). For snowshoe hare virus the RNA segments hav a 5' sequence of pppAp...which suggests that the RNA is linear and not circular.", "contents": "The virus particle nucleic acids and proteins of four bunyaviruses. The structural polypeptides of five bunyaviruses, snowshoe hare, Lumbo and La Crosse viruses (members of the California encephalitis subgroup of bunyaviruses), Bunyamwera and Main Drain viruses (members of the Bunyamwera subgroup of bunyaviruses), have been compared by polyacrylamide-SDS gel electrophoresis. Each virus was found to possess three major structural polypeptides, two glycoproteins (G1 and G2), and one nucleocapsid protein (N). Although the sizes of the G1 polypeptides (mol. wt. approx. 115 X 10(3)) and G2 polypeptides (mol. wt. approx. 38 X 10(3)) of the five viruses were found to be essentially similar, the sizes of the N polypeptides of the various viruses differed (mol. wt. range 19 to 24 X 10(3)). The RNA genomes of four bunyaviruses (snowshoe hare, La Crosse, Bunyamwera and Main Drain) have also been compared. Each virus has three RNA species of mol. wt. approx. 3 X 10(6), 1-9 X 10(6) and 0-4 X 10(6). Minor size differences were observed for the smallest RNA species of the four viruses (mol. wt. range 0-34 to 0-50 X 10(6)). For snowshoe hare virus the RNA segments hav a 5' sequence of pppAp...which suggests that the RNA is linear and not circular.", "PMID": 839199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3646", "title": "Interaction of mouse peritoneal macrophages with different arboviruses in vitro.", "content": "In vitro cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages are inefficient host cells for both alpha and flaviruses tested. Production of infectious virus ceased 6 to 24 h after infection, except for virulent and avirulent SF strains. This limited growth is unrelated to interferon production. No correlation was found between the LD50 of different virus strains for mice and the virus yields of in vitro infected macrophages therefrom. When macrophages from SF immunized mice were inoculated in vitro with SF or EEE, a cytopathic effect occurred, while the multiplication of SF, but not of EEE, was decreased. Virus multiplication in proteose peptone induced macrophages was enhanced for SF strains only. These results are discussed in relation to the virulence of several arboviruses for mice.", "contents": "Interaction of mouse peritoneal macrophages with different arboviruses in vitro. In vitro cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages are inefficient host cells for both alpha and flaviruses tested. Production of infectious virus ceased 6 to 24 h after infection, except for virulent and avirulent SF strains. This limited growth is unrelated to interferon production. No correlation was found between the LD50 of different virus strains for mice and the virus yields of in vitro infected macrophages therefrom. When macrophages from SF immunized mice were inoculated in vitro with SF or EEE, a cytopathic effect occurred, while the multiplication of SF, but not of EEE, was decreased. Virus multiplication in proteose peptone induced macrophages was enhanced for SF strains only. These results are discussed in relation to the virulence of several arboviruses for mice.", "PMID": 839200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3647", "title": "Isolation of Enterobacteriaceae bacteriophage particles catalysing cell wall lipopolysaccharide degradation.", "content": "Using pairs of smooth and rough forms of Enterobacteriaceae, six smooth-specific bacteriophages were isolated from sewage and another was obtained from Dr Hedda Milch, Budapest. Upon incubation of the individual extracted (smooth) host cell wall lipopolysaccharides with the homologous purified viruses, liberation of reducing groups (i.e. of about di- to nonasaccharides) was observed in four cases, indicating the action of glycanases - but no liberation of acetic acid, indicating the absence of esterase activity. Under the electron microscope, all phages were seen to exhibit Bradley group B or C morphology and to carry tail spikes.", "contents": "Isolation of Enterobacteriaceae bacteriophage particles catalysing cell wall lipopolysaccharide degradation. Using pairs of smooth and rough forms of Enterobacteriaceae, six smooth-specific bacteriophages were isolated from sewage and another was obtained from Dr Hedda Milch, Budapest. Upon incubation of the individual extracted (smooth) host cell wall lipopolysaccharides with the homologous purified viruses, liberation of reducing groups (i.e. of about di- to nonasaccharides) was observed in four cases, indicating the action of glycanases - but no liberation of acetic acid, indicating the absence of esterase activity. Under the electron microscope, all phages were seen to exhibit Bradley group B or C morphology and to carry tail spikes.", "PMID": 839201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3648", "title": "The effects of actinomycin D on RNA synthesis in measles virus-infected cells.", "content": "The effect of actinomycin D on the production of genomic RNA, messenger RNA and protein in measles virus-infected cells were investigated. It was found that whereas high concentrations of the drug inhibited genome synthesis, the production of messenger RNA was unaffected and in some cases enhanced. These effects were shown, at least in part, to be due to a secondary effect of the drug which caused an inhibition of virus-specific protein synthesis.", "contents": "The effects of actinomycin D on RNA synthesis in measles virus-infected cells. The effect of actinomycin D on the production of genomic RNA, messenger RNA and protein in measles virus-infected cells were investigated. It was found that whereas high concentrations of the drug inhibited genome synthesis, the production of messenger RNA was unaffected and in some cases enhanced. These effects were shown, at least in part, to be due to a secondary effect of the drug which caused an inhibition of virus-specific protein synthesis.", "PMID": 839202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3649", "title": "Variables of color, duration, frequency, presentation order, and sex in the estimation of dot frequency.", "content": "The estimation of number depends on the information as dot frequency, exposure conditions, order of presentation, and sensitivity of the observer to color. Ninety-six color-normal observers (age 17-27) equally divided by sex were assigned so that each one viewed 42 cards, each of which contained dots of one of three colors on one of two grounds at one of seven frequency levels. For any observer, cards were exposed for either .5 second or 1.0 second intervals and in either ascending or descending order. The ANOVA indicated a significant effect for the following variables: dot frequency, dot color, and exposure time. Estimates increased with dot number on the several displays. Yellow-red (YR) dots were slightly overestimated. Yellow-green (YG) and gray dots were not. The briefer exposure yielded an underestimation and the longer an overestimation. Interpolated intervals are given for correct estimates.", "contents": "Variables of color, duration, frequency, presentation order, and sex in the estimation of dot frequency. The estimation of number depends on the information as dot frequency, exposure conditions, order of presentation, and sensitivity of the observer to color. Ninety-six color-normal observers (age 17-27) equally divided by sex were assigned so that each one viewed 42 cards, each of which contained dots of one of three colors on one of two grounds at one of seven frequency levels. For any observer, cards were exposed for either .5 second or 1.0 second intervals and in either ascending or descending order. The ANOVA indicated a significant effect for the following variables: dot frequency, dot color, and exposure time. Estimates increased with dot number on the several displays. Yellow-red (YR) dots were slightly overestimated. Yellow-green (YG) and gray dots were not. The briefer exposure yielded an underestimation and the longer an overestimation. Interpolated intervals are given for correct estimates.", "PMID": 839203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3650", "title": "Effects of lithium carbonate on motor activity in mania and depression.", "content": "A telemetered movement recording system and nursing ratings of behavior were utilized to assess spontaneous motor activity and symptom intensity of 15 patients with affective illness before and during lithium carbonate treatment. Prior to treatment, patients rated hyperactive-elated, angry, and agitated had more motor activity, and patients rated anergic and retarded had less motor activity. Lithium carbonate treatment was not associated with any uniform change in motor activity for all patients; however, patients with a decrease during treatment in thought disorder, motor agitation, and hyperactivity-elation had a decrease in motor activity, and patients who had a decrease in depressed mood, anergia, motor retardation, and social withdrawal had an increase in motor activity. The decrease in activity of manic patients, except for the 11 p.m. to 3 a.m. period of apparent sleep, appeared to occur fairly uniformly throughout the 24-hour period, but the increase in activity of the depressed patients occurred mostly during the daytime. The data indicate that lithium does not exert a strong and consistent direct effect on spontaneous motor movement, and that when changes in movement do occur, they relate to changes in clinical states.", "contents": "Effects of lithium carbonate on motor activity in mania and depression. A telemetered movement recording system and nursing ratings of behavior were utilized to assess spontaneous motor activity and symptom intensity of 15 patients with affective illness before and during lithium carbonate treatment. Prior to treatment, patients rated hyperactive-elated, angry, and agitated had more motor activity, and patients rated anergic and retarded had less motor activity. Lithium carbonate treatment was not associated with any uniform change in motor activity for all patients; however, patients with a decrease during treatment in thought disorder, motor agitation, and hyperactivity-elation had a decrease in motor activity, and patients who had a decrease in depressed mood, anergia, motor retardation, and social withdrawal had an increase in motor activity. The decrease in activity of manic patients, except for the 11 p.m. to 3 a.m. period of apparent sleep, appeared to occur fairly uniformly throughout the 24-hour period, but the increase in activity of the depressed patients occurred mostly during the daytime. The data indicate that lithium does not exert a strong and consistent direct effect on spontaneous motor movement, and that when changes in movement do occur, they relate to changes in clinical states.", "PMID": 839204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3651", "title": "Are there precursors to repression?", "content": "The author examines the possibility that repression has developed out of phylo- and ontogenetic precursors. The adaptive task of repression is to control instinctual behavior by screening out those stimuli (internal or external) which could trigger unacceptable behavior. Habituation, i.e., cessation of response to a repeated stimulis, is a mechanism for controlling behavior, with properties strikingly similar to repression. It operates by inhibiting sensory input, can discriminate and \"recognize\" the stimuli to be inhibited, and is impaired by brain damage, drugs (especially barbiturates), and perhaps also influenced by hypnosis. The author suggests that repression may be an evolutionary step from habituation, providing for inhibition of irrelevant as well as relevant but undesirable stimuli. In infants, habituation and withdrawal of attention from noxious stimuli operate through similar and perhaps identical mechanisms.", "contents": "Are there precursors to repression? The author examines the possibility that repression has developed out of phylo- and ontogenetic precursors. The adaptive task of repression is to control instinctual behavior by screening out those stimuli (internal or external) which could trigger unacceptable behavior. Habituation, i.e., cessation of response to a repeated stimulis, is a mechanism for controlling behavior, with properties strikingly similar to repression. It operates by inhibiting sensory input, can discriminate and \"recognize\" the stimuli to be inhibited, and is impaired by brain damage, drugs (especially barbiturates), and perhaps also influenced by hypnosis. The author suggests that repression may be an evolutionary step from habituation, providing for inhibition of irrelevant as well as relevant but undesirable stimuli. In infants, habituation and withdrawal of attention from noxious stimuli operate through similar and perhaps identical mechanisms.", "PMID": 839205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3652", "title": "Utilization review of the late adolescent patient in a mental health center: steps toward the development of criteria for the adequacy of assessment and treatment.", "content": "This study is concerned with an attempt to determine whether meaningful utilization review criteria could be productively generated by viewing a patient population from a developmental perspecitve. During a 2-year period, a multidisciplinary panel at Yale University sought to identify the sociodemographic, clinical, and administrative issues posed by late adolescents seeking treatment at the Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven. We sought to address the following questions: a) From what segment of the population were we drawing our adolescent patients? b) Who referred them for help? c) What kinds of problems led to referral? d) What were the diagnostic characteristics of the adolescent's evaluation? e) Under what conditions do adolescents terminate treatment? The charts of over 1222 adolescent patients were studied to help us answer these questions. Our investigation revealed that the adolescent patients seen at the Mental Health Center were sociodemographically and diagnostically heterogeneous. An increasingly large number of adolescents are referring themselves for evaluation and treatment, rather than being sent by schools, physicians, or social welfare agencies. The majority of patients seeking help come from blue collar or working class backgrounds mainly because of intrapsychic complaints of anxiety and depression. Upwardly mobile, they constitute a group who have completed their high school education, often live away from home, and are struggling with problems of defining an identity different from that of their family. Review of their charts indicated that significant sholastic, medical, and developmental information was frequently lacking or vaguely recorded. Our chart review also indicated that many clinicians did not ask their patients about symptoms relating to body functioning such as difficulties with sleeping, eating, or psychosomatic complaints. The study also discovered that it was difficult in the great majority of the charts reviewed to specify the adolescent's own perception of the difficulties which led them to seek help. Suggestions are then outlined for developing review criteria dealing with the emancipated adolescent, parental involvement in the treatment of the adolescent, treatment plans, and the termination of treatment. The comparative advantages of combining utilization review criteria from both a traditional \"disease model\" and a \"developmental model\" are discussed. The panel concluded that input from both perspectives is necessary in understanding the impact of a mental health delivery system upon adolescent patients, their family, and the community.", "contents": "Utilization review of the late adolescent patient in a mental health center: steps toward the development of criteria for the adequacy of assessment and treatment. This study is concerned with an attempt to determine whether meaningful utilization review criteria could be productively generated by viewing a patient population from a developmental perspecitve. During a 2-year period, a multidisciplinary panel at Yale University sought to identify the sociodemographic, clinical, and administrative issues posed by late adolescents seeking treatment at the Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven. We sought to address the following questions: a) From what segment of the population were we drawing our adolescent patients? b) Who referred them for help? c) What kinds of problems led to referral? d) What were the diagnostic characteristics of the adolescent's evaluation? e) Under what conditions do adolescents terminate treatment? The charts of over 1222 adolescent patients were studied to help us answer these questions. Our investigation revealed that the adolescent patients seen at the Mental Health Center were sociodemographically and diagnostically heterogeneous. An increasingly large number of adolescents are referring themselves for evaluation and treatment, rather than being sent by schools, physicians, or social welfare agencies. The majority of patients seeking help come from blue collar or working class backgrounds mainly because of intrapsychic complaints of anxiety and depression. Upwardly mobile, they constitute a group who have completed their high school education, often live away from home, and are struggling with problems of defining an identity different from that of their family. Review of their charts indicated that significant sholastic, medical, and developmental information was frequently lacking or vaguely recorded. Our chart review also indicated that many clinicians did not ask their patients about symptoms relating to body functioning such as difficulties with sleeping, eating, or psychosomatic complaints. The study also discovered that it was difficult in the great majority of the charts reviewed to specify the adolescent's own perception of the difficulties which led them to seek help. Suggestions are then outlined for developing review criteria dealing with the emancipated adolescent, parental involvement in the treatment of the adolescent, treatment plans, and the termination of treatment. The comparative advantages of combining utilization review criteria from both a traditional \"disease model\" and a \"developmental model\" are discussed. The panel concluded that input from both perspectives is necessary in understanding the impact of a mental health delivery system upon adolescent patients, their family, and the community.", "PMID": 839206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3653", "title": "Psychological correlates of survival on renal dialysis.", "content": "The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory was administered to 47 male patients on the Renal Dialysis Unit at the Seattle VA Hospital. The patients were divided into three survival groups for comparison. Group A died within 1 year of initiating dialysis. Group B had been alive on dialysis between 3 and 7 years, while group C had been alive between 7 and 10 years at the time of data analysis. Group A differed significantly from group B on the Hs, D, and Hy scales, and from group C on the F, Hs, D, and Pt scales. Interpretation of the mean MMPI profiles implies that persons in group A are characterized by feelings of helplessness, high levels of depression, anxiety, and preoccupation with somatic difficulties, whereas those in groups B and C tended to be dependent, have mild levels of depression, and have a sense of hopefulness about the future. The authors suggest that psychiatric intervention might increase the longevity of those patients judged to be moderately to severely depressed with somatic preoccupations.", "contents": "Psychological correlates of survival on renal dialysis. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory was administered to 47 male patients on the Renal Dialysis Unit at the Seattle VA Hospital. The patients were divided into three survival groups for comparison. Group A died within 1 year of initiating dialysis. Group B had been alive on dialysis between 3 and 7 years, while group C had been alive between 7 and 10 years at the time of data analysis. Group A differed significantly from group B on the Hs, D, and Hy scales, and from group C on the F, Hs, D, and Pt scales. Interpretation of the mean MMPI profiles implies that persons in group A are characterized by feelings of helplessness, high levels of depression, anxiety, and preoccupation with somatic difficulties, whereas those in groups B and C tended to be dependent, have mild levels of depression, and have a sense of hopefulness about the future. The authors suggest that psychiatric intervention might increase the longevity of those patients judged to be moderately to severely depressed with somatic preoccupations.", "PMID": 839207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3654", "title": "Diagnosis and expectation for change: an inverse relationship?", "content": "The purpose of this study was a test the  hypothesis that the use of psychiatric labels leads to reduced expectations for patient change and recovery. Thirty-nine staff members at a residential mental hospital were given a description of a patient and asked to indicate expected length of stay in the hospital, chance of readmission, chance of leading a normal life, and overall prognosis. A diagnosis of schizophrenia, paranoid type was included at the end of half of the descriptions and was omitted in the other half. It was found that staff working in the acute treatment areas were significantly negatively affected by the diagnosis when overall prognosis was considered. In addition, the findings of this study with respect to occupation, sex of patient, and treatment area suggested that such variables should not be overlooked when assessing staff attitudes or treatment orientation. Since an admitting diagnosis is required by most treatment facilities, the results highlighted the limitations of these preliminary labels and spoke to the necessity of individualized evaluations. Finally, further work was indicated on the development of scales which could measure expectations for change and the behavioral concomitants of such expectations.", "contents": "Diagnosis and expectation for change: an inverse relationship? The purpose of this study was a test the  hypothesis that the use of psychiatric labels leads to reduced expectations for patient change and recovery. Thirty-nine staff members at a residential mental hospital were given a description of a patient and asked to indicate expected length of stay in the hospital, chance of readmission, chance of leading a normal life, and overall prognosis. A diagnosis of schizophrenia, paranoid type was included at the end of half of the descriptions and was omitted in the other half. It was found that staff working in the acute treatment areas were significantly negatively affected by the diagnosis when overall prognosis was considered. In addition, the findings of this study with respect to occupation, sex of patient, and treatment area suggested that such variables should not be overlooked when assessing staff attitudes or treatment orientation. Since an admitting diagnosis is required by most treatment facilities, the results highlighted the limitations of these preliminary labels and spoke to the necessity of individualized evaluations. Finally, further work was indicated on the development of scales which could measure expectations for change and the behavioral concomitants of such expectations.", "PMID": 839208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3655", "title": "A case of functional sleep seizures.", "content": "The author presents a case of functional seizures occurring only when the patient is asleep. Discussion of the case includes the limitations of the traditional psychoanalytic explanation of conversion reactions, and focuses on reassessing conversion phenomena in terms of their communicated messages.", "contents": "A case of functional sleep seizures. The author presents a case of functional seizures occurring only when the patient is asleep. Discussion of the case includes the limitations of the traditional psychoanalytic explanation of conversion reactions, and focuses on reassessing conversion phenomena in terms of their communicated messages.", "PMID": 839209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3656", "title": "Effect of calcium removal on monoamine-elicited depressions of cultured tuberal neurons.", "content": "The role of extracellular calcium in monoamine responses of central neurons was ivestigated using explant cultures of tuberal hypothalamus. The spontaneous activity of neurons in cultures was recorded in balanced salt and calcium-deficient salt solutions. This increased firing rate was counteracted by the addition of magnesium. Addition of magnesium also regularized the pattern of firing. Iontophoretic application of putative monoamine neurotransmitters reversibly decreased the rate of firing in both normal and calcium-deficient salt solutions. These results suggests that monoamine inhibitions are not primarily mediated by transmembrane calcium fluxes.", "contents": "Effect of calcium removal on monoamine-elicited depressions of cultured tuberal neurons. The role of extracellular calcium in monoamine responses of central neurons was ivestigated using explant cultures of tuberal hypothalamus. The spontaneous activity of neurons in cultures was recorded in balanced salt and calcium-deficient salt solutions. This increased firing rate was counteracted by the addition of magnesium. Addition of magnesium also regularized the pattern of firing. Iontophoretic application of putative monoamine neurotransmitters reversibly decreased the rate of firing in both normal and calcium-deficient salt solutions. These results suggests that monoamine inhibitions are not primarily mediated by transmembrane calcium fluxes.", "PMID": 839210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3657", "title": "Nonhomogeneous distribution of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and homovanillic acid in the lumbar cerebrospinal fluid of man.", "content": "The volume of the lumbar sac measured in 4 subjects was found to be 15.5 ml. Exactly 15 ml of lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (L-CSF) was permitted to flow freely out during a lumbar puncture in 20 neurological patients and small samples of the L-CSF were collected in the beginning (sample 1), at the middle (sample 2), and at the end (sample 3) of this procedure either for 5-HIAA or HVA measurement. The concentrations of 5-HIAA and HVA increased in an exponential manner from sample 1 to sample 3. These results indicate that CSF in the lumbar sac is not a homogeneous fluid as is generally believed and that certain rules have to be followed in the sampling of the L-CSF to obtain reproducible biochemical data.", "contents": "Nonhomogeneous distribution of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and homovanillic acid in the lumbar cerebrospinal fluid of man. The volume of the lumbar sac measured in 4 subjects was found to be 15.5 ml. Exactly 15 ml of lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (L-CSF) was permitted to flow freely out during a lumbar puncture in 20 neurological patients and small samples of the L-CSF were collected in the beginning (sample 1), at the middle (sample 2), and at the end (sample 3) of this procedure either for 5-HIAA or HVA measurement. The concentrations of 5-HIAA and HVA increased in an exponential manner from sample 1 to sample 3. These results indicate that CSF in the lumbar sac is not a homogeneous fluid as is generally believed and that certain rules have to be followed in the sampling of the L-CSF to obtain reproducible biochemical data.", "PMID": 839230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3658", "title": "Liposome toxicity in the mouse central nervous system.", "content": "This study has shown that while some liposomes are highly toxic to the central nervous system, others, of different composition, are tolerated well in the dosage used (0.02-0.05 ml = 4-12 mg of lipid/inoculum). Those composed of lecithin-cholesterol-dicetyl phosphate or lecithin-cholesterol-stearylamine produced generalised epileptic seizures and some deaths due to respiratory failure immediately after injection,and a subsequent widespread tissue necrosis. However liposomes composed of lecithin-cholesterol-phosphatidic acid, or dipalmitoyl lecithin only, produced minimal morphological changes and by the sixth day post-injection the pathology was limited to the mechanical trauma caused by the injection. It is concluded that liposomes of appropriate composition may be sufficiently benign to use as carriers of therapeutic agents into the CNS.", "contents": "Liposome toxicity in the mouse central nervous system. This study has shown that while some liposomes are highly toxic to the central nervous system, others, of different composition, are tolerated well in the dosage used (0.02-0.05 ml = 4-12 mg of lipid/inoculum). Those composed of lecithin-cholesterol-dicetyl phosphate or lecithin-cholesterol-stearylamine produced generalised epileptic seizures and some deaths due to respiratory failure immediately after injection,and a subsequent widespread tissue necrosis. However liposomes composed of lecithin-cholesterol-phosphatidic acid, or dipalmitoyl lecithin only, produced minimal morphological changes and by the sixth day post-injection the pathology was limited to the mechanical trauma caused by the injection. It is concluded that liposomes of appropriate composition may be sufficiently benign to use as carriers of therapeutic agents into the CNS.", "PMID": 839231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3659", "title": "The ocular microtremor record as a potential procedure for establishing brain death.", "content": "The normal ocular microtremor possesses certain characteristics. Abnormal records are found in unconscious patients. Six patients with clinical manifestations of brain death showed complete absence of ocular microtremor when it was recorded shortly before death. A seventh patient who had taken an overdose of barbiturates had a virtually flat record which gradually improved as her coma lightened. The ocular microtremor record is proposed as a potential monitor of brain stem viability or death.", "contents": "The ocular microtremor record as a potential procedure for establishing brain death. The normal ocular microtremor possesses certain characteristics. Abnormal records are found in unconscious patients. Six patients with clinical manifestations of brain death showed complete absence of ocular microtremor when it was recorded shortly before death. A seventh patient who had taken an overdose of barbiturates had a virtually flat record which gradually improved as her coma lightened. The ocular microtremor record is proposed as a potential monitor of brain stem viability or death.", "PMID": 839232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3660", "title": "Biochemical and ultrastructural aspects of the inhibited phagocytosis by neutrophil granulocytes in acute brain-damaged patients.", "content": "In a study of 60 head-injured patients inhibition of phagocytosis by neutrophil granulocytes was observed over a period of up to 5 weeks. This inhibition of phagocytosis could be correlated with the severity of head injury as well as with the state of unconsciousness at the time of the investigation. No correlation was found between neutrophil granulocyte counts and the inhibition of phagocytosis. A good correlation could be demonstrated between the level of lumbar CSF 5-HIAA and the inhibition of phagocytosis. After in vitro incubation with albumin the cells showed a recovery of phagocytosis. Electron micrographs of the cells showed ultrastructural appearances suggesting a changed permeability of the plasma membrane and, in addition, alterations in the cytoplasmic region beneath the plasma membrane. It is suggested that head injury may influence the pituitary-adrenal system and the autonomic nervous system, giving changes of neutrophil function and of neurotransmitter metabolism; these changes may represent an adaptation mechanism.", "contents": "Biochemical and ultrastructural aspects of the inhibited phagocytosis by neutrophil granulocytes in acute brain-damaged patients. In a study of 60 head-injured patients inhibition of phagocytosis by neutrophil granulocytes was observed over a period of up to 5 weeks. This inhibition of phagocytosis could be correlated with the severity of head injury as well as with the state of unconsciousness at the time of the investigation. No correlation was found between neutrophil granulocyte counts and the inhibition of phagocytosis. A good correlation could be demonstrated between the level of lumbar CSF 5-HIAA and the inhibition of phagocytosis. After in vitro incubation with albumin the cells showed a recovery of phagocytosis. Electron micrographs of the cells showed ultrastructural appearances suggesting a changed permeability of the plasma membrane and, in addition, alterations in the cytoplasmic region beneath the plasma membrane. It is suggested that head injury may influence the pituitary-adrenal system and the autonomic nervous system, giving changes of neutrophil function and of neurotransmitter metabolism; these changes may represent an adaptation mechanism.", "PMID": 839233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3661", "title": "Cyclizine-induced chorea. Observations on the influence of cyclizine on dopamine-related movement disorders.", "content": "Cyclizine was observed to induce generalized chorea in a patient with mild lingual-facial-buccal dyskinesias. The mechanism for this action was shown to be cyclizine's central anticholinergic activity. This was consistent with previous findings that acetycholine antagonists can lower the threshold for appearance of abnormal choreatic movements related to dopaminergic mechanisms by alteration of the dopamine/acetylcholine balance in the corpus striatum. Furthermore, our study was supportive of the hypothesis that spontaneous lingual-facial-buccal dyskinesias in the elderly may be the mildest manifestations of senile chorea.", "contents": "Cyclizine-induced chorea. Observations on the influence of cyclizine on dopamine-related movement disorders. Cyclizine was observed to induce generalized chorea in a patient with mild lingual-facial-buccal dyskinesias. The mechanism for this action was shown to be cyclizine's central anticholinergic activity. This was consistent with previous findings that acetycholine antagonists can lower the threshold for appearance of abnormal choreatic movements related to dopaminergic mechanisms by alteration of the dopamine/acetylcholine balance in the corpus striatum. Furthermore, our study was supportive of the hypothesis that spontaneous lingual-facial-buccal dyskinesias in the elderly may be the mildest manifestations of senile chorea.", "PMID": 839234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3662", "title": "Dystrophia myotonica. A model of combined neural and myopathic muscle atrophy.", "content": "Reports on clinical, electrophysiological and histological studies in dystrophia myotonica have shown that the peripheral nerves are usually not intact. In a few patients the neuropathy exceeds the myopathy. On the basis of these findings some authors believe that muscle changes in dystrophia myotonica are entirely due to the nerve lesions. However, despite the commonly found evidence of neuropathy, electromyographic and muscle biopsy findings are reported usually as \"myopathic\". Furthermore, clinical and laboratory findings indicate that the degree of muscle atrophy and peripheral nerve changes are unrelated. This report attempts to explain the discrepancies by suggesting that the \"myopathic\" and \"neuropathic\" changes in the muscle fibres in dystrophia myotonica are independent processes.", "contents": "Dystrophia myotonica. A model of combined neural and myopathic muscle atrophy. Reports on clinical, electrophysiological and histological studies in dystrophia myotonica have shown that the peripheral nerves are usually not intact. In a few patients the neuropathy exceeds the myopathy. On the basis of these findings some authors believe that muscle changes in dystrophia myotonica are entirely due to the nerve lesions. However, despite the commonly found evidence of neuropathy, electromyographic and muscle biopsy findings are reported usually as \"myopathic\". Furthermore, clinical and laboratory findings indicate that the degree of muscle atrophy and peripheral nerve changes are unrelated. This report attempts to explain the discrepancies by suggesting that the \"myopathic\" and \"neuropathic\" changes in the muscle fibres in dystrophia myotonica are independent processes.", "PMID": 839235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3663", "title": "Neurological manifestations of gnathostomiasis.", "content": "Neurological features of 24 patients with nervous system gnathostomiasis were reviewed. The commonest presenting features were radiculomyelitis or radiculomyelitis terminating with encephalitis, and subarachnoid haemorrhage. A primary encephalitic form was noted in 2 patients. The salient feature of the disease was a sudden onset of extremely severe radicular pain and/or headache followed by paralysis of the extremities and/or the cranial nerves. Migration signs were also the hallmark of nervous system gnathostomiasis. No single area of the nervous system was inaccessible to the highly invasive gnathostome lava. Multiplicity and/or rapid progress of lesions beyond the degree of cerebral oedema could only be explained by further migration of the parasite. Death occurred in 6 patients from direct extensive involvement of vital centres in the brain stem or from complications such as pneumonia or septicaemia. Multiple cranial nerve palsies were usually bad prognostic signs.", "contents": "Neurological manifestations of gnathostomiasis. Neurological features of 24 patients with nervous system gnathostomiasis were reviewed. The commonest presenting features were radiculomyelitis or radiculomyelitis terminating with encephalitis, and subarachnoid haemorrhage. A primary encephalitic form was noted in 2 patients. The salient feature of the disease was a sudden onset of extremely severe radicular pain and/or headache followed by paralysis of the extremities and/or the cranial nerves. Migration signs were also the hallmark of nervous system gnathostomiasis. No single area of the nervous system was inaccessible to the highly invasive gnathostome lava. Multiplicity and/or rapid progress of lesions beyond the degree of cerebral oedema could only be explained by further migration of the parasite. Death occurred in 6 patients from direct extensive involvement of vital centres in the brain stem or from complications such as pneumonia or septicaemia. Multiple cranial nerve palsies were usually bad prognostic signs.", "PMID": 839236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3664", "title": "Influence of exogenous triiodothyronine on axonal regeneration and wound healing in the brain of the rat.", "content": "Rats with parasagittal incised wounds of the telencephalon were treated for 1,7, 21 or 56 days with triiodothyronine (T3), 0.5 mug/100 g body weight, injected once daily. Controls were injected with the aqueous solution in which the T3 was dissolved. The brains were examined histologically and quantitative assessments were made of the regeneration of axons into and across the lesions and of the healing of the wounds. T3, when administered over an 8 week period, stimulated axonal regeneration in the dorsal cortex and corpus callosum and promoted healing of the wound in the corpus callosum. The results of this investigation suggest that the use of T3 in the clinical treatment of injury to the central nervous system may be of less value than the work of earlier authors had indicated.", "contents": "Influence of exogenous triiodothyronine on axonal regeneration and wound healing in the brain of the rat. Rats with parasagittal incised wounds of the telencephalon were treated for 1,7, 21 or 56 days with triiodothyronine (T3), 0.5 mug/100 g body weight, injected once daily. Controls were injected with the aqueous solution in which the T3 was dissolved. The brains were examined histologically and quantitative assessments were made of the regeneration of axons into and across the lesions and of the healing of the wounds. T3, when administered over an 8 week period, stimulated axonal regeneration in the dorsal cortex and corpus callosum and promoted healing of the wound in the corpus callosum. The results of this investigation suggest that the use of T3 in the clinical treatment of injury to the central nervous system may be of less value than the work of earlier authors had indicated.", "PMID": 839237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3665", "title": "Meningeal carcinomatosis: development of an experimental model.", "content": "An experimental model of meningeal carcinomatosis has been produced by intracisternal inoculation of Walker 256 carcinoma cell suspension into Wistar rats. The tumor grows rapidly and is fatal in about 15 days if 10(6) cells are injected. The histopathological pattern observed is similar to that seen in diffuse leptomeningeal involvement of systemic cancer in human beings. The model will be useful for investigating the pathophysiology of the neurological disability produced by meningeal carcinomatosis and the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents.", "contents": "Meningeal carcinomatosis: development of an experimental model. An experimental model of meningeal carcinomatosis has been produced by intracisternal inoculation of Walker 256 carcinoma cell suspension into Wistar rats. The tumor grows rapidly and is fatal in about 15 days if 10(6) cells are injected. The histopathological pattern observed is similar to that seen in diffuse leptomeningeal involvement of systemic cancer in human beings. The model will be useful for investigating the pathophysiology of the neurological disability produced by meningeal carcinomatosis and the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents.", "PMID": 839239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3666", "title": "An unusual malformation of the forebrain and concomitant destructive encephalopathy with calcifications.", "content": "A 9-year old boy with profound mental retardation and severe neurologic deficit presented an unusual malformation of the forebrain distinguished by the following features: 1) microtelencephalon, alobulation, afissuration, and abnormal convolutional pattern; 2) persistence of hippocampal formation at its embryonic site in the dorsomedial wall of the telencephalon; 3) hypoplasia and abnormal configuration of ventricles; 4) agenesis of cerebral commissures; and 5) abnormal location and orientation of gray structures. Important concomitant findings characterized by severe destructive lesions, massive calcification, granular ependymitis, and low grade inflammation were suggestive of late sequelae of an infectious process, possibly congenital. Transplacental transmission of an unidentified pathogen with teratogenic properties was hypothesized as the probable cause. The teratogenic insult started in an early embryonic period and affected primarily the development of the neopallium in the telencephalic wall. The arrested development of the neopallium disrupted the chain of interdependent developmental events; consequently characteristic morphological modifications normally induced by the continuous growth and differentiation of the neopallium failed to occur or took an abnormal course. The name architelencephalon (Greek: arche, beginning; telencephalon, cerebral hemispheres) proposed for this particular malformation of the forebrain indicates its resemblance both to the human brain at early stages of development and also to mammalian brains on a lower level of phylogeny. Associated anomalies included an unilateral microphthalmia with cataract, severe stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius and macrocephaly. The microphthalmia was either a developmental anomaly or was infectious in origin. The stenosis of the aqueduct was attributed to granular ependymitis. Tearing of the thin dorsal diencephalic plate and arachnoid membrane and escape of the cerebrospinal fluid into the subdural space probably accounted for the macrocephaly.", "contents": "An unusual malformation of the forebrain and concomitant destructive encephalopathy with calcifications. A 9-year old boy with profound mental retardation and severe neurologic deficit presented an unusual malformation of the forebrain distinguished by the following features: 1) microtelencephalon, alobulation, afissuration, and abnormal convolutional pattern; 2) persistence of hippocampal formation at its embryonic site in the dorsomedial wall of the telencephalon; 3) hypoplasia and abnormal configuration of ventricles; 4) agenesis of cerebral commissures; and 5) abnormal location and orientation of gray structures. Important concomitant findings characterized by severe destructive lesions, massive calcification, granular ependymitis, and low grade inflammation were suggestive of late sequelae of an infectious process, possibly congenital. Transplacental transmission of an unidentified pathogen with teratogenic properties was hypothesized as the probable cause. The teratogenic insult started in an early embryonic period and affected primarily the development of the neopallium in the telencephalic wall. The arrested development of the neopallium disrupted the chain of interdependent developmental events; consequently characteristic morphological modifications normally induced by the continuous growth and differentiation of the neopallium failed to occur or took an abnormal course. The name architelencephalon (Greek: arche, beginning; telencephalon, cerebral hemispheres) proposed for this particular malformation of the forebrain indicates its resemblance both to the human brain at early stages of development and also to mammalian brains on a lower level of phylogeny. Associated anomalies included an unilateral microphthalmia with cataract, severe stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius and macrocephaly. The microphthalmia was either a developmental anomaly or was infectious in origin. The stenosis of the aqueduct was attributed to granular ependymitis. Tearing of the thin dorsal diencephalic plate and arachnoid membrane and escape of the cerebrospinal fluid into the subdural space probably accounted for the macrocephaly.", "PMID": 839238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3667", "title": "Electron microscopic-cytochemical and biochemical studies of acetylcholinesterase activity in denervated muscle of rabbits.", "content": "Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity has been studied in normal, control and denervated muscle of rabbits by electron microscopic-cytochemistry and radiometric assay. A small amount of butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity is also found in biochemical assay of unfixed muscle, but it is not demonstrable cytochemically in fixed specimens by the method used in this study. Both a soluble and particulate AChE activity are present in all specimens examined. The particulate activity is probably due to enzyme localized in the sarcotubular system and at the motor end-plate. Soluble AChE activity may represent those sites exhibiting random cytochemical end product, such as some areas of normal and denervated muscle and muscle nuclei, Schwann cells, and AChE-containing mononuclear cells in the connective tissue. There is a greater proportion of particulate than soluble AChE activity in normal and control muscle, a finding which is compatible with the well localized cytochemical sites. Four to six weeks post-denervation, there is a marked increase in extrajunctional AChE activity to peak values 15 to 30 fold above control values. The increase is accompanied by a reversal in the proportion of particulate to soluble enzyme, so that there is almost twice as much soluble as particulate AChE. There are also numerous \"spots\" of random cytochemical end product throughout extrajunctional muscle. The increase in levels of AChE activity, the change to predominantly soluble form, and the large numbers of new cytochemically active sites indicate that synthesis of new enzyme has taken place. Changes in AChE activity in denervated rabbit have been compared to those occurring in dystrophic mouse muscle. It has been suggested that there might be a relationship between the formation of new extrajunctional sarcoplasmic sites of AChE activity and the spread of alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites and chemosensitivity in developing and denervated muscle.", "contents": "Electron microscopic-cytochemical and biochemical studies of acetylcholinesterase activity in denervated muscle of rabbits. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity has been studied in normal, control and denervated muscle of rabbits by electron microscopic-cytochemistry and radiometric assay. A small amount of butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity is also found in biochemical assay of unfixed muscle, but it is not demonstrable cytochemically in fixed specimens by the method used in this study. Both a soluble and particulate AChE activity are present in all specimens examined. The particulate activity is probably due to enzyme localized in the sarcotubular system and at the motor end-plate. Soluble AChE activity may represent those sites exhibiting random cytochemical end product, such as some areas of normal and denervated muscle and muscle nuclei, Schwann cells, and AChE-containing mononuclear cells in the connective tissue. There is a greater proportion of particulate than soluble AChE activity in normal and control muscle, a finding which is compatible with the well localized cytochemical sites. Four to six weeks post-denervation, there is a marked increase in extrajunctional AChE activity to peak values 15 to 30 fold above control values. The increase is accompanied by a reversal in the proportion of particulate to soluble enzyme, so that there is almost twice as much soluble as particulate AChE. There are also numerous \"spots\" of random cytochemical end product throughout extrajunctional muscle. The increase in levels of AChE activity, the change to predominantly soluble form, and the large numbers of new cytochemically active sites indicate that synthesis of new enzyme has taken place. Changes in AChE activity in denervated rabbit have been compared to those occurring in dystrophic mouse muscle. It has been suggested that there might be a relationship between the formation of new extrajunctional sarcoplasmic sites of AChE activity and the spread of alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites and chemosensitivity in developing and denervated muscle.", "PMID": 839240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3668", "title": "Temporary regional cerebral ischemia in the cat. A model of hemorrhagic and subcortical infarction.", "content": "A comparison was made on some of the effects that temporary and permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery may have on the circulation to the ipsilateral hemisphere in the cat. Reperfusibility of the corresponding capillary bed was unimpaired for the initial six hours after occluding the vessel, as demonstrated by in vivo intravenous injection of carbon black. Short-term occlusion of the middle cerebral artery, followed by re-opening of the vessel, resulted in either (a) no demonstrable parenchymal lesions (i.e., areas of softening), (b) smaller lesions, or (c) infarctions that were either hemorrhagic or confined to the subcortical white matter of the ipsilateral hemisphere.", "contents": "Temporary regional cerebral ischemia in the cat. A model of hemorrhagic and subcortical infarction. A comparison was made on some of the effects that temporary and permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery may have on the circulation to the ipsilateral hemisphere in the cat. Reperfusibility of the corresponding capillary bed was unimpaired for the initial six hours after occluding the vessel, as demonstrated by in vivo intravenous injection of carbon black. Short-term occlusion of the middle cerebral artery, followed by re-opening of the vessel, resulted in either (a) no demonstrable parenchymal lesions (i.e., areas of softening), (b) smaller lesions, or (c) infarctions that were either hemorrhagic or confined to the subcortical white matter of the ipsilateral hemisphere.", "PMID": 839241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3669", "title": "Gap junctions between the supporting cells in some acoustico-vestibular receptors.", "content": "Extensive gap junctions are found between the supporting cells in acoustico-vestibular receptors (saccular macula of the goldfish; ampullar crista, utricular macula and organ of Corti of the guinea pig). The fine structural details of these gap junctions were examined using lanthanum hydroxide staining and freeze-fracture replicas, as well as conventional thin sections. It was found in the lanthanum treated saccular macula of the goldfish that the gap junction globules consist of five or six subunits surrounding a central 2 nm hole. Similar subunits of the gap junction globule are also found in freeze-fracture replicas of the saccular macula of the goldfish and the ampullar crista of the guinea pig. Possible functions of the extensive gap junctions between supporting cells of these receptors are discussed.", "contents": "Gap junctions between the supporting cells in some acoustico-vestibular receptors. Extensive gap junctions are found between the supporting cells in acoustico-vestibular receptors (saccular macula of the goldfish; ampullar crista, utricular macula and organ of Corti of the guinea pig). The fine structural details of these gap junctions were examined using lanthanum hydroxide staining and freeze-fracture replicas, as well as conventional thin sections. It was found in the lanthanum treated saccular macula of the goldfish that the gap junction globules consist of five or six subunits surrounding a central 2 nm hole. Similar subunits of the gap junction globule are also found in freeze-fracture replicas of the saccular macula of the goldfish and the ampullar crista of the guinea pig. Possible functions of the extensive gap junctions between supporting cells of these receptors are discussed.", "PMID": 839246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3670", "title": "Axonal degeneration in demyelinating disorders.", "content": "Changes in the L7 and S1 segments of the spinal cord and the corresponding dorsal root ganglia (DRG), spinal roots and sciatic nerves of guinea pigs immunized with whole rabbit sciatic nerve in complete Freund's adjuvant have been studied and compared with the changes found in guinea pigs immunized with purified P.N.S. myelin. In both groups of animals, pathological changes were found in the posterior roots, DRG and root entry zones. In the posterior roots, axonal degeneration and segmental demyelination evolved in parallel, affected different populations of myelinated axons and showed no indication of interdependence. The aetiology of axonal degeneration in this and other demyelinating disorders is discussed. It is concluded that axons can be damaged by being in the vicinity of areas where cell-mediated immune reactions are taking place, i.e. as a consequence of the so-called 'bystander' effect.", "contents": "Axonal degeneration in demyelinating disorders. Changes in the L7 and S1 segments of the spinal cord and the corresponding dorsal root ganglia (DRG), spinal roots and sciatic nerves of guinea pigs immunized with whole rabbit sciatic nerve in complete Freund's adjuvant have been studied and compared with the changes found in guinea pigs immunized with purified P.N.S. myelin. In both groups of animals, pathological changes were found in the posterior roots, DRG and root entry zones. In the posterior roots, axonal degeneration and segmental demyelination evolved in parallel, affected different populations of myelinated axons and showed no indication of interdependence. The aetiology of axonal degeneration in this and other demyelinating disorders is discussed. It is concluded that axons can be damaged by being in the vicinity of areas where cell-mediated immune reactions are taking place, i.e. as a consequence of the so-called 'bystander' effect.", "PMID": 839247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3671", "title": "Synaptic and non-synaptic acetylcholinesterase activity in the electroplaque of Mormyrid fishes.", "content": "Electron microscopical study of AChE localization in the Mormyrid electric organ shows intense enzymatic activity in the synaptic region of the pedicle and a clearly recognizable enzymatic activity on the non-synaptic surface of the pedicle and on the anterior non-innervated face of the electroplaque.", "contents": "Synaptic and non-synaptic acetylcholinesterase activity in the electroplaque of Mormyrid fishes. Electron microscopical study of AChE localization in the Mormyrid electric organ shows intense enzymatic activity in the synaptic region of the pedicle and a clearly recognizable enzymatic activity on the non-synaptic surface of the pedicle and on the anterior non-innervated face of the electroplaque.", "PMID": 839248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3672", "title": "The distribution of peroxidases in the sciatic nerves of normal and hexachlorophene intoxicated developing rats.", "content": "Horseradish peroxidase (mol. wt. 40 000) or microperoxidase (mol. wt. 1900) were injected over the sciatic nerve of normal or hexachlorophene (HCP) intoxicated developing rats (3,7,14 and 21 days). Light and electron microscopic studies of nerves after histochemical staining for peroxidase revealed: a) the perineurial barrier to the two peroxidases was established in 21 day normal and HCP intoxicated rats; b) in animals 3-14 days, the perineurial barrier to both peroxidases was not formed and peroxidase staining was observed in the periaxonal space and in the space between paranodal loops of myelin; c) intramyelinic vacuoles, induced by HCP in animals 7-14 days did not show peroxidase staining. HCP-induced intramyelinic vacuolation is due to the separation of the myelin lamellae at the intraperiod line; although these vacuoles are potential extensions of the extracellular space, they are not stained with the extracellular markers horseradish or microperoxidase.", "contents": "The distribution of peroxidases in the sciatic nerves of normal and hexachlorophene intoxicated developing rats. Horseradish peroxidase (mol. wt. 40 000) or microperoxidase (mol. wt. 1900) were injected over the sciatic nerve of normal or hexachlorophene (HCP) intoxicated developing rats (3,7,14 and 21 days). Light and electron microscopic studies of nerves after histochemical staining for peroxidase revealed: a) the perineurial barrier to the two peroxidases was established in 21 day normal and HCP intoxicated rats; b) in animals 3-14 days, the perineurial barrier to both peroxidases was not formed and peroxidase staining was observed in the periaxonal space and in the space between paranodal loops of myelin; c) intramyelinic vacuoles, induced by HCP in animals 7-14 days did not show peroxidase staining. HCP-induced intramyelinic vacuolation is due to the separation of the myelin lamellae at the intraperiod line; although these vacuoles are potential extensions of the extracellular space, they are not stained with the extracellular markers horseradish or microperoxidase.", "PMID": 839249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3673", "title": "Neuromelanin and RNA in cells of substantia nigra.", "content": "We have found that with accumulation of neuromelanin granules within cell bodies of neurones of the human substantia nigra there is a reduction in cytoplasmic RNA and a decrease in nucleolar volume. These observations imply a gradual decrease in the functional capacity of the cell such that eventually, the cell is unable to produce sufficient protein to maintain its metabolic economy with atrophy and death ensuing. This reduction in protein synthesis may result from the mechanical displacement and disruption of the endoplasmic reticulum by the accumulated pigment granules.", "contents": "Neuromelanin and RNA in cells of substantia nigra. We have found that with accumulation of neuromelanin granules within cell bodies of neurones of the human substantia nigra there is a reduction in cytoplasmic RNA and a decrease in nucleolar volume. These observations imply a gradual decrease in the functional capacity of the cell such that eventually, the cell is unable to produce sufficient protein to maintain its metabolic economy with atrophy and death ensuing. This reduction in protein synthesis may result from the mechanical displacement and disruption of the endoplasmic reticulum by the accumulated pigment granules.", "PMID": 839244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3674", "title": "Growth in culture of the peripheral axons of the spiral neurons in response to displacement of the receptors.", "content": "Observations were made on the growth of the peripheral axons of the spiral neurons in injured explants of the cochlea of the mouse. Opening of the cochlear duct during explantation usually results in a displacement of the hair cells into the outgrowth zone if the basilar membrane of the excised organ of Corti faces the substrate. Spiral neurons respond with vigorous growth to the stress created by the displacement of their receptors. Two different growth reactions occur in succession: 1) growth by elongation of the synaptically engaged fibre 2) free growth. The response of the neuron to an incipient displacement of the hair cells is an elongation of the fibre while its contacts with the receptors are, at least partly, preserved. Most or all fibres that are connected with the displaced cells elongate. The growth is well organized, limited to the region of the displaced hair cells, and restricted in length by the position of the receptors. It is inferred that tension on the synaptically engaged fibre may be a stimulus for its growth and that the growth ceases when the tension is relieved. Continuous stress eventually leads to a rupture of the fibre. The break usually occurs near or at the terminals, leaving the terminals attached to the hair cells. The proximal end of the fibre--now free--starts to grow. The growth is independent of the receptors, unrestricted in length, uncontrolled in amount, and continues for at least three weeks after explantation. The path of the fibre is tortuous, and collaterals are often emitted. Free growth proceeds at a markedly faster rate than growth by elongation. Maintenance of the synapse and growth of the fibre seem to be mutually dependent events. A peripheral axon of the spiral neuron can sustain in culture a normal innervation pattern, without any obvious signs of abnormal growth, if its connections with the hair cells are undisturbed; it elongates in an organized manner, if these connections come under stress; it responds with an uninhibited growth if the connections are broken.", "contents": "Growth in culture of the peripheral axons of the spiral neurons in response to displacement of the receptors. Observations were made on the growth of the peripheral axons of the spiral neurons in injured explants of the cochlea of the mouse. Opening of the cochlear duct during explantation usually results in a displacement of the hair cells into the outgrowth zone if the basilar membrane of the excised organ of Corti faces the substrate. Spiral neurons respond with vigorous growth to the stress created by the displacement of their receptors. Two different growth reactions occur in succession: 1) growth by elongation of the synaptically engaged fibre 2) free growth. The response of the neuron to an incipient displacement of the hair cells is an elongation of the fibre while its contacts with the receptors are, at least partly, preserved. Most or all fibres that are connected with the displaced cells elongate. The growth is well organized, limited to the region of the displaced hair cells, and restricted in length by the position of the receptors. It is inferred that tension on the synaptically engaged fibre may be a stimulus for its growth and that the growth ceases when the tension is relieved. Continuous stress eventually leads to a rupture of the fibre. The break usually occurs near or at the terminals, leaving the terminals attached to the hair cells. The proximal end of the fibre--now free--starts to grow. The growth is independent of the receptors, unrestricted in length, uncontrolled in amount, and continues for at least three weeks after explantation. The path of the fibre is tortuous, and collaterals are often emitted. Free growth proceeds at a markedly faster rate than growth by elongation. Maintenance of the synapse and growth of the fibre seem to be mutually dependent events. A peripheral axon of the spiral neuron can sustain in culture a normal innervation pattern, without any obvious signs of abnormal growth, if its connections with the hair cells are undisturbed; it elongates in an organized manner, if these connections come under stress; it responds with an uninhibited growth if the connections are broken.", "PMID": 839250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3675", "title": "Subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy in a neonatal infant.", "content": "This infant, born after a normal pregnancy by cesarean section, appeared entirely normal for the first 44 hours of life, at which time she was found to have become completely apneic, suddenly and without known cause. The infant was resuscitated, placed in a respirator, treated energetically but with limited response, and expired 15 days later. At autopsy, bilaterally symmetric lesions were found in the walls of the third ventricle, the periaqueductal gray matter and the floor of the fourth ventricle, characterized by marked destruction of most neural elements, but with a selective preservation of neurons and their processes. The process is interpreted as that of subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy. Many of the preserved neurons had reacted by a multiplication of nuclei, as many as 11 being present in a single cell. Binucleated macrophages were also present; There were hypoxic changes as well, with a loss of neurons in the hippocampal gyrus, and with basophilic PAS positive granules in the cytoplasm of many neurons, some containing iron. If resuscitation had failed this would have been considered a \"crib death\". The possibility exists that some other cases of crib death may be of this nature.", "contents": "Subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy in a neonatal infant. This infant, born after a normal pregnancy by cesarean section, appeared entirely normal for the first 44 hours of life, at which time she was found to have become completely apneic, suddenly and without known cause. The infant was resuscitated, placed in a respirator, treated energetically but with limited response, and expired 15 days later. At autopsy, bilaterally symmetric lesions were found in the walls of the third ventricle, the periaqueductal gray matter and the floor of the fourth ventricle, characterized by marked destruction of most neural elements, but with a selective preservation of neurons and their processes. The process is interpreted as that of subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy. Many of the preserved neurons had reacted by a multiplication of nuclei, as many as 11 being present in a single cell. Binucleated macrophages were also present; There were hypoxic changes as well, with a loss of neurons in the hippocampal gyrus, and with basophilic PAS positive granules in the cytoplasm of many neurons, some containing iron. If resuscitation had failed this would have been considered a \"crib death\". The possibility exists that some other cases of crib death may be of this nature.", "PMID": 839242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3676", "title": "Synaptic frequency alteration on rat ventral horn neurons in the first segment proximal to spinal cord hemisection: an ultrastructural statistical study of regenerative capacity.", "content": "To study the regenerative capacity of the spinal cord in adult rat, presynaptic boutons were classified as S (spherical vesicles), F (flattened vesicles) and C complexes, and analysed statistically on alpha-motoneuron somata and lamina VII interneurons on the operated side in the first segment rostral to a spinal cord hemisection. Following chloral hydrate anesthesia left spinal cord hemisections were made on twenty adult rats (225 gms) at vertebral level T-2. Animals were prepared for electron microscopy at 7, 14, 30, 45, 60 and 90 DPO and compared with normals. All counts were made on coded material and subjected to statistical analysis. The normal frequency of presynaptic bouton types on alpha-motoneuron somata at 30 DPO. At 45 DPO, massive degeneration with concomitant synaptic remodeling resulted in a return to near normal frequencies of S and F presynaptic boutons. At 60 and 90 DPO a gain in S presynaptic boutons and a concomitant loss in F presynaptic boutons resulted in frequencies different from normal and decreased absolute numbers of presynaptic boutons. The interneuron somata also exhibited alterations over the postoperative period. There was a reversal of frequency of presynaptic boutons at 45 DPO. However unlike on alpha-motoneuron somata the frequency of S and F presynaptic boutons returned to normal at 60 and 90 DPO. The alpha-motoneuron somata appeared to be cyclically and nonselectively reinnervated by ventral horn interneurons over 90 DPO.", "contents": "Synaptic frequency alteration on rat ventral horn neurons in the first segment proximal to spinal cord hemisection: an ultrastructural statistical study of regenerative capacity. To study the regenerative capacity of the spinal cord in adult rat, presynaptic boutons were classified as S (spherical vesicles), F (flattened vesicles) and C complexes, and analysed statistically on alpha-motoneuron somata and lamina VII interneurons on the operated side in the first segment rostral to a spinal cord hemisection. Following chloral hydrate anesthesia left spinal cord hemisections were made on twenty adult rats (225 gms) at vertebral level T-2. Animals were prepared for electron microscopy at 7, 14, 30, 45, 60 and 90 DPO and compared with normals. All counts were made on coded material and subjected to statistical analysis. The normal frequency of presynaptic bouton types on alpha-motoneuron somata at 30 DPO. At 45 DPO, massive degeneration with concomitant synaptic remodeling resulted in a return to near normal frequencies of S and F presynaptic boutons. At 60 and 90 DPO a gain in S presynaptic boutons and a concomitant loss in F presynaptic boutons resulted in frequencies different from normal and decreased absolute numbers of presynaptic boutons. The interneuron somata also exhibited alterations over the postoperative period. There was a reversal of frequency of presynaptic boutons at 45 DPO. However unlike on alpha-motoneuron somata the frequency of S and F presynaptic boutons returned to normal at 60 and 90 DPO. The alpha-motoneuron somata appeared to be cyclically and nonselectively reinnervated by ventral horn interneurons over 90 DPO.", "PMID": 839251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3677", "title": "An unusual intracerebral connective tissue mass.", "content": "A sharply circumscribed, vascular, connective tissue mass which replaced the cortex of several adjoining cerebral gyri is described. The histology of the lesion differs from that of previously reported central nervous system maldevelopments and neoplasms. However, there are a number of similarities to the pathology found in late phases of syphilitic \"colloid\" or \"hyaline\" degeneration of the brain.", "contents": "An unusual intracerebral connective tissue mass. A sharply circumscribed, vascular, connective tissue mass which replaced the cortex of several adjoining cerebral gyri is described. The histology of the lesion differs from that of previously reported central nervous system maldevelopments and neoplasms. However, there are a number of similarities to the pathology found in late phases of syphilitic \"colloid\" or \"hyaline\" degeneration of the brain.", "PMID": 839243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3678", "title": "Regional cerebral blood flow alterations remote from the site of intracranial tumors.", "content": "Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was investigated in 12 patients with brain tumors, using a 254-channel dynamic gamma camera. In nine of the 12 cases, hyperemic regions with loss of autoregulation were seen in sites remote from the tumor (the area around the tumor was in most cases also hyperemic). These remote rCBF abnormalities were found in the lower posterior part of the hemisphere in six cases, and in the frontal region in three. The location of the remote rCBF abnormality seemed to depend on the site of the tumor: cases with frontal and posterior fossa mass lesions had hyperemia in the lower part of the temporooccipital regions, cases with centroparietal mass lesions had hyperemia mostly in the frontal region. This may mean that the remote rCBF abnormality is due to local tissue compression against unyielding anatomical structures, namely, the tentorium and the falx. It is suggested that these abnormalities may constitute evidence of an early stage of a dangerous clinical condition: a state of preherniation.", "contents": "Regional cerebral blood flow alterations remote from the site of intracranial tumors. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was investigated in 12 patients with brain tumors, using a 254-channel dynamic gamma camera. In nine of the 12 cases, hyperemic regions with loss of autoregulation were seen in sites remote from the tumor (the area around the tumor was in most cases also hyperemic). These remote rCBF abnormalities were found in the lower posterior part of the hemisphere in six cases, and in the frontal region in three. The location of the remote rCBF abnormality seemed to depend on the site of the tumor: cases with frontal and posterior fossa mass lesions had hyperemia in the lower part of the temporooccipital regions, cases with centroparietal mass lesions had hyperemia mostly in the frontal region. This may mean that the remote rCBF abnormality is due to local tissue compression against unyielding anatomical structures, namely, the tentorium and the falx. It is suggested that these abnormalities may constitute evidence of an early stage of a dangerous clinical condition: a state of preherniation.", "PMID": 839252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3679", "title": "Cerebral edema, mass effects, and regional blood volume in man.", "content": "The authors conducted quantitative analysis of computerized tomography (CT) scans to measure tumor size, cerebral edema, and regional blood volume in man. Mass lesions without edema caused a local reduction in blood volume. Cerebral edema also reduced blood volume in proportion to its severity. Consideration of the electrolyte changes and water shifts in white-matter edema suggested that the decrease in absorption coefficient seen in CT scans was due to the increase in water content. Thus, in cerebral edema separation of blood vessels as well as increased interstitial pressure decrease blood volume, and the regional differences in turn reflect pressure gradients within the brain.", "contents": "Cerebral edema, mass effects, and regional blood volume in man. The authors conducted quantitative analysis of computerized tomography (CT) scans to measure tumor size, cerebral edema, and regional blood volume in man. Mass lesions without edema caused a local reduction in blood volume. Cerebral edema also reduced blood volume in proportion to its severity. Consideration of the electrolyte changes and water shifts in white-matter edema suggested that the decrease in absorption coefficient seen in CT scans was due to the increase in water content. Thus, in cerebral edema separation of blood vessels as well as increased interstitial pressure decrease blood volume, and the regional differences in turn reflect pressure gradients within the brain.", "PMID": 839253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3680", "title": "Ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Case morbidity and mortality.", "content": "The authors review 100 consecutive cases of ruptured intracranial aneurysms to assess the overall morbidity and mortality. Patients were placed on a regimen of bed rest, sedation, control of blood pressure, anticonvulsants, and antifibrinolytic therapy. Surgery was performed on 86 patients with hypotensive anesthesia and microsurgical techniques. The incidence of early rebleeding while on epsilon aminocaproic acid and control of blood pressure was 11.8%. The overall surgical mortality was 8.1%, and the surgical mortality of patients in Grades 1, 2, and 3 was 6.3%. Of the 100 patients, 60 were able to return to their prior activities, and 25 had moderate neurological deficits that required limitation of their activities. The total case mortality was 15%. The evidence presented indicates that the regimen of active medical treatment before microsurgical intervention has improved the overall case morbidity and mortality, as well as the chance for long-term survival.", "contents": "Ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Case morbidity and mortality. The authors review 100 consecutive cases of ruptured intracranial aneurysms to assess the overall morbidity and mortality. Patients were placed on a regimen of bed rest, sedation, control of blood pressure, anticonvulsants, and antifibrinolytic therapy. Surgery was performed on 86 patients with hypotensive anesthesia and microsurgical techniques. The incidence of early rebleeding while on epsilon aminocaproic acid and control of blood pressure was 11.8%. The overall surgical mortality was 8.1%, and the surgical mortality of patients in Grades 1, 2, and 3 was 6.3%. Of the 100 patients, 60 were able to return to their prior activities, and 25 had moderate neurological deficits that required limitation of their activities. The total case mortality was 15%. The evidence presented indicates that the regimen of active medical treatment before microsurgical intervention has improved the overall case morbidity and mortality, as well as the chance for long-term survival.", "PMID": 839254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3681", "title": "Cerebrovascular sensitivity to vasoconstricting agents induced by subarachnoid hemorrhage and vasospasm in dogs.", "content": "In anesthetized dogs, subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was induced by the mechanical rupture of the unilateral intracranial internal carotid artery. Vasospasm was angiographically determined 24 hours and 7 days after SAH. Contractile responses to serotonin, norepinephrine, histamine, and K+ were compared in control and bleeding sides of the middle cerebral arteries removed from dogs with SAH, and from sham-operated dogs. Under sham operation and 2 hours after SAH, responses in the arteries of both sides did not appreciably differ but response was significantly less in arteries from the bleeding side as compared with the control side 24 hours and 7 days after hemorrhage. However, median effective concentrations of serotonin, histamine, and K+ were approximately the same in arteries from both sides. Vasospasm and decreased sensitivity to the vasoactive agents of middle cerebral arteries were reversed 42 days after SAH. It is thus quite likely that initiation and maintenance of post-hemorrhage vasospasm is not associated with an increase in the sensitivity of cerebral arteries to vasconstricting endogenous substances, rather the state of decreased sensitivity of cerebral arteries in contact with SAH may be instrumental in relieving prolonged vasospasm.", "contents": "Cerebrovascular sensitivity to vasoconstricting agents induced by subarachnoid hemorrhage and vasospasm in dogs. In anesthetized dogs, subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was induced by the mechanical rupture of the unilateral intracranial internal carotid artery. Vasospasm was angiographically determined 24 hours and 7 days after SAH. Contractile responses to serotonin, norepinephrine, histamine, and K+ were compared in control and bleeding sides of the middle cerebral arteries removed from dogs with SAH, and from sham-operated dogs. Under sham operation and 2 hours after SAH, responses in the arteries of both sides did not appreciably differ but response was significantly less in arteries from the bleeding side as compared with the control side 24 hours and 7 days after hemorrhage. However, median effective concentrations of serotonin, histamine, and K+ were approximately the same in arteries from both sides. Vasospasm and decreased sensitivity to the vasoactive agents of middle cerebral arteries were reversed 42 days after SAH. It is thus quite likely that initiation and maintenance of post-hemorrhage vasospasm is not associated with an increase in the sensitivity of cerebral arteries to vasconstricting endogenous substances, rather the state of decreased sensitivity of cerebral arteries in contact with SAH may be instrumental in relieving prolonged vasospasm.", "PMID": 839255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3682", "title": "Wave-form characteristics and spatial distribution of evoked spinal electrogram in man.", "content": "The evoked spinal electrogram (SEG) in man was recorded from the epidural space, applying the technique of continuous epidural block, and compared with cord dorsum potential (CDP) in wakeful rabbits. Wave-form characteristics of the evoked SEG'S activated by the segmental nerves were almost the same in both cervical and lumbar regions. Somatosensory evoked response from the scalp was clearly demonstrated by stimulation of both the tibial nerve and fifth toe skin, whereas the evoked SEG was produced only by stimulation of the former. This finding might indicate that large nerve fibers are more responsible for producing the evoked SEG. Central latencies to the peaks of the second components of the P2 wave were 29 to 33 and 42 to 48 msec, in cervical and lumbar enlargements, respectively. This probably indicates the presence of a long feedback loop producing the second components. The amplitude of the N1 wave showed a steeper decline along the spinal cord than that of the P2 deflection, indicating between origins of these two components. Polarity of both the N1 and P2 waves became reversed when the recording electrode was situated in the anterior epidural space. The wave-form characteristics of the evoked SEG in man were very similar to those of the CDP in wakeful rabbits.", "contents": "Wave-form characteristics and spatial distribution of evoked spinal electrogram in man. The evoked spinal electrogram (SEG) in man was recorded from the epidural space, applying the technique of continuous epidural block, and compared with cord dorsum potential (CDP) in wakeful rabbits. Wave-form characteristics of the evoked SEG'S activated by the segmental nerves were almost the same in both cervical and lumbar regions. Somatosensory evoked response from the scalp was clearly demonstrated by stimulation of both the tibial nerve and fifth toe skin, whereas the evoked SEG was produced only by stimulation of the former. This finding might indicate that large nerve fibers are more responsible for producing the evoked SEG. Central latencies to the peaks of the second components of the P2 wave were 29 to 33 and 42 to 48 msec, in cervical and lumbar enlargements, respectively. This probably indicates the presence of a long feedback loop producing the second components. The amplitude of the N1 wave showed a steeper decline along the spinal cord than that of the P2 deflection, indicating between origins of these two components. Polarity of both the N1 and P2 waves became reversed when the recording electrode was situated in the anterior epidural space. The wave-form characteristics of the evoked SEG in man were very similar to those of the CDP in wakeful rabbits.", "PMID": 839256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3683", "title": "Ethanol potentiation of central nervous system trauma.", "content": "Two models have been used to study the effects of ethanol on injuries of the central nervous system. The spinal cords of cats were injured by delivering a 200 gm-cm impact to the exposed dura mater. A second group of animals received a similar injury to the exposed dura mater overlying the cerebral hemispheres. The animals were divided into two groups, those that received an infusion of ethanol before injury, and control animals that received no ethanol. The parameters of injury used in this model produced small and insignificant lesions in those animals that received no ethanol; however, when the animals were pretreated with ethanol, a considerable increase in the extent of the injury was noted. These include alterations in membranes-bound enzymes and clotting mechanisms, and alteration of cell membranes through abnormal free radical reactions.", "contents": "Ethanol potentiation of central nervous system trauma. Two models have been used to study the effects of ethanol on injuries of the central nervous system. The spinal cords of cats were injured by delivering a 200 gm-cm impact to the exposed dura mater. A second group of animals received a similar injury to the exposed dura mater overlying the cerebral hemispheres. The animals were divided into two groups, those that received an infusion of ethanol before injury, and control animals that received no ethanol. The parameters of injury used in this model produced small and insignificant lesions in those animals that received no ethanol; however, when the animals were pretreated with ethanol, a considerable increase in the extent of the injury was noted. These include alterations in membranes-bound enzymes and clotting mechanisms, and alteration of cell membranes through abnormal free radical reactions.", "PMID": 839257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3684", "title": "Norepinephrine levels in experimental spinal cord trauma. Part 1: Biochemical study of hemorrhagic necrosis.", "content": "Levels of norepinephrine (NE) in the spinal cord tissue of nontraumatized cats are highest in the cervical and lumbar enlargements. A rather uniform but slightly increasing concentration gradient from cephalad to caudad is observed in the thoracic segments. A 500 gm-cm trauma at the T-5 or C-7 spinal cord segment did not demonstrate any significant increase in NE levels measured sequentially over a 4-hour period after trauma. Dopamine levels could not be detected in the nontraumatized or traumatized cat spinal cords. Four traumatized cats treated with alpha methyl tyrosine, a tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor, and followed clinically for 5 months showed no improvement in neurological function when compared to untreated traumatized cats. This study does not support the norepinephrine hypothesis of experimental spinal cord trauma.", "contents": "Norepinephrine levels in experimental spinal cord trauma. Part 1: Biochemical study of hemorrhagic necrosis. Levels of norepinephrine (NE) in the spinal cord tissue of nontraumatized cats are highest in the cervical and lumbar enlargements. A rather uniform but slightly increasing concentration gradient from cephalad to caudad is observed in the thoracic segments. A 500 gm-cm trauma at the T-5 or C-7 spinal cord segment did not demonstrate any significant increase in NE levels measured sequentially over a 4-hour period after trauma. Dopamine levels could not be detected in the nontraumatized or traumatized cat spinal cords. Four traumatized cats treated with alpha methyl tyrosine, a tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor, and followed clinically for 5 months showed no improvement in neurological function when compared to untreated traumatized cats. This study does not support the norepinephrine hypothesis of experimental spinal cord trauma.", "PMID": 839258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3685", "title": "Norepinephrine levels in experimental spinal cord trauma. Part 2: Histopathological study of hemorrhagic necrosis.", "content": "Alpha methyl tyrosine (AMT) or reserpine administered intravenously 24 hours before sacrificed in the nontraumatized cat resulted in significant reduction in tissue levels of norepinephrine (NE) tested at the T-5 spinal cord level. Phenoxybenzamine given 2 hours before sacrifice did not alter NE levels at T-5. Histological sections of spinal cord examined 1 hour after a 500-gm-cm trauma at the T-5 level in cats, pretreated 24 hours before trauma by a single dose of AMT or reserpine demonstrated no reduction of gray or white matter hemorrhages when compared tocontrols. In cats pretreated with phenoxybenzamine 2 hours before trauma there was a marked reduction of hemorrhages at 1 hour posttrauma when compared to controls. The animals treated with phenoxybenzamine had a 32% reduction of systemic blood pressure before trauma, demonstrated no pressor response to spinal cord trauma, and were severely hypotensive posttrauma. It is concluded that posttraumatic blood pressure has greater etiological significance in the pathogenesis of experimental spinal cord hemorrhages than tissue levels of NE.", "contents": "Norepinephrine levels in experimental spinal cord trauma. Part 2: Histopathological study of hemorrhagic necrosis. Alpha methyl tyrosine (AMT) or reserpine administered intravenously 24 hours before sacrificed in the nontraumatized cat resulted in significant reduction in tissue levels of norepinephrine (NE) tested at the T-5 spinal cord level. Phenoxybenzamine given 2 hours before sacrifice did not alter NE levels at T-5. Histological sections of spinal cord examined 1 hour after a 500-gm-cm trauma at the T-5 level in cats, pretreated 24 hours before trauma by a single dose of AMT or reserpine demonstrated no reduction of gray or white matter hemorrhages when compared tocontrols. In cats pretreated with phenoxybenzamine 2 hours before trauma there was a marked reduction of hemorrhages at 1 hour posttrauma when compared to controls. The animals treated with phenoxybenzamine had a 32% reduction of systemic blood pressure before trauma, demonstrated no pressor response to spinal cord trauma, and were severely hypotensive posttrauma. It is concluded that posttraumatic blood pressure has greater etiological significance in the pathogenesis of experimental spinal cord hemorrhages than tissue levels of NE.", "PMID": 839259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3686", "title": "Use of crocetin in experimental spinal cord injury.", "content": "Mongrel dogs with experimental spinal cord injury were treated with the carotenoid compound crocetin. It has been shown that crocetin increases the diffusion speed of oxygen through plasma, and should provide a net increase in oxygen at the level of the capillary endothelial cell. The treated animals showed a significant improvement in recovery rates as compared to controls.", "contents": "Use of crocetin in experimental spinal cord injury. Mongrel dogs with experimental spinal cord injury were treated with the carotenoid compound crocetin. It has been shown that crocetin increases the diffusion speed of oxygen through plasma, and should provide a net increase in oxygen at the level of the capillary endothelial cell. The treated animals showed a significant improvement in recovery rates as compared to controls.", "PMID": 839260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3687", "title": "Neurophysiological and neurochemical alterations during electrical stimulation of human caudate nucleus.", "content": "Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) norepinephrine (NE) concentrations were preoperatively determined in five patients using a radioenzymatic assay technique. Stereotaxic thalamotomy was performed using depth coagulating electrodes with stimulating points at 5.0-mm intervals along the shaft. No significant alterations in prestimulation  lumbar CSF NE levels were noted 12 days after electrode installation. Stimulating points within the caudate nucleus were anatomically localized using ventricular landmarks and stimulation-induced neurophysiological responses were recorded. Twelve hours after intermittent electrical stimulation of the caudate nucleus, lumbar CSF NE concentrations were significantly decreased. Our data suggest the presence of noradrenergic pathways in man that are inhibited by caudate nucleus stimulation.", "contents": "Neurophysiological and neurochemical alterations during electrical stimulation of human caudate nucleus. Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) norepinephrine (NE) concentrations were preoperatively determined in five patients using a radioenzymatic assay technique. Stereotaxic thalamotomy was performed using depth coagulating electrodes with stimulating points at 5.0-mm intervals along the shaft. No significant alterations in prestimulation  lumbar CSF NE levels were noted 12 days after electrode installation. Stimulating points within the caudate nucleus were anatomically localized using ventricular landmarks and stimulation-induced neurophysiological responses were recorded. Twelve hours after intermittent electrical stimulation of the caudate nucleus, lumbar CSF NE concentrations were significantly decreased. Our data suggest the presence of noradrenergic pathways in man that are inhibited by caudate nucleus stimulation.", "PMID": 839261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3688", "title": "Carotid-cavernous sinus fistula caused by rupture of a primitive trigeminal artery aneurysm. Case report.", "content": "A case is reported in which an aneurysm arising at the junction of the right internal carotid artery and a persistent primitive trigeminal artery ruptured to form a carotid-cavernous fistula. The internal carotid artery was ligated without any signs of brain-stem ischemia due to inverted blood flow through the primitive trigeminal artery.", "contents": "Carotid-cavernous sinus fistula caused by rupture of a primitive trigeminal artery aneurysm. Case report. A case is reported in which an aneurysm arising at the junction of the right internal carotid artery and a persistent primitive trigeminal artery ruptured to form a carotid-cavernous fistula. The internal carotid artery was ligated without any signs of brain-stem ischemia due to inverted blood flow through the primitive trigeminal artery.", "PMID": 839263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3689", "title": "Traumatic false aneurysm of the superior cerebellar artery simulating posterior fossa tumor.", "content": "An example of traumatic false aneurysm of the right superior cerebellar artery is described. The chronicity of the clinical picture and a positive brain scan strongly suggested a posterior fossa neoplasm; however, the angiographic findings permitted a specific diagnosis to be made.", "contents": "Traumatic false aneurysm of the superior cerebellar artery simulating posterior fossa tumor. An example of traumatic false aneurysm of the right superior cerebellar artery is described. The chronicity of the clinical picture and a positive brain scan strongly suggested a posterior fossa neoplasm; however, the angiographic findings permitted a specific diagnosis to be made.", "PMID": 839264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3690", "title": "Malignant hyperthermia.", "content": "The authors report the case of an infant with noncommunicating hydrocephalus, Arnold-Chiari malformation, and a lumbar myelomeningocele, in whom malignant hyperthermia occurred. The genetics and presumed etiology of this unusual problem are reviewed. The management is directed toward establishing effective cooling measures, reversing tissue hypoxia, and correcting respiratory and metabolic acidosis.", "contents": "Malignant hyperthermia. The authors report the case of an infant with noncommunicating hydrocephalus, Arnold-Chiari malformation, and a lumbar myelomeningocele, in whom malignant hyperthermia occurred. The genetics and presumed etiology of this unusual problem are reviewed. The management is directed toward establishing effective cooling measures, reversing tissue hypoxia, and correcting respiratory and metabolic acidosis.", "PMID": 839265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3691", "title": "Pantopaque pulmonary embolism during myelography.", "content": "A case of Pantopaque pulmonary embolism during myelography is presented. All reported cases of venous intravasation of Pantopaque have been associated with traumatic lumbar tap, and a mechanism whereby a bloody lumbar tap causes venous intravasation and hence Pantopaque pulmonary embolism during myelography is postulated.", "contents": "Pantopaque pulmonary embolism during myelography. A case of Pantopaque pulmonary embolism during myelography is presented. All reported cases of venous intravasation of Pantopaque have been associated with traumatic lumbar tap, and a mechanism whereby a bloody lumbar tap causes venous intravasation and hence Pantopaque pulmonary embolism during myelography is postulated.", "PMID": 839266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3692", "title": "Xenon-127, a comparison with xenon-133 for ventilation studies.", "content": "In 133Xe ventilation studies the 81-keV gamma photon emitted is a major disadvantage for imaging. Using a lung model with the same attenuation coefficient as inflated lung, we compared 133Xe with 127Xe to determine the smallest \"lesion\" that could be imaged at different places within the lung. With the \"lung lesion\" directly against the collimator, the lesion had to be 10 ml in volume in order to be seen with 127Xe, but with 133Xe \"lesion\" had to be 30 ml. Xenon-127 gave better resolution, no matter where the lesion was placed within the lung. Xenon-127 was not better than 133Xe in resolving a lead bar phantom. When 133Xe was used with 99mTc in a model of pulmonary embolism, a \"ventilation defect\" was apparent even though the distribution of xenon was even throughout the model. This artifact was not seen when the 127Xe model was imaged.", "contents": "Xenon-127, a comparison with xenon-133 for ventilation studies. In 133Xe ventilation studies the 81-keV gamma photon emitted is a major disadvantage for imaging. Using a lung model with the same attenuation coefficient as inflated lung, we compared 133Xe with 127Xe to determine the smallest \"lesion\" that could be imaged at different places within the lung. With the \"lung lesion\" directly against the collimator, the lesion had to be 10 ml in volume in order to be seen with 127Xe, but with 133Xe \"lesion\" had to be 30 ml. Xenon-127 gave better resolution, no matter where the lesion was placed within the lung. Xenon-127 was not better than 133Xe in resolving a lead bar phantom. When 133Xe was used with 99mTc in a model of pulmonary embolism, a \"ventilation defect\" was apparent even though the distribution of xenon was even throughout the model. This artifact was not seen when the 127Xe model was imaged.", "PMID": 839268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3693", "title": "Determination of extraction fraction by a double-tracer method.", "content": "A relatively simple dual-tracer method for measuring renal extraction fraction was compared with the direct method. In the dual-tracer method an extracted and nonextracted tracer are mixed together and administered into the arterial circuit and samples of venous blood are obtained. The ratio of recovered to injected tracer then determines the extraction fraction. In the direct method tracer is administered directly into the renal artery and the total venous effluent is collected. Extraction fraction is then calculated as arteriovenous difference divided by the quantity injected. In our experiments the extraction for 201Tl and 203Hg-chlormerodrin were determined. The extraction fraction for 201Tl averaged 81 +/- 5% by the direct method and 81 +/- 6% by the dual-tracer technique (r = 0.94). The extraction fraction for 203Hg-chlormerodrin was found to change as a function of the renal blood flow. At normal flow the extraction fraction averaged 48% by the direct method and 45% by the dual-tracer technique. At reduced flow, in contrast, it averaged 78% by the direct method and 71% by the dual-tracer technique.", "contents": "Determination of extraction fraction by a double-tracer method. A relatively simple dual-tracer method for measuring renal extraction fraction was compared with the direct method. In the dual-tracer method an extracted and nonextracted tracer are mixed together and administered into the arterial circuit and samples of venous blood are obtained. The ratio of recovered to injected tracer then determines the extraction fraction. In the direct method tracer is administered directly into the renal artery and the total venous effluent is collected. Extraction fraction is then calculated as arteriovenous difference divided by the quantity injected. In our experiments the extraction for 201Tl and 203Hg-chlormerodrin were determined. The extraction fraction for 201Tl averaged 81 +/- 5% by the direct method and 81 +/- 6% by the dual-tracer technique (r = 0.94). The extraction fraction for 203Hg-chlormerodrin was found to change as a function of the renal blood flow. At normal flow the extraction fraction averaged 48% by the direct method and 45% by the dual-tracer technique. At reduced flow, in contrast, it averaged 78% by the direct method and 71% by the dual-tracer technique.", "PMID": 839269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3694", "title": "Gallium-67 scanning in the evaluation of therapy of malignant tumors of the head and neck.", "content": "Gallium-67 scintigraphy was performed on 25 patients with a variety of malignant tumors of the head and neck in order to evaluate the susceptibility of the tumors to irradiation and chemotherapy before treatment and to monitor the effectiveness of therapy. If certain limitations are borne in mind, gallium scanning may prove a valuable tool in planning and evaluating therapy of malignant tumors.", "contents": "Gallium-67 scanning in the evaluation of therapy of malignant tumors of the head and neck. Gallium-67 scintigraphy was performed on 25 patients with a variety of malignant tumors of the head and neck in order to evaluate the susceptibility of the tumors to irradiation and chemotherapy before treatment and to monitor the effectiveness of therapy. If certain limitations are borne in mind, gallium scanning may prove a valuable tool in planning and evaluating therapy of malignant tumors.", "PMID": 839270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3695", "title": "Imaging experimental pulmonary ischemic lesions after inhalation of a diffusible radioaerosol: concise communication.", "content": "Regional lung ischemia was imaged with a rapidly diffusible radioaerosol of pertechnetate. The method is compared with similar techniques using 11C and 15O. The principles involved include (A) the rapid alveolar-capillary diffusion of inhaled radioactive gases (11CO, C15O, and C15O2) and the radioaerosol of 99mTcO4-; (B) the patency of the airways to the ischemic regions; and, most importantly; (C) the much slower tracer removal from lung tissue with a stagnant circulation as opposed to the surrounding normal lung. The 11CO and C15O label the hemoglobin in red blood cells, and the C15O2 labels water in the circulation and in the stagnant ischemic region. The TcO4- probably labels the albumin of the plasma in the embolized regions and in the circulating blood. Experiments involving pulmonary embolism in dogs, proved by pre- and post-mortem angiography and gross post-mortem examination, show that positive ischemic lesions (hot spots) are observed, after TcO4- aerosol and C15O2 gas inhalation, in the embolized region on the same day. Clinical trials with aerosol-inhalation method in suspected pulmonary embolism and now under way.", "contents": "Imaging experimental pulmonary ischemic lesions after inhalation of a diffusible radioaerosol: concise communication. Regional lung ischemia was imaged with a rapidly diffusible radioaerosol of pertechnetate. The method is compared with similar techniques using 11C and 15O. The principles involved include (A) the rapid alveolar-capillary diffusion of inhaled radioactive gases (11CO, C15O, and C15O2) and the radioaerosol of 99mTcO4-; (B) the patency of the airways to the ischemic regions; and, most importantly; (C) the much slower tracer removal from lung tissue with a stagnant circulation as opposed to the surrounding normal lung. The 11CO and C15O label the hemoglobin in red blood cells, and the C15O2 labels water in the circulation and in the stagnant ischemic region. The TcO4- probably labels the albumin of the plasma in the embolized regions and in the circulating blood. Experiments involving pulmonary embolism in dogs, proved by pre- and post-mortem angiography and gross post-mortem examination, show that positive ischemic lesions (hot spots) are observed, after TcO4- aerosol and C15O2 gas inhalation, in the embolized region on the same day. Clinical trials with aerosol-inhalation method in suspected pulmonary embolism and now under way.", "PMID": 839271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3696", "title": "Suitability of radiopharmaceuticals for determining right-to-left shunting: concise communication.", "content": "Right-to-left shunting in noncyanotic patients was quantitated following the injection of either 99mTc-microspheres, 99mTc-macroaggregated albumin, or 113mIn-Fe(OH)3 particles. Shunting was determined by wholebody scanning followed by estimation of the nuclide fraction located in the systemic circulation. Both 99mTc-labeled radiopharmaceuticals yielded results consistent with normal pulmonary shunting in a noncyanotic patient, whereas 113mIn-Fe(OH)3 was less satisfactory. If the onset of scanning was delayed, however, the calculated shunt can be falsely elevated as the pulmonary particles fragment and pass onward or as the label is released. Consequently, proper choice of radiopharmaceutical and prompt scanning are crucial for accurate quantitation of right-to-left shunting.", "contents": "Suitability of radiopharmaceuticals for determining right-to-left shunting: concise communication. Right-to-left shunting in noncyanotic patients was quantitated following the injection of either 99mTc-microspheres, 99mTc-macroaggregated albumin, or 113mIn-Fe(OH)3 particles. Shunting was determined by wholebody scanning followed by estimation of the nuclide fraction located in the systemic circulation. Both 99mTc-labeled radiopharmaceuticals yielded results consistent with normal pulmonary shunting in a noncyanotic patient, whereas 113mIn-Fe(OH)3 was less satisfactory. If the onset of scanning was delayed, however, the calculated shunt can be falsely elevated as the pulmonary particles fragment and pass onward or as the label is released. Consequently, proper choice of radiopharmaceutical and prompt scanning are crucial for accurate quantitation of right-to-left shunting.", "PMID": 839272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3697", "title": "Effect of particle number on lung perfusion images: concise communication.", "content": "Twelve normal mongrel dogs were injected with decreasing numbers of 99mTc-labeled macroaggreagated albumin particles (99mTc-MAA),  and lung images were recorded using both parallel-hole and pinhole collimators. The quality of normal lung images was found to decrease with decreasing numbers of injected radiolabeled particles (from 10,000 to 250 particles per injection). The quality was unaffected by adding carrier MAA. The minimum number of particles compatible with a good-quality image of the normal human lung is approximately 60 radiolabeled particles per gram of lung.", "contents": "Effect of particle number on lung perfusion images: concise communication. Twelve normal mongrel dogs were injected with decreasing numbers of 99mTc-labeled macroaggreagated albumin particles (99mTc-MAA),  and lung images were recorded using both parallel-hole and pinhole collimators. The quality of normal lung images was found to decrease with decreasing numbers of injected radiolabeled particles (from 10,000 to 250 particles per injection). The quality was unaffected by adding carrier MAA. The minimum number of particles compatible with a good-quality image of the normal human lung is approximately 60 radiolabeled particles per gram of lung.", "PMID": 839273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3698", "title": "Hepatic adenomas and focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver in young women on oral contraceptives: case reports.", "content": "Two cases of hepatic adenoma and one of focal nodular hyperplasia presumably associated with the use of oral contraceptives, are reported. Special reference is made to their clinical presentation, which may be totally asymptomatic. Liver-function tests are of little diagnostic value, but valuable information may be obtained from both liver scanning and hepatic angiography. Histologic differences and clinical similarities between hepatic adenoma and focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver are discussed.", "contents": "Hepatic adenomas and focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver in young women on oral contraceptives: case reports. Two cases of hepatic adenoma and one of focal nodular hyperplasia presumably associated with the use of oral contraceptives, are reported. Special reference is made to their clinical presentation, which may be totally asymptomatic. Liver-function tests are of little diagnostic value, but valuable information may be obtained from both liver scanning and hepatic angiography. Histologic differences and clinical similarities between hepatic adenoma and focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver are discussed.", "PMID": 839274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3699", "title": "Congenital abscence of the left pericardium detected by imaging of the lung: case report.", "content": "A patients with congenital absence of the left pericardium had an unusual scintillation camera image of the lung showing perfused lung between the heart and diaphragm and a priminence in the area of the pulmonary artery. This finding was not duplicated in 500 other gamma images of the lung and is probably characteristic of congenital absence of the left pericardium.", "contents": "Congenital abscence of the left pericardium detected by imaging of the lung: case report. A patients with congenital absence of the left pericardium had an unusual scintillation camera image of the lung showing perfused lung between the heart and diaphragm and a priminence in the area of the pulmonary artery. This finding was not duplicated in 500 other gamma images of the lung and is probably characteristic of congenital absence of the left pericardium.", "PMID": 839275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3700", "title": "Intestinal perfusion studies using 133Xe during correction of mesenteric vascular insufficiency: case report.", "content": "Radioxenon clearance studies of bowel perfusion were obtained during laparotomy in a patient with mesenteric vascular insufficiency. These studies were obtained both before and immediately after bypass of the occluded superior mesenteric artery. Although clearance rates improved after the bypass surgery, normal rates were not achieved.", "contents": "Intestinal perfusion studies using 133Xe during correction of mesenteric vascular insufficiency: case report. Radioxenon clearance studies of bowel perfusion were obtained during laparotomy in a patient with mesenteric vascular insufficiency. These studies were obtained both before and immediately after bypass of the occluded superior mesenteric artery. Although clearance rates improved after the bypass surgery, normal rates were not achieved.", "PMID": 839276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3701", "title": "High ectopic kidney presenting as an abnormal liver-lung scan: case report.", "content": "An unusual cause for a positive liver-lung scan is presented. A cold area between the base of the right lung and the liver in a 78-year-old woman was reported as being due to a subphrenic abscess. This defect was subsequently found to be a right subphrenic kidney.", "contents": "High ectopic kidney presenting as an abnormal liver-lung scan: case report. An unusual cause for a positive liver-lung scan is presented. A cold area between the base of the right lung and the liver in a 78-year-old woman was reported as being due to a subphrenic abscess. This defect was subsequently found to be a right subphrenic kidney.", "PMID": 839277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3702", "title": "In vitro stability and in vivo clearance of fibrinogen or serum albumin labeled with 77Br, 131I, or 125I by direct or indirect synthetic methods.", "content": "Conventional protein iodination involves the addition of an oxidizing agent to the protein solution. Through the use of the acylating agent N-succinimidyl-3(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, labeling can be accomplished without subjecting the protein to oxidizing conditions. Fibrinogen and serum albumin labeled with 131I and 77Br by this technique were compared with each other and with 125I-protein prepared by direct iodination using the ICI, chloramine-T, and lactoperoxidase methods. Iodinated proteins have two drawbacks: the high radiation dose accompanying 125I and 131I, and the ease of hydrolysis of the weak carbon-iodine bond. These drawbacks can be overcome by using 56-hr 77Br.", "contents": "In vitro stability and in vivo clearance of fibrinogen or serum albumin labeled with 77Br, 131I, or 125I by direct or indirect synthetic methods. Conventional protein iodination involves the addition of an oxidizing agent to the protein solution. Through the use of the acylating agent N-succinimidyl-3(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, labeling can be accomplished without subjecting the protein to oxidizing conditions. Fibrinogen and serum albumin labeled with 131I and 77Br by this technique were compared with each other and with 125I-protein prepared by direct iodination using the ICI, chloramine-T, and lactoperoxidase methods. Iodinated proteins have two drawbacks: the high radiation dose accompanying 125I and 131I, and the ease of hydrolysis of the weak carbon-iodine bond. These drawbacks can be overcome by using 56-hr 77Br.", "PMID": 839278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3703", "title": "Organ distribution of canine leukocytes labeled with 99mTc-sulfur colloid.", "content": "Previous reports have shown that scintigraphic localization of acute inflammation can be achieved using autologous leukocytes labeled in vitro with 99mTc-sulfur colloid (TcSC). The technique is limited, however, by a marked accumulation of radioactivity in the lungs and liver of normal animals. A modified procedure was developed using preparations of TcSC of small particle size to label blood leukocytes in vitro. Markedly decreased levels of lung and liver radioactivity and elevated levels of blood radioactivity were found after intravenous infusion of autologous canine leukocytes labeled by this method. These leukocytes could be used to image areas of acute inflammation resulting from induction of septic or sterile venous thrombi.", "contents": "Organ distribution of canine leukocytes labeled with 99mTc-sulfur colloid. Previous reports have shown that scintigraphic localization of acute inflammation can be achieved using autologous leukocytes labeled in vitro with 99mTc-sulfur colloid (TcSC). The technique is limited, however, by a marked accumulation of radioactivity in the lungs and liver of normal animals. A modified procedure was developed using preparations of TcSC of small particle size to label blood leukocytes in vitro. Markedly decreased levels of lung and liver radioactivity and elevated levels of blood radioactivity were found after intravenous infusion of autologous canine leukocytes labeled by this method. These leukocytes could be used to image areas of acute inflammation resulting from induction of septic or sterile venous thrombi.", "PMID": 839279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3704", "title": "Simultaneous measurement of triiodothyronine and thyroxine in unextracted serum samples using a double-tracer radioimmunoassay method.", "content": "A method is described for the simultaneous measurement of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine T4) in 0.04 ml of unextracted serum. Antibodies were prepared by immunization of rabbits with T3 and T4 conjugated with human serum albumin. Bound and free labeled hormones were separated by the double-antibody technique, and 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonic acid was used to inhibit binding of the two hormones to thyroxine-binding globulin. The validity of the assay using 125I-T3 and 131I-T4 is shown by the excellent recovery of T3 and T4 added to serum and by the finding that curves obtained by assaying various dilutions of a hyperthyroid serum run parallel to the standard curves. In all clinical serum T3 and T4 values obtained using the double-tracer radioimmunoassay method were in excellent agreement with those obtained by single-tracer RIA techniques. The combined T3-T4 method appears to be accurate, sensitive, and specific, thus making the assay highly desirable as a technical time-saver.", "contents": "Simultaneous measurement of triiodothyronine and thyroxine in unextracted serum samples using a double-tracer radioimmunoassay method. A method is described for the simultaneous measurement of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine T4) in 0.04 ml of unextracted serum. Antibodies were prepared by immunization of rabbits with T3 and T4 conjugated with human serum albumin. Bound and free labeled hormones were separated by the double-antibody technique, and 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonic acid was used to inhibit binding of the two hormones to thyroxine-binding globulin. The validity of the assay using 125I-T3 and 131I-T4 is shown by the excellent recovery of T3 and T4 added to serum and by the finding that curves obtained by assaying various dilutions of a hyperthyroid serum run parallel to the standard curves. In all clinical serum T3 and T4 values obtained using the double-tracer radioimmunoassay method were in excellent agreement with those obtained by single-tracer RIA techniques. The combined T3-T4 method appears to be accurate, sensitive, and specific, thus making the assay highly desirable as a technical time-saver.", "PMID": 839280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3705", "title": "In vivo labeling of red blood cells with 99mTc: a new approach to blood pool visualization.", "content": "A simple and rapid procedure for in vivo labeling of red blood cells (RBC) is presented. The labeling is done with two consecutive intravenous injections, first of \"cold\" stannous pyrophosphate (Sn-PYP) and then of 99mTc-pertechnetate. Experimentally, a lag time of 30 min between the two injections was found to result in a mean RBC labeling of greater than 95% during the first hour after pertechnetate injection. A total of 75 patients have been explored by scintillation camera imaging of brain, heart, great vessels, aortic bifurcation, testicles, and lower extremities using the technique outlined. High-quality images were obtained.", "contents": "In vivo labeling of red blood cells with 99mTc: a new approach to blood pool visualization. A simple and rapid procedure for in vivo labeling of red blood cells (RBC) is presented. The labeling is done with two consecutive intravenous injections, first of \"cold\" stannous pyrophosphate (Sn-PYP) and then of 99mTc-pertechnetate. Experimentally, a lag time of 30 min between the two injections was found to result in a mean RBC labeling of greater than 95% during the first hour after pertechnetate injection. A total of 75 patients have been explored by scintillation camera imaging of brain, heart, great vessels, aortic bifurcation, testicles, and lower extremities using the technique outlined. High-quality images were obtained.", "PMID": 839281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3706", "title": "Review of four new indices of susceptibility to noise-induced hearing loss.", "content": "The potential use of four new measures of susceptibility to acoustic trauma has been discussed. Each has the advantage, unlike TTS methodology, of not requiring a prior exposure stimulus. The use of an exposure sound has proven to be the major drawback to verification of Temkin's original hypothesis. A disadvantage inherent to the speech discrimination procedures involves the use of difficult-to-standardize speech materials and techniques. Consequently, one of the first three techniques, aural overload, threshold of octave masking, and brief-tone audiometry, is more desirable with aural overload having the most data to substantiate its use as a predictor of vulnerability to ear damage from acoustic overstimulation. None of these tests, on the other hand, has been correlated to permanent threshold shift (PTS). This necessitates the use of experimental animals or the long-term monitoring of the hearing sensitivity of industrial workers. Such data should prove invaluable in the search for an effective predictor of eventual noise-induced hearing loss.", "contents": "Review of four new indices of susceptibility to noise-induced hearing loss. The potential use of four new measures of susceptibility to acoustic trauma has been discussed. Each has the advantage, unlike TTS methodology, of not requiring a prior exposure stimulus. The use of an exposure sound has proven to be the major drawback to verification of Temkin's original hypothesis. A disadvantage inherent to the speech discrimination procedures involves the use of difficult-to-standardize speech materials and techniques. Consequently, one of the first three techniques, aural overload, threshold of octave masking, and brief-tone audiometry, is more desirable with aural overload having the most data to substantiate its use as a predictor of vulnerability to ear damage from acoustic overstimulation. None of these tests, on the other hand, has been correlated to permanent threshold shift (PTS). This necessitates the use of experimental animals or the long-term monitoring of the hearing sensitivity of industrial workers. Such data should prove invaluable in the search for an effective predictor of eventual noise-induced hearing loss.", "PMID": 839285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3707", "title": "A study of occupational stressor and the incidence of disease/risk.", "content": "We have presented data correlating workers perception of their roles in an organization with the incidence of disease and/or risk of disease. The results indicate there is a significantly higher incidence of disease when particular stressors are operating. It is also evident that disease/risk occurs more frequently when workers are either under-stimulated or over-stimulated as hypothesized by Selye.", "contents": "A study of occupational stressor and the incidence of disease/risk. We have presented data correlating workers perception of their roles in an organization with the incidence of disease and/or risk of disease. The results indicate there is a significantly higher incidence of disease when particular stressors are operating. It is also evident that disease/risk occurs more frequently when workers are either under-stimulated or over-stimulated as hypothesized by Selye.", "PMID": 839286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3708", "title": "Physiological responses of fire fighting recruits to high intensity training.", "content": "Data were obtained for 20 fire department recruits before and after a ten-week training program. Training consisted of interval running and circuit weight training. At the conclusion of the training program several parameters were examined. Total work capacity assessed on a bicycle ergometer significantly increased (27.3%) with a concomittent increase in maximum oxygen uptake (33.2%). Physical performance tests given showed marked increases in 12 foot rope climb, 600 yard run, push-ups, sit-ups and leg-lifts. Physical strength also showed significant increases for the bench press (18.5%), military press (19.4%) pulldown (11.7%) biceps curl (16.2%) and leg press (18.7%). Training of this nature also brought about significant changes in body composition of the recruits. The subscapula and abdomen skinfold sites showed significant decreases of -9.6% and -11.9% respectfully. Body segment circumferences showed significant changes for shoulder, thigh, flexed biceps and abdomen. The skinfold and circumference measures reflected changes in lean body weight (2.6%), absolute body fat (-13.4%), and relative body fat (-13.7%). It has been shown that interval training and circuit weight training significantly increase the physical performance capacities of the recruits. It has been suggested, due to the tremendous cost to the county and city agencies as well as to the aspiring recruit, that a preliminary physical training program be implemented to reduce the drop-out rate of recruits during the tower training drills.", "contents": "Physiological responses of fire fighting recruits to high intensity training. Data were obtained for 20 fire department recruits before and after a ten-week training program. Training consisted of interval running and circuit weight training. At the conclusion of the training program several parameters were examined. Total work capacity assessed on a bicycle ergometer significantly increased (27.3%) with a concomittent increase in maximum oxygen uptake (33.2%). Physical performance tests given showed marked increases in 12 foot rope climb, 600 yard run, push-ups, sit-ups and leg-lifts. Physical strength also showed significant increases for the bench press (18.5%), military press (19.4%) pulldown (11.7%) biceps curl (16.2%) and leg press (18.7%). Training of this nature also brought about significant changes in body composition of the recruits. The subscapula and abdomen skinfold sites showed significant decreases of -9.6% and -11.9% respectfully. Body segment circumferences showed significant changes for shoulder, thigh, flexed biceps and abdomen. The skinfold and circumference measures reflected changes in lean body weight (2.6%), absolute body fat (-13.4%), and relative body fat (-13.7%). It has been shown that interval training and circuit weight training significantly increase the physical performance capacities of the recruits. It has been suggested, due to the tremendous cost to the county and city agencies as well as to the aspiring recruit, that a preliminary physical training program be implemented to reduce the drop-out rate of recruits during the tower training drills.", "PMID": 839287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3709", "title": "Color vision in the peripheral retina. I. Spectral sensitivity.", "content": "Spectral sensitivity was measured by heterochromatic flicker photometry both in the fovea and at 45 degrees in the periphery, using a 1200 troland standard. At each location, sensitivity functions were obtained using both large and small targets. While the foveal functions were normal, the peripheral ones showed a large enhancement in sensitivity to short wavelengths relative to long wavelengths. Similar results in the past had been criticized on the ground that they might have been due to differential chromatic adaptation of cone mechanisms. In this study such an interpretation was ruled out by additional control experiments including varying luminance and wavelength of the standard light. The possibility of a rod contribution to the peripheral functions could not be eliminated although several different techniques, including the Stiles-Crawford effect, were used to try to isolate cone mechanisms.", "contents": "Color vision in the peripheral retina. I. Spectral sensitivity. Spectral sensitivity was measured by heterochromatic flicker photometry both in the fovea and at 45 degrees in the periphery, using a 1200 troland standard. At each location, sensitivity functions were obtained using both large and small targets. While the foveal functions were normal, the peripheral ones showed a large enhancement in sensitivity to short wavelengths relative to long wavelengths. Similar results in the past had been criticized on the ground that they might have been due to differential chromatic adaptation of cone mechanisms. In this study such an interpretation was ruled out by additional control experiments including varying luminance and wavelength of the standard light. The possibility of a rod contribution to the peripheral functions could not be eliminated although several different techniques, including the Stiles-Crawford effect, were used to try to isolate cone mechanisms.", "PMID": 839299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3710", "title": "Color vision in the peripheral retina. II. Hue and saturation.", "content": "Hue and saturation of spectral lights were measured (direct scaling) in the fovea and at 45 degrees in the periphery; all lights were of equal photopic retinal illuminance (1200 trolands). At each retinal location both large and small targets were used. As shown by previous studies, small peripheral targets appear desaturated and of uncertain hue, except long wavelengths which appear red. However, if target size is increased, saturation increases and a full range of hues is seen; the hue functions for large peripheral targets are comparable to foveal ones for very small targets. From a modified form of color matching, it was concluded that the color deficiency in the periphery is more tritanlike than deutanlike; this is strengthened by the observation, that, for small peripheral targets, hues are generally apportioned between two hue categories and the change from one to the other is at about 580 nm.", "contents": "Color vision in the peripheral retina. II. Hue and saturation. Hue and saturation of spectral lights were measured (direct scaling) in the fovea and at 45 degrees in the periphery; all lights were of equal photopic retinal illuminance (1200 trolands). At each retinal location both large and small targets were used. As shown by previous studies, small peripheral targets appear desaturated and of uncertain hue, except long wavelengths which appear red. However, if target size is increased, saturation increases and a full range of hues is seen; the hue functions for large peripheral targets are comparable to foveal ones for very small targets. From a modified form of color matching, it was concluded that the color deficiency in the periphery is more tritanlike than deutanlike; this is strengthened by the observation, that, for small peripheral targets, hues are generally apportioned between two hue categories and the change from one to the other is at about 580 nm.", "PMID": 839300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3711", "title": "Spatial frequency and light-spread descriptions of visual acuity and hyperacuity.", "content": "Resolution (visual acuity) and differential spatial localization (hyperacuity) targets were selected to allow rigorous psychophysical measurements as well as ready expression of both their spatial frequency spectrum and their retinal image light distribution. Thresholds were about 1 arc min for acuity and 4-6 arc sec for hyperacuity. As is consistent with the reciprocal relationship between the space and spatial frequency domains, the small locally restricted spatial differences between just distinguishable patterns are represented in the frequency domain by equally small differences, which are distributed over the entire spatial frequency spectrum. While they occur in many test situations, phase variations of spatial frequency components are not necessary for achieving optimum acuity and hyperacuity.", "contents": "Spatial frequency and light-spread descriptions of visual acuity and hyperacuity. Resolution (visual acuity) and differential spatial localization (hyperacuity) targets were selected to allow rigorous psychophysical measurements as well as ready expression of both their spatial frequency spectrum and their retinal image light distribution. Thresholds were about 1 arc min for acuity and 4-6 arc sec for hyperacuity. As is consistent with the reciprocal relationship between the space and spatial frequency domains, the small locally restricted spatial differences between just distinguishable patterns are represented in the frequency domain by equally small differences, which are distributed over the entire spatial frequency spectrum. While they occur in many test situations, phase variations of spatial frequency components are not necessary for achieving optimum acuity and hyperacuity.", "PMID": 839301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3712", "title": "Instrumentation for the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test.", "content": "Standard Farnsworth-Munsell (F-M) disks and caps are numerically encoded in a two-digit, base-five, system using resistors and zener diodes connected to miniature jack plugs. When the subject orders the disks in the usual way, he connects the plugs to sockets that are in turn connected to an electronic processor. The various error scores are computed, and the error-versus-position graph plotted by a pen recorder, in a total time of between 0.5 and 2.5 min.", "contents": "Instrumentation for the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test. Standard Farnsworth-Munsell (F-M) disks and caps are numerically encoded in a two-digit, base-five, system using resistors and zener diodes connected to miniature jack plugs. When the subject orders the disks in the usual way, he connects the plugs to sockets that are in turn connected to an electronic processor. The various error scores are computed, and the error-versus-position graph plotted by a pen recorder, in a total time of between 0.5 and 2.5 min.", "PMID": 839302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3713", "title": "Milk protein quantity and quality in low-birth-weight infants. III. Effects on sulfur amino acids in plasma and urine.", "content": "Well, appropriate-for-gestational age, low-birth-weight infants weighing 2,100 gm or less were divided into three gestational age groups and assigned randomly within each age group to one of five feeding regimens: pooled human milk; formula 1 (F1) = 1.5gm/dl protein, 60 parts bovine whey proteins: 40 parts bovine caseins; F2 = 3.0 gm/dl, 60:40; F3 = 1.5 gm/dl, 18:82; F4=3.0 gm/dl, 18:82. Plasma and urine concentrations of methionine and of cystathionine were higher in the infants fed F1 to F4 than in the infants fed BM. The plasma cystine concentrations of infants fed F2 (which had a cystine content at least twice that of any of the other formulas) were significantly higher than those of infants fed BM. Plasma taurine concentrations of infants fed F1 or F4, which were virtually devoid of taurine, decreased steadily during the course of study becoming lower than those of infants fed BM. Urine taurine concentrations of infants fed F1, F3, or F4 (but not F2 which had more taurine than F1, F3, or F4) were lower than those of infants fed BM. These results provide further evidence for the limited capacity of the preterm human infant to convert methionine to cystine, owing to delayed maturation of cytathionase, and suggest a limited capacity to convert cystine to taurine. The latter suggestion is consistent with low human hepatic cysteinesulfinic acid decarboxylase activity 0.26 (fetal) and 0.32 (adult) nmoles/mg protein/hour vs 468 in rat liver.", "contents": "Milk protein quantity and quality in low-birth-weight infants. III. Effects on sulfur amino acids in plasma and urine. Well, appropriate-for-gestational age, low-birth-weight infants weighing 2,100 gm or less were divided into three gestational age groups and assigned randomly within each age group to one of five feeding regimens: pooled human milk; formula 1 (F1) = 1.5gm/dl protein, 60 parts bovine whey proteins: 40 parts bovine caseins; F2 = 3.0 gm/dl, 60:40; F3 = 1.5 gm/dl, 18:82; F4=3.0 gm/dl, 18:82. Plasma and urine concentrations of methionine and of cystathionine were higher in the infants fed F1 to F4 than in the infants fed BM. The plasma cystine concentrations of infants fed F2 (which had a cystine content at least twice that of any of the other formulas) were significantly higher than those of infants fed BM. Plasma taurine concentrations of infants fed F1 or F4, which were virtually devoid of taurine, decreased steadily during the course of study becoming lower than those of infants fed BM. Urine taurine concentrations of infants fed F1, F3, or F4 (but not F2 which had more taurine than F1, F3, or F4) were lower than those of infants fed BM. These results provide further evidence for the limited capacity of the preterm human infant to convert methionine to cystine, owing to delayed maturation of cytathionase, and suggest a limited capacity to convert cystine to taurine. The latter suggestion is consistent with low human hepatic cysteinesulfinic acid decarboxylase activity 0.26 (fetal) and 0.32 (adult) nmoles/mg protein/hour vs 468 in rat liver.", "PMID": 839326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3714", "title": "Milk protein quantity and quality in low-birth-weight infants. IV. Effects on tyrosine and phenylalanine in plasma and urine.", "content": "Well, appropriate-for-gestational age, low-birth-weight infants were divided into three gestational age groups and assigned randomly within each age group to one of five feeding regimens: pooled human milk (BM); formula 1 (F1) = 1.5 gm/dl protein, 60 parts bovine whey proteins: 40 parts bovine caseins; F2 = 3.0 gm/dl, 60:40; F3 = 1.5 gm/dl, 18:82; F4 = 3.0 gm/dl, 18:82. Plasma and urine concentrations of tyrosine and phenylalanine were far higher in the infants fed F1 to F4, especially F2 and F4, than in the infants fed BM. These findings offer further evidence for the limited capacity of the low-birth-weight infant to catabolize tyrosine. Infants fed F3 had significantly higher plasma tyrosine concentrations than infants fed F1, and those fed F4 had higher concentrations than those fed F2. Thus, increased plasma tyrosine concentrations in low-birth-weight infants are related directly both to the quantity and to the quality of the protein in their diets.", "contents": "Milk protein quantity and quality in low-birth-weight infants. IV. Effects on tyrosine and phenylalanine in plasma and urine. Well, appropriate-for-gestational age, low-birth-weight infants were divided into three gestational age groups and assigned randomly within each age group to one of five feeding regimens: pooled human milk (BM); formula 1 (F1) = 1.5 gm/dl protein, 60 parts bovine whey proteins: 40 parts bovine caseins; F2 = 3.0 gm/dl, 60:40; F3 = 1.5 gm/dl, 18:82; F4 = 3.0 gm/dl, 18:82. Plasma and urine concentrations of tyrosine and phenylalanine were far higher in the infants fed F1 to F4, especially F2 and F4, than in the infants fed BM. These findings offer further evidence for the limited capacity of the low-birth-weight infant to catabolize tyrosine. Infants fed F3 had significantly higher plasma tyrosine concentrations than infants fed F1, and those fed F4 had higher concentrations than those fed F2. Thus, increased plasma tyrosine concentrations in low-birth-weight infants are related directly both to the quantity and to the quality of the protein in their diets.", "PMID": 839327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3715", "title": "Viral hepatitis type B during pregnancy, the neonatal period, and infancy.", "content": "Eighteen women who developed type B hepatitis late in pregnancy or early in the postpartum period (Groups I and II), 12 women who were chronically infected with the hepatitis B virus (Groups III and IV), and 32 of their offspring were tested for hepatits B surface antigen, antibody to the hepatitis B  surface antigen, antibody to the hepatitis B core antigen, and the recently discovered hepatitis B-associated e antigen and its antibody. Twelve of 18 infants born to Group I and Group II mothers and 5 of 14 infants born to Group III and Group IV mothers became chronically infected with HBV: the outcome did not appear to be influenced by maternal anti-HBc titers, by HBsAg subtype, by the presence or absence of HBsAg in the cord sera, or by the infants' birth weights or gestational ages. The presence of maternal e Ag, however, did correlate with the development of chronic HBV infections in the infants studied. The e Ag appeared in five infants born of e Ag-negative mothers but did not appear to be associated with the morbid prognosis which generally accompanies its presence in adult HBsAg carriers. Data also suggest that maternal anti-e may favor HBsAg clearance and recovery in neonatally acquired HBV infections.", "contents": "Viral hepatitis type B during pregnancy, the neonatal period, and infancy. Eighteen women who developed type B hepatitis late in pregnancy or early in the postpartum period (Groups I and II), 12 women who were chronically infected with the hepatitis B virus (Groups III and IV), and 32 of their offspring were tested for hepatits B surface antigen, antibody to the hepatitis B  surface antigen, antibody to the hepatitis B core antigen, and the recently discovered hepatitis B-associated e antigen and its antibody. Twelve of 18 infants born to Group I and Group II mothers and 5 of 14 infants born to Group III and Group IV mothers became chronically infected with HBV: the outcome did not appear to be influenced by maternal anti-HBc titers, by HBsAg subtype, by the presence or absence of HBsAg in the cord sera, or by the infants' birth weights or gestational ages. The presence of maternal e Ag, however, did correlate with the development of chronic HBV infections in the infants studied. The e Ag appeared in five infants born of e Ag-negative mothers but did not appear to be associated with the morbid prognosis which generally accompanies its presence in adult HBsAg carriers. Data also suggest that maternal anti-e may favor HBsAg clearance and recovery in neonatally acquired HBV infections.", "PMID": 839328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3716", "title": "Serum somatomedin-C in hypopituitarism and in other disorders of growth.", "content": "Serum levels of somatomedin-C have been measured by a competitive membrane binding assay in normal individuals, in hypopituitary dwarfs, and in children with growth retardation from causes other than growth hormone deficiency. The mean level in untreated hypopituitary children is about 40% of that of age-matched normal children. Treatment of hypopituitary dwarfs with human growth hormone results in prompt increases in the serum concentration of somatomedin-C. Normalization of somatomedin is associated with the return of pituitary function in hospitalized psychosocial dwarfs. Supporting the possibility that somatomedin-C plays a pivotal role in skeletal growth is the finding that serum levels in hypopituitary children correlate with growth rate both on and off growth hormone therapy. In our hands, this assay has proved to be an efficient, reliable method for the diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency.", "contents": "Serum somatomedin-C in hypopituitarism and in other disorders of growth. Serum levels of somatomedin-C have been measured by a competitive membrane binding assay in normal individuals, in hypopituitary dwarfs, and in children with growth retardation from causes other than growth hormone deficiency. The mean level in untreated hypopituitary children is about 40% of that of age-matched normal children. Treatment of hypopituitary dwarfs with human growth hormone results in prompt increases in the serum concentration of somatomedin-C. Normalization of somatomedin is associated with the return of pituitary function in hospitalized psychosocial dwarfs. Supporting the possibility that somatomedin-C plays a pivotal role in skeletal growth is the finding that serum levels in hypopituitary children correlate with growth rate both on and off growth hormone therapy. In our hands, this assay has proved to be an efficient, reliable method for the diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency.", "PMID": 839329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3717", "title": "Apnea associated with respiratory syncytial virus infection in young infants.", "content": "The hospital charts of 274 infants under 6 months of age with culture-proved respiratory syncytial virus infections were reviewed. Fifty-six infants (20.4%) demonstrated apnea in association with RSV infection. Predisposing factors significantly correlated with apnea included premature birth and young chronologic age at the time of virus infection. The clinical implications of this association are discussed.", "contents": "Apnea associated with respiratory syncytial virus infection in young infants. The hospital charts of 274 infants under 6 months of age with culture-proved respiratory syncytial virus infections were reviewed. Fifty-six infants (20.4%) demonstrated apnea in association with RSV infection. Predisposing factors significantly correlated with apnea included premature birth and young chronologic age at the time of virus infection. The clinical implications of this association are discussed.", "PMID": 839330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3718", "title": "Fatal ECHO 24 infection in a patient with hypogammaglobulinemia: relationship to dermatomyositis-like syndrome.", "content": "Patients with deficient antibody-mediated immunity may develop a rare \"dermatomyositis-like\" syndrome, which is usually progressive and fatal. We have observed a child with hypogammaglobulinemia in whom a dermatomyositis-like syndrome was associated with a fatal, disseminated ECHO 24 infection. This association suggests that in some immunodeficient patients the fatal dermatomyositis-like syndrome is a manifestation of a viral infection in a compromised host. The use of maternal plasma, with a high titer of ECHO 24 neutralizing activity, was unsuccessful in arresting the progress of the infection.", "contents": "Fatal ECHO 24 infection in a patient with hypogammaglobulinemia: relationship to dermatomyositis-like syndrome. Patients with deficient antibody-mediated immunity may develop a rare \"dermatomyositis-like\" syndrome, which is usually progressive and fatal. We have observed a child with hypogammaglobulinemia in whom a dermatomyositis-like syndrome was associated with a fatal, disseminated ECHO 24 infection. This association suggests that in some immunodeficient patients the fatal dermatomyositis-like syndrome is a manifestation of a viral infection in a compromised host. The use of maternal plasma, with a high titer of ECHO 24 neutralizing activity, was unsuccessful in arresting the progress of the infection.", "PMID": 839331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3719", "title": "Tyrosinemia with acute intermittent porphyria: aminolevulinic acid dehydratase deficiency related to elevated urinary aminolevulinic acid levels.", "content": "A patient who had hereditary tyrosinemia was observed during two illnesses to have characteristics of acute intermittent porphyria with associated hypertension. Metabolic studies revealed elevated levels of urinary aminolevulinic acid but normal levels of porphyrin metabolites associated with, and possibly explained by, decreased red blood cell activity of the zinc-dependent enzyme, aminolevulinic acid dehydratase. Zinc deficiency could not be directly associated with the diminished enzyme activity. The patient's hypertension appeared to be related to increased urinary excretion of catecholamines and to elevated renin activity in peripheral venous blood.", "contents": "Tyrosinemia with acute intermittent porphyria: aminolevulinic acid dehydratase deficiency related to elevated urinary aminolevulinic acid levels. A patient who had hereditary tyrosinemia was observed during two illnesses to have characteristics of acute intermittent porphyria with associated hypertension. Metabolic studies revealed elevated levels of urinary aminolevulinic acid but normal levels of porphyrin metabolites associated with, and possibly explained by, decreased red blood cell activity of the zinc-dependent enzyme, aminolevulinic acid dehydratase. Zinc deficiency could not be directly associated with the diminished enzyme activity. The patient's hypertension appeared to be related to increased urinary excretion of catecholamines and to elevated renin activity in peripheral venous blood.", "PMID": 839332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3720", "title": "The lung following repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia.", "content": "To determine the effects of the pulmonary hypoplasia present at birth in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia upon subsequent development of the lung, 19 patients who had undergone surgical repair before the age of one year were studied at ages 6 to 18 years. Total lung capacity and vital capacity averaged 99% of predicted value. Diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide was normal. Forced expiratory volume in one second averaged 89% of predicted value and 80% of vital capacity. Total respiratory system conductance and maximum expiratory flow volume curves obtained during air and helium-oxygen breathing were normal. Xenon 133 radiospirometry performed in nine patients revealed equal distribution of lung volumes on the two sides. Ventilation to the hernia side was reduced in only two patients. Blood flow to the hernia side was reduced in all nine patients. Chest radiographs supported the physiologic observations. These findings are consistent with the persistence of a reduction in the number of branches or  generations of pulmonary arteries and bronchi on the side of the hernia. Since a substantial part of the vascular resistance resides in peripheral vessels, this developmental abnormality influences the distribution of pulmonary blood flow, although it has little effect on tests reflecting airway resistance or the distribution of ventilation.", "contents": "The lung following repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. To determine the effects of the pulmonary hypoplasia present at birth in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia upon subsequent development of the lung, 19 patients who had undergone surgical repair before the age of one year were studied at ages 6 to 18 years. Total lung capacity and vital capacity averaged 99% of predicted value. Diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide was normal. Forced expiratory volume in one second averaged 89% of predicted value and 80% of vital capacity. Total respiratory system conductance and maximum expiratory flow volume curves obtained during air and helium-oxygen breathing were normal. Xenon 133 radiospirometry performed in nine patients revealed equal distribution of lung volumes on the two sides. Ventilation to the hernia side was reduced in only two patients. Blood flow to the hernia side was reduced in all nine patients. Chest radiographs supported the physiologic observations. These findings are consistent with the persistence of a reduction in the number of branches or  generations of pulmonary arteries and bronchi on the side of the hernia. Since a substantial part of the vascular resistance resides in peripheral vessels, this developmental abnormality influences the distribution of pulmonary blood flow, although it has little effect on tests reflecting airway resistance or the distribution of ventilation.", "PMID": 839333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3721", "title": "The nature of the dose-response relationship of phototherapy for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.", "content": "The nature of the dose response relationship of phototherapy for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia was studied in 110 infants divided into ten comparable groups; each group was subjected to phototherapy of different intensity. The response to phototherapy increases with increasing dose, but the rate of this response progressively decreases with increasing radiance till a \"saturation point\" is reached, beyond which no further increase in response occurs to further increase in radiance, i.e., an asymptotic regression was demonstrated. The minimal radiance at which phototherapy begins to be effective for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia was also determined. The rebound after cessation of phototherapy was similar in all groups of infants, despite the shorter duration of exposure required for the groups subjected to intense phototherapy.", "contents": "The nature of the dose-response relationship of phototherapy for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. The nature of the dose response relationship of phototherapy for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia was studied in 110 infants divided into ten comparable groups; each group was subjected to phototherapy of different intensity. The response to phototherapy increases with increasing dose, but the rate of this response progressively decreases with increasing radiance till a \"saturation point\" is reached, beyond which no further increase in response occurs to further increase in radiance, i.e., an asymptotic regression was demonstrated. The minimal radiance at which phototherapy begins to be effective for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia was also determined. The rebound after cessation of phototherapy was similar in all groups of infants, despite the shorter duration of exposure required for the groups subjected to intense phototherapy.", "PMID": 839340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3722", "title": "Necrotizing enterocolitis and hyperviscosity in the newborn infant.", "content": "During a one-year prospective survey to determine the incidence of hyperviscosity in small-for-gestational age infants, we found a significant increase in the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in SGA infants with HV. Of the 14 SGA infants with HV, five developed NEC, and of 65 SGA infants with normal blood viscosity,one had NEC (p less than 0.005). Comparison of clinical features of the five HV infants with NEC with those reported in the literature showed that the infants with HV and NEC had had longer gestational periods and higher weights and, in contrast to those reported in the literature, were free of clinical evidence of asphyxia distress. The respiratory disorders have been proposed as the clinical events that might lead to ischemia of the intestine and subsequently to NEC. It is proposed that HV may be another factor leading to ischemia in the gastrointestinal tract with subsequent development of NEC.", "contents": "Necrotizing enterocolitis and hyperviscosity in the newborn infant. During a one-year prospective survey to determine the incidence of hyperviscosity in small-for-gestational age infants, we found a significant increase in the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in SGA infants with HV. Of the 14 SGA infants with HV, five developed NEC, and of 65 SGA infants with normal blood viscosity,one had NEC (p less than 0.005). Comparison of clinical features of the five HV infants with NEC with those reported in the literature showed that the infants with HV and NEC had had longer gestational periods and higher weights and, in contrast to those reported in the literature, were free of clinical evidence of asphyxia distress. The respiratory disorders have been proposed as the clinical events that might lead to ischemia of the intestine and subsequently to NEC. It is proposed that HV may be another factor leading to ischemia in the gastrointestinal tract with subsequent development of NEC.", "PMID": 839341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3723", "title": "Aminophylline bioavailability and the across-time stability of plasma theophylline levels.", "content": "Three generic aminophylline products were examined and found to have equivalent bioavailability. Plasma theophylline levels were found to be reproducible in most patients (intraclass r = 0.7). There were some patients who showed wide swings in plasma theophylline levels without signs of toxicity or clinical deterioration.", "contents": "Aminophylline bioavailability and the across-time stability of plasma theophylline levels. Three generic aminophylline products were examined and found to have equivalent bioavailability. Plasma theophylline levels were found to be reproducible in most patients (intraclass r = 0.7). There were some patients who showed wide swings in plasma theophylline levels without signs of toxicity or clinical deterioration.", "PMID": 839342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3724", "title": "Treatment of recurrent syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone with lithium.", "content": "The usual treatment for recurrent syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone has been fluid restriction. Recently White and Fetner described an adult with SIADH successfully managed with lithium carbonate. Described here is a child with recurrent SIADH who was diagnosed as having an acute hyponatremic episode and who then relapsed twice in a two-month period while chronic fluid restriction was attempted. He has now been maintained on 300 mg/day of lithium carbonate and is asymptomatic with normal serum sodium concentration and urine osmolalities. Lithium appears to be effective in the management of recurrent SIADH and may allow control in a patient who cannot comply with long-term fluid restriction.", "contents": "Treatment of recurrent syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone with lithium. The usual treatment for recurrent syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone has been fluid restriction. Recently White and Fetner described an adult with SIADH successfully managed with lithium carbonate. Described here is a child with recurrent SIADH who was diagnosed as having an acute hyponatremic episode and who then relapsed twice in a two-month period while chronic fluid restriction was attempted. He has now been maintained on 300 mg/day of lithium carbonate and is asymptomatic with normal serum sodium concentration and urine osmolalities. Lithium appears to be effective in the management of recurrent SIADH and may allow control in a patient who cannot comply with long-term fluid restriction.", "PMID": 839344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3725", "title": "Hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and dehydration following a single hypertonic phosphate enema.", "content": "Previous reports of hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia following use of phosphate enemas have either been in patients with renal disease or followed prolonged abuse of these products. The two patients described here had marked elevation of serum phosphate and concomitant lowering of serum calcium secondary to absorption of phosphate from a single administered enema. Associated moderate dehydration resulted in poor renal excretion of the absorbed phosphate and prolongation of hypocalcemia. Hydration was effective in permitting clearance of phosphate and restoration of normocalcemia.", "contents": "Hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and dehydration following a single hypertonic phosphate enema. Previous reports of hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia following use of phosphate enemas have either been in patients with renal disease or followed prolonged abuse of these products. The two patients described here had marked elevation of serum phosphate and concomitant lowering of serum calcium secondary to absorption of phosphate from a single administered enema. Associated moderate dehydration resulted in poor renal excretion of the absorbed phosphate and prolongation of hypocalcemia. Hydration was effective in permitting clearance of phosphate and restoration of normocalcemia.", "PMID": 839346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3726", "title": "Treatment of congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia patients with single and multiple daily doses of prednisone.", "content": "Six patients with congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia were evaluated on single- and multiple-dose prednisone schedules. Each of the treatment periods was for one month. Patients were evaluated by 24-hour urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids and pregnanetriol, as well as 0900 plasma concentrations of 17-hydroxyprogesterone, progesterone, and testosterone. By the criteria of urinary excretion of KS and PNT appropriate for chronologic age, three of the six patients were adequately controlled on prednisone given once a day. Prednisone administered twice daily at 12-hourly intervals either in equally divided doses or with a larger dose in the evening, however, resulted in adequate suppression in all patients. Because of the marked diurnal variation of plasma 17-OHP, the time of day that the sample is drawn is critical. Afternoon samples are often misleadingly low. Plasma 17-OHP concentration may reflect escape from therapeutic control sooner than urinary KS and PNT excretion. There was no correlation between 17-OHP and P values. Plasma concentration of T was not a reliable indicator of good control, since T values were often at prepubertal levels when urinary KS and PNT were elevated.", "contents": "Treatment of congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia patients with single and multiple daily doses of prednisone. Six patients with congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia were evaluated on single- and multiple-dose prednisone schedules. Each of the treatment periods was for one month. Patients were evaluated by 24-hour urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids and pregnanetriol, as well as 0900 plasma concentrations of 17-hydroxyprogesterone, progesterone, and testosterone. By the criteria of urinary excretion of KS and PNT appropriate for chronologic age, three of the six patients were adequately controlled on prednisone given once a day. Prednisone administered twice daily at 12-hourly intervals either in equally divided doses or with a larger dose in the evening, however, resulted in adequate suppression in all patients. Because of the marked diurnal variation of plasma 17-OHP, the time of day that the sample is drawn is critical. Afternoon samples are often misleadingly low. Plasma 17-OHP concentration may reflect escape from therapeutic control sooner than urinary KS and PNT excretion. There was no correlation between 17-OHP and P values. Plasma concentration of T was not a reliable indicator of good control, since T values were often at prepubertal levels when urinary KS and PNT were elevated.", "PMID": 839364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3727", "title": "Suppressibility of glucagon secretion by glucose in juvenile diabetes.", "content": "The suppressibility of plasma glucagon concentrations by glucose was investigated in normal and diabetic children. Fasting concentrations of plasma glucagon were similar in normal and in diabetic children despite the hyperglycemia of the latter. Infusion of glucose promptly suppressed glucagon values in the normal as well as in the diabetic children pretreated with half of their usual morning dose of insulin. Glucose alone, however, did not suppress plasma glucagon in diabetic patients, despite the attainment of significant hyperglycemia. Administration of insulin during an ongoing glucose infusion in the diabetic patients lowered their blood glucose concentration; the concentration of glucagon rose transiently when the glucose concentration fell. These data confirm the existence of relative hyperglucagonemia inappropriate for the degree of blood glucose concentration in diabetic children deprived of insulin. The data also suggest that this hyperglucagonemia is secondary to insulin deficiency and suppressibility of glucagon by glucose can be restored by insulin therapy.", "contents": "Suppressibility of glucagon secretion by glucose in juvenile diabetes. The suppressibility of plasma glucagon concentrations by glucose was investigated in normal and diabetic children. Fasting concentrations of plasma glucagon were similar in normal and in diabetic children despite the hyperglycemia of the latter. Infusion of glucose promptly suppressed glucagon values in the normal as well as in the diabetic children pretreated with half of their usual morning dose of insulin. Glucose alone, however, did not suppress plasma glucagon in diabetic patients, despite the attainment of significant hyperglycemia. Administration of insulin during an ongoing glucose infusion in the diabetic patients lowered their blood glucose concentration; the concentration of glucagon rose transiently when the glucose concentration fell. These data confirm the existence of relative hyperglucagonemia inappropriate for the degree of blood glucose concentration in diabetic children deprived of insulin. The data also suggest that this hyperglucagonemia is secondary to insulin deficiency and suppressibility of glucagon by glucose can be restored by insulin therapy.", "PMID": 839365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3728", "title": "Functional development of phagocytic activity of the spleen.", "content": "The improvement of phagocytic activity of organs was studied in rats by means of 99mTc sulfur colloid uptake. This function was measured in the newborn rat, 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-week-old baby rats and in adult rats. Organ distribution of the 99mTc-S-colloid showed marked phagocytic activity of the liver in all age groups including the newborn period. Phagocytosis in bone marrow was markedly increased and that in spleen markedly decreased at the time of birth. However, rapid improvement of phagocytic activity with age was prominent in the spleen.", "contents": "Functional development of phagocytic activity of the spleen. The improvement of phagocytic activity of organs was studied in rats by means of 99mTc sulfur colloid uptake. This function was measured in the newborn rat, 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-week-old baby rats and in adult rats. Organ distribution of the 99mTc-S-colloid showed marked phagocytic activity of the liver in all age groups including the newborn period. Phagocytosis in bone marrow was markedly increased and that in spleen markedly decreased at the time of birth. However, rapid improvement of phagocytic activity with age was prominent in the spleen.", "PMID": 839366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3729", "title": "Argininemia.", "content": "The clinical features of argininemia in two cousins included hyperactivity, spasticity, ataxia, retardation, and repeated attacks of hyperammonemia. Study of a large kindred suggests that arginase-deficiency is transmitted as a Mendelian recessive. Treatment with an essential amino acid mixture with the total nitrogen intake limited to the requirement, controlled the hyperammonemia, reduced the plasma arginine level, and permitted a marked clinical improvement. There has been a significant increase in intelligence levels; the previously retarded children are now approaching the normal range of function.", "contents": "Argininemia. The clinical features of argininemia in two cousins included hyperactivity, spasticity, ataxia, retardation, and repeated attacks of hyperammonemia. Study of a large kindred suggests that arginase-deficiency is transmitted as a Mendelian recessive. Treatment with an essential amino acid mixture with the total nitrogen intake limited to the requirement, controlled the hyperammonemia, reduced the plasma arginine level, and permitted a marked clinical improvement. There has been a significant increase in intelligence levels; the previously retarded children are now approaching the normal range of function.", "PMID": 839367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3730", "title": "Hyperargininemia.", "content": "A 7 1/2-year-old boy had progressive psychomotor retardation, behavior disturbance, and spasticity, and had growth arrest from age three. Plasma arginine on a self-selected protein-poor diet was increased (4.05 mg/dl; nl 0.4 to 2.6), whereas urinary amino acid excretion was normal. Red blood cell arginase was less than 1% of normal in the patient and was half normal in both parents, in two normal siblings, and in his paternal grandfather. Three hours after a meal providing 2 gm protein/kg body weight, the plasma arginine value rose to 13.2 mg/dl, dibasic aminoaciduria was seen clearly for the only time, but blood ammonia concentration remained normal. We conclude that arginase deficiency in the red blood cells and probably in the liver is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner and is responsible for the clinical syndrome in this patient.", "contents": "Hyperargininemia. A 7 1/2-year-old boy had progressive psychomotor retardation, behavior disturbance, and spasticity, and had growth arrest from age three. Plasma arginine on a self-selected protein-poor diet was increased (4.05 mg/dl; nl 0.4 to 2.6), whereas urinary amino acid excretion was normal. Red blood cell arginase was less than 1% of normal in the patient and was half normal in both parents, in two normal siblings, and in his paternal grandfather. Three hours after a meal providing 2 gm protein/kg body weight, the plasma arginine value rose to 13.2 mg/dl, dibasic aminoaciduria was seen clearly for the only time, but blood ammonia concentration remained normal. We conclude that arginase deficiency in the red blood cells and probably in the liver is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner and is responsible for the clinical syndrome in this patient.", "PMID": 839368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3731", "title": "The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion as a cause of hyponatremia in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone was observed in two patients with cystic fibrosis during acute exacerbation of chronic pulmonary disease. It was diagnosed by the accepted clinical and laboratory criteria and confirmed in one case by values for immunoreactive vasopressin that were inappropriately high for plasma osmolality. The severe hyponatremia was corrected by fluid restriction, alone or combined with intravenous treatment with diuretic and hypertonic saline solution. In addition, there was simultaneous therapy of the pulmonary disease. SIADH thus must be added to salt loss as a cause of hyponatremia in CF, and may be more common than realized in patients with CF and severe pulmonary disease.", "contents": "The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion as a cause of hyponatremia in cystic fibrosis. The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone was observed in two patients with cystic fibrosis during acute exacerbation of chronic pulmonary disease. It was diagnosed by the accepted clinical and laboratory criteria and confirmed in one case by values for immunoreactive vasopressin that were inappropriately high for plasma osmolality. The severe hyponatremia was corrected by fluid restriction, alone or combined with intravenous treatment with diuretic and hypertonic saline solution. In addition, there was simultaneous therapy of the pulmonary disease. SIADH thus must be added to salt loss as a cause of hyponatremia in CF, and may be more common than realized in patients with CF and severe pulmonary disease.", "PMID": 839369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3732", "title": "Cystic fibrosis--related inhibition of mucociliary clearance in vivo in man.", "content": "Studies were performed to demonstrate possibly cystic fibrosis-related inhibition of mucociliary clearance in man. Topical application of normal serum or of CF serum did not inhibit in vivo nasal MCC. Induction of local inflammation by topical anti-IgE-reduced nasal MCC in CF subjects, but increased MCC in normal individuals. Furthermore, nasal MCC was inhibited in normal patients by CF serum but not normal serum, applied to the anti-IgE-treated nasal mucosa. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that CF serum inhibits MCC in vivo in the inflamed mucosa.", "contents": "Cystic fibrosis--related inhibition of mucociliary clearance in vivo in man. Studies were performed to demonstrate possibly cystic fibrosis-related inhibition of mucociliary clearance in man. Topical application of normal serum or of CF serum did not inhibit in vivo nasal MCC. Induction of local inflammation by topical anti-IgE-reduced nasal MCC in CF subjects, but increased MCC in normal individuals. Furthermore, nasal MCC was inhibited in normal patients by CF serum but not normal serum, applied to the anti-IgE-treated nasal mucosa. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that CF serum inhibits MCC in vivo in the inflamed mucosa.", "PMID": 839370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3733", "title": "Chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction syndrome in children--clinical characteristics and prognosis.", "content": "Eleven children with the diagnosis of chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction are presented. Four children, all siblings of a symptomatic patient, were asymptomatic and were diagnosed radiographically. The clinical course was characterized by intermittent episodes of abdominal distention, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, and malnutrition. Radiographic studies were most helpful in making the diagnosis. Findings on upper gastrointestinal series included abnormal esophageal motility, delayed gastric emptying, dilated loops of small bowel, and disorganized transit of barium. Half of the patients had abnormal evacuation patterns on barium enema. Manometric studies of esophageal motility were abnormal in seven of ten children. In those patients studied, small bowel and rectal biopsies contained ganglion cells. Treatment was directed at relieving symptoms, which in four patients became persistent and required total parenteral nutrition. CIIPS carries a poor long-term prognosis in children.", "contents": "Chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction syndrome in children--clinical characteristics and prognosis. Eleven children with the diagnosis of chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction are presented. Four children, all siblings of a symptomatic patient, were asymptomatic and were diagnosed radiographically. The clinical course was characterized by intermittent episodes of abdominal distention, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, and malnutrition. Radiographic studies were most helpful in making the diagnosis. Findings on upper gastrointestinal series included abnormal esophageal motility, delayed gastric emptying, dilated loops of small bowel, and disorganized transit of barium. Half of the patients had abnormal evacuation patterns on barium enema. Manometric studies of esophageal motility were abnormal in seven of ten children. In those patients studied, small bowel and rectal biopsies contained ganglion cells. Treatment was directed at relieving symptoms, which in four patients became persistent and required total parenteral nutrition. CIIPS carries a poor long-term prognosis in children.", "PMID": 839371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3734", "title": "Long-term pulmonary sequelae of premature birth with and without idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "Seven children born prematurely who survived the respiratory distress syndrome, seven children born prematurely who had no neonatal lung disease, and seven normal children born at term were studied by comparison of flow volume curves obtained while breathing air to those obtained while breathing 80% helium and 20% oxygen. Expiratory flow rates in air both groups of prematurely born children were lower than flow rates of the children born at term, and the volumes of iso-flow were higher in the survivors of RDS than those of the children born at term. The differences in flow rates in air suggest an increase in large airway resistance in both groups of prematurely born children. It is speculated that this may be secondary to growth retardation related to prematurity. The elevated Viso V in the RDS group suggests an increase in small airway resistance secondary to the disease or to its therapy.", "contents": "Long-term pulmonary sequelae of premature birth with and without idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome. Seven children born prematurely who survived the respiratory distress syndrome, seven children born prematurely who had no neonatal lung disease, and seven normal children born at term were studied by comparison of flow volume curves obtained while breathing air to those obtained while breathing 80% helium and 20% oxygen. Expiratory flow rates in air both groups of prematurely born children were lower than flow rates of the children born at term, and the volumes of iso-flow were higher in the survivors of RDS than those of the children born at term. The differences in flow rates in air suggest an increase in large airway resistance in both groups of prematurely born children. It is speculated that this may be secondary to growth retardation related to prematurity. The elevated Viso V in the RDS group suggests an increase in small airway resistance secondary to the disease or to its therapy.", "PMID": 839378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3735", "title": "Dexamethasone levels in treated pregnant women and newborn infants.", "content": "Dexamethasone concentration was measured in plasma and amniotic fluid by radioimmunoassay using a rabbit antiserum raised against DX-hemisuccinate-albumin. Recoveries of added tracers averaged 70% after paper chromatography. The within- and between-assay coefficients of variation averaged 10%. The lower limit of detection was 0.2 mug/dl when 0.4 ml of plasma was assayed. Ten healthy pregnant women at term had cesarean sections 8 to 11 hours following administration of 8 mg of DX orally. DX levels in maternal vein, in umbilical vein and artery, and in amniotic fluid averaged 2.2, 2.9, 2.6, and 2.5 mug/dl, respectively. Although cortisol levels were markedly suppressed, the total relative glucocorticoid activity in blood of fetuses treated with DX far exceeded that of the untreated group.", "contents": "Dexamethasone levels in treated pregnant women and newborn infants. Dexamethasone concentration was measured in plasma and amniotic fluid by radioimmunoassay using a rabbit antiserum raised against DX-hemisuccinate-albumin. Recoveries of added tracers averaged 70% after paper chromatography. The within- and between-assay coefficients of variation averaged 10%. The lower limit of detection was 0.2 mug/dl when 0.4 ml of plasma was assayed. Ten healthy pregnant women at term had cesarean sections 8 to 11 hours following administration of 8 mg of DX orally. DX levels in maternal vein, in umbilical vein and artery, and in amniotic fluid averaged 2.2, 2.9, 2.6, and 2.5 mug/dl, respectively. Although cortisol levels were markedly suppressed, the total relative glucocorticoid activity in blood of fetuses treated with DX far exceeded that of the untreated group.", "PMID": 839379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3736", "title": "Withdrawal symptoms in infants with the fetal alcohol syndrome.", "content": "Six infants with dysmorphic features of the fetal alcohol syndrome presented with symptoms of withdrawal from alcohol similar to those observed in adults and animals. Symptoms were characterized by irritability, tremors, spontaneous seizures, opisthotonos, and abdominal distention. A comparison of symptoms is made to animal and withdrawal from ethanol and to the neonatal narcotic withdrawal syndrome.", "contents": "Withdrawal symptoms in infants with the fetal alcohol syndrome. Six infants with dysmorphic features of the fetal alcohol syndrome presented with symptoms of withdrawal from alcohol similar to those observed in adults and animals. Symptoms were characterized by irritability, tremors, spontaneous seizures, opisthotonos, and abdominal distention. A comparison of symptoms is made to animal and withdrawal from ethanol and to the neonatal narcotic withdrawal syndrome.", "PMID": 839382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3737", "title": "Asymptomatic gonorrhea: prevalence in a population of urban adolescents.", "content": "During a 12-month period, 2,672 sexually active youths, 12 to 16 years of age, had genital bacteriologic cultures for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Anterior urethral cultures were obtained from 2,098 males of whom 2,064 had no symptoms or signs of genitourinary disease. Forty cultures (1.9%) were positive for gonorrhea. Of 574 females, 374 were asymptomatic and 26 (7.0%) had positive gonorrhea cultures from the cervix. Since adolescent boys are more likely to be sexual adventurers, the 1.9% carrier rate represents an important reservoir of gonorrhea and equal in importance to that found in the asymptomatic adolescent girl.", "contents": "Asymptomatic gonorrhea: prevalence in a population of urban adolescents. During a 12-month period, 2,672 sexually active youths, 12 to 16 years of age, had genital bacteriologic cultures for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Anterior urethral cultures were obtained from 2,098 males of whom 2,064 had no symptoms or signs of genitourinary disease. Forty cultures (1.9%) were positive for gonorrhea. Of 574 females, 374 were asymptomatic and 26 (7.0%) had positive gonorrhea cultures from the cervix. Since adolescent boys are more likely to be sexual adventurers, the 1.9% carrier rate represents an important reservoir of gonorrhea and equal in importance to that found in the asymptomatic adolescent girl.", "PMID": 839383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3738", "title": "Adolescents who attempt suicide.", "content": "A suicide prevention program for teen-agers was established and at the completion of the first two years a review of the data was undertaken. A group of 65 adolescents who attempted suicide were identified in that time period. The median age group was 16 years, and 75% were girls. Ingestion was the predominant method used in these suicidal attempts. The major characteristics of these youngsters included long-term family disruption, social isolation, and academic difficulties. A subgroup of 25 adolescents received psychologic tests. When compared to a matched control group there was a significantly higher rate of minimal brain dysfunction for those adolescents who attempted suicide.", "contents": "Adolescents who attempt suicide. A suicide prevention program for teen-agers was established and at the completion of the first two years a review of the data was undertaken. A group of 65 adolescents who attempted suicide were identified in that time period. The median age group was 16 years, and 75% were girls. Ingestion was the predominant method used in these suicidal attempts. The major characteristics of these youngsters included long-term family disruption, social isolation, and academic difficulties. A subgroup of 25 adolescents received psychologic tests. When compared to a matched control group there was a significantly higher rate of minimal brain dysfunction for those adolescents who attempted suicide.", "PMID": 839384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3739", "title": "Hypothermic total body washout and intracranial pressure monitoring in Stage IV Reye syndrome.", "content": "The number of children in this report treated with either TBW or exchange transfusions is small. Case mortality rates among children with Reye syndrome in Stage IV coma tends to be exceedingly high, varying from 50 to 100%. Intracranial pressure monitoring with the subarachnoid screw may have been an additional factor in increasing our survival data in three patients in the TBW group, since it provided continuous monitoring of ICP and allowed judicious administration of mannitol intravenously. Survival of five of six patients without neurologic sequelae in the present series has encouraged us to coninue utilization of TBW in children with Stage IV Reye syndrome.", "contents": "Hypothermic total body washout and intracranial pressure monitoring in Stage IV Reye syndrome. The number of children in this report treated with either TBW or exchange transfusions is small. Case mortality rates among children with Reye syndrome in Stage IV coma tends to be exceedingly high, varying from 50 to 100%. Intracranial pressure monitoring with the subarachnoid screw may have been an additional factor in increasing our survival data in three patients in the TBW group, since it provided continuous monitoring of ICP and allowed judicious administration of mannitol intravenously. Survival of five of six patients without neurologic sequelae in the present series has encouraged us to coninue utilization of TBW in children with Stage IV Reye syndrome.", "PMID": 839385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3740", "title": "The displacement of bilirubin from albumin by furosemide.", "content": "Since furosemide, a sulfonamide diuretic, has been recommended for use in the newborn infant, a study was made of its effect on the bilirubin-binding capacity of albumin. Furosemide was compared to sulfisoxazole, a known displacer of bilirubin, by means of three methods. First, aliquots of whole blood from 20 icteric infants were diluted in phosphate buffer along with expected clinical concentrations of furosemide and sulfisoxazole. The red cells and globulins were then isolated and bilirubin concentrations were measured in these two fractions. The addition of Furosemide resulted in the displacement of bilirubin from albumin to red cells and globulins. Mole for mole, furosemide displaced bilirubin about as well as sulfisoxazole. Second, the hydroxybenzeneazobenzoic acid dye binding test of Porter and twaters was performed using the sera of eight jaundiced newborn infants. The mean dye binding capacity of the sera was significantly reduced with the addition of furosemide to a final concentration of 2 mug/ml. Third, the administration of furosemide (5 mg/kg) or sulfisoxazole (50 mg/kg) to adult Gunn rats resulted in a significant fall in mean serum bilirubin concentration compared to saline controls. Furosemide, like sulfisoxazole, is a potent displacer of bilirubin and should be used with caution in jaundiced infants.", "contents": "The displacement of bilirubin from albumin by furosemide. Since furosemide, a sulfonamide diuretic, has been recommended for use in the newborn infant, a study was made of its effect on the bilirubin-binding capacity of albumin. Furosemide was compared to sulfisoxazole, a known displacer of bilirubin, by means of three methods. First, aliquots of whole blood from 20 icteric infants were diluted in phosphate buffer along with expected clinical concentrations of furosemide and sulfisoxazole. The red cells and globulins were then isolated and bilirubin concentrations were measured in these two fractions. The addition of Furosemide resulted in the displacement of bilirubin from albumin to red cells and globulins. Mole for mole, furosemide displaced bilirubin about as well as sulfisoxazole. Second, the hydroxybenzeneazobenzoic acid dye binding test of Porter and twaters was performed using the sera of eight jaundiced newborn infants. The mean dye binding capacity of the sera was significantly reduced with the addition of furosemide to a final concentration of 2 mug/ml. Third, the administration of furosemide (5 mg/kg) or sulfisoxazole (50 mg/kg) to adult Gunn rats resulted in a significant fall in mean serum bilirubin concentration compared to saline controls. Furosemide, like sulfisoxazole, is a potent displacer of bilirubin and should be used with caution in jaundiced infants.", "PMID": 839387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3741", "title": "Displacement of bilirubin from human albumin by three diuretics.", "content": "The interaction of three diuretics with bilirubin-albumin complexes was studied using the peroxidase assay, erythrocyte uptake, and sephadex gel filtration. On a molar basis, each diuretic was as potent or more potent than sulfisoxazole in displacing bilirubin from albumin. Furosemide and ethacrynic acid, when used at the recommended dosage (1 mg/kg), would probably not produce a significant increase in free bilirubin in most infants. Chlorothiazide could introduce a significant risk to jaundiced infants because of the higher dosage required.", "contents": "Displacement of bilirubin from human albumin by three diuretics. The interaction of three diuretics with bilirubin-albumin complexes was studied using the peroxidase assay, erythrocyte uptake, and sephadex gel filtration. On a molar basis, each diuretic was as potent or more potent than sulfisoxazole in displacing bilirubin from albumin. Furosemide and ethacrynic acid, when used at the recommended dosage (1 mg/kg), would probably not produce a significant increase in free bilirubin in most infants. Chlorothiazide could introduce a significant risk to jaundiced infants because of the higher dosage required.", "PMID": 839388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3742", "title": "Plastic flow during compression of directly compressible fillers and its effect on tablet strength.", "content": "The effects of the duration of the overall compression cycle and of the duration of the maximum compressive force on tablet strength were studied using an instrumented rotary tablet press. Various direct compression fillers were evaluated. Increasing the overall compression cycle duration to 10 sec resulted in significantly greater tablet tensile strengths with microcrystalline cellulose and compressible starch fillers but not with lactose or compressible sugar. Increasing the duration of the maximum compressive force to 20 sec significantly increased the tensile strength in all cases, but microcrystalline cellulose and compressible starch tablets were affected more than lactose or sugar tablets. The maximum compressive force decayed with time for all fillers but at a greater rate with microcrystalline cellulose and compressible starch. This behavior was attributed to differences in the extent of plastic flow. The decay curves were analyzed using the Maxwell model.", "contents": "Plastic flow during compression of directly compressible fillers and its effect on tablet strength. The effects of the duration of the overall compression cycle and of the duration of the maximum compressive force on tablet strength were studied using an instrumented rotary tablet press. Various direct compression fillers were evaluated. Increasing the overall compression cycle duration to 10 sec resulted in significantly greater tablet tensile strengths with microcrystalline cellulose and compressible starch fillers but not with lactose or compressible sugar. Increasing the duration of the maximum compressive force to 20 sec significantly increased the tensile strength in all cases, but microcrystalline cellulose and compressible starch tablets were affected more than lactose or sugar tablets. The maximum compressive force decayed with time for all fillers but at a greater rate with microcrystalline cellulose and compressible starch. This behavior was attributed to differences in the extent of plastic flow. The decay curves were analyzed using the Maxwell model.", "PMID": 839407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3743", "title": "Zero-order drug delivery system: theory and preliminary testing.", "content": "A new approach to zero-order drug delivery that includes geometric factors is described. An experimental device based on the theory was tested by following the release of stearic acid into ethanol. Three separate trials indicated that the solid was released via a zero-order process in a reproducible manner.", "contents": "Zero-order drug delivery system: theory and preliminary testing. A new approach to zero-order drug delivery that includes geometric factors is described. An experimental device based on the theory was tested by following the release of stearic acid into ethanol. Three separate trials indicated that the solid was released via a zero-order process in a reproducible manner.", "PMID": 839408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3744", "title": "Analysis of theoretical behavior of a proposed zero-order drug delivery system.", "content": "An analysis of the theoretical behavior of a proposed zero-order drug delivery system is presented. Equations describing drug release with time are developed using a physically realistic model. The theory agrees well with experimental data and indicates that drug release from the device is nearly, although not rigorously, zero order.", "contents": "Analysis of theoretical behavior of a proposed zero-order drug delivery system. An analysis of the theoretical behavior of a proposed zero-order drug delivery system is presented. Equations describing drug release with time are developed using a physically realistic model. The theory agrees well with experimental data and indicates that drug release from the device is nearly, although not rigorously, zero order.", "PMID": 839409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3745", "title": "Effect of symmetrical tetraalkylammonium salts on cloud point on nonionic surfactants.", "content": "The salting in and salting out of the nonionic surfactant octoxynol NF by halides of ammonium and the four lowest symmetrical tetraalkylammonium cations were investigated by measuring their effect on the cloud point at various salt concentrations. The chloride anion tended to salt the surfactant out, lowering its cloud point. The iodide anion tended to salt it in, raising the cloud point, while the bromide ion had no pronounced effect. The ammonium and tetramethylammonium cations tended to lower the cloud point, the latter more extensively than the former. The tetraethylammonium cation had no pronounced effect, while the tetra-n-propylammonium and tetra-n-butylammonium cations tended to raise the cloud point, the latter more extensively than the former. The salt effect on the cloud point generally increased with increasing salt concentration. Tetramethylammonium chloride was the most efficient salt in lowering the cloud point (by 4 degrees at the 0.10-molal level and by 20 degrees at the 1.00-molal level), while tetrabutylammonium halides were the most efficient salts in raising the cloud point (by 18-19 degrees at the 0.10-molal level for chloride and bromide). Cloud point increased were attributed to the formation of mixed micelles or to hydrotropy. The salting-out efficiency of tetramethylammonium chloride and bromide was ascribed to their ability to increase the structure of water.", "contents": "Effect of symmetrical tetraalkylammonium salts on cloud point on nonionic surfactants. The salting in and salting out of the nonionic surfactant octoxynol NF by halides of ammonium and the four lowest symmetrical tetraalkylammonium cations were investigated by measuring their effect on the cloud point at various salt concentrations. The chloride anion tended to salt the surfactant out, lowering its cloud point. The iodide anion tended to salt it in, raising the cloud point, while the bromide ion had no pronounced effect. The ammonium and tetramethylammonium cations tended to lower the cloud point, the latter more extensively than the former. The tetraethylammonium cation had no pronounced effect, while the tetra-n-propylammonium and tetra-n-butylammonium cations tended to raise the cloud point, the latter more extensively than the former. The salt effect on the cloud point generally increased with increasing salt concentration. Tetramethylammonium chloride was the most efficient salt in lowering the cloud point (by 4 degrees at the 0.10-molal level and by 20 degrees at the 1.00-molal level), while tetrabutylammonium halides were the most efficient salts in raising the cloud point (by 18-19 degrees at the 0.10-molal level for chloride and bromide). Cloud point increased were attributed to the formation of mixed micelles or to hydrotropy. The salting-out efficiency of tetramethylammonium chloride and bromide was ascribed to their ability to increase the structure of water.", "PMID": 839410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3746", "title": "Stereochemistry of metabolism of amphetamines: use of (-)-alpha-methoxy-alpha-(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetyl chloride for GLC resolution of chiral amines.", "content": "Amphetamine and eight related compounds were reacted with the chiral acylating reagent (-)-alpha-methoxy-alpha-(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetyl chloride to obtain, in each case, two diastereomeric amide derivatives. GLC conditions were found for the separation of the diastereomers in seven of the nine cases studied. This procedure may be suitable for the resolution of amino acid enantiomers via the amide derivatives of the methyl esters. Secondary amines were not derivatized under the reaction conditions used. A correlation between absolute configuration and elution order of the diastereomeric amides was observed for five compounds. The chiral acylating reagent was used in the determination of the enantiomeric composition of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine excreted in rat urine after intraperitoneal drug administration. The chiral acylating reagent is suitable for the determination of the optical composition of compounds extracted from biological fluids.", "contents": "Stereochemistry of metabolism of amphetamines: use of (-)-alpha-methoxy-alpha-(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetyl chloride for GLC resolution of chiral amines. Amphetamine and eight related compounds were reacted with the chiral acylating reagent (-)-alpha-methoxy-alpha-(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetyl chloride to obtain, in each case, two diastereomeric amide derivatives. GLC conditions were found for the separation of the diastereomers in seven of the nine cases studied. This procedure may be suitable for the resolution of amino acid enantiomers via the amide derivatives of the methyl esters. Secondary amines were not derivatized under the reaction conditions used. A correlation between absolute configuration and elution order of the diastereomeric amides was observed for five compounds. The chiral acylating reagent was used in the determination of the enantiomeric composition of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine excreted in rat urine after intraperitoneal drug administration. The chiral acylating reagent is suitable for the determination of the optical composition of compounds extracted from biological fluids.", "PMID": 839411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3747", "title": "Interpretation of plasma concentration-time curves after oral dosing.", "content": "The pharmacokinetic information obtained after oral administration is examined using the two-compartment model. Data were obtained by simulation and experimentally by administering sulfisoxazole by an exponential infusion to rabbits. When the absorption rate constant is allowed to approach alpha, a typical two-compartment oral absorption curve is obtained, which is described by a triexponential equation. However, if the absorption rate constant approaches E2 (the sum of the elimination rate constants out of the peripheral compartment), the data are adequately fit by a one-compartment model, with the calculated absorption rate equal to alpha. The relative error in using a one-compartment model to calculate absorption rate constants for two-compartment data is also evaluated.", "contents": "Interpretation of plasma concentration-time curves after oral dosing. The pharmacokinetic information obtained after oral administration is examined using the two-compartment model. Data were obtained by simulation and experimentally by administering sulfisoxazole by an exponential infusion to rabbits. When the absorption rate constant is allowed to approach alpha, a typical two-compartment oral absorption curve is obtained, which is described by a triexponential equation. However, if the absorption rate constant approaches E2 (the sum of the elimination rate constants out of the peripheral compartment), the data are adequately fit by a one-compartment model, with the calculated absorption rate equal to alpha. The relative error in using a one-compartment model to calculate absorption rate constants for two-compartment data is also evaluated.", "PMID": 839412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3748", "title": "Quantitative estimation of particulate matter in pharmaceutical preparations intended for intravenous administration.", "content": "A fast, reproducible, economical, and dependable automated counter method is recommended for the quality control of pharmaceutical preparations intended for intravenous administration. The USP gives no specifications on the limitations of particulate matter in intravenous products, while the BP specifies limitations on intravenous solutions of more than 500-ml volume. Out of 15 different marketed products, few passed the BP specifications. The microscopically identifiable particles included starch, cellulose fibers, glass, rubber, lacquer flakes, carbon black, and metal shavings. The proposed quality control method introduces a modification to the BP specifications. The method includes a standard log-log plot obtainable from a least-squares line fit to the data of the marketed products showing minimal particle contamination. The standard plot is compared to the experimental data obtained from any other product and, accordingly, it is decided whether the product is acceptable or not.", "contents": "Quantitative estimation of particulate matter in pharmaceutical preparations intended for intravenous administration. A fast, reproducible, economical, and dependable automated counter method is recommended for the quality control of pharmaceutical preparations intended for intravenous administration. The USP gives no specifications on the limitations of particulate matter in intravenous products, while the BP specifies limitations on intravenous solutions of more than 500-ml volume. Out of 15 different marketed products, few passed the BP specifications. The microscopically identifiable particles included starch, cellulose fibers, glass, rubber, lacquer flakes, carbon black, and metal shavings. The proposed quality control method introduces a modification to the BP specifications. The method includes a standard log-log plot obtainable from a least-squares line fit to the data of the marketed products showing minimal particle contamination. The standard plot is compared to the experimental data obtained from any other product and, accordingly, it is decided whether the product is acceptable or not.", "PMID": 839413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3749", "title": "Identification of nonpolar methotrimeprazine metabolites in plasma and urine by GLC-mass spectrometry.", "content": "Two metabolites of methotrimeprazine, the sulfoxide and the demethylated analog, were identified in extracts from patient plasma by combined GLC-mass spectrometry. Methotrimeprazine and its sulfoxide had similar mass spectra but different GLC retention times. In addition to the metabolites found in plasma, two other metabolites, the didesmethyl analog and the monodesmethyl sulfoxide, were identified in a urine extract.", "contents": "Identification of nonpolar methotrimeprazine metabolites in plasma and urine by GLC-mass spectrometry. Two metabolites of methotrimeprazine, the sulfoxide and the demethylated analog, were identified in extracts from patient plasma by combined GLC-mass spectrometry. Methotrimeprazine and its sulfoxide had similar mass spectra but different GLC retention times. In addition to the metabolites found in plasma, two other metabolites, the didesmethyl analog and the monodesmethyl sulfoxide, were identified in a urine extract.", "PMID": 839414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3750", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of diethylpropion hydrochloride in tablets: isolation and identification of two decomposition products.", "content": "A rapid assay was developed for diethylpropion hydrochloride tablets using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection. This technique provided separation of the drug from other UV-absorbing components present as the result of decomposition. A major decomposition product detected by HPLC in extracts of tablets and of the cotton filler from a tablet bottle was collected from the column effluents. This product was subsequently identified as 1-phenyl-1,2-propanedione, a highly volatile compound. A second decomposition product, isolated from decomposed drug by distillation from alkaline solution, was identified as diethylamine, apparently present as the hydrochloride salt, GLC, UV, IR, NMR, and mass spectrometry were used to confirm the identity of the decomposition products. HPLC assay results compared favorably with results of the NF assay; the latter procedure separated the drug from 1-phenyl-1,2-propanedione via liquid-liquid extraction.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of diethylpropion hydrochloride in tablets: isolation and identification of two decomposition products. A rapid assay was developed for diethylpropion hydrochloride tablets using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection. This technique provided separation of the drug from other UV-absorbing components present as the result of decomposition. A major decomposition product detected by HPLC in extracts of tablets and of the cotton filler from a tablet bottle was collected from the column effluents. This product was subsequently identified as 1-phenyl-1,2-propanedione, a highly volatile compound. A second decomposition product, isolated from decomposed drug by distillation from alkaline solution, was identified as diethylamine, apparently present as the hydrochloride salt, GLC, UV, IR, NMR, and mass spectrometry were used to confirm the identity of the decomposition products. HPLC assay results compared favorably with results of the NF assay; the latter procedure separated the drug from 1-phenyl-1,2-propanedione via liquid-liquid extraction.", "PMID": 839415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3751", "title": "Kinetic spectrophotometric study of effect of triazolopyrazines on p-benzoquinone complexes.", "content": "The effect of adding triazolopyrazines to a p-benzoquinone-proline system and a p-benzoquinone-histamine system was studied by observing the kinetics of the spectral changes and analyzing the results using digital simulation methods. Below 35 degrees, the major effect was that the triazolopyrazine competed with the electron donors for the acceptors to form complexes. Above 35 degrees, there was predominantly a chemical interaction between the triazolopyrazine and the acceptors. A separate experiment showed that the triazolopyrazine interacted with p-benzoquinone to form a complex initially but that a chemical interaction took place later.", "contents": "Kinetic spectrophotometric study of effect of triazolopyrazines on p-benzoquinone complexes. The effect of adding triazolopyrazines to a p-benzoquinone-proline system and a p-benzoquinone-histamine system was studied by observing the kinetics of the spectral changes and analyzing the results using digital simulation methods. Below 35 degrees, the major effect was that the triazolopyrazine competed with the electron donors for the acceptors to form complexes. Above 35 degrees, there was predominantly a chemical interaction between the triazolopyrazine and the acceptors. A separate experiment showed that the triazolopyrazine interacted with p-benzoquinone to form a complex initially but that a chemical interaction took place later.", "PMID": 839416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3752", "title": "Protein binding of benz[a]anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene.", "content": "Fluorometric studies on the binding of benz[a]anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene to human serum albumin are described. The protein molecule appears to have one binding site for the hydrocarbons, but all of the sites on the protein are not fully occupied even in relatively large hydrocarbon concentrations. Equilibrium studies showed that both hydrocarbons bind to the protein to the same extent. Evidence for the energy transfer from the tryptophan residue of the protein to bound hydrocarbons is examined. By using F\u00f6rster's theory, the mean distance between the tryptophan residue and bound ligand was found to be 15,2 A for benz[a]anthracene and 19.6 A for benzo[a]pyrene. It is concluded that the two hydrocarbons may bind to the same general area on the protein molecule near the tryptophan residue but at different sites. The structural differences of the hydrocarbons, which may greatly affect their orientations on the protein molecule, affect mainly the selection of the binding site rather than the binding equilibrium.", "contents": "Protein binding of benz[a]anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene. Fluorometric studies on the binding of benz[a]anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene to human serum albumin are described. The protein molecule appears to have one binding site for the hydrocarbons, but all of the sites on the protein are not fully occupied even in relatively large hydrocarbon concentrations. Equilibrium studies showed that both hydrocarbons bind to the protein to the same extent. Evidence for the energy transfer from the tryptophan residue of the protein to bound hydrocarbons is examined. By using F\u00f6rster's theory, the mean distance between the tryptophan residue and bound ligand was found to be 15,2 A for benz[a]anthracene and 19.6 A for benzo[a]pyrene. It is concluded that the two hydrocarbons may bind to the same general area on the protein molecule near the tryptophan residue but at different sites. The structural differences of the hydrocarbons, which may greatly affect their orientations on the protein molecule, affect mainly the selection of the binding site rather than the binding equilibrium.", "PMID": 839417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3753", "title": "Rapid sensitive fluorometric analysis of cephalosporin antibiotics.", "content": "A rapid and sensitive fluorometric analysis for cephalosporins, which can also be applied to penicillins, is presented. The method involves reaction with 0.1 N sodium hydroxide at 100 degrees, producing stable fluorescent products. This method was applied to cephalexin and ampicillin with detection at concentrations as low as 0.01 mug/ml.", "contents": "Rapid sensitive fluorometric analysis of cephalosporin antibiotics. A rapid and sensitive fluorometric analysis for cephalosporins, which can also be applied to penicillins, is presented. The method involves reaction with 0.1 N sodium hydroxide at 100 degrees, producing stable fluorescent products. This method was applied to cephalexin and ampicillin with detection at concentrations as low as 0.01 mug/ml.", "PMID": 839418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3754", "title": "Aqueous chamber drug distribution volume measurement in rabbits.", "content": "A method was developed for aqueous chamber drug distribution volume measurement in the albino rabbit, and the apparent volume of distribution was determined for inulin, pilocarpine alkaloid, and 1-hexanoic acid. The method consists of injecting a suitable concentration of drug, in an appropriate volume of fluid, into the anterior chamber of the eye and monitoring the decline in drug concentration as a function of time by periodic sampling of the aqueous humor. Graphical analysis of the resulting data yields both the apparent volume of distribution and the turnover rate constant of the aqueous humor. The technique does traumatize the eye, causing formation of plasmoid aqueous, which does not interfere with the apparent drug distribution volume measurement or the determination of aqueous humor turnover. Inulin was used to determine the physiological aqueous volume, 287 mul, in good agreement with literature values. The turnover rate constant was 0.016 min-1, also in good agreement with literature values. The apparent volume of distribution for pilocarpine alkaloid was 575 mul in albino eyes and 760 mul in pigmented irides; for 1-hexanoic acid in albino eyes, it was 760 mul. For pilocarpine alkaloid, literature citations on the fraction of dose absorbed have been based on an assumed apparent volume of distribution of 250-300 mul. Therefore, a factor of two error has been introduced when using albino eyes and a factor of almost three has been introduced when using pigmented eyes. The implication of the apparent volume of distribution for pilocarpine in its ocular disposition is discussed, as is the unexpected observation that pilocarpine alkaloid apparently inhibits formation of plasmoid aqueous and follows one-compartment kinetics during these studies. Is is shown that the one-compartment kinetics for pilocarpine are due to its biological activity in the aqueous chamber.", "contents": "Aqueous chamber drug distribution volume measurement in rabbits. A method was developed for aqueous chamber drug distribution volume measurement in the albino rabbit, and the apparent volume of distribution was determined for inulin, pilocarpine alkaloid, and 1-hexanoic acid. The method consists of injecting a suitable concentration of drug, in an appropriate volume of fluid, into the anterior chamber of the eye and monitoring the decline in drug concentration as a function of time by periodic sampling of the aqueous humor. Graphical analysis of the resulting data yields both the apparent volume of distribution and the turnover rate constant of the aqueous humor. The technique does traumatize the eye, causing formation of plasmoid aqueous, which does not interfere with the apparent drug distribution volume measurement or the determination of aqueous humor turnover. Inulin was used to determine the physiological aqueous volume, 287 mul, in good agreement with literature values. The turnover rate constant was 0.016 min-1, also in good agreement with literature values. The apparent volume of distribution for pilocarpine alkaloid was 575 mul in albino eyes and 760 mul in pigmented irides; for 1-hexanoic acid in albino eyes, it was 760 mul. For pilocarpine alkaloid, literature citations on the fraction of dose absorbed have been based on an assumed apparent volume of distribution of 250-300 mul. Therefore, a factor of two error has been introduced when using albino eyes and a factor of almost three has been introduced when using pigmented eyes. The implication of the apparent volume of distribution for pilocarpine in its ocular disposition is discussed, as is the unexpected observation that pilocarpine alkaloid apparently inhibits formation of plasmoid aqueous and follows one-compartment kinetics during these studies. Is is shown that the one-compartment kinetics for pilocarpine are due to its biological activity in the aqueous chamber.", "PMID": 839419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3755", "title": "Biological distribution of chemical analogs of fatty acids and long chain hydrocarbons containing a strong chelating agent.", "content": "The pharmaceutical preparation, chromatography, and biological distribution of a series of new chemical analogs of palmitic acid and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, or diethylenetriamine are described. The biological distribution in rabbits 30 min after intravenous administration of these 99mTc-labeled and 57Co-labeled derivatives was compared to the biological distribution of the parent compound, 3H-palmitic acid. The average myocardial uptake for these compounds was 0.04%/g, compared to 0.15%/g for palmitic acid. The heart to blood ratio at 30 min reached a maximum of 3:1 for the best physiological analog of palmitic acid, compared to an average of 30:1 for palmitic acid. Although none of these analogs appears to be clinically useful, their production methods might be applicable to the synthesis of new compounds that might increase the specificity of radiopharmaceuticals.", "contents": "Biological distribution of chemical analogs of fatty acids and long chain hydrocarbons containing a strong chelating agent. The pharmaceutical preparation, chromatography, and biological distribution of a series of new chemical analogs of palmitic acid and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, or diethylenetriamine are described. The biological distribution in rabbits 30 min after intravenous administration of these 99mTc-labeled and 57Co-labeled derivatives was compared to the biological distribution of the parent compound, 3H-palmitic acid. The average myocardial uptake for these compounds was 0.04%/g, compared to 0.15%/g for palmitic acid. The heart to blood ratio at 30 min reached a maximum of 3:1 for the best physiological analog of palmitic acid, compared to an average of 30:1 for palmitic acid. Although none of these analogs appears to be clinically useful, their production methods might be applicable to the synthesis of new compounds that might increase the specificity of radiopharmaceuticals.", "PMID": 839420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3756", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of beta-methyldigoxin in healthy humans I: intravenous studies.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered solutions of 0.30-and 0.60-mg bolus doses of 3H-beta-methyldigoxin, labeled in the 12alpha-position, were dose independent. Individual radioactivities assignable to the parent drug and specifically identified metabolites after TLC separation were followed in the plasma, urine, and feces. A sum of four exponentials described the plasma beta-methyldigoxin data with apparent half-lives of 0.04, 0.33, 3.5, and 41 hr. beta-Methyldigoxin was 10% plasma protein bound and had a red blood cell-plasma water partition coefficient of 0.9. The only significant metabolite observed in plasma was digoxin, although glucuronides and sulfates of beta-methyldigoxin, digoxin and digoxigenin also were observed in urine. As much as 92 +/- 3% of the dose was excreted by all processes by 144 hr. Of this amount, renal excretion accounted for fractions that were 0.47 unchanged, 0.35 digoxin, and 0.058 water-soluble metabolites. The fraction in the feces was 0.13. The urine flow independent renal clearances of beta-methyldigoxin and derived digoxin were 59 and 206 ml/min, respectively. The metabolism was a relatively fast process. The terminal pseudo-steady-state elimination of beta-methyldigoxin with a half-life of 41 hr was reached 27 hr after drug administration and was primarily dependent on the slow release of sequestered or distributed drug drom the tissues into the central compartment. The drug and metabolite levels in plasma and urine were consistent with analog computer fitting to the proposed pharmacokinetic multicompartmental model.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of beta-methyldigoxin in healthy humans I: intravenous studies. The pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered solutions of 0.30-and 0.60-mg bolus doses of 3H-beta-methyldigoxin, labeled in the 12alpha-position, were dose independent. Individual radioactivities assignable to the parent drug and specifically identified metabolites after TLC separation were followed in the plasma, urine, and feces. A sum of four exponentials described the plasma beta-methyldigoxin data with apparent half-lives of 0.04, 0.33, 3.5, and 41 hr. beta-Methyldigoxin was 10% plasma protein bound and had a red blood cell-plasma water partition coefficient of 0.9. The only significant metabolite observed in plasma was digoxin, although glucuronides and sulfates of beta-methyldigoxin, digoxin and digoxigenin also were observed in urine. As much as 92 +/- 3% of the dose was excreted by all processes by 144 hr. Of this amount, renal excretion accounted for fractions that were 0.47 unchanged, 0.35 digoxin, and 0.058 water-soluble metabolites. The fraction in the feces was 0.13. The urine flow independent renal clearances of beta-methyldigoxin and derived digoxin were 59 and 206 ml/min, respectively. The metabolism was a relatively fast process. The terminal pseudo-steady-state elimination of beta-methyldigoxin with a half-life of 41 hr was reached 27 hr after drug administration and was primarily dependent on the slow release of sequestered or distributed drug drom the tissues into the central compartment. The drug and metabolite levels in plasma and urine were consistent with analog computer fitting to the proposed pharmacokinetic multicompartmental model.", "PMID": 839422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3757", "title": "Prediction of tableting problems such as capping and sticking: theoretical calculations.", "content": "Tabletability factors were developed through the use of an automated tabletability tester, and the applicability of these factors to actual manufacturing procedures was tested by the large-scale manufacturing of tablets. Use of this approach does not require knowledge of the tablet's physical properties, e.g., moisture content, porosity, particle size, fluidity, and angle of repose.", "contents": "Prediction of tableting problems such as capping and sticking: theoretical calculations. Tabletability factors were developed through the use of an automated tabletability tester, and the applicability of these factors to actual manufacturing procedures was tested by the large-scale manufacturing of tablets. Use of this approach does not require knowledge of the tablet's physical properties, e.g., moisture content, porosity, particle size, fluidity, and angle of repose.", "PMID": 839423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3758", "title": "Indolizine derivatives with biological activity I: N'-substituted hydrazides of indolizine-2-carboxylic acid.", "content": "The synthesis and antimonoamine oxidase activity of some N'-substituted hydrazides of indolizine-2-carboxylic acid are described. They all inhibit monoamine oxidase and are more active than iproniazid. The structure-activity relationships also are discussed.", "contents": "Indolizine derivatives with biological activity I: N'-substituted hydrazides of indolizine-2-carboxylic acid. The synthesis and antimonoamine oxidase activity of some N'-substituted hydrazides of indolizine-2-carboxylic acid are described. They all inhibit monoamine oxidase and are more active than iproniazid. The structure-activity relationships also are discussed.", "PMID": 839424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3759", "title": "Synthesis and anticancer screening of 2-indolyl 5-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridyl) ketones.", "content": "Several derivatives of 2-indolyl 5-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridyl) ketone with various substituents on the pyridine nitrogen and with or without a benzenesulfonyl group on the indole nitrogen were synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic and analytical data. Only one showed erratic but confirmed activity in the P-388 screen. The other derivatives were inactive in the L-1210 leukemia screen.", "contents": "Synthesis and anticancer screening of 2-indolyl 5-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridyl) ketones. Several derivatives of 2-indolyl 5-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridyl) ketone with various substituents on the pyridine nitrogen and with or without a benzenesulfonyl group on the indole nitrogen were synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic and analytical data. Only one showed erratic but confirmed activity in the P-388 screen. The other derivatives were inactive in the L-1210 leukemia screen.", "PMID": 839425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3760", "title": "Bioavailability of digoxin in a new soluble pharmaceutical formulation in capsules.", "content": "The in vitro dissolution and the bioavailability of two pharmaceutical formulations of digoxin were compared, one being a common commercial tablet form and the other a solution of the glycoside in soft gelatin capsules. Digoxin capsules dissolved more readily in vitro and showed higher bioavailability than digoxin tablets in both dogs and humans. In dogs, the capsules and tablets were compared with an elixir of digoxin, which possesses complete bioavailability. The better bioavailability of digoxin capsules as compared with tablets may be explained by the fact that this formulation contains the cardiac glycoside in a solution.", "contents": "Bioavailability of digoxin in a new soluble pharmaceutical formulation in capsules. The in vitro dissolution and the bioavailability of two pharmaceutical formulations of digoxin were compared, one being a common commercial tablet form and the other a solution of the glycoside in soft gelatin capsules. Digoxin capsules dissolved more readily in vitro and showed higher bioavailability than digoxin tablets in both dogs and humans. In dogs, the capsules and tablets were compared with an elixir of digoxin, which possesses complete bioavailability. The better bioavailability of digoxin capsules as compared with tablets may be explained by the fact that this formulation contains the cardiac glycoside in a solution.", "PMID": 839426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3761", "title": "Cardiovascular and neuromuscular effects of dimethyl sulfoxide in anesthetized rabbits.", "content": "In rabbits anesthetized with pentobarbital, the carotid arterial blood pressure and bilateral contractions of the gastrocnemius muscles due to electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerves were recorded. Intravenous administration of up to 1 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide/kg caused profound hypotension and eventually failure of neuromuscular transmission. Caution must be used in considering dimethyl sulfoxide as a solvent for drug administration.", "contents": "Cardiovascular and neuromuscular effects of dimethyl sulfoxide in anesthetized rabbits. In rabbits anesthetized with pentobarbital, the carotid arterial blood pressure and bilateral contractions of the gastrocnemius muscles due to electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerves were recorded. Intravenous administration of up to 1 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide/kg caused profound hypotension and eventually failure of neuromuscular transmission. Caution must be used in considering dimethyl sulfoxide as a solvent for drug administration.", "PMID": 839427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3762", "title": "Biological disposition of rigid analogs of amphetamine.", "content": "Tissue levels of amphetamine and of amphetamine analogs with a rigid conformation (2-aminoindan, 2-aminotetralin, and 2-aminobenzocycloheptene) were measured in rats by a spectrofluorometric method involving the reaction of the primary amine group with fluorescamine. All drugs were concentrated in tissues, the order of distribution being lungs greater than kidneys greater than liver=spleen=brain greater than muscle greater than fat=heart greater than blood. In brain, amphetamine and 2-aminoindan were present mostly in the supernatant fraction after high speed centrifugation onbrain homogenates; the two higher molecular weight drugs were present at slightly greater concentrations in the particulate fraction. All four drugs disappeared from rat brain with half-lives of 1-2 hr. Iprindole pretreatment increased drug levels in brain and prolonged the half-lives by two- to threefold. The data suggest that the biological disposition of the rigid analogs resembles generally that of amphetamine and that all of the drugs are probably metabolized by ring hydroxilation in the rat.", "contents": "Biological disposition of rigid analogs of amphetamine. Tissue levels of amphetamine and of amphetamine analogs with a rigid conformation (2-aminoindan, 2-aminotetralin, and 2-aminobenzocycloheptene) were measured in rats by a spectrofluorometric method involving the reaction of the primary amine group with fluorescamine. All drugs were concentrated in tissues, the order of distribution being lungs greater than kidneys greater than liver=spleen=brain greater than muscle greater than fat=heart greater than blood. In brain, amphetamine and 2-aminoindan were present mostly in the supernatant fraction after high speed centrifugation onbrain homogenates; the two higher molecular weight drugs were present at slightly greater concentrations in the particulate fraction. All four drugs disappeared from rat brain with half-lives of 1-2 hr. Iprindole pretreatment increased drug levels in brain and prolonged the half-lives by two- to threefold. The data suggest that the biological disposition of the rigid analogs resembles generally that of amphetamine and that all of the drugs are probably metabolized by ring hydroxilation in the rat.", "PMID": 839428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3763", "title": "Rapid acetylation of a dihydroxy compound by 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine catalysis: application to GLC determination of clindamycin palmitate hydrochloride.", "content": "The acetylation of clindamycin palmitate hydrochloride, preparatory to GLC assay, was accelerated greatly by the use of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine as a catalyst. The reaction time was reduced from 2.5 hr at 100 degrees using pyridine and acetic anhydride to 30 min or less at ambient temperature upon addition of excess catalyst.", "contents": "Rapid acetylation of a dihydroxy compound by 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine catalysis: application to GLC determination of clindamycin palmitate hydrochloride. The acetylation of clindamycin palmitate hydrochloride, preparatory to GLC assay, was accelerated greatly by the use of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine as a catalyst. The reaction time was reduced from 2.5 hr at 100 degrees using pyridine and acetic anhydride to 30 min or less at ambient temperature upon addition of excess catalyst.", "PMID": 839429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3764", "title": "Tissue distribution of 3H-canrenoate potassium in rabbits.", "content": "Plasma and various organ concentrations of canrenone, canrenoate, and total 3H-activity were measured following single doses of 20 mg of 3H-canrenoate/kg iv to rabbits. Organs studied included heart, lungs, brain, kidneys, liver, adrenal glands, and spleen. Canrenoate was shown to be in rapid equilibrium with canrenone. Both were eliminated from plasma and other tissues with a half-life of about 1 hr. Plasma concentrations of both drugs were equal as early as 10 min after intravenous drug administration. Canrenone was concentrated about 10-fold in organ tissues when compared to plasma, while no such preferential uptake was found with canrenoate. Total 3H-activity declined slowly in all tissues with a half-life of approximately 15 hr, indicating extensive metabolism and metabolite retention in the rabbit.", "contents": "Tissue distribution of 3H-canrenoate potassium in rabbits. Plasma and various organ concentrations of canrenone, canrenoate, and total 3H-activity were measured following single doses of 20 mg of 3H-canrenoate/kg iv to rabbits. Organs studied included heart, lungs, brain, kidneys, liver, adrenal glands, and spleen. Canrenoate was shown to be in rapid equilibrium with canrenone. Both were eliminated from plasma and other tissues with a half-life of about 1 hr. Plasma concentrations of both drugs were equal as early as 10 min after intravenous drug administration. Canrenone was concentrated about 10-fold in organ tissues when compared to plasma, while no such preferential uptake was found with canrenoate. Total 3H-activity declined slowly in all tissues with a half-life of approximately 15 hr, indicating extensive metabolism and metabolite retention in the rabbit.", "PMID": 839430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3765", "title": "Survival of pleomorphic sarcoma-37 transplanted virgin female DBA/2J mice: effects produced by high blood glucose levels alone and in combination with drugs.", "content": "Procedures for producing, monitoring, and maintaining 3-hr 400-500-mg% whole blood glucose levels in Sarcoma-37 (S-37) transplanted virgin female inbred DBA/2J mice are described. Aqueous infused 40% (w/v) dextrose was evaluated as a potential therapeutic factor. The effects of procedural variations on treatment survival and longevity are discussed. One hundred percent infusion safety and 25% increased longevity over nontreated transplanted mice were achieved. Doxorubicin and/or dacarbazine were also evaluated when administered prior to the dextrose infusion. Doxorubicin followed by intravenous dextrose increased survivor longevity by 37%, but this combination was unsafe at the drug dosages employed. A large dose of dacarbazine was safe and effective alone but unsafe when given prior to the infusion, although the survivors lived 29% longer than the untreated transplanted controls. Both drugs were marginally effective, but safe, when given together. When given together prior to the infusion, only 87% survived the treatment. The survivors lived 6 days longer than the controls.", "contents": "Survival of pleomorphic sarcoma-37 transplanted virgin female DBA/2J mice: effects produced by high blood glucose levels alone and in combination with drugs. Procedures for producing, monitoring, and maintaining 3-hr 400-500-mg% whole blood glucose levels in Sarcoma-37 (S-37) transplanted virgin female inbred DBA/2J mice are described. Aqueous infused 40% (w/v) dextrose was evaluated as a potential therapeutic factor. The effects of procedural variations on treatment survival and longevity are discussed. One hundred percent infusion safety and 25% increased longevity over nontreated transplanted mice were achieved. Doxorubicin and/or dacarbazine were also evaluated when administered prior to the dextrose infusion. Doxorubicin followed by intravenous dextrose increased survivor longevity by 37%, but this combination was unsafe at the drug dosages employed. A large dose of dacarbazine was safe and effective alone but unsafe when given prior to the infusion, although the survivors lived 29% longer than the untreated transplanted controls. Both drugs were marginally effective, but safe, when given together. When given together prior to the infusion, only 87% survived the treatment. The survivors lived 6 days longer than the controls.", "PMID": 839432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3766", "title": "New and simple method for determination of 2-(3-benzoylphenyl)propionic acid in body fluid.", "content": "A simple, fast, sensitive, and reliable method for the determination of 2-(3-benzoylphenyl)propionic acid in biological fluid is described. The method is based on a quantitative ether extraction of plasma samples followed by TLC separation, spot visualization and elution, and determination at 255 nm. The acid is detectable in amounts as low as 1 mug.", "contents": "New and simple method for determination of 2-(3-benzoylphenyl)propionic acid in body fluid. A simple, fast, sensitive, and reliable method for the determination of 2-(3-benzoylphenyl)propionic acid in biological fluid is described. The method is based on a quantitative ether extraction of plasma samples followed by TLC separation, spot visualization and elution, and determination at 255 nm. The acid is detectable in amounts as low as 1 mug.", "PMID": 839433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3767", "title": "Water as a nonpolar partition medium.", "content": "Coacervates have been suggested as models for cytoplasm since cytoplasm is also essentially an aqueous phase of water-protein-colloid complexes. This study on partition coefficient properties made use of coacervate phases as the nonpolar phases in equilibrium with polar water phases. The partition coefficients of four barbiturates were obtained, and their values correlated with those reported in the literature for systems using organic solvents as the nonpolar medium. These values also correlated with reported values for the absorption ranking of the barbiturates in the rat colon. The partition coefficients of theobromine and theophylline in gelatin-benzalkonium chloride coacervate systems were also found to correlate with the partition values reported in the literature for heptane-water and chloroform-water systems. Is is suggested that coacervate systems form a more realistic model for studying and predicting the absorption characteristics of drugs than do conventional organic solvent-water systems.", "contents": "Water as a nonpolar partition medium. Coacervates have been suggested as models for cytoplasm since cytoplasm is also essentially an aqueous phase of water-protein-colloid complexes. This study on partition coefficient properties made use of coacervate phases as the nonpolar phases in equilibrium with polar water phases. The partition coefficients of four barbiturates were obtained, and their values correlated with those reported in the literature for systems using organic solvents as the nonpolar medium. These values also correlated with reported values for the absorption ranking of the barbiturates in the rat colon. The partition coefficients of theobromine and theophylline in gelatin-benzalkonium chloride coacervate systems were also found to correlate with the partition values reported in the literature for heptane-water and chloroform-water systems. Is is suggested that coacervate systems form a more realistic model for studying and predicting the absorption characteristics of drugs than do conventional organic solvent-water systems.", "PMID": 839434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3768", "title": "Liquid chromatography in pharmaceutical analysis VI: determination of dantrolene sodium in a dosage form.", "content": "Operating conditions are described for the qualitative and quantitative determination of dantrolene sodium by high-pressure liquid chromatography. A 10-mum porous silica column was employed, using carbon tetrachloride-dimethylformamide (90:10) as the mobile phase. The flow rate was 2.0 ml/min (1800 psig), and the peaks were detected at 375 nm. The analysis of a dosage form can be carried out within 30 min with an accuracy of 3.1%. The results agree favorably with those obtained with a modified spectrophotofluorometric method.", "contents": "Liquid chromatography in pharmaceutical analysis VI: determination of dantrolene sodium in a dosage form. Operating conditions are described for the qualitative and quantitative determination of dantrolene sodium by high-pressure liquid chromatography. A 10-mum porous silica column was employed, using carbon tetrachloride-dimethylformamide (90:10) as the mobile phase. The flow rate was 2.0 ml/min (1800 psig), and the peaks were detected at 375 nm. The analysis of a dosage form can be carried out within 30 min with an accuracy of 3.1%. The results agree favorably with those obtained with a modified spectrophotofluorometric method.", "PMID": 839435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3769", "title": "Hydrazones of isoniazid for colorimetric analysis.", "content": "Two sensitive color reactions of isoniazid are described. They are based on the formation of hydrazone Schiff bases when isoniazid is reacted with 4-nitrobenzaldehyde or pyridoxal. Linear curves were obtained with both reagents when absorbance values were plotted against concentrations.", "contents": "Hydrazones of isoniazid for colorimetric analysis. Two sensitive color reactions of isoniazid are described. They are based on the formation of hydrazone Schiff bases when isoniazid is reacted with 4-nitrobenzaldehyde or pyridoxal. Linear curves were obtained with both reagents when absorbance values were plotted against concentrations.", "PMID": 839436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3770", "title": "Rapid near IR spectrophotometric determination of meprobamate in pharmaceutical preparations.", "content": "A rapid near IR spectrophotometric method was developed for determining meprobamate in tablets, sustained-release capsules, suspensions, and injectables. The absorbance of a chloroform solution of the drug is obtained at about 1.96 mum for quantitation. Assay of nine commercial products from four different manufacturers gave results ranging from 97 to 104% of label claim. Coefficients of variation of 0.7 and 1.3% were obtained on the tablets and a sustained-release product, respectively.", "contents": "Rapid near IR spectrophotometric determination of meprobamate in pharmaceutical preparations. A rapid near IR spectrophotometric method was developed for determining meprobamate in tablets, sustained-release capsules, suspensions, and injectables. The absorbance of a chloroform solution of the drug is obtained at about 1.96 mum for quantitation. Assay of nine commercial products from four different manufacturers gave results ranging from 97 to 104% of label claim. Coefficients of variation of 0.7 and 1.3% were obtained on the tablets and a sustained-release product, respectively.", "PMID": 839437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3771", "title": "9-nor-9beta-hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol, a cannabinoid with potent antinociceptive activity: comparisons with morphine.", "content": "The effects of (+/-)9-nor-9beta-hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol (beta-HHC) on tail-flick test activity and the accumulation of newly synthesized dopamine and norepinephrine were studied in the male albino mouse. The same parameters were also studied in naloxone-pretreated and morphine-tolerant mice. beta-HHC was about equipotent with morphine in the mouse tail-flick (ED50 = 7.12 mg/kg). The cannabinoid also produced dose-dependent increases in the accumulation of newly synthesized DA and NE. Pretreatment with 2 mg/kg of naloxone antagonized both the tail-flick activity and blocked the increases in catecholamine synthesis produced by beta-HHC. Cross-tolerance between beta-HHC and morphine did not exist in regard to either tail-flick activity or increased catecholamine synthesis. These studies suggest that beta-HHC may share some properties with the narcotic analgesics but that significant differences exist. Furthermore, these studies offer further evidence for the involvement of catecholamine containing neurons in the central mediation of the tail-flick response.", "contents": "9-nor-9beta-hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol, a cannabinoid with potent antinociceptive activity: comparisons with morphine. The effects of (+/-)9-nor-9beta-hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol (beta-HHC) on tail-flick test activity and the accumulation of newly synthesized dopamine and norepinephrine were studied in the male albino mouse. The same parameters were also studied in naloxone-pretreated and morphine-tolerant mice. beta-HHC was about equipotent with morphine in the mouse tail-flick (ED50 = 7.12 mg/kg). The cannabinoid also produced dose-dependent increases in the accumulation of newly synthesized DA and NE. Pretreatment with 2 mg/kg of naloxone antagonized both the tail-flick activity and blocked the increases in catecholamine synthesis produced by beta-HHC. Cross-tolerance between beta-HHC and morphine did not exist in regard to either tail-flick activity or increased catecholamine synthesis. These studies suggest that beta-HHC may share some properties with the narcotic analgesics but that significant differences exist. Furthermore, these studies offer further evidence for the involvement of catecholamine containing neurons in the central mediation of the tail-flick response.", "PMID": 839438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3772", "title": "Application of principles of steady-state kinetics to the estimation of gamma-aminobutyric acid turnover rate in nuclei of rat brain.", "content": "13C-labeled glucose (50 mumol/kg/min) was infused into the rat tail vein for 10 minutes. The animals were killed by a microwave beam focused to the skull at various times after the infusion. In brain nuclei the concentrations of glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and their enrichment in 13C were measured by mass fragmentography. The results showed that in the five brain areas studied, substantia nigra contained the highest GABA concentration, followed by globus pallidus, N. accumbens, deep cerebellar nuclei, N. caudatus and cerebellar cortex. The concentrations of glutamate and GABA were comparable in some nuclei (substantia nigra and globus pallidus), but not in others. The glutamate content was 3 to 6 times greater than GABA content in cerebellum (cortex and nuclei) N. accumbens and N. caudatus. The turnover rates of GABA in substantia nigra, globus pallidus, N. caudatus and N. accumbens were calculated by applying principles of steady-state kinetics to the changes with time in the 13C enrichment of glutamic acid and GABA. In substantia nigra, N. accumbens and N. caudatus, the percentage of 13C incorporation into glutamic acid and GABA reached its maximum 10 to 15 minutes after the infusion. In N. caudatus and N. accumbens, the percentage of 13C incorporation into GABA was higher than that in substantia nigra and globus pallidus. The turnover rates of GABA were very similar in N. caudatus, N. accumbens, substantia nigra and globus pallidus (385-562 nmol/mg of protein per hr), but the turnover times were much faster in N. caudatus and N. accumbens. It must be kept in mind that in N. caudatus and N. accumbens the glutamate pool was several-fold greater than that of GABA. Since the data obtained indicate that the compartmentation is more complicated than in the model assumed for turnover estimations, this method should be used only for comparative purposes in drug studies. The validity of this method to obtain absolute measurements of GABA turnover remains to be documented.", "contents": "Application of principles of steady-state kinetics to the estimation of gamma-aminobutyric acid turnover rate in nuclei of rat brain. 13C-labeled glucose (50 mumol/kg/min) was infused into the rat tail vein for 10 minutes. The animals were killed by a microwave beam focused to the skull at various times after the infusion. In brain nuclei the concentrations of glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and their enrichment in 13C were measured by mass fragmentography. The results showed that in the five brain areas studied, substantia nigra contained the highest GABA concentration, followed by globus pallidus, N. accumbens, deep cerebellar nuclei, N. caudatus and cerebellar cortex. The concentrations of glutamate and GABA were comparable in some nuclei (substantia nigra and globus pallidus), but not in others. The glutamate content was 3 to 6 times greater than GABA content in cerebellum (cortex and nuclei) N. accumbens and N. caudatus. The turnover rates of GABA in substantia nigra, globus pallidus, N. caudatus and N. accumbens were calculated by applying principles of steady-state kinetics to the changes with time in the 13C enrichment of glutamic acid and GABA. In substantia nigra, N. accumbens and N. caudatus, the percentage of 13C incorporation into glutamic acid and GABA reached its maximum 10 to 15 minutes after the infusion. In N. caudatus and N. accumbens, the percentage of 13C incorporation into GABA was higher than that in substantia nigra and globus pallidus. The turnover rates of GABA were very similar in N. caudatus, N. accumbens, substantia nigra and globus pallidus (385-562 nmol/mg of protein per hr), but the turnover times were much faster in N. caudatus and N. accumbens. It must be kept in mind that in N. caudatus and N. accumbens the glutamate pool was several-fold greater than that of GABA. Since the data obtained indicate that the compartmentation is more complicated than in the model assumed for turnover estimations, this method should be used only for comparative purposes in drug studies. The validity of this method to obtain absolute measurements of GABA turnover remains to be documented.", "PMID": 839439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3773", "title": "Net uptake of gamma-aminobutyric acid by a high affinity synaptosomal transport system.", "content": "Reuptake of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by a high affinity transport system in nerve endings in the central nervous system is thought to terminate the action of this postulated neurotransmitter. This hypothesis has been challenged since the demonstration of exchange between synaptosomal and exogenous GABA (G. Levi and M. Raiteri, Nature 250: 735, 1974). In our studies, rat cortical synaptosomes were incubated (25 degrees C) in various media containing 10 muM 14C-GABA. After the synaptosomes were removed by centrifugation, 14C and total GABA (fluorometric assay) in the resulting supernatant were measured. Uptake of labeled GABA, detected by a decrease in medium radioactivity, is Na+- and K+-dependent. Net GABA uptake, however, does not parallel 14C-GABA translocation. Exchange accounts for 20 to 70% of radiolabeled GABA accumulation depending upon the experimental conditions. On the other hand, GABA-deficient synaptosomes (prepared by treatment with 56 mM KCl and 1 mM CaCl2) show equivalent net and radiolabeled GABA uptake in Ringer's solution containing 1 to 4 mM KCl and 60 to 150 mM NaCl (average 4.6 nmol of GABA accumulated per mg of synaptosomal protein). Net and 14C-GABA uptake by GABA-deficient synaptosomes are identical at various pH values (6.0-8.5), synaptosomal protein concentrations (0.4-3.5 mg/ml) and temperatures (5-37 degrees C). Although GABA homoexchange may contribute significantly to radiolabel accumulation by synaptosomes containing higher GABA levels (9.5-9.9 nmol/mg), homoexchange is limited in GABA-depleted synaptosomes. Our results are consistent with the proposal that presynaptic GABA capture by a high affinity system in vivo may terminate the action of this neuroactive amino acid.", "contents": "Net uptake of gamma-aminobutyric acid by a high affinity synaptosomal transport system. Reuptake of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by a high affinity transport system in nerve endings in the central nervous system is thought to terminate the action of this postulated neurotransmitter. This hypothesis has been challenged since the demonstration of exchange between synaptosomal and exogenous GABA (G. Levi and M. Raiteri, Nature 250: 735, 1974). In our studies, rat cortical synaptosomes were incubated (25 degrees C) in various media containing 10 muM 14C-GABA. After the synaptosomes were removed by centrifugation, 14C and total GABA (fluorometric assay) in the resulting supernatant were measured. Uptake of labeled GABA, detected by a decrease in medium radioactivity, is Na+- and K+-dependent. Net GABA uptake, however, does not parallel 14C-GABA translocation. Exchange accounts for 20 to 70% of radiolabeled GABA accumulation depending upon the experimental conditions. On the other hand, GABA-deficient synaptosomes (prepared by treatment with 56 mM KCl and 1 mM CaCl2) show equivalent net and radiolabeled GABA uptake in Ringer's solution containing 1 to 4 mM KCl and 60 to 150 mM NaCl (average 4.6 nmol of GABA accumulated per mg of synaptosomal protein). Net and 14C-GABA uptake by GABA-deficient synaptosomes are identical at various pH values (6.0-8.5), synaptosomal protein concentrations (0.4-3.5 mg/ml) and temperatures (5-37 degrees C). Although GABA homoexchange may contribute significantly to radiolabel accumulation by synaptosomes containing higher GABA levels (9.5-9.9 nmol/mg), homoexchange is limited in GABA-depleted synaptosomes. Our results are consistent with the proposal that presynaptic GABA capture by a high affinity system in vivo may terminate the action of this neuroactive amino acid.", "PMID": 839440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3774", "title": "The effects of acute and chronic botulinum toxin treatment on receptor number, receptor distribution and tissue sensitivity in rat diaphragm.", "content": "Tritiated alpha-bungarotoxin was used to determine the number and distribution of acetylcholine receptors in innervated, denervated and botulinum toxin-treated muscles. Innervated hemidiaphragms bound approximately 2.3 x 10(11) molecules of alpha-bungarotoxin; binding sites were restricted to the end-plate region. Neither acute denervation nor acute poisoning with botulinum toxin altered the number or distribution of alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites. In chronically denervated hemidiaphragms, there was an increase in alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites (maximum about 5.7 x 10(12); these sites were distributed across the muscle surface. In chronically poisoned hemidiaphragms, there was also an increase in the number (maximum about 4.7 x 10(12)) and distribution of binding sites. Chronic denervation and chronic botulinum toxin treatment both produced supersensitivity to acetylcholine. At maximal sensitivity, the respective ED50 values were: denervated muscle, 1.1 x 10(-6) M; botulinum toxin-treated muscle, 5.0 x 10(-6) M. The combination of denervation plus botulinum toxin treatment did not have additive or synergistic effects on alpha-bungarotoxin binding (4.9 x 10(12) molecules/hemidiaphragm) or on tissue sensitivity to acetylcholine (ED50 = 2.1 x 10(-6) M). It is concluded that denervation and botulinum toxin have rather similar effects on the number and distribution of acetylcholine receptors in rat hemidiaphragm.", "contents": "The effects of acute and chronic botulinum toxin treatment on receptor number, receptor distribution and tissue sensitivity in rat diaphragm. Tritiated alpha-bungarotoxin was used to determine the number and distribution of acetylcholine receptors in innervated, denervated and botulinum toxin-treated muscles. Innervated hemidiaphragms bound approximately 2.3 x 10(11) molecules of alpha-bungarotoxin; binding sites were restricted to the end-plate region. Neither acute denervation nor acute poisoning with botulinum toxin altered the number or distribution of alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites. In chronically denervated hemidiaphragms, there was an increase in alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites (maximum about 5.7 x 10(12); these sites were distributed across the muscle surface. In chronically poisoned hemidiaphragms, there was also an increase in the number (maximum about 4.7 x 10(12)) and distribution of binding sites. Chronic denervation and chronic botulinum toxin treatment both produced supersensitivity to acetylcholine. At maximal sensitivity, the respective ED50 values were: denervated muscle, 1.1 x 10(-6) M; botulinum toxin-treated muscle, 5.0 x 10(-6) M. The combination of denervation plus botulinum toxin treatment did not have additive or synergistic effects on alpha-bungarotoxin binding (4.9 x 10(12) molecules/hemidiaphragm) or on tissue sensitivity to acetylcholine (ED50 = 2.1 x 10(-6) M). It is concluded that denervation and botulinum toxin have rather similar effects on the number and distribution of acetylcholine receptors in rat hemidiaphragm.", "PMID": 839441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3775", "title": "Accelerated ventricular escapes induced in the intact dog by barium, strontium and calcium.", "content": "Accellerated ventricular escapes (AVE) were produced with infusion of BaCl2, SrCl2 and CaCl2. AVE demonstrated overdrive acceleration rather than overdrive suppression, i.e., faster pacing rates caused shorter escape intervals. BaCl2 (mean 20.2 mumol/kg) produced AVE in 18 of 23 dogs and a decrease in mean serum potassium (K+). SrCl2 alone (mean 2494 mumol/kg) did not produce AVE in 5 dogs and K+ was unchanged. When insulin and glucose were infused to lower K+ and SrCl2 was infused 30 minutes later, AVE was demonstrated in 7 of 10 dogs. CaCl2 alone (mean 1628 mumol/kg) produced AVE in 3 of 5 dogs and CaCl2 (mean 1733 mumol/kg) infused 30 minutes after insulin and glucose produced AVE in 4 of 4 dogs. This study demonstrates that AVE previously produced with cardiac glycosides can also be induced by infusion of barium, strontium and calcium.", "contents": "Accelerated ventricular escapes induced in the intact dog by barium, strontium and calcium. Accellerated ventricular escapes (AVE) were produced with infusion of BaCl2, SrCl2 and CaCl2. AVE demonstrated overdrive acceleration rather than overdrive suppression, i.e., faster pacing rates caused shorter escape intervals. BaCl2 (mean 20.2 mumol/kg) produced AVE in 18 of 23 dogs and a decrease in mean serum potassium (K+). SrCl2 alone (mean 2494 mumol/kg) did not produce AVE in 5 dogs and K+ was unchanged. When insulin and glucose were infused to lower K+ and SrCl2 was infused 30 minutes later, AVE was demonstrated in 7 of 10 dogs. CaCl2 alone (mean 1628 mumol/kg) produced AVE in 3 of 5 dogs and CaCl2 (mean 1733 mumol/kg) infused 30 minutes after insulin and glucose produced AVE in 4 of 4 dogs. This study demonstrates that AVE previously produced with cardiac glycosides can also be induced by infusion of barium, strontium and calcium.", "PMID": 839442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3776", "title": "Studies of the fate of tyramine in dogs: the effect of monoamine oxidase inhibition, portafemoral shunt and coronary artery ligation on the kinetics of tyramine.", "content": "Radioimmunoassay of tyramine (T) was used to investigate the kinetics of T in plasma of three groups of dogs (control, pretreated with monoamine oxidase inhibitor and those with portafemoral shunt). Furthermore, the influence of coronary artery ligation on the T content of the heart was studied. After i.v. administration of T-HCl (1.7mumol/kg, 0.3 mg/kg), there was a rapid initial decline in T plasma levels with an average T 1/2 of 4.3 minutes. Similar results were obtained in experiments in which the same dose of T-3H was used. There was a 10-fold difference between 3H and T concentrations. Pretreatment with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor resulted in a decrease in T metabolism as reflected by changes in pharmacokinetic parameters (estimated area under the curve AUC, 8166 vs. 1000 ng x min x ml-1, P less than .001; total body clearance, BC, 35.7 vs. 285 ml/min/kg. P less than .005). Similar results were obtained in dogs with portafemoral shunt. Coronary artery ligation resulted in an increase in the level of T in the infarction [1.2. +/- 0.3 (S.E.M.) ng/ml] compared to those of adult volunteers.", "contents": "Studies of the fate of tyramine in dogs: the effect of monoamine oxidase inhibition, portafemoral shunt and coronary artery ligation on the kinetics of tyramine. Radioimmunoassay of tyramine (T) was used to investigate the kinetics of T in plasma of three groups of dogs (control, pretreated with monoamine oxidase inhibitor and those with portafemoral shunt). Furthermore, the influence of coronary artery ligation on the T content of the heart was studied. After i.v. administration of T-HCl (1.7mumol/kg, 0.3 mg/kg), there was a rapid initial decline in T plasma levels with an average T 1/2 of 4.3 minutes. Similar results were obtained in experiments in which the same dose of T-3H was used. There was a 10-fold difference between 3H and T concentrations. Pretreatment with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor resulted in a decrease in T metabolism as reflected by changes in pharmacokinetic parameters (estimated area under the curve AUC, 8166 vs. 1000 ng x min x ml-1, P less than .001; total body clearance, BC, 35.7 vs. 285 ml/min/kg. P less than .005). Similar results were obtained in dogs with portafemoral shunt. Coronary artery ligation resulted in an increase in the level of T in the infarction [1.2. +/- 0.3 (S.E.M.) ng/ml] compared to those of adult volunteers.", "PMID": 839443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3777", "title": "Disposition of 14C-mescaline by rabbit lung.", "content": "Metabolism of mescaline by several rabbit tissues was examined in vitro. Mescaline-oxidizing activity (micromoles per milligram of protein/15 min) of lung homogenates was 4 times greater than that of either liver or kidney. Brain and plasma each had comparatively little capacity to metabolize mescaline. Mescaline metabolism in vitro was sensitive to inhibition by semicarbazide. Removal of mescaline from the medium perfusing the isolated rabbit lung was explained by intrapulmonary metabolism. Semicarbazide (10(-3) M pargyline. Semicarbazide-treated lungs accumulated more mescaline than did untreated lungs. Mescaline efflux from lung was slower than that of its metabolite. These results indicate that the intact lung removes perfused mescaline and may be important in the disposition of circulating mescaline in vivo.", "contents": "Disposition of 14C-mescaline by rabbit lung. Metabolism of mescaline by several rabbit tissues was examined in vitro. Mescaline-oxidizing activity (micromoles per milligram of protein/15 min) of lung homogenates was 4 times greater than that of either liver or kidney. Brain and plasma each had comparatively little capacity to metabolize mescaline. Mescaline metabolism in vitro was sensitive to inhibition by semicarbazide. Removal of mescaline from the medium perfusing the isolated rabbit lung was explained by intrapulmonary metabolism. Semicarbazide (10(-3) M pargyline. Semicarbazide-treated lungs accumulated more mescaline than did untreated lungs. Mescaline efflux from lung was slower than that of its metabolite. These results indicate that the intact lung removes perfused mescaline and may be important in the disposition of circulating mescaline in vivo.", "PMID": 839444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3778", "title": "Prediction of hepatic extraction ratio from in vitro measurement of intrinsic clearance.", "content": "Under first-order conditions the activity of the hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes may be closely approximated by the ratio of the in vitro kinetic constants Vmax and Km, which in turn is equivalent to the intrinsic clearance of the drug. In theory, after appropriate consideration for liver weight, blood flow and rug binding in the blood, the intrinsic clearance may be used to predict the extraction ratio for the total organ. This hypothesis was tested by comparing the predicted ratio based on a perfusion-limited model of hepatic elimination with that determined directly in the isolated perfused rat liver. Good agreement was obtained between the predicted and observed hepatic extraction ratios for antipyrine, carbamazepine, hexobarbital, phenytoin, propranolol, alprenolol and lidocaine, which span the extraction ratio from less than 0.1 to greater than 0.9.", "contents": "Prediction of hepatic extraction ratio from in vitro measurement of intrinsic clearance. Under first-order conditions the activity of the hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes may be closely approximated by the ratio of the in vitro kinetic constants Vmax and Km, which in turn is equivalent to the intrinsic clearance of the drug. In theory, after appropriate consideration for liver weight, blood flow and rug binding in the blood, the intrinsic clearance may be used to predict the extraction ratio for the total organ. This hypothesis was tested by comparing the predicted ratio based on a perfusion-limited model of hepatic elimination with that determined directly in the isolated perfused rat liver. Good agreement was obtained between the predicted and observed hepatic extraction ratios for antipyrine, carbamazepine, hexobarbital, phenytoin, propranolol, alprenolol and lidocaine, which span the extraction ratio from less than 0.1 to greater than 0.9.", "PMID": 839445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3779", "title": "Hepatic uptake of foreign compounds: influence of acute extrahepatic biliary obstruction.", "content": "Extrahepatic cholestasis produced by bile duct ligation decreased the net hepatic uptake of organic anions including sllfobromophthalein, sulfobromophthalein glutathione and phenol-3,6-dibromophthalein disulfonate, and the neutral organic compound, ouabain. The net hepatic uptake of procaine amide ethobromide, an organic cation was not similarly affected. Impairment of net hepatic uptake by bile duct ligation was demonstrated by reduced liver concentration and content of administered compound despite higher plasma concentration. Acute bile duct ligation did not alter the amount of hepatic cytoplasmic anion binding proteins. The impaired net hepatic uptake of sulfobromophthalein in bile duct-ligated rats was reversed by re-establishing bile flow. Deleterious effects of endogenous bile or bile constituents and specific alteration of membrane carrier proteins are considered possible contributing factors to the impaired net hepatic uptake process observed in bile duct-ligated rats.", "contents": "Hepatic uptake of foreign compounds: influence of acute extrahepatic biliary obstruction. Extrahepatic cholestasis produced by bile duct ligation decreased the net hepatic uptake of organic anions including sllfobromophthalein, sulfobromophthalein glutathione and phenol-3,6-dibromophthalein disulfonate, and the neutral organic compound, ouabain. The net hepatic uptake of procaine amide ethobromide, an organic cation was not similarly affected. Impairment of net hepatic uptake by bile duct ligation was demonstrated by reduced liver concentration and content of administered compound despite higher plasma concentration. Acute bile duct ligation did not alter the amount of hepatic cytoplasmic anion binding proteins. The impaired net hepatic uptake of sulfobromophthalein in bile duct-ligated rats was reversed by re-establishing bile flow. Deleterious effects of endogenous bile or bile constituents and specific alteration of membrane carrier proteins are considered possible contributing factors to the impaired net hepatic uptake process observed in bile duct-ligated rats.", "PMID": 839446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3780", "title": "Inhibition of carbonic anhydrases of rat liver by halides.", "content": "The hepatic carbonic anhydrases from male rat are known to differ from those of female rat in being resistant to inhibition by sulfonamides. In the present work the inhibition of carbonic anhydrases from livers of male and female rats by chloride and iodide was studied in the CO2 hydration reaction. The hepatic carbonic anhydrases from male rats were found to be more susceptible to inhibition by halides (I50 and Cl- = 7-15 mM, and I- = 0.7-1.5 mM). On the other hand, the hepatic carbonic anhydrases from female rats were less susceptible to inhibition by halides (I50 for Cl- = 150-250 mM and for I- = 3-10 mM). The presence of bicarbonate increased I50 of both Cl- and I- for liver isoenzymes of both male and female rats by about 2- to 20-fold. The differential susceptibility of carbonic anhydrases from livers of male and female rats to inhibition by halides was in contrast to their susceptibility to inhibition by sulfonamides.", "contents": "Inhibition of carbonic anhydrases of rat liver by halides. The hepatic carbonic anhydrases from male rat are known to differ from those of female rat in being resistant to inhibition by sulfonamides. In the present work the inhibition of carbonic anhydrases from livers of male and female rats by chloride and iodide was studied in the CO2 hydration reaction. The hepatic carbonic anhydrases from male rats were found to be more susceptible to inhibition by halides (I50 and Cl- = 7-15 mM, and I- = 0.7-1.5 mM). On the other hand, the hepatic carbonic anhydrases from female rats were less susceptible to inhibition by halides (I50 for Cl- = 150-250 mM and for I- = 3-10 mM). The presence of bicarbonate increased I50 of both Cl- and I- for liver isoenzymes of both male and female rats by about 2- to 20-fold. The differential susceptibility of carbonic anhydrases from livers of male and female rats to inhibition by halides was in contrast to their susceptibility to inhibition by sulfonamides.", "PMID": 839447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3781", "title": "Thioacetamide-induced hepatic necrosis. I. Involvement of the mixed-function oxidase enzyme system.", "content": "Metabolic activation of thioacetamide (CH3CSNH2) to a toxic metabolite which is responsible for its hepatotoxicity and/or its carcinogenicity has been proposed by a number of investigators. In this investigation thioacetamide and one of its metabolites, thioacetamide sulfine (CH3CSONH2), have been compared for their ability to inhibit hepatic mixed-function oxidase enzymes as well as their ability to induce hepatic necrosis. Thioacetamide sulfine was found to decrease aminopyrine N-demethylation and aniline hydroxylation at a lower dose and at an earlier time after administration than was the case with thioacetamide. In addition, at all doses examined, thioacetamide sulfine produced a more severe centrilobular hepatic necrosis than equivalent doses of thioacetamide. To determine whether the hepatic mixed-function oxidase enzyme system was involved in the biotransformation of thioacetamide and/or thioacetamide sulfine to a hepatotoxic compound(s), the severity of liver damage was examined after the administration of an inducer or inhibitors of hepatic mixed-function oxidase enzyme activity. Phenobarbital pretreatment potentiated the hepatic necrosis produced by both thioacetamide and thioacetamide sulfine. In contrast, pyrazole, SKF 525-A, and cobaltous chloride protected against the hepatic necrosis caused by thioacetamide and thioacetamide sulfine. These data suggest that both thioacetamide and thioacetamide sulfine are activated by hepatic mixed-function oxidase enzymes to a hepatotoxic compound(s). These data also suggest that the hepatotoxicity may be mediated by its metabolism to thioacetamide sulfine which, in turn, is metabolized to an ultimate toxic metabolite.", "contents": "Thioacetamide-induced hepatic necrosis. I. Involvement of the mixed-function oxidase enzyme system. Metabolic activation of thioacetamide (CH3CSNH2) to a toxic metabolite which is responsible for its hepatotoxicity and/or its carcinogenicity has been proposed by a number of investigators. In this investigation thioacetamide and one of its metabolites, thioacetamide sulfine (CH3CSONH2), have been compared for their ability to inhibit hepatic mixed-function oxidase enzymes as well as their ability to induce hepatic necrosis. Thioacetamide sulfine was found to decrease aminopyrine N-demethylation and aniline hydroxylation at a lower dose and at an earlier time after administration than was the case with thioacetamide. In addition, at all doses examined, thioacetamide sulfine produced a more severe centrilobular hepatic necrosis than equivalent doses of thioacetamide. To determine whether the hepatic mixed-function oxidase enzyme system was involved in the biotransformation of thioacetamide and/or thioacetamide sulfine to a hepatotoxic compound(s), the severity of liver damage was examined after the administration of an inducer or inhibitors of hepatic mixed-function oxidase enzyme activity. Phenobarbital pretreatment potentiated the hepatic necrosis produced by both thioacetamide and thioacetamide sulfine. In contrast, pyrazole, SKF 525-A, and cobaltous chloride protected against the hepatic necrosis caused by thioacetamide and thioacetamide sulfine. These data suggest that both thioacetamide and thioacetamide sulfine are activated by hepatic mixed-function oxidase enzymes to a hepatotoxic compound(s). These data also suggest that the hepatotoxicity may be mediated by its metabolism to thioacetamide sulfine which, in turn, is metabolized to an ultimate toxic metabolite.", "PMID": 839448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3782", "title": "The effects of dopamine on human platelet aggregation, in vitro.", "content": "An unexpected inhibition of human platelet aggregation by dopamine -- the precursor of epinephrine and norepinephrine -- is presented. Human platelet-rich plasma was incubated in an aggregometer for 120 seconds at 37 degrees C, with either dopamine or saline control. Adenosine diphosphate, epinephrine or collagen was added as the aggregating agent. Dopamine inhibits induction of platelet aggregation by all three agents and causes platelet disaggregation. At low doses (400 mug/ml or less), dopamine induces platelet aggregation and enhances ADP-induced aggregation. In addition, a concentration of dopamine of 40 mug/ml induces aggregation, enhances ADP-induced aggregation and inhibits epinephrine aggregation. Phentolamine is able to block dopamine enhancement of ADP aggregation, but propranolol and haloperidol fail to prevent dopamine inhibition of epinephrine aggregation. These observations are explained neither by the currently known intracellular actions of dopamine which involve competition with serotonin nor by a single mediator such as cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate. It appears that dopamine may exert its effects via the platelet membrane.", "contents": "The effects of dopamine on human platelet aggregation, in vitro. An unexpected inhibition of human platelet aggregation by dopamine -- the precursor of epinephrine and norepinephrine -- is presented. Human platelet-rich plasma was incubated in an aggregometer for 120 seconds at 37 degrees C, with either dopamine or saline control. Adenosine diphosphate, epinephrine or collagen was added as the aggregating agent. Dopamine inhibits induction of platelet aggregation by all three agents and causes platelet disaggregation. At low doses (400 mug/ml or less), dopamine induces platelet aggregation and enhances ADP-induced aggregation. In addition, a concentration of dopamine of 40 mug/ml induces aggregation, enhances ADP-induced aggregation and inhibits epinephrine aggregation. Phentolamine is able to block dopamine enhancement of ADP aggregation, but propranolol and haloperidol fail to prevent dopamine inhibition of epinephrine aggregation. These observations are explained neither by the currently known intracellular actions of dopamine which involve competition with serotonin nor by a single mediator such as cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate. It appears that dopamine may exert its effects via the platelet membrane.", "PMID": 839449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3783", "title": "Inhibition of spinocervical tract discharges from localized areas of the sensorimotor cortex in the cat.", "content": "1. Intracortical microstimualtion (ICMS) was applied within the sensorimotor cortex of cats anaesthetized with chloralose. 2. The effects of the ICMS were examined on the number of impulses in spinocervical tract (SCT) cells (recorded extracellularly in the contralateral lumbosacral spinal cord) evoked by peripheral stimulation. 3. Inhibition of SCT discharges was produced by ICMS in two distinct regions of the sensorimotor cortex. 4. One inhibitory regions was in part of cytoarchitectonic area 4 gamma in the upper bank of the cruciate sulcus. It sometimes extended caudally into area 4 delta, medially into area 3 alpha and/or rostrally into the part of area 4 gamma on the caudal lip of the cruciate sulcus. 5. The other inhibitory region was in the medial part of the posterior sigmoid gyrus and included parts of areas 3 alpha, 3 beta, 1, 5 alpha and 5 beta. 6. Most inhibitory sites were in cortical layers III, V and VI. 7. No regions were found in which ICMS consistently caused facilitation of SCT discharges.", "contents": "Inhibition of spinocervical tract discharges from localized areas of the sensorimotor cortex in the cat. 1. Intracortical microstimualtion (ICMS) was applied within the sensorimotor cortex of cats anaesthetized with chloralose. 2. The effects of the ICMS were examined on the number of impulses in spinocervical tract (SCT) cells (recorded extracellularly in the contralateral lumbosacral spinal cord) evoked by peripheral stimulation. 3. Inhibition of SCT discharges was produced by ICMS in two distinct regions of the sensorimotor cortex. 4. One inhibitory regions was in part of cytoarchitectonic area 4 gamma in the upper bank of the cruciate sulcus. It sometimes extended caudally into area 4 delta, medially into area 3 alpha and/or rostrally into the part of area 4 gamma on the caudal lip of the cruciate sulcus. 5. The other inhibitory region was in the medial part of the posterior sigmoid gyrus and included parts of areas 3 alpha, 3 beta, 1, 5 alpha and 5 beta. 6. Most inhibitory sites were in cortical layers III, V and VI. 7. No regions were found in which ICMS consistently caused facilitation of SCT discharges.", "PMID": 839450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3784", "title": "A study of the ion selectivity and the kinetic properties of the calcium dependent slow inward current in mammalian cardiac muscle.", "content": "1. A voltage-clamp method combining a single surcose gap and two intracellular micro-electrodes was used to measure membrane currents in ventricullar myocardial fibres. 2. The adequacy of the voltage-clamp method is demonstrated by comparing the total current, It, across the gap with the voltage difference, delta V, between the two intracellular micro-electrodes, i.e. another independent way of measuring membrane currents. With both current measurements the slow inward current, Is, shows the same voltage- and time-dependences. 3. The sensitivity of the slow inward current to variation in external Ca and Na concentrations was investigated systematically. The reversal potential of the slow inward current was sensitive to variation of both ion species. 4. From the reversal potential measurements relative permeabilities of the conductance channels of the slow inward current were estimated as PCa/PNa approximately 1/0-01 and PCa/PK approximately 1/0-01 by means of the constant field equation. 5. The activation and inactivation kinetics of the slow inward current were explored in detail and related to the plateau of the action potential.", "contents": "A study of the ion selectivity and the kinetic properties of the calcium dependent slow inward current in mammalian cardiac muscle. 1. A voltage-clamp method combining a single surcose gap and two intracellular micro-electrodes was used to measure membrane currents in ventricullar myocardial fibres. 2. The adequacy of the voltage-clamp method is demonstrated by comparing the total current, It, across the gap with the voltage difference, delta V, between the two intracellular micro-electrodes, i.e. another independent way of measuring membrane currents. With both current measurements the slow inward current, Is, shows the same voltage- and time-dependences. 3. The sensitivity of the slow inward current to variation in external Ca and Na concentrations was investigated systematically. The reversal potential of the slow inward current was sensitive to variation of both ion species. 4. From the reversal potential measurements relative permeabilities of the conductance channels of the slow inward current were estimated as PCa/PNa approximately 1/0-01 and PCa/PK approximately 1/0-01 by means of the constant field equation. 5. The activation and inactivation kinetics of the slow inward current were explored in detail and related to the plateau of the action potential.", "PMID": 839451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3785", "title": "Drinking caused by exposing dogs to radiant heat.", "content": "1. Exposure to radiant heat caused dogs to pant and lose water by evaporation at rates of 40-70 g/hr. 2. When water was offered at intervals during the heating, the dogs drank at about half of the opportunities. The individual drinks were small but, by their repetition, loss of water by evaporation during heating was approximately matched by drinking. 3. Water given by stomach tube reduced drinking during a subsequent period of heating. 4. When water was offered more than 15 min after the end of a period of heating, after panting had ceased, drinking occurred only if the water loss exceeded 50-70 g, about 0-6% of the body water. This is regarded as drinking due to loss of water, beyond a threshold of dehydration necessary to stimulate drinking with the dog at rest. When water was offered during heating, drinking occurred with dehydration less than this threshold. 5. The drinking produced by heating was similar to that produced by running (O'Connor, 1975). When the animal ran under heat, panting was more severe and the water loss greater (85-150 g/hr); it was approximately matched by more drinking.", "contents": "Drinking caused by exposing dogs to radiant heat. 1. Exposure to radiant heat caused dogs to pant and lose water by evaporation at rates of 40-70 g/hr. 2. When water was offered at intervals during the heating, the dogs drank at about half of the opportunities. The individual drinks were small but, by their repetition, loss of water by evaporation during heating was approximately matched by drinking. 3. Water given by stomach tube reduced drinking during a subsequent period of heating. 4. When water was offered more than 15 min after the end of a period of heating, after panting had ceased, drinking occurred only if the water loss exceeded 50-70 g, about 0-6% of the body water. This is regarded as drinking due to loss of water, beyond a threshold of dehydration necessary to stimulate drinking with the dog at rest. When water was offered during heating, drinking occurred with dehydration less than this threshold. 5. The drinking produced by heating was similar to that produced by running (O'Connor, 1975). When the animal ran under heat, panting was more severe and the water loss greater (85-150 g/hr); it was approximately matched by more drinking.", "PMID": 839452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3786", "title": "The effect of lowering external sodium on the intracellular sodium activity of crab muscle fibres.", "content": "1. Intracellular Na activity, aiNa, was continuously measured in crab (Carcinus maenas) muscle fibres using a recessed-tip Na+ -sensitive glass micro-electrode. Experiments could last up to several hours. AiNa remained stable during prolonged experiments. The mean resting aiNa was 8-4 +/- 0-02 mM (S.E. of mean for eighty-nine fibres) and the mean resting membrane potential was 65-3 mV +/- 0-3 (S.E. of mean for eighty-nine fibres). 2. Reducing [Na]o to 1/10 normal (maintaining ionic strength with equivalent amounts of either Li or Tris) caused a large and rapid fall of aiNa. There appeared to be two components of the effect, a fast and slow. The initial fast rate of decrease was about 3-5 m-mole/min decreasing to half this value in about 1 min. The rate of decrease of aiNa was not linearly related to aiNa. The size of the fast change of aiNa was related to the magnitude of the Na gradient across the membrane. 3. High concentrations (2 x 10-4m) of ouabain caused a very slow rise of aiNa by 1 or 2 mn/hr. This was equivalent to a net Na influx of between 1 and 10 p-mole/cmi. sec, depending on whether or not a correction was applied to account for the increased surface area of the fibre caused by the invaginating cleft system. 4. The response to low Nso was virtually insensitive to the removal of Ko or to prolonged reatment with high concentrations of ouabain (2 x 10-4 m; 100 min) and so could not readily be attributed to active Na/K pumping. 5. The response of aiNa to low Nao was reversibly inhibited by high concencentrations of Mn (50 mm) and by low concentrations of La (3-1 mm). La itself stimulated a rapid fall of aiNa in normal Nao.", "contents": "The effect of lowering external sodium on the intracellular sodium activity of crab muscle fibres. 1. Intracellular Na activity, aiNa, was continuously measured in crab (Carcinus maenas) muscle fibres using a recessed-tip Na+ -sensitive glass micro-electrode. Experiments could last up to several hours. AiNa remained stable during prolonged experiments. The mean resting aiNa was 8-4 +/- 0-02 mM (S.E. of mean for eighty-nine fibres) and the mean resting membrane potential was 65-3 mV +/- 0-3 (S.E. of mean for eighty-nine fibres). 2. Reducing [Na]o to 1/10 normal (maintaining ionic strength with equivalent amounts of either Li or Tris) caused a large and rapid fall of aiNa. There appeared to be two components of the effect, a fast and slow. The initial fast rate of decrease was about 3-5 m-mole/min decreasing to half this value in about 1 min. The rate of decrease of aiNa was not linearly related to aiNa. The size of the fast change of aiNa was related to the magnitude of the Na gradient across the membrane. 3. High concentrations (2 x 10-4m) of ouabain caused a very slow rise of aiNa by 1 or 2 mn/hr. This was equivalent to a net Na influx of between 1 and 10 p-mole/cmi. sec, depending on whether or not a correction was applied to account for the increased surface area of the fibre caused by the invaginating cleft system. 4. The response to low Nso was virtually insensitive to the removal of Ko or to prolonged reatment with high concentrations of ouabain (2 x 10-4 m; 100 min) and so could not readily be attributed to active Na/K pumping. 5. The response of aiNa to low Nao was reversibly inhibited by high concencentrations of Mn (50 mm) and by low concentrations of La (3-1 mm). La itself stimulated a rapid fall of aiNa in normal Nao.", "PMID": 839453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3787", "title": "The influence of immobilization and stretch on protein turnover of rat skeletal muscle.", "content": "1. Changes in muscle size have been studied as a function of time after immobilization and in relation to the functional length of the muscle. 2. When immobilized in a shortened position the soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles underwent atrophy, showing net losses of tissue protein. This atrophy appears to be caused by decreases in protein synthesis and increases in protein break-down. Average rates of protein synthesis and degradation were measured in immobilized and unrestrained control muscles by sensitive in vitro methods. 3. When the two muscles were held in a lengthened position they grew compared with internal controls. This rapid growth was primarily due to increased rats of protein synthesis, which possibly arise from a more active involvement of ribosomes in translation. In keeping with these situations of growth, DNA synthesis, DNA and RNA concentrations were found to be higher in the immobilized tissues. 4. Passive stretch and the development of isometric tension via the stretch reflux are suggested as factors stimulating protein synthesis, and hence inducing the growth of muscles held in the lengthened state. Probably neither of these factors will be experienced appreciably in the shortened position of restraint, and the lower level of activity in these immobilized muscles leads to their atrophy.", "contents": "The influence of immobilization and stretch on protein turnover of rat skeletal muscle. 1. Changes in muscle size have been studied as a function of time after immobilization and in relation to the functional length of the muscle. 2. When immobilized in a shortened position the soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles underwent atrophy, showing net losses of tissue protein. This atrophy appears to be caused by decreases in protein synthesis and increases in protein break-down. Average rates of protein synthesis and degradation were measured in immobilized and unrestrained control muscles by sensitive in vitro methods. 3. When the two muscles were held in a lengthened position they grew compared with internal controls. This rapid growth was primarily due to increased rats of protein synthesis, which possibly arise from a more active involvement of ribosomes in translation. In keeping with these situations of growth, DNA synthesis, DNA and RNA concentrations were found to be higher in the immobilized tissues. 4. Passive stretch and the development of isometric tension via the stretch reflux are suggested as factors stimulating protein synthesis, and hence inducing the growth of muscles held in the lengthened state. Probably neither of these factors will be experienced appreciably in the shortened position of restraint, and the lower level of activity in these immobilized muscles leads to their atrophy.", "PMID": 839454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3788", "title": "The influence of activity on muscle size and protein turnover.", "content": "1. The effects of the loss of normal activity can be studied in muscles held in a shortened position by immobilizing the ankle in a plaster cast. Since the innervation remains intact with this procedure, removal of the restraining case allows normal activity to be restored. The soleus and plantaris muscles grew as a function of time after the return of normal activity and these changes in tissue size are explained by changes in the average rates of protein synthesis and protein break-down as measured by sensitive in vitro techniques. Activity stimulates protein synthesis and inhibits protein break-down of the soleus muscle, thus enabling the tissue to accumulate protein. Blockage of de novo synthesis of RNA, but not DNA, severely restricted the normal, rapid enhancement of protein synthesis after thr return of activity. 2. The return of isotonic activity to the extensor digitorum longus muscle after immobilization in a lengthened position failed to fully compensate for the loss of the growth-promoting influence of stretch and the tissue gradually returned to the size of the control muscle. During the recovery process the higher rate of protein turnover and RNA concentrations of the immobilized muscle returned to the lower values of the control.", "contents": "The influence of activity on muscle size and protein turnover. 1. The effects of the loss of normal activity can be studied in muscles held in a shortened position by immobilizing the ankle in a plaster cast. Since the innervation remains intact with this procedure, removal of the restraining case allows normal activity to be restored. The soleus and plantaris muscles grew as a function of time after the return of normal activity and these changes in tissue size are explained by changes in the average rates of protein synthesis and protein break-down as measured by sensitive in vitro techniques. Activity stimulates protein synthesis and inhibits protein break-down of the soleus muscle, thus enabling the tissue to accumulate protein. Blockage of de novo synthesis of RNA, but not DNA, severely restricted the normal, rapid enhancement of protein synthesis after thr return of activity. 2. The return of isotonic activity to the extensor digitorum longus muscle after immobilization in a lengthened position failed to fully compensate for the loss of the growth-promoting influence of stretch and the tissue gradually returned to the size of the control muscle. During the recovery process the higher rate of protein turnover and RNA concentrations of the immobilized muscle returned to the lower values of the control.", "PMID": 839455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3789", "title": "The regulation of the calcium conductance of cardiac muscle by adrenaline.", "content": "1. The effect of adrenaline on the Ca-dependent slow inward current, Is, of mammalian cardiac muscle has been investigated by the voltage-clamp method. The mechanism of the increase in the conductance, gs, was analysed on the basis of a kinetic scheme (Hodgkin & Huxley, 1952) applicable to this system. 2. The rate constants alphad and betad, of activation of gs were not influenced by adrenaline, although the limiting conductance, gs, was greatly increased. 3. Reduction of [Ca]o from 1-8 to 0-2 mM decreased the amplitude of inward tail currents when gs was fully activated; however, the relative decrease of the current amplitude was the same with and without adrenaline. The reversal potential, ER, of Is was not changed by the drug. This indicates that the catecholamine has no influence on the selectivity of these conductance channels. 4. An increase in the number of functional conductance channels by adrenaline is discussed as a possible mechanism for the increase in Gs.", "contents": "The regulation of the calcium conductance of cardiac muscle by adrenaline. 1. The effect of adrenaline on the Ca-dependent slow inward current, Is, of mammalian cardiac muscle has been investigated by the voltage-clamp method. The mechanism of the increase in the conductance, gs, was analysed on the basis of a kinetic scheme (Hodgkin & Huxley, 1952) applicable to this system. 2. The rate constants alphad and betad, of activation of gs were not influenced by adrenaline, although the limiting conductance, gs, was greatly increased. 3. Reduction of [Ca]o from 1-8 to 0-2 mM decreased the amplitude of inward tail currents when gs was fully activated; however, the relative decrease of the current amplitude was the same with and without adrenaline. The reversal potential, ER, of Is was not changed by the drug. This indicates that the catecholamine has no influence on the selectivity of these conductance channels. 4. An increase in the number of functional conductance channels by adrenaline is discussed as a possible mechanism for the increase in Gs.", "PMID": 839456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3790", "title": "The influence of the lymph node on the protein concentration of efferent lymph leaving the node.", "content": "1. Experiments have been performed in sheep to determine the contribution of lymph formed within a lymph node to the total protein output in lymph leaving the node. 2. The lymphatic duct leaving the popliteal lymph node was cannulated and the protein and lymphocyte output in efferent lymph determined. The afferent lymph flow to the popliteal node was then diverted and lymph formed only within the lymph node collected from the efferent cannula. It appeared from the results that the popliteal lymph node forms lymph at the rate of approximately 1 ml. per hour and may contribute 30-50% of the protein output observed in efferent lymph. 3. The importance of lymph formation within the lymph node varied between nodes found in different regions of the body. This was due in part to the different protein concentrations in the afferent lymph to the different nodes. 4. A positive correlation was found between the protein and lymphocyte concentrations in efferent lymph from the popliteal lymph node in seven out of eleven sheep and in lymph formed within the popliteal lymph node in two out of three sheep. It is suggested that this relationship may be due to an increased transfer of plasma proteins through the post-capillary venules in the lymph node accompanying the continual traffic of lymphocytes across the wall of these vessels. The results indicated that the protein transfer across the post-capillary venules was not an indiscriminate transfer of plasma per se but a selective transport from the blood plasma compartment based on molecular size.", "contents": "The influence of the lymph node on the protein concentration of efferent lymph leaving the node. 1. Experiments have been performed in sheep to determine the contribution of lymph formed within a lymph node to the total protein output in lymph leaving the node. 2. The lymphatic duct leaving the popliteal lymph node was cannulated and the protein and lymphocyte output in efferent lymph determined. The afferent lymph flow to the popliteal node was then diverted and lymph formed only within the lymph node collected from the efferent cannula. It appeared from the results that the popliteal lymph node forms lymph at the rate of approximately 1 ml. per hour and may contribute 30-50% of the protein output observed in efferent lymph. 3. The importance of lymph formation within the lymph node varied between nodes found in different regions of the body. This was due in part to the different protein concentrations in the afferent lymph to the different nodes. 4. A positive correlation was found between the protein and lymphocyte concentrations in efferent lymph from the popliteal lymph node in seven out of eleven sheep and in lymph formed within the popliteal lymph node in two out of three sheep. It is suggested that this relationship may be due to an increased transfer of plasma proteins through the post-capillary venules in the lymph node accompanying the continual traffic of lymphocytes across the wall of these vessels. The results indicated that the protein transfer across the post-capillary venules was not an indiscriminate transfer of plasma per se but a selective transport from the blood plasma compartment based on molecular size.", "PMID": 839457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3791", "title": "The actions of ouabain on intercellular coupling and conduction velocity in mammalian ventricular muscle.", "content": "1. The effects of ouabain on the electrical coupling between cells and the conduction velocity, theta, were studied in ventricular muscle preparations from calf and cow hearts using a silicon-oil-chamber. 2. After 90 min of exposure to 2 X 10(-6) M ouabain, an increase of the inside longitudinal resistance, Ri, from 420 omega cm to 1032 omega CM was observed. Assuming a constant myoplasmic resistivity this presumably reflects a reduced electrical coupling between myocardial cells. 3. Concomitantly, theta was decreased from 50-3 to 29-4 cm/sec. This change could be explained by the observed alterations in the maximal rate of rise of the action potential, (dV/dt)max, the amplitude of the action potential Vp, the membrane capacity Cf, and the sum, respectively, of the inside and outside longitudinal resistance per unit distance (ri + ro). Quantitatively, about 60% of the decrease of theta could be accounted for by the experimentally determined increase of Ri. 4. Time course studies revealed a biphasic action of ouabain on Ri. An early dose-dependent drop in Ri, equivalent to an improvement of the intercellular coupling, was followed by a delayed massive increase in Ri, whose onset and magnitude were also concentration-dependent. 5. The delayed increase in Ri was associated with an increase of the diastolic tension. Toxic ouabain doses (2 X 10(-6) M) produced irreversible changes on both parameters, whereas thereapeutic doses (less than 5 X 10(-7) M) affected neither of them. Reversible effects on both parameters were observed at an intermediate drug concentration (10(-6) M). 6. The strong correlation between decoupling and contracture is consistent with the idea that the intracellular Ca concentration, [Ca]i, is involved in the control of the nexal conductance. This is supported by the finding that increasing the extracellular Ca concentration, [Ca]o, accelerated the ouabain-induced decoupling, whereas reducing [Ca]o retarded it. 7. If anything, the contracture slightly preceded the increase in Ri. From this it is concluded that the threshold [Ca]i for the electrical decoupling between cells must be somewhat larger than the threshold level for the tension activation. 8. The delayed increase in Ri is compatible with an inhibition of the Na pump which according to the Na-lag hypothesis predicts an increase of [Ca]i secondary to a Na-accumulation. The early drop in Ri can either be explained by a stimulation of the Na pump, or by a non-monotonic relationship between Ri and [Ca]i.", "contents": "The actions of ouabain on intercellular coupling and conduction velocity in mammalian ventricular muscle. 1. The effects of ouabain on the electrical coupling between cells and the conduction velocity, theta, were studied in ventricular muscle preparations from calf and cow hearts using a silicon-oil-chamber. 2. After 90 min of exposure to 2 X 10(-6) M ouabain, an increase of the inside longitudinal resistance, Ri, from 420 omega cm to 1032 omega CM was observed. Assuming a constant myoplasmic resistivity this presumably reflects a reduced electrical coupling between myocardial cells. 3. Concomitantly, theta was decreased from 50-3 to 29-4 cm/sec. This change could be explained by the observed alterations in the maximal rate of rise of the action potential, (dV/dt)max, the amplitude of the action potential Vp, the membrane capacity Cf, and the sum, respectively, of the inside and outside longitudinal resistance per unit distance (ri + ro). Quantitatively, about 60% of the decrease of theta could be accounted for by the experimentally determined increase of Ri. 4. Time course studies revealed a biphasic action of ouabain on Ri. An early dose-dependent drop in Ri, equivalent to an improvement of the intercellular coupling, was followed by a delayed massive increase in Ri, whose onset and magnitude were also concentration-dependent. 5. The delayed increase in Ri was associated with an increase of the diastolic tension. Toxic ouabain doses (2 X 10(-6) M) produced irreversible changes on both parameters, whereas thereapeutic doses (less than 5 X 10(-7) M) affected neither of them. Reversible effects on both parameters were observed at an intermediate drug concentration (10(-6) M). 6. The strong correlation between decoupling and contracture is consistent with the idea that the intracellular Ca concentration, [Ca]i, is involved in the control of the nexal conductance. This is supported by the finding that increasing the extracellular Ca concentration, [Ca]o, accelerated the ouabain-induced decoupling, whereas reducing [Ca]o retarded it. 7. If anything, the contracture slightly preceded the increase in Ri. From this it is concluded that the threshold [Ca]i for the electrical decoupling between cells must be somewhat larger than the threshold level for the tension activation. 8. The delayed increase in Ri is compatible with an inhibition of the Na pump which according to the Na-lag hypothesis predicts an increase of [Ca]i secondary to a Na-accumulation. The early drop in Ri can either be explained by a stimulation of the Na pump, or by a non-monotonic relationship between Ri and [Ca]i.", "PMID": 839458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3792", "title": "Induction of compression in the re-established visual projections on to a rotated tectal reimplant that retains its original topographic polarity within the halved optic tectum of adult goldfish.", "content": "1. The topographic pattern of re-established retinotectal projections following various surgical manipulations of the optic tectum was studied in adult goldfish with neurophysiological mapping methods. 2. Immediately following excision of the caudal half of the tectum, a piece of the tectal tissue was dissected from the remaining rostral half-tectum, and then reimplanted to the same half-tectum after either 180 or 90 degrees anticlockwise rotation around the dorsoventral axis in the first experimental group. 3. A majority (twenty-one out of twenty-three) of these operated fish, in which the reimplanted tectal tissue degenerated, showed no sign of a field compression: only the nasal half of the visual field (with a localized partial scotoma corresponding to the area of the degenerated reimplant) projected on to the remaining intact area of the rostral half-tectum. 4. In seven fish, the re-established visual projections on to the 180 or 90 degrees rotated reimplants showed a corresponding localized 180 or 90 degrees rotation with reference to the other projections on to the surrounding intact area of the same half-tectum. Only one of these seven fish showed also a compression in the re-established projections from the entire visual field on to the operated half-tectum with the 90 degrees rotated reimplant. 5. When a field compression was induced first in the intact rostral half-tectum following excision of the caudal half, and then a piece of the 90 degrees rotated tectal tissue was reimplanted later within the rostral half-tectum, the previously induced field compression persisted, regardless of whether the reimplanted tissue degenerated or survived. In the latter case, the compression in the re-established visual projections on to the surviving reimplant occurred according to the original topographic polarity of the 90 degrees rotated tectal tissue. 6. A field compression could also be induced within a rotated tectal reimplant, which retained its original polarity, as follows. A piece of the tectal tissue was dissected from the central area of the whole tectum, and then reimplanted after either 180 or 90 degrees rotation. When the reimplanted tectal tissue became reinnervated later, the caudal half of the operated tectum (including the posterior half of the reimplant) was excised. The re-established visual projections on to the remaining part of the halved reimplant within the rostral half-tectum showed later a field compression in accordance with the original topographic polarity of the 180 or 90 degrees rotated tectal tissue. 7. These results provide direct evidence for the compatibility between the retention of original topographic polarity by a reimplanted tectal tissue and the capability of the same tectal tissue to readjust to a disparity in size. 8. Histological examination of the operated half-tectum with a reimplant, stained by a modified rapid Golai method, revealed that the reimplanted tectal tissues retained highly organized cytoarchitectonic structures...", "contents": "Induction of compression in the re-established visual projections on to a rotated tectal reimplant that retains its original topographic polarity within the halved optic tectum of adult goldfish. 1. The topographic pattern of re-established retinotectal projections following various surgical manipulations of the optic tectum was studied in adult goldfish with neurophysiological mapping methods. 2. Immediately following excision of the caudal half of the tectum, a piece of the tectal tissue was dissected from the remaining rostral half-tectum, and then reimplanted to the same half-tectum after either 180 or 90 degrees anticlockwise rotation around the dorsoventral axis in the first experimental group. 3. A majority (twenty-one out of twenty-three) of these operated fish, in which the reimplanted tectal tissue degenerated, showed no sign of a field compression: only the nasal half of the visual field (with a localized partial scotoma corresponding to the area of the degenerated reimplant) projected on to the remaining intact area of the rostral half-tectum. 4. In seven fish, the re-established visual projections on to the 180 or 90 degrees rotated reimplants showed a corresponding localized 180 or 90 degrees rotation with reference to the other projections on to the surrounding intact area of the same half-tectum. Only one of these seven fish showed also a compression in the re-established projections from the entire visual field on to the operated half-tectum with the 90 degrees rotated reimplant. 5. When a field compression was induced first in the intact rostral half-tectum following excision of the caudal half, and then a piece of the 90 degrees rotated tectal tissue was reimplanted later within the rostral half-tectum, the previously induced field compression persisted, regardless of whether the reimplanted tissue degenerated or survived. In the latter case, the compression in the re-established visual projections on to the surviving reimplant occurred according to the original topographic polarity of the 90 degrees rotated tectal tissue. 6. A field compression could also be induced within a rotated tectal reimplant, which retained its original polarity, as follows. A piece of the tectal tissue was dissected from the central area of the whole tectum, and then reimplanted after either 180 or 90 degrees rotation. When the reimplanted tectal tissue became reinnervated later, the caudal half of the operated tectum (including the posterior half of the reimplant) was excised. The re-established visual projections on to the remaining part of the halved reimplant within the rostral half-tectum showed later a field compression in accordance with the original topographic polarity of the 180 or 90 degrees rotated tectal tissue. 7. These results provide direct evidence for the compatibility between the retention of original topographic polarity by a reimplanted tectal tissue and the capability of the same tectal tissue to readjust to a disparity in size. 8. Histological examination of the operated half-tectum with a reimplant, stained by a modified rapid Golai method, revealed that the reimplanted tectal tissues retained highly organized cytoarchitectonic structures...", "PMID": 839459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3793", "title": "The alteration by ouabain of calcium movements in human red cell ghosts.", "content": "1. The influence of ouabain on net Ca movements was studied in human erythrocyte ghosts by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. 2. Ouabain (10(-5) M) showed a dual effect, altering both entry and exit of Ca from K-rich ghosts incubated in a high-Na medium in the presence of 10 mM-Ca. 3. Stimulation of Ca entry was observed in the first 15 min at 37 degrees C, whereas during the subsequent 15 min incubation ouabain elicited Ca extrusion. This latter effect was eliminated when the ouabain concentration was raised to 1 mM. 4. Ouabain-dependent Ca movements were abolished by replacing both internal K and external Na with choline. They were also absent from ghosts prepared at a high lytic ratio (1 : 100) or obtained from ATP-depleted cells. 5. A moderate increase in cell ATP enhanced the effect of ouabain on Ca efflux whilst it was eliminated at higher ATP levels. 6. The actions of ouabain markedly depended on the initial ADP/ATP ratio in ghosts, being optimal at about 2-5. 7. The results suggest that the effects of ouabain on Ca movements are mediated through the Na pump. Reversal of this pump in Na-rich K-free medium may provide the energy for active Ca transport.", "contents": "The alteration by ouabain of calcium movements in human red cell ghosts. 1. The influence of ouabain on net Ca movements was studied in human erythrocyte ghosts by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. 2. Ouabain (10(-5) M) showed a dual effect, altering both entry and exit of Ca from K-rich ghosts incubated in a high-Na medium in the presence of 10 mM-Ca. 3. Stimulation of Ca entry was observed in the first 15 min at 37 degrees C, whereas during the subsequent 15 min incubation ouabain elicited Ca extrusion. This latter effect was eliminated when the ouabain concentration was raised to 1 mM. 4. Ouabain-dependent Ca movements were abolished by replacing both internal K and external Na with choline. They were also absent from ghosts prepared at a high lytic ratio (1 : 100) or obtained from ATP-depleted cells. 5. A moderate increase in cell ATP enhanced the effect of ouabain on Ca efflux whilst it was eliminated at higher ATP levels. 6. The actions of ouabain markedly depended on the initial ADP/ATP ratio in ghosts, being optimal at about 2-5. 7. The results suggest that the effects of ouabain on Ca movements are mediated through the Na pump. Reversal of this pump in Na-rich K-free medium may provide the energy for active Ca transport.", "PMID": 839460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3794", "title": "The effects of bilateral adrenalectomy or hypophysectomy of the foetal lamb in utero.", "content": "1. Foetal hypophysectomy or bilateral adrenalectomy, carried out in utero at about 100 or 125 days gestation respectively, increased the length of gestation in sheep. It was confirmed that pregnancy was not prolonged significantly if hypophysectomy or adrenalectomy was carried out on one of a pair of twins. The hypophysectomized foetus was, however, smaller and the adrenalectomized foetus larger, than the unoperated twin. 2. In about half of the previously operated foetuses intravascular catheters were inserted into both mother and foetus, either at about 125 days, for a comparison with normal catheterized foetuses, or during the post-mature period. Both adrenalectomized and hypophysectomized foetuses appeared to have little resistance to stress or infection and the majority survived only 1-2 weeks after the insertion of catheters. 3. Maternal peripheral plasma oestrogen, progesterone and corticosteroid concentrations did not appear to be altered by either foetal hypophysectomy or adrenalectomy and were maintained in the normal range during prolonged gestation. 4. Foetal plasma oestrogen concentrations were significantly lower after hypophysectomy or adrenalectomy than values found in control lambs. Plasma progesterone values were low in all three groups of foetuses. 5. Plasma corticosteroid concentrations after foetal hypophysectomy (12-6 ng/ml.) or adrenalectomy (14-7 ng/ml.) were in the same range as the values for control lambs before the pre-partum rise (14-6 ng/ml.). However, there was a small but significant maternal-to-foetal plasma corticosteroid gradient in the two operated groups whereas this difference was not found in the control animals. 6. Tissue glycogen concentrations were measured in non-catheterized adrenalectomized and hypophysectomized foetuses. In these two groups, whether examined before 149 days or after prolonged gestation, liver glycogen concentrations were 30-40% of those in non-catheterized control foetuses at term. In other respects there was little apparent difference between adrenalectomized and control foetuses. 7. Hypophysectomized foetuses had significantly higher glycogen concentrations in heart, skeletal muscle and lung compared with control or adrenalectomized lambs. Plasma glucose and fructose values were also low in this group compared with control foetuses.", "contents": "The effects of bilateral adrenalectomy or hypophysectomy of the foetal lamb in utero. 1. Foetal hypophysectomy or bilateral adrenalectomy, carried out in utero at about 100 or 125 days gestation respectively, increased the length of gestation in sheep. It was confirmed that pregnancy was not prolonged significantly if hypophysectomy or adrenalectomy was carried out on one of a pair of twins. The hypophysectomized foetus was, however, smaller and the adrenalectomized foetus larger, than the unoperated twin. 2. In about half of the previously operated foetuses intravascular catheters were inserted into both mother and foetus, either at about 125 days, for a comparison with normal catheterized foetuses, or during the post-mature period. Both adrenalectomized and hypophysectomized foetuses appeared to have little resistance to stress or infection and the majority survived only 1-2 weeks after the insertion of catheters. 3. Maternal peripheral plasma oestrogen, progesterone and corticosteroid concentrations did not appear to be altered by either foetal hypophysectomy or adrenalectomy and were maintained in the normal range during prolonged gestation. 4. Foetal plasma oestrogen concentrations were significantly lower after hypophysectomy or adrenalectomy than values found in control lambs. Plasma progesterone values were low in all three groups of foetuses. 5. Plasma corticosteroid concentrations after foetal hypophysectomy (12-6 ng/ml.) or adrenalectomy (14-7 ng/ml.) were in the same range as the values for control lambs before the pre-partum rise (14-6 ng/ml.). However, there was a small but significant maternal-to-foetal plasma corticosteroid gradient in the two operated groups whereas this difference was not found in the control animals. 6. Tissue glycogen concentrations were measured in non-catheterized adrenalectomized and hypophysectomized foetuses. In these two groups, whether examined before 149 days or after prolonged gestation, liver glycogen concentrations were 30-40% of those in non-catheterized control foetuses at term. In other respects there was little apparent difference between adrenalectomized and control foetuses. 7. Hypophysectomized foetuses had significantly higher glycogen concentrations in heart, skeletal muscle and lung compared with control or adrenalectomized lambs. Plasma glucose and fructose values were also low in this group compared with control foetuses.", "PMID": 839461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3795", "title": "Kinetics of the inhibition of the Na-K pump by external sodium.", "content": "1. When the ouabain-sensitive K influx or the ouabain-sensitive Cs influx is measured as a function of the extracellular concentration of K or Cs in Na-free solutions the resulting saturation curve at first rises more rapidly than a rectangular hyperbola, i.e. the curve is antisigmoid. 2. If the ouabain-sensitive K influx or the ouabain-sensitive Cs influx is measured in Na-free solutions at a fixed low concentration of K or Cs and at varying concentrations of Li, the influx decreases monotonically as the Li concentration rises and there is no evidence of competitive activation. 3. These findings can be accounted for by a model which proposes that there are two binding sites for K or Cs and that both the singly loaded and doubly loaded pump is capable of transport. 4. Extracellular Na changes the shape of both the K and the Cs saturation curve from antisigmoid to sigmoid. Dixon plots (1/ouabain-sensitive influx versus Na concentration at fixed K or Cs concentration) are linear at intermediate concentrations of K or Cs. 5. Na does not change the rate of K influx if the measurements are made at nearly saturating K concentrations using cells with nearly saturating internal Na concentrations. The effect of outside Na cannot therefore be explained by any mechanism which requires that Na alter the Vmax of the pump. 6. Measurement of the ouabain-sensitive Cs influx as a function of the external Cs concentration in solutions with different fixed Na concentrations results in curves which change from antisigmoid in Na-free solutions to sigmoid as the Na concentration rises. Dixon plots are linear at all but the lowest and highest Cs concentrations. 7. The resulting curves are best fit by equations which result from a model which proposes that Na acts both as a dead-end competitive inhibitor and as a heterotropic allosteric effector. Simpler models which propose either that Na acts solely as a dead-end competitive inhibitor or as a heterotropic allosteric effector do not fit as well as the more complicated model. 8. The combined competitive inhibition and allosteric effector model also describes adequately the relation between the ouabain-sensitive K influx and external K concentration measured at different external Na concentrations.", "contents": "Kinetics of the inhibition of the Na-K pump by external sodium. 1. When the ouabain-sensitive K influx or the ouabain-sensitive Cs influx is measured as a function of the extracellular concentration of K or Cs in Na-free solutions the resulting saturation curve at first rises more rapidly than a rectangular hyperbola, i.e. the curve is antisigmoid. 2. If the ouabain-sensitive K influx or the ouabain-sensitive Cs influx is measured in Na-free solutions at a fixed low concentration of K or Cs and at varying concentrations of Li, the influx decreases monotonically as the Li concentration rises and there is no evidence of competitive activation. 3. These findings can be accounted for by a model which proposes that there are two binding sites for K or Cs and that both the singly loaded and doubly loaded pump is capable of transport. 4. Extracellular Na changes the shape of both the K and the Cs saturation curve from antisigmoid to sigmoid. Dixon plots (1/ouabain-sensitive influx versus Na concentration at fixed K or Cs concentration) are linear at intermediate concentrations of K or Cs. 5. Na does not change the rate of K influx if the measurements are made at nearly saturating K concentrations using cells with nearly saturating internal Na concentrations. The effect of outside Na cannot therefore be explained by any mechanism which requires that Na alter the Vmax of the pump. 6. Measurement of the ouabain-sensitive Cs influx as a function of the external Cs concentration in solutions with different fixed Na concentrations results in curves which change from antisigmoid in Na-free solutions to sigmoid as the Na concentration rises. Dixon plots are linear at all but the lowest and highest Cs concentrations. 7. The resulting curves are best fit by equations which result from a model which proposes that Na acts both as a dead-end competitive inhibitor and as a heterotropic allosteric effector. Simpler models which propose either that Na acts solely as a dead-end competitive inhibitor or as a heterotropic allosteric effector do not fit as well as the more complicated model. 8. The combined competitive inhibition and allosteric effector model also describes adequately the relation between the ouabain-sensitive K influx and external K concentration measured at different external Na concentrations.", "PMID": 839462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3796", "title": "Kinetics of the inhibition of the Na-K pump by tetrapropylammonium chloride.", "content": "1. The tetrapropylammonium ion (TPA) acts as a mixed-type (with K) inhibitor of the Na-K pump. The kinetics of the process suggest that combination of the pump with a single TPA ion is sufficient for inhibition. 2. TPA inhibits the partial reactions of the Na-K pump (the uncoupled Na outflux, the Na-Na exchange, and K-K exchange). 3. TPA inhibits ouabain binding to the pump and this inhibitory effect is enhanced by external Na. The inhibitory effect of TPA on the pump rate is also promoted by external Na. 4. A Lineweaver-Burk plot of the reciprocal of the ouabain-sensitive K influx versus the reciprocal of the external K concentration is approximately a straight line if the measurements are made in Na-free solutions. TPA increases the apparent Michaelis constant (K 1/2) for K and the plot remains straight. 5. The Lineweaver-Burk plot is parabolic when the measurements are made in solutions which contain Na. TPA both increases the apparent K 1/2 for K and makes the curve more parabolic. 6. The characteristics of pump inhibition by TPA are similar to those for strophanthidin. In both cases the kinetic behaviour is consistent with a model in which the inhibitor binds: with greatest affinity to the pump form free of K; with less affinity to the pump form with a single bound K; and with least affinity to the pump form with two bound K.", "contents": "Kinetics of the inhibition of the Na-K pump by tetrapropylammonium chloride. 1. The tetrapropylammonium ion (TPA) acts as a mixed-type (with K) inhibitor of the Na-K pump. The kinetics of the process suggest that combination of the pump with a single TPA ion is sufficient for inhibition. 2. TPA inhibits the partial reactions of the Na-K pump (the uncoupled Na outflux, the Na-Na exchange, and K-K exchange). 3. TPA inhibits ouabain binding to the pump and this inhibitory effect is enhanced by external Na. The inhibitory effect of TPA on the pump rate is also promoted by external Na. 4. A Lineweaver-Burk plot of the reciprocal of the ouabain-sensitive K influx versus the reciprocal of the external K concentration is approximately a straight line if the measurements are made in Na-free solutions. TPA increases the apparent Michaelis constant (K 1/2) for K and the plot remains straight. 5. The Lineweaver-Burk plot is parabolic when the measurements are made in solutions which contain Na. TPA both increases the apparent K 1/2 for K and makes the curve more parabolic. 6. The characteristics of pump inhibition by TPA are similar to those for strophanthidin. In both cases the kinetic behaviour is consistent with a model in which the inhibitor binds: with greatest affinity to the pump form free of K; with less affinity to the pump form with a single bound K; and with least affinity to the pump form with two bound K.", "PMID": 839463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3797", "title": "The effect of ambient temperature upon the secretion of thyroxine in the young pig.", "content": "1. Fluctuations in the rate of secretion and metabolism of thyroxine in the pig were observed whilst the ambient temperature was reduced from 32 to 8 degrees C. The quantity of food supplied was either maintained constant or doubled when the animals were exposed to the lower temperature. 2. It was found that the rate of disappearance of [125I]thyroxine did not change when the animal was exposed to the cold, unless the animal's food intake was altered. 3. The secretion of thyroxine increased temporarily after exposure to the cold. This was shown by a rise in the concentration of thyroxine in the plasma and a simultaneously increased loss of 131I from the thyroid gland. The increase in secretion of thyroxine was not maintained throughout the exposure to cold when the food intake of the animal was kept constant.", "contents": "The effect of ambient temperature upon the secretion of thyroxine in the young pig. 1. Fluctuations in the rate of secretion and metabolism of thyroxine in the pig were observed whilst the ambient temperature was reduced from 32 to 8 degrees C. The quantity of food supplied was either maintained constant or doubled when the animals were exposed to the lower temperature. 2. It was found that the rate of disappearance of [125I]thyroxine did not change when the animal was exposed to the cold, unless the animal's food intake was altered. 3. The secretion of thyroxine increased temporarily after exposure to the cold. This was shown by a rise in the concentration of thyroxine in the plasma and a simultaneously increased loss of 131I from the thyroid gland. The increase in secretion of thyroxine was not maintained throughout the exposure to cold when the food intake of the animal was kept constant.", "PMID": 839465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3798", "title": "The effect of preganglionic nerve stimulation on the accumulation of certain analogues of choline by a sympathetic ganglion.", "content": "1. Cat superior cervical ganglia were perfused with a Krebs solution containing 10(-6) M [3H]homocholine (2-hydroxypropyl-trimethylammonium) or 10(-5) M [14C]triethylcholine (2-hydroxyethyl-triethylammonium). Preganglionic nerve stimulation (20 Hz) increased the accumulation of homocholine (3-2-fold) and of triethylcholine (2-1-fold). This increased accumulation during stimulation was not the result of increased metabolism. 2. The increased accumulation of homocholine or triethylcholine induced by pregnaglionic nerve stimulation was not reduced by tubocurarine or by atropine, but it was blocked by choline and by hemicholinium. These results suggested that preganglionic nerve stimulation increased choline analogue accumulation into cholinergic nerve terminals. 3. The increased accumulation of homocholine or of triethylcholine induced by preganglionic nerve stimulation was reduced when the Ca2+ concentration was reduced and was abolished in the absence of Ca2+. However, changes in the Mg2+ concentration which depressed acetylcholine (ACh) release by amounts comparable to those induced by altered Ca2+ concentrations did not alter the uptake of homocholine or triethylcholine. It is concluded that the uptake of choline analogues is not regulated by transmitter release but that stimulation increases the uptake of the choline analogues by a Ca2+-dependent mechanism. 4. The accumulation of ACh by ganglia perfused with a Krebs solution containing choline and high MgSO4 (18 mM) was measured. The ACh content of these ganglia did not increase, although choline transport presumably exceeded that necessary for ACh synthesis to replace released ACh. It is concluded that choline transport does not limit ACh synthesis in ganglia.", "contents": "The effect of preganglionic nerve stimulation on the accumulation of certain analogues of choline by a sympathetic ganglion. 1. Cat superior cervical ganglia were perfused with a Krebs solution containing 10(-6) M [3H]homocholine (2-hydroxypropyl-trimethylammonium) or 10(-5) M [14C]triethylcholine (2-hydroxyethyl-triethylammonium). Preganglionic nerve stimulation (20 Hz) increased the accumulation of homocholine (3-2-fold) and of triethylcholine (2-1-fold). This increased accumulation during stimulation was not the result of increased metabolism. 2. The increased accumulation of homocholine or triethylcholine induced by pregnaglionic nerve stimulation was not reduced by tubocurarine or by atropine, but it was blocked by choline and by hemicholinium. These results suggested that preganglionic nerve stimulation increased choline analogue accumulation into cholinergic nerve terminals. 3. The increased accumulation of homocholine or of triethylcholine induced by preganglionic nerve stimulation was reduced when the Ca2+ concentration was reduced and was abolished in the absence of Ca2+. However, changes in the Mg2+ concentration which depressed acetylcholine (ACh) release by amounts comparable to those induced by altered Ca2+ concentrations did not alter the uptake of homocholine or triethylcholine. It is concluded that the uptake of choline analogues is not regulated by transmitter release but that stimulation increases the uptake of the choline analogues by a Ca2+-dependent mechanism. 4. The accumulation of ACh by ganglia perfused with a Krebs solution containing choline and high MgSO4 (18 mM) was measured. The ACh content of these ganglia did not increase, although choline transport presumably exceeded that necessary for ACh synthesis to replace released ACh. It is concluded that choline transport does not limit ACh synthesis in ganglia.", "PMID": 839464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3799", "title": "The hepatocellular uptake of glucose, galactose and fructose in conscious sheep.", "content": "1. Surgical techniques for chronic catheterization of hepatic and portal veins in the sheep are described. These catheters remained usable for 2-6 months and did not alter hepatic morphology. 2. Hepatocellular uptake of monosaccharides was estimated from their ability to pass the boundaries of the sucrose space in a double indicator dilution procedure in conscious fed sheep. 3. A large proportion (81%) of D-glucose carried in the portal blood was found to enter an hepatic cellular compartment. 4. The radioactive label of D-glucose infused in the portal vein remained associated with D-glucose in hepatic venous blood samples during the experimental period. 5. A large proportion (74%) of an infused trace of D-galactose, a smaller proportion (33%) of D-fructose, and negligible amounts of L-glucose were taken up in a single passage through the liver. 6. Raised blood concentrations of sucrose or of methyl-alpha-D-glucoside (Me-alpha-DG) significantly diminished the proportional uptake of D-glucose. Raised blood concentrations of glucose, galactose or Me-alpha-DG diminished the proportional uptake of D-galactose. Raised blood concentrations of fructose diminished the proportional uptake of fructose. 7. Neither total hepatic blood flow changes nor competitive effects within the cell could account for these findings. 8. It is concluded that these monosaccharides enter the liver cell by facilitated diffusion, and share at least some of the membrane elements that mediate this process. It seems likely that only a proportion of the glucose-transporting apparatus is accessible to galactose.", "contents": "The hepatocellular uptake of glucose, galactose and fructose in conscious sheep. 1. Surgical techniques for chronic catheterization of hepatic and portal veins in the sheep are described. These catheters remained usable for 2-6 months and did not alter hepatic morphology. 2. Hepatocellular uptake of monosaccharides was estimated from their ability to pass the boundaries of the sucrose space in a double indicator dilution procedure in conscious fed sheep. 3. A large proportion (81%) of D-glucose carried in the portal blood was found to enter an hepatic cellular compartment. 4. The radioactive label of D-glucose infused in the portal vein remained associated with D-glucose in hepatic venous blood samples during the experimental period. 5. A large proportion (74%) of an infused trace of D-galactose, a smaller proportion (33%) of D-fructose, and negligible amounts of L-glucose were taken up in a single passage through the liver. 6. Raised blood concentrations of sucrose or of methyl-alpha-D-glucoside (Me-alpha-DG) significantly diminished the proportional uptake of D-glucose. Raised blood concentrations of glucose, galactose or Me-alpha-DG diminished the proportional uptake of D-galactose. Raised blood concentrations of fructose diminished the proportional uptake of fructose. 7. Neither total hepatic blood flow changes nor competitive effects within the cell could account for these findings. 8. It is concluded that these monosaccharides enter the liver cell by facilitated diffusion, and share at least some of the membrane elements that mediate this process. It seems likely that only a proportion of the glucose-transporting apparatus is accessible to galactose.", "PMID": 839466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3800", "title": "Influence of medial preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area stimulation of the excitability of mediobasal hypothalamic neurones in the rat.", "content": "1. Extracellular action potentials recorded from 798 neurones in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) of pentobarbitone anaesthetized male rats were analysed for a change in excitability following stimulation in the medial preoptic and anterior hypothalamic areas. 2. An increase in excitability characteristic of orthodromic excitation was observed from 11-5% (n=92) of MBH neurones. Latencies for excitation were shorter for cells tested with anterior hypothalamic area stimulation (n=42; mean 5-4 +/- 2-6 msec S.D.) than for cells tested with medial preoptic stimulation (n=50; mean 15-2 +/- 7-2 msec S.D.). With spontaneously active neurones, excitation was followed by a decrease in excitability lasting 150-250 msec. An initial decrease in excitability, suggestive of post-synaptic inhibition, over a wide latency range (4-30 msec) and with duration of 100-400 msec was observed from 3-6% of MBH neurones. 3. Features of antidromic invasion were observed from 149 MBH neurones. From the medial preoptic area, the latency range was 0-5-38 msec (mean 7-8 +/- 5-5); from the anterior hypothalamic area the latency range was 0-4-9-5 msec (mean 3-1 +/- 2-3). Occasionally an abrupt decrease in latency followed an increase in stimulus intensity. Most cells followed paired stimuli at frequencies up to 500 Hz. Axon conduction velocities were estimated to be under 2-0 m/sec. Antidromic invasion was usually followed by a decrease in excitability lasting approximately 100-150 msec. 4. Twenty MBH neurons displayed antidromic invasion from both the medial preoptic or anterio hypothalamic areas and one other stimulation site: the median eminence (five cells); the amygdala (six cells); the region of thalamic nucleus medialis dorsalis (three cells) and the midbrain periaqueductal gray (six cells). Interaction studies indicated that the axons of these cells branched close to the origin of the axon itself. 5. Antidromic invasion from the surface of the median eminence identified thirty-nine tuberoinfundibular neurones. Stimulation in the medial preoptic and anterior hypothalamic area produced orthodromic excitatory (n = 5) and inhibitory (n = 4) actions on HVM neurones, but was without an action on most other neurones (n = 30). Tuberoinfundibular neurones in the ventromedial nucleus also responded to stimulation in the amygdala, but usually at latencies greater than that for medial preoptic area evoked responses. 6. These observations indicate a close relationship between MBH neurones and cells located in both the amygdala and the medial preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area. The data for tuberoinfundibular neurones indicates that several extrahypothalamic areas may send fibres to these cells. These pathways may be important for the adaptive neuroendocrine responses reported in the literature.", "contents": "Influence of medial preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area stimulation of the excitability of mediobasal hypothalamic neurones in the rat. 1. Extracellular action potentials recorded from 798 neurones in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) of pentobarbitone anaesthetized male rats were analysed for a change in excitability following stimulation in the medial preoptic and anterior hypothalamic areas. 2. An increase in excitability characteristic of orthodromic excitation was observed from 11-5% (n=92) of MBH neurones. Latencies for excitation were shorter for cells tested with anterior hypothalamic area stimulation (n=42; mean 5-4 +/- 2-6 msec S.D.) than for cells tested with medial preoptic stimulation (n=50; mean 15-2 +/- 7-2 msec S.D.). With spontaneously active neurones, excitation was followed by a decrease in excitability lasting 150-250 msec. An initial decrease in excitability, suggestive of post-synaptic inhibition, over a wide latency range (4-30 msec) and with duration of 100-400 msec was observed from 3-6% of MBH neurones. 3. Features of antidromic invasion were observed from 149 MBH neurones. From the medial preoptic area, the latency range was 0-5-38 msec (mean 7-8 +/- 5-5); from the anterior hypothalamic area the latency range was 0-4-9-5 msec (mean 3-1 +/- 2-3). Occasionally an abrupt decrease in latency followed an increase in stimulus intensity. Most cells followed paired stimuli at frequencies up to 500 Hz. Axon conduction velocities were estimated to be under 2-0 m/sec. Antidromic invasion was usually followed by a decrease in excitability lasting approximately 100-150 msec. 4. Twenty MBH neurons displayed antidromic invasion from both the medial preoptic or anterio hypothalamic areas and one other stimulation site: the median eminence (five cells); the amygdala (six cells); the region of thalamic nucleus medialis dorsalis (three cells) and the midbrain periaqueductal gray (six cells). Interaction studies indicated that the axons of these cells branched close to the origin of the axon itself. 5. Antidromic invasion from the surface of the median eminence identified thirty-nine tuberoinfundibular neurones. Stimulation in the medial preoptic and anterior hypothalamic area produced orthodromic excitatory (n = 5) and inhibitory (n = 4) actions on HVM neurones, but was without an action on most other neurones (n = 30). Tuberoinfundibular neurones in the ventromedial nucleus also responded to stimulation in the amygdala, but usually at latencies greater than that for medial preoptic area evoked responses. 6. These observations indicate a close relationship between MBH neurones and cells located in both the amygdala and the medial preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area. The data for tuberoinfundibular neurones indicates that several extrahypothalamic areas may send fibres to these cells. These pathways may be important for the adaptive neuroendocrine responses reported in the literature.", "PMID": 839467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3801", "title": "Specific innervation of guinea-pig superior cervical ganglion cells by preganglionic fibres arising from different levels of the spinal cord.", "content": "1. The synaptic contribution of preganglionic nerve fibres arising from the last cervical (C8) and the first seven thoracic spinal cord segments (T1-T7) to neurones of the guinea-pig superior cervical ganglion has been studied by means of intracellular recording during ventral root stimulation in vitro. 2. The majority of neurones received innervation from the middle segments (T2 and T3) of the length of spinal cord from which preganglionic fibres derive; an intermediate number of ganglion cells were innervated by fibres from the segments adjacent to these (T1, T4, and T5), and relatively few neurones by fibres from the most rostral and caudal segments supplying innervation to the ganglion (C8, T6 and T7). 3. Each neurone received preganglionic terminals from multiple thoracic segments (range 1-7, mean = 4-0). The estimated minimum number of preganglionic fibres contacting each neurone was 10, on average. 4. As a rule, the spinal segments innervating a neurone were contiguous. Thus we rarely encountered neurones innervated by segments located both rostrally and caudally to a segment which failed to provide innervation. 5. Neurones tended to be innervated predominantly by axons arising from a single spinal segment, with adjacent segments contributing a synaptic influence that diminished as a function of their distance from the dominant segment. All segments provided dominant innervation to at least some neurones. 6. Stimulating the ventral roots of C8-T7 in vivo showed that the axons arising from each segment produced a characteristic pattern of peripheral effects. Thus different populations of neurones in the superior cervical ganglion of the guinea-pig are innervated by preganglionic axons from different levels of the spinal cord, as originally suggested by Langley (1892) for the cat, dog, and rabbit. 7. On the basis of our in vitro studies we conclude that underlying the specificity of innervation of neurones of the superior cervical ganglion that can be inferred from in vivo experiments is a tendency for individual neurones to be innervated in a systematically graded fashion by a contiguous subset of the eight spinal segments which provide innervation to the ganglion.", "contents": "Specific innervation of guinea-pig superior cervical ganglion cells by preganglionic fibres arising from different levels of the spinal cord. 1. The synaptic contribution of preganglionic nerve fibres arising from the last cervical (C8) and the first seven thoracic spinal cord segments (T1-T7) to neurones of the guinea-pig superior cervical ganglion has been studied by means of intracellular recording during ventral root stimulation in vitro. 2. The majority of neurones received innervation from the middle segments (T2 and T3) of the length of spinal cord from which preganglionic fibres derive; an intermediate number of ganglion cells were innervated by fibres from the segments adjacent to these (T1, T4, and T5), and relatively few neurones by fibres from the most rostral and caudal segments supplying innervation to the ganglion (C8, T6 and T7). 3. Each neurone received preganglionic terminals from multiple thoracic segments (range 1-7, mean = 4-0). The estimated minimum number of preganglionic fibres contacting each neurone was 10, on average. 4. As a rule, the spinal segments innervating a neurone were contiguous. Thus we rarely encountered neurones innervated by segments located both rostrally and caudally to a segment which failed to provide innervation. 5. Neurones tended to be innervated predominantly by axons arising from a single spinal segment, with adjacent segments contributing a synaptic influence that diminished as a function of their distance from the dominant segment. All segments provided dominant innervation to at least some neurones. 6. Stimulating the ventral roots of C8-T7 in vivo showed that the axons arising from each segment produced a characteristic pattern of peripheral effects. Thus different populations of neurones in the superior cervical ganglion of the guinea-pig are innervated by preganglionic axons from different levels of the spinal cord, as originally suggested by Langley (1892) for the cat, dog, and rabbit. 7. On the basis of our in vitro studies we conclude that underlying the specificity of innervation of neurones of the superior cervical ganglion that can be inferred from in vivo experiments is a tendency for individual neurones to be innervated in a systematically graded fashion by a contiguous subset of the eight spinal segments which provide innervation to the ganglion.", "PMID": 839468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3802", "title": "Interaction of air temperature and core temperatures in thermoregulation of the goat.", "content": "1. The interaction between air temperature, hypothalamus temperature, and spinal cord temperature in driving heat production and respiratory evaporative heat loss has been studied in conscious goats with chronically implanted thermodes. 2. Thermoregulatory heat production could be described as being approximately proportional to the sum of two linear drives determined by hypothalamus temperature and spinal cord temperature. This was found also for respiratory evaporative heat loss except that it was not influenced by spinal cord cooling. 3. Thermoregulatory heat production could be further described as being approximately proportional to a product of linear drives determined by hypothalamus and spinal cord temperature on one hand and air temperature on the other. Respiratory evaporative heat loss was approximately proportional to the sum of drives determined by spinal cord, hypothalamus and air temperatures. 4. Sensitivity to central cooling was found to undergo long-lasting but temporary changes which interfered with the immediate effects of air temperature on thermoregulation. 5. Central threshold temperatures for heat production and respiratory evaporative heat loss were found to be differently affected by air temperature. This indicates that integrating mechanisms for heat production and respiratory evaporative heat loss are to some extent functionally independent.", "contents": "Interaction of air temperature and core temperatures in thermoregulation of the goat. 1. The interaction between air temperature, hypothalamus temperature, and spinal cord temperature in driving heat production and respiratory evaporative heat loss has been studied in conscious goats with chronically implanted thermodes. 2. Thermoregulatory heat production could be described as being approximately proportional to the sum of two linear drives determined by hypothalamus temperature and spinal cord temperature. This was found also for respiratory evaporative heat loss except that it was not influenced by spinal cord cooling. 3. Thermoregulatory heat production could be further described as being approximately proportional to a product of linear drives determined by hypothalamus and spinal cord temperature on one hand and air temperature on the other. Respiratory evaporative heat loss was approximately proportional to the sum of drives determined by spinal cord, hypothalamus and air temperatures. 4. Sensitivity to central cooling was found to undergo long-lasting but temporary changes which interfered with the immediate effects of air temperature on thermoregulation. 5. Central threshold temperatures for heat production and respiratory evaporative heat loss were found to be differently affected by air temperature. This indicates that integrating mechanisms for heat production and respiratory evaporative heat loss are to some extent functionally independent.", "PMID": 839469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3803", "title": "Innervation of the rabbit rectococcygeus muscle and the functional relationship of the muscle to the terminal large intestine.", "content": "1. The rectococcygeus muscle is supplied by cholinergic motor fibres from the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. 2. The histofluorescence technique reveals a sparse adrenergic innervation. 3. When a maintained state of partial contraction is induced by carbachol, stimulation of the extrinsic sympathetic nerves produces a relaxation of the muscle which is usually followed by contraction. 4. The rectococcygeus muscle may also receive nerves which are neither adrenergic nor cholinergic. 5. Ganglion cells have been found close to and, in some preparations, within the muscle; the role of these ganglion cells is not clear. 6. It would appear that the rectococcygeus muscle and the longitudinal muscle of the rectum are not linked by a myogenic mechanism. The rectococcygeus muscle would, however, appear to be linked by nerve fibres to neighbouring structures.", "contents": "Innervation of the rabbit rectococcygeus muscle and the functional relationship of the muscle to the terminal large intestine. 1. The rectococcygeus muscle is supplied by cholinergic motor fibres from the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. 2. The histofluorescence technique reveals a sparse adrenergic innervation. 3. When a maintained state of partial contraction is induced by carbachol, stimulation of the extrinsic sympathetic nerves produces a relaxation of the muscle which is usually followed by contraction. 4. The rectococcygeus muscle may also receive nerves which are neither adrenergic nor cholinergic. 5. Ganglion cells have been found close to and, in some preparations, within the muscle; the role of these ganglion cells is not clear. 6. It would appear that the rectococcygeus muscle and the longitudinal muscle of the rectum are not linked by a myogenic mechanism. The rectococcygeus muscle would, however, appear to be linked by nerve fibres to neighbouring structures.", "PMID": 839470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3804", "title": "Dogmatism as a mediating influence on the perception of risk in consumer choice decisions.", "content": "The risk perceived by individual consumers when faced with an unfamiliar purchase situation was examined across three groups of females for three product categories. Group membership was determined on the basis of high, medium, and low scores on the Trodahl-Powell dogmatism instrument. Ss were 155 housewives of a medium size midwestern city in the United States surveyed as part of a two-tiered sampling process. The results of a multivariate analysis of variance procedure supported the hypothesis that consumers of a less dogmatic nature perceive lower levels of risk inherent within unfamiliar purchase situations than more dogmatic individuals. The implication for management is that the likelihood of obtaining successful new product introductions may be substantially enhanced through the process of risk reduction across dogmatic consumer segments by use of direct testimonial promotional themes stressing product acceptance in support of more traditional and informative advertising messages. The feasibility of this approach is based upon the premise that the behavior of dogmatic individuals is more frequently affected by pressures from peers and significant others than the behavior of individuals low in dogmatism which is generally based on more factual and relevant information.", "contents": "Dogmatism as a mediating influence on the perception of risk in consumer choice decisions. The risk perceived by individual consumers when faced with an unfamiliar purchase situation was examined across three groups of females for three product categories. Group membership was determined on the basis of high, medium, and low scores on the Trodahl-Powell dogmatism instrument. Ss were 155 housewives of a medium size midwestern city in the United States surveyed as part of a two-tiered sampling process. The results of a multivariate analysis of variance procedure supported the hypothesis that consumers of a less dogmatic nature perceive lower levels of risk inherent within unfamiliar purchase situations than more dogmatic individuals. The implication for management is that the likelihood of obtaining successful new product introductions may be substantially enhanced through the process of risk reduction across dogmatic consumer segments by use of direct testimonial promotional themes stressing product acceptance in support of more traditional and informative advertising messages. The feasibility of this approach is based upon the premise that the behavior of dogmatic individuals is more frequently affected by pressures from peers and significant others than the behavior of individuals low in dogmatism which is generally based on more factual and relevant information.", "PMID": 839472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3805", "title": "Probability, personality, age, and risk taking.", "content": "Male and female college (n=22) and high school (n=18) students were presented information concerning probability and were also measured on the personality variables of independence of judgment, response set, Machiavellianism, and open-mindedness. An investigation of the risky shift phenomenon revealed that an understanding of probability did not vitiate the shift toward greater risk. Age was shown to be functionally related to risk taking, the teen years showing greater proclivity for risk than later years. Independence of judgment emerged as a powerful predictor of initial risk; Machiavelianism bore no relationship to risk taking. Both of these findings concerning personality variables were at odds with earlier work. An interpretation of contextual interaction was advanced as a possible explanation.", "contents": "Probability, personality, age, and risk taking. Male and female college (n=22) and high school (n=18) students were presented information concerning probability and were also measured on the personality variables of independence of judgment, response set, Machiavellianism, and open-mindedness. An investigation of the risky shift phenomenon revealed that an understanding of probability did not vitiate the shift toward greater risk. Age was shown to be functionally related to risk taking, the teen years showing greater proclivity for risk than later years. Independence of judgment emerged as a powerful predictor of initial risk; Machiavelianism bore no relationship to risk taking. Both of these findings concerning personality variables were at odds with earlier work. An interpretation of contextual interaction was advanced as a possible explanation.", "PMID": 839473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3806", "title": "Family constellation and creativity: firstborn predominance among classical music composers.", "content": "Biographies of classical musci composers were examined for family constellation information. Usable data were found for 80 composers. Firstborns, especially only children, were found significantly more frequently than in a sample of creative writers studied by Bliss. Increased frequency of firstborns was also suggested in a study of musical performers by Raychaudhuri. Classical musci composition was seen as an ability more similar to usual academic pursuits than creative writing.", "contents": "Family constellation and creativity: firstborn predominance among classical music composers. Biographies of classical musci composers were examined for family constellation information. Usable data were found for 80 composers. Firstborns, especially only children, were found significantly more frequently than in a sample of creative writers studied by Bliss. Increased frequency of firstborns was also suggested in a study of musical performers by Raychaudhuri. Classical musci composition was seen as an ability more similar to usual academic pursuits than creative writing.", "PMID": 839474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3807", "title": "Reducing interracial aggression: inhibiting effects of victim's suffering and power to retaliate.", "content": "A 2 X 2 X 2 factorial experiment employing 64 white male university students investigated the aggression-inhibiting effects of three characteristics of a victim: his race, expression of pain, and potential to retaliate. As predicted, pain cues effectively inhibited aggression. A triple-order interaction effect extended previous findings by demonstrating that the expression of suffering reduced aggression (a) even if the victim had no power to retaliate and (b) even if the victim was a member of a racial minority. In contrast to the suppressive effect of suffering, potential retaliation was a relatively ineffective deterrent of physical attack. Additional factors limiting the aggression-inhibiting power of threatened retaliation were the victim's expression of suffering and expectations of weak counteragression.", "contents": "Reducing interracial aggression: inhibiting effects of victim's suffering and power to retaliate. A 2 X 2 X 2 factorial experiment employing 64 white male university students investigated the aggression-inhibiting effects of three characteristics of a victim: his race, expression of pain, and potential to retaliate. As predicted, pain cues effectively inhibited aggression. A triple-order interaction effect extended previous findings by demonstrating that the expression of suffering reduced aggression (a) even if the victim had no power to retaliate and (b) even if the victim was a member of a racial minority. In contrast to the suppressive effect of suffering, potential retaliation was a relatively ineffective deterrent of physical attack. Additional factors limiting the aggression-inhibiting power of threatened retaliation were the victim's expression of suffering and expectations of weak counteragression.", "PMID": 839475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3808", "title": "Perceived self and ideal self ratings in relation to high and low levels of anxiety in college women.", "content": "The Cattell and Scheier IPAT Anxiety (Self Analysis) Questionnaire and the Corsini SAQS Chicago Q Sort were administered to 146 college women. Ss were divided into \"high\" and \"low\" anxiety groups on the basis of the IPAT anxiety scores. Those women with a high degree of anxiety were found to have a significantly greater discrepancy between their perceived self and ideal self concepts than did those women who had low levels of anxiety.", "contents": "Perceived self and ideal self ratings in relation to high and low levels of anxiety in college women. The Cattell and Scheier IPAT Anxiety (Self Analysis) Questionnaire and the Corsini SAQS Chicago Q Sort were administered to 146 college women. Ss were divided into \"high\" and \"low\" anxiety groups on the basis of the IPAT anxiety scores. Those women with a high degree of anxiety were found to have a significantly greater discrepancy between their perceived self and ideal self concepts than did those women who had low levels of anxiety.", "PMID": 839476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3809", "title": "Effect of refraction on perceived locus of a target in the peripheral visual field.", "content": "A target of 44 min of arc with luminance of 1.03 log cd/m2 of 50 msec duration was presented to the loci along each of nasal, temporal, superior, and inferior half retinal meridians covering the eccentricity between 10 degrees and 50 degrees in steps of 10 degrees units. Two graduate students, serving as Ss, were instructed to point out the perceived locus where the target had appeared. The visual angles between the perceived and physical locus of the target were increased as a function of retinal eccentricity due to refraction.", "contents": "Effect of refraction on perceived locus of a target in the peripheral visual field. A target of 44 min of arc with luminance of 1.03 log cd/m2 of 50 msec duration was presented to the loci along each of nasal, temporal, superior, and inferior half retinal meridians covering the eccentricity between 10 degrees and 50 degrees in steps of 10 degrees units. Two graduate students, serving as Ss, were instructed to point out the perceived locus where the target had appeared. The visual angles between the perceived and physical locus of the target were increased as a function of retinal eccentricity due to refraction.", "PMID": 839477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3810", "title": "Personality and attitude correlates of religiosity: a source of controversy.", "content": "The Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values and the Brown Modification of the Thouless Test of Religious Orthodoxy were administered to 120 male and female students in introductory psychology. Measures of anxiety, self-esteem, authoritarianism, and humanitarianism were also administered to the Ss in an effort to determine whether the two measures of religiosity would yield different personality and attitude profiles of the \"religious\" individual. A significant positive correlation was found between authoritarianism and the Thouless Test and between humanitarianism and the Study of Values religious measure. All other correlations involving the two measures of religiosity were found to be nonsignificant. These findings lend support to the notion that using two divergent measures of religiosity does result in the formation of different profiles of the \"religious\" individual.", "contents": "Personality and attitude correlates of religiosity: a source of controversy. The Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values and the Brown Modification of the Thouless Test of Religious Orthodoxy were administered to 120 male and female students in introductory psychology. Measures of anxiety, self-esteem, authoritarianism, and humanitarianism were also administered to the Ss in an effort to determine whether the two measures of religiosity would yield different personality and attitude profiles of the \"religious\" individual. A significant positive correlation was found between authoritarianism and the Thouless Test and between humanitarianism and the Study of Values religious measure. All other correlations involving the two measures of religiosity were found to be nonsignificant. These findings lend support to the notion that using two divergent measures of religiosity does result in the formation of different profiles of the \"religious\" individual.", "PMID": 839478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3811", "title": "The effect of interviewer bias on mental illness questionnaire responses.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to investigate how interviewer behavior affects information obtained from a respondent during an interview. The five factors of interviewer behavior that were studied were social reinforcement, interviewer disclosure, verbal modeling, interviewer dress, and seating arrangement. The dependent variable was the number of symptoms reported on the 22-item Mental Health Inventory. A total of 128 male and female adult patients under treatment for mental illness were interviewed under procedures using all combinations of the five factors. Control of patient sex, age, ethnicity, and education was effected through the use of a balanced design. The results demonstrated that the behavior of the interviewer influenced the respondent's report of psychiatric symptoms. The largest number of psychiatric symptoms were reported when the interviewer gave social reinforcement while wearing a lab coat and sitting across a desk from the respondent.", "contents": "The effect of interviewer bias on mental illness questionnaire responses. The purpose of this study was to investigate how interviewer behavior affects information obtained from a respondent during an interview. The five factors of interviewer behavior that were studied were social reinforcement, interviewer disclosure, verbal modeling, interviewer dress, and seating arrangement. The dependent variable was the number of symptoms reported on the 22-item Mental Health Inventory. A total of 128 male and female adult patients under treatment for mental illness were interviewed under procedures using all combinations of the five factors. Control of patient sex, age, ethnicity, and education was effected through the use of a balanced design. The results demonstrated that the behavior of the interviewer influenced the respondent's report of psychiatric symptoms. The largest number of psychiatric symptoms were reported when the interviewer gave social reinforcement while wearing a lab coat and sitting across a desk from the respondent.", "PMID": 839479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3812", "title": "On spatial visualization in college students.", "content": "This study investigated two questions: (a) Do individuals with distinct career orientations have different spatial reasoning abilities? (B) Is there a sex difference in the spatial reasoning abilities of people with a similar career orientation? A spatial visualization test was administered to university students enrolled in four different types of mathematics courses: calculus (n=37), business statistics (n=72), remedial mathematics (n=58), and mathematics for elementary school teachers (n=56). The examination covered four forms of spatial visualization. Comparison of performance between groups and within groups (e.g., males in elementary education) scored higher than the expected sex on a majority of the variables. Sex differences were observed within each of the courses. On three of the four variables students in the calculus courses scored higher than students in the other courses.", "contents": "On spatial visualization in college students. This study investigated two questions: (a) Do individuals with distinct career orientations have different spatial reasoning abilities? (B) Is there a sex difference in the spatial reasoning abilities of people with a similar career orientation? A spatial visualization test was administered to university students enrolled in four different types of mathematics courses: calculus (n=37), business statistics (n=72), remedial mathematics (n=58), and mathematics for elementary school teachers (n=56). The examination covered four forms of spatial visualization. Comparison of performance between groups and within groups (e.g., males in elementary education) scored higher than the expected sex on a majority of the variables. Sex differences were observed within each of the courses. On three of the four variables students in the calculus courses scored higher than students in the other courses.", "PMID": 839480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3813", "title": "Colchester revisited: a genetic study of mental defect.", "content": "This reanalysis of a classic survey leads to inferences about design of genetic studies, resolution of heterogeneity, and the role of autosomal and sex-linked genes in mental retardation, which is no longer refractory to segregation analysis. By discriminating between sociofamilial and biological types we estimate that at least 351 autosomal loci can produce mental retardation, with an inbred load of 0.83 detrimental equivalents and a mutation rate of 0.008 per gamete, or less than 2.4 X 10(-5) per locus. The distribution of probands was estimated as: 7 per cent medical, 60 per cent sociofamilial, and 33 per cent biological. Simple genetic mechanisms account for virtually all the biological category. Within the sociofamilial group cultural inheritance and polygenes could not be resolved.", "contents": "Colchester revisited: a genetic study of mental defect. This reanalysis of a classic survey leads to inferences about design of genetic studies, resolution of heterogeneity, and the role of autosomal and sex-linked genes in mental retardation, which is no longer refractory to segregation analysis. By discriminating between sociofamilial and biological types we estimate that at least 351 autosomal loci can produce mental retardation, with an inbred load of 0.83 detrimental equivalents and a mutation rate of 0.008 per gamete, or less than 2.4 X 10(-5) per locus. The distribution of probands was estimated as: 7 per cent medical, 60 per cent sociofamilial, and 33 per cent biological. Simple genetic mechanisms account for virtually all the biological category. Within the sociofamilial group cultural inheritance and polygenes could not be resolved.", "PMID": 839491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3814", "title": "Height and seriousness of crime in XYY men.", "content": "The case histories of XYY males in two security settings were ranked by degree of seriousness of crime. The correlations of these scores with height were either zero (for data of Daly with the history of the propositus excluded) or positive (for data of Jacobs et al., P less than 0.05). For both studies, the results were contrary to the expectation of negative correlation which would be found if, in accord with Hunter's suggestion, authorities were biased to place XYYs in security settings because of the more threatening appearance associated with larger stature.", "contents": "Height and seriousness of crime in XYY men. The case histories of XYY males in two security settings were ranked by degree of seriousness of crime. The correlations of these scores with height were either zero (for data of Daly with the history of the propositus excluded) or positive (for data of Jacobs et al., P less than 0.05). For both studies, the results were contrary to the expectation of negative correlation which would be found if, in accord with Hunter's suggestion, authorities were biased to place XYYs in security settings because of the more threatening appearance associated with larger stature.", "PMID": 839492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3815", "title": "Muscle nuclear changes in fetuses at risk for Duchenne muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Muscle nuclear size was found to be significantly greater in fetuses at risk for Duchenne muscular dystrophy than in normal male fetuses of comparable gestational age. This supports the contention that the disease is already manifest in utero by the second trimester of pregnancy.", "contents": "Muscle nuclear changes in fetuses at risk for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Muscle nuclear size was found to be significantly greater in fetuses at risk for Duchenne muscular dystrophy than in normal male fetuses of comparable gestational age. This supports the contention that the disease is already manifest in utero by the second trimester of pregnancy.", "PMID": 839493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3816", "title": "Immunoglobulin levels in dystrophia myotonica.", "content": "Levels of immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, and IgM were measured in 38 patients with myotonic dystrophy, in normal members of their families, and in matched controls. Log IgG was significantly reduced in the patients. IgG investigation provides a further parameter to appraise the status of apparently unaffected members of myotonic dystrophy families.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin levels in dystrophia myotonica. Levels of immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, and IgM were measured in 38 patients with myotonic dystrophy, in normal members of their families, and in matched controls. Log IgG was significantly reduced in the patients. IgG investigation provides a further parameter to appraise the status of apparently unaffected members of myotonic dystrophy families.", "PMID": 839494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3817", "title": "Heterozygote advantage for the phenylketonuria allele.", "content": "Mean weight at birth of unaffected (normal homozygous and PKU heterozygous) offspring of parents heterozygous for the phenylketonuria (PKU) allele averages significantly above that of Norwegian neonates, with no significant difference in mean age of mothers or in mean parity. It approaches the optimal birthweight--that which confers the minimum overall mortality in the pre-, peri-, and postnatal periods. This near-optimal birthweight together with the possibly higher effective fertility observed in PKU heterozygous couples (at least in those who married before 1940), has apparently more than outweighed the disadvantages of the allele in PKU homozygous offspring as shown, for example, in an excessive number of pre- and perinatal deaths among the total offspring of PKU heterozygotes, to say nothing of the PKU survivors who, often, used to die young. The two effects--fertility and viability--apparently both contribute in the same direction, to give a biological fitness in excess of 1 for the heterozygote. This heterozygote advantage presumably explains the presence of the allele at frequencies above those to be expected from the simple replacement of a homozygously-lethal allele by mutation alone.", "contents": "Heterozygote advantage for the phenylketonuria allele. Mean weight at birth of unaffected (normal homozygous and PKU heterozygous) offspring of parents heterozygous for the phenylketonuria (PKU) allele averages significantly above that of Norwegian neonates, with no significant difference in mean age of mothers or in mean parity. It approaches the optimal birthweight--that which confers the minimum overall mortality in the pre-, peri-, and postnatal periods. This near-optimal birthweight together with the possibly higher effective fertility observed in PKU heterozygous couples (at least in those who married before 1940), has apparently more than outweighed the disadvantages of the allele in PKU homozygous offspring as shown, for example, in an excessive number of pre- and perinatal deaths among the total offspring of PKU heterozygotes, to say nothing of the PKU survivors who, often, used to die young. The two effects--fertility and viability--apparently both contribute in the same direction, to give a biological fitness in excess of 1 for the heterozygote. This heterozygote advantage presumably explains the presence of the allele at frequencies above those to be expected from the simple replacement of a homozygously-lethal allele by mutation alone.", "PMID": 839495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3818", "title": "A simple non-graphic method for pedigree description and analysis.", "content": "The graphic representation of family data for the computation of the coefficients of inbreeding [F] and relationship [r] can be replaced by an algebraic method. The organization of family data is facilitated by a data form which can be easily, thoroughly, and correctly completed, even by a layman. The computation of the coefficients is practically automatic and greatly reduces the possibility of error.", "contents": "A simple non-graphic method for pedigree description and analysis. The graphic representation of family data for the computation of the coefficients of inbreeding [F] and relationship [r] can be replaced by an algebraic method. The organization of family data is facilitated by a data form which can be easily, thoroughly, and correctly completed, even by a layman. The computation of the coefficients is practically automatic and greatly reduces the possibility of error.", "PMID": 839496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3819", "title": "Unusual occurrence of dextrocardia with situs inversus in succeeding generations of a family.", "content": "In three cases of dextrocardia with situs inversus affecting a father and his two sons, the father had married his first cousin, the daughter of his father's sister, so that the two sons were the products of a consanguineous marriage. The general and familial incidence of the condition and the genetic influences responsible for it are discussed.", "contents": "Unusual occurrence of dextrocardia with situs inversus in succeeding generations of a family. In three cases of dextrocardia with situs inversus affecting a father and his two sons, the father had married his first cousin, the daughter of his father's sister, so that the two sons were the products of a consanguineous marriage. The general and familial incidence of the condition and the genetic influences responsible for it are discussed.", "PMID": 839497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3820", "title": "Two cases of Ellis-van Creveld syndrome in a small island population.", "content": "Two individuals showing features typical of the autosomal recessive Ellis-van Creveld syndrome have been diagnosed in a population of 1340 individuals living on a small island off the west coast of Scotland. Clinical features and family relationships of the affected individuals are described.", "contents": "Two cases of Ellis-van Creveld syndrome in a small island population. Two individuals showing features typical of the autosomal recessive Ellis-van Creveld syndrome have been diagnosed in a population of 1340 individuals living on a small island off the west coast of Scotland. Clinical features and family relationships of the affected individuals are described.", "PMID": 839498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3821", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis: techniques used to help in ruling out maternal cell contamination.", "content": "The combined findings from a number of different analytical techniques increases confidence that the cells analysed in amniotic fluid cell cultures are fetal in origin. Three hundred and twenty four fluids were processed using in situ processing of cultured amniotic fluid cells, allowing for analysis of mitoses from multiple colonies derived from multiple culture dishes. Screening of the same samples for fluorescent Y-chromatin was of help in indicating the genotypic sex of the primary cells. This was found to be accurate in 96% of the fluids checked. In cases where an XX complement is found, Q-polymorphism comparisons can be made between mitoses from the amniotic fluid cells and maternal lymphocytes. Of 29 such studies, 19 showed pronounced differences in their polymorphism constitution.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis: techniques used to help in ruling out maternal cell contamination. The combined findings from a number of different analytical techniques increases confidence that the cells analysed in amniotic fluid cell cultures are fetal in origin. Three hundred and twenty four fluids were processed using in situ processing of cultured amniotic fluid cells, allowing for analysis of mitoses from multiple colonies derived from multiple culture dishes. Screening of the same samples for fluorescent Y-chromatin was of help in indicating the genotypic sex of the primary cells. This was found to be accurate in 96% of the fluids checked. In cases where an XX complement is found, Q-polymorphism comparisons can be made between mitoses from the amniotic fluid cells and maternal lymphocytes. Of 29 such studies, 19 showed pronounced differences in their polymorphism constitution.", "PMID": 839499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3822", "title": "Familial X-linked mental retardation with an X chromosome abnormality.", "content": "An X-linked pattern of transmission observed in four families with familial mental retardation in several generations was associated with a probable secondary constriction at the distal end of the q arms of the X chromosome. Twenty retarded males and no retarded females were observed. All available live retarded males and most of their normal mothers were found to have the abnormal X chromosome. The marker chromosome was shown to be the X chromosome in each case by Giemsa banding. In affected male and female carriers the marker chromosome varied in appearance and was not present in all metaphases. The significance of this study in relation to previously reported pedigrees showing non-specific X-linked mental retardation is discussed.", "contents": "Familial X-linked mental retardation with an X chromosome abnormality. An X-linked pattern of transmission observed in four families with familial mental retardation in several generations was associated with a probable secondary constriction at the distal end of the q arms of the X chromosome. Twenty retarded males and no retarded females were observed. All available live retarded males and most of their normal mothers were found to have the abnormal X chromosome. The marker chromosome was shown to be the X chromosome in each case by Giemsa banding. In affected male and female carriers the marker chromosome varied in appearance and was not present in all metaphases. The significance of this study in relation to previously reported pedigrees showing non-specific X-linked mental retardation is discussed.", "PMID": 839500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3823", "title": "Myotonic dystrophy, syringomyelia, and 2/13 translocation in the same family.", "content": "The present report describes a sibship with 2 individuals affected by myotonic dystrophy and a third with syringomyelia. The mother was affected by myotonic dystrophy. A balanced 2/13 translocation was detected in the individual with syringomyelia, in one affected by myotonic dystrophy and in their clinically normal father. The association between the phenotypic anomalies and the chromosome alteration is coincidental.", "contents": "Myotonic dystrophy, syringomyelia, and 2/13 translocation in the same family. The present report describes a sibship with 2 individuals affected by myotonic dystrophy and a third with syringomyelia. The mother was affected by myotonic dystrophy. A balanced 2/13 translocation was detected in the individual with syringomyelia, in one affected by myotonic dystrophy and in their clinically normal father. The association between the phenotypic anomalies and the chromosome alteration is coincidental.", "PMID": 839501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3824", "title": "Four new cases of ring 21 and 22 including familial transmission of ring 21.", "content": "Four new cases of ring G chromosomes are presented including one family in which the ring 21 is present in a mother and in her daughter, who has 47, XXX, r(21) chromosomes. The clinical and dermatoglyphic findings in r21 and r22 syndromes are reviewed.", "contents": "Four new cases of ring 21 and 22 including familial transmission of ring 21. Four new cases of ring G chromosomes are presented including one family in which the ring 21 is present in a mother and in her daughter, who has 47, XXX, r(21) chromosomes. The clinical and dermatoglyphic findings in r21 and r22 syndromes are reviewed.", "PMID": 839502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3825", "title": "Physical retardation is associated with ring chromosome mosaicism: 46, XX,r(10)/45, XX,10 minus.", "content": "Cytogenetic analysis of peripheral leucocytes of a 9-year-old girl presenting with retardation of physical development indicated mosaicism for a ring 10 chromosome. Serum aspartate transaminase was within normal limits. A survey of eight markers failed to show syntenic relations with chromosome 10.", "contents": "Physical retardation is associated with ring chromosome mosaicism: 46, XX,r(10)/45, XX,10 minus. Cytogenetic analysis of peripheral leucocytes of a 9-year-old girl presenting with retardation of physical development indicated mosaicism for a ring 10 chromosome. Serum aspartate transaminase was within normal limits. A survey of eight markers failed to show syntenic relations with chromosome 10.", "PMID": 839503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3826", "title": "46,XX/46,XX,r(15) mosaiciam: report of a case.", "content": "Mosaicism of cells with a normal karyotype or with a ring chromosome no. 15 was found in a girl with hypoplasia of the thumbs, club feet, mental retardation, and short stature, which seems to be a feature of this chromosomal aberration.", "contents": "46,XX/46,XX,r(15) mosaiciam: report of a case. Mosaicism of cells with a normal karyotype or with a ring chromosome no. 15 was found in a girl with hypoplasia of the thumbs, club feet, mental retardation, and short stature, which seems to be a feature of this chromosomal aberration.", "PMID": 839504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3827", "title": "Stable dicentric autosome, tdic (8:22)(p23:p13), in a mentally retarded girl.", "content": "A dicentric autosome, tdic(8:22)(p23:p13), was found in all metaphase cells examined from the peripheral blood of a mentally retarded girl. It is suggested that the centromere of chromosome 22 was inactive, allowing the dicentric to behave as a monocentric element. The involvement of acrocentric chromosomes in the stable dicentric autosomes of man is discussed.", "contents": "Stable dicentric autosome, tdic (8:22)(p23:p13), in a mentally retarded girl. A dicentric autosome, tdic(8:22)(p23:p13), was found in all metaphase cells examined from the peripheral blood of a mentally retarded girl. It is suggested that the centromere of chromosome 22 was inactive, allowing the dicentric to behave as a monocentric element. The involvement of acrocentric chromosomes in the stable dicentric autosomes of man is discussed.", "PMID": 839505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3828", "title": "Mental retardation with 45 chromosomes 45,XX,--5,--14,+der(5) t(5,14)(p15;q13) mat due to familial balanced reciprocal translocation.", "content": "A girl with severe mental retardation and odd facies and some features of the cri-duchat syndrome was found to have only 45 chromosomes. Her karyotype was 45,XX, -5, -14,+der(5) t(5,14)(p15;q13) mat. Her mother and her two sisters were found to be balanced reciprocal translocation carriers having 46 chromosomes, one of which was a very small (14pter leads to 14q13::5p15leads to 5pter) that was missing in the proposita.", "contents": "Mental retardation with 45 chromosomes 45,XX,--5,--14,+der(5) t(5,14)(p15;q13) mat due to familial balanced reciprocal translocation. A girl with severe mental retardation and odd facies and some features of the cri-duchat syndrome was found to have only 45 chromosomes. Her karyotype was 45,XX, -5, -14,+der(5) t(5,14)(p15;q13) mat. Her mother and her two sisters were found to be balanced reciprocal translocation carriers having 46 chromosomes, one of which was a very small (14pter leads to 14q13::5p15leads to 5pter) that was missing in the proposita.", "PMID": 839506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3829", "title": "Sex linked hydrocephalus.", "content": "A family showing the syndrome of X-linked hydrocephalus is presented and the relevance of this condition in genetic counseling discussed. A method of decompressing a grossly enlarged after-coming head is described.", "contents": "Sex linked hydrocephalus. A family showing the syndrome of X-linked hydrocephalus is presented and the relevance of this condition in genetic counseling discussed. A method of decompressing a grossly enlarged after-coming head is described.", "PMID": 839507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3830", "title": "Crossed asymmetry in Russell-Silver syndrome.", "content": "Since the initial report by Silver et al (1953), more than 50 examples of the Russell-Silver syndrome have been reported. Unilateral congenital asymmetry of the extremities has been considered one of the major features of this disorder (Silver, 1964). We recently observed a child with otherwise typical features of the Russell-Silver syndrome who had enlargement of the right hand and of the left lower extremity. We know of no other recorded example of crossed asymmetry in this clinical entity.", "contents": "Crossed asymmetry in Russell-Silver syndrome. Since the initial report by Silver et al (1953), more than 50 examples of the Russell-Silver syndrome have been reported. Unilateral congenital asymmetry of the extremities has been considered one of the major features of this disorder (Silver, 1964). We recently observed a child with otherwise typical features of the Russell-Silver syndrome who had enlargement of the right hand and of the left lower extremity. We know of no other recorded example of crossed asymmetry in this clinical entity.", "PMID": 839508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3831", "title": "A new syndrome of cleft palate associated with coloboma, hypospadias, deafness, short stature, and radial synostosis.", "content": "A new syndrome characterized by cleft palate, coloboma, hypospadias, deafness, short stature, and radial synostosis has been described. The family history suggests either an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance with limited expression in females or X-linkage. Other syndromes with similar phenotypes and modes of inheritance are discussed. The need for accurate and complete family histories in cases involving cleft palate and cleft lip/palate is discussed in relation to genetic counselling and recurrent risk estimates.", "contents": "A new syndrome of cleft palate associated with coloboma, hypospadias, deafness, short stature, and radial synostosis. A new syndrome characterized by cleft palate, coloboma, hypospadias, deafness, short stature, and radial synostosis has been described. The family history suggests either an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance with limited expression in females or X-linkage. Other syndromes with similar phenotypes and modes of inheritance are discussed. The need for accurate and complete family histories in cases involving cleft palate and cleft lip/palate is discussed in relation to genetic counselling and recurrent risk estimates.", "PMID": 839509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3832", "title": "A student-run course in interprofessional relations.", "content": "The topic of working relationships among health professionals is one which has long been neglected in professional school curricula. During the winter of 1976 students from four health professions--medicine, nursing, occupational therapy, and physical therapy--initiated a course designed to improve their knowledge of one another's training and skills, with the larger aim of preparing themselves to work in health care teams. The nine weekly meetings are described in terms of their content and students' reactions. In the discussion the underlying themes of legal responsibilities and of sex-roles as factors in health care team functioning are identified. Suggestions are made about format and techniques that seem to be useful for courses of this type.", "contents": "A student-run course in interprofessional relations. The topic of working relationships among health professionals is one which has long been neglected in professional school curricula. During the winter of 1976 students from four health professions--medicine, nursing, occupational therapy, and physical therapy--initiated a course designed to improve their knowledge of one another's training and skills, with the larger aim of preparing themselves to work in health care teams. The nine weekly meetings are described in terms of their content and students' reactions. In the discussion the underlying themes of legal responsibilities and of sex-roles as factors in health care team functioning are identified. Suggestions are made about format and techniques that seem to be useful for courses of this type.", "PMID": 839510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3833", "title": "Operational definitions for service, training, education, and learning.", "content": "The terms \"service,\" \"training,\" \"education,\" and \"learning\" are ambiguous and lead to confusion in medical education. An alternate method of defining the terms is explored from the point of view of the role changes which students experience as they become medical practitioners. New definitions are developed. Repetitive activities or role changes not based on the acquisition of new knowledge and skills or supervision are called \"noneducational.\" Role refinements and changes based on the acquisition of new knowledge and skills only are called \"educational.\" Role refinements and changes based on the acquisition of new knowledge and skills and guided by supervision are called \"training.\" These operational definitions permit new approaches to program evaluation and a new basis for discourse between students and their teachers.", "contents": "Operational definitions for service, training, education, and learning. The terms \"service,\" \"training,\" \"education,\" and \"learning\" are ambiguous and lead to confusion in medical education. An alternate method of defining the terms is explored from the point of view of the role changes which students experience as they become medical practitioners. New definitions are developed. Repetitive activities or role changes not based on the acquisition of new knowledge and skills or supervision are called \"noneducational.\" Role refinements and changes based on the acquisition of new knowledge and skills only are called \"educational.\" Role refinements and changes based on the acquisition of new knowledge and skills and guided by supervision are called \"training.\" These operational definitions permit new approaches to program evaluation and a new basis for discourse between students and their teachers.", "PMID": 839511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3834", "title": "Language as a tool in medicine: methodology and theoretical framework.", "content": "Since language is the predominant instrument by which information is transmitted between doctor and patient, an understanding of the uses and functions of language in medicine is crucial to effective medical care. This paper describes a framework for the study of language as a tool in medicine. The work is based on a large volume of doctor-patient conversations tape-recorded in natural settings. A method of cataloging recorded material has been developed which allows rapid access to segments of interest on the tape itself. The writers' framework of analysis suggests that, in addition to the knowledge of social speech conventions, seven levels of linguistic information are necessary for successful communication. Based on this research, a curriculum is being designed to teach medical students the use of language as a tool in medicine in order to refine their skills as effective listeners and speakers.", "contents": "Language as a tool in medicine: methodology and theoretical framework. Since language is the predominant instrument by which information is transmitted between doctor and patient, an understanding of the uses and functions of language in medicine is crucial to effective medical care. This paper describes a framework for the study of language as a tool in medicine. The work is based on a large volume of doctor-patient conversations tape-recorded in natural settings. A method of cataloging recorded material has been developed which allows rapid access to segments of interest on the tape itself. The writers' framework of analysis suggests that, in addition to the knowledge of social speech conventions, seven levels of linguistic information are necessary for successful communication. Based on this research, a curriculum is being designed to teach medical students the use of language as a tool in medicine in order to refine their skills as effective listeners and speakers.", "PMID": 839512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3835", "title": "Predictors of rural practice location.", "content": "Attitudes toward the urban environment and place of origin were found to be the best predictors of an optometrist's practice location. When urbanism attitude and origin were scaled and placed in an equation to predict practice location, identification of an optometrist's practice location as rural or urban was highly accurate. Most important, scores on the equation were predictive of optometry students' future practice location. A single cutoff point on the equation correctly identified 79 percent of students who entered a rural or isolated small city practice and 81 percent of those who entered urban practice. The findings imply that optometry students most likely to enter rural practice can be objectively identified early in their training. If certain factors affecting choice of practice location are common to all health professions, the predictive equation presented here may be useful in the selection of students for rural practice in medicine.", "contents": "Predictors of rural practice location. Attitudes toward the urban environment and place of origin were found to be the best predictors of an optometrist's practice location. When urbanism attitude and origin were scaled and placed in an equation to predict practice location, identification of an optometrist's practice location as rural or urban was highly accurate. Most important, scores on the equation were predictive of optometry students' future practice location. A single cutoff point on the equation correctly identified 79 percent of students who entered a rural or isolated small city practice and 81 percent of those who entered urban practice. The findings imply that optometry students most likely to enter rural practice can be objectively identified early in their training. If certain factors affecting choice of practice location are common to all health professions, the predictive equation presented here may be useful in the selection of students for rural practice in medicine.", "PMID": 839513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3836", "title": "An assessment of a non-invasive technique for measuring deep body temperature.", "content": "The assessment of a non-invasive technique for measuring deep body temperature is described. An experimental system, in which the insulating effect of subcutaneous fat thickness could be simulated, was designed to test the deep body thermometer (DBT). The assumption that the instrument produced zero temperature gradient was found to be incorrect, and a mathematical model was developed which showed that the cyclically varying output of the device is an inherent property of its design. The accuracy and response time were investigated as a function of tissue thickness to assess the instrument's clinical usefulness.", "contents": "An assessment of a non-invasive technique for measuring deep body temperature. The assessment of a non-invasive technique for measuring deep body temperature is described. An experimental system, in which the insulating effect of subcutaneous fat thickness could be simulated, was designed to test the deep body thermometer (DBT). The assumption that the instrument produced zero temperature gradient was found to be incorrect, and a mathematical model was developed which showed that the cyclically varying output of the device is an inherent property of its design. The accuracy and response time were investigated as a function of tissue thickness to assess the instrument's clinical usefulness.", "PMID": 839521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3837", "title": "A baby incubator designed for conditions in Ghana.", "content": "The prototype is described of a baby incubator, designed to be manufactured and used in Ghana, but of high enough quality to complete directly with imported models. A novel design is used, in which the usual all-round hood, with a sealed control unit underneath it, is replaced by a one-sided configuration, with the control system built into the back. It is much easier to manufacture, but still allows good access and temperature control.", "contents": "A baby incubator designed for conditions in Ghana. The prototype is described of a baby incubator, designed to be manufactured and used in Ghana, but of high enough quality to complete directly with imported models. A novel design is used, in which the usual all-round hood, with a sealed control unit underneath it, is replaced by a one-sided configuration, with the control system built into the back. It is much easier to manufacture, but still allows good access and temperature control.", "PMID": 839522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3838", "title": "Resolution of parameters in the equivalent electrical circuit of the sodium transport mechanism across toad skin.", "content": "In amphibian epithelia, amiloride reduces net sodium transport by hindering the entry of sodium to the active transport mechanism, that is, by increasing the series resistance (Rser). Theoretically, therefore, analysis of amiloride-induced changes in potential differences and short-circuit current should yield numerical estimates of all the parameters in the equivalent electrical circuit of the sodium transport mechanism. The concept has been explored by analysis of such changes in toad skins (Xenopus laevis) bathed in hypotonic sulphate Ringer's, after exposure to varying doses of amiloride, or to amphotericin, dinitrophenol or Pitressin. The estimated values of Rser, of the electromotive force of the sodium pump (ENa), and of the shunt resistance (Rsh) were independent of the dose of amiloride employed. Skins bathed in hypotonic sulphate Ringer's exhibited a progressive rise in ENa. Amphotericin produced a fall in Rser, while dinitrophenol caused a fall in ENa; washout of the drugs reversed these effects. Pitressin produced a fall in both Rser and Rsh, with a rise in ENa. These results are in accord with earlier suggestions regarding the site(s) of action of these agents.", "contents": "Resolution of parameters in the equivalent electrical circuit of the sodium transport mechanism across toad skin. In amphibian epithelia, amiloride reduces net sodium transport by hindering the entry of sodium to the active transport mechanism, that is, by increasing the series resistance (Rser). Theoretically, therefore, analysis of amiloride-induced changes in potential differences and short-circuit current should yield numerical estimates of all the parameters in the equivalent electrical circuit of the sodium transport mechanism. The concept has been explored by analysis of such changes in toad skins (Xenopus laevis) bathed in hypotonic sulphate Ringer's, after exposure to varying doses of amiloride, or to amphotericin, dinitrophenol or Pitressin. The estimated values of Rser, of the electromotive force of the sodium pump (ENa), and of the shunt resistance (Rsh) were independent of the dose of amiloride employed. Skins bathed in hypotonic sulphate Ringer's exhibited a progressive rise in ENa. Amphotericin produced a fall in Rser, while dinitrophenol caused a fall in ENa; washout of the drugs reversed these effects. Pitressin produced a fall in both Rser and Rsh, with a rise in ENa. These results are in accord with earlier suggestions regarding the site(s) of action of these agents.", "PMID": 839526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3839", "title": "Van der Waals interactions between cell surfaces.", "content": "Van der Waals energies of interaction between model cell surfaces are calculated for various distances of separation, layer thicknesses and compositions of cell surfaces and intercellular media. In these calculations the cell peripheries are considered to consist of two layers: (1) A phospholipid-cholesterol-protein plasma membrane and (2) a surface coat, which consists of protein, sugar and water. The required Van der Waals parameters of sugars, phospholipids and cholesterol are derived from refractive indices of their solutions in the visible and ultraviolet regions. Polarizabilities and Van der Waals parameters of these substances are determined and shown to be almost independent of concentration of solutions. Resulting isotropic polarizabilities differ by less than five percent from values obtained by the addition of bond polarizabilities. The magnitude of Van der Walls interactions between cell surfaces has been found to vary with composition according to the following sequence: water less than phospholipid less than cholesterol, protein less than sugar. A decrease in the concentration of a given substance in the cell surface at the expense of a corresponding increase in the concentration of a substance preceding it in this sequence lowers the magnitude of attractive interactions, whereas a similar change in the extracellular medium would have an opposite effect. A consideration of experimentally found variations in composition of cell surfaces results in calculated values of Hamaker's coefficients between 8 X 10(-15) ergs and 6 X 10(-14) ergs at 50 A distance of separation, which corresponds to free energies per unit area of 210-1600 kT/mu2.", "contents": "Van der Waals interactions between cell surfaces. Van der Waals energies of interaction between model cell surfaces are calculated for various distances of separation, layer thicknesses and compositions of cell surfaces and intercellular media. In these calculations the cell peripheries are considered to consist of two layers: (1) A phospholipid-cholesterol-protein plasma membrane and (2) a surface coat, which consists of protein, sugar and water. The required Van der Waals parameters of sugars, phospholipids and cholesterol are derived from refractive indices of their solutions in the visible and ultraviolet regions. Polarizabilities and Van der Waals parameters of these substances are determined and shown to be almost independent of concentration of solutions. Resulting isotropic polarizabilities differ by less than five percent from values obtained by the addition of bond polarizabilities. The magnitude of Van der Walls interactions between cell surfaces has been found to vary with composition according to the following sequence: water less than phospholipid less than cholesterol, protein less than sugar. A decrease in the concentration of a given substance in the cell surface at the expense of a corresponding increase in the concentration of a substance preceding it in this sequence lowers the magnitude of attractive interactions, whereas a similar change in the extracellular medium would have an opposite effect. A consideration of experimentally found variations in composition of cell surfaces results in calculated values of Hamaker's coefficients between 8 X 10(-15) ergs and 6 X 10(-14) ergs at 50 A distance of separation, which corresponds to free energies per unit area of 210-1600 kT/mu2.", "PMID": 839528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3840", "title": "Na and Cl transport and short-circuit current in rabbit ileum.", "content": "Na and Cl fluxes and short-circuit current (Isc) in rabbit ileum have been studied as a function of ionic concentrations in HCO3-free solutions. Both net Na flux (JNanet) and Isc show similar saturation functions of [Na] at fixed [Cl]. They show no significant difference between zero and 112 mM Na but at 140 mM Na Isc is significantly greater than the JNanet. Net Cl transport, secretion, is observed only at 140 mM Na and is approximately equivalent to the difference between the Isc and JNanet. The transcellular mucosa-to-serosa Na fluxes measured at 140 and 70 mM Na do not differ significantly from the corresponding Isc. The net Cl flux varies with [Cl] at fixed [Na] while Isc is virtually not affected by [Cl]. These results suggest that the absorptive Na transport process is electrogenic and responsible for the Isc and that the secretory fluxes of Na and Cl are coupled, require high [Na], vary with [Cl], and do not contribute to Isc. K-free solution abolishes the Isc after a prolonged lag. Finally, the effect of a low resistance shunt pathway on active Na absorption is examined with a four-compartment model.", "contents": "Na and Cl transport and short-circuit current in rabbit ileum. Na and Cl fluxes and short-circuit current (Isc) in rabbit ileum have been studied as a function of ionic concentrations in HCO3-free solutions. Both net Na flux (JNanet) and Isc show similar saturation functions of [Na] at fixed [Cl]. They show no significant difference between zero and 112 mM Na but at 140 mM Na Isc is significantly greater than the JNanet. Net Cl transport, secretion, is observed only at 140 mM Na and is approximately equivalent to the difference between the Isc and JNanet. The transcellular mucosa-to-serosa Na fluxes measured at 140 and 70 mM Na do not differ significantly from the corresponding Isc. The net Cl flux varies with [Cl] at fixed [Na] while Isc is virtually not affected by [Cl]. These results suggest that the absorptive Na transport process is electrogenic and responsible for the Isc and that the secretory fluxes of Na and Cl are coupled, require high [Na], vary with [Cl], and do not contribute to Isc. K-free solution abolishes the Isc after a prolonged lag. Finally, the effect of a low resistance shunt pathway on active Na absorption is examined with a four-compartment model.", "PMID": 839530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3841", "title": "Regional differences in K channels of abdominal and circumesophageal segments of the crayfish medial giant axon.", "content": "Intracellular recordings reveal that the membrane of the circumesophageal region of the medial giant axon of crayfish responds to replacement of C1 with propionate differently from that of the abdominal region of the same axon. The connective hyperpolarizes in the propionate saline, whereas the abdominal region undergoes the transient depolarization that is expected when a permeant anion (Cl) is replaced with an impermeant one (propionate). The hyperpolarization of the connectives is accompanied by an increased conductance, a decreased length constant, and an increase in threshold current for intracellular stimulation. These effects are specific for the connectives and for propionate. They do not occur on replacing Cl with other large anions, isethionate, methane sulfonate, or glucuronate. The effects of propionate are independent of Na or Ca and result from an increased K conductance. The hyperpolarization induced by propionate is increased in a K-free saline, where the resting potential (EM) is considerably positive to the emf of the K battery (EK). It is abolished in elevated Ko when EM=EK.", "contents": "Regional differences in K channels of abdominal and circumesophageal segments of the crayfish medial giant axon. Intracellular recordings reveal that the membrane of the circumesophageal region of the medial giant axon of crayfish responds to replacement of C1 with propionate differently from that of the abdominal region of the same axon. The connective hyperpolarizes in the propionate saline, whereas the abdominal region undergoes the transient depolarization that is expected when a permeant anion (Cl) is replaced with an impermeant one (propionate). The hyperpolarization of the connectives is accompanied by an increased conductance, a decreased length constant, and an increase in threshold current for intracellular stimulation. These effects are specific for the connectives and for propionate. They do not occur on replacing Cl with other large anions, isethionate, methane sulfonate, or glucuronate. The effects of propionate are independent of Na or Ca and result from an increased K conductance. The hyperpolarization induced by propionate is increased in a K-free saline, where the resting potential (EM) is considerably positive to the emf of the K battery (EK). It is abolished in elevated Ko when EM=EK.", "PMID": 839531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3842", "title": "Charge ulse studies of transport phenomena in bilayer membranes. II. Detailed theory of steady-state behavior and application to valinomycin-mediated potassium transport.", "content": "The charge-pulse technique is applied to a study of valinomycin-mediated potassium transport across glycerol monooleate (GMO) bilayers. The theory, based on the L\u00e4uger-Stark model, is developed for the steady-state domain. The voltage dependences of the surface complexation reactions are also considered. The analysis of the data yields the folowing values for the rate constants: (see article). With the exception of this last ratio, all the values agree well with previously published data. The implication of the exponential term, 0.045, is that the plane of reaction for the surface complexation actually occurs a small distance within the membrane dielectric. If one presumes that the reaction plane is about half way between the plane of adsorbed complex and the membrane-water interface, one deduces that the complex \"feels\" only about 80% of the applied voltage across the membrane.", "contents": "Charge ulse studies of transport phenomena in bilayer membranes. II. Detailed theory of steady-state behavior and application to valinomycin-mediated potassium transport. The charge-pulse technique is applied to a study of valinomycin-mediated potassium transport across glycerol monooleate (GMO) bilayers. The theory, based on the L\u00e4uger-Stark model, is developed for the steady-state domain. The voltage dependences of the surface complexation reactions are also considered. The analysis of the data yields the folowing values for the rate constants: (see article). With the exception of this last ratio, all the values agree well with previously published data. The implication of the exponential term, 0.045, is that the plane of reaction for the surface complexation actually occurs a small distance within the membrane dielectric. If one presumes that the reaction plane is about half way between the plane of adsorbed complex and the membrane-water interface, one deduces that the complex \"feels\" only about 80% of the applied voltage across the membrane.", "PMID": 839532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3843", "title": "Hodgkin's disease in Turkish children: a clinical and histopathologic analysis.", "content": "Fifty-one cases of Hodgkin's disease in Turkish children under 15 years of age were clinically analyzed, and 40 cases were evaluated histopathologically according to the Rye Conference classification. Complete clinical, laboratory, and radiologic findings for each patient were examined. Most patients were of low socioeconomic class, and nearly all were Caucasian. The most common presenting clinical sign was cervical lymph node enlargement; hepatosplenomegaly was noted in 18 patients. Nearly three times as many males as females were found among the patients whose diseases were histologically analyzed, and most of the children with Hodgkin's disease were in the first decade of life. Classification of the cases revealed a predominance (67.5%) of the mixed cellularity (MC) type. Of 40 patients analyzed, 34 had disease in clinical stage IV, mostly of the MC type. The data indicated a correlation of the high incidence of the MC type of Hodgkin's disease with the socioeconomic and environmental conditions in Turkey.", "contents": "Hodgkin's disease in Turkish children: a clinical and histopathologic analysis. Fifty-one cases of Hodgkin's disease in Turkish children under 15 years of age were clinically analyzed, and 40 cases were evaluated histopathologically according to the Rye Conference classification. Complete clinical, laboratory, and radiologic findings for each patient were examined. Most patients were of low socioeconomic class, and nearly all were Caucasian. The most common presenting clinical sign was cervical lymph node enlargement; hepatosplenomegaly was noted in 18 patients. Nearly three times as many males as females were found among the patients whose diseases were histologically analyzed, and most of the children with Hodgkin's disease were in the first decade of life. Classification of the cases revealed a predominance (67.5%) of the mixed cellularity (MC) type. Of 40 patients analyzed, 34 had disease in clinical stage IV, mostly of the MC type. The data indicated a correlation of the high incidence of the MC type of Hodgkin's disease with the socioeconomic and environmental conditions in Turkey.", "PMID": 839552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3844", "title": "Leukocyte migration inhibition in human pulmonary neoplasia.", "content": "Peripheral blood leukocytes from 65 lung cancer patients, 69 healthy donors, 33 patients with malignant disease outside the lung, and 24 patients with nonmalignant pulmonary conditions were examined for immune reactivity, as measured by the leukocyte migration inhibition assay, to antigens in homogenates of lung tumor tissue and material derived from tumor-free lung areas and a nonmalignant lung lesion. A low level of reactivity with apparent specificity was detected in the lung cancer patient group, with 17/52 showing migration inhibition with extracts of lung tumor tissue. Reactivity was also detectable in this group against homogenates of tumor-free lung and nonmalignant lung lesion. The data supported the conclusion that sensitization at least in some patients with lung cancer might be directed not only against tumor-specific antigens but also against antigens of less confined disease association.", "contents": "Leukocyte migration inhibition in human pulmonary neoplasia. Peripheral blood leukocytes from 65 lung cancer patients, 69 healthy donors, 33 patients with malignant disease outside the lung, and 24 patients with nonmalignant pulmonary conditions were examined for immune reactivity, as measured by the leukocyte migration inhibition assay, to antigens in homogenates of lung tumor tissue and material derived from tumor-free lung areas and a nonmalignant lung lesion. A low level of reactivity with apparent specificity was detected in the lung cancer patient group, with 17/52 showing migration inhibition with extracts of lung tumor tissue. Reactivity was also detectable in this group against homogenates of tumor-free lung and nonmalignant lung lesion. The data supported the conclusion that sensitization at least in some patients with lung cancer might be directed not only against tumor-specific antigens but also against antigens of less confined disease association.", "PMID": 839553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3845", "title": "Carcinogenicity of fibrous glass: pleural response in the rat in relation to fiber dimension.", "content": "Seventeen fibrous glasses of diverse type or dimensional distribution induced different incidences of malignant mesenchymal neoplasms when implanted in the pleurae of female Osborne-Mendel rats for periods of more than 1 year. Neoplastic response correlated well with the dimensional distribution of fibers. Fibers less than or equal to 1.5 mu in diameter and greater than 8 mu in length yielded the highest probability of pleural sarcomas, and probability trends suggested that pleural sarcoma incidence increased with increasing lengths of fibers with diameters of less than 1.5 mu, Morphologic observations indicated that fibers less than or equal to 8 mu in length were inactivated by phagocytosis. In fibers greater than 8 mu in length, the correlation of carcinogenicity witth increasing length was difficult to explain. Since neoplastic response to a variety of types of durable fibers, particularly asbestos fibers, was similar, our experiments reinforce the idea that the carcinogenicity of fibers depends on dimension and durability rather than physicochemical properties and emphasize that all respirable fibers be viewed with caution.", "contents": "Carcinogenicity of fibrous glass: pleural response in the rat in relation to fiber dimension. Seventeen fibrous glasses of diverse type or dimensional distribution induced different incidences of malignant mesenchymal neoplasms when implanted in the pleurae of female Osborne-Mendel rats for periods of more than 1 year. Neoplastic response correlated well with the dimensional distribution of fibers. Fibers less than or equal to 1.5 mu in diameter and greater than 8 mu in length yielded the highest probability of pleural sarcomas, and probability trends suggested that pleural sarcoma incidence increased with increasing lengths of fibers with diameters of less than 1.5 mu, Morphologic observations indicated that fibers less than or equal to 8 mu in length were inactivated by phagocytosis. In fibers greater than 8 mu in length, the correlation of carcinogenicity witth increasing length was difficult to explain. Since neoplastic response to a variety of types of durable fibers, particularly asbestos fibers, was similar, our experiments reinforce the idea that the carcinogenicity of fibers depends on dimension and durability rather than physicochemical properties and emphasize that all respirable fibers be viewed with caution.", "PMID": 839555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3846", "title": "Prolonged inhibition of protein and glycoprotein synthesis in tumor cells treated with muconomycin A.", "content": "Several agents were compared for their ability to inhibit protein synthesis for long periods in tumor cells growing in culture. Mouse B16 melanoma cells, treated with high concentrations of cycloheximide or pactamycin for 1 hour and then washed repeatedly, recovered their ability to incorporate [3H]leucine into protein in about 4 hours, while cells treated with emetine recovered in 12 hours. After similar treatment with muconomycin A, however, incorporation of [3H]leucine remained inhibited for at least 30 hours. During this time the cells remained attached to the culture dishes, were able to exclude trypan blue dye, and retained nearly normal levels of rubidium-86 content. When another, untreated, population of cells was added to the muconomycin-treated cells, protein synthesis was not inhibited in the untreated population; action of the drug was thus shown to be confined to the treated cells. In melanoma cells treated with neuraminidase and muconomycin, measurement of glycoprotein synthesis (as determined by sialic acid analysis) showed that muconomycin also inhibited restoration of sialic acid content. Brief treatment with muconomycin, therefore, appeared to be sufficient for prolonged inhibition of protein and glycoprotein synthesis.", "contents": "Prolonged inhibition of protein and glycoprotein synthesis in tumor cells treated with muconomycin A. Several agents were compared for their ability to inhibit protein synthesis for long periods in tumor cells growing in culture. Mouse B16 melanoma cells, treated with high concentrations of cycloheximide or pactamycin for 1 hour and then washed repeatedly, recovered their ability to incorporate [3H]leucine into protein in about 4 hours, while cells treated with emetine recovered in 12 hours. After similar treatment with muconomycin A, however, incorporation of [3H]leucine remained inhibited for at least 30 hours. During this time the cells remained attached to the culture dishes, were able to exclude trypan blue dye, and retained nearly normal levels of rubidium-86 content. When another, untreated, population of cells was added to the muconomycin-treated cells, protein synthesis was not inhibited in the untreated population; action of the drug was thus shown to be confined to the treated cells. In melanoma cells treated with neuraminidase and muconomycin, measurement of glycoprotein synthesis (as determined by sialic acid analysis) showed that muconomycin also inhibited restoration of sialic acid content. Brief treatment with muconomycin, therefore, appeared to be sufficient for prolonged inhibition of protein and glycoprotein synthesis.", "PMID": 839556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3847", "title": "Standardization of the chromium-51 release, cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay: cryopreservation of mouse effector and target cells.", "content": "Utilizing controlled cryopreservation techniques, we were able to standardize the 51Cr release cytotoxicity assay and thereby ensured reliable comparisons between results obtained on different days. Optimal conditions for freezing of both effector and target cells were quite similar. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at a concentration of 7.5-10.0% was employed as the cryoprotective agent and cells were frozen at the rate of -1 degrees C/minute. The handling procedures for the cells before and after freezing were important. Factors affecting recovery of functional reactivity were related to toxicity of DMSO for the cells, the osmotic stress placed upon the cells as the DMSO was being removed after thawing, the handling temperature of the freshly thawed cells, and the susceptibility of cells to mechanical damage immediately after thawing. The recovery of lymphocytes after freezing was about 70%; the recovery of cytotoxicity was around 85%. Syngeneic cytotoxic reactivity induced by inoculation with the Moloney strain of murine sarcoma virus was cryopreserved, as were allogeneic cytotoxicity and natural cytotoxic reactivity. Multiple tests employing effector cells from the same frozen pool gave reproducible results; the standard error of the mean percent cytotoxicity was less than 1.5%. Cryopreserved target cells gave decreased day-to-day variability in susceptibility to lysis, since the same population of cells could be employed in each assay. These results demonstrated conclusively that we can now have a constant source of effector cells and target cells, which can be used from assay to assay as an internal standard.", "contents": "Standardization of the chromium-51 release, cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay: cryopreservation of mouse effector and target cells. Utilizing controlled cryopreservation techniques, we were able to standardize the 51Cr release cytotoxicity assay and thereby ensured reliable comparisons between results obtained on different days. Optimal conditions for freezing of both effector and target cells were quite similar. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at a concentration of 7.5-10.0% was employed as the cryoprotective agent and cells were frozen at the rate of -1 degrees C/minute. The handling procedures for the cells before and after freezing were important. Factors affecting recovery of functional reactivity were related to toxicity of DMSO for the cells, the osmotic stress placed upon the cells as the DMSO was being removed after thawing, the handling temperature of the freshly thawed cells, and the susceptibility of cells to mechanical damage immediately after thawing. The recovery of lymphocytes after freezing was about 70%; the recovery of cytotoxicity was around 85%. Syngeneic cytotoxic reactivity induced by inoculation with the Moloney strain of murine sarcoma virus was cryopreserved, as were allogeneic cytotoxicity and natural cytotoxic reactivity. Multiple tests employing effector cells from the same frozen pool gave reproducible results; the standard error of the mean percent cytotoxicity was less than 1.5%. Cryopreserved target cells gave decreased day-to-day variability in susceptibility to lysis, since the same population of cells could be employed in each assay. These results demonstrated conclusively that we can now have a constant source of effector cells and target cells, which can be used from assay to assay as an internal standard.", "PMID": 839557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3848", "title": "Effects of pyrazole and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole on the metabolism and toxicity of dimethylnitrosamine in the rat.", "content": "Pretreatment of rats with pyrazole or 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (3-AT) known inhibitors of alcohol metabolism, profoundly inhibited the metabolism of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN), both in terms of [14C]CO2 excretion and of the decline in the blood concentration. Additionally, 4-methylpyrazole, tetraethylthiuram disulfide (disulfiram), methanol, and ethanol inhibited the metabolism of DMN in the whole animal. In parallel experiments with [14C]aminopyrine, no substantial inhibitory effect was found with pyrazole, 3-AT, or disulfiram pretreatment. Investigations into the effects of pyrazole and 3-AT pretreatment on the acute toxicity and hepatotoxicity of DMN showed that pyrazole significantly increased the median lethal dose (LD50) of DMN and provided substantial protection against the hepatotoxicity of DMN, in that centriblobular necrosis was not seen at dose levels of DMN up to 25 mg/kg and early histochemical changes indicative of liver injury were not observed at a dose level of 15 mg DMN/kg. In contrast, 3-AT pretreatment did not affect the LD50 of DMN or provide any protection against the hepatotoxicity of DMN. Further, although both inhibitors delayed the incorporation of radioactivity from [14C]DMN into hepatic subcellular organelles, pyrazole was significantly more effective than was 3-AT.", "contents": "Effects of pyrazole and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole on the metabolism and toxicity of dimethylnitrosamine in the rat. Pretreatment of rats with pyrazole or 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (3-AT) known inhibitors of alcohol metabolism, profoundly inhibited the metabolism of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN), both in terms of [14C]CO2 excretion and of the decline in the blood concentration. Additionally, 4-methylpyrazole, tetraethylthiuram disulfide (disulfiram), methanol, and ethanol inhibited the metabolism of DMN in the whole animal. In parallel experiments with [14C]aminopyrine, no substantial inhibitory effect was found with pyrazole, 3-AT, or disulfiram pretreatment. Investigations into the effects of pyrazole and 3-AT pretreatment on the acute toxicity and hepatotoxicity of DMN showed that pyrazole significantly increased the median lethal dose (LD50) of DMN and provided substantial protection against the hepatotoxicity of DMN, in that centriblobular necrosis was not seen at dose levels of DMN up to 25 mg/kg and early histochemical changes indicative of liver injury were not observed at a dose level of 15 mg DMN/kg. In contrast, 3-AT pretreatment did not affect the LD50 of DMN or provide any protection against the hepatotoxicity of DMN. Further, although both inhibitors delayed the incorporation of radioactivity from [14C]DMN into hepatic subcellular organelles, pyrazole was significantly more effective than was 3-AT.", "PMID": 839558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3849", "title": "Chemical evaluation of the beeswax pellet implantation bioassay model for studies of environmental carcinogens.", "content": "The release properties of a number of constituents of cigarette smoke condensate in a condensate--beeswax matrix were characterized by an in vitro study. Eighteen compounds that were representative of several classes of condenate components were tested. Equal quantities of condensate and beeswax, mixed with tracer quantities of the 14C-labeled test compounds, were formed into rod-shaped pellets similar to those used for trachea implant studies, and the rate at which the 14C was removed from the pellet by a flowing saline stream was monitored. Results indicated a wide range in the rates of which the test compounds were released from the pellets. The smaller and water-soluble molecules were released rapidly; about 90% of the nicotine and phenol were leached out in the first 24 hours. Larger and less soluble molecules were released slowly or not at all. Only about 10% of the stearic acid and essentially none of the benzo[a]pyrene was released in 28 days. The effects of such an uneven release of components from an implantation of biologically active material in an inert carrier matrix are discussed with regard to bioassay systems.", "contents": "Chemical evaluation of the beeswax pellet implantation bioassay model for studies of environmental carcinogens. The release properties of a number of constituents of cigarette smoke condensate in a condensate--beeswax matrix were characterized by an in vitro study. Eighteen compounds that were representative of several classes of condenate components were tested. Equal quantities of condensate and beeswax, mixed with tracer quantities of the 14C-labeled test compounds, were formed into rod-shaped pellets similar to those used for trachea implant studies, and the rate at which the 14C was removed from the pellet by a flowing saline stream was monitored. Results indicated a wide range in the rates of which the test compounds were released from the pellets. The smaller and water-soluble molecules were released rapidly; about 90% of the nicotine and phenol were leached out in the first 24 hours. Larger and less soluble molecules were released slowly or not at all. Only about 10% of the stearic acid and essentially none of the benzo[a]pyrene was released in 28 days. The effects of such an uneven release of components from an implantation of biologically active material in an inert carrier matrix are discussed with regard to bioassay systems.", "PMID": 839559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3850", "title": "Metabolism of N-nitrosohexamethyleneimine to give 1,6-hexanediol bound to rat liver nucleic acids.", "content": "Rats were gavaged with the liver carcinogen H-nitrosohexamethyleneimine labeled with 3H or 14C and killed 16 hours later. The liver RNA and DNA were isolated and hydrolyzed with 1 M HCl at 100 degrees C. Chromatography of the 3H-labelled RNA hydrolysate on a cation exchange resin (NH4+ form), with water elution, separated five radioactive peaks, with peak \"E\" containing 27% of the bound 3H. There were no radioactive peaks in the 7-substituted guanine region. Hydrolysis of the 3H-labeled DNA gave a similar profile, but E contained only 5% of the 3H. The major component of E was identified as 1,6-hexanediol by its behavior and/or that of its benzoate derivative on cation exchange, anion exchange, thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography, and by recrystallization of a mixture of the E and diol benzoates to constant specific radioactivity.", "contents": "Metabolism of N-nitrosohexamethyleneimine to give 1,6-hexanediol bound to rat liver nucleic acids. Rats were gavaged with the liver carcinogen H-nitrosohexamethyleneimine labeled with 3H or 14C and killed 16 hours later. The liver RNA and DNA were isolated and hydrolyzed with 1 M HCl at 100 degrees C. Chromatography of the 3H-labelled RNA hydrolysate on a cation exchange resin (NH4+ form), with water elution, separated five radioactive peaks, with peak \"E\" containing 27% of the bound 3H. There were no radioactive peaks in the 7-substituted guanine region. Hydrolysis of the 3H-labeled DNA gave a similar profile, but E contained only 5% of the 3H. The major component of E was identified as 1,6-hexanediol by its behavior and/or that of its benzoate derivative on cation exchange, anion exchange, thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography, and by recrystallization of a mixture of the E and diol benzoates to constant specific radioactivity.", "PMID": 839560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3851", "title": "Cell killing, kinetics, and recovery responses induced by 1,2:5,6-dianhydrogalactitol in dividing and nondividiing cells in vitro.", "content": "The survival and cell kinetics effect of 1,2:5,6-dianhydrogalactitol, NSC-132313 (galactitol), were studied on mammalian cells. Nondividing or plateau-phase cells were almost two times more sensitive to galactitol than were cells treated in the dividing state (dose required to reduce survival by 63% on the exponential part of the survival curve (DO)=4.2 mug/ml/hr for dividing cells vs. DO=2.4 mug/ml/hr in nondividing cells). The survival curves were characterized as having shoulder regions, followed by exponential decreases in survival as the drug doses were increased above 12 mug/ml for 1 hour. Synchronized mitotic and G1 phase cells were equally sensitive to galacitol, with approximately 90% of the cells killed by 1-hour exposures to 12.5 mug galactitol/ml. Cells in early S phase were the least sensitive to this drug dose (survival greater than 20%); however, the cells became more sensitive as they progressed through the S phase and into the G2 phase. There were no large differences observed in survival sensitivities anywhere in the cell cycle, suggesting that galactitol was not a cell-cycle phase-specific agent. Cells in mitosis or G1 phases of the cell cycle at the time of treatment with galacitol progressed normally into the next stage of the cell cycle; however, cells exposed to galactitol in S or G2 phases exhibited dose-dependent delays in those phases of the cell cycle. Nondividing cells exposed to high doses of galactitol could not recover from potentially lethal damage (PLD); however, nondividing cells exposed to lower galactitol doses (lethal dose to 10% of the cells) did exhibit slight recovery from PLD. Dividing cells did not recover from PLD at any of the doses tested. Both dividing and nondividing cells were more sensitive (cell kill) to galactitol when it was administered in two dose fractions 4-8 hours apart than when the same total integral dose was given as a single exposure. A 25-50% greater cell kill was achieved in nondividing cell populations given two dose fractions versus a single exposure to galactitol. Up to 60% greater cell kill was obtained with fractionalated doses in dividing cell populations. These responses to fractionated dose treatments were also dose-dependent.", "contents": "Cell killing, kinetics, and recovery responses induced by 1,2:5,6-dianhydrogalactitol in dividing and nondividiing cells in vitro. The survival and cell kinetics effect of 1,2:5,6-dianhydrogalactitol, NSC-132313 (galactitol), were studied on mammalian cells. Nondividing or plateau-phase cells were almost two times more sensitive to galactitol than were cells treated in the dividing state (dose required to reduce survival by 63% on the exponential part of the survival curve (DO)=4.2 mug/ml/hr for dividing cells vs. DO=2.4 mug/ml/hr in nondividing cells). The survival curves were characterized as having shoulder regions, followed by exponential decreases in survival as the drug doses were increased above 12 mug/ml for 1 hour. Synchronized mitotic and G1 phase cells were equally sensitive to galacitol, with approximately 90% of the cells killed by 1-hour exposures to 12.5 mug galactitol/ml. Cells in early S phase were the least sensitive to this drug dose (survival greater than 20%); however, the cells became more sensitive as they progressed through the S phase and into the G2 phase. There were no large differences observed in survival sensitivities anywhere in the cell cycle, suggesting that galactitol was not a cell-cycle phase-specific agent. Cells in mitosis or G1 phases of the cell cycle at the time of treatment with galacitol progressed normally into the next stage of the cell cycle; however, cells exposed to galactitol in S or G2 phases exhibited dose-dependent delays in those phases of the cell cycle. Nondividing cells exposed to high doses of galactitol could not recover from potentially lethal damage (PLD); however, nondividing cells exposed to lower galactitol doses (lethal dose to 10% of the cells) did exhibit slight recovery from PLD. Dividing cells did not recover from PLD at any of the doses tested. Both dividing and nondividing cells were more sensitive (cell kill) to galactitol when it was administered in two dose fractions 4-8 hours apart than when the same total integral dose was given as a single exposure. A 25-50% greater cell kill was achieved in nondividing cell populations given two dose fractions versus a single exposure to galactitol. Up to 60% greater cell kill was obtained with fractionalated doses in dividing cell populations. These responses to fractionated dose treatments were also dose-dependent.", "PMID": 839561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3852", "title": "Carcinogenicity of N-nitrosodiethylamine in hibernating and nonhibernating European hamsters.", "content": "Hibernating European hamsters reacted differently to sc injections of N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) than did European hamsters that were not hibernating. Hibernating animals tolerated higher dose levels but developed fewer neoplasms. In contrast, hibernating males had more pulmonary tumors than did the respective nonhibernators. However, the hibernating females of the low dosage group developed fewer lung tumors. The survival times were longer for the male hibernators than for the male nonhibernators. The organ specificity of DEN, as well as the morphology and histogenesis of the neoplasms, showed no differences between the hibernating and nonhibernating groups.", "contents": "Carcinogenicity of N-nitrosodiethylamine in hibernating and nonhibernating European hamsters. Hibernating European hamsters reacted differently to sc injections of N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) than did European hamsters that were not hibernating. Hibernating animals tolerated higher dose levels but developed fewer neoplasms. In contrast, hibernating males had more pulmonary tumors than did the respective nonhibernators. However, the hibernating females of the low dosage group developed fewer lung tumors. The survival times were longer for the male hibernators than for the male nonhibernators. The organ specificity of DEN, as well as the morphology and histogenesis of the neoplasms, showed no differences between the hibernating and nonhibernating groups.", "PMID": 839562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3853", "title": "Alkylation of rat liver DNA by dimethylnitrosamine: effect of dosage on O6-methylguanine levels.", "content": "Alkylation of liver DNA was studied following administration to Sprague-Dawley rats of doses of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) varying from 0.25 to 20 mg/kg body weight. Measurements were made of the amounts of O6-methylguanine and 7-methylguanine present in liver DNA at 4 and 24 hours after treatment with the carcinogen. There was a linear relationship between 7-methylguanine levels and dose of the nitrosamine at both of these times. In contrast, the corresponding levels of O6-methylguanine were not directly proportional to dosage but were less than expected, particularly at low doses below 2.5 mg/kg. This discrepancy was significant at 4 hours, but was even more marked at 24 hours. Only doses above 4 mg/kg at the 4-hour time point gave rise to a 0.11 ratio of alkylation of guanine at the O6-position to that at the 7-position. This ratio was that expected for the initial interaction of the alkylating species derived from DMN with DNA. Evidence was obtained to support the hypothesis that these results were due to an enzymatic removal of O6-methylguanine from liver DNA, which occurred much more efficiently at lower initial levels of alkylation. Repeated daily injections of DMN up to 11 days alos gave rise to O6-methylguanine levels that were not proportional to dosage but were relatively greater at higher dose levels. The significance of these findings in the induction of liver cancer by feeding or repeated injection of DMN was explored.", "contents": "Alkylation of rat liver DNA by dimethylnitrosamine: effect of dosage on O6-methylguanine levels. Alkylation of liver DNA was studied following administration to Sprague-Dawley rats of doses of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) varying from 0.25 to 20 mg/kg body weight. Measurements were made of the amounts of O6-methylguanine and 7-methylguanine present in liver DNA at 4 and 24 hours after treatment with the carcinogen. There was a linear relationship between 7-methylguanine levels and dose of the nitrosamine at both of these times. In contrast, the corresponding levels of O6-methylguanine were not directly proportional to dosage but were less than expected, particularly at low doses below 2.5 mg/kg. This discrepancy was significant at 4 hours, but was even more marked at 24 hours. Only doses above 4 mg/kg at the 4-hour time point gave rise to a 0.11 ratio of alkylation of guanine at the O6-position to that at the 7-position. This ratio was that expected for the initial interaction of the alkylating species derived from DMN with DNA. Evidence was obtained to support the hypothesis that these results were due to an enzymatic removal of O6-methylguanine from liver DNA, which occurred much more efficiently at lower initial levels of alkylation. Repeated daily injections of DMN up to 11 days alos gave rise to O6-methylguanine levels that were not proportional to dosage but were relatively greater at higher dose levels. The significance of these findings in the induction of liver cancer by feeding or repeated injection of DMN was explored.", "PMID": 839563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3854", "title": "In vivo suppression of EL 4 lymphomas by rabbit antitumor sera.", "content": "Three of more than 50 batches of rabbit antisera raised against the mouse EL 4 lymphoma could inhibit the growth of the tumor in the syngeneic C57BL/6J mice either after exposure of the tumor cells to the antitumor globulin (ATG) in vitro or after the administration of ATG in mice preinoculated with various numbers of EL 4 cells, even though the ATG was not cytotoxic to the tumor cells in the presence of complement. The outcome of immunotherapy with ATG in tumor-bearing C57BL/6J mice depended on the tumor load, the interval between tumor inoculation and the institution of therapy, the total dose, and the schedule of administration of ATG. Complete tumor suppression could be obtained in a proportion of mice preinoculated with 10(5) EL 4 cells, i.e., 10(4) times more than the minimum number of EL 4 cells necessary for 100% tumor takes. Whole-body irradiation (400 rads) or complement depletion of tumor host by cobra venom factor had no effect on tumor suppression by ATG. No evidence of immunity against the EL 4 lymphoma could be detected in EL 4-bearing mice that survived after serotherapy. Anti-EL 4 sera raised in goats and goat and rabbit antisera raised against a lymphoma in the AKR mice have, so far, failed to show any tumor inhibition.", "contents": "In vivo suppression of EL 4 lymphomas by rabbit antitumor sera. Three of more than 50 batches of rabbit antisera raised against the mouse EL 4 lymphoma could inhibit the growth of the tumor in the syngeneic C57BL/6J mice either after exposure of the tumor cells to the antitumor globulin (ATG) in vitro or after the administration of ATG in mice preinoculated with various numbers of EL 4 cells, even though the ATG was not cytotoxic to the tumor cells in the presence of complement. The outcome of immunotherapy with ATG in tumor-bearing C57BL/6J mice depended on the tumor load, the interval between tumor inoculation and the institution of therapy, the total dose, and the schedule of administration of ATG. Complete tumor suppression could be obtained in a proportion of mice preinoculated with 10(5) EL 4 cells, i.e., 10(4) times more than the minimum number of EL 4 cells necessary for 100% tumor takes. Whole-body irradiation (400 rads) or complement depletion of tumor host by cobra venom factor had no effect on tumor suppression by ATG. No evidence of immunity against the EL 4 lymphoma could be detected in EL 4-bearing mice that survived after serotherapy. Anti-EL 4 sera raised in goats and goat and rabbit antisera raised against a lymphoma in the AKR mice have, so far, failed to show any tumor inhibition.", "PMID": 839564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3855", "title": "Chronic toxicity of methotrexate in mice.", "content": "Daily (five times/week) administration of 0.25-2 mg methotrexate (MTX)/kg to 5- to 6-week-old male C57BL/6, DBA/2, and C3H mice for 12-18 months was well tolerated, apart from minimal cellular suppression in the lymphoid tissues, testes, and skin. Larger doses of MTX (3-6 mg/kg) given to 5- to 6-week-old mice produced well-known acute to subacute hematopoietic and gastrointestinal damage that leads to early death. These young mice did not develop other lesions that were described in humans after long-term MTX administration, nor was the toxicity cumulative. A large difference was observed in the ability of mice of different ages to withstand the toxic effects of MTX; 16-week-old mice were able to survive daily doses of 3-6 mg/kg up to 18 months. Histologic studies of these mice showed a more pronounced cellular depression of the lymphoid tissues, testes, and skin. Osteoporosis was also observed in these older mice that tolerated the drug for 10 months or longer, thus providing a laboratory animal model for further study of this MTX-induced lesion.", "contents": "Chronic toxicity of methotrexate in mice. Daily (five times/week) administration of 0.25-2 mg methotrexate (MTX)/kg to 5- to 6-week-old male C57BL/6, DBA/2, and C3H mice for 12-18 months was well tolerated, apart from minimal cellular suppression in the lymphoid tissues, testes, and skin. Larger doses of MTX (3-6 mg/kg) given to 5- to 6-week-old mice produced well-known acute to subacute hematopoietic and gastrointestinal damage that leads to early death. These young mice did not develop other lesions that were described in humans after long-term MTX administration, nor was the toxicity cumulative. A large difference was observed in the ability of mice of different ages to withstand the toxic effects of MTX; 16-week-old mice were able to survive daily doses of 3-6 mg/kg up to 18 months. Histologic studies of these mice showed a more pronounced cellular depression of the lymphoid tissues, testes, and skin. Osteoporosis was also observed in these older mice that tolerated the drug for 10 months or longer, thus providing a laboratory animal model for further study of this MTX-induced lesion.", "PMID": 839565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3856", "title": "Tumorigenicity of intraspecific somatic cell hybrids in nude mice.", "content": "Intraspecific somatic cell hybrids between normal mouse peripheral blood lymphocytes and a highly tumorigenic L-cell line (C1-1D) produced tumors in nude mice. While the hybrid cells were tumorigenic, the length of time necessary for tumor appearance and the size of the tumor varied. Correlation between the growth rate of the parenteral and hybrid cells in vitro or their plating efficiency in methyl cellulose with the rapidly of tumor growth in vivo was not found.", "contents": "Tumorigenicity of intraspecific somatic cell hybrids in nude mice. Intraspecific somatic cell hybrids between normal mouse peripheral blood lymphocytes and a highly tumorigenic L-cell line (C1-1D) produced tumors in nude mice. While the hybrid cells were tumorigenic, the length of time necessary for tumor appearance and the size of the tumor varied. Correlation between the growth rate of the parenteral and hybrid cells in vitro or their plating efficiency in methyl cellulose with the rapidly of tumor growth in vivo was not found.", "PMID": 839566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3857", "title": "C19-steroid metabolism by spontaneous adenocarcinoma of the A X C rat ventral prostate.", "content": "Specimens of ventral prostate from 37- to 46-month-old Andradurin-treated A X C rats demonstrated three primary morphologic patterns, each being divisible into two sub-groups based upon the extent of glandular alteration. The principal groups were: group 1, hyperplasia; group 2, atypical hyperplasia; and group 3, adenocarcinoma. The secondary classifications were: subgroup (+), few glands involved; and subgroup (++), most glands involved. Multiple parameters of ventral prostate testosterone metabolic potential failed to distinguish the morphologically diverse prostate specimens of groups (1+). 1(++), 2(+), 2(++), and 3(+) which predominantly metabolized testosterone to 5alpha-reduced 17beta-hydroxysteroids. By contrast, testosterone metabolism by ventral prostate specimens predominantly composed of neoplastic epithelium, group 3(++), was distinct from all other prostate specimens. The distinguishing feature was a shift to more prominent elaboration of 17-ketosteroids, principally delta4-androstenedione, and a cteroids. The change in this biochemical parameter of prostate epithelial cell function was indicated to be an early manifestation of the neoplastic transformation.", "contents": "C19-steroid metabolism by spontaneous adenocarcinoma of the A X C rat ventral prostate. Specimens of ventral prostate from 37- to 46-month-old Andradurin-treated A X C rats demonstrated three primary morphologic patterns, each being divisible into two sub-groups based upon the extent of glandular alteration. The principal groups were: group 1, hyperplasia; group 2, atypical hyperplasia; and group 3, adenocarcinoma. The secondary classifications were: subgroup (+), few glands involved; and subgroup (++), most glands involved. Multiple parameters of ventral prostate testosterone metabolic potential failed to distinguish the morphologically diverse prostate specimens of groups (1+). 1(++), 2(+), 2(++), and 3(+) which predominantly metabolized testosterone to 5alpha-reduced 17beta-hydroxysteroids. By contrast, testosterone metabolism by ventral prostate specimens predominantly composed of neoplastic epithelium, group 3(++), was distinct from all other prostate specimens. The distinguishing feature was a shift to more prominent elaboration of 17-ketosteroids, principally delta4-androstenedione, and a cteroids. The change in this biochemical parameter of prostate epithelial cell function was indicated to be an early manifestation of the neoplastic transformation.", "PMID": 839567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3858", "title": "Effect of dietary polyunsaturated fat on the growth of a transplantable adenocarcinoma in C3HAvyfB mice.", "content": "Weaning male and female C3HAvyfB mice were fed a low-fat (4.5%) diet until they were 60-70 days of age when they were fed high-fat (18.6%) diets containing either sunflower-seed oil (polyunsaturated fat diet) or tallow (saturated fat diet). After receiving either of the high-fat diets for 4 weeks, each mouse received an inoculum of approximately 1,700 single cells from a transplantable mammary adenocarcinoma. The cumulative incidence of tumor-bearing mice was significantly greater among both males and females fed the polyunsaturated fat diet than among males and females fed the saturated fat diet. The mean times elapsed before palpable tumors developed were less when mice were fed the polyunsaturated fat diet than when mice were fed the saturated fat diet, but these differences were not statistically significant. The cumulative incidence of tumor-bearing mice was also significantly greater among females than males. The results supported the suggestion from previous work in this laboratory that the polyunsaturated fat diet exerts its effect on the promotional stage of carcinogenesis rather than on the initial event of neoplastic transformation.", "contents": "Effect of dietary polyunsaturated fat on the growth of a transplantable adenocarcinoma in C3HAvyfB mice. Weaning male and female C3HAvyfB mice were fed a low-fat (4.5%) diet until they were 60-70 days of age when they were fed high-fat (18.6%) diets containing either sunflower-seed oil (polyunsaturated fat diet) or tallow (saturated fat diet). After receiving either of the high-fat diets for 4 weeks, each mouse received an inoculum of approximately 1,700 single cells from a transplantable mammary adenocarcinoma. The cumulative incidence of tumor-bearing mice was significantly greater among both males and females fed the polyunsaturated fat diet than among males and females fed the saturated fat diet. The mean times elapsed before palpable tumors developed were less when mice were fed the polyunsaturated fat diet than when mice were fed the saturated fat diet, but these differences were not statistically significant. The cumulative incidence of tumor-bearing mice was also significantly greater among females than males. The results supported the suggestion from previous work in this laboratory that the polyunsaturated fat diet exerts its effect on the promotional stage of carcinogenesis rather than on the initial event of neoplastic transformation.", "PMID": 839568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3859", "title": "RNA:DNA ratios in human tumors.", "content": "A study has been made of the quantitative relation existing between the RNA:DNA ratios in benign and in malignant human tumors. It has been demonstrated that a significant difference (Student's t-test) existed between malignant and benign human tumors within the different groups studied: a) malignant and benign breast tumors (t=2.22, P less than 0.05); b) Hodgkin's disease in spleen and its controls (t=2.39, P less than 0.02); and c) malignant and benign thyroid tumors (t=4.23, P less than 0.01). The diagnostic value of this finding is discussed.", "contents": "RNA:DNA ratios in human tumors. A study has been made of the quantitative relation existing between the RNA:DNA ratios in benign and in malignant human tumors. It has been demonstrated that a significant difference (Student's t-test) existed between malignant and benign human tumors within the different groups studied: a) malignant and benign breast tumors (t=2.22, P less than 0.05); b) Hodgkin's disease in spleen and its controls (t=2.39, P less than 0.02); and c) malignant and benign thyroid tumors (t=4.23, P less than 0.01). The diagnostic value of this finding is discussed.", "PMID": 839569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3860", "title": "The Gardner syndrome: a family study in cell culture.", "content": "The occurrence of tetraploidy was studied in skin cultures containing both epitheloid and fibroblastic cells derived from 137 members (28 clinically affected, 50 normals at risk and 59 normals not at risk) of 6 families with the Gardner syndrome (3 classical, 3 variant). The cultures from all 28 affected members showed increased tetraploidy. Among the 50 normal members at risk for inheriting the Gardner gene, the cultures from 19 had increased tetraploidy and those from 31 did not. Cultures from 56 of the 59 family members not at risk did not show increased tetraploidy. Although the families were divided into subgroups (classical and variant) on clinical phenotypes, no such subdivision could be made on the basis of increased tetraploidy in skin cultures.", "contents": "The Gardner syndrome: a family study in cell culture. The occurrence of tetraploidy was studied in skin cultures containing both epitheloid and fibroblastic cells derived from 137 members (28 clinically affected, 50 normals at risk and 59 normals not at risk) of 6 families with the Gardner syndrome (3 classical, 3 variant). The cultures from all 28 affected members showed increased tetraploidy. Among the 50 normal members at risk for inheriting the Gardner gene, the cultures from 19 had increased tetraploidy and those from 31 did not. Cultures from 56 of the 59 family members not at risk did not show increased tetraploidy. Although the families were divided into subgroups (classical and variant) on clinical phenotypes, no such subdivision could be made on the basis of increased tetraploidy in skin cultures.", "PMID": 839570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3861", "title": "Chemoattractant properties of Corynebacterium parvum and pyran copolymer for human monocytes and neutrophils.", "content": "Both pyran copolymer and the Burroughs-Wellcome vaccine of Corynebacterium parvum were able to elicit a migratory response by human neutrophils or monocytes when incubated with serum. However, in the absence of serum, neither agent elicited such a response. The generation of the chemotactic factor by pyran was dependent on heat-labile components in the serum, while suggested involvement of the complement sequence. Conversely, the migratory response of C. parvum in heated serum was equivalent to that in normal serum. No specificity for either monocytes or neutrophils was observed.", "contents": "Chemoattractant properties of Corynebacterium parvum and pyran copolymer for human monocytes and neutrophils. Both pyran copolymer and the Burroughs-Wellcome vaccine of Corynebacterium parvum were able to elicit a migratory response by human neutrophils or monocytes when incubated with serum. However, in the absence of serum, neither agent elicited such a response. The generation of the chemotactic factor by pyran was dependent on heat-labile components in the serum, while suggested involvement of the complement sequence. Conversely, the migratory response of C. parvum in heated serum was equivalent to that in normal serum. No specificity for either monocytes or neutrophils was observed.", "PMID": 839571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3862", "title": "Vitamin A-induced density-dependent inhibition of L-cell proliferation.", "content": "Retinoic acid, the acid form of vitamin A, was found to have an inhibitory effect on the proliferation of L-929 mouse cells. Cultures treated with retinoic acid (5.0 mug/ml) were shown to cease proliferation at cell densities corresponding to confluent monolayers (10.0+/-1.0 X 10(4) cells/cm2). Control cultures, however, continued to proliferate and consistently reach densities two to four times higher than those of treated cultures. Viability was determined by trypan blue exclusion, and the results (80-90 percent viable) excluded cytotoxicity as an explanation of decreased proliferation. Replenishing the medium on confluent retinoic acid-treated cultures failed to stimulate further proliferation, while control cells continued to grow exponentially with each medium change. Therefore, the cessation of cell proliferation at confluence did not result from medium depletion. Studies of cell growth after seeding at relatively low cell densities have indicated that retinoic acid-treated cultures had greater nutritional requirements than did control cultures. Cell-cloning experiments have shown that DNA synthesis was not blocked, since clones formed by cells seeded with retinoic acid contained an average of 27 cells after 9 days of incubation (indicating between four and five cell divisions). However, clones developing from treated cells had fewer cells per clone (27 vs. 54) and were less dense than control clones. These data suggested the restoration of contact inhibition (topoinhibition) to L-929 cells treated with retinoic acid.", "contents": "Vitamin A-induced density-dependent inhibition of L-cell proliferation. Retinoic acid, the acid form of vitamin A, was found to have an inhibitory effect on the proliferation of L-929 mouse cells. Cultures treated with retinoic acid (5.0 mug/ml) were shown to cease proliferation at cell densities corresponding to confluent monolayers (10.0+/-1.0 X 10(4) cells/cm2). Control cultures, however, continued to proliferate and consistently reach densities two to four times higher than those of treated cultures. Viability was determined by trypan blue exclusion, and the results (80-90 percent viable) excluded cytotoxicity as an explanation of decreased proliferation. Replenishing the medium on confluent retinoic acid-treated cultures failed to stimulate further proliferation, while control cells continued to grow exponentially with each medium change. Therefore, the cessation of cell proliferation at confluence did not result from medium depletion. Studies of cell growth after seeding at relatively low cell densities have indicated that retinoic acid-treated cultures had greater nutritional requirements than did control cultures. Cell-cloning experiments have shown that DNA synthesis was not blocked, since clones formed by cells seeded with retinoic acid contained an average of 27 cells after 9 days of incubation (indicating between four and five cell divisions). However, clones developing from treated cells had fewer cells per clone (27 vs. 54) and were less dense than control clones. These data suggested the restoration of contact inhibition (topoinhibition) to L-929 cells treated with retinoic acid.", "PMID": 839572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3863", "title": "Studies in sickle cell anemia: Preliminary observation on gastrointestinal digestion and absorption.", "content": "This study investigates certain aspects of the adequacy of digestion, absorption, motility, and morphology of the gastrointestinal tract of children with sickle cell anemia. Medical literature contains a paucity of information on this subject.", "contents": "Studies in sickle cell anemia: Preliminary observation on gastrointestinal digestion and absorption. This study investigates certain aspects of the adequacy of digestion, absorption, motility, and morphology of the gastrointestinal tract of children with sickle cell anemia. Medical literature contains a paucity of information on this subject.", "PMID": 839573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3864", "title": "Ventricular tachycardia in acute myocardial infarction. Clinical features of 113 patients.", "content": "This study was undertaken to evaluate the clinical significance of ventricular tachycardia as a complication of acute myocardial infarction in a large public hospital. An analysis of the clinical, electrocardiographic, therapeutic, and prognostic implications of this large patient group is presented and several unique features emphasized.", "contents": "Ventricular tachycardia in acute myocardial infarction. Clinical features of 113 patients. This study was undertaken to evaluate the clinical significance of ventricular tachycardia as a complication of acute myocardial infarction in a large public hospital. An analysis of the clinical, electrocardiographic, therapeutic, and prognostic implications of this large patient group is presented and several unique features emphasized.", "PMID": 839574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3865", "title": "Consumer participation in community health programs: a comparative analysis of two programs.", "content": "Two model inner city health-care delivery systems are examined in terms of their organizational structure, the role of the consumer within them, their strategies for change, and their ultimate impact and effectiveness. A group practice prepayment plan in Baltimore had consumers on its governing board and, in alliance with a powerful medical institution, successfully organized around political, economic, and social issues. An Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) grant-supported, neighborhood health center in Washington, D.C. was less effective due to its lack of community representation in the decision-making process. The Baltimore model influenced the federal, state, and local governments, while the Washington, D.C. model had stronger local, than national, effects.", "contents": "Consumer participation in community health programs: a comparative analysis of two programs. Two model inner city health-care delivery systems are examined in terms of their organizational structure, the role of the consumer within them, their strategies for change, and their ultimate impact and effectiveness. A group practice prepayment plan in Baltimore had consumers on its governing board and, in alliance with a powerful medical institution, successfully organized around political, economic, and social issues. An Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) grant-supported, neighborhood health center in Washington, D.C. was less effective due to its lack of community representation in the decision-making process. The Baltimore model influenced the federal, state, and local governments, while the Washington, D.C. model had stronger local, than national, effects.", "PMID": 839575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3866", "title": "Childhood congenital diaphragmatic hernia of Bochdalek.", "content": "Congenital pleuroperitoneal diaphragmatic hernia usually presents in neonates. Children manifesting symptoms and signs after the neonatal period constitute a distinct, uncommon, and infrequently recognized group of patients. Occurrence in adults is also uncommon, with fewer than a hundred patients reported in the literature.", "contents": "Childhood congenital diaphragmatic hernia of Bochdalek. Congenital pleuroperitoneal diaphragmatic hernia usually presents in neonates. Children manifesting symptoms and signs after the neonatal period constitute a distinct, uncommon, and infrequently recognized group of patients. Occurrence in adults is also uncommon, with fewer than a hundred patients reported in the literature.", "PMID": 839580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3867", "title": "Torsion dystonia: a case report.", "content": "A 35-year-old black female with typical torsion dystonia is discussed. Tremors in the right upper extremity began with a febrile illness at age eight. Difficulty in using the extremity began two years later. Overt writhing movements and torticollis began at age 17. The disorder has been progressive, but not disabling. Neurological examination revealed only extrapyramidal motor system dysfunction. Serum dopamine Beta hydroxylase levels were normal, and an evaluation for Wilson's disease was negative. A sibling has minor writing difficulties.", "contents": "Torsion dystonia: a case report. A 35-year-old black female with typical torsion dystonia is discussed. Tremors in the right upper extremity began with a febrile illness at age eight. Difficulty in using the extremity began two years later. Overt writhing movements and torticollis began at age 17. The disorder has been progressive, but not disabling. Neurological examination revealed only extrapyramidal motor system dysfunction. Serum dopamine Beta hydroxylase levels were normal, and an evaluation for Wilson's disease was negative. A sibling has minor writing difficulties.", "PMID": 839581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3868", "title": "Intravenous renal angiography revisited.", "content": "A non-catheter technique to visualize the renal arteries during conventional excretory urography is re-emphasized. By rapid injection of the contrast agent and immediate filming satisfactory visualization can be obtained in many cases. This technique is useful in the evaluation of vascular impressions and other urographic findings when intra-arterial catheter examination is not indicated.", "contents": "Intravenous renal angiography revisited. A non-catheter technique to visualize the renal arteries during conventional excretory urography is re-emphasized. By rapid injection of the contrast agent and immediate filming satisfactory visualization can be obtained in many cases. This technique is useful in the evaluation of vascular impressions and other urographic findings when intra-arterial catheter examination is not indicated.", "PMID": 839582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3869", "title": "Role of hormones in growth kinetics of renal cell carcinoma in vitro.", "content": "Medroxyprogesterone acetate has been used to treat metastatic renal cell carcinoma largely because of its observed inhibitory effects on the growth of estrogen-induced tumors in male Syrian golden hamsters. The absence to date of any successful, established chemotherapeutic regimen in the management of metastatic renal cell carcinoma has led to the continued application of medroxyprogesterone acetate in the majority of patients with this disease because of the occasional regression witnessed (particularly in male patients) and the absence of untoward side effects. To examine the mechanism of action of medroxyprogesterone acetate renal cell carcinoma tumor cells from a patient who had responded to medroxyprogesterone acetate therapy were established in tissue culture. Cells were cultured in control medium, and in the presence of therapeutic and pharmacologic levels of medroxyprogesterone acetate. Tumor cell growth kinetics were determined by the incorporation of 3H thymidine. There was no growth inhibition effected by medroxyprogesterone acetate at therapeutic or pharmacologic levels. Therefore, the proposed salutary effect of medroxyprogesterone acetate in regression of metastatic renal cell carcinoma results from factors other than direct inhibition of renal cell carcinoma growth.", "contents": "Role of hormones in growth kinetics of renal cell carcinoma in vitro. Medroxyprogesterone acetate has been used to treat metastatic renal cell carcinoma largely because of its observed inhibitory effects on the growth of estrogen-induced tumors in male Syrian golden hamsters. The absence to date of any successful, established chemotherapeutic regimen in the management of metastatic renal cell carcinoma has led to the continued application of medroxyprogesterone acetate in the majority of patients with this disease because of the occasional regression witnessed (particularly in male patients) and the absence of untoward side effects. To examine the mechanism of action of medroxyprogesterone acetate renal cell carcinoma tumor cells from a patient who had responded to medroxyprogesterone acetate therapy were established in tissue culture. Cells were cultured in control medium, and in the presence of therapeutic and pharmacologic levels of medroxyprogesterone acetate. Tumor cell growth kinetics were determined by the incorporation of 3H thymidine. There was no growth inhibition effected by medroxyprogesterone acetate at therapeutic or pharmacologic levels. Therefore, the proposed salutary effect of medroxyprogesterone acetate in regression of metastatic renal cell carcinoma results from factors other than direct inhibition of renal cell carcinoma growth.", "PMID": 839583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3870", "title": "A new technique for catheterless cutaneous ureterostomy.", "content": "A new technique for cutaneous ureterostomy is described. Essential conditions for the successful avoidance of stomal stenosis are the firm fixation of the anastomosis to the skin and healing by first intention. Nipple formation is not an absolute must. In order to fulfill these requirements I devised a new technique in which the distal end of the ureter is cut longitudinally to make a fish-mouth-like opening and each separated ureteral segment is sutured to the corresponding skin area. This area is deprived of its epidermis and dermis. Results of the technique have been satisfactory to date.", "contents": "A new technique for catheterless cutaneous ureterostomy. A new technique for cutaneous ureterostomy is described. Essential conditions for the successful avoidance of stomal stenosis are the firm fixation of the anastomosis to the skin and healing by first intention. Nipple formation is not an absolute must. In order to fulfill these requirements I devised a new technique in which the distal end of the ureter is cut longitudinally to make a fish-mouth-like opening and each separated ureteral segment is sutured to the corresponding skin area. This area is deprived of its epidermis and dermis. Results of the technique have been satisfactory to date.", "PMID": 839584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3871", "title": "Ultrasonic diagnosis of the bladder as a symptomatic pelvic mass.", "content": "Diagnostic ultrasound for pelvic masses is now a well established modality. Its ability to distinguish between fluid-filled and solid lesions is important in the diagnostic study of pelvic masses. Two cases are presented of bladder distension causing clinical symptoms suggesting pathology outside the urinary tract, which when finally evaluated by ultrasound proved bladder distension as the etiology of the symptoms.", "contents": "Ultrasonic diagnosis of the bladder as a symptomatic pelvic mass. Diagnostic ultrasound for pelvic masses is now a well established modality. Its ability to distinguish between fluid-filled and solid lesions is important in the diagnostic study of pelvic masses. Two cases are presented of bladder distension causing clinical symptoms suggesting pathology outside the urinary tract, which when finally evaluated by ultrasound proved bladder distension as the etiology of the symptoms.", "PMID": 839585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3872", "title": "The Small-Carrion prosthesis for male impotency.", "content": "Small-Carrion penile prostheses were implanted in 61 patients who have been followed for 3 to 21 months. Of these 61 patients 55 have achieved satisfactory results, with a return of normal sexual function. The importance of preoperative evaluation and preparation is stressed.", "contents": "The Small-Carrion prosthesis for male impotency. Small-Carrion penile prostheses were implanted in 61 patients who have been followed for 3 to 21 months. Of these 61 patients 55 have achieved satisfactory results, with a return of normal sexual function. The importance of preoperative evaluation and preparation is stressed.", "PMID": 839586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3873", "title": "The use of the Doppler stethoscope in the evaluation of varicoceles.", "content": "Twenty-eight clinically detectable varicoceles of various sizes were examined with a Doppler ultrasonic stethoscope. Retrograde blood flow through the left internal spermatic vein was confirmed in all cases irrespective of size of the vascular abnormality. The Doppler stethoscope also was used to evaluate 13 patients suspected of having varicoceles but with inconclusive physical examinations. Retrograde flow through the internal spermatic vein could likewise be auscultated in 5 of these patients. Finally, the Doppler stethoscope was used to determine the adequacy of internal spermatic vein ligation in 5 postoperative patients whose seminal dysfunction persisted despite what appeared to be a surgically effective correction of aberrant gonadal venous flow.", "contents": "The use of the Doppler stethoscope in the evaluation of varicoceles. Twenty-eight clinically detectable varicoceles of various sizes were examined with a Doppler ultrasonic stethoscope. Retrograde blood flow through the left internal spermatic vein was confirmed in all cases irrespective of size of the vascular abnormality. The Doppler stethoscope also was used to evaluate 13 patients suspected of having varicoceles but with inconclusive physical examinations. Retrograde flow through the internal spermatic vein could likewise be auscultated in 5 of these patients. Finally, the Doppler stethoscope was used to determine the adequacy of internal spermatic vein ligation in 5 postoperative patients whose seminal dysfunction persisted despite what appeared to be a surgically effective correction of aberrant gonadal venous flow.", "PMID": 839587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3874", "title": "Microscopic vasovasostomy and spermatogenesis.", "content": "Initial clinical experience with a new microscopic 2-layer anastomosis for vasovasostomy shows that normal patency can be achieved almost every time. Histologic and electron microscopic studies on initial specimens and subsequent ejaculates indicate that stricture is a common cause of failure with conventional vasovasostomy techniques, obstruction of the vas deferens inhibits spermatogenesis and relief of obstruction allows return of spermatogenesis in the vast majority of cases.", "contents": "Microscopic vasovasostomy and spermatogenesis. Initial clinical experience with a new microscopic 2-layer anastomosis for vasovasostomy shows that normal patency can be achieved almost every time. Histologic and electron microscopic studies on initial specimens and subsequent ejaculates indicate that stricture is a common cause of failure with conventional vasovasostomy techniques, obstruction of the vas deferens inhibits spermatogenesis and relief of obstruction allows return of spermatogenesis in the vast majority of cases.", "PMID": 839588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3875", "title": "Prostatic caruncle: a urethral papillary tumor derived from prolapse of the prostatic duct.", "content": "Tiny papillary tumors of the prostatic urethra in and around the verumontanum were demonstrated by urethroscopy in 21 patients who presented with hematuria. Histopathologic study revealed evagination of prostatic glands with polypoid, papillary and angiectatic patterns in varying degrees. We suggest that these lesions may be called prostatic caruncles because of their close similarity to female urethral caruncles. The mild inflammatory changes noted in our patients were considered secondary reactions to the local circulatory disturbance and erosion.", "contents": "Prostatic caruncle: a urethral papillary tumor derived from prolapse of the prostatic duct. Tiny papillary tumors of the prostatic urethra in and around the verumontanum were demonstrated by urethroscopy in 21 patients who presented with hematuria. Histopathologic study revealed evagination of prostatic glands with polypoid, papillary and angiectatic patterns in varying degrees. We suggest that these lesions may be called prostatic caruncles because of their close similarity to female urethral caruncles. The mild inflammatory changes noted in our patients were considered secondary reactions to the local circulatory disturbance and erosion.", "PMID": 839589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3876", "title": "Hydraulic hemostasis in transurethral resection of the prostate using the Iglesias continuous suction resectoscope.", "content": "An intravesicoprostatic hydrostatic pressure less than 10 mm. Hg maintains normal anatomy and physiology of the muscular and vascular prostatic structures. An increase in hydrostatic intravesicoprostatic pressure to more than 10mm. Hg produces a distortion in the musculature of the prostate, especially at the true capsule, opening the cut vessels and making possible the absorption of the irrigant free of electrolytes (transurethral resection syndrome). A low hydrostatic intravesicoprostatic pressure permits the compression of cut vessels by the inflow hydraulic pressure of 90 cm. water, achieving hydraulic hemostasis during transurethral resection of the prostate. Less electrocoagulation is necessary, resulting in more rapid patient recovery.", "contents": "Hydraulic hemostasis in transurethral resection of the prostate using the Iglesias continuous suction resectoscope. An intravesicoprostatic hydrostatic pressure less than 10 mm. Hg maintains normal anatomy and physiology of the muscular and vascular prostatic structures. An increase in hydrostatic intravesicoprostatic pressure to more than 10mm. Hg produces a distortion in the musculature of the prostate, especially at the true capsule, opening the cut vessels and making possible the absorption of the irrigant free of electrolytes (transurethral resection syndrome). A low hydrostatic intravesicoprostatic pressure permits the compression of cut vessels by the inflow hydraulic pressure of 90 cm. water, achieving hydraulic hemostasis during transurethral resection of the prostate. Less electrocoagulation is necessary, resulting in more rapid patient recovery.", "PMID": 839590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3877", "title": "The measurement of androgen receptors in human prostatic tissue utilizing sucrose density centrifugation and a protamine precipitation assay.", "content": "Methods have been established for the measurement of androgen receptors in the cytosol and crude nuclear extract of human prostatic tissue using sucrose density gradient centrifugation and a protamine precipitation assay. These studies have demonstrated the presence of a high affinity, heat labile protein that binds preferentially to dihydrotestosterone and that is present only in androgen target tissues. In studies of prostatic tissue from 15 patients sucrose density gradient centrifugation appeared more sensitive than the protamine precipitation assay in the identification of androgen receptors. These findings appear promising and suggest that in the near future a reliable assay may be available for the measurement of androgen receptors in prostatic carcinoma.", "contents": "The measurement of androgen receptors in human prostatic tissue utilizing sucrose density centrifugation and a protamine precipitation assay. Methods have been established for the measurement of androgen receptors in the cytosol and crude nuclear extract of human prostatic tissue using sucrose density gradient centrifugation and a protamine precipitation assay. These studies have demonstrated the presence of a high affinity, heat labile protein that binds preferentially to dihydrotestosterone and that is present only in androgen target tissues. In studies of prostatic tissue from 15 patients sucrose density gradient centrifugation appeared more sensitive than the protamine precipitation assay in the identification of androgen receptors. These findings appear promising and suggest that in the near future a reliable assay may be available for the measurement of androgen receptors in prostatic carcinoma.", "PMID": 839591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3878", "title": "Granulomatous prostatitis: confusion clinically with carcinoma of the prostate.", "content": "Non-specific granulomatous prostatitis is an inflammatory response of a foreign body type to extravasated prostatic fluid. Its significance is incident to its frequent confusion with carcinoma of the prostate. Noteworthy is the rapidity of onset of irritative and obstructive symptoms in a relatively younger age group than one generally sees in carcinoma of the prostate. Tissue diagnosis in those suspected of carcinoma of the prostate should be established by needle biopsy and conservative measures used for at least 4 weeks in the treatment of obstructive symptoms to allow the inflammatory response to subside before intervening surgically . Most patients frequently have associated benign prostatic hyperplasia with persistent obstructive symptoms and significant residual urine. Transurethral resection of the prostate has been performed in this study without postoperative complications.", "contents": "Granulomatous prostatitis: confusion clinically with carcinoma of the prostate. Non-specific granulomatous prostatitis is an inflammatory response of a foreign body type to extravasated prostatic fluid. Its significance is incident to its frequent confusion with carcinoma of the prostate. Noteworthy is the rapidity of onset of irritative and obstructive symptoms in a relatively younger age group than one generally sees in carcinoma of the prostate. Tissue diagnosis in those suspected of carcinoma of the prostate should be established by needle biopsy and conservative measures used for at least 4 weeks in the treatment of obstructive symptoms to allow the inflammatory response to subside before intervening surgically . Most patients frequently have associated benign prostatic hyperplasia with persistent obstructive symptoms and significant residual urine. Transurethral resection of the prostate has been performed in this study without postoperative complications.", "PMID": 839592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3879", "title": "Carcinoma of the prostate: a critical look at staging.", "content": "To stage accurately the extent of the disease comprehensive investigations were done on 75 patients with histologically documented carcinoma of the prostate. Estimation of bone marrow acid phosphatase appears to be the most sensitive test to detect blood-borne metastases. Serum acid phosphatase appears to be of little value in the detection of early blood spread and may have a role only in monitoring the effect of treatment on advanced disease. Bone scanning with technetium compounds has the disadvantage of non-specificity but has far greater sensitivity than a skeletal survey. Bone marrow cytology was not rewarding in the detection of early metastatic disease. Pedal lymphangiography is a highly inaccurate method to detect lymphatic spread of carcinoma of the prostate and pelvic lymphadenectomy, when indicated, remains the only truly adequate method to assess lymph node involvement. There was a 37 per cent incidence of metastatic lymph node pathology in 30 patients undergoing this procedure before either radical prostatectomy or deep x-ray therapy. A close correlation was found between stage and grade of disease and incidence of nodal pathology. There was some correlation between degree of nodal involvement and evidence of blood spread as detected by elevated bone marrow acid phosphatase levels. The significance of this finding remains unclear.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the prostate: a critical look at staging. To stage accurately the extent of the disease comprehensive investigations were done on 75 patients with histologically documented carcinoma of the prostate. Estimation of bone marrow acid phosphatase appears to be the most sensitive test to detect blood-borne metastases. Serum acid phosphatase appears to be of little value in the detection of early blood spread and may have a role only in monitoring the effect of treatment on advanced disease. Bone scanning with technetium compounds has the disadvantage of non-specificity but has far greater sensitivity than a skeletal survey. Bone marrow cytology was not rewarding in the detection of early metastatic disease. Pedal lymphangiography is a highly inaccurate method to detect lymphatic spread of carcinoma of the prostate and pelvic lymphadenectomy, when indicated, remains the only truly adequate method to assess lymph node involvement. There was a 37 per cent incidence of metastatic lymph node pathology in 30 patients undergoing this procedure before either radical prostatectomy or deep x-ray therapy. A close correlation was found between stage and grade of disease and incidence of nodal pathology. There was some correlation between degree of nodal involvement and evidence of blood spread as detected by elevated bone marrow acid phosphatase levels. The significance of this finding remains unclear.", "PMID": 839593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3880", "title": "The clinical spectrum of prostate cancer.", "content": "Review of 206 consecutive patients with prostatic carcinoma and a potential for 10-year followup indicates the efficacy of vigorous surgical or hormonal management. Satisfactorily documented followup was achieved in 88 per cent of the group for 5 years and 82 per cent of the group for 10 years. Among 33 patients undergoing radical perineal prostatectomy survival rates were 84 per cent at 5 years and 58 per cent at 10 years. In the entire series, irrespective of modality of treatment, approximately half of the patients survived 5 years and a fourth for 10 years. Hormonal therapy of choice was orchiectomy combined with relatively high doses of estrogens, with no indication of significant cardiovascular morbidity or mortality. Interestingly, stage A disease (often diffuse, anaplastic and unsuspected) demonstrated a significantly increased mortality risk when compared to stage B (localized and usually well differentiated) carcinoma of the prostate.", "contents": "The clinical spectrum of prostate cancer. Review of 206 consecutive patients with prostatic carcinoma and a potential for 10-year followup indicates the efficacy of vigorous surgical or hormonal management. Satisfactorily documented followup was achieved in 88 per cent of the group for 5 years and 82 per cent of the group for 10 years. Among 33 patients undergoing radical perineal prostatectomy survival rates were 84 per cent at 5 years and 58 per cent at 10 years. In the entire series, irrespective of modality of treatment, approximately half of the patients survived 5 years and a fourth for 10 years. Hormonal therapy of choice was orchiectomy combined with relatively high doses of estrogens, with no indication of significant cardiovascular morbidity or mortality. Interestingly, stage A disease (often diffuse, anaplastic and unsuspected) demonstrated a significantly increased mortality risk when compared to stage B (localized and usually well differentiated) carcinoma of the prostate.", "PMID": 839594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3881", "title": "Total prostatectomy for stage B carcinoma of the prostate.", "content": "We reviewed 67 cases of total prostatectomy for localized stage B carcinoma of the prostate. There were no operative deaths. Significant morbidity was limited to the well known complications of impotence and incontinence. The over-all survival rates were 92 per cent for 5 years (42 of 46 cases), 79 per cent for 10 years (19 of 24) and 62 per cent for 15 years (8 of 13). Total prostatectomy continues to be the preferred method of therapy for this stage of prostatic cancer.", "contents": "Total prostatectomy for stage B carcinoma of the prostate. We reviewed 67 cases of total prostatectomy for localized stage B carcinoma of the prostate. There were no operative deaths. Significant morbidity was limited to the well known complications of impotence and incontinence. The over-all survival rates were 92 per cent for 5 years (42 of 46 cases), 79 per cent for 10 years (19 of 24) and 62 per cent for 15 years (8 of 13). Total prostatectomy continues to be the preferred method of therapy for this stage of prostatic cancer.", "PMID": 839595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3882", "title": "Radical retropubic prostatectomy for cancer: a 20-year experience.", "content": "A review of 159 patients treated by radical retropubic prostatovesiculectomy from 1951 through 1970 has reinforced our belief that this is a satisfactory method of treatment for prostatic cancer confined to the prostate. A 10-year survival of 55 per cent and a 15-year survival of 45 per cent compare well to the results reported for perineal prostatectomy. The postoperative mortality rate was 2.5 per cent and total incontinence was 12.5 per cent after radical retropubic prostatectomy. Completely normal voiding occurred in 108 of the 159 patients. Stress incontinence but no need for an incontinence device occurred in 31 patients. Improved methods for preoperative staging of the disease give promise for even higher cure rates in the future.", "contents": "Radical retropubic prostatectomy for cancer: a 20-year experience. A review of 159 patients treated by radical retropubic prostatovesiculectomy from 1951 through 1970 has reinforced our belief that this is a satisfactory method of treatment for prostatic cancer confined to the prostate. A 10-year survival of 55 per cent and a 15-year survival of 45 per cent compare well to the results reported for perineal prostatectomy. The postoperative mortality rate was 2.5 per cent and total incontinence was 12.5 per cent after radical retropubic prostatectomy. Completely normal voiding occurred in 108 of the 159 patients. Stress incontinence but no need for an incontinence device occurred in 31 patients. Improved methods for preoperative staging of the disease give promise for even higher cure rates in the future.", "PMID": 839596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3883", "title": "Combined therapy of advanced prostatic carcinoma with estramustine and prednimustine.", "content": "We treated 21 patients with stage D prostatic adenocarcinoma who had had unsuccessful hormonal therapy with a combination of 600 mg. per M.2 per day estramustine phosphate (Estracyt) and 15 mg. per M.2 per day prednimustine (Stereocyt, Leo 1031) in daily oral doses. Estramustine is a combination of estradiol and nitrogen mustard, and alone has shown objective responses in advanced prostatic cancer. Prednimustine is an ester of chlorambucil and prednisone. The preliminary results (after 2 to 9 months of therapy) show 5 patients (24 per cent) did not benefit from the drug and 7 patients (33 per cent) are stable. These preliminary results indicate the possible advantage of adding an alkylating agent (prednimustine) to estramustine in advanced prostatic carcinoma. Currently, a national randomized trial by the National Prostatic Cancer Project is evaluating this therapeutic innovation.", "contents": "Combined therapy of advanced prostatic carcinoma with estramustine and prednimustine. We treated 21 patients with stage D prostatic adenocarcinoma who had had unsuccessful hormonal therapy with a combination of 600 mg. per M.2 per day estramustine phosphate (Estracyt) and 15 mg. per M.2 per day prednimustine (Stereocyt, Leo 1031) in daily oral doses. Estramustine is a combination of estradiol and nitrogen mustard, and alone has shown objective responses in advanced prostatic cancer. Prednimustine is an ester of chlorambucil and prednisone. The preliminary results (after 2 to 9 months of therapy) show 5 patients (24 per cent) did not benefit from the drug and 7 patients (33 per cent) are stable. These preliminary results indicate the possible advantage of adding an alkylating agent (prednimustine) to estramustine in advanced prostatic carcinoma. Currently, a national randomized trial by the National Prostatic Cancer Project is evaluating this therapeutic innovation.", "PMID": 839597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3884", "title": "Observations on the ultrastructure and genesis of urinary calculi.", "content": "Conventional and scanning electron microscopy of calcigerous renal calculi discloses typical concentric laminations, radial striations and microspherules. Random axial distribution of oxalate crystals and their coating by electron-dense matrix fibers with a definite parallel orientation and cross-linkages are evident. The biochemical relationship of uromucoid to matrix substance A is described. It is suggested that renal sialidase may convert the urinary uromucoid to matrix substance A, whose apatite-covered fibers may be responsible for epitaxial nucleation of some crystal systems. Our studies indicate that the intimate apatite-matrix relationship occurs in the human nephron, probably as an intracellular phenomenon. Subsequent extrusion of these mineralized complexes into the lumen of the nephron (intranephronic calculosis) may, in some instances, represent the initial microanatomic stage of renal calculogenesis.", "contents": "Observations on the ultrastructure and genesis of urinary calculi. Conventional and scanning electron microscopy of calcigerous renal calculi discloses typical concentric laminations, radial striations and microspherules. Random axial distribution of oxalate crystals and their coating by electron-dense matrix fibers with a definite parallel orientation and cross-linkages are evident. The biochemical relationship of uromucoid to matrix substance A is described. It is suggested that renal sialidase may convert the urinary uromucoid to matrix substance A, whose apatite-covered fibers may be responsible for epitaxial nucleation of some crystal systems. Our studies indicate that the intimate apatite-matrix relationship occurs in the human nephron, probably as an intracellular phenomenon. Subsequent extrusion of these mineralized complexes into the lumen of the nephron (intranephronic calculosis) may, in some instances, represent the initial microanatomic stage of renal calculogenesis.", "PMID": 839598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3885", "title": "Techniques and results of urodynamic evaluation of children.", "content": "Simultaneous recording of intravesical pressure, urine flow rate and anal sphincter electromyography was undertaken in 25 children with a variety of urological problems. Urethral pressure profile measurement was obtained in 3 of these patients and was used as an adjunct to cystometry alone in 5 others. The diagnostic patterns that emerged were useful in selecting specific pharmacologic and surgical therapeutic measures.", "contents": "Techniques and results of urodynamic evaluation of children. Simultaneous recording of intravesical pressure, urine flow rate and anal sphincter electromyography was undertaken in 25 children with a variety of urological problems. Urethral pressure profile measurement was obtained in 3 of these patients and was used as an adjunct to cystometry alone in 5 others. The diagnostic patterns that emerged were useful in selecting specific pharmacologic and surgical therapeutic measures.", "PMID": 839599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3886", "title": "Microanatomy of the intravesical ureter in children with and without reflux.", "content": "The microscopical appearance of 37 distal ureteral resection specimens from 27 children with recurrent urinary tract infections and vesicoureteral reflux are compared to postmortem specimens of 51 distal ureters from 28 children with no history or urinary tract disease. The degree of fibrosis and inflammatory change varied a great deal in both groups and it was not possible to find any differences between them.", "contents": "Microanatomy of the intravesical ureter in children with and without reflux. The microscopical appearance of 37 distal ureteral resection specimens from 27 children with recurrent urinary tract infections and vesicoureteral reflux are compared to postmortem specimens of 51 distal ureters from 28 children with no history or urinary tract disease. The degree of fibrosis and inflammatory change varied a great deal in both groups and it was not possible to find any differences between them.", "PMID": 839600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3887", "title": "Extravesical repair of primary vesicoureteral reflux in children.", "content": "An operative procedure for the repair of primary vesicoureteral reflux in 51 children (83 renal units) is described, its merits are discussed and its advantages are stressed. Reflux was prevented in 90.2 per cent of the children and 74.5 per cent of the patients remained free of infection. No obstruction has occurred in our series as compared to a 5 per cent incidence rate in cases of ureteroneocystostomy. Our procedure is not recommended for megaureters with reflux or for recurrent vesicoureteral reflux.", "contents": "Extravesical repair of primary vesicoureteral reflux in children. An operative procedure for the repair of primary vesicoureteral reflux in 51 children (83 renal units) is described, its merits are discussed and its advantages are stressed. Reflux was prevented in 90.2 per cent of the children and 74.5 per cent of the patients remained free of infection. No obstruction has occurred in our series as compared to a 5 per cent incidence rate in cases of ureteroneocystostomy. Our procedure is not recommended for megaureters with reflux or for recurrent vesicoureteral reflux.", "PMID": 839601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3888", "title": "Strictures of the ileal loop.", "content": "Intrinsic ileal loop strictures in children are much more common than previously reported. They occur late and are usually clinically silent. Their etilogy is inflammatory rather than ischemic and a local immunosuppressive effect of urine also may play a role. Periodic urography, continued indefinitely, is the only certain method of early detection.", "contents": "Strictures of the ileal loop. Intrinsic ileal loop strictures in children are much more common than previously reported. They occur late and are usually clinically silent. Their etilogy is inflammatory rather than ischemic and a local immunosuppressive effect of urine also may play a role. Periodic urography, continued indefinitely, is the only certain method of early detection.", "PMID": 839602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3889", "title": "Complications of urinary undiversion.", "content": "Complications of urinary undiversion may be divided into those related to patient selection and those pertaining to the operation. A detailed understanding of the anatomic and physiologic alterations in the dynamics of urine transport is an essential prerequisite for the selection of suitable candidates. Two illustrative cases emphasize the necessity for complete evaluation of the upper and lower urinary tracts as well as meticulous attention to intraoperative detail.", "contents": "Complications of urinary undiversion. Complications of urinary undiversion may be divided into those related to patient selection and those pertaining to the operation. A detailed understanding of the anatomic and physiologic alterations in the dynamics of urine transport is an essential prerequisite for the selection of suitable candidates. Two illustrative cases emphasize the necessity for complete evaluation of the upper and lower urinary tracts as well as meticulous attention to intraoperative detail.", "PMID": 839603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3890", "title": "Hematuria in childhood: significance and management.", "content": "Of 164 children presenting with gross or microscopic hematuria during a 5-year period 111 (68 per cent) were proved by clinical features or renal biopsy to have glomerulonephritis. Extraglomerular origin of hematuria was documented in only 25 (15 per cent). No definite diagnosis could be made in the remaining 28 (17 per cent) with isolated hematuria but the clinical picture was similar to that of the patients with mild glomerular lesions. Followup in 59 of 68 children confirms previous reports that isolated hematuria in childhood is usually a benign condition. Although excretory urography, urine cultures and serum complement measurements should be done to eliminate uncommon causes of hematuria, invasive studies, such as renal biopsy and cystoscopy, are not indicated routinely.", "contents": "Hematuria in childhood: significance and management. Of 164 children presenting with gross or microscopic hematuria during a 5-year period 111 (68 per cent) were proved by clinical features or renal biopsy to have glomerulonephritis. Extraglomerular origin of hematuria was documented in only 25 (15 per cent). No definite diagnosis could be made in the remaining 28 (17 per cent) with isolated hematuria but the clinical picture was similar to that of the patients with mild glomerular lesions. Followup in 59 of 68 children confirms previous reports that isolated hematuria in childhood is usually a benign condition. Although excretory urography, urine cultures and serum complement measurements should be done to eliminate uncommon causes of hematuria, invasive studies, such as renal biopsy and cystoscopy, are not indicated routinely.", "PMID": 839604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3891", "title": "Primary hyperparathyroidism with triple cancers consisting of renal cell carcinoma, nasopharynx carcinoma and thyroid carcinoma.", "content": "The first case of primary hyperparathyroidism associated with renal cell carcinoma, nasopharynx carcinoma and thyroid carcinoma is reported. Selective venous sampling with radioimmunoassays for parathyroid hormone was helpful in the differentiation of primary hyperparathyroidism from hypercalcemia associated with malignancy.", "contents": "Primary hyperparathyroidism with triple cancers consisting of renal cell carcinoma, nasopharynx carcinoma and thyroid carcinoma. The first case of primary hyperparathyroidism associated with renal cell carcinoma, nasopharynx carcinoma and thyroid carcinoma is reported. Selective venous sampling with radioimmunoassays for parathyroid hormone was helpful in the differentiation of primary hyperparathyroidism from hypercalcemia associated with malignancy.", "PMID": 839605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3892", "title": "A case of nephrobronchial and colonobronchial fistula presenting as lung abscess.", "content": "A nephrobronchial fistula is an uncommon clinical entity and perinephric abscess in the most common etiological lesion. At times, pulmonary symptoms may dominate the clinical picture and the diagnosis of an associated renal lesion may be overlooked. An unusual case of a coexisting nephrobronchial and colonobronchial fistula is reported. The patient had been treated for chronic lung abscess for 4 years before the final diagnosis was made.", "contents": "A case of nephrobronchial and colonobronchial fistula presenting as lung abscess. A nephrobronchial fistula is an uncommon clinical entity and perinephric abscess in the most common etiological lesion. At times, pulmonary symptoms may dominate the clinical picture and the diagnosis of an associated renal lesion may be overlooked. An unusual case of a coexisting nephrobronchial and colonobronchial fistula is reported. The patient had been treated for chronic lung abscess for 4 years before the final diagnosis was made.", "PMID": 839606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3893", "title": "Persistent acute renal failure with renal artery stenosis: cure following reconstructive arterial operation.", "content": "A case of acute renal failure is reported in which renal function returned after surgical correction of renal artery stenosis to the sole functioning kidney. Acute renal failure associated with renal vascular lesions is reviewed. Although often clinically apparent vascular obstruction may be asymptomatic and should be considered in cases of prolonged acute renal failure.", "contents": "Persistent acute renal failure with renal artery stenosis: cure following reconstructive arterial operation. A case of acute renal failure is reported in which renal function returned after surgical correction of renal artery stenosis to the sole functioning kidney. Acute renal failure associated with renal vascular lesions is reviewed. Although often clinically apparent vascular obstruction may be asymptomatic and should be considered in cases of prolonged acute renal failure.", "PMID": 839607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3894", "title": "Parasitic blood supply from the inferior mesenteric arteries to the hypernephromas.", "content": "A case of left hypernephroma obtaining its blood supply from the inferior mesenteric artery is reported. The origin of the blood supply was demonstrated by selective arteriography. It was proved at operation that the hypernephroma can extend beyond the renal capsule and invade the mesentery of the colon.", "contents": "Parasitic blood supply from the inferior mesenteric arteries to the hypernephromas. A case of left hypernephroma obtaining its blood supply from the inferior mesenteric artery is reported. The origin of the blood supply was demonstrated by selective arteriography. It was proved at operation that the hypernephroma can extend beyond the renal capsule and invade the mesentery of the colon.", "PMID": 839608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3895", "title": "Skene's duct cyst in a newborn: case report and review of the literature.", "content": "The diagnosis of a rare Skene's duct cyst in a newborn was made based on its location in relation to the urethra and the demonstration of transitional epithelium in the cyst wall. A through urologic evaluation was required to differentiate it from an ectopic ureterocele, urethrocele, urethral diverticula, and benign or malignant urethral and paraurethral tumors. Other uncommon vaginal cysts may be of m\u00fcllerian duct origin and lined with stratified squamous epithelium or from persistent mesonephric (Gartner's) ducts and lined with columnar epithelium. Many cysts drain spontaneously but if treatment is indicated, marsupialization or simple transvaginal excision usually is adequate.", "contents": "Skene's duct cyst in a newborn: case report and review of the literature. The diagnosis of a rare Skene's duct cyst in a newborn was made based on its location in relation to the urethra and the demonstration of transitional epithelium in the cyst wall. A through urologic evaluation was required to differentiate it from an ectopic ureterocele, urethrocele, urethral diverticula, and benign or malignant urethral and paraurethral tumors. Other uncommon vaginal cysts may be of m\u00fcllerian duct origin and lined with stratified squamous epithelium or from persistent mesonephric (Gartner's) ducts and lined with columnar epithelium. Many cysts drain spontaneously but if treatment is indicated, marsupialization or simple transvaginal excision usually is adequate.", "PMID": 839610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3896", "title": "Recurrent varicocele: radiographic documentation and surgical management.", "content": "A case of recurrent varicocele documented by a selective venogram and surgically corrected is presented. The need to investigate systematically recurrent varicoceles and surgically remove the recannulized collaterals is emphasized.", "contents": "Recurrent varicocele: radiographic documentation and surgical management. A case of recurrent varicocele documented by a selective venogram and surgically corrected is presented. The need to investigate systematically recurrent varicoceles and surgically remove the recannulized collaterals is emphasized.", "PMID": 839611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3897", "title": "Mesothelial hyperplasia in hernia sacs.", "content": "Mesothelial hyperplasia is a benign condition, which simulates a neoplastic process. Since it may occur in hernia sacs this entity must be recognized by the urologist to prevent over-treatment.", "contents": "Mesothelial hyperplasia in hernia sacs. Mesothelial hyperplasia is a benign condition, which simulates a neoplastic process. Since it may occur in hernia sacs this entity must be recognized by the urologist to prevent over-treatment.", "PMID": 839612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3898", "title": "Severe metabolic acidosis as a complication of intravenous tetracycline therapy.", "content": "Tetracycline generally is believed to be a safe drug with relatively minor side effects. Serious irreversible renal damage and metabolic acidosis can occur in patients with azotemia. While the exact mechanism is unknown, the commonly reported nephrotoxic and metabolic effects of tetracycline are reviewed and an illustrative case is presented.", "contents": "Severe metabolic acidosis as a complication of intravenous tetracycline therapy. Tetracycline generally is believed to be a safe drug with relatively minor side effects. Serious irreversible renal damage and metabolic acidosis can occur in patients with azotemia. While the exact mechanism is unknown, the commonly reported nephrotoxic and metabolic effects of tetracycline are reviewed and an illustrative case is presented.", "PMID": 839613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3899", "title": "Unusual complication of therapy with sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim.", "content": "The first case of an obstructing stone composed of a pure metabolite of the sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim combination is reported. Its coincident occurrence with an obstructing calcium oxalate stone, producing oligura and acute azotemia, is noteworthy.", "contents": "Unusual complication of therapy with sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. The first case of an obstructing stone composed of a pure metabolite of the sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim combination is reported. Its coincident occurrence with an obstructing calcium oxalate stone, producing oligura and acute azotemia, is noteworthy.", "PMID": 839614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3900", "title": "Heavy metal concentrations in kidneys of estuarine raccoons from Florida.", "content": "Concentrations of lead, zinc and cadmium in the kidneys of 14 adult raccoons from an estuarine environment were determined. The mean concentrations in ppm wet weight and standard deviation for the metals were lead--0.47 +/- 0.22, zinc--75.88 +/- 16.54 and cadmium--2.48 +/- 1.66.", "contents": "Heavy metal concentrations in kidneys of estuarine raccoons from Florida. Concentrations of lead, zinc and cadmium in the kidneys of 14 adult raccoons from an estuarine environment were determined. The mean concentrations in ppm wet weight and standard deviation for the metals were lead--0.47 +/- 0.22, zinc--75.88 +/- 16.54 and cadmium--2.48 +/- 1.66.", "PMID": 839617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3901", "title": "Histopathology of an acute fin lesion in the summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus, and some speculations on the etiology of fin rot disease in the New York Bight.", "content": "The histopathology of acute fin rot disease in summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus, from the New York Bight is described. Grossly, caudal and dorsal fin lesions appeared ragged or frayed with no evidence of resolution. Microscopically, there was epidermal and dermal necrosis, congestion, edema, focal and diffuse hemorrhage, and Zenkers necrosis of underlying muscle. Gram-negative bacteria were present in the fin tissues as well as in heart muscle and liver parenchyma. The inflammatory response consisted mostly of macrophages. The significance of the acute disease in summer flounder is discussed in relation to the etiology of fin rot disease in winter flounder from the Bight.", "contents": "Histopathology of an acute fin lesion in the summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus, and some speculations on the etiology of fin rot disease in the New York Bight. The histopathology of acute fin rot disease in summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus, from the New York Bight is described. Grossly, caudal and dorsal fin lesions appeared ragged or frayed with no evidence of resolution. Microscopically, there was epidermal and dermal necrosis, congestion, edema, focal and diffuse hemorrhage, and Zenkers necrosis of underlying muscle. Gram-negative bacteria were present in the fin tissues as well as in heart muscle and liver parenchyma. The inflammatory response consisted mostly of macrophages. The significance of the acute disease in summer flounder is discussed in relation to the etiology of fin rot disease in winter flounder from the Bight.", "PMID": 839618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3902", "title": "Trypanosoma cervi Kingston and Morton, 1975 from mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus, in Wyoming.", "content": "Mensural values of blood stream stages and cross-transmission studies defined the trypanosome species from mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus, as con-specific with Trypanosoma cervi, the trypanosome found in elk from the same locality. Trypanosomes were found in eight mule deer sampled in the spring and eight sampled in the winter in southeastern Wyoming.", "contents": "Trypanosoma cervi Kingston and Morton, 1975 from mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus, in Wyoming. Mensural values of blood stream stages and cross-transmission studies defined the trypanosome species from mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus, as con-specific with Trypanosoma cervi, the trypanosome found in elk from the same locality. Trypanosomes were found in eight mule deer sampled in the spring and eight sampled in the winter in southeastern Wyoming.", "PMID": 839619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3903", "title": "Mycobacterium avium serotype 1 infection in a sandhill crane (Grus canadensis).", "content": "Tuberculous lesions were observed in the liver of an adult sandhill crane (Grus canadensis); Mycobacterium avium serotype 1 was isolated. Chickens inoculated intravenously with the culture had granulomas in the liver and spleen at necropsy 62 days after inoculation.", "contents": "Mycobacterium avium serotype 1 infection in a sandhill crane (Grus canadensis). Tuberculous lesions were observed in the liver of an adult sandhill crane (Grus canadensis); Mycobacterium avium serotype 1 was isolated. Chickens inoculated intravenously with the culture had granulomas in the liver and spleen at necropsy 62 days after inoculation.", "PMID": 839620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3904", "title": "Nematodes in terrestrial gastropods from central Maine.", "content": "Seventeen-hundred terrestrial gastropods collected in central Maine were examined for Parelaphostrongylus tenuis and other nematodes. Prevalence of nematodes was 4 to 7% in most gastropod species, but was 19% in Pallifera spp. Cosmocercoides dukae and Rhabditis spp. were the most common nematodes recovered. Only four P. tenuis larvae (prevalence 0.1%) were found. Foci important for transmission of P. tenuis in Maine have not yet been found.", "contents": "Nematodes in terrestrial gastropods from central Maine. Seventeen-hundred terrestrial gastropods collected in central Maine were examined for Parelaphostrongylus tenuis and other nematodes. Prevalence of nematodes was 4 to 7% in most gastropod species, but was 19% in Pallifera spp. Cosmocercoides dukae and Rhabditis spp. were the most common nematodes recovered. Only four P. tenuis larvae (prevalence 0.1%) were found. Foci important for transmission of P. tenuis in Maine have not yet been found.", "PMID": 839621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3905", "title": "Plasma cell tumor in an East Indian water lizard (Hydrosaurus amboinensis).", "content": "A neoplasm involving the stomach, liver and lungs was seen in an East Indian water lizard (Hydrosaurus ambionensis). The largest mass was in the stomach, with smaller nodules in the lung and liver. The tumor was diagnosed as a plasma cell tumor by its histologic and ultrastructure characteristics.", "contents": "Plasma cell tumor in an East Indian water lizard (Hydrosaurus amboinensis). A neoplasm involving the stomach, liver and lungs was seen in an East Indian water lizard (Hydrosaurus ambionensis). The largest mass was in the stomach, with smaller nodules in the lung and liver. The tumor was diagnosed as a plasma cell tumor by its histologic and ultrastructure characteristics.", "PMID": 839622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3906", "title": "Intratracheal injection of antibiotics in the California sea lion, Zalophus californianus, and bottlenosed dolphin, Tursiops truncatus.", "content": "Gentamicin and cephaloridine were administered by intratracheal injection to the California sea lion, Zalophus californianus, and the bottlenosed dolphin, Tursiops truncatus. Uptake and clearance of these antibiotics in the blood were monitored. In all cases, absorption through the respiratory mucosa resulted in blood levels approaching therapeutic concentrations despite low dosages.", "contents": "Intratracheal injection of antibiotics in the California sea lion, Zalophus californianus, and bottlenosed dolphin, Tursiops truncatus. Gentamicin and cephaloridine were administered by intratracheal injection to the California sea lion, Zalophus californianus, and the bottlenosed dolphin, Tursiops truncatus. Uptake and clearance of these antibiotics in the blood were monitored. In all cases, absorption through the respiratory mucosa resulted in blood levels approaching therapeutic concentrations despite low dosages.", "PMID": 839623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3907", "title": "Naturally occurring neurologic disease in a fallow deer infected with meningeal worms.", "content": "Neurologic disease resulting from infection with Parelaphostrongylus tenuis was diagnosed in a fallow deer (Dama dama) from Georgia, with clinical signs and histopathologic lesions similar to those reported for other accidental hosts of P. tenuis. Early fifth stage parasites were found in the spinal meninges and immature parasites were found in the neural parenchyma, but none were recovered from the brain and cranial meninges.", "contents": "Naturally occurring neurologic disease in a fallow deer infected with meningeal worms. Neurologic disease resulting from infection with Parelaphostrongylus tenuis was diagnosed in a fallow deer (Dama dama) from Georgia, with clinical signs and histopathologic lesions similar to those reported for other accidental hosts of P. tenuis. Early fifth stage parasites were found in the spinal meninges and immature parasites were found in the neural parenchyma, but none were recovered from the brain and cranial meninges.", "PMID": 839624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3908", "title": "Parasites of waterfowl from southwest Texas: I. The northern cinnamon teal, Anas cyanoptera septentrionalium.", "content": "Seventeen northern cinnamon teal, Anas cyanoptera septentrionalium were collected in Hudspeth County, Texas: 10 in January, 1974, and seven in September, 1974. Fifteen parasite species were recovered: 11 were new host records. Three species of parasites were recorded from spring migrants and 15 from fall migrants.", "contents": "Parasites of waterfowl from southwest Texas: I. The northern cinnamon teal, Anas cyanoptera septentrionalium. Seventeen northern cinnamon teal, Anas cyanoptera septentrionalium were collected in Hudspeth County, Texas: 10 in January, 1974, and seven in September, 1974. Fifteen parasite species were recovered: 11 were new host records. Three species of parasites were recorded from spring migrants and 15 from fall migrants.", "PMID": 839625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3909", "title": "An outbreak of toxoplasmosis in wallaroos (Macropus robustus) in a California zoo.", "content": "Four wallaroos (Macropus robustus) from a central California zoo colony of 22 died within a three week period. Histopathologic findings in all four cases were suggestive of toxoplasmosis. Brain, lung and heart were the most frequently involved organs. Within 4 months of the last death sera from nine colony members were tested for antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii using the indirect hemagglutination test. All nine had serological titers ranging from 1:64 to 1:131,072.", "contents": "An outbreak of toxoplasmosis in wallaroos (Macropus robustus) in a California zoo. Four wallaroos (Macropus robustus) from a central California zoo colony of 22 died within a three week period. Histopathologic findings in all four cases were suggestive of toxoplasmosis. Brain, lung and heart were the most frequently involved organs. Within 4 months of the last death sera from nine colony members were tested for antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii using the indirect hemagglutination test. All nine had serological titers ranging from 1:64 to 1:131,072.", "PMID": 839626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3910", "title": "Isolation of a hemolytic Actinobacillus from waterfowl.", "content": "A previously undescribed species of hemolytic Actinobacillus was isolated from six waterfowl, three with periocular serous exudation and two with airsacculitis and bronchopneumonia. Cultural and biochemical characteristics were compared with those of Actinobacillus and Pasteurella spp, using a numerical technique.", "contents": "Isolation of a hemolytic Actinobacillus from waterfowl. A previously undescribed species of hemolytic Actinobacillus was isolated from six waterfowl, three with periocular serous exudation and two with airsacculitis and bronchopneumonia. Cultural and biochemical characteristics were compared with those of Actinobacillus and Pasteurella spp, using a numerical technique.", "PMID": 839627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3911", "title": "Epidemiological evaluation of funduscopic findings in cerebrovascular diseases. III. Observer variability and reproducibility for funduscopic findings.", "content": "In order to evaluate observer variability and reproducibility for the funduscopic findings, the color slides of one hundred cases in Akabane and Asahi town in Japan were investigated and the following were revealed: 1. Observer variability for Keith-Wagener's classification was the least in the grade 3 and the most in grade 0. The variability of diagnosis between observers was the least for retinal bleeding and the most for anteriolar reflex and remarkable for lateral displacement and arteriolar narrowing. In general, the observe variability was one grade at most. 2. Reproducibility for Scheie's hypertensive classification was 73 per cent and that for Scheie's arteriosclerotic and Keith-Wagner's classifications was 66 per cent. Fairly good reproducibility was observed in retinal bleeding and poor reproducibility in arteriolar reflex and vertical and lateral displacements, In general, the intra-observer variability for the funduscopic findings was one grade at most. 3. Observer variability and reproducibility for the funduscopic findings would be improved by establishment of the detailed diagnostic criteria of various funduscopic findings, taking color pictures in focus and systematic training for the fresh doctors or technicians without enough experience. 4. The cases with definite narrowing of arteriole revealed smaller A/V ratio than 0.70.", "contents": "Epidemiological evaluation of funduscopic findings in cerebrovascular diseases. III. Observer variability and reproducibility for funduscopic findings. In order to evaluate observer variability and reproducibility for the funduscopic findings, the color slides of one hundred cases in Akabane and Asahi town in Japan were investigated and the following were revealed: 1. Observer variability for Keith-Wagener's classification was the least in the grade 3 and the most in grade 0. The variability of diagnosis between observers was the least for retinal bleeding and the most for anteriolar reflex and remarkable for lateral displacement and arteriolar narrowing. In general, the observe variability was one grade at most. 2. Reproducibility for Scheie's hypertensive classification was 73 per cent and that for Scheie's arteriosclerotic and Keith-Wagner's classifications was 66 per cent. Fairly good reproducibility was observed in retinal bleeding and poor reproducibility in arteriolar reflex and vertical and lateral displacements, In general, the intra-observer variability for the funduscopic findings was one grade at most. 3. Observer variability and reproducibility for the funduscopic findings would be improved by establishment of the detailed diagnostic criteria of various funduscopic findings, taking color pictures in focus and systematic training for the fresh doctors or technicians without enough experience. 4. The cases with definite narrowing of arteriole revealed smaller A/V ratio than 0.70.", "PMID": 839629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3912", "title": "Studies on sodium and calcium contents of cardiovascular tissue in experimental hypertension.", "content": "Sodium and calcium contents of cardiovascular tissue in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and DOCA hypertensive rats were investigated. The effect of salt loading on these contents of SHR and control Wistar rats was also investigated. Calcium content increased with the development of hypertension, but not sodium content particularly in salt loading rats and at the sustained stage of DOCA hypertensive rats. These results suggest that calcium rather than sodium is more intimately related to the increase in blood pressure.", "contents": "Studies on sodium and calcium contents of cardiovascular tissue in experimental hypertension. Sodium and calcium contents of cardiovascular tissue in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and DOCA hypertensive rats were investigated. The effect of salt loading on these contents of SHR and control Wistar rats was also investigated. Calcium content increased with the development of hypertension, but not sodium content particularly in salt loading rats and at the sustained stage of DOCA hypertensive rats. These results suggest that calcium rather than sodium is more intimately related to the increase in blood pressure.", "PMID": 839630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3913", "title": "[Studies on the spatial velocity electrocardiogram in ventricular septal defect (authors's transl)].", "content": "The QRS waves of the spatial velocity electrocardiogram (ECG) were investigated in 94 cases of the ventricular septal defect (VSD). The relationship between the amplitudes and the time intervals of QRS waves of the spatial velocity ECG and the various hemodynamic parameters obtained by the right heart catheterization and the defect area ascertained during the operations were evaluated.", "contents": "[Studies on the spatial velocity electrocardiogram in ventricular septal defect (authors's transl)]. The QRS waves of the spatial velocity electrocardiogram (ECG) were investigated in 94 cases of the ventricular septal defect (VSD). The relationship between the amplitudes and the time intervals of QRS waves of the spatial velocity ECG and the various hemodynamic parameters obtained by the right heart catheterization and the defect area ascertained during the operations were evaluated.", "PMID": 839631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3914", "title": "[Studies on the normal polarcardiogram using the posteroanterior axis as the polar axis (author's transl)].", "content": "Polarcardiograms using the posteroanterior axis as the polar axis were recorded in 112 cases of the clinically healthy subjects. QRS wave with small notch or slur both in front and behind of the main triangular configuration with narrow base were most frequently observed in the frontal magnitude ECG. T wave showed simple monophasic upright wave with the mildly sloping ascending limb and the relatively rapidly sloping descending limb. The magnitude of the maximum QRS vector and the maximum QRS vector time in frontal plane were very similar with those of the spatial QRS vector. The quantitative values obtained by the measurement of the polarcardiograms agreed well with those obtained by the vectorcardiograms reported by the various authors. Polarcardiography made possible not only to know the polar coordinates of the cardiac vector at any instant very easily, but also to express the time-related curve of the polar coordinates, which vary as a function of time, in easily understandable analogue pattern. QRS and T waves of the magnitude, the alpha-longitude and P-A latitude ECG in the normal subjects were classified into the several definite patterns.", "contents": "[Studies on the normal polarcardiogram using the posteroanterior axis as the polar axis (author's transl)]. Polarcardiograms using the posteroanterior axis as the polar axis were recorded in 112 cases of the clinically healthy subjects. QRS wave with small notch or slur both in front and behind of the main triangular configuration with narrow base were most frequently observed in the frontal magnitude ECG. T wave showed simple monophasic upright wave with the mildly sloping ascending limb and the relatively rapidly sloping descending limb. The magnitude of the maximum QRS vector and the maximum QRS vector time in frontal plane were very similar with those of the spatial QRS vector. The quantitative values obtained by the measurement of the polarcardiograms agreed well with those obtained by the vectorcardiograms reported by the various authors. Polarcardiography made possible not only to know the polar coordinates of the cardiac vector at any instant very easily, but also to express the time-related curve of the polar coordinates, which vary as a function of time, in easily understandable analogue pattern. QRS and T waves of the magnitude, the alpha-longitude and P-A latitude ECG in the normal subjects were classified into the several definite patterns.", "PMID": 839632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3915", "title": "[Studies on the reliability of the polarcardiographic records (author's transl)].", "content": "Reliability of the polarcardiogram obtained by the newly constructed polarcardiograph, in which the vector sum circuit applying absolute value operations were used for the computation of the magnitude curve, were examined in fifty normal subjects. There was no statistically significant difference between the means of the measured values of the polarcardiogram and of the corresponding polar components calculated from the three scalar ECG concerning all twenty items, namely spatial magnitude, magnitudes in each plane, each longitude and latitude at the time of the spatial maximum QRS and T vectors, except alpha-longitude. Highly significant positive correlations were observed between these two sets of values in all twenty items. Configurations of the pattern obtained by plotting the instantaneous polar components, which were calculated from the three scalar ECG, on the linear time scale were very similar with those of the polarcardiographic records. These findings showed that the records obtained by the newly constructed polarcardiograph were reliable.", "contents": "[Studies on the reliability of the polarcardiographic records (author's transl)]. Reliability of the polarcardiogram obtained by the newly constructed polarcardiograph, in which the vector sum circuit applying absolute value operations were used for the computation of the magnitude curve, were examined in fifty normal subjects. There was no statistically significant difference between the means of the measured values of the polarcardiogram and of the corresponding polar components calculated from the three scalar ECG concerning all twenty items, namely spatial magnitude, magnitudes in each plane, each longitude and latitude at the time of the spatial maximum QRS and T vectors, except alpha-longitude. Highly significant positive correlations were observed between these two sets of values in all twenty items. Configurations of the pattern obtained by plotting the instantaneous polar components, which were calculated from the three scalar ECG, on the linear time scale were very similar with those of the polarcardiographic records. These findings showed that the records obtained by the newly constructed polarcardiograph were reliable.", "PMID": 839633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3916", "title": "[Clindamycin-2-phosphate in the field of dermatology (author's transl)].", "content": "1. MIC against 20 strains of staphylococcus isolated from skin infections was studied. MIC was less than or equal to 0.05 mug/ml in 11 strains and greater than 100 mug/ml in 9 strains. 2. Clindamycin-2-phosphate was injected intramuscularly to rats at the dosis of 10 mg/kg in solution of 10 mg/ml. The serum and skin levels of this drug were determined at 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 7 hours. Mean serum levels of 4 rats were 0.893, 0.578, 0.463, 0.268 and 0.167 mug/ml respectively at 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 7 hours. The corresponding skin levels were 0.500, 0.707, 0.431, 0.313 and 0.269 mug/g. 3. Clindamycin-2-phosphate was used clinically in 7 patients of skin infection with the following result: excellent in 2 cases, fair in 3 cases and poor in 2 cases. Abdominal pain was complained in one case and loose stool in one case.", "contents": "[Clindamycin-2-phosphate in the field of dermatology (author's transl)]. 1. MIC against 20 strains of staphylococcus isolated from skin infections was studied. MIC was less than or equal to 0.05 mug/ml in 11 strains and greater than 100 mug/ml in 9 strains. 2. Clindamycin-2-phosphate was injected intramuscularly to rats at the dosis of 10 mg/kg in solution of 10 mg/ml. The serum and skin levels of this drug were determined at 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 7 hours. Mean serum levels of 4 rats were 0.893, 0.578, 0.463, 0.268 and 0.167 mug/ml respectively at 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 7 hours. The corresponding skin levels were 0.500, 0.707, 0.431, 0.313 and 0.269 mug/g. 3. Clindamycin-2-phosphate was used clinically in 7 patients of skin infection with the following result: excellent in 2 cases, fair in 3 cases and poor in 2 cases. Abdominal pain was complained in one case and loose stool in one case.", "PMID": 839635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3917", "title": "[Clinical studies with amoxicillin in patients with biliary tract infections (author's transl)].", "content": "Six patients with biliary tract infections who came to our hospital were administered 1.5 g (potency) per day of amoxicillin, a synthetic penicillin for oral use, to examine its clinical effects. The results were as follows. 1) Out of six patients with biliary tract infections, amoxicillin proved to be effective in four patients, ineffective in one patient, and unknown in one patient. 2) Oral administration of amoxicillin gave the same success in treatment as injection of other synthetic penicillin preparations in mild cases with the exception of acute deterioration of chronic with subjective symptoms such as nausea and vomiting. 3) No noteworthy side effects were observed in any cases examined this time.", "contents": "[Clinical studies with amoxicillin in patients with biliary tract infections (author's transl)]. Six patients with biliary tract infections who came to our hospital were administered 1.5 g (potency) per day of amoxicillin, a synthetic penicillin for oral use, to examine its clinical effects. The results were as follows. 1) Out of six patients with biliary tract infections, amoxicillin proved to be effective in four patients, ineffective in one patient, and unknown in one patient. 2) Oral administration of amoxicillin gave the same success in treatment as injection of other synthetic penicillin preparations in mild cases with the exception of acute deterioration of chronic with subjective symptoms such as nausea and vomiting. 3) No noteworthy side effects were observed in any cases examined this time.", "PMID": 839636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3918", "title": "[Clinical experience with amoxicillin (Pasetocin) in urology (author's transl)].", "content": "Amoxicillin, a synthetic penicillin with a broad antibacterial spectrum, was administed in a daily dose of 1.0 g (in potency) to 47 patients who came to the department of urology (6 patients in whom the antibiotic was used for the prevention of infections included). The results are summarized in the following. 1. The patients with urological infections who were treated with amoxicillin included 20 patients with acute cystitis, 1 with acute urethritis, 18 with chronic prostatitis, 1 with epididymitis, 1 with pyelonephritis and 6 patients in whom the antibiotic was used for the prevention of infections. Amoxicillin was remarkably effective in 27 patients (58.7%), effective in 7 patients (15.2%), but ineffective in 12 patients (26.1%), with the overall effectiveness of 73.9%. The therapy was withdrawn in one patient because of side effects. 2. A patient with acute cystitis showed eruption which was probably associated with allergic reaction to penicillin, and the administration was discontinued. Other side effects worth mentioning were not observed.", "contents": "[Clinical experience with amoxicillin (Pasetocin) in urology (author's transl)]. Amoxicillin, a synthetic penicillin with a broad antibacterial spectrum, was administed in a daily dose of 1.0 g (in potency) to 47 patients who came to the department of urology (6 patients in whom the antibiotic was used for the prevention of infections included). The results are summarized in the following. 1. The patients with urological infections who were treated with amoxicillin included 20 patients with acute cystitis, 1 with acute urethritis, 18 with chronic prostatitis, 1 with epididymitis, 1 with pyelonephritis and 6 patients in whom the antibiotic was used for the prevention of infections. Amoxicillin was remarkably effective in 27 patients (58.7%), effective in 7 patients (15.2%), but ineffective in 12 patients (26.1%), with the overall effectiveness of 73.9%. The therapy was withdrawn in one patient because of side effects. 2. A patient with acute cystitis showed eruption which was probably associated with allergic reaction to penicillin, and the administration was discontinued. Other side effects worth mentioning were not observed.", "PMID": 839637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3919", "title": "[Therapy for severe anaerobic infections with clindamycin (author's transl)].", "content": "Ten adult patients with severe Bacteroides infections were treated with 0.9 approximately 1.8 g/day of parenteral or oral clindamycin, and a child was treated with 0.3 g/day orally. Remarkable responses and cures were obtained in all the patients, who had no underlying diseases and pure anaerobic infections; a case of sepsis, two cases of liver abscess, a case of subcutaneous abscess and a case of spinal epidural abscess. The other six patients who had ultimately fatal underlying diseases or mixed infections did not respond well to the combination of clindamycin and the other antibiotics therapy, althought bacteriological cures were obtained in all but two cases. Clindamycin was well tolerated and generally nontoxic, nevertheless it was administrated for long term (34 approximately 49 days). But transient development of transaminase was seen in a patient. The data suggested that clindamycin should be considered a first choice antibiotic for the treatment of an aerobic, especially, Bacteroides infections.", "contents": "[Therapy for severe anaerobic infections with clindamycin (author's transl)]. Ten adult patients with severe Bacteroides infections were treated with 0.9 approximately 1.8 g/day of parenteral or oral clindamycin, and a child was treated with 0.3 g/day orally. Remarkable responses and cures were obtained in all the patients, who had no underlying diseases and pure anaerobic infections; a case of sepsis, two cases of liver abscess, a case of subcutaneous abscess and a case of spinal epidural abscess. The other six patients who had ultimately fatal underlying diseases or mixed infections did not respond well to the combination of clindamycin and the other antibiotics therapy, althought bacteriological cures were obtained in all but two cases. Clindamycin was well tolerated and generally nontoxic, nevertheless it was administrated for long term (34 approximately 49 days). But transient development of transaminase was seen in a patient. The data suggested that clindamycin should be considered a first choice antibiotic for the treatment of an aerobic, especially, Bacteroides infections.", "PMID": 839638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3920", "title": "[A case of subacute bacterial endocarditis treated with clindamycin-2-phosphate (author's transl)].", "content": "A sixty-three years old female patient with subacute bacterial endocarditis was treated with clindamycin-2-phosphate parenterally, because she had a history of hypersensitive reaction to penicillins. She had received erythromycin, cephaloridine and cephalexin previously, but had no bacteriological response. When clindamycin-2-phosphate was given intramuscularly, the bacteremia disappeared for the first time. However, after the cessation of this treatment Streptococcus viridans grew in her blood again. It was suggested that this drug was bacteriostatic rather than bactericidal. During this therapy, local tenderness was noticed at the injected sites and a transient maculopapular rash developed which resolved in a few days.", "contents": "[A case of subacute bacterial endocarditis treated with clindamycin-2-phosphate (author's transl)]. A sixty-three years old female patient with subacute bacterial endocarditis was treated with clindamycin-2-phosphate parenterally, because she had a history of hypersensitive reaction to penicillins. She had received erythromycin, cephaloridine and cephalexin previously, but had no bacteriological response. When clindamycin-2-phosphate was given intramuscularly, the bacteremia disappeared for the first time. However, after the cessation of this treatment Streptococcus viridans grew in her blood again. It was suggested that this drug was bacteriostatic rather than bactericidal. During this therapy, local tenderness was noticed at the injected sites and a transient maculopapular rash developed which resolved in a few days.", "PMID": 839639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3921", "title": "[Preclinical and clinical studies of clindamycin-2-phosphate (author's transl)].", "content": "Preclinical and clinical studies of clindamycin-2-phosphate developed as an infectable were conducted, and the following results were obtained: 1) Clindamycin-2-phosphate administered by the intravenous drip in a dose of 600 mg over one hour showed a peak blood clindamycin level of 10.5 mcg/ml at the end of administration. Though the blood level then decreased rapidly, it stayed at 0.7 mcg/ml at 8 hours later. 2) The blood level of clindamycin following intramuscular injection of 300 mg of clindamycin-2-phosphate reached a peak of 3.3 mcg/ml at one hour later. The blood level of 6 hours after injection was 1.0 mcg/ml. 3) Clindamycin-2-phosphate 300 mg was given intramuscularly 2 to 4 times daily for 5 approximately 14 days in 4 cases of pneumonia. The drug proved effective in two cases of pneumonia due to Mycoplasma; fairly effective in another case of mixed infection caused by pneumococci, Hemophilus and N. meningitidis; and ineffective in the fourth case of infection due to Hemophilus parainfluenzae. 4) No such adverse reactions as hepatic disorder, renal disorder and colitis were noted following administration of clindamycin-2-phosphate.", "contents": "[Preclinical and clinical studies of clindamycin-2-phosphate (author's transl)]. Preclinical and clinical studies of clindamycin-2-phosphate developed as an infectable were conducted, and the following results were obtained: 1) Clindamycin-2-phosphate administered by the intravenous drip in a dose of 600 mg over one hour showed a peak blood clindamycin level of 10.5 mcg/ml at the end of administration. Though the blood level then decreased rapidly, it stayed at 0.7 mcg/ml at 8 hours later. 2) The blood level of clindamycin following intramuscular injection of 300 mg of clindamycin-2-phosphate reached a peak of 3.3 mcg/ml at one hour later. The blood level of 6 hours after injection was 1.0 mcg/ml. 3) Clindamycin-2-phosphate 300 mg was given intramuscularly 2 to 4 times daily for 5 approximately 14 days in 4 cases of pneumonia. The drug proved effective in two cases of pneumonia due to Mycoplasma; fairly effective in another case of mixed infection caused by pneumococci, Hemophilus and N. meningitidis; and ineffective in the fourth case of infection due to Hemophilus parainfluenzae. 4) No such adverse reactions as hepatic disorder, renal disorder and colitis were noted following administration of clindamycin-2-phosphate.", "PMID": 839643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3922", "title": "Peripheral and optic neuritis in a patient with hemoglobin SC disease during treatment of salmonella osteomyelitis with chloramphenicol.", "content": "Peripheral and optic neuritis developed in a girl with hemoglobin SC disease, during long-term high-dose treatment of Salmonella osteomyelitis with chloramphenicol. Although the neurotoxicity of this antibiotic is well documented, the child's pain was initially considered to be a form of sickle-cell dactylitis.", "contents": "Peripheral and optic neuritis in a patient with hemoglobin SC disease during treatment of salmonella osteomyelitis with chloramphenicol. Peripheral and optic neuritis developed in a girl with hemoglobin SC disease, during long-term high-dose treatment of Salmonella osteomyelitis with chloramphenicol. Although the neurotoxicity of this antibiotic is well documented, the child's pain was initially considered to be a form of sickle-cell dactylitis.", "PMID": 839647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3923", "title": "Effect of perfusion rate on the fluxes of water, sodium, chloride and urea across the proximal convoluted tubule.", "content": "Studies were undertaken to examine the mechanism whereby changes in intraluminal flow rates after reabsorption in the isolated perfused proximal tubule of the rabbit. All protocols employed the technique of in vitro perfusion of isolated segments of the proximal convoluted tubule. Stepwise elimination of d-glucose and l-alanine from an artifical perfusate stimulating ultrafiltrate decreased the unidirectional flux of sodium, transtubular potential difference, and net water absorption. Using isosmolal ultrafiltrate as the perfusate, net fluid reabsorption and the unidirectional lumen-to-bath flux of sodium and chloride decreased with a decrease in flow rate below 11 nl/min, but neither net fluid reabsorption nor the unidirectional fluxes of sodium and chloride increased further as the perfusion rate was increased above 11 nl/min. The unidirectional flux of 14C-urea was not affected by changes of perfusion rate from 1.6 to 44 nl/min. The dependence of net fluid reabsorption and unidirectional fluxes of sodium and chloride on flow rate per se, and not on intraluminal hydrostatic pressure or geometry, was established by demonstrating their decrease despite a rise in intraluminal pressure and inside diameter produced by counterpressure at the collecting end of the tubule, while flow was decreased. Ouabain decreased net fluid reabsorption to near zero at all flow rates, but ouabain had no effect on the flow-dependency of unidirectional sodium anf sodium was eliminated with a decrease in bicarbonate concentration and removal of d-glucose and l-alanine from the perfusate. Thus, the present studies demonstrate that net water and unidirectional sodium and chloride fluxes are flow-dependent. At flow rates somewhere below 11 nl/min, unidirectional fluxes decreased with decreasing perfusion rates; however, at perfusion rates greater than 11 nl/min, there was no further effect of perfusion rate on either net water absorption or the unidirectional fluxes of sodium or chloride. These effects may be partly mediated through the flow-dependent changes in the intraluminal concentration of bicarbonate, d-glucose, and 1-alanine.", "contents": "Effect of perfusion rate on the fluxes of water, sodium, chloride and urea across the proximal convoluted tubule. Studies were undertaken to examine the mechanism whereby changes in intraluminal flow rates after reabsorption in the isolated perfused proximal tubule of the rabbit. All protocols employed the technique of in vitro perfusion of isolated segments of the proximal convoluted tubule. Stepwise elimination of d-glucose and l-alanine from an artifical perfusate stimulating ultrafiltrate decreased the unidirectional flux of sodium, transtubular potential difference, and net water absorption. Using isosmolal ultrafiltrate as the perfusate, net fluid reabsorption and the unidirectional lumen-to-bath flux of sodium and chloride decreased with a decrease in flow rate below 11 nl/min, but neither net fluid reabsorption nor the unidirectional fluxes of sodium and chloride increased further as the perfusion rate was increased above 11 nl/min. The unidirectional flux of 14C-urea was not affected by changes of perfusion rate from 1.6 to 44 nl/min. The dependence of net fluid reabsorption and unidirectional fluxes of sodium and chloride on flow rate per se, and not on intraluminal hydrostatic pressure or geometry, was established by demonstrating their decrease despite a rise in intraluminal pressure and inside diameter produced by counterpressure at the collecting end of the tubule, while flow was decreased. Ouabain decreased net fluid reabsorption to near zero at all flow rates, but ouabain had no effect on the flow-dependency of unidirectional sodium anf sodium was eliminated with a decrease in bicarbonate concentration and removal of d-glucose and l-alanine from the perfusate. Thus, the present studies demonstrate that net water and unidirectional sodium and chloride fluxes are flow-dependent. At flow rates somewhere below 11 nl/min, unidirectional fluxes decreased with decreasing perfusion rates; however, at perfusion rates greater than 11 nl/min, there was no further effect of perfusion rate on either net water absorption or the unidirectional fluxes of sodium or chloride. These effects may be partly mediated through the flow-dependent changes in the intraluminal concentration of bicarbonate, d-glucose, and 1-alanine.", "PMID": 839650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3924", "title": "Dissociated effect of sodium intake on glomerular and pressor responses to angiotensin.", "content": "The influence of chronic and acute changes in sodium intake on pressor and glomerular capillary responses to angiotensin was studied. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the capillary changes in the superficial glomeruli. The results showed that both responses was sodium-dependent but in opposite directions. Low sodium intake diminished the pressor effect but enhanced the glomerular capillary response to administered angiotensin. On the contrary, a high sodium diet or a short perfusion of 0.9% NaC1 considerably diminished the sensitivity of the glomerular capillaries to angiotensin, whereas the systemic hypertensive effect was enhanced. Our results demonstrate that the systemic circulation and the capillaries of the superficial glomeruli react independently to angiotensin. This suggests that the superficial glomerular receptors differ from the systemic ones.", "contents": "Dissociated effect of sodium intake on glomerular and pressor responses to angiotensin. The influence of chronic and acute changes in sodium intake on pressor and glomerular capillary responses to angiotensin was studied. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the capillary changes in the superficial glomeruli. The results showed that both responses was sodium-dependent but in opposite directions. Low sodium intake diminished the pressor effect but enhanced the glomerular capillary response to administered angiotensin. On the contrary, a high sodium diet or a short perfusion of 0.9% NaC1 considerably diminished the sensitivity of the glomerular capillaries to angiotensin, whereas the systemic hypertensive effect was enhanced. Our results demonstrate that the systemic circulation and the capillaries of the superficial glomeruli react independently to angiotensin. This suggests that the superficial glomerular receptors differ from the systemic ones.", "PMID": 839651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3925", "title": "Renal hemodynamics in uranyl acetate-induced acute renal failure of rabbits.", "content": "The role of renal hemodynamic alterations in the curtailment of renal function was studied in rabbits with uranyl acetate-induced acute renal failure. The day following the i.v. injection of uranyl acetate (2 mg/kg of body wt), renal blood flow (RBF) and clearance of creatinine (Ccr) decreased to approximately 60 and 20% of controls, respectively. Intracortical fractional flow distribution, estimated by radioactive microsphere method, did not change. The extraction ratio of para-aminohippurate (EPAH) decreased and the renal extraction of sodium (CNa/Ccr) increased, with minimal structural change in the kidney. Urine output increased to two to three times that of the control. After three days oliguria appeared despite complete recovery of RBF. The zonal flow redistributed toward the deep cortex. CCr and EPAH reached their minimums, concomitantly with tubular necrosis and intratubular casts. After seven days animals could be divided into the oliguric and diuretic groups. CCr and EPAH were higher in the diuretic group, while there was no significant difference in RBF and the flow distribution between groups. Regeneration of damagee tubular cells was found in the diuretic group but not in the oliguric group. The findings suggest the minor roles of RBF and the intracortical flow distribution, and a fundamental role of back leakage of filtrate across damaged tubular epithelium in the maintenance of reduced CCR and urine output during the oliguric stage in rabbits with uranyl acetate-induced renal failure.", "contents": "Renal hemodynamics in uranyl acetate-induced acute renal failure of rabbits. The role of renal hemodynamic alterations in the curtailment of renal function was studied in rabbits with uranyl acetate-induced acute renal failure. The day following the i.v. injection of uranyl acetate (2 mg/kg of body wt), renal blood flow (RBF) and clearance of creatinine (Ccr) decreased to approximately 60 and 20% of controls, respectively. Intracortical fractional flow distribution, estimated by radioactive microsphere method, did not change. The extraction ratio of para-aminohippurate (EPAH) decreased and the renal extraction of sodium (CNa/Ccr) increased, with minimal structural change in the kidney. Urine output increased to two to three times that of the control. After three days oliguria appeared despite complete recovery of RBF. The zonal flow redistributed toward the deep cortex. CCr and EPAH reached their minimums, concomitantly with tubular necrosis and intratubular casts. After seven days animals could be divided into the oliguric and diuretic groups. CCr and EPAH were higher in the diuretic group, while there was no significant difference in RBF and the flow distribution between groups. Regeneration of damagee tubular cells was found in the diuretic group but not in the oliguric group. The findings suggest the minor roles of RBF and the intracortical flow distribution, and a fundamental role of back leakage of filtrate across damaged tubular epithelium in the maintenance of reduced CCR and urine output during the oliguric stage in rabbits with uranyl acetate-induced renal failure.", "PMID": 839652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3926", "title": "Glomerular permeability: in vivo tracer studies with polyanionic and polycationic ferritins.", "content": "The influence of molecular charge on glomerular permeability to the globular ferritin molecule in vivo was investigated. Mice (Charles River CD strain) and rats (Munich-Wistar strain) were injected intravenously either with native anionic ferritin or various cationized derivatives with different isoelectric points (pI) and the kidneys were examined by electron microscopy. Native anionic ferritin was almost completely restricted from entry into the glomerular filter at the level of the endothelium and subendothelial layer of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). Cationized derivatives penetrated the filter in increasing amounts depending on the pI of the tracer. Regardless of charge, all molecules that filtered through the lamina densa of the GBM and reached the subepithelial layer were completely restricted from entry into the urinary space at the level of filtration slits and appeared in phagosomes present in podocytes. Reduction of arterial pressure of cessation of renal blood flow did not influence the movement of ferritin molecules into the GBM. The results are consonant with physiological studies indicating charge dependent restriction of polyanion transport by the mammalian glomerulus. These tracer studies, in conjunction with cytochemical and biochemical evidence for the presence of polyanionic glycoproteins in the glomerular filter, suggest that glomerular restriction of plasma proteins occurs in part by a process similar to that which exludes negatively charged macromolecules in polyanionic gel systems.", "contents": "Glomerular permeability: in vivo tracer studies with polyanionic and polycationic ferritins. The influence of molecular charge on glomerular permeability to the globular ferritin molecule in vivo was investigated. Mice (Charles River CD strain) and rats (Munich-Wistar strain) were injected intravenously either with native anionic ferritin or various cationized derivatives with different isoelectric points (pI) and the kidneys were examined by electron microscopy. Native anionic ferritin was almost completely restricted from entry into the glomerular filter at the level of the endothelium and subendothelial layer of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). Cationized derivatives penetrated the filter in increasing amounts depending on the pI of the tracer. Regardless of charge, all molecules that filtered through the lamina densa of the GBM and reached the subepithelial layer were completely restricted from entry into the urinary space at the level of filtration slits and appeared in phagosomes present in podocytes. Reduction of arterial pressure of cessation of renal blood flow did not influence the movement of ferritin molecules into the GBM. The results are consonant with physiological studies indicating charge dependent restriction of polyanion transport by the mammalian glomerulus. These tracer studies, in conjunction with cytochemical and biochemical evidence for the presence of polyanionic glycoproteins in the glomerular filter, suggest that glomerular restriction of plasma proteins occurs in part by a process similar to that which exludes negatively charged macromolecules in polyanionic gel systems.", "PMID": 839653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3927", "title": "Chronic progressive renal disease: rate of change of serum creatinine concentration.", "content": "The rate of change of the serum creatinine concentrations in 63 patients with chronic progressive renal disease of varied etiology was examined by linear regression analysis using the logarithm or the reciprocal of the serum creatinine concentration versus time. A single straight line was described by one or the other of these relationships in 53 patients. Six patients had an accelerated rate of nephron destruction terminally (two slopes) regardless of the mathematical analysis. The remaining four patients had course changes either due to apparent spontaneous remissions or temporally related to therapy. These data suggest that (functional) nephron loss in chronic progress disease is orderly and mathematically definable. The theoretical implications are that functional nephron loss is either exponential (log Cr) or constant (1/Cr).", "contents": "Chronic progressive renal disease: rate of change of serum creatinine concentration. The rate of change of the serum creatinine concentrations in 63 patients with chronic progressive renal disease of varied etiology was examined by linear regression analysis using the logarithm or the reciprocal of the serum creatinine concentration versus time. A single straight line was described by one or the other of these relationships in 53 patients. Six patients had an accelerated rate of nephron destruction terminally (two slopes) regardless of the mathematical analysis. The remaining four patients had course changes either due to apparent spontaneous remissions or temporally related to therapy. These data suggest that (functional) nephron loss in chronic progress disease is orderly and mathematically definable. The theoretical implications are that functional nephron loss is either exponential (log Cr) or constant (1/Cr).", "PMID": 839654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3928", "title": "Micropuncture studies of the filtration and absorption of albumin by nephrotic rats.", "content": "The proximal tubular fluid albumin concentration of rats with immunologically induced nephrotic syndrome rose from 0.60 +/- 0.11 (SEM) mg/100 ml to 7.42 to 0.87 mg/100 ml. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was slightly depressed (P less than 0.001) and fractional water absorption unchanged (P greater than 0.45). Urinary albumin excretion rose from 0.18 +/- 0.03 (SEM) mg/100 g of body wt/24 hr to 78.5 +/- 39.5 mg/100 g/100 g of body wt/24 hr (P less than 0.001). The concentration of albumin in glomerular filtrate, calculated as the product of proximal tubular albumin concentration and fractional water absorption (4.53 +/- 0.60 mg [SEM]/100 ml), equalled that calculated from urine albumin concentration and whole kidney water absorption (4.14 +/- 0.84 mg/100 ml, P greater than 0.30). The data are interpreted to reflect a significant increase in filtered albumin and only a modest (if any) tubular albumin absorption in this study. Thus, the concept that tubular absorption plays a major role in the catabolism of albumin and the genesis of hypoalbuminemia in the nephrotic syndrome could not be confirmed.", "contents": "Micropuncture studies of the filtration and absorption of albumin by nephrotic rats. The proximal tubular fluid albumin concentration of rats with immunologically induced nephrotic syndrome rose from 0.60 +/- 0.11 (SEM) mg/100 ml to 7.42 to 0.87 mg/100 ml. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was slightly depressed (P less than 0.001) and fractional water absorption unchanged (P greater than 0.45). Urinary albumin excretion rose from 0.18 +/- 0.03 (SEM) mg/100 g of body wt/24 hr to 78.5 +/- 39.5 mg/100 g/100 g of body wt/24 hr (P less than 0.001). The concentration of albumin in glomerular filtrate, calculated as the product of proximal tubular albumin concentration and fractional water absorption (4.53 +/- 0.60 mg [SEM]/100 ml), equalled that calculated from urine albumin concentration and whole kidney water absorption (4.14 +/- 0.84 mg/100 ml, P greater than 0.30). The data are interpreted to reflect a significant increase in filtered albumin and only a modest (if any) tubular albumin absorption in this study. Thus, the concept that tubular absorption plays a major role in the catabolism of albumin and the genesis of hypoalbuminemia in the nephrotic syndrome could not be confirmed.", "PMID": 839656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3929", "title": "Evaluation of hypercoagulability in users of oral contraceptives.", "content": "Soluble fibrin monomer complexes (SFMC) were determined in users of different oral contraceptives. Quantitative gel filtration of beta-alanin precipitated plasma samples yielded the relative (per cent of total fibrinogen content) and absolute (mg per 100 ml plasma) amount of SFMC. Increased levels of SFMC were observed in users of oral contraceptives, when compared to age, parity and socioeconomic background matched control groups. This increase was more pronounced in users of Neogynon (0.05 mg ethinyl estradiol, 0.25 mg norgestrel) than in the one using Microgynon (0.03 mg ethinyl estradiol, 0.15 mg norgestrel). Users of Ovulen (0.1 mg mestranol, 1 mg ethynodiol diacetate) in addition to the rise of SFMC levels exhibited elevated fibrinogen levels in plasma. The data presented indicate a limited state of hypercoagulability in users of oral contraceptives.", "contents": "Evaluation of hypercoagulability in users of oral contraceptives. Soluble fibrin monomer complexes (SFMC) were determined in users of different oral contraceptives. Quantitative gel filtration of beta-alanin precipitated plasma samples yielded the relative (per cent of total fibrinogen content) and absolute (mg per 100 ml plasma) amount of SFMC. Increased levels of SFMC were observed in users of oral contraceptives, when compared to age, parity and socioeconomic background matched control groups. This increase was more pronounced in users of Neogynon (0.05 mg ethinyl estradiol, 0.25 mg norgestrel) than in the one using Microgynon (0.03 mg ethinyl estradiol, 0.15 mg norgestrel). Users of Ovulen (0.1 mg mestranol, 1 mg ethynodiol diacetate) in addition to the rise of SFMC levels exhibited elevated fibrinogen levels in plasma. The data presented indicate a limited state of hypercoagulability in users of oral contraceptives.", "PMID": 839676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3930", "title": "[Microzone electrophoresis of non concentrated CSF (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper reports on a method which allows the separation of proteins of non concentrated CSF by means of the microzone technic. Pherograms of high quality were possible when the CSF contained more than 10 mg/dl total protein. Protein separation is completed in 16 min when one cellulose acetate strip with 150 V and 2 mA or when 150 V and 4 mA with two strips are used. Proteins were stained with nigrosine. The theoretical basis, technical details and error range of this method of protein separation are discussed.", "contents": "[Microzone electrophoresis of non concentrated CSF (author's transl)]. This paper reports on a method which allows the separation of proteins of non concentrated CSF by means of the microzone technic. Pherograms of high quality were possible when the CSF contained more than 10 mg/dl total protein. Protein separation is completed in 16 min when one cellulose acetate strip with 150 V and 2 mA or when 150 V and 4 mA with two strips are used. Proteins were stained with nigrosine. The theoretical basis, technical details and error range of this method of protein separation are discussed.", "PMID": 839677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3931", "title": "[Effect of space flight on rat skeletal bones (an optical light and electron microscopic study)].", "content": "By light and electron microscopy long tubular bones of white Wistar rats were examined after a 22-day space flight and ground-based synhcroneous experiment. Approximately half of the flight rats showed loosened spongiose of metaphyses which was normally combined with a reduced area of the primary spongiose near the cartilaginous growth plate. This was suggestive of inhibited growth of bones in-flight. The light and electron microscopic examination of bones of flight rats revealed wide osteocyte cavities (lacunae) that could be associated with perilacunar osteolysis. The study of synchroneous animals demonstrated a less expressed spongiose of metaphyses found only in one third of the rats which was not usually combined with a reduced area of the primary spongiose near the cartilaginous growth plate. The histological examination of bones of flight rats on the 27th postflight day indicated that that period of time was insufficient for the normalization of all the changes.", "contents": "[Effect of space flight on rat skeletal bones (an optical light and electron microscopic study)]. By light and electron microscopy long tubular bones of white Wistar rats were examined after a 22-day space flight and ground-based synhcroneous experiment. Approximately half of the flight rats showed loosened spongiose of metaphyses which was normally combined with a reduced area of the primary spongiose near the cartilaginous growth plate. This was suggestive of inhibited growth of bones in-flight. The light and electron microscopic examination of bones of flight rats revealed wide osteocyte cavities (lacunae) that could be associated with perilacunar osteolysis. The study of synchroneous animals demonstrated a less expressed spongiose of metaphyses found only in one third of the rats which was not usually combined with a reduced area of the primary spongiose near the cartilaginous growth plate. The histological examination of bones of flight rats on the 27th postflight day indicated that that period of time was insufficient for the normalization of all the changes.", "PMID": 839704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3932", "title": "[Effect of space flight factors on rat skeletal musculature].", "content": "Morphological and histochemical examinations of skeletal muscles of flight rats demonstrated atrophic and dystrophic developments in M. soleus which were followed by metabolic disorders in the muscular tissue. The changes were reversible, although they did not disappear entirely on the 27th postflight day. Early signs of atrophic developments were found in M. gastrocnemius, M. quadriceps, M. extensor digitorum longus and M. biceps brachii on the 2nd postflight day. The comparative study of the data obtained from flight and ground-based synchroneous rats showed that muscular pathologies developed as a result of hypodynamics and were enhanced by weightlessness-effects.", "contents": "[Effect of space flight factors on rat skeletal musculature]. Morphological and histochemical examinations of skeletal muscles of flight rats demonstrated atrophic and dystrophic developments in M. soleus which were followed by metabolic disorders in the muscular tissue. The changes were reversible, although they did not disappear entirely on the 27th postflight day. Early signs of atrophic developments were found in M. gastrocnemius, M. quadriceps, M. extensor digitorum longus and M. biceps brachii on the 2nd postflight day. The comparative study of the data obtained from flight and ground-based synchroneous rats showed that muscular pathologies developed as a result of hypodynamics and were enhanced by weightlessness-effects.", "PMID": 839705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3933", "title": "[Calcium and phosphorus content and the 45Ca incorporation into the bones and teeth of rats after a 22-day orbital space flight on board the \"Cosmos-605\" satellite ship].", "content": "Examinations of 37 rats flow for 22 days onboard the biosatellite Cosmos-605 revealed no changes in the mineralization coefficient or the Ca and P content in humerus and teeth of the animals on the 2nd and 26th postflight days. Radioisotope studies showed changes in the specific activity of Ca45 incorporation in humerus and incisors. In flight rats the parameter decreased by 37-44%, in synchroneous animals it increased by 102% in bones and by 20% in incisors as compared with the vivarium controls on the 2nd postflight day. The specific activity of Ca45 incorporation was 92.7% in humerus and 44.2% in incisors of flight rats and 72.9% in humerus and 94.7% in incisors of synchroneous rats as compared with the vivarium controls on the 26th postflight day.", "contents": "[Calcium and phosphorus content and the 45Ca incorporation into the bones and teeth of rats after a 22-day orbital space flight on board the \"Cosmos-605\" satellite ship]. Examinations of 37 rats flow for 22 days onboard the biosatellite Cosmos-605 revealed no changes in the mineralization coefficient or the Ca and P content in humerus and teeth of the animals on the 2nd and 26th postflight days. Radioisotope studies showed changes in the specific activity of Ca45 incorporation in humerus and incisors. In flight rats the parameter decreased by 37-44%, in synchroneous animals it increased by 102% in bones and by 20% in incisors as compared with the vivarium controls on the 2nd postflight day. The specific activity of Ca45 incorporation was 92.7% in humerus and 44.2% in incisors of flight rats and 72.9% in humerus and 94.7% in incisors of synchroneous rats as compared with the vivarium controls on the 26th postflight day.", "PMID": 839706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3934", "title": "[Effect of accelerations, additional weight load and hypokinesia on protein catabolism in the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)].", "content": "Activities of glutamate and xanthine dehydrogenases were measured in four groups of quails (coturnix coturnix japonica): 1) hypodynamic birds which were kept in an area which made 1/4 of the control, 2) birds exposed to an increased weight load, 3) birds exposed to 3g. and 4) control birds. The experimental birds were exposed to the above treatment for 1 to 6 hours a day during 8 days. The birds were fed on a forced basis to eliminate differences in food intake. The activity of glutamate dehydrogenase was measured in the liver and that of xanthine dehydrogenase was assayed in the liver, kidneys and femoral muscle. It was found that increased gravity, weight load and hypodynamics affected the first and last stages in protein catabolism.", "contents": "[Effect of accelerations, additional weight load and hypokinesia on protein catabolism in the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)]. Activities of glutamate and xanthine dehydrogenases were measured in four groups of quails (coturnix coturnix japonica): 1) hypodynamic birds which were kept in an area which made 1/4 of the control, 2) birds exposed to an increased weight load, 3) birds exposed to 3g. and 4) control birds. The experimental birds were exposed to the above treatment for 1 to 6 hours a day during 8 days. The birds were fed on a forced basis to eliminate differences in food intake. The activity of glutamate dehydrogenase was measured in the liver and that of xanthine dehydrogenase was assayed in the liver, kidneys and femoral muscle. It was found that increased gravity, weight load and hypodynamics affected the first and last stages in protein catabolism.", "PMID": 839707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3935", "title": "[Water metabolism changes during prolonged hypokinesia with an antiorthostatic posture of the body].", "content": "Variations in the total content of body fluid and intravascular fluid were measured during a 49-day bed rest experiment and a 25-day recovery period. During the experiment the test subjects were kept in the head-down position at an angle of -4 degrees. The diminished motor activity led to a decrease of the absolute and, to a greater extent, of the relative content of water in the body which was associated with intravascular losses. The major changes in fluid balance occurred during the first two weeks of the bed rest experiment; this may be attributed to the head-down position of the test subjects.", "contents": "[Water metabolism changes during prolonged hypokinesia with an antiorthostatic posture of the body]. Variations in the total content of body fluid and intravascular fluid were measured during a 49-day bed rest experiment and a 25-day recovery period. During the experiment the test subjects were kept in the head-down position at an angle of -4 degrees. The diminished motor activity led to a decrease of the absolute and, to a greater extent, of the relative content of water in the body which was associated with intravascular losses. The major changes in fluid balance occurred during the first two weeks of the bed rest experiment; this may be attributed to the head-down position of the test subjects.", "PMID": 839708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3936", "title": "[Phosphocreatine metabolic indices during increased and decreased energy expenditures in man].", "content": "Changes in phosphocreatine metabolism (creatinine excretion in the urine and arginine content in plasma--one of the amino acids that are involved in creatine synthesis) were studied in 40 male test subjects who performed increased or decreased work and consumed standard protein food. It was shown that there was a correlation between creatinine excretion in the urine and the content of arginine in plasma, on the one hand, and the amount of nitrogen consumed, on the other. It was also found that at increased or decreased energy expenditures creatinine excretion and arginine content elevated. These data are indicative of changes in phosphocreatine metabolism in response to the environmental effects.", "contents": "[Phosphocreatine metabolic indices during increased and decreased energy expenditures in man]. Changes in phosphocreatine metabolism (creatinine excretion in the urine and arginine content in plasma--one of the amino acids that are involved in creatine synthesis) were studied in 40 male test subjects who performed increased or decreased work and consumed standard protein food. It was shown that there was a correlation between creatinine excretion in the urine and the content of arginine in plasma, on the one hand, and the amount of nitrogen consumed, on the other. It was also found that at increased or decreased energy expenditures creatinine excretion and arginine content elevated. These data are indicative of changes in phosphocreatine metabolism in response to the environmental effects.", "PMID": 839709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3937", "title": "[Hemodynamics of healthy persons under various regimens of negative pressure around the lower half of the body].", "content": "Thirty male athletes kept in recumbency served as test subjects in 90 LBNP experiments. In the experiments the negative pressure level varied from 40 to 80 mm Hg. During LBNP application the heart rate, arterial pressure, cardiac output, vascular tone and other parameters of circulation were measured. Cardiac output stabilized whereas other cardiovascular parameters changed significantly. Mechanisms of compensatory reaction during LBNP application and indications of its tolerance are discussed.", "contents": "[Hemodynamics of healthy persons under various regimens of negative pressure around the lower half of the body]. Thirty male athletes kept in recumbency served as test subjects in 90 LBNP experiments. In the experiments the negative pressure level varied from 40 to 80 mm Hg. During LBNP application the heart rate, arterial pressure, cardiac output, vascular tone and other parameters of circulation were measured. Cardiac output stabilized whereas other cardiovascular parameters changed significantly. Mechanisms of compensatory reaction during LBNP application and indications of its tolerance are discussed.", "PMID": 839711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3938", "title": "[Motor activity of mice in a magnetic field of varying intensity].", "content": "Mice were exposed to a constant magnetic field of 250-4,000 oersted and alternative magnetic field of 100 oersted and a frequency of 100 Hz. The animals showed changes in the motor activity whose level and pattern depended on the field intensity. An exposure to a constant magnetic field of 1000 oersted inhibited significantly motor activity of mice. The motor activity was slightly activated during an exposure to a constant magnetic field of 500 oersted and immediately after an exposure to a constant magnetic field of 4000 oersted and to an alternative magnetic field of 100 oersted and a frequency of 100 Hz.", "contents": "[Motor activity of mice in a magnetic field of varying intensity]. Mice were exposed to a constant magnetic field of 250-4,000 oersted and alternative magnetic field of 100 oersted and a frequency of 100 Hz. The animals showed changes in the motor activity whose level and pattern depended on the field intensity. An exposure to a constant magnetic field of 1000 oersted inhibited significantly motor activity of mice. The motor activity was slightly activated during an exposure to a constant magnetic field of 500 oersted and immediately after an exposure to a constant magnetic field of 4000 oersted and to an alternative magnetic field of 100 oersted and a frequency of 100 Hz.", "PMID": 839712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3939", "title": "[Prevention of altitude decompression sickness during short flights in a depressurized cabin at high altitudes].", "content": "Forty altitude chamber experiments were carried out in which 18 test subjects participated. The purpose of the experiments was to prevent decompression sickness in a pilot using an altitude compensatory suit and oxygen mask. It was demonstrated that oxygen breathing on the ground and at an altitude of 8 km for 20 and 50-60 min eliminated severe symptoms and lowered the frequency of occurrence of mild symptoms of decompression sickness during the subsequent 10-20 and 60-120 min exposures to altitudes of 40,000 and 11,000 m respectively. An increase in the absolute pressure to 240-290 mm Hg in the altitude garment prevented decompression sickness of altitudes of 11,000-15,000 m and eliminated it if it occurred at lower barometric pressure.", "contents": "[Prevention of altitude decompression sickness during short flights in a depressurized cabin at high altitudes]. Forty altitude chamber experiments were carried out in which 18 test subjects participated. The purpose of the experiments was to prevent decompression sickness in a pilot using an altitude compensatory suit and oxygen mask. It was demonstrated that oxygen breathing on the ground and at an altitude of 8 km for 20 and 50-60 min eliminated severe symptoms and lowered the frequency of occurrence of mild symptoms of decompression sickness during the subsequent 10-20 and 60-120 min exposures to altitudes of 40,000 and 11,000 m respectively. An increase in the absolute pressure to 240-290 mm Hg in the altitude garment prevented decompression sickness of altitudes of 11,000-15,000 m and eliminated it if it occurred at lower barometric pressure.", "PMID": 839713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3940", "title": "Ganglioneuroma-containing tumours of the adrenal medulla in Alderly-Park rats.", "content": "The histopathology of 7 adrenal tumours, consisting partially or entirely of ganglioneuroma, is described and their origin discussed.", "contents": "Ganglioneuroma-containing tumours of the adrenal medulla in Alderly-Park rats. The histopathology of 7 adrenal tumours, consisting partially or entirely of ganglioneuroma, is described and their origin discussed.", "PMID": 839719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3941", "title": "[State of hematopoiesis during irradiation simulating radiation exposure in prolonged space flight].", "content": "The paper presents the results of studies of the peripheral blood and bone marrow of 36 male dogs exposed to a chronic 3 year gamma-irradiation (from the Co60 source) at a dose rate of 0.17 rad per day which was combined with acute irradiations. The animals received two doses -360 and 564 rad in total. The leukoblastic system showed inhibition and decreased reactivity in case of irradiation with a higher dose. The red blood cell balance remained stable for a long period of time due to activated erythropoiesis.", "contents": "[State of hematopoiesis during irradiation simulating radiation exposure in prolonged space flight]. The paper presents the results of studies of the peripheral blood and bone marrow of 36 male dogs exposed to a chronic 3 year gamma-irradiation (from the Co60 source) at a dose rate of 0.17 rad per day which was combined with acute irradiations. The animals received two doses -360 and 564 rad in total. The leukoblastic system showed inhibition and decreased reactivity in case of irradiation with a higher dose. The red blood cell balance remained stable for a long period of time due to activated erythropoiesis.", "PMID": 839714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3942", "title": "The transmission of Theileria annulata to a rabbit by the larvae of the tick Hyalomma rufipes.", "content": "A New Zealand White rabbit on which larvae of Hyalomma rufipes were fed died of theileriosis due to Theileria annulata 22 days after the larvae had fed. The larvae were direct progeny of an enorged female collected from trade cattle in the veterinary control post at Ibadan. The danger attending the feeding on rabbits of first progeny of ticks collected from cattle in countries where some tick-borne diseases are endemic is highlighted. The possibility of transovarial transmission of Theileria is discussed.", "contents": "The transmission of Theileria annulata to a rabbit by the larvae of the tick Hyalomma rufipes. A New Zealand White rabbit on which larvae of Hyalomma rufipes were fed died of theileriosis due to Theileria annulata 22 days after the larvae had fed. The larvae were direct progeny of an enorged female collected from trade cattle in the veterinary control post at Ibadan. The danger attending the feeding on rabbits of first progeny of ticks collected from cattle in countries where some tick-borne diseases are endemic is highlighted. The possibility of transovarial transmission of Theileria is discussed.", "PMID": 839720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3943", "title": "[Nitrogen, carbohydrate and lipid metabolic indices in man during a prolonged stay under hyperbaric conditions].", "content": "Some parameters of the protein, fat and carbohydrate metabolism were examined in men who worked in a nitrogenoxygen atmosphere at 5 ata. Three series of 15-18 day experiments were carried out on two test subjects in each. The test subjects were kept on a well balanced diet. In the first experimental series no additional vitamins were given. In the second and third experimental series the test subjects were given an Undevit vitamin complex. Test subjects of the first group showed changes in nitrogen metabolism and an increased content of sugars in blood. Test subjects of the second and third groups displayed minor, if any, changes of that kind. After the experiments the parameters returned to the normal within different periods of time.", "contents": "[Nitrogen, carbohydrate and lipid metabolic indices in man during a prolonged stay under hyperbaric conditions]. Some parameters of the protein, fat and carbohydrate metabolism were examined in men who worked in a nitrogenoxygen atmosphere at 5 ata. Three series of 15-18 day experiments were carried out on two test subjects in each. The test subjects were kept on a well balanced diet. In the first experimental series no additional vitamins were given. In the second and third experimental series the test subjects were given an Undevit vitamin complex. Test subjects of the first group showed changes in nitrogen metabolism and an increased content of sugars in blood. Test subjects of the second and third groups displayed minor, if any, changes of that kind. After the experiments the parameters returned to the normal within different periods of time.", "PMID": 839710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3944", "title": "[Dependence of the species makeup of a mixed culture of microscopic algae on the illumination and on the rate of nutritional element intake].", "content": "The existence of microalgal polycultures in a continuous culture is discussed. This depends on both physiological characteristics of algae and the rate with which nutrient elements are supplied. The routes of control of the species structure of the polyculture are discussed.", "contents": "[Dependence of the species makeup of a mixed culture of microscopic algae on the illumination and on the rate of nutritional element intake]. The existence of microalgal polycultures in a continuous culture is discussed. This depends on both physiological characteristics of algae and the rate with which nutrient elements are supplied. The routes of control of the species structure of the polyculture are discussed.", "PMID": 839716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3945", "title": "Fibrosarcomas induced by cobalt chloride (CoCl2) in rats.", "content": "Hyperlipaemia persisted for more than 12 months in rats treated with cobalt chloride, 9 of 20 treated rats and 1 control rat died within the first year, and 8 of the surviving animals developed fibrosarcomas--in 4 of these the tumour was far removed from the injection sites. The results are discussed with reference to the use of cobalt chloride treatment for anaemia in patients with chronic renal failure.", "contents": "Fibrosarcomas induced by cobalt chloride (CoCl2) in rats. Hyperlipaemia persisted for more than 12 months in rats treated with cobalt chloride, 9 of 20 treated rats and 1 control rat died within the first year, and 8 of the surviving animals developed fibrosarcomas--in 4 of these the tumour was far removed from the injection sites. The results are discussed with reference to the use of cobalt chloride treatment for anaemia in patients with chronic renal failure.", "PMID": 839722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3946", "title": "[Some personality characteristics of cadets with varying levels of flight proficiency].", "content": "The paper gives assessment of personality characteristics of pilot-cadets and discusses their influence on the marks in flying disciplines. The study uses a discrimination analysis and presents a statistically optimal generalized criterion that can be applied to quantitative prediction of the success of flight training.", "contents": "[Some personality characteristics of cadets with varying levels of flight proficiency]. The paper gives assessment of personality characteristics of pilot-cadets and discusses their influence on the marks in flying disciplines. The study uses a discrimination analysis and presents a statistically optimal generalized criterion that can be applied to quantitative prediction of the success of flight training.", "PMID": 839715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3947", "title": "Naturally occurring superfoetation in the rat.", "content": "A case of superfoetation in the rat is described and an estimate of the incidence of naturally occurring cases in a colony of Porton strain Wistar (LAC:P) rats rats is made (0-09-0-27% of litters born).", "contents": "Naturally occurring superfoetation in the rat. A case of superfoetation in the rat is described and an estimate of the incidence of naturally occurring cases in a colony of Porton strain Wistar (LAC:P) rats rats is made (0-09-0-27% of litters born).", "PMID": 839723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3948", "title": "Differences in production of solid Landhsc\u00fctz tumours in BALB/c and ICR mice.", "content": "Landsch\u00fctz tumour cells in the ascitic form injected subcutaneously into BALB/c or ICR mice produce solid tumours which grow progressively in most ICR mice but regress in nearly all BALB/c mice. Solid tumours in the peritoneal wall (produced by intraperitoneal inoculation of ascitic cells and treatment with normal serum) grew in both strains, but were more invasive in ICR mice. Surgical interference in BALB/c mice with these tumours, allowing adhesion of tumour to skin or subcutaneous fascia, resulted in cessation of tumour growth or regression.", "contents": "Differences in production of solid Landhsc\u00fctz tumours in BALB/c and ICR mice. Landsch\u00fctz tumour cells in the ascitic form injected subcutaneously into BALB/c or ICR mice produce solid tumours which grow progressively in most ICR mice but regress in nearly all BALB/c mice. Solid tumours in the peritoneal wall (produced by intraperitoneal inoculation of ascitic cells and treatment with normal serum) grew in both strains, but were more invasive in ICR mice. Surgical interference in BALB/c mice with these tumours, allowing adhesion of tumour to skin or subcutaneous fascia, resulted in cessation of tumour growth or regression.", "PMID": 839724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3949", "title": "Vaginal impedance measurement used for mating in the rat.", "content": "An apparatus consisting of 2 silver ring electrodes attached to a plastic rod and connected to a transistor indicator was used to measure electrical impedance changes in the vagina of rats. A statistically significant increase in electrical impedance occurred at proestrus. By determining when this peak occurs, the optimal time for pairing can be established. In paired animals the absence of the peak provides a reliable means of diagnosing pregnancy.", "contents": "Vaginal impedance measurement used for mating in the rat. An apparatus consisting of 2 silver ring electrodes attached to a plastic rod and connected to a transistor indicator was used to measure electrical impedance changes in the vagina of rats. A statistically significant increase in electrical impedance occurred at proestrus. By determining when this peak occurs, the optimal time for pairing can be established. In paired animals the absence of the peak provides a reliable means of diagnosing pregnancy.", "PMID": 839725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3950", "title": "Vaginal impedance measurement used for mating in the guinea-pig.", "content": "A method for determining the phase of the oestrous cycle by measuring the electrical impedance of the vaginal mucous membrane was examined in the guinea-pig. The apparatus consisted of silver ring electrodes attached to a plastic rod and connected to a transistor indicator. A cyclic increase in impedance was found, and significantly higher values were recorded during the phase of increase (proestrus) than at other times of the cycle. By determining this peak the right time for pairing can be chosen. Conversely, the disappearance of this cyclic culmination in impedance pointed to early pregnancy with a high degree of reliability.", "contents": "Vaginal impedance measurement used for mating in the guinea-pig. A method for determining the phase of the oestrous cycle by measuring the electrical impedance of the vaginal mucous membrane was examined in the guinea-pig. The apparatus consisted of silver ring electrodes attached to a plastic rod and connected to a transistor indicator. A cyclic increase in impedance was found, and significantly higher values were recorded during the phase of increase (proestrus) than at other times of the cycle. By determining this peak the right time for pairing can be chosen. Conversely, the disappearance of this cyclic culmination in impedance pointed to early pregnancy with a high degree of reliability.", "PMID": 839726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3951", "title": "Formation of renal medullary lysosomes during potassium depletion nephropathy.", "content": "The biochemical correlates of droplet formation in renal inner medullary cells of potassium-deficient rats were studied. An increase in the activities of five hydrolytic enzymes typical of lysosomes was associated with an increase in the number and size of droplets observed during progressive potassium depletion. Acid phosphatase activity increased 7-fold whereas beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase, cathepsin, and acid DNase increased 2- to 4-fold in medullary homogenates at 25 days of depletion. Following potassium repletion the activities returned to normal at a rate dependent upon the duration of potassium depletion. The decreases in enzyme activities were associated with a concomitant rapid disappearance of the droplets from medullary cells. Protein synthesis for new droplet enzyme formation was studied by measuring the rate of [14C]leucine incorporation into protein in medullary slices. The rate increased at 1 day of depletion and reached a maximum which was 139 per cent higher than control after 7 days of depletion. In droplets isolated from medullary tissue during progressive potassium depletion the rate of protein labeling with [14C]leucine and acid phosphatase specific activity increased in parallel. When droplet proteins were separated by gel electrophoresis, acid phosphatase activity was detected in a protein band which had been labeled with [14C]leucine, thereby suggesting new enzyme protein formation. The increase in enzyme and protein synthesis and a previously demonstrated increase in phospholipid synthesis and membrane formation indicate that potassium depletion induces specific alterations in renal inner medullary cell metabolism which result in increased lysosome formation.", "contents": "Formation of renal medullary lysosomes during potassium depletion nephropathy. The biochemical correlates of droplet formation in renal inner medullary cells of potassium-deficient rats were studied. An increase in the activities of five hydrolytic enzymes typical of lysosomes was associated with an increase in the number and size of droplets observed during progressive potassium depletion. Acid phosphatase activity increased 7-fold whereas beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase, cathepsin, and acid DNase increased 2- to 4-fold in medullary homogenates at 25 days of depletion. Following potassium repletion the activities returned to normal at a rate dependent upon the duration of potassium depletion. The decreases in enzyme activities were associated with a concomitant rapid disappearance of the droplets from medullary cells. Protein synthesis for new droplet enzyme formation was studied by measuring the rate of [14C]leucine incorporation into protein in medullary slices. The rate increased at 1 day of depletion and reached a maximum which was 139 per cent higher than control after 7 days of depletion. In droplets isolated from medullary tissue during progressive potassium depletion the rate of protein labeling with [14C]leucine and acid phosphatase specific activity increased in parallel. When droplet proteins were separated by gel electrophoresis, acid phosphatase activity was detected in a protein band which had been labeled with [14C]leucine, thereby suggesting new enzyme protein formation. The increase in enzyme and protein synthesis and a previously demonstrated increase in phospholipid synthesis and membrane formation indicate that potassium depletion induces specific alterations in renal inner medullary cell metabolism which result in increased lysosome formation.", "PMID": 839728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3952", "title": "Lipid accumulation in the stationary phase of strain L cells in suspension culture.", "content": "Strain L (Earle) cells in suspension tissue culture exhibit a logarithmic growth period followed by a stationary or plateau phase. Lipid to cell and lipid to protein ratios were found to be at minimal levels during logarithmic growth and increased 13 per cent and 42 per cent, respectively, in cultures in the stationary phase. The lipid accumulation was due to elevated cellular levels of phospholipid and cholesterol, which each increased in nearly the same ratio. Cellular triglyceride and free fatty acid content was not significantly altered. There was a loss of cellular protein in the older cultures that largely accounted for the greater increase in the lipid to protein ratio. Electron microscopic examination of cells from the stationary phase revealed numerous autophagic vacuoles and dense bodies, many of which contained membranous debris and other cytoplasmic components in different stages of autodigestion. These varied and complex membrane-bound structures localized acid phosphatase activity on cytochemical examination, establishing them as autophagic lysosomes. The present correlative biochemical and morphologic studies indicate that the observed elevation of phospholipid and cholesterol in stationary phase cells occurred as a result of autophagocytosis and demonstrate the role of cell injury in the accumulation of lipid of this type.", "contents": "Lipid accumulation in the stationary phase of strain L cells in suspension culture. Strain L (Earle) cells in suspension tissue culture exhibit a logarithmic growth period followed by a stationary or plateau phase. Lipid to cell and lipid to protein ratios were found to be at minimal levels during logarithmic growth and increased 13 per cent and 42 per cent, respectively, in cultures in the stationary phase. The lipid accumulation was due to elevated cellular levels of phospholipid and cholesterol, which each increased in nearly the same ratio. Cellular triglyceride and free fatty acid content was not significantly altered. There was a loss of cellular protein in the older cultures that largely accounted for the greater increase in the lipid to protein ratio. Electron microscopic examination of cells from the stationary phase revealed numerous autophagic vacuoles and dense bodies, many of which contained membranous debris and other cytoplasmic components in different stages of autodigestion. These varied and complex membrane-bound structures localized acid phosphatase activity on cytochemical examination, establishing them as autophagic lysosomes. The present correlative biochemical and morphologic studies indicate that the observed elevation of phospholipid and cholesterol in stationary phase cells occurred as a result of autophagocytosis and demonstrate the role of cell injury in the accumulation of lipid of this type.", "PMID": 839729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3953", "title": "Interaction of crocidolite asbestos with hamster respiratory mucosa in organ culture.", "content": "Organ cultures of hamster trachea were used to study the effects of crocidolite asbestos on the respiratroy epithelium and the uptake of asbestos by cells of the mucosa. International Union Against Cancer (U.I.C.C.) crocidolite was suspended in medium over a range of concentrations and precipitated on the epithelial surface for 1 hour. At intervals during the ensuing 4 weeks, morphologic changes were documented by light, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy. Cytotoxic alterations in differentiated mucosal cells appeared to relate to the amount of crocidolite added to the cultures. Necrosis and desquamation of surface cells were accompanied by basal cell hyperplasia. These proliferating cells phagocytosed the dust and incorporated it into lysosomes. Crocidolite was also found interposed between cells of the hyperplastic basal cell layer. Transport of asbestos particles to the submucosa and uptake by mesenchymal cells was apparent after 1 week.", "contents": "Interaction of crocidolite asbestos with hamster respiratory mucosa in organ culture. Organ cultures of hamster trachea were used to study the effects of crocidolite asbestos on the respiratroy epithelium and the uptake of asbestos by cells of the mucosa. International Union Against Cancer (U.I.C.C.) crocidolite was suspended in medium over a range of concentrations and precipitated on the epithelial surface for 1 hour. At intervals during the ensuing 4 weeks, morphologic changes were documented by light, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy. Cytotoxic alterations in differentiated mucosal cells appeared to relate to the amount of crocidolite added to the cultures. Necrosis and desquamation of surface cells were accompanied by basal cell hyperplasia. These proliferating cells phagocytosed the dust and incorporated it into lysosomes. Crocidolite was also found interposed between cells of the hyperplastic basal cell layer. Transport of asbestos particles to the submucosa and uptake by mesenchymal cells was apparent after 1 week.", "PMID": 839730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3954", "title": "Cerebral cortical changes in acute experimental hypertension: An ultrastructural study.", "content": "Multiple focal cortical areas of increased vascular permeability to tracer substances occur in experimental hypertensive encephalopathy. In this study, rats with angiotensin-induced acute hypertension were used to determine whether increased permeability was associated with focal cerebral edema and if so, the tissue component involved. In addition, the mechanism of increased permeability and the types of vessels involved were investigated using horseradish peroxidase as a tracer. Quantitative morphometric studies 8 minutes after the onset of hypertension demonstrated significant perivascular glial swelling around arterioles, venules, and capillaries; the swelling was confirmed to the permeable areas and absent in the nonpermeable areas of the same animals. Ninety seconds after the onset of hypertension, horseradish peroxidase reaction product was present in focal superficial segments of the walls of penetrating arterioles but rarely in venular and capillary walls. At this time period endothelial cells showed prominent pinocytotic uptake of tracer. Eight minutes after the onset of hypertension, reaction product was again found in arteriolar walls and had extravasated into the surrounding extracellular space of the neuropil as well. Extravasation also occurred through capillary and venular walls but was less frequent. At this time interval endothelial pinocytotic activity was still prominent. There was no mechanical damage of vessel walls in the form of endothelial discontinuities or disruption of interendothelial spaces. Tracer was not found in interendothelial jundtions in continuity from lumen to base. The principle mechanism of increased permeability was enhanced pinocytosis, which occurred rapidly, being demonstrable 90 seconds after the onset of hypertension; it was observed principally in permeable arteriolar segments.", "contents": "Cerebral cortical changes in acute experimental hypertension: An ultrastructural study. Multiple focal cortical areas of increased vascular permeability to tracer substances occur in experimental hypertensive encephalopathy. In this study, rats with angiotensin-induced acute hypertension were used to determine whether increased permeability was associated with focal cerebral edema and if so, the tissue component involved. In addition, the mechanism of increased permeability and the types of vessels involved were investigated using horseradish peroxidase as a tracer. Quantitative morphometric studies 8 minutes after the onset of hypertension demonstrated significant perivascular glial swelling around arterioles, venules, and capillaries; the swelling was confirmed to the permeable areas and absent in the nonpermeable areas of the same animals. Ninety seconds after the onset of hypertension, horseradish peroxidase reaction product was present in focal superficial segments of the walls of penetrating arterioles but rarely in venular and capillary walls. At this time period endothelial cells showed prominent pinocytotic uptake of tracer. Eight minutes after the onset of hypertension, reaction product was again found in arteriolar walls and had extravasated into the surrounding extracellular space of the neuropil as well. Extravasation also occurred through capillary and venular walls but was less frequent. At this time interval endothelial pinocytotic activity was still prominent. There was no mechanical damage of vessel walls in the form of endothelial discontinuities or disruption of interendothelial spaces. Tracer was not found in interendothelial jundtions in continuity from lumen to base. The principle mechanism of increased permeability was enhanced pinocytosis, which occurred rapidly, being demonstrable 90 seconds after the onset of hypertension; it was observed principally in permeable arteriolar segments.", "PMID": 839731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3955", "title": "Reversal of hypertension by transplants and lipid extracts of cultured renomedullary interstitial cells.", "content": "Transplants and lipid extracts of the same monolayer tissue culture of renomedullary interstitial cells from murine renal medulla exerted a similar antihypertensive action in rats having hypertension of the sodium-volume-dependent-type. The antihypertensive action resembled that caused by lipid extracts of rabbit renal medulla and extracts of lapine renomedullary interstitial cells grown in tissue culture. The recession of the arterial pressure of the hypertensive animals usually occurred slowly and steadily to a maximum within 6 to 12 hours. On occasions, a substantial acute depressor effect preceded the slow and steady decline of the pressure. As the pressure was lowered, there was either minimal or no change in the pulse rate. The lowering of the hypertensive pressure before there was vascularization of the transplant appears to support the view that the transplanted cells secreted and/or liberated an antihypertensive substance(s) that seeped out and was absorbed by nearby capillaries and/or lymphatics and circulated and acted in the manner of a hormone. The extracted and purified lipid from the same cells as used for transplantation is proposed as a candidate for such hormonal action. Evidence is presented that minimizes the possibility of the classic renomedullary prostaglandins as this antihypertensive lipid. The findings add support to the concept that the kidney exerts a hormonal antihypertensive action that opposes the well known hormonal prohypertensive renal actions.", "contents": "Reversal of hypertension by transplants and lipid extracts of cultured renomedullary interstitial cells. Transplants and lipid extracts of the same monolayer tissue culture of renomedullary interstitial cells from murine renal medulla exerted a similar antihypertensive action in rats having hypertension of the sodium-volume-dependent-type. The antihypertensive action resembled that caused by lipid extracts of rabbit renal medulla and extracts of lapine renomedullary interstitial cells grown in tissue culture. The recession of the arterial pressure of the hypertensive animals usually occurred slowly and steadily to a maximum within 6 to 12 hours. On occasions, a substantial acute depressor effect preceded the slow and steady decline of the pressure. As the pressure was lowered, there was either minimal or no change in the pulse rate. The lowering of the hypertensive pressure before there was vascularization of the transplant appears to support the view that the transplanted cells secreted and/or liberated an antihypertensive substance(s) that seeped out and was absorbed by nearby capillaries and/or lymphatics and circulated and acted in the manner of a hormone. The extracted and purified lipid from the same cells as used for transplantation is proposed as a candidate for such hormonal action. Evidence is presented that minimizes the possibility of the classic renomedullary prostaglandins as this antihypertensive lipid. The findings add support to the concept that the kidney exerts a hormonal antihypertensive action that opposes the well known hormonal prohypertensive renal actions.", "PMID": 839732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3956", "title": "A scanning and transmission electron microscopic comparison of puromycin aminonucleoside-induced nephrosis to hyperalbuminemia-induced proteinuria with emphasis on kidney podocyte pedicel loss.", "content": "Ultrastructural changes in the visceral epithelium and proximal tubules of rats were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy during the onset and progression of puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis (PAN)-induced proteinuria. These changes were compared with those that occur during a similar degree of proteinuria induced by intraperitoneal injections of albumin. With the onset of proteinuria and oliguria, PAN rats exhibit loss of podocyte pedicels and podocyte major processes, an increase in pinocytotic activity, and an accumulation of cytoplasmic vacuoles and granules of variable size, shape, and electron density. Loss of podocyte pedicels involves a gradual decrease in pedicel height beginning at the pedicel tip and progressing down the pedicel arm, formation of nublike protrusions and interpedicel microbridges (35 to 45 nm. in width and 40 to 60 nm. in length) along the pedicel's base, the merging of microbridges to form more extensive regions of interpedicel contact, and a gradual broadening and retraction of pedicels. In response to hyperalbuminemia-induced proteinuria, kidney podocytes exhibit reactions during PAN, however, the podocyte pedicels, slit pores, and major processes of rats with hyperalbuminemia-induced proteinuria remain discrete. The loss of pedicels and major processes during PAN, therefore, apparently results from the effects of puromycin aminonucleoside per se rather than from the proteinuria associated with this disease. The proximal tubules of rats with hyperalbuminemia-induced proteinurea exhibit the same characteristic changes as PAN rat proximal tubules (i.e., loss of brush border, dilated lumina, abnormally thin walls, and accumulation of periodic acid-Schiff positive electron-dense luminal casts and cytoplasmic protein absorption droplets). The significance of these ultrastructural findings during PAN and hyperalbuminemia-induced proteinurea are discussed in terms of the etiology of PAN.", "contents": "A scanning and transmission electron microscopic comparison of puromycin aminonucleoside-induced nephrosis to hyperalbuminemia-induced proteinuria with emphasis on kidney podocyte pedicel loss. Ultrastructural changes in the visceral epithelium and proximal tubules of rats were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy during the onset and progression of puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis (PAN)-induced proteinuria. These changes were compared with those that occur during a similar degree of proteinuria induced by intraperitoneal injections of albumin. With the onset of proteinuria and oliguria, PAN rats exhibit loss of podocyte pedicels and podocyte major processes, an increase in pinocytotic activity, and an accumulation of cytoplasmic vacuoles and granules of variable size, shape, and electron density. Loss of podocyte pedicels involves a gradual decrease in pedicel height beginning at the pedicel tip and progressing down the pedicel arm, formation of nublike protrusions and interpedicel microbridges (35 to 45 nm. in width and 40 to 60 nm. in length) along the pedicel's base, the merging of microbridges to form more extensive regions of interpedicel contact, and a gradual broadening and retraction of pedicels. In response to hyperalbuminemia-induced proteinuria, kidney podocytes exhibit reactions during PAN, however, the podocyte pedicels, slit pores, and major processes of rats with hyperalbuminemia-induced proteinuria remain discrete. The loss of pedicels and major processes during PAN, therefore, apparently results from the effects of puromycin aminonucleoside per se rather than from the proteinuria associated with this disease. The proximal tubules of rats with hyperalbuminemia-induced proteinurea exhibit the same characteristic changes as PAN rat proximal tubules (i.e., loss of brush border, dilated lumina, abnormally thin walls, and accumulation of periodic acid-Schiff positive electron-dense luminal casts and cytoplasmic protein absorption droplets). The significance of these ultrastructural findings during PAN and hyperalbuminemia-induced proteinurea are discussed in terms of the etiology of PAN.", "PMID": 839733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3957", "title": "Secretory and ultrastructural responses of hyperfunctioning human parathyroid tissues to varying calcium concentration and vinblastine.", "content": "Parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion from abnormal hyperfunctioning human parathyroid tissues was studied in vitro to determine whether abnormal tissues were responsive to changes in calcium concentration and what role their subcellular organelles played in secretion. Hyperfunctioning tissues from one patient with secondary parathyroid hyperplasia, four patients with parathyroid adenomas, and one patient with parathyroid carcinoma were incubated in media containing low calcium (0.75 mM), normal calcium (1.5 mM), high calcium (3.0 mM), or vinblastine (0.01 mM), a microtubular disrupter. Also, in order to correlate ultrastructural responses with PTH secretion, after incubation tissues of one adenoma were objectively quantitated by stereologic techniques. Low calcium consistently stimulated mean PTH secretion from hyperplastic and adenomatous tissue, but only during the 1st hour of secretion. Low calcium inconsistently stimulated carcinomatous tissue. High calcium suppressed mean PTH release from all tissues. Vinblastine did not consistently inhibit secretion from adenomatous or hyperplastic tissue. Ultrastructural analysis of adenomatous tissue showed a sparsity of granules (0.87 per cent of cellular volume) compared to previously studied bovine tissues. Low calcium significantly increased the volume fraction of pinocytotic vesicles to 300 per cent (p less than 0.01) and reduced the surface area of straight (inactive) membrane to 60 per cent (p less than 0.01) of the normal calcium control. Secretion granules, when present, were adjacent to submembrane vesicles. The number and structure of microtubules were not changed by low or high calcium or vinblastine. Our findings indicate that parathyroid adenomas and hyperplastic tissues can respond acutely to low calcium stimulation and high calcium suppression. However, the acute response to low calcium stimulation may not be sustained in some cases because of limited storage of hormone. The increase in pinocytosis in low calcium-stimulated tissue suggests a coupling of exocytosis with membrane endocytosis, possibly related to membrane recycling. Our findings with vinblastine suggest that microtubular integrity is not a prerequisite for basal PTH secretion in adenomatous tissue.", "contents": "Secretory and ultrastructural responses of hyperfunctioning human parathyroid tissues to varying calcium concentration and vinblastine. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion from abnormal hyperfunctioning human parathyroid tissues was studied in vitro to determine whether abnormal tissues were responsive to changes in calcium concentration and what role their subcellular organelles played in secretion. Hyperfunctioning tissues from one patient with secondary parathyroid hyperplasia, four patients with parathyroid adenomas, and one patient with parathyroid carcinoma were incubated in media containing low calcium (0.75 mM), normal calcium (1.5 mM), high calcium (3.0 mM), or vinblastine (0.01 mM), a microtubular disrupter. Also, in order to correlate ultrastructural responses with PTH secretion, after incubation tissues of one adenoma were objectively quantitated by stereologic techniques. Low calcium consistently stimulated mean PTH secretion from hyperplastic and adenomatous tissue, but only during the 1st hour of secretion. Low calcium inconsistently stimulated carcinomatous tissue. High calcium suppressed mean PTH release from all tissues. Vinblastine did not consistently inhibit secretion from adenomatous or hyperplastic tissue. Ultrastructural analysis of adenomatous tissue showed a sparsity of granules (0.87 per cent of cellular volume) compared to previously studied bovine tissues. Low calcium significantly increased the volume fraction of pinocytotic vesicles to 300 per cent (p less than 0.01) and reduced the surface area of straight (inactive) membrane to 60 per cent (p less than 0.01) of the normal calcium control. Secretion granules, when present, were adjacent to submembrane vesicles. The number and structure of microtubules were not changed by low or high calcium or vinblastine. Our findings indicate that parathyroid adenomas and hyperplastic tissues can respond acutely to low calcium stimulation and high calcium suppression. However, the acute response to low calcium stimulation may not be sustained in some cases because of limited storage of hormone. The increase in pinocytosis in low calcium-stimulated tissue suggests a coupling of exocytosis with membrane endocytosis, possibly related to membrane recycling. Our findings with vinblastine suggest that microtubular integrity is not a prerequisite for basal PTH secretion in adenomatous tissue.", "PMID": 839734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3958", "title": "Reversal of orotic acid-induced fatty liver in rats by clofibrate.", "content": "The addition of 1 per cent orotic acid to a sucrose-enriched semipurified diet results in markedly fatty liver when fed to rats for 7 to 22 days. Light microscopy reveals lipid droplets, mostly small, distributed throughout the cytoplasm of all hepatocytes. Electron microscopy shows that all the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is broken into vesicles. Within the interior (cisterna) of each vesicle one or more lipid droplets are present. Morphologic signs of normal lipid transport (ER to Golgi apparatus to space of Disse) disappear: the Golgi elements are flattened and lack very low density lipoproteins particles; the Golgi-derived secretory vacuoles are not present. Biochemical analyses show an increase in hepatic triacylglycerol levels, to approximately 8 times the levels of sucrose-fed controls by the 7th day, 18 times by the 15th day, and 25 times by the 22nd day. Hepatic cholesterol levels increase, 2- to 4-fold. Serum triacylglycerol levels fall markedly; serum cholesterol levels are reduced. Immunoelectrophoretic determinations show that the apoprotein B component of plasma lipoproteins is practically absent at 7 days and increases slightly at 22 days. Reversal of an orotic acid-induced fatty liver is achieved by adding ethyl chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (clofibrate or CPIB) to the diet. By 8 to 16 days the ER of the hepatocytes returns to its usual parallel configuration and lipid droplets are not seen within its cisternae. Morphologic features of normal lipid transport reappear. GERL becomes prominent, distended with small particles, interpreted as lipid undergoing degradation. Lipid-containing residual bodies are common. Peroxisomes are more numerous than in hepatocytes of control rats. Liver triacylglycerol levels approach sucrose-fed control levels, and serum triacylglycerol levels return to chow-fed control levels. Hepatic cholesterol levels are similar to those of sucrose-fed and chow-fed controls, whereas serum cholesterol levels are lower. Serum apoprotein B levels return to chow-fed control levels. A sequence of events terminating in the removal of lipid from the hepatocytes is suggested by observation of morphologic changes following chlorophenoxyisobutyrate administration. This appears to involve transport of lipid into the cytosol where it accumulates as large spheres. Extensive accumulations of smooth ER appear. The cytosol lipid then disappears as the rough ER develops. Peroxisomes and mitochondria are prominent during the reversal process.", "contents": "Reversal of orotic acid-induced fatty liver in rats by clofibrate. The addition of 1 per cent orotic acid to a sucrose-enriched semipurified diet results in markedly fatty liver when fed to rats for 7 to 22 days. Light microscopy reveals lipid droplets, mostly small, distributed throughout the cytoplasm of all hepatocytes. Electron microscopy shows that all the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is broken into vesicles. Within the interior (cisterna) of each vesicle one or more lipid droplets are present. Morphologic signs of normal lipid transport (ER to Golgi apparatus to space of Disse) disappear: the Golgi elements are flattened and lack very low density lipoproteins particles; the Golgi-derived secretory vacuoles are not present. Biochemical analyses show an increase in hepatic triacylglycerol levels, to approximately 8 times the levels of sucrose-fed controls by the 7th day, 18 times by the 15th day, and 25 times by the 22nd day. Hepatic cholesterol levels increase, 2- to 4-fold. Serum triacylglycerol levels fall markedly; serum cholesterol levels are reduced. Immunoelectrophoretic determinations show that the apoprotein B component of plasma lipoproteins is practically absent at 7 days and increases slightly at 22 days. Reversal of an orotic acid-induced fatty liver is achieved by adding ethyl chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (clofibrate or CPIB) to the diet. By 8 to 16 days the ER of the hepatocytes returns to its usual parallel configuration and lipid droplets are not seen within its cisternae. Morphologic features of normal lipid transport reappear. GERL becomes prominent, distended with small particles, interpreted as lipid undergoing degradation. Lipid-containing residual bodies are common. Peroxisomes are more numerous than in hepatocytes of control rats. Liver triacylglycerol levels approach sucrose-fed control levels, and serum triacylglycerol levels return to chow-fed control levels. Hepatic cholesterol levels are similar to those of sucrose-fed and chow-fed controls, whereas serum cholesterol levels are lower. Serum apoprotein B levels return to chow-fed control levels. A sequence of events terminating in the removal of lipid from the hepatocytes is suggested by observation of morphologic changes following chlorophenoxyisobutyrate administration. This appears to involve transport of lipid into the cytosol where it accumulates as large spheres. Extensive accumulations of smooth ER appear. The cytosol lipid then disappears as the rough ER develops. Peroxisomes and mitochondria are prominent during the reversal process.", "PMID": 839735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3959", "title": "C-cell hyperplasia. An ultrastructural analysis.", "content": "The C-cell is the source of the hypocalcemic polypeptide hormone, calcitonin. Sequential increments in calcitonin response to provocative calcium and pentagastrin infusions have been used to identify family members at high risk for the development of medullary thyroid carcinoma, a neoplasm of C-cell origin. Correlative light microscopic and immunohistochemical studies have permitted the identification of a spectrum of C-cell proliferative abnormalities ranging from C-cell hyperplasia (CCH) to invasive medullary thyroid carcinoma. Ultrastructurally, both normal and hyperplastic C-cells occupied an intrafolliculat localization, being separated from the interstitium by the follicular basal lamina and from the luminal colloid by extensions of the follicular cell cytoplasm. These relationships were maintained in areas of advanced hyperplasia where C-cells often completely encircled and displaced the follicular epithelium. Nodular CCH was characterized by the complete obliteration of the follicular space by C-cells. In these areas, prominent reduplications as well as occasional defects in the basal lamina were noted. Some of the solid C-cell nodules adjacent to areas of medullary thyroid carcinoma appeared to form by gradual replacement of follicles by C-cells and did not represent sites of intrathyroidal vascular or lymphatic extension. Two major cell types were noted in cases of CCH. One cell type which was filled with secretory granules measureing 280 nm. in diameter (type I) predominated in areas of diffuse CCH and was also found in control thyroid glands. The larger number of secretory granules in this cell type together with the relative lack of development of granular endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi regions suggested that these cells were in the storage phase of their secretory cycle. The second cell type had fewer secretory granules, which measured 130 nm. in diameter (type II), and was characteristically located in areas of nodular CCH. Type II granules were found in cells with cytologic evidence of active protein synthesis and secretion. Variations in granule morphology and cell ultrastructure may be correlated with functional variations in C-cell populations.", "contents": "C-cell hyperplasia. An ultrastructural analysis. The C-cell is the source of the hypocalcemic polypeptide hormone, calcitonin. Sequential increments in calcitonin response to provocative calcium and pentagastrin infusions have been used to identify family members at high risk for the development of medullary thyroid carcinoma, a neoplasm of C-cell origin. Correlative light microscopic and immunohistochemical studies have permitted the identification of a spectrum of C-cell proliferative abnormalities ranging from C-cell hyperplasia (CCH) to invasive medullary thyroid carcinoma. Ultrastructurally, both normal and hyperplastic C-cells occupied an intrafolliculat localization, being separated from the interstitium by the follicular basal lamina and from the luminal colloid by extensions of the follicular cell cytoplasm. These relationships were maintained in areas of advanced hyperplasia where C-cells often completely encircled and displaced the follicular epithelium. Nodular CCH was characterized by the complete obliteration of the follicular space by C-cells. In these areas, prominent reduplications as well as occasional defects in the basal lamina were noted. Some of the solid C-cell nodules adjacent to areas of medullary thyroid carcinoma appeared to form by gradual replacement of follicles by C-cells and did not represent sites of intrathyroidal vascular or lymphatic extension. Two major cell types were noted in cases of CCH. One cell type which was filled with secretory granules measureing 280 nm. in diameter (type I) predominated in areas of diffuse CCH and was also found in control thyroid glands. The larger number of secretory granules in this cell type together with the relative lack of development of granular endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi regions suggested that these cells were in the storage phase of their secretory cycle. The second cell type had fewer secretory granules, which measured 130 nm. in diameter (type II), and was characteristically located in areas of nodular CCH. Type II granules were found in cells with cytologic evidence of active protein synthesis and secretion. Variations in granule morphology and cell ultrastructure may be correlated with functional variations in C-cell populations.", "PMID": 839736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3960", "title": "Subcellular pathology of rat liver in cholestasis and choleresis induced by bile salts. 1. Effects of lithocholic, 3beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic, cholic, and dehydrocholic acids.", "content": "Cholestasis or choleresis was induced in the rat by intravenous infusion (0.05 to 0.2 mumole per minute per 100 grams of body weight) of sodium taurolithocholate, 3beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoate, taurocholate, and dehydrocholate either singly or in combination after or without cannulation of the common bile duct. Bile flow was monitored and ultrastructural changes were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy up to 3 hours after bile salt administration. Taurolithocholate induced acute cholestasis and ultrastructural alterations consisting primarily of dilation of bile canaliculi, loss of canalicular microvilli, and lamellar transformation of the canalicular membrane. Occasionally, crystalline precipitates were present within the canalicular lumen and in the pericanalicular region of hepatocytes. 3beta-Hydroxy-5-cholenoate caused similar but less severe ultrastructural changes than those induced by taurolithocholate. Dehydrocholate had a greater choleretic effect than taurocholate, but neither induced noteworthy ultrastructural change. When infused simultaneously with taurolithocholate, taurocholate reversed cholestasis and largely prevented development of the ultrastructural changes induced by taurolithocholate. In contrast, simultaneous infusion of dehydrocholate prevented neither cholestasis nor development of the ultrastructural changes induced by taurolithocholate, which were more striking than those caused by taurolithocholate or 3beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoate alone. In addition, structural changes associated with cholestasis induced by these bile salts either singly or in combination were more pronounced and frequent in the periportal zone than elsewhere in the hepatic lobule. These results suggest that both taurolithocholate and 3beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoate induce cholestasis by affecting the structural and functional integrity of the bile canalicular membrane and also, in part, by forming untransportable precipitates. The contrasting effects of taurocholate and dehydrocholate on taurolithocholate-induced changes suggest that taurocholate overcomes the effect of taurolithocholate by solubilizing it into mixed micelles, but dehydrocholate and its metabolites have little or no such effect. The intralobular variation in severity of ultrastructural changes probably reflects the accumulation of bile salts in greater concentrations in hepatocytes near the portal triads.", "contents": "Subcellular pathology of rat liver in cholestasis and choleresis induced by bile salts. 1. Effects of lithocholic, 3beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic, cholic, and dehydrocholic acids. Cholestasis or choleresis was induced in the rat by intravenous infusion (0.05 to 0.2 mumole per minute per 100 grams of body weight) of sodium taurolithocholate, 3beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoate, taurocholate, and dehydrocholate either singly or in combination after or without cannulation of the common bile duct. Bile flow was monitored and ultrastructural changes were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy up to 3 hours after bile salt administration. Taurolithocholate induced acute cholestasis and ultrastructural alterations consisting primarily of dilation of bile canaliculi, loss of canalicular microvilli, and lamellar transformation of the canalicular membrane. Occasionally, crystalline precipitates were present within the canalicular lumen and in the pericanalicular region of hepatocytes. 3beta-Hydroxy-5-cholenoate caused similar but less severe ultrastructural changes than those induced by taurolithocholate. Dehydrocholate had a greater choleretic effect than taurocholate, but neither induced noteworthy ultrastructural change. When infused simultaneously with taurolithocholate, taurocholate reversed cholestasis and largely prevented development of the ultrastructural changes induced by taurolithocholate. In contrast, simultaneous infusion of dehydrocholate prevented neither cholestasis nor development of the ultrastructural changes induced by taurolithocholate, which were more striking than those caused by taurolithocholate or 3beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoate alone. In addition, structural changes associated with cholestasis induced by these bile salts either singly or in combination were more pronounced and frequent in the periportal zone than elsewhere in the hepatic lobule. These results suggest that both taurolithocholate and 3beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoate induce cholestasis by affecting the structural and functional integrity of the bile canalicular membrane and also, in part, by forming untransportable precipitates. The contrasting effects of taurocholate and dehydrocholate on taurolithocholate-induced changes suggest that taurocholate overcomes the effect of taurolithocholate by solubilizing it into mixed micelles, but dehydrocholate and its metabolites have little or no such effect. The intralobular variation in severity of ultrastructural changes probably reflects the accumulation of bile salts in greater concentrations in hepatocytes near the portal triads.", "PMID": 839737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3961", "title": "Chronic human schistosomiasis mansoni. Pathology of the Disse's space.", "content": "In chronic human schistosomiasis mansoni, the entire hepatic lobule is involved. The hepatovascular barrier is modified and shows hepatic sinusoids with hypertrophy and stratification of endothelium, basement membrane-like deposits, perisinusoidal fibrosis, diminution of hepatocellular microvilli and hepatocellular clasmatosis into the sinusoidal circulation. This transformation of an open circulation to a partly closed one may decrease the blood hepatocyte exchanges in schistosomiasis mansoni.", "contents": "Chronic human schistosomiasis mansoni. Pathology of the Disse's space. In chronic human schistosomiasis mansoni, the entire hepatic lobule is involved. The hepatovascular barrier is modified and shows hepatic sinusoids with hypertrophy and stratification of endothelium, basement membrane-like deposits, perisinusoidal fibrosis, diminution of hepatocellular microvilli and hepatocellular clasmatosis into the sinusoidal circulation. This transformation of an open circulation to a partly closed one may decrease the blood hepatocyte exchanges in schistosomiasis mansoni.", "PMID": 839738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3962", "title": "Potassium permanganate reaction in amyloidosis. A histologic method to assist in differentiating forms of this disease.", "content": "A simple and reproducible histochemical method for distinguishing different chemical types of amyloid is described. The method is based on the affinity of amyloid for Congo red dye after exposure to potassium permangenate and dilute sulfuric acid. The permanganate method represents a modification of the Romhanyi trypsin technique. It yields comparable results while obviating some of the technical difficulties associated with the latter method. The permanganate reaction was applied to a series of amyloid samples of known amino acid composition, to amyloid samples fixed in a variety of different preservatives, and to tissues obtained at autopsy from 67 amyloidosis patients whose disease had been previously subclassified on the basis of clinical presentation and autopsy observations. This method distinguished amyloid protein AA from other varieties of amyloid and proved effective when applied to amyloid samples preserved in any of several commonly used fixatives. This simple histochemical method proved useful in subclassifying amyloid type in the patient series particularly when used in conjunction with the available clinical history and the organ distribution of amyloid accumulation.", "contents": "Potassium permanganate reaction in amyloidosis. A histologic method to assist in differentiating forms of this disease. A simple and reproducible histochemical method for distinguishing different chemical types of amyloid is described. The method is based on the affinity of amyloid for Congo red dye after exposure to potassium permangenate and dilute sulfuric acid. The permanganate method represents a modification of the Romhanyi trypsin technique. It yields comparable results while obviating some of the technical difficulties associated with the latter method. The permanganate reaction was applied to a series of amyloid samples of known amino acid composition, to amyloid samples fixed in a variety of different preservatives, and to tissues obtained at autopsy from 67 amyloidosis patients whose disease had been previously subclassified on the basis of clinical presentation and autopsy observations. This method distinguished amyloid protein AA from other varieties of amyloid and proved effective when applied to amyloid samples preserved in any of several commonly used fixatives. This simple histochemical method proved useful in subclassifying amyloid type in the patient series particularly when used in conjunction with the available clinical history and the organ distribution of amyloid accumulation.", "PMID": 839739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3963", "title": "Regeneration and differentiation of minced anterior tibial muscle explants from mice with MED myopathy.", "content": "Rapid regeneration of mouse anterior tibial muscle occurs when minced muscle is explanted into the leg of a recipient previously prepared by excision of the corresponding anterior tibial muscle. This technique was used to study regeneration of muscle from mice with a delayed, recessive myopathy, motor endplate disease (MED). There was rapid regeneration of the explanted muscle and functional restoration after 15 weeks without signs of MED disease or evidence of the myofiber degeneration which normally occurs after 14 days in homozygous animals. Therefore, MED disease is not intrinsic in the affected muscles but appears to be dependent on the general humoral or possibly neural, environment present in mice with MED disease.", "contents": "Regeneration and differentiation of minced anterior tibial muscle explants from mice with MED myopathy. Rapid regeneration of mouse anterior tibial muscle occurs when minced muscle is explanted into the leg of a recipient previously prepared by excision of the corresponding anterior tibial muscle. This technique was used to study regeneration of muscle from mice with a delayed, recessive myopathy, motor endplate disease (MED). There was rapid regeneration of the explanted muscle and functional restoration after 15 weeks without signs of MED disease or evidence of the myofiber degeneration which normally occurs after 14 days in homozygous animals. Therefore, MED disease is not intrinsic in the affected muscles but appears to be dependent on the general humoral or possibly neural, environment present in mice with MED disease.", "PMID": 839740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3964", "title": "The functional capacity of guinea pig megakaryocytes. I. Uptake of 3H-serotonin by megakaryocytes and their physiologic and morphologic response to stimuli for the platelet release reaction.", "content": "The functional capacity of guinea pig megakaryocytes was tested by studying their ability to concentrate serotonin and their response to agents which trigger the platelet release reaction. Megakaryocytes can concentrate 3H-serotonin as demonstrated by autoradiography after exposure to 0.5 muM 3H-serotonin and by quantitative measurement of isotope incorporation within 60 minutes. Uptake of isotope is rapid and linear within the first 30 minutes and tapers off between 30 and 60 minutes. Incorporation of isotope is diminished during exposure to cold, 2 muM reserpine, and 20 muM imiprimine. The following triggering agents: 10(-5) to 10(-3) M ADP, 1 to 100 units of thrombin, 10(-5) to 10(-3)M epinephrine, and 1 to 12 muM ionophore A23187 all produce significant release of stored 3H-serotonin. In the presence of ADP, albumin and serum completely inhibit the release of serotonin. Scanning microscopic studies show that coincident with serotonin release the triggering agents produce marked changes in cell shape. Transmission electron microscopy on these cells shows that there is the appearance of a prominent contraction zone, which is composed of microfilaments, and also variable diminution of cytoplasmic granules. The specifically induced serotonin release from megakaryocytes coupled with shape change and evidence of cell contraction produced by certain agents demonstrate one aspect of the functional similarly between megakaryocytes and platelets.", "contents": "The functional capacity of guinea pig megakaryocytes. I. Uptake of 3H-serotonin by megakaryocytes and their physiologic and morphologic response to stimuli for the platelet release reaction. The functional capacity of guinea pig megakaryocytes was tested by studying their ability to concentrate serotonin and their response to agents which trigger the platelet release reaction. Megakaryocytes can concentrate 3H-serotonin as demonstrated by autoradiography after exposure to 0.5 muM 3H-serotonin and by quantitative measurement of isotope incorporation within 60 minutes. Uptake of isotope is rapid and linear within the first 30 minutes and tapers off between 30 and 60 minutes. Incorporation of isotope is diminished during exposure to cold, 2 muM reserpine, and 20 muM imiprimine. The following triggering agents: 10(-5) to 10(-3) M ADP, 1 to 100 units of thrombin, 10(-5) to 10(-3)M epinephrine, and 1 to 12 muM ionophore A23187 all produce significant release of stored 3H-serotonin. In the presence of ADP, albumin and serum completely inhibit the release of serotonin. Scanning microscopic studies show that coincident with serotonin release the triggering agents produce marked changes in cell shape. Transmission electron microscopy on these cells shows that there is the appearance of a prominent contraction zone, which is composed of microfilaments, and also variable diminution of cytoplasmic granules. The specifically induced serotonin release from megakaryocytes coupled with shape change and evidence of cell contraction produced by certain agents demonstrate one aspect of the functional similarly between megakaryocytes and platelets.", "PMID": 839741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3965", "title": "Right-hemisphere language dominance in a case of left-hemisphere arteriovenous malformation.", "content": "This paper reports a case of surgical removal of a left-hemisphere arteriovenous malformation (AVM) in a left-handed adult without subsequent speech or language deficit. Preoperative intracarotid amobarbital testing indicated right-hemisphere language dominance. Our patient demonstrated no language involvement prior to or following surgery. We speculate the congenital nature of a left-hemisphere AVM may dictate right-hemisphere language dominance, thereby explaining the lack of residuals following removal of AVMs in left-hemisphere speech and motor areas.", "contents": "Right-hemisphere language dominance in a case of left-hemisphere arteriovenous malformation. This paper reports a case of surgical removal of a left-hemisphere arteriovenous malformation (AVM) in a left-handed adult without subsequent speech or language deficit. Preoperative intracarotid amobarbital testing indicated right-hemisphere language dominance. Our patient demonstrated no language involvement prior to or following surgery. We speculate the congenital nature of a left-hemisphere AVM may dictate right-hemisphere language dominance, thereby explaining the lack of residuals following removal of AVMs in left-hemisphere speech and motor areas.", "PMID": 839746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3966", "title": "Stimulus picture identification in articulation testing.", "content": "The present study was designed to compare the percent of correct initial identification of stimulus pictures on the Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation with the percent correct identification on the Arizona Articulation Proficiency Scale. This study was undertaken in an effort to clarify the results of a previous study in which the Goldman-Fristoe, a test designed to reduce time of administration, took significantly longer administration time than the Arizona, a traditional type of articulation test. Twenty normal-speaking and 20 articulation-defective children served as subjects for the study. Each subject was administered those portions of the articulation tests which included stimulus pictures used to elicit production of the consonants and consonant blends. Each child's initial identification of the stimulus picture was recorded. Results indicated that the Arizona test elicits significantly (p less than 0.001) more correct initial stimulus picture identifications thandoes the Goldman-Fristoe test.", "contents": "Stimulus picture identification in articulation testing. The present study was designed to compare the percent of correct initial identification of stimulus pictures on the Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation with the percent correct identification on the Arizona Articulation Proficiency Scale. This study was undertaken in an effort to clarify the results of a previous study in which the Goldman-Fristoe, a test designed to reduce time of administration, took significantly longer administration time than the Arizona, a traditional type of articulation test. Twenty normal-speaking and 20 articulation-defective children served as subjects for the study. Each subject was administered those portions of the articulation tests which included stimulus pictures used to elicit production of the consonants and consonant blends. Each child's initial identification of the stimulus picture was recorded. Results indicated that the Arizona test elicits significantly (p less than 0.001) more correct initial stimulus picture identifications thandoes the Goldman-Fristoe test.", "PMID": 839747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3967", "title": "Imitative and spontaneous articulatory assessment of three-year-old children.", "content": "One hundred children (25 three-year-old girls, 25 three-year-old boys, 25 three-and-a-half-year-old girls, and 25 three-and-a-half-year-old boys) were administered an articulation test using the spontaneous method and then the imitative method of stimulus presentation. No significant differences were found between the methods of stimulus presentation on the subjects' total articulation scores. Articulatory performance was significantly influenced by age, sex, and the interaction of age and sex.", "contents": "Imitative and spontaneous articulatory assessment of three-year-old children. One hundred children (25 three-year-old girls, 25 three-year-old boys, 25 three-and-a-half-year-old girls, and 25 three-and-a-half-year-old boys) were administered an articulation test using the spontaneous method and then the imitative method of stimulus presentation. No significant differences were found between the methods of stimulus presentation on the subjects' total articulation scores. Articulatory performance was significantly influenced by age, sex, and the interaction of age and sex.", "PMID": 839748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3968", "title": "Bekesy comfortable loudness: supportive case studies.", "content": "Two cases of radiographically or surgically confirmed acoustic neurinoma are presented. In each case a mild, unilateral sensorineural hearing loss was identified. Results of threshold Bekesy audiometry were negative while the Bekesy comfortable loudness (BCL) procedure indicated significant auditory adaptation in both patients.", "contents": "Bekesy comfortable loudness: supportive case studies. Two cases of radiographically or surgically confirmed acoustic neurinoma are presented. In each case a mild, unilateral sensorineural hearing loss was identified. Results of threshold Bekesy audiometry were negative while the Bekesy comfortable loudness (BCL) procedure indicated significant auditory adaptation in both patients.", "PMID": 839749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3969", "title": "Programming for articularion modification.", "content": "Within the past decade, principles and techniques of programmed instruction have been applied to the procedures of articulation modification in a number of preconstructed programs. The analysis of nine of these programs reveals that the majority of them are characterized by precisely stated objectives, ordered sequences of materials and procedures, clearly established criteria and rigorously controlled methods of reinforcement and recording of responses. Evaluation of the preconstructed programs raises some questions about the appropriateness of certain aspects of the technology to the process of articulation modification.", "contents": "Programming for articularion modification. Within the past decade, principles and techniques of programmed instruction have been applied to the procedures of articulation modification in a number of preconstructed programs. The analysis of nine of these programs reveals that the majority of them are characterized by precisely stated objectives, ordered sequences of materials and procedures, clearly established criteria and rigorously controlled methods of reinforcement and recording of responses. Evaluation of the preconstructed programs raises some questions about the appropriateness of certain aspects of the technology to the process of articulation modification.", "PMID": 839752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3970", "title": "Programmed instruction.", "content": "This report presents a description of the principles of programmed instruction and an explanation of all major components of a program. No attempt is made to review or critique all available speech and language programs, but certain programs are discussed in some detail in order to illustrate adequate application of programming principles.", "contents": "Programmed instruction. This report presents a description of the principles of programmed instruction and an explanation of all major components of a program. No attempt is made to review or critique all available speech and language programs, but certain programs are discussed in some detail in order to illustrate adequate application of programming principles.", "PMID": 839753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3971", "title": "An earmold for the geriatric patient.", "content": "This article describes a rehabilitation innovation for the elderly hearing-impaired patient. To minimize the problem of lack of fine finger dexterity in the elderly, an earmold was designed with a small handle. A brief description of the design is provided. A case study describes the usefulness of this earmold.", "contents": "An earmold for the geriatric patient. This article describes a rehabilitation innovation for the elderly hearing-impaired patient. To minimize the problem of lack of fine finger dexterity in the elderly, an earmold was designed with a small handle. A brief description of the design is provided. A case study describes the usefulness of this earmold.", "PMID": 839754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3972", "title": "A comparison of the Auditec of St. Louis cassette recordings of NU-6 and CID W-22 on a normal-hearing population.", "content": "Articulation functions were generated on a normal-hearing population with the Auditec of St. Louis cassette recordings of the NU-6 and CID W-22 speech discrimination tests. Both tests were similar and yielded slopes of about 4.4%/dB. Each gave a speech discrimination score of approximately 95% at 32 dB SL. Speech reception thresholds were obtained with monitored live voice and yielded good test-retest consistency. Speech thresholds were about 9 dB better than the ANSI (1969) specifications.", "contents": "A comparison of the Auditec of St. Louis cassette recordings of NU-6 and CID W-22 on a normal-hearing population. Articulation functions were generated on a normal-hearing population with the Auditec of St. Louis cassette recordings of the NU-6 and CID W-22 speech discrimination tests. Both tests were similar and yielded slopes of about 4.4%/dB. Each gave a speech discrimination score of approximately 95% at 32 dB SL. Speech reception thresholds were obtained with monitored live voice and yielded good test-retest consistency. Speech thresholds were about 9 dB better than the ANSI (1969) specifications.", "PMID": 839755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3973", "title": "Facilitating transfer and maintenance of fluency in stuttering therapy.", "content": "The present state of stuttering therapy programs enables the clinician to render many stuttering virtually stutter-free in the clinic. A major clinical problem, however, is the transfer of fluency to nonclinical situations and its maintenance over time. Concepts and techniques extrapolated from the literature on behavior change are applied to assessment, treatment objectives, treatment techniques, and to a number of procedures designed to facilitate transfer and maintenance during therapy. When fluency has been established, self-control techniques based on speech practice, self-monitoring, and the deliberate use of self-administered and social contingencies are stressed. Guidelines for termination of therapy and follow-up are given. For many of these techniques, specific examples are offered from clinical work with stutterers. Other techniques are presented because of their potential relevance and their demonstrated effectiveness with a variety of clinical problems.", "contents": "Facilitating transfer and maintenance of fluency in stuttering therapy. The present state of stuttering therapy programs enables the clinician to render many stuttering virtually stutter-free in the clinic. A major clinical problem, however, is the transfer of fluency to nonclinical situations and its maintenance over time. Concepts and techniques extrapolated from the literature on behavior change are applied to assessment, treatment objectives, treatment techniques, and to a number of procedures designed to facilitate transfer and maintenance during therapy. When fluency has been established, self-control techniques based on speech practice, self-monitoring, and the deliberate use of self-administered and social contingencies are stressed. Guidelines for termination of therapy and follow-up are given. For many of these techniques, specific examples are offered from clinical work with stutterers. Other techniques are presented because of their potential relevance and their demonstrated effectiveness with a variety of clinical problems.", "PMID": 839756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3974", "title": "The performance of children with auditory perceptual disorders on a time-compressed speech discrimination measure.", "content": "A time-compressed version of the PB-K 50 speech discrimination measure was administered to 20 children diagnosed as displaying auditory perceptual disorders. Results indicated that these children performed equally well at both 0 and 30% time compression. Performance decreased significantly at 60% time compression. Comparison of the results with normative data indicated that performance of the two groups of children was similar at the 30% time compression condition but that children with auditory perceptual disorders performed poorer at both 0 and 60% time compression. The results were discussed relative to short-term memory abilities.", "contents": "The performance of children with auditory perceptual disorders on a time-compressed speech discrimination measure. A time-compressed version of the PB-K 50 speech discrimination measure was administered to 20 children diagnosed as displaying auditory perceptual disorders. Results indicated that these children performed equally well at both 0 and 30% time compression. Performance decreased significantly at 60% time compression. Comparison of the results with normative data indicated that performance of the two groups of children was similar at the 30% time compression condition but that children with auditory perceptual disorders performed poorer at both 0 and 60% time compression. The results were discussed relative to short-term memory abilities.", "PMID": 839757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3975", "title": "The influence of nonspecific immunotherapy on the course of murine melanoma.", "content": "BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, vitamin A, and levamisole were continuously administered to C57 BL/6 mice bearing B16 melanoma prior to, with following tumor implantation as well as before and coincident with surgical excision of the implanted tumor. Only the group given levamisole prophylactically for 8 weeks before tumor inplantation showed a significant difference from control mice but a tenfold increase in dosage in this drug did not exert a comparable effect.", "contents": "The influence of nonspecific immunotherapy on the course of murine melanoma. BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, vitamin A, and levamisole were continuously administered to C57 BL/6 mice bearing B16 melanoma prior to, with following tumor implantation as well as before and coincident with surgical excision of the implanted tumor. Only the group given levamisole prophylactically for 8 weeks before tumor inplantation showed a significant difference from control mice but a tenfold increase in dosage in this drug did not exert a comparable effect.", "PMID": 839793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3976", "title": "Malignant teratoma of the nasal cavity.", "content": "A case of malignant teratoma of the nasal cavity in an adult is presented. Histologically, the tumor consisted of mesenchymal malignant structures in addition to entodermal and ectodermal malignant elements. Whereas surgical treatment of the primary tumor has been generally considered preferred, this patient was given a full course of radiation therapy alone to the primary lesion. There is no clinical evidence of tumor 5 years following diagnosis. Three years following treatment of the primary tumor, neck lymph node metastasis appeared contralaterally. Management of this problem was with radical neck dissection followed by postoperative radiotherapy. Function of the eyes, nose, and paranasal sinuses remains normal. A review of the literature suggests that radiotherapy is of little value in the management of malignant teratomas. This case demonstrates an opposite point of view.", "contents": "Malignant teratoma of the nasal cavity. A case of malignant teratoma of the nasal cavity in an adult is presented. Histologically, the tumor consisted of mesenchymal malignant structures in addition to entodermal and ectodermal malignant elements. Whereas surgical treatment of the primary tumor has been generally considered preferred, this patient was given a full course of radiation therapy alone to the primary lesion. There is no clinical evidence of tumor 5 years following diagnosis. Three years following treatment of the primary tumor, neck lymph node metastasis appeared contralaterally. Management of this problem was with radical neck dissection followed by postoperative radiotherapy. Function of the eyes, nose, and paranasal sinuses remains normal. A review of the literature suggests that radiotherapy is of little value in the management of malignant teratomas. This case demonstrates an opposite point of view.", "PMID": 839794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3977", "title": "Autoantibodies to an altered IgG in human breast cancer.", "content": "Recent studies have shown that antibody in the serum of patients with carcinoma of the breast reacts with two distinct antigens obtained from breast cancer tissue. Hence, there are two antibodies. The first antibody reacts against the Fc fragment of immunoglobulin and is also found in the sera of patients with benign breast disease and certain inflammatory lesions and, therefore, does not seem to have any significant meaning for the patient with carcinoma of the breast. The second antibody is directed against the Fab fragment of human immunoglobulin that is found in breast cancer tissue. Recent experiments have shown that in immunodiffusion tests, this autoantibody reacts not with normal IgG(Fab), but rather with heat-aggregated Ig(Fab). It is thought that tumor-associated antibodies react with antigens on the tumor cell surface. Intracellular enzymes then proceed to fragment the attached antibody, leaving the Fab fragments attached on the cell surface. With intact immunosurveillance, the host appreciates this altered immunoglobulin (Fab). It is suggested that the autoantibody then formed against this fragment reacts with the fragment attached to the tumor cell, thereby allowing the tumor cell to be destroyed. Clinical data supporting this hypothesis are derived from the fact that 9 patients having this autoantibody to the Fab fragment are alive at 1 year after their carcinoma of the breast.", "contents": "Autoantibodies to an altered IgG in human breast cancer. Recent studies have shown that antibody in the serum of patients with carcinoma of the breast reacts with two distinct antigens obtained from breast cancer tissue. Hence, there are two antibodies. The first antibody reacts against the Fc fragment of immunoglobulin and is also found in the sera of patients with benign breast disease and certain inflammatory lesions and, therefore, does not seem to have any significant meaning for the patient with carcinoma of the breast. The second antibody is directed against the Fab fragment of human immunoglobulin that is found in breast cancer tissue. Recent experiments have shown that in immunodiffusion tests, this autoantibody reacts not with normal IgG(Fab), but rather with heat-aggregated Ig(Fab). It is thought that tumor-associated antibodies react with antigens on the tumor cell surface. Intracellular enzymes then proceed to fragment the attached antibody, leaving the Fab fragments attached on the cell surface. With intact immunosurveillance, the host appreciates this altered immunoglobulin (Fab). It is suggested that the autoantibody then formed against this fragment reacts with the fragment attached to the tumor cell, thereby allowing the tumor cell to be destroyed. Clinical data supporting this hypothesis are derived from the fact that 9 patients having this autoantibody to the Fab fragment are alive at 1 year after their carcinoma of the breast.", "PMID": 839795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3978", "title": "Responsiveness to endocrine manipulations in breast cancer after \"prophylactic\" castration.", "content": "Two hundred and one cases of premenopausal women with breast cancer who underwent prophylactic castration with subsequent recurrence were review to ascertain the degree of responsiveness of these patients to subsequent endocrine manipulation. We show that the standard endocrine manipulations, particularly the major ablations, retain a fair degree of activity in this group. There is a suggestion that the longer the castration-recurrence interval, the higher the chance of a response, but the difference is significant only for osseous-dominant disease. As in other patient groups, responders to subsequent endocrine manipulations live longer than nonresponders.", "contents": "Responsiveness to endocrine manipulations in breast cancer after \"prophylactic\" castration. Two hundred and one cases of premenopausal women with breast cancer who underwent prophylactic castration with subsequent recurrence were review to ascertain the degree of responsiveness of these patients to subsequent endocrine manipulation. We show that the standard endocrine manipulations, particularly the major ablations, retain a fair degree of activity in this group. There is a suggestion that the longer the castration-recurrence interval, the higher the chance of a response, but the difference is significant only for osseous-dominant disease. As in other patient groups, responders to subsequent endocrine manipulations live longer than nonresponders.", "PMID": 839796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3979", "title": "The National Pancreatic Cancer Project: an update.", "content": "Cancer of the pancreas is now the fourth most common cause of cancer-related death in the United States. The diagnosis of this disease is difficult and the therapeutic results are discouraging. Recognizing these factors, the National Cancer Institute has funded the National Pancreatic Cancer Project as of 1 January 1975, in an attempt to stimulate new and more active research in this field at both the basic and the clinical levels. Some of the work that has already been funded by the project is outlined as a means of familiarizing a larger number of people with the activities of this particular National Organ Site Program.", "contents": "The National Pancreatic Cancer Project: an update. Cancer of the pancreas is now the fourth most common cause of cancer-related death in the United States. The diagnosis of this disease is difficult and the therapeutic results are discouraging. Recognizing these factors, the National Cancer Institute has funded the National Pancreatic Cancer Project as of 1 January 1975, in an attempt to stimulate new and more active research in this field at both the basic and the clinical levels. Some of the work that has already been funded by the project is outlined as a means of familiarizing a larger number of people with the activities of this particular National Organ Site Program.", "PMID": 839797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3980", "title": "The anatomy of the arteries and veins of the breast.", "content": "Textbook accounts of this subject are inadequate. This review considers the work of Cooper and Salmon and reproduces some of their figures. Applications in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer are discussed. The largest mammary arteries are the lateral (from the axillary) and the anterior medial and posterior medial (from the internal thoracis). The branches of these arteries do not follow the duct system, but instead form a plexus in the anterior fat layer. Normally there are no hypervascular or hypovascular areas. The contribution of the mammary branches of the posterior (aortic) intercostal arteries is minor. There are superficial and deep sets of veins, the latter associated with arteries. Mammary vessels of living women are demonstrated by infrared photography, thermography, and mammography. In the diagnostic use of these methods there is a tendency to rely upon the concept of normal vascular symmetry, but this is a fallacy.", "contents": "The anatomy of the arteries and veins of the breast. Textbook accounts of this subject are inadequate. This review considers the work of Cooper and Salmon and reproduces some of their figures. Applications in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer are discussed. The largest mammary arteries are the lateral (from the axillary) and the anterior medial and posterior medial (from the internal thoracis). The branches of these arteries do not follow the duct system, but instead form a plexus in the anterior fat layer. Normally there are no hypervascular or hypovascular areas. The contribution of the mammary branches of the posterior (aortic) intercostal arteries is minor. There are superficial and deep sets of veins, the latter associated with arteries. Mammary vessels of living women are demonstrated by infrared photography, thermography, and mammography. In the diagnostic use of these methods there is a tendency to rely upon the concept of normal vascular symmetry, but this is a fallacy.", "PMID": 839798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3981", "title": "Increased effect of a transmissible entity on the control of cancer in C3 H/St mice.", "content": "Three hundred and seventy-one mice of the C3H/St inbreds bearing spontaneous tumors of mammary gland origin have been used in this experiment. All mice studied were lineal descendents of a tumor-bearing mouse which had been injected with a liver extract. In this descent there appears to be a transmissible entity presumably induced by the injection of the liver extract. Following 15 generations of inbreeding after the appearance of a transmissible entity, a second sudden reversal of effect on cancer growth in mice has been indicated. This change has progressively altered the growth of cancer from a very low effect to a maximal effect, i.e., to a complete regression of a high percentage of the tumor. The maximal effect of the transmissible entity is the complete suppression of the growth of cancer during, at least, through the 25th period of observation, thus producing negative values of tumor growth. All these effects of the growth and fate of spontaneous tumors of mammary gland origin in mice have been obtained in a single lineal descent of C3H/St inbreds without resorting to any outcross.", "contents": "Increased effect of a transmissible entity on the control of cancer in C3 H/St mice. Three hundred and seventy-one mice of the C3H/St inbreds bearing spontaneous tumors of mammary gland origin have been used in this experiment. All mice studied were lineal descendents of a tumor-bearing mouse which had been injected with a liver extract. In this descent there appears to be a transmissible entity presumably induced by the injection of the liver extract. Following 15 generations of inbreeding after the appearance of a transmissible entity, a second sudden reversal of effect on cancer growth in mice has been indicated. This change has progressively altered the growth of cancer from a very low effect to a maximal effect, i.e., to a complete regression of a high percentage of the tumor. The maximal effect of the transmissible entity is the complete suppression of the growth of cancer during, at least, through the 25th period of observation, thus producing negative values of tumor growth. All these effects of the growth and fate of spontaneous tumors of mammary gland origin in mice have been obtained in a single lineal descent of C3H/St inbreds without resorting to any outcross.", "PMID": 839799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3982", "title": "Open-heart surgical centers. Standards and monitoring.", "content": "This article contains the essence of a report presented to the Council of The American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS) by an Ad Hoc Committee on Issues composed of the authors, on October 13, 1976. Because of urgent demand to have this information immediately available, early publication was desirable. However, to have official endorsement of the AATS would have necessitated waiting until April, 1977, the date of the next meeting of the Association. Since this would delay publication of this information for more than one year, it was considered reasonable by the Council that it be published as a free-standing statement of the authors.", "contents": "Open-heart surgical centers. Standards and monitoring. This article contains the essence of a report presented to the Council of The American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS) by an Ad Hoc Committee on Issues composed of the authors, on October 13, 1976. Because of urgent demand to have this information immediately available, early publication was desirable. However, to have official endorsement of the AATS would have necessitated waiting until April, 1977, the date of the next meeting of the Association. Since this would delay publication of this information for more than one year, it was considered reasonable by the Council that it be published as a free-standing statement of the authors.", "PMID": 839825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3983", "title": "Myocardial protection with cold, ischemic, potassium-induced cardioplegia.", "content": "A total of 204 patients, ages 3 months to 84 years, underwent open-heart surgery with the aid of cardiopulmonary bypass with moderate hypothermia. For protection of the myocardium, cardioplegia was induced by washing out the coronary arteries with an iced, buffered, isoosmolar, potassium-based infusate. After aortic cross-clamping, the aortic root or individual coronary arteries were perfused with 500 to 2,000 c.c. of an aqueous solution (at zero to 4 degrees C.) containing 20 mEq. of potassium. Periods of ischemic arrest as long as 208 minutes have been well tolerated, with only two of the eleven hospital deaths considered heart related. Defibrillation occurred spontaneously in 41 per cent and after one shock in 47 per cent of patient, without apparent correlation between duration of ischemia and restoration of effective rhythm.", "contents": "Myocardial protection with cold, ischemic, potassium-induced cardioplegia. A total of 204 patients, ages 3 months to 84 years, underwent open-heart surgery with the aid of cardiopulmonary bypass with moderate hypothermia. For protection of the myocardium, cardioplegia was induced by washing out the coronary arteries with an iced, buffered, isoosmolar, potassium-based infusate. After aortic cross-clamping, the aortic root or individual coronary arteries were perfused with 500 to 2,000 c.c. of an aqueous solution (at zero to 4 degrees C.) containing 20 mEq. of potassium. Periods of ischemic arrest as long as 208 minutes have been well tolerated, with only two of the eleven hospital deaths considered heart related. Defibrillation occurred spontaneously in 41 per cent and after one shock in 47 per cent of patient, without apparent correlation between duration of ischemia and restoration of effective rhythm.", "PMID": 839826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3984", "title": "Extracorporeal membrane oxygenator support for cardiopulmonary failure. Experience in 28 cases.", "content": "We have used extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for 28 patients (14 children and 14 adults) over a 5 year period. Nine patients improved on ECMO and 5 were long-term survivors. ECMO was used for pulmonary insufficiency in 24 patients. Initially, only moribund patients were treated, but recently the combination of open lung biopsy and pulmonary insufficiency index (PII) has been used to select patients. The best results have been obtained in newborn cases and the adult capillary leak syndromes; the major problem has been progression to fibrosis despite ECMO support. ECMO was used for cardiac failure in 4 patients. Children with postoperative cardiac failure did the best; profound shock was not reversed with venoarterial bypass. ECMO support is lifesaving in selected cases of pulmonary insufficiency. Initial trials in cardiac failure and the infant age group in this series suggest that ECMO will have an even greater role in those applications.", "contents": "Extracorporeal membrane oxygenator support for cardiopulmonary failure. Experience in 28 cases. We have used extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for 28 patients (14 children and 14 adults) over a 5 year period. Nine patients improved on ECMO and 5 were long-term survivors. ECMO was used for pulmonary insufficiency in 24 patients. Initially, only moribund patients were treated, but recently the combination of open lung biopsy and pulmonary insufficiency index (PII) has been used to select patients. The best results have been obtained in newborn cases and the adult capillary leak syndromes; the major problem has been progression to fibrosis despite ECMO support. ECMO was used for cardiac failure in 4 patients. Children with postoperative cardiac failure did the best; profound shock was not reversed with venoarterial bypass. ECMO support is lifesaving in selected cases of pulmonary insufficiency. Initial trials in cardiac failure and the infant age group in this series suggest that ECMO will have an even greater role in those applications.", "PMID": 839827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3985", "title": "Heparinless femoral venoarterial bypass without an oxygenator for surgery on the descending thoracic aorta.", "content": "Heparinless femoral venoarterial bypass without an oxygenator has been used for surgery in 11 patients with aortic lesions requiring cross-clamping of the descending thoracic aorta. Mixed venous blood circulates in the lower half of the body and proximal hypertension is controlled. Surgical time is not rushed, and the bleeding of heparinization is avoided. All patients are well.", "contents": "Heparinless femoral venoarterial bypass without an oxygenator for surgery on the descending thoracic aorta. Heparinless femoral venoarterial bypass without an oxygenator has been used for surgery in 11 patients with aortic lesions requiring cross-clamping of the descending thoracic aorta. Mixed venous blood circulates in the lower half of the body and proximal hypertension is controlled. Surgical time is not rushed, and the bleeding of heparinization is avoided. All patients are well.", "PMID": 839828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3986", "title": "A clinicopathological study of post-thoracotomy purulent pericarditis. A continuing problem of diagnosis and therapy.", "content": "Cardiac infections after operations are infrequent but, when present, are often fatal. The 14 autopsied patients in whom purulent pericarditis developed after thoracic operations over an 88 year period at The Johns Hopkins Hospital were studied. Purulent pericarditis developed after cardiac operations in 10 and after pulmonary resections  in 4. In 12 of the 14 cases the pericardial sac had been opened. Associated postoperative infection, present in 13 patients, included mediastinitis in 7 and empyema in 3. Staphylococcus was the infection organism in half of the patients. Associated cardiac infection, including endocarditis, myocardial abscess, and graft infection, was present in 5 (36 per cent) patients. Death occurred within 2 months of operation in 11 (79 per cent) patients; it was due to infection in 9, cardiac tamponade in 4, and arrhythmias and heart failure in one. The diagnosis of purulent pericarditis was made before death in only 5 (36 per cent) cases, in part owing to masking of the usual signs of pericarditis in the postoperative patient. Since the introduction of antibiotics, the over-all incidence of purulent pericarditis has decreased. However, pericardial infection after thoracotomy has increased tenfold, and patients undergoing cardiac operations in particular provide a new and increasing population at risk for this disease.", "contents": "A clinicopathological study of post-thoracotomy purulent pericarditis. A continuing problem of diagnosis and therapy. Cardiac infections after operations are infrequent but, when present, are often fatal. The 14 autopsied patients in whom purulent pericarditis developed after thoracic operations over an 88 year period at The Johns Hopkins Hospital were studied. Purulent pericarditis developed after cardiac operations in 10 and after pulmonary resections  in 4. In 12 of the 14 cases the pericardial sac had been opened. Associated postoperative infection, present in 13 patients, included mediastinitis in 7 and empyema in 3. Staphylococcus was the infection organism in half of the patients. Associated cardiac infection, including endocarditis, myocardial abscess, and graft infection, was present in 5 (36 per cent) patients. Death occurred within 2 months of operation in 11 (79 per cent) patients; it was due to infection in 9, cardiac tamponade in 4, and arrhythmias and heart failure in one. The diagnosis of purulent pericarditis was made before death in only 5 (36 per cent) cases, in part owing to masking of the usual signs of pericarditis in the postoperative patient. Since the introduction of antibiotics, the over-all incidence of purulent pericarditis has decreased. However, pericardial infection after thoracotomy has increased tenfold, and patients undergoing cardiac operations in particular provide a new and increasing population at risk for this disease.", "PMID": 839829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3987", "title": "Recent results after repair of atrioventricular canal.", "content": "Tweleve patients with the complete form of persistent atrioventricular (AV) canal were operated upon at the University of Wisconsin between May, 1972, and November, 1975. The technique originally described by Rastelli and his associates was used. All 12 patients are asymptomatic and well, with no hospital or late deaths. Postoperative cardiac catheterization in 8 patients showed a return to near normal dynamics, with minimal residual mitral insufficiency. Half of these children had type A and half type C malformations; both types could be repaired without the need for valve replacement. Since 3 of these patients were less than 2 years of age, we now feel that complete repair of the AV canal can be undertaken in children between 12 and 18 months of age for optimal management.", "contents": "Recent results after repair of atrioventricular canal. Tweleve patients with the complete form of persistent atrioventricular (AV) canal were operated upon at the University of Wisconsin between May, 1972, and November, 1975. The technique originally described by Rastelli and his associates was used. All 12 patients are asymptomatic and well, with no hospital or late deaths. Postoperative cardiac catheterization in 8 patients showed a return to near normal dynamics, with minimal residual mitral insufficiency. Half of these children had type A and half type C malformations; both types could be repaired without the need for valve replacement. Since 3 of these patients were less than 2 years of age, we now feel that complete repair of the AV canal can be undertaken in children between 12 and 18 months of age for optimal management.", "PMID": 839830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3988", "title": "Prosthetic valve endocarditis. The case for prompt valve replacement.", "content": "Treatment of patients with prosthetic valve endocarditis with existing guidelines has failed to reduce the over-all mortality rate to below 50 per cent. However, subgroups with high or lower risk of death can be delineated on the basis of risk factors such as early onset following surgery, high-risk causative organisms, cardiodynamic failure, and septic emboli. High-risk patients comprise more than 70 per cent of those with prosthetic valve endocarditis in recent series. Analysis of previously reported series indicates that the mortality rate for high-risk patients with late onset of prosthetic valve endocarditis treated by valve replacement was less than that of patients receiving only medical therapy. We have treated 6 consecutive patients with prosthetic valve endocarditis (3 early onset, 3 late onset) by valve replacement before completion of a course of antibiotics. All patients survived surgery but one patient died after 4 1/2 months of noninfectious causes. Prompt valve replacement is technically feasible and should become the standard therapy for patients with prosthetic valve endocarditis who do not fall into the lower risk group.", "contents": "Prosthetic valve endocarditis. The case for prompt valve replacement. Treatment of patients with prosthetic valve endocarditis with existing guidelines has failed to reduce the over-all mortality rate to below 50 per cent. However, subgroups with high or lower risk of death can be delineated on the basis of risk factors such as early onset following surgery, high-risk causative organisms, cardiodynamic failure, and septic emboli. High-risk patients comprise more than 70 per cent of those with prosthetic valve endocarditis in recent series. Analysis of previously reported series indicates that the mortality rate for high-risk patients with late onset of prosthetic valve endocarditis treated by valve replacement was less than that of patients receiving only medical therapy. We have treated 6 consecutive patients with prosthetic valve endocarditis (3 early onset, 3 late onset) by valve replacement before completion of a course of antibiotics. All patients survived surgery but one patient died after 4 1/2 months of noninfectious causes. Prompt valve replacement is technically feasible and should become the standard therapy for patients with prosthetic valve endocarditis who do not fall into the lower risk group.", "PMID": 839831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3989", "title": "The lithium iodide--powered cardiac pacemaker. Clinical experience with 250 implantations.", "content": "A long-life cardiac pulse generator powered by the lithium-iodide fuel cell is described and our experience with 250 implantations is documented. The compact, hermetically sealed pulse generator unit is easily implanted, is reliable, and is well accepted by patients. There have been no pacemaker-related deaths and only minimal morbidity. There was a single instance of electrical circuit failure of the pulse generator early in our experience; however, to date, after 15.9 months' average follow-up representing 3.988 patient months of cardiac pacing, there have been no battery failures and no further electrical component failures. The pulse generator unit is now guaranteed by the manufacturer for 6 years. We believe that the lithium-iodide powered pacemaker represents a significant advance in pacemaker generator technology and is recommended for long-term cardiac pacing.", "contents": "The lithium iodide--powered cardiac pacemaker. Clinical experience with 250 implantations. A long-life cardiac pulse generator powered by the lithium-iodide fuel cell is described and our experience with 250 implantations is documented. The compact, hermetically sealed pulse generator unit is easily implanted, is reliable, and is well accepted by patients. There have been no pacemaker-related deaths and only minimal morbidity. There was a single instance of electrical circuit failure of the pulse generator early in our experience; however, to date, after 15.9 months' average follow-up representing 3.988 patient months of cardiac pacing, there have been no battery failures and no further electrical component failures. The pulse generator unit is now guaranteed by the manufacturer for 6 years. We believe that the lithium-iodide powered pacemaker represents a significant advance in pacemaker generator technology and is recommended for long-term cardiac pacing.", "PMID": 839832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3990", "title": "A study of methods for surgical interruption of the His bundle.", "content": "The relationship of the atrioventricular (AV) node and His bundle to surrounding structures is described from the viewpoint of the surgeon. A series of experiments were carried out for interruption of atrial to ventricular conduction that included electrocauterization of the His bundle, incision just above the tricuspid annulus to attempt to divide the His bundle, and finally excision of the right atrial wall and the insertion of the atrial septum into the right fibrous trigone to remove all connections from the AV node and atrium to the His bundle. The last procedure was the most satisfactory method, as judged by the certainty of accomplishing both His bundle interruption and interruption at its highest possible point.", "contents": "A study of methods for surgical interruption of the His bundle. The relationship of the atrioventricular (AV) node and His bundle to surrounding structures is described from the viewpoint of the surgeon. A series of experiments were carried out for interruption of atrial to ventricular conduction that included electrocauterization of the His bundle, incision just above the tricuspid annulus to attempt to divide the His bundle, and finally excision of the right atrial wall and the insertion of the atrial septum into the right fibrous trigone to remove all connections from the AV node and atrium to the His bundle. The last procedure was the most satisfactory method, as judged by the certainty of accomplishing both His bundle interruption and interruption at its highest possible point.", "PMID": 839833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3991", "title": "The effects of isoproterenol and dopamine on regional myocardial blood flow after stenosis of circumflex coronary artery.", "content": "The effects of isoproterenol and dopamine on regional myocardial blood flow were studied in 10 open-chest dogs after acute stenosis of the proximal circumflex coronary artery. Blood flow was determined by the radioactive microsphere technique. Isoproterenol led to a homogenous increase in blood flow in the normal myocardium. In the myocardium with compromised coronary blood flow, isoproterenol led to a relative subendocardial ischemia. This occurred despite increased aortic flow and peak left ventricular dp/dt. Dopamine also increased aortic flow and peak left ventricular dp/dt, but it did not cause regional myocardial ischemia. The findings suggest that dopamine is the preferable inotropic agent in managing low cardiac output in patients with significant coronary artery disease.", "contents": "The effects of isoproterenol and dopamine on regional myocardial blood flow after stenosis of circumflex coronary artery. The effects of isoproterenol and dopamine on regional myocardial blood flow were studied in 10 open-chest dogs after acute stenosis of the proximal circumflex coronary artery. Blood flow was determined by the radioactive microsphere technique. Isoproterenol led to a homogenous increase in blood flow in the normal myocardium. In the myocardium with compromised coronary blood flow, isoproterenol led to a relative subendocardial ischemia. This occurred despite increased aortic flow and peak left ventricular dp/dt. Dopamine also increased aortic flow and peak left ventricular dp/dt, but it did not cause regional myocardial ischemia. The findings suggest that dopamine is the preferable inotropic agent in managing low cardiac output in patients with significant coronary artery disease.", "PMID": 839834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3992", "title": "Wire holder: a new adjunct for sternal closure.", "content": "A new 5 inch clamp with a tungsten carbide insert used for holding the sternal closure wires on an end-to-end fashion is described. This clamp provides a much better grip and longer wear than stainless steel owing to the tungsten carbide insert. The length of the clamp allows the surgeon a firm grip on the wire, and the wire can be easily twisted. Also, the small size of the clamp avoids the crowding which occurs with the regular Kocher clamps at the operating table.", "contents": "Wire holder: a new adjunct for sternal closure. A new 5 inch clamp with a tungsten carbide insert used for holding the sternal closure wires on an end-to-end fashion is described. This clamp provides a much better grip and longer wear than stainless steel owing to the tungsten carbide insert. The length of the clamp allows the surgeon a firm grip on the wire, and the wire can be easily twisted. Also, the small size of the clamp avoids the crowding which occurs with the regular Kocher clamps at the operating table.", "PMID": 839835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3993", "title": "The role of multiple noncritical arterial stenoses in the pathogenesis of ischemia.", "content": "The hemodynamic effects of multiple noncritical lesions in series were studied in in vitro experiments and in 15 animals. Flow visualization studies were also carried out to obtain insight into the flow pattern in the region of stenosis. Symmetrical stenosis pieces with a 50 per cent reduction in area were placed inside a plexiglass tube and used for both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Varying the number of stenoses and the spacing between them enabled us to study twelve different stenosis configurations during both pulsatile and steady flow. Flow conditions encountered clinically were simulated by varying the average Reynolds number between 30 and 380. Pressure drops across the stenosis test section were measured with a differential pressure transducer and used to calculate critical values for multiple, uniform, noncritical stenoses and for combinations of stenoses of different degrees. Results from steady and pulsatile flow in vitro were comparable, as were those results from the in vivo experiments. The pressure drop across a series of noncritical stenoses was nearly the sum of the individual pressure drops, with only slight dependence upon the spacing between stenoses, Thus it is concluded, from both experimental results and from the theoretical calculations, that the total effect of a series of noncritical stenoses may become critical and produce symptoms of arterial insufficiency.", "contents": "The role of multiple noncritical arterial stenoses in the pathogenesis of ischemia. The hemodynamic effects of multiple noncritical lesions in series were studied in in vitro experiments and in 15 animals. Flow visualization studies were also carried out to obtain insight into the flow pattern in the region of stenosis. Symmetrical stenosis pieces with a 50 per cent reduction in area were placed inside a plexiglass tube and used for both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Varying the number of stenoses and the spacing between them enabled us to study twelve different stenosis configurations during both pulsatile and steady flow. Flow conditions encountered clinically were simulated by varying the average Reynolds number between 30 and 380. Pressure drops across the stenosis test section were measured with a differential pressure transducer and used to calculate critical values for multiple, uniform, noncritical stenoses and for combinations of stenoses of different degrees. Results from steady and pulsatile flow in vitro were comparable, as were those results from the in vivo experiments. The pressure drop across a series of noncritical stenoses was nearly the sum of the individual pressure drops, with only slight dependence upon the spacing between stenoses, Thus it is concluded, from both experimental results and from the theoretical calculations, that the total effect of a series of noncritical stenoses may become critical and produce symptoms of arterial insufficiency.", "PMID": 839836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3994", "title": "The intrathoracic kidney.", "content": "Two cases of intrathoracic kidney are discussed, both diagnosed by intravenous pyelography when other studies failed to disclose the nature of a left thoracic mass. The potential valve of intravenous pyelography in the study of a posterior mediastinal mass is emphasized. Review of the literature and of these 2 cases indicates that if the intrathoracic kidney occurs as an isolated anomaly it usually functions normally and requires no treatment.", "contents": "The intrathoracic kidney. Two cases of intrathoracic kidney are discussed, both diagnosed by intravenous pyelography when other studies failed to disclose the nature of a left thoracic mass. The potential valve of intravenous pyelography in the study of a posterior mediastinal mass is emphasized. Review of the literature and of these 2 cases indicates that if the intrathoracic kidney occurs as an isolated anomaly it usually functions normally and requires no treatment.", "PMID": 839837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3995", "title": "Pericardial drainage operations in the management of uremic pericardial effusion.", "content": "Because of frequent failures in nonoperative therapy, we have adopted early surgical drainage of the pericardium in the management of uremic pericardial effusion. This series presents the longest follow-up period of any group of patients with uremic pericardial effusion treated by surgical drainage. There have been no intraoperative deaths and no recurrences. The total hospital mortality rate was 8.3 per cent and the late mortality rate over a 72 month period was 25 per cent. Internal pericardiostomy drainage is a simple yet effective surgical solution to the life-threatening problem of uremic pericardial effusion.", "contents": "Pericardial drainage operations in the management of uremic pericardial effusion. Because of frequent failures in nonoperative therapy, we have adopted early surgical drainage of the pericardium in the management of uremic pericardial effusion. This series presents the longest follow-up period of any group of patients with uremic pericardial effusion treated by surgical drainage. There have been no intraoperative deaths and no recurrences. The total hospital mortality rate was 8.3 per cent and the late mortality rate over a 72 month period was 25 per cent. Internal pericardiostomy drainage is a simple yet effective surgical solution to the life-threatening problem of uremic pericardial effusion.", "PMID": 839841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3996", "title": "Histology of bronchial carcinoma and regional lymph nodes as putative immune response of the host to the tumor.", "content": "Two hundred forty-two patients who had bronchial carcinoma and who underwent radical surgery were studied in order to determine putative host resistance to the tumor at histologic level, i.e., lymphocytic infiltration in the center and around the tumor, together with sinus histiocytosis and follicular hyperplasia in the regional lymph nodes. These features were evaluated in a semiquantitative way, giving rise to three groups of patients: D- (reaction absent or poor), D+ (reaction present), and D++ (strong reaction present). Five-year survival rates and the incidence of metastases in regional nodes were significantly related to the putative host resistance against the tumor, but no clear-cut correlation between grade of malignancy of the tumor and histologic type was evidenced. The significance of these reactive changes is fully discussed.", "contents": "Histology of bronchial carcinoma and regional lymph nodes as putative immune response of the host to the tumor. Two hundred forty-two patients who had bronchial carcinoma and who underwent radical surgery were studied in order to determine putative host resistance to the tumor at histologic level, i.e., lymphocytic infiltration in the center and around the tumor, together with sinus histiocytosis and follicular hyperplasia in the regional lymph nodes. These features were evaluated in a semiquantitative way, giving rise to three groups of patients: D- (reaction absent or poor), D+ (reaction present), and D++ (strong reaction present). Five-year survival rates and the incidence of metastases in regional nodes were significantly related to the putative host resistance against the tumor, but no clear-cut correlation between grade of malignancy of the tumor and histologic type was evidenced. The significance of these reactive changes is fully discussed.", "PMID": 839842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3997", "title": "Anatomic correction of transposition of the great arteries.", "content": "Complete anatomic correction of transposition of the great arteries (TGA) and ventricular septal defect (VSD) was performed on 2 infants with high pulmonary arterial resistance. Both patients were operated upon under deep surface-induced hypothermia and limited cardiopulmonary bypass. Direct repair of the anomaly was accomplished by switching the aorta and the pulmonary artery with reattachment of the coronary arteries. The clinical result in the first patient was satisfactory. The postoperative cardiac catheterization and angiogram demonstrated no gradient across either outflow tracts and normal arrangement of the great vessels. The second patient died in the operating room, probably owing to compression or kinking of the left coronary artery.", "contents": "Anatomic correction of transposition of the great arteries. Complete anatomic correction of transposition of the great arteries (TGA) and ventricular septal defect (VSD) was performed on 2 infants with high pulmonary arterial resistance. Both patients were operated upon under deep surface-induced hypothermia and limited cardiopulmonary bypass. Direct repair of the anomaly was accomplished by switching the aorta and the pulmonary artery with reattachment of the coronary arteries. The clinical result in the first patient was satisfactory. The postoperative cardiac catheterization and angiogram demonstrated no gradient across either outflow tracts and normal arrangement of the great vessels. The second patient died in the operating room, probably owing to compression or kinking of the left coronary artery.", "PMID": 839843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3998", "title": "Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in open-heart surgery.", "content": "Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism was studied in 8 patients who underwent open-heart surgery with the aid of extracorporeal circulation. Hyperglycemia was observed during perfusion. Despite the high glucose levels during perfusion, insulin responses were depressed. A rise of insulin levels was observed one hour after perfusion, and at the same time the glucose levels dropped. Suppression of insulin secretion during perfusion may be the result of increased catecholamine secretion, induced hypothermia, or heparin administration. High levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and low levels of triglycerides were observed immediately before, during, and after perfusion while heparin was being utilized. This phenomenon was considered to be strongly affected by the use of heparin. The levels of growth hormone were depressed during perfusion but significantly elevated one hour after the end of perfusion. These phenomena may be caused by the fluctuations in glucose and NEFA levels.", "contents": "Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in open-heart surgery. Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism was studied in 8 patients who underwent open-heart surgery with the aid of extracorporeal circulation. Hyperglycemia was observed during perfusion. Despite the high glucose levels during perfusion, insulin responses were depressed. A rise of insulin levels was observed one hour after perfusion, and at the same time the glucose levels dropped. Suppression of insulin secretion during perfusion may be the result of increased catecholamine secretion, induced hypothermia, or heparin administration. High levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and low levels of triglycerides were observed immediately before, during, and after perfusion while heparin was being utilized. This phenomenon was considered to be strongly affected by the use of heparin. The levels of growth hormone were depressed during perfusion but significantly elevated one hour after the end of perfusion. These phenomena may be caused by the fluctuations in glucose and NEFA levels.", "PMID": 839844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_3999", "title": "An aortic--left ventricular pulse duplicator used in testing prosthetic aortic heart valves.", "content": "A pulse duplicator for the testing of prosthetic valves has been produced which accurately simulates physiological pressure and flow wave forms in the left ventricle and ascending aorta. The model consists of two components--the ventricle and the artificial systemic circulation. The ventricle is a collapsible bag which is externally pressurized and produces an accurate ventricular pressure-time history. The artificial circulation is externally pressurized and produces an accurate ventricular pressure-time history. The artificial circulation is a development of the lumped parameter model of Westerhof13 in which the physiological input impedance is modeled by a characteristic resistance, a capacitance, and a peripheral resistance connected in series. The model allows for a wide range of heart rates, systolic-diastolic ratios, mean pressures, flow rates, and fluid viscosity. A Fourier analysis of the model pressure and flow waves shows excellent quantitative agreement with physiological data, as does the vascular input impedance. The Oxford aortic heart valve exhibited a regurgitation of 1.9 per cent and no measureable pressure drop or power loss.", "contents": "An aortic--left ventricular pulse duplicator used in testing prosthetic aortic heart valves. A pulse duplicator for the testing of prosthetic valves has been produced which accurately simulates physiological pressure and flow wave forms in the left ventricle and ascending aorta. The model consists of two components--the ventricle and the artificial systemic circulation. The ventricle is a collapsible bag which is externally pressurized and produces an accurate ventricular pressure-time history. The artificial circulation is externally pressurized and produces an accurate ventricular pressure-time history. The artificial circulation is a development of the lumped parameter model of Westerhof13 in which the physiological input impedance is modeled by a characteristic resistance, a capacitance, and a peripheral resistance connected in series. The model allows for a wide range of heart rates, systolic-diastolic ratios, mean pressures, flow rates, and fluid viscosity. A Fourier analysis of the model pressure and flow waves shows excellent quantitative agreement with physiological data, as does the vascular input impedance. The Oxford aortic heart valve exhibited a regurgitation of 1.9 per cent and no measureable pressure drop or power loss.", "PMID": 839845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4000", "title": "The prediction of postoperative potassium excretion after cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "Potassium excretion following cardiopulmonary bypass has been studied in 11 patients. After an initial period of 4 to 5 hours, potassium excretion was found to be directly related to urine flow provided diuretics had not been administered. Triamterene altered the slope of the regression line so that, for any given urine flow rate, less potassium was excreted. A simple program for postoperative potassium therapy is described.", "contents": "The prediction of postoperative potassium excretion after cardiopulmonary bypass. Potassium excretion following cardiopulmonary bypass has been studied in 11 patients. After an initial period of 4 to 5 hours, potassium excretion was found to be directly related to urine flow provided diuretics had not been administered. Triamterene altered the slope of the regression line so that, for any given urine flow rate, less potassium was excreted. A simple program for postoperative potassium therapy is described.", "PMID": 839846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4001", "title": "Radiopaque marker in the tilting disc of the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley heart valve. Evaluation of in vivo prosthetic valve function by cineradiography.", "content": "This paper describes a new, noninvasive method for evaluating the in vivo function of the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve in the aortic, mitral, and tricuspid positions. The tilting disc was equipped with a ring-shaped radiopaque marker, which permits visualization of the motion of the disc by both cineradiographic and fluoroscopic studies. A beam direction corresponding to the axis of motion of the disc should be sought for calculation of the prosthetic opening angle, whereas prostehtic valve closure is demonstrated by a beam direction deviating 20 to 30 degrees from the valve ring plane. Complete opening to 60 degrees and closure of the prosthetic valve, indicating free motility of the tilting disc, were confirmed by cineradiograms. The error of estimation of the in vivo opening angle is small with deviations of less than 15 degrees from the ideal beam direction and negligible for opening angles approaching 60 degrees. Deviations in two planes simultaneously cause less error than deviation in one plane. The radiopaque marker was designed to detect mechanical valve failure owing to thrombotic obstruction. The incidence of this particular complication was 8.1 per 100 patient-years after aortic valve replacement without anticoagulation treatment. With anticoagulation, this incidence was zero after aortic and 2.5 after mitral valve replacement. In our clinical experience to date, which comprises over 1,250 implants, we have not encountered a single case of primary mechanical valve dysfunction. Our current program includes a change-over to the radiopaque tilting-disc model of the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis, which was introduced at this clinic in March, 1975.", "contents": "Radiopaque marker in the tilting disc of the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley heart valve. Evaluation of in vivo prosthetic valve function by cineradiography. This paper describes a new, noninvasive method for evaluating the in vivo function of the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve in the aortic, mitral, and tricuspid positions. The tilting disc was equipped with a ring-shaped radiopaque marker, which permits visualization of the motion of the disc by both cineradiographic and fluoroscopic studies. A beam direction corresponding to the axis of motion of the disc should be sought for calculation of the prosthetic opening angle, whereas prostehtic valve closure is demonstrated by a beam direction deviating 20 to 30 degrees from the valve ring plane. Complete opening to 60 degrees and closure of the prosthetic valve, indicating free motility of the tilting disc, were confirmed by cineradiograms. The error of estimation of the in vivo opening angle is small with deviations of less than 15 degrees from the ideal beam direction and negligible for opening angles approaching 60 degrees. Deviations in two planes simultaneously cause less error than deviation in one plane. The radiopaque marker was designed to detect mechanical valve failure owing to thrombotic obstruction. The incidence of this particular complication was 8.1 per 100 patient-years after aortic valve replacement without anticoagulation treatment. With anticoagulation, this incidence was zero after aortic and 2.5 after mitral valve replacement. In our clinical experience to date, which comprises over 1,250 implants, we have not encountered a single case of primary mechanical valve dysfunction. Our current program includes a change-over to the radiopaque tilting-disc model of the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis, which was introduced at this clinic in March, 1975.", "PMID": 839847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4002", "title": "Signal enhancement for detection of specialized atrioventricular conduction system electrograms during open-heart surgery.", "content": "A method for signal enhancement of electrograms of the specialized atrioventricular conduction system is presented. This method allows a single electrogram to replace the tracings of bipolar electrograms previously required to ensure recognition of the specialezed conduction system and yet maintains the safety afforded by use of three pairs of recording electrodes. In addition, this new signal is enhanced in magnitude and is always unidirectional (positive). These features are desirable for automated signal recognition. This method therefore provides an important step toward future automation and signal recognition of specialized conduction system electrograms during open-heart surgery.", "contents": "Signal enhancement for detection of specialized atrioventricular conduction system electrograms during open-heart surgery. A method for signal enhancement of electrograms of the specialized atrioventricular conduction system is presented. This method allows a single electrogram to replace the tracings of bipolar electrograms previously required to ensure recognition of the specialezed conduction system and yet maintains the safety afforded by use of three pairs of recording electrodes. In addition, this new signal is enhanced in magnitude and is always unidirectional (positive). These features are desirable for automated signal recognition. This method therefore provides an important step toward future automation and signal recognition of specialized conduction system electrograms during open-heart surgery.", "PMID": 839848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4003", "title": "Effects of dipyridamol and methylprednisolone on intimal thickening in vein grafts.", "content": "Fibrous intimal proliferation severe enough to produce occlusion has been observed in vein segments used for aorta-coronary bypass grafts. In an attempt to improve graft patency and decrease intimal fibrous thickening, animals with vein grafts were treated with dipyridamole or methylprednisolone for 8 to 12 weeks. Femoral vein segments were used to bypass the femoral artery in 36 dogs. Thirty-four of these grafts were patent at 8 weeks, with no statistically significant differences between control and drug treatment groups. Intimal thickness measurements were taken at three different points along the graft: proximal (upstream end), middle,and distal (downstream end). Dogs treated with methylprednisolone had significantly less intimal thickening (214 versus 125 mu, p less than 0.05) than did control animals in the middle of the veins but there was no difference in thickness measurements at the proximal and distal ends. Dipyridamole-treated animals did not differ from control dogs. Although these data show decreasing intimal thickening in the middle of grafts with methylprednisolone therapy, the intimal thickness was still considerably greater than normal. The lack of response near the anastomotic sites suggests that clinical application of either agent to improve long-term patency is unwarranted.", "contents": "Effects of dipyridamol and methylprednisolone on intimal thickening in vein grafts. Fibrous intimal proliferation severe enough to produce occlusion has been observed in vein segments used for aorta-coronary bypass grafts. In an attempt to improve graft patency and decrease intimal fibrous thickening, animals with vein grafts were treated with dipyridamole or methylprednisolone for 8 to 12 weeks. Femoral vein segments were used to bypass the femoral artery in 36 dogs. Thirty-four of these grafts were patent at 8 weeks, with no statistically significant differences between control and drug treatment groups. Intimal thickness measurements were taken at three different points along the graft: proximal (upstream end), middle,and distal (downstream end). Dogs treated with methylprednisolone had significantly less intimal thickening (214 versus 125 mu, p less than 0.05) than did control animals in the middle of the veins but there was no difference in thickness measurements at the proximal and distal ends. Dipyridamole-treated animals did not differ from control dogs. Although these data show decreasing intimal thickening in the middle of grafts with methylprednisolone therapy, the intimal thickness was still considerably greater than normal. The lack of response near the anastomotic sites suggests that clinical application of either agent to improve long-term patency is unwarranted.", "PMID": 839849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4004", "title": "The significance of intraoperative ventricular fibrillation during aortic valve replacement.", "content": "The effect of the spontaneous occurrence of ventricular fibrillation during aortic valve replacement and coronary arterial perfusion was studied in a consecutive series of 361 such operations. All operations were performed in a standard manner before 1972. One fourth of the patients experienced ventricular fibrillation,and the early mortality rate of this group was significantly (p less than 0.005) higher 7.3 per cent) than in the nonfibrillating group (1.5 per cent). The total mortality rate was 3 per cent. However, late results among survivors of the operations showed no effect of fibrillation. These findings indicate that ventricular fibrillation should be avoided in these patients. Whether or not countershock is advisable if and when fibrillation occurs remains an unanswered question.", "contents": "The significance of intraoperative ventricular fibrillation during aortic valve replacement. The effect of the spontaneous occurrence of ventricular fibrillation during aortic valve replacement and coronary arterial perfusion was studied in a consecutive series of 361 such operations. All operations were performed in a standard manner before 1972. One fourth of the patients experienced ventricular fibrillation,and the early mortality rate of this group was significantly (p less than 0.005) higher 7.3 per cent) than in the nonfibrillating group (1.5 per cent). The total mortality rate was 3 per cent. However, late results among survivors of the operations showed no effect of fibrillation. These findings indicate that ventricular fibrillation should be avoided in these patients. Whether or not countershock is advisable if and when fibrillation occurs remains an unanswered question.", "PMID": 839850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4005", "title": "Repair of double-outlet right ventricle.", "content": "The results of repair of double outlet right ventricle in 26 children are reported. Eighteen of these patients had subaortic ventricular septal defect (VSD), without pulmonary stenosis (PS) in 5 and with PS in 13. Another 8 patients had subpulmonic VSD, without PS in 6 and with PS in 2. All had concordant atrioventricular relationships. There were six early deaths and two late deaths of the 26 patients in our study. Of these, 5 patients had severe associated cardiac abnormalities, and 2 who died early had had an incision in the systemic (right) ventricle.", "contents": "Repair of double-outlet right ventricle. The results of repair of double outlet right ventricle in 26 children are reported. Eighteen of these patients had subaortic ventricular septal defect (VSD), without pulmonary stenosis (PS) in 5 and with PS in 13. Another 8 patients had subpulmonic VSD, without PS in 6 and with PS in 2. All had concordant atrioventricular relationships. There were six early deaths and two late deaths of the 26 patients in our study. Of these, 5 patients had severe associated cardiac abnormalities, and 2 who died early had had an incision in the systemic (right) ventricle.", "PMID": 839851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4006", "title": "Antibiotic prophylaxis for open-heart surgery.", "content": "A randomized, prospective study of the relative effectiveness of broad-spectrum versus specific antistaphylococal antibiotic prophylaxis in patients having open-heart surgery was performed between May, 1972, and June, 1973. All patients undergoing open-heart surgery was assigned randomly (by hospital number) to receive either methicillin or cephalothin beginning the night before operation. There were 132 patients in the cephalothin group and 129 in the methicillin group. There was no statistically significant differences in age or duration of hospitalization, cardiopulmonary bypass, urinary tract drainage, or postoperative fever. There was a significant difference in the ratio of male to total patients (cephalothin group, 0.67; methicillin group, 0.52; p less than 0.02) and duration of operation (cephalothin group, 4.27 hours; methicillin group, 3.87 hours; p less than 0.05). The methicillin group had a statistically significant higher rate of urinary tract infection (cephalothin group, 3 cases; emthicillin group, 22 cases, p less than 0.05), pneumonia (cephalothin group, no cases; methicillin group, 9 cases; p less than 0.01), and episodes of sepsis and prosthetic valve endocarditis (cephalothin group, no cases; methicillin group, 11 cases, p less than 0.001). The incidence of wound infections and positive blood cultures from blood obtained immediately after termination of cardiopulmonary bypass was not significantly different between the two groups. Cephalothin has replaced methicillin as the routine prophylaxis for open-heart surgery at our institution.", "contents": "Antibiotic prophylaxis for open-heart surgery. A randomized, prospective study of the relative effectiveness of broad-spectrum versus specific antistaphylococal antibiotic prophylaxis in patients having open-heart surgery was performed between May, 1972, and June, 1973. All patients undergoing open-heart surgery was assigned randomly (by hospital number) to receive either methicillin or cephalothin beginning the night before operation. There were 132 patients in the cephalothin group and 129 in the methicillin group. There was no statistically significant differences in age or duration of hospitalization, cardiopulmonary bypass, urinary tract drainage, or postoperative fever. There was a significant difference in the ratio of male to total patients (cephalothin group, 0.67; methicillin group, 0.52; p less than 0.02) and duration of operation (cephalothin group, 4.27 hours; methicillin group, 3.87 hours; p less than 0.05). The methicillin group had a statistically significant higher rate of urinary tract infection (cephalothin group, 3 cases; emthicillin group, 22 cases, p less than 0.05), pneumonia (cephalothin group, no cases; methicillin group, 9 cases; p less than 0.01), and episodes of sepsis and prosthetic valve endocarditis (cephalothin group, no cases; methicillin group, 11 cases, p less than 0.001). The incidence of wound infections and positive blood cultures from blood obtained immediately after termination of cardiopulmonary bypass was not significantly different between the two groups. Cephalothin has replaced methicillin as the routine prophylaxis for open-heart surgery at our institution.", "PMID": 839852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4007", "title": "Survival for 145 days with a total artificial heart.", "content": "A calf into which a biolized, total artificial heart (TAH) had been implanted survived for 145 days. All measured physiological parameters except central venous pressure (CVP) were back to normal one month after implantation, and thereafter the animal's physiological development was similar to that of a normal calf. The intimal weight, which was 96 kilograms at implantation, reached 190 kilogram at the end of experiment, with a daily gain rate of 0.9 kilogram per day. After the nineteenth postoperative week, signs of congestive heart failure appeared, such as high venous pressure, ascites, and enlarged liver although the calf outwardly appeared well. On postoperative day 146, the animal started foaming at the mouth, and a convulsion occurred; then, the experiment was terminated after 3,494 hours of pumping. At autopsy, there were acute bilateral bronchopneumonia involving mostly both upper lobes, pulmonary edema, slight chronic pneumonitis, and hepatomegaly. There were no serious thrombotic deposits inside the cardiac prosthesis.", "contents": "Survival for 145 days with a total artificial heart. A calf into which a biolized, total artificial heart (TAH) had been implanted survived for 145 days. All measured physiological parameters except central venous pressure (CVP) were back to normal one month after implantation, and thereafter the animal's physiological development was similar to that of a normal calf. The intimal weight, which was 96 kilograms at implantation, reached 190 kilogram at the end of experiment, with a daily gain rate of 0.9 kilogram per day. After the nineteenth postoperative week, signs of congestive heart failure appeared, such as high venous pressure, ascites, and enlarged liver although the calf outwardly appeared well. On postoperative day 146, the animal started foaming at the mouth, and a convulsion occurred; then, the experiment was terminated after 3,494 hours of pumping. At autopsy, there were acute bilateral bronchopneumonia involving mostly both upper lobes, pulmonary edema, slight chronic pneumonitis, and hepatomegaly. There were no serious thrombotic deposits inside the cardiac prosthesis.", "PMID": 839853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4008", "title": "Increased cardiac output by downstream pumping with a reversed unidirectional intra-aortic balloon.", "content": "Downstream and upstream pumping with unidirectional intra-aortic balloons was compared in 8 open-chest normal mongrel dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital. Downstream pumping effect a 32 per cent increase in cardiac index, a 24 per cent decrease in systemic resistance, and a 2 per cent decrease in heart rate. Upstream pumping did not significantly affect these parameters. Mean aorta pressure proximal and distal to the balloon was not altered significantly by pumping in either direction. This unique observation of increased cardiac output may have important implications for the treatment of low output cardiac failure. Preliminary studies including baroreceptor denervation suggest that a reflex mechanism may be involved.", "contents": "Increased cardiac output by downstream pumping with a reversed unidirectional intra-aortic balloon. Downstream and upstream pumping with unidirectional intra-aortic balloons was compared in 8 open-chest normal mongrel dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital. Downstream pumping effect a 32 per cent increase in cardiac index, a 24 per cent decrease in systemic resistance, and a 2 per cent decrease in heart rate. Upstream pumping did not significantly affect these parameters. Mean aorta pressure proximal and distal to the balloon was not altered significantly by pumping in either direction. This unique observation of increased cardiac output may have important implications for the treatment of low output cardiac failure. Preliminary studies including baroreceptor denervation suggest that a reflex mechanism may be involved.", "PMID": 839854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4009", "title": "Conformational analysis of the 20 naturally occurring amino acid residues using ECEPP.", "content": "Conformational energy calculations using ECEPP (Empirical Conformational Energy Program for Peptides) were carried out on the N-acetyl-N'-methylamides of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids. Minimum-energy conformations were located, and the relative conformational energy, librational entropy, and free energy each minimum were calculated. The effects of intrinsic torsional potentials, intramolecular hydrogen bonds, and librational entropy on relative conformational energies and locations of minima are discussed. The results are categorized most easily by use of a new conformational letter code that is introduced here.", "contents": "Conformational analysis of the 20 naturally occurring amino acid residues using ECEPP. Conformational energy calculations using ECEPP (Empirical Conformational Energy Program for Peptides) were carried out on the N-acetyl-N'-methylamides of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids. Minimum-energy conformations were located, and the relative conformational energy, librational entropy, and free energy each minimum were calculated. The effects of intrinsic torsional potentials, intramolecular hydrogen bonds, and librational entropy on relative conformational energies and locations of minima are discussed. The results are categorized most easily by use of a new conformational letter code that is introduced here.", "PMID": 839855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4010", "title": "Intrachain reactions of a pair of reactive groups attached to polymer ends. 3. Intrachain charge-transfer complex on polysarcosine chains having terminal electron donor and terminal electron acceptor groups in chloroform solution.", "content": "Polysarcosine having a terminal p-dimethylaminoanilide group and a terminal 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl group was synthesized. The number-average degree of polymerization n was varied from 6 to 25. In chloroform solution this polymer showed a distinct absorption band around 455 nm, which was attributed mostly to intramolecular charge-transfer interactions. The extinction coefficient of the charge-transfer complex was determined for low molecular weight model compounds. Using the same extinction coefficient, the fraction of polymers forming intrachain charge-transfer complex was evaluated at infinite dilution. The fraction was about 0.15 for n = 6 and decreased asymptotically with increasing n finally to 0.03 for n = 25. These values are almost 20-100 times as large as those estimated from the Monte Carlo calculation and on the basis of the intramolecularly catalyzed hydrolysis of polysarcosine chain. This indicates that the cyclized conformations of polysarcosine chain are greatly stabilized by the formation of intrachain charge-transfer complex. The fraction of the cyclized polymer was decreased with increasing temperature for short chains. The thermodynamic parameters characterizing the conformational change required for cyclization in chloroform were obtained and compared with those for the same reaction in ethanol solution, as well as those for the intramolecularly catalyzed hydrolysis on polysarcosine chain in aqueous solution.", "contents": "Intrachain reactions of a pair of reactive groups attached to polymer ends. 3. Intrachain charge-transfer complex on polysarcosine chains having terminal electron donor and terminal electron acceptor groups in chloroform solution. Polysarcosine having a terminal p-dimethylaminoanilide group and a terminal 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl group was synthesized. The number-average degree of polymerization n was varied from 6 to 25. In chloroform solution this polymer showed a distinct absorption band around 455 nm, which was attributed mostly to intramolecular charge-transfer interactions. The extinction coefficient of the charge-transfer complex was determined for low molecular weight model compounds. Using the same extinction coefficient, the fraction of polymers forming intrachain charge-transfer complex was evaluated at infinite dilution. The fraction was about 0.15 for n = 6 and decreased asymptotically with increasing n finally to 0.03 for n = 25. These values are almost 20-100 times as large as those estimated from the Monte Carlo calculation and on the basis of the intramolecularly catalyzed hydrolysis of polysarcosine chain. This indicates that the cyclized conformations of polysarcosine chain are greatly stabilized by the formation of intrachain charge-transfer complex. The fraction of the cyclized polymer was decreased with increasing temperature for short chains. The thermodynamic parameters characterizing the conformational change required for cyclization in chloroform were obtained and compared with those for the same reaction in ethanol solution, as well as those for the intramolecularly catalyzed hydrolysis on polysarcosine chain in aqueous solution.", "PMID": 839856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4011", "title": "Fluorescence and energy transfer of polypeptides containing naphthyl groups in their side chains.", "content": "Energy transfer in the singlet state was studied in solution at 25 degrees C for poly(beta-1-naphthylmethyl L-aspartate) and copolymers of beta-1-naphthylmethyl L-aspartate and gamma-benzyl L-glutamate. Transfer efficiencies, migration coefficients, migration lengths, and interaction radii were determined from the quenching studies using biacetyl as a quencher. The migration coefficient increases with increasing naphthyl groups in the copolymers. This means that singlet energy migrates among more naphthyl groups with increasing naphthyl groups in the polymer chain. Interaction radius for the fluorescence quenching by biacetyl was estimated to be in the range of 5.8 to 8.9 A irrespective of whether energy donor is monomer or excimer. Moreover, it was shown that energy migration via excimer does not take place and energy of the excimer is localized.", "contents": "Fluorescence and energy transfer of polypeptides containing naphthyl groups in their side chains. Energy transfer in the singlet state was studied in solution at 25 degrees C for poly(beta-1-naphthylmethyl L-aspartate) and copolymers of beta-1-naphthylmethyl L-aspartate and gamma-benzyl L-glutamate. Transfer efficiencies, migration coefficients, migration lengths, and interaction radii were determined from the quenching studies using biacetyl as a quencher. The migration coefficient increases with increasing naphthyl groups in the copolymers. This means that singlet energy migrates among more naphthyl groups with increasing naphthyl groups in the polymer chain. Interaction radius for the fluorescence quenching by biacetyl was estimated to be in the range of 5.8 to 8.9 A irrespective of whether energy donor is monomer or excimer. Moreover, it was shown that energy migration via excimer does not take place and energy of the excimer is localized.", "PMID": 839857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4012", "title": "The Kell blood group, Kx antigen, and chronic granulomatous disease.", "content": "The Kell blood group has 18 associated red cell antigens. One, named KX, is the product of an X-linked gene and appears to be a precursor in the Kell biosynthetic pathway. Lack of KX on red cells, caused by inheritance of a variant allele at the X-linked locus, results in gross changes in Kell antigenicity, an effect called the McLeod phenotype. Such cells also show striking morphologic changes. Normal phagocytic leukocytes lack Kell antigens but have strong KX. The leukocytes of boys with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease lack KX antigen and have defective bactericidal function. The fundamental defect in chronic granulomatous disease appears to be failure to inherit the X-linked gene that determines KX synthesis. The enzymatic and functional disorders of the leukocytes, and the structural changes in the red cells, are consequences that follow.", "contents": "The Kell blood group, Kx antigen, and chronic granulomatous disease. The Kell blood group has 18 associated red cell antigens. One, named KX, is the product of an X-linked gene and appears to be a precursor in the Kell biosynthetic pathway. Lack of KX on red cells, caused by inheritance of a variant allele at the X-linked locus, results in gross changes in Kell antigenicity, an effect called the McLeod phenotype. Such cells also show striking morphologic changes. Normal phagocytic leukocytes lack Kell antigens but have strong KX. The leukocytes of boys with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease lack KX antigen and have defective bactericidal function. The fundamental defect in chronic granulomatous disease appears to be failure to inherit the X-linked gene that determines KX synthesis. The enzymatic and functional disorders of the leukocytes, and the structural changes in the red cells, are consequences that follow.", "PMID": 839861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4013", "title": "A statistical approach to the calculation of conformation of proteins. 1. Theory.", "content": "A quantitative theory is presented for calculating the folding of a polymer, especially as applied to the renaturation of globular proteins. The theory applies to both thermodynamically and kinetically determined processes, so that not only can the equilibrium result be calculated but also the time course of folding. Since it is not automatically assumed that the folding will result in a single \"native\" conformation, it is possible to conclude that the polymer will exist as a random coil under appropriate conditions. A Monte Carlo method for applications is discussed in detail, and a very simple example is presented.", "contents": "A statistical approach to the calculation of conformation of proteins. 1. Theory. A quantitative theory is presented for calculating the folding of a polymer, especially as applied to the renaturation of globular proteins. The theory applies to both thermodynamically and kinetically determined processes, so that not only can the equilibrium result be calculated but also the time course of folding. Since it is not automatically assumed that the folding will result in a single \"native\" conformation, it is possible to conclude that the polymer will exist as a random coil under appropriate conditions. A Monte Carlo method for applications is discussed in detail, and a very simple example is presented.", "PMID": 839858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4014", "title": "Chronic granulomatous disease and the Mcleod phenotype. Successful treatment of infection with granulocyte transfusions resulting in subsequent hemolytic transfusion reaction.", "content": "A young man with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease of childhood, who is of the rare McLeod phenotype with antibodies in his serum shown to be hemolytic and reactive against all red cells with normal expressions of the Kell antigens, developed a severe Nocardia pneumonia with abscess formation and was subsequently treated successfully with granulocyte transfusions in spite of the presence of anti-KX in the patient's serum. The anti-KX did not appear to alter significantly the effectiveness of the transfused granulocytes; it did, however, cause a mild hemolytic transfusion reaction. The patient made a remarkable recovery from this episode and his condition has progressed to a state satisfactory enough for him to donate his own blood for storage and possible use in the future.", "contents": "Chronic granulomatous disease and the Mcleod phenotype. Successful treatment of infection with granulocyte transfusions resulting in subsequent hemolytic transfusion reaction. A young man with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease of childhood, who is of the rare McLeod phenotype with antibodies in his serum shown to be hemolytic and reactive against all red cells with normal expressions of the Kell antigens, developed a severe Nocardia pneumonia with abscess formation and was subsequently treated successfully with granulocyte transfusions in spite of the presence of anti-KX in the patient's serum. The anti-KX did not appear to alter significantly the effectiveness of the transfused granulocytes; it did, however, cause a mild hemolytic transfusion reaction. The patient made a remarkable recovery from this episode and his condition has progressed to a state satisfactory enough for him to donate his own blood for storage and possible use in the future.", "PMID": 839862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4015", "title": "Blood transfusion for the patient who is difficult to transfuse.", "content": "There are two types of patients who are difficult to transfuse because of the presence of red cell antibodies, those patients who have an antibody reactive against an antigen of high incidence and those who have multiple antibodies. Possible sources of blood for the patient who has an antibody reactive against a high-incidence red cell antigen include the patient's family, rare donors lacking the high-incidence antigen, and self-donation. Possible sources of blood for those who have multiple antibodies are limited to rare donors lacking the appropriate combination of antigens or to self-donation.", "contents": "Blood transfusion for the patient who is difficult to transfuse. There are two types of patients who are difficult to transfuse because of the presence of red cell antibodies, those patients who have an antibody reactive against an antigen of high incidence and those who have multiple antibodies. Possible sources of blood for the patient who has an antibody reactive against a high-incidence red cell antigen include the patient's family, rare donors lacking the high-incidence antigen, and self-donation. Possible sources of blood for those who have multiple antibodies are limited to rare donors lacking the appropriate combination of antigens or to self-donation.", "PMID": 839863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4016", "title": "A statistical approach to the calculation of conformation of proteins. 2. The reoxidation of reduced trypsin inhibitor.", "content": "A statistical method for the calculation of conformation is applied to the small protein, basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. The polypeptide geometry, energies, rotational isomers, and technique of conformation generation are discussed in detail. The calculations indicate that (i) under denaturing conditions, reduced trypsin inhibitor when oxidized should form initially 14 of the 15 possible single disulfide bridge intermediates in roughly equal proportions, and (ii) under renaturing conditions (pH 8.7, room temperature, aqueous solution) the single disulfide bridge intermediate with cys 30 and cys 51 connected is present in higher concentration than that with cys 30 and cys 55 linked. The two calculations are in agreement with experiment.", "contents": "A statistical approach to the calculation of conformation of proteins. 2. The reoxidation of reduced trypsin inhibitor. A statistical method for the calculation of conformation is applied to the small protein, basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. The polypeptide geometry, energies, rotational isomers, and technique of conformation generation are discussed in detail. The calculations indicate that (i) under denaturing conditions, reduced trypsin inhibitor when oxidized should form initially 14 of the 15 possible single disulfide bridge intermediates in roughly equal proportions, and (ii) under renaturing conditions (pH 8.7, room temperature, aqueous solution) the single disulfide bridge intermediate with cys 30 and cys 51 connected is present in higher concentration than that with cys 30 and cys 55 linked. The two calculations are in agreement with experiment.", "PMID": 839859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4017", "title": "Patterns of dystonia (\"I-D-I\" and \"D-I-D-\") in response to l-dopa therapy for Parkinson's disease.", "content": "The clinical, biochemical, and pharmacologic responses to L-dopa were studied in 87 patients with Parkinson's disease. Eleven of the 87 patients had a long-duration response, 39 had a short-duration response, and 37 had a combination of both. Thirty-four of the 39 patients with short-duration response to L-dopa experienced a consistent and reproducible sequence of clinical and biochemical events after each dose, characterized by improvement of parkinsonism and a single phase of dystonia occurring during or shortly after the peak of dopa concentration in plasma and during maximal clinical improvement. We have called this the I-D-I- response, for Parkinsonism-Improvement-Dystonia-Improvement-Parkinsonism. The remaining five patients all had the onset of the disease at an unusually young age and showed a distinctly different response pattern consisting of a first phase of dystonia, before there was any improvement, followed by a phase of improvement without dystonia and then by a second phase of dystonia before the abrupt return of parkinsonism. We have called this the D-I-D response, for Parkinsonism-Dystonia-Improvement-Dystonia-Parkinsonsim. Dystonia occurs in the D-I-D- response when the concentration of dopa in plasma passes through a critical but relatively low level, whereas it remains absent as long as the concentration of dopa remains above that level. In the I-D-I- response, dystonia is avoided by keeping the plasma concentration of dopa low, in the D-I-D- response by keeping it high. It is postulated that in the D-I-D response postsynaptic depolarization blockade due to supramaximal stimulation of the neuronal system mediating dystonia occurs, whereas in the I-D-I response the postsynaptic members of the same neuronal population respond with excitation but not with depolarization blockade.", "contents": "Patterns of dystonia (\"I-D-I\" and \"D-I-D-\") in response to l-dopa therapy for Parkinson's disease. The clinical, biochemical, and pharmacologic responses to L-dopa were studied in 87 patients with Parkinson's disease. Eleven of the 87 patients had a long-duration response, 39 had a short-duration response, and 37 had a combination of both. Thirty-four of the 39 patients with short-duration response to L-dopa experienced a consistent and reproducible sequence of clinical and biochemical events after each dose, characterized by improvement of parkinsonism and a single phase of dystonia occurring during or shortly after the peak of dopa concentration in plasma and during maximal clinical improvement. We have called this the I-D-I- response, for Parkinsonism-Improvement-Dystonia-Improvement-Parkinsonism. The remaining five patients all had the onset of the disease at an unusually young age and showed a distinctly different response pattern consisting of a first phase of dystonia, before there was any improvement, followed by a phase of improvement without dystonia and then by a second phase of dystonia before the abrupt return of parkinsonism. We have called this the D-I-D response, for Parkinsonism-Dystonia-Improvement-Dystonia-Parkinsonsim. Dystonia occurs in the D-I-D- response when the concentration of dopa in plasma passes through a critical but relatively low level, whereas it remains absent as long as the concentration of dopa remains above that level. In the I-D-I- response, dystonia is avoided by keeping the plasma concentration of dopa low, in the D-I-D- response by keeping it high. It is postulated that in the D-I-D response postsynaptic depolarization blockade due to supramaximal stimulation of the neuronal system mediating dystonia occurs, whereas in the I-D-I response the postsynaptic members of the same neuronal population respond with excitation but not with depolarization blockade.", "PMID": 839864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4018", "title": "Carcinoma of the endometrium: Mayo clinic experience.", "content": "Five hundred and twenty-three patients with endometrial carcinoma treated at the Mayo Clinic from 1952 through 1962 have been followed up for a minimum of 10 years. These patients have been assigned International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics classifications retrospectively; 324 were stage IA and 85 were stage IB. Only 24 patients were stage II and 90 were stages III and IV, combined. Most patients were symptomatic, and a significantly greater number of stage IV patients had symptoms for a longer duration. The average age was 59 years; most patients were postmenopausal and there was a high degree of nulliparity. Seventeen and one-half percent of all patients in this series had a second carcinoma at some time, with breast and colon being the most common second primaries. Treatment was basically total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingooophorectomy with postoperative radiation added on an individualized basis. Seventy-four percent of the 523 patients survived 5 years and 64% survived 10 years. This varied from a 90% 5-year survival in 249 patients with stage IA or IB, G1, to a 13% 5-year survival in 46 patients with stage IV lesions.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the endometrium: Mayo clinic experience. Five hundred and twenty-three patients with endometrial carcinoma treated at the Mayo Clinic from 1952 through 1962 have been followed up for a minimum of 10 years. These patients have been assigned International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics classifications retrospectively; 324 were stage IA and 85 were stage IB. Only 24 patients were stage II and 90 were stages III and IV, combined. Most patients were symptomatic, and a significantly greater number of stage IV patients had symptoms for a longer duration. The average age was 59 years; most patients were postmenopausal and there was a high degree of nulliparity. Seventeen and one-half percent of all patients in this series had a second carcinoma at some time, with breast and colon being the most common second primaries. Treatment was basically total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingooophorectomy with postoperative radiation added on an individualized basis. Seventy-four percent of the 523 patients survived 5 years and 64% survived 10 years. This varied from a 90% 5-year survival in 249 patients with stage IA or IB, G1, to a 13% 5-year survival in 46 patients with stage IV lesions.", "PMID": 839865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4019", "title": "Peripheral arteriovenous fistula. Detection by contrast echocardiography.", "content": "A method for detecting peripheral arteriovenous fistulas using contrast echocardiography is described. The detection of intracardiac and intrapulmonary shunts by this technique has previously been documented. After injection of indocyanine green dye into the blood stream, a dense cloud of echoes can be detected downstream as well as at the injection site. This echo-producing effect is completely lost on a single transit through a capillary bed. Thus detection of resultant echoes in the systemic venous circuit after systemic arterial injection of dye would indicate the presence of an abnormal arteriovenous communication. We have recently tested this hypothesis for the confirmation of left-to-right shunts in two patients who had suspected traumatic lower extremity arteriovenous fistulas. After injection of indocyanine green dye through a small-gauge needle into the femoral artery, a dense cloud of contrast echoes appeared in the right ventricle, which indicated the presence of arteriovenous shunting. This procedure is safe and easily performed and represents a new and relatively noninvasive technique for the detection of peripheral arteriovenous fistulas.", "contents": "Peripheral arteriovenous fistula. Detection by contrast echocardiography. A method for detecting peripheral arteriovenous fistulas using contrast echocardiography is described. The detection of intracardiac and intrapulmonary shunts by this technique has previously been documented. After injection of indocyanine green dye into the blood stream, a dense cloud of echoes can be detected downstream as well as at the injection site. This echo-producing effect is completely lost on a single transit through a capillary bed. Thus detection of resultant echoes in the systemic venous circuit after systemic arterial injection of dye would indicate the presence of an abnormal arteriovenous communication. We have recently tested this hypothesis for the confirmation of left-to-right shunts in two patients who had suspected traumatic lower extremity arteriovenous fistulas. After injection of indocyanine green dye through a small-gauge needle into the femoral artery, a dense cloud of contrast echoes appeared in the right ventricle, which indicated the presence of arteriovenous shunting. This procedure is safe and easily performed and represents a new and relatively noninvasive technique for the detection of peripheral arteriovenous fistulas.", "PMID": 839866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4020", "title": "Health status, socioeconomic status and utilization of outpatient services for members of a prepaid group practice.", "content": "When evaluating the effectiveness of medical care programs, one concern is whether receipt of care is based upon health care needs or upon socioeconomic status. This study describes the relation between health status and socioeconomic status and attempts to determine which has the greater effect on ambulatory care utilization. The study setting was an operating HMO serving a cross-sectional membership of nearly 200,000 persons. Outpatient utilization data were derived from the medical records of a five per cent sample of health plan members for 1969 and 1970. Social, economic, situational, and attitudinal data were provided by 2,603 respondents in a household interview survey. Since a population's perceived health status may reflect health need, information from the survey provided measures of health status that ranged from specific symptoms and complaints to a general measure of perceived health status. Although the findings varied somewhat according to which variables were considered, they generally showed health status to correlate more highly than socioeconomic factors with the utilization of services in this medical care system. An exception was the use of preventive services, which was not significantly related to health status measures but rather, for women, to education and, to a lesser extent, income.", "contents": "Health status, socioeconomic status and utilization of outpatient services for members of a prepaid group practice. When evaluating the effectiveness of medical care programs, one concern is whether receipt of care is based upon health care needs or upon socioeconomic status. This study describes the relation between health status and socioeconomic status and attempts to determine which has the greater effect on ambulatory care utilization. The study setting was an operating HMO serving a cross-sectional membership of nearly 200,000 persons. Outpatient utilization data were derived from the medical records of a five per cent sample of health plan members for 1969 and 1970. Social, economic, situational, and attitudinal data were provided by 2,603 respondents in a household interview survey. Since a population's perceived health status may reflect health need, information from the survey provided measures of health status that ranged from specific symptoms and complaints to a general measure of perceived health status. Although the findings varied somewhat according to which variables were considered, they generally showed health status to correlate more highly than socioeconomic factors with the utilization of services in this medical care system. An exception was the use of preventive services, which was not significantly related to health status measures but rather, for women, to education and, to a lesser extent, income.", "PMID": 839867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4021", "title": "From professional monopoly to corporate oligopoly:the clinical laboratory industry in transition.", "content": "Until the mid-1960s the nonhospital clinical laboratory industry was dominated by pathologists. The ethics of medical professionalism protected the pathologists' market from price competition and from any serious threat from new entrants into the market. Immune from the competitive pressures of the marketplace, pathologists exerted monopoly control in local markets. That power was eroded by laboratories operated by technologists and bioanalysts and was finally overcome by the entry of large corporations into the industry. The market power of the largest corporate laboratories is now growing to a point where competition may again be thwarted. The professional ethics of pathologists allowed high prices, but there was little push toward higher volume. The commercial ethics of the corporate entrants brought lower prices but resulted in strong pressure for greater test quantities. In either case, the power wielded by the dominant producer would seem to go against the consumer's interests.", "contents": "From professional monopoly to corporate oligopoly:the clinical laboratory industry in transition. Until the mid-1960s the nonhospital clinical laboratory industry was dominated by pathologists. The ethics of medical professionalism protected the pathologists' market from price competition and from any serious threat from new entrants into the market. Immune from the competitive pressures of the marketplace, pathologists exerted monopoly control in local markets. That power was eroded by laboratories operated by technologists and bioanalysts and was finally overcome by the entry of large corporations into the industry. The market power of the largest corporate laboratories is now growing to a point where competition may again be thwarted. The professional ethics of pathologists allowed high prices, but there was little push toward higher volume. The commercial ethics of the corporate entrants brought lower prices but resulted in strong pressure for greater test quantities. In either case, the power wielded by the dominant producer would seem to go against the consumer's interests.", "PMID": 839868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4022", "title": "An analysis of selected blood service policy changes.", "content": "Prinicipal national goals for a blood service system are concerned with shortage, quality, acessibility, and efficiency. Since regional blood service operating objectives based on these goals are in partial conflict, a single policy does not exist. Using a computer-based planning system, four policies are examined and tested for their effects on these objectives. [corrected] The policies are: use of frozen red cells ( a technological alternative); extension of the useful life of fresh blood (a legal alternative); improved collection planning (a planning alternative), and improved inventory management (a management alternative). Model projections of the effects of each policy and comparative performance of each policy with respect to the principal objectives are discussed.", "contents": "An analysis of selected blood service policy changes. Prinicipal national goals for a blood service system are concerned with shortage, quality, acessibility, and efficiency. Since regional blood service operating objectives based on these goals are in partial conflict, a single policy does not exist. Using a computer-based planning system, four policies are examined and tested for their effects on these objectives. [corrected] The policies are: use of frozen red cells ( a technological alternative); extension of the useful life of fresh blood (a legal alternative); improved collection planning (a planning alternative), and improved inventory management (a management alternative). Model projections of the effects of each policy and comparative performance of each policy with respect to the principal objectives are discussed.", "PMID": 839869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4023", "title": "Getting care to nursing-home patients: a problem and a proposal.", "content": "Data abstracted from transportation company records showed that nursing home patients made an average of 3.6 trips per year for care out of the nursing home. The bulk of this care (55 per cent) was provided at University Hospital with over a quarter provided at private physicians' offices and community health centers. On the basis of chart abstracts over half the patients had been seen within the previous month, but the quality of that visit was open to question. A means of providing cost-effective primary medical care in the nursing homes using a team of nurse practitioner and social worker is proposed.", "contents": "Getting care to nursing-home patients: a problem and a proposal. Data abstracted from transportation company records showed that nursing home patients made an average of 3.6 trips per year for care out of the nursing home. The bulk of this care (55 per cent) was provided at University Hospital with over a quarter provided at private physicians' offices and community health centers. On the basis of chart abstracts over half the patients had been seen within the previous month, but the quality of that visit was open to question. A means of providing cost-effective primary medical care in the nursing homes using a team of nurse practitioner and social worker is proposed.", "PMID": 839870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4024", "title": "Communication Style: a clue to unplanned pregnancy.", "content": "This investigation compared the communication patterns of women who had never been pregnant with those of women who had had two or more unplanned pregnancies. A six-part questionnaire assessing communication skills, social orientation and involvement, self-disclosure, physical accessibility and verbal defensiveness was administered to fifty-six paid subjects from family planning clinics in the San Francisco Bay Area. Significant differences in communication skills, depth of self-disclosure, physical accessibility, and verbal defensiveness were found. The study suggests that the communicative inadequacies in the women with multiple unplanned pregnancies may be critical factors in contraceptive failure.", "contents": "Communication Style: a clue to unplanned pregnancy. This investigation compared the communication patterns of women who had never been pregnant with those of women who had had two or more unplanned pregnancies. A six-part questionnaire assessing communication skills, social orientation and involvement, self-disclosure, physical accessibility and verbal defensiveness was administered to fifty-six paid subjects from family planning clinics in the San Francisco Bay Area. Significant differences in communication skills, depth of self-disclosure, physical accessibility, and verbal defensiveness were found. The study suggests that the communicative inadequacies in the women with multiple unplanned pregnancies may be critical factors in contraceptive failure.", "PMID": 839871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4025", "title": "Enrollment choice in a mutli-HMO setting:the roles of health risk, financial vulnerability, and access to care.", "content": "Results of an analysis of enrollment decisions in HMO-type plans are reported. Previous studies concern dual-choice situations; this paper deals with a quadruple-choice situation involving one open- and two closed-panel HMO-type plans as well as Blue Cross/Blue Shield (BC/BS). The risk-vulnerability hypothesis is disaggregated into its components and the results show that there is no adverse health risk self-selection in an employed population. The hypothesis of economic vulnerability is maintained when tested in terms of per capita income rather than the previously used measure of family income. It is shown that those who enroll in any HMO-type plan are younger and have younger and larger families and lower per capita income than those who do not. No meaningful differences in terms of health status, health concerns, or prior utilization are found. Of the few differences found between those who enroll in closed- and open-panel HMO-type plans, having a private physician as the usual source of care is the most significant: those with an established physician relationship who join any HMO-type plan tend to follow their physician into the open-panel plan. The results should not be generalized to situations involving premium differences since the premium cost to subscribers in any of the plans considered here was fully paid by the employer. The validity of the results in terms of nonfinancial factors, on the other hand, is enhanced by the removal of cost considerations.", "contents": "Enrollment choice in a mutli-HMO setting:the roles of health risk, financial vulnerability, and access to care. Results of an analysis of enrollment decisions in HMO-type plans are reported. Previous studies concern dual-choice situations; this paper deals with a quadruple-choice situation involving one open- and two closed-panel HMO-type plans as well as Blue Cross/Blue Shield (BC/BS). The risk-vulnerability hypothesis is disaggregated into its components and the results show that there is no adverse health risk self-selection in an employed population. The hypothesis of economic vulnerability is maintained when tested in terms of per capita income rather than the previously used measure of family income. It is shown that those who enroll in any HMO-type plan are younger and have younger and larger families and lower per capita income than those who do not. No meaningful differences in terms of health status, health concerns, or prior utilization are found. Of the few differences found between those who enroll in closed- and open-panel HMO-type plans, having a private physician as the usual source of care is the most significant: those with an established physician relationship who join any HMO-type plan tend to follow their physician into the open-panel plan. The results should not be generalized to situations involving premium differences since the premium cost to subscribers in any of the plans considered here was fully paid by the employer. The validity of the results in terms of nonfinancial factors, on the other hand, is enhanced by the removal of cost considerations.", "PMID": 839872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4026", "title": "[Serum levels of magnesium and zinc after a controlled thermal trauma of the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "After a thermal trauma similar changes of Mg and Zn levels in serum are observable. During the initial period of shock the concentration of both elements increases as a consequence of damage of cellular and subcellular compartments. During the catabolic phase a deficiency syndrome occurs as a result of renal excretion, loss through the wound secretion, and demarcation of necrotic tissue. On the other hand increasing requirements of Mg and Zn appear because of the anabolic process of wound healing. From these reasons a substitution of both elements is recommendable in all cases of proved deficiency after burns.", "contents": "[Serum levels of magnesium and zinc after a controlled thermal trauma of the rat (author's transl)]. After a thermal trauma similar changes of Mg and Zn levels in serum are observable. During the initial period of shock the concentration of both elements increases as a consequence of damage of cellular and subcellular compartments. During the catabolic phase a deficiency syndrome occurs as a result of renal excretion, loss through the wound secretion, and demarcation of necrotic tissue. On the other hand increasing requirements of Mg and Zn appear because of the anabolic process of wound healing. From these reasons a substitution of both elements is recommendable in all cases of proved deficiency after burns.", "PMID": 839907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4027", "title": "[Ulcerocancer of the stomach (author's transl)].", "content": "46 patients were operated upon for an ulcerocancer of the stomach. In detail the differential diagnosis and the possibilities for preoperatively establishing an exact diagnosis are described. The good results after resection of the tumor (5-year-survival rates are for early cancer 100% and for the other tumors 67.7%) demonstrate, that usually for the ulcerocancer a total gastrectomy is unnecessary. Depending on the localisation of the tumor a proximal or distal resection of the stomach is sufficient. The results indicate that tumors, in which the ulcer floor shows a partial infiltration of carcinomatous cells, are not to be called as ulcerocancer. It is suggested to speak of these cases of \"primary\" carcinoma of the stomach.", "contents": "[Ulcerocancer of the stomach (author's transl)]. 46 patients were operated upon for an ulcerocancer of the stomach. In detail the differential diagnosis and the possibilities for preoperatively establishing an exact diagnosis are described. The good results after resection of the tumor (5-year-survival rates are for early cancer 100% and for the other tumors 67.7%) demonstrate, that usually for the ulcerocancer a total gastrectomy is unnecessary. Depending on the localisation of the tumor a proximal or distal resection of the stomach is sufficient. The results indicate that tumors, in which the ulcer floor shows a partial infiltration of carcinomatous cells, are not to be called as ulcerocancer. It is suggested to speak of these cases of \"primary\" carcinoma of the stomach.", "PMID": 839908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4028", "title": "[Billroth I operation for peptic ulcer (author's transl)].", "content": "The indications and early results of 605 Billroth I operations for peptic ulcer are reported. Of the 605, 302 were simple resections, and 303 combined operations with selective gastric vagotomy. There were no differences concerning postoperative complications among the two groups. No disturbances were encountered in 80%. The overall mortality rate was 4.2% caused mainly by an incidence of 14.6% in complicated ulcer cases. The greatest difference for lethal, as well as nonlethal, complications was found between emergency surgery for bleeding ulcer and elective operations for uncomplicated cases. In general, the early results of the Billroth I resection were equal to the Billroth II type. Because of better functional late results, the Billroth I operation is preferred.", "contents": "[Billroth I operation for peptic ulcer (author's transl)]. The indications and early results of 605 Billroth I operations for peptic ulcer are reported. Of the 605, 302 were simple resections, and 303 combined operations with selective gastric vagotomy. There were no differences concerning postoperative complications among the two groups. No disturbances were encountered in 80%. The overall mortality rate was 4.2% caused mainly by an incidence of 14.6% in complicated ulcer cases. The greatest difference for lethal, as well as nonlethal, complications was found between emergency surgery for bleeding ulcer and elective operations for uncomplicated cases. In general, the early results of the Billroth I resection were equal to the Billroth II type. Because of better functional late results, the Billroth I operation is preferred.", "PMID": 839909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4029", "title": "[Peptic anastomotic ulcer induced by continuous duodenogastrix reflux (author's transl)].", "content": "Different types of duodenal by-pass operations with and without duodenogastric reflux were performed on 54 male Wistar rats. The results of our investigation show that following duodenal by-pass with reflux peptic anastomotic ulcer regularly occurs. The constant reflux of bile and pancreas juice is the most important aetiologic factor in the development of ulcer in the vicinity of the anastomosis between the stomach and small intestine. Stasis in the by-passed duodenum (afferent loop syndrome) promotes ulcerogenic action of reflux. In the absence of the pylorus the effects of reflux ans stasis potentiate, resulting in a high frequency of ulcer (greater than 90%). With intact pylorus the incidence is low. Duodenogastric reflux prevents hydrochloric acid secretion significantly (P less than 0.01); hydrochloric acid thus plays a minor role in the development of experimental anastomotic ulcer of the rat. -In considering the prophylaxis against anastomotic ulcer, there findings support the claim of avoiding surgical techniques involving duodenal by-pass and reflux (Billroth II with short loop GE). Gastric resection should, therefore, aim at the reconstruction of the orthograde peristalsis.", "contents": "[Peptic anastomotic ulcer induced by continuous duodenogastrix reflux (author's transl)]. Different types of duodenal by-pass operations with and without duodenogastric reflux were performed on 54 male Wistar rats. The results of our investigation show that following duodenal by-pass with reflux peptic anastomotic ulcer regularly occurs. The constant reflux of bile and pancreas juice is the most important aetiologic factor in the development of ulcer in the vicinity of the anastomosis between the stomach and small intestine. Stasis in the by-passed duodenum (afferent loop syndrome) promotes ulcerogenic action of reflux. In the absence of the pylorus the effects of reflux ans stasis potentiate, resulting in a high frequency of ulcer (greater than 90%). With intact pylorus the incidence is low. Duodenogastric reflux prevents hydrochloric acid secretion significantly (P less than 0.01); hydrochloric acid thus plays a minor role in the development of experimental anastomotic ulcer of the rat. -In considering the prophylaxis against anastomotic ulcer, there findings support the claim of avoiding surgical techniques involving duodenal by-pass and reflux (Billroth II with short loop GE). Gastric resection should, therefore, aim at the reconstruction of the orthograde peristalsis.", "PMID": 839910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4030", "title": "[Examination of gallstones on their surface and in fractured cross sections by incident light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "Operatively removed gallstones were examined on their surfaces and in fractured cross sections by incident light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, micro-bore samples and X-ray crystallography were done. Five gallstone types consisting of three basic structural layers are differentiable by incident light microscopy. The three layers consist of a central nucleus which is always present, a radially structured middle layer, and a fine crystalline outer shell, the presence or absence of the latter two layers differentiating the stone types. Two crystal structures could be differentiated by electron microscopy; a flat and a globular type. The nucleus is always of the globular crystalline type, while the outer layers are flat crystalline. From this we were lead to believe that the conditions in vivo, under which the different layers of a gallstone are built, change. The micro-bore samples lead us to believe that calcium is only secondarily layed down in the gallstone framework. White crystalline deposits, which were formed several seconds after fracture, were discovered on the fractured gallstone cross sections.", "contents": "[Examination of gallstones on their surface and in fractured cross sections by incident light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (author's transl)]. Operatively removed gallstones were examined on their surfaces and in fractured cross sections by incident light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, micro-bore samples and X-ray crystallography were done. Five gallstone types consisting of three basic structural layers are differentiable by incident light microscopy. The three layers consist of a central nucleus which is always present, a radially structured middle layer, and a fine crystalline outer shell, the presence or absence of the latter two layers differentiating the stone types. Two crystal structures could be differentiated by electron microscopy; a flat and a globular type. The nucleus is always of the globular crystalline type, while the outer layers are flat crystalline. From this we were lead to believe that the conditions in vivo, under which the different layers of a gallstone are built, change. The micro-bore samples lead us to believe that calcium is only secondarily layed down in the gallstone framework. White crystalline deposits, which were formed several seconds after fracture, were discovered on the fractured gallstone cross sections.", "PMID": 839911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4031", "title": "[Evaluation of the bursa infracardiaca in the pathogenesis of sliding hiatal hernia (author's transl)].", "content": "For the first time, the capillary space-bursa infracardiaca-which is present in human evolution, is investigated and described in reference to the pathogenesis of sliding hiatal hernia. This bursa at the right dorsal wall of the esophagus can obliterate, persist or even communicate with the bursa omentalis. It supports the cranially sliding movement of the gastroesophageal junction and reduces the slope posture of the plane of esophageal entry into the stomach. Extensive sliding movement permits the fat of omentum minus to develop a lipoma between the bursa and esophageal wall. With regard to the known specific muscle architecture of esophagus (Stelzner, 1968) the upward tilting of the plane of entry is followed by the opening of the cardia and by reflux. The bursa enlarges the postural change of the plane of entry. It can be considered as a disposing factor in the development of sliding hiatal hernia. This is evaluated by a lot of observations and with regard to former experiments.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the bursa infracardiaca in the pathogenesis of sliding hiatal hernia (author's transl)]. For the first time, the capillary space-bursa infracardiaca-which is present in human evolution, is investigated and described in reference to the pathogenesis of sliding hiatal hernia. This bursa at the right dorsal wall of the esophagus can obliterate, persist or even communicate with the bursa omentalis. It supports the cranially sliding movement of the gastroesophageal junction and reduces the slope posture of the plane of esophageal entry into the stomach. Extensive sliding movement permits the fat of omentum minus to develop a lipoma between the bursa and esophageal wall. With regard to the known specific muscle architecture of esophagus (Stelzner, 1968) the upward tilting of the plane of entry is followed by the opening of the cardia and by reflux. The bursa enlarges the postural change of the plane of entry. It can be considered as a disposing factor in the development of sliding hiatal hernia. This is evaluated by a lot of observations and with regard to former experiments.", "PMID": 839912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4032", "title": "[Esophageal replacement with lyophilized dura (author's transl)].", "content": "In 50 dogs thoracic or cervical esophagus was resected and the defect was replaced by a prosthesis made out of lyophilized dura. The healing process was studied radiologically and by clinical and histological examination. The experiments have proved the feasibility of bridging esophageal defects with lyophilized dura. The dura is replaced within 2 months by a tube of connective tissue. Until epithelialisation is complete there is a tendency to circular contraction. A stenosis could be prevented by dilatation or by means of a homologous-alloplastic esophageal prosthesis.", "contents": "[Esophageal replacement with lyophilized dura (author's transl)]. In 50 dogs thoracic or cervical esophagus was resected and the defect was replaced by a prosthesis made out of lyophilized dura. The healing process was studied radiologically and by clinical and histological examination. The experiments have proved the feasibility of bridging esophageal defects with lyophilized dura. The dura is replaced within 2 months by a tube of connective tissue. Until epithelialisation is complete there is a tendency to circular contraction. A stenosis could be prevented by dilatation or by means of a homologous-alloplastic esophageal prosthesis.", "PMID": 839913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4033", "title": "Posterior table fractures of the frontal sinus: I. An experimental study.", "content": "Experiments using cats were performed to examine the natural history of posterior table fractures of the frontal sinus and the methods available for treatment. Elevation of depressed fractures and obliteration by either fat or osteoneogenesis and fibrosis were the modalities of treatment used. Comparisons were made with untreated controls. Fascia reinforcement of the dura and plugging of the nasofrontal duct were variables. The nasofrontal duct is critical in the natural history of these injuries. All fractures of the posterior table heal if drainage into the nose is maintained. Fractures which are elevated heal by bony union with associated mucosal and dural healing. Loose fragments of the posterior table heal if left in place. Mucoceles form if the nasofrontal duct is obstructed, if mucosa is inadequately removed during obliteration and, in some instances, where islands of mucosa are isolated by mucosal laceration. Viable adipose tissue in the sinus prevents significant ingrowth of mucosa from the nasofrontal duct. Growth of mucosa into fracture lines was not a problem. Both adipose transplants and intrasinus fascia reinforcement appeared to contribute to well defined posterior table healing.", "contents": "Posterior table fractures of the frontal sinus: I. An experimental study. Experiments using cats were performed to examine the natural history of posterior table fractures of the frontal sinus and the methods available for treatment. Elevation of depressed fractures and obliteration by either fat or osteoneogenesis and fibrosis were the modalities of treatment used. Comparisons were made with untreated controls. Fascia reinforcement of the dura and plugging of the nasofrontal duct were variables. The nasofrontal duct is critical in the natural history of these injuries. All fractures of the posterior table heal if drainage into the nose is maintained. Fractures which are elevated heal by bony union with associated mucosal and dural healing. Loose fragments of the posterior table heal if left in place. Mucoceles form if the nasofrontal duct is obstructed, if mucosa is inadequately removed during obliteration and, in some instances, where islands of mucosa are isolated by mucosal laceration. Viable adipose tissue in the sinus prevents significant ingrowth of mucosa from the nasofrontal duct. Growth of mucosa into fracture lines was not a problem. Both adipose transplants and intrasinus fascia reinforcement appeared to contribute to well defined posterior table healing.", "PMID": 839914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4034", "title": "Alternative uses for the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope in otolaryngology.", "content": "Currently there are many fiberoptic instruments available to the otolaryngologist. These include, in addition to the rigid endoscopes, the fiberoptic headlight, cable, indirect laryngoscope, nasopharyngoscope, flexible laryngoscope, flexible esophagoscope and flexible bronchoscope. Each possesses a certain unique characteristic to aid the otolaryngologist. For several of these, there are certain alternative uses. The purpose of this report is to discuss additional uses for the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope in relation to the head and neck as it is the most versatile instrument.", "contents": "Alternative uses for the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope in otolaryngology. Currently there are many fiberoptic instruments available to the otolaryngologist. These include, in addition to the rigid endoscopes, the fiberoptic headlight, cable, indirect laryngoscope, nasopharyngoscope, flexible laryngoscope, flexible esophagoscope and flexible bronchoscope. Each possesses a certain unique characteristic to aid the otolaryngologist. For several of these, there are certain alternative uses. The purpose of this report is to discuss additional uses for the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope in relation to the head and neck as it is the most versatile instrument.", "PMID": 839915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4035", "title": "Theory of hearing--cellular approach.", "content": "A model was developed to simulate the combination of Davis's electrical model of cochlear excitation and the electrical model of a neuron; both afferent and efferent fibers were included. The resulting model was stimulated by varying the hair cell resistance. This is equivalent to varying the sound pressure level presented to the cochlea in the physiological system. It was found that, in the normal ear, there was a critical level of hair cell resistance below which no firings were obtained (no information transmitted). The scala media potential was varied and the previous tests repeated. This was done to simulate changes in the stria vascularis of the physiological system. It was found that as the scala media potential decreased, the critical value of the hair cell resistance increased. Two clinical procedures are proposed: the first is a procedure to improve hearing for persons with a \"linear or flat loss\"; the second is a procedure for improving the hearing for persons with a \"ski slope loss.\"", "contents": "Theory of hearing--cellular approach. A model was developed to simulate the combination of Davis's electrical model of cochlear excitation and the electrical model of a neuron; both afferent and efferent fibers were included. The resulting model was stimulated by varying the hair cell resistance. This is equivalent to varying the sound pressure level presented to the cochlea in the physiological system. It was found that, in the normal ear, there was a critical level of hair cell resistance below which no firings were obtained (no information transmitted). The scala media potential was varied and the previous tests repeated. This was done to simulate changes in the stria vascularis of the physiological system. It was found that as the scala media potential decreased, the critical value of the hair cell resistance increased. Two clinical procedures are proposed: the first is a procedure to improve hearing for persons with a \"linear or flat loss\"; the second is a procedure for improving the hearing for persons with a \"ski slope loss.\"", "PMID": 839916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4036", "title": "Diagnosis and management of cochlear hydrops.", "content": "In an early case of cochlear hydrops, the symptoms of a mild pressure sensation or fullness in the involved ear may be mistaken for a blocked eustachian tube. More severe cases demonstrate a true sensori-neutral hearing loss that fluctuates. Tinnitis is usually present during the attack and will often subside when the hearing returns to normal. The neurotologic evaluation is negative and attempts to establish an etiology are seldom fruitful. The treatment is usually medical, and empirically, these individuals are treated with diuretics, low salt diet, and vasodilators. It is felt by most investigators that cochlear hydrops is an early form of M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease, and over a long period of time these individuals may develop vertigo as a complaint. The purpose of this paper is to discuss this interesting form of M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease in detail concerning etiology, physiology, diagnosis, and treatment. A small series of patients who have undergone the subarachnoid endolymphatic sac procedure will be reported according to the guidelines set forth by the Committee on Hearing and Equilibrium of the American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology. Based on the result in these patients, it would appear that this procedure should be considered in those individuals who are refractory to medical management. There is convincing evidence that the shunt does stabilize the hearing in many instances.", "contents": "Diagnosis and management of cochlear hydrops. In an early case of cochlear hydrops, the symptoms of a mild pressure sensation or fullness in the involved ear may be mistaken for a blocked eustachian tube. More severe cases demonstrate a true sensori-neutral hearing loss that fluctuates. Tinnitis is usually present during the attack and will often subside when the hearing returns to normal. The neurotologic evaluation is negative and attempts to establish an etiology are seldom fruitful. The treatment is usually medical, and empirically, these individuals are treated with diuretics, low salt diet, and vasodilators. It is felt by most investigators that cochlear hydrops is an early form of M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease, and over a long period of time these individuals may develop vertigo as a complaint. The purpose of this paper is to discuss this interesting form of M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease in detail concerning etiology, physiology, diagnosis, and treatment. A small series of patients who have undergone the subarachnoid endolymphatic sac procedure will be reported according to the guidelines set forth by the Committee on Hearing and Equilibrium of the American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology. Based on the result in these patients, it would appear that this procedure should be considered in those individuals who are refractory to medical management. There is convincing evidence that the shunt does stabilize the hearing in many instances.", "PMID": 839917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4037", "title": "Preliminary results with use of an eustachian tube prosthesis.", "content": "One of the primary causes of tympanoplasty failure is inadequate eustachian tubal function. Measures taken to improve tubal function have often been inadequate for their task. A prosthesis was constructed for the purpose of installation at the time of tympanoplasty to improve eustachian tubal function. Our early results with a two to 14-month follow-up of 38 patients show a success rate of 79 percent in secruing an aerated middle ear space in ears which were judged to have poor eustachian tubal function.", "contents": "Preliminary results with use of an eustachian tube prosthesis. One of the primary causes of tympanoplasty failure is inadequate eustachian tubal function. Measures taken to improve tubal function have often been inadequate for their task. A prosthesis was constructed for the purpose of installation at the time of tympanoplasty to improve eustachian tubal function. Our early results with a two to 14-month follow-up of 38 patients show a success rate of 79 percent in secruing an aerated middle ear space in ears which were judged to have poor eustachian tubal function.", "PMID": 839918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4038", "title": "A clinical and anatomical study of the various techniques of irrigation of the maxillary sinus.", "content": "Irrigation of the maxillary sinus is a common procedure in clinical practice for removing the contents of the antrum for either diagnosis or therapy. For many years, it has been accomplished by inserting a trocar in either the natural ostium or the medial wall of the sinus under the inferior turbinate. Recently, the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus has been re-introduced as a better route. It is more direct and is the only one suited for use in a child whose sinus is underdeveloped. The anterior route has been termed the canine fossa technique and is the preferred route since it has a high degree of patient acceptance and safety and can be done easily and quickly by the clinician through a familiar anatomical pathway.", "contents": "A clinical and anatomical study of the various techniques of irrigation of the maxillary sinus. Irrigation of the maxillary sinus is a common procedure in clinical practice for removing the contents of the antrum for either diagnosis or therapy. For many years, it has been accomplished by inserting a trocar in either the natural ostium or the medial wall of the sinus under the inferior turbinate. Recently, the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus has been re-introduced as a better route. It is more direct and is the only one suited for use in a child whose sinus is underdeveloped. The anterior route has been termed the canine fossa technique and is the preferred route since it has a high degree of patient acceptance and safety and can be done easily and quickly by the clinician through a familiar anatomical pathway.", "PMID": 839919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4039", "title": "Residual carcinoma of the larynx.", "content": "Two hundred forty-nine patients with squamous cell carcinoma seen and treated at Universtiy of Wisconsin Hospitals from 1960-1972 were analyzed as to recurrence rates, with emphasis on specific sites of recurrence, salvage rates, and end results. Each case was carefully staged according to the TNM classification as set forth by the American Joint Committee for Cancer Staging and End Results Reporting (Revised, 1972). Of the cases treated initially with radiation, 58 percent developed recurrences in the larynx, and 5 percent developed surgical lymph node metastases. Of the cases treated initially by surgery, 13 percent demonstrated local recurrences and 15 percent cervical lymph node metastases. Twenty-six of 86 initial therapy failures were salvaged with further treatment, giving a salvage rate of only 29 percent. The overall recurrence free rates, including cases salvaged, were T1, 91 percent; T2, 86 percent; T3, 68 percent; and T4, 44 percent.", "contents": "Residual carcinoma of the larynx. Two hundred forty-nine patients with squamous cell carcinoma seen and treated at Universtiy of Wisconsin Hospitals from 1960-1972 were analyzed as to recurrence rates, with emphasis on specific sites of recurrence, salvage rates, and end results. Each case was carefully staged according to the TNM classification as set forth by the American Joint Committee for Cancer Staging and End Results Reporting (Revised, 1972). Of the cases treated initially with radiation, 58 percent developed recurrences in the larynx, and 5 percent developed surgical lymph node metastases. Of the cases treated initially by surgery, 13 percent demonstrated local recurrences and 15 percent cervical lymph node metastases. Twenty-six of 86 initial therapy failures were salvaged with further treatment, giving a salvage rate of only 29 percent. The overall recurrence free rates, including cases salvaged, were T1, 91 percent; T2, 86 percent; T3, 68 percent; and T4, 44 percent.", "PMID": 839920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4040", "title": "Tympanic membrane keratoma (cholesteatoma) in children with no prior otologic surgery.", "content": "Three children whose eardrums appeared normal upon previous examinations, one with the otomicroscope, apparently developed tympanic membrane cholesteatomas that penetrated the fibrous layer of the pars tensa. Their histories all included episodes of acute otitis media, but no otorrhea. No otologic surgical procedures, including myringotomy, had been performed. These cases are thought to provide clinical support for the basal epithelial migration theory of cholesteatoma genesis. R\u00fcedi's experiments suggest that cholesteatomas resulting from basal epithelial migration may not be visible for 18 to 30 days; thus, follow-up evaluations after acute otitis media should probably include examinations one and two months after the infection. Pediatricians and family physicians should be urged to seek otologic consultation for patients with even minor eardrum abnormalities, particularly those following infection.", "contents": "Tympanic membrane keratoma (cholesteatoma) in children with no prior otologic surgery. Three children whose eardrums appeared normal upon previous examinations, one with the otomicroscope, apparently developed tympanic membrane cholesteatomas that penetrated the fibrous layer of the pars tensa. Their histories all included episodes of acute otitis media, but no otorrhea. No otologic surgical procedures, including myringotomy, had been performed. These cases are thought to provide clinical support for the basal epithelial migration theory of cholesteatoma genesis. R\u00fcedi's experiments suggest that cholesteatomas resulting from basal epithelial migration may not be visible for 18 to 30 days; thus, follow-up evaluations after acute otitis media should probably include examinations one and two months after the infection. Pediatricians and family physicians should be urged to seek otologic consultation for patients with even minor eardrum abnormalities, particularly those following infection.", "PMID": 839921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4041", "title": "\"Practical suggestions on facial plastic surgery--how I do it\". Sublabial mucosal flap: repair of septal perforations.", "content": "The majority of perforations of the nasal septum, regardless of etiology, create little more than an annoyance to the patient. Perforations commonly may be totally asymptomatic, discovered only on careful nasal examination. It is reasonable to assume, therefore, that only those septal defects creating important symptoms are deserving of repair and correction. Heavy crusting, recalcitrant bleeding and impending or actual loss of dorsal support are justifications for perforation closure. Textbooks and journals abound with suggested varieties of techniques of repair, testifying to the non-effectiveness of any one suitable approach. Local mucosal flaps, turbinate flaps, pedicle skin flaps, and free grafts of skin, dermis, perichondrium, cartilage, and fascia have all been employed with variable results. An inadequate blood supply and unfavorable scarred host bed commonly lead to failure of the above reconstruction methods. In the past five years a horizontal mucosal flap derived from the undersurface of the upper lip has proved reliable and expedient in septal perforation re-epithelialization and closure. The reconstructive procedure is not technically difficult and leads to minimal patient discomfort.", "contents": "\"Practical suggestions on facial plastic surgery--how I do it\". Sublabial mucosal flap: repair of septal perforations. The majority of perforations of the nasal septum, regardless of etiology, create little more than an annoyance to the patient. Perforations commonly may be totally asymptomatic, discovered only on careful nasal examination. It is reasonable to assume, therefore, that only those septal defects creating important symptoms are deserving of repair and correction. Heavy crusting, recalcitrant bleeding and impending or actual loss of dorsal support are justifications for perforation closure. Textbooks and journals abound with suggested varieties of techniques of repair, testifying to the non-effectiveness of any one suitable approach. Local mucosal flaps, turbinate flaps, pedicle skin flaps, and free grafts of skin, dermis, perichondrium, cartilage, and fascia have all been employed with variable results. An inadequate blood supply and unfavorable scarred host bed commonly lead to failure of the above reconstruction methods. In the past five years a horizontal mucosal flap derived from the undersurface of the upper lip has proved reliable and expedient in septal perforation re-epithelialization and closure. The reconstructive procedure is not technically difficult and leads to minimal patient discomfort.", "PMID": 839924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4042", "title": "A study of nasal airway function in the postoperative period of nasal surgery.", "content": "One hundred fifty-seven consecutive nasal surgery cases were followed for a minimum of one year or more. Ten cases were considered to have unsatisfactory mechanical airways, caused either by return of the original pathology (alar collapse or atrophic rhinitis) or by inadequate mechanical results. Nineteen cases in which the mechanical airways were satisfactory had soft tissue obstruction secondary to chronic inferior turbinate congestion. The effects of nasal allergy and the trauma of postnasal packing on chronic congestion of the turbinates are tabulated according to the type of surgery performed and results discussed.", "contents": "A study of nasal airway function in the postoperative period of nasal surgery. One hundred fifty-seven consecutive nasal surgery cases were followed for a minimum of one year or more. Ten cases were considered to have unsatisfactory mechanical airways, caused either by return of the original pathology (alar collapse or atrophic rhinitis) or by inadequate mechanical results. Nineteen cases in which the mechanical airways were satisfactory had soft tissue obstruction secondary to chronic inferior turbinate congestion. The effects of nasal allergy and the trauma of postnasal packing on chronic congestion of the turbinates are tabulated according to the type of surgery performed and results discussed.", "PMID": 839925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4043", "title": "Surgical repair of the caudal end of the septum.", "content": "The repair of the caudal end of a severely deviated septum has been a challenge since the beginning of septum surgery. In the time of Freer and Killian, a caudal and dorsal strip was always left. Frequently, the most obvious portion of the septal deformity, the caudal end, was undisturbed and the deformity persisted. Metzenbaum, Fomon and Cottle procedures designed to correct this problem. The procedure described in this presentation utilizes the maxilla-premaxillary approach to the septum. The laporotomy of the rhinoplasty procedure is used to expose the upper lateral cartilages. These cartilages are submucously uncovered and separated from the dorsal margin of the septal cartilage. This provides complete exposure of the line of fracture usually responsible for the extreme deflection of the caudal end of the septal cartilage. A strip of cartilage including the line of fracture is removed. The caudal end is attached to the mucoperichondrium of the right side and now is completely mobile. The caudal end is placed over the maxillary spine and sutured in position by a chromic cat gut suture from the prespine fascia through the caudal edge of the septal cartilage. The upper lateral cartilages are sutured to the dorsal margin of the septum acting as a splint to hold the sections of cartilage straight and immobile until the tissues heal.", "contents": "Surgical repair of the caudal end of the septum. The repair of the caudal end of a severely deviated septum has been a challenge since the beginning of septum surgery. In the time of Freer and Killian, a caudal and dorsal strip was always left. Frequently, the most obvious portion of the septal deformity, the caudal end, was undisturbed and the deformity persisted. Metzenbaum, Fomon and Cottle procedures designed to correct this problem. The procedure described in this presentation utilizes the maxilla-premaxillary approach to the septum. The laporotomy of the rhinoplasty procedure is used to expose the upper lateral cartilages. These cartilages are submucously uncovered and separated from the dorsal margin of the septal cartilage. This provides complete exposure of the line of fracture usually responsible for the extreme deflection of the caudal end of the septal cartilage. A strip of cartilage including the line of fracture is removed. The caudal end is attached to the mucoperichondrium of the right side and now is completely mobile. The caudal end is placed over the maxillary spine and sutured in position by a chromic cat gut suture from the prespine fascia through the caudal edge of the septal cartilage. The upper lateral cartilages are sutured to the dorsal margin of the septum acting as a splint to hold the sections of cartilage straight and immobile until the tissues heal.", "PMID": 839926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4044", "title": "Carcinoma in situ of the larynx.", "content": "A retrospective study of carcinoma in situ of the larynx at the British Columbia Cancer Institute indicates that radiotherapy, using a tumoricidal dose of Co 60, is the treatment of choice for this condition. Between 1940 and 1972, 43 patients with carcinoma in situ of the vocal cords were seen. A follow-up of five years or more was possible in 28 of these cases. Twenty-two were treated primarily with a tumoricidal dose of radiotherapy. Twenty-one of the 22 were free of disease for at least five years. This study, therefore, shows a five-year cure rate of almost 100 percent for patients treated with radiotherapy. It also brings out two further points regarding carcinoma in situ of the larynx; namely, an apparent increase in its incidence, and the presence of co-existing invasive carcinoma in some cases. We feel that since the incidence of laryngeal carcinoma has not increased, this apparent increase probably represents a greater awareness by both the pathologist and the clinician. We have also achieved more accurate diagnosis since the introduction of routine microlaryngoscopy. The single radiotherapy failure in our series was due to failure to diagnose co-existing invasive carcinoma. This would seem to be the most likely cause of similar failures reported in the literature.", "contents": "Carcinoma in situ of the larynx. A retrospective study of carcinoma in situ of the larynx at the British Columbia Cancer Institute indicates that radiotherapy, using a tumoricidal dose of Co 60, is the treatment of choice for this condition. Between 1940 and 1972, 43 patients with carcinoma in situ of the vocal cords were seen. A follow-up of five years or more was possible in 28 of these cases. Twenty-two were treated primarily with a tumoricidal dose of radiotherapy. Twenty-one of the 22 were free of disease for at least five years. This study, therefore, shows a five-year cure rate of almost 100 percent for patients treated with radiotherapy. It also brings out two further points regarding carcinoma in situ of the larynx; namely, an apparent increase in its incidence, and the presence of co-existing invasive carcinoma in some cases. We feel that since the incidence of laryngeal carcinoma has not increased, this apparent increase probably represents a greater awareness by both the pathologist and the clinician. We have also achieved more accurate diagnosis since the introduction of routine microlaryngoscopy. The single radiotherapy failure in our series was due to failure to diagnose co-existing invasive carcinoma. This would seem to be the most likely cause of similar failures reported in the literature.", "PMID": 839927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4045", "title": "Surgical management of airway obstructions during sleep.", "content": "Anatomical or physiological airway obstructions during sleep, of which the patient is unaware, cause daytime sleepiness at first, then signs of decreasing mental function, and eventually in some individuals, pulmonary and systemic hypertension. A few of these patients had been recognized before, the Pickwickian syndrome and in children with cardiac problems and large tonsils. The majority, however, present as sleep disorders. This paper describes our surgical experience with improving the airways of 19 children and adults with daytime somnolence.", "contents": "Surgical management of airway obstructions during sleep. Anatomical or physiological airway obstructions during sleep, of which the patient is unaware, cause daytime sleepiness at first, then signs of decreasing mental function, and eventually in some individuals, pulmonary and systemic hypertension. A few of these patients had been recognized before, the Pickwickian syndrome and in children with cardiac problems and large tonsils. The majority, however, present as sleep disorders. This paper describes our surgical experience with improving the airways of 19 children and adults with daytime somnolence.", "PMID": 839928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4046", "title": "Glottic and subglottic stenosis from endotracheal intubation.", "content": "As a result of increased use of prolonged endotracheal intubation, complications of intubation are now being seen more often. Stenosis of the airway may develop at the level of the glottic or subglottic larynx, or in the trachea. Discussions of management do not always distinguish clearly between laryngeal stenosis and tracheal stenosis. Yet, these are two separate entities. Discussions of laryngeal stenosis usually deal with subglottic stenosis, with less emphasis on obstruction at the glottic level. Of 20 patients, 14 adults and six children, with stenosis of the larynx secondary to intubation, we were successful in establishing adequate airways in 16. An analysis of these 20 patients leads to the following conclusions: 1. Scarring in the glottic posterior commissure between the arytenoid cartilages is a frequent cause of laryngeal stenosis after intubation. 2. Endoscopic management can be successful in many cases if it is started early enough, and repeated as often as is necessary. The earlier it is begun, the better the results will be. 3. Indwelling stents which are extremely valuable in laryngeal stenosis from external trauma, may not be as useful in stenosis from endotracheal tube trauma.", "contents": "Glottic and subglottic stenosis from endotracheal intubation. As a result of increased use of prolonged endotracheal intubation, complications of intubation are now being seen more often. Stenosis of the airway may develop at the level of the glottic or subglottic larynx, or in the trachea. Discussions of management do not always distinguish clearly between laryngeal stenosis and tracheal stenosis. Yet, these are two separate entities. Discussions of laryngeal stenosis usually deal with subglottic stenosis, with less emphasis on obstruction at the glottic level. Of 20 patients, 14 adults and six children, with stenosis of the larynx secondary to intubation, we were successful in establishing adequate airways in 16. An analysis of these 20 patients leads to the following conclusions: 1. Scarring in the glottic posterior commissure between the arytenoid cartilages is a frequent cause of laryngeal stenosis after intubation. 2. Endoscopic management can be successful in many cases if it is started early enough, and repeated as often as is necessary. The earlier it is begun, the better the results will be. 3. Indwelling stents which are extremely valuable in laryngeal stenosis from external trauma, may not be as useful in stenosis from endotracheal tube trauma.", "PMID": 839929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4047", "title": "Mucormycosis.", "content": "Three cases of mucormycosis are presented; two with unusual aspects: one with previously unreported involvement of the mandible, and one presenting as a cavernous sinus thrombosis. Review of the literature reveals a limited number of survivors. Survival in two of the cases presented here suggests that early diagnosis, aggressive therapy with surgery, and amphotericin B should improve the prognosis.", "contents": "Mucormycosis. Three cases of mucormycosis are presented; two with unusual aspects: one with previously unreported involvement of the mandible, and one presenting as a cavernous sinus thrombosis. Review of the literature reveals a limited number of survivors. Survival in two of the cases presented here suggests that early diagnosis, aggressive therapy with surgery, and amphotericin B should improve the prognosis.", "PMID": 839930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4048", "title": "Spontaneous and traumatic perilymph fistulas.", "content": "Clinicians have been aware of the problem of post-stapedectomy perilymph fistulas for some time. The existence of non-surgical oval and round window fistulas has been known and was first described in detail by Fee in 1968. This paper concerns a small series of patients with spontaneous and traumatic perilymph fistulas. Five oval window fistulas and one round window fistula are reported. Clinical features, audiometric, radiographic and vestibular findings are discussed. The etiology of traumatic and spontaneous fistulas is not well understood, but seems to bear a relationship to sudden increased in intracranial pressure transmitted to the inner ear through the cochlear aqueduct. Middle ear pressure changes, as seen in acoustic or barotrauma, may also cause these leaks. Indications for surgery and techniques of perilymph fistula identification and repair are discussed in the paper. Surgical correction led to relief of vertigo in 80 percent of patients in this series, and significant hearing improvements were seen in 50 percent of the patients. In evaluating patients with sudden sensori-neural hearing loss, or persistent vestibular symptoms following head or ear trauma, the otologist should keep in mind the possibility of a perilymph fistula and actively investigate these patients. Evidence presented in this paper and in the literature suggest that identification and correction of spontaneous and traumatic perilymph fistulas can lead to resolution of vestibular symptoms and improved hearing in a significant number of patients with these lesions.", "contents": "Spontaneous and traumatic perilymph fistulas. Clinicians have been aware of the problem of post-stapedectomy perilymph fistulas for some time. The existence of non-surgical oval and round window fistulas has been known and was first described in detail by Fee in 1968. This paper concerns a small series of patients with spontaneous and traumatic perilymph fistulas. Five oval window fistulas and one round window fistula are reported. Clinical features, audiometric, radiographic and vestibular findings are discussed. The etiology of traumatic and spontaneous fistulas is not well understood, but seems to bear a relationship to sudden increased in intracranial pressure transmitted to the inner ear through the cochlear aqueduct. Middle ear pressure changes, as seen in acoustic or barotrauma, may also cause these leaks. Indications for surgery and techniques of perilymph fistula identification and repair are discussed in the paper. Surgical correction led to relief of vertigo in 80 percent of patients in this series, and significant hearing improvements were seen in 50 percent of the patients. In evaluating patients with sudden sensori-neural hearing loss, or persistent vestibular symptoms following head or ear trauma, the otologist should keep in mind the possibility of a perilymph fistula and actively investigate these patients. Evidence presented in this paper and in the literature suggest that identification and correction of spontaneous and traumatic perilymph fistulas can lead to resolution of vestibular symptoms and improved hearing in a significant number of patients with these lesions.", "PMID": 839931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4049", "title": "Surgical and nonsurgical management of facial paralysis following closed head injury.", "content": "The outcomes of facial nerve decompression, surgical exploration, and nonsurgical treatment for facial paralysis following closed head injury were analyzed in 30 patients with an intact facial nerve, and complete evaluation. Objective evaluation of outcome was achieved by calculation of a Facial Paralysis Recovery Profile and Recovery Index (Profile minus complications). Twelve of 15 patients with incomplete facial paralysis were treated medically. All followed patients with incomplete paralysis and bilaterally equal facial nerve excitability had a Recovery Index of + 10 (complete recovery of function, no complications). Three with partial denervation had a Recovery Profile of + 10 with mild contracture and synkinesis. The average Recovery Profiles for all patients treated by decompression, exploration, or nonsurgically were respectively 4.0, 5.7, and 5.7. The Recovery Indices were +1.8, +3, and +2.7, respectively. Where nerve excitability had become abnormal, facial nerve decompression was of no benefit in traumatic facial paralysis due to closed head injury. Nerve excitability tests of peripheral branches are of great value for prognosis and selection of patients who do not need surgical intervention. Substitution of facial nerve exploration for facial nerve decompression seems reasonable. Polytomography of the facial canal is invaluable in selection of patients for operation.", "contents": "Surgical and nonsurgical management of facial paralysis following closed head injury. The outcomes of facial nerve decompression, surgical exploration, and nonsurgical treatment for facial paralysis following closed head injury were analyzed in 30 patients with an intact facial nerve, and complete evaluation. Objective evaluation of outcome was achieved by calculation of a Facial Paralysis Recovery Profile and Recovery Index (Profile minus complications). Twelve of 15 patients with incomplete facial paralysis were treated medically. All followed patients with incomplete paralysis and bilaterally equal facial nerve excitability had a Recovery Index of + 10 (complete recovery of function, no complications). Three with partial denervation had a Recovery Profile of + 10 with mild contracture and synkinesis. The average Recovery Profiles for all patients treated by decompression, exploration, or nonsurgically were respectively 4.0, 5.7, and 5.7. The Recovery Indices were +1.8, +3, and +2.7, respectively. Where nerve excitability had become abnormal, facial nerve decompression was of no benefit in traumatic facial paralysis due to closed head injury. Nerve excitability tests of peripheral branches are of great value for prognosis and selection of patients who do not need surgical intervention. Substitution of facial nerve exploration for facial nerve decompression seems reasonable. Polytomography of the facial canal is invaluable in selection of patients for operation.", "PMID": 839932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4050", "title": "Frontal sinus trauma: experimental reconstruction with proplast.", "content": "Trauma has become the most common pathologic entity requiring operative intervention in the frontal sinus. Treatment has evolved from simple open drainage to ablation with reconstruction at a later date. Methyl-methacrylate, currently the most widely used alloplastic material, has inherent disadvantages such as two-stage reconstruction, difficulty in handling and molding, and susceptibility to trauma. The present investigation evaluates Proplast, a biocompatible Teflon fluorocarbon polymer implant, in one and two-stage frontal reconstruction following traumatic defects to the canine frontal sinus. Following the loss of anterior or posterior frontal bone, Proplast provided excellent cosmetic reconstruction over a period of one year. Resistance to infection was good, reaction with dura and brain was absent, and cerebrospinal fluid leaks sealed rapidly. In contrast to other alloplastic materials, rapid vascularization and collagen ingrowth lead to stabilization rather than sequestration. Several advantages over alloplastic and metallic implants may give Proplast a unique potential in operative cranioplasty.", "contents": "Frontal sinus trauma: experimental reconstruction with proplast. Trauma has become the most common pathologic entity requiring operative intervention in the frontal sinus. Treatment has evolved from simple open drainage to ablation with reconstruction at a later date. Methyl-methacrylate, currently the most widely used alloplastic material, has inherent disadvantages such as two-stage reconstruction, difficulty in handling and molding, and susceptibility to trauma. The present investigation evaluates Proplast, a biocompatible Teflon fluorocarbon polymer implant, in one and two-stage frontal reconstruction following traumatic defects to the canine frontal sinus. Following the loss of anterior or posterior frontal bone, Proplast provided excellent cosmetic reconstruction over a period of one year. Resistance to infection was good, reaction with dura and brain was absent, and cerebrospinal fluid leaks sealed rapidly. In contrast to other alloplastic materials, rapid vascularization and collagen ingrowth lead to stabilization rather than sequestration. Several advantages over alloplastic and metallic implants may give Proplast a unique potential in operative cranioplasty.", "PMID": 839933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4051", "title": "Contribution to therapy of dysphonia plica ventricularis.", "content": "Excision of the hypertrophic ventricular folds was performed in 35 patients by means of laryngomicroscopy. In most of our patients this therapy promptly resulted in a clear voice. Correlating the laryngomicroscopic finding and the histological picture we were able to classify hypertrophy of the ventricular folds into three stages, each of which presents with a characteristical clinical and histological picture and thus requires approapriate therapy. In Stage I the histological changes are reversible and conservative phoniatric therapy leads to success relatively quickly. In the second stage histological changes may also be reversible, and the prolonged and persistent phoniatric therapy leads to success but we prefer microsurgical excision because of the direct effect. In Stage III, however, we found irreversible histological changes in the sense of connective hyperplasia which prompted us to conclude that microsurgical excision alone may lead to regression of the hoarseness.", "contents": "Contribution to therapy of dysphonia plica ventricularis. Excision of the hypertrophic ventricular folds was performed in 35 patients by means of laryngomicroscopy. In most of our patients this therapy promptly resulted in a clear voice. Correlating the laryngomicroscopic finding and the histological picture we were able to classify hypertrophy of the ventricular folds into three stages, each of which presents with a characteristical clinical and histological picture and thus requires approapriate therapy. In Stage I the histological changes are reversible and conservative phoniatric therapy leads to success relatively quickly. In the second stage histological changes may also be reversible, and the prolonged and persistent phoniatric therapy leads to success but we prefer microsurgical excision because of the direct effect. In Stage III, however, we found irreversible histological changes in the sense of connective hyperplasia which prompted us to conclude that microsurgical excision alone may lead to regression of the hoarseness.", "PMID": 839934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4052", "title": "Effect of radiation therapy on facial nerve cable autografts.", "content": "Facial nerve cable autografts were performed on 20 cats with 10 animals receiving 6,000 Rads of postoperative irradiation over six weeks. Testing by clinical appearance, pontograms, and axon counts showed no statistical difference in the operated only and the operated plus irradiated groups. Pontograms illustrated the clinical observance of spasticity, delay and weakness often seen after grafting. This animal work tends to verify the clinical impression that in patients requiring postoperative irradiation for a malignancy necessitating excision and grafting of the facial nerve, anticipated results should be equivalent to the facial nerve cable autografts without postoperative irradiation.", "contents": "Effect of radiation therapy on facial nerve cable autografts. Facial nerve cable autografts were performed on 20 cats with 10 animals receiving 6,000 Rads of postoperative irradiation over six weeks. Testing by clinical appearance, pontograms, and axon counts showed no statistical difference in the operated only and the operated plus irradiated groups. Pontograms illustrated the clinical observance of spasticity, delay and weakness often seen after grafting. This animal work tends to verify the clinical impression that in patients requiring postoperative irradiation for a malignancy necessitating excision and grafting of the facial nerve, anticipated results should be equivalent to the facial nerve cable autografts without postoperative irradiation.", "PMID": 839935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4053", "title": "Necrotizing sialometaplasia involving the nasal cavity.", "content": "Necrotizing sialometaplasia is a disease process which affects minor salivary glands. It may clinically and microscopically resemble squamous cell or mucoepidermoid carcinoma but is histologically benign. Thirteen patients with this process occurring on the hard palate have been reported in the past two years. We describe two cases in the nasal cavity and propose that compromise of the blood supply contributed to the occurrence of these lesions. This apparently benign lesion may represent nonspecific reaction of salivary and mucous glands to ischemic injury and must be distinguished from carcinoma.", "contents": "Necrotizing sialometaplasia involving the nasal cavity. Necrotizing sialometaplasia is a disease process which affects minor salivary glands. It may clinically and microscopically resemble squamous cell or mucoepidermoid carcinoma but is histologically benign. Thirteen patients with this process occurring on the hard palate have been reported in the past two years. We describe two cases in the nasal cavity and propose that compromise of the blood supply contributed to the occurrence of these lesions. This apparently benign lesion may represent nonspecific reaction of salivary and mucous glands to ischemic injury and must be distinguished from carcinoma.", "PMID": 839936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4054", "title": "\"Practical suggestions on facial plastic surgery--how i do it\"; subcutaneous pedicle flap reconstruction of lower nasal defects.", "content": "Large defects of the thick, immobile lower nasal skin are most optimally reconstructed by use of the single stage, reliable and cosmetically acceptable subcutaneous pedicle flap. Skin incisions are minimized and are easily placed in natural skin lines. The donor defect is closed directly. Grafts, other local flaps or regional flaps present the disadvantages of less ideal color or contour match, reduced flap mobility, restricted available skin, additional or more obvious donor site scarring or distortion, or unnecessary complexity.", "contents": "\"Practical suggestions on facial plastic surgery--how i do it\"; subcutaneous pedicle flap reconstruction of lower nasal defects. Large defects of the thick, immobile lower nasal skin are most optimally reconstructed by use of the single stage, reliable and cosmetically acceptable subcutaneous pedicle flap. Skin incisions are minimized and are easily placed in natural skin lines. The donor defect is closed directly. Grafts, other local flaps or regional flaps present the disadvantages of less ideal color or contour match, reduced flap mobility, restricted available skin, additional or more obvious donor site scarring or distortion, or unnecessary complexity.", "PMID": 839937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4055", "title": "Two hundred laryngeal cancers: patterns of growth and spread as seen in serial section.", "content": "Whole organ serial section studies of specimens removed by partial or total laryngectomy have yielded information which the surgeon ordinarily needs in determining the suitability of the laryngeal cancer for conservation surgery. This information includes the degree to which the surface presentation of a growth reveals its margins, and the likelihood of invasion of the laryngeal framework and overlying soft tissues. The present studies indicate that in assessing these features of a growth before treatment, the surgeon can be guided by: 1. location; 2. fixation, and 3. size of the growth. These features are presented together under each location.", "contents": "Two hundred laryngeal cancers: patterns of growth and spread as seen in serial section. Whole organ serial section studies of specimens removed by partial or total laryngectomy have yielded information which the surgeon ordinarily needs in determining the suitability of the laryngeal cancer for conservation surgery. This information includes the degree to which the surface presentation of a growth reveals its margins, and the likelihood of invasion of the laryngeal framework and overlying soft tissues. The present studies indicate that in assessing these features of a growth before treatment, the surgeon can be guided by: 1. location; 2. fixation, and 3. size of the growth. These features are presented together under each location.", "PMID": 839938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4056", "title": "Effect of inflammation of the ventilatory function of the eustachian tube.", "content": "In an attempt to determine the effect of an upper respiratory tract infection on the ventilatory function of the Eustachian tube, 20 children who had recurrent acute or chronic middle ear effusions were studied. Baseline Eustachian tube function testing was obtained when there were no signs or symptoms of upper respiratory infection. These tests were repeated at six-week intervals and whenever an upper respiratory tract infection supervened.", "contents": "Effect of inflammation of the ventilatory function of the eustachian tube. In an attempt to determine the effect of an upper respiratory tract infection on the ventilatory function of the Eustachian tube, 20 children who had recurrent acute or chronic middle ear effusions were studied. Baseline Eustachian tube function testing was obtained when there were no signs or symptoms of upper respiratory infection. These tests were repeated at six-week intervals and whenever an upper respiratory tract infection supervened.", "PMID": 839939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4057", "title": "Experiences with type IV tympanomastoidectomy.", "content": "Tye IV tympanoplasty was performed on 72 patients having advanced suppurative disease of the middle ear and mastoid with total loss of the middle ear sound transmission system. The principal features of the method consist of a postauricular wide-field mastoidectomy, canalplasty, meatoplasty, Type IV tympanoplasty with cutaneous exteriorization of the footplate and mastoid obliteration. The method achieved a postoperative bone-air gap of 30 db or less in 59 percent of cases with a 15 percent incidence of recrudescence requiring some further surgery.", "contents": "Experiences with type IV tympanomastoidectomy. Tye IV tympanoplasty was performed on 72 patients having advanced suppurative disease of the middle ear and mastoid with total loss of the middle ear sound transmission system. The principal features of the method consist of a postauricular wide-field mastoidectomy, canalplasty, meatoplasty, Type IV tympanoplasty with cutaneous exteriorization of the footplate and mastoid obliteration. The method achieved a postoperative bone-air gap of 30 db or less in 59 percent of cases with a 15 percent incidence of recrudescence requiring some further surgery.", "PMID": 839940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4058", "title": "Middle fossa vestibular nerve section in the management of M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease.", "content": "The triad of fluctuating hearing loss, tinnitus, and episodic attacks of vertigo known as M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease can be a frustrating therapeutic problem. While most patients respond to a medical regime consisting of a low salt diet, diuretics, diazepam, and propantheline bromide, there is a significant group who remain refractory to conservative management. These individuals either continue to experience their distressing symptoms or undergo some type of surgical procedure in an attempt to seek relief. There are a multitude of such techniques available to the otologic surgeon and he must make the decision as to which procedure is best for any given individual. The authors' employ three surgical approaches for the management of M\u00e9nire's disease. These are the translabyrinthine labyrinthectomy, the endolymphatic subarachnoid shunt, and the middle fossa vestibular nerve section. In this paper the indications for surgery, technique, results and complications are covered in detail. Thirty-one patients are reviewed who have been followed from one to four years postoperatively. Seventeen had total and 14 had superior vestibular nerve sections. The results were much better in the total group, as 94 percent had complete relief of vertigo and 76 percent were able to maintain their preoperative hearing level. The authors feel the middle fossa vestibular nerve section is a valuable addition to the otologist's armamentarium in the treatment of the patient who is refractory to medical management.", "contents": "Middle fossa vestibular nerve section in the management of M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease. The triad of fluctuating hearing loss, tinnitus, and episodic attacks of vertigo known as M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease can be a frustrating therapeutic problem. While most patients respond to a medical regime consisting of a low salt diet, diuretics, diazepam, and propantheline bromide, there is a significant group who remain refractory to conservative management. These individuals either continue to experience their distressing symptoms or undergo some type of surgical procedure in an attempt to seek relief. There are a multitude of such techniques available to the otologic surgeon and he must make the decision as to which procedure is best for any given individual. The authors' employ three surgical approaches for the management of M\u00e9nire's disease. These are the translabyrinthine labyrinthectomy, the endolymphatic subarachnoid shunt, and the middle fossa vestibular nerve section. In this paper the indications for surgery, technique, results and complications are covered in detail. Thirty-one patients are reviewed who have been followed from one to four years postoperatively. Seventeen had total and 14 had superior vestibular nerve sections. The results were much better in the total group, as 94 percent had complete relief of vertigo and 76 percent were able to maintain their preoperative hearing level. The authors feel the middle fossa vestibular nerve section is a valuable addition to the otologist's armamentarium in the treatment of the patient who is refractory to medical management.", "PMID": 839941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4059", "title": "Indications for surgery in M\u00e9 Ni\u00e9re's disease.", "content": "M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease has been shown to have multiple causes, each of which requires a specific treatment. Patients who do not respond to medical treatment often are allowed to suffer prolonged disability from their symptoms or develop permanent hearing loss without the benefit of surgery. The physician's uncertainty regarding which patient will ultimately respond to medical treatment or have spontaneous remission of symptoms can cause a delay in what would otherwise have been definitive surgical treatment which would have allowed the patient to return to a happy and productive life. A careful analysis of 120 patients studied intensively for five years has shown that patients who exhibit specific characteristics and diagnostic findings will ultimately require surgery for control and relief of their symptoms, while others can be expected to recover with medical treatment. Fifty-six of the 120 patients ultimately required surgery to rid them of their symptoms. These patients were almost exclusively of the group considered to be idiopathic, viral, small internal auditory canal syndrome, or caused by physical or acoustic trauma. Those patients who had other causes for their M\u00e9n\u00e8re's disease rarely required surgical treatment and were well controlled by specific medical therapy. These observations would seem to provide us with information which would allow patients who might be reasonably stages of their disease where conservative measures can more often be expected to give complete relief with preservation of hearing. The indications for surgery in patients with M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease based on this information will be reviewed. The use of this knowledge has significantly reduced the morbiditiy associated with M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease.", "contents": "Indications for surgery in M\u00e9 Ni\u00e9re's disease. M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease has been shown to have multiple causes, each of which requires a specific treatment. Patients who do not respond to medical treatment often are allowed to suffer prolonged disability from their symptoms or develop permanent hearing loss without the benefit of surgery. The physician's uncertainty regarding which patient will ultimately respond to medical treatment or have spontaneous remission of symptoms can cause a delay in what would otherwise have been definitive surgical treatment which would have allowed the patient to return to a happy and productive life. A careful analysis of 120 patients studied intensively for five years has shown that patients who exhibit specific characteristics and diagnostic findings will ultimately require surgery for control and relief of their symptoms, while others can be expected to recover with medical treatment. Fifty-six of the 120 patients ultimately required surgery to rid them of their symptoms. These patients were almost exclusively of the group considered to be idiopathic, viral, small internal auditory canal syndrome, or caused by physical or acoustic trauma. Those patients who had other causes for their M\u00e9n\u00e8re's disease rarely required surgical treatment and were well controlled by specific medical therapy. These observations would seem to provide us with information which would allow patients who might be reasonably stages of their disease where conservative measures can more often be expected to give complete relief with preservation of hearing. The indications for surgery in patients with M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease based on this information will be reviewed. The use of this knowledge has significantly reduced the morbiditiy associated with M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease.", "PMID": 839942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4060", "title": "The case for elective prophylactic neck dissection.", "content": "The possibility of improving the cure rate of cancer of the head and neck by radical neck dissection of the clinically negative neck (elective neck dissection) continues to pose a therapeutic dilemma. This paper seeks to review the available information, analyze relevant aspects of the issue and attempt to draw conclusions which will be helpful both to physicians and their patients. The discussion is confined to squamous carcinoma of the larynx, pharynx, and oral cavity.", "contents": "The case for elective prophylactic neck dissection. The possibility of improving the cure rate of cancer of the head and neck by radical neck dissection of the clinically negative neck (elective neck dissection) continues to pose a therapeutic dilemma. This paper seeks to review the available information, analyze relevant aspects of the issue and attempt to draw conclusions which will be helpful both to physicians and their patients. The discussion is confined to squamous carcinoma of the larynx, pharynx, and oral cavity.", "PMID": 839943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4061", "title": "Description of a new device: an intranasal airway/splint.", "content": "Over the past two decades, the concept and practice of using septal splints has gained in popularity. Various methods have been used including X-ray film, sheets of Teflon and strips of Polyethylene. In this presentation a new device is introduced which incorporates the principles of septal splinting, along with the simultaneous use of nasal breathing tubes. A brief history of septal surgery and splinting is discussed, and the new device is described, both in its configuration and usage.", "contents": "Description of a new device: an intranasal airway/splint. Over the past two decades, the concept and practice of using septal splints has gained in popularity. Various methods have been used including X-ray film, sheets of Teflon and strips of Polyethylene. In this presentation a new device is introduced which incorporates the principles of septal splinting, along with the simultaneous use of nasal breathing tubes. A brief history of septal surgery and splinting is discussed, and the new device is described, both in its configuration and usage.", "PMID": 839944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4062", "title": "Influence of Caldwell-Luc operation on developing permanent teeth.", "content": "The influence of Caldwell-Luc operation on the permanent teeth of school children was studied in a material of 21 six to 14-year-old children, who had undergone, altogether, 30 Caldwell-Luc operations. Ten of the children had also undergone 23 endonasal antrostomies. The control material consisted of a class of 27 healthy school children, their mean age being 10.2 years. Total anesthesia was found in five teeth on the operated side and in one tooth on the non-operated side. Additionally, the operation had caused slight hypesthesia in part of the teeth, mostly in the first incisors. All sensory disturbances were caused by nerve lesion only, and no tooth had died as a result of the operation. The operation could not be shown to be conducive to caries. Correctly performed, Caldwell-Luc operation does not cause serious dental injuries in school children, and is indicated especially in chronic sinobronchitis when conservative methods of treatment fail.", "contents": "Influence of Caldwell-Luc operation on developing permanent teeth. The influence of Caldwell-Luc operation on the permanent teeth of school children was studied in a material of 21 six to 14-year-old children, who had undergone, altogether, 30 Caldwell-Luc operations. Ten of the children had also undergone 23 endonasal antrostomies. The control material consisted of a class of 27 healthy school children, their mean age being 10.2 years. Total anesthesia was found in five teeth on the operated side and in one tooth on the non-operated side. Additionally, the operation had caused slight hypesthesia in part of the teeth, mostly in the first incisors. All sensory disturbances were caused by nerve lesion only, and no tooth had died as a result of the operation. The operation could not be shown to be conducive to caries. Correctly performed, Caldwell-Luc operation does not cause serious dental injuries in school children, and is indicated especially in chronic sinobronchitis when conservative methods of treatment fail.", "PMID": 839945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4063", "title": "Use of enzymes for meat impactions in the esophagus.", "content": "A case is reported in which papain was satisfactorily used to treat a patient who had meat impacted in his esophagus. The English literature pertaining to the usage of proteolytic enzymes in treating esophageal meat impaction is reviewed. (Two perforations and deaths have been reported in association with the usage of this technique. Ninety instances of employment of the technique were reported in the literature. The method has doubtlessly been used in numerous unreported instances. At present it is unrealistic to conclude that the method is safer or more dangerous than routine endoscopic removal of impacted meat. Several conclusions may be drawn: 1. Enzymes should not be used if the physician has any reason to suspect that a bone may be lurking within the impacted meat. 2. Best results using any enzyme will be obtained if pooled secretions above the impacted meat are first removed with a nasogastric tube. The enzyme solution may also be administered through the nasogastric tube when the physician is certain of the tube's position. 3. Extreme caution is mandatory during esophagoscopy for removal of a meat impaction after unsuccessful employment of enzymes. Removal of pooled enzyme in the esophagus should be attempted prior to doing esophagoscopy on impacted meat persisting after a course of enzymatic treatment. We would advocate nasogastric tube suctioning, and possibly even esophageal lavage for this purpose. 4 A contrast study of the esophagus should be done after any meat impaction has occurred to rule out otherwise silent esophageal pathology which may have precipitated the impaction.", "contents": "Use of enzymes for meat impactions in the esophagus. A case is reported in which papain was satisfactorily used to treat a patient who had meat impacted in his esophagus. The English literature pertaining to the usage of proteolytic enzymes in treating esophageal meat impaction is reviewed. (Two perforations and deaths have been reported in association with the usage of this technique. Ninety instances of employment of the technique were reported in the literature. The method has doubtlessly been used in numerous unreported instances. At present it is unrealistic to conclude that the method is safer or more dangerous than routine endoscopic removal of impacted meat. Several conclusions may be drawn: 1. Enzymes should not be used if the physician has any reason to suspect that a bone may be lurking within the impacted meat. 2. Best results using any enzyme will be obtained if pooled secretions above the impacted meat are first removed with a nasogastric tube. The enzyme solution may also be administered through the nasogastric tube when the physician is certain of the tube's position. 3. Extreme caution is mandatory during esophagoscopy for removal of a meat impaction after unsuccessful employment of enzymes. Removal of pooled enzyme in the esophagus should be attempted prior to doing esophagoscopy on impacted meat persisting after a course of enzymatic treatment. We would advocate nasogastric tube suctioning, and possibly even esophageal lavage for this purpose. 4 A contrast study of the esophagus should be done after any meat impaction has occurred to rule out otherwise silent esophageal pathology which may have precipitated the impaction.", "PMID": 839946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4064", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of the small intestine in intestinal lymphangiectasia and constrictive pericarditis (author's transl)].", "content": "Electron microscopic study of the small intestine in cases of intestinal lymphangiectasia and in cases of constrictive pericarditis was performed. This study revealed that numerous chylomicron-like particles are present in the lymphatic lumina, in the extracellular spaces of the lamina propria, and within the interepithelial spaces between the absorptive cells. Presence of chylomicron-like particles in the intestinal lumen suggested possibility of passage of these substances into the intestinal tract through the interepithelial spaces. Similar findings to those as seen in intestinal lymphangiectasia were observed in constrictive pericarditis. A few pseudopode-like cytoplasmic projections of the undifferentiated crypt cells were noted. Other mechanisms of enteric protein loss are postulated.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of the small intestine in intestinal lymphangiectasia and constrictive pericarditis (author's transl)]. Electron microscopic study of the small intestine in cases of intestinal lymphangiectasia and in cases of constrictive pericarditis was performed. This study revealed that numerous chylomicron-like particles are present in the lymphatic lumina, in the extracellular spaces of the lamina propria, and within the interepithelial spaces between the absorptive cells. Presence of chylomicron-like particles in the intestinal lumen suggested possibility of passage of these substances into the intestinal tract through the interepithelial spaces. Similar findings to those as seen in intestinal lymphangiectasia were observed in constrictive pericarditis. A few pseudopode-like cytoplasmic projections of the undifferentiated crypt cells were noted. Other mechanisms of enteric protein loss are postulated.", "PMID": 839949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4065", "title": "[Etiology and management of habitual constipation (author's transl)].", "content": "Habitual constipation is present, if defecation occurs because of prolonged retention of stool in the colon less than three times per week. Motility of the intestine is increased in these cases, not decreased as has been thought for long time. Several factors of modern civilization favor habitual constipation, e.g. nutrition devoided of poorly digestible ingredients, and lack of physical exercise. The diagnosis of habitual constipation should only be made after careful exclusion of all organic causes by means of x-ray and endoscopic examination. Therapy is conservative in most cases. The diet ought to be rich in indigestible ingredients; eating and defecation habits have to be adapted to a regular pattern. Hydrophilic colloid laxatives may be used as well as in a limited extent laxatives effective on an osmotic basis. Laxatives acting more drastically or being effective upon contact with the intestinal mucosa are not suited for long-term therapy of constipation. Surgery is indicated only in a few cases.", "contents": "[Etiology and management of habitual constipation (author's transl)]. Habitual constipation is present, if defecation occurs because of prolonged retention of stool in the colon less than three times per week. Motility of the intestine is increased in these cases, not decreased as has been thought for long time. Several factors of modern civilization favor habitual constipation, e.g. nutrition devoided of poorly digestible ingredients, and lack of physical exercise. The diagnosis of habitual constipation should only be made after careful exclusion of all organic causes by means of x-ray and endoscopic examination. Therapy is conservative in most cases. The diet ought to be rich in indigestible ingredients; eating and defecation habits have to be adapted to a regular pattern. Hydrophilic colloid laxatives may be used as well as in a limited extent laxatives effective on an osmotic basis. Laxatives acting more drastically or being effective upon contact with the intestinal mucosa are not suited for long-term therapy of constipation. Surgery is indicated only in a few cases.", "PMID": 839950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4066", "title": "[Screening for colorectal cancer with the Haemoccult test (author's transl)].", "content": "Results are reported of a 5 year trial with the Haemoccult stool-test in a diagnostic center (DKD), and of a 1 year trial in the offices of 110 physicians. In the DKD 8 000 patients were tested: In a non-selected group 2,4% and in a selected one 3,8% of tests performed turned out to be positive; the diagnosis of carcinoma of the colon or rectum was established in 32 of these cases and 45 large polyps were traced. In most of the offices the test was positive in less than 3% of the patients tested, 57 of these patients had a carcinoma and 26 polyps. In 54 of all 89 cases with carcinoma and in 46 out of 71 polyps the lesions could not be found by digital or rectoscopic examination, due to a higher localization; 17 of the cancer patients were asymptomatic except for a positive Haemoccult test. Using only 3 tests per patients, 7 out of 96 colorectal cancers and 27 out of 98 large polyps were negative. 6 haemoccult tests to be done on three successive stools (as originally proposed by Greegor) are recommended as a yearly routine procedure in all persons about 40 years of age for early detection of carcinoma or polyps of the colon.", "contents": "[Screening for colorectal cancer with the Haemoccult test (author's transl)]. Results are reported of a 5 year trial with the Haemoccult stool-test in a diagnostic center (DKD), and of a 1 year trial in the offices of 110 physicians. In the DKD 8 000 patients were tested: In a non-selected group 2,4% and in a selected one 3,8% of tests performed turned out to be positive; the diagnosis of carcinoma of the colon or rectum was established in 32 of these cases and 45 large polyps were traced. In most of the offices the test was positive in less than 3% of the patients tested, 57 of these patients had a carcinoma and 26 polyps. In 54 of all 89 cases with carcinoma and in 46 out of 71 polyps the lesions could not be found by digital or rectoscopic examination, due to a higher localization; 17 of the cancer patients were asymptomatic except for a positive Haemoccult test. Using only 3 tests per patients, 7 out of 96 colorectal cancers and 27 out of 98 large polyps were negative. 6 haemoccult tests to be done on three successive stools (as originally proposed by Greegor) are recommended as a yearly routine procedure in all persons about 40 years of age for early detection of carcinoma or polyps of the colon.", "PMID": 839951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4067", "title": "[Congenital giant diverticulum of the descending colon (author's transl)].", "content": "At the autopsy of an 80 years old women an about 60 cm long vermiform deverticulum of the colon was detected originating immediately distal from the left colic flexure and running retroperitoneally downnard versus the promontorium. On the basis of topography, histology and length this structure was interpreted as a congenital traction deverticulum.", "contents": "[Congenital giant diverticulum of the descending colon (author's transl)]. At the autopsy of an 80 years old women an about 60 cm long vermiform deverticulum of the colon was detected originating immediately distal from the left colic flexure and running retroperitoneally downnard versus the promontorium. On the basis of topography, histology and length this structure was interpreted as a congenital traction deverticulum.", "PMID": 839952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4068", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of tumors of the duodenal bulb by endoscopy and biopsy (author's transl)].", "content": "Duodenoscopy was performed in 2 602 patients; malignant tumors were found in 5, hyperplasia of Brunner's glands in 5, hyperplasia of lymphatic follicles in 26, inflammatory pseudo-polyps in 9, and ectopic gastric mucosa in 5 cases. Only 3 of the big tumors had been detected by x-ray examinations; enlarged lymphatic follicles and the polyps had escaped x-ray detection altogether. Infiltration of the mucosa by tumor tissue can be suspected merely on the ground of endoscopic inspection with a high degree of probability. Histological diagnosis depends on forceps biopsy. Big particle biopsy of submucosal tumors with a sling carries a high risk, which however has to be taken in order to obtain a definite diagnosis. Tumors of the duodenal bulb caused by inflammatory processes do present considerable diagnostic problems. Special problems of diagnosis and therapy of the cases presenting with hyperplasia or adenoma of Brunner's glands are discussed in a special section.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of tumors of the duodenal bulb by endoscopy and biopsy (author's transl)]. Duodenoscopy was performed in 2 602 patients; malignant tumors were found in 5, hyperplasia of Brunner's glands in 5, hyperplasia of lymphatic follicles in 26, inflammatory pseudo-polyps in 9, and ectopic gastric mucosa in 5 cases. Only 3 of the big tumors had been detected by x-ray examinations; enlarged lymphatic follicles and the polyps had escaped x-ray detection altogether. Infiltration of the mucosa by tumor tissue can be suspected merely on the ground of endoscopic inspection with a high degree of probability. Histological diagnosis depends on forceps biopsy. Big particle biopsy of submucosal tumors with a sling carries a high risk, which however has to be taken in order to obtain a definite diagnosis. Tumors of the duodenal bulb caused by inflammatory processes do present considerable diagnostic problems. Special problems of diagnosis and therapy of the cases presenting with hyperplasia or adenoma of Brunner's glands are discussed in a special section.", "PMID": 839953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4069", "title": "[Duodenal xanthofibrogranuloma (author's transl)].", "content": "A 56 years old woman presented with nonspecific epigastric pains and anemia. X-rays of the upper gastrointestinal tract demonstrated a tumor of the duodenum, which was removed surgically. The histologic examination showed a xanthofibrogranuloma (XFG). To our knowledge, this is the first XFG found in the duodenum. Morphological and clinical findings as well as diagnosis of this condition are briefly described and the pertinent litreature is reviewed.", "contents": "[Duodenal xanthofibrogranuloma (author's transl)]. A 56 years old woman presented with nonspecific epigastric pains and anemia. X-rays of the upper gastrointestinal tract demonstrated a tumor of the duodenum, which was removed surgically. The histologic examination showed a xanthofibrogranuloma (XFG). To our knowledge, this is the first XFG found in the duodenum. Morphological and clinical findings as well as diagnosis of this condition are briefly described and the pertinent litreature is reviewed.", "PMID": 839954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4070", "title": "[Glandular cysts of gastric mucosa, a new gastroenterological entity (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases are reported with polypoid changes of the corpus mucosa of the stomach. X-ray and endoscopic diagnosis was: gastric polyposis. On histological examination cystic changes of the mucosal glands could be detected. These cases were followed up for 7 years; no change occurred during this period until finally the \"polyps\" disappeared. Localization in the corpus area and easiness of endoscopic polypectomy, as well as the cystic pattern of the mucosa are typical for these \"glandular cysts\". This condition was unknown up to now or was not diagnosed correctly, this entity not having been delineated yet nosologically.", "contents": "[Glandular cysts of gastric mucosa, a new gastroenterological entity (author's transl)]. Two cases are reported with polypoid changes of the corpus mucosa of the stomach. X-ray and endoscopic diagnosis was: gastric polyposis. On histological examination cystic changes of the mucosal glands could be detected. These cases were followed up for 7 years; no change occurred during this period until finally the \"polyps\" disappeared. Localization in the corpus area and easiness of endoscopic polypectomy, as well as the cystic pattern of the mucosa are typical for these \"glandular cysts\". This condition was unknown up to now or was not diagnosed correctly, this entity not having been delineated yet nosologically.", "PMID": 839955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4071", "title": "[Glandular cysts of the gastric mucosa. Diagnosis and a pathogenetic hypothesis (author's transl)].", "content": "Gastric polyposis was diagnosed in a 61 year old woman. Cystic deformations of the gastric glands were found on histological examination. These changes cannot be classified according to the generally accepted scheme of classification of epithelial gastric polyps. During X-ray studies a definite enlargement of the polyps could be observed under maximal stimulation with pentagastrin.", "contents": "[Glandular cysts of the gastric mucosa. Diagnosis and a pathogenetic hypothesis (author's transl)]. Gastric polyposis was diagnosed in a 61 year old woman. Cystic deformations of the gastric glands were found on histological examination. These changes cannot be classified according to the generally accepted scheme of classification of epithelial gastric polyps. During X-ray studies a definite enlargement of the polyps could be observed under maximal stimulation with pentagastrin.", "PMID": 839956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4072", "title": "Thermography in breast cancer screening: progress and prospects.", "content": "The use of thermography in breast cancer detection is reviewed. Although advantageous in its total lack of radiation exposure to the patient, thermography has limitations in that significant false-positive and false-negative cancer detection rates have been demonstrated. The potential use of thermography in evaluation of the pathogenesis of breast cancer and in identifying women at high risk is discussed.", "contents": "Thermography in breast cancer screening: progress and prospects. The use of thermography in breast cancer detection is reviewed. Although advantageous in its total lack of radiation exposure to the patient, thermography has limitations in that significant false-positive and false-negative cancer detection rates have been demonstrated. The potential use of thermography in evaluation of the pathogenesis of breast cancer and in identifying women at high risk is discussed.", "PMID": 840062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4073", "title": "Management considerations in medical equipment acquisition.", "content": "Financing acquisition of sophisticated instrumentation and accessory equipment may best be accomplished by leasing, which conserves working capital and borrowing capacity. A flexible leasing agreement allows for changing conditions, such as purchasing necessary instrumentation not previously anticipated. However, before agreeing to lease, the potential lessee should investigate the lessor's reputation and financial strength.", "contents": "Management considerations in medical equipment acquisition. Financing acquisition of sophisticated instrumentation and accessory equipment may best be accomplished by leasing, which conserves working capital and borrowing capacity. A flexible leasing agreement allows for changing conditions, such as purchasing necessary instrumentation not previously anticipated. However, before agreeing to lease, the potential lessee should investigate the lessor's reputation and financial strength.", "PMID": 840064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4074", "title": "Measuring cervical dilatation in human parturition using the Hall effect.", "content": "An instrument was developed to continuously measure cervical dilatation in human labor. The instrument utilizes a small magnetic field source, which is attached to one edge of the cervix while a magnetic field sensor is attached to the diametrically opposite edge of the cervix. The sensor, using two Hall generators, measures orthogonal components of the field to minimize the effects of angular orientation between the source and sensor. The instrument's characteristics indicate that it can measure dilation throughout the range of 1-10 cm, but because its clinical reliability is consistent from only 1-7 cm, the equipment needs to be improved in the ways outlined in the text. This measurement, especially when analyzed with the continous measurement of intrauterine pressure, can provide the obstetrician with new insight into the physiology of labor.", "contents": "Measuring cervical dilatation in human parturition using the Hall effect. An instrument was developed to continuously measure cervical dilatation in human labor. The instrument utilizes a small magnetic field source, which is attached to one edge of the cervix while a magnetic field sensor is attached to the diametrically opposite edge of the cervix. The sensor, using two Hall generators, measures orthogonal components of the field to minimize the effects of angular orientation between the source and sensor. The instrument's characteristics indicate that it can measure dilation throughout the range of 1-10 cm, but because its clinical reliability is consistent from only 1-7 cm, the equipment needs to be improved in the ways outlined in the text. This measurement, especially when analyzed with the continous measurement of intrauterine pressure, can provide the obstetrician with new insight into the physiology of labor.", "PMID": 840063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4075", "title": "Financial strategy considerations in the acquisition of biomedical instrumentation.", "content": "Equipment financing by conditional sale, lease-purchase, and true lease transactions is discussed with emphasis on equity and third-party reimbursement. Use of available funds, bank loans, and leasing are compared on a quantitative basis with an incremental cash flow (ICF) analysis. The ICF analysis involves cash accrual and present value techniques. It is demonstrated in a parametric study of lease rates, equipment useful-lives, and reimbursement levels that leasing is the preferred financing route when there is an expectation of obsolescence and when lease term maturities are significantly less than equipment useful-life. Once the decision has been made to lease equipment, it is important to structure the transaction to achieve the optimum mix of rate, term, buy-out options, and available tax shelter. Specific lease situations are given to illustrate the problems that should be considered by the lessee. Lease terms and conditions tailored to the requirements of the users of biomedical instrumentation are discussed in detail. Lessor selection and the importance of a professional working relationship between lessee and lessor also are explored. The capabilities of the lessor (financial, technical, and administrative) can be tapped by the hospital/clinic staff to develop significant advantages in addition to the financing.", "contents": "Financial strategy considerations in the acquisition of biomedical instrumentation. Equipment financing by conditional sale, lease-purchase, and true lease transactions is discussed with emphasis on equity and third-party reimbursement. Use of available funds, bank loans, and leasing are compared on a quantitative basis with an incremental cash flow (ICF) analysis. The ICF analysis involves cash accrual and present value techniques. It is demonstrated in a parametric study of lease rates, equipment useful-lives, and reimbursement levels that leasing is the preferred financing route when there is an expectation of obsolescence and when lease term maturities are significantly less than equipment useful-life. Once the decision has been made to lease equipment, it is important to structure the transaction to achieve the optimum mix of rate, term, buy-out options, and available tax shelter. Specific lease situations are given to illustrate the problems that should be considered by the lessee. Lease terms and conditions tailored to the requirements of the users of biomedical instrumentation are discussed in detail. Lessor selection and the importance of a professional working relationship between lessee and lessor also are explored. The capabilities of the lessor (financial, technical, and administrative) can be tapped by the hospital/clinic staff to develop significant advantages in addition to the financing.", "PMID": 840065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4076", "title": "An evaluation of advantages and cost measurement methodology for leasing in the health care industry.", "content": "Lease financing in hospitals is growing rapidly. Many articles published on the topic of lease financing point only to the benefits that may be derived. Very few articles actually analyze the pros and cons of leasing from a financial cost measurement point of view, which includes real world parameters. This article critically evaluates two articles published in this issue which lead the reader to believe leasing for the most part is a bargain when compared to debt financing. The authors discuss some misconceptions in these articles and point out some facts viewed from a financial analyst's position.", "contents": "An evaluation of advantages and cost measurement methodology for leasing in the health care industry. Lease financing in hospitals is growing rapidly. Many articles published on the topic of lease financing point only to the benefits that may be derived. Very few articles actually analyze the pros and cons of leasing from a financial cost measurement point of view, which includes real world parameters. This article critically evaluates two articles published in this issue which lead the reader to believe leasing for the most part is a bargain when compared to debt financing. The authors discuss some misconceptions in these articles and point out some facts viewed from a financial analyst's position.", "PMID": 840066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4077", "title": "Leasing: is it really the answer to your financing needs?", "content": "Leasing hospital equipment may not be the best method of financing such purchases. Early reimbursement agreements offered significant financial benefits to the leasing institution in terms of increased cash flow and additional cash reimbursement dollars. However, changes in the third-party reimbursement formula have partially eliminated the financial advantages of leasing. The author discusses the effect of these changes on leasing agreements, and why hospitals still lease, and answers some of the common assertions in support of leasing.", "contents": "Leasing: is it really the answer to your financing needs? Leasing hospital equipment may not be the best method of financing such purchases. Early reimbursement agreements offered significant financial benefits to the leasing institution in terms of increased cash flow and additional cash reimbursement dollars. However, changes in the third-party reimbursement formula have partially eliminated the financial advantages of leasing. The author discusses the effect of these changes on leasing agreements, and why hospitals still lease, and answers some of the common assertions in support of leasing.", "PMID": 840067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4078", "title": "Culture, community medicine and venereal disease.", "content": "This paper reports a remarkable case of venereal disease. It discusses the serious implications and enormous difficulties of control in an Aboriginal community in which striking cultural practices play a unique and major role in disease transmission. Despite known aetiology and the ready availability of inexpensive treatment, patients continue to suffer whilst health education remains extremely difficult.", "contents": "Culture, community medicine and venereal disease. This paper reports a remarkable case of venereal disease. It discusses the serious implications and enormous difficulties of control in an Aboriginal community in which striking cultural practices play a unique and major role in disease transmission. Despite known aetiology and the ready availability of inexpensive treatment, patients continue to suffer whilst health education remains extremely difficult.", "PMID": 840071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4079", "title": "Amoebiasis: incidence at Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney.", "content": "Seven cases of amoebiasis have been seen at the Royal North Shore Hospital of Sydney, over a nine-year period from 1968 to 1976. Six of these patients had intestinal amoebiasis; these included four with amoebic colitis, one of whom died, one patient with a rectal amoeboma, which was surgically resected, and one case of amoebic dysentery. The patients with amoebic colitis were considered initially to have either ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. All patients with inflammatory bowel disease should have rectal swabs or scrapings examined by warm-stage microscopy, rectal biopsy and indirect haemagglutination (IHA) tests to exclude amoebiasis. Three patients had extraintestinal amoebiasis in the form of liver abscesses and one also had pulmonary involvement. In one patient with a hepatic abscess who presented with pyrexia and no evidence of intestinal amoebiasis, the abscess ruptured intraperitoneally. Surgery was performed on three patients, in two cases before diagnosis. Metronidazole appears to be the treatment of choice for intestinal amoebiasis and amoebic liver abscesses. Amoebiasis should be considered in patients resident in Australia who have not recently travelled abroad.", "contents": "Amoebiasis: incidence at Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney. Seven cases of amoebiasis have been seen at the Royal North Shore Hospital of Sydney, over a nine-year period from 1968 to 1976. Six of these patients had intestinal amoebiasis; these included four with amoebic colitis, one of whom died, one patient with a rectal amoeboma, which was surgically resected, and one case of amoebic dysentery. The patients with amoebic colitis were considered initially to have either ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. All patients with inflammatory bowel disease should have rectal swabs or scrapings examined by warm-stage microscopy, rectal biopsy and indirect haemagglutination (IHA) tests to exclude amoebiasis. Three patients had extraintestinal amoebiasis in the form of liver abscesses and one also had pulmonary involvement. In one patient with a hepatic abscess who presented with pyrexia and no evidence of intestinal amoebiasis, the abscess ruptured intraperitoneally. Surgery was performed on three patients, in two cases before diagnosis. Metronidazole appears to be the treatment of choice for intestinal amoebiasis and amoebic liver abscesses. Amoebiasis should be considered in patients resident in Australia who have not recently travelled abroad.", "PMID": 840070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4080", "title": "Massive pulmonary embolism during pregnancy treated with streptokinase.", "content": "A 24-year-old multipara 34 weeks pregnant presented in shock due to massive pulmonary embolism. Recovery followed thrombolytic therapy, although fetal death occurred early. There were no serious maternal side effects, although hypofibrinogenaemia occurred. Thrombolytic therapy is considered to offer advantages over heparin in this situation.", "contents": "Massive pulmonary embolism during pregnancy treated with streptokinase. A 24-year-old multipara 34 weeks pregnant presented in shock due to massive pulmonary embolism. Recovery followed thrombolytic therapy, although fetal death occurred early. There were no serious maternal side effects, although hypofibrinogenaemia occurred. Thrombolytic therapy is considered to offer advantages over heparin in this situation.", "PMID": 840072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4081", "title": "Health organization in developing countries: innovations in the Peoples Republic of China.", "content": "The medical care delivery systems of most low-income countries are largely patterned on those of industrialized societies and are ill suited to the needs of developing countries. The present alternative model of health care in China has evolved after prolonged and often bitter debate extending over twenty years. The system that has been developed is one that appears uniquely suited to the needs of a large rural developing country; but it has been achieved in large part not through the medical profession but by evolving a system based upon participation by the people themselves and the development of new health-worker roles.", "contents": "Health organization in developing countries: innovations in the Peoples Republic of China. The medical care delivery systems of most low-income countries are largely patterned on those of industrialized societies and are ill suited to the needs of developing countries. The present alternative model of health care in China has evolved after prolonged and often bitter debate extending over twenty years. The system that has been developed is one that appears uniquely suited to the needs of a large rural developing country; but it has been achieved in large part not through the medical profession but by evolving a system based upon participation by the people themselves and the development of new health-worker roles.", "PMID": 840076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4082", "title": "School health and four-year-olds.", "content": "The results of comprehensive physical, psychological and developmental assessments of 67 four-year-olds are described. The value of this type of review, and the use of nurses and teachers in preschool medical examinations is discussed.", "contents": "School health and four-year-olds. The results of comprehensive physical, psychological and developmental assessments of 67 four-year-olds are described. The value of this type of review, and the use of nurses and teachers in preschool medical examinations is discussed.", "PMID": 840079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4083", "title": "Attempted suicide by insulin overdose in insulin-requiring diabetics.", "content": "Four cases of suicidal insulin overdose in insulin-requiring diabetics presented to one hospital in three years. In three cases there was a history of depression; but despite huge doses of insulin (3,000 and 1,500 units) in two, no patient died and only one had residual signs of clinical brain damage. The estimated plasma insulin level was not well correlated with the severity of the hypoglycaemia. It is probable that suicidal insulin overdose is more common than reports in the literature suggest, and may often be unrecognized. The dissociation between huge doses of insulin and the severity of the subsequent hypoglycaemia in diabetics is unexplained.", "contents": "Attempted suicide by insulin overdose in insulin-requiring diabetics. Four cases of suicidal insulin overdose in insulin-requiring diabetics presented to one hospital in three years. In three cases there was a history of depression; but despite huge doses of insulin (3,000 and 1,500 units) in two, no patient died and only one had residual signs of clinical brain damage. The estimated plasma insulin level was not well correlated with the severity of the hypoglycaemia. It is probable that suicidal insulin overdose is more common than reports in the literature suggest, and may often be unrecognized. The dissociation between huge doses of insulin and the severity of the subsequent hypoglycaemia in diabetics is unexplained.", "PMID": 840089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4084", "title": "Coexistence of diabetes and hypothyroidism in South India.", "content": "Diabetes mellitus coexisting with primary hypothyroidism is believed to be rare. Seventy-nine such cases were seen between 1960 and 1973. Statistically this association appears to be more frequent than the separate frequencies of the two disease warrant. The patients were mostly females, and invariably obese. Diabetes preceded hypothyroidism in the majority of cases. This frequent association is presumed to be of autoimmune origin.", "contents": "Coexistence of diabetes and hypothyroidism in South India. Diabetes mellitus coexisting with primary hypothyroidism is believed to be rare. Seventy-nine such cases were seen between 1960 and 1973. Statistically this association appears to be more frequent than the separate frequencies of the two disease warrant. The patients were mostly females, and invariably obese. Diabetes preceded hypothyroidism in the majority of cases. This frequent association is presumed to be of autoimmune origin.", "PMID": 840090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4085", "title": "A case of non-parasitic cystic disease of the liver.", "content": "The case is reported of a middle-aged woman with a non-parasitic liver cyst. The patient's left lobe of the liver was excised on her first admission to hospital; a second admission to hospital was caused by an acute small bowel obstruction. An operation was necessary and the patient has had an uneventful recovery.", "contents": "A case of non-parasitic cystic disease of the liver. The case is reported of a middle-aged woman with a non-parasitic liver cyst. The patient's left lobe of the liver was excised on her first admission to hospital; a second admission to hospital was caused by an acute small bowel obstruction. An operation was necessary and the patient has had an uneventful recovery.", "PMID": 840091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4086", "title": "Low-carbohydrate diet optic neuropathy.", "content": "Visual loss occurring in two patients taking prolonged carbohydrate-restrictive diets is reported. The clinical data in these patients point to a specific diet deficiency of thiamine, causing a bilateral optic neuropathy. A discussion of current concepts of thiamine deficiency in neuroophthalmic disorders is presented. It is recommended that patients on low-carbohydrate diets for prolonged periods of time should receive thiamine supplements.", "contents": "Low-carbohydrate diet optic neuropathy. Visual loss occurring in two patients taking prolonged carbohydrate-restrictive diets is reported. The clinical data in these patients point to a specific diet deficiency of thiamine, causing a bilateral optic neuropathy. A discussion of current concepts of thiamine deficiency in neuroophthalmic disorders is presented. It is recommended that patients on low-carbohydrate diets for prolonged periods of time should receive thiamine supplements.", "PMID": 840092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4087", "title": "[The antibacterial efficacy of various antibiotics and chemotherapeutical agents (author's transl)].", "content": "Sensitivity tests of 5753 organisms (streptococci, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, enterococci, Pyocyaneus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus group and staphylococci) against sulphonamide, nitrofurantoin, ampicillin, gentamicin, cephalosporin, and chloramphenicol are reported, with special consideration of doxycycline, tetracycline and cotrimoxazole. The samples were broken down in accordance with the respective sources. The particularly high resistance quota of co-trimoxazole was striking. The sensitivity quota against doxycycline exceeds that against tetracycline. There were considerable differences in the resistance patterns of organisms from urine samples as compared to samples from other sources.", "contents": "[The antibacterial efficacy of various antibiotics and chemotherapeutical agents (author's transl)]. Sensitivity tests of 5753 organisms (streptococci, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, enterococci, Pyocyaneus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus group and staphylococci) against sulphonamide, nitrofurantoin, ampicillin, gentamicin, cephalosporin, and chloramphenicol are reported, with special consideration of doxycycline, tetracycline and cotrimoxazole. The samples were broken down in accordance with the respective sources. The particularly high resistance quota of co-trimoxazole was striking. The sensitivity quota against doxycycline exceeds that against tetracycline. There were considerable differences in the resistance patterns of organisms from urine samples as compared to samples from other sources.", "PMID": 840098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4088", "title": "[Tissue levels following intravenous administration of tetracyclines (author's transl)].", "content": "Interested by a comparative trial on tetracycline concentrations in gallbladder, bile and peritoneum 3 hours after administration, we wanted to know the long-term tissue concentrations, measured towards the end of a 24-hour off-drug interval, as these concentrations are particularly important for a bacteriostatic drug. We found that the tissue concentrations of doxycycline in gallbladder wall, lung, muscle, and thyroid gland were 2 to 3 times higher than those of pyrrolidino-methyltetracycline. The concentrations in the skin, in various sections of the intestinal tract and of the peritoneum, and in the gallbladder content were about the same for both drugs. The implications of these data for therapy are discussed.", "contents": "[Tissue levels following intravenous administration of tetracyclines (author's transl)]. Interested by a comparative trial on tetracycline concentrations in gallbladder, bile and peritoneum 3 hours after administration, we wanted to know the long-term tissue concentrations, measured towards the end of a 24-hour off-drug interval, as these concentrations are particularly important for a bacteriostatic drug. We found that the tissue concentrations of doxycycline in gallbladder wall, lung, muscle, and thyroid gland were 2 to 3 times higher than those of pyrrolidino-methyltetracycline. The concentrations in the skin, in various sections of the intestinal tract and of the peritoneum, and in the gallbladder content were about the same for both drugs. The implications of these data for therapy are discussed.", "PMID": 840099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4089", "title": "[Doxycycline levels in serum and pulmonary tissue. Intravenous application of doxycycline in pulmonary surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Doxycycline levels were measured fluorimetrically in the serum and pulmonary tissue of 36 patients undergoing a pulmonary operation. Doxycycline 200 mg was given intravenously 20 hours before operation. The doxycycline concentration in pulmonary tissue (1.03 to 12.30 mug/g) were as high or higher than the serum doxycycline levels (0.94 to 7.82 mug/ml) in the majority of cases. This is possible as the lung has an ample blood supply and doxycycline is a lipophilic drug. There were large variations in the results, which was probably related to the underlying illness and to an altered blood circulation. The side effects were minimal. The daily infusions of doxycycline were continued over 5 days, no conclusions could be drawn about its possible prophylactic effect on postoperative infections.", "contents": "[Doxycycline levels in serum and pulmonary tissue. Intravenous application of doxycycline in pulmonary surgery (author's transl)]. Doxycycline levels were measured fluorimetrically in the serum and pulmonary tissue of 36 patients undergoing a pulmonary operation. Doxycycline 200 mg was given intravenously 20 hours before operation. The doxycycline concentration in pulmonary tissue (1.03 to 12.30 mug/g) were as high or higher than the serum doxycycline levels (0.94 to 7.82 mug/ml) in the majority of cases. This is possible as the lung has an ample blood supply and doxycycline is a lipophilic drug. There were large variations in the results, which was probably related to the underlying illness and to an altered blood circulation. The side effects were minimal. The daily infusions of doxycycline were continued over 5 days, no conclusions could be drawn about its possible prophylactic effect on postoperative infections.", "PMID": 840100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4090", "title": "[Vibraven\u00f6s--a report of a multicenter trial (author's transl)].", "content": "A multicenter trial was conducted in Austria, Germany Holland and Switzerland. A total of 944 patients were included. They had a variety of diagnoses which required hospital admission and intravenous antibiotic therapy. The majority of patients (86.9 p.c.) started therapy with 200 mg doxycycline on the first day. All patients began therapy with an intravenous administration of doxycycline and most were later switched to an oral formulation. Various parameters of response were examined. Resolution of temperature as well as a decrease in associated pain was recorded. Side effects were usually mild and self limiting and were the reason to stop therapy in 1.2 p.c. of the patients. Early improvement was noted in the majority of the diagnostic categories. In 11 p.c. of the cases the response was not indicated or a poor response was noted but overall 89 p.c. of the patients responded to therapy. Doxycycline can be considered a truly useful hospital antibiotic in both its intravenous and oral forms.", "contents": "[Vibraven\u00f6s--a report of a multicenter trial (author's transl)]. A multicenter trial was conducted in Austria, Germany Holland and Switzerland. A total of 944 patients were included. They had a variety of diagnoses which required hospital admission and intravenous antibiotic therapy. The majority of patients (86.9 p.c.) started therapy with 200 mg doxycycline on the first day. All patients began therapy with an intravenous administration of doxycycline and most were later switched to an oral formulation. Various parameters of response were examined. Resolution of temperature as well as a decrease in associated pain was recorded. Side effects were usually mild and self limiting and were the reason to stop therapy in 1.2 p.c. of the patients. Early improvement was noted in the majority of the diagnostic categories. In 11 p.c. of the cases the response was not indicated or a poor response was noted but overall 89 p.c. of the patients responded to therapy. Doxycycline can be considered a truly useful hospital antibiotic in both its intravenous and oral forms.", "PMID": 840101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4091", "title": "[Retrospective studies of resistance patterns of antibiotics in 1971 to 1974 (author's transl)].", "content": "A retrospective study was made of the resistance patterns of 16700 pathogenic bacterial strains from the region of Dordrecht (Netherlands) from the years 1971 through 1974. The importance of computer analysis for questions about resistance and antibiotic usage monitoring is supported. The practical importance of those analyses is the fact that antibiotics often have to be given without a known antibiogram. In those instances one must rely on historical data to guide the therapy and to compose a rational antibiotic utilization review. It should be interesting to repeat the study in other areas to establish an overall pattern for a country and to compare the findings on a country-by-country basis.", "contents": "[Retrospective studies of resistance patterns of antibiotics in 1971 to 1974 (author's transl)]. A retrospective study was made of the resistance patterns of 16700 pathogenic bacterial strains from the region of Dordrecht (Netherlands) from the years 1971 through 1974. The importance of computer analysis for questions about resistance and antibiotic usage monitoring is supported. The practical importance of those analyses is the fact that antibiotics often have to be given without a known antibiogram. In those instances one must rely on historical data to guide the therapy and to compose a rational antibiotic utilization review. It should be interesting to repeat the study in other areas to establish an overall pattern for a country and to compare the findings on a country-by-country basis.", "PMID": 840102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4092", "title": "[Adverse reactions to drugs in hospitalized medical patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Prospective research showed that unwanted side-effects resulting from medical therapy were found in 20,6% of all patients hospitalized in our medical clinic during a period of one year. Part of these side-effects was considered a possible reason for admission to the hospital and a cause of complications during the clinical treatment. The side-effects were classified according to their severity, duration, symptomatology and pathogenesis. Furthermore, the frequency of side-effects was studied with regard to age, sex and groups of drugs. It was possible to predict about 80% of the side-effects by considering pharmacological properties and individual risk-factors. The careful integration of these criteria into the treatment plan and the observation of the course of the disease is the basis for calculating the probability of occurrence of side-effects.", "contents": "[Adverse reactions to drugs in hospitalized medical patients (author's transl)]. Prospective research showed that unwanted side-effects resulting from medical therapy were found in 20,6% of all patients hospitalized in our medical clinic during a period of one year. Part of these side-effects was considered a possible reason for admission to the hospital and a cause of complications during the clinical treatment. The side-effects were classified according to their severity, duration, symptomatology and pathogenesis. Furthermore, the frequency of side-effects was studied with regard to age, sex and groups of drugs. It was possible to predict about 80% of the side-effects by considering pharmacological properties and individual risk-factors. The careful integration of these criteria into the treatment plan and the observation of the course of the disease is the basis for calculating the probability of occurrence of side-effects.", "PMID": 840105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4093", "title": "[Occurrence of malignant tumors in high-aged patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The analysis of macroscopic findings in 2385 autopsies for frequency and distribution for malignant tumors had the following results: Augmented frequency with increasing age was stated for cancer of the stomach, colon, prostate and breast. There is a clear decrease in the frequency of cancer of the lung and of the uterus with increasing age. Severe tumorindependent disease was an almost constant finding in tumor autopsies. The overall frequency of malignant tumors decreases with increasing age.", "contents": "[Occurrence of malignant tumors in high-aged patients (author's transl)]. The analysis of macroscopic findings in 2385 autopsies for frequency and distribution for malignant tumors had the following results: Augmented frequency with increasing age was stated for cancer of the stomach, colon, prostate and breast. There is a clear decrease in the frequency of cancer of the lung and of the uterus with increasing age. Severe tumorindependent disease was an almost constant finding in tumor autopsies. The overall frequency of malignant tumors decreases with increasing age.", "PMID": 840110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4094", "title": "[The carcinoma of the gastric stump--clinical experiences and observations in 15 years (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1960 to 1975 29 patients were treated at our clinic for carcinoma of the gastric stump following resection for benign causes. These cases are casuistically put together and their history, clinic, method of operation, and course after operation are described. 2.38p.c. of all carcinomas of the stomach were carcinomas of the stump. The patients were averagely 38.9 years old at the time of resection for benign causes; they were averagely 60.6 years old at the time of diagnosis of the carcinoma. The so called free interval was therefore 22.2 years. The younger a patient is at the time of primary resection, the longer the free interval will be. The history of complaints lasted 3.4 months; main complaints were pains in the epigastrium, loss of weight, vomiting, and aversion for meat. The carcinomas were located in 60p.c. at the anastomosis, in 36p.c. at the cardia of the stomach. Other locations were distributed over the whole gastric stump. 14 patients could be subjected to gastrectomy with interposition of jejunum, while the rest of the cases were primarily inoperable or were treated with prothesis. All types of carcinomas of the stomach were found in the stump, in 56p.c. the adeno-carcinoma prevailed. 32p.c. of the patients died in the clinic; 17 patients could leave the clinic more or less complaintless. These patients were on the average 24.8 days in the clinic and survived at home averagely 8.5 months. In the introduction, the discussion and on a table the informations of other workers are discussed and their results compared with our findings. We come impressively to the conclusion, that a resection for ulcer is no predisposing factor in the development of a carcinoma of the gastric stump. This causal connection may be established, when wide range statistics are available, which are compiled under controlled and comparable conditions.", "contents": "[The carcinoma of the gastric stump--clinical experiences and observations in 15 years (author's transl)]. From 1960 to 1975 29 patients were treated at our clinic for carcinoma of the gastric stump following resection for benign causes. These cases are casuistically put together and their history, clinic, method of operation, and course after operation are described. 2.38p.c. of all carcinomas of the stomach were carcinomas of the stump. The patients were averagely 38.9 years old at the time of resection for benign causes; they were averagely 60.6 years old at the time of diagnosis of the carcinoma. The so called free interval was therefore 22.2 years. The younger a patient is at the time of primary resection, the longer the free interval will be. The history of complaints lasted 3.4 months; main complaints were pains in the epigastrium, loss of weight, vomiting, and aversion for meat. The carcinomas were located in 60p.c. at the anastomosis, in 36p.c. at the cardia of the stomach. Other locations were distributed over the whole gastric stump. 14 patients could be subjected to gastrectomy with interposition of jejunum, while the rest of the cases were primarily inoperable or were treated with prothesis. All types of carcinomas of the stomach were found in the stump, in 56p.c. the adeno-carcinoma prevailed. 32p.c. of the patients died in the clinic; 17 patients could leave the clinic more or less complaintless. These patients were on the average 24.8 days in the clinic and survived at home averagely 8.5 months. In the introduction, the discussion and on a table the informations of other workers are discussed and their results compared with our findings. We come impressively to the conclusion, that a resection for ulcer is no predisposing factor in the development of a carcinoma of the gastric stump. This causal connection may be established, when wide range statistics are available, which are compiled under controlled and comparable conditions.", "PMID": 840111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4095", "title": "[Diagnosis of breast cancer metastatic to the chest (author's transl)].", "content": "The records of 100 patients with morphologically proven breast cancer metastatic to the chest retrospectively were analysed. The following manifestations were found by evaluating roentgenographs of the chest and available results of endoscopy and biopsy which were carried out in most of the cases: solid pulmonary coin lesion, multiple pulmonary coin lesions, lymphangiosis carcinomatosa, bronchostenosis caused by cancer, mediastinal lymph node metastases. Since life expectancy in approximatively 70 per cent can be increased by chemotherapy the authors put emphasis on the importance of early diagnosis of metastatic breast cancer disseminated to the chest.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of breast cancer metastatic to the chest (author's transl)]. The records of 100 patients with morphologically proven breast cancer metastatic to the chest retrospectively were analysed. The following manifestations were found by evaluating roentgenographs of the chest and available results of endoscopy and biopsy which were carried out in most of the cases: solid pulmonary coin lesion, multiple pulmonary coin lesions, lymphangiosis carcinomatosa, bronchostenosis caused by cancer, mediastinal lymph node metastases. Since life expectancy in approximatively 70 per cent can be increased by chemotherapy the authors put emphasis on the importance of early diagnosis of metastatic breast cancer disseminated to the chest.", "PMID": 840112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4096", "title": "[Primary tumors of the ureter (author's transl)].", "content": "13 own cases of primary tumors of the ureter are presented and discussed with reference to the presenting clinical symptoms, diagnostic procedures, and therapy. In our patients, excretory urography was not always of diagnostic value, whereas retrograde pyelography contributed to the correct diagnosis. The radiographic appearance of ureteral tumors has to be differentiated from strictures. In one case with a calcified papilloma, preoperative roentgendiagnosis suggested an ureteral stone.", "contents": "[Primary tumors of the ureter (author's transl)]. 13 own cases of primary tumors of the ureter are presented and discussed with reference to the presenting clinical symptoms, diagnostic procedures, and therapy. In our patients, excretory urography was not always of diagnostic value, whereas retrograde pyelography contributed to the correct diagnosis. The radiographic appearance of ureteral tumors has to be differentiated from strictures. In one case with a calcified papilloma, preoperative roentgendiagnosis suggested an ureteral stone.", "PMID": 840113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4097", "title": "[Investigations of the clinical course of acute myocardial infarction. I. The fibrinolytic treatment of acute myocardial infarction with streptokinase (author's transl)].", "content": "In 26 hospitals a study was carried out to investigate the influence of fibrinolytic therapy on mortality in hospital in acute myocardial infarction. The study was concerned with the question whether fibrinolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction could lower the hospital mortality and whether fibrinolytic therapy should be recommended as an additional therapy for any type of hospital, irrespective individual differences in treatment. 483 out of 1463 patients were treated with streptokinase. These patients were randomized in two groups. Group I was treated in the usual way additionally streptokinase was given, group II without streptokinase. Both groups were similar regarding the course of illness and clinical data. It could be shown that the mortality was not significantly lowered by streptokinase. But in case of shock the mortality seemed to be lower after streptokinase, this difference not being significant.", "contents": "[Investigations of the clinical course of acute myocardial infarction. I. The fibrinolytic treatment of acute myocardial infarction with streptokinase (author's transl)]. In 26 hospitals a study was carried out to investigate the influence of fibrinolytic therapy on mortality in hospital in acute myocardial infarction. The study was concerned with the question whether fibrinolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction could lower the hospital mortality and whether fibrinolytic therapy should be recommended as an additional therapy for any type of hospital, irrespective individual differences in treatment. 483 out of 1463 patients were treated with streptokinase. These patients were randomized in two groups. Group I was treated in the usual way additionally streptokinase was given, group II without streptokinase. Both groups were similar regarding the course of illness and clinical data. It could be shown that the mortality was not significantly lowered by streptokinase. But in case of shock the mortality seemed to be lower after streptokinase, this difference not being significant.", "PMID": 840117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4098", "title": "[Investigations of the clinical course of acute myocardial infarction. II. Epidemiological facts (author's transl)].", "content": "1463 patients with acute myocardial infarction were treated in 26 hospitals in Northern Germany from June 1972 till August 1973. The time elapsed between onset of symptoms and admission to the regional hospital was similar in rural patients and those living in cities. 39% were admitted later than 12 hours after onset of symptoms. Having survived the prehospital phase the age of infarction did not influence the mortality. The treatment in the different hospitals was in no way standardized, except the treatment with streptokinase. Regarding this procedure, the following results can be presented. The overall mortality was 25.8%. Mortality was higher in cases of high age, preexisting myocardial failure, diabetes mellitus and in cases of shock and/or arrhythmia. Anterior wall infarction showed a higher mortality than posterior wall infarction. In this study the average results of treating 1463 patients with acute myocardial infarction treated in Northern Germany were presented.", "contents": "[Investigations of the clinical course of acute myocardial infarction. II. Epidemiological facts (author's transl)]. 1463 patients with acute myocardial infarction were treated in 26 hospitals in Northern Germany from June 1972 till August 1973. The time elapsed between onset of symptoms and admission to the regional hospital was similar in rural patients and those living in cities. 39% were admitted later than 12 hours after onset of symptoms. Having survived the prehospital phase the age of infarction did not influence the mortality. The treatment in the different hospitals was in no way standardized, except the treatment with streptokinase. Regarding this procedure, the following results can be presented. The overall mortality was 25.8%. Mortality was higher in cases of high age, preexisting myocardial failure, diabetes mellitus and in cases of shock and/or arrhythmia. Anterior wall infarction showed a higher mortality than posterior wall infarction. In this study the average results of treating 1463 patients with acute myocardial infarction treated in Northern Germany were presented.", "PMID": 840118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4099", "title": "[A controlled clinical study of early mobilisation of patients with myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "This is the report about 265 patients with recent transmural myocardial infarction. In the first week of hospital treatment 63 died. From the remaining 201 patients 101 fulfilled the conditions for early mobilisation of the WHO. In a controlled study these patients were divided in 2 groups: group 1 started the programme of early mobilisation the 7th day and group 2 was the control group which was mobilized after 3 weeks of bed rest. The 2 groups were comparable in the clinical course and had 2% of letality. The remaining 100 patients with conditions against early mobilisation were conservatively treated with 3 weeks of bed rest. The letality in this group was very high with 23%.", "contents": "[A controlled clinical study of early mobilisation of patients with myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. This is the report about 265 patients with recent transmural myocardial infarction. In the first week of hospital treatment 63 died. From the remaining 201 patients 101 fulfilled the conditions for early mobilisation of the WHO. In a controlled study these patients were divided in 2 groups: group 1 started the programme of early mobilisation the 7th day and group 2 was the control group which was mobilized after 3 weeks of bed rest. The 2 groups were comparable in the clinical course and had 2% of letality. The remaining 100 patients with conditions against early mobilisation were conservatively treated with 3 weeks of bed rest. The letality in this group was very high with 23%.", "PMID": 840119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4100", "title": "[Behaviour of erythrocytes in patients with aortic of mitral stenosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The behaviour of red blood cells was studied in 17 patients with aortic stenosis and 14 patients with mitral stenosis. Anemia was present only in 1 out of 17 patients with highgraded aortic stenosis. 8 of the 17 patients showed a reduced survival time of the red blood cells indicating hemolysis in a compensated stage. 14 cases of mitral stenosis showed no evidence of hemolysis. There was a significant inverse relationship (r = --0,85) between the valve gradient and the survival time of the erythrocytes in patients with aortic stenosis; valve area and survival time were directly related (r = 0,75). In mitral stenosis, there was no significant correlation between gradient or valve area and survival time. This suggests that the gradient through the valve rather than the reduced valve area is responsible for the damage of the erythrocytes; in addition, hemolysis appears to be dependent on pressure gradient rather than on valve pathology or reduction of valve area per se.", "contents": "[Behaviour of erythrocytes in patients with aortic of mitral stenosis (author's transl)]. The behaviour of red blood cells was studied in 17 patients with aortic stenosis and 14 patients with mitral stenosis. Anemia was present only in 1 out of 17 patients with highgraded aortic stenosis. 8 of the 17 patients showed a reduced survival time of the red blood cells indicating hemolysis in a compensated stage. 14 cases of mitral stenosis showed no evidence of hemolysis. There was a significant inverse relationship (r = --0,85) between the valve gradient and the survival time of the erythrocytes in patients with aortic stenosis; valve area and survival time were directly related (r = 0,75). In mitral stenosis, there was no significant correlation between gradient or valve area and survival time. This suggests that the gradient through the valve rather than the reduced valve area is responsible for the damage of the erythrocytes; in addition, hemolysis appears to be dependent on pressure gradient rather than on valve pathology or reduction of valve area per se.", "PMID": 840120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4101", "title": "[Liver damage after resection of the stomach: evaluation of 215 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Only 11% out of 215 patients with resection of the stomach had a normal liver if the term of the resection was not longer ago than 30 years. Contrarily the deposition of fat became less frequent with increasing distance from the operation term while deposition of iron (siderin) was demonstrable nearly equaly in all groups. Age and sex did not influence the behaviour of the liver after resection of the stomach. The information value by blood transaminase activity (GOT/GPT) decreases with the distance of time from the resection term. Alcoholics (n = 20) had less shares of post resection liver harms than non-alcoholics. Thus alcohol seems to be not a bigger risk for resectioned as for people with normal stomach. Repeated liver biopsies after different intervals of time pointed out that a change for the worse happened more often with increasing distance to the resection term. Therefore resected patients should be examined regularly, including liver biopsy, as to discover in time a growing up liver damage. After resection of the stomach discovered liver diseases refer to a damage caused by that stomach disease which induced the operation.", "contents": "[Liver damage after resection of the stomach: evaluation of 215 cases (author's transl)]. Only 11% out of 215 patients with resection of the stomach had a normal liver if the term of the resection was not longer ago than 30 years. Contrarily the deposition of fat became less frequent with increasing distance from the operation term while deposition of iron (siderin) was demonstrable nearly equaly in all groups. Age and sex did not influence the behaviour of the liver after resection of the stomach. The information value by blood transaminase activity (GOT/GPT) decreases with the distance of time from the resection term. Alcoholics (n = 20) had less shares of post resection liver harms than non-alcoholics. Thus alcohol seems to be not a bigger risk for resectioned as for people with normal stomach. Repeated liver biopsies after different intervals of time pointed out that a change for the worse happened more often with increasing distance to the resection term. Therefore resected patients should be examined regularly, including liver biopsy, as to discover in time a growing up liver damage. After resection of the stomach discovered liver diseases refer to a damage caused by that stomach disease which induced the operation.", "PMID": 840123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4102", "title": "[Quantitative serum immunoglobulin determination: differential diagnostic significance for liver disease (author's transl)s].", "content": "The serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G, A, and M levels were investigated with respect to their differential diagnostic significance, pathogenesis and estimation of prognosis of different forms of liver disease. The sera of 204 patients with acute hepatitis, fatty liver I and II, and cirrhosis, and of 110 healthy adutls were quantitatively determined for immunoglobulins. 1. IgG- and IgA-concentrations higher than 2000 mg% and 330 mg%, respectively, indicate chronic aggressive hepatitis or cirrhosis, and exclude all other groups. 2. A clear correlation between HBsAG (Australia Antigen) and immunoglobulin content could not be demonstrated in any group; 3. A significantly elevated level of IgA was observed in alcoholic cirrhosis when compared to non-alcoholic cirrhosis. No such differences were found inhe other groups. 4. Acute and chronic persistent hepatitis show a similar increase of immunoglobulins. Thus persistent high levels of Ig following acute hepatitis indicate the development into a chronic hepatitis. 5. A relative increase of IgA rather than IgG corresponds to the degree of inflammatory activity of a liver process.", "contents": "[Quantitative serum immunoglobulin determination: differential diagnostic significance for liver disease (author's transl)s]. The serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G, A, and M levels were investigated with respect to their differential diagnostic significance, pathogenesis and estimation of prognosis of different forms of liver disease. The sera of 204 patients with acute hepatitis, fatty liver I and II, and cirrhosis, and of 110 healthy adutls were quantitatively determined for immunoglobulins. 1. IgG- and IgA-concentrations higher than 2000 mg% and 330 mg%, respectively, indicate chronic aggressive hepatitis or cirrhosis, and exclude all other groups. 2. A clear correlation between HBsAG (Australia Antigen) and immunoglobulin content could not be demonstrated in any group; 3. A significantly elevated level of IgA was observed in alcoholic cirrhosis when compared to non-alcoholic cirrhosis. No such differences were found inhe other groups. 4. Acute and chronic persistent hepatitis show a similar increase of immunoglobulins. Thus persistent high levels of Ig following acute hepatitis indicate the development into a chronic hepatitis. 5. A relative increase of IgA rather than IgG corresponds to the degree of inflammatory activity of a liver process.", "PMID": 840124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4103", "title": "[Silymarin for the treatment of acute viral hepatitis? Report of a controlled trial (author's transl)].", "content": "Silymarin has been claimed to have a benificial effect in various types of liver injury. In a prospective study in patients with acute viral hepatitis (n = 151) the effectiveness of this drug on the cause of the disease was tested. The groups with and without Silymarin (Legalon) were comparable concerning age and sex distribution and the frequency of HBs-antigen positive hepatitis; Laboratory findings (total serum bilirubin, activity of GOT, GPT and alkaline phosphatase and prothrombin time) were determined in intervals of 5 to 7 days over a period of 5 weeks beginning with the onset of jaundice. There were no statistical significant differences between both groups in the decrease of mean values of all parameters tested. The frequency of nearly normalized values of transaminases and serum bilirubin after 10, 20 and 30 days was not higher in the group treated with Silymarin as compared to the controls. It is concluded that Silymarin has no favourable effects on the cause of acute viral hepatitis.", "contents": "[Silymarin for the treatment of acute viral hepatitis? Report of a controlled trial (author's transl)]. Silymarin has been claimed to have a benificial effect in various types of liver injury. In a prospective study in patients with acute viral hepatitis (n = 151) the effectiveness of this drug on the cause of the disease was tested. The groups with and without Silymarin (Legalon) were comparable concerning age and sex distribution and the frequency of HBs-antigen positive hepatitis; Laboratory findings (total serum bilirubin, activity of GOT, GPT and alkaline phosphatase and prothrombin time) were determined in intervals of 5 to 7 days over a period of 5 weeks beginning with the onset of jaundice. There were no statistical significant differences between both groups in the decrease of mean values of all parameters tested. The frequency of nearly normalized values of transaminases and serum bilirubin after 10, 20 and 30 days was not higher in the group treated with Silymarin as compared to the controls. It is concluded that Silymarin has no favourable effects on the cause of acute viral hepatitis.", "PMID": 840125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4104", "title": "[Basic pressure in the pancreatic duct and in the bile duct: results from 50 standardized duodenoscopic transpapillary pressure measurements (author's transl)].", "content": "In 90 patients pressure measurements in the pancreatic duct (50 cases) and in the common bile duct (20 cases) were performed endoscopically. In the normal pancreas an averaged basis pressure in Wirsung's duct of 22.2 cm H2O was found with a range of 9.6 to 37.0 cm H2O. In two cases of marked chronic pancreatitis and in one case of pancreatic carcinoma the secretion pressure was considerably diminished. The mean basic pressure of the common bile duct amounted to 12.0 cm H2O with a range of 7.3 to 17.0 cm H2O. The pressure values in the duodenum were found to be considerably lower than in the pancreatic duct and the bile duct; they amounted to 5.3 cm H20 with a range of 0.6 to 10.9 cm H20. In both ducts two different patterns of ondulations were found: tracings of slight ondulations, i.e. slow pressure changes with a constant average pressure and tracings of coarse ondulations with quick increase and drop in pressure. It will be discussed, how these findings can be related to physiology and pathophysiology of the pancreatic and biliary duct system. The clinical relevance for detection of excretory insufficiency of the pancreas and of pathologic changes leading to stenosis of the duct system are considered.", "contents": "[Basic pressure in the pancreatic duct and in the bile duct: results from 50 standardized duodenoscopic transpapillary pressure measurements (author's transl)]. In 90 patients pressure measurements in the pancreatic duct (50 cases) and in the common bile duct (20 cases) were performed endoscopically. In the normal pancreas an averaged basis pressure in Wirsung's duct of 22.2 cm H2O was found with a range of 9.6 to 37.0 cm H2O. In two cases of marked chronic pancreatitis and in one case of pancreatic carcinoma the secretion pressure was considerably diminished. The mean basic pressure of the common bile duct amounted to 12.0 cm H2O with a range of 7.3 to 17.0 cm H2O. The pressure values in the duodenum were found to be considerably lower than in the pancreatic duct and the bile duct; they amounted to 5.3 cm H20 with a range of 0.6 to 10.9 cm H20. In both ducts two different patterns of ondulations were found: tracings of slight ondulations, i.e. slow pressure changes with a constant average pressure and tracings of coarse ondulations with quick increase and drop in pressure. It will be discussed, how these findings can be related to physiology and pathophysiology of the pancreatic and biliary duct system. The clinical relevance for detection of excretory insufficiency of the pancreas and of pathologic changes leading to stenosis of the duct system are considered.", "PMID": 840126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4105", "title": "[The importance of the serumlipaseevocationtest and the retrograde pancreaticography for the diagnosis of chronic pancreatic affections (author's transl)].", "content": "Comparative studies between activity of serumlipase, lipaseevocationstest and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (ERCP) in 45 patients with chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cysts or pancreatic carcinoma confirm, that elevated enzyme values after caerulein stimulation indicate an alteration of the pancreatic parenchyma. However, this findings does not give information on the etiology of the damage. On the basis of the presented results it seems that the lipase-evocationstest has only limited value as screening method within the total of clinical methods for the assessment of light and medium severe stages of chronic pancreatitis and accompanying forms of pancreatitis. There is no evidence that this method may be used for screening for carcinoma of the pancreas. A positive result gives a valuable information, but the lack of an increase of lipase activity does not exclude the existence of pancreatic affection. In each case with clinical suspicion for pancreatic disease further diagnostic investigation by the ERCP and additional radiographic methods should be performed.", "contents": "[The importance of the serumlipaseevocationtest and the retrograde pancreaticography for the diagnosis of chronic pancreatic affections (author's transl)]. Comparative studies between activity of serumlipase, lipaseevocationstest and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (ERCP) in 45 patients with chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cysts or pancreatic carcinoma confirm, that elevated enzyme values after caerulein stimulation indicate an alteration of the pancreatic parenchyma. However, this findings does not give information on the etiology of the damage. On the basis of the presented results it seems that the lipase-evocationstest has only limited value as screening method within the total of clinical methods for the assessment of light and medium severe stages of chronic pancreatitis and accompanying forms of pancreatitis. There is no evidence that this method may be used for screening for carcinoma of the pancreas. A positive result gives a valuable information, but the lack of an increase of lipase activity does not exclude the existence of pancreatic affection. In each case with clinical suspicion for pancreatic disease further diagnostic investigation by the ERCP and additional radiographic methods should be performed.", "PMID": 840129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4106", "title": "[Pancreatic pseudocysts--clinical picture and surgical treatment].", "content": "Report about 98 cases of pancreatic pseudocysts and also elaboration on the etiology, pathogenesis and details of this disease. The operative method of choice is to establish the internal anastomosis. As long as the anatomic conditions and especially the structure of the cyst permit it, such anastomosis should be performed. We applied this method in 57.2 p.c. of the cases altogether. Y-anastomosis (Roux) proved to be the best. We applied it in 35.9 p.c. of our patients. For patients in bad general condition, outside drainage operation in the sense of marsupialisation is often the only possible and at the same time life-saving intervention. We performed this operation in 42.8 p.c. of our cases. Because of the clear increase in number of pancreas diseases in the last years, there is also a higher frequency of pancreatic pseudocysts. Their diagnosis and therapy are therefore important.", "contents": "[Pancreatic pseudocysts--clinical picture and surgical treatment]. Report about 98 cases of pancreatic pseudocysts and also elaboration on the etiology, pathogenesis and details of this disease. The operative method of choice is to establish the internal anastomosis. As long as the anatomic conditions and especially the structure of the cyst permit it, such anastomosis should be performed. We applied this method in 57.2 p.c. of the cases altogether. Y-anastomosis (Roux) proved to be the best. We applied it in 35.9 p.c. of our patients. For patients in bad general condition, outside drainage operation in the sense of marsupialisation is often the only possible and at the same time life-saving intervention. We performed this operation in 42.8 p.c. of our cases. Because of the clear increase in number of pancreas diseases in the last years, there is also a higher frequency of pancreatic pseudocysts. Their diagnosis and therapy are therefore important.", "PMID": 840130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4107", "title": "[Focal mucosal hyperplasia of the appendix (author's transl)].", "content": "On a 20-year-old male patient and on a 67-year-old female patient, we incidentally detected as histologicbioptic findings after routine appendectomy a focal mucosal hyperplasia of the appendix. Basing on these cases we give a survey on the literature pertaining to these rate cases of mucosal alterations of the appendix published up to now, and discuss the problems of these mucosal hyperplasias.", "contents": "[Focal mucosal hyperplasia of the appendix (author's transl)]. On a 20-year-old male patient and on a 67-year-old female patient, we incidentally detected as histologicbioptic findings after routine appendectomy a focal mucosal hyperplasia of the appendix. Basing on these cases we give a survey on the literature pertaining to these rate cases of mucosal alterations of the appendix published up to now, and discuss the problems of these mucosal hyperplasias.", "PMID": 840131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4108", "title": "[Fatigue fractures of the femoral neck (author's transl)].", "content": "By means of one case problems of diagnosis and therapy of fatigue fractures of the fermoral neck are demonstrated and discussed by comparison to recent reports in literature. In case of uncertain diagnosis we recommend surgical revision of the fractured zone with take off of bone tissue for histological examination, especially in order to exclude a malignant bone process.", "contents": "[Fatigue fractures of the femoral neck (author's transl)]. By means of one case problems of diagnosis and therapy of fatigue fractures of the fermoral neck are demonstrated and discussed by comparison to recent reports in literature. In case of uncertain diagnosis we recommend surgical revision of the fractured zone with take off of bone tissue for histological examination, especially in order to exclude a malignant bone process.", "PMID": 840132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4109", "title": "[Thermometric investigations about the efficacy of beta-escin to reduce postoperative edema (author's transl)].", "content": "Beta-escin is highly effective in reducing postoperative edemas and swellings. It was tried to demonstrate the effect of beta-escin using the thermometry. The temperature of soft tissues and bones can be measured with the help of the thermometry, in this way the circulation of the skin can be determined. In 65 test persons so-called normal thermograms were established, using the infraredthermometer KT 41, which makes registrations without touching the skin. In 53 patients the temperature of the skin was checked after surgery of the hand. 27 patients received beta-escin (Reparil); 26 patients without medication served as controls. In every case the temperature of the operated hand was compared to the other hand. Among the patients, who received escin, the temperature of the operated hand rose for two days following surgery; afterwards it fell quickly. Among the controls the skin-temperature rose up to the 4. day after surgery and decreased slowly. These results demonstrate clearly that after using beta-escin there is a quick reduction of postoperative inflammation and edema.", "contents": "[Thermometric investigations about the efficacy of beta-escin to reduce postoperative edema (author's transl)]. Beta-escin is highly effective in reducing postoperative edemas and swellings. It was tried to demonstrate the effect of beta-escin using the thermometry. The temperature of soft tissues and bones can be measured with the help of the thermometry, in this way the circulation of the skin can be determined. In 65 test persons so-called normal thermograms were established, using the infraredthermometer KT 41, which makes registrations without touching the skin. In 53 patients the temperature of the skin was checked after surgery of the hand. 27 patients received beta-escin (Reparil); 26 patients without medication served as controls. In every case the temperature of the operated hand was compared to the other hand. Among the patients, who received escin, the temperature of the operated hand rose for two days following surgery; afterwards it fell quickly. Among the controls the skin-temperature rose up to the 4. day after surgery and decreased slowly. These results demonstrate clearly that after using beta-escin there is a quick reduction of postoperative inflammation and edema.", "PMID": 840133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4110", "title": "[Bilateral hamartomas of the kidneys (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of a patient with multiple bilateral hamartomas of the kidneys is reported. The diagnosis of polycystic renal disease, suggested by the urographic studies had to be corrected after renal angiography. A well established diagnosis, basing on the striking angiographical findings was only possible, when we took notice of an adenoma sebaceum and other signs of the tuberous sclerosis complex. In cases of circumscribed unifocal lesions the antiographic findings may cause difficulties in the differential diagnosis between hamartoma and malignant hypernephroma. Therefore it is important to pay attention to other stigmata of tuberous sclerosis (Bourneville-Pringle's-syndrome). The differentiation between benign hamartoma and malignant hypernephroma may be possible by angiographic criteria alone, but many of the reported typical signs are of limited value.", "contents": "[Bilateral hamartomas of the kidneys (author's transl)]. A case of a patient with multiple bilateral hamartomas of the kidneys is reported. The diagnosis of polycystic renal disease, suggested by the urographic studies had to be corrected after renal angiography. A well established diagnosis, basing on the striking angiographical findings was only possible, when we took notice of an adenoma sebaceum and other signs of the tuberous sclerosis complex. In cases of circumscribed unifocal lesions the antiographic findings may cause difficulties in the differential diagnosis between hamartoma and malignant hypernephroma. Therefore it is important to pay attention to other stigmata of tuberous sclerosis (Bourneville-Pringle's-syndrome). The differentiation between benign hamartoma and malignant hypernephroma may be possible by angiographic criteria alone, but many of the reported typical signs are of limited value.", "PMID": 840135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4111", "title": "[Investigations on the pharmacokinetics of pentoxifylline in chronic renal failure (authors transl)].", "content": "The pharmacokinetical behaviour of 14C-labelled pentoxifylline was investigated in normal volunteers and in patients with different stages of impaired renal function. It was shown that in patients, having a creatinine-clearance of less than 10,0 ml/min., occurs an accumulation of pentoxifylline. This finding leads to the conclusion that in patients with advanced renal failure the daily dose of pentoxifylline should be adjusted to the diminished renal elimination.", "contents": "[Investigations on the pharmacokinetics of pentoxifylline in chronic renal failure (authors transl)]. The pharmacokinetical behaviour of 14C-labelled pentoxifylline was investigated in normal volunteers and in patients with different stages of impaired renal function. It was shown that in patients, having a creatinine-clearance of less than 10,0 ml/min., occurs an accumulation of pentoxifylline. This finding leads to the conclusion that in patients with advanced renal failure the daily dose of pentoxifylline should be adjusted to the diminished renal elimination.", "PMID": 840136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4112", "title": "[Theoretical basis and practical carrying out of an APTT control test for exact heparin monitoring (author's transl)].", "content": "We presented in this journal (Med. Klin. 71 [1976], 116), a procedure how to avoid hemorrhage risks due to heparine giving during hemo-dialyses. In this presentation is found the theoretical basis of the \"minimal heparinisation\". The practical carrying-out of the APTT (Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time)-control test as demonstrated by the 1200 bedside test cases, was done in order to give the personal without lab experience a practical guideline in the hand.", "contents": "[Theoretical basis and practical carrying out of an APTT control test for exact heparin monitoring (author's transl)]. We presented in this journal (Med. Klin. 71 [1976], 116), a procedure how to avoid hemorrhage risks due to heparine giving during hemo-dialyses. In this presentation is found the theoretical basis of the \"minimal heparinisation\". The practical carrying-out of the APTT (Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time)-control test as demonstrated by the 1200 bedside test cases, was done in order to give the personal without lab experience a practical guideline in the hand.", "PMID": 840137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4113", "title": "[Psychological problems in obesity (author's transl)].", "content": "The MMPI was administered to 209 obese women and 72 obese men before onset of a weight reduction regime. Obese subjects differ in a variety of MMPI-standard-scales from the standard population as well as from a control group of healthy women: 1. Scales Hypochondriasis (Hs) and Hysteria (Hy) have significant higher values for the obese. This somatic impairment grows in the group of obese women with increasing age and obesity. In men, scale Hs corresponds to the degree of overweight but the youngest male age group (up to 19 years) has a Hs-peak as well as men above 35 years of age. 2. Higher than normal values for obese men and women in scales Depression (D) and Psychasthenia (Pt) in the obese point towards emotional upset. 3. Obesity does not decrease Hypomania (Ma) values for men or women; to the contrary: obese men felt more active than the standard population. With growing age women had a decrease in Ma-values.", "contents": "[Psychological problems in obesity (author's transl)]. The MMPI was administered to 209 obese women and 72 obese men before onset of a weight reduction regime. Obese subjects differ in a variety of MMPI-standard-scales from the standard population as well as from a control group of healthy women: 1. Scales Hypochondriasis (Hs) and Hysteria (Hy) have significant higher values for the obese. This somatic impairment grows in the group of obese women with increasing age and obesity. In men, scale Hs corresponds to the degree of overweight but the youngest male age group (up to 19 years) has a Hs-peak as well as men above 35 years of age. 2. Higher than normal values for obese men and women in scales Depression (D) and Psychasthenia (Pt) in the obese point towards emotional upset. 3. Obesity does not decrease Hypomania (Ma) values for men or women; to the contrary: obese men felt more active than the standard population. With growing age women had a decrease in Ma-values.", "PMID": 840140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4114", "title": "[Changes of kidney function in obese subjects during absolute fasting (author's transl)].", "content": "In 28 obese subjects the influence of a 15-days fasting period on the kidney function was investigated by continuous measurement of the clearances for creatinine, urea and uric acid. In the course of fasting time the serum concentrations of creatinine in comparison to the initial value significantly increased, the creatinine clearance maximally decreased about 40%. The serum concentrations of urea were found lower, whilst the clearance of urea increased. Moreover a distinct increase of the serum levels in connection with a significant decrease of the uric acid clearance was to be observed. Under conditions of strict fasting changes of the kidney function are evident, whose intra- and extrarenal reasons are discussed.", "contents": "[Changes of kidney function in obese subjects during absolute fasting (author's transl)]. In 28 obese subjects the influence of a 15-days fasting period on the kidney function was investigated by continuous measurement of the clearances for creatinine, urea and uric acid. In the course of fasting time the serum concentrations of creatinine in comparison to the initial value significantly increased, the creatinine clearance maximally decreased about 40%. The serum concentrations of urea were found lower, whilst the clearance of urea increased. Moreover a distinct increase of the serum levels in connection with a significant decrease of the uric acid clearance was to be observed. Under conditions of strict fasting changes of the kidney function are evident, whose intra- and extrarenal reasons are discussed.", "PMID": 840141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4115", "title": "[Plasma lipid concentrations during the healing phase after myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "In the initial phase after myocardial infarction the cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were statistically significantly decreased with respect to the first evaluations. Subsequent analyses during the following four to five weeks revealed some increase in the plasma lipid level. On discharge from hospital the mean plasma lipid concentrations were elevated compared to the first day after myocardial infarction. The time courses of the changes in concentrations of the particular lipids were different. On discharge three quarters of the patients with myocardial infarction had developed hypertriglyceridaemia (hyperlipoproteinaemia type IV or type IIb). Our investigations demonstrate the difficulties in discovering a possible disorder in lipid metabolism during the healing phase after a myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[Plasma lipid concentrations during the healing phase after myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. In the initial phase after myocardial infarction the cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were statistically significantly decreased with respect to the first evaluations. Subsequent analyses during the following four to five weeks revealed some increase in the plasma lipid level. On discharge from hospital the mean plasma lipid concentrations were elevated compared to the first day after myocardial infarction. The time courses of the changes in concentrations of the particular lipids were different. On discharge three quarters of the patients with myocardial infarction had developed hypertriglyceridaemia (hyperlipoproteinaemia type IV or type IIb). Our investigations demonstrate the difficulties in discovering a possible disorder in lipid metabolism during the healing phase after a myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 840145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4116", "title": "[Mode of action and control of \"low dose heparin\" (author's transl)].", "content": "Investigating the mechanism of action of \"low dose heparin\" it could be shown that this type of anticoagulation--in addition to other mechanisms--inhibits the contact phase of the intrinsic coagulation system. Thus \"low dose heparin\" would be directed against the hypercoagulability that arises via increased contact activation of the intrinsic system by inflammatory or degenerative processes of the vessel walls. Further the biological significance of \"low dose heparin\" was demonstrated by a prolongation of the half life of 125J-fibrinogen. In general a laboratory control of \"low dose heparin\"-prophylaxis is not required. In patients with an increased \"tolerance\" for heparin, however, the determination of the thrombin time with a thrombin-solution of low concentration (1 N.I.H.-unit/ml) might be useful to indicate whether the dosage of heparin has to be increased or not.", "contents": "[Mode of action and control of \"low dose heparin\" (author's transl)]. Investigating the mechanism of action of \"low dose heparin\" it could be shown that this type of anticoagulation--in addition to other mechanisms--inhibits the contact phase of the intrinsic coagulation system. Thus \"low dose heparin\" would be directed against the hypercoagulability that arises via increased contact activation of the intrinsic system by inflammatory or degenerative processes of the vessel walls. Further the biological significance of \"low dose heparin\" was demonstrated by a prolongation of the half life of 125J-fibrinogen. In general a laboratory control of \"low dose heparin\"-prophylaxis is not required. In patients with an increased \"tolerance\" for heparin, however, the determination of the thrombin time with a thrombin-solution of low concentration (1 N.I.H.-unit/ml) might be useful to indicate whether the dosage of heparin has to be increased or not.", "PMID": 840146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4117", "title": "[Log-normal distributed plasma cortisol levels of four daily measurements in normal subjects. A comparison of the fluorescence method after de Moor with a radioimmuno assay of plasma cortisol (author's transl)].", "content": "The present paper describes the plasma cortisol concentrations on four daily measurements in normal subjects assayed with the fluorescence method after de Moor and with a radioimmuno assay. A comparison of these two methods shows that the determinations of plasma cortisol with the fluorescence method always yielded higher values. Both methods are sensitive enough to detect the circadian rhythm of cortisol secretion. For the purpose of routine diagnostics it is sufficient to measure the maximal and minimal concentrations of plasma cortisol in blood samples taken at 8 a.m. and 8 p.m., respectively. The plasma cortisol measurements should only be attempted after allowing a few days of adaption to the hospital situation. Table 2 shows that the normal plasma cortisol levels are represented only by log-normal distributed values. These concentrations are lower than the linear distributed levels reported so far.", "contents": "[Log-normal distributed plasma cortisol levels of four daily measurements in normal subjects. A comparison of the fluorescence method after de Moor with a radioimmuno assay of plasma cortisol (author's transl)]. The present paper describes the plasma cortisol concentrations on four daily measurements in normal subjects assayed with the fluorescence method after de Moor and with a radioimmuno assay. A comparison of these two methods shows that the determinations of plasma cortisol with the fluorescence method always yielded higher values. Both methods are sensitive enough to detect the circadian rhythm of cortisol secretion. For the purpose of routine diagnostics it is sufficient to measure the maximal and minimal concentrations of plasma cortisol in blood samples taken at 8 a.m. and 8 p.m., respectively. The plasma cortisol measurements should only be attempted after allowing a few days of adaption to the hospital situation. Table 2 shows that the normal plasma cortisol levels are represented only by log-normal distributed values. These concentrations are lower than the linear distributed levels reported so far.", "PMID": 840147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4118", "title": "[Symptoms and clinical findings in bronchial cancer according to the TNM-classification (author's transl)].", "content": "500 patients with proven bronchial cancer have been classified according to the TNM-system in a retrospective study. By classifying symptoms, clinical and technical findings into the classes of the TNM-system the frequency of individual symptoms and findings at different stages of bronchial cancer was examined statistically. The majority of the investigated parameters demonstrated an increasing frequency with advancing T-classes.", "contents": "[Symptoms and clinical findings in bronchial cancer according to the TNM-classification (author's transl)]. 500 patients with proven bronchial cancer have been classified according to the TNM-system in a retrospective study. By classifying symptoms, clinical and technical findings into the classes of the TNM-system the frequency of individual symptoms and findings at different stages of bronchial cancer was examined statistically. The majority of the investigated parameters demonstrated an increasing frequency with advancing T-classes.", "PMID": 840148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4119", "title": "Breast cancer: lack of prognostic value of adrenal pathology at adrenalectomy.", "content": "The adrenal glands of 58 patients undergoing adrenalectomy for advanced breast cancer were reviewed and correlated with subsequent course of the patients' disease. Three patients had thecomatous metaplasia in the adrenal cortex, six patients had myelolipomatous changes, and 13 patients had metastatic breast cancer in their adrenal glands at the time of adrenalectomy. Neither the presence of metastases nor myelolipomatous changes were associated with a long disease-free interval, a long period from mastectomy to adrenalectomy, or a prolonged postadrenalectomy survival. The patients with metastatic breast cancer in the adrenal glands had more widespread disease than patients without adrenal metastases. The presence of breast cancer metastases in the adrenal glands at the time adrenalectomy identifies patients further advanced in the course of their disease, but is not related prognostically to the effect of adrenalectomy.", "contents": "Breast cancer: lack of prognostic value of adrenal pathology at adrenalectomy. The adrenal glands of 58 patients undergoing adrenalectomy for advanced breast cancer were reviewed and correlated with subsequent course of the patients' disease. Three patients had thecomatous metaplasia in the adrenal cortex, six patients had myelolipomatous changes, and 13 patients had metastatic breast cancer in their adrenal glands at the time of adrenalectomy. Neither the presence of metastases nor myelolipomatous changes were associated with a long disease-free interval, a long period from mastectomy to adrenalectomy, or a prolonged postadrenalectomy survival. The patients with metastatic breast cancer in the adrenal glands had more widespread disease than patients without adrenal metastases. The presence of breast cancer metastases in the adrenal glands at the time adrenalectomy identifies patients further advanced in the course of their disease, but is not related prognostically to the effect of adrenalectomy.", "PMID": 840158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4120", "title": "Neurotoxicity due to CNS therapy for leukemia.", "content": "CNS symptoms ranging from mild to lethal have occurred following CNS radiotherapy and intrathecal chemotherapy. Cranial radiotherapy often produces signs of mild encephalopathy, with predominance of somnolence. In rare cases, it appears that CNS radiotherapy may be followed by progressive encephalopathy. Intrathecal methotrexate frequently causes symptoms of meningeal irritation. Occasionally cases of weakness and paralysis, and rare instances of severe encephalopathy, may occur. However, in leukemic children treated with intensive chemotherapy and CNS radiotherapy who develop neurological complications, it is often difficult to determine which of many possible factors may be causing the CNS symptoms. The pathogenesis of the various forms of methotrexate neurotoxicity is poorly understood. The best-established cause for these symptoms is high concentrations of methotrexate in the CSF or porlonged exposure of the brain to low CSF concentrations of methotrexate. These elevated concentrations of the drug may in turn be due to impaired elimination of the drug from the cerebrospinal fluid (usually due to overt CNS leukemia) or to increased dosage in relation to cerebrospinal fluid volume (due to adolescent age). Leukoencephalopathy is occasionally found at autopsy in children given intensive therapy with CNS radiotherapy and intrathecal methotrexate, together with intensive systemic chemotherapy. It was proposed that alteration of the blood-brain barrier by cranial radiotherapy allows systemically administered anti-leukemic drugs to enter the brain and to cause necrotic changes in the CNS white matter. Leukoencephalopathy also occurs following intraventricular administration of methotrexate. CNS-toxicity due to intrathecal cytosine arabinoside is clinically similar to the symptoms seen following intrathecal methotrexate.", "contents": "Neurotoxicity due to CNS therapy for leukemia. CNS symptoms ranging from mild to lethal have occurred following CNS radiotherapy and intrathecal chemotherapy. Cranial radiotherapy often produces signs of mild encephalopathy, with predominance of somnolence. In rare cases, it appears that CNS radiotherapy may be followed by progressive encephalopathy. Intrathecal methotrexate frequently causes symptoms of meningeal irritation. Occasionally cases of weakness and paralysis, and rare instances of severe encephalopathy, may occur. However, in leukemic children treated with intensive chemotherapy and CNS radiotherapy who develop neurological complications, it is often difficult to determine which of many possible factors may be causing the CNS symptoms. The pathogenesis of the various forms of methotrexate neurotoxicity is poorly understood. The best-established cause for these symptoms is high concentrations of methotrexate in the CSF or porlonged exposure of the brain to low CSF concentrations of methotrexate. These elevated concentrations of the drug may in turn be due to impaired elimination of the drug from the cerebrospinal fluid (usually due to overt CNS leukemia) or to increased dosage in relation to cerebrospinal fluid volume (due to adolescent age). Leukoencephalopathy is occasionally found at autopsy in children given intensive therapy with CNS radiotherapy and intrathecal methotrexate, together with intensive systemic chemotherapy. It was proposed that alteration of the blood-brain barrier by cranial radiotherapy allows systemically administered anti-leukemic drugs to enter the brain and to cause necrotic changes in the CNS white matter. Leukoencephalopathy also occurs following intraventricular administration of methotrexate. CNS-toxicity due to intrathecal cytosine arabinoside is clinically similar to the symptoms seen following intrathecal methotrexate.", "PMID": 840159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4121", "title": "Cicatricial ectropion secondary to 5-fluorouracil therapy.", "content": "Four cases of cicatricial ectropion secondary to prolonged systemic administration of 5-fluorouracil are described. In 1 patient ectropion resolved with conservative treatment and discontinuation of 5-FU. Another patient developed the ectropion terminally and died before its resolution. In 2 patients surgical repair of the ectropion was unsuccessful in relieving conjunctival symptoms while 5-FU was continued. With prolonged adjuvant chemotherapy programs utilizing 5-FU, this complication may be seen with increasing frequency. Conservative management should be attempted, and patients with this problem should be reassured that symptoms will resolve when 5-FU is stopped.", "contents": "Cicatricial ectropion secondary to 5-fluorouracil therapy. Four cases of cicatricial ectropion secondary to prolonged systemic administration of 5-fluorouracil are described. In 1 patient ectropion resolved with conservative treatment and discontinuation of 5-FU. Another patient developed the ectropion terminally and died before its resolution. In 2 patients surgical repair of the ectropion was unsuccessful in relieving conjunctival symptoms while 5-FU was continued. With prolonged adjuvant chemotherapy programs utilizing 5-FU, this complication may be seen with increasing frequency. Conservative management should be attempted, and patients with this problem should be reassured that symptoms will resolve when 5-FU is stopped.", "PMID": 840160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4122", "title": "Treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma in children with surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy.", "content": "From May, 1970 through December, 1972, Children's Cancer Study Group entered 112 patients on an amended treatment program for rhabdomyosarcoma and undifferentiated sarcoma in children. These patients had Group II disease with residual tumor remaining after surgery, or metastatic disease at onset. Another group consisted of patients who previously had treatment with surgery and radiotherapy and had recurrent disease. Cyclophosphamide was added to a previously used drug regimen which consisted of actinomycin D and vincristine. The drugs were given sequentially in repeated cycles for 18 months. Of 97 evaluable patients, there were 24 with microscopic residual disease, 37 with gross residual disease, 22 with metastatic disease at onset, and 14 patients who were treated with chemotherapy for the first time with recurrent or metastatic disease. All patients have been followed for 3 or more years. Survival in each group was 70.8%, 43.2%, 27.2%, and 28.2%, respectively. Although the number of complete remissions was greater than with two-drug therapy, survival with three-drug therapy was not significantly different than that seen in the earlier study.", "contents": "Treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma in children with surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. From May, 1970 through December, 1972, Children's Cancer Study Group entered 112 patients on an amended treatment program for rhabdomyosarcoma and undifferentiated sarcoma in children. These patients had Group II disease with residual tumor remaining after surgery, or metastatic disease at onset. Another group consisted of patients who previously had treatment with surgery and radiotherapy and had recurrent disease. Cyclophosphamide was added to a previously used drug regimen which consisted of actinomycin D and vincristine. The drugs were given sequentially in repeated cycles for 18 months. Of 97 evaluable patients, there were 24 with microscopic residual disease, 37 with gross residual disease, 22 with metastatic disease at onset, and 14 patients who were treated with chemotherapy for the first time with recurrent or metastatic disease. All patients have been followed for 3 or more years. Survival in each group was 70.8%, 43.2%, 27.2%, and 28.2%, respectively. Although the number of complete remissions was greater than with two-drug therapy, survival with three-drug therapy was not significantly different than that seen in the earlier study.", "PMID": 840161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4123", "title": "Case reports and studies of paraneoplastic hypotension: abnormal low pressure baroreceptor responses.", "content": "Intrathoracic stretch receptors regulate adjustments of the vasculature to gravitational changes and influence urinary water and solute excretion. Few reports of pathologic states involving interruption of these regulatory mechanisms have appeared. Two patients with orthostatic hypotenstion related to advanced intrathoracic carcinoma were studied, utilizing tilt-table examinations and immersion of the entire body in water to test the function of their intrathoracic baroreceptor reflex arcs. Both patients showed abnormalities of antidiuretic hormone level and sodium excretion as compared with normal controls. This suggests that total immersion is a safe and convenient test of the low-pressure baroreceptor system in patients with suspected dysfunction. Three patients are also reported whose charts were reviewed posthumously. Although they were not tested in the laboratory, their clinical data suggest that they too had been suffering from an interference with the transmission of impulses from the intrathoracic receptors.", "contents": "Case reports and studies of paraneoplastic hypotension: abnormal low pressure baroreceptor responses. Intrathoracic stretch receptors regulate adjustments of the vasculature to gravitational changes and influence urinary water and solute excretion. Few reports of pathologic states involving interruption of these regulatory mechanisms have appeared. Two patients with orthostatic hypotenstion related to advanced intrathoracic carcinoma were studied, utilizing tilt-table examinations and immersion of the entire body in water to test the function of their intrathoracic baroreceptor reflex arcs. Both patients showed abnormalities of antidiuretic hormone level and sodium excretion as compared with normal controls. This suggests that total immersion is a safe and convenient test of the low-pressure baroreceptor system in patients with suspected dysfunction. Three patients are also reported whose charts were reviewed posthumously. Although they were not tested in the laboratory, their clinical data suggest that they too had been suffering from an interference with the transmission of impulses from the intrathoracic receptors.", "PMID": 840162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4124", "title": "Choline antagonism of methotrexate liver toxicity in the rat.", "content": "Because of the frequent reports of hepatic toxicity associated with long-term administration of methotrexate, a rat model was developed utilizing daily methotrexate administration. This model revealed an incidence of fatty metamorphosis of over 80 percent, atrophy and necrosis of 30 percent, and fibrosis of 10 percent. Fatty liver changes did not differ substantially from control animals in those animals receiving long-term thydroxyurea, an agent which, like methotrexate, inhibits DNA synthesis but unlike methotrexate, does not impair methylation reactions. Because choline has a lipotropic effect and because its synthesis requires methylation, an attempt was made to block the liver toxicity of methotrexate by simultaneous administration of choline. Animals so treated did not show the pathologic changes in the liver characteristic of methotrexate treatment alone. Furthermore, the accumulation of triglycerides in the liver which was characteristic of methotrexate administration was markedly reduced in those animals receiving choline. These data strongly suggest that, in the rat model, methotrexate produced liver toxicity by virtue of an effect other than inhibition of DNA synthesis; and that this toxicity can be blocked without impairing methotrexate effect on bone marrow by the administration of choline, a lipotropic agent requiring methylation for its synthesis. It is suggested that these results may have implications for human therapeutic situations involving long-term administration of methotrexate.", "contents": "Choline antagonism of methotrexate liver toxicity in the rat. Because of the frequent reports of hepatic toxicity associated with long-term administration of methotrexate, a rat model was developed utilizing daily methotrexate administration. This model revealed an incidence of fatty metamorphosis of over 80 percent, atrophy and necrosis of 30 percent, and fibrosis of 10 percent. Fatty liver changes did not differ substantially from control animals in those animals receiving long-term thydroxyurea, an agent which, like methotrexate, inhibits DNA synthesis but unlike methotrexate, does not impair methylation reactions. Because choline has a lipotropic effect and because its synthesis requires methylation, an attempt was made to block the liver toxicity of methotrexate by simultaneous administration of choline. Animals so treated did not show the pathologic changes in the liver characteristic of methotrexate treatment alone. Furthermore, the accumulation of triglycerides in the liver which was characteristic of methotrexate administration was markedly reduced in those animals receiving choline. These data strongly suggest that, in the rat model, methotrexate produced liver toxicity by virtue of an effect other than inhibition of DNA synthesis; and that this toxicity can be blocked without impairing methotrexate effect on bone marrow by the administration of choline, a lipotropic agent requiring methylation for its synthesis. It is suggested that these results may have implications for human therapeutic situations involving long-term administration of methotrexate.", "PMID": 840163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4125", "title": "Post-hypophysectomy insulin response in patients with advanced breast cancer.", "content": "Seven postmenopausal women with metastic breast cancer underwent transsphenoidal hypophysectomy. The rate of disappearance, k*, of iv glucose and insulin following iv glucose and l-arginine infusion was determined before and after the ablation. The k* was estimated with a linear least squares weighted regression method. The insulin secretory capacity of the pancreas before and after the ablation was evaluated with the index of insulinogenic reserve, the index representing the quantity of insulin secreted per unit of glycemic stimulus. Following iv glucose and arginine, there was no significant difference in the mean k* for glucose and insulin, before and after the ablation. The insulinogenic index before was lower than the normal. After hypophysectomy, the index decreased further for the first 30 min following iv glucose. In patients with advanced cancer the index of insulinogenic reserve is lower than normal and is suppressed further by hypophysectomy.", "contents": "Post-hypophysectomy insulin response in patients with advanced breast cancer. Seven postmenopausal women with metastic breast cancer underwent transsphenoidal hypophysectomy. The rate of disappearance, k*, of iv glucose and insulin following iv glucose and l-arginine infusion was determined before and after the ablation. The k* was estimated with a linear least squares weighted regression method. The insulin secretory capacity of the pancreas before and after the ablation was evaluated with the index of insulinogenic reserve, the index representing the quantity of insulin secreted per unit of glycemic stimulus. Following iv glucose and arginine, there was no significant difference in the mean k* for glucose and insulin, before and after the ablation. The insulinogenic index before was lower than the normal. After hypophysectomy, the index decreased further for the first 30 min following iv glucose. In patients with advanced cancer the index of insulinogenic reserve is lower than normal and is suppressed further by hypophysectomy.", "PMID": 840164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4126", "title": "Interpretation of star test pattern images.", "content": "The star test pattern image contains a large amount of information about the focus OTF which is not presently used. A mathematical analysis of these images for the special case of separable and symmetrical focal spots is presented. Circular blur loci are identified and their changes over the imaging field are described. Harmonic distortion and its application are described. Sources of measurement error are discussed.", "contents": "Interpretation of star test pattern images. The star test pattern image contains a large amount of information about the focus OTF which is not presently used. A mathematical analysis of these images for the special case of separable and symmetrical focal spots is presented. Circular blur loci are identified and their changes over the imaging field are described. Harmonic distortion and its application are described. Sources of measurement error are discussed.", "PMID": 840182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4127", "title": "Field characteristics of geometric unsharpness due to the x-ray tube focal spot.", "content": "The basic theory of field characteristics is discussed. It is shown that the point spread function and optical transfer function (OTF) of geometric unsharpness at any arbitrary field position can be derived from those at the central beam position. At all locations in the radiation field, the OTF in a direction parallel to the x-ray tube cathode-target axis does not depend on the field position X, which is perpendicular to the tube axis, whereas the OTF in a perpendicular direction does not depend on the field position Y, which is parallel to the tube axis. The theoretical result is used to demonstrate the field characteristic of the uniform, square focal spot.", "contents": "Field characteristics of geometric unsharpness due to the x-ray tube focal spot. The basic theory of field characteristics is discussed. It is shown that the point spread function and optical transfer function (OTF) of geometric unsharpness at any arbitrary field position can be derived from those at the central beam position. At all locations in the radiation field, the OTF in a direction parallel to the x-ray tube cathode-target axis does not depend on the field position X, which is perpendicular to the tube axis, whereas the OTF in a perpendicular direction does not depend on the field position Y, which is parallel to the tube axis. The theoretical result is used to demonstrate the field characteristic of the uniform, square focal spot.", "PMID": 840183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4128", "title": "Effect of asymmetric focal spots in angiography.", "content": "The effect of asymmetric focal spots in blood vessel imaging is investigated by computer simulation. Phase distortion effects are studied in isolation from MTF effects. Calculations are done for a number of symmetric and asymmetric foci with identical standard deviations. It is concluded that blood vessel image degradation due to focus asymmetry per se is small and that the LSF standard deviation is a useful size parameter for both symmetric and asymmetric foci.", "contents": "Effect of asymmetric focal spots in angiography. The effect of asymmetric focal spots in blood vessel imaging is investigated by computer simulation. Phase distortion effects are studied in isolation from MTF effects. Calculations are done for a number of symmetric and asymmetric foci with identical standard deviations. It is concluded that blood vessel image degradation due to focus asymmetry per se is small and that the LSF standard deviation is a useful size parameter for both symmetric and asymmetric foci.", "PMID": 840184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4129", "title": "Spectral considerations for absorption-edge fluoroscopy.", "content": "In our previous reports on absorption-edge fluoroscopy, it was not possible to relate fully the subtleties involved in the selection of spectral parameters. This paper is intended as an overview of this important aspect of the technique. It is shown that, by using the 1-kVp, 2-filter technique, it is possible to image certain elements (e.g., iodine and xenon) in the presence of tissue variations of +/-2 cm about the thickness at which perfect tissue cancellation takes place. Use of logarithmic signal processing extends this range, but bone thickness variations may not be accomodated because only two x-ray energies are involved in the imaging process. Use of a 3-kVp, 3-filter technique with logarithmic signal processing is shown to solve this problem. Computer simulations show that 1-mg/cm2 iodine may be imaged in the presence of 10 cm or more tissue variations and 2000-mg/cm2 bone variations.", "contents": "Spectral considerations for absorption-edge fluoroscopy. In our previous reports on absorption-edge fluoroscopy, it was not possible to relate fully the subtleties involved in the selection of spectral parameters. This paper is intended as an overview of this important aspect of the technique. It is shown that, by using the 1-kVp, 2-filter technique, it is possible to image certain elements (e.g., iodine and xenon) in the presence of tissue variations of +/-2 cm about the thickness at which perfect tissue cancellation takes place. Use of logarithmic signal processing extends this range, but bone thickness variations may not be accomodated because only two x-ray energies are involved in the imaging process. Use of a 3-kVp, 3-filter technique with logarithmic signal processing is shown to solve this problem. Computer simulations show that 1-mg/cm2 iodine may be imaged in the presence of 10 cm or more tissue variations and 2000-mg/cm2 bone variations.", "PMID": 840185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4130", "title": "Photoactivation ratios for specification of high-energy x-ray quality: part I, 15-40-MV x rays.", "content": "A sensitive and relatively simple method for obtaining an index of the spectral quality of high-energy x rays is presented. The method is based upon the use of photoactivation threshold detectors. Photonuclear reactions produce measurable amounts of radioactivity for radiation exposures of several thousand roentgens. Since the threshold energies for photonuclear reactions vary for different nuclei, the ratio of radioactivity induced in two appropriately selected foils is very sensitive to the x-ray spectrum. Photoactivation ratios (PAR) have been measured for 20-35-MV x rays using Co, Cu, Y, Zr, and Au activation foils. It is shown that the PAR method offers a sensitive and practical means for quality control of x-ray spectra, comparison of high-energy accelerators, and the measurement of variations of spectral quality control at different point in an irradiated volume.", "contents": "Photoactivation ratios for specification of high-energy x-ray quality: part I, 15-40-MV x rays. A sensitive and relatively simple method for obtaining an index of the spectral quality of high-energy x rays is presented. The method is based upon the use of photoactivation threshold detectors. Photonuclear reactions produce measurable amounts of radioactivity for radiation exposures of several thousand roentgens. Since the threshold energies for photonuclear reactions vary for different nuclei, the ratio of radioactivity induced in two appropriately selected foils is very sensitive to the x-ray spectrum. Photoactivation ratios (PAR) have been measured for 20-35-MV x rays using Co, Cu, Y, Zr, and Au activation foils. It is shown that the PAR method offers a sensitive and practical means for quality control of x-ray spectra, comparison of high-energy accelerators, and the measurement of variations of spectral quality control at different point in an irradiated volume.", "PMID": 840186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4131", "title": "Correction for spectral artifacts in cross-sectional reconstruction from x rays.", "content": "A monoenergetic response correction is described which, along with adequate filtration, may be used to remove the spectral shift artifact encountered in three-dimensional reconstruction from x rays. Reconstructions were carried out by means of a convolution algorithm for simulated data using this method. These are compared with reconstructions obtained using fixed-length water-bath scans as a remedy for the special artifact. These studies suggest that the spectral artifact can be successfully eliminated from computerized cross-sectional scans without resorting to the use of the water bath while, at the same time, improving quantum statistics and/or permitting operation at a lower tube current.", "contents": "Correction for spectral artifacts in cross-sectional reconstruction from x rays. A monoenergetic response correction is described which, along with adequate filtration, may be used to remove the spectral shift artifact encountered in three-dimensional reconstruction from x rays. Reconstructions were carried out by means of a convolution algorithm for simulated data using this method. These are compared with reconstructions obtained using fixed-length water-bath scans as a remedy for the special artifact. These studies suggest that the spectral artifact can be successfully eliminated from computerized cross-sectional scans without resorting to the use of the water bath while, at the same time, improving quantum statistics and/or permitting operation at a lower tube current.", "PMID": 840189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4132", "title": "Use of 48Ca as a stable isotope tracer analyzed by proton activation.", "content": "The use of the stable isotope 48Ca as a tracer in biological systems has been studied. Determination of 48Ca concentrations in samples was accomplished by proton activation via the (p,n) reaction with subsequent measurement of gamma-ray spectra from 44-h 48Sc and 4-h 44Sc. With protons of about 5.5 MeV and a Ge(Li) gamma-ray detector, and with no chemical processing of the samples, ratios of these two radioisotopes can be determined with sufficient precision to allow 48Ca tracer studies to be performed with sensitivity at least equivalent to that possible with the common 45Ca radioactive tracer.", "contents": "Use of 48Ca as a stable isotope tracer analyzed by proton activation. The use of the stable isotope 48Ca as a tracer in biological systems has been studied. Determination of 48Ca concentrations in samples was accomplished by proton activation via the (p,n) reaction with subsequent measurement of gamma-ray spectra from 44-h 48Sc and 4-h 44Sc. With protons of about 5.5 MeV and a Ge(Li) gamma-ray detector, and with no chemical processing of the samples, ratios of these two radioisotopes can be determined with sufficient precision to allow 48Ca tracer studies to be performed with sensitivity at least equivalent to that possible with the common 45Ca radioactive tracer.", "PMID": 840190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4133", "title": "Relationship between tissue-phantom ratio and percentage depth dose.", "content": "The relationship between the tissue-phantom ratio and central-axis percentage depth-dose data is derived. Relationships between the tissue-phantom ratio, tissue-maximum ratio, and tissue-air ratio are given. A simple model is developed which suggests that the degree to which the TPR and TMR are independent of distance from the source depends largely on the collimator/flattening-filter scatter.", "contents": "Relationship between tissue-phantom ratio and percentage depth dose. The relationship between the tissue-phantom ratio and central-axis percentage depth-dose data is derived. Relationships between the tissue-phantom ratio, tissue-maximum ratio, and tissue-air ratio are given. A simple model is developed which suggests that the degree to which the TPR and TMR are independent of distance from the source depends largely on the collimator/flattening-filter scatter.", "PMID": 840191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4134", "title": "Calibration in water versus calibration in air for cobalt-60 gamma rays.", "content": "In the United States it is common practice to calibrate Cobalt-60 teletherapy machines \"in air,\" despite recommendations by the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) and other organizations that calibration be accomplished by measurement at 5-cm depth in a water phantom. A comparison has been made between the results of ionization measurements in air at 80.5-cm distance from the source and in water at 80-cm source-skin distance (SSD) for the determination of absorbed dose at three depth (5, 10, and 15 cm) for each of three fields sizes (6 X 6, 10 X 10, and 20 X 20 cm2), for a total of 42 Cobalt-60 machines. The mean of the ratio, absorbed dose from in-water measurements to absorbed dose at the same depth calculated from in-air measurements, ranged frt 5-cm depth for a 20 X 20-cm2 field size. Reasons for the differences are offered, and compliance with ICRU recommendations is suggested.", "contents": "Calibration in water versus calibration in air for cobalt-60 gamma rays. In the United States it is common practice to calibrate Cobalt-60 teletherapy machines \"in air,\" despite recommendations by the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) and other organizations that calibration be accomplished by measurement at 5-cm depth in a water phantom. A comparison has been made between the results of ionization measurements in air at 80.5-cm distance from the source and in water at 80-cm source-skin distance (SSD) for the determination of absorbed dose at three depth (5, 10, and 15 cm) for each of three fields sizes (6 X 6, 10 X 10, and 20 X 20 cm2), for a total of 42 Cobalt-60 machines. The mean of the ratio, absorbed dose from in-water measurements to absorbed dose at the same depth calculated from in-air measurements, ranged frt 5-cm depth for a 20 X 20-cm2 field size. Reasons for the differences are offered, and compliance with ICRU recommendations is suggested.", "PMID": 840192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4135", "title": "Photoactivation ratios for specification of high-energy x-ray quality: part II, 4-15-MV x rays.", "content": "A sensitive and relatively simple method for obtaining an index of the spectral quality of x rays in the 4-15-MV range is presented. The method is based upon the simultaneous production of 115mIn by inelastic scattering of x rays by an indium foil and the production of 116mIn by neutron capture, where the neutrons are obtained from the photodisintegration of deuterium. Since the cross sections for the production of 115mIn and 116mIn have markedly different energy response functions, the ratio of radioactivities is very sensitive to the incident x-ray spectrum. Using a detector consisting of an indium foil sandwiched between two plastic bottles of D2O, photoactivation ratios (PAR) have been measured for 4-, 6-, and 10-MV x rays. It is shown that the PAR method offers a sensitive and practical means for quality control of x-ray spectra and comparison of high-energy accelerators.", "contents": "Photoactivation ratios for specification of high-energy x-ray quality: part II, 4-15-MV x rays. A sensitive and relatively simple method for obtaining an index of the spectral quality of x rays in the 4-15-MV range is presented. The method is based upon the simultaneous production of 115mIn by inelastic scattering of x rays by an indium foil and the production of 116mIn by neutron capture, where the neutrons are obtained from the photodisintegration of deuterium. Since the cross sections for the production of 115mIn and 116mIn have markedly different energy response functions, the ratio of radioactivities is very sensitive to the incident x-ray spectrum. Using a detector consisting of an indium foil sandwiched between two plastic bottles of D2O, photoactivation ratios (PAR) have been measured for 4-, 6-, and 10-MV x rays. It is shown that the PAR method offers a sensitive and practical means for quality control of x-ray spectra and comparison of high-energy accelerators.", "PMID": 840187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4136", "title": "Postmortem transition in the dynamic mechanical properties of bone.", "content": "Measurements of dynamic shear compliance versus dead time at room temperatures are reported for a sample of rabbit bone and several samples of human bone, including an extracted wisdom tooth. In all cases an abrupt, second-order transition is observed in one or both components of the audio-frequency complex shear compliance, J*b = Jb; - iJb\", at about 5 hours after death; this is considered to be an indication of the life-to-death transition in bones.", "contents": "Postmortem transition in the dynamic mechanical properties of bone. Measurements of dynamic shear compliance versus dead time at room temperatures are reported for a sample of rabbit bone and several samples of human bone, including an extracted wisdom tooth. In all cases an abrupt, second-order transition is observed in one or both components of the audio-frequency complex shear compliance, J*b = Jb; - iJb\", at about 5 hours after death; this is considered to be an indication of the life-to-death transition in bones.", "PMID": 840188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4137", "title": "Verification timer for radiation therapy machines.", "content": "Many cobalt and x-ray therapy machines use mechanical timers to control the given dose. There is no other timer on the machine to veryfy that the correct time was set or that the timer did not malfunciton. This article describes a digital timer that has been installed on the MIR therapy machines as a lapsed-time indicator.", "contents": "Verification timer for radiation therapy machines. Many cobalt and x-ray therapy machines use mechanical timers to control the given dose. There is no other timer on the machine to veryfy that the correct time was set or that the timer did not malfunciton. This article describes a digital timer that has been installed on the MIR therapy machines as a lapsed-time indicator.", "PMID": 840193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4138", "title": "Composition of A-150 tissue-equivalent plastic.", "content": "In recent years, the use of tissue-equivalent materials has become quite common in fast-neutron dosimetry, with the A-150 plastic developed by Shonka et al. probably the most popular. Information on this specific plastic is scantily reported in the literature and as a consequence a preponderance of authors unknowingly reference an article by Shonka describing an early version of a tissue substitute plastic but having a different elemental composition than the present A-150 formulation. We have reviewed the results of 21 chemical analyses which have occurred over a time span of four years on a total of 14 samples of A-150 plastic and based on these data and the formulation of the plastic, have arrived at a suggested composition for A-150 tissue-equivalent plastic. The ambiguities of water absorption by nylon, one of the components of the plastic, and the uncertainty this reflects in the composition of the plastic were evaluated.", "contents": "Composition of A-150 tissue-equivalent plastic. In recent years, the use of tissue-equivalent materials has become quite common in fast-neutron dosimetry, with the A-150 plastic developed by Shonka et al. probably the most popular. Information on this specific plastic is scantily reported in the literature and as a consequence a preponderance of authors unknowingly reference an article by Shonka describing an early version of a tissue substitute plastic but having a different elemental composition than the present A-150 formulation. We have reviewed the results of 21 chemical analyses which have occurred over a time span of four years on a total of 14 samples of A-150 plastic and based on these data and the formulation of the plastic, have arrived at a suggested composition for A-150 tissue-equivalent plastic. The ambiguities of water absorption by nylon, one of the components of the plastic, and the uncertainty this reflects in the composition of the plastic were evaluated.", "PMID": 840195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4139", "title": "Dosimetry measurements and analyses of 10-MV x rays for Clinac-18.", "content": "Radiation parameters for two Varian Clinac-18 10-MV x-ray units were measured and compared with the same parameters for the Toshiba LMR-13 and the Arco Mevatron XII. Comparison of the percentage depth dose, surface dose, and depth of maximum ionization as a function of field size are presented.", "contents": "Dosimetry measurements and analyses of 10-MV x rays for Clinac-18. Radiation parameters for two Varian Clinac-18 10-MV x-ray units were measured and compared with the same parameters for the Toshiba LMR-13 and the Arco Mevatron XII. Comparison of the percentage depth dose, surface dose, and depth of maximum ionization as a function of field size are presented.", "PMID": 840194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4140", "title": "Computer simulation study of Siemens star x-ray image artifacts.", "content": "In the Siemens star image, exact determination of the first disappearance frequency, which is used to measure the focal spot size, is difficult since the disappearance band has a finite width and the image also has other artifacts. The origin of these artifacts and their appearance was studied by Siemens star image simulation on a digital computer. The simulated images were manipulated by using many different modulation and phase transfer functions. It is shown that the bending of spokes is not related to zero contrast; exact triplet splitting can occur only at the disappearance frequency, and therefore splitting is a valuable indicator of that frequency.", "contents": "Computer simulation study of Siemens star x-ray image artifacts. In the Siemens star image, exact determination of the first disappearance frequency, which is used to measure the focal spot size, is difficult since the disappearance band has a finite width and the image also has other artifacts. The origin of these artifacts and their appearance was studied by Siemens star image simulation on a digital computer. The simulated images were manipulated by using many different modulation and phase transfer functions. It is shown that the bending of spokes is not related to zero contrast; exact triplet splitting can occur only at the disappearance frequency, and therefore splitting is a valuable indicator of that frequency.", "PMID": 840196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4141", "title": "Dependence of cytoplasmic on mitochondrial protein synthesis in K. Lactis CBS 2360. I. Biochemical analysis.", "content": "In the \"petite negative\" yeast Kluyveromyces lactis (strain CBS 2360) growth is inhibited by the same Erythromycin concentrations on fermentable and non-fermentable carbon sources. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of Erythromycin does not affect respiration, but completely inhibits total aminoacid incorporation by the cells in conditions in which permeability effects can be ruled out. The effect of the antibiotic on the \"in vitro\" protein synthesis by cytoplasmic and mitochondrial systems shows that inhibition is effective only at the mitochondrial level. Results suggest that the inhibition of growth and of total protein synthesis is a consequence of the inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis.", "contents": "Dependence of cytoplasmic on mitochondrial protein synthesis in K. Lactis CBS 2360. I. Biochemical analysis. In the \"petite negative\" yeast Kluyveromyces lactis (strain CBS 2360) growth is inhibited by the same Erythromycin concentrations on fermentable and non-fermentable carbon sources. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of Erythromycin does not affect respiration, but completely inhibits total aminoacid incorporation by the cells in conditions in which permeability effects can be ruled out. The effect of the antibiotic on the \"in vitro\" protein synthesis by cytoplasmic and mitochondrial systems shows that inhibition is effective only at the mitochondrial level. Results suggest that the inhibition of growth and of total protein synthesis is a consequence of the inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis.", "PMID": 840223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4142", "title": "Dependence of cytoplasmic on mitochondrial protein synthesis in K. lactis CBS 2360. II. Genetic studies.", "content": "A few eryR mutants independently isolated from K. lactis CBS 2360 display a conditional lethal phenotype at the temperature of 36 degrees C. In addition to drug resistance, also conditional lethality shows a non-Mendelian pattern of inheritance and is affected by exposure of the cells to Ethidium Bromide, indicating that in this yeast mitochondrial DNA controls cell viability. The results obtained from biochemical analysis suggest that the cellular functions in which are involved the gene products of the mitochondrial mutants analized are cytoplasmic protein and RNA syntheses.", "contents": "Dependence of cytoplasmic on mitochondrial protein synthesis in K. lactis CBS 2360. II. Genetic studies. A few eryR mutants independently isolated from K. lactis CBS 2360 display a conditional lethal phenotype at the temperature of 36 degrees C. In addition to drug resistance, also conditional lethality shows a non-Mendelian pattern of inheritance and is affected by exposure of the cells to Ethidium Bromide, indicating that in this yeast mitochondrial DNA controls cell viability. The results obtained from biochemical analysis suggest that the cellular functions in which are involved the gene products of the mitochondrial mutants analized are cytoplasmic protein and RNA syntheses.", "PMID": 840224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4143", "title": "EcoRI-sensitive mutation of T7 phage.", "content": "It is known that DNA from phage T7 is not cleaved by restriction endonuclease EcoRI. However, DNA from phage T7am28 (gene 5) mutant (Studier, 1969) was found to be cleaved by the endonuclease at one site. The site is located at 0.46 fractional length from the left end of the molecule. The mutation which makes T7 DNA sensitive to the endonuclease is separable from the amber nutation and located between am28 and am233 (gene 6).", "contents": "EcoRI-sensitive mutation of T7 phage. It is known that DNA from phage T7 is not cleaved by restriction endonuclease EcoRI. However, DNA from phage T7am28 (gene 5) mutant (Studier, 1969) was found to be cleaved by the endonuclease at one site. The site is located at 0.46 fractional length from the left end of the molecule. The mutation which makes T7 DNA sensitive to the endonuclease is separable from the amber nutation and located between am28 and am233 (gene 6).", "PMID": 840225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4144", "title": "[Creatinine concentration, osmolar concentration and blank color as basis for concentration dependent values in urine (author's transl)].", "content": "The correlation between Creatinine concentration, osmolality and blank color of urines was investigated. Only values of creatinine concentration and osmolality allow an approximative inter-conversion. For urine analysis, especially in cases of a very high creatinine concentration, we recommend to measure osmolality as a control.", "contents": "[Creatinine concentration, osmolar concentration and blank color as basis for concentration dependent values in urine (author's transl)]. The correlation between Creatinine concentration, osmolality and blank color of urines was investigated. Only values of creatinine concentration and osmolality allow an approximative inter-conversion. For urine analysis, especially in cases of a very high creatinine concentration, we recommend to measure osmolality as a control.", "PMID": 840226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4145", "title": "[Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea in achondroplasia with hydrocephalus (author's transl)].", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea was observed in a 12-year old girl with achondroplasia and communicating hydrocephalus. The leakage ceased and did not recur after treatment by ventriculo-atrial shunting (Holter valve) without plugging the fistula. The pathogenetic factors in this case are discussed.", "contents": "[Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea in achondroplasia with hydrocephalus (author's transl)]. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea was observed in a 12-year old girl with achondroplasia and communicating hydrocephalus. The leakage ceased and did not recur after treatment by ventriculo-atrial shunting (Holter valve) without plugging the fistula. The pathogenetic factors in this case are discussed.", "PMID": 840227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4146", "title": "[Caries or fluoridation--a comparison between Hamburg and Vordingborg (Denmark)].", "content": "The struggle against caries and their consequences calls for continuing and considerable financial support by governments. The exact extent of caries incidence is evident in official statistics on Hamburg school children. Childhood caries leading to the physiologically damaging, premature loss of deciduous teeth often causes subsequent malocclusion of the remaining teeth, thereby requiring costly, time-consuming orthodontic treatment. The endogenous and exogenous effects of fluorides on the developing or mature hard tissues of the dentition can significantly reduce the incidence of caries. These caries-inhibiting properties can be mostly clearly seen in the example of Vordingborg (Denmark), where naturally occurring drinking water has a fluoride content of between 1.3 and 1.7 parts per million. Comparisons have shown that despite absolutely equivalent conditions, including identical school dental care, the incidence of caries among Vordingborg children is nevertheless only a third of that in parallel groups from Roskilde, where the fluoride content of drinking water is only 0;1 to 0.3 parts per million.", "contents": "[Caries or fluoridation--a comparison between Hamburg and Vordingborg (Denmark)]. The struggle against caries and their consequences calls for continuing and considerable financial support by governments. The exact extent of caries incidence is evident in official statistics on Hamburg school children. Childhood caries leading to the physiologically damaging, premature loss of deciduous teeth often causes subsequent malocclusion of the remaining teeth, thereby requiring costly, time-consuming orthodontic treatment. The endogenous and exogenous effects of fluorides on the developing or mature hard tissues of the dentition can significantly reduce the incidence of caries. These caries-inhibiting properties can be mostly clearly seen in the example of Vordingborg (Denmark), where naturally occurring drinking water has a fluoride content of between 1.3 and 1.7 parts per million. Comparisons have shown that despite absolutely equivalent conditions, including identical school dental care, the incidence of caries among Vordingborg children is nevertheless only a third of that in parallel groups from Roskilde, where the fluoride content of drinking water is only 0;1 to 0.3 parts per million.", "PMID": 840228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4147", "title": "[Modern serology of rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis (author's transl)].", "content": "For the assessment of the situation after streptococcal infection and thus for prevention of rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis more simple and rapid serological tests are needed. The principle of indirect haemagglutination seems particularly suited for this purpose. A rapid slide test (streptozyme) for the simultaneous detection of antibodies against five streptococcal enzymes in capillary blood or serum was compared to four monospecific tests: latex-Asl, Antistreptolysin-O (ASL-O), antistreptokinase and anti NADase. Several lots of test kits and more than four hundred sera of adults and children with and without suspected rheumatic fever were tested. The number of falsely negative and falsely positive results was small as compared to single monospecific tests. Additional positive reactions were obtained when the ASL-O was within the normal range, but the titer against several exoenzymes were elevated, or, when the antibodies against a single exoenzyme were extremely strong. The precision of the polyvalent test may not be quite as high as if three monospecific tests are applied, It is however sufficient. Thus it seems unrealistic to require the performance of at least three monospecific tests under the present epidemiological conditions.", "contents": "[Modern serology of rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis (author's transl)]. For the assessment of the situation after streptococcal infection and thus for prevention of rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis more simple and rapid serological tests are needed. The principle of indirect haemagglutination seems particularly suited for this purpose. A rapid slide test (streptozyme) for the simultaneous detection of antibodies against five streptococcal enzymes in capillary blood or serum was compared to four monospecific tests: latex-Asl, Antistreptolysin-O (ASL-O), antistreptokinase and anti NADase. Several lots of test kits and more than four hundred sera of adults and children with and without suspected rheumatic fever were tested. The number of falsely negative and falsely positive results was small as compared to single monospecific tests. Additional positive reactions were obtained when the ASL-O was within the normal range, but the titer against several exoenzymes were elevated, or, when the antibodies against a single exoenzyme were extremely strong. The precision of the polyvalent test may not be quite as high as if three monospecific tests are applied, It is however sufficient. Thus it seems unrealistic to require the performance of at least three monospecific tests under the present epidemiological conditions.", "PMID": 840229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4148", "title": "[Neuroblastoma: paraneoplastic diseases and late complications (author's transl)].", "content": "Only 40 out of 104 patients with neuroblastoma survived moronger than 5 years, and 7 longer than 10 years. This indicates a 2 year remission period of 38.4%. Of the 40 surviving children, only 11 (10,4%) showed no further complications, while 29 (72,5%) children suffered from severe later complications originating from the tumor or the therapy. The skeletal system was affected in 42.9%, the peripheral nervous system in 21.5%, and the central nervous system in 19.6%. In 4 patients, we observed a statomotoric retardation and intelligence deficiency, and in 3 other children, an Australian antigenemia. The possible reason of these later complications are discussed in the paper. The high number of such complications in patients with neuroblastoma raises the question whether or not a less radical therapeutic procedure would be more advisable for differentiated tumors.", "contents": "[Neuroblastoma: paraneoplastic diseases and late complications (author's transl)]. Only 40 out of 104 patients with neuroblastoma survived moronger than 5 years, and 7 longer than 10 years. This indicates a 2 year remission period of 38.4%. Of the 40 surviving children, only 11 (10,4%) showed no further complications, while 29 (72,5%) children suffered from severe later complications originating from the tumor or the therapy. The skeletal system was affected in 42.9%, the peripheral nervous system in 21.5%, and the central nervous system in 19.6%. In 4 patients, we observed a statomotoric retardation and intelligence deficiency, and in 3 other children, an Australian antigenemia. The possible reason of these later complications are discussed in the paper. The high number of such complications in patients with neuroblastoma raises the question whether or not a less radical therapeutic procedure would be more advisable for differentiated tumors.", "PMID": 840230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4149", "title": "[Outpatient management of diabetic children and adolescents: control of fractional 24-h glucosuria (author's transl)].", "content": "The optimal ambulatory treatment of diabetic children requires the cooperation of the patient and his family. Following a careful and extensive information about the course of diabetic mellitus, its management, and its possible complications, the patients and their parents have to take charge of an important part of the metabolic control. Fractionating 24-h-urines in three portions and estimation of the glucose excretion using the Clinitest-method proved to be a valuable tool to judge the metabolic control and to adjust the insulin doses. The comparison of the glucose excretion in 595 fractionated urines of 30 juvenile diabetics estimated with both the Clinitest-method and polarimetry in the clinical laboratory showed good agreement for low glucose conentrations. The discrepancies between the two methods increased with rising glucose concentrations and increasing urine volumes. 139 insulin-dependent diabetic children and adolescents were presented to the Children's Hospital outpatient clinic every 6-7 weeks for a physical examination and measurements of the 24-h-glucose excretions as well as the postprandial blood glucose concentrations. The average glucose excretion in two groups of patients with one or two daily injections of insulin was 24 and 30 g/day, respectively, which is higher than the recommended limit of 20 g/day. The glucose excretion was not significantly influenced by the frequency of insulin administration (one or two injections per day), by the age of the patient or by the duration of the diabetes mellitus. The good agreement of the evaluations of the 24-h-glucosuria using Clinitest on one side and polarimetry on the other proves regular controls at home by the patients and their parents to be useful and to facilitated the outpatients management of juvenile diabetics. Measuring the 24-h-glucose excretion at least 2-3 times a week seems desirable.", "contents": "[Outpatient management of diabetic children and adolescents: control of fractional 24-h glucosuria (author's transl)]. The optimal ambulatory treatment of diabetic children requires the cooperation of the patient and his family. Following a careful and extensive information about the course of diabetic mellitus, its management, and its possible complications, the patients and their parents have to take charge of an important part of the metabolic control. Fractionating 24-h-urines in three portions and estimation of the glucose excretion using the Clinitest-method proved to be a valuable tool to judge the metabolic control and to adjust the insulin doses. The comparison of the glucose excretion in 595 fractionated urines of 30 juvenile diabetics estimated with both the Clinitest-method and polarimetry in the clinical laboratory showed good agreement for low glucose conentrations. The discrepancies between the two methods increased with rising glucose concentrations and increasing urine volumes. 139 insulin-dependent diabetic children and adolescents were presented to the Children's Hospital outpatient clinic every 6-7 weeks for a physical examination and measurements of the 24-h-glucose excretions as well as the postprandial blood glucose concentrations. The average glucose excretion in two groups of patients with one or two daily injections of insulin was 24 and 30 g/day, respectively, which is higher than the recommended limit of 20 g/day. The glucose excretion was not significantly influenced by the frequency of insulin administration (one or two injections per day), by the age of the patient or by the duration of the diabetes mellitus. The good agreement of the evaluations of the 24-h-glucosuria using Clinitest on one side and polarimetry on the other proves regular controls at home by the patients and their parents to be useful and to facilitated the outpatients management of juvenile diabetics. Measuring the 24-h-glucose excretion at least 2-3 times a week seems desirable.", "PMID": 840231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4150", "title": "The relation between induced mutation frequency and cell survival--a theoretical approach and an examination of experimental data for eukaryotes.", "content": "Many mutagens are known to induce a variety of different types of lesions in DNA. Cellular repair systems may eliminate some of these; some unrepaired lesions may lead to loss of reproductive capacity and others to viable mutations. Simple considerations of these three alternative fates of an exposed cell show that there should be a linear relation between the logarithm of the surviving fraction (log S/SO) and log (1-M) where M is the mutant frequency. For low frequencies the relation assumes the simpler form M=-m log S/SO. The published literature on experimental mutagenesis in eukaryotes confirms these expectations. Observed differences in the slope m when different mutagens induce the same mutation in a given kind of cell (or a given mutagen induces the same mutation in different kinds of cell) imply that mutation and cellular inactivation do not arise from one type of DNA lesion only.", "contents": "The relation between induced mutation frequency and cell survival--a theoretical approach and an examination of experimental data for eukaryotes. Many mutagens are known to induce a variety of different types of lesions in DNA. Cellular repair systems may eliminate some of these; some unrepaired lesions may lead to loss of reproductive capacity and others to viable mutations. Simple considerations of these three alternative fates of an exposed cell show that there should be a linear relation between the logarithm of the surviving fraction (log S/SO) and log (1-M) where M is the mutant frequency. For low frequencies the relation assumes the simpler form M=-m log S/SO. The published literature on experimental mutagenesis in eukaryotes confirms these expectations. Observed differences in the slope m when different mutagens induce the same mutation in a given kind of cell (or a given mutagen induces the same mutation in different kinds of cell) imply that mutation and cellular inactivation do not arise from one type of DNA lesion only.", "PMID": 840232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4151", "title": "Ultrastructural observations of X-ray induced chromatid gaps.", "content": "A combination of light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy of whole-mount preparations and sectioned material, and scanning electron microscopy was employed to examine the fine structure of X-ray induced gaps and breaks in mammalian chromosomes, in an effort to determine the true nature of these aberrations. The results suggest that, rather than being completely separate phenomena, gaps and breaks are different manifestation of the same events and that gaps may be incomplete breaks. It was determined that light microscopy alone is inadequate for making accurate quantitative assessments of these aberrations, and it is therefore proposed that electron microscopy be used to supplement light microscopy for the analysis of gaps and breaks.", "contents": "Ultrastructural observations of X-ray induced chromatid gaps. A combination of light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy of whole-mount preparations and sectioned material, and scanning electron microscopy was employed to examine the fine structure of X-ray induced gaps and breaks in mammalian chromosomes, in an effort to determine the true nature of these aberrations. The results suggest that, rather than being completely separate phenomena, gaps and breaks are different manifestation of the same events and that gaps may be incomplete breaks. It was determined that light microscopy alone is inadequate for making accurate quantitative assessments of these aberrations, and it is therefore proposed that electron microscopy be used to supplement light microscopy for the analysis of gaps and breaks.", "PMID": 840233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4152", "title": "Dominant lethal assays in male mice: evaluation of experimental design, statistical methods and the sensitivity of Charles River (CD1) mice.", "content": "Male CD1 mice were dosed by intraperitoneal injection of 20, 40 or 80 mg of methyl methanesulphonate (MMS) per kg body weight or with the solvent, water. After dosing, each male was caged with (a) 2 or (b) 3 females per week for 8 consecutive weeks and 13 days after mating the females were killed and examined for evidence of dominant lethal mutations. Results were analysed to determine (1) the sensitivity of CD1 mice to the mutagenic effect of MMS. (2) the influence of the number of females mated with each male. (3) the adequacy of the experimental design and (4) the adequacy of the statistical methods. A dose-related increase in early foetal deaths was induced in females mated to male mice in the first week after dosing with 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg MMS. A reduction in foetal implants was demonstrated in females in the 40 and 80 mg/kg MMS groups but not after dosing males with 20 mg/kg. Thus dominant lethal mutations were induced in male CD1 mice dosed IP with 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg giving a degree of sensitivity which compares favourably with that obtained with other strains of mice in other laboratories. For a given number of male mice, the greater precision obtained with 3 rather than 2 females arose directly from the numbers used. For a given number of female mice, the allocation of 2 per male (rather than 3 per male) is a more efficient design in that 50% more treated animals are available for estimation of the relevant error. Also more information would be available as a result of the probable increase in pregnancy rate. The experiment did not suggest the need for any modification in the statistical approach.", "contents": "Dominant lethal assays in male mice: evaluation of experimental design, statistical methods and the sensitivity of Charles River (CD1) mice. Male CD1 mice were dosed by intraperitoneal injection of 20, 40 or 80 mg of methyl methanesulphonate (MMS) per kg body weight or with the solvent, water. After dosing, each male was caged with (a) 2 or (b) 3 females per week for 8 consecutive weeks and 13 days after mating the females were killed and examined for evidence of dominant lethal mutations. Results were analysed to determine (1) the sensitivity of CD1 mice to the mutagenic effect of MMS. (2) the influence of the number of females mated with each male. (3) the adequacy of the experimental design and (4) the adequacy of the statistical methods. A dose-related increase in early foetal deaths was induced in females mated to male mice in the first week after dosing with 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg MMS. A reduction in foetal implants was demonstrated in females in the 40 and 80 mg/kg MMS groups but not after dosing males with 20 mg/kg. Thus dominant lethal mutations were induced in male CD1 mice dosed IP with 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg giving a degree of sensitivity which compares favourably with that obtained with other strains of mice in other laboratories. For a given number of male mice, the greater precision obtained with 3 rather than 2 females arose directly from the numbers used. For a given number of female mice, the allocation of 2 per male (rather than 3 per male) is a more efficient design in that 50% more treated animals are available for estimation of the relevant error. Also more information would be available as a result of the probable increase in pregnancy rate. The experiment did not suggest the need for any modification in the statistical approach.", "PMID": 840234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4153", "title": "Prospects for evaluating genetic damage in mammalian cells in culture.", "content": "Starting from some general considerations on cultured mammalian cells as a biological material for the detection of genetic changes, information is given on cell lines and genetic markers that have been the subject of extensive research. The experimental variables of mutation assays are then considered, with special reference to those involved in the system resistant to 8-azaguanine. Work now in progressin the field of environmental mutagenesis is mentioned at the end of the article.", "contents": "Prospects for evaluating genetic damage in mammalian cells in culture. Starting from some general considerations on cultured mammalian cells as a biological material for the detection of genetic changes, information is given on cell lines and genetic markers that have been the subject of extensive research. The experimental variables of mutation assays are then considered, with special reference to those involved in the system resistant to 8-azaguanine. Work now in progressin the field of environmental mutagenesis is mentioned at the end of the article.", "PMID": 840235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4154", "title": "The incidence of sister chromatid exchanges in cultured human lymphocytes.", "content": "The incidence of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in cultured human lymphocytes from 50 normal individuals was studied using the BUdR-Giemsa technique. The mean SCE frequency per metaphase was 7.9 with a standard deviation of 1.36 and a range of 1-21. The incidence of exchanges was not influenced by the age of the donor nor did the exchange rate differ between sexes. The results of this study are compared with those of previous reports and reasons for the wide variation between results discussed.", "contents": "The incidence of sister chromatid exchanges in cultured human lymphocytes. The incidence of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in cultured human lymphocytes from 50 normal individuals was studied using the BUdR-Giemsa technique. The mean SCE frequency per metaphase was 7.9 with a standard deviation of 1.36 and a range of 1-21. The incidence of exchanges was not influenced by the age of the donor nor did the exchange rate differ between sexes. The results of this study are compared with those of previous reports and reasons for the wide variation between results discussed.", "PMID": 840236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4155", "title": "Th induction of thioguanine-resistant mutants of Chinese hamster cells by gamma-rays.", "content": "The induction of mutation to purine analogue resistance was assessed in Chinese hamster V79-4 cells exposed to gamma-radiation. After irradiation, the cells were grown in non-selective medium for different time intervals before respreading into medium containing 0.5-0.7 mug/ml thioguanine. In some experiments colonies arising in thioguanine-medium were counter-selected in medium containing the glutamine analogue azaserine, which distinguishes mutants with very little activity of the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase. Only these mutants were increased in frequency by radiation, the maximum measured frequencies occuring in cells respread after 2 days growth in non-selective medium. With longer intervals of post-irradiation growth in non-selective medium a fraction of the induced mutants was lost, and after large doses of radiation it is doubtful if the maximum frequency observed after 2 days post-irradiation growth represents the true induced frequency. The detection of freshly-induced mutants seemed to depend upon the dilution and decay of products formed from the genes prior to their mutation by radiation, since (a) selection of mutants in a higher concentration of thioguanine (2 mug/ml) increased the post-irradiation growth interval required to detect the maximum frequency of induced mutants, and (b) with increasing duration of post-irradiation growth in the non-selective medium, induced mutant cells were able progressively to overcome the growth-limiting effects of the analogue, to give large colonies when respread in thioguanine-medium. The radiosensitivities of 7 isolated mutant lines were indistinguishable from that of wild type cells, but the mutants were at a slight disadvantage when grown in competition with wild type cells. This disadvantage was consistent with the expected fitness of mutants relative to wild type cells calculated from estimates of the spontaneous mutation rate and the mean spontaneous mutation frequency. The induction of mutation to thioguanine resistance was non-linear with dose, yielding induced frequencies per rad of 5-10(-8) to 3-10(-7), but a plot of induced mutation frequency against log surviving fraction gave an approximately linear relationship. The same linear relationship holds for recently-published data on human and mouse cell cultures, so that all three mammalian cell types  exhibit the same fixed probability of mutation induction relative to the extent of inactivation caused by ionising radiation.", "contents": "Th induction of thioguanine-resistant mutants of Chinese hamster cells by gamma-rays. The induction of mutation to purine analogue resistance was assessed in Chinese hamster V79-4 cells exposed to gamma-radiation. After irradiation, the cells were grown in non-selective medium for different time intervals before respreading into medium containing 0.5-0.7 mug/ml thioguanine. In some experiments colonies arising in thioguanine-medium were counter-selected in medium containing the glutamine analogue azaserine, which distinguishes mutants with very little activity of the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase. Only these mutants were increased in frequency by radiation, the maximum measured frequencies occuring in cells respread after 2 days growth in non-selective medium. With longer intervals of post-irradiation growth in non-selective medium a fraction of the induced mutants was lost, and after large doses of radiation it is doubtful if the maximum frequency observed after 2 days post-irradiation growth represents the true induced frequency. The detection of freshly-induced mutants seemed to depend upon the dilution and decay of products formed from the genes prior to their mutation by radiation, since (a) selection of mutants in a higher concentration of thioguanine (2 mug/ml) increased the post-irradiation growth interval required to detect the maximum frequency of induced mutants, and (b) with increasing duration of post-irradiation growth in the non-selective medium, induced mutant cells were able progressively to overcome the growth-limiting effects of the analogue, to give large colonies when respread in thioguanine-medium. The radiosensitivities of 7 isolated mutant lines were indistinguishable from that of wild type cells, but the mutants were at a slight disadvantage when grown in competition with wild type cells. This disadvantage was consistent with the expected fitness of mutants relative to wild type cells calculated from estimates of the spontaneous mutation rate and the mean spontaneous mutation frequency. The induction of mutation to thioguanine resistance was non-linear with dose, yielding induced frequencies per rad of 5-10(-8) to 3-10(-7), but a plot of induced mutation frequency against log surviving fraction gave an approximately linear relationship. The same linear relationship holds for recently-published data on human and mouse cell cultures, so that all three mammalian cell types  exhibit the same fixed probability of mutation induction relative to the extent of inactivation caused by ionising radiation.", "PMID": 840237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4156", "title": "Cytogenetic hazards from agricultural chemicals. I. A preliminary study on the responses of root meristems to exotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis a constituent of a microbial insecticide, thuricide.", "content": "It reported for the first time that the exotoxin, thuringiensin A, from Bacillus thuringiensis, a component of the insecticide thuricide, inhibits spindle and cytokinesis and induces micronuclei, chromocentric nuclei and minor deviations in spindle activity. The binucleate cells also undergo mitosis yielding biprophases and bimetaphases. Spindle seems to have been inhibited even in bimetaphase. Microtubular systems and chromosomes are implicated as the primary targets. Most effects resemble those of caffeine, colchicine, aminopyrin, chloral hydrate and vinblastine to different extents, and are therefore suggestive of the anti-neoplastic and mutagenic potentialties of the exotoxin. The extensive use of thuricide on crop plants, in view of its mutagenic potential, may be hazardous. The results also suggest that the exotoxin may be used as a pre-treating agent in chromosome analysis and as a candidate-tagging tool for synchronization and cell cycle analysis, besides its probable utility in studies on cancer cells.", "contents": "Cytogenetic hazards from agricultural chemicals. I. A preliminary study on the responses of root meristems to exotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis a constituent of a microbial insecticide, thuricide. It reported for the first time that the exotoxin, thuringiensin A, from Bacillus thuringiensis, a component of the insecticide thuricide, inhibits spindle and cytokinesis and induces micronuclei, chromocentric nuclei and minor deviations in spindle activity. The binucleate cells also undergo mitosis yielding biprophases and bimetaphases. Spindle seems to have been inhibited even in bimetaphase. Microtubular systems and chromosomes are implicated as the primary targets. Most effects resemble those of caffeine, colchicine, aminopyrin, chloral hydrate and vinblastine to different extents, and are therefore suggestive of the anti-neoplastic and mutagenic potentialties of the exotoxin. The extensive use of thuricide on crop plants, in view of its mutagenic potential, may be hazardous. The results also suggest that the exotoxin may be used as a pre-treating agent in chromosome analysis and as a candidate-tagging tool for synchronization and cell cycle analysis, besides its probable utility in studies on cancer cells.", "PMID": 840238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4157", "title": "Liver homogenate-mediated mutagenesis in chinese hamster V79 cells by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aflatoxins.", "content": "Several chemical carcinogens that require metabolic activation have been examined for their cytotoxic and mutagenic activity in Chinese hamster V79 cells. Mutagenic activity was measured as the induced frequency of 6-thioguanine-resistant colonies. Metabolic activation was provided by the 9000 g supernatant fraction of rat liver plus cofactors. The cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of aflatoxin B1 and B2, benzo(a)pyrene, 3-methylcholanthrene, 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, dibenz(a,h)-anthracene, dibenz(a,c)anthracene, and benz(a)anthracene were examined as functions of concentration. Except for the two isomers of dibenzanthracene, the mutagenic activity in general paralleled the carcinogenic activity. An assay of this type may be useful as a prescreen for environmental chemicals that require metabolic activation.", "contents": "Liver homogenate-mediated mutagenesis in chinese hamster V79 cells by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aflatoxins. Several chemical carcinogens that require metabolic activation have been examined for their cytotoxic and mutagenic activity in Chinese hamster V79 cells. Mutagenic activity was measured as the induced frequency of 6-thioguanine-resistant colonies. Metabolic activation was provided by the 9000 g supernatant fraction of rat liver plus cofactors. The cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of aflatoxin B1 and B2, benzo(a)pyrene, 3-methylcholanthrene, 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, dibenz(a,h)-anthracene, dibenz(a,c)anthracene, and benz(a)anthracene were examined as functions of concentration. Except for the two isomers of dibenzanthracene, the mutagenic activity in general paralleled the carcinogenic activity. An assay of this type may be useful as a prescreen for environmental chemicals that require metabolic activation.", "PMID": 840239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4158", "title": "Reduction in mortality from coronary heart disease in men residing at high altitude.", "content": "In New Mexico, where inhabited areas vary from 914 to over 2135 m above sea level, we compared age-adjusted mortality rates for arteriosclerotic heart disease for white men and women for the years 1957-1970 in five sets of counties, grouped by altitude in 305-m (1000-foot) increments. The results show a serial decline in mortality from the lowest to the highest altitude for males but not for females. Mortality rates for males residing in the county groups higher than 1220 m in order of ascending altitude were 98, 90, 86 and 72 per cent of that for the county group below 1220-m altitude (P less than 0.0001). The results do not appear to be explained by artifacts in ascertainment, variations in ethnicity or urbanization. A possible explanation of the trend is that adjustment to residence at high altitude is incomplete and daily activities therefore represent greater exercise than when undertaken at lower altitudes.", "contents": "Reduction in mortality from coronary heart disease in men residing at high altitude. In New Mexico, where inhabited areas vary from 914 to over 2135 m above sea level, we compared age-adjusted mortality rates for arteriosclerotic heart disease for white men and women for the years 1957-1970 in five sets of counties, grouped by altitude in 305-m (1000-foot) increments. The results show a serial decline in mortality from the lowest to the highest altitude for males but not for females. Mortality rates for males residing in the county groups higher than 1220 m in order of ascending altitude were 98, 90, 86 and 72 per cent of that for the county group below 1220-m altitude (P less than 0.0001). The results do not appear to be explained by artifacts in ascertainment, variations in ethnicity or urbanization. A possible explanation of the trend is that adjustment to residence at high altitude is incomplete and daily activities therefore represent greater exercise than when undertaken at lower altitudes.", "PMID": 840241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4159", "title": "Galactorrhea: a study of 235 cases, including 48 with pituitary tumors.", "content": "An analysis of 235 patients with galactorrhea (5.5 per cent males) showed that 20 per cent of all patients, and 34 per cent of women with associated amenorrhea, had radiologically evident pituitary tumors; these patients had the highest serum prolactin concentrations. The largest single group (32 per cent) consisted of women with idiopathic galactorrhea without amenorrhea; prolactin was normal in 86 per cent of these cases. Five patients had the empty-sella syndrome. Prolactin response was tested in selected patients by thyrotropin-releasing hormone, chlorpromazine,  L-dopa, 24-hour sampling and other means. Tests with thyrotropin-releasing hormone were most useful in identifying patients with pituitary tumors. Surgery and radiotherapy lowered prolactin to a similar degree in patients with tumor, but galactorrhea, and amenorrhea often persisted after treatment. The ergot derivatives, bromergocryptine and lergotrile mesylate, lowered prolactin in all 18 patients with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia or pituitary tumor, stopped galactorrhea in over 50 per cent, restored menses in over 70 per cent, and allowed pregnancy in three.", "contents": "Galactorrhea: a study of 235 cases, including 48 with pituitary tumors. An analysis of 235 patients with galactorrhea (5.5 per cent males) showed that 20 per cent of all patients, and 34 per cent of women with associated amenorrhea, had radiologically evident pituitary tumors; these patients had the highest serum prolactin concentrations. The largest single group (32 per cent) consisted of women with idiopathic galactorrhea without amenorrhea; prolactin was normal in 86 per cent of these cases. Five patients had the empty-sella syndrome. Prolactin response was tested in selected patients by thyrotropin-releasing hormone, chlorpromazine,  L-dopa, 24-hour sampling and other means. Tests with thyrotropin-releasing hormone were most useful in identifying patients with pituitary tumors. Surgery and radiotherapy lowered prolactin to a similar degree in patients with tumor, but galactorrhea, and amenorrhea often persisted after treatment. The ergot derivatives, bromergocryptine and lergotrile mesylate, lowered prolactin in all 18 patients with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia or pituitary tumor, stopped galactorrhea in over 50 per cent, restored menses in over 70 per cent, and allowed pregnancy in three.", "PMID": 840242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4160", "title": "Administration of education programs in academic health centers.", "content": "Because of their expanding budgets, facilities, enrollments and staff, and because of increasing responsibilities for rendering health services, academic health centers must make major administrative decisions. We believe that these centers should remain within the university structure to facilitate interdisciplinary education, should better integrate the activities of the faculties of their component schools, and should prepare more purposefully for the multiprofessional teams that will deliver primary care in the future. Basic-science departments should also improve institutional programs for serving students in all the health sciences. A center's chief administrative officer, a vice-president for health affairs, should have clearly defined lines of authority over the center's operations, including those of the university hospital. In spite of burdensome governmental regulations, centers should cooperate with legislative efforts in health planning, in developing experimental models for new delivery systems and in supporting studies that will underlie equitable rate regulation.", "contents": "Administration of education programs in academic health centers. Because of their expanding budgets, facilities, enrollments and staff, and because of increasing responsibilities for rendering health services, academic health centers must make major administrative decisions. We believe that these centers should remain within the university structure to facilitate interdisciplinary education, should better integrate the activities of the faculties of their component schools, and should prepare more purposefully for the multiprofessional teams that will deliver primary care in the future. Basic-science departments should also improve institutional programs for serving students in all the health sciences. A center's chief administrative officer, a vice-president for health affairs, should have clearly defined lines of authority over the center's operations, including those of the university hospital. In spite of burdensome governmental regulations, centers should cooperate with legislative efforts in health planning, in developing experimental models for new delivery systems and in supporting studies that will underlie equitable rate regulation.", "PMID": 840256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4161", "title": "Complement and leukocyte-mediated pulmonary dysfunction in hemodialysis.", "content": "During hemodialysis, cardiopulmonary decompensation may appear in uremic patients, possibly caused by plugging of pulmonary vessels by leukocytes. In 34 patients we noted leukopenia (20% of initial levels) during hemodialysis that in 15 was associated with impaired pulmonary function. When we infused autologous plasma, incubated with dialyzer cellophane, into rabbits and sheep, sudden leukopenia and hypoxia occurred, with doubling of pulmonary-artery pressures and quintupling of pulmonary-lymph effluent. Histologic examination showed severe pulmonary-vessel-leukostasis and interstitial edema. The syndrome was prevented by preinactivation of complement but was reproduced by infusions of plasma in which complement was activated by zymosan. Thus, acute pulmonary dysfunction from complement-mediated leukostasis may play a major part in the acute cardiopulmonary complications of cellophane-membrane hemodialysis.", "contents": "Complement and leukocyte-mediated pulmonary dysfunction in hemodialysis. During hemodialysis, cardiopulmonary decompensation may appear in uremic patients, possibly caused by plugging of pulmonary vessels by leukocytes. In 34 patients we noted leukopenia (20% of initial levels) during hemodialysis that in 15 was associated with impaired pulmonary function. When we infused autologous plasma, incubated with dialyzer cellophane, into rabbits and sheep, sudden leukopenia and hypoxia occurred, with doubling of pulmonary-artery pressures and quintupling of pulmonary-lymph effluent. Histologic examination showed severe pulmonary-vessel-leukostasis and interstitial edema. The syndrome was prevented by preinactivation of complement but was reproduced by infusions of plasma in which complement was activated by zymosan. Thus, acute pulmonary dysfunction from complement-mediated leukostasis may play a major part in the acute cardiopulmonary complications of cellophane-membrane hemodialysis.", "PMID": 840277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4162", "title": "Metabolic aspects of a protein-sparing modified fast in the dietary management of Prader-Willi obesity.", "content": "Four adolescents or young adults with the Prader-Willi syndrome (hypotonia, mental retardation, hypogonadism and obesity) received a protein-sparing modified fast consisting of 1.5 g of meat protein per kilogram of ideal body weight and meeting vitamin, mineral and fluid requirements. Evaluation of nitrogen and energy metabolism revealed the development of starvation ketosis and a positive nitrogen balance. Serial whole-body potassium measurements in two patients confirmed preservation of lean tissue despite continuing loss of weight. Clinical diabetes mellitus in two subjects was rapidly ameliorated by the regimen. Short-term weight loss greater than 18 kg occurred in three of the four subjects, and reduced weight persisted during observation periods of 26 to 44 months. This degree of outpatient diet adherence by mentally deficient subjects, who do not normally experience satiety, suggests that hunger is eliminated or at least reduced by modified, protein-sparing fasting.", "contents": "Metabolic aspects of a protein-sparing modified fast in the dietary management of Prader-Willi obesity. Four adolescents or young adults with the Prader-Willi syndrome (hypotonia, mental retardation, hypogonadism and obesity) received a protein-sparing modified fast consisting of 1.5 g of meat protein per kilogram of ideal body weight and meeting vitamin, mineral and fluid requirements. Evaluation of nitrogen and energy metabolism revealed the development of starvation ketosis and a positive nitrogen balance. Serial whole-body potassium measurements in two patients confirmed preservation of lean tissue despite continuing loss of weight. Clinical diabetes mellitus in two subjects was rapidly ameliorated by the regimen. Short-term weight loss greater than 18 kg occurred in three of the four subjects, and reduced weight persisted during observation periods of 26 to 44 months. This degree of outpatient diet adherence by mentally deficient subjects, who do not normally experience satiety, suggests that hunger is eliminated or at least reduced by modified, protein-sparing fasting.", "PMID": 840278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4163", "title": "[Modern analytical methods in forensic chemistry].", "content": "The use of modern chemical and physical methods in forensic chemistry and crime investigation is steadily increasing and gaining in importance. For forensic purpose special modifications of the procedures are generally required in order to give results which are acceptable to legal authorities as proof of some specific points. The chemical toxicology can also help in cases of acute intoxications or in environmental problems.", "contents": "[Modern analytical methods in forensic chemistry]. The use of modern chemical and physical methods in forensic chemistry and crime investigation is steadily increasing and gaining in importance. For forensic purpose special modifications of the procedures are generally required in order to give results which are acceptable to legal authorities as proof of some specific points. The chemical toxicology can also help in cases of acute intoxications or in environmental problems.", "PMID": 840304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4164", "title": "Presynaptic receptor systems on the noradrenergic neurones of the rabbit pulmonary artery.", "content": "A search was performed for presynaptic, release-modulating receptor systems on the post-ganglionic sympathetic nerves of rabbit pulmonary artery. Strips of the artery were preincubated with (-)-3H-noradrenaline and then superfused and stimulated transmurally. 1. Tetrodotoxin, guanethidine, and omission of calcium all suppressed the stimulation-evoked overflow of tritium, thus confirming selective release from noradrenergic neurones. 49% of the stimulation-evoked overflow of total consisted of 3H-noradrenaline, 22% of 3H-3,4-dihydroxyphenyglycol (DOPEG), and 9% of 3H-normetanephrine. Cocaine virtually abolished the evoked overflow of 3H-DOPEG; further addition of corticosterone also abolished that of 3H-normetanephrine. In the presence of cocaine plus corticosterone, unmetabolized 3H-noradrenaline accounted for 86% of the stimulation-evoked overflow of total tritium. The overflow evoked per pulse was 2.2 X 10(-5) of the tritium content of the tissue (1 Hz); it increased 2-fold when the frequency was raised to 8 Hz. 2. Presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors have previously been demonstrated in this tissue (Starke et al., 1975b). High concentrations of isoprenaline reduced the stimulation-evoked overflow of tritium, presumably by alpha-adrenergic inhibiton. No presynaptic effect of up to 10(-5) M normetanephrine and metanephrine was found. 3. Dopamine slightly diminished the stimulation-evoked overflow of tritium, but only at 100 times the inhibitory threshold concentration of noradrenaline (which is 10(-8) M; Starke et al., 1975b), probably through activation of presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors. Apomorphine failed to reduce the evoked overflow whether the superfusion medium contained cocaine and corticosterone or not. 4. Isoprenaline (10(-9) -10(-6) M) did not change the evoked overflow whether the medium contained cocaine and corticosterone or not, and whether the frequency was 1 or 2 Hz. Propranolol also had no effect. 5. Angiotensin II increased the stimulation-evoked overflow both in the absence and in the presence of cocaine and corticosterone. Equieffective concentrations of angiotensin I were 10 times higher. Saralasin had no effect, whereas 1-Sar,8-Ile-angiotensin produced a small increase. Both of the latter peptides behaved as presynaptic antagonists of angiotensin II. A presynaptically supramaximal concentration of the alpha-adrenergic agonist oxymetazoline prevented the facilitatory action of yohimbine, but not that of angiotensin II. Separation of 3H-compounds showed that angiotensin II caused a proportionate increase in stimulation-evoked overflow of 3H-noradrenaline, 3H-DOPEG, and 3H-normetanephrine; this finding rules out any inhibition of noradrenaline uptake mechanisms. 6. 10(-4) -10(-3) M acetylcholine caused hexamethonium-sensitive acceleration of basal tritium outflow. Much lower concentrations (10(-7) M and higher) reduced the overflow evoked by electrical stimulation. The evoked overflow of 3H-noradrenaline, 3H-DOPEG, and 3H-normetanephrine was proportionately decreased...", "contents": "Presynaptic receptor systems on the noradrenergic neurones of the rabbit pulmonary artery. A search was performed for presynaptic, release-modulating receptor systems on the post-ganglionic sympathetic nerves of rabbit pulmonary artery. Strips of the artery were preincubated with (-)-3H-noradrenaline and then superfused and stimulated transmurally. 1. Tetrodotoxin, guanethidine, and omission of calcium all suppressed the stimulation-evoked overflow of tritium, thus confirming selective release from noradrenergic neurones. 49% of the stimulation-evoked overflow of total consisted of 3H-noradrenaline, 22% of 3H-3,4-dihydroxyphenyglycol (DOPEG), and 9% of 3H-normetanephrine. Cocaine virtually abolished the evoked overflow of 3H-DOPEG; further addition of corticosterone also abolished that of 3H-normetanephrine. In the presence of cocaine plus corticosterone, unmetabolized 3H-noradrenaline accounted for 86% of the stimulation-evoked overflow of total tritium. The overflow evoked per pulse was 2.2 X 10(-5) of the tritium content of the tissue (1 Hz); it increased 2-fold when the frequency was raised to 8 Hz. 2. Presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors have previously been demonstrated in this tissue (Starke et al., 1975b). High concentrations of isoprenaline reduced the stimulation-evoked overflow of tritium, presumably by alpha-adrenergic inhibiton. No presynaptic effect of up to 10(-5) M normetanephrine and metanephrine was found. 3. Dopamine slightly diminished the stimulation-evoked overflow of tritium, but only at 100 times the inhibitory threshold concentration of noradrenaline (which is 10(-8) M; Starke et al., 1975b), probably through activation of presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors. Apomorphine failed to reduce the evoked overflow whether the superfusion medium contained cocaine and corticosterone or not. 4. Isoprenaline (10(-9) -10(-6) M) did not change the evoked overflow whether the medium contained cocaine and corticosterone or not, and whether the frequency was 1 or 2 Hz. Propranolol also had no effect. 5. Angiotensin II increased the stimulation-evoked overflow both in the absence and in the presence of cocaine and corticosterone. Equieffective concentrations of angiotensin I were 10 times higher. Saralasin had no effect, whereas 1-Sar,8-Ile-angiotensin produced a small increase. Both of the latter peptides behaved as presynaptic antagonists of angiotensin II. A presynaptically supramaximal concentration of the alpha-adrenergic agonist oxymetazoline prevented the facilitatory action of yohimbine, but not that of angiotensin II. Separation of 3H-compounds showed that angiotensin II caused a proportionate increase in stimulation-evoked overflow of 3H-noradrenaline, 3H-DOPEG, and 3H-normetanephrine; this finding rules out any inhibition of noradrenaline uptake mechanisms. 6. 10(-4) -10(-3) M acetylcholine caused hexamethonium-sensitive acceleration of basal tritium outflow. Much lower concentrations (10(-7) M and higher) reduced the overflow evoked by electrical stimulation. The evoked overflow of 3H-noradrenaline, 3H-DOPEG, and 3H-normetanephrine was proportionately decreased...", "PMID": 840318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4165", "title": "Specific action of narcotics on reflex activation of rat alpha-motoneurones.", "content": "Specific effects of narcotics (opiates) were studied on rat extensor alpha-motoneurones. The animals were anaesthetized with halothane, artificially ventilated and immobilized with N,N'-diallyl nortoxiferinium-HCl. The alpha-motoneurones were activated by tetanic stimulation of the cut ipsilateral gastrocnemius-soleus (GS) nerve. Morphine (2 and 4 mg/kg) administered intravenously, significantly increased the frequency of reflex discharges. In most of the neurones tested, naloxone (0.25 mg/kg) given intravenously, abolished the effect of morphine. In some neurones, however, naloxone induced a further activation. The dose of naloxone employed was ineffective when given alone. The effect of morphine was mimicked by an intravenous injection of levorphanol (1 mg/kg), but not by an equimolar dose of the stereoisomer dextrorphan, which suggests that the activating effect on alpha-motoneurones is a specific one. An intraperitoneal injection of apomorphine (1 mg/kg) reduced the effect of morphine. The effect of narcotics on alpha-motoneurones parallels narcotic-induced catalepsy and muscular rigidity, with regard to dose-dependence as well as to the antagonism of naloxone and apomorphine, and suggests that both catalepsy and muscular rigidity are mainly due to an activation of extensor alpha-motoneurones. Since this activation can be inhibited by spinalization of the rats, it can be inhibited by spinalization of the rats, it can be concluded that the activation is due to a supraspinal action of morphine, resulting in a decreased dopaminergic neurotransmission in the brain.", "contents": "Specific action of narcotics on reflex activation of rat alpha-motoneurones. Specific effects of narcotics (opiates) were studied on rat extensor alpha-motoneurones. The animals were anaesthetized with halothane, artificially ventilated and immobilized with N,N'-diallyl nortoxiferinium-HCl. The alpha-motoneurones were activated by tetanic stimulation of the cut ipsilateral gastrocnemius-soleus (GS) nerve. Morphine (2 and 4 mg/kg) administered intravenously, significantly increased the frequency of reflex discharges. In most of the neurones tested, naloxone (0.25 mg/kg) given intravenously, abolished the effect of morphine. In some neurones, however, naloxone induced a further activation. The dose of naloxone employed was ineffective when given alone. The effect of morphine was mimicked by an intravenous injection of levorphanol (1 mg/kg), but not by an equimolar dose of the stereoisomer dextrorphan, which suggests that the activating effect on alpha-motoneurones is a specific one. An intraperitoneal injection of apomorphine (1 mg/kg) reduced the effect of morphine. The effect of narcotics on alpha-motoneurones parallels narcotic-induced catalepsy and muscular rigidity, with regard to dose-dependence as well as to the antagonism of naloxone and apomorphine, and suggests that both catalepsy and muscular rigidity are mainly due to an activation of extensor alpha-motoneurones. Since this activation can be inhibited by spinalization of the rats, it can be inhibited by spinalization of the rats, it can be concluded that the activation is due to a supraspinal action of morphine, resulting in a decreased dopaminergic neurotransmission in the brain.", "PMID": 840319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4166", "title": "Effect of convulsant and anticonvulsant agents on level and metabolism of gamma-aminobutyric acid in mouse brain.", "content": "1. The effect of the convulsant agents pentetrazole, picrotoxin, bicuculline, strychnine and isoniazid on the central level of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and the activity of the enzymes glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and GABA-alpha-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (GABA-T) from mice brain was studied in vivo and vitro. In vivo, convulsant doses of picrotoxin and isoniazid lowered the level of GABA and the activity of GAD, whereas strychnine and bicuculline had no such effect. Pentetrazole inhibited GAD, but did not alter the GABA content. In vitro, all convulsants, except bicuculline, inhibited the activity of GAD; however, the concentrations of strychnine were far beyond the range that is reached in vivo by convulsant doses. Only isoniazid inhibited the activity of GABA-T in vivo as well as in vitro. 2. Phenobarbital, ethosuximide and trimethadione were about equally active in preventing convulsions induced by strychnine and picrotoxin, whereas diazepam was 9 times, and sodium valproate 3.5 times more active against convulsions elicited by picrotoxin. Phenytoin up to 100 mg/kg was ineffective against all chemoconvulsants. 3. Diazepam, sodium valproate, ethosuximide and trimethadione antagonized the inhibition of GAD and the decrease in GABA concentrations caused by isoniazid. Phenobarbital and phenytoin prevented the decrease of GABA but did not reverse the inhibition of GAD. 4. The results suggest a role played by the transmitter pool of GABA in the convulsant action of chemoconvulsants and in the anticonvulsant effect of antiepileptics clinically used in petit mal epilepsy.", "contents": "Effect of convulsant and anticonvulsant agents on level and metabolism of gamma-aminobutyric acid in mouse brain. 1. The effect of the convulsant agents pentetrazole, picrotoxin, bicuculline, strychnine and isoniazid on the central level of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and the activity of the enzymes glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and GABA-alpha-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (GABA-T) from mice brain was studied in vivo and vitro. In vivo, convulsant doses of picrotoxin and isoniazid lowered the level of GABA and the activity of GAD, whereas strychnine and bicuculline had no such effect. Pentetrazole inhibited GAD, but did not alter the GABA content. In vitro, all convulsants, except bicuculline, inhibited the activity of GAD; however, the concentrations of strychnine were far beyond the range that is reached in vivo by convulsant doses. Only isoniazid inhibited the activity of GABA-T in vivo as well as in vitro. 2. Phenobarbital, ethosuximide and trimethadione were about equally active in preventing convulsions induced by strychnine and picrotoxin, whereas diazepam was 9 times, and sodium valproate 3.5 times more active against convulsions elicited by picrotoxin. Phenytoin up to 100 mg/kg was ineffective against all chemoconvulsants. 3. Diazepam, sodium valproate, ethosuximide and trimethadione antagonized the inhibition of GAD and the decrease in GABA concentrations caused by isoniazid. Phenobarbital and phenytoin prevented the decrease of GABA but did not reverse the inhibition of GAD. 4. The results suggest a role played by the transmitter pool of GABA in the convulsant action of chemoconvulsants and in the anticonvulsant effect of antiepileptics clinically used in petit mal epilepsy.", "PMID": 840320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4167", "title": "The role played by the extraneuronal system in the disposition of noradrenaline and adrenaline in vessels.", "content": "The role played by extraneuronal sites in the disposition of noradrenaline and adrenaline was studied in the saphenous vein and in the mesenteric artery of the dog, taking as parameters the influence of blockade of these sites on the sensitivity to and on the time for half-relaxation (t50) (both in oil and in Krebs solution) of these agonists. Preliminary experiments have shown that the t50 values are not significantly changed by the changes in the height of the contraction provided the contraction is caused by the same concentration of the agonist. The results obtained permit us to conclude that in both vessels the removal of amines depends on the concentrations used. In low (0.023 and 0.23 muM) or in moderately high (2.3 muM) concentrations, adrenaline is removed preferentially by extraneuronal sites, whereas noradrenaline \"preferred\" neuronal sites. The selectivity of adrenaline for extraneuronal sites was present for such low concentrations that a possible physiological role of these sites in the inactivation of circulating adrenaline must be considered. The results obtained by studying the relaxation in oil in Krebs solution and by using cortexone (60 muM) or U-0521 (dihydroxy-2-methyl propiophenone; 0.1 mM) support the view that, at least in the vein, adrenaline may accumulate in extraneuronal cells and diffuse back into the biophase during the relaxation, thereby slowing the latter. Both in the veins and in the arteries noradrenaline was inactivated more rapidly than adrenaline. The difference in the rate of inactivation of these amines, already observed in controls (when all inactivation pathways are operative) became more marked when both neuronal and extraneuronal sites were blocked. The existence of an important pathway not blocked by cocaine + cortexone + iproniazid which may preferentially inactivate noradrenaline cannot be ruled out.", "contents": "The role played by the extraneuronal system in the disposition of noradrenaline and adrenaline in vessels. The role played by extraneuronal sites in the disposition of noradrenaline and adrenaline was studied in the saphenous vein and in the mesenteric artery of the dog, taking as parameters the influence of blockade of these sites on the sensitivity to and on the time for half-relaxation (t50) (both in oil and in Krebs solution) of these agonists. Preliminary experiments have shown that the t50 values are not significantly changed by the changes in the height of the contraction provided the contraction is caused by the same concentration of the agonist. The results obtained permit us to conclude that in both vessels the removal of amines depends on the concentrations used. In low (0.023 and 0.23 muM) or in moderately high (2.3 muM) concentrations, adrenaline is removed preferentially by extraneuronal sites, whereas noradrenaline \"preferred\" neuronal sites. The selectivity of adrenaline for extraneuronal sites was present for such low concentrations that a possible physiological role of these sites in the inactivation of circulating adrenaline must be considered. The results obtained by studying the relaxation in oil in Krebs solution and by using cortexone (60 muM) or U-0521 (dihydroxy-2-methyl propiophenone; 0.1 mM) support the view that, at least in the vein, adrenaline may accumulate in extraneuronal cells and diffuse back into the biophase during the relaxation, thereby slowing the latter. Both in the veins and in the arteries noradrenaline was inactivated more rapidly than adrenaline. The difference in the rate of inactivation of these amines, already observed in controls (when all inactivation pathways are operative) became more marked when both neuronal and extraneuronal sites were blocked. The existence of an important pathway not blocked by cocaine + cortexone + iproniazid which may preferentially inactivate noradrenaline cannot be ruled out.", "PMID": 840321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4168", "title": "Effects of dopamine on whole kidney function and proximal transtubular volume fluxes in the rat.", "content": "The renal effects of dopamine were studied using clearance and micropuncture techniques in rats. Intravenous infusion of dopamine (4.7 - 10(-6) mol - kg-1 - h-1) increased glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow. Renal blood flow was measured by an electromagnetic flowmeter. The increase in filtered fluid and sodium was nearly completely matched by increased tubular reabsorption. Thus, only a small rise in urine flow and in urinary sodium excretion was observed. The micropuncture experiments using the split oil droplet method of Gertz demonstrated a stimulation of the transepithelial fluid transfer after injection of dopamine (10(-4) M) into the proximal tubular lumen. This effect was abolished by simultaneous injection of propranolol (10(-3) M) which, by its own, did not affect transtubular volume fluxes. It is concluded that dopamine, by stimulation of beta-adrenoceptors, may increase reabsorptive capacity of the proximal tubular epithelium independent of changes in renal hemodynamics.", "contents": "Effects of dopamine on whole kidney function and proximal transtubular volume fluxes in the rat. The renal effects of dopamine were studied using clearance and micropuncture techniques in rats. Intravenous infusion of dopamine (4.7 - 10(-6) mol - kg-1 - h-1) increased glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow. Renal blood flow was measured by an electromagnetic flowmeter. The increase in filtered fluid and sodium was nearly completely matched by increased tubular reabsorption. Thus, only a small rise in urine flow and in urinary sodium excretion was observed. The micropuncture experiments using the split oil droplet method of Gertz demonstrated a stimulation of the transepithelial fluid transfer after injection of dopamine (10(-4) M) into the proximal tubular lumen. This effect was abolished by simultaneous injection of propranolol (10(-3) M) which, by its own, did not affect transtubular volume fluxes. It is concluded that dopamine, by stimulation of beta-adrenoceptors, may increase reabsorptive capacity of the proximal tubular epithelium independent of changes in renal hemodynamics.", "PMID": 840322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4169", "title": "Mescaline-induced changes of brain-cortex ribosomes. Mescaline demethylase activity of brain-cortex soluble supernatant.", "content": "Brain-cortex slices demethylate mescaline and p-methoxyacetanilide, a reference O-demethylating substrate, though the rate of demethylation of mescaline is about one third that of the reference substrate. The demethylase activity is localized mostly in the soluble supernatant (105 000 x g). It is purified 47-fold with respect to the demethylation of mescaline by ammonium sulfate precipitation and DEAE cellulose chromatography. The partially purified demethylase, which is stable for 3-5 days at -5 degrees C in the presence of dithiothreitol and glutathione and is inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoate, has maximal activity at pH between 7.2 and 8.0. It demethylates mescaline into 3,4-dimethoxy-5-hydroxyphenethylamine and 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenethylamine and some unidentified derivatives.", "contents": "Mescaline-induced changes of brain-cortex ribosomes. Mescaline demethylase activity of brain-cortex soluble supernatant. Brain-cortex slices demethylate mescaline and p-methoxyacetanilide, a reference O-demethylating substrate, though the rate of demethylation of mescaline is about one third that of the reference substrate. The demethylase activity is localized mostly in the soluble supernatant (105 000 x g). It is purified 47-fold with respect to the demethylation of mescaline by ammonium sulfate precipitation and DEAE cellulose chromatography. The partially purified demethylase, which is stable for 3-5 days at -5 degrees C in the presence of dithiothreitol and glutathione and is inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoate, has maximal activity at pH between 7.2 and 8.0. It demethylates mescaline into 3,4-dimethoxy-5-hydroxyphenethylamine and 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenethylamine and some unidentified derivatives.", "PMID": 840323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4170", "title": "[Responses of neurons of the medial group of thalamic nuclei to stimulation of the fronto-basal portions of the neocortex].", "content": "Neuronal and focal responses of medial thalamic nuclei (mediodorsal, central lateral, parecentral, centrum medianum, parafascicular) to stimulation of frontobasal cerebral cortex (proreal, posterior orbital, basal temporal regions) were studied in acute experiments on cats narcotized by nembutal mixed with chloralose. Proceeding from the data on the number of neurons responding to cortical stimulation and on the duration of the response latent period, three functionally heterogeneous sections of medial nuclei were distinguished: the microcellular and magnocellular regions of the mediodorsal nucleus, and the intralaminar nuclei with the parafascicular complex. Neurons were recorded which could be activated antidromically during stimulation of another region. On this basis a suggestion is made on the integrating function of medial nuclei providing unification of the frontobasal regions of the neocortex.", "contents": "[Responses of neurons of the medial group of thalamic nuclei to stimulation of the fronto-basal portions of the neocortex]. Neuronal and focal responses of medial thalamic nuclei (mediodorsal, central lateral, parecentral, centrum medianum, parafascicular) to stimulation of frontobasal cerebral cortex (proreal, posterior orbital, basal temporal regions) were studied in acute experiments on cats narcotized by nembutal mixed with chloralose. Proceeding from the data on the number of neurons responding to cortical stimulation and on the duration of the response latent period, three functionally heterogeneous sections of medial nuclei were distinguished: the microcellular and magnocellular regions of the mediodorsal nucleus, and the intralaminar nuclei with the parafascicular complex. Neurons were recorded which could be activated antidromically during stimulation of another region. On this basis a suggestion is made on the integrating function of medial nuclei providing unification of the frontobasal regions of the neocortex.", "PMID": 840324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4171", "title": "[Excitability of the senso-motor cortex and red nucleus of rabbits with different levels of cortical potential spatial synchronization].", "content": "The motor reaction of the rabbit to the threshold electrical stimulation of the sensomotor cortex and red nucleus was studied to determine excitability of these structures. Under conditions of the computer-controlled experiment the excitability of the two structures was compardd for situations characterized by different levels of cortical potential correlation. An increase in the spatial synchronization of the cortical potentials is shown to be accompanied by intensification in excitability of the sensomotor cortex and red nucleus. This intensification seems to be one of possible neurophysiological mechanisms of the probability increase for the effector reaction to sensory stimuli when the cortical spatial synchronization rises.", "contents": "[Excitability of the senso-motor cortex and red nucleus of rabbits with different levels of cortical potential spatial synchronization]. The motor reaction of the rabbit to the threshold electrical stimulation of the sensomotor cortex and red nucleus was studied to determine excitability of these structures. Under conditions of the computer-controlled experiment the excitability of the two structures was compardd for situations characterized by different levels of cortical potential correlation. An increase in the spatial synchronization of the cortical potentials is shown to be accompanied by intensification in excitability of the sensomotor cortex and red nucleus. This intensification seems to be one of possible neurophysiological mechanisms of the probability increase for the effector reaction to sensory stimuli when the cortical spatial synchronization rises.", "PMID": 840325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4172", "title": "[Comparison of the influence of the amygdaloid complex and the midbrain central gray substance on the neuronal activity of the lateral hypothalamus].", "content": "The influence of stimulation of stria terminalis and midbrain central gray substance on the neuronal activity of the lateral hypothalamus was studied in acute experiments on curarized rats. Five types of neuronal responses were found: 1) phase activation; 2) phase inhibition;3) diffusive activation; 4) diffusive inhibition; 5) two-phase responses. Stimulation of stria terminalis produced inhibition in 62.7% of the lateral hypothalamus neurons. 87% of those neurons were activated after stimulation of the central gray substance. The convergence of impulses from the amygdaloid complex and midbrain central gray substance was observed in 14.4% of reactive neurons. 84.6% of cells showed antagonistic convergent effects.", "contents": "[Comparison of the influence of the amygdaloid complex and the midbrain central gray substance on the neuronal activity of the lateral hypothalamus]. The influence of stimulation of stria terminalis and midbrain central gray substance on the neuronal activity of the lateral hypothalamus was studied in acute experiments on curarized rats. Five types of neuronal responses were found: 1) phase activation; 2) phase inhibition;3) diffusive activation; 4) diffusive inhibition; 5) two-phase responses. Stimulation of stria terminalis produced inhibition in 62.7% of the lateral hypothalamus neurons. 87% of those neurons were activated after stimulation of the central gray substance. The convergence of impulses from the amygdaloid complex and midbrain central gray substance was observed in 14.4% of reactive neurons. 84.6% of cells showed antagonistic convergent effects.", "PMID": 840326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4173", "title": "[Age and changes in the latent periods of the slow human auditory potential].", "content": "Regular changes in latencies of slow auditory evoked potentials were found with age. In particular, peak-latencies of comparatively early deflections, i.e. P1, N1 and P2, progressively diminished. The shortening of latencies was 50-60 ms for the age between 3-7, 8-13, and 25-35 msec further on. The latencies of the later waves, namely P3, N3 and P4, increased by 35-65 ms for the age between 3-7 and 8-13. After these ages, the latency of deflection P3 did not change, while deflections N3 and P4 disappeared. Of all the evoked potential components deflection N2 was the most stable, its latency negligibly shortened with age. In children aged 3-7 two complexes of waves (P1N1P2 and P2N2P3) often overlapped, forming a broad nondifferentiated deflection. The division of the latter was completed at the age of about 8. Long-term developmental changes in wave-shape and parameters of the slow evoked potentials are considered as supporting their mainly nonspecific (extralemniscal) orgin. Basing on correlation revealed between the late evoked potential components and EEG synchronization level, a hypothesis is advanced according to which these components are generated with participation of the nonspecific synchronizing system.", "contents": "[Age and changes in the latent periods of the slow human auditory potential]. Regular changes in latencies of slow auditory evoked potentials were found with age. In particular, peak-latencies of comparatively early deflections, i.e. P1, N1 and P2, progressively diminished. The shortening of latencies was 50-60 ms for the age between 3-7, 8-13, and 25-35 msec further on. The latencies of the later waves, namely P3, N3 and P4, increased by 35-65 ms for the age between 3-7 and 8-13. After these ages, the latency of deflection P3 did not change, while deflections N3 and P4 disappeared. Of all the evoked potential components deflection N2 was the most stable, its latency negligibly shortened with age. In children aged 3-7 two complexes of waves (P1N1P2 and P2N2P3) often overlapped, forming a broad nondifferentiated deflection. The division of the latter was completed at the age of about 8. Long-term developmental changes in wave-shape and parameters of the slow evoked potentials are considered as supporting their mainly nonspecific (extralemniscal) orgin. Basing on correlation revealed between the late evoked potential components and EEG synchronization level, a hypothesis is advanced according to which these components are generated with participation of the nonspecific synchronizing system.", "PMID": 840327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4174", "title": "[Responses of bat cochlear nucleus neurons to ultrasonic stimuli].", "content": "The responses of cochlear nuclei single units in Vespertilionidae and Rhinolophidae were studied by means of ultrasound stimuli of different frequencies. Most neurons were found to have one or two complementary response areas with best frequencies equal to 1/2 and 1/3 of the highest one (which we regard as the basic best frequency). In Vespertilionidae which emit frequency-modulated signals some neurons have complementary areas with upper thresholds. The latency of responses do not correlate with the stimulus frequency. This suggests that there is no correlative reception of echosignals at this level of auditory system in bats.", "contents": "[Responses of bat cochlear nucleus neurons to ultrasonic stimuli]. The responses of cochlear nuclei single units in Vespertilionidae and Rhinolophidae were studied by means of ultrasound stimuli of different frequencies. Most neurons were found to have one or two complementary response areas with best frequencies equal to 1/2 and 1/3 of the highest one (which we regard as the basic best frequency). In Vespertilionidae which emit frequency-modulated signals some neurons have complementary areas with upper thresholds. The latency of responses do not correlate with the stimulus frequency. This suggests that there is no correlative reception of echosignals at this level of auditory system in bats.", "PMID": 840328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4175", "title": "[Acetylcholinesterase in the glial elements of the cat spinal cord].", "content": "The Karnovsky-Roots method was used for the light and electron cytochemical detection of acetylcholinesterase distribution in the cat cervical spinal cord. A specific reaction was found not only in nervous elements of the motor nuclei, but also in some astrocytes, satellite glial and Schwann cells. AChE activity was demonstrated in satellite cells accompanying both cholinergic and noncholinergic neurons. An electron microscopic analysis showed electron-dense end-products in the reaction (copper ferrocyanide) in nucleous, on the surfaces of the inner and outer leaves of the nuclear membrane and in its pores, in the perinuclear space and in the pericaria of satellite glial cells on the inner and outer surfaces of the cytoplasmatic membrane of the Schwann cells.", "contents": "[Acetylcholinesterase in the glial elements of the cat spinal cord]. The Karnovsky-Roots method was used for the light and electron cytochemical detection of acetylcholinesterase distribution in the cat cervical spinal cord. A specific reaction was found not only in nervous elements of the motor nuclei, but also in some astrocytes, satellite glial and Schwann cells. AChE activity was demonstrated in satellite cells accompanying both cholinergic and noncholinergic neurons. An electron microscopic analysis showed electron-dense end-products in the reaction (copper ferrocyanide) in nucleous, on the surfaces of the inner and outer leaves of the nuclear membrane and in its pores, in the perinuclear space and in the pericaria of satellite glial cells on the inner and outer surfaces of the cytoplasmatic membrane of the Schwann cells.", "PMID": 840329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4176", "title": "[Rhythmic activity in the retina of fish evoked by adequate stimulation].", "content": "Distribution of evoked rhythmical responses over the retinal surface and depth was investigated in carp and tench by recording the local electroretinogram and spike activity of ganglion cells. The dependence of the response amplitude-frequency characteristics upon the stimulus intensity and duration was also studied. The rhythmical responses to light \"on\" and \"off\" stimuli differed in a number of features, particularly in patterns of their distribution among cellular and synaptic retinal layers. It was found that frequency, amplitude and the number of waves in the response were functions of the stimulus parameters. The \"on\", \"off\" and \"on-off\" retinal ganglion cells were represented in the records. Their discharges corresponded to the wave phase angle close to pi/2. Blocking conduction in the optic nerve by cold made it possible to show that the retinal rhythmic activity system is independent of the centres although tonically influenced by them.", "contents": "[Rhythmic activity in the retina of fish evoked by adequate stimulation]. Distribution of evoked rhythmical responses over the retinal surface and depth was investigated in carp and tench by recording the local electroretinogram and spike activity of ganglion cells. The dependence of the response amplitude-frequency characteristics upon the stimulus intensity and duration was also studied. The rhythmical responses to light \"on\" and \"off\" stimuli differed in a number of features, particularly in patterns of their distribution among cellular and synaptic retinal layers. It was found that frequency, amplitude and the number of waves in the response were functions of the stimulus parameters. The \"on\", \"off\" and \"on-off\" retinal ganglion cells were represented in the records. Their discharges corresponded to the wave phase angle close to pi/2. Blocking conduction in the optic nerve by cold made it possible to show that the retinal rhythmic activity system is independent of the centres although tonically influenced by them.", "PMID": 840330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4177", "title": "[Model for the feedback mechanism between horizontal cells and photoreceptors of vertebrate retinas].", "content": "A model is proposed which is based on the hypothesis that the feedback between horizontal cells and photoreceptors is fulfilled by electric current generated by the subsynaptic membrane of horizontal cells and flowing partially through receptors. An important element of the model is nonlinearity of the presynaptic membrane of photoreceptors. The model reproduces such experimental data as depolarization of cones evoked by hyperpolarization of horizontal cells with a light annulus or extrinsic current, as well as some properties of current-voltage relations in cones and rods.", "contents": "[Model for the feedback mechanism between horizontal cells and photoreceptors of vertebrate retinas]. A model is proposed which is based on the hypothesis that the feedback between horizontal cells and photoreceptors is fulfilled by electric current generated by the subsynaptic membrane of horizontal cells and flowing partially through receptors. An important element of the model is nonlinearity of the presynaptic membrane of photoreceptors. The model reproduces such experimental data as depolarization of cones evoked by hyperpolarization of horizontal cells with a light annulus or extrinsic current, as well as some properties of current-voltage relations in cones and rods.", "PMID": 840332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4178", "title": "[Post-synaptic responses of cat visual cortex neurons to stimulation of the lateral geniculate body].", "content": "Intracellular responses of 50 neurons in the striate cortex to lateral geniculate body stimulation were studied in cats immobilized with d-tubocurarine. Activation without subsequent inhibition was determined in 22 per cent of the cells. Initial activation was followed by inhibition in 32 per cent of the cells and primary inhibition was found in 46 per cent of the cells. The difference between the shortest latencies of IPSP and EPSP was 0.9 ms. A conclusion is made that in the striate cortex there exists a mechanism of afferent inhibition. The neurons responding with primary activation may play the role of inhibitory cells in such inhibition.", "contents": "[Post-synaptic responses of cat visual cortex neurons to stimulation of the lateral geniculate body]. Intracellular responses of 50 neurons in the striate cortex to lateral geniculate body stimulation were studied in cats immobilized with d-tubocurarine. Activation without subsequent inhibition was determined in 22 per cent of the cells. Initial activation was followed by inhibition in 32 per cent of the cells and primary inhibition was found in 46 per cent of the cells. The difference between the shortest latencies of IPSP and EPSP was 0.9 ms. A conclusion is made that in the striate cortex there exists a mechanism of afferent inhibition. The neurons responding with primary activation may play the role of inhibitory cells in such inhibition.", "PMID": 840334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4179", "title": "The use of serial determination of blood serum glycoproteins for indirect evidence of the sensitivity and resistance of malignant tumor cells to clinical chemotherapy.", "content": "Sialic acid and mucoprotein tyrosine (MPT) as two important and sensitive indicators of blood serum glycoprotein changes were used for the dynamic follow up of the tumor growth in humans. Their determination was performed before and during chemotherapy with the aim to evaluate indirectly the sensitivity or resistance of malignant cell to the clinical chemotherapy. A total amount of 16 cases with gynecological malignancies was investigated. According to the results of the laborabory findings the patients were divided into three groups: a) with decreased values after chemotherapy, b) with no changes or increased values, c) uncertain results. The laboratory findings corresponded well with the clinical course of the disease.", "contents": "The use of serial determination of blood serum glycoproteins for indirect evidence of the sensitivity and resistance of malignant tumor cells to clinical chemotherapy. Sialic acid and mucoprotein tyrosine (MPT) as two important and sensitive indicators of blood serum glycoprotein changes were used for the dynamic follow up of the tumor growth in humans. Their determination was performed before and during chemotherapy with the aim to evaluate indirectly the sensitivity or resistance of malignant cell to the clinical chemotherapy. A total amount of 16 cases with gynecological malignancies was investigated. According to the results of the laborabory findings the patients were divided into three groups: a) with decreased values after chemotherapy, b) with no changes or increased values, c) uncertain results. The laboratory findings corresponded well with the clinical course of the disease.", "PMID": 840335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4180", "title": "Cytotoxic activity of macrocyclic metabolites from fungi.", "content": "The cytotoxic effect of 7 macrocyclic fungal metabolites on HeLa cells has been determined. The authors noted great differences in the cytotoxic activity of the substances investigated. Least effective had proved the metabolites curvularin and zearalenone which kept exhibiting ED50 at a concentration of 2 X 10(-4)M and at a concentration of 7.5 X 10(-5)M respectively, whereas the most effective cyanein and monorden gave rise to 50% inhibition of multiplication of HeLa cells at a thousandfold lower concentration than zearalenone. Cytochalasins A, B and D brought about 50% inhibition of proliferation of HeLa cells at concentrations of the same order, with ED50 ranging between 1.2-2.1 X 10(-6)M. The different biological activity of the studied macrocyclic fungal metabolites is discussed in connection with their chemical structure.", "contents": "Cytotoxic activity of macrocyclic metabolites from fungi. The cytotoxic effect of 7 macrocyclic fungal metabolites on HeLa cells has been determined. The authors noted great differences in the cytotoxic activity of the substances investigated. Least effective had proved the metabolites curvularin and zearalenone which kept exhibiting ED50 at a concentration of 2 X 10(-4)M and at a concentration of 7.5 X 10(-5)M respectively, whereas the most effective cyanein and monorden gave rise to 50% inhibition of multiplication of HeLa cells at a thousandfold lower concentration than zearalenone. Cytochalasins A, B and D brought about 50% inhibition of proliferation of HeLa cells at concentrations of the same order, with ED50 ranging between 1.2-2.1 X 10(-6)M. The different biological activity of the studied macrocyclic fungal metabolites is discussed in connection with their chemical structure.", "PMID": 840336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4181", "title": "Effect of hydroxyurea and vinblastine on the proliferation of the pluripotential stem cells.", "content": "The population of the pluripotential hemopoietic stem cells in mice, i. e. those cells forming colonies in the spleens of lethally irradiated mice (colony forming cells CFc) is proliferating relatively slowly. After a partial damage the population regenerates which is achieved by means of the increased proliferation rate. The effect of damage caused by different doses of hydroxyurea or vinblastine on the proliferation of the CFc has been investigated. CFc population was measured in femur bone marrow after grafting the sample of the bone marrow into the lethally irradiated mice recipients (spleen colony method). The proliferation rate was estimated either according to the magnitude of the fraction of cells synthesizing DNA in the S phase of the cell cycle, or according to the sensitivity of the population to the repeated injections of vinblastine. Data showed that even after very minute damage caused by hydroxyurea the stem cells started to proliferate intensively. The effect was dose dependent. The comparable damage caused by vinblastine had a significantly weaker effect on the proliferation of the stem cells. From the results it is concluded that the proliferation response of the pluripotential stem cells depends on two factors: one being the extent of the damage caused to the hemopoietic tissue and the second the position of the killed cells in the cell cycle.", "contents": "Effect of hydroxyurea and vinblastine on the proliferation of the pluripotential stem cells. The population of the pluripotential hemopoietic stem cells in mice, i. e. those cells forming colonies in the spleens of lethally irradiated mice (colony forming cells CFc) is proliferating relatively slowly. After a partial damage the population regenerates which is achieved by means of the increased proliferation rate. The effect of damage caused by different doses of hydroxyurea or vinblastine on the proliferation of the CFc has been investigated. CFc population was measured in femur bone marrow after grafting the sample of the bone marrow into the lethally irradiated mice recipients (spleen colony method). The proliferation rate was estimated either according to the magnitude of the fraction of cells synthesizing DNA in the S phase of the cell cycle, or according to the sensitivity of the population to the repeated injections of vinblastine. Data showed that even after very minute damage caused by hydroxyurea the stem cells started to proliferate intensively. The effect was dose dependent. The comparable damage caused by vinblastine had a significantly weaker effect on the proliferation of the stem cells. From the results it is concluded that the proliferation response of the pluripotential stem cells depends on two factors: one being the extent of the damage caused to the hemopoietic tissue and the second the position of the killed cells in the cell cycle.", "PMID": 840337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4182", "title": "Cinemicrographic analysis of the cellular changes of the stabilized cell line HeLa provoked by l-aminoadamantane.", "content": "The effect of antiviral compound l-aminoadamantane on HeLa cell culture has been studied. Morphological changes were observed at the concentration 300 and 500 mug/ml. The concentration of 150 mug/ml exerted a delay in the process of cell adhesion and dilatation (spreading).", "contents": "Cinemicrographic analysis of the cellular changes of the stabilized cell line HeLa provoked by l-aminoadamantane. The effect of antiviral compound l-aminoadamantane on HeLa cell culture has been studied. Morphological changes were observed at the concentration 300 and 500 mug/ml. The concentration of 150 mug/ml exerted a delay in the process of cell adhesion and dilatation (spreading).", "PMID": 840338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4183", "title": "Human malignant melanoma cells: morphological and immunological variations.", "content": "When cultured in vitro, human malignant melanoma cells proliferated in two patterns: In one the cells were polygoneal or spheroidal unequal in form and size, whereas in the other, the cells were elongated, fusiform, poorly delimited, with various degrees of atypism. Antisera to each of these two types of malignant melanoma cell cultures were raised in rabbits. The antiserum cytotoxic activity was assessed against 10 cultures of malignant melanoma cells, 10 mammary carcinoma, 2 fibrosarcoma and 10 normal skin fibroblasts. Prior and at intervals post surgery, the cytotoxic activity of serum from 10 patients with malignant melanoma was assessed against the above cell cultures. Based on their cytotoxic activities, the sera drawn from patients with melanoma thirty days after surgery had the highest cytotoxicity and could be classified into two groups similar to the rabbit antisera. Glycoprotein fractions were isolated from 3 M KCl extracts of the two melanoma cell types, i.e. from patients ShA and ZBJ. These glycoproteins stimulated 14C-2-thymidine uptake and DNA-polymerase activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes from post surgery melanoma patient. The glycoproteins had no effect on peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal donors.", "contents": "Human malignant melanoma cells: morphological and immunological variations. When cultured in vitro, human malignant melanoma cells proliferated in two patterns: In one the cells were polygoneal or spheroidal unequal in form and size, whereas in the other, the cells were elongated, fusiform, poorly delimited, with various degrees of atypism. Antisera to each of these two types of malignant melanoma cell cultures were raised in rabbits. The antiserum cytotoxic activity was assessed against 10 cultures of malignant melanoma cells, 10 mammary carcinoma, 2 fibrosarcoma and 10 normal skin fibroblasts. Prior and at intervals post surgery, the cytotoxic activity of serum from 10 patients with malignant melanoma was assessed against the above cell cultures. Based on their cytotoxic activities, the sera drawn from patients with melanoma thirty days after surgery had the highest cytotoxicity and could be classified into two groups similar to the rabbit antisera. Glycoprotein fractions were isolated from 3 M KCl extracts of the two melanoma cell types, i.e. from patients ShA and ZBJ. These glycoproteins stimulated 14C-2-thymidine uptake and DNA-polymerase activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes from post surgery melanoma patient. The glycoproteins had no effect on peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal donors.", "PMID": 840339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4184", "title": "Arachnoid cyst and cord compression in association with tangential shrapnel injuries of the spine.", "content": "Seven cases of tangential shrapnel injury of the spine with sensory and motor paralysis were discovered to have subdural arachnoid cysts with compression of the cord also. In one of them an extradural cyst coexisted. Detection of the cysts was only possible after myelographic screening of all cases of tangential trauma. The clinical, laboratory, radiological, surgical and histopathological data were studied. Follow-up for eight weeks was recorded including one case of recurrence of a cyst. A theory of the mechanism of injury and of the formation of the cysts is given. The number of cyst cases constituted about 33% of all tangential injuries, and 8.8% of all shrapnel injuries received in Maadi Hospital during the October Middle East Conflict, 1973. Removal of the cysts improved the prospects of neurological recovery.", "contents": "Arachnoid cyst and cord compression in association with tangential shrapnel injuries of the spine. Seven cases of tangential shrapnel injury of the spine with sensory and motor paralysis were discovered to have subdural arachnoid cysts with compression of the cord also. In one of them an extradural cyst coexisted. Detection of the cysts was only possible after myelographic screening of all cases of tangential trauma. The clinical, laboratory, radiological, surgical and histopathological data were studied. Follow-up for eight weeks was recorded including one case of recurrence of a cyst. A theory of the mechanism of injury and of the formation of the cysts is given. The number of cyst cases constituted about 33% of all tangential injuries, and 8.8% of all shrapnel injuries received in Maadi Hospital during the October Middle East Conflict, 1973. Removal of the cysts improved the prospects of neurological recovery.", "PMID": 840352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4185", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid lysozyme activity in patients with central nervous system tumours.", "content": "The presence of lysozyme in the CSF is considered with regard to its value in the early diagnosis of primary or secondary CNS Tumours. Since the appearance of this enzyme in the CSF is secondary to the increase of protein in the fluid, the search for lysozyme in the CSF is of no practical help in the diagnosis of CNS tumours.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid lysozyme activity in patients with central nervous system tumours. The presence of lysozyme in the CSF is considered with regard to its value in the early diagnosis of primary or secondary CNS Tumours. Since the appearance of this enzyme in the CSF is secondary to the increase of protein in the fluid, the search for lysozyme in the CSF is of no practical help in the diagnosis of CNS tumours.", "PMID": 840353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4186", "title": "Simultaneous occurrence of spinal tumor and lumbar disk herniation.", "content": "Eight cases are reported where spinal tumor occurred simultaneously with hernited lumbar disks in a series of 609 lumbar disk operations. The value of the diagnostic procedures is discussed and the literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Simultaneous occurrence of spinal tumor and lumbar disk herniation. Eight cases are reported where spinal tumor occurred simultaneously with hernited lumbar disks in a series of 609 lumbar disk operations. The value of the diagnostic procedures is discussed and the literature is reviewed.", "PMID": 840354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4187", "title": "Evaluation and revision of ventriculo-gastric shunts by gastroscopy.", "content": "The authors have found that gastroscopy is a relatively easy and safe technique for evluating the function of , and relieving distal obstruction in, ventriculo-gastric shunts.", "contents": "Evaluation and revision of ventriculo-gastric shunts by gastroscopy. The authors have found that gastroscopy is a relatively easy and safe technique for evluating the function of , and relieving distal obstruction in, ventriculo-gastric shunts.", "PMID": 840355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4188", "title": "[Cerebral blood flow determination with the use of a Standard ZM 703 device].", "content": "The authors report a method of determination of regional blood flow in the brain with a Polish ZM 703 apparatus produced by United Nuclear Equipment Works POLON. The authors found that ZM 703 is useful for determination of brain blood flow but it should be equipped with detection crystals and collimators of smaller size for simultaneous examination of greater number of brain regions.", "contents": "[Cerebral blood flow determination with the use of a Standard ZM 703 device]. The authors report a method of determination of regional blood flow in the brain with a Polish ZM 703 apparatus produced by United Nuclear Equipment Works POLON. The authors found that ZM 703 is useful for determination of brain blood flow but it should be equipped with detection crystals and collimators of smaller size for simultaneous examination of greater number of brain regions.", "PMID": 840356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4189", "title": "[Familial EEG abnormalities in children of epileptics].", "content": "The purpose of the study was to establish the frequency of EEG abnormalities in mother and child when one of them has epilepsy. The incidence and type of EEG abnormalities were analysed in 2 groups: 33 epileptic children and their 31 healthy mothers, and 28 epileptic mothers with their 46 clinically healthy children. For illustration of data distribution in EEG the examined subjects were divided in both groups into mother-child pairs comparing the features of the records as well as morphological similarity of the curves in mother and child. It was found that the probability of abnormalities in the bioelectric activity of the brain is the same in a healthy child of an epileptic mother (67.3%) as in a healthy mother of an epilepitic child (51.6%). The frequency of EEG pathology was greater in daughters than in sons of epileptic mothers. Similarities in morphological patterns of EEG occurred in only 3 cases in mothers of epileptic children and in 8 children of epileptic mothers.", "contents": "[Familial EEG abnormalities in children of epileptics]. The purpose of the study was to establish the frequency of EEG abnormalities in mother and child when one of them has epilepsy. The incidence and type of EEG abnormalities were analysed in 2 groups: 33 epileptic children and their 31 healthy mothers, and 28 epileptic mothers with their 46 clinically healthy children. For illustration of data distribution in EEG the examined subjects were divided in both groups into mother-child pairs comparing the features of the records as well as morphological similarity of the curves in mother and child. It was found that the probability of abnormalities in the bioelectric activity of the brain is the same in a healthy child of an epileptic mother (67.3%) as in a healthy mother of an epilepitic child (51.6%). The frequency of EEG pathology was greater in daughters than in sons of epileptic mothers. Similarities in morphological patterns of EEG occurred in only 3 cases in mothers of epileptic children and in 8 children of epileptic mothers.", "PMID": 840357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4190", "title": "[Syphilis of the central nervous and cardiovascular systems in Poland in the light of epidemiological data of the Institute of Venerology in Warsaw].", "content": "The authors describe the epidemiological situation with regard to late syphilis in the period of 25 years with particular reference to the last decade (1965--1974). The activities of consultation services for late syphilis and their role in prevention of late organ involvement are discussed.", "contents": "[Syphilis of the central nervous and cardiovascular systems in Poland in the light of epidemiological data of the Institute of Venerology in Warsaw]. The authors describe the epidemiological situation with regard to late syphilis in the period of 25 years with particular reference to the last decade (1965--1974). The activities of consultation services for late syphilis and their role in prevention of late organ involvement are discussed.", "PMID": 840360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4191", "title": "[Value of cerebrospinal fluid protein study by the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis method].", "content": "The methods of cerebrospinal fluid electrophoresis used as yet are surveyed briefly with particular reference to the method using polyacrylamide gel. In the light of own results it has been found that the method is superior because only small amounts of material are required and the sensitivity and separating ability of the method are much higher.", "contents": "[Value of cerebrospinal fluid protein study by the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis method]. The methods of cerebrospinal fluid electrophoresis used as yet are surveyed briefly with particular reference to the method using polyacrylamide gel. In the light of own results it has been found that the method is superior because only small amounts of material are required and the sensitivity and separating ability of the method are much higher.", "PMID": 840361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4192", "title": "[Clinical pattern of epilepsy with abortive temporal lobe attacks].", "content": "The purpose of the present work was to evaluate the clinical course of epilepsy with infrequent partial attacks with complex manifestations derived from the temporal lobe. Thirty patients aged 14 to 64 years treated on an outpatient basis and discovered during epidemiological investigations were followed-up. In half the cases only attacks without generalization occurred, in the remaining cases isolated generalized seizures appeared during many years of disease duration. In both groups a decrease was observed in the frequency of seizures in patients treated systematically or irregularly, as well as in those who had never been treated. Despite a long duration of the disease (above 6 years in 24 cases) the patients had normal mental level and good social adaptation.", "contents": "[Clinical pattern of epilepsy with abortive temporal lobe attacks]. The purpose of the present work was to evaluate the clinical course of epilepsy with infrequent partial attacks with complex manifestations derived from the temporal lobe. Thirty patients aged 14 to 64 years treated on an outpatient basis and discovered during epidemiological investigations were followed-up. In half the cases only attacks without generalization occurred, in the remaining cases isolated generalized seizures appeared during many years of disease duration. In both groups a decrease was observed in the frequency of seizures in patients treated systematically or irregularly, as well as in those who had never been treated. Despite a long duration of the disease (above 6 years in 24 cases) the patients had normal mental level and good social adaptation.", "PMID": 840359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4193", "title": "[Epilepsy and self evaluation of health conditions in subjects with a history of severe head injury in childhood].", "content": "Follow-up study of 309 subjects were carried out. They gave a history of severe head trauma in childhood (with cerebral concussion or cranial fracture). The mean age of these subjects at the time of trauma was 6.3 years and at the time of examination -- 19.3 years, the mean duration of follow-up being about 13 years. The frequency of epilepsy in this group was 3.2/1000 before head trauma. In follow-up prevalence of epilepsy in this groups was 25.9/1000, and of suspected epilepsy prevalence was 13/1000. The prevalence of epilepsy in subjects after severe head trauma was three times the expected one (9/1000). The most frequent complaint in this group were headaches. They were twice as, frequent as in the general population at the same age. The proportion of subjects regarding their health state as poor  was nearly twice as high as expected, and that of subjects regarding it as good was by one-third lower than expected. Despite these differences in self-evaluation of the health state and frequency of complaints it was found that a higher proportion of subjects in this group had not visited doctors in the year preceding the investigation than in the general population. This may indicate that many subjects in this group have lost motivation for treatment.", "contents": "[Epilepsy and self evaluation of health conditions in subjects with a history of severe head injury in childhood]. Follow-up study of 309 subjects were carried out. They gave a history of severe head trauma in childhood (with cerebral concussion or cranial fracture). The mean age of these subjects at the time of trauma was 6.3 years and at the time of examination -- 19.3 years, the mean duration of follow-up being about 13 years. The frequency of epilepsy in this group was 3.2/1000 before head trauma. In follow-up prevalence of epilepsy in this groups was 25.9/1000, and of suspected epilepsy prevalence was 13/1000. The prevalence of epilepsy in subjects after severe head trauma was three times the expected one (9/1000). The most frequent complaint in this group were headaches. They were twice as, frequent as in the general population at the same age. The proportion of subjects regarding their health state as poor  was nearly twice as high as expected, and that of subjects regarding it as good was by one-third lower than expected. Despite these differences in self-evaluation of the health state and frequency of complaints it was found that a higher proportion of subjects in this group had not visited doctors in the year preceding the investigation than in the general population. This may indicate that many subjects in this group have lost motivation for treatment.", "PMID": 840362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4194", "title": "[Incidence of seizures and therapy course in the light of a follow-up study of 2 representative groups of epileptics].", "content": "The follow-up study reported covered two representative groups of epileptics: 289 known epileptics (group Z) and 82 cases found in a sample of general population in Warsaw (group T). During 2--3 years of follow-up the frequency of seizures has changed in 40% of cases: the percent of patients improved exceeding significantly that of patients with worsening or relapse. The remaing 60% of cases consisted of two almost equally numerous groups: patients with unchanged frequency of seizures and those free from seizures for years. Cases of milder epilepsy were underrepresented among the patients on medication but it is stressed that it was particularly difficult to obtain data on such cases (migrations, refusals). The frequency of relapses in the untreated group reached 10% in group Z and 5% in group. T. Many untreated epileptics continue to have epileptic seizures, usually rare.", "contents": "[Incidence of seizures and therapy course in the light of a follow-up study of 2 representative groups of epileptics]. The follow-up study reported covered two representative groups of epileptics: 289 known epileptics (group Z) and 82 cases found in a sample of general population in Warsaw (group T). During 2--3 years of follow-up the frequency of seizures has changed in 40% of cases: the percent of patients improved exceeding significantly that of patients with worsening or relapse. The remaing 60% of cases consisted of two almost equally numerous groups: patients with unchanged frequency of seizures and those free from seizures for years. Cases of milder epilepsy were underrepresented among the patients on medication but it is stressed that it was particularly difficult to obtain data on such cases (migrations, refusals). The frequency of relapses in the untreated group reached 10% in group Z and 5% in group. T. Many untreated epileptics continue to have epileptic seizures, usually rare.", "PMID": 840363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4195", "title": "[Behavior of nervous tissue during long-term administration of diphenylhydantoin to cats].", "content": "The purpose of the study was to assess the morphological changes in the brain of cats reveiving diphenylhydantoin in therapeutic doses during several weeks. The material included 20 cats: 14 experimental and 6 control. In conditioned behaviour the animals showed a steady reduction in the number of correct responses to positive stimuli, statistically significant prolongation of the mean time of latent reaction and disappearance of reaction in intervals between signals. The general condition of the animals changed also, they became somnolent, refused to take food or water. Trophic changes included weight loss, spot-like loss of hair and loss of hair lustre, mucosal bleeding. These changes developed already in the first weeks on the drug administration independently of the dose. Morphological investigations of cat brains showed greatest cell loss and different grades of damage of the surviving cells in Ammon's horn, amygdala and in brain stem reticular formation. Glial proliferation and hypertrophy were slight. The authors discuss the problem of importance of the observed changes for development of \"clinical\" syndrome in experimental cats.", "contents": "[Behavior of nervous tissue during long-term administration of diphenylhydantoin to cats]. The purpose of the study was to assess the morphological changes in the brain of cats reveiving diphenylhydantoin in therapeutic doses during several weeks. The material included 20 cats: 14 experimental and 6 control. In conditioned behaviour the animals showed a steady reduction in the number of correct responses to positive stimuli, statistically significant prolongation of the mean time of latent reaction and disappearance of reaction in intervals between signals. The general condition of the animals changed also, they became somnolent, refused to take food or water. Trophic changes included weight loss, spot-like loss of hair and loss of hair lustre, mucosal bleeding. These changes developed already in the first weeks on the drug administration independently of the dose. Morphological investigations of cat brains showed greatest cell loss and different grades of damage of the surviving cells in Ammon's horn, amygdala and in brain stem reticular formation. Glial proliferation and hypertrophy were slight. The authors discuss the problem of importance of the observed changes for development of \"clinical\" syndrome in experimental cats.", "PMID": 840366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4196", "title": "[Study of children of mothers treated with anticonvulsants during pregnancy].", "content": "Forty children of mothers with epilepsy treated with anticonvulsants during pregnancy were investigated. Medical documentation and history data permitted to gain information concerning the course of the disease and treatment during pregnancy, the course of pregnancy and labour and the neonatal condition of the child. The children had medical, psychological and EEG investigations. It was found that in the group studied disturbances in the course of pregnancy occurred much more frequently than in the general population (pregnancy disturbances in 20.5%, premature labour -- 25.6%, complicated labour -- 15.4%). Numerous so-called minor malformation syndromes were found in these children (37.5%) and somatic development was deficient in 52.5% of cases. EEG abnormalities were present in 65.6% of children. No abnormalities were observed in mental development. It seems that these abnormalities were most frequent when the mothers had been treated with derivatives of phenytoin and phenobarbital. The observed group is, however, too small for reaching reliable conclusions.", "contents": "[Study of children of mothers treated with anticonvulsants during pregnancy]. Forty children of mothers with epilepsy treated with anticonvulsants during pregnancy were investigated. Medical documentation and history data permitted to gain information concerning the course of the disease and treatment during pregnancy, the course of pregnancy and labour and the neonatal condition of the child. The children had medical, psychological and EEG investigations. It was found that in the group studied disturbances in the course of pregnancy occurred much more frequently than in the general population (pregnancy disturbances in 20.5%, premature labour -- 25.6%, complicated labour -- 15.4%). Numerous so-called minor malformation syndromes were found in these children (37.5%) and somatic development was deficient in 52.5% of cases. EEG abnormalities were present in 65.6% of children. No abnormalities were observed in mental development. It seems that these abnormalities were most frequent when the mothers had been treated with derivatives of phenytoin and phenobarbital. The observed group is, however, too small for reaching reliable conclusions.", "PMID": 840364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4197", "title": "[Effects of clonidine on various blood-coagulation parameters in hypertension].", "content": "The effect of oral clonidine on prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, blood fibrinogen, fibrinolytic activity and platelet count was investigated in 25 hypertensive and 7 normal subjects. High plasma fibrinogen levels were present in 80% of the hypertensive patients and prolonged lysis time in 28%; the means values were 487 +/- 135 mg % and 223 +/- 62 min., respectively. The other coagulation tests were normal. 0,300-0,450 mg/day clonidine per os for 15 days both decreased fibginogen levels (mean 406 +/- 149; p less than 0.05) and shortened lysis time (mean 153 +/- 78 min; p less than 0.005). No changes were noted in the normal subjects. The pathophysiological mechanism of these findings is discussed and their possible implications for the treatment of hypertension are emphasised.", "contents": "[Effects of clonidine on various blood-coagulation parameters in hypertension]. The effect of oral clonidine on prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, blood fibrinogen, fibrinolytic activity and platelet count was investigated in 25 hypertensive and 7 normal subjects. High plasma fibrinogen levels were present in 80% of the hypertensive patients and prolonged lysis time in 28%; the means values were 487 +/- 135 mg % and 223 +/- 62 min., respectively. The other coagulation tests were normal. 0,300-0,450 mg/day clonidine per os for 15 days both decreased fibginogen levels (mean 406 +/- 149; p less than 0.05) and shortened lysis time (mean 153 +/- 78 min; p less than 0.005). No changes were noted in the normal subjects. The pathophysiological mechanism of these findings is discussed and their possible implications for the treatment of hypertension are emphasised.", "PMID": 840419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4198", "title": "[Arterial hypertension as a medico-social disease. Etiopathogenetic aspects and therapeutic possibilities].", "content": "The increased incidence of arterial hypertension raises important medicosocial problems, since it has been shown that the prognosis for those who receive treatment is different from that of those who do not. Mass education is required to ensure that as many sufferers are aware of their condition before complications set in. Those detected should be properly classified in accordance with the nature, type and degree of their form and treated on the basis of its aetiopathogenesis. It has, in fact, been shown that, apart from secondary forms, even those of a primary nature can be differentiated in the light of their predominant aetiology: hyperincretion of catecholamines, hyporeninaemia, hypercorticoidism, etc. These, of course, require specific, directed drug management: anti-adrenergic treatment, diuretic treatment, administration of spironolactone, etc.", "contents": "[Arterial hypertension as a medico-social disease. Etiopathogenetic aspects and therapeutic possibilities]. The increased incidence of arterial hypertension raises important medicosocial problems, since it has been shown that the prognosis for those who receive treatment is different from that of those who do not. Mass education is required to ensure that as many sufferers are aware of their condition before complications set in. Those detected should be properly classified in accordance with the nature, type and degree of their form and treated on the basis of its aetiopathogenesis. It has, in fact, been shown that, apart from secondary forms, even those of a primary nature can be differentiated in the light of their predominant aetiology: hyperincretion of catecholamines, hyporeninaemia, hypercorticoidism, etc. These, of course, require specific, directed drug management: anti-adrenergic treatment, diuretic treatment, administration of spironolactone, etc.", "PMID": 840420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4199", "title": "[1 year of automatic management of an analytical laboratory using a part-time computer].", "content": "This paper is a report on a one year-automatic management of the Clinical Lab. of the Hospital of Gallarate (Italy) by means of a \"part-time\" computerization system. Technologies and procedures used for in-patients and out-patients are analysed: by this kind of management many advantages are obtained but some partly unremovable drawbacks, are identified which are mainly caused by the current management of clinical Departments.", "contents": "[1 year of automatic management of an analytical laboratory using a part-time computer]. This paper is a report on a one year-automatic management of the Clinical Lab. of the Hospital of Gallarate (Italy) by means of a \"part-time\" computerization system. Technologies and procedures used for in-patients and out-patients are analysed: by this kind of management many advantages are obtained but some partly unremovable drawbacks, are identified which are mainly caused by the current management of clinical Departments.", "PMID": 840431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4200", "title": "[Bilateral occlusion of the internal carotid artery with compensatory circulatory through the ophthalmic arteries].", "content": "This study is referred to a patient with bilateral occlusion of the internal carotid artery with anastomotic compensatory circle through ophthalmic arteries.", "contents": "[Bilateral occlusion of the internal carotid artery with compensatory circulatory through the ophthalmic arteries]. This study is referred to a patient with bilateral occlusion of the internal carotid artery with anastomotic compensatory circle through ophthalmic arteries.", "PMID": 840434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4201", "title": "[Ultrasonic diagnosis of aneurysms of the abdominal aorta].", "content": "The principles of ultrasound diagnosis are briefly explained and the technique of the examination is described with particular reference to the measures taken to ensure the exact measurement of diameters. The modalities for the echographic presentation of the normal and aneurysmatic aorta is illustrated, together with the respective pictures. It is suggested that echography be employed both as a preliminary technique and as a supplement to angiography, which is not itself particularly applicable in the case of aneurysms. Above all, it can be considered as the sole and resolutive examination on account of the findings it offers.", "contents": "[Ultrasonic diagnosis of aneurysms of the abdominal aorta]. The principles of ultrasound diagnosis are briefly explained and the technique of the examination is described with particular reference to the measures taken to ensure the exact measurement of diameters. The modalities for the echographic presentation of the normal and aneurysmatic aorta is illustrated, together with the respective pictures. It is suggested that echography be employed both as a preliminary technique and as a supplement to angiography, which is not itself particularly applicable in the case of aneurysms. Above all, it can be considered as the sole and resolutive examination on account of the findings it offers.", "PMID": 840438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4202", "title": "[Antigenic hemagglutinating characterization of influenza virus A/Torino/1/75 (H3N2)].", "content": "An A strain influenza virus isolated in Turin during the winter of 1974-75 was antigenetically related to the A/Port Chalmers/1/73 strain and dominant with respect to it. In addition, it was dissimilar and antigenically distant from the A/Scotland/840/74 strain.", "contents": "[Antigenic hemagglutinating characterization of influenza virus A/Torino/1/75 (H3N2)]. An A strain influenza virus isolated in Turin during the winter of 1974-75 was antigenetically related to the A/Port Chalmers/1/73 strain and dominant with respect to it. In addition, it was dissimilar and antigenically distant from the A/Scotland/840/74 strain.", "PMID": 840439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4203", "title": "[Research on the immunity status of the Turin population with respect to 3 recent variations of influenza A virus].", "content": "Measurement of influenza A/Torino/1/75, A/MRC 11 and A/Scotland/840/74 viruses h.i. antibodies in a sample of the Turin population represented by 200 non-vaccinated adults, showed that the percentage of subjects carrying antibiodies at the minimum titre of 1/10 was respectively 83, 78,5 and 52 and respective mean titres were 1/65, 1/65 and 1/43. These results confirm the antigenic affinity between A/Torino/1/75 and A/MRC/11 strains and their diversity with respect to A/Scotland/840/74. It is emphasized that vaccines should include the Scottish variant of the influenza virus also.", "contents": "[Research on the immunity status of the Turin population with respect to 3 recent variations of influenza A virus]. Measurement of influenza A/Torino/1/75, A/MRC 11 and A/Scotland/840/74 viruses h.i. antibodies in a sample of the Turin population represented by 200 non-vaccinated adults, showed that the percentage of subjects carrying antibiodies at the minimum titre of 1/10 was respectively 83, 78,5 and 52 and respective mean titres were 1/65, 1/65 and 1/43. These results confirm the antigenic affinity between A/Torino/1/75 and A/MRC/11 strains and their diversity with respect to A/Scotland/840/74. It is emphasized that vaccines should include the Scottish variant of the influenza virus also.", "PMID": 840440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4204", "title": "[Problems of periodical health controls in the light of experience of Italian Diagnostic Center].", "content": "The medical, social and economic problems and implications involved in periodic health check-ups are considered. The starting point is the early experience of the Italian Diagnosis Centre and the examination of what has been done by Centres working in the field for some time. The intention is to stress the importance of defining in detail those pathological factors worthy of investigation and of showing that the purpose of the check-up is to pinpoint the correct diagnosis as quickly as possible. \"Early diagnosis\" is considered to be an area of primary importance in the struggle against disease. Finally, the social importance of the check-up in reducing the incidence of hospital admittances and average hospitalization is stressed.", "contents": "[Problems of periodical health controls in the light of experience of Italian Diagnostic Center]. The medical, social and economic problems and implications involved in periodic health check-ups are considered. The starting point is the early experience of the Italian Diagnosis Centre and the examination of what has been done by Centres working in the field for some time. The intention is to stress the importance of defining in detail those pathological factors worthy of investigation and of showing that the purpose of the check-up is to pinpoint the correct diagnosis as quickly as possible. \"Early diagnosis\" is considered to be an area of primary importance in the struggle against disease. Finally, the social importance of the check-up in reducing the incidence of hospital admittances and average hospitalization is stressed.", "PMID": 840441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4205", "title": "Pregnancy in women over forty.", "content": "In a retrospective review of 440 pregnancies occurring in women over the age of 40, increased frequencies of both perinatal and maternal complications were noted. The perinatal mortality rate of the study group was three times greater than that of the general obstetric population. There were increased incidences of both low and high birthweight infants. Neonatal morbidity was increased. Congenital abnormalities were noted in 12 infants, including 2 infants with cytogenetic abnormalities. Hypertensive disorders complicated one-third of the pregnancies. Diabetes mellitus and abruptio placentae occurred with increased frequency. Cesarean section was required in 12.2% of the deliveries.", "contents": "Pregnancy in women over forty. In a retrospective review of 440 pregnancies occurring in women over the age of 40, increased frequencies of both perinatal and maternal complications were noted. The perinatal mortality rate of the study group was three times greater than that of the general obstetric population. There were increased incidences of both low and high birthweight infants. Neonatal morbidity was increased. Congenital abnormalities were noted in 12 infants, including 2 infants with cytogenetic abnormalities. Hypertensive disorders complicated one-third of the pregnancies. Diabetes mellitus and abruptio placentae occurred with increased frequency. Cesarean section was required in 12.2% of the deliveries.", "PMID": 840453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4206", "title": "Assessment of factors constituting an \"inducibility profile\".", "content": "A survey of 440 patients examined vaginally during the last month of pregnancy showed a correlation between quantitative assessment of the pelvic score features described by Bishop and the duration of induced labor. Cervical dilatation was as useful as the total Bishop score in this respect. Cervical dilatation and station of the head together were especially predictive for long labor and these two factors together with length of cervix were especially predictive for shorter labors. It was also apparent from this study that previous cervical surgery or vaginal termination of pregnancy was associated with a lower incidence of low Bishop scores. The changes in individual components of the Bishop score during the last month of pregnancy are described.", "contents": "Assessment of factors constituting an \"inducibility profile\". A survey of 440 patients examined vaginally during the last month of pregnancy showed a correlation between quantitative assessment of the pelvic score features described by Bishop and the duration of induced labor. Cervical dilatation was as useful as the total Bishop score in this respect. Cervical dilatation and station of the head together were especially predictive for long labor and these two factors together with length of cervix were especially predictive for shorter labors. It was also apparent from this study that previous cervical surgery or vaginal termination of pregnancy was associated with a lower incidence of low Bishop scores. The changes in individual components of the Bishop score during the last month of pregnancy are described.", "PMID": 840454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4207", "title": "Fetal lung maturity. I. Mode of onset of premature labor. Influence of premature rupture of the membranes.", "content": "In a prospective study of 133 spontaneous premature deliveries the relation between premature rupture of the membranes (PRM) and development of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in newborn infants is examined. PRM is associated with a significantly decreased incidence of RDS in newborn infants (P less than 0.002). This relation is valid at a gestational age of 28 weeks or more and a birthweight greater than 1000 g. Total respiratory morbidity in newborn infants (transient tachypnea + RDS) is also significantly decreased when labor is associated with PRM (P less than 0.005). Assessment of the influences of sex of the infant, fetal asphyxia, and delivery by cesarian section shows that PRM bears a stronger relation than each of these individual factors to a decreased incidence of RDS. Duration of the latent period has no influence on protection from RDS, and it is suggested that fetal lung maturity occurs before the membranes rupture.", "contents": "Fetal lung maturity. I. Mode of onset of premature labor. Influence of premature rupture of the membranes. In a prospective study of 133 spontaneous premature deliveries the relation between premature rupture of the membranes (PRM) and development of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in newborn infants is examined. PRM is associated with a significantly decreased incidence of RDS in newborn infants (P less than 0.002). This relation is valid at a gestational age of 28 weeks or more and a birthweight greater than 1000 g. Total respiratory morbidity in newborn infants (transient tachypnea + RDS) is also significantly decreased when labor is associated with PRM (P less than 0.005). Assessment of the influences of sex of the infant, fetal asphyxia, and delivery by cesarian section shows that PRM bears a stronger relation than each of these individual factors to a decreased incidence of RDS. Duration of the latent period has no influence on protection from RDS, and it is suggested that fetal lung maturity occurs before the membranes rupture.", "PMID": 840455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4208", "title": "Maternal serum unconjugated estriol and urine estriol concentrations in normal and high-risk pregnancy.", "content": "Serum unconjugated estriol levels and urinary estriol levels of concurrent specimens were compared for 6 normal and 6 high-risk subjects throughout the last trimester of pregnancy. Free estriol values in serum exhibited a close correlation with urinary estriol values for both the normal (r = 0.91) and high-risk (r = 0.92) groups. The results of this study indicate that the assessment of high-risk pregnancies now accomplished principally by urinary estriol assays may be performed by more convenient and rapid radioimmunoassays developed for quantification of free estriol in serum.", "contents": "Maternal serum unconjugated estriol and urine estriol concentrations in normal and high-risk pregnancy. Serum unconjugated estriol levels and urinary estriol levels of concurrent specimens were compared for 6 normal and 6 high-risk subjects throughout the last trimester of pregnancy. Free estriol values in serum exhibited a close correlation with urinary estriol values for both the normal (r = 0.91) and high-risk (r = 0.92) groups. The results of this study indicate that the assessment of high-risk pregnancies now accomplished principally by urinary estriol assays may be performed by more convenient and rapid radioimmunoassays developed for quantification of free estriol in serum.", "PMID": 840456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4209", "title": "The diagnosis and management of intrauterine growth retardation.", "content": "Twenty-eight pregnant patients exhibiting subnormal fetal growth patterns by serial ultrasonic cephalometry were studied. Only 12 (43%) delivered small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants indicating a poor correlation between the prenatal assessment of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) by ultrasonic cephalometry and the neonatal evaluation of the newborn as SGA. The most important factors in the evaluation of the fetus with subnormal serial ultrasonic cephalometry were: 1) the type of ultrasonic growth pattern (\"late flattening\" vs \"low growth profile\"), 2) the presence or absence of maternal high-risk factors, and 3) the gestational age of the fetus at the time of detection of the growth abnormality. A pregnancy showing a late flattening type of growth pattern by serial ultrasound in the presence of maternal high-risk factors and with the growth abnormality being detected before 35 weeks of gestation, almost certainly will terminate with the birth of a SGA infant. On the contrary, serial plasma free estriol determinations were not useful in predicting the fetal status at birth. All but 4 of these patients were delivered at term and there was neither perinatal mortality nor significant morbidity. It is suggested that the existence of an abnormal cephalometric pattern is not an indication for early delivery unless fetal distress is detected by means of an oxytocin challenge test.", "contents": "The diagnosis and management of intrauterine growth retardation. Twenty-eight pregnant patients exhibiting subnormal fetal growth patterns by serial ultrasonic cephalometry were studied. Only 12 (43%) delivered small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants indicating a poor correlation between the prenatal assessment of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) by ultrasonic cephalometry and the neonatal evaluation of the newborn as SGA. The most important factors in the evaluation of the fetus with subnormal serial ultrasonic cephalometry were: 1) the type of ultrasonic growth pattern (\"late flattening\" vs \"low growth profile\"), 2) the presence or absence of maternal high-risk factors, and 3) the gestational age of the fetus at the time of detection of the growth abnormality. A pregnancy showing a late flattening type of growth pattern by serial ultrasound in the presence of maternal high-risk factors and with the growth abnormality being detected before 35 weeks of gestation, almost certainly will terminate with the birth of a SGA infant. On the contrary, serial plasma free estriol determinations were not useful in predicting the fetal status at birth. All but 4 of these patients were delivered at term and there was neither perinatal mortality nor significant morbidity. It is suggested that the existence of an abnormal cephalometric pattern is not an indication for early delivery unless fetal distress is detected by means of an oxytocin challenge test.", "PMID": 840457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4210", "title": "Serum free estriol and estriol glucuronide fractions in hydatidiform mole measured by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Serum or plasma total unconjugated estriol and total estriol glucuronide fractions were measured in 14 patients with unaborted hydatidiform mole between 11 and 25 weeks of gestation and in 20 normal pregnant patients between 8 and 17 weeks of gestation. The estriol fractions were separated by solvent partition, and the estriol was measured by radioimmunoassay using antiserum against estriol-16-17-dihemisuccinate conjugated to bovine serum albumin. The values (means and ranges) found in normal pregnant patients were as follows: estriol 1.3 ng/ml (0.3-2.9); estriol glucuronide, 11.1 ng/ml (4.7-24.8). Wide ranges of values were found in patients with molar pregnancies compared to those with normal pregnancies of equivalent gestation, some values being within the upper range of normal and others being well below the normal range. Of the 14 molar pregnancies studied, 9 (64%) were associated with serum estriol values which were below the ranges for normal pregnancy, and 8 (57%) were associated with similarly low estriol glucuronide values. The incidences of low estriol and estriol glucuronide values were less than those reported for low urinary estriol excretion in hydatidiform moles. No correlation was found between any of the serum estriol fractions and the serum hCG values or with the presence of theca lutein cysts in the ovaries. It was suggested that the trophoblast was the principal source of estriol in these molar pregnancies.", "contents": "Serum free estriol and estriol glucuronide fractions in hydatidiform mole measured by radioimmunoassay. Serum or plasma total unconjugated estriol and total estriol glucuronide fractions were measured in 14 patients with unaborted hydatidiform mole between 11 and 25 weeks of gestation and in 20 normal pregnant patients between 8 and 17 weeks of gestation. The estriol fractions were separated by solvent partition, and the estriol was measured by radioimmunoassay using antiserum against estriol-16-17-dihemisuccinate conjugated to bovine serum albumin. The values (means and ranges) found in normal pregnant patients were as follows: estriol 1.3 ng/ml (0.3-2.9); estriol glucuronide, 11.1 ng/ml (4.7-24.8). Wide ranges of values were found in patients with molar pregnancies compared to those with normal pregnancies of equivalent gestation, some values being within the upper range of normal and others being well below the normal range. Of the 14 molar pregnancies studied, 9 (64%) were associated with serum estriol values which were below the ranges for normal pregnancy, and 8 (57%) were associated with similarly low estriol glucuronide values. The incidences of low estriol and estriol glucuronide values were less than those reported for low urinary estriol excretion in hydatidiform moles. No correlation was found between any of the serum estriol fractions and the serum hCG values or with the presence of theca lutein cysts in the ovaries. It was suggested that the trophoblast was the principal source of estriol in these molar pregnancies.", "PMID": 840458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4211", "title": "Plasma hormones in human gonadotropin induced ovulation.", "content": "Plasma follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estrone (E1), estradiol-17beta(E2), progesterone (P), androstenedione (A), and testosterone (T) were analyzed in daily plasma samples of seven cycles of human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG)-human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) induced ovulation. Plasma FSH rose gradually and remained at a higher level (20 to 30 mlU/ml) during hMG injection while LH stayed at a low tonic level. The FSH/LH ratio of plasma gonadotropins was consistently higher than 1 in spite of injecting an hMG preparation with FSH/LH ratio of 1. A pharmacologically induced high RSH/LH ratio in the late follicular phase is contradictory to the low ratio seen in the normal ovulatory cycle. This may be one of the causes of multiple follicular maturation and ovulation frequently encountered in the hMG-hCG induced ovulation. Higher than normal levels of plasma progesterone commonly seen in the hMG-hCG induced cycle is attributed to the multiple ovulation. Plasma androgen levels, both A and T, in these therapy cycles stayed consistently within normal range. This is a strong contrast to the clomiphene induced cycle in which A and T were frequently elevated in parallel with elevated LH. No significant differences in plasma hormones were observed between the pregnant and nonpregnant patient following hMG-hCG induced ovulation. A consistent and similar ovarian response to hMG-hCG was noted in 1 individual who had 3 consecutive therapy cycles studied. The plasma hormone levels in the multiple ovulation did not show a significant difference from those in the single ovulation with the exception of a higher plasma P level in the former.", "contents": "Plasma hormones in human gonadotropin induced ovulation. Plasma follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estrone (E1), estradiol-17beta(E2), progesterone (P), androstenedione (A), and testosterone (T) were analyzed in daily plasma samples of seven cycles of human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG)-human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) induced ovulation. Plasma FSH rose gradually and remained at a higher level (20 to 30 mlU/ml) during hMG injection while LH stayed at a low tonic level. The FSH/LH ratio of plasma gonadotropins was consistently higher than 1 in spite of injecting an hMG preparation with FSH/LH ratio of 1. A pharmacologically induced high RSH/LH ratio in the late follicular phase is contradictory to the low ratio seen in the normal ovulatory cycle. This may be one of the causes of multiple follicular maturation and ovulation frequently encountered in the hMG-hCG induced ovulation. Higher than normal levels of plasma progesterone commonly seen in the hMG-hCG induced cycle is attributed to the multiple ovulation. Plasma androgen levels, both A and T, in these therapy cycles stayed consistently within normal range. This is a strong contrast to the clomiphene induced cycle in which A and T were frequently elevated in parallel with elevated LH. No significant differences in plasma hormones were observed between the pregnant and nonpregnant patient following hMG-hCG induced ovulation. A consistent and similar ovarian response to hMG-hCG was noted in 1 individual who had 3 consecutive therapy cycles studied. The plasma hormone levels in the multiple ovulation did not show a significant difference from those in the single ovulation with the exception of a higher plasma P level in the former.", "PMID": 840459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4212", "title": "Embolization of the hypogastric arteries in the control of massive vaginal hemorrhage.", "content": "Percutaneous, transcatheter Gelfoam embolization of the hypogastric arteries was utilized in a patient to control vaginal hemorrhage secondary to far-advanced carcinoma of the cervix. The advantages of this method are outlined, and consideration of its use is recommended for patients in similar situations. The various types of particulate material used in transcatheter embolization and the situations in which they have been used are reviewed.", "contents": "Embolization of the hypogastric arteries in the control of massive vaginal hemorrhage. Percutaneous, transcatheter Gelfoam embolization of the hypogastric arteries was utilized in a patient to control vaginal hemorrhage secondary to far-advanced carcinoma of the cervix. The advantages of this method are outlined, and consideration of its use is recommended for patients in similar situations. The various types of particulate material used in transcatheter embolization and the situations in which they have been used are reviewed.", "PMID": 840460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4213", "title": "Ectopic pregnancy following tubal sterilization surgery.", "content": "In a consecutive study of 100 women with the surgical diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy confirmed by histologic examination, 7 women were found to have had prior tubal sterilization surgery. In 3 of these cases the sterilization procedure was bilateral tubal fulguration. The diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy must be given careful consideration if patients conceive after a tubal sterilization procedure of any type.", "contents": "Ectopic pregnancy following tubal sterilization surgery. In a consecutive study of 100 women with the surgical diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy confirmed by histologic examination, 7 women were found to have had prior tubal sterilization surgery. In 3 of these cases the sterilization procedure was bilateral tubal fulguration. The diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy must be given careful consideration if patients conceive after a tubal sterilization procedure of any type.", "PMID": 840461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4214", "title": "Preirradiation celiotomy and extended field irradiation for invasive carcinoma of the cervix.", "content": "Epidermoid carcinoma of the cervix was treated in 120 patients by means of exploratory celiotomy (with semitherapeutic excision of involved lymph nodes) followed by irradiation. The size of the field used for irradiation was determined by the presence and site of lymph involvement. Of 64 patients, metastatic cancer in pelvic nodes was found in 40, and in common iliac or aortic nodes in 24. Of the 2 groups, 8 and 3 patients, respectively, survived for 2 years or more. Irradiation to extended fields (using 5500 rads at 850 rads per week) controlled the cancer satisfactorily within the treated area, but the incidence of bowel complications was high. Recurrent carcinoma usually appeared as distant metastases outside the treatment area which suggests that patients with bulky primary lesions and positive nodes actually already have systemic disease as treatment is started. A safe yet effective dosage level for radiation therapy to extended fields has not yet been established.", "contents": "Preirradiation celiotomy and extended field irradiation for invasive carcinoma of the cervix. Epidermoid carcinoma of the cervix was treated in 120 patients by means of exploratory celiotomy (with semitherapeutic excision of involved lymph nodes) followed by irradiation. The size of the field used for irradiation was determined by the presence and site of lymph involvement. Of 64 patients, metastatic cancer in pelvic nodes was found in 40, and in common iliac or aortic nodes in 24. Of the 2 groups, 8 and 3 patients, respectively, survived for 2 years or more. Irradiation to extended fields (using 5500 rads at 850 rads per week) controlled the cancer satisfactorily within the treated area, but the incidence of bowel complications was high. Recurrent carcinoma usually appeared as distant metastases outside the treatment area which suggests that patients with bulky primary lesions and positive nodes actually already have systemic disease as treatment is started. A safe yet effective dosage level for radiation therapy to extended fields has not yet been established.", "PMID": 840462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4215", "title": "Histogenesis of pseudomyxoma peritonei. Review of 9 cases.", "content": "Nine cases of pseudomyxoma peritonei associated with ovarian neoplasia have been reviewed specifically from the standpoints of histology and histogenesis. It is suggested that this disseminated intraabdominal neoplasia results from mucinification of the abdominal mesothelium and that the stimulant for this alteration lies in the mucinous fluid.", "contents": "Histogenesis of pseudomyxoma peritonei. Review of 9 cases. Nine cases of pseudomyxoma peritonei associated with ovarian neoplasia have been reviewed specifically from the standpoints of histology and histogenesis. It is suggested that this disseminated intraabdominal neoplasia results from mucinification of the abdominal mesothelium and that the stimulant for this alteration lies in the mucinous fluid.", "PMID": 840463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4216", "title": "Elective abortion. Complications seen in a free-standing clinic.", "content": "Experience is reported with the elective first trimester abortion of 16,410 pregnancies during a 31-month period by Reproductive Health Services of St. Louis, a free-standing clinic. Incidence of complications was 1.54%. The most common of these were incomplete evacuation, excessive postabortal bleeding, and uterine perforation. In patients with unquestioned perforation, the use of laparoscopy has been very valuable in ascertaining the exact nature of the perforation, in avoiding unnecessary laparotomy, and in giving intraabdominal visual guidance to concomitant suction evacuation in cases of an incomplete procedure. Aspects of the other complications are also discussed. In general, the findings support the view that even in the first trimester, the earlier in pregnancy that suction abortion is performed, the less likely it is to result in major complications. It is possible to perform first trimester abortions in a free-standing clinic with a satisfactorily low complication rate.", "contents": "Elective abortion. Complications seen in a free-standing clinic. Experience is reported with the elective first trimester abortion of 16,410 pregnancies during a 31-month period by Reproductive Health Services of St. Louis, a free-standing clinic. Incidence of complications was 1.54%. The most common of these were incomplete evacuation, excessive postabortal bleeding, and uterine perforation. In patients with unquestioned perforation, the use of laparoscopy has been very valuable in ascertaining the exact nature of the perforation, in avoiding unnecessary laparotomy, and in giving intraabdominal visual guidance to concomitant suction evacuation in cases of an incomplete procedure. Aspects of the other complications are also discussed. In general, the findings support the view that even in the first trimester, the earlier in pregnancy that suction abortion is performed, the less likely it is to result in major complications. It is possible to perform first trimester abortions in a free-standing clinic with a satisfactorily low complication rate.", "PMID": 840464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4217", "title": "Nonpuerperal uterine inversion. Report of an unusual case.", "content": "Total nonpuerperal inversion of the uterus is rare. A case caused by a fundal leiomyoma is presented. It is the first reported case that included the complications of acute obstruction of the urethra from upper vaginal inversion and bilateral hydronephrosis from traction of the prolapsed inverted uterus on the distal ureters. The various complications and the management of the condition are discussed.", "contents": "Nonpuerperal uterine inversion. Report of an unusual case. Total nonpuerperal inversion of the uterus is rare. A case caused by a fundal leiomyoma is presented. It is the first reported case that included the complications of acute obstruction of the urethra from upper vaginal inversion and bilateral hydronephrosis from traction of the prolapsed inverted uterus on the distal ureters. The various complications and the management of the condition are discussed.", "PMID": 840465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4218", "title": "Large endometrioma occurring in an adolescent.", "content": "The occurrence of endometriosis and endometriomas in adolescent women is unusual. A large endometrioma of the ovary, occurring in a 19-year-old woman, with minimal symptomatology, is reported. The occurrence, etiology, and treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Large endometrioma occurring in an adolescent. The occurrence of endometriosis and endometriomas in adolescent women is unusual. A large endometrioma of the ovary, occurring in a 19-year-old woman, with minimal symptomatology, is reported. The occurrence, etiology, and treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 840466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4219", "title": "Unusual uterine malformation. Double cervix with single corpus and single vagina.", "content": "An unusual uterine malformation in which double cervix was the sole m\u00fcllerian tube fusion defect is presented. It was associated with numerous other congenital anomalies in a 4-month-old infant with normal chromosome studies. The embryologic significance of this defective fusion is discussed.", "contents": "Unusual uterine malformation. Double cervix with single corpus and single vagina. An unusual uterine malformation in which double cervix was the sole m\u00fcllerian tube fusion defect is presented. It was associated with numerous other congenital anomalies in a 4-month-old infant with normal chromosome studies. The embryologic significance of this defective fusion is discussed.", "PMID": 840467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4220", "title": "Dyspareunia from auto suture staples. A report of two cases.", "content": "The use of Auto Suture staples for closure of the vaginal vault after abdominal hysterectomy may result in postoperative dyspareunia and urinary urgency. Two cases are reported in which these complications occurred.", "contents": "Dyspareunia from auto suture staples. A report of two cases. The use of Auto Suture staples for closure of the vaginal vault after abdominal hysterectomy may result in postoperative dyspareunia and urinary urgency. Two cases are reported in which these complications occurred.", "PMID": 840468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4221", "title": "The in vivo and in vitro analysis of immunity to Trichinella spiralis in mice and rats.", "content": "Wistar-Furth strain male rats and CFW strain male mice were immunized against Trichinella spiralis using an antigenic fraction derived from a cell-free homogenate of mature muscle larvae. In rats, animals immunized with 250 mug of antigen harboured significantly fewer (135000) muscle larvae 30 days after oral challenge than controls (231000). Further 7-day-old adult worms derived from immunized rats shed 48% fewer (P less than 0.001) newborn larvae over a 24h period in vitro than adult worms from non-immunized animals. Mice were injected with either 10 or 100 mug of antigen. In comparison with non-immunized controls, mice immunized with 100 mug of antigen harboured significatnly fewer adult worms at days 7 and 9 after oral challenge infection, while female worms recovered from immune mice on days 6-10 after challenge shed fewer newborn larvae in vitro. Finally, mice immunized with 100 mjg of antigen harboured significantly fewer (10391) muscle larvae at 30 days after challenge than did controls (47750). Immunization of mice with 10 mug of antigen did not induce a statistically significant reduction in adult worms at either day 7 or 9 after challenge (P less than 0.5). However, adult female worms from mice receiving 10 mug of antigen still shed fewer larvae than did adults from control mice (P less than 0.05). Mice immunized with 10 mug of antigen harboured significantly fewer (13700) recoverable muscle larvae than did controls at 30 days after challenge (39000).", "contents": "The in vivo and in vitro analysis of immunity to Trichinella spiralis in mice and rats. Wistar-Furth strain male rats and CFW strain male mice were immunized against Trichinella spiralis using an antigenic fraction derived from a cell-free homogenate of mature muscle larvae. In rats, animals immunized with 250 mug of antigen harboured significantly fewer (135000) muscle larvae 30 days after oral challenge than controls (231000). Further 7-day-old adult worms derived from immunized rats shed 48% fewer (P less than 0.001) newborn larvae over a 24h period in vitro than adult worms from non-immunized animals. Mice were injected with either 10 or 100 mug of antigen. In comparison with non-immunized controls, mice immunized with 100 mug of antigen harboured significatnly fewer adult worms at days 7 and 9 after oral challenge infection, while female worms recovered from immune mice on days 6-10 after challenge shed fewer newborn larvae in vitro. Finally, mice immunized with 100 mjg of antigen harboured significantly fewer (10391) muscle larvae at 30 days after challenge than did controls (47750). Immunization of mice with 10 mug of antigen did not induce a statistically significant reduction in adult worms at either day 7 or 9 after challenge (P less than 0.5). However, adult female worms from mice receiving 10 mug of antigen still shed fewer larvae than did adults from control mice (P less than 0.05). Mice immunized with 10 mug of antigen harboured significantly fewer (13700) recoverable muscle larvae than did controls at 30 days after challenge (39000).", "PMID": 840494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4222", "title": "Isolation of chick intestinal cells infected with second-generation schizonts of Eimeria necatrix.", "content": "After infection with Eimeria necatrix, chick intestinal cells undergo a profound increase in size. Herein, we describe methods for isolating and purifying infected cells containing second-genration schizonts at various times post-infection. Our purification procedures depends upon three fundamental properties of infected cells: namely (1) large size, (2) resistance to shearing and (3) decreased susceptibility to osmotic shock in hypotonic solutions. The availability of simple techniques for isolating infected whole cells should prove valuable in elucidating various intracellular aspects of infection during schizogony.", "contents": "Isolation of chick intestinal cells infected with second-generation schizonts of Eimeria necatrix. After infection with Eimeria necatrix, chick intestinal cells undergo a profound increase in size. Herein, we describe methods for isolating and purifying infected cells containing second-genration schizonts at various times post-infection. Our purification procedures depends upon three fundamental properties of infected cells: namely (1) large size, (2) resistance to shearing and (3) decreased susceptibility to osmotic shock in hypotonic solutions. The availability of simple techniques for isolating infected whole cells should prove valuable in elucidating various intracellular aspects of infection during schizogony.", "PMID": 840495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4223", "title": "Isolation of host-cell nuclei from chick intestinal cells infected with second-generation schizonts of Eimeria necatrix.", "content": "A procedure is described for the preparation of purified nuclei of chick intestinal cells infected with Eimeria necatrix. During second-generation schizogony the host-cell membrane becomes resistant to homogenization, hypotonic shock and ultrasonication. However, brief treatment with a low concentration of trypsin (0.001%) will disrupt the cell membrane. Thereafter the nuclei can be selectively harvested from contaminating nuclear types and schizonts by a series of centrifugations. Electron microscopy and Feulgen-DNA microspectrophotometry showed that the nuclear preparations retained their integrity with little, if any, loss of DNA. Chemical determinations confirmed that host-cell nuclear DNA synthesis was stimulated by coccidial infection and further established that quantitatively there was a coincident increase in the amount of host nuclear RNA during schizogony. It is now feasible to examine directly the effects of coccidial infection upon the host's nuclear apparatus.", "contents": "Isolation of host-cell nuclei from chick intestinal cells infected with second-generation schizonts of Eimeria necatrix. A procedure is described for the preparation of purified nuclei of chick intestinal cells infected with Eimeria necatrix. During second-generation schizogony the host-cell membrane becomes resistant to homogenization, hypotonic shock and ultrasonication. However, brief treatment with a low concentration of trypsin (0.001%) will disrupt the cell membrane. Thereafter the nuclei can be selectively harvested from contaminating nuclear types and schizonts by a series of centrifugations. Electron microscopy and Feulgen-DNA microspectrophotometry showed that the nuclear preparations retained their integrity with little, if any, loss of DNA. Chemical determinations confirmed that host-cell nuclear DNA synthesis was stimulated by coccidial infection and further established that quantitatively there was a coincident increase in the amount of host nuclear RNA during schizogony. It is now feasible to examine directly the effects of coccidial infection upon the host's nuclear apparatus.", "PMID": 840496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4224", "title": "Trypanocidal activity of blood and tissue fluid from normal and infected rabbits treated with curative drugs.", "content": "A new technique for determining the trypanocidal activity of body fluids has been devised, using very small quantities in the wells of plastic microtest plates. The activities of blood and tissue fluid of rabbits have been measured after the infection of melarsoprol, suramin, diminazene aceturate and isometamidium chloride. Activity against Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei persisted in body fluids for a shorter time in treated normal rabbits than in treated rabbits infected with the trypanosome. The difference was caused by the participation of the immune response of the infected animals. The new technique was sensitive enough to detect these interactions of chemotherapy and immunology and should be of use in the study of new trypanocidal compounds.", "contents": "Trypanocidal activity of blood and tissue fluid from normal and infected rabbits treated with curative drugs. A new technique for determining the trypanocidal activity of body fluids has been devised, using very small quantities in the wells of plastic microtest plates. The activities of blood and tissue fluid of rabbits have been measured after the infection of melarsoprol, suramin, diminazene aceturate and isometamidium chloride. Activity against Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei persisted in body fluids for a shorter time in treated normal rabbits than in treated rabbits infected with the trypanosome. The difference was caused by the participation of the immune response of the infected animals. The new technique was sensitive enough to detect these interactions of chemotherapy and immunology and should be of use in the study of new trypanocidal compounds.", "PMID": 840497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4225", "title": "Cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency: a qualitative abnormality of the deficient enzyme modified by vitamin B6 therapy.", "content": "The thermostability of cystathionine synthase and the effect of pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) on this thermostability were investigated in extracts of normal human liver and in extracts of liver, both before and during pyridoxine (vitamin B6) therapy, from members of a family with three clinically and biochemically typical, B6-responsive, synthase-deficient sibs. Incubation of crude extracts of normal liver at 55 degrees (preincubation) for 3-4 min before assay consistently resulted in a more than 2-fold increase in specific activity (activation) of cystathionine synthase (Fig. 1). With periods of preincubation longer than 4 min, thermal inactivation occurred. When PLP was added to the preincubation mixture, slightly more activation occurred in the first 3-4 min, and there was no observable loss of activity for an additional 25 min. The activation phenomenon was not observed in extracts of liver which had been obtained from three synthase-deficient sibs before therapy with vitamin B6 (Index of activation, Table 1). When extracts of liver obtained during vitamin B6 therapy were studied, however, significant activation was observed. Synthase activity in extracts of liver from the patients' parents, obligate heterozygotes for synthase deficiency, and from a potentially heterozygous sister demonstrated activation similar to that found in control liver extracts. With periods of preincubation longer than 5 min, the inactivation of synthase in liver extracts from patients receiving pyridoxine-HCl occurred at the same rate as in liver extracts from heterozygotes and from normal subjects (Index of inactivation, Table 1). PLP completely prevented heat inactivation of enzyme from normal liver.", "contents": "Cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency: a qualitative abnormality of the deficient enzyme modified by vitamin B6 therapy. The thermostability of cystathionine synthase and the effect of pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) on this thermostability were investigated in extracts of normal human liver and in extracts of liver, both before and during pyridoxine (vitamin B6) therapy, from members of a family with three clinically and biochemically typical, B6-responsive, synthase-deficient sibs. Incubation of crude extracts of normal liver at 55 degrees (preincubation) for 3-4 min before assay consistently resulted in a more than 2-fold increase in specific activity (activation) of cystathionine synthase (Fig. 1). With periods of preincubation longer than 4 min, thermal inactivation occurred. When PLP was added to the preincubation mixture, slightly more activation occurred in the first 3-4 min, and there was no observable loss of activity for an additional 25 min. The activation phenomenon was not observed in extracts of liver which had been obtained from three synthase-deficient sibs before therapy with vitamin B6 (Index of activation, Table 1). When extracts of liver obtained during vitamin B6 therapy were studied, however, significant activation was observed. Synthase activity in extracts of liver from the patients' parents, obligate heterozygotes for synthase deficiency, and from a potentially heterozygous sister demonstrated activation similar to that found in control liver extracts. With periods of preincubation longer than 5 min, the inactivation of synthase in liver extracts from patients receiving pyridoxine-HCl occurred at the same rate as in liver extracts from heterozygotes and from normal subjects (Index of inactivation, Table 1). PLP completely prevented heat inactivation of enzyme from normal liver.", "PMID": 840498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4226", "title": "Effects of oral glucose and protein load on plasma glucagon and insulin concentrations in small for gestational age infants.", "content": "This paper reports portal and peripheral blood glucose, insulin, and glucagon levels in small for gestational age (SGA) and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) newborns during the first 48 hr of life. These parameters were studied after an oral glucose and protein load (1 g/kg of each) after a 4-hr fast. In AGA and SGA infants, mean fasting blood glucose level was significantly higher in the portal vein than in the aorta (P less than 0.05). After the load, mean blood glucose level rose significantly in both vessels. The mean fasting plasma insulin level was low and was similar in both vessels. After the load in the AGA group mean plasma insulin level rose significantly at 45 min both vessels (P less than 0.05) (52.1 +/- 37.2 muU/ml in aorta and 91.8 +/- 75.3 muU/ml in portal vein). In the SGA group, the insulin response was minimal in the aorta and in the portal vein; the increase was significant only in the portal vein (P less than 0.05) at 180 min (47.1 +/- 25.3 muU/ml). The mean fasting plasma glucagon level was higher in the portal vein than in the aorta in both groups (P less than 0.05). After the load in AGA infants plasma glucagon rose significantly from 193 +/- 55 pg/ml at zero time to 290 +/- 76.8 pg/ml at 180 min (P less than 0.01) in the aorta but not in the portal vein. In the SGA group, the mean plasma glucagon did not rise significantly in the aorta or in the portal vein (from 231.2 +/- 54.3 pg/ml at zero time to 293.7 +/- 123.5 pg/ml at 180 min in the portal vein). The molar ratio of insulin to glucagon (I/G) rose significantly after the load in the portal vein in both groups of infants (AGA 2.48 +/- 2.06 at zero time to 5.08 +/- 4.06 at 180 min; SGA infants from 2.2 +/- 1.98 at zero time to 4.16 +/- 2.59 at 180 min). When both groups of infants were compared there was no significant difference either in the aorta or in the portal vein in mean blood glucose, mean plasma level, and plasma glucagon level. It is concluded that SGA and AGA premature infants are similar in regard to secretion of both pancreatic hormones in the first days of life.", "contents": "Effects of oral glucose and protein load on plasma glucagon and insulin concentrations in small for gestational age infants. This paper reports portal and peripheral blood glucose, insulin, and glucagon levels in small for gestational age (SGA) and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) newborns during the first 48 hr of life. These parameters were studied after an oral glucose and protein load (1 g/kg of each) after a 4-hr fast. In AGA and SGA infants, mean fasting blood glucose level was significantly higher in the portal vein than in the aorta (P less than 0.05). After the load, mean blood glucose level rose significantly in both vessels. The mean fasting plasma insulin level was low and was similar in both vessels. After the load in the AGA group mean plasma insulin level rose significantly at 45 min both vessels (P less than 0.05) (52.1 +/- 37.2 muU/ml in aorta and 91.8 +/- 75.3 muU/ml in portal vein). In the SGA group, the insulin response was minimal in the aorta and in the portal vein; the increase was significant only in the portal vein (P less than 0.05) at 180 min (47.1 +/- 25.3 muU/ml). The mean fasting plasma glucagon level was higher in the portal vein than in the aorta in both groups (P less than 0.05). After the load in AGA infants plasma glucagon rose significantly from 193 +/- 55 pg/ml at zero time to 290 +/- 76.8 pg/ml at 180 min (P less than 0.01) in the aorta but not in the portal vein. In the SGA group, the mean plasma glucagon did not rise significantly in the aorta or in the portal vein (from 231.2 +/- 54.3 pg/ml at zero time to 293.7 +/- 123.5 pg/ml at 180 min in the portal vein). The molar ratio of insulin to glucagon (I/G) rose significantly after the load in the portal vein in both groups of infants (AGA 2.48 +/- 2.06 at zero time to 5.08 +/- 4.06 at 180 min; SGA infants from 2.2 +/- 1.98 at zero time to 4.16 +/- 2.59 at 180 min). When both groups of infants were compared there was no significant difference either in the aorta or in the portal vein in mean blood glucose, mean plasma level, and plasma glucagon level. It is concluded that SGA and AGA premature infants are similar in regard to secretion of both pancreatic hormones in the first days of life.", "PMID": 840499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4227", "title": "Serum calcitonin and blood mineral interrelationships in normal children aged six to twelve years.", "content": "Simultaneous measurements of serum immunoreactive thyrocalcitonin (iTCT), immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH), calcium, inorganic phosphate, magnesium, and alkaline phosphatase were made in 37 normal children whose ages ranged from 6-12 years. Between the ages of 6 and 12 there is a statistically significant rise in serum iTCT levels (r = 0.4638; P less than 0.01), and a fall in serum iPTH levels (r = 0.4976; P less than 0.01). There is a highly significant inverse correlation between serum iTCT and iPTH levels (r = 0.5248; P less than 0.005). Serum iTCT levels were inversely correlated with phosphate levels (r = 0.4989; P less than 0.01), the latter being age dependent and falling significantly between the ages of 6 and 12 (r = 0.4802; P less than 0.001). There was no significant relationship between serum calcium levels and iTCT, iPTH, or age. Serum magnesium levels were not correlated with calcium, iTCT, or iPTH levels.", "contents": "Serum calcitonin and blood mineral interrelationships in normal children aged six to twelve years. Simultaneous measurements of serum immunoreactive thyrocalcitonin (iTCT), immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH), calcium, inorganic phosphate, magnesium, and alkaline phosphatase were made in 37 normal children whose ages ranged from 6-12 years. Between the ages of 6 and 12 there is a statistically significant rise in serum iTCT levels (r = 0.4638; P less than 0.01), and a fall in serum iPTH levels (r = 0.4976; P less than 0.01). There is a highly significant inverse correlation between serum iTCT and iPTH levels (r = 0.5248; P less than 0.005). Serum iTCT levels were inversely correlated with phosphate levels (r = 0.4989; P less than 0.01), the latter being age dependent and falling significantly between the ages of 6 and 12 (r = 0.4802; P less than 0.001). There was no significant relationship between serum calcium levels and iTCT, iPTH, or age. Serum magnesium levels were not correlated with calcium, iTCT, or iPTH levels.", "PMID": 840500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4228", "title": "The in vivo use of dithiothreitol in cystinosis.", "content": "Two male patients with late stage (uremic) infantile nephropathic cystinosis (INC) (Table 1) were treated by mouth with the reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT), at doses not exceeding 25 mg-kg-1 body weight three times per day. Three sequential periods of observation were obtained in both patients: on thiol (8.5 months); off thiol (8-9 months); on thiol again (7 months or longer). Other than nausea and vomiting at the maximum dose range, no apparent toxicity was observed. One subject died in uremia in the 24th month of the study. The half-cystine concentration in peripheral blood leukocytes decreased during both treatment periods in each patient from initial pretreatment levels in excess of 8 nmol-mg-1 protein (normal less than 0.1 nmol-mg-1) to 10-20% of initial values (Table 2 and Fig. 1, A and B). Reduction in total number of blood leukocytes or in the neutrophil fraction, where cystine storage occurs selectively in cystinosis, did not occur (Table 3) as a possible explanation for these findings; nor did storage of samples, a possible artifact, influence the cystine content of cystinotic cells (Fig. 2). Multiple site rectal mucosa biopsy clearly revealed cystine storage but serial biopsies did not reflect a positive DTT response when compared with the leukocyte assay (Table 4). High intersample variation in cystine content, even between samples taken at one time, prevented measurement of a treatment response. DTT had no apparent detrimental effect on the concentration of representative proteins, including hemoglobin (Table 3), serum insulin, and serum immunoglobulin during the treatment trials. Renal function (glomerular and tubular) was severely depressed and did not improve during the period of observation in either patient (Table 2; Fig. 3, A and B). Postmortem tissues from one patient revealed 10-40-fold excess cystine accumulation in kidney cortex and liver (Table 5). However, these levels of accumulation are at the lower range of or even below published values for cystine in cystinotic kidney and liver. Whereas chemical methods are not reliable for detecting and measuring DTT in biologic fluids, preliminary evidence indicates that a silylated derivative of oxidized DTT can be detected in the urine of patients receiving DTT by mouth (Fig. 4). This finding suggests that the thiol is absorbed and excreted.", "contents": "The in vivo use of dithiothreitol in cystinosis. Two male patients with late stage (uremic) infantile nephropathic cystinosis (INC) (Table 1) were treated by mouth with the reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT), at doses not exceeding 25 mg-kg-1 body weight three times per day. Three sequential periods of observation were obtained in both patients: on thiol (8.5 months); off thiol (8-9 months); on thiol again (7 months or longer). Other than nausea and vomiting at the maximum dose range, no apparent toxicity was observed. One subject died in uremia in the 24th month of the study. The half-cystine concentration in peripheral blood leukocytes decreased during both treatment periods in each patient from initial pretreatment levels in excess of 8 nmol-mg-1 protein (normal less than 0.1 nmol-mg-1) to 10-20% of initial values (Table 2 and Fig. 1, A and B). Reduction in total number of blood leukocytes or in the neutrophil fraction, where cystine storage occurs selectively in cystinosis, did not occur (Table 3) as a possible explanation for these findings; nor did storage of samples, a possible artifact, influence the cystine content of cystinotic cells (Fig. 2). Multiple site rectal mucosa biopsy clearly revealed cystine storage but serial biopsies did not reflect a positive DTT response when compared with the leukocyte assay (Table 4). High intersample variation in cystine content, even between samples taken at one time, prevented measurement of a treatment response. DTT had no apparent detrimental effect on the concentration of representative proteins, including hemoglobin (Table 3), serum insulin, and serum immunoglobulin during the treatment trials. Renal function (glomerular and tubular) was severely depressed and did not improve during the period of observation in either patient (Table 2; Fig. 3, A and B). Postmortem tissues from one patient revealed 10-40-fold excess cystine accumulation in kidney cortex and liver (Table 5). However, these levels of accumulation are at the lower range of or even below published values for cystine in cystinotic kidney and liver. Whereas chemical methods are not reliable for detecting and measuring DTT in biologic fluids, preliminary evidence indicates that a silylated derivative of oxidized DTT can be detected in the urine of patients receiving DTT by mouth (Fig. 4). This finding suggests that the thiol is absorbed and excreted.", "PMID": 840501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4229", "title": "Studies on cystic fibrosis using isoelectric focusing. III. Correlation between cystic fibrosis protein and ciliary dyskinesia activity in serum shown by a modified rabbit tracheal bioassay.", "content": "We have developed a modified rabbit tracheal bioassay for use in investigating a possible correlation between cystic fibrosis protein (CFP) and ciliary dyskinesia factor (CDF) in human serum. The bioassay requires high standards of tissue selection, and all epithelial tissue must be free of underlying connective tissue. When serum samples were collected and processed carefully and warmed to 37 degrees before assay, CDF could be reliably detected in 31 of 31 sera from cystic fibrosis (CF) homozygotes or obligate heterozygotes in 35 min or less without prior fractionation or concentration of sera, whereas 13 of 14 normal control sera were nonreactive. CDF-positive serum reacts in three consecutive phases: (1) initial increase in ciliary beat frequency, (2) ciliary dyskinesia, and (3) tissue destruction with extrusion of single ciliated cells, mucus, and debris. Our results confirm the association of CDF with cystic fibrosis. The bioassay is not specific for CF, however, when whole sera are bioassayed, since serum from several patients with bronchial asthma also caused ciliary dyskinesia. However, this finding need not preclude using rabbit tracheal ciliated epithelial tissue as an assay for following the purification of CDF. Isoelectric focusing showed that the presence or absence of CFP corresponded with that of dyskinesia activity in all sera tested except for the active samples from seven asthma patients, which were negative for CFP. The results indicate that CFP and CDF may be identical or closely related markers for the CF gene, and suggest that the activity detected by the rabbit tracheal bioassay in sera from patients with asthma and other diseases probably is caused by a substance different from a CF-specific CDF.", "contents": "Studies on cystic fibrosis using isoelectric focusing. III. Correlation between cystic fibrosis protein and ciliary dyskinesia activity in serum shown by a modified rabbit tracheal bioassay. We have developed a modified rabbit tracheal bioassay for use in investigating a possible correlation between cystic fibrosis protein (CFP) and ciliary dyskinesia factor (CDF) in human serum. The bioassay requires high standards of tissue selection, and all epithelial tissue must be free of underlying connective tissue. When serum samples were collected and processed carefully and warmed to 37 degrees before assay, CDF could be reliably detected in 31 of 31 sera from cystic fibrosis (CF) homozygotes or obligate heterozygotes in 35 min or less without prior fractionation or concentration of sera, whereas 13 of 14 normal control sera were nonreactive. CDF-positive serum reacts in three consecutive phases: (1) initial increase in ciliary beat frequency, (2) ciliary dyskinesia, and (3) tissue destruction with extrusion of single ciliated cells, mucus, and debris. Our results confirm the association of CDF with cystic fibrosis. The bioassay is not specific for CF, however, when whole sera are bioassayed, since serum from several patients with bronchial asthma also caused ciliary dyskinesia. However, this finding need not preclude using rabbit tracheal ciliated epithelial tissue as an assay for following the purification of CDF. Isoelectric focusing showed that the presence or absence of CFP corresponded with that of dyskinesia activity in all sera tested except for the active samples from seven asthma patients, which were negative for CFP. The results indicate that CFP and CDF may be identical or closely related markers for the CF gene, and suggest that the activity detected by the rabbit tracheal bioassay in sera from patients with asthma and other diseases probably is caused by a substance different from a CF-specific CDF.", "PMID": 840504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4230", "title": "Hemoglobin alpha chain deficiency in black children with variable quantities of hemoglobin Bart's at birth.", "content": "Hematologic and globin chain synthesis studies have been made in 21 children, aged 2 to 6 years, many of their parents, and several normal adults and alpha-thalassemia heterozygotes. At birth, 11 children had about 5% hemoglobin (Hb) Bart's, 5 had about 2% Hb Bart's, and 5 had no trace of Hb Bart's. A significant decrease in mean corpuscular volume. (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) values and an increase in the beta/alpha ratio was observed in the first group; microcytosis and hypochromia were absent in the children of the second group although the beta/alpha ratio was significantly increased. The alpha chain deficiency is familial. Increased alpha/alpha ratios were present in many parents although only two parents of children with 5% Hb Bart's at birth had hematologic findings suggestive of the presence of the same type of defect as observed in the children with the larger amount of Hb Bart's at birth.", "contents": "Hemoglobin alpha chain deficiency in black children with variable quantities of hemoglobin Bart's at birth. Hematologic and globin chain synthesis studies have been made in 21 children, aged 2 to 6 years, many of their parents, and several normal adults and alpha-thalassemia heterozygotes. At birth, 11 children had about 5% hemoglobin (Hb) Bart's, 5 had about 2% Hb Bart's, and 5 had no trace of Hb Bart's. A significant decrease in mean corpuscular volume. (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) values and an increase in the beta/alpha ratio was observed in the first group; microcytosis and hypochromia were absent in the children of the second group although the beta/alpha ratio was significantly increased. The alpha chain deficiency is familial. Increased alpha/alpha ratios were present in many parents although only two parents of children with 5% Hb Bart's at birth had hematologic findings suggestive of the presence of the same type of defect as observed in the children with the larger amount of Hb Bart's at birth.", "PMID": 840505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4231", "title": "Plasma gonadotropins and estrogens in girls with idiopathic precocious puberty.", "content": "Luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) estrone, and estradiol were measured radioimmunologically in more than 60 plasma specimens of 34 girls suffering from idiopathic precocious puberty. Although the median values of both gonadotropins in the plasma of the patients (LH = 1.0 ng/ml; FSH = 1.6 ng/ml) were higher than those from healthy prepubertal girls (LH = 0.6 ng/ml; FSH = 0.5 ng/ml), only 23 out of 64 LH levels and 30 out of 64 FSH levels exceeded the upper normal limit for age. While the median value of plasma estrone (13 pg/ml) was found to lie within the normal range for prepubertal girls (7-29 pg/ml) and only 13 out of 75 estrone values were pathologically elevated, the median value of plasma estradiol (22 pg/ml) was nearly 3 times higher than the normal median for prepuberty (8 pg/ml). Of 75 estradiol levels, 35 were above normal for age. Grouping the values according to the stage of sexual development revealed considerably lower gonadotropin and estrogen levels in the patients than in normally maturing girls of the same developmental stage. However, patients who were examined repeatedly at short intervals over a 1-month period showed an almost cyclic sequence of their estradiol levels similar to the pattern observed in healthy pubertal girls.", "contents": "Plasma gonadotropins and estrogens in girls with idiopathic precocious puberty. Luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) estrone, and estradiol were measured radioimmunologically in more than 60 plasma specimens of 34 girls suffering from idiopathic precocious puberty. Although the median values of both gonadotropins in the plasma of the patients (LH = 1.0 ng/ml; FSH = 1.6 ng/ml) were higher than those from healthy prepubertal girls (LH = 0.6 ng/ml; FSH = 0.5 ng/ml), only 23 out of 64 LH levels and 30 out of 64 FSH levels exceeded the upper normal limit for age. While the median value of plasma estrone (13 pg/ml) was found to lie within the normal range for prepubertal girls (7-29 pg/ml) and only 13 out of 75 estrone values were pathologically elevated, the median value of plasma estradiol (22 pg/ml) was nearly 3 times higher than the normal median for prepuberty (8 pg/ml). Of 75 estradiol levels, 35 were above normal for age. Grouping the values according to the stage of sexual development revealed considerably lower gonadotropin and estrogen levels in the patients than in normally maturing girls of the same developmental stage. However, patients who were examined repeatedly at short intervals over a 1-month period showed an almost cyclic sequence of their estradiol levels similar to the pattern observed in healthy pubertal girls.", "PMID": 840506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4232", "title": "Origin and metabolic fate of plasma glycerol in the rat and rabbit fetus.", "content": "On day 21.5 a pregnant rat received a single injection of [1-14C]glycerol. The purpose was to study the transfer of glycerol through the placenta from the maternal to fetal plasma. From 3-20 min after injection the specific activity of glycerol in maternal and fetal plasma was measured. The results indicate that the mother can provide this molecule to the fetus. Similar results were obtained with the rabbit on day 28 of pregnancy. The possibility of the conversion of plasma glycerol to glucose has been investigated in the rat and rabbit fetus. This molecule was chosen chiefly to see whether the gluconeogenic pathway was functioning in the fetus above the triose phosphate step. At two stages of fetal development the capacity of the fetus to incorporate [1-14C]glycerol into glucose plus glycogen has been shown in the two species. In the rat fetus the conversion of [1-14C]glycerol to [14C]glucose increases from 19.5 to 21.5 days of gestation. For the rabbit this parameter increases from 25 to 28 days of gestation. On day 25 in the rabbit and day 19.5 in the rat the liver glycogen was labeled, but it did not accumulate the [14C]glucose from [1-14C]glycerol during the time that we have studied. In contrast, on day 28 in the rabbit and day 21.5 in the rat the incorporation of radioactivity increased as function of the time. However, the relative importance of glycerol as precursor of the glucose plus glycogen in the fetus remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "Origin and metabolic fate of plasma glycerol in the rat and rabbit fetus. On day 21.5 a pregnant rat received a single injection of [1-14C]glycerol. The purpose was to study the transfer of glycerol through the placenta from the maternal to fetal plasma. From 3-20 min after injection the specific activity of glycerol in maternal and fetal plasma was measured. The results indicate that the mother can provide this molecule to the fetus. Similar results were obtained with the rabbit on day 28 of pregnancy. The possibility of the conversion of plasma glycerol to glucose has been investigated in the rat and rabbit fetus. This molecule was chosen chiefly to see whether the gluconeogenic pathway was functioning in the fetus above the triose phosphate step. At two stages of fetal development the capacity of the fetus to incorporate [1-14C]glycerol into glucose plus glycogen has been shown in the two species. In the rat fetus the conversion of [1-14C]glycerol to [14C]glucose increases from 19.5 to 21.5 days of gestation. For the rabbit this parameter increases from 25 to 28 days of gestation. On day 25 in the rabbit and day 19.5 in the rat the liver glycogen was labeled, but it did not accumulate the [14C]glucose from [1-14C]glycerol during the time that we have studied. In contrast, on day 28 in the rabbit and day 21.5 in the rat the incorporation of radioactivity increased as function of the time. However, the relative importance of glycerol as precursor of the glucose plus glycogen in the fetus remains to be elucidated.", "PMID": 840507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4233", "title": "A biochemical concept of cellular production of paramyxoviruses.", "content": "Previous analysis in vitro of the interaction between some paramyxoviruses and the chicken embryo has indicated that the cell most productive (MP) of virus is the heart cell whereas the liver cell is least productive (LP). More superior production of virus results from more efficient release of virions, whereas the kinetics of viral attachment and penetration and the production of interferon are similar for both types of cell. Since plasma membrane lipids may represent the structural key to enveloping and release of paramyxovirions, the lipid composition of MP and LP cells and purified plasma membranes was investigated. The plasma membranes of heart cells contain a high molar ratio of cholesterol to phospholipid (1.66 vs. 0.55), more phosphatidylethanolamine (34.8% vs. 24.0% of total phospholipid), and less phosphatidylcholine (39.7% vs. 55.0% of total phospholipid) than the plasma membranes of liver ce-ls. The fatty acids of heart and liver cellular plasma membranes are similar. The glycosphingolipid components of heart and liver cells are also the same, as is the content of gangliosides (6.18 mug vs. 6.49 mug neuraminic acid/mg protein) in these cells, but the heart cell contains one-fifth as much total cerebroside (34.3 mg vs. 174.3 mug cerebroside/mg protein), indicating a greater ganglioside to neutral glycolipid ratio for the heart cell. Comparison of these data with the monkey/hamster (MP/LP) renal cell-parainfluenza SV5 virus system of Klenk and Choppin suggests that essential molecular determinants of superior cellular production of paramyxoviruses are the relative concentration of phosphatidylethanolamine and the molar ratio of cholesterol to phospholipid in the plasma membrane.", "contents": "A biochemical concept of cellular production of paramyxoviruses. Previous analysis in vitro of the interaction between some paramyxoviruses and the chicken embryo has indicated that the cell most productive (MP) of virus is the heart cell whereas the liver cell is least productive (LP). More superior production of virus results from more efficient release of virions, whereas the kinetics of viral attachment and penetration and the production of interferon are similar for both types of cell. Since plasma membrane lipids may represent the structural key to enveloping and release of paramyxovirions, the lipid composition of MP and LP cells and purified plasma membranes was investigated. The plasma membranes of heart cells contain a high molar ratio of cholesterol to phospholipid (1.66 vs. 0.55), more phosphatidylethanolamine (34.8% vs. 24.0% of total phospholipid), and less phosphatidylcholine (39.7% vs. 55.0% of total phospholipid) than the plasma membranes of liver ce-ls. The fatty acids of heart and liver cellular plasma membranes are similar. The glycosphingolipid components of heart and liver cells are also the same, as is the content of gangliosides (6.18 mug vs. 6.49 mug neuraminic acid/mg protein) in these cells, but the heart cell contains one-fifth as much total cerebroside (34.3 mg vs. 174.3 mug cerebroside/mg protein), indicating a greater ganglioside to neutral glycolipid ratio for the heart cell. Comparison of these data with the monkey/hamster (MP/LP) renal cell-parainfluenza SV5 virus system of Klenk and Choppin suggests that essential molecular determinants of superior cellular production of paramyxoviruses are the relative concentration of phosphatidylethanolamine and the molar ratio of cholesterol to phospholipid in the plasma membrane.", "PMID": 840508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4234", "title": "Plasma aldosterone concentrations during the neonatal period.", "content": "The direct radioimmunoassay for plasma aldosterone (PA) set up in this laboratory has been reported elsewere. Subjects were 115 normal full term newborns and infants. During the first week of life, there was a wide dispersion in the PA levels (less than 1 - 445, n = 89), but on the whole these levels were high (greater than 6 ng/100 ml) and 35% were higher than those observed in children after stimulation (greater than 48 ng/100 ml). Furthermore, there was a negative correlation between PA values and the day of sampling (P less than 0.01). In older infants, PA values were lower and the ranges narrower. A highly significant negative correlation was found between Na:K ratios and PA levels. The mean geometrical value for PA levels was 53 ng/100 ml vs. 1.012 for Na:K mean ratio. When related to weight variations, PA values were randomly distributed. No correlation was found between PA and sodium intakes. The daily urinary excretion of tetrahydroaldosterone and 3-oxoconjugate of aldosterone were lower per se, but when related to surface area, were found to be roughly 3-fold those of control adult subjects. We conclude that in the newborn, both the production and excretion of aldosterone are different than values in the adult and that responses to the regulation factors mentioned above are decreased.", "contents": "Plasma aldosterone concentrations during the neonatal period. The direct radioimmunoassay for plasma aldosterone (PA) set up in this laboratory has been reported elsewere. Subjects were 115 normal full term newborns and infants. During the first week of life, there was a wide dispersion in the PA levels (less than 1 - 445, n = 89), but on the whole these levels were high (greater than 6 ng/100 ml) and 35% were higher than those observed in children after stimulation (greater than 48 ng/100 ml). Furthermore, there was a negative correlation between PA values and the day of sampling (P less than 0.01). In older infants, PA values were lower and the ranges narrower. A highly significant negative correlation was found between Na:K ratios and PA levels. The mean geometrical value for PA levels was 53 ng/100 ml vs. 1.012 for Na:K mean ratio. When related to weight variations, PA values were randomly distributed. No correlation was found between PA and sodium intakes. The daily urinary excretion of tetrahydroaldosterone and 3-oxoconjugate of aldosterone were lower per se, but when related to surface area, were found to be roughly 3-fold those of control adult subjects. We conclude that in the newborn, both the production and excretion of aldosterone are different than values in the adult and that responses to the regulation factors mentioned above are decreased.", "PMID": 840509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4235", "title": "Ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosyl methionine decarboxylase in skin fibroblasts of normal and cystic fibrosis patients.", "content": "The key enzymes in the synthesis of the naturally occurring polyamines, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) decarboxylase, were investigated during cell growth and aging in fibroblast cultures from normal patients and patients with cystic fibrosis. A linear correlation between increased S-adenosyl methionine activity and putrescine concentration was apparent in all cell lines. A putrescine concentration of 0.8 mM was optimal for enhancement of SAM decarboxylase activity. The passage number of the cell line correlated inversely with maximal putrescine-stimulated SAM decarboxylase activity, earlier passage numbers having the highest specific activity (Fig. 1). No significant differences in basal or putrescine-stimulated SAM decarboxylase activity were noted between normal fibroblast cultures and cells from patients with cystic fibrosis (Fig. 2). SAM decarboxylase activity increased as the cell lines approached confluence. Activity was lowest during exponential growth (Fig. 3). ODC activity was increased during early exponential growth and fell as cells reached confluence (Fig. 4). No differences in ODC activity and putrescine inhibition between the normal and cystic fibrosis cell cultures at equivalent points of exponential growth were noted.", "contents": "Ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosyl methionine decarboxylase in skin fibroblasts of normal and cystic fibrosis patients. The key enzymes in the synthesis of the naturally occurring polyamines, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) decarboxylase, were investigated during cell growth and aging in fibroblast cultures from normal patients and patients with cystic fibrosis. A linear correlation between increased S-adenosyl methionine activity and putrescine concentration was apparent in all cell lines. A putrescine concentration of 0.8 mM was optimal for enhancement of SAM decarboxylase activity. The passage number of the cell line correlated inversely with maximal putrescine-stimulated SAM decarboxylase activity, earlier passage numbers having the highest specific activity (Fig. 1). No significant differences in basal or putrescine-stimulated SAM decarboxylase activity were noted between normal fibroblast cultures and cells from patients with cystic fibrosis (Fig. 2). SAM decarboxylase activity increased as the cell lines approached confluence. Activity was lowest during exponential growth (Fig. 3). ODC activity was increased during early exponential growth and fell as cells reached confluence (Fig. 4). No differences in ODC activity and putrescine inhibition between the normal and cystic fibrosis cell cultures at equivalent points of exponential growth were noted.", "PMID": 840510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4236", "title": "Maturation of the rabbit alveolar macrophage during animal development. I. Perinatal influx into alveoli and ultrastructural differentiation.", "content": "Rabbit alveolar macrophages (AM's) were collected by tracheobronchial lavege at sequential times during animal development. The total number of cells recovered by this technique was found to increase markedly shortly before birth (Fig. 4). This apparent influx of macrophages into the alveoli continued during the first postnatal week, and, at a reduced rate, throughout the first postnatal month of life (Fig. 3). Ultrastructurally, AM's of the prenatal period resembled their monocyte precursors, and contained modest numbers of lysosomes and mitochondria, scant lamellae of ribosome-studded endoplasmic reticulum (RER), and a small Golgi apparatus (Fig. 12). A considerable amount of phagocytosed material was observed in these AM's, and consisted largely of cellular debris and two forms of surfactant-related phospholipids, termed tubular and lamellar myelin (Figs. 12-15). The quantity of these ingested phospholipids increased dramatically shortly after birth, in correlation with the known release of similar material from type II pneumocytes at this time. (Figs. 16 and 19). During the first postnatal week AM's showed a considerable increase in number of mitochondria and in the development of the RER and Golgi apparatus (Fig. 22). Increased accumulations of lipid droplets were also noted during this period. Ingested material continued to consist largely of surfactant-related phospholipids, but was less abundant at this time. By 28 days after birth, AM's were nearly morphologically mature (Fig. 25). They showed large numbers of lysosomes and mitochondria, and well developed RER and Golgi apparatuses. Ingested phospholipid material was still visualized, and the incomplete degradation of this material appeared to give rise to the dense intraphagolysosomal whorls characteristic of the mature AM.", "contents": "Maturation of the rabbit alveolar macrophage during animal development. I. Perinatal influx into alveoli and ultrastructural differentiation. Rabbit alveolar macrophages (AM's) were collected by tracheobronchial lavege at sequential times during animal development. The total number of cells recovered by this technique was found to increase markedly shortly before birth (Fig. 4). This apparent influx of macrophages into the alveoli continued during the first postnatal week, and, at a reduced rate, throughout the first postnatal month of life (Fig. 3). Ultrastructurally, AM's of the prenatal period resembled their monocyte precursors, and contained modest numbers of lysosomes and mitochondria, scant lamellae of ribosome-studded endoplasmic reticulum (RER), and a small Golgi apparatus (Fig. 12). A considerable amount of phagocytosed material was observed in these AM's, and consisted largely of cellular debris and two forms of surfactant-related phospholipids, termed tubular and lamellar myelin (Figs. 12-15). The quantity of these ingested phospholipids increased dramatically shortly after birth, in correlation with the known release of similar material from type II pneumocytes at this time. (Figs. 16 and 19). During the first postnatal week AM's showed a considerable increase in number of mitochondria and in the development of the RER and Golgi apparatus (Fig. 22). Increased accumulations of lipid droplets were also noted during this period. Ingested material continued to consist largely of surfactant-related phospholipids, but was less abundant at this time. By 28 days after birth, AM's were nearly morphologically mature (Fig. 25). They showed large numbers of lysosomes and mitochondria, and well developed RER and Golgi apparatuses. Ingested phospholipid material was still visualized, and the incomplete degradation of this material appeared to give rise to the dense intraphagolysosomal whorls characteristic of the mature AM.", "PMID": 840512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4237", "title": "Dextromethorphan toxicity: reversal by naloxone.", "content": "Naloxone has been shown to be effective in antagonizing the effects of a number of narcotic and related drugs. Its successful use in managing a patient with an overdose of dextromethorphan extends its application as a specific antidote.", "contents": "Dextromethorphan toxicity: reversal by naloxone. Naloxone has been shown to be effective in antagonizing the effects of a number of narcotic and related drugs. Its successful use in managing a patient with an overdose of dextromethorphan extends its application as a specific antidote.", "PMID": 840529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4238", "title": "Chromosomal abnormality in congenital rubella.", "content": "An infant with congenital rubella was found to have two extra chromosome fragements in most cells examined. This is an unusual finding in congenital rubella and it is suggested that it may be related to the infection.", "contents": "Chromosomal abnormality in congenital rubella. An infant with congenital rubella was found to have two extra chromosome fragements in most cells examined. This is an unusual finding in congenital rubella and it is suggested that it may be related to the infection.", "PMID": 840533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4239", "title": "Centronuclear myopathy in the newborn period causing severe respiratory distress.", "content": "Centronuclear myopathy can be classified into four clinical varieties based on age, severity at onset, and rapidity of progress. In the severe form with involvement of respiratory muscles at birth, the progress is rapid and fatal before 3 years of age. The case described in this report illustrates rapid progression of muscle paralysis and death in a neonate. However, in a majority of cases the disease is either moderately severe or mild with the affected individuals confined to wheel chair by adolescence or early adult life. Diagnosis of the disease is based on appropriate muscle histopathology and electron microscopic studies.", "contents": "Centronuclear myopathy in the newborn period causing severe respiratory distress. Centronuclear myopathy can be classified into four clinical varieties based on age, severity at onset, and rapidity of progress. In the severe form with involvement of respiratory muscles at birth, the progress is rapid and fatal before 3 years of age. The case described in this report illustrates rapid progression of muscle paralysis and death in a neonate. However, in a majority of cases the disease is either moderately severe or mild with the affected individuals confined to wheel chair by adolescence or early adult life. Diagnosis of the disease is based on appropriate muscle histopathology and electron microscopic studies.", "PMID": 840536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4240", "title": "Prediction of morbidity in Hemophilus influenzae meningitis.", "content": "A dramatic decrease in mortality from Hemophilus influenzae meningitis has occurred in recent years. Morbidity and long-term sequellae remain significant problems. A follow-up investigation of 73 cases of H. influenzae meningitis seen over a three-year period revealed: 2 deaths, 6 children with major sequellae (retardation, spastic quadriplegia, blindness, persistent seizure disorder), 10 with minor residua, and 55 with no detectable disability. Statistical analysis of clinical parameters demonstrated a significant risk of death or major morbidity in those patients who, at the time of admission, had seizures, coma, hypothermia, shock, age less than 12 months, hemoglobin less than 11 gm/100 ml, pretreatment symptoms for longer than three days, a spinal fluid white blood cell count less than 1,000/cu mm, or a spinal fluid glucose value less than 20 mg/100 ml. Using these parameters, those patients at highest risk of having lasting major morbidity with H. influenzae meningitis can be predicted, allowing more vigorous intensive care which may reduce the mortality and morbidity further.", "contents": "Prediction of morbidity in Hemophilus influenzae meningitis. A dramatic decrease in mortality from Hemophilus influenzae meningitis has occurred in recent years. Morbidity and long-term sequellae remain significant problems. A follow-up investigation of 73 cases of H. influenzae meningitis seen over a three-year period revealed: 2 deaths, 6 children with major sequellae (retardation, spastic quadriplegia, blindness, persistent seizure disorder), 10 with minor residua, and 55 with no detectable disability. Statistical analysis of clinical parameters demonstrated a significant risk of death or major morbidity in those patients who, at the time of admission, had seizures, coma, hypothermia, shock, age less than 12 months, hemoglobin less than 11 gm/100 ml, pretreatment symptoms for longer than three days, a spinal fluid white blood cell count less than 1,000/cu mm, or a spinal fluid glucose value less than 20 mg/100 ml. Using these parameters, those patients at highest risk of having lasting major morbidity with H. influenzae meningitis can be predicted, allowing more vigorous intensive care which may reduce the mortality and morbidity further.", "PMID": 840537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4241", "title": "Custom-made tracheostomy tube to relieve lower tracheal obstruction in infants and young children.", "content": "Two case histories are presented in which special difficulties were encountered in the management of lower tracheal obstruction in children. These problems were successfully overcome by the use of a tracheostomy tube which was custom-made from a standard thin wall polyvinyl chloride endotracheal tube sufficiently long to relieve this obstruction.", "contents": "Custom-made tracheostomy tube to relieve lower tracheal obstruction in infants and young children. Two case histories are presented in which special difficulties were encountered in the management of lower tracheal obstruction in children. These problems were successfully overcome by the use of a tracheostomy tube which was custom-made from a standard thin wall polyvinyl chloride endotracheal tube sufficiently long to relieve this obstruction.", "PMID": 840538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4242", "title": "Use of homologous platelet survival in differential diagnoses of chronic thrombocytopenia in childhood.", "content": "Twenty-one children with chronic thrombocytopenia of obscure etiology, 19 of whom had normal numbers of bone marrow megakaryocytes, were evaluated in order to determine if factors extrinsic to the platelets themselves (presumably antibodies) caused the thrombocytopenia. The rapid destruction of platelets by such antibodies has been demonstrated to cause idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). History, physical examination, and routine laboratory studies were unable to provide an exact diagnosis in these patients. Measurement of platelet survival, using sodium chromate Cr 51 labeled homologous platelets obtained from unrelated donors, permitted a clear separation of these children into two groups. One group (11 patients) had a markedly shortened platelet life span, and was considered to have chronic ITP. The other group (10 patients) had a normal or only slightly reduced platelet life span. Thus, the destruction of platelets by extrinsic factors could be ruled out. Since the diagnosis of chronic ITP was excluded, splenectomy could be avoided in these patients since it is rarely useful in children with nonimmune forms of chronic thrombocytopenia. Homologous platelet survival measurement is a useful diagnostic tool in certain children with chronic thrombocytopenia.", "contents": "Use of homologous platelet survival in differential diagnoses of chronic thrombocytopenia in childhood. Twenty-one children with chronic thrombocytopenia of obscure etiology, 19 of whom had normal numbers of bone marrow megakaryocytes, were evaluated in order to determine if factors extrinsic to the platelets themselves (presumably antibodies) caused the thrombocytopenia. The rapid destruction of platelets by such antibodies has been demonstrated to cause idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). History, physical examination, and routine laboratory studies were unable to provide an exact diagnosis in these patients. Measurement of platelet survival, using sodium chromate Cr 51 labeled homologous platelets obtained from unrelated donors, permitted a clear separation of these children into two groups. One group (11 patients) had a markedly shortened platelet life span, and was considered to have chronic ITP. The other group (10 patients) had a normal or only slightly reduced platelet life span. Thus, the destruction of platelets by extrinsic factors could be ruled out. Since the diagnosis of chronic ITP was excluded, splenectomy could be avoided in these patients since it is rarely useful in children with nonimmune forms of chronic thrombocytopenia. Homologous platelet survival measurement is a useful diagnostic tool in certain children with chronic thrombocytopenia.", "PMID": 840539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4243", "title": "Erythromelalgia.", "content": "Erythromelalgia is an extraordinary disease which remains elusive in its pathophysiology and management. Victims suffer intense burning and redness of the hands and feet. In what appears to be the antithesis of Raynaud's disease, the pain is relieved by emersion in cold. A child with erythromelalgia is described whose symptoms began at age 3 years. Pharmacological management trials and thermography are incorporated in the report.", "contents": "Erythromelalgia. Erythromelalgia is an extraordinary disease which remains elusive in its pathophysiology and management. Victims suffer intense burning and redness of the hands and feet. In what appears to be the antithesis of Raynaud's disease, the pain is relieved by emersion in cold. A child with erythromelalgia is described whose symptoms began at age 3 years. Pharmacological management trials and thermography are incorporated in the report.", "PMID": 840540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4244", "title": "The determination of aspirin levels in the presence of hyperbilirubinemia.", "content": "Many major medical centers are presently utilizing a shortened method (Keller) for determining serum aspirin levels which does not remove interfering compounds. This report documents that the presence of even 1 mg of bilirubin/dl of serum is sufficient to cause a falsely high aspirin level. It is suggested that any method for determining serum bilirubin which does not remove interfering substances constitutes a danger to many groups of patients and should be discontinued.", "contents": "The determination of aspirin levels in the presence of hyperbilirubinemia. Many major medical centers are presently utilizing a shortened method (Keller) for determining serum aspirin levels which does not remove interfering compounds. This report documents that the presence of even 1 mg of bilirubin/dl of serum is sufficient to cause a falsely high aspirin level. It is suggested that any method for determining serum bilirubin which does not remove interfering substances constitutes a danger to many groups of patients and should be discontinued.", "PMID": 840541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4245", "title": "Value of esophageal manometric studies in the gastroesophageal reflux of infancy.", "content": "Fifteen infants with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) were evaluated with esophageal manometric studies. Six infants failed on a medical regimen of frequent thickened feedings and an upright position 24 hours per day for three weeks. These infants had Nissen fundoplications. Their mean lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure was 12.7 mm Hg. The nine infants who did well on the medical regimen had a mean LES pressure of 19.6 mm Hg. These means are significantly different (P less than .001). Esophageal manometric studies should be included in the evaluation of all infants with symptoms of chronic GER.", "contents": "Value of esophageal manometric studies in the gastroesophageal reflux of infancy. Fifteen infants with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) were evaluated with esophageal manometric studies. Six infants failed on a medical regimen of frequent thickened feedings and an upright position 24 hours per day for three weeks. These infants had Nissen fundoplications. Their mean lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure was 12.7 mm Hg. The nine infants who did well on the medical regimen had a mean LES pressure of 19.6 mm Hg. These means are significantly different (P less than .001). Esophageal manometric studies should be included in the evaluation of all infants with symptoms of chronic GER.", "PMID": 840542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4246", "title": "Evaluation of gastroesophageal reflux surgery in children.", "content": "Fifty-five infants and children with complications of gastroesophageal reflux required operative management for control of symptoms. All patients, except those with severe esophageal stricture, received a six-week trial with 60-degree constant elevation before an operation was considered necessary. The operation was performed to control (1) persistent vomiting, (2) vomiting with growth retardation, (3) esophagitis, (4) esophagitis with stricture, and (5) recurrent aspiration pneumonia. Preoperative and postoperative evaluation involved both X-ray fluoroscopy and esophageal manometry with pH studies. A good surgical result was not dependent upon an increase in the lower esophageal pressure following operation. The Boerema anterior gastropexy is simple and effective for controlling gastroesophageal reflux for cases uncomplicated by esophagitis, stricture, or previous operation. Complex cases with inflammatory or operative changes in the lower esophagus are more effectively treated by Nissen fundoplication.", "contents": "Evaluation of gastroesophageal reflux surgery in children. Fifty-five infants and children with complications of gastroesophageal reflux required operative management for control of symptoms. All patients, except those with severe esophageal stricture, received a six-week trial with 60-degree constant elevation before an operation was considered necessary. The operation was performed to control (1) persistent vomiting, (2) vomiting with growth retardation, (3) esophagitis, (4) esophagitis with stricture, and (5) recurrent aspiration pneumonia. Preoperative and postoperative evaluation involved both X-ray fluoroscopy and esophageal manometry with pH studies. A good surgical result was not dependent upon an increase in the lower esophageal pressure following operation. The Boerema anterior gastropexy is simple and effective for controlling gastroesophageal reflux for cases uncomplicated by esophagitis, stricture, or previous operation. Complex cases with inflammatory or operative changes in the lower esophagus are more effectively treated by Nissen fundoplication.", "PMID": 840543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4247", "title": "The influence of a change in practice setting on pediatrician activity: a case study.", "content": "A time-and-motion study was performed of a pediatrician's activities in his fee-for-service solo practice and again after he joined a prepaid group practice. A comparison was made between time spent with fee patients in solo practice and time spent with fee patients continuing to see him in group practice. Total time per patient visit was not changed significantly by the group setting. Activities within the visit were modified in the group setting. History-taking and physical examination were reduced; counseling and charting were increased. Time spent in well-child visits in the group setting was significantly longer with the increased time spent in counseling. For sick visits there was no change in total time per visit nor in activities within the visit.", "contents": "The influence of a change in practice setting on pediatrician activity: a case study. A time-and-motion study was performed of a pediatrician's activities in his fee-for-service solo practice and again after he joined a prepaid group practice. A comparison was made between time spent with fee patients in solo practice and time spent with fee patients continuing to see him in group practice. Total time per patient visit was not changed significantly by the group setting. Activities within the visit were modified in the group setting. History-taking and physical examination were reduced; counseling and charting were increased. Time spent in well-child visits in the group setting was significantly longer with the increased time spent in counseling. For sick visits there was no change in total time per visit nor in activities within the visit.", "PMID": 840544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4248", "title": "Nonorganic failure to thrive: a long-term follow-up.", "content": "Twenty-one children diagnosed as having nonorganic failure to thrive were reviewed at an average of 6 years 4 months after their initial presentation. Most of the children were found to be of normal height and weight but disorders in personality traits and educational attainments were common. One half of the children have abnormal personalities. Two thirds have a delayed reading age. Intelligence testing shows that one third have verbal scores significantly lower than their performance scores. Two children from the original series have died in suspicious circumstances. The families of these children have a high incidence of marital instability and economic difficulties. The traditional medical approach to nonorganic failure to thrive needs to be complemented by intensive social support for these families at the time of initial presentation in the hope that the long-term effects of this syndrome can be ameliorated.", "contents": "Nonorganic failure to thrive: a long-term follow-up. Twenty-one children diagnosed as having nonorganic failure to thrive were reviewed at an average of 6 years 4 months after their initial presentation. Most of the children were found to be of normal height and weight but disorders in personality traits and educational attainments were common. One half of the children have abnormal personalities. Two thirds have a delayed reading age. Intelligence testing shows that one third have verbal scores significantly lower than their performance scores. Two children from the original series have died in suspicious circumstances. The families of these children have a high incidence of marital instability and economic difficulties. The traditional medical approach to nonorganic failure to thrive needs to be complemented by intensive social support for these families at the time of initial presentation in the hope that the long-term effects of this syndrome can be ameliorated.", "PMID": 840545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4249", "title": "Counseling parents of children with behavior problems: the use of extinction and time-out techniques.", "content": "The pediatrician is the professonal most frequently sought out for advice concerning disciplinary problems with children in the home. Behavioral psychologists have advocated the use of contingent ignoring and time-out procedures to help reduce problem behaviors; however, practicing pediatricians have found that these two procedures are often not successful. In fact, sometimes the two procedures seem to exacerbate inappropriate behavior. This paper documents the difficulties found in using the ignoring and/or time-out procedures in the home setting. Ptential pitfalls in the use of ignoring, including not specifying the target behavior, not taking a baseline, inadvertently, intermittently reinforcing the inappropriate behavior, response bursts, spontaneous recovery, and not reinforcing an appropriate alternative behavior, are described. In addition, several pitfalls in the use of the time-out procedure, including selection of isolation area, inappropriate selection of time intervals, interference from others in the family, and escape attempts on the part of the child are discussed. For each potential problem a remedy is suggested.", "contents": "Counseling parents of children with behavior problems: the use of extinction and time-out techniques. The pediatrician is the professonal most frequently sought out for advice concerning disciplinary problems with children in the home. Behavioral psychologists have advocated the use of contingent ignoring and time-out procedures to help reduce problem behaviors; however, practicing pediatricians have found that these two procedures are often not successful. In fact, sometimes the two procedures seem to exacerbate inappropriate behavior. This paper documents the difficulties found in using the ignoring and/or time-out procedures in the home setting. Ptential pitfalls in the use of ignoring, including not specifying the target behavior, not taking a baseline, inadvertently, intermittently reinforcing the inappropriate behavior, response bursts, spontaneous recovery, and not reinforcing an appropriate alternative behavior, are described. In addition, several pitfalls in the use of the time-out procedure, including selection of isolation area, inappropriate selection of time intervals, interference from others in the family, and escape attempts on the part of the child are discussed. For each potential problem a remedy is suggested.", "PMID": 840546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4250", "title": "Knowledge about and attitudes toward genetic screening among high-school students: the Tay-Sachs experience.", "content": "High school students (ages 15 to 18 years; No. = 930) taking biology in their curriculum were surveyed (the first survey), in the classroom, for their knowledge and attitudes about Tay-Sachs disease and other \"public\" issues in genetics. High-school students now constitute 38.9% of those screened for the Tay-Sachs gene in the Montreal program and the participation rate is 75% among eligible Jewish students. Knowledge and attitudes about the screening experience were also surveyed (the second survey) in a sample (No. = 120) containing equal numbers of carriers and noncarriers matched for sex and age. The response rate was 75% in the second survey. The first survey revealed that the level of knowledge about Tay-Sachs disease is high among students, only 28% percent of whom were Jewish. Students have a very positive attitude toward genetic screening in general. These findings are associated with an effort to expand the human genetics content in the biology curriculum. The second survey revealed a favorable attitude toward the screening experience and the self-knowledge obtained among screened students. The screening clinic in the schools, and literature provided by the screening authority, was an effective source of knowledge about the significance of Tay-Sachs heterozygosity. Carriers experienced initial anxiety; later attitudes were similar in carrier and noncarriers. Self-image was unchanged in 90% and diminished in 10% of carriers and enhanced in 10% of noncarriers. Heterozygous students perceive information about their genetic status as useful to themselves and 95% want to know the gennotype of an intended spouse; 88.4% would marry a carrier and only 11.6% would \"reconsider.\" These findings encourage us to emphasise high-school screening as the preferred program in our community and to offer it as an effective aid to the physician faced with increasing demands in medical genetics. It is also an effective model for teaching some genetics and human biology in the schools.", "contents": "Knowledge about and attitudes toward genetic screening among high-school students: the Tay-Sachs experience. High school students (ages 15 to 18 years; No. = 930) taking biology in their curriculum were surveyed (the first survey), in the classroom, for their knowledge and attitudes about Tay-Sachs disease and other \"public\" issues in genetics. High-school students now constitute 38.9% of those screened for the Tay-Sachs gene in the Montreal program and the participation rate is 75% among eligible Jewish students. Knowledge and attitudes about the screening experience were also surveyed (the second survey) in a sample (No. = 120) containing equal numbers of carriers and noncarriers matched for sex and age. The response rate was 75% in the second survey. The first survey revealed that the level of knowledge about Tay-Sachs disease is high among students, only 28% percent of whom were Jewish. Students have a very positive attitude toward genetic screening in general. These findings are associated with an effort to expand the human genetics content in the biology curriculum. The second survey revealed a favorable attitude toward the screening experience and the self-knowledge obtained among screened students. The screening clinic in the schools, and literature provided by the screening authority, was an effective source of knowledge about the significance of Tay-Sachs heterozygosity. Carriers experienced initial anxiety; later attitudes were similar in carrier and noncarriers. Self-image was unchanged in 90% and diminished in 10% of carriers and enhanced in 10% of noncarriers. Heterozygous students perceive information about their genetic status as useful to themselves and 95% want to know the gennotype of an intended spouse; 88.4% would marry a carrier and only 11.6% would \"reconsider.\" These findings encourage us to emphasise high-school screening as the preferred program in our community and to offer it as an effective aid to the physician faced with increasing demands in medical genetics. It is also an effective model for teaching some genetics and human biology in the schools.", "PMID": 840547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4251", "title": "Ductus arteriosus dilatation by prostaglandin E1 in infants with pulmonary atresia.", "content": "Infants with pulmonary atresia depend on patency of the ductus arteriosus for survival in the immediate postnatal period. Despite continuing hypoxemia after birth the ductus arteriosus usually constricts, thus reducing pulmonary blood flow. This often occurs while awaiting surgical palliation or correction, leading either to marked deterioration in the infant's condition, or death. In ten infants with pulmonary atresia, we infused prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) at a rate of 0.1 mug/kg/min in six and 0.05 mug/kg/min in four into the descending aorta at the orifice of the ductus arteriosus. The ductus arteriosus was effectively dilated; at the narrowest point the diameter, measured in eight infants, almost doubled. In all ten infants arterial blood PO2 increased, averaging 24.6 mm Hg before and 43.7 mm Hg after the infusion was started. Infusion of PGE1 directly into the aorta adjacent to the ductus arteriosus avoided the complications of pyrexia, muscular twitching, and excitability which may be related to the effects of prostaglandins on the central nervous system.", "contents": "Ductus arteriosus dilatation by prostaglandin E1 in infants with pulmonary atresia. Infants with pulmonary atresia depend on patency of the ductus arteriosus for survival in the immediate postnatal period. Despite continuing hypoxemia after birth the ductus arteriosus usually constricts, thus reducing pulmonary blood flow. This often occurs while awaiting surgical palliation or correction, leading either to marked deterioration in the infant's condition, or death. In ten infants with pulmonary atresia, we infused prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) at a rate of 0.1 mug/kg/min in six and 0.05 mug/kg/min in four into the descending aorta at the orifice of the ductus arteriosus. The ductus arteriosus was effectively dilated; at the narrowest point the diameter, measured in eight infants, almost doubled. In all ten infants arterial blood PO2 increased, averaging 24.6 mm Hg before and 43.7 mm Hg after the infusion was started. Infusion of PGE1 directly into the aorta adjacent to the ductus arteriosus avoided the complications of pyrexia, muscular twitching, and excitability which may be related to the effects of prostaglandins on the central nervous system.", "PMID": 840551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4252", "title": "Neonatal circulatory changes: an echocardiographic study.", "content": "Serial echocardiograms were performed in the first three days of life on 38 normal full-term infants. Right ventricular systolic time intervals were measured from the pulmonic valve echogram and left ventricular systolic time intervals were determined from the aortic valve echogram. The heart rate, left ventricular pre-ejection period (LPEP), left ventricular ejection time (LVET), and LPEP/LVET ratio showed insignificant variation with increasing postnatal age. The right ventricular pre-ejection period (RPEP) shortened, the right ventricular ejection time (RVET) lengthened, and the RPEP/RVET ratio decreased with increasing age. The findings suggested that alterations in the RPEP/RVET ratio reflected the decreasing pulmonary artery diastolic pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance of the early neonatal period and may be valuable in the noninvasive evaluation of the newborn's pulmonary vascular bed.", "contents": "Neonatal circulatory changes: an echocardiographic study. Serial echocardiograms were performed in the first three days of life on 38 normal full-term infants. Right ventricular systolic time intervals were measured from the pulmonic valve echogram and left ventricular systolic time intervals were determined from the aortic valve echogram. The heart rate, left ventricular pre-ejection period (LPEP), left ventricular ejection time (LVET), and LPEP/LVET ratio showed insignificant variation with increasing postnatal age. The right ventricular pre-ejection period (RPEP) shortened, the right ventricular ejection time (RVET) lengthened, and the RPEP/RVET ratio decreased with increasing age. The findings suggested that alterations in the RPEP/RVET ratio reflected the decreasing pulmonary artery diastolic pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance of the early neonatal period and may be valuable in the noninvasive evaluation of the newborn's pulmonary vascular bed.", "PMID": 840552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4253", "title": "Neonatal thermography.", "content": "Anterior and posterior view thermograms were recorded in 37 neonates. Studies were performed under a radiant heater servocontrolled to an abdominal skin temperature of 36.0 C. Heart, liver, and kidneys, being highly vascular structures, were detected as \"warm\" areas on the body surface. A longitudinal study of an infant with a patent ductus arteriosus and congestive heart failure deomnstrated a generally cooler chest following a decrease in pulmonary artery blood flow accomplished by ductal ligation. Another infant demonstrated a unilateral warm area posteriorly over the left flank. At autopsy the right kidney and its vasculature internal organs. Thermography may prove to be a simple noninvasive tool for routine screening in the neonate of highly vascular internal organs. Thermographic detection of renal malformation may offer considerable potential.", "contents": "Neonatal thermography. Anterior and posterior view thermograms were recorded in 37 neonates. Studies were performed under a radiant heater servocontrolled to an abdominal skin temperature of 36.0 C. Heart, liver, and kidneys, being highly vascular structures, were detected as \"warm\" areas on the body surface. A longitudinal study of an infant with a patent ductus arteriosus and congestive heart failure deomnstrated a generally cooler chest following a decrease in pulmonary artery blood flow accomplished by ductal ligation. Another infant demonstrated a unilateral warm area posteriorly over the left flank. At autopsy the right kidney and its vasculature internal organs. Thermography may prove to be a simple noninvasive tool for routine screening in the neonate of highly vascular internal organs. Thermographic detection of renal malformation may offer considerable potential.", "PMID": 840553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4254", "title": "Morbidity of childhood near-drowning.", "content": "An assessment of morbidity in near-drowning was made from a review of emergency room and hospital records of 72 patients, ages 9 months to 20 years, who suffered near-drowning during the period January 1972 through June 1974. Fifteen patients (21% evidenced severe anoxic encephalopathy; the remainder had no detectable neurologic deficits. Hypoxemia was demonstrated in 56 patients. Severe acidosis was not present unless respiratory failure occurred. Neither electrolytes, red blood cell hemolysis, nor cardiac arrhythmias presented a problem. Respiratory complications included pulmonary edema, aspiration pneumonia, atelectasis, shock lung, pneumothorax, and pneumomediastinum. All children requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the emergency room suffered anoxic encephalopathy. The occurrence of seizures, fixed and dilated pupils, flaccid extremities, and lack of response to deep pain in the emergency room had almost universal correlation with resultant severe anoxic encephalopathy, as did a submersion period of six or more minutes. The morbidity of near-drowning is significant with regard to the number of children affected and the severity of the central nervous system insult received. The statement by the American Heart Association that resuscitative efforts in children should be continued for periods longer than ten minutes needs reevaluation, since neurologic recovery did not occur in any child requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in the emergency room. More importantly, new methods of cerebral resuscitation need to be developed and established. In short, medical personnel need to think in terms of cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation (CPCR) rather than in terms of CPR.", "contents": "Morbidity of childhood near-drowning. An assessment of morbidity in near-drowning was made from a review of emergency room and hospital records of 72 patients, ages 9 months to 20 years, who suffered near-drowning during the period January 1972 through June 1974. Fifteen patients (21% evidenced severe anoxic encephalopathy; the remainder had no detectable neurologic deficits. Hypoxemia was demonstrated in 56 patients. Severe acidosis was not present unless respiratory failure occurred. Neither electrolytes, red blood cell hemolysis, nor cardiac arrhythmias presented a problem. Respiratory complications included pulmonary edema, aspiration pneumonia, atelectasis, shock lung, pneumothorax, and pneumomediastinum. All children requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the emergency room suffered anoxic encephalopathy. The occurrence of seizures, fixed and dilated pupils, flaccid extremities, and lack of response to deep pain in the emergency room had almost universal correlation with resultant severe anoxic encephalopathy, as did a submersion period of six or more minutes. The morbidity of near-drowning is significant with regard to the number of children affected and the severity of the central nervous system insult received. The statement by the American Heart Association that resuscitative efforts in children should be continued for periods longer than ten minutes needs reevaluation, since neurologic recovery did not occur in any child requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in the emergency room. More importantly, new methods of cerebral resuscitation need to be developed and established. In short, medical personnel need to think in terms of cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation (CPCR) rather than in terms of CPR.", "PMID": 840554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4255", "title": "Cyclic vomit in children: seen through the psychiatrist's eye.", "content": "Sixteen patients have been seen since 1956 at the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh with a disgnosis of cyclic vomiting. Five of these patients were reverred for psychiatric consultation or treatment. Four of the 16 had laparotomies and no specific pathological condition was found; seven of the patients did not have surgery or psychiatric intervention. Descriptive follow-up is given for all patients, as well as various methods of handling the problem. The psychological conflicts were found to be parental anxiety, a prolonged symbiotic relationship with the mother, and the failure of the child to separate and individuate.", "contents": "Cyclic vomit in children: seen through the psychiatrist's eye. Sixteen patients have been seen since 1956 at the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh with a disgnosis of cyclic vomiting. Five of these patients were reverred for psychiatric consultation or treatment. Four of the 16 had laparotomies and no specific pathological condition was found; seven of the patients did not have surgery or psychiatric intervention. Descriptive follow-up is given for all patients, as well as various methods of handling the problem. The psychological conflicts were found to be parental anxiety, a prolonged symbiotic relationship with the mother, and the failure of the child to separate and individuate.", "PMID": 840555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4256", "title": "The value of phenobarbital in the child who has had a single febrile seizure: a controlled prospective study.", "content": "A group of 355 children who were seen after a first febrile convulsion at the Kaiser Foundation Foundation Hospitals in Southern California from 1970 to 1975 were randomly assigned to three treatment groups-daily phenobarbital, \"intermittent\" phenobarbital given at the onset of fever, and no phenobarbital. We found that 42% had a relative with a febrile seizure and 16% a relative with an afebrile convulsion. 13% had seizures which were either lateralized or longer than ten minutes. Parents were unaware of the fever prior to the seizure in about 30% of the cases. In 81% the preseizure duration of fever was less than 24 hours. The mean follow-up was 28 months, with a range of 6 to 70 months. There was no significant difference in the recurrence rate between children receiving \"intermitent\" as compared with no phenobarbital. The recurrence rate in children receiving daily phenobarbital was significantly decreased compared to either of the other two groups. Severe recurrent febrile seizures occurred in no children on daily phenobarbital and in 4.4% of the children receiving either intermittent or no phenobarbital. Parental resistance, compliance, and reversible hyperactivity were the main problems encountered with the continuous phenobarbital regimen.", "contents": "The value of phenobarbital in the child who has had a single febrile seizure: a controlled prospective study. A group of 355 children who were seen after a first febrile convulsion at the Kaiser Foundation Foundation Hospitals in Southern California from 1970 to 1975 were randomly assigned to three treatment groups-daily phenobarbital, \"intermittent\" phenobarbital given at the onset of fever, and no phenobarbital. We found that 42% had a relative with a febrile seizure and 16% a relative with an afebrile convulsion. 13% had seizures which were either lateralized or longer than ten minutes. Parents were unaware of the fever prior to the seizure in about 30% of the cases. In 81% the preseizure duration of fever was less than 24 hours. The mean follow-up was 28 months, with a range of 6 to 70 months. There was no significant difference in the recurrence rate between children receiving \"intermitent\" as compared with no phenobarbital. The recurrence rate in children receiving daily phenobarbital was significantly decreased compared to either of the other two groups. Severe recurrent febrile seizures occurred in no children on daily phenobarbital and in 4.4% of the children receiving either intermittent or no phenobarbital. Parental resistance, compliance, and reversible hyperactivity were the main problems encountered with the continuous phenobarbital regimen.", "PMID": 840556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4257", "title": "Abnormal in vitro granulopoiesis in phenotypically normal parents of some children with congenital neutropenia.", "content": "Bone marrow from hematologically normal parents of congenitally neutropenic children showed defective myeloid differentiation in vitro. In one family only the mother's marrow differentiated abnormally; in the second family both parents demonstrated abnormal myeloid differentiation. In vitro culture of bone marrow may be useful in establishing the mode of inheritance of some forms of familial neutropenia.", "contents": "Abnormal in vitro granulopoiesis in phenotypically normal parents of some children with congenital neutropenia. Bone marrow from hematologically normal parents of congenitally neutropenic children showed defective myeloid differentiation in vitro. In one family only the mother's marrow differentiated abnormally; in the second family both parents demonstrated abnormal myeloid differentiation. In vitro culture of bone marrow may be useful in establishing the mode of inheritance of some forms of familial neutropenia.", "PMID": 840559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4258", "title": "Recurring digital fibrous tumors of childhood: a review.", "content": "Two new cases that conform to the clinical and histopathological features of recurring digital fibrous tumor of childhood, described by Reye in 1965, are reported. This tumor, which is considered a distinct entity among the juvenile fibromatoses, characteristically presents in infancy and early childhood, involves only the digits, recurs frequently following surgical excision without metastatic spread, and demonstrates the distinct histopathological finding of intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies within proliferated fibroblasts. This tumor is reviewed with reference to clinical features, histopathology, etiological considerations, and management.", "contents": "Recurring digital fibrous tumors of childhood: a review. Two new cases that conform to the clinical and histopathological features of recurring digital fibrous tumor of childhood, described by Reye in 1965, are reported. This tumor, which is considered a distinct entity among the juvenile fibromatoses, characteristically presents in infancy and early childhood, involves only the digits, recurs frequently following surgical excision without metastatic spread, and demonstrates the distinct histopathological finding of intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies within proliferated fibroblasts. This tumor is reviewed with reference to clinical features, histopathology, etiological considerations, and management.", "PMID": 840560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4259", "title": "Milk protein quantity and quality in low-birth-weight infants: II. Effects on selected aliphatic amino acids in plasma and urine.", "content": "The optimal quantity and quality of protein for low-birth-weight infants is undefined. In this study, 106 well, appropriate-for-gestational-age, low-birth-weight infants weighing 2,100 gm or less were divided into three gestational age groups and assigned randomly within each age group to one of five feeding regimens: pooled human milk; formula 1 (protein content, 1.5 gm/100 ml- 60 parts bovine whey proteins to 40 parts bovine caseins); formula 2 (3.0 gm/100 ml, 60:40); formula 3 (1.5 gm/100 ml, 18:82); and formula 4 (3.0 gm/100 ml, 18:82). The concentrations of the free amino aicds in the plasma and urine of these infants were determined. The plasma concentrations of free amino acids were generally far greater in the infants fed the 3.0-gm/100 ml protein diets than they were in the infants fed pooled human milk. The plasma concentrations of free amino acids of the infants fed the 1.5-gm/100 ml protein diets were intermediate. In general, the concentrations of the free amino acids in the plasma of the infants fed the 3.0-gm/100 ml casein-predominant formula (F4) were furthest from those fed pooled human milk. Glutamate showed the highest plasma amino acid concentrations in infants fed the 3.0-gm/100 ml casein-predominant formula (F4) were furthest from those fed pooled human milk. Glutamate showed the highest plasma amino acid concentrations in infants fed both the high- and low-protein casein-predominant formulas. This was true despite the fact that the intake of glutamate on the high-protein, whey-predominant formula was twice that on the low-protein, casein-predominant formula. The differences between groups in the essential amino acids in plasma were generally greater than those of the nonessential amino acids. The concentrations of amino acids in the urine tended to parallel those of the plasma.", "contents": "Milk protein quantity and quality in low-birth-weight infants: II. Effects on selected aliphatic amino acids in plasma and urine. The optimal quantity and quality of protein for low-birth-weight infants is undefined. In this study, 106 well, appropriate-for-gestational-age, low-birth-weight infants weighing 2,100 gm or less were divided into three gestational age groups and assigned randomly within each age group to one of five feeding regimens: pooled human milk; formula 1 (protein content, 1.5 gm/100 ml- 60 parts bovine whey proteins to 40 parts bovine caseins); formula 2 (3.0 gm/100 ml, 60:40); formula 3 (1.5 gm/100 ml, 18:82); and formula 4 (3.0 gm/100 ml, 18:82). The concentrations of the free amino aicds in the plasma and urine of these infants were determined. The plasma concentrations of free amino acids were generally far greater in the infants fed the 3.0-gm/100 ml protein diets than they were in the infants fed pooled human milk. The plasma concentrations of free amino acids of the infants fed the 1.5-gm/100 ml protein diets were intermediate. In general, the concentrations of the free amino acids in the plasma of the infants fed the 3.0-gm/100 ml casein-predominant formula (F4) were furthest from those fed pooled human milk. Glutamate showed the highest plasma amino acid concentrations in infants fed the 3.0-gm/100 ml casein-predominant formula (F4) were furthest from those fed pooled human milk. Glutamate showed the highest plasma amino acid concentrations in infants fed both the high- and low-protein casein-predominant formulas. This was true despite the fact that the intake of glutamate on the high-protein, whey-predominant formula was twice that on the low-protein, casein-predominant formula. The differences between groups in the essential amino acids in plasma were generally greater than those of the nonessential amino acids. The concentrations of amino acids in the urine tended to parallel those of the plasma.", "PMID": 840561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4260", "title": "Dietary essential fatty acids in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Analyses of serum lipids of children with cystic fibrosis (CF) have indicated a deficiency in essential fatty acids (EFA). In view of a report that intravenous administration of soybean oil emulsions normalized sweat sodium values in CF children, we studied the effects of orally administered essential fatty acids (as corn oil) for one year. Some improvement was noted in all patients, but no one consistent factor predominated. However, arachidonic acid, which was found only in trace amounts or was absent in sera of all children with CF before the clinical trial, was increased significantly in the sera after the oral administration of EFA for one year. Other findings included a significant decrease in sweat sodium and T3 in most patients.", "contents": "Dietary essential fatty acids in cystic fibrosis. Analyses of serum lipids of children with cystic fibrosis (CF) have indicated a deficiency in essential fatty acids (EFA). In view of a report that intravenous administration of soybean oil emulsions normalized sweat sodium values in CF children, we studied the effects of orally administered essential fatty acids (as corn oil) for one year. Some improvement was noted in all patients, but no one consistent factor predominated. However, arachidonic acid, which was found only in trace amounts or was absent in sera of all children with CF before the clinical trial, was increased significantly in the sera after the oral administration of EFA for one year. Other findings included a significant decrease in sweat sodium and T3 in most patients.", "PMID": 840562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4261", "title": "Therapy of familial hypercholesterolemia in childhood: diet and cholestyramine resin for 24 to 36 months.", "content": "In 16 children heterozygous for familial hypercholesterolemia, two- to three-year therapy with diet and cholestyramine resin (16 gm/day) was assessed in terms of effectiveness, practicality, and safety. All 16 children had previously taken a low-cholesterol (less than 300 mg/day), polyunsaturate-rich (P/S ratio, 1.5:1) diet and choeltyramine resin (12 gm/day) for 12 months. In this study, the cholestyramine resin dose was increased to 16 gm/day, and follow-up was maintained through months 13 through 18, 19 through 24, 25 through 30, and 31 through 36. Eleven children had good drug adherence (four packs of cholestyramine per day) and five children had fair adherence (two to three packs per day). Plasma total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels were not significantly lowered on the drug-plus-diet regimen as compared to diet alone in five children with fair drug adherence. For children with good drug adherence, mean plasma cholesterol level was lowered below levels achieved on diet alone by 13% (months 13 through 18), 12% (months 19 through 24), 12% (months 25 through 30), and 11% (months 31 through 36) (P less than .05). Reduction in plasma cholesterol level was no greater with 16 than with 12 gm of cholestyramine per day. There were no group changes in mean plasma triglyceride levels. Cholestyramine resin, when added to diet and maintained for two to three years effects a significant reduction in total and LDL cholesterol levels in about 60% of children heterozygous for familial hypercholesterolemia. Continued reinforcement of both diet and drug adherence is necessary in the face of gradual increments in plasma cholesterol level with time.", "contents": "Therapy of familial hypercholesterolemia in childhood: diet and cholestyramine resin for 24 to 36 months. In 16 children heterozygous for familial hypercholesterolemia, two- to three-year therapy with diet and cholestyramine resin (16 gm/day) was assessed in terms of effectiveness, practicality, and safety. All 16 children had previously taken a low-cholesterol (less than 300 mg/day), polyunsaturate-rich (P/S ratio, 1.5:1) diet and choeltyramine resin (12 gm/day) for 12 months. In this study, the cholestyramine resin dose was increased to 16 gm/day, and follow-up was maintained through months 13 through 18, 19 through 24, 25 through 30, and 31 through 36. Eleven children had good drug adherence (four packs of cholestyramine per day) and five children had fair adherence (two to three packs per day). Plasma total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels were not significantly lowered on the drug-plus-diet regimen as compared to diet alone in five children with fair drug adherence. For children with good drug adherence, mean plasma cholesterol level was lowered below levels achieved on diet alone by 13% (months 13 through 18), 12% (months 19 through 24), 12% (months 25 through 30), and 11% (months 31 through 36) (P less than .05). Reduction in plasma cholesterol level was no greater with 16 than with 12 gm of cholestyramine per day. There were no group changes in mean plasma triglyceride levels. Cholestyramine resin, when added to diet and maintained for two to three years effects a significant reduction in total and LDL cholesterol levels in about 60% of children heterozygous for familial hypercholesterolemia. Continued reinforcement of both diet and drug adherence is necessary in the face of gradual increments in plasma cholesterol level with time.", "PMID": 840563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4262", "title": "Triglyceride storage disease: a defect in activation of lipolysis in adipose tissue.", "content": "A child, aged 6 years 3 months, with a triglyceride storage disorder in peripheral adipose tissue, microcephaly, and gross emaciation has been studied at autopsy. The mean triglyceride content of adipocytes in hand and foot was 0.17 +/- 0.02 mug/cell and 0.18 +/- 0.02 mug/cell. Adipocytes from abdominal tissue were small, irregular, and difficult to measure accurately, reflecting the degree of cachexia. Basal tissue contents of cyclic AMP and release of glycerol and fatty acid from peripheral tissue of the child were in the same range as adult tissues. None of these measurements, however, were increased by incubation with isoprenaline (10(-5 M), compared to a three- to seven-fold increment in adult subcutaneous tissues and to a four- to ten-fold increment of glycerol and cyclic AMP in peripheral adipose tissue of a control child aged 10 years. We postulate that the proband may have had a defect of adenyl cyclase or catecholamine receptor, which has a role in the abnormal storage of triglyceride in peripheral adipose tissue.", "contents": "Triglyceride storage disease: a defect in activation of lipolysis in adipose tissue. A child, aged 6 years 3 months, with a triglyceride storage disorder in peripheral adipose tissue, microcephaly, and gross emaciation has been studied at autopsy. The mean triglyceride content of adipocytes in hand and foot was 0.17 +/- 0.02 mug/cell and 0.18 +/- 0.02 mug/cell. Adipocytes from abdominal tissue were small, irregular, and difficult to measure accurately, reflecting the degree of cachexia. Basal tissue contents of cyclic AMP and release of glycerol and fatty acid from peripheral tissue of the child were in the same range as adult tissues. None of these measurements, however, were increased by incubation with isoprenaline (10(-5 M), compared to a three- to seven-fold increment in adult subcutaneous tissues and to a four- to ten-fold increment of glycerol and cyclic AMP in peripheral adipose tissue of a control child aged 10 years. We postulate that the proband may have had a defect of adenyl cyclase or catecholamine receptor, which has a role in the abnormal storage of triglyceride in peripheral adipose tissue.", "PMID": 840564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4263", "title": "Relation between quantities of lead ingested and health effects of lead in humans.", "content": "Major metabolic effects of lead are briefly reviewed and available data on quantitative relationships between lead ingestion and development of toxicity in adults and children are discussed. Levels of lead ingestion producing clinical toxicity in adults are compared with normal levels of exposure. For children, comparison of levels of lead ingestion and quantities of lead producing toxic effects is not currently possible, as information on levels of lead producing clinical toxicity appears to be highly variable on the basis of the small amount of data available. However, recommendations on tolerable levels of lead exposure for childrne are proposed, based on estimates of lead exposure for children having normal and elevated body burdens of lead.", "contents": "Relation between quantities of lead ingested and health effects of lead in humans. Major metabolic effects of lead are briefly reviewed and available data on quantitative relationships between lead ingestion and development of toxicity in adults and children are discussed. Levels of lead ingestion producing clinical toxicity in adults are compared with normal levels of exposure. For children, comparison of levels of lead ingestion and quantities of lead producing toxic effects is not currently possible, as information on levels of lead producing clinical toxicity appears to be highly variable on the basis of the small amount of data available. However, recommendations on tolerable levels of lead exposure for childrne are proposed, based on estimates of lead exposure for children having normal and elevated body burdens of lead.", "PMID": 840565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4264", "title": "Hexachlorophene storage in a burn patient associated with encephalopathy.", "content": "Hexachlorophene (HCP), a chlorinated phenolic hydrocarbon with bacteriostatic properties against Staphylococcus, is used in a number of topical products. Absorption through normal and damaged human skin has been appreciated and neurologic changes have been described in experimental animals, but instances of human toxicity have been reported infrequently. A 10-year-old boy who sustained a 25% burn did well initially but died in the second week of convalescence with hyperthermia, lower-extremity weakness, and cerebral edema. His treatment had included frequent applications of HCP. Analysis of post-mortem tissue revealed the presence of toxic levels of HCP in the blood (2.2 mug/gm) and brain (2.2 mug/gm), with storage in skin (25 mug/gm), liver (4.4 mug/gm), and fat (6.0 mug/gm). This case suggests that topical applications of HCP in man may result in an extensive absorption with fat storage and may cause fatal encephalopathy.", "contents": "Hexachlorophene storage in a burn patient associated with encephalopathy. Hexachlorophene (HCP), a chlorinated phenolic hydrocarbon with bacteriostatic properties against Staphylococcus, is used in a number of topical products. Absorption through normal and damaged human skin has been appreciated and neurologic changes have been described in experimental animals, but instances of human toxicity have been reported infrequently. A 10-year-old boy who sustained a 25% burn did well initially but died in the second week of convalescence with hyperthermia, lower-extremity weakness, and cerebral edema. His treatment had included frequent applications of HCP. Analysis of post-mortem tissue revealed the presence of toxic levels of HCP in the blood (2.2 mug/gm) and brain (2.2 mug/gm), with storage in skin (25 mug/gm), liver (4.4 mug/gm), and fat (6.0 mug/gm). This case suggests that topical applications of HCP in man may result in an extensive absorption with fat storage and may cause fatal encephalopathy.", "PMID": 840566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4265", "title": "Sex differences in perception of a provocation, a survey.", "content": "A survey was conducted to examine what constitutes provocation for 70 women and 60 men respectively. Results indicated that women are most angered by condescending treatment regardless of the sex of the provoker, while men's hostile feelings are triggered by a man's physical or verbal aggression or a woman's condescending attitude.", "contents": "Sex differences in perception of a provocation, a survey. A survey was conducted to examine what constitutes provocation for 70 women and 60 men respectively. Results indicated that women are most angered by condescending treatment regardless of the sex of the provoker, while men's hostile feelings are triggered by a man's physical or verbal aggression or a woman's condescending attitude.", "PMID": 840578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4266", "title": "Comparison of phonetic judgments and electropalatographic measurements of articulatory place of production.", "content": "Judgments of articulatory place of production were obtained for a set of consonant-vowel nonsense syllables spoken with a known place of production by two normal speakers. Correspondence between judgments and actual place of production was poor.", "contents": "Comparison of phonetic judgments and electropalatographic measurements of articulatory place of production. Judgments of articulatory place of production were obtained for a set of consonant-vowel nonsense syllables spoken with a known place of production by two normal speakers. Correspondence between judgments and actual place of production was poor.", "PMID": 840579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4267", "title": "Field dependence and facial recognition.", "content": "29 male and 28 female undergraduates were administered two measures of Witkin's field-dependence dimension--the Portable Rod-and-frame Test and the Group Embedded-figures Test--and a test of facial recognition. Field-independent males were significantly more accurate in the recognition of photographed human faces than field-dependent males. Field-independent females were also more accurate than field-dependent females, although the relation was nonsignificant. While it has often been claimed that field-dependent individuals remember faces better, the results of the present study, as well as others which have examined this relationship, support the opposite conclusion.", "contents": "Field dependence and facial recognition. 29 male and 28 female undergraduates were administered two measures of Witkin's field-dependence dimension--the Portable Rod-and-frame Test and the Group Embedded-figures Test--and a test of facial recognition. Field-independent males were significantly more accurate in the recognition of photographed human faces than field-dependent males. Field-independent females were also more accurate than field-dependent females, although the relation was nonsignificant. While it has often been claimed that field-dependent individuals remember faces better, the results of the present study, as well as others which have examined this relationship, support the opposite conclusion.", "PMID": 840580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4268", "title": "WAIS differences between murderers and attackers referred for evaluation.", "content": "12 first and second degree murderers were matched on sex and age with subjects who had perpetrated aggressive interpersonal attacks short of homicide. Both groups had been referred for psychological testing by courts and social agencies. A substantial and significant difference in IQ was found in favor of the attackers over the murderers. Results were interpreted as lending credence to the hypothesis that differences in IQ exist among important sub-populations of murderers.", "contents": "WAIS differences between murderers and attackers referred for evaluation. 12 first and second degree murderers were matched on sex and age with subjects who had perpetrated aggressive interpersonal attacks short of homicide. Both groups had been referred for psychological testing by courts and social agencies. A substantial and significant difference in IQ was found in favor of the attackers over the murderers. Results were interpreted as lending credence to the hypothesis that differences in IQ exist among important sub-populations of murderers.", "PMID": 840581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4269", "title": "Auditory frequency discrimination in patterned-sound-naive albino rats.", "content": "To test the hypothesis that prior patterned or varied auditory experience was necessary for the development of discrimination of auditory frequency, Sprague-Dawley albino rats were deprived of patterned sound from birth by the technique of rearing them in white noise. The sound-deprived rats learned a frequency discrimination as easily as controls reared in varied sound conditions.", "contents": "Auditory frequency discrimination in patterned-sound-naive albino rats. To test the hypothesis that prior patterned or varied auditory experience was necessary for the development of discrimination of auditory frequency, Sprague-Dawley albino rats were deprived of patterned sound from birth by the technique of rearing them in white noise. The sound-deprived rats learned a frequency discrimination as easily as controls reared in varied sound conditions.", "PMID": 840582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4270", "title": "Graphological signs for extraversion.", "content": "Graphological signs of extraversion were rated from handwriting samples of undergraduates (ns = 35 males, 31 females; 23 males, 20 females) and correlated with extraversion scores from an objective psychological test. No evidence was found for the validity of the graphological signs.", "contents": "Graphological signs for extraversion. Graphological signs of extraversion were rated from handwriting samples of undergraduates (ns = 35 males, 31 females; 23 males, 20 females) and correlated with extraversion scores from an objective psychological test. No evidence was found for the validity of the graphological signs.", "PMID": 840583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4271", "title": "Cardiovascular disease history and behavior patterns.", "content": "Type A behavior has not been studied as a developmental behavior process in older persons. This study examined the relationship between ratings of overt behavior patterns and cardiovascular health history in 60 men and 58 women, 59 to 90 yr. of age.", "contents": "Cardiovascular disease history and behavior patterns. Type A behavior has not been studied as a developmental behavior process in older persons. This study examined the relationship between ratings of overt behavior patterns and cardiovascular health history in 60 men and 58 women, 59 to 90 yr. of age.", "PMID": 840584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4272", "title": "Articulation improvement and oral tactile changes in children.", "content": "To determine whether oral tactile changes accompany improvement in articulation, 16 children were administered two tests of oral tactile perception and two tests of articulation competency at three time periods: before, during, and at the end of speech therapy. A positive relationship between articulation proficiency and oral tactile perception was established. Both articulation tests reflected a progressive improvement for the group across the three testing periods. One of the tests of oral tactile perception reflected the same progressive trend and the second test, while not exhibiting the identical trend, did reflect a general improvement from the first to the third testing period. These findings indicate that oral tactile skills appear to be important factors in speech production and that such skills should be assessed in cases of functional articulation disorders,", "contents": "Articulation improvement and oral tactile changes in children. To determine whether oral tactile changes accompany improvement in articulation, 16 children were administered two tests of oral tactile perception and two tests of articulation competency at three time periods: before, during, and at the end of speech therapy. A positive relationship between articulation proficiency and oral tactile perception was established. Both articulation tests reflected a progressive improvement for the group across the three testing periods. One of the tests of oral tactile perception reflected the same progressive trend and the second test, while not exhibiting the identical trend, did reflect a general improvement from the first to the third testing period. These findings indicate that oral tactile skills appear to be important factors in speech production and that such skills should be assessed in cases of functional articulation disorders,", "PMID": 840585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4273", "title": "Idiot savants: rate of incidence.", "content": "Based on the replies to a survey of 300 public residential facilities for the mentally retarded, an incidence rate for idiot savants was established. This rate of .06% is based on the reporting of 54 idiot savants within a population of 90,000 residents. Several reasons for caution in the acceptance of this incidence rate are discussed.", "contents": "Idiot savants: rate of incidence. Based on the replies to a survey of 300 public residential facilities for the mentally retarded, an incidence rate for idiot savants was established. This rate of .06% is based on the reporting of 54 idiot savants within a population of 90,000 residents. Several reasons for caution in the acceptance of this incidence rate are discussed.", "PMID": 840586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4274", "title": "Effect of demand characteristics on heart rate during a behavioral avoidance test.", "content": "A 2 X 2 experimental design utilized two levels of verbally reported snake fearfulness (high-low) and two levels of experimental demand (high-low) with 16 college student subjects during a behavioral avoidance test. Subjects given high-demand instructions for heart-rate increase increased their heart rate more than subjects given low-demand instructions. Results were specific to heart rate, as demand produced no effects on approach behaviors or fear ratings. Heart rate during the behavioral avoidance test was shown to be as susceptible to experimental demand as other studies have shown approach behaviors to be influenced.", "contents": "Effect of demand characteristics on heart rate during a behavioral avoidance test. A 2 X 2 experimental design utilized two levels of verbally reported snake fearfulness (high-low) and two levels of experimental demand (high-low) with 16 college student subjects during a behavioral avoidance test. Subjects given high-demand instructions for heart-rate increase increased their heart rate more than subjects given low-demand instructions. Results were specific to heart rate, as demand produced no effects on approach behaviors or fear ratings. Heart rate during the behavioral avoidance test was shown to be as susceptible to experimental demand as other studies have shown approach behaviors to be influenced.", "PMID": 840587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4275", "title": "Effects of self-esteem and status on size of signature.", "content": "142 second year university students from both Memorial University of Newfoundland (n = 81) and Laurentian University (n = 61) wrote their own signatures as they imagined the following people would do: (a) faculty member (high status) with high self-esteem, (b) faculty member (high status) with low self-esteem, (c) student (low status) with high self-esteem, and (d) student (low status) with low self-esteem. The areas of the signatures were calculated in square centimeters, and there was a significant positive relationship between size of signature and the conditions of high and low self-esteem for both \"faculty\" and \"student\" role-playing conditions. There was however no significant relationship between size of signature and status. The results held for both groups of subjects.", "contents": "Effects of self-esteem and status on size of signature. 142 second year university students from both Memorial University of Newfoundland (n = 81) and Laurentian University (n = 61) wrote their own signatures as they imagined the following people would do: (a) faculty member (high status) with high self-esteem, (b) faculty member (high status) with low self-esteem, (c) student (low status) with high self-esteem, and (d) student (low status) with low self-esteem. The areas of the signatures were calculated in square centimeters, and there was a significant positive relationship between size of signature and the conditions of high and low self-esteem for both \"faculty\" and \"student\" role-playing conditions. There was however no significant relationship between size of signature and status. The results held for both groups of subjects.", "PMID": 840588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4276", "title": "Undergraduate self-perceptions of creativity and independence.", "content": "596 undergraduate students from 7 schools of a major university responded to a group of 20 questions relating to self-perceptions of creativity and independence employed in earlier studies of graduate faculty members and industrial inventors and producers. The hypothesis was that these students would tend to perceive of themselves in terms of popular expectations relating to the schools of their choice. The results indicated that students of architecture, engineering, liberal arts, and science tend to see themselves as significantly more independent, individualistic, and creative than students of business, education, and to some extent, agriculture.", "contents": "Undergraduate self-perceptions of creativity and independence. 596 undergraduate students from 7 schools of a major university responded to a group of 20 questions relating to self-perceptions of creativity and independence employed in earlier studies of graduate faculty members and industrial inventors and producers. The hypothesis was that these students would tend to perceive of themselves in terms of popular expectations relating to the schools of their choice. The results indicated that students of architecture, engineering, liberal arts, and science tend to see themselves as significantly more independent, individualistic, and creative than students of business, education, and to some extent, agriculture.", "PMID": 840589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4277", "title": "Altering arousal in humans by varying ambient sensory conditions.", "content": "Reaction times of 6 male and 6 female college students were used as a measure of arousal under different levels of ambient sensory stimulation. Subjects were tested under conditions of light-quiet, light-noise, dark-quiet and dark-noise with a non-signalled reaction-time task using a tactile stimulus. All sensory conditions were presented to each subject in a counterbalanced order and replicated in a second session 3 to 8 wk. later. Significant main effects were noise and replication. Improvement in performance across replication was related to the sex of the subject. White noise and level of illumination interacted to produce the typical U-shaped function. Results are discussed in terms of their relevance for research using behavioral and physiological measures of arousal.", "contents": "Altering arousal in humans by varying ambient sensory conditions. Reaction times of 6 male and 6 female college students were used as a measure of arousal under different levels of ambient sensory stimulation. Subjects were tested under conditions of light-quiet, light-noise, dark-quiet and dark-noise with a non-signalled reaction-time task using a tactile stimulus. All sensory conditions were presented to each subject in a counterbalanced order and replicated in a second session 3 to 8 wk. later. Significant main effects were noise and replication. Improvement in performance across replication was related to the sex of the subject. White noise and level of illumination interacted to produce the typical U-shaped function. Results are discussed in terms of their relevance for research using behavioral and physiological measures of arousal.", "PMID": 840590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4278", "title": "The enigmatic eidetic image: a reply to Gray and Gummerman.", "content": "Gray and Gummerman (1975) contended that eidetic imagery differs from visual-memory imagery only in quantitative aspects. There is evidence to controvert that argument and to support a theory of eidetic imagery as a qualitatively distinct phenomenon. It is proposed that eidetic imagery plays an essential role in early development and that superimposition methods are adequate for measurement of eidetic imagery in young children. It is further suggested that eidetic imagery is the precursor of iconic storage. The persistence of eidetic imagery in older children appears to be associated with some but not all forms of brain damage and may be overshadowed by more advanced memory imagery.", "contents": "The enigmatic eidetic image: a reply to Gray and Gummerman. Gray and Gummerman (1975) contended that eidetic imagery differs from visual-memory imagery only in quantitative aspects. There is evidence to controvert that argument and to support a theory of eidetic imagery as a qualitatively distinct phenomenon. It is proposed that eidetic imagery plays an essential role in early development and that superimposition methods are adequate for measurement of eidetic imagery in young children. It is further suggested that eidetic imagery is the precursor of iconic storage. The persistence of eidetic imagery in older children appears to be associated with some but not all forms of brain damage and may be overshadowed by more advanced memory imagery.", "PMID": 840591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4279", "title": "Simultaneous monotic masking as a function of linguistic violations.", "content": "An investigation was conducted to determine whether grammatical, semantical, and phonological constraints affect aural masking. The rationale centered around the non-representative and non-optimal characteristics of white noise as a masker. Also, prior conclusions that content and linguistic rules do not influence masking warranted examination. Six lists, each of 25 simultaneously competing message of 36 college-age, normal hearing, native speakers of English. The 6 classes of competing messages were forward grammatical strings, forward semantically anomalous strings, forward ungrammatical strings, and the same 3 sets reproduced backwards. Articulation scores computed in percentages served as measures. Performances when the forward semantically anomalous strings and the forward ungrammatical strings functioned as maskers were depressed relative to the other conditions and not significantly different from each other.", "contents": "Simultaneous monotic masking as a function of linguistic violations. An investigation was conducted to determine whether grammatical, semantical, and phonological constraints affect aural masking. The rationale centered around the non-representative and non-optimal characteristics of white noise as a masker. Also, prior conclusions that content and linguistic rules do not influence masking warranted examination. Six lists, each of 25 simultaneously competing message of 36 college-age, normal hearing, native speakers of English. The 6 classes of competing messages were forward grammatical strings, forward semantically anomalous strings, forward ungrammatical strings, and the same 3 sets reproduced backwards. Articulation scores computed in percentages served as measures. Performances when the forward semantically anomalous strings and the forward ungrammatical strings functioned as maskers were depressed relative to the other conditions and not significantly different from each other.", "PMID": 840592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4280", "title": "Effect of stimulus context and repeated aversive visual stimulation on the cardiac correlate of attention.", "content": "The experiment investigated cardiac deceleration responses to repeated presentations of an aversive visual stimulus (a slide of a mutilated homicide victim) as a function of interspersing presentations of different types of other provocative visual stimuli amidst the aversive stimulus. 30 male volunteers were divided into three groups of 10 subjects each. One group viewed the aversive stimulus randomly interspersed with presentations of female nudes (positive context); a second group viewed the aversive stimulus amidst presentations of slides of skin-disease patients (negative context); and the third group viewed the aversive slide surrounded by presentations of other male undergraduates (neutral context). After repeatedly viewing the single homocide-victim slide, subjects viewed five different homicide scenes without contextual slides. These identical procedures were repeated during a second experimental session. A significant context-by-sessions interaction (p less than .05) reflected a decrement in cardiac deceleration over sessions for the positive context and an increase in deceleration from the first to the second session for the negative context. The neutral context did not affect cardiac deceleration over sessions. The series of different homicide scenes elicited greater cardiac deceleration than repeated exposures to the same slide. These results were discussed in terms of the possible role of stimulus context in affecting attention and vigilant-avoidant coping orientations.", "contents": "Effect of stimulus context and repeated aversive visual stimulation on the cardiac correlate of attention. The experiment investigated cardiac deceleration responses to repeated presentations of an aversive visual stimulus (a slide of a mutilated homicide victim) as a function of interspersing presentations of different types of other provocative visual stimuli amidst the aversive stimulus. 30 male volunteers were divided into three groups of 10 subjects each. One group viewed the aversive stimulus randomly interspersed with presentations of female nudes (positive context); a second group viewed the aversive stimulus amidst presentations of slides of skin-disease patients (negative context); and the third group viewed the aversive slide surrounded by presentations of other male undergraduates (neutral context). After repeatedly viewing the single homocide-victim slide, subjects viewed five different homicide scenes without contextual slides. These identical procedures were repeated during a second experimental session. A significant context-by-sessions interaction (p less than .05) reflected a decrement in cardiac deceleration over sessions for the positive context and an increase in deceleration from the first to the second session for the negative context. The neutral context did not affect cardiac deceleration over sessions. The series of different homicide scenes elicited greater cardiac deceleration than repeated exposures to the same slide. These results were discussed in terms of the possible role of stimulus context in affecting attention and vigilant-avoidant coping orientations.", "PMID": 840594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4281", "title": "Alpha asymmetry over the right and left hemispheres of stutterers and control subjects preceding massed oral readings: a preliminary investigation.", "content": "Interhemispheric alpha asymmetry of both stutterers and non-stutterers measured preceding each of five massed oral readings of the same material was investigated. Preliminary results indicated a reduction of alpha over the left hemisphere for non-stutterers, while a reduction for stutterers was found for the right hemisphere. Present results, together with other investigations using dichotic, tachistoscopic, and EEG procedures, suggest right hemispheric processing for the stuttering group as compared with left hemispheric processing for the non-stuttering group.", "contents": "Alpha asymmetry over the right and left hemispheres of stutterers and control subjects preceding massed oral readings: a preliminary investigation. Interhemispheric alpha asymmetry of both stutterers and non-stutterers measured preceding each of five massed oral readings of the same material was investigated. Preliminary results indicated a reduction of alpha over the left hemisphere for non-stutterers, while a reduction for stutterers was found for the right hemisphere. Present results, together with other investigations using dichotic, tachistoscopic, and EEG procedures, suggest right hemispheric processing for the stuttering group as compared with left hemispheric processing for the non-stuttering group.", "PMID": 840596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4282", "title": "Psychomotor rehearsal: enhancement of rotary-pursuit tracking using a massed-training procedure.", "content": "Two groups of male volunteers (n = 8/group) performed 14 10-min. sessions of either alternate 30-sec. rotary-pursuit tracking and rehearsal of tracking or rotary-pursuit tracking and object-slide naming (nonrehearsal). Ten-min. problem-solving tasks separated these sessions. Results showed that subjects in the rotary-pursuit/mental rehearsal group displayed significantly enhanced tracking performance relative to those in the rotary-pursuit/object slide group, i.e., mean time-on-target scores of 12.8 sec. and 8.9 sec. per trial, respectively.", "contents": "Psychomotor rehearsal: enhancement of rotary-pursuit tracking using a massed-training procedure. Two groups of male volunteers (n = 8/group) performed 14 10-min. sessions of either alternate 30-sec. rotary-pursuit tracking and rehearsal of tracking or rotary-pursuit tracking and object-slide naming (nonrehearsal). Ten-min. problem-solving tasks separated these sessions. Results showed that subjects in the rotary-pursuit/mental rehearsal group displayed significantly enhanced tracking performance relative to those in the rotary-pursuit/object slide group, i.e., mean time-on-target scores of 12.8 sec. and 8.9 sec. per trial, respectively.", "PMID": 840597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4283", "title": "Cardiac deceleration as an indicator of correct performance.", "content": "A within-subjects experiment involving 10 subjects was performed to examine the relationship between the accuracy of judgment of position and cardiac deceleration. The results supported the hypothesis that accurate (correct) performance is accompanied by greater cardiac deceleration than inaccurate performance for those subjects (9 out of 10) who exhibited cardiac deceleration to stimulus onset. The data indicated, however, that the relationship varied with time. Part of this variability appears related to the initial exploratory behavior in which subjects engaged and later reported during the post-experiment interview.", "contents": "Cardiac deceleration as an indicator of correct performance. A within-subjects experiment involving 10 subjects was performed to examine the relationship between the accuracy of judgment of position and cardiac deceleration. The results supported the hypothesis that accurate (correct) performance is accompanied by greater cardiac deceleration than inaccurate performance for those subjects (9 out of 10) who exhibited cardiac deceleration to stimulus onset. The data indicated, however, that the relationship varied with time. Part of this variability appears related to the initial exploratory behavior in which subjects engaged and later reported during the post-experiment interview.", "PMID": 840599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4284", "title": "Predictive head-movements during automobile mirror-sampling.", "content": "Eye-head response patterns of 3 novice, 3 young experienced, and 3 mature drivers were recorded by television cameras as they sampled their vehicle's mirrors just prior to making freeway left-lane changes, right-lane changes, and entrance merges. Eye-head responses were called \"classical\" if the eyes moved before the head and \"predictive\" if the head moved before the eyes. Drivers made about twice as many predictive responses as classical ones. Data suggested that the rate of making predictive head-movements was 90 msec. and that of classical responses was 45 msec. Latency was not related to the amount of driving experience.", "contents": "Predictive head-movements during automobile mirror-sampling. Eye-head response patterns of 3 novice, 3 young experienced, and 3 mature drivers were recorded by television cameras as they sampled their vehicle's mirrors just prior to making freeway left-lane changes, right-lane changes, and entrance merges. Eye-head responses were called \"classical\" if the eyes moved before the head and \"predictive\" if the head moved before the eyes. Drivers made about twice as many predictive responses as classical ones. Data suggested that the rate of making predictive head-movements was 90 msec. and that of classical responses was 45 msec. Latency was not related to the amount of driving experience.", "PMID": 840600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4285", "title": "Electromyographic and girth considerations relative to strength training.", "content": "19 male and 23 female volunteers were tested for surface electromyograms. Girth and skinfold measures were taken at the same location, while cable tensiometer readings indicated quadriceps strength. After a 7-wk. strength improvement program, measures were repeated. Both men and women increased their quadriceps strength. The men's thigh girth significantly increased, whereas the women's did not. Both groups demonstrated significant electromyogram change for a 16-lb. load, whereas only the men showed significant change for a 26-lb. load.", "contents": "Electromyographic and girth considerations relative to strength training. 19 male and 23 female volunteers were tested for surface electromyograms. Girth and skinfold measures were taken at the same location, while cable tensiometer readings indicated quadriceps strength. After a 7-wk. strength improvement program, measures were repeated. Both men and women increased their quadriceps strength. The men's thigh girth significantly increased, whereas the women's did not. Both groups demonstrated significant electromyogram change for a 16-lb. load, whereas only the men showed significant change for a 26-lb. load.", "PMID": 840601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4286", "title": "A weight illusion produced by lifting movements.", "content": "The perceived relative heaviness of objects was manipulated by instructing 13 subjects to lift them gently or vigorously, as was predicted by the motor theory of weight judgment and the known behavior of proprioceptors. The time-order error was shown to be significantly related to lifting movements.", "contents": "A weight illusion produced by lifting movements. The perceived relative heaviness of objects was manipulated by instructing 13 subjects to lift them gently or vigorously, as was predicted by the motor theory of weight judgment and the known behavior of proprioceptors. The time-order error was shown to be significantly related to lifting movements.", "PMID": 840602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4287", "title": "Dose-related heart-rate, perceptual, and decisional changes in man following marihuana smoking.", "content": "Information processing was tested in 12 male subjects after smoking marihuana containing 0, 10, or 20 mg. of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in three consecutive experimental sessions according to a Latin square protocol. Successful dose control was indicated both by the dose-related linear increase observed in heart rate and by preliminary assays of THC metabolites excreted in the urine. During tachistoscopic presentation of varying numbers of circles, statistically significant decrements in information processing occurred as a function of THC dosage. However, adding irrelevant information (triangles) to the display of circles eliminated effects of marihuana on accuracy of counting. Complex reaction times for oddity discrimination increased significantly only after the high dose. Nonetheless, both the social and high doses inappropriately inhibited the general tendency to respond to changing stimuli during oddity discrimination. Marihuana had no effect on field-dependence as measured by the Rod-and-frame test.", "contents": "Dose-related heart-rate, perceptual, and decisional changes in man following marihuana smoking. Information processing was tested in 12 male subjects after smoking marihuana containing 0, 10, or 20 mg. of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in three consecutive experimental sessions according to a Latin square protocol. Successful dose control was indicated both by the dose-related linear increase observed in heart rate and by preliminary assays of THC metabolites excreted in the urine. During tachistoscopic presentation of varying numbers of circles, statistically significant decrements in information processing occurred as a function of THC dosage. However, adding irrelevant information (triangles) to the display of circles eliminated effects of marihuana on accuracy of counting. Complex reaction times for oddity discrimination increased significantly only after the high dose. Nonetheless, both the social and high doses inappropriately inhibited the general tendency to respond to changing stimuli during oddity discrimination. Marihuana had no effect on field-dependence as measured by the Rod-and-frame test.", "PMID": 840603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4288", "title": "Evaluation of guidelines for safe exposure to continuous noise of moderate and high intensity.", "content": "In a 1974 report the Environmental Protection Agency made predictions, based upon extrapolations from the literature, as to what constitutes a 5 dB equal 90th percentile TTS2 curve, i.e., a \"safe exposure\" curve. However, because of a dearth of data for brief exposures to noise, they were uncertain as to the accuracy of some of their predictions. Therefore, in the present investigation, the TTS2 consequences of brief exposures to noise were systematically evaluated. Specifically, 40 subjects were tested at each of 10 appropriately spaced durations of exposure to noise. The 90th percentile TTS2 at 4000 Hz was determined for each duration of exposure and then a multiple regression equation was fitted to these values. From this equation, a 5 dB equal 90th percentile TTS2 curve was calculated, which represents our predictions as to the trade-offs between noise intensity and duration of exposure necessary to produce 90th percentile TTS2S of 5 dB. A comparison of our predictions to those of the EPA (in the area of uncertainty) suggests that the conservative EPA predictions may be too conservative while the EPA's modified and extended CHABA-criterion predictions (from Nat. Acad. Sci., Nat. Res. Council Committee on Hear., Bioacoustics, Biomechanics) may not be sufficiently conservative. Although our predictions reflect the trends which were actually observed in the present investigation, it would be unreasonable to assume that our predictions are more than \"ball park\" estimates of reality. They do suggest, though, that in reality a 5 dB equal 90th percentile TTS2 curve would probably be intermediate between the conservative EPA curve and EPA's modified and extended CHABA criterion curves.", "contents": "Evaluation of guidelines for safe exposure to continuous noise of moderate and high intensity. In a 1974 report the Environmental Protection Agency made predictions, based upon extrapolations from the literature, as to what constitutes a 5 dB equal 90th percentile TTS2 curve, i.e., a \"safe exposure\" curve. However, because of a dearth of data for brief exposures to noise, they were uncertain as to the accuracy of some of their predictions. Therefore, in the present investigation, the TTS2 consequences of brief exposures to noise were systematically evaluated. Specifically, 40 subjects were tested at each of 10 appropriately spaced durations of exposure to noise. The 90th percentile TTS2 at 4000 Hz was determined for each duration of exposure and then a multiple regression equation was fitted to these values. From this equation, a 5 dB equal 90th percentile TTS2 curve was calculated, which represents our predictions as to the trade-offs between noise intensity and duration of exposure necessary to produce 90th percentile TTS2S of 5 dB. A comparison of our predictions to those of the EPA (in the area of uncertainty) suggests that the conservative EPA predictions may be too conservative while the EPA's modified and extended CHABA-criterion predictions (from Nat. Acad. Sci., Nat. Res. Council Committee on Hear., Bioacoustics, Biomechanics) may not be sufficiently conservative. Although our predictions reflect the trends which were actually observed in the present investigation, it would be unreasonable to assume that our predictions are more than \"ball park\" estimates of reality. They do suggest, though, that in reality a 5 dB equal 90th percentile TTS2 curve would probably be intermediate between the conservative EPA curve and EPA's modified and extended CHABA criterion curves.", "PMID": 840605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4289", "title": "Influence of cold bath on maximum handgrip strength.", "content": "12 female college students participated in a repeated-measures experiment, receiving an experimental treatment and a control treatment. The former was a 30-min. cold bath to the forearm while the control was a simolar 30-min. period without the cold bath. Subjects' maximum handgrip strength was measured 11 times, immediately prior to treatment, immediately following treatment, and then every 20 min. for 3 hr. The subjects were tested at the same time of the day, on the same day of the week, for two consecutive weeks. Grip strength was significantly decreased immediately following the experimental treatment below pre-treatment measures and post-treatment measures for the control session. Grip strength during the experimental session significantly increased at 80 min. post-treatment when compared to the strength measures for the control at the same time interval or when compared to pre-treatment measures for either treatment. The strength measures for the two treatments remained significantly different over the rest of the testing occasions.", "contents": "Influence of cold bath on maximum handgrip strength. 12 female college students participated in a repeated-measures experiment, receiving an experimental treatment and a control treatment. The former was a 30-min. cold bath to the forearm while the control was a simolar 30-min. period without the cold bath. Subjects' maximum handgrip strength was measured 11 times, immediately prior to treatment, immediately following treatment, and then every 20 min. for 3 hr. The subjects were tested at the same time of the day, on the same day of the week, for two consecutive weeks. Grip strength was significantly decreased immediately following the experimental treatment below pre-treatment measures and post-treatment measures for the control session. Grip strength during the experimental session significantly increased at 80 min. post-treatment when compared to the strength measures for the control at the same time interval or when compared to pre-treatment measures for either treatment. The strength measures for the two treatments remained significantly different over the rest of the testing occasions.", "PMID": 840607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4290", "title": "Capacity sharing and refractoriness in successive reactions.", "content": "Subjects performed two rapidly successive tasks. They first pressed a key to stop a digital counter at one of three stopping times. The key-press was followed after a variable interval by the presentation of one of three lights, which required a choice response. 20 students and 20 flight cadets participated in the main experiment. Both responses showed impairment in the dual-task condition. The delay of the choice response was affected by the stopping time and by the interval between the key-press and the second stimulus. Complete refractoriness for a period of 200 msec. was observed only for the shortest stopping-time. In the other conditions, the delay of the second response decreased gradot support single-channel theory and are better explained by a capacity-sharing model on the assumption that preparation for a choice-response requires effort.", "contents": "Capacity sharing and refractoriness in successive reactions. Subjects performed two rapidly successive tasks. They first pressed a key to stop a digital counter at one of three stopping times. The key-press was followed after a variable interval by the presentation of one of three lights, which required a choice response. 20 students and 20 flight cadets participated in the main experiment. Both responses showed impairment in the dual-task condition. The delay of the choice response was affected by the stopping time and by the interval between the key-press and the second stimulus. Complete refractoriness for a period of 200 msec. was observed only for the shortest stopping-time. In the other conditions, the delay of the second response decreased gradot support single-channel theory and are better explained by a capacity-sharing model on the assumption that preparation for a choice-response requires effort.", "PMID": 840608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4291", "title": "The old man as woman: detecting stereotypes of aged men with a femininity scale.", "content": "Male and female college students (N = 244), divided into seven experimental groups, rated women in general and men age 65 significantly higher in femininity than men at four younger ages and men in general. Ratings were made on the Broverman, et al. (1970) masculine-feminine (MF) scale. It appears that both women in general and aged men are viewed through the same \"femininity\" stereotype, which is largely a perception of psychological timidity. Relatively high femininity ratings for men age 55 indicate that these characteristics are believed to increase in men as a function of the aging process. Results also suggest that the students' MF ratings of \"men in general\" are based primarily on their perceptions of young men.", "contents": "The old man as woman: detecting stereotypes of aged men with a femininity scale. Male and female college students (N = 244), divided into seven experimental groups, rated women in general and men age 65 significantly higher in femininity than men at four younger ages and men in general. Ratings were made on the Broverman, et al. (1970) masculine-feminine (MF) scale. It appears that both women in general and aged men are viewed through the same \"femininity\" stereotype, which is largely a perception of psychological timidity. Relatively high femininity ratings for men age 55 indicate that these characteristics are believed to increase in men as a function of the aging process. Results also suggest that the students' MF ratings of \"men in general\" are based primarily on their perceptions of young men.", "PMID": 840609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4292", "title": "Relation of the frame in a portable rod-and-frame apparatus to judgements of perceived verticality.", "content": "To assess the effect of the frame on the mean error in the portable rod-and-frame 18 subjects were tested once with frame present and once without it. 11 frame-dependent subjects produced smaller mean error without the frame; 7 frame-independent subjects were not significantly affected by removal of the frame. Nyborg's statistical method of differentiating frame-dependent and frame-independent subjects appears validated.", "contents": "Relation of the frame in a portable rod-and-frame apparatus to judgements of perceived verticality. To assess the effect of the frame on the mean error in the portable rod-and-frame 18 subjects were tested once with frame present and once without it. 11 frame-dependent subjects produced smaller mean error without the frame; 7 frame-independent subjects were not significantly affected by removal of the frame. Nyborg's statistical method of differentiating frame-dependent and frame-independent subjects appears validated.", "PMID": 840610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4293", "title": "Somesthetic hallucinations and motility in schizophrenia: neurophysiological views and information flow model.", "content": "Clinical study of three schizophrenic men without known seizure disorders has heuristic implications, pointing to neurophysiological factors in their somesthetic hallucinations: (a) In two instances the body areas involved in such hallucinations (the abdominal cavity and the top of one foot) also happen to be represented side by side on the \"map\" of the receptive somesthetic areas at the postcentral gyrus. (b) In all three schizophrenic men the occurrence of their somesthetic hallucinations can be conceptualized along the lines of MacKay's (1970) information flow model for perception in general, with some specific modifications, which center around the key roles of sufficient change occurring in two specific aspects of this model. (c) Further conceptualization is suggested within Grey Walter's (1973) testable model of triple association among Conditional, Imperative and Operant Response--albeit mostly in reverse sequence with respect to somesthetic hallucinations under discussion. These schizophrenic men reveal in their past and present experiences a pattern in which the sequence of events is initiated through changes at the efferent side (restriction of voluntary motility), which trigger afferent experiences, albeit hallucinated ones. Practical implications center around the probably salutary role of voluntary motility performed purposefully and at the person's own pace.", "contents": "Somesthetic hallucinations and motility in schizophrenia: neurophysiological views and information flow model. Clinical study of three schizophrenic men without known seizure disorders has heuristic implications, pointing to neurophysiological factors in their somesthetic hallucinations: (a) In two instances the body areas involved in such hallucinations (the abdominal cavity and the top of one foot) also happen to be represented side by side on the \"map\" of the receptive somesthetic areas at the postcentral gyrus. (b) In all three schizophrenic men the occurrence of their somesthetic hallucinations can be conceptualized along the lines of MacKay's (1970) information flow model for perception in general, with some specific modifications, which center around the key roles of sufficient change occurring in two specific aspects of this model. (c) Further conceptualization is suggested within Grey Walter's (1973) testable model of triple association among Conditional, Imperative and Operant Response--albeit mostly in reverse sequence with respect to somesthetic hallucinations under discussion. These schizophrenic men reveal in their past and present experiences a pattern in which the sequence of events is initiated through changes at the efferent side (restriction of voluntary motility), which trigger afferent experiences, albeit hallucinated ones. Practical implications center around the probably salutary role of voluntary motility performed purposefully and at the person's own pace.", "PMID": 840613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4294", "title": "A musical conservation problem.", "content": "7 piano pupils (8 to 16 yr.) judged which of two printed musical passages required more playing time. It was hypothesized that younger pupils would not conserve the indicated rhythm. Results support the hypothesis, showing that these children based their judgments on spatial/perceptual characteristics rather than on implied quantitative dimensions of the stimuli. Implications for developing non-traditional teaching methods are discussed.", "contents": "A musical conservation problem. 7 piano pupils (8 to 16 yr.) judged which of two printed musical passages required more playing time. It was hypothesized that younger pupils would not conserve the indicated rhythm. Results support the hypothesis, showing that these children based their judgments on spatial/perceptual characteristics rather than on implied quantitative dimensions of the stimuli. Implications for developing non-traditional teaching methods are discussed.", "PMID": 840614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4295", "title": "Patterns of environmental adjustments underlying measured cognitive complexity and field independence in men and women.", "content": "73 male and 72 female college students completed several measures delineating aspects of the relationships they perceived between themselves and their social and physical environment, as well as cognitive complexity and field-independence measures. Correlational and cluster analysis showed complexity and field independence occurred within differing patterns of self-environment relations for men and women. Differing implications for the simultaneous development of verbal and non-verbal analytic cognitive styles in men and women were suggested by the findings. Results emphasized an ecological approach to cognitive styles as necessary for understanding the information processes underlying the styles themselves as well as their adjustive implications for men and women.", "contents": "Patterns of environmental adjustments underlying measured cognitive complexity and field independence in men and women. 73 male and 72 female college students completed several measures delineating aspects of the relationships they perceived between themselves and their social and physical environment, as well as cognitive complexity and field-independence measures. Correlational and cluster analysis showed complexity and field independence occurred within differing patterns of self-environment relations for men and women. Differing implications for the simultaneous development of verbal and non-verbal analytic cognitive styles in men and women were suggested by the findings. Results emphasized an ecological approach to cognitive styles as necessary for understanding the information processes underlying the styles themselves as well as their adjustive implications for men and women.", "PMID": 840615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4296", "title": "Neural interactions and subjective contours.", "content": "Increment thresholds were measured on either side of the locus of subjective contours and inequivalent loci for control figures. The data indicate a small change in increment threshold value in the direction predicted by theories postulating neural interactive components in the formation of subjective contours.", "contents": "Neural interactions and subjective contours. Increment thresholds were measured on either side of the locus of subjective contours and inequivalent loci for control figures. The data indicate a small change in increment threshold value in the direction predicted by theories postulating neural interactive components in the formation of subjective contours.", "PMID": 840616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4297", "title": "Vision with isoluminant colour contrast: 1.A projection technique and observations.", "content": "An optical technique is described for projecting two-colour pictures with controlled brightness contrast, which may be set to zero-at isoluminance. Colour registration is maintained without adjustment or special setting up. It is suggested that colour-and brightness-contour registration in the visual channel is a problem which may be solved neurally be master brightness signals locking slave colour signals. The projection apparatus allows the supposed master brightness signals to be removed-at isoluminance-when contour disturbances should occur. Observation of this kind are reported.", "contents": "Vision with isoluminant colour contrast: 1.A projection technique and observations. An optical technique is described for projecting two-colour pictures with controlled brightness contrast, which may be set to zero-at isoluminance. Colour registration is maintained without adjustment or special setting up. It is suggested that colour-and brightness-contour registration in the visual channel is a problem which may be solved neurally be master brightness signals locking slave colour signals. The projection apparatus allows the supposed master brightness signals to be removed-at isoluminance-when contour disturbances should occur. Observation of this kind are reported.", "PMID": 840617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4298", "title": "The role of vision in the perception of speech.", "content": "The ability of hearing adolescents to use speech-read information in order to report lists of CVC words presented in white noise was investigated. The conditions of stimulus presentation included were auditory and visual information in synchrony, out of synchrony, auditory input alone, visual input alone, and a condition where the information presented in the auditory input conflicted with the visual input. The results indicated that the amount and type of type of information reported varied according to the condition of presentation, and that vision provided a complementary source of information for the perception of speech.", "contents": "The role of vision in the perception of speech. The ability of hearing adolescents to use speech-read information in order to report lists of CVC words presented in white noise was investigated. The conditions of stimulus presentation included were auditory and visual information in synchrony, out of synchrony, auditory input alone, visual input alone, and a condition where the information presented in the auditory input conflicted with the visual input. The results indicated that the amount and type of type of information reported varied according to the condition of presentation, and that vision provided a complementary source of information for the perception of speech.", "PMID": 840618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4299", "title": "Component analysis of orientation illusions.", "content": "Orientation illusions occur when the inducing figure is a line or grating (the tilt illusion) or a square outline frame (the rod-and-frame illusion). In the range of inducing figure tilts between vertical and horizontal, the tilt illusion describes one cycle of positive (direct) and negative (indirect) effects but the rod-and-frame illusion describes two such cycles. In two experiments, angular functions of illusions were measured with the six possible inducing figures which result when two of the four sides of a square inducing frame are deleted. As expected, the parallel-side frame amputations induced angular functions similar to the tilt illusion and these functions differed from those induced by the orthogonal-sided amputations. In agreement with previous findings on the nonadditivity of tilt illusions, the sum of angular functions induced by frame amputations, which together form a complete frame, were not always equivalent to the angular function induced by a complete frame, and there were asymmetries in the data fro which neither of two simple hypotheses could adequately account. The discussion focuses upon properties of inducing figures which psychophysical hypotheses might need to consider in order to account for the shapes of angular functions of orientation illusions and, in particular,a distinction is drawn between the global orientation of the inducing figure and the orientations of it (local) component features. It is suggested that it might be fruitful if the tilt illusion and the rod-and-frame illusion were conceived of as illusions resulting from inducing figures composed of all or part of n gratings of spatial frequency fn intersecting at angles of 180 degrees/n.", "contents": "Component analysis of orientation illusions. Orientation illusions occur when the inducing figure is a line or grating (the tilt illusion) or a square outline frame (the rod-and-frame illusion). In the range of inducing figure tilts between vertical and horizontal, the tilt illusion describes one cycle of positive (direct) and negative (indirect) effects but the rod-and-frame illusion describes two such cycles. In two experiments, angular functions of illusions were measured with the six possible inducing figures which result when two of the four sides of a square inducing frame are deleted. As expected, the parallel-side frame amputations induced angular functions similar to the tilt illusion and these functions differed from those induced by the orthogonal-sided amputations. In agreement with previous findings on the nonadditivity of tilt illusions, the sum of angular functions induced by frame amputations, which together form a complete frame, were not always equivalent to the angular function induced by a complete frame, and there were asymmetries in the data fro which neither of two simple hypotheses could adequately account. The discussion focuses upon properties of inducing figures which psychophysical hypotheses might need to consider in order to account for the shapes of angular functions of orientation illusions and, in particular,a distinction is drawn between the global orientation of the inducing figure and the orientations of it (local) component features. It is suggested that it might be fruitful if the tilt illusion and the rod-and-frame illusion were conceived of as illusions resulting from inducing figures composed of all or part of n gratings of spatial frequency fn intersecting at angles of 180 degrees/n.", "PMID": 840619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4300", "title": "Pattern evoked average EEG potentials and dichoptic visual percepts.", "content": "Monocular xenon flashes were used to evoke average EEG potentials while blank, dot or grid targets were shown simmultaneously in ten dichoptic stimulus conditions, either continuously illuminated (added to the flashes, or contraocularly), or presented only by the flashes. Mean evoked-EEG-potential waveforms over repeated conditions were computed from average evoked potentials (EPs) for each stimulus condition and each hemisphere. Correlation coefficients were computed between mena-EP waveforms of all stimulus condition for each subject. Mean correlation coefficients over subjects were treated in a cluster analysis to diagnose conditions associated with similar EP waveforms. Data from the two hemispheres yielded identical cluster results. Presence or absence of continuous target illumination for the flashed eye was the most powerful descriptor. Next important was continuously visible structure (regardless whether seen by the flashed or the nonflashed eye) in conditions with continuous illumination seen by the flashed eye, and flashed structure in conditions without continuous illumination for the flashed eye. It was concluded that a visual percept which enters the processor as non-EP-evoking information nevertheless is reflected by the EP waveform. However, the waveforms are different if the flashes carry the perceptual information exclusively. More powerful than visual structure is the mode of flash presentation (with or withoug continuous target illumination) for the EP waveform.", "contents": "Pattern evoked average EEG potentials and dichoptic visual percepts. Monocular xenon flashes were used to evoke average EEG potentials while blank, dot or grid targets were shown simmultaneously in ten dichoptic stimulus conditions, either continuously illuminated (added to the flashes, or contraocularly), or presented only by the flashes. Mean evoked-EEG-potential waveforms over repeated conditions were computed from average evoked potentials (EPs) for each stimulus condition and each hemisphere. Correlation coefficients were computed between mena-EP waveforms of all stimulus condition for each subject. Mean correlation coefficients over subjects were treated in a cluster analysis to diagnose conditions associated with similar EP waveforms. Data from the two hemispheres yielded identical cluster results. Presence or absence of continuous target illumination for the flashed eye was the most powerful descriptor. Next important was continuously visible structure (regardless whether seen by the flashed or the nonflashed eye) in conditions with continuous illumination seen by the flashed eye, and flashed structure in conditions without continuous illumination for the flashed eye. It was concluded that a visual percept which enters the processor as non-EP-evoking information nevertheless is reflected by the EP waveform. However, the waveforms are different if the flashes carry the perceptual information exclusively. More powerful than visual structure is the mode of flash presentation (with or withoug continuous target illumination) for the EP waveform.", "PMID": 840620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4301", "title": "The spatial selectivity of early and late waves within the human visual evoked response.", "content": "Two studies on the amplitude, latency, and waveform of human visual evoked responses to the onset of sine-wave grating patterns were made. Results indicated that the peak latencies of both early and late waves were a function of the spatial frequency of the stimulus. The amplitude of the early wave (N1-P1) was consistently greatest at low spatial frequenciies while the late wave (N2-P2) showed consistent attenuation at low spatial frequencies. In addition the location of the peak amplitude response of the late, but not the early, wave depended on the location (macular versus extramacular) and area(small versus large stimulus field) of retina stimulated. These findings are discussed in the light of evidence for separate transient and sustained systems within the human visual system.", "contents": "The spatial selectivity of early and late waves within the human visual evoked response. Two studies on the amplitude, latency, and waveform of human visual evoked responses to the onset of sine-wave grating patterns were made. Results indicated that the peak latencies of both early and late waves were a function of the spatial frequency of the stimulus. The amplitude of the early wave (N1-P1) was consistently greatest at low spatial frequenciies while the late wave (N2-P2) showed consistent attenuation at low spatial frequencies. In addition the location of the peak amplitude response of the late, but not the early, wave depended on the location (macular versus extramacular) and area(small versus large stimulus field) of retina stimulated. These findings are discussed in the light of evidence for separate transient and sustained systems within the human visual system.", "PMID": 840621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4302", "title": "Shape constancy: a systematic approach.", "content": "This work contains the analysis of one experiment and its results. It was carried out to demonstrate that: (i) Shape is a shape-constancy 'factor'. In other words, there must be a 'shape-constancy scale' where the various shpaes can be arranged; (ii) when the shape factor is isolated, the shape constancy of a visual pattern is directly proportional to the strength of the 'linear-perspective cue' and inversely proportional to its degree of 'simplicity'. A pattern such as the cross (which has many linear components and a high degree of complexity) should therefore exhibit a maximum of constancy. The results of the experiment have confirmed the above hypothesis except for an unexpected low degree of constancy of the cross. Another experiment is being performed to explain this last result.", "contents": "Shape constancy: a systematic approach. This work contains the analysis of one experiment and its results. It was carried out to demonstrate that: (i) Shape is a shape-constancy 'factor'. In other words, there must be a 'shape-constancy scale' where the various shpaes can be arranged; (ii) when the shape factor is isolated, the shape constancy of a visual pattern is directly proportional to the strength of the 'linear-perspective cue' and inversely proportional to its degree of 'simplicity'. A pattern such as the cross (which has many linear components and a high degree of complexity) should therefore exhibit a maximum of constancy. The results of the experiment have confirmed the above hypothesis except for an unexpected low degree of constancy of the cross. Another experiment is being performed to explain this last result.", "PMID": 840622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4303", "title": "Radiation nephritis.", "content": "There is considerable similarity in the morphologic expression of radiation nephritis in man and in the rat. In both species the cellular structures as well as intercellular substances are affected. The most sensitive elements are the tubular epithelium, glomerular endothelium, the glomerular mesangium, and subendothelial and endomysial basement membranes in the arterial walls. The characteristic separation of cells from basement membranes in the glomeruli and tubules is probably due to the damage of both the cells and the membranes. Subsequent degeneration of muscle cells in the arterial media and deposition of fibrin lead to fibrinoid necrosis and thrombosis. Within the range of 1500 to 10,000 rads the nature of radiation changes remains the same irrespective of dose. Higher doses merely accelerate and aggravate the lesions and increase the frequency of severe arterial damage.", "contents": "Radiation nephritis. There is considerable similarity in the morphologic expression of radiation nephritis in man and in the rat. In both species the cellular structures as well as intercellular substances are affected. The most sensitive elements are the tubular epithelium, glomerular endothelium, the glomerular mesangium, and subendothelial and endomysial basement membranes in the arterial walls. The characteristic separation of cells from basement membranes in the glomeruli and tubules is probably due to the damage of both the cells and the membranes. Subsequent degeneration of muscle cells in the arterial media and deposition of fibrin lead to fibrinoid necrosis and thrombosis. Within the range of 1500 to 10,000 rads the nature of radiation changes remains the same irrespective of dose. Higher doses merely accelerate and aggravate the lesions and increase the frequency of severe arterial damage.", "PMID": 840623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4304", "title": "[Assessment of the caliber of the uterine isthmus at the beginning of pregnancy. Its value in the indication for cervical cerclage. 134 cases].", "content": "In capable hands, measurement of the uterine isthmus in early pregnancy is without danger. Apparent incompetence of the isthmus as determined by examination other than during pregnancy or a previous cervical cerclage do not necessarily represent a formal indication for a cerclage in a subsequent pregnancy. Calibration of the isthmus during pregnancy was carried out in 129 patients who were \"candidates\" for a cerclage. It was possible to avoid the procedure in 80 of them, i.e. 62% of cases. Furthermore no risk to the pregnancy was involved. Since beginning this study, the number of cervical cerclages in our department has decreased and we have observed a parallel decrease in premature deliveries, since with the elimination of problems related to the isthmus we have directed our efforts towards other causes of premature labour. Thus we have been led to include calibration of the isthmus in routine examinations in pregnancies occurring on the one hand in women with previous infertility as well as in those in which pregnancy follows a period of involuntary sterility. Calibration reveals early incompetence of the isthmus, making cerclage possible at the appropriate time.", "contents": "[Assessment of the caliber of the uterine isthmus at the beginning of pregnancy. Its value in the indication for cervical cerclage. 134 cases]. In capable hands, measurement of the uterine isthmus in early pregnancy is without danger. Apparent incompetence of the isthmus as determined by examination other than during pregnancy or a previous cervical cerclage do not necessarily represent a formal indication for a cerclage in a subsequent pregnancy. Calibration of the isthmus during pregnancy was carried out in 129 patients who were \"candidates\" for a cerclage. It was possible to avoid the procedure in 80 of them, i.e. 62% of cases. Furthermore no risk to the pregnancy was involved. Since beginning this study, the number of cervical cerclages in our department has decreased and we have observed a parallel decrease in premature deliveries, since with the elimination of problems related to the isthmus we have directed our efforts towards other causes of premature labour. Thus we have been led to include calibration of the isthmus in routine examinations in pregnancies occurring on the one hand in women with previous infertility as well as in those in which pregnancy follows a period of involuntary sterility. Calibration reveals early incompetence of the isthmus, making cerclage possible at the appropriate time.", "PMID": 840630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4305", "title": "[Rupture of the free wall of the left ventricle during myocardial infarct. Contribution of echocardiography to its diagnosis. Surgical cure].", "content": "Parietal rupture of heart is one of the most dramatic complications in the acute stage of myocardial infarction. Generally it is fatal within few seconds or minutes. The authors report a case of rupture of the left ventricle into the free pericardial cavity, occurred at the 13th hour of an anterior infarction and surgically repaired with favourable result. On this occasion they emphasize the contribution of echocardiography to the diagnosis of cardiac rupture and the exceptional complexion of this case, which, to their best knowledge, is the third to have survived left ventricular rupture associated with ischemic heart disease, more than two months.", "contents": "[Rupture of the free wall of the left ventricle during myocardial infarct. Contribution of echocardiography to its diagnosis. Surgical cure]. Parietal rupture of heart is one of the most dramatic complications in the acute stage of myocardial infarction. Generally it is fatal within few seconds or minutes. The authors report a case of rupture of the left ventricle into the free pericardial cavity, occurred at the 13th hour of an anterior infarction and surgically repaired with favourable result. On this occasion they emphasize the contribution of echocardiography to the diagnosis of cardiac rupture and the exceptional complexion of this case, which, to their best knowledge, is the third to have survived left ventricular rupture associated with ischemic heart disease, more than two months.", "PMID": 840631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4306", "title": "[Diagnostic value of anti-mitochondria antibodies].", "content": "The histological lesions found in patients with hepatic disease and positive anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA) by immunofluorescence were compared with those in 10 subjects of the same age and sex with negative AMA. The majority of the patients with positive AMA were suffering from primary biliary cirrhosis, the diagnosis being based upon the histological appearance (Stage 1 of Scheuer's classification: 40%) or the presence of clinical signs of cholestasis with a compatible histological appearance (40%). None of the remaining patients (20%) with positive AMA nor the 10 individuals with negative AMA showed histological signs suggestive of primary biliary cirrhosis. The absence of certain clinico-biological factors, with the exception of Stage 1 histology, gives a high degree of value to a high level of AMA in the diagnostic of PBC.", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of anti-mitochondria antibodies]. The histological lesions found in patients with hepatic disease and positive anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA) by immunofluorescence were compared with those in 10 subjects of the same age and sex with negative AMA. The majority of the patients with positive AMA were suffering from primary biliary cirrhosis, the diagnosis being based upon the histological appearance (Stage 1 of Scheuer's classification: 40%) or the presence of clinical signs of cholestasis with a compatible histological appearance (40%). None of the remaining patients (20%) with positive AMA nor the 10 individuals with negative AMA showed histological signs suggestive of primary biliary cirrhosis. The absence of certain clinico-biological factors, with the exception of Stage 1 histology, gives a high degree of value to a high level of AMA in the diagnostic of PBC.", "PMID": 840632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4307", "title": "Evidence for en bloc incorporation of exogenous oligonucleotides into HeLa cell RNA.", "content": "3H uridine and 3H guanosine labeled oligonucleotides were separately produced by degradation of high molecular weight RNA by endogenous intracellular ribonucleases of HeLa cells. After incubation of this low molecular weight RNA with HeLa cells under conditions limiting labeled mononucleotide incorporation, significant label was found in high molecular weight 18s RNA, but not in 28s RNA. The label in the 18s RNA was alkali labile and remained with the 18s RNA peak under denaturation conditions. Actinomycin in the incubation mixture prevented the appearance of label in the 18s RNA. These results raise the possibility that exogenous oligonucleotide segments can be incorporated en bloc into RNA.", "contents": "Evidence for en bloc incorporation of exogenous oligonucleotides into HeLa cell RNA. 3H uridine and 3H guanosine labeled oligonucleotides were separately produced by degradation of high molecular weight RNA by endogenous intracellular ribonucleases of HeLa cells. After incubation of this low molecular weight RNA with HeLa cells under conditions limiting labeled mononucleotide incorporation, significant label was found in high molecular weight 18s RNA, but not in 28s RNA. The label in the 18s RNA was alkali labile and remained with the 18s RNA peak under denaturation conditions. Actinomycin in the incubation mixture prevented the appearance of label in the 18s RNA. These results raise the possibility that exogenous oligonucleotide segments can be incorporated en bloc into RNA.", "PMID": 840641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4308", "title": "High resolution thermal denaturation of mammalian DNAs.", "content": "High resolution melting profiles of different mammalian DNAs are presented. Melting curves of various mammalian DNAs were compared with respect to the degree of asymmetry, first moment, transition breath and Tmi of individual subtransitions. Quantitative comparison of the shape of all melting curves was made. Correlation between phylogenetical relations among mammals and shape of the melting profiles of their DNAs was demonstrated. The difference between multi-component heterogeneity of mammalian DNAs found by optical melting analysis and sedimentation in CsCl-netropsin density gradient is also discussed.", "contents": "High resolution thermal denaturation of mammalian DNAs. High resolution melting profiles of different mammalian DNAs are presented. Melting curves of various mammalian DNAs were compared with respect to the degree of asymmetry, first moment, transition breath and Tmi of individual subtransitions. Quantitative comparison of the shape of all melting curves was made. Correlation between phylogenetical relations among mammals and shape of the melting profiles of their DNAs was demonstrated. The difference between multi-component heterogeneity of mammalian DNAs found by optical melting analysis and sedimentation in CsCl-netropsin density gradient is also discussed.", "PMID": 840642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4309", "title": "Single strand breakage and repair in eukaryotic DNA as assayed by S1 nuclease.", "content": "A sensitive new approach for measuring the repair of single strand breaks in DNA induced by low doses of gamma irradiation was tested in cultured fibroblasts from Chinese hamster lung, human afflicted with ataxia telangiectasia or Fanconi's anemia and in normal cells of early and late passages. The assay is based on the increasing rate of strand separation of DNA duplexes in alkali for molecules with increasing numbers of single strand scissions. DNA strand separation is shown to follow the relation, in F = -(1/Mn - const) - tbeta where F is the proportion of double-stranded DNA, detected as S1 nuclease resistant, after alkaline denaturation time, t. Mn is the number-average molecular weight of DNA between single strand breaks. beta less than 1 is an empirically determined constant. The results suggest an increase in the number-average molecular weight between breaks, Mn, with increasing times for repair. The final level attained corresponds to the Mn of control DNA in unirradiated cells. As few as one break introduced into 109 daltons of single-stranded control cell DNA can be detected. The kinetics, requirements and sensitivities of this assay are described.", "contents": "Single strand breakage and repair in eukaryotic DNA as assayed by S1 nuclease. A sensitive new approach for measuring the repair of single strand breaks in DNA induced by low doses of gamma irradiation was tested in cultured fibroblasts from Chinese hamster lung, human afflicted with ataxia telangiectasia or Fanconi's anemia and in normal cells of early and late passages. The assay is based on the increasing rate of strand separation of DNA duplexes in alkali for molecules with increasing numbers of single strand scissions. DNA strand separation is shown to follow the relation, in F = -(1/Mn - const) - tbeta where F is the proportion of double-stranded DNA, detected as S1 nuclease resistant, after alkaline denaturation time, t. Mn is the number-average molecular weight of DNA between single strand breaks. beta less than 1 is an empirically determined constant. The results suggest an increase in the number-average molecular weight between breaks, Mn, with increasing times for repair. The final level attained corresponds to the Mn of control DNA in unirradiated cells. As few as one break introduced into 109 daltons of single-stranded control cell DNA can be detected. The kinetics, requirements and sensitivities of this assay are described.", "PMID": 840643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4310", "title": "Light-induced free radical alkylation of polynucleotides and their enzymatic digestion.", "content": "Ultraviolet light-induced free radical alkylation with 2-propanol or D-ribose, initiated with di-tert-butyl peroxide, of poly (G), poly (U20G), and poly(A) led to the substitution of the appropriate group for the H-8 atom of the purines and addition across the 5,6-double bond of the pyrimidines. The alkylated polynucleotides were subjected to nucleolytic digestion with several nucleases. T1-RNase digestion of poly(G) irradiated with 2-propanol gave a mixture of the modified and non-modified mononucleotides. Similarly, pancreatic RNase digestion of the irradiated poly(U20G) resulted in a mixture of the appropriate mononucleotides. A T2-RNase treatment of poly(A) irradiated with 2-propanol gave the modified Ado-21:3'-P, while T2-RNase digestion of poly(A) irradiated with D-ribose led to the cyclic modified mononucleotides, in addition to the modified mononucleotides.", "contents": "Light-induced free radical alkylation of polynucleotides and their enzymatic digestion. Ultraviolet light-induced free radical alkylation with 2-propanol or D-ribose, initiated with di-tert-butyl peroxide, of poly (G), poly (U20G), and poly(A) led to the substitution of the appropriate group for the H-8 atom of the purines and addition across the 5,6-double bond of the pyrimidines. The alkylated polynucleotides were subjected to nucleolytic digestion with several nucleases. T1-RNase digestion of poly(G) irradiated with 2-propanol gave a mixture of the modified and non-modified mononucleotides. Similarly, pancreatic RNase digestion of the irradiated poly(U20G) resulted in a mixture of the appropriate mononucleotides. A T2-RNase treatment of poly(A) irradiated with 2-propanol gave the modified Ado-21:3'-P, while T2-RNase digestion of poly(A) irradiated with D-ribose led to the cyclic modified mononucleotides, in addition to the modified mononucleotides.", "PMID": 840644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4311", "title": "Stimulation of RNA polymerase I and II activities by 17 beta -estradiol receptor on chick liver chromatin.", "content": "The endogenous transcriptional capacity (RNA polymerase I and II activity) of liver chromatin from chicks treated with 17 beta-estradiol for 24 h (E 24) was double that of the controls. E 24 chromatin contained estradiol receptor activity while control chromatin did not. Its presence suggested an implication in the enhanced activities of RNA polymerases of E 24 chromatin. When semi-purified estradiol receptor was added to control chromatin, the endogenous transcriptional capacity of this chromatin was greatly increased. Studies with alpha-amanitin showed that both RNA polymerase I and II were stimulated by the estradiol receptor. This stimulation was observed as long as homology of the system was maintained. Solubilized homologous RNA polymerases were stimulated much less by the hormone complex in the presence of heterologous DNA than with homologous chromatin. Prokaryotic RNA polymerase could not be stimulated by chick liver estradiol receptor in the presence of heterologous DNA.", "contents": "Stimulation of RNA polymerase I and II activities by 17 beta -estradiol receptor on chick liver chromatin. The endogenous transcriptional capacity (RNA polymerase I and II activity) of liver chromatin from chicks treated with 17 beta-estradiol for 24 h (E 24) was double that of the controls. E 24 chromatin contained estradiol receptor activity while control chromatin did not. Its presence suggested an implication in the enhanced activities of RNA polymerases of E 24 chromatin. When semi-purified estradiol receptor was added to control chromatin, the endogenous transcriptional capacity of this chromatin was greatly increased. Studies with alpha-amanitin showed that both RNA polymerase I and II were stimulated by the estradiol receptor. This stimulation was observed as long as homology of the system was maintained. Solubilized homologous RNA polymerases were stimulated much less by the hormone complex in the presence of heterologous DNA than with homologous chromatin. Prokaryotic RNA polymerase could not be stimulated by chick liver estradiol receptor in the presence of heterologous DNA.", "PMID": 840645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4312", "title": "Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase is present in athymic nude mice.", "content": "Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity is normal in the bone marrow of congenitally athymic nude mice, regardless of whether transferase activity is calculated on the basis of cell number, DNA content, or activity per femur. This suggests that terminal transferase containing cells of marrow do not originate in thymus.", "contents": "Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase is present in athymic nude mice. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity is normal in the bone marrow of congenitally athymic nude mice, regardless of whether transferase activity is calculated on the basis of cell number, DNA content, or activity per femur. This suggests that terminal transferase containing cells of marrow do not originate in thymus.", "PMID": 840646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4313", "title": "Direct evidence that ribosome bound RNA-dependent RNA polymerase does not play a role in globin messenger RNA replication.", "content": "The radioactively labelled product of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase+ from ribosomes of immature chicken erythrocytes was tested for the presence of newly replicated globin mRNA using unlabelled globin complementary DNA. No radioactively labelled globin mRNA sequences were found in the product, providing direct confirmation that this RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is not involved in globin mRNA amplification.", "contents": "Direct evidence that ribosome bound RNA-dependent RNA polymerase does not play a role in globin messenger RNA replication. The radioactively labelled product of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase+ from ribosomes of immature chicken erythrocytes was tested for the presence of newly replicated globin mRNA using unlabelled globin complementary DNA. No radioactively labelled globin mRNA sequences were found in the product, providing direct confirmation that this RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is not involved in globin mRNA amplification.", "PMID": 840647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4314", "title": "Physical properties of nucleoprotein cores from adenovirus type 5.", "content": "Analytical ultracentrifugation, thermal denaturation, and electron microscopy have been used to study nucleoprotein core particles, obtained from disrupted type 5 adenovirus and partially purified on glycerol density gradients. Electron microscopy at low salt concentrations has shown that the cores are homogeneous particles with characteristic structures, which vary with conditions of observation from a fairly loose network of fibers to a highly condensed, compact particle. Sedimentation measurements in the analytical ultracentrifuge, both by boundary and by band techniques, show that the cores are relatively homogeneous in solution and have sedimentation coefficients near 185 S at low salt concentrations, about 243 S in 1 or 2 M NaCl, and 376 S in 1 mM MgCl2. Correlation of sedimentation data with electron microscopic observations suggests that the 185 S particle has a loose, fibrous structure, while the faster species are more highly condensed particles. The melting temperature of the cores in 5 mM Tris/HCl is 79 degrees C, which is 10 degrees C higher than the Tm for purified, viral DNA. This indicates that the protein enhances the stability of DNA in the nucleoprotein complex.", "contents": "Physical properties of nucleoprotein cores from adenovirus type 5. Analytical ultracentrifugation, thermal denaturation, and electron microscopy have been used to study nucleoprotein core particles, obtained from disrupted type 5 adenovirus and partially purified on glycerol density gradients. Electron microscopy at low salt concentrations has shown that the cores are homogeneous particles with characteristic structures, which vary with conditions of observation from a fairly loose network of fibers to a highly condensed, compact particle. Sedimentation measurements in the analytical ultracentrifuge, both by boundary and by band techniques, show that the cores are relatively homogeneous in solution and have sedimentation coefficients near 185 S at low salt concentrations, about 243 S in 1 or 2 M NaCl, and 376 S in 1 mM MgCl2. Correlation of sedimentation data with electron microscopic observations suggests that the 185 S particle has a loose, fibrous structure, while the faster species are more highly condensed particles. The melting temperature of the cores in 5 mM Tris/HCl is 79 degrees C, which is 10 degrees C higher than the Tm for purified, viral DNA. This indicates that the protein enhances the stability of DNA in the nucleoprotein complex.", "PMID": 840648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4315", "title": "Coronary risk factors and anginal pain patterns.", "content": "Major risk factors for coronary heart disease include hypertension, high serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and cigarette smoking. Minor risk factors include glucose intolerance, electrocardiographic changes, and personality type. Often the initial manifestation is angina pectoris. To prevent coronary heart disease, physicians need to know the answers to the following questions: (1) In which person will coronary heart disease develop, and when? (2) What is the cause? (3) What major and minor causative factors can be modified? (4) How can these modifications be achieved in a free-living, working, well population? (5) What is the earliest manifestation of coronary atherosclerosis? (6) What special diagnostic procedures are useful in coronary heart disease? These subjects are examined briefly.", "contents": "Coronary risk factors and anginal pain patterns. Major risk factors for coronary heart disease include hypertension, high serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and cigarette smoking. Minor risk factors include glucose intolerance, electrocardiographic changes, and personality type. Often the initial manifestation is angina pectoris. To prevent coronary heart disease, physicians need to know the answers to the following questions: (1) In which person will coronary heart disease develop, and when? (2) What is the cause? (3) What major and minor causative factors can be modified? (4) How can these modifications be achieved in a free-living, working, well population? (5) What is the earliest manifestation of coronary atherosclerosis? (6) What special diagnostic procedures are useful in coronary heart disease? These subjects are examined briefly.", "PMID": 840797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4316", "title": "Impending myocardial infarction: medical management.", "content": "It is our practice to suggest coronary arteriography for patients with impending myocardial infarction who respond poorly to medical managemnt. Aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass surgery is advised for patients with unstable angina and left main coronary disease. Surgery is not advised for patients with minimal irregularities of the coronary arteries (less than 50% obstruction). Rarely is surgery advised for patients with the syndrome of impending myocardial infarction in whom only the right coronary artery or the left circumflex artery is obstructed. Bypass surgery should be seriously considered for patients with unstable angina and hemodynamically significant disease involving the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery (proximal to the first septal perforating branch). On the basis of symptomatic improvement alone, surgically treated patients with the syndrome of impending myocardial infarction seem to fare better than do those treated medically.", "contents": "Impending myocardial infarction: medical management. It is our practice to suggest coronary arteriography for patients with impending myocardial infarction who respond poorly to medical managemnt. Aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass surgery is advised for patients with unstable angina and left main coronary disease. Surgery is not advised for patients with minimal irregularities of the coronary arteries (less than 50% obstruction). Rarely is surgery advised for patients with the syndrome of impending myocardial infarction in whom only the right coronary artery or the left circumflex artery is obstructed. Bypass surgery should be seriously considered for patients with unstable angina and hemodynamically significant disease involving the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery (proximal to the first septal perforating branch). On the basis of symptomatic improvement alone, surgically treated patients with the syndrome of impending myocardial infarction seem to fare better than do those treated medically.", "PMID": 840798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4317", "title": "Surgican considerations in management of angina pectoris.", "content": "In deciding on the best form of treatment for patients with angina pectoris, a substantial number of important factors must be carefully and individually considered. These include symptomatic status, extent and location of occlusive coronary artery disease, left ventricular functional status, and risk factors. Relief of angina pectoris with revascularization surgery can be expected in 80% to 90% of patients, with an operative mortality well below 5% when preoperative left ventricular function is normal or only moderately depressed.", "contents": "Surgican considerations in management of angina pectoris. In deciding on the best form of treatment for patients with angina pectoris, a substantial number of important factors must be carefully and individually considered. These include symptomatic status, extent and location of occlusive coronary artery disease, left ventricular functional status, and risk factors. Relief of angina pectoris with revascularization surgery can be expected in 80% to 90% of patients, with an operative mortality well below 5% when preoperative left ventricular function is normal or only moderately depressed.", "PMID": 840799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4318", "title": "Managing hypertension: the postgraduate medicine lecture.", "content": "Managing hypertension effectively requires careful evaluation of the patient, in particular for the presence of target-organ damage and of other risk factors for atherosclerosis. Dietary management has proved to be unsatisfactory in most hypertensive patients, as patients resist dietary restrictions or any other changes in life-style. Drug treatment has been shown to significantly reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with diastolic blood pressures above 104 mm Hg. Evidence suggests that drug treatment is also effective in those with diastolic pressures between 90 and 104 mm Hg. Selection of drugs is still an empirical decision--treatment with an oral diuretic usually is effective for mild hypertension (diastolic pressures 90 to 115 mm Hg). A sympathetic depressant, often propranolol, may be added to the regimen next, and if this is ineffective, a vasodilator (usually hydralazine) is included. Common side effects of antihypertensive drugs are seldom serious but can be annoying. Patients should be forewarned about them, and about the effects of untreated hypertension in an effort to improve compliance.", "contents": "Managing hypertension: the postgraduate medicine lecture. Managing hypertension effectively requires careful evaluation of the patient, in particular for the presence of target-organ damage and of other risk factors for atherosclerosis. Dietary management has proved to be unsatisfactory in most hypertensive patients, as patients resist dietary restrictions or any other changes in life-style. Drug treatment has been shown to significantly reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with diastolic blood pressures above 104 mm Hg. Evidence suggests that drug treatment is also effective in those with diastolic pressures between 90 and 104 mm Hg. Selection of drugs is still an empirical decision--treatment with an oral diuretic usually is effective for mild hypertension (diastolic pressures 90 to 115 mm Hg). A sympathetic depressant, often propranolol, may be added to the regimen next, and if this is ineffective, a vasodilator (usually hydralazine) is included. Common side effects of antihypertensive drugs are seldom serious but can be annoying. Patients should be forewarned about them, and about the effects of untreated hypertension in an effort to improve compliance.", "PMID": 840801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4319", "title": "Basic concepts in Hodgkin disease.", "content": "The following is an example of a typical case of Hodgkin's disease, which illustrates the use of clinical and pathologic staging procedures. A 40-year-old man had fever and swelling of the left side of the neck for two weeks. Physical examination showed enlargement of the left supraclavicular and left axillary lymph nodes but no hepatosplenomegaly. Biopsy of the affected lymph nodes showed Hodgkin's disease, mixed cellularity type. A chest roentgenogram, lymphangiogram. 67Ga scan, and results of bone marrow biopsy of the right iliac crest were normal. The clinical stage was classified as IIB2. (Subscript 2 indicates the number of regions of lymph node involvement. The patient subsequently underwent laparotomy. The spleen weighed 150 gm and contained microfoci of Hodgkin disease. Biopsy of an upper para-aortic lymph node at the L-1 showed involvement by Hodgkin disease, but specimens from either lobe of the liver, lower para-aortic and iliac lymph nodes, and left iliac crest did not. The pathologic stage was therefore classified as IIIN+H-S+M- Polychemotherapy was prescribed.", "contents": "Basic concepts in Hodgkin disease. The following is an example of a typical case of Hodgkin's disease, which illustrates the use of clinical and pathologic staging procedures. A 40-year-old man had fever and swelling of the left side of the neck for two weeks. Physical examination showed enlargement of the left supraclavicular and left axillary lymph nodes but no hepatosplenomegaly. Biopsy of the affected lymph nodes showed Hodgkin's disease, mixed cellularity type. A chest roentgenogram, lymphangiogram. 67Ga scan, and results of bone marrow biopsy of the right iliac crest were normal. The clinical stage was classified as IIB2. (Subscript 2 indicates the number of regions of lymph node involvement. The patient subsequently underwent laparotomy. The spleen weighed 150 gm and contained microfoci of Hodgkin disease. Biopsy of an upper para-aortic lymph node at the L-1 showed involvement by Hodgkin disease, but specimens from either lobe of the liver, lower para-aortic and iliac lymph nodes, and left iliac crest did not. The pathologic stage was therefore classified as IIIN+H-S+M- Polychemotherapy was prescribed.", "PMID": 840802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4320", "title": "Basic concepts in non-hodgkin lymphoma.", "content": "Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a heterogenous group of lymphoreticular malignancies that can be classified into six major cell types. In comparison with Hodgkin disease, non-Hodgkin lymphoma is more common and tends to occur in older persons. The investigative procedures for clinical and pathologic staging are similar to those used in Hodgkin disease, except that staging laparotomy is performed less frequently. Results of biopsy reflect a high incidence of bone marrow, liver, and splenic hilar and mesenteric lymph node involvement in Non-Hodgkin lymphoma than in Hodgkin disease.", "contents": "Basic concepts in non-hodgkin lymphoma. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a heterogenous group of lymphoreticular malignancies that can be classified into six major cell types. In comparison with Hodgkin disease, non-Hodgkin lymphoma is more common and tends to occur in older persons. The investigative procedures for clinical and pathologic staging are similar to those used in Hodgkin disease, except that staging laparotomy is performed less frequently. Results of biopsy reflect a high incidence of bone marrow, liver, and splenic hilar and mesenteric lymph node involvement in Non-Hodgkin lymphoma than in Hodgkin disease.", "PMID": 840803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4321", "title": "Eye disorders. Treatment of baggy eyelids.", "content": "Blepharochalasis is a redundancy of the eyelid skin. It may be associated with herniation of orbital fat, and the eyelids may have a baggy appearance. They may become heavy and reduce the visual field. Blepharoplasty, in which the excess skin and fat are removed, can not only improve appearance but can also improve ocular function. The most common serious complication of surgery is overcorrection of the lower eyelids. Skin grafting may be required to repair the resulting ectropion. Since visual compromise is a rare but possible complication, complete preoperative ophthalmologic evaluation is advisable.", "contents": "Eye disorders. Treatment of baggy eyelids. Blepharochalasis is a redundancy of the eyelid skin. It may be associated with herniation of orbital fat, and the eyelids may have a baggy appearance. They may become heavy and reduce the visual field. Blepharoplasty, in which the excess skin and fat are removed, can not only improve appearance but can also improve ocular function. The most common serious complication of surgery is overcorrection of the lower eyelids. Skin grafting may be required to repair the resulting ectropion. Since visual compromise is a rare but possible complication, complete preoperative ophthalmologic evaluation is advisable.", "PMID": 840806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4322", "title": "Traumatic injuries: office treatment of strain.", "content": "Strain, defined as trauma to a musculotendinous unit, is characterized by pain, muscle spasm, swelling, and loss of range of motion. Conservative treatment consists of rest and elevation of the affected muscle, application of ice and compression, active and passive stretching, and resisted motion exercises. If rupture of muscle and fascia is extensive, surgery may be required. Chronic strain may result from repeated injuries. It is usually treated with rest and administration of an anti-inflammatory agent, such as oxyphenbutazone or a corticosteroid preparation. In the event that this regimen does not provide relief from pain and disability, surgery may be necessary.", "contents": "Traumatic injuries: office treatment of strain. Strain, defined as trauma to a musculotendinous unit, is characterized by pain, muscle spasm, swelling, and loss of range of motion. Conservative treatment consists of rest and elevation of the affected muscle, application of ice and compression, active and passive stretching, and resisted motion exercises. If rupture of muscle and fascia is extensive, surgery may be required. Chronic strain may result from repeated injuries. It is usually treated with rest and administration of an anti-inflammatory agent, such as oxyphenbutazone or a corticosteroid preparation. In the event that this regimen does not provide relief from pain and disability, surgery may be necessary.", "PMID": 840807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4323", "title": "Easy bruising in children.", "content": "It is necessary to determine whether easy bruising in children is caused by a hemorrhagic disorder. A careful history for the patient and family should be obtained and a physical examination should be done. Any positive indications of hemorrhagic diathesis call for basic coagulation screening tests.", "contents": "Easy bruising in children. It is necessary to determine whether easy bruising in children is caused by a hemorrhagic disorder. A careful history for the patient and family should be obtained and a physical examination should be done. Any positive indications of hemorrhagic diathesis call for basic coagulation screening tests.", "PMID": 840808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4324", "title": "The neurologic workup by the primary care physician.", "content": "The family physician can and should manage many neurologic problems. A satisfactory neurologic examination also requires a thorough general assessment of the patient's health. The history usually points up the likely diagnosis, while the examination pin-points the lesion. The workup should include routine studies and, when indicated, more specialized diagnostic procedures.", "contents": "The neurologic workup by the primary care physician. The family physician can and should manage many neurologic problems. A satisfactory neurologic examination also requires a thorough general assessment of the patient's health. The history usually points up the likely diagnosis, while the examination pin-points the lesion. The workup should include routine studies and, when indicated, more specialized diagnostic procedures.", "PMID": 840813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4325", "title": "Correlation between antiinflammatory and antiproteolytic properties of substituted benzylidenes.", "content": "Twelve substituted benzylidenes were evaluated for antiinflammatory activity against carrageenin-induced edema in rats. The protection afforded by these compounds at a dose of 100 mg/kg, i.p., ranged from 30 to 60%. Sodium salicylate (100 mg/kg, i.p.), used as a reference drug, exhibited a 30% antiinflammatory activity under similar experimental conditions. The in vitro effects of substituted benzylidenes were also investigated on the activity of trypsin during hydrolysis of bovine serum albumin, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, and endogenous lipid peroxide formation by liver homogenates. These results have provided some correlation between antiinflammatory and antiproteolytic properties of substituted benzylidenes.", "contents": "Correlation between antiinflammatory and antiproteolytic properties of substituted benzylidenes. Twelve substituted benzylidenes were evaluated for antiinflammatory activity against carrageenin-induced edema in rats. The protection afforded by these compounds at a dose of 100 mg/kg, i.p., ranged from 30 to 60%. Sodium salicylate (100 mg/kg, i.p.), used as a reference drug, exhibited a 30% antiinflammatory activity under similar experimental conditions. The in vitro effects of substituted benzylidenes were also investigated on the activity of trypsin during hydrolysis of bovine serum albumin, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, and endogenous lipid peroxide formation by liver homogenates. These results have provided some correlation between antiinflammatory and antiproteolytic properties of substituted benzylidenes.", "PMID": 840888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4326", "title": "Comparison of the antidiuretic effects of single intravenous and intranasal doses of DDAVP in diabetes insipidus.", "content": "In 13 patients with hypothalamic diabetes insipidus after daily single intravenous (0.04-24 mug) and single intranasal (5-320 mug) doses of 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) the relationships between the log doses and antidiuretic responses (log osmolalities of 24-hour urine samples) were compared. On the basis of such comparisons the ratio of nasal per venous daily single dose requirement was determined and found to be 26:1. Similarly, the relative potency of venous DDAVP was investigated in two subgroups of patients classified according to their response to peroral drugs. Seven times more DDAVP was required for patients treated previously with high doses of peroral antidiuretics. It was concluded that in groups of patients with divergent peroral dose requirements different DDAVP single-dose treatment schedules should be planned.", "contents": "Comparison of the antidiuretic effects of single intravenous and intranasal doses of DDAVP in diabetes insipidus. In 13 patients with hypothalamic diabetes insipidus after daily single intravenous (0.04-24 mug) and single intranasal (5-320 mug) doses of 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) the relationships between the log doses and antidiuretic responses (log osmolalities of 24-hour urine samples) were compared. On the basis of such comparisons the ratio of nasal per venous daily single dose requirement was determined and found to be 26:1. Similarly, the relative potency of venous DDAVP was investigated in two subgroups of patients classified according to their response to peroral drugs. Seven times more DDAVP was required for patients treated previously with high doses of peroral antidiuretics. It was concluded that in groups of patients with divergent peroral dose requirements different DDAVP single-dose treatment schedules should be planned.", "PMID": 840889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4327", "title": "Effect of atropine on bile flow and biliary excretion of 3H-ouabain in the isolated perfused rat liver.", "content": "Effects of choleresis produced by atropine (4-10(-4)M) on the biliary elimination of 3H-ouabain and on the biliary clearance rate of 14C-erythritol were studied in the isolated perfused rat liver. The increased bile flow produced by atropine was associated with decreased level of 3H-ouabain in the bile. The cumulative biliary elimination of ouabain was not affected. Atropine choleresis caused an increase in the erythritol clearance rate and a reduction in the bile to plasma ratios of erythritol as compared to the controls. The results suggest that the choleresis induced by atropine is not entirely of canalicular origin but possibly reabsorption mechanisms in the bile ducts or ductules are also involved.", "contents": "Effect of atropine on bile flow and biliary excretion of 3H-ouabain in the isolated perfused rat liver. Effects of choleresis produced by atropine (4-10(-4)M) on the biliary elimination of 3H-ouabain and on the biliary clearance rate of 14C-erythritol were studied in the isolated perfused rat liver. The increased bile flow produced by atropine was associated with decreased level of 3H-ouabain in the bile. The cumulative biliary elimination of ouabain was not affected. Atropine choleresis caused an increase in the erythritol clearance rate and a reduction in the bile to plasma ratios of erythritol as compared to the controls. The results suggest that the choleresis induced by atropine is not entirely of canalicular origin but possibly reabsorption mechanisms in the bile ducts or ductules are also involved.", "PMID": 840890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4328", "title": "Effect of secretin on myoelectrical and mechanical activity of the isolated canine stomach perfused ex vivo.", "content": "Totally isolated whole canine stomachs, perfused ex vivo with homologous blood, were used for recording of myoelectrical and mechanical activity prior to and following the injection of secretin. Secretin was given as flash injections (0.5 - 32 U) or constant infusions (60 U/h). Background stimulation of stomachs was obtained by intragastric instillation of fluid, by the infusion of pentagastrin or bethanechol chloride, and by electrical stimulation of the Latarjet branch of the vagus nerve. Hormones were injected into the gastric arterial circulation. Secretin had no effect on the frequency of electrical control activity. Secretin inhibited electrical response activity when injected against the background of electrical vagus stimulation. Secretin also inhibited or decreased mechanical activity of the gastric antrum, recorded at the site of the antral strain gauge.", "contents": "Effect of secretin on myoelectrical and mechanical activity of the isolated canine stomach perfused ex vivo. Totally isolated whole canine stomachs, perfused ex vivo with homologous blood, were used for recording of myoelectrical and mechanical activity prior to and following the injection of secretin. Secretin was given as flash injections (0.5 - 32 U) or constant infusions (60 U/h). Background stimulation of stomachs was obtained by intragastric instillation of fluid, by the infusion of pentagastrin or bethanechol chloride, and by electrical stimulation of the Latarjet branch of the vagus nerve. Hormones were injected into the gastric arterial circulation. Secretin had no effect on the frequency of electrical control activity. Secretin inhibited electrical response activity when injected against the background of electrical vagus stimulation. Secretin also inhibited or decreased mechanical activity of the gastric antrum, recorded at the site of the antral strain gauge.", "PMID": 840891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4329", "title": "Enhancement of the biological activity of adenosine analogs by the adenosine deaminase inhibitor 2'-deoxycoformycin.", "content": "The potent adenosine deaminase inhibitor 2'-deoxycoformycin ((R)-3-(2-deoxy-beta-D-erythropentofuranosyl)-3,6,7,8-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1,3]diazepin-8-ol) inhibits the enzymic inactivation and potentiates the cytotoxic activity of a variety of adenosine analogs in the P388 murine leukemia cell culture system. The activity of all seven adenosine analogs examined was enhanced by 2'-deoxycoformycin with the exception of tubercidin (7-deaza-adenosine) which is not a substrate for the deaminase. In vivo, 2'-deoxy-coformycin potentiated the antineoplastic activity of 9-beta-D-xylofuranosyladenine in mice with P388 murine leukemia.", "contents": "Enhancement of the biological activity of adenosine analogs by the adenosine deaminase inhibitor 2'-deoxycoformycin. The potent adenosine deaminase inhibitor 2'-deoxycoformycin ((R)-3-(2-deoxy-beta-D-erythropentofuranosyl)-3,6,7,8-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1,3]diazepin-8-ol) inhibits the enzymic inactivation and potentiates the cytotoxic activity of a variety of adenosine analogs in the P388 murine leukemia cell culture system. The activity of all seven adenosine analogs examined was enhanced by 2'-deoxycoformycin with the exception of tubercidin (7-deaza-adenosine) which is not a substrate for the deaminase. In vivo, 2'-deoxy-coformycin potentiated the antineoplastic activity of 9-beta-D-xylofuranosyladenine in mice with P388 murine leukemia.", "PMID": 840892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4330", "title": "IAEA-WHO cobalt-60 teletherapy dosimetry service using mailed LiF dosemeters. A survey of results obtaining during 1970-75.", "content": "The IAEA-WHO postal dose comparison service for cobalt-60 teletherapy dosimetry is an ongoing programme aimed at improving dosimetric accuracy in IAEA-WHO Member States. LiF dosemeters were irradiated under specified conditions in a water phantom at the participating radiotherapy centres and returned to the IAEA's Dosimetry Labotatory for evaluation. The participants filled in a data sheet giving numerical values of physical factors (such as per cent depth dose, tissue-air ratio, etc.) that they employed. Nearly 65% of the comparisons showed deviations within +/- 5%, a figure which is believed to represent the overall uncertainty of the method itself. Almost 10% of the measurements deviated more than +/- 15%. It appears that participants applying 'in phantom' output measurements have better control over the dose they administer. Many of the errors observed are due to the use of faulty values for the various physical factors employed, and to the fact that often a check of the output just before the irradiation of the LiF dosemeters was not carried out.", "contents": "IAEA-WHO cobalt-60 teletherapy dosimetry service using mailed LiF dosemeters. A survey of results obtaining during 1970-75. The IAEA-WHO postal dose comparison service for cobalt-60 teletherapy dosimetry is an ongoing programme aimed at improving dosimetric accuracy in IAEA-WHO Member States. LiF dosemeters were irradiated under specified conditions in a water phantom at the participating radiotherapy centres and returned to the IAEA's Dosimetry Labotatory for evaluation. The participants filled in a data sheet giving numerical values of physical factors (such as per cent depth dose, tissue-air ratio, etc.) that they employed. Nearly 65% of the comparisons showed deviations within +/- 5%, a figure which is believed to represent the overall uncertainty of the method itself. Almost 10% of the measurements deviated more than +/- 15%. It appears that participants applying 'in phantom' output measurements have better control over the dose they administer. Many of the errors observed are due to the use of faulty values for the various physical factors employed, and to the fact that often a check of the output just before the irradiation of the LiF dosemeters was not carried out.", "PMID": 840894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4331", "title": "The re-estimation of absorbed doses of less than 1 rad measured with lithium fluoride thermoluminescent dosemeters.", "content": "The technique of ultraviolet light bleaching for the re-estimation of the absorbed dose of radiation received by lithium fluoride thermoluminescence dosemeters has been extended to the extruded ribbon and PTFE disc form of dosemeter. The threshold of detection for the re-estimation of absorbed dose was found to be 1-1 rad for the PTFE disc dosemeters and 2-8 rad for the extruded ribbon dosemeters. A further study of this technique has revealed that by raising the temperature of the dosemeter during bleaching the threshold for re-estimated absorbed doses may be substantially reduced. The optimum temperature was found to be 80 degrees C and the practical threshold for the re-estimation of absorbed dose using a PTFE disc dosemeter was determined as 750 mrad.", "contents": "The re-estimation of absorbed doses of less than 1 rad measured with lithium fluoride thermoluminescent dosemeters. The technique of ultraviolet light bleaching for the re-estimation of the absorbed dose of radiation received by lithium fluoride thermoluminescence dosemeters has been extended to the extruded ribbon and PTFE disc form of dosemeter. The threshold of detection for the re-estimation of absorbed dose was found to be 1-1 rad for the PTFE disc dosemeters and 2-8 rad for the extruded ribbon dosemeters. A further study of this technique has revealed that by raising the temperature of the dosemeter during bleaching the threshold for re-estimated absorbed doses may be substantially reduced. The optimum temperature was found to be 80 degrees C and the practical threshold for the re-estimation of absorbed dose using a PTFE disc dosemeter was determined as 750 mrad.", "PMID": 840895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4332", "title": "The problem of radiation dosage in the measurement of skin blood flow by xenon-133.", "content": "The skin dose arising from the use of xenon-133 in the measurement of skin blood flow has been calculated for several situations. The results indicate the importance of prior assessment of radiation dose in any technique involving the use of radionuclides. Cases where particular care must be taken have been indicated and practical methods of reducing the dose are suggested.", "contents": "The problem of radiation dosage in the measurement of skin blood flow by xenon-133. The skin dose arising from the use of xenon-133 in the measurement of skin blood flow has been calculated for several situations. The results indicate the importance of prior assessment of radiation dose in any technique involving the use of radionuclides. Cases where particular care must be taken have been indicated and practical methods of reducing the dose are suggested.", "PMID": 840896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4333", "title": "Leakage testing of medical radium sources.", "content": "The results of leakage tests on approximately 2000 clinical radium sources in current use in several hospitals are presented. The tests were carried out using a liquid scintillation immersion method. Less than 1% of the sources leaked radon gas (222Rn) to an extent greater than 1 nCi/24 h. The consequences of a small leakage of radon from a source while implanted in tissue are considered and compared with the hazards and problems created when sources leak during storage. A leakage rate of 1 nCi/24 h is suggested as an appropriate limit beyond which sources should be removed from use.", "contents": "Leakage testing of medical radium sources. The results of leakage tests on approximately 2000 clinical radium sources in current use in several hospitals are presented. The tests were carried out using a liquid scintillation immersion method. Less than 1% of the sources leaked radon gas (222Rn) to an extent greater than 1 nCi/24 h. The consequences of a small leakage of radon from a source while implanted in tissue are considered and compared with the hazards and problems created when sources leak during storage. A leakage rate of 1 nCi/24 h is suggested as an appropriate limit beyond which sources should be removed from use.", "PMID": 840898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4334", "title": "Measurement of lead content of children's teeth in situ by x-ray fluorescence.", "content": "The central nervous system of young children is particularly sensitive to neurological damage due to excessive lead exposure. The lead stored in a tooth is permanent and related to the quantity of ingested lead. The lead is assayed by measuring the characterisitc radiation from lead in a tooth in situ irradiated with gamma rays from a cobalt-57 source. The sensitivity of the method is adequate to measure lead levels commonly associated with environmental background. The X-ray exposure to the tooth necessary for this determination is approximately one tenth of that required for a routine dental examination.", "contents": "Measurement of lead content of children's teeth in situ by x-ray fluorescence. The central nervous system of young children is particularly sensitive to neurological damage due to excessive lead exposure. The lead stored in a tooth is permanent and related to the quantity of ingested lead. The lead is assayed by measuring the characterisitc radiation from lead in a tooth in situ irradiated with gamma rays from a cobalt-57 source. The sensitivity of the method is adequate to measure lead levels commonly associated with environmental background. The X-ray exposure to the tooth necessary for this determination is approximately one tenth of that required for a routine dental examination.", "PMID": 840897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4335", "title": "A new formulation of total unsharpness in radiography.", "content": "A new formulation of total unsharpness in radiography based on line spread and edge spread function analysis is established and investigated. The unsharpness contributions due to (1) screen conversion, (2) object motion and (3) geometric effects are incorporated into a general integral formulation. Comparisons with experiments are undertaken and the ambiguity, as well as limitation, of a widely used empirical unsharpness formula is clarified.", "contents": "A new formulation of total unsharpness in radiography. A new formulation of total unsharpness in radiography based on line spread and edge spread function analysis is established and investigated. The unsharpness contributions due to (1) screen conversion, (2) object motion and (3) geometric effects are incorporated into a general integral formulation. Comparisons with experiments are undertaken and the ambiguity, as well as limitation, of a widely used empirical unsharpness formula is clarified.", "PMID": 840899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4336", "title": "Cervical traction. A comparison of sitting and supine positions.", "content": "Eight students were studied todetermine the position which provided the greatest amount of posterior intervertebral separation during a cervical traction treatment. A standard angle of 45 degrees with traction apparatus set at zero, 14 Kg (30 pounds), and 18 Kg (40 pounds) were used in both sitting and supine positions. Measurements of posterior intervertebral separation taken from lateral roentgenograms of the C4-C7 vertebrae revealed greater separation in the supine positions. The results suggested that the supine position was more beneficial in treatment of the cervical spine with traction. The investigators concluded that the increased separation in the supine position was related to the patient's increased comfort and relaxation.", "contents": "Cervical traction. A comparison of sitting and supine positions. Eight students were studied todetermine the position which provided the greatest amount of posterior intervertebral separation during a cervical traction treatment. A standard angle of 45 degrees with traction apparatus set at zero, 14 Kg (30 pounds), and 18 Kg (40 pounds) were used in both sitting and supine positions. Measurements of posterior intervertebral separation taken from lateral roentgenograms of the C4-C7 vertebrae revealed greater separation in the supine positions. The results suggested that the supine position was more beneficial in treatment of the cervical spine with traction. The investigators concluded that the increased separation in the supine position was related to the patient's increased comfort and relaxation.", "PMID": 840903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4337", "title": "A problem-solving curriculum design in physical therapy.", "content": "A systematic process used in planning a basic professional physical therapy curriculum design focused on problem solving is delineated and illustrated in this article. Disadvantages and advantages of the present subject-centered curriculum design are enumerated, as well as results of independent evaluations of the proposed alternative curriculum design. A method for validation of a curriculum design without implementation is discussed. The article is presented to stimulate thought and discussion by physical therapy educators about the processes used to plan curricula and about the content of an alternative curriculum design in physical therapy.", "contents": "A problem-solving curriculum design in physical therapy. A systematic process used in planning a basic professional physical therapy curriculum design focused on problem solving is delineated and illustrated in this article. Disadvantages and advantages of the present subject-centered curriculum design are enumerated, as well as results of independent evaluations of the proposed alternative curriculum design. A method for validation of a curriculum design without implementation is discussed. The article is presented to stimulate thought and discussion by physical therapy educators about the processes used to plan curricula and about the content of an alternative curriculum design in physical therapy.", "PMID": 840904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4338", "title": "Comparison of oxygen uptake and heart rate during exercises on land and in water.", "content": "Oxygen comsumption and heart rate response during identical calisthenic-type exercises performed on land and in the water were compared in eight subjects. Both the heart rate and the oxygen uptake were greater during exercises in water. Although gravity is the primary resistance to movement on land, viscosity friction and turbulence are dominant resistive factors in the water. The results of this study indicate that the latter two factors provide a greater load during exercise than the resistance of gravity in land exercises. At a moderate rhythm of leg exercises, oxygen consumption increased about ten times over resting values in the water for men subjects and about seven times for women. Arm exercise performed in the water require less energy than leg exercises in water, but arm exercises require significantly more oxygen when performed in water than the same exercises performed on land.", "contents": "Comparison of oxygen uptake and heart rate during exercises on land and in water. Oxygen comsumption and heart rate response during identical calisthenic-type exercises performed on land and in the water were compared in eight subjects. Both the heart rate and the oxygen uptake were greater during exercises in water. Although gravity is the primary resistance to movement on land, viscosity friction and turbulence are dominant resistive factors in the water. The results of this study indicate that the latter two factors provide a greater load during exercise than the resistance of gravity in land exercises. At a moderate rhythm of leg exercises, oxygen consumption increased about ten times over resting values in the water for men subjects and about seven times for women. Arm exercise performed in the water require less energy than leg exercises in water, but arm exercises require significantly more oxygen when performed in water than the same exercises performed on land.", "PMID": 840905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4339", "title": "Psychotherapy and physical therapy common grounds.", "content": "Psychotherapy and physical therapy involve charged emotional relationships with many common features. Understanding of these common elements can help physical therapists to work with their patients, to utilize the healing aspects of the relationship, and to reduce the tensions within the relationships that can interfere with job satisfaction. The importance of separation and its management are emphasized.", "contents": "Psychotherapy and physical therapy common grounds. Psychotherapy and physical therapy involve charged emotional relationships with many common features. Understanding of these common elements can help physical therapists to work with their patients, to utilize the healing aspects of the relationship, and to reduce the tensions within the relationships that can interfere with job satisfaction. The importance of separation and its management are emphasized.", "PMID": 840906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4340", "title": "Preventing the high-riding nipple after McKissock breast reductions.", "content": "We reviewed 50 patients who had reduction mamaplasties done by us using the McKissock vertical pedicle technique. The results were satisfactory, except for the high-riding nipple which developed. We describe a minor modification which seems to prevent this complication.", "contents": "Preventing the high-riding nipple after McKissock breast reductions. We reviewed 50 patients who had reduction mamaplasties done by us using the McKissock vertical pedicle technique. The results were satisfactory, except for the high-riding nipple which developed. We describe a minor modification which seems to prevent this complication.", "PMID": 840936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4341", "title": "Axillary hyperhidrosis.", "content": "The literature of axillary hyperhidrosis is reviewed. For treatment, we present a technique of radical glandular clearance, converting the flaps to attached \"skin grafts\". The extent of the area may be varied, according to the degree of excessive sweating.", "contents": "Axillary hyperhidrosis. The literature of axillary hyperhidrosis is reviewed. For treatment, we present a technique of radical glandular clearance, converting the flaps to attached \"skin grafts\". The extent of the area may be varied, according to the degree of excessive sweating.", "PMID": 840937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4342", "title": "Changed appearance of mammograms following breast reduction.", "content": "Preoperative and postoperative mammograms were done on 50 patients who underwent a reduction mammaplasty. There were interesting and significant changes in the postoperative mammograms in all these cases.", "contents": "Changed appearance of mammograms following breast reduction. Preoperative and postoperative mammograms were done on 50 patients who underwent a reduction mammaplasty. There were interesting and significant changes in the postoperative mammograms in all these cases.", "PMID": 840938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4343", "title": "Making uniform photographic records in plastic surgery.", "content": "The photographic unit described requires a modest investment in equipment and space, and the photographs can be taken by an office aide after suitable instruction. It provides a means for obtaining clear, comparable photographs--without disrupting office routine. The key to success is consistency in camera settings, lighting, alignment, and positioning. Figures 8 and 9 show representative examples of long-term records.", "contents": "Making uniform photographic records in plastic surgery. The photographic unit described requires a modest investment in equipment and space, and the photographs can be taken by an office aide after suitable instruction. It provides a means for obtaining clear, comparable photographs--without disrupting office routine. The key to success is consistency in camera settings, lighting, alignment, and positioning. Figures 8 and 9 show representative examples of long-term records.", "PMID": 840939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4344", "title": "Excisional wound biomechanics, skin tension lines, and elastic contraction.", "content": "Confusion surrounding the concept of Langer's lines can be reduced by careful distinction among the operational definitions of the phenomenon, the empirical descriptions, and the theoretical explanations. An experimental analysis of the mechanical parameters of excisional wounds in pigskin shows that the marginal retraction, the elastic modulus at the wound midline, and the closing tension are higher for wounds oriented at right angles to tension lines--but the elastic modulus of the terminal segment of the force displacement curve is independent of orientation. The regional distribution of these values shows two patterns. The modulus parameters and the closing tension share a common distribution related to the steepness of regional force-displacement curves, while retraction has a qualitatively different distribution. On the basis of similarities in the behavior of retracting wound margins and in the distortion of punch holes which define tension lines, we hypothesize that the same mechanism may be responsible in both cases.", "contents": "Excisional wound biomechanics, skin tension lines, and elastic contraction. Confusion surrounding the concept of Langer's lines can be reduced by careful distinction among the operational definitions of the phenomenon, the empirical descriptions, and the theoretical explanations. An experimental analysis of the mechanical parameters of excisional wounds in pigskin shows that the marginal retraction, the elastic modulus at the wound midline, and the closing tension are higher for wounds oriented at right angles to tension lines--but the elastic modulus of the terminal segment of the force displacement curve is independent of orientation. The regional distribution of these values shows two patterns. The modulus parameters and the closing tension share a common distribution related to the steepness of regional force-displacement curves, while retraction has a qualitatively different distribution. On the basis of similarities in the behavior of retracting wound margins and in the distortion of punch holes which define tension lines, we hypothesize that the same mechanism may be responsible in both cases.", "PMID": 840941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4345", "title": "The pathology of congenital localized gigantism.", "content": "Two cases of congenital localized gigantism are described. They illustrate a form of segmental limb disproportion, characterized pathologically by an excessive linear growth of the skeletal structures and by soft tissue lipomatosis. The gigantism was confined to bones of the right great toe and adjacent metatarsus in one case; it affected the long bones of a lower extremity in the second case. Case 2, followed for over 7 years, developed a fibrovascular hamartomatous neoplasm of rapid growth and some cytological atypia in infancy--but this was well controlled by conservative surgery. This type of gigantism of the limb appears to be compatible with a normal life expectancy, and it is conceptually useful to distinguish it from hemihypertrophy. The number of cases reported is insufficient to support a significant association of gigantism with malignant tumors or with other life-jeopardizing anomalies.", "contents": "The pathology of congenital localized gigantism. Two cases of congenital localized gigantism are described. They illustrate a form of segmental limb disproportion, characterized pathologically by an excessive linear growth of the skeletal structures and by soft tissue lipomatosis. The gigantism was confined to bones of the right great toe and adjacent metatarsus in one case; it affected the long bones of a lower extremity in the second case. Case 2, followed for over 7 years, developed a fibrovascular hamartomatous neoplasm of rapid growth and some cytological atypia in infancy--but this was well controlled by conservative surgery. This type of gigantism of the limb appears to be compatible with a normal life expectancy, and it is conceptually useful to distinguish it from hemihypertrophy. The number of cases reported is insufficient to support a significant association of gigantism with malignant tumors or with other life-jeopardizing anomalies.", "PMID": 840942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4346", "title": "A second case of relief of blindness following blepharoplasty. Case report.", "content": "A second case of blindness following blepharoplasty is reported. The symptoms became relieved and the vision became restored after prompt decompression of the orbit by opening the wound and evacuating clots. The importance of vigilant nursing care and observation after these operations is emphasized.", "contents": "A second case of relief of blindness following blepharoplasty. Case report. A second case of blindness following blepharoplasty is reported. The symptoms became relieved and the vision became restored after prompt decompression of the orbit by opening the wound and evacuating clots. The importance of vigilant nursing care and observation after these operations is emphasized.", "PMID": 840944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4347", "title": "Calcification of implant capsules following augmentation mammaplasty. Case report.", "content": "Bilateral calcifications in breast implant capsules were found 10 years postoperatively. Although the patient had a history of cholelithiasis, she was otherwise healthy. We believe this is the first such report in the literature.", "contents": "Calcification of implant capsules following augmentation mammaplasty. Case report. Bilateral calcifications in breast implant capsules were found 10 years postoperatively. Although the patient had a history of cholelithiasis, she was otherwise healthy. We believe this is the first such report in the literature.", "PMID": 840945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4348", "title": "A method of repair for unilateral macroglossia. Case report.", "content": "A method is described for the operative correction of unilateral macroglossia. The method permits the tongue to be reconstructed so that it assumes a relatively normal size and shape. The scar is led out to the lateral border of the tongue so that the reconstructed tip retains sensation.", "contents": "A method of repair for unilateral macroglossia. Case report. A method is described for the operative correction of unilateral macroglossia. The method permits the tongue to be reconstructed so that it assumes a relatively normal size and shape. The scar is led out to the lateral border of the tongue so that the reconstructed tip retains sensation.", "PMID": 840948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4349", "title": "On being told of adoption.", "content": "Clinical data from the analyses of three adoptees document the deleterious effect of telling children under three years of age about their adoptive status. The knowledge, as well as the experiences, of being an adoptee imposes the need for defensive reactions which affect developmental process, cognitive function, object relationships, and fantasy life.", "contents": "On being told of adoption. Clinical data from the analyses of three adoptees document the deleterious effect of telling children under three years of age about their adoptive status. The knowledge, as well as the experiences, of being an adoptee imposes the need for defensive reactions which affect developmental process, cognitive function, object relationships, and fantasy life.", "PMID": 840952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4350", "title": "An unconscious irony in Plato's Republic.", "content": "This study of some psychological themes in a classical philosophical work, Plato's Republic, is an exercise in applied psychoanalysis that attempts to formulate an integrated psychoanalytic and philosophical understanding of certain ideas to be found in that work. It contains an interpretative study of a legend introduced by Plato at a crucial point in the development of the philosophical argument of the Republic. It is hypothesized that his use of this legend can be traced to an unconscious conflict in Plato, which when identified and interpreted can broaden our understanding and appreciation of the humanity of this work.", "contents": "An unconscious irony in Plato's Republic. This study of some psychological themes in a classical philosophical work, Plato's Republic, is an exercise in applied psychoanalysis that attempts to formulate an integrated psychoanalytic and philosophical understanding of certain ideas to be found in that work. It contains an interpretative study of a legend introduced by Plato at a crucial point in the development of the philosophical argument of the Republic. It is hypothesized that his use of this legend can be traced to an unconscious conflict in Plato, which when identified and interpreted can broaden our understanding and appreciation of the humanity of this work.", "PMID": 840953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4351", "title": "Analysis of a congenitally blind musician.", "content": "During the last two decades the unique developmental difficulties of blind children have been the source of important psychoanalytic investigations and have enriched our clinical and theoretical understanding of the ego in both sighted and blind children. In this paper I describe insight gained from the analysis of a congenitally blind musician.", "contents": "Analysis of a congenitally blind musician. During the last two decades the unique developmental difficulties of blind children have been the source of important psychoanalytic investigations and have enriched our clinical and theoretical understanding of the ego in both sighted and blind children. In this paper I describe insight gained from the analysis of a congenitally blind musician.", "PMID": 840954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4352", "title": "Dream mirrors.", "content": "The mirror is not so rare a dream element as has been thought; and its appearance may mark a critical point in an analysis. Intact mirrors with clear images are reported when the dreamer has made a creative integration of previously threatening material, while mirrors that are shattered or multiplied or without reflection are accompanied by evidence of terror and a lower level of psychological organization. Study of mirror dreams can further clarify the nature of the dream screen and the role of illusion in early interactions and development.", "contents": "Dream mirrors. The mirror is not so rare a dream element as has been thought; and its appearance may mark a critical point in an analysis. Intact mirrors with clear images are reported when the dreamer has made a creative integration of previously threatening material, while mirrors that are shattered or multiplied or without reflection are accompanied by evidence of terror and a lower level of psychological organization. Study of mirror dreams can further clarify the nature of the dream screen and the role of illusion in early interactions and development.", "PMID": 840955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4353", "title": "Early gastric cancer.", "content": "Gastric cancer is a common cause of death in the Netherlands. The prognosis is generally poor at the time of diagnosis. The designation early gastric cancer (EGC) refers to a gastric carcinoma which does not infiltrate beyond the submucosa. This definition is not influenced by absence or presence of metastases or by the diameter of the tumour. The 5-year survival of EGC is 90% or more. In the Netherlands too, the diagnosis can regularly be made if--in the case of persistent vague upper abdominal complaints--an optimal radiological examination of the stomach is done. At even the slightest radiological suspicion, or if complaints persist in spite of negative radiological findings, gastroscopic examination and multiple aimed biopsies should follow. Personal observations in ten cases are presented.", "contents": "Early gastric cancer. Gastric cancer is a common cause of death in the Netherlands. The prognosis is generally poor at the time of diagnosis. The designation early gastric cancer (EGC) refers to a gastric carcinoma which does not infiltrate beyond the submucosa. This definition is not influenced by absence or presence of metastases or by the diameter of the tumour. The 5-year survival of EGC is 90% or more. In the Netherlands too, the diagnosis can regularly be made if--in the case of persistent vague upper abdominal complaints--an optimal radiological examination of the stomach is done. At even the slightest radiological suspicion, or if complaints persist in spite of negative radiological findings, gastroscopic examination and multiple aimed biopsies should follow. Personal observations in ten cases are presented.", "PMID": 841021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4354", "title": "Diagnostic significance of the pancreatic displacement with extrapancreatic oval-shaped low activity area on scintigram.", "content": "To aid in the differential diagnosis of upper abdominal tumors, pancreatic scintigraphy was performed in 62 cases. The findings were rather characteristic for pancreatic cysts; namely, pancreatic displacement and, adjacently, an oval-shaped activity area whose count was lower than background. Pancreatic displacement was observed with comparatively large retroperitoneal masses. Low activity areas were observed in cystic lesions. Both findings were noted in 7 (54%) of 13 pancreatic cyst cases. Among the 12 cases with these findings, 7 (58%) had pancreatic cysts.", "contents": "Diagnostic significance of the pancreatic displacement with extrapancreatic oval-shaped low activity area on scintigram. To aid in the differential diagnosis of upper abdominal tumors, pancreatic scintigraphy was performed in 62 cases. The findings were rather characteristic for pancreatic cysts; namely, pancreatic displacement and, adjacently, an oval-shaped activity area whose count was lower than background. Pancreatic displacement was observed with comparatively large retroperitoneal masses. Low activity areas were observed in cystic lesions. Both findings were noted in 7 (54%) of 13 pancreatic cyst cases. Among the 12 cases with these findings, 7 (58%) had pancreatic cysts.", "PMID": 841022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4355", "title": "Scimitar syndrome and pulmonary sequestration. Pulmonary anomalies with persistent embryonic communications between the pulmonary and the systemic circulation.", "content": "A few cases of scimitar syndrome and intralobar pulmonary sequestration are presented. The characteristic features of the two syndromes are discussed with reference to similarities and differences. Emphasis is placed on the persistent embryonic communications between the pulmonary and the systemic circulation in both syndromes.", "contents": "Scimitar syndrome and pulmonary sequestration. Pulmonary anomalies with persistent embryonic communications between the pulmonary and the systemic circulation. A few cases of scimitar syndrome and intralobar pulmonary sequestration are presented. The characteristic features of the two syndromes are discussed with reference to similarities and differences. Emphasis is placed on the persistent embryonic communications between the pulmonary and the systemic circulation in both syndromes.", "PMID": 841029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4356", "title": "Acute inflammation of epiglottitis and supraglottic structures in adults.", "content": "Acute epiglottitis, an unusual cause of acute upper airway obstruction in adults, is probably more common than previously recognized. While the history and physical findings are characteristic, the clinical diagnosis is often unsuspected. Radiographic findings include swelling of the epiglottis, aryepiglottic folds, arytenoids, uvulae, and prevertebral soft tissues, with ballooning of the hypopharynx and mesopharynx and obliteration of the valeculae. The epilgottic airway may show a characteristic pencil-thin configuration due to edema.", "contents": "Acute inflammation of epiglottitis and supraglottic structures in adults. Acute epiglottitis, an unusual cause of acute upper airway obstruction in adults, is probably more common than previously recognized. While the history and physical findings are characteristic, the clinical diagnosis is often unsuspected. Radiographic findings include swelling of the epiglottis, aryepiglottic folds, arytenoids, uvulae, and prevertebral soft tissues, with ballooning of the hypopharynx and mesopharynx and obliteration of the valeculae. The epilgottic airway may show a characteristic pencil-thin configuration due to edema.", "PMID": 841033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4357", "title": "Varicoid carcinoma of the esophagus.", "content": "Two cases of varicoid carcinoma of the esophagus are presented and differentiation from the similar findings in esophageal varices is emphasized. Radiographically, distinction must be made on the basis of changeability of the configuration of the wall with positional change and alterations in the respiratory pattern, a characteristic feature of varices. Endoscopically, no change is seen in varicoid carcinoma with the respiratory cycle. The latter may have a pallid white appearance in contrast to the bluish color of varices. An area of ulceration would strongly suggest carcinoma, indicating biopsy.", "contents": "Varicoid carcinoma of the esophagus. Two cases of varicoid carcinoma of the esophagus are presented and differentiation from the similar findings in esophageal varices is emphasized. Radiographically, distinction must be made on the basis of changeability of the configuration of the wall with positional change and alterations in the respiratory pattern, a characteristic feature of varices. Endoscopically, no change is seen in varicoid carcinoma with the respiratory cycle. The latter may have a pallid white appearance in contrast to the bluish color of varices. An area of ulceration would strongly suggest carcinoma, indicating biopsy.", "PMID": 841034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4358", "title": "Gastric bypass for morbid obesity.", "content": "Gastric bypass operations have been performed on more than 500 patients at the University of Iowa for the treatment of morbid obesity. With this procedure, almost the entire small intestine remains available for absorption, and the metabolic complications which have been described after jejuno-ileal bypass surgery have not occurred. The results with regard to weight loss are encouraging.", "contents": "Gastric bypass for morbid obesity. Gastric bypass operations have been performed on more than 500 patients at the University of Iowa for the treatment of morbid obesity. With this procedure, almost the entire small intestine remains available for absorption, and the metabolic complications which have been described after jejuno-ileal bypass surgery have not occurred. The results with regard to weight loss are encouraging.", "PMID": 841035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4359", "title": "Some application problems and solutions in xeromammography.", "content": "Experience in the xeromammographic procedure has shown some paradoxical findings in demonstrating breast lesions. A skin halo of 1 -2 mm. is not the only criterion of an adequately exposed xeromammogram. Studies were carried out to assess the optimum exposure conditions. By use of a water-scattering phantom, and some clinical studies, image spacial frequency and image recording latitutde are to be found to be dose dependent. Xeromammographic exposures ideally should be tailored to suit the type of pathology under investigation.", "contents": "Some application problems and solutions in xeromammography. Experience in the xeromammographic procedure has shown some paradoxical findings in demonstrating breast lesions. A skin halo of 1 -2 mm. is not the only criterion of an adequately exposed xeromammogram. Studies were carried out to assess the optimum exposure conditions. By use of a water-scattering phantom, and some clinical studies, image spacial frequency and image recording latitutde are to be found to be dose dependent. Xeromammographic exposures ideally should be tailored to suit the type of pathology under investigation.", "PMID": 841030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4360", "title": "Visualization of the lateral edge of the liver in ascites.", "content": "Medial displacement of the liver was observed in 35 cases of ascites using plain radiographs, total-body opacification, tomography, radionuclide imaging, peritoneography, and/or ultrasonography. In 16 cases the displaces liver was seen on plain radiographs. Separation of the liver and kidney was seen on ultrasonograms in every case; it was increased by addition of increments of fluid in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Since the liver is surrounded by fluid, an interface between it and the extraperitoneal fat cannot account for the displacement seen on plain radiographs: rather, this is the result of a difference in density between liver and fluid.", "contents": "Visualization of the lateral edge of the liver in ascites. Medial displacement of the liver was observed in 35 cases of ascites using plain radiographs, total-body opacification, tomography, radionuclide imaging, peritoneography, and/or ultrasonography. In 16 cases the displaces liver was seen on plain radiographs. Separation of the liver and kidney was seen on ultrasonograms in every case; it was increased by addition of increments of fluid in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Since the liver is surrounded by fluid, an interface between it and the extraperitoneal fat cannot account for the displacement seen on plain radiographs: rather, this is the result of a difference in density between liver and fluid.", "PMID": 841036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4361", "title": "Impact of state licensure on selected aspects of radiologic technology: a 1975 survey.", "content": "A 1975 survey to determine the impact of state licensure on radiologic technology compared three licensure states with three states that had no laws regulating operators of radiographic equipment. The survey showed no significant differences in radiation protection practices, recruitment, availability, or economic status of technologists. However, school regulations in the licensure states did show a positive effect upon the quality of radiologic technology education.", "contents": "Impact of state licensure on selected aspects of radiologic technology: a 1975 survey. A 1975 survey to determine the impact of state licensure on radiologic technology compared three licensure states with three states that had no laws regulating operators of radiographic equipment. The survey showed no significant differences in radiation protection practices, recruitment, availability, or economic status of technologists. However, school regulations in the licensure states did show a positive effect upon the quality of radiologic technology education.", "PMID": 841031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4362", "title": "Hepatic occlusion venography with a balloon catheter in portal hypertension.", "content": "Fifty hepatic occlusive venograms with the Swan-Ganz balloon catheter were obtained in 20 patients with portal hypertension. The venographic patterns of hepatic veins were divided into four categories: (a) hepatic venous system without visible alterations; (b) slight loss of branching and tapering, no major wall irregularities; (c) considerable loss of branching and tapering and/or marked wall irregularities; and (d) severe reduction of venous tree with severe wall irregularities (\"defoliated tree\"). These correlated with severity of the disease. The portal venous system was simultaneously opacified in 10  patients. Intrahepatic and extrahepatic collaterals were found in 8. Hepatic occlusion venography is a suitable method for evaluating alterations of the liver outflow tract in portal hypertension.", "contents": "Hepatic occlusion venography with a balloon catheter in portal hypertension. Fifty hepatic occlusive venograms with the Swan-Ganz balloon catheter were obtained in 20 patients with portal hypertension. The venographic patterns of hepatic veins were divided into four categories: (a) hepatic venous system without visible alterations; (b) slight loss of branching and tapering, no major wall irregularities; (c) considerable loss of branching and tapering and/or marked wall irregularities; and (d) severe reduction of venous tree with severe wall irregularities (\"defoliated tree\"). These correlated with severity of the disease. The portal venous system was simultaneously opacified in 10  patients. Intrahepatic and extrahepatic collaterals were found in 8. Hepatic occlusion venography is a suitable method for evaluating alterations of the liver outflow tract in portal hypertension.", "PMID": 841037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4363", "title": "Program accountability survey.", "content": "The public more and more is demanding accountability from its government agencies, professional bodies, and service areas. To address the accountability of a radiologic technology program in terms of its students, a questionnaire has been developed to send to them a year after they graduate. The responses are valuable in anticipating manpower needs, writing behavioral objectives, adjusting curriculums to meet changing needs, and responding to governamnet and accrediting agencies.", "contents": "Program accountability survey. The public more and more is demanding accountability from its government agencies, professional bodies, and service areas. To address the accountability of a radiologic technology program in terms of its students, a questionnaire has been developed to send to them a year after they graduate. The responses are valuable in anticipating manpower needs, writing behavioral objectives, adjusting curriculums to meet changing needs, and responding to governamnet and accrediting agencies.", "PMID": 841032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4364", "title": "Lymphangioma of the pancreas exhibiting an unusual pattern of calcification.", "content": "A case of calcified lymphangioma of the pancreas is presented. The pattern of calcification evolved through three distinct phases over a 15-year period, suggesting at first a lymphangioma or hemangioma and later a cystadenoma.", "contents": "Lymphangioma of the pancreas exhibiting an unusual pattern of calcification. A case of calcified lymphangioma of the pancreas is presented. The pattern of calcification evolved through three distinct phases over a 15-year period, suggesting at first a lymphangioma or hemangioma and later a cystadenoma.", "PMID": 841038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4365", "title": "Fusion anomalies of the pancreatic ductal system differentiation from pathologic states.", "content": "If fusion of the ventral and dorsal pancreatic ducts does not occur during fetal life, endoscopic retrograde cannulation of the papilla of Vater will visualize a small complete ductal system which is confined to the head of the pancreas. This system is characterized by normal arborizations throughout, relatively small duct diameters and the absence of a communication with the minor papilla. In contrast, if fusion has taken place and the ductal system is shortened by disease, pancreatography will demonstrate abrupt proximal termination or proximal tapering without side branches, and may show a significant duct of Santorini. If the ducts have fused, an area of narrowing approximately 3-20 mm in length commonly occurs at the level of fusion. This should not be confused with pathologic ductal stenosis.", "contents": "Fusion anomalies of the pancreatic ductal system differentiation from pathologic states. If fusion of the ventral and dorsal pancreatic ducts does not occur during fetal life, endoscopic retrograde cannulation of the papilla of Vater will visualize a small complete ductal system which is confined to the head of the pancreas. This system is characterized by normal arborizations throughout, relatively small duct diameters and the absence of a communication with the minor papilla. In contrast, if fusion has taken place and the ductal system is shortened by disease, pancreatography will demonstrate abrupt proximal termination or proximal tapering without side branches, and may show a significant duct of Santorini. If the ducts have fused, an area of narrowing approximately 3-20 mm in length commonly occurs at the level of fusion. This should not be confused with pathologic ductal stenosis.", "PMID": 841039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4366", "title": "The long-term follow-up of 195 patients with renal failure: a preliminary report.", "content": "Radiographic and bone mineral (BM) data were collected over a three-year period on 195 patients with chronic renal failure. Most women maintained BM on dyalysis, whereas 44% of the men lost BM (p less than 0.05). Following transplantation, 86% of the patients either maintained or restored BM. After parathyroidectomy, only half of the women and 34% of the men gained BM. Normal radiographs may be associated with low BM values, but there is a correlation between decreasing BM and increasing renal osteodystrophy in women (p less than 0.05).", "contents": "The long-term follow-up of 195 patients with renal failure: a preliminary report. Radiographic and bone mineral (BM) data were collected over a three-year period on 195 patients with chronic renal failure. Most women maintained BM on dyalysis, whereas 44% of the men lost BM (p less than 0.05). Following transplantation, 86% of the patients either maintained or restored BM. After parathyroidectomy, only half of the women and 34% of the men gained BM. Normal radiographs may be associated with low BM values, but there is a correlation between decreasing BM and increasing renal osteodystrophy in women (p less than 0.05).", "PMID": 841040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4367", "title": "Some important radiological aspects of the kidney in Hippel-Lindau syndrome: the value of prospective study in an affected family.", "content": "Eighty-three per cent of the affected members of a family with Hippel-Lindau syndrome had hypernephromas and cortical cysts of the kidney. Two of the asymptomatic members proved to have multiple hypernephromas by a prospective study. The carcinomas are frequently multifocal or bilateral. The cortical cysts are usually multiple, bilateral and small, and often contain carcinoma in the wall. The association of multifocal or bilateral hypernephromas with renal cortical cysts represents an important aspect of the Hippel-Lindau syndrome. The value of prospective renal studies in affected families is stressed.", "contents": "Some important radiological aspects of the kidney in Hippel-Lindau syndrome: the value of prospective study in an affected family. Eighty-three per cent of the affected members of a family with Hippel-Lindau syndrome had hypernephromas and cortical cysts of the kidney. Two of the asymptomatic members proved to have multiple hypernephromas by a prospective study. The carcinomas are frequently multifocal or bilateral. The cortical cysts are usually multiple, bilateral and small, and often contain carcinoma in the wall. The association of multifocal or bilateral hypernephromas with renal cortical cysts represents an important aspect of the Hippel-Lindau syndrome. The value of prospective renal studies in affected families is stressed.", "PMID": 841041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4368", "title": "Bilateral parotid enlargement (\"iodide mumps\") following excretory urography.", "content": "Parotid swelling (\"iodide mumps\") is an infrequent manifestation of iodism. Only 6 cases have been reported previously. The authors present a case of parotid swelling which appeared to be a reaction to excretory urography.", "contents": "Bilateral parotid enlargement (\"iodide mumps\") following excretory urography. Parotid swelling (\"iodide mumps\") is an infrequent manifestation of iodism. Only 6 cases have been reported previously. The authors present a case of parotid swelling which appeared to be a reaction to excretory urography.", "PMID": 841042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4369", "title": "Renal lymphoma simulating adult polycystic disease.", "content": "Multiple cyst-like involvement of the kidney in a patient with lymphocytic lymphoma is presented. Both kidneys demonstrated the swiss-cheese appearance on nephrograms, simulating a typical adult type of polycystic disease. No tumor vessels or strains were noted.", "contents": "Renal lymphoma simulating adult polycystic disease. Multiple cyst-like involvement of the kidney in a patient with lymphocytic lymphoma is presented. Both kidneys demonstrated the swiss-cheese appearance on nephrograms, simulating a typical adult type of polycystic disease. No tumor vessels or strains were noted.", "PMID": 841043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4370", "title": "Jumpers' fractures: patterns of thoracolumbar spine injuries associated with vertical plunges.", "content": "Thirty-eight patients who fractured the dorsolumbar spine by vertical plunges are evaluated. The patterns and classification of fractures in cases is presented as well as their salient clinical features. The role of the radiologist in the care of acute spine injuries is highlighted based on the therapeutic implications of proper fracture classification. The role of body section radiography in evaluating patterns of posterior element fractures is suggested.", "contents": "Jumpers' fractures: patterns of thoracolumbar spine injuries associated with vertical plunges. Thirty-eight patients who fractured the dorsolumbar spine by vertical plunges are evaluated. The patterns and classification of fractures in cases is presented as well as their salient clinical features. The role of the radiologist in the care of acute spine injuries is highlighted based on the therapeutic implications of proper fracture classification. The role of body section radiography in evaluating patterns of posterior element fractures is suggested.", "PMID": 841044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4371", "title": "Thermographic, radionuclide, and radiographic detection of bone metastases.", "content": "The sensitivity of thermography to osseous metastases is compared to 99mTc bone scanning using the specificity of radiographic skeletal survey as proof of metastases. Thirty-five patients with suspected disease were selected for study. Bone scans detected 94.4% while thermograms detected 22.2%. Thermography proved quite insensitive to osseous metastases. Radionuclide bone scanning is the method of choice for the present.", "contents": "Thermographic, radionuclide, and radiographic detection of bone metastases. The sensitivity of thermography to osseous metastases is compared to 99mTc bone scanning using the specificity of radiographic skeletal survey as proof of metastases. Thirty-five patients with suspected disease were selected for study. Bone scans detected 94.4% while thermograms detected 22.2%. Thermography proved quite insensitive to osseous metastases. Radionuclide bone scanning is the method of choice for the present.", "PMID": 841045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4372", "title": "Pseudotibiotalar slant: a positioning artifact.", "content": "Pseudotibiotalar slant is a positioning artifact which duplicates a finding recently reported as a new observation in the ankles of patients with sickel cell anemia and the configuration of tibiotalar slant described in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, hemophilia, and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia. The configuration was produced on radiographs of the author's ankle by flexion of the knee and external rotation. It is a nonspecific finding which should prompt inquiry into the possibility of ipsilateral knee and/or hip abnormality.", "contents": "Pseudotibiotalar slant: a positioning artifact. Pseudotibiotalar slant is a positioning artifact which duplicates a finding recently reported as a new observation in the ankles of patients with sickel cell anemia and the configuration of tibiotalar slant described in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, hemophilia, and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia. The configuration was produced on radiographs of the author's ankle by flexion of the knee and external rotation. It is a nonspecific finding which should prompt inquiry into the possibility of ipsilateral knee and/or hip abnormality.", "PMID": 841046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4373", "title": "Measurement of pedal venous pressure: a screening procedure in the detection of deep-vein thrombosis and occlusion.", "content": "A simple screening procedure is needed to fill the gap between the clinical examination and venography in patients suspected of having deep-vein thrombosis of the lower extremities. The author suggests that measurement of the pedal venous pressure (PVP) be used for this purpose. Measurements of PVP in 86 lower extremities and correlation with venography showed that all extremities with a PVP greater than 35 cm saline were shown to be abnormal on venography, indicating that measurement of PVP can be a satisfactory screening procedure.", "contents": "Measurement of pedal venous pressure: a screening procedure in the detection of deep-vein thrombosis and occlusion. A simple screening procedure is needed to fill the gap between the clinical examination and venography in patients suspected of having deep-vein thrombosis of the lower extremities. The author suggests that measurement of the pedal venous pressure (PVP) be used for this purpose. Measurements of PVP in 86 lower extremities and correlation with venography showed that all extremities with a PVP greater than 35 cm saline were shown to be abnormal on venography, indicating that measurement of PVP can be a satisfactory screening procedure.", "PMID": 841048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4374", "title": "Pressure dressings and postangiographic care of the femoral puncture site.", "content": "Consecutive patient records (900) were reviewed to determine the incidence of local complications following the use of pressure dressings for femoral puncture. The authors found an overall complication rate (0.44%) which was less than that found by others (1%). No statistically significant differences were found in local complication rates between hypertensive (0.56%) and normotensive (0.42%) groups. No advantage was found in the postangiographic application of pressure dressings.", "contents": "Pressure dressings and postangiographic care of the femoral puncture site. Consecutive patient records (900) were reviewed to determine the incidence of local complications following the use of pressure dressings for femoral puncture. The authors found an overall complication rate (0.44%) which was less than that found by others (1%). No statistically significant differences were found in local complication rates between hypertensive (0.56%) and normotensive (0.42%) groups. No advantage was found in the postangiographic application of pressure dressings.", "PMID": 841049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4375", "title": "The angiographic diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava.", "content": "Two cases of leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava showed a high degree of obstruction of the inferior cava, enlarged local arteries supplying the lesion, neovascularity, and a marked parenchymal blush. Collateral veins bridge the obstruction.", "contents": "The angiographic diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava. Two cases of leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava showed a high degree of obstruction of the inferior cava, enlarged local arteries supplying the lesion, neovascularity, and a marked parenchymal blush. Collateral veins bridge the obstruction.", "PMID": 841050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4376", "title": "Persistent primitive sciatic artery.", "content": "Angiography revealed persistence of the primitive sciatic artery in two cases. In one, the artery supplied a large arteriovenous malformation, and the profunda femoris artery was absent. In the other, there were associated findings of neurofibromatosis, decreased left lower limb lymphatic vessels, a left subinguinal lymphocele, and absent external iliac and femoral arteries.", "contents": "Persistent primitive sciatic artery. Angiography revealed persistence of the primitive sciatic artery in two cases. In one, the artery supplied a large arteriovenous malformation, and the profunda femoris artery was absent. In the other, there were associated findings of neurofibromatosis, decreased left lower limb lymphatic vessels, a left subinguinal lymphocele, and absent external iliac and femoral arteries.", "PMID": 841051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4377", "title": "Angiographic diagnosis of small intestinal intussusception.", "content": "The outstanding angiographic features of small intestinal intussusception are: (a) abrupt disappearance of mesenteric vessels at the neck of the intussusception with crowding of the vasa recta; (b) appearance of long collateral channels at the neck of intussusception; (c) angulation and retraction of major intestinal branches; (d) reversal of the course and angulation of the invaginated mesenteric vessels; (e) overlapping of the mesentery vessels by branches of the intussuscipiens; (f) abrupt change in the appearance of the vasa rectae of the distended intussuscipiens and the distal nondistended small intestines.", "contents": "Angiographic diagnosis of small intestinal intussusception. The outstanding angiographic features of small intestinal intussusception are: (a) abrupt disappearance of mesenteric vessels at the neck of the intussusception with crowding of the vasa recta; (b) appearance of long collateral channels at the neck of intussusception; (c) angulation and retraction of major intestinal branches; (d) reversal of the course and angulation of the invaginated mesenteric vessels; (e) overlapping of the mesentery vessels by branches of the intussuscipiens; (f) abrupt change in the appearance of the vasa rectae of the distended intussuscipiens and the distal nondistended small intestines.", "PMID": 841052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4378", "title": "Illusory biplane radiographic images.", "content": "The commonly held belief that radiographs taken at right angles to one another will accurately portray the precise location of a metallic implant within a skeletal structure is erroneous. To the contrary, such biplane radiographs often provide misinformation about the exact location of metallic implants. The explanation for this phenomenon is discussed along with several methods to determine the accurate location of metallic implants when only biplane radiographs are available. Orthopedic surgeons should be particularly aware of this potential problem when biplane radiographs are taken at the time of insertion of multiple pins about the proximal femur.", "contents": "Illusory biplane radiographic images. The commonly held belief that radiographs taken at right angles to one another will accurately portray the precise location of a metallic implant within a skeletal structure is erroneous. To the contrary, such biplane radiographs often provide misinformation about the exact location of metallic implants. The explanation for this phenomenon is discussed along with several methods to determine the accurate location of metallic implants when only biplane radiographs are available. Orthopedic surgeons should be particularly aware of this potential problem when biplane radiographs are taken at the time of insertion of multiple pins about the proximal femur.", "PMID": 841053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4379", "title": "White and gray matter of the brain differentiated by computed tomography.", "content": "The white and gray matter of the brain can be clearly differentiated by computed tomography (CT). The differentiation is enhanced by the administration of contrast material. Without contrast material, the mean attenuation number of the white matter was 29 units, of the gray matter, 35 units. The effective low contrast resolving power of CT scanners can be clinically evaluated by comparing their ability to differentiate the white and gray matter of the brain.", "contents": "White and gray matter of the brain differentiated by computed tomography. The white and gray matter of the brain can be clearly differentiated by computed tomography (CT). The differentiation is enhanced by the administration of contrast material. Without contrast material, the mean attenuation number of the white matter was 29 units, of the gray matter, 35 units. The effective low contrast resolving power of CT scanners can be clinically evaluated by comparing their ability to differentiate the white and gray matter of the brain.", "PMID": 841054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4380", "title": "Computed tomography in intracranial arteriovenous malformations.", "content": "22 patients with proved intracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVM) were studied by computed tomography (CT). Of these, 18 were also studied by CT after intravenous injection of contrast material. The plain scan was normal in 23% of cases. A combination of plain and contrast-enhancement CT proved to be superior to other screening techniques in patients with a possible intracranial AVM.", "contents": "Computed tomography in intracranial arteriovenous malformations. 22 patients with proved intracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVM) were studied by computed tomography (CT). Of these, 18 were also studied by CT after intravenous injection of contrast material. The plain scan was normal in 23% of cases. A combination of plain and contrast-enhancement CT proved to be superior to other screening techniques in patients with a possible intracranial AVM.", "PMID": 841055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4381", "title": "Ring blush associated with intracerebral hematoma.", "content": "Seven cases of ring blush following spontaneous and post-traumatic, subacute and chronic intracerebral hematoma are presented. As such a hematoma ages, a ring blush may be seen following contrast-agent enhancement. Serial CT demonstrates disappearance of the ring blush from two to six months after the first scan. The CT appearance of the ring blush is not specific for hematoma, but its peripheral location and lack of mass effect may be considered suggestive of hematoma with appropriate clinical findings. The characteristic serial changes permit correct diagnosis without surgical intervention in most cases.", "contents": "Ring blush associated with intracerebral hematoma. Seven cases of ring blush following spontaneous and post-traumatic, subacute and chronic intracerebral hematoma are presented. As such a hematoma ages, a ring blush may be seen following contrast-agent enhancement. Serial CT demonstrates disappearance of the ring blush from two to six months after the first scan. The CT appearance of the ring blush is not specific for hematoma, but its peripheral location and lack of mass effect may be considered suggestive of hematoma with appropriate clinical findings. The characteristic serial changes permit correct diagnosis without surgical intervention in most cases.", "PMID": 841056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4382", "title": "Basilar artery ectasia demonstrated by computed tomography.", "content": "Basilar artery eclasia was demonstrated by computed tomography (CT) in 4 cases. The course and diameter of the basilar artery as seen by CT closely approximated those aspects of the artery visualized by angiography. The clinical manifestations of basilar ectasia correlated with what brain stem structures were impinged upon by the ectatic artery.", "contents": "Basilar artery ectasia demonstrated by computed tomography. Basilar artery eclasia was demonstrated by computed tomography (CT) in 4 cases. The course and diameter of the basilar artery as seen by CT closely approximated those aspects of the artery visualized by angiography. The clinical manifestations of basilar ectasia correlated with what brain stem structures were impinged upon by the ectatic artery.", "PMID": 841057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4383", "title": "Dense intracranial epidermoid tumors. Computed tomographic observations.", "content": "Three extra-axial posterior fossa epidermoid tumors manifested nearly identical CT appearance of large size, sharp margination, apparently homogeneously increased attenuation in the range of 80-120 Hounsfield units, and absence of contrast-agent enhancement. This constellation of findings is distinctly different from that reported previously, and appears to be characteristic for some epidermoid tumors.", "contents": "Dense intracranial epidermoid tumors. Computed tomographic observations. Three extra-axial posterior fossa epidermoid tumors manifested nearly identical CT appearance of large size, sharp margination, apparently homogeneously increased attenuation in the range of 80-120 Hounsfield units, and absence of contrast-agent enhancement. This constellation of findings is distinctly different from that reported previously, and appears to be characteristic for some epidermoid tumors.", "PMID": 841058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4384", "title": "Cranial computed tomographic scan appearance of Sturge-Weber disease: unusual presentation.", "content": "The CT findings in both the typical and atypical presentations of the Sturge-Weber syndrome are characteristic if not pathognomonic in most cases. The typical gyriform cortical calcification and cortical atrophy are well demonstrated whether associated with a small or enlarged hemicranium. Contrast enhancement was demonstrated in both cases where contrast medium infusion was performed.", "contents": "Cranial computed tomographic scan appearance of Sturge-Weber disease: unusual presentation. The CT findings in both the typical and atypical presentations of the Sturge-Weber syndrome are characteristic if not pathognomonic in most cases. The typical gyriform cortical calcification and cortical atrophy are well demonstrated whether associated with a small or enlarged hemicranium. Contrast enhancement was demonstrated in both cases where contrast medium infusion was performed.", "PMID": 841059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4385", "title": "Carotid-cavernous fistula associated with intracranial fibromuscular dysplasia.", "content": "Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) of the intracranial internal carotid and vertebro-basilar system is extremely rare. A case with diffuse intracranial involvement and an associated carotid-cavernous fistula is presented. The literature is reviewed and the pathogenesis of this complication of FMD is discussed.", "contents": "Carotid-cavernous fistula associated with intracranial fibromuscular dysplasia. Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) of the intracranial internal carotid and vertebro-basilar system is extremely rare. A case with diffuse intracranial involvement and an associated carotid-cavernous fistula is presented. The literature is reviewed and the pathogenesis of this complication of FMD is discussed.", "PMID": 841060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4386", "title": "Epidural mastoid pneumatocele.", "content": "The authors report a case of a gas-filled epidural cyst communicating with the mastoid air cells, causing fluctuating but progressive amaurosis. No prior report of a similar finding could be found in the literature.", "contents": "Epidural mastoid pneumatocele. The authors report a case of a gas-filled epidural cyst communicating with the mastoid air cells, causing fluctuating but progressive amaurosis. No prior report of a similar finding could be found in the literature.", "PMID": 841061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4387", "title": "Respiratory arrest--a fatal complication of myelography.", "content": "Respiratory arrest occurred in a patient undergoing cervical myelography in the Trendelenberg position. Autopsy revealed infiltration of the phrenic nerves by metastatic breast cancer resulting in diaphragmatic paralysis. Though this is a very rare complication of myelography, it is suggested that more attention be paid to the respiratory function of patients with neurological conditions prior to myelography.", "contents": "Respiratory arrest--a fatal complication of myelography. Respiratory arrest occurred in a patient undergoing cervical myelography in the Trendelenberg position. Autopsy revealed infiltration of the phrenic nerves by metastatic breast cancer resulting in diaphragmatic paralysis. Though this is a very rare complication of myelography, it is suggested that more attention be paid to the respiratory function of patients with neurological conditions prior to myelography.", "PMID": 841062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4388", "title": "Quantitative external counting techniques enabling improved diagnostic and therapeutic decisions in patients with well-differentiated thyroid cancer.", "content": "A quantitative technique is described which allows the physician to predict more accurately whether a recurrent or metastatic well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma is amenable to radioiodine-131 therapy or is better treated by other means. A calibrated uptake probe and scaler system is used to obtain conjugate view (i.e., diametrically opposed) counting rates for both the whole body and for any areas of abnormal uptake (lesion) at 24,48 annd 72 hours following the administration of 2 mCi 131l. Quantitative calculations accounting for patient attenuation, lesion size and geometrical factors then provide a determination of the lesion uptake as well as the effective half-life of 131l in the lesion. The radiation dose which would be delivered to the lesion by a given therapeutic amount of 131l may then be calculated to help determine the desirability of 131l treatment. The results of patient studies indicate the potential benefit of such quantitative evaluation.", "contents": "Quantitative external counting techniques enabling improved diagnostic and therapeutic decisions in patients with well-differentiated thyroid cancer. A quantitative technique is described which allows the physician to predict more accurately whether a recurrent or metastatic well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma is amenable to radioiodine-131 therapy or is better treated by other means. A calibrated uptake probe and scaler system is used to obtain conjugate view (i.e., diametrically opposed) counting rates for both the whole body and for any areas of abnormal uptake (lesion) at 24,48 annd 72 hours following the administration of 2 mCi 131l. Quantitative calculations accounting for patient attenuation, lesion size and geometrical factors then provide a determination of the lesion uptake as well as the effective half-life of 131l in the lesion. The radiation dose which would be delivered to the lesion by a given therapeutic amount of 131l may then be calculated to help determine the desirability of 131l treatment. The results of patient studies indicate the potential benefit of such quantitative evaluation.", "PMID": 841063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4389", "title": "Application of delayed lung imaging following radioaerosol inhalation.", "content": "Lung scintigraphy following radioaerosol inhalation reveals evidence of airway disease and regions of decreased ventilation. In obstructive pulmonary diseases, aerosol deposition can be so excessive that lung parenchyma is not visualized immediately after radioaerosol administration. Most of the tracer which is deposited is cleared within hours, but the aerosol reaching the alveoli is retained with a half-life in excess of 2 weeks. If imaging is repeated 8-24 hours after inhalation, abnormal bronchi will usually be cleared of tracer, and regional ventilation defects can be visualized.", "contents": "Application of delayed lung imaging following radioaerosol inhalation. Lung scintigraphy following radioaerosol inhalation reveals evidence of airway disease and regions of decreased ventilation. In obstructive pulmonary diseases, aerosol deposition can be so excessive that lung parenchyma is not visualized immediately after radioaerosol administration. Most of the tracer which is deposited is cleared within hours, but the aerosol reaching the alveoli is retained with a half-life in excess of 2 weeks. If imaging is repeated 8-24 hours after inhalation, abnormal bronchi will usually be cleared of tracer, and regional ventilation defects can be visualized.", "PMID": 841064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4390", "title": "Positive 99mTc-stannous pyrophosphate myocardial image in a patient with carcinoma of the lung.", "content": "A \"false-positive\" 99mTc-stannous pyrophosphate (99mTc-PYP) myocardial image was seen in a patient with epidermoid carcinoma of the lung. The location of the increased activity corresponded to an area of direct invasion of the heart by carcinoma with associated multiple microscopic foci of myocardial necrosis. Metastatic carcinoma with myocardial necrosis should therefore be considered as a possible cause of a positive 99mTc-PYP myocardial image.", "contents": "Positive 99mTc-stannous pyrophosphate myocardial image in a patient with carcinoma of the lung. A \"false-positive\" 99mTc-stannous pyrophosphate (99mTc-PYP) myocardial image was seen in a patient with epidermoid carcinoma of the lung. The location of the increased activity corresponded to an area of direct invasion of the heart by carcinoma with associated multiple microscopic foci of myocardial necrosis. Metastatic carcinoma with myocardial necrosis should therefore be considered as a possible cause of a positive 99mTc-PYP myocardial image.", "PMID": 841065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4391", "title": "Cholecystitis and hydrops of the gallbladder in the newborn.", "content": "Inflammatory gallbladder disease is not usually considered in the evaluation of septic newborn infants. When present, the radiographic findings are thought to be sparse. Three instances were recently encountered with radiographic evidence to indicate right upper quadrant abdominal disease. In one, a negative defect on the bodygram phase film of a high volume contrast study demonstrated gallbladder hydrops. Cholecystitis extended to obstruct the pyloroduodenal area with inflammatory reaction in 2 other patients. In all instances, the radiographic changes prompted surgical intervention at an early age.", "contents": "Cholecystitis and hydrops of the gallbladder in the newborn. Inflammatory gallbladder disease is not usually considered in the evaluation of septic newborn infants. When present, the radiographic findings are thought to be sparse. Three instances were recently encountered with radiographic evidence to indicate right upper quadrant abdominal disease. In one, a negative defect on the bodygram phase film of a high volume contrast study demonstrated gallbladder hydrops. Cholecystitis extended to obstruct the pyloroduodenal area with inflammatory reaction in 2 other patients. In all instances, the radiographic changes prompted surgical intervention at an early age.", "PMID": 841066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4392", "title": "Radiological quiz. Familial hyperphosphatasemia.", "content": "Hyperphosphatasemia is a genetic disorder of intramembranous bone formation which is radiographically similar to Paget's disease. The authors report a case of hyperphosphatasemia complicated by salt-losing congenital adrenal hyperplasia in a Puerto Rican child. Recognition of this condition is important because of the promising results with calcitonin therapy.", "contents": "Radiological quiz. Familial hyperphosphatasemia. Hyperphosphatasemia is a genetic disorder of intramembranous bone formation which is radiographically similar to Paget's disease. The authors report a case of hyperphosphatasemia complicated by salt-losing congenital adrenal hyperplasia in a Puerto Rican child. Recognition of this condition is important because of the promising results with calcitonin therapy.", "PMID": 841067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4393", "title": "Anterior displacement of C2 in children: physiologic or pathologic.", "content": "Differentiating pseudo-dislocation of the cervical spine from true fracture-dislocation of C2 on C3 is often difficult in children. Normal anterior position of C2 on C3 secondary to normal mobility of this area may be so pronounced that it seems true dislocation is present. A helpful line is presented to aid in the solution of this problem and the anatomy of normal and abnormal (fracture-dislocation) motion at the C2-C3 level will be discussed.", "contents": "Anterior displacement of C2 in children: physiologic or pathologic. Differentiating pseudo-dislocation of the cervical spine from true fracture-dislocation of C2 on C3 is often difficult in children. Normal anterior position of C2 on C3 secondary to normal mobility of this area may be so pronounced that it seems true dislocation is present. A helpful line is presented to aid in the solution of this problem and the anatomy of normal and abnormal (fracture-dislocation) motion at the C2-C3 level will be discussed.", "PMID": 841068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4394", "title": "A modeled study for diagnosis of small anechoic masses with ultrasound.", "content": "Hemispherical holes created in the bases of uniform natural sponges were imaged in water to determine how anechoic masses fill in with echoes at increased gains. The increase in gain, from the threshold for outlining a hole, to the fill-in of the hole with echoes, was obtained for a range of hole diameters and imaging conditions. These gain changes fit on a smooth curve when plotted against the hole diameter divided by the ultrasound beam width. The main sources of fill-in, beam width and multiple reverberations, appear to behave similarly in vivo. Understanding these effects may help reduce diagnostic errors.", "contents": "A modeled study for diagnosis of small anechoic masses with ultrasound. Hemispherical holes created in the bases of uniform natural sponges were imaged in water to determine how anechoic masses fill in with echoes at increased gains. The increase in gain, from the threshold for outlining a hole, to the fill-in of the hole with echoes, was obtained for a range of hole diameters and imaging conditions. These gain changes fit on a smooth curve when plotted against the hole diameter divided by the ultrasound beam width. The main sources of fill-in, beam width and multiple reverberations, appear to behave similarly in vivo. Understanding these effects may help reduce diagnostic errors.", "PMID": 841069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4395", "title": "Nuclear imaging, tomographic nuclear imaging, and gray scale ultrasound in the evaluation of the porta hepatis.", "content": "Twenty-six patients with an eqivocal portal defect on conventional nuclear images were evaluated with a multiplane tomographic nuclear scanner and gray scale ultrasound. In most cases the correct determination (normal or abnormal) for an area of decreased uptake could be made from the multiplane tomographic scans. When an abnormality was thus confirmed, further characterization was provided by ultrasound.", "contents": "Nuclear imaging, tomographic nuclear imaging, and gray scale ultrasound in the evaluation of the porta hepatis. Twenty-six patients with an eqivocal portal defect on conventional nuclear images were evaluated with a multiplane tomographic nuclear scanner and gray scale ultrasound. In most cases the correct determination (normal or abnormal) for an area of decreased uptake could be made from the multiplane tomographic scans. When an abnormality was thus confirmed, further characterization was provided by ultrasound.", "PMID": 841070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4396", "title": "A composite curve of ultrasonic biparietal diameters for estimating gestational age.", "content": "A composite curve of biparietal diameters at various gestational ages was constructed from previous reports from five large centers. Estimates of the mean gestational age using the composite curve compared favorably with other reporting institutions. This suggests that the newly established echography department may employ the composite curve of mean values and need not develop its own biparietal growth curve. The clinical application of these mean values however, should recognize a considerable variance from the mean. These variations represent normal growth differences in the biparietal dimension, errors inherent in the ultrasonic methodology and apparent differences in the populations examined. A method is suggested by which variations from the mean may be identified for each echographic facility.", "contents": "A composite curve of ultrasonic biparietal diameters for estimating gestational age. A composite curve of biparietal diameters at various gestational ages was constructed from previous reports from five large centers. Estimates of the mean gestational age using the composite curve compared favorably with other reporting institutions. This suggests that the newly established echography department may employ the composite curve of mean values and need not develop its own biparietal growth curve. The clinical application of these mean values however, should recognize a considerable variance from the mean. These variations represent normal growth differences in the biparietal dimension, errors inherent in the ultrasonic methodology and apparent differences in the populations examined. A method is suggested by which variations from the mean may be identified for each echographic facility.", "PMID": 841071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4397", "title": "Ultrasound diagnosis of splenic cysts.", "content": "Ultrasound is an effective modality for the study of splenic cysts because it is able to distinguish between cystic and solid lesions. Three cases of splenic cyst are presented in which definitive diagnosis was made with ultrasound B-scan.", "contents": "Ultrasound diagnosis of splenic cysts. Ultrasound is an effective modality for the study of splenic cysts because it is able to distinguish between cystic and solid lesions. Three cases of splenic cyst are presented in which definitive diagnosis was made with ultrasound B-scan.", "PMID": 841072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4398", "title": "Gray-scale ultrasonography in the diagnosis of polycystic kidney disease.", "content": "Five patients with polycystic disease of the kidney were examined with gray-scale ultrasonography. It was found that bilateral involvement may be demonstrated by ultrasound even when it cannot be seen on excretory urography. It is suggested that this technique be used in screening families in whom a history of polycystic kidney disease has been shown.", "contents": "Gray-scale ultrasonography in the diagnosis of polycystic kidney disease. Five patients with polycystic disease of the kidney were examined with gray-scale ultrasonography. It was found that bilateral involvement may be demonstrated by ultrasound even when it cannot be seen on excretory urography. It is suggested that this technique be used in screening families in whom a history of polycystic kidney disease has been shown.", "PMID": 841073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4399", "title": "Clinical phase I study of the hypoxic cell radiosensitizer RO-07-0582, a 2-nitroimidazole derivative.", "content": "RO-07-0582 toxicity studies were performed in 12 patients for a total of 16 assays. Single and multifraction dose schedules were used, and drug concentrations in solid tumor tissue, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood (at 14 to 24 hr.) were established. A severe peripheral neuropathy occurred in 1 patient on the multifraction regimen when the total dosage reached 24 g. Drug absorption and concentration in the blood do not significantly differ from that of metronidazole. Maximum blood levels were reached at from 2 to 4 hr., and several days subsequent to administration had stabilized to levels only slightly above control levels.", "contents": "Clinical phase I study of the hypoxic cell radiosensitizer RO-07-0582, a 2-nitroimidazole derivative. RO-07-0582 toxicity studies were performed in 12 patients for a total of 16 assays. Single and multifraction dose schedules were used, and drug concentrations in solid tumor tissue, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood (at 14 to 24 hr.) were established. A severe peripheral neuropathy occurred in 1 patient on the multifraction regimen when the total dosage reached 24 g. Drug absorption and concentration in the blood do not significantly differ from that of metronidazole. Maximum blood levels were reached at from 2 to 4 hr., and several days subsequent to administration had stabilized to levels only slightly above control levels.", "PMID": 841074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4400", "title": "Sensitivity of radiographic screens to scattered radiation and its relationship to image contrast.", "content": "For incident X-ray beams of greater than 60 kVp, intensifying screens of rare earth phosphors produced higher radiographic image contrast in the presence of scattered radiation than did screens of calcium tungstate. This was attributed to fundamental energy absorption interaction differences. X-ray absorption is a function of the position of the k-absorption edge of the screen phosphor relative to the X-ray energy spectra of the primary and scattered X-rays. Spectral measurements of X-ray absorption showed that the ratio of primary absorption to scattered absorption is higher for the rare earth screens, causing lower relative sensitivity to the non-information-containing scattered radiation from the radiographic object.", "contents": "Sensitivity of radiographic screens to scattered radiation and its relationship to image contrast. For incident X-ray beams of greater than 60 kVp, intensifying screens of rare earth phosphors produced higher radiographic image contrast in the presence of scattered radiation than did screens of calcium tungstate. This was attributed to fundamental energy absorption interaction differences. X-ray absorption is a function of the position of the k-absorption edge of the screen phosphor relative to the X-ray energy spectra of the primary and scattered X-rays. Spectral measurements of X-ray absorption showed that the ratio of primary absorption to scattered absorption is higher for the rare earth screens, causing lower relative sensitivity to the non-information-containing scattered radiation from the radiographic object.", "PMID": 841075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4401", "title": "Wide-field resolution in radiography.", "content": "Multiple star test objects were placed so as to record the entire field covered on a 35 X 43-cm (14 X 17-in.) film and radiographed to determine the apparent shape of the focal spot and the directions in which degradation is maximum and minimum. It was found that geometric unsharpness decreases along lines radiating outward from the center of the anode shadow. The small focal spots used in magnification may be anticipated to behave in a similar fashion. It was also shown experimentally that truly lateral resolution is approximately constant over the field. A theoretical explanation for this finding is offered.", "contents": "Wide-field resolution in radiography. Multiple star test objects were placed so as to record the entire field covered on a 35 X 43-cm (14 X 17-in.) film and radiographed to determine the apparent shape of the focal spot and the directions in which degradation is maximum and minimum. It was found that geometric unsharpness decreases along lines radiating outward from the center of the anode shadow. The small focal spots used in magnification may be anticipated to behave in a similar fashion. It was also shown experimentally that truly lateral resolution is approximately constant over the field. A theoretical explanation for this finding is offered.", "PMID": 841076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4402", "title": "Solid state radiographic image converters: medical applications.", "content": "Solid state radiographic converter screens have characteristics such as high contrast, high resolution, compact size, light weight, easy handling, moderately high gain, and low price which make them attractive for medical applications. They could be substituted for the image-intensifier tube, the intensifier screen, or the radiographic film. Construction, characteristics, and applications of the radiographic amplifier screen and the radiographic storage screen are discussed along with the advantages of using smaller size film and lower dosages. A promising application for mammography is outlined.", "contents": "Solid state radiographic image converters: medical applications. Solid state radiographic converter screens have characteristics such as high contrast, high resolution, compact size, light weight, easy handling, moderately high gain, and low price which make them attractive for medical applications. They could be substituted for the image-intensifier tube, the intensifier screen, or the radiographic film. Construction, characteristics, and applications of the radiographic amplifier screen and the radiographic storage screen are discussed along with the advantages of using smaller size film and lower dosages. A promising application for mammography is outlined.", "PMID": 841077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4403", "title": "The effects of fast neutrons and X rays on the subependymal layer of the rat brain.", "content": "Some effects of irradiation of rat brain with single doses of X rays or fast neutrons have been measured. This was done by estimating the total number of cells in the subependymal layer at various times after irradiation. The gross response to X rays and neutrons was somewhat different, and the results suggest that the two histologically distinguishable cell types in the subependymal layer have different values of RBE.", "contents": "The effects of fast neutrons and X rays on the subependymal layer of the rat brain. Some effects of irradiation of rat brain with single doses of X rays or fast neutrons have been measured. This was done by estimating the total number of cells in the subependymal layer at various times after irradiation. The gross response to X rays and neutrons was somewhat different, and the results suggest that the two histologically distinguishable cell types in the subependymal layer have different values of RBE.", "PMID": 841078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4404", "title": "Visualization of the posterolateral elements of the lumbar vertebrae in the anteroposterior projection.", "content": "A radiographic view in the AP projection for visualization of the laminae and articular processes of the lumbar vertebrae is described. This view may be used for the acutely injured patient. In addition to augmenting standard views, the AP projection will assist, and may supplant the need for tomography in selected cases.", "contents": "Visualization of the posterolateral elements of the lumbar vertebrae in the anteroposterior projection. A radiographic view in the AP projection for visualization of the laminae and articular processes of the lumbar vertebrae is described. This view may be used for the acutely injured patient. In addition to augmenting standard views, the AP projection will assist, and may supplant the need for tomography in selected cases.", "PMID": 841079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4405", "title": "Radiation protection requirements for a whole-body CT scanner.", "content": "Exposure values for a whole-body CT scanner, obtained from a room protection survey covering one month (119 patients), are reported. It was found that weekly exposures could be expected to be in the range of 350-750 mR/week for a daily load of 12 patients. The h.v.l. of gypsum board, lead, and plate glass at this radiation level was 1.8, 0.020, and 1.3 cm, respectively. The authors suggest that plate glass is not the method of choice for shielding a high-volume body scanner installation unless a large enough lead glass window is not available or cannot be installed in time to meet construction deadlines.", "contents": "Radiation protection requirements for a whole-body CT scanner. Exposure values for a whole-body CT scanner, obtained from a room protection survey covering one month (119 patients), are reported. It was found that weekly exposures could be expected to be in the range of 350-750 mR/week for a daily load of 12 patients. The h.v.l. of gypsum board, lead, and plate glass at this radiation level was 1.8, 0.020, and 1.3 cm, respectively. The authors suggest that plate glass is not the method of choice for shielding a high-volume body scanner installation unless a large enough lead glass window is not available or cannot be installed in time to meet construction deadlines.", "PMID": 841080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4406", "title": "A new simple restraining device for fluoroscopically monitored knee arthrography.", "content": "A new device which facilitates stressing of the knee to obtain improved visualization of the meniscus is described. This device can be used for the examination of either the medial or lateral meniscus without requiring time-consuming adjustments.", "contents": "A new simple restraining device for fluoroscopically monitored knee arthrography. A new device which facilitates stressing of the knee to obtain improved visualization of the meniscus is described. This device can be used for the examination of either the medial or lateral meniscus without requiring time-consuming adjustments.", "PMID": 841081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4407", "title": "A tissue compensation source-to-skin measurement system.", "content": "An easy to use, low-cost system for measuring the source-to-skin distance used in determining tissue compensation requirements is described. These measurements can be performed with accuracy and precision for any treatment field size and at any treatment beam angle. The system can be used in conjuction with several different tissue compensation methods.", "contents": "A tissue compensation source-to-skin measurement system. An easy to use, low-cost system for measuring the source-to-skin distance used in determining tissue compensation requirements is described. These measurements can be performed with accuracy and precision for any treatment field size and at any treatment beam angle. The system can be used in conjuction with several different tissue compensation methods.", "PMID": 841083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4408", "title": "Maximum flow rates for microcatheters.", "content": "Microcatheters are defined as those with outer diameters of 4 French gauge or less. Authors tested five sizes of catheters from 2 to 4 French, inclusive to determine the bursting and maximum safe flow rates with automatic injectors. This communication describes the maximum flow rates for various sizes and lenghts, as well as the feasibility of employing automatic injectors with microcatheters.", "contents": "Maximum flow rates for microcatheters. Microcatheters are defined as those with outer diameters of 4 French gauge or less. Authors tested five sizes of catheters from 2 to 4 French, inclusive to determine the bursting and maximum safe flow rates with automatic injectors. This communication describes the maximum flow rates for various sizes and lenghts, as well as the feasibility of employing automatic injectors with microcatheters.", "PMID": 841084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4409", "title": "A spacer/injector needle for 125I and other radioactive sources in permanent seed implants.", "content": "A spacer/injector needle for 125I and other radioactive sources is described. Exposure is minimized by speed, distance, and (in the case of 125I) the low energy of the source shielded within the needle. Afterloading can easily be performed using small trocars. A readily attached plunger gives the needle a syringe (injection) action, while a rapid seed loader reduces loading time as well as the number of needles required when loading is carried out in the operating room.", "contents": "A spacer/injector needle for 125I and other radioactive sources in permanent seed implants. A spacer/injector needle for 125I and other radioactive sources is described. Exposure is minimized by speed, distance, and (in the case of 125I) the low energy of the source shielded within the needle. Afterloading can easily be performed using small trocars. A readily attached plunger gives the needle a syringe (injection) action, while a rapid seed loader reduces loading time as well as the number of needles required when loading is carried out in the operating room.", "PMID": 841085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4410", "title": "Esophageal obstruction following administration of \"aged\" barium sulfate tablets--a warning.", "content": "Esophageal obstruction was encountered in 2 patients following the adminstration of a barium sulfate tablet. The tablets did not disintegrate for over three hours. They had been stored in the radiology department for at least three years. In vitro tests showed that the old tablets did not disintegrate for three hours while fresh tablets disintegrated within 30 minutes.", "contents": "Esophageal obstruction following administration of \"aged\" barium sulfate tablets--a warning. Esophageal obstruction was encountered in 2 patients following the adminstration of a barium sulfate tablet. The tablets did not disintegrate for over three hours. They had been stored in the radiology department for at least three years. In vitro tests showed that the old tablets did not disintegrate for three hours while fresh tablets disintegrated within 30 minutes.", "PMID": 841086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4411", "title": "Influence of endoscopic manipulation and patient position on cholangiographic interpretation in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.", "content": "The authors describe the influence of patient position and distorting forces during endoscopy on endoscopic retrograde cholangiography. For accurate diagnosis, radiographs must be taken after withdrawal of the endoscope and rotation of the patient to the supine position.", "contents": "Influence of endoscopic manipulation and patient position on cholangiographic interpretation in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. The authors describe the influence of patient position and distorting forces during endoscopy on endoscopic retrograde cholangiography. For accurate diagnosis, radiographs must be taken after withdrawal of the endoscope and rotation of the patient to the supine position.", "PMID": 841087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4412", "title": "A rapid, simple method of delivering 1:10,000 epinephrine.", "content": "A rapid, simple method of delivering intravenous epinephrine 1:10,000 during anaphylaxis is described. It is injected through a disposable syringe needle designed for intracardiac injection, which is coupled to a butterfly needle and its tubing.", "contents": "A rapid, simple method of delivering 1:10,000 epinephrine. A rapid, simple method of delivering intravenous epinephrine 1:10,000 during anaphylaxis is described. It is injected through a disposable syringe needle designed for intracardiac injection, which is coupled to a butterfly needle and its tubing.", "PMID": 841088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4413", "title": "Reuse of disposable catheters and guide wires.", "content": "Recent government directives and manufacturers' warnings have strongly cautioned against reuse of angiographic catheters and guide wires following cleaning and sterilization. Though it is theoretically possible that complications might result from reuse, actual documentation is lacking. Complete sterility can be achieved by standard procedures even when the devices are intentionally infected. Survey data indicate no increased incidence of mechanical malfunction when these devices are reused.", "contents": "Reuse of disposable catheters and guide wires. Recent government directives and manufacturers' warnings have strongly cautioned against reuse of angiographic catheters and guide wires following cleaning and sterilization. Though it is theoretically possible that complications might result from reuse, actual documentation is lacking. Complete sterility can be achieved by standard procedures even when the devices are intentionally infected. Survey data indicate no increased incidence of mechanical malfunction when these devices are reused.", "PMID": 841092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4414", "title": "Criteria of the silhouette sign.", "content": "The silhouette sign is a reliable sign, distinguishing anterior lung lesions from posterior or lower lung lesions. This paper has shown that the mechanism by which this occurs is not based on anatomical contact between intrathoracic structures, but on principles governing radiographic contrast, and the perception of that contrast.", "contents": "Criteria of the silhouette sign. The silhouette sign is a reliable sign, distinguishing anterior lung lesions from posterior or lower lung lesions. This paper has shown that the mechanism by which this occurs is not based on anatomical contact between intrathoracic structures, but on principles governing radiographic contrast, and the perception of that contrast.", "PMID": 841093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4415", "title": "Major thoracic dehiscence: radiographic considerations.", "content": "Postoperative major thoracic dehiscence is an uncommon but potentially fatal complication which is sometimes difficult to detect clinically. Radiography may provide the initial clue to this abnormality. The wire sutures of sternotomy incisions may break, rotate, or become displaced. Disruption of posterolateral incisions is manifested by an increase in the distance between adjacent ribs. Air-fluid collections may be visible in the soft tissues of the chest wall.", "contents": "Major thoracic dehiscence: radiographic considerations. Postoperative major thoracic dehiscence is an uncommon but potentially fatal complication which is sometimes difficult to detect clinically. Radiography may provide the initial clue to this abnormality. The wire sutures of sternotomy incisions may break, rotate, or become displaced. Disruption of posterolateral incisions is manifested by an increase in the distance between adjacent ribs. Air-fluid collections may be visible in the soft tissues of the chest wall.", "PMID": 841094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4416", "title": "Intrapericardial diaphragmatic hernia.", "content": "Hernias involving the pericardial cavity are rare. The author describes such a case involving an 85-year-old man who was asymptomatic except for right-upper-quadrant pain. The radiological appearance consisted of loops of bowel lying beside the heart.", "contents": "Intrapericardial diaphragmatic hernia. Hernias involving the pericardial cavity are rare. The author describes such a case involving an 85-year-old man who was asymptomatic except for right-upper-quadrant pain. The radiological appearance consisted of loops of bowel lying beside the heart.", "PMID": 841095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4417", "title": "Effect of high concentrations of non-steroidal and steroidal antiinflammatory drugs on prostaglandin-induced contractions of the guinea-pig isolated ileum.", "content": "In addition to their well-known effect at low concentrations on prostaglandin synthesis or their release and production, 11 non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs and 4 antiinflammatory steroids exhibit at high concentrations a direct antagonism on certain prostaglandin actions. This is demonstrated on PGE1- and PGF2alpha-induced contractions of guinea-pig isolated ileum when compared to acetylcholine-induced contractions. This inhibitory effect is totally reversible after washing out the drugs from the organ bath.", "contents": "Effect of high concentrations of non-steroidal and steroidal antiinflammatory drugs on prostaglandin-induced contractions of the guinea-pig isolated ileum. In addition to their well-known effect at low concentrations on prostaglandin synthesis or their release and production, 11 non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs and 4 antiinflammatory steroids exhibit at high concentrations a direct antagonism on certain prostaglandin actions. This is demonstrated on PGE1- and PGF2alpha-induced contractions of guinea-pig isolated ileum when compared to acetylcholine-induced contractions. This inhibitory effect is totally reversible after washing out the drugs from the organ bath.", "PMID": 841098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4418", "title": "The effect of 15 (R) 15 methyl prostaglandin E2 on gastric acid secretion in duodenal ulcer patients.", "content": "The effect of synthetic analogue 15 (R) 15 methyl PGE2 on basal and pentagastrin stimulated maximal acid output in 24 duodenal ulcer patients has been studied. The prostagoandin analogue in a single oral dose of 150 mug reduced both basal and maximum output. Basal acid output fell from a mean control value of 5.9 +/- 1.5 mEq/hr to 2.1 +/- 0.6 mEq/hr (p less than 0.05) and maximum acid output from 32.1 +/- 1.6 mEq/hr to 20.6 mEq/hr (p less than 0.001). The volume of gastric secretion did not alter significantly in the basal state but fell significantly in the maximally stimulated state after prostaglandin administration.", "contents": "The effect of 15 (R) 15 methyl prostaglandin E2 on gastric acid secretion in duodenal ulcer patients. The effect of synthetic analogue 15 (R) 15 methyl PGE2 on basal and pentagastrin stimulated maximal acid output in 24 duodenal ulcer patients has been studied. The prostagoandin analogue in a single oral dose of 150 mug reduced both basal and maximum output. Basal acid output fell from a mean control value of 5.9 +/- 1.5 mEq/hr to 2.1 +/- 0.6 mEq/hr (p less than 0.05) and maximum acid output from 32.1 +/- 1.6 mEq/hr to 20.6 mEq/hr (p less than 0.001). The volume of gastric secretion did not alter significantly in the basal state but fell significantly in the maximally stimulated state after prostaglandin administration.", "PMID": 841099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4419", "title": "Hydrocortisone and the release of prostaglandins from spleen.", "content": "An infusion of noradrenaline (1 mug/ml/min) released a PGE-like substance (PGEs) from superfused splenic strips of rabbits and from perfused cat spleen. The release of PGEs from rabbit splenic strips was not inhibited by the treatment of strips with hydrocortisone (40-150 mug/ml), but it was completely abolished in strips obtained from animals pretreated with hydrocortisone (1 mg/kg). The release of PGEs from the perfused cat spleen was reduced by hydrocortisone and abolished by indomethacin. It is concluded that the route of administration of hydrocortisone is essential for an appearance of its inhibitory effect on the PG release.", "contents": "Hydrocortisone and the release of prostaglandins from spleen. An infusion of noradrenaline (1 mug/ml/min) released a PGE-like substance (PGEs) from superfused splenic strips of rabbits and from perfused cat spleen. The release of PGEs from rabbit splenic strips was not inhibited by the treatment of strips with hydrocortisone (40-150 mug/ml), but it was completely abolished in strips obtained from animals pretreated with hydrocortisone (1 mg/kg). The release of PGEs from the perfused cat spleen was reduced by hydrocortisone and abolished by indomethacin. It is concluded that the route of administration of hydrocortisone is essential for an appearance of its inhibitory effect on the PG release.", "PMID": 841100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4420", "title": "Cardiac muscle: excitability and passive electrical properties.", "content": "The field of cellular cardiac electrophysiology has made excellent progress in the last decade in its effort to understand the electrical properties of the heart. It has profited from progress in membrane electrophysiology that has increased our understanding of the basic ionic mechanisms. It has developed quantitative methods for study of these mechanisms, in spite of the geometrical complexity of the heart. Indeed this complexity has added a richness and challenge to this area. We have shared with skeletal muscle the problem of electromechanical coupling. This review has discussed the present state of our knowledge of basic membrane mechanisms of importance in understanding normal and pathological function of heart muscle. It is intended to lay the groundwork for the following articles dealing with special aspects of cardiac electrophysiology. There is a continual interchange of ideas and concepts between applied and basic electrophysiology, and, as a result of this interchange, we can expect both areas to grow greatly in the coming years.", "contents": "Cardiac muscle: excitability and passive electrical properties. The field of cellular cardiac electrophysiology has made excellent progress in the last decade in its effort to understand the electrical properties of the heart. It has profited from progress in membrane electrophysiology that has increased our understanding of the basic ionic mechanisms. It has developed quantitative methods for study of these mechanisms, in spite of the geometrical complexity of the heart. Indeed this complexity has added a richness and challenge to this area. We have shared with skeletal muscle the problem of electromechanical coupling. This review has discussed the present state of our knowledge of basic membrane mechanisms of importance in understanding normal and pathological function of heart muscle. It is intended to lay the groundwork for the following articles dealing with special aspects of cardiac electrophysiology. There is a continual interchange of ideas and concepts between applied and basic electrophysiology, and, as a result of this interchange, we can expect both areas to grow greatly in the coming years.", "PMID": 841096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4421", "title": "Effect of oxygen and solute on PGE and PGF production by rat kidney slices.", "content": "Increasing oxygen from 5% to 95% resulted in an increases production of both PGE's and PGF's. The release of prostaglandins from slices of rat kidney cortex and outer and inner medulla was measured. Prostaglandin production was observed predominantly in the inner medulla, was close to the lower limit of detection in the outer medulla, and was undetectable in the cortex. Increasing oxygen concentration resulted in a threefold increase in inner medullary prostaglandin production. Synthesis at 95% O2 was less at 2100 mOsm than at 300 mOsm, while synthesis at 5% O2 was not affected by high solute concentration. The implications of these results with respect to kidney function are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of oxygen and solute on PGE and PGF production by rat kidney slices. Increasing oxygen from 5% to 95% resulted in an increases production of both PGE's and PGF's. The release of prostaglandins from slices of rat kidney cortex and outer and inner medulla was measured. Prostaglandin production was observed predominantly in the inner medulla, was close to the lower limit of detection in the outer medulla, and was undetectable in the cortex. Increasing oxygen concentration resulted in a threefold increase in inner medullary prostaglandin production. Synthesis at 95% O2 was less at 2100 mOsm than at 300 mOsm, while synthesis at 5% O2 was not affected by high solute concentration. The implications of these results with respect to kidney function are discussed.", "PMID": 841101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4422", "title": "Changes in systolic arterial blood pressure in normal and spontaneously hypertensive rats produced by acute administration of inhibitors of prostaglandin biosynthesis.", "content": "Six non-steroidal agents having the property of being able to inhibit prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis or action were tested for their ability to affect systolic blood pressure in unanesthetized normotensive (WKY) and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR). In WKY and pre-hypertensive young SHR, s.c. injection of indomethacin (1.0 mg/kg) had no significant effect on blood pressure measured 30 minutes after injection. In older SHR, indomethacin (15 mg/kg) caused a significant pressor response, while in age-matched WKY, this dose had no significant effect. Indomethacin also showed a pro-hypertensive action in 10-14, 23-38 and 23-27 week old SHR with doses of 1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg, respectively. Tiaramide (5 mg/kg), ETYA (5 mg/kg), tolmetin (25 mg/kg), and meclofanamate (15 mg/kg) caused a significant elevation of blood pressure in mature (7-8 month old) SHR. Age matched WKY showed no significant response to the same doses of these four agents. Fenoprofen (75 mg/kg) caused a significant elevation in pressure in 12-13 weeks old SHR which persisted for at least 2 hours. Tiaramide had no significant effect on pre-hypertensive SHR. The results are consistent with the concept that inhibition of prostaglandin in synthesis may result in a diminished turnover of anti-hypertensive prostaglandins in SHR which are being elaborated in response to the hypertensive state. In normal rats and pre-hypertensive SHR, inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis or function may not result in a hypertensive response since pro-hypertensive factors either are absent, or other antihypertensive substances may still predominate to help maintain normal blood pressure.", "contents": "Changes in systolic arterial blood pressure in normal and spontaneously hypertensive rats produced by acute administration of inhibitors of prostaglandin biosynthesis. Six non-steroidal agents having the property of being able to inhibit prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis or action were tested for their ability to affect systolic blood pressure in unanesthetized normotensive (WKY) and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR). In WKY and pre-hypertensive young SHR, s.c. injection of indomethacin (1.0 mg/kg) had no significant effect on blood pressure measured 30 minutes after injection. In older SHR, indomethacin (15 mg/kg) caused a significant pressor response, while in age-matched WKY, this dose had no significant effect. Indomethacin also showed a pro-hypertensive action in 10-14, 23-38 and 23-27 week old SHR with doses of 1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg, respectively. Tiaramide (5 mg/kg), ETYA (5 mg/kg), tolmetin (25 mg/kg), and meclofanamate (15 mg/kg) caused a significant elevation of blood pressure in mature (7-8 month old) SHR. Age matched WKY showed no significant response to the same doses of these four agents. Fenoprofen (75 mg/kg) caused a significant elevation in pressure in 12-13 weeks old SHR which persisted for at least 2 hours. Tiaramide had no significant effect on pre-hypertensive SHR. The results are consistent with the concept that inhibition of prostaglandin in synthesis may result in a diminished turnover of anti-hypertensive prostaglandins in SHR which are being elaborated in response to the hypertensive state. In normal rats and pre-hypertensive SHR, inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis or function may not result in a hypertensive response since pro-hypertensive factors either are absent, or other antihypertensive substances may still predominate to help maintain normal blood pressure.", "PMID": 841102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4423", "title": "Thromboxane B2 transformed from arachidonic acid in carrageenin-induced granuloma.", "content": "A main product (PI) transformed from arachidonic acid in carrageenin-induced granuloma in rats was structurally analysed. PI was converted to a more polar substance by the reduction with sodium borohydride. On the basis of the data on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, its structure was identified with the hemiacetal derivative of 8-(1-hydroxy-3-oxopropyl)-9,12-heptadecadienoic acid (Thromboxane B2).", "contents": "Thromboxane B2 transformed from arachidonic acid in carrageenin-induced granuloma. A main product (PI) transformed from arachidonic acid in carrageenin-induced granuloma in rats was structurally analysed. PI was converted to a more polar substance by the reduction with sodium borohydride. On the basis of the data on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, its structure was identified with the hemiacetal derivative of 8-(1-hydroxy-3-oxopropyl)-9,12-heptadecadienoic acid (Thromboxane B2).", "PMID": 841103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4424", "title": "The effect of prostaglandin E2 on the cardiovascular response to angiotensin II in pregnant rabbits.", "content": "The rise in arterial blood pressure in response to angiotensin II was studied in the last third of pregnancy in rabbits. The response was compared with that of pregnant rabbits during infusion of prostaglandin E2 and F2alpha. Prostaglandin E2 significantly diminished the rise in diastolic pressure in response to angiotensin II. Prostaglandin F2alpha did not alter the response. Intravenous indomethacin elevated the blood pressure and caused an absolute increase in the pressor response. It did not mediate a change in the percentage rise in blood pressure in response to angiotensin II.", "contents": "The effect of prostaglandin E2 on the cardiovascular response to angiotensin II in pregnant rabbits. The rise in arterial blood pressure in response to angiotensin II was studied in the last third of pregnancy in rabbits. The response was compared with that of pregnant rabbits during infusion of prostaglandin E2 and F2alpha. Prostaglandin E2 significantly diminished the rise in diastolic pressure in response to angiotensin II. Prostaglandin F2alpha did not alter the response. Intravenous indomethacin elevated the blood pressure and caused an absolute increase in the pressor response. It did not mediate a change in the percentage rise in blood pressure in response to angiotensin II.", "PMID": 841104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4425", "title": "Intramuscular prostaglandin (15S)-15-methyl PGF2alpha (THAM) in midtrimester abortion.", "content": "Elective termination of second trimester pregnancies in 63 patients by means of intramuscular prostaglandin (15S)-15-Methyl PGF2alpha (THAM) is reported. In 44 of 61 cases with a successful outcome the duration of pregnancy calculated from a last normal menstrual period was between 13 and 17 weeks. An overall success rate of 96.8 per cent was achieved; and this agent and method warrant further clinical evaluation.", "contents": "Intramuscular prostaglandin (15S)-15-methyl PGF2alpha (THAM) in midtrimester abortion. Elective termination of second trimester pregnancies in 63 patients by means of intramuscular prostaglandin (15S)-15-Methyl PGF2alpha (THAM) is reported. In 44 of 61 cases with a successful outcome the duration of pregnancy calculated from a last normal menstrual period was between 13 and 17 weeks. An overall success rate of 96.8 per cent was achieved; and this agent and method warrant further clinical evaluation.", "PMID": 841105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4426", "title": "Prostacyclin (PGX) is the endogenous metabolite responsible for relaxation of coronary arteries induced by arachindonic acid.", "content": "The actions of prostacyclin (PGX) and several other derivatives of arachidonic acid were examined on spiral-strips of bovine coronary artery. The strips were contracted by PGE2 and thromboxane A2. Although PGH2 usually cause a transient contraction followed by a relaxation, a few strips were only contracted whilst others were only relaxed. Prostacyclin invariably relaxed coronary artery strips. Sodium arachidonate usually relaxed the strips but occasionally had no effect. Indomethacin increased the resting tone and abolished or substantially reduced the relaxation induced by sodium arachidonate. 15-hydroperoxy arachidonic acid (15-HPAA), a specific inhibitor of prostacyclin synthetase, also increased the resting tone, abolished the effects of sodium arachidonate and the relaxation component of the PGH2 response, but did not greatly modify the relaxation induced by exogenous prostacyclin. These results strongly suggest that prostacyclin mediates the relaxation induced by arachidonic acid in bovine coronary artery strips. As PGH2 is avidly converted into prostacyclin by the vascular tissue of several species including man, prostacyclin is probably involved in the local regulation of the coronary vascular bed.", "contents": "Prostacyclin (PGX) is the endogenous metabolite responsible for relaxation of coronary arteries induced by arachindonic acid. The actions of prostacyclin (PGX) and several other derivatives of arachidonic acid were examined on spiral-strips of bovine coronary artery. The strips were contracted by PGE2 and thromboxane A2. Although PGH2 usually cause a transient contraction followed by a relaxation, a few strips were only contracted whilst others were only relaxed. Prostacyclin invariably relaxed coronary artery strips. Sodium arachidonate usually relaxed the strips but occasionally had no effect. Indomethacin increased the resting tone and abolished or substantially reduced the relaxation induced by sodium arachidonate. 15-hydroperoxy arachidonic acid (15-HPAA), a specific inhibitor of prostacyclin synthetase, also increased the resting tone, abolished the effects of sodium arachidonate and the relaxation component of the PGH2 response, but did not greatly modify the relaxation induced by exogenous prostacyclin. These results strongly suggest that prostacyclin mediates the relaxation induced by arachidonic acid in bovine coronary artery strips. As PGH2 is avidly converted into prostacyclin by the vascular tissue of several species including man, prostacyclin is probably involved in the local regulation of the coronary vascular bed.", "PMID": 841106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4427", "title": "Stimulation by prostaglandin F2alpha of acidic glycosaminoglycan production in cultured fibroblasts.", "content": "The effect of PGF2alpha on the synthesis of hexosamine-containing substances (acidic glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins) was studied in cultured fibroblasts derived from a rat carrageenin granuloma. Treatment with PGF2alpha ranging from 0.01 mug/ml to 20 mug/ml resulted in a significant increase of the production of these macromolecules by the cells. The stimulatory effect was found significant even at the low concentration of 10 ng/ml, and could be seen as early as 3h after exposure to PGF2alpha. The hexosamine-containing substances increased by PGF2alpha revealed that 80% of the increase was due to acidic glycosaminoglycans and the rest was due to glycoproteins.", "contents": "Stimulation by prostaglandin F2alpha of acidic glycosaminoglycan production in cultured fibroblasts. The effect of PGF2alpha on the synthesis of hexosamine-containing substances (acidic glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins) was studied in cultured fibroblasts derived from a rat carrageenin granuloma. Treatment with PGF2alpha ranging from 0.01 mug/ml to 20 mug/ml resulted in a significant increase of the production of these macromolecules by the cells. The stimulatory effect was found significant even at the low concentration of 10 ng/ml, and could be seen as early as 3h after exposure to PGF2alpha. The hexosamine-containing substances increased by PGF2alpha revealed that 80% of the increase was due to acidic glycosaminoglycans and the rest was due to glycoproteins.", "PMID": 841107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4428", "title": "Prostaglandin production by methylcholanthrene-transformed mouse BALB/3T3: effect of oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors.", "content": "Oligomycin, antimycin, and 2,4-dinitrophenol, compounds that are known to inhibit oxidative phosphorylation by different mechanisms, inhibit the production of prostaglandins by serum-stimulated MC5-5 cells. The prostaglandin production that is stimulated by thrombin and bradykinin is inhibited by 2,4-dinitrophenol. Prostaglandin synthesis by MC5-5 cells from exogeneously-supplied arachidonic acid, however, is not affected by 2,4-dinitrophenol. Antimycin and 2,4-dinitrophenol also inhibit the serum-stimulated release of arachidonic acid from the cellular lipids, suggesting that it is the expression of phospholipase activity, a prerequisite for synthesis of prostaglandins by MC5-5 cells, that is dependent on oxidative phosphorylation.", "contents": "Prostaglandin production by methylcholanthrene-transformed mouse BALB/3T3: effect of oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors. Oligomycin, antimycin, and 2,4-dinitrophenol, compounds that are known to inhibit oxidative phosphorylation by different mechanisms, inhibit the production of prostaglandins by serum-stimulated MC5-5 cells. The prostaglandin production that is stimulated by thrombin and bradykinin is inhibited by 2,4-dinitrophenol. Prostaglandin synthesis by MC5-5 cells from exogeneously-supplied arachidonic acid, however, is not affected by 2,4-dinitrophenol. Antimycin and 2,4-dinitrophenol also inhibit the serum-stimulated release of arachidonic acid from the cellular lipids, suggesting that it is the expression of phospholipase activity, a prerequisite for synthesis of prostaglandins by MC5-5 cells, that is dependent on oxidative phosphorylation.", "PMID": 841108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4429", "title": "Inhibition of lymphoma cell proliferation by supernatant from fibrosarcoma cultures: preliminary evidence that the inhibitory material is prostaglandin E.", "content": "Supernatants obtained from mouse fibrosarcoma cultures 48 hr after the addition of fresh medium contained dialyzable material which inhibited the proliferation of syngeneic lymphoma cells in vitro, as measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation. Three lines of evidence indicate that the supernatant inhibitory material is probably prostaglandin (PG) E. First, the supernatant and dialysis of the supernatant contained a substance with the same characteristics as PGE1 or PGE2 as detected by thin layer chromatography. Second, PGE2-treatment of lymphoma cells mimicked the inhibition of proliferation observed with supernatant inhibitory substance. Third, indomethacin, treatment of fibrosarcoma cultures reduced the amount of supernatant inhibitory substance present.", "contents": "Inhibition of lymphoma cell proliferation by supernatant from fibrosarcoma cultures: preliminary evidence that the inhibitory material is prostaglandin E. Supernatants obtained from mouse fibrosarcoma cultures 48 hr after the addition of fresh medium contained dialyzable material which inhibited the proliferation of syngeneic lymphoma cells in vitro, as measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation. Three lines of evidence indicate that the supernatant inhibitory material is probably prostaglandin (PG) E. First, the supernatant and dialysis of the supernatant contained a substance with the same characteristics as PGE1 or PGE2 as detected by thin layer chromatography. Second, PGE2-treatment of lymphoma cells mimicked the inhibition of proliferation observed with supernatant inhibitory substance. Third, indomethacin, treatment of fibrosarcoma cultures reduced the amount of supernatant inhibitory substance present.", "PMID": 841109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4430", "title": "Prostaglandins in chronic cholecystitis.", "content": "Prostaglandin-like material was extracted from the mucosa and muscle wall of chronically inflamed human gallbladders. Bioassays showed that \"synthesised\" levels were 3-5 times corresponding \"basal\" levels, indicating that both mucosa and muscle wall can synthesise PG-like substances, and that indomethacin (10 mug/ml) inhibited this synthesis. Mucosal PG levels were higher in gallbladders with multiple gallstones than with a solitary stone, and overall the mean PG level in mucosa was 12-13 times higher than in the muscle wall. Chromatography of mucosal extracts showed substances indistinguishable from primary PGE and F compounds together with a PGD2-like component. An attempt has been made to relate these findings to the degree of chronic inflammatory cell infiltration and to radiological visualisation at pre-operative cholecystography.", "contents": "Prostaglandins in chronic cholecystitis. Prostaglandin-like material was extracted from the mucosa and muscle wall of chronically inflamed human gallbladders. Bioassays showed that \"synthesised\" levels were 3-5 times corresponding \"basal\" levels, indicating that both mucosa and muscle wall can synthesise PG-like substances, and that indomethacin (10 mug/ml) inhibited this synthesis. Mucosal PG levels were higher in gallbladders with multiple gallstones than with a solitary stone, and overall the mean PG level in mucosa was 12-13 times higher than in the muscle wall. Chromatography of mucosal extracts showed substances indistinguishable from primary PGE and F compounds together with a PGD2-like component. An attempt has been made to relate these findings to the degree of chronic inflammatory cell infiltration and to radiological visualisation at pre-operative cholecystography.", "PMID": 841110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4431", "title": "[Recurrent branch of the anterior cerebral artery: a neuroanatomic study of the extracerebral segment (author's transl)].", "content": "The neuroanatomic study of the recurrent branch (a. of Heubner) of the anterior cerebral artery has been performed in 83 adult brains from northeasterner brazilians. In the consulted literature the recurrent artery is described as a branch of the precommunical segment of the anterior cerebral artery. Nevertheless, in this observation the results with regard to origin of the vessel were the following: 1) the Heubner artery was a branch of the postcommunical segment in 17 cases (20.8%) on the right side and in 21 cases (25.6%) on the opposite side; 2) the artery arose at the correspondent level to the rostral margin of the anterior commune left; 3) in 38 cases (45.3%) on the right side and 36 cases (44.2%) on the opposite side, the artery arose at the level between rostral and caudal borders of the anterior communicant; 4) only in 5 cases (6.1%) and in 6 cases (7.3%) to the right and to the left, respectively, the recurrent artery was a typical branch of the precommunical segment of the anterior cerebral artery. The author has observed two patterns with regard to the extracerebral course of the recurrent artery.", "contents": "[Recurrent branch of the anterior cerebral artery: a neuroanatomic study of the extracerebral segment (author's transl)]. The neuroanatomic study of the recurrent branch (a. of Heubner) of the anterior cerebral artery has been performed in 83 adult brains from northeasterner brazilians. In the consulted literature the recurrent artery is described as a branch of the precommunical segment of the anterior cerebral artery. Nevertheless, in this observation the results with regard to origin of the vessel were the following: 1) the Heubner artery was a branch of the postcommunical segment in 17 cases (20.8%) on the right side and in 21 cases (25.6%) on the opposite side; 2) the artery arose at the correspondent level to the rostral margin of the anterior commune left; 3) in 38 cases (45.3%) on the right side and 36 cases (44.2%) on the opposite side, the artery arose at the level between rostral and caudal borders of the anterior communicant; 4) only in 5 cases (6.1%) and in 6 cases (7.3%) to the right and to the left, respectively, the recurrent artery was a typical branch of the precommunical segment of the anterior cerebral artery. The author has observed two patterns with regard to the extracerebral course of the recurrent artery.", "PMID": 841116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4432", "title": "[Scanning with Au198 in experimental hepatic trauma (author's transl)].", "content": "Scintiscanning of the liver with Au198 was performed in 30 mongrel dogs. In 18 animals the scanning was performed after 3 different types of hepatic trauma: intraparenchymal hematoma, stab wound and lasceration of liver. In 12 days without hepatic trauma the scanning was performed with purpose to establish the pattern of the normal liver scan in the dog. Results indicate that scintiscanning of the liver is a good propaedeutic method in the evaluation of the presence and localization of traumatic hepatic lesion.", "contents": "[Scanning with Au198 in experimental hepatic trauma (author's transl)]. Scintiscanning of the liver with Au198 was performed in 30 mongrel dogs. In 18 animals the scanning was performed after 3 different types of hepatic trauma: intraparenchymal hematoma, stab wound and lasceration of liver. In 12 days without hepatic trauma the scanning was performed with purpose to establish the pattern of the normal liver scan in the dog. Results indicate that scintiscanning of the liver is a good propaedeutic method in the evaluation of the presence and localization of traumatic hepatic lesion.", "PMID": 841117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4433", "title": "[Centrolobular cholestasis: experimental study on the possible mechanism (author's transl)].", "content": "In the cholestatic condition of many different aetiologies a common pathologic picture is found. It is characterized by the presence of pigmented \"plugs\" and cytoplasmatic \"masses\" in the centrolobular region. Dubin has tried to interpret this on purely hydrostatic ground but this is not a very likely explanation. We tried to comprove this hypothesis studying the interference of a previous, or concomitant, centrolobular alteration in the distribution, morphology and intensity of cholestatic lesions: terminal choledochus ligatures were performed in animals intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride, a substance that damages predominantly the centrolobular region. In 6 dogs, terminal choledochus ligature was associated with carbon tetrachloride intoxication. A histological examination of the liver showed that the degree of centrolobular cholestasis was in the inverse ration of hepatocytic damage intensity. This fact does not conform with Dubin's hypothesis.", "contents": "[Centrolobular cholestasis: experimental study on the possible mechanism (author's transl)]. In the cholestatic condition of many different aetiologies a common pathologic picture is found. It is characterized by the presence of pigmented \"plugs\" and cytoplasmatic \"masses\" in the centrolobular region. Dubin has tried to interpret this on purely hydrostatic ground but this is not a very likely explanation. We tried to comprove this hypothesis studying the interference of a previous, or concomitant, centrolobular alteration in the distribution, morphology and intensity of cholestatic lesions: terminal choledochus ligatures were performed in animals intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride, a substance that damages predominantly the centrolobular region. In 6 dogs, terminal choledochus ligature was associated with carbon tetrachloride intoxication. A histological examination of the liver showed that the degree of centrolobular cholestasis was in the inverse ration of hepatocytic damage intensity. This fact does not conform with Dubin's hypothesis.", "PMID": 841118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4434", "title": "[Social consequences of intertrochanteric osteotomy in osteoarthritis of the hip (author's transl)].", "content": "Patients suffering from hip osteoarthritis mostly accompanied by long histories of pain, showed encouragingly positive attitudes towards their surgical intervention and hospitalisation, and were satisfied with the results of their operations. In the majority of cases post-surgical treatment was not intensive enough and lacked strict medical supervision. In some cases after-treatment was not administered at all. During medical treatment the patients had experienced the therapeutic value of living carefully, which resulted in the post-surgical use of walking aids and influenced the type of occupational activities and the use of leisure time and holidays. In most cases the rehabilitation phase after intertrochanteric osteotomy was no longer than expected. In comparison with the male, female patients generally had less chances of an optimal rehabilitation outcome owing to the household demands arising immediately after hospital discharge, far longer use of walking aids and less favourable transport situation. The author's optimistic expectations regarding rehabilitation results have not been fulfilled.", "contents": "[Social consequences of intertrochanteric osteotomy in osteoarthritis of the hip (author's transl)]. Patients suffering from hip osteoarthritis mostly accompanied by long histories of pain, showed encouragingly positive attitudes towards their surgical intervention and hospitalisation, and were satisfied with the results of their operations. In the majority of cases post-surgical treatment was not intensive enough and lacked strict medical supervision. In some cases after-treatment was not administered at all. During medical treatment the patients had experienced the therapeutic value of living carefully, which resulted in the post-surgical use of walking aids and influenced the type of occupational activities and the use of leisure time and holidays. In most cases the rehabilitation phase after intertrochanteric osteotomy was no longer than expected. In comparison with the male, female patients generally had less chances of an optimal rehabilitation outcome owing to the household demands arising immediately after hospital discharge, far longer use of walking aids and less favourable transport situation. The author's optimistic expectations regarding rehabilitation results have not been fulfilled.", "PMID": 841164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4435", "title": "[Studies on the socio-medical and psychological situation of persons suffering from osteogenesis imperfecta tarda (author's transl)].", "content": "A group of 22 patients suffering from osteogenesis imperfecta tarda were evaluated on their school and vocational education, sport activities as well as personality development with the help of follow-up studies, questionnaires or medical records. 21 patients had at least received elementary school education and had been average or good pupils. Five of six patients who had meanwhile reached adulthood had received higher education and vocational training. Owing to their disease five of six patients had to give up their original jobs or occupational plans. There was only one female patient who had received vocational guidance. Of ten children and six adults five and four respectively carried out sports in their leisure time. To improve the patients' situation it is immediately necessary that (1) the parents be informed of the nature of the disease as well as its heridity, and be advised how to handle these children; (2) the patients and their parents receive educational and vocational guidance.", "contents": "[Studies on the socio-medical and psychological situation of persons suffering from osteogenesis imperfecta tarda (author's transl)]. A group of 22 patients suffering from osteogenesis imperfecta tarda were evaluated on their school and vocational education, sport activities as well as personality development with the help of follow-up studies, questionnaires or medical records. 21 patients had at least received elementary school education and had been average or good pupils. Five of six patients who had meanwhile reached adulthood had received higher education and vocational training. Owing to their disease five of six patients had to give up their original jobs or occupational plans. There was only one female patient who had received vocational guidance. Of ten children and six adults five and four respectively carried out sports in their leisure time. To improve the patients' situation it is immediately necessary that (1) the parents be informed of the nature of the disease as well as its heridity, and be advised how to handle these children; (2) the patients and their parents receive educational and vocational guidance.", "PMID": 841165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4436", "title": "[Sociopsychological and sociological aspects of rehabilitation (author's transl)].", "content": "The concept of a social rehabilitation theory should not focus exclusively upon the one-dimensional aspect of restoring the ability to work, but also embrace the behaviour of the individual in all areas of life. The term rehabilitation as used in a modern highly industrialised society has to take into account the social change which has undergone the term \"disease\", and should respect scientific findings relating to nature and sociology. This would motivate the social environment of the rehabilitee to cooperative understanding and reduce the manifold conflict situations which the chronically ill encounter in the time following rehabilitation. A therapeutic approach towards social rehabilitation could be constitued by improved preparation of the rehabilitee for the post-rehabilitation time--i.e. therapeutic talks and group therapy designed to develop and stabilise behaviour patterns allowing for new and/or different work assignement, also on the premise of reduced possibilities of role functioning.--The diversified psycho-social problems call for increased psychotherapeutic and sociotherapeutic assistance during rehabilitation.", "contents": "[Sociopsychological and sociological aspects of rehabilitation (author's transl)]. The concept of a social rehabilitation theory should not focus exclusively upon the one-dimensional aspect of restoring the ability to work, but also embrace the behaviour of the individual in all areas of life. The term rehabilitation as used in a modern highly industrialised society has to take into account the social change which has undergone the term \"disease\", and should respect scientific findings relating to nature and sociology. This would motivate the social environment of the rehabilitee to cooperative understanding and reduce the manifold conflict situations which the chronically ill encounter in the time following rehabilitation. A therapeutic approach towards social rehabilitation could be constitued by improved preparation of the rehabilitee for the post-rehabilitation time--i.e. therapeutic talks and group therapy designed to develop and stabilise behaviour patterns allowing for new and/or different work assignement, also on the premise of reduced possibilities of role functioning.--The diversified psycho-social problems call for increased psychotherapeutic and sociotherapeutic assistance during rehabilitation.", "PMID": 841166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4437", "title": "[Data cross-cut and the field of rehabilitation medicine at a vocational re-training centre (author's transl)].", "content": "Identified and evaluated were a number of medical and sociological data, e.g. diagnosis, age, population of the place of residence, financially responsible agencies, on 1399 rehabilitees who were admitted to the Dortmund vocational re-training centre during the first five years of its operation (1971-1975). The primary diagnoses (highly identical with those indicative of vocational rehabilitation) and the overall diagnoses (primary and secondary diagnoses) were classified into disease groups according to the ICD and compared with the frequency distribution in the 1970 microcensus. Significance computations determined yearly deviations of the different data, i.e., a significantly steady increase in emotional disturbances. The classification of diseases and disabilities clearly shows the problem complex of adequate comprehensive therapy and medical care, and marks the role of medicine at a vocational re-training centre.", "contents": "[Data cross-cut and the field of rehabilitation medicine at a vocational re-training centre (author's transl)]. Identified and evaluated were a number of medical and sociological data, e.g. diagnosis, age, population of the place of residence, financially responsible agencies, on 1399 rehabilitees who were admitted to the Dortmund vocational re-training centre during the first five years of its operation (1971-1975). The primary diagnoses (highly identical with those indicative of vocational rehabilitation) and the overall diagnoses (primary and secondary diagnoses) were classified into disease groups according to the ICD and compared with the frequency distribution in the 1970 microcensus. Significance computations determined yearly deviations of the different data, i.e., a significantly steady increase in emotional disturbances. The classification of diseases and disabilities clearly shows the problem complex of adequate comprehensive therapy and medical care, and marks the role of medicine at a vocational re-training centre.", "PMID": 841167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4438", "title": "Anticonvulsant drug antagonism of delta9tetrahydrocannabinol-induced seizures in rabbits.", "content": "A population of New Zealand White rabbits exhibit behavioral convulsions when given low doses of psychoactive cannabinoids of marijuana. Carbamazepine, diazepam and phenytoin were most effective in blocking these convulsions caused by delta9tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9THC). Phenobarbital and ethosuximide also blocked convulsions but only at toxic doses. Cannabidiol was effective in blocking convulsions when given concurrently with, but not prior to delta9THC.", "contents": "Anticonvulsant drug antagonism of delta9tetrahydrocannabinol-induced seizures in rabbits. A population of New Zealand White rabbits exhibit behavioral convulsions when given low doses of psychoactive cannabinoids of marijuana. Carbamazepine, diazepam and phenytoin were most effective in blocking these convulsions caused by delta9tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9THC). Phenobarbital and ethosuximide also blocked convulsions but only at toxic doses. Cannabidiol was effective in blocking convulsions when given concurrently with, but not prior to delta9THC.", "PMID": 841172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4439", "title": "Trichloroethylene-induced deactivation of cytochrome P-450 and loss of liver glutathione in vivo.", "content": "Liver microsomal enzyme activities and glutathione (GSH) contents of fasted male rats pretreated with phenobarbital (PBT) or vehicle controls were measured during and after exposure to trichloroethylene (TRI) (1% x 2 hr). TRI caused morphologic liver injury only in the pbt animals. Cytochrome P-450 and b5 contents were diminished by the end of the first hr of TRI exposure and NADH-cytochrome c reduction increased three-fold by eight hr in the PBT animals. The only change in vehicle animals exposed to TRI was a decrease in NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity by eight hr. Hepatic GSH contents of vehicle animals, constant during TRI exposure, rose with time. In contrast, in PBT animals, hepatic GSH contents decreased during TRI exposure and then rebounded. Decreases in GSH were most profound in the microsomal fraction. When fed animals with approximately two-fold higher hepatic GSH levels than fasted animals were exposed to TRI, they had shorter anesthesia recovery times and less liver injury, although excreting similar or slightly more trichlorinated metabolite into their urine in 24 hr than their fasted counterparts. We suggest that the hepatoxic effects of trichloroethylene are caused by inadequate detoxification of its reactive intermediates.", "contents": "Trichloroethylene-induced deactivation of cytochrome P-450 and loss of liver glutathione in vivo. Liver microsomal enzyme activities and glutathione (GSH) contents of fasted male rats pretreated with phenobarbital (PBT) or vehicle controls were measured during and after exposure to trichloroethylene (TRI) (1% x 2 hr). TRI caused morphologic liver injury only in the pbt animals. Cytochrome P-450 and b5 contents were diminished by the end of the first hr of TRI exposure and NADH-cytochrome c reduction increased three-fold by eight hr in the PBT animals. The only change in vehicle animals exposed to TRI was a decrease in NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity by eight hr. Hepatic GSH contents of vehicle animals, constant during TRI exposure, rose with time. In contrast, in PBT animals, hepatic GSH contents decreased during TRI exposure and then rebounded. Decreases in GSH were most profound in the microsomal fraction. When fed animals with approximately two-fold higher hepatic GSH levels than fasted animals were exposed to TRI, they had shorter anesthesia recovery times and less liver injury, although excreting similar or slightly more trichlorinated metabolite into their urine in 24 hr than their fasted counterparts. We suggest that the hepatoxic effects of trichloroethylene are caused by inadequate detoxification of its reactive intermediates.", "PMID": 841173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4440", "title": "Identification of drugs, drug metabolites, and other compounds in urine by permethylation and gas-phase analysis.", "content": "A small aliquot of urine (50-200 mul) is evaporated to dryness, the residue permethylated with the methylsulfinylmethide carbanion and methyl iodide, and the product mixture separated and analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Certain drugs (especially the anticonvulsants), drug metabolites, mono-, di-, and trisaccharides, and organic acids, including fatty acids and glucuronides, can be identified in the mixture. The technique is probably useful mainly as a screening method for the detection of any of these types of compounds in urine.", "contents": "Identification of drugs, drug metabolites, and other compounds in urine by permethylation and gas-phase analysis. A small aliquot of urine (50-200 mul) is evaporated to dryness, the residue permethylated with the methylsulfinylmethide carbanion and methyl iodide, and the product mixture separated and analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Certain drugs (especially the anticonvulsants), drug metabolites, mono-, di-, and trisaccharides, and organic acids, including fatty acids and glucuronides, can be identified in the mixture. The technique is probably useful mainly as a screening method for the detection of any of these types of compounds in urine.", "PMID": 841174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4441", "title": "The effect of maternal alcohol consumption on the viability and visceral development of the newborn rat.", "content": "The clinical observations that offspring of pregnant alcoholics are prone to congenital defects and abnormal growth and development (fetal alcohol syndrome) have generated interest in studying this problem in a well-controlled experimental model. Accordingly, in this study, we assessed the effects of long-term maternal alcohol intake on offspring viability and growth as well as the DNA, total RNA, protein levels and DNA synthesis in brain, heart, liver, and kidney of 3-day-old newborn rats. Chronic oral intake of alcohol (mean 21 weeks plus 20 days of gestation) resulted in maternal blood alcohol levels of 67 to over 150 mg percent. There was a significant increase of newborn mortality (30%) and a decrease in their body weight at 3 days in alcohol-exposed compared to pair-fed (non-alcohol) control pups (p less than 0.025). Protein concentration was unchanged in heart, liver, and kidney and was slightly elevated in brain of 3-day-old pups exposed to ethanol in utero. DNA synthesis rates were normal in all four organs, while DNA concentration was significantly lower only in the liver of the alcohol-exposed group (p less than 0.05). In the alcohol group the total RNA levels were significantly depressed by about 10-30 percent (p less than 0.05) in all four organs studied. In conclusion, our studies suggest that prolonged maternal alcohol intake has an adverse effect on newborn rat viability and growth as well as the total RNA and to some extent DNA concentration of vital organs.", "contents": "The effect of maternal alcohol consumption on the viability and visceral development of the newborn rat. The clinical observations that offspring of pregnant alcoholics are prone to congenital defects and abnormal growth and development (fetal alcohol syndrome) have generated interest in studying this problem in a well-controlled experimental model. Accordingly, in this study, we assessed the effects of long-term maternal alcohol intake on offspring viability and growth as well as the DNA, total RNA, protein levels and DNA synthesis in brain, heart, liver, and kidney of 3-day-old newborn rats. Chronic oral intake of alcohol (mean 21 weeks plus 20 days of gestation) resulted in maternal blood alcohol levels of 67 to over 150 mg percent. There was a significant increase of newborn mortality (30%) and a decrease in their body weight at 3 days in alcohol-exposed compared to pair-fed (non-alcohol) control pups (p less than 0.025). Protein concentration was unchanged in heart, liver, and kidney and was slightly elevated in brain of 3-day-old pups exposed to ethanol in utero. DNA synthesis rates were normal in all four organs, while DNA concentration was significantly lower only in the liver of the alcohol-exposed group (p less than 0.05). In the alcohol group the total RNA levels were significantly depressed by about 10-30 percent (p less than 0.05) in all four organs studied. In conclusion, our studies suggest that prolonged maternal alcohol intake has an adverse effect on newborn rat viability and growth as well as the total RNA and to some extent DNA concentration of vital organs.", "PMID": 841175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4442", "title": "Paraquat toxicity and pulmonary superoxide dismutase: an enzymic deficiency of lung microsomes.", "content": "Paraquat stimulates the microsomal generation of superoxide radical, O2-, and hydrogen peroxide, H2O2. The detoxification of these two oxidants is accomplished by superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, respectively. SOD activity could not be detected in lung microsomes but was found in microsomes of both kidney and liver. This deficiency may be involved in the pulmonary specificity of paraquat.", "contents": "Paraquat toxicity and pulmonary superoxide dismutase: an enzymic deficiency of lung microsomes. Paraquat stimulates the microsomal generation of superoxide radical, O2-, and hydrogen peroxide, H2O2. The detoxification of these two oxidants is accomplished by superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, respectively. SOD activity could not be detected in lung microsomes but was found in microsomes of both kidney and liver. This deficiency may be involved in the pulmonary specificity of paraquat.", "PMID": 841176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4443", "title": "Enhancement of granulocyte phagocytosis by products of PPD stimulated human lymphocytes.", "content": "The effect of supernatant fluids from cultures of stimulated human lymphocytes on the phagocytic activity of human neutrophilic granulocytes was investigated. It was found that lymphocytes of tuberculin (PPD) positive donors after in vitro stimulation with PPD produced factors that significantly increased granulocyte phagocytosis of latex particles.", "contents": "Enhancement of granulocyte phagocytosis by products of PPD stimulated human lymphocytes. The effect of supernatant fluids from cultures of stimulated human lymphocytes on the phagocytic activity of human neutrophilic granulocytes was investigated. It was found that lymphocytes of tuberculin (PPD) positive donors after in vitro stimulation with PPD produced factors that significantly increased granulocyte phagocytosis of latex particles.", "PMID": 841178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4444", "title": "Anti leukemia activity (L1210) of 6-mercaptopurine and its metallo complexes in mice.", "content": "Six-mercaptopurine in the free form and complexed with Pt, Pd, or Bi metals was used at various dosage levels to treat L1210 leukemia in mice. Anticarcinogenic activity was shown by six-mercaptopurine and the Pd and Bi complexes, inactivity by the Pt complex, and toxicity by the highest dosage level of six-mercaptopurine.", "contents": "Anti leukemia activity (L1210) of 6-mercaptopurine and its metallo complexes in mice. Six-mercaptopurine in the free form and complexed with Pt, Pd, or Bi metals was used at various dosage levels to treat L1210 leukemia in mice. Anticarcinogenic activity was shown by six-mercaptopurine and the Pd and Bi complexes, inactivity by the Pt complex, and toxicity by the highest dosage level of six-mercaptopurine.", "PMID": 841179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4445", "title": "The effects of morphine on isolated cutaneous canine vascular smooth muscle.", "content": "In order to evaluate the direct effects of morphine sulfate (MS) on vascular smooth muscle (VSM), a helical strip preparation of canine cutaneous VSM was prepared from vessels of approximately 150 to 250 mug internal diameter. When evaluated at a variety of muscle lengths from 20% to 60% above unstretched length, in the absence and in the presence of norepinephrine (2 to 10x10(-4) mg/cc), MS (10(-3) to 10(-1) mg/cc) failed to produce any noticeable effect. Thus, the well-known arteriolar dilator effect of MS is not a direct effect of the drug on VSM and it is not secondary to blockade of vascular alpha-adrenergic receptors.", "contents": "The effects of morphine on isolated cutaneous canine vascular smooth muscle. In order to evaluate the direct effects of morphine sulfate (MS) on vascular smooth muscle (VSM), a helical strip preparation of canine cutaneous VSM was prepared from vessels of approximately 150 to 250 mug internal diameter. When evaluated at a variety of muscle lengths from 20% to 60% above unstretched length, in the absence and in the presence of norepinephrine (2 to 10x10(-4) mg/cc), MS (10(-3) to 10(-1) mg/cc) failed to produce any noticeable effect. Thus, the well-known arteriolar dilator effect of MS is not a direct effect of the drug on VSM and it is not secondary to blockade of vascular alpha-adrenergic receptors.", "PMID": 841180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4446", "title": "Vasopressin release in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.", "content": "Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH), release in response to hemorrhage was studied in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), Kyoto-Wistar rats (KWR), and Wistar rats (WR). The rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium and ADH concentration was measured before and after three successive hemorrhages at 15 min intervals. The blood samples for radioimmunoassay (RIA) of ADH were collected from the external jugular vein. The ADH release in response to hemorrhage was significantly reduced in debuffered WR (carotid and aortic baroceptors and atrioventricular receptors deafferented), intact KWR and intact SHR when compared to the intact WR.", "contents": "Vasopressin release in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH), release in response to hemorrhage was studied in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), Kyoto-Wistar rats (KWR), and Wistar rats (WR). The rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium and ADH concentration was measured before and after three successive hemorrhages at 15 min intervals. The blood samples for radioimmunoassay (RIA) of ADH were collected from the external jugular vein. The ADH release in response to hemorrhage was significantly reduced in debuffered WR (carotid and aortic baroceptors and atrioventricular receptors deafferented), intact KWR and intact SHR when compared to the intact WR.", "PMID": 841181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4447", "title": "In vitro uptake of 3-methoxytyramine by rat brain tissue slices.", "content": "The means by which the brain handles the dopamine (DA) metabolite, 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT), has not been characterized. This study has examined one aspect by utilizing tritiated 3-MT in synaptosomes from rat striatum and slices of both striatum and cerebellum. No accumulation of 3-MT could be demonstrated in synaptosomes but DA (0.1 muM) uptake was inhibited by 3-MT (IC50 = 1.3 X 10(-5)M). Studies in brain tissue slices showed: 1) 3-MT accumulation was greater than could be expected from diffusion at a high concentration (10 muM) of amine; 2) the accumulated amine was easily washed out of the tissue slice; 3) the uptake appeared to be saturable with high estimated values for Km and Vmax; and 4) agents, such as metanephrine, which inhibit peripheral extraneuronal amine uptake had similar effectiveness against 3-MT uptake. It was concluded that: 1) the mechanism for the accumulation of 3-MT is similar in structurally different areas of the brain; 2) 3-MT is accumulated by a mechanism which is not a part of the nerve terminal; and 3) 3-MT accumulation in the brain is similar to the extraneuronal accumulation of amines in the periphery.", "contents": "In vitro uptake of 3-methoxytyramine by rat brain tissue slices. The means by which the brain handles the dopamine (DA) metabolite, 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT), has not been characterized. This study has examined one aspect by utilizing tritiated 3-MT in synaptosomes from rat striatum and slices of both striatum and cerebellum. No accumulation of 3-MT could be demonstrated in synaptosomes but DA (0.1 muM) uptake was inhibited by 3-MT (IC50 = 1.3 X 10(-5)M). Studies in brain tissue slices showed: 1) 3-MT accumulation was greater than could be expected from diffusion at a high concentration (10 muM) of amine; 2) the accumulated amine was easily washed out of the tissue slice; 3) the uptake appeared to be saturable with high estimated values for Km and Vmax; and 4) agents, such as metanephrine, which inhibit peripheral extraneuronal amine uptake had similar effectiveness against 3-MT uptake. It was concluded that: 1) the mechanism for the accumulation of 3-MT is similar in structurally different areas of the brain; 2) 3-MT is accumulated by a mechanism which is not a part of the nerve terminal; and 3) 3-MT accumulation in the brain is similar to the extraneuronal accumulation of amines in the periphery.", "PMID": 841182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4448", "title": "The role of dog bladder mucosa in the N-oxidation of arylamines.", "content": "The in vitro metabolic N-oxidation of 1- and 1-napthylamine, 4-biphenylamine, 2-fluorenylamine and 3-dibenzolfuranylamine has been investigated with intact dog bladder, whole intact bladder mucosa and microsomes prepared from this tissue. Very low levels of metabolic N-oxidation of these carcinogenic amines were detected with these tissue preparations using ferrihemoglobin formation in dog erythrocytes. No N-oxidation by these tissue preparations was observed using gas-liquid chromatography. The concentrations of the N-oxidized metabolites observed in the urine of dogs in vivo exposed to thse amines suggests that N-oxidation takes place predominately in the liver and that the bladder plays, at most, a minor role in the formation of these presumed proximate urinary carcinogens.", "contents": "The role of dog bladder mucosa in the N-oxidation of arylamines. The in vitro metabolic N-oxidation of 1- and 1-napthylamine, 4-biphenylamine, 2-fluorenylamine and 3-dibenzolfuranylamine has been investigated with intact dog bladder, whole intact bladder mucosa and microsomes prepared from this tissue. Very low levels of metabolic N-oxidation of these carcinogenic amines were detected with these tissue preparations using ferrihemoglobin formation in dog erythrocytes. No N-oxidation by these tissue preparations was observed using gas-liquid chromatography. The concentrations of the N-oxidized metabolites observed in the urine of dogs in vivo exposed to thse amines suggests that N-oxidation takes place predominately in the liver and that the bladder plays, at most, a minor role in the formation of these presumed proximate urinary carcinogens.", "PMID": 841183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4449", "title": "Failure of ascrobic acid to inhibit the metabolic N-oxidation of the bladder carcingen 4-biphenylamine.", "content": "The effect of L-ascorbic acid on the in vivo metabolic N-oxidation of the bladder carcinogen 4-biphenylamine has been investigated in the dog. Gas chromatographic analysis of the urines of dogs receiving concomitant oral doses of L-ascorbic acid and 4-biphyenylamine showed no significant difference in the N-oxidized metabolites when compared to dogs receiving arylamine alone. The results indicate that pretreatment with large doses of L-ascorbic acid has no effect on the metabolic N-oxidation of 4-biphenylamine or on the urinary concentration of these metabolites. The failure of L-ascrobic acid to lower the urinary concentration of these presumed proximate urinary carcinogens casts doubt on its efficacy in bladder tumor prophylaxis.", "contents": "Failure of ascrobic acid to inhibit the metabolic N-oxidation of the bladder carcingen 4-biphenylamine. The effect of L-ascorbic acid on the in vivo metabolic N-oxidation of the bladder carcinogen 4-biphenylamine has been investigated in the dog. Gas chromatographic analysis of the urines of dogs receiving concomitant oral doses of L-ascorbic acid and 4-biphyenylamine showed no significant difference in the N-oxidized metabolites when compared to dogs receiving arylamine alone. The results indicate that pretreatment with large doses of L-ascorbic acid has no effect on the metabolic N-oxidation of 4-biphenylamine or on the urinary concentration of these metabolites. The failure of L-ascrobic acid to lower the urinary concentration of these presumed proximate urinary carcinogens casts doubt on its efficacy in bladder tumor prophylaxis.", "PMID": 841184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4450", "title": "Mechanisms of dissolution of nickel subsulfide in rat serum.", "content": "To elucidate the initial steps of carcinogenesis by nickel subsulfide, the mechanisms of dissolution of alpha-Ni3S2 were studied by incubating alpha-Ni3S2 dust in (a) water, (b) rat serum, and (c) rat serum ultrafiltrate. The sediments that remained following incubation of alpha-Ni3S2 in the 3 media for 2 weeks were examined by X-ray diffractometry. The rates of solubilization of 63Ni from alpha-63Ni3S2 during incubation in the 3 media were measured by liquid scintillation counting. These studies showed that solubilization of Ni(II) from alpha-Ni3S2 in rat serum requires the presence of O2 and involves three reactions: [I] 2 alpha-Ni3S2 + O2 + 2H2O leads to 4 beta-NiS + 2Ni(OH)2; [ii] beta-NiS + 202 leads to Ni2+ + SO4(2-); and [III] Ni2+ & Ni(OH)2 + serum ligands [albumin & amino acids] leads to soluble Ni(II)-complexes. The rate of solubilization of 63Ni from alpha-63Ni3S2 was initially more rapid in rat serum than in serum ultrafiltrate and much more rapid than in water. After 2 days of incubation the rates of dissolution of alpha-63Ni3S2 in the 3 media became progressively retarded, probably owing to deposition of insoluble surface coatings of beta-63Nis and 63Ni(OH)2 on the alpha-63Ni3S2 particles.", "contents": "Mechanisms of dissolution of nickel subsulfide in rat serum. To elucidate the initial steps of carcinogenesis by nickel subsulfide, the mechanisms of dissolution of alpha-Ni3S2 were studied by incubating alpha-Ni3S2 dust in (a) water, (b) rat serum, and (c) rat serum ultrafiltrate. The sediments that remained following incubation of alpha-Ni3S2 in the 3 media for 2 weeks were examined by X-ray diffractometry. The rates of solubilization of 63Ni from alpha-63Ni3S2 during incubation in the 3 media were measured by liquid scintillation counting. These studies showed that solubilization of Ni(II) from alpha-Ni3S2 in rat serum requires the presence of O2 and involves three reactions: [I] 2 alpha-Ni3S2 + O2 + 2H2O leads to 4 beta-NiS + 2Ni(OH)2; [ii] beta-NiS + 202 leads to Ni2+ + SO4(2-); and [III] Ni2+ & Ni(OH)2 + serum ligands [albumin & amino acids] leads to soluble Ni(II)-complexes. The rate of solubilization of 63Ni from alpha-63Ni3S2 was initially more rapid in rat serum than in serum ultrafiltrate and much more rapid than in water. After 2 days of incubation the rates of dissolution of alpha-63Ni3S2 in the 3 media became progressively retarded, probably owing to deposition of insoluble surface coatings of beta-63Nis and 63Ni(OH)2 on the alpha-63Ni3S2 particles.", "PMID": 841185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4451", "title": "Studies on the percutaneous absorption of 3H-aescin in pigs.", "content": "Percutaneous absorption of aescin was measured following application of an aqueous solution of tritiated sodium aescinate to the ventral skin of pigs. Following single or repeated application at various intervals, the concentration of total activity, non-volatile activity and aescin activity following TLC was determined in different organs, tissues, blood and urine. Very high concentrations of aescin were found in skin and muscular tissues underlying the application site. Only low values were measured in internal organs, blood, urine, skin and musculature from other parts of the body. The concentration of non-volatile activity in subcutis is 50-600 and in musculature 10-50 times higher than in blood. Only 0.5 - 1% is excreted in urine within 24 hours of administration. The calculated total elimination (bile + urine) may be 1 - 2.5% of the dose. Barely one half is excreted as native aescin, the rest as volatile activity and different metabolites.", "contents": "Studies on the percutaneous absorption of 3H-aescin in pigs. Percutaneous absorption of aescin was measured following application of an aqueous solution of tritiated sodium aescinate to the ventral skin of pigs. Following single or repeated application at various intervals, the concentration of total activity, non-volatile activity and aescin activity following TLC was determined in different organs, tissues, blood and urine. Very high concentrations of aescin were found in skin and muscular tissues underlying the application site. Only low values were measured in internal organs, blood, urine, skin and musculature from other parts of the body. The concentration of non-volatile activity in subcutis is 50-600 and in musculature 10-50 times higher than in blood. Only 0.5 - 1% is excreted in urine within 24 hours of administration. The calculated total elimination (bile + urine) may be 1 - 2.5% of the dose. Barely one half is excreted as native aescin, the rest as volatile activity and different metabolites.", "PMID": 841186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4452", "title": "[Macroscopic and micro-morphologic evaluation of viability in extracorporeal perfused pig livers (author's transl)].", "content": "Several biochemical reactions are used in evaluating viability of extracorporeal perfused livers. Simple and quick tests of organ function, however, are needed in therapeutic application in man. In 33 homologous porcine liver perfusions we found that accurate observation of the macroscopic aspect gave a good criterion of organ function. The combination with micro-morphologic findings, especially after perfusion with Indian ink, proved to be a reliable base for evaluating the functional state of the livers used.", "contents": "[Macroscopic and micro-morphologic evaluation of viability in extracorporeal perfused pig livers (author's transl)]. Several biochemical reactions are used in evaluating viability of extracorporeal perfused livers. Simple and quick tests of organ function, however, are needed in therapeutic application in man. In 33 homologous porcine liver perfusions we found that accurate observation of the macroscopic aspect gave a good criterion of organ function. The combination with micro-morphologic findings, especially after perfusion with Indian ink, proved to be a reliable base for evaluating the functional state of the livers used.", "PMID": 841187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4453", "title": "[The influence of extracellular calcium on volume, enzyme and calcium secretion in the isolated perfused canine pancreas (author's transl)].", "content": "1. The kinetics of Ca++ and enzyme secretion are of corresponding pattern as well at hydrokinetic as at ecbolic stimulation. 2. Physiological respectively pathophysiologically relevant changes of perfusate Ca++ concentrations do not influence pancreatic Ca++ secretion. Extracellular Ca++ concentrations beyond 12 mEq/1 initiate an enzyme independent Ca++ secretion. 3. Hydrokinetic or ecbolic stimulated pancreatic secretion do not distinguish in calcium/protein ratio. 4. Basal and stimulated enzyme secretion of isolated perfused canine pancreas remain unaffected by increments of extracellular Ca++ concentrations even at pharmacological values. 5. The stimulated enzyme- and Ca++ secretion remain constant during hypocalcemic perfusate conditions but decrease to basal values in Ca++ free media, rapidly and completely reversible by recalcification of the perfusate. 6. The secretin stimulated volume secretion remains unchanged either by extremely hypercalcemic or Ca++ depleted perfusate conditions.", "contents": "[The influence of extracellular calcium on volume, enzyme and calcium secretion in the isolated perfused canine pancreas (author's transl)]. 1. The kinetics of Ca++ and enzyme secretion are of corresponding pattern as well at hydrokinetic as at ecbolic stimulation. 2. Physiological respectively pathophysiologically relevant changes of perfusate Ca++ concentrations do not influence pancreatic Ca++ secretion. Extracellular Ca++ concentrations beyond 12 mEq/1 initiate an enzyme independent Ca++ secretion. 3. Hydrokinetic or ecbolic stimulated pancreatic secretion do not distinguish in calcium/protein ratio. 4. Basal and stimulated enzyme secretion of isolated perfused canine pancreas remain unaffected by increments of extracellular Ca++ concentrations even at pharmacological values. 5. The stimulated enzyme- and Ca++ secretion remain constant during hypocalcemic perfusate conditions but decrease to basal values in Ca++ free media, rapidly and completely reversible by recalcification of the perfusate. 6. The secretin stimulated volume secretion remains unchanged either by extremely hypercalcemic or Ca++ depleted perfusate conditions.", "PMID": 841188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4454", "title": "[The ultrastructure of the neointima of arterial prostheses made of lyophilized human dura. Long-term results in dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "Five arterial prostheses made of lyophilized human dura (LHD) were inserted into dogs and removed after 4, 5 1/2, 13, 43, and 46 months to be studied with the electron microscope. The neointima of all grafts consisted of pseudo-endothelial cells, fibrocytes, and collagen fibrils. Additionally, 43 and 46 months after implantation smooth muscle cells and elastic microfibrils were present. Thus, the composition of the neointima was substantially identical with that of the neointima of synthetic arterial grafts and collagen-fabric ones. The clinical application of arterial prostheses of LHD, however, seems at present too early because of degenerative changes in the walls of those grafts which remained nearly 4 years in the dogs.", "contents": "[The ultrastructure of the neointima of arterial prostheses made of lyophilized human dura. Long-term results in dogs (author's transl)]. Five arterial prostheses made of lyophilized human dura (LHD) were inserted into dogs and removed after 4, 5 1/2, 13, 43, and 46 months to be studied with the electron microscope. The neointima of all grafts consisted of pseudo-endothelial cells, fibrocytes, and collagen fibrils. Additionally, 43 and 46 months after implantation smooth muscle cells and elastic microfibrils were present. Thus, the composition of the neointima was substantially identical with that of the neointima of synthetic arterial grafts and collagen-fabric ones. The clinical application of arterial prostheses of LHD, however, seems at present too early because of degenerative changes in the walls of those grafts which remained nearly 4 years in the dogs.", "PMID": 841189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4455", "title": "[Exocrine pancreatic function in rats after treatment with cyclophosphamide (author's transl)].", "content": "After a 3- and 8 day administration of cyclophosphamide to rats an approximately dose-dependent decrease in the pancreatic secretion of protein and enzyme activities was demonstrable in vivo under exogenous stimulation with secretin and pancreozymin. The volume of secretion and the electrolyte outputs were found to be slightly lowered. An impairment in enzyme synthesis resulting from cyclophosphamide administration is suggested as the major cause of the observed changes in secretion.", "contents": "[Exocrine pancreatic function in rats after treatment with cyclophosphamide (author's transl)]. After a 3- and 8 day administration of cyclophosphamide to rats an approximately dose-dependent decrease in the pancreatic secretion of protein and enzyme activities was demonstrable in vivo under exogenous stimulation with secretin and pancreozymin. The volume of secretion and the electrolyte outputs were found to be slightly lowered. An impairment in enzyme synthesis resulting from cyclophosphamide administration is suggested as the major cause of the observed changes in secretion.", "PMID": 841190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4456", "title": "Experimental studies of neurotoxic activity in blood fractions from acute cases of grass sickness.", "content": "Plasma, serum and  cells were prepared from blood taken from acute cases of grass sickness, and plasma was fractionated by gel  filtration and salt precipatation. These preparations were all tested for neurotoxic activity by injection into ponies. Plasma and serum were found to produce the neurohistological changes seen in grass sickness, as was a plasma  protein fraction of molecular weight  30,000 or greater. Activity was retained following storage at--75 degrees C for 15 months. Plasma given orally to a pony produced no detectable effect, nor was activity demonstrated following the injection of plasma or the high molecular weight fraction to mice, rats, guinea-pigs or rabbits.", "contents": "Experimental studies of neurotoxic activity in blood fractions from acute cases of grass sickness. Plasma, serum and  cells were prepared from blood taken from acute cases of grass sickness, and plasma was fractionated by gel  filtration and salt precipatation. These preparations were all tested for neurotoxic activity by injection into ponies. Plasma and serum were found to produce the neurohistological changes seen in grass sickness, as was a plasma  protein fraction of molecular weight  30,000 or greater. Activity was retained following storage at--75 degrees C for 15 months. Plasma given orally to a pony produced no detectable effect, nor was activity demonstrated following the injection of plasma or the high molecular weight fraction to mice, rats, guinea-pigs or rabbits.", "PMID": 841191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4457", "title": "The effect of protein intake on the activities of liver specific enzymes in the plasma of dairy cows.", "content": "Activities of glutamic dehydrogenase (GLDH), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) and ornithine carbamyl transferase (OCT) were determined in tissues of six cattle after slaughter. The liver contained the highest activities of all three enzymes and the kidney cortex also contained high activities of GLDH and SDH. Activities of OCT were negligible in tissues other than liver. GLDH and OCT activities were determined in plasma of two groups of cows fed different levels of protein during the pre-calving period and up to 14 weeks post calving. In both groups activities of both enzymes increased after calving, reaching three to seven times pre-calving levels between seven and 17 weeks post calving and declining thereafter. Activities of both enzymes reached higher levels in the group fed protein to conform to the recommendations of the ARC (1965) than in the group fed 25 per cent below these recommendations. One--conventional--interpretation of this would be that higher intakes of proteins were associated with pathology of liver cells but other interpretations cannot be ruled out entirely.", "contents": "The effect of protein intake on the activities of liver specific enzymes in the plasma of dairy cows. Activities of glutamic dehydrogenase (GLDH), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) and ornithine carbamyl transferase (OCT) were determined in tissues of six cattle after slaughter. The liver contained the highest activities of all three enzymes and the kidney cortex also contained high activities of GLDH and SDH. Activities of OCT were negligible in tissues other than liver. GLDH and OCT activities were determined in plasma of two groups of cows fed different levels of protein during the pre-calving period and up to 14 weeks post calving. In both groups activities of both enzymes increased after calving, reaching three to seven times pre-calving levels between seven and 17 weeks post calving and declining thereafter. Activities of both enzymes reached higher levels in the group fed protein to conform to the recommendations of the ARC (1965) than in the group fed 25 per cent below these recommendations. One--conventional--interpretation of this would be that higher intakes of proteins were associated with pathology of liver cells but other interpretations cannot be ruled out entirely.", "PMID": 841192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4458", "title": "Experimental immunologic thrombocytopenia in dogs: a study of thrombocytopenia and megakaryocytopoiesis.", "content": "Immunologic thrombocytopenia was induced in dogs by intravenous or intraperitoneal injection of rabbit anti-canine platelet serum (APS) or by intraperitoneal injection of the IgG fraction of the APS. In contrast, dogs injected with normal rabbit serum (NRS) or the IgM fraction of  the APS did not develop thrombocytopenia. Marrow samples obtained at 24-96 h after inoculation of the IgG fraction contained megakaryocytes giving a positive reaction with flurescein isothiocyanate or horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit globulin. In contrast, negative results were obtained with megakaryocytes in marrow samples collected before injection of  the IgG fraction or after injection of  the IgM fraction or NRS. The attachment of anti-platelet antibody to the surface of megakaryocytes was associated with appearance of morphologic abnormalities, particularly in mature megakaryocytes. Simultaneously, the number of immature megakaryocytes and acetylcholine esterase (AChE)-positive small cells (presumably megakaryocyte precursors) increased considerably. These changes coincided with the development of thrombocytopenia, and subsided as recovery ensued.", "contents": "Experimental immunologic thrombocytopenia in dogs: a study of thrombocytopenia and megakaryocytopoiesis. Immunologic thrombocytopenia was induced in dogs by intravenous or intraperitoneal injection of rabbit anti-canine platelet serum (APS) or by intraperitoneal injection of the IgG fraction of the APS. In contrast, dogs injected with normal rabbit serum (NRS) or the IgM fraction of  the APS did not develop thrombocytopenia. Marrow samples obtained at 24-96 h after inoculation of the IgG fraction contained megakaryocytes giving a positive reaction with flurescein isothiocyanate or horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit globulin. In contrast, negative results were obtained with megakaryocytes in marrow samples collected before injection of  the IgG fraction or after injection of  the IgM fraction or NRS. The attachment of anti-platelet antibody to the surface of megakaryocytes was associated with appearance of morphologic abnormalities, particularly in mature megakaryocytes. Simultaneously, the number of immature megakaryocytes and acetylcholine esterase (AChE)-positive small cells (presumably megakaryocyte precursors) increased considerably. These changes coincided with the development of thrombocytopenia, and subsided as recovery ensued.", "PMID": 841193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4459", "title": "Removal of the lachrymal gland and ligation of the Harderian gland duct in the fowl (Gallus domesticus): procedures and sequelae.", "content": "Surgical methods are described for removal of the lachrymal gland and ligation of the Harderian gland duct in the fowl. Total or partial cystic degeneration of the Harderian gland and loss of immunoglobulins from lachrymal fluid was evident in three of six adult birds 10 weeks after operation. Functional deletion of these paraocular glands is thus feasible and can be used for investigations of local immunity of the oculonasal region.", "contents": "Removal of the lachrymal gland and ligation of the Harderian gland duct in the fowl (Gallus domesticus): procedures and sequelae. Surgical methods are described for removal of the lachrymal gland and ligation of the Harderian gland duct in the fowl. Total or partial cystic degeneration of the Harderian gland and loss of immunoglobulins from lachrymal fluid was evident in three of six adult birds 10 weeks after operation. Functional deletion of these paraocular glands is thus feasible and can be used for investigations of local immunity of the oculonasal region.", "PMID": 841194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4460", "title": "Gonadal dosage during hip dysplasia radiography in the dog.", "content": "Thermoluminescent dosemeters were used to estimate gonadal dosage during hip dysplasia radiography of labrador retriever dogs. The mean radiation dose to the unshielded testes was 100 millirad (mrad) and the estimated dose to the shielded testes was 9 mrad. It was considered unnecessary to shield the ovaries.", "contents": "Gonadal dosage during hip dysplasia radiography in the dog. Thermoluminescent dosemeters were used to estimate gonadal dosage during hip dysplasia radiography of labrador retriever dogs. The mean radiation dose to the unshielded testes was 100 millirad (mrad) and the estimated dose to the shielded testes was 9 mrad. It was considered unnecessary to shield the ovaries.", "PMID": 841195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4461", "title": "The influence of anaesthesia on the concentrations of progesterone and cortisol in peripheral blood plasma of sheep.", "content": "Levels of progesterone and cortisol were measured in the peripheral plasma of sheep subjected to barbiturate (sodium pentobarbitone) and gaseous (halothane) anaesthesia both alone and in combination. Significant increases were recorded inthe level of cortisol in all experiments and in the levels of progesterone in all experiments except that involving halothane alone. It was also found that the cortisol levels remained elevated for a greater period of time than those of progesterone.", "contents": "The influence of anaesthesia on the concentrations of progesterone and cortisol in peripheral blood plasma of sheep. Levels of progesterone and cortisol were measured in the peripheral plasma of sheep subjected to barbiturate (sodium pentobarbitone) and gaseous (halothane) anaesthesia both alone and in combination. Significant increases were recorded inthe level of cortisol in all experiments and in the levels of progesterone in all experiments except that involving halothane alone. It was also found that the cortisol levels remained elevated for a greater period of time than those of progesterone.", "PMID": 841196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4462", "title": "Serum and mucus antibodies in sheep immunised with larval antigens of Haemonchus contortus.", "content": "Inoculation of sheep with larval antigens in adjuvant stimulated a marked serum and mucus IgG antibody response. However no mucus IgA antibodies were stimulated and no protection against challenge infection was observed.", "contents": "Serum and mucus antibodies in sheep immunised with larval antigens of Haemonchus contortus. Inoculation of sheep with larval antigens in adjuvant stimulated a marked serum and mucus IgG antibody response. However no mucus IgA antibodies were stimulated and no protection against challenge infection was observed.", "PMID": 841197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4463", "title": "Serotypes of Pasteurella haemolytica in ovine pasteurellosis.", "content": "The serotypes of 406 strains of Pasteurella haemolytica were determined. These came from cases of pasteurellosis in sheep of all ages. Serotype A2 was the most frequent and comprised 33 per cent of all strains recovered. Serotypes T3, T4 and T10 comprised 16, 14 and 12 per cent of the total respectively. Serotypes A1 and A6 contributed 5 per cent each, A7, 18, A9, A11 and A12 a total of 8 per cent collectively, serotype A5 was not isolated at all while 6 per cent of strains were serologically untypable. More strains were received during September, October and November than at any other three-month period and in these months the T biotype predominated.", "contents": "Serotypes of Pasteurella haemolytica in ovine pasteurellosis. The serotypes of 406 strains of Pasteurella haemolytica were determined. These came from cases of pasteurellosis in sheep of all ages. Serotype A2 was the most frequent and comprised 33 per cent of all strains recovered. Serotypes T3, T4 and T10 comprised 16, 14 and 12 per cent of the total respectively. Serotypes A1 and A6 contributed 5 per cent each, A7, 18, A9, A11 and A12 a total of 8 per cent collectively, serotype A5 was not isolated at all while 6 per cent of strains were serologically untypable. More strains were received during September, October and November than at any other three-month period and in these months the T biotype predominated.", "PMID": 841198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4464", "title": "Ovine fascioliasis following reinfection.", "content": "Sheep were reinfected with matacercariae once. Half were treated with anthelmintic one week before reinfection. Compared with a primary infection, the reinfecting flukes in most seemed to migrate faster through the liver although in one treated sheep migration seemed to be longer and more destructive. Migrations extended into areas little affected by the primary infection thus producing more widespread fibrosis. Although a temporary retardation in fluke growth rate occurred, there was no reduction in the numbers of flukes recovered. Flukes killed by anthelmintic formed large granulomata.", "contents": "Ovine fascioliasis following reinfection. Sheep were reinfected with matacercariae once. Half were treated with anthelmintic one week before reinfection. Compared with a primary infection, the reinfecting flukes in most seemed to migrate faster through the liver although in one treated sheep migration seemed to be longer and more destructive. Migrations extended into areas little affected by the primary infection thus producing more widespread fibrosis. Although a temporary retardation in fluke growth rate occurred, there was no reduction in the numbers of flukes recovered. Flukes killed by anthelmintic formed large granulomata.", "PMID": 841199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4465", "title": "Sequential pathological changes in natural and experimental dermatophilosis in Bunaji cattle.", "content": "Differences in histopathological changes between experimentally and naturally induced dermatophilosis were slight; natural infections persisted longer as they tended to be complicated by other concurrent dermatoses. Sequential pathological changes in bovine dermatophilosis included congestion, dermal oedema and neutrophilic infiltration of dermal papilae and epidermis by the third day; degenerative changes of cells in the upper portion of the stratum spinosum and invasion of the keratinised layer and hair follicles by the filamentous forms of Dermatophilus congolensis by the fourth day; regenerative processes involving the basal cells and selective cellular destruction in the spinous layer and further hair follicle invasion by D congolensis by the ninth day; and proliferative changes characterised by parakeratosis, hyperkeratosis, acanthosis and dermal sclerosis by the 15th day. It is postulated that cattle with hair follicles parasitised by D congolensis are carriers and are responsible for perpetuation of bovine dermatophilosis from one season to the next.", "contents": "Sequential pathological changes in natural and experimental dermatophilosis in Bunaji cattle. Differences in histopathological changes between experimentally and naturally induced dermatophilosis were slight; natural infections persisted longer as they tended to be complicated by other concurrent dermatoses. Sequential pathological changes in bovine dermatophilosis included congestion, dermal oedema and neutrophilic infiltration of dermal papilae and epidermis by the third day; degenerative changes of cells in the upper portion of the stratum spinosum and invasion of the keratinised layer and hair follicles by the filamentous forms of Dermatophilus congolensis by the fourth day; regenerative processes involving the basal cells and selective cellular destruction in the spinous layer and further hair follicle invasion by D congolensis by the ninth day; and proliferative changes characterised by parakeratosis, hyperkeratosis, acanthosis and dermal sclerosis by the 15th day. It is postulated that cattle with hair follicles parasitised by D congolensis are carriers and are responsible for perpetuation of bovine dermatophilosis from one season to the next.", "PMID": 841200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4466", "title": "Dynamics of serum immunoglobulin concentrations in sheep during pregnancy and lactation.", "content": "Monospecific antisera were used to measure the serum IgM1, IgG2 and IgM concentrations in pregnant an d non-pregnant ewes, rams and lambs over a period of eight months. The decrease of IgG1 and IgM concentrations which took place in ewes' serum at lambing was followed by a long and slow recovery phase (five to six months) during and after lactation, while no significant changes occurred in IgG2 concentrations. Serum immunoglobulin concentrations measured in a similar group of non-pregnant ewes throughout the same period showed no seasonal influence. Lambs' sera at three days after birth contained all three immunoglobulin classes and subclasses measured. There was no evidence of IgG2 deficiency. No sex differences were observed in immunoglobulin concentrations in lambs of all ages. Significant negative correlations were found between growth rate from six to 12 weeks and the IgG1 and IgG2 concentrations at 14 weeks.", "contents": "Dynamics of serum immunoglobulin concentrations in sheep during pregnancy and lactation. Monospecific antisera were used to measure the serum IgM1, IgG2 and IgM concentrations in pregnant an d non-pregnant ewes, rams and lambs over a period of eight months. The decrease of IgG1 and IgM concentrations which took place in ewes' serum at lambing was followed by a long and slow recovery phase (five to six months) during and after lactation, while no significant changes occurred in IgG2 concentrations. Serum immunoglobulin concentrations measured in a similar group of non-pregnant ewes throughout the same period showed no seasonal influence. Lambs' sera at three days after birth contained all three immunoglobulin classes and subclasses measured. There was no evidence of IgG2 deficiency. No sex differences were observed in immunoglobulin concentrations in lambs of all ages. Significant negative correlations were found between growth rate from six to 12 weeks and the IgG1 and IgG2 concentrations at 14 weeks.", "PMID": 841201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4467", "title": "Experimental fowl typhoid in chicks impaired immunologically by treatment with cyclophosphamide.", "content": "Male chicks were injected intramuscularly with 6 mg of cyclophosphamide daily for three consecutive days, the initial dose being given on the day of hatching. This treatment impaired bursal development and lymphopoiesis and no circulating antibodies appeared after such chicks were injected with Salmonella gallinarum antigens at 19 and again at 26 days of age. In impaired chicks which were infected orally when 15 days old with S gallinarum the level of mortality was essentially the same as that in unimpaired animals. Impairment did not affect the lower mortality that accompanies feeding with a nutritionally adequate diet containing meat meal as the sole protein supplement in comparison with fish meal as the supplement. An anaemia was present in chicks examined seven days after infection. This anaemia was microcytic to a degree that either exceeded or approached statistical significance. As antibody-mediated hypersensitivity reactions involving the erythrocytes were absent in  the impaired chicks, the anaemia must have differed in pathogenesis from the macrocytic anaemia of immunopathological orgin reported by others in adult females with acute fowl typhoid. A disturbance of iron metabolism could have accounted for the anaemia in the diseased chicks.", "contents": "Experimental fowl typhoid in chicks impaired immunologically by treatment with cyclophosphamide. Male chicks were injected intramuscularly with 6 mg of cyclophosphamide daily for three consecutive days, the initial dose being given on the day of hatching. This treatment impaired bursal development and lymphopoiesis and no circulating antibodies appeared after such chicks were injected with Salmonella gallinarum antigens at 19 and again at 26 days of age. In impaired chicks which were infected orally when 15 days old with S gallinarum the level of mortality was essentially the same as that in unimpaired animals. Impairment did not affect the lower mortality that accompanies feeding with a nutritionally adequate diet containing meat meal as the sole protein supplement in comparison with fish meal as the supplement. An anaemia was present in chicks examined seven days after infection. This anaemia was microcytic to a degree that either exceeded or approached statistical significance. As antibody-mediated hypersensitivity reactions involving the erythrocytes were absent in  the impaired chicks, the anaemia must have differed in pathogenesis from the macrocytic anaemia of immunopathological orgin reported by others in adult females with acute fowl typhoid. A disturbance of iron metabolism could have accounted for the anaemia in the diseased chicks.", "PMID": 841202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4468", "title": "Uterine activty and plasma progesterone levels in pregnant goats.", "content": "Uterine activity was recorded during the last few weeks of pregnacy in goats, and related to changes in plasma progesterone concentration. In six of the 14 pregnancies, there was little activity until immediately pre-partum, but the remainder showed a progressive increase in uterine motility, particularly during the last seven days of pregnancy. There was a significant correlation between increased uterine activity and decline of peripheral plasma progesterone levels.", "contents": "Uterine activty and plasma progesterone levels in pregnant goats. Uterine activity was recorded during the last few weeks of pregnacy in goats, and related to changes in plasma progesterone concentration. In six of the 14 pregnancies, there was little activity until immediately pre-partum, but the remainder showed a progressive increase in uterine motility, particularly during the last seven days of pregnancy. There was a significant correlation between increased uterine activity and decline of peripheral plasma progesterone levels.", "PMID": 841203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4469", "title": "Histological and histochemical studies of fetal skin follicles in Border disease of sheep.", "content": "The structure of the epidermis and dermis, and the distribution of reticulin, glycogen, lipid and sulphydryl groups in the skin have been examined in control and Border disease affected sheep fetuses at 95 and 115 days' gestation. In Border disease, there was a temporary retardation of development of the epidermis and skin follicles at 95 days. There was no  difference in the structure of the dermis between control and experimental fetuses at either age. No evidence was found to suggest that the keratogenous process was abnormal in Border disease, but the sulphydryl zone of the primary fibres of affected fetuses was situated nearer the skin surface than in control fetuses. This may have been a consequence of the larger size of primary follices in Border disease. Glycogen present in the undifferentiated epidermis of both groups at 95 days' gestation was absent from the stratified squamous epithelium of the 115 days's fetuses. Glycogen and lipid droplets were present in the outer root sheath of primary follicles of all fetuses examined, but their significance is unknown.", "contents": "Histological and histochemical studies of fetal skin follicles in Border disease of sheep. The structure of the epidermis and dermis, and the distribution of reticulin, glycogen, lipid and sulphydryl groups in the skin have been examined in control and Border disease affected sheep fetuses at 95 and 115 days' gestation. In Border disease, there was a temporary retardation of development of the epidermis and skin follicles at 95 days. There was no  difference in the structure of the dermis between control and experimental fetuses at either age. No evidence was found to suggest that the keratogenous process was abnormal in Border disease, but the sulphydryl zone of the primary fibres of affected fetuses was situated nearer the skin surface than in control fetuses. This may have been a consequence of the larger size of primary follices in Border disease. Glycogen present in the undifferentiated epidermis of both groups at 95 days' gestation was absent from the stratified squamous epithelium of the 115 days's fetuses. Glycogen and lipid droplets were present in the outer root sheath of primary follicles of all fetuses examined, but their significance is unknown.", "PMID": 841204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4470", "title": "Epidemiological studies on gastro-intestinal nematode parasites of sheep: the seasonal number of generations and succession of species.", "content": "Monthly post mortem worm counts were carried out from June to September on grazing lambs, in association with faecal egg counts and pasture larval counts. Similar patterns were recorded by all three methods, and egg counts proved to be a reliable reflection of worm burden over this period. A succession of species was recorded, in particular Ostertagia spp and Nematodirus spp in June; Haemonchus contortus in July; Trichostrogylus virinus in August; T axei, T colubriformis and Cooperia curticei in September. A new explanation for this succession is given, based on the overwintering capabilities and freeliving development time of individual species.", "contents": "Epidemiological studies on gastro-intestinal nematode parasites of sheep: the seasonal number of generations and succession of species. Monthly post mortem worm counts were carried out from June to September on grazing lambs, in association with faecal egg counts and pasture larval counts. Similar patterns were recorded by all three methods, and egg counts proved to be a reliable reflection of worm burden over this period. A succession of species was recorded, in particular Ostertagia spp and Nematodirus spp in June; Haemonchus contortus in July; Trichostrogylus virinus in August; T axei, T colubriformis and Cooperia curticei in September. A new explanation for this succession is given, based on the overwintering capabilities and freeliving development time of individual species.", "PMID": 841205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4471", "title": "Effects of concurrent drug therapy and of feeding on plasma chloramphenicol levels after oral administration of chloramphenicol in dogs.", "content": "On separate occasions, five fasted adult greyhounds were dosed orally with 50 mg chloramphenicol/kg, both alone and in conjunction with other drugs. The same five dogs were later given 50 mg chloramphenicol/kg when fed ad lib. Chloramphenicol levels in plasma were determined at intervals after dosing. The intial plasma chloramphenicol levels were higher when the drug was administered concurrently with calcium lactate tablets (50 mg/kg) or a proprietary enteric mixture containing kaolin, pectin, aluminium hydroxide and belladonna extract. Lower plasma levels resulted when the antibiotic was given with dry extract of belladonna (20 mg/dog) or intravenous chlorpromazine (2 mg/kg). There was no significant effect with coated ferrous gluconate tablets (30 mg/kg). Feeding ad lib increased the initial chloramphenicol levels, but produced lower levels subsequently.", "contents": "Effects of concurrent drug therapy and of feeding on plasma chloramphenicol levels after oral administration of chloramphenicol in dogs. On separate occasions, five fasted adult greyhounds were dosed orally with 50 mg chloramphenicol/kg, both alone and in conjunction with other drugs. The same five dogs were later given 50 mg chloramphenicol/kg when fed ad lib. Chloramphenicol levels in plasma were determined at intervals after dosing. The intial plasma chloramphenicol levels were higher when the drug was administered concurrently with calcium lactate tablets (50 mg/kg) or a proprietary enteric mixture containing kaolin, pectin, aluminium hydroxide and belladonna extract. Lower plasma levels resulted when the antibiotic was given with dry extract of belladonna (20 mg/dog) or intravenous chlorpromazine (2 mg/kg). There was no significant effect with coated ferrous gluconate tablets (30 mg/kg). Feeding ad lib increased the initial chloramphenicol levels, but produced lower levels subsequently.", "PMID": 841206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4472", "title": "Granulomas of the testis and excurrent ducts following vasoligation in the fowl (Gallus domesticus).", "content": "Ten adult 18-month-old male fowls were vasoligated unilaterally just anterior to the cloaca via an incision made between the base of the tail and the cloacal orifice. Two birds each were killed at two weeks and four weeks post-ligation, and the remaining six birds at 12 weeks post-ligation. Forty per cent of the birds showed severe reactions in the ipsilateral testis, epididymal region and ductus deferens. The remaining birds showed slight gross changes and near normal histology. The contralateral organs in all birds were normal both macroscopically and microscopically.", "contents": "Granulomas of the testis and excurrent ducts following vasoligation in the fowl (Gallus domesticus). Ten adult 18-month-old male fowls were vasoligated unilaterally just anterior to the cloaca via an incision made between the base of the tail and the cloacal orifice. Two birds each were killed at two weeks and four weeks post-ligation, and the remaining six birds at 12 weeks post-ligation. Forty per cent of the birds showed severe reactions in the ipsilateral testis, epididymal region and ductus deferens. The remaining birds showed slight gross changes and near normal histology. The contralateral organs in all birds were normal both macroscopically and microscopically.", "PMID": 841207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4473", "title": "Spinal mobility in the dog. A study in chondrodystrophoid and non--chondrodystrophoid animals.", "content": "Spinal mobility in chondrodystrophoid and nonchondrodystrophoid animal has been studied radiographically. Movement at the lumbo-sacral articulation is approximately three times greater than at other levels in the lumbar spine. The L7-L6 articulation is the second most mobile level. Movement at other lumbar segments is approximately equal. The range of motion is closely similar for both skeletal types which suggests that this factor alone is not of crucial importance in the aetiology of intervertebral disc disorder in chondrodystrophoid animals.", "contents": "Spinal mobility in the dog. A study in chondrodystrophoid and non--chondrodystrophoid animals. Spinal mobility in chondrodystrophoid and nonchondrodystrophoid animal has been studied radiographically. Movement at the lumbo-sacral articulation is approximately three times greater than at other levels in the lumbar spine. The L7-L6 articulation is the second most mobile level. Movement at other lumbar segments is approximately equal. The range of motion is closely similar for both skeletal types which suggests that this factor alone is not of crucial importance in the aetiology of intervertebral disc disorder in chondrodystrophoid animals.", "PMID": 841208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4474", "title": "[The diagnosis of soft tissue alterations of the knee by means of xeroradiography (author's transl)].", "content": "Xeroradiography is a useful screening-method for the evaluation of soft tissue alterations in the region of the poplitea. It proves that recognition of Baker's cysts, aneurysms, and even tumours is possible due to morphological criteria which allow for differentiation to a degree. The conformation of a lesion by means of arthrography or angiography is not to be dispensed with, but xeroradiography permits the objective demonstration of a clinically uncertain alteration. This method has demonstrated its usefulness especially for the rheumatologist in the evaluation of Baker's cysts.", "contents": "[The diagnosis of soft tissue alterations of the knee by means of xeroradiography (author's transl)]. Xeroradiography is a useful screening-method for the evaluation of soft tissue alterations in the region of the poplitea. It proves that recognition of Baker's cysts, aneurysms, and even tumours is possible due to morphological criteria which allow for differentiation to a degree. The conformation of a lesion by means of arthrography or angiography is not to be dispensed with, but xeroradiography permits the objective demonstration of a clinically uncertain alteration. This method has demonstrated its usefulness especially for the rheumatologist in the evaluation of Baker's cysts.", "PMID": 841237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4475", "title": "[Diagnostic problems in a patient with progressive sclerodermia (author's transl)].", "content": "3 characteristic problems of progressive sclerodermia are discussed on the basis of one case: 1. The differential diagnosis of stenosis of the esophagus due either to the disease or to carcinoma, 2. in the presence of a round focus in a lung, the question of its connection with pulmonary fibrosis or bronchial carcinoma, 3. in rapidly increasing interstitial marking the distinction between increasing fibrosis of interstitial superimposed edema.", "contents": "[Diagnostic problems in a patient with progressive sclerodermia (author's transl)]. 3 characteristic problems of progressive sclerodermia are discussed on the basis of one case: 1. The differential diagnosis of stenosis of the esophagus due either to the disease or to carcinoma, 2. in the presence of a round focus in a lung, the question of its connection with pulmonary fibrosis or bronchial carcinoma, 3. in rapidly increasing interstitial marking the distinction between increasing fibrosis of interstitial superimposed edema.", "PMID": 841236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4476", "title": "[Investigations of xerographic pictures in tomography (author's transl)].", "content": "Tomograms of a variety of test-objects and of a Alderson phantom skull are compared for their differences between film- and xero-tomograms. Xerography provides tomography with the advantage of correcting the typical loss of contrast and sharpness by an increase at the margins. The disadvantages is that the sharper contours also appear on the blurring figures which renders them more noticeable. The high irradiation-dosage of Xerotomography so far prevents its clinical use in a wilder field.", "contents": "[Investigations of xerographic pictures in tomography (author's transl)]. Tomograms of a variety of test-objects and of a Alderson phantom skull are compared for their differences between film- and xero-tomograms. Xerography provides tomography with the advantage of correcting the typical loss of contrast and sharpness by an increase at the margins. The disadvantages is that the sharper contours also appear on the blurring figures which renders them more noticeable. The high irradiation-dosage of Xerotomography so far prevents its clinical use in a wilder field.", "PMID": 841238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4477", "title": "[X-ray technique and congenital dislocation of hips (author's transl)].", "content": "Positioning, Fixation techniques and x-ray protection with methods accessible for every practising radiologist, are discussed on the example of roentgendiagnosis of congenital dislocation of hips (CDH) in young infants. Established radiologic criteria to diagnose CDH are mentioned and their dependence from correct radiologic techniques are stressed. Pitfalls arising from incorrect fixation and positioning of the infant are discussed.", "contents": "[X-ray technique and congenital dislocation of hips (author's transl)]. Positioning, Fixation techniques and x-ray protection with methods accessible for every practising radiologist, are discussed on the example of roentgendiagnosis of congenital dislocation of hips (CDH) in young infants. Established radiologic criteria to diagnose CDH are mentioned and their dependence from correct radiologic techniques are stressed. Pitfalls arising from incorrect fixation and positioning of the infant are discussed.", "PMID": 841239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4478", "title": "[Clinical and diagnostic problems of the adolescence hip-joint (author's transl)].", "content": "The most important hip-joint diseases of the adolescence are discussed with their differential-diagnosis by means of clinical symptoms, characteristics in x-rays and other additional findings. Beside inflammatory and infectious diseases symptoms and treatment of the juvenile slipped epiphysis of the upper femoral end are discussed particularly.", "contents": "[Clinical and diagnostic problems of the adolescence hip-joint (author's transl)]. The most important hip-joint diseases of the adolescence are discussed with their differential-diagnosis by means of clinical symptoms, characteristics in x-rays and other additional findings. Beside inflammatory and infectious diseases symptoms and treatment of the juvenile slipped epiphysis of the upper femoral end are discussed particularly.", "PMID": 841240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4479", "title": "[Radiographic examinations of the colon -- results of 2400 double contrast enemas (author's transl)].", "content": "A technique for the double contrast method was described which was used in our radiology institute on 2400 patients. It takes into account economic factors (amount of film used) as well as the lowest possible radiation exposure (mean screening time: 6.4 minutes). Typical lesions from malignant processes in the colon were illustrated. Today, radiographic examination of the colon should be conducted only with the double contrast method. This rule need not be followed in acute cases, e.g., an ileus produced by a tumor. The examining techniques must be adapted to the individual case. Today, the single contrast technique should be used only in such special cases.", "contents": "[Radiographic examinations of the colon -- results of 2400 double contrast enemas (author's transl)]. A technique for the double contrast method was described which was used in our radiology institute on 2400 patients. It takes into account economic factors (amount of film used) as well as the lowest possible radiation exposure (mean screening time: 6.4 minutes). Typical lesions from malignant processes in the colon were illustrated. Today, radiographic examination of the colon should be conducted only with the double contrast method. This rule need not be followed in acute cases, e.g., an ileus produced by a tumor. The examining techniques must be adapted to the individual case. Today, the single contrast technique should be used only in such special cases.", "PMID": 841241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4480", "title": "[Critical evaluation of the possibilities for using xeroradiography in serial arteriography of the extremities (author's transl)].", "content": "The use of xeroradiography and of low concentrate contrast medium in 55 extremity arteriographs were reported. The advantages and disadvantages of the technique were discussed.", "contents": "[Critical evaluation of the possibilities for using xeroradiography in serial arteriography of the extremities (author's transl)]. The use of xeroradiography and of low concentrate contrast medium in 55 extremity arteriographs were reported. The advantages and disadvantages of the technique were discussed.", "PMID": 841242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4481", "title": "[Rare late complications following thorotrast arteriographs (author's transl)].", "content": "Hematemesis in a thorotrastosis patient with severe liver dystrophy led to a tentative diagnosis of portal hypertension. The possibility of portal hypertension was eliminated via angiography. The cause of the hematoemesis was multiple bleeding stomach ulcers. In spite of severe damage to the liver parenchyma, portal hypertension with thorotrastosis does not usually occur. This has been confirmed in the literature and by histologic investigations. In second thorotrastosis patient, the cause of pain and swelling was a sterile abscess formation in the area of the thorotrastoma.", "contents": "[Rare late complications following thorotrast arteriographs (author's transl)]. Hematemesis in a thorotrastosis patient with severe liver dystrophy led to a tentative diagnosis of portal hypertension. The possibility of portal hypertension was eliminated via angiography. The cause of the hematoemesis was multiple bleeding stomach ulcers. In spite of severe damage to the liver parenchyma, portal hypertension with thorotrastosis does not usually occur. This has been confirmed in the literature and by histologic investigations. In second thorotrastosis patient, the cause of pain and swelling was a sterile abscess formation in the area of the thorotrastoma.", "PMID": 841243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4482", "title": "[More safety in catheter cerebral angiography (author's transl)].", "content": "Hazards and difficulties of catheter carotid and vertebral angiography are reported. Our experience is based on 257 persons who had undergone 338 carotid and 33 vertebral arteriographies. In 31 patients, bilateral carotid as well as aortic arch and abdominal aortic, iliac and lower limb arteriography were carried out in one session. Our material consists of consecutive cases. The characteristics of the \"sidewinder-technique\" are emphasized. Several safety measures considered necessary during the examination are described.", "contents": "[More safety in catheter cerebral angiography (author's transl)]. Hazards and difficulties of catheter carotid and vertebral angiography are reported. Our experience is based on 257 persons who had undergone 338 carotid and 33 vertebral arteriographies. In 31 patients, bilateral carotid as well as aortic arch and abdominal aortic, iliac and lower limb arteriography were carried out in one session. Our material consists of consecutive cases. The characteristics of the \"sidewinder-technique\" are emphasized. Several safety measures considered necessary during the examination are described.", "PMID": 841244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4483", "title": "[The effects of mechanical disturbances caused by additional body section roentgenographic equipment on the tomogram (author's transl)].", "content": "Attention was called to the false images which can appear if additional body section roentgenographic equipment is improperly operated. In practice, the alterations on the tomogram, however, are usually so slight that they are barely noticeable and, for this reason, the disturbances can be overlooked. Additional body section roentgenographic equipment should, therefore, be constructed in such a way that operational errors are basically impossible.", "contents": "[The effects of mechanical disturbances caused by additional body section roentgenographic equipment on the tomogram (author's transl)]. Attention was called to the false images which can appear if additional body section roentgenographic equipment is improperly operated. In practice, the alterations on the tomogram, however, are usually so slight that they are barely noticeable and, for this reason, the disturbances can be overlooked. Additional body section roentgenographic equipment should, therefore, be constructed in such a way that operational errors are basically impossible.", "PMID": 841245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4484", "title": "[Exposure doses of the patient and the medical staff during urological x-ray examens (author's transl)].", "content": "During 32 intravenous urografies and 48 angiografies of the kidney and the suprarenal glands the x-ray doses at the patient's skin and gonades were determined. During the angiografies the doses were measured at the hands, the gonades and the front (eyes) of the medical staff. The results are discusses. Because the x-ray doses are realtively high, the number of the pictures and the exposure time is to be reduced to the minimum. Clinical experience (sufficient training) and special knowledge is the best x-ray protection.", "contents": "[Exposure doses of the patient and the medical staff during urological x-ray examens (author's transl)]. During 32 intravenous urografies and 48 angiografies of the kidney and the suprarenal glands the x-ray doses at the patient's skin and gonades were determined. During the angiografies the doses were measured at the hands, the gonades and the front (eyes) of the medical staff. The results are discusses. Because the x-ray doses are realtively high, the number of the pictures and the exposure time is to be reduced to the minimum. Clinical experience (sufficient training) and special knowledge is the best x-ray protection.", "PMID": 841246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4485", "title": "[Double contrast examination of the colon with glucagon. Method and results].", "content": "A standardized clinical technique for double contrast examination of the colon was presented. The focussing and examining technique as well as problems involved with the preparation of and carrying out of this method were discussed in detail. The examining technique and the  results of the hypotonic double contrast examination of the colon with glucagon were discussed and the results of 125 double contrast studies of the colon were given in a table.", "contents": "[Double contrast examination of the colon with glucagon. Method and results]. A standardized clinical technique for double contrast examination of the colon was presented. The focussing and examining technique as well as problems involved with the preparation of and carrying out of this method were discussed in detail. The examining technique and the  results of the hypotonic double contrast examination of the colon with glucagon were discussed and the results of 125 double contrast studies of the colon were given in a table.", "PMID": 841247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4486", "title": "Value of systolic time intervals in the estimation of heart failure secondary to acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Serial measurements of left ventricular systolic time intervals (STI) were carried out in 44 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the first 5 days after onset, by indirect methods. The patients with heart failure showed significant decreases of ejection time (ET) (p less than 0.001) and of the ejection time index (p less than 0.005) and increases of Wiessler's ratio (PEP/ET) (p less than 0.001). The pre-ejection period (PEP), the isovolumetric contraction time and the total electromechanical systole were unsignificantly changed. Ejection time was shorter than 250 msec in the patients with acute pulmonary edema or congestive heart failure, in most of the patients with flutter or atrial fibrillation and in 16 of the 17 patients who died. Ejection time may have a prognostic significance and may be useful in the early detection of heart failure in AMI. The changes of STI after administration of lanatosid C show the positive inotropic effect of this drug in patients with AMI.", "contents": "Value of systolic time intervals in the estimation of heart failure secondary to acute myocardial infarction. Serial measurements of left ventricular systolic time intervals (STI) were carried out in 44 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the first 5 days after onset, by indirect methods. The patients with heart failure showed significant decreases of ejection time (ET) (p less than 0.001) and of the ejection time index (p less than 0.005) and increases of Wiessler's ratio (PEP/ET) (p less than 0.001). The pre-ejection period (PEP), the isovolumetric contraction time and the total electromechanical systole were unsignificantly changed. Ejection time was shorter than 250 msec in the patients with acute pulmonary edema or congestive heart failure, in most of the patients with flutter or atrial fibrillation and in 16 of the 17 patients who died. Ejection time may have a prognostic significance and may be useful in the early detection of heart failure in AMI. The changes of STI after administration of lanatosid C show the positive inotropic effect of this drug in patients with AMI.", "PMID": 841249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4487", "title": "The effect of intravenous potassium canrenoate in patients with severe heart failure and digitalis toxicity.", "content": "In 16 patients with critical condition due to severe heart failure associated with digitalis toxicity, the effects of potassium canrenoate (AldactoneR) administered intravenously were studied. Rhythm and conduction disturbances disappeared or improved in all instances. This effect was well correlated with an increase of serum potassium concentration. In 13 patients, after 1-2 days of Aldactone therapy, heart failure improved, which could be explained by a diuretic effect and by a possible inotropic action of aldactone. It is concluded that intravenous Aldactone is useful in patients with severe heart failure and digitalis toxicity in whom diuretics are often ineffective and even dangerous.", "contents": "The effect of intravenous potassium canrenoate in patients with severe heart failure and digitalis toxicity. In 16 patients with critical condition due to severe heart failure associated with digitalis toxicity, the effects of potassium canrenoate (AldactoneR) administered intravenously were studied. Rhythm and conduction disturbances disappeared or improved in all instances. This effect was well correlated with an increase of serum potassium concentration. In 13 patients, after 1-2 days of Aldactone therapy, heart failure improved, which could be explained by a diuretic effect and by a possible inotropic action of aldactone. It is concluded that intravenous Aldactone is useful in patients with severe heart failure and digitalis toxicity in whom diuretics are often ineffective and even dangerous.", "PMID": 841250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4488", "title": "Study of the incidence and prevalence of children bronchial asthma in a Romanian town.", "content": "The incidence of bronchial asthma was investigated in a population of 4,486 schoolchildren aged 6 to 14 years from R\u00eemnicu V\u00eelcea, a Romanian town in the meridional sub-Carpathian zone of the country. The incidence of \"probable asthma\" was found to be 2.45% and that of confirmed asthma 1.62%. These percentages are among the highest ever encountered in Romania, in both children and adults. A family history of atopy was observed in 42.3% of the children and of asthma in 28.7%. Such big figures have never been found in adults in Romania.", "contents": "Study of the incidence and prevalence of children bronchial asthma in a Romanian town. The incidence of bronchial asthma was investigated in a population of 4,486 schoolchildren aged 6 to 14 years from R\u00eemnicu V\u00eelcea, a Romanian town in the meridional sub-Carpathian zone of the country. The incidence of \"probable asthma\" was found to be 2.45% and that of confirmed asthma 1.62%. These percentages are among the highest ever encountered in Romania, in both children and adults. A family history of atopy was observed in 42.3% of the children and of asthma in 28.7%. Such big figures have never been found in adults in Romania.", "PMID": 841251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4489", "title": "Hypoxemia in chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema.", "content": "The measurement of arterial blood oxygen tension (PaO2) in 54 patients with chronic nonspecific lung disease with a FEV1.0 of 1.51 or less, in a stable clinical state, at rest, indicated subnormal results to be more frequent among \"bronchitics\" (79 per cent with hypoxemia) than than among \"emphysematous\" patients (63 per cent with hypoxemia). The patients were classified according to a mixed clinical-roentgenologic-biological \"score\" (Nash et al., 1965). A significant correlation was found between PaO2 and the \"emphysema score\" (r=0.36; p less than 0.01). The average PaO2 was significantly (p less than 0.02) lower in \"bronchitics\" (65.5 +/- 8.8 mmHg; n = 14) as compared to the \"emphysema\" group (71.8 +/- 5.7; n = 19), in agreement with the data of the literature.", "contents": "Hypoxemia in chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema. The measurement of arterial blood oxygen tension (PaO2) in 54 patients with chronic nonspecific lung disease with a FEV1.0 of 1.51 or less, in a stable clinical state, at rest, indicated subnormal results to be more frequent among \"bronchitics\" (79 per cent with hypoxemia) than than among \"emphysematous\" patients (63 per cent with hypoxemia). The patients were classified according to a mixed clinical-roentgenologic-biological \"score\" (Nash et al., 1965). A significant correlation was found between PaO2 and the \"emphysema score\" (r=0.36; p less than 0.01). The average PaO2 was significantly (p less than 0.02) lower in \"bronchitics\" (65.5 +/- 8.8 mmHg; n = 14) as compared to the \"emphysema\" group (71.8 +/- 5.7; n = 19), in agreement with the data of the literature.", "PMID": 841252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4490", "title": "Relationships between lymphography and the histologic nodal and splenic types in Hodgkin's disease. Considerations on clinical evolution.", "content": "Trying to establish the eventual interrelations of the initial histologic nodal type and the splenic one, the general lymphographic picture, the histologic nodal type and spleen involvement, lymphographic and histologic examinations were carried out in 151 patients with Hodgkin's disease. Lympographies were performed in 139 cases, and splenectomy (followed by splenic, hepatic and abdominal lymph node biopsies) in 32. Lymphocyte depletion was found in 72.7% of the patients with lymph node obstruction diagnosed lymphographically. Splenic involvement was more frequent in cases with pathologic lymphographic picture and histologic aspects of lymphocyte predominance or nodular sclerosis. In patients with initial nodal histologic types of nodular sclerosis or lymphocyte depletion, the splenic histopathologic types were the same, but they got more severe in cases with lymphocyte predominance or mixed cellularity. Splenic biopsy might be unconclusive after protracted cytostatic treatment or splenic X-ray therapy. In the authors' opinion, early routine splenectomy is rather more advisable than differentiated splenectomy.", "contents": "Relationships between lymphography and the histologic nodal and splenic types in Hodgkin's disease. Considerations on clinical evolution. Trying to establish the eventual interrelations of the initial histologic nodal type and the splenic one, the general lymphographic picture, the histologic nodal type and spleen involvement, lymphographic and histologic examinations were carried out in 151 patients with Hodgkin's disease. Lympographies were performed in 139 cases, and splenectomy (followed by splenic, hepatic and abdominal lymph node biopsies) in 32. Lymphocyte depletion was found in 72.7% of the patients with lymph node obstruction diagnosed lymphographically. Splenic involvement was more frequent in cases with pathologic lymphographic picture and histologic aspects of lymphocyte predominance or nodular sclerosis. In patients with initial nodal histologic types of nodular sclerosis or lymphocyte depletion, the splenic histopathologic types were the same, but they got more severe in cases with lymphocyte predominance or mixed cellularity. Splenic biopsy might be unconclusive after protracted cytostatic treatment or splenic X-ray therapy. In the authors' opinion, early routine splenectomy is rather more advisable than differentiated splenectomy.", "PMID": 841253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4491", "title": "Lymphocyte lysosomal acid phosphatase in patients with carcinoma of the larynx.", "content": "The activity of lysosomal acid phosphatase in the peripheral blood lymphocytes was determined by using the method of Barka and Anderson in 20 men with carcinoma of the larynx, untreated. The results were compared with those in 20 healthy subjects. In the patients a statistically significant decrease of the lymphocyte count exhibiting enzyme-positive lysosomal granules was noted but the number of the lymphocytes with granular and diffuse or only diffuse type of cytochemical reaction was significantly increased. The lack of significant differences in the total lymphocyte count between patients and controls suggests the possibility of lysosome disruption and subsequent release of enzymes into the cytoplasm in the patients studied. The anomalies of the enzyme-positive lymphocyte lysosomal equipment are discussed in the light of the data on immunologic alterations in cancer patients, and of those suggesting that acid phosphatase may serve as marker of T cells.", "contents": "Lymphocyte lysosomal acid phosphatase in patients with carcinoma of the larynx. The activity of lysosomal acid phosphatase in the peripheral blood lymphocytes was determined by using the method of Barka and Anderson in 20 men with carcinoma of the larynx, untreated. The results were compared with those in 20 healthy subjects. In the patients a statistically significant decrease of the lymphocyte count exhibiting enzyme-positive lysosomal granules was noted but the number of the lymphocytes with granular and diffuse or only diffuse type of cytochemical reaction was significantly increased. The lack of significant differences in the total lymphocyte count between patients and controls suggests the possibility of lysosome disruption and subsequent release of enzymes into the cytoplasm in the patients studied. The anomalies of the enzyme-positive lymphocyte lysosomal equipment are discussed in the light of the data on immunologic alterations in cancer patients, and of those suggesting that acid phosphatase may serve as marker of T cells.", "PMID": 841255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4492", "title": "Sickle-cell disease. Two cases in a Romanian family.", "content": "Hemoglobin S is rarely found in Caucasians, especially in its homozygous expression. The authors report two cases of homozygotes for Hb S diagnosed in a Romanian family. Ten subjects were investigated, belonging to three generations of the same family, and the following results were obtained: two cases of homozygotes for Hb S; five cases of heterozygotes; three normal subjects. One of the two subjects homozygous for Hb S, a girl aged six, had a severe clinical evolution, typical for homozygous drepanocytosis. The second case, a sister of the first aged two, had a less severe evolution, without splenomegaly and thrombotic accidents. The heterozygote subjects showed no clinical symptoms. The two cases of homozygous Hb S reported are the first cases of sickle-cell disease described in Romania.", "contents": "Sickle-cell disease. Two cases in a Romanian family. Hemoglobin S is rarely found in Caucasians, especially in its homozygous expression. The authors report two cases of homozygotes for Hb S diagnosed in a Romanian family. Ten subjects were investigated, belonging to three generations of the same family, and the following results were obtained: two cases of homozygotes for Hb S; five cases of heterozygotes; three normal subjects. One of the two subjects homozygous for Hb S, a girl aged six, had a severe clinical evolution, typical for homozygous drepanocytosis. The second case, a sister of the first aged two, had a less severe evolution, without splenomegaly and thrombotic accidents. The heterozygote subjects showed no clinical symptoms. The two cases of homozygous Hb S reported are the first cases of sickle-cell disease described in Romania.", "PMID": 841254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4493", "title": "Radioisotope investigations in some hemolytic disorders of children.", "content": "Ferrokinetics and life-span of erythrocytes were investigated with 59Fe and 51Cr respectively, in 15 children with thalassemia major, aged between 18 months and 15 years (five of which had been splenectomized), and in 8 children with hereditary spherocytosis aged between 12 and 14 years. In all cases studied with 59Fe there was low tracer incorporation in erythrocytes, but no correlation of this parameter to the amount of Hb F. The use of radioisotopes in studies of hemolytic disorders of children is stressed, primarily when splenectomy is considered. Investigation of ferrokinetics in thalassemic children is useful for monitoring advanced stages of the disease.", "contents": "Radioisotope investigations in some hemolytic disorders of children. Ferrokinetics and life-span of erythrocytes were investigated with 59Fe and 51Cr respectively, in 15 children with thalassemia major, aged between 18 months and 15 years (five of which had been splenectomized), and in 8 children with hereditary spherocytosis aged between 12 and 14 years. In all cases studied with 59Fe there was low tracer incorporation in erythrocytes, but no correlation of this parameter to the amount of Hb F. The use of radioisotopes in studies of hemolytic disorders of children is stressed, primarily when splenectomy is considered. Investigation of ferrokinetics in thalassemic children is useful for monitoring advanced stages of the disease.", "PMID": 841256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4494", "title": "Morphogenesis and pathogenesis of chronic lung diseases. XIII. Experimental investigation of pulmonary chronic suppurations.", "content": "The main morphogenetic and pathogenetic elements of pulmonary chronic suppurations were experimentally investigated in rabbits. The animals were sensitized by blood way with complete Freund adjuvant containing serum proteins, which determined a nodular and diffuse granulomatous reaction in the pulmonary tissue. The perturbing agent of the model system was a maintained immediate type hypersensitivity reaction produced by an excess of intrapulmonary antigen accumulation after an intratracheal injection of the same agent with antigens in excess. The animals sacrificed 15, 30 and 45 days after the intratracheal challenge presented a wide and progressive cellulofibrous restructuring of the lung tissue with exclusion of lung areas, persistence of granulocytic foci, release of lactic-dehydrogenase, chronic vascular lesions and diffuse fibrosclerosis. The importance of the persisting antigens which maintain the Arthus type hypersensitivity reaction, of vascular chronic lesions determined by the blood transport of deleterious products and by immunopathologic phenomena, as well as of the cellulo-fibrous proliferation, are emphasized as elements of autoaggressive processes with common and immune components, all contributing to the chronic evolution of pulmonary suppurations.", "contents": "Morphogenesis and pathogenesis of chronic lung diseases. XIII. Experimental investigation of pulmonary chronic suppurations. The main morphogenetic and pathogenetic elements of pulmonary chronic suppurations were experimentally investigated in rabbits. The animals were sensitized by blood way with complete Freund adjuvant containing serum proteins, which determined a nodular and diffuse granulomatous reaction in the pulmonary tissue. The perturbing agent of the model system was a maintained immediate type hypersensitivity reaction produced by an excess of intrapulmonary antigen accumulation after an intratracheal injection of the same agent with antigens in excess. The animals sacrificed 15, 30 and 45 days after the intratracheal challenge presented a wide and progressive cellulofibrous restructuring of the lung tissue with exclusion of lung areas, persistence of granulocytic foci, release of lactic-dehydrogenase, chronic vascular lesions and diffuse fibrosclerosis. The importance of the persisting antigens which maintain the Arthus type hypersensitivity reaction, of vascular chronic lesions determined by the blood transport of deleterious products and by immunopathologic phenomena, as well as of the cellulo-fibrous proliferation, are emphasized as elements of autoaggressive processes with common and immune components, all contributing to the chronic evolution of pulmonary suppurations.", "PMID": 841257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4495", "title": "Fatty acid composition of adipose cells in red and yellow marrow: A possible determinant of haematopoietic potential.", "content": "The fatty acid composition of whole bone marrow and that of isolated, disaggregated adipose cells from red and yellow marrow was examined by gas chromatography. Consistent and significant shifts from myristic and palmatic acids (in red marrow) to their respective monounsaturated derivatives myristoleic and palmitoleic acids (in yellow marrow) were found. These differences in the fatty acids correlate with histochemical studies and lend further support to the concept that the composition of lipid in the adipose cells of bone marrow may determine their relative stability in relation to haematopoietic requirements.", "contents": "Fatty acid composition of adipose cells in red and yellow marrow: A possible determinant of haematopoietic potential. The fatty acid composition of whole bone marrow and that of isolated, disaggregated adipose cells from red and yellow marrow was examined by gas chromatography. Consistent and significant shifts from myristic and palmatic acids (in red marrow) to their respective monounsaturated derivatives myristoleic and palmitoleic acids (in yellow marrow) were found. These differences in the fatty acids correlate with histochemical studies and lend further support to the concept that the composition of lipid in the adipose cells of bone marrow may determine their relative stability in relation to haematopoietic requirements.", "PMID": 841268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4496", "title": "Increased potassium permeability induced in vitro by menadione in normal human red cells.", "content": "Normal red blood cells, preincubated for 75 min with 1.15 mM menadione sodium bisulfite lose potassium and water on subsequent incubation at 37 degrees C for 24 h without menadione. The potassium loss is increased by addition of calcium and prevented by addition of glucose. Since normal red cells treated with menadione behave like untreated hypochromic cells, both from beta-thalassaemia or iron deficiency anaemia in respect to membrane permeability to potassium, it may be supposed that menadione induces in normal red cells an abnormality similar to that naturally occurring in hypochromic cells.", "contents": "Increased potassium permeability induced in vitro by menadione in normal human red cells. Normal red blood cells, preincubated for 75 min with 1.15 mM menadione sodium bisulfite lose potassium and water on subsequent incubation at 37 degrees C for 24 h without menadione. The potassium loss is increased by addition of calcium and prevented by addition of glucose. Since normal red cells treated with menadione behave like untreated hypochromic cells, both from beta-thalassaemia or iron deficiency anaemia in respect to membrane permeability to potassium, it may be supposed that menadione induces in normal red cells an abnormality similar to that naturally occurring in hypochromic cells.", "PMID": 841269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4497", "title": "Bone marrow cell culturing in double diffusion chambers.", "content": "A double diffusion chamber technique (DDC) has been established. The bone marrow cells (BMC) were cultured in the peritoneal cavity of mice in DDC consisting of 2 compartments separated from one another by a Millipore membrane. One chamber half contained the mouse bone marrow target cells, and the other half (regulator compartment) either medium (control), spleen cells or BMC. In the controls the BMC proliferated rapidly from day 2, and the cell yield on day 7 was reduced by only 20% when compared with single diffusion chambers. Diffusible factors from spleen cells stimulated the growth of CFU-S and CFU-C in the bone marrow, and increased the number of granulocytes and macrophages harvested in 7 day cultures. Conversely, BMC in the regulator compartment depressed granulopoiesis in the other chamber half.", "contents": "Bone marrow cell culturing in double diffusion chambers. A double diffusion chamber technique (DDC) has been established. The bone marrow cells (BMC) were cultured in the peritoneal cavity of mice in DDC consisting of 2 compartments separated from one another by a Millipore membrane. One chamber half contained the mouse bone marrow target cells, and the other half (regulator compartment) either medium (control), spleen cells or BMC. In the controls the BMC proliferated rapidly from day 2, and the cell yield on day 7 was reduced by only 20% when compared with single diffusion chambers. Diffusible factors from spleen cells stimulated the growth of CFU-S and CFU-C in the bone marrow, and increased the number of granulocytes and macrophages harvested in 7 day cultures. Conversely, BMC in the regulator compartment depressed granulopoiesis in the other chamber half.", "PMID": 841270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4498", "title": "Microcalorimetric measurements of heat production in erythrocytes of patients with chronic uraemia.", "content": "The metabolic activity in the erythrocytes of 12 patients with chronic uraemia was studied by a microcalorimetric method. When the pentose phosphate pathway activity of erythrocytes was stimulated with 10(-4) M methylene blue (MB), significantly higher levels of heat effect were found in the group of uraemic patients than in a group of healthy subjects. The difference between the 2 groups was higher in plasma (p less than 0.005) than in phosphate buffer suspensions (p less than 0.05). The ratio between the mean values for the 2 groups was 1.18 both in plasma and in phosphate-buffer. Also for unstimulated cells the heat effect values were higher in the group of uraemic patients than in the control group. The ratio was 1.21 (p less than 0.005) and 1.14 (p less than 0.05) for plasma and buffer suspensions, respectively. The present results are in disagreement with previous reports, according to which haemolytic anaemia among uraemic patients is due to decreased erythrocyte aerobic metabolism.", "contents": "Microcalorimetric measurements of heat production in erythrocytes of patients with chronic uraemia. The metabolic activity in the erythrocytes of 12 patients with chronic uraemia was studied by a microcalorimetric method. When the pentose phosphate pathway activity of erythrocytes was stimulated with 10(-4) M methylene blue (MB), significantly higher levels of heat effect were found in the group of uraemic patients than in a group of healthy subjects. The difference between the 2 groups was higher in plasma (p less than 0.005) than in phosphate buffer suspensions (p less than 0.05). The ratio between the mean values for the 2 groups was 1.18 both in plasma and in phosphate-buffer. Also for unstimulated cells the heat effect values were higher in the group of uraemic patients than in the control group. The ratio was 1.21 (p less than 0.005) and 1.14 (p less than 0.05) for plasma and buffer suspensions, respectively. The present results are in disagreement with previous reports, according to which haemolytic anaemia among uraemic patients is due to decreased erythrocyte aerobic metabolism.", "PMID": 841271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4499", "title": "Long-term of phenytoin: Effects on whole blood and red cell folate and haematological parameters.", "content": "Patients treated when phenytoin for periods of several months or years have slightly, but significantly lower whole blood and red cell folate values than comparable controls. This holds true irrespective of whether folate is determined microbiologically with Lactobacillus casei or by a radioligand method using the bovine milk binder. Haematological parameters including Hb, MCH, MCV and red blood cell counts did not show any alterations and no patient developed any signs of anaemia. This indicates that long-term use of phenytoin does not cause a clinically significant state of folate deficiency, unless some other contributing factors are present.", "contents": "Long-term of phenytoin: Effects on whole blood and red cell folate and haematological parameters. Patients treated when phenytoin for periods of several months or years have slightly, but significantly lower whole blood and red cell folate values than comparable controls. This holds true irrespective of whether folate is determined microbiologically with Lactobacillus casei or by a radioligand method using the bovine milk binder. Haematological parameters including Hb, MCH, MCV and red blood cell counts did not show any alterations and no patient developed any signs of anaemia. This indicates that long-term use of phenytoin does not cause a clinically significant state of folate deficiency, unless some other contributing factors are present.", "PMID": 841272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4500", "title": "Antifactor Xa activity in thrombophilia. Studies in a family with Ar-III deficiency.", "content": "Antithrombin III (At-III) concentration and amidolytic assays reflecting functions of the At-III molecule were studied in members of a family with a strong tendency to thrombosis. Antifactor Xa and heparin cofactor activity closely parallel at At-III concentration. In all individuals with a history of thrombosis At-III concentration was about 50% of normal. The clinical features and causes of death are briefly reviewed. Mean age in deceased family members with a tendency to thrombosis was 55 years, in members with no history of thrombosis it was 65 years.", "contents": "Antifactor Xa activity in thrombophilia. Studies in a family with Ar-III deficiency. Antithrombin III (At-III) concentration and amidolytic assays reflecting functions of the At-III molecule were studied in members of a family with a strong tendency to thrombosis. Antifactor Xa and heparin cofactor activity closely parallel at At-III concentration. In all individuals with a history of thrombosis At-III concentration was about 50% of normal. The clinical features and causes of death are briefly reviewed. Mean age in deceased family members with a tendency to thrombosis was 55 years, in members with no history of thrombosis it was 65 years.", "PMID": 841273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4501", "title": "Immunologic similarities of thrombopoietin from different sources.", "content": "Thrombopoietin (TSF) has been detected in kidney cell culture media and human urine fractions by both a bioassay and an immunoassay using antisera raised against TSF-rich kidney cell culture medium and human urinary thrombopoietin. Both antisera cross-reacted with the 2 sources of TSF and gave essentially the same results in the HAI assay, a finding that suggests similarities in immunologic determinants of these 2 thrombopoietin preparations.", "contents": "Immunologic similarities of thrombopoietin from different sources. Thrombopoietin (TSF) has been detected in kidney cell culture media and human urine fractions by both a bioassay and an immunoassay using antisera raised against TSF-rich kidney cell culture medium and human urinary thrombopoietin. Both antisera cross-reacted with the 2 sources of TSF and gave essentially the same results in the HAI assay, a finding that suggests similarities in immunologic determinants of these 2 thrombopoietin preparations.", "PMID": 841274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4502", "title": "Detection of anti-red blood cell antibodies by treatment of the cells with neuraminidase.", "content": "Neuraminidase treated RBC were used to detect incomplete unbound anti RBC antibodies in the plasma of patients with immune diseases. 80% (48 out of 60) of the examined patients gave positive results with this method while all the 50 normal controls were negative. The indirect antiglobulin test was negative in all the patients. In the direct antiglobulin test only two RBC samples, whether treated with neuraminidase or not, gave positive results. The present study indicates that the assay of plasma on neuraminidase treated RBC may serve as a sensitive method for the detection of the presence of anti RBC antibodies in various immunological diseases.", "contents": "Detection of anti-red blood cell antibodies by treatment of the cells with neuraminidase. Neuraminidase treated RBC were used to detect incomplete unbound anti RBC antibodies in the plasma of patients with immune diseases. 80% (48 out of 60) of the examined patients gave positive results with this method while all the 50 normal controls were negative. The indirect antiglobulin test was negative in all the patients. In the direct antiglobulin test only two RBC samples, whether treated with neuraminidase or not, gave positive results. The present study indicates that the assay of plasma on neuraminidase treated RBC may serve as a sensitive method for the detection of the presence of anti RBC antibodies in various immunological diseases.", "PMID": 841275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4503", "title": "Serum immunoglobulin levels in the course of bacterial meningitis in children.", "content": "Serum levels of 5 immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE) were determined at frequent intervals in the course of bacterial meningitis in children. 59 patients were examined; 27 with Haemophilus influenzae meningitis, 23 with meningococcal and 9 with pneumococcal meningitis. All 5 immunoglobulins increased during the 2-week course of bacterial meningitis. IgM was the immunoglobulin class responding most rapidly, regularly and intensively. IgG increased moderately. However, practically no rise of the IgG level was observed in children with H. influenzae meningitis. The elevation of the IgA and IgE levels possibly suggests that meningitis may also cause synthesis of IgA and IgE antibodies. The results of the study indicate that antibodies of all the 5 immunoglobulin classes are probably involved in the defense against the causative microbes in bacterial meningitis.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulin levels in the course of bacterial meningitis in children. Serum levels of 5 immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE) were determined at frequent intervals in the course of bacterial meningitis in children. 59 patients were examined; 27 with Haemophilus influenzae meningitis, 23 with meningococcal and 9 with pneumococcal meningitis. All 5 immunoglobulins increased during the 2-week course of bacterial meningitis. IgM was the immunoglobulin class responding most rapidly, regularly and intensively. IgG increased moderately. However, practically no rise of the IgG level was observed in children with H. influenzae meningitis. The elevation of the IgA and IgE levels possibly suggests that meningitis may also cause synthesis of IgA and IgE antibodies. The results of the study indicate that antibodies of all the 5 immunoglobulin classes are probably involved in the defense against the causative microbes in bacterial meningitis.", "PMID": 841276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4504", "title": "Penicillinase production in community strains of staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "A survey of penicillinase production in 406 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from wounds in the County of Uppsala in 1975 showed that 76% of strains from inpatients produced penicillinase compared to 69% of the outpatient strains. The frequency of penicillinase production in Staph. aureus strains from surgical staff was 59%. 51% of strains from school children and 38% of strains from healthy adults produced penicillinase. The conclusions are that ordinary penicillinase-sensitive penicillin should not be used for treating infections in outpatients unless the isolated aureus strain has been shown to be penicillinase-negative.", "contents": "Penicillinase production in community strains of staphylococcus aureus. A survey of penicillinase production in 406 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from wounds in the County of Uppsala in 1975 showed that 76% of strains from inpatients produced penicillinase compared to 69% of the outpatient strains. The frequency of penicillinase production in Staph. aureus strains from surgical staff was 59%. 51% of strains from school children and 38% of strains from healthy adults produced penicillinase. The conclusions are that ordinary penicillinase-sensitive penicillin should not be used for treating infections in outpatients unless the isolated aureus strain has been shown to be penicillinase-negative.", "PMID": 841277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4505", "title": "Antimicrobial in vitro susceptibility of actinomyces israelii and arachnia propionica.", "content": "46 reference strains and clinical isolated of Actinomyces israelli and 8 strains of Arachnia propionica--the causative microorganisms of actinomycosis in man--were tested for their in vitro susceptibility to penicillin, sulfaisodimidine, erythromycin, tetracycline, lincomycin, clindamycin, metronidazole and tinidazole by the agar dilution method. All strains were susceptible to benzylpenicillin (minimum inhibitory concentrations, MICs of less than or equal to 0.064 mug/ml). Many strains were resistant in vitro to sulfaisodimidine (MICs 4.0-32.0 mug/ml). Erythromycin, tetracycline, clindiamycin and lincomycin possessed in vitro activity at concentrations readily attainable in serum. Due to adverse side-effects associated with clindamycin and lincomycin therapy, erythromycin and tetracycline may be the best alternative drugs to penicillin in the treatment of actinomycosis. In contrast, in vitro resistance (MICs greater than or equal to 4.0 mug/ml) of the pathogenic actinomycetes to metronidazole and tinidazole implies that these drugs may not be valuable in the therapy of human actinomycosis.", "contents": "Antimicrobial in vitro susceptibility of actinomyces israelii and arachnia propionica. 46 reference strains and clinical isolated of Actinomyces israelli and 8 strains of Arachnia propionica--the causative microorganisms of actinomycosis in man--were tested for their in vitro susceptibility to penicillin, sulfaisodimidine, erythromycin, tetracycline, lincomycin, clindamycin, metronidazole and tinidazole by the agar dilution method. All strains were susceptible to benzylpenicillin (minimum inhibitory concentrations, MICs of less than or equal to 0.064 mug/ml). Many strains were resistant in vitro to sulfaisodimidine (MICs 4.0-32.0 mug/ml). Erythromycin, tetracycline, clindiamycin and lincomycin possessed in vitro activity at concentrations readily attainable in serum. Due to adverse side-effects associated with clindamycin and lincomycin therapy, erythromycin and tetracycline may be the best alternative drugs to penicillin in the treatment of actinomycosis. In contrast, in vitro resistance (MICs greater than or equal to 4.0 mug/ml) of the pathogenic actinomycetes to metronidazole and tinidazole implies that these drugs may not be valuable in the therapy of human actinomycosis.", "PMID": 841278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4506", "title": "Use of electrophoresis in the identification and quantitation of antibiotics administered in combinations.", "content": "The investigation presents a method of electrophoretic separation of antibacterial drugs which are used in combinations in clinical medicine. Subsequent to electrophoresis in agarose gel, a microbiological assay was performed. This technique permitted the determination of the concentrations of beta-lactam antibiotics, rifampicin, and clindamycin in the presence of aminoglycosides. In therapeutic combinations of fusidic acid and clindamycin, the concentrations of each drug could be determined.", "contents": "Use of electrophoresis in the identification and quantitation of antibiotics administered in combinations. The investigation presents a method of electrophoretic separation of antibacterial drugs which are used in combinations in clinical medicine. Subsequent to electrophoresis in agarose gel, a microbiological assay was performed. This technique permitted the determination of the concentrations of beta-lactam antibiotics, rifampicin, and clindamycin in the presence of aminoglycosides. In therapeutic combinations of fusidic acid and clindamycin, the concentrations of each drug could be determined.", "PMID": 841279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4507", "title": "The NBT (Nitroblue Tetrazolium) activity of neutrophil granulocytes in patients with influenza A infection.", "content": "The NBT activity of granulocytes from 11 influenza patients was determined during the acute stage of the disease and 6-8 weeks after recovery. The NBT activity was generally higher during influenza than after recovery. In the presence as well as in the absence of the patient's serum the differences were significant both without and with Escherichia coli stimulation.", "contents": "The NBT (Nitroblue Tetrazolium) activity of neutrophil granulocytes in patients with influenza A infection. The NBT activity of granulocytes from 11 influenza patients was determined during the acute stage of the disease and 6-8 weeks after recovery. The NBT activity was generally higher during influenza than after recovery. In the presence as well as in the absence of the patient's serum the differences were significant both without and with Escherichia coli stimulation.", "PMID": 841280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4508", "title": "Candida meningoencephalitis treated with 5-fluorocytosine.", "content": "The successful treatment of Candida albicans meningoencephalitis with 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) is reported. After abdominal surgery with many complications, a 60-year-old man developed severe headache, lumbar pain, mental change. The significance of this was not realized for months. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) showed pleocytosis, high protein and low glucose concentration. One CSF culture out of 6 revealed growth of Candida albicans. Serologic tests are also indicated candida infection. After a month of treatment with 5-FC, the severe pain decreased and he improved mentally. After 4 months, the CSF was normal and the 5-FC treatment ended. For the past year, the patient has not shown any signs of relapse.", "contents": "Candida meningoencephalitis treated with 5-fluorocytosine. The successful treatment of Candida albicans meningoencephalitis with 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) is reported. After abdominal surgery with many complications, a 60-year-old man developed severe headache, lumbar pain, mental change. The significance of this was not realized for months. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) showed pleocytosis, high protein and low glucose concentration. One CSF culture out of 6 revealed growth of Candida albicans. Serologic tests are also indicated candida infection. After a month of treatment with 5-FC, the severe pain decreased and he improved mentally. After 4 months, the CSF was normal and the 5-FC treatment ended. For the past year, the patient has not shown any signs of relapse.", "PMID": 841284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4509", "title": "Changes in arterial oxygen saturation in patients with hyperreactive airways during a histamine inhalation test.", "content": "The arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) of 55 adult patients with hyperreactive airways was monitored with an eight-wavelength ear oximeter during a histamine inhalation test. The post-challenge fall (mean +/- s.d.) in peak expiratory flow was 38 +/- 15% of the baseline value; it was accompanied by a fall in SaO2 of 1.1 +/- 1.8 per cent, from 96.6 +/- 1.8 to 95.5 +/- 2.3%. It is concluded that, in the histamine inhalation test used in this study, even the development of marked bronchoconstriction usually causes only slight changes in SaO2.", "contents": "Changes in arterial oxygen saturation in patients with hyperreactive airways during a histamine inhalation test. The arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) of 55 adult patients with hyperreactive airways was monitored with an eight-wavelength ear oximeter during a histamine inhalation test. The post-challenge fall (mean +/- s.d.) in peak expiratory flow was 38 +/- 15% of the baseline value; it was accompanied by a fall in SaO2 of 1.1 +/- 1.8 per cent, from 96.6 +/- 1.8 to 95.5 +/- 2.3%. It is concluded that, in the histamine inhalation test used in this study, even the development of marked bronchoconstriction usually causes only slight changes in SaO2.", "PMID": 841289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4510", "title": "Sarcoidosis with large nodular lesions simulating pulmonary metastases. An analysis of 126 cases of intrathoracic sarcoidosis.", "content": "Multiple, large metastasis-like, nodular lesions (LNL) are a rare manifestation of acute/subacute pulmonary sarcoidosis. It has previously only been described in American series and all patients but one have been Negroes. In order to estimate the frequency of LNL in a Danish series, 126 consecutive patients with intrathoracic sarcoidosis were examined with regular follow-up for 1/2-5 1/2 years. LNL simulating pulmonary metastases was found in two cases, a frequency corresponding to the American figures. In both cases pulmonary infiltrations disappeared with 3/4 and 1 1/4 years, respectively. In one case a normal chest roentgenogram was obtained 6 weeks before the onset of LNL. The importance of biopsy is emphasized. Sarcoidosis with LNL appears to have a favourable prognosis in many cases.", "contents": "Sarcoidosis with large nodular lesions simulating pulmonary metastases. An analysis of 126 cases of intrathoracic sarcoidosis. Multiple, large metastasis-like, nodular lesions (LNL) are a rare manifestation of acute/subacute pulmonary sarcoidosis. It has previously only been described in American series and all patients but one have been Negroes. In order to estimate the frequency of LNL in a Danish series, 126 consecutive patients with intrathoracic sarcoidosis were examined with regular follow-up for 1/2-5 1/2 years. LNL simulating pulmonary metastases was found in two cases, a frequency corresponding to the American figures. In both cases pulmonary infiltrations disappeared with 3/4 and 1 1/4 years, respectively. In one case a normal chest roentgenogram was obtained 6 weeks before the onset of LNL. The importance of biopsy is emphasized. Sarcoidosis with LNL appears to have a favourable prognosis in many cases.", "PMID": 841290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4511", "title": "Regional pulmonary function in sarcoidosis.", "content": "In 26 subjects with a confirmed histological diagnosis of thoracic sarcoidosis regional lung function was studied with Xenon 133. All subjects also underwent overall lung function studies including CO steady state (TCO SS) and single breath (TCO SB) diffusing capacity. Regional ventilation (Vr) was on the average increased in stages I (isolated hilar adenopathies) and II (pulmonary infiltration) and appeared normal in stage III (pulmonary fibrosis). Regional perfusion (Qr) was on the average normal in stages I and II and decreased in stage III. There were no appreciable differences between average values in stages I and II. Abnormalities of Vr and Qr were frequently found in individual cases. A distinction was made between the total number of abnormalities and deficiency abnormalities. The total number of abnormalties was high in all three stages. Deficiency abnormalities were relatively rare in stages I and II, and frequent in stage III. The correlation between radiological and regional functional abnormalities was low. TCO SB/VA was found significantly lower (P less than 0.005) in subjects with regional deficiency abnormalities (mostly perfusion abnormalities). These data probably indicate that a lowered diffusing capacity may be due to the loss of pulmonary capillaries and not only to ventilation - perfusion disparities.", "contents": "Regional pulmonary function in sarcoidosis. In 26 subjects with a confirmed histological diagnosis of thoracic sarcoidosis regional lung function was studied with Xenon 133. All subjects also underwent overall lung function studies including CO steady state (TCO SS) and single breath (TCO SB) diffusing capacity. Regional ventilation (Vr) was on the average increased in stages I (isolated hilar adenopathies) and II (pulmonary infiltration) and appeared normal in stage III (pulmonary fibrosis). Regional perfusion (Qr) was on the average normal in stages I and II and decreased in stage III. There were no appreciable differences between average values in stages I and II. Abnormalities of Vr and Qr were frequently found in individual cases. A distinction was made between the total number of abnormalities and deficiency abnormalities. The total number of abnormalties was high in all three stages. Deficiency abnormalities were relatively rare in stages I and II, and frequent in stage III. The correlation between radiological and regional functional abnormalities was low. TCO SB/VA was found significantly lower (P less than 0.005) in subjects with regional deficiency abnormalities (mostly perfusion abnormalities). These data probably indicate that a lowered diffusing capacity may be due to the loss of pulmonary capillaries and not only to ventilation - perfusion disparities.", "PMID": 841291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4512", "title": "Attempts to boost tuberculin skin reactions by serum or blood transfer in BCG-vaccinated guinea-pigs.", "content": "In persons with waning sensitivity to mycobacterial antigens, skin reactivity to tuberculin may be maintained or enhanced as a result of tuberculin testing. Similar phenomena have been observed in guinea-pigs. As tuberculin testing may lead to antibody formation, the \"booster\" effect might be due to circulating antibody. However, a series of nine pilot experiments including blood and serum transfer from boosted to unboosted BCG-vaccinated guinea-pigs gave no support to this hypothesis.", "contents": "Attempts to boost tuberculin skin reactions by serum or blood transfer in BCG-vaccinated guinea-pigs. In persons with waning sensitivity to mycobacterial antigens, skin reactivity to tuberculin may be maintained or enhanced as a result of tuberculin testing. Similar phenomena have been observed in guinea-pigs. As tuberculin testing may lead to antibody formation, the \"booster\" effect might be due to circulating antibody. However, a series of nine pilot experiments including blood and serum transfer from boosted to unboosted BCG-vaccinated guinea-pigs gave no support to this hypothesis.", "PMID": 841292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4513", "title": "Serum immunoglobulin A in chronic bronchial inflammation.", "content": "Serum IgA was determined by the single radial immunodiffusion method in specimens collected during 1 year from 178 patients suffering from chronic bronchitis syndrome. The IgA level was permanently, significantly higher in the group of patients than in the group of healthy controls. The difference between the patients and controls increased until middle age. This phenomenon was parallel with an aggrevation of the average functional severity of the pulmonary disease. Despite the continued aggravation, the difference lessened after the age of 49. Three cases of severe quantitative IgA abnormality were detected among the patients: one case of IgA myeloma and two cases of almost total IgA deficiency. One of the latter also showed IgE deficiency.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulin A in chronic bronchial inflammation. Serum IgA was determined by the single radial immunodiffusion method in specimens collected during 1 year from 178 patients suffering from chronic bronchitis syndrome. The IgA level was permanently, significantly higher in the group of patients than in the group of healthy controls. The difference between the patients and controls increased until middle age. This phenomenon was parallel with an aggrevation of the average functional severity of the pulmonary disease. Despite the continued aggravation, the difference lessened after the age of 49. Three cases of severe quantitative IgA abnormality were detected among the patients: one case of IgA myeloma and two cases of almost total IgA deficiency. One of the latter also showed IgE deficiency.", "PMID": 841293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4514", "title": "Nitrofurantoin-induced acute, subacute and chronic pulmonary reactions.", "content": "The clinical histories of 81 patients with hypersensitivity reactions to nitrofurantoin, 66 of whom had pulmonary reactions, were studied. Of all patients, 94% were women and of these, 43% were between 40 and 59 years of age. The nitrofurantoin preparation that contained vitamin c caused significantly fewer hypersensitivity reactions than the others. Acute pulmonary reactions appeared a mean of 8.7 days after the start of nitrofurantoin treatment. Typical for these were high fever, dyspnoea, cough, blood eosinophilia, bilateral pneumonic or pleuro-pneumonic infiltrations, a reduced transfer factor of the lung and, as revealed in pulmonary biopsy specimens, vasculitis, interstitial inflammation and alveolar exudation. Symptoms of subacute and chronic pulmonary reactions developed after at least 1 and 6 months of treatment, respectively. Findings of interest were anti-nuclear antibodies in serum, capillary sclerosis, interstitial fibrosis and inflammation in pulmonary tissue. Most patients with an acute pulmonary reaction recovered within 15 days, but in more than half of those with chronic reactions slight signs of pulmonary fibrosis persisted on follow-up. The findings suggest that the interstitial pulmonary changes caused by nitrofurantoin are largely the result of an Arthus-type immune complex-mediated reaction.", "contents": "Nitrofurantoin-induced acute, subacute and chronic pulmonary reactions. The clinical histories of 81 patients with hypersensitivity reactions to nitrofurantoin, 66 of whom had pulmonary reactions, were studied. Of all patients, 94% were women and of these, 43% were between 40 and 59 years of age. The nitrofurantoin preparation that contained vitamin c caused significantly fewer hypersensitivity reactions than the others. Acute pulmonary reactions appeared a mean of 8.7 days after the start of nitrofurantoin treatment. Typical for these were high fever, dyspnoea, cough, blood eosinophilia, bilateral pneumonic or pleuro-pneumonic infiltrations, a reduced transfer factor of the lung and, as revealed in pulmonary biopsy specimens, vasculitis, interstitial inflammation and alveolar exudation. Symptoms of subacute and chronic pulmonary reactions developed after at least 1 and 6 months of treatment, respectively. Findings of interest were anti-nuclear antibodies in serum, capillary sclerosis, interstitial fibrosis and inflammation in pulmonary tissue. Most patients with an acute pulmonary reaction recovered within 15 days, but in more than half of those with chronic reactions slight signs of pulmonary fibrosis persisted on follow-up. The findings suggest that the interstitial pulmonary changes caused by nitrofurantoin are largely the result of an Arthus-type immune complex-mediated reaction.", "PMID": 841294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4515", "title": "Sarcoidosis of the nose. Including a report on a patient with large sarcoid polypi of the nasal mucosa.", "content": "A report is presented on 11 patients with histologically confirmed nasal sarcoidosis, including one case with very large nasal polypi. The most frequent symptom was obstruction of the nose followed by dryness and crusting. Thickening of the nasal mucosa was the most frequent finding. Yellowish dots were observed in four patients, and polypi in two. In one patient, a granulomatous maxillary sinusitis was diagnosed. Cutaneous sarcoidosis was found in only one patient. Nine of the patients had noted their nasal symptoms during the early phase of the disease. The response to treatment with corticosteroids is discussed. It seems that an enquiry about nasal symptoms and examination of the nasal cavity are valuable even in patients with early sarcoidosis.", "contents": "Sarcoidosis of the nose. Including a report on a patient with large sarcoid polypi of the nasal mucosa. A report is presented on 11 patients with histologically confirmed nasal sarcoidosis, including one case with very large nasal polypi. The most frequent symptom was obstruction of the nose followed by dryness and crusting. Thickening of the nasal mucosa was the most frequent finding. Yellowish dots were observed in four patients, and polypi in two. In one patient, a granulomatous maxillary sinusitis was diagnosed. Cutaneous sarcoidosis was found in only one patient. Nine of the patients had noted their nasal symptoms during the early phase of the disease. The response to treatment with corticosteroids is discussed. It seems that an enquiry about nasal symptoms and examination of the nasal cavity are valuable even in patients with early sarcoidosis.", "PMID": 841295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4516", "title": "Lead in drinking water in soft water areas--health hazards.", "content": "Studies have been made of the uptake of lead into drinking water and the association of that with the blood lead of persons resident in houses supplied with such water. Significant regressions were found between water lead and blood lead concentrations. Very high concentrations were found in houses with lead plumbing. There were in addition increased lead concentrations found in houses using copper piping joined with lead soldered joints. These studies have suggested that some health hazards might be expected to be associated with the increased environmental uptake of lead in these situations.", "contents": "Lead in drinking water in soft water areas--health hazards. Studies have been made of the uptake of lead into drinking water and the association of that with the blood lead of persons resident in houses supplied with such water. Significant regressions were found between water lead and blood lead concentrations. Very high concentrations were found in houses with lead plumbing. There were in addition increased lead concentrations found in houses using copper piping joined with lead soldered joints. These studies have suggested that some health hazards might be expected to be associated with the increased environmental uptake of lead in these situations.", "PMID": 841299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4517", "title": "Evaluation of the toxic effect of Cd2+ and Cd(CN)2-4 ions on the growth of mixed microbial population of activated sludges.", "content": "The effect has been studied of Cd2+ and Cd(CN)2-4 ions on the growth and enzymatic activity of mixed microflora from activated sludges. Both ions tested significantly inhibited the growth of microorganisms, estimated by means of the optical density, and the inhibitory effect of Cd2+ was significantly greater than that of Cd(CN)2-4 at the same mass and molar concentrations. There was also inhibition of the maximum uptake rate of glucose, but in this case there were no statistically significant differences between the inhibitory effect of the corresponding mass and molar concentrations of Cd2+ and Cd(CN)2-4.", "contents": "Evaluation of the toxic effect of Cd2+ and Cd(CN)2-4 ions on the growth of mixed microbial population of activated sludges. The effect has been studied of Cd2+ and Cd(CN)2-4 ions on the growth and enzymatic activity of mixed microflora from activated sludges. Both ions tested significantly inhibited the growth of microorganisms, estimated by means of the optical density, and the inhibitory effect of Cd2+ was significantly greater than that of Cd(CN)2-4 at the same mass and molar concentrations. There was also inhibition of the maximum uptake rate of glucose, but in this case there were no statistically significant differences between the inhibitory effect of the corresponding mass and molar concentrations of Cd2+ and Cd(CN)2-4.", "PMID": 841300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4518", "title": "Metallobiochemistry of heavy metal pollution: nuclear and radiochemical techniques for long term--low level exposure (LLE) experiments.", "content": "The chronic exposure of man to increasing amounts of heavy metals as a consequence of environmental pollution, requires accurate knowledge of how much the homeostatic control of trace elements can stand increased exposure to abnormal amounts of metal pollutants without alteration of the biochemical functions. This topic includes the study of the accumulation of metal pollutants in the body with the identification of metal biocomplexes under long term-low level exposure (LLE) conditions. Extremely sensitive analytical techniques are required for experimentation at the heavy metal levels which are typical of a polluted environment in order to assess the limits of physiological homeostatic controls. The possiblity of applying nuclear and radiochemical techniques, such as neutron activation analysis, multiple tracing, high resolution gamma-ray spectrometry and Cerenkov counting, coupled with biochemical techniques, such as gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and differential centrifugation, has been demonstrated in various typical applications in metallobiochemistry. The subject of the first part of this paper is the development and improvement of the techniques, dealing with potential metal binding components, such as metalloenzymes and nucleic acids chosen as models. The developments refer to: preparation of labelled metal pollutants with very high specific activity to label in vivo nanogram or subnanogram amounts of pollutant metals; neutron activation analysis of enzymes and nucleic acids with the aim of analyzing concentrations of many metal pollutants in the identified metal binding components of the microsamples; radiochemical methods including radiobiochemical techniques for multielement tracer experiments and for studying the interaction of heavy metas and metal binding components; development of complementary counting techniques. The in vivo applications are centered on biochemical studies on cadmium, in particular on the long term-low exposure experiment, which is under investigation at present, with the identification of both critical organs of accumulation and of the cadmium binding components. Results are given for biochemical mechanisms involving cadmium such as the stimulation of the \"de novo\" biosynthesis of rat liver and intestine cadmium binding proteins (CdBP) and on the systematic study of the interaction of metal pollutants and rat liver cadmium binding proteins itself. Preliminary data are also given for short term experiments dealing with the identification of cellular metal binding components for V, Se, Cd and Pb.", "contents": "Metallobiochemistry of heavy metal pollution: nuclear and radiochemical techniques for long term--low level exposure (LLE) experiments. The chronic exposure of man to increasing amounts of heavy metals as a consequence of environmental pollution, requires accurate knowledge of how much the homeostatic control of trace elements can stand increased exposure to abnormal amounts of metal pollutants without alteration of the biochemical functions. This topic includes the study of the accumulation of metal pollutants in the body with the identification of metal biocomplexes under long term-low level exposure (LLE) conditions. Extremely sensitive analytical techniques are required for experimentation at the heavy metal levels which are typical of a polluted environment in order to assess the limits of physiological homeostatic controls. The possiblity of applying nuclear and radiochemical techniques, such as neutron activation analysis, multiple tracing, high resolution gamma-ray spectrometry and Cerenkov counting, coupled with biochemical techniques, such as gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and differential centrifugation, has been demonstrated in various typical applications in metallobiochemistry. The subject of the first part of this paper is the development and improvement of the techniques, dealing with potential metal binding components, such as metalloenzymes and nucleic acids chosen as models. The developments refer to: preparation of labelled metal pollutants with very high specific activity to label in vivo nanogram or subnanogram amounts of pollutant metals; neutron activation analysis of enzymes and nucleic acids with the aim of analyzing concentrations of many metal pollutants in the identified metal binding components of the microsamples; radiochemical methods including radiobiochemical techniques for multielement tracer experiments and for studying the interaction of heavy metas and metal binding components; development of complementary counting techniques. The in vivo applications are centered on biochemical studies on cadmium, in particular on the long term-low exposure experiment, which is under investigation at present, with the identification of both critical organs of accumulation and of the cadmium binding components. Results are given for biochemical mechanisms involving cadmium such as the stimulation of the \"de novo\" biosynthesis of rat liver and intestine cadmium binding proteins (CdBP) and on the systematic study of the interaction of metal pollutants and rat liver cadmium binding proteins itself. Preliminary data are also given for short term experiments dealing with the identification of cellular metal binding components for V, Se, Cd and Pb.", "PMID": 841301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4519", "title": "Comparison of three instrumental methods to monitor nitrogen dioxide.", "content": "Three commercially available automated NO2-monitors, based on amperometry, chemiluminescence and coulometry respectively, were compared under simulated field conditions over a period of 45 days of continuous operation. The main purpose of this programme was the study of the reliability of the overall system, sampling line-monitors-data acquisition and handling system (PDP-8/E), the correlation between the individual half-hour averages given by the three monitors in the range 0--700 mug NO2/m3 and the comparison of the global statistics for the same NO2-pollution simultaneously seen by the three different monitors over a period of 45 days. Based on more than 1200 valid half-hour averages, a highly significant correlation between the different monitors was obtained, while the statistics of the simulated NO2-pollution were in good agreement.", "contents": "Comparison of three instrumental methods to monitor nitrogen dioxide. Three commercially available automated NO2-monitors, based on amperometry, chemiluminescence and coulometry respectively, were compared under simulated field conditions over a period of 45 days of continuous operation. The main purpose of this programme was the study of the reliability of the overall system, sampling line-monitors-data acquisition and handling system (PDP-8/E), the correlation between the individual half-hour averages given by the three monitors in the range 0--700 mug NO2/m3 and the comparison of the global statistics for the same NO2-pollution simultaneously seen by the three different monitors over a period of 45 days. Based on more than 1200 valid half-hour averages, a highly significant correlation between the different monitors was obtained, while the statistics of the simulated NO2-pollution were in good agreement.", "PMID": 841302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4520", "title": "Ozone in drinking water treatment: a review.", "content": "The paper reviews the application of ozone for the treatment of potable water. The period covered by the review is 1937--1975. A complete bibliography is available from the authors upon request.", "contents": "Ozone in drinking water treatment: a review. The paper reviews the application of ozone for the treatment of potable water. The period covered by the review is 1937--1975. A complete bibliography is available from the authors upon request.", "PMID": 841303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4521", "title": "Norepinephrine-dopamine interactions and behavior.", "content": "The proposed hypothesis is directed toward explaining a number of disparate findings in terms of a stress-related interaction between the NE- and DA-containing systems in the brain. The deleterious behavioral effects of decreased DA activity, for example, may be counterbalanced by a similar decrease occurring in NE activity, such compensation being most likely to occur under conditions of stress. This hypothesis may have application to the understanding of neurological and mental disorders such as Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia.", "contents": "Norepinephrine-dopamine interactions and behavior. The proposed hypothesis is directed toward explaining a number of disparate findings in terms of a stress-related interaction between the NE- and DA-containing systems in the brain. The deleterious behavioral effects of decreased DA activity, for example, may be counterbalanced by a similar decrease occurring in NE activity, such compensation being most likely to occur under conditions of stress. This hypothesis may have application to the understanding of neurological and mental disorders such as Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia.", "PMID": 841304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4522", "title": "Melatonin: daily cycle in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of calves.", "content": "Melatonin was measured by radioimmunoassay in jugular vein plasma and lateral ventricle cerebrospinal fluid collected from calves at 12 times of the day and night. Melatonin in cerebrospinal fluid increased 17-fold from an average (+/- standard error) of 38 +/- 8 picograms per milliliter during the day to an average of 637 +/- 133 picograms per milliliter during the night (P less than .001). Plasma concentrations of melatonin increased sixfold from an average, per milliliter, of 19 +/- 4 picograms during the day to 121 +/- 24 picograms during the night (P less than .001).", "contents": "Melatonin: daily cycle in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of calves. Melatonin was measured by radioimmunoassay in jugular vein plasma and lateral ventricle cerebrospinal fluid collected from calves at 12 times of the day and night. Melatonin in cerebrospinal fluid increased 17-fold from an average (+/- standard error) of 38 +/- 8 picograms per milliliter during the day to an average of 637 +/- 133 picograms per milliliter during the night (P less than .001). Plasma concentrations of melatonin increased sixfold from an average, per milliliter, of 19 +/- 4 picograms during the day to 121 +/- 24 picograms during the night (P less than .001).", "PMID": 841305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4523", "title": "Does \"blastocyst estrogen\" initiate implantation?", "content": "Fertilized eggs were incubated for 2 hours in a medium containing estradiol-17beta and then transferred into the uteri of day 5 pseudopregnant rats. These eggs, but not estrogen-free control eggs, induced a local increase in capillary permeability. We suggest that the blastocyst factor which induces the local increase in capillary permeability during early pregnancy is estrogen synthesized by the blastocyst.", "contents": "Does \"blastocyst estrogen\" initiate implantation? Fertilized eggs were incubated for 2 hours in a medium containing estradiol-17beta and then transferred into the uteri of day 5 pseudopregnant rats. These eggs, but not estrogen-free control eggs, induced a local increase in capillary permeability. We suggest that the blastocyst factor which induces the local increase in capillary permeability during early pregnancy is estrogen synthesized by the blastocyst.", "PMID": 841306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4524", "title": "Acute systemic effects of cocaine in man: a controlled study by intranasal and intravenous routes.", "content": "Nineteen healthy volunteer subjects who regularly administered cocaine to themselves were given placebo and 10 and 25 milligrams of cocaine hydrochloride intravenously and intranasally. A dose of 100 milligrams of cocaine was administered only by the intranasal route. By this route 10 milligrams of cocaine produced no changes different from placebo, and 25 milligrams of cocaine produced physiologic changes only in systolic blood pressure. The 100-milligram dose given intranasally and all of the doses given intravenously produced significant dose-related physiologic and subjective responses.", "contents": "Acute systemic effects of cocaine in man: a controlled study by intranasal and intravenous routes. Nineteen healthy volunteer subjects who regularly administered cocaine to themselves were given placebo and 10 and 25 milligrams of cocaine hydrochloride intravenously and intranasally. A dose of 100 milligrams of cocaine was administered only by the intranasal route. By this route 10 milligrams of cocaine produced no changes different from placebo, and 25 milligrams of cocaine produced physiologic changes only in systolic blood pressure. The 100-milligram dose given intranasally and all of the doses given intravenously produced significant dose-related physiologic and subjective responses.", "PMID": 841307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4525", "title": "Rod photoreceptors detect rapid flicker.", "content": "It is widely believed that human rods cannot detect rapid flicker. With rod-isolation techniques, however, light-adapted rods detect flicker frequencies as high as 28 hertz, and the function relating rod critical flicker frequency to stimulus intensity contains two distinct branches. Human rod vision may, therefore, depend on two independent mechanisms.", "contents": "Rod photoreceptors detect rapid flicker. It is widely believed that human rods cannot detect rapid flicker. With rod-isolation techniques, however, light-adapted rods detect flicker frequencies as high as 28 hertz, and the function relating rod critical flicker frequency to stimulus intensity contains two distinct branches. Human rod vision may, therefore, depend on two independent mechanisms.", "PMID": 841308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4526", "title": "Avian muscular dystrophy: functional and biochemical improvement with diphenylhydantoin.", "content": "Chicks affected with hereditary muscular dystrophy were injected twice daily with 20 milligrams of diphenylhydantoin per kilogram of body weight on days 1 to 40 after hatching. The righting ability of dystrophic chicks treated with diphenylhydantoin was improved compared to that of untreated dystrophic chicks, and acetylcholinesterase activity was reduced to normal levels in the posterior latissimus dorsi muscles.", "contents": "Avian muscular dystrophy: functional and biochemical improvement with diphenylhydantoin. Chicks affected with hereditary muscular dystrophy were injected twice daily with 20 milligrams of diphenylhydantoin per kilogram of body weight on days 1 to 40 after hatching. The righting ability of dystrophic chicks treated with diphenylhydantoin was improved compared to that of untreated dystrophic chicks, and acetylcholinesterase activity was reduced to normal levels in the posterior latissimus dorsi muscles.", "PMID": 841310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4527", "title": "Effect of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on uterine and vaginal cytology of ovariectomized rats.", "content": "The estrogen-like activity of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC), an active component of marihuana, as measured by uterine weight gain and vaginal smear techniques in ovariectomized rats, is reflected in histological examination of uterine and vaginal tissues. Doses of 1, 2.5, and 10 milligrams of delta9-THC per kilogram elicit hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the uterus; the dose of 2.5 milligrams per kilogram is most effective. There is an increase in stratification of vaginal epithelium with doses of 2.5 and 10 milligrams per kilogram; cornifying cells are seen with 2.5 milligrams per kilogram.", "contents": "Effect of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on uterine and vaginal cytology of ovariectomized rats. The estrogen-like activity of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC), an active component of marihuana, as measured by uterine weight gain and vaginal smear techniques in ovariectomized rats, is reflected in histological examination of uterine and vaginal tissues. Doses of 1, 2.5, and 10 milligrams of delta9-THC per kilogram elicit hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the uterus; the dose of 2.5 milligrams per kilogram is most effective. There is an increase in stratification of vaginal epithelium with doses of 2.5 and 10 milligrams per kilogram; cornifying cells are seen with 2.5 milligrams per kilogram.", "PMID": 841311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4528", "title": "Endothermy during terrestrial activity in large beetles.", "content": "The large tropical American beetles Strategus aloeus (Scarabaeidae) and Stenodontes molarium (Cerambycidae) can endogenously maintain metathoracic temperatures 5 degrees to 7 degrees C or more above ambient temperature for many hours. During such periods, their activity is exclusively terrestrial and their oxygen consumption equals that of active mammals of the same size. Before and during flight they elevate metathoracic temperatures by an additional 8 degrees to 10 degrees C.", "contents": "Endothermy during terrestrial activity in large beetles. The large tropical American beetles Strategus aloeus (Scarabaeidae) and Stenodontes molarium (Cerambycidae) can endogenously maintain metathoracic temperatures 5 degrees to 7 degrees C or more above ambient temperature for many hours. During such periods, their activity is exclusively terrestrial and their oxygen consumption equals that of active mammals of the same size. Before and during flight they elevate metathoracic temperatures by an additional 8 degrees to 10 degrees C.", "PMID": 841312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4529", "title": "Chemosensory tracking of scent trails by the planktonic shrimp Acetes sibogae australis.", "content": "In the laboratory, planktonic shrimps (Acetes sibogae) precisely follow scent trails of food or paper soaked in meat extract, L-alanine, L-leucine, and L-methionine. In the ocean, Acetes may be able to follow scent trails as far as 20 meters to catch falling food. This demonstrates precise trail-following by pelagic animals.", "contents": "Chemosensory tracking of scent trails by the planktonic shrimp Acetes sibogae australis. In the laboratory, planktonic shrimps (Acetes sibogae) precisely follow scent trails of food or paper soaked in meat extract, L-alanine, L-leucine, and L-methionine. In the ocean, Acetes may be able to follow scent trails as far as 20 meters to catch falling food. This demonstrates precise trail-following by pelagic animals.", "PMID": 841313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4530", "title": "Pathogenic mycoplasmas: cultivation and vertebrate pathogenicity of a new spiroplasma.", "content": "A spiroplasma recovered from allantoic fluids of chick embryos infected with the tick-derived suckling mouse cataract agent was grown in continuous passage on a new artificial culture medium. The cultured organisms induced typical ocular and other disease symptoms in susceptible animals, and were reisolated from involved host tissues. Although spiroplasmas have been previously recognized as plant and insect pathogens, this is the first spiroplasma shown to multiply at 37 degrees C and to be pathogenic for vertebrates.", "contents": "Pathogenic mycoplasmas: cultivation and vertebrate pathogenicity of a new spiroplasma. A spiroplasma recovered from allantoic fluids of chick embryos infected with the tick-derived suckling mouse cataract agent was grown in continuous passage on a new artificial culture medium. The cultured organisms induced typical ocular and other disease symptoms in susceptible animals, and were reisolated from involved host tissues. Although spiroplasmas have been previously recognized as plant and insect pathogens, this is the first spiroplasma shown to multiply at 37 degrees C and to be pathogenic for vertebrates.", "PMID": 841314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4531", "title": "Vision in insects: pathways possibly underlying neural adaptation and lateral inhibition.", "content": "Like horizontal cells in vertebrate retinas, horizontal amacrine cells beneath the insect eye intervene between receptors and interneurons at the first level of synapses. Synaptic arrangements between amacrines and interneurons that give rise to regular networks of axon collaterals may explain recent electrophysiological observations of lateral inhibition beneath the insect retina. Neural adaptation mechanisms acting on single retinotopic channels or assemblies of channels can also be referred to reciprocal relationships between receptors and first-order interneurons as well as to centrifugal cells from levels of so-called photopic receptor endings.", "contents": "Vision in insects: pathways possibly underlying neural adaptation and lateral inhibition. Like horizontal cells in vertebrate retinas, horizontal amacrine cells beneath the insect eye intervene between receptors and interneurons at the first level of synapses. Synaptic arrangements between amacrines and interneurons that give rise to regular networks of axon collaterals may explain recent electrophysiological observations of lateral inhibition beneath the insect retina. Neural adaptation mechanisms acting on single retinotopic channels or assemblies of channels can also be referred to reciprocal relationships between receptors and first-order interneurons as well as to centrifugal cells from levels of so-called photopic receptor endings.", "PMID": 841315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4532", "title": "Surface molecules of hematopoietic stem cells: requirement for sialic acid in spleen colony formation.", "content": "Enzymatic treatment was used to test the function of some surface peptides and carbohydrates in hematopoietic spleen colony formation. Proteases and most glycosidases had no effect on spleen colony formation, whereas treatment with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase reduced colonies by one-half. Intact sialic acid (residues appear to play an important role in colony formation.", "contents": "Surface molecules of hematopoietic stem cells: requirement for sialic acid in spleen colony formation. Enzymatic treatment was used to test the function of some surface peptides and carbohydrates in hematopoietic spleen colony formation. Proteases and most glycosidases had no effect on spleen colony formation, whereas treatment with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase reduced colonies by one-half. Intact sialic acid (residues appear to play an important role in colony formation.", "PMID": 841316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4533", "title": "Membrane potential of mitochondrial measured with microelectrodes.", "content": "The membrane potentials of giant mitochondria from cuprizone-fed mice were found to be independent of metabolic state. Experiments are described in which the presence of the microelectrodes in the inner mitochondrial space, and the metabolic viability of the impaled mitochonidra, are validated.", "contents": "Membrane potential of mitochondrial measured with microelectrodes. The membrane potentials of giant mitochondria from cuprizone-fed mice were found to be independent of metabolic state. Experiments are described in which the presence of the microelectrodes in the inner mitochondrial space, and the metabolic viability of the impaled mitochonidra, are validated.", "PMID": 841317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4534", "title": "Weaver ants: social establishment and maintenance of territory.", "content": "Workers of the African weaver ant Oecophylla longinoda recruit nestmates to previously unoccupied space by means of odor trails laid from the rectal gland, a hitherto unrecognized musculated organ located at the rear of the rectal sac. When enemy ants and other intruders are encountered on the territory, the Oecophylla assemble nestmates into small resting clusters by dispensing an attractant-arrestant pheromone from the sternal gland, a second newly discovered organ located on the last abdominal sternite. Under prolonged stress, additional forces are recruited to the combat area with the aid of the rectal-gland trail substance.", "contents": "Weaver ants: social establishment and maintenance of territory. Workers of the African weaver ant Oecophylla longinoda recruit nestmates to previously unoccupied space by means of odor trails laid from the rectal gland, a hitherto unrecognized musculated organ located at the rear of the rectal sac. When enemy ants and other intruders are encountered on the territory, the Oecophylla assemble nestmates into small resting clusters by dispensing an attractant-arrestant pheromone from the sternal gland, a second newly discovered organ located on the last abdominal sternite. Under prolonged stress, additional forces are recruited to the combat area with the aid of the rectal-gland trail substance.", "PMID": 841318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4535", "title": "Conditioned narcotic withdrawal in humans.", "content": "Subjective and physiological manifestations of the narcotic withdrawal syndrome were produced as a conditioned response. Withdrawal reactions precipitated by the narcotic antagonist naloxone in methadone-dependent volunteers were the unconditioned response. These data support clinical anecdotes of withdrawal symptoms occurring in former addicts when they return to their drug-related environment.", "contents": "Conditioned narcotic withdrawal in humans. Subjective and physiological manifestations of the narcotic withdrawal syndrome were produced as a conditioned response. Withdrawal reactions precipitated by the narcotic antagonist naloxone in methadone-dependent volunteers were the unconditioned response. These data support clinical anecdotes of withdrawal symptoms occurring in former addicts when they return to their drug-related environment.", "PMID": 841320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4536", "title": "Species identification in the North American cowbird: appropriate responses to abnormal song.", "content": "Female cowbirds raised in auditory isolated from males responded to the songs of male cowbirds with copulatory postures. The songs of males reared in isolated were more effective in eliciting the posture than the songs of normally reared males. The females did not respond to the songs of other species. These results indicate one mechanism of species identification for this parasitic species.", "contents": "Species identification in the North American cowbird: appropriate responses to abnormal song. Female cowbirds raised in auditory isolated from males responded to the songs of male cowbirds with copulatory postures. The songs of males reared in isolated were more effective in eliciting the posture than the songs of normally reared males. The females did not respond to the songs of other species. These results indicate one mechanism of species identification for this parasitic species.", "PMID": 841321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4537", "title": "Ecdysis: neural orchestration of a complex behavioral performance.", "content": "Cricket ecdysis (molting) requires continuously changing output in hundreds of motoneurons over a period of several hours, and exhibits considerable plasticity. Despite this complexity, analysis of identified motor units reveals a highly organized three-layered infrastructure, and indicates that the \"small system\" paradigm currently applied to simple invertebrate motor programs can be extended to much more sophisticated behavioral performances.", "contents": "Ecdysis: neural orchestration of a complex behavioral performance. Cricket ecdysis (molting) requires continuously changing output in hundreds of motoneurons over a period of several hours, and exhibits considerable plasticity. Despite this complexity, analysis of identified motor units reveals a highly organized three-layered infrastructure, and indicates that the \"small system\" paradigm currently applied to simple invertebrate motor programs can be extended to much more sophisticated behavioral performances.", "PMID": 841322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4538", "title": "Reduced warfarin binding of albumin variants.", "content": "Binding studies of albumins A/A and A/Me from human plasma and isolated albumin revealed small, but statistically significant, reductions in warfarin binding of albumin A/Me compared to albumin A/A. Such differences in binding in vitro could result in altered pharmacological responses to warfarin administered to individuals possessing albumin A/Me. To determine if clinically significant differences in warfarin distribution exist, observations should be made in vivo on patients of different albumin phenotype who are receiving warfarin therapeutically.", "contents": "Reduced warfarin binding of albumin variants. Binding studies of albumins A/A and A/Me from human plasma and isolated albumin revealed small, but statistically significant, reductions in warfarin binding of albumin A/Me compared to albumin A/A. Such differences in binding in vitro could result in altered pharmacological responses to warfarin administered to individuals possessing albumin A/Me. To determine if clinically significant differences in warfarin distribution exist, observations should be made in vivo on patients of different albumin phenotype who are receiving warfarin therapeutically.", "PMID": 841323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4539", "title": "25-hydroxycholecalciferol to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol: conversion impaired by systemic metabolic acidosis.", "content": "An acute systemic acidosis in vitamin D depleted rats that was induced by ammonium chlroide feeding resulted in defective biological hydroxylation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Impaired enzymatic hydroxylation occurred despite the presence of either hypophosphatemia or hypocalcemia. The data suggest that acidosis interfers with the adaptive enzymatic control of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol metabolism in the vitamin D depleted state.", "contents": "25-hydroxycholecalciferol to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol: conversion impaired by systemic metabolic acidosis. An acute systemic acidosis in vitamin D depleted rats that was induced by ammonium chlroide feeding resulted in defective biological hydroxylation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Impaired enzymatic hydroxylation occurred despite the presence of either hypophosphatemia or hypocalcemia. The data suggest that acidosis interfers with the adaptive enzymatic control of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol metabolism in the vitamin D depleted state.", "PMID": 841324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4540", "title": "Aequorin luminescence: relation of light emission to calcium concentration--a calcium-independent component.", "content": "Light emission from the calcium-sensitive bioluminescent protein aequorin was measured at calcium ion concentrations of 10(-9) to 10(-2) molar. At very low Ca2+ concentations, light emission is independent of calcium ion concentration. The maximum slope of the log-log plot of light as a function of calcium ion concentration is about 2.5. The complete relation is well described by a two-state model involving three calcium-binding sites.", "contents": "Aequorin luminescence: relation of light emission to calcium concentration--a calcium-independent component. Light emission from the calcium-sensitive bioluminescent protein aequorin was measured at calcium ion concentrations of 10(-9) to 10(-2) molar. At very low Ca2+ concentations, light emission is independent of calcium ion concentration. The maximum slope of the log-log plot of light as a function of calcium ion concentration is about 2.5. The complete relation is well described by a two-state model involving three calcium-binding sites.", "PMID": 841325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4541", "title": "Kinetic resonance Raman spectroscopy: dynamics of deprotonation of the Schiff base of bacteriorhodopsin.", "content": "We have developed a kinetic technique, combining resonance Raman spectroscopy and variable-speed continuous flow methods, to study molecular dynamics of isolated sites in macromolecules. Kinetic resonance Raman spectra of the retinylidence chromophore of bacteriorhodopsin have been obtained and the dynamics of the deprotonation of the Schiff base linkage is discussed.", "contents": "Kinetic resonance Raman spectroscopy: dynamics of deprotonation of the Schiff base of bacteriorhodopsin. We have developed a kinetic technique, combining resonance Raman spectroscopy and variable-speed continuous flow methods, to study molecular dynamics of isolated sites in macromolecules. Kinetic resonance Raman spectra of the retinylidence chromophore of bacteriorhodopsin have been obtained and the dynamics of the deprotonation of the Schiff base linkage is discussed.", "PMID": 841330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4542", "title": "Environmental degradation of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD).", "content": "Herbicide formulations containing known amounts of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and exposed to natural sunlight on leaves, soil, or glass plates lost most or all of the TCDD during a single day, due principally to photochemical dechlorination. Despite the known persistence of pure TCDD, it is not stable as a contaminant in thin herbicide films exposed to outdoor light.", "contents": "Environmental degradation of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Herbicide formulations containing known amounts of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and exposed to natural sunlight on leaves, soil, or glass plates lost most or all of the TCDD during a single day, due principally to photochemical dechlorination. Despite the known persistence of pure TCDD, it is not stable as a contaminant in thin herbicide films exposed to outdoor light.", "PMID": 841331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4543", "title": "Enzyme polymorphisms as genetic signatures in human cell cultures.", "content": "The electrophoretic resolution of seven relatively polymorphic human gene-enzyme systems expressed in tissue culture cells can be used as a sensitive genetic monitor for intraspecific cell contamination. An identical genotype at each of the same allozyme loci provides a 95% (or greater) confindence estimate of the identity of two cultured lines, on the basis of the allelic frequencies of the seven enzyme loci in natural populations and in populations of independently derived cultured cells. Of 27 commonly used human cell lines examined, only one of 351 pairwise comparisons proved genetically indistinguishable.", "contents": "Enzyme polymorphisms as genetic signatures in human cell cultures. The electrophoretic resolution of seven relatively polymorphic human gene-enzyme systems expressed in tissue culture cells can be used as a sensitive genetic monitor for intraspecific cell contamination. An identical genotype at each of the same allozyme loci provides a 95% (or greater) confindence estimate of the identity of two cultured lines, on the basis of the allelic frequencies of the seven enzyme loci in natural populations and in populations of independently derived cultured cells. Of 27 commonly used human cell lines examined, only one of 351 pairwise comparisons proved genetically indistinguishable.", "PMID": 841332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4544", "title": "Reconstitution of chromatin subunits.", "content": "The recovery of the subunit structure of chromatin after dissociation and reconstitution is markedly affected by the procedure used. Some procedures give complete regeneration of subunits, but the procedure most commonly used for reconstitution gives poor yields of subunit-containing chromatin.", "contents": "Reconstitution of chromatin subunits. The recovery of the subunit structure of chromatin after dissociation and reconstitution is markedly affected by the procedure used. Some procedures give complete regeneration of subunits, but the procedure most commonly used for reconstitution gives poor yields of subunit-containing chromatin.", "PMID": 841333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4545", "title": "Fat-containing uterine smooth muscle cells in \"toxemia\": possible relevance to atherosclerosis?", "content": "Uterine smooth muscle cells in \"toxemia of pregnancy\" contain varying amounts of fat--a feature to date believed to characterize only the arterial smooth muscle cells in atherosclerotic lesions. Thus, the smooth muscle cells at these two sites do not differ essentially in their reactivity to certain forms of injury: hypoxia may represent an injurious factor common to both \"toxemia\" and atherosclerosis. These observations imply that the view that the arterial smooth muscle cells are biologically different than are those elsewhere may no longer be tenable.", "contents": "Fat-containing uterine smooth muscle cells in \"toxemia\": possible relevance to atherosclerosis? Uterine smooth muscle cells in \"toxemia of pregnancy\" contain varying amounts of fat--a feature to date believed to characterize only the arterial smooth muscle cells in atherosclerotic lesions. Thus, the smooth muscle cells at these two sites do not differ essentially in their reactivity to certain forms of injury: hypoxia may represent an injurious factor common to both \"toxemia\" and atherosclerosis. These observations imply that the view that the arterial smooth muscle cells are biologically different than are those elsewhere may no longer be tenable.", "PMID": 841334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4546", "title": "Visual pigment changes in rainbow trout in response to temperature.", "content": "Lower water temperature (6 degrees C in comparison  to 16 degrees C) favors a higher proportion of porphyropsin in the retina of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), regardless of the light conditions (constant darkness or 12 hours of light and 12 of darkness). This response to temperature does not follow a Q10 relation, namely an increase in the rate of a reaction produced by raising the temperature 10 degrees C.", "contents": "Visual pigment changes in rainbow trout in response to temperature. Lower water temperature (6 degrees C in comparison  to 16 degrees C) favors a higher proportion of porphyropsin in the retina of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), regardless of the light conditions (constant darkness or 12 hours of light and 12 of darkness). This response to temperature does not follow a Q10 relation, namely an increase in the rate of a reaction produced by raising the temperature 10 degrees C.", "PMID": 841335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4547", "title": "Identification of retinoyl complexes as the autofluorescent component of the neuronal storage material in Batten disease.", "content": "Cytosomes filled with intensely fluorescent material in the form of curvilinear bodies were isolated by density gradient centrifugation followed by pronase digestion from the cerebral cortex of a child who had died at age 7 from the late infantile form of Batten disease. Forty-three percent of the dry weight of the storage material was extracted by a mixture of chloroform and methanol, leaving a waterinsoluble amorphous fluorescent residue. Infrared spectroscopy, proton magnetic resonance spectrscopy, and mass spectrometry of this residue strongly suggested the presence of retinoyl polyenes linked to a small peptide. Base hydrolysis and methanolysis yielded retinoic acid and methyl retinoate, respectively. Ozonolysis yielded a product derived from the substituted cyclohexenyl ring of vitamin A. The results indicate that the fluorescent component of the neuronal storage material is a retinoyl complex and is not derived from peroxidized polyunsatured fatty acids as previously thought.", "contents": "Identification of retinoyl complexes as the autofluorescent component of the neuronal storage material in Batten disease. Cytosomes filled with intensely fluorescent material in the form of curvilinear bodies were isolated by density gradient centrifugation followed by pronase digestion from the cerebral cortex of a child who had died at age 7 from the late infantile form of Batten disease. Forty-three percent of the dry weight of the storage material was extracted by a mixture of chloroform and methanol, leaving a waterinsoluble amorphous fluorescent residue. Infrared spectroscopy, proton magnetic resonance spectrscopy, and mass spectrometry of this residue strongly suggested the presence of retinoyl polyenes linked to a small peptide. Base hydrolysis and methanolysis yielded retinoic acid and methyl retinoate, respectively. Ozonolysis yielded a product derived from the substituted cyclohexenyl ring of vitamin A. The results indicate that the fluorescent component of the neuronal storage material is a retinoyl complex and is not derived from peroxidized polyunsatured fatty acids as previously thought.", "PMID": 841336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4548", "title": "The distrust of nuclear power.", "content": "Society seems content to strike a more moderate or uncertain balance with other technologies than with nuclear power. This attitude is traced to the social history of nuclear power, the genuine uncertainty and complexity of safety issues, underestimation of the regulatory task, and the rancorous nature of the debate. Nuclear power is not just another problem of technology, of environment, or of health. It is unique in our time. To be more demanding of nuclear safety may be to apply a double standard, but not necessarily an irrational one. Our best course appears to be to keep the nuclear option open, work toward the rapid resolution of problems such as waste disposal, but postpone recycling and the breeder reactor. Time is needed to resolve immediate problems such as transport and disposal of nuclear wastes; to come to terms with trans-scientific issues such as plutonium toxicity, sabotage, and weapons proliferation; and to evaluate long-term energy alternatives.", "contents": "The distrust of nuclear power. Society seems content to strike a more moderate or uncertain balance with other technologies than with nuclear power. This attitude is traced to the social history of nuclear power, the genuine uncertainty and complexity of safety issues, underestimation of the regulatory task, and the rancorous nature of the debate. Nuclear power is not just another problem of technology, of environment, or of health. It is unique in our time. To be more demanding of nuclear safety may be to apply a double standard, but not necessarily an irrational one. Our best course appears to be to keep the nuclear option open, work toward the rapid resolution of problems such as waste disposal, but postpone recycling and the breeder reactor. Time is needed to resolve immediate problems such as transport and disposal of nuclear wastes; to come to terms with trans-scientific issues such as plutonium toxicity, sabotage, and weapons proliferation; and to evaluate long-term energy alternatives.", "PMID": 841337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4549", "title": "Morphologies of cells from 1-day chick embryos.", "content": "Cells disaggregatedfrom 1-day chick embryos show three morphologies,two reminiscent of mammalian erythrocytes and one epithelial. The presence of intermediate forms suggests that the three morphologies are interconvertible.", "contents": "Morphologies of cells from 1-day chick embryos. Cells disaggregatedfrom 1-day chick embryos show three morphologies,two reminiscent of mammalian erythrocytes and one epithelial. The presence of intermediate forms suggests that the three morphologies are interconvertible.", "PMID": 841338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4550", "title": "Characterization of a new human diploid cell strain, IMR-90.", "content": "A new human diploid fibroblast-like cell line has been established from lung tissue of a female fetus. This has been frozen away in large quantity and characterized for use in research and related purposes. This is the first of a planned series of human cell lines to be established, characterized, and banked in large quantity in support of the National Institute on Aging research and general cell biology.", "contents": "Characterization of a new human diploid cell strain, IMR-90. A new human diploid fibroblast-like cell line has been established from lung tissue of a female fetus. This has been frozen away in large quantity and characterized for use in research and related purposes. This is the first of a planned series of human cell lines to be established, characterized, and banked in large quantity in support of the National Institute on Aging research and general cell biology.", "PMID": 841339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4551", "title": "Babesia rodhaini: requirement of complement for penetration of human erythrocytes.", "content": "A system has been developed in vitro in which human red cells, in the presence of fresh human (or rat) serum, are parasitized by the hemosporidian protozoan Babesia rodhaini. The ability of B. rodhaini to penetrate red cells depends on factors of the alternative complement pathway (properdin and factor B) as well as ionic magnesium and the third (C3) and the fifth (C5) components of complement. These data indicate a novel mechanism by which a parasite is able to utilize the complement system. The data are in accord with and further amplify earlier observations that demonstrated a requirement for complement in the development of babesial infection in rats.", "contents": "Babesia rodhaini: requirement of complement for penetration of human erythrocytes. A system has been developed in vitro in which human red cells, in the presence of fresh human (or rat) serum, are parasitized by the hemosporidian protozoan Babesia rodhaini. The ability of B. rodhaini to penetrate red cells depends on factors of the alternative complement pathway (properdin and factor B) as well as ionic magnesium and the third (C3) and the fifth (C5) components of complement. These data indicate a novel mechanism by which a parasite is able to utilize the complement system. The data are in accord with and further amplify earlier observations that demonstrated a requirement for complement in the development of babesial infection in rats.", "PMID": 841340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4552", "title": "N-Nitrosodiethanolamine in synthetic cutting fluids: a part-per-hundred impurity.", "content": "N-nitrosodiethanolamine has been found to be present at a concentration of 0.02 to 3 percent in several brands of synthetic cutting fluids. Its identity was confirmed by three independent techniques: (i) by measuring the retention times on two different high-performance liquid-chromatography columns, (ii) by dehydration to N-nitrosomorpholine, and (iii) by preparation of the O-methyl ether derivative.", "contents": "N-Nitrosodiethanolamine in synthetic cutting fluids: a part-per-hundred impurity. N-nitrosodiethanolamine has been found to be present at a concentration of 0.02 to 3 percent in several brands of synthetic cutting fluids. Its identity was confirmed by three independent techniques: (i) by measuring the retention times on two different high-performance liquid-chromatography columns, (ii) by dehydration to N-nitrosomorpholine, and (iii) by preparation of the O-methyl ether derivative.", "PMID": 841341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4553", "title": "Perception of impossible limb positions induced by tendon vibration.", "content": "When the wrist flexor muscle is vibrated and the wrist is passively extended to a position close to its anatomical limit, the hand is felt to be bent to a position about 29 degrees beyond its maximum operating range. The mechanism of position sense must in this case be operating on the basis of extrapolation. Ambiguity of sensed position can occur in this situation. Some subjects, when opposing the vibration-induced contraction of bicepts, report experiencing multiple forearms.", "contents": "Perception of impossible limb positions induced by tendon vibration. When the wrist flexor muscle is vibrated and the wrist is passively extended to a position close to its anatomical limit, the hand is felt to be bent to a position about 29 degrees beyond its maximum operating range. The mechanism of position sense must in this case be operating on the basis of extrapolation. Ambiguity of sensed position can occur in this situation. Some subjects, when opposing the vibration-induced contraction of bicepts, report experiencing multiple forearms.", "PMID": 841342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4554", "title": "Cortical potentials associated with the detection of visual events.", "content": "A positive-going potential, which reaches a maximum at the vertex and midline parietal scalp electrodes, occurs in the human being when an infrequent, significant event occurs in a continuously observed visual display. It is not time locked to eye movements or operant response and appears to be generated when the observer recognizes an event that he has been instructed to detect.", "contents": "Cortical potentials associated with the detection of visual events. A positive-going potential, which reaches a maximum at the vertex and midline parietal scalp electrodes, occurs in the human being when an infrequent, significant event occurs in a continuously observed visual display. It is not time locked to eye movements or operant response and appears to be generated when the observer recognizes an event that he has been instructed to detect.", "PMID": 841343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4555", "title": "Reading disability: an information-processing analysis.", "content": "In a task designed to separate perceptual processes from memory, 12-year-old children with reading disabilities showed no perceptual deficits as compared to their peers. However, they exhibited major deficiencies in memory skills for both labelable and nonlabelable visual information. Reading-disabled children in this age group appear to suffer from a basic information-processing deficiency.", "contents": "Reading disability: an information-processing analysis. In a task designed to separate perceptual processes from memory, 12-year-old children with reading disabilities showed no perceptual deficits as compared to their peers. However, they exhibited major deficiencies in memory skills for both labelable and nonlabelable visual information. Reading-disabled children in this age group appear to suffer from a basic information-processing deficiency.", "PMID": 841344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4556", "title": "Homeostasis during hypoglycemia: central control of adrenal secretion and peripheral control of feeding.", "content": "Intravenous infusions of manose or B-hydroxybutyrate, metabolic fuels which can be oxidized by brain, abolished adrenal discharge of epinephrine in rats during insulin-induced hypoglycemia, whereas infusion of fructose, a sugar which does not cross the blood-brain barrier, did not. In contrast, increased feeding behavior during hypoglycemia was prevented both by the sugars and by B-hydroxybutyrate. Thus, while the sympathetic response during marked hypoglycemia may have been initiated by alterations in cerebal metabolism, the feeding response evidently was not, and a decrease in the utilization of glucose per se does not appear to be the critical stimulus in either case.", "contents": "Homeostasis during hypoglycemia: central control of adrenal secretion and peripheral control of feeding. Intravenous infusions of manose or B-hydroxybutyrate, metabolic fuels which can be oxidized by brain, abolished adrenal discharge of epinephrine in rats during insulin-induced hypoglycemia, whereas infusion of fructose, a sugar which does not cross the blood-brain barrier, did not. In contrast, increased feeding behavior during hypoglycemia was prevented both by the sugars and by B-hydroxybutyrate. Thus, while the sympathetic response during marked hypoglycemia may have been initiated by alterations in cerebal metabolism, the feeding response evidently was not, and a decrease in the utilization of glucose per se does not appear to be the critical stimulus in either case.", "PMID": 841345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4557", "title": "Mechanisms and prevention of cancer dissemination: an overview.", "content": "Synthesizing data from many experimental and clinical courses, a current working model for tumor dissemination has been constructed. Several aspects of this model are being exploited to therapeutic advantage for the patient with cancer. Surgeons should continue to exercise the principles of en bloc tumor resection and employ maneuvers to minimize iatrogenic tumor dissemination .", "contents": "Mechanisms and prevention of cancer dissemination: an overview. Synthesizing data from many experimental and clinical courses, a current working model for tumor dissemination has been constructed. Several aspects of this model are being exploited to therapeutic advantage for the patient with cancer. Surgeons should continue to exercise the principles of en bloc tumor resection and employ maneuvers to minimize iatrogenic tumor dissemination .", "PMID": 841346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4558", "title": "Pathways of metastatic spread of malignant tumors.", "content": "In order to produce viable metastases,  the neoplastic cells must first be able to survive in the fluid system that they attain and that transport them. An important circumstance that has escaped the attention of most observers is the fact that the establishment of metastatic colonies is favored by the sluggish transportation of the detached neoplastic cells. Such leisurely transport is provided by lymphatic channels and peritoneal fluid; in the peritoneal cavity, the favorable circumstance aids the spread of relatively benign tumors such as pseudomyxoma peritonei and ovarian adenomas. In the blood, the slow transport is assured only by the venous access to the vertebral vein system; this avenue to blood-borne spread is particularly favorable to well differentiated tumors with a slow rate of growth and explains the widespread bone metastases from tumors with a low degree of malignancy, such as well differentiated adenocarcinomas of the thyroid and prostate. In contrast, neoplastic cells that enter the swift arterial circulation from the left heart are not often successfully implanted, in spite of their high degree of malignancy, and more often perish. Otherwide, we should observe a greater number of metastases in the small bones of the wrists and hands and of the ankles and feet, where the arterial circulation would bring them.", "contents": "Pathways of metastatic spread of malignant tumors. In order to produce viable metastases,  the neoplastic cells must first be able to survive in the fluid system that they attain and that transport them. An important circumstance that has escaped the attention of most observers is the fact that the establishment of metastatic colonies is favored by the sluggish transportation of the detached neoplastic cells. Such leisurely transport is provided by lymphatic channels and peritoneal fluid; in the peritoneal cavity, the favorable circumstance aids the spread of relatively benign tumors such as pseudomyxoma peritonei and ovarian adenomas. In the blood, the slow transport is assured only by the venous access to the vertebral vein system; this avenue to blood-borne spread is particularly favorable to well differentiated tumors with a slow rate of growth and explains the widespread bone metastases from tumors with a low degree of malignancy, such as well differentiated adenocarcinomas of the thyroid and prostate. In contrast, neoplastic cells that enter the swift arterial circulation from the left heart are not often successfully implanted, in spite of their high degree of malignancy, and more often perish. Otherwide, we should observe a greater number of metastases in the small bones of the wrists and hands and of the ankles and feet, where the arterial circulation would bring them.", "PMID": 841347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4559", "title": "Metastatic and histologic presentations in unknown primary cancer.", "content": "The patient with metastatic adeno- or undifferentiated carcinoma who presents with a cryptic primary is subjected to an extensive diagnostic search. These efforts apparently stem from the following assumptions: 1). The ultimately proven primary sites in such patients will occur with the same frequency as the most commonly occurring carcinomas (i.e., lung, breast, colon, prostate, etc.); and 2). Metastatic patterns and histologies seen at diagnosis are the same as for patients presenting with these more common tumors. Our data contradict these assumptions. For example, the most commonly occurring unknown primary was pancreas. Rarely occurring primaries included breast and prostate. Lung cancer was observed frequently, but the presentation was atypical because of the large proportion of female patients. In addition, the metastatic patterns at diagnosis were unusual for many of the ultimately proven primary sites. In an attempt to deal with these contradictions, a method to search for new relationships between primary site and metastatic-histologic presentations was employed. This method succeeded in placing the location of the primary cancer to above or below the diaphragm in 80% of the patients studied retrospectively. Tested prospectively in a small group of patients, the method appears to be clincally useful. Finally, in this study we have made the diagnosis, antemortem, of the primary cancer site (PCS) in only 30 of 264 patients. The failure to find the primary site, dispite extensive radiologic work-up, was disappointing to the authors, and emphasizes the difficulty of finding PCS antemortem. In our study pancreas and lung appear to be most common cryptic primary sites.", "contents": "Metastatic and histologic presentations in unknown primary cancer. The patient with metastatic adeno- or undifferentiated carcinoma who presents with a cryptic primary is subjected to an extensive diagnostic search. These efforts apparently stem from the following assumptions: 1). The ultimately proven primary sites in such patients will occur with the same frequency as the most commonly occurring carcinomas (i.e., lung, breast, colon, prostate, etc.); and 2). Metastatic patterns and histologies seen at diagnosis are the same as for patients presenting with these more common tumors. Our data contradict these assumptions. For example, the most commonly occurring unknown primary was pancreas. Rarely occurring primaries included breast and prostate. Lung cancer was observed frequently, but the presentation was atypical because of the large proportion of female patients. In addition, the metastatic patterns at diagnosis were unusual for many of the ultimately proven primary sites. In an attempt to deal with these contradictions, a method to search for new relationships between primary site and metastatic-histologic presentations was employed. This method succeeded in placing the location of the primary cancer to above or below the diaphragm in 80% of the patients studied retrospectively. Tested prospectively in a small group of patients, the method appears to be clincally useful. Finally, in this study we have made the diagnosis, antemortem, of the primary cancer site (PCS) in only 30 of 264 patients. The failure to find the primary site, dispite extensive radiologic work-up, was disappointing to the authors, and emphasizes the difficulty of finding PCS antemortem. In our study pancreas and lung appear to be most common cryptic primary sites.", "PMID": 841350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4560", "title": "Unusual sites of metastases.", "content": "Unusual metastases occur in a significant percentage of patients with malignant disease. In large measure, they represent a preterminal event. This is not always the case, however. In patients who have metastases to the skin, the event is generally preterminal particularly when the primary is the lung. In that instance the time between appearance of the metastasis and death is between 1.5 and 2.6 mo. Metastases to the skin occurring in patients with carcinoma of the cervix also represents a preterminal event with a time from diagnosis to death of 3 mo. In patients with carcinoma of the esophagus, the time from diagnosis to death is 4.3 mo, on the average. On the other hand, metastases to the skin from primary malignant tumors involving the colon, bladder, kidney, and ovary do not represent preterminal events. The time form diagnosis to death varies from 7.3 mo in carcinoma of the ovary to 12.7 mo in carcinomas of the kidney. Therefore, it is important when a patient presents with metastases to the skin to establish the primary source, the extent of the metastatic lesions and devise treatment programs that are appropriate to the pattern of the metastasis and the primary diagnosis...", "contents": "Unusual sites of metastases. Unusual metastases occur in a significant percentage of patients with malignant disease. In large measure, they represent a preterminal event. This is not always the case, however. In patients who have metastases to the skin, the event is generally preterminal particularly when the primary is the lung. In that instance the time between appearance of the metastasis and death is between 1.5 and 2.6 mo. Metastases to the skin occurring in patients with carcinoma of the cervix also represents a preterminal event with a time from diagnosis to death of 3 mo. In patients with carcinoma of the esophagus, the time from diagnosis to death is 4.3 mo, on the average. On the other hand, metastases to the skin from primary malignant tumors involving the colon, bladder, kidney, and ovary do not represent preterminal events. The time form diagnosis to death varies from 7.3 mo in carcinoma of the ovary to 12.7 mo in carcinomas of the kidney. Therefore, it is important when a patient presents with metastases to the skin to establish the primary source, the extent of the metastatic lesions and devise treatment programs that are appropriate to the pattern of the metastasis and the primary diagnosis...", "PMID": 841351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4561", "title": "Multiple giant cell tumors.", "content": "A case of multiple giant cell tumors is reported. Neither of the lesions was malignant. The clinical, pathologic, and radiographic features of giant cell tumors are discussed.", "contents": "Multiple giant cell tumors. A case of multiple giant cell tumors is reported. Neither of the lesions was malignant. The clinical, pathologic, and radiographic features of giant cell tumors are discussed.", "PMID": 841358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4562", "title": "Amphetamine-induced angiitis leading to renal failure.", "content": "A patient is presented who developed angiitis associated with intravenous usage of amphetamine. Her disease exacerbated after further amphetamine usage and progressed, over a two-year period, to terminal renal failure. Various etiologic possibilities are discussed, and it is suggested that amphetamine-induced angiitis is a distinct clinical entity that is potentially lethal.", "contents": "Amphetamine-induced angiitis leading to renal failure. A patient is presented who developed angiitis associated with intravenous usage of amphetamine. Her disease exacerbated after further amphetamine usage and progressed, over a two-year period, to terminal renal failure. Various etiologic possibilities are discussed, and it is suggested that amphetamine-induced angiitis is a distinct clinical entity that is potentially lethal.", "PMID": 841359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4563", "title": "Thioridazine-hydrochloride-associated agranulocytosis.", "content": "A patient with thioridazine-hydrochloride-associated agranulocytosis is described and eight previously reported cases are reviewed. This complication is most likely due to a direct toxic effect on the bone marrow. As in our case, markers for an immunologically mediated mechanism have not been found. Thioridazine-hydrochloride-associated agranulocytosis usually occurs between the fifth and 11th week of therapy and is not related to the total dose of drug received. Three of the nine patients with thioridazine-hydrochloride-associated agranulocytosis have died from infectious complications. Thus, careful monitoring for infection and prompt therapy are indicated.", "contents": "Thioridazine-hydrochloride-associated agranulocytosis. A patient with thioridazine-hydrochloride-associated agranulocytosis is described and eight previously reported cases are reviewed. This complication is most likely due to a direct toxic effect on the bone marrow. As in our case, markers for an immunologically mediated mechanism have not been found. Thioridazine-hydrochloride-associated agranulocytosis usually occurs between the fifth and 11th week of therapy and is not related to the total dose of drug received. Three of the nine patients with thioridazine-hydrochloride-associated agranulocytosis have died from infectious complications. Thus, careful monitoring for infection and prompt therapy are indicated.", "PMID": 841360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4564", "title": "Intrathoracic splenosis.", "content": "Intrathoracic splenosis is a rare complication of combined diaphragmatic and splenic injury. This is the 79th reported case of splenosis and the seventh case of intrathoracic splenosis. That intrathoracic splenosis can mimic carcinoma of the lung on chest roentgenogram is exemplified by the similarity between the patient's chest film and that of his brother who died of lung cancer during the patient's hospital stay.", "contents": "Intrathoracic splenosis. Intrathoracic splenosis is a rare complication of combined diaphragmatic and splenic injury. This is the 79th reported case of splenosis and the seventh case of intrathoracic splenosis. That intrathoracic splenosis can mimic carcinoma of the lung on chest roentgenogram is exemplified by the similarity between the patient's chest film and that of his brother who died of lung cancer during the patient's hospital stay.", "PMID": 841361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4565", "title": "Infection of disk space secondary to fistula from pelvic abscess.", "content": "Disk space sepsis is a recognized complication of spinal surgery, but infection by a penetrating fistula from a retroperitoneal or pelvic abscess is rare. The lack of localizing symptoms, the insidious disease process, and the clinical and myelographic findings simulating a herniated disk syndrome obscure the true diagnosis and make identification of the primary infection difficult. A good result was obtained in this case by laminectomy and drainage of the lumbosacral disk space, followed by a diagnostic fistulogram and evacuation of a large pelvic abscess.", "contents": "Infection of disk space secondary to fistula from pelvic abscess. Disk space sepsis is a recognized complication of spinal surgery, but infection by a penetrating fistula from a retroperitoneal or pelvic abscess is rare. The lack of localizing symptoms, the insidious disease process, and the clinical and myelographic findings simulating a herniated disk syndrome obscure the true diagnosis and make identification of the primary infection difficult. A good result was obtained in this case by laminectomy and drainage of the lumbosacral disk space, followed by a diagnostic fistulogram and evacuation of a large pelvic abscess.", "PMID": 841362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4566", "title": "Phencyclidine ingestion: therapy review.", "content": "The case of a 2 1/2-year-old comatose white boy successfully treated for acute phencyclidine poisoning has been reported with a brief review of symptoms and therapy. Supportive treatment consisted of maintaining intravascular volume; giving diuretics as needed to insure an adequate urinary output; controlling excessive secretions and seizure activity; and providing respiratory support. The patient recovered over a ten-day period of treatment without neurologic or psychologic sequelae.", "contents": "Phencyclidine ingestion: therapy review. The case of a 2 1/2-year-old comatose white boy successfully treated for acute phencyclidine poisoning has been reported with a brief review of symptoms and therapy. Supportive treatment consisted of maintaining intravascular volume; giving diuretics as needed to insure an adequate urinary output; controlling excessive secretions and seizure activity; and providing respiratory support. The patient recovered over a ten-day period of treatment without neurologic or psychologic sequelae.", "PMID": 841363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4567", "title": "Pediatric pesticide poisonings in North Carolina: epidemiologic observations.", "content": "In four years, 218 pesticide exposures were reported among North Carolina children. Epidemiologic follow-up revealed 50 symptomatic cases with nine fatalities. Mean age of exposed children was 27 months; boys were involved twice as frequently as girls. Agents most often implicated were anticoagulant rodenticides (17%) and organophosphate insecticides (16%). Sixty-eight percent of exposures were to products intended for household use. Special characteristics of pesticides that contribute to morbidity include exceptional toxicity, dermal penetration, and frequent application as food baits. Exposure histories indicate that high petroleum distillate content often adds to product toxicity.", "contents": "Pediatric pesticide poisonings in North Carolina: epidemiologic observations. In four years, 218 pesticide exposures were reported among North Carolina children. Epidemiologic follow-up revealed 50 symptomatic cases with nine fatalities. Mean age of exposed children was 27 months; boys were involved twice as frequently as girls. Agents most often implicated were anticoagulant rodenticides (17%) and organophosphate insecticides (16%). Sixty-eight percent of exposures were to products intended for household use. Special characteristics of pesticides that contribute to morbidity include exceptional toxicity, dermal penetration, and frequent application as food baits. Exposure histories indicate that high petroleum distillate content often adds to product toxicity.", "PMID": 841364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4568", "title": "Tick paralysis: electrophysiologic measurements.", "content": "Electrophysiologic measurements in a 9-year-old girl with tick paralysis demonstrated a prolonged distal latency and a decremental response to 30 Hz stimulation. The nerve conduction determinations became normal after clinical recovery. The pathophysiologic process of this disease seems to be within the peripheral nerve although a central site of action of tick toxin cannot be completely excluded. Tick paralysis should be considered in the individual who develops ascending paralysis.", "contents": "Tick paralysis: electrophysiologic measurements. Electrophysiologic measurements in a 9-year-old girl with tick paralysis demonstrated a prolonged distal latency and a decremental response to 30 Hz stimulation. The nerve conduction determinations became normal after clinical recovery. The pathophysiologic process of this disease seems to be within the peripheral nerve although a central site of action of tick toxin cannot be completely excluded. Tick paralysis should be considered in the individual who develops ascending paralysis.", "PMID": 841365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4569", "title": "Cervical teratoma in infants and children.", "content": "Teratoma of the neck in infants and children, though uncommon, should be included in the differential diagnosis of neck masses in this age group. Radiographic examination should be an integral part of the patient's evaluation and may allow a definitive diagnosis. The clinical and radiologic aspects of this tumor are discussed. The finding of a soft tissue mass indenting the trachea and containing calcification should indicate the diagnosis of teratoma.", "contents": "Cervical teratoma in infants and children. Teratoma of the neck in infants and children, though uncommon, should be included in the differential diagnosis of neck masses in this age group. Radiographic examination should be an integral part of the patient's evaluation and may allow a definitive diagnosis. The clinical and radiologic aspects of this tumor are discussed. The finding of a soft tissue mass indenting the trachea and containing calcification should indicate the diagnosis of teratoma.", "PMID": 841366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4570", "title": "Difficulties in diagnosing unusual spread of cervical carcinoma.", "content": "A case involving unusual spread of cervical carcinoma in a 66-year-old white woman who remained relatively asymptomatic for 26 years after radiation therapy for stage III or IV squamous cell carcinoma is presented. Despite an extensive clinical work-up, diagnosis was not made until a large retroperitoneal tumor mass was discovered at necropsy. The subtle clues of occult malignancy are discussed and a mechanism for the unusual spread of the cervical carcinoma is presented.", "contents": "Difficulties in diagnosing unusual spread of cervical carcinoma. A case involving unusual spread of cervical carcinoma in a 66-year-old white woman who remained relatively asymptomatic for 26 years after radiation therapy for stage III or IV squamous cell carcinoma is presented. Despite an extensive clinical work-up, diagnosis was not made until a large retroperitoneal tumor mass was discovered at necropsy. The subtle clues of occult malignancy are discussed and a mechanism for the unusual spread of the cervical carcinoma is presented.", "PMID": 841367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4571", "title": "Cryosurgery of the anus.", "content": "To further study the effectiveness of cryosurgery of the anus, cryolesions were produced in the rectum of pigs and healing was followed by microangiography and histologic study. In addition, cryosurgery was used on 105 patients (35 as outpatients) with anal pathologic lesions. Results demonstrated that cryosurgery is an effective method of curing most anal lesions. Since the method produced partial anesthesia, postoperative pain was decreased. The cryolesions healed rapidly and well, without major complications. The experimental work demonstrated destruction of the submucosal veins without distortion of muscles or excessive scarring. The mucosa sloughed but healed within two weeks. Cryosurgery makes office hemorrhoidectomy a reality.", "contents": "Cryosurgery of the anus. To further study the effectiveness of cryosurgery of the anus, cryolesions were produced in the rectum of pigs and healing was followed by microangiography and histologic study. In addition, cryosurgery was used on 105 patients (35 as outpatients) with anal pathologic lesions. Results demonstrated that cryosurgery is an effective method of curing most anal lesions. Since the method produced partial anesthesia, postoperative pain was decreased. The cryolesions healed rapidly and well, without major complications. The experimental work demonstrated destruction of the submucosal veins without distortion of muscles or excessive scarring. The mucosa sloughed but healed within two weeks. Cryosurgery makes office hemorrhoidectomy a reality.", "PMID": 841369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4572", "title": "Obstructive hydrocephalus as a cause of hypopituitarism.", "content": "Two patients in whom the signs and symptoms of intracranial hypertension resolved after surgical correction of hydrocephalus are described. In both instances skull roentgenograms showed an abnormal sella turcica, and an arteriogram and sir study were necessary to prevent misdiagnosis as \"pseudotumor cerebri.\" Evidence of clinical endocrine dysfunction is an early sign of pituitary tumors, but hypopituitarism may also occur in patients with extrasellar processes, including hydrocephalus and intracranial hypertension.", "contents": "Obstructive hydrocephalus as a cause of hypopituitarism. Two patients in whom the signs and symptoms of intracranial hypertension resolved after surgical correction of hydrocephalus are described. In both instances skull roentgenograms showed an abnormal sella turcica, and an arteriogram and sir study were necessary to prevent misdiagnosis as \"pseudotumor cerebri.\" Evidence of clinical endocrine dysfunction is an early sign of pituitary tumors, but hypopituitarism may also occur in patients with extrasellar processes, including hydrocephalus and intracranial hypertension.", "PMID": 841370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4573", "title": "The value of multiple-plane angiography in the assessment of aortoiliac disease.", "content": "Aortography, regarded as a definite diagnostic study in evaluating pateints with peripheral vascular occlusive disease, is usually done in the anteroposterior projection only. Occasionally, a significantly diseased area may not be identified on this projection, and an oblique view of the aortoiliac region may clarify the presence and severity of arteriosclerosis. At present, our indications for obtaining oblique views of the aortoiliac region are (1) when symptoms correlate poorly with the arteriographic findings in the anteroposterior projection, or (2) when the severity of the lesion is in doubt. These projections also are used to evaluate patients who have had previous aortoiliac bypass grafts and in whom ischemic symptoms recur. Patients with unilateral limb ischemia who are being considered for femorofemoral bypass graft procedures or iliac endarterectomy are also appropriate candidates, especially when radiopaque material overlies the vessels. Arteriograms in oblique projections also are recommended for more precise evaluation of the origin of the profunda femoris artery.", "contents": "The value of multiple-plane angiography in the assessment of aortoiliac disease. Aortography, regarded as a definite diagnostic study in evaluating pateints with peripheral vascular occlusive disease, is usually done in the anteroposterior projection only. Occasionally, a significantly diseased area may not be identified on this projection, and an oblique view of the aortoiliac region may clarify the presence and severity of arteriosclerosis. At present, our indications for obtaining oblique views of the aortoiliac region are (1) when symptoms correlate poorly with the arteriographic findings in the anteroposterior projection, or (2) when the severity of the lesion is in doubt. These projections also are used to evaluate patients who have had previous aortoiliac bypass grafts and in whom ischemic symptoms recur. Patients with unilateral limb ischemia who are being considered for femorofemoral bypass graft procedures or iliac endarterectomy are also appropriate candidates, especially when radiopaque material overlies the vessels. Arteriograms in oblique projections also are recommended for more precise evaluation of the origin of the profunda femoris artery.", "PMID": 841372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4574", "title": "Pulsus alternans: its therapeutic implications.", "content": "Pulsus alternans is a pulse pattern in which the beats occur at constant intervals but with the regular alternation of the peak of the pressure pulse. Pulsus alternans frequently indicates heart failure due to disease of the left ventricle and will be seen with increasing frequency as more patients are invasively monitored. This report describes four patients who had pulsus alternans and the interventions that resulted in its disappearance. These cases would seem to support previous findings in experimental animals that the appearance of pulsus alternans may be related to myocardial ischemia. A review of the current concepts on the pathophysiology of pulsus alternans is included.", "contents": "Pulsus alternans: its therapeutic implications. Pulsus alternans is a pulse pattern in which the beats occur at constant intervals but with the regular alternation of the peak of the pressure pulse. Pulsus alternans frequently indicates heart failure due to disease of the left ventricle and will be seen with increasing frequency as more patients are invasively monitored. This report describes four patients who had pulsus alternans and the interventions that resulted in its disappearance. These cases would seem to support previous findings in experimental animals that the appearance of pulsus alternans may be related to myocardial ischemia. A review of the current concepts on the pathophysiology of pulsus alternans is included.", "PMID": 841373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4575", "title": "Disseminated histoplasmosis diagnosed from peripheral blood film.", "content": "Demonstration of Histoplasma capsulatum in conventional films of peripheral blood establishes the diagnosis of disseminated histoplasmosis. We describe two new examples of this pnenomenon and tabulate relevant data from 11 similar cases.", "contents": "Disseminated histoplasmosis diagnosed from peripheral blood film. Demonstration of Histoplasma capsulatum in conventional films of peripheral blood establishes the diagnosis of disseminated histoplasmosis. We describe two new examples of this pnenomenon and tabulate relevant data from 11 similar cases.", "PMID": 841374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4576", "title": "Silicone sling for ptosis.", "content": "The history of using brow suspension to correct blepharoptosis is reviewed. The disadvantages of earlier materials are discussed. The use of a silicone band, 0.8 mm in diameter, as the material for brow suspension is proposed. Five stab incisions are used, and the band is passed with the aid of a cerclage needle. A Watzke tube is used for fixation. Results in 12 patients have been very satisfactory.", "contents": "Silicone sling for ptosis. The history of using brow suspension to correct blepharoptosis is reviewed. The disadvantages of earlier materials are discussed. The use of a silicone band, 0.8 mm in diameter, as the material for brow suspension is proposed. Five stab incisions are used, and the band is passed with the aid of a cerclage needle. A Watzke tube is used for fixation. Results in 12 patients have been very satisfactory.", "PMID": 841376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4577", "title": "Endometriosis involving the femoral vein.", "content": "The first case of endometriosis of the femoral vein presenting as a femoral hernia is reported. Histogenesis and sites of extragenital endometriosis are briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Endometriosis involving the femoral vein. The first case of endometriosis of the femoral vein presenting as a femoral hernia is reported. Histogenesis and sites of extragenital endometriosis are briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 841377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4578", "title": "Combination flap closure of facial defects.", "content": "In the past, combining local flaps to close skin defects has emphasized the shape of the defect. Combining local flaps on the basis of facial features and available donor skin has clear-cut advantages over single flap and regional flap closures in selected cases. Facial features may be more readily preserved and incision lines more easily disguised. A successful functional and cosmetic result is dependent on flap selection and design, as well as meticulous handling of skin and closure technics.", "contents": "Combination flap closure of facial defects. In the past, combining local flaps to close skin defects has emphasized the shape of the defect. Combining local flaps on the basis of facial features and available donor skin has clear-cut advantages over single flap and regional flap closures in selected cases. Facial features may be more readily preserved and incision lines more easily disguised. A successful functional and cosmetic result is dependent on flap selection and design, as well as meticulous handling of skin and closure technics.", "PMID": 841378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4579", "title": "Trabeculectomy.", "content": "During a one-year period, 31 trabeculectomies were done in 25 patients. Of these procedures, 27 (87%) were done for chronic open angle glaucoma, three (10%) for congenital glaucoma, and one for chronic open angle glaucoma in an aphakic patient. Our overall success rate was 87%. Complications were few: only two of 31 flat anterior chambers persisted postoperatively. Visual acuity dropped significantly (two lines on the Snellen visual acuity chart) in only one patient.", "contents": "Trabeculectomy. During a one-year period, 31 trabeculectomies were done in 25 patients. Of these procedures, 27 (87%) were done for chronic open angle glaucoma, three (10%) for congenital glaucoma, and one for chronic open angle glaucoma in an aphakic patient. Our overall success rate was 87%. Complications were few: only two of 31 flat anterior chambers persisted postoperatively. Visual acuity dropped significantly (two lines on the Snellen visual acuity chart) in only one patient.", "PMID": 841379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4580", "title": "Osteotomy of the metatarsals for pes cavus.", "content": "Described is a surgical procedure for pes cavus which includes multiple osteotomies of the metatarsals, usually combined with Steindler fasciotomy and extensor tenotomy. This method permits the correction of the cavus deformity and preserves the length of the foot without disturbing any joint. A total of 11 patients with 14 procedures have been followed up for an average of more than three years. Results of 12 of the 14 operations were favorable according the the criteria used.", "contents": "Osteotomy of the metatarsals for pes cavus. Described is a surgical procedure for pes cavus which includes multiple osteotomies of the metatarsals, usually combined with Steindler fasciotomy and extensor tenotomy. This method permits the correction of the cavus deformity and preserves the length of the foot without disturbing any joint. A total of 11 patients with 14 procedures have been followed up for an average of more than three years. Results of 12 of the 14 operations were favorable according the the criteria used.", "PMID": 841380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4581", "title": "Posterior fracture dislocation of the hip.", "content": "We have reviewed 46 posterior fracture dislocations of the hip treated at the University of Alabama in Birmingham Hospitals and the Birmingham Veterans Administration Hospital from 1963 to 1973. Of the 13 injuries which were followed up for at least one year, there were two good, five fair, and six poor clinical results. One instance of aseptic necrosis was documented. There was no obvious correlation between fracture type or treatment and clinical result in this preliminary series.", "contents": "Posterior fracture dislocation of the hip. We have reviewed 46 posterior fracture dislocations of the hip treated at the University of Alabama in Birmingham Hospitals and the Birmingham Veterans Administration Hospital from 1963 to 1973. Of the 13 injuries which were followed up for at least one year, there were two good, five fair, and six poor clinical results. One instance of aseptic necrosis was documented. There was no obvious correlation between fracture type or treatment and clinical result in this preliminary series.", "PMID": 841381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4582", "title": "Congenital heart disease in de Lange's syndrome.", "content": "Seven (29%) of 24 patients with de Lange's syndrome were found to have congenital heart disease. Right-sided obstructive lesions were most commonly encountered. Approximately one in five of all patients with the de Lange syndrome exhibit congenital heart disease, usually ventricular septal defect or pulmonic stenosis.", "contents": "Congenital heart disease in de Lange's syndrome. Seven (29%) of 24 patients with de Lange's syndrome were found to have congenital heart disease. Right-sided obstructive lesions were most commonly encountered. Approximately one in five of all patients with the de Lange syndrome exhibit congenital heart disease, usually ventricular septal defect or pulmonic stenosis.", "PMID": 841382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4583", "title": "Significance of the pecten band in anorectal surgery.", "content": "Constricting fibrous tissue in the subepithelial tissue of the terminal anus found at operation should be partially resected. Postoperative anal stenosis is prevented thereby, and superior functional and anatomic end results are attained.", "contents": "Significance of the pecten band in anorectal surgery. Constricting fibrous tissue in the subepithelial tissue of the terminal anus found at operation should be partially resected. Postoperative anal stenosis is prevented thereby, and superior functional and anatomic end results are attained.", "PMID": 841383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4584", "title": "Use of a crisis committee in a therapeutic community.", "content": "Described is the use of a patient crisis committee in an adult therapeutic community. The crisis committee is a function of the patient government and is called into action in situations formerly handled by physicians or nurses. This method appears to be highly successful in the therapeutic community described.", "contents": "Use of a crisis committee in a therapeutic community. Described is the use of a patient crisis committee in an adult therapeutic community. The crisis committee is a function of the patient government and is called into action in situations formerly handled by physicians or nurses. This method appears to be highly successful in the therapeutic community described.", "PMID": 841384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4585", "title": "Clinical correlates of bone marrow plasmacytosis.", "content": "In light of the variable clinical expression and bone marrow plasmacytosis of multiple myeloma, we studied prospectively the prevalence and clinical correlates of bone marrow plasmacytosis in 133 anemic medical inpatients. Seventeen patients (13%) had 5% or more, and four patients (3%) had 10% or more marrow plasma cells. Only two patients (with plasmacytosis of 7.4% and 46.2%, respectively) had multiple myeloma. Lung infections (pneumonia, tuberculosis, abscess) accounted for 41% of the cases of plasmacytosis. We found that plasmacytosis correlated with the severity of pneumonia and that active pulmonary tuberculosis was usually associated with notable plasmac. ytosis. Cancer and liver disease were not important causes of plasmacytosis in this study. There was a correlation between plasmacytosis and serum hyperglobulinemia. A correlation between advancing age of the patients and increasing prevalence of plasmacytosis was attributed in part to an increasing prevalence of serious illness with age. However, some elderly patients with apparently benign disorders had unexplained plasmacytosis.", "contents": "Clinical correlates of bone marrow plasmacytosis. In light of the variable clinical expression and bone marrow plasmacytosis of multiple myeloma, we studied prospectively the prevalence and clinical correlates of bone marrow plasmacytosis in 133 anemic medical inpatients. Seventeen patients (13%) had 5% or more, and four patients (3%) had 10% or more marrow plasma cells. Only two patients (with plasmacytosis of 7.4% and 46.2%, respectively) had multiple myeloma. Lung infections (pneumonia, tuberculosis, abscess) accounted for 41% of the cases of plasmacytosis. We found that plasmacytosis correlated with the severity of pneumonia and that active pulmonary tuberculosis was usually associated with notable plasmac. ytosis. Cancer and liver disease were not important causes of plasmacytosis in this study. There was a correlation between plasmacytosis and serum hyperglobulinemia. A correlation between advancing age of the patients and increasing prevalence of plasmacytosis was attributed in part to an increasing prevalence of serious illness with age. However, some elderly patients with apparently benign disorders had unexplained plasmacytosis.", "PMID": 841386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4586", "title": "Urinary estriol for assessment of fetoplacental function.", "content": "A total of 1,607 urinary estriol determinations were performed in 447 patients with normal and complicated pregnancies. In general, the test provided reliable information concerning fetal status, particularly in pregnancies complicated by toxemia, diabetes, and postmaturity. When measured consecutively, a drop of 50% or more in estriol level usually should be considered a significant index of fetal distress. Limitations of the test and several compensatory measures aimed at minimizing inaccuracy are discussed.", "contents": "Urinary estriol for assessment of fetoplacental function. A total of 1,607 urinary estriol determinations were performed in 447 patients with normal and complicated pregnancies. In general, the test provided reliable information concerning fetal status, particularly in pregnancies complicated by toxemia, diabetes, and postmaturity. When measured consecutively, a drop of 50% or more in estriol level usually should be considered a significant index of fetal distress. Limitations of the test and several compensatory measures aimed at minimizing inaccuracy are discussed.", "PMID": 841387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4587", "title": "Foreign bodies in the hand in children.", "content": "Foreign bodies in the hand in children are best managed when the surgeon has a well-organized approach to the total problem. The procedure of restraining a child, infiltrating the wound with local anesthetic, and probing the wound deep in the hand on the day of injury to remove the foreign body is discouraged. A detailed examination of the hand for cut tendons and nerves should be done. The initial treatment should be thorough cleaning of the skin, application of compresses wet with Bunnell's hand solution, systemic antibiotics, and tetanus prophylaxis. The foreign body is removed, as an elective surgical procedure, only if there is evidence of infection or persistent pain or both. Six weeks after all evidence of infection has cleared appropriate reconstructive procedures can be done.", "contents": "Foreign bodies in the hand in children. Foreign bodies in the hand in children are best managed when the surgeon has a well-organized approach to the total problem. The procedure of restraining a child, infiltrating the wound with local anesthetic, and probing the wound deep in the hand on the day of injury to remove the foreign body is discouraged. A detailed examination of the hand for cut tendons and nerves should be done. The initial treatment should be thorough cleaning of the skin, application of compresses wet with Bunnell's hand solution, systemic antibiotics, and tetanus prophylaxis. The foreign body is removed, as an elective surgical procedure, only if there is evidence of infection or persistent pain or both. Six weeks after all evidence of infection has cleared appropriate reconstructive procedures can be done.", "PMID": 841388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4588", "title": "Leptospirosis: a neglected cause of nonbacterial meningoencephalitis.", "content": "Two cases of leptospirosis with different clinical presentations are presented. The importance of recognizing mild, nonicteric and meningoencephalitic forms in order to identify vectors and contaminated areas and prevent further infections is emphasized. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings in reported cases of leptospirosis are reviewed and possible prognostic implications of CSF xanthrochromia, hypoglycorrhachia, persistent polymorphonuclear leukocytosis, and increased intracranial pressure are discussed.", "contents": "Leptospirosis: a neglected cause of nonbacterial meningoencephalitis. Two cases of leptospirosis with different clinical presentations are presented. The importance of recognizing mild, nonicteric and meningoencephalitic forms in order to identify vectors and contaminated areas and prevent further infections is emphasized. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings in reported cases of leptospirosis are reviewed and possible prognostic implications of CSF xanthrochromia, hypoglycorrhachia, persistent polymorphonuclear leukocytosis, and increased intracranial pressure are discussed.", "PMID": 841389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4589", "title": "Close monitoring is essential during isoniazid prophylaxis.", "content": "A three-year prospective study during the entire course of preventive therapy with isoniazid (INH) for recently infected hospital employees was undertaken to evaluate the risk of developing INH-related hepatic injury. Results of clinical and laboratory tests at 1, 2, 6, and 12 months were correlated to ascertain the significance and value of monitoring procedures. Thirty-two (32%) of 100 employees developed elevated SGOT levels: one (1%) patient developed clinical hepatitis in the first month of therapy; four (4%) subjects with SGOT elevations (82-378 units) became clinically symptomatic at one to four months and INH was discontinued; one (1%) individual with minimal increases in serum bilirubin and SGOT levels was symptomatic at eight months and the drug was stopped. Twenty-four (24%) otherwise asymptomatic subjects who developed SGOT elevations (70-480 units) were followed at closer intervals to complete INH therapy without further progression of liver function abnormality. The intervals between the beginning of treatment and the elevation of SGOT levels varied widely, with elevations occurring throughout the 12-month course of isoniazid therapy.", "contents": "Close monitoring is essential during isoniazid prophylaxis. A three-year prospective study during the entire course of preventive therapy with isoniazid (INH) for recently infected hospital employees was undertaken to evaluate the risk of developing INH-related hepatic injury. Results of clinical and laboratory tests at 1, 2, 6, and 12 months were correlated to ascertain the significance and value of monitoring procedures. Thirty-two (32%) of 100 employees developed elevated SGOT levels: one (1%) patient developed clinical hepatitis in the first month of therapy; four (4%) subjects with SGOT elevations (82-378 units) became clinically symptomatic at one to four months and INH was discontinued; one (1%) individual with minimal increases in serum bilirubin and SGOT levels was symptomatic at eight months and the drug was stopped. Twenty-four (24%) otherwise asymptomatic subjects who developed SGOT elevations (70-480 units) were followed at closer intervals to complete INH therapy without further progression of liver function abnormality. The intervals between the beginning of treatment and the elevation of SGOT levels varied widely, with elevations occurring throughout the 12-month course of isoniazid therapy.", "PMID": 841390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4590", "title": "Hypertension, blood pressure variability, and juvenile delinquency.", "content": "Although the possible role of hypertension and/or blood pressure variability in the causation of juvenile delinquency has not been directly investigated hitherto, there is evidence to suggest (a) that an excess prevalence of blood pressure variability rather than hypertension is the aspect of cardiovascular functioning which characterizes adolescents, and some indirect evidence suggests (b) that increased blood pressure variability rather than hypertension is associated with juvenile delinquency. Official criminal statistics reveal a marked increase in the rate of convictions of males in their early and middle teens--the time of puberty and the adolescent growth spurt. It is hypothesized that increased blood pressure variability is one aspect of the general change in growth rate and metabolism occurring at puberty. These physiologic changes, together with the simultaneous addition of various social stresses, may lower the threshold for aggression and impulsivity, thus placing the individual at greater risk of involvement in the wide spectrum of behaviors collectively termed \"delinquent\".", "contents": "Hypertension, blood pressure variability, and juvenile delinquency. Although the possible role of hypertension and/or blood pressure variability in the causation of juvenile delinquency has not been directly investigated hitherto, there is evidence to suggest (a) that an excess prevalence of blood pressure variability rather than hypertension is the aspect of cardiovascular functioning which characterizes adolescents, and some indirect evidence suggests (b) that increased blood pressure variability rather than hypertension is associated with juvenile delinquency. Official criminal statistics reveal a marked increase in the rate of convictions of males in their early and middle teens--the time of puberty and the adolescent growth spurt. It is hypothesized that increased blood pressure variability is one aspect of the general change in growth rate and metabolism occurring at puberty. These physiologic changes, together with the simultaneous addition of various social stresses, may lower the threshold for aggression and impulsivity, thus placing the individual at greater risk of involvement in the wide spectrum of behaviors collectively termed \"delinquent\".", "PMID": 841391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4591", "title": "Adoption in evolution: recent influences on adoption in Virginia.", "content": "Adoption is a relatively new and evolving institution. The characteristics of children available for adoption are changing. Some hard-to-place children will be helped by subsidized adoption. The concept of children as property of biologic parents continues to shadow efforts to terminate parental rights. Virginia law allows adoption against parental consent if such consent is withheld contrary to the child's welfare, but decisions continue to be based upon whether or not parental behavior has been sufficiently extreme to justify a finding of unfitness. New legislation is required to put the child's interests on a par with those of parents.", "contents": "Adoption in evolution: recent influences on adoption in Virginia. Adoption is a relatively new and evolving institution. The characteristics of children available for adoption are changing. Some hard-to-place children will be helped by subsidized adoption. The concept of children as property of biologic parents continues to shadow efforts to terminate parental rights. Virginia law allows adoption against parental consent if such consent is withheld contrary to the child's welfare, but decisions continue to be based upon whether or not parental behavior has been sufficiently extreme to justify a finding of unfitness. New legislation is required to put the child's interests on a par with those of parents.", "PMID": 841392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4592", "title": "Dislocation of the elbow: a retrospective study of 115 patients.", "content": "Of the 115 elbow dislocations treated at two New Orleans hospitals between 1959 and 1969, 78% were posterior. Sixty-one percent of the patients were 21 years of age or younger, and the male-female ratio was 1.7:1.0. The most common associated injuries were fractures of the medial condyle or epicondyle. All uncomplicated dislocations were treated by closed reduction and plaster immobilization. Of the 35 cases complicated by medial condylar or epicondylar fractures, 29 required open reduction and internal fixation. Results were excellent or good in 91% of the cases. The three patients (2.6%) with poor results all had mental impairment. This study suggests a generally favorable prognosis for these injuries.", "contents": "Dislocation of the elbow: a retrospective study of 115 patients. Of the 115 elbow dislocations treated at two New Orleans hospitals between 1959 and 1969, 78% were posterior. Sixty-one percent of the patients were 21 years of age or younger, and the male-female ratio was 1.7:1.0. The most common associated injuries were fractures of the medial condyle or epicondyle. All uncomplicated dislocations were treated by closed reduction and plaster immobilization. Of the 35 cases complicated by medial condylar or epicondylar fractures, 29 required open reduction and internal fixation. Results were excellent or good in 91% of the cases. The three patients (2.6%) with poor results all had mental impairment. This study suggests a generally favorable prognosis for these injuries.", "PMID": 841393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4593", "title": "Acetabular labrum tears: a cause of hip pain and degenerative arthritis.", "content": "A torn acetabular labrum causing disabling hip pain has been noted in two patients. One patient had obvious erosion of the articular surfaces of the femoral head and acetabulum corresponding to the location of the displaced torn labrum. Excision of the torn labrum fragments afforded relief of the symptoms. In addition, a torn labrum was found in two surgical procedures for degenerative arthritis of the hip. A torn labrum could be a cause of degenerative hip disease where no preexisting condition is present, ie, slipped epiphysis or infection.", "contents": "Acetabular labrum tears: a cause of hip pain and degenerative arthritis. A torn acetabular labrum causing disabling hip pain has been noted in two patients. One patient had obvious erosion of the articular surfaces of the femoral head and acetabulum corresponding to the location of the displaced torn labrum. Excision of the torn labrum fragments afforded relief of the symptoms. In addition, a torn labrum was found in two surgical procedures for degenerative arthritis of the hip. A torn labrum could be a cause of degenerative hip disease where no preexisting condition is present, ie, slipped epiphysis or infection.", "PMID": 841394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4594", "title": "Ascariasis--its complications, unusual presentations and surgical approaches.", "content": "Serious complications of ascariasis are varied and occur at all stages of worm development. The acute condition within the abdomen heralds the presence of intestinal, pancreatic, or biliary tract obstruction secondary to the physical presence of the adult parasites. Larvae may be responsible for acute respiratory disease, either as a direct allergic phenomenon or as a pneumonic infiltrative process secondary to fellow traveler bacteria. Deposition of ova in the liver allows for intrahepatic and pericholangitic abscesses with resultant parenchymal destruction and scarring. Though primary therapy is medical, specific indications for surgical intervention are discussed. These unusual but life-threatening sequelae are typified in the case presentation of a critically ill child.", "contents": "Ascariasis--its complications, unusual presentations and surgical approaches. Serious complications of ascariasis are varied and occur at all stages of worm development. The acute condition within the abdomen heralds the presence of intestinal, pancreatic, or biliary tract obstruction secondary to the physical presence of the adult parasites. Larvae may be responsible for acute respiratory disease, either as a direct allergic phenomenon or as a pneumonic infiltrative process secondary to fellow traveler bacteria. Deposition of ova in the liver allows for intrahepatic and pericholangitic abscesses with resultant parenchymal destruction and scarring. Though primary therapy is medical, specific indications for surgical intervention are discussed. These unusual but life-threatening sequelae are typified in the case presentation of a critically ill child.", "PMID": 841395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4595", "title": "Intraoperative ureteral catheterization in pelvic and abdominal operations.", "content": "Ureteral catheters are often inserted as a preliminary procedure before pelvic operations. We recommend insertion of ureteral catheters only if they are needed and during the operative procedure through a cystotomy or ureterotomy. Assessment of the need for catheterization is best made intraoperatively rather than preoperatively.", "contents": "Intraoperative ureteral catheterization in pelvic and abdominal operations. Ureteral catheters are often inserted as a preliminary procedure before pelvic operations. We recommend insertion of ureteral catheters only if they are needed and during the operative procedure through a cystotomy or ureterotomy. Assessment of the need for catheterization is best made intraoperatively rather than preoperatively.", "PMID": 841396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4596", "title": "Synovectomies in moderately to severely involved rheumatoid knees: an alternative to implant arthroplasty.", "content": "A retrospective study of 19 synovectomies revealed significant relief of pain for two to ten years in selected patients with moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis of the knee diagnosed roentgenographically. The usual indications for this procedure may be extended to include well-motivated patients when synovectomy is combined with good medical and physical therapy. Need for further operation was considered a failure of synovectomy.", "contents": "Synovectomies in moderately to severely involved rheumatoid knees: an alternative to implant arthroplasty. A retrospective study of 19 synovectomies revealed significant relief of pain for two to ten years in selected patients with moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis of the knee diagnosed roentgenographically. The usual indications for this procedure may be extended to include well-motivated patients when synovectomy is combined with good medical and physical therapy. Need for further operation was considered a failure of synovectomy.", "PMID": 841397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4597", "title": "Advocacy and compliance factors in a voluntary selective screening program.", "content": "To evaluate factors responsible for compliance with a voluntary selective screening program, we surveyed 495 participants and 212 nonparticipants in a screening program for Tay-Sachs disease. Knowledge about the program and motivation are the most important factors in compliance. The primary incentive for participation was to avoid having abnormal children in future generations.", "contents": "Advocacy and compliance factors in a voluntary selective screening program. To evaluate factors responsible for compliance with a voluntary selective screening program, we surveyed 495 participants and 212 nonparticipants in a screening program for Tay-Sachs disease. Knowledge about the program and motivation are the most important factors in compliance. The primary incentive for participation was to avoid having abnormal children in future generations.", "PMID": 841398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4598", "title": "Cholecystostomy--an old dog with new tricks.", "content": "A large minority of patients having cholecystostomy show cystic duct or common duct stones on postoperative tube cholangiograms. The use of mechanical (Dormia stone basket) and chemical (heparin and sodium cholate) means to remove gallstones via the cholecystostomy fistula reduces the need for additional surgery (ie, cholecystectomy), which is particularly important in poor-risk elderly patients.", "contents": "Cholecystostomy--an old dog with new tricks. A large minority of patients having cholecystostomy show cystic duct or common duct stones on postoperative tube cholangiograms. The use of mechanical (Dormia stone basket) and chemical (heparin and sodium cholate) means to remove gallstones via the cholecystostomy fistula reduces the need for additional surgery (ie, cholecystectomy), which is particularly important in poor-risk elderly patients.", "PMID": 841399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4599", "title": "A comparative review of cylindrical inlay facet fusions for scoliosis.", "content": "Results in three series of spinal fusions with Harrington instrumentation for scoliosis were compared. Patient ages ranged from 9 to 22 years, and follow-up from 12 to 105 months. Cylindrical inlay facet grafting was done in all cases. Supplemental heterologous bone was used in the first series of 51 cases, autologous bone in the second series of 67 cases, and no supplemental bone in the third series of 68 cases. Only one infection and no paralysis or death occurred in the 186 patients. The pseudarthrosis rate was the same in each series. Similarity of results led to the conclusion that supplemental bone is not necessary with this technic. The advantages of not using supplemental bone were reduced operative time, less blood loss, and absence of donor site scar.", "contents": "A comparative review of cylindrical inlay facet fusions for scoliosis. Results in three series of spinal fusions with Harrington instrumentation for scoliosis were compared. Patient ages ranged from 9 to 22 years, and follow-up from 12 to 105 months. Cylindrical inlay facet grafting was done in all cases. Supplemental heterologous bone was used in the first series of 51 cases, autologous bone in the second series of 67 cases, and no supplemental bone in the third series of 68 cases. Only one infection and no paralysis or death occurred in the 186 patients. The pseudarthrosis rate was the same in each series. Similarity of results led to the conclusion that supplemental bone is not necessary with this technic. The advantages of not using supplemental bone were reduced operative time, less blood loss, and absence of donor site scar.", "PMID": 841400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4600", "title": "Cardiovascular malformations associated with choanal atresia.", "content": "In this study, cardiovascular malformations were present in 11 of 63 (17.5%) patients with choanal atresia. The most frequently encountered cardiac lesions were ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus, while cyanotic heart disease was uncommon.", "contents": "Cardiovascular malformations associated with choanal atresia. In this study, cardiovascular malformations were present in 11 of 63 (17.5%) patients with choanal atresia. The most frequently encountered cardiac lesions were ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus, while cyanotic heart disease was uncommon.", "PMID": 841401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4601", "title": "Gastrocolic fistula secondary to benign gastric ulcer not operated upon: case report and review of literature.", "content": "A case report and review of the literature of benign gastric ulcer complicated by gastrocolic fistula are presented. Twenty-seven percent of patients were found to be receiving ulcerogenic medications. Only 15% of patients had previous histories of ulcer disease. Parameters most suggestive of a neoplastic process included palpable abdominal mass and unexplained anemia. Diagnosis is established by barium enema. Endoscopic biopsy and cytologic studies are useful in differentiating benign from malignant processes. Surgical management of benign ulcers complicated by fistula results in more than 90% survival.", "contents": "Gastrocolic fistula secondary to benign gastric ulcer not operated upon: case report and review of literature. A case report and review of the literature of benign gastric ulcer complicated by gastrocolic fistula are presented. Twenty-seven percent of patients were found to be receiving ulcerogenic medications. Only 15% of patients had previous histories of ulcer disease. Parameters most suggestive of a neoplastic process included palpable abdominal mass and unexplained anemia. Diagnosis is established by barium enema. Endoscopic biopsy and cytologic studies are useful in differentiating benign from malignant processes. Surgical management of benign ulcers complicated by fistula results in more than 90% survival.", "PMID": 841402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4602", "title": "Preoperative localization of occult breast lesions: a new technic.", "content": "Percutaneous needle placement before biopsy is a simple method of localizing occult breast lesions found by mammography. A biopsy of the exact area within the breast is done. Specimen radiography assures that the correct area is included for histologic study.", "contents": "Preoperative localization of occult breast lesions: a new technic. Percutaneous needle placement before biopsy is a simple method of localizing occult breast lesions found by mammography. A biopsy of the exact area within the breast is done. Specimen radiography assures that the correct area is included for histologic study.", "PMID": 841403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4603", "title": "Mammary tuberculosis: a rare modern disease.", "content": "Tuberculosis of the breast has become a rare disease since the advent of antituberculous chemotherapy. The incidence of tuberculous mastitis at Vanderbilt Hospital for the last two decades was 0.025% of surgically treated breast disease. This probably reflects its prevalence in economically developed parts of the world. The pathologic diagnosis of mammary tuberculosis may be difficult. The only diagnostic proof is the demonstration of tubercle bacilli by microscopic smear of culture. Numerous cases have been incorrectly reported as mammary tuberculosis because of nonadherence to this criterion. Definite guidelines for treating breast tuberculosis are not available and may never become so because of its rarity. Drug therapy has been successful and should be tried in all cases. Adequate surgical removal is inevitably corrective of the local disease. Surgically treated patients should receive antituberculous drugs before and after their operations.", "contents": "Mammary tuberculosis: a rare modern disease. Tuberculosis of the breast has become a rare disease since the advent of antituberculous chemotherapy. The incidence of tuberculous mastitis at Vanderbilt Hospital for the last two decades was 0.025% of surgically treated breast disease. This probably reflects its prevalence in economically developed parts of the world. The pathologic diagnosis of mammary tuberculosis may be difficult. The only diagnostic proof is the demonstration of tubercle bacilli by microscopic smear of culture. Numerous cases have been incorrectly reported as mammary tuberculosis because of nonadherence to this criterion. Definite guidelines for treating breast tuberculosis are not available and may never become so because of its rarity. Drug therapy has been successful and should be tried in all cases. Adequate surgical removal is inevitably corrective of the local disease. Surgically treated patients should receive antituberculous drugs before and after their operations.", "PMID": 841404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4604", "title": "Social effects of leg ulceration in sickle cell anemia.", "content": "The relationship between chronic leg ulceration and the education, employment, and familial relationships of adults with homozygous sickle cell disease was studied. There was a significant correlation between the age of onset of leg ulceration and educational attainment. Patients in the leg ulcer group demonstrated lower educational attainment, had greater difficulty in obtaining and retaining employment, and were less likely to form stable marital relationships.", "contents": "Social effects of leg ulceration in sickle cell anemia. The relationship between chronic leg ulceration and the education, employment, and familial relationships of adults with homozygous sickle cell disease was studied. There was a significant correlation between the age of onset of leg ulceration and educational attainment. Patients in the leg ulcer group demonstrated lower educational attainment, had greater difficulty in obtaining and retaining employment, and were less likely to form stable marital relationships.", "PMID": 841405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4605", "title": "An educational program for the rational use of antimicrobial agents.", "content": "A rational approach to the proper use of antibiotics must include knowledge of microbial sensitivities to various agents, proper alternative choices, pharmacologic considerations, and the cost to patient and hospital of drugs prescribed. A logical program for analysis of use of antibiotics and proper administration is presented. Since the largest misuse of antibiotics is for no infection or for prophylaxis before surgery, situations in which prophylactic use of antibiotics is of value have been reviewed. Such an educational program designed to improve the physician's use of antimicrobial agents must be a continuing effort in improving patient care.", "contents": "An educational program for the rational use of antimicrobial agents. A rational approach to the proper use of antibiotics must include knowledge of microbial sensitivities to various agents, proper alternative choices, pharmacologic considerations, and the cost to patient and hospital of drugs prescribed. A logical program for analysis of use of antibiotics and proper administration is presented. Since the largest misuse of antibiotics is for no infection or for prophylaxis before surgery, situations in which prophylactic use of antibiotics is of value have been reviewed. Such an educational program designed to improve the physician's use of antimicrobial agents must be a continuing effort in improving patient care.", "PMID": 841406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4606", "title": "Venous aneurysms.", "content": "Primary venous aneurysms are rare lesions, but they can sometimes lead to serious complications. A report of a venous aneurysm in an unusual location is presented, with a review of the literature.", "contents": "Venous aneurysms. Primary venous aneurysms are rare lesions, but they can sometimes lead to serious complications. A report of a venous aneurysm in an unusual location is presented, with a review of the literature.", "PMID": 841407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4607", "title": "Preparation of figures for medical articles: guidelines for physician-authors.", "content": "Just as literary conventions and styles evolve, so even do \"styles\" (acceptable form) in medical writing. The guidelines suggested in this paper for the preparation of various types of figures are based on current standards in scientific and, particularly, medical writing. However, since at any given time there may exist two or more equally acceptable variations of \"standard\" practice, it is to a physician-author's advantage to examine the particular stylistic preferences and format of the journal to which he will submit his manuscript. Hopefully he can thereby avoid later editorial requests to revise or even completely redesign figures in which he has already invested much time.", "contents": "Preparation of figures for medical articles: guidelines for physician-authors. Just as literary conventions and styles evolve, so even do \"styles\" (acceptable form) in medical writing. The guidelines suggested in this paper for the preparation of various types of figures are based on current standards in scientific and, particularly, medical writing. However, since at any given time there may exist two or more equally acceptable variations of \"standard\" practice, it is to a physician-author's advantage to examine the particular stylistic preferences and format of the journal to which he will submit his manuscript. Hopefully he can thereby avoid later editorial requests to revise or even completely redesign figures in which he has already invested much time.", "PMID": 841408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4608", "title": "Rumination in a 7-year-old child.", "content": "Regurgitation of food by rumination has rarely been reported in latency-age children. A 7-year-old boy had symptoms of rumination, gagging, bruxism, and enuresis. During the oppositional stage of development many unresolved conflicts had developed between the patient and his parents. Short-term psychotherapy which focused on resolution of the power struggles produced rapid remission of the symptoms. A two-year follow-up showed no recurrence of difficulty.", "contents": "Rumination in a 7-year-old child. Regurgitation of food by rumination has rarely been reported in latency-age children. A 7-year-old boy had symptoms of rumination, gagging, bruxism, and enuresis. During the oppositional stage of development many unresolved conflicts had developed between the patient and his parents. Short-term psychotherapy which focused on resolution of the power struggles produced rapid remission of the symptoms. A two-year follow-up showed no recurrence of difficulty.", "PMID": 841409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4609", "title": "American mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.", "content": "Presented is a well-documented, autochthonous case of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, a protozoan disease endemic to Asia, Africa, Southern Europe, South America, and Central America, which until recently was not found in North America. Diagnosis is made by positive culture on NNN media, positive serodiagnosis, positive Montenegro skin test, the presence of Leishman-Donovan bodies on Giemsa stain with light microscopy, and the presence of the kinetoplast within the organism on electron microscopy. The recommended treatment is sodium antimony gluconate given intramuscularly, 600 mg daily for seven to ten days.", "contents": "American mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Presented is a well-documented, autochthonous case of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, a protozoan disease endemic to Asia, Africa, Southern Europe, South America, and Central America, which until recently was not found in North America. Diagnosis is made by positive culture on NNN media, positive serodiagnosis, positive Montenegro skin test, the presence of Leishman-Donovan bodies on Giemsa stain with light microscopy, and the presence of the kinetoplast within the organism on electron microscopy. The recommended treatment is sodium antimony gluconate given intramuscularly, 600 mg daily for seven to ten days.", "PMID": 841410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4610", "title": "Ameloblastoma of the maxilla.", "content": "Ameloblastomas of the maxilla are uncommon tumors of dental origin that slowly invade and destroy local tissues. A patient with extensive ameloblastoma of the maxilla presenting as a nasal mass is reported, and the clinical features, histopathology, and current treatment of this lesion are discussed. With involvement of the maxillary alveolar ridge and sinus, only radical en bloc resection can be considered appropriate treatment.", "contents": "Ameloblastoma of the maxilla. Ameloblastomas of the maxilla are uncommon tumors of dental origin that slowly invade and destroy local tissues. A patient with extensive ameloblastoma of the maxilla presenting as a nasal mass is reported, and the clinical features, histopathology, and current treatment of this lesion are discussed. With involvement of the maxillary alveolar ridge and sinus, only radical en bloc resection can be considered appropriate treatment.", "PMID": 841411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4611", "title": "Diabetic visceral neuropathy: treatment with bethanechol chloride.", "content": "An 86-year-old diabetic man developed nausea, emesis, abdominal distention, and decreased gastrointestinal motility. A Hollander test confirmed incomplete vagal dysfunction. Treatment with bethanechol chloride resulted in marked improvement which was reproducible after withdrawal and reinstitution of therapy. We believe that treatment with bethanechol chloride deserves further investigation in selected patients with diabetic visceral neuropathy.", "contents": "Diabetic visceral neuropathy: treatment with bethanechol chloride. An 86-year-old diabetic man developed nausea, emesis, abdominal distention, and decreased gastrointestinal motility. A Hollander test confirmed incomplete vagal dysfunction. Treatment with bethanechol chloride resulted in marked improvement which was reproducible after withdrawal and reinstitution of therapy. We believe that treatment with bethanechol chloride deserves further investigation in selected patients with diabetic visceral neuropathy.", "PMID": 841412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4612", "title": "Elevated triiodothyronine and dextrothyroxine levels: a potential cause of iatrogenic hyperthyroidism.", "content": "A woman in whom the use of dextrothyroxine was associated with clinical hyperthyroidism is described. She had a markedly elevated T3 level while receiving the drug, apparently resulting from conversion of the dextrothyroxine to triiodothyronine. The T3 levels fell to normal after withdrawal. Patients receiving dextrothyroxine should be examined for possible elevation of T4 and T3 thyrotoxicosis.", "contents": "Elevated triiodothyronine and dextrothyroxine levels: a potential cause of iatrogenic hyperthyroidism. A woman in whom the use of dextrothyroxine was associated with clinical hyperthyroidism is described. She had a markedly elevated T3 level while receiving the drug, apparently resulting from conversion of the dextrothyroxine to triiodothyronine. The T3 levels fell to normal after withdrawal. Patients receiving dextrothyroxine should be examined for possible elevation of T4 and T3 thyrotoxicosis.", "PMID": 841413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4613", "title": "Bilateral simultaneous Warthin's tumor in a woman.", "content": "The incidence, histology, and proposed origin of Warthin's tumor are discussed in conjunction with an extremely rare occurrence of simultaneous bilateral tumors in a woman, the second such reported case. It is hoped that presentation of this case emphasizes the need to consider the possibility of bilateral occurrences when evaluating masses in the parotid region.", "contents": "Bilateral simultaneous Warthin's tumor in a woman. The incidence, histology, and proposed origin of Warthin's tumor are discussed in conjunction with an extremely rare occurrence of simultaneous bilateral tumors in a woman, the second such reported case. It is hoped that presentation of this case emphasizes the need to consider the possibility of bilateral occurrences when evaluating masses in the parotid region.", "PMID": 841414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4614", "title": "Maternal mortality. A survey of 118 maternal deaths and the avoidable factors involved.", "content": "From January 1973 to December 1975, 26 018 women were delivered at Edendale Hospital. During the same period, 4 478 patients aborted there. Maternal deaths during this period numbered 118, a mortality of 4,5/1 000 total births. Avoidable factors influencing the mortality may have been present in 28 (2387%).", "contents": "Maternal mortality. A survey of 118 maternal deaths and the avoidable factors involved. From January 1973 to December 1975, 26 018 women were delivered at Edendale Hospital. During the same period, 4 478 patients aborted there. Maternal deaths during this period numbered 118, a mortality of 4,5/1 000 total births. Avoidable factors influencing the mortality may have been present in 28 (2387%).", "PMID": 841432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4615", "title": "Arthropathy associated with familial cold urticaria.", "content": "This is a clinical description of an unusual arthropathy in 2 members of a family with familial cold urticaria. Relevant investigations, X-ray illustrations and the family pedigree are presented. The nature of the arthropathy and its possible relationship to other arthropathies is discussed.", "contents": "Arthropathy associated with familial cold urticaria. This is a clinical description of an unusual arthropathy in 2 members of a family with familial cold urticaria. Relevant investigations, X-ray illustrations and the family pedigree are presented. The nature of the arthropathy and its possible relationship to other arthropathies is discussed.", "PMID": 841433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4616", "title": "Hepatic and renal failure after misuse of hycanthone.", "content": "Two patients who developed hepatorenal failure after the misuse of hycanthone are described. In both patients there were predisposing factors which potentiated the adverse reactions.", "contents": "Hepatic and renal failure after misuse of hycanthone. Two patients who developed hepatorenal failure after the misuse of hycanthone are described. In both patients there were predisposing factors which potentiated the adverse reactions.", "PMID": 841434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4617", "title": "Serum cholesterol and dietary data in middle-aged white males.", "content": "The mean daily dietary intake of normocholesterolaemic subjects (serum cholesterol less than 250 mg/100 ml) was compared with that of hypercholesterolaemic subjects (250 mg/100 ml or higher). Apart from a higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake in the hypercholesterolaemic group, no other significant differences could be demonstrated between the two groups. Simple linear correlation coefficients (r) were calculated for the total sample, and the positive correlation (r = 0,29) between the serum cholesterol and the percentage of kilojoules derived from PUFA, was the only dietary variable to reach a statistically significant value (P less than 0,05). A stepwise regression analysis was used to calculate a multiple regression relationship (R2) between the dependent variable and the dietary variables. The results showed PUFA, total protein and saturated fatty acids (SFA) to have the highest cumulative influence on the serum cholesterol concentration. Only 29% of the variation in the serum cholesterol could be explained by the first 6 of 30 dietary variables tested in this survey. It was concluded that the small differences in the nutritional status among individuals from homogenous sample populations as well as the fact that non-linear relationships would not be reflected in the correlation coefficient, make it difficult to establish significant relationships between the dietary data and serum cholesterol concentration.", "contents": "Serum cholesterol and dietary data in middle-aged white males. The mean daily dietary intake of normocholesterolaemic subjects (serum cholesterol less than 250 mg/100 ml) was compared with that of hypercholesterolaemic subjects (250 mg/100 ml or higher). Apart from a higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake in the hypercholesterolaemic group, no other significant differences could be demonstrated between the two groups. Simple linear correlation coefficients (r) were calculated for the total sample, and the positive correlation (r = 0,29) between the serum cholesterol and the percentage of kilojoules derived from PUFA, was the only dietary variable to reach a statistically significant value (P less than 0,05). A stepwise regression analysis was used to calculate a multiple regression relationship (R2) between the dependent variable and the dietary variables. The results showed PUFA, total protein and saturated fatty acids (SFA) to have the highest cumulative influence on the serum cholesterol concentration. Only 29% of the variation in the serum cholesterol could be explained by the first 6 of 30 dietary variables tested in this survey. It was concluded that the small differences in the nutritional status among individuals from homogenous sample populations as well as the fact that non-linear relationships would not be reflected in the correlation coefficient, make it difficult to establish significant relationships between the dietary data and serum cholesterol concentration.", "PMID": 841438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4618", "title": "Tay-Sachs disease screening and prevention in South Africa.", "content": "Tay-Sachs disease is potentially preventable in Ashkenazi Jewish communities. About 1 out of 25 individuals is a carrier of the gene and can be accurately identified by means of a simple, inexpensive blood test. 'At risk' couples, i.e. couples of whom both partners are carriers, can be enabled, by means of prenatal diagnosis and selective abortion, to have only unaffected children. Mass screening programmes have been successfully carried out in the USA, Canada and Israel. A discussion of South African Jewish deomgraphy, attitudes to health, and priorities for public health projects, provide the background to a consideration of Tay-Sachs disease prevention in South Africa.", "contents": "Tay-Sachs disease screening and prevention in South Africa. Tay-Sachs disease is potentially preventable in Ashkenazi Jewish communities. About 1 out of 25 individuals is a carrier of the gene and can be accurately identified by means of a simple, inexpensive blood test. 'At risk' couples, i.e. couples of whom both partners are carriers, can be enabled, by means of prenatal diagnosis and selective abortion, to have only unaffected children. Mass screening programmes have been successfully carried out in the USA, Canada and Israel. A discussion of South African Jewish deomgraphy, attitudes to health, and priorities for public health projects, provide the background to a consideration of Tay-Sachs disease prevention in South Africa.", "PMID": 841439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4619", "title": "Viral hepatitis.", "content": "The natural history of and biochemical changes in 27 patients with viral hepatitis are outlined. Analysis is made of the symptomatology and physical signs at the time of presentation as well as a comparison between hepatitis B surface antigen-positive and negative patients. In general, hepatitis B surface antigen-positive patients have a more severe clinical illness as well as greater biochemical derangement and a longer duration of disease.", "contents": "Viral hepatitis. The natural history of and biochemical changes in 27 patients with viral hepatitis are outlined. Analysis is made of the symptomatology and physical signs at the time of presentation as well as a comparison between hepatitis B surface antigen-positive and negative patients. In general, hepatitis B surface antigen-positive patients have a more severe clinical illness as well as greater biochemical derangement and a longer duration of disease.", "PMID": 841440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4620", "title": "Clinical trials, children and the law.", "content": "Clinical trials are necessary for the advancement of medical science. The law is reasonably tolerant as far as experiments on adults are concerned. The legal limits within which experiments on children, especially children of tender years, may take place are, however, far more strict. The medical researcher who goes beyond these limits is liable to be attacked for legal indecorum. This article deals with these legal limits and with guidelines for the researcher.", "contents": "Clinical trials, children and the law. Clinical trials are necessary for the advancement of medical science. The law is reasonably tolerant as far as experiments on adults are concerned. The legal limits within which experiments on children, especially children of tender years, may take place are, however, far more strict. The medical researcher who goes beyond these limits is liable to be attacked for legal indecorum. This article deals with these legal limits and with guidelines for the researcher.", "PMID": 841443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4621", "title": "Treatment of threatened and habitual abortion with human chorionic gonadotrophin. The role of serum human placental lactogen determination.", "content": "Treatment of habitual and threatened abortion with human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) is discussed. Two problems are encountered: the selection of patients for treatment; and the correct dosage of HCG. Determination of human placental lactogen (HPL) in the serum was used to select patients for treatment. The dosage of HCG was varied according to the response of the patient and as indicated by the levels of HPL in her serum.", "contents": "Treatment of threatened and habitual abortion with human chorionic gonadotrophin. The role of serum human placental lactogen determination. Treatment of habitual and threatened abortion with human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) is discussed. Two problems are encountered: the selection of patients for treatment; and the correct dosage of HCG. Determination of human placental lactogen (HPL) in the serum was used to select patients for treatment. The dosage of HCG was varied according to the response of the patient and as indicated by the levels of HPL in her serum.", "PMID": 841444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4622", "title": "North American blastomycosis in South Africa: a case report.", "content": "Blastomycosis dermatiditis, or North American blastomycosis, is rarely encountered in the Republic of South Africa. In view of the increasing number of reports of this disease from other parts of Africa and the rest of the world, one wonders whether North American blastomycosis is not a misnomer. It should perhaps be included in the differential diagnosis, particularly in cases of refractory skin ulceration.", "contents": "North American blastomycosis in South Africa: a case report. Blastomycosis dermatiditis, or North American blastomycosis, is rarely encountered in the Republic of South Africa. In view of the increasing number of reports of this disease from other parts of Africa and the rest of the world, one wonders whether North American blastomycosis is not a misnomer. It should perhaps be included in the differential diagnosis, particularly in cases of refractory skin ulceration.", "PMID": 841445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4623", "title": "The hazards of combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy in rhabdomyosarcoma of the mediastinum: a case report.", "content": "A total tumour irradiation dose of 2900 rad and a dose of 2500 rad to  a metastasis, as well as the administration of 330 mg/m2 adriamycin, successfully eradicated all traces of malignant disease after partial surgical excision in a 12-year-old Black boy with a rhabdomyosarcoma of the mediastinum. The treatment, however, damaged the heart and caused the death of the patient.", "contents": "The hazards of combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy in rhabdomyosarcoma of the mediastinum: a case report. A total tumour irradiation dose of 2900 rad and a dose of 2500 rad to  a metastasis, as well as the administration of 330 mg/m2 adriamycin, successfully eradicated all traces of malignant disease after partial surgical excision in a 12-year-old Black boy with a rhabdomyosarcoma of the mediastinum. The treatment, however, damaged the heart and caused the death of the patient.", "PMID": 841446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4624", "title": "Laboratory studies and clinical features in a case of boomslang envenomation.", "content": "A case of boomslang (Dispholidus typus) envenomation is reported. Coagulation studies carried out within 2 hours of the patient's being bitten showed unrecordable prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin times. The fibrinogen and factors V and VIII were severely depleted. Abnormal liver function tests were also documented. These abnormalities were corrected by treatment with specific antivenom. A haemolytic-uraemic syndrome was not observed.", "contents": "Laboratory studies and clinical features in a case of boomslang envenomation. A case of boomslang (Dispholidus typus) envenomation is reported. Coagulation studies carried out within 2 hours of the patient's being bitten showed unrecordable prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin times. The fibrinogen and factors V and VIII were severely depleted. Abnormal liver function tests were also documented. These abnormalities were corrected by treatment with specific antivenom. A haemolytic-uraemic syndrome was not observed.", "PMID": 841447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4625", "title": "Polymyositis as a cause of malabsorption. A case report.", "content": "We report on a patient with polymyositis which caused a malabsorption syndrome. The radiological findings included marked dilatation of the oesophagus and small intestine. The malabsorption syndrome appears to arise from bacterial overgrowth associated with intestinal stasis. The literature is reviewed. Polymyositis or dermatomyositis, like scleroderma, may involve the small bowel and cause the malabsorption syndrome.", "contents": "Polymyositis as a cause of malabsorption. A case report. We report on a patient with polymyositis which caused a malabsorption syndrome. The radiological findings included marked dilatation of the oesophagus and small intestine. The malabsorption syndrome appears to arise from bacterial overgrowth associated with intestinal stasis. The literature is reviewed. Polymyositis or dermatomyositis, like scleroderma, may involve the small bowel and cause the malabsorption syndrome.", "PMID": 841448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4626", "title": "Multiple organ failure.", "content": "Forty-two postoperative patients, each with demonstrable failure of two or more vital organ systems, have been studied as they define a syndrome of multiple organ failure. They typify the emerging clinical entity of patients kept alive solely by reason of specific mechanical and pharmacologic support. Trauma initiated hospitalization in 40 per cent and major bleeding, in 11 per cent. Sepsis was judged to be of etiologic significance in 69 per cent. Complications in clinical management were, in retrospect, thought to be of contributory etiologic significance in 57 per cent. Twenty-nine of 42 patients died; a mortality of 69 per cent. Mean duration of multiple organ failure was 30.5 days. Hospital cost, omitting the physician's fees, was conservatively estimated at $700 per day. Scientific, social, moral, ethical and legal factors emphasize the need to establish a statistically valid large data base concerning this new man-made syndrome which has both important scientific and social implications. This study is a first step in this direction.", "contents": "Multiple organ failure. Forty-two postoperative patients, each with demonstrable failure of two or more vital organ systems, have been studied as they define a syndrome of multiple organ failure. They typify the emerging clinical entity of patients kept alive solely by reason of specific mechanical and pharmacologic support. Trauma initiated hospitalization in 40 per cent and major bleeding, in 11 per cent. Sepsis was judged to be of etiologic significance in 69 per cent. Complications in clinical management were, in retrospect, thought to be of contributory etiologic significance in 57 per cent. Twenty-nine of 42 patients died; a mortality of 69 per cent. Mean duration of multiple organ failure was 30.5 days. Hospital cost, omitting the physician's fees, was conservatively estimated at $700 per day. Scientific, social, moral, ethical and legal factors emphasize the need to establish a statistically valid large data base concerning this new man-made syndrome which has both important scientific and social implications. This study is a first step in this direction.", "PMID": 841449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4627", "title": "A clinicopathologic study of prognostic factors in cutaneous malignant melanoma.", "content": "Sex, size of the primary lesion, level of invasion at the primary site, clinical status of the regional lymph nodes at the time of diagnosis and whether or not the lymphatic or the blood vessels at the primary site were invaded by tumor cells are the prognostic factors found to influence the survival of patients with a cutaneous malignant melanoma. The last two factors were found to correlate with the level of invasion. Because of the high incidence of local recurrences after a small local excision, wide excision at the primary site of skin, subcutaneous tissue and fascia with skin graft should be the treatment of choice. The role of elective regional lymphadenectomy has to be questioned, as 51 per cent of the patients never required lymphadenectomy during the course of the disease, The higher incidence of satellitosis after such a procedure, elective lymph node dissection did not improve the survival. Therefore, it appears that regional lymph node dissection has a prognostic, rather than a therapeutic, role. From the time of the recurrence, it is clear that patients with systemic metastasis have the poorest prognosis. On the other hand, patients in whom satellitosis developed lived longer, but this was not statistically significant when compared with the survival of patients with a local recurrence or with regional lymph node metastasis; Early diagnosis should be emphasized because the two main factors that seem to influence survival are the depth of invasion and the size of the primary lesion. Finally, because the level of invasion and the status of the lymphatics and blood vessels seem to carry a high prognostic significance, each primary lesion should be examined pathologically with regard to these factors.", "contents": "A clinicopathologic study of prognostic factors in cutaneous malignant melanoma. Sex, size of the primary lesion, level of invasion at the primary site, clinical status of the regional lymph nodes at the time of diagnosis and whether or not the lymphatic or the blood vessels at the primary site were invaded by tumor cells are the prognostic factors found to influence the survival of patients with a cutaneous malignant melanoma. The last two factors were found to correlate with the level of invasion. Because of the high incidence of local recurrences after a small local excision, wide excision at the primary site of skin, subcutaneous tissue and fascia with skin graft should be the treatment of choice. The role of elective regional lymphadenectomy has to be questioned, as 51 per cent of the patients never required lymphadenectomy during the course of the disease, The higher incidence of satellitosis after such a procedure, elective lymph node dissection did not improve the survival. Therefore, it appears that regional lymph node dissection has a prognostic, rather than a therapeutic, role. From the time of the recurrence, it is clear that patients with systemic metastasis have the poorest prognosis. On the other hand, patients in whom satellitosis developed lived longer, but this was not statistically significant when compared with the survival of patients with a local recurrence or with regional lymph node metastasis; Early diagnosis should be emphasized because the two main factors that seem to influence survival are the depth of invasion and the size of the primary lesion. Finally, because the level of invasion and the status of the lymphatics and blood vessels seem to carry a high prognostic significance, each primary lesion should be examined pathologically with regard to these factors.", "PMID": 841450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4628", "title": "Barium enema as a diagnostic aid in children with abdominal pain.", "content": "Diagnostic barium enema is not a substitution for well executed physical examination, and its use should be reserved only for obscure situations. An abnormal roentgenogram provides valuable information, since the fear of missing acute appendicitis in these children is minimized. When normal, this diagnostic test may bring to early operation those with minimal symptoms or unusual presentations, thus avoiding the possibility of prolonged observation and perforation. In children with known associated severe medical maladies, diagnostic barium enema can serve to reaffirm the diagnosis prior to the hazardous operative intervention. It may also eliminate the need for operation in those conditions which mimic acute appendicitis. The use of diagnostic barium enema in the past three and a half years significantly improved our diagnostic capabilities in children with abdominal pain. There was a corresponding reduction in the number of normal appendixes removed. The efficancy and, above all, the safety of this procedure make it a valuable diagnostic aid in the care of children.", "contents": "Barium enema as a diagnostic aid in children with abdominal pain. Diagnostic barium enema is not a substitution for well executed physical examination, and its use should be reserved only for obscure situations. An abnormal roentgenogram provides valuable information, since the fear of missing acute appendicitis in these children is minimized. When normal, this diagnostic test may bring to early operation those with minimal symptoms or unusual presentations, thus avoiding the possibility of prolonged observation and perforation. In children with known associated severe medical maladies, diagnostic barium enema can serve to reaffirm the diagnosis prior to the hazardous operative intervention. It may also eliminate the need for operation in those conditions which mimic acute appendicitis. The use of diagnostic barium enema in the past three and a half years significantly improved our diagnostic capabilities in children with abdominal pain. There was a corresponding reduction in the number of normal appendixes removed. The efficancy and, above all, the safety of this procedure make it a valuable diagnostic aid in the care of children.", "PMID": 841451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4629", "title": "Importance of spicules on clinical staging of carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "Spiculated outgrowths around carcinomas of the breast were measured and assessed, both on roentgenograms and on microscopic slides in 104 spiculated carcinomas of the breast. On the basis of macroscopic and microscopic findings, the clinical stage of each tumor was corrected retrospectively. In the sense of an overestimation, 27.9 per cent, or an underestimation, 8.6 per cent, the clinical error reached 36.5 per cent of the true extent of the tumors. The relation of the histopathologic substrate of spicules of carcinoma of the breast upon metastases of axillary lymph nodes and clinical staging is significant.", "contents": "Importance of spicules on clinical staging of carcinoma of the breast. Spiculated outgrowths around carcinomas of the breast were measured and assessed, both on roentgenograms and on microscopic slides in 104 spiculated carcinomas of the breast. On the basis of macroscopic and microscopic findings, the clinical stage of each tumor was corrected retrospectively. In the sense of an overestimation, 27.9 per cent, or an underestimation, 8.6 per cent, the clinical error reached 36.5 per cent of the true extent of the tumors. The relation of the histopathologic substrate of spicules of carcinoma of the breast upon metastases of axillary lymph nodes and clinical staging is significant.", "PMID": 841452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4630", "title": "Effect of burn injury on glucose turnover in guinea pigs.", "content": "Using our guinea pig model, we found the rate of appearance of glucose was elevated during the three phases following burn injury: the burn shock phase, the hypermetabolic phase and the septic phase. The rate of disappearance of glucose initially was not elevated, resulting in hyperglycemia during burn shock, but eventually, the rate of disappearance of glucose increased to the same extent as the rate of appearance of glucose. During the hypermetabolic and septic phases, the glucose turnover rate was elevated, but the plasma glucose concentration was normal. Glucose turnover was poorly correlated with total body oxygen consumption, suggesting that not all of the increased turnover of glucose was due to increased glucose oxidation.", "contents": "Effect of burn injury on glucose turnover in guinea pigs. Using our guinea pig model, we found the rate of appearance of glucose was elevated during the three phases following burn injury: the burn shock phase, the hypermetabolic phase and the septic phase. The rate of disappearance of glucose initially was not elevated, resulting in hyperglycemia during burn shock, but eventually, the rate of disappearance of glucose increased to the same extent as the rate of appearance of glucose. During the hypermetabolic and septic phases, the glucose turnover rate was elevated, but the plasma glucose concentration was normal. Glucose turnover was poorly correlated with total body oxygen consumption, suggesting that not all of the increased turnover of glucose was due to increased glucose oxidation.", "PMID": 841453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4631", "title": "Intestinal infarction complicating low cardiac output states.", "content": "Nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia, leading into intestinal infarction, frequently complicates and causes the fatal outcome in otherwise treatable instances of low cardiac output states. Once intestinal necrosis occurs in these patients, the mortality is almost 100 per cent. A high risk group of patients in whom intestinal infarction occurs because of low cardiac output can be readily identified. A high index of suspicion for the occurrence of intestinal ischemia in these patients should facilitate recognition of the disease during its early stages. The disastrous results experienced by us and others warrant the use of more aggressive methods for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with this condition. A high index of suspicion in a recognizable group of patients observed by selective mesenteric arteriography affords a method for confirmation of the diagnosis of mesenteric vasoconstriction. Once the diagnosis is established, a patient management protocol program should be followed. Sustained infusion of papaverine into the mesenteric artery is useful in reversing mesenteric vasoconstriction. Additionally, the judicious use of celiotomy and intestinal resection, preceded and followed by the sustained infusion of papaverine into the superior mesenteric artery, offers hope for the survival of some of these patients and warrants further use.", "contents": "Intestinal infarction complicating low cardiac output states. Nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia, leading into intestinal infarction, frequently complicates and causes the fatal outcome in otherwise treatable instances of low cardiac output states. Once intestinal necrosis occurs in these patients, the mortality is almost 100 per cent. A high risk group of patients in whom intestinal infarction occurs because of low cardiac output can be readily identified. A high index of suspicion for the occurrence of intestinal ischemia in these patients should facilitate recognition of the disease during its early stages. The disastrous results experienced by us and others warrant the use of more aggressive methods for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with this condition. A high index of suspicion in a recognizable group of patients observed by selective mesenteric arteriography affords a method for confirmation of the diagnosis of mesenteric vasoconstriction. Once the diagnosis is established, a patient management protocol program should be followed. Sustained infusion of papaverine into the mesenteric artery is useful in reversing mesenteric vasoconstriction. Additionally, the judicious use of celiotomy and intestinal resection, preceded and followed by the sustained infusion of papaverine into the superior mesenteric artery, offers hope for the survival of some of these patients and warrants further use.", "PMID": 841454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4632", "title": "Ultrasound diagnosis of pelvic and wound abscess after an appendectomy.", "content": "Intra-abdominal abscess formation is a common complication of ruptured and gangrenous appendicitis. The signs and symptoms associated with abscess formation are generally nonspecific and may be seen without a collection, which is amenable to surgical drainage. Because such patients are quite fragile, it is essential to use a diagnostic test which is noninvasive and highly accurate prior to further operation. B-scan ultrasound fulfills these requirements and is particularly valuable in assessing the recurrence of abscesses and in detecting wound abscesses.", "contents": "Ultrasound diagnosis of pelvic and wound abscess after an appendectomy. Intra-abdominal abscess formation is a common complication of ruptured and gangrenous appendicitis. The signs and symptoms associated with abscess formation are generally nonspecific and may be seen without a collection, which is amenable to surgical drainage. Because such patients are quite fragile, it is essential to use a diagnostic test which is noninvasive and highly accurate prior to further operation. B-scan ultrasound fulfills these requirements and is particularly valuable in assessing the recurrence of abscesses and in detecting wound abscesses.", "PMID": 841455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4633", "title": "Segmental gastric antral resection in experimental peptic ulceration.", "content": "In using the technique of histamine in beeswax peptic ulceration in dogs, these experimental preparations were studied as to their efficacy to protect against ulceration: laparotomy controls; bilateral truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty; a 50 per cent gastrectomy and vagotomy plus a Billroth II gastrojejeunostomy; a 50 per cent segmental resection of the gastric antrum and corplus plus bilateral truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty; a 75 per cent gastrectomy and Billroth II gastrojejeunostomy, and a 75 per cent segmental resection of the gastric antrum and corpus and bilateral truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty. Only a 75 per cent gastrectomy Billroth II and a 75 per cent segmental resection of the antrum and corpus plus vagotomy and pyloroplasty consistently protected against histamine in beeswax induced ulceration.", "contents": "Segmental gastric antral resection in experimental peptic ulceration. In using the technique of histamine in beeswax peptic ulceration in dogs, these experimental preparations were studied as to their efficacy to protect against ulceration: laparotomy controls; bilateral truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty; a 50 per cent gastrectomy and vagotomy plus a Billroth II gastrojejeunostomy; a 50 per cent segmental resection of the gastric antrum and corplus plus bilateral truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty; a 75 per cent gastrectomy and Billroth II gastrojejeunostomy, and a 75 per cent segmental resection of the gastric antrum and corpus and bilateral truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty. Only a 75 per cent gastrectomy Billroth II and a 75 per cent segmental resection of the antrum and corpus plus vagotomy and pyloroplasty consistently protected against histamine in beeswax induced ulceration.", "PMID": 841456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4634", "title": "The conservative hemipelvectomy.", "content": "Conservative hemipelvectomy is the resection of the ischium, ilium and subjacent extremity. It differs from the orthodox hemipelvectomy method by retaining the ilium, which permits the patient to have normal balance, Sarcomas of the soft tissue extend toward the attachment of the pelvis. The operation has been performed upon ten patients, and the entire operative procedure can be done using the anterior approach, thus minimizing the need to turn the patient. This technique is less traumatic than either disarticulation of the hip joint or hemipelvectomy and can be performed in approximately one and one-half hours, blood loss being limited to an amount varying from 500 milliliters to 1 liter. No postoperative deaths have been recorded. Of the ten patients operated upon, none have had a local recurrence. One obese elderly woman with a liposarcoma died two years after operation from diffuse metastases. The other nine patients are alive and well from two to six years after amputation. The balance of these patients is manifested by the fact that two of them are excellent amputee-skiers.", "contents": "The conservative hemipelvectomy. Conservative hemipelvectomy is the resection of the ischium, ilium and subjacent extremity. It differs from the orthodox hemipelvectomy method by retaining the ilium, which permits the patient to have normal balance, Sarcomas of the soft tissue extend toward the attachment of the pelvis. The operation has been performed upon ten patients, and the entire operative procedure can be done using the anterior approach, thus minimizing the need to turn the patient. This technique is less traumatic than either disarticulation of the hip joint or hemipelvectomy and can be performed in approximately one and one-half hours, blood loss being limited to an amount varying from 500 milliliters to 1 liter. No postoperative deaths have been recorded. Of the ten patients operated upon, none have had a local recurrence. One obese elderly woman with a liposarcoma died two years after operation from diffuse metastases. The other nine patients are alive and well from two to six years after amputation. The balance of these patients is manifested by the fact that two of them are excellent amputee-skiers.", "PMID": 841459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4635", "title": "A technique for radical dissection of the neck.", "content": "Modifications in the technique for the performance of standard radical neck dissection have been used for the past 12 years at this institute. The use of transverse skin incisions, removal of the platysma muscle and proceedings from a posterior to anterior direction are stressed in this procedure. Primary healing, reconstruction and cosmesis have been quite good, and local recurrences have been minimal. The five year survival rates for each type of cancer of the head and neck are comparable with those obtained at other cancer referral centers.", "contents": "A technique for radical dissection of the neck. Modifications in the technique for the performance of standard radical neck dissection have been used for the past 12 years at this institute. The use of transverse skin incisions, removal of the platysma muscle and proceedings from a posterior to anterior direction are stressed in this procedure. Primary healing, reconstruction and cosmesis have been quite good, and local recurrences have been minimal. The five year survival rates for each type of cancer of the head and neck are comparable with those obtained at other cancer referral centers.", "PMID": 841461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4636", "title": "Pancreatic duct obstruction with an acrylate glue: a new method for producing pancreatic exocrine atrophy.", "content": "Ten dogs have been used in a study which demonstrates the feasibility of producing total pancreatic duct obstruction with alkyl-alpha-cyanoacrylate glue. Low pressure injection of glue into the pancreatic duct has led to a reproducible pancreatic atrophy with preservation of the islets. A sharp rise in serum amylase was noted in each dog, but at autopsy examination at monthly intervals after the operation, no evidence of chronic pancreatitis was observed. None of the dogs was rendered diabetic. The success of the experimental technique raises the possibility that such a technique might be useful in the management of human chronic pancreatitis as an alternative to pancreatic resection, and the operation has been performed on three patients so far.", "contents": "Pancreatic duct obstruction with an acrylate glue: a new method for producing pancreatic exocrine atrophy. Ten dogs have been used in a study which demonstrates the feasibility of producing total pancreatic duct obstruction with alkyl-alpha-cyanoacrylate glue. Low pressure injection of glue into the pancreatic duct has led to a reproducible pancreatic atrophy with preservation of the islets. A sharp rise in serum amylase was noted in each dog, but at autopsy examination at monthly intervals after the operation, no evidence of chronic pancreatitis was observed. None of the dogs was rendered diabetic. The success of the experimental technique raises the possibility that such a technique might be useful in the management of human chronic pancreatitis as an alternative to pancreatic resection, and the operation has been performed on three patients so far.", "PMID": 841462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4637", "title": "The clinical significance of retroperitoneal fibrosis.", "content": "A total of 481 cases of retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF) presented in the literature have been reviewed. Ten additional cases from this hospital have been added. One etiological factor, methysergide, has been implicated in 12.4 percent of cases, but the majority remain unexplained. Characteristically, the patient will be male (2:1 ratio), in his 50's (30.9 percent), with vague lower back pain (34.2 percent) or possibly flank pain (34.0 percent). Physical examination usually will be unrevealing. The patient's serum chemistry probably will show some degree of azotemia (55.4 percent) and perhaps anemia (13.6 percent). The intravenous pyelogram characteristically shows bilateral hydroureteronephrosis (67.6 percent) or unilateral hydroureteronephrosis (20.3 percent) associated with medial deviation of the ureter due apparently to external compression of the ureter. Methysergide should be discontinued if implicated. Laparotomy for ureteral compression characteristically will reveal a dense, rubbery plaque in the retroperitoneum. Generous frozen section biopsies show fibrosis, usually with some chronic inflammation, suggestive of RPF. Careful inspection of retroperitoneal nodes and liver may reveal the presence of malignancy in 7.9 percent of patients. In the absence of malignancy, the ureters should lyse fairly freely and peristasis may return. If no malignancy is present on permanent sections of biopsy material, the patient can be given a fairly optimistic prognosis (cumulative mortality rate, 9 percent). Suboptimal improvement probably is an indication for steroid therapy and surgical re-exploration may become indicated. In these cases further search for malignancy should be undertaken.", "contents": "The clinical significance of retroperitoneal fibrosis. A total of 481 cases of retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF) presented in the literature have been reviewed. Ten additional cases from this hospital have been added. One etiological factor, methysergide, has been implicated in 12.4 percent of cases, but the majority remain unexplained. Characteristically, the patient will be male (2:1 ratio), in his 50's (30.9 percent), with vague lower back pain (34.2 percent) or possibly flank pain (34.0 percent). Physical examination usually will be unrevealing. The patient's serum chemistry probably will show some degree of azotemia (55.4 percent) and perhaps anemia (13.6 percent). The intravenous pyelogram characteristically shows bilateral hydroureteronephrosis (67.6 percent) or unilateral hydroureteronephrosis (20.3 percent) associated with medial deviation of the ureter due apparently to external compression of the ureter. Methysergide should be discontinued if implicated. Laparotomy for ureteral compression characteristically will reveal a dense, rubbery plaque in the retroperitoneum. Generous frozen section biopsies show fibrosis, usually with some chronic inflammation, suggestive of RPF. Careful inspection of retroperitoneal nodes and liver may reveal the presence of malignancy in 7.9 percent of patients. In the absence of malignancy, the ureters should lyse fairly freely and peristasis may return. If no malignancy is present on permanent sections of biopsy material, the patient can be given a fairly optimistic prognosis (cumulative mortality rate, 9 percent). Suboptimal improvement probably is an indication for steroid therapy and surgical re-exploration may become indicated. In these cases further search for malignancy should be undertaken.", "PMID": 841463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4638", "title": "The effect of surgical operation on venous plasma free amino acids.", "content": "The effects of abdominal operation on the antecubital vein plasma amino acid concentration were examined. With four groups, each containing ten patients, factors such as severity of surgical operation, anesthesia, and postoperative nutrition were examined. Immediately after operation there is a fall in the plasma concentrations of most amino acids; the nonessential amino acids (glutamate, proline, glycine, alanine, histidine, and arginine) continue to fall during the 2 postoperative days, whereas the essential amino acids (isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, and lysine, with tyrosine) are at higher concentration at 48 hours than immediately after operation. Comparison of a group of patients undergoing an operation of moderate severity (vagotomy and pyloroplasty or cholecystectomy) with those having the more severe procedure of resection of aortic aneurysm with Dacron graft replacement suggests that these general changes in amino acid concentrations do not appear to be due to the severity of the operation, although cystine levels were lower, and phenylalanine levels were higher, in the graft-replacement group. The changes did not appear to be the result of anesthesia. Increasing the postoperative glucose intake was associated with higher plasma alanine and lower methionine levels. It is suggested that, in surgical patients, cystine and tyrosine may become essential amino acids and rises in phenylalanine and methionine indicate transient liver dysfunction. The data give support to the view that a high calorie intake after operation has a beneficial effect.", "contents": "The effect of surgical operation on venous plasma free amino acids. The effects of abdominal operation on the antecubital vein plasma amino acid concentration were examined. With four groups, each containing ten patients, factors such as severity of surgical operation, anesthesia, and postoperative nutrition were examined. Immediately after operation there is a fall in the plasma concentrations of most amino acids; the nonessential amino acids (glutamate, proline, glycine, alanine, histidine, and arginine) continue to fall during the 2 postoperative days, whereas the essential amino acids (isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, and lysine, with tyrosine) are at higher concentration at 48 hours than immediately after operation. Comparison of a group of patients undergoing an operation of moderate severity (vagotomy and pyloroplasty or cholecystectomy) with those having the more severe procedure of resection of aortic aneurysm with Dacron graft replacement suggests that these general changes in amino acid concentrations do not appear to be due to the severity of the operation, although cystine levels were lower, and phenylalanine levels were higher, in the graft-replacement group. The changes did not appear to be the result of anesthesia. Increasing the postoperative glucose intake was associated with higher plasma alanine and lower methionine levels. It is suggested that, in surgical patients, cystine and tyrosine may become essential amino acids and rises in phenylalanine and methionine indicate transient liver dysfunction. The data give support to the view that a high calorie intake after operation has a beneficial effect.", "PMID": 841464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4639", "title": "Myocardial revascularization prior to subsequent major surgery in patients with coronary artery disease.", "content": "Of our series of patients undergoing direct myocardial revascularization, we selected 60 patients who had subsequent major surgical and cardiovascular operative procedures. Thirteen of these patients had a second subsequent operative procedure, and four of the original 60 patients had a third subsequent operation. None of the patients died during the subsequent operation and none sustained a myocardial infarction. During the 77 subsequent procedures, there were eight different episodes of cardiac complications: seven patients had supraventricular arrhythmias and one patient had acute pulmonary edema. All patients responded to medical therapy. These results are suggestive that myocardial revascularization should be performed prior to other major indicated operative procedures in patients with documented coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Myocardial revascularization prior to subsequent major surgery in patients with coronary artery disease. Of our series of patients undergoing direct myocardial revascularization, we selected 60 patients who had subsequent major surgical and cardiovascular operative procedures. Thirteen of these patients had a second subsequent operative procedure, and four of the original 60 patients had a third subsequent operation. None of the patients died during the subsequent operation and none sustained a myocardial infarction. During the 77 subsequent procedures, there were eight different episodes of cardiac complications: seven patients had supraventricular arrhythmias and one patient had acute pulmonary edema. All patients responded to medical therapy. These results are suggestive that myocardial revascularization should be performed prior to other major indicated operative procedures in patients with documented coronary artery disease.", "PMID": 841465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4640", "title": "Protein-losing enteropathy complicating the Mustard procedure.", "content": "Protein-losing enteropathy is a reported complication of several cardiac diseases. Recently we encountered a patient with protein-losing enteropathy acquired as a late surgical complication of the Mustard procedure. An obstructed superior vena caval conduit was repaired surgically and the enteropathy was resolved.", "contents": "Protein-losing enteropathy complicating the Mustard procedure. Protein-losing enteropathy is a reported complication of several cardiac diseases. Recently we encountered a patient with protein-losing enteropathy acquired as a late surgical complication of the Mustard procedure. An obstructed superior vena caval conduit was repaired surgically and the enteropathy was resolved.", "PMID": 841466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4641", "title": "Remote organ failure: a valid sign of occult intra-abdominal infection.", "content": "Remote or local infection appears to be causally associated with major organ failure in some surgical patients. Experience with the patients described suggests that the converse relationship may be clinically useful: organ failure may indicate the presence of otherwise occult intra-abdominal infection in postoperative patients and trauma victims. Support of organ function without definitive correction of underlying infection is only pallative.", "contents": "Remote organ failure: a valid sign of occult intra-abdominal infection. Remote or local infection appears to be causally associated with major organ failure in some surgical patients. Experience with the patients described suggests that the converse relationship may be clinically useful: organ failure may indicate the presence of otherwise occult intra-abdominal infection in postoperative patients and trauma victims. Support of organ function without definitive correction of underlying infection is only pallative.", "PMID": 841468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4642", "title": "Protection of nuclear function by various agents during organ storage.", "content": "Allopurinol, Collins' solution, and spermidine were tested for their ability to preserve nuclear function during kidney storage. Spermidine increased nuclear ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase activity 25 to 43 percent after 60 minutes of warm ischemia. Collins' solution was less effective and allopurinol did not protect RNA polymerase activity. Spermidine offered little additional protection over Collins' during cold storage of RNA polymerase activity. Only spermidine prevented the decrease in the molecular weight of RNA transcribed following kidney storage. Only Collins' solution prevented the breakdown of rapidly labeled heterogenous high molecular weight RNA and ribosomal precursor RNA.", "contents": "Protection of nuclear function by various agents during organ storage. Allopurinol, Collins' solution, and spermidine were tested for their ability to preserve nuclear function during kidney storage. Spermidine increased nuclear ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase activity 25 to 43 percent after 60 minutes of warm ischemia. Collins' solution was less effective and allopurinol did not protect RNA polymerase activity. Spermidine offered little additional protection over Collins' during cold storage of RNA polymerase activity. Only spermidine prevented the decrease in the molecular weight of RNA transcribed following kidney storage. Only Collins' solution prevented the breakdown of rapidly labeled heterogenous high molecular weight RNA and ribosomal precursor RNA.", "PMID": 841469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4643", "title": "Adrenergic mechanisms in the hepatic arterial circulation of baboons.", "content": "The effects of intra-arterial injections and infusions of three adrenergic amines upon hepatic arterial blood flow were measured in anesthetized baboons before and after alpha and beta adrenergic blockade with intravenous phenoxybenzamine and propranolol. Injections of norepinephrine or epinephrine caused dose-dependent decreases in hepatic arterial blood flow. These responses were attenuated by alpha adrenergic blockade and were unchanged by beta adrenergic blockade. Injections of isoproterenol caused dose-dependent increases in hepatic arterial flow. These increases were relatively small and were reversed to constriction at low doses and attenuated at high doses of the agonist by beta adrenergic blockade. Intrahepatic arterial infusions of constrictors were unaccompanied by autoregulatory excape. The degree of constriction was attenuated by alpha adrenergic blockade but was not potentiated by beta adrenergic blockade. Intrahepatic arterial infusion of a relatively large dose of isoproterenol was required to evoke a relatively modest, but sustained, increase in hepatic arterial blood flow. This response was not potentiated by alpha adrenergic antagonism, but was attenuated by beta adrenergic blockade. These observations suggest an apparent and relative decrease in beta adrenergic receptor activity in the hepatic arterial bed of the baboon when compared to other regional circulations such as the mesenteric and femoral beds. These beta receptors are relatively resistant to both stimulation and blockade.", "contents": "Adrenergic mechanisms in the hepatic arterial circulation of baboons. The effects of intra-arterial injections and infusions of three adrenergic amines upon hepatic arterial blood flow were measured in anesthetized baboons before and after alpha and beta adrenergic blockade with intravenous phenoxybenzamine and propranolol. Injections of norepinephrine or epinephrine caused dose-dependent decreases in hepatic arterial blood flow. These responses were attenuated by alpha adrenergic blockade and were unchanged by beta adrenergic blockade. Injections of isoproterenol caused dose-dependent increases in hepatic arterial flow. These increases were relatively small and were reversed to constriction at low doses and attenuated at high doses of the agonist by beta adrenergic blockade. Intrahepatic arterial infusions of constrictors were unaccompanied by autoregulatory excape. The degree of constriction was attenuated by alpha adrenergic blockade but was not potentiated by beta adrenergic blockade. Intrahepatic arterial infusion of a relatively large dose of isoproterenol was required to evoke a relatively modest, but sustained, increase in hepatic arterial blood flow. This response was not potentiated by alpha adrenergic antagonism, but was attenuated by beta adrenergic blockade. These observations suggest an apparent and relative decrease in beta adrenergic receptor activity in the hepatic arterial bed of the baboon when compared to other regional circulations such as the mesenteric and femoral beds. These beta receptors are relatively resistant to both stimulation and blockade.", "PMID": 841470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4644", "title": "Vascular prosthetic infections: collected experience and results of treatment.", "content": "A review of 178 published cases of infected vascular prosthetic grafts through 1974 disclosed 164 sufficiently well documented for review. The time and manner of presentation depended on location and most commonly included localized wound infection with graft exposure. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common organism cultured and predisposing infection in the foot or opposite groin was significant. The over-all mortality rate was 52 of 153 patients (33.9 percent), separating into 47.9 percent at the aortofemoral (AF) level and 9.9 percent for femoropopliteal (FP) infections. Amputation rate was 23 percent for AF and 36 percent for FP infections. Of five treatment plans utilized. best results were obtained with early exploration and revascularization. Conservative treatment of FP grafts was successful when the graft was patent. At the Medical College of Virginia, the graft infection rate was 2.6 percent and the mortality rate was 36 percent. Conservative treatment efforts without revascularization resulted in a 57 percent amputation rate and justifies a more aggressive approach to suspected graft infection.", "contents": "Vascular prosthetic infections: collected experience and results of treatment. A review of 178 published cases of infected vascular prosthetic grafts through 1974 disclosed 164 sufficiently well documented for review. The time and manner of presentation depended on location and most commonly included localized wound infection with graft exposure. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common organism cultured and predisposing infection in the foot or opposite groin was significant. The over-all mortality rate was 52 of 153 patients (33.9 percent), separating into 47.9 percent at the aortofemoral (AF) level and 9.9 percent for femoropopliteal (FP) infections. Amputation rate was 23 percent for AF and 36 percent for FP infections. Of five treatment plans utilized. best results were obtained with early exploration and revascularization. Conservative treatment of FP grafts was successful when the graft was patent. At the Medical College of Virginia, the graft infection rate was 2.6 percent and the mortality rate was 36 percent. Conservative treatment efforts without revascularization resulted in a 57 percent amputation rate and justifies a more aggressive approach to suspected graft infection.", "PMID": 841471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4645", "title": "Reconstruction of the cervical esophagus by transplantation and revascularization of a small intestinal segment: ten year follow-up.", "content": "This study represents a 10 year follow-up of one case of cervical esophagus reconstruction by transplantation of a small intestinal segment. The graft was of normal configuration in esophagoscopy, radiography, and biopsy. The patient is well now and is able to have any food she likes, but she finds it somewhat difficult to take liquid foods. This may be one of the longest recorded follow-up cases in medical history.", "contents": "Reconstruction of the cervical esophagus by transplantation and revascularization of a small intestinal segment: ten year follow-up. This study represents a 10 year follow-up of one case of cervical esophagus reconstruction by transplantation of a small intestinal segment. The graft was of normal configuration in esophagoscopy, radiography, and biopsy. The patient is well now and is able to have any food she likes, but she finds it somewhat difficult to take liquid foods. This may be one of the longest recorded follow-up cases in medical history.", "PMID": 841472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4646", "title": "Midgut volvulus with secondary thrombosis of superior mesenteric vessels in a pregnant woman.", "content": "An anomaly of the position of the midgut in a pregnant woman predisposes to volvulus. Vascular repair, despite the abdominal catastrophe, sometimes allows parts of the intestine to be saved. A case of volvulus in a pregnant woman is described. At operation, 18 hours after onset, two anomalies were found: reverse rotation of the midgut and an anomaly of the collecting system of the superior mesenteric vein. Most of the midgut was infarcted. Thrombi were removed from the superior mesenteric vessels, and a portion of the anamalous superior mesenteric vein was reconstructed. All but 3 M. of the small bowel and the entire right colon were resected. Prolonged treatment with parenteral hyperalimentation enabled us to control the appearance of a moderate degree of malabsorption. To our knowledge, no similar case has been reported previously in the literature.", "contents": "Midgut volvulus with secondary thrombosis of superior mesenteric vessels in a pregnant woman. An anomaly of the position of the midgut in a pregnant woman predisposes to volvulus. Vascular repair, despite the abdominal catastrophe, sometimes allows parts of the intestine to be saved. A case of volvulus in a pregnant woman is described. At operation, 18 hours after onset, two anomalies were found: reverse rotation of the midgut and an anomaly of the collecting system of the superior mesenteric vein. Most of the midgut was infarcted. Thrombi were removed from the superior mesenteric vessels, and a portion of the anamalous superior mesenteric vein was reconstructed. All but 3 M. of the small bowel and the entire right colon were resected. Prolonged treatment with parenteral hyperalimentation enabled us to control the appearance of a moderate degree of malabsorption. To our knowledge, no similar case has been reported previously in the literature.", "PMID": 841473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4647", "title": "The value of endoscopic retrograde pancreatography in the management of pancreatic ascites.", "content": "A case of pancreatic ascites is presented in which the preoperative use of endoscopic retrograde cannulation of ampulla of Vater (ERCP) precisely located the site of pancreatic duct disruption and thus directed the choice of operation best suited to this patients. We suggest that in this form of ascites preoperative ERCP may aid in the selection of those patients whose lesions are surgically correctable.", "contents": "The value of endoscopic retrograde pancreatography in the management of pancreatic ascites. A case of pancreatic ascites is presented in which the preoperative use of endoscopic retrograde cannulation of ampulla of Vater (ERCP) precisely located the site of pancreatic duct disruption and thus directed the choice of operation best suited to this patients. We suggest that in this form of ascites preoperative ERCP may aid in the selection of those patients whose lesions are surgically correctable.", "PMID": 841474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4648", "title": "Pancreatic ascites: diagnosis of leakage site by endoscopic pancreatography.", "content": "A case with pancreatic ascites is presented in which the site of leak from a pancreatic pseudocyst was identified by oral endoscopic pancreatography. It is suggested that this procedure be done early in the clinical course of most patients with pancreatic ascites, since the information obtained will facilitate medical and surgical management.", "contents": "Pancreatic ascites: diagnosis of leakage site by endoscopic pancreatography. A case with pancreatic ascites is presented in which the site of leak from a pancreatic pseudocyst was identified by oral endoscopic pancreatography. It is suggested that this procedure be done early in the clinical course of most patients with pancreatic ascites, since the information obtained will facilitate medical and surgical management.", "PMID": 841475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4649", "title": "Thallium-induced achondroplasia in chicken embryos and the concept of critical periods during development.", "content": "Achondroplasia was induced in chicken embryos by in ovo application of 0.6 mg/egg thallium sulfate. The critical (sensitive) period for production of achondroplasia began on day 5 of incubation and ended at the start of HH stage 35 (8.5 days). The end of the critical period was accurately timed and found to be 205-207 hours of incubation and to coincide with a 66% decrease in growth rate of the embryos. Treatment resulted in reduced tibial growth one day later, tibial angulation two days later, and chrondrocytic necrosis four days later. The last was therefore not the cause of the angulation. Tibias were taken from thallium-treated and control donor embryos of various ages and grafted to the chorioallantoic membranes of treated and control host embryos of various ages during and outside the critical period and achondroplastic changes induced in grafted tibias exposed to thallium while on the chorioallantoic membrane. The critical period was extended into day 10 of incubation in such grafted tibias. Tibias maintained for seven days in organ culture were achondroplastic if pretreated with thallium at seven or eight days of incubation but not at ten days. Exposure of as little as 0.5 hour was sufficient to elicit micromelia when the tibias were grafted or organ cultured. Thallium therefore rapidly binds to skeletal tissues during a critical period of embryonic development but this critical period may be extended when tibias are removed from the embryo.", "contents": "Thallium-induced achondroplasia in chicken embryos and the concept of critical periods during development. Achondroplasia was induced in chicken embryos by in ovo application of 0.6 mg/egg thallium sulfate. The critical (sensitive) period for production of achondroplasia began on day 5 of incubation and ended at the start of HH stage 35 (8.5 days). The end of the critical period was accurately timed and found to be 205-207 hours of incubation and to coincide with a 66% decrease in growth rate of the embryos. Treatment resulted in reduced tibial growth one day later, tibial angulation two days later, and chrondrocytic necrosis four days later. The last was therefore not the cause of the angulation. Tibias were taken from thallium-treated and control donor embryos of various ages and grafted to the chorioallantoic membranes of treated and control host embryos of various ages during and outside the critical period and achondroplastic changes induced in grafted tibias exposed to thallium while on the chorioallantoic membrane. The critical period was extended into day 10 of incubation in such grafted tibias. Tibias maintained for seven days in organ culture were achondroplastic if pretreated with thallium at seven or eight days of incubation but not at ten days. Exposure of as little as 0.5 hour was sufficient to elicit micromelia when the tibias were grafted or organ cultured. Thallium therefore rapidly binds to skeletal tissues during a critical period of embryonic development but this critical period may be extended when tibias are removed from the embryo.", "PMID": 841477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4650", "title": "Epithelial breakdown in the palatal processes of mouse fetuses with spontaneous cleft lip and palate.", "content": "Contact and fusion of the palatal processes are prevented by mechanical obstruction in A/J mice with spontaneous cleft lip and palate. Histological examination of cleft-lip fetuses revealed a very thin epithelial covering on the tip of the palatal process at day 15 1/2 of gestation, when the palate normally undergoes fusion, but at day 16 the palatal epithelium was completely disrupted, exposing the underlying mesenchyme. This epithelial discontinuity lasted only one day--by day 17 epithelial continuity was reestablished. These findings support the hypothesis that contact between the palatal shevles is not a prerequisite for epithelial degeneration.", "contents": "Epithelial breakdown in the palatal processes of mouse fetuses with spontaneous cleft lip and palate. Contact and fusion of the palatal processes are prevented by mechanical obstruction in A/J mice with spontaneous cleft lip and palate. Histological examination of cleft-lip fetuses revealed a very thin epithelial covering on the tip of the palatal process at day 15 1/2 of gestation, when the palate normally undergoes fusion, but at day 16 the palatal epithelium was completely disrupted, exposing the underlying mesenchyme. This epithelial discontinuity lasted only one day--by day 17 epithelial continuity was reestablished. These findings support the hypothesis that contact between the palatal shevles is not a prerequisite for epithelial degeneration.", "PMID": 841478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4651", "title": "Prenatal toxicity of medroxyprogesterone acetate in rabbits, rats, and mice.", "content": "Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) was given once daily sc at 0.1-3,000 mg/kg/day for 3, 6, or 9 consecutive days during gestation days 7 to 15 to CD1 and A/J mice, and New Zealand (NZ) and Dutch Belted (DB) rabbits, and during days 8 to 16 to CD rats. Malformations attributable to MPA did not occur in fetuses of mice or rats exposed to the largest dosage tested. However, 1, 3, or 10 mg/kg on days 13 to 15 to NZ rabbits resulted in 6, 28, and 42% cleft palate, respectively. Comparable cleft palate frequencies were seen in DB offspring.", "contents": "Prenatal toxicity of medroxyprogesterone acetate in rabbits, rats, and mice. Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) was given once daily sc at 0.1-3,000 mg/kg/day for 3, 6, or 9 consecutive days during gestation days 7 to 15 to CD1 and A/J mice, and New Zealand (NZ) and Dutch Belted (DB) rabbits, and during days 8 to 16 to CD rats. Malformations attributable to MPA did not occur in fetuses of mice or rats exposed to the largest dosage tested. However, 1, 3, or 10 mg/kg on days 13 to 15 to NZ rabbits resulted in 6, 28, and 42% cleft palate, respectively. Comparable cleft palate frequencies were seen in DB offspring.", "PMID": 841480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4652", "title": "Vater syndrome: hypothesis and report of two further cases.", "content": "Two cases are reported of the association of a group of abnormalities defined as the Vater syndrome, together with a hypothesis, based on the presence of normal cell death during embryogenesis, on how they occur together so frequently. Although the mechanism of normal cell death is unknown, adjacent cells are probably affected sublethally and subsequently recover. A teratogenic situation introduced simultaneously with the occurrence of normal cell death may further diminish the viability of those adjacent cells, causing increase in the necrotic zone and loss of both normal tissue and growth potential.", "contents": "Vater syndrome: hypothesis and report of two further cases. Two cases are reported of the association of a group of abnormalities defined as the Vater syndrome, together with a hypothesis, based on the presence of normal cell death during embryogenesis, on how they occur together so frequently. Although the mechanism of normal cell death is unknown, adjacent cells are probably affected sublethally and subsequently recover. A teratogenic situation introduced simultaneously with the occurrence of normal cell death may further diminish the viability of those adjacent cells, causing increase in the necrotic zone and loss of both normal tissue and growth potential.", "PMID": 841481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4653", "title": "Possible teratogenic effect of phenothiazines in human beings.", "content": "A prospective survey was carried out by the French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) in 12 University hospitals in Paris and included 12,764 women; 189 gave birth to babies with unequivocal, non-chromosomally based, malformations. There was a significant excess of malformed infants when women had taken phenothiazines during the first three months after the last menstrual period. This association did not seem due to chance or to bias and could not be explained by the influence of the outcome of previous pregnancies. These data are to be added to results of recent surveys showing a significant increase of malformations in children exposed in utero to anticonvulsants, carbamates, benzodiazepines, tricyclic antidepressants, and amphetamines.", "contents": "Possible teratogenic effect of phenothiazines in human beings. A prospective survey was carried out by the French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) in 12 University hospitals in Paris and included 12,764 women; 189 gave birth to babies with unequivocal, non-chromosomally based, malformations. There was a significant excess of malformed infants when women had taken phenothiazines during the first three months after the last menstrual period. This association did not seem due to chance or to bias and could not be explained by the influence of the outcome of previous pregnancies. These data are to be added to results of recent surveys showing a significant increase of malformations in children exposed in utero to anticonvulsants, carbamates, benzodiazepines, tricyclic antidepressants, and amphetamines.", "PMID": 841482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4654", "title": "Embryotoxicity of the folate antagonist methotrexate in rats and rabbits.", "content": "The prenatal effects of methotrexate (MTX) in rats and rabbits were assessed. It was found highly embryotoxic in postimplantation rat embryos; 0.3 mg/kg ip or less caused nearly total embryolethality with slight teratogenicity. Rabbit embryos were far more resistant to small doses of MTX than rats, but 19.2 mg/kg iv, when given during days 10 to 15 of gestation, produced little death and a constant spectrum of malformation in a high percentage of offspring. Cleft palate, skull defects, and severe fore- and hindlimb dysplasias, occurred with a high degree of regularity and were strongly dose and developmental-stage specific.", "contents": "Embryotoxicity of the folate antagonist methotrexate in rats and rabbits. The prenatal effects of methotrexate (MTX) in rats and rabbits were assessed. It was found highly embryotoxic in postimplantation rat embryos; 0.3 mg/kg ip or less caused nearly total embryolethality with slight teratogenicity. Rabbit embryos were far more resistant to small doses of MTX than rats, but 19.2 mg/kg iv, when given during days 10 to 15 of gestation, produced little death and a constant spectrum of malformation in a high percentage of offspring. Cleft palate, skull defects, and severe fore- and hindlimb dysplasias, occurred with a high degree of regularity and were strongly dose and developmental-stage specific.", "PMID": 841483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4655", "title": "Temporal, morphological, and genetic responses of avian embryos to Azodrin, an organophosphate insecticide.", "content": "The effect of Azodrin on avian development was studied using a bobwhite quail line and two chicken lines--a single comb White Leghorn (SCWL) and an Australorp line. The bobwhite quail embryos did not respond to injections of Azodrin until stages 22 to 23 (6 days of incubation); the SCWL embryos, not until stage 18 (3 days of incubation) with increasing susceptibility through stage 20. The threshold concentration, at stage 19, for the SCWL was 0.4 mg/kg, for the Australorp, less. Within one hour of treatment stage-20 embryo shape was altered. There was, however, no immediate response from embryos treated earlier. The effect appeared as a reduced growth rate in the cervical flexure, and may be mediated by interference with the normal energy balance. The response, once initiated, was continuous through 10 days of incubation.", "contents": "Temporal, morphological, and genetic responses of avian embryos to Azodrin, an organophosphate insecticide. The effect of Azodrin on avian development was studied using a bobwhite quail line and two chicken lines--a single comb White Leghorn (SCWL) and an Australorp line. The bobwhite quail embryos did not respond to injections of Azodrin until stages 22 to 23 (6 days of incubation); the SCWL embryos, not until stage 18 (3 days of incubation) with increasing susceptibility through stage 20. The threshold concentration, at stage 19, for the SCWL was 0.4 mg/kg, for the Australorp, less. Within one hour of treatment stage-20 embryo shape was altered. There was, however, no immediate response from embryos treated earlier. The effect appeared as a reduced growth rate in the cervical flexure, and may be mediated by interference with the normal energy balance. The response, once initiated, was continuous through 10 days of incubation.", "PMID": 841484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4656", "title": "Digital anomalies of mouse limbs induced by treatment with urethan in vitro.", "content": "The effects of urethan on ICR/JCL mouse limbs were examined in forelimbs of day-11 embryos cultured in concentrations of 0, 50, and 100 mug/ml for one to four days, and in forelimbs of day-12 embryos and in fore- and hind limbs of day-13 embryos in 0, 10, 50, and 100 mug/ml for one to four days. Urethan did not cause digital malformations on day-11 limbs but induced syndactyly in day-12 forelimbs and polydactyly in day-12 forelimbs and day-13-fore- and hind limbs. The polydactyly may have been due to effects on mesenchymal cells producing localized cell proliferation, whereas syndactyly may have been due to effects on precartilage cells, resulting in excess migration of mesenchymal cells toward the digits, leaving the connective tissue at the interdigital space to develop inadequately.", "contents": "Digital anomalies of mouse limbs induced by treatment with urethan in vitro. The effects of urethan on ICR/JCL mouse limbs were examined in forelimbs of day-11 embryos cultured in concentrations of 0, 50, and 100 mug/ml for one to four days, and in forelimbs of day-12 embryos and in fore- and hind limbs of day-13 embryos in 0, 10, 50, and 100 mug/ml for one to four days. Urethan did not cause digital malformations on day-11 limbs but induced syndactyly in day-12 forelimbs and polydactyly in day-12 forelimbs and day-13-fore- and hind limbs. The polydactyly may have been due to effects on mesenchymal cells producing localized cell proliferation, whereas syndactyly may have been due to effects on precartilage cells, resulting in excess migration of mesenchymal cells toward the digits, leaving the connective tissue at the interdigital space to develop inadequately.", "PMID": 841485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4657", "title": "Haemothorax after subclavian vein cannulation.", "content": "A patient in whom pulmonary arterial bleeding occurred during percutaneous supraclavicular puncture of the subclavian vein is described. A retrospective survey of over 600 subclavian venepunctures disclosed seven patients in whom serious traumatic complications occurred, six of them in the hands of inexperienced operators.", "contents": "Haemothorax after subclavian vein cannulation. A patient in whom pulmonary arterial bleeding occurred during percutaneous supraclavicular puncture of the subclavian vein is described. A retrospective survey of over 600 subclavian venepunctures disclosed seven patients in whom serious traumatic complications occurred, six of them in the hands of inexperienced operators.", "PMID": 841527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4658", "title": "Severe mycoplasma pneumonia.", "content": "A patient who developed who developed a protracted illness following severe mycoplasma pneumonia is described. The acute phase of the infection was complicated by myocarditis and haemolytic anaemia. The respiratory symptoms abated and lung function tests improved with the administration of systemic and inhaled corticosteroids.", "contents": "Severe mycoplasma pneumonia. A patient who developed who developed a protracted illness following severe mycoplasma pneumonia is described. The acute phase of the infection was complicated by myocarditis and haemolytic anaemia. The respiratory symptoms abated and lung function tests improved with the administration of systemic and inhaled corticosteroids.", "PMID": 841528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4659", "title": "Tumour size as a prognostic factor after resection of lung carcinoma.", "content": "Two hundred and ninety-five patients who underwent resection for carcinoma of the lung are reviewed, with a particular view to size of tumour and survival rate. The carcinomas were divided into four groups by size. It was found that the larger the tumour the worse was the prognosis. The prognosis in large carcinomas could not be directly attributed to a preponderance of an unfavourable cell type, lymph node metastasis or mediastinal extension. Vascular dissemination at the time of operation is believed to be a major factor for the poor prognosis in this group of carcinomas. Radiotherapy before operation and early ligation of the pulmonary veins might improve the results of resection of large carcinomas.", "contents": "Tumour size as a prognostic factor after resection of lung carcinoma. Two hundred and ninety-five patients who underwent resection for carcinoma of the lung are reviewed, with a particular view to size of tumour and survival rate. The carcinomas were divided into four groups by size. It was found that the larger the tumour the worse was the prognosis. The prognosis in large carcinomas could not be directly attributed to a preponderance of an unfavourable cell type, lymph node metastasis or mediastinal extension. Vascular dissemination at the time of operation is believed to be a major factor for the poor prognosis in this group of carcinomas. Radiotherapy before operation and early ligation of the pulmonary veins might improve the results of resection of large carcinomas.", "PMID": 841529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4660", "title": "Asthma deaths in children--a continuing problem.", "content": "The clinical and pathological features of five children who died of asthma over a recent 12-month period are reported. All had severe, chronic asthma requiring maintenance corticosteroid therapy. Three had been receiving beclomethasone dipropionate by inhalation and these had acute inflammation of the tracheobronchial tree at necropsy. Adrenal atrophy was found in all four cases examined histologically, despite normal short tetracosactrin tests in three of these shortly before they died. The need for high-dose corticosteroid by mouth for exacerbations of asthma in those weaned from oral steroids is emphasized by these deaths. The introduction of beclomethasone dipropionate by inhalation has led to an increase in the number of children in this high-risk group.", "contents": "Asthma deaths in children--a continuing problem. The clinical and pathological features of five children who died of asthma over a recent 12-month period are reported. All had severe, chronic asthma requiring maintenance corticosteroid therapy. Three had been receiving beclomethasone dipropionate by inhalation and these had acute inflammation of the tracheobronchial tree at necropsy. Adrenal atrophy was found in all four cases examined histologically, despite normal short tetracosactrin tests in three of these shortly before they died. The need for high-dose corticosteroid by mouth for exacerbations of asthma in those weaned from oral steroids is emphasized by these deaths. The introduction of beclomethasone dipropionate by inhalation has led to an increase in the number of children in this high-risk group.", "PMID": 841530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4661", "title": "Clinical improvement of patients with emphysema after radiotherapy.", "content": "In advanced emphysema the reduced lung retractive force permits dynamic compression of the airways during expiration; this gives rise to breathlessness which is often refractory to conventional remedies. Radiotherapy causes shrinkage of lung tissue and has therefore been given as treatment to 10 patients with emphysema. They have been followed for two years, during which time three have died from various causes, but no adverse effect of radiotherapy has been observed. All the patients at some time experienced a reduction in breathlessness on exertion and an increase in the range of their daily activities; the distensibility of their lungs was on average reduced but the response to test exercise was not altered. The possibility that the clinical improvement may have been a placebo effect is now being investigated.", "contents": "Clinical improvement of patients with emphysema after radiotherapy. In advanced emphysema the reduced lung retractive force permits dynamic compression of the airways during expiration; this gives rise to breathlessness which is often refractory to conventional remedies. Radiotherapy causes shrinkage of lung tissue and has therefore been given as treatment to 10 patients with emphysema. They have been followed for two years, during which time three have died from various causes, but no adverse effect of radiotherapy has been observed. All the patients at some time experienced a reduction in breathlessness on exertion and an increase in the range of their daily activities; the distensibility of their lungs was on average reduced but the response to test exercise was not altered. The possibility that the clinical improvement may have been a placebo effect is now being investigated.", "PMID": 841531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4662", "title": "Regional lung function in asbestos workers.", "content": "Regional lung function was measured using radioactive xenon-133 in a group of normal subjects and in two groups of asbestos workers. When compared with the normal group, patients with pulmonary asbestosis showed impaired ventilation of the lower zones. Subjects with calcified pleural plaques without radiological evidence of lung parenchymal fibrosis did not show this abnormality.", "contents": "Regional lung function in asbestos workers. Regional lung function was measured using radioactive xenon-133 in a group of normal subjects and in two groups of asbestos workers. When compared with the normal group, patients with pulmonary asbestosis showed impaired ventilation of the lower zones. Subjects with calcified pleural plaques without radiological evidence of lung parenchymal fibrosis did not show this abnormality.", "PMID": 841532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4663", "title": "Serial pulmonary function tests in patients with asbestosis.", "content": "Serial lung function tests were performed on 17 patients with asbestosis. A marked fall in the transfer factor often preceded any significant decline in the vital capacity. Changes in vital capacity and transfer factor did not appear to give any indication of the prognosis in these patients. Death was more commonly due to carcinoma of the lung than to the effects of the lung fibrosis.", "contents": "Serial pulmonary function tests in patients with asbestosis. Serial lung function tests were performed on 17 patients with asbestosis. A marked fall in the transfer factor often preceded any significant decline in the vital capacity. Changes in vital capacity and transfer factor did not appear to give any indication of the prognosis in these patients. Death was more commonly due to carcinoma of the lung than to the effects of the lung fibrosis.", "PMID": 841533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4664", "title": "Further observations on luminal deformity and stenosis of nonrespiratory bronchioles in pulmonary emphysema.", "content": "In an endeavour to elucidate the anatomical basis for the increased resistance to airflow which characterises the most peripheral conducting air passages in pulmonary emphysema, lumina of nonrespiratory bronchioles of lungs with mainly centrilobular disease were assessed for two- and three-dimensional features by: (1) determination of percentage conformity of the lumina of individual bronchioles in histological sections to hypothetical planes through cylinders (ie, ellipses with the same areas and circumferences), and (2) comparison of luminal areas at regular intervals along bronchiolar longitudinal axes. The lumina of most nonrespiratory bronchioles from normal lungs conformed closely to their respective ellipses, thus corroborating previous observations that they are normally cylindroid. In contrast, there was a substantial excess of plane section deformities in the lumina of nonrespiratory bronchioles from the emphysematous specimens. The incidence of stenotic bronchioles (by both diameter and area determinations) was also greatly increased in emphysema. Since there was a strong positive association between such stenotic lesions and bronchiolar deformity, the latter was concluded to be a major factor in bronchiolar restriction. Furthermore, these characteristics seemed to have three-dimensional expression, for the lumina of stenotic bronchioles in emphysema were irregular in a longitudinal fashion.", "contents": "Further observations on luminal deformity and stenosis of nonrespiratory bronchioles in pulmonary emphysema. In an endeavour to elucidate the anatomical basis for the increased resistance to airflow which characterises the most peripheral conducting air passages in pulmonary emphysema, lumina of nonrespiratory bronchioles of lungs with mainly centrilobular disease were assessed for two- and three-dimensional features by: (1) determination of percentage conformity of the lumina of individual bronchioles in histological sections to hypothetical planes through cylinders (ie, ellipses with the same areas and circumferences), and (2) comparison of luminal areas at regular intervals along bronchiolar longitudinal axes. The lumina of most nonrespiratory bronchioles from normal lungs conformed closely to their respective ellipses, thus corroborating previous observations that they are normally cylindroid. In contrast, there was a substantial excess of plane section deformities in the lumina of nonrespiratory bronchioles from the emphysematous specimens. The incidence of stenotic bronchioles (by both diameter and area determinations) was also greatly increased in emphysema. Since there was a strong positive association between such stenotic lesions and bronchiolar deformity, the latter was concluded to be a major factor in bronchiolar restriction. Furthermore, these characteristics seemed to have three-dimensional expression, for the lumina of stenotic bronchioles in emphysema were irregular in a longitudinal fashion.", "PMID": 841534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4665", "title": "A comparison of manual and automated methods of measuring airway resistance and thoracic gas volume.", "content": "An automated method of measuring airways resistance (Raw) and thoracic gas volume (Vtg) by whole body plethysmography using a digital computer is described. The results obtained by this method are compared with those obtained by an experienced observer and the results of consistency tests on the two methods are given. There was wide variability in the values of Raw obtained using each method, and no significant differences were found between the two methods. The values of Vtg obtained by them were highly correlated, but the results obtained manually were higher than those obtained automatically by an amount proportional to the volume. The consistency of the computer measurements was shown to be greater than that of the manual method. A significant decrease between successive measurements of Raw in some subjects was noted in the manual observations but not in those derived from the automated method. The new method is suitable for the rapid determination of Raw and Vtg.", "contents": "A comparison of manual and automated methods of measuring airway resistance and thoracic gas volume. An automated method of measuring airways resistance (Raw) and thoracic gas volume (Vtg) by whole body plethysmography using a digital computer is described. The results obtained by this method are compared with those obtained by an experienced observer and the results of consistency tests on the two methods are given. There was wide variability in the values of Raw obtained using each method, and no significant differences were found between the two methods. The values of Vtg obtained by them were highly correlated, but the results obtained manually were higher than those obtained automatically by an amount proportional to the volume. The consistency of the computer measurements was shown to be greater than that of the manual method. A significant decrease between successive measurements of Raw in some subjects was noted in the manual observations but not in those derived from the automated method. The new method is suitable for the rapid determination of Raw and Vtg.", "PMID": 841535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4666", "title": "Variation between observers in the estimation of airway resistance and thoracic gas volume.", "content": "Variations in the estimation of airway resistance (Raw) and thoracic gas volume (Vtg) made by different observers using body plethysmography have been investigated. Five observers determined Raw and Vtg in normal subjects using prerecorded signals so that intrasubject variations were eliminated. The slopes of the oscillography tracings required to make the determinations were assessed using a cursor and a scale fitted to the oscilloscope. Significant and consistent differences in Raw determined by different observers were found,with a mean range of 37%. Great care should therefore be taken when comparing results obtained by different observers. The variation between observers measuring Vtg was significant and consistent but of much smaller magnitude than was the case for Raw, having a mean range of 12%.", "contents": "Variation between observers in the estimation of airway resistance and thoracic gas volume. Variations in the estimation of airway resistance (Raw) and thoracic gas volume (Vtg) made by different observers using body plethysmography have been investigated. Five observers determined Raw and Vtg in normal subjects using prerecorded signals so that intrasubject variations were eliminated. The slopes of the oscillography tracings required to make the determinations were assessed using a cursor and a scale fitted to the oscilloscope. Significant and consistent differences in Raw determined by different observers were found,with a mean range of 37%. Great care should therefore be taken when comparing results obtained by different observers. The variation between observers measuring Vtg was significant and consistent but of much smaller magnitude than was the case for Raw, having a mean range of 12%.", "PMID": 841536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4667", "title": "Lymphomatoid granulomatosis--a condition with affinities to Wegener's granulomatosis and lymphoma.", "content": "A case of lymphomatoid granulomatosis of the lung is described in which the presenting features were a skin eruption and peripheral neuropathy. The onset of the pulmonary symptoms of breathlessness and productive cough was delayed nine months but, when apparent, the extent of the radiological changes contrasted with the mildness of the symptoms and the triviality of the physical signs. Biopsy of the affected lung revealed a mixed lymphocytic, plasma cell, and histiocytic infiltrate following a perivascular distribution. This combination of clinical and pathological findings is in every detail that of lymphomatoid granulomatosis as recently identified by Liebow et al. (1972). Additional, previously undescribed, and unexplained findings in this case were persistent hypercalciuria and the presence in three axillary lymph nodes of subcapsular groups of cells resembling those of a benign naevus. This is the first case described in the British literature, and it is important that more cases be reported in order that the prevalence, prognosis, and aetiology of the condition should be further established.", "contents": "Lymphomatoid granulomatosis--a condition with affinities to Wegener's granulomatosis and lymphoma. A case of lymphomatoid granulomatosis of the lung is described in which the presenting features were a skin eruption and peripheral neuropathy. The onset of the pulmonary symptoms of breathlessness and productive cough was delayed nine months but, when apparent, the extent of the radiological changes contrasted with the mildness of the symptoms and the triviality of the physical signs. Biopsy of the affected lung revealed a mixed lymphocytic, plasma cell, and histiocytic infiltrate following a perivascular distribution. This combination of clinical and pathological findings is in every detail that of lymphomatoid granulomatosis as recently identified by Liebow et al. (1972). Additional, previously undescribed, and unexplained findings in this case were persistent hypercalciuria and the presence in three axillary lymph nodes of subcapsular groups of cells resembling those of a benign naevus. This is the first case described in the British literature, and it is important that more cases be reported in order that the prevalence, prognosis, and aetiology of the condition should be further established.", "PMID": 841537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4668", "title": "Pulmonary gas transfer 20 years after pneumonectomy for pulmonary tuberculosis.", "content": "The changes in pulmonary function after pneumonectomy in 13 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis have been studied. The data at the time of two follow-up studies are compared with those obtained before the pneumonectomy. The first follow-up was carried out between 5 and 30 months postoperatively and the second between 20 and 24 years later. The results of this second follow-up show a relatively normal arterial oxygen saturation and gas transfer factor but an increased residual volume which cannot be explained by increasing age alone.", "contents": "Pulmonary gas transfer 20 years after pneumonectomy for pulmonary tuberculosis. The changes in pulmonary function after pneumonectomy in 13 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis have been studied. The data at the time of two follow-up studies are compared with those obtained before the pneumonectomy. The first follow-up was carried out between 5 and 30 months postoperatively and the second between 20 and 24 years later. The results of this second follow-up show a relatively normal arterial oxygen saturation and gas transfer factor but an increased residual volume which cannot be explained by increasing age alone.", "PMID": 841538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4669", "title": "Familial pneumothoraces and bullae.", "content": "The cases of three sisters who presented with spontaneous pneumothoraces are described. In two of the patients large bullae were clearly demonstrable. No recognisable associations of bullae or pneumothorax were present and there was no evidence of generalised emphysema. The cases suggest a familial predisposition to the development of bullae in otherwise apparently healthy lungs.", "contents": "Familial pneumothoraces and bullae. The cases of three sisters who presented with spontaneous pneumothoraces are described. In two of the patients large bullae were clearly demonstrable. No recognisable associations of bullae or pneumothorax were present and there was no evidence of generalised emphysema. The cases suggest a familial predisposition to the development of bullae in otherwise apparently healthy lungs.", "PMID": 841539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4670", "title": "Penumopericardium and tension pneumopericardium after closed-chest injury.", "content": "Three recent cases of pneumopericardium after closed-chest injury are described. The mechanism of pericardial inflation suspected in each was pleuropericardial laceration in the presence of an intrathoracic air leak. Deflation of the pericardium was achieved by underwater seal drainage of the right pleural cavity in the first patient, during thoracotomy for repair of tracheobronchial rupture in the second, and by subxiphoid pericardiotomy in the last. Haemodynamic changes after escape of air from the periion pneumopericardium and air tamponade.", "contents": "Penumopericardium and tension pneumopericardium after closed-chest injury. Three recent cases of pneumopericardium after closed-chest injury are described. The mechanism of pericardial inflation suspected in each was pleuropericardial laceration in the presence of an intrathoracic air leak. Deflation of the pericardium was achieved by underwater seal drainage of the right pleural cavity in the first patient, during thoracotomy for repair of tracheobronchial rupture in the second, and by subxiphoid pericardiotomy in the last. Haemodynamic changes after escape of air from the periion pneumopericardium and air tamponade.", "PMID": 841540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4671", "title": "Chylothorax: diagnosis by lipoprotein electrophoresis of serum and pleural fluid.", "content": "This report describes a 31-year-old woman who underwent a technically difficult left pneumonectomy for tuberculosis and developed thereafter a large left pleural effusion which was milky in colour. A traumatic chylothorax was suspected, and the diagnosis was confirmed by simultaneous fasting pleural and serum lipid studies and lipoprotein electrophoresis. The latter study was especially helpful in confirming the chylous nature of the fluid in that it revealed a marked chylomicron band at the origin; this was not present in the patient's serum nor in the pleural fluid of five patients with other disease states studied as controls.", "contents": "Chylothorax: diagnosis by lipoprotein electrophoresis of serum and pleural fluid. This report describes a 31-year-old woman who underwent a technically difficult left pneumonectomy for tuberculosis and developed thereafter a large left pleural effusion which was milky in colour. A traumatic chylothorax was suspected, and the diagnosis was confirmed by simultaneous fasting pleural and serum lipid studies and lipoprotein electrophoresis. The latter study was especially helpful in confirming the chylous nature of the fluid in that it revealed a marked chylomicron band at the origin; this was not present in the patient's serum nor in the pleural fluid of five patients with other disease states studied as controls.", "PMID": 841541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4672", "title": "Hereditary angioneurotic edema (HANE): Lack of close linkage between HLA haplotypes and C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency.", "content": "The HLA haplotypes were defined in a series including 11 patients with hereditary angioneurotic edema (HANE), five symptom-free subjects with pathological laboratory findings characteristic of HANE, and their 33 healthy kinsmen. The subjects belonged to two Finnish families representing the more common form of HANE which is recognized by the immunochemically observed decrease of the inhibitor (C1-INH) blocking the esterase activity of the first complement component. No linkage between HANE and the HLA system was found.", "contents": "Hereditary angioneurotic edema (HANE): Lack of close linkage between HLA haplotypes and C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency. The HLA haplotypes were defined in a series including 11 patients with hereditary angioneurotic edema (HANE), five symptom-free subjects with pathological laboratory findings characteristic of HANE, and their 33 healthy kinsmen. The subjects belonged to two Finnish families representing the more common form of HANE which is recognized by the immunochemically observed decrease of the inhibitor (C1-INH) blocking the esterase activity of the first complement component. No linkage between HANE and the HLA system was found.", "PMID": 841567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4673", "title": "The effect of water-soluble chemicals on the growth and mitosis of primary newborn rat kidney cells in culture.", "content": "Mass cultures of primary rat kidney cells were exposed briefly to aqueous solutions of 20 chemicals and their subsequent growth rate and mitotic activity measured. Proximate carcinogens, and some chemicals with a defined inhibitory action biochemically, depressed the growth and division of the cultures. Non-carcinogenic compounds and precarcinogens did not interfere with the subsequent growth rate and mitotic activity of the cultures. It is suggested that the possession of growth inhibitory properties could give an indication of the carcinogenic activity of a chemical on a short-term basis.", "contents": "The effect of water-soluble chemicals on the growth and mitosis of primary newborn rat kidney cells in culture. Mass cultures of primary rat kidney cells were exposed briefly to aqueous solutions of 20 chemicals and their subsequent growth rate and mitotic activity measured. Proximate carcinogens, and some chemicals with a defined inhibitory action biochemically, depressed the growth and division of the cultures. Non-carcinogenic compounds and precarcinogens did not interfere with the subsequent growth rate and mitotic activity of the cultures. It is suggested that the possession of growth inhibitory properties could give an indication of the carcinogenic activity of a chemical on a short-term basis.", "PMID": 841577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4674", "title": "Influence of oral contraceptives on the acute effect of amphetamine on the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum of the rat.", "content": "The interaction between amphetamine and synthetic oral contraceptive steroids have been studied in the female rat. A progestational agent, quingestanol acetate, and a standard combination contraceptive (quingestanol acetate/ethynyl estradiol) were given with and without the concurrent administration of amphetamine. Steroid treatments increased the activity of some drug-metabolizing enzymes (aminopyrine N-demethylase, coumarin 3- hydroxylase, hexobarbital oxidase). Other parameters measured remained unaltered (glucose-6-phosphatase, aniline hydroxylase, cytochrome c reductase, cytochrome P 450, microsomal protein and phospholipid contents). Amphetamine treatment alone raised some drug-metabolizing enzymes (coumarin 3-hydroxylase, hexobarbital oxidase), increased microsomal phospholipid content and de novo synthesis, but elicited no effect on other enzymes measured. Amphetamine and quingestanol acetate given together significantly increased some drug metabolizing enzymes while the simultaneous treatment with combined steroids and amphetamine showed the most pronounced action. These experiments thus revealed that at least in the liver of the female rat, amphetamine elicited no overt hepatotoxicity, rather, brought about a weak inductive action of drug metabolizing enzymes. The application of steroid hormones also raised drug metabolism and the interaction between amphetamine and contraceptive steroids showed additive effects.", "contents": "Influence of oral contraceptives on the acute effect of amphetamine on the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum of the rat. The interaction between amphetamine and synthetic oral contraceptive steroids have been studied in the female rat. A progestational agent, quingestanol acetate, and a standard combination contraceptive (quingestanol acetate/ethynyl estradiol) were given with and without the concurrent administration of amphetamine. Steroid treatments increased the activity of some drug-metabolizing enzymes (aminopyrine N-demethylase, coumarin 3- hydroxylase, hexobarbital oxidase). Other parameters measured remained unaltered (glucose-6-phosphatase, aniline hydroxylase, cytochrome c reductase, cytochrome P 450, microsomal protein and phospholipid contents). Amphetamine treatment alone raised some drug-metabolizing enzymes (coumarin 3-hydroxylase, hexobarbital oxidase), increased microsomal phospholipid content and de novo synthesis, but elicited no effect on other enzymes measured. Amphetamine and quingestanol acetate given together significantly increased some drug metabolizing enzymes while the simultaneous treatment with combined steroids and amphetamine showed the most pronounced action. These experiments thus revealed that at least in the liver of the female rat, amphetamine elicited no overt hepatotoxicity, rather, brought about a weak inductive action of drug metabolizing enzymes. The application of steroid hormones also raised drug metabolism and the interaction between amphetamine and contraceptive steroids showed additive effects.", "PMID": 841578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4675", "title": "Short-term toxicity of strontium chloride in rats.", "content": "A range-finding experiment with strontium chloride hexahydrate (0, 3, 30, 300 and 3000 ppm in the diet) and subsequently a 90-day test with the same compound at dose levels of 0, 75, 300, 1200 and 4800 ppm in a semipurified diet was carried out with SPF-derived Wistar-rats. The diet contained adequate levels of Ca, Mg, P and Vit.D3. Growth, food intake, behaviour and mortality were measured, extensive haematology and clinical biochemistry carried out, organ weights determined, X-ray photographs of the bones taken and complete histopathological examination was performed. In addition Sr-content of blood, bone and muscles was determined. Thyroid weights were significantly increased in the males of the 1200 and 4800 ppm group. Histological evidence for increased thyroid activity was noticed in the males of the 4800 ppm group. Pituitary weights were significantly decreased in the females of the 300 ppm and 4800 ppm group, but not of the 1200 ppm group. A histologically confirmed glycogen depletion of the liver was noted biochemically in the highest dose group (4800 ppm). Sr-content in bone was increased at all dose levels having a constant level from 4 weeks onwards, thus indicating that a no effect level cannot be established. If the increased Sr-concentration in the bone can be considered a non-toxic effect, the non-toxic effect level appears to be 309 ppm.", "contents": "Short-term toxicity of strontium chloride in rats. A range-finding experiment with strontium chloride hexahydrate (0, 3, 30, 300 and 3000 ppm in the diet) and subsequently a 90-day test with the same compound at dose levels of 0, 75, 300, 1200 and 4800 ppm in a semipurified diet was carried out with SPF-derived Wistar-rats. The diet contained adequate levels of Ca, Mg, P and Vit.D3. Growth, food intake, behaviour and mortality were measured, extensive haematology and clinical biochemistry carried out, organ weights determined, X-ray photographs of the bones taken and complete histopathological examination was performed. In addition Sr-content of blood, bone and muscles was determined. Thyroid weights were significantly increased in the males of the 1200 and 4800 ppm group. Histological evidence for increased thyroid activity was noticed in the males of the 4800 ppm group. Pituitary weights were significantly decreased in the females of the 300 ppm and 4800 ppm group, but not of the 1200 ppm group. A histologically confirmed glycogen depletion of the liver was noted biochemically in the highest dose group (4800 ppm). Sr-content in bone was increased at all dose levels having a constant level from 4 weeks onwards, thus indicating that a no effect level cannot be established. If the increased Sr-concentration in the bone can be considered a non-toxic effect, the non-toxic effect level appears to be 309 ppm.", "PMID": 841579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4676", "title": "[Effects of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) of rat liver mitochondria. I. Effects, in vitro, on the oxidative phosphorylation (author's transl)].", "content": "Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) is an effective inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration associated with NAD+-linked substrates. At concentrations which inhibit glutamate-malate oxidation (over 80% inhibition) succinate and tetramethylphenylenediamine (TMPD)-ascorbate are inhibited less than 25%. MMT inhibits both electron and energy transfer in mitochondria as revealed by the partial release of MMT inhibition by 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP). The data indicated that the effects of MMT are supported by energy conservation at site I of the respiratory chain.", "contents": "[Effects of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) of rat liver mitochondria. I. Effects, in vitro, on the oxidative phosphorylation (author's transl)]. Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) is an effective inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration associated with NAD+-linked substrates. At concentrations which inhibit glutamate-malate oxidation (over 80% inhibition) succinate and tetramethylphenylenediamine (TMPD)-ascorbate are inhibited less than 25%. MMT inhibits both electron and energy transfer in mitochondria as revealed by the partial release of MMT inhibition by 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP). The data indicated that the effects of MMT are supported by energy conservation at site I of the respiratory chain.", "PMID": 841580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4677", "title": "The absorption and metabolism of methyl cinnamate.", "content": "Analysis of the gut contents of rats killed at intervals after dosage with methyl cinnamate or cinnamic acid suggested that both ester and acid were rapidly absorbed; at no time was more than 5% of the dose detected in the lower part of the gut. Not more than 9% of the administered methyl cinnamate was detected in the stomach as cinnamic acid whereas at least 40% of the small amounts of the dosed ester detected in the lower part of the gut was present as cinnamic acid. No ester was detected in the peripheral blood of dosed rabbits or rats and only traces were detected in portal and heart blood samples taken from dosed rats. Cinnamic acid and methanol were readily detected in the blood of rabbits and rats which had been dosed with methyl cinnamate. No qualitative or significant quantitative difference was detected in the metabolism of the ester as compared with the parent acid. In addition to the metabolites of cinnamic acid described in the literature p-hydroxyhippuric acid was excreted as a minor metabolite of both cinnamic acid and methyl cinnamate.", "contents": "The absorption and metabolism of methyl cinnamate. Analysis of the gut contents of rats killed at intervals after dosage with methyl cinnamate or cinnamic acid suggested that both ester and acid were rapidly absorbed; at no time was more than 5% of the dose detected in the lower part of the gut. Not more than 9% of the administered methyl cinnamate was detected in the stomach as cinnamic acid whereas at least 40% of the small amounts of the dosed ester detected in the lower part of the gut was present as cinnamic acid. No ester was detected in the peripheral blood of dosed rabbits or rats and only traces were detected in portal and heart blood samples taken from dosed rats. Cinnamic acid and methanol were readily detected in the blood of rabbits and rats which had been dosed with methyl cinnamate. No qualitative or significant quantitative difference was detected in the metabolism of the ester as compared with the parent acid. In addition to the metabolites of cinnamic acid described in the literature p-hydroxyhippuric acid was excreted as a minor metabolite of both cinnamic acid and methyl cinnamate.", "PMID": 841581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4678", "title": "Reversal of the toxicity of hydrazine an analogues by pyridoxine hydrochloride.", "content": "Single subcutaneous injections of each of five substituted hydrazines were given alone and jointly with pyridoxine hydrochloride (PH) to Swiss mice. The convulsive, toxic, and lethal effects of four compounds--methylhydrazine (MH), ethylhydrazine hydrochloride (EH), n-butylhydrazine hydrochloride (BH), and beta-N-[gamma-L(+)-glutamyl]-4-hydroxymethylphenylhydrazine--were successfully prevented by administering PH before and/or after injection. The toxic symptoms caused by N-methyl-N-formylhydrazine (MFH) were, however, only slightly inhibited by this vitamin.", "contents": "Reversal of the toxicity of hydrazine an analogues by pyridoxine hydrochloride. Single subcutaneous injections of each of five substituted hydrazines were given alone and jointly with pyridoxine hydrochloride (PH) to Swiss mice. The convulsive, toxic, and lethal effects of four compounds--methylhydrazine (MH), ethylhydrazine hydrochloride (EH), n-butylhydrazine hydrochloride (BH), and beta-N-[gamma-L(+)-glutamyl]-4-hydroxymethylphenylhydrazine--were successfully prevented by administering PH before and/or after injection. The toxic symptoms caused by N-methyl-N-formylhydrazine (MFH) were, however, only slightly inhibited by this vitamin.", "PMID": 841582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4679", "title": "Biocompatibility and bioabsorption of microfibrillar collagen hemostat in experimental animals.", "content": "The effects of Microfibrillar Collagen Hemostat (MCH) and Gelfoam after surgical implantation into incision sites of the liver, kidney, and brain were studied in beagle dogs, rabbits, and beagle dogs, respectively. The results of these experimental animal studies suggest that MCH is comparable to Gelfoam with respect to biocompatibility, rate of bioassimilation, and a lack for adverse systemic effects. The brain, liver, and kidney tissues responded comparably to MCH and Gelfoam with a mild to moderate infiltration of macrophages and mononuclear cells. Most of the hemostatic compound had disappeared from the incision sites by Day 28 and completely disappeared by Day 84. The tissue degree response was interpreted as a factor in the process of bioassimilation of the two hemostatic materials. Both hemostatic compounds contributed to adhesion formation in the experimental models. The incidence of adhesions was somewhat lower for MCH than for Gelfoam, but both produced more adhesions than were found at the control sites. The adhesions were only to the adjacent structures and always localized to the surgical site. When MCH or Gelfoam is used under conditions similar to those in the present experimental study, where tissue approximation is impaired, and where growth of granulation tissue is stimulated by the physical presence of the hemostatic compound, there is the possibility for increased incidence of adhesion formation. However, when an intraperitoneal absorbable hemostatic compound is desired, the present studies in experimental animals suggest that MCH will be safe by exhibiting minimal tissue reaction.", "contents": "Biocompatibility and bioabsorption of microfibrillar collagen hemostat in experimental animals. The effects of Microfibrillar Collagen Hemostat (MCH) and Gelfoam after surgical implantation into incision sites of the liver, kidney, and brain were studied in beagle dogs, rabbits, and beagle dogs, respectively. The results of these experimental animal studies suggest that MCH is comparable to Gelfoam with respect to biocompatibility, rate of bioassimilation, and a lack for adverse systemic effects. The brain, liver, and kidney tissues responded comparably to MCH and Gelfoam with a mild to moderate infiltration of macrophages and mononuclear cells. Most of the hemostatic compound had disappeared from the incision sites by Day 28 and completely disappeared by Day 84. The tissue degree response was interpreted as a factor in the process of bioassimilation of the two hemostatic materials. Both hemostatic compounds contributed to adhesion formation in the experimental models. The incidence of adhesions was somewhat lower for MCH than for Gelfoam, but both produced more adhesions than were found at the control sites. The adhesions were only to the adjacent structures and always localized to the surgical site. When MCH or Gelfoam is used under conditions similar to those in the present experimental study, where tissue approximation is impaired, and where growth of granulation tissue is stimulated by the physical presence of the hemostatic compound, there is the possibility for increased incidence of adhesion formation. However, when an intraperitoneal absorbable hemostatic compound is desired, the present studies in experimental animals suggest that MCH will be safe by exhibiting minimal tissue reaction.", "PMID": 841583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4680", "title": "The effect of chronic underfeeding on organ weights of rats. How to interpret organ weight changes in cases of marked growth retardation in toxicity tests?", "content": "Growing male rats were kept on a restricted feed intake. After 13 weeks they reached a final body weight of 250 g in comparison with 366 g of their ad lib. fed controls. The relative weights of the heart, kidneys, spleen, pituitary and prostate/seminal vesicle were not altered by underfeeding. The relative weights of the brain, adrenals and tests were increased by 30 to 40% in the feed-restricted groups, the thyroid by about 20%. The relative weight of the liver was decreased by about 30%. When growth is markedly reduced in a toxicity experiment alterations of this kind in the organ weight: body weight ratios have to be expected as a physiological response of the organism to decreased feed intake. They must be differentiated from organ weight changes resulting from primary toxic influences of the drug tested.", "contents": "The effect of chronic underfeeding on organ weights of rats. How to interpret organ weight changes in cases of marked growth retardation in toxicity tests? Growing male rats were kept on a restricted feed intake. After 13 weeks they reached a final body weight of 250 g in comparison with 366 g of their ad lib. fed controls. The relative weights of the heart, kidneys, spleen, pituitary and prostate/seminal vesicle were not altered by underfeeding. The relative weights of the brain, adrenals and tests were increased by 30 to 40% in the feed-restricted groups, the thyroid by about 20%. The relative weight of the liver was decreased by about 30%. When growth is markedly reduced in a toxicity experiment alterations of this kind in the organ weight: body weight ratios have to be expected as a physiological response of the organism to decreased feed intake. They must be differentiated from organ weight changes resulting from primary toxic influences of the drug tested.", "PMID": 841584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4681", "title": "Toxic effects of Iomex on rat after repeated oral administration.", "content": "Administration of Iomex, petroleum fraction, at a dose level of 1 ml/kg for a period of 4 weeks did not produce any toxic symptoms in albino rats. At higher doses, however, the animals showed high incidence of mortality, reduction in food and water intake and loss in body weight. At necropsy, lungs were found to be congested and intestines hyperaemic. Histopathological examination revealed slight abnormalities in lungs, liver and kidney. The absolute organ weights decreased (liver, kidney, heart, spleen, lung, gonad, brain and adrenal), whereas relative weights increased. There was a significant fall in total erythrocyte (RBC) and total leucocyte (WBC) counts and haemoglobin content (Hb) was reduced. Increased lymphocytes with correspondingly decreased neutrophils were also observed. Serum and liver transaminases (GOT and GTP) showed enhanced activity.", "contents": "Toxic effects of Iomex on rat after repeated oral administration. Administration of Iomex, petroleum fraction, at a dose level of 1 ml/kg for a period of 4 weeks did not produce any toxic symptoms in albino rats. At higher doses, however, the animals showed high incidence of mortality, reduction in food and water intake and loss in body weight. At necropsy, lungs were found to be congested and intestines hyperaemic. Histopathological examination revealed slight abnormalities in lungs, liver and kidney. The absolute organ weights decreased (liver, kidney, heart, spleen, lung, gonad, brain and adrenal), whereas relative weights increased. There was a significant fall in total erythrocyte (RBC) and total leucocyte (WBC) counts and haemoglobin content (Hb) was reduced. Increased lymphocytes with correspondingly decreased neutrophils were also observed. Serum and liver transaminases (GOT and GTP) showed enhanced activity.", "PMID": 841585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4682", "title": "Evaluation of freshly irradiated wheat for dominant lethal mutations in Wistar rats.", "content": "Three independent, serially performed experiments involving acute and chronic feeding of freshly irradiated wheat (75 krad, gamma-irradiation) were carried out in Wistar rats. In the first experiment groups of 10 males were given wheat for 1 week; irradiated wheat was consumed by the animals within 24 h or irradiation. In the other two experiments feeding of males was continued for 6 (10 males per group) and 12 (13 males per group) weeks, respectively, and the irradiated wheat was fed within 7 days of irradiation. At the end of each treatment period each male was paired with 3 females for 7 days and sequentially at weekly intervals for 5 or 8 weeks. Females were killed and examined for live and dead implantations and corpora lutea. There were no differences between groups with regard to fertility nor was there any inter-group differences as regards pre- and post-implantation losses whether the rats were fed irradiated or non-irradiated wheat. This suggested that even feeding of freshly irradiated wheat does not induce any dominant lethal mutations in rats.", "contents": "Evaluation of freshly irradiated wheat for dominant lethal mutations in Wistar rats. Three independent, serially performed experiments involving acute and chronic feeding of freshly irradiated wheat (75 krad, gamma-irradiation) were carried out in Wistar rats. In the first experiment groups of 10 males were given wheat for 1 week; irradiated wheat was consumed by the animals within 24 h or irradiation. In the other two experiments feeding of males was continued for 6 (10 males per group) and 12 (13 males per group) weeks, respectively, and the irradiated wheat was fed within 7 days of irradiation. At the end of each treatment period each male was paired with 3 females for 7 days and sequentially at weekly intervals for 5 or 8 weeks. Females were killed and examined for live and dead implantations and corpora lutea. There were no differences between groups with regard to fertility nor was there any inter-group differences as regards pre- and post-implantation losses whether the rats were fed irradiated or non-irradiated wheat. This suggested that even feeding of freshly irradiated wheat does not induce any dominant lethal mutations in rats.", "PMID": 841586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4683", "title": "Effect of amphetamine on the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum of the pregnant rat.", "content": "Search for the elucidation of the mode of action of amphetamines has revealed that this drug brought about changes in the activity of some enzymes bound to the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum of the pregnant and non-pregnant rat. Amphetamine administration caused loss of appetite and changes in enzyme activity due to starvation, however, its effects were assessed applying pair-feeding conditions. Drug-metabolizing activity was increased by amphetamine as measured by coumarin 3-hydroxylase and aminopyrine N-demethylase in both pregnant and non-pregnant animals; aniline hydroxylase was elevated only in pregnant rats. These changes were associated with the enhanced synthesis of microsomal phospholipids as indicated by the increased activity of [14C-Me]S-adenosyl-L-methionine : microsomal phospholipid methyl transferase, de novo synthesis and levels of microsomal phospholipids. These effects were mainly manifest in phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine fractions. Glucose-6-phosphatase activity remained unaltered by amphetamine. Pregnancy alone brought about a reduction of all these microsomal parameters. The rise of hepatic drug metabolism following the administration of amphetamine indicated a compensatory mechanism by means of stimulating enzyme induction processes.", "contents": "Effect of amphetamine on the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum of the pregnant rat. Search for the elucidation of the mode of action of amphetamines has revealed that this drug brought about changes in the activity of some enzymes bound to the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum of the pregnant and non-pregnant rat. Amphetamine administration caused loss of appetite and changes in enzyme activity due to starvation, however, its effects were assessed applying pair-feeding conditions. Drug-metabolizing activity was increased by amphetamine as measured by coumarin 3-hydroxylase and aminopyrine N-demethylase in both pregnant and non-pregnant animals; aniline hydroxylase was elevated only in pregnant rats. These changes were associated with the enhanced synthesis of microsomal phospholipids as indicated by the increased activity of [14C-Me]S-adenosyl-L-methionine : microsomal phospholipid methyl transferase, de novo synthesis and levels of microsomal phospholipids. These effects were mainly manifest in phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine fractions. Glucose-6-phosphatase activity remained unaltered by amphetamine. Pregnancy alone brought about a reduction of all these microsomal parameters. The rise of hepatic drug metabolism following the administration of amphetamine indicated a compensatory mechanism by means of stimulating enzyme induction processes.", "PMID": 841587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4684", "title": "[Wood's alloy, a material suitable for quick production of individualized shielding blocks in the mantle technique (author's transl)].", "content": "The extended radiation therapy of lymphogranulomatosis by means of the mantle technique requires individualized focussed satelittes. The production of such individualized, ray divergences considering \"lead mantles\", however, needs some technical expenditure and causes loss of time. Using Wood's alloy, which has a shielding capacity similar to lead but is well and easily workable because of its low melting point, it is possible to obtain individually adjusted shielding blocks by casting.", "contents": "[Wood's alloy, a material suitable for quick production of individualized shielding blocks in the mantle technique (author's transl)]. The extended radiation therapy of lymphogranulomatosis by means of the mantle technique requires individualized focussed satelittes. The production of such individualized, ray divergences considering \"lead mantles\", however, needs some technical expenditure and causes loss of time. Using Wood's alloy, which has a shielding capacity similar to lead but is well and easily workable because of its low melting point, it is possible to obtain individually adjusted shielding blocks by casting.", "PMID": 841600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4685", "title": "[Radiation therapy of an inoperable giant cell tumor (author's transl)].", "content": "The case of a patient showing an inoperable giant cell tumor in the right wing of the ilium, with extension to the sacrum, is reported. Following radiation therapy with 7000 rd from telecobalt a complete regression of the tumor could be represented angiographically.", "contents": "[Radiation therapy of an inoperable giant cell tumor (author's transl)]. The case of a patient showing an inoperable giant cell tumor in the right wing of the ilium, with extension to the sacrum, is reported. Following radiation therapy with 7000 rd from telecobalt a complete regression of the tumor could be represented angiographically.", "PMID": 841601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4686", "title": "[Construction of tissue compensating filters for extended areas in Hodgkin-irradiation on the basis of moir\u00e9 topography (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to obtain a homogeneous distribution of the dose over extended fields in radiotherapy of Hodgkin's disease, for an exact dosage within the irradiated region it is necessary to consider the topography of the patient. The skin protective build-up effect due to the use of bolus materials would be lost with telecobalt irradiation, and therefore tissue compensating filters with a large surface are to be preferred. A simple method of making such filters by means of the moir\u00e9topography is described. The way to obtain a compensation filter for extended areas is demonstrated by an example showing how to construct it from lead plates correct in scale and layerwise.", "contents": "[Construction of tissue compensating filters for extended areas in Hodgkin-irradiation on the basis of moir\u00e9 topography (author's transl)]. In order to obtain a homogeneous distribution of the dose over extended fields in radiotherapy of Hodgkin's disease, for an exact dosage within the irradiated region it is necessary to consider the topography of the patient. The skin protective build-up effect due to the use of bolus materials would be lost with telecobalt irradiation, and therefore tissue compensating filters with a large surface are to be preferred. A simple method of making such filters by means of the moir\u00e9topography is described. The way to obtain a compensation filter for extended areas is demonstrated by an example showing how to construct it from lead plates correct in scale and layerwise.", "PMID": 841602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4687", "title": "[A simple method to evaluate the composition of tissue-equivalent phantom materials (author's transl)].", "content": "A description is given of a method to calculate the composition of phanatom material with given density and radiation-physical parameters mixed of components, of wich are known their chemical composition and their effective specific volumes. By an example of a simple composition with three components the method is illustrated. The results of this example and some experimental details that must be considered are discussed.", "contents": "[A simple method to evaluate the composition of tissue-equivalent phantom materials (author's transl)]. A description is given of a method to calculate the composition of phanatom material with given density and radiation-physical parameters mixed of components, of wich are known their chemical composition and their effective specific volumes. By an example of a simple composition with three components the method is illustrated. The results of this example and some experimental details that must be considered are discussed.", "PMID": 841603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4688", "title": "[Depth therapy with electrons in the thoracic region. V. Dosimetric studies with telecentric small-angle pendulous irradiation (author's transl)].", "content": "The conditions of dose distribution in telecentric small-angle pendulous electron irradiation of the thoracic region are reported on the basis of isodoses experimentally found using a phantom. Electron energies from 20 to 42 MeV were used, the axial depth amounted to 20 to 30 cm, the pendulous angles to 30 degrees, 40 degrees, or 60 degrees and the field breadth was 3 or 4 cm. Irradiations were performed monaxially as well as biaxially. The influences of single variables upon the dose distribution and especially on the radiation load to skin, lung and spinal cord are discussed.", "contents": "[Depth therapy with electrons in the thoracic region. V. Dosimetric studies with telecentric small-angle pendulous irradiation (author's transl)]. The conditions of dose distribution in telecentric small-angle pendulous electron irradiation of the thoracic region are reported on the basis of isodoses experimentally found using a phantom. Electron energies from 20 to 42 MeV were used, the axial depth amounted to 20 to 30 cm, the pendulous angles to 30 degrees, 40 degrees, or 60 degrees and the field breadth was 3 or 4 cm. Irradiations were performed monaxially as well as biaxially. The influences of single variables upon the dose distribution and especially on the radiation load to skin, lung and spinal cord are discussed.", "PMID": 841604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4689", "title": "Trials of new forms of radiotherapy for locally advanced bronchogenic carcinoma. Irradiation under 95% O2 plus 5% CO2 inhalation, uneven fractionation irradiation and intraoperative irradiation.", "content": "In order to improve the survival rate of patients with clinically inoperable but localized bronchogenic carcinoma, we have developed the following three forms of radiotherapy and analyzed the results in comparison with those obtained by conventional radiotherapy: 1. Irradiation under 95% O2 plus 5% CO2 inhalation, 2. Uneven fractionation irradiation, 3. Intraoperative irradiation. The tumor regression rate was most pronounced in the 95% O2 plus 5% CO2 breathing group and the one-year survival rate was significantly increased. However, the longterm survival rate was almost the same as that of patients treated by conventional radiotherapy. In uneven fractionation irradiation, the follow-up period is short, but the preliminary results seem most encouraging. Intraoperative irradiation is well indicated for patients with poor pulmonary functions, in whom the localized malignant lesions were left behind following excision of the main mass. The reason is that a cancerocidal dose can be delivered directly to the unresectable remnants without affecting normal structures.", "contents": "Trials of new forms of radiotherapy for locally advanced bronchogenic carcinoma. Irradiation under 95% O2 plus 5% CO2 inhalation, uneven fractionation irradiation and intraoperative irradiation. In order to improve the survival rate of patients with clinically inoperable but localized bronchogenic carcinoma, we have developed the following three forms of radiotherapy and analyzed the results in comparison with those obtained by conventional radiotherapy: 1. Irradiation under 95% O2 plus 5% CO2 inhalation, 2. Uneven fractionation irradiation, 3. Intraoperative irradiation. The tumor regression rate was most pronounced in the 95% O2 plus 5% CO2 breathing group and the one-year survival rate was significantly increased. However, the longterm survival rate was almost the same as that of patients treated by conventional radiotherapy. In uneven fractionation irradiation, the follow-up period is short, but the preliminary results seem most encouraging. Intraoperative irradiation is well indicated for patients with poor pulmonary functions, in whom the localized malignant lesions were left behind following excision of the main mass. The reason is that a cancerocidal dose can be delivered directly to the unresectable remnants without affecting normal structures.", "PMID": 841605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4690", "title": "Preoperative radiotherapy of cancer of the larynx.", "content": "A series of 128 patients was treated with preoperative radiotherapy, 3000 to 4500 rd, and surgery in 1968 to 1972 at the Radiotherapy Clinic and Otolaryngological Clinic, University Central Hospital, Helsinki. The absolute three-year and five-year survival rates for the total material were 71.1 and 53.2 per cent, respectively. The postoperative complications were two deaths from pneumonia, one of them after aspiration. In addition, 21.3 per cent of the patients had a postoperative fistula. All the fistulae healed spontaneously.", "contents": "Preoperative radiotherapy of cancer of the larynx. A series of 128 patients was treated with preoperative radiotherapy, 3000 to 4500 rd, and surgery in 1968 to 1972 at the Radiotherapy Clinic and Otolaryngological Clinic, University Central Hospital, Helsinki. The absolute three-year and five-year survival rates for the total material were 71.1 and 53.2 per cent, respectively. The postoperative complications were two deaths from pneumonia, one of them after aspiration. In addition, 21.3 per cent of the patients had a postoperative fistula. All the fistulae healed spontaneously.", "PMID": 841606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4691", "title": "[The incidence of new (second) lesions after surgery and irradiation (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparative analysis of 1286 patients with squamous cell carcinomas of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts successfully treated either by surgery, irradiation or a combination of both showed that the incidence of new (second) lesions in these regions is practically identical with the different treatment modalities up to 25 years following treatment. Only within five years following surgery the incidence of new cancers in the vicinity of the original cancer is statistically significantly higher than in patients treated by irradiation alone or in combination with surgery. This is explained by probable eradication of in situ carcinomas or microscopic foci of invasive cancer located in the vicinity and hence receiving a significant dose of irradiation. These new (second) lesions occur about 1000 times more frequently than it would be expected from the estimated cancer-incidence in these sites and are to be separated from the extremely rare therapeutically induced malignancies.", "contents": "[The incidence of new (second) lesions after surgery and irradiation (author's transl)]. A comparative analysis of 1286 patients with squamous cell carcinomas of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts successfully treated either by surgery, irradiation or a combination of both showed that the incidence of new (second) lesions in these regions is practically identical with the different treatment modalities up to 25 years following treatment. Only within five years following surgery the incidence of new cancers in the vicinity of the original cancer is statistically significantly higher than in patients treated by irradiation alone or in combination with surgery. This is explained by probable eradication of in situ carcinomas or microscopic foci of invasive cancer located in the vicinity and hence receiving a significant dose of irradiation. These new (second) lesions occur about 1000 times more frequently than it would be expected from the estimated cancer-incidence in these sites and are to be separated from the extremely rare therapeutically induced malignancies.", "PMID": 841607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4692", "title": "[Radiation therapy in syringomyelia (author's transl)].", "content": "It is tried to summarize the different opinions concerning the pathogenesis, radiobiology and techniques of irradiation in the treatment of syringomyelia. The results obtained at the Radiotherapeutic Clinic of the University of Vienna are reported. Between 1969 and 1974 a total of 25 patients with this disease were treated with doses of 500 to 1500 rd SD. In 15 patients (60%) an improvement of symptoms occurred. Long time remissions could be observed in six out of 11 patients.", "contents": "[Radiation therapy in syringomyelia (author's transl)]. It is tried to summarize the different opinions concerning the pathogenesis, radiobiology and techniques of irradiation in the treatment of syringomyelia. The results obtained at the Radiotherapeutic Clinic of the University of Vienna are reported. Between 1969 and 1974 a total of 25 patients with this disease were treated with doses of 500 to 1500 rd SD. In 15 patients (60%) an improvement of symptoms occurred. Long time remissions could be observed in six out of 11 patients.", "PMID": 841608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4693", "title": "[In-vivo-examinations of the relative radiosensitivity of hypoxic tumor cells (author's transl)].", "content": "The rate of cellular losses of hypoxic respectively euoxic cells of the solid experimental tumor \"sarcoma 180\" was examined in vivo after irradiations with gamma rays, 15 MeV neutrons, and alpha particles. The tumor cells were labeled in vivo, at first with 125I-UdR and after 50 hours with 131I-UdR. After a further interval of about 20 hours the tumor was irradiated. This method of double labeling makes it possible to determine externally the rates of cellular losses in the labeled zones of tumor cells presenting different partial oxygen pressures. The increase of the rates of cellular losses among the euoxic and hypoxic tumor cells induced by the gamma radiation differs by 2.6; it decreases, however, to 1.5 after injection of nitrofurazone prior to the irradiation. After irradiation with 15 MeV neutrons, a difference of only 1.4 was observed. If the tumors were irradiated internally with alpha particles from the reaction 10B(n,alpha) 7Li, there was no difference between the two rates of cellular losses. As far as the above mentioned kinds of radiation are concerned, the ratios from the increase of the rates of cellular losses induced by radiation are well corresponding to the oxygen enhancement found by other authors during their examinations in vitro.", "contents": "[In-vivo-examinations of the relative radiosensitivity of hypoxic tumor cells (author's transl)]. The rate of cellular losses of hypoxic respectively euoxic cells of the solid experimental tumor \"sarcoma 180\" was examined in vivo after irradiations with gamma rays, 15 MeV neutrons, and alpha particles. The tumor cells were labeled in vivo, at first with 125I-UdR and after 50 hours with 131I-UdR. After a further interval of about 20 hours the tumor was irradiated. This method of double labeling makes it possible to determine externally the rates of cellular losses in the labeled zones of tumor cells presenting different partial oxygen pressures. The increase of the rates of cellular losses among the euoxic and hypoxic tumor cells induced by the gamma radiation differs by 2.6; it decreases, however, to 1.5 after injection of nitrofurazone prior to the irradiation. After irradiation with 15 MeV neutrons, a difference of only 1.4 was observed. If the tumors were irradiated internally with alpha particles from the reaction 10B(n,alpha) 7Li, there was no difference between the two rates of cellular losses. As far as the above mentioned kinds of radiation are concerned, the ratios from the increase of the rates of cellular losses induced by radiation are well corresponding to the oxygen enhancement found by other authors during their examinations in vitro.", "PMID": 841610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4694", "title": "[Pharmacodynamics of technetium-99m phosphatic compounds in the course of radiation therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on a case suffering from an extraosseous tumor infiltrating the mandibula, the behaviour of 99mTc phosphatic compounds in the course of radiation therapy is described. Own measurements are confronted with results from literature. Thus it turned out that a valid interpretation of the late response was not possible, further studies undoubtedly being necessary.", "contents": "[Pharmacodynamics of technetium-99m phosphatic compounds in the course of radiation therapy (author's transl)]. Based on a case suffering from an extraosseous tumor infiltrating the mandibula, the behaviour of 99mTc phosphatic compounds in the course of radiation therapy is described. Own measurements are confronted with results from literature. Thus it turned out that a valid interpretation of the late response was not possible, further studies undoubtedly being necessary.", "PMID": 841611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4695", "title": "Effects of low doses of DTPA on the excretion and organ retention of 144Ce in the rat.", "content": "Single doses of 5, 15 or 50 mg of Na3Ca-DTPA per kilogram of body weight were intraperitoneally injected 1 hour (prompt treatment) or 3 days (delayed treatment) after the intravenous injection of 144CeCl3 in the rat. The daily urinary and fecal excretion of 144Ce was determined for 15 days post 144Ce injection. The retention of 144Ce in the several organs 15 days after the 144Ce injection was also determined. A method to assess the DTPA-enhanced amount of urinary excretion of 144Ce from the early urinary excretion of 144Ce post therapy was proposed.", "contents": "Effects of low doses of DTPA on the excretion and organ retention of 144Ce in the rat. Single doses of 5, 15 or 50 mg of Na3Ca-DTPA per kilogram of body weight were intraperitoneally injected 1 hour (prompt treatment) or 3 days (delayed treatment) after the intravenous injection of 144CeCl3 in the rat. The daily urinary and fecal excretion of 144Ce was determined for 15 days post 144Ce injection. The retention of 144Ce in the several organs 15 days after the 144Ce injection was also determined. A method to assess the DTPA-enhanced amount of urinary excretion of 144Ce from the early urinary excretion of 144Ce post therapy was proposed.", "PMID": 841612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4696", "title": "The effect of erythromycin and its thiocarbamide derivative on the induction of meiotic chromosome rearrangements in irradiated male mice.", "content": "Antibiotics, erythromycin and a thiocarbamide derivative of erythromycin were tested for their ability to induce chromosome translocations in whole-body irradiated mice with a dose of 600 r. The aim of the present paper was to determine whether these antibiotics might induce by themselves, chromosomal translocations and whether these agents have a protective effect against X-rays-induced chromosomal translocations in the spermatocytes at the first meiotic metaphase. The incidence of translocations in irradiated animals was 9.07%; in animals treated with erythromycine after irradiation it was 3.80%; and in those treated with a thiocarbamide derivative of erythromycin following irradiation was 3.20%. Not a single chromosome rearrangement was scored among the non-irradiated animals, treated with the mentioned antibiotics.", "contents": "The effect of erythromycin and its thiocarbamide derivative on the induction of meiotic chromosome rearrangements in irradiated male mice. Antibiotics, erythromycin and a thiocarbamide derivative of erythromycin were tested for their ability to induce chromosome translocations in whole-body irradiated mice with a dose of 600 r. The aim of the present paper was to determine whether these antibiotics might induce by themselves, chromosomal translocations and whether these agents have a protective effect against X-rays-induced chromosomal translocations in the spermatocytes at the first meiotic metaphase. The incidence of translocations in irradiated animals was 9.07%; in animals treated with erythromycine after irradiation it was 3.80%; and in those treated with a thiocarbamide derivative of erythromycin following irradiation was 3.20%. Not a single chromosome rearrangement was scored among the non-irradiated animals, treated with the mentioned antibiotics.", "PMID": 841613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4697", "title": "Effects of estradiol-17beta on cholesterol metabolism in the rat: a study using a deuterium label and mass spectrometry.", "content": "The effect of estradiol-17beta (E2) on several important aspects of cholesterol metabolism were examined in the rat. Ovariectomized rats were implanted subcutaneously with 1 or 4 cm. of silastic tubing packed with E2, and were also given 2% D2O in their drinking water. The E2 diffused slowly out of the implants and the two different lengths of tubing resulted in constant E2 blood concentrations of either high (4.0 cm) or physiological (1.0 cm) levels. By measuring the rate of incorporation of deuterium into plasma cholesterol by mass spectrometry over a period of 42 days, we determined the rate constant of cholesterol synthesis and cholesterol turnover time and rate under two E2 dosage conditions. E2 treatment did not affect the rate constant of cholesterol turnover rate (mg synthesized/day) showed a dose dependent reduction with increasing doses of E2. This may be secondarily caused by E2's suppression of both food intake and subsequent weight gain; E2 treated animals are smaller and, therefore, synthesize less cholesterol per day. Additionally, E2 treated animals showed a rise in plasma cholesterol levels and in the fraction of labeled cholesterol appearing in the plasma.", "contents": "Effects of estradiol-17beta on cholesterol metabolism in the rat: a study using a deuterium label and mass spectrometry. The effect of estradiol-17beta (E2) on several important aspects of cholesterol metabolism were examined in the rat. Ovariectomized rats were implanted subcutaneously with 1 or 4 cm. of silastic tubing packed with E2, and were also given 2% D2O in their drinking water. The E2 diffused slowly out of the implants and the two different lengths of tubing resulted in constant E2 blood concentrations of either high (4.0 cm) or physiological (1.0 cm) levels. By measuring the rate of incorporation of deuterium into plasma cholesterol by mass spectrometry over a period of 42 days, we determined the rate constant of cholesterol synthesis and cholesterol turnover time and rate under two E2 dosage conditions. E2 treatment did not affect the rate constant of cholesterol turnover rate (mg synthesized/day) showed a dose dependent reduction with increasing doses of E2. This may be secondarily caused by E2's suppression of both food intake and subsequent weight gain; E2 treated animals are smaller and, therefore, synthesize less cholesterol per day. Additionally, E2 treated animals showed a rise in plasma cholesterol levels and in the fraction of labeled cholesterol appearing in the plasma.", "PMID": 841614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4698", "title": "Androgens on the estrogen receptor. II--Correlation between nuclear translocation and uterine protein synthesis.", "content": "In the immature rat uterus, occupation of the androgen and estrogen receptor sties after injection of 5 alpha dihydrotestosterone (DHT = 17beta - hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one) were compared to the biological responses induced by the androgen on protein synthesis. Injection of 100 mug DHT induced a maximal occupation of androgen receptor sites (RA) but was totally ineffective in translocating the estrogen receptor sites and in increasing general protein synthesis. Conversely, high doses of androgen (greater than or equal to 3 mg) translocated the estrogen receptor (RE) and stimulated general protein synthesis. In addition, these high doses induced a specific uterine protein undistinguishable from that induced by estradiol treatment (IP). These results strongly suggest that the uterotrophic response of the uterus to androgen is correlated with the nuclear transreceptor which is present in much smaller amounts.", "contents": "Androgens on the estrogen receptor. II--Correlation between nuclear translocation and uterine protein synthesis. In the immature rat uterus, occupation of the androgen and estrogen receptor sties after injection of 5 alpha dihydrotestosterone (DHT = 17beta - hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one) were compared to the biological responses induced by the androgen on protein synthesis. Injection of 100 mug DHT induced a maximal occupation of androgen receptor sites (RA) but was totally ineffective in translocating the estrogen receptor sites and in increasing general protein synthesis. Conversely, high doses of androgen (greater than or equal to 3 mg) translocated the estrogen receptor (RE) and stimulated general protein synthesis. In addition, these high doses induced a specific uterine protein undistinguishable from that induced by estradiol treatment (IP). These results strongly suggest that the uterotrophic response of the uterus to androgen is correlated with the nuclear transreceptor which is present in much smaller amounts.", "PMID": 841615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4699", "title": "Synthesis of a disulfide affinity adsorbent for purification of estrogen receptor.", "content": "Synthesis of an estrogen affinity adsorbent containing a disulfide linkage between the steroid and stationary matrix permitted facile purification of high affinity estrogen binding proteins. Following affinity chromatography of either antibody directed against estrone 17-carboxymethyloxime - bovine serum albumin or immature calf uterine cytoplasmic estrogen receptor proteins, the specifically bound mercaptoethanol. Crude antibody and uterine cytosol was 10(-3) to 10(-2)M cystamine (S-S) to block SH-containing proteins, in order to protect the adsorbent against protein-mediated S-S in equilibrium SH exchange. Cystamine was found to markedly stabilize crude cytosol receptor protein by 200-300% compared with preparations obtained under ordinary conditions. Disulfide affinity adsorbents are versatile in that they can be used either under conventional conditions of specific protein recovery, or with 2-mercaptoethanol which removes the ligand and bound protein from the stationary matrix quantitatively.", "contents": "Synthesis of a disulfide affinity adsorbent for purification of estrogen receptor. Synthesis of an estrogen affinity adsorbent containing a disulfide linkage between the steroid and stationary matrix permitted facile purification of high affinity estrogen binding proteins. Following affinity chromatography of either antibody directed against estrone 17-carboxymethyloxime - bovine serum albumin or immature calf uterine cytoplasmic estrogen receptor proteins, the specifically bound mercaptoethanol. Crude antibody and uterine cytosol was 10(-3) to 10(-2)M cystamine (S-S) to block SH-containing proteins, in order to protect the adsorbent against protein-mediated S-S in equilibrium SH exchange. Cystamine was found to markedly stabilize crude cytosol receptor protein by 200-300% compared with preparations obtained under ordinary conditions. Disulfide affinity adsorbents are versatile in that they can be used either under conventional conditions of specific protein recovery, or with 2-mercaptoethanol which removes the ligand and bound protein from the stationary matrix quantitatively.", "PMID": 841616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4700", "title": "Progesterone in the uterus. VII. Uptake of cortisol and incorporation of progesterone under simultaneous application of cortisol into rat uterus.", "content": "After injection of radioactively labelled cortisol, the distribution of the radioactivity in the subcellular fractions of the rat uterus (nuclei, mitochondria, microsomes and 105 000 X g supernatant) was studied. In all fractions, radioactivity was observed and maxima were found 10, 20 and 50 min. after injection of the labelled hormone. Radioactivity was measured in all subcellular fractions even 180 min. after application of labelled cortisol. Additionally, radiolabelled progesterone and unlabelled cortisol in the ratio 1:1 or 1:2 (moles:moles) were injected into the animals. Studying the uptake of labelled progesterone in the subcellular fractions of the uterine tissue, revealed that no competition of unlabelled cortisol could be observed 10, 20 and 50 min. after application of the hormone mixture, compared with the control experiments. The results of this study give evidence that the progesterone uptake into rat uterus is specific and cannot be influenced by unlabelled cortisol.", "contents": "Progesterone in the uterus. VII. Uptake of cortisol and incorporation of progesterone under simultaneous application of cortisol into rat uterus. After injection of radioactively labelled cortisol, the distribution of the radioactivity in the subcellular fractions of the rat uterus (nuclei, mitochondria, microsomes and 105 000 X g supernatant) was studied. In all fractions, radioactivity was observed and maxima were found 10, 20 and 50 min. after injection of the labelled hormone. Radioactivity was measured in all subcellular fractions even 180 min. after application of labelled cortisol. Additionally, radiolabelled progesterone and unlabelled cortisol in the ratio 1:1 or 1:2 (moles:moles) were injected into the animals. Studying the uptake of labelled progesterone in the subcellular fractions of the uterine tissue, revealed that no competition of unlabelled cortisol could be observed 10, 20 and 50 min. after application of the hormone mixture, compared with the control experiments. The results of this study give evidence that the progesterone uptake into rat uterus is specific and cannot be influenced by unlabelled cortisol.", "PMID": 841617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4701", "title": "Sterol and bile acid metabolism during development. 1. Studies on the gallbladder and intestinal bile acids of newborn and fetal rabbit.", "content": "Bile acid composition and content in the intestine and gallbladder of newborn and fetal rabbits were investigated. Unlike the circumstances in adult rabbits, the bile acids were conjugated with both taurine and glycine. The major bile acids of the fetus and newborn rabbit were cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, and deoxycholic acid. This is different from the known bile acid composition of adult rabbits, in which deoxycholic acid is the major bile acid (greater than 80%). The proportion of chenodeoxycholic acid was higher in the fetal than in the newborn tissues. The total bile acid pool in the newborn was higher than in the fetus. In the fetus, large proportions of bile acids (60.9%) were associated with the gallbladder fraction, whereas in the newborn the bulk of the bile acids were found with the intestinal fraction (64.4%).", "contents": "Sterol and bile acid metabolism during development. 1. Studies on the gallbladder and intestinal bile acids of newborn and fetal rabbit. Bile acid composition and content in the intestine and gallbladder of newborn and fetal rabbits were investigated. Unlike the circumstances in adult rabbits, the bile acids were conjugated with both taurine and glycine. The major bile acids of the fetus and newborn rabbit were cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, and deoxycholic acid. This is different from the known bile acid composition of adult rabbits, in which deoxycholic acid is the major bile acid (greater than 80%). The proportion of chenodeoxycholic acid was higher in the fetal than in the newborn tissues. The total bile acid pool in the newborn was higher than in the fetus. In the fetus, large proportions of bile acids (60.9%) were associated with the gallbladder fraction, whereas in the newborn the bulk of the bile acids were found with the intestinal fraction (64.4%).", "PMID": 841618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4702", "title": "Synthesis of new steroid haptens for radioimmunoassay. Part III. 15beta-Carboxyethylmercaptosteroid-bovine serum albumin conjugates. Specific antisera for radioimmunoassay of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, 5alpha-androstane-3beta, 17beta-diol and 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol.", "content": "The syntheses of 15beta-carboxyethylmercapto-5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, 15beta-carbosyethylmercapto-5alpha-androstane-3beta, 17beta-diol and 15beta-carboxyethylmercapto-5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol and the preparation of their bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugates are described. These conjugates were employed for the generation of specific antisera suitable for radioimmunoassay (RIA) of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5alpha-DHT), 5alpha-androstane-3beta, 17beta-diol (3beta-diol) and 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol (3alpha-diol).", "contents": "Synthesis of new steroid haptens for radioimmunoassay. Part III. 15beta-Carboxyethylmercaptosteroid-bovine serum albumin conjugates. Specific antisera for radioimmunoassay of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, 5alpha-androstane-3beta, 17beta-diol and 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol. The syntheses of 15beta-carboxyethylmercapto-5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, 15beta-carbosyethylmercapto-5alpha-androstane-3beta, 17beta-diol and 15beta-carboxyethylmercapto-5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol and the preparation of their bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugates are described. These conjugates were employed for the generation of specific antisera suitable for radioimmunoassay (RIA) of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5alpha-DHT), 5alpha-androstane-3beta, 17beta-diol (3beta-diol) and 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol (3alpha-diol).", "PMID": 841620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4703", "title": "Determination of rat muscles androgen-receptor complexes with methyltrienolone.", "content": "In the present study, \"in vitro\" evidences are shown for the existence of a highly active 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the crude cytosol of rat muscle homogenates; the use of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is therefore compromised in receptor binding measurements because of its extensive metabolism. The synthetic anabolic androgen, methyltrienolone (MT) palliates this disadvantage of DHT. Both steroids, as well as testosterone, appear to be bound to an 8 - 8.5 S androgen receptor on sucrose density gradient. The androgen receptor in the vastus and the levator ani bulbocavernosus complex (LA/BC) shows similar association constants, but the number of binding sites in LA/BC is about 5 times higher than in vastus. Otherwise, the total number of muscle androgen receptors seems to be invariant in adult and aged rats. The binding to these macromolecules can thus be measured \"in vitro\" provided specific and sensitive methods are utilized.", "contents": "Determination of rat muscles androgen-receptor complexes with methyltrienolone. In the present study, \"in vitro\" evidences are shown for the existence of a highly active 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the crude cytosol of rat muscle homogenates; the use of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is therefore compromised in receptor binding measurements because of its extensive metabolism. The synthetic anabolic androgen, methyltrienolone (MT) palliates this disadvantage of DHT. Both steroids, as well as testosterone, appear to be bound to an 8 - 8.5 S androgen receptor on sucrose density gradient. The androgen receptor in the vastus and the levator ani bulbocavernosus complex (LA/BC) shows similar association constants, but the number of binding sites in LA/BC is about 5 times higher than in vastus. Otherwise, the total number of muscle androgen receptors seems to be invariant in adult and aged rats. The binding to these macromolecules can thus be measured \"in vitro\" provided specific and sensitive methods are utilized.", "PMID": 841621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4704", "title": "Estradiol-17beta receptors in the immature rat ovary.", "content": "Estradiol binding components in the cytosol and nuclear fractions of the ovary from immature rats (22-28 days old) were characterized by in vitro methods. Several of the biochemical characteristics of the estradiol binding components in the ovarian tissue were compared with the estradiol receptor from the uterus. The results suggest that the ovarian estradiol binding components are similar to the specific high affinity estradiol receptors in the uterus. In the cytosol of intact rat ovary a significant fraction of the total binding sites was found to be occupied, presumably by the endogenous estrogen. Following hypophysectomy there was a significant increase in the available cytosol binding sites. Evidence for translocation of cytosol receptor-estrogen (RE) complex to the nucleus was obtained for the ovary. The sedimentation properties of the RE complex of the ovary and the uterus are similar. The ovarian cytosol RE complex sediments at 7-8S in glycerol gradients at low ionic strength and at 4S in sucrose gradients at high ionic strength. Following extraction with 0.4 M KCl the ovarain nuclear RE complex sediments at 5S in sucrose gradients which is identical to that of the uterine nuclear receptor.", "contents": "Estradiol-17beta receptors in the immature rat ovary. Estradiol binding components in the cytosol and nuclear fractions of the ovary from immature rats (22-28 days old) were characterized by in vitro methods. Several of the biochemical characteristics of the estradiol binding components in the ovarian tissue were compared with the estradiol receptor from the uterus. The results suggest that the ovarian estradiol binding components are similar to the specific high affinity estradiol receptors in the uterus. In the cytosol of intact rat ovary a significant fraction of the total binding sites was found to be occupied, presumably by the endogenous estrogen. Following hypophysectomy there was a significant increase in the available cytosol binding sites. Evidence for translocation of cytosol receptor-estrogen (RE) complex to the nucleus was obtained for the ovary. The sedimentation properties of the RE complex of the ovary and the uterus are similar. The ovarian cytosol RE complex sediments at 7-8S in glycerol gradients at low ionic strength and at 4S in sucrose gradients at high ionic strength. Following extraction with 0.4 M KCl the ovarain nuclear RE complex sediments at 5S in sucrose gradients which is identical to that of the uterine nuclear receptor.", "PMID": 841622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4705", "title": "Stimulation of hepatic cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activity by administration of an estrogen (17beta-estradiol-3-benzoate) to female rats.", "content": "Adult female rats were given daily subcutaneous injections of 17beta-estradiol-3-benzoate, 25 mug/day for twenty days. Rats were then killed under four different experimental conditions: (1) Fasting, killed in the morning (FM), (2) Non-fasting, killed in the morning (NFM), (3) Fasting, killed at night (FN), and (4) Non-fasting, killed at night (NFN). Estradiol induced a three-fold increase in hepatic cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activity in group FM and a significant increase in group NFN. Although increases in 7alhpa-hydroxylase activity might be associated with lower serum cholesterol levels (by increasing the rate of conversion of cholesterol to bile acids), serum cholesterol concentrations were, in fact, elevated in all rats given estradiol.", "contents": "Stimulation of hepatic cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activity by administration of an estrogen (17beta-estradiol-3-benzoate) to female rats. Adult female rats were given daily subcutaneous injections of 17beta-estradiol-3-benzoate, 25 mug/day for twenty days. Rats were then killed under four different experimental conditions: (1) Fasting, killed in the morning (FM), (2) Non-fasting, killed in the morning (NFM), (3) Fasting, killed at night (FN), and (4) Non-fasting, killed at night (NFN). Estradiol induced a three-fold increase in hepatic cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activity in group FM and a significant increase in group NFN. Although increases in 7alhpa-hydroxylase activity might be associated with lower serum cholesterol levels (by increasing the rate of conversion of cholesterol to bile acids), serum cholesterol concentrations were, in fact, elevated in all rats given estradiol.", "PMID": 841623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4706", "title": "A steroid structure which refutes the isolation of C(17)-C(20) rotational isomers.", "content": "Isolation of two C(17)-C(20) rotamers of 20-methyl-20-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-5-pregnene-3beta, 17alpha-diol has been reported. X-Ray analysis of a diacetate derivative of one of the \"rotamers\" shows that the actual structure is 3beta-acetoxy-17aalpha-(2-acetoxyethoxy)-17alpha,17abeta-dimethyl-D-homo-5-androsten-17beta-ol (C28H44O6). Thus, although this investigation refutes the existence of C(17)-C(20) rotamers, it suggests a possible new pathway for D-homo steroid synthesis.", "contents": "A steroid structure which refutes the isolation of C(17)-C(20) rotational isomers. Isolation of two C(17)-C(20) rotamers of 20-methyl-20-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-5-pregnene-3beta, 17alpha-diol has been reported. X-Ray analysis of a diacetate derivative of one of the \"rotamers\" shows that the actual structure is 3beta-acetoxy-17aalpha-(2-acetoxyethoxy)-17alpha,17abeta-dimethyl-D-homo-5-androsten-17beta-ol (C28H44O6). Thus, although this investigation refutes the existence of C(17)-C(20) rotamers, it suggests a possible new pathway for D-homo steroid synthesis.", "PMID": 841624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4707", "title": "Epimerisation of 3beta-ol to 3alpha-ol steroid alkaloids by Nocardia restrictus.", "content": "(22S,25S)-5alpha-tomatanin-3beta-ol, N-acetyl-(22S,25S)-5alpha-tomatanin-3beta-ol, (22R,25R)-5alpha-tomatanin-3beta-ol and (22R, 25S)-22, 26-epimino-5alpha-cholestane-3beta, 16beta, 16beta-diol are transformed by Nocardia restrictus into corresponding 3alpha-ol compounds with yields from 7o to 5%.", "contents": "Epimerisation of 3beta-ol to 3alpha-ol steroid alkaloids by Nocardia restrictus. (22S,25S)-5alpha-tomatanin-3beta-ol, N-acetyl-(22S,25S)-5alpha-tomatanin-3beta-ol, (22R,25R)-5alpha-tomatanin-3beta-ol and (22R, 25S)-22, 26-epimino-5alpha-cholestane-3beta, 16beta, 16beta-diol are transformed by Nocardia restrictus into corresponding 3alpha-ol compounds with yields from 7o to 5%.", "PMID": 841625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4708", "title": "Life-table analysis of IUDs: problems and recommendations.", "content": "Two major prospective studies of copper-bearing IUDs showed substantial changes in termination rates when calculated at different dates. One of the studies employed the Tietze life-table method and showed progressive increases in termination rates with the passage of time. The other study used the Potter life-table method and showed sharply decreased termination rates at later assessments. In investigating the reasons for these changes, it was noted that the data collected for periodic analyses during the studies violated the assumptions underlying the life-table technique. It was discovered that as a result of these violations the Potter and the Tietze life-table calculations based on the same set of data produced markedly different estimates of IUD termination rates during the course of a study. Underlying these differences, and the reason for the apparent changes in termination rates, was a large set of incomplete observations. Neither of the two life-table methods was able to deal adequately with the biases arising from these incomplete observations. The \"anniversary method,\" devised to overcome the perceived problems of the Potter and Tietze methods, also proved inadequate to deal with the incomplete observations. Only vigorous and active follow-up, together with ample time to complete data collection, editing, coding, and key punching, is likely to reduce the proportion of women with incomplete observations and is likely to minimize the biases attendant upon incomplete or partial observations of acceptors in prospective clinical studies of IUDs.", "contents": "Life-table analysis of IUDs: problems and recommendations. Two major prospective studies of copper-bearing IUDs showed substantial changes in termination rates when calculated at different dates. One of the studies employed the Tietze life-table method and showed progressive increases in termination rates with the passage of time. The other study used the Potter life-table method and showed sharply decreased termination rates at later assessments. In investigating the reasons for these changes, it was noted that the data collected for periodic analyses during the studies violated the assumptions underlying the life-table technique. It was discovered that as a result of these violations the Potter and the Tietze life-table calculations based on the same set of data produced markedly different estimates of IUD termination rates during the course of a study. Underlying these differences, and the reason for the apparent changes in termination rates, was a large set of incomplete observations. Neither of the two life-table methods was able to deal adequately with the biases arising from these incomplete observations. The \"anniversary method,\" devised to overcome the perceived problems of the Potter and Tietze methods, also proved inadequate to deal with the incomplete observations. Only vigorous and active follow-up, together with ample time to complete data collection, editing, coding, and key punching, is likely to reduce the proportion of women with incomplete observations and is likely to minimize the biases attendant upon incomplete or partial observations of acceptors in prospective clinical studies of IUDs.", "PMID": 841626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4709", "title": "Studies on onchocerciasis in the United Cameroon Republic. III. A four year follow-up of 6 rain-forest and 6 Sudan-savanna villages.", "content": "After an interval of four years the same observers used the same standardized techniques to re-examine 1,016 people in 12 heavily infected rain-forest and savanna villages in Cameroon. The changes in the number of nodules and in the concentration of microfilariae in the skin and eye are described. These latter changes are correlated with the development and/or deterioration of eye lesions and visual impairment. In both the rainforest and the savanna there was a strong association between the development of eye lesions and a high concentration of microfilariae, not only in the eye but also in the skin, and more so at the shoulder than at the buttock. The importance of these findings for the prevention of blindness is discussed.", "contents": "Studies on onchocerciasis in the United Cameroon Republic. III. A four year follow-up of 6 rain-forest and 6 Sudan-savanna villages. After an interval of four years the same observers used the same standardized techniques to re-examine 1,016 people in 12 heavily infected rain-forest and savanna villages in Cameroon. The changes in the number of nodules and in the concentration of microfilariae in the skin and eye are described. These latter changes are correlated with the development and/or deterioration of eye lesions and visual impairment. In both the rainforest and the savanna there was a strong association between the development of eye lesions and a high concentration of microfilariae, not only in the eye but also in the skin, and more so at the shoulder than at the buttock. The importance of these findings for the prevention of blindness is discussed.", "PMID": 841642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4710", "title": "Pathology of ocular onchocerciasis: human and experimental.", "content": "Involvement of the outer eye in Onchocerca volvulus infection is characterized by an inflammatory process around degenerating microfilariae. Individual microfilariae in the cornea may be associated with localized punctate lesions or, especially when present in large numbers, may provoke a sclerosing keratitis due to invasion by fibrovascular pannus from the limbal conjunctiva. Anterior uveitis develops in some patients and can be either granulomatous, probably as a result of direct microfilarial invasion of the iris and ciliary body, or non-granulomatous, in which case the inflammation is likely to be a response to free microfilarial antigens. Posterior segment involvement takes the form of either inflammatory or atrophic lesions, or both. It is possible that the marked atrophy of the retina and choriocapillaris seen in some cases is largely attributable to preceding choroiditis and that the optic nerve atrophy has a similar pathogenesis.", "contents": "Pathology of ocular onchocerciasis: human and experimental. Involvement of the outer eye in Onchocerca volvulus infection is characterized by an inflammatory process around degenerating microfilariae. Individual microfilariae in the cornea may be associated with localized punctate lesions or, especially when present in large numbers, may provoke a sclerosing keratitis due to invasion by fibrovascular pannus from the limbal conjunctiva. Anterior uveitis develops in some patients and can be either granulomatous, probably as a result of direct microfilarial invasion of the iris and ciliary body, or non-granulomatous, in which case the inflammation is likely to be a response to free microfilarial antigens. Posterior segment involvement takes the form of either inflammatory or atrophic lesions, or both. It is possible that the marked atrophy of the retina and choriocapillaris seen in some cases is largely attributable to preceding choroiditis and that the optic nerve atrophy has a similar pathogenesis.", "PMID": 841643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4711", "title": "Growth of Zambian children.", "content": "In order to identify as early as possible those children who may later develop malnutrition, a sample of Zambian copper-miners' children of known age and birth weights were measured at the age of one year and again at 18 months. By this time, their mean weight, height, triceps skin-fold, arm circumference and developmental progress were less than expected and many were, or had been ill, with malnutrition and infections. The slower growth corresponded significantly with lower development scores. The mean values of the physical measurements resemble those previously observed in Zambia, and it is concluded that the \"Harvard\" and Tanner standards are suitable for use in this country. The mid upper arm circumference is the easiest and cheapest measurement to make and it compares closely with other measures. A value of 15 cm or less from the age of seven months onwards in young children should arouse suspicion that their nutrition is at risk.", "contents": "Growth of Zambian children. In order to identify as early as possible those children who may later develop malnutrition, a sample of Zambian copper-miners' children of known age and birth weights were measured at the age of one year and again at 18 months. By this time, their mean weight, height, triceps skin-fold, arm circumference and developmental progress were less than expected and many were, or had been ill, with malnutrition and infections. The slower growth corresponded significantly with lower development scores. The mean values of the physical measurements resemble those previously observed in Zambia, and it is concluded that the \"Harvard\" and Tanner standards are suitable for use in this country. The mid upper arm circumference is the easiest and cheapest measurement to make and it compares closely with other measures. A value of 15 cm or less from the age of seven months onwards in young children should arouse suspicion that their nutrition is at risk.", "PMID": 841644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4712", "title": "Ethnic differences in growth potential of children of African, Indian, Chinese and European origin.", "content": "Community surveys of infants and children of African, Indian, Chinese and European origin in Guyana and Jamaica have been reviewed in order to compare the influence of ethnic origin and environment, including nutrition, on anthropometric measurements used to assess nutritional status. Mean heights and weights of African and European were greater than those of Indian and Chinese children. African had greater weight for height and greater arm circumferences but smaller triceps skinfolds than Indian children. These differences, which cannot be explained by nutritional or other environmental causes, show that ethnic origins cannot be disregarded when assessing nutritional status by anthropometric measurements. Specific adjustments to international standards of height and weight are proposed in order to make them more appropriate for Indian and Chinese children.", "contents": "Ethnic differences in growth potential of children of African, Indian, Chinese and European origin. Community surveys of infants and children of African, Indian, Chinese and European origin in Guyana and Jamaica have been reviewed in order to compare the influence of ethnic origin and environment, including nutrition, on anthropometric measurements used to assess nutritional status. Mean heights and weights of African and European were greater than those of Indian and Chinese children. African had greater weight for height and greater arm circumferences but smaller triceps skinfolds than Indian children. These differences, which cannot be explained by nutritional or other environmental causes, show that ethnic origins cannot be disregarded when assessing nutritional status by anthropometric measurements. Specific adjustments to international standards of height and weight are proposed in order to make them more appropriate for Indian and Chinese children.", "PMID": 841645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4713", "title": "Liver disease in early life in Kenya.", "content": "A survey of significant pathological abnormalities of liver in the first two decades of life is presented; this is based on biopsy and autopsy specimens received in the histopathology service in Nairobi over five years. It includes conditions which one might expect in a diagnostic service in any country, some of which are attributable to known local conditions, and others which show distinctive features in their occurrence of frequency. There is an unexpected number of cases of chronic aggressive hepatitis and cirrhosis and the latter is notable for its frequency in the first decade of life. Hepatocellular carcinoma also occurs rather commonly, although most often in the second decade and as a complication of cirrhosis. There is a marked male preponderance in chronic aggressive hepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and schistosomiasis. It is unlikely that this is due to selection of cases and the series shows no indication of tribal influence. The possible role of infections and toxins, particularly in the genesis of chronic aggressive hepatitis and cirrhosis, is discussed. In the search for clues to pathogenesis, detailed systematic investigation of children with liver disease is advocated, paying particular attention to cultural background, and exposure to infections and toxic agents.", "contents": "Liver disease in early life in Kenya. A survey of significant pathological abnormalities of liver in the first two decades of life is presented; this is based on biopsy and autopsy specimens received in the histopathology service in Nairobi over five years. It includes conditions which one might expect in a diagnostic service in any country, some of which are attributable to known local conditions, and others which show distinctive features in their occurrence of frequency. There is an unexpected number of cases of chronic aggressive hepatitis and cirrhosis and the latter is notable for its frequency in the first decade of life. Hepatocellular carcinoma also occurs rather commonly, although most often in the second decade and as a complication of cirrhosis. There is a marked male preponderance in chronic aggressive hepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and schistosomiasis. It is unlikely that this is due to selection of cases and the series shows no indication of tribal influence. The possible role of infections and toxins, particularly in the genesis of chronic aggressive hepatitis and cirrhosis, is discussed. In the search for clues to pathogenesis, detailed systematic investigation of children with liver disease is advocated, paying particular attention to cultural background, and exposure to infections and toxic agents.", "PMID": 841646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4714", "title": "The protective effect of BCG against Mycobacterium ulcerans disease: a controlled trial in an endemic area of Uganda.", "content": "In a BCG vaccination trial in an area of Uganda endemic for Mycobacterium ulcerans disease (\"Buruli Ulcer\"), 8,856 persons were examined for the disease in mid-1970 and tuberculin tested; BCG was given by intradermal injection to a random 50% of all those with negative, low or middle grade tuberculin reactions; Twelve months later the study group was re-examined for M. ulcerans lesions and, subsequently, new cases of the disease were detected, using a hospital registration system, to December 1974. One hundred and forty-nine patients with onset since July 1970 were thus ascertained and BCG was found to offer an overall protection of 47% against the disease, similar to that observed in a previous smaller trial by the Uganda Buruli Group (UBG, 1969). However, the protective effect was confined to those with tuberculin reactions of less than 4 mm before vaccination and was apparent only in the first year of the study. BCG offered no additional protection to those with previous M. ulcerans disease or an existing BCG scar at entry into the trial, although both these groups appeared to be protected against the disease, the protective effects being 88% and 82% respectively. An initial tuberculin reaction of 4 mm (or greater) offered some protection against the disease (37%). Lesions developing in the vaccinated group, or in those with initial tuberculin reactions of 4 mm or more, were smaller than those in unvaccinated persons. No relationship was found between the protective effect of BCG and either the prevalence of persons with evidence of previous M. ulcerans disease in different geographical areas, or the incidence of new cases in different areas during the first year of the study. A decline in the incidence was observed over the study period. The findings are consistent with BCG producing only short-lasting protection against M. ulcerans disease. However, long-lasting protection and a delay in onset of the disease in vaccinated persons, as suggested by the UBG in 1969, cannot be excluded on the basis of the data currently available from this trial.", "contents": "The protective effect of BCG against Mycobacterium ulcerans disease: a controlled trial in an endemic area of Uganda. In a BCG vaccination trial in an area of Uganda endemic for Mycobacterium ulcerans disease (\"Buruli Ulcer\"), 8,856 persons were examined for the disease in mid-1970 and tuberculin tested; BCG was given by intradermal injection to a random 50% of all those with negative, low or middle grade tuberculin reactions; Twelve months later the study group was re-examined for M. ulcerans lesions and, subsequently, new cases of the disease were detected, using a hospital registration system, to December 1974. One hundred and forty-nine patients with onset since July 1970 were thus ascertained and BCG was found to offer an overall protection of 47% against the disease, similar to that observed in a previous smaller trial by the Uganda Buruli Group (UBG, 1969). However, the protective effect was confined to those with tuberculin reactions of less than 4 mm before vaccination and was apparent only in the first year of the study. BCG offered no additional protection to those with previous M. ulcerans disease or an existing BCG scar at entry into the trial, although both these groups appeared to be protected against the disease, the protective effects being 88% and 82% respectively. An initial tuberculin reaction of 4 mm (or greater) offered some protection against the disease (37%). Lesions developing in the vaccinated group, or in those with initial tuberculin reactions of 4 mm or more, were smaller than those in unvaccinated persons. No relationship was found between the protective effect of BCG and either the prevalence of persons with evidence of previous M. ulcerans disease in different geographical areas, or the incidence of new cases in different areas during the first year of the study. A decline in the incidence was observed over the study period. The findings are consistent with BCG producing only short-lasting protection against M. ulcerans disease. However, long-lasting protection and a delay in onset of the disease in vaccinated persons, as suggested by the UBG in 1969, cannot be excluded on the basis of the data currently available from this trial.", "PMID": 841647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4715", "title": "Differences between acute hepatitis A and B in Hong Kong,.", "content": "Of a consecutive series of 102 patients with acute hepatitis in Hong Kong, 53% had type B infection. Non-Caucasians (Nepalese and Chinese) were more prone to hepatitis B and Caucasians were more prone to hepatitis A. Hepatitis B, but not hepatitis A, appeared to affect Non-Caucasians more severely than it did Caucasians. Possible reasons for this are discussed. A history of previous contact with a case of hepatitis was more commonly given in type A than type B hepatitis. Tattooing may have been a factor in some cases of hepatitis B among Caucasians. Compared with hepatitis A, hepatitis B involved a shorter prodrome (pre-icteric phase) and was a more severe disease. Unexpected differences in the biochemical patterns between the two diseases are demonstrated. Distinctive time-patterns of serum enzyme and serum bilirubin levels for each type are described, and these enable criteria to be devised by which three-quarters of cases can be correctly diagnosed as A or B. Such diagnosis is unrelaible in the individual case, however, except for seven out of every 10 hepatitis A cases which are capable of correct diagnosis on biochemical data alone.", "contents": "Differences between acute hepatitis A and B in Hong Kong,. Of a consecutive series of 102 patients with acute hepatitis in Hong Kong, 53% had type B infection. Non-Caucasians (Nepalese and Chinese) were more prone to hepatitis B and Caucasians were more prone to hepatitis A. Hepatitis B, but not hepatitis A, appeared to affect Non-Caucasians more severely than it did Caucasians. Possible reasons for this are discussed. A history of previous contact with a case of hepatitis was more commonly given in type A than type B hepatitis. Tattooing may have been a factor in some cases of hepatitis B among Caucasians. Compared with hepatitis A, hepatitis B involved a shorter prodrome (pre-icteric phase) and was a more severe disease. Unexpected differences in the biochemical patterns between the two diseases are demonstrated. Distinctive time-patterns of serum enzyme and serum bilirubin levels for each type are described, and these enable criteria to be devised by which three-quarters of cases can be correctly diagnosed as A or B. Such diagnosis is unrelaible in the individual case, however, except for seven out of every 10 hepatitis A cases which are capable of correct diagnosis on biochemical data alone.", "PMID": 841648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4716", "title": "Hepatitis B surface antigenaemia in Kenyans with chronic liver disease.", "content": "Fifty Kenyan patients with chronic liver disease or hepatocellular carcinoma were tested for hepatitis B surface antigenaemia by radioimmunoassay. The hepatitis B surface antigen was detected in 77% of the patients with chronic persistent or chronic aggressive hepatitis, or cirrhosis confirmed by liver biopsy, compared with 15% in a control group. All six patients with hepatocellular carcinoma had detectable hepatitis B surface antigen or antibody. 50% of the controls had hepatitis B surface antibody in their plasma detectable by haemagglutination. Auto-immune associated liver disease appeared infrequent. The possibility that the hepatitis B virus is an important cause of cirrhosis in Kenya is discussed.", "contents": "Hepatitis B surface antigenaemia in Kenyans with chronic liver disease. Fifty Kenyan patients with chronic liver disease or hepatocellular carcinoma were tested for hepatitis B surface antigenaemia by radioimmunoassay. The hepatitis B surface antigen was detected in 77% of the patients with chronic persistent or chronic aggressive hepatitis, or cirrhosis confirmed by liver biopsy, compared with 15% in a control group. All six patients with hepatocellular carcinoma had detectable hepatitis B surface antigen or antibody. 50% of the controls had hepatitis B surface antibody in their plasma detectable by haemagglutination. Auto-immune associated liver disease appeared infrequent. The possibility that the hepatitis B virus is an important cause of cirrhosis in Kenya is discussed.", "PMID": 841649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4717", "title": "Analysis of the causes of death on the medical wards of the University College Hospital, Ibadan over a 14-year period (1960-1973).", "content": "An analysis was carried out of the mortality rate on the medical wards of the University College Hospital, Ibadan, over a 14-year period (1960-73). A total of 4,568 cases were reviewed with an annual death rate of between 300 and 400. Most of the deaths resulted from cardiovascular diseases, especially hypertension, the mortality rate from which has shown no appreciable decline over the years. Death from cerebrovascular accident is steadily increasing. Infections contribute considerably to mortality from chest and alimentary tract disease, although there has been a progressive decline in mortality rates from infectious diseases such as tetanus and typhoid fever. The standard of death certification needs to be improved upon, especially with respect to the clarification of the primary and the contributory causes of death and whether post-mortem examination was carrie dout or not. It is suggested that more effort should be made to ensure that post-mortem examination is carried out in cases where there is doubt about the ante-mortem diagnosis unless such a request is specifically refused by the relatives of the deceased after explaining to them the value of such an examination to medical knowledge.", "contents": "Analysis of the causes of death on the medical wards of the University College Hospital, Ibadan over a 14-year period (1960-1973). An analysis was carried out of the mortality rate on the medical wards of the University College Hospital, Ibadan, over a 14-year period (1960-73). A total of 4,568 cases were reviewed with an annual death rate of between 300 and 400. Most of the deaths resulted from cardiovascular diseases, especially hypertension, the mortality rate from which has shown no appreciable decline over the years. Death from cerebrovascular accident is steadily increasing. Infections contribute considerably to mortality from chest and alimentary tract disease, although there has been a progressive decline in mortality rates from infectious diseases such as tetanus and typhoid fever. The standard of death certification needs to be improved upon, especially with respect to the clarification of the primary and the contributory causes of death and whether post-mortem examination was carrie dout or not. It is suggested that more effort should be made to ensure that post-mortem examination is carried out in cases where there is doubt about the ante-mortem diagnosis unless such a request is specifically refused by the relatives of the deceased after explaining to them the value of such an examination to medical knowledge.", "PMID": 841650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4718", "title": "The natural history of ocular onchocerciasis over a period of 14--15 years and the effect on this of a single course of suramin therapy.", "content": "In 1959 a population of 638 persons over the age of seven years, suffering from heavy endemic onchocerciasis in the Sudan-Savannah of West Africa was examined, and approximately half were allotted to a group for treatment with suramin (up to a total of 4-2 g for healthy adults). In 1973 and 1974 it was possible to re-examine 145 persons allotted to the treatment group and 118 persons allotted to the control group. Measurements were made of the incidence of new \"eye lesions\", the progress of pre-existing \"eye-lesions\" and the deterioration in visual acuity. These were greater in men than in women, and increased with age. They were also greater in persons who in 1959 had microfilariae in the anterior chamber, and particularly in those who had already developed \"eye lesions\". Severe reactions occurred in a significant proportion of patients who received suramin, and one died. However, these was less deterioration in the eyes of persons in the treated than in the control group.", "contents": "The natural history of ocular onchocerciasis over a period of 14--15 years and the effect on this of a single course of suramin therapy. In 1959 a population of 638 persons over the age of seven years, suffering from heavy endemic onchocerciasis in the Sudan-Savannah of West Africa was examined, and approximately half were allotted to a group for treatment with suramin (up to a total of 4-2 g for healthy adults). In 1973 and 1974 it was possible to re-examine 145 persons allotted to the treatment group and 118 persons allotted to the control group. Measurements were made of the incidence of new \"eye lesions\", the progress of pre-existing \"eye-lesions\" and the deterioration in visual acuity. These were greater in men than in women, and increased with age. They were also greater in persons who in 1959 had microfilariae in the anterior chamber, and particularly in those who had already developed \"eye lesions\". Severe reactions occurred in a significant proportion of patients who received suramin, and one died. However, these was less deterioration in the eyes of persons in the treated than in the control group.", "PMID": 841651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4719", "title": "A fatal case of strongyloidiasis with Strongyloides larvae in the meninges.", "content": "A case of fatal strongyloidiasis associated with pyogenic meningitis in an adult male African is reported. Strongyloides larvae were present in the purulent exudate in the the meninges, an observation not, to the authors knowledge, hitherto reported in man. Fatal strongyloidiasis due to autoinfection has been reported by several authors and De Paula (1962) reviewed the literature in 40 cases and added 10 others which he had studied. In Uganda fatal cases have been reported by Craven et al. (1971) and Poltera (1974). Although in some cases of fatal strongyloidiasis there was associated pyogenic meningitis (BROWN & PERNA, 1958; WILSON & THOMPSON, 1964; BASSAN-TREMINGER & EL-LANSHAR, 1968) we have not found in the literature any case in which Strongyloides stercoralis larvae or adult worms were found in the brain or meninges. We are, therefore, now reporting a case of fatal strongyloidiasis with pyogenic meningitis in which S. stercoralis larvae were present in the subarachnoid space.", "contents": "A fatal case of strongyloidiasis with Strongyloides larvae in the meninges. A case of fatal strongyloidiasis associated with pyogenic meningitis in an adult male African is reported. Strongyloides larvae were present in the purulent exudate in the the meninges, an observation not, to the authors knowledge, hitherto reported in man. Fatal strongyloidiasis due to autoinfection has been reported by several authors and De Paula (1962) reviewed the literature in 40 cases and added 10 others which he had studied. In Uganda fatal cases have been reported by Craven et al. (1971) and Poltera (1974). Although in some cases of fatal strongyloidiasis there was associated pyogenic meningitis (BROWN & PERNA, 1958; WILSON & THOMPSON, 1964; BASSAN-TREMINGER & EL-LANSHAR, 1968) we have not found in the literature any case in which Strongyloides stercoralis larvae or adult worms were found in the brain or meninges. We are, therefore, now reporting a case of fatal strongyloidiasis with pyogenic meningitis in which S. stercoralis larvae were present in the subarachnoid space.", "PMID": 841652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4720", "title": "Studies of the neutropenia in kala-azar: results in two patients.", "content": "Two patients with kala-azar were studied, one with DF32P (diisopropylfluorophosphate) and one with 51CR (chromate), in an attempt to elucidate the mechanisms producing neutropenia in this disease. The granulocyte half-life was found to be reduced in both patients, with pooling and probable destruction occurring in the spleen and, to a lesser extent, in the liver. Bone marrow neutrophil reserve, estimated by the response to intravenous hydrocortisone hemisuccinate, was found to be markedly reduced in both patients. An enlarged marginal granulocyte pool in one patient indicated that the neutropenia may also be due to altered intravascular granulocyte distribution.", "contents": "Studies of the neutropenia in kala-azar: results in two patients. Two patients with kala-azar were studied, one with DF32P (diisopropylfluorophosphate) and one with 51CR (chromate), in an attempt to elucidate the mechanisms producing neutropenia in this disease. The granulocyte half-life was found to be reduced in both patients, with pooling and probable destruction occurring in the spleen and, to a lesser extent, in the liver. Bone marrow neutrophil reserve, estimated by the response to intravenous hydrocortisone hemisuccinate, was found to be markedly reduced in both patients. An enlarged marginal granulocyte pool in one patient indicated that the neutropenia may also be due to altered intravascular granulocyte distribution.", "PMID": 841653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4721", "title": "The resistance to human plasma of Trypanosoma brucei, T. rhodesiense and T. gambiense. I. Analysis of the composition of trypanosome strains.", "content": "The sensitivity of strains of polymorphic trypanosomes to human plasma was investigated in mice. By measuring the prepatent period an approximate estimate could be made of how many trypanosomes resisted each of a graded series of doses of plasma and survived to produce infection. In this way the composition of typical strains could be analysed. Three types of strains could be recognized: (i) Strains in which all the individuals composing them were sensitive to full doses of plasma, the response to plasma probably having a \"normal\" distribution. These are termed \"sensitive\" strains. (ii) Strains composed mostly of sensitive individuals but containing a small sub-population of resistant individuals (perhaps one in a million). These are termed \"subresistant\" strains. Most of the strains which have been isolated from animals by previous workers and found to be resistant to human serum and/or infective for volunteers are of this type. (iii) Strains composed mostly of resistant individuals. These are \"highly resistant\" strains and are the type isolated from man. It is postulated that there are one (or two) genes responsible for resistance to human plasma and that the response of a strain in plasma-sensitivity tests depends upon whether the strain contains no trypanosomes with the R gene (sensitive strain), a few trypanosomes with the R gene (subresistant strain) or a jamority with the R gene (resistant strain). This model of a subresistant strain can be reproduced artificially by mixing a few resistant trypanosomes with a large number of sensitive ones. Passage of three resistant strains through mice for six weeks diminished their plasma resistance slightly to moderately, presumably through overgrowth of sensitive individuals. Passage trrough goats for six weeks diminished plasma resistance markedly but did not convert the strains into \"sensitive\" ones. Repeated exposure of a subresistant strain to human plasma in mice gradually increases the number of resistant trypanosomes present and so the resistance of a strain as a whole is enhanced.", "contents": "The resistance to human plasma of Trypanosoma brucei, T. rhodesiense and T. gambiense. I. Analysis of the composition of trypanosome strains. The sensitivity of strains of polymorphic trypanosomes to human plasma was investigated in mice. By measuring the prepatent period an approximate estimate could be made of how many trypanosomes resisted each of a graded series of doses of plasma and survived to produce infection. In this way the composition of typical strains could be analysed. Three types of strains could be recognized: (i) Strains in which all the individuals composing them were sensitive to full doses of plasma, the response to plasma probably having a \"normal\" distribution. These are termed \"sensitive\" strains. (ii) Strains composed mostly of sensitive individuals but containing a small sub-population of resistant individuals (perhaps one in a million). These are termed \"subresistant\" strains. Most of the strains which have been isolated from animals by previous workers and found to be resistant to human serum and/or infective for volunteers are of this type. (iii) Strains composed mostly of resistant individuals. These are \"highly resistant\" strains and are the type isolated from man. It is postulated that there are one (or two) genes responsible for resistance to human plasma and that the response of a strain in plasma-sensitivity tests depends upon whether the strain contains no trypanosomes with the R gene (sensitive strain), a few trypanosomes with the R gene (subresistant strain) or a jamority with the R gene (resistant strain). This model of a subresistant strain can be reproduced artificially by mixing a few resistant trypanosomes with a large number of sensitive ones. Passage of three resistant strains through mice for six weeks diminished their plasma resistance slightly to moderately, presumably through overgrowth of sensitive individuals. Passage trrough goats for six weeks diminished plasma resistance markedly but did not convert the strains into \"sensitive\" ones. Repeated exposure of a subresistant strain to human plasma in mice gradually increases the number of resistant trypanosomes present and so the resistance of a strain as a whole is enhanced.", "PMID": 841654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4722", "title": "The resistance to human plasma of Trypanosoma brucei, T. rhodesiense and T. gambiense. II. Survey of strains from East Africa and Nigeria.", "content": "Tests were made in vivo of the sensitivity or resistance to human plasma of many strains of polymorphic trypanosomes. Five strains of T. gambiense from Nigeria were tested and all were highly resistant. Fifteen strains of T. rhodesiense (isolated from man in East Africa) were tested and they showed great variation in their degree of resistance from high resistance (five strains) to only subresistance (two strains). Forty strains of T. brucei (isolated from animals or tsetse flies) were tested; 20 were sensitive, nine were doubtful (probably sensitive) and 10 were subresistant (i.e., probably only one of a million trypanosomes in them was resistant). One strain (ETAT 10, isolated from tsetse flies) was highly resistant. During this work, tests were made on 14 stains of T. brucei (isolated from animals or fly) which were recorded as having been tested on human volunteers. Six of these strains were sensitive to human plasma and none had infected volunteers. Seven strains were subresistant, and three had infected volunteers. One strain was highly resistant and had infected a laboratory worker. For practical purposes it is advisable to consider that if a strain of polymorphic trypanosomes is plasmasensitive, it is probably not infective for man; if a strain is at all plasma-resistant it is potentially infective for man; and if a strain is highly resistant then it is almost certainly infective for man.", "contents": "The resistance to human plasma of Trypanosoma brucei, T. rhodesiense and T. gambiense. II. Survey of strains from East Africa and Nigeria. Tests were made in vivo of the sensitivity or resistance to human plasma of many strains of polymorphic trypanosomes. Five strains of T. gambiense from Nigeria were tested and all were highly resistant. Fifteen strains of T. rhodesiense (isolated from man in East Africa) were tested and they showed great variation in their degree of resistance from high resistance (five strains) to only subresistance (two strains). Forty strains of T. brucei (isolated from animals or tsetse flies) were tested; 20 were sensitive, nine were doubtful (probably sensitive) and 10 were subresistant (i.e., probably only one of a million trypanosomes in them was resistant). One strain (ETAT 10, isolated from tsetse flies) was highly resistant. During this work, tests were made on 14 stains of T. brucei (isolated from animals or fly) which were recorded as having been tested on human volunteers. Six of these strains were sensitive to human plasma and none had infected volunteers. Seven strains were subresistant, and three had infected volunteers. One strain was highly resistant and had infected a laboratory worker. For practical purposes it is advisable to consider that if a strain of polymorphic trypanosomes is plasmasensitive, it is probably not infective for man; if a strain is at all plasma-resistant it is potentially infective for man; and if a strain is highly resistant then it is almost certainly infective for man.", "PMID": 841655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4723", "title": "Hepatitis B surface antigen in the Iraqi population.", "content": "Using counter immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP), the carrier rate of HBsAg among the Arab Population of Iraq was found to be 2.8% comparted with 5.5% in the Kurd population. The incidence of antigenaemia in laboratory workers, renal dialysis staff and patients, nursing and blood bank staff, and pulmonary tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus patients is also reported. Study of immunoglobulin classes in carriers and in HBsAg-negative controls showed that raised IgG and IgM is more common in the former than in the latter.", "contents": "Hepatitis B surface antigen in the Iraqi population. Using counter immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP), the carrier rate of HBsAg among the Arab Population of Iraq was found to be 2.8% comparted with 5.5% in the Kurd population. The incidence of antigenaemia in laboratory workers, renal dialysis staff and patients, nursing and blood bank staff, and pulmonary tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus patients is also reported. Study of immunoglobulin classes in carriers and in HBsAg-negative controls showed that raised IgG and IgM is more common in the former than in the latter.", "PMID": 841658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4724", "title": "The purification of red cells for transfusion by freeze-preservation and washing. V. Red cell recovery and residual leukocytes after freeze-preservation with high concentrations of glycerol and washing in various systems.", "content": "Red blood cells freeze-preserved with 40% W/V glycerol in an ionic or low ionic medium at -80 C were washed in one of four commercially available systems: the Haemonetics Blood Processor 15 using a continuous-flow centrifugation procedure, the Fenwal Elutramatic using a continuous-flow centrifugation procedure, the IBM Blood Processor using an automated serial centrifugation procedure, and the Huggins Cytoglomerator using a dilution/agglomeration procedure. Determinations of red blood cell recovery and leukocyte and platelet removal were made for each of these groups. The dilution/agglomeration procedure produced lower red blood cell recovery values and poorer leukocyte and platelet removal than did any of the three wash systems using sodium chloride solutions. The values obtained with the systems using sodium chloride solutions were slightly but significantly different.", "contents": "The purification of red cells for transfusion by freeze-preservation and washing. V. Red cell recovery and residual leukocytes after freeze-preservation with high concentrations of glycerol and washing in various systems. Red blood cells freeze-preserved with 40% W/V glycerol in an ionic or low ionic medium at -80 C were washed in one of four commercially available systems: the Haemonetics Blood Processor 15 using a continuous-flow centrifugation procedure, the Fenwal Elutramatic using a continuous-flow centrifugation procedure, the IBM Blood Processor using an automated serial centrifugation procedure, and the Huggins Cytoglomerator using a dilution/agglomeration procedure. Determinations of red blood cell recovery and leukocyte and platelet removal were made for each of these groups. The dilution/agglomeration procedure produced lower red blood cell recovery values and poorer leukocyte and platelet removal than did any of the three wash systems using sodium chloride solutions. The values obtained with the systems using sodium chloride solutions were slightly but significantly different.", "PMID": 841667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4725", "title": "Anti-A1 in the plasma of platelet concentrates causing a hemolytic reaction.", "content": "A patient with acute leukemia who typed as AintB received 10 packs of platelets of group 0. Subsequent transfusion of A1B blood resulted in a hemolytic transfusion reaction. Anti-A1 was detected in the serum and on the red blood cells of a post-transfusion sample. This anti-A1 reacted with the transfused A1B red blood cells and other A1 cells, but not with the patient's pretransfusion red blood cells. The plasma of the transfused platelet concentrates had a high titer of immune anti-A.", "contents": "Anti-A1 in the plasma of platelet concentrates causing a hemolytic reaction. A patient with acute leukemia who typed as AintB received 10 packs of platelets of group 0. Subsequent transfusion of A1B blood resulted in a hemolytic transfusion reaction. Anti-A1 was detected in the serum and on the red blood cells of a post-transfusion sample. This anti-A1 reacted with the transfused A1B red blood cells and other A1 cells, but not with the patient's pretransfusion red blood cells. The plasma of the transfused platelet concentrates had a high titer of immune anti-A.", "PMID": 841668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4726", "title": "Clinical value of washed-platelet concentrates in patients with non-hemolytic transfusion reactions.", "content": "In patients with severe allergic reactions to plasma proteins it is possible to observe such reactions to even the small quantity of plasma contained in platelet concentrates. A platelet washing solution was designed, and platelet concentrates for four such patients were washed before infusion. Transfusion reactions were completely eliminated by the washing procedure. Platelet recovery was equivalent to that of unwashed platelets, and hemostatic effectiveness of the infused platelet concentrates was evidenced by abrupt cessation of bleeding episodes, including purpura and hematuria. Platelet washing represents a valuable, rapid and simple approach to the problem patient with thrombocytopenia and severe reactions to plasma proteins.", "contents": "Clinical value of washed-platelet concentrates in patients with non-hemolytic transfusion reactions. In patients with severe allergic reactions to plasma proteins it is possible to observe such reactions to even the small quantity of plasma contained in platelet concentrates. A platelet washing solution was designed, and platelet concentrates for four such patients were washed before infusion. Transfusion reactions were completely eliminated by the washing procedure. Platelet recovery was equivalent to that of unwashed platelets, and hemostatic effectiveness of the infused platelet concentrates was evidenced by abrupt cessation of bleeding episodes, including purpura and hematuria. Platelet washing represents a valuable, rapid and simple approach to the problem patient with thrombocytopenia and severe reactions to plasma proteins.", "PMID": 841669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4727", "title": "The uptake and egress of adenine from human red blood cells in vitro.", "content": "The initial uptake of adenine from plasma by human red blood cells was measured at 0, 10, and 20 C. Initial uptake is completed in several minutes as distribution equilibrium is reached; however, total uptake requires several weeks at 4 C. Adenine inside the red blood cell was shown to egress to the plasma if the equilibrium shifted due to plasma dilution or exchange.", "contents": "The uptake and egress of adenine from human red blood cells in vitro. The initial uptake of adenine from plasma by human red blood cells was measured at 0, 10, and 20 C. Initial uptake is completed in several minutes as distribution equilibrium is reached; however, total uptake requires several weeks at 4 C. Adenine inside the red blood cell was shown to egress to the plasma if the equilibrium shifted due to plasma dilution or exchange.", "PMID": 841670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4728", "title": "Detection of HBsAg in coagulation Factor IX concentrates.", "content": "HBsAg was detected in two commercial clotting factor concentrates: Proplex (Hyland) and Konyne (Cutter). HBsAg was positive by RIA in samples of Proplex but not Konyne. Immune-electron microscopy, however, demonstrated clumped small spheres of HBsAg in both preparations, and lamellar-type strands were seen in several preparations.", "contents": "Detection of HBsAg in coagulation Factor IX concentrates. HBsAg was detected in two commercial clotting factor concentrates: Proplex (Hyland) and Konyne (Cutter). HBsAg was positive by RIA in samples of Proplex but not Konyne. Immune-electron microscopy, however, demonstrated clumped small spheres of HBsAg in both preparations, and lamellar-type strands were seen in several preparations.", "PMID": 841671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4729", "title": "Independence of Wright from many other blood group systems.", "content": "The finding that En(a-) red blood cells are Wr(a-b), and thus probably represent a \"null\" phenotype of the Wright system, has provided evidence of the independence of the Wright blood group system from many others. Detection of blood group antigens on \"null\" red blood cells almost certainly indicates that those antigens do not belong to the same blood group system as the \"null\" cells. In the case of Wright, lack of certainty that En(a-) is the \"real\", or only, null type slightly reduces the weight of the evidence.", "contents": "Independence of Wright from many other blood group systems. The finding that En(a-) red blood cells are Wr(a-b), and thus probably represent a \"null\" phenotype of the Wright system, has provided evidence of the independence of the Wright blood group system from many others. Detection of blood group antigens on \"null\" red blood cells almost certainly indicates that those antigens do not belong to the same blood group system as the \"null\" cells. In the case of Wright, lack of certainty that En(a-) is the \"real\", or only, null type slightly reduces the weight of the evidence.", "PMID": 841672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4730", "title": "Variations in cryoprecipitate production.", "content": "Several variables influencing the recovery of Factor VIII in the cold-precipitated protein fraction were examined. The actual rate at which the physical-chemical conversion of plasma from a solid to a liquid state occurs does not seem to affect the yield. Rather, it is the amount of time immediately postthaw and prior to centrifugation that determines the Factor VIII activity in the cryoprecipitate. With prolonged periods at 4 C the Factor VIII activity leaves the cold precipitate and lifts into the supernatant. Even distribution of the plasma layer and close attention to the thawing procedure facilitate Factor VIII recovery.", "contents": "Variations in cryoprecipitate production. Several variables influencing the recovery of Factor VIII in the cold-precipitated protein fraction were examined. The actual rate at which the physical-chemical conversion of plasma from a solid to a liquid state occurs does not seem to affect the yield. Rather, it is the amount of time immediately postthaw and prior to centrifugation that determines the Factor VIII activity in the cryoprecipitate. With prolonged periods at 4 C the Factor VIII activity leaves the cold precipitate and lifts into the supernatant. Even distribution of the plasma layer and close attention to the thawing procedure facilitate Factor VIII recovery.", "PMID": 841673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4731", "title": "Experimental induction of caprylate-dependent albumin antibodies.", "content": "To provide evidence for the immune nature of the albumin agglutination phenomenon or caprylate dependent albumin agglutinins (CDAA), rabbits were injected with native serum that had been incubated in a solution of sodium caprylate. Two of three rabbits responded with the production of CDAA, which in vitro behaved identical to human antisera. Human cells were agglutinated only when caprylate stabilized albumin was added to the cell/serum mixture or when caprylate free albumin plus sodium caprylate were used. The CDAA failed to agglutinate rabbit cells, although, both human adult and cord cells were agglutinated. These experiments indicate that the CDAA represent an immune response to native albumin that had been altered by caprylate.", "contents": "Experimental induction of caprylate-dependent albumin antibodies. To provide evidence for the immune nature of the albumin agglutination phenomenon or caprylate dependent albumin agglutinins (CDAA), rabbits were injected with native serum that had been incubated in a solution of sodium caprylate. Two of three rabbits responded with the production of CDAA, which in vitro behaved identical to human antisera. Human cells were agglutinated only when caprylate stabilized albumin was added to the cell/serum mixture or when caprylate free albumin plus sodium caprylate were used. The CDAA failed to agglutinate rabbit cells, although, both human adult and cord cells were agglutinated. These experiments indicate that the CDAA represent an immune response to native albumin that had been altered by caprylate.", "PMID": 841674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4732", "title": "In vivo stability of cryoprecipitate fibrinogen.", "content": "Because of its lower hepatitis risk, cryoprecipitate has been advocated as a substitute for commercial fibrinogen. Previous literature on cryofibrinogen has demonstrated a short blood t1/2, rendering it unsuitable for therapeutic use. The in vivo clearance of 131I-cryoprecipitate was compared with that of 125I-standard fibrinogen. A small amount of cryoprecipitate was rapidly cleared and apparently was cryofibrinogen. However, the bulk of the cryoprecipitate was cleared with a normal half life, as was cryoprecipitated that was in 10-bag pools. The data indicated cryoprecipitate was an effective in vivo form of fibrinogen and thus the preferred fibrinogen source because of its combining normal t1/2 with single donor procurement.", "contents": "In vivo stability of cryoprecipitate fibrinogen. Because of its lower hepatitis risk, cryoprecipitate has been advocated as a substitute for commercial fibrinogen. Previous literature on cryofibrinogen has demonstrated a short blood t1/2, rendering it unsuitable for therapeutic use. The in vivo clearance of 131I-cryoprecipitate was compared with that of 125I-standard fibrinogen. A small amount of cryoprecipitate was rapidly cleared and apparently was cryofibrinogen. However, the bulk of the cryoprecipitate was cleared with a normal half life, as was cryoprecipitated that was in 10-bag pools. The data indicated cryoprecipitate was an effective in vivo form of fibrinogen and thus the preferred fibrinogen source because of its combining normal t1/2 with single donor procurement.", "PMID": 841675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4733", "title": "Component preparation record.", "content": "A card form has been developed to record production and distribution data of non-red cell blood components prepared. This form provides a concise, accurate, and permanent record of each unit of non-red cell blood component produced. The form can be modified to meet local requirements.", "contents": "Component preparation record. A card form has been developed to record production and distribution data of non-red cell blood components prepared. This form provides a concise, accurate, and permanent record of each unit of non-red cell blood component produced. The form can be modified to meet local requirements.", "PMID": 841676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4734", "title": "Rapid in vivo destruction of Yt(a+) erythrocytes in a recipient with anti-Yta.", "content": "A patient with anti-Cartwright (anti-Yta) is reported. Immunohematologic studies showed this antibody to be an IgG immunoglobulin that does not bind complement. A 51Cr red blood cell survival study resulted in a greatly reduced half-life of less than six hours of Yt(a+) cells. The antibody titer increased threefold after the red blood cell survival study. Determination of red cell survival is indicated when crossmatch-incompatible blood transfusion is considered.", "contents": "Rapid in vivo destruction of Yt(a+) erythrocytes in a recipient with anti-Yta. A patient with anti-Cartwright (anti-Yta) is reported. Immunohematologic studies showed this antibody to be an IgG immunoglobulin that does not bind complement. A 51Cr red blood cell survival study resulted in a greatly reduced half-life of less than six hours of Yt(a+) cells. The antibody titer increased threefold after the red blood cell survival study. Determination of red cell survival is indicated when crossmatch-incompatible blood transfusion is considered.", "PMID": 841677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4735", "title": "Factors affecting the efficiency of filtration leukapheresis.", "content": "Continuous flow filtration leukopheresis was performed on normal volunteer donors with and without intravenous administration of dexamethasone. Although granulocyte counts were increased in steroid treated donors and almost 20% more cells were presented to the filters, the final yield of granulocytes was slightly decreased and the efficiency of collection during a two- to three-hour leukapheresis was statistically significantly decreased.", "contents": "Factors affecting the efficiency of filtration leukapheresis. Continuous flow filtration leukopheresis was performed on normal volunteer donors with and without intravenous administration of dexamethasone. Although granulocyte counts were increased in steroid treated donors and almost 20% more cells were presented to the filters, the final yield of granulocytes was slightly decreased and the efficiency of collection during a two- to three-hour leukapheresis was statistically significantly decreased.", "PMID": 841678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4736", "title": "Decreased accumulation of phthalate plasticizer during storage of blood as packed cells.", "content": "Accumulation of phthalate plasticizer (di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, DEHP) was markedly reduced in blood stored as packed cells rather than as whole blood. After the first week, the accumulation rate in whole blood was essentially linear, but in packed cells DEHP accumulation was lower, and reached a plateau. At three weeks whole blood contained about three times more DEHP than did packed cells. Smaller amounts of plasma and restricted diffusion probably limited DEHP accumulation in packed cell preparations.", "contents": "Decreased accumulation of phthalate plasticizer during storage of blood as packed cells. Accumulation of phthalate plasticizer (di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, DEHP) was markedly reduced in blood stored as packed cells rather than as whole blood. After the first week, the accumulation rate in whole blood was essentially linear, but in packed cells DEHP accumulation was lower, and reached a plateau. At three weeks whole blood contained about three times more DEHP than did packed cells. Smaller amounts of plasma and restricted diffusion probably limited DEHP accumulation in packed cell preparations.", "PMID": 841679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4737", "title": "Self-administered blood donor medical history.", "content": "An experiment in self-administered blood donor medical histories is described. This history, reviewed by a medical history nurse, was not associated with more rapid donor processing. Donors and medical history nurses reacted positively to self-administration. The quality of the medical history did not appear to be affected by the procedure. The findings suggest that there is value in the self-administration process, and that further trial is warranted.", "contents": "Self-administered blood donor medical history. An experiment in self-administered blood donor medical histories is described. This history, reviewed by a medical history nurse, was not associated with more rapid donor processing. Donors and medical history nurses reacted positively to self-administration. The quality of the medical history did not appear to be affected by the procedure. The findings suggest that there is value in the self-administration process, and that further trial is warranted.", "PMID": 841681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4738", "title": "Chemical analysis of a 30-year-old bottle of lyophilized plasma.", "content": "The biochemical constituents of a 30-year-old sealed bottle of lyophilized plasma were analyzed. The results in this communication show that the process of lyophilization and storage has not seemed to cause any great changes in plasma components, including hormones, enzymes, and proteins.", "contents": "Chemical analysis of a 30-year-old bottle of lyophilized plasma. The biochemical constituents of a 30-year-old sealed bottle of lyophilized plasma were analyzed. The results in this communication show that the process of lyophilization and storage has not seemed to cause any great changes in plasma components, including hormones, enzymes, and proteins.", "PMID": 841680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4739", "title": "Viability and function of platelets frozen at 2 to 3 C per minute with 4 or 5 per cent DMSO and stored at -80 C for 8 months.", "content": "Each of 15 healthy male volunteers was treated with 650 mg of aspirin 24 hours before the autologous transfusion of one unit of freeze-preserved platelets. Freeze-thaw-wash recovery values in vitro, viability and function in vivo, and the bleeding time and platelet aggregation response were measured. The platelets were frozen with 4 or 5 per cent dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) at an overall rate of 2 to 3 C per minute and were stored at -80 C in a mechanical freezer for up to eight months. They were washed by dilution/centrifugation. The mean recovery in vitro of platelets frozen with 4 per cent DMSO was 76+/-16%; the value was 64+/-16% for platelets frozen with 5% DMSO. The mean in vivo 51Cr recovery of autologous platelets frozen with 4% DMSO was 34+/-6%, and for platelets frozen with 5% DMSO it was 33+/-7%. In both groups the platelet lifespan was normal. There was a significant reduction in bleeding time after the transfusion of a single unit of autologous platelets preserved with either 4 or 5% DMSO, but no improvement in the aspirin-induced platelet aggregation pattern.", "contents": "Viability and function of platelets frozen at 2 to 3 C per minute with 4 or 5 per cent DMSO and stored at -80 C for 8 months. Each of 15 healthy male volunteers was treated with 650 mg of aspirin 24 hours before the autologous transfusion of one unit of freeze-preserved platelets. Freeze-thaw-wash recovery values in vitro, viability and function in vivo, and the bleeding time and platelet aggregation response were measured. The platelets were frozen with 4 or 5 per cent dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) at an overall rate of 2 to 3 C per minute and were stored at -80 C in a mechanical freezer for up to eight months. They were washed by dilution/centrifugation. The mean recovery in vitro of platelets frozen with 4 per cent DMSO was 76+/-16%; the value was 64+/-16% for platelets frozen with 5% DMSO. The mean in vivo 51Cr recovery of autologous platelets frozen with 4% DMSO was 34+/-6%, and for platelets frozen with 5% DMSO it was 33+/-7%. In both groups the platelet lifespan was normal. There was a significant reduction in bleeding time after the transfusion of a single unit of autologous platelets preserved with either 4 or 5% DMSO, but no improvement in the aspirin-induced platelet aggregation pattern.", "PMID": 841682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4740", "title": "Lymphatic network of kidney. I. Anatomic and physiologic considerations.", "content": "A small number of investigators, including our team, has been responsible during the past two decades for many studies focusing on the kidney lymphatics. Interesting new information and concepts have been published, but unfortunately some of these data are scattered in obscure journals. The major purpose of this, and three subsequent reviews, is to present these new concepts in a more organized fashion. The reviews will also allow our group an opportunity to emphasize physiologic principles which have been ignored in the past. In a future review we will emphasize the role of the immunoblast, found only in kidney lymph and responsible for rejecting the renal allograft. Azathioprine (Imuran), if given early and in adequate dosage, will reduce the role of these transformed lymphocytes. Still another review article will emphasize the importance of renal tissue concentrations of antibacteria in eradicating acute pyelonephritis. Blood and urine levels of antibiotics are also important in eradicating pyelonephritis. Since renal lymph represents interstitial fluid, the concentration of appropriate bacteria-sensitive antibacterials is probably more important. We have now evaluated fourteen antibacterials individually in the mongrel dog, comparing plasma, urine, and renal lymph levels during similar time intervals. Finally, we will review the role of diuretics in altering the interstitial gradient of various solutes. Osmotic diuretics of more potent diuretics which affect renal tubular reabsorption manifest their action by different means when renal lymph fluid is evaluated.", "contents": "Lymphatic network of kidney. I. Anatomic and physiologic considerations. A small number of investigators, including our team, has been responsible during the past two decades for many studies focusing on the kidney lymphatics. Interesting new information and concepts have been published, but unfortunately some of these data are scattered in obscure journals. The major purpose of this, and three subsequent reviews, is to present these new concepts in a more organized fashion. The reviews will also allow our group an opportunity to emphasize physiologic principles which have been ignored in the past. In a future review we will emphasize the role of the immunoblast, found only in kidney lymph and responsible for rejecting the renal allograft. Azathioprine (Imuran), if given early and in adequate dosage, will reduce the role of these transformed lymphocytes. Still another review article will emphasize the importance of renal tissue concentrations of antibacteria in eradicating acute pyelonephritis. Blood and urine levels of antibiotics are also important in eradicating pyelonephritis. Since renal lymph represents interstitial fluid, the concentration of appropriate bacteria-sensitive antibacterials is probably more important. We have now evaluated fourteen antibacterials individually in the mongrel dog, comparing plasma, urine, and renal lymph levels during similar time intervals. Finally, we will review the role of diuretics in altering the interstitial gradient of various solutes. Osmotic diuretics of more potent diuretics which affect renal tubular reabsorption manifest their action by different means when renal lymph fluid is evaluated.", "PMID": 841776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4741", "title": "Accessory and ectopic scrota.", "content": "Two cases of ectopic scrotum are presented, and 12 previously reported cases are reviewed. This anomaly presumably develops secondary to faulty division or abnormal migration of the embryonic labioscrotal swellings.", "contents": "Accessory and ectopic scrota. Two cases of ectopic scrotum are presented, and 12 previously reported cases are reviewed. This anomaly presumably develops secondary to faulty division or abnormal migration of the embryonic labioscrotal swellings.", "PMID": 841777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4742", "title": "Ataralgesia in outpatient urology. Clinical evaluation.", "content": "The combination of fentanyl citrate (Sublimaze) and diazepam (Valium) was evaluated for efficacy of analgesia, sedation, and safety in 1,008 predominately outpatient urologic procedures. These procedures included prostate biopsies, basket extractions of ureteral calculi, internal urethrotomies, and cystourethroscopies. Ninety-two per cent were judged to be successful with regard to adequate tranquilization and relief of pain. No detrimental effects were seen with the recommmended method and dosage. This drug combination provides the clinician with an effective and safe alternative to local, general, or spinal anesthesia for many routine urologic procedures and allows them to becom true office procedures.", "contents": "Ataralgesia in outpatient urology. Clinical evaluation. The combination of fentanyl citrate (Sublimaze) and diazepam (Valium) was evaluated for efficacy of analgesia, sedation, and safety in 1,008 predominately outpatient urologic procedures. These procedures included prostate biopsies, basket extractions of ureteral calculi, internal urethrotomies, and cystourethroscopies. Ninety-two per cent were judged to be successful with regard to adequate tranquilization and relief of pain. No detrimental effects were seen with the recommmended method and dosage. This drug combination provides the clinician with an effective and safe alternative to local, general, or spinal anesthesia for many routine urologic procedures and allows them to becom true office procedures.", "PMID": 841778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4743", "title": "Urolithiasis after intestinal bypass for morbid obesity.", "content": "Urinary calculi, predominantly of oxalate composition, have been noted in 10 to 14% of a large series of morbidly obese patients after jejunoileal intestinal bypass at this institution. Physical and metabolic changes after bypass surgery, including the presence of hyderoxaluria, hyperuricemia, and fluid and electrolyte disturbances are reviewed in their possible relationship to this increased incidence of urolithiasis.", "contents": "Urolithiasis after intestinal bypass for morbid obesity. Urinary calculi, predominantly of oxalate composition, have been noted in 10 to 14% of a large series of morbidly obese patients after jejunoileal intestinal bypass at this institution. Physical and metabolic changes after bypass surgery, including the presence of hyderoxaluria, hyperuricemia, and fluid and electrolyte disturbances are reviewed in their possible relationship to this increased incidence of urolithiasis.", "PMID": 841779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4744", "title": "Simulated testicular torsion in a neonate: complication of ventriculoperitoneal shunt.", "content": "Ventriculoperitoneal shunts are a common form of cerebrospinal fluid diversion in treating hydrocephalus. With their use various complications have been noted. Herein is described a shunt complication which simulated an acute scrotal condition. The operative findings and treatment are discussed. A brief review of the literature is also given.", "contents": "Simulated testicular torsion in a neonate: complication of ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Ventriculoperitoneal shunts are a common form of cerebrospinal fluid diversion in treating hydrocephalus. With their use various complications have been noted. Herein is described a shunt complication which simulated an acute scrotal condition. The operative findings and treatment are discussed. A brief review of the literature is also given.", "PMID": 841780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4745", "title": "Renal cortical microabscesses as cause of reversible acute renal failure.", "content": "We report a case of renal cortical microabscesses which presented as oliguric acute renal failure. Prior to the biopsy the patient was suspected of having acute pyelonephritis with acute tubular necrosis. Biopsy was performed to rule out rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis as a cause of his renal failure. To our surprise, we found multiple small microabscesses in the renal cortiex. Renal cortical microabscesses should be considered as a reversible acute renal failure.", "contents": "Renal cortical microabscesses as cause of reversible acute renal failure. We report a case of renal cortical microabscesses which presented as oliguric acute renal failure. Prior to the biopsy the patient was suspected of having acute pyelonephritis with acute tubular necrosis. Biopsy was performed to rule out rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis as a cause of his renal failure. To our surprise, we found multiple small microabscesses in the renal cortiex. Renal cortical microabscesses should be considered as a reversible acute renal failure.", "PMID": 841781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4746", "title": "Severe hypertensive reaction to indigo carmine.", "content": "An episode of severe hypertension induced by indigo carmine is herein reported. Treatment with intravenous hydralazine was required to restore systemic blood pressure to a safe level. The reported association of indigo carmine with hypertension is reviewed.", "contents": "Severe hypertensive reaction to indigo carmine. An episode of severe hypertension induced by indigo carmine is herein reported. Treatment with intravenous hydralazine was required to restore systemic blood pressure to a safe level. The reported association of indigo carmine with hypertension is reviewed.", "PMID": 841782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4747", "title": "Vesicoureteral reflux associated with intact orthotopic ureterocele.", "content": "Two cases of vesicoureteral reflux into intact, orthotopic ureteroceles are described. A review of the literature failed to reveal any similar reports. Insufficient submucosal ureteral length was thought to be the cause in each of the cases. Both patients were satisfactorily managed with standard ureteroneocystostomy after resection of the ureterocele.", "contents": "Vesicoureteral reflux associated with intact orthotopic ureterocele. Two cases of vesicoureteral reflux into intact, orthotopic ureteroceles are described. A review of the literature failed to reveal any similar reports. Insufficient submucosal ureteral length was thought to be the cause in each of the cases. Both patients were satisfactorily managed with standard ureteroneocystostomy after resection of the ureterocele.", "PMID": 841783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4748", "title": "Immunoglobulin A in split ejaculates of patients with prostatitis.", "content": "7S and 11S IgA (immunoglobulin A) levels in split ejaculates of 17 patients with chronic prostatis and 16 normal subjects were studied by the Hanson radial immunogel filtration method. The results suggest at least in certain cases of prostatitis increase of IgA level involves elevation of both types of IgA, and they are mainly of prostatic origin.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin A in split ejaculates of patients with prostatitis. 7S and 11S IgA (immunoglobulin A) levels in split ejaculates of 17 patients with chronic prostatis and 16 normal subjects were studied by the Hanson radial immunogel filtration method. The results suggest at least in certain cases of prostatitis increase of IgA level involves elevation of both types of IgA, and they are mainly of prostatic origin.", "PMID": 841786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4749", "title": "Methyldopa in treatment of neurogenic bladder disorders.", "content": "Fifty patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction were treated with methyldopa (Aldomet). The preliminary results that are presented suggest a beneficial action in patients with upper neuron lesions. The probable mechanism of the drug's action is discussed.", "contents": "Methyldopa in treatment of neurogenic bladder disorders. Fifty patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction were treated with methyldopa (Aldomet). The preliminary results that are presented suggest a beneficial action in patients with upper neuron lesions. The probable mechanism of the drug's action is discussed.", "PMID": 841787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4750", "title": "Retroperitoneal fibrosis secondary to metastatic neoplasm.", "content": "Retroperitoneal fibrosis may occur secondary to metastatic neoplasm and may simulate the features of the idiopathic variety. A case of retroperitoneal fibrosis due to gastric carcinoma is presented and the historical, physical, cystoscopic, urographic, operative, and pathologic similarities to the idiopathic form discussed. Generous biopsy of retroperitoneal plaques and careful pathologic examination are stressed to avoid missing malignant disease.", "contents": "Retroperitoneal fibrosis secondary to metastatic neoplasm. Retroperitoneal fibrosis may occur secondary to metastatic neoplasm and may simulate the features of the idiopathic variety. A case of retroperitoneal fibrosis due to gastric carcinoma is presented and the historical, physical, cystoscopic, urographic, operative, and pathologic similarities to the idiopathic form discussed. Generous biopsy of retroperitoneal plaques and careful pathologic examination are stressed to avoid missing malignant disease.", "PMID": 841788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4751", "title": "Spectrum of ultrastructural patterns of renal cell adenocarcinoma.", "content": "The ultrastructure of renal cell carcinoma was studied in 6 patients. This study demonstrated a spectrum of ultrastructural patterns ranging from the classic electron microscopic features of granular cell carcinoma at one extreme, to those of clear cell carcinoma at the other extreme. Other tumors demonstrated intermediate features. There was reasonably good correlation between the light microscopy and electron microscopy. Unusual findings of connective tissue banded structures and basement membrane branching were demonstrated.", "contents": "Spectrum of ultrastructural patterns of renal cell adenocarcinoma. The ultrastructure of renal cell carcinoma was studied in 6 patients. This study demonstrated a spectrum of ultrastructural patterns ranging from the classic electron microscopic features of granular cell carcinoma at one extreme, to those of clear cell carcinoma at the other extreme. Other tumors demonstrated intermediate features. There was reasonably good correlation between the light microscopy and electron microscopy. Unusual findings of connective tissue banded structures and basement membrane branching were demonstrated.", "PMID": 841789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4752", "title": "Double contrast polycystography: new radiologic procedure.", "content": "To plan the treatment of carcinoma of the bladder correctly accurate knowledge of the morphology and degree of infiltration of the tumor is essential. Double contrast cystography and polycystography are radiologic techniques that can provide such information. Hitherto, these two procedures have been performed separately. Herein is described a new method combining these two investigations. Thus maximum information necessary to plan the treatment of bladder tumors is obtained from a single radiograph. The advantages of this procedure are discussed.", "contents": "Double contrast polycystography: new radiologic procedure. To plan the treatment of carcinoma of the bladder correctly accurate knowledge of the morphology and degree of infiltration of the tumor is essential. Double contrast cystography and polycystography are radiologic techniques that can provide such information. Hitherto, these two procedures have been performed separately. Herein is described a new method combining these two investigations. Thus maximum information necessary to plan the treatment of bladder tumors is obtained from a single radiograph. The advantages of this procedure are discussed.", "PMID": 841790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4753", "title": "Idiopathic pelviureteric varices.", "content": "Pelviureteric varices are well-documented sequelae of renal vein thrombosis, but there have been only 10 prior reports of idiopathic renal vein varicosities. Herein we report 3 more cases and review the literature. Two thirds of the patients presented with hematuria; one-fourth had flank pain, and one-third had saphenous vein varicosities. Pyelographic findings include scalloped deformities of the upper ureter and pelvis with displacement and intraluminal filling defects. The diagnosis may be suspected from the excretory urogram, but venography is definitive. Excision and ligation of the varicose veins were curative in all but 3 patients who required nephrectomy for life-threatening hemorrhage.", "contents": "Idiopathic pelviureteric varices. Pelviureteric varices are well-documented sequelae of renal vein thrombosis, but there have been only 10 prior reports of idiopathic renal vein varicosities. Herein we report 3 more cases and review the literature. Two thirds of the patients presented with hematuria; one-fourth had flank pain, and one-third had saphenous vein varicosities. Pyelographic findings include scalloped deformities of the upper ureter and pelvis with displacement and intraluminal filling defects. The diagnosis may be suspected from the excretory urogram, but venography is definitive. Excision and ligation of the varicose veins were curative in all but 3 patients who required nephrectomy for life-threatening hemorrhage.", "PMID": 841791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4754", "title": "Avascular renal adenocarcinoma: variations and characteristics.", "content": "Six cases (men ranging in ages from thirty-seven to seventy-seven years) illustrate the varied characteristics of avascular renal adenocarcinoma. These tumors frequently stimulat benign lesions. All modalities including intravenous pyelography, nephrotomography, ultrasonography, cyst puncture with cystic fluid assessment, angiography, and operation with tissue specimens submitted for pathologic examination may be required before diagnosis is established. An orderly approach to the evaluation of lesions will allow accurate diagnosis approaching 100% with minimum morbidity. Attention to the finer details of vascular patterns on angiography has proved to be a most helpful diagnostic aid. Cyst puncture with histochemical, cytologic, and radiographic examinations appears to offer additional help in diagnosing these elusive lesions.", "contents": "Avascular renal adenocarcinoma: variations and characteristics. Six cases (men ranging in ages from thirty-seven to seventy-seven years) illustrate the varied characteristics of avascular renal adenocarcinoma. These tumors frequently stimulat benign lesions. All modalities including intravenous pyelography, nephrotomography, ultrasonography, cyst puncture with cystic fluid assessment, angiography, and operation with tissue specimens submitted for pathologic examination may be required before diagnosis is established. An orderly approach to the evaluation of lesions will allow accurate diagnosis approaching 100% with minimum morbidity. Attention to the finer details of vascular patterns on angiography has proved to be a most helpful diagnostic aid. Cyst puncture with histochemical, cytologic, and radiographic examinations appears to offer additional help in diagnosing these elusive lesions.", "PMID": 841792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4755", "title": "Accuracy of bipedal lymphangiography in testicular tumors.", "content": "The accuracy of bipedal lymphangiography to evaluate nodal metastases in patients with testicular malignancies is discussed. A total of 108 patients were evaluated. Histologic correlation was available in 45 cases. The over-all accuracy was 89% which compares favorably with other large series.", "contents": "Accuracy of bipedal lymphangiography in testicular tumors. The accuracy of bipedal lymphangiography to evaluate nodal metastases in patients with testicular malignancies is discussed. A total of 108 patients were evaluated. Histologic correlation was available in 45 cases. The over-all accuracy was 89% which compares favorably with other large series.", "PMID": 841793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4756", "title": "Renal sinus angiomyolipoma.", "content": "The first case of an angiomyolipoma limited to the renal sinus is presented. The radiographic findings were a relatively lucent mass within the renal sinus (extrarenal); neovascularity that did not respond to epinephrine; lack of arteriovenous shunting; a \"whorled\" venous pattern; and displacement and compression of the renal vein without evidence of invasion. Infusion nephrotomography and renal venography were crucial in the localization and preoperative suggestion of this benign renal sinus lesion. The renal sinus angiomyolipoma was removed by blunt dissection and the kidney preserved.", "contents": "Renal sinus angiomyolipoma. The first case of an angiomyolipoma limited to the renal sinus is presented. The radiographic findings were a relatively lucent mass within the renal sinus (extrarenal); neovascularity that did not respond to epinephrine; lack of arteriovenous shunting; a \"whorled\" venous pattern; and displacement and compression of the renal vein without evidence of invasion. Infusion nephrotomography and renal venography were crucial in the localization and preoperative suggestion of this benign renal sinus lesion. The renal sinus angiomyolipoma was removed by blunt dissection and the kidney preserved.", "PMID": 841794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4757", "title": "Seeding mechanism of urothelium over nonepithelialized surfaces.", "content": "To study urothelial spreading over nonepithelialized tissue surfaces, bladder defects in rabbits were patched with pedicled prevesical fat. Using serial sections and scanning electron microscopic studies, it was concluded that urothelium in the process of covering nonepithelialized surfaces is able to seed at a distance from the periphery of the defect as one means of epithelializing a defect.", "contents": "Seeding mechanism of urothelium over nonepithelialized surfaces. To study urothelial spreading over nonepithelialized tissue surfaces, bladder defects in rabbits were patched with pedicled prevesical fat. Using serial sections and scanning electron microscopic studies, it was concluded that urothelium in the process of covering nonepithelialized surfaces is able to seed at a distance from the periphery of the defect as one means of epithelializing a defect.", "PMID": 841795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4758", "title": "Minimal mortality of renal surgery.", "content": "Eight hundred fourteen renal operative procedures were reviewed to determine overall mortality and to identify patients at risk. The over-all mortality was 1.35%, but as high as 30% in patients with uremia and spesis. Carcinomatosis contributed to higher mortality in other groups. In the absence of these three factors renal surgery was associated with very low or no postoperative (thirty day) mortality.", "contents": "Minimal mortality of renal surgery. Eight hundred fourteen renal operative procedures were reviewed to determine overall mortality and to identify patients at risk. The over-all mortality was 1.35%, but as high as 30% in patients with uremia and spesis. Carcinomatosis contributed to higher mortality in other groups. In the absence of these three factors renal surgery was associated with very low or no postoperative (thirty day) mortality.", "PMID": 841796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4759", "title": "Nonobstructive anuria in children: hemolytic uremic syndrome.", "content": "The hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) must be considered as a cause of oligo-anuria in a previously healthy young child. This syndrome consists of a viral-like prodromal illness, followed by acute renal failure, thrombocytopenia, and an abnormal blood smear with fragmented erythrocytes. Awareness of this syndrome will permit earlier diagnosis and management and will minimize unneccessary investigation in the anuric child.", "contents": "Nonobstructive anuria in children: hemolytic uremic syndrome. The hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) must be considered as a cause of oligo-anuria in a previously healthy young child. This syndrome consists of a viral-like prodromal illness, followed by acute renal failure, thrombocytopenia, and an abnormal blood smear with fragmented erythrocytes. Awareness of this syndrome will permit earlier diagnosis and management and will minimize unneccessary investigation in the anuric child.", "PMID": 841797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4760", "title": "Prevention of venous thromboembolism with low doses of heparin in urologic patients.", "content": "The effectiveness of low doses of heparin was investigated for the prevention of clinically manifested thromboembolic disease. In the group of 125 patients, who received 5,000 units of subcutaneous heparin two hours before the operation, and postoperatively 15,000 units per day for seven to ten days, deep vein thrombosis was not observed, and in only 1 patient (0.8%) pulmonary embolism was suspected. Of 216 patients from the control group, pulmonary embolism was clinically diagnosed in 4 (1.9%), deep vein thrombosis in 7 (3.4%), and in 2 patients (0.9%) fatal pulmonary embolism was found at autopsy. The difference between total thromboembolic disease of the control group (6.2%) and heparinized group was highly significant (p less than 0.02). Postoperative bleeding was seen two times more often in the heparin group, but bleeding was not severe and was easily controlled.", "contents": "Prevention of venous thromboembolism with low doses of heparin in urologic patients. The effectiveness of low doses of heparin was investigated for the prevention of clinically manifested thromboembolic disease. In the group of 125 patients, who received 5,000 units of subcutaneous heparin two hours before the operation, and postoperatively 15,000 units per day for seven to ten days, deep vein thrombosis was not observed, and in only 1 patient (0.8%) pulmonary embolism was suspected. Of 216 patients from the control group, pulmonary embolism was clinically diagnosed in 4 (1.9%), deep vein thrombosis in 7 (3.4%), and in 2 patients (0.9%) fatal pulmonary embolism was found at autopsy. The difference between total thromboembolic disease of the control group (6.2%) and heparinized group was highly significant (p less than 0.02). Postoperative bleeding was seen two times more often in the heparin group, but bleeding was not severe and was easily controlled.", "PMID": 841798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4761", "title": "Tactile litholapaxy--safe and efficient.", "content": "Tactile litholapaxy is a safe procedure and is not difficult to learn. It can be used for stones up to 5 cm. in diameter unless the stone is very hard. The bladder is distended with irrigating fluid, the lithotrite passed, the jaws opened, and the lower jaw depressed against the floor of the bladder and vibrated to allow the stone to roll on to it. The upper jaw is depressed against the stone, the threads at the handle are meshed, and the stone is crushed. Fragments are crushed in like manner and are then washed out through a resectoscope sheath. It is easier to do and more efficient in both length of operating time, absence of complications, and shorter hospital stay when compared with visual litholapaxy and cystolithotomy.", "contents": "Tactile litholapaxy--safe and efficient. Tactile litholapaxy is a safe procedure and is not difficult to learn. It can be used for stones up to 5 cm. in diameter unless the stone is very hard. The bladder is distended with irrigating fluid, the lithotrite passed, the jaws opened, and the lower jaw depressed against the floor of the bladder and vibrated to allow the stone to roll on to it. The upper jaw is depressed against the stone, the threads at the handle are meshed, and the stone is crushed. Fragments are crushed in like manner and are then washed out through a resectoscope sheath. It is easier to do and more efficient in both length of operating time, absence of complications, and shorter hospital stay when compared with visual litholapaxy and cystolithotomy.", "PMID": 841799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4762", "title": "Vascular obstruction of ureter after transureteroureterostomy.", "content": "Transureteroureterostomy in 6 dogs with the ureter transposed to cross the arterial notch between the caudal (inferior) mesenteric artery and aorta did not result in vascular induced ureteral obstruction.", "contents": "Vascular obstruction of ureter after transureteroureterostomy. Transureteroureterostomy in 6 dogs with the ureter transposed to cross the arterial notch between the caudal (inferior) mesenteric artery and aorta did not result in vascular induced ureteral obstruction.", "PMID": 841800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4763", "title": "Reversible systemic abnormalities associated with renal cell carcinoma.", "content": "A sixty-eight-year-old male was found to have renal carcinoma after seven months of constitutional symptoms. Initial study of the patient showed a puzzling array of laboratory abnormalities. These led initially to a search for gastrointestinal malignancy and then later to consideration of multiple myeloma. This case serves as a reminder of the propensity of early renal carcinoma to produce striking constitutional symptoms and marked hematologic and serum protein abnormalities. These may occur in the absence of metastases and are frequently reversible as shown in this case with resection of the primary lesion.", "contents": "Reversible systemic abnormalities associated with renal cell carcinoma. A sixty-eight-year-old male was found to have renal carcinoma after seven months of constitutional symptoms. Initial study of the patient showed a puzzling array of laboratory abnormalities. These led initially to a search for gastrointestinal malignancy and then later to consideration of multiple myeloma. This case serves as a reminder of the propensity of early renal carcinoma to produce striking constitutional symptoms and marked hematologic and serum protein abnormalities. These may occur in the absence of metastases and are frequently reversible as shown in this case with resection of the primary lesion.", "PMID": 841801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4764", "title": "Pelvic lymphadenectomy in stage A prostatic cancer.", "content": "Pelvic lymphadenectomy as a staging procedure in clinically apparent prostatic adenocarcinoma has long been recognized and its value appreciated. Twenty-three recent cases from the University of Colorado of clinically unapparent carcinoma of the prostate were studied with this modality, 5 Stage A1 and 18 Stage A2 tumors. Four of the 18 Stage A2 tumors but none of the A1 lesions after negative staging procedures revealed metastatic disease to the pelvic lymph nodes. Our experience indicated this modality should be employed in selected cases of incidental adenocarcinoma of the prostate.", "contents": "Pelvic lymphadenectomy in stage A prostatic cancer. Pelvic lymphadenectomy as a staging procedure in clinically apparent prostatic adenocarcinoma has long been recognized and its value appreciated. Twenty-three recent cases from the University of Colorado of clinically unapparent carcinoma of the prostate were studied with this modality, 5 Stage A1 and 18 Stage A2 tumors. Four of the 18 Stage A2 tumors but none of the A1 lesions after negative staging procedures revealed metastatic disease to the pelvic lymph nodes. Our experience indicated this modality should be employed in selected cases of incidental adenocarcinoma of the prostate.", "PMID": 841802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4765", "title": "Pasteurella multocida infection of urinary tract in patient with ileal loop.", "content": "Pasteurella multocida infection in the ileal loop and in the pelvis of a hydronephrotic kidney of a patient whose other kidney had been removed at age six months was documented by the repeated isolation of this patthogen. Two episodes occurred, the first terminated after a dose of gentamicin and the other without chemotherapy. Since the patient prior to infection was in severe renal failure necessitating hemodialysis, the effect of this infection on renal function could not be ascertained. The probable source was a cat present in the household.", "contents": "Pasteurella multocida infection of urinary tract in patient with ileal loop. Pasteurella multocida infection in the ileal loop and in the pelvis of a hydronephrotic kidney of a patient whose other kidney had been removed at age six months was documented by the repeated isolation of this patthogen. Two episodes occurred, the first terminated after a dose of gentamicin and the other without chemotherapy. Since the patient prior to infection was in severe renal failure necessitating hemodialysis, the effect of this infection on renal function could not be ascertained. The probable source was a cat present in the household.", "PMID": 841805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4766", "title": "Correction of renal hypertension by ligation of stenotic segmental renal artery.", "content": "Hypertension secondary to segmental renal ischemia caused by segmental renal artery stenosis has been relieved by nephrectomy, partial nephrectomy, excision of atrophic segments, or repair of the segmental vessels. This is a report of hypertension caused by stenosis of a segmental renal artery and cured by simple ligation of the stenotic artery.", "contents": "Correction of renal hypertension by ligation of stenotic segmental renal artery. Hypertension secondary to segmental renal ischemia caused by segmental renal artery stenosis has been relieved by nephrectomy, partial nephrectomy, excision of atrophic segments, or repair of the segmental vessels. This is a report of hypertension caused by stenosis of a segmental renal artery and cured by simple ligation of the stenotic artery.", "PMID": 841806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4767", "title": "Aortic aneurysm with retroperitoneal fibrosis and ureteral obstruction.", "content": "Arteriosclerotic aneurysms of the abdominal aorta constitute a common clinical entity. Rarely are they associated with retroperitoneal fibrosis and ureteral obstruction requiring ureterolysis. Fifteen such cases have been reported, with resection successful in 5 of 7. A sixteenth case is presented complicated by the presence of a persistent left cardinal vein. It is the third aneurysm resected with such an anomaly, and to our knowledge the first to be associated with retroperitoneal fibrosis and ureteral obstruction. Ureterolysis with resection of the aneurysm was performed. The difficulties presented by these pathologic entities, as well as the anomalous venous pattern, are reviewed. Complete preoperative evaluation, including intravenous pyelogram, retrograde pyelography, aortography, and venacavography, for the definition of anatomic relationships and planning of the surgical approach is stressed.", "contents": "Aortic aneurysm with retroperitoneal fibrosis and ureteral obstruction. Arteriosclerotic aneurysms of the abdominal aorta constitute a common clinical entity. Rarely are they associated with retroperitoneal fibrosis and ureteral obstruction requiring ureterolysis. Fifteen such cases have been reported, with resection successful in 5 of 7. A sixteenth case is presented complicated by the presence of a persistent left cardinal vein. It is the third aneurysm resected with such an anomaly, and to our knowledge the first to be associated with retroperitoneal fibrosis and ureteral obstruction. Ureterolysis with resection of the aneurysm was performed. The difficulties presented by these pathologic entities, as well as the anomalous venous pattern, are reviewed. Complete preoperative evaluation, including intravenous pyelogram, retrograde pyelography, aortography, and venacavography, for the definition of anatomic relationships and planning of the surgical approach is stressed.", "PMID": 841807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4768", "title": "Renal plasmacytoma.", "content": "Plasmacytoma, a localized extramedullary mass of plasma cells, is one manifestation of multiple myeloma. Renal plasmacytomas are rare lesions with neovascularity on arteriogram. This may cause confusion with the much more common renal cell carcinoma unless the clinician is aware of this entity. A case is presented, the literature reviewed, and problems in management discussed.", "contents": "Renal plasmacytoma. Plasmacytoma, a localized extramedullary mass of plasma cells, is one manifestation of multiple myeloma. Renal plasmacytomas are rare lesions with neovascularity on arteriogram. This may cause confusion with the much more common renal cell carcinoma unless the clinician is aware of this entity. A case is presented, the literature reviewed, and problems in management discussed.", "PMID": 841808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4769", "title": "Congenital megalourethra associated with hypospadias.", "content": "Megalourethra is an extremely rare congenital anomaly. Association with hypospadias has not been previously noted. It is essential that this condition be recognized so that circumcision is not performed. More importantly, other congenital anomalies must be suspected. One-stage surgical repair of the condition is not difficult and generally offers good results.", "contents": "Congenital megalourethra associated with hypospadias. Megalourethra is an extremely rare congenital anomaly. Association with hypospadias has not been previously noted. It is essential that this condition be recognized so that circumcision is not performed. More importantly, other congenital anomalies must be suspected. One-stage surgical repair of the condition is not difficult and generally offers good results.", "PMID": 841809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4770", "title": "Responsiveness of lymphocytes to soluble extracts of prostatic tumors and abrogation by serum-blocking factor(s).", "content": "Preliminary evidence is presented suggestive of antitumor immunity, cross reactive with allogeneic extracts from tumors of the same type, and serum-blocking factor(s), which appear to be specific to autologous tumor only, in patients with prostatic cancer employing the method of leukocyte adherence inhibition.", "contents": "Responsiveness of lymphocytes to soluble extracts of prostatic tumors and abrogation by serum-blocking factor(s). Preliminary evidence is presented suggestive of antitumor immunity, cross reactive with allogeneic extracts from tumors of the same type, and serum-blocking factor(s), which appear to be specific to autologous tumor only, in patients with prostatic cancer employing the method of leukocyte adherence inhibition.", "PMID": 841812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4771", "title": "Squamous metaplasia and invasive epidermoid carcinoma of bladder.", "content": "Invasive epidermoid carcinoma of the urinary bladder is described in a young woman with a long history of bladder infections and extensive squamous metaplasia without atypia. The literature on squamous metaplasia and leukoplakia progressing to epidermoid carcinoma of the chronic dysuria, bladder infections, and long histories of squamous metaplasia of the bladder should be followed up very closely. If epidermoid carcinoma of the bladder develops, they should undergo radical surgery.", "contents": "Squamous metaplasia and invasive epidermoid carcinoma of bladder. Invasive epidermoid carcinoma of the urinary bladder is described in a young woman with a long history of bladder infections and extensive squamous metaplasia without atypia. The literature on squamous metaplasia and leukoplakia progressing to epidermoid carcinoma of the chronic dysuria, bladder infections, and long histories of squamous metaplasia of the bladder should be followed up very closely. If epidermoid carcinoma of the bladder develops, they should undergo radical surgery.", "PMID": 841813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4772", "title": "Renins and prostaglandins in segmental renal artery aneurysm associated with accelerated hypertension.", "content": "A patient with hypertension of sudden onset and with segmental renal ischemia due to an aneurysm in a renal artery branch underwent a nephrectomy which apparently cured his arterial hypertension. The nephrectomy specimen was studied to determine the activity of the juxtaglomerular cells and the concentration of prostaglandins in both ischemic and normal renal tissue. As compared with the normal tissue, the ischemic cortex had an increased number of heavily granulated juxtaglomerular cells. Interstitial fibrosis in the ischemic segment was associated with considerably lower tissue concentration of both prostaglandins A2 and E2 when compared with surrounding normal medulla. These findings appear to correlate well with present theories that consider renal ischemia to be associated with decreased production or response of prostaglandins that normally would counteract the effects of angiotensin.", "contents": "Renins and prostaglandins in segmental renal artery aneurysm associated with accelerated hypertension. A patient with hypertension of sudden onset and with segmental renal ischemia due to an aneurysm in a renal artery branch underwent a nephrectomy which apparently cured his arterial hypertension. The nephrectomy specimen was studied to determine the activity of the juxtaglomerular cells and the concentration of prostaglandins in both ischemic and normal renal tissue. As compared with the normal tissue, the ischemic cortex had an increased number of heavily granulated juxtaglomerular cells. Interstitial fibrosis in the ischemic segment was associated with considerably lower tissue concentration of both prostaglandins A2 and E2 when compared with surrounding normal medulla. These findings appear to correlate well with present theories that consider renal ischemia to be associated with decreased production or response of prostaglandins that normally would counteract the effects of angiotensin.", "PMID": 841814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4773", "title": "Prostatic mycosis: nonsurgical diagnosis and management.", "content": "Mycotic prostatitis is usually found incidentally at autopsy or in surgically removed prostates. A seventy-nine-year-old man with mycotic prostatitis presented with prostatism. A non-operative diagnosis was established by needle biopsy of the prostate. Symptoms of prostatism improved with medical management. A review of prostatic mycosis is presented.", "contents": "Prostatic mycosis: nonsurgical diagnosis and management. Mycotic prostatitis is usually found incidentally at autopsy or in surgically removed prostates. A seventy-nine-year-old man with mycotic prostatitis presented with prostatism. A non-operative diagnosis was established by needle biopsy of the prostate. Symptoms of prostatism improved with medical management. A review of prostatic mycosis is presented.", "PMID": 841815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4774", "title": "When is biopsy necessary in pelvic lipomatosis?", "content": "Pelvic lipomatosis has a classic roentgen triad which includes (1) pelvic radiolucency, (2) elevation of an intact rectosigmoid, and (3) elevation of the urinary bladder. This triad, in the absence of other abnormal clinical and roentgen findings, is pathognomonic of pelvic lipomatosis, and surgical biopsy is not necessary to confirm the diagnosis.", "contents": "When is biopsy necessary in pelvic lipomatosis? Pelvic lipomatosis has a classic roentgen triad which includes (1) pelvic radiolucency, (2) elevation of an intact rectosigmoid, and (3) elevation of the urinary bladder. This triad, in the absence of other abnormal clinical and roentgen findings, is pathognomonic of pelvic lipomatosis, and surgical biopsy is not necessary to confirm the diagnosis.", "PMID": 841817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4775", "title": "Computed tomography of gas-filled bladder: method of staging bladder neoplasms.", "content": "Current methods of staging bladder carcinoma have many disadvantages. A new method of staging bladder tumors employing computed tomography (CT) of the gas-filled bladder is presented. Representative cases are demonstrated. Direct visualization of the extent of the tumor and adjacent soft tissue structures is possible. CT scanning of the gas-filled bladder is a promising new method for staging bladder tumors and following their response to therapy.", "contents": "Computed tomography of gas-filled bladder: method of staging bladder neoplasms. Current methods of staging bladder carcinoma have many disadvantages. A new method of staging bladder tumors employing computed tomography (CT) of the gas-filled bladder is presented. Representative cases are demonstrated. Direct visualization of the extent of the tumor and adjacent soft tissue structures is possible. CT scanning of the gas-filled bladder is a promising new method for staging bladder tumors and following their response to therapy.", "PMID": 841818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4776", "title": "Source of diagnostic pitfalls in renal sonography.", "content": "In the evaluation of 116 renal masses 91 (80%) were interpreted as cystic and 25 (20%) as solid. Additional evaluation by arteriography and finally surgery showed that 3 of the 25 initially believed to be solid proved to be cystic. These three renal masses with internal echoes on ultrasound were found at surgery to be either collections of contiguous cysts or loculated cysts with calcification. These conditions are believed to represent a source of diagnostic pitfalls in renal sonography.", "contents": "Source of diagnostic pitfalls in renal sonography. In the evaluation of 116 renal masses 91 (80%) were interpreted as cystic and 25 (20%) as solid. Additional evaluation by arteriography and finally surgery showed that 3 of the 25 initially believed to be solid proved to be cystic. These three renal masses with internal echoes on ultrasound were found at surgery to be either collections of contiguous cysts or loculated cysts with calcification. These conditions are believed to represent a source of diagnostic pitfalls in renal sonography.", "PMID": 841820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4777", "title": "Fluorosis in dairy cattle.", "content": "The investigation of a high incidence of arthritis in 21 dairy herds disclosed elevated fluorine levels in bone samples. In every herd except one, where herbage and water was contaminated by industrial fall-out, the main source of the fluorine was from mineral supplements; In a few herds, purchased cake or grain balancers contributed to the abnormal levels. Over 100 cows with arthritis had fluroine levels in the bone of between 2000 and 8000 ppm, or were in herds whose diet contained excess fluorine. Characteristic tooth lesions often confirmed the link between arthritis and fluorosis. Sixteen out of 31 samples of mineral supplement contained dangerous levels of fluorine (3000 to 13000 ppm). Grain balancers contained up to 400 ppm F, and dairy cake had levels as high as 140 ppm F. There was a statistical correlation between a high incidence of damage to peri-articular structures, resulting in debility and loss of production, and elevated bone fluorine.", "contents": "Fluorosis in dairy cattle. The investigation of a high incidence of arthritis in 21 dairy herds disclosed elevated fluorine levels in bone samples. In every herd except one, where herbage and water was contaminated by industrial fall-out, the main source of the fluorine was from mineral supplements; In a few herds, purchased cake or grain balancers contributed to the abnormal levels. Over 100 cows with arthritis had fluroine levels in the bone of between 2000 and 8000 ppm, or were in herds whose diet contained excess fluorine. Characteristic tooth lesions often confirmed the link between arthritis and fluorosis. Sixteen out of 31 samples of mineral supplement contained dangerous levels of fluorine (3000 to 13000 ppm). Grain balancers contained up to 400 ppm F, and dairy cake had levels as high as 140 ppm F. There was a statistical correlation between a high incidence of damage to peri-articular structures, resulting in debility and loss of production, and elevated bone fluorine.", "PMID": 841822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4778", "title": "Reduction of uterine prolapse in a sow by laparotomy.", "content": "In the past, total uterine prolapse in the sow has been regarded as a grave condition because manipulative reposition through the vulva and vagina is extremely difficult, if not impossible, and amputation is merely a salvage procedure with a mortality rate approaching 100 percent. Laparotomy as a means of facilitating reduction of the prolapse in the sow appears to have been overlooked although it is a standard procedure in dogs and cats. This report describes a case of uterine prolapse in a sow successfully treated by laparotomy.", "contents": "Reduction of uterine prolapse in a sow by laparotomy. In the past, total uterine prolapse in the sow has been regarded as a grave condition because manipulative reposition through the vulva and vagina is extremely difficult, if not impossible, and amputation is merely a salvage procedure with a mortality rate approaching 100 percent. Laparotomy as a means of facilitating reduction of the prolapse in the sow appears to have been overlooked although it is a standard procedure in dogs and cats. This report describes a case of uterine prolapse in a sow successfully treated by laparotomy.", "PMID": 841823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4779", "title": "Globidium leuckarti infection in a horse with diarrhoea.", "content": "The history, clinical signs and post mortem findings in a case of Globidium leuckarti infection in a horse with chronic diarrhoea are described. The limited literature concerning this infection is reviewed, with particular reference to pathogenicity.", "contents": "Globidium leuckarti infection in a horse with diarrhoea. The history, clinical signs and post mortem findings in a case of Globidium leuckarti infection in a horse with chronic diarrhoea are described. The limited literature concerning this infection is reviewed, with particular reference to pathogenicity.", "PMID": 841828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4780", "title": "Degenerative myopathy in housed yearling bulls.", "content": "In an outbreak of a degenerative myopathy six animals from a group of 20 intensively reared yearling bulls were affected. With one exception there was no history of stress or unaccustomed exercise. The diet was found to be deficient in vitamin E and selenium and it is thought that the rapid growth rate of the bulls concurrent with a continuing myodegeneration was sufficient to precipitate clinical disease.", "contents": "Degenerative myopathy in housed yearling bulls. In an outbreak of a degenerative myopathy six animals from a group of 20 intensively reared yearling bulls were affected. With one exception there was no history of stress or unaccustomed exercise. The diet was found to be deficient in vitamin E and selenium and it is thought that the rapid growth rate of the bulls concurrent with a continuing myodegeneration was sufficient to precipitate clinical disease.", "PMID": 841829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4781", "title": "A Canadian commercial ovum transfer unit.", "content": "Mr. Bloxham received support from the Harry Steele-Bodger Memorial Fund towards the expenses of working at the Medical School of the University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada, where he was able to continue his researches on early implantation of mammalian blastocysts. He also took the opportunity to visit the commercial ovum transfer unit near the University of Calgary and has provided the following impressions of that part of his stay in Canada.", "contents": "A Canadian commercial ovum transfer unit. Mr. Bloxham received support from the Harry Steele-Bodger Memorial Fund towards the expenses of working at the Medical School of the University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada, where he was able to continue his researches on early implantation of mammalian blastocysts. He also took the opportunity to visit the commercial ovum transfer unit near the University of Calgary and has provided the following impressions of that part of his stay in Canada.", "PMID": 841830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4782", "title": "Proficiency testing in agriculture.", "content": "The development and organisation of proficiency testing in agriculture in England and Wales is described. The National Proficiency Tests Council, which was established as an independent examining body in 1971, is responsible for administering the proficiency testing scheme at a national level. On passing a category based proficiency test an agricultural worker may apply for a craftsman's certificate and is then entitled to a wages premium under the Agricultural Wages Board's Wages Structure Scheme. The development and format of a series of new category based tests for livestock production, which were introduced in January 1976, is outlined.", "contents": "Proficiency testing in agriculture. The development and organisation of proficiency testing in agriculture in England and Wales is described. The National Proficiency Tests Council, which was established as an independent examining body in 1971, is responsible for administering the proficiency testing scheme at a national level. On passing a category based proficiency test an agricultural worker may apply for a craftsman's certificate and is then entitled to a wages premium under the Agricultural Wages Board's Wages Structure Scheme. The development and format of a series of new category based tests for livestock production, which were introduced in January 1976, is outlined.", "PMID": 841839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4783", "title": "Slaughterhouse condemnations for hind leg disease in cattle.", "content": "Hindlimb condemnations occurred in 0-11 per cent (194/173,580) of all cattle at a large Scottish slaughterhouse over a 22-month period. Cows and bulls were more frequently involved than steers or heifers. Gross pathology, studied in 42 cattle (21 per cent of the total condemned), revealed osteoarthritis of the stifle and hip respectively in 19 and 16 cases. The traumatic lesions included meniscal damage, anterior and other ligamentous rupture. The UK loss from such condemnation is estimated at over pounds200,000 in January 1977.", "contents": "Slaughterhouse condemnations for hind leg disease in cattle. Hindlimb condemnations occurred in 0-11 per cent (194/173,580) of all cattle at a large Scottish slaughterhouse over a 22-month period. Cows and bulls were more frequently involved than steers or heifers. Gross pathology, studied in 42 cattle (21 per cent of the total condemned), revealed osteoarthritis of the stifle and hip respectively in 19 and 16 cases. The traumatic lesions included meniscal damage, anterior and other ligamentous rupture. The UK loss from such condemnation is estimated at over pounds200,000 in January 1977.", "PMID": 841840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4784", "title": "A field study of mortality in pheasant chicks.", "content": "A survey of the causes of mortality in four pheasant rearing units in Norfolk showed that although specific pathogens were found in some birds they were not associated with a significant number of losses.", "contents": "A field study of mortality in pheasant chicks. A survey of the causes of mortality in four pheasant rearing units in Norfolk showed that although specific pathogens were found in some birds they were not associated with a significant number of losses.", "PMID": 841841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4785", "title": "The fate of type 7 adenovirions in lysosomes of HeLa cells.", "content": "Properties of type 7 adenovirions in lysosomes of HeLa cells were studied 12 hr postinfection. Viral particles were transferred to the lysosomes very quickly after initiation of penetration, i.e., after 10 min of incubation at 37 degrees. No morphological modification of the virion was detected for 6 hr postinfection. However, by 12 hr postinfection, the virion was no longer recognizable. Most of the virus remained infectious for 2 hr, whereas after 12 hr the infectivity was abolished. Soon after the adsorption of the virus on the cell membrane at 4 degrees, the viral DNA in the virion became sensitive to pancreatic DNase, and this sensitivity increased during the first 2 hr of incubation at 37 degrees. This result suggests that some modification in the architecture of the virion occurred before transfer to the lysosomes. The adenovirus 7 (Ad 7) DNA extracted from the lysosomes appeared intact for 6 hr postinfection and was found to cosediment at 34 S with the Ad 2 DNA marker. Comparable activities of free acid phosphatase were found in lysosomes isolated from uninfected control cells and from infected cells. In in vitro experiments, lysosomal acid DNase and pancreatic DNase were shown to degrade Ad 7 DNA at similar rates; however, in vivo, intralysosomal Ad 7 DNA was only partially sensitive to lysosomal DNase.", "contents": "The fate of type 7 adenovirions in lysosomes of HeLa cells. Properties of type 7 adenovirions in lysosomes of HeLa cells were studied 12 hr postinfection. Viral particles were transferred to the lysosomes very quickly after initiation of penetration, i.e., after 10 min of incubation at 37 degrees. No morphological modification of the virion was detected for 6 hr postinfection. However, by 12 hr postinfection, the virion was no longer recognizable. Most of the virus remained infectious for 2 hr, whereas after 12 hr the infectivity was abolished. Soon after the adsorption of the virus on the cell membrane at 4 degrees, the viral DNA in the virion became sensitive to pancreatic DNase, and this sensitivity increased during the first 2 hr of incubation at 37 degrees. This result suggests that some modification in the architecture of the virion occurred before transfer to the lysosomes. The adenovirus 7 (Ad 7) DNA extracted from the lysosomes appeared intact for 6 hr postinfection and was found to cosediment at 34 S with the Ad 2 DNA marker. Comparable activities of free acid phosphatase were found in lysosomes isolated from uninfected control cells and from infected cells. In in vitro experiments, lysosomal acid DNase and pancreatic DNase were shown to degrade Ad 7 DNA at similar rates; however, in vivo, intralysosomal Ad 7 DNA was only partially sensitive to lysosomal DNase.", "PMID": 841871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4786", "title": "A comparison of different methods of screening blood donations for HBsAg.", "content": "In a retrospective comparison between countermigration immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) and reverse passive haemagglutination (RPHA) for screening 260,500 blood donations, the latter's 10-fold increase in sensitivity resulted in 36% more HBsAg detections. In a prospective comparison between RPHA and radioimmunoassay (RIA) the latter's 40-fold increase in sensitivity over RPHA resulted in 11% more detections than RPHA in 27,094 new donors. One in 500 new donors was HBsAg-positive by RPHA, compared with 1 in 11,000 established donors who had donated and been tested previously. Acute hepatitis B infections, though uncommon, accounted for a greater proportion of the HBsAg-positive found in \"established\" rather than new donors. Reported post-transfusion hepatitis cases have declined following the introduction of screening tests in 1971. The feasibility of RIA testing at a transfusion centre supplied simply with the two basic RIA reagents has been demonstrated.", "contents": "A comparison of different methods of screening blood donations for HBsAg. In a retrospective comparison between countermigration immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) and reverse passive haemagglutination (RPHA) for screening 260,500 blood donations, the latter's 10-fold increase in sensitivity resulted in 36% more HBsAg detections. In a prospective comparison between RPHA and radioimmunoassay (RIA) the latter's 40-fold increase in sensitivity over RPHA resulted in 11% more detections than RPHA in 27,094 new donors. One in 500 new donors was HBsAg-positive by RPHA, compared with 1 in 11,000 established donors who had donated and been tested previously. Acute hepatitis B infections, though uncommon, accounted for a greater proportion of the HBsAg-positive found in \"established\" rather than new donors. Reported post-transfusion hepatitis cases have declined following the introduction of screening tests in 1971. The feasibility of RIA testing at a transfusion centre supplied simply with the two basic RIA reagents has been demonstrated.", "PMID": 841961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4787", "title": "Genetic control of immune responsiveness in man.", "content": "Interest in immunogenetics originated from two streams: (a) histocompatibility in mouse and man, and (b) inheritance of specific immune responses in the guinea pig and mouse. In the mouse, there are genes associated with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) which (i) code for antigens determining allograft responses and mixed lymphocyte reactions, (ii) control responses to certain antigens (Ir genes), and (iii) code for cell-surface antigens which elicit specific antisera (anti-Ia). In man, there is genetic control, in part X-linked, over levels of immunoglobulins and immunoglobulin classes. Evidence for MHC-linked genetic control is derived from immune responses to (i) micro-organisms, (ii) pollen antigens, (iii) food antigens, (iv) vaccines, (v) inocuous test antigens, and (vi) autoantigens. Some evidence exists for allotype-linked genetic control. Practical aspects concern influences of the MHC on susceptibility to disease, within individuals and populations.", "contents": "Genetic control of immune responsiveness in man. Interest in immunogenetics originated from two streams: (a) histocompatibility in mouse and man, and (b) inheritance of specific immune responses in the guinea pig and mouse. In the mouse, there are genes associated with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) which (i) code for antigens determining allograft responses and mixed lymphocyte reactions, (ii) control responses to certain antigens (Ir genes), and (iii) code for cell-surface antigens which elicit specific antisera (anti-Ia). In man, there is genetic control, in part X-linked, over levels of immunoglobulins and immunoglobulin classes. Evidence for MHC-linked genetic control is derived from immune responses to (i) micro-organisms, (ii) pollen antigens, (iii) food antigens, (iv) vaccines, (v) inocuous test antigens, and (vi) autoantigens. Some evidence exists for allotype-linked genetic control. Practical aspects concern influences of the MHC on susceptibility to disease, within individuals and populations.", "PMID": 841960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4788", "title": "Haemostasis disorders in open heart surgery with extracorporeal circulation. Importance of the platelet function and the heparin neutralization.", "content": "The main haemostasis changes observed in a screening study performed in 40 patients who underwent an open heart surgery with extracorporeal circulation (ECC) are: a significant drop in platelet count from the onset of the ECC to the third postoperative day, a decrease of platelet retention and aggregation during ECC with an 8-day persistently increased heparin-neutralizing activity in plasma but not in serum, a moderate decrease of plasma factors I, II, VII-X, X and XIII and a more important drop in factor V which disappears 24 h after ECC, a transitory increase of fibrinolysis during ECC and the lack of FDP elevation in the serum. These disorders require a very good neutralization of the heparin used during ECC. The ratio protamine/heparin can be established by a titration clotting time test. Protamine chloride seems to be more efficacious and to act more quickly than protamine sulfate for the neutralization. An overload in protamine can enhance the hemostatic, biological and clinical disorders. The preventive administration of platelet concentrate immediately after the heparin neutralization contributes to reduce the bleeding disorders related to the quantitative and qualitative platelet defects.", "contents": "Haemostasis disorders in open heart surgery with extracorporeal circulation. Importance of the platelet function and the heparin neutralization. The main haemostasis changes observed in a screening study performed in 40 patients who underwent an open heart surgery with extracorporeal circulation (ECC) are: a significant drop in platelet count from the onset of the ECC to the third postoperative day, a decrease of platelet retention and aggregation during ECC with an 8-day persistently increased heparin-neutralizing activity in plasma but not in serum, a moderate decrease of plasma factors I, II, VII-X, X and XIII and a more important drop in factor V which disappears 24 h after ECC, a transitory increase of fibrinolysis during ECC and the lack of FDP elevation in the serum. These disorders require a very good neutralization of the heparin used during ECC. The ratio protamine/heparin can be established by a titration clotting time test. Protamine chloride seems to be more efficacious and to act more quickly than protamine sulfate for the neutralization. An overload in protamine can enhance the hemostatic, biological and clinical disorders. The preventive administration of platelet concentrate immediately after the heparin neutralization contributes to reduce the bleeding disorders related to the quantitative and qualitative platelet defects.", "PMID": 841962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4789", "title": "Properdin factor B (Bf) polymorphism in Norway.", "content": "Bf phenotype distribution and Bf allele frequencies in samples of the Norwegian population and the Lappish minority of Norway are presented. Bfs in Norwegians was found to be 0.817, while it was 0.888 in Lapps. The difference is statistically significant. Possible explanations of this difference are discussed. It is noted that Bf allele frequencies of Norwegians are similar to those of Germans, while differing from frequencies found in US whites.", "contents": "Properdin factor B (Bf) polymorphism in Norway. Bf phenotype distribution and Bf allele frequencies in samples of the Norwegian population and the Lappish minority of Norway are presented. Bfs in Norwegians was found to be 0.817, while it was 0.888 in Lapps. The difference is statistically significant. Possible explanations of this difference are discussed. It is noted that Bf allele frequencies of Norwegians are similar to those of Germans, while differing from frequencies found in US whites.", "PMID": 841963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4790", "title": "Two Japanese families with Pk members.", "content": "Two individuals with the blood group Pk found in the Japanese population are reported, as well as the results of family studies. A second Pk sibling was found in the second family. Red cells from four members of the first family, who presumably were heterozygous for the gene responsible for Pk, showed no evidence of having a weaker P antigen. One of the two propositi gave birth to a baby, whose red cells gave a doubtful reaction in the direct antiglobulin test, but who showed neither clinical nor hematological signs of hemolytic disease of the newborn.", "contents": "Two Japanese families with Pk members. Two individuals with the blood group Pk found in the Japanese population are reported, as well as the results of family studies. A second Pk sibling was found in the second family. Red cells from four members of the first family, who presumably were heterozygous for the gene responsible for Pk, showed no evidence of having a weaker P antigen. One of the two propositi gave birth to a baby, whose red cells gave a doubtful reaction in the direct antiglobulin test, but who showed neither clinical nor hematological signs of hemolytic disease of the newborn.", "PMID": 841964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4791", "title": "[The laboratory diagnosis of amoebic infections in man (author's transl)].", "content": "The rapid progress made in both theoretical and practical fields in laboratory medicine, in general, and in microbiological diagnostic procedures, in particular, have also led to a significant enlargement of, and improvement in laboratory diagnosis of amoebic infections in man. In all intestinal infections with Entamoeba histolytica the demonstration of the parasite is absolutely essential, but is facilitated nowadays by the great improvement in technical conditions. Immunodiagnostic methods have become of great importance in all cases of extraintestinal manifestation of parasite. By the combined application of several serological tests (latex test + indirect haemagglutination test or latex test + indirect immunofluorescence test) practically 100% of cases of extraintestinal amoebiasis can be detected. When using all available optimum methods of laboratory diagnosis today, it is neither possible to overlook an infection with Entamoeba histolytica nor to make a flase positive diagnosis. Great difficulties are still encountered in the laboratory diagnosis of primary meningoencephalitis caused by free-living amoebae of the Limax group owing to the dramatic course of the disease. Present and possible future methods are discussed.", "contents": "[The laboratory diagnosis of amoebic infections in man (author's transl)]. The rapid progress made in both theoretical and practical fields in laboratory medicine, in general, and in microbiological diagnostic procedures, in particular, have also led to a significant enlargement of, and improvement in laboratory diagnosis of amoebic infections in man. In all intestinal infections with Entamoeba histolytica the demonstration of the parasite is absolutely essential, but is facilitated nowadays by the great improvement in technical conditions. Immunodiagnostic methods have become of great importance in all cases of extraintestinal manifestation of parasite. By the combined application of several serological tests (latex test + indirect haemagglutination test or latex test + indirect immunofluorescence test) practically 100% of cases of extraintestinal amoebiasis can be detected. When using all available optimum methods of laboratory diagnosis today, it is neither possible to overlook an infection with Entamoeba histolytica nor to make a flase positive diagnosis. Great difficulties are still encountered in the laboratory diagnosis of primary meningoencephalitis caused by free-living amoebae of the Limax group owing to the dramatic course of the disease. Present and possible future methods are discussed.", "PMID": 842029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4792", "title": "[The clinical features of brucellosis in an endemic area (author's transl)].", "content": "Brucellosis remains a problem in many rural areas of Greece. A case report is given of 50 patients with brucellosis treated at the regional hospital of an endemic area. Various forms of fever were observed; a raised temperature was universal. Sweating and joint pains were prominent general symptoms. The most common local findings were arthritis, orcheoepididymitis and osteomyelitis. More rarely, rashes, bronchitis, difficulty in micturition and paraesthesiae were found. Routine laboratory investigations were of no diagnostic help, but the serum agglutination reaction according to Wright is diagnostic of brucellosis at high titres. An equally successful therapeutic result was achieved with streptomycin in conjunction with tetracyclines or with the combined preparation of sulphamethoxiazole and trimethoprim.", "contents": "[The clinical features of brucellosis in an endemic area (author's transl)]. Brucellosis remains a problem in many rural areas of Greece. A case report is given of 50 patients with brucellosis treated at the regional hospital of an endemic area. Various forms of fever were observed; a raised temperature was universal. Sweating and joint pains were prominent general symptoms. The most common local findings were arthritis, orcheoepididymitis and osteomyelitis. More rarely, rashes, bronchitis, difficulty in micturition and paraesthesiae were found. Routine laboratory investigations were of no diagnostic help, but the serum agglutination reaction according to Wright is diagnostic of brucellosis at high titres. An equally successful therapeutic result was achieved with streptomycin in conjunction with tetracyclines or with the combined preparation of sulphamethoxiazole and trimethoprim.", "PMID": 842030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4793", "title": "[Disseminated intravascular coagulation in Reye's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "A five-month-old infant with Reye's syndrome developed disseminated intravascular coagulation, which was successfully controlled by heparin. A fatal outcome could not, however, be averted. The pathogenetic role of disseminated intravascular coagulation in Reye's syndrome is discussed.", "contents": "[Disseminated intravascular coagulation in Reye's syndrome (author's transl)]. A five-month-old infant with Reye's syndrome developed disseminated intravascular coagulation, which was successfully controlled by heparin. A fatal outcome could not, however, be averted. The pathogenetic role of disseminated intravascular coagulation in Reye's syndrome is discussed.", "PMID": 842031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4794", "title": "[Studies on mortality in diabetics in a circumscribed region: age and death,  length of diabetes and causes of death].", "content": "Studies were carried out in regard to the age at death, duration of diabetes mellitus at the time of death and cause of death in an unselected evaluation of the findings in all 1694 diabetics who died in Erfurt and environs over an 11-year period. The The mean age of the patients at the time of death was 70.6 years, with virtually no difference between the sexes. Only six patients died prior to the age of 40. In accordance with the age structure of diabetics in a circumscribed area, the average survival time was 6.5 years. The interval between the first manifestation of the disease and death was 0 to 4 years in 45% of the patients; only every fifth patient survided for 10 or more years. These results are interpreted as being a reflexion of the frequent incidence of preceding or simultaneously-occuring atherosclerosis in these diabetics. Cardiovascular incidents affecting, above all, the coronary and cerebral vessels, account for about 60% of the deaths. Differences between these results and other statistical analyses can be explained on the basis of the unselective nature of the case material in the present study which was, moreover, collected in a defined region over a definite period of time.", "contents": "[Studies on mortality in diabetics in a circumscribed region: age and death,  length of diabetes and causes of death]. Studies were carried out in regard to the age at death, duration of diabetes mellitus at the time of death and cause of death in an unselected evaluation of the findings in all 1694 diabetics who died in Erfurt and environs over an 11-year period. The The mean age of the patients at the time of death was 70.6 years, with virtually no difference between the sexes. Only six patients died prior to the age of 40. In accordance with the age structure of diabetics in a circumscribed area, the average survival time was 6.5 years. The interval between the first manifestation of the disease and death was 0 to 4 years in 45% of the patients; only every fifth patient survided for 10 or more years. These results are interpreted as being a reflexion of the frequent incidence of preceding or simultaneously-occuring atherosclerosis in these diabetics. Cardiovascular incidents affecting, above all, the coronary and cerebral vessels, account for about 60% of the deaths. Differences between these results and other statistical analyses can be explained on the basis of the unselective nature of the case material in the present study which was, moreover, collected in a defined region over a definite period of time.", "PMID": 842032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4795", "title": "[Myocardial performance during therapeutic starvation in obese subjects].", "content": "The effect was studied of therapeutic total starvation of two weeks' duration on myocardial performance in 12 obeses patients. Half of these subjects were trained for 10 minutes daily on a bicycle ergometer, whilst the other half had no training. After two weeks of total fasting no significant changes were observed either inter- or intracollectively with regard to systolic time intervals, ejection fraction and the index of myocardial contractility, nor in respect to serum electrolytes. Physical training had no influence on the systolic time intervals and the other noninvasive parameters of left ventricular performance. The inclusion of previous data obtained in a similar investigation enabled the establishment of a correlation between the serum potassium level and the ejection franction.", "contents": "[Myocardial performance during therapeutic starvation in obese subjects]. The effect was studied of therapeutic total starvation of two weeks' duration on myocardial performance in 12 obeses patients. Half of these subjects were trained for 10 minutes daily on a bicycle ergometer, whilst the other half had no training. After two weeks of total fasting no significant changes were observed either inter- or intracollectively with regard to systolic time intervals, ejection fraction and the index of myocardial contractility, nor in respect to serum electrolytes. Physical training had no influence on the systolic time intervals and the other noninvasive parameters of left ventricular performance. The inclusion of previous data obtained in a similar investigation enabled the establishment of a correlation between the serum potassium level and the ejection franction.", "PMID": 842033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4796", "title": "[The value of the blood xylose test in children with the malabsorption syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Blood xylose levels were studied 30, 60 and 90 minutes after oral administration of D-xylose in 121 patients aged 2 months to 12 years with symptoms of malabsorption. The results show that the 60-minute test aline is sufficiently accurate and the dose of 15g xylose/m2 surface area seems perferable to a uniform dosage of 5g xylose. Reference values of blood xylose were determined in children with normal intestinal mucosa and prove a significant difference between babies and elder children. Comparison between the results of the xylose test in normal children and in different conditions of intestinal mucosa showed that the one-hour blood xylose test is of little value in the selection of cases requiring primary diagnostic intestinal biopsy in children with malabsorption. This test, however, might be valuable in the control of patients with diagnosed coeliac disease and as a screening test for other members of those families.", "contents": "[The value of the blood xylose test in children with the malabsorption syndrome (author's transl)]. Blood xylose levels were studied 30, 60 and 90 minutes after oral administration of D-xylose in 121 patients aged 2 months to 12 years with symptoms of malabsorption. The results show that the 60-minute test aline is sufficiently accurate and the dose of 15g xylose/m2 surface area seems perferable to a uniform dosage of 5g xylose. Reference values of blood xylose were determined in children with normal intestinal mucosa and prove a significant difference between babies and elder children. Comparison between the results of the xylose test in normal children and in different conditions of intestinal mucosa showed that the one-hour blood xylose test is of little value in the selection of cases requiring primary diagnostic intestinal biopsy in children with malabsorption. This test, however, might be valuable in the control of patients with diagnosed coeliac disease and as a screening test for other members of those families.", "PMID": 842034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4797", "title": "[The extent to which ethanol absorption is influenced by an alteration of gastric emptying (author's transl)].", "content": "Gastric emptying of a 500ml liquid test meal containing 6.2% ethanol and phenol red was studied on two consecutive days in a group of persons without gastroduodenal disease. On the first day an aqueous ethanol solution was administered, whilst on the second day a solution of ethanol in 10% glucose was given in order to delay gastric emptying. Twenty minutes after introduction of the test meal by tube, the gastric contents  were recovered by aspiration and a gastroscopic examination was performed. Simultaneously, the amount of ethanol absorbed by the stomach, as well as the ethanol level in the peripheral venous blood was determined over a period of 10 to 90 minutes. Considerable individual variations were observed both in respect to the gastric emptying rate and the level of blood ethanol during the absorptive phase. The absorption rate and blood ethanol curvetion rate and blood ethanol during the absorptive phase. The absorption rate and blood ethanol curve were markedly reduced as a result of a delay in gastric emptying. The tolerance to alcohol may be greatly influenced by the rate of gastric emptying and, consequently, by the composition of alcholic beverages, drinking habits, and food intake.", "contents": "[The extent to which ethanol absorption is influenced by an alteration of gastric emptying (author's transl)]. Gastric emptying of a 500ml liquid test meal containing 6.2% ethanol and phenol red was studied on two consecutive days in a group of persons without gastroduodenal disease. On the first day an aqueous ethanol solution was administered, whilst on the second day a solution of ethanol in 10% glucose was given in order to delay gastric emptying. Twenty minutes after introduction of the test meal by tube, the gastric contents  were recovered by aspiration and a gastroscopic examination was performed. Simultaneously, the amount of ethanol absorbed by the stomach, as well as the ethanol level in the peripheral venous blood was determined over a period of 10 to 90 minutes. Considerable individual variations were observed both in respect to the gastric emptying rate and the level of blood ethanol during the absorptive phase. The absorption rate and blood ethanol curvetion rate and blood ethanol during the absorptive phase. The absorption rate and blood ethanol curve were markedly reduced as a result of a delay in gastric emptying. The tolerance to alcohol may be greatly influenced by the rate of gastric emptying and, consequently, by the composition of alcholic beverages, drinking habits, and food intake.", "PMID": 842035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4798", "title": "[A comparative study of patients following myocardial infarction assessed by the freiburger personality inventory (author's transl)].", "content": "The relationship between coronary disease and psychological factors is generally accepted. Numerous psychiatric studies have shown that there are typical basic personality features which predispose to heart disease. A personality inventory - the Freiburger Pers\u00f6nlichkeitsinventar (FPI) - was applied to a group of patients attending the Cardiology Clinic of the University of Vienna for a follow-up control examination after a heart attack. The results were compared with those of a control group (taken from the control population of the FPI). With respect to one personality dimension of the FPI, the so-called,,Nervosit\u00e4tsskala\" (nervousness scale), significant differences were observed between the two groups. This scale includes so-called ,,psychosomatic\" distrubances and disorders. According to these results,patients with coronary disease were more likely to experience such ,,psychosomatic distrubances\" (as far as could be measured by this dimension of the FPI) than members of the control group. A comparison of patients graded according to the physical stamina level showed that those with a greatly-reduced work capacity as a consequence of myocardial infarction had a significantly higher score than patients whose work capacity was impaired to a lesser extent. This study introduces a new aspect in the relationship between coronary disease and personality dimensions.", "contents": "[A comparative study of patients following myocardial infarction assessed by the freiburger personality inventory (author's transl)]. The relationship between coronary disease and psychological factors is generally accepted. Numerous psychiatric studies have shown that there are typical basic personality features which predispose to heart disease. A personality inventory - the Freiburger Pers\u00f6nlichkeitsinventar (FPI) - was applied to a group of patients attending the Cardiology Clinic of the University of Vienna for a follow-up control examination after a heart attack. The results were compared with those of a control group (taken from the control population of the FPI). With respect to one personality dimension of the FPI, the so-called,,Nervosit\u00e4tsskala\" (nervousness scale), significant differences were observed between the two groups. This scale includes so-called ,,psychosomatic\" distrubances and disorders. According to these results,patients with coronary disease were more likely to experience such ,,psychosomatic distrubances\" (as far as could be measured by this dimension of the FPI) than members of the control group. A comparison of patients graded according to the physical stamina level showed that those with a greatly-reduced work capacity as a consequence of myocardial infarction had a significantly higher score than patients whose work capacity was impaired to a lesser extent. This study introduces a new aspect in the relationship between coronary disease and personality dimensions.", "PMID": 842036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4799", "title": "[Relationship between the skin test and the specific IgE (radio-allergo-sorbens test) in the diagnosis of inhalative allergies].", "content": "Immediate-type reactions such as asthma, pollinosis and several forms of urticaria can be regarded as type I reactions according to Coombs and Gell. Primary these diseases are caused by the immune globulin E. As skin testing is accompanied by numerous failors, there is a real possibility in increasing the diagnostic relevance by measurement of the specific IgE in serum (Radio-Allergo-Sorbens-Test = RAST; Phadebas-RAST -- Pharmacia Uppsala). There are often found divergent results and therefore this investigation was started. 1357 RAST-results (530 patients) were compared with skin tests in order to investigate the concordance of the two test-methods. The statistical analysis is performed wit \"4-square-Chi2\". Very good correspondence could be calculated for the pollens of Festuca elatior, Poa pratensis, horse-epithelium and housedustmite (1 0/00O significancy). 1 0/0 significancy was found for catepithelium and 5 0/0 for Birch-pollen. The advantages and the disadventages of RAST are discussed.", "contents": "[Relationship between the skin test and the specific IgE (radio-allergo-sorbens test) in the diagnosis of inhalative allergies]. Immediate-type reactions such as asthma, pollinosis and several forms of urticaria can be regarded as type I reactions according to Coombs and Gell. Primary these diseases are caused by the immune globulin E. As skin testing is accompanied by numerous failors, there is a real possibility in increasing the diagnostic relevance by measurement of the specific IgE in serum (Radio-Allergo-Sorbens-Test = RAST; Phadebas-RAST -- Pharmacia Uppsala). There are often found divergent results and therefore this investigation was started. 1357 RAST-results (530 patients) were compared with skin tests in order to investigate the concordance of the two test-methods. The statistical analysis is performed wit \"4-square-Chi2\". Very good correspondence could be calculated for the pollens of Festuca elatior, Poa pratensis, horse-epithelium and housedustmite (1 0/00O significancy). 1 0/0 significancy was found for catepithelium and 5 0/0 for Birch-pollen. The advantages and the disadventages of RAST are discussed.", "PMID": 842065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4800", "title": "[The Rothmund syndrome. A contribution on congenital poikilodermas].", "content": "The death of the last patient of the original cases of Rothmund is reported who died in the age of 92 years. The Rothmund-Syndrome is discussed as a clinically discernible entity in the group of congenital poikilodermias. A review of the literature is given.", "contents": "[The Rothmund syndrome. A contribution on congenital poikilodermas]. The death of the last patient of the original cases of Rothmund is reported who died in the age of 92 years. The Rothmund-Syndrome is discussed as a clinically discernible entity in the group of congenital poikilodermias. A review of the literature is given.", "PMID": 842068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4801", "title": "Circulating IgE levels in a normal human population.", "content": "Circulating IgE levels were measured in a non-selected normal population using a solid phase radioimmunoassay (Phadebas Radioimmunosorbenttest \"RIST\"). The population was divided according to age into 6 subpopulations. Both the main and the subpopulation showed multimodal distributions with 3 maxima of their IgE levels and not a Gaussian distribution. According to the maxima, the multimodal distribution was divided into 3 groups designated AA, Aa and aa. The IgE geometric mean in each group differs statistically significant (p less than 0.01). The proportions of individuals in each group agreed with the theoretical frequencies derived from the Hardy-Weinberg law and with frequencies for atopic (a) and non-atopic (A) alleles (0.152 and 0.846, respectively), as calculated from clinical studies by WIENER et al. (1). After exclusion of Aa and aa individuals from the population the distribution was shown to be normal. The IgE geometric mean in the \"net\" main population was found to be 33 U/ml. This value is slightly higher than those of recent studies on IgE levels. The mean level of IgE in the different age-groups did not vary significantly from that of the main population although a tendency for a decrease of IgE levels with increasing age was noticeable.", "contents": "Circulating IgE levels in a normal human population. Circulating IgE levels were measured in a non-selected normal population using a solid phase radioimmunoassay (Phadebas Radioimmunosorbenttest \"RIST\"). The population was divided according to age into 6 subpopulations. Both the main and the subpopulation showed multimodal distributions with 3 maxima of their IgE levels and not a Gaussian distribution. According to the maxima, the multimodal distribution was divided into 3 groups designated AA, Aa and aa. The IgE geometric mean in each group differs statistically significant (p less than 0.01). The proportions of individuals in each group agreed with the theoretical frequencies derived from the Hardy-Weinberg law and with frequencies for atopic (a) and non-atopic (A) alleles (0.152 and 0.846, respectively), as calculated from clinical studies by WIENER et al. (1). After exclusion of Aa and aa individuals from the population the distribution was shown to be normal. The IgE geometric mean in the \"net\" main population was found to be 33 U/ml. This value is slightly higher than those of recent studies on IgE levels. The mean level of IgE in the different age-groups did not vary significantly from that of the main population although a tendency for a decrease of IgE levels with increasing age was noticeable.", "PMID": 842069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4802", "title": "Ir gene control of carrier recognition II. Unexpected low immunogenicity of guinea pig insulin.", "content": "The immune response of mice to guinea pig insulin (as well as to insulins from other species) is controlled by immune response genes. The immunogenicity of guinea pig insulin is generally much lower than that of bovine insulin, through there are 14 sequence differences between mouse insulin and guinea pig insulin as compared to 5 sequence differences between mouse insulin and bovine insulin, respectively. The low immunogenicity of guinea pig insulin is indicated by a low frequency of responder strains and the requirement for high antigen doses for immunisation. Guinea pig and bovine insulin do not cross-react at the antibody level, but there seems to be some cross-recognition at the carrier level, as indicated by the capability of guinea pig insulin primed spleen cells to provide help for the pig insulin carrier in cooperative cell transfer.", "contents": "Ir gene control of carrier recognition II. Unexpected low immunogenicity of guinea pig insulin. The immune response of mice to guinea pig insulin (as well as to insulins from other species) is controlled by immune response genes. The immunogenicity of guinea pig insulin is generally much lower than that of bovine insulin, through there are 14 sequence differences between mouse insulin and guinea pig insulin as compared to 5 sequence differences between mouse insulin and bovine insulin, respectively. The low immunogenicity of guinea pig insulin is indicated by a low frequency of responder strains and the requirement for high antigen doses for immunisation. Guinea pig and bovine insulin do not cross-react at the antibody level, but there seems to be some cross-recognition at the carrier level, as indicated by the capability of guinea pig insulin primed spleen cells to provide help for the pig insulin carrier in cooperative cell transfer.", "PMID": 842070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4803", "title": "No direct activation of fluid phase C3 by lymphokines.", "content": "Supernatants of stimulated (PPD or Con A) or unstimulated guinea pig lymph node cell cultures in serum-free medium were fractionated on Sephadex G 75. The fractions were tested for C3-consuming activities in a hemolytical assay. No C3 consumption could be detected in any fraction (MW range 80,000 to 10,000). The same result was obtained by extending the fractionation range using Sephadex G 200. A lytic activity with a molecular weight of appr. 225,000 which lysed EAC 14 cells in the presence of C2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 was attributed to serum C3 contaminating the cultures. It was determined that C3 is not produced in significant amounts by lymphocyte cultures.", "contents": "No direct activation of fluid phase C3 by lymphokines. Supernatants of stimulated (PPD or Con A) or unstimulated guinea pig lymph node cell cultures in serum-free medium were fractionated on Sephadex G 75. The fractions were tested for C3-consuming activities in a hemolytical assay. No C3 consumption could be detected in any fraction (MW range 80,000 to 10,000). The same result was obtained by extending the fractionation range using Sephadex G 200. A lytic activity with a molecular weight of appr. 225,000 which lysed EAC 14 cells in the presence of C2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 was attributed to serum C3 contaminating the cultures. It was determined that C3 is not produced in significant amounts by lymphocyte cultures.", "PMID": 842071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4804", "title": "[Exercise-induced tachyarrhythmic syncopes with sinus bradycardia and normal QT-interval at rest (author's transl)].", "content": "Two children with exercise-induced syncopes are described. There was no evidence for congenital or acquired cardiac defects, cardiomyopathy or myocarditis in either of them. Both had sinus bradycardia and a consistently normal QT-interval at rest. In both, exercise induced regularly a multiform ventricular tachycardia, additionally in one on occasion a bidirectional, in the other a supraventricular tachycardia. Beta receptor blocking agents prevented tachyarrhythmias in both. Under treatment with beta receptor blocking agents, one child remained without syncopes, the other died suddenly. These cases underline the possiblility that exercise-induced syncopes may be caused by tachyarrhythmias even if the QT-interval of the resting Ecg is normal. In suspicious cases an exercise-Ecg is indicated.", "contents": "[Exercise-induced tachyarrhythmic syncopes with sinus bradycardia and normal QT-interval at rest (author's transl)]. Two children with exercise-induced syncopes are described. There was no evidence for congenital or acquired cardiac defects, cardiomyopathy or myocarditis in either of them. Both had sinus bradycardia and a consistently normal QT-interval at rest. In both, exercise induced regularly a multiform ventricular tachycardia, additionally in one on occasion a bidirectional, in the other a supraventricular tachycardia. Beta receptor blocking agents prevented tachyarrhythmias in both. Under treatment with beta receptor blocking agents, one child remained without syncopes, the other died suddenly. These cases underline the possiblility that exercise-induced syncopes may be caused by tachyarrhythmias even if the QT-interval of the resting Ecg is normal. In suspicious cases an exercise-Ecg is indicated.", "PMID": 842072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4805", "title": "[The influence of antiarrhythmic drugs on the exercise-ecg (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of five most common antiarrhythmic drugs on exercise-electrocadiogram was investigated: prajmaliumbitartrat, quinidinbisulfate, diphenylhydantoine, propranolol, and verapamil. All exercise-tests were performed in eight healthy males. During exercise and the subsequent resting period, the changes in the following parameters were analysed: blood pressure, heart rate, P-Q-time, Q-T-time, and the formal course of the Ecg as well as individual reactions. None of the drugs produced a pathological ECG. As for the analysed parameters, diphenylhydantoine was entirely neutral, whereas propranolol caused the most significant changes. Propranolol lowered heart rate by more than 20% and blood pressure by 10%. Verapamil had a less pronounced effect on diastolic blood pressure and heart rate. Prajmaliumbitartrat and quinidine had no definite effect during exercise and resting period.", "contents": "[The influence of antiarrhythmic drugs on the exercise-ecg (author's transl)]. The influence of five most common antiarrhythmic drugs on exercise-electrocadiogram was investigated: prajmaliumbitartrat, quinidinbisulfate, diphenylhydantoine, propranolol, and verapamil. All exercise-tests were performed in eight healthy males. During exercise and the subsequent resting period, the changes in the following parameters were analysed: blood pressure, heart rate, P-Q-time, Q-T-time, and the formal course of the Ecg as well as individual reactions. None of the drugs produced a pathological ECG. As for the analysed parameters, diphenylhydantoine was entirely neutral, whereas propranolol caused the most significant changes. Propranolol lowered heart rate by more than 20% and blood pressure by 10%. Verapamil had a less pronounced effect on diastolic blood pressure and heart rate. Prajmaliumbitartrat and quinidine had no definite effect during exercise and resting period.", "PMID": 842073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4806", "title": "[One year experiences with a new atrial lead (j-version) in 53 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The new atrial leads (J-version) of type Medtronic 6991, of which we implanted endocardially a total of 53 between April 1975 and May 1976, are characterized by properties, as, up to now, were exclusively to be seen in the so-called flange electrodes of ventricular position. 1. The tined J-leads were easily to introduce and required only an average of 5 minutes to position into the right appendage. 2. Moreover, these atrial leads guaranteed an anatomic stable anchorage with a dislodgement ratio of less than 6% (3 of 53). 3. Additionally, the action voltages sensed the J-shaped electrodes showed themselves averaging 5.2 mV of very high amplitude. Up to this time comparable results could not be achieved neither by other atrial leads nor techniques of their emplacement. The intraatrial voltage thresholds exceeded, as described before, the intraventricular ones by two to three times. In spite of this, no exit block was seen in 34 cases with atrial pacing systems, not even during an observation time of maximal 13 months. Therefore, the tined J-leads fulfill all requirements of a suitable atrial electrode.", "contents": "[One year experiences with a new atrial lead (j-version) in 53 patients (author's transl)]. The new atrial leads (J-version) of type Medtronic 6991, of which we implanted endocardially a total of 53 between April 1975 and May 1976, are characterized by properties, as, up to now, were exclusively to be seen in the so-called flange electrodes of ventricular position. 1. The tined J-leads were easily to introduce and required only an average of 5 minutes to position into the right appendage. 2. Moreover, these atrial leads guaranteed an anatomic stable anchorage with a dislodgement ratio of less than 6% (3 of 53). 3. Additionally, the action voltages sensed the J-shaped electrodes showed themselves averaging 5.2 mV of very high amplitude. Up to this time comparable results could not be achieved neither by other atrial leads nor techniques of their emplacement. The intraatrial voltage thresholds exceeded, as described before, the intraventricular ones by two to three times. In spite of this, no exit block was seen in 34 cases with atrial pacing systems, not even during an observation time of maximal 13 months. Therefore, the tined J-leads fulfill all requirements of a suitable atrial electrode.", "PMID": 842074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4807", "title": "[Distribution of scattered X-ray around a U stand in cardiology (author's transl)].", "content": "To estimate the stray radiation exposure which will be delivered to the doctor during a coronary angiography we made phantom measurements. The dependence of the stray radiation from the projection angle as well as from the tube tension for fluoroscopy and cinematography was measured in the three space coordinates. Out of these results the exposure per examination can be estimated for each place and hight of the doctor. As an example a determination of exposure under practical condition as well as the means of radiation protection are discussed.", "contents": "[Distribution of scattered X-ray around a U stand in cardiology (author's transl)]. To estimate the stray radiation exposure which will be delivered to the doctor during a coronary angiography we made phantom measurements. The dependence of the stray radiation from the projection angle as well as from the tube tension for fluoroscopy and cinematography was measured in the three space coordinates. Out of these results the exposure per examination can be estimated for each place and hight of the doctor. As an example a determination of exposure under practical condition as well as the means of radiation protection are discussed.", "PMID": 842075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4808", "title": "[Diagnosis and quantiation of left to right shunts using radioisotopes].", "content": "After intravenous injection of 99mTcO-4 into the femoral vein the count-rate vs. time curve of a lung field is recorded and analysed (Ohio Nuclear Camera ON 110, pdp 11 computer GAMMA 11, hp 5407 computer). Using a modified gamma function area-ratio technique, the size of the left to right shunts is calculated and compared with cardiac catheter results (128 patients). The localisation of the left to right shunt (ASD or VSD) is possible, if the shunt size rises over 30%. The method may be an alternative to oximetry and conventional dilution techniques.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and quantiation of left to right shunts using radioisotopes]. After intravenous injection of 99mTcO-4 into the femoral vein the count-rate vs. time curve of a lung field is recorded and analysed (Ohio Nuclear Camera ON 110, pdp 11 computer GAMMA 11, hp 5407 computer). Using a modified gamma function area-ratio technique, the size of the left to right shunts is calculated and compared with cardiac catheter results (128 patients). The localisation of the left to right shunt (ASD or VSD) is possible, if the shunt size rises over 30%. The method may be an alternative to oximetry and conventional dilution techniques.", "PMID": 842076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4809", "title": "[Correction of tetralogy of Fallot and its influence to oxygen transport and lung changes. Part I. Oxygen transport (author's transl)].", "content": "30 patients with tetralogy of Fallot were examined before and after correction. 10 of whom had previous procedures including 13 Blalock-Taussig shunts, 1 Cooley anastomosis and 6 pulmonary valvulotomies (Brock) with a dilator. Hemoglobin and blood gases were measured in 22 patients pre- and postoperatively on the 7th respectively 14th day and finally after 12 months. In 8 children the concentration of 2,3-DPG was accessed (pre-, postoperatively, immediately in ICU, on the 1st, 7th, 14th day and after 21 months). Hypoxia of various degrees was found at any time of the investigation, verified by a low venous oxygen saturation, high 2,3-DPG concentration and an erythrocytosis. The 2,3-DPG concentration was always elevated (preoperatively 18.2 +/- 1.8 muMol/g Hb; postoperatively 1st till 14th day 19.0 +/- 2.2; after 21 months 16.3 +/- 1.2 muMol/g Hb). Preoperatively hypoxia was correlated to the degree of the heart disease expressed by the hight of the Hb-concentration. In contrary after the correction signs of hypoxia (decreased venous oxygen saturation, increased 2,3 DPG-concentration) appeared with a low Hb as found in patients with anemia. The long term check-ups are indicative for slight cardiac residual disorders as there are hypoxic myocardial damage, residual gradients over the right ventricular outlet, reopened VSD's, and ventriculotomy scar tissue. Though the elevated 2,3-DPG-concentration and the consecutive rightward shift of the oxygen saturation curve obviously compensate these cardiac handi-caps as the excellent physical condition of the children shows.", "contents": "[Correction of tetralogy of Fallot and its influence to oxygen transport and lung changes. Part I. Oxygen transport (author's transl)]. 30 patients with tetralogy of Fallot were examined before and after correction. 10 of whom had previous procedures including 13 Blalock-Taussig shunts, 1 Cooley anastomosis and 6 pulmonary valvulotomies (Brock) with a dilator. Hemoglobin and blood gases were measured in 22 patients pre- and postoperatively on the 7th respectively 14th day and finally after 12 months. In 8 children the concentration of 2,3-DPG was accessed (pre-, postoperatively, immediately in ICU, on the 1st, 7th, 14th day and after 21 months). Hypoxia of various degrees was found at any time of the investigation, verified by a low venous oxygen saturation, high 2,3-DPG concentration and an erythrocytosis. The 2,3-DPG concentration was always elevated (preoperatively 18.2 +/- 1.8 muMol/g Hb; postoperatively 1st till 14th day 19.0 +/- 2.2; after 21 months 16.3 +/- 1.2 muMol/g Hb). Preoperatively hypoxia was correlated to the degree of the heart disease expressed by the hight of the Hb-concentration. In contrary after the correction signs of hypoxia (decreased venous oxygen saturation, increased 2,3 DPG-concentration) appeared with a low Hb as found in patients with anemia. The long term check-ups are indicative for slight cardiac residual disorders as there are hypoxic myocardial damage, residual gradients over the right ventricular outlet, reopened VSD's, and ventriculotomy scar tissue. Though the elevated 2,3-DPG-concentration and the consecutive rightward shift of the oxygen saturation curve obviously compensate these cardiac handi-caps as the excellent physical condition of the children shows.", "PMID": 842077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4810", "title": "[Correction of tetralogy of Fallot and its influence to oxygen transport and lung changes. Part II: Lung changes (author's transl)].", "content": "22 children got lung scans 3 weeks respectively 12 months after the correction of a tetralogy of Fallot. In 18 cases previous operations were done: 12 times a Blalock-Taussig shunt and 6 times a Brock procedure. For the scan 20-70 mu diameter albumin macrospheres were used, which were labeled with Technetium 99m. The following pathologicla lung changes were seen: 1. Loss of perfusion, typical after Blalock-Taussig shunt procedure; these findings were always on the left side, the site of the anastomosis. 2. Anomalous flow distrubution (=more spheres in the upper than in the lower lobe) in the left lung; these changes were also caused by the Blalock-Taussing shunts, but disappeared within the one year follow-up after the correction. 3. Intrapulmonary rigt-left shunts (according to the dilatation of the alveolar capillaries). These decreased within one year from 9.9+/-1.3 to 4.6+/-0.9%.", "contents": "[Correction of tetralogy of Fallot and its influence to oxygen transport and lung changes. Part II: Lung changes (author's transl)]. 22 children got lung scans 3 weeks respectively 12 months after the correction of a tetralogy of Fallot. In 18 cases previous operations were done: 12 times a Blalock-Taussig shunt and 6 times a Brock procedure. For the scan 20-70 mu diameter albumin macrospheres were used, which were labeled with Technetium 99m. The following pathologicla lung changes were seen: 1. Loss of perfusion, typical after Blalock-Taussig shunt procedure; these findings were always on the left side, the site of the anastomosis. 2. Anomalous flow distrubution (=more spheres in the upper than in the lower lobe) in the left lung; these changes were also caused by the Blalock-Taussing shunts, but disappeared within the one year follow-up after the correction. 3. Intrapulmonary rigt-left shunts (according to the dilatation of the alveolar capillaries). These decreased within one year from 9.9+/-1.3 to 4.6+/-0.9%.", "PMID": 842078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4811", "title": "[Obstructive thrombosis of the pulmonary trunk: a rare but dangerous late complication of the banding procedure (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper presents three cases of obstructive thrombosis of the pulmonary trunk following banding procedure. The complication was lethal for all our patients as well as for the three others reported in the literature. Considering the typical course of the complication, the relatively late onset of cyanosis or its increase in heart diseases with primary right-to-left shunt, the X-ray pictures of the thorax depicting a drastic fall of pulmonary flow, and most of all the angio-cardiographic clues for the presence of an intravasal thrombus, it appears, that the correct diagnosis could be made early enough to permit life saving surgery. The anatomical-pathological findings and the results of histological examination are reported for all three patients.", "contents": "[Obstructive thrombosis of the pulmonary trunk: a rare but dangerous late complication of the banding procedure (author's transl)]. This paper presents three cases of obstructive thrombosis of the pulmonary trunk following banding procedure. The complication was lethal for all our patients as well as for the three others reported in the literature. Considering the typical course of the complication, the relatively late onset of cyanosis or its increase in heart diseases with primary right-to-left shunt, the X-ray pictures of the thorax depicting a drastic fall of pulmonary flow, and most of all the angio-cardiographic clues for the presence of an intravasal thrombus, it appears, that the correct diagnosis could be made early enough to permit life saving surgery. The anatomical-pathological findings and the results of histological examination are reported for all three patients.", "PMID": 842079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4812", "title": "[Dysplasia and pseudodysplasia of the infantile hip joint (author's transl)].", "content": "The natural course of \"dysplasia\" of the hip diagnosed between the age of two and ten months was followed in 47 children. If the dysplasia diagnosed by radiographs was not combined with a clinical instability of the hip dislocation never occurred although no therapy- except abduction exercise - was given. The radiological signs of dysplasia regularly disappear after the child has learned to walk. Three different kinds of dysplasia are described. Dysplasia may be a residual sign of neonatal instability which became stable with or without treatment. Pseudodysplasia is the effect of faulty X-ray technique or X-ray interpretation. In dysplasia with no known instability in the history it may be the residual sign of a neonatal instability which was not diagnosed or it may be a variation of development of the hip joint during the first year of life. Since dysplasia without clinical instability does not progress and will never end with a dislocation there is no indication for therapeutic measures in a stable hip with radiological signs of dysplasia during the first year of life. The treatment of unstable hips diagnosed between the third and the twelfth month of life may be dangerous due to epiphyseal damage by immobilisation.", "contents": "[Dysplasia and pseudodysplasia of the infantile hip joint (author's transl)]. The natural course of \"dysplasia\" of the hip diagnosed between the age of two and ten months was followed in 47 children. If the dysplasia diagnosed by radiographs was not combined with a clinical instability of the hip dislocation never occurred although no therapy- except abduction exercise - was given. The radiological signs of dysplasia regularly disappear after the child has learned to walk. Three different kinds of dysplasia are described. Dysplasia may be a residual sign of neonatal instability which became stable with or without treatment. Pseudodysplasia is the effect of faulty X-ray technique or X-ray interpretation. In dysplasia with no known instability in the history it may be the residual sign of a neonatal instability which was not diagnosed or it may be a variation of development of the hip joint during the first year of life. Since dysplasia without clinical instability does not progress and will never end with a dislocation there is no indication for therapeutic measures in a stable hip with radiological signs of dysplasia during the first year of life. The treatment of unstable hips diagnosed between the third and the twelfth month of life may be dangerous due to epiphyseal damage by immobilisation.", "PMID": 842080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4813", "title": "[The effect of correction of the varus or valgus deformity of the knee (author's transl)].", "content": "The distribution of pressure force (load) on the tibia-plateau in a normal knee as well as varus or valgus deformity has been measured electronically and also studied by photoelastic experiments. The translocation of it by changing the knee axis has been demonstrated. The significance of the pressure force causing monocompartmental gonarthritis has been shown. The causal therapy is a correction of the valgus or varus deformity. The effect of this operation lies in the biomechanical discharge of the damaged compartment.", "contents": "[The effect of correction of the varus or valgus deformity of the knee (author's transl)]. The distribution of pressure force (load) on the tibia-plateau in a normal knee as well as varus or valgus deformity has been measured electronically and also studied by photoelastic experiments. The translocation of it by changing the knee axis has been demonstrated. The significance of the pressure force causing monocompartmental gonarthritis has been shown. The causal therapy is a correction of the valgus or varus deformity. The effect of this operation lies in the biomechanical discharge of the damaged compartment.", "PMID": 842081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4814", "title": "[Skin-thermography with fluid crystals in orthopedics and sport-medicine (author's transl)].", "content": "Thermography with fluid crystals is an effective diagnostic aid for the differentiation between bacterial and non-bacterial inflammation i.e. for the differential diagnosis between joint damage due to overloading and irritative arthrosis. Thermography enables us to assess severity and extent of the condition and to prove the success of treatment.", "contents": "[Skin-thermography with fluid crystals in orthopedics and sport-medicine (author's transl)]. Thermography with fluid crystals is an effective diagnostic aid for the differentiation between bacterial and non-bacterial inflammation i.e. for the differential diagnosis between joint damage due to overloading and irritative arthrosis. Thermography enables us to assess severity and extent of the condition and to prove the success of treatment.", "PMID": 842082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4815", "title": "[Investigations of the final settling of implanted hip-joints by use of 85Sr (author's transl)].", "content": "Up to 8 years after replacement of hip-joints in 26 patients the strontium-85-uptake over both thighs was followed scintimetrically. In contrary to normal healing of fractures, this uptake became normal on the side of the operation not earlier than the end of the 2nd year after operation. One cause of this delay could be the continuing liberation of monomeres of polymethyl-methacrylates at the bed of the implant. It is important to consider the clinical signs on the opposite side, since there a raised strontium-85-uptake could produce a \"pseudo\"-diminished ratio between the two sides.", "contents": "[Investigations of the final settling of implanted hip-joints by use of 85Sr (author's transl)]. Up to 8 years after replacement of hip-joints in 26 patients the strontium-85-uptake over both thighs was followed scintimetrically. In contrary to normal healing of fractures, this uptake became normal on the side of the operation not earlier than the end of the 2nd year after operation. One cause of this delay could be the continuing liberation of monomeres of polymethyl-methacrylates at the bed of the implant. It is important to consider the clinical signs on the opposite side, since there a raised strontium-85-uptake could produce a \"pseudo\"-diminished ratio between the two sides.", "PMID": 842083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4816", "title": "[Dupuytren's contracture (author's transl)].", "content": "The previous treatment, and the open palm and finger technique as described by MacCash and Borden were reviewed. The experience of the author with a case of bilateral recurrent Dupuytren's contracture with severe shrinkage of the skin and an almost total lack of cooperation on the patient's side is added. It is felt that in spite of a crust formation, which seemed at first to interfere with as excellent a result as reported by Borden, the open skin technique encourages further trials, especially in cases with severe shrinkage of the skin combined with psychic disorders, making the cooperation of the patient poor or impossible.", "contents": "[Dupuytren's contracture (author's transl)]. The previous treatment, and the open palm and finger technique as described by MacCash and Borden were reviewed. The experience of the author with a case of bilateral recurrent Dupuytren's contracture with severe shrinkage of the skin and an almost total lack of cooperation on the patient's side is added. It is felt that in spite of a crust formation, which seemed at first to interfere with as excellent a result as reported by Borden, the open skin technique encourages further trials, especially in cases with severe shrinkage of the skin combined with psychic disorders, making the cooperation of the patient poor or impossible.", "PMID": 842084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4817", "title": "[Neonatal paresis of the radial nerve due to benign angioleiomyoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on a newborn with left-sided radial paresis due to a solitary angioleiomyoma in the lateral distal third of the upper arm. The literature does not disclose that this rare benign tumor can produce radial palsy. A palpable soft-part tumor in the new born suggests malignancy. The tumor including the atrophic radial nerve was radically excised. When histology proved it to be benign, a nerve graft with the sural nerve was carried out. After 6 months of electrical and physiotherapeutic treatment partial radial function had returned. In differential diagnosis of radial palsy of the neonate, birthtrauma is a likely cause. Tumors as a cause are rare and are found almost exclusively in adults, due to lipoma, neuroma or ganglia. In the neonate the socalled \"idiopathic\" radial paresis does not occur and in adults is usually due to the \"supinator syndrome\".", "contents": "[Neonatal paresis of the radial nerve due to benign angioleiomyoma (author's transl)]. Report on a newborn with left-sided radial paresis due to a solitary angioleiomyoma in the lateral distal third of the upper arm. The literature does not disclose that this rare benign tumor can produce radial palsy. A palpable soft-part tumor in the new born suggests malignancy. The tumor including the atrophic radial nerve was radically excised. When histology proved it to be benign, a nerve graft with the sural nerve was carried out. After 6 months of electrical and physiotherapeutic treatment partial radial function had returned. In differential diagnosis of radial palsy of the neonate, birthtrauma is a likely cause. Tumors as a cause are rare and are found almost exclusively in adults, due to lipoma, neuroma or ganglia. In the neonate the socalled \"idiopathic\" radial paresis does not occur and in adults is usually due to the \"supinator syndrome\".", "PMID": 842085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4818", "title": "[To discharge one compartment of the knee without a varisation or valgisation osteotomy in the knee region (author's transl)].", "content": "The correction of a varus or valgus deformity around the knee joint as prophylaxis or as a therapy of monocompartmental osteoarthritis of the knee is limited in its indication and of the amount of correction. The experiments have shown a possibility of discharging one compartment by a translocation of the knee to lateral or medial side after a supracondylar osteotomy. The method and its indication have been discussed.", "contents": "[To discharge one compartment of the knee without a varisation or valgisation osteotomy in the knee region (author's transl)]. The correction of a varus or valgus deformity around the knee joint as prophylaxis or as a therapy of monocompartmental osteoarthritis of the knee is limited in its indication and of the amount of correction. The experiments have shown a possibility of discharging one compartment by a translocation of the knee to lateral or medial side after a supracondylar osteotomy. The method and its indication have been discussed.", "PMID": 842086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4819", "title": "[Diagnostic and therapeutic value of rachitomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Between October 1968-1973, 16 rachitomies were carried out in 14 patients at the Univ. of Orthop. Hospital Balgrist in Zurich. The casuistic indicates the necessity for diagnostic surgery, particularly because tuberculous spondylitis cannot be differentiated radiologically from other nonspecific processes. Rachitomy together with histologic and bacteriologic examinations of precisely removed specimens makes a dependable diagnosis possible and permits therapeutic accommodation of the procedures to the individual case as 15 out of 16 of our cases indicate. The direct therapeutic possibilities and the diagnostic accuracy document, in our opinion, the superiority of rachitomy over exploratory puncture. Following-up control examinations up to four years following the operation confirm the success of surgery as evaluated by the subjective freedom of complaints and satisfactory results.", "contents": "[Diagnostic and therapeutic value of rachitomy (author's transl)]. Between October 1968-1973, 16 rachitomies were carried out in 14 patients at the Univ. of Orthop. Hospital Balgrist in Zurich. The casuistic indicates the necessity for diagnostic surgery, particularly because tuberculous spondylitis cannot be differentiated radiologically from other nonspecific processes. Rachitomy together with histologic and bacteriologic examinations of precisely removed specimens makes a dependable diagnosis possible and permits therapeutic accommodation of the procedures to the individual case as 15 out of 16 of our cases indicate. The direct therapeutic possibilities and the diagnostic accuracy document, in our opinion, the superiority of rachitomy over exploratory puncture. Following-up control examinations up to four years following the operation confirm the success of surgery as evaluated by the subjective freedom of complaints and satisfactory results.", "PMID": 842087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4820", "title": "[Hyperlipoproteinemia, a possible cause of osteochondrosis dissecans? (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on 5 cases of osteochondrosis dissecans of the knee joint in patients with various types of disturbance of fat-metabolism. The literature, diagnosis and medical reporting on such cases are discussed.", "contents": "[Hyperlipoproteinemia, a possible cause of osteochondrosis dissecans? (author's transl)]. Report on 5 cases of osteochondrosis dissecans of the knee joint in patients with various types of disturbance of fat-metabolism. The literature, diagnosis and medical reporting on such cases are discussed.", "PMID": 842088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4821", "title": "[Radiological diagnosis of the narrow lumbar spinal canal syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "31 myelograms of patients with the syndrome of lumbar spinal canal constriction were analysed. Two forms can be distinguished - a primary form with hypoplasia of the lumbar section of the spinal canal, and a secondary form with circumscribed constriction through olisthy or spondylosis deformans. The characteristics symptoms of the primary form (n = 21) are: difficult lumbar puncture, the ascent of the contrast medium in the thoracic section of the vertebral canal, multiple protrusions of the intervertebral discs, reduced sagittal diameter of the dural area which is marked by additional signs of spondylosis. In this connection, the alterations were so characteristic that it was possible to diagnose the condition even before the operation. The myelogram with water-soluble contrast-medium is considered to be markedly superior to other methods of radiological examination.", "contents": "[Radiological diagnosis of the narrow lumbar spinal canal syndrome (author's transl)]. 31 myelograms of patients with the syndrome of lumbar spinal canal constriction were analysed. Two forms can be distinguished - a primary form with hypoplasia of the lumbar section of the spinal canal, and a secondary form with circumscribed constriction through olisthy or spondylosis deformans. The characteristics symptoms of the primary form (n = 21) are: difficult lumbar puncture, the ascent of the contrast medium in the thoracic section of the vertebral canal, multiple protrusions of the intervertebral discs, reduced sagittal diameter of the dural area which is marked by additional signs of spondylosis. In this connection, the alterations were so characteristic that it was possible to diagnose the condition even before the operation. The myelogram with water-soluble contrast-medium is considered to be markedly superior to other methods of radiological examination.", "PMID": 842089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4822", "title": "[Clinical signs of the narrow lumbar spinal canal (author's transl)].", "content": "The syndrom of the narrow spinal canal is today to be separated from other lumbar diseases by its nosological entity. It starts slowly and becomes manifest in middle and advanced age. Claudicatio intermittens is the characteristic symptom of this disease the aetiology of which is multifactory. Most patients show in the myelogram konstitutionell alterations combined with localized or generalized degenerative narrowing of the spinal canal. The clinical findings correspond to the lumbar segments affected. With localized narrowing the differential diagnosis of disc herniation is generally possible by myelography. This is of therapeutic consequence because in this cases a removal of the disc is unnecessary.", "contents": "[Clinical signs of the narrow lumbar spinal canal (author's transl)]. The syndrom of the narrow spinal canal is today to be separated from other lumbar diseases by its nosological entity. It starts slowly and becomes manifest in middle and advanced age. Claudicatio intermittens is the characteristic symptom of this disease the aetiology of which is multifactory. Most patients show in the myelogram konstitutionell alterations combined with localized or generalized degenerative narrowing of the spinal canal. The clinical findings correspond to the lumbar segments affected. With localized narrowing the differential diagnosis of disc herniation is generally possible by myelography. This is of therapeutic consequence because in this cases a removal of the disc is unnecessary.", "PMID": 842090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4823", "title": "Intraosseous ganglion (author's transl).", "content": "The intraosseous ganglion must be always included in the differential diagnosis of cystic epiphysial bone lesions, which are localised in the vicinity of a joint, especially since this bone disease can be succesfully operated on. The preoperative diagnosis can be established with the help of conventional and tomographic x-rays examination. A communicating chanel, which is recognizable in tomographic cuts as a lucent line between the ganglion and a joint, is a pathognomic finding. The interpretation of the radiological symptoms can be difficult in those cases in which the lesions are not yet well developed or in which concomitant degenerative joint changes are present.", "contents": "Intraosseous ganglion (author's transl). The intraosseous ganglion must be always included in the differential diagnosis of cystic epiphysial bone lesions, which are localised in the vicinity of a joint, especially since this bone disease can be succesfully operated on. The preoperative diagnosis can be established with the help of conventional and tomographic x-rays examination. A communicating chanel, which is recognizable in tomographic cuts as a lucent line between the ganglion and a joint, is a pathognomic finding. The interpretation of the radiological symptoms can be difficult in those cases in which the lesions are not yet well developed or in which concomitant degenerative joint changes are present.", "PMID": 842091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4824", "title": "[The oto-palato-digital syndrome (Taybi) (author's transl)].", "content": "Two girls with typical clinical and radiological signs of the oto-palato-digital (OPD) syndrome are described. The grade of severity attained that usually seen only in boys. The patients are thought to be homozygotes for an autosomal recessive gene, not heterozygote carriers.", "contents": "[The oto-palato-digital syndrome (Taybi) (author's transl)]. Two girls with typical clinical and radiological signs of the oto-palato-digital (OPD) syndrome are described. The grade of severity attained that usually seen only in boys. The patients are thought to be homozygotes for an autosomal recessive gene, not heterozygote carriers.", "PMID": 842092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4825", "title": "[Sawing and welding with ultrasonics. Experimental investigation to test the applicability of an apparatus for sawing and welding bone tissue with ultrasonics in orthopedics (author's transl)].", "content": "An experimental investigation of a procedure for sawing and welding of bone tissue with ultrasonics in the area of orthopedics was reported. The welding of bone with ultrasonic waves, bone meal and a plastic adhesive did not product satisfactory results in terms of stability and tissue reaction. The applicability of the ultrasonic saw is limited by the thickness of the bone on which the osteotomy is to be performed. We saw no advantages over against the oscillating saws which were available to us. In our opinion, an indication for the application of the ultrasonic apparatus could be the removal of inflammatory, tumerous or necrotic bone processes.", "contents": "[Sawing and welding with ultrasonics. Experimental investigation to test the applicability of an apparatus for sawing and welding bone tissue with ultrasonics in orthopedics (author's transl)]. An experimental investigation of a procedure for sawing and welding of bone tissue with ultrasonics in the area of orthopedics was reported. The welding of bone with ultrasonic waves, bone meal and a plastic adhesive did not product satisfactory results in terms of stability and tissue reaction. The applicability of the ultrasonic saw is limited by the thickness of the bone on which the osteotomy is to be performed. We saw no advantages over against the oscillating saws which were available to us. In our opinion, an indication for the application of the ultrasonic apparatus could be the removal of inflammatory, tumerous or necrotic bone processes.", "PMID": 842093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4826", "title": "[Critical observations and the loads on femoral head replacement and the femoral bone calculated for a support in 3 points (author's transl)].", "content": "In their attempts at calculation of forces acting on a femoral head implant and the forces transmitted to the bone, some authors have assumed support of the implant in a few distinct points. It can be shown, however, that forces thus calculated very much depend on the direction and point of action of the supporting forces assumed arbitrarrily. The suggestion to implant a prosthesis in a \"valgus\" position cannot be justified by results obtained by the method in question. The change in the resultant force at the hip joint due to positioning in \"varus\" or \"valgus\" has not been taken into account by previous authors. In the valgus position of the femoral head prosthesis the resultant hip force is up to 33% greater than that in a \"varus\" position.", "contents": "[Critical observations and the loads on femoral head replacement and the femoral bone calculated for a support in 3 points (author's transl)]. In their attempts at calculation of forces acting on a femoral head implant and the forces transmitted to the bone, some authors have assumed support of the implant in a few distinct points. It can be shown, however, that forces thus calculated very much depend on the direction and point of action of the supporting forces assumed arbitrarrily. The suggestion to implant a prosthesis in a \"valgus\" position cannot be justified by results obtained by the method in question. The change in the resultant force at the hip joint due to positioning in \"varus\" or \"valgus\" has not been taken into account by previous authors. In the valgus position of the femoral head prosthesis the resultant hip force is up to 33% greater than that in a \"varus\" position.", "PMID": 842094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4827", "title": "[Clinical and radiological aspects of dysplasia of the hip. 4th report: Radiation exposure in the early diagnosis during the first three months (Volume-dose) (author's transl)].", "content": "Calculations of the relative volume-dose for 1 and 4-month-old infants yielded a ratio of 1:2. Measurements in the phantom and newborns yielded a surface incidence dose for newborns of 1/400 of the annual environmental radiation surface incidence dose (with optimal radiographic technique). The radiation risk of the pelviogram for newborns and during the first three month period can be justified. Indicated radiographic examination for diagnostic clarification of dysplasia of the hip should not be omitted during the first three months period.", "contents": "[Clinical and radiological aspects of dysplasia of the hip. 4th report: Radiation exposure in the early diagnosis during the first three months (Volume-dose) (author's transl)]. Calculations of the relative volume-dose for 1 and 4-month-old infants yielded a ratio of 1:2. Measurements in the phantom and newborns yielded a surface incidence dose for newborns of 1/400 of the annual environmental radiation surface incidence dose (with optimal radiographic technique). The radiation risk of the pelviogram for newborns and during the first three month period can be justified. Indicated radiographic examination for diagnostic clarification of dysplasia of the hip should not be omitted during the first three months period.", "PMID": 842095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4828", "title": "[Analysis of the metaplastic disturbances in dislocated hip joints in the orthopedic hospital of the Medical Academy in Magdeburg (author's transl)].", "content": "One of the most frequent and prognostically unfavorable complications occurring with therapy for dislocated hip joints is a metaplastic disturbance at the coxal end of the femur. We undertook a differentiation between metaplastic disturbances in necrosis of the center of the femur head and restorative disturbances. In the evaluated period between 1964 and 1974, 1298 children (2236 treated hips) were examined. Between 1965 and 1968 when the old, classical therapy for dislocation was employed, we established a metaplastic disturbances rate of 20%. The rate for necrosis of the femur head was 9% and the restorative disturbance rate was 11%. The metaplastic disturbance rate was lowered to 5.65% as a result of the modern, functional, early therapy instituted between 1969 to 1974. Here we established a rate of necrosis for the femur head of 0.45% and a restorative disturbance rate of 5.2%. This falls within the range established by Huber (5.5%) and Unger (6.06%). The possibility of an endochondral dysostosis must always be considered when bilateral restorative disturbances are present. We observed that restorative disturbances always occurred more frequently in connection with dysplasias. We fell that the cause is the endogenous tendency toward restorative disturbances of the center of the femur head. With early therapy, the possibility of a dislocation can, however, be avoided. In contrast to Kiltz, our later results and follow-up examinations indicate a poorer prognosis for necroses of the center of the femur head.", "contents": "[Analysis of the metaplastic disturbances in dislocated hip joints in the orthopedic hospital of the Medical Academy in Magdeburg (author's transl)]. One of the most frequent and prognostically unfavorable complications occurring with therapy for dislocated hip joints is a metaplastic disturbance at the coxal end of the femur. We undertook a differentiation between metaplastic disturbances in necrosis of the center of the femur head and restorative disturbances. In the evaluated period between 1964 and 1974, 1298 children (2236 treated hips) were examined. Between 1965 and 1968 when the old, classical therapy for dislocation was employed, we established a metaplastic disturbances rate of 20%. The rate for necrosis of the femur head was 9% and the restorative disturbance rate was 11%. The metaplastic disturbance rate was lowered to 5.65% as a result of the modern, functional, early therapy instituted between 1969 to 1974. Here we established a rate of necrosis for the femur head of 0.45% and a restorative disturbance rate of 5.2%. This falls within the range established by Huber (5.5%) and Unger (6.06%). The possibility of an endochondral dysostosis must always be considered when bilateral restorative disturbances are present. We observed that restorative disturbances always occurred more frequently in connection with dysplasias. We fell that the cause is the endogenous tendency toward restorative disturbances of the center of the femur head. With early therapy, the possibility of a dislocation can, however, be avoided. In contrast to Kiltz, our later results and follow-up examinations indicate a poorer prognosis for necroses of the center of the femur head.", "PMID": 842096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4829", "title": "Renal serendipity in whole body scintiscan.", "content": "The importance in nuclear medicine procedures of critical examination of all of the data, beyond the problem in question, is emphasized. These case reports exemplify such situations. Renal pathology was diagnosed serendipitously while performing skeletal screening in patients in whom renal diseases had not been thought of.", "contents": "Renal serendipity in whole body scintiscan. The importance in nuclear medicine procedures of critical examination of all of the data, beyond the problem in question, is emphasized. These case reports exemplify such situations. Renal pathology was diagnosed serendipitously while performing skeletal screening in patients in whom renal diseases had not been thought of.", "PMID": 842123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4830", "title": "Utilization of Virginia's hospital emergency departments.", "content": "When compared with the results of a statewide study conducted in 1968, these data indicate that the utilization of Virginia's emergency departments has increased substantially both in absolute numbers and on a per capita basis. Consistent with the national pattern, the results of this study suggest that a large proportion of patients who utilize the hospital emergency department are actually seeking care for non-acute conditions. Thus the hospital emergency department and its staff are confronted with the complex and often contradictory task of responding appropriately to growing demands for primary medical care while, concurrently, trying to improve the level of care for patients with acute illness or injuries. The development of workable ways to resolve this dilemma and still ensure that the public has ready access to appropriate medical care at a reasonable cost is one of the major challenges in the health industry today.", "contents": "Utilization of Virginia's hospital emergency departments. When compared with the results of a statewide study conducted in 1968, these data indicate that the utilization of Virginia's emergency departments has increased substantially both in absolute numbers and on a per capita basis. Consistent with the national pattern, the results of this study suggest that a large proportion of patients who utilize the hospital emergency department are actually seeking care for non-acute conditions. Thus the hospital emergency department and its staff are confronted with the complex and often contradictory task of responding appropriately to growing demands for primary medical care while, concurrently, trying to improve the level of care for patients with acute illness or injuries. The development of workable ways to resolve this dilemma and still ensure that the public has ready access to appropriate medical care at a reasonable cost is one of the major challenges in the health industry today.", "PMID": 842124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4831", "title": "[Serum immunoglobulin patterns in rheumatoid arthritis].", "content": "Immunoglobulins were estimated quantitatively in sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. According to the significantly increased immunoglobulin class(es), in RA patients as compared to normals the following immunoglobulin patterns were registered: IgG pattern, IgM pattern, IgA pattern, IgG-IgM-IgA pattern, IgG-IgM pattern and IgG-IgA pattern. The IgG-, IgA- and IgG-IgM-IgA patterns were predominantly found in sera from patients with seropositive RA. A positive correlation was found between other inflammatory parameters and high titered rheumatoid factor of the IgG-IgM-IgA-, IgG-IgA- and IgM patterns. C-reactive proteins were increased more frequently in seropositive cases and correlated quantitatively with the IgG-IgA-, IgG-IgM-, IgG-IgM-IgA and IgA patterns. Maximal erythrocyte sedimentation rates were accompanied with the IgG-IgA-, IgG-IgM-IgA- and IgG-IgM pattern. The serum complement components C 3 and C 4 were not decreased in neither seropositive nor seronegative RA. The formation of antiglobulins in hypergammaglobulinemic patients with RA induced by an increased immunoglobulin catabolism is suggested as a possible pathogenetic mechanism.", "contents": "[Serum immunoglobulin patterns in rheumatoid arthritis]. Immunoglobulins were estimated quantitatively in sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. According to the significantly increased immunoglobulin class(es), in RA patients as compared to normals the following immunoglobulin patterns were registered: IgG pattern, IgM pattern, IgA pattern, IgG-IgM-IgA pattern, IgG-IgM pattern and IgG-IgA pattern. The IgG-, IgA- and IgG-IgM-IgA patterns were predominantly found in sera from patients with seropositive RA. A positive correlation was found between other inflammatory parameters and high titered rheumatoid factor of the IgG-IgM-IgA-, IgG-IgA- and IgM patterns. C-reactive proteins were increased more frequently in seropositive cases and correlated quantitatively with the IgG-IgA-, IgG-IgM-, IgG-IgM-IgA and IgA patterns. Maximal erythrocyte sedimentation rates were accompanied with the IgG-IgA-, IgG-IgM-IgA- and IgG-IgM pattern. The serum complement components C 3 and C 4 were not decreased in neither seropositive nor seronegative RA. The formation of antiglobulins in hypergammaglobulinemic patients with RA induced by an increased immunoglobulin catabolism is suggested as a possible pathogenetic mechanism.", "PMID": 842145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4832", "title": "[Calcium, phosphorus, hydroxyproline and nitrogen in inflammatory joint diseases].", "content": "The elimination of calcium, phosphorus, hydroxyproline and nitrogen was studied in 127 patients with inflammatory joint diseases and )6 healthy controls for 4 days. On the third day, 186 mg of calcium was administered intravenously. Provoked hypercalciuria tests were made in 35 males, 116 females with rheumatiod arthritis (RA), 18 males with ankylosing spondylitis (ASp), 8 postinfectious arthritis (PA) and 18 healthy controls (C). In 120 patients comparison was made between the ratios of eliminated P/hydroxyproline, Ca/hydroxyproline and P/Ca with regards to the results obtained in healthy controls. The kinetics of 47Ca were studied in 7 males with ASp and 4 C. The ratios Ca/P in serum and P/Ca in urine were studied in the same patients and compared with 21 C. The results show that the bone symptomatology of PA manifests itself by elimination of elevated amounts of all of the indicators studied, especially phosphorus. In RA there may be considerable oscillations of flow of urine due to the perspiration of patients. RA differs from decompensated coxarthrosis and gonarthrosis in that the patients eliminate significantly less calcium and phosphorus. Corticosteroids stimulate the elimination of hydroxyproline. Younger patients with RA (25-44) show changes compatible with osteoporosis, older females (45-64) display changes similar to those seen in osteomalacia, the oldest female patient (65-84) appear to have insufficient binding capacity for calcium. The hyposthesis is proposed that at the disease onset RA is characterized by an extremely marked syndrome of osteopathy. ASp is characterized by significantly reduced elimination of hydraxyproline, higher metabolic pool of calcium, lower elimination of calcium in urine and faeces and lower accretion to bone.", "contents": "[Calcium, phosphorus, hydroxyproline and nitrogen in inflammatory joint diseases]. The elimination of calcium, phosphorus, hydroxyproline and nitrogen was studied in 127 patients with inflammatory joint diseases and )6 healthy controls for 4 days. On the third day, 186 mg of calcium was administered intravenously. Provoked hypercalciuria tests were made in 35 males, 116 females with rheumatiod arthritis (RA), 18 males with ankylosing spondylitis (ASp), 8 postinfectious arthritis (PA) and 18 healthy controls (C). In 120 patients comparison was made between the ratios of eliminated P/hydroxyproline, Ca/hydroxyproline and P/Ca with regards to the results obtained in healthy controls. The kinetics of 47Ca were studied in 7 males with ASp and 4 C. The ratios Ca/P in serum and P/Ca in urine were studied in the same patients and compared with 21 C. The results show that the bone symptomatology of PA manifests itself by elimination of elevated amounts of all of the indicators studied, especially phosphorus. In RA there may be considerable oscillations of flow of urine due to the perspiration of patients. RA differs from decompensated coxarthrosis and gonarthrosis in that the patients eliminate significantly less calcium and phosphorus. Corticosteroids stimulate the elimination of hydroxyproline. Younger patients with RA (25-44) show changes compatible with osteoporosis, older females (45-64) display changes similar to those seen in osteomalacia, the oldest female patient (65-84) appear to have insufficient binding capacity for calcium. The hyposthesis is proposed that at the disease onset RA is characterized by an extremely marked syndrome of osteopathy. ASp is characterized by significantly reduced elimination of hydraxyproline, higher metabolic pool of calcium, lower elimination of calcium in urine and faeces and lower accretion to bone.", "PMID": 842146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4833", "title": "[Lung function disorders in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome].", "content": "Pulmonary function tests were performed in 15 patients with Sj\u00f6gren's Syndrome (SS). All patients presented with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as well as with sicca syndrome. The mean values of residual volume, compliance and diffusion capacity were found to be abnormal. Vital capacity was abnormal in 40 percent of patients with SS, residual volume in 46 percent, compliance in 60 percent, and diffusion capacity in 66 percent respectively. The lung function was apparently affected more severely in SS than in rheumatoid arthritis. Thus in addition to the well known changes of lung function occuring in rheumatoid arthritis, progressing fibrosis might also contribute to a more extensive impairment of the lung function in SS. Although symptoms of chronic bronchitis and coughs were prevalent in our patients, obstruction was only observed in a comparatively small number.", "contents": "[Lung function disorders in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome]. Pulmonary function tests were performed in 15 patients with Sj\u00f6gren's Syndrome (SS). All patients presented with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as well as with sicca syndrome. The mean values of residual volume, compliance and diffusion capacity were found to be abnormal. Vital capacity was abnormal in 40 percent of patients with SS, residual volume in 46 percent, compliance in 60 percent, and diffusion capacity in 66 percent respectively. The lung function was apparently affected more severely in SS than in rheumatoid arthritis. Thus in addition to the well known changes of lung function occuring in rheumatoid arthritis, progressing fibrosis might also contribute to a more extensive impairment of the lung function in SS. Although symptoms of chronic bronchitis and coughs were prevalent in our patients, obstruction was only observed in a comparatively small number.", "PMID": 842144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4834", "title": "[Analytical psychosomatics and medicine--self concept and self comprehension].", "content": "Psychoanalytic Psychosomatics derive their selfassessement from the fact that they have turned into a recognized speciality in medical science. High rates of epidemiological occurrance of psychogenetic diseases as well as the proofed efficiency of psychoanalytic methods of treatment encourage psychosomati specialists to take care of a great number of diseased, chronically disabled or high-risk persons. The differences to traditional organic medicine are shown up by ennumerating some of the common but rarely considered facts where supply with psychoanalytic-psychosomatic treatment of patients is concerned: All the therapeutic work is here done by the therapist himself. This is the cause for an exceptionally high Doctors'-time-expenditure for each patient. In spite of his psychotherapy is not expensive compared with average costs of other forms of medical treatment. Further topics are: The question of postgraduate training in psychoanalytic psychosomatics, the special patient-doctor reltionship and other special problems arising during psychotherapy in hospital and outpatient work. These problems are discussed in regard to cooperative collegues from other medical disciplines; dealing c.i. with their transference problems to patients they send to psychotherapy.", "contents": "[Analytical psychosomatics and medicine--self concept and self comprehension]. Psychoanalytic Psychosomatics derive their selfassessement from the fact that they have turned into a recognized speciality in medical science. High rates of epidemiological occurrance of psychogenetic diseases as well as the proofed efficiency of psychoanalytic methods of treatment encourage psychosomati specialists to take care of a great number of diseased, chronically disabled or high-risk persons. The differences to traditional organic medicine are shown up by ennumerating some of the common but rarely considered facts where supply with psychoanalytic-psychosomatic treatment of patients is concerned: All the therapeutic work is here done by the therapist himself. This is the cause for an exceptionally high Doctors'-time-expenditure for each patient. In spite of his psychotherapy is not expensive compared with average costs of other forms of medical treatment. Further topics are: The question of postgraduate training in psychoanalytic psychosomatics, the special patient-doctor reltionship and other special problems arising during psychotherapy in hospital and outpatient work. These problems are discussed in regard to cooperative collegues from other medical disciplines; dealing c.i. with their transference problems to patients they send to psychotherapy.", "PMID": 842151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4835", "title": "[Methods and transference in short term psychoanalytic therapy].", "content": "The therapist's emotional reactions and attitudes in time-limited short-term therapy are presented. Limitations of time and scope this kind of therapy must be dealt with emotionally by the therapist; emotional reactions and attitudes can be expected to vary according to the therapist's personality structure; schizoid, depressive, compulsive or hysterical. Transference in time-limited short term therapy can be very intense but is easier to indendify. This has implications for countertransference reactions caused by the patient's transference.", "contents": "[Methods and transference in short term psychoanalytic therapy]. The therapist's emotional reactions and attitudes in time-limited short-term therapy are presented. Limitations of time and scope this kind of therapy must be dealt with emotionally by the therapist; emotional reactions and attitudes can be expected to vary according to the therapist's personality structure; schizoid, depressive, compulsive or hysterical. Transference in time-limited short term therapy can be very intense but is easier to indendify. This has implications for countertransference reactions caused by the patient's transference.", "PMID": 842153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4836", "title": "[Psychosomatic resort clinic patients].", "content": "The structure of patients' specific expectations as to their \"rehabilitation cure\" in a psychosomatic rehabilitation clinic is demonstrated by means of a statistical study over 100 patients. Thereafter a collective of 500 patients of such a clinic is discribed in detail as to symptoms complained, duration of symptoms, prognosis, and psychotherapeutic results. At last, a review is given following up the further development of 247 rehabilitation patients; this review is prooving the effectiveness of group psychotherapy in the treatment of these patients.", "contents": "[Psychosomatic resort clinic patients]. The structure of patients' specific expectations as to their \"rehabilitation cure\" in a psychosomatic rehabilitation clinic is demonstrated by means of a statistical study over 100 patients. Thereafter a collective of 500 patients of such a clinic is discribed in detail as to symptoms complained, duration of symptoms, prognosis, and psychotherapeutic results. At last, a review is given following up the further development of 247 rehabilitation patients; this review is prooving the effectiveness of group psychotherapy in the treatment of these patients.", "PMID": 842152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4837", "title": "[Spontaneous pneumothorax treated with continuous suction drainage (author's transl)].", "content": "In a 5-year period 90 patients were treated. In case of a total collapse of the lung we made use of continuous aspiration. 2/3 of all patients with spontaneous pneumothorax recovered. Only in 5 cases a surgical intervention became necessary.", "contents": "[Spontaneous pneumothorax treated with continuous suction drainage (author's transl)]. In a 5-year period 90 patients were treated. In case of a total collapse of the lung we made use of continuous aspiration. 2/3 of all patients with spontaneous pneumothorax recovered. Only in 5 cases a surgical intervention became necessary.", "PMID": 842163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4838", "title": "[Gottschalk-Gleser method: verbal content analysis to measure aggressive and anxious affects].", "content": "In this article the Gottschalk-Gleser-Method, a content analysis of speech, developed in the United States, is presented for German conditions. The theoretical assumptions, on which the method is based, are entered, the three hostility-scales and the anxiety-scale in the German translation and also the technique how to use th scales are described. For demonstration there are given two scored samples. Besides it is pointed out by testing the interraterreliability between Gottschalk and two German raters, that the method is adaptable to the German language. It could also be shown, that values of American normal population are similar to the values of a German normal population.", "contents": "[Gottschalk-Gleser method: verbal content analysis to measure aggressive and anxious affects]. In this article the Gottschalk-Gleser-Method, a content analysis of speech, developed in the United States, is presented for German conditions. The theoretical assumptions, on which the method is based, are entered, the three hostility-scales and the anxiety-scale in the German translation and also the technique how to use th scales are described. For demonstration there are given two scored samples. Besides it is pointed out by testing the interraterreliability between Gottschalk and two German raters, that the method is adaptable to the German language. It could also be shown, that values of American normal population are similar to the values of a German normal population.", "PMID": 842154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4839", "title": "[Blood traumatization after heart valve replacement (author's transl)].", "content": "Blood traumatization after heart valve reconstruction or replacement was checked in 47 patients. Among the types of prostheses tested the Beall-valve caused the highest subclinical hemolysis, the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley-valve the lowest. In the aortic position the values for the Bj\u00f6rk-valve were better than those for the Starr-valve. In cases with double valve replacement (Starr in aortic, Beall in mitral position) hemolysis was not much higher than in cases with single Beall mitral valve replacement. Clinical hemolytic anemia was only observed in 3 patients, 2 of them being affected with paravalvular leakage. In cases of paravalvular leakage parameters of hemolysis was very high and became normalized after successful repair in 2 patients.", "contents": "[Blood traumatization after heart valve replacement (author's transl)]. Blood traumatization after heart valve reconstruction or replacement was checked in 47 patients. Among the types of prostheses tested the Beall-valve caused the highest subclinical hemolysis, the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley-valve the lowest. In the aortic position the values for the Bj\u00f6rk-valve were better than those for the Starr-valve. In cases with double valve replacement (Starr in aortic, Beall in mitral position) hemolysis was not much higher than in cases with single Beall mitral valve replacement. Clinical hemolytic anemia was only observed in 3 patients, 2 of them being affected with paravalvular leakage. In cases of paravalvular leakage parameters of hemolysis was very high and became normalized after successful repair in 2 patients.", "PMID": 842164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4840", "title": "[Performance of av--fistula for dialysis (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1971 to 1975 104 a.v. fistulas were performed. The rate of thrombosis of the shunts came up to 24%. The best results were obtained with end to end anastomosis between the radial artery and the cephalic vein of the forearm.", "contents": "[Performance of av--fistula for dialysis (author's transl)]. From 1971 to 1975 104 a.v. fistulas were performed. The rate of thrombosis of the shunts came up to 24%. The best results were obtained with end to end anastomosis between the radial artery and the cephalic vein of the forearm.", "PMID": 842165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4841", "title": "[Operative treatment of acute ileofemoral phlebothrombosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Preoperative, operative and postoperative measures in treating acute deep phlebothrombosis are described, as they are performed at the angiological centre of the district hospital \"Heinrich Braum\" at Zwickau. Clinical, phlebographic and phlebodynamometric results after thrombectomy are demonstrated.", "contents": "[Operative treatment of acute ileofemoral phlebothrombosis (author's transl)]. Preoperative, operative and postoperative measures in treating acute deep phlebothrombosis are described, as they are performed at the angiological centre of the district hospital \"Heinrich Braum\" at Zwickau. Clinical, phlebographic and phlebodynamometric results after thrombectomy are demonstrated.", "PMID": 842166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4842", "title": "[Myxoma of the heart (author's transl)].", "content": "In every valvular defect of the heart and in particular of the mitral valve the existence of a tumour should be taken into consideration if diagnostic criteria are not evident. In this case the operation should not be delayed and performed in extracorporeal circulation.", "contents": "[Myxoma of the heart (author's transl)]. In every valvular defect of the heart and in particular of the mitral valve the existence of a tumour should be taken into consideration if diagnostic criteria are not evident. In this case the operation should not be delayed and performed in extracorporeal circulation.", "PMID": 842167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4843", "title": "[Plastic surgery of the female breast (author's transl)].", "content": "A brief presentation of the plastic surgery of the female breast is made. Emphasis has been placed on clearly defined indications of operation as well as the selection of the most appropriate methods.", "contents": "[Plastic surgery of the female breast (author's transl)]. A brief presentation of the plastic surgery of the female breast is made. Emphasis has been placed on clearly defined indications of operation as well as the selection of the most appropriate methods.", "PMID": 842172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4844", "title": "[Value of the knowledge of the mechanical-traumatic component in the course of delivery under the aspect of electronic birth monitoring].", "content": "Three cases were detailed pointed out. They demonstrate the opinion of the author about the relations between mechanical cerebral pressure on the fetus, fetal CTG, fetal pH and neurological findings during neonatal period. It is possible, that a cerebral damadge resulting from mechanical birth trauma occours without the findings of variable decelerations and Dip II in the fetal CTG or without fetal acidosis. Our conclusions are: terminate the delivery after 2 hours severe Dip I under normal fetal pH or after 12 hours of efficient labour.", "contents": "[Value of the knowledge of the mechanical-traumatic component in the course of delivery under the aspect of electronic birth monitoring]. Three cases were detailed pointed out. They demonstrate the opinion of the author about the relations between mechanical cerebral pressure on the fetus, fetal CTG, fetal pH and neurological findings during neonatal period. It is possible, that a cerebral damadge resulting from mechanical birth trauma occours without the findings of variable decelerations and Dip II in the fetal CTG or without fetal acidosis. Our conclusions are: terminate the delivery after 2 hours severe Dip I under normal fetal pH or after 12 hours of efficient labour.", "PMID": 842173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4845", "title": "[Amnioscopy as a routine method--results of 9 years experience].", "content": "In the 9-years period (1967 to 1975) we are using the amnioscopy increasing generously. Nevertheless the percentage on pathological findings of the amniotic fluid altogether and in the seperate groups of indication is nearly has been always the same. It is'nt exact correlation between the severity of the symptoms of risk and the occurrence of the pathological findings in the amniotic fluid. The grand reliability of the amnioscopy also follows from the material of ourselves: The perinatal mortality in the group of supervised pregnant women by amnioscopy is clear less than in the group of nonsupervised. That comes true to all three parts of perinatal mortality. Our own experiences speak in generous use of the optical evaluation of amniotic fuuid by was of screening.", "contents": "[Amnioscopy as a routine method--results of 9 years experience]. In the 9-years period (1967 to 1975) we are using the amnioscopy increasing generously. Nevertheless the percentage on pathological findings of the amniotic fluid altogether and in the seperate groups of indication is nearly has been always the same. It is'nt exact correlation between the severity of the symptoms of risk and the occurrence of the pathological findings in the amniotic fluid. The grand reliability of the amnioscopy also follows from the material of ourselves: The perinatal mortality in the group of supervised pregnant women by amnioscopy is clear less than in the group of nonsupervised. That comes true to all three parts of perinatal mortality. Our own experiences speak in generous use of the optical evaluation of amniotic fuuid by was of screening.", "PMID": 842174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4846", "title": "[Caudal regression, constrained position of the fetus in utero, maternal prediabetes].", "content": "This report concerns a new-born infant with the syndrome of caudal regression. His mother, an epileptic, shows borderline values in the glucose tolerance test in childbed. The pathogenesis of fetal position of discomfort in the uterus as well as etiological factors of this malformation are discussed.", "contents": "[Caudal regression, constrained position of the fetus in utero, maternal prediabetes]. This report concerns a new-born infant with the syndrome of caudal regression. His mother, an epileptic, shows borderline values in the glucose tolerance test in childbed. The pathogenesis of fetal position of discomfort in the uterus as well as etiological factors of this malformation are discussed.", "PMID": 842175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4847", "title": "[Significance of model studies for explanation of the pathogenesis of the mechanically induced birth trauma (author's transl)].", "content": "We have studied the propotions of displacements from fetal cerebral parts during simulated intrauterine pressure. Stillborn children from the death to the experiments last only some hours, were put in cephalic position in our birth model. The cavum uteri was simulated by a metal cylinder, in which we gave compressed air for simulating the labor. The pressure was held about 100 mm Hg. A rubber cuff was fixed on the metal cylinder and let an opening of 8 cm, simulating the cervix uteri. The model with the death infant in it was frozen and than the fetal head sectioned in slides of 1,5 cm in the right of the birth pressure axis. We found, that the gyri occipital were widened, opposite the gyri frontal were compressed. Parieto-occipital we found a venous blood congestion. The brain stem was kinked and displaced dorsal. In one case we carried out in the meantime an aniogram. The cerebral vessels became under the pressure elongated. This was reversible by decrease of the pressure. The limitation of such model studies are give in some facts. We do not know, how much the loosening of the skull, following the fetal death, leads to a more than normal shifting. We further do not know, which proportions of the displacements of the cerebral substance during labor from the fetus could be compensated. Our findings suggest, that it is possible, that cerebral blood flow will be altered by displacements of the cerebral masses during intrauterine pressure. But we have not exact informations about it.", "contents": "[Significance of model studies for explanation of the pathogenesis of the mechanically induced birth trauma (author's transl)]. We have studied the propotions of displacements from fetal cerebral parts during simulated intrauterine pressure. Stillborn children from the death to the experiments last only some hours, were put in cephalic position in our birth model. The cavum uteri was simulated by a metal cylinder, in which we gave compressed air for simulating the labor. The pressure was held about 100 mm Hg. A rubber cuff was fixed on the metal cylinder and let an opening of 8 cm, simulating the cervix uteri. The model with the death infant in it was frozen and than the fetal head sectioned in slides of 1,5 cm in the right of the birth pressure axis. We found, that the gyri occipital were widened, opposite the gyri frontal were compressed. Parieto-occipital we found a venous blood congestion. The brain stem was kinked and displaced dorsal. In one case we carried out in the meantime an aniogram. The cerebral vessels became under the pressure elongated. This was reversible by decrease of the pressure. The limitation of such model studies are give in some facts. We do not know, how much the loosening of the skull, following the fetal death, leads to a more than normal shifting. We further do not know, which proportions of the displacements of the cerebral substance during labor from the fetus could be compensated. Our findings suggest, that it is possible, that cerebral blood flow will be altered by displacements of the cerebral masses during intrauterine pressure. But we have not exact informations about it.", "PMID": 842176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4848", "title": "[Comparison of media for the isolation of Ureaplasma urealyticum (author's transl)].", "content": "Two liquid media and two agar media were compared for their sensitivity in the isolation of Ureaplasma urealyticum. 22 of the 144 urine specimens examined were positive. The U9-medium with low serum content showed a higher isolation rate and earlier results than a medium with 20% serum (Table 1). However some cultures grew sometimes better in the serum rich medium, suggesting a growth enhancing effect of urine in the U9-cultures. On agar more positive cases were detected with the A6-differential agar which showed urease-activity by brown color (MnO2), and less specimens were positive on A5C-agar without manganese sulfate (19 vs. 16). The number of colonies was only slightly lower on A5C-agar (Fig. 3). The darkbrown colonies on A6 (Fig. 1) were easy to detect and to count. Filtration of the urine specimens through a polycarbonate filter (0.4mum) reduced the number of bacterial contaminations, but resulted also in a lower isolation rate of ureaplasmas (13 of 22). This is probably caused by the tendency of ureaplasmas to attach to other structures e.g. epithelial cells (Fig. 2). For isolation of U. urealyticum from clinical specimens a combination of a liquid medium and a differential agar-medium is recommended.", "contents": "[Comparison of media for the isolation of Ureaplasma urealyticum (author's transl)]. Two liquid media and two agar media were compared for their sensitivity in the isolation of Ureaplasma urealyticum. 22 of the 144 urine specimens examined were positive. The U9-medium with low serum content showed a higher isolation rate and earlier results than a medium with 20% serum (Table 1). However some cultures grew sometimes better in the serum rich medium, suggesting a growth enhancing effect of urine in the U9-cultures. On agar more positive cases were detected with the A6-differential agar which showed urease-activity by brown color (MnO2), and less specimens were positive on A5C-agar without manganese sulfate (19 vs. 16). The number of colonies was only slightly lower on A5C-agar (Fig. 3). The darkbrown colonies on A6 (Fig. 1) were easy to detect and to count. Filtration of the urine specimens through a polycarbonate filter (0.4mum) reduced the number of bacterial contaminations, but resulted also in a lower isolation rate of ureaplasmas (13 of 22). This is probably caused by the tendency of ureaplasmas to attach to other structures e.g. epithelial cells (Fig. 2). For isolation of U. urealyticum from clinical specimens a combination of a liquid medium and a differential agar-medium is recommended.", "PMID": 842177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4849", "title": "Experimental Toxigenicity of NAG Vibrios.", "content": "Some strains of NAG vibrios isolated from the stool of patients with diarrhoeal disease as well as from surface water caused an accumulation of fluid in the ligated rabbit gut loop. 5-fold concentrated sterile culture filtrates of some strains were found positive in this test as well. The volume of the accumulated fluid in gut loops injected with live cultures as well as with concentrated culture filtrates was apparently smaller than the volume accumulated after injection of non-concentrated V.cholerae culture filtrates. This points to the fact that the NAG vibrio strains belong to weaker producers of enterotoxin than the cholera vibrios. The culture filtrates of all investigated strains contained the skin toxin which was of increased vascular permeability in the skin of rabbits. Besides this, a hemorrhagic effect was found in the filtrates. The skin toxin of NAG vibrios appears to be more heat resistant than the toxin of cholera vibrios. The presence of the skin toxin in culture filtrates, however, does not correlate with the enteropathogenicity of NAG vibrio strains.", "contents": "Experimental Toxigenicity of NAG Vibrios. Some strains of NAG vibrios isolated from the stool of patients with diarrhoeal disease as well as from surface water caused an accumulation of fluid in the ligated rabbit gut loop. 5-fold concentrated sterile culture filtrates of some strains were found positive in this test as well. The volume of the accumulated fluid in gut loops injected with live cultures as well as with concentrated culture filtrates was apparently smaller than the volume accumulated after injection of non-concentrated V.cholerae culture filtrates. This points to the fact that the NAG vibrio strains belong to weaker producers of enterotoxin than the cholera vibrios. The culture filtrates of all investigated strains contained the skin toxin which was of increased vascular permeability in the skin of rabbits. Besides this, a hemorrhagic effect was found in the filtrates. The skin toxin of NAG vibrios appears to be more heat resistant than the toxin of cholera vibrios. The presence of the skin toxin in culture filtrates, however, does not correlate with the enteropathogenicity of NAG vibrio strains.", "PMID": 842178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4850", "title": "[The occurrence of neuraminidase and N-acylneuraminate pyruvate lyase in Haemophilus paragallinarum and Haemophilus paravium n.sp (author's transl)].", "content": "14 strains of H. paragallinarum, isolated from fowls suffering from infectious coryza or received from other investigators for comparison, and a collective consisting of 9 strains of the new species H. paravium nova species, also isolated from fowls, were shown to possess both enzymes, neuraminidase (EC 3.2.1.18) and N-Acylneuraminate-pyruvate lyase (EC 4.1.3.3). The detection of the enzymes was made initially by paper chromatography using N-acetyl-neuraminyllactose as substrate and secondly by the colorimetric assay of Warren's thiobarbituric acid method using N-acetylneuraminyllactose, colomic acid, Na salt, bovine submaxillary mucin, human serum and furthermore N-acetyl-neuraminate as substrates for neuraminidase and N-acylneuraminate pyruvate lyase respectively. The enzyme activities of the strains of H. paravium are stronger than those of H. paragallinarum.", "contents": "[The occurrence of neuraminidase and N-acylneuraminate pyruvate lyase in Haemophilus paragallinarum and Haemophilus paravium n.sp (author's transl)]. 14 strains of H. paragallinarum, isolated from fowls suffering from infectious coryza or received from other investigators for comparison, and a collective consisting of 9 strains of the new species H. paravium nova species, also isolated from fowls, were shown to possess both enzymes, neuraminidase (EC 3.2.1.18) and N-Acylneuraminate-pyruvate lyase (EC 4.1.3.3). The detection of the enzymes was made initially by paper chromatography using N-acetyl-neuraminyllactose as substrate and secondly by the colorimetric assay of Warren's thiobarbituric acid method using N-acetylneuraminyllactose, colomic acid, Na salt, bovine submaxillary mucin, human serum and furthermore N-acetyl-neuraminate as substrates for neuraminidase and N-acylneuraminate pyruvate lyase respectively. The enzyme activities of the strains of H. paravium are stronger than those of H. paragallinarum.", "PMID": 842179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4851", "title": "[The course of Jones-mote reaction in guinea pigs after the sensitization with mycobacteria (author's transl)].", "content": "Mycobacterial antigens induce of JONES-MOTE reaction, which is well stated in 7 to 9 days after being intracutaneously sensitized (Tab. 1). The reaction is adjuvant independent; Al(OH)3 as an adjuvant stabilizes and enlarges the reaction in the interval between 7 and 9 days after the sensitization (Tab 2). The erythema size, read 6, 24 and 48 hours after the intradermal testing shows no significant differences (Tab. 3). The maximal intensity of the JONES-MOTE reaction was found after 24 hours (Tab. 4). The sensitization with 0.2 mg of bacterial mass is sufficient (Tab. 5, Fig. 1). The size of erythema increases when 0.5 mug to 10 mug of homologous sensitin are used (Tab. 6, Fig. 2). An oral application of M. fortuitum increased the total count of basophilic leukocytes and caused cross reactions (Fig. 3).", "contents": "[The course of Jones-mote reaction in guinea pigs after the sensitization with mycobacteria (author's transl)]. Mycobacterial antigens induce of JONES-MOTE reaction, which is well stated in 7 to 9 days after being intracutaneously sensitized (Tab. 1). The reaction is adjuvant independent; Al(OH)3 as an adjuvant stabilizes and enlarges the reaction in the interval between 7 and 9 days after the sensitization (Tab 2). The erythema size, read 6, 24 and 48 hours after the intradermal testing shows no significant differences (Tab. 3). The maximal intensity of the JONES-MOTE reaction was found after 24 hours (Tab. 4). The sensitization with 0.2 mg of bacterial mass is sufficient (Tab. 5, Fig. 1). The size of erythema increases when 0.5 mug to 10 mug of homologous sensitin are used (Tab. 6, Fig. 2). An oral application of M. fortuitum increased the total count of basophilic leukocytes and caused cross reactions (Fig. 3).", "PMID": 842180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4852", "title": "[Differentiation of mycobacteria by the Jones-Mote reaction (author's transl)].", "content": "The specificity of the Jones-Mote reaction to the mycobacterial species was investigated in mycobacteria-free guinea pigs. To the sensitization and the sensitine production the following type strains (Trudeau Institute Saranac Lake) were used: M. avium, M. borstelense, M.chelonei, M. flavescens, M. fortuitum, M. gastri, M. gordonae, M.kansaii, M. marinum, M nonchromogenicum, M. phlei, M. scrofulaceum, M. smegmatis, M. terrae, M. triviale and M. bovis strain Vallee as well as M. intracellulare serotyp Davis ATCC 23435. Eight days after intracutaneous sensitization with 0,2 mg of bacterial mass (wett weight) in Al(OH)3 as adjuvans the groups of 10 animals for each species were tested intracutaneously with all 18 sensitins in a concentration of 5 mug. The animals reacted positive with the homologous sensitin only; (tab. 1) a cross-reaction was stated between M. avium and M. intracellulare (closely related) and between M. borstelense and M. chelonei (the same species). The homogeneity of the Jones-Mote reaction in some rapidly growing Mycobacteria was investigated with 11 strains of M. diernhoferi, 10 strains of M. smegmatis, M. phlei, M. fortuitum and 3 strains of M. borstelense. The positive reaction was stated with species-specific sensitin only. It should be possible to identify the primocultures using mycobacteria-free guinea pigs and suitable sensitins.", "contents": "[Differentiation of mycobacteria by the Jones-Mote reaction (author's transl)]. The specificity of the Jones-Mote reaction to the mycobacterial species was investigated in mycobacteria-free guinea pigs. To the sensitization and the sensitine production the following type strains (Trudeau Institute Saranac Lake) were used: M. avium, M. borstelense, M.chelonei, M. flavescens, M. fortuitum, M. gastri, M. gordonae, M.kansaii, M. marinum, M nonchromogenicum, M. phlei, M. scrofulaceum, M. smegmatis, M. terrae, M. triviale and M. bovis strain Vallee as well as M. intracellulare serotyp Davis ATCC 23435. Eight days after intracutaneous sensitization with 0,2 mg of bacterial mass (wett weight) in Al(OH)3 as adjuvans the groups of 10 animals for each species were tested intracutaneously with all 18 sensitins in a concentration of 5 mug. The animals reacted positive with the homologous sensitin only; (tab. 1) a cross-reaction was stated between M. avium and M. intracellulare (closely related) and between M. borstelense and M. chelonei (the same species). The homogeneity of the Jones-Mote reaction in some rapidly growing Mycobacteria was investigated with 11 strains of M. diernhoferi, 10 strains of M. smegmatis, M. phlei, M. fortuitum and 3 strains of M. borstelense. The positive reaction was stated with species-specific sensitin only. It should be possible to identify the primocultures using mycobacteria-free guinea pigs and suitable sensitins.", "PMID": 842181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4853", "title": "[Vibrio parahaemolyticus in mussels and in silt in the southern central baltic sea (author's transl)].", "content": "Because the previous studies of 541 fish of the Southern Central Baltic Sea area gave negative results for the presence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, 150 shellfish and 40 mud samples of the same origin were tested this time. In none of them presence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus nor Vibrio alginolyticus has been stated, though.", "contents": "[Vibrio parahaemolyticus in mussels and in silt in the southern central baltic sea (author's transl)]. Because the previous studies of 541 fish of the Southern Central Baltic Sea area gave negative results for the presence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, 150 shellfish and 40 mud samples of the same origin were tested this time. In none of them presence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus nor Vibrio alginolyticus has been stated, though.", "PMID": 842182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4854", "title": "[A simple climatic chamber for testing air filters 2. Communication: adjustment of relative humidity (author's transl)].", "content": "A climatic chamber for laboratory use is constructed using unexpensive materials. The relative humidity is to be adjusted between 20% and nearly 100% by regulation of the water temperature in the humidifier. The temperature range is 20-40 degrees C. As there are to be done experiments with air filter samples under practical conditions the system is enabled to work up 75 m3 of fresh air per hour. In comparison to commercially available apparatus the system described may be easily modified to fit the geometrical and experimental conditions.", "contents": "[A simple climatic chamber for testing air filters 2. Communication: adjustment of relative humidity (author's transl)]. A climatic chamber for laboratory use is constructed using unexpensive materials. The relative humidity is to be adjusted between 20% and nearly 100% by regulation of the water temperature in the humidifier. The temperature range is 20-40 degrees C. As there are to be done experiments with air filter samples under practical conditions the system is enabled to work up 75 m3 of fresh air per hour. In comparison to commercially available apparatus the system described may be easily modified to fit the geometrical and experimental conditions.", "PMID": 842183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4855", "title": "[Transmission of staphylococci from the nose to hands and eye-glasses as a nosocomial problem (author's transl)].", "content": "The isolation of Staphylococcus aureus from the pharynx, the nasal vestibule, as well as the eye-glasses and palms of both clinical personnel and of healthy subjects of the general population, resp., is reported. In either group, the findings were largely identical. About half of the subjects (46%) proved to be carriers of staphylococci, with the bacteria being mostly localized in the nasal vestibule (91%) rather than in the pharynx. The majority of those harbouring staphylococci in their nasal vesibule carried the same strains on their eye-glasses (67%) and on their hands (62%). The reason for the occurrence of pathogenic staphylococci, in most cases, in the nasal vestibule may be seen in the anatomical and physiological peculiarities of the pharynx and nasal vestibule, resp. While there is a highly efficient anti-bacterial defence system on the basis of both cellular and humoral mechanisms in the pharynx and oral cavity, the keratinizing stratified epithelium lining the nasal vestibule offers a milieu favourable for bacterial growth with regard to nutrients, temperature, and humidity, humoral and cellular defence mechanisms being virtually absent. With respect to nosocomial problems, the important conclusions to been drawn from the present data are the following: 1. surgical masks barring the penetration of bacteria should be used frequently, not only during surgical operations but also in emergency wards, infant care and premature baby wards, and in similar clinical areas requiring critical attention.  2. persons dependent on wearing eye-glasses should wear sterilized glasses when performing surgery, or subject their glasses to an efficient disinfection procedure. The latter also applies to all personnel wearing glasses in the clinical area. 3. The very frequent association between the occurrence of staphylococci in the nasal vestibule and the contamination of hands makes it imperative to observe a strict rountine of disinfection of hands in all critical areas (emergency ward, premature baby care etc.). In food hygiene, too, proper attention should be paid to the chain of staphylococcal contamination from nose to food. Therefore, to minimize the hazard in such high-risk situations as public canteens and in the manufacture of ice cream, a well-planned routine of hand disinfection should be adhered to.", "contents": "[Transmission of staphylococci from the nose to hands and eye-glasses as a nosocomial problem (author's transl)]. The isolation of Staphylococcus aureus from the pharynx, the nasal vestibule, as well as the eye-glasses and palms of both clinical personnel and of healthy subjects of the general population, resp., is reported. In either group, the findings were largely identical. About half of the subjects (46%) proved to be carriers of staphylococci, with the bacteria being mostly localized in the nasal vestibule (91%) rather than in the pharynx. The majority of those harbouring staphylococci in their nasal vesibule carried the same strains on their eye-glasses (67%) and on their hands (62%). The reason for the occurrence of pathogenic staphylococci, in most cases, in the nasal vestibule may be seen in the anatomical and physiological peculiarities of the pharynx and nasal vestibule, resp. While there is a highly efficient anti-bacterial defence system on the basis of both cellular and humoral mechanisms in the pharynx and oral cavity, the keratinizing stratified epithelium lining the nasal vestibule offers a milieu favourable for bacterial growth with regard to nutrients, temperature, and humidity, humoral and cellular defence mechanisms being virtually absent. With respect to nosocomial problems, the important conclusions to been drawn from the present data are the following: 1. surgical masks barring the penetration of bacteria should be used frequently, not only during surgical operations but also in emergency wards, infant care and premature baby wards, and in similar clinical areas requiring critical attention.  2. persons dependent on wearing eye-glasses should wear sterilized glasses when performing surgery, or subject their glasses to an efficient disinfection procedure. The latter also applies to all personnel wearing glasses in the clinical area. 3. The very frequent association between the occurrence of staphylococci in the nasal vestibule and the contamination of hands makes it imperative to observe a strict rountine of disinfection of hands in all critical areas (emergency ward, premature baby care etc.). In food hygiene, too, proper attention should be paid to the chain of staphylococcal contamination from nose to food. Therefore, to minimize the hazard in such high-risk situations as public canteens and in the manufacture of ice cream, a well-planned routine of hand disinfection should be adhered to.", "PMID": 842184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4856", "title": "[About problems of carriers of Salmonella typhi and paratyphi B under hygienic, epidemiologic and sociologic view (authors transl)].", "content": "The carriers of salmonella typhi and paratyphi B are the central figures of the epidemiology of typhoid illnesses. The files available at the medical authorities' office of the Hansestadt L\u00fcbeck, with regards to all 543 carriers registered up to 1972, have been analysed, and 102 of 108 carriers who were inhabitants of L\u00fcbeck on 31.10.72, have been interviewed in their lodgings.--Following results are mentionable: 1. 55 carriers have been traced during a hospital stay, 22 of them were under hospital treatment because of cholecystectomy. 2. The circle of persons to be obligated for medical examination as per $ 17 of the Federal Republic of Germany's law of epidemics has proved as too small. For instance two female carriers--known since years--did their job without any hindering as plates washer or waitress in restaurants. 3. 21 persons=4% of the patients excreted salmonellae in urine only. 4. 10% of the carriers of salmonella typhi and 16% of the carriers of salmonella paratypi B had in their faeces as least 5-years intervals of non-excretion. 5. The precentage of carriers with at least 5-years intervals of non-excretion in urine was significantly larger than the corresponding percentage in faeces. 6. Falling ill of 280 persons out of the environs of the carriers have been lead back to the latters. 73% of these infections were placed by the carriers before their detection through the medical authorities' office. 7. For 10 patients whose health was recreated excretion did not cease promptly after the cholecystecystectomy. Salmonellae had been found in the faeces for several months more, at two persons even two years after the operation. 8. For 8 carriers a final decision with regards to the success of cholecystectomy is impossible because they denied a duodenal soundation. 9. 123 persons of 23% of total 543 carriers had--before their ascertation--professions not allowed for those persons. Efforts for a successful job arrangement, possibly combined with a change in profession, always met to obstacles. 10. More than 80% of the carriers who were interviewed ignored the directions about personal hygiene. 11. Difficulties arose during a stay in sanatories, hospitals and old age homes. 12. While 60 of the carriers contemplate their situation with indifference other 42 patients are psychically influenced. 5 of them suffer from a psychical trauma. 13. The environment often tends to overrate the danger resulting from carriers. 14. Information of the carriers must be improved.", "contents": "[About problems of carriers of Salmonella typhi and paratyphi B under hygienic, epidemiologic and sociologic view (authors transl)]. The carriers of salmonella typhi and paratyphi B are the central figures of the epidemiology of typhoid illnesses. The files available at the medical authorities' office of the Hansestadt L\u00fcbeck, with regards to all 543 carriers registered up to 1972, have been analysed, and 102 of 108 carriers who were inhabitants of L\u00fcbeck on 31.10.72, have been interviewed in their lodgings.--Following results are mentionable: 1. 55 carriers have been traced during a hospital stay, 22 of them were under hospital treatment because of cholecystectomy. 2. The circle of persons to be obligated for medical examination as per $ 17 of the Federal Republic of Germany's law of epidemics has proved as too small. For instance two female carriers--known since years--did their job without any hindering as plates washer or waitress in restaurants. 3. 21 persons=4% of the patients excreted salmonellae in urine only. 4. 10% of the carriers of salmonella typhi and 16% of the carriers of salmonella paratypi B had in their faeces as least 5-years intervals of non-excretion. 5. The precentage of carriers with at least 5-years intervals of non-excretion in urine was significantly larger than the corresponding percentage in faeces. 6. Falling ill of 280 persons out of the environs of the carriers have been lead back to the latters. 73% of these infections were placed by the carriers before their detection through the medical authorities' office. 7. For 10 patients whose health was recreated excretion did not cease promptly after the cholecystecystectomy. Salmonellae had been found in the faeces for several months more, at two persons even two years after the operation. 8. For 8 carriers a final decision with regards to the success of cholecystectomy is impossible because they denied a duodenal soundation. 9. 123 persons of 23% of total 543 carriers had--before their ascertation--professions not allowed for those persons. Efforts for a successful job arrangement, possibly combined with a change in profession, always met to obstacles. 10. More than 80% of the carriers who were interviewed ignored the directions about personal hygiene. 11. Difficulties arose during a stay in sanatories, hospitals and old age homes. 12. While 60 of the carriers contemplate their situation with indifference other 42 patients are psychically influenced. 5 of them suffer from a psychical trauma. 13. The environment often tends to overrate the danger resulting from carriers. 14. Information of the carriers must be improved.", "PMID": 842185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4857", "title": "[The determination of resort and stress-areas by air pollution 1. Communication: health effects, methods, emission inventories (author's transl)].", "content": "The Alps and other mountainous areas are air-hygene problem zones: By distadvantageous geographical and  meteorological conditions relativ small emissions can be the reason of high concentration of air pollutants in the ambient air. Therefore the separation of different stress zones by the air quality is an important data for land use planning with regards on health. Different methods which are internationally usual can not be used in mountainous areas (e.g., dispersion models, calculation according to the TAL). A method is introduced for determination and separation of the level of SO2 and particulate matter in a spreadout area which can be used also in complex terrain. This method was proved in air pollution studies in areas with more than 30000 km2 over four years. The investigations were based on a combination of emissions studies, measurements of immissions by continous working SO2 monitoring instruments, lead dioxide candles and Bergerhoff-instruments, and--if possible--meteorological investigations. Report 1 describes the health effects of SO2 and particulate matter, the used tentative methods (analysis for dustfall, the sulfation rate by lead dioxide candles, analysis for sulfur dioxide content by conductimetric and coulometric methods), the emission inventories and the net works.", "contents": "[The determination of resort and stress-areas by air pollution 1. Communication: health effects, methods, emission inventories (author's transl)]. The Alps and other mountainous areas are air-hygene problem zones: By distadvantageous geographical and  meteorological conditions relativ small emissions can be the reason of high concentration of air pollutants in the ambient air. Therefore the separation of different stress zones by the air quality is an important data for land use planning with regards on health. Different methods which are internationally usual can not be used in mountainous areas (e.g., dispersion models, calculation according to the TAL). A method is introduced for determination and separation of the level of SO2 and particulate matter in a spreadout area which can be used also in complex terrain. This method was proved in air pollution studies in areas with more than 30000 km2 over four years. The investigations were based on a combination of emissions studies, measurements of immissions by continous working SO2 monitoring instruments, lead dioxide candles and Bergerhoff-instruments, and--if possible--meteorological investigations. Report 1 describes the health effects of SO2 and particulate matter, the used tentative methods (analysis for dustfall, the sulfation rate by lead dioxide candles, analysis for sulfur dioxide content by conductimetric and coulometric methods), the emission inventories and the net works.", "PMID": 842186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4858", "title": "[The determination of resort and stress-areas by air pollution 2. communication: the evaluation of air pollution in spreadout areas, classification into stress-categories (authors transl)].", "content": "To qualify the air pollution by SO2 and particulate matter in wide spreaded areas a method for complex terrain was used in the Austrian Alps. The working model which was chosen is described in report 1. It is possible to classify the investigated area according to stress-categories by adjusting the data. For the qualification of results of measurements for dust fall the criterias were used according to KOFLER and BENGER. Two different situations were considered for the separation of limits for the stress-categories for SO2: areas which are polluted in first line by area sources, and areas which are polluted in first line by point sources.--The limits which were used in the study of Salzburg are introduced and discussed.--According to the method which is described above all municipalities of Tyrol and Salzburg were classified in stress-categories during to their air quality. The results are introduced.", "contents": "[The determination of resort and stress-areas by air pollution 2. communication: the evaluation of air pollution in spreadout areas, classification into stress-categories (authors transl)]. To qualify the air pollution by SO2 and particulate matter in wide spreaded areas a method for complex terrain was used in the Austrian Alps. The working model which was chosen is described in report 1. It is possible to classify the investigated area according to stress-categories by adjusting the data. For the qualification of results of measurements for dust fall the criterias were used according to KOFLER and BENGER. Two different situations were considered for the separation of limits for the stress-categories for SO2: areas which are polluted in first line by area sources, and areas which are polluted in first line by point sources.--The limits which were used in the study of Salzburg are introduced and discussed.--According to the method which is described above all municipalities of Tyrol and Salzburg were classified in stress-categories during to their air quality. The results are introduced.", "PMID": 842187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4859", "title": "[Virucidal efficacy of a chemical instrument surface disinfectant (\"Gigasept\") against coxsackie virus type B3. II. Investigation in the instrumental surface test (author's transl)].", "content": "The virucidal efficacy of the chemical disinfectant \"Gigasept\" on the basis of succine dialdehyde and formaldehyde was tested with an instrumental surface test which was elaborated for the control of instrument-surface disinfectants. These must be able to inactivate viruses on plastics, rubber and metal. Therefore, PVC tubes, PVC dental suction tubes, red rubber catheter and aluminium surfaces were included in this investigation. Coxsackie virus type B3 served as test virus. The surfaces were coated with liquid virus suspensions with the exemption of the aluminium surface which was contaminated with a gelatinous virus suspension. The instrumental surface test procedure enabled not only the analysis of the specific virucidal effect but also the evaluation of the unspecific virus adsorption onto the surface as well as the unspecific virus resuspension from the surface. Parameter for the disinfectant activity was the virus inactivation kinetic, i.e. the interdependence of the titer reduction vs. disinfectant contact time of a 5% solution of \"Gigasept\". An optimal disinfection must gain absence of virus, a titer reduction of larger than or equal to 103ID 50 and a significant titer decrease of p less than 0.0001. According to these criteria an optimal disinfection was achieved with a 5% Gigasept concentration after 4 hours. The different surfaces did not influence the virucidal activity of the disinfectant. The results of the instrumental surface tests confirmed those of the suspension test.", "contents": "[Virucidal efficacy of a chemical instrument surface disinfectant (\"Gigasept\") against coxsackie virus type B3. II. Investigation in the instrumental surface test (author's transl)]. The virucidal efficacy of the chemical disinfectant \"Gigasept\" on the basis of succine dialdehyde and formaldehyde was tested with an instrumental surface test which was elaborated for the control of instrument-surface disinfectants. These must be able to inactivate viruses on plastics, rubber and metal. Therefore, PVC tubes, PVC dental suction tubes, red rubber catheter and aluminium surfaces were included in this investigation. Coxsackie virus type B3 served as test virus. The surfaces were coated with liquid virus suspensions with the exemption of the aluminium surface which was contaminated with a gelatinous virus suspension. The instrumental surface test procedure enabled not only the analysis of the specific virucidal effect but also the evaluation of the unspecific virus adsorption onto the surface as well as the unspecific virus resuspension from the surface. Parameter for the disinfectant activity was the virus inactivation kinetic, i.e. the interdependence of the titer reduction vs. disinfectant contact time of a 5% solution of \"Gigasept\". An optimal disinfection must gain absence of virus, a titer reduction of larger than or equal to 103ID 50 and a significant titer decrease of p less than 0.0001. According to these criteria an optimal disinfection was achieved with a 5% Gigasept concentration after 4 hours. The different surfaces did not influence the virucidal activity of the disinfectant. The results of the instrumental surface tests confirmed those of the suspension test.", "PMID": 842188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4860", "title": "[Toxicity of lead chloride influenced by zinc iones in cultures of mouse macrophages (authors transl)].", "content": "We analysed the toxic effect of lead chloride employing peritoneal macrophages of the mouse. Toxic effects were determined using the following parameters: viability by dye exclusion test, membrane permeability estimating release of lactate dehydrogenase and carbohydrate metabolism measuring lactate production. Our results demonstrate that Zinc iones in a concentration of 1 X 10(-5) M reduce the toxic effect of lead chloride of 2-4 X 10(-4) M.", "contents": "[Toxicity of lead chloride influenced by zinc iones in cultures of mouse macrophages (authors transl)]. We analysed the toxic effect of lead chloride employing peritoneal macrophages of the mouse. Toxic effects were determined using the following parameters: viability by dye exclusion test, membrane permeability estimating release of lactate dehydrogenase and carbohydrate metabolism measuring lactate production. Our results demonstrate that Zinc iones in a concentration of 1 X 10(-5) M reduce the toxic effect of lead chloride of 2-4 X 10(-4) M.", "PMID": 842189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4861", "title": "[The relationships between blood lead, erythrocyte count, blood hemoglobin concentration and age in children (author's transl)].", "content": "With increasing age of the children and increasing hemoglobin, hematocrit and serum protein levels, the lead concentrations of the blood in the children dropped. By contrast, high lead concentrations in blood correlate with low MCV and high erythrocyte values. The possible causes are discussed.", "contents": "[The relationships between blood lead, erythrocyte count, blood hemoglobin concentration and age in children (author's transl)]. With increasing age of the children and increasing hemoglobin, hematocrit and serum protein levels, the lead concentrations of the blood in the children dropped. By contrast, high lead concentrations in blood correlate with low MCV and high erythrocyte values. The possible causes are discussed.", "PMID": 842190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4862", "title": "[Specific immune response and immunoglobulin production in intestinal infections. III. Intestinal antibodies and immunoglobulins in the dynamics of dysentery infection].", "content": "Coproimmunoglobulins and specific coproantibodies were studied in 98 adult patients and 32 children in the course of infection caused by Sh. sonnei, and in 102 healthy individuals of various age. The concentrations of IgA, and, to a lesser extent, of the IgG and IgM proved to be significantly higher in the patients than in the healthy persons. Locally synthesized secretory IgA made up the main part of the total amount of the IgA in feces. The titres of specific coproantibodies were significantly higher in patients than in healthy persons; these antibodies, as identified by Coombs test with monospecific antiglobulin sera, mainly belonged to the secretory IgA. The local immune response to Sh. sonnei was more intensive in adults than in children. In adults the increase in the secretory IgA was revealed at the earlier stages of the disease, and specific antibodies were found more frequently and in higher titres than in children. The lesser intensity of local immune response in children apparently depends on a lesser maturity of the IgA system providing the local defence.", "contents": "[Specific immune response and immunoglobulin production in intestinal infections. III. Intestinal antibodies and immunoglobulins in the dynamics of dysentery infection]. Coproimmunoglobulins and specific coproantibodies were studied in 98 adult patients and 32 children in the course of infection caused by Sh. sonnei, and in 102 healthy individuals of various age. The concentrations of IgA, and, to a lesser extent, of the IgG and IgM proved to be significantly higher in the patients than in the healthy persons. Locally synthesized secretory IgA made up the main part of the total amount of the IgA in feces. The titres of specific coproantibodies were significantly higher in patients than in healthy persons; these antibodies, as identified by Coombs test with monospecific antiglobulin sera, mainly belonged to the secretory IgA. The local immune response to Sh. sonnei was more intensive in adults than in children. In adults the increase in the secretory IgA was revealed at the earlier stages of the disease, and specific antibodies were found more frequently and in higher titres than in children. The lesser intensity of local immune response in children apparently depends on a lesser maturity of the IgA system providing the local defence.", "PMID": 842206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4863", "title": "[Subclasses of immunoglobulin G. I. Determination of subclasses of G-paraproteins by the method of tryptic splitting].", "content": "Subclasses of the G-paraproteins were examined by the method of tryptic splitting of the sera. The fragments were identified in the immunoelectrophoresis with the antisera detecting the IgG, Fab-, Fc- and Fc1-fragments. It was revealed that for the IgGI most typical was formation of the Fc1-fragment continuously detected along with the Fab- and Fc-fragments; for the IgG1--retention of a considerable amount of unsplit protein; for the IgG3--formation of the Fab- and Fc-fragments, for the IgG4-- of the Fab-fragment alone. Analysis of 96 sera of the patients suffering from G-myeloma showed that 69 were referred to the IgGl, 19 - to the IgG2, 5 - to the IgG3, and 3 - to the IgG4. The method tested permitted successful identification of subclasses of the G-paraproteins, this serving as the necessary prerequisite for the choice of antigens and sorbents in the preparation of the subclass-specific antisera.", "contents": "[Subclasses of immunoglobulin G. I. Determination of subclasses of G-paraproteins by the method of tryptic splitting]. Subclasses of the G-paraproteins were examined by the method of tryptic splitting of the sera. The fragments were identified in the immunoelectrophoresis with the antisera detecting the IgG, Fab-, Fc- and Fc1-fragments. It was revealed that for the IgGI most typical was formation of the Fc1-fragment continuously detected along with the Fab- and Fc-fragments; for the IgG1--retention of a considerable amount of unsplit protein; for the IgG3--formation of the Fab- and Fc-fragments, for the IgG4-- of the Fab-fragment alone. Analysis of 96 sera of the patients suffering from G-myeloma showed that 69 were referred to the IgGl, 19 - to the IgG2, 5 - to the IgG3, and 3 - to the IgG4. The method tested permitted successful identification of subclasses of the G-paraproteins, this serving as the necessary prerequisite for the choice of antigens and sorbents in the preparation of the subclass-specific antisera.", "PMID": 842211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4864", "title": "[Pathogenic and antigenic properties of NAG-vibrios isolated from man and environmental objects].", "content": "A study was made of the pathogenic properties of NAG-vibrios on various experimental animals (917 guinea pigs, 609 nursling rabbits, and 203 rabbits aged from 20 to 24 days). The results obtained were compared with the reference to definite serological groups. Pathogenic NAG vibrios proved to be encountered in all the serological groups studied. The presence of pathogenic NAG-vibrios was mostly noted among the cultures belonging to the 2nd, 5th, 8th and 18th serological groups. The majority of serological groups isolated from man were also revealed among the cultures obtained from water.", "contents": "[Pathogenic and antigenic properties of NAG-vibrios isolated from man and environmental objects]. A study was made of the pathogenic properties of NAG-vibrios on various experimental animals (917 guinea pigs, 609 nursling rabbits, and 203 rabbits aged from 20 to 24 days). The results obtained were compared with the reference to definite serological groups. Pathogenic NAG vibrios proved to be encountered in all the serological groups studied. The presence of pathogenic NAG-vibrios was mostly noted among the cultures belonging to the 2nd, 5th, 8th and 18th serological groups. The majority of serological groups isolated from man were also revealed among the cultures obtained from water.", "PMID": 842212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4865", "title": "[Course of attack-like schizophrenia inlight of late catmnesis].", "content": "On the basis of remote follow-up checkings the author studied the development of attack-like schizophrenia with an onset before 40 years of age and proceeding in the form of clear-cut psychotic attacks up to senescence. Such forms of development seen in 86 patients permitted to conventionally eliminate 3 variants in attack-like schizophrenia (depending upon the prevalence of different tendencies); a) development of the \"cliche type\", b) with a simplified clinical picture and c) a clinical development with a complication of the repeated attacks. The study demonstrates that these changes in the development of the disease are mainly seen in certain periods of old age (involution, senescence).", "contents": "[Course of attack-like schizophrenia inlight of late catmnesis]. On the basis of remote follow-up checkings the author studied the development of attack-like schizophrenia with an onset before 40 years of age and proceeding in the form of clear-cut psychotic attacks up to senescence. Such forms of development seen in 86 patients permitted to conventionally eliminate 3 variants in attack-like schizophrenia (depending upon the prevalence of different tendencies); a) development of the \"cliche type\", b) with a simplified clinical picture and c) a clinical development with a complication of the repeated attacks. The study demonstrates that these changes in the development of the disease are mainly seen in certain periods of old age (involution, senescence).", "PMID": 842213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4866", "title": "[Late catamnesis of recurrent schizophrenia with prolonged remissions (according to an unselective study)].", "content": "The author studied the entire population of schizophrenic patients with recurrent forms where the disease proceeded for more than 20 years. Among 115 patients, 97 had long-term (8--40 years) remissions. Two types of development in recurrent schizophrenia with long-term remissions differing in progressiveness are described with rare attacks and with a tendency to series. The data give ground to eliminate the prognostic criteria of the probability of long-term remissions.", "contents": "[Late catamnesis of recurrent schizophrenia with prolonged remissions (according to an unselective study)]. The author studied the entire population of schizophrenic patients with recurrent forms where the disease proceeded for more than 20 years. Among 115 patients, 97 had long-term (8--40 years) remissions. Two types of development in recurrent schizophrenia with long-term remissions differing in progressiveness are described with rare attacks and with a tendency to series. The data give ground to eliminate the prognostic criteria of the probability of long-term remissions.", "PMID": 842214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4867", "title": "[Clinical typology of dysomorphophobic states in juvenile schizophrenia].", "content": "On the basis of a clinico-catanmestical study of 104 patients with adolescent schizophrenia and dysmorphobic disorders the author distinguished 3 types of such conditions. The first type was characterized by the formation of ideas of a physical defect accompanied by psychasthenia-like disturbances. Its development corresponds to the regularities typical for slowly progressive schizophrenia. The second type was characterized by conditions similar to pubertal crises, but with a certain dysharmony the third type of dysmorphophobic ideas was included into the delusional system. A complication of the dysmorphophobic state was in a direct correlation with the stage of the continuous development of the process and to a lesser extent with affective disorders as it is the case with the first two types.", "contents": "[Clinical typology of dysomorphophobic states in juvenile schizophrenia]. On the basis of a clinico-catanmestical study of 104 patients with adolescent schizophrenia and dysmorphobic disorders the author distinguished 3 types of such conditions. The first type was characterized by the formation of ideas of a physical defect accompanied by psychasthenia-like disturbances. Its development corresponds to the regularities typical for slowly progressive schizophrenia. The second type was characterized by conditions similar to pubertal crises, but with a certain dysharmony the third type of dysmorphophobic ideas was included into the delusional system. A complication of the dysmorphophobic state was in a direct correlation with the stage of the continuous development of the process and to a lesser extent with affective disorders as it is the case with the first two types.", "PMID": 842215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4868", "title": "[Changes in cardiac activity in the acute period of subarachnoid hemorrhage].", "content": "In the acute phase of subarachnoidal hemorrhages which was seen in 32 patients the author studied changes in the cardiac activity and phasic structures of cardiac contraction. The studies were supplemented by electrocardiographic and polycardiographic methods permitting to determined separate phases of cardiac contraction and quantitatively characterize the contracting function of the myocardium. In 21 patients according to the EGC data there were changes in the cardiac activity. It is assumed that the main role in the development of such changes during subarachnoidal hemorrhages belongs to diencephalic brain structures, the changed function of which lead to distrubances of central regulation of the heart activity.", "contents": "[Changes in cardiac activity in the acute period of subarachnoid hemorrhage]. In the acute phase of subarachnoidal hemorrhages which was seen in 32 patients the author studied changes in the cardiac activity and phasic structures of cardiac contraction. The studies were supplemented by electrocardiographic and polycardiographic methods permitting to determined separate phases of cardiac contraction and quantitatively characterize the contracting function of the myocardium. In 21 patients according to the EGC data there were changes in the cardiac activity. It is assumed that the main role in the development of such changes during subarachnoidal hemorrhages belongs to diencephalic brain structures, the changed function of which lead to distrubances of central regulation of the heart activity.", "PMID": 842216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4869", "title": "[Differential diagnosis between a cardiophobic syndrome of schizophrenic genesis and chronic coronary disease with neurotic reactions].", "content": "The author studied 15 patients with cardiophobia in a mental and somatic hospital. It was established that schizophrenic patients with a cardiophobic syndrome quite frequently are admitted to somatic hospitals where they are first regarded as patients with stenocardia and neurotic symptoms. An erroneous diagnosis led to respective and incorrect treatment which aggravated hypochondriacal fixations of these patients. The author describes the structure of cardiophobic syndromes; raptiod cenesthopathic-hypochondric in schizophrenia and simple anxious-neurotic with secondary vegetative reactions in stenocardia. The report contains descriptions of development of a neurotic and neurotic-like cardiophobic syndrome.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis between a cardiophobic syndrome of schizophrenic genesis and chronic coronary disease with neurotic reactions]. The author studied 15 patients with cardiophobia in a mental and somatic hospital. It was established that schizophrenic patients with a cardiophobic syndrome quite frequently are admitted to somatic hospitals where they are first regarded as patients with stenocardia and neurotic symptoms. An erroneous diagnosis led to respective and incorrect treatment which aggravated hypochondriacal fixations of these patients. The author describes the structure of cardiophobic syndromes; raptiod cenesthopathic-hypochondric in schizophrenia and simple anxious-neurotic with secondary vegetative reactions in stenocardia. The report contains descriptions of development of a neurotic and neurotic-like cardiophobic syndrome.", "PMID": 842217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4870", "title": "[Changes in the nervous system in patients with paroxysmal tachycardia].", "content": "The authors studied changes in the nervous system of 85 patients with paroxysmal tachycardia. Clinico-electrophysiological correlations permitted to detect the diverse symptoms of the nervous system lesions. The examinations established correlations between the focal neurological symptoms, the zone of ischemia  in the basin of certain arteris and the EEG and REG data. These correlations point to the localization of dyscirulatory disorders, changes in the functional state of the meso-diencephalo-reticular-stem structures and disturbances of cortico-subcortical-stem relationship.", "contents": "[Changes in the nervous system in patients with paroxysmal tachycardia]. The authors studied changes in the nervous system of 85 patients with paroxysmal tachycardia. Clinico-electrophysiological correlations permitted to detect the diverse symptoms of the nervous system lesions. The examinations established correlations between the focal neurological symptoms, the zone of ischemia  in the basin of certain arteris and the EEG and REG data. These correlations point to the localization of dyscirulatory disorders, changes in the functional state of the meso-diencephalo-reticular-stem structures and disturbances of cortico-subcortical-stem relationship.", "PMID": 842221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4871", "title": "[Anticoagulants in the treatment of ischemic stroke].", "content": "Contraindications to anticoagulant treatment was seen in 212 of 505 examined patients (42.6%). An analysis of 149 patients receiving coagulants and 144 patients of the control group permitted to detect different variants where these drugs appear to be most effective. They seem to be effective only in conditions of a sufficiently intensive blood flow, they facilitate normalization of cerebral hemodynamics and in early presciption possess a certain thrombostatic action. The authors considered heparin treatment preferable.", "contents": "[Anticoagulants in the treatment of ischemic stroke]. Contraindications to anticoagulant treatment was seen in 212 of 505 examined patients (42.6%). An analysis of 149 patients receiving coagulants and 144 patients of the control group permitted to detect different variants where these drugs appear to be most effective. They seem to be effective only in conditions of a sufficiently intensive blood flow, they facilitate normalization of cerebral hemodynamics and in early presciption possess a certain thrombostatic action. The authors considered heparin treatment preferable.", "PMID": 842222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4872", "title": "[Role of latent anomalies in carbohydrate metabolism in the pathogenesis of vascular lesions of the brain].", "content": "The authors conducted a study of tolerance to glucose with the aid of a prednisolone-glucose-tolerance test in 2 groups of patients with brain strokes. The first group consisted of 63 patients younger than 45 years, the second-of 5 cases-older than 55 years of age. In both groups a positive prednisolone-glucose-tolerance test was found in patients with atherosclerosis or hypertensive disease and was not ever seen in strokes of other etiology (rheumatism, nonspecific vasculitis, cerebral vascular aneurysms, blood diseases, etc.). Irrespective of the age, latent diabetus was somewhat more frequently depicted in severe, generalized forms of atherosclerosis. The authors are of the opinion that larvated abnormalities of the carbohydrate metabolism are one of the significant \"risk\" factors facilitating earlier onset of atherosclerosis and hypertensive disease, as well as their different complications, including cerebral stokes. The report contains facts according to which dysglycemia seen in older patients should be considered not as a physiological aging sysmptoms, but as a sign of latent diabetus.", "contents": "[Role of latent anomalies in carbohydrate metabolism in the pathogenesis of vascular lesions of the brain]. The authors conducted a study of tolerance to glucose with the aid of a prednisolone-glucose-tolerance test in 2 groups of patients with brain strokes. The first group consisted of 63 patients younger than 45 years, the second-of 5 cases-older than 55 years of age. In both groups a positive prednisolone-glucose-tolerance test was found in patients with atherosclerosis or hypertensive disease and was not ever seen in strokes of other etiology (rheumatism, nonspecific vasculitis, cerebral vascular aneurysms, blood diseases, etc.). Irrespective of the age, latent diabetus was somewhat more frequently depicted in severe, generalized forms of atherosclerosis. The authors are of the opinion that larvated abnormalities of the carbohydrate metabolism are one of the significant \"risk\" factors facilitating earlier onset of atherosclerosis and hypertensive disease, as well as their different complications, including cerebral stokes. The report contains facts according to which dysglycemia seen in older patients should be considered not as a physiological aging sysmptoms, but as a sign of latent diabetus.", "PMID": 842223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4873", "title": "[Radioisotope scanning in the diagnosis of cerebral infarction].", "content": "Cerebral scanning was performed in 52 cases of brain infarctions (in 43 cases in the system of middle brain arteries and in 9 cases in the vertebro-basillar basin). For this purpose in 46 of the studied cases human albumin serum, labeled readioactive I131 was used and in 6 cases-Tc 99m. Positive scannograms were received only in 16 patients with infarctions in the system of the middle brain arteries. The clinical picture in both groups of patients with positive and negative scannograms did not differ significantly from each other. This may indicate the fact that the process of accumulating radioactive isotopes in brain infarctions depends upon manifold reasons: the state of collateral circulations, the traits of angioarchitectonics in the affected area, the level of metabolism in the focus of lesions, disturbed permeability of the menatoencephalic barrier, etc. In doubtful cases for the differential diagnosis between brain infactions and tumors the most valid criteria in scanning is the dynamics of the focus of accuumulation of radioactive isotopes.", "contents": "[Radioisotope scanning in the diagnosis of cerebral infarction]. Cerebral scanning was performed in 52 cases of brain infarctions (in 43 cases in the system of middle brain arteries and in 9 cases in the vertebro-basillar basin). For this purpose in 46 of the studied cases human albumin serum, labeled readioactive I131 was used and in 6 cases-Tc 99m. Positive scannograms were received only in 16 patients with infarctions in the system of the middle brain arteries. The clinical picture in both groups of patients with positive and negative scannograms did not differ significantly from each other. This may indicate the fact that the process of accumulating radioactive isotopes in brain infarctions depends upon manifold reasons: the state of collateral circulations, the traits of angioarchitectonics in the affected area, the level of metabolism in the focus of lesions, disturbed permeability of the menatoencephalic barrier, etc. In doubtful cases for the differential diagnosis between brain infactions and tumors the most valid criteria in scanning is the dynamics of the focus of accuumulation of radioactive isotopes.", "PMID": 842224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4874", "title": "[Electrocardiographic changes in patients with hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes].", "content": "The authors conducted a repeated ECG study of 200 patients with atherosclerosis and hypertensive disease in the acute phase of a cerebral stroke (57 patients with intracerebral hemorrhages and 143 with ischemic strokes). It was noted that the frequency and degree of expressed ECG disorders depended upon the character, extensiveness and localization of the focus in cerebral strokes.", "contents": "[Electrocardiographic changes in patients with hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes]. The authors conducted a repeated ECG study of 200 patients with atherosclerosis and hypertensive disease in the acute phase of a cerebral stroke (57 patients with intracerebral hemorrhages and 143 with ischemic strokes). It was noted that the frequency and degree of expressed ECG disorders depended upon the character, extensiveness and localization of the focus in cerebral strokes.", "PMID": 842225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4875", "title": "[Use of affinity chromatography for isolation of antibodies to human brain-specific antigens and several findings on the characteristics of these antigens].", "content": "With the aid of affinity chromatography on sepharose-4B, activized by CNBr from the blood serum of rabbits who were previously immunized by general phospate protein extract of the human brain, the author identified antibodies to brainspecific antigens. The specificity of the directness of the obtained antibodies was proved by the reaction of double diffusion in agar gel. With the aid of the same antigens by the immunoelectrophoresis method two brainspecific antigens of a glycoproteid nature with an electrophoretic mobility alpha1 and alpha2-globulins were detected. A processing of the same immunophoregrams by labeled 125i antibodies to rabbit gamma-globulins permitted to find another brainspecific antigen with a mobility beta2-gamma-globulin.", "contents": "[Use of affinity chromatography for isolation of antibodies to human brain-specific antigens and several findings on the characteristics of these antigens]. With the aid of affinity chromatography on sepharose-4B, activized by CNBr from the blood serum of rabbits who were previously immunized by general phospate protein extract of the human brain, the author identified antibodies to brainspecific antigens. The specificity of the directness of the obtained antibodies was proved by the reaction of double diffusion in agar gel. With the aid of the same antigens by the immunoelectrophoresis method two brainspecific antigens of a glycoproteid nature with an electrophoretic mobility alpha1 and alpha2-globulins were detected. A processing of the same immunophoregrams by labeled 125i antibodies to rabbit gamma-globulins permitted to find another brainspecific antigen with a mobility beta2-gamma-globulin.", "PMID": 842226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4876", "title": "[Characteristics of regional cerebral circulation in parkinsonism patients according the 133Xe clearance findings].", "content": "As a rule, in patients with idiopathic parkinsonism the cerebral volume blood flow is decreased in the parietal lobes. Patients with vascular parkinsonism display a decreased blood flow in the frontal and occiptial lobes, more so in the parietal. An inhalation of pure oxygen in the control group of normals decreased the general cerebral blood flow, while in parkinsonic patients it increased it only in the parietal lobes. Treatment with l-dopa regularly and significantly increased the general and regional cerebral blood flow.", "contents": "[Characteristics of regional cerebral circulation in parkinsonism patients according the 133Xe clearance findings]. As a rule, in patients with idiopathic parkinsonism the cerebral volume blood flow is decreased in the parietal lobes. Patients with vascular parkinsonism display a decreased blood flow in the frontal and occiptial lobes, more so in the parietal. An inhalation of pure oxygen in the control group of normals decreased the general cerebral blood flow, while in parkinsonic patients it increased it only in the parietal lobes. Treatment with l-dopa regularly and significantly increased the general and regional cerebral blood flow.", "PMID": 842227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4877", "title": "[Effect of dibazol on cerebral blood supply and EEG in experimental intracerebral hemorrhage].", "content": "A hemorrhage into the right internal capsule in vigilant cats is accompanied by a drop of focal cerebral blood flow in the sensomotor cortex, in the thalamus and reticular formation of the middle brain of both hemispheres, an appearance of slow-wave high amplitude in the EEG activity and in some cases of convulsive discharges. Such changes of the blood flow and bioelectrical activity are preserved in survived cats after 24 hours following hemorrhage. An intracarotid singular injection (Img/kg) and especially a 30 minute infusion of 0.5% solution of dibasol brings about in most of the cases an increase of the blood flow in the studied brain structures, and is accompanied by a partial normalization of bioelectrical activity.", "contents": "[Effect of dibazol on cerebral blood supply and EEG in experimental intracerebral hemorrhage]. A hemorrhage into the right internal capsule in vigilant cats is accompanied by a drop of focal cerebral blood flow in the sensomotor cortex, in the thalamus and reticular formation of the middle brain of both hemispheres, an appearance of slow-wave high amplitude in the EEG activity and in some cases of convulsive discharges. Such changes of the blood flow and bioelectrical activity are preserved in survived cats after 24 hours following hemorrhage. An intracarotid singular injection (Img/kg) and especially a 30 minute infusion of 0.5% solution of dibasol brings about in most of the cases an increase of the blood flow in the studied brain structures, and is accompanied by a partial normalization of bioelectrical activity.", "PMID": 842228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4878", "title": "[Features of the cerebral electrical activity of parents whose children suffer schizophrenia].", "content": "A study of the brain bioelectroactivity in 107 parents (62 mothers and 45 fathers) of schizophrenic children permitted to detect in the cortical rhythms of the parents an increased frequency of the encountered signs which are significantly more often seen in the EEG of schizophrenic patients. A quantitative distrubtion of such signs and their systemic combinations appeared to be different when comparing the EEG of fathers and mothers of the patients. The achieved data may be considered as supplementary proof supporting the concept of the role of hereditary factors in the etiologh of the disease.", "contents": "[Features of the cerebral electrical activity of parents whose children suffer schizophrenia]. A study of the brain bioelectroactivity in 107 parents (62 mothers and 45 fathers) of schizophrenic children permitted to detect in the cortical rhythms of the parents an increased frequency of the encountered signs which are significantly more often seen in the EEG of schizophrenic patients. A quantitative distrubtion of such signs and their systemic combinations appeared to be different when comparing the EEG of fathers and mothers of the patients. The achieved data may be considered as supplementary proof supporting the concept of the role of hereditary factors in the etiologh of the disease.", "PMID": 842231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4879", "title": "[Comparative analysis of attack-like schizophrenia in light of remote catamnesis in old age].", "content": "On the basis of a comparative clinico-catamestic study of 193 patients with attack-like schizophrenia and a different degree of progressiveness the authors describe the most common traits in the development of the attack-like process. The report contains data related to different tendecines in the course of the disease, its age dynamics and some correlations between the degree of progressiveness and separate clinical parameters. It was established that the most expressed negative personality changes are formed in the initial periods of the disease and to a large extent determine the traits in the course of the disease.", "contents": "[Comparative analysis of attack-like schizophrenia in light of remote catamnesis in old age]. On the basis of a comparative clinico-catamestic study of 193 patients with attack-like schizophrenia and a different degree of progressiveness the authors describe the most common traits in the development of the attack-like process. The report contains data related to different tendecines in the course of the disease, its age dynamics and some correlations between the degree of progressiveness and separate clinical parameters. It was established that the most expressed negative personality changes are formed in the initial periods of the disease and to a large extent determine the traits in the course of the disease.", "PMID": 842232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4880", "title": "[Pathogenesis of progressive forms of tick-borne encephalitis].", "content": "An analysis of the pathogenesis of progressive forms of tick-borne encephalitis based on observations of 109 patients revealed the existence of similar amounts of progressive forms in different endemic foci, as well as a dependence of such forms on the syndrome of the acute period. It was possible to demonstrate a transformation of progressive syndromes in dynamics. The outcome of syndromes in a progressive development are phenocopies of the known hereditary diseases of the nervous system. The clinical forms of progressive development are determined mainly by hereditary factors. Their appearance is due to an immune defect which facilitates the development of a persisting infection. Hopeful results are provided by specific and nonspecific vaccinotherapy.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of progressive forms of tick-borne encephalitis]. An analysis of the pathogenesis of progressive forms of tick-borne encephalitis based on observations of 109 patients revealed the existence of similar amounts of progressive forms in different endemic foci, as well as a dependence of such forms on the syndrome of the acute period. It was possible to demonstrate a transformation of progressive syndromes in dynamics. The outcome of syndromes in a progressive development are phenocopies of the known hereditary diseases of the nervous system. The clinical forms of progressive development are determined mainly by hereditary factors. Their appearance is due to an immune defect which facilitates the development of a persisting infection. Hopeful results are provided by specific and nonspecific vaccinotherapy.", "PMID": 842233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4881", "title": "[Effectiveness of the resorptive treatment of leptomeningitis (experimental study)].", "content": "An introduction into the major cistern of the cranial ground of sterile talc to 134 rabbits artificially created a model of leptomeningitis. The talc evoked proliferative reactions of fiber and cellular structures adjacent to the area of pia mater. Treatment by 1 or 2 sessions of lydase, pyrogenal, bijochinol, bijochinol in combination with radiation therapy led to a significant decrease of the fibroplastic changes in the pia mater and liquordynamic pyrogenal. Bijochinol therapy did not exert any special effect. The convened studies confirm the effectiveness of resorptive therapy, thus permitting to recommend this form of therapy for the treatment of patients with arachnoiditis (leptomeningitis).", "contents": "[Effectiveness of the resorptive treatment of leptomeningitis (experimental study)]. An introduction into the major cistern of the cranial ground of sterile talc to 134 rabbits artificially created a model of leptomeningitis. The talc evoked proliferative reactions of fiber and cellular structures adjacent to the area of pia mater. Treatment by 1 or 2 sessions of lydase, pyrogenal, bijochinol, bijochinol in combination with radiation therapy led to a significant decrease of the fibroplastic changes in the pia mater and liquordynamic pyrogenal. Bijochinol therapy did not exert any special effect. The convened studies confirm the effectiveness of resorptive therapy, thus permitting to recommend this form of therapy for the treatment of patients with arachnoiditis (leptomeningitis).", "PMID": 842235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4882", "title": "[Serum antibodies to cytoplasmic antigens of the human brain in patients with multiple sclerosis and amyotropic lateral sclerosis].", "content": "In order to eliminate antibodies to water soluble proteins of the human brain which were preliminary divided into 10 fractions of DEAE-cellulose, the authors studied the serum of 30 patients with disseminated sclerosis and 30 patients with lateral amyotrophical sclerosis and determined their antithymic serum activity. The antibides were detected only to protein fractions 1,2 and 10. There was a tendency towards a more frequent detection of antibodies with an increase of the severity of the disease. It was not possible to determine antibodies with an increase of the severity of the disease. It was not possible to determine any correlation between the amount of antibodies and such clinical indices as the degree of severity, duration, form of the disorder, age and sex of the patients. The cytotoxic index of the patients was significantly higher than that in normals. The authors also found a correlation between the antibodies in the serum cytoplasmatic brain proteins and antithymic activity of the same sera.", "contents": "[Serum antibodies to cytoplasmic antigens of the human brain in patients with multiple sclerosis and amyotropic lateral sclerosis]. In order to eliminate antibodies to water soluble proteins of the human brain which were preliminary divided into 10 fractions of DEAE-cellulose, the authors studied the serum of 30 patients with disseminated sclerosis and 30 patients with lateral amyotrophical sclerosis and determined their antithymic serum activity. The antibides were detected only to protein fractions 1,2 and 10. There was a tendency towards a more frequent detection of antibodies with an increase of the severity of the disease. It was not possible to determine antibodies with an increase of the severity of the disease. It was not possible to determine any correlation between the amount of antibodies and such clinical indices as the degree of severity, duration, form of the disorder, age and sex of the patients. The cytotoxic index of the patients was significantly higher than that in normals. The authors also found a correlation between the antibodies in the serum cytoplasmatic brain proteins and antithymic activity of the same sera.", "PMID": 842237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4883", "title": "[Experience with the use of cyclophosphamide in multiple sclerosis].", "content": "The effect of cyclophosphamid on the development of disseminated sclerosis was studied in 85 patients. For this purpose the authors used a special scale for the assessment of neurological expressions of the disease and the remote results of treatment. The effectiveness depended mainly on the degree of severity. Satisfactory results directly following treatment were attained in patients with light and middle degrees of disseminated sclerosis. A significant regress of pathological signs on behalf of the motor (28%), sensory (37%) spheres and cranial innervation (38%) was marked. The remote results (after 6--12 months) point to the absence of development of the process. The use of cyclophosphamides was accompanied by a drop in the level of gamma-globulins in the blood serum of patients with disseminated sclerosis.", "contents": "[Experience with the use of cyclophosphamide in multiple sclerosis]. The effect of cyclophosphamid on the development of disseminated sclerosis was studied in 85 patients. For this purpose the authors used a special scale for the assessment of neurological expressions of the disease and the remote results of treatment. The effectiveness depended mainly on the degree of severity. Satisfactory results directly following treatment were attained in patients with light and middle degrees of disseminated sclerosis. A significant regress of pathological signs on behalf of the motor (28%), sensory (37%) spheres and cranial innervation (38%) was marked. The remote results (after 6--12 months) point to the absence of development of the process. The use of cyclophosphamides was accompanied by a drop in the level of gamma-globulins in the blood serum of patients with disseminated sclerosis.", "PMID": 842238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4884", "title": "[Changes in the nervous system in acute oral chlorophos poisoning (clinical and pathomorphologic findings)].", "content": "In 136 patients with acute peroral poisoning by chlorofos with a light, moderate and severe degree there were symptoms of muscarine-nicotinelike action in the early periods of intoxication. In the postintoxicational period polyneuritis and astheno-vegetative syndromes could develop. There were also pathomorphological changes in the different parts of the nervous system detected in autopsy cases and characterized by perivascular and parenchymatous swelling and changes of the nervous cells of the brain and spinal cord of the type of acute disturbances. In some of the nervous cells there was a lysis of the cellular body and nucleus.", "contents": "[Changes in the nervous system in acute oral chlorophos poisoning (clinical and pathomorphologic findings)]. In 136 patients with acute peroral poisoning by chlorofos with a light, moderate and severe degree there were symptoms of muscarine-nicotinelike action in the early periods of intoxication. In the postintoxicational period polyneuritis and astheno-vegetative syndromes could develop. There were also pathomorphological changes in the different parts of the nervous system detected in autopsy cases and characterized by perivascular and parenchymatous swelling and changes of the nervous cells of the brain and spinal cord of the type of acute disturbances. In some of the nervous cells there was a lysis of the cellular body and nucleus.", "PMID": 842239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4885", "title": "[State of the nervous system following acute chlorophos poisoning].", "content": "The authors describe the clinical traits of myeloradiculopolyneuritis (2 cases) and encephalopolyneuritis (1 case) developing 2--3 weeks following acute poisoning by chlorofos. Along with a distinct toxic polyneuritic syndrome there were also signs of pathology in the spinal cord and brain, as well as in the internal organs in the forms of toxic hepatitis and nephritis. The report contains data indicating a protracted development of the pathology, its direct dependence upon the depth of intoxication and disordered consciousness in the acute period. The authors express the opinion that in the described pathology there may be autoallergic mechanisms in the formation of myeloradiculopolyneuritis and encephalopolyneuritis following poisoning by chlorofos.", "contents": "[State of the nervous system following acute chlorophos poisoning]. The authors describe the clinical traits of myeloradiculopolyneuritis (2 cases) and encephalopolyneuritis (1 case) developing 2--3 weeks following acute poisoning by chlorofos. Along with a distinct toxic polyneuritic syndrome there were also signs of pathology in the spinal cord and brain, as well as in the internal organs in the forms of toxic hepatitis and nephritis. The report contains data indicating a protracted development of the pathology, its direct dependence upon the depth of intoxication and disordered consciousness in the acute period. The authors express the opinion that in the described pathology there may be autoallergic mechanisms in the formation of myeloradiculopolyneuritis and encephalopolyneuritis following poisoning by chlorofos.", "PMID": 842240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4886", "title": "[Clinical and echoencephalographic diagnosis of lesions of the frontal lobe in the acute period of severe cranio-cerebral injury].", "content": "An analysis of clinical and echoencephalographic studies in 100 patients permitted the author to detect a dependency between the clinical signs of frontal lobe lesions and the mechanisms of the inflicted trauma. A clarification of the character of the traumatic injury of the frontal lobe (contusion or contusion-crush) is very important inasmuch as it determines the medical tactics in relation to treatment. According to the data of the author, patients with contusions of the frontal lobes require conservative treatment, while in traumatical crushing of the frontal lobes surgical treatment may be frequently necessary.", "contents": "[Clinical and echoencephalographic diagnosis of lesions of the frontal lobe in the acute period of severe cranio-cerebral injury]. An analysis of clinical and echoencephalographic studies in 100 patients permitted the author to detect a dependency between the clinical signs of frontal lobe lesions and the mechanisms of the inflicted trauma. A clarification of the character of the traumatic injury of the frontal lobe (contusion or contusion-crush) is very important inasmuch as it determines the medical tactics in relation to treatment. According to the data of the author, patients with contusions of the frontal lobes require conservative treatment, while in traumatical crushing of the frontal lobes surgical treatment may be frequently necessary.", "PMID": 842241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4887", "title": "[Use of a photoelectronic device for recording micromovements of the eyes in neurologic clinical practice].", "content": "A photoelectronic device was used to record micromovements of the eyes in 110 patients with disorders of the functions of the oculomotor apparatus (myasthenia, myopathia, malignant exophthalm, basal paralysis, nuclear paralysis, cerebral tumours). The number of spontaneous leaps, their direction, amplitude and the rate of reflex and spontaneous leaps were counted up; on the basis of this an assymetry coefficient which made it possible to qualitatively evaluate the degree of the oculomotor apparatus affection was calculated, this plays a significant part in neurological practice.", "contents": "[Use of a photoelectronic device for recording micromovements of the eyes in neurologic clinical practice]. A photoelectronic device was used to record micromovements of the eyes in 110 patients with disorders of the functions of the oculomotor apparatus (myasthenia, myopathia, malignant exophthalm, basal paralysis, nuclear paralysis, cerebral tumours). The number of spontaneous leaps, their direction, amplitude and the rate of reflex and spontaneous leaps were counted up; on the basis of this an assymetry coefficient which made it possible to qualitatively evaluate the degree of the oculomotor apparatus affection was calculated, this plays a significant part in neurological practice.", "PMID": 842242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4888", "title": "[Several indices of the functional state of the pituitary--adrenal cortex system in chronic alcoholism].", "content": "The adrenal cortex functional activity in males with alcoholsim of the 2nd stage (128 cases) in respect to the production of glucocorticoids and mineral-corticoids is decreased. The biosynthesis of androgens, as can be seen by the 17-KS urine excretion, is increased. Abstinence from alcohol during treatment with teturam in combination with neuroleptical drugs was accompanied by an increased elimination of glucocorticoids and a normalization of the metabolic indices of the main electrolytes. In all the examined cases of alcoholism with the 2nd stage irrespective of the duration of the disease there was an increased amount of androgens, possibly as a compensatory reaction to metabolic disturbances, due to chronic alcoholic intoxication.", "contents": "[Several indices of the functional state of the pituitary--adrenal cortex system in chronic alcoholism]. The adrenal cortex functional activity in males with alcoholsim of the 2nd stage (128 cases) in respect to the production of glucocorticoids and mineral-corticoids is decreased. The biosynthesis of androgens, as can be seen by the 17-KS urine excretion, is increased. Abstinence from alcohol during treatment with teturam in combination with neuroleptical drugs was accompanied by an increased elimination of glucocorticoids and a normalization of the metabolic indices of the main electrolytes. In all the examined cases of alcoholism with the 2nd stage irrespective of the duration of the disease there was an increased amount of androgens, possibly as a compensatory reaction to metabolic disturbances, due to chronic alcoholic intoxication.", "PMID": 842243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4889", "title": "[State of peripheral and cerebral circulation in patients with chronic alcoholism according to rheovasographic and rheoencephalographic findings].", "content": "The paper is related to some vegeto-vascular dysfunctions which were detected in chronic alcoholic patients. These disorders were expressed in a decrease of the repletion intensity of the cerebral vessels and fingers of the hands; an increased tone of the small arteries and arterioles, a drop of the elasticity of the rascular wall and an increase of the peripheral resistance. It was also possible to mark disturbances of the venous outflow. The author is of the opinion that there is a regional hypertension in the small arteries and arterioles.", "contents": "[State of peripheral and cerebral circulation in patients with chronic alcoholism according to rheovasographic and rheoencephalographic findings]. The paper is related to some vegeto-vascular dysfunctions which were detected in chronic alcoholic patients. These disorders were expressed in a decrease of the repletion intensity of the cerebral vessels and fingers of the hands; an increased tone of the small arteries and arterioles, a drop of the elasticity of the rascular wall and an increase of the peripheral resistance. It was also possible to mark disturbances of the venous outflow. The author is of the opinion that there is a regional hypertension in the small arteries and arterioles.", "PMID": 842244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4890", "title": "[Clinical heterogeneity of consciousness disorders in the mussitational variant of delirium tremens].", "content": "A clinical study of 183 patients detected the absence of a syndromological uniformity in the mussitative variant of delirium tremens. The dynamical clinical picture of psychosis may include during one of the stages of its development a delirious-amentive syndrome, short-time amentive states and oniric experiences. The seen variants of disordered consciousness have a tendency to a transition to clouded forms which subsequentive lead to a significant drop of socio-labour capacity making such disorders prognostically extremely significant. An analysis of \"lucid periods\" in this contingent demonstrated their affinity to one of the mild forms of disordered consciousness.", "contents": "[Clinical heterogeneity of consciousness disorders in the mussitational variant of delirium tremens]. A clinical study of 183 patients detected the absence of a syndromological uniformity in the mussitative variant of delirium tremens. The dynamical clinical picture of psychosis may include during one of the stages of its development a delirious-amentive syndrome, short-time amentive states and oniric experiences. The seen variants of disordered consciousness have a tendency to a transition to clouded forms which subsequentive lead to a significant drop of socio-labour capacity making such disorders prognostically extremely significant. An analysis of \"lucid periods\" in this contingent demonstrated their affinity to one of the mild forms of disordered consciousness.", "PMID": 842245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4891", "title": "[Significance of personality characteristics for the clinical picture and treatment of alcoholism].", "content": "The authors examined 118 patients with chronic alcoholism. Taking into consideration the typological personality traits all the patients were divided into 3 groups: cycloid (39 cases), asthenical (41 cases) and hystero-explosive (38 cases). Each group was characterized by distinct clinical traits of alcoholism in their separate symptoms, as well as in the development of the disease as a whole. The authors also distinguish differences in the treatment effectivity of all 3 groups.", "contents": "[Significance of personality characteristics for the clinical picture and treatment of alcoholism]. The authors examined 118 patients with chronic alcoholism. Taking into consideration the typological personality traits all the patients were divided into 3 groups: cycloid (39 cases), asthenical (41 cases) and hystero-explosive (38 cases). Each group was characterized by distinct clinical traits of alcoholism in their separate symptoms, as well as in the development of the disease as a whole. The authors also distinguish differences in the treatment effectivity of all 3 groups.", "PMID": 842246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4892", "title": "[Basic principles and trends in the intensive therapy of severe forms of alcoholic delirium].", "content": "The paper presents therapeutical results of 105 patients with severe forms of alcoholic delirium who were treated by intensive therapeutical methods in a specialized department. The main trends of the intensive therapy were the following: discontinuation of psychomotor excitation and general hyperkinesia, the treatment of respiration disturbances and massive infusion therapy. As a result, in 87 patients of 105 the psychotic condition was ceasted 12--24 hours after the beginning of the treatment.", "contents": "[Basic principles and trends in the intensive therapy of severe forms of alcoholic delirium]. The paper presents therapeutical results of 105 patients with severe forms of alcoholic delirium who were treated by intensive therapeutical methods in a specialized department. The main trends of the intensive therapy were the following: discontinuation of psychomotor excitation and general hyperkinesia, the treatment of respiration disturbances and massive infusion therapy. As a result, in 87 patients of 105 the psychotic condition was ceasted 12--24 hours after the beginning of the treatment.", "PMID": 842247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4893", "title": "[\"Search strategy\" in solving verbal logic problems by schizophrenic patients].", "content": "In a solution of logical tasks of a deductive character by normals and patients with paranoid schizophrenia, the latter find solutions in less than half of the cases. They attract a great amount of questions, the character of which are more concrete with an accent on \"weak\" signs rather than general. The patients do not display adequate plans in solving such tasks, the search of the semantic field is narrow. Assumingly there is a disorder of the structure and ierarchy of information kept in the brain.", "contents": "[\"Search strategy\" in solving verbal logic problems by schizophrenic patients]. In a solution of logical tasks of a deductive character by normals and patients with paranoid schizophrenia, the latter find solutions in less than half of the cases. They attract a great amount of questions, the character of which are more concrete with an accent on \"weak\" signs rather than general. The patients do not display adequate plans in solving such tasks, the search of the semantic field is narrow. Assumingly there is a disorder of the structure and ierarchy of information kept in the brain.", "PMID": 842248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4894", "title": "[Basic patterns in the formation of sluggish schizophrenia according to epidemiologic findings].", "content": "The study is based on clinico-epidemiological data concerning sluggish schizophrenia revealed in 214 patients. Conclusions of the formation of a slowly progressive process are made by a retrospective clinical analysis of the disease from the initial period, to the ordinal transition of syndromes, up to the moment of the interview. The unification of the assessment of the present state was accomplished with the aid of a glossary of syndromes. Despite the clinical variants of sluggish schizophrenia the author established some general regularities in the development of the disease with 3 stages. In such forms of the process during the 2nd stage the clinical variability disappears and is substituted by monomorphity. The negative symptoms appear early during the first stage but during decades they may remain hidden by vividly expressed pseudoneurotic and psychopath-like syndromes.", "contents": "[Basic patterns in the formation of sluggish schizophrenia according to epidemiologic findings]. The study is based on clinico-epidemiological data concerning sluggish schizophrenia revealed in 214 patients. Conclusions of the formation of a slowly progressive process are made by a retrospective clinical analysis of the disease from the initial period, to the ordinal transition of syndromes, up to the moment of the interview. The unification of the assessment of the present state was accomplished with the aid of a glossary of syndromes. Despite the clinical variants of sluggish schizophrenia the author established some general regularities in the development of the disease with 3 stages. In such forms of the process during the 2nd stage the clinical variability disappears and is substituted by monomorphity. The negative symptoms appear early during the first stage but during decades they may remain hidden by vividly expressed pseudoneurotic and psychopath-like syndromes.", "PMID": 842249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4895", "title": "[Effect of irradiation on the character of mental disorders observed in patients subjected to surgery on account of laryngeal neoplasms].", "content": "The paper deals with a description of mental disorders seen in patients who had been operated for larynx cancer and who were subsequently subjected to radiotherapy. It is shown that there is a certain dependence of the structure of psychopathological changes on the doses and duration or radiation (prior to and following the operation). The author stresses the fact that radiotherapy is one of the significant factors creating a pathologically changed basis and provoking the appearance of mental disorders.", "contents": "[Effect of irradiation on the character of mental disorders observed in patients subjected to surgery on account of laryngeal neoplasms]. The paper deals with a description of mental disorders seen in patients who had been operated for larynx cancer and who were subsequently subjected to radiotherapy. It is shown that there is a certain dependence of the structure of psychopathological changes on the doses and duration or radiation (prior to and following the operation). The author stresses the fact that radiotherapy is one of the significant factors creating a pathologically changed basis and provoking the appearance of mental disorders.", "PMID": 842250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4896", "title": "[Mutagenic activity of luminal and pyrazidol].", "content": "The mutagenic activity of two psychotropic preparations luminal and pyrazidol was studied. It was shown that luminal is capable of indicing chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells of mice as well as dominant lethal mutations in postmeiotic stages of spermiogenesis. This allows one to consider it as genetically dangerous. Pyrazidol did not show any mutagenic activity in the studied test objects. These data must be taken into account when treating individuals who are still in the reproductive period of life.", "contents": "[Mutagenic activity of luminal and pyrazidol]. The mutagenic activity of two psychotropic preparations luminal and pyrazidol was studied. It was shown that luminal is capable of indicing chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells of mice as well as dominant lethal mutations in postmeiotic stages of spermiogenesis. This allows one to consider it as genetically dangerous. Pyrazidol did not show any mutagenic activity in the studied test objects. These data must be taken into account when treating individuals who are still in the reproductive period of life.", "PMID": 842251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4897", "title": "[Antigenic composition of protein fractions of the human cerebral cortex extracted by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose].", "content": "In fractionating a phosphate protein extract from the human brain cortex on DEAE-cellulose 10 fractions of the basic acid proteins were received. Analyses of these fractions were conducted by the method of disc electrophoresis in polyacridamide gel with dodecylsulphate Na and a subsequent separate staining of the desitograms of proteins and glycoproteins, precipitation in agar gel, immunoelectrophoresis and autoimmunography with the use of labeled I125 antibodies to rabbit gamma-globulin. In the first 2 basic fractions there were brain specific antigens with electrophoretic mobility of the beta2--gamma globulin. In the first acid fraction--2 antigens: alpha1-globulin and alpha2-globulin of a glycoprotein nature. In subsequent acid fractions--one antigen with a mobility of alpha1-globulin. A study of the antigen activity of these fractions in a complement fixation test on cold with the serum of schizophrenic patients and disseminated sclerosis depicted differences in the activity of the basic and acid fractions.", "contents": "[Antigenic composition of protein fractions of the human cerebral cortex extracted by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose]. In fractionating a phosphate protein extract from the human brain cortex on DEAE-cellulose 10 fractions of the basic acid proteins were received. Analyses of these fractions were conducted by the method of disc electrophoresis in polyacridamide gel with dodecylsulphate Na and a subsequent separate staining of the desitograms of proteins and glycoproteins, precipitation in agar gel, immunoelectrophoresis and autoimmunography with the use of labeled I125 antibodies to rabbit gamma-globulin. In the first 2 basic fractions there were brain specific antigens with electrophoretic mobility of the beta2--gamma globulin. In the first acid fraction--2 antigens: alpha1-globulin and alpha2-globulin of a glycoprotein nature. In subsequent acid fractions--one antigen with a mobility of alpha1-globulin. A study of the antigen activity of these fractions in a complement fixation test on cold with the serum of schizophrenic patients and disseminated sclerosis depicted differences in the activity of the basic and acid fractions.", "PMID": 842253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4898", "title": "[Clinical picture of cranio-cerebral trauma combined with trauma to the cervical region of the spine].", "content": "On the basis of 60 observations the peculiarites of clinical manifestations of skull-brain injuries combined with trauma of the cervical vertebrae are described. It is demonstrated that in such cases the syndrome of the cerebral lesion often plays the leading part, masking the symptoms of the spinal cord injury. The disorders in circulation in the vertebral-basilar system due to the compression of the vertebral artery canal by the dislodged fragments, its thrombosis, and irritation of the periarterial sympathetic plexus are of importance in the genesis of the developing syndrome in the rombencephalic portion of the brain. In the mechanism of vestibular disorders a certain place belongs, apart from the direct traumatization of the rombencephalic portion and circulation disorders in the vertebral-basilar system, to injuries of the vestibulospinal pathways. The autonomous-visceral pathology observed in cases of cervical injuries can be attributed to the direct effect of the trauma upon the segmental innervation appratus of the heart, diaphragm, thorax.", "contents": "[Clinical picture of cranio-cerebral trauma combined with trauma to the cervical region of the spine]. On the basis of 60 observations the peculiarites of clinical manifestations of skull-brain injuries combined with trauma of the cervical vertebrae are described. It is demonstrated that in such cases the syndrome of the cerebral lesion often plays the leading part, masking the symptoms of the spinal cord injury. The disorders in circulation in the vertebral-basilar system due to the compression of the vertebral artery canal by the dislodged fragments, its thrombosis, and irritation of the periarterial sympathetic plexus are of importance in the genesis of the developing syndrome in the rombencephalic portion of the brain. In the mechanism of vestibular disorders a certain place belongs, apart from the direct traumatization of the rombencephalic portion and circulation disorders in the vertebral-basilar system, to injuries of the vestibulospinal pathways. The autonomous-visceral pathology observed in cases of cervical injuries can be attributed to the direct effect of the trauma upon the segmental innervation appratus of the heart, diaphragm, thorax.", "PMID": 842254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4899", "title": "[Cerebral vascular changes in severe cranio-cerebral trauma according to angiographic findings].", "content": "Modern radiocontrast methods of examination of the vascular system permit to reveal both morphological and functional alterations in the vascular architectonics. Angiographic studies were undertaken in 49 patients with severe craniocerebral injuries. The analysis of the angiogrammes revealed distinct changes in the number, position, shape and lumen of the cerebral vassels depending on the injury focus or brain compression.", "contents": "[Cerebral vascular changes in severe cranio-cerebral trauma according to angiographic findings]. Modern radiocontrast methods of examination of the vascular system permit to reveal both morphological and functional alterations in the vascular architectonics. Angiographic studies were undertaken in 49 patients with severe craniocerebral injuries. The analysis of the angiogrammes revealed distinct changes in the number, position, shape and lumen of the cerebral vassels depending on the injury focus or brain compression.", "PMID": 842255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4900", "title": "[Results of surgery for occlusion hydrocephalus of different etiology in children].", "content": "The immediate and late results of ventriculocysternostomy performed in children with occlusive hydrocephalus of an inflammatory (67), neoplastic (183) and parasitic (1) genesis are presented. The conducted analysis of the results has proved that the procedure dramatically improves the state of the patients. The mortality and long-term prognosis after the operation mainly depend on the severity of the underlying pathology. In occlusive hydrocephalus of an inflammatory genesis the operation usually results in recovery. In occlusive hydrocephalus due to a tumour the operation permits to prolong the patient's life for as much as over 5 years.", "contents": "[Results of surgery for occlusion hydrocephalus of different etiology in children]. The immediate and late results of ventriculocysternostomy performed in children with occlusive hydrocephalus of an inflammatory (67), neoplastic (183) and parasitic (1) genesis are presented. The conducted analysis of the results has proved that the procedure dramatically improves the state of the patients. The mortality and long-term prognosis after the operation mainly depend on the severity of the underlying pathology. In occlusive hydrocephalus of an inflammatory genesis the operation usually results in recovery. In occlusive hydrocephalus due to a tumour the operation permits to prolong the patient's life for as much as over 5 years.", "PMID": 842257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4901", "title": "[Experience with the use of hyperbaric oxygenation in neurosurgical clinical practice].", "content": "Hyperbaric oxygenation proved an effective means of hypoxia control in the central nervous system of neurosurgical patients, which manifested itself mostly in a regression of the general cerebral and focal neurological symptoms. The most striking effect of hyperbaric ocygenation was received in cases of complications following cerebrovascular procedures. At the same time signs of normalization of the bioelectrical activity of the brain and of an elevated tonicity of the intracranial vessels were observed. The electrophysiological control of the functional state of the body helps to choose an optimum regimen and to avoid the possible side effects of oxygen toxicity under elevated pressure.", "contents": "[Experience with the use of hyperbaric oxygenation in neurosurgical clinical practice]. Hyperbaric oxygenation proved an effective means of hypoxia control in the central nervous system of neurosurgical patients, which manifested itself mostly in a regression of the general cerebral and focal neurological symptoms. The most striking effect of hyperbaric ocygenation was received in cases of complications following cerebrovascular procedures. At the same time signs of normalization of the bioelectrical activity of the brain and of an elevated tonicity of the intracranial vessels were observed. The electrophysiological control of the functional state of the body helps to choose an optimum regimen and to avoid the possible side effects of oxygen toxicity under elevated pressure.", "PMID": 842258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4902", "title": "[Clinico-physiologic analysis of the effect of decompressing the cerebrospinal fluid system in children with hydrocephalus].", "content": "Changes in vascular tonicity and blood filling in the brain were studied in 26 children with occlusive hydrocephalus during ventricular punctures and following surgical elimination of the occlusion. The nature of the reactive changes in the tonicity and blood filling of the cerebral and peripheral vessels was found to be different in response to the draining of the CSF system depending on the level of thebrain lesion. Following ventricular punctures with CSF draining the majority of the examined demonstrated a normalization of their elevated tonicity of the cerebral vessels and a disappearance of hampered venous drainage. The dynamics of the vascular responses developing under the effect of dehydration agents is characterized by the maximum response 30-50 min following the administration of the drug and by a gradual restoration of the initial state some 2-2 1/2 hours later.", "contents": "[Clinico-physiologic analysis of the effect of decompressing the cerebrospinal fluid system in children with hydrocephalus]. Changes in vascular tonicity and blood filling in the brain were studied in 26 children with occlusive hydrocephalus during ventricular punctures and following surgical elimination of the occlusion. The nature of the reactive changes in the tonicity and blood filling of the cerebral and peripheral vessels was found to be different in response to the draining of the CSF system depending on the level of thebrain lesion. Following ventricular punctures with CSF draining the majority of the examined demonstrated a normalization of their elevated tonicity of the cerebral vessels and a disappearance of hampered venous drainage. The dynamics of the vascular responses developing under the effect of dehydration agents is characterized by the maximum response 30-50 min following the administration of the drug and by a gradual restoration of the initial state some 2-2 1/2 hours later.", "PMID": 842259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4903", "title": "[Blood supply of intracranial meningiomas involving the cavernous sinus].", "content": "The normal topographic-anatomic interrelationships of the cavernous sinus and its structures were studied in 12 preparations of pathology-free brains removed from the skull en bloc with the meninges and the skull base bones. In 14 cases of fatal sphenoidal wings meningiomas of the medial and total variants the microsurgical anatomy of these tumorus was studied by polychromatic injection of cerebral and tumourous vessels with a subsequent macro-micro preparation. The peculiarites of the interrelationship between the tumour and the cavernous sinus with its structures and the major vesels, and the blood supply sources to the tumour were revealed. Contraindications for total exirpation of the tumours were precised, and the necessity of microsurgical technique was substantiated.", "contents": "[Blood supply of intracranial meningiomas involving the cavernous sinus]. The normal topographic-anatomic interrelationships of the cavernous sinus and its structures were studied in 12 preparations of pathology-free brains removed from the skull en bloc with the meninges and the skull base bones. In 14 cases of fatal sphenoidal wings meningiomas of the medial and total variants the microsurgical anatomy of these tumorus was studied by polychromatic injection of cerebral and tumourous vessels with a subsequent macro-micro preparation. The peculiarites of the interrelationship between the tumour and the cavernous sinus with its structures and the major vesels, and the blood supply sources to the tumour were revealed. Contraindications for total exirpation of the tumours were precised, and the necessity of microsurgical technique was substantiated.", "PMID": 842260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4904", "title": "[Micromovements of the eyes in isolated pareses and paralyses of the abducens and oculomotor nerves].", "content": "Micromovements of the eye were studied in 18 patients with immobile point fixation, without a point, with an extreme eye abduction. A reduction of the number of involuntary saccades attributable to the paralyzed muscle, and increase in frequency and in the amplitude of the drift were revealed. The above changes in the micromotions of the eye correlate with the volume of the movement; the less the volume of the movement, the less the number of saccades and the larger the amplitude and the frequency of the drift. At the same time the characteristics of fast movements changed (involuntary jerks, reflex saccades and and saccades of the extreme position), the latter also correlating with the volume of the movements; along with the reduction of the volume of the movement the amplitude was decreasing as low as disappearing.", "contents": "[Micromovements of the eyes in isolated pareses and paralyses of the abducens and oculomotor nerves]. Micromovements of the eye were studied in 18 patients with immobile point fixation, without a point, with an extreme eye abduction. A reduction of the number of involuntary saccades attributable to the paralyzed muscle, and increase in frequency and in the amplitude of the drift were revealed. The above changes in the micromotions of the eye correlate with the volume of the movement; the less the volume of the movement, the less the number of saccades and the larger the amplitude and the frequency of the drift. At the same time the characteristics of fast movements changed (involuntary jerks, reflex saccades and and saccades of the extreme position), the latter also correlating with the volume of the movements; along with the reduction of the volume of the movement the amplitude was decreasing as low as disappearing.", "PMID": 842261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4905", "title": "[Cranio-cerebral hypothermia in the treatment of patients with cranio-cerebral injuries].", "content": "Within a set of therapeutic measures the authors employed cranio-cerebral hypthermia with the aid of an air hypotherm in 56 patients with severe skull-brain trauma. The temperature of the convexital cortex was reduced in the majority of cases to 28-30 degrees C, the rectal temperature being preserved at 33-34 degrees C. It was found that craniocerebral hypothermia should be employed in skull-brain injury patients as soon as the presence of a space-occupying intracranial formation requiring a surgical intervention is excluded, or immediately thereafter. The reduction of cerebral metabolism during the colling can be indirectly demonstrated by EEG changes and evoked potentials recordings.", "contents": "[Cranio-cerebral hypothermia in the treatment of patients with cranio-cerebral injuries]. Within a set of therapeutic measures the authors employed cranio-cerebral hypthermia with the aid of an air hypotherm in 56 patients with severe skull-brain trauma. The temperature of the convexital cortex was reduced in the majority of cases to 28-30 degrees C, the rectal temperature being preserved at 33-34 degrees C. It was found that craniocerebral hypothermia should be employed in skull-brain injury patients as soon as the presence of a space-occupying intracranial formation requiring a surgical intervention is excluded, or immediately thereafter. The reduction of cerebral metabolism during the colling can be indirectly demonstrated by EEG changes and evoked potentials recordings.", "PMID": 842264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4906", "title": "Regulation of ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase in regenerating rat liver by various amines: Evidence for translational control.", "content": "The activity of ornithine decarboxylase in regenerating rat liver could be completely or partially inhibited in vivo by a single intraperitoneal injection of various amines. Un physiological, 1,3-diaminopropane depressed most effectively the activity of ornithine decarboxylase. It depressed also the activity of adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, which was not inhibited by other amines. The activity of tyrosine aminotransferase was invariably stimulated by injection of the amines. Cycloheximide caused a rapid decay of the activity of liver ornithine decarboxylase (half-life 15 min) and also a decay of the activity of adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (half-life 36 min). 1,3-Diaminopropane inhibited the activity of ornithine decarboxylase (half-life 13 min) and to lesser extent also the activity of adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (half-life 120 min). On the contrary, alpha-amanitin did not have any effect on the activity of the decarboxylases. These experiments are consistent with the view that diamines and spermidine might conceivably control the activity of ornithine decarboxylase in regenerating rat liver in vivo at steps beyond transcription. It is also possible that 1,3-diaminopropane similarly controls the activity of adenosylmethionine decarboxylase thus suggesting that the synthesis of ornithine and adenosylmethionine decarboxylases may be coordinatively regulated in liver.", "contents": "Regulation of ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase in regenerating rat liver by various amines: Evidence for translational control. The activity of ornithine decarboxylase in regenerating rat liver could be completely or partially inhibited in vivo by a single intraperitoneal injection of various amines. Un physiological, 1,3-diaminopropane depressed most effectively the activity of ornithine decarboxylase. It depressed also the activity of adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, which was not inhibited by other amines. The activity of tyrosine aminotransferase was invariably stimulated by injection of the amines. Cycloheximide caused a rapid decay of the activity of liver ornithine decarboxylase (half-life 15 min) and also a decay of the activity of adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (half-life 36 min). 1,3-Diaminopropane inhibited the activity of ornithine decarboxylase (half-life 13 min) and to lesser extent also the activity of adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (half-life 120 min). On the contrary, alpha-amanitin did not have any effect on the activity of the decarboxylases. These experiments are consistent with the view that diamines and spermidine might conceivably control the activity of ornithine decarboxylase in regenerating rat liver in vivo at steps beyond transcription. It is also possible that 1,3-diaminopropane similarly controls the activity of adenosylmethionine decarboxylase thus suggesting that the synthesis of ornithine and adenosylmethionine decarboxylases may be coordinatively regulated in liver.", "PMID": 842265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4907", "title": "The relationship between disposition and duration of action of congeneric series of steroidal neuromuscular blocking agents.", "content": "The renal and hepatic elimination and biotransformation, as well as the relation between disposition and duration of action of pancuronium and two of its analogues, dacuronium and ORG.6368, have been investigated in the cat. In pharmacokinetic studies, appreciable amounts of the latter two compounds were found in the urine, bile and liver 8 h after their intravenous administration. Various proportions of the injected dose of the respective drugs were metabolized. In another series of experiments it was shown that the early hepatic uptake (during the first 3 min after the injection) of ORG.6368 was significantly greater than that of dacuronium and pancuronium. The intensity and duration of action of the neuromuscular blocking effect of the three compounds were studied after intravenous and \"close\" intraarterial injection. On the basis of these pharmacokinetic and neuromuscular studies, it was concluded that the short duration of action of ORG.6368 is due primarily to its early hepatic uptake. The possibility cannot be excluded, however, that differences in the kinetics of the drug action of ORG.6368 and the other two compounds also contributed significantly to the differences seen in the duration of action of these compounds.", "contents": "The relationship between disposition and duration of action of congeneric series of steroidal neuromuscular blocking agents. The renal and hepatic elimination and biotransformation, as well as the relation between disposition and duration of action of pancuronium and two of its analogues, dacuronium and ORG.6368, have been investigated in the cat. In pharmacokinetic studies, appreciable amounts of the latter two compounds were found in the urine, bile and liver 8 h after their intravenous administration. Various proportions of the injected dose of the respective drugs were metabolized. In another series of experiments it was shown that the early hepatic uptake (during the first 3 min after the injection) of ORG.6368 was significantly greater than that of dacuronium and pancuronium. The intensity and duration of action of the neuromuscular blocking effect of the three compounds were studied after intravenous and \"close\" intraarterial injection. On the basis of these pharmacokinetic and neuromuscular studies, it was concluded that the short duration of action of ORG.6368 is due primarily to its early hepatic uptake. The possibility cannot be excluded, however, that differences in the kinetics of the drug action of ORG.6368 and the other two compounds also contributed significantly to the differences seen in the duration of action of these compounds.", "PMID": 842267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4908", "title": "Transplacental passage of ketamine after intravenous administration.", "content": "This study was designed to measure how fast and at what concentrations ketamine would enter the foeto-placental circulation, when administered intravenously to 10 healthy mothers immediately before forceps delivery, which was indicated by a delayed second stage of labour. It is shown that ketamine very rapidly passes the placenta, and that ketamine levels in cord blood exceed the levels in the maternal venous blood as early as 1 min 37 s after the injection. The ketamine levels in cord blood reach a maximum in the period 1 min 37 s to 2 min 5 s after the injection. Later they show a tendency to decline. A short-lasting, marked elevation of blood pressure was produced by the ketamine anaesthesia. Two of the newborn showed low Apgar scores at 1 min. In one of them this was probably attributable to the anaesthesia.", "contents": "Transplacental passage of ketamine after intravenous administration. This study was designed to measure how fast and at what concentrations ketamine would enter the foeto-placental circulation, when administered intravenously to 10 healthy mothers immediately before forceps delivery, which was indicated by a delayed second stage of labour. It is shown that ketamine very rapidly passes the placenta, and that ketamine levels in cord blood exceed the levels in the maternal venous blood as early as 1 min 37 s after the injection. The ketamine levels in cord blood reach a maximum in the period 1 min 37 s to 2 min 5 s after the injection. Later they show a tendency to decline. A short-lasting, marked elevation of blood pressure was produced by the ketamine anaesthesia. Two of the newborn showed low Apgar scores at 1 min. In one of them this was probably attributable to the anaesthesia.", "PMID": 842268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4909", "title": "Central venous cannulation: A radiological determination of catheter positions and immediate intrathoracic complications.", "content": "The incidence of immediate complications on inserting central venous catheters into 475 patients is reported. The catheter positions were verified by X-rays. Six different insertion routes were used. Central venous cannulation via the right internal jugular vein is recommended because of the high incidence of satisfactory catheter positions and the small number of puncture complications with this route.", "contents": "Central venous cannulation: A radiological determination of catheter positions and immediate intrathoracic complications. The incidence of immediate complications on inserting central venous catheters into 475 patients is reported. The catheter positions were verified by X-rays. Six different insertion routes were used. Central venous cannulation via the right internal jugular vein is recommended because of the high incidence of satisfactory catheter positions and the small number of puncture complications with this route.", "PMID": 842269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4910", "title": "Segmental epidural analgesia and urinary excretion of catecholamines during labour.", "content": "Urinary excretion of catecholamines was determined separately during the first stage of labour and during the period from the beginning of the second stage until 1/2 h after delivery in 16 healthy mothers, whose labours were induced at term. Seven mothers were given segmental epidural analgesia, at the height of TH10-12, to achieve complete pain relief during the first stages of labour. The remaining parturients served as controls. During the first stage of labour the urinary excretion rate of catecholamines was at the normal nongravid rest level in both groups. During the second stage, and 1/2 h after the delivery, the amount of urinary catecholamines increased significantly in both groups. The latter values corresponded to the amounts of catecholamines excreted during heavy physicial work.", "contents": "Segmental epidural analgesia and urinary excretion of catecholamines during labour. Urinary excretion of catecholamines was determined separately during the first stage of labour and during the period from the beginning of the second stage until 1/2 h after delivery in 16 healthy mothers, whose labours were induced at term. Seven mothers were given segmental epidural analgesia, at the height of TH10-12, to achieve complete pain relief during the first stages of labour. The remaining parturients served as controls. During the first stage of labour the urinary excretion rate of catecholamines was at the normal nongravid rest level in both groups. During the second stage, and 1/2 h after the delivery, the amount of urinary catecholamines increased significantly in both groups. The latter values corresponded to the amounts of catecholamines excreted during heavy physicial work.", "PMID": 842270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4911", "title": "Respiration, circulation and anaesthetic management in obesity. Investigation before and after jejunoileal bypass.", "content": "Some ventilatory and circulatory parameters were studied in 17 very obese patients before and after weight reduction following jejunoileal bypass. A low vital capacity and signs of impaired lung function with intrapulmonary shunting, increased alveolar-arterial Po2 difference and low Pao2 were found. Although the spirometric values improved significantly after weight reduction, the ventilatory disturbance persisted. A normal response to inhalation of CO2 was seen. The total blood volume was high and did not change after weight reduction. However, if calculated as blood volume per kg body weight, the values were lower than normal, and they increased as a consequence of weight reduction. Cardiac output was slightly lower than normal in relation to oxygen consumption. Total peripheral resistance was normal. Arterial blood pressure, which was in the high normal range preoperatively, decreased significantly after weight reduction. Total doses of intravenous anaesthetic agents and muscle relaxants were the same as for patients of normal weight. The importance of preoperative evaluation and of respiratory care of obese patients undergoing elective surgery is stressed.", "contents": "Respiration, circulation and anaesthetic management in obesity. Investigation before and after jejunoileal bypass. Some ventilatory and circulatory parameters were studied in 17 very obese patients before and after weight reduction following jejunoileal bypass. A low vital capacity and signs of impaired lung function with intrapulmonary shunting, increased alveolar-arterial Po2 difference and low Pao2 were found. Although the spirometric values improved significantly after weight reduction, the ventilatory disturbance persisted. A normal response to inhalation of CO2 was seen. The total blood volume was high and did not change after weight reduction. However, if calculated as blood volume per kg body weight, the values were lower than normal, and they increased as a consequence of weight reduction. Cardiac output was slightly lower than normal in relation to oxygen consumption. Total peripheral resistance was normal. Arterial blood pressure, which was in the high normal range preoperatively, decreased significantly after weight reduction. Total doses of intravenous anaesthetic agents and muscle relaxants were the same as for patients of normal weight. The importance of preoperative evaluation and of respiratory care of obese patients undergoing elective surgery is stressed.", "PMID": 842271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4912", "title": "General anaesthesia or lumbar epidural block for caesarean section? Effects on the foetal heart rate.", "content": "Caesarean section was performed in 10 patients under general anaesthesia and in 10 other patients under epidural block. The foetal heart rate was monitored continuously during anaesthesia and operation with a scalp electrode and a cardiotocograph. There was no major difference between the two anaesthetic techniques in their effect on the foetal heart rate. The most common finding was a reduction of the beat-to-beat variation. The operative time was longer in the epidural group than in the general anaesthesia group, due to a higher frequency of Pfannenstiel incisions and repeat caesarean sections in the epidural group. Clinically, all newborns seemed to be unaffected, with normal Apgar scores. Epidural block seems to be a good alternative to general anaesthesia for caesarean section, particularly when a long operative time is expected.", "contents": "General anaesthesia or lumbar epidural block for caesarean section? Effects on the foetal heart rate. Caesarean section was performed in 10 patients under general anaesthesia and in 10 other patients under epidural block. The foetal heart rate was monitored continuously during anaesthesia and operation with a scalp electrode and a cardiotocograph. There was no major difference between the two anaesthetic techniques in their effect on the foetal heart rate. The most common finding was a reduction of the beat-to-beat variation. The operative time was longer in the epidural group than in the general anaesthesia group, due to a higher frequency of Pfannenstiel incisions and repeat caesarean sections in the epidural group. Clinically, all newborns seemed to be unaffected, with normal Apgar scores. Epidural block seems to be a good alternative to general anaesthesia for caesarean section, particularly when a long operative time is expected.", "PMID": 842272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4913", "title": "Comparison of electrocardiographic changes during microlaryngoscopy under halothane anaesthesia induced by althesin or thiopentone.", "content": "The incidences of electrocardiographic (ECG) changes during microlaryngoscopy under halothane anaesthesia were compared by using Althesin and thiopentone as induction agents. During the procedure the most common ECG change in both groups was junctional rhythm, which occurred in 37% of the patients in the Althesin group and in 29% of the patients in the thiopentone group. The next most common changes in the Althesin group were: ventricular ectopic beats (22%), ischaemic S-T segment depression (14%), and T wave flattening or inversion (14%); those in the thiopentone group were ventricular ectopic beats (18%) and rapidly ascending S-T segment depression (12%). As well as during the procedures, some ECG changes were registered in both groups during intubation. ECG changes disappeared without any special treatment after manipulation of the vocal cords or after intubation. There was no statistically significant difference in the total incidence of dysrhythmias between the Althesin and thiopentone groups, but the types of dysrhythmias were different in the two groups. There were more lower nodal rhythms, less serious ectopic beats and more ischaemic S-T segment depression in the Althesin group than in the thiopentone group. The results suggest that Althesin is useful and superior to thiopentone in patients with a tendency to develop serious ventricular ectopic beats, whereas in patients with heart and coronary arterial disease, Althesin is inferior to thiopentone and should be used with care.", "contents": "Comparison of electrocardiographic changes during microlaryngoscopy under halothane anaesthesia induced by althesin or thiopentone. The incidences of electrocardiographic (ECG) changes during microlaryngoscopy under halothane anaesthesia were compared by using Althesin and thiopentone as induction agents. During the procedure the most common ECG change in both groups was junctional rhythm, which occurred in 37% of the patients in the Althesin group and in 29% of the patients in the thiopentone group. The next most common changes in the Althesin group were: ventricular ectopic beats (22%), ischaemic S-T segment depression (14%), and T wave flattening or inversion (14%); those in the thiopentone group were ventricular ectopic beats (18%) and rapidly ascending S-T segment depression (12%). As well as during the procedures, some ECG changes were registered in both groups during intubation. ECG changes disappeared without any special treatment after manipulation of the vocal cords or after intubation. There was no statistically significant difference in the total incidence of dysrhythmias between the Althesin and thiopentone groups, but the types of dysrhythmias were different in the two groups. There were more lower nodal rhythms, less serious ectopic beats and more ischaemic S-T segment depression in the Althesin group than in the thiopentone group. The results suggest that Althesin is useful and superior to thiopentone in patients with a tendency to develop serious ventricular ectopic beats, whereas in patients with heart and coronary arterial disease, Althesin is inferior to thiopentone and should be used with care.", "PMID": 842273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4914", "title": "Number of Purkinje cells and Bergmann astrocytes in rats with CCl4--induced liver disease.", "content": "The nuclei of Purkinje cells and Bergmann astrocytes were counted on sagittal sections from cerebellum and the length of stratum gangliosum was measured in rats with CCl4-induced liver disease, using an electronic image analyzer. After 8 weeks of CCl4-administration a reduction was found in the number of Purkinje cells, many of which showed homogenizating changes. Ten weeks after termination of the administration period the number of Purkinje cells was reduced by 12 percent. The number of Bergmann astrocytes remained significantly increased after 8 weeks of CCl4-administration (max. 20 per cent). The changes of Purkinje cell and Bergmann astrocyte density developed during the period of severe liver necrosis, whereas only minor changes were found in the ensuing period of liver \"cirrhosis\". In the perfusion fixed specimens, the Bergmann astrocyte nuclei increased in volume up to 65 per cent and immersion fixed brains showed typical Alzheimer type II nuclear changes. The impact of the increased plasma ammonia concentration on the astrocytes is discussed.", "contents": "Number of Purkinje cells and Bergmann astrocytes in rats with CCl4--induced liver disease. The nuclei of Purkinje cells and Bergmann astrocytes were counted on sagittal sections from cerebellum and the length of stratum gangliosum was measured in rats with CCl4-induced liver disease, using an electronic image analyzer. After 8 weeks of CCl4-administration a reduction was found in the number of Purkinje cells, many of which showed homogenizating changes. Ten weeks after termination of the administration period the number of Purkinje cells was reduced by 12 percent. The number of Bergmann astrocytes remained significantly increased after 8 weeks of CCl4-administration (max. 20 per cent). The changes of Purkinje cell and Bergmann astrocyte density developed during the period of severe liver necrosis, whereas only minor changes were found in the ensuing period of liver \"cirrhosis\". In the perfusion fixed specimens, the Bergmann astrocyte nuclei increased in volume up to 65 per cent and immersion fixed brains showed typical Alzheimer type II nuclear changes. The impact of the increased plasma ammonia concentration on the astrocytes is discussed.", "PMID": 842279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4915", "title": "Thrombogenic intracranial vasculitis in tuberculous meningitis. A 20 year \"post mortem\" survey.", "content": "The pathological features of twenty-three cases of tuberculous meningitis, examined over a twenty year period are reported. Ten cases, diagnosed clinically, were treated; thirteen undiagnosed cases were not treated. Phlebitis was found in twenty-two and arteritis of varying degrees in twenty. Tuberculous thrombophebitis was observed in eight cases and haemorrhagic infarction was present in ten. One case showed thrombosis in the territory of the mid-cerebral artery with ipsilateral white infarction; four presented white infarctions which were attributed to end- or panarteritic changes. previous descriptions of intracranial tuberculous thrombosis are briefly reviewed. Possible consequences of this vasculitis are mentioned.", "contents": "Thrombogenic intracranial vasculitis in tuberculous meningitis. A 20 year \"post mortem\" survey. The pathological features of twenty-three cases of tuberculous meningitis, examined over a twenty year period are reported. Ten cases, diagnosed clinically, were treated; thirteen undiagnosed cases were not treated. Phlebitis was found in twenty-two and arteritis of varying degrees in twenty. Tuberculous thrombophebitis was observed in eight cases and haemorrhagic infarction was present in ten. One case showed thrombosis in the territory of the mid-cerebral artery with ipsilateral white infarction; four presented white infarctions which were attributed to end- or panarteritic changes. previous descriptions of intracranial tuberculous thrombosis are briefly reviewed. Possible consequences of this vasculitis are mentioned.", "PMID": 842274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4916", "title": "Glial and neuronal alteration in the corpus striatum or fats with CCl4--induced liver disease. A quantitative morphological study using an electronic image analyzer.", "content": "The density and size of astrocyte-, oligodendrocyte-and neurone nuclei in corpus striatum were determined in rats with CCl4-induced liver encephalopathy by means of an electronic image analyzer. After 8 weeks of CCl4-administration, the astrocyte number had nearly doubled, and astrocytes with increased nuclear size qppeared. After 20 weeks, a reduction (appr. 25 per cent) was found in the number of nerve cells and oligodendrocytes. The total number of glial cells, however, was unchanged during the experiment; this demonstrates the need of performing differential counts when evaluating gliosis. Probably, a part of the increase in the number of astrocytes was due to a transformation from precursor cells, usually classified as oligodendrocytes. The increased number and size of astrocyte nuclei are probably connected with an enhanced astrocyte metabolic capacity due to alterations in the ammonia and amino acid metabolism.", "contents": "Glial and neuronal alteration in the corpus striatum or fats with CCl4--induced liver disease. A quantitative morphological study using an electronic image analyzer. The density and size of astrocyte-, oligodendrocyte-and neurone nuclei in corpus striatum were determined in rats with CCl4-induced liver encephalopathy by means of an electronic image analyzer. After 8 weeks of CCl4-administration, the astrocyte number had nearly doubled, and astrocytes with increased nuclear size qppeared. After 20 weeks, a reduction (appr. 25 per cent) was found in the number of nerve cells and oligodendrocytes. The total number of glial cells, however, was unchanged during the experiment; this demonstrates the need of performing differential counts when evaluating gliosis. Probably, a part of the increase in the number of astrocytes was due to a transformation from precursor cells, usually classified as oligodendrocytes. The increased number and size of astrocyte nuclei are probably connected with an enhanced astrocyte metabolic capacity due to alterations in the ammonia and amino acid metabolism.", "PMID": 842280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4917", "title": "[Neurological complications of infectious mononucleosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report three different and rare forms of neurological complication associated with infectious mononucleosis. The first two, which are faily unusual in their clinical signs, occurred during the course of two typical cases of mononucleosis, one in the form of progressively regressive myelitis and the other in that of amyotrophic paralysis of the shoulder. The third occurred in isolation, after an encephalitic attack combined with a state of epileptic mal, with no other accompanying infectious sign. On the basis of these three single cases, and recent data in the literature about the Epstein-Barr virus, the authors briefly recapitulate the neurological clinical forms of infectious monouncleosis and the means of serological diagnosis; they discuss the frequency and pathogeny of these complications and tentatively suggest certain similarities with other nervous disorders observed in the course of proliferative or dysglobulinaemic diseases.", "contents": "[Neurological complications of infectious mononucleosis (author's transl)]. The authors report three different and rare forms of neurological complication associated with infectious mononucleosis. The first two, which are faily unusual in their clinical signs, occurred during the course of two typical cases of mononucleosis, one in the form of progressively regressive myelitis and the other in that of amyotrophic paralysis of the shoulder. The third occurred in isolation, after an encephalitic attack combined with a state of epileptic mal, with no other accompanying infectious sign. On the basis of these three single cases, and recent data in the literature about the Epstein-Barr virus, the authors briefly recapitulate the neurological clinical forms of infectious monouncleosis and the means of serological diagnosis; they discuss the frequency and pathogeny of these complications and tentatively suggest certain similarities with other nervous disorders observed in the course of proliferative or dysglobulinaemic diseases.", "PMID": 842275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4918", "title": "Platelet aggregation and fibrinolytic activity in transient cerebral ischemia.", "content": "The present study was performed in 34 patients with transient cerebral ischemia, TCI. Twenty-four of the patients were examined angiographically. Atherosclerotic abnormalities were demonstrated in 13 and a total occlusion of the interior carotid artery was found in one patient. The angiograms were normal in 10 patients. One patient suffered from hyperlipoproteinemia, type IV, and one from diabetes mellitus. The platelet aggregation in vitro was increased significantly, as more patients than normal controls showed secondary aggregation with low ADP-concentration: less than or equal to 1 mumol (p less than 0.001). The fibrinolytic capacity was significantly reduced (p less than 0.01) but not particularly in the patients with increased tendency for platelet aggregation. No correlation found between changes in platelet aggregation, the fibrinolytic activity and the angiographic findings. The results described may favor the concept that a prophylactic use of drug excerting an antiaggregation effect on platelets might be useful in patients suffering from TCI.", "contents": "Platelet aggregation and fibrinolytic activity in transient cerebral ischemia. The present study was performed in 34 patients with transient cerebral ischemia, TCI. Twenty-four of the patients were examined angiographically. Atherosclerotic abnormalities were demonstrated in 13 and a total occlusion of the interior carotid artery was found in one patient. The angiograms were normal in 10 patients. One patient suffered from hyperlipoproteinemia, type IV, and one from diabetes mellitus. The platelet aggregation in vitro was increased significantly, as more patients than normal controls showed secondary aggregation with low ADP-concentration: less than or equal to 1 mumol (p less than 0.001). The fibrinolytic capacity was significantly reduced (p less than 0.01) but not particularly in the patients with increased tendency for platelet aggregation. No correlation found between changes in platelet aggregation, the fibrinolytic activity and the angiographic findings. The results described may favor the concept that a prophylactic use of drug excerting an antiaggregation effect on platelets might be useful in patients suffering from TCI.", "PMID": 842281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4919", "title": "[Stereoscopic perception. Probable intervention of pulvinar neurons in the cat (author's transl)].", "content": "With the aid of a programme of automatic analysis it has been possible to determine the visual fields of each eye in the case of binocular cells in the pulvinar, lateral-posterior and supageniculate nuclei. The visual properties determined by stimulation of one eye were often similar to those of the other eye. By an objective method of determination of the centre of activity of the receptive fields it was possible to measure disparities between large fields of neurons of these structures. These disparities are compatible with the intervention of these associative nuclei of the postero-lateral thalamus in the mechanisms in stereoscopic vision.", "contents": "[Stereoscopic perception. Probable intervention of pulvinar neurons in the cat (author's transl)]. With the aid of a programme of automatic analysis it has been possible to determine the visual fields of each eye in the case of binocular cells in the pulvinar, lateral-posterior and supageniculate nuclei. The visual properties determined by stimulation of one eye were often similar to those of the other eye. By an objective method of determination of the centre of activity of the receptive fields it was possible to measure disparities between large fields of neurons of these structures. These disparities are compatible with the intervention of these associative nuclei of the postero-lateral thalamus in the mechanisms in stereoscopic vision.", "PMID": 842276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4920", "title": "Postural reflexes in cranial muscles in man.", "content": "Using electromyographic recording techniques, tonic neck reflexes and tonic labyrinth reflexes have been analysed in cranial muscles of healthy man. The frontalis and orbicularis oculi (pars orbitalis) muscles are the site of positional reflexes of cervical origin, which are involved in the control of eyelid position during head movements. At a mandibular level, postural influences are set up in the masseter and digastric muscles upon ventral and dorsal flexion of the head. Their reciprocal character contrasts with the lack of evidence concerning reciprocal proprioceptive jaw reflexes. The genioglossal muscle is the site of an intense postural activity when the head is flexed dorsally. The latter influences appear related to the preservation of free air passage to the lungs.", "contents": "Postural reflexes in cranial muscles in man. Using electromyographic recording techniques, tonic neck reflexes and tonic labyrinth reflexes have been analysed in cranial muscles of healthy man. The frontalis and orbicularis oculi (pars orbitalis) muscles are the site of positional reflexes of cervical origin, which are involved in the control of eyelid position during head movements. At a mandibular level, postural influences are set up in the masseter and digastric muscles upon ventral and dorsal flexion of the head. Their reciprocal character contrasts with the lack of evidence concerning reciprocal proprioceptive jaw reflexes. The genioglossal muscle is the site of an intense postural activity when the head is flexed dorsally. The latter influences appear related to the preservation of free air passage to the lungs.", "PMID": 842277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4921", "title": "Short and long term effects of methyl- and ethylnitrosourea (MNU & ENU) on the developing nervous system of the rat. II. Short term effects: concluding remarks on chemical neuro-oncogenesis.", "content": "The cytotoxic action of various single doses of MNU and ENU on developing neural and extraneural tissues was studied at different stages of development. Examination revealed lethal damage. (L.I.) and mitotic inhibition (M.I.), confined to proliferating cells only, and caused by the number of alkyl groups administered. In studying the duration of M.I. a difference was found in duration of the cell cycle arrest after MNU or ENU. The arrest lasted longer for MNU than for ENU, and the neural tissues turned out to be more sensitive than the extraneural ones. Moreover, among the reappearing mitotic figures abnormal ones were noticed frequently. After pulse-labeling with thymidine this arrest could be traced to take place in or before entering the S-phase. During the period of this arrest a low, but specific, activity was found that might point to the existence of repair-processes in vivo. Finally, we directly demonstrated alkylations in tissue-sections by the use of (14C-methyl)-MNU. High radioactivity was found with a random distribution over the various tissues, cell types and even cellular compartments. Therefore--in contrast with the cytotoxic effects--alkylation seems to occur in all cell types. In conclusion, it seems justified to consider the matrices of proliferating cells in the central nervous system as the target tissue-areas for the carcinogenic action of both MNU and ENU. Re-entrance of these damaged cells into their cycle prior to the elimination of altered bases from DNA might be of great importance for the problem of oncogenesis.", "contents": "Short and long term effects of methyl- and ethylnitrosourea (MNU & ENU) on the developing nervous system of the rat. II. Short term effects: concluding remarks on chemical neuro-oncogenesis. The cytotoxic action of various single doses of MNU and ENU on developing neural and extraneural tissues was studied at different stages of development. Examination revealed lethal damage. (L.I.) and mitotic inhibition (M.I.), confined to proliferating cells only, and caused by the number of alkyl groups administered. In studying the duration of M.I. a difference was found in duration of the cell cycle arrest after MNU or ENU. The arrest lasted longer for MNU than for ENU, and the neural tissues turned out to be more sensitive than the extraneural ones. Moreover, among the reappearing mitotic figures abnormal ones were noticed frequently. After pulse-labeling with thymidine this arrest could be traced to take place in or before entering the S-phase. During the period of this arrest a low, but specific, activity was found that might point to the existence of repair-processes in vivo. Finally, we directly demonstrated alkylations in tissue-sections by the use of (14C-methyl)-MNU. High radioactivity was found with a random distribution over the various tissues, cell types and even cellular compartments. Therefore--in contrast with the cytotoxic effects--alkylation seems to occur in all cell types. In conclusion, it seems justified to consider the matrices of proliferating cells in the central nervous system as the target tissue-areas for the carcinogenic action of both MNU and ENU. Re-entrance of these damaged cells into their cycle prior to the elimination of altered bases from DNA might be of great importance for the problem of oncogenesis.", "PMID": 842282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4922", "title": "The prognosis of ischemic stroke in young adults.", "content": "The report provides prognostic information on 60 patients (aged 16 to 40 years) with ischemic stroke. Immediate mortality from stroke is low and long-term mortality is due to other causes than cerebrovascular disease. The recovery from neurological deficits is good except for patients with occlusions of the internal carotic artery or the proximal parts of the middle cerebral artery. Reinfarction is rare (about 0.5 per cent annually) and other late neurological complications do not seriously affect long-term prognosis. More than 80 per cent of the patients will be able to resume work on a full or part-time basis.", "contents": "The prognosis of ischemic stroke in young adults. The report provides prognostic information on 60 patients (aged 16 to 40 years) with ischemic stroke. Immediate mortality from stroke is low and long-term mortality is due to other causes than cerebrovascular disease. The recovery from neurological deficits is good except for patients with occlusions of the internal carotic artery or the proximal parts of the middle cerebral artery. Reinfarction is rare (about 0.5 per cent annually) and other late neurological complications do not seriously affect long-term prognosis. More than 80 per cent of the patients will be able to resume work on a full or part-time basis.", "PMID": 842283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4923", "title": "The effect of intraarterial administered aminophylline on cerebral hemodynamics in man.", "content": "The dose-effect relationship of intracarotid administered aminophylline on cerebral hemodynamics in man was investigated by means of an intraarterial 133Xenon injection method. A dose dependent vasoconstriction was clearly demonstrated. The maximum efficacy expressed as measured decreased in global cerebral blood flow was 21.9 per cent +/- 6.2 SD. Administration of as little as 1 mg aminophylline produced a measureable vasoconstriction.", "contents": "The effect of intraarterial administered aminophylline on cerebral hemodynamics in man. The dose-effect relationship of intracarotid administered aminophylline on cerebral hemodynamics in man was investigated by means of an intraarterial 133Xenon injection method. A dose dependent vasoconstriction was clearly demonstrated. The maximum efficacy expressed as measured decreased in global cerebral blood flow was 21.9 per cent +/- 6.2 SD. Administration of as little as 1 mg aminophylline produced a measureable vasoconstriction.", "PMID": 842284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4924", "title": "Changes in cisternal fluid potassium concentration following cardiac arrest.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to measure the changes in potassium concentration in human cisternal cerebrospinal fluid following successful resuscitation after cardiac arrest. We also wished to examine whether or not changes in potassium concentration in the cisternal cerebrospinal fluid  could be correlated to the ability to regain normal cerebral function. 41 patients were studied, of whom 20 regained consciousness and 21 did not. In those who did not regain consciousness there was a significant increase in the potassium concentration found in samples obtained between 40 and 50 min, and between 50 and 60 min after cardiac arrest. The potassium concentration decreased to normal values during the following hours. Lumbar spinal fluid did not reflect the changes in cisternal fluid. The  results suggest that the potassium  concentration of cisternal cerebrospinal fluid, obtained soon after cardiac arrest, might give an indication of the degree of cerebral damage caused by cardiac arrest.", "contents": "Changes in cisternal fluid potassium concentration following cardiac arrest. The purpose of this study was to measure the changes in potassium concentration in human cisternal cerebrospinal fluid following successful resuscitation after cardiac arrest. We also wished to examine whether or not changes in potassium concentration in the cisternal cerebrospinal fluid  could be correlated to the ability to regain normal cerebral function. 41 patients were studied, of whom 20 regained consciousness and 21 did not. In those who did not regain consciousness there was a significant increase in the potassium concentration found in samples obtained between 40 and 50 min, and between 50 and 60 min after cardiac arrest. The potassium concentration decreased to normal values during the following hours. Lumbar spinal fluid did not reflect the changes in cisternal fluid. The  results suggest that the potassium  concentration of cisternal cerebrospinal fluid, obtained soon after cardiac arrest, might give an indication of the degree of cerebral damage caused by cardiac arrest.", "PMID": 842285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4925", "title": "Brain infarction in young adults (with particular reference to pathogenesis).", "content": "Sixty-four young adults (aged 16 to 40 years) with ischemic stroke were analyzed in retrospect with regard to possible pathogenetic mechanisms. In older patients various predisposing factors emerge (arterial hypertension, hyperlipidemia etc.) which are rare among younger age groups. In patients lacking predisposing causes the stroke incidence exhibits a seasonal variation. It is suggested that infection may be important for the development of ischemic stroke.", "contents": "Brain infarction in young adults (with particular reference to pathogenesis). Sixty-four young adults (aged 16 to 40 years) with ischemic stroke were analyzed in retrospect with regard to possible pathogenetic mechanisms. In older patients various predisposing factors emerge (arterial hypertension, hyperlipidemia etc.) which are rare among younger age groups. In patients lacking predisposing causes the stroke incidence exhibits a seasonal variation. It is suggested that infection may be important for the development of ischemic stroke.", "PMID": 842286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4926", "title": "Electrophoretic study of the cerebrospinal fluid proteins of a patient with multiple sclerosis and recurrent meningitis (with rhinorrhea).", "content": "Case report on a 33 year old multiple sclerosis patient showing recurrent meningitis with an episode of rhinorrhea. The emphasis was put on the protein electrophoresis patterns.", "contents": "Electrophoretic study of the cerebrospinal fluid proteins of a patient with multiple sclerosis and recurrent meningitis (with rhinorrhea). Case report on a 33 year old multiple sclerosis patient showing recurrent meningitis with an episode of rhinorrhea. The emphasis was put on the protein electrophoresis patterns.", "PMID": 842278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4927", "title": "Homocarnosinosis. 3. Spinal fluid amino acids in familial spastic paraplegia.", "content": "Increased concentration of CSF homocarnosine has recently been found in a family with spastic paraplegia. CSF homocarnosine was therefore determined in 13 patients from other families with familial spastic paraplegia. Also examined were seven patients from families where the constellation of symptoms and signs was more complex, but also comprised spastic paraplegia, and five patients with non-familial spastic paraplegia. No changes were found in homocarnosine level. In one patient with spastic familial paraplegia clear elevation of threonine in the CSF was found. The affected brother showed no such abnormality. CSF homocarnosine elevation is thus no common denominator in familial spastic paraplegia.", "contents": "Homocarnosinosis. 3. Spinal fluid amino acids in familial spastic paraplegia. Increased concentration of CSF homocarnosine has recently been found in a family with spastic paraplegia. CSF homocarnosine was therefore determined in 13 patients from other families with familial spastic paraplegia. Also examined were seven patients from families where the constellation of symptoms and signs was more complex, but also comprised spastic paraplegia, and five patients with non-familial spastic paraplegia. No changes were found in homocarnosine level. In one patient with spastic familial paraplegia clear elevation of threonine in the CSF was found. The affected brother showed no such abnormality. CSF homocarnosine elevation is thus no common denominator in familial spastic paraplegia.", "PMID": 842287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4928", "title": "Endurance test as index of paresis in patients with multiple sclerosis.", "content": "This study has been performed to evaluate slight pareses in patients with multiple sclerosis by means of mechanical endurance experiments. The results are compared with manual grading of pareses in patients and with healthy controls. On average, concordance was found between manual and mechanical estimation but the method is not advantageous for clinical purposes.", "contents": "Endurance test as index of paresis in patients with multiple sclerosis. This study has been performed to evaluate slight pareses in patients with multiple sclerosis by means of mechanical endurance experiments. The results are compared with manual grading of pareses in patients and with healthy controls. On average, concordance was found between manual and mechanical estimation but the method is not advantageous for clinical purposes.", "PMID": 842288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4929", "title": "Short and long term effects of methyl- and ethylnitrosourea (MNU & ENU) on the developing nervous system of the rat. I. Long term effects: the induction of (multiple) gliomas.", "content": "Single injections on ENU to WAG-rats were given in the perinatal period and repeated injections of MNU to adult WAG-rats. In the tables illustrating the various experiments, the occurrence of tumors is given for each animal; the tumors are classified according to their sites. For the brain tumors a subdivision is made between those macroscopically visible and those discovered only under microscopy. It is noteworthy that the ratio between neural and extraneural tumors in the perinatally exposed animals is rather constant (about 90 and 10 per cent, respectively). In the experiments on young adult rats neural tumors still predominate, but estraneural ones rise to about 40 per cent. The incidence of neural tumors is impressively high in perinatal induction experiments (greater than 95 per cent). Almost all CNS tumors showed the characteristics of oligodendrogliomas; highly differentiated in the smaller tumors and more anaplastic with regressive changes in the larger ones.", "contents": "Short and long term effects of methyl- and ethylnitrosourea (MNU & ENU) on the developing nervous system of the rat. I. Long term effects: the induction of (multiple) gliomas. Single injections on ENU to WAG-rats were given in the perinatal period and repeated injections of MNU to adult WAG-rats. In the tables illustrating the various experiments, the occurrence of tumors is given for each animal; the tumors are classified according to their sites. For the brain tumors a subdivision is made between those macroscopically visible and those discovered only under microscopy. It is noteworthy that the ratio between neural and extraneural tumors in the perinatally exposed animals is rather constant (about 90 and 10 per cent, respectively). In the experiments on young adult rats neural tumors still predominate, but estraneural ones rise to about 40 per cent. The incidence of neural tumors is impressively high in perinatal induction experiments (greater than 95 per cent). Almost all CNS tumors showed the characteristics of oligodendrogliomas; highly differentiated in the smaller tumors and more anaplastic with regressive changes in the larger ones.", "PMID": 842289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4930", "title": "Neurofibrillary accumulation in the zebra (Equus burchelli).", "content": "Two young zebra siblings from consecutive pregnancies suffered from neurological disease, characterized by ventral deviation of the neck and tetraparesis which progressed to tetraplegia within a few weeks. On histological examination widespread neuronal degeneration was observed in the ventral horns of the spinal cord and in the lower brain stem. Ultrastructurally the neuronal degeneration was characterized by accumulation of neurofibrillary material resembling neurofilaments. The findings are compared to other diseases with neurofibrillary accumulation in man and animals.", "contents": "Neurofibrillary accumulation in the zebra (Equus burchelli). Two young zebra siblings from consecutive pregnancies suffered from neurological disease, characterized by ventral deviation of the neck and tetraparesis which progressed to tetraplegia within a few weeks. On histological examination widespread neuronal degeneration was observed in the ventral horns of the spinal cord and in the lower brain stem. Ultrastructurally the neuronal degeneration was characterized by accumulation of neurofibrillary material resembling neurofilaments. The findings are compared to other diseases with neurofibrillary accumulation in man and animals.", "PMID": 842290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4931", "title": "Axon reaction in the red nucleus of the rat. Perikaryal volume changes and the time course of chromatolysis following cervical and thoracic lesions.", "content": "Two groups of 60 day old male Wistar Rats were subjected to right-sided rubro-spinal tractotomy at the fourth cervical and thirteenth thoracic vertebral levels respectively. Four animals in each group were sacrificed at each of the time intervals 1, 3, 4, 7, 14, 21 and 55 days. Counts of chromatolytic neurons from both groups of animals at time intervals ranging from 1-21 days established a time course for the chromatolytic response. Morphological observations showed a more severe central chromatolysis in the cervical group commencing at Day 3, and a much less severe central chromatolysis in the thoracic group starting at Day 4. By Day 21 the majority of the neurons of the cervical group were atrophic and by 55 days all were atrophic. The reaction following thoracic lesions was less intense and the maximum number of reacting neurons was observed at Day 7. Following this stage the neurons gradually returned to a normal morphological state which was complete by Day 55. Measurements of neuronal diameters from semi-thin Epon sections in the cervical group yielded statistically significant alterations in the perikaryal diameters of experimental neurons, demonstrating swelling at Days 1, 3 and 4 followed by shrinkage at Days 7, 14 and 21. The findings of this study suggest that the severity of the chromatolytic reaction in intrinsic neurons is intimately related to the distance of the lesion from the neuronal soma, while the time of onset of chromatolysis varies with lesion distance but is not directly proportional to it.", "contents": "Axon reaction in the red nucleus of the rat. Perikaryal volume changes and the time course of chromatolysis following cervical and thoracic lesions. Two groups of 60 day old male Wistar Rats were subjected to right-sided rubro-spinal tractotomy at the fourth cervical and thirteenth thoracic vertebral levels respectively. Four animals in each group were sacrificed at each of the time intervals 1, 3, 4, 7, 14, 21 and 55 days. Counts of chromatolytic neurons from both groups of animals at time intervals ranging from 1-21 days established a time course for the chromatolytic response. Morphological observations showed a more severe central chromatolysis in the cervical group commencing at Day 3, and a much less severe central chromatolysis in the thoracic group starting at Day 4. By Day 21 the majority of the neurons of the cervical group were atrophic and by 55 days all were atrophic. The reaction following thoracic lesions was less intense and the maximum number of reacting neurons was observed at Day 7. Following this stage the neurons gradually returned to a normal morphological state which was complete by Day 55. Measurements of neuronal diameters from semi-thin Epon sections in the cervical group yielded statistically significant alterations in the perikaryal diameters of experimental neurons, demonstrating swelling at Days 1, 3 and 4 followed by shrinkage at Days 7, 14 and 21. The findings of this study suggest that the severity of the chromatolytic reaction in intrinsic neurons is intimately related to the distance of the lesion from the neuronal soma, while the time of onset of chromatolysis varies with lesion distance but is not directly proportional to it.", "PMID": 842291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4932", "title": "Primary actinomycoma of the third ventricle--the colloid cyst. A histochemical and ultrastructural study.", "content": "Primary actinomycoma of the third ventricle has been reported to be a very rare form of central nervous system actinomycosis. Others have demonstrated actinomycotic-like colonies in colloid cysts of the third ventricle. We have confirmed these structures (HLS) in five colloid cysts and have demonstrated by various histochemical stains that they consist of desoxyribose nucleic acid, base protein and phospholipid. Ultrastructurally, they consist of amorphous to granular electron dense material, probably deposited on a lamellar substructure. On the basis of the available information, we believe that the lesions, previously reported as primary actinomycomas, are actually colloid cysts containing degenerative HLS. The possible origin of the hyphal-like structures is discussed.", "contents": "Primary actinomycoma of the third ventricle--the colloid cyst. A histochemical and ultrastructural study. Primary actinomycoma of the third ventricle has been reported to be a very rare form of central nervous system actinomycosis. Others have demonstrated actinomycotic-like colonies in colloid cysts of the third ventricle. We have confirmed these structures (HLS) in five colloid cysts and have demonstrated by various histochemical stains that they consist of desoxyribose nucleic acid, base protein and phospholipid. Ultrastructurally, they consist of amorphous to granular electron dense material, probably deposited on a lamellar substructure. On the basis of the available information, we believe that the lesions, previously reported as primary actinomycomas, are actually colloid cysts containing degenerative HLS. The possible origin of the hyphal-like structures is discussed.", "PMID": 842292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4933", "title": "An attempt to detect cell surface antigens in cultured human brain tumors by mixed hemadsorption test. First report.", "content": "The mixed hemadsorption test using rabbit anti-human glioma serum was applied to investigate cell surface antigens of nervous tissue tumors, non-nervous tissue tumors, epithelial and mesenchymal cells. Gliomas, neurinomas, and fetal brain cells exhibited a strongly positive reaction. Meningiomas, a metastatic brain tumor originated from the lung and HeLa cells exhibited a moderately positive reaction. No positive reaction was detected in human skin or dural fibroblasts, or in kidney cells even at a high concentration of rabbit anti-human glioma serum.", "contents": "An attempt to detect cell surface antigens in cultured human brain tumors by mixed hemadsorption test. First report. The mixed hemadsorption test using rabbit anti-human glioma serum was applied to investigate cell surface antigens of nervous tissue tumors, non-nervous tissue tumors, epithelial and mesenchymal cells. Gliomas, neurinomas, and fetal brain cells exhibited a strongly positive reaction. Meningiomas, a metastatic brain tumor originated from the lung and HeLa cells exhibited a moderately positive reaction. No positive reaction was detected in human skin or dural fibroblasts, or in kidney cells even at a high concentration of rabbit anti-human glioma serum.", "PMID": 842293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4934", "title": "Cellular uptake of exogenous horseradish peroxidase in mouse peripheral nerve.", "content": "Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was given to adult normal mice either intravenously or locally around the sciatic nerve. After varying time intervals the animals were sacrificed and fixed by whole body perfusion. The sciatic nerve was sampled and the distribution of peroxidatic activity was studied by light and electron microscopy. After both types of HRP administration the tracer was rapidly taken up by epi- and endoneurial cells with the ultrastructural features of macrophages. When increasing doses of HRP were injected intravenously a diffuse endoneurial extravasation was observed 30 min after the injection. It is concluded that a passage of HRP takes place over some endoneurial vessels. The nature and significance of endoneurial macrophages are discussed.", "contents": "Cellular uptake of exogenous horseradish peroxidase in mouse peripheral nerve. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was given to adult normal mice either intravenously or locally around the sciatic nerve. After varying time intervals the animals were sacrificed and fixed by whole body perfusion. The sciatic nerve was sampled and the distribution of peroxidatic activity was studied by light and electron microscopy. After both types of HRP administration the tracer was rapidly taken up by epi- and endoneurial cells with the ultrastructural features of macrophages. When increasing doses of HRP were injected intravenously a diffuse endoneurial extravasation was observed 30 min after the injection. It is concluded that a passage of HRP takes place over some endoneurial vessels. The nature and significance of endoneurial macrophages are discussed.", "PMID": 842294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4935", "title": "Peripheral nerve injury and recovery after temporary ischemia.", "content": "Nerve (NCV) and motor (MNCV) conduction velocities of the rat sciatic nerve were examined between 1 and 90 days after ischemia for 1, 2, 3, 4 or 6 h. The results were compared to light and electron microscopy of the nerve. Slight diminution in the MNCV was observed 1 day after 1-2 h ischemia, whereas 3-6 h ischemia resulted in a complete conduction block. Diminution in the NCV occurred first after ischemia for 2 h and a complete block was seen after 4 and 6 h ischemia. Reduced NCV and MNCV were seen between 4 and 18 days only in the animals subjected to ischemia of longer duration of 3-6 h. Both the NCV and MNCV were nearly normalized at the 90th day. Ischemia of 4 and 6 h resulted in denervation of some of the muscle fibers, seen as spontaneous fibrillation at the 4th and 18th day. Electron microscopy and histometric studies showed degeneration of myelinated fibers increasingly after longer durations of ischemia; ischemia for 2 h caused a degeneration of about 5%, 3 h of about 35%, 4 h about 45%, and 6 h about 75% of the fibers. Myelinated fibers of different sizes were equally damaged. In the teased fiber preparations normal and myelin sheaths undergoing Wallerian-like degeneration was seen. Regeneration occurred, but even at the 90th day there was a tendency of the myelin/axon ratio towards values less than control values.", "contents": "Peripheral nerve injury and recovery after temporary ischemia. Nerve (NCV) and motor (MNCV) conduction velocities of the rat sciatic nerve were examined between 1 and 90 days after ischemia for 1, 2, 3, 4 or 6 h. The results were compared to light and electron microscopy of the nerve. Slight diminution in the MNCV was observed 1 day after 1-2 h ischemia, whereas 3-6 h ischemia resulted in a complete conduction block. Diminution in the NCV occurred first after ischemia for 2 h and a complete block was seen after 4 and 6 h ischemia. Reduced NCV and MNCV were seen between 4 and 18 days only in the animals subjected to ischemia of longer duration of 3-6 h. Both the NCV and MNCV were nearly normalized at the 90th day. Ischemia of 4 and 6 h resulted in denervation of some of the muscle fibers, seen as spontaneous fibrillation at the 4th and 18th day. Electron microscopy and histometric studies showed degeneration of myelinated fibers increasingly after longer durations of ischemia; ischemia for 2 h caused a degeneration of about 5%, 3 h of about 35%, 4 h about 45%, and 6 h about 75% of the fibers. Myelinated fibers of different sizes were equally damaged. In the teased fiber preparations normal and myelin sheaths undergoing Wallerian-like degeneration was seen. Regeneration occurred, but even at the 90th day there was a tendency of the myelin/axon ratio towards values less than control values.", "PMID": 842295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4936", "title": "Focal mucoid degeneration of peripheral nerve. Light- and electronmicroscopic observation in a sural nerve biopsy of a case of progressive neural muscular atrophy (Charcot-Marie-Tooth).", "content": "\"Focal mucoid degeneration\" was found in a N. suralis biopsy of a 8 year old child, diagnosed clinically and electrophysiologically as progressive muscular atrophy Charcot-Marie-Tooth.", "contents": "Focal mucoid degeneration of peripheral nerve. Light- and electronmicroscopic observation in a sural nerve biopsy of a case of progressive neural muscular atrophy (Charcot-Marie-Tooth). \"Focal mucoid degeneration\" was found in a N. suralis biopsy of a 8 year old child, diagnosed clinically and electrophysiologically as progressive muscular atrophy Charcot-Marie-Tooth.", "PMID": 842296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4937", "title": "Pallido-nigro-luysial atrophy associated with degeneration of the centrum medianum. A clinicopathologic and electron microscopic study.", "content": "A 66-year-old man (case 1) and a 71-year-old woman (case 2) showed systemic degeneration of the globus pallidus, substancia nigra, subthalamic nucleus, centrum medianum thalami and at times, superior colliculus in the midbrain. In the pallido-nigral system, neuronal loss was severe in both cases and an increase of pigment and granular spheroids was marked in case 2, less in case 1. Electron-microscopically, the spheroids consisted of aggregates of highly dense material, often membrane-bound, and varying amounts of groups of loosely packed filaments. Clinical symptoms were stereotyped and unique, showing severe akinesia, no rigidity in the limbs, no tremor but retropulsions, upward gaze palsy, dysarthria, dysphagia and later, nuchal stiffness. Nosological identification is discussed.", "contents": "Pallido-nigro-luysial atrophy associated with degeneration of the centrum medianum. A clinicopathologic and electron microscopic study. A 66-year-old man (case 1) and a 71-year-old woman (case 2) showed systemic degeneration of the globus pallidus, substancia nigra, subthalamic nucleus, centrum medianum thalami and at times, superior colliculus in the midbrain. In the pallido-nigral system, neuronal loss was severe in both cases and an increase of pigment and granular spheroids was marked in case 2, less in case 1. Electron-microscopically, the spheroids consisted of aggregates of highly dense material, often membrane-bound, and varying amounts of groups of loosely packed filaments. Clinical symptoms were stereotyped and unique, showing severe akinesia, no rigidity in the limbs, no tremor but retropulsions, upward gaze palsy, dysarthria, dysphagia and later, nuchal stiffness. Nosological identification is discussed.", "PMID": 842297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4938", "title": "Pneumoperitoneum without clinical peritonitis due to bilateral pyosalpinx.", "content": "A case of pneumoperitoneum without clinical peritonitis due to bilateral pyosalpinx is presented. This clinical condition has in the literature been called \"spontaneous or idiopathic pneumoperitoneum\", and conservative treatment in such cases has been advocated. As shown in our case severe intraperitoneal pathology may exist, and we therefore advocate early explorative laparotomy in all patients with pneumoperitoneum without peritonitis.", "contents": "Pneumoperitoneum without clinical peritonitis due to bilateral pyosalpinx. A case of pneumoperitoneum without clinical peritonitis due to bilateral pyosalpinx is presented. This clinical condition has in the literature been called \"spontaneous or idiopathic pneumoperitoneum\", and conservative treatment in such cases has been advocated. As shown in our case severe intraperitoneal pathology may exist, and we therefore advocate early explorative laparotomy in all patients with pneumoperitoneum without peritonitis.", "PMID": 842300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4939", "title": "Studies in cholestasis of pregnancy. VI. Fatty acid composition of glycero-phospholipids before and after delivery.", "content": "Eight pregnant women, complaining of generalized pruritus with lipoprotein-X (LP-X) in their serum and diagnosed as cases of cholestasis of pregnancy (CP)--were studied during pregnancy and after delivery. Ten women with uncomplicated normal pregnancy served as controls. LP-X, liver function tests and relative fatty acid composition of serum lecithin (determined by gas-liquid chromatography, GLC) were followed. The fatty acid composition in liver and serum lecithin is determined by the synthesis pathways of lecithin in the liver. The faster and quantitatively dominating cytidine-diphosphate diglyceride pathway, pathway I, causes the appearance of lecithin with palmitic acid (16:0) in 1-position and oleic (18:1) or linoleic (18:2) acid in 2-position, while pathway II, with methylation of phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (cephalin) preferentially cases the appearance of lecithin with stearic acid (18:0) in 1-position and arachidonic acid (20:4) in 2-position. Pathway I is enchanced by oestrogenic and pathway II by cholestatic influence. During pregnancy women with CP were characterized in their serum lecithin fatty acid composition by a high palmitic (16:0) and a high oleic (18:1) acid content, in agreement with earlier studies. After delivery, in women with prior CP a decrease in palmitic (16:0) and linoleic (18:2) acids and an increase in stearic (18:0) acid, was interpreted as decreased influence on the major lecithin synthesis pathway I and an enhancement of pathway II. In addition, after delivery in the lactating mother, serum lecithin fatty acid composition data revealed an essential fatty acid (EFA) \"consumption.\" It was earlier shown, that women with previous CP (when studied 8--21 months after delivery) had as judged from their serum lecithin fatty acid composition, a \"basic metabolic defect,\" expressing presumably as estrogen enhanced pathway II of liver lecithin synthesis. In the present study, soon after delivery (on day 4--8) women with prior CP showed, however, less pathway II influence than women with a prior normal pregnancy. This was interpreted as a presistence of the cholestatic influence on liver lecithin synthesis pathways at this short time after delivery. Serum lecithin fatty acid composition appears to be a sensitive variable for the evaluation of metabolic influences in the liver.", "contents": "Studies in cholestasis of pregnancy. VI. Fatty acid composition of glycero-phospholipids before and after delivery. Eight pregnant women, complaining of generalized pruritus with lipoprotein-X (LP-X) in their serum and diagnosed as cases of cholestasis of pregnancy (CP)--were studied during pregnancy and after delivery. Ten women with uncomplicated normal pregnancy served as controls. LP-X, liver function tests and relative fatty acid composition of serum lecithin (determined by gas-liquid chromatography, GLC) were followed. The fatty acid composition in liver and serum lecithin is determined by the synthesis pathways of lecithin in the liver. The faster and quantitatively dominating cytidine-diphosphate diglyceride pathway, pathway I, causes the appearance of lecithin with palmitic acid (16:0) in 1-position and oleic (18:1) or linoleic (18:2) acid in 2-position, while pathway II, with methylation of phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (cephalin) preferentially cases the appearance of lecithin with stearic acid (18:0) in 1-position and arachidonic acid (20:4) in 2-position. Pathway I is enchanced by oestrogenic and pathway II by cholestatic influence. During pregnancy women with CP were characterized in their serum lecithin fatty acid composition by a high palmitic (16:0) and a high oleic (18:1) acid content, in agreement with earlier studies. After delivery, in women with prior CP a decrease in palmitic (16:0) and linoleic (18:2) acids and an increase in stearic (18:0) acid, was interpreted as decreased influence on the major lecithin synthesis pathway I and an enhancement of pathway II. In addition, after delivery in the lactating mother, serum lecithin fatty acid composition data revealed an essential fatty acid (EFA) \"consumption.\" It was earlier shown, that women with previous CP (when studied 8--21 months after delivery) had as judged from their serum lecithin fatty acid composition, a \"basic metabolic defect,\" expressing presumably as estrogen enhanced pathway II of liver lecithin synthesis. In the present study, soon after delivery (on day 4--8) women with prior CP showed, however, less pathway II influence than women with a prior normal pregnancy. This was interpreted as a presistence of the cholestatic influence on liver lecithin synthesis pathways at this short time after delivery. Serum lecithin fatty acid composition appears to be a sensitive variable for the evaluation of metabolic influences in the liver.", "PMID": 842301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4940", "title": "Ultrasonic assessment of fetal growth.", "content": "Consecutive ultrasonic measurement of fetal biparietal diameter (B.P.D.) and fetal chest area was carried out in 152 normal and 59 complicated pregnancies between 25 and 40 weeks of gestation. In normal pregnancy the mean fetal head area (B.P.D.2) varied from 45.0 cm2 at 25 weeks to 98.0 cm2 at 40 weeks. The mean chest area varied from 31.3 cm2 at 25 weeks to 94.3 cm2 at 41 weeks. A normal curve of the head-to-chest relation was constructed. In the group of complicated pregnancies, two types of fetal growth retardation could be recognized. The first type was characterized by a normal head-to-chest relationship (symmetric type), the second type was characterized by an abnormal head-to-chest relationship (asymmetric type; relatively large head area). During fetal growth acceleration head-to-chest-relationship was abnormal (relatively large chest area).", "contents": "Ultrasonic assessment of fetal growth. Consecutive ultrasonic measurement of fetal biparietal diameter (B.P.D.) and fetal chest area was carried out in 152 normal and 59 complicated pregnancies between 25 and 40 weeks of gestation. In normal pregnancy the mean fetal head area (B.P.D.2) varied from 45.0 cm2 at 25 weeks to 98.0 cm2 at 40 weeks. The mean chest area varied from 31.3 cm2 at 25 weeks to 94.3 cm2 at 41 weeks. A normal curve of the head-to-chest relation was constructed. In the group of complicated pregnancies, two types of fetal growth retardation could be recognized. The first type was characterized by a normal head-to-chest relationship (symmetric type), the second type was characterized by an abnormal head-to-chest relationship (asymmetric type; relatively large head area). During fetal growth acceleration head-to-chest-relationship was abnormal (relatively large chest area).", "PMID": 842302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4941", "title": "A radioimmunological method for oestrone. Plasma levels of non-conjugated oestrone during uncomplicated pregnancy.", "content": "A specific antiserum to oestrone has been used to develop a radioimmunoassay. No chromatographic separation step was included. A small amount of plasma (0.01--0.15 ml) was extracted once with diethyl ehter. The method was used to estimate plasma levels of non-conjugated oestrone in women during uncomplicated late pregnancy. The oestrone plasma concentrations showed a gradual increase from a mean of 4 ng/ml in the 22nd week to 11 ng/ml in the 41st week. Great individual variations were found. No systematic changes of unconjugated oestrone plasma concentrations were noticed during a 24-hour period in late pregnancy. Short term studies revealed that large and rapid fluctuations may appear in the levels of unconjugated oestrone during pregnancy.", "contents": "A radioimmunological method for oestrone. Plasma levels of non-conjugated oestrone during uncomplicated pregnancy. A specific antiserum to oestrone has been used to develop a radioimmunoassay. No chromatographic separation step was included. A small amount of plasma (0.01--0.15 ml) was extracted once with diethyl ehter. The method was used to estimate plasma levels of non-conjugated oestrone in women during uncomplicated late pregnancy. The oestrone plasma concentrations showed a gradual increase from a mean of 4 ng/ml in the 22nd week to 11 ng/ml in the 41st week. Great individual variations were found. No systematic changes of unconjugated oestrone plasma concentrations were noticed during a 24-hour period in late pregnancy. Short term studies revealed that large and rapid fluctuations may appear in the levels of unconjugated oestrone during pregnancy.", "PMID": 842304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4942", "title": "Endometrial histology and circulating levels of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), estradiol, FSH and LH in women with MPA induced amenorrhoea compared with women with secondary amenorrhoea.", "content": "Circulating levels of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), estradiol, progesterone and gonadotropins were determined in 11 women on long-term treatment with depot-MPA (Depo-Provera DMPA) 150 mg i.m. every 12th week as a contraceptive. The women had amenorrhoea due to the treatment. Endometrial biopsy was performed one week after injection and at the end of the 12 week period. Blood samples were taken on the same occasions. The findings were compared with those in 12 untreated women having secondary amenorrhoea. MPA was still detectable in serum and the end of the 12 week period. Endometrial biopsies showed gestagenic effects in the second as well as in the first biopsy. No MPA was detectable in the untreated women with amenorrhoea, and no gestagenic effects could be demonstrated in their biopsies. The estradiol levels in the DMPA group were in the range of the early follicular phase of a normal menstrual cycle and showed a significant rise at the end of the 12 week period. On the last sampling occasion the estradiol levels did not differ from those in the untreated women with secondary amenorrhoea. The levels of progesterone and gonadotropins were in the range of the early follicular phase in both groups. These observations support that DMPA 150 mg i.m. every 12th week is a depotpreparation with prolonged effect, and inhibits ovulation and produces endometrial changes by means of biologically active serum concentrations throughout the 12 week period.", "contents": "Endometrial histology and circulating levels of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), estradiol, FSH and LH in women with MPA induced amenorrhoea compared with women with secondary amenorrhoea. Circulating levels of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), estradiol, progesterone and gonadotropins were determined in 11 women on long-term treatment with depot-MPA (Depo-Provera DMPA) 150 mg i.m. every 12th week as a contraceptive. The women had amenorrhoea due to the treatment. Endometrial biopsy was performed one week after injection and at the end of the 12 week period. Blood samples were taken on the same occasions. The findings were compared with those in 12 untreated women having secondary amenorrhoea. MPA was still detectable in serum and the end of the 12 week period. Endometrial biopsies showed gestagenic effects in the second as well as in the first biopsy. No MPA was detectable in the untreated women with amenorrhoea, and no gestagenic effects could be demonstrated in their biopsies. The estradiol levels in the DMPA group were in the range of the early follicular phase of a normal menstrual cycle and showed a significant rise at the end of the 12 week period. On the last sampling occasion the estradiol levels did not differ from those in the untreated women with secondary amenorrhoea. The levels of progesterone and gonadotropins were in the range of the early follicular phase in both groups. These observations support that DMPA 150 mg i.m. every 12th week is a depotpreparation with prolonged effect, and inhibits ovulation and produces endometrial changes by means of biologically active serum concentrations throughout the 12 week period.", "PMID": 842303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4943", "title": "Ectopic pregnancies and the use of intrauterine device and low dose progestogen contraception.", "content": "In a series of 71 ectopic pregnancies ten were associated with the use of an intrauterine device (IUD) and three with the use of low dose progestogen contraception. For comparison a series of 800 legal abortions were studied and in 20 of these cases pregnancy originated while an IUD was in utero and in 13 during the use of low dose contraceptive pills. When using the above-mentioned contraceptive methods the possibilities of an ectopic pregnancy should be taken into consideration.", "contents": "Ectopic pregnancies and the use of intrauterine device and low dose progestogen contraception. In a series of 71 ectopic pregnancies ten were associated with the use of an intrauterine device (IUD) and three with the use of low dose progestogen contraception. For comparison a series of 800 legal abortions were studied and in 20 of these cases pregnancy originated while an IUD was in utero and in 13 during the use of low dose contraceptive pills. When using the above-mentioned contraceptive methods the possibilities of an ectopic pregnancy should be taken into consideration.", "PMID": 842305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4944", "title": "Value of external version in fetal malpresentation in combination with use of ultrasound.", "content": "During 1969--1974 six hundred and forty-nine external versions were attempted during the last trimester on 491 mothers with fetal malpresentation. The procedure was monitored with ultrasound in 1969--1974. Most of attempts (70.0%) were made during the 32nd-36th weeks. The final version rate after one or more attempt was 76.2%, being lower (67.0%) in nulliparous than parous women (84.6%). The incidence of breech presentation at birth decreased from 4.5 to 2.9% (p less than 0.001). The most serious complication was one premature labor but the infant survived. The perinatal mortality was 2.0% and, after excluding abnormal infants, 0.8%. The combination of external version and the use of ultrasound is a safe method which avoids hazardous vaginal breech delivery and is recommended in obstetric practice.", "contents": "Value of external version in fetal malpresentation in combination with use of ultrasound. During 1969--1974 six hundred and forty-nine external versions were attempted during the last trimester on 491 mothers with fetal malpresentation. The procedure was monitored with ultrasound in 1969--1974. Most of attempts (70.0%) were made during the 32nd-36th weeks. The final version rate after one or more attempt was 76.2%, being lower (67.0%) in nulliparous than parous women (84.6%). The incidence of breech presentation at birth decreased from 4.5 to 2.9% (p less than 0.001). The most serious complication was one premature labor but the infant survived. The perinatal mortality was 2.0% and, after excluding abnormal infants, 0.8%. The combination of external version and the use of ultrasound is a safe method which avoids hazardous vaginal breech delivery and is recommended in obstetric practice.", "PMID": 842306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4945", "title": "Effects of middle ear pressure on the inner ear.", "content": "It was demonstrated in experiments on normal subjects that moderate ambient pressure changes, creating overpressure in the middle ear, may induce a vestibular reaction. In other experiments on subjects suffering from acute attacks of Meniere's disease, relief of symptoms was achieved by means of ambient pressure changes of the same magnitude.", "contents": "Effects of middle ear pressure on the inner ear. It was demonstrated in experiments on normal subjects that moderate ambient pressure changes, creating overpressure in the middle ear, may induce a vestibular reaction. In other experiments on subjects suffering from acute attacks of Meniere's disease, relief of symptoms was achieved by means of ambient pressure changes of the same magnitude.", "PMID": 842308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4946", "title": "Tympanometry and acoustic impedance.", "content": "In recordings of the acoustic impedance of the middle ear (tympanometry) the change in air pressure in the ear canal will mostly influence the capacitive component of the acoustic impedance. By choosing a probe tone frequency close to the resonance frequency of the middle ear, characteristic tympanometric patterns can be demonstrated in certain middle ear lesions. The shapes of the curves are discussed in relation to the behaviour of the different components of the middle ear impedance.", "contents": "Tympanometry and acoustic impedance. In recordings of the acoustic impedance of the middle ear (tympanometry) the change in air pressure in the ear canal will mostly influence the capacitive component of the acoustic impedance. By choosing a probe tone frequency close to the resonance frequency of the middle ear, characteristic tympanometric patterns can be demonstrated in certain middle ear lesions. The shapes of the curves are discussed in relation to the behaviour of the different components of the middle ear impedance.", "PMID": 842312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4947", "title": "Brain stem electric response audiometry (BSERA).", "content": "Brain stem electric responses, recorded with external electrodes on vertex and ear lobes, are excellent for audiometry of young children. The vertex-positive wave with latency of 6 to 9 msec resembles closely the action potential of the auditory nerve, with the same high-intensity short-latency component and low-intensity long-latency component. Thresholds are reliable with filtered clicks at 1 000 Hz and higher. Practical advantages and theoretical limitations are summarized.", "contents": "Brain stem electric response audiometry (BSERA). Brain stem electric responses, recorded with external electrodes on vertex and ear lobes, are excellent for audiometry of young children. The vertex-positive wave with latency of 6 to 9 msec resembles closely the action potential of the auditory nerve, with the same high-intensity short-latency component and low-intensity long-latency component. Thresholds are reliable with filtered clicks at 1 000 Hz and higher. Practical advantages and theoretical limitations are summarized.", "PMID": 842311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4948", "title": "Modern methods for measurement of basilar membrane displacements.", "content": "Basilar membrane displacements in response to sound at threshold intensities are in the fractional Angstrom range. Visual measurements, as used by Bekesy in his pioneering studies, are by definition limited to values above 10 000 A. The present paper discusses a number of modern techniques capable of taking measurements at lower Anstrom levels: One-point methods (capacitive probe, Mossbauer effect, laser interferometry, and optical heterodyne spectroscopy) and pattern-assessing methods (time-averaged and real-time holography). Advantages and disadvantages of these methods are being discussed.", "contents": "Modern methods for measurement of basilar membrane displacements. Basilar membrane displacements in response to sound at threshold intensities are in the fractional Angstrom range. Visual measurements, as used by Bekesy in his pioneering studies, are by definition limited to values above 10 000 A. The present paper discusses a number of modern techniques capable of taking measurements at lower Anstrom levels: One-point methods (capacitive probe, Mossbauer effect, laser interferometry, and optical heterodyne spectroscopy) and pattern-assessing methods (time-averaged and real-time holography). Advantages and disadvantages of these methods are being discussed.", "PMID": 842309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4949", "title": "Electrocochleography and cochlear pathology.", "content": "In experimentally damaged inner ears the structural alterations were correlated to electrocochleographic responses of the ear. Sectioning of the cochlear nerve with degeneration of the type I neurons but intact sensory cells results in normal cochlear microphonics but very weak and atypical nerve responses. By contrast, damage of the organ of Corti with retrograde degeneration abolished primarily the cochlear microphonics, whereas the compound VIII nerve action potential is barely affected when only the outer hair cells are gone and even a small number of surviving inner hair cells is still compatible with a relatively strong compound action potential of the cochlear nerve.", "contents": "Electrocochleography and cochlear pathology. In experimentally damaged inner ears the structural alterations were correlated to electrocochleographic responses of the ear. Sectioning of the cochlear nerve with degeneration of the type I neurons but intact sensory cells results in normal cochlear microphonics but very weak and atypical nerve responses. By contrast, damage of the organ of Corti with retrograde degeneration abolished primarily the cochlear microphonics, whereas the compound VIII nerve action potential is barely affected when only the outer hair cells are gone and even a small number of surviving inner hair cells is still compatible with a relatively strong compound action potential of the cochlear nerve.", "PMID": 842310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4950", "title": "Evolution of CM, SP and AP during etacrynic acid intoxication in the guinea pig.", "content": "During etacrynic acid intoxication in the guinea pig, patterns of click-evoked compound electrocochleographic responses are similar to those observed in Meni\u00e8re and retro-cochlear human pathologies. Using high frequency tone bursts, SP, CM and AP were studied after intracardiac injection of etacrynic acid. The evolution of SP precedes that of CM and AP. Its change in polarity could be related to that reported for EP by Bosher et al. (1973). While during the recovery period SP overshoots (after 90 min), CM and AP increase more slowly (up to about 7 days) and in most cases AP amplitudes do not exceed 70-80% of their original value (25 days). N1, when present, keeps its classical pattern durint the entire evolution, whatever its amplitude and latency variations are. The early positive peak or negative shift observed in click-evoked human pathological electrocochleography can therefore be identified as SP. Thus this response is the indication of the presence of hair cells and of the impairment of the nerve fibre stimulation or response.", "contents": "Evolution of CM, SP and AP during etacrynic acid intoxication in the guinea pig. During etacrynic acid intoxication in the guinea pig, patterns of click-evoked compound electrocochleographic responses are similar to those observed in Meni\u00e8re and retro-cochlear human pathologies. Using high frequency tone bursts, SP, CM and AP were studied after intracardiac injection of etacrynic acid. The evolution of SP precedes that of CM and AP. Its change in polarity could be related to that reported for EP by Bosher et al. (1973). While during the recovery period SP overshoots (after 90 min), CM and AP increase more slowly (up to about 7 days) and in most cases AP amplitudes do not exceed 70-80% of their original value (25 days). N1, when present, keeps its classical pattern durint the entire evolution, whatever its amplitude and latency variations are. The early positive peak or negative shift observed in click-evoked human pathological electrocochleography can therefore be identified as SP. Thus this response is the indication of the presence of hair cells and of the impairment of the nerve fibre stimulation or response.", "PMID": 842314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4951", "title": "Oxygen reserve and autoregulation in the cochlea.", "content": "Endolymphatic O2-concentration was measured in the guinea pig cochlea with a microelectrode inserted through the zona pectinata of the basilar membrane and the cells of Claudius, so as not to interfere with the blood supply to the organ of Corti. The O2-level and the amplitude of the cochlear potentials were followed during hypoxia produced by lowering the pO2 of the inspired air. Persistence of a normal endolymphatic O2-level following the fall in arterial pO2 indicated an O2-reserve and au autoregulation of the cochlear circulation.", "contents": "Oxygen reserve and autoregulation in the cochlea. Endolymphatic O2-concentration was measured in the guinea pig cochlea with a microelectrode inserted through the zona pectinata of the basilar membrane and the cells of Claudius, so as not to interfere with the blood supply to the organ of Corti. The O2-level and the amplitude of the cochlear potentials were followed during hypoxia produced by lowering the pO2 of the inspired air. Persistence of a normal endolymphatic O2-level following the fall in arterial pO2 indicated an O2-reserve and au autoregulation of the cochlear circulation.", "PMID": 842313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4952", "title": "Intrathoracic injury to the motor nerve supply of the larynx.", "content": "A previously reported experimental study demonstrated that the intermediate (partly abducted) position of a paralysed vocal cord may be due to physiological inactivation, rather than paralysis, of the cricothyroid muscle. This inhibition was shown to be caused by interruption of vagal afferent impulses originating in pulmonary pressure receptors. The case reported here offered an unusual opportunity of studying this condition by serial section of a human larynx. A patient's left vocal cord was paralysed by cancer in the left pulmonary hilum and apex. There was aspiration and loss of voice. The larynx was obtained at autopsy and studied by serial sections. These showed that the P.C.A- muscle on the paralysed side was, in fact, completely atrophic and degenerated, as were the other intrinsic muscles but that the cricothyroid muscle was morphologically normal. Invasion of both the recurrent laryngeal nerve and the vagus at the thoracic inlet interrupts afferent impulses and inactivates the cricothyroid muscle, with resultant glottic incompetence.", "contents": "Intrathoracic injury to the motor nerve supply of the larynx. A previously reported experimental study demonstrated that the intermediate (partly abducted) position of a paralysed vocal cord may be due to physiological inactivation, rather than paralysis, of the cricothyroid muscle. This inhibition was shown to be caused by interruption of vagal afferent impulses originating in pulmonary pressure receptors. The case reported here offered an unusual opportunity of studying this condition by serial section of a human larynx. A patient's left vocal cord was paralysed by cancer in the left pulmonary hilum and apex. There was aspiration and loss of voice. The larynx was obtained at autopsy and studied by serial sections. These showed that the P.C.A- muscle on the paralysed side was, in fact, completely atrophic and degenerated, as were the other intrinsic muscles but that the cricothyroid muscle was morphologically normal. Invasion of both the recurrent laryngeal nerve and the vagus at the thoracic inlet interrupts afferent impulses and inactivates the cricothyroid muscle, with resultant glottic incompetence.", "PMID": 842317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4953", "title": "Organ culture of the avian and mammalian otocyst.", "content": "A chemically defined medium supplemented with serum has proved suitable for the growth of the isolated embryonic otocyst of both avian and mammalian provenience. The results lend further support to the value of the technique and confirm the findings of previous authors. [A film was presented.]", "contents": "Organ culture of the avian and mammalian otocyst. A chemically defined medium supplemented with serum has proved suitable for the growth of the isolated embryonic otocyst of both avian and mammalian provenience. The results lend further support to the value of the technique and confirm the findings of previous authors. [A film was presented.]", "PMID": 842318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4954", "title": "[Olfactory disorders in hypogonadism].", "content": "On the basis of the study and particularly of the examination of the ofactive functions in three patients with hypogonadismus the relationship between the olfactive and the endocrine lesions is established. This syndrome, described by Kalmann and by De Morsier is not well known, but it deserves attention since it is indicative of pathologic changes in the region which lies between the hypothalamus and the hypophysis.", "contents": "[Olfactory disorders in hypogonadism]. On the basis of the study and particularly of the examination of the ofactive functions in three patients with hypogonadismus the relationship between the olfactive and the endocrine lesions is established. This syndrome, described by Kalmann and by De Morsier is not well known, but it deserves attention since it is indicative of pathologic changes in the region which lies between the hypothalamus and the hypophysis.", "PMID": 842316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4955", "title": "Pathophysiology of the paranasal sinuses.", "content": "The maxillary ostium is narrower when the subject is recumbent than when sitting. The oxygen content in the sinus is related to the patency of the ostium and to some extent to its size. A 90% gas exchange in the sinus normally requires only 5 minutes. The exchange is faster during nasal than during oral breathing. The mucosa of the maxillary sinus has a relatively high blood flow. Oxygen absorption by the mucosa is normally perfusion limited. A considerable part of the absorbed oxygen is utilized directly by the mucosa and not taken up by the blood flow.", "contents": "Pathophysiology of the paranasal sinuses. The maxillary ostium is narrower when the subject is recumbent than when sitting. The oxygen content in the sinus is related to the patency of the ostium and to some extent to its size. A 90% gas exchange in the sinus normally requires only 5 minutes. The exchange is faster during nasal than during oral breathing. The mucosa of the maxillary sinus has a relatively high blood flow. Oxygen absorption by the mucosa is normally perfusion limited. A considerable part of the absorbed oxygen is utilized directly by the mucosa and not taken up by the blood flow.", "PMID": 842315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4956", "title": "A method for determining cortical auditory thresholds in guinea pigs.", "content": "A method for measuring evoked cortical potentials to acoustic stimuli through the intact dura mater of the guinea pig without computer averaging studied. After exposure of the dura overlying the auditory cortex on the left side, thresholds to acoustic stimuli presented to the right ear were determined with a double tipped silver electrode by visual detection on an oscilloscope. The thresholds obtained are compared with other methods of determining audibility levels in the guinea pig. With relatively simple instrumentation, this method provides rapid and accurate determination of the audibility curve.", "contents": "A method for determining cortical auditory thresholds in guinea pigs. A method for measuring evoked cortical potentials to acoustic stimuli through the intact dura mater of the guinea pig without computer averaging studied. After exposure of the dura overlying the auditory cortex on the left side, thresholds to acoustic stimuli presented to the right ear were determined with a double tipped silver electrode by visual detection on an oscilloscope. The thresholds obtained are compared with other methods of determining audibility levels in the guinea pig. With relatively simple instrumentation, this method provides rapid and accurate determination of the audibility curve.", "PMID": 842319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4957", "title": "Parasympathetic influence on the nasal mucosa.", "content": "The effect of graded parasympathetic nerve stimulation on the exchange and capacitance vessels of the nasal mucosa, as well as the secretory response, is reported. Possible postganglionic mediators of the vascular and secretory effects are discussed.", "contents": "Parasympathetic influence on the nasal mucosa. The effect of graded parasympathetic nerve stimulation on the exchange and capacitance vessels of the nasal mucosa, as well as the secretory response, is reported. Possible postganglionic mediators of the vascular and secretory effects are discussed.", "PMID": 842322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4958", "title": "Macroscopic and ultrastructural findings in some diseases of the facial nerve.", "content": "The authors describe the findings observed in: 10 cases of Bell's palsy, 1 case of traumatic facial paralysis, 1 case of congenital facial paralysis, and 1 case of Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome. The chorda tympani nerve of these patients was studied, employing the electron microscope, comparing it with that of 5 patients having otosclerosis. Our ultrastructural findings appear to confirm that the chorda tympani nerve presents a similar degenerative behaviour in those diseases studied by us. The degenerative stages range from a lesser to greater degree in the following order: Bell's palsy, traumatic facial paralysis, congenital facial paralysis, Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome.", "contents": "Macroscopic and ultrastructural findings in some diseases of the facial nerve. The authors describe the findings observed in: 10 cases of Bell's palsy, 1 case of traumatic facial paralysis, 1 case of congenital facial paralysis, and 1 case of Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome. The chorda tympani nerve of these patients was studied, employing the electron microscope, comparing it with that of 5 patients having otosclerosis. Our ultrastructural findings appear to confirm that the chorda tympani nerve presents a similar degenerative behaviour in those diseases studied by us. The degenerative stages range from a lesser to greater degree in the following order: Bell's palsy, traumatic facial paralysis, congenital facial paralysis, Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome.", "PMID": 842321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4959", "title": "A new concept of vertex ERA and EEG analysis applying inverse filtering.", "content": "Evidence for a common anatomical and physiological substrate for the generation of the background EEG and the vertex-evoked response led to the hypothesis that the EEG can be interpreted as the output from a time varying filter driven by (a) a noise generator responsible for the background activity, and (b) a pulse generator creating the evoked response. The characteristics of the filter can be estimated by autoregression. The application of such a model results in considerable theoretical and practical improvements in the detection of evoked responses. Selected averaging on EEGs classified according to the filter characteristics shows improved S/N ratios and considerable diversity between classes. Investigations of an estimate of the input signal to the filter, derived by deconvolution, reveal a sound-evoked potential which is less variable than the response in the EEG. The study concludes that the proposed model and methods have a sufficient applicability and physiological relevance to support further developments.", "contents": "A new concept of vertex ERA and EEG analysis applying inverse filtering. Evidence for a common anatomical and physiological substrate for the generation of the background EEG and the vertex-evoked response led to the hypothesis that the EEG can be interpreted as the output from a time varying filter driven by (a) a noise generator responsible for the background activity, and (b) a pulse generator creating the evoked response. The characteristics of the filter can be estimated by autoregression. The application of such a model results in considerable theoretical and practical improvements in the detection of evoked responses. Selected averaging on EEGs classified according to the filter characteristics shows improved S/N ratios and considerable diversity between classes. Investigations of an estimate of the input signal to the filter, derived by deconvolution, reveal a sound-evoked potential which is less variable than the response in the EEG. The study concludes that the proposed model and methods have a sufficient applicability and physiological relevance to support further developments.", "PMID": 842320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4960", "title": "Intra- and extracellular activities of ciliated cells. A model for functional studies.", "content": "The mucociliary activity of the mucosa of the respiratory tract is used as an experimental model for exposure studies regarding air pollution and pharmaca. It is possible to record the intracellular electrical activity simultaneously with the extracellular mechanical movements of cilia.", "contents": "Intra- and extracellular activities of ciliated cells. A model for functional studies. The mucociliary activity of the mucosa of the respiratory tract is used as an experimental model for exposure studies regarding air pollution and pharmaca. It is possible to record the intracellular electrical activity simultaneously with the extracellular mechanical movements of cilia.", "PMID": 842325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4961", "title": "The innervation of the organ of Corti. A scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "The innervation within the organ of Corti of guinea pigs, chinchillas and rabbits was studied in the scanning electron microscope. Specimens were fixed, dissected, critical point dried and coated with gold. Final dissection of the specimens was done in the dry state in the planes of the former fluid spaces. The courses of the efferent and afferent nerve fibres are described. The efferent fibres reach the outer hair cells by crossing the tunnel space, run between the outer pillars and divide several times in the space of Nuel. The afferent fibres cross the floor of the tunnel and turn basalwards in the outer spiral bundles where they run for at least 0.5-0.8 mm before connecting with the outer hair cells. Small nerve endings on every fifth to tenth outer hair cell disappear after cutting the efferent nerves, thus indicating their efferent nature.", "contents": "The innervation of the organ of Corti. A scanning electron microscopic study. The innervation within the organ of Corti of guinea pigs, chinchillas and rabbits was studied in the scanning electron microscope. Specimens were fixed, dissected, critical point dried and coated with gold. Final dissection of the specimens was done in the dry state in the planes of the former fluid spaces. The courses of the efferent and afferent nerve fibres are described. The efferent fibres reach the outer hair cells by crossing the tunnel space, run between the outer pillars and divide several times in the space of Nuel. The afferent fibres cross the floor of the tunnel and turn basalwards in the outer spiral bundles where they run for at least 0.5-0.8 mm before connecting with the outer hair cells. Small nerve endings on every fifth to tenth outer hair cell disappear after cutting the efferent nerves, thus indicating their efferent nature.", "PMID": 842329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4962", "title": "Long-term effect on mother-infant behaviour of extra contact during the first hour post partum. I. First observations at 36 hours.", "content": "The immediate post partum period may be particularly important for the developing relationship between mother and infant; little is as yet known, however, of the long-term effects of hospital practice during this period. This study examines the effect of extra contact during the first hour following delivery. An extra skin to skin contact and suckling contact was given to 22 primiparous mothers and their infants. One control group of 20 primiparous mothers and infants and a second one of 20 multiparous mothers and infants was given routine care immediately after birth. All mothers and infants were healthy with normal pregnancies and deliveries. At 36 hours a first observation was made of maternal and infant behaviour during breast feeding in all three groups. At this stage primiparae with extra contact showed behaviour much more like the behaviour of multiparae with routine care. Infants of primiparae with routine care cried most frequently. The behaviour of mothers of boys differed more from group to group than did that of mothers of girls.", "contents": "Long-term effect on mother-infant behaviour of extra contact during the first hour post partum. I. First observations at 36 hours. The immediate post partum period may be particularly important for the developing relationship between mother and infant; little is as yet known, however, of the long-term effects of hospital practice during this period. This study examines the effect of extra contact during the first hour following delivery. An extra skin to skin contact and suckling contact was given to 22 primiparous mothers and their infants. One control group of 20 primiparous mothers and infants and a second one of 20 multiparous mothers and infants was given routine care immediately after birth. All mothers and infants were healthy with normal pregnancies and deliveries. At 36 hours a first observation was made of maternal and infant behaviour during breast feeding in all three groups. At this stage primiparae with extra contact showed behaviour much more like the behaviour of multiparae with routine care. Infants of primiparae with routine care cried most frequently. The behaviour of mothers of boys differed more from group to group than did that of mothers of girls.", "PMID": 842335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4963", "title": "Freeze-fracture study of the cell junctions in the utricle and saccule.", "content": "The maculae sacculi and utriculi of the chinchilla vestibular labyrinth have been studied by freeze-fracture method. In the replicas extensive zonulae occludentes have been found between sensory and supporting cells at the endolymphatic surface. Gap junctions are located between the supporting cells. Some intramembranous specializations of the synaptic regions are described in both types of the sensory cells.", "contents": "Freeze-fracture study of the cell junctions in the utricle and saccule. The maculae sacculi and utriculi of the chinchilla vestibular labyrinth have been studied by freeze-fracture method. In the replicas extensive zonulae occludentes have been found between sensory and supporting cells at the endolymphatic surface. Gap junctions are located between the supporting cells. Some intramembranous specializations of the synaptic regions are described in both types of the sensory cells.", "PMID": 842330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4964", "title": "Long-term effect on mother-infant behaviour of extra contact during the first hour post partum. II. A follow-up at three months.", "content": "Primiparous mothers and their infants who had an extra 15-20 minutes' suckling and skin to skin contact during the first hour after delivery, behaved differently at 36 hours post partum compared with a control group without this extra contact. The present study is a 3-month follow-up of these mothers and infants by means of direct observation of mother-infant free play and a personal interview with the mothers. Mothers in the extra contact group spent more time kissing and looking en face at their infants; these infants smiled more often and cried less frequently. A greater proportion of the mothers with extra contact were still breast feeding at 3 months. The influence of extra contact on behaviour was more pronounced in boy-mother than in girl-mother pairs.", "contents": "Long-term effect on mother-infant behaviour of extra contact during the first hour post partum. II. A follow-up at three months. Primiparous mothers and their infants who had an extra 15-20 minutes' suckling and skin to skin contact during the first hour after delivery, behaved differently at 36 hours post partum compared with a control group without this extra contact. The present study is a 3-month follow-up of these mothers and infants by means of direct observation of mother-infant free play and a personal interview with the mothers. Mothers in the extra contact group spent more time kissing and looking en face at their infants; these infants smiled more often and cried less frequently. A greater proportion of the mothers with extra contact were still breast feeding at 3 months. The influence of extra contact on behaviour was more pronounced in boy-mother than in girl-mother pairs.", "PMID": 842336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4965", "title": "Nasal obstruction and cardiopulmonary system in children.", "content": "45 patients aged 6-18 years, with bilateral (17) and unilateral (28) obstruction of the nose, were analysed and divided into two groups in which nasal pressure ranged from 20 to above 60 mm H2O. The following examinations pertaining to pulmonary function were performed: partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) and carbon dioxide (PCO2), pulmonary ventilation at rest and under charge (VC, FEV1, MMF25-75, IGV, FRC, RV, TLC, Rt). The investigation of the heart functions included the pulse rate, BP, and ECG at rest and under charge. According to our findings, nasal obstruction in children has less influence on the lower respiratory tracts than contended in previous reports in the literature. In no single case have we found any alterations in the function of the cardiovascular system at rest or during charge.", "contents": "Nasal obstruction and cardiopulmonary system in children. 45 patients aged 6-18 years, with bilateral (17) and unilateral (28) obstruction of the nose, were analysed and divided into two groups in which nasal pressure ranged from 20 to above 60 mm H2O. The following examinations pertaining to pulmonary function were performed: partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) and carbon dioxide (PCO2), pulmonary ventilation at rest and under charge (VC, FEV1, MMF25-75, IGV, FRC, RV, TLC, Rt). The investigation of the heart functions included the pulse rate, BP, and ECG at rest and under charge. According to our findings, nasal obstruction in children has less influence on the lower respiratory tracts than contended in previous reports in the literature. In no single case have we found any alterations in the function of the cardiovascular system at rest or during charge.", "PMID": 842326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4966", "title": "Primary neural disorders in the deaf white cat cochlea.", "content": "Eleven white kittens were investigated from 2 days after birth up to an age of 4 months. After their hearing ability or deafness had been tested electrophysiologically, electron microscopic work was done at the level of the cochlea. Previous histological data indicated that the hereditary process of degeneration begins at the epithelial and sensory elements of the cochlea, and that the neural degeneration is only a secondary and very slow process. Results presented here indicate that, at least in some white cats, this assumption needs to be modified. Early failure in the myelination of the lamina spiralis fibres was noticed in most of the white kittens. Furthermore, two kittens (7 and 16 days old) presented a complete degeneration of the spiral ganglion neurons, and signs of anterograde degeneration of their fibres going to the organ of Corti. These primary neural defects indicate that hereditary hearing defects may directly affect both epithelio-sensory and neural structures.", "contents": "Primary neural disorders in the deaf white cat cochlea. Eleven white kittens were investigated from 2 days after birth up to an age of 4 months. After their hearing ability or deafness had been tested electrophysiologically, electron microscopic work was done at the level of the cochlea. Previous histological data indicated that the hereditary process of degeneration begins at the epithelial and sensory elements of the cochlea, and that the neural degeneration is only a secondary and very slow process. Results presented here indicate that, at least in some white cats, this assumption needs to be modified. Early failure in the myelination of the lamina spiralis fibres was noticed in most of the white kittens. Furthermore, two kittens (7 and 16 days old) presented a complete degeneration of the spiral ganglion neurons, and signs of anterograde degeneration of their fibres going to the organ of Corti. These primary neural defects indicate that hereditary hearing defects may directly affect both epithelio-sensory and neural structures.", "PMID": 842327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4967", "title": "The cochlear blood flow.", "content": "Cochlear blood flow in the guinea pig was investigated using Tracer Sephadex 15 microspheres labelled with radioactive nuclides. A reference organ technique was used for quantitative measurements of cardiac output and the blood flow in the cochlear soft tissue, CNS and kidney. In some experiments the blood flow was measured at two occasions, either with 57Coor with 58Co-labelled microspheres. The results, including the size of cochlear blood flow are presented and discussed.", "contents": "The cochlear blood flow. Cochlear blood flow in the guinea pig was investigated using Tracer Sephadex 15 microspheres labelled with radioactive nuclides. A reference organ technique was used for quantitative measurements of cardiac output and the blood flow in the cochlear soft tissue, CNS and kidney. In some experiments the blood flow was measured at two occasions, either with 57Coor with 58Co-labelled microspheres. The results, including the size of cochlear blood flow are presented and discussed.", "PMID": 842332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4968", "title": "Effects of growth hormone on protein metabolism. Acute changes in plasma amino acids in growth retarded patients with and without growth hormone deficiency.", "content": "39 patients with growth retardation were investigated: 21 (group H) were suffering from GH deficiency and 18 (group N) had no endocrine disease except for two adequately treated patients with mild hypothyroidism. Analysis of 15 plasma amino acid concentrations was carried out before and 1 and 2 hours after intravenous HGH injection at a dosage of 2 mg per m2. Except for one amino acid no significant difference between mean pre-treatment amino acid values was observed in the two groups of patients. In group H there was a highly significant decrease in plasma concentration of 14 amino acids already 1 hour after HGH injection and of all 15 amino acids after 2 hours. This response of plasma amino acids to HGH was less pronounced in group N. For 5 amino acids a moderate correlation was found in group H between acute metabolic response to HGH and growth response to long-term HGH treatment. Our results following HGH injection may reflect increased plasma amino acid transfer into cells due to HGH.", "contents": "Effects of growth hormone on protein metabolism. Acute changes in plasma amino acids in growth retarded patients with and without growth hormone deficiency. 39 patients with growth retardation were investigated: 21 (group H) were suffering from GH deficiency and 18 (group N) had no endocrine disease except for two adequately treated patients with mild hypothyroidism. Analysis of 15 plasma amino acid concentrations was carried out before and 1 and 2 hours after intravenous HGH injection at a dosage of 2 mg per m2. Except for one amino acid no significant difference between mean pre-treatment amino acid values was observed in the two groups of patients. In group H there was a highly significant decrease in plasma concentration of 14 amino acids already 1 hour after HGH injection and of all 15 amino acids after 2 hours. This response of plasma amino acids to HGH was less pronounced in group N. For 5 amino acids a moderate correlation was found in group H between acute metabolic response to HGH and growth response to long-term HGH treatment. Our results following HGH injection may reflect increased plasma amino acid transfer into cells due to HGH.", "PMID": 842337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4969", "title": "Estrogen treatment in tall girls.", "content": "36 tall girls aged 10.3 to 15.5 years were treated with ethinylestradiol (0.5 mg/day) and norethisterone (15 mg/day). To date treatment for seventeen girls has been completed. Before treatment their bone age ranged from 11.0 to 13.5 years and mean height prediction was 185.19 cm (181.40-193.00 cm). After about two years of treatment their final height averaged 178.96 cm (171.60-183.50 cm). Predicted height was reduced by an average of 6.23 cm. The reduction in final height was significantly greater when therapy was started before a bone age of 12 years. Thirteen girls, re-examined after discontinuation of therapy, all had regular menstrual bleeding within six months. There were no serious or irreversible side effects during the period of observation.", "contents": "Estrogen treatment in tall girls. 36 tall girls aged 10.3 to 15.5 years were treated with ethinylestradiol (0.5 mg/day) and norethisterone (15 mg/day). To date treatment for seventeen girls has been completed. Before treatment their bone age ranged from 11.0 to 13.5 years and mean height prediction was 185.19 cm (181.40-193.00 cm). After about two years of treatment their final height averaged 178.96 cm (171.60-183.50 cm). Predicted height was reduced by an average of 6.23 cm. The reduction in final height was significantly greater when therapy was started before a bone age of 12 years. Thirteen girls, re-examined after discontinuation of therapy, all had regular menstrual bleeding within six months. There were no serious or irreversible side effects during the period of observation.", "PMID": 842338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4970", "title": "The delayed effects of ethacrynic acid on the stria vascularis of the guinea pig.", "content": "Guinea pigs were administered 40 mg ethacrynic acid per kg b.wt. and sacrificed at 30-48 minutes, 3-4 hours, 2 or 7 days post-drug. Cochlear potentials (EP and CP) were monitored before sacrifice. At 30-48 minutes, the potentials had decreased considerably, and a marked edema plus cytological changes were visible in the stria vascularis. The potentials had recovered to about 75% of their original value at 3-4 hours; some cell recovery was visible, but the edema was still present. Potentials recorded from the basal turn were normal at 2 and 7 days, although some strial cells showed deterioration.", "contents": "The delayed effects of ethacrynic acid on the stria vascularis of the guinea pig. Guinea pigs were administered 40 mg ethacrynic acid per kg b.wt. and sacrificed at 30-48 minutes, 3-4 hours, 2 or 7 days post-drug. Cochlear potentials (EP and CP) were monitored before sacrifice. At 30-48 minutes, the potentials had decreased considerably, and a marked edema plus cytological changes were visible in the stria vascularis. The potentials had recovered to about 75% of their original value at 3-4 hours; some cell recovery was visible, but the edema was still present. Potentials recorded from the basal turn were normal at 2 and 7 days, although some strial cells showed deterioration.", "PMID": 842333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4971", "title": "Lead in umbilical cord blood correlated with the blood lead of the mother in areas with low, medium or high atmospheric pollution.", "content": "Lead concentrations in 541 samples of umbilical cord blood from different parts of Sweden were determined. The mean concentration was 7.6 mug lead/100 ml (=0.367 mumol/l). The blood lead values were also determined for 297 mothers and a mean value of 8.7 mug/100 ml (=0.420 mumol/l) was found. There was a significant correlation between the blood lead level of the mother and the infant as studied in 253 pairs. The slope of the regression line was 0.5 r (r=0.6). Significantly lower blood values for both mother and infant were found in areas with low pollution as estimated from the lead content in moss. No seasonal variation could be ascertained. Hematocrit versus lead concentration was also studied. A flameless atomic absorption method was used with a standard deviation of 0.9 mug lead/100 ml. The storage time and sample treatment were also studied.", "contents": "Lead in umbilical cord blood correlated with the blood lead of the mother in areas with low, medium or high atmospheric pollution. Lead concentrations in 541 samples of umbilical cord blood from different parts of Sweden were determined. The mean concentration was 7.6 mug lead/100 ml (=0.367 mumol/l). The blood lead values were also determined for 297 mothers and a mean value of 8.7 mug/100 ml (=0.420 mumol/l) was found. There was a significant correlation between the blood lead level of the mother and the infant as studied in 253 pairs. The slope of the regression line was 0.5 r (r=0.6). Significantly lower blood values for both mother and infant were found in areas with low pollution as estimated from the lead content in moss. No seasonal variation could be ascertained. Hematocrit versus lead concentration was also studied. A flameless atomic absorption method was used with a standard deviation of 0.9 mug lead/100 ml. The storage time and sample treatment were also studied.", "PMID": 842339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4972", "title": "Studies on the sensory hairs of receptor cells in the inner ear.", "content": "The crista ampullaris of the semicircular canal in the frog can be isolated and mounted in a chamber so that the sensory hairs can be observed under high magnification in interference-contrast. The cupula is removed and the sensory hairs can be manipulated and their mechanical properties investigated by a microprobe held in a micromanipulator. The hairs appear quite stiff and pivot around their base. When subjected to force they break as if they are brittle. All the cilia within a bundle move together as if joined to one another. Labelling for electron-microscopy with polycationic ferritin reveals that the membrane surrounding the cilia has a surface coat of negatively charged molecules. When the organ is incubated with polycationic ferritin before fixation the sensory hairs agglutinate. Fusion of the membrane surrounding individual sensory hairs also occurs.", "contents": "Studies on the sensory hairs of receptor cells in the inner ear. The crista ampullaris of the semicircular canal in the frog can be isolated and mounted in a chamber so that the sensory hairs can be observed under high magnification in interference-contrast. The cupula is removed and the sensory hairs can be manipulated and their mechanical properties investigated by a microprobe held in a micromanipulator. The hairs appear quite stiff and pivot around their base. When subjected to force they break as if they are brittle. All the cilia within a bundle move together as if joined to one another. Labelling for electron-microscopy with polycationic ferritin reveals that the membrane surrounding the cilia has a surface coat of negatively charged molecules. When the organ is incubated with polycationic ferritin before fixation the sensory hairs agglutinate. Fusion of the membrane surrounding individual sensory hairs also occurs.", "PMID": 842331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4973", "title": "Renal growth and function in patients nephrectomized in childhood.", "content": "Eight patients nephrectomized in childhood were studied with regard to growth and function of the remaining kidney. The age of the patients ranged between 8 1/2 and 31 years and the follow-up period was from 1 to 20 years. In most of the patients, repeated renal size determinations were made on postoperative urograms. Normal values for kidney size in childhood are also presented. The structural hypertrophy continued for at least three years after nephrectomy and was most pronounced in patients nephrectomized before three years of age. When more than three years had passed after nephrectomy the remaining kidney was 35-65% larger than normal. Healthy young adults and children with a previous history of urinary tract infection served as controls for function studies. The balance between glomerular and tubular function was well preserved in nephrectomized patients. The renal surface area showed the same relation to GFR and to reabsorption of bicarbonate in nephrectomized patients as in controls. It is therefore concluded that the increase in kidney function following unilateral nephrectomy is, at least in early life, primarily due to structural enlargement.", "contents": "Renal growth and function in patients nephrectomized in childhood. Eight patients nephrectomized in childhood were studied with regard to growth and function of the remaining kidney. The age of the patients ranged between 8 1/2 and 31 years and the follow-up period was from 1 to 20 years. In most of the patients, repeated renal size determinations were made on postoperative urograms. Normal values for kidney size in childhood are also presented. The structural hypertrophy continued for at least three years after nephrectomy and was most pronounced in patients nephrectomized before three years of age. When more than three years had passed after nephrectomy the remaining kidney was 35-65% larger than normal. Healthy young adults and children with a previous history of urinary tract infection served as controls for function studies. The balance between glomerular and tubular function was well preserved in nephrectomized patients. The renal surface area showed the same relation to GFR and to reabsorption of bicarbonate in nephrectomized patients as in controls. It is therefore concluded that the increase in kidney function following unilateral nephrectomy is, at least in early life, primarily due to structural enlargement.", "PMID": 842340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4974", "title": "Insulin and glucagon response to arginine infusion in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "The glucagon and insulin responses to intravenous arginine were studied in 17 children with cystic fibrosis and in 9 control children. It was found that the overall secretion of insulin was diminished; however, four of the CF children did have a normal output. The glucagon responses did not parallel those of insulin. The glucagon output varied in the CF children--seven had normal, four excessively high and six low output. Three of the four children with extremely high output had more severe disease and were below the third centile on the weight chart. These four had a fasting hypoglycaemia and also a very low glucose and insulin response. We have confirmed diminished insulin secretion in cystic fibrosis, but diminished glucagon secretion was only noted when some insulin secretion was preserved. The high levels of glucagon seen in the most insulin deficient subjects may be derived from extrapancreatic sources, or may be associated with 'stress' reaction in these patients who also had most severe pulmonary involvement. The data would be consistent with diminished glucagon and insulin secretion from the pancreas but as the disease progresses an excessive secretion of extra pancreatic glucagon results.", "contents": "Insulin and glucagon response to arginine infusion in cystic fibrosis. The glucagon and insulin responses to intravenous arginine were studied in 17 children with cystic fibrosis and in 9 control children. It was found that the overall secretion of insulin was diminished; however, four of the CF children did have a normal output. The glucagon responses did not parallel those of insulin. The glucagon output varied in the CF children--seven had normal, four excessively high and six low output. Three of the four children with extremely high output had more severe disease and were below the third centile on the weight chart. These four had a fasting hypoglycaemia and also a very low glucose and insulin response. We have confirmed diminished insulin secretion in cystic fibrosis, but diminished glucagon secretion was only noted when some insulin secretion was preserved. The high levels of glucagon seen in the most insulin deficient subjects may be derived from extrapancreatic sources, or may be associated with 'stress' reaction in these patients who also had most severe pulmonary involvement. The data would be consistent with diminished glucagon and insulin secretion from the pancreas but as the disease progresses an excessive secretion of extra pancreatic glucagon results.", "PMID": 842341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4975", "title": "Diminished limb blood flow in infants with transposition of the great vessels: An adaptation to chronic hypoxia?", "content": "Calf blood flow was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography using a mercury in rubber strain gauge in infants with transposition of the great vessels. (TGV), and in comparable infants free from cardiopulmonary disease. Resting calf blood flow in the infants with TGV was 3.6 +/- 0.8 ml/100 ml/min, while in the control group flow was 6.8 +/- 2.3 ml/100 ml/min, a highly significant difference. We postulate that newborns with TGV decrease their resting calf flow in response to chronic hypoxia.", "contents": "Diminished limb blood flow in infants with transposition of the great vessels: An adaptation to chronic hypoxia? Calf blood flow was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography using a mercury in rubber strain gauge in infants with transposition of the great vessels. (TGV), and in comparable infants free from cardiopulmonary disease. Resting calf blood flow in the infants with TGV was 3.6 +/- 0.8 ml/100 ml/min, while in the control group flow was 6.8 +/- 2.3 ml/100 ml/min, a highly significant difference. We postulate that newborns with TGV decrease their resting calf flow in response to chronic hypoxia.", "PMID": 842342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4976", "title": "Neonatal septic osteo-arthritis due to umbilical artery catheterisation.", "content": "Three cases of neonatal septic osteo-arthritis due to umbilical artery catheterisation are described. The clinical features were characteristic. A week after removal of the catheter a septic osteo-arthritis developed. The etiological agent in all three cases was Staphylococcus aureus, resistant to penicillin. The disease is probably caused by haematogenous spread of septic clots from thrombus formation on the catheter. Symptoms and signs were few and vague. It is suggested that septic osteo-arthritis due to umbilical catheterisation is more frequent than hitherto believed, and low-grade forms might remain undiagnosed.", "contents": "Neonatal septic osteo-arthritis due to umbilical artery catheterisation. Three cases of neonatal septic osteo-arthritis due to umbilical artery catheterisation are described. The clinical features were characteristic. A week after removal of the catheter a septic osteo-arthritis developed. The etiological agent in all three cases was Staphylococcus aureus, resistant to penicillin. The disease is probably caused by haematogenous spread of septic clots from thrombus formation on the catheter. Symptoms and signs were few and vague. It is suggested that septic osteo-arthritis due to umbilical catheterisation is more frequent than hitherto believed, and low-grade forms might remain undiagnosed.", "PMID": 842343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4977", "title": "The radial dysplasia/imperforate anus/vertebral anomalies syndrome (the VATER association): Developmental aspects and eye findings.", "content": "The developmental evaluations of four children of different age groups with radial dysplasia/imperforate anus/vertebral anomalies syndrome are presented. These show that although the gross motor behavior is significantly delayed, intelligence, language, and social development are within normal range. Therefore, the patients with this syndrome merit every effort toward rehabilitation. Three of the patients discussed have ophthalmological abnormalities, in addition to their major malformations. It may be that congenital eye defects are another component of this syndrome of morphogenesis.", "contents": "The radial dysplasia/imperforate anus/vertebral anomalies syndrome (the VATER association): Developmental aspects and eye findings. The developmental evaluations of four children of different age groups with radial dysplasia/imperforate anus/vertebral anomalies syndrome are presented. These show that although the gross motor behavior is significantly delayed, intelligence, language, and social development are within normal range. Therefore, the patients with this syndrome merit every effort toward rehabilitation. Three of the patients discussed have ophthalmological abnormalities, in addition to their major malformations. It may be that congenital eye defects are another component of this syndrome of morphogenesis.", "PMID": 842344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4978", "title": "Menarcheal age in girls with congenital dislocation of the hip.", "content": "The age at menarche was recorded in a series of girls with congenital dislocation of the hip and compared with a control sample drawn from the population at risk. The menarcheal age of the CDH patients was decreased by, on average, six months, the decrease being caused by the presence among the CDH girls of a few individuals with a very early menarche. These girls were heavier and taller than other CDH girls, who in their turn, are taller and heavier than other girls. The findings support the concept of CDH as a manifestation of some hormonal deviation, which also causes early physical maturation.", "contents": "Menarcheal age in girls with congenital dislocation of the hip. The age at menarche was recorded in a series of girls with congenital dislocation of the hip and compared with a control sample drawn from the population at risk. The menarcheal age of the CDH patients was decreased by, on average, six months, the decrease being caused by the presence among the CDH girls of a few individuals with a very early menarche. These girls were heavier and taller than other CDH girls, who in their turn, are taller and heavier than other girls. The findings support the concept of CDH as a manifestation of some hormonal deviation, which also causes early physical maturation.", "PMID": 842345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4979", "title": "Learning disorders. Some medical aspects.", "content": "The first skills are motor ones and these depend on perceptual development and the organisation of movement. If development is deviant the child will be clumsy. The clinical picture is considered, and the effects this may have in the school situation. Disorders of language development may be secondary to other factors such as deafness or brain injury, or may be a specific disability. The various grades of the latter are described. Both perceptual and language disorders can underlie reading retardation and the analysis of a particular child's difficulties is stressed. The etiology of these conditions is discussed with particular reference to the failure of integration. Intracerebral connections may not form, be destroyed, or not be used. The role of the Doctor is an important one, and this includes not only diagnosis and assessment but also helping the child in the home and school, especially when emotional and behaviour complications occur. The doctor must also act as a questioner and co-ordinator.", "contents": "Learning disorders. Some medical aspects. The first skills are motor ones and these depend on perceptual development and the organisation of movement. If development is deviant the child will be clumsy. The clinical picture is considered, and the effects this may have in the school situation. Disorders of language development may be secondary to other factors such as deafness or brain injury, or may be a specific disability. The various grades of the latter are described. Both perceptual and language disorders can underlie reading retardation and the analysis of a particular child's difficulties is stressed. The etiology of these conditions is discussed with particular reference to the failure of integration. Intracerebral connections may not form, be destroyed, or not be used. The role of the Doctor is an important one, and this includes not only diagnosis and assessment but also helping the child in the home and school, especially when emotional and behaviour complications occur. The doctor must also act as a questioner and co-ordinator.", "PMID": 842346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4980", "title": "A case of focal dermal hypoplasia (Goltz syndrome) with some new aspects.", "content": "A case of Focal Dermal Hypoplasia (Goltz syndrome), diagnosed at birth, is reported. Some findings not formerly described (hemimelia, schizis of the palatum molle and the absence of one umbilical artery) are reported. Normal findings in chromosome studies with banding techniques are discussed.", "contents": "A case of focal dermal hypoplasia (Goltz syndrome) with some new aspects. A case of Focal Dermal Hypoplasia (Goltz syndrome), diagnosed at birth, is reported. Some findings not formerly described (hemimelia, schizis of the palatum molle and the absence of one umbilical artery) are reported. Normal findings in chromosome studies with banding techniques are discussed.", "PMID": 842347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4981", "title": "Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy.", "content": "The present case report brings to attention an unusual form of massive benign lymphadenopathy which can stimulate malignant lymphoma. The disease occurs mainly in children and is characterized by a protracted course with painless enlargement of the cervical lymph nodes, fever, leucocytosis, mild anaemia, raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate and hypergammaglobulinaemia. The diagnosis is confirmed by a quite distinct microscopic picture of the involved lymph nodes. SHML is considered to be an unusual response to an infection in an individual with abnormal host defence, though this is not confirmed by the investigations undertaken in the presented case.", "contents": "Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy. The present case report brings to attention an unusual form of massive benign lymphadenopathy which can stimulate malignant lymphoma. The disease occurs mainly in children and is characterized by a protracted course with painless enlargement of the cervical lymph nodes, fever, leucocytosis, mild anaemia, raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate and hypergammaglobulinaemia. The diagnosis is confirmed by a quite distinct microscopic picture of the involved lymph nodes. SHML is considered to be an unusual response to an infection in an individual with abnormal host defence, though this is not confirmed by the investigations undertaken in the presented case.", "PMID": 842348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4982", "title": "Observations on the ultrastructure of the late sporoblasts and the initiation of sporozoite formation in Eimeria brunetti.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the late sporoblast and the initiation of sporozite formation in E. brunetti was examined in oocysts which had been allowed to sporulate for 24 hours at 27 degrees C. The late sporoblast was ellipsoidal in shape and possessed two nuclei, and with associated Golgi bodies, situated at either end of the organism. Its cytoplasm contained numerous polysaccharide granules, electron translucentral region of the plaques. Sporozoite formation was similar to the initiation of merozoite formation in the schizont. Endodyogeny did not appear to be involved in the process of sporozoite formation.t vacuoles, dense bodies, mitochondria, and some strands of rough endoplasmic reticulum. The sporoblast, at this stage, was enclosed by two unit membranes. Sporozoite formation was initiated by the appearance of a dense plaque at either end of the organism in the vicinity of a nucleus, adjacent to the limiting membrane of the sporoblast. A conoid was present in the central region of the plaques Sporozoite formation was similar to the initiation of merozoite formation in the schizont. Endodyogeny did not appear to be involved in the process of sporozoite formation.", "contents": "Observations on the ultrastructure of the late sporoblasts and the initiation of sporozoite formation in Eimeria brunetti. The ultrastructure of the late sporoblast and the initiation of sporozite formation in E. brunetti was examined in oocysts which had been allowed to sporulate for 24 hours at 27 degrees C. The late sporoblast was ellipsoidal in shape and possessed two nuclei, and with associated Golgi bodies, situated at either end of the organism. Its cytoplasm contained numerous polysaccharide granules, electron translucentral region of the plaques. Sporozoite formation was similar to the initiation of merozoite formation in the schizont. Endodyogeny did not appear to be involved in the process of sporozoite formation.t vacuoles, dense bodies, mitochondria, and some strands of rough endoplasmic reticulum. The sporoblast, at this stage, was enclosed by two unit membranes. Sporozoite formation was initiated by the appearance of a dense plaque at either end of the organism in the vicinity of a nucleus, adjacent to the limiting membrane of the sporoblast. A conoid was present in the central region of the plaques Sporozoite formation was similar to the initiation of merozoite formation in the schizont. Endodyogeny did not appear to be involved in the process of sporozoite formation.", "PMID": 842350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4983", "title": "Relationship of Neisseria elongata subsp. Glycolytica to other members of the family Neisseriaceae.", "content": "Neisseria elongata subsp. glycolytica strain 6171/75 is closely similar to the type strain of N. elongata, M2, as regards DNA base composition, fatty acid content and electrophoretic mobility of two glutamate dehydrogenases, one of which showed a reaction of identity with the corresponding enzyme from M2 in double immunodiffusion in agar. The strain showed genetic homologies with strain M2 in genetic transformation at a level suggesting species identity, and with N. meningitidis at a lower level. No affinity to Moraxella species or \"false neisseriae\" was demonstrated, with the exception of a production of a few transformants in the 6171/75 recipient by DNA from Kingella kingae. The strain showed the same pattern of associated variation of colony type, fimbriation and competence in transformation as that found in other Neisseria and Moraxella species. After continuous subcultivation for some time some clones of the strain appeared to have lost the ability to produce acid from glucose.", "contents": "Relationship of Neisseria elongata subsp. Glycolytica to other members of the family Neisseriaceae. Neisseria elongata subsp. glycolytica strain 6171/75 is closely similar to the type strain of N. elongata, M2, as regards DNA base composition, fatty acid content and electrophoretic mobility of two glutamate dehydrogenases, one of which showed a reaction of identity with the corresponding enzyme from M2 in double immunodiffusion in agar. The strain showed genetic homologies with strain M2 in genetic transformation at a level suggesting species identity, and with N. meningitidis at a lower level. No affinity to Moraxella species or \"false neisseriae\" was demonstrated, with the exception of a production of a few transformants in the 6171/75 recipient by DNA from Kingella kingae. The strain showed the same pattern of associated variation of colony type, fimbriation and competence in transformation as that found in other Neisseria and Moraxella species. After continuous subcultivation for some time some clones of the strain appeared to have lost the ability to produce acid from glucose.", "PMID": 842351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4984", "title": "Ultrastructural studies on the endogenous development of Eimeria brunetti. II. Microgametogony and the microgamete.", "content": "The ultrastructural changes of Eimeria brunetti which occur during microgametogony in the small intestine of the domestic fowl are described. The development of the trophozoite into the microgametocyte  was accompanied by cytoplasmic growth and nuclear division. The developing microgametocytes could be differentiated from developing schizonts because of ultrastructural differences in both cytoplasm and nuclei. The surface area of the microgametocyte was increased by deep invaginations of the limiting membrane. At this developmental stage, the nuclei were situated adjacent to this membrane and protrusions which developed, initiated microgamete formation. Two centrioles were positioned between each nucleus and the limiting membrane and were transformed into the basal bodies of the flagella. The flagella grew out from the basal bodies which then entered the protrusions. A mitochondrion and the dense chromatin-containing portion of the nucleus also entered each protrusion. The microgametes matured while they were attached to the residual cytoplasm of the microgametocyte; they were finally budded off into the parasitophorous vacuole. The microgamete consists of an elongated nucleus which overlaps a mitochondrion towards the arterior of the cell. At this end, a dense plaque (perforatorium) is found together with the 2 basal bodies and their attached flagella. 5 microtubules were apparent and ran longitudinally from the basal body region. In cross section they were arranged in a row of 4 with 1 diagonally opposite; only 2 of these microtubules extended to the posterior tip of the microgamete.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies on the endogenous development of Eimeria brunetti. II. Microgametogony and the microgamete. The ultrastructural changes of Eimeria brunetti which occur during microgametogony in the small intestine of the domestic fowl are described. The development of the trophozoite into the microgametocyte  was accompanied by cytoplasmic growth and nuclear division. The developing microgametocytes could be differentiated from developing schizonts because of ultrastructural differences in both cytoplasm and nuclei. The surface area of the microgametocyte was increased by deep invaginations of the limiting membrane. At this developmental stage, the nuclei were situated adjacent to this membrane and protrusions which developed, initiated microgamete formation. Two centrioles were positioned between each nucleus and the limiting membrane and were transformed into the basal bodies of the flagella. The flagella grew out from the basal bodies which then entered the protrusions. A mitochondrion and the dense chromatin-containing portion of the nucleus also entered each protrusion. The microgametes matured while they were attached to the residual cytoplasm of the microgametocyte; they were finally budded off into the parasitophorous vacuole. The microgamete consists of an elongated nucleus which overlaps a mitochondrion towards the arterior of the cell. At this end, a dense plaque (perforatorium) is found together with the 2 basal bodies and their attached flagella. 5 microtubules were apparent and ran longitudinally from the basal body region. In cross section they were arranged in a row of 4 with 1 diagonally opposite; only 2 of these microtubules extended to the posterior tip of the microgamete.", "PMID": 842352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4985", "title": "Ultrastructural studies on the endogenous development of eimeria brunetti. III. Macrogametogony and the macrogamete.", "content": "The ultrastructural changes occurring during macrogametogony in Eimeria brunetti were studied in tissue from the small intestine of infected young domestic fowls. As the macrogametocyte developed, an increase in the volume of the cytoplasm and the nucleus occurred. At this early stage of development the organism was limited by a single unit membrane which possessed a number of micropores. The organism was situated in a parasitophorous vacuole which contained intra-vacuolar folds and intra-vacuolar tubules. The wall forming bodies of type II (WFB II) started to appear before the wall forming bodies of Type I (WFB I). The WFB I developed in the cytoplasmic matric whereas the WFB II were formed within the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum apparently in association with Golgi bodies. The mature WFB I were homogeneous, limited by a unit membrane, and larger than WFB II which had no limiting membrane but remained surrounded by a membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Polysaccharide granules were formed in the cytoplasm between strands of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. During maturation the WFB I & II and the polysaccharide granules increased in size and number, and as this occurred a number of electron translucent vacuoles were ejected from the surface of the macrogametocyte. The mature macrogamete possessed a large nucleus with a nucleolus, a number of multi-membranous vacuoles, mitochondria, and canaliculi. The WFB I & II were located at the cell periphery and the polysaccharide granules further towards the interior of the organism. The organism was limited by a unit membrane but during macrogametogony a homogeneous layer had developed which extensively coated the macrog...", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies on the endogenous development of eimeria brunetti. III. Macrogametogony and the macrogamete. The ultrastructural changes occurring during macrogametogony in Eimeria brunetti were studied in tissue from the small intestine of infected young domestic fowls. As the macrogametocyte developed, an increase in the volume of the cytoplasm and the nucleus occurred. At this early stage of development the organism was limited by a single unit membrane which possessed a number of micropores. The organism was situated in a parasitophorous vacuole which contained intra-vacuolar folds and intra-vacuolar tubules. The wall forming bodies of type II (WFB II) started to appear before the wall forming bodies of Type I (WFB I). The WFB I developed in the cytoplasmic matric whereas the WFB II were formed within the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum apparently in association with Golgi bodies. The mature WFB I were homogeneous, limited by a unit membrane, and larger than WFB II which had no limiting membrane but remained surrounded by a membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Polysaccharide granules were formed in the cytoplasm between strands of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. During maturation the WFB I & II and the polysaccharide granules increased in size and number, and as this occurred a number of electron translucent vacuoles were ejected from the surface of the macrogametocyte. The mature macrogamete possessed a large nucleus with a nucleolus, a number of multi-membranous vacuoles, mitochondria, and canaliculi. The WFB I & II were located at the cell periphery and the polysaccharide granules further towards the interior of the organism. The organism was limited by a unit membrane but during macrogametogony a homogeneous layer had developed which extensively coated the macrog...", "PMID": 842353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4986", "title": "Experimental toxoplasmosis in mice and rabbits. Virulence and cyst formation of Toxoplasma gondii.", "content": "Avirulent Toxoplasma gondii were made virulent by passages in mice, and then attenuated by storage. In contrast to the avirulent parasites, attenuated organisms did not appear to form cysts in mice and rabbits, although parasites could be isolated from such animals as long as three months after their inoculation. Rabbits infected with parasites of attenuated virulence had high antibody levels, and survived challenge with virulent Toxoplasma gondii. Cysts were not detected in the brains of such rabbits following this second infection. By following the generation of Toxoplasma gondii in mouse peritoneal cavities, it was found that attenuated parasites resembled avirulent more than virulent organisms. Although the effect of attenuation was mainly on the parental generation of parasites, some genetic effect seemed to be involved as well.", "contents": "Experimental toxoplasmosis in mice and rabbits. Virulence and cyst formation of Toxoplasma gondii. Avirulent Toxoplasma gondii were made virulent by passages in mice, and then attenuated by storage. In contrast to the avirulent parasites, attenuated organisms did not appear to form cysts in mice and rabbits, although parasites could be isolated from such animals as long as three months after their inoculation. Rabbits infected with parasites of attenuated virulence had high antibody levels, and survived challenge with virulent Toxoplasma gondii. Cysts were not detected in the brains of such rabbits following this second infection. By following the generation of Toxoplasma gondii in mouse peritoneal cavities, it was found that attenuated parasites resembled avirulent more than virulent organisms. Although the effect of attenuation was mainly on the parental generation of parasites, some genetic effect seemed to be involved as well.", "PMID": 842354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4987", "title": "Granulocyte function in bacterial infections in man.", "content": "The reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye and the phagocytic and bactericidal activities of neutrophil granulocytes from 141 patients with bacterial infections and 141 controls have been examined and related to granulocyte morphology. In 115 patients (82 per cent), the NBT reduction capacity was higher than in any control. Vacuolization of the cytoplasm and/or toxic granulation of the neutrophils were demonstrated more often in patients with high than low NBT reduction capacity. In 49 patients (35 per cent), the bactericidal activity of the neutrophils was lower than in any control. Thirty-eight patients (78 per cent) with impaired bactericidal activity had 25 per cent or more peripheral juvenile neutrophils as compared with only 12 (13 per cent) out of 92 patients with normal activity. Vacuolization of the cytoplasm and/or toxic granulation of the neutrophils were demonstrated in 28 patients (57 per cent) in whom the granulocyte function was reduced and in 26 patients (28 per cent) in whom function was normal. Within wide limits, the NBT reduction capacity increased with diminishing bactericidal activity of the neutrophils. Eighteen patients died of infection; 12 had reduced bactericidal activity. Defects in neutrophil granulocyte function caused by bacterial infection may contribute to a fatal outcome of the disease.", "contents": "Granulocyte function in bacterial infections in man. The reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye and the phagocytic and bactericidal activities of neutrophil granulocytes from 141 patients with bacterial infections and 141 controls have been examined and related to granulocyte morphology. In 115 patients (82 per cent), the NBT reduction capacity was higher than in any control. Vacuolization of the cytoplasm and/or toxic granulation of the neutrophils were demonstrated more often in patients with high than low NBT reduction capacity. In 49 patients (35 per cent), the bactericidal activity of the neutrophils was lower than in any control. Thirty-eight patients (78 per cent) with impaired bactericidal activity had 25 per cent or more peripheral juvenile neutrophils as compared with only 12 (13 per cent) out of 92 patients with normal activity. Vacuolization of the cytoplasm and/or toxic granulation of the neutrophils were demonstrated in 28 patients (57 per cent) in whom the granulocyte function was reduced and in 26 patients (28 per cent) in whom function was normal. Within wide limits, the NBT reduction capacity increased with diminishing bactericidal activity of the neutrophils. Eighteen patients died of infection; 12 had reduced bactericidal activity. Defects in neutrophil granulocyte function caused by bacterial infection may contribute to a fatal outcome of the disease.", "PMID": 842355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4988", "title": "In vitro effects of rubella virus, strain RA 27/3, on human lymphocytes. I. Viral inhibition of mitogen stimulation in relation to Rubella Haemagglutination inhibition antibodies.", "content": "The inhibiting effect of rubella virus on lymphocyte stimulation in vitro was studied, using purified virus of the attenuated strain RA 27/3. Addition of the virus to human lymphocytes from twenty healthy blood donors before stimulation with leuco-agglutinin (LA), a component of phytohaemagglutinin, caused a considerable inhibition of the LA response in some experiments, whereas in other experiments the inhibition was slight or non-existent. If further analysed, the results showed a correlation between the degree of inhibition and the immunity of the lymphocyte donor against rubella, as measured by haemagglutination inhibition (HI). Thus the LA-response was significantly more depressed in a group of lymphocyte donors with HI-titres ranging from 20 to 160 than in another group with HI-titre less than 5. Possible explanations of the virus-induced inhibition of the LA response and possible connection between this phenomenon and the immune response against rubella are discussed.", "contents": "In vitro effects of rubella virus, strain RA 27/3, on human lymphocytes. I. Viral inhibition of mitogen stimulation in relation to Rubella Haemagglutination inhibition antibodies. The inhibiting effect of rubella virus on lymphocyte stimulation in vitro was studied, using purified virus of the attenuated strain RA 27/3. Addition of the virus to human lymphocytes from twenty healthy blood donors before stimulation with leuco-agglutinin (LA), a component of phytohaemagglutinin, caused a considerable inhibition of the LA response in some experiments, whereas in other experiments the inhibition was slight or non-existent. If further analysed, the results showed a correlation between the degree of inhibition and the immunity of the lymphocyte donor against rubella, as measured by haemagglutination inhibition (HI). Thus the LA-response was significantly more depressed in a group of lymphocyte donors with HI-titres ranging from 20 to 160 than in another group with HI-titre less than 5. Possible explanations of the virus-induced inhibition of the LA response and possible connection between this phenomenon and the immune response against rubella are discussed.", "PMID": 842356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4989", "title": "Isotope-labelled alpha-amino-isobutyric acid as an indicator in cytotoxicity tests.", "content": "The effect of rabbit antisera on the uptake and release of alpha-amino-isobutyric acid (AIBA) in LS- and P-388 cells was investigated. In the presence of homologous antiserum and complement, the uptake of AIBA was inhibited. In the absence of complement, no effect of antiserum was seen. Using prelabelled cells, the efflux of AIBA was greatly accelerated in the presence of antiserum and complement. The AIBA-uptake method was compared with the trypan blue exclusion test and the 51Cr release technique. The AIBA-uptake method was more sensitive in quantitative cytotoxic studies.", "contents": "Isotope-labelled alpha-amino-isobutyric acid as an indicator in cytotoxicity tests. The effect of rabbit antisera on the uptake and release of alpha-amino-isobutyric acid (AIBA) in LS- and P-388 cells was investigated. In the presence of homologous antiserum and complement, the uptake of AIBA was inhibited. In the absence of complement, no effect of antiserum was seen. Using prelabelled cells, the efflux of AIBA was greatly accelerated in the presence of antiserum and complement. The AIBA-uptake method was compared with the trypan blue exclusion test and the 51Cr release technique. The AIBA-uptake method was more sensitive in quantitative cytotoxic studies.", "PMID": 842357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4990", "title": "Choline acetyltransferase activity in parotid glands of rats after prolonged treatment with pilocarpine.", "content": "The enzyme activity, expressed as total activity and concentration, was found to be decreased in the cholinergic neurones of the glands after treatment with pilocarpine for 10 days. The secretion of saliva evoked by the parasympathomimetic drug is thought to have reduced the reflex stimulation of the glands via the cholinergic secretory nerves and thereby lowered the enzyme activity in the nerves.", "contents": "Choline acetyltransferase activity in parotid glands of rats after prolonged treatment with pilocarpine. The enzyme activity, expressed as total activity and concentration, was found to be decreased in the cholinergic neurones of the glands after treatment with pilocarpine for 10 days. The secretion of saliva evoked by the parasympathomimetic drug is thought to have reduced the reflex stimulation of the glands via the cholinergic secretory nerves and thereby lowered the enzyme activity in the nerves.", "PMID": 842358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4991", "title": "Influence of acetate on the metabolism of beta-hydroxybutyrate in the perfused hind-quarter of the rat.", "content": "The effect of acetate, at concentrations normally found during ethanol combustion in intact animals and man in vivo, on the uptake and oxidation of beta-hydroxybutyrate by the perfused rat hind-quarter was studied. The addition of acetate did not significantly affect the total uptake of beta-hydroxybutyrate, but caused a 40% decrease in the oxidation of beta-hydroxybutyrate to CO2. The oxidation of 14C-beta-hydroxybutyrate to 14CO2 accounted for about 10% of the total oxygen consumption by the perfused muscle in the absence of acetate. In the presence of acetate this figure was reduced to about 5%. The addition of beta-hydroxybutyrate did not significantly affect the metabolic fate of 14C-acetate. It is concluded that acetate is preferred as oxidative substrate to beta-hydroxybutyrate. The inhibited oxidation of beta-hydroxybutyrate by acetate did not affect the concentration ratio between beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate in the medium at the end of the perfusion, indicating that the ability of the muscle tissue to restore an increased redoxlevel, \"exported\" from the liver during ethanol combustion to extrahepatic tissues, was not impaired by acetate.", "contents": "Influence of acetate on the metabolism of beta-hydroxybutyrate in the perfused hind-quarter of the rat. The effect of acetate, at concentrations normally found during ethanol combustion in intact animals and man in vivo, on the uptake and oxidation of beta-hydroxybutyrate by the perfused rat hind-quarter was studied. The addition of acetate did not significantly affect the total uptake of beta-hydroxybutyrate, but caused a 40% decrease in the oxidation of beta-hydroxybutyrate to CO2. The oxidation of 14C-beta-hydroxybutyrate to 14CO2 accounted for about 10% of the total oxygen consumption by the perfused muscle in the absence of acetate. In the presence of acetate this figure was reduced to about 5%. The addition of beta-hydroxybutyrate did not significantly affect the metabolic fate of 14C-acetate. It is concluded that acetate is preferred as oxidative substrate to beta-hydroxybutyrate. The inhibited oxidation of beta-hydroxybutyrate by acetate did not affect the concentration ratio between beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate in the medium at the end of the perfusion, indicating that the ability of the muscle tissue to restore an increased redoxlevel, \"exported\" from the liver during ethanol combustion to extrahepatic tissues, was not impaired by acetate.", "PMID": 842359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4992", "title": "Local reflex in microcirculation in human skeletal muscle.", "content": "The effect of venous stasis of 40 mmHg upon blood flow in human skeletal muscle was studied in four normal subjects and in two chronically sympathectomized patients. Blood flow in skeletal muscle was measured by the local 133Xenon washout technique. Blood flow decreased about 30 per cent during venous stasis of 40 mmHg. In a \"passive vascular bed\" induced by means of histamine, blood flow decreased only by 16 per cent, indicating that the decrease in blood flow is due to a vasoconstrictor response to increase in vascular transmural pressure. The vasoconstrictor response was unaffected by a spinal sympathetic blockade, but was blocked in areas infiltrated with lidocaine or with phentolamine. The vasoconstrictor response was present in the nonoperated limbs used as a control, but abolished in the denervated arms in the two chronically sympathectomized patients. The findings strongly suggest that the vasoconstrictor response in skeletal muscle is due to a local nervous mechanism involving adrenergic fibres. Thus a local reflex mechanism, most likely a sympathetic axon reflex, seems to be present in human skeletal muscle as in cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue. This indicates that about 45 per cent of the change in total vascular conductance, when a person changes from supine to upright position, is due to this local reflex mechanism operating independently of the central nervous system.", "contents": "Local reflex in microcirculation in human skeletal muscle. The effect of venous stasis of 40 mmHg upon blood flow in human skeletal muscle was studied in four normal subjects and in two chronically sympathectomized patients. Blood flow in skeletal muscle was measured by the local 133Xenon washout technique. Blood flow decreased about 30 per cent during venous stasis of 40 mmHg. In a \"passive vascular bed\" induced by means of histamine, blood flow decreased only by 16 per cent, indicating that the decrease in blood flow is due to a vasoconstrictor response to increase in vascular transmural pressure. The vasoconstrictor response was unaffected by a spinal sympathetic blockade, but was blocked in areas infiltrated with lidocaine or with phentolamine. The vasoconstrictor response was present in the nonoperated limbs used as a control, but abolished in the denervated arms in the two chronically sympathectomized patients. The findings strongly suggest that the vasoconstrictor response in skeletal muscle is due to a local nervous mechanism involving adrenergic fibres. Thus a local reflex mechanism, most likely a sympathetic axon reflex, seems to be present in human skeletal muscle as in cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue. This indicates that about 45 per cent of the change in total vascular conductance, when a person changes from supine to upright position, is due to this local reflex mechanism operating independently of the central nervous system.", "PMID": 842361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4993", "title": "Efflux of 5-hydroxytryptamine from synaptosomes of rat cerebral cortex.", "content": "The efflux of 3H-5-HT from a crude synaptosome preparation of the cerebral cortex of reserpinized rats was examined. The synaptosomes were loaded with 3H-5-HT by pre-incubation of the homogenate in presence of pargyline and desipramine in order to inhibit deamination of 5-HT and uptake into noradrenergic neurons. The synaptosomes were collected by centrifugation, washed and resuspended in 0.25 M sucrose. No spontaneous efflux of 5-HT was detectable at 0 degrees C but marked efflux was observed at 27 degrees C and 37 degrees C. 4-Chloroamphetamine, low external Na+ concentration, ouabain and the depolarizing agent veratridine markedly accelerated the initial (5 min) efflux. Inhibitors of the neuronal 5-HT uptake, e.g. chlorimipramine, H 102/09 and A 23189, antagonized the 5-HT efflux evoked by these means, whereas desipramine, which is a poor inhibitor of the 5-HT uptake, had only slight effect on the 5-HT efflux. It is suggested that 5-HT can be actively transported out from the synaptosomes by the reversed 5-HT uptake mechanism.", "contents": "Efflux of 5-hydroxytryptamine from synaptosomes of rat cerebral cortex. The efflux of 3H-5-HT from a crude synaptosome preparation of the cerebral cortex of reserpinized rats was examined. The synaptosomes were loaded with 3H-5-HT by pre-incubation of the homogenate in presence of pargyline and desipramine in order to inhibit deamination of 5-HT and uptake into noradrenergic neurons. The synaptosomes were collected by centrifugation, washed and resuspended in 0.25 M sucrose. No spontaneous efflux of 5-HT was detectable at 0 degrees C but marked efflux was observed at 27 degrees C and 37 degrees C. 4-Chloroamphetamine, low external Na+ concentration, ouabain and the depolarizing agent veratridine markedly accelerated the initial (5 min) efflux. Inhibitors of the neuronal 5-HT uptake, e.g. chlorimipramine, H 102/09 and A 23189, antagonized the 5-HT efflux evoked by these means, whereas desipramine, which is a poor inhibitor of the 5-HT uptake, had only slight effect on the 5-HT efflux. It is suggested that 5-HT can be actively transported out from the synaptosomes by the reversed 5-HT uptake mechanism.", "PMID": 842362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4994", "title": "Preferential uptake of 14c-alpha-aminoisobuturic acid into mouse uterine tissue during early pregnancy.", "content": "The uptake of 14C-AIB into uterine tissue and some other organs was studied during early implantation. Mice in experimentally delayed implantation were given estrogen and 14C-AIB at different time intervals. Mice in delayed implantation given only 14C-AIB displayed a low transport rate into the uterine tissue, comparable with that for the diaphragm muscle. However, if the estrogen injection preceeded that of the 14C-AIB by 4 to 8 h the transport capacity increased by a factor of at least 4 times while the uptake for the diaphargm muscle remained low. Under such conditions 14C-AIB-accumulation into uterine tissue was favoured for at least 4 h of in vivo incubation with the labeled amino acid.", "contents": "Preferential uptake of 14c-alpha-aminoisobuturic acid into mouse uterine tissue during early pregnancy. The uptake of 14C-AIB into uterine tissue and some other organs was studied during early implantation. Mice in experimentally delayed implantation were given estrogen and 14C-AIB at different time intervals. Mice in delayed implantation given only 14C-AIB displayed a low transport rate into the uterine tissue, comparable with that for the diaphragm muscle. However, if the estrogen injection preceeded that of the 14C-AIB by 4 to 8 h the transport capacity increased by a factor of at least 4 times while the uptake for the diaphargm muscle remained low. Under such conditions 14C-AIB-accumulation into uterine tissue was favoured for at least 4 h of in vivo incubation with the labeled amino acid.", "PMID": 842363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4995", "title": "Intra- and extracellular activity of ciliated cells.", "content": "A method permitting simultaneous recording in vitro of the intracellular and extracellular ( = mucociliary) activity of respiratory ciliated mucous membrane is presented. Using this method the influence of different temperature levels (20 degrees, 30 degrees, 40 degrees C) upon the tracheal mucous membrane of 15 rabbits has been investigated. It is shown 1) that the extracellular ( = mucociliary) activity increases with rising temperatures whereas the intracellular activity is unaffected and remains constant, indicating a temperature influence upon the respiratory tract mucus rather than a change of the intracellular \"pace-maker\" mechanism; 2) that the restraining effect of the mucus decreases with rising temperatures but is still 10% of the intracellular frequency at body temperature; 3) that the presented method should be useful for future investigations concerning the effect of air-pollution and pharmacological substances upon respiratory mucous membranes.", "contents": "Intra- and extracellular activity of ciliated cells. A method permitting simultaneous recording in vitro of the intracellular and extracellular ( = mucociliary) activity of respiratory ciliated mucous membrane is presented. Using this method the influence of different temperature levels (20 degrees, 30 degrees, 40 degrees C) upon the tracheal mucous membrane of 15 rabbits has been investigated. It is shown 1) that the extracellular ( = mucociliary) activity increases with rising temperatures whereas the intracellular activity is unaffected and remains constant, indicating a temperature influence upon the respiratory tract mucus rather than a change of the intracellular \"pace-maker\" mechanism; 2) that the restraining effect of the mucus decreases with rising temperatures but is still 10% of the intracellular frequency at body temperature; 3) that the presented method should be useful for future investigations concerning the effect of air-pollution and pharmacological substances upon respiratory mucous membranes.", "PMID": 842364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4996", "title": "The effect of teeth amputations on the choline acetyltransferase activity of rat submaxillary glands.", "content": "The choline acetyltransferase activity in parasympathetically decentralized glands was unaffected by repeated teeth amputations over a period of 2 weeks, while after the same period of time the treatment caused the enzyme activity to increase in innervated glands. It appears that the enzyme in the postganglionic nerve is for its activity dependent on an intact connection with the central nervous system. The increase in enzyme activity is attributed to an enhanced reflex stimulation of the glands from pulpal receptors.", "contents": "The effect of teeth amputations on the choline acetyltransferase activity of rat submaxillary glands. The choline acetyltransferase activity in parasympathetically decentralized glands was unaffected by repeated teeth amputations over a period of 2 weeks, while after the same period of time the treatment caused the enzyme activity to increase in innervated glands. It appears that the enzyme in the postganglionic nerve is for its activity dependent on an intact connection with the central nervous system. The increase in enzyme activity is attributed to an enhanced reflex stimulation of the glands from pulpal receptors.", "PMID": 842365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4997", "title": "Regulation of the heart of a teleost, Gadus morhua, by autonomic nerves and circulating catecholamines.", "content": "The cod heart regulation has been investigated by anatomical studies, fluorescent histochemistry, nerve stimulation and drug effects on the perfused heart and electrically paced strips. The effect on the heart of catecholamine release from the head kidney has been studied in a perfused head kidney and heart preparation. Branches of the vagi and the fused 1st and 2nd spinal nerves innervate the heart. Specifically fluorescent fibres were found in these nerve branches, in the ducts of Cuvier, all parts of the heart, bulbus arteriosus and the ventral aorta. Weakly autofluorescent ganglion cells surrounded by specifically fluorescent varicose fibres were present in the walls of the sinus venosus. Vagal stimulation caused bradycardia altered after atropine to tachycardia. Spinal nerve and sympathetic chain stimulation also induced tachycardia, as did provoked catecholamine release from the head kidney. The tachycardia could be blocked by propranolol. Atropine increased and propranolol decreased basic heart rate and contraction force. Adrenergic drugs accelerated and acetylcholine retarded the perfused heart. A positive inotropic effect was obtained with adrenergic drugs on isolated heart strips, while acetylcholine produced a negative inotropic effect on atrial but not ventricular strips. It is concluded from this study that the cod heart has an inhibitory cholinergic nerve supply via the vagi and an excitatory adrenergic supply via both the vagi and the first spinal nerves. Sympathetically controlled release of catecholamines from the chromaffin tissue in the head kidney may also play an important role in the heart regulation.", "contents": "Regulation of the heart of a teleost, Gadus morhua, by autonomic nerves and circulating catecholamines. The cod heart regulation has been investigated by anatomical studies, fluorescent histochemistry, nerve stimulation and drug effects on the perfused heart and electrically paced strips. The effect on the heart of catecholamine release from the head kidney has been studied in a perfused head kidney and heart preparation. Branches of the vagi and the fused 1st and 2nd spinal nerves innervate the heart. Specifically fluorescent fibres were found in these nerve branches, in the ducts of Cuvier, all parts of the heart, bulbus arteriosus and the ventral aorta. Weakly autofluorescent ganglion cells surrounded by specifically fluorescent varicose fibres were present in the walls of the sinus venosus. Vagal stimulation caused bradycardia altered after atropine to tachycardia. Spinal nerve and sympathetic chain stimulation also induced tachycardia, as did provoked catecholamine release from the head kidney. The tachycardia could be blocked by propranolol. Atropine increased and propranolol decreased basic heart rate and contraction force. Adrenergic drugs accelerated and acetylcholine retarded the perfused heart. A positive inotropic effect was obtained with adrenergic drugs on isolated heart strips, while acetylcholine produced a negative inotropic effect on atrial but not ventricular strips. It is concluded from this study that the cod heart has an inhibitory cholinergic nerve supply via the vagi and an excitatory adrenergic supply via both the vagi and the first spinal nerves. Sympathetically controlled release of catecholamines from the chromaffin tissue in the head kidney may also play an important role in the heart regulation.", "PMID": 842366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4998", "title": "Regulation of respiration: \"The Black Box\".", "content": "A close relation between the state of wakefulness, the electroencephalogram, and the respiration has been demonstrated (B\u00fclow 1963). In the present paper it was assumed that as opening and closing of the eyes influence the EEG and thus probably the state of wakefulness, the responsiveness of the respiratory center may likewise be influenced by the single act of closing the eyes. Seven subjects were studied in the steady state of rest breathing ambient air, 4-5% CO2 in air, or 11% O2 in nitrogen. In experimental periods of 4-5 minutes their pulmonary ventilation and alveolar PCO2 were measured while they randomly were either reading a book, or were blindfolded. It was found that in all three conditions closing of the eyes resulted in a mean decrease of VE of 8 to 14% with a concomitant increase of PACO2 of about 1 mmHg. It is tentatively suggested that other and stronger central or peripheral stimuli impinging on the reticular formation of the brain may explain the changed sensitivity of the respiratory center towards the chemical stimuli in conditions like exercise, chronic hypoxia etc.", "contents": "Regulation of respiration: \"The Black Box\". A close relation between the state of wakefulness, the electroencephalogram, and the respiration has been demonstrated (B\u00fclow 1963). In the present paper it was assumed that as opening and closing of the eyes influence the EEG and thus probably the state of wakefulness, the responsiveness of the respiratory center may likewise be influenced by the single act of closing the eyes. Seven subjects were studied in the steady state of rest breathing ambient air, 4-5% CO2 in air, or 11% O2 in nitrogen. In experimental periods of 4-5 minutes their pulmonary ventilation and alveolar PCO2 were measured while they randomly were either reading a book, or were blindfolded. It was found that in all three conditions closing of the eyes resulted in a mean decrease of VE of 8 to 14% with a concomitant increase of PACO2 of about 1 mmHg. It is tentatively suggested that other and stronger central or peripheral stimuli impinging on the reticular formation of the brain may explain the changed sensitivity of the respiratory center towards the chemical stimuli in conditions like exercise, chronic hypoxia etc.", "PMID": 842367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_4999", "title": "The effect of plasma proteins on the capillary permeability in the rete mirabile of the eel (Anguilla vulgaris L.).", "content": "Measurements of transcapillary exchange of high-molecular dextrans, K+ and THO in the rete mirabile of the eel (Anguilla vulgaris L.) have been made under steady-state conditions while varying the amounts of plasma proteins in the perfusates. When the perfusates contained 20% or less horse serum the permeabilities of D-75 000, K% and THO increased significantly. The effect on the K+ permeability was irreversible while that on D-75 000 and THO was not. The permeability was unaffected when the perfusate contained 30% serum or more. Adding 1.3 g/100 ml bovine albumin to the perfusate maintained the D-75 000 and THO permeabilities unchanged while that of K+ appeared to increase. At an albumin content of 0.33 g/100 ml the effect was similar to that produced by low serum perfusates. Our main conclusion is that lack of the albumin fraction of the plasma proteins reversibly increases the intercellular pore area and irreversibly changes the K+ permeability of the cell membrane.", "contents": "The effect of plasma proteins on the capillary permeability in the rete mirabile of the eel (Anguilla vulgaris L.). Measurements of transcapillary exchange of high-molecular dextrans, K+ and THO in the rete mirabile of the eel (Anguilla vulgaris L.) have been made under steady-state conditions while varying the amounts of plasma proteins in the perfusates. When the perfusates contained 20% or less horse serum the permeabilities of D-75 000, K% and THO increased significantly. The effect on the K+ permeability was irreversible while that on D-75 000 and THO was not. The permeability was unaffected when the perfusate contained 30% serum or more. Adding 1.3 g/100 ml bovine albumin to the perfusate maintained the D-75 000 and THO permeabilities unchanged while that of K+ appeared to increase. At an albumin content of 0.33 g/100 ml the effect was similar to that produced by low serum perfusates. Our main conclusion is that lack of the albumin fraction of the plasma proteins reversibly increases the intercellular pore area and irreversibly changes the K+ permeability of the cell membrane.", "PMID": 842368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5000", "title": "Coacervate-like membrane structures and olfactory transduction.", "content": "Current theories concerning the olfactory transduction process are discussed. A hypothesis is formulated, according to which the olfactory receptor membrane contains regions where it has the structure of a lipid-protein coacervate. Such structures may well occur in living cells. Such a membrane would have the ability to change its permeability in response to adorants and a sensitivity comparable to that of the sense of smell. The model also explains the fact that different receptor cells have different sensitivity patterns towards odorants. The model is consistent with the results of experiments that seek to establish the locus of odorant action.", "contents": "Coacervate-like membrane structures and olfactory transduction. Current theories concerning the olfactory transduction process are discussed. A hypothesis is formulated, according to which the olfactory receptor membrane contains regions where it has the structure of a lipid-protein coacervate. Such structures may well occur in living cells. Such a membrane would have the ability to change its permeability in response to adorants and a sensitivity comparable to that of the sense of smell. The model also explains the fact that different receptor cells have different sensitivity patterns towards odorants. The model is consistent with the results of experiments that seek to establish the locus of odorant action.", "PMID": 842369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5001", "title": "Twenty-four hour variation in flow and composition of leg lymph in normal men.", "content": "The twenty-four hour variation in concentration and output of total protein, lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase has been studied in the peripheral lymph from the legs of 5 healthy volunteers over a period of five days. The highest concentration of these proteins was found in lymph collected during the first two hours after a night's rest. During the day a continuous decrease in concentration occurred without any direct correlation to lymph flow. The variation in lymph protein concentration between early morning and late day was about 40%, lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphate about 90% and 45% respectively.", "contents": "Twenty-four hour variation in flow and composition of leg lymph in normal men. The twenty-four hour variation in concentration and output of total protein, lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase has been studied in the peripheral lymph from the legs of 5 healthy volunteers over a period of five days. The highest concentration of these proteins was found in lymph collected during the first two hours after a night's rest. During the day a continuous decrease in concentration occurred without any direct correlation to lymph flow. The variation in lymph protein concentration between early morning and late day was about 40%, lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphate about 90% and 45% respectively.", "PMID": 842370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5002", "title": "Flow and composition of leg lymph in normal men during venous stasis, muscular activity and local hyperthermia.", "content": "Changes in normal human leg lymph protein concentration, output, and lymph flow/lymph protein concentration relationship, as well as lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activity were followed during procedures known to increase capillary filtration as venous stasis, muscular exercise and warming of tissues. Lymph flow increased by 83% during two hour ergometer cycling, and by 117% during two hour warm water foot bath. During a two hour period of venous stasis lymph flow dropped by 50%. There was an increase in lymph flow during the rest period following all three types of experiment, most pronounced after foot warming. An inverse relationship between the lymph flow rate and lymph protein concentration was found. Lymph enzymes followed the same pattern of changes as total protein.", "contents": "Flow and composition of leg lymph in normal men during venous stasis, muscular activity and local hyperthermia. Changes in normal human leg lymph protein concentration, output, and lymph flow/lymph protein concentration relationship, as well as lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activity were followed during procedures known to increase capillary filtration as venous stasis, muscular exercise and warming of tissues. Lymph flow increased by 83% during two hour ergometer cycling, and by 117% during two hour warm water foot bath. During a two hour period of venous stasis lymph flow dropped by 50%. There was an increase in lymph flow during the rest period following all three types of experiment, most pronounced after foot warming. An inverse relationship between the lymph flow rate and lymph protein concentration was found. Lymph enzymes followed the same pattern of changes as total protein.", "PMID": 842371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5003", "title": "Influence of acetate on the metabolism of palmitate in the perfused hind-quarter of the rat.", "content": "The metabolism of 1-14C-palmitate and its metabolic interaction with U-14C-acetate were studied in the perfused hind-quarter of the rat. 9% of 1-14C-palmitate taken up was oxidized to 14CO2 accounting for 7% of total oxygen consumption by the perfused tissue. Most label from 1-14C-palmitate was found in the lipid fraction of the muscle tissue. In spite of a 40% inhibition of palmitate oxidation, acetate only caused minor changes in the overall metabolism of palmitate. U-14C-acetate was mainly oxidized to 14CO2 and the oxygen consumption due to oxidation of acetate accounted for 20-30% of the total oxygen uptake. Minor amounts of 14C-acetate were found in muscle lipids. The addition of palmitate did not alter the metabolism of acetate. It is concluded that the presence of palmitate did not affect 14C-acetate metabolism, while the presence of acetate inhibited 14C-palmitate oxidation. The possible sites of interaction are discussed. The found interaction will probably not contribute to any major extent to the disturbed lipid metabolism found in animals and man during ethanol intake. No major changes in the tissue content of high-energy phosphate compounds were found in the presence of palmitate or acetate or both.", "contents": "Influence of acetate on the metabolism of palmitate in the perfused hind-quarter of the rat. The metabolism of 1-14C-palmitate and its metabolic interaction with U-14C-acetate were studied in the perfused hind-quarter of the rat. 9% of 1-14C-palmitate taken up was oxidized to 14CO2 accounting for 7% of total oxygen consumption by the perfused tissue. Most label from 1-14C-palmitate was found in the lipid fraction of the muscle tissue. In spite of a 40% inhibition of palmitate oxidation, acetate only caused minor changes in the overall metabolism of palmitate. U-14C-acetate was mainly oxidized to 14CO2 and the oxygen consumption due to oxidation of acetate accounted for 20-30% of the total oxygen uptake. Minor amounts of 14C-acetate were found in muscle lipids. The addition of palmitate did not alter the metabolism of acetate. It is concluded that the presence of palmitate did not affect 14C-acetate metabolism, while the presence of acetate inhibited 14C-palmitate oxidation. The possible sites of interaction are discussed. The found interaction will probably not contribute to any major extent to the disturbed lipid metabolism found in animals and man during ethanol intake. No major changes in the tissue content of high-energy phosphate compounds were found in the presence of palmitate or acetate or both.", "PMID": 842372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5004", "title": "Contractile responses to noradrenaline: varying dependence on external calcium of consecutive vascular segments of perfused rat hindquarters.", "content": "To study the dependency of vascular smooth muscle contractions, produced by noradrenaline, on the concentration of extracellular calcium, experiments were performed on adult male Wistar rats. The hemodynamic characteristics of the isolated, perfused hindquarters were investigated from maximal dilatation up to maximal, noradrenaline-induced constriction under constant flow conditions. Pressor responses to noradrenaline in the consecutive segments of the vascular bed (\"proximal\" and \"distal\" precapillary resistance vessels and postcapillary resistance vessels) were determined at low (0.2mM) and at normal (1.5-2.0 mM) Ca++ concentrations in the perfusate. Dependence on external calcium is much greater peripherally. The smallest pre- and postcapillary resistance vessels are the most dependent while the larger, \"proximal\" resistance vessels are the least dependent on the availability of external calcium. The results illustrate the considerable differentiation of smooth muscle, depending on its location along the vascular circuit. They further indicate that it is likely that the hemodynamically so important microvessels are highly dependent on extrinsic Ca++ sources not only concerning their involvement of remote adrenergic control, but also in their maintenance of normally pronounced \"myogenic\" tone.", "contents": "Contractile responses to noradrenaline: varying dependence on external calcium of consecutive vascular segments of perfused rat hindquarters. To study the dependency of vascular smooth muscle contractions, produced by noradrenaline, on the concentration of extracellular calcium, experiments were performed on adult male Wistar rats. The hemodynamic characteristics of the isolated, perfused hindquarters were investigated from maximal dilatation up to maximal, noradrenaline-induced constriction under constant flow conditions. Pressor responses to noradrenaline in the consecutive segments of the vascular bed (\"proximal\" and \"distal\" precapillary resistance vessels and postcapillary resistance vessels) were determined at low (0.2mM) and at normal (1.5-2.0 mM) Ca++ concentrations in the perfusate. Dependence on external calcium is much greater peripherally. The smallest pre- and postcapillary resistance vessels are the most dependent while the larger, \"proximal\" resistance vessels are the least dependent on the availability of external calcium. The results illustrate the considerable differentiation of smooth muscle, depending on its location along the vascular circuit. They further indicate that it is likely that the hemodynamically so important microvessels are highly dependent on extrinsic Ca++ sources not only concerning their involvement of remote adrenergic control, but also in their maintenance of normally pronounced \"myogenic\" tone.", "PMID": 842373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5005", "title": "Time course and extent of carotid sinus baroreceptor threshold resetting in rats with renovascular hypertension.", "content": "To study the extent and time course of arterial baroreceptor threshold resetting to increases in blood pressure, renal hypertension was induced in young normotensive male Wistar rats by unilateral renal artery constriction. At different intervals after operation the extent of baroreceptor threshold resetting in the carotid sinus was examined. Experiments were performed 7, 14 and 25 days after renal artery clipping to enable baroreceptor resetting to be correlated with the rate and extent of cardiovascular changes in rats which had renovascular hypertension of indentical durations (Lundgren et al. 1974). Baroreceptor thresholds in the carotid sinuses were established by progressive clamping of both carotid arteries after partial vascular isolation of the sinuses. The results show that after one week of hypertension baroreceptor resetting is only just apparent but by two weeks resetting is gross and seems to be largely completed. This parallels the adaptive changes in the hindquarters of renal hypertensive rats and it is concluded that baroreceptor resetting is a secondary phenomenon related to the structural changes induced in the vessels by the elevated blood pressure.", "contents": "Time course and extent of carotid sinus baroreceptor threshold resetting in rats with renovascular hypertension. To study the extent and time course of arterial baroreceptor threshold resetting to increases in blood pressure, renal hypertension was induced in young normotensive male Wistar rats by unilateral renal artery constriction. At different intervals after operation the extent of baroreceptor threshold resetting in the carotid sinus was examined. Experiments were performed 7, 14 and 25 days after renal artery clipping to enable baroreceptor resetting to be correlated with the rate and extent of cardiovascular changes in rats which had renovascular hypertension of indentical durations (Lundgren et al. 1974). Baroreceptor thresholds in the carotid sinuses were established by progressive clamping of both carotid arteries after partial vascular isolation of the sinuses. The results show that after one week of hypertension baroreceptor resetting is only just apparent but by two weeks resetting is gross and seems to be largely completed. This parallels the adaptive changes in the hindquarters of renal hypertensive rats and it is concluded that baroreceptor resetting is a secondary phenomenon related to the structural changes induced in the vessels by the elevated blood pressure.", "PMID": 842374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5006", "title": "Rate-dependent myogenic response of vascular smooth muscle during imposed changes in length and force.", "content": "A recent study of electrical and mechanical responses to stretch in isolated vascular smooth muscle revealed a clear-cut and graded influence of the rate of change in length, dL/dt (Johnansson and Mellander, 1975). This myogenic \"dynamic\" response at high rates of stretch was much more pronounced than the \"static\" response to constant, increased (+40%) length. In this previous study the mechanical responses were recorded as active force. In view of the fact that myogenic reactions in vivo must be associated with changes in vessel caliber, it was considered of interest to investigate the responses to stretch also in smooth muscle undergoing active shortening. In the present study, as in the one referred to above, electrical and mechanical activity in the isolated rat portal vein was studied by the sucrose gap method. However, in the present experiments the mechanical responses were recorded not only as active force but also as active shortening, making possible a comparison of the myogenic responses under these two types of smooth muscle contraction. Dynamic passive stretch was found to be associated with marked increase in spike discharge and mechanical activity under both these experimental conditions and the quantitative relation between spike discharge and rate of passive stretch (or shortening) was similar. Thus, active shortening of the smooth muscle did not interfere with the ability of the vessel to respond myogenically to passive stretch. A further analysis of the results suggested that, for the preparations as a whole, the dynamic excitatory response was more closely related to the rate of change of passive force, dP/dt, than to dL/dt.", "contents": "Rate-dependent myogenic response of vascular smooth muscle during imposed changes in length and force. A recent study of electrical and mechanical responses to stretch in isolated vascular smooth muscle revealed a clear-cut and graded influence of the rate of change in length, dL/dt (Johnansson and Mellander, 1975). This myogenic \"dynamic\" response at high rates of stretch was much more pronounced than the \"static\" response to constant, increased (+40%) length. In this previous study the mechanical responses were recorded as active force. In view of the fact that myogenic reactions in vivo must be associated with changes in vessel caliber, it was considered of interest to investigate the responses to stretch also in smooth muscle undergoing active shortening. In the present study, as in the one referred to above, electrical and mechanical activity in the isolated rat portal vein was studied by the sucrose gap method. However, in the present experiments the mechanical responses were recorded not only as active force but also as active shortening, making possible a comparison of the myogenic responses under these two types of smooth muscle contraction. Dynamic passive stretch was found to be associated with marked increase in spike discharge and mechanical activity under both these experimental conditions and the quantitative relation between spike discharge and rate of passive stretch (or shortening) was similar. Thus, active shortening of the smooth muscle did not interfere with the ability of the vessel to respond myogenically to passive stretch. A further analysis of the results suggested that, for the preparations as a whole, the dynamic excitatory response was more closely related to the rate of change of passive force, dP/dt, than to dL/dt.", "PMID": 842375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5007", "title": "Localization of adrenergic receptors in guinea pig ileum and rabbit jejunum to cholinergic neurons and to smooth muscle cells.", "content": "The localization of adrenergic receptors mediating a relaxing action was investigated in innervated and denervated longitudinal muscle strips from guinea pig ileum and rabbit jejunum. Denervated preparations were contracted by drugs that had a direct effect on smooth muscle cells, such as acetylcholine and histamine, but not by stimuli acting on cholinergic neurons, such as electrical field stimulation or nicotine. After blockade of beta-adrenoceptors, norepinephrine relaxed the innervated guinea pig ileum contracted by electrical field stimulation, by stimulating alpha-adrenoceptors. Norepinephrine in low concentrations did not relax denervated preparations contracted by agents acting directly on smooth muscle. In high concentrations, it relaxed denervated preparations by a nonadrenergic mechanism, resistant to alpha- and/or beta-receptor blockade, but which was also activated by 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) ethanol. Phenylephrine only had a weak agonistic effect on the electrically stimulated innervated preparation and did not relax the denervated one. The denervated rabbit intestine contracted by acetylcholine was relaxed by norepinephrine and phenylephrine by stimulation of alpha-adrenoceptors. In the innervated preparations both drugs were more effective in inhibiting contractions induced by electrical field stimulation or eserine than those induced by exogenous acetylcholine. Both the denervated guinea pig and rabbit intestine were relaxed by stimulation of beta-adrenoceptors. It is suggested that in the guinea pig ileum alpha-adrenoceptors mediating relaxation are located only in cholinergic neurons, whereas in rabbit jejunum they are located both in these neurons and in the smooth muscle cells. Beta-adrenoceptors are located in the smooth muscle cells of both organs.", "contents": "Localization of adrenergic receptors in guinea pig ileum and rabbit jejunum to cholinergic neurons and to smooth muscle cells. The localization of adrenergic receptors mediating a relaxing action was investigated in innervated and denervated longitudinal muscle strips from guinea pig ileum and rabbit jejunum. Denervated preparations were contracted by drugs that had a direct effect on smooth muscle cells, such as acetylcholine and histamine, but not by stimuli acting on cholinergic neurons, such as electrical field stimulation or nicotine. After blockade of beta-adrenoceptors, norepinephrine relaxed the innervated guinea pig ileum contracted by electrical field stimulation, by stimulating alpha-adrenoceptors. Norepinephrine in low concentrations did not relax denervated preparations contracted by agents acting directly on smooth muscle. In high concentrations, it relaxed denervated preparations by a nonadrenergic mechanism, resistant to alpha- and/or beta-receptor blockade, but which was also activated by 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) ethanol. Phenylephrine only had a weak agonistic effect on the electrically stimulated innervated preparation and did not relax the denervated one. The denervated rabbit intestine contracted by acetylcholine was relaxed by norepinephrine and phenylephrine by stimulation of alpha-adrenoceptors. In the innervated preparations both drugs were more effective in inhibiting contractions induced by electrical field stimulation or eserine than those induced by exogenous acetylcholine. Both the denervated guinea pig and rabbit intestine were relaxed by stimulation of beta-adrenoceptors. It is suggested that in the guinea pig ileum alpha-adrenoceptors mediating relaxation are located only in cholinergic neurons, whereas in rabbit jejunum they are located both in these neurons and in the smooth muscle cells. Beta-adrenoceptors are located in the smooth muscle cells of both organs.", "PMID": 842376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5008", "title": "Lactate in fast and slow twitch skeletal muscle fibres of man during isometric contraction.", "content": "Concentration of lactate in fast and slow twitch fibres, respectively, were determined in m. quadriceps femoris after sustained contractions at 25%, 50%, and 75% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) until exhaustion as well as after interrupted exercises at 25% and 50% MVC. Maximal lactate concentrations were only found at 50% of MVC performed to exhaustion. Lactate concentration was higher in slow twitch (ST) fibres at 50% MVC compared to in ST fibres at 25% MVC, and higher in fast twitch (FT) fibres at 50% MVC compared to in FT fibres at 75% MVC. After short time isometric exercise (i.e. 75% to exhaustion and 50% and 25% performed for the same period of time as 75% MVC) lactate concentration, expressed as lactate ratio (lactate concentration in FT fibres/lactate concentration in ST fibres) was found to be positively correlated to percent FT fibres (r=0.89). Lactate ratio ranged 0.5-2.0, i.e. at onset of isometric exercise, lactate concentration increase was faster in ST fibres in the muscle rich in ST fibres and faster in FT fibres when the muscle wasrich in FT fibres.", "contents": "Lactate in fast and slow twitch skeletal muscle fibres of man during isometric contraction. Concentration of lactate in fast and slow twitch fibres, respectively, were determined in m. quadriceps femoris after sustained contractions at 25%, 50%, and 75% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) until exhaustion as well as after interrupted exercises at 25% and 50% MVC. Maximal lactate concentrations were only found at 50% of MVC performed to exhaustion. Lactate concentration was higher in slow twitch (ST) fibres at 50% MVC compared to in ST fibres at 25% MVC, and higher in fast twitch (FT) fibres at 50% MVC compared to in FT fibres at 75% MVC. After short time isometric exercise (i.e. 75% to exhaustion and 50% and 25% performed for the same period of time as 75% MVC) lactate concentration, expressed as lactate ratio (lactate concentration in FT fibres/lactate concentration in ST fibres) was found to be positively correlated to percent FT fibres (r=0.89). Lactate ratio ranged 0.5-2.0, i.e. at onset of isometric exercise, lactate concentration increase was faster in ST fibres in the muscle rich in ST fibres and faster in FT fibres when the muscle wasrich in FT fibres.", "PMID": 842377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5009", "title": "Effect of changes in blood volume distribution on circulatory variables and plasma renin activity in man.", "content": "In 8 healthy subjects the pressure around the lower body was changed to 40 mmHg above (LBPP) and below (LBNP) atmospheric, thereby altering the amount of blood pooled in the lower body. Heart rate, intraarterial blood pressure, central venous pressure, cardiac output (dye dilution technique) and forearm blood flow (venous occlusion plethysmography) were measured. Plasma renin activity was determined with a radioimmunological method. 6 subjects maintained a relative circulatory steady state during LBNP. LBNP caused significant decrease in central venous pressure (CVP), stroke volume and cardiac output (Q) with an unchanged mean arterial pressure (MAP). Heart rate (HR) increased significantly. Calculated total peripheral vascular resistance (TPVR) and regional vascular resistance (RVR) in the forearm were significantly increased when measured 5-9 min after the onset of LBNP, whereas plasma renin activity (PRA) showed a definite increase only after 19 min of LBNP stimulation. No correlation was found between the changes in PRA and TPVR or RVR. Increasing the pressure around the lower body (LBPP) resulted in a slight but significant increase in MAP as well as a significant but transient increase in CVP. No significant changes were found in HR, Q or TPVR. In the forearm a decrease in RVR was demonstrated. PRA was not significantly changed. The results demonstrate that peripheral vascular resistance and PRA are both influenced by changes in blood volume distribution, possibly elicited via intrathoracic receptors sensitive to changes in central blood volume and/or CVP. The results also suggest that PRA does not play any significant part in the vasoconstriction during LBNP stimulation.", "contents": "Effect of changes in blood volume distribution on circulatory variables and plasma renin activity in man. In 8 healthy subjects the pressure around the lower body was changed to 40 mmHg above (LBPP) and below (LBNP) atmospheric, thereby altering the amount of blood pooled in the lower body. Heart rate, intraarterial blood pressure, central venous pressure, cardiac output (dye dilution technique) and forearm blood flow (venous occlusion plethysmography) were measured. Plasma renin activity was determined with a radioimmunological method. 6 subjects maintained a relative circulatory steady state during LBNP. LBNP caused significant decrease in central venous pressure (CVP), stroke volume and cardiac output (Q) with an unchanged mean arterial pressure (MAP). Heart rate (HR) increased significantly. Calculated total peripheral vascular resistance (TPVR) and regional vascular resistance (RVR) in the forearm were significantly increased when measured 5-9 min after the onset of LBNP, whereas plasma renin activity (PRA) showed a definite increase only after 19 min of LBNP stimulation. No correlation was found between the changes in PRA and TPVR or RVR. Increasing the pressure around the lower body (LBPP) resulted in a slight but significant increase in MAP as well as a significant but transient increase in CVP. No significant changes were found in HR, Q or TPVR. In the forearm a decrease in RVR was demonstrated. PRA was not significantly changed. The results demonstrate that peripheral vascular resistance and PRA are both influenced by changes in blood volume distribution, possibly elicited via intrathoracic receptors sensitive to changes in central blood volume and/or CVP. The results also suggest that PRA does not play any significant part in the vasoconstriction during LBNP stimulation.", "PMID": 842378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5010", "title": "Mental health delivery-systems and post-treatment performance in Nigeria.", "content": "A retrospective study was made, investigating the post-treatment outcomes of patients in two apparently dissimilar psychiatric therapeutic centres in Nigeria: the Aro Mental Hospital, a custodial facility, and the Aro Community Village Program, a pilot experiment in community psychiatry. A matches sample of 208 treated patients and their next of kin was focussed upon. An organizational study of the milieux was also undertaken. No significant differences exist in the range of therapies which was administered to schizophrenic patients or in the rate of re-admission in the two therapeutic milieux. A significantly greater percent of patients were treated over 3 months on first admission in the community centre than in the hospital centre (P less than 0.05).", "contents": "Mental health delivery-systems and post-treatment performance in Nigeria. A retrospective study was made, investigating the post-treatment outcomes of patients in two apparently dissimilar psychiatric therapeutic centres in Nigeria: the Aro Mental Hospital, a custodial facility, and the Aro Community Village Program, a pilot experiment in community psychiatry. A matches sample of 208 treated patients and their next of kin was focussed upon. An organizational study of the milieux was also undertaken. No significant differences exist in the range of therapies which was administered to schizophrenic patients or in the rate of re-admission in the two therapeutic milieux. A significantly greater percent of patients were treated over 3 months on first admission in the community centre than in the hospital centre (P less than 0.05).", "PMID": 842380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5011", "title": "\"Lithium non-responders\" in a lithium clinic.", "content": "The present study is concerned with the outcome of long-term lithium maintenance therapy administered to 107 manic-depressive patients after more than 12 months. Nine patients failed to respond despite having met the criteria for maintenance within the therapeutic range of lithium. This group, termed \"lithium non-responders\", had all shown bipolar illness with gross morbidity with frequent cycles, greater than 4 per year, seven had a family history of affective illness (six bipolar). The study did not demonstarte any other clear factors common to the \"non-responders\" group.", "contents": "\"Lithium non-responders\" in a lithium clinic. The present study is concerned with the outcome of long-term lithium maintenance therapy administered to 107 manic-depressive patients after more than 12 months. Nine patients failed to respond despite having met the criteria for maintenance within the therapeutic range of lithium. This group, termed \"lithium non-responders\", had all shown bipolar illness with gross morbidity with frequent cycles, greater than 4 per year, seven had a family history of affective illness (six bipolar). The study did not demonstarte any other clear factors common to the \"non-responders\" group.", "PMID": 842381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5012", "title": "Levodopa treatment of presenile dementia.", "content": "In Parkinson's disease as well as presenile dementia there is a dopamine deficit in the basal ganglia. Extrapyramidal symptoms are common in presenile dementia, and dementia is a common trait in Parkinsonism. It is reasonable to suggest a partial common etiology and pathophysiology, and the logical consequence is an investigation of levodopa substitution is presenile dementia. Until now very few reports of such studies have been published. The investigations have been uncontrolled or carried out on small or inhomogeneous materials. This investigation is triple-blind, clinically controlled, and the material is very homogenous. After 6 months' levodopa treatment no significant effect is shown either on a broad spectrum of psychiatric items or in cognitive functioning. This negative result is discussed. The probability of a specific Parkinson dementia is mentioned and the significance of the modifying effect of an imbalance in other transmitter systems is emphasized.", "contents": "Levodopa treatment of presenile dementia. In Parkinson's disease as well as presenile dementia there is a dopamine deficit in the basal ganglia. Extrapyramidal symptoms are common in presenile dementia, and dementia is a common trait in Parkinsonism. It is reasonable to suggest a partial common etiology and pathophysiology, and the logical consequence is an investigation of levodopa substitution is presenile dementia. Until now very few reports of such studies have been published. The investigations have been uncontrolled or carried out on small or inhomogeneous materials. This investigation is triple-blind, clinically controlled, and the material is very homogenous. After 6 months' levodopa treatment no significant effect is shown either on a broad spectrum of psychiatric items or in cognitive functioning. This negative result is discussed. The probability of a specific Parkinson dementia is mentioned and the significance of the modifying effect of an imbalance in other transmitter systems is emphasized.", "PMID": 842382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5013", "title": "Permissible syndromes. The influence of redundancy on patterns of information.", "content": "A model of clinical decision according to Bayes's formula is described and the problem of redundant informations is evaluated. It is postulated that a definitory and a syndromatic redundancy are unavoidable, which is why it is necessary to develop a correction factor. A series of indicants is investigated in two populations, and it is shown that correction for redundancy results in far-reaching changes in the patterns of information. The permissible syndrome is defined: a subset of informations containing the necessary and sufficient predictive capacity. The methods described may be used for an evaluation of common syndromes and may enable comparisons of information patterns, related to identical or different criteria.", "contents": "Permissible syndromes. The influence of redundancy on patterns of information. A model of clinical decision according to Bayes's formula is described and the problem of redundant informations is evaluated. It is postulated that a definitory and a syndromatic redundancy are unavoidable, which is why it is necessary to develop a correction factor. A series of indicants is investigated in two populations, and it is shown that correction for redundancy results in far-reaching changes in the patterns of information. The permissible syndrome is defined: a subset of informations containing the necessary and sufficient predictive capacity. The methods described may be used for an evaluation of common syndromes and may enable comparisons of information patterns, related to identical or different criteria.", "PMID": 842383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5014", "title": "Homicidal aggression in schizophrenic men.", "content": "In a sample of 205 hospitalized schizophrenics, 59 men were found who made verbal threats to kill or physical attacks some time during their illness. All homicidal aggression occurred during active phases of psychosis, typically in a setting of acute excitement and in recurrent illnesses. Paranoid diagnoses were overrepresented. Closely related females were the prime targets, suggesting a resentment of dependence on a woman. An impersonal, compulsive urge appears to be the motivating force leading to physical attacks.", "contents": "Homicidal aggression in schizophrenic men. In a sample of 205 hospitalized schizophrenics, 59 men were found who made verbal threats to kill or physical attacks some time during their illness. All homicidal aggression occurred during active phases of psychosis, typically in a setting of acute excitement and in recurrent illnesses. Paranoid diagnoses were overrepresented. Closely related females were the prime targets, suggesting a resentment of dependence on a woman. An impersonal, compulsive urge appears to be the motivating force leading to physical attacks.", "PMID": 842384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5015", "title": "Clozapine treatment of schizophrenic patients. Plasma concentration and coagulation factors.", "content": "Eleven male, chronic schizophrenic, hospitalized patients, treated with a constant dose of clozapine (range 200-600 mg daily) as their only neuroleptic medication were studied for a long period of time (minimum 12 weeks). Wide variations in the plasma concentration of clozapine were found in different patients who received the same oral dose, as well as great changes from week to week in the individual patient given a constant dose. The plasma levels of clozapine appeared to have no correlation with either the clinical effect or the side effects. No differences with regard to coagulation factors were found between the patients and the controls.", "contents": "Clozapine treatment of schizophrenic patients. Plasma concentration and coagulation factors. Eleven male, chronic schizophrenic, hospitalized patients, treated with a constant dose of clozapine (range 200-600 mg daily) as their only neuroleptic medication were studied for a long period of time (minimum 12 weeks). Wide variations in the plasma concentration of clozapine were found in different patients who received the same oral dose, as well as great changes from week to week in the individual patient given a constant dose. The plasma levels of clozapine appeared to have no correlation with either the clinical effect or the side effects. No differences with regard to coagulation factors were found between the patients and the controls.", "PMID": 842385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5016", "title": "LSD treatment in a severe case of compulsive neurosis.", "content": "A detailed account is given of the course and outcome of the treatment with LSD of an incapacitating compulsive-neurotic condition in a 30-year-old male. The treatment took place over 1 1/2 years from the autumn of 1962, and the patient, who has been followed since then, is completely cured symptomatically. In addition, a fortunate change in his general personality has taken place. The events during the LSD sessions revealed the basic elements of a development of his personality since early childhood, particularly the toilet-training period, which resulted in a typical compulsive character neurosis. In turn, this character neurosis became the matrix for the outbreak of his manifest neurotic compulsions which began 4 years before the onset of treatment. The material which emerged was in complete accordance with Freudian theory. No interpretations were given. While under the action of the drug the patient was left alone except for brief visits by the doctor or the nurse. He was free to call them if his anxiety became too strong for him to cope with alone. Besides, he had the support of reporting his experiences to the doctor after the LSD-effect had worn off and discussing them during interviews between the LSD days, still without interpretations being given to him. Practical details of procedure are reported. The necessary caution in employing LSD for treatment purposes, especially the selection of patients, is emphasized: theoretical implications of the psychological material and the course of the curative process are discussed.", "contents": "LSD treatment in a severe case of compulsive neurosis. A detailed account is given of the course and outcome of the treatment with LSD of an incapacitating compulsive-neurotic condition in a 30-year-old male. The treatment took place over 1 1/2 years from the autumn of 1962, and the patient, who has been followed since then, is completely cured symptomatically. In addition, a fortunate change in his general personality has taken place. The events during the LSD sessions revealed the basic elements of a development of his personality since early childhood, particularly the toilet-training period, which resulted in a typical compulsive character neurosis. In turn, this character neurosis became the matrix for the outbreak of his manifest neurotic compulsions which began 4 years before the onset of treatment. The material which emerged was in complete accordance with Freudian theory. No interpretations were given. While under the action of the drug the patient was left alone except for brief visits by the doctor or the nurse. He was free to call them if his anxiety became too strong for him to cope with alone. Besides, he had the support of reporting his experiences to the doctor after the LSD-effect had worn off and discussing them during interviews between the LSD days, still without interpretations being given to him. Practical details of procedure are reported. The necessary caution in employing LSD for treatment purposes, especially the selection of patients, is emphasized: theoretical implications of the psychological material and the course of the curative process are discussed.", "PMID": 842386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5017", "title": "Reflex elicitation thresholds in senile dementia.", "content": "Forty-eight female patients with the diagnosis of senile dementia and 20 elderly healthy women were studied concerning thresholds for orienting responses to intermittent light, the eyelid reflex, and hand withdrawal on electrical pain stimulation. A U-shaped relationship between degree of mental deterioration and reflex thresholds was predicted from two assumptions: (1) that reflex thresholds are progressively increased following the general blunting of cognitive processes, and (2) that active inhibition of certain overt behaviour takes place in patients with little deterioration (as well as in healthy people). The U-shaped relationship was only obtained for the eyelid reflex, and support was only obtained in connection with the orienting response for the assumption that some active inhibition of overt behaviour normally takes place. A further hypothesis was that thresholds for protective-defensive reflexes would not be substantially increased in the most deteriorated cases. This expectation was confirmed only for the hand withdrawal reflex. It is concluded that for the orienting response and for the eyelid reflex there is some relation, although the form is unclear and a rationale is lacking, between the thresholds and degree of mental deterioration. It is further concluded that the threshold for the hand withdrawal reflex is unrelated to the degree of mental deterioration. The inertia of the senile demented patients is stressed as well as their undifferentiated reactions. It is suggested that cognitive defects may partly explain these deficiencies.", "contents": "Reflex elicitation thresholds in senile dementia. Forty-eight female patients with the diagnosis of senile dementia and 20 elderly healthy women were studied concerning thresholds for orienting responses to intermittent light, the eyelid reflex, and hand withdrawal on electrical pain stimulation. A U-shaped relationship between degree of mental deterioration and reflex thresholds was predicted from two assumptions: (1) that reflex thresholds are progressively increased following the general blunting of cognitive processes, and (2) that active inhibition of certain overt behaviour takes place in patients with little deterioration (as well as in healthy people). The U-shaped relationship was only obtained for the eyelid reflex, and support was only obtained in connection with the orienting response for the assumption that some active inhibition of overt behaviour normally takes place. A further hypothesis was that thresholds for protective-defensive reflexes would not be substantially increased in the most deteriorated cases. This expectation was confirmed only for the hand withdrawal reflex. It is concluded that for the orienting response and for the eyelid reflex there is some relation, although the form is unclear and a rationale is lacking, between the thresholds and degree of mental deterioration. It is further concluded that the threshold for the hand withdrawal reflex is unrelated to the degree of mental deterioration. The inertia of the senile demented patients is stressed as well as their undifferentiated reactions. It is suggested that cognitive defects may partly explain these deficiencies.", "PMID": 842387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5018", "title": "Lithium in adult anorexia nervosa. A pilot report on two patients.", "content": "Two patients suffering from anorexia nervosa for many years who wished to gain weight were treated successfully with lithium carbonate. One patient gained 12 kg and the other 9 kg within 6 weeks. The weight-gain was maintained for a year of follow-up with lithium maintenance therapy.", "contents": "Lithium in adult anorexia nervosa. A pilot report on two patients. Two patients suffering from anorexia nervosa for many years who wished to gain weight were treated successfully with lithium carbonate. One patient gained 12 kg and the other 9 kg within 6 weeks. The weight-gain was maintained for a year of follow-up with lithium maintenance therapy.", "PMID": 842388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5019", "title": "Digitalisation and digitalis detoxication in the elderly.", "content": "Twenty-three elderly patients with normal renal function were studied during digitalisation for cardiac failure or atrial fibrillation. Mean serum digoxin concentrations were in the therapeutic range from the fourth day in seven patients given digoxin 0.25 mg daily, from the second day in seven patients given 0.5 mg followed by 0.25 mg daily, and from the first day in nine patients given 0.75 mg followed by 0.25 mg daily. Toxic effects were not encountered in any patient. Serial measurement of serum digoxin concentrations in six patients recovering from digitalis intoxication, all of whom had severe renal impairment, allowed calculation of serum half-times (62 to 189 hours), and elimination constants (9 to 27% per day). The apparent volumes of distribution of digoxin were around 300 litres, and the apparent body contents of the drugs around 20-25 mug/kg body weight. Differences between these figures and those determined by others for younger patients seem mainly to reflect the consequences of renal impairment. If reasonable assumptions are made for fractional absorption, volume of distribution, and elimination constant, serum digoxin levels during digitalisation can be predicted, and are found to agree well with those observed.", "contents": "Digitalisation and digitalis detoxication in the elderly. Twenty-three elderly patients with normal renal function were studied during digitalisation for cardiac failure or atrial fibrillation. Mean serum digoxin concentrations were in the therapeutic range from the fourth day in seven patients given digoxin 0.25 mg daily, from the second day in seven patients given 0.5 mg followed by 0.25 mg daily, and from the first day in nine patients given 0.75 mg followed by 0.25 mg daily. Toxic effects were not encountered in any patient. Serial measurement of serum digoxin concentrations in six patients recovering from digitalis intoxication, all of whom had severe renal impairment, allowed calculation of serum half-times (62 to 189 hours), and elimination constants (9 to 27% per day). The apparent volumes of distribution of digoxin were around 300 litres, and the apparent body contents of the drugs around 20-25 mug/kg body weight. Differences between these figures and those determined by others for younger patients seem mainly to reflect the consequences of renal impairment. If reasonable assumptions are made for fractional absorption, volume of distribution, and elimination constant, serum digoxin levels during digitalisation can be predicted, and are found to agree well with those observed.", "PMID": 842402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5020", "title": "Myocardial infarction coincident with cerebrovascular accidents in the elderly.", "content": "In a three-year prospective study of acute cerebrovascular accident patients admitted to a geriatric unit within 72 hours of the onset, 12.7% had what was considered to be an associated acute myocardial infarction. In the majority of cases, 71%, there was no clinical indication of an acute myocardial infarction and, had it not been for electrocardiographic and enzyme studies, the concurrence of these two conditions might not have come to light. The possible explanations for the concurrence of these two conditions are explored. Patients were followed-up for five years. The mortality rate for the combined acute myocardial and cerebral infarction cases admitted to hospital was 53% in six weeks, and 64% in one year, compared with 26% and 42%, respectively, in those strokes uncomplicated by a cardiac infarction. Only one patient has survived for five years. The recognition of such cases is important in terms of management and prognosis and this may be achieved by ECG recordings followed by enzyme studies in all cases of acute stroke admitted to hospital.", "contents": "Myocardial infarction coincident with cerebrovascular accidents in the elderly. In a three-year prospective study of acute cerebrovascular accident patients admitted to a geriatric unit within 72 hours of the onset, 12.7% had what was considered to be an associated acute myocardial infarction. In the majority of cases, 71%, there was no clinical indication of an acute myocardial infarction and, had it not been for electrocardiographic and enzyme studies, the concurrence of these two conditions might not have come to light. The possible explanations for the concurrence of these two conditions are explored. Patients were followed-up for five years. The mortality rate for the combined acute myocardial and cerebral infarction cases admitted to hospital was 53% in six weeks, and 64% in one year, compared with 26% and 42%, respectively, in those strokes uncomplicated by a cardiac infarction. Only one patient has survived for five years. The recognition of such cases is important in terms of management and prognosis and this may be achieved by ECG recordings followed by enzyme studies in all cases of acute stroke admitted to hospital.", "PMID": 842403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5021", "title": "The effect of potassium supplements on total-body-potassium levels in the elderly.", "content": "Weight, skinfold thickness, grip strength and the total-body-potassium content were measured in 13 healthy elderly subjects before and after a three-month course of potassium supplements given in a dose of 36 mmol per day. There were no significant changes in the total-body-potassium content or in the ratio of total body potassium to lean-body mass. An increase in the right-hand grip strength may well have been a placebo effect.", "contents": "The effect of potassium supplements on total-body-potassium levels in the elderly. Weight, skinfold thickness, grip strength and the total-body-potassium content were measured in 13 healthy elderly subjects before and after a three-month course of potassium supplements given in a dose of 36 mmol per day. There were no significant changes in the total-body-potassium content or in the ratio of total body potassium to lean-body mass. An increase in the right-hand grip strength may well have been a placebo effect.", "PMID": 842404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5022", "title": "Chilaiditi syndrome.", "content": "The features of the Chilaiditi Syndrome are described, together with the historial background, and a brief review of the literature on the condition is given. The prevalence in our geriatric population was found to be 1% and the 13 cases seen over 22 months are reported briefly. The prevalence increases with age and may be related to the consumption of drugs by the elderly; although in the majority it is asymptomatic, it may, particularly when associated with gastrointestinal symptoms, lead to unnecessary laparotomy. In the geriatric patient, interposition of the bowel should be considered in the differential diagnosis of air under the right hemidiaphragm.", "contents": "Chilaiditi syndrome. The features of the Chilaiditi Syndrome are described, together with the historial background, and a brief review of the literature on the condition is given. The prevalence in our geriatric population was found to be 1% and the 13 cases seen over 22 months are reported briefly. The prevalence increases with age and may be related to the consumption of drugs by the elderly; although in the majority it is asymptomatic, it may, particularly when associated with gastrointestinal symptoms, lead to unnecessary laparotomy. In the geriatric patient, interposition of the bowel should be considered in the differential diagnosis of air under the right hemidiaphragm.", "PMID": 842405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5023", "title": "Improving cognitive performance in psychogeriatric patients: the influence of physical exercise.", "content": "Performance measurement in psychogeriatric patients does not provide full insight into their potential abilities (competence). By systematically varing environmental conditions, performance levels can be seen to vary with them. The experiment discussed here demonstrates the influence of movement therapy on the results of some psychological tests. The subjects were old people (average age 82 years) who at an advanced age were confronted with mental and physical handicaps of such a nature that they had to be admitted to a psychogeriatric nursing home. Forty patients were divided into two groups. Both groups were tested twice with an interval of one month. A control group was tested twice under identical circumstances. In the first test, both groups were examined under the same conditions. The second test of the exercise group took place shortly after the subjects had taken part in physical exercise. The psychological tests consisted of a free-recall task, a test for visuomotor coordination and a recognition task. The results showed that in the free-recall test the exercise group had improved more than the control group. A qualitative analysis of the free-recall and recognition performance seemed to suggest that the exercise group showed greater retrieval activity than the control group. Visuo motor abilities did not significantly vary under experimental conditions, though the observed changes were compatible with improved cognitive performance in the exercise group.", "contents": "Improving cognitive performance in psychogeriatric patients: the influence of physical exercise. Performance measurement in psychogeriatric patients does not provide full insight into their potential abilities (competence). By systematically varing environmental conditions, performance levels can be seen to vary with them. The experiment discussed here demonstrates the influence of movement therapy on the results of some psychological tests. The subjects were old people (average age 82 years) who at an advanced age were confronted with mental and physical handicaps of such a nature that they had to be admitted to a psychogeriatric nursing home. Forty patients were divided into two groups. Both groups were tested twice with an interval of one month. A control group was tested twice under identical circumstances. In the first test, both groups were examined under the same conditions. The second test of the exercise group took place shortly after the subjects had taken part in physical exercise. The psychological tests consisted of a free-recall task, a test for visuomotor coordination and a recognition task. The results showed that in the free-recall test the exercise group had improved more than the control group. A qualitative analysis of the free-recall and recognition performance seemed to suggest that the exercise group showed greater retrieval activity than the control group. Visuo motor abilities did not significantly vary under experimental conditions, though the observed changes were compatible with improved cognitive performance in the exercise group.", "PMID": 842406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5024", "title": "Sublingual varicosities and vitamin C in elderly vegetarians.", "content": "Twenty-two elderly people, who were vegetarians for many years, had high ascorbic-acid values in plasma (10.2 +/- 0.4 mg/l) and leucocytes (35.9 +/- 1.99 mug/10(8)WBC). Visual and photographic examination of their tongues showed a much lower incidence of sublingual petechiae and varicosities than is general in elderly people. It is proposed that previous, perhaps recurrent, vitamin deficiencies may lead to irreversible changes in the elderly that cannot subsequently be changed by vitamin-therapy. An epidemiological comparison between populations who have long maintained a high vitamin-status and those whose vitamin-status has been variable may be more informative than therapeutic trials of the effect of vitamins on these lesions.", "contents": "Sublingual varicosities and vitamin C in elderly vegetarians. Twenty-two elderly people, who were vegetarians for many years, had high ascorbic-acid values in plasma (10.2 +/- 0.4 mg/l) and leucocytes (35.9 +/- 1.99 mug/10(8)WBC). Visual and photographic examination of their tongues showed a much lower incidence of sublingual petechiae and varicosities than is general in elderly people. It is proposed that previous, perhaps recurrent, vitamin deficiencies may lead to irreversible changes in the elderly that cannot subsequently be changed by vitamin-therapy. An epidemiological comparison between populations who have long maintained a high vitamin-status and those whose vitamin-status has been variable may be more informative than therapeutic trials of the effect of vitamins on these lesions.", "PMID": 842407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5025", "title": "Surgical treatment of obesity: current status.", "content": "Although the treatment of massive obesity by intestinal bypass can clearly effect substantial weight loss, data are not yet available to compare the morbidity and mortality of the operation with those of marked obesity per se. Surgical mortality rates range from 2 to 10 percent. The majority of patients obtain beneficial, satisfactory results. Close observation is required for management of problems, which may include liver failure, urinary calculi, enteritis, arthralgias, malnutrition and electrolyte depletion.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of obesity: current status. Although the treatment of massive obesity by intestinal bypass can clearly effect substantial weight loss, data are not yet available to compare the morbidity and mortality of the operation with those of marked obesity per se. Surgical mortality rates range from 2 to 10 percent. The majority of patients obtain beneficial, satisfactory results. Close observation is required for management of problems, which may include liver failure, urinary calculi, enteritis, arthralgias, malnutrition and electrolyte depletion.", "PMID": 842411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5026", "title": "Exercise rehabilitation after myocardial infarction.", "content": "Exercise is beneficial to most patients with coronary heart disease. Ideally, training should be monitored but, when this is not possible, training pulse rates should be kept below 70 to 85 percent of the maximum heart rate and the patient should understand the concepts and complications of exercise training.", "contents": "Exercise rehabilitation after myocardial infarction. Exercise is beneficial to most patients with coronary heart disease. Ideally, training should be monitored but, when this is not possible, training pulse rates should be kept below 70 to 85 percent of the maximum heart rate and the patient should understand the concepts and complications of exercise training.", "PMID": 842412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5027", "title": "Dysfunctional uterine bleeding.", "content": "Most dysfunctional uterine bleeding is caused by anovulatory cycles. The first step in management is exclusion of local pathology of the reproductive tract, complications of pregnancy or systemic disorders. In the postmenarchal age group, dysfunction of the cyclic center in the hypothalamus is usually present. In the perimenopausal age group, progressive loss of ovarian function leads to anovulation. The age of the patient and the amount of bleeding must be considered when selecting the mode of therapy.", "contents": "Dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Most dysfunctional uterine bleeding is caused by anovulatory cycles. The first step in management is exclusion of local pathology of the reproductive tract, complications of pregnancy or systemic disorders. In the postmenarchal age group, dysfunction of the cyclic center in the hypothalamus is usually present. In the perimenopausal age group, progressive loss of ovarian function leads to anovulation. The age of the patient and the amount of bleeding must be considered when selecting the mode of therapy.", "PMID": 842413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5028", "title": "Postexposure antirabies therapy.", "content": "The physician must determine the need for systemic postexposure antirabies therapy by a series of specific questions: Was there really a bite? If domesticated, was the animal adequately vaccinated? Was the animal behaving normally or was the bite unprovoked? Almost all wild animal bites should be considered probably or definitely due to rabies. If systemic antirabies therapy is needed, only the combination of human rabies immune globulin and duck-embryo rabies vaccine should be used, not vaccine alone.", "contents": "Postexposure antirabies therapy. The physician must determine the need for systemic postexposure antirabies therapy by a series of specific questions: Was there really a bite? If domesticated, was the animal adequately vaccinated? Was the animal behaving normally or was the bite unprovoked? Almost all wild animal bites should be considered probably or definitely due to rabies. If systemic antirabies therapy is needed, only the combination of human rabies immune globulin and duck-embryo rabies vaccine should be used, not vaccine alone.", "PMID": 842414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5029", "title": "Adolescent psychiatric emergencies.", "content": "The adolescent in a psychiatric crisis is best seen alone first, to preclude observer bias. Emotionally charged areas of discussion must not be avoided. Suicidal and homicidal threats or attempts are challenging emergencies. Working with parents is essential for effective management. Is the fire-setter retarded or psychotic? Family therapy is often the treatment of choice in sexual \"emergencies.\" Bizarre behavior should suggest drugs, severe anxiety or psychosis. School phobia is a particularly complex problem.", "contents": "Adolescent psychiatric emergencies. The adolescent in a psychiatric crisis is best seen alone first, to preclude observer bias. Emotionally charged areas of discussion must not be avoided. Suicidal and homicidal threats or attempts are challenging emergencies. Working with parents is essential for effective management. Is the fire-setter retarded or psychotic? Family therapy is often the treatment of choice in sexual \"emergencies.\" Bizarre behavior should suggest drugs, severe anxiety or psychosis. School phobia is a particularly complex problem.", "PMID": 842416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5030", "title": "Complications of vasectomies.", "content": "Impotence is a rare psychologic complication. While scrotal ecchymoses and swelling are common, pain is not. Wound infections are not uncommon but abscesses are. Vasitis, epididymitis or orchitis is unusual. Sperm granuloma can initiate recanalization. The implications of sperm agglutinating antibody formation are not yet clear. Pregnancy is a \"complication.\" The patient should be considered relatively fertile for at least four months postoperatively.", "contents": "Complications of vasectomies. Impotence is a rare psychologic complication. While scrotal ecchymoses and swelling are common, pain is not. Wound infections are not uncommon but abscesses are. Vasitis, epididymitis or orchitis is unusual. Sperm granuloma can initiate recanalization. The implications of sperm agglutinating antibody formation are not yet clear. Pregnancy is a \"complication.\" The patient should be considered relatively fertile for at least four months postoperatively.", "PMID": 842423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5031", "title": "Self-concept and the control of diabetes.", "content": "Patients who have difficulty in the control of diabetes often have negative self-concepts, feel hopeless and, therefore, become lax about following their regimen. Diabetes, like any chronic disease, does not affect the patient alone. By treating diabetes as a disease involving the whole family, the family physician can help the patient shape a positive self-concept and build a base for good clinical control.", "contents": "Self-concept and the control of diabetes. Patients who have difficulty in the control of diabetes often have negative self-concepts, feel hopeless and, therefore, become lax about following their regimen. Diabetes, like any chronic disease, does not affect the patient alone. By treating diabetes as a disease involving the whole family, the family physician can help the patient shape a positive self-concept and build a base for good clinical control.", "PMID": 842424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5032", "title": "The hemodynamic response to intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation in patients with cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Sixteen patients with cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction underwent serial hemodynamic studies during intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABC) at an assist frequency of 1:1. Significant increase was noted during the first 12 hours of IABC in the systemic artery peak diastolic pressure (assisted), cardiac index, stroke index, and stroke work index. During the second 12 hours further significant improvement was noted in the latter three parameters and, in addition, the systemic artery systolic pressure increased significantly. The pulmonary wedge pressure fell as did the total systemic resistance (TSR) during the first 24 hours of IABC. Patients found to be balloon independent after reduction in balloon assist frequency demonstrated significantly greater increase in systemic artery peak diastolic pressure during the first 12 hours of IABC than did those patients found to be balloon dependent. Likewise, the improvement noted in CI, SI, and SWI during the second 12 hours of IABC was of greater magnitude in balloon-independent than in balloon-dependent patients. The data suggest late hemodynamic deterioration after 48 hours of IABC. It is concluded that IABC is effective in improving the deranged hemodynamics of cardiogenic shock. Maximum response is noted between 24 and 48 hours. It is suggested that patients who are balloon independent may be distinguished from those who are balloon dependent by the hemodynamic response within the first 24 hours of IABC.", "contents": "The hemodynamic response to intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation in patients with cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction. Sixteen patients with cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction underwent serial hemodynamic studies during intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABC) at an assist frequency of 1:1. Significant increase was noted during the first 12 hours of IABC in the systemic artery peak diastolic pressure (assisted), cardiac index, stroke index, and stroke work index. During the second 12 hours further significant improvement was noted in the latter three parameters and, in addition, the systemic artery systolic pressure increased significantly. The pulmonary wedge pressure fell as did the total systemic resistance (TSR) during the first 24 hours of IABC. Patients found to be balloon independent after reduction in balloon assist frequency demonstrated significantly greater increase in systemic artery peak diastolic pressure during the first 12 hours of IABC than did those patients found to be balloon dependent. Likewise, the improvement noted in CI, SI, and SWI during the second 12 hours of IABC was of greater magnitude in balloon-independent than in balloon-dependent patients. The data suggest late hemodynamic deterioration after 48 hours of IABC. It is concluded that IABC is effective in improving the deranged hemodynamics of cardiogenic shock. Maximum response is noted between 24 and 48 hours. It is suggested that patients who are balloon independent may be distinguished from those who are balloon dependent by the hemodynamic response within the first 24 hours of IABC.", "PMID": 842426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5033", "title": "The fourth heart sound in patients without demonstrable heart disease.", "content": "One hundred patients, 17 to 67 years of age, had normal hearts diagnosed on the basis of complete right and left heart catheterization and coronary cineangiography. Phonocardiograms were obtained from each patient, providing an average of 17 recordings per subject for analysis; 75/100 (75%) subjects had a recordable fourth sound; 60/75 (80%) of the latter group had an audible fourth heart sound. It is concluded that recordable and audible fourth heart sounds are common findings in subjects without catheterization evidence of cardiovascular disease.", "contents": "The fourth heart sound in patients without demonstrable heart disease. One hundred patients, 17 to 67 years of age, had normal hearts diagnosed on the basis of complete right and left heart catheterization and coronary cineangiography. Phonocardiograms were obtained from each patient, providing an average of 17 recordings per subject for analysis; 75/100 (75%) subjects had a recordable fourth sound; 60/75 (80%) of the latter group had an audible fourth heart sound. It is concluded that recordable and audible fourth heart sounds are common findings in subjects without catheterization evidence of cardiovascular disease.", "PMID": 842427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5034", "title": "Early changes in contractility and coronary blood flow in the normal areas of the ischemic porcine heart.", "content": "The regional responses of normal myocardium distant from an ischemic area were studied during acute anterior descending occlusion in the open-chest chloralose-anesthetized pig. Three markers of regional response in both normal and ischemic areas were used: surface ECG electrode, a force gauge in series with left ventricular outer wall fibers, and coronary blood inflow to each region as determined by electromagnetic cuff-probes. Following brief anterior descending artery occlusion (120 sec)., a characteristic rapid decline in contractile force and evolution of TQ-ST segment changes was observed in the ischemic area. In contrast, in the distant area increases in contractil force (p less than 0.001) and coronary blood flow (p less than 0.002) occurred. These distant responses were essentially obliterated following transection and cannulation of the artery supplying this region (p less than 0.05). The findings are consistent with a reflex neurovascular mechanism operating within the intact heart. This reflex is rapidly activated in order to maintain adequate levels of cardiac performance despite sudden loss of functional myocardial mass.", "contents": "Early changes in contractility and coronary blood flow in the normal areas of the ischemic porcine heart. The regional responses of normal myocardium distant from an ischemic area were studied during acute anterior descending occlusion in the open-chest chloralose-anesthetized pig. Three markers of regional response in both normal and ischemic areas were used: surface ECG electrode, a force gauge in series with left ventricular outer wall fibers, and coronary blood inflow to each region as determined by electromagnetic cuff-probes. Following brief anterior descending artery occlusion (120 sec)., a characteristic rapid decline in contractile force and evolution of TQ-ST segment changes was observed in the ischemic area. In contrast, in the distant area increases in contractil force (p less than 0.001) and coronary blood flow (p less than 0.002) occurred. These distant responses were essentially obliterated following transection and cannulation of the artery supplying this region (p less than 0.05). The findings are consistent with a reflex neurovascular mechanism operating within the intact heart. This reflex is rapidly activated in order to maintain adequate levels of cardiac performance despite sudden loss of functional myocardial mass.", "PMID": 842429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5035", "title": "The effect of coronary artery reperfusion on the extent of myocardial infarction.", "content": "The effect of the reperfusion on myocardial infarction has been studied in the rat in order to assess the possible reversibility of myocardial damage. The present study deals with reperfusion of experimental myocardial infarction in the rat. Two groups of animals were compared: one was subjected to permanent ischemia and the other was subjected to ischemia of variable duration 1) hour to 24 hours). The differences between infarction caused by permanent ischemia and the evolution of infarction following reperfusion were studied by means of histologic (121 specimens) histoenzymatic (56 specimens), ECG (100 specimens), techniques and study of the mcirocirculation (70 specimens). The size of the infarctions caused by temporary ischemia was found to be significantly smaller in 60% of the cases as compared to the infarctions caused by permanent ischemia. Histoenzymatic study (phosphorylase activity and succinodehydrogenase activity) confirmed the existance of a marginal zone extending over one third of the surface of the ischemic myocardium: reperfusion permitted the salvage of this zone and thereby diminished the extent of necrosis. The latter findings were further confirmed by the ECG study showing earlier regression of ischemic ST changes following early reperfusion. Microcirculatory changes secondary to anoxia may account for the fact that, in a certain percentage of the cases, early reperfusion does not prevent extension of infarction.", "contents": "The effect of coronary artery reperfusion on the extent of myocardial infarction. The effect of the reperfusion on myocardial infarction has been studied in the rat in order to assess the possible reversibility of myocardial damage. The present study deals with reperfusion of experimental myocardial infarction in the rat. Two groups of animals were compared: one was subjected to permanent ischemia and the other was subjected to ischemia of variable duration 1) hour to 24 hours). The differences between infarction caused by permanent ischemia and the evolution of infarction following reperfusion were studied by means of histologic (121 specimens) histoenzymatic (56 specimens), ECG (100 specimens), techniques and study of the mcirocirculation (70 specimens). The size of the infarctions caused by temporary ischemia was found to be significantly smaller in 60% of the cases as compared to the infarctions caused by permanent ischemia. Histoenzymatic study (phosphorylase activity and succinodehydrogenase activity) confirmed the existance of a marginal zone extending over one third of the surface of the ischemic myocardium: reperfusion permitted the salvage of this zone and thereby diminished the extent of necrosis. The latter findings were further confirmed by the ECG study showing earlier regression of ischemic ST changes following early reperfusion. Microcirculatory changes secondary to anoxia may account for the fact that, in a certain percentage of the cases, early reperfusion does not prevent extension of infarction.", "PMID": 842430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5036", "title": "Coxsackie virus heart disease and cardiomyopathy.", "content": "Twenty-two cases of Coxsackie virus heart disease diagnosed from November, 1969, to December, 1971, were re-examined after a period of 42 to 68 months from the acute illness. The patients with hypertension, diabetes, chronic alcohol intake, or aged over 35 were eliminated from the trial. With the purpose of assessing myocardial function, the systolic time intervals were recorded by a noninvasive standard technique. The differences in systolic time intervals between the group of patients with previous viral myocarditis and a group of normal control subjects were not statistically significant. However, the pre-ejection period was clearly prolonged in three patients out of 10, a modification consistent with a depressed myocardial function, as in patients with cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "Coxsackie virus heart disease and cardiomyopathy. Twenty-two cases of Coxsackie virus heart disease diagnosed from November, 1969, to December, 1971, were re-examined after a period of 42 to 68 months from the acute illness. The patients with hypertension, diabetes, chronic alcohol intake, or aged over 35 were eliminated from the trial. With the purpose of assessing myocardial function, the systolic time intervals were recorded by a noninvasive standard technique. The differences in systolic time intervals between the group of patients with previous viral myocarditis and a group of normal control subjects were not statistically significant. However, the pre-ejection period was clearly prolonged in three patients out of 10, a modification consistent with a depressed myocardial function, as in patients with cardiomyopathy.", "PMID": 842436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5037", "title": "Propranolol for patients with mitral valve prolapse.", "content": "This study evaluates propranolol's effect on symptoms, arrhythmias, and exercise tolerance in 16 patients with mitral valve prolapse. Three patients (19 per cent) experienced symptomatic deterioration with propranolol therapy, seven (44 per cent) were unchanged, and six (37 per cent) noted an over-all symptomatic improvement, primarily due to a reduction in palpitation. Symptomatic improvement continues in these six patients an average of 12.5 months after beginning propranolol therapy. Treatment with propranolol alleviated chest pain in only two of eight patients and it did not improve the ability to perform treadmill exercise. Fatigue did not improve, and in three patients appeared for the first time during propranolol therapy. Premature ventricular contractions were reduced by at least 75 per cent in five of nin patients (56 per cent), and paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia was eliminated in three of four patients. We conclude that propranolol is not uniformly effective in patients with mitral vale prolapse. A trial of propranolol may be instituted fro patients with mitral valve prolapse who have severe symptoms and/or arrhythmias, but the drug should only be continued in those who demonstrate clinical and/or antiarrhythmic response.", "contents": "Propranolol for patients with mitral valve prolapse. This study evaluates propranolol's effect on symptoms, arrhythmias, and exercise tolerance in 16 patients with mitral valve prolapse. Three patients (19 per cent) experienced symptomatic deterioration with propranolol therapy, seven (44 per cent) were unchanged, and six (37 per cent) noted an over-all symptomatic improvement, primarily due to a reduction in palpitation. Symptomatic improvement continues in these six patients an average of 12.5 months after beginning propranolol therapy. Treatment with propranolol alleviated chest pain in only two of eight patients and it did not improve the ability to perform treadmill exercise. Fatigue did not improve, and in three patients appeared for the first time during propranolol therapy. Premature ventricular contractions were reduced by at least 75 per cent in five of nin patients (56 per cent), and paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia was eliminated in three of four patients. We conclude that propranolol is not uniformly effective in patients with mitral vale prolapse. A trial of propranolol may be instituted fro patients with mitral valve prolapse who have severe symptoms and/or arrhythmias, but the drug should only be continued in those who demonstrate clinical and/or antiarrhythmic response.", "PMID": 842437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5038", "title": "Echocardiographic manifestation of annuloaortic ectasia: its \"paradoxical\" motion of the aorta and premature systolic closure of the aortic vale.", "content": "The echocardiographic features of annuloaortic ectasia were studied in 12 patients. Eleven of them exhibited skeletal and/or ophthalmic findings of Marfan's syndrome and one was considered as having forme fruste. Echocardiograms revealed not only marked dilatation of the aortic root but also unique motion of the aortic wall and aortic valve. Posterior motion of the posterior aortic wall during early to middle ejection period, i.e., \"paradoxical\" motion, was noted in eight cases, and premature systolic partial closure of the aortic valve was seen in all cases.", "contents": "Echocardiographic manifestation of annuloaortic ectasia: its \"paradoxical\" motion of the aorta and premature systolic closure of the aortic vale. The echocardiographic features of annuloaortic ectasia were studied in 12 patients. Eleven of them exhibited skeletal and/or ophthalmic findings of Marfan's syndrome and one was considered as having forme fruste. Echocardiograms revealed not only marked dilatation of the aortic root but also unique motion of the aortic wall and aortic valve. Posterior motion of the posterior aortic wall during early to middle ejection period, i.e., \"paradoxical\" motion, was noted in eight cases, and premature systolic partial closure of the aortic valve was seen in all cases.", "PMID": 842438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5039", "title": "Studies on digitalis. XIII. A prospective study of 649 patients on maintenance treatment with digitoxin.", "content": "In a prospective study of digitalis intoxication in 649 patients on maintenance treatment with digitoxin a low incidence of digitalis toxicity was found, namely, 5.8 per cent. This is mainly due to a more careful use to digitalis glycosides. It is especially important to reduce the dose of digitoxin in the liver and partly excreted metabolized in the liver and partly excreted through the kidneys as metabolities. Serum half-time of digitoxin is shortened in patients with impaired renal function. Patients with reduced renal function may be treated with digitoxin in the same doses as individuals with normal renal function. This is in contrast to patients treated with digoxin. Digitoxin should therefore be the cardiac glycoside of choice in treatment of patients with renal failure. Digitoxin is further rapidly eliminated in patients with reduced liver function in spite of its extensive hepatic metabolism. In this study extracardia symptoms were found equally often as cardiac signs of toxicity. Patients intoxicated usually had several symptoms and signs of toxicity at the same time. The specificity of commonly used symptoms and signs a digitalis intoxication is very low. In this study atrial tachycardia with block, which has been considered to be an important cardiotoxic arrhythmia, very seldom was found in digitalis intoxication. There is an overlap in digitalis serum concentration between toxic and nontoxic patients. The diagnosis of toxicity was made on clinical grounds. Most of the intoxicated patients had high serum concentrations, but some had concentrations in the normal or low range. Apart from being a guide to the diagnosis of digitalis intoxication, serum digitalis levels may further be a guide to underdigitalization of cardiac patients, especially patients in sinus rhythm.", "contents": "Studies on digitalis. XIII. A prospective study of 649 patients on maintenance treatment with digitoxin. In a prospective study of digitalis intoxication in 649 patients on maintenance treatment with digitoxin a low incidence of digitalis toxicity was found, namely, 5.8 per cent. This is mainly due to a more careful use to digitalis glycosides. It is especially important to reduce the dose of digitoxin in the liver and partly excreted metabolized in the liver and partly excreted through the kidneys as metabolities. Serum half-time of digitoxin is shortened in patients with impaired renal function. Patients with reduced renal function may be treated with digitoxin in the same doses as individuals with normal renal function. This is in contrast to patients treated with digoxin. Digitoxin should therefore be the cardiac glycoside of choice in treatment of patients with renal failure. Digitoxin is further rapidly eliminated in patients with reduced liver function in spite of its extensive hepatic metabolism. In this study extracardia symptoms were found equally often as cardiac signs of toxicity. Patients intoxicated usually had several symptoms and signs of toxicity at the same time. The specificity of commonly used symptoms and signs a digitalis intoxication is very low. In this study atrial tachycardia with block, which has been considered to be an important cardiotoxic arrhythmia, very seldom was found in digitalis intoxication. There is an overlap in digitalis serum concentration between toxic and nontoxic patients. The diagnosis of toxicity was made on clinical grounds. Most of the intoxicated patients had high serum concentrations, but some had concentrations in the normal or low range. Apart from being a guide to the diagnosis of digitalis intoxication, serum digitalis levels may further be a guide to underdigitalization of cardiac patients, especially patients in sinus rhythm.", "PMID": 842439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5040", "title": "The use of the systolic time interval for predicting left ventricular ejection fraction ischemic heart disease.", "content": "A large series of 306 patients with ischemic heart disease was studied with automated systolic time intervals and left ventricular ejection fraction as determined by the angiocardiographic method. It was found the pre-ejection period, left ventricular ejection time, delta values, and PEP/LVET ratio all were related to the ejection fraction. However, in all instances the correlation was too low and the scatter of the data was too large to warrant the use of the systolic time intervals for predicting left ventricular function as indicated by the ejection fraction.", "contents": "The use of the systolic time interval for predicting left ventricular ejection fraction ischemic heart disease. A large series of 306 patients with ischemic heart disease was studied with automated systolic time intervals and left ventricular ejection fraction as determined by the angiocardiographic method. It was found the pre-ejection period, left ventricular ejection time, delta values, and PEP/LVET ratio all were related to the ejection fraction. However, in all instances the correlation was too low and the scatter of the data was too large to warrant the use of the systolic time intervals for predicting left ventricular function as indicated by the ejection fraction.", "PMID": 842440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5041", "title": "Effectiveness of direct current defibrillation: role of paddle electrode size.", "content": "Myocardial necrosis from repeated direct current defibrillation discharges is less when the same stored energy is delivered by paddle electrodes that are larger than those presently available on the majority of commercial defibrillators. The present study was undertaken to determine if the larger 12.8 cm. diameter paddle electrodes are as effective as the standard 8.0 cm. diameter paddle electrodes in defibrillation. Ventricular fibrillation (VF) was induced in 45 dogs and each was allowed to remain in ventricular fibrillation for progressively longer time intervals before defibrillation was attempted. With the 12.8 cm. diameter paddle electrodes, the longest duration of VF sucessfully terminated was 1.22+/-1.05 minutes when the 8.0 cm. paddle electrodes were used (p less than  0.02). Ventricular fibrillation was terminated during the first minute with the 12.8 cm. diameter electrode in 88 per cent of trials as compared with a 71 per cent success rate with 8.0 cm. diameter paddle electrodes (p less than 0.04). When the success rates during the first minute of VF for both sizes of paddle electrodes were ploted against the measure transthoracic impedance, a high correlation cofficient (r=-0.94) was found. This study suggest that 12.8 cm. diameter paddle electrodes are more effective for defibrillation of subjects in the 13.5 kilogram (29 to 69 pound) weight range than are paddle electrodes that are only 8.0 cm. in diameter.", "contents": "Effectiveness of direct current defibrillation: role of paddle electrode size. Myocardial necrosis from repeated direct current defibrillation discharges is less when the same stored energy is delivered by paddle electrodes that are larger than those presently available on the majority of commercial defibrillators. The present study was undertaken to determine if the larger 12.8 cm. diameter paddle electrodes are as effective as the standard 8.0 cm. diameter paddle electrodes in defibrillation. Ventricular fibrillation (VF) was induced in 45 dogs and each was allowed to remain in ventricular fibrillation for progressively longer time intervals before defibrillation was attempted. With the 12.8 cm. diameter paddle electrodes, the longest duration of VF sucessfully terminated was 1.22+/-1.05 minutes when the 8.0 cm. paddle electrodes were used (p less than  0.02). Ventricular fibrillation was terminated during the first minute with the 12.8 cm. diameter electrode in 88 per cent of trials as compared with a 71 per cent success rate with 8.0 cm. diameter paddle electrodes (p less than 0.04). When the success rates during the first minute of VF for both sizes of paddle electrodes were ploted against the measure transthoracic impedance, a high correlation cofficient (r=-0.94) was found. This study suggest that 12.8 cm. diameter paddle electrodes are more effective for defibrillation of subjects in the 13.5 kilogram (29 to 69 pound) weight range than are paddle electrodes that are only 8.0 cm. in diameter.", "PMID": 842442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5042", "title": "The relationship between coronary artery lesions and myocardial infarcts: ulceration of atherosclerotic plaques precipitating coronary thrombosis.", "content": "A review of 494 myocardial lesions at least 3 cm. in one dimension reveal 418 (85 per cent) related to atherosclerotic coronary lesions, 55 (11 per cent) related to coronary emboli of various types, 18(3.5 per cent) without specific coronary lesions but related to clinical events associated with coronary hypoperfusion, and 3 (0.5 per cent) associated with miscellaneous coronary lesions. In 399 of 418 (96 per cent) atherosclerotic coronary lesions of all ages complete occlusion (remote of fresh) or histological evidence of lumenal recanalization was present. These coronary lesions were situated within extramural coronary artery segments one to several centimeters proximal to the myocardial lesions which were confined to the distribution of the respective partially or totally occluded coronary segments. In the atherosclerotic cornary lesions less than 2 weeks of age partially or totally occlusive thrombus was found in 67 of 69 (97 per cent) cases and a underlying plaque ulceration, erosion, or rupture was present in 64 of 69 (93 per cent) instances. These endothelial and intimal injuries were generally focal in nature, often extending over a length of only 100 to 200 mu. In no instance could it be stated with certainty that the oldest portion of the atherosclerotic ulceration-thrombus complex was younger in age than its associated myocardial lesion. On the contrary, in 10 of 69 (14 per cent) of the cases portion of the coronary thrombus, usually at the site of plaque ulceration, were histologically older than the myocardial lesion. In addition, the presence of thrombus and plaque debris admixtures further suggested the antecedent nature of the coronary lesion in relation to the myocardial lesion. Atherosclerotic coronary lesions associated with myocardial lesions of 2 to 8 weeks of age had identifiable thromboses in all instances and underlying plaque ulceration, erosions, or ruptures in 17 of 21 (80 per cent). Endothelial injuries were more difficult to assess due to the obscuring features of organizing lumenal thrombus. Interface i.e., plaque ulceration, erosions, or ruptures, were reliably detectable up to approximately on month of age. Coronary arter thromboemboli accounted for a significant percentage of myocardial lesions, were usually associated with normal or minimal coronary artery disease, and frequently involved smaller intramural coronary vessels of the heart. Organization and recanalization of thromboemboemboli tended to be rapid and complete so that in the late stages the residual intimal plaque was sometimes difficult to identify. Myocardial lesions related to clinical events associated with coronary artery hypoperfusion centric, and not confined to the distribution of a single coronary artery. They were unassociated with acute coronary lesions and histologically displayed contraction band necrosis more frequently than the embolic and atherosclerotic related lesions. An explanation was found for the overwhelming majority of myocardial lesions...", "contents": "The relationship between coronary artery lesions and myocardial infarcts: ulceration of atherosclerotic plaques precipitating coronary thrombosis. A review of 494 myocardial lesions at least 3 cm. in one dimension reveal 418 (85 per cent) related to atherosclerotic coronary lesions, 55 (11 per cent) related to coronary emboli of various types, 18(3.5 per cent) without specific coronary lesions but related to clinical events associated with coronary hypoperfusion, and 3 (0.5 per cent) associated with miscellaneous coronary lesions. In 399 of 418 (96 per cent) atherosclerotic coronary lesions of all ages complete occlusion (remote of fresh) or histological evidence of lumenal recanalization was present. These coronary lesions were situated within extramural coronary artery segments one to several centimeters proximal to the myocardial lesions which were confined to the distribution of the respective partially or totally occluded coronary segments. In the atherosclerotic cornary lesions less than 2 weeks of age partially or totally occlusive thrombus was found in 67 of 69 (97 per cent) cases and a underlying plaque ulceration, erosion, or rupture was present in 64 of 69 (93 per cent) instances. These endothelial and intimal injuries were generally focal in nature, often extending over a length of only 100 to 200 mu. In no instance could it be stated with certainty that the oldest portion of the atherosclerotic ulceration-thrombus complex was younger in age than its associated myocardial lesion. On the contrary, in 10 of 69 (14 per cent) of the cases portion of the coronary thrombus, usually at the site of plaque ulceration, were histologically older than the myocardial lesion. In addition, the presence of thrombus and plaque debris admixtures further suggested the antecedent nature of the coronary lesion in relation to the myocardial lesion. Atherosclerotic coronary lesions associated with myocardial lesions of 2 to 8 weeks of age had identifiable thromboses in all instances and underlying plaque ulceration, erosions, or ruptures in 17 of 21 (80 per cent). Endothelial injuries were more difficult to assess due to the obscuring features of organizing lumenal thrombus. Interface i.e., plaque ulceration, erosions, or ruptures, were reliably detectable up to approximately on month of age. Coronary arter thromboemboli accounted for a significant percentage of myocardial lesions, were usually associated with normal or minimal coronary artery disease, and frequently involved smaller intramural coronary vessels of the heart. Organization and recanalization of thromboemboemboli tended to be rapid and complete so that in the late stages the residual intimal plaque was sometimes difficult to identify. Myocardial lesions related to clinical events associated with coronary artery hypoperfusion centric, and not confined to the distribution of a single coronary artery. They were unassociated with acute coronary lesions and histologically displayed contraction band necrosis more frequently than the embolic and atherosclerotic related lesions. An explanation was found for the overwhelming majority of myocardial lesions...", "PMID": 842443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5043", "title": "The effect of ouabain on nutritional circulation and regional myocardial blood flow.", "content": "The effect of ouabain on myocardial nutritional circulation (rubidium-86 extraction) and regional myocardial blood flow (radioactive microspheres) was studied in the isolated supported canine heart preparation perfused at a constant coronary blood flow. Ouanbain (25 mug per kilogram, intravenously) produced a significant increase in mycocardial contractile force, peak left ventricular systolic pressure, and myocardial oxygen consumption. Ouabain also decreased rubidium-86 extraction (E86RB), rubidium-86 clearance (C86Rb), and the capillary transport coefficient (PS). Intracoronary infusion of ouabain (10 mug per minute) produced significant increases in contractile force (25,50, and 100 per cent above control), left ventricular systolic pressure, myocardial oxgen consumption, and the epicardial-endocardial blood flow ratio (epi/endo) of the left ventricle. When left ventricular systolic pressure was held constant (100 mm. Hg), ouabain infusion (10 mug per minute, intracoronary) increased myocardial contractile force (25,50, and 100 per cent above control) and myocardial oxygen consumption but did not change the epi/endo of the left ventricle. These results suggest that ouabain reduces E86Rb, C86Rb, and PS by producing a shunting of blood flow from endocardium to epicardium in the left ventricle. The increase in left ventricular systolic pressure appears to be responsible for these changes.", "contents": "The effect of ouabain on nutritional circulation and regional myocardial blood flow. The effect of ouabain on myocardial nutritional circulation (rubidium-86 extraction) and regional myocardial blood flow (radioactive microspheres) was studied in the isolated supported canine heart preparation perfused at a constant coronary blood flow. Ouanbain (25 mug per kilogram, intravenously) produced a significant increase in mycocardial contractile force, peak left ventricular systolic pressure, and myocardial oxygen consumption. Ouabain also decreased rubidium-86 extraction (E86RB), rubidium-86 clearance (C86Rb), and the capillary transport coefficient (PS). Intracoronary infusion of ouabain (10 mug per minute) produced significant increases in contractile force (25,50, and 100 per cent above control), left ventricular systolic pressure, myocardial oxgen consumption, and the epicardial-endocardial blood flow ratio (epi/endo) of the left ventricle. When left ventricular systolic pressure was held constant (100 mm. Hg), ouabain infusion (10 mug per minute, intracoronary) increased myocardial contractile force (25,50, and 100 per cent above control) and myocardial oxygen consumption but did not change the epi/endo of the left ventricle. These results suggest that ouabain reduces E86Rb, C86Rb, and PS by producing a shunting of blood flow from endocardium to epicardium in the left ventricle. The increase in left ventricular systolic pressure appears to be responsible for these changes.", "PMID": 842444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5044", "title": "The arrhythmogenic effect of static electricity on the dog heart.", "content": "Seven dogs, three with surgically-induced acute myocardial infarction, were subjected to the effects of static electricity discharged from our fingertips onto the external end of a transvenous right ventricular pacemaker. Initiation of ventricular beats occurred regularly when shocks were perceptible to the generating person and, not infrequently, when energy levels were below perception. In one dog with myocardial infarction, ventricular fibrillation was clearly related to the static discharge. The data obtained in this study support the recommendations of the Electrical Safety Hazard committee that critical care areas not be carpeted in order to minimize static discharges. In addition to low static floor covering in these areas, one can reduce static charge by the use of foot coverings such as those worn in the operating room. We found that no static charge could be developed when wearing the expandable operating room \"booties.\" Since static charges were transmitted through our fingertips, probably the best means of protecting the electrically sensitive patient against the hazard of static electricity is to instruct personnel to wear rubber gloves whenever direct contact with the external ends of a pacing catheter becomes necessary. Routinely, such exteriorized pacemaker ends should also be covered with a nonconductive substance.", "contents": "The arrhythmogenic effect of static electricity on the dog heart. Seven dogs, three with surgically-induced acute myocardial infarction, were subjected to the effects of static electricity discharged from our fingertips onto the external end of a transvenous right ventricular pacemaker. Initiation of ventricular beats occurred regularly when shocks were perceptible to the generating person and, not infrequently, when energy levels were below perception. In one dog with myocardial infarction, ventricular fibrillation was clearly related to the static discharge. The data obtained in this study support the recommendations of the Electrical Safety Hazard committee that critical care areas not be carpeted in order to minimize static discharges. In addition to low static floor covering in these areas, one can reduce static charge by the use of foot coverings such as those worn in the operating room. We found that no static charge could be developed when wearing the expandable operating room \"booties.\" Since static charges were transmitted through our fingertips, probably the best means of protecting the electrically sensitive patient against the hazard of static electricity is to instruct personnel to wear rubber gloves whenever direct contact with the external ends of a pacing catheter becomes necessary. Routinely, such exteriorized pacemaker ends should also be covered with a nonconductive substance.", "PMID": 842445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5045", "title": "Horses lung: Report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of horseshoe lung are described; one was suspected and the other was diagnosed preoperatively. Both underwent successful surgical treatment. The embryology of this anomaly is briefly reviewed with reference to the closely related scimitar syndrome (anomalous venous return of right lung to inferior atriocaval junction). Diagnostic studies are discussed with stress on the need for a thorough functional evaluation of both the heart and lungs before the surgical indication is made.", "contents": "Horses lung: Report of two cases. Two cases of horseshoe lung are described; one was suspected and the other was diagnosed preoperatively. Both underwent successful surgical treatment. The embryology of this anomaly is briefly reviewed with reference to the closely related scimitar syndrome (anomalous venous return of right lung to inferior atriocaval junction). Diagnostic studies are discussed with stress on the need for a thorough functional evaluation of both the heart and lungs before the surgical indication is made.", "PMID": 842446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5046", "title": "Myocardial imaging with intravenously injected thallium-201 in patients with suspected coronary artery disease: analysis of technique and correlation with electrocardiographic, coronary anatomic and ventriculographic findings.", "content": "Myocardial imaging was performed after intravenous injection of thallium-201 at rest in 50 patients with suspected coronary artery disease and the results were compared with electrocardiographic, ventriculographic and coronary arteriographic findings. The thallium-201 myocardial images were of good quality and compared favorably with images previously obtained with intracoronary particle injection. Myocardial to background ratios averaged 2:1, a considerable improvement over ratios reported with potassium-43. There was complete intra- and interobserver agreement in the interpretation of images in 90 and 82 percent of cases, respectively. Major disagreement occurred in less than 5 percent of cases. Overall, 15 (30 percent) had an abnormal, 10 patients (20 percent) a borderline abnormal and 25 patients (50 percent) a normal myocardial image. Of patients with electrocardiographic Q waves, 91 percent had an image defect. Of 39 patients without Q waves, 13 percent had an image defect. All 30 patients with a normal or borderline abnormal thallium-201 image had a normal ventricular contraction pattern. All patients with a segmental ventriculographic abnormality had an image defect. In all cases, the area of electrocardiographic or ventriculographic abnormality corresponded to the area of the thallium-201 image defect. The systolic ejection fraction was depressed (0.49 +/- 0.18 [mean +/- standard deviation]) in patients with an image defect compared with that in patients with a normal image (0.64 +/- 0.06, P less than 0.005). Coronary arterial lesions were present and usually of high grade in all patients with an abnormal image; however, the presence of high grade coronary stenosis or occlusion as such correlated with image defects only to the extent that prior myocardial infraction was associated. Thus, satisfactory myocardial images at rest appear to be obtained with intravenously administered thallium-201 and electrocardiographic, ventriculographic and coronary arteriographic data suggest that image defects denote regions of prior myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Myocardial imaging with intravenously injected thallium-201 in patients with suspected coronary artery disease: analysis of technique and correlation with electrocardiographic, coronary anatomic and ventriculographic findings. Myocardial imaging was performed after intravenous injection of thallium-201 at rest in 50 patients with suspected coronary artery disease and the results were compared with electrocardiographic, ventriculographic and coronary arteriographic findings. The thallium-201 myocardial images were of good quality and compared favorably with images previously obtained with intracoronary particle injection. Myocardial to background ratios averaged 2:1, a considerable improvement over ratios reported with potassium-43. There was complete intra- and interobserver agreement in the interpretation of images in 90 and 82 percent of cases, respectively. Major disagreement occurred in less than 5 percent of cases. Overall, 15 (30 percent) had an abnormal, 10 patients (20 percent) a borderline abnormal and 25 patients (50 percent) a normal myocardial image. Of patients with electrocardiographic Q waves, 91 percent had an image defect. Of 39 patients without Q waves, 13 percent had an image defect. All 30 patients with a normal or borderline abnormal thallium-201 image had a normal ventricular contraction pattern. All patients with a segmental ventriculographic abnormality had an image defect. In all cases, the area of electrocardiographic or ventriculographic abnormality corresponded to the area of the thallium-201 image defect. The systolic ejection fraction was depressed (0.49 +/- 0.18 [mean +/- standard deviation]) in patients with an image defect compared with that in patients with a normal image (0.64 +/- 0.06, P less than 0.005). Coronary arterial lesions were present and usually of high grade in all patients with an abnormal image; however, the presence of high grade coronary stenosis or occlusion as such correlated with image defects only to the extent that prior myocardial infraction was associated. Thus, satisfactory myocardial images at rest appear to be obtained with intravenously administered thallium-201 and electrocardiographic, ventriculographic and coronary arteriographic data suggest that image defects denote regions of prior myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 842455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5047", "title": "Regional myocardial perfusion abnormalities on xenon-133 imaging in patients with angina pectoris and normal coronary arteries.", "content": "With use of semiselective xenon-133 injections and gamma camera recording, myocardial scintigrams were obtained in a series of 20 patients with angina pectoris, abnormal exercise electrocardiograms and normal coronary arteries. Ten patients (Group I) exhibited localized perfusion defects and the other 10 (Group II) a hjemogenous uptake of the tracer. Group I was characterized by more past myocardial infarctions and, most significantly, by male preponderance (P less than 0.001). Computer analysis of regional xenon-133 washout curves revealed that every patient in Group I had a reduced flow rate in the area of the perfusion defect (P less than 0.001). A comparison of this group with 26 patients with similarly abnormal scintigrams but coronary arterial obstruction revealed that myocardial perfusion was 16 to 18 percent greater in the group with normal coronary arteries. In three patients of this group, myocardial perfusion rates were not augmented by atrial pacing in contrast to the response in patients with coronary arterial obstruction. The data demonstrated localized perfusion abnormalities in half of the patients with angina pectoris and normal coronary arteries and constitute evidence that a metabolic disorder is not the sole mechanism for ischemia in this syndrome.", "contents": "Regional myocardial perfusion abnormalities on xenon-133 imaging in patients with angina pectoris and normal coronary arteries. With use of semiselective xenon-133 injections and gamma camera recording, myocardial scintigrams were obtained in a series of 20 patients with angina pectoris, abnormal exercise electrocardiograms and normal coronary arteries. Ten patients (Group I) exhibited localized perfusion defects and the other 10 (Group II) a hjemogenous uptake of the tracer. Group I was characterized by more past myocardial infarctions and, most significantly, by male preponderance (P less than 0.001). Computer analysis of regional xenon-133 washout curves revealed that every patient in Group I had a reduced flow rate in the area of the perfusion defect (P less than 0.001). A comparison of this group with 26 patients with similarly abnormal scintigrams but coronary arterial obstruction revealed that myocardial perfusion was 16 to 18 percent greater in the group with normal coronary arteries. In three patients of this group, myocardial perfusion rates were not augmented by atrial pacing in contrast to the response in patients with coronary arterial obstruction. The data demonstrated localized perfusion abnormalities in half of the patients with angina pectoris and normal coronary arteries and constitute evidence that a metabolic disorder is not the sole mechanism for ischemia in this syndrome.", "PMID": 842456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5048", "title": "Technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate scintigrams in normal subjects, patients with exercise-induced ischemia and patients with a calcified valve.", "content": "Although technetium-99m stannous (99mTc[Sn]) pyrophosphate has been shown to be a specific and sensitive index of myocardial infarction, abnormal images have been reported in patients with unstable angina or ventricular aneurysm. Sixty-one subjects--33 patients subjected to maximal treadmill stress testing, 23 normal subjects and 5 patients with a calcified aortic or mitral valve--underwent imaging with 99mTc(Sn) pyrophosphate to determine whether abnormal images are associated with (1) exercise-induced ischemia, (2) delayed clearance of tracer from the blood pool, or (3) calcified intracardiac structures. Myocardial injury was excluded on the basis of normal MB creatine kinase (CK) values in all patients with stress testing. All eight patients with an abnormal exercise stress test had normal images. Four of 25 patients with a normal exercise stress test had diffusely abnormal images. In some normal subjects diffusely abnormal images were present 60 minutes after injection of the tracer, but became normal 90 to 120 minutes after injection. Variations in clearance of tracer from the blood pool were noted in this group. Patients with a calcified aortic or mitral valve had normal images. We conclude that (1) exercise-induced ischemia is not associated with abnormal 99mTC(SN) pyrophosphate images; (2) images are not necessarily abnormal in patients with a calcified valve; and (3) delayed removal of tracer from the cardiac blood pool may result in diffusely abnormal images even in normal subjects; in these cases, repeat images should be obtained at least 2 hours after injection of the tracer to avoid false abnormal images.", "contents": "Technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate scintigrams in normal subjects, patients with exercise-induced ischemia and patients with a calcified valve. Although technetium-99m stannous (99mTc[Sn]) pyrophosphate has been shown to be a specific and sensitive index of myocardial infarction, abnormal images have been reported in patients with unstable angina or ventricular aneurysm. Sixty-one subjects--33 patients subjected to maximal treadmill stress testing, 23 normal subjects and 5 patients with a calcified aortic or mitral valve--underwent imaging with 99mTc(Sn) pyrophosphate to determine whether abnormal images are associated with (1) exercise-induced ischemia, (2) delayed clearance of tracer from the blood pool, or (3) calcified intracardiac structures. Myocardial injury was excluded on the basis of normal MB creatine kinase (CK) values in all patients with stress testing. All eight patients with an abnormal exercise stress test had normal images. Four of 25 patients with a normal exercise stress test had diffusely abnormal images. In some normal subjects diffusely abnormal images were present 60 minutes after injection of the tracer, but became normal 90 to 120 minutes after injection. Variations in clearance of tracer from the blood pool were noted in this group. Patients with a calcified aortic or mitral valve had normal images. We conclude that (1) exercise-induced ischemia is not associated with abnormal 99mTC(SN) pyrophosphate images; (2) images are not necessarily abnormal in patients with a calcified valve; and (3) delayed removal of tracer from the cardiac blood pool may result in diffusely abnormal images even in normal subjects; in these cases, repeat images should be obtained at least 2 hours after injection of the tracer to avoid false abnormal images.", "PMID": 842457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5049", "title": "Myocardial stress perfusion scintigraphy with rubidium-81 versus stress electrocardiography.", "content": "Fifty-six patients who subsequently underwent selective coronary angiography were studied noninvasively with relative myocardial perfusion scintigraphy with rubidium-81 and graded stress electrocardiography in an attempt to evaluate the ability of these tests to identify the presence of significant ischemia and, indirectly, coronary stenosis. Both the sensitivity (0.91) and specificity (0.91) of perfusion scintigraphy were impressive and better than the sensitivity (0.79) and specificity (0.64) of stress electrocardiography, the specificity of scintigraphy significantly so (P less than 0.05). Additionally, perfusion scintigraphy yielded excellent localizing information and was reliable even in the presence of drug effect, conduction abnormalities and nonspecific electrocardiographic abnormalities. Rare cases of triple vessel disease, prior myocardial infarction or single vessel disease with widespread collateral vessels were causes of scintigraphic misdiagnosis. Although ribidium-81 perfusion scintigraphy with the scintillation camera requires special collimation and significant quality control, it provides well resolved images and may prove particularly useful in facilitating quick successive multiple scintigraphic cardiac studies.", "contents": "Myocardial stress perfusion scintigraphy with rubidium-81 versus stress electrocardiography. Fifty-six patients who subsequently underwent selective coronary angiography were studied noninvasively with relative myocardial perfusion scintigraphy with rubidium-81 and graded stress electrocardiography in an attempt to evaluate the ability of these tests to identify the presence of significant ischemia and, indirectly, coronary stenosis. Both the sensitivity (0.91) and specificity (0.91) of perfusion scintigraphy were impressive and better than the sensitivity (0.79) and specificity (0.64) of stress electrocardiography, the specificity of scintigraphy significantly so (P less than 0.05). Additionally, perfusion scintigraphy yielded excellent localizing information and was reliable even in the presence of drug effect, conduction abnormalities and nonspecific electrocardiographic abnormalities. Rare cases of triple vessel disease, prior myocardial infarction or single vessel disease with widespread collateral vessels were causes of scintigraphic misdiagnosis. Although ribidium-81 perfusion scintigraphy with the scintillation camera requires special collimation and significant quality control, it provides well resolved images and may prove particularly useful in facilitating quick successive multiple scintigraphic cardiac studies.", "PMID": 842458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5050", "title": "Noninvasive detection of subcritical coronary arterial narrowings with a coronary vasodilator and myocardial perfusion imaging.", "content": "Myocardial perfusion imaging after administration of the potent coronary vasodilator ethyl adenosine-5'-carboxylate, which increases flow to normal areas in excess of that to areas supplied by subcritically stenosed vessels, was investigated as a nonischemia-producing stimulus for detecting subcritical coronary stenosis. Preliminary studies in 10 dogs with reactive hyperemia were performed with thallium-201 and potassium-43 to determine which tracer was a better indicator of increased flow. Neither agent was a linear indicator of increased flow caused by reactive hyperemia but thallium-201, because of its imaging characteristics, was selected as a flow indicator after administration of ethyl adenosine. Five dogs were studied after placement of a subcritical stenosis on the left circumflex coronary artery. Strontium-85 microspheres were injected into the left atrium after placement of the stenosis to verify that changes in resting blood flow were only minimal. Thereafter, intravenous administration of ethyl adenosine was followed by injection of chromium-51-labeled microspheres into the left atrium and intravenous administration of thallium-201. The mean ratio of left circumflex to left anterior descending coronary arterial flow was 0.96 +/- 0.16 for the control experiment after subcritical stenosis; after administration of the vasodilator the ratio of activity levels in the two arteries was 0.43 +/- 0.09 with the chromium-51 microspheres and 0.56 +/- 0.07 with thallium-201. Imaging performed in three additional dogs after injection of microspheres in the presence of subcritical stenosis revealed a normal pattern, whereas imaging after administration of the vasodilator and thallium-201 revealed a perfusion deficit. In two additional dogs without subcritical stenosis, thallium was administered after injection of ethyl adenosine to determine that the drug alone did not cause perfusion deficits. The perfusion scans in these two dogs were normal. These studies suggest that a coronary vasodilator and thallium-201 myocardial imaging can be used to detect subcritical coronary stenosis.", "contents": "Noninvasive detection of subcritical coronary arterial narrowings with a coronary vasodilator and myocardial perfusion imaging. Myocardial perfusion imaging after administration of the potent coronary vasodilator ethyl adenosine-5'-carboxylate, which increases flow to normal areas in excess of that to areas supplied by subcritically stenosed vessels, was investigated as a nonischemia-producing stimulus for detecting subcritical coronary stenosis. Preliminary studies in 10 dogs with reactive hyperemia were performed with thallium-201 and potassium-43 to determine which tracer was a better indicator of increased flow. Neither agent was a linear indicator of increased flow caused by reactive hyperemia but thallium-201, because of its imaging characteristics, was selected as a flow indicator after administration of ethyl adenosine. Five dogs were studied after placement of a subcritical stenosis on the left circumflex coronary artery. Strontium-85 microspheres were injected into the left atrium after placement of the stenosis to verify that changes in resting blood flow were only minimal. Thereafter, intravenous administration of ethyl adenosine was followed by injection of chromium-51-labeled microspheres into the left atrium and intravenous administration of thallium-201. The mean ratio of left circumflex to left anterior descending coronary arterial flow was 0.96 +/- 0.16 for the control experiment after subcritical stenosis; after administration of the vasodilator the ratio of activity levels in the two arteries was 0.43 +/- 0.09 with the chromium-51 microspheres and 0.56 +/- 0.07 with thallium-201. Imaging performed in three additional dogs after injection of microspheres in the presence of subcritical stenosis revealed a normal pattern, whereas imaging after administration of the vasodilator and thallium-201 revealed a perfusion deficit. In two additional dogs without subcritical stenosis, thallium was administered after injection of ethyl adenosine to determine that the drug alone did not cause perfusion deficits. The perfusion scans in these two dogs were normal. These studies suggest that a coronary vasodilator and thallium-201 myocardial imaging can be used to detect subcritical coronary stenosis.", "PMID": 842459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5051", "title": "Dispersion of effective refractory period during abrupt reperfusion of ischemic myocardium in dogs.", "content": "Dispersion of the effective refractory period was measured in anesthetized dogs using a computerized system and bipolar epicardial electrodes or, alternatively, transmural plunge electrodes. Measurements were made at 1 minute intervals during short (5 minute) and long (15 minute) periods of coronary arterial ligation and for 3 to 5 minutes after release of the ligatures. Both transepicardial and transmural temporal dispersion of refractoriness correlated well with the increased vulnerability to spontaneous ventricular fibrillation during short periods of ligation and the relative electrical stability observed toward the end of the longer periods of ligation. During reperfusion, transmural dispersion increased somewhat after ligature release in the longer-term experiments but the increase did not appear adequate to explain the associated large incidence of spontaneous arrhythmias after release. Effective refractory periods measured at one nonischemic and five ischemic electrode sites at intervals as short as 20 seconds revealed abrupt shortening of the refractory period at all ischemic sites during the 1st minute of reperfusion, resulting in a large but short-lived electrical gradient between the ischemic and nonischemic myocardium. This increased dispersion between the ischemic and nonischemic myocardium occurred at a time of maximal vulnerability to reperfusion arrhythmias. However, this increased dispersion was greater after the 5 minute than after the 15 minute periods of ligation and thus does not fully explain the greater incidence of reperfusion arrhythmias after ligature release in the longer-term studies. Although arrhythmias of acute ischemia are associated with increased dispersion of refractoriness within theischemic segment and reperfusion arrhythmias with dispersion between ischemic and nonischemic segments, other electrophysiologic alterations probably play an important role in the genesis of the arrhythmias of reperfusion.", "contents": "Dispersion of effective refractory period during abrupt reperfusion of ischemic myocardium in dogs. Dispersion of the effective refractory period was measured in anesthetized dogs using a computerized system and bipolar epicardial electrodes or, alternatively, transmural plunge electrodes. Measurements were made at 1 minute intervals during short (5 minute) and long (15 minute) periods of coronary arterial ligation and for 3 to 5 minutes after release of the ligatures. Both transepicardial and transmural temporal dispersion of refractoriness correlated well with the increased vulnerability to spontaneous ventricular fibrillation during short periods of ligation and the relative electrical stability observed toward the end of the longer periods of ligation. During reperfusion, transmural dispersion increased somewhat after ligature release in the longer-term experiments but the increase did not appear adequate to explain the associated large incidence of spontaneous arrhythmias after release. Effective refractory periods measured at one nonischemic and five ischemic electrode sites at intervals as short as 20 seconds revealed abrupt shortening of the refractory period at all ischemic sites during the 1st minute of reperfusion, resulting in a large but short-lived electrical gradient between the ischemic and nonischemic myocardium. This increased dispersion between the ischemic and nonischemic myocardium occurred at a time of maximal vulnerability to reperfusion arrhythmias. However, this increased dispersion was greater after the 5 minute than after the 15 minute periods of ligation and thus does not fully explain the greater incidence of reperfusion arrhythmias after ligature release in the longer-term studies. Although arrhythmias of acute ischemia are associated with increased dispersion of refractoriness within theischemic segment and reperfusion arrhythmias with dispersion between ischemic and nonischemic segments, other electrophysiologic alterations probably play an important role in the genesis of the arrhythmias of reperfusion.", "PMID": 842460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5052", "title": "Contrasting effects of dopamine and isoproterenol in experimental myocardial infarction.", "content": "The comparative effects of dopamine and isoproterenol on local myocardial contraction and ischemic injury after coronary occlusion were evaluated in 10 dogs. Dopamine (2.5 to 5 mug/kg per min) and isoproterenol (0.125 to 0.25 mug/kg per min) were randomly infused for 20 minutes, and segmental tension (Walton-Brodie gauge) of central ischemic, border and nonischemic myocardial zones and epicardial electrograms (10 to 12 sites) were simultaneously recorded. After coronary occlusion, tension in border zones decreased to 73.5 +/- 6.4 percent (mean +/- standard error of the mean) and tension in central zones to 60.6 +/- 9.9 percent (P less than  0.001) of control level, whereas total S-T elevation (sigmaST) rose from 10.8 +/- 1.6 to 98.4 +/- 14.0 mv and average S-T elevation (ST) from 1.6 +/- 0.2 to 10.8 +/- 1.6 mv (P less than 0.001). Isoproterenol increased heart rate from 148.7 +/- 6.9 to 170.6 +/- 7.7 beats/min (P less than 0.010) and improved tension in the border zone to 110.5 +/- 8.5 percent (P less than 0.010) and improved tension in the border zone to 110.5 +/- 8.5 percent (P less than 0.005) and nonischemic zone to 128.4 +/- 6.7 percent (P less than 0.02). Tension in the central zone was unchanged. However, sigmaST increased from 98.4 +/- 14.0 to 126.9 +/- 14.7 mv (P less than 0.005) and ST from 10.8 +/- 1.6 to 14.2 +/- 1.6 mv (P less than 0.001). Dopamine did not change heart rate but increased tension in the border zone from 72.4 +/- 7.9 to 124.4 +/- 16.8 percent (P less than 0.001) and tension in the nonischemic zone from 86.0 +/- 10.0 to 133.3 +/- 10.0 percent (P less than 0.01). Tension in the central zone was unimproved. However, sigmaST and ST did not increase (sigmaST from 99.8 +/- 10.8 to 97.7 +/- 13.9 mv and ST from 11.1 +/- 1.3 to 10.8 +/- 1.5 mv). Atrial pacing was used to increase heart rate during infusion of dopamine to 180.0 +/- 7.6 beats/min but neither sigmaST nor ST increased. In summary, both dopamine and isoproterenol decrease contraction abnormalities in the border and nonischemic zones after after acute coronary occlusion. Although isoproterenol increases both heart rate and S-T segment elevation, dopamine does not adversely affect either variable.", "contents": "Contrasting effects of dopamine and isoproterenol in experimental myocardial infarction. The comparative effects of dopamine and isoproterenol on local myocardial contraction and ischemic injury after coronary occlusion were evaluated in 10 dogs. Dopamine (2.5 to 5 mug/kg per min) and isoproterenol (0.125 to 0.25 mug/kg per min) were randomly infused for 20 minutes, and segmental tension (Walton-Brodie gauge) of central ischemic, border and nonischemic myocardial zones and epicardial electrograms (10 to 12 sites) were simultaneously recorded. After coronary occlusion, tension in border zones decreased to 73.5 +/- 6.4 percent (mean +/- standard error of the mean) and tension in central zones to 60.6 +/- 9.9 percent (P less than  0.001) of control level, whereas total S-T elevation (sigmaST) rose from 10.8 +/- 1.6 to 98.4 +/- 14.0 mv and average S-T elevation (ST) from 1.6 +/- 0.2 to 10.8 +/- 1.6 mv (P less than 0.001). Isoproterenol increased heart rate from 148.7 +/- 6.9 to 170.6 +/- 7.7 beats/min (P less than 0.010) and improved tension in the border zone to 110.5 +/- 8.5 percent (P less than 0.010) and improved tension in the border zone to 110.5 +/- 8.5 percent (P less than 0.005) and nonischemic zone to 128.4 +/- 6.7 percent (P less than 0.02). Tension in the central zone was unchanged. However, sigmaST increased from 98.4 +/- 14.0 to 126.9 +/- 14.7 mv (P less than 0.005) and ST from 10.8 +/- 1.6 to 14.2 +/- 1.6 mv (P less than 0.001). Dopamine did not change heart rate but increased tension in the border zone from 72.4 +/- 7.9 to 124.4 +/- 16.8 percent (P less than 0.001) and tension in the nonischemic zone from 86.0 +/- 10.0 to 133.3 +/- 10.0 percent (P less than 0.01). Tension in the central zone was unimproved. However, sigmaST and ST did not increase (sigmaST from 99.8 +/- 10.8 to 97.7 +/- 13.9 mv and ST from 11.1 +/- 1.3 to 10.8 +/- 1.5 mv). Atrial pacing was used to increase heart rate during infusion of dopamine to 180.0 +/- 7.6 beats/min but neither sigmaST nor ST increased. In summary, both dopamine and isoproterenol decrease contraction abnormalities in the border and nonischemic zones after after acute coronary occlusion. Although isoproterenol increases both heart rate and S-T segment elevation, dopamine does not adversely affect either variable.", "PMID": 842461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5053", "title": "Effects of orthostatic postural changes on myocardial oxygen demands.", "content": "The effects of orthostatic tilting were studied in 12 mongrel dogs anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. Orthostasis produced significant decreases in cardiac output and left ventricular dimensions. Secondary decreases in coronary flow and myocardial oxygen consumption were also documented. These changes were attenuated when the animals were pretreated with propranolol. The upright posture may be of value in treatment of angina pectoris.", "contents": "Effects of orthostatic postural changes on myocardial oxygen demands. The effects of orthostatic tilting were studied in 12 mongrel dogs anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. Orthostasis produced significant decreases in cardiac output and left ventricular dimensions. Secondary decreases in coronary flow and myocardial oxygen consumption were also documented. These changes were attenuated when the animals were pretreated with propranolol. The upright posture may be of value in treatment of angina pectoris.", "PMID": 842462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5054", "title": "Bronchopulmonary circulation in d-transposition of the great arteries: possible role in genesis of accelerated pulmonary vascular disease.", "content": "Hemodynamic and angiograhic data from 209 patients with d-transposition of the great arteries were reviewed to estimate the incidence of prominent bronchopulmonary circulation and to explore its role in the genesis of accelerated pulmonary vascular disease in these patients. The degree of bronchopulmonary circulation was assessed visually by considering the extent of the pulmonary arterial opacification and the circulation to the left atrium. An initial survey study revealed a marked degree of collateral circulation in 20 of 138 patients with d-transposition having cardiac catheterization before age 2 years at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, between 1967 and 1972. Detailed analysis of 71 additional patients with d-transposition aged 1 week to 72 months (mean 17 months) studied at Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, between 1967 and 1974 showed collateral circulation of marked degree in 23 and of mild degree in 14. The bronchopulmonary collateral vessels were more freqently demonstrated in the patients with intact ventricular septum than in those with ventricular septal defect or left ventricular outflow tract stenosis. In a prospective study in 12 of 15 patients during cardiac catheterization the functional patency of the bronchopulmonary collateral circulation was demonstrated by obstructing pulmonary blood flow in the right or left pulmonary artery, or both, with an inflated balloon and obtaining from the pulmonary arterial segment distal to the occlusion blood with an oxygen saturation similar to that of the aorta. A hypothesis is presented concerning the role of systemic hypoxemia and local pulmonary hypoxemia induced by way of the bronchopulmonary collateral vessels and the bronchial arterial vasovasorum in promoting pulmonary vasoconstriction. It is suggested that increased pulmonary blood flow and pressure due to the physiologic features of ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus or transposition of the great vessels, in the face of this regionally increased hypoxemia results in accelerated pulmonary vascular disease.", "contents": "Bronchopulmonary circulation in d-transposition of the great arteries: possible role in genesis of accelerated pulmonary vascular disease. Hemodynamic and angiograhic data from 209 patients with d-transposition of the great arteries were reviewed to estimate the incidence of prominent bronchopulmonary circulation and to explore its role in the genesis of accelerated pulmonary vascular disease in these patients. The degree of bronchopulmonary circulation was assessed visually by considering the extent of the pulmonary arterial opacification and the circulation to the left atrium. An initial survey study revealed a marked degree of collateral circulation in 20 of 138 patients with d-transposition having cardiac catheterization before age 2 years at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, between 1967 and 1972. Detailed analysis of 71 additional patients with d-transposition aged 1 week to 72 months (mean 17 months) studied at Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, between 1967 and 1974 showed collateral circulation of marked degree in 23 and of mild degree in 14. The bronchopulmonary collateral vessels were more freqently demonstrated in the patients with intact ventricular septum than in those with ventricular septal defect or left ventricular outflow tract stenosis. In a prospective study in 12 of 15 patients during cardiac catheterization the functional patency of the bronchopulmonary collateral circulation was demonstrated by obstructing pulmonary blood flow in the right or left pulmonary artery, or both, with an inflated balloon and obtaining from the pulmonary arterial segment distal to the occlusion blood with an oxygen saturation similar to that of the aorta. A hypothesis is presented concerning the role of systemic hypoxemia and local pulmonary hypoxemia induced by way of the bronchopulmonary collateral vessels and the bronchial arterial vasovasorum in promoting pulmonary vasoconstriction. It is suggested that increased pulmonary blood flow and pressure due to the physiologic features of ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus or transposition of the great vessels, in the face of this regionally increased hypoxemia results in accelerated pulmonary vascular disease.", "PMID": 842463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5055", "title": "Isolated partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage associated with pulmonary vascular obstructive disease.", "content": "Five patients with partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage with intact atrial septum are described. In two patients, pulmonary arterial hypertension and pulmonary vascular disease developed. Both had one or more right pulmonary veins draining anomalously to the right superior vena cava. It is postulated that a combination of increased pulmonary blood flow and reflex pulmonary vascular changes contributes to the production of pulmonary vascular obstructive disease.", "contents": "Isolated partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage associated with pulmonary vascular obstructive disease. Five patients with partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage with intact atrial septum are described. In two patients, pulmonary arterial hypertension and pulmonary vascular disease developed. Both had one or more right pulmonary veins draining anomalously to the right superior vena cava. It is postulated that a combination of increased pulmonary blood flow and reflex pulmonary vascular changes contributes to the production of pulmonary vascular obstructive disease.", "PMID": 842464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5056", "title": "Afterload reduction and cardiac ouptut in infants early after intracardiac surgery.", "content": "Sixteen infants less than 18 months old were studied within 3 hours of intracardiac surgery. Initial mean arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance levels were higher than normal in each infant (99 +/- 17.2 mm Hg and 48 +/- 18.1 units'm2', respectively [mean +/- standard deviation]); cardiac index was low (1.9 +/- 0.48 liters'min-1-2) and mean left and right atrial pressures were 11.4 +/- 2.39 and 12.5 +/- 3.10 mm Hg, respectively. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure was 29 mm Hg; pulmonary vascular resistance was 8.6 units'm2'. When nitroprusside was infused to reduce mean arterial pressure to about normal, cardiac index increased 17 percent and mean left and right atrial pressures decreased 25 and 22 percent, respectively. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure decreased 31 percent. When atrial pressures returned to initial values after infusion of blood with continued infusion of nitroprusside, cardiac index increased another 24 percent. When administration of nitroprusside was discontinued, cardiac index decreased to 116 percent of the initial value and mean atrial pressure increased to 90 percent of the initial value. The study demonstrated the favorable effect on cardiac output of vasodilator therapy in combination with blood volume expansion in hypertensive infants early after intracardiac surgery. An empirical equation interrelating atrial and arterial pressures and cardiac index was derived from the data.", "contents": "Afterload reduction and cardiac ouptut in infants early after intracardiac surgery. Sixteen infants less than 18 months old were studied within 3 hours of intracardiac surgery. Initial mean arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance levels were higher than normal in each infant (99 +/- 17.2 mm Hg and 48 +/- 18.1 units'm2', respectively [mean +/- standard deviation]); cardiac index was low (1.9 +/- 0.48 liters'min-1-2) and mean left and right atrial pressures were 11.4 +/- 2.39 and 12.5 +/- 3.10 mm Hg, respectively. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure was 29 mm Hg; pulmonary vascular resistance was 8.6 units'm2'. When nitroprusside was infused to reduce mean arterial pressure to about normal, cardiac index increased 17 percent and mean left and right atrial pressures decreased 25 and 22 percent, respectively. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure decreased 31 percent. When atrial pressures returned to initial values after infusion of blood with continued infusion of nitroprusside, cardiac index increased another 24 percent. When administration of nitroprusside was discontinued, cardiac index decreased to 116 percent of the initial value and mean atrial pressure increased to 90 percent of the initial value. The study demonstrated the favorable effect on cardiac output of vasodilator therapy in combination with blood volume expansion in hypertensive infants early after intracardiac surgery. An empirical equation interrelating atrial and arterial pressures and cardiac index was derived from the data.", "PMID": 842465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5057", "title": "Relation of body weight to development of ischemic heart disease in a cohort of young North American men after a 26 year observation period: the Manitoba Study.", "content": "The role of overweight as a risk factor for ischemic heart disease remains controversial. Therefore, in the Manitoba Study of a cohort of 3,983 men with a mean age at entry of 30.8 years, initial measurements of body weight, represented by body mass index (weight/height2), were compared with the 26 year incidence of ischemic heart disease. After adjustment for the effects of age and blood pressure in univariate and multivariate analysis, body mass index was a significant predictor of the 390 cases of ischemic heart disease. To elucidate this relation further, the cohort was further analyzed after categorization by age at entry, time of occurrence of disease after entry and manifestation of ischemic heart disease. The association with weight was most apparent in men less than 40 years of age and was not evident until 16 years of follow-up. A high body mass index was significantly associated with development of myocardial infarction, sudden death and coronary insufficiency or suspected myocardial infarction; the relation was strongest with sudden death. Among men who had a myocardial infarction, body mass index was more strongly associated with sudden death and was the best predictor of myocardial infarction occurring after 20 years of observation. Thus, after adjustment for the effect of age and blood pressure, overweight is a definite risk factor but primarily in younger men, after long periods of observation and for certain manifestations of ischemic heart disease.", "contents": "Relation of body weight to development of ischemic heart disease in a cohort of young North American men after a 26 year observation period: the Manitoba Study. The role of overweight as a risk factor for ischemic heart disease remains controversial. Therefore, in the Manitoba Study of a cohort of 3,983 men with a mean age at entry of 30.8 years, initial measurements of body weight, represented by body mass index (weight/height2), were compared with the 26 year incidence of ischemic heart disease. After adjustment for the effects of age and blood pressure in univariate and multivariate analysis, body mass index was a significant predictor of the 390 cases of ischemic heart disease. To elucidate this relation further, the cohort was further analyzed after categorization by age at entry, time of occurrence of disease after entry and manifestation of ischemic heart disease. The association with weight was most apparent in men less than 40 years of age and was not evident until 16 years of follow-up. A high body mass index was significantly associated with development of myocardial infarction, sudden death and coronary insufficiency or suspected myocardial infarction; the relation was strongest with sudden death. Among men who had a myocardial infarction, body mass index was more strongly associated with sudden death and was the best predictor of myocardial infarction occurring after 20 years of observation. Thus, after adjustment for the effect of age and blood pressure, overweight is a definite risk factor but primarily in younger men, after long periods of observation and for certain manifestations of ischemic heart disease.", "PMID": 842466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5058", "title": "Effect of intermittent left bundle branch block on left ventricular performance in the normal heart.", "content": "The effect of left bundle branch block on left ventricular performance was studied in a patient with rate-dependent left bundle branch block and an otherwise normal heart. The timing of left heart events, hemodynamic pressures and indexes of left ventricular contractility were determined during normal intraventricular conduction and during left bundle branch block. The results indicate that in the normal heart left bundle branch block has no significant effect on left ventricular performance.", "contents": "Effect of intermittent left bundle branch block on left ventricular performance in the normal heart. The effect of left bundle branch block on left ventricular performance was studied in a patient with rate-dependent left bundle branch block and an otherwise normal heart. The timing of left heart events, hemodynamic pressures and indexes of left ventricular contractility were determined during normal intraventricular conduction and during left bundle branch block. The results indicate that in the normal heart left bundle branch block has no significant effect on left ventricular performance.", "PMID": 842467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5059", "title": "Development of the octopus cell area in the cat ventral cochlear nucleus.", "content": "The octopus cell area (OCA) of the posteroventral cochlear nucleus was studied electron microscopically in kittens. The adult OCA, a region of morphologically homogeneous neurons receiving heterotypic synapses from the cochlea, was used to define the mature state. The OCA reaches cytological maturity at three weeks postnatally, after progression through four stages, defined on the basis of octopus cell cytology (including relative numbers of somatic and dendritic filopodia and spines) and the frequency, ultrastructure and location of previously defined synaptic terminals. Octopus cell size was also studied in rapid Golgi impregnations. The OCA from birth through three postnatal days (stage 1) showed small neurons, few identifiable synaptic types, small, mostly unmyelinated axons, mitotic cells and undifferentiated glia. Between the fourth and seventh postnatal days (stage 2) distinct type 1 and type 2 endings appeared and dendrites thickened, expanded peripherally and developed mature spines. During stage 3 (8-19 days) loss of filopodia, increased somatic spicules, larger somas and clearer differentiation of type 1 and type 2 synapses occurred. After three postnatal weeks (stage 4) the OCA contained morphologically mature octopus cell somas, all three synaptic types ending upon somas and thick basal dendrites, and fascicles of myelinated fibers. Although cytologically mature, the OCA at this stage (about 20-35 days) is substantially smaller than the adult OCA. This smaller size will facilitate further study of OCA synaptic organization.", "contents": "Development of the octopus cell area in the cat ventral cochlear nucleus. The octopus cell area (OCA) of the posteroventral cochlear nucleus was studied electron microscopically in kittens. The adult OCA, a region of morphologically homogeneous neurons receiving heterotypic synapses from the cochlea, was used to define the mature state. The OCA reaches cytological maturity at three weeks postnatally, after progression through four stages, defined on the basis of octopus cell cytology (including relative numbers of somatic and dendritic filopodia and spines) and the frequency, ultrastructure and location of previously defined synaptic terminals. Octopus cell size was also studied in rapid Golgi impregnations. The OCA from birth through three postnatal days (stage 1) showed small neurons, few identifiable synaptic types, small, mostly unmyelinated axons, mitotic cells and undifferentiated glia. Between the fourth and seventh postnatal days (stage 2) distinct type 1 and type 2 endings appeared and dendrites thickened, expanded peripherally and developed mature spines. During stage 3 (8-19 days) loss of filopodia, increased somatic spicules, larger somas and clearer differentiation of type 1 and type 2 synapses occurred. After three postnatal weeks (stage 4) the OCA contained morphologically mature octopus cell somas, all three synaptic types ending upon somas and thick basal dendrites, and fascicles of myelinated fibers. Although cytologically mature, the OCA at this stage (about 20-35 days) is substantially smaller than the adult OCA. This smaller size will facilitate further study of OCA synaptic organization.", "PMID": 842470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5060", "title": "Nigro-amygdaloid fiber connections in the cat.", "content": "Relatively discrete unilateral lesions were made in the lateral portion of the substantia nigra of eight cats and in the medial substantia nigra of two. After a 10-day survival period the animals were killed, brains were stored in buffered 10% formalin, and frozen sections were stained for degenerating axons and terminals, or by Weil and cresyl violet methods. Electordes passed through the midial suprasylvian gyrus, pulvinar and/or posterolateral thalamic nucleus and the medial geniculate body. The stria terminalis and hippocampus were undamaged. Degeneration from the lesion followed two paths. One projected through the reticular nucleus into the internal capsule and then ventrolaterally below the putamen to enter the lateral and central amygdaloid nuclei, with degenerated terminals. The second path ran dorsolaterally in the internal capsule to enter the external capsule where some of the fibers spread into the lateral amygdaloid nucleus. It appears that some of the terminals in the lateral amygdaloid nucleus are from the external capsule. Perhaps these connections link the extrapyramidal system to the amygdaloid body.", "contents": "Nigro-amygdaloid fiber connections in the cat. Relatively discrete unilateral lesions were made in the lateral portion of the substantia nigra of eight cats and in the medial substantia nigra of two. After a 10-day survival period the animals were killed, brains were stored in buffered 10% formalin, and frozen sections were stained for degenerating axons and terminals, or by Weil and cresyl violet methods. Electordes passed through the midial suprasylvian gyrus, pulvinar and/or posterolateral thalamic nucleus and the medial geniculate body. The stria terminalis and hippocampus were undamaged. Degeneration from the lesion followed two paths. One projected through the reticular nucleus into the internal capsule and then ventrolaterally below the putamen to enter the lateral and central amygdaloid nuclei, with degenerated terminals. The second path ran dorsolaterally in the internal capsule to enter the external capsule where some of the fibers spread into the lateral amygdaloid nucleus. It appears that some of the terminals in the lateral amygdaloid nucleus are from the external capsule. Perhaps these connections link the extrapyramidal system to the amygdaloid body.", "PMID": 842471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5061", "title": "Organization of desmosomes in Bowman's gland duct cells in a marsupial.", "content": "Non-secretory cells lining the ducts of Bowman's gland in the olfactory epithelium of the bandicoot (Isoodon macrourus) are united below the duct lumen by an unusually well-organized series of desmosomes linked by conspicuous fibrillar bundles with long mitochondria aligned close to the bundles. It is suggested that these junctional specializations may help to maintain an intact duct lumen in a part of the epithelium with considerable intercellular space.", "contents": "Organization of desmosomes in Bowman's gland duct cells in a marsupial. Non-secretory cells lining the ducts of Bowman's gland in the olfactory epithelium of the bandicoot (Isoodon macrourus) are united below the duct lumen by an unusually well-organized series of desmosomes linked by conspicuous fibrillar bundles with long mitochondria aligned close to the bundles. It is suggested that these junctional specializations may help to maintain an intact duct lumen in a part of the epithelium with considerable intercellular space.", "PMID": 842472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5062", "title": "The effect of HCG on pinocytosis iwthin the canine inter-sertoli cell tight junction. A preliminary report.", "content": "The role of tight junctions in permeability barriers is now well established. Other roles for this junction have been postulated but have not been demonstrated. In both adult and prepubertal dogs, stimulation with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) results in an  increased number of pinocytotic vesicles on the membrane faces enclosed by tight junctions within the inter-Sertoli cell junctions of the testis. It is suggested that these membranous regions, protected from the normal flow of intercellular fluids, may act as regions of selective intercellular exchange.", "contents": "The effect of HCG on pinocytosis iwthin the canine inter-sertoli cell tight junction. A preliminary report. The role of tight junctions in permeability barriers is now well established. Other roles for this junction have been postulated but have not been demonstrated. In both adult and prepubertal dogs, stimulation with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) results in an  increased number of pinocytotic vesicles on the membrane faces enclosed by tight junctions within the inter-Sertoli cell junctions of the testis. It is suggested that these membranous regions, protected from the normal flow of intercellular fluids, may act as regions of selective intercellular exchange.", "PMID": 842473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5063", "title": "Stability of the intra-epithelial component of the blood-testis barrier in epinephrine-induced testicular degeneration in Syrian hamsters.", "content": "Adult male Syrian hamsters were given daily intraperitoneal injections of epinephrine (1.0 mg/kg) and papaverine, a vasodilator, (60 mg/kg) for a period of ten days. After the treatment period, lanthanum and horseradish peroxidase tracer studies were used to examine the intra-epithelial component of the blood-testis barrier. Degenerating tubules often exhibited only Sertoli cells and spermatogonia, or Sertoli cells alone. Sertoli cell processes in the degenerating tubules often arched out from the main cell body to make contact with other Sertoli cell processes, forming a series of vacuole-like spaces in the germinal epithelium, adluminal to the Sertoli-Sertoli junctions. At the site of contact between these arching Sertoli cell processes one to eight tight junctions had formed with hexagonal arrays of Sertoli cell cytoplasmic filaments located immediately adjacent to these junctions. Cisternae of the Sertoli cell endoplasmic reticulum lay deep to the layer of cytoplasmic filaments. It appeared that these junctions had originated after the expulsion of the germinal elements of the seminiferous epithelium. Penetration of the tracers in the degenerating seminiferous tubules was prevented by what appeared to be normal Sertoli-Sertoli junctions located between apposed Sertoli cells, adluminal to the remaining spermatogonia when these resisted degeneration, or just adluminal to the basal lamina in those tubules in which spermatogonia were absent.", "contents": "Stability of the intra-epithelial component of the blood-testis barrier in epinephrine-induced testicular degeneration in Syrian hamsters. Adult male Syrian hamsters were given daily intraperitoneal injections of epinephrine (1.0 mg/kg) and papaverine, a vasodilator, (60 mg/kg) for a period of ten days. After the treatment period, lanthanum and horseradish peroxidase tracer studies were used to examine the intra-epithelial component of the blood-testis barrier. Degenerating tubules often exhibited only Sertoli cells and spermatogonia, or Sertoli cells alone. Sertoli cell processes in the degenerating tubules often arched out from the main cell body to make contact with other Sertoli cell processes, forming a series of vacuole-like spaces in the germinal epithelium, adluminal to the Sertoli-Sertoli junctions. At the site of contact between these arching Sertoli cell processes one to eight tight junctions had formed with hexagonal arrays of Sertoli cell cytoplasmic filaments located immediately adjacent to these junctions. Cisternae of the Sertoli cell endoplasmic reticulum lay deep to the layer of cytoplasmic filaments. It appeared that these junctions had originated after the expulsion of the germinal elements of the seminiferous epithelium. Penetration of the tracers in the degenerating seminiferous tubules was prevented by what appeared to be normal Sertoli-Sertoli junctions located between apposed Sertoli cells, adluminal to the remaining spermatogonia when these resisted degeneration, or just adluminal to the basal lamina in those tubules in which spermatogonia were absent.", "PMID": 842474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5064", "title": "Sertoli-sertoli junctions and Sertoli-spermatid junctions after efferent ductule ligation and lanthanum treatment.", "content": "Seminiferous tubules, partially dilated by ligation of the efferent ductules, were examined after treatment with lanthanum. Lanthanum penetrated the intercellular spaces of the seminiferous epithelium, but only to the level of the Sertoli-Sertoli junctions. Further penetration from the interstitial surface of the tubule was restricted by membrane fusions (tight junctions) at the junctional complex. Lanthanum also penetrated the epithelium from the luminal surface permeating the adluminal intercellular spaces, including the site of the Sertoli-spermatid junction. The lanthanum occupying the Sertoli-spermatid junctional site appeared as a slightly narrower electron-opaque zone than that found in the non-specialized intercellular areas. The findings clearly reveal that only the Sertoli-Sertoli junctional site forms a restrictive barrier. In contrast to the specializations of plasma membrane which form the tight junction, the associated filaments and cisterna of endoplasmic reticulum may be components more directly related to maintaining and regulating cell adhesion.", "contents": "Sertoli-sertoli junctions and Sertoli-spermatid junctions after efferent ductule ligation and lanthanum treatment. Seminiferous tubules, partially dilated by ligation of the efferent ductules, were examined after treatment with lanthanum. Lanthanum penetrated the intercellular spaces of the seminiferous epithelium, but only to the level of the Sertoli-Sertoli junctions. Further penetration from the interstitial surface of the tubule was restricted by membrane fusions (tight junctions) at the junctional complex. Lanthanum also penetrated the epithelium from the luminal surface permeating the adluminal intercellular spaces, including the site of the Sertoli-spermatid junction. The lanthanum occupying the Sertoli-spermatid junctional site appeared as a slightly narrower electron-opaque zone than that found in the non-specialized intercellular areas. The findings clearly reveal that only the Sertoli-Sertoli junctional site forms a restrictive barrier. In contrast to the specializations of plasma membrane which form the tight junction, the associated filaments and cisterna of endoplasmic reticulum may be components more directly related to maintaining and regulating cell adhesion.", "PMID": 842475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5065", "title": "Age-related change in the neuronal microenvironment: penetration of ruthenium red into extracellular space of brain in young adult and senescent rats.", "content": "The volume of the extracellular space, which contributes to the microenvironment of neurons, is diminished in the brains of senescent (as compared to adult) rats and an age-related change in its composition has been hypothesized. To test this hypothesis we have compared the penetration of ruthenium red, a polyanion selectively distributed in the extracellular space, into the dentate gyri of young adult and senescent Fischer 344 rats. Slices of hoppocampal formation were fixed by immersion, first in a glutaraldehyde solution containing ruthenium red, then in a solution of osmium tetroxide containind examined by electron microscopy. Dense particles of ruthenium red reaction product were readily localized in intercellular channels and synaptic clefts and the depth of penetration of ruthenium red in 25-month-old rats, as compared with 3-month-old animals, was found. These data indicate an age-related change in the charge density of the intercellular channels in the dentate gyrus of 25-month-old rats. They suggest a primary age-related change in the charg density of extracellular macromoledules, presumed to be primarily glycosaminoglycans, with a consequent change in water binding capacity and volume of the extracellular space.", "contents": "Age-related change in the neuronal microenvironment: penetration of ruthenium red into extracellular space of brain in young adult and senescent rats. The volume of the extracellular space, which contributes to the microenvironment of neurons, is diminished in the brains of senescent (as compared to adult) rats and an age-related change in its composition has been hypothesized. To test this hypothesis we have compared the penetration of ruthenium red, a polyanion selectively distributed in the extracellular space, into the dentate gyri of young adult and senescent Fischer 344 rats. Slices of hoppocampal formation were fixed by immersion, first in a glutaraldehyde solution containing ruthenium red, then in a solution of osmium tetroxide containind examined by electron microscopy. Dense particles of ruthenium red reaction product were readily localized in intercellular channels and synaptic clefts and the depth of penetration of ruthenium red in 25-month-old rats, as compared with 3-month-old animals, was found. These data indicate an age-related change in the charge density of the intercellular channels in the dentate gyrus of 25-month-old rats. They suggest a primary age-related change in the charg density of extracellular macromoledules, presumed to be primarily glycosaminoglycans, with a consequent change in water binding capacity and volume of the extracellular space.", "PMID": 842476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5066", "title": "Structural development of endocardial cushions.", "content": "Development of chick and rat endocardial cushions (cardiac mesenchyme) was studied histologically (using Nomarski differential interference optics on living and unfixed tissue), ultrastructurally (scanning and transmission electron microscopy), cytochemically (using acidified dialyzed iron as a visual probe for polyanionic material) and autoradiographically (using 35S) to elucidate the origin of the mesenchyme, the morphologic sequences leading to cushion formation and secretion of sulfated glycosaminoglycans, if any, by migrating mesenchymal cells. Cushion formation was similar for both species. Mesenchymal cells appeared initially, in 16- to 18-somite embryos, beneath the endothelium (which lacked a basal lamina) of the future atrioventricular canal and outflow tract. The cytoplasm of cushion mesenchymal cells was structurally similar to the ensothelium; probably these cells arose by proliferation of the endothelium. Mitotic figures among the \"seeded\" cells were also numerous. Cushion cells were initially attached to the endothelium by desmosomes but acquired motile apparatus (pseudopodia and filopodia containing microtubules and microfilamentous bundles). Serial sectioning of successively-aged embryos (20-44 somites) indicated a centrifugal migratory direction. Interaction of the cell processes with extracellular matrix suggested that the latter was used as a migratory substrate. Contact of the advancing wedge of cushion cells with the myocardium produced no alteration in cell structure or mitotic activity. Localization of hyaluronidase-sensitive, dialyzed iron (DI) precipitates in 250-nm Golgi vacuoles and hyaluronidase-sensitive 35S-endangendered silver grains over cushion cells indicated that this tissue contributed sulfated macromolecules to the matrix. Localization of hyaluronidase-labile, DI material in coated, endocytic-like vesicles and caveolae also suggested potential modification or conditioning of the matrix by migrating mesenchymal cells. Altogether, the study established loci in developing cushions where disruption where disruption of the developmental sequence could engender valvular or septal defects.", "contents": "Structural development of endocardial cushions. Development of chick and rat endocardial cushions (cardiac mesenchyme) was studied histologically (using Nomarski differential interference optics on living and unfixed tissue), ultrastructurally (scanning and transmission electron microscopy), cytochemically (using acidified dialyzed iron as a visual probe for polyanionic material) and autoradiographically (using 35S) to elucidate the origin of the mesenchyme, the morphologic sequences leading to cushion formation and secretion of sulfated glycosaminoglycans, if any, by migrating mesenchymal cells. Cushion formation was similar for both species. Mesenchymal cells appeared initially, in 16- to 18-somite embryos, beneath the endothelium (which lacked a basal lamina) of the future atrioventricular canal and outflow tract. The cytoplasm of cushion mesenchymal cells was structurally similar to the ensothelium; probably these cells arose by proliferation of the endothelium. Mitotic figures among the \"seeded\" cells were also numerous. Cushion cells were initially attached to the endothelium by desmosomes but acquired motile apparatus (pseudopodia and filopodia containing microtubules and microfilamentous bundles). Serial sectioning of successively-aged embryos (20-44 somites) indicated a centrifugal migratory direction. Interaction of the cell processes with extracellular matrix suggested that the latter was used as a migratory substrate. Contact of the advancing wedge of cushion cells with the myocardium produced no alteration in cell structure or mitotic activity. Localization of hyaluronidase-sensitive, dialyzed iron (DI) precipitates in 250-nm Golgi vacuoles and hyaluronidase-sensitive 35S-endangendered silver grains over cushion cells indicated that this tissue contributed sulfated macromolecules to the matrix. Localization of hyaluronidase-labile, DI material in coated, endocytic-like vesicles and caveolae also suggested potential modification or conditioning of the matrix by migrating mesenchymal cells. Altogether, the study established loci in developing cushions where disruption where disruption of the developmental sequence could engender valvular or septal defects.", "PMID": 842477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5067", "title": "Evaluation of the heart rate method to determine the daily energy expenditure in disease. A study in juvenile diabetics.", "content": "Three different methods for the determination of the daily energy expenditure in disease were evaluated. The methods were based on a heart rate technique that caused the least possible interference with usual bahaviour of the patients. The study was performed on six juvenile diabetics in their homes and during a hospital stay of 3 weeks with sedentary as well as moderate physical activity. The daily energy supply derived from food analyses and urinary glucose losses, the body weight, and the total body potassium were followed. The three methods were: individual relationships between energy expenditure and heart rate with (method A) and without (method B) considering different body positions and the use of tabulated data on these relationships (method C). It was concluded that individual relationships had to be established and, furthermore, that these relationships must be determined within the whole activity area of the subjects. No consideration of the body position was found to be necessary. The blood glucose level had no influence on the energy expenditure or the heart rate. The activity of this group of diabetics was not significiantly different from what is normally expected for healthy subjects under similar conditions. The proposed heart rate method was found applicable in sedentary as well as physically active persons and would be possible to use in other patient groups.", "contents": "Evaluation of the heart rate method to determine the daily energy expenditure in disease. A study in juvenile diabetics. Three different methods for the determination of the daily energy expenditure in disease were evaluated. The methods were based on a heart rate technique that caused the least possible interference with usual bahaviour of the patients. The study was performed on six juvenile diabetics in their homes and during a hospital stay of 3 weeks with sedentary as well as moderate physical activity. The daily energy supply derived from food analyses and urinary glucose losses, the body weight, and the total body potassium were followed. The three methods were: individual relationships between energy expenditure and heart rate with (method A) and without (method B) considering different body positions and the use of tabulated data on these relationships (method C). It was concluded that individual relationships had to be established and, furthermore, that these relationships must be determined within the whole activity area of the subjects. No consideration of the body position was found to be necessary. The blood glucose level had no influence on the energy expenditure or the heart rate. The activity of this group of diabetics was not significiantly different from what is normally expected for healthy subjects under similar conditions. The proposed heart rate method was found applicable in sedentary as well as physically active persons and would be possible to use in other patient groups.", "PMID": 842482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5068", "title": "Productivity and maximal oxygen consumption in sugar cane cutters.", "content": "Vo2max and daily productivity (metric tons/day) have been measured in 46 sugar cane cutters 18 to 34 years of age. A multiple regression analysis demonstrated that productivity was simultaneously related to VO2max, height and body fat (r=0.685;P less than 0.001). The multiple regression equation was: productivity (tons/day)=0.81 VO2max-0.14 percent fat +0.03 height -1.96. The data indicate that productivity is affected indirectly by nutritional status through the influence of the latter on height, fat content and VO2max. The decrease in VO2max that occurs with age was similar to that reported in the literature. Evidence is presented that, as the worker ages, a higher percent VO2max has to be utilized to maintain productivity.", "contents": "Productivity and maximal oxygen consumption in sugar cane cutters. Vo2max and daily productivity (metric tons/day) have been measured in 46 sugar cane cutters 18 to 34 years of age. A multiple regression analysis demonstrated that productivity was simultaneously related to VO2max, height and body fat (r=0.685;P less than 0.001). The multiple regression equation was: productivity (tons/day)=0.81 VO2max-0.14 percent fat +0.03 height -1.96. The data indicate that productivity is affected indirectly by nutritional status through the influence of the latter on height, fat content and VO2max. The decrease in VO2max that occurs with age was similar to that reported in the literature. Evidence is presented that, as the worker ages, a higher percent VO2max has to be utilized to maintain productivity.", "PMID": 842483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5069", "title": "Body size and work output.", "content": "The relationship between work output and anthropometric, biochemical, and socioeconomic varables was studied in 57 male industrial workers engaged in the production of detonator fuses. These workers were studied for 3 months and their daily work output was carefully measured. Work output was measured in terms of the number of fuses produced per day. Clinical and biochemical examination indicated that their current nutritional status was adequate. Among the parameters studied only body weight, height, and lean body weight were significantly correlated with work output. Body weight and lean body weight were significantly correlated (P less than 0.001) with work output even after removing the influence of height by partial correlation. Total daily work output was significantly higher (P less than 0.01) in those with higher body weight and lean body weight. The rate of work was also higher in the higher body weight group", "contents": "Body size and work output. The relationship between work output and anthropometric, biochemical, and socioeconomic varables was studied in 57 male industrial workers engaged in the production of detonator fuses. These workers were studied for 3 months and their daily work output was carefully measured. Work output was measured in terms of the number of fuses produced per day. Clinical and biochemical examination indicated that their current nutritional status was adequate. Among the parameters studied only body weight, height, and lean body weight were significantly correlated with work output. Body weight and lean body weight were significantly correlated (P less than 0.001) with work output even after removing the influence of height by partial correlation. Total daily work output was significantly higher (P less than 0.01) in those with higher body weight and lean body weight. The rate of work was also higher in the higher body weight group", "PMID": 842484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5070", "title": "Endurance training and body compostition of the elderly.", "content": "Body composition was studied in subjects from the seventh decade of life (13 M, 25F), observations being made on recruitment and at selected points over a 1-year program of endurance training. As at younger ages, the women initially had more subcultaneous fat than the men, particularly over the limbs. In both sexes, excess weights (9.3 kg. M; 8.1 kg, F) and average skinfold radings (16.2 mm, M; 21.1mm, F) were greater than in younger adults. Edurance training (1 hr of supervised exercise, 150-200 kcal persession, nominal four sessions per week) progressively reduced skinfold readings, by an average of 1.6 mm at 7 weeks, by 2.4 dependent upon the intensity and the frequency of exercise undertaken by the individual. Total body potassium (40K determinations) agreed well with previous studies of older subjects. Body fat estimated form 40K showed a fair correlation with skinfold estimates of body fat (r=0.69, M; 0.93, F), but absolute precentages were higher by 40K(36.6%, M; 48.7%, F) than by subcutaneous fat measurements (20%, M;32% F). Body potassium increased by 4% over the year of training, 70% of this change, occurring between the 14th and the 52nd week of conditioning. Small gains were also recorded in arm circumference, grip strenght (R but not L) and knee extension force. Neutron activation data showed that both sexes had lower initial bone calcium counts than sedentary middle-aged adults. The sample as a whole showed no calcium loss over the year of training, but the group taking the least exercise did show a significant loss (P less than 0.05). Modest endurance training of an elderly population seems not only to correct loss of cardiorespiratory condition, but also to induce favorable changes in body fat and lean mass.", "contents": "Endurance training and body compostition of the elderly. Body composition was studied in subjects from the seventh decade of life (13 M, 25F), observations being made on recruitment and at selected points over a 1-year program of endurance training. As at younger ages, the women initially had more subcultaneous fat than the men, particularly over the limbs. In both sexes, excess weights (9.3 kg. M; 8.1 kg, F) and average skinfold radings (16.2 mm, M; 21.1mm, F) were greater than in younger adults. Edurance training (1 hr of supervised exercise, 150-200 kcal persession, nominal four sessions per week) progressively reduced skinfold readings, by an average of 1.6 mm at 7 weeks, by 2.4 dependent upon the intensity and the frequency of exercise undertaken by the individual. Total body potassium (40K determinations) agreed well with previous studies of older subjects. Body fat estimated form 40K showed a fair correlation with skinfold estimates of body fat (r=0.69, M; 0.93, F), but absolute precentages were higher by 40K(36.6%, M; 48.7%, F) than by subcutaneous fat measurements (20%, M;32% F). Body potassium increased by 4% over the year of training, 70% of this change, occurring between the 14th and the 52nd week of conditioning. Small gains were also recorded in arm circumference, grip strenght (R but not L) and knee extension force. Neutron activation data showed that both sexes had lower initial bone calcium counts than sedentary middle-aged adults. The sample as a whole showed no calcium loss over the year of training, but the group taking the least exercise did show a significant loss (P less than 0.05). Modest endurance training of an elderly population seems not only to correct loss of cardiorespiratory condition, but also to induce favorable changes in body fat and lean mass.", "PMID": 842485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5071", "title": "Defective local leukocyte mobilization in children with kwashiorkor.", "content": "The Rebuck window technique was used to determine the functional integrity of the inflammatory response in nine children with kwashiorkor. The total numbers of leukocytes mobilized into skin abrasions were similar between kwashiorkor and control patients. However, children with kwashiorkor showed significantly delayed and decreased macrophage migration and increased polymorphonuclear leukocyte migration. These defects of leukocyte mobilization were corrected with nutritional repair.", "contents": "Defective local leukocyte mobilization in children with kwashiorkor. The Rebuck window technique was used to determine the functional integrity of the inflammatory response in nine children with kwashiorkor. The total numbers of leukocytes mobilized into skin abrasions were similar between kwashiorkor and control patients. However, children with kwashiorkor showed significantly delayed and decreased macrophage migration and increased polymorphonuclear leukocyte migration. These defects of leukocyte mobilization were corrected with nutritional repair.", "PMID": 842486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5072", "title": "Protein nutrition value of urea supplementation of opaque-2 corn for adolescent boys.", "content": "The effect of urea supplementation on the protein nutritional value of a plant protein, opaque-2 corn, for adolescent boys was investigated. Seven 12- to 16-year-old boys were subjects for this 23-day study. The mean apparent nitrogen balance when 6 g of nitrogen from corn was fed and when 4 g of nitrogen from urea was added were + 0.63 and + 1.37 g/day, respectively. The improvement in nitrogen balance resulting from the addition of urea to a plant protein source suggested that urea may be used to partially supply the protein needs of growing boys.", "contents": "Protein nutrition value of urea supplementation of opaque-2 corn for adolescent boys. The effect of urea supplementation on the protein nutritional value of a plant protein, opaque-2 corn, for adolescent boys was investigated. Seven 12- to 16-year-old boys were subjects for this 23-day study. The mean apparent nitrogen balance when 6 g of nitrogen from corn was fed and when 4 g of nitrogen from urea was added were + 0.63 and + 1.37 g/day, respectively. The improvement in nitrogen balance resulting from the addition of urea to a plant protein source suggested that urea may be used to partially supply the protein needs of growing boys.", "PMID": 842487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5073", "title": "Dietary folate intake and concentration of folate in serum and erythrocytes in women using oral contraceptives.", "content": "Conflicting reports regarding the possible effect of oral contraceptives agents (OCA's) on folate status prompted us to evaluate the relationship between dietary folate intake and the concentration of folate in serum and erythrocytes among users and nonsuers of OCA's during two consecutive menstrual cycles. Twenty-two women (ages 19 to 28) had been on combination type OCA's for 4 months or more and a control group of 18 women (ages 18 to 29) had not used OCA's for at least 6 months prior to this study. The serum folate levels were lower in the OCA users than in the controls and the difference was statistically significant on day 5 of the menstrual cycle (P less t-an 0.05) but not on day 20. However, the differences in the erythrocyte folate levels and dietary folate intakes were not statistically significant between the two groups of subjects. There was a consistently higher degree of correlation between serum folate and folate intake among the control women than among the OCA users. Hematological parameters such as hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpusclar hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and red cell count were similar in the two groups. It is concluded that the use of OCA's produces significantly lower serum folate levels during the first week of the menstrual cycle in spite of adequate folate intake.", "contents": "Dietary folate intake and concentration of folate in serum and erythrocytes in women using oral contraceptives. Conflicting reports regarding the possible effect of oral contraceptives agents (OCA's) on folate status prompted us to evaluate the relationship between dietary folate intake and the concentration of folate in serum and erythrocytes among users and nonsuers of OCA's during two consecutive menstrual cycles. Twenty-two women (ages 19 to 28) had been on combination type OCA's for 4 months or more and a control group of 18 women (ages 18 to 29) had not used OCA's for at least 6 months prior to this study. The serum folate levels were lower in the OCA users than in the controls and the difference was statistically significant on day 5 of the menstrual cycle (P less t-an 0.05) but not on day 20. However, the differences in the erythrocyte folate levels and dietary folate intakes were not statistically significant between the two groups of subjects. There was a consistently higher degree of correlation between serum folate and folate intake among the control women than among the OCA users. Hematological parameters such as hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpusclar hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and red cell count were similar in the two groups. It is concluded that the use of OCA's produces significantly lower serum folate levels during the first week of the menstrual cycle in spite of adequate folate intake.", "PMID": 842488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5074", "title": "The effects of an oral contraceptive on plasma growth hormone and glucose tolerance in two strains of rats.", "content": "Effects of an oral contraceptive on plasma growth hormone and glucose tolerance were studied in two strains of rats, Sprague-Dawley, a normal strain, and BHE, a carbohydrate-sensitive strain. Ethynyl estradiol and norgestrel, combined in a dose representative of the clinical preparation of Ovral were given for 21 days. Plasma growth hormone was measured following sodium pentobarbital stimulation. In both strains fasting blood glucose levels were unchanged following oral contraceptive therapy, however, a strain difference in response to a glucose load was found. With contraceptive steroid treatment, Sprague-Dawley rats developed an impaired tolerance to glucose during the latter part of the glucose tolerance test. BHE control animals had an abnormal response to a glucose load which improved with oral contraceptive therapy. No significant correlation between growth hormone changes and changes in glucose tolerance during contraceptive steroid treatment were observed. Both strains of rats receiving oral contraceptives gained less weight than their controls, however, the difference was statistically significant only in the Sprague-Dawley strain.", "contents": "The effects of an oral contraceptive on plasma growth hormone and glucose tolerance in two strains of rats. Effects of an oral contraceptive on plasma growth hormone and glucose tolerance were studied in two strains of rats, Sprague-Dawley, a normal strain, and BHE, a carbohydrate-sensitive strain. Ethynyl estradiol and norgestrel, combined in a dose representative of the clinical preparation of Ovral were given for 21 days. Plasma growth hormone was measured following sodium pentobarbital stimulation. In both strains fasting blood glucose levels were unchanged following oral contraceptive therapy, however, a strain difference in response to a glucose load was found. With contraceptive steroid treatment, Sprague-Dawley rats developed an impaired tolerance to glucose during the latter part of the glucose tolerance test. BHE control animals had an abnormal response to a glucose load which improved with oral contraceptive therapy. No significant correlation between growth hormone changes and changes in glucose tolerance during contraceptive steroid treatment were observed. Both strains of rats receiving oral contraceptives gained less weight than their controls, however, the difference was statistically significant only in the Sprague-Dawley strain.", "PMID": 842489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5075", "title": "Sucrose sensitivity of patients with coronary artery disease.", "content": "Various loads of simple carbohydrates were fed to 148 patients with known coronary-artery disease (CAD) for 4 days in the Clinical Research Center. The 148 patients were grouped according to the diet regimen tested-sucrose (low and high), glucose, and fructose. A high-sucrose diet was fed to 29 control subjects. Diets containing 2 g of simple carbohydrate (predominantly either sucrose or glucose) per kilogram of body weight per day had no significant effect on fasting plasma glucose, serum triglycerides, or serum free fatty acids. However, diets containing 4 g of simple carbohydrate (predominantly sucrose) or 2 g fructose per kilogram of body weight per day produced a significant rise in serum triglycerides with decreases in fasting plasma glucose and free fatty acids. Serum cholesterol diminished in all the diet groups, probably because of the decrease fat and cholesterol intakes. The increase of serum triglycerides in CAD patients receiving simple carbohydrate at the 4-g/kg rate was significantly greater than in the normal control subjects fed the same diet, suggesting a sensitivity of CAD patients to this stimulus. No significant correlation could be demonstrated between changes in serum triglycerides and the extent of CAD (one, two, or three vessels) as determined from coronary angiograms.", "contents": "Sucrose sensitivity of patients with coronary artery disease. Various loads of simple carbohydrates were fed to 148 patients with known coronary-artery disease (CAD) for 4 days in the Clinical Research Center. The 148 patients were grouped according to the diet regimen tested-sucrose (low and high), glucose, and fructose. A high-sucrose diet was fed to 29 control subjects. Diets containing 2 g of simple carbohydrate (predominantly either sucrose or glucose) per kilogram of body weight per day had no significant effect on fasting plasma glucose, serum triglycerides, or serum free fatty acids. However, diets containing 4 g of simple carbohydrate (predominantly sucrose) or 2 g fructose per kilogram of body weight per day produced a significant rise in serum triglycerides with decreases in fasting plasma glucose and free fatty acids. Serum cholesterol diminished in all the diet groups, probably because of the decrease fat and cholesterol intakes. The increase of serum triglycerides in CAD patients receiving simple carbohydrate at the 4-g/kg rate was significantly greater than in the normal control subjects fed the same diet, suggesting a sensitivity of CAD patients to this stimulus. No significant correlation could be demonstrated between changes in serum triglycerides and the extent of CAD (one, two, or three vessels) as determined from coronary angiograms.", "PMID": 842490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5076", "title": "Effect of carbohydrate restriction and high carbohydrates diets on men with chemical diabetes.", "content": "The influence of low carbohydrate (CHO) diets, starvation, and high CHO diets on glucose tolerance tests (GTT) and plasma insulin response of men with chemical diabetes was studied. The GTT and insulin responses of these seven lean diabetic men were unchanged when the carbohydrate content of the diet was reduced from 44 to 20% of calories. After a 48-hr fast a significant deterioration of the GTT was observed in these diabetic men but the percentage change was identical to that reported previously for normal men. Thus these studies indicate that changes in glucose mtes are quite similar to those reported previously for normal men. The fasting plasma glucose values of seven lean and four obese men with chemical diabetes were significantly lower after one week on a 75% CHO diet than values on a 44% CHO diet. The 75% CHO diet also was accompanied by slight improvements in the oral and intravenous GTT and by slightly lower plasma insulin responses. The improvement in glucose metabolism on high CHO diets appears to results from increased insulin sensitivity. Serum triglyceride values were approximately 55% higher on the 75% CHO diet than values on the 44% CHO diet for the 11 men but these differences were not statistically significant. These studies support previous observations and suggest that high CHO diets may be beneficial in the management of certain diabetic patients. However, further studies are required to determine the long-term effects of high CHO diets containing natural foods on the glucose and lipid metabolism of diabetic patients.", "contents": "Effect of carbohydrate restriction and high carbohydrates diets on men with chemical diabetes. The influence of low carbohydrate (CHO) diets, starvation, and high CHO diets on glucose tolerance tests (GTT) and plasma insulin response of men with chemical diabetes was studied. The GTT and insulin responses of these seven lean diabetic men were unchanged when the carbohydrate content of the diet was reduced from 44 to 20% of calories. After a 48-hr fast a significant deterioration of the GTT was observed in these diabetic men but the percentage change was identical to that reported previously for normal men. Thus these studies indicate that changes in glucose mtes are quite similar to those reported previously for normal men. The fasting plasma glucose values of seven lean and four obese men with chemical diabetes were significantly lower after one week on a 75% CHO diet than values on a 44% CHO diet. The 75% CHO diet also was accompanied by slight improvements in the oral and intravenous GTT and by slightly lower plasma insulin responses. The improvement in glucose metabolism on high CHO diets appears to results from increased insulin sensitivity. Serum triglyceride values were approximately 55% higher on the 75% CHO diet than values on the 44% CHO diet for the 11 men but these differences were not statistically significant. These studies support previous observations and suggest that high CHO diets may be beneficial in the management of certain diabetic patients. However, further studies are required to determine the long-term effects of high CHO diets containing natural foods on the glucose and lipid metabolism of diabetic patients.", "PMID": 842491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5077", "title": "Metabolic responses to exhaustive exercise in racing sled dogs fed diets containing medium, low, or zero carbohydrate.", "content": "Eighteen racing sled dogs were assigned to three diets containing protein, fat, and carbohydrate in proportions as follows: diet A, 39:61:0; diet B, 32:45:23; and diet C, 28:34:38 on an available energy basis. The dogs were studied through a 28-week training period and subjected to three special tests, the first after 12 weeks training, the second at 24 weeks, and the third 4 weeks later. Overnight fasting, resting blood samples were taken before exercise, then about 5 or 30 min after exercise in the first 2 tests, or 1,5...30 min after exercise in the third test. Negligible changes in the red cell indices or serum concentrations of total protein, sodium, and urea indicated that there were no major water shifts. Significant decrements were found in serum concentrations of albumin (3% of resting value), calcium (4%), magnesium (13%), and inorganic phosphorus (39%). Significant increments were found in serum concentrations of creatinine (50%) and activities of glutamic-pyruvic and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminases (31 and 52%, respectively). None of the above variables showed differences between diets, exercise bouts, or time after exercise. Significant decrements in plasma cholesterol (D, mg/100 ml) were linearly related to the initial concentration (I mg/100 ml); D - 0.161 I - 17 mg/100 ml. Hyperglycemic responses were exhibited by 14 dogs in the 3rd test, including five dogs on diet A. Resting plasma glucose concentrations, peak values after exercise, and removal rates were the same in dogs fed all three diets. Blood lactic acid concentrations were linearly related to plasma glance (two from each group) had significantly higher peak lactic/glucose ratios tthan the six \"worst\" dogs, but there was no significant difference between diets in other measures of glucose or lactic acid. Plasma concentrations of free fatty acids, acetoacetic acid and 3-OH-butyric acid reached a maximum 10 min after exercise. Peak values and mean increments of free fatty acids were highest in dogs fed diet A. Also, mean free fatty acid increment was significantly higher in the six best dogs than in the six worst. An enhanced ability to mobilize body fat should confer an advantage in a dog subjected to prolonged strenous exercise in which fatty acid oxidation accounts for most of the oxygen consumption.", "contents": "Metabolic responses to exhaustive exercise in racing sled dogs fed diets containing medium, low, or zero carbohydrate. Eighteen racing sled dogs were assigned to three diets containing protein, fat, and carbohydrate in proportions as follows: diet A, 39:61:0; diet B, 32:45:23; and diet C, 28:34:38 on an available energy basis. The dogs were studied through a 28-week training period and subjected to three special tests, the first after 12 weeks training, the second at 24 weeks, and the third 4 weeks later. Overnight fasting, resting blood samples were taken before exercise, then about 5 or 30 min after exercise in the first 2 tests, or 1,5...30 min after exercise in the third test. Negligible changes in the red cell indices or serum concentrations of total protein, sodium, and urea indicated that there were no major water shifts. Significant decrements were found in serum concentrations of albumin (3% of resting value), calcium (4%), magnesium (13%), and inorganic phosphorus (39%). Significant increments were found in serum concentrations of creatinine (50%) and activities of glutamic-pyruvic and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminases (31 and 52%, respectively). None of the above variables showed differences between diets, exercise bouts, or time after exercise. Significant decrements in plasma cholesterol (D, mg/100 ml) were linearly related to the initial concentration (I mg/100 ml); D - 0.161 I - 17 mg/100 ml. Hyperglycemic responses were exhibited by 14 dogs in the 3rd test, including five dogs on diet A. Resting plasma glucose concentrations, peak values after exercise, and removal rates were the same in dogs fed all three diets. Blood lactic acid concentrations were linearly related to plasma glance (two from each group) had significantly higher peak lactic/glucose ratios tthan the six \"worst\" dogs, but there was no significant difference between diets in other measures of glucose or lactic acid. Plasma concentrations of free fatty acids, acetoacetic acid and 3-OH-butyric acid reached a maximum 10 min after exercise. Peak values and mean increments of free fatty acids were highest in dogs fed diet A. Also, mean free fatty acid increment was significantly higher in the six best dogs than in the six worst. An enhanced ability to mobilize body fat should confer an advantage in a dog subjected to prolonged strenous exercise in which fatty acid oxidation accounts for most of the oxygen consumption.", "PMID": 842492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5078", "title": "Hematological and metabolic responses to training in racing sled dogs fed diets containing medium, low, or zero carbohydrate.", "content": "In a 28 week study, 18 racing sled dogs were trained to maximal fitness in 12 weeks, sustained through a racing season of 12 weeks, followed by gradual of training of 4 weeks. The dogs were fed a predominantly cereal diet prior to the study; experimental diets containing more chicken and meat by products were introduced from the 2nd to the 4th week of training. On an energy basis, the diets contained protein, fat, and carbohydrate in the proportions of 39:61:0 (diet A), 32:45:23 (diet B), and 28:34:38 (diet C). Blood samples were taken at rest just before the start of training, at 6, 12,24 and 28 weeks; 33 variables were measured on most samples. The results were subjected to analysis of variance. No adverse effects were observed in dogs fed the extreme diet A. Significant relationships to training were shown by serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, creatinine, packed cell volume, calcium, hemoglobin, and globulin. Serum cholesterol concentration increased with the introduction of the higher protein-fat diets; the high concentrations attenuated with time but rose again when training was abated. Dogs on diet A maintained higher serum concentrations of albumin, calcium, magnesium, and free fatty acids during the racing season than did dogs fed diets B or C. They also exhibited the greatest increases in red cell count, hemoglobin concentration, and packed cell volume during training. High values of red cell indices were not sustained through the racing season in dogs fed diet C. In addition to attributes already widely appreciated, viz. a higher energy density an digestibility, the carbohydrate-free, high-fat diet A appeared to confer advantages for prolonged strenuous running in terms of certain metabolic responses to training.", "contents": "Hematological and metabolic responses to training in racing sled dogs fed diets containing medium, low, or zero carbohydrate. In a 28 week study, 18 racing sled dogs were trained to maximal fitness in 12 weeks, sustained through a racing season of 12 weeks, followed by gradual of training of 4 weeks. The dogs were fed a predominantly cereal diet prior to the study; experimental diets containing more chicken and meat by products were introduced from the 2nd to the 4th week of training. On an energy basis, the diets contained protein, fat, and carbohydrate in the proportions of 39:61:0 (diet A), 32:45:23 (diet B), and 28:34:38 (diet C). Blood samples were taken at rest just before the start of training, at 6, 12,24 and 28 weeks; 33 variables were measured on most samples. The results were subjected to analysis of variance. No adverse effects were observed in dogs fed the extreme diet A. Significant relationships to training were shown by serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, creatinine, packed cell volume, calcium, hemoglobin, and globulin. Serum cholesterol concentration increased with the introduction of the higher protein-fat diets; the high concentrations attenuated with time but rose again when training was abated. Dogs on diet A maintained higher serum concentrations of albumin, calcium, magnesium, and free fatty acids during the racing season than did dogs fed diets B or C. They also exhibited the greatest increases in red cell count, hemoglobin concentration, and packed cell volume during training. High values of red cell indices were not sustained through the racing season in dogs fed diet C. In addition to attributes already widely appreciated, viz. a higher energy density an digestibility, the carbohydrate-free, high-fat diet A appeared to confer advantages for prolonged strenuous running in terms of certain metabolic responses to training.", "PMID": 842493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5079", "title": "Vitamin status of older women.", "content": "A study of the nutritional vitamin status of older women included 46 patients in nursing homes and 24 residents of private homes. The age range was 62 through 99 years. Calculated values for the mean daily caloric and vitamin intakes indicated that vitamin A and thiamin were the vitamins that compared less favorably with the Recommended Dietary Allowances. Values for vitamin A and C in sera and for thiamin, riboflavin, and N-methyl nicotinamide excretion were compared with standards of adequacy, Vitamin A values in sera of 14% of all subjects were \"deficient\" or \"low\". All serum ascorbic acid levels were \"acceptable\". Thiamin and riboflavin concentrations in urine of 17 and 15% of the subjects, respectively, were \"deficient\" or \"low\". Except for one subject, all N-methyl nicotamide values were \"acceptable\". In general, values for caloric and vitamin intakes and for corresponding levels of vitamins in sera or urine of patients in nursing homes did not differ significantly from analogous values obtained for subjects in private homes. The effect of age and income and education level are discussed.", "contents": "Vitamin status of older women. A study of the nutritional vitamin status of older women included 46 patients in nursing homes and 24 residents of private homes. The age range was 62 through 99 years. Calculated values for the mean daily caloric and vitamin intakes indicated that vitamin A and thiamin were the vitamins that compared less favorably with the Recommended Dietary Allowances. Values for vitamin A and C in sera and for thiamin, riboflavin, and N-methyl nicotinamide excretion were compared with standards of adequacy, Vitamin A values in sera of 14% of all subjects were \"deficient\" or \"low\". All serum ascorbic acid levels were \"acceptable\". Thiamin and riboflavin concentrations in urine of 17 and 15% of the subjects, respectively, were \"deficient\" or \"low\". Except for one subject, all N-methyl nicotamide values were \"acceptable\". In general, values for caloric and vitamin intakes and for corresponding levels of vitamins in sera or urine of patients in nursing homes did not differ significantly from analogous values obtained for subjects in private homes. The effect of age and income and education level are discussed.", "PMID": 842494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5080", "title": "Preparation and use of a quality control hemolysate for microchromatographic determinations of hemoglobin A2.", "content": "Compared with other methods for determining hemoglobin A2 (Hb A2) levels, the new microchromatography procedures are fast, easy laboratory technics useful for quantitating Hb A2 that can be readily monitored for quality control of results. A reliable method for preparing a stable hemolysate control for monitoring the accuracy and precision of Hb A2 microchromatographic procedures is described. The recombination of purified hemoglobin fractions in known concentrations and the addition of potassium cyanide and carbon monoxide produce a control solution that gives stable hemoglobin A2 values for at least 40 weeks. Variability among six reference laboratories was small.", "contents": "Preparation and use of a quality control hemolysate for microchromatographic determinations of hemoglobin A2. Compared with other methods for determining hemoglobin A2 (Hb A2) levels, the new microchromatography procedures are fast, easy laboratory technics useful for quantitating Hb A2 that can be readily monitored for quality control of results. A reliable method for preparing a stable hemolysate control for monitoring the accuracy and precision of Hb A2 microchromatographic procedures is described. The recombination of purified hemoglobin fractions in known concentrations and the addition of potassium cyanide and carbon monoxide produce a control solution that gives stable hemoglobin A2 values for at least 40 weeks. Variability among six reference laboratories was small.", "PMID": 842495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5081", "title": "Fibrinogen Seattle: a qualitatively abnormal fibrinogen in a patient with tetralogy of Fallot.", "content": "A dysfibrinogen was detected in the plasma of a 14-year-old asymptomatic Caucasian boy who had tetralogy of Fallot. The mutant molecular species could be traced through four generations in an autosomal dominant type of inheritance pattern. Nine of 14 family members were found to have the coagulopathy. Following laboratory and clinical evaluation, the proband underwent radical repair of the cardiac defect without incident. This variant is tentatively designated fibrinogen Seattle pending further characterization.", "contents": "Fibrinogen Seattle: a qualitatively abnormal fibrinogen in a patient with tetralogy of Fallot. A dysfibrinogen was detected in the plasma of a 14-year-old asymptomatic Caucasian boy who had tetralogy of Fallot. The mutant molecular species could be traced through four generations in an autosomal dominant type of inheritance pattern. Nine of 14 family members were found to have the coagulopathy. Following laboratory and clinical evaluation, the proband underwent radical repair of the cardiac defect without incident. This variant is tentatively designated fibrinogen Seattle pending further characterization.", "PMID": 842496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5082", "title": "A computer program to record technical data in leukapheresis and plateletpheresis procedures.", "content": "A computer program for the recording of data and calculation of results from leukapheresis and plateletpheresis procedures is described. It provides a printout of cell yields and other results for each procedure, as well as an updated list of donors and phereses. The data are kept on tape, accessible for periodic statistical analysis. While primarily set up for use with Haemonetics (intermittent-flow centrifugation) equipment, the program is adaptable for other systems.", "contents": "A computer program to record technical data in leukapheresis and plateletpheresis procedures. A computer program for the recording of data and calculation of results from leukapheresis and plateletpheresis procedures is described. It provides a printout of cell yields and other results for each procedure, as well as an updated list of donors and phereses. The data are kept on tape, accessible for periodic statistical analysis. While primarily set up for use with Haemonetics (intermittent-flow centrifugation) equipment, the program is adaptable for other systems.", "PMID": 842497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5083", "title": "Evaluation of a high-resolution electrophoresis system.", "content": "A high-resolution electrophoresis system (Panagel) is evaluated by comparing the results with Microzone electrophoresis and with quantitation of individual protein fractions by the radial immunodiffusion technic and by the SMA system. The high-resolution electrophoresis showed a higher percentage of gamma globulin and a lower percentage of albumin than the Microzone system, with the alpha-1, alpha-2, and beta globulins being similar in quantity. The eight protein fractions studied: albumin, alpha-1 antitrypsin, alpha-2 macroglobulin, haptoglobin, beta-lipoprotein, C3 complement, and gamma globulin, correlated very well with the corresponding components in the various methods used. The normal values of the protein fractions were determined.", "contents": "Evaluation of a high-resolution electrophoresis system. A high-resolution electrophoresis system (Panagel) is evaluated by comparing the results with Microzone electrophoresis and with quantitation of individual protein fractions by the radial immunodiffusion technic and by the SMA system. The high-resolution electrophoresis showed a higher percentage of gamma globulin and a lower percentage of albumin than the Microzone system, with the alpha-1, alpha-2, and beta globulins being similar in quantity. The eight protein fractions studied: albumin, alpha-1 antitrypsin, alpha-2 macroglobulin, haptoglobin, beta-lipoprotein, C3 complement, and gamma globulin, correlated very well with the corresponding components in the various methods used. The normal values of the protein fractions were determined.", "PMID": 842498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5084", "title": "Effect of pulmonary tuberculosis on blood concentrations of copper and zinc.", "content": "An investigation of copper and zinc concentrations in active cases of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) was undertaken. Whole-blood, plasma, and erythrocyte concentrations of copper and zinc were determined for TB patients and controls using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Elevated whole-blood and plasma copper concentrations or depressed whole-blood and plasma zinc concentrations, or both, were characteristic of the TB patients. In most cases, however, the high copper concentrations and low zinc concentrations did not occur concurrently. The whole-blood and plasma copper/zinc concentration ratios were also significantly elevated in the TB patients.", "contents": "Effect of pulmonary tuberculosis on blood concentrations of copper and zinc. An investigation of copper and zinc concentrations in active cases of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) was undertaken. Whole-blood, plasma, and erythrocyte concentrations of copper and zinc were determined for TB patients and controls using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Elevated whole-blood and plasma copper concentrations or depressed whole-blood and plasma zinc concentrations, or both, were characteristic of the TB patients. In most cases, however, the high copper concentrations and low zinc concentrations did not occur concurrently. The whole-blood and plasma copper/zinc concentration ratios were also significantly elevated in the TB patients.", "PMID": 842499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5085", "title": "Screening hospital patients for hepatitis B surface antigen.", "content": "A survey of adult patients admitted to a general hospital showed that 1.5% had hepatitis B surface antigen in the blood and 22% had hepatitis antibody. The majority of patients with hepatitis B did not have clinical hepatitis and would not have been recognized without screening all hospital admissions for hepatitis B antigen. The question of routine screening is discussed in relation to the risk of acquiring hepatitis.", "contents": "Screening hospital patients for hepatitis B surface antigen. A survey of adult patients admitted to a general hospital showed that 1.5% had hepatitis B surface antigen in the blood and 22% had hepatitis antibody. The majority of patients with hepatitis B did not have clinical hepatitis and would not have been recognized without screening all hospital admissions for hepatitis B antigen. The question of routine screening is discussed in relation to the risk of acquiring hepatitis.", "PMID": 842500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5086", "title": "Evaluation of the API 20C for identification of yeasts.", "content": "The API 20C reactions were compared with the results of conventional methods for identifying yeasts using 45 strains. There was a 98% (44/45) correlation between the two methods in the identification of the yeasts. Individual fermentation tests ranged from 89 to 100% correlation, with an average agreement of 96.7%. The assimilation tests ranged from 85 to 100% correlation, with an overall agreement of 97.3%. The two methods had 91% agreement for cycloheximide resistance. The results of this limited study indicate that the API 20C may prove to be an acceptable substitute for conventional carbohydrate fermentation and assimilation tests.", "contents": "Evaluation of the API 20C for identification of yeasts. The API 20C reactions were compared with the results of conventional methods for identifying yeasts using 45 strains. There was a 98% (44/45) correlation between the two methods in the identification of the yeasts. Individual fermentation tests ranged from 89 to 100% correlation, with an average agreement of 96.7%. The assimilation tests ranged from 85 to 100% correlation, with an overall agreement of 97.3%. The two methods had 91% agreement for cycloheximide resistance. The results of this limited study indicate that the API 20C may prove to be an acceptable substitute for conventional carbohydrate fermentation and assimilation tests.", "PMID": 842501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5087", "title": "Systematic evaluation of the World Health Organization classification of salivary gland tumors: a clinicopathologic study of 366 cases.", "content": "In an evaluation of the WHO classification of salivary gland tumors, 339 major and 27 minor salivary gland tumors were examined, these being all available cases seen at The New York Hospital during the years 1948-1968. The clinical records were examined and follow-up data (average 8.7 years) were obtained in 88% of cases. The relative incidences of sites and tumor types were similar to those in previously reported series. The WHO classification was found to be applicable to this group of tumors with the following exceptions: (1) cases of chronic sialedenitis, and lymphomas presenting primarily as salivary gland masses (4.1% of all cases in this series), do not appear in this classification but frequently present problems to the pathologist and ought to be included in any subsequent revision; (2) the histologic concept of \"differentiation\" was not helpful in predicting the outcome of cases of mucoepidermoid tumor and acinic-cell tumor; (3) some confusion, possibly justified, still exists between poorly differentiated acinic-cell tumors and adenocarcinomas; (4) a high frequency of atypical histologic types was encountered among the minor salivary gland tumors, suggesting that this group might benefit from separate treatment. Adequate surgical excision of the primary lesion was again found to play a decisive role in the eventual clinical result. In conclusion, the WHO classification of salivary gland tumors proved to be a practical guide for the categorization of the vast majority of this group of lesions.", "contents": "Systematic evaluation of the World Health Organization classification of salivary gland tumors: a clinicopathologic study of 366 cases. In an evaluation of the WHO classification of salivary gland tumors, 339 major and 27 minor salivary gland tumors were examined, these being all available cases seen at The New York Hospital during the years 1948-1968. The clinical records were examined and follow-up data (average 8.7 years) were obtained in 88% of cases. The relative incidences of sites and tumor types were similar to those in previously reported series. The WHO classification was found to be applicable to this group of tumors with the following exceptions: (1) cases of chronic sialedenitis, and lymphomas presenting primarily as salivary gland masses (4.1% of all cases in this series), do not appear in this classification but frequently present problems to the pathologist and ought to be included in any subsequent revision; (2) the histologic concept of \"differentiation\" was not helpful in predicting the outcome of cases of mucoepidermoid tumor and acinic-cell tumor; (3) some confusion, possibly justified, still exists between poorly differentiated acinic-cell tumors and adenocarcinomas; (4) a high frequency of atypical histologic types was encountered among the minor salivary gland tumors, suggesting that this group might benefit from separate treatment. Adequate surgical excision of the primary lesion was again found to play a decisive role in the eventual clinical result. In conclusion, the WHO classification of salivary gland tumors proved to be a practical guide for the categorization of the vast majority of this group of lesions.", "PMID": 842502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5088", "title": "Bilateral nephromegaly and multiple pulmonary cysts.", "content": "A newborn female infant with marked bilateral renal enlargement resulting from an absolute increase in renal parenchymal mass is described. The number of renal lobes was increased and there was persistent subcapsular glomerulogenesis. In addition, the lungs manifested delayed maturation and contained multiple small cysts. Although the renal growth disturbance resembled that sometimes found in hemihypertrophy and the Beckwith syndrome, the associated pulmonary lesions and the absence of other anomalies make this patient distinctive.", "contents": "Bilateral nephromegaly and multiple pulmonary cysts. A newborn female infant with marked bilateral renal enlargement resulting from an absolute increase in renal parenchymal mass is described. The number of renal lobes was increased and there was persistent subcapsular glomerulogenesis. In addition, the lungs manifested delayed maturation and contained multiple small cysts. Although the renal growth disturbance resembled that sometimes found in hemihypertrophy and the Beckwith syndrome, the associated pulmonary lesions and the absence of other anomalies make this patient distinctive.", "PMID": 842503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5089", "title": "Unilateral salpingitis due to Enterobius vermicularis.", "content": "A case of perforated unilateral salpingitis in which Enterobius vermicularis ova were identified in the inflammatory process is reported. Arguments for considering the parasite to be of etiologic significance in the production of the pathologic changes and clinical symptoms are presented. The infrequent occurrence of symptoms associated with ectopic localization of Enterobius vermicularis is emphasized by a review of the literature.", "contents": "Unilateral salpingitis due to Enterobius vermicularis. A case of perforated unilateral salpingitis in which Enterobius vermicularis ova were identified in the inflammatory process is reported. Arguments for considering the parasite to be of etiologic significance in the production of the pathologic changes and clinical symptoms are presented. The infrequent occurrence of symptoms associated with ectopic localization of Enterobius vermicularis is emphasized by a review of the literature.", "PMID": 842504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5090", "title": "Nutritional benefits from federal food assistance: a survey of preschool black children from low-income families in Memphis.", "content": "Approximately 4,000 preschool black children from low-income families in South Memphis participated for three years in a supplementary food program sponsored by the US Department of Agriculture. Part of this group received additional benefit from food stamps, day-care centers, and an infant-feeding program. We evaluated the effects of this participation in 250 children selected randomly from the enrollment list of the supplemetary program. Each child was examined for height, weight, head circumference, and levels of hemoglobin, serum iron, and vitamins A and C. The data were then compared with those from a similar survey in the same area conducted three years before. The results of this comparison indicate considerable improvements in height and weight and a reduction in the incidence of anemia and in the numbers of children with low plasma vitamin A levels. In the absence of other recognizable intervening factors, we conclude that federal food assistance programs were primarily responsible for the observed nutritional improvements.", "contents": "Nutritional benefits from federal food assistance: a survey of preschool black children from low-income families in Memphis. Approximately 4,000 preschool black children from low-income families in South Memphis participated for three years in a supplementary food program sponsored by the US Department of Agriculture. Part of this group received additional benefit from food stamps, day-care centers, and an infant-feeding program. We evaluated the effects of this participation in 250 children selected randomly from the enrollment list of the supplemetary program. Each child was examined for height, weight, head circumference, and levels of hemoglobin, serum iron, and vitamins A and C. The data were then compared with those from a similar survey in the same area conducted three years before. The results of this comparison indicate considerable improvements in height and weight and a reduction in the incidence of anemia and in the numbers of children with low plasma vitamin A levels. In the absence of other recognizable intervening factors, we conclude that federal food assistance programs were primarily responsible for the observed nutritional improvements.", "PMID": 842509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5091", "title": "Management criteria, recording of performance, and peer review of tonsillopharyngitis.", "content": "As part of a national study to formulate criteria for chart audit of quality assurance of child health care, criteria were developed for diagnosis and management of tonsillopharyngitis. These criteria were validated by pediatricians and family physicians in academic medicine and in practice. They were judged relevant to the medical care process and patient outcome by both. The selected criteria were also recommended by the majority of two large physician groups for use in peer review. In the first three phases of the study most of these criteria were said to be performed and recorded by a majority of physicians. However, in the fourth (community) phase, when charts of 166 primary-care physicians were actually audited, documentation was so poor that peer review by chart audit would be impractical at present.", "contents": "Management criteria, recording of performance, and peer review of tonsillopharyngitis. As part of a national study to formulate criteria for chart audit of quality assurance of child health care, criteria were developed for diagnosis and management of tonsillopharyngitis. These criteria were validated by pediatricians and family physicians in academic medicine and in practice. They were judged relevant to the medical care process and patient outcome by both. The selected criteria were also recommended by the majority of two large physician groups for use in peer review. In the first three phases of the study most of these criteria were said to be performed and recorded by a majority of physicians. However, in the fourth (community) phase, when charts of 166 primary-care physicians were actually audited, documentation was so poor that peer review by chart audit would be impractical at present.", "PMID": 842510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5092", "title": "Echocardiography in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Echocardiograms were obtained for 25 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and 20 controls to evaluate this technique as a means of assessment of right ventricular changes in patients with CF. Right ventricular anterior wall thickness per square meter of body surface (RVAW/sq m) and right ventricular internal dimension per square meter of body surface (RVID/sq m) were compared with other techniques for detection of cor pulmonale. Significant correlations existed between both RVAW/sq m and RVID/sq m and the forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second, midmaximal expiratory flow rate, clinical score of severity of disease, and roentgenographic score of pulmonary involvement. The RVAW/sq m was slightly more sensitive than RVID/sq m; RVAW/sq m thickness on echocardiogram in vivo compared well with actual measurements at autopsy in five patients. No correlations were found between echocardiography and electrocardiograms, vectorcardiograms, thoracic index, or cardiothoracic ratio.", "contents": "Echocardiography in cystic fibrosis. Echocardiograms were obtained for 25 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and 20 controls to evaluate this technique as a means of assessment of right ventricular changes in patients with CF. Right ventricular anterior wall thickness per square meter of body surface (RVAW/sq m) and right ventricular internal dimension per square meter of body surface (RVID/sq m) were compared with other techniques for detection of cor pulmonale. Significant correlations existed between both RVAW/sq m and RVID/sq m and the forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second, midmaximal expiratory flow rate, clinical score of severity of disease, and roentgenographic score of pulmonary involvement. The RVAW/sq m was slightly more sensitive than RVID/sq m; RVAW/sq m thickness on echocardiogram in vivo compared well with actual measurements at autopsy in five patients. No correlations were found between echocardiography and electrocardiograms, vectorcardiograms, thoracic index, or cardiothoracic ratio.", "PMID": 842511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5093", "title": "The atrial septal defect-patent ductus arteriosus complex.", "content": "Both atrial septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus are common isolated lesions, each accounting for approximately 10% of the total incidence of congenital heart diseases. Yet, the combination of these defects, without other significant cardiac lesions, is infrequent. We review the clinical and pathologic data on 16 patients with this combination of defects, including cardiac catheterization data on eight patients. In patients with this combination, we found an unusually high incidence of severe pulmonary hypertension, multiple noncardiac anomalies, mental retardation, and early mortality.", "contents": "The atrial septal defect-patent ductus arteriosus complex. Both atrial septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus are common isolated lesions, each accounting for approximately 10% of the total incidence of congenital heart diseases. Yet, the combination of these defects, without other significant cardiac lesions, is infrequent. We review the clinical and pathologic data on 16 patients with this combination of defects, including cardiac catheterization data on eight patients. In patients with this combination, we found an unusually high incidence of severe pulmonary hypertension, multiple noncardiac anomalies, mental retardation, and early mortality.", "PMID": 842512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5094", "title": "Rickets in children receiving anticonvulsant drugs. Biochemical and hormonal markers.", "content": "Forty-one epileptic children, aged 2 to 16 years, receiving combinations of phenobarbital, phenytoin, and primidone, and 39 control children were studied. The epileptics demonstrated slight but significant reductions in serum calcium, phosphorus, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and a significant increase in serum alkaline phosphatase values. No significant difference in serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone levels was noted. Further analysis of the data revealed that patients whose drug therapy included primidone had the lowest serum levels of calcium and 25-hydroxyvitamin D. They had also received the largest number of drugs for the longest duration, and had serum phenobarbital levels that were significantly higher than those of other patients. The minimal degree of vitamin D deficiency in our epileptic children contrasts with the results of other investigations and warrants emphasis. The reasons for this difference are not apparent.", "contents": "Rickets in children receiving anticonvulsant drugs. Biochemical and hormonal markers. Forty-one epileptic children, aged 2 to 16 years, receiving combinations of phenobarbital, phenytoin, and primidone, and 39 control children were studied. The epileptics demonstrated slight but significant reductions in serum calcium, phosphorus, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and a significant increase in serum alkaline phosphatase values. No significant difference in serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone levels was noted. Further analysis of the data revealed that patients whose drug therapy included primidone had the lowest serum levels of calcium and 25-hydroxyvitamin D. They had also received the largest number of drugs for the longest duration, and had serum phenobarbital levels that were significantly higher than those of other patients. The minimal degree of vitamin D deficiency in our epileptic children contrasts with the results of other investigations and warrants emphasis. The reasons for this difference are not apparent.", "PMID": 842513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5095", "title": "Ludwig angina in childhood.", "content": "Two patients had Ludwig angina. Prompt recognition of this once common, but now rare, clinical entity is essential to save the life of the patient.", "contents": "Ludwig angina in childhood. Two patients had Ludwig angina. Prompt recognition of this once common, but now rare, clinical entity is essential to save the life of the patient.", "PMID": 842514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5096", "title": "Cardiovascular abnormalities in the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.", "content": "Twelve of 13 patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome were found to have cardiovascular abnormalities: congenital heart disease in 7 of the 12 and isolated cardiomegaly in the others. No specific type of cardiac abnormality predominated.", "contents": "Cardiovascular abnormalities in the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Twelve of 13 patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome were found to have cardiovascular abnormalities: congenital heart disease in 7 of the 12 and isolated cardiomegaly in the others. No specific type of cardiac abnormality predominated.", "PMID": 842515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5097", "title": "Reye syndrome without initial hepatic involvement.", "content": "We report Reye syndrome in an 11-year-old boy whose first symptoms were generalized convulsions and coma without clinical or laboratory evidence of liver disease. Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) values increased strikingly on the third day after the onset of coma. These enzymatic changes were associated with prolongation of prothrombin time. A rise in blood ammonia concentrations began on the fourth day of coma. The diagnosis of Reye syndrome was confirmed by a liver biopsy and at autopsy. This case demonstrates that encephalopathy in Reye syndrome can develop prior to detectable hepatic involvement, and suggests that factors unrelated to generalized liver damage may occasionally play a role in the pathogenesis of this obscure disorder.", "contents": "Reye syndrome without initial hepatic involvement. We report Reye syndrome in an 11-year-old boy whose first symptoms were generalized convulsions and coma without clinical or laboratory evidence of liver disease. Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) values increased strikingly on the third day after the onset of coma. These enzymatic changes were associated with prolongation of prothrombin time. A rise in blood ammonia concentrations began on the fourth day of coma. The diagnosis of Reye syndrome was confirmed by a liver biopsy and at autopsy. This case demonstrates that encephalopathy in Reye syndrome can develop prior to detectable hepatic involvement, and suggests that factors unrelated to generalized liver damage may occasionally play a role in the pathogenesis of this obscure disorder.", "PMID": 842516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5098", "title": "Clotrimazole: intermittent therapy in chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis.", "content": "Long-term intermittent therapy with the orally administered antifungal agent, clotrimazole, has not been reported previously. On the basis of experiences with our patient we propose that this is an effective way of treating chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis with a minimum of side effects.", "contents": "Clotrimazole: intermittent therapy in chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Long-term intermittent therapy with the orally administered antifungal agent, clotrimazole, has not been reported previously. On the basis of experiences with our patient we propose that this is an effective way of treating chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis with a minimum of side effects.", "PMID": 842517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5099", "title": "Menstrual epileptoid psychosis in an adolescent girl.", "content": "An adolescent girl with a previous history of trance-like states and a strong family history of epilepsy developed a pattern of recurrent brief psychotic episodes. These episodes seemed to coincide with her monthly menstrual periods, and after four to seven days of bizzare, catatonic behavior, she would return to a normal state. These episodes have been virtually eliminated by maintenance of a therapeutic blood level of phenytoin. The case is discussed in the light of the complex interrelationship of seizures, menstrual hormonal changes, and behavior.", "contents": "Menstrual epileptoid psychosis in an adolescent girl. An adolescent girl with a previous history of trance-like states and a strong family history of epilepsy developed a pattern of recurrent brief psychotic episodes. These episodes seemed to coincide with her monthly menstrual periods, and after four to seven days of bizzare, catatonic behavior, she would return to a normal state. These episodes have been virtually eliminated by maintenance of a therapeutic blood level of phenytoin. The case is discussed in the light of the complex interrelationship of seizures, menstrual hormonal changes, and behavior.", "PMID": 842518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5100", "title": "Pediatric evaluation of children with school problems.", "content": "A practicing pediatrician participated in the evaluation of 21 children with school dysfunction. Diagnoses were coded according to a scheme that included (1) clinical psychiatric syndrome, (2) intellectual level, (3) associated or etiological factors, and (4) academic achievement level. Other members of the team included the school principal, guidance counselor, teacher, nurse, psychologist, social worker, and speech pathologist. The 21 consecutive evaluations were carried out during a 15-month period, comprised 1.5% of the school-age children in the suburban pediatric practice, and accounted for 0.54% of the author's office appointments during the study period. The problems encountered included conduct disorders, specific learning disabilities, mild mental retardation, and seizure disorders. It is suggested that pediatricians may need additional training to participate effectively in this area of school health.", "contents": "Pediatric evaluation of children with school problems. A practicing pediatrician participated in the evaluation of 21 children with school dysfunction. Diagnoses were coded according to a scheme that included (1) clinical psychiatric syndrome, (2) intellectual level, (3) associated or etiological factors, and (4) academic achievement level. Other members of the team included the school principal, guidance counselor, teacher, nurse, psychologist, social worker, and speech pathologist. The 21 consecutive evaluations were carried out during a 15-month period, comprised 1.5% of the school-age children in the suburban pediatric practice, and accounted for 0.54% of the author's office appointments during the study period. The problems encountered included conduct disorders, specific learning disabilities, mild mental retardation, and seizure disorders. It is suggested that pediatricians may need additional training to participate effectively in this area of school health.", "PMID": 842519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5101", "title": "The return of Boston exanthem. Echovirus 16 infections in 1974.", "content": "Although the \"Boston exanthem\" has been seen rarely over the past 20 years, in the summer of 1974 we identified ten children, aged 1 week to 7 years with echovirus 16 infections. Seven of the children had rashes, and in four, the illness suggested roseola infantum. Five of these children were neonates, all with illnesses severe enough to mimic sepsis. In addition information obtained on echovirus 16 isolations occurring in 1974 elsewhere in the country showed an additional 27 isolations from eight states. It is postulated that more outbreaks of the Boston exanthem or other echovirus 16 illnesses will appear during the next several years, before the virus again \"disappears\".", "contents": "The return of Boston exanthem. Echovirus 16 infections in 1974. Although the \"Boston exanthem\" has been seen rarely over the past 20 years, in the summer of 1974 we identified ten children, aged 1 week to 7 years with echovirus 16 infections. Seven of the children had rashes, and in four, the illness suggested roseola infantum. Five of these children were neonates, all with illnesses severe enough to mimic sepsis. In addition information obtained on echovirus 16 isolations occurring in 1974 elsewhere in the country showed an additional 27 isolations from eight states. It is postulated that more outbreaks of the Boston exanthem or other echovirus 16 illnesses will appear during the next several years, before the virus again \"disappears\".", "PMID": 842520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5102", "title": "Mummies that I have known. A pediatrician's venture in the field of paleopathology.", "content": "We describe the activities of a pediatrician in the field of medical archeology. Having pioneered the use of electron microscopy in the examination of Egyptian mummified tissue, we also describe some of the exciting pathological findings from various autopsies of ancient Egyptian mummies. These findings give us a glimpse of disease and death in ancient Egypt and of the evolution of these diseases as they affect man today.", "contents": "Mummies that I have known. A pediatrician's venture in the field of paleopathology. We describe the activities of a pediatrician in the field of medical archeology. Having pioneered the use of electron microscopy in the examination of Egyptian mummified tissue, we also describe some of the exciting pathological findings from various autopsies of ancient Egyptian mummies. These findings give us a glimpse of disease and death in ancient Egypt and of the evolution of these diseases as they affect man today.", "PMID": 842521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5103", "title": "Pancreatitis following the intraductal injection of partially purified enterokinase in dogs.", "content": "Experimental pancreatitis (PT) is induced by proximal and distal duodenal closure in the bile-duct-ligated dog, by causing duodeno-pancreatic reflux of lumenal secretions. It has been postulated that trypsin and enterokinase (EK) in the secretions activate trypsinogen within the pancreas, producing PT. There is supporting evidence for trypsin, but EK has not previously been investigated. To determine whether EK alone could cause PT, we injected saline suspensions of partially purified EK, and other test materials, into the duct of Wirsung of dogs and after 24 hr examined their pancreases and estimated the increment in serum amylase. Following 0.5% EK, both PT and hyperamylasemia (HA) ensued; HA without PT occured when EK was inactivated by heat, administered with trypsin inhibitor (TI), or administered in more dilute solution. Injection of TI or of hog gastric mucin likewise leads to HA but not to PT. It is concluded that the PT observed was due to EK activity, and that therefore EK could contribute to the production of PT observed was due to EK activity, and that therefore EK could contribute to the production of PT in the closed-duodenal-loop model. The HA observed in the absence of PT is unexplained but appears to be related to the colloidal properties of the materials injected.", "contents": "Pancreatitis following the intraductal injection of partially purified enterokinase in dogs. Experimental pancreatitis (PT) is induced by proximal and distal duodenal closure in the bile-duct-ligated dog, by causing duodeno-pancreatic reflux of lumenal secretions. It has been postulated that trypsin and enterokinase (EK) in the secretions activate trypsinogen within the pancreas, producing PT. There is supporting evidence for trypsin, but EK has not previously been investigated. To determine whether EK alone could cause PT, we injected saline suspensions of partially purified EK, and other test materials, into the duct of Wirsung of dogs and after 24 hr examined their pancreases and estimated the increment in serum amylase. Following 0.5% EK, both PT and hyperamylasemia (HA) ensued; HA without PT occured when EK was inactivated by heat, administered with trypsin inhibitor (TI), or administered in more dilute solution. Injection of TI or of hog gastric mucin likewise leads to HA but not to PT. It is concluded that the PT observed was due to EK activity, and that therefore EK could contribute to the production of PT observed was due to EK activity, and that therefore EK could contribute to the production of PT in the closed-duodenal-loop model. The HA observed in the absence of PT is unexplained but appears to be related to the colloidal properties of the materials injected.", "PMID": 842525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5104", "title": "Increased lithogenicity of  bile on fasting in normal subjects.", "content": "The effect of fasting on bile lithogenicity was studied in 19 normal men and 22 normal women. The molar percentages of bile acid, phospholipid, and cholesterol, determined after random overnight fasts of 9, 12, and 16 hr, were plotted on triangular coordinates. The molar percentage of cholesterol increased in both men and women. Analysis using Admirand and Small's criteria for cholesterol saturation revealed that 4.50% of normal women were lithogenic at 9.1 hr and 54.5% at 16.5 hr (P less than 0.005). A similar trend in men was not significant. The mean values for both sexes were lithogenic at 16 hr only. Lithogenic bile was present in 4 men and 1 woman at 9 hr fasting and became more lighogenic with longer fasting. Analysis using the criteria of Hegardt and Dam revealed an increased proportion of both sexes moving into the metastable-labile and supersaturated zones on fasting, again with significant changes for women (P less than 0.01). The duration of fasting is important in interpreting the presence of lithogenic bile; although more pronounced in women, both sexes showed increased cholesterol saturation in bile with fasting.", "contents": "Increased lithogenicity of  bile on fasting in normal subjects. The effect of fasting on bile lithogenicity was studied in 19 normal men and 22 normal women. The molar percentages of bile acid, phospholipid, and cholesterol, determined after random overnight fasts of 9, 12, and 16 hr, were plotted on triangular coordinates. The molar percentage of cholesterol increased in both men and women. Analysis using Admirand and Small's criteria for cholesterol saturation revealed that 4.50% of normal women were lithogenic at 9.1 hr and 54.5% at 16.5 hr (P less than 0.005). A similar trend in men was not significant. The mean values for both sexes were lithogenic at 16 hr only. Lithogenic bile was present in 4 men and 1 woman at 9 hr fasting and became more lighogenic with longer fasting. Analysis using the criteria of Hegardt and Dam revealed an increased proportion of both sexes moving into the metastable-labile and supersaturated zones on fasting, again with significant changes for women (P less than 0.01). The duration of fasting is important in interpreting the presence of lithogenic bile; although more pronounced in women, both sexes showed increased cholesterol saturation in bile with fasting.", "PMID": 842526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5105", "title": "Antral gastrin concentration in upper-gastrointestinal disease.", "content": "Antral gastrin concentration (AGC) was measured in prepyloric mucosa specimens obtained by forceps biopsy during endoscopic examination of 174 clinic and hospital patients. AGC in 32 patients who had normal endoscopic findings, the control group, varied widely from 2 to 38.6 ng gastrin/mg tissue. The mean AGC of the control patients was 14.2 +/- 1.4 (mean +/- 1 SE) ng gastrin/mg tissue. AGC was similar to control values in 18 patients with duodenal ulcer, 14.7 +/- 2.1; 12 patients with a pyloric channel or antral ulcer, 16.4 +/- 3.5; and 48 patients with miscellaneous diagnoses, 14.3 +/- 1.5. AGC was significantly less than control values in 13 patients with a ulcer in the body or fundus of the stomach, 5.9 +/- 1.5, and 4 patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 4.9 +/- 2.4. AGC was significantly greater than in control values in 16 patients with gastritis, 25.8 +/- 4.3;22 patients with esophagitis, 23.2 +/- 3.0; and 9 patients with gastric atrophy and fasting serum hypergastrinemia 44.6 +/- 12.3. In group of 77 of these patients with heterogeneous diagnoses, meal-stimulated 3-hr integrated gastrin output was directly related to AGC (r = 0.47, P less than 0.001). In a group of 106 patients AGC was inversely related to histalogstimulated maximum acid output. The correlation was very weak (r = -0.20) but significant (P less than 0.05).", "contents": "Antral gastrin concentration in upper-gastrointestinal disease. Antral gastrin concentration (AGC) was measured in prepyloric mucosa specimens obtained by forceps biopsy during endoscopic examination of 174 clinic and hospital patients. AGC in 32 patients who had normal endoscopic findings, the control group, varied widely from 2 to 38.6 ng gastrin/mg tissue. The mean AGC of the control patients was 14.2 +/- 1.4 (mean +/- 1 SE) ng gastrin/mg tissue. AGC was similar to control values in 18 patients with duodenal ulcer, 14.7 +/- 2.1; 12 patients with a pyloric channel or antral ulcer, 16.4 +/- 3.5; and 48 patients with miscellaneous diagnoses, 14.3 +/- 1.5. AGC was significantly less than control values in 13 patients with a ulcer in the body or fundus of the stomach, 5.9 +/- 1.5, and 4 patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 4.9 +/- 2.4. AGC was significantly greater than in control values in 16 patients with gastritis, 25.8 +/- 4.3;22 patients with esophagitis, 23.2 +/- 3.0; and 9 patients with gastric atrophy and fasting serum hypergastrinemia 44.6 +/- 12.3. In group of 77 of these patients with heterogeneous diagnoses, meal-stimulated 3-hr integrated gastrin output was directly related to AGC (r = 0.47, P less than 0.001). In a group of 106 patients AGC was inversely related to histalogstimulated maximum acid output. The correlation was very weak (r = -0.20) but significant (P less than 0.05).", "PMID": 842527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5106", "title": "Amyloidosis and inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "Surprisingly little has been written about the association of amyloidosis with inflammatory bowel disease. On reviewing the literature it appears that there is a correlation between amyloidosis and Crohn's disease, but little definitive evidence of such a relationship with ulcerative colitis could be found. No specific features emerge as aetiological factors in the amyloidosis of inflammatory bowel disease. The amyloidosis may arise after only a short duration of bowel disease, and there is evidence that the association may be commoner than is realized. The need for a prospective systematic search in a large number of patients with inflammatory bowel disease is emphasized.", "contents": "Amyloidosis and inflammatory bowel disease. Surprisingly little has been written about the association of amyloidosis with inflammatory bowel disease. On reviewing the literature it appears that there is a correlation between amyloidosis and Crohn's disease, but little definitive evidence of such a relationship with ulcerative colitis could be found. No specific features emerge as aetiological factors in the amyloidosis of inflammatory bowel disease. The amyloidosis may arise after only a short duration of bowel disease, and there is evidence that the association may be commoner than is realized. The need for a prospective systematic search in a large number of patients with inflammatory bowel disease is emphasized.", "PMID": 842528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5107", "title": "Cholinergic inhibition and release of gastric following insulin injection in duodenal ulcer before operation and after complete and incomplete vagotomy.", "content": "In 50 duodenal ulcer patients acid and gastrin secretory responses were determined in the fasting state and after insulin hypoglycemia. Completeness of vagotomy was assessed by multiple criteria. In all three groups of patients studied, i.e., the unoperated, the incomplete and the complete vagotomy groups, and initial gastrin inhibition was observed, the inhibition being minimal, moderate, adn exaggerated, respectively. This inhibitory phase was followed by a significant rise in gastrin the unoperated and the incomplete vagotomy groups, the rise being significantly higher in the latter. This rise was insignificant in those with complete vagotomy. The evidence suggests the presence of both an inhibitory and a releasing mechanism for gastrin release. The ratio of basal serum gastrin to postinsulin gastrin separates complete and incomplete vagotomy without overlap.", "contents": "Cholinergic inhibition and release of gastric following insulin injection in duodenal ulcer before operation and after complete and incomplete vagotomy. In 50 duodenal ulcer patients acid and gastrin secretory responses were determined in the fasting state and after insulin hypoglycemia. Completeness of vagotomy was assessed by multiple criteria. In all three groups of patients studied, i.e., the unoperated, the incomplete and the complete vagotomy groups, and initial gastrin inhibition was observed, the inhibition being minimal, moderate, adn exaggerated, respectively. This inhibitory phase was followed by a significant rise in gastrin the unoperated and the incomplete vagotomy groups, the rise being significantly higher in the latter. This rise was insignificant in those with complete vagotomy. The evidence suggests the presence of both an inhibitory and a releasing mechanism for gastrin release. The ratio of basal serum gastrin to postinsulin gastrin separates complete and incomplete vagotomy without overlap.", "PMID": 842529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5108", "title": "Three-dimensional reconstruction of jejunal biopsy in tropical sprue.", "content": "There is a lot of diversity in the observations on jejunal histology between light and discretion microscopy in tropical sprue. In order to compare the light and dissection microscopic appearances, a three-dimensional model of the villous pattern was constructed after a study of 350 serial sections of jejunal biopsy from a patient with tropical sprue. There was considerable variation in the morphological appearance of the villi in different sections. The changes seen varied from mild to partial villous atrophy. Broad synechia and bridge formation between adjoining villi due to fusion was frequently observed. It is postulated that the process of fusion of villi may be partly responsible for the development of features of partial villous atrophy seen in jejunal biopsies in tropical sprue. Normal jejunal pattern reported by some workers in patients with tropical sprue could possibly be due to inadequate sampling of the total biopsy piece.", "contents": "Three-dimensional reconstruction of jejunal biopsy in tropical sprue. There is a lot of diversity in the observations on jejunal histology between light and discretion microscopy in tropical sprue. In order to compare the light and dissection microscopic appearances, a three-dimensional model of the villous pattern was constructed after a study of 350 serial sections of jejunal biopsy from a patient with tropical sprue. There was considerable variation in the morphological appearance of the villi in different sections. The changes seen varied from mild to partial villous atrophy. Broad synechia and bridge formation between adjoining villi due to fusion was frequently observed. It is postulated that the process of fusion of villi may be partly responsible for the development of features of partial villous atrophy seen in jejunal biopsies in tropical sprue. Normal jejunal pattern reported by some workers in patients with tropical sprue could possibly be due to inadequate sampling of the total biopsy piece.", "PMID": 842530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5109", "title": "Effect of bethanechol on gastroesophageal reflux.", "content": "In this study we determined the acute effect of bethanechol (5 mg SC) on gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) in 27 patients with symptomatic esophagitis. The effect of bethanechol on esophageal acid clearance was also determined in 7 of the patients. Intraluminal pH monitoring prior to bethanechol administration demonstrated free or stress-induced reflux episodes in 18 of the 27 patients. Following bethanechol (1) LESP increased significantly, (2) GER diminished or ceased in many of the patients, and (3) acid clearance times decreased significantly. Some individuals, however, continued to reflux despite LESP elevation to 30 mm Hg or more. This latter finding suggests that LESP alone is not the sole factor governing LES competency. Other factors such as improved esophageal emptying may also contribute to the beneficial therapeutic effect of bethanechol in patients with heartburn.", "contents": "Effect of bethanechol on gastroesophageal reflux. In this study we determined the acute effect of bethanechol (5 mg SC) on gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) in 27 patients with symptomatic esophagitis. The effect of bethanechol on esophageal acid clearance was also determined in 7 of the patients. Intraluminal pH monitoring prior to bethanechol administration demonstrated free or stress-induced reflux episodes in 18 of the 27 patients. Following bethanechol (1) LESP increased significantly, (2) GER diminished or ceased in many of the patients, and (3) acid clearance times decreased significantly. Some individuals, however, continued to reflux despite LESP elevation to 30 mm Hg or more. This latter finding suggests that LESP alone is not the sole factor governing LES competency. Other factors such as improved esophageal emptying may also contribute to the beneficial therapeutic effect of bethanechol in patients with heartburn.", "PMID": 842531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5110", "title": "Myoelectrical and mechanical activity of stomach and intestine in hypothyroid dogs.", "content": "Myoelectrical activity was studied in normothyroid and hypothyroid Labrador dogs in the resting state, following injection of pentagastrin, bethanechol chloride, and after feeding. Hypothyroidism was produced by total thyroidectomy and chronic treatment with thiouracil. Electrodes were surgically implanted over the serosa of the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum and used for repeated recording of myoelectrical activity of gastrointestinal muscles. A strain gauge was implanted over the gastric antrum and served to record mechanical activity of the stomach. As compared with control dogs, hypothyroid animals showed (a) decreased frequency of electrical control activity of the stomach and jejunum, (b) decreased occurrence of electrical response activity (spike potentials) following stimulation, and (c) decreased mechanical response to the same stimulants, ie, pentagastrin, bethanechol chloride, and food.", "contents": "Myoelectrical and mechanical activity of stomach and intestine in hypothyroid dogs. Myoelectrical activity was studied in normothyroid and hypothyroid Labrador dogs in the resting state, following injection of pentagastrin, bethanechol chloride, and after feeding. Hypothyroidism was produced by total thyroidectomy and chronic treatment with thiouracil. Electrodes were surgically implanted over the serosa of the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum and used for repeated recording of myoelectrical activity of gastrointestinal muscles. A strain gauge was implanted over the gastric antrum and served to record mechanical activity of the stomach. As compared with control dogs, hypothyroid animals showed (a) decreased frequency of electrical control activity of the stomach and jejunum, (b) decreased occurrence of electrical response activity (spike potentials) following stimulation, and (c) decreased mechanical response to the same stimulants, ie, pentagastrin, bethanechol chloride, and food.", "PMID": 842532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5111", "title": "Automated high-speed analysis of gastrointestinal myoelectric activity.", "content": "The value of myoelectric recording in the gastrointestinal tract has been limited by the difficulty of analyzing the prolonged recordings which are required to demonstrate integrated physiological activity. This problem has been solved by the use of a tape recording system with accelerated replay, originally developed for cardiac monitoring. Rapid replay not only reduces the time required for data retrieval but also increases the frequency of the recorded signals to allow electronic separation of fast and slow wave activity for on-line conversion into digital pulses suitable for computer analysis. The technique is illustrated by the analysis of an imperfect prolonged multichannel recording of cannine gastrointestinal myoelectric activity, demonstrating some of the possibilities for data analysis and error detection inherent in the system.", "contents": "Automated high-speed analysis of gastrointestinal myoelectric activity. The value of myoelectric recording in the gastrointestinal tract has been limited by the difficulty of analyzing the prolonged recordings which are required to demonstrate integrated physiological activity. This problem has been solved by the use of a tape recording system with accelerated replay, originally developed for cardiac monitoring. Rapid replay not only reduces the time required for data retrieval but also increases the frequency of the recorded signals to allow electronic separation of fast and slow wave activity for on-line conversion into digital pulses suitable for computer analysis. The technique is illustrated by the analysis of an imperfect prolonged multichannel recording of cannine gastrointestinal myoelectric activity, demonstrating some of the possibilities for data analysis and error detection inherent in the system.", "PMID": 842534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5112", "title": "Cholestatic liver disease associated with diphenylhydantoin therapy. Possible pathogenic importance of altered bile salt metabolism.", "content": "A ten-year-old boy persented with a prolonged cholestatic liver disease 5 weeks after starting diphenylhydantoin therapy. The initial phase of his illness was characterized by hepatocellular damage with swollen liver cells and centrilobular cholestasis. Severe hyperlipoproteinemia with eruptive xanthomata developed within 3 weeks of his initial jaundice. The second phase of his illness was characterized by portal tract inflammation with bile ductular proliferation and chronic cholestasis gradually resolving over a period of 15 months. It is postulated that diphenylhydantoin sensitivity produced swollen hepatocytes with hypertrophy of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, reducing hepatic sinusoidal blood flow and the clearance of secondary bile salts. A fall in clearance of lipoproteins, including the cholesterol precursor of primary bile acid synthesis, may have been responsible for a reduction in serum bile acid concentration. High levels of serum lithocholic acid, largely unsulfated presumably due to decreased hepatic uptake, may have produced the prolonged second phase of this illness when histological changes resembled that seen in experimental animals following lithocholic acid administration.", "contents": "Cholestatic liver disease associated with diphenylhydantoin therapy. Possible pathogenic importance of altered bile salt metabolism. A ten-year-old boy persented with a prolonged cholestatic liver disease 5 weeks after starting diphenylhydantoin therapy. The initial phase of his illness was characterized by hepatocellular damage with swollen liver cells and centrilobular cholestasis. Severe hyperlipoproteinemia with eruptive xanthomata developed within 3 weeks of his initial jaundice. The second phase of his illness was characterized by portal tract inflammation with bile ductular proliferation and chronic cholestasis gradually resolving over a period of 15 months. It is postulated that diphenylhydantoin sensitivity produced swollen hepatocytes with hypertrophy of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, reducing hepatic sinusoidal blood flow and the clearance of secondary bile salts. A fall in clearance of lipoproteins, including the cholesterol precursor of primary bile acid synthesis, may have been responsible for a reduction in serum bile acid concentration. High levels of serum lithocholic acid, largely unsulfated presumably due to decreased hepatic uptake, may have produced the prolonged second phase of this illness when histological changes resembled that seen in experimental animals following lithocholic acid administration.", "PMID": 842535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5113", "title": "Remarkably large, benign esophageal tumor. Difficulties in diagnosis.", "content": "A patient with a leiomyoma of the esophagus is reported because it reached extraordinary size before becoming symptomatic and caused some difficulty in diagnosis despite its large size. Diagnosis was made with the fiberoptic esophagoscope after standard roentgenograms and rigid esophagoscopy were inconclusive. The tumor was removed through a cervical incision. Attention is called to the potential fatal outcome of these lesions.", "contents": "Remarkably large, benign esophageal tumor. Difficulties in diagnosis. A patient with a leiomyoma of the esophagus is reported because it reached extraordinary size before becoming symptomatic and caused some difficulty in diagnosis despite its large size. Diagnosis was made with the fiberoptic esophagoscope after standard roentgenograms and rigid esophagoscopy were inconclusive. The tumor was removed through a cervical incision. Attention is called to the potential fatal outcome of these lesions.", "PMID": 842536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5114", "title": "1976 Harvey A.K. Whitney lecture: the peril of deprofessionalization.", "content": "It is argued that American pharmacy is in great peril of being deprofessionalized, and that hospital pharmacy practice offers the best hope for restoring public confidence in the profession. Pharmacists are criticized for a failing sense of mission and a waning dependence on knowledge. It is observed that pharmacy has diminished control over practitioner education. Various threats to the professional association of hospital pharmacists, and the need for ethical codes enforced by the profession are discussed. The concept of an American School of Hospital Pharmacy is supported. Hospital pharmacists are urged to become drug experts; it is suggested that pharmacists in hospitals be required to develop expertise in specific categories of drugs. It is concluded that pharmacy must use its drug knowledge effectively to avoid the peril of deprofessionalization.", "contents": "1976 Harvey A.K. Whitney lecture: the peril of deprofessionalization. It is argued that American pharmacy is in great peril of being deprofessionalized, and that hospital pharmacy practice offers the best hope for restoring public confidence in the profession. Pharmacists are criticized for a failing sense of mission and a waning dependence on knowledge. It is observed that pharmacy has diminished control over practitioner education. Various threats to the professional association of hospital pharmacists, and the need for ethical codes enforced by the profession are discussed. The concept of an American School of Hospital Pharmacy is supported. Hospital pharmacists are urged to become drug experts; it is suggested that pharmacists in hospitals be required to develop expertise in specific categories of drugs. It is concluded that pharmacy must use its drug knowledge effectively to avoid the peril of deprofessionalization.", "PMID": 842542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5115", "title": "Conceptual framework for drug usage review, medical audit and other patient care review procedures.", "content": "The following concepts are discussed: (1) quality assurance programs, (2) drug usage review, (3) utilization review, (4) peer review, (5) medical audit, (6) patient care audit and (7) medical care evaluation studies. A framework within which all types of hospital quality assurance mechanisms can be constructed is proposed and their interrelationships are described. The pharmacist's particpiation in the hospital's overall quality assurance program is stressed in two main areas-drug usage review, performed jointly with the medical staff, and quality assurance of pharmaceutical services, a peer review function of the pharmacy profession. These services are primarily drug distribution and control, drug information, clinical pharmacy, continuing education, and other pharmacy and pharmacist functions. Both functions may be viewed as parts of the pharmacy audit, one of several patient care audits within the facility. Pharmacists in skilled nursing facilities have quality assurance responsibilities similar to those of hospital-based pharmacists.", "contents": "Conceptual framework for drug usage review, medical audit and other patient care review procedures. The following concepts are discussed: (1) quality assurance programs, (2) drug usage review, (3) utilization review, (4) peer review, (5) medical audit, (6) patient care audit and (7) medical care evaluation studies. A framework within which all types of hospital quality assurance mechanisms can be constructed is proposed and their interrelationships are described. The pharmacist's particpiation in the hospital's overall quality assurance program is stressed in two main areas-drug usage review, performed jointly with the medical staff, and quality assurance of pharmaceutical services, a peer review function of the pharmacy profession. These services are primarily drug distribution and control, drug information, clinical pharmacy, continuing education, and other pharmacy and pharmacist functions. Both functions may be viewed as parts of the pharmacy audit, one of several patient care audits within the facility. Pharmacists in skilled nursing facilities have quality assurance responsibilities similar to those of hospital-based pharmacists.", "PMID": 842543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5116", "title": "Drug usage screening criteria.", "content": "Screening criteria for adult use of 40 drugs and pediatric use of 10 drugs are presented. The reasons for presenting the criteria are to (1) document the specific screening criteria applied in a number of drug usage review studies, (2) provide a starting point for other groups wishing to develop criteria for drug usage review and (3) seek comments to be used in improving the criteria.", "contents": "Drug usage screening criteria. Screening criteria for adult use of 40 drugs and pediatric use of 10 drugs are presented. The reasons for presenting the criteria are to (1) document the specific screening criteria applied in a number of drug usage review studies, (2) provide a starting point for other groups wishing to develop criteria for drug usage review and (3) seek comments to be used in improving the criteria.", "PMID": 842544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5117", "title": "Integration of pharmacy into the computerized problem-oriented medical information system (PROMIS)--a demonstration project.", "content": "The integration of pharmacy into the computerized problem-oriented medical information system (PROMIS) at the Medical Center Hospital of Vermont is discussed. Practioners who generate and retrieve information communicate directly with the computer without intermediary personnel. Touch-screen cathode-ray tube terminals are used for data input. Under PROMIS, the pharmacist has two new resources which better integrate his services into total patient care: (1) the ability to directly access online patient data in the pharmacy, and (2) the ability to directly couple online current drug information to a specific patient's computerized medical record in the pharmacy. The PROMIS solutions to pharmacy problems in drug ordering, drug distribution and drug therapy audit are discussed; In a demonstration project on a 20-bed unit, PROMIS made the medical record readily available to all health care providers, reduced reliance on memory, preserved the logic of medical action, and provided feedback loops for corrective action in everyday medical practice. Also discussed are user acceptance of the system, effect on pharmacy staffing, and implications for pharmacy.", "contents": "Integration of pharmacy into the computerized problem-oriented medical information system (PROMIS)--a demonstration project. The integration of pharmacy into the computerized problem-oriented medical information system (PROMIS) at the Medical Center Hospital of Vermont is discussed. Practioners who generate and retrieve information communicate directly with the computer without intermediary personnel. Touch-screen cathode-ray tube terminals are used for data input. Under PROMIS, the pharmacist has two new resources which better integrate his services into total patient care: (1) the ability to directly access online patient data in the pharmacy, and (2) the ability to directly couple online current drug information to a specific patient's computerized medical record in the pharmacy. The PROMIS solutions to pharmacy problems in drug ordering, drug distribution and drug therapy audit are discussed; In a demonstration project on a 20-bed unit, PROMIS made the medical record readily available to all health care providers, reduced reliance on memory, preserved the logic of medical action, and provided feedback loops for corrective action in everyday medical practice. Also discussed are user acceptance of the system, effect on pharmacy staffing, and implications for pharmacy.", "PMID": 842545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5118", "title": "Model for the development of rural pharmaceutical services.", "content": "The Central Pharmacy of Presbyterian Medical Services (PMS) a nonprofit corporation operating a rural comprehensive health care system in New Mexico, is discussed. PMS Central Pharmacy provides pharmaceutical services to a 34-bed acute care hospital and 24 widely scattered clinics for ambulatory patients. The financial base, administration, development of a formulatory, purchasing, prepackaging of medications, and consulting services of the PMS Central Pharmacy are described. Central Pharmacy acts as a drug wholesaler for PMS; the gross margin between acquisition cost and average wholesale price covers 90% of the cost of the pharmacy operation. In addition, the clinics pay a fee and travel expenses for pharmacist consultation. Seven clinics employ drug technicians who are trained and supervised by Central Pharmacy. It is concluded that this system may serve as a model for the development of pharmaceutical services in other rural areas or in poverty-stricken urban areas.", "contents": "Model for the development of rural pharmaceutical services. The Central Pharmacy of Presbyterian Medical Services (PMS) a nonprofit corporation operating a rural comprehensive health care system in New Mexico, is discussed. PMS Central Pharmacy provides pharmaceutical services to a 34-bed acute care hospital and 24 widely scattered clinics for ambulatory patients. The financial base, administration, development of a formulatory, purchasing, prepackaging of medications, and consulting services of the PMS Central Pharmacy are described. Central Pharmacy acts as a drug wholesaler for PMS; the gross margin between acquisition cost and average wholesale price covers 90% of the cost of the pharmacy operation. In addition, the clinics pay a fee and travel expenses for pharmacist consultation. Seven clinics employ drug technicians who are trained and supervised by Central Pharmacy. It is concluded that this system may serve as a model for the development of pharmaceutical services in other rural areas or in poverty-stricken urban areas.", "PMID": 842546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5119", "title": "Successful oral anticoagulant therapy in a patient with short bowel syndrome.", "content": "The case of a 41-year-old male with a history of multiple emboli and short bowel syndrome who was successfully anticoagulated with sodium warfarin is described. The prothrombin times were stabilized in a therapeutic range with warfarin doses of 5.0 mg -7.5 mg daily. The pharmacokinetics of warfarin suggests that absorption is high in the proximal intestine. The successful use of sodium warfarin in the patient substantiates this finding and demonstrates that short bowel does not necessarily preclude the use of warfarin for anticoagulation. It is suggested that patients with short bowel syndrome may be successfully anticoagulated with oral products; however, careful monitoring of each patient's prothrombin time is necessary because of the variability and extent of bowel loss.", "contents": "Successful oral anticoagulant therapy in a patient with short bowel syndrome. The case of a 41-year-old male with a history of multiple emboli and short bowel syndrome who was successfully anticoagulated with sodium warfarin is described. The prothrombin times were stabilized in a therapeutic range with warfarin doses of 5.0 mg -7.5 mg daily. The pharmacokinetics of warfarin suggests that absorption is high in the proximal intestine. The successful use of sodium warfarin in the patient substantiates this finding and demonstrates that short bowel does not necessarily preclude the use of warfarin for anticoagulation. It is suggested that patients with short bowel syndrome may be successfully anticoagulated with oral products; however, careful monitoring of each patient's prothrombin time is necessary because of the variability and extent of bowel loss.", "PMID": 842547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5120", "title": "Estimation of drug dosage regimens with a pharmacokinetic slide rule.", "content": "A pharmacokinetic slide rule to facilitate the computations based on relatively simple pharmacokinetic principles involved in the development of individualized drug dosage regimens is described. The calculations are based on the assumption that the body can be conceived as a one-compartment open model with drug elimination proceeding by apparent first-order kinetics. Examples are presented (1) to illustrate the clinical application of a slide rule to compute the time-course of drug in the body, (2) to calculate steady-state maximum and minimum levels, and accumulation during multiple dosage and (3) to estimate appropriate maintenance doses and intravenous infusion rates.", "contents": "Estimation of drug dosage regimens with a pharmacokinetic slide rule. A pharmacokinetic slide rule to facilitate the computations based on relatively simple pharmacokinetic principles involved in the development of individualized drug dosage regimens is described. The calculations are based on the assumption that the body can be conceived as a one-compartment open model with drug elimination proceeding by apparent first-order kinetics. Examples are presented (1) to illustrate the clinical application of a slide rule to compute the time-course of drug in the body, (2) to calculate steady-state maximum and minimum levels, and accumulation during multiple dosage and (3) to estimate appropriate maintenance doses and intravenous infusion rates.", "PMID": 842548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5121", "title": "Sodium and potassium levels in antacids.", "content": "The current sodium and potassium levels of commercial antacid products is reported; many of these products have been reformulated recently. The clinical importance of sodium and potassium content of antacids is discussed.", "contents": "Sodium and potassium levels in antacids. The current sodium and potassium levels of commercial antacid products is reported; many of these products have been reformulated recently. The clinical importance of sodium and potassium content of antacids is discussed.", "PMID": 842549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5122", "title": "Levels of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in dextrose injection.", "content": "The levels of the degradation product, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), in Dextrose Injection USP were determined by spectrophotometry. A freshly prepared solution of dextrose (1 g/2 ml) had a 5-HMF level of 0.10 mug/ml. The level in 50% dextrose injection, within 24 hours of manufacturing, was 0.72 mug/ml. The level of 5-HMF in 50% dextrose injection, after storage for four years at 70 F, was 5.80 mug/ml. Data are reported also for 10% fructose injection. It is concluded that limits for 5-HMF levels in commercially available solutions can be established. It is recommended that a quantitative procedure for determining this impurity be included in quality control testing of dextrose injection.", "contents": "Levels of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in dextrose injection. The levels of the degradation product, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), in Dextrose Injection USP were determined by spectrophotometry. A freshly prepared solution of dextrose (1 g/2 ml) had a 5-HMF level of 0.10 mug/ml. The level in 50% dextrose injection, within 24 hours of manufacturing, was 0.72 mug/ml. The level of 5-HMF in 50% dextrose injection, after storage for four years at 70 F, was 5.80 mug/ml. Data are reported also for 10% fructose injection. It is concluded that limits for 5-HMF levels in commercially available solutions can be established. It is recommended that a quantitative procedure for determining this impurity be included in quality control testing of dextrose injection.", "PMID": 842550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5123", "title": "Benign monoclonal gammaglobulinemia and glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Serum protein electrophoresis revealed a monoclonal gammopathy in three patients who presented with glomerulonephritis. Other features of myeloma were not found. Clinical manifestations of glomerulonephritis included marked proteinuria and significant hematuria. Rate of progression of renal failure was variable. Morphologically, glomerulonephritis was characterized by diffuse proliferative lesion with predominant mesangial involvement. Immunoglobulins and complement were found deposited in the mesangium. Immunoglobulins deposited in the glomeruli were found to consist exclusively of the circulating monoclonal IgG in one patient. Immunoglobulins eluted from the glomeruli of another patient consisted of immunoglobulin (IgM) which had electrophoretic mobility similar to that of the monoclonal spike in the serum. Selective deposition of monoclonal immunoglobulins in the glomeruli indicated that an active process was involved in their glomerular localization and that the monoclonal immunoglobulins may have had a role in the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis in these patients.", "contents": "Benign monoclonal gammaglobulinemia and glomerulonephritis. Serum protein electrophoresis revealed a monoclonal gammopathy in three patients who presented with glomerulonephritis. Other features of myeloma were not found. Clinical manifestations of glomerulonephritis included marked proteinuria and significant hematuria. Rate of progression of renal failure was variable. Morphologically, glomerulonephritis was characterized by diffuse proliferative lesion with predominant mesangial involvement. Immunoglobulins and complement were found deposited in the mesangium. Immunoglobulins deposited in the glomeruli were found to consist exclusively of the circulating monoclonal IgG in one patient. Immunoglobulins eluted from the glomeruli of another patient consisted of immunoglobulin (IgM) which had electrophoretic mobility similar to that of the monoclonal spike in the serum. Selective deposition of monoclonal immunoglobulins in the glomeruli indicated that an active process was involved in their glomerular localization and that the monoclonal immunoglobulins may have had a role in the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis in these patients.", "PMID": 842551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5124", "title": "Graded exercise testing in patients with sinus node dysfunction.", "content": "Serial measurements of heart rate and oxygen uptake were obtained before and during maximal upright graded bicycle stress testing in 16 patients, 10 to 77 years old (mean 46 years), with sinus node dysfunction; five had permanent and two had temporary demand ventricular pacemakers. In 15 patients, including those with pacemakers, maximal exercise was performed before and after the intravenous administration of 1 mg atropine. Maximal exercise was terminated because of cerebral symptoms in seven (three had effort-induced tachyarrhythmias and one had autonomic insufficiency), fatigue in five (one had effort-induced heart block), heart failure in three and angina pectoris in one. With maximal exercise, patients with sinus node dysfunction were unable to obtain maximal heart rates or oxygen uptakes comparable to age- and sex-matched control subjects. Additionally, maximal oxygen uptake did not differ significantly between patients with or without pacemakers even when ventricular pacing rates were increased (two instances). The administration of atropine increased the resting heart rate, but the maximal heart rate and oxygen uptake achieved during maximal exercise did not differ significantly from those obtained before the administration of atropine in the patient and control groups. Physically active patients with sinus node dysfunction have diminished exercise capacity due in part to cardiac arrhythmia, latent or overt cardiac failure, or autonomic dysfunction.", "contents": "Graded exercise testing in patients with sinus node dysfunction. Serial measurements of heart rate and oxygen uptake were obtained before and during maximal upright graded bicycle stress testing in 16 patients, 10 to 77 years old (mean 46 years), with sinus node dysfunction; five had permanent and two had temporary demand ventricular pacemakers. In 15 patients, including those with pacemakers, maximal exercise was performed before and after the intravenous administration of 1 mg atropine. Maximal exercise was terminated because of cerebral symptoms in seven (three had effort-induced tachyarrhythmias and one had autonomic insufficiency), fatigue in five (one had effort-induced heart block), heart failure in three and angina pectoris in one. With maximal exercise, patients with sinus node dysfunction were unable to obtain maximal heart rates or oxygen uptakes comparable to age- and sex-matched control subjects. Additionally, maximal oxygen uptake did not differ significantly between patients with or without pacemakers even when ventricular pacing rates were increased (two instances). The administration of atropine increased the resting heart rate, but the maximal heart rate and oxygen uptake achieved during maximal exercise did not differ significantly from those obtained before the administration of atropine in the patient and control groups. Physically active patients with sinus node dysfunction have diminished exercise capacity due in part to cardiac arrhythmia, latent or overt cardiac failure, or autonomic dysfunction.", "PMID": 842552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5125", "title": "Multifactor evaluation of the determinants of ischemic electrocardiographic response to maximal treadmill testing in coronary disease.", "content": "Despite widespread use of treadmill stress in the detection of coronary disease, detailed information relating the important features of coronary pathoanatomy to the ischemic response noted on the electrocardiogram is lacking. Accordingly, 91 consecutive patients undergoing graded maximal exercise tests (MEXT) who were found to have clinical stenosis (larger than or equal to 75 per cent luminal narrowing) of at least one of the three major coronary arteries on coronary arteriography were evaluated. Positive MEXT was defined as larger than or equal to 0.1 mV horizontal or downsloping S-T segment depression larger than or equal to 0.08 second beyond J point. Over-all sensitivity of positive MEXT was 59 of 91 (65 per cent) patients; 11 of 26 (42 per cent) with single vessel stenosis, 20 of 30 (66 per cent) with two vessel disease and 28 of 35 (80 per cent) with three vessel disease. In patients with two vessel disease, the frequency (p less than 0.05) of positive MEXT was greater in those with (15 of 21;71 per cent) than in those without (five of nine; 55 per cent) stenosis of the left anterior descending artery. Concerning the site of intravessel stenosis, the frequency of positive MEXT was greater (p less than 0.05) with stenosis proximal to the left anterior descending artery in patients with one vessel disease. Quantification of total numbers of intra- and intervessel stenoses revealed 2.7 stenoses in the 59 patients with positive MEXT in contrast (p less than 0.01) to 1.9 in 32 patients with negative MEXT. Similarly, graded luminal narrowing index of severity of total stenoses per patient was 9.9 in those with positive MEXT compared (p less than 0.01) to 6.1 in those with negative MEXT. The poststenotic myocardial perfusion index, estimated by graded distal vessel opacification per major vessel disease, was only 1.5 in those with positive MEXT contrasted (p less than 0.01) to 2.4 in those with negative MEXT. These data indicate that sensitivity of positive MEXT in patients with coronary disease is most closely determined by the number of major coronary vessels involved, the total number of major vessels stenosed, the severity of total stenoses and poststenotic distal vessel perfusion. Less important factors are the precise site of intravessesl stenosis and the specific major coronary artery involved, although stenosis proximal to the left anterior descending artery favored positive MEXT. Unimportant variables were the quality of collateral vessels, ventricular function and prior inferior infarction. Angina occurred more frequently in those with positive MEXT, and marked degree of positive MEXT indicated stenosis proximal to the left anterior descending artery.", "contents": "Multifactor evaluation of the determinants of ischemic electrocardiographic response to maximal treadmill testing in coronary disease. Despite widespread use of treadmill stress in the detection of coronary disease, detailed information relating the important features of coronary pathoanatomy to the ischemic response noted on the electrocardiogram is lacking. Accordingly, 91 consecutive patients undergoing graded maximal exercise tests (MEXT) who were found to have clinical stenosis (larger than or equal to 75 per cent luminal narrowing) of at least one of the three major coronary arteries on coronary arteriography were evaluated. Positive MEXT was defined as larger than or equal to 0.1 mV horizontal or downsloping S-T segment depression larger than or equal to 0.08 second beyond J point. Over-all sensitivity of positive MEXT was 59 of 91 (65 per cent) patients; 11 of 26 (42 per cent) with single vessel stenosis, 20 of 30 (66 per cent) with two vessel disease and 28 of 35 (80 per cent) with three vessel disease. In patients with two vessel disease, the frequency (p less than 0.05) of positive MEXT was greater in those with (15 of 21;71 per cent) than in those without (five of nine; 55 per cent) stenosis of the left anterior descending artery. Concerning the site of intravessel stenosis, the frequency of positive MEXT was greater (p less than 0.05) with stenosis proximal to the left anterior descending artery in patients with one vessel disease. Quantification of total numbers of intra- and intervessel stenoses revealed 2.7 stenoses in the 59 patients with positive MEXT in contrast (p less than 0.01) to 1.9 in 32 patients with negative MEXT. Similarly, graded luminal narrowing index of severity of total stenoses per patient was 9.9 in those with positive MEXT compared (p less than 0.01) to 6.1 in those with negative MEXT. The poststenotic myocardial perfusion index, estimated by graded distal vessel opacification per major vessel disease, was only 1.5 in those with positive MEXT contrasted (p less than 0.01) to 2.4 in those with negative MEXT. These data indicate that sensitivity of positive MEXT in patients with coronary disease is most closely determined by the number of major coronary vessels involved, the total number of major vessels stenosed, the severity of total stenoses and poststenotic distal vessel perfusion. Less important factors are the precise site of intravessesl stenosis and the specific major coronary artery involved, although stenosis proximal to the left anterior descending artery favored positive MEXT. Unimportant variables were the quality of collateral vessels, ventricular function and prior inferior infarction. Angina occurred more frequently in those with positive MEXT, and marked degree of positive MEXT indicated stenosis proximal to the left anterior descending artery.", "PMID": 842553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5126", "title": "Control of breathing during methadone addiction.", "content": "Chemical control of breathing was studied before and after the administration of the daily dose of methadone in 14 former heroin addicts who were enrolled in a methadone maintenance program and taking 60 to 100 mg/day. Two major groups were identified: group 1 in which subjects (n=6) had taken the drug for less than two months, and group 2 in which the subjects (n=6) had taken the drug from eight to 43 months. Prior to the daily dose of methadone, the levels of arterial carbon dioxide tension were significantly higher and ventilatory response to hypoxia significantly lower in group 1 than in group 2. Ventilatory responses to carbon dioxide (CO2) were also lower in group 1, but the difference was not statistically significant. Following the daily dose of methadone, the subjects in group 1 manifested significant reductions of ventilation and arterial oxygen tension, significant increases in arterial carbon dioxide tension and significant depressions of ventilatory responses to both CO2 and hypoxia in comparison to values before the administration of methadone. In contrast, subjects in group 2 manifested only a significant decrease in ventilatory responsiveness to hypoxia with no change in ventilation, arterial blood gas tensions or ventilatory responsiveness to CO2 following the daily dose. Two intermediate subjects (five and seven months) behaved as long-term subjects with regard to arterial carbon dioxide tension and CO2 responses but as short-term subjects with regard to responsiveness to hypoxia. Thus, during the first two months of methadone maintence, there is continual alveolar hypoventilation due to depression o both central (CO2) and peripheral (hypoxia) chemoreception. After five months, alveolar hypoventilation is abolished as the CO2-sensitive chemoreflex acquires full tolerance to methadone at the maintenance dose level. In contrast, tolerance of the hypoxia-sensitive chemoreflex is developed more slowly and is never complete.", "contents": "Control of breathing during methadone addiction. Chemical control of breathing was studied before and after the administration of the daily dose of methadone in 14 former heroin addicts who were enrolled in a methadone maintenance program and taking 60 to 100 mg/day. Two major groups were identified: group 1 in which subjects (n=6) had taken the drug for less than two months, and group 2 in which the subjects (n=6) had taken the drug from eight to 43 months. Prior to the daily dose of methadone, the levels of arterial carbon dioxide tension were significantly higher and ventilatory response to hypoxia significantly lower in group 1 than in group 2. Ventilatory responses to carbon dioxide (CO2) were also lower in group 1, but the difference was not statistically significant. Following the daily dose of methadone, the subjects in group 1 manifested significant reductions of ventilation and arterial oxygen tension, significant increases in arterial carbon dioxide tension and significant depressions of ventilatory responses to both CO2 and hypoxia in comparison to values before the administration of methadone. In contrast, subjects in group 2 manifested only a significant decrease in ventilatory responsiveness to hypoxia with no change in ventilation, arterial blood gas tensions or ventilatory responsiveness to CO2 following the daily dose. Two intermediate subjects (five and seven months) behaved as long-term subjects with regard to arterial carbon dioxide tension and CO2 responses but as short-term subjects with regard to responsiveness to hypoxia. Thus, during the first two months of methadone maintence, there is continual alveolar hypoventilation due to depression o both central (CO2) and peripheral (hypoxia) chemoreception. After five months, alveolar hypoventilation is abolished as the CO2-sensitive chemoreflex acquires full tolerance to methadone at the maintenance dose level. In contrast, tolerance of the hypoxia-sensitive chemoreflex is developed more slowly and is never complete.", "PMID": 842554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5127", "title": "The clinical features of submassive and massive pulmonary emboli.", "content": "Clinical findings in 167 patients with angiographically established pulmonary emboli were analyzed in detail. The clinical symptoms and physical findings in this group were compared with the findings in 160 patients (diagnosis established by angiography) from an earlier similar study. The observations from this, the largest known group of patients with documented pulmonary emboli that has been studied and reported on, revealed that many of the \"classic signs and symptoms\" occurred infrequently. Most patients in this study had prognostic value. The data from this study demonstrate that no clinical findings are specific for the diagnosis of pulmonary emboli, but the absence of isolated frequently occurring signs and symptoms should mitigate against the presence of pulmonary emboli.", "contents": "The clinical features of submassive and massive pulmonary emboli. Clinical findings in 167 patients with angiographically established pulmonary emboli were analyzed in detail. The clinical symptoms and physical findings in this group were compared with the findings in 160 patients (diagnosis established by angiography) from an earlier similar study. The observations from this, the largest known group of patients with documented pulmonary emboli that has been studied and reported on, revealed that many of the \"classic signs and symptoms\" occurred infrequently. Most patients in this study had prognostic value. The data from this study demonstrate that no clinical findings are specific for the diagnosis of pulmonary emboli, but the absence of isolated frequently occurring signs and symptoms should mitigate against the presence of pulmonary emboli.", "PMID": 842555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5128", "title": "The clinical assessment of roentgenographically atypical pulmonary sarcoidosis.", "content": "We studied 89 patients in whom the clinical diagnosis of sarcoidosis was supported by the findings on tissue biopsy. A chest roentgenogram in 14 of the patients showed one of the following atypical features: large pulmonary nodules, an alveolar parenchymal pattern or a pleural effusion. Diagnoses of infection, malignancy or vasculitis were suggested by interpretations of atypical chest roentgenograms in eight of these 14 patients. Nonspecific and misleading clinical information contributed. The diagnosis of sarcoidosis was corroborated by extrathoracic tissue biopsies in 11 of the 14 patients. Over an average observation period of 38 months, the 14 patients remained classified as having sarcoidosis. This suggests that an extrathoracic tissue biopsy, whose findings are consistent with sarcoidosis, is often sufficient to support a clinical diagnosis of some forms of roentgenographically atypical pulmonary sarcoidosis.", "contents": "The clinical assessment of roentgenographically atypical pulmonary sarcoidosis. We studied 89 patients in whom the clinical diagnosis of sarcoidosis was supported by the findings on tissue biopsy. A chest roentgenogram in 14 of the patients showed one of the following atypical features: large pulmonary nodules, an alveolar parenchymal pattern or a pleural effusion. Diagnoses of infection, malignancy or vasculitis were suggested by interpretations of atypical chest roentgenograms in eight of these 14 patients. Nonspecific and misleading clinical information contributed. The diagnosis of sarcoidosis was corroborated by extrathoracic tissue biopsies in 11 of the 14 patients. Over an average observation period of 38 months, the 14 patients remained classified as having sarcoidosis. This suggests that an extrathoracic tissue biopsy, whose findings are consistent with sarcoidosis, is often sufficient to support a clinical diagnosis of some forms of roentgenographically atypical pulmonary sarcoidosis.", "PMID": 842556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5129", "title": "Bone marrow necrosis associated with a Mucor infection.", "content": "Peripheral blood cytopenia due to documented marrow necrosis is an unusual occurrence. This report describes a diabetic patient who presented with profound anemia and thrombocytopenia. Extensive bone marrow necrosis was demonstrated. He had a large renal cyst that contained hyphae later identified as Mucor species. It is postulated that the marrow necrosis was a direct or indirect result of Mucor infection. The phenomenon of bone marrow necrosis in reviewed.", "contents": "Bone marrow necrosis associated with a Mucor infection. Peripheral blood cytopenia due to documented marrow necrosis is an unusual occurrence. This report describes a diabetic patient who presented with profound anemia and thrombocytopenia. Extensive bone marrow necrosis was demonstrated. He had a large renal cyst that contained hyphae later identified as Mucor species. It is postulated that the marrow necrosis was a direct or indirect result of Mucor infection. The phenomenon of bone marrow necrosis in reviewed.", "PMID": 842558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5130", "title": "True and false aneurysms of the left ventricle following myocardial infarction.", "content": "Anterolateral myocardial infarction resulted in the formation of both true and false aneurysms in a 75 year old man in whom severe congestive heart failure subsequently developed as the false aneurysm became progressively larger. Left ventriculography detected and quantified both aneurysms, and demonstrated reasonable function of the remaining volume-overloaded left ventricle. Resection of both aneurysms was accomplished with marked relief of symptoms. The literature on false aneurysm is reviewed, and the dilemma posed by the need to recognize false aneurysms before they become symptomatic or rupture is discussed.", "contents": "True and false aneurysms of the left ventricle following myocardial infarction. Anterolateral myocardial infarction resulted in the formation of both true and false aneurysms in a 75 year old man in whom severe congestive heart failure subsequently developed as the false aneurysm became progressively larger. Left ventriculography detected and quantified both aneurysms, and demonstrated reasonable function of the remaining volume-overloaded left ventricle. Resection of both aneurysms was accomplished with marked relief of symptoms. The literature on false aneurysm is reviewed, and the dilemma posed by the need to recognize false aneurysms before they become symptomatic or rupture is discussed.", "PMID": 842559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5131", "title": "Partial hypopituitarism and possible hypothalamic involvement in sarcoidosis: report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "A 20 year old patient with generalized sarcoidosis is described. Sudden cessation of growth, and failure of development of secondary sex characteristics were noted at age 16. Tests of hypothalamic-pituitary function documented a deficiency of growth hormone and adrenocorticotropin reserve. The patient has osteolytic lesions in the calvarium of his skull, a previously unreported finding in patients with hypopituitarisim seconary to sarcoidosis. This is the 29th reported case of sarcoidosis and hypopituitarism, and the first in which growth hormone deficiency is documented. The literature pertaining to sarcoidosis and hypopituitarism, and sarcoid involvement of the skull is reviewed.", "contents": "Partial hypopituitarism and possible hypothalamic involvement in sarcoidosis: report of a case and review of the literature. A 20 year old patient with generalized sarcoidosis is described. Sudden cessation of growth, and failure of development of secondary sex characteristics were noted at age 16. Tests of hypothalamic-pituitary function documented a deficiency of growth hormone and adrenocorticotropin reserve. The patient has osteolytic lesions in the calvarium of his skull, a previously unreported finding in patients with hypopituitarisim seconary to sarcoidosis. This is the 29th reported case of sarcoidosis and hypopituitarism, and the first in which growth hormone deficiency is documented. The literature pertaining to sarcoidosis and hypopituitarism, and sarcoid involvement of the skull is reviewed.", "PMID": 842560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5132", "title": "Acute myelofibrosis and malignant hypercalcemia.", "content": "A 33 year old man presented with symptoms of one week's duration; he had a serum calcium of 22.5 mg/dl and a markedly hypercellular bone marrow. Despite therapy with saline diuresis, furosemide mithramycin, total parathyroidectomy and corticosteroids, symptomatic hypercalcemia was poorly controlled. Inappropriate serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels were found before and after parathyroidectomy whereas assays of the peripheral blood for osteoclast-activating factor and prostaglandin E (PGE2) were negative. An elevated leukocyte alkaline phosphate level, the inability to aspirate marrow, the marked generalized hyperplasia of all hematopoietic marrow elements, the focal accumulations of blastic cells and increasing reticulin fiber formation led to the diagnosis of acute myelofibrosis. A single course of cytosine arabinoside and thioguanine therapy was followed by profound hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia and death. The rarity of hypercalcemia with myeloproliferative disorders is documented by a review of the world literature, and the possible mechanism for hypercalcemia in this patient is discussed.", "contents": "Acute myelofibrosis and malignant hypercalcemia. A 33 year old man presented with symptoms of one week's duration; he had a serum calcium of 22.5 mg/dl and a markedly hypercellular bone marrow. Despite therapy with saline diuresis, furosemide mithramycin, total parathyroidectomy and corticosteroids, symptomatic hypercalcemia was poorly controlled. Inappropriate serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels were found before and after parathyroidectomy whereas assays of the peripheral blood for osteoclast-activating factor and prostaglandin E (PGE2) were negative. An elevated leukocyte alkaline phosphate level, the inability to aspirate marrow, the marked generalized hyperplasia of all hematopoietic marrow elements, the focal accumulations of blastic cells and increasing reticulin fiber formation led to the diagnosis of acute myelofibrosis. A single course of cytosine arabinoside and thioguanine therapy was followed by profound hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia and death. The rarity of hypercalcemia with myeloproliferative disorders is documented by a review of the world literature, and the possible mechanism for hypercalcemia in this patient is discussed.", "PMID": 842561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5133", "title": "Hemoglobin SC, SS/GPhiladelphia and SOArab diseases diagnostic importance of an integrative analysis of clinical, hematologic and electrophoretic findings.", "content": "Hemoglobin studies are presented on two children in whom electrophoretic analysis of hemolysates at alkaline pH initially suggested the diagnosis of hemoglobin SC disease. In both patients the course of the disease was unusually severe, blood smears contained irreversibly sickled cells, and crystal formation did not occur when red cells were incubated in 3 per cent sodium chloride solution. Each of these findings is inconsistent with the interpretation of the electrophoretic patterns. Family studies demonstrated that one of the patients had sickle cell anemia and was also a carrier of an alpha chain variant; citrate agar electrophoresis at pH 6.2 of the second child's hemolysate revealed that the \"C-like\" hemoglobin was not hemoglobin C. Tryptic peptide analyses of the nonhemoglobin S fractions showed that the first child has SS/GPhiladelphia disease and that the second child has SOArab disease. These observations emphasize the importance of integrating the clinical and hematologic data with the results of electrophoretic procedures in order to define precisely the hemoglobin abnormality in patients with sickling disorders.", "contents": "Hemoglobin SC, SS/GPhiladelphia and SOArab diseases diagnostic importance of an integrative analysis of clinical, hematologic and electrophoretic findings. Hemoglobin studies are presented on two children in whom electrophoretic analysis of hemolysates at alkaline pH initially suggested the diagnosis of hemoglobin SC disease. In both patients the course of the disease was unusually severe, blood smears contained irreversibly sickled cells, and crystal formation did not occur when red cells were incubated in 3 per cent sodium chloride solution. Each of these findings is inconsistent with the interpretation of the electrophoretic patterns. Family studies demonstrated that one of the patients had sickle cell anemia and was also a carrier of an alpha chain variant; citrate agar electrophoresis at pH 6.2 of the second child's hemolysate revealed that the \"C-like\" hemoglobin was not hemoglobin C. Tryptic peptide analyses of the nonhemoglobin S fractions showed that the first child has SS/GPhiladelphia disease and that the second child has SOArab disease. These observations emphasize the importance of integrating the clinical and hematologic data with the results of electrophoretic procedures in order to define precisely the hemoglobin abnormality in patients with sickling disorders.", "PMID": 842562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5134", "title": "Mitral valve prolapse due to coronary artery disease.", "content": "Controversy exists concerning the etiologic role of coronary artery disease in the prolapsing mitral valve leaflet syndrome. A 35 year old man with progressive coronary artery disease is described. Auscultation before and after his first myocardial infarction revealed only a fourth heart sound; subsequently left ventricular cineangiography demonstrated normal anatomy and function of the mitral valve, despite extensive wall motion abnormalities. Six months later he experienced another myocardial infarction after which the typical mid-systolic click, late systolic murmur of mitral valve prolapse developed. A second left ventricular cineangiogram at this time revealed mid-systolic mitral valve prolapse and mitral regurgitation. This patient's course indicates that myocardial damage from coronary artery disease can cause mitral valve prolapse in patients with preexisting redundant mitral valve tissue.", "contents": "Mitral valve prolapse due to coronary artery disease. Controversy exists concerning the etiologic role of coronary artery disease in the prolapsing mitral valve leaflet syndrome. A 35 year old man with progressive coronary artery disease is described. Auscultation before and after his first myocardial infarction revealed only a fourth heart sound; subsequently left ventricular cineangiography demonstrated normal anatomy and function of the mitral valve, despite extensive wall motion abnormalities. Six months later he experienced another myocardial infarction after which the typical mid-systolic click, late systolic murmur of mitral valve prolapse developed. A second left ventricular cineangiogram at this time revealed mid-systolic mitral valve prolapse and mitral regurgitation. This patient's course indicates that myocardial damage from coronary artery disease can cause mitral valve prolapse in patients with preexisting redundant mitral valve tissue.", "PMID": 842563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5135", "title": "Minimum protection factors for respiratory protective devices for firefighters.", "content": "Carbon monoxide and oxygen concentrations were measured in seventy-two structural fires using a personal air sampler carried by working firefighters. In a total sampling time of 1329 minutes the carbon monoxide concentration exceeded 500 ppm approximately 29 percent of the time. The maximum carbon monoxide concentration was 27,000 ppm and in 10 percent of the fires, the maximum concentration exceeded 5500 ppm. Only six runs indicated oxygen concentrations less than 18 percent. On the basis of these exposure data, a minimum protection factor of 100 is proposed for breathing apparatus for structural firefighting.", "contents": "Minimum protection factors for respiratory protective devices for firefighters. Carbon monoxide and oxygen concentrations were measured in seventy-two structural fires using a personal air sampler carried by working firefighters. In a total sampling time of 1329 minutes the carbon monoxide concentration exceeded 500 ppm approximately 29 percent of the time. The maximum carbon monoxide concentration was 27,000 ppm and in 10 percent of the fires, the maximum concentration exceeded 5500 ppm. Only six runs indicated oxygen concentrations less than 18 percent. On the basis of these exposure data, a minimum protection factor of 100 is proposed for breathing apparatus for structural firefighting.", "PMID": 842565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5136", "title": "Automatic systems for monitoring vinyl chloride in working atmospheres.", "content": "During the past two years, Union Carbide Corporation (UCC) has developed completely automatic systems for monitoring 0-25 ppm vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) in working atmospheres and for processing the data obtained. Each system includes a process gas chromatograph, a sampling system capable of monitoring up to 19 points and data processing equipment. The data systems compute and print out statistical summaries on shift, daily and monthly bases and estimate the maximum exposure to VCM for each job. These systems are now essential operating tools at several UCC production units.", "contents": "Automatic systems for monitoring vinyl chloride in working atmospheres. During the past two years, Union Carbide Corporation (UCC) has developed completely automatic systems for monitoring 0-25 ppm vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) in working atmospheres and for processing the data obtained. Each system includes a process gas chromatograph, a sampling system capable of monitoring up to 19 points and data processing equipment. The data systems compute and print out statistical summaries on shift, daily and monthly bases and estimate the maximum exposure to VCM for each job. These systems are now essential operating tools at several UCC production units.", "PMID": 842566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5137", "title": "Ergonomics technology.", "content": "Many aspects of NASA's research programs and projects focus on the working environment of man. Ergonomics research has a broader application of technological spinoffs. This paper describes these research efforts and may have implications for environmental control in industry.", "contents": "Ergonomics technology. Many aspects of NASA's research programs and projects focus on the working environment of man. Ergonomics research has a broader application of technological spinoffs. This paper describes these research efforts and may have implications for environmental control in industry.", "PMID": 842567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5138", "title": "A relation between heat of adsorption and breakthrough time for low concentrations of organic vapors in air passing a bed of charcoal at room temperature.", "content": "The concentration of pollutants in the breathing zone of exposed persons can be determined by adsorption of the pollutants. Condition is that during sampling the pollutants which have to be determined are trapped. A simple model has been developed which predicts with fair accuracy the amount of adsorbent necessary to trap the pollutant molecules which have to be determined.", "contents": "A relation between heat of adsorption and breakthrough time for low concentrations of organic vapors in air passing a bed of charcoal at room temperature. The concentration of pollutants in the breathing zone of exposed persons can be determined by adsorption of the pollutants. Condition is that during sampling the pollutants which have to be determined are trapped. A simple model has been developed which predicts with fair accuracy the amount of adsorbent necessary to trap the pollutant molecules which have to be determined.", "PMID": 842569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5139", "title": "A system for labeling and control of toxic materials in a large research facility.", "content": "For large industrial and research operations, maintaining reasonable control of all toxic materials used in their operations can be a formidable task. A system utilizing cards has been developed which serves a dual purpose - informing the user regarding hazards of a particular material and also facilitating appropriate workplace surveillance during its use. Selected data is printed on the card. The card contains a label which the user detaches and affixes to the container. This label classifies the material according to flammability, toxicity, reactivity and special properties on a 0 through 4 hazard rating system.", "contents": "A system for labeling and control of toxic materials in a large research facility. For large industrial and research operations, maintaining reasonable control of all toxic materials used in their operations can be a formidable task. A system utilizing cards has been developed which serves a dual purpose - informing the user regarding hazards of a particular material and also facilitating appropriate workplace surveillance during its use. Selected data is printed on the card. The card contains a label which the user detaches and affixes to the container. This label classifies the material according to flammability, toxicity, reactivity and special properties on a 0 through 4 hazard rating system.", "PMID": 842570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5140", "title": "Results of trace arsenic analyses performed by various laboratories.", "content": "Personal monitor filter cassettes were spiked with a known amount of arsenic and sent to various laboratories in the public and private sectors for analysis. Results and methods of analysis are discussed in light of proposed arsenic standards. Comparison indicates a high degree of analytical precision and accuracy are lacking.", "contents": "Results of trace arsenic analyses performed by various laboratories. Personal monitor filter cassettes were spiked with a known amount of arsenic and sent to various laboratories in the public and private sectors for analysis. Results and methods of analysis are discussed in light of proposed arsenic standards. Comparison indicates a high degree of analytical precision and accuracy are lacking.", "PMID": 842571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5141", "title": "A comparative analysis of the relationship between organizational climate and job satisfaction of medical technologists.", "content": "This study  examines the quality of the total workplace enviroment (organizational climate) as a correlate of six dimensions of job satisfaction for a sample of 344 medical technologists. The main focus is upon comparisons of administrators versus nonadministrators, hospital laboratory personnel versus nonhospital laboratory personnel, and men versus women. Various dimensions or organizational climate were found to be important correlates of job satisfaction, and similarities and differences between the units of analysis are noted. Also discussed are the implications for the managers of medical technologists.", "contents": "A comparative analysis of the relationship between organizational climate and job satisfaction of medical technologists. This study  examines the quality of the total workplace enviroment (organizational climate) as a correlate of six dimensions of job satisfaction for a sample of 344 medical technologists. The main focus is upon comparisons of administrators versus nonadministrators, hospital laboratory personnel versus nonhospital laboratory personnel, and men versus women. Various dimensions or organizational climate were found to be important correlates of job satisfaction, and similarities and differences between the units of analysis are noted. Also discussed are the implications for the managers of medical technologists.", "PMID": 842572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5142", "title": "Evaluation of the Honeywell ACS 1000.", "content": "The Honeywell ACS 1000, an automated computerized scanning system, is evaluated against the recommended manual method for WBC differentials. Over 400,000 data points were gathered by both methods during an 11-month study, employing routine peripheral blood smears and critically characterized control preparations. These data were found to exhibit an effective increase in throughput, precision, comparable accuracy, and a reduction in operator fatigue. In addition, the instrument demonstrates application to the improvement of quality control, teaching, and continuing education.", "contents": "Evaluation of the Honeywell ACS 1000. The Honeywell ACS 1000, an automated computerized scanning system, is evaluated against the recommended manual method for WBC differentials. Over 400,000 data points were gathered by both methods during an 11-month study, employing routine peripheral blood smears and critically characterized control preparations. These data were found to exhibit an effective increase in throughput, precision, comparable accuracy, and a reduction in operator fatigue. In addition, the instrument demonstrates application to the improvement of quality control, teaching, and continuing education.", "PMID": 842573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5143", "title": "A behaviorally anchored rating scale for the evaluation of student performance.", "content": "A behaviorally anchored rating scale for the clinical performance of medical technology students was developed from expected behaviors and critical incidents using retranslation by a number of independent judges. The scale and discussion of the results indicate the behaviors which are expected of medical technology students by a variety of medical technology educators.", "contents": "A behaviorally anchored rating scale for the evaluation of student performance. A behaviorally anchored rating scale for the clinical performance of medical technology students was developed from expected behaviors and critical incidents using retranslation by a number of independent judges. The scale and discussion of the results indicate the behaviors which are expected of medical technology students by a variety of medical technology educators.", "PMID": 842578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5144", "title": "Cortisol levels in amniotic fluid in prostaglandin F2alpha-induced midtrimester abortion.", "content": "Cortisol concentrations in amniotic fluid and maternal plasma were determined by a competitive protein-binding assay in 14 patients in the midtrimester of pregnancy before and after intra-amniotic administration of prostaglandin F2alpha. Samples were obtained at three-hour intervals until abortion or until the fetal heartbeat ceased. The mean plasma levels of cortisol increased from 324 +/- 173 ng. per milliliter at hour 0 to 524 +/- 272 ng. per milliliter at 6 hours (the peak elevated value). In amniotic fluid, the mean levels of cortisol increased from 4.71 +/- 2.5 ng. per milliliter to a maximum at 9 hours of 10.24 +/- 2.5 ng. per milliliter. We concluded that at 16 to 20 weeks' gestation the fetoplacental unit is capable of responding to prostaglandin F2alpha instillation by increased levels of cortisol in the amniotic fluid.", "contents": "Cortisol levels in amniotic fluid in prostaglandin F2alpha-induced midtrimester abortion. Cortisol concentrations in amniotic fluid and maternal plasma were determined by a competitive protein-binding assay in 14 patients in the midtrimester of pregnancy before and after intra-amniotic administration of prostaglandin F2alpha. Samples were obtained at three-hour intervals until abortion or until the fetal heartbeat ceased. The mean plasma levels of cortisol increased from 324 +/- 173 ng. per milliliter at hour 0 to 524 +/- 272 ng. per milliliter at 6 hours (the peak elevated value). In amniotic fluid, the mean levels of cortisol increased from 4.71 +/- 2.5 ng. per milliliter to a maximum at 9 hours of 10.24 +/- 2.5 ng. per milliliter. We concluded that at 16 to 20 weeks' gestation the fetoplacental unit is capable of responding to prostaglandin F2alpha instillation by increased levels of cortisol in the amniotic fluid.", "PMID": 842581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5145", "title": "Gonadotropin, prolactin, and steroid hormone levels after discontinuation of oral contraceptives.", "content": "Serum levels of LSH, LH, estradiol, progesterone, and prolactin were measured daily for 2 months in six women after discontinuation of combination oral contraceptives. The initial LH peak occurred from 21 to 28 days after ingestion of the last tablet. Apart from variable prolongation of the follicular phase in the first postcontraceptive cycle, the patterns and levels of all hormones were indistinguishable from those found in normal ovulatory subjects. These results indicate that after a variable brief interval following discontinuation of oral contraceptive steroids, their suppressive effect on the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis disappears. This initial recovery results in completely normal endocrine function.", "contents": "Gonadotropin, prolactin, and steroid hormone levels after discontinuation of oral contraceptives. Serum levels of LSH, LH, estradiol, progesterone, and prolactin were measured daily for 2 months in six women after discontinuation of combination oral contraceptives. The initial LH peak occurred from 21 to 28 days after ingestion of the last tablet. Apart from variable prolongation of the follicular phase in the first postcontraceptive cycle, the patterns and levels of all hormones were indistinguishable from those found in normal ovulatory subjects. These results indicate that after a variable brief interval following discontinuation of oral contraceptive steroids, their suppressive effect on the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis disappears. This initial recovery results in completely normal endocrine function.", "PMID": 842583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5146", "title": "Rat mammary deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis during the estrous cycle, pregnancy, and lactation in relation to mammary tumorigenesis: its implication for human breast cancer.", "content": "Rat mammary DNA synthesis is greatly reduced during late pregnancy and lactation; this corresponds to the decreased incidence of induced mammary tumors by chemical carcinogens during these periods. The protective effects of pregnancy and lactation against mammary tumorigenesis of rats and human subjects may be explained by the prolonged phases of mitotic rest encountered during pregnancy and lactation.", "contents": "Rat mammary deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis during the estrous cycle, pregnancy, and lactation in relation to mammary tumorigenesis: its implication for human breast cancer. Rat mammary DNA synthesis is greatly reduced during late pregnancy and lactation; this corresponds to the decreased incidence of induced mammary tumors by chemical carcinogens during these periods. The protective effects of pregnancy and lactation against mammary tumorigenesis of rats and human subjects may be explained by the prolonged phases of mitotic rest encountered during pregnancy and lactation.", "PMID": 842584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5147", "title": "Vitamin B6 treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus: studies of blood glucose and plasma insulin.", "content": "Thirteen women with late pregnancy gestational diabetes mellitus were tested with an intravenous glucose tolerance test and both blood glucose and plasma insulin levels were measured. Each woman was then treated with 100 mg. of vitamin B6 per day for 2 weeks and the intravenous glucose tolerance test was then repeated. There was a statistically significant improvement in the glucose tolerance curve after the vitamin B6 treatment, with a lowering of blood glucose levels at all points on the curve except for the 5 minute value. This glucose effect occurred despite an unchanged or lowered plasma insulin level. These results suggest that a relative deficiency in vitamin B6 is associated with some cases of gestational diabetes mellitus and that the replacement of this vitamin improves the metabolic state. The low vitamin B6 levels appear to alter metabolic pathways which result in a lowering of the biologic activity of endogenous insulin.", "contents": "Vitamin B6 treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus: studies of blood glucose and plasma insulin. Thirteen women with late pregnancy gestational diabetes mellitus were tested with an intravenous glucose tolerance test and both blood glucose and plasma insulin levels were measured. Each woman was then treated with 100 mg. of vitamin B6 per day for 2 weeks and the intravenous glucose tolerance test was then repeated. There was a statistically significant improvement in the glucose tolerance curve after the vitamin B6 treatment, with a lowering of blood glucose levels at all points on the curve except for the 5 minute value. This glucose effect occurred despite an unchanged or lowered plasma insulin level. These results suggest that a relative deficiency in vitamin B6 is associated with some cases of gestational diabetes mellitus and that the replacement of this vitamin improves the metabolic state. The low vitamin B6 levels appear to alter metabolic pathways which result in a lowering of the biologic activity of endogenous insulin.", "PMID": 842585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5148", "title": "Bacterial growth inhibition by amniotic fluid. VII. The effect of zinc supplementation on bacterial inhibitory activity of amniotic fluids from gestation of 20 weeks.", "content": "Twenty human amniotic fluids obtained from gestations of 20 weeks' duration supported bacterial growth. Nine of the 20 fluids could be made inhibitory by adjusting the phosphate to zinc ratios of the fluids to less than 200 mug per milliliter. These fluids contained the phosphate-sensitive bacterial inhibitor previously, but the fluids contained sufficient phosphate to inactivate the antibacterial system. The remaining 11 amniotic fluids did not contain the peptide component of the phosphate-sensitive bacterial inhibitor and could not be made inhibitory by adjusting the phosphate to zinc ratio to less than 200 mug per milliliter. The data obtained suggested synthesis of the peptide component may occur at a gestational age of approximately 20 weeks. The peptide may indirectly be detected in fluids by determining whether antibacterial activity is obtained when the phosphate to zinc ratio of the fluids is adjusted to less than 200 mug per milliliter.", "contents": "Bacterial growth inhibition by amniotic fluid. VII. The effect of zinc supplementation on bacterial inhibitory activity of amniotic fluids from gestation of 20 weeks. Twenty human amniotic fluids obtained from gestations of 20 weeks' duration supported bacterial growth. Nine of the 20 fluids could be made inhibitory by adjusting the phosphate to zinc ratios of the fluids to less than 200 mug per milliliter. These fluids contained the phosphate-sensitive bacterial inhibitor previously, but the fluids contained sufficient phosphate to inactivate the antibacterial system. The remaining 11 amniotic fluids did not contain the peptide component of the phosphate-sensitive bacterial inhibitor and could not be made inhibitory by adjusting the phosphate to zinc ratio to less than 200 mug per milliliter. The data obtained suggested synthesis of the peptide component may occur at a gestational age of approximately 20 weeks. The peptide may indirectly be detected in fluids by determining whether antibacterial activity is obtained when the phosphate to zinc ratio of the fluids is adjusted to less than 200 mug per milliliter.", "PMID": 842586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5149", "title": "Serum progesterone and estradiol-17beta levels in premature and term labor.", "content": "A total of 30 to 50 per cent of premature labors occur without identifiable predisposing conditions. To evaluate the hormonal status of these pregnancies, serum progesterone (P) and estradiol (E2) were measured by radioimmunoassay singly in 60 premature labor patients and serially in 19 normal pregnancies. Premature labor patients as a group have significantly lower P and E2 levels than controls. Pregnancies complcated by idiopathic premature labor (IPL) (p less than 0.01), premature labor secondary to abruptio-marginal separation (A-MS) (p less than 0.05), and premature rupture of membranes (PROM) (p less than 0.05) have significantly lower P levels than controls. Patients with IPL and A-MS have significantly lower P levels (p less than 0.01) than PROM patients. No significant change in P or E2 occurs immediately prior to normal term labor. Conclusions are that (1) premature labor patients have significantly lower Pand E2 levels than controls, (2) the degree of P depression varies according to the type of premature labor and (3) IPL is characterized by premature labor with no identifiable predisposing factors.", "contents": "Serum progesterone and estradiol-17beta levels in premature and term labor. A total of 30 to 50 per cent of premature labors occur without identifiable predisposing conditions. To evaluate the hormonal status of these pregnancies, serum progesterone (P) and estradiol (E2) were measured by radioimmunoassay singly in 60 premature labor patients and serially in 19 normal pregnancies. Premature labor patients as a group have significantly lower P and E2 levels than controls. Pregnancies complcated by idiopathic premature labor (IPL) (p less than 0.01), premature labor secondary to abruptio-marginal separation (A-MS) (p less than 0.05), and premature rupture of membranes (PROM) (p less than 0.05) have significantly lower P levels than controls. Patients with IPL and A-MS have significantly lower P levels (p less than 0.01) than PROM patients. No significant change in P or E2 occurs immediately prior to normal term labor. Conclusions are that (1) premature labor patients have significantly lower Pand E2 levels than controls, (2) the degree of P depression varies according to the type of premature labor and (3) IPL is characterized by premature labor with no identifiable predisposing factors.", "PMID": 842587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5150", "title": "Prolactin and hypertension.", "content": "Progesterone (2.5 mg per kilogram) caused sustained hypertension in rabbits. When the same dose of progesterone was administered together with prolactin (1.25 mg. per kilogram), there was no increase in the blood pressure. In rabbits with progesterone-induced hypertension, the addition of prolactin caused a sharp drop in blood pressure. It is suggested that prolactin acts by reducing the sensitivity of the blood vessels to circulating pressor substances and further that a reduced prolactin response may be the cause of heightened sensitivity to pressor substances observed in pre-eclampsia.", "contents": "Prolactin and hypertension. Progesterone (2.5 mg per kilogram) caused sustained hypertension in rabbits. When the same dose of progesterone was administered together with prolactin (1.25 mg. per kilogram), there was no increase in the blood pressure. In rabbits with progesterone-induced hypertension, the addition of prolactin caused a sharp drop in blood pressure. It is suggested that prolactin acts by reducing the sensitivity of the blood vessels to circulating pressor substances and further that a reduced prolactin response may be the cause of heightened sensitivity to pressor substances observed in pre-eclampsia.", "PMID": 842588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5151", "title": "The supine hypertensive test as a predictor of incipient pre-eclampsia.", "content": "The supine hypertensive test was performed on 178 primigravidas. This prospective study demonstrated that the test is a true predictor of patients at risk of developing pre-eclampsia-eclampsia.", "contents": "The supine hypertensive test as a predictor of incipient pre-eclampsia. The supine hypertensive test was performed on 178 primigravidas. This prospective study demonstrated that the test is a true predictor of patients at risk of developing pre-eclampsia-eclampsia.", "PMID": 842589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5152", "title": "Roll-over test.", "content": "One hundred randomly selected nulliparous, normotensive women were subjected to the roll-over test between 28 and 32 weeks' gestation. Twenty-five women had a positive test. Thirteen of those 25 women developed pre-eclampsia requiring magnesium sulfate therapy. Eight had transient hypertension during labor requiring no therapy. Four had no evidence of hypertension during pregnancy. A false-positive rate for the 25 women with a positive roll-over test was 16 per cent. Seventy-five women had a negative roll-over test. Sixty-eight of those women had no evidence of hypertension of pregnancy. Seven had evidence of transient hypertension during labor requiring no therapy. A false-negative test was present in 10 per cent of the 75 patients with a negative roll-over test. In no case did a patient with a negative test develop pre-eclampsia. The roll-over test is recommended as a routine test for every pregnant patient between 28 and 32 weeks' gestation for the early diagnosis of hypertension of pregnancy.", "contents": "Roll-over test. One hundred randomly selected nulliparous, normotensive women were subjected to the roll-over test between 28 and 32 weeks' gestation. Twenty-five women had a positive test. Thirteen of those 25 women developed pre-eclampsia requiring magnesium sulfate therapy. Eight had transient hypertension during labor requiring no therapy. Four had no evidence of hypertension during pregnancy. A false-positive rate for the 25 women with a positive roll-over test was 16 per cent. Seventy-five women had a negative roll-over test. Sixty-eight of those women had no evidence of hypertension of pregnancy. Seven had evidence of transient hypertension during labor requiring no therapy. A false-negative test was present in 10 per cent of the 75 patients with a negative roll-over test. In no case did a patient with a negative test develop pre-eclampsia. The roll-over test is recommended as a routine test for every pregnant patient between 28 and 32 weeks' gestation for the early diagnosis of hypertension of pregnancy.", "PMID": 842590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5153", "title": "Effects of behavioral and medical variables on fetal growth retardation.", "content": "Cigarette smoking, indulging in certain drugs, restricting maternal weight gain in pregnancy, failing to obtain sufficient prenatal care, undertaking pregnancy at too early or too advanced on age, and being underweight for height at conception have in the past been identified with either increased premature births or births of term infants with fetal growth retardation. Each of these seven variables contains an element of maternal choice and has therefore been labeled by us as a behavioral variable. The combined group of mothers having these seven behavior variables was compared to a smaller group of mothers with medical complications and to a control group of mothers with neither behavioral nor medical variables. In the control group, there was a remarkably low incidence of premature births under 37 weeks (1 per cent), of term infants who had short body lengths at birth for their fetal ages (1.4 per cent), and of low-birth-weight infants (1 per cent). As the number of seven behavioral variables increased from none to three or more per pregnancy, the incidences of premature births, of short-for-dates term infants, and of low-birth-weight infants increased proportionately and significantly. The incidences of these seven behavioral variables, occurring either singly or in combination, were inverse to the mothers' socioeconomic status. However, the incidences of premature births, of growth-retarded term infants, and of low-birth-weight infants were high among mothers who had two or more behavioral variables in their pregnancies regardless of the mothers' socioeconomic status. The group of mothers with behavioral variables in comparison to the smaller group of mothers with medical complications had lower incidences but higher absolute numbers of premature infants, of growth-retarded term infants, and of low-birth-weight infants. Mothers who had medical complications as well as behavioral variables had more growth-retarded term infants than mothers with medical complications alone.", "contents": "Effects of behavioral and medical variables on fetal growth retardation. Cigarette smoking, indulging in certain drugs, restricting maternal weight gain in pregnancy, failing to obtain sufficient prenatal care, undertaking pregnancy at too early or too advanced on age, and being underweight for height at conception have in the past been identified with either increased premature births or births of term infants with fetal growth retardation. Each of these seven variables contains an element of maternal choice and has therefore been labeled by us as a behavioral variable. The combined group of mothers having these seven behavior variables was compared to a smaller group of mothers with medical complications and to a control group of mothers with neither behavioral nor medical variables. In the control group, there was a remarkably low incidence of premature births under 37 weeks (1 per cent), of term infants who had short body lengths at birth for their fetal ages (1.4 per cent), and of low-birth-weight infants (1 per cent). As the number of seven behavioral variables increased from none to three or more per pregnancy, the incidences of premature births, of short-for-dates term infants, and of low-birth-weight infants increased proportionately and significantly. The incidences of these seven behavioral variables, occurring either singly or in combination, were inverse to the mothers' socioeconomic status. However, the incidences of premature births, of growth-retarded term infants, and of low-birth-weight infants were high among mothers who had two or more behavioral variables in their pregnancies regardless of the mothers' socioeconomic status. The group of mothers with behavioral variables in comparison to the smaller group of mothers with medical complications had lower incidences but higher absolute numbers of premature infants, of growth-retarded term infants, and of low-birth-weight infants. Mothers who had medical complications as well as behavioral variables had more growth-retarded term infants than mothers with medical complications alone.", "PMID": 842592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5154", "title": "The volumetric growth of the human placenta: a longitudinal ultrasonic study.", "content": "Twelve patients were examined by ultrasound at biweekly intervals from 23 weeks of menstrual age until term. Placental volumes were calculated with four ultrasonic placental cross sections. In 10 patients placental volume reached its maximum well before the end of pregnancy. The conclusion is drawn that the human placenta stops growing before the end of pregnancy.", "contents": "The volumetric growth of the human placenta: a longitudinal ultrasonic study. Twelve patients were examined by ultrasound at biweekly intervals from 23 weeks of menstrual age until term. Placental volumes were calculated with four ultrasonic placental cross sections. In 10 patients placental volume reached its maximum well before the end of pregnancy. The conclusion is drawn that the human placenta stops growing before the end of pregnancy.", "PMID": 842594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5155", "title": "Mechanical and metabolic effects of insulin on newborn lamb myocardium.", "content": "The effects of insulin on myocardial contractility (MC) and metabolism were studied in 18 newborn lambs. Cardiac work and rate were kept constant. Following insulin (80 units, intravenously), contractility increased and remained elevated for 1 hour. This was not prevented by beta blockade or glucose infusion. Myocardial extraction and uptake of glucose and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) increased, the arterial concentration of both decreased. But after glucose fell to less than 20 per cent of control, uptake of both glucose and NEFA declined as did MC. It is concluded that in the neonate insulin increases MC as well as substrate uptake.", "contents": "Mechanical and metabolic effects of insulin on newborn lamb myocardium. The effects of insulin on myocardial contractility (MC) and metabolism were studied in 18 newborn lambs. Cardiac work and rate were kept constant. Following insulin (80 units, intravenously), contractility increased and remained elevated for 1 hour. This was not prevented by beta blockade or glucose infusion. Myocardial extraction and uptake of glucose and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) increased, the arterial concentration of both decreased. But after glucose fell to less than 20 per cent of control, uptake of both glucose and NEFA declined as did MC. It is concluded that in the neonate insulin increases MC as well as substrate uptake.", "PMID": 842593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5156", "title": "Human fetal respiratory arrhythmia.", "content": "The association of human fetal respiration with the fetal heart rate was studied in 13 pregnant patients between Weeks 34 and 41 of pregnancy. Fetal respiration was recorded with the use of a tocodynamometer. Fetal heart rate was recorded with the use of ultrasound and abdominal fetal electrocardiogram monitoring devices. The results documented the presence of human fetal respiratory arrhythmia. An increase in fetal heart rate was seen during fetal \"inspiration\" followed by a decrease during \"expiration.\" The possible mechanisms of the respiratory arrhythmia are discussed.", "contents": "Human fetal respiratory arrhythmia. The association of human fetal respiration with the fetal heart rate was studied in 13 pregnant patients between Weeks 34 and 41 of pregnancy. Fetal respiration was recorded with the use of a tocodynamometer. Fetal heart rate was recorded with the use of ultrasound and abdominal fetal electrocardiogram monitoring devices. The results documented the presence of human fetal respiratory arrhythmia. An increase in fetal heart rate was seen during fetal \"inspiration\" followed by a decrease during \"expiration.\" The possible mechanisms of the respiratory arrhythmia are discussed.", "PMID": 842595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5157", "title": "Topical progesterone in treatment of vulvar dystrophy: preliminary report of five cases.", "content": "Topical progesterone was used in five cases of chronic vulvar dystrophy which were confirmed by biopsy. Good results were obtained in three of the cases through the sole use of topical progesterone. In one case, topical testosterone was substituted for the progesterone, and it was not as effective. The concomitant use of estrogen vaginal cream was required in order to achieve maximum results in another case due to the presence of senile vaginitis. The apparent failure of the progesterone preparation to achieve satisfactory results in a diabetic patient could possibly be explained by the presence of neurodermatitis.", "contents": "Topical progesterone in treatment of vulvar dystrophy: preliminary report of five cases. Topical progesterone was used in five cases of chronic vulvar dystrophy which were confirmed by biopsy. Good results were obtained in three of the cases through the sole use of topical progesterone. In one case, topical testosterone was substituted for the progesterone, and it was not as effective. The concomitant use of estrogen vaginal cream was required in order to achieve maximum results in another case due to the presence of senile vaginitis. The apparent failure of the progesterone preparation to achieve satisfactory results in a diabetic patient could possibly be explained by the presence of neurodermatitis.", "PMID": 842596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5158", "title": "A conformer for the reduction of facial burn contractures: a preliminary report.", "content": "Based on the theory and principles of splinting in the reduction of burn contractures, a facial conformer was fabricated with satisfactory results and further surgery was averted. The facial skin softened and regained pliability and function, thus the lower eyelids were restored to their normal position, which allowed full closure and prevented further drying of the cornea and conjunctiva.", "contents": "A conformer for the reduction of facial burn contractures: a preliminary report. Based on the theory and principles of splinting in the reduction of burn contractures, a facial conformer was fabricated with satisfactory results and further surgery was averted. The facial skin softened and regained pliability and function, thus the lower eyelids were restored to their normal position, which allowed full closure and prevented further drying of the cornea and conjunctiva.", "PMID": 842603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5159", "title": "A finger device for obtaining satisfactory voiding in spinal cord-injured patients.", "content": "Anal sphincter stretch is a technique or procedure that recently has been found effective in overcoming the problem of ineffective voiding caused by detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia in some cases and for patients with upper motor neuron lesions. This technique was made available to quadriplegic patients when a fabricated device worn over the patient's finger was used. Four C7 quadriplegics have been able to achieve consistently acceptable amounts and residual volumes when voiding.", "contents": "A finger device for obtaining satisfactory voiding in spinal cord-injured patients. Anal sphincter stretch is a technique or procedure that recently has been found effective in overcoming the problem of ineffective voiding caused by detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia in some cases and for patients with upper motor neuron lesions. This technique was made available to quadriplegic patients when a fabricated device worn over the patient's finger was used. Four C7 quadriplegics have been able to achieve consistently acceptable amounts and residual volumes when voiding.", "PMID": 842605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5160", "title": "Bioethics: occupational therapy attitudes toward the prolongation of life.", "content": "A comprehensive array of bioethical issues have emerged from advances in biological technology. This report assesses the views of individuals at three occupational therapy levels concerning one such issue: The option of painless death for the incurable. A battery of measures used to study beliefs in occupational therapy students included an item dealing with euthanasia. Item analysis revealed that the mean response to the euthanasia item by groups of occupational therapy juniors, seniors, and supervising clinicians from two schools indicated approval of voluntary painless death for the incurably ill. The article concludes with a discussion of the inclusion of bioethical issues in occupational therapy educational programs.", "contents": "Bioethics: occupational therapy attitudes toward the prolongation of life. A comprehensive array of bioethical issues have emerged from advances in biological technology. This report assesses the views of individuals at three occupational therapy levels concerning one such issue: The option of painless death for the incurable. A battery of measures used to study beliefs in occupational therapy students included an item dealing with euthanasia. Item analysis revealed that the mean response to the euthanasia item by groups of occupational therapy juniors, seniors, and supervising clinicians from two schools indicated approval of voluntary painless death for the incurably ill. The article concludes with a discussion of the inclusion of bioethical issues in occupational therapy educational programs.", "PMID": 842607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5161", "title": "Nonsterile self-intermittent catheterization for male quadriplegic patients.", "content": "Individuals with cervical lesions at C6-7 level are capable of performing self-intermittent catheterization if they are deemed appropriate candidates for this type of bladder management by a urologist, and if they are provided with adaptations to help them compensate for limitations in hand function. The purpose of this paper is to present methods used at one university medical center for evaluating a quadriplegic patient's ability to manage self-intermittent catheterization, and to describe the adaptive devices needed for this form of independent bladder management.", "contents": "Nonsterile self-intermittent catheterization for male quadriplegic patients. Individuals with cervical lesions at C6-7 level are capable of performing self-intermittent catheterization if they are deemed appropriate candidates for this type of bladder management by a urologist, and if they are provided with adaptations to help them compensate for limitations in hand function. The purpose of this paper is to present methods used at one university medical center for evaluating a quadriplegic patient's ability to manage self-intermittent catheterization, and to describe the adaptive devices needed for this form of independent bladder management.", "PMID": 842608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5162", "title": "Clothing adaptations: the occupational therapist and the clothing designer collaborate.", "content": "An occupational therapist and a clothing designer collaborated in solving the dressing problem of a child with multiple amputations. The dressing problems were identified and solutions for clothing adaptations relating to sleeves, closures, fasteners, fit, and design were incorporated into two test garments. Evaluation of the garments was based on ease in dressing and undressing, the effect on movement and mobility, the construction techniques, and their appearance. A description is given of the pattern adjustments, and considerations for clothing adaptations or selection or both are discussed. These clothing adaptations can be generalized to a wider population of handicapped persons.", "contents": "Clothing adaptations: the occupational therapist and the clothing designer collaborate. An occupational therapist and a clothing designer collaborated in solving the dressing problem of a child with multiple amputations. The dressing problems were identified and solutions for clothing adaptations relating to sleeves, closures, fasteners, fit, and design were incorporated into two test garments. Evaluation of the garments was based on ease in dressing and undressing, the effect on movement and mobility, the construction techniques, and their appearance. A description is given of the pattern adjustments, and considerations for clothing adaptations or selection or both are discussed. These clothing adaptations can be generalized to a wider population of handicapped persons.", "PMID": 842609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5163", "title": "Congenital absence of the radius: the occupational therapist and a new orthosis.", "content": "Congenital absence of the radius (radial club hand) is a relatively common and disabling limb deficiency characterized by dislocation of the hand and carpus from the single forearm bore, the ulna. An understanding of the clinical-pathologic anatomy and consequent disruption of hand mechanics enables the orthopedic surgeon and the occupational therapist to formulate a team approach to this birth defect that can result in maximum functional capability for the child. The role of the occupational therapist and a specific therapy program for early stimulation and achievement of hand function are described. Orthotic support of the arm is indispensable to successful management. The design and fabrication of a dynamic upper-extremity orthosis for radial club hand is presented.", "contents": "Congenital absence of the radius: the occupational therapist and a new orthosis. Congenital absence of the radius (radial club hand) is a relatively common and disabling limb deficiency characterized by dislocation of the hand and carpus from the single forearm bore, the ulna. An understanding of the clinical-pathologic anatomy and consequent disruption of hand mechanics enables the orthopedic surgeon and the occupational therapist to formulate a team approach to this birth defect that can result in maximum functional capability for the child. The role of the occupational therapist and a specific therapy program for early stimulation and achievement of hand function are described. Orthotic support of the arm is indispensable to successful management. The design and fabrication of a dynamic upper-extremity orthosis for radial club hand is presented.", "PMID": 842610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5164", "title": "Primary myocardial disease in the cat. A model for human cardiomyopathy.", "content": "Thirty-four cats with primary myocardial disease were studied. The cats were divided into two groups, depending on the clinical, hemodynamic, angiocardiographic, and pathologic findings. Group A consisted of those cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and Group B consisted of those cats with congestive cardiomyopathy. Similarity in the characteristics of cardiomyopathy in the human cat was found. Both Group A and Group B consisted predominantly of mature adult male cats. The most common presenting signs were dyspnea and/or thromboembolism, systolic murmurs with gallop rhythms on auscultation, cardiomegaly with (Group A) or without (Group B) pulmonary edema, abnormal electrocardiograms, elevated left ventricular end diastolic pressures, and angiocardiographic evidence of mitral regurgitation with left ventricular concentric hypertrophy (Group A) or left ventricular dilatation (Group B). Some cats in Group A also had evidence of left ventricular outflow obstruction. The principal pathologic findings in these cats were left atrial dilatation, symmetric hypertrophy or asymmetric septal hypertrophy of the left ventricle (Group A), and dilatation of the four cardiac chambers (Group B). Aortic thromboembolism was commonly observed in both groups. These clinical and pathologic findings indicate that cardiomyopathy in the cat is similar to the two most common forms of cardiomyopathy in the human (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, with and without obstruction, and congestive cardiomyopathy).", "contents": "Primary myocardial disease in the cat. A model for human cardiomyopathy. Thirty-four cats with primary myocardial disease were studied. The cats were divided into two groups, depending on the clinical, hemodynamic, angiocardiographic, and pathologic findings. Group A consisted of those cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and Group B consisted of those cats with congestive cardiomyopathy. Similarity in the characteristics of cardiomyopathy in the human cat was found. Both Group A and Group B consisted predominantly of mature adult male cats. The most common presenting signs were dyspnea and/or thromboembolism, systolic murmurs with gallop rhythms on auscultation, cardiomegaly with (Group A) or without (Group B) pulmonary edema, abnormal electrocardiograms, elevated left ventricular end diastolic pressures, and angiocardiographic evidence of mitral regurgitation with left ventricular concentric hypertrophy (Group A) or left ventricular dilatation (Group B). Some cats in Group A also had evidence of left ventricular outflow obstruction. The principal pathologic findings in these cats were left atrial dilatation, symmetric hypertrophy or asymmetric septal hypertrophy of the left ventricle (Group A), and dilatation of the four cardiac chambers (Group B). Aortic thromboembolism was commonly observed in both groups. These clinical and pathologic findings indicate that cardiomyopathy in the cat is similar to the two most common forms of cardiomyopathy in the human (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, with and without obstruction, and congestive cardiomyopathy).", "PMID": 842611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5165", "title": "Morphology of a naphthalene-induced bronchiolar lesion.", "content": "Nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial (Clara) cells are selectively damaged by intraperitoneal administration of naphthalene. We examined these changes using light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Naphthalene administration causes the Clara cells to expand and exfoliated shortly thereafter. Following exfoliation the remaining ciliated cells show morphologic abnormalities, including cilia loss and ballooning of remaining cilia. Upon regeneration of the Clara cells the ciliated cells gradually return to their normal appearance. One possible explanation for these findings is that the Clara cell secretions directly affect the physiologic state of the surrounding ciliated cells.", "contents": "Morphology of a naphthalene-induced bronchiolar lesion. Nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial (Clara) cells are selectively damaged by intraperitoneal administration of naphthalene. We examined these changes using light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Naphthalene administration causes the Clara cells to expand and exfoliated shortly thereafter. Following exfoliation the remaining ciliated cells show morphologic abnormalities, including cilia loss and ballooning of remaining cilia. Upon regeneration of the Clara cells the ciliated cells gradually return to their normal appearance. One possible explanation for these findings is that the Clara cell secretions directly affect the physiologic state of the surrounding ciliated cells.", "PMID": 842612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5166", "title": "Separation of proximal tubule cells from suspensions of rat kidney cells in density gradients of Ficoll in tissue culture medium.", "content": "Rat kidneys were disaggregated with 0.25% trypsin. Cell were separated by velocity sedimentation in a previously described isokinetic gradient, by isopycnic sedimentation, and by velocity sedimentation followed by isopycnic sedimetation. In some fractions from the isokinetic gradient, 71.8+/-2.4+ of the nucleated cells contained histochemically demonstrable alkaline phosphatase (HDAP); in semithin sections, 62.7+/-2.3% of these cells had brush borders. The correspondence between fractions enriched for cells with HDAP and fractions enriched for brush border suggested that HDAP might be a suitable marker for rat proximal tubule cells. These cell constituted 46.5+/-2.6% of the nucleated cells in the starting sample suspension of kidney cells, and 81.9+/-2.7% of nucleated cells in the purified fractions from the gradients. More than 98% of nucleated cells in these fractions excluded typan blue. Following isopycnin centrifugation, the purest fractions contained 87.3+/-1.5% nucleated cells with HDAP, 9.6+/-2.5% nucleated cells iwithout HDAP, and 3.1+/-2.5% red blood cells. These proximal tubule cells had densities of 1.036 to 1.052 g/ml. With rate-zonal separation followed by isopycnic separation, the purest gradient fraction contained 93.0+/-1.9% nucleated cell with HDAP, 6.0+/-2.3% nucleated cells with HDAP, and 1.0+/-0.9% red blood cells. These proximal tubule cells sedimented a density of 1.041 g/ml. More than 98% of these cells excluded trypan blue.", "contents": "Separation of proximal tubule cells from suspensions of rat kidney cells in density gradients of Ficoll in tissue culture medium. Rat kidneys were disaggregated with 0.25% trypsin. Cell were separated by velocity sedimentation in a previously described isokinetic gradient, by isopycnic sedimentation, and by velocity sedimentation followed by isopycnic sedimetation. In some fractions from the isokinetic gradient, 71.8+/-2.4+ of the nucleated cells contained histochemically demonstrable alkaline phosphatase (HDAP); in semithin sections, 62.7+/-2.3% of these cells had brush borders. The correspondence between fractions enriched for cells with HDAP and fractions enriched for brush border suggested that HDAP might be a suitable marker for rat proximal tubule cells. These cell constituted 46.5+/-2.6% of the nucleated cells in the starting sample suspension of kidney cells, and 81.9+/-2.7% of nucleated cells in the purified fractions from the gradients. More than 98% of nucleated cells in these fractions excluded typan blue. Following isopycnin centrifugation, the purest fractions contained 87.3+/-1.5% nucleated cells with HDAP, 9.6+/-2.5% nucleated cells iwithout HDAP, and 3.1+/-2.5% red blood cells. These proximal tubule cells had densities of 1.036 to 1.052 g/ml. With rate-zonal separation followed by isopycnic separation, the purest gradient fraction contained 93.0+/-1.9% nucleated cell with HDAP, 6.0+/-2.3% nucleated cells with HDAP, and 1.0+/-0.9% red blood cells. These proximal tubule cells sedimented a density of 1.041 g/ml. More than 98% of these cells excluded trypan blue.", "PMID": 842613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5167", "title": "Immune adherence in renal glomeruli. Complement receptor sites on glomerular capillary epithelial cells.", "content": "Several very recent reports have indicated the presence of receptor sites for the third component of complement in human but not other vertebrate renal glomeruli. The present study constitutes a demonstration that the glomerular capillary epithelial cell bears this receptor, detectable with either EAC complexes (EAC1423b) or fluores ceinated zymosan-C3 (ZC3b) complexes, Fresh, unfixed frozen sections of normal or diseased human kidneys, mechanically isolated human glomeruli, dissociated glomerular cells, and glomeruli and golmerular cells maintained in tissue culture were examined with various EAC complexes or ZC3b and examined by phase light microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, or transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Clearly, by scanning electron microscopy it was determined that glomerular capillary epithelial cells bind the immune-adherence EAC indicator cells. Because glomeruli or glomerular epithelial cells did not bind E, EA, EACI, EAC14, or EAC142 but did bind EAC1423b or ZC3b, it is concluded that C3b (activated bound fragment of the third component of complement) is responsible for the immune-adherence reaction in glomeruli. Preliminary examination of diseased renal biopsies indicates that sclerotic glomeruli, focal segmental sclerotic or proliferative glomerular capillary lesions, and proliferative epithelial crescents are immune-adherence negative. Furthermore, a clear or consistent inverse relationship between glomerular capillary deposits of C3 which presumably might block epithelial C3 receptor sites, and immune-adherence reactivity with EAC in vitro was not as evident in this study as reported previously by other investigators. Nevertheless, it is still attractive to conceive that glomerular C3 receptor sites might be responsible for binding of antigen-antibody-complement complexes and formation of immune-complex deposits, at least on the epimembranous (subepithelial) surface of glomerular capillary walls. Inability to demonstrate this immune-adherence phenomenon in glomeruli of other vertebrate animals suggests among other things that more investigation is necessary before ascribing a unique or universal significance to the C3 receptors identified in human glomeruli.", "contents": "Immune adherence in renal glomeruli. Complement receptor sites on glomerular capillary epithelial cells. Several very recent reports have indicated the presence of receptor sites for the third component of complement in human but not other vertebrate renal glomeruli. The present study constitutes a demonstration that the glomerular capillary epithelial cell bears this receptor, detectable with either EAC complexes (EAC1423b) or fluores ceinated zymosan-C3 (ZC3b) complexes, Fresh, unfixed frozen sections of normal or diseased human kidneys, mechanically isolated human glomeruli, dissociated glomerular cells, and glomeruli and golmerular cells maintained in tissue culture were examined with various EAC complexes or ZC3b and examined by phase light microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, or transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Clearly, by scanning electron microscopy it was determined that glomerular capillary epithelial cells bind the immune-adherence EAC indicator cells. Because glomeruli or glomerular epithelial cells did not bind E, EA, EACI, EAC14, or EAC142 but did bind EAC1423b or ZC3b, it is concluded that C3b (activated bound fragment of the third component of complement) is responsible for the immune-adherence reaction in glomeruli. Preliminary examination of diseased renal biopsies indicates that sclerotic glomeruli, focal segmental sclerotic or proliferative glomerular capillary lesions, and proliferative epithelial crescents are immune-adherence negative. Furthermore, a clear or consistent inverse relationship between glomerular capillary deposits of C3 which presumably might block epithelial C3 receptor sites, and immune-adherence reactivity with EAC in vitro was not as evident in this study as reported previously by other investigators. Nevertheless, it is still attractive to conceive that glomerular C3 receptor sites might be responsible for binding of antigen-antibody-complement complexes and formation of immune-complex deposits, at least on the epimembranous (subepithelial) surface of glomerular capillary walls. Inability to demonstrate this immune-adherence phenomenon in glomeruli of other vertebrate animals suggests among other things that more investigation is necessary before ascribing a unique or universal significance to the C3 receptors identified in human glomeruli.", "PMID": 842614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5168", "title": "The human atherosclerotic plaque.", "content": "The fibrous plaque is regarded as the vascular lesion most characteristic of atherosclerosis. The notion that these lesions develop from mural thrombi has received considerable support, and there is also much support for the idea that plaques form as a reaction to mechanical or chemical damage to the endothelium. As an alternative to these two hypotheses, Benditt and Benditt have suggested that plaques represent monoclonal proliferation of altered smooth muscle cells similar to leiomyomas. Evidence in favor of this suggestion has been obtained using tissues from human black females who are heterozygous for the X-linked enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). In such individuals, as a result of random inactivation of the X-chromosome during embryogenesis, all normal tissues contain both the A and B isoenzymes of G6PD, when assayed electrophoretically, whereas plaques and other lesions suspected of being of monoclonal origin contain predominantly one isoenzyme. A certain proportion of fatty streaks also show a single G6PD isoenzyme pattern, suggesting that some fatty streaks act as the foreunners of the fibrous plaque.", "contents": "The human atherosclerotic plaque. The fibrous plaque is regarded as the vascular lesion most characteristic of atherosclerosis. The notion that these lesions develop from mural thrombi has received considerable support, and there is also much support for the idea that plaques form as a reaction to mechanical or chemical damage to the endothelium. As an alternative to these two hypotheses, Benditt and Benditt have suggested that plaques represent monoclonal proliferation of altered smooth muscle cells similar to leiomyomas. Evidence in favor of this suggestion has been obtained using tissues from human black females who are heterozygous for the X-linked enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). In such individuals, as a result of random inactivation of the X-chromosome during embryogenesis, all normal tissues contain both the A and B isoenzymes of G6PD, when assayed electrophoretically, whereas plaques and other lesions suspected of being of monoclonal origin contain predominantly one isoenzyme. A certain proportion of fatty streaks also show a single G6PD isoenzyme pattern, suggesting that some fatty streaks act as the foreunners of the fibrous plaque.", "PMID": 842615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5169", "title": "Response to injury and atherogenesis.", "content": "We postulate that the lesions of atherosclerosis arise as a result of some form of \"injury\" to arterial endothelium. This injury somehow results in alteration in endothelial cell-cell attachment or endothelial cell-connective tissue attachment, so that forces such as those derived from the shear in the flow of blood result in focal desquamation of endothelium. This is followed by adherence, aggregation, and release of platelets at the sites of focal injury. During the process of release, a mitogenic factor is secreted from the platelets which, together with plasma constituents, gains entry into the artery wall, resulting in focal intimal proliferation of smooth muscle cells. This  intimal proliferation is accompanied by the synthesis of new connective tissue matrix proteins and often by the deposition of intracellular and extracellular  lipids. Studies in cell culture of arterial smooth muscle have demonstrated that the principle mitogen present in blood serum is a platelet-derived factor that is present in all whole blood sera and missing in serum derived from platelet-free plasma. In the absence of the platelet factor, smooth muscle cells are quiescent in culture. This platelet mitogen is also active in vivo, since experimentally produced lesion of atherosclerosis induced mechanically by diet or by homocystine can be prevented if platelets are missing, as in thrombocytopenia, or if platelet function is impaired as a result of the use of platelet inhibitors such as dipyridamole. These studies point to the key role of the platelet in the stimulation of intimal smooth muscle proliferation that leads to the development of lesions of atherosclerosis.", "contents": "Response to injury and atherogenesis. We postulate that the lesions of atherosclerosis arise as a result of some form of \"injury\" to arterial endothelium. This injury somehow results in alteration in endothelial cell-cell attachment or endothelial cell-connective tissue attachment, so that forces such as those derived from the shear in the flow of blood result in focal desquamation of endothelium. This is followed by adherence, aggregation, and release of platelets at the sites of focal injury. During the process of release, a mitogenic factor is secreted from the platelets which, together with plasma constituents, gains entry into the artery wall, resulting in focal intimal proliferation of smooth muscle cells. This  intimal proliferation is accompanied by the synthesis of new connective tissue matrix proteins and often by the deposition of intracellular and extracellular  lipids. Studies in cell culture of arterial smooth muscle have demonstrated that the principle mitogen present in blood serum is a platelet-derived factor that is present in all whole blood sera and missing in serum derived from platelet-free plasma. In the absence of the platelet factor, smooth muscle cells are quiescent in culture. This platelet mitogen is also active in vivo, since experimentally produced lesion of atherosclerosis induced mechanically by diet or by homocystine can be prevented if platelets are missing, as in thrombocytopenia, or if platelet function is impaired as a result of the use of platelet inhibitors such as dipyridamole. These studies point to the key role of the platelet in the stimulation of intimal smooth muscle proliferation that leads to the development of lesions of atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 842616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5170", "title": "Implications of the monoclonal character of human atherosclerotic plaques.", "content": "Evidence for the monoclonal nature of human atherosclerotic plaques is reviewed. Eighty percent of discrete raised atherosclerotic plaques are of single phenotype. Interpretations alternative to single-cell orgin, based on patch size, selection due to linked genes, or repetitive sampling do not seem to explain the apparent monoclonality. Search for carriers in serum of mutagens, such as may be present in cigarette smoke, show them to be the lipoproteins, and the presence and possible role of intrinsic mutagens, e.g., cholesterol-alpha-oxide, are presented. The possible role for other factors implied by the monoclonal hypothesis, e.g., the mechanism by which estrogen therapy may increase coronary attacks, is discussed.", "contents": "Implications of the monoclonal character of human atherosclerotic plaques. Evidence for the monoclonal nature of human atherosclerotic plaques is reviewed. Eighty percent of discrete raised atherosclerotic plaques are of single phenotype. Interpretations alternative to single-cell orgin, based on patch size, selection due to linked genes, or repetitive sampling do not seem to explain the apparent monoclonality. Search for carriers in serum of mutagens, such as may be present in cigarette smoke, show them to be the lipoproteins, and the presence and possible role of intrinsic mutagens, e.g., cholesterol-alpha-oxide, are presented. The possible role for other factors implied by the monoclonal hypothesis, e.g., the mechanism by which estrogen therapy may increase coronary attacks, is discussed.", "PMID": 842617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5171", "title": "Excitation conduction in Auerbach's plexus of rabbit small intestine.", "content": "Excitation conduction in Auerbach's plexus of the rabbit small intestine was investigated by analyzing its evoked potentials as the response to a single electrical stimulus given to this plexus. When the conduction distance was 1 mm, two spike waves were recorded. Conduction velocities of nerve impulses were 0.3-0.5 m/s, and chronaxie was 0.06-0.11 ms. When the distance between stimulating and recording electrodes was further increased, evoked potential waves became multiple and small, until beyond 15 mm in the longitudinal direction and beyond 3 mm in the circular direction they could no longer be recorded. Evoked potentials recorded at a distance greater than 2 mm were reduced in their amplitude, and some potential waves were abolished after repeated stimulation with high frequency above 50/s, and also after hexamethonium application and lack of oxygen. It was concluded that in Auerbach's plexus nerve impulses spread through multiple pathways, conducting mainly on the longitudinal axis of the small intestine, and that some impulses make synaptaic transmission at ganglia.", "contents": "Excitation conduction in Auerbach's plexus of rabbit small intestine. Excitation conduction in Auerbach's plexus of the rabbit small intestine was investigated by analyzing its evoked potentials as the response to a single electrical stimulus given to this plexus. When the conduction distance was 1 mm, two spike waves were recorded. Conduction velocities of nerve impulses were 0.3-0.5 m/s, and chronaxie was 0.06-0.11 ms. When the distance between stimulating and recording electrodes was further increased, evoked potential waves became multiple and small, until beyond 15 mm in the longitudinal direction and beyond 3 mm in the circular direction they could no longer be recorded. Evoked potentials recorded at a distance greater than 2 mm were reduced in their amplitude, and some potential waves were abolished after repeated stimulation with high frequency above 50/s, and also after hexamethonium application and lack of oxygen. It was concluded that in Auerbach's plexus nerve impulses spread through multiple pathways, conducting mainly on the longitudinal axis of the small intestine, and that some impulses make synaptaic transmission at ganglia.", "PMID": 842619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5172", "title": "Lack of adaptation of pancreatic colipase in rats and mice.", "content": "A new automated potentiometric method for the determination of colipase was developed, taking advantage of the reactivation of purified lipase, in the presence of bile salt and at pH 6.5. High-fat and high-starch diets induced an opposite regulation of lipase and amylase in the rat pancreas. At the same time, the level of colipase was not influenced by nutrition. During fasting and in alloxan diabetes, the specific activity of lipase almost doubled, that of amylase decreased sharply, and colipase was not affected in the rat pancreas. In obese-hyperglycemic mice, suffering from obesity, hyperinsulinism, and moderate diabetes, there was also no regulation of pancreatic colipase. Thus, at variance with a number of hydrolases, there was no dietary or hormonal adaptation of colipase. However, this was probably without any bearing on intraluminal lipolysis. Indeed, comparison of lipase and colipase activities in pancreas and in small intestine suggests that colipase concentration is not a limiting factor of intraluminal lipolysis. The molecular mechanism of this assumption is discussed on the basis of in vitro studies.", "contents": "Lack of adaptation of pancreatic colipase in rats and mice. A new automated potentiometric method for the determination of colipase was developed, taking advantage of the reactivation of purified lipase, in the presence of bile salt and at pH 6.5. High-fat and high-starch diets induced an opposite regulation of lipase and amylase in the rat pancreas. At the same time, the level of colipase was not influenced by nutrition. During fasting and in alloxan diabetes, the specific activity of lipase almost doubled, that of amylase decreased sharply, and colipase was not affected in the rat pancreas. In obese-hyperglycemic mice, suffering from obesity, hyperinsulinism, and moderate diabetes, there was also no regulation of pancreatic colipase. Thus, at variance with a number of hydrolases, there was no dietary or hormonal adaptation of colipase. However, this was probably without any bearing on intraluminal lipolysis. Indeed, comparison of lipase and colipase activities in pancreas and in small intestine suggests that colipase concentration is not a limiting factor of intraluminal lipolysis. The molecular mechanism of this assumption is discussed on the basis of in vitro studies.", "PMID": 842620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5173", "title": "Tracer kinetic analysis of Cori cycle activity in the rat: effect of feeding.", "content": "Turnover rates of blood glucose and lactate, along with the rates of their interconversion, were calculated from changes of their specific activities in rats infused with [U-14C] glucose and [U-14C] lactate based on a simple flux model of the Cori cycle. In the fasted state, most (75%) of the glucose metabolized was converted to lactate, whereas only a small fraction (35%) of the lactate metabolized was converted to glucose. Of the glucose metabolized, 27% returned from the lactate pool to the glucose pool. Feeding stimulated the outflow of glucose carbon from the Cori cycle via the action of secreted insulin. Insulin-induced stimulation of blood glucose removal was associated with increased glucose production, whereas anti-insulin serum-induced stimulation of glucose production was associated with increased glucose removal. It is argued that a \"compensatory\" mechanism independent of insulin and epinephrine might be in operation to minimize the glycemic changes that would otherwise occur in response to drastic metabolic changes.", "contents": "Tracer kinetic analysis of Cori cycle activity in the rat: effect of feeding. Turnover rates of blood glucose and lactate, along with the rates of their interconversion, were calculated from changes of their specific activities in rats infused with [U-14C] glucose and [U-14C] lactate based on a simple flux model of the Cori cycle. In the fasted state, most (75%) of the glucose metabolized was converted to lactate, whereas only a small fraction (35%) of the lactate metabolized was converted to glucose. Of the glucose metabolized, 27% returned from the lactate pool to the glucose pool. Feeding stimulated the outflow of glucose carbon from the Cori cycle via the action of secreted insulin. Insulin-induced stimulation of blood glucose removal was associated with increased glucose production, whereas anti-insulin serum-induced stimulation of glucose production was associated with increased glucose removal. It is argued that a \"compensatory\" mechanism independent of insulin and epinephrine might be in operation to minimize the glycemic changes that would otherwise occur in response to drastic metabolic changes.", "PMID": 842621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5174", "title": "Activation of the Cori cycle by epinephrine.", "content": "The effect of epinephrine on Cori cycle activity has been studied by a tracer kinetic technique. The subcutaneous injection of epinephrine into fasted adrenodemedullated rats activated gluconeogenesis and increased glucose utilization. Most of the glucose utilized in epinephrine-treated rats was converted to lactate, and the conversion to the metabolites other than lactate was markedly suppressed by epinephrine. As a result, not only hyperglycemia and hyperlactacidemia developed, but also the contribution of the Cori cycle to glucose metabolism increased after epinephrine. The glucose-alanine cycle, which is roughly one-third as active as the Cori cycle, was only slightly activated by epinephrine. No evidence was obtained, in vivo and in vitro, for the increased formation of lactate from muscle glycogen which decomposed in response to epinephrine. It is suggested that, in epinephrine-treated rats, blood glucose was converted to blood lactate predominantly while muscle glycogen selectively yielded the metabolites other than blood lactate. This suggests compartmentalization of glycolytic pathway in the peripheral tissues of epinephrine-treated rats.", "contents": "Activation of the Cori cycle by epinephrine. The effect of epinephrine on Cori cycle activity has been studied by a tracer kinetic technique. The subcutaneous injection of epinephrine into fasted adrenodemedullated rats activated gluconeogenesis and increased glucose utilization. Most of the glucose utilized in epinephrine-treated rats was converted to lactate, and the conversion to the metabolites other than lactate was markedly suppressed by epinephrine. As a result, not only hyperglycemia and hyperlactacidemia developed, but also the contribution of the Cori cycle to glucose metabolism increased after epinephrine. The glucose-alanine cycle, which is roughly one-third as active as the Cori cycle, was only slightly activated by epinephrine. No evidence was obtained, in vivo and in vitro, for the increased formation of lactate from muscle glycogen which decomposed in response to epinephrine. It is suggested that, in epinephrine-treated rats, blood glucose was converted to blood lactate predominantly while muscle glycogen selectively yielded the metabolites other than blood lactate. This suggests compartmentalization of glycolytic pathway in the peripheral tissues of epinephrine-treated rats.", "PMID": 842622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5175", "title": "Comparison of pancreatic responses to portal and systemic secretin and VIP in cats.", "content": "This study was designed to compare pancreatic bicarbonate responses to secretin and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) administered either by peripheral or portal route in 24 anesthetized cats. Continuous intravenous infusion of graded doses of secretin (rang from 0.04 to 0.68 nmol/kg per h), stimulated pancreatic volume flow and bicarbonate outputs dose dependently and not statistically differently when given into the peripheral or portal vein. VIP infused in graded doses (range from 0.60 to 9.62 nmol/kg per h) into the peripheral vein produced pancreatic volume flow and bicarbonate outputs not statistically different from those obtained with secretin. In contrast, the biological activity of VIP administered intraportally was reduced by 60% at lower VIP doses (0.60 and 1.20 nmol/kg per h) and by 40% at 2.40 nmol/kg per h, whereas at higher doses it was not significantly changed. This study provides evidence that VIP in the cat is a secretin-like full agonist of pancreatic bicarbonate secretion and that it is only partially inactivated by the liver.", "contents": "Comparison of pancreatic responses to portal and systemic secretin and VIP in cats. This study was designed to compare pancreatic bicarbonate responses to secretin and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) administered either by peripheral or portal route in 24 anesthetized cats. Continuous intravenous infusion of graded doses of secretin (rang from 0.04 to 0.68 nmol/kg per h), stimulated pancreatic volume flow and bicarbonate outputs dose dependently and not statistically differently when given into the peripheral or portal vein. VIP infused in graded doses (range from 0.60 to 9.62 nmol/kg per h) into the peripheral vein produced pancreatic volume flow and bicarbonate outputs not statistically different from those obtained with secretin. In contrast, the biological activity of VIP administered intraportally was reduced by 60% at lower VIP doses (0.60 and 1.20 nmol/kg per h) and by 40% at 2.40 nmol/kg per h, whereas at higher doses it was not significantly changed. This study provides evidence that VIP in the cat is a secretin-like full agonist of pancreatic bicarbonate secretion and that it is only partially inactivated by the liver.", "PMID": 842623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5176", "title": "Influence of vagal cooling on esophageal function.", "content": "Experiments were performed on adult opossums to determine the effect of decreased vagal activity on the esophageal peristalsis and lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxation associated with pharyngeal stimulation (PS) and esophageal balloon distension (ED). The cervical vagi were exposed and cooled (individually and bilaterally) to 3 degrees C using Dry Ice and alcohol-chilled saline. Unilateral vagal cooling had no effect on the esophageal peristalsis or LES relaxation associated with PS or ED. Similarly, bilateral vagal cooling did not alter the peristalsis and sphincter relaxation induced by ED. Bilateral vagal cooling, on the other hand, significantly decreased the incidence of peristalsis and the sphincter relaxation associated with PS. Studies were also performed to examine the effect of unilateral and bilateral vagotomy of esophageal function. Neither right nor left cervical vagotomy affected esophageal peristalsis or LES relaxation, regardless of the model of stimulation. Bilateral vagotomy, however, diminished the esophageal response to PS but was without effect on the peristalsis and LES relaxation produced in response to ED. From the studies we condlude: 1) the vagus nerve is of primary importance in regulating the esophageal response to PS, and 2) local neuromuscular factors within the esophageal wall appear sufficient to initiate and maintain an esophageal response to distension.", "contents": "Influence of vagal cooling on esophageal function. Experiments were performed on adult opossums to determine the effect of decreased vagal activity on the esophageal peristalsis and lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxation associated with pharyngeal stimulation (PS) and esophageal balloon distension (ED). The cervical vagi were exposed and cooled (individually and bilaterally) to 3 degrees C using Dry Ice and alcohol-chilled saline. Unilateral vagal cooling had no effect on the esophageal peristalsis or LES relaxation associated with PS or ED. Similarly, bilateral vagal cooling did not alter the peristalsis and sphincter relaxation induced by ED. Bilateral vagal cooling, on the other hand, significantly decreased the incidence of peristalsis and the sphincter relaxation associated with PS. Studies were also performed to examine the effect of unilateral and bilateral vagotomy of esophageal function. Neither right nor left cervical vagotomy affected esophageal peristalsis or LES relaxation, regardless of the model of stimulation. Bilateral vagotomy, however, diminished the esophageal response to PS but was without effect on the peristalsis and LES relaxation produced in response to ED. From the studies we condlude: 1) the vagus nerve is of primary importance in regulating the esophageal response to PS, and 2) local neuromuscular factors within the esophageal wall appear sufficient to initiate and maintain an esophageal response to distension.", "PMID": 842624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5177", "title": "Daily rhythms of lipogenesis in fat and lean white-throated sparrows Zonotrichia albicollis.", "content": "Lipogenesis was assayed at 6 times a day in the migratory white-throated sparrow Zonotrichia albicollis by measuring the incorporation of label in liver and body lipid 4 h after injection of [3H] acetate. There were daily rhythms of 3H incorporation by liver lipid both in fat birds in the vernal migratory condition and in lean birds in the summer photorefractory condition. Most of the liver lipid incorporation of 3H was restricted to the late afternoon and early evening in both the fat and lean birds. In addition, the total liver incorporation was similar for both groups. On the other hand, nearly twice as much 3H was incorporated in the body lipid of fat birds as in that of lean birds, and a daily rhythm was present only in fat sparrows. Injections of prolactin given simultaneously with [3H] acetate early during the day (at a time when daily injections of the hormone can cause severe losses in body fat stores) drastically reduces liver and body lipid incorporation of 3H. However, injections of prolactin during the afternoon (when daily injections of the hormone produce large increases in body fat stores) have no apparent influence on the incorporation of label. Our results indicate that a principal difference between lean and fat birds resides in a greater capacity in fat birds to transport triglycerides from the liver, in which they are produced, to the body storage depots. The daily rhythm of prolactin in some temporal relations may cause fattening by increasing the transport capacity or cause loss in fat stores in other temporal relations by directly inhibiting hepatic lipogenesis.", "contents": "Daily rhythms of lipogenesis in fat and lean white-throated sparrows Zonotrichia albicollis. Lipogenesis was assayed at 6 times a day in the migratory white-throated sparrow Zonotrichia albicollis by measuring the incorporation of label in liver and body lipid 4 h after injection of [3H] acetate. There were daily rhythms of 3H incorporation by liver lipid both in fat birds in the vernal migratory condition and in lean birds in the summer photorefractory condition. Most of the liver lipid incorporation of 3H was restricted to the late afternoon and early evening in both the fat and lean birds. In addition, the total liver incorporation was similar for both groups. On the other hand, nearly twice as much 3H was incorporated in the body lipid of fat birds as in that of lean birds, and a daily rhythm was present only in fat sparrows. Injections of prolactin given simultaneously with [3H] acetate early during the day (at a time when daily injections of the hormone can cause severe losses in body fat stores) drastically reduces liver and body lipid incorporation of 3H. However, injections of prolactin during the afternoon (when daily injections of the hormone produce large increases in body fat stores) have no apparent influence on the incorporation of label. Our results indicate that a principal difference between lean and fat birds resides in a greater capacity in fat birds to transport triglycerides from the liver, in which they are produced, to the body storage depots. The daily rhythm of prolactin in some temporal relations may cause fattening by increasing the transport capacity or cause loss in fat stores in other temporal relations by directly inhibiting hepatic lipogenesis.", "PMID": 842625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5178", "title": "Changes in protein and nucleic acid synthesis in rat gastric mucosa after pentagastrin.", "content": "The trophic effects of gastrin on gastrointestinal tissues have been shown to be physiologically important. This study was designed to investigate the sequence of changes in macromolecular synthesis in the rat gastric mucosa following a single dose of pentagastrin. The earliest response was an increase at 1-2 h of poly (A) messenger RNA (mRNA). This increase dropped after 4 h but remained slightly elevated even 12 h after pentagastrin. By 6 h there was a large increase in protein synthesis that lasted until 12 h. Accompanying this rise in protein synthesis was a large increase in ribosomal (rRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA), which peaked at 12 h. The changes in both fractions of RNA and protein were over by 18 h. No significant increase in secreted protein was noted, but there was a slight, transient decrease at 1 h. Pentagastrin stimulated all forms of RNA, but the largest increase was seen in the rRNA fraction. After multiple doses, parallel increases in rRNA and tRNA were seen. The stimulation of protein synthesis could be abolished by actinomycin D, and was, therefore, RNA dependent.", "contents": "Changes in protein and nucleic acid synthesis in rat gastric mucosa after pentagastrin. The trophic effects of gastrin on gastrointestinal tissues have been shown to be physiologically important. This study was designed to investigate the sequence of changes in macromolecular synthesis in the rat gastric mucosa following a single dose of pentagastrin. The earliest response was an increase at 1-2 h of poly (A) messenger RNA (mRNA). This increase dropped after 4 h but remained slightly elevated even 12 h after pentagastrin. By 6 h there was a large increase in protein synthesis that lasted until 12 h. Accompanying this rise in protein synthesis was a large increase in ribosomal (rRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA), which peaked at 12 h. The changes in both fractions of RNA and protein were over by 18 h. No significant increase in secreted protein was noted, but there was a slight, transient decrease at 1 h. Pentagastrin stimulated all forms of RNA, but the largest increase was seen in the rRNA fraction. After multiple doses, parallel increases in rRNA and tRNA were seen. The stimulation of protein synthesis could be abolished by actinomycin D, and was, therefore, RNA dependent.", "PMID": 842626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5179", "title": "Effect of hypophysectomy on calcium transport by rat duodenum.", "content": "To examine the effect of hypophysectomy on intestinal calcium absorption, studies were performed on immature rats 7, 14, and 21 days after hypophysectomy. Duodenal calcium transport was measured in vitro utilizing everted gut sacs and in vivo by a luminal perfusion technique. Hypophysectomy produced no differences in the ability of everted gut sacs to transport calcium. Similarly, when in vivo transport data were expressed on the basis of intestinal length, no significant differences were noted. However, when transport data were expressed on the basis of mucosal weight, increases in absorption and lumen-to-plasma fluxes were apparent in hypophysectomized animals. No differences were seen in plasma-to-lumen fluxes. The results indicate that when the transport data are corrected for mass of intestinal mucosa, the duodenum from hypophysectomized animals absorbs calcium more avidly due to an increase in lumen-to-plasma flux.", "contents": "Effect of hypophysectomy on calcium transport by rat duodenum. To examine the effect of hypophysectomy on intestinal calcium absorption, studies were performed on immature rats 7, 14, and 21 days after hypophysectomy. Duodenal calcium transport was measured in vitro utilizing everted gut sacs and in vivo by a luminal perfusion technique. Hypophysectomy produced no differences in the ability of everted gut sacs to transport calcium. Similarly, when in vivo transport data were expressed on the basis of intestinal length, no significant differences were noted. However, when transport data were expressed on the basis of mucosal weight, increases in absorption and lumen-to-plasma fluxes were apparent in hypophysectomized animals. No differences were seen in plasma-to-lumen fluxes. The results indicate that when the transport data are corrected for mass of intestinal mucosa, the duodenum from hypophysectomized animals absorbs calcium more avidly due to an increase in lumen-to-plasma flux.", "PMID": 842627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5180", "title": "Effect of angiotensin II and glucocorticoids on plasma angiotensinogen concentration in the dog.", "content": "The increase in plasma angiotensinogen concentration produced by angiotensin II infusion in the dog is accompanied by an increase in plasma corticosteroid concentration and is prevented by adrenalectomy. The present study was undertaken to test the possibility that the angiotensinogen response to angiotensin is mediated via an increase in glucocorticoid secretion. Infusion of angiotensin II (3-6 mug/h for 5 h) into the third cerebral ventricle of five dogs increased plasma corticosteroid concentration from 3.5+/-0.6 to 11.8+/-1.5 mug/dl (P less than 0.025) but did not increase plasma corticosteroid concentration from 2.7+/-0.4 to 7.8+/-1.5 mug/dl (P less than 0.05) but again failed to increase plasma angiotensinogen concentration. On the other hand, more prolonged glucocorticoid treatment with dexamethasone produced a significant increase in plasma angiotensinogen concentration within 24 h. Intravenous infusion of angiotensin II (50 mug/h for 5 h) in five acutely hypophysectomized dogs receiving a cortisol infusion caused only a small increase in plasma corticosteroid concentration (5.0+/-0.5 TO 6.9+/-0.6 mug/dl, P less than 0.02) but increased plasma angiotensinogen concentration from 967+/-122 to 1,358+/-204 ng/ml (P less than 0.02). These results indicate that although glucocorticoids can increase plasma angiotensinogen concentration, the angiotensinogen response to angiotensin II is not dependent on increased glucocorticoid secretion.", "contents": "Effect of angiotensin II and glucocorticoids on plasma angiotensinogen concentration in the dog. The increase in plasma angiotensinogen concentration produced by angiotensin II infusion in the dog is accompanied by an increase in plasma corticosteroid concentration and is prevented by adrenalectomy. The present study was undertaken to test the possibility that the angiotensinogen response to angiotensin is mediated via an increase in glucocorticoid secretion. Infusion of angiotensin II (3-6 mug/h for 5 h) into the third cerebral ventricle of five dogs increased plasma corticosteroid concentration from 3.5+/-0.6 to 11.8+/-1.5 mug/dl (P less than 0.025) but did not increase plasma corticosteroid concentration from 2.7+/-0.4 to 7.8+/-1.5 mug/dl (P less than 0.05) but again failed to increase plasma angiotensinogen concentration. On the other hand, more prolonged glucocorticoid treatment with dexamethasone produced a significant increase in plasma angiotensinogen concentration within 24 h. Intravenous infusion of angiotensin II (50 mug/h for 5 h) in five acutely hypophysectomized dogs receiving a cortisol infusion caused only a small increase in plasma corticosteroid concentration (5.0+/-0.5 TO 6.9+/-0.6 mug/dl, P less than 0.02) but increased plasma angiotensinogen concentration from 967+/-122 to 1,358+/-204 ng/ml (P less than 0.02). These results indicate that although glucocorticoids can increase plasma angiotensinogen concentration, the angiotensinogen response to angiotensin II is not dependent on increased glucocorticoid secretion.", "PMID": 842628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5181", "title": "Insulin secretion in hypoglycemia after adrenal vein ligature or splachnicotomy.", "content": "During bonito insulin-induced hypoglycemia in dogs, pancreatic venous dog insulin concentration (IRI), radioimmunoassayed differentially from bonito insulin, was progressively diminished in response to local glucose infusion (0.6 mg/kg - min) for 4 min into the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery. Basal arterial plasma glucose was significantly lower after bilateral splanchnicotomy (BSNC) than after bilateral adrenal vein ligature (BAVL). During local glucose infusion in both normoglycemia and hypoglycemia, the increment of pancreatic venous IRI was significantly greater after BAVL or BSNC than in the controls, and the increment of pancreatic venous glucose was also significantly greater after BAVL than in the controls or after BSNC. It is suggested that under the stress of major surgery the splanchnic nerves partially suppress insulin secretion in normoglycemia as well as in hypoglycemia, and epinephrine released from the adrenal medulla may interfere with glucose-mediated insulin secretion in profound hypoglycemia.", "contents": "Insulin secretion in hypoglycemia after adrenal vein ligature or splachnicotomy. During bonito insulin-induced hypoglycemia in dogs, pancreatic venous dog insulin concentration (IRI), radioimmunoassayed differentially from bonito insulin, was progressively diminished in response to local glucose infusion (0.6 mg/kg - min) for 4 min into the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery. Basal arterial plasma glucose was significantly lower after bilateral splanchnicotomy (BSNC) than after bilateral adrenal vein ligature (BAVL). During local glucose infusion in both normoglycemia and hypoglycemia, the increment of pancreatic venous IRI was significantly greater after BAVL or BSNC than in the controls, and the increment of pancreatic venous glucose was also significantly greater after BAVL than in the controls or after BSNC. It is suggested that under the stress of major surgery the splanchnic nerves partially suppress insulin secretion in normoglycemia as well as in hypoglycemia, and epinephrine released from the adrenal medulla may interfere with glucose-mediated insulin secretion in profound hypoglycemia.", "PMID": 842629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5182", "title": "Effect of isoproterenol on amino acid levels and protein turnover in skeletal muscle.", "content": "The effect of isoproterenol on amino acid concentrations in perfusate and skeletal muscle was studied during a 3-h perfusion of the isolated rat hemicorpus. The beta-adrenergic agonist inhibited the accumulation  of alanine, threonine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, lysine, arginine, leucine, and valine and increased the loss of glutamate, aspartate, serine, and isoleucine from the pool of free amino acids in perfusate and muscle. The loss of glutamate was accompanied by a greater accumulation of glutamine. Changes in alanine levels showed the greatest response with a net accumulation of 98 mumol in the controls becoming a net loss of 54 mumol in the experimentals. These changes in amino acid levels were accounted for in part by a 20% decrease in protein degradation. Protein synthesis was not affected by isoproterenol. In addition to an effect on degradation,  it appeared that isoproterenol affected amino  acid levels by increasing alanine utilization and causing formation of glutamine instead of alanine. Other effects of the drug included increased rates of lactate production, muscle glycogen breakdown, and oxygen consumption, whereas no effects were observed on ATP and creatine phosphate levels. Pyruvate content of muscle was maintained at a higher level in the presence of the drug than in control perfusions.", "contents": "Effect of isoproterenol on amino acid levels and protein turnover in skeletal muscle. The effect of isoproterenol on amino acid concentrations in perfusate and skeletal muscle was studied during a 3-h perfusion of the isolated rat hemicorpus. The beta-adrenergic agonist inhibited the accumulation  of alanine, threonine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, lysine, arginine, leucine, and valine and increased the loss of glutamate, aspartate, serine, and isoleucine from the pool of free amino acids in perfusate and muscle. The loss of glutamate was accompanied by a greater accumulation of glutamine. Changes in alanine levels showed the greatest response with a net accumulation of 98 mumol in the controls becoming a net loss of 54 mumol in the experimentals. These changes in amino acid levels were accounted for in part by a 20% decrease in protein degradation. Protein synthesis was not affected by isoproterenol. In addition to an effect on degradation,  it appeared that isoproterenol affected amino  acid levels by increasing alanine utilization and causing formation of glutamine instead of alanine. Other effects of the drug included increased rates of lactate production, muscle glycogen breakdown, and oxygen consumption, whereas no effects were observed on ATP and creatine phosphate levels. Pyruvate content of muscle was maintained at a higher level in the presence of the drug than in control perfusions.", "PMID": 842630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5183", "title": "Effects of prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin inhibitors on adrenal regeneration hypertension.", "content": "The effects of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and a prostaglandin inhibitor, indomethacin, on the development of adrenal regeneration hypertension (ARH) were investigated. Weanling female rats underwent right adrenonephrectomy and left adrenal enucleation. PGE2 was injected subcutaneously daily in dosages of 0, 20, 40 and 80 mug/day. Indomethacin, 1 mg/kg, was administered twice daily by gavage. Blood pressures were determined by a tail and cuff plethysmographic method at 3, 5, and 7 wk after surgery. Increases in dosage of PGE2 produced a progressive reduction in mean blood pressures, heart, and kidney weights. Indomethacin produced significant increases in mean blood pressure, heart, kidney, and adrenal weights. The effects of aspirin and indomethacin on the blood pressures of rats with right adrenalectomy, left adrenal enucleation, and intact kidneys were studied. Administration of asprin twice daily (25 or 50 mg/kg) produced a fall in blood pressure, body and heart weight. Administration of 1 mg/kg twice daily of indomethacin resulted in a significant increase in blood pressure at 3 wk, and 0.1 or 1 mg/kg caused significant increases at 5 wk. The heart, kidney, and adrenal weights also showed increases with indomethacin administration. This study suggests that a deficiency of renal PGE2 may be involved in the etiology of ARH.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin inhibitors on adrenal regeneration hypertension. The effects of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and a prostaglandin inhibitor, indomethacin, on the development of adrenal regeneration hypertension (ARH) were investigated. Weanling female rats underwent right adrenonephrectomy and left adrenal enucleation. PGE2 was injected subcutaneously daily in dosages of 0, 20, 40 and 80 mug/day. Indomethacin, 1 mg/kg, was administered twice daily by gavage. Blood pressures were determined by a tail and cuff plethysmographic method at 3, 5, and 7 wk after surgery. Increases in dosage of PGE2 produced a progressive reduction in mean blood pressures, heart, and kidney weights. Indomethacin produced significant increases in mean blood pressure, heart, kidney, and adrenal weights. The effects of aspirin and indomethacin on the blood pressures of rats with right adrenalectomy, left adrenal enucleation, and intact kidneys were studied. Administration of asprin twice daily (25 or 50 mg/kg) produced a fall in blood pressure, body and heart weight. Administration of 1 mg/kg twice daily of indomethacin resulted in a significant increase in blood pressure at 3 wk, and 0.1 or 1 mg/kg caused significant increases at 5 wk. The heart, kidney, and adrenal weights also showed increases with indomethacin administration. This study suggests that a deficiency of renal PGE2 may be involved in the etiology of ARH.", "PMID": 842631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5184", "title": "Phosphaturic effect of furosemide: role of PTH and carbonic anhydrase.", "content": "The first objective of this study was to examine the effects of furosemide on renal phosphate excretion in the presence and absence of a constant level of parathyroid hormone (PTH) while extracellular fluid volume was held constant. In the absence of PTH, furosemide did not significantly increase fractional phosphate excretion (FEP%, 4.2 +/- 2.7 to 6.2 +/- 1.9%; five dogs). In the presence of PTH, furosemide increased FEP% from 23.4 +/- 3.7 to 33.8 +/- 6.0% (P less .025; five dogs). Thus, the phosphaturia induced by furosemide was dependent on the presence of PTH. The second objective was to evaluate the hypothesis that furosemide exerts its phosphaturic effect through carbonic anhydrase inhibition, and therefore we tested for additivity of the phosphaturic effect of furosemide, and acetazolamide. In the presence of a constant level of PTH, acetazolamide increased FEP % from 24.5 +/- 1.8% to 40.7 +/- 5.1% P less than .025, five dogs. The subsequent administration of furosemide did not further increase FEP%, delta 3.3 +/- 8.9%; NS. Thus, the phosphaturic effect of furosemide was not additive to that of acetazolamide, indicating that acetazolamide and furosemide may share similar mechanisms for inhibiting phosphate reabsorption.", "contents": "Phosphaturic effect of furosemide: role of PTH and carbonic anhydrase. The first objective of this study was to examine the effects of furosemide on renal phosphate excretion in the presence and absence of a constant level of parathyroid hormone (PTH) while extracellular fluid volume was held constant. In the absence of PTH, furosemide did not significantly increase fractional phosphate excretion (FEP%, 4.2 +/- 2.7 to 6.2 +/- 1.9%; five dogs). In the presence of PTH, furosemide increased FEP% from 23.4 +/- 3.7 to 33.8 +/- 6.0% (P less .025; five dogs). Thus, the phosphaturia induced by furosemide was dependent on the presence of PTH. The second objective was to evaluate the hypothesis that furosemide exerts its phosphaturic effect through carbonic anhydrase inhibition, and therefore we tested for additivity of the phosphaturic effect of furosemide, and acetazolamide. In the presence of a constant level of PTH, acetazolamide increased FEP % from 24.5 +/- 1.8% to 40.7 +/- 5.1% P less than .025, five dogs. The subsequent administration of furosemide did not further increase FEP%, delta 3.3 +/- 8.9%; NS. Thus, the phosphaturic effect of furosemide was not additive to that of acetazolamide, indicating that acetazolamide and furosemide may share similar mechanisms for inhibiting phosphate reabsorption.", "PMID": 842632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5185", "title": "Antidiuretic hormone and the distribution of renal cortical blood flow.", "content": "The radioactive microsphere method was used to study the distribution of cortical blood flow in anesthetized dogs during water diuresis and during antidiuresis. Infusion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) at rates ranging from 0.33 to 0.5 mU/kg-min into dogs previously volume expanded with 3% dextrose resulted in an increase in urinary osmolality and a significant increase in fractional flow in the inner cortex. Mean arterial pressure, glomerular filtration rate, and renal plasma flow were unaltered by the infusion of ADH at these doses, suggesting that absolute, as well as fractional, blood flow to the inner cortex increased in response to ADH. In three additional experiments, termination of an infusion of ADH in hydropenic dogs and subsequent induction of water diuresis was accompanied by a shift in fractional cortical blood flow away from the inner cortex. The redistribution of cortical blood flow in response to ADH at a time when the kidney is producing a more concentrated urine supports the hypothesis that this vascular effect of ADH may have functional significance in the urinary concentration ability of the kidney.", "contents": "Antidiuretic hormone and the distribution of renal cortical blood flow. The radioactive microsphere method was used to study the distribution of cortical blood flow in anesthetized dogs during water diuresis and during antidiuresis. Infusion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) at rates ranging from 0.33 to 0.5 mU/kg-min into dogs previously volume expanded with 3% dextrose resulted in an increase in urinary osmolality and a significant increase in fractional flow in the inner cortex. Mean arterial pressure, glomerular filtration rate, and renal plasma flow were unaltered by the infusion of ADH at these doses, suggesting that absolute, as well as fractional, blood flow to the inner cortex increased in response to ADH. In three additional experiments, termination of an infusion of ADH in hydropenic dogs and subsequent induction of water diuresis was accompanied by a shift in fractional cortical blood flow away from the inner cortex. The redistribution of cortical blood flow in response to ADH at a time when the kidney is producing a more concentrated urine supports the hypothesis that this vascular effect of ADH may have functional significance in the urinary concentration ability of the kidney.", "PMID": 842633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5186", "title": "Effect of NaCl on composition and volume of cells of the rat papilla.", "content": "The composition and volume of the cells of an isolated rat papilla were measured in media in which NaCl was varied from 150 to 600 mM; KCl, from 2 to 20 mM; or which contained mannitol, 300 mM. Change in NaCl from 150 to 600 mM reduced cell volume by 25%, increased cell Na+ content by 250% but had no significant effect on cell potassium concentration or content. Increases in K+ concentration in the media did not affect cell water or cell sodium, but the cell potassium rose by an amount approximately 3 times the increase in the medium concentration. Mannitol reduced cell volume; the cell content of sodium and potassium did not alter, but the concentration of Na+ and K+ altered reciprocally with the change in cell volume. Similar changes were observed with liver slices. This study indicated that papillary cells maintain osmotic equilibrium by the accumulation of sodium. This accumulation may influence the metabolic activity of the medullary and papillary cells.", "contents": "Effect of NaCl on composition and volume of cells of the rat papilla. The composition and volume of the cells of an isolated rat papilla were measured in media in which NaCl was varied from 150 to 600 mM; KCl, from 2 to 20 mM; or which contained mannitol, 300 mM. Change in NaCl from 150 to 600 mM reduced cell volume by 25%, increased cell Na+ content by 250% but had no significant effect on cell potassium concentration or content. Increases in K+ concentration in the media did not affect cell water or cell sodium, but the cell potassium rose by an amount approximately 3 times the increase in the medium concentration. Mannitol reduced cell volume; the cell content of sodium and potassium did not alter, but the concentration of Na+ and K+ altered reciprocally with the change in cell volume. Similar changes were observed with liver slices. This study indicated that papillary cells maintain osmotic equilibrium by the accumulation of sodium. This accumulation may influence the metabolic activity of the medullary and papillary cells.", "PMID": 842634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5187", "title": "Effects of saline and albumin on plasma and urinary catecholamines in dogs.", "content": "Volume expansion by infusion of saline and 25% albumin has been compared in dogs to differentiate volume- and salt-induced catecholamine changes previously observed in humans. Plasma and urinary norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) decreased following both saline (urinary) NE+E, from 17.3 +/- 3.4 to 6.8 +/- 1.5 ng/min; P less than 0.005) and albumin (from 29.9 +/- 3.4 to 12.5 +/- 2; P less than 0.001) infusion. Urinary dopamine increased in saline-expanded dogs (from 3.4 +/- 0.6 to 4.4 +/- 0.8 ng/min, P less than 0.05), but did not significantly change in control and albumin-expanded dogs; whereas plasma free dopamine remained uninfluenced by saline or albumin. The mean renal clearance of dopamine more than doubled (from 110 +/- 37 to 272 +/- 96 ml/min; P less than 0.05) in response to saline expansion, but did not significantly change in response to albumin expansion or in control animals. A significant correlation between the increase of urinary dopamine and the tubular rejection fraction of sodium was found in saline-expanded dogs (P less than 0.05), or when all experiments (saline, albumin expansion, and control dogs) were considered together (P less than 0.001). The data indicate that : 1) the increase in urinary dopamine excretion (concomitant with sodium excretion) is related to the saline infusion rather than to the suppression of the sympathetic nervous system induced by plasma volume expansion; 2) this increased urinary dopamine originates probably in the kidney. Dopamine may thus be somehow related to regulation of urinary sodium excretion, either as an endogenous natriuretic factor or a response reflecting natriuresis.", "contents": "Effects of saline and albumin on plasma and urinary catecholamines in dogs. Volume expansion by infusion of saline and 25% albumin has been compared in dogs to differentiate volume- and salt-induced catecholamine changes previously observed in humans. Plasma and urinary norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) decreased following both saline (urinary) NE+E, from 17.3 +/- 3.4 to 6.8 +/- 1.5 ng/min; P less than 0.005) and albumin (from 29.9 +/- 3.4 to 12.5 +/- 2; P less than 0.001) infusion. Urinary dopamine increased in saline-expanded dogs (from 3.4 +/- 0.6 to 4.4 +/- 0.8 ng/min, P less than 0.05), but did not significantly change in control and albumin-expanded dogs; whereas plasma free dopamine remained uninfluenced by saline or albumin. The mean renal clearance of dopamine more than doubled (from 110 +/- 37 to 272 +/- 96 ml/min; P less than 0.05) in response to saline expansion, but did not significantly change in response to albumin expansion or in control animals. A significant correlation between the increase of urinary dopamine and the tubular rejection fraction of sodium was found in saline-expanded dogs (P less than 0.05), or when all experiments (saline, albumin expansion, and control dogs) were considered together (P less than 0.001). The data indicate that : 1) the increase in urinary dopamine excretion (concomitant with sodium excretion) is related to the saline infusion rather than to the suppression of the sympathetic nervous system induced by plasma volume expansion; 2) this increased urinary dopamine originates probably in the kidney. Dopamine may thus be somehow related to regulation of urinary sodium excretion, either as an endogenous natriuretic factor or a response reflecting natriuresis.", "PMID": 842635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5188", "title": "Effect of secretin on renal blood flow, interstitial pressure, and sodium excretion.", "content": "Most renal vasodilators are natriuretic. However, secretin increases renal blood flow (RBF) markedly but produces only a very slight increase in sodium excretion (UNaV). To investigate this observation further, the relationship between vasodilatation, interstitial pressure (IP), and UNaV was studied in dogs. Intrarenal infusion of secretin increased RBF (delta=107+/-19 ml/min). The IP, as measured from chronically implanted polyethylene matrix capsules, was not significantly changed (delta=-0.3+/-0.5 mmHg). UNaV was slightly, although significantly, increased (delta=19+/-4 mueq/min). Following a similar increase in RBF with an intrarenal infusion of acetylcholine (ACh), IP and UNaV increased markedly (delta=8.2+/-0.8 mmHg and 174+/-23 mueq/min, respectively). Neither secretin nor ACh) altered glomerular filtration rate or blood pressure. Both secretin and ACh produced comparable increases in peritubule capillary(delta=5+/-1 and 7.5+/-1.4 mmHg, respectively) and free-flow tubule pressure (delta=7+/-2 and 9.5+/-1.4 mmHg, respectively). In summary, the usual relationship between vasodilatation and IP was dissociated during secretin infusion, whereas the relationship between IP and natriuresis was not dissociated.", "contents": "Effect of secretin on renal blood flow, interstitial pressure, and sodium excretion. Most renal vasodilators are natriuretic. However, secretin increases renal blood flow (RBF) markedly but produces only a very slight increase in sodium excretion (UNaV). To investigate this observation further, the relationship between vasodilatation, interstitial pressure (IP), and UNaV was studied in dogs. Intrarenal infusion of secretin increased RBF (delta=107+/-19 ml/min). The IP, as measured from chronically implanted polyethylene matrix capsules, was not significantly changed (delta=-0.3+/-0.5 mmHg). UNaV was slightly, although significantly, increased (delta=19+/-4 mueq/min). Following a similar increase in RBF with an intrarenal infusion of acetylcholine (ACh), IP and UNaV increased markedly (delta=8.2+/-0.8 mmHg and 174+/-23 mueq/min, respectively). Neither secretin nor ACh) altered glomerular filtration rate or blood pressure. Both secretin and ACh produced comparable increases in peritubule capillary(delta=5+/-1 and 7.5+/-1.4 mmHg, respectively) and free-flow tubule pressure (delta=7+/-2 and 9.5+/-1.4 mmHg, respectively). In summary, the usual relationship between vasodilatation and IP was dissociated during secretin infusion, whereas the relationship between IP and natriuresis was not dissociated.", "PMID": 842636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5189", "title": "Evidence for a peritubular-to-luminal flux phosphate in the dog kidney.", "content": "The possible presence of a direct influx of phosphate into the tubular lumen of the dog kidney was examined by two different techniques. A 0.3-ml bolus of 32PO4 and [3H]inulin was injected into the renal artery of dogs with and without phosphate loading. The mean urinary transit time (TT) for PO4 was consistently less than the TT for inulin in nonphosphate-loaded dogs. Following phosphate loading the TT for phosphate approached but did not equal the TT for inulin. In contrast, after microinjections of 32PO4 and [3H]inulin into proximal tubules, the urinary TT of PO4 was significantly longer than the TT of inulin. The application of 32PO4 and [3H]inulin to the surface of the left kidney was associated with a greater recovery of 32PO4 from the left kidney compared to that from the right kidney. The recovery of [3H]inulin was proportional to the glomerular filtration rate for both kidneys. Application of the 32PO4 and [3H]inulin to the surface of a muscle resulted in an equal recovery of phosphate and inulin from both kidneys. The results demonstrate the presence of a detectable tubular influx of phosphate.", "contents": "Evidence for a peritubular-to-luminal flux phosphate in the dog kidney. The possible presence of a direct influx of phosphate into the tubular lumen of the dog kidney was examined by two different techniques. A 0.3-ml bolus of 32PO4 and [3H]inulin was injected into the renal artery of dogs with and without phosphate loading. The mean urinary transit time (TT) for PO4 was consistently less than the TT for inulin in nonphosphate-loaded dogs. Following phosphate loading the TT for phosphate approached but did not equal the TT for inulin. In contrast, after microinjections of 32PO4 and [3H]inulin into proximal tubules, the urinary TT of PO4 was significantly longer than the TT of inulin. The application of 32PO4 and [3H]inulin to the surface of the left kidney was associated with a greater recovery of 32PO4 from the left kidney compared to that from the right kidney. The recovery of [3H]inulin was proportional to the glomerular filtration rate for both kidneys. Application of the 32PO4 and [3H]inulin to the surface of a muscle resulted in an equal recovery of phosphate and inulin from both kidneys. The results demonstrate the presence of a detectable tubular influx of phosphate.", "PMID": 842637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5190", "title": "Renal clearance studies in fetal and young guinea pigs: effect of salt loading.", "content": "The maturation of renal function was investigated by clearance studies in 11 fetal, 9 young, and 4 adult guinea pigs undergoing salt loading (NaCl 1.5%, 75 mul min-1 100 g-1) and in 10 young and 4 adult animals under nondiuretic conditions. The fetal preparation described makes it possible to obtain two to four steady clearance periods for each animal. In the fetus, GFR increased significantly with age, but less than in the newborn. Fractional water and sodium reabsorption was generally low, and net renal secretion of potassium was observed in some cases. Fetal urine was sometimes slightly hypertonic. The effectiveness of the diuretic and natriuretic response following saline expansion was smaller in young than adult animals. The fractional excretion rate of solutes and water increased as a function of age in the young animal and the urinary Na/K concentration ratio showed a marked drop around birth. This latter observation suggests that during the first days of life the effect of saline expansion on the proximal tubule is partially blunted by enhanced sodium reabsorption from the distal nephron due to the high concentration of circulating aldosterone.", "contents": "Renal clearance studies in fetal and young guinea pigs: effect of salt loading. The maturation of renal function was investigated by clearance studies in 11 fetal, 9 young, and 4 adult guinea pigs undergoing salt loading (NaCl 1.5%, 75 mul min-1 100 g-1) and in 10 young and 4 adult animals under nondiuretic conditions. The fetal preparation described makes it possible to obtain two to four steady clearance periods for each animal. In the fetus, GFR increased significantly with age, but less than in the newborn. Fractional water and sodium reabsorption was generally low, and net renal secretion of potassium was observed in some cases. Fetal urine was sometimes slightly hypertonic. The effectiveness of the diuretic and natriuretic response following saline expansion was smaller in young than adult animals. The fractional excretion rate of solutes and water increased as a function of age in the young animal and the urinary Na/K concentration ratio showed a marked drop around birth. This latter observation suggests that during the first days of life the effect of saline expansion on the proximal tubule is partially blunted by enhanced sodium reabsorption from the distal nephron due to the high concentration of circulating aldosterone.", "PMID": 842638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5191", "title": "Effect of aortic clamping on proximal reabsorption and sodium excretion in the rat.", "content": "It has been suggested that aortic clamping prior to expansion of the extracellular fluid volume prevents the natriuretic response normally seen in this setting. To further evaluate this finding, two groups of re-collection micropuncture studies were performed before and after 7.5% body wt expansion with Ringer solution. Group I, immediate-clamp studies, n, 11. After control collections, perfusion pressure to the left kidney was decreased to 75 mmHg followed by Ringer loading. Group II, delayed-clamp studies, n, 8. After control collections, Ringer solution was given for 40 min. Then the left renal perfusion pressure was reduced to 75 mmHg and the Ringer infusion was continued at the same rate. In the immediate-clamp group, there was no change in total kidney glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (1.16 vs. 1.11 ml/min), nephron GFR (40 vs. 39 nl/min), tubular fluid-to-plasma inulin ratio (2.40 vs. 2.28), or filtrate delivery out of the proximal tubule (18 vs. 18 ndium excretion were not significantly altered. In the delayed-clamp studies, there was also no change in total or nephron GFR, but the tubular fluid-to-plasma inulin ratio fell from 2.52 to 1.65 (P less than .001) and distal delivery rose 9 nl/min after expansion (P less than .001). Sodium excretion increased 3.83 mueq/min and fractional sodium excretion rose 2.28%, both values being markedly greater than in the immediate-clamp studies (P less than .005 for both). These results demonstrate that immediate clamping obviates the fall in proximal reabsorption and the natriuretic response to Ringer loading and suggests that intrarenal adjustments are a major determinant of the magnitude of the natriuretic response to expansion of the extracellular volume", "contents": "Effect of aortic clamping on proximal reabsorption and sodium excretion in the rat. It has been suggested that aortic clamping prior to expansion of the extracellular fluid volume prevents the natriuretic response normally seen in this setting. To further evaluate this finding, two groups of re-collection micropuncture studies were performed before and after 7.5% body wt expansion with Ringer solution. Group I, immediate-clamp studies, n, 11. After control collections, perfusion pressure to the left kidney was decreased to 75 mmHg followed by Ringer loading. Group II, delayed-clamp studies, n, 8. After control collections, Ringer solution was given for 40 min. Then the left renal perfusion pressure was reduced to 75 mmHg and the Ringer infusion was continued at the same rate. In the immediate-clamp group, there was no change in total kidney glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (1.16 vs. 1.11 ml/min), nephron GFR (40 vs. 39 nl/min), tubular fluid-to-plasma inulin ratio (2.40 vs. 2.28), or filtrate delivery out of the proximal tubule (18 vs. 18 ndium excretion were not significantly altered. In the delayed-clamp studies, there was also no change in total or nephron GFR, but the tubular fluid-to-plasma inulin ratio fell from 2.52 to 1.65 (P less than .001) and distal delivery rose 9 nl/min after expansion (P less than .001). Sodium excretion increased 3.83 mueq/min and fractional sodium excretion rose 2.28%, both values being markedly greater than in the immediate-clamp studies (P less than .005 for both). These results demonstrate that immediate clamping obviates the fall in proximal reabsorption and the natriuretic response to Ringer loading and suggests that intrarenal adjustments are a major determinant of the magnitude of the natriuretic response to expansion of the extracellular volume", "PMID": 842639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5192", "title": "Factors determining superficial nephron filtration in the mature, growing rat.", "content": "Factors that determine and cause an increased glomerular filtration rate in superficial nephrons (sngfr) in the mature, growing rat were examined in 39 Munich-Wistar rats, ranging from 93 to 335 g in body weight, from 40 to 140 days in age, and in sngfr, from 15 to 78 nl/min. Hydrostatic pressure gradient (delta P) from glomerular capillary (PG) to Bowman's space (Pt) was measured in surface glomeruli and pertinent oncotic pressures (pi) by microprotein methods. Isoncotic plasma expansion (PV) prevented filtration-pressure equilibrium (EFP) and permitted calculation of glomerular permeability coefficient (LpA) where sngfr = EFP-LpA, and EFP = delta P - pi. Increased sngfr correlated best with nephron plasma flow (rpf) (r = 0.81, P less than 0.001) and LpA (r = 0.71, P less than 0.001). The rpf increased because of parallel reductions in afferent and efferent resistances (slope = 0.89 +/- 0.09, r = 0.86, P less than 0.001), which also produced a constancy of PG and deltaP with growth. The ratio of rpf to LpA remained constant with growth permitting EFP to remain relatively unchanged (r = 0.14, P greater than 0.4). The increase in LpA should permit filtration-pressure equilibrium to persist in the hydropenic rat in spite of increases in rpf with growth. deltaP was constant with increasing age and therefore did not contribute to the increase in sngfr.", "contents": "Factors determining superficial nephron filtration in the mature, growing rat. Factors that determine and cause an increased glomerular filtration rate in superficial nephrons (sngfr) in the mature, growing rat were examined in 39 Munich-Wistar rats, ranging from 93 to 335 g in body weight, from 40 to 140 days in age, and in sngfr, from 15 to 78 nl/min. Hydrostatic pressure gradient (delta P) from glomerular capillary (PG) to Bowman's space (Pt) was measured in surface glomeruli and pertinent oncotic pressures (pi) by microprotein methods. Isoncotic plasma expansion (PV) prevented filtration-pressure equilibrium (EFP) and permitted calculation of glomerular permeability coefficient (LpA) where sngfr = EFP-LpA, and EFP = delta P - pi. Increased sngfr correlated best with nephron plasma flow (rpf) (r = 0.81, P less than 0.001) and LpA (r = 0.71, P less than 0.001). The rpf increased because of parallel reductions in afferent and efferent resistances (slope = 0.89 +/- 0.09, r = 0.86, P less than 0.001), which also produced a constancy of PG and deltaP with growth. The ratio of rpf to LpA remained constant with growth permitting EFP to remain relatively unchanged (r = 0.14, P greater than 0.4). The increase in LpA should permit filtration-pressure equilibrium to persist in the hydropenic rat in spite of increases in rpf with growth. deltaP was constant with increasing age and therefore did not contribute to the increase in sngfr.", "PMID": 842640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5193", "title": "Comparison of vascular effects of gastrointestinal hormones on various organs.", "content": "Vascular effects of raising local arterial concentration of pentagastrin (2-1,500ng/ml), secretin (0.2-150mU/ml), and cholecystokinin (0.2-150mU/ml) in the duodenum, jejunum, heart, kidney, forelimb, spleen, and the skin and muscle of the forelimb were studied in 54 anesthetized dogs. Secretin produced similar vasodilation in all organs. The minimal increment in local blood secretin concentration for vasodilation (\"concentration requirement\") was between 7 and 32 mU/ml. Pentagastrin produced vasodilation only in the duodenum and jejunum and the concentration requirement was between 25 and 50 ng/ml. Cholecystokinin did not affect vascular resistance of the forelimb, skin, or muscle. In the heart, kidney, and spleen, cholecystokinin produced vasodilation but the concentration requirement was above 21-33 mU/ml. In contrast, vasodilation in the duodenum and jejunum appeared when cholecystokinin concentration was increased by only 2.5 mU/ml. Furthermore, almost all its vasodilating effect occurred below an increment of 10 mU/ml. Comparison of our data with the reported cardiovascular adjustments and blood concentration of gastrointestinal hormones following a meal suggests that cholecystokinin may contribute to postprandial intestinal hyperemia.", "contents": "Comparison of vascular effects of gastrointestinal hormones on various organs. Vascular effects of raising local arterial concentration of pentagastrin (2-1,500ng/ml), secretin (0.2-150mU/ml), and cholecystokinin (0.2-150mU/ml) in the duodenum, jejunum, heart, kidney, forelimb, spleen, and the skin and muscle of the forelimb were studied in 54 anesthetized dogs. Secretin produced similar vasodilation in all organs. The minimal increment in local blood secretin concentration for vasodilation (\"concentration requirement\") was between 7 and 32 mU/ml. Pentagastrin produced vasodilation only in the duodenum and jejunum and the concentration requirement was between 25 and 50 ng/ml. Cholecystokinin did not affect vascular resistance of the forelimb, skin, or muscle. In the heart, kidney, and spleen, cholecystokinin produced vasodilation but the concentration requirement was above 21-33 mU/ml. In contrast, vasodilation in the duodenum and jejunum appeared when cholecystokinin concentration was increased by only 2.5 mU/ml. Furthermore, almost all its vasodilating effect occurred below an increment of 10 mU/ml. Comparison of our data with the reported cardiovascular adjustments and blood concentration of gastrointestinal hormones following a meal suggests that cholecystokinin may contribute to postprandial intestinal hyperemia.", "PMID": 842641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5194", "title": "Angiotensin II antagonists in dehydrated rabbits without baroreceptor reflexes.", "content": "Blood pressure effects of angiotensin II antagonists were studied in sham-operated and baroreceptor-denervated rabbits in the normal water-replete state or after 6 days of water deprivation (dehydrated). Experiments were performed in awake rabbits. Dehydrated rabbits had significantly higher plasma sodium concentrations, hematocrits, and plasma renin activities, but lower plasma potassium concentrations and body weights than water-replete rabbits. Administration of angiotensin II antagonists caused a significant decrease in mean arterial pressure in dehydrated rabbits (-16 mmHg in sham-dehydrated and -19 mmHg in denervated-dehydrated) but not in water-replete ones, whether the baroreceptor reflexes were intact or not (-1 mmHg in sham replete and -4 mmHg in denervated replete). The open-loop feedback gain of the renin-angiotensin system in blood pressure control was calculated as -1.6. The results demonstrate an important role of angiotensin II in blood pressure regulation during the high-renin, dehydrated state, but not during the normal renin, water-replete state. Abolishment of baroreceptor reflexes did not unmask an important role of normal levels of angiotensin II in blood pressure regulation.", "contents": "Angiotensin II antagonists in dehydrated rabbits without baroreceptor reflexes. Blood pressure effects of angiotensin II antagonists were studied in sham-operated and baroreceptor-denervated rabbits in the normal water-replete state or after 6 days of water deprivation (dehydrated). Experiments were performed in awake rabbits. Dehydrated rabbits had significantly higher plasma sodium concentrations, hematocrits, and plasma renin activities, but lower plasma potassium concentrations and body weights than water-replete rabbits. Administration of angiotensin II antagonists caused a significant decrease in mean arterial pressure in dehydrated rabbits (-16 mmHg in sham-dehydrated and -19 mmHg in denervated-dehydrated) but not in water-replete ones, whether the baroreceptor reflexes were intact or not (-1 mmHg in sham replete and -4 mmHg in denervated replete). The open-loop feedback gain of the renin-angiotensin system in blood pressure control was calculated as -1.6. The results demonstrate an important role of angiotensin II in blood pressure regulation during the high-renin, dehydrated state, but not during the normal renin, water-replete state. Abolishment of baroreceptor reflexes did not unmask an important role of normal levels of angiotensin II in blood pressure regulation.", "PMID": 842642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5195", "title": "Elevated systolic pressure following chronic low-level cadmiun feeding.", "content": "Groups of 16 female Long-Evans rats received 0, 1, 2.5, 5, 10, 25, and 50 mg cadmium/liter dringking water (parts per million (ppm)), from the time they were weaned until they were 30 mo old. Systolic pressure was measured indirectly in triplicate at 6-mo intervals. Both 2.5 and 5 ppm cadmium consistently induced significant elevations in mean systolic pressure, ranging from 13 to 33 mmHg. At 6 mo, 10 and 25 ppm cadmium also induced significant elevations, whereas at 12 mo and subsequently 1 ppm cadmium induced significant elevations. With 10 ppm cadmium or less weight gain was normal and there was no evidence of cadmium toxicity. With 25 and 50 ppm cadmium weight gain was diminished, suggesting toxicity. Five rats with each level of exposure were sacrificed every 6 mo from a second population of similarly handled rats in order to determine renal cadmium concetrations. Cadmium intakes that had induced hypertension were associated with mean renal cadmium concentrations ranging from 5 to 50 mug/g kidney.", "contents": "Elevated systolic pressure following chronic low-level cadmiun feeding. Groups of 16 female Long-Evans rats received 0, 1, 2.5, 5, 10, 25, and 50 mg cadmium/liter dringking water (parts per million (ppm)), from the time they were weaned until they were 30 mo old. Systolic pressure was measured indirectly in triplicate at 6-mo intervals. Both 2.5 and 5 ppm cadmium consistently induced significant elevations in mean systolic pressure, ranging from 13 to 33 mmHg. At 6 mo, 10 and 25 ppm cadmium also induced significant elevations, whereas at 12 mo and subsequently 1 ppm cadmium induced significant elevations. With 10 ppm cadmium or less weight gain was normal and there was no evidence of cadmium toxicity. With 25 and 50 ppm cadmium weight gain was diminished, suggesting toxicity. Five rats with each level of exposure were sacrificed every 6 mo from a second population of similarly handled rats in order to determine renal cadmium concetrations. Cadmium intakes that had induced hypertension were associated with mean renal cadmium concentrations ranging from 5 to 50 mug/g kidney.", "PMID": 842643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5196", "title": "Comparison of arteries with longitudinal and circular venous muscle from the rat.", "content": "Rat portal, mesenteric, renal, and femoral veins possess functionally responsive circular and longitudinal smooth muscle layers in vitro. In contrast to the dominant rhythmically active longitudinal muscle of portal veins, rat longitudinal mesenteric veins lacked rhythmic activity and developed maximal force equivalent to that of mesenteric circular muscle. Renal and femoral veins exhibited predominantly circular smooth muscle responses. Rat veins must be subjected to between 1 g (renal and femoral) and 4 g (circular portal and mesenteric) of passive forse for optimal responsiveness. Contractile response to vasoactive agent including carbamylcholine, serotonin, and norepinephrine was quantitatively different among veins. Femoral veins developed greater maximal force in response to norepinephrine than to KCL, and the responses to norepinephrine were not altered by cocaine. In contrast, cocaine markedly potentiated responses to norepinephrine in portal, mesenteric, and renal veins and, to a lesser extent, in the mesenteric artery. These data demonstrate heterogeneity in rat venous tissue and suggest that neuronal innervation may markedly influence responses to norepinephrine in some, but not all, rat blood vessels.", "contents": "Comparison of arteries with longitudinal and circular venous muscle from the rat. Rat portal, mesenteric, renal, and femoral veins possess functionally responsive circular and longitudinal smooth muscle layers in vitro. In contrast to the dominant rhythmically active longitudinal muscle of portal veins, rat longitudinal mesenteric veins lacked rhythmic activity and developed maximal force equivalent to that of mesenteric circular muscle. Renal and femoral veins exhibited predominantly circular smooth muscle responses. Rat veins must be subjected to between 1 g (renal and femoral) and 4 g (circular portal and mesenteric) of passive forse for optimal responsiveness. Contractile response to vasoactive agent including carbamylcholine, serotonin, and norepinephrine was quantitatively different among veins. Femoral veins developed greater maximal force in response to norepinephrine than to KCL, and the responses to norepinephrine were not altered by cocaine. In contrast, cocaine markedly potentiated responses to norepinephrine in portal, mesenteric, and renal veins and, to a lesser extent, in the mesenteric artery. These data demonstrate heterogeneity in rat venous tissue and suggest that neuronal innervation may markedly influence responses to norepinephrine in some, but not all, rat blood vessels.", "PMID": 842644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5197", "title": "Norepinephrine release in isolated arteries induced by K-free solution.", "content": "Helical strips from arteries with a rich sympathetic innervation (rat tail and femoral, and dog mesenteric arteries) develop a sustained contracture when exposed to a K-free physiological salt solution (PSS). The contracture can be blocked by phentolamine and does not occur in arteries whose nerve terminals have been destroyed with 6-hydroxydopamine. The temporal relationship between force development and efflux of NE was determined. Helical strips of rat tail arteries or dog mesenteric arteries were incubated in PSS containing 1-norepinephrine-7-3H([3H]NE). They were then transferred to a superfusion system which allowed isometric recordings and collection of the superfusate for the estimation of [3H]NE content. Following exposure to a K-free PSS force development paralleled NE release and both parameters were potentiated by ouabain. These data demonstrate that this neurogenic mechanism plays a most important role in the K-free contracture of the vascular smooth muscle studied. It is in accord with the observation that NE is released by adrenergic nerves following inhibition of Na+-K+-ATPase.", "contents": "Norepinephrine release in isolated arteries induced by K-free solution. Helical strips from arteries with a rich sympathetic innervation (rat tail and femoral, and dog mesenteric arteries) develop a sustained contracture when exposed to a K-free physiological salt solution (PSS). The contracture can be blocked by phentolamine and does not occur in arteries whose nerve terminals have been destroyed with 6-hydroxydopamine. The temporal relationship between force development and efflux of NE was determined. Helical strips of rat tail arteries or dog mesenteric arteries were incubated in PSS containing 1-norepinephrine-7-3H([3H]NE). They were then transferred to a superfusion system which allowed isometric recordings and collection of the superfusate for the estimation of [3H]NE content. Following exposure to a K-free PSS force development paralleled NE release and both parameters were potentiated by ouabain. These data demonstrate that this neurogenic mechanism plays a most important role in the K-free contracture of the vascular smooth muscle studied. It is in accord with the observation that NE is released by adrenergic nerves following inhibition of Na+-K+-ATPase.", "PMID": 842645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5198", "title": "Opposing central and peripheral effects of atropine on parasympathetic cardiac control.", "content": "Cardiac vagal efferent (CVE) activity was recorded from fine strands of the cervical vagus of chloralose-urethane-anesthetized dogs weighing an average of 14.6 kg. In spontaneously breathing animals atropine sulfate in doses of 0.003-1.5 mg significantly increased CVE activity even when the activity was corrected for changes in blood pressure. A 50% average increase (P less than 0.001) in mean activity was observed at a dose of 0.15 mg. The increase was not abolished by vagotomy as long as the animals were allowed to breathe spontaneously. The peripheral effect of atropine was characterized by the relationship between CVE activity and measured heart period changes. A 50% peripheral blockade was achieved at a dose of 0.06 mg; a dose of 1.0 mg produced essentially complete (greater than 90%) blockade. The results quantitatively demonstrate that atropine exerts a powerful central stimulating effect on CVE activity while simultaneously blocking vagal heart rate effects at the periphery.", "contents": "Opposing central and peripheral effects of atropine on parasympathetic cardiac control. Cardiac vagal efferent (CVE) activity was recorded from fine strands of the cervical vagus of chloralose-urethane-anesthetized dogs weighing an average of 14.6 kg. In spontaneously breathing animals atropine sulfate in doses of 0.003-1.5 mg significantly increased CVE activity even when the activity was corrected for changes in blood pressure. A 50% average increase (P less than 0.001) in mean activity was observed at a dose of 0.15 mg. The increase was not abolished by vagotomy as long as the animals were allowed to breathe spontaneously. The peripheral effect of atropine was characterized by the relationship between CVE activity and measured heart period changes. A 50% peripheral blockade was achieved at a dose of 0.06 mg; a dose of 1.0 mg produced essentially complete (greater than 90%) blockade. The results quantitatively demonstrate that atropine exerts a powerful central stimulating effect on CVE activity while simultaneously blocking vagal heart rate effects at the periphery.", "PMID": 842646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5199", "title": "Mechanism of action of isoproterenol on venous return.", "content": "The systemic vascular effects of isoproterenol infused in a dose of 1 mug-kg-1-min-1 was studied in 10 anesthetized dogs. A right heart bypass preparation allowed the separation of venous return into splanchnic and extrasplanchnic flows. Each channel was drained by gravity into an external reservoir. Venous return was then pumped into the pulmonary artery. During the infusion of isoproterenol, the pump was set at sufficient speed to maintain a constant level of blood in the external reservoir. Venous resistances and compliances of both channels were calculated from transient and steady-state volume shifts that occurred after rapid drops in splanchnic and then extrasplanchnic venous pressures. Isoproterenol affected both arterial and venous systems. Venous return increased from 1.62+/-0.11 to 2.40+/-0.19 liter/min (P less than 0.001) while arterial pressure fell from 97.5+/-3.8 to 70.2+/-5.9 mmHg (P less than 0.01). The compliances of the splanchnic and extrasplanchnic channels did not change significantly from their control values of 0.025+/-0.004 and 0.024+/-0.002 liter/mmHg. The venous resistance of the extrasplanchnic channel also did not change from its control value of 5.0 mmHg-liter-1-min-1; however, the splanchnic venous resistance decreased from 16.3+/-3.2 to 9.4+/-2.8 mmHg-liter-1-min-1 (P less than 0.001). The effective splanchnic back pressure, estimated by measuring the level to which hepatic venous pressure had to be raised to cause a change in portal pressure, decreased from 3.9 to 3.0 mmHg (P less than 0.01).", "contents": "Mechanism of action of isoproterenol on venous return. The systemic vascular effects of isoproterenol infused in a dose of 1 mug-kg-1-min-1 was studied in 10 anesthetized dogs. A right heart bypass preparation allowed the separation of venous return into splanchnic and extrasplanchnic flows. Each channel was drained by gravity into an external reservoir. Venous return was then pumped into the pulmonary artery. During the infusion of isoproterenol, the pump was set at sufficient speed to maintain a constant level of blood in the external reservoir. Venous resistances and compliances of both channels were calculated from transient and steady-state volume shifts that occurred after rapid drops in splanchnic and then extrasplanchnic venous pressures. Isoproterenol affected both arterial and venous systems. Venous return increased from 1.62+/-0.11 to 2.40+/-0.19 liter/min (P less than 0.001) while arterial pressure fell from 97.5+/-3.8 to 70.2+/-5.9 mmHg (P less than 0.01). The compliances of the splanchnic and extrasplanchnic channels did not change significantly from their control values of 0.025+/-0.004 and 0.024+/-0.002 liter/mmHg. The venous resistance of the extrasplanchnic channel also did not change from its control value of 5.0 mmHg-liter-1-min-1; however, the splanchnic venous resistance decreased from 16.3+/-3.2 to 9.4+/-2.8 mmHg-liter-1-min-1 (P less than 0.001). The effective splanchnic back pressure, estimated by measuring the level to which hepatic venous pressure had to be raised to cause a change in portal pressure, decreased from 3.9 to 3.0 mmHg (P less than 0.01).", "PMID": 842647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5200", "title": "Left atrial size and geometry in the intact dog.", "content": "Multiple determination of size, shape, and diameter of the left atrium were made during the control state and under conditions of varied ventricular outflow resistance in intact anesthetized dogs with markers chronically attached to the mitral annulus and the valve cusps. Measurements were made from left atrial angiograms (120 frames/s) obtained after injections of contrast medium into the pulmonary artery. Changes in atrial size were characterized by symmetrical circumferential diameter changes and eccentric variations of anteroposterior axis due almost entirely to valve ring displacement. With normal aortic pressure, maximal atrial area averaged 11.0+/-3.1 cm2. When aortic pressure was increased maximal area increased to 12.9+/-3.7 cm2 and percent emptying decreased, whereas maximal and minimal atrial areas were similar to control values during decreased aortic pressure. These findings suggest the possibility that atrial emptying may be near maximal at the resting control state.", "contents": "Left atrial size and geometry in the intact dog. Multiple determination of size, shape, and diameter of the left atrium were made during the control state and under conditions of varied ventricular outflow resistance in intact anesthetized dogs with markers chronically attached to the mitral annulus and the valve cusps. Measurements were made from left atrial angiograms (120 frames/s) obtained after injections of contrast medium into the pulmonary artery. Changes in atrial size were characterized by symmetrical circumferential diameter changes and eccentric variations of anteroposterior axis due almost entirely to valve ring displacement. With normal aortic pressure, maximal atrial area averaged 11.0+/-3.1 cm2. When aortic pressure was increased maximal area increased to 12.9+/-3.7 cm2 and percent emptying decreased, whereas maximal and minimal atrial areas were similar to control values during decreased aortic pressure. These findings suggest the possibility that atrial emptying may be near maximal at the resting control state.", "PMID": 842649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5201", "title": "Function of lateral reticular nucleus in central cardiovascular regulation in the cat.", "content": "The role of the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) in central cardiovascular regulation was investigated in cats. In 15 cerebellectomized and nine intact chloralosed cats stimulation of 115 histologically verified sites in the LRN elicited increases in arterial pressure and heart rate; the latter was abolished by propranolol but not by bilateral cervical vagotomy. The pressor response was significantly greater in intact animals. Electrical activity was recorded from the right inferior cardiac nerve (ICN) during stimulation fo the LRN  and of a vasomotor region in the posteromedial hypothalamus (PMH). Stimulation of sites in the LRN and in the PMH, on both sides, elicited a response in the right ICN that was consistently abolished during baroreceptor excitation. Medullary transection 3 mm rostral to the LRN did not abolish the  ICN response to LRN stimulation. The conclusions are drawn that stimulation of the LRN elicits cardiovascular responses probably due to excitation of groups of neurons in this nucleus located in a descending sympathetic pathway originating in the PMH and that these responses can be inhibited by excitation of baroreceptors. In view of the known functional connections of the LRN with the somatomotor system it is suggested that this nucleus may play a major role in somatosympathetic reflexes.", "contents": "Function of lateral reticular nucleus in central cardiovascular regulation in the cat. The role of the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) in central cardiovascular regulation was investigated in cats. In 15 cerebellectomized and nine intact chloralosed cats stimulation of 115 histologically verified sites in the LRN elicited increases in arterial pressure and heart rate; the latter was abolished by propranolol but not by bilateral cervical vagotomy. The pressor response was significantly greater in intact animals. Electrical activity was recorded from the right inferior cardiac nerve (ICN) during stimulation fo the LRN  and of a vasomotor region in the posteromedial hypothalamus (PMH). Stimulation of sites in the LRN and in the PMH, on both sides, elicited a response in the right ICN that was consistently abolished during baroreceptor excitation. Medullary transection 3 mm rostral to the LRN did not abolish the  ICN response to LRN stimulation. The conclusions are drawn that stimulation of the LRN elicits cardiovascular responses probably due to excitation of groups of neurons in this nucleus located in a descending sympathetic pathway originating in the PMH and that these responses can be inhibited by excitation of baroreceptors. In view of the known functional connections of the LRN with the somatomotor system it is suggested that this nucleus may play a major role in somatosympathetic reflexes.", "PMID": 842648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5202", "title": "Arterial barostasis along the mouse tail between different steady-state flows.", "content": "From its etymology, \"barostasis\" would denote homeostasis with respect to pressure in relation to the blood vascular system. Arterial pressure and flow were measured along the proximal half of the tail of the unanesthetized, intact mouse with a pneumatic cuff and just distally with a pneumatic plethysmograph at room temperatures near 20 and 25 degrees C. The pressure fell measurably from proximally to distally at both temperatures. From 20 to 25 degrees C barostasis was evident in that the local pressure changed relatively little proportionately in comparison with a considerable proportional increase in flow. As in other studies the occlusion of the circulation for some seconds was followed by a momentary increase in flow lasting less than a minute.", "contents": "Arterial barostasis along the mouse tail between different steady-state flows. From its etymology, \"barostasis\" would denote homeostasis with respect to pressure in relation to the blood vascular system. Arterial pressure and flow were measured along the proximal half of the tail of the unanesthetized, intact mouse with a pneumatic cuff and just distally with a pneumatic plethysmograph at room temperatures near 20 and 25 degrees C. The pressure fell measurably from proximally to distally at both temperatures. From 20 to 25 degrees C barostasis was evident in that the local pressure changed relatively little proportionately in comparison with a considerable proportional increase in flow. As in other studies the occlusion of the circulation for some seconds was followed by a momentary increase in flow lasting less than a minute.", "PMID": 842650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5203", "title": "Phospholipid metabolism during renal regeneration after acute tubular necrosis.", "content": "Renal function, structure, and membrane metabolism were studied during regeneration of proximal tubular cells in rats. A reversible syndrome of nonoliguric acute renal failure was induced by the intravenous administration of a low dose of mercuric chloride (1.0 mg Hg/kg). At day 1 there was a marked increase in serum urea nitrogen concentration (SUN), decrease in food intake, and a zone of proximal tubular cell necrosis in the inner cortex. By day 3 low cuboidal epithelial cells were seen, indicating that regeneration had been initiated despite decreased food intake and increasing SUN. Phospholipid synthesis for new membrane formation in regenerating cells was studied by using [14C] choline as a precursor of phosphorylcholine and cytidine diphosphocholine (CDP-choline), which are intermediates in the synthesis of renal choline-containing phospholipid. The rate of [14C]choline incorporation into phospholipids in inner cortical slices was lowest 1 day after mercury administration, then increased constantly for the next 4 days to reach a maximal value 104% above control. The rate declined slowly for the next 11 days and returned to normal by 28 days. The increased rate represented choline phosphoglyceride synthesis, since degradation was unchanged. The entire increment in choline radioactivity in regenerating tissue 2 and 3 days after mercury administration was in phospholipid or CDP-choline, which suggests that the increased number of choline molecules entering the growing cells were trapped in these two forms. The results indicate that renal regeneration is associated with a specific enhancement of the synthesis of choline-containing phospholipids. This anabolic response of the kidney occurs in the presence of systemic catabolism and progressive renal functional insufficiency.", "contents": "Phospholipid metabolism during renal regeneration after acute tubular necrosis. Renal function, structure, and membrane metabolism were studied during regeneration of proximal tubular cells in rats. A reversible syndrome of nonoliguric acute renal failure was induced by the intravenous administration of a low dose of mercuric chloride (1.0 mg Hg/kg). At day 1 there was a marked increase in serum urea nitrogen concentration (SUN), decrease in food intake, and a zone of proximal tubular cell necrosis in the inner cortex. By day 3 low cuboidal epithelial cells were seen, indicating that regeneration had been initiated despite decreased food intake and increasing SUN. Phospholipid synthesis for new membrane formation in regenerating cells was studied by using [14C] choline as a precursor of phosphorylcholine and cytidine diphosphocholine (CDP-choline), which are intermediates in the synthesis of renal choline-containing phospholipid. The rate of [14C]choline incorporation into phospholipids in inner cortical slices was lowest 1 day after mercury administration, then increased constantly for the next 4 days to reach a maximal value 104% above control. The rate declined slowly for the next 11 days and returned to normal by 28 days. The increased rate represented choline phosphoglyceride synthesis, since degradation was unchanged. The entire increment in choline radioactivity in regenerating tissue 2 and 3 days after mercury administration was in phospholipid or CDP-choline, which suggests that the increased number of choline molecules entering the growing cells were trapped in these two forms. The results indicate that renal regeneration is associated with a specific enhancement of the synthesis of choline-containing phospholipids. This anabolic response of the kidney occurs in the presence of systemic catabolism and progressive renal functional insufficiency.", "PMID": 842651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5204", "title": "Potassium and chloride conductances in normal and denervated rat muscles.", "content": "The membrane conductance of rat muscles (mainly gastrocnemius (G) and soleus (S)) was measured by using the two-microelectrode technique and the current point clamp method. Thin muscle bundles were washed in Tris chloride and Tris propionate solutions containing 6 mM K. The current strength was always 5 x 10-9 A and the steady-state membrane voltage was about 5 mV. The average chloride conductance (gcl, in mumho/cm2) of normal muscles was 845 (G) and 1,025 (S). The potassium conductance (gk) was 99 (G) and 161 (s). In separate measurements, the contribution of the chloride conductance (gcl) to the total membrane conductance (gm) was 89% for normal G and S. Two weeks after denervation the average gcl decreased to 440 in G and 191 in S; gk increased to 205 in G and to 364 in S in the presence of 0.1 mM Ca in solution; the increase in gk was less when measurements were made in the presence of 3mM Ca and 1 mM Mg. The contribution of gcl to gm was 60% in G and 30% in S in 14-day denervated muscles. The coefficient of variation for gcl/gk in 30 normal and 46 denervated muscles was 0.91 and 0.46, respectively. The curve representing the voltage-current relationship of muscles washed in Cl-free solutions containing 60 mM K was S-shaped in normal and in denervated muscles, but the changes in slope were less marked in the latter.", "contents": "Potassium and chloride conductances in normal and denervated rat muscles. The membrane conductance of rat muscles (mainly gastrocnemius (G) and soleus (S)) was measured by using the two-microelectrode technique and the current point clamp method. Thin muscle bundles were washed in Tris chloride and Tris propionate solutions containing 6 mM K. The current strength was always 5 x 10-9 A and the steady-state membrane voltage was about 5 mV. The average chloride conductance (gcl, in mumho/cm2) of normal muscles was 845 (G) and 1,025 (S). The potassium conductance (gk) was 99 (G) and 161 (s). In separate measurements, the contribution of the chloride conductance (gcl) to the total membrane conductance (gm) was 89% for normal G and S. Two weeks after denervation the average gcl decreased to 440 in G and 191 in S; gk increased to 205 in G and to 364 in S in the presence of 0.1 mM Ca in solution; the increase in gk was less when measurements were made in the presence of 3mM Ca and 1 mM Mg. The contribution of gcl to gm was 60% in G and 30% in S in 14-day denervated muscles. The coefficient of variation for gcl/gk in 30 normal and 46 denervated muscles was 0.91 and 0.46, respectively. The curve representing the voltage-current relationship of muscles washed in Cl-free solutions containing 60 mM K was S-shaped in normal and in denervated muscles, but the changes in slope were less marked in the latter.", "PMID": 842652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5205", "title": "Effects of cadmium and lead on adrenergic neuromuscular transmission in the rabbit.", "content": "The effects of inorganic lead (PbCl2) and cadmium (DdCl2) on the pressor response of rabbit saphenous arteries produced by sympathetic nerve stimulation were examined. A 1- to 3-cm length of artery was removed, placed in a bath containing mammalian Ringer solution, and perfused with the same solution at a constant rate sufficient to maintain a 40-60 mmHg perfusion pressure. Increases in perfusion pressure resulting from electrical stimulation -f periarterial nerve endings were reduced or completely blocked by the addition of 5-20 muM lead or cadmium to the bathing solution for a period of 15-30 min. Responses to norepinephrine or to direct electrical stimulation of the muscle remained relatively unaffected. During lead or cadmium blockade, the response to nerve stimulation could be restored by a fourfold increase in calcium concentration. It is concluded that lead and cadmium reduce the response to sympathetic nerve stimulation primarily through an effect on presynaptic nerve terminals.", "contents": "Effects of cadmium and lead on adrenergic neuromuscular transmission in the rabbit. The effects of inorganic lead (PbCl2) and cadmium (DdCl2) on the pressor response of rabbit saphenous arteries produced by sympathetic nerve stimulation were examined. A 1- to 3-cm length of artery was removed, placed in a bath containing mammalian Ringer solution, and perfused with the same solution at a constant rate sufficient to maintain a 40-60 mmHg perfusion pressure. Increases in perfusion pressure resulting from electrical stimulation -f periarterial nerve endings were reduced or completely blocked by the addition of 5-20 muM lead or cadmium to the bathing solution for a period of 15-30 min. Responses to norepinephrine or to direct electrical stimulation of the muscle remained relatively unaffected. During lead or cadmium blockade, the response to nerve stimulation could be restored by a fourfold increase in calcium concentration. It is concluded that lead and cadmium reduce the response to sympathetic nerve stimulation primarily through an effect on presynaptic nerve terminals.", "PMID": 842653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5206", "title": "Effect of pulmonary edema on drug transport and binding in rat lung.", "content": "The pulmonary absorption and uptake of (35S)phenol red ((35S)PR was measured in anesthetized rats with alpha-naphthylthiourea- (ANTU) induced lung edema. When (35S)PR solution was injected through a tracheal cannula in control animals and the percentage of the tracheal cannula in control animals and the percentage of the dose unabsorbed plotted semilogarithmically against time, an apparent first-order absorption rate was obtained. In contrast, in rats with ANTU-induced edema, the absorption time curve showed at least two different first-order components. Increasing the concentration of (35S)PR from 0.01 to 3 mM resulted in a decrease in the percentage absorption of the compound in controls compared with a relatively constant percentage absorption in edematous lungs. (35S)PR uptake by lung slices from ANTU-treated rats was decreased in the presence of IAA and a N2 atmosphere, and the dye accumulated at a faster rate and to a greater extent than in controls. The results suggest that although energy-dependent drug transport mechanisms remain intact, the porosity of the absorbing membranes and the extent of drug binding in the lung are increased markedly in the presence of edema.", "contents": "Effect of pulmonary edema on drug transport and binding in rat lung. The pulmonary absorption and uptake of (35S)phenol red ((35S)PR was measured in anesthetized rats with alpha-naphthylthiourea- (ANTU) induced lung edema. When (35S)PR solution was injected through a tracheal cannula in control animals and the percentage of the tracheal cannula in control animals and the percentage of the dose unabsorbed plotted semilogarithmically against time, an apparent first-order absorption rate was obtained. In contrast, in rats with ANTU-induced edema, the absorption time curve showed at least two different first-order components. Increasing the concentration of (35S)PR from 0.01 to 3 mM resulted in a decrease in the percentage absorption of the compound in controls compared with a relatively constant percentage absorption in edematous lungs. (35S)PR uptake by lung slices from ANTU-treated rats was decreased in the presence of IAA and a N2 atmosphere, and the dye accumulated at a faster rate and to a greater extent than in controls. The results suggest that although energy-dependent drug transport mechanisms remain intact, the porosity of the absorbing membranes and the extent of drug binding in the lung are increased markedly in the presence of edema.", "PMID": 842654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5207", "title": "Effect of hyperosmolarity on resting and developed tension in heart muscle.", "content": "Simultaneous changes in weight, tension, and electrical activity were studied in the isolated perfused rabbit heart when the Ringer solution perfusion fluid was made hypertonic by the addition of sucrose, urea, glycerol, ethylene glycol, or formamide. The typical responses to each of the molecules was an initial drop in weight and tension followed by a return toward the base-line level. A 0.4 M concentration of sucrose, urea, or glycerol reduced the weight to 40 +/- 4.6, 48 +/- 3, and 52.2 +/- 3% of the initial value, respectively. The tension was simultaneously reduced to 23 +/- 3.5, 31 +/- 2, and 41 +/- 4% of its initial value. The tension drop produced by the solutes tested was linearly related to the amount of water lost by the heart. The falling phases of both tension and weight loss were closely correlated phases of both tension and weight loss were closely correlated in time a magnitude and were both related to the effectiveness of a particular molecule to move water out of the cells. In contrast, the subsequent rising phases of tension and weight were not as well correlated in time and magnitude. Whereas for most of the molecules used, the tension recovery was incomplete; urea, in contrast, caused an overshoot of the control tension level, thus pointing toward a unique inotropic effect of this compound. Resting tension rose for both urea and sucrose but not for the other compounds.", "contents": "Effect of hyperosmolarity on resting and developed tension in heart muscle. Simultaneous changes in weight, tension, and electrical activity were studied in the isolated perfused rabbit heart when the Ringer solution perfusion fluid was made hypertonic by the addition of sucrose, urea, glycerol, ethylene glycol, or formamide. The typical responses to each of the molecules was an initial drop in weight and tension followed by a return toward the base-line level. A 0.4 M concentration of sucrose, urea, or glycerol reduced the weight to 40 +/- 4.6, 48 +/- 3, and 52.2 +/- 3% of the initial value, respectively. The tension was simultaneously reduced to 23 +/- 3.5, 31 +/- 2, and 41 +/- 4% of its initial value. The tension drop produced by the solutes tested was linearly related to the amount of water lost by the heart. The falling phases of both tension and weight loss were closely correlated phases of both tension and weight loss were closely correlated in time a magnitude and were both related to the effectiveness of a particular molecule to move water out of the cells. In contrast, the subsequent rising phases of tension and weight were not as well correlated in time and magnitude. Whereas for most of the molecules used, the tension recovery was incomplete; urea, in contrast, caused an overshoot of the control tension level, thus pointing toward a unique inotropic effect of this compound. Resting tension rose for both urea and sucrose but not for the other compounds.", "PMID": 842655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5208", "title": "Neurotrophic regulation of insulin-sensitive amino acid uptake in rat fast muscle.", "content": "Our object was to determine how innervation regulates muscle insulin sensitivity. Insulin-stimulated uptake of the nonmetabolized amino acid, 2-amino-isobutyric acid, was used as a measure of insulin sensitivity in denervated rat extensor digitorum longus muscles retaining either a similar 2.5-cm (\"\"proximal denervation'') or a similar to 0.5-cm (\"\"distal denervation'') length of distal nerve stump. Because both muscles were inactive in the first 24 h, any difference in insulin sensitivity could be due only to some trophic influence of the distal nerve stump. Fifteen hours after either type of denervation, 2-aminoisobutyric acid uptake was refractory to insulin. However, at 24 h, insulin sensitivity of distally denervated muscles (with or without a second ipsilateral proximal denervation) was normal, whereas that of proximally denervated muscles was still relatively insensitive. In the absence of insulin, the two types of denervated muscles at 24 h showed no difference in 2-aminoisobutyric acid uptake. Finally, organ culture of paired muscles with or without long nerve stumps showed corresponding differences in insulin-stimulated 2-aminoisobutyric acid uptake after 48 h in vitro. Thus, a neurotrophic factor, independent of impulse activity, stretch, or changes in blood flow, regulates one type of muscle insulin sensitivity.", "contents": "Neurotrophic regulation of insulin-sensitive amino acid uptake in rat fast muscle. Our object was to determine how innervation regulates muscle insulin sensitivity. Insulin-stimulated uptake of the nonmetabolized amino acid, 2-amino-isobutyric acid, was used as a measure of insulin sensitivity in denervated rat extensor digitorum longus muscles retaining either a similar 2.5-cm (\"\"proximal denervation'') or a similar to 0.5-cm (\"\"distal denervation'') length of distal nerve stump. Because both muscles were inactive in the first 24 h, any difference in insulin sensitivity could be due only to some trophic influence of the distal nerve stump. Fifteen hours after either type of denervation, 2-aminoisobutyric acid uptake was refractory to insulin. However, at 24 h, insulin sensitivity of distally denervated muscles (with or without a second ipsilateral proximal denervation) was normal, whereas that of proximally denervated muscles was still relatively insensitive. In the absence of insulin, the two types of denervated muscles at 24 h showed no difference in 2-aminoisobutyric acid uptake. Finally, organ culture of paired muscles with or without long nerve stumps showed corresponding differences in insulin-stimulated 2-aminoisobutyric acid uptake after 48 h in vitro. Thus, a neurotrophic factor, independent of impulse activity, stretch, or changes in blood flow, regulates one type of muscle insulin sensitivity.", "PMID": 842657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5209", "title": "Amine uptake and metabolism by endothelium of pig pulmonary artery and aorta.", "content": "The uptake and metabolism of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) and l-norepinephrine (NE) were measured in endothelial cells of pig pulmonary artery and aorta, as well as in lung slices. Evidence for oxidative deamination and for a saturable uptake mechanism, sensitive to cold, imipramine, and NA+-free medium was obtained for 5HT in lung slices and in the pulmonary as well as in the aortic endothelium, separated from the lumen by absorption to Millipore filters or by exposure to collagenase. For NE, however, a similar type of uptake could be deomonstrated in lung slices only. In the aortic and pulmonary endothelium, NE was metabolized, but its uptake was not influenced by imipramine, Na+-free medium, and high substrate concentration. The aortic and pulmonary endothelium have, therefore, similar properties and exhibit for 5HT, but not for NE, a type of uptake similar to that existing in lung capillaries.", "contents": "Amine uptake and metabolism by endothelium of pig pulmonary artery and aorta. The uptake and metabolism of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) and l-norepinephrine (NE) were measured in endothelial cells of pig pulmonary artery and aorta, as well as in lung slices. Evidence for oxidative deamination and for a saturable uptake mechanism, sensitive to cold, imipramine, and NA+-free medium was obtained for 5HT in lung slices and in the pulmonary as well as in the aortic endothelium, separated from the lumen by absorption to Millipore filters or by exposure to collagenase. For NE, however, a similar type of uptake could be deomonstrated in lung slices only. In the aortic and pulmonary endothelium, NE was metabolized, but its uptake was not influenced by imipramine, Na+-free medium, and high substrate concentration. The aortic and pulmonary endothelium have, therefore, similar properties and exhibit for 5HT, but not for NE, a type of uptake similar to that existing in lung capillaries.", "PMID": 842658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5210", "title": "Effects of luminal hyperosmolality on electrical pathways of Necturas gallbladder.", "content": "The electrical properties of the transepithelial pathways of Necturaus gallbladder were studied with intracellular microelectrode techniques under control conditions and after exposure to hyperosmotic mucosal bathing media (addition of sucrose or other solutes). Doubling mucosal osmolality produces a large increase in the resistance of the intercellular shunt pathway (from 420 +/- 50 to 700 +/- 70 omega - cm2, P is less than 0.001) and a significant decrease in the resistance of the apical membrane of the cells (from 3,510 +/- 420 to 1,540 +/- 380 omega p cm2, P is less than 0.001). The basolateral membrane resistance remains unchanged. Both the apical and basolateral membranes depolarize (from 59.5 +/- 1.8 to 36.6 +/- 2.8 mV, P less than 0.0001, and from 61.8 +/- 1.7 to 32.2 +/- 3.0 mV,P is less than 0.001, respectively). The transepithelial diffusion potential resulting from NaCl concentration gradients due to the osmotic water flow does not explain the cell potential changes. Mucosal solution ion substitution experiments demonstrate increases of gk, gcl, and gna (ca. 2.5-fold, 4-fold, and 7-fold, respectively). Therefore, cell depolarization appears to be produced mainly by a reduction of apical membrane K permselectivity. The increase in the resistance of the shunt is attributable to reduction of the width of the lateral intercellular spaces, because of the osmotic serosa-to-mucosa water flow.", "contents": "Effects of luminal hyperosmolality on electrical pathways of Necturas gallbladder. The electrical properties of the transepithelial pathways of Necturaus gallbladder were studied with intracellular microelectrode techniques under control conditions and after exposure to hyperosmotic mucosal bathing media (addition of sucrose or other solutes). Doubling mucosal osmolality produces a large increase in the resistance of the intercellular shunt pathway (from 420 +/- 50 to 700 +/- 70 omega - cm2, P is less than 0.001) and a significant decrease in the resistance of the apical membrane of the cells (from 3,510 +/- 420 to 1,540 +/- 380 omega p cm2, P is less than 0.001). The basolateral membrane resistance remains unchanged. Both the apical and basolateral membranes depolarize (from 59.5 +/- 1.8 to 36.6 +/- 2.8 mV, P less than 0.0001, and from 61.8 +/- 1.7 to 32.2 +/- 3.0 mV,P is less than 0.001, respectively). The transepithelial diffusion potential resulting from NaCl concentration gradients due to the osmotic water flow does not explain the cell potential changes. Mucosal solution ion substitution experiments demonstrate increases of gk, gcl, and gna (ca. 2.5-fold, 4-fold, and 7-fold, respectively). Therefore, cell depolarization appears to be produced mainly by a reduction of apical membrane K permselectivity. The increase in the resistance of the shunt is attributable to reduction of the width of the lateral intercellular spaces, because of the osmotic serosa-to-mucosa water flow.", "PMID": 842659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5211", "title": "Fatty acid oxidation by isolated perfused working hearts of aged rats.", "content": "It has been reported that mitochondria isolated from hearts of old rats have lower respiratory activity than mitochondria from young rats. In order to determine the physiological correlates of these changes, the metabolism of hearts from young and old rats has been compared in a perfused working heart preparation. The oxidation of [14C]palmitate to 14CO2, oxygen consumption, and nucleotide levels were measured under different cardiac workloads. The hearts from old animals performed less cardiac work and utilized less oxygen and palmitate in proportion to tissue mass, but the ratio of oxygen consumed to pressure developed was unaltered. There was a small but significant decrease in cardiac efficiency expressed as the ratio between the rate of oxygen consumed and ventricular pressure development. Tissue levels of total carnitine and long-chain acylcarnitine derivatives were greatly reduced in the older heart without significant change in free CoA, acetyl-CoA, or long-chain acyl-CoA. The adenine nucleotide levels were not significantly different in the two groups. The results appear consistent with the in vitro studies on isolated mitochondria.", "contents": "Fatty acid oxidation by isolated perfused working hearts of aged rats. It has been reported that mitochondria isolated from hearts of old rats have lower respiratory activity than mitochondria from young rats. In order to determine the physiological correlates of these changes, the metabolism of hearts from young and old rats has been compared in a perfused working heart preparation. The oxidation of [14C]palmitate to 14CO2, oxygen consumption, and nucleotide levels were measured under different cardiac workloads. The hearts from old animals performed less cardiac work and utilized less oxygen and palmitate in proportion to tissue mass, but the ratio of oxygen consumed to pressure developed was unaltered. There was a small but significant decrease in cardiac efficiency expressed as the ratio between the rate of oxygen consumed and ventricular pressure development. Tissue levels of total carnitine and long-chain acylcarnitine derivatives were greatly reduced in the older heart without significant change in free CoA, acetyl-CoA, or long-chain acyl-CoA. The adenine nucleotide levels were not significantly different in the two groups. The results appear consistent with the in vitro studies on isolated mitochondria.", "PMID": 842660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5212", "title": "Amino acid metabolism of dog jejunum before and during absorption of keto analogues.", "content": "In fasting dogs, significant uptake by the jejunal wall from arterial blood was found for glutamine and eight other amino acids. Significant release into the mesenteric vein of ammonium, alanine, citrulline, and proline occurred, equal in nitrogen content to glutamine nitrogen taken up. The keto analogues of leucine, valine, and isoleucine, infused for 1 h into the lumen at initial concentrations of 10mM, disappeared from the lumen at 20.2 +/- 1.6, 18.6 +/- 2.0, and 15.7 +/- 2.8 mumol/cm in 1h, respectively. Eight fifteen and seventeen percent, respectively, of these absorbed quantities were released into mesenteric blood as leucine, valine, and isoleucine plus alloisoleucine, indicating significant amination of the keto acids by the gut wall. No significant changes were detected in the arteriovenous differences of any other amino acids or ammonium. The remainder of the absorbed analogues of valine and isoleucine appeared as such in the blood. In the case of the keto analogue of leucine, there was apparent degradation by the gut wall of 34% of the absorbed compound.", "contents": "Amino acid metabolism of dog jejunum before and during absorption of keto analogues. In fasting dogs, significant uptake by the jejunal wall from arterial blood was found for glutamine and eight other amino acids. Significant release into the mesenteric vein of ammonium, alanine, citrulline, and proline occurred, equal in nitrogen content to glutamine nitrogen taken up. The keto analogues of leucine, valine, and isoleucine, infused for 1 h into the lumen at initial concentrations of 10mM, disappeared from the lumen at 20.2 +/- 1.6, 18.6 +/- 2.0, and 15.7 +/- 2.8 mumol/cm in 1h, respectively. Eight fifteen and seventeen percent, respectively, of these absorbed quantities were released into mesenteric blood as leucine, valine, and isoleucine plus alloisoleucine, indicating significant amination of the keto acids by the gut wall. No significant changes were detected in the arteriovenous differences of any other amino acids or ammonium. The remainder of the absorbed analogues of valine and isoleucine appeared as such in the blood. In the case of the keto analogue of leucine, there was apparent degradation by the gut wall of 34% of the absorbed compound.", "PMID": 842661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5213", "title": "A potassium gradient in smooth muscle segment of the opossum esophagus.", "content": "Sodium and potassium content were determined in the smooth muscle segment of the opossum esophagus. Extracellular space measurements were also made using inulin and mannitol as markers. The muscle also made using inulin and mannitol as markers. The muscle was sampled at five sites spaced equally along the esophageal segment. On site in the stomach was also examined. The mean tissue sodium content was 36.6 +/- 10.7 meg/kg, and the mean tissue sodium content was 83.5 +/- 2.9 meg/kg wet wt. The mean inulin space was 184 +/- 34 ml/kg, and the mean mannitol space was 249 +/- 20 ml wet wt. The tissue potassium content was found to decline from 48.4 /- 10.1 meg/kg at the proximal site to 23.6 +/- 8.0 meg k/g at the distal site. The slope of electrolyte values from sites 1 through 5 was significant for both potassium and sodium. Extracellular space volume did not differ significantly from one end of the smooth muscle segment to the other.", "contents": "A potassium gradient in smooth muscle segment of the opossum esophagus. Sodium and potassium content were determined in the smooth muscle segment of the opossum esophagus. Extracellular space measurements were also made using inulin and mannitol as markers. The muscle also made using inulin and mannitol as markers. The muscle was sampled at five sites spaced equally along the esophageal segment. On site in the stomach was also examined. The mean tissue sodium content was 36.6 +/- 10.7 meg/kg, and the mean tissue sodium content was 83.5 +/- 2.9 meg/kg wet wt. The mean inulin space was 184 +/- 34 ml/kg, and the mean mannitol space was 249 +/- 20 ml wet wt. The tissue potassium content was found to decline from 48.4 /- 10.1 meg/kg at the proximal site to 23.6 +/- 8.0 meg k/g at the distal site. The slope of electrolyte values from sites 1 through 5 was significant for both potassium and sodium. Extracellular space volume did not differ significantly from one end of the smooth muscle segment to the other.", "PMID": 842662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5214", "title": "Actions of cholecystokinin octapeptide on smooth muscle of isolated dog intestine.", "content": "Adult dogs were anesthetized and segments of small intestine were isolated and perfused via a mesenteric artery with Krebs-bicarbonate solution. Muscle responses along the circular and longitudinal axes were monitored with extraluminal strain gauge transducers. Agonists were administered as intraarterial bolus injections in volumes not exceeding 0.1 ml. Antagonists were dissolved in the Krebs perfusion solution. The C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin (CCK-OP) produced dose-related tonic and phasic contractions of smooth muscle along the transverse axis and tonic and phasic relaxations along the longitudinal axis of the muscle segments. Smooth muscle responses to CCK-OP were reduced by atropine sulfate (0.1 mug/ml) and minimally affected by hexamethonium (10 mug/ml) perfusion. Tetrodotoxin (TTX, 5 ng/ml) selectively reduced muscle responses to dimethylphenylpiperazinium (0.5 mug) and CCK-OP (0.2 mug) but failed to alter responses to bethanechol (BeCh, 5 mug). Higher concentrations of TTX (10 ng/ml) abolished responses to CCK-OP. Depolarizing doses of nicotine (500 mug) selectively antagonized responses to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT, 5 mug) and CCK-OP (0.2 mug) but did not alter responses to BeCh (5 mug). Perfusion with tetraethylammonium (1 mg/ml) reduced muscle responses to depolarizing doses of nicotine and abolished the nicotine-induced antagonism of 5HT and CCK-OP. The intestinal smooth muscle response to CCK-OP in the dog is mediated through a neurogenic mechanism. CCK-OP interacts with a nonnicotinic receptor on postganglionic cholinergic neural elements in this preparation.", "contents": "Actions of cholecystokinin octapeptide on smooth muscle of isolated dog intestine. Adult dogs were anesthetized and segments of small intestine were isolated and perfused via a mesenteric artery with Krebs-bicarbonate solution. Muscle responses along the circular and longitudinal axes were monitored with extraluminal strain gauge transducers. Agonists were administered as intraarterial bolus injections in volumes not exceeding 0.1 ml. Antagonists were dissolved in the Krebs perfusion solution. The C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin (CCK-OP) produced dose-related tonic and phasic contractions of smooth muscle along the transverse axis and tonic and phasic relaxations along the longitudinal axis of the muscle segments. Smooth muscle responses to CCK-OP were reduced by atropine sulfate (0.1 mug/ml) and minimally affected by hexamethonium (10 mug/ml) perfusion. Tetrodotoxin (TTX, 5 ng/ml) selectively reduced muscle responses to dimethylphenylpiperazinium (0.5 mug) and CCK-OP (0.2 mug) but failed to alter responses to bethanechol (BeCh, 5 mug). Higher concentrations of TTX (10 ng/ml) abolished responses to CCK-OP. Depolarizing doses of nicotine (500 mug) selectively antagonized responses to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT, 5 mug) and CCK-OP (0.2 mug) but did not alter responses to BeCh (5 mug). Perfusion with tetraethylammonium (1 mg/ml) reduced muscle responses to depolarizing doses of nicotine and abolished the nicotine-induced antagonism of 5HT and CCK-OP. The intestinal smooth muscle response to CCK-OP in the dog is mediated through a neurogenic mechanism. CCK-OP interacts with a nonnicotinic receptor on postganglionic cholinergic neural elements in this preparation.", "PMID": 842663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5215", "title": "Bovine pancreatic peptide: action on gastric and pancreatic secretion in dogs.", "content": "Bovine pancreatic peptide (BPP) is a straight chain peptide containing 36 amino acid residues that has recently been isolated from pancreatic tissue. At a dose of 40 mug/kg-h intravenously, it stimulated gastric acid secretion when given alone but inhibited the submaximal secretion induced by the C-terminal pentapeptide of gastrin. Basal pancreatic secretion of dogs was inhibited by BPP (1-10 mug/kg-h) inhibited pancreatic protein secretion but often showed a biphasic action on water-bicarbonate response, an initial augmentation followed by reduction. BPP (2-5 mug/kg-h) inhibited pancreatic water-bicarbonate and protein secretions induced by an infusion of secretin plus cholecystokinin. Des-tyrosyl-NH2 BPP lacking the C-terminal tyrosyl amide, failed to inhibit gastric acid induced by C-terminal pentapeptide of gastrin or pancreatic secretion induced by secretin. BPP had no hyper- or hypoglycemic, hyperkalemic, or diuretic actions in the dog.", "contents": "Bovine pancreatic peptide: action on gastric and pancreatic secretion in dogs. Bovine pancreatic peptide (BPP) is a straight chain peptide containing 36 amino acid residues that has recently been isolated from pancreatic tissue. At a dose of 40 mug/kg-h intravenously, it stimulated gastric acid secretion when given alone but inhibited the submaximal secretion induced by the C-terminal pentapeptide of gastrin. Basal pancreatic secretion of dogs was inhibited by BPP (1-10 mug/kg-h) inhibited pancreatic protein secretion but often showed a biphasic action on water-bicarbonate response, an initial augmentation followed by reduction. BPP (2-5 mug/kg-h) inhibited pancreatic water-bicarbonate and protein secretions induced by an infusion of secretin plus cholecystokinin. Des-tyrosyl-NH2 BPP lacking the C-terminal tyrosyl amide, failed to inhibit gastric acid induced by C-terminal pentapeptide of gastrin or pancreatic secretion induced by secretin. BPP had no hyper- or hypoglycemic, hyperkalemic, or diuretic actions in the dog.", "PMID": 842664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5216", "title": "[3H]inositol incorporation into phosphatidyl-inositol in work-induced growth of rat muscle.", "content": "Unilateral tenotomy of the gastrocnemius muscle in normal rats caused rapid hyptertrophy of the soleus and plantaris muscles. The phospholipid content of hypertrophied muscles increased; the increase was proportional to the extent of hypertrophy and was distributed proportionally among the major phospholipid components. During the growth process, the hypertrophying muscles incorporated [3H]inositol into phosphatidyl-inositol more rapidly than did the contralateral, control limb muscles. The increased incorporation was evident 2 h after the operation and cannot be explained solely by an increased uptake of [3H]inositol. After growth had ceased, the incorporation of [3H]inositol into phosphatidyl-inositol gradually returned toward control levels. The increase in incorporation after tenotomy was prevented by simultaneous spinal section to abolish activity in the tenotomized limb muscles. By contrast, in rats that had been forced to swim for prolonged periods of time, there was no increased incorporation of [3H]inositol into phosphatidyl-inositol. It is concluded that the increased incorporation of [3H]inositol into phosphatidyl-inositol is related to increased muscle activity sufficient to produce compensatory hypertrophy.", "contents": "[3H]inositol incorporation into phosphatidyl-inositol in work-induced growth of rat muscle. Unilateral tenotomy of the gastrocnemius muscle in normal rats caused rapid hyptertrophy of the soleus and plantaris muscles. The phospholipid content of hypertrophied muscles increased; the increase was proportional to the extent of hypertrophy and was distributed proportionally among the major phospholipid components. During the growth process, the hypertrophying muscles incorporated [3H]inositol into phosphatidyl-inositol more rapidly than did the contralateral, control limb muscles. The increased incorporation was evident 2 h after the operation and cannot be explained solely by an increased uptake of [3H]inositol. After growth had ceased, the incorporation of [3H]inositol into phosphatidyl-inositol gradually returned toward control levels. The increase in incorporation after tenotomy was prevented by simultaneous spinal section to abolish activity in the tenotomized limb muscles. By contrast, in rats that had been forced to swim for prolonged periods of time, there was no increased incorporation of [3H]inositol into phosphatidyl-inositol. It is concluded that the increased incorporation of [3H]inositol into phosphatidyl-inositol is related to increased muscle activity sufficient to produce compensatory hypertrophy.", "PMID": 842665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5217", "title": "Adaptation to calcium deprivation in the rat: effects of parathyroidectomy.", "content": "The role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the adaptive response in gut calcium transport to calcium deprivation has been studied in the rat using both the in vitro everted duodenal sac and the in situ ligated duodenal segment technique. Intact or parathyroidectomized (PTX) young rats were placed on a low calcium (0.01%) diet for 7-, 14-, or 21-day adaptation periods and compared with control rats maintained on a high calcium (1.5%) diet. Prior PTX (3 days before the start of the adaptation period) abolished the adaptive response (enhanced calcium transport) induced by calcium deprivation for a 7-day adaptation period, but did not abolish a response after a 21-day period. A 14-day adaptation period gave equivocal results. It is concluded that PTH appears to be necessary for short-term (7-day) adaptation, but not for long-term (21-day) adaptation to calcium deprivation. However, if accessory parathyroid tissue is present, the data could be interpreted differently: the essentiality of PTH for the adaptive response might be independent of the length of the adaptation period. The data also contribute to a possible resolution of the controversy concerning the involvement of PTH in the regulation of intestinal calcium transport in the rat.", "contents": "Adaptation to calcium deprivation in the rat: effects of parathyroidectomy. The role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the adaptive response in gut calcium transport to calcium deprivation has been studied in the rat using both the in vitro everted duodenal sac and the in situ ligated duodenal segment technique. Intact or parathyroidectomized (PTX) young rats were placed on a low calcium (0.01%) diet for 7-, 14-, or 21-day adaptation periods and compared with control rats maintained on a high calcium (1.5%) diet. Prior PTX (3 days before the start of the adaptation period) abolished the adaptive response (enhanced calcium transport) induced by calcium deprivation for a 7-day adaptation period, but did not abolish a response after a 21-day period. A 14-day adaptation period gave equivocal results. It is concluded that PTH appears to be necessary for short-term (7-day) adaptation, but not for long-term (21-day) adaptation to calcium deprivation. However, if accessory parathyroid tissue is present, the data could be interpreted differently: the essentiality of PTH for the adaptive response might be independent of the length of the adaptation period. The data also contribute to a possible resolution of the controversy concerning the involvement of PTH in the regulation of intestinal calcium transport in the rat.", "PMID": 842666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5218", "title": "Function of the thin ascending limb of Henle of rats and hamsters perfused in vitro.", "content": "In order too examine whether there is species difference in the function of the thin ascending limb of Henle (tALH), segments isolated from rat and hamster kidneys were perfused in vitro and compared to results obtained by identical techniques from rabbits. The net water flux and the transtubular potential difference were not different from zero. The osmotic water permeability of the rat and hamster tALH was unmeasurably small. Isotopic and electrically determined permeabilities for Cl- and Na+ were quite high in both species, with Cl- being approximately twice as permeable as Na+. Urea permeability across the tALH of both species was moderate. Solute permeability to NaCl, urea, and raffinose (10(-5) cm sec-1) of the tALH of both species was determined by measuring changes in osmolality of the collected fluid when each solute was added to the bath at the same osmolality. They were 82.2, 38.3, and 6.9, respectively. The relative permeabilities to various ions were estimated from the deflection of the transtubular potential difference when NaCl in the bathing medium was replaced by various salts. The following sequence of permeabilities was obtained across the tALH from both the rat and hamster: Cl- greater than or equal to Br- greater than or equal to SCN- greater than or equal to I- greater than or equal to Na+ = K+ greater than Li+ greater than choline+ greater than or equal to HCO3- greater than acetate- greater than or equal to cyclamate-. These data indicate that membrane characteristics of the tALH of rats and hamsters are similar to the previously published values of rabbits. The conclusion is drawn that the principle of the passive equilibrating model of the countercurrent multiplication system is operative in other mammalian species besides the rabbit.", "contents": "Function of the thin ascending limb of Henle of rats and hamsters perfused in vitro. In order too examine whether there is species difference in the function of the thin ascending limb of Henle (tALH), segments isolated from rat and hamster kidneys were perfused in vitro and compared to results obtained by identical techniques from rabbits. The net water flux and the transtubular potential difference were not different from zero. The osmotic water permeability of the rat and hamster tALH was unmeasurably small. Isotopic and electrically determined permeabilities for Cl- and Na+ were quite high in both species, with Cl- being approximately twice as permeable as Na+. Urea permeability across the tALH of both species was moderate. Solute permeability to NaCl, urea, and raffinose (10(-5) cm sec-1) of the tALH of both species was determined by measuring changes in osmolality of the collected fluid when each solute was added to the bath at the same osmolality. They were 82.2, 38.3, and 6.9, respectively. The relative permeabilities to various ions were estimated from the deflection of the transtubular potential difference when NaCl in the bathing medium was replaced by various salts. The following sequence of permeabilities was obtained across the tALH from both the rat and hamster: Cl- greater than or equal to Br- greater than or equal to SCN- greater than or equal to I- greater than or equal to Na+ = K+ greater than Li+ greater than choline+ greater than or equal to HCO3- greater than acetate- greater than or equal to cyclamate-. These data indicate that membrane characteristics of the tALH of rats and hamsters are similar to the previously published values of rabbits. The conclusion is drawn that the principle of the passive equilibrating model of the countercurrent multiplication system is operative in other mammalian species besides the rabbit.", "PMID": 842667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5219", "title": "Dissociation of renal blood flow and filtration rate autoregulation by renin depletion.", "content": "Renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) autoregulation during changes in renal artery pressure (RAP) were examined in dogs fed a \"normal\" diet (group 1, n = 10) and in renin-depleted dogs (group 2, n = 11) which received a high-sodium diet and deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) injections for a minimum of 21 days prior to the study. Renal venous plasma renin activity was undetectable in group 2 by radioimmunoassay of angiotensin I and did not increase even when RAP was reduced to less than 70 mmHg. Autoregulation of RBF was not impaired by renin depletion. However, GFR autoregulation, which was very effective in group 1 dogs, was markedly impaired in group 2. Average GFR in group 2 decreased progressively to 58 +/- 7% of the control value as RAP was reduced in steps from the control value of 137 +/- 3 to 69 +/- 1 mmHg. In normal dogs, the filtration fraction either increased slightly or did not change when RAP was reduced in steps, whereas in renin-depleted dogs the filtration fraction decreased progressively during reductions in RAP. Thus, chronic sodium loading and DOCA administration causes renin depletion and dissociates the autoregulation of RBF and GFR. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the renin-angiotensin system participates in the control of GFR, possibly by an efferent arteriolar mechanism.", "contents": "Dissociation of renal blood flow and filtration rate autoregulation by renin depletion. Renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) autoregulation during changes in renal artery pressure (RAP) were examined in dogs fed a \"normal\" diet (group 1, n = 10) and in renin-depleted dogs (group 2, n = 11) which received a high-sodium diet and deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) injections for a minimum of 21 days prior to the study. Renal venous plasma renin activity was undetectable in group 2 by radioimmunoassay of angiotensin I and did not increase even when RAP was reduced to less than 70 mmHg. Autoregulation of RBF was not impaired by renin depletion. However, GFR autoregulation, which was very effective in group 1 dogs, was markedly impaired in group 2. Average GFR in group 2 decreased progressively to 58 +/- 7% of the control value as RAP was reduced in steps from the control value of 137 +/- 3 to 69 +/- 1 mmHg. In normal dogs, the filtration fraction either increased slightly or did not change when RAP was reduced in steps, whereas in renin-depleted dogs the filtration fraction decreased progressively during reductions in RAP. Thus, chronic sodium loading and DOCA administration causes renin depletion and dissociates the autoregulation of RBF and GFR. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the renin-angiotensin system participates in the control of GFR, possibly by an efferent arteriolar mechanism.", "PMID": 842668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5220", "title": "Inhibition of probenecid uricosuria by pyrazinamide and para-aminohippurate.", "content": "Both para-aminohippurate (PAH) and pyrazinamide inhibited the uricosuric response to probenecid administration. The mechanism of this inhibition of probenecid uricosuria was assessed in 18 male subjects. The decrease in uricosuria was assessed in 18 male subjects. The decrease in uricosuric response to probenecid observed after pyrazinamide administration or PAH infusion occurs by different mechanisms. Administration of PAH and probenecid together resulted in reduced excretion of both drugs. PAH was weakly uricosuric and did not appear to inhibit urate secretion. PAH inhibition of probenecid uricosuria is accounted for by inhibition of probenecid secretion. Probenecid excretion was not affected by pyrazinamide administration. Inhibition of probenecid-induced uricosuria by pyrazinamide is most likely due to inhibition of urate secretion. The urate secretory carrier inhibited by pyrazinamide appears to be independent of that responsible for secretion of probenecid and PAH. Probenecid secretion appears to be required for its uricosuric effect.", "contents": "Inhibition of probenecid uricosuria by pyrazinamide and para-aminohippurate. Both para-aminohippurate (PAH) and pyrazinamide inhibited the uricosuric response to probenecid administration. The mechanism of this inhibition of probenecid uricosuria was assessed in 18 male subjects. The decrease in uricosuria was assessed in 18 male subjects. The decrease in uricosuric response to probenecid observed after pyrazinamide administration or PAH infusion occurs by different mechanisms. Administration of PAH and probenecid together resulted in reduced excretion of both drugs. PAH was weakly uricosuric and did not appear to inhibit urate secretion. PAH inhibition of probenecid uricosuria is accounted for by inhibition of probenecid secretion. Probenecid excretion was not affected by pyrazinamide administration. Inhibition of probenecid-induced uricosuria by pyrazinamide is most likely due to inhibition of urate secretion. The urate secretory carrier inhibited by pyrazinamide appears to be independent of that responsible for secretion of probenecid and PAH. Probenecid secretion appears to be required for its uricosuric effect.", "PMID": 842669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5221", "title": "Renal sugar transport in the winter flounder. III. Two glucose transport systems.", "content": "Teased renal tubules of the winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) were employed to investigate the structural requirements for two pathways of D-glucose transport which take place preponderantly across the basal (antiluminal) face of renal cells. 1) An inhibition analysis of the equilibrating, Na-independent and phlorizin-sensitive transport of the nonmetabolizable methyl-alpha-D-glucoside (0.1 and 0.5 mM), with 20 glucose analogs (5 mM), was employed to establish the structural requirements for the substrate-carrier interaction: a (pyranose) ring, oxygen, or F at C1, C2-OH, C3-OH, and C4-OH (all axial, 1C model). Some interaction may also occur at C6-OH. D-Glucose shares this transport system. Hydrogen bonding between the oxygens and the carrier is suggested. 2) The phloretin- and phlorizin-sensitive, ouabain-insensitive transport of D-glucose, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, and D-mannose is associated with considerable phosphorylation. The three sugars mutually compete for a shared transport site. The specificity pattern characterizing the transport system defines the following structural requirements: a (pyranose) ring, a free C1-OH, C3-OH, and C4-OH (both axial) and possibly C6-OH. Hydrogen bonding between the carrier and the oxygens at C3, C4, and C6, and covalent bonding at C1 is suggested.", "contents": "Renal sugar transport in the winter flounder. III. Two glucose transport systems. Teased renal tubules of the winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) were employed to investigate the structural requirements for two pathways of D-glucose transport which take place preponderantly across the basal (antiluminal) face of renal cells. 1) An inhibition analysis of the equilibrating, Na-independent and phlorizin-sensitive transport of the nonmetabolizable methyl-alpha-D-glucoside (0.1 and 0.5 mM), with 20 glucose analogs (5 mM), was employed to establish the structural requirements for the substrate-carrier interaction: a (pyranose) ring, oxygen, or F at C1, C2-OH, C3-OH, and C4-OH (all axial, 1C model). Some interaction may also occur at C6-OH. D-Glucose shares this transport system. Hydrogen bonding between the oxygens and the carrier is suggested. 2) The phloretin- and phlorizin-sensitive, ouabain-insensitive transport of D-glucose, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, and D-mannose is associated with considerable phosphorylation. The three sugars mutually compete for a shared transport site. The specificity pattern characterizing the transport system defines the following structural requirements: a (pyranose) ring, a free C1-OH, C3-OH, and C4-OH (both axial) and possibly C6-OH. Hydrogen bonding between the carrier and the oxygens at C3, C4, and C6, and covalent bonding at C1 is suggested.", "PMID": 842670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5222", "title": "Absence of significant secretory flux of phosphate in the proximal convoluted tubule.", "content": "The presence of phosphate secretion by the renal tubule in mammals has been controversial. Recently, in a micropuncture and microperfusion study, net secretion of phosphate was reported for the proximal tubule of rats which were infused with parathyroid hormone (PTH) and phosphate. Since the finding of net secretion of phosphate by the proximal tubule is in contradiction to other reports, the question was reinvestigated with the use of microperfusion techniques that were modified to allow identification of sample contamination. Studies were performed in intact dogs, phosphate- and PTH-loaded intact rats, and phosphate-loaded, acutely thyroparathyroidectomized rats. After exclusion of contaminated samples, no significant influx of phosphate was found in any of the three groups. Neither increased plasma phosphate concentration nor the infusion of parathyroid hormone unmasked a secretory process for phosphate. It is concluded that phosphate transport in the proximal tubule is essentially a unidirectional phenomenon, i.e., reabsorption is not opposed by significant backflux of phosphate.", "contents": "Absence of significant secretory flux of phosphate in the proximal convoluted tubule. The presence of phosphate secretion by the renal tubule in mammals has been controversial. Recently, in a micropuncture and microperfusion study, net secretion of phosphate was reported for the proximal tubule of rats which were infused with parathyroid hormone (PTH) and phosphate. Since the finding of net secretion of phosphate by the proximal tubule is in contradiction to other reports, the question was reinvestigated with the use of microperfusion techniques that were modified to allow identification of sample contamination. Studies were performed in intact dogs, phosphate- and PTH-loaded intact rats, and phosphate-loaded, acutely thyroparathyroidectomized rats. After exclusion of contaminated samples, no significant influx of phosphate was found in any of the three groups. Neither increased plasma phosphate concentration nor the infusion of parathyroid hormone unmasked a secretory process for phosphate. It is concluded that phosphate transport in the proximal tubule is essentially a unidirectional phenomenon, i.e., reabsorption is not opposed by significant backflux of phosphate.", "PMID": 842671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5223", "title": "Effect of potassium on utilization of (1-14C)palmitic acid in renal cortex of the rat.", "content": "The renal cortex has an unusually high rate of palmitic acid utilization. The uptake, oxidation, and distribution of this fatty acid in the cortex, unlike other tissues, responds to variations in medium and tissue potassium content. This potassium dependency is mimicked and amplified by rubidium. These observations indicate that in the renal cortex, both potassium and rubidium promote the accumulation, oxidation, and esterification of palmitic acid.", "contents": "Effect of potassium on utilization of (1-14C)palmitic acid in renal cortex of the rat. The renal cortex has an unusually high rate of palmitic acid utilization. The uptake, oxidation, and distribution of this fatty acid in the cortex, unlike other tissues, responds to variations in medium and tissue potassium content. This potassium dependency is mimicked and amplified by rubidium. These observations indicate that in the renal cortex, both potassium and rubidium promote the accumulation, oxidation, and esterification of palmitic acid.", "PMID": 842672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5224", "title": "Vasopressor role of ADH in the pathogenesis of malignant DOC hypertension.", "content": "During the onset of malignant hypertension (MH) in rats treated with deoxycorticosterone trimethylacetate (DOC), plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) concentrations increase tenfold as a consequence of hypovolemia and hyperosmolality. In benign hypertensive (BH) rats, plasma AVP is increased threefold in comparison with control animals. Plasma renin is markedly suppressed in both BH and MH animals. In MH rats, biologically active AVP antiserum lowers blood pressure (BP) transiently to normal or subnormal levels; in BH rats, a small BP-lowering effect of the AVP antiserum is seen. (Biologically active angiotensin II antiserum does not lower BP in MH rats.) The relationship between the height of BP and plasma AVP concentration in DOC hypertensive rats indicates, when compared with that relationship in diabetes insipidus rats infused with AVP, a marked enhancement of the vasopressor effect of AVP. These findings and the earlier observation of vasopressin-induced vascular damage by Byrom (F. B. Byrom, The Hypertensive Vascular Crisis. London: Heinemann, 1969) strongly suggest that ADH is involved as a vasopressor hormone in the pathogenesis of malignant DOC hypertension.", "contents": "Vasopressor role of ADH in the pathogenesis of malignant DOC hypertension. During the onset of malignant hypertension (MH) in rats treated with deoxycorticosterone trimethylacetate (DOC), plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) concentrations increase tenfold as a consequence of hypovolemia and hyperosmolality. In benign hypertensive (BH) rats, plasma AVP is increased threefold in comparison with control animals. Plasma renin is markedly suppressed in both BH and MH animals. In MH rats, biologically active AVP antiserum lowers blood pressure (BP) transiently to normal or subnormal levels; in BH rats, a small BP-lowering effect of the AVP antiserum is seen. (Biologically active angiotensin II antiserum does not lower BP in MH rats.) The relationship between the height of BP and plasma AVP concentration in DOC hypertensive rats indicates, when compared with that relationship in diabetes insipidus rats infused with AVP, a marked enhancement of the vasopressor effect of AVP. These findings and the earlier observation of vasopressin-induced vascular damage by Byrom (F. B. Byrom, The Hypertensive Vascular Crisis. London: Heinemann, 1969) strongly suggest that ADH is involved as a vasopressor hormone in the pathogenesis of malignant DOC hypertension.", "PMID": 842673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5225", "title": "Renal responses to diuretic drugs in freshwater catfish Ictalurus punctatus.", "content": "Renal tubules of freshwater teleosts consist of proximal, intermediate, distal, and collecting segments. Diuretic drugs were injected into freshwater channel catfish to define the mode of natriuresis and diuresis. Although the catfish lack a loop of Henle, ethacrynic acid (1 mg/kg), furosemide (1 mg/kg) and, to a smaller extent, hydrochlorothiazide (2 mg/kg) produced marked chloruresis and natriuresis. The amount of sodium and chloride reabsorbed decreased, and the decrease in fractional reabsorption of chloride was greater than that of sodium. All three drugs, however, elicited only mild diuresis. This finding suggests that these drugs inhibit sodium and chloride reabsorption in tubules which are highly impermeable to water, most likely along distal segments of the nephron. Ethacrynic acid and furosemide appear to inhibit both reabsorption and secretion of potassium. Acetazolamide (50 mg/kg) induced moderate diuresis which seemed to reflect increased glomerular filtration rate. Smaller doses of acetazolamide increased urinary bicarbonate excretion without the increase in filtration rate, suggesting a possible inhibition of carbonic anhydrase in the renal tubules.", "contents": "Renal responses to diuretic drugs in freshwater catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Renal tubules of freshwater teleosts consist of proximal, intermediate, distal, and collecting segments. Diuretic drugs were injected into freshwater channel catfish to define the mode of natriuresis and diuresis. Although the catfish lack a loop of Henle, ethacrynic acid (1 mg/kg), furosemide (1 mg/kg) and, to a smaller extent, hydrochlorothiazide (2 mg/kg) produced marked chloruresis and natriuresis. The amount of sodium and chloride reabsorbed decreased, and the decrease in fractional reabsorption of chloride was greater than that of sodium. All three drugs, however, elicited only mild diuresis. This finding suggests that these drugs inhibit sodium and chloride reabsorption in tubules which are highly impermeable to water, most likely along distal segments of the nephron. Ethacrynic acid and furosemide appear to inhibit both reabsorption and secretion of potassium. Acetazolamide (50 mg/kg) induced moderate diuresis which seemed to reflect increased glomerular filtration rate. Smaller doses of acetazolamide increased urinary bicarbonate excretion without the increase in filtration rate, suggesting a possible inhibition of carbonic anhydrase in the renal tubules.", "PMID": 842674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5226", "title": "Effect of albumin infusion on renal glucose reabsorption in the rat.", "content": "Clearance and micropuncture techniques were employed to assess the relationship between renal glucose and sodium reabsorption in the rat. Late proximal tubular fluid was collected from surface nephrons before and at two intervals after the infusion of hyperoncotic albumin by a double recollection technique. Plasma glucose levels were maintained at 28-44 mM throughout. Proximal tubular reabsorptive rates for both glucose and sodium were elevated 20 min after the start of the hyperoncotic infusion. Continued infusion of the hyperoncotic albumin resulted in a natriuresis and a parallel fall in proximal glucose and sodium reabsorption. Changes in maximal glucose reabsorption rates for the whole kidney paralleled changes in glucose reabsorption in surface nephrons. The addition of calcium and magnesium to the hyperoncotic infusate diminished the natriuresis but did not alter the relationship between sodium and glucose reabsorption. These observations indicate a close relationship between proximal tubular glucose reabsorption and sodium reabsorption during hyperoncotic infusion.", "contents": "Effect of albumin infusion on renal glucose reabsorption in the rat. Clearance and micropuncture techniques were employed to assess the relationship between renal glucose and sodium reabsorption in the rat. Late proximal tubular fluid was collected from surface nephrons before and at two intervals after the infusion of hyperoncotic albumin by a double recollection technique. Plasma glucose levels were maintained at 28-44 mM throughout. Proximal tubular reabsorptive rates for both glucose and sodium were elevated 20 min after the start of the hyperoncotic infusion. Continued infusion of the hyperoncotic albumin resulted in a natriuresis and a parallel fall in proximal glucose and sodium reabsorption. Changes in maximal glucose reabsorption rates for the whole kidney paralleled changes in glucose reabsorption in surface nephrons. The addition of calcium and magnesium to the hyperoncotic infusate diminished the natriuresis but did not alter the relationship between sodium and glucose reabsorption. These observations indicate a close relationship between proximal tubular glucose reabsorption and sodium reabsorption during hyperoncotic infusion.", "PMID": 842675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5227", "title": "Distribution of cardiac output in ovine pregnancy.", "content": "Cardiac output and organ blood flows were measured in 6 nonpregnant and 24 pregnant ewes from 38 to 141 days of gestation employing radionuclide-labeled microspheres. From the nonpregnant state to term increases in cardiac output, from 73.7 +/- 4.6 ml/min-kg of maternal weight to 148 +/- 2.4 ml/min-kg, and heart rate, from 88.5 +/- 10.3 to 106 +/- 4.6 beats/min, were noted, while mean arterial blood pressure was unchanged. Near term, the blood flows to the uterus and mammary gland represented approximately 18% of cardiac output. The blood flow to nonreproductive organs increased from 76.6 +/- 6.8 ml/min-kg of nonreproductive tissue in the nonpregnant state to 132 +/- 3.5 ml/min-kg at 130-140 days' gestation (P less than 0.01). No significant changes in renal blood flow were detected.", "contents": "Distribution of cardiac output in ovine pregnancy. Cardiac output and organ blood flows were measured in 6 nonpregnant and 24 pregnant ewes from 38 to 141 days of gestation employing radionuclide-labeled microspheres. From the nonpregnant state to term increases in cardiac output, from 73.7 +/- 4.6 ml/min-kg of maternal weight to 148 +/- 2.4 ml/min-kg, and heart rate, from 88.5 +/- 10.3 to 106 +/- 4.6 beats/min, were noted, while mean arterial blood pressure was unchanged. Near term, the blood flows to the uterus and mammary gland represented approximately 18% of cardiac output. The blood flow to nonreproductive organs increased from 76.6 +/- 6.8 ml/min-kg of nonreproductive tissue in the nonpregnant state to 132 +/- 3.5 ml/min-kg at 130-140 days' gestation (P less than 0.01). No significant changes in renal blood flow were detected.", "PMID": 842676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5228", "title": "Hypercapnia and right-duct lymph flow in pups and adult dogs.", "content": "The effect of moderate hypercapnia on right-thoracic duct lymph flow, pulmonary hemodynamics, and lung water content was studied in seven 2- to 5-wk-old dogs and eleven adult dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital, paralyzed with succinylcholine, and maintained on intermittent positive-pressure ventilation. Following a 30-min control period in which arterial pH and blood gases were maintained within normal limits, the dogs were ventilated with 3-14% CO2 for 30 min; they were then returned to control conditions fro a 30-min recovery period. Hypercapnia was associated with a significant increase in lymph flow rate in both pups and adult dogs (P less than 0.05) and a significant increase in pulmonary artery and pulmonary artery wedge pressures in adult dogs (P less than 0.05). These data suggest that hypercapnia may increase the net flow of water out of the pulmonary vascular bed.", "contents": "Hypercapnia and right-duct lymph flow in pups and adult dogs. The effect of moderate hypercapnia on right-thoracic duct lymph flow, pulmonary hemodynamics, and lung water content was studied in seven 2- to 5-wk-old dogs and eleven adult dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital, paralyzed with succinylcholine, and maintained on intermittent positive-pressure ventilation. Following a 30-min control period in which arterial pH and blood gases were maintained within normal limits, the dogs were ventilated with 3-14% CO2 for 30 min; they were then returned to control conditions fro a 30-min recovery period. Hypercapnia was associated with a significant increase in lymph flow rate in both pups and adult dogs (P less than 0.05) and a significant increase in pulmonary artery and pulmonary artery wedge pressures in adult dogs (P less than 0.05). These data suggest that hypercapnia may increase the net flow of water out of the pulmonary vascular bed.", "PMID": 842677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5229", "title": "Instantaneous force-velocity-length relations in isolated dog heart.", "content": "The mechanics of left ventricular contraction were investigated in terms of instantaneous mural force, mid-wall circumferential fiber shortening velocity (dL/dt), and fiber length (L) in seven servo-regulated hearts. The steady-state response of series of variably preloaded or afterloaded allasotonic contractions were utilized. Norepinephrine (0.55-1.38 mug/min) or propranolol (0.07-0.14 mg/min) were given to alter inotropic background. For any given contractile state and initial L, maximum dL/dt was not attained instantly but after a finite time of ejection (39 ms +/- 0.2 SE; range, 24-60) and from a lesser length (92% +/- 0.5 SE; range, 83-99) than present at end diastole. Beyond this initial period instantaneous dL/dt was dependent on both instantaneous force and length while independent of time after contraction and initial L. Instantaneous dL/dt also varied with contractile state, e.g., dL/dt was less after propranolol and greater after norepinephrine. Peak dL/dt for all conditions was a function of the extent of shortening (r = 0.90). Thus, the trajectory describing instantaneous force, velocity, and length provides a useful description of both the mechanical behavior and contractile state of the ventricular myocardium.", "contents": "Instantaneous force-velocity-length relations in isolated dog heart. The mechanics of left ventricular contraction were investigated in terms of instantaneous mural force, mid-wall circumferential fiber shortening velocity (dL/dt), and fiber length (L) in seven servo-regulated hearts. The steady-state response of series of variably preloaded or afterloaded allasotonic contractions were utilized. Norepinephrine (0.55-1.38 mug/min) or propranolol (0.07-0.14 mg/min) were given to alter inotropic background. For any given contractile state and initial L, maximum dL/dt was not attained instantly but after a finite time of ejection (39 ms +/- 0.2 SE; range, 24-60) and from a lesser length (92% +/- 0.5 SE; range, 83-99) than present at end diastole. Beyond this initial period instantaneous dL/dt was dependent on both instantaneous force and length while independent of time after contraction and initial L. Instantaneous dL/dt also varied with contractile state, e.g., dL/dt was less after propranolol and greater after norepinephrine. Peak dL/dt for all conditions was a function of the extent of shortening (r = 0.90). Thus, the trajectory describing instantaneous force, velocity, and length provides a useful description of both the mechanical behavior and contractile state of the ventricular myocardium.", "PMID": 842678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5230", "title": "Evidence for the presence of adrenergic receptors in 3-day-old chick embryo.", "content": "Effects of sympathomimetic amines without and with alpha and beta-adrenergic blocking agents on the heart rate and arterial and venous blood pressures in the 3-day-old chick embryo were studied. No chronotropic effect was observed. Norepinephrine caused a biphasic change in systolic and diastolic arterial pressures, the lower doses effecting a fall, and the higher doses a rise in these pressures. With phenylephrine a sharp rise in systolic, diastolic, and pulse pressures was seen. Isoproterenol caused a dramatic fall in systolic, diastolic, and pulse pressures. In the presence of phenoxybenzamine, the pressor effect of high doses of norepinephrine was reversed, the pressor effect of phenylephrine was abolished, and the hypotension with isoproterenol was enhanced. After propranolol, the hypotensive effect of low doses of norepinephrine was reversed, the pressor response to phenylephrine was unchanged, and the depressor effect of isoproterenol was abolished. These findings suggest the presence of functioning alpha- and beta-receptors in the 3-day-old chick embryo. Additionally, they suggest that the alpha-receptors develop more slowly in the chick embryo.", "contents": "Evidence for the presence of adrenergic receptors in 3-day-old chick embryo. Effects of sympathomimetic amines without and with alpha and beta-adrenergic blocking agents on the heart rate and arterial and venous blood pressures in the 3-day-old chick embryo were studied. No chronotropic effect was observed. Norepinephrine caused a biphasic change in systolic and diastolic arterial pressures, the lower doses effecting a fall, and the higher doses a rise in these pressures. With phenylephrine a sharp rise in systolic, diastolic, and pulse pressures was seen. Isoproterenol caused a dramatic fall in systolic, diastolic, and pulse pressures. In the presence of phenoxybenzamine, the pressor effect of high doses of norepinephrine was reversed, the pressor effect of phenylephrine was abolished, and the hypotension with isoproterenol was enhanced. After propranolol, the hypotensive effect of low doses of norepinephrine was reversed, the pressor response to phenylephrine was unchanged, and the depressor effect of isoproterenol was abolished. These findings suggest the presence of functioning alpha- and beta-receptors in the 3-day-old chick embryo. Additionally, they suggest that the alpha-receptors develop more slowly in the chick embryo.", "PMID": 842679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5231", "title": "Some pressure and fluid dynamic characteristics of the canine epidural space.", "content": "Pressure measured in teh epidural space of 50 dogs was consistently negative (subatmospheric). Acutely implanted epidural catheters gave an average reading of -2.72 mmHg (n = 44, SE = 0.18), whereas chronically implanted catheters gave more negative readings, averaging -5.8 mmHg (n = 6, SE = 0.49). Since the chronically implanted catheters permit healing, resolution of hemorrhage, and resealing of the epidural space to take place, resulting in equilibration of microcirulatory forces, these readings are believed to represent more closely the true epidural pressure. Also these results approximate closely the calculated and measured interstitial fluid pressures obtained by different  techniques in other loose areolar connective tissue systems. Compliance studies, using a double-lumen catheter for simultaneous recording and infusing in the epidural space, showed increasing compliance as the pressure rose into the positive pressure range, with an eventual plateau of the volume-pressure curve at the level of the concomitantly measured cerebrospinal fluid pressure (avg = +5.73 mmHg, n = 10, SE = 0.48). Intravenous volume loading using Tyrode solution caused a large rise in epidural pressure, and volume depletion with diuretics caused a significant drop in epidural pressure.", "contents": "Some pressure and fluid dynamic characteristics of the canine epidural space. Pressure measured in teh epidural space of 50 dogs was consistently negative (subatmospheric). Acutely implanted epidural catheters gave an average reading of -2.72 mmHg (n = 44, SE = 0.18), whereas chronically implanted catheters gave more negative readings, averaging -5.8 mmHg (n = 6, SE = 0.49). Since the chronically implanted catheters permit healing, resolution of hemorrhage, and resealing of the epidural space to take place, resulting in equilibration of microcirulatory forces, these readings are believed to represent more closely the true epidural pressure. Also these results approximate closely the calculated and measured interstitial fluid pressures obtained by different  techniques in other loose areolar connective tissue systems. Compliance studies, using a double-lumen catheter for simultaneous recording and infusing in the epidural space, showed increasing compliance as the pressure rose into the positive pressure range, with an eventual plateau of the volume-pressure curve at the level of the concomitantly measured cerebrospinal fluid pressure (avg = +5.73 mmHg, n = 10, SE = 0.48). Intravenous volume loading using Tyrode solution caused a large rise in epidural pressure, and volume depletion with diuretics caused a significant drop in epidural pressure.", "PMID": 842680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5232", "title": "Vasopressin and angiotensin: reciprocal mechanisms controlling mesenteric conductance.", "content": "Intravenous infusions of [Sar1-Ala8]angiotensin II, acute hypophysectomy, and acute intestinal denervation were carried out in 15 pentobarbital-anesthetized cats. Infusion of the angiotensin II antagonist caused only a small increase in superior mesenteric arterial conductance and a small decrease in arterial pressure in intact animals, but the changes were subypophysectomy alone caused only a small intestinal vasodilatation and little change in arterial pressure. However, the responses to hypophysectomy were much larger when the gland was removed during a prolonged infusion of the angiotensin II antagonist. Intestinal denervation caused only minor changes in mesenteric conductance and arterial pressure, and the responses to [Sar1-Ala8]angiotensin II and hypophysectomy were largely unaltered by the presence or absence of the intestinal innervation. The results suggest that the renin-angiotensin and vasopressin systems are reciprocal overlapping mechanisms that exert a significant vasoconstrictor influence on the intestinal resistance vessels in the anesthetized cat. In the absence of one control system, the other appears to compensate to maintain resistance.", "contents": "Vasopressin and angiotensin: reciprocal mechanisms controlling mesenteric conductance. Intravenous infusions of [Sar1-Ala8]angiotensin II, acute hypophysectomy, and acute intestinal denervation were carried out in 15 pentobarbital-anesthetized cats. Infusion of the angiotensin II antagonist caused only a small increase in superior mesenteric arterial conductance and a small decrease in arterial pressure in intact animals, but the changes were subypophysectomy alone caused only a small intestinal vasodilatation and little change in arterial pressure. However, the responses to hypophysectomy were much larger when the gland was removed during a prolonged infusion of the angiotensin II antagonist. Intestinal denervation caused only minor changes in mesenteric conductance and arterial pressure, and the responses to [Sar1-Ala8]angiotensin II and hypophysectomy were largely unaltered by the presence or absence of the intestinal innervation. The results suggest that the renin-angiotensin and vasopressin systems are reciprocal overlapping mechanisms that exert a significant vasoconstrictor influence on the intestinal resistance vessels in the anesthetized cat. In the absence of one control system, the other appears to compensate to maintain resistance.", "PMID": 842681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5233", "title": "Actions of bradykinin on isolated cerebral and peripheral arteries.", "content": "The addition of bradykinin (BK) caused a dose-related contraction in helical strips of canine cerebral, internal carotid, external carotid, and femoral arteries, while the peptide elicited a relaxation in canine coronary, renal, and mesenteric arteries contracted with 5+ or prostaglandin F2alpha. In contrast to canine cerebral arteries, human cerebral arteries contracted with K+ or prostaglandin relaxed with BK. Contractile responses of canine cerebral arteries to BK were not influenced by phentolamine, diphenhydramine, and methysergide, but were attenuated by aspirin and indomethacin. Contractions induced by K+ were not or only slightly inhibited by these anti-inflammatory agents. Polyphloretin phosphate failed to reduce BK-induced contractions. Relaxing effects of BK on canine coronary arterial strips were not altered by atropine, propranolol, metiamide, and aminophylline, but were inhibited by aspirin and indomethacin. Adenosine-induced relaxation was unaffected by the latter two agents. It may be concluded that adrenergic, cholinergic, histaminergic, and adenosine-related mechanisms are not involved in the genesis of BK-induced contraction and relaxation. Contractile responses of canine cerebral arteries to BK do not appear to derive from prostaglandins released, but rather from a direct action on vascular smooth muscle cells.", "contents": "Actions of bradykinin on isolated cerebral and peripheral arteries. The addition of bradykinin (BK) caused a dose-related contraction in helical strips of canine cerebral, internal carotid, external carotid, and femoral arteries, while the peptide elicited a relaxation in canine coronary, renal, and mesenteric arteries contracted with 5+ or prostaglandin F2alpha. In contrast to canine cerebral arteries, human cerebral arteries contracted with K+ or prostaglandin relaxed with BK. Contractile responses of canine cerebral arteries to BK were not influenced by phentolamine, diphenhydramine, and methysergide, but were attenuated by aspirin and indomethacin. Contractions induced by K+ were not or only slightly inhibited by these anti-inflammatory agents. Polyphloretin phosphate failed to reduce BK-induced contractions. Relaxing effects of BK on canine coronary arterial strips were not altered by atropine, propranolol, metiamide, and aminophylline, but were inhibited by aspirin and indomethacin. Adenosine-induced relaxation was unaffected by the latter two agents. It may be concluded that adrenergic, cholinergic, histaminergic, and adenosine-related mechanisms are not involved in the genesis of BK-induced contraction and relaxation. Contractile responses of canine cerebral arteries to BK do not appear to derive from prostaglandins released, but rather from a direct action on vascular smooth muscle cells.", "PMID": 842682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5234", "title": "Contraction and resting stiffness of isolated cardiac muscle: effects of inotropic agents.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that either hypoxia and its combined effects with extracellular calcium (Ca), digoxin, and ouabain, or these positive inotropic agents acting alone or in combination, influence contraction and resting stiffness of isolated papillary muscle. Stiffness was measured utilizing the sinusoidal forcing function technique. Neither an increase in extracellular calcium concentration (from 2.5 to 4.0 mM) nor digoxin or ouabain in either Ca concentration altered contraction or resting stiffness in the well-oxygenated environment. Resting stiffness for any given resting tension was increased at the end of hypoxia only in the presence of digoxin, and this occurred in both 2.5 mM Ca (P less than 0.02) and in 4.0 mM Ca (P = 0.05). Contraction stiffness for any given tension was increased in 2.5 mM Ca by hypoxia alone (P less than 0.05) and by hypoxia in the presence of digoxin (P less than 0.005) and ouabain (P less than 0.02), but was not increased in any experiments conducted in 4.0 mM Ca. The conclusions from these data are that certain experimental conditions of the study evoked different directional changes in stiffness and contractility. Further, changes in contraction stiffness are not always paralleled by changes in resting stiffness.", "contents": "Contraction and resting stiffness of isolated cardiac muscle: effects of inotropic agents. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that either hypoxia and its combined effects with extracellular calcium (Ca), digoxin, and ouabain, or these positive inotropic agents acting alone or in combination, influence contraction and resting stiffness of isolated papillary muscle. Stiffness was measured utilizing the sinusoidal forcing function technique. Neither an increase in extracellular calcium concentration (from 2.5 to 4.0 mM) nor digoxin or ouabain in either Ca concentration altered contraction or resting stiffness in the well-oxygenated environment. Resting stiffness for any given resting tension was increased at the end of hypoxia only in the presence of digoxin, and this occurred in both 2.5 mM Ca (P less than 0.02) and in 4.0 mM Ca (P = 0.05). Contraction stiffness for any given tension was increased in 2.5 mM Ca by hypoxia alone (P less than 0.05) and by hypoxia in the presence of digoxin (P less than 0.005) and ouabain (P less than 0.02), but was not increased in any experiments conducted in 4.0 mM Ca. The conclusions from these data are that certain experimental conditions of the study evoked different directional changes in stiffness and contractility. Further, changes in contraction stiffness are not always paralleled by changes in resting stiffness.", "PMID": 842683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5235", "title": "Humoral factor depletion and reticuloendothelial depression during hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "Circulating opsonic activity and reticuloendothelial system (RES) phagocytic function were determined in anesthetized rats subjected to hemorrhagic shock. Animals were hemorrhaged to and maintained at 40 mmHg arterial blood pressure until they spontaneously took back 5% or 40% of the maximum bled volume. The phagocytic index, as determined by colloid clearance kinetics, was decreased in both groups following reinfusion of the shed blood. The reduction in phagocytic index was associated with decreased liver, unchanged spleen, and increased lung test colloid localization. Plasma opsonic activity, as determined by liver slice bioassay, was decreased 50-60% at 5% and 40% uptake of the maximum shed volume, decreased further 15 min after reinfusion in both groups, and tended to recover 1 h after reinfusion in the 5% uptake group. In vitro hepatic phagocytic activity of liver slices from shocked animals in the presence of normal rat plasma was decreased only in the 40% uptake animals after reinfusion when the arterial blood pressure had decreased to 50 mmHg. These data indicate that the depression of RES phagocytic function during hemorrhagic shock is associated with and may be mediated, in part, by decreased circulating opsonic activity.", "contents": "Humoral factor depletion and reticuloendothelial depression during hemorrhagic shock. Circulating opsonic activity and reticuloendothelial system (RES) phagocytic function were determined in anesthetized rats subjected to hemorrhagic shock. Animals were hemorrhaged to and maintained at 40 mmHg arterial blood pressure until they spontaneously took back 5% or 40% of the maximum bled volume. The phagocytic index, as determined by colloid clearance kinetics, was decreased in both groups following reinfusion of the shed blood. The reduction in phagocytic index was associated with decreased liver, unchanged spleen, and increased lung test colloid localization. Plasma opsonic activity, as determined by liver slice bioassay, was decreased 50-60% at 5% and 40% uptake of the maximum shed volume, decreased further 15 min after reinfusion in both groups, and tended to recover 1 h after reinfusion in the 5% uptake group. In vitro hepatic phagocytic activity of liver slices from shocked animals in the presence of normal rat plasma was decreased only in the 40% uptake animals after reinfusion when the arterial blood pressure had decreased to 50 mmHg. These data indicate that the depression of RES phagocytic function during hemorrhagic shock is associated with and may be mediated, in part, by decreased circulating opsonic activity.", "PMID": 842684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5236", "title": "Thermally induced myocardial preservation and necrosis in deprived fetal mouse hearts.", "content": "Cultured fetal mouse hearts deprived of oxygen and glucose were used to examine the effect of temperature on the mechanical, biochemical, and ultrastructural responses of the deprived myocardium to assess the utility of this in vitro model for studying myocardial necrosis, preservation, and repair. After 4 h of deprivation at 4, 24, 37, or 42 degrees C, 1) beating had ceased;2) ATP levels were decreased by 22% for 4 degrees C insults, 69% for 24 degrees C, 89% for 37 degrees C, and 97% for 42 degrees C; 3) CPK and LDH levels were unchanged; and 4) ultrastructural changes were observed. After 24 h of recovery from deprivation, 1) beating resumed, except for 42 degrees C;2) ATP levels were 102% of control for 4 degrees C; 99% for 24 degrees C; 62% for 37 degrees C; and 4% for 42 degrees C; 3) LDH content was decreased by 0% at 4 degrees C; 6% at 24 degrees C; 35% at 7 degrees C; and 70% at 42 degrees C; and 4) CPK content decreased similarly. Hypothermia protected deprived myocytes while hyperthermia accelerated cell necrosis. Combining deprivation with thermal insult in this in vitro model provides a spectrum of myocardial damage for studying the effect of interventions on repair processes and on metabolic changes in jeopardized myocardium.", "contents": "Thermally induced myocardial preservation and necrosis in deprived fetal mouse hearts. Cultured fetal mouse hearts deprived of oxygen and glucose were used to examine the effect of temperature on the mechanical, biochemical, and ultrastructural responses of the deprived myocardium to assess the utility of this in vitro model for studying myocardial necrosis, preservation, and repair. After 4 h of deprivation at 4, 24, 37, or 42 degrees C, 1) beating had ceased;2) ATP levels were decreased by 22% for 4 degrees C insults, 69% for 24 degrees C, 89% for 37 degrees C, and 97% for 42 degrees C; 3) CPK and LDH levels were unchanged; and 4) ultrastructural changes were observed. After 24 h of recovery from deprivation, 1) beating resumed, except for 42 degrees C;2) ATP levels were 102% of control for 4 degrees C; 99% for 24 degrees C; 62% for 37 degrees C; and 4% for 42 degrees C; 3) LDH content was decreased by 0% at 4 degrees C; 6% at 24 degrees C; 35% at 7 degrees C; and 70% at 42 degrees C; and 4) CPK content decreased similarly. Hypothermia protected deprived myocytes while hyperthermia accelerated cell necrosis. Combining deprivation with thermal insult in this in vitro model provides a spectrum of myocardial damage for studying the effect of interventions on repair processes and on metabolic changes in jeopardized myocardium.", "PMID": 842685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5237", "title": "Blood vessel-hormone interactions: angiotensin, bradykinin, and prostaglandins.", "content": "Isolated Krebs-perfused rabbit-mesentery blood vessels release a prostaglandin E-like substance (PGE) when treated with angiotensin II, angiotensin I, arachidonic acid, or bradykinin. The specific competitive antagonist [Sar1,Ile8]angiotensin II, was found to inhibit angiotensin II-induced PGE release. The angiotensin antagonist did not block PGE release by bradykinin, whereas indomethacin blocked PGE release induced by all agonists. SQ-20881, the converting-enzyme and bradykininase inhibitor, decreased the PGE release by angiotensin I, enhanced the release by bradykinin, and did not affect release by angiotensin II. Pressor and depressor responses were obtained in mesenteric preparations constricted by epinephrine to a pressure of 60 mmHg. Angiotensin II induced an initial increase in mesenteric vascular resistance followed by a depressor response below basal pressure. The pressor responses were enhanced by indomethacin and the depressor responses were eliminated. Bolus injections of both bradykinin and arachidonic acid produced decreases in perfusion pressure, but indomethacin completely inhibited only the arachidonic acid-induced responses while only diminishing bradykinin-induced responses. The ability of angiotensin to increase mesenteric vascular resistance and to release PGE which decrease vascular resistance is discussed.", "contents": "Blood vessel-hormone interactions: angiotensin, bradykinin, and prostaglandins. Isolated Krebs-perfused rabbit-mesentery blood vessels release a prostaglandin E-like substance (PGE) when treated with angiotensin II, angiotensin I, arachidonic acid, or bradykinin. The specific competitive antagonist [Sar1,Ile8]angiotensin II, was found to inhibit angiotensin II-induced PGE release. The angiotensin antagonist did not block PGE release by bradykinin, whereas indomethacin blocked PGE release induced by all agonists. SQ-20881, the converting-enzyme and bradykininase inhibitor, decreased the PGE release by angiotensin I, enhanced the release by bradykinin, and did not affect release by angiotensin II. Pressor and depressor responses were obtained in mesenteric preparations constricted by epinephrine to a pressure of 60 mmHg. Angiotensin II induced an initial increase in mesenteric vascular resistance followed by a depressor response below basal pressure. The pressor responses were enhanced by indomethacin and the depressor responses were eliminated. Bolus injections of both bradykinin and arachidonic acid produced decreases in perfusion pressure, but indomethacin completely inhibited only the arachidonic acid-induced responses while only diminishing bradykinin-induced responses. The ability of angiotensin to increase mesenteric vascular resistance and to release PGE which decrease vascular resistance is discussed.", "PMID": 842686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5238", "title": "Carbon monoxide exchanges between the human fetus and mother: a mathematical model.", "content": "A mathematical model was developed to calculate maternal and fetal carboxyhemoglobin concentrations, [HbCO], as functions of time during and after exposure of the mother to various inspired CO concentrations. Effects of variation in alveolar ventilation rates, pulmonary and placental fiffusing capacities, cardiac output, endogenous carbon monoxide production and other factors were studied. Following a change in the inspired CO concentration, fetal HbCO lags behind maternal HbCO by several hours. During CO uptake, fetal HbCO eventually overtakes maternal, and approaches an equilibrium value as much as 10% higher than the mother's. During CO washout the fetal levels again lag behind the mothers. Results indicate that treatment of pregnant women who have elevated HbCO levels with 100% oxygen reduces the time necessary to reduce the maternal HbCO level as expected, but that the rate of fetal CO elimination is not increased as much as that of the mother. Changes in maternal and fetal HbCO were also calculated for a representative exposure to changing inspired CO levels produced by fluctuating levels of air pollution. Finally, the effects of carboxyhemoglobin on fetal oxygenation were studied, including the effects of high altitude and exercise.", "contents": "Carbon monoxide exchanges between the human fetus and mother: a mathematical model. A mathematical model was developed to calculate maternal and fetal carboxyhemoglobin concentrations, [HbCO], as functions of time during and after exposure of the mother to various inspired CO concentrations. Effects of variation in alveolar ventilation rates, pulmonary and placental fiffusing capacities, cardiac output, endogenous carbon monoxide production and other factors were studied. Following a change in the inspired CO concentration, fetal HbCO lags behind maternal HbCO by several hours. During CO uptake, fetal HbCO eventually overtakes maternal, and approaches an equilibrium value as much as 10% higher than the mother's. During CO washout the fetal levels again lag behind the mothers. Results indicate that treatment of pregnant women who have elevated HbCO levels with 100% oxygen reduces the time necessary to reduce the maternal HbCO level as expected, but that the rate of fetal CO elimination is not increased as much as that of the mother. Changes in maternal and fetal HbCO were also calculated for a representative exposure to changing inspired CO levels produced by fluctuating levels of air pollution. Finally, the effects of carboxyhemoglobin on fetal oxygenation were studied, including the effects of high altitude and exercise.", "PMID": 842687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5239", "title": "Carbon monoxide uptake and elimination in fetal and maternal sheep.", "content": "We studied the relation of carboxyhemoglobin concentration in the fetus, [HbCOf], to that of the pregnant mother, [HbCOm], and inspired CO concentrations in unanesthetized sheep. We exposed ewes with catheters chronically implanted in maternal and fetal blood vessels to varying inspired CO concentrations. At 30 parts per million (ppm) CO, [HbCOm] increased from base-line levels of about 1.1% to about 4.6% over a course of 8-10 h. [HbCOf] increased more slowly from base-line values of 1.8% to steady-state values of 7.4% by 36-48 h. At 50 ppm, steady-state [HbCOm] = 7.2% and [HbCOf] = 11.3%. At 100 ppm, steady-state [HbCOm] = 12.2%, [HbCOf] = 19.8%. The increase in [HbCOm] resembled a simple exponential process with a half-time of 1.5 h. The time for [HbCOf] to reach half its final value was 5 h. The decay curve for CO elimination showed similar reactions, with fetal washout occurring slower than in the mother. Elevated [HbCOf] significantly decreased the PO2 values in the fetal descending aorta and inferior vena cava. These decreases in PO2 values can cause hypoxia and fetal death.", "contents": "Carbon monoxide uptake and elimination in fetal and maternal sheep. We studied the relation of carboxyhemoglobin concentration in the fetus, [HbCOf], to that of the pregnant mother, [HbCOm], and inspired CO concentrations in unanesthetized sheep. We exposed ewes with catheters chronically implanted in maternal and fetal blood vessels to varying inspired CO concentrations. At 30 parts per million (ppm) CO, [HbCOm] increased from base-line levels of about 1.1% to about 4.6% over a course of 8-10 h. [HbCOf] increased more slowly from base-line values of 1.8% to steady-state values of 7.4% by 36-48 h. At 50 ppm, steady-state [HbCOm] = 7.2% and [HbCOf] = 11.3%. At 100 ppm, steady-state [HbCOm] = 12.2%, [HbCOf] = 19.8%. The increase in [HbCOm] resembled a simple exponential process with a half-time of 1.5 h. The time for [HbCOf] to reach half its final value was 5 h. The decay curve for CO elimination showed similar reactions, with fetal washout occurring slower than in the mother. Elevated [HbCOf] significantly decreased the PO2 values in the fetal descending aorta and inferior vena cava. These decreases in PO2 values can cause hypoxia and fetal death.", "PMID": 842688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5240", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of radioactive microsphere suspensions and Tween 80 solutions.", "content": "The cardiovascular effects of two concentrations of Tween 80 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan mono-oleate), a surface-active agent commonly used to prevent aggregation of radionuclide-labeled microspheres, were examined in conscious dogs. Two types of adverse reactions were noted. The first (Type A) consisted of reductions in cardiac dimensions as well as hypotension and tachycardia. The second (Type B) was less severe and involved only a decrease in cardiac dimensions with no change in left ventricular systolic pressure or heart rate. A 10% dextran solution with .05 +/- .02% Tween 80 injected into the left atrium caused systemic and/or cardiac alterations in all four dogs studied. Administration of a lower concentration of Tween 80 (0.01 +/- 0.005%), which was the minimum concentration necessary to prevent aggregation of microspheres, induced adverse reactions in 6 of 41 dogs studied. Subsequent administration of this concentration of Tween 80 on the same day rarely induced adverse reactions. Thus, care must be exercised in application of microsphere techniques to organ blood flow measurements when Tween 80 is used to prevent microsphere aggregation, since this surface-active agent causes profound alterations in cardiac dynamics in concentrations normally employed in experiments involving microsphere techniques.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of radioactive microsphere suspensions and Tween 80 solutions. The cardiovascular effects of two concentrations of Tween 80 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan mono-oleate), a surface-active agent commonly used to prevent aggregation of radionuclide-labeled microspheres, were examined in conscious dogs. Two types of adverse reactions were noted. The first (Type A) consisted of reductions in cardiac dimensions as well as hypotension and tachycardia. The second (Type B) was less severe and involved only a decrease in cardiac dimensions with no change in left ventricular systolic pressure or heart rate. A 10% dextran solution with .05 +/- .02% Tween 80 injected into the left atrium caused systemic and/or cardiac alterations in all four dogs studied. Administration of a lower concentration of Tween 80 (0.01 +/- 0.005%), which was the minimum concentration necessary to prevent aggregation of microspheres, induced adverse reactions in 6 of 41 dogs studied. Subsequent administration of this concentration of Tween 80 on the same day rarely induced adverse reactions. Thus, care must be exercised in application of microsphere techniques to organ blood flow measurements when Tween 80 is used to prevent microsphere aggregation, since this surface-active agent causes profound alterations in cardiac dynamics in concentrations normally employed in experiments involving microsphere techniques.", "PMID": 842689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5241", "title": "Selective coronary embolization in closed-chest dogs.", "content": "A method is described for occluding a branch of the canine left coronary arterial system, without the use of X-ray equipment or the need for a surgical thoracotomy. For the creation of experimental myocardial infarction, either a solid embolus or a diffusible medium is introduced into the coronary vessels via a rigid cannula which is inserted through a carotid artery. This technique produces infarcts of reproducible size with a minimum of equipment and surgical complication.", "contents": "Selective coronary embolization in closed-chest dogs. A method is described for occluding a branch of the canine left coronary arterial system, without the use of X-ray equipment or the need for a surgical thoracotomy. For the creation of experimental myocardial infarction, either a solid embolus or a diffusible medium is introduced into the coronary vessels via a rigid cannula which is inserted through a carotid artery. This technique produces infarcts of reproducible size with a minimum of equipment and surgical complication.", "PMID": 842690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5242", "title": "Occlusion cuff for routine measurement of digital blood pressure and blood flow.", "content": "A miniaturized blood pressure cuff made of plastic material and applicable to fingers and toes is described. The cuff was compared to rubber cuffs and to bladder-free cuffs. It was found to be more reliable than the former type and much easier to use than the latter type. It is recommended for use in conjunction with a mercury-in-Silastic strain gauge for routine measurement of digital blood pressure and blood flow in patients with arterial disease.", "contents": "Occlusion cuff for routine measurement of digital blood pressure and blood flow. A miniaturized blood pressure cuff made of plastic material and applicable to fingers and toes is described. The cuff was compared to rubber cuffs and to bladder-free cuffs. It was found to be more reliable than the former type and much easier to use than the latter type. It is recommended for use in conjunction with a mercury-in-Silastic strain gauge for routine measurement of digital blood pressure and blood flow in patients with arterial disease.", "PMID": 842691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5243", "title": "Coupling of signals to brown fat: alpha- and beta-adrenergic responses in intact rats.", "content": "The present study examines the effects of alpha- and beta-adrenergic antagonists (phentolamine and propranolol, respectively) and agonists (phenylephrine, isoproterenol) on the neurally induced temperature changes and membrane potentials of interscapular brown adipocytes. These studies, performed in vivo with anesthetized rats, indicate that both alpha- and beta-adrenergic components are associated with the biphasic temperature changes observed following sympathetic activation of the tissue. Specifically, the initial transient temperature decrease seen after brown fat stimulation appeared to reflect vasoconstriction mediated primarily via alpha-receptors, while the subsequent rise in tissue temperature was associated primarily (though perhaps not entirely) with beta-adrenergic pathways. In contrast, the redistribution of ions across the membrane of the brown adipocyte, a phenomenon manifested as a membrane depolarization, was elicited by phenylephrine (an alpha-agonist) as well as by isoproterenol (a beta-agonist), with the magnitude of the isoproterenol-induced depolarization being comparable to that of the phenylephrine-induced effect.", "contents": "Coupling of signals to brown fat: alpha- and beta-adrenergic responses in intact rats. The present study examines the effects of alpha- and beta-adrenergic antagonists (phentolamine and propranolol, respectively) and agonists (phenylephrine, isoproterenol) on the neurally induced temperature changes and membrane potentials of interscapular brown adipocytes. These studies, performed in vivo with anesthetized rats, indicate that both alpha- and beta-adrenergic components are associated with the biphasic temperature changes observed following sympathetic activation of the tissue. Specifically, the initial transient temperature decrease seen after brown fat stimulation appeared to reflect vasoconstriction mediated primarily via alpha-receptors, while the subsequent rise in tissue temperature was associated primarily (though perhaps not entirely) with beta-adrenergic pathways. In contrast, the redistribution of ions across the membrane of the brown adipocyte, a phenomenon manifested as a membrane depolarization, was elicited by phenylephrine (an alpha-agonist) as well as by isoproterenol (a beta-agonist), with the magnitude of the isoproterenol-induced depolarization being comparable to that of the phenylephrine-induced effect.", "PMID": 842692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5244", "title": "Epinephrine effects on branchial water and urea flux in rainbow trout.", "content": "In isolated trout heads, perfused at constant pressure, epinephrine (10(-6) M) was found to double water and urea efflux but increased Ringer perfusion rate by only 33%. Drastic changes in perfusion rate (by clamping) produced smaller changes of both efflux rates. Epinephrine-stimulated increase in water and urea efflux, and perfusion rate, was blocked by propranolol (beta-blocker) but not by phentolamine (alpha-blocker). Both blockers together canceled out all epinephrine effects. Epinephrine increased water influx across isolated unperfused gill arches, the effect again being blocked by propranolol but not by phentolamine. Both blockers together canceled any epinephrine effect. We conclude that epinephrine alters branchial vascular flow and functional surface area via alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors, but also increases branchial permeability to water and probably urea, via beta-adrenergic receptors. To test the validity of the perfused head technique, water and urea efflux rates were compared with in vivo values.", "contents": "Epinephrine effects on branchial water and urea flux in rainbow trout. In isolated trout heads, perfused at constant pressure, epinephrine (10(-6) M) was found to double water and urea efflux but increased Ringer perfusion rate by only 33%. Drastic changes in perfusion rate (by clamping) produced smaller changes of both efflux rates. Epinephrine-stimulated increase in water and urea efflux, and perfusion rate, was blocked by propranolol (beta-blocker) but not by phentolamine (alpha-blocker). Both blockers together canceled out all epinephrine effects. Epinephrine increased water influx across isolated unperfused gill arches, the effect again being blocked by propranolol but not by phentolamine. Both blockers together canceled any epinephrine effect. We conclude that epinephrine alters branchial vascular flow and functional surface area via alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors, but also increases branchial permeability to water and probably urea, via beta-adrenergic receptors. To test the validity of the perfused head technique, water and urea efflux rates were compared with in vivo values.", "PMID": 842693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5245", "title": "Prolactin and fetal osmoregulation: water transport across isolated human amnion.", "content": "The addition of human or ovine prolactin to the fetal side of the human amnion is associated with a latent decrease in membrane permeability. The specificity of this effect of prolactin is observed when equimolar concentrations of human placental lactogen and human growth hormone were used in place of ovine prolactin and failed to influence water transport. Likewise, the extracellular transport of p-aminohippurate across human amnion was unaffected by the addition of ovine prolactin. Tritiated water transport under these circumstances, however, remained impaired. The addition of antibody to ovine prolactin completely blocked the effect of this polypeptide on membrane permeability. Permeability to tritiated water remained unchanged when synthetic arginine vasopressin was added to the fetal side of the amnion. The results imply an active role for prolactin on water transport across human amnion. Moreover, the latent period between the addition of the polypeptide and its subsequent influence on permeability suggests a biologic effect of this hormone. That this effect is related to ion transfer remains to be shown.", "contents": "Prolactin and fetal osmoregulation: water transport across isolated human amnion. The addition of human or ovine prolactin to the fetal side of the human amnion is associated with a latent decrease in membrane permeability. The specificity of this effect of prolactin is observed when equimolar concentrations of human placental lactogen and human growth hormone were used in place of ovine prolactin and failed to influence water transport. Likewise, the extracellular transport of p-aminohippurate across human amnion was unaffected by the addition of ovine prolactin. Tritiated water transport under these circumstances, however, remained impaired. The addition of antibody to ovine prolactin completely blocked the effect of this polypeptide on membrane permeability. Permeability to tritiated water remained unchanged when synthetic arginine vasopressin was added to the fetal side of the amnion. The results imply an active role for prolactin on water transport across human amnion. Moreover, the latent period between the addition of the polypeptide and its subsequent influence on permeability suggests a biologic effect of this hormone. That this effect is related to ion transfer remains to be shown.", "PMID": 842694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5246", "title": "Sympathetic nervous system involvement in the lateral hypothalamic lesion syndrome.", "content": "The role of the sympathetic nervous system in the lateral hypothalamic syndrome of body-weight loss was investigated. Bilateral electrolytic lesions of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) were performed in 90-day-old male albino rats. In experiment 1, the splanchnic nerves were resected at 35 days (right) and 70 days (left) postlesion. In experiment 2, bilateral adrenal demedullations were performed in a second group of rats with LH lesions (LH rats) at 35 days postlesion. The results indicated that lesions of the lateral hypothalamic area lowered body-weight maintenance levels to approximately 87% of nonlesion control values. Bilateral splanchnicetomy produced a significantly greater body-weight loss in nonlesion animals than in LH rats. Following adrenal demedullation, nonlesion rats also reduced body-weight levels whereas LH rats significantly increased weight-maintenance levels. In addition, the adrenal glands of LH rats with sham demedullations weighed significantly more than the adrenals of nonlesion-sham demedullated animals. These data are discussed in relation to metabolic-autonomic mechanisms that may play a role in LH lesion-induced weight loss.", "contents": "Sympathetic nervous system involvement in the lateral hypothalamic lesion syndrome. The role of the sympathetic nervous system in the lateral hypothalamic syndrome of body-weight loss was investigated. Bilateral electrolytic lesions of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) were performed in 90-day-old male albino rats. In experiment 1, the splanchnic nerves were resected at 35 days (right) and 70 days (left) postlesion. In experiment 2, bilateral adrenal demedullations were performed in a second group of rats with LH lesions (LH rats) at 35 days postlesion. The results indicated that lesions of the lateral hypothalamic area lowered body-weight maintenance levels to approximately 87% of nonlesion control values. Bilateral splanchnicetomy produced a significantly greater body-weight loss in nonlesion animals than in LH rats. Following adrenal demedullation, nonlesion rats also reduced body-weight levels whereas LH rats significantly increased weight-maintenance levels. In addition, the adrenal glands of LH rats with sham demedullations weighed significantly more than the adrenals of nonlesion-sham demedullated animals. These data are discussed in relation to metabolic-autonomic mechanisms that may play a role in LH lesion-induced weight loss.", "PMID": 842695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5247", "title": "Model for transport in the central nervous system.", "content": "A pharmacokinetic model relating the flux of substances between blood, the compartment consisting of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-extracellular space (ECS) of brain, and brain was developed. Transport equations for diffusion, active transport, and bulk flow of CSF between these three compartments were postulated, and kinetic constants were experimentally obtained. The appropriate differential equations were solved on a digital computer to predict concentrations in CSF and brain as a function of the plasma concentration. The ability of the model to predict correctly CSF and brain concentrations of ascorbic acid and mannitol with only knowledge of the plasma concentrations in both steady-state and nonsteady-state conditions was experimentally tested in rabbits. Ascorbic acid was chosen as a model substance that is actively transported into the CSF-ECS of brain and also into brain cells whereas mannitol enters CSF and brain by diffusion. The model made accurate predictions when the assumptions were not violated. Second, the model showed that the experimentally determined Michaelis-Menten transport constant (KT = 0.8 mg=dl-1) for ascorbate transport from blood into the CSF-ECS of brain optimizes ascorbate homeostasis in brain.", "contents": "Model for transport in the central nervous system. A pharmacokinetic model relating the flux of substances between blood, the compartment consisting of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-extracellular space (ECS) of brain, and brain was developed. Transport equations for diffusion, active transport, and bulk flow of CSF between these three compartments were postulated, and kinetic constants were experimentally obtained. The appropriate differential equations were solved on a digital computer to predict concentrations in CSF and brain as a function of the plasma concentration. The ability of the model to predict correctly CSF and brain concentrations of ascorbic acid and mannitol with only knowledge of the plasma concentrations in both steady-state and nonsteady-state conditions was experimentally tested in rabbits. Ascorbic acid was chosen as a model substance that is actively transported into the CSF-ECS of brain and also into brain cells whereas mannitol enters CSF and brain by diffusion. The model made accurate predictions when the assumptions were not violated. Second, the model showed that the experimentally determined Michaelis-Menten transport constant (KT = 0.8 mg=dl-1) for ascorbate transport from blood into the CSF-ECS of brain optimizes ascorbate homeostasis in brain.", "PMID": 842696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5248", "title": "Drinking following intracarotid infusions of hypertonic solutions in dogs.", "content": "Eight dogs were prepared with bilateral carotid loops and trained to stand quietly in a modified Pavlov stand. In each of the dogs, 0.3, 0.45, and 0.6 M NaCl were infused, split between the two carotids at a rate of 0.6 ml-kg-1-min-1 for 10 min and the effect on drinking assessed. A graded increase in drinking was obtained with increased osmolality of the saline (R = 0.59, N = 32, P less than 0.001). Infusion of 0.3 M NaCl was associated with an increase in jugular venous osmolality, but no significant increase in systemic osmolality. Intravenous infusion of 0.3 M NaCl at 0.6 ml-kg-1-min-1 had no effect on drinking. Intracarotid infusion of 0.3 M sucrose in 0.15 M NaCl stimulated drinking to a similar extent as 0.3 M NaCl, whereas intracarotid 0.3 M urea in 0.15 M NaCl had no effect. Increasing the systemic plasma osmolality by infusing 1.04 M NaCl intravenously stimulated drinking, an effect which was abolished by removing the central osmotic stimulus with intracarotid infusions of water. These results are compatible with a central osmoreceptor theory of thirst.", "contents": "Drinking following intracarotid infusions of hypertonic solutions in dogs. Eight dogs were prepared with bilateral carotid loops and trained to stand quietly in a modified Pavlov stand. In each of the dogs, 0.3, 0.45, and 0.6 M NaCl were infused, split between the two carotids at a rate of 0.6 ml-kg-1-min-1 for 10 min and the effect on drinking assessed. A graded increase in drinking was obtained with increased osmolality of the saline (R = 0.59, N = 32, P less than 0.001). Infusion of 0.3 M NaCl was associated with an increase in jugular venous osmolality, but no significant increase in systemic osmolality. Intravenous infusion of 0.3 M NaCl at 0.6 ml-kg-1-min-1 had no effect on drinking. Intracarotid infusion of 0.3 M sucrose in 0.15 M NaCl stimulated drinking to a similar extent as 0.3 M NaCl, whereas intracarotid 0.3 M urea in 0.15 M NaCl had no effect. Increasing the systemic plasma osmolality by infusing 1.04 M NaCl intravenously stimulated drinking, an effect which was abolished by removing the central osmotic stimulus with intracarotid infusions of water. These results are compatible with a central osmoreceptor theory of thirst.", "PMID": 842697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5249", "title": "Thirst following water deprivation in dogs.", "content": "Eight dogs were prepared with unilateral carotid loops, and trained to stand quietly in a modified Pavlov stand. They were deprived of water for 24 h, which significantly depleted both the cellular and extracellular fluid (ECF) compartments. When they were allowed access to water for 5 min, they promptly drank amounts sufficient to make up their fluid deficits. Infusion of water into the unilateral carotid loop to reduce the cerebral blood osmolality to normal did not consistently reduce drinking because of inadequate mixing in the Circle of Willis. The eight dogs were then prepared with bilateral loops and deprived of water. Infusion of water at 0.6 ml-kg-1-,min-1 reduced the jugular plasma osmolality to control levels but did not affect systemic osmolality and reduced the drinking by 72%. Intracarotid infusion of water at differing rates reduced drinking in a dose related fashion. Intravenous infusion of 0.15 M NaCl in an amount designed to expand the ECF volume to normal reduced drinking by 27%. Expansion of the ECF volume plus bilateral intracarotid infusion of water to remove the central osmotic stimulus completely inhibited drinking. It is concluded that drinking following water deprivation in dogs is controlled by both central osmotic and by extracellular fluid volume factors, and that the osmotic factor is the more important. The drinking stopped well before these fluid deficits, as judged by body fluid analysis, had been restored. Some other mechanisms, therefore, must be involved in satiety.", "contents": "Thirst following water deprivation in dogs. Eight dogs were prepared with unilateral carotid loops, and trained to stand quietly in a modified Pavlov stand. They were deprived of water for 24 h, which significantly depleted both the cellular and extracellular fluid (ECF) compartments. When they were allowed access to water for 5 min, they promptly drank amounts sufficient to make up their fluid deficits. Infusion of water into the unilateral carotid loop to reduce the cerebral blood osmolality to normal did not consistently reduce drinking because of inadequate mixing in the Circle of Willis. The eight dogs were then prepared with bilateral loops and deprived of water. Infusion of water at 0.6 ml-kg-1-,min-1 reduced the jugular plasma osmolality to control levels but did not affect systemic osmolality and reduced the drinking by 72%. Intracarotid infusion of water at differing rates reduced drinking in a dose related fashion. Intravenous infusion of 0.15 M NaCl in an amount designed to expand the ECF volume to normal reduced drinking by 27%. Expansion of the ECF volume plus bilateral intracarotid infusion of water to remove the central osmotic stimulus completely inhibited drinking. It is concluded that drinking following water deprivation in dogs is controlled by both central osmotic and by extracellular fluid volume factors, and that the osmotic factor is the more important. The drinking stopped well before these fluid deficits, as judged by body fluid analysis, had been restored. Some other mechanisms, therefore, must be involved in satiety.", "PMID": 842698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5250", "title": "Psychiatric disturbances associated with Erhard Seminars Training: I. A report of cases.", "content": "Erhard Seminars Training (est) is a large-group experience that is becoming widely available in this country. This is the first case report in the professional literature of psychiatric disturbance following est training. Five patients, only one of whom had a history of psychiatric disturbance, developed psychotic symptoms including grandiosity, paranoia, uncontrollable mood swings, and delusions. Further work is necessary to ascertain the factors that determine outcome in est.", "contents": "Psychiatric disturbances associated with Erhard Seminars Training: I. A report of cases. Erhard Seminars Training (est) is a large-group experience that is becoming widely available in this country. This is the first case report in the professional literature of psychiatric disturbance following est training. Five patients, only one of whom had a history of psychiatric disturbance, developed psychotic symptoms including grandiosity, paranoia, uncontrollable mood swings, and delusions. Further work is necessary to ascertain the factors that determine outcome in est.", "PMID": 842699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5251", "title": "The effects of National Health Insurance on Canadian Psychiatry: the Ontario experience.", "content": "After studying psychiatric coverage under national health insurance in Ontario, the author concludes that psychiatric benefits can be provided on the same basis as other medical benefits and that a government system can maintain confidentiality. Costs have been reasonable and in line with the proportion of psychiartists to the total number of physicians, and psychiartists' incomes have increased substantially, even with comparatively low official fees. Despite the existence of NHI, the public mental health system has been maintained in Canada and has been expanded in regard to children's services. There appears to be a continued need for direct public funding of services for certain other groups such as the elderly, chronic patients, ans substance abusers.", "contents": "The effects of National Health Insurance on Canadian Psychiatry: the Ontario experience. After studying psychiatric coverage under national health insurance in Ontario, the author concludes that psychiatric benefits can be provided on the same basis as other medical benefits and that a government system can maintain confidentiality. Costs have been reasonable and in line with the proportion of psychiartists to the total number of physicians, and psychiartists' incomes have increased substantially, even with comparatively low official fees. Despite the existence of NHI, the public mental health system has been maintained in Canada and has been expanded in regard to children's services. There appears to be a continued need for direct public funding of services for certain other groups such as the elderly, chronic patients, ans substance abusers.", "PMID": 842700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5252", "title": "The medical setting: is it beyond the psychiatrist?", "content": "Recent events in medicine have afforded psychiatrists an opportunity to move beyond the traditional boundaries of their involvement in the medical setting. The growing preoccupation of the medically ill and their families with the psychosocial aspects of medical illness, their growing dissatisfaction with current patterns of patient care, and internists' increased awareness of the psychological needs of the nonpsychiartic medical patient have led to a rethinking of mind-body dualism and to increased involvement of the psychiatrist in general medical care.", "contents": "The medical setting: is it beyond the psychiatrist? Recent events in medicine have afforded psychiatrists an opportunity to move beyond the traditional boundaries of their involvement in the medical setting. The growing preoccupation of the medically ill and their families with the psychosocial aspects of medical illness, their growing dissatisfaction with current patterns of patient care, and internists' increased awareness of the psychological needs of the nonpsychiartic medical patient have led to a rethinking of mind-body dualism and to increased involvement of the psychiatrist in general medical care.", "PMID": 842701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5253", "title": "Recent mental health litigation: a critical perspective.", "content": "The author considers the effect of recent mental health litigation involving involuntary confinement, the right to refuse treatment, the least restrictive alternative, and the right to treatment on the role of the psychiatrist and the provision of mental health care. His thesis is that the implicit analogies between psychiatrists and agents of the criminal justice system and between patients and criminal defendants are misleading and that the recent changes in the law based on these analogies adversely affect the provision of mental health care.", "contents": "Recent mental health litigation: a critical perspective. The author considers the effect of recent mental health litigation involving involuntary confinement, the right to refuse treatment, the least restrictive alternative, and the right to treatment on the role of the psychiatrist and the provision of mental health care. His thesis is that the implicit analogies between psychiatrists and agents of the criminal justice system and between patients and criminal defendants are misleading and that the recent changes in the law based on these analogies adversely affect the provision of mental health care.", "PMID": 842702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5254", "title": "Regulating psychiatric practice.", "content": "The trend toward increased regulation of psychiatry and medicine may alleviate some problems but increase others. Some models of practice may achieve monolithic dominance, and maldistribution of practitioners may increase. Covert fantasies about authority, leadership, and peer relations should be borne in mind in the attempt to create an informed, improved regulation of medical practice.", "contents": "Regulating psychiatric practice. The trend toward increased regulation of psychiatry and medicine may alleviate some problems but increase others. Some models of practice may achieve monolithic dominance, and maldistribution of practitioners may increase. Covert fantasies about authority, leadership, and peer relations should be borne in mind in the attempt to create an informed, improved regulation of medical practice.", "PMID": 842703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5255", "title": "Tests of competency to consent to treatment.", "content": "The authors describe the various tests of competency to consent to treatment used today, which include the following: 1)evidencing a choice, 2)\"reasonable\" outcome of choice, 3)choice based on \"rational\" reasons, 4)ability to understand, and 5)actual understanding. They analyze the applicability of these tests to patients' decisions to accept or refuse psychiatric treatment and illustrate the problems of ap-lying these tests by citing clinical case examples. They find that the circumstances in which competency becomes an issue determine which elements of which tests are stressed and which are underplayed.", "contents": "Tests of competency to consent to treatment. The authors describe the various tests of competency to consent to treatment used today, which include the following: 1)evidencing a choice, 2)\"reasonable\" outcome of choice, 3)choice based on \"rational\" reasons, 4)ability to understand, and 5)actual understanding. They analyze the applicability of these tests to patients' decisions to accept or refuse psychiatric treatment and illustrate the problems of ap-lying these tests by citing clinical case examples. They find that the circumstances in which competency becomes an issue determine which elements of which tests are stressed and which are underplayed.", "PMID": 842704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5256", "title": "Toward a model of the legal doctrine of informed consent.", "content": "The authors draw together the disparate scholarly and judicial commentaries on consent to medical treatment to develop a model of the components in the decision-making process regarding consent to or refusal of psychiatric treatment. The components consist of the precondition of voluntariness, the provision of information, the patient's competency and understanding, and, finally, consent or refusal. They offer two models of valid consent: the objective model, which focuses on the congruence or lack of it between the patient and a \"reasonable\" person, and the subjective model, which focuses entirely on the patient's actual understanding.", "contents": "Toward a model of the legal doctrine of informed consent. The authors draw together the disparate scholarly and judicial commentaries on consent to medical treatment to develop a model of the components in the decision-making process regarding consent to or refusal of psychiatric treatment. The components consist of the precondition of voluntariness, the provision of information, the patient's competency and understanding, and, finally, consent or refusal. They offer two models of valid consent: the objective model, which focuses on the congruence or lack of it between the patient and a \"reasonable\" person, and the subjective model, which focuses entirely on the patient's actual understanding.", "PMID": 842705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5257", "title": "Tarasoff: protective privilege versus public peril.", "content": "The author reviews the decision made by the California Supreme Court in the case of Tarasoff v. the Regents of the University of California, et al., which stipulated that therapists must warn authorities specified by law as well as potential victims of possible dangerous actions of their patients. He states the basic points of the Northern California Psychiatric Society's amicus curiae brief on behalf of the university regents and discusses the issues raised by the Tarasoff decision vis--53a-vis the mental health profession and its dealings with potentially violent individuals.", "contents": "Tarasoff: protective privilege versus public peril. The author reviews the decision made by the California Supreme Court in the case of Tarasoff v. the Regents of the University of California, et al., which stipulated that therapists must warn authorities specified by law as well as potential victims of possible dangerous actions of their patients. He states the basic points of the Northern California Psychiatric Society's amicus curiae brief on behalf of the university regents and discusses the issues raised by the Tarasoff decision vis--53a-vis the mental health profession and its dealings with potentially violent individuals.", "PMID": 842706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5258", "title": "Changing law and clinical dilemmas.", "content": "The author describes a case in which a severely depressed suicidal patient was treated with ECT despite her refusal to grant permission while involuntary commitment procedures were pending. He discusses the professional dilemmas caused by new, and sometimes conflicting, legal principles such as the right to treatment and the right to refuse treatment and suggests that psychiatrists work to clarify these principles while saftguarding themselves with the aid of appropriate legal counsel.", "contents": "Changing law and clinical dilemmas. The author describes a case in which a severely depressed suicidal patient was treated with ECT despite her refusal to grant permission while involuntary commitment procedures were pending. He discusses the professional dilemmas caused by new, and sometimes conflicting, legal principles such as the right to treatment and the right to refuse treatment and suggests that psychiatrists work to clarify these principles while saftguarding themselves with the aid of appropriate legal counsel.", "PMID": 842707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5259", "title": "Retrospective audit: depressive neurosis.", "content": "The charts of 100 patients with a primary diagnosis of depressive neurosis were subjected to retrospective audit using a format adapted from the American Psychiatric Association's Model Criteria Sets. Nineteen of the 33 unjustified variations from the audit criteria involved variations from the 8-28 day length of hospital stay. The author raises the question of whether the lower limit of 8 days is sufficiently flexible to permit hospitalization of acutely suicidal patients who can be discharged to outpatient care in less than 8 days.", "contents": "Retrospective audit: depressive neurosis. The charts of 100 patients with a primary diagnosis of depressive neurosis were subjected to retrospective audit using a format adapted from the American Psychiatric Association's Model Criteria Sets. Nineteen of the 33 unjustified variations from the audit criteria involved variations from the 8-28 day length of hospital stay. The author raises the question of whether the lower limit of 8 days is sufficiently flexible to permit hospitalization of acutely suicidal patients who can be discharged to outpatient care in less than 8 days.", "PMID": 842708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5260", "title": "Weight reduction in schizophrenics by molindone.", "content": "The weight-reducing property of molindone, a recently introduced antipsychotic drug, was tested in 9 hospitalized chronic schizophrenic patients. There was an average weight loss of 7.6 kg after 3 months on molindone; most of the loss occurred during the first month. The mechanism producing this weight loss is uncertain, but a central anorexigenic effect may be an important factor.", "contents": "Weight reduction in schizophrenics by molindone. The weight-reducing property of molindone, a recently introduced antipsychotic drug, was tested in 9 hospitalized chronic schizophrenic patients. There was an average weight loss of 7.6 kg after 3 months on molindone; most of the loss occurred during the first month. The mechanism producing this weight loss is uncertain, but a central anorexigenic effect may be an important factor.", "PMID": 842709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5261", "title": "Phenothiazine-induced bulbar palsy-like syndrome and sudden death.", "content": "There have been periodic case reports of sudden death due to aspiration or asphyxiation in patients receiving phenothiazines. The mechanism of death is unknown. The author reports a case of a drug-induced bulbar palsy-like syndrome in a man receiving fluphenazine enanthate and reviews the literature on sudden respiratory death and phenothiazines. He postulates that phenothiazine-induced bulbar palsy may cause laryngeal and/or pharyngeal dysfunctions that are responsible for aspiration.", "contents": "Phenothiazine-induced bulbar palsy-like syndrome and sudden death. There have been periodic case reports of sudden death due to aspiration or asphyxiation in patients receiving phenothiazines. The mechanism of death is unknown. The author reports a case of a drug-induced bulbar palsy-like syndrome in a man receiving fluphenazine enanthate and reviews the literature on sudden respiratory death and phenothiazines. He postulates that phenothiazine-induced bulbar palsy may cause laryngeal and/or pharyngeal dysfunctions that are responsible for aspiration.", "PMID": 842710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5262", "title": "Angel's Trumpet psychosis: a central nervous system anticholinergic syndrome.", "content": "The authors warn physicians that intoxication by Angel's Trumpet (Datura sauveolens) is becoming more frequent due to its use by adolescents and young adults as a legal, readily available hallucinogen. Ingestion of Angel's Trumpet flowers or a tea brewed from them results in an alkaloid-induced central nervous system anticholinergic syndrome characterized by symptoms such as fever, delirium, hallucinations, agitation, and persistent memory disturbances. Severe intoxication may cause flaccid paralysis, convulsions, and death. Treatment with intravenous physostigmine reverses the toxic effects of Angel's Trumpet.", "contents": "Angel's Trumpet psychosis: a central nervous system anticholinergic syndrome. The authors warn physicians that intoxication by Angel's Trumpet (Datura sauveolens) is becoming more frequent due to its use by adolescents and young adults as a legal, readily available hallucinogen. Ingestion of Angel's Trumpet flowers or a tea brewed from them results in an alkaloid-induced central nervous system anticholinergic syndrome characterized by symptoms such as fever, delirium, hallucinations, agitation, and persistent memory disturbances. Severe intoxication may cause flaccid paralysis, convulsions, and death. Treatment with intravenous physostigmine reverses the toxic effects of Angel's Trumpet.", "PMID": 842711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5263", "title": "Evaluation of the quality of psychiatric care for the aged.", "content": "Older persons represent a high proportion of those receiving care in institutions because of behavioral problems; relatively few aged people are treated in mental health center and other outpatient settings. The author believes that the availability and accessibility of community services should be among the most important variables used in assessing quality of care for the aged. He encourages the establishment of new norms for the quality of services needed to restore and maintain maximum physical, psychological, and social integrity.", "contents": "Evaluation of the quality of psychiatric care for the aged. Older persons represent a high proportion of those receiving care in institutions because of behavioral problems; relatively few aged people are treated in mental health center and other outpatient settings. The author believes that the availability and accessibility of community services should be among the most important variables used in assessing quality of care for the aged. He encourages the establishment of new norms for the quality of services needed to restore and maintain maximum physical, psychological, and social integrity.", "PMID": 842712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5264", "title": "Substance abuse attitude changes in medical students.", "content": "The authors describe a course in substance abuse given to sophomore medical students with the intention of positively influencing their attitudes toward substance-abusing patients and their treatment. Clinical problem solving and small group discussion were emphasized in addition to field trips. By pretest and posttest measures, significant positive changes were obtained in student attitudes: they reported feeling less upset when they encountered alcoholics, \"hard\" drug abusers, \"soft\" drug abusers, compulsive smokers, and obese overeaters as well as having a more positive view of the physician's role in the treatment of substance dependence. Personal experience with alcohol and other drugs was shown to have an influence on attitude changes.", "contents": "Substance abuse attitude changes in medical students. The authors describe a course in substance abuse given to sophomore medical students with the intention of positively influencing their attitudes toward substance-abusing patients and their treatment. Clinical problem solving and small group discussion were emphasized in addition to field trips. By pretest and posttest measures, significant positive changes were obtained in student attitudes: they reported feeling less upset when they encountered alcoholics, \"hard\" drug abusers, \"soft\" drug abusers, compulsive smokers, and obese overeaters as well as having a more positive view of the physician's role in the treatment of substance dependence. Personal experience with alcohol and other drugs was shown to have an influence on attitude changes.", "PMID": 842723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5265", "title": "Distinction between male and female invested partners in sexual disorders.", "content": "Using the SCL-90, a self-administered symptom inventory, the authors evaluated 48 sexually asymptomatic male and female partners (invested partners) of sexually dysfunctional men and women. They found that the male invested partners showed significantly more psychological symptoms than the female invested partners but about the same symptom distress levels as sexually dysfunctional men. The authors hypothesize that the reason for this gender-specific difference in distress levels of invested partners is society's definition of the male's role as the responsibe partner regarding satisfaction in sexual relationships.", "contents": "Distinction between male and female invested partners in sexual disorders. Using the SCL-90, a self-administered symptom inventory, the authors evaluated 48 sexually asymptomatic male and female partners (invested partners) of sexually dysfunctional men and women. They found that the male invested partners showed significantly more psychological symptoms than the female invested partners but about the same symptom distress levels as sexually dysfunctional men. The authors hypothesize that the reason for this gender-specific difference in distress levels of invested partners is society's definition of the male's role as the responsibe partner regarding satisfaction in sexual relationships.", "PMID": 842724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5266", "title": "Attitudes toward parenting in dual-career families.", "content": "The authors interviewed 28 dual-career families with young children and found that the wives and mothers in particular experience difficulties in respect to the proliferation of role demands in both home and job situations. The greatest strain was in the maternal role; guilt and anxiety were prominent. The literature is reviewed, techniques used by dual-career families to resolve role strain are discussed, and suggestions are made for the clinician's role as facilitator for reducing role strain among career mothers.", "contents": "Attitudes toward parenting in dual-career families. The authors interviewed 28 dual-career families with young children and found that the wives and mothers in particular experience difficulties in respect to the proliferation of role demands in both home and job situations. The greatest strain was in the maternal role; guilt and anxiety were prominent. The literature is reviewed, techniques used by dual-career families to resolve role strain are discussed, and suggestions are made for the clinician's role as facilitator for reducing role strain among career mothers.", "PMID": 842725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5267", "title": "Group therapy with the terminally ill.", "content": "The authors describe their four-year experience with a therapy group for patients with metastatic carcinoma. Patients in the group are helped by helping one another, by moving out of a morbid self-absorption, and by finding that they have much of value to share and to teach. The most important aspect of the group experience is the \"presence\" it offers; patients find support and the opportunity to express their needs and fears openly. The authors believe that group therapy is a valuable modality for the treatment of terminally ill patients and that much can be learned from such groups for the everyday therapy of the living.", "contents": "Group therapy with the terminally ill. The authors describe their four-year experience with a therapy group for patients with metastatic carcinoma. Patients in the group are helped by helping one another, by moving out of a morbid self-absorption, and by finding that they have much of value to share and to teach. The most important aspect of the group experience is the \"presence\" it offers; patients find support and the opportunity to express their needs and fears openly. The authors believe that group therapy is a valuable modality for the treatment of terminally ill patients and that much can be learned from such groups for the everyday therapy of the living.", "PMID": 842726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5268", "title": "Behavior therapy in a community mental health center.", "content": "Behavioral principles offer an operational model for the services of a community mental health center. A demonstration and clinical research project adapted behavior analysis and therapy to the problems, patients, staff, and setting a typical comprehensive community mental health center. Innovations in the day hospital included a credit incentive system, educational workshops for community adaptation, and a goal-attainment method of planning and evaluating individual treatment. Behavior therapy was introduced for outpatients with anxiety and depression, marital conflict, and deficits in social skills. Consultation and education programs were established for parents, schools, and other community agencies. Experimental and evaluative research has documented the effectiveness of these programs.", "contents": "Behavior therapy in a community mental health center. Behavioral principles offer an operational model for the services of a community mental health center. A demonstration and clinical research project adapted behavior analysis and therapy to the problems, patients, staff, and setting a typical comprehensive community mental health center. Innovations in the day hospital included a credit incentive system, educational workshops for community adaptation, and a goal-attainment method of planning and evaluating individual treatment. Behavior therapy was introduced for outpatients with anxiety and depression, marital conflict, and deficits in social skills. Consultation and education programs were established for parents, schools, and other community agencies. Experimental and evaluative research has documented the effectiveness of these programs.", "PMID": 842727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5269", "title": "Problems of Southeast Asian children in a refugee camp.", "content": "The authors describe the efforts made to meet the mental health needs of Vietnamese children and their families in a large refugee camp. Many of the children received strong emotional support from the multigenerational Vietnamese families, and they adapted well to the new environment. However, children separated from their families demonstrated increased emotional vulnerability, and foster placement of children without families presented a serious problem. The authors suggest that our national commitment to these refugees may have ended when they left the confines of the refugee camp.", "contents": "Problems of Southeast Asian children in a refugee camp. The authors describe the efforts made to meet the mental health needs of Vietnamese children and their families in a large refugee camp. Many of the children received strong emotional support from the multigenerational Vietnamese families, and they adapted well to the new environment. However, children separated from their families demonstrated increased emotional vulnerability, and foster placement of children without families presented a serious problem. The authors suggest that our national commitment to these refugees may have ended when they left the confines of the refugee camp.", "PMID": 842728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5270", "title": "Boarding schools: effects on the mental health of Eskimo adolescents.", "content": "Whether boarding schools undermine the mental health of Eskimo and Indian children has been a bitterly debated issue. The authors examined the effects of four representative boarding schools on 132 Alaskan Eskimo adolescents during their freshman and sophomore years. Forty-nine percent of the freshmen developed school-related social and emotional disturbances; 25% of these problems were judged serious. High levels of emotional disturbance were also found during the students' sophomore year. Although simple environmental changes may temporarily reduce the rate of disturbance among students, the long-term effects of boarding schools may still be deleterious.", "contents": "Boarding schools: effects on the mental health of Eskimo adolescents. Whether boarding schools undermine the mental health of Eskimo and Indian children has been a bitterly debated issue. The authors examined the effects of four representative boarding schools on 132 Alaskan Eskimo adolescents during their freshman and sophomore years. Forty-nine percent of the freshmen developed school-related social and emotional disturbances; 25% of these problems were judged serious. High levels of emotional disturbance were also found during the students' sophomore year. Although simple environmental changes may temporarily reduce the rate of disturbance among students, the long-term effects of boarding schools may still be deleterious.", "PMID": 842729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5271", "title": "Psychopathology and mental retardation: a statistical study of 100 mentally retarded children treated at a psychiatric clinic: II. hyperactivity.", "content": "The authors studied 100 mentally retarded children referred to a psychiatric clinic and found that 39 were hyperactive. However, there was no significant relationship between hyperactivity and mental retardation (with or without psychosis) or brain damage. Comparison with a group of nonretarded children revealed no significant difference regarding hyperactivity, thus suggesting that the disorder is not an inevitable concomitant of mental retardation.", "contents": "Psychopathology and mental retardation: a statistical study of 100 mentally retarded children treated at a psychiatric clinic: II. hyperactivity. The authors studied 100 mentally retarded children referred to a psychiatric clinic and found that 39 were hyperactive. However, there was no significant relationship between hyperactivity and mental retardation (with or without psychosis) or brain damage. Comparison with a group of nonretarded children revealed no significant difference regarding hyperactivity, thus suggesting that the disorder is not an inevitable concomitant of mental retardation.", "PMID": 842730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5272", "title": "The ethics of practice in adolescent psychiatry.", "content": "The author discusses ethical problems specific to practice with adolescents, a patient group which has special requirements in terms of their relations with authority figures and the kind and degree of external control they need. The psychiatrist who works with adolescents must be aware that his or her actions, attitudes, and personality can be crucial influences in the young person's development. Particular attention is needed in the areas of confidentiality, informed consent, and the impact of behavior control and other treatment techniques on adolescents.", "contents": "The ethics of practice in adolescent psychiatry. The author discusses ethical problems specific to practice with adolescents, a patient group which has special requirements in terms of their relations with authority figures and the kind and degree of external control they need. The psychiatrist who works with adolescents must be aware that his or her actions, attitudes, and personality can be crucial influences in the young person's development. Particular attention is needed in the areas of confidentiality, informed consent, and the impact of behavior control and other treatment techniques on adolescents.", "PMID": 842731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5273", "title": "Chromosome variants in children with psychiatric disorders.", "content": "The authors studied the frequency of chromosome variants in 48 hospitalized children with psychiatric diagnoses (study group) in comparison with 10 hospitalized children with nonpsychiatric diagnoses (control group) and the results of three surveys of newborn children. They found that the frequency of variants in their study group was elevated in comparison with their control group and with the newborn surveys.", "contents": "Chromosome variants in children with psychiatric disorders. The authors studied the frequency of chromosome variants in 48 hospitalized children with psychiatric diagnoses (study group) in comparison with 10 hospitalized children with nonpsychiatric diagnoses (control group) and the results of three surveys of newborn children. They found that the frequency of variants in their study group was elevated in comparison with their control group and with the newborn surveys.", "PMID": 842732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5274", "title": "Postpsychotic depression and the need for personal significance.", "content": "The author, who considers postpsychotic depression as a reaction to psychosis, illustrates some of the dynamics involved in the development and persistence of the state with letters from a patient. Among other dynamic and psychotherapeutic considerations, the need for self-realization and meaning in everyday life merits special emphasis in the treatment of those for whom escape from psychosis has meant not only  deliverance from terror, but also a loss of grandeur and significance.", "contents": "Postpsychotic depression and the need for personal significance. The author, who considers postpsychotic depression as a reaction to psychosis, illustrates some of the dynamics involved in the development and persistence of the state with letters from a patient. Among other dynamic and psychotherapeutic considerations, the need for self-realization and meaning in everyday life merits special emphasis in the treatment of those for whom escape from psychosis has meant not only  deliverance from terror, but also a loss of grandeur and significance.", "PMID": 842733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5275", "title": "Fatherhood and emotional illness.", "content": "The authors describe four cases in which men developed emotional illnesses related to their wives' pregnancies. In all of the cases, the patients had experienced sibling rivalry at a significant time in their lives. This factor seemed to be more important dynamically in understanding their feelings about fatherhood than previously proposed factors, such as envy of the wife's childbearing capacity, dependence on the wife, and neurotic conflict with the oedipal father. The authors suggest that in men with neuroses, the issue of sibling rivalry is an important determinant of reactions to fatherhood.", "contents": "Fatherhood and emotional illness. The authors describe four cases in which men developed emotional illnesses related to their wives' pregnancies. In all of the cases, the patients had experienced sibling rivalry at a significant time in their lives. This factor seemed to be more important dynamically in understanding their feelings about fatherhood than previously proposed factors, such as envy of the wife's childbearing capacity, dependence on the wife, and neurotic conflict with the oedipal father. The authors suggest that in men with neuroses, the issue of sibling rivalry is an important determinant of reactions to fatherhood.", "PMID": 842734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5276", "title": "Lawyers' use of psychiatry: II.", "content": "The authors surveyed 124 attorneys by mail questionnaires regarding their use of and attitudes toward psychiatric referrals. They found that, compared with a similar survey in 1965, fewer attorneys made referrals, but those who did made more. As in 1965, domestic problems were the usual reasons for referral in 1975; however, substantially more referrals of criminal defendants were made in 1975.", "contents": "Lawyers' use of psychiatry: II. The authors surveyed 124 attorneys by mail questionnaires regarding their use of and attitudes toward psychiatric referrals. They found that, compared with a similar survey in 1965, fewer attorneys made referrals, but those who did made more. As in 1965, domestic problems were the usual reasons for referral in 1975; however, substantially more referrals of criminal defendants were made in 1975.", "PMID": 842735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5277", "title": "Genital exhibitionism in women.", "content": "Historically, genital exhibitionism has usually been regarded as an exclusively male phenomenon. The authors present a case study of a female exhibitionist which is at variance with that contention. They offer a formulation of the psychodymanics of female exhibitionism, focusing on its pregenital, attention-seeking purpose. The findings from this case justify a critical reexamination of the traditional definitions of exhibitionism.", "contents": "Genital exhibitionism in women. Historically, genital exhibitionism has usually been regarded as an exclusively male phenomenon. The authors present a case study of a female exhibitionist which is at variance with that contention. They offer a formulation of the psychodymanics of female exhibitionism, focusing on its pregenital, attention-seeking purpose. The findings from this case justify a critical reexamination of the traditional definitions of exhibitionism.", "PMID": 842736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5278", "title": "The use of nicotine gum during cessation of smoking.", "content": "The authors present three case studies which suggest that smoking withdrawal symptoms in certain individuals may be due to removal of nicotine per se, implying that smokers may develop a true physical dependence on cigarettes. Nicotine replacement by use of an experimental chewing gum containing nicotine in various dosages successfully prevented or alleviated the abstinence symptoms of the subjects studied.", "contents": "The use of nicotine gum during cessation of smoking. The authors present three case studies which suggest that smoking withdrawal symptoms in certain individuals may be due to removal of nicotine per se, implying that smokers may develop a true physical dependence on cigarettes. Nicotine replacement by use of an experimental chewing gum containing nicotine in various dosages successfully prevented or alleviated the abstinence symptoms of the subjects studied.", "PMID": 842737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5279", "title": "Governmental peer review of training programs in child psychiatry.", "content": "The authors present the results of a review of grant applications from 84 child psychiatry training programs that was conducted by the Psychiatry Education Branch of NIMH during fiscal year 1975. They found that training programs whose applications were approved were (among other things) university based and successful in filling training positions; they provided experiences in two or more treatment modalities in varied settings and with diverse types of patients, had active liaison with community organizations and with departments of pediatrics, and provided research opportunities for trainees.", "contents": "Governmental peer review of training programs in child psychiatry. The authors present the results of a review of grant applications from 84 child psychiatry training programs that was conducted by the Psychiatry Education Branch of NIMH during fiscal year 1975. They found that training programs whose applications were approved were (among other things) university based and successful in filling training positions; they provided experiences in two or more treatment modalities in varied settings and with diverse types of patients, had active liaison with community organizations and with departments of pediatrics, and provided research opportunities for trainees.", "PMID": 842751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5280", "title": "Medical student education in psychiatry.", "content": "The authors interpret data obtained from 99 medical schools which submitted grant applications for support of either undergraduate psychiatric education programs or human behavior programs. They tentatively conclude that high-quality programs for teaching medical students psychiatry are characterized by a well-rounded faculty, a psychodynamic orientation, a greater commitment to medical student education than to resident training, varied teaching methods, enthusiastic student response, and systematic evaluation that produces change in subsequent years.", "contents": "Medical student education in psychiatry. The authors interpret data obtained from 99 medical schools which submitted grant applications for support of either undergraduate psychiatric education programs or human behavior programs. They tentatively conclude that high-quality programs for teaching medical students psychiatry are characterized by a well-rounded faculty, a psychodynamic orientation, a greater commitment to medical student education than to resident training, varied teaching methods, enthusiastic student response, and systematic evaluation that produces change in subsequent years.", "PMID": 842752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5281", "title": "Psychiatric education: state of the art, 1976.", "content": "The authors describe an extraordinary review of 527 programs in 205 institutions conducted by the Psychiatry Education Branch of NIMH. Each institution was evaluated by 2 site visitors, whose findings were reviewed by a group of 12 special consultants. These consultants voted on approval of grant applications and assigned priorities to those which were approved. Direct results of the review included approval of 69% of the programs, increased support of programs in medical student education, consultation-liaison psychiatry, and psychiatric investigation, but a decrease in the total number of institutions supported. Indirect results were the encouragement of self-evaluation in each program reviewed, the valuable exchange of ideas among the educators involved in the review process, and implications for future reviews. The authors, who believe that psychiatric education is in good health, discuss the findings of this review in terms of the future of the field.", "contents": "Psychiatric education: state of the art, 1976. The authors describe an extraordinary review of 527 programs in 205 institutions conducted by the Psychiatry Education Branch of NIMH. Each institution was evaluated by 2 site visitors, whose findings were reviewed by a group of 12 special consultants. These consultants voted on approval of grant applications and assigned priorities to those which were approved. Direct results of the review included approval of 69% of the programs, increased support of programs in medical student education, consultation-liaison psychiatry, and psychiatric investigation, but a decrease in the total number of institutions supported. Indirect results were the encouragement of self-evaluation in each program reviewed, the valuable exchange of ideas among the educators involved in the review process, and implications for future reviews. The authors, who believe that psychiatric education is in good health, discuss the findings of this review in terms of the future of the field.", "PMID": 842753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5282", "title": "The educational challenge of consultation-liaison psychiatry.", "content": "The authors examine issues related to quality of psychiatric consultation-liaison education programs on the basis of data from the fiscal year 1975 NIMH review of grant proposals for 71 such programs. This category received the lowest percentage of approval (31 approved, 40 disapproved), which is seen as a reflection of the state of development of the field. Although this is a difficult field in which to teach and practice, the authors feel that the numbers and quality of consultation-liaison programs will grow over the next 10 years and that the proliferation of training programs for primary care physicians and the return of psychiatry to the mainstream of medicine will facilitate this growth.", "contents": "The educational challenge of consultation-liaison psychiatry. The authors examine issues related to quality of psychiatric consultation-liaison education programs on the basis of data from the fiscal year 1975 NIMH review of grant proposals for 71 such programs. This category received the lowest percentage of approval (31 approved, 40 disapproved), which is seen as a reflection of the state of development of the field. Although this is a difficult field in which to teach and practice, the authors feel that the numbers and quality of consultation-liaison programs will grow over the next 10 years and that the proliferation of training programs for primary care physicians and the return of psychiatry to the mainstream of medicine will facilitate this growth.", "PMID": 842754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5283", "title": "Research training in psychiatry.", "content": "The authors examined data on 13 requests for federal support for psychiatric research investigation that were evaluated as part of the NIMH review of psychiatric education grants in fiscal year 1975. Thirteen factors were found to be associated with quality of psychiatric research training, and the interaction and importance of these factors are illustrated in summaries of 5 programs. The ideal program is described as one in which there is a clearly stated concept, content that is broad and relevant enough to interest trainees in psychiatry, a continuing evaluation process, and superior research that can be documented. Adequate depth and breadth in terms of faculty and facilities are also essential. The authors believe that all psychiatrists should be encouraged to integrate scientific observation into their professional work and to evaluate systematically the effectiveness of their clinical interventions.", "contents": "Research training in psychiatry. The authors examined data on 13 requests for federal support for psychiatric research investigation that were evaluated as part of the NIMH review of psychiatric education grants in fiscal year 1975. Thirteen factors were found to be associated with quality of psychiatric research training, and the interaction and importance of these factors are illustrated in summaries of 5 programs. The ideal program is described as one in which there is a clearly stated concept, content that is broad and relevant enough to interest trainees in psychiatry, a continuing evaluation process, and superior research that can be documented. Adequate depth and breadth in terms of faculty and facilities are also essential. The authors believe that all psychiatrists should be encouraged to integrate scientific observation into their professional work and to evaluate systematically the effectiveness of their clinical interventions.", "PMID": 842755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5284", "title": "Characteristics of psychiatric residency programs and quality of education.", "content": "As part of the fiscal year 1975 NIMH review of all psychiatric education grants, 144 basic residency training programs were thoroughly examined. In order to generate hypotheses about factors related to quality, the authors divided these grants into those given high priority rankings, those ranked in the middle, and those disapproved. Faculty and trainee characteristics, aspects of the service system, and organizational, educational, and evaluation factors were strongly related to quality. In general, good programs had a primary theoretical orientation with a tolerance for diversity, were not administratively responsible for community mental health centers but had strong community service ties, and tended to be in university settings. The authors point out the need to determine psychiatry's role vis-\u00e0-vis primary care and to develop a clear understanding of the place psychiatry will have in the health and mental health systems.", "contents": "Characteristics of psychiatric residency programs and quality of education. As part of the fiscal year 1975 NIMH review of all psychiatric education grants, 144 basic residency training programs were thoroughly examined. In order to generate hypotheses about factors related to quality, the authors divided these grants into those given high priority rankings, those ranked in the middle, and those disapproved. Faculty and trainee characteristics, aspects of the service system, and organizational, educational, and evaluation factors were strongly related to quality. In general, good programs had a primary theoretical orientation with a tolerance for diversity, were not administratively responsible for community mental health centers but had strong community service ties, and tended to be in university settings. The authors point out the need to determine psychiatry's role vis-\u00e0-vis primary care and to develop a clear understanding of the place psychiatry will have in the health and mental health systems.", "PMID": 842757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5285", "title": "Relations between nutrition and cognition in rural Guatemala.", "content": "The nutritional status of three and four year old children, as measured by height and head circumference, is related to cognitive performance in four rural Guatemalan villages. The relationships persist when social factors are taken into account. Families in two of the villages participate in a voluntary, high protein-calorie supplementation program. In the other two villages, the families receive a vitamin and mineral supplement with one-third of the calories. Although the longitudinal study still is ongoing there is some evidence that the children who receive the higher calorie supplement (or whose mothers received it during pregnancy and lactation) are most likely to score high in cognitive performance. The results support other animal and human studies that report an association between nutrition and cognitive development. The findings, while not diminishing social environmental explantions of differences in cognitive function, suggest the worth of nutrition intervention programs in rural areas of lesser-developed countries.", "contents": "Relations between nutrition and cognition in rural Guatemala. The nutritional status of three and four year old children, as measured by height and head circumference, is related to cognitive performance in four rural Guatemalan villages. The relationships persist when social factors are taken into account. Families in two of the villages participate in a voluntary, high protein-calorie supplementation program. In the other two villages, the families receive a vitamin and mineral supplement with one-third of the calories. Although the longitudinal study still is ongoing there is some evidence that the children who receive the higher calorie supplement (or whose mothers received it during pregnancy and lactation) are most likely to score high in cognitive performance. The results support other animal and human studies that report an association between nutrition and cognitive development. The findings, while not diminishing social environmental explantions of differences in cognitive function, suggest the worth of nutrition intervention programs in rural areas of lesser-developed countries.", "PMID": 842760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5286", "title": "A computer-based record and clinical monitoring system for ambulatory care.", "content": "The Regenstrief Medical Record system is a computer-based medical record system for ambulatory care which has been in operation since 1973. For each patient served, it contains a core medical record  including most objective data (treatment records, lab, x-ray and EKG, etc.) and selected items of subjective data. Its supports the care of patients by presenting the clinical data in clear and compact reports and by reminding the physician about clinical conditions that need corrective action. The generation of these computer reminders is totally controlled by physician authored protocols. Each protocol defines an important clinical condition and the content of the reminder to be triggered when that condition occurs. Physician compliance to the standards implicit in these protocols is improved by this feedback. Patient data are captured by computerized ancillary services, (laboratory and outpatient pharmacy) and by manual techniques. Much of these data are recorded by hand (as marks or numbers) on computer-tailored forms which can be optically read by machine. This system represents a different approach to the difficult problems of efficiently using and maintaining patient records.", "contents": "A computer-based record and clinical monitoring system for ambulatory care. The Regenstrief Medical Record system is a computer-based medical record system for ambulatory care which has been in operation since 1973. For each patient served, it contains a core medical record  including most objective data (treatment records, lab, x-ray and EKG, etc.) and selected items of subjective data. Its supports the care of patients by presenting the clinical data in clear and compact reports and by reminding the physician about clinical conditions that need corrective action. The generation of these computer reminders is totally controlled by physician authored protocols. Each protocol defines an important clinical condition and the content of the reminder to be triggered when that condition occurs. Physician compliance to the standards implicit in these protocols is improved by this feedback. Patient data are captured by computerized ancillary services, (laboratory and outpatient pharmacy) and by manual techniques. Much of these data are recorded by hand (as marks or numbers) on computer-tailored forms which can be optically read by machine. This system represents a different approach to the difficult problems of efficiently using and maintaining patient records.", "PMID": 842761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5287", "title": "Alcohol and motorcycle fatalities.", "content": "A series of 99 fatal motorcycle crashes in Maryland was studied retrospectively, using police and medical examiner records. Blood alcohol concentrations were determined for 62 motorcycle drivers; measurable amounts of alcohol were found in two-thirds (41), and one-half (31) had illegally high concentrations of 100 mg/100 ml or more. The police report mentioned alcohol in only 9 instances. High blood alcohol concentrations were found most commonly among drivers age 20-34.", "contents": "Alcohol and motorcycle fatalities. A series of 99 fatal motorcycle crashes in Maryland was studied retrospectively, using police and medical examiner records. Blood alcohol concentrations were determined for 62 motorcycle drivers; measurable amounts of alcohol were found in two-thirds (41), and one-half (31) had illegally high concentrations of 100 mg/100 ml or more. The police report mentioned alcohol in only 9 instances. High blood alcohol concentrations were found most commonly among drivers age 20-34.", "PMID": 842762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5288", "title": "The distribution of Naegleria fowleri in man-made thermal waters.", "content": "The discharges of 16 thermal polluting factories were examined for the occurrence of Naegleria fowleri, the causative agent of primary amebic meningoencephalitis. Seven of these waters were shown to harbor this ameba. Of 22 N. fowleri isolates, 3 were highly virulent for mice when inoculated intranasally. The three pathogenic strains were isolated from three different places during summer. More N. fowleri were found during summer than in winter, which could be attributed to the lower temperature during winter. The distribution seems to be bound to the cooling waters of older factories and is not restricted to one type of factory. There are strong indications that the isolation of nonpathogenic seropositive strains from water is an indication for the occurrence of pathogenic N. fowleri.", "contents": "The distribution of Naegleria fowleri in man-made thermal waters. The discharges of 16 thermal polluting factories were examined for the occurrence of Naegleria fowleri, the causative agent of primary amebic meningoencephalitis. Seven of these waters were shown to harbor this ameba. Of 22 N. fowleri isolates, 3 were highly virulent for mice when inoculated intranasally. The three pathogenic strains were isolated from three different places during summer. More N. fowleri were found during summer than in winter, which could be attributed to the lower temperature during winter. The distribution seems to be bound to the cooling waters of older factories and is not restricted to one type of factory. There are strong indications that the isolation of nonpathogenic seropositive strains from water is an indication for the occurrence of pathogenic N. fowleri.", "PMID": 842770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5289", "title": "Morbidity from Schistosoma mansoni in a Puerto Rican community: a population-based study.", "content": "A population-based approach was used to investigate morbidity from Schistosoma mansoni in a rural community in eastern Puerto Rico that was representative of remaining endemic foci on the island. In 1974 the prevalence of infection 855 of 1,056 inhabitants was 32.7% and the geometric mean egg output was 17.6 eggs per gram. A standardized medical history was obtained, and physical and laboratory examinations were performed on 737 (70%) of the community residents. Quantitative S. mansoni egg counts were performed on 1 gram of feces with a modified Ritchie formol-ether concentration technique; other intestinal parasites were recorded on a semi-quantitative basis. Interviews and physical examinations were conducted \"blind\" to minimize observer bias, and statistical analysis was done on data from 149 infected subjects and 149 noninfected controls matched by age and sex. For subjects under 20 years of age the frequency of hookworm infection and trichuriasis and absolute eosinophilia was significantly higher in the infected group, but no difference was found in the frequency of signs and symptoms of schistosomiasis. For the subjects 20 years and over, the symptom \"blood in the stool\" was reported more frequently in the infected group, but hematocrit level did not differ between infected and noninfected controls. Although palpable livers were noted more frequently in infected (8) than in noninfected (1) subjects 20 years and over, further evaluation of these subjects cast doubt upon a causal role for S. mansoni. These data indicate that morbidity from S. mansoni infection in the community is low, a finding consistent with the apparent decline in S. mansoni morbidity in Puerto Rico during recent decades and the relatively low intensity of infection in this community. Nevertheless, because of the sporadic occurrence of S. mansoni-induced disease on the island, and because heavily infected subjects are clearly at greater risk of disease, we are recommending treatment for community residents with high egg output.", "contents": "Morbidity from Schistosoma mansoni in a Puerto Rican community: a population-based study. A population-based approach was used to investigate morbidity from Schistosoma mansoni in a rural community in eastern Puerto Rico that was representative of remaining endemic foci on the island. In 1974 the prevalence of infection 855 of 1,056 inhabitants was 32.7% and the geometric mean egg output was 17.6 eggs per gram. A standardized medical history was obtained, and physical and laboratory examinations were performed on 737 (70%) of the community residents. Quantitative S. mansoni egg counts were performed on 1 gram of feces with a modified Ritchie formol-ether concentration technique; other intestinal parasites were recorded on a semi-quantitative basis. Interviews and physical examinations were conducted \"blind\" to minimize observer bias, and statistical analysis was done on data from 149 infected subjects and 149 noninfected controls matched by age and sex. For subjects under 20 years of age the frequency of hookworm infection and trichuriasis and absolute eosinophilia was significantly higher in the infected group, but no difference was found in the frequency of signs and symptoms of schistosomiasis. For the subjects 20 years and over, the symptom \"blood in the stool\" was reported more frequently in the infected group, but hematocrit level did not differ between infected and noninfected controls. Although palpable livers were noted more frequently in infected (8) than in noninfected (1) subjects 20 years and over, further evaluation of these subjects cast doubt upon a causal role for S. mansoni. These data indicate that morbidity from S. mansoni infection in the community is low, a finding consistent with the apparent decline in S. mansoni morbidity in Puerto Rico during recent decades and the relatively low intensity of infection in this community. Nevertheless, because of the sporadic occurrence of S. mansoni-induced disease on the island, and because heavily infected subjects are clearly at greater risk of disease, we are recommending treatment for community residents with high egg output.", "PMID": 842771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5290", "title": "Mebendazole in the treatment of taeniasis solium and taeniasis saginata.", "content": "A study was made of the effect on taeniasis of mebendazole, a drug known to be highly active against a variety of nematode species parasitic in humans. Thirty-seven patients infected with Taenia solium and four with Taenia saginata, some of whom had concomitant nematode infections, were treated with one of three dosages for 3 to 6 days. Within 48 hours of treatment most patients had eliminated long chains of intact, but apparently lifeless, proglottids. Assessment of results was made by monthly post-treatment observations for 4 to 5 months. The optimum effective dose of mebendazole appears to be 300 mg twice daily for 3 days.", "contents": "Mebendazole in the treatment of taeniasis solium and taeniasis saginata. A study was made of the effect on taeniasis of mebendazole, a drug known to be highly active against a variety of nematode species parasitic in humans. Thirty-seven patients infected with Taenia solium and four with Taenia saginata, some of whom had concomitant nematode infections, were treated with one of three dosages for 3 to 6 days. Within 48 hours of treatment most patients had eliminated long chains of intact, but apparently lifeless, proglottids. Assessment of results was made by monthly post-treatment observations for 4 to 5 months. The optimum effective dose of mebendazole appears to be 300 mg twice daily for 3 days.", "PMID": 842772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5291", "title": "Epidemiologic investigation of echinococcosis in American Indians living in Arizona and New Mexico.", "content": "Ten cases of echinococcosis diagnosed in American Indians in Arizona and New Mexico between 1972 and 1975 were investigated as part of a regional epidemiologic study. Patients were visited at home to discover factors associated with local parasite transmission, to detect possible additional cases among family members, and to perform diagnostic tests on dogs. Six patients were Navajo, 2 Zuni, and 2 Santo Domingo Indians. An additional case in a Navajo man was detected by serologic testing of patients' family members; this was the 20th case diagnosed in the region since 1965. Dogs owned by three of the Navajo patients were infected with Echinococcus granulosus. Arecoline-purge testing of 110 dogs in the Zuni pueblo demonstrated echinococcosis in a single stray dog. The findings at slaughter of Navajo-owned sheep indicate that the infection is enzootic in this intermediate host. The epidemiologic findings suggest that humans were infected from dogs which contracted their infections from two sources. The first was sheep raised locally in rural areas of the Navajo Reservation where the infection is enzootic in the dog-sheep cycle; transmission was apparently facilitated by the widespread practice of home butchering. A second source of human infection was dogs which became infected by eating viscera of sheep of off-reservation origin; these sheep were purchased and butchered by individual families in urban areas of the Navajo Reservation and in the Zuni and Santo Domingo pueblos.", "contents": "Epidemiologic investigation of echinococcosis in American Indians living in Arizona and New Mexico. Ten cases of echinococcosis diagnosed in American Indians in Arizona and New Mexico between 1972 and 1975 were investigated as part of a regional epidemiologic study. Patients were visited at home to discover factors associated with local parasite transmission, to detect possible additional cases among family members, and to perform diagnostic tests on dogs. Six patients were Navajo, 2 Zuni, and 2 Santo Domingo Indians. An additional case in a Navajo man was detected by serologic testing of patients' family members; this was the 20th case diagnosed in the region since 1965. Dogs owned by three of the Navajo patients were infected with Echinococcus granulosus. Arecoline-purge testing of 110 dogs in the Zuni pueblo demonstrated echinococcosis in a single stray dog. The findings at slaughter of Navajo-owned sheep indicate that the infection is enzootic in this intermediate host. The epidemiologic findings suggest that humans were infected from dogs which contracted their infections from two sources. The first was sheep raised locally in rural areas of the Navajo Reservation where the infection is enzootic in the dog-sheep cycle; transmission was apparently facilitated by the widespread practice of home butchering. A second source of human infection was dogs which became infected by eating viscera of sheep of off-reservation origin; these sheep were purchased and butchered by individual families in urban areas of the Navajo Reservation and in the Zuni and Santo Domingo pueblos.", "PMID": 842773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5292", "title": "Acedapsone treatment of leprosy patients: response versus drug disposition.", "content": "In 22 lepromatous Filipino patients receiving their first injection of 225 mg acedapsone (DADDS), dapsone (DDS), and monoacetyl DDS (MADDS) were present in plasma in approximately equal quantities. Peak levels of parent drug, DDS, and MADDS occurred between 22 and 35 days. The half-times of disappearance (T1/2) from plasma were 43 days for DDS and MADDS and 46 days for DADDS. Acetylator phenotyping with sulfamethazine (SMZ) and DDS showed that 17 patients were rapid and 5 patients were slow acetylators. Correlations between acetylation of SMZ and DDS after DDS and of acetylation of DDS after DDS and DADDS were highly significant. However, acetylation of DDS after DADDS did not differentiate the patients into acetylator phenotypes. The T1/2 of DDS after DDS in the patients was directly related to the minimum levels of DDS at 77 days after DADDS treatment. These minimum levels were 8-fold higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of DDS for Mycobacterium leprae in mice and rats, but not all patients responded satisfactorily. No relationship could be demonstrated between the bacteriologic response and any of the pharmacologic parameters examined in these Filipino patients. In a companion study, minimum levels of DADDS, MADDS, and DDS were determined in 447 leprosy patients of all disease types from the Karimui District of Papua New Guinea who had been receiving 225 mg DADDS every 70 to 80 days for the past 5 years. All patients exhibited DDS levels above the MIC of DDS for M. leprae, no significant differences in plasma sulfone levels were found among disease types, no relationship between rate of healing in paucibacillary patients and sulfone levels were found, and type of response in multibacillary patients and sulfone levels were unrelated. No substantial accumulation of the sulfones in the Karimui patients receiving continuous therapy with DADDS for 5 years was indicated from a comparison with the levels in the Filipino patients following a single injection of DADDS.", "contents": "Acedapsone treatment of leprosy patients: response versus drug disposition. In 22 lepromatous Filipino patients receiving their first injection of 225 mg acedapsone (DADDS), dapsone (DDS), and monoacetyl DDS (MADDS) were present in plasma in approximately equal quantities. Peak levels of parent drug, DDS, and MADDS occurred between 22 and 35 days. The half-times of disappearance (T1/2) from plasma were 43 days for DDS and MADDS and 46 days for DADDS. Acetylator phenotyping with sulfamethazine (SMZ) and DDS showed that 17 patients were rapid and 5 patients were slow acetylators. Correlations between acetylation of SMZ and DDS after DDS and of acetylation of DDS after DDS and DADDS were highly significant. However, acetylation of DDS after DADDS did not differentiate the patients into acetylator phenotypes. The T1/2 of DDS after DDS in the patients was directly related to the minimum levels of DDS at 77 days after DADDS treatment. These minimum levels were 8-fold higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of DDS for Mycobacterium leprae in mice and rats, but not all patients responded satisfactorily. No relationship could be demonstrated between the bacteriologic response and any of the pharmacologic parameters examined in these Filipino patients. In a companion study, minimum levels of DADDS, MADDS, and DDS were determined in 447 leprosy patients of all disease types from the Karimui District of Papua New Guinea who had been receiving 225 mg DADDS every 70 to 80 days for the past 5 years. All patients exhibited DDS levels above the MIC of DDS for M. leprae, no significant differences in plasma sulfone levels were found among disease types, no relationship between rate of healing in paucibacillary patients and sulfone levels were found, and type of response in multibacillary patients and sulfone levels were unrelated. No substantial accumulation of the sulfones in the Karimui patients receiving continuous therapy with DADDS for 5 years was indicated from a comparison with the levels in the Filipino patients following a single injection of DADDS.", "PMID": 842774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5293", "title": "Occurrence of Histoplasma capsulatum Darling, 1906 in Israel, with a review of the current status of histoplasmosis in the Middle East.", "content": "The isolation of Histoplasma capsulatum from a bat cave in the Galilee region of Israel is reported along with the discovery of a bat (Myotis myotis) infected by H. capsulatum. Soils collected in avian and chiropteran habitats throughout Israel also yielded the following fungi of medical interest: Arthroderma quadrifidum, A. tuberculatum, Candida parapsilosis, Chrysosporium indicum, C. keratinophilum, C. tropicum, Cryptococcus neoformans, Ctenomyces serratus, Microsporum gypseum, and Petriellidium boydii. All available reports concerning the occurrence of H. capsulatum and histoplasmosis in the Middle East are critically reviewed.", "contents": "Occurrence of Histoplasma capsulatum Darling, 1906 in Israel, with a review of the current status of histoplasmosis in the Middle East. The isolation of Histoplasma capsulatum from a bat cave in the Galilee region of Israel is reported along with the discovery of a bat (Myotis myotis) infected by H. capsulatum. Soils collected in avian and chiropteran habitats throughout Israel also yielded the following fungi of medical interest: Arthroderma quadrifidum, A. tuberculatum, Candida parapsilosis, Chrysosporium indicum, C. keratinophilum, C. tropicum, Cryptococcus neoformans, Ctenomyces serratus, Microsporum gypseum, and Petriellidium boydii. All available reports concerning the occurrence of H. capsulatum and histoplasmosis in the Middle East are critically reviewed.", "PMID": 842775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5294", "title": "Rotaviruses in Venezuelan children with gastroenteritis.", "content": "Rotaviruses were identified by electron microscopy in 19 of 26 (73%) Venezuelan children with gastroenteritis. Noncultivable adenoviruses and small (29-30 nm), spherical viruses were also observed in a few cases. Bacterial pathogens were isolated from five children (19%), all of whom were also carrying rotaviruses.", "contents": "Rotaviruses in Venezuelan children with gastroenteritis. Rotaviruses were identified by electron microscopy in 19 of 26 (73%) Venezuelan children with gastroenteritis. Noncultivable adenoviruses and small (29-30 nm), spherical viruses were also observed in a few cases. Bacterial pathogens were isolated from five children (19%), all of whom were also carrying rotaviruses.", "PMID": 842776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5295", "title": "Analysis of the incidence of variola minor in an outbreak by use of a mathematical model.", "content": "The incidence of variola minor during an outbreak was analyzed by use of mathematical model B proposed by Chelsky and Angulo. Several parameters were estimated. Among these, the propagating rate (ratio of receptor cases to source cases) seems to predict the outbreak decline better than inspection of the incidence curve. The estimated mean generation interval (18.6 days) supports the thesis that variola minor is not transmitted at onset of illness but, on the average, about 4 days later. The ratio of clinical to subclinical infections (about 1 to 1) approximates those ratios found in serological surveys of variola minor and variola major outbreaks.", "contents": "Analysis of the incidence of variola minor in an outbreak by use of a mathematical model. The incidence of variola minor during an outbreak was analyzed by use of mathematical model B proposed by Chelsky and Angulo. Several parameters were estimated. Among these, the propagating rate (ratio of receptor cases to source cases) seems to predict the outbreak decline better than inspection of the incidence curve. The estimated mean generation interval (18.6 days) supports the thesis that variola minor is not transmitted at onset of illness but, on the average, about 4 days later. The ratio of clinical to subclinical infections (about 1 to 1) approximates those ratios found in serological surveys of variola minor and variola major outbreaks.", "PMID": 842777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5296", "title": "Dientamoeba fragilis: a review with notes on its epidemiology, pathogenicity, mode of transmission, and diagnosis.", "content": "Dientamoeba fragilis was found in 4.2% of approximately 43,000 individuals who submitted stools for parasitological examination during 1970 to 1974. The parasite was more frequently found in the younger age group (less than 20 years) than in older age groups, and more often in females than in males. Symptoms in 255 of patients in whom D. fragilis was the only parasite found and for whom detailed symptoms had been supplied, included: diarrhea, abdominal pains, anal pruritus, and loose stools. Analysis of mixed infections of D. fragilis with intestinal helminths suggests that such infections are random except for the combination of D. fragilis and Enterobius vermicularis. This combination occurred 9 times more often than theoretically expected. Daily periodicity and distribution of D. fragilis within stools of one patient were studied over a period of 6 months. More than twice as many organisms per ml of stool were present in the last than in the first portion evacuated. The total number of organisms excreted fluctuated markedly from day to day.", "contents": "Dientamoeba fragilis: a review with notes on its epidemiology, pathogenicity, mode of transmission, and diagnosis. Dientamoeba fragilis was found in 4.2% of approximately 43,000 individuals who submitted stools for parasitological examination during 1970 to 1974. The parasite was more frequently found in the younger age group (less than 20 years) than in older age groups, and more often in females than in males. Symptoms in 255 of patients in whom D. fragilis was the only parasite found and for whom detailed symptoms had been supplied, included: diarrhea, abdominal pains, anal pruritus, and loose stools. Analysis of mixed infections of D. fragilis with intestinal helminths suggests that such infections are random except for the combination of D. fragilis and Enterobius vermicularis. This combination occurred 9 times more often than theoretically expected. Daily periodicity and distribution of D. fragilis within stools of one patient were studied over a period of 6 months. More than twice as many organisms per ml of stool were present in the last than in the first portion evacuated. The total number of organisms excreted fluctuated markedly from day to day.", "PMID": 842778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5297", "title": "Search for subtype I strains of Venezuelan encephalitis virus among isolates from Trinidad, W.I., during 1960-1972.", "content": "Twenty-one strains of Venezuelan encephalitis (VE) virus isolated from three habitats in Trinidad, W.I. during 1960 to 1972, were subtype III (Mucambo) VE virus by plaque-reduction neutralization tests. Like prototype Mucambo virus, each strain killed 8- to 15-week-old mice inoculated intraperitoneally. If the subtype I strain of VE virus that caused a major outbreak in Trinidad during 1943 to 1944 persisted on the island into the 1960s and early 1970s, it did not become the dominant VE virus in these three enzootic foci.", "contents": "Search for subtype I strains of Venezuelan encephalitis virus among isolates from Trinidad, W.I., during 1960-1972. Twenty-one strains of Venezuelan encephalitis (VE) virus isolated from three habitats in Trinidad, W.I. during 1960 to 1972, were subtype III (Mucambo) VE virus by plaque-reduction neutralization tests. Like prototype Mucambo virus, each strain killed 8- to 15-week-old mice inoculated intraperitoneally. If the subtype I strain of VE virus that caused a major outbreak in Trinidad during 1943 to 1944 persisted on the island into the 1960s and early 1970s, it did not become the dominant VE virus in these three enzootic foci.", "PMID": 842779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5298", "title": "Prolonged western equine encephalitis viremia in the Texas tortoise (Gopherus berlandieri).", "content": "Subcutaneous inoculation of 34 Texas tortoises (Gopherus berlandieri) with either of two strains of Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE) virus resulted in prolonged viremia of up to 105 days' duration. Peak viremia titers exceeded 10(6) suckling mouse intracranial lethal doses per milliliter. The length of the previremic period, the maximum viremia level attained, and the duration of viremia were markedly affected by environmental temperature. Higher temperatures (30 degrees C) shortened the previremic period and the duration of viremia and elevated the maximum viremia level. Lower temperatures had the opposite effect. Mechanisms are suggested whereby Texas tortoises could serve as an overwintering reservoir for WEE virus at any temperature. Neutralizing antibody was detectable following viremia in only 11 of 16 (69%) of surviving tortoises.", "contents": "Prolonged western equine encephalitis viremia in the Texas tortoise (Gopherus berlandieri). Subcutaneous inoculation of 34 Texas tortoises (Gopherus berlandieri) with either of two strains of Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE) virus resulted in prolonged viremia of up to 105 days' duration. Peak viremia titers exceeded 10(6) suckling mouse intracranial lethal doses per milliliter. The length of the previremic period, the maximum viremia level attained, and the duration of viremia were markedly affected by environmental temperature. Higher temperatures (30 degrees C) shortened the previremic period and the duration of viremia and elevated the maximum viremia level. Lower temperatures had the opposite effect. Mechanisms are suggested whereby Texas tortoises could serve as an overwintering reservoir for WEE virus at any temperature. Neutralizing antibody was detectable following viremia in only 11 of 16 (69%) of surviving tortoises.", "PMID": 842780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5299", "title": "Difficult diagnosis of malaria.", "content": "Symptoms suggested malaria in a patient who had recently returned to the United States from Africa, but blood smears were persistently negative for malaria parasites. The diagnosis was established in an unusual way when a laboratory technician detected malaria parasites in a lupus erythematosus cell preparation.", "contents": "Difficult diagnosis of malaria. Symptoms suggested malaria in a patient who had recently returned to the United States from Africa, but blood smears were persistently negative for malaria parasites. The diagnosis was established in an unusual way when a laboratory technician detected malaria parasites in a lupus erythematosus cell preparation.", "PMID": 842781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5300", "title": "Effect of Schistosoma mansoni infection on pentobarbital-induced sleeping-time in mice.", "content": "The sleeping-time induced by sodium pentobarbital is greatly increased in mice experimentally infected with Schistosoma mansoni. The degree of hypnosis is affected by the female worm burden, probably because the hepatic lesions produced by schistosome eggs cause slow metabolisation of anesthetics.", "contents": "Effect of Schistosoma mansoni infection on pentobarbital-induced sleeping-time in mice. The sleeping-time induced by sodium pentobarbital is greatly increased in mice experimentally infected with Schistosoma mansoni. The degree of hypnosis is affected by the female worm burden, probably because the hepatic lesions produced by schistosome eggs cause slow metabolisation of anesthetics.", "PMID": 842782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5301", "title": "Ultrastructure of the cyst of Giardia lamblia.", "content": "An isolation technique involving filtration and discontinuous density gradient centrifugation was utilized for obtaining Giardia lamblia cysts from human feces. Highly concentrated preparations of cysts were examined by electron microscopy. The cyst of G. lamblia is surrounded by a moderately dense fibrous wall 0.3 mum thick. A thin layer of cytoplasm separates the cyst wall from electron lucid intracellular spaces located around the periphery of the cyst. Four nuclei are usually present. Basal bodies and axial filaments are located between the nuclei. Two sheets of microtubules are associated with the axial filaments. No mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, or Golgi apparatus is present. Parallel rows of microtubules with perpendicular ribbon-like structures are randomly distributed in the cytoplasm. Substructural units with a periodicity of 150 A are oriented perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis of the ribbons. The ribbon-like structures and associated microtubules represent disassembled portions of the sucking disc of the trophozoite form and apparently are reorganized into sucking disks upon division of the cyst organism.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the cyst of Giardia lamblia. An isolation technique involving filtration and discontinuous density gradient centrifugation was utilized for obtaining Giardia lamblia cysts from human feces. Highly concentrated preparations of cysts were examined by electron microscopy. The cyst of G. lamblia is surrounded by a moderately dense fibrous wall 0.3 mum thick. A thin layer of cytoplasm separates the cyst wall from electron lucid intracellular spaces located around the periphery of the cyst. Four nuclei are usually present. Basal bodies and axial filaments are located between the nuclei. Two sheets of microtubules are associated with the axial filaments. No mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, or Golgi apparatus is present. Parallel rows of microtubules with perpendicular ribbon-like structures are randomly distributed in the cytoplasm. Substructural units with a periodicity of 150 A are oriented perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis of the ribbons. The ribbon-like structures and associated microtubules represent disassembled portions of the sucking disc of the trophozoite form and apparently are reorganized into sucking disks upon division of the cyst organism.", "PMID": 842783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5302", "title": "Pulmonary capillariasis in a child in Iran.", "content": "A 9-year-old boy in Teheran, Iran developed severe asthmatic symptoms, productive cough, and moderate eosinophilia. Lung biopsy demonstrated a helminth in a granulomatous lesion with foreign-body type cellular reaction leading to a tentative diagnosis of visceral larva migrans. Diethylcarbamazine, thiabendazole, and steroids were given, rapidly relieving the symptoms. In a subsequent review of the biopsy the helminth was identified as a Capillaria, probably Capillaria (Thominx) aerophila, a nematode parasite of dogs, cats, and other carnivores, apparently the ninth such infection to be reported in man.", "contents": "Pulmonary capillariasis in a child in Iran. A 9-year-old boy in Teheran, Iran developed severe asthmatic symptoms, productive cough, and moderate eosinophilia. Lung biopsy demonstrated a helminth in a granulomatous lesion with foreign-body type cellular reaction leading to a tentative diagnosis of visceral larva migrans. Diethylcarbamazine, thiabendazole, and steroids were given, rapidly relieving the symptoms. In a subsequent review of the biopsy the helminth was identified as a Capillaria, probably Capillaria (Thominx) aerophila, a nematode parasite of dogs, cats, and other carnivores, apparently the ninth such infection to be reported in man.", "PMID": 842784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5303", "title": "Ocular angiostrongyliasis in Semarang, Central Java.", "content": "A worm removed intact from the anterior chamber of the left eye of a 23-year-old woman from Central Java was identified as a mle Angiostrongylus cantonensis, 11.1 mm in length and 0.24 mm in maximum width. A useful degree of eye function was preserved. Five similar cases have been reported--three from Thailand, two from South Vietnam.", "contents": "Ocular angiostrongyliasis in Semarang, Central Java. A worm removed intact from the anterior chamber of the left eye of a 23-year-old woman from Central Java was identified as a mle Angiostrongylus cantonensis, 11.1 mm in length and 0.24 mm in maximum width. A useful degree of eye function was preserved. Five similar cases have been reported--three from Thailand, two from South Vietnam.", "PMID": 842785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5304", "title": "Post-prandial transportation and maintenance of Simulium ochraceum infected with Onchocerca volvulus.", "content": "Simulium ochraceum females collected after feeding on subjects harboring Onchocerca volvulus were maintained and transported from Guatemala to California in small plastic tubes. Each tube had a perforated cap for entry of air, a wick as a reservoir for the nutrient solution (30% sucrose), a strip of filter paper for anchorage, and contained one fly. The tubes were kept in plastic boxes which, in turn, were maintained in portable coolers. Direct sunlight, heat and mechanical trauma easily killed the flies; moreover, loss of flies was also due to oversaturated wicks, high humidity in the plastic boxes, and loose tube caps. Approximately 70% of the captured flies could survive an 8-day period of captivity, and approximately 40% were still alive 11 days after capture.", "contents": "Post-prandial transportation and maintenance of Simulium ochraceum infected with Onchocerca volvulus. Simulium ochraceum females collected after feeding on subjects harboring Onchocerca volvulus were maintained and transported from Guatemala to California in small plastic tubes. Each tube had a perforated cap for entry of air, a wick as a reservoir for the nutrient solution (30% sucrose), a strip of filter paper for anchorage, and contained one fly. The tubes were kept in plastic boxes which, in turn, were maintained in portable coolers. Direct sunlight, heat and mechanical trauma easily killed the flies; moreover, loss of flies was also due to oversaturated wicks, high humidity in the plastic boxes, and loose tube caps. Approximately 70% of the captured flies could survive an 8-day period of captivity, and approximately 40% were still alive 11 days after capture.", "PMID": 842786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5305", "title": "Studies on schistosomal rectal and colonic polyposis.", "content": "Anatomic and digestion studies were done on rectal and colonic schistosomal polyps from 30 patients. Results indicate that schistosomal colonic polyposis is principally due to high, localized egg burdens of Schistosoma mansoni or S. haematobium resulting in damage to the muscularis mucosa of the colon. Furthermore, atypically focal oviposition by S. mansoni is probably more important in genesis of rectocolonic polyposis than is schistosomiasis haematobium.", "contents": "Studies on schistosomal rectal and colonic polyposis. Anatomic and digestion studies were done on rectal and colonic schistosomal polyps from 30 patients. Results indicate that schistosomal colonic polyposis is principally due to high, localized egg burdens of Schistosoma mansoni or S. haematobium resulting in damage to the muscularis mucosa of the colon. Furthermore, atypically focal oviposition by S. mansoni is probably more important in genesis of rectocolonic polyposis than is schistosomiasis haematobium.", "PMID": 842787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5306", "title": "Schistosomal polyposis of the urinary bladder.", "content": "Anatomic, clinical, and digestion analyses were done on 18 human urinary bladder polyps from patients with Schistosoma haematobium infections. Variations in histologic pattern conformed to stages in progression of the disease; most were from active cases with significant egg burdens. The data suggest that polypoid lesions of active schistosomiasis may persist as polyps in the inactive stage if antecedent active infection was heavy.", "contents": "Schistosomal polyposis of the urinary bladder. Anatomic, clinical, and digestion analyses were done on 18 human urinary bladder polyps from patients with Schistosoma haematobium infections. Variations in histologic pattern conformed to stages in progression of the disease; most were from active cases with significant egg burdens. The data suggest that polypoid lesions of active schistosomiasis may persist as polyps in the inactive stage if antecedent active infection was heavy.", "PMID": 842788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5307", "title": "Schistosomal ulceration of the urinary bladder.", "content": "Clinical, anatomic and digestion studies were done in 91 surgically treated cases of bladder ulceration in Egyptian patients with urinary schistosomiasis. Most patients were rural male farmers; their mean age was 29 years. Symptoms were similar to uncomplicated urinary schistosomiasis except for suprapubic or perineal pain. Two clinicopathologic entities were noted: 1) sloughing of polypoid patches in early active disease; and 2) chronic schistosomal ulceration of the bladder occurring at sites of very heavy Schistosoma haematobium egg burdens. The gross appearance, location, size and shape are described. The cost of treatment and duration of hospitalization are noted.", "contents": "Schistosomal ulceration of the urinary bladder. Clinical, anatomic and digestion studies were done in 91 surgically treated cases of bladder ulceration in Egyptian patients with urinary schistosomiasis. Most patients were rural male farmers; their mean age was 29 years. Symptoms were similar to uncomplicated urinary schistosomiasis except for suprapubic or perineal pain. Two clinicopathologic entities were noted: 1) sloughing of polypoid patches in early active disease; and 2) chronic schistosomal ulceration of the bladder occurring at sites of very heavy Schistosoma haematobium egg burdens. The gross appearance, location, size and shape are described. The cost of treatment and duration of hospitalization are noted.", "PMID": 842789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5308", "title": "Surgical pathology of schistosomal obstructive uropathy: a clinicopathologic correlation.", "content": "Schistosomal obstructive uropathy was studied by clinical, laboratory epidemiologic and pathologic analysis in 155 Egyptian patients treated surgically. Most patients were men; rural farmers or laborers. All had severe urinary schistosomiasis with heavy burdens of Schistosoma haematobium eggs in their urinary tracts. Schistosomal incomplete ureteral stenosis and schistosomal stenosis with ureterolithiasis were the most important obstructive lesions; these lesions were symmetrical and most frequent in the interstitial ureters decreasing proximally. The pathogenesis of these lesions is dependent upon focal destruction of ureteral muscle. The ureteral lesions proximal and consequent to schistosomal obstructive lesions are hydroureters resulting from active dilatation (due to increased hydrostatic pressure consequent to obstruction) and passive dilatation (due to loss of circular muscle action in sites of oviposition in the proximal ureter). Various combinations of these lesions with superimposed effects of bacterial infection and ureterolithiasis produce the spectrum of ureteral lesions attributable to urinary schistosomiasis.", "contents": "Surgical pathology of schistosomal obstructive uropathy: a clinicopathologic correlation. Schistosomal obstructive uropathy was studied by clinical, laboratory epidemiologic and pathologic analysis in 155 Egyptian patients treated surgically. Most patients were men; rural farmers or laborers. All had severe urinary schistosomiasis with heavy burdens of Schistosoma haematobium eggs in their urinary tracts. Schistosomal incomplete ureteral stenosis and schistosomal stenosis with ureterolithiasis were the most important obstructive lesions; these lesions were symmetrical and most frequent in the interstitial ureters decreasing proximally. The pathogenesis of these lesions is dependent upon focal destruction of ureteral muscle. The ureteral lesions proximal and consequent to schistosomal obstructive lesions are hydroureters resulting from active dilatation (due to increased hydrostatic pressure consequent to obstruction) and passive dilatation (due to loss of circular muscle action in sites of oviposition in the proximal ureter). Various combinations of these lesions with superimposed effects of bacterial infection and ureterolithiasis produce the spectrum of ureteral lesions attributable to urinary schistosomiasis.", "PMID": 842790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5309", "title": "[Multiple organic replacement in intensive care medicine seen from anaesthesiological view (author's transl)].", "content": "Additional effective methods have to be studied for in order to improve further the treatment of life threatening conditions which are accompanied by reversible breakdown of organic functions. The development and the recent state of different technical and biological replacement functions are presented and their advantages and disadvantages are described. Temporary multiple organic replacement (lung, kidney, liver) by way of peripheral vessels offers a therapeutic procedure capable of development. This procedure is based on the knowledge that in different endogenous and exogenous intoxications, and also after shock symptomatology generally, several vital functions are simultaneously disturbed or become acutely insufficient. This coincidental breakdown requires a simultaneous, effective, multilateral therapy. First partial successes by means of equipment for multiple organic replacement are critically analysed and conclusions for further improvement of its function are discussed.", "contents": "[Multiple organic replacement in intensive care medicine seen from anaesthesiological view (author's transl)]. Additional effective methods have to be studied for in order to improve further the treatment of life threatening conditions which are accompanied by reversible breakdown of organic functions. The development and the recent state of different technical and biological replacement functions are presented and their advantages and disadvantages are described. Temporary multiple organic replacement (lung, kidney, liver) by way of peripheral vessels offers a therapeutic procedure capable of development. This procedure is based on the knowledge that in different endogenous and exogenous intoxications, and also after shock symptomatology generally, several vital functions are simultaneously disturbed or become acutely insufficient. This coincidental breakdown requires a simultaneous, effective, multilateral therapy. First partial successes by means of equipment for multiple organic replacement are critically analysed and conclusions for further improvement of its function are discussed.", "PMID": 842810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5310", "title": "[Effect of a preoperative separation of platelets on the postoperative blood loss subsequent to extracorporeal circulation in open heart surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "After operations with extracorporeal circulation there is a risk of clotting disorders, due to traumatisation of blood. The extent of cell damage are shown, in particular, by qualitative and quantitative impairment of platelet function. The clinical application of modern blood processors offer the possibility of selecting platelets from patients blood in the immediate preoperative period. Open heart operations were preceded by separation of platelets in 17 patients using a Haemonetics blood processor. After a postoperative retransfusion of the platelets an evident improvement in platelet function and a significant decrease in the predisposition to bleeding was demonstrated in the further postoperative period. During and after extracorporeal circulation the extent of microembolisation was registered by screen filtration pressure. In the clinical experiments, regularly, there is a significant increase of screen filtration pressure in the immediate postoperative period. These reactions were not seen in patients in whom preoperative separation of platelets was carried out. The most important clinical advantage of preoperative plateletpheresis consists in a significant decrease of postoperative blood loss. In particular the development of postperfusion lung will be prevented.", "contents": "[Effect of a preoperative separation of platelets on the postoperative blood loss subsequent to extracorporeal circulation in open heart surgery (author's transl)]. After operations with extracorporeal circulation there is a risk of clotting disorders, due to traumatisation of blood. The extent of cell damage are shown, in particular, by qualitative and quantitative impairment of platelet function. The clinical application of modern blood processors offer the possibility of selecting platelets from patients blood in the immediate preoperative period. Open heart operations were preceded by separation of platelets in 17 patients using a Haemonetics blood processor. After a postoperative retransfusion of the platelets an evident improvement in platelet function and a significant decrease in the predisposition to bleeding was demonstrated in the further postoperative period. During and after extracorporeal circulation the extent of microembolisation was registered by screen filtration pressure. In the clinical experiments, regularly, there is a significant increase of screen filtration pressure in the immediate postoperative period. These reactions were not seen in patients in whom preoperative separation of platelets was carried out. The most important clinical advantage of preoperative plateletpheresis consists in a significant decrease of postoperative blood loss. In particular the development of postperfusion lung will be prevented.", "PMID": 842811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5311", "title": "[Ophthalmodynamic findings during cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation (author's transl)].", "content": "Neurological disturbances were seen in patients who underwent open heart surgery with prolonged extracorporeal circulation. These were found mainly in patients older than 50 years and when episodes of hypotension lower than 50 mm Hg occurred during cardiopulmonary perfusion. A method of recognizing cerebral hypoperfusion would be most helpful to prevent brain damage. According to the experimental and clinical findings of Hager the method of ophthalmodynamography allows some conclusion of analogy in relation to the reaction of the brain vessels. The intraoperative ophthalmodynamogram was recorded in 8 patients undergoing surgery using extracorporeal circulation. The ophthalmodynamograms seen during surgery on the beating heart showed changes associated with surgical manipulation. When the arterial pressure fell the orbital pulsation was decreased. The orbital pulsation stopped when the spontaneous heat beat was replaced by extracorporeal circulation. There was no change attributable to the perfusion pressure produced by the roller pump. Cessation of the orbital oscilogram during extracorporeal circulation does not indicate a cerebral hypoperfusion. No neurological lesion was seen in our patients. We were able to show that amplitude of the ophthalmodynamogram is influenced more by the blood pressure amplitued than the mean arterial pressure.", "contents": "[Ophthalmodynamic findings during cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation (author's transl)]. Neurological disturbances were seen in patients who underwent open heart surgery with prolonged extracorporeal circulation. These were found mainly in patients older than 50 years and when episodes of hypotension lower than 50 mm Hg occurred during cardiopulmonary perfusion. A method of recognizing cerebral hypoperfusion would be most helpful to prevent brain damage. According to the experimental and clinical findings of Hager the method of ophthalmodynamography allows some conclusion of analogy in relation to the reaction of the brain vessels. The intraoperative ophthalmodynamogram was recorded in 8 patients undergoing surgery using extracorporeal circulation. The ophthalmodynamograms seen during surgery on the beating heart showed changes associated with surgical manipulation. When the arterial pressure fell the orbital pulsation was decreased. The orbital pulsation stopped when the spontaneous heat beat was replaced by extracorporeal circulation. There was no change attributable to the perfusion pressure produced by the roller pump. Cessation of the orbital oscilogram during extracorporeal circulation does not indicate a cerebral hypoperfusion. No neurological lesion was seen in our patients. We were able to show that amplitude of the ophthalmodynamogram is influenced more by the blood pressure amplitued than the mean arterial pressure.", "PMID": 842812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5312", "title": "[Changes of the blood gases following the application of naloxon (author's transl)].", "content": "74 patients, undergoing gynaecological operations under neuroleptanesthesia were subdivided into 4 groups, each receiving Naloxone in different doses postoperatively. For a longer period of time tidal volume, respiratory rate, minute ventilation, blood gas volues and pain index were recorded. From the results one can conclude that 0.1-0.2 mg Naloxone i.v. seems to be the most effective dose to reverse opiate-induced respiratory depression. The initial i.v. dose should be followed by an i.m. dose of 0.2 mg, if required.", "contents": "[Changes of the blood gases following the application of naloxon (author's transl)]. 74 patients, undergoing gynaecological operations under neuroleptanesthesia were subdivided into 4 groups, each receiving Naloxone in different doses postoperatively. For a longer period of time tidal volume, respiratory rate, minute ventilation, blood gas volues and pain index were recorded. From the results one can conclude that 0.1-0.2 mg Naloxone i.v. seems to be the most effective dose to reverse opiate-induced respiratory depression. The initial i.v. dose should be followed by an i.m. dose of 0.2 mg, if required.", "PMID": 842813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5313", "title": "[Postoperative vomitting and gastroatonia following aorto-bifemoral bypass operations during halothane-combination anaesthesia and neuroleptanaesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "44 patients are analysed for the frequency of postoperative vomiting and the amount of gastroatonia following aorto-femoral bypass operations during neuroleptanaesthesia and halothane combination anasthesia. More than 60% of patients develop gastroatonia during both methods of anaesthesia. However it is less apparent on the first postoperative day after neuroleptanaesthesia and does not affect as many patients as after halothane combination anaesthesia. Postoperative vomiting is significantly more frequent after halothan combination anaesthesia than after neuroleptanaesthesia.", "contents": "[Postoperative vomitting and gastroatonia following aorto-bifemoral bypass operations during halothane-combination anaesthesia and neuroleptanaesthesia (author's transl)]. 44 patients are analysed for the frequency of postoperative vomiting and the amount of gastroatonia following aorto-femoral bypass operations during neuroleptanaesthesia and halothane combination anasthesia. More than 60% of patients develop gastroatonia during both methods of anaesthesia. However it is less apparent on the first postoperative day after neuroleptanaesthesia and does not affect as many patients as after halothane combination anaesthesia. Postoperative vomiting is significantly more frequent after halothan combination anaesthesia than after neuroleptanaesthesia.", "PMID": 842814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5314", "title": "An index of cardiac output derived from the cardiopneumogram.", "content": "The cardiopneumogram has been reinvestigated as an index of stroke volume and cardiac output in anaesthetized dogs. Using a water-filled oesophageal balloon to calibrate the system good correlations have been found between the values derived from dye dilution and the indices obtained from the cardiopneumogram.", "contents": "An index of cardiac output derived from the cardiopneumogram. The cardiopneumogram has been reinvestigated as an index of stroke volume and cardiac output in anaesthetized dogs. Using a water-filled oesophageal balloon to calibrate the system good correlations have been found between the values derived from dye dilution and the indices obtained from the cardiopneumogram.", "PMID": 842815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5315", "title": "Application of the new Australian standard for clinical lighting.", "content": "A new Australian Standard \"AS 1765-1975 Artificial Lighting for Clinical Observation\" has recently been published. This specifies the quality of light necessary to accurately assess a patient's colour. The physical principles and terminology used in modern lighting are discussed, and the experimental work on which the new Standard is based is outlined. The only readily available fluorescent tubes which conform to the Standard are the imported Philips \"TL40W/37\" and the more efficient locally made \"White Deluxe\" tubes.", "contents": "Application of the new Australian standard for clinical lighting. A new Australian Standard \"AS 1765-1975 Artificial Lighting for Clinical Observation\" has recently been published. This specifies the quality of light necessary to accurately assess a patient's colour. The physical principles and terminology used in modern lighting are discussed, and the experimental work on which the new Standard is based is outlined. The only readily available fluorescent tubes which conform to the Standard are the imported Philips \"TL40W/37\" and the more efficient locally made \"White Deluxe\" tubes.", "PMID": 842816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5316", "title": "An evaluation of preoperative methods of preventing postoperative pulmonary complications.", "content": "The effectiveness of three current regimes of preoperative respiratory care in reducing postoperative respiratory complications following herniorrhaphy was studied prospectively. No smoking for five days plus intensive physiotherapy, five days no smoking, and routine hospital admission two days preoperatively were the regimes. Clinical, bacteriological, chest X-ray, blood gas and respiratory function test data were the criteria for assessment. The same surgical and anaesthetic team performed each operation. No statistical difference between the groups for pulmonary complications was noted. A significant correlation was found between the preoperative vital capacity and arterial pO2; also between the preoperative forced expiratory volume in one second-vital capacity ratio with the postoperative arterial pO2.", "contents": "An evaluation of preoperative methods of preventing postoperative pulmonary complications. The effectiveness of three current regimes of preoperative respiratory care in reducing postoperative respiratory complications following herniorrhaphy was studied prospectively. No smoking for five days plus intensive physiotherapy, five days no smoking, and routine hospital admission two days preoperatively were the regimes. Clinical, bacteriological, chest X-ray, blood gas and respiratory function test data were the criteria for assessment. The same surgical and anaesthetic team performed each operation. No statistical difference between the groups for pulmonary complications was noted. A significant correlation was found between the preoperative vital capacity and arterial pO2; also between the preoperative forced expiratory volume in one second-vital capacity ratio with the postoperative arterial pO2.", "PMID": 842817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5317", "title": "Case report: anaesthesia in myotonic dystrophy.", "content": "Pancuronium and a continuous infusion of althesin was used to produce muscular relaxation in a patient with myotonic dystrophy. Excellent muscle relaxation with absence of percussion or surgically induced myotonia was obtained but the EMG was not modified; an intracellular site of action of althesin is postulated. Cardiovascular stability was remarkable peroperatively; post-operatively an increased myocardial susceptibility to hypokalaemia was noticed.", "contents": "Case report: anaesthesia in myotonic dystrophy. Pancuronium and a continuous infusion of althesin was used to produce muscular relaxation in a patient with myotonic dystrophy. Excellent muscle relaxation with absence of percussion or surgically induced myotonia was obtained but the EMG was not modified; an intracellular site of action of althesin is postulated. Cardiovascular stability was remarkable peroperatively; post-operatively an increased myocardial susceptibility to hypokalaemia was noticed.", "PMID": 842820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5318", "title": "Adsorption characteristics of volatile anesthetics on activated carbons and performance of carbon canisters.", "content": "The adsorption characteristics, such as the adsorption capacity, the nature of the mass transfer zone, and heats of adsorption, are important for evaluating the performances of carbon canisters for removal of waste anesthetic vapors. The adsorption capacities and the natures of the mass transfer zones were measured for halothane, methoxyflurane, enflurane, isoflurane, and trichloroethylene on Witcarb 965 activated carbon. In addition, adsorption capacities and heats of adsorption for nitrous oxide, cyclopropane and oxygen were measured on the same carbon. The data indicate that high adsorption capacities of dilute anesthetic vapors on this activated carbon permit the use of carbon canisters for removal of these volatile anesthetics from mixtures with oxygen or nitrous oxide. In contrast, high concentrations of anesthetics such as nitrous oxide and cyclopropane cannot be removed economically by disposable canisters. A simplified procedure using the \"characteristic curve\" concept and \"LUB/equilibrium section theory\" for approximate prediction of the adsorption capacities and evaluation of the performance of a canister is outlined.", "contents": "Adsorption characteristics of volatile anesthetics on activated carbons and performance of carbon canisters. The adsorption characteristics, such as the adsorption capacity, the nature of the mass transfer zone, and heats of adsorption, are important for evaluating the performances of carbon canisters for removal of waste anesthetic vapors. The adsorption capacities and the natures of the mass transfer zones were measured for halothane, methoxyflurane, enflurane, isoflurane, and trichloroethylene on Witcarb 965 activated carbon. In addition, adsorption capacities and heats of adsorption for nitrous oxide, cyclopropane and oxygen were measured on the same carbon. The data indicate that high adsorption capacities of dilute anesthetic vapors on this activated carbon permit the use of carbon canisters for removal of these volatile anesthetics from mixtures with oxygen or nitrous oxide. In contrast, high concentrations of anesthetics such as nitrous oxide and cyclopropane cannot be removed economically by disposable canisters. A simplified procedure using the \"characteristic curve\" concept and \"LUB/equilibrium section theory\" for approximate prediction of the adsorption capacities and evaluation of the performance of a canister is outlined.", "PMID": 842870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5319", "title": "Urinary excretion of morphine during and after valvular and coronary-artery surgery.", "content": "The urines of 34 patients anesthetized with morphine for mitral-valve or aortic-valve replacement operations or for coronary-artery disease revascularization procedures were analyzed for morphine and morphine-3-glucuronide before, during and for two hours after operation. Patients who had coronary-artery disease had higher urinary flow rates and excreted greater proportions of the administered morphine during induction of anesthesia, throughout operation, and for two hours postoperatively than patients with valvular heart disease. Correlation of total urinary output with total free morphine excreted after two hours in the recovery room was high, r = .84. Urinary morphine in the glucuronide form increased progressively from the time of induction of anesthesia to the postoperative period and was greater than 91 per cent for all patients after two hours in the recovery room. Patients who had coronary-artery disease required mechanical postoperative ventilation for significantly shorter periods than did those with valvular heart disease. The duration of postoperative ventilation was negatively correlated with total urinary output and total free morphine excreted in the urine from induction of anesthesia until two hours postoperatively (r = .80 and r = .77, respectively). The data demonstrate that urinary excretion of free morphine and morphine-3-glucuronide during and early after operation is greater in patients who have coronary-artery disease than in those with valvular heart disease. The findings also suggest that duration of mechanical ventilation after morphine anesthesia and operation is inversely related to urinary output and excretion of free morphine. (Key words: Analgesics, narcotic, morphine; Biotransformation (drug), morphine.)", "contents": "Urinary excretion of morphine during and after valvular and coronary-artery surgery. The urines of 34 patients anesthetized with morphine for mitral-valve or aortic-valve replacement operations or for coronary-artery disease revascularization procedures were analyzed for morphine and morphine-3-glucuronide before, during and for two hours after operation. Patients who had coronary-artery disease had higher urinary flow rates and excreted greater proportions of the administered morphine during induction of anesthesia, throughout operation, and for two hours postoperatively than patients with valvular heart disease. Correlation of total urinary output with total free morphine excreted after two hours in the recovery room was high, r = .84. Urinary morphine in the glucuronide form increased progressively from the time of induction of anesthesia to the postoperative period and was greater than 91 per cent for all patients after two hours in the recovery room. Patients who had coronary-artery disease required mechanical postoperative ventilation for significantly shorter periods than did those with valvular heart disease. The duration of postoperative ventilation was negatively correlated with total urinary output and total free morphine excreted in the urine from induction of anesthesia until two hours postoperatively (r = .80 and r = .77, respectively). The data demonstrate that urinary excretion of free morphine and morphine-3-glucuronide during and early after operation is greater in patients who have coronary-artery disease than in those with valvular heart disease. The findings also suggest that duration of mechanical ventilation after morphine anesthesia and operation is inversely related to urinary output and excretion of free morphine. (Key words: Analgesics, narcotic, morphine; Biotransformation (drug), morphine.)", "PMID": 842871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5320", "title": "Canine systemic and cerebral effects of hypotension induced by hemorrhage, trimethaphan, halothane, or nitroprusside.", "content": "In 62 dogs, hypotension to a mean arterial pressure of either 40 or 50 torr (equivalent to a cerebral perfusion pressure of 30 or 40 torr, respectively) for one hour was induced by hemorrhage (oligemia), trimethaphan, halothane, or sodium nitroprusside. Before and during the period of hypotension, the following were measured: mean arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, whole-body O2 consumption, cerebral blood flow, cerebral O2 consumption, arterial blood gases, blood O2 content, and lactate, pyruvate, glucose, epinephrine, and norepinephrine concentrations. At the end of the period of hypotension, brain biopsies were taken for determination of adenosine triphosphate, phosphocreatine, lactate, and pyruvate concentrations. In an additional eight dogs following one hour of hypotension (at 40 torr) induced by one of the four techniques, the brains were perfused with carbon black, removed, and examined. In another ten dogs following hypotension (at 40 torr) induced with either halothane or trimethaphan, the animals were observed for three days and then killed for examination of the brain. Dogs maintained at a mean arterial pressure of 40 torr, despite differences in cerebral blood flow, demonstrated metabolic disturbances compatible with systemic and cerebral hypoxia. These were greatest in those dogs given nitroprusside in excess of 1.0 mg/kg, presumably due to cyanide toxicity. In dogs maintained at 50 torr, metabolic disturbances were minimal or absent in the halothane- and nitroprusside-treated dogs but were still apparent in the oligemic and trimethaphan-treated dogs. Carbon black infusions revealed no evidence of non-homogeneous flow. Three of the ten dogs observed for three days had persistent post-hypotension neurologic dysfunction. Two of these were given trimethaphan. The results suggest that the systemic and cerebral effects of halothane and nitroprusside (at doses less than 1.0 mg/kg) are similar and at a mean arterial pressure of 50 torr are of little consequence. By contrast, hypotension induced by trimethaphan or oligemia results in detectable metabolic alterations even at a pressure of 50 torr.", "contents": "Canine systemic and cerebral effects of hypotension induced by hemorrhage, trimethaphan, halothane, or nitroprusside. In 62 dogs, hypotension to a mean arterial pressure of either 40 or 50 torr (equivalent to a cerebral perfusion pressure of 30 or 40 torr, respectively) for one hour was induced by hemorrhage (oligemia), trimethaphan, halothane, or sodium nitroprusside. Before and during the period of hypotension, the following were measured: mean arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, whole-body O2 consumption, cerebral blood flow, cerebral O2 consumption, arterial blood gases, blood O2 content, and lactate, pyruvate, glucose, epinephrine, and norepinephrine concentrations. At the end of the period of hypotension, brain biopsies were taken for determination of adenosine triphosphate, phosphocreatine, lactate, and pyruvate concentrations. In an additional eight dogs following one hour of hypotension (at 40 torr) induced by one of the four techniques, the brains were perfused with carbon black, removed, and examined. In another ten dogs following hypotension (at 40 torr) induced with either halothane or trimethaphan, the animals were observed for three days and then killed for examination of the brain. Dogs maintained at a mean arterial pressure of 40 torr, despite differences in cerebral blood flow, demonstrated metabolic disturbances compatible with systemic and cerebral hypoxia. These were greatest in those dogs given nitroprusside in excess of 1.0 mg/kg, presumably due to cyanide toxicity. In dogs maintained at 50 torr, metabolic disturbances were minimal or absent in the halothane- and nitroprusside-treated dogs but were still apparent in the oligemic and trimethaphan-treated dogs. Carbon black infusions revealed no evidence of non-homogeneous flow. Three of the ten dogs observed for three days had persistent post-hypotension neurologic dysfunction. Two of these were given trimethaphan. The results suggest that the systemic and cerebral effects of halothane and nitroprusside (at doses less than 1.0 mg/kg) are similar and at a mean arterial pressure of 50 torr are of little consequence. By contrast, hypotension induced by trimethaphan or oligemia results in detectable metabolic alterations even at a pressure of 50 torr.", "PMID": 842872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5321", "title": "Cyanide release from sodium nitroprusside in the dog.", "content": "Thirty-nine dogs (including eight from a previous study) were given during a one-hour infusion either low (less than 1.0 mg/kg) or high doses (greater than 1.0 mg/kg) of sodium nitroprusside in the presence or absence of circulating methemoglobin. In animals given low doses, the metabolic effects were relatively mild and consistent with those accounted for by a reduction in arterial pressure to 40 torr. In animals given high doses (with the same arterial pressure), metabolic alterations were significantly magnified and oxygen extraction was decreased. Animals pretreated with methemoglobin and given high doses of nitroprusside (again at the same arterial pressure) showed no toxic effect of nitroprusside. In separate studies, blood and tissue levels of cyanide were measured in dogs given high doses of nitroprusside (2.5-3.5 mg/kg) in the presence or absence of methemoglobin. In dogs given methemoglobin, 60 per cent of the administered cyanide (as nitroprusside) was recovered in the blood (as cyanmethemoglobin) after a one-hour infusion. Thereafter, blood cyanide levels declined over three hours to 25 per cent of peak levels, presumably by conversion to thiocyanate, since tissue levels of cyanide were negligible. In dogs not given methemoglobin, blood cyanide levels qualitatively followed a similar pattern but quantitatively were a fourth to a third those of pretreated dogs, and tissue levels of cyanide became elevated. It is concluded that in the dog nitroprusside, acutely administered, causes cyanide toxicity at doses exceeding 1.0-1.5 mg/kg, that the release of cyanide from nitroprusside in blood is rapid and in large quantities, that detoxification (presumably by conversion of cyanide to thiocyanate) is likewise fairly rapid but insufficient to prevent toxicity, and that protection is provided by methemoglobin.", "contents": "Cyanide release from sodium nitroprusside in the dog. Thirty-nine dogs (including eight from a previous study) were given during a one-hour infusion either low (less than 1.0 mg/kg) or high doses (greater than 1.0 mg/kg) of sodium nitroprusside in the presence or absence of circulating methemoglobin. In animals given low doses, the metabolic effects were relatively mild and consistent with those accounted for by a reduction in arterial pressure to 40 torr. In animals given high doses (with the same arterial pressure), metabolic alterations were significantly magnified and oxygen extraction was decreased. Animals pretreated with methemoglobin and given high doses of nitroprusside (again at the same arterial pressure) showed no toxic effect of nitroprusside. In separate studies, blood and tissue levels of cyanide were measured in dogs given high doses of nitroprusside (2.5-3.5 mg/kg) in the presence or absence of methemoglobin. In dogs given methemoglobin, 60 per cent of the administered cyanide (as nitroprusside) was recovered in the blood (as cyanmethemoglobin) after a one-hour infusion. Thereafter, blood cyanide levels declined over three hours to 25 per cent of peak levels, presumably by conversion to thiocyanate, since tissue levels of cyanide were negligible. In dogs not given methemoglobin, blood cyanide levels qualitatively followed a similar pattern but quantitatively were a fourth to a third those of pretreated dogs, and tissue levels of cyanide became elevated. It is concluded that in the dog nitroprusside, acutely administered, causes cyanide toxicity at doses exceeding 1.0-1.5 mg/kg, that the release of cyanide from nitroprusside in blood is rapid and in large quantities, that detoxification (presumably by conversion of cyanide to thiocyanate) is likewise fairly rapid but insufficient to prevent toxicity, and that protection is provided by methemoglobin.", "PMID": 842873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5322", "title": "Platelet function.", "content": "Basic knowledge regarding platelet physiology has been reviewed and related to clinical situations where platelet function is critically important. Platelet function tests such as aggregation and survival studies, which are research tools now, may soon be available to aid in the diagnosis and management of clinical bleeding problems. A growing understanding of drug-platelet interactions is allowing manipulation of platelets and the clotting system to improve the proganoses for patients who have thromboembolic diseases. Advances in platelet storage and transfusion techniques can save patients who previously might have bled to death. Proper application of the new developments in cardiopulmonary bypass and hemodilution, with attention to platelet and coagulation factor preservation, will contribute to securing hemostasis and conserving blood products.", "contents": "Platelet function. Basic knowledge regarding platelet physiology has been reviewed and related to clinical situations where platelet function is critically important. Platelet function tests such as aggregation and survival studies, which are research tools now, may soon be available to aid in the diagnosis and management of clinical bleeding problems. A growing understanding of drug-platelet interactions is allowing manipulation of platelets and the clotting system to improve the proganoses for patients who have thromboembolic diseases. Advances in platelet storage and transfusion techniques can save patients who previously might have bled to death. Proper application of the new developments in cardiopulmonary bypass and hemodilution, with attention to platelet and coagulation factor preservation, will contribute to securing hemostasis and conserving blood products.", "PMID": 842874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5323", "title": "Coronary vascular resistance during halothane anesthesia.", "content": "To study the effect of halothane on the coronary circulation, the circumflex diastolic coronary vascular resistance was measured in the working heart and total mean coronary resistance (TCR) in the isolated nonworking heart of the dog during administration of 100 per cent oxygen and during administration of 2--3 per cent halothane in oxygen. In the working heart, when the diastolic aortic pressure was kept at a nearly control level, halothane induced decreases of 12 per cent in circumflex diastolic coronary vascular resistance and 18 per cent in left ventricular arteriovenous oxygen content difference and no significant change in diastolic coronary blood flow. This effect occurred in spite of the absence of any significant change of myocardial oxygen consumption. In the nonworking beating, arrested or fibrillating heart, halothane induced a decrease of 24 per cent in total mean coronary resistance. Since the decrease in circumflex diastolic coronary vascular resistance in the working heart connot be attributed to myocardial hypoxia and since the results in the isolated nonworking heart eliminate the influences of mechanical and neurohumoral factors on coronary resistance, it is concluded that the observed decrease in resistance is probably due to vasodilation produced by a direct action of halothane on the coronary vessels. This effect was not modified by beta-adrenergic blockade.", "contents": "Coronary vascular resistance during halothane anesthesia. To study the effect of halothane on the coronary circulation, the circumflex diastolic coronary vascular resistance was measured in the working heart and total mean coronary resistance (TCR) in the isolated nonworking heart of the dog during administration of 100 per cent oxygen and during administration of 2--3 per cent halothane in oxygen. In the working heart, when the diastolic aortic pressure was kept at a nearly control level, halothane induced decreases of 12 per cent in circumflex diastolic coronary vascular resistance and 18 per cent in left ventricular arteriovenous oxygen content difference and no significant change in diastolic coronary blood flow. This effect occurred in spite of the absence of any significant change of myocardial oxygen consumption. In the nonworking beating, arrested or fibrillating heart, halothane induced a decrease of 24 per cent in total mean coronary resistance. Since the decrease in circumflex diastolic coronary vascular resistance in the working heart connot be attributed to myocardial hypoxia and since the results in the isolated nonworking heart eliminate the influences of mechanical and neurohumoral factors on coronary resistance, it is concluded that the observed decrease in resistance is probably due to vasodilation produced by a direct action of halothane on the coronary vessels. This effect was not modified by beta-adrenergic blockade.", "PMID": 842880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5324", "title": "Pulmonary hemodynamics during induction of anesthesia.", "content": "Changes in pulmonary hemodynamics and acid-base balance were recorded during induction of anesthesia using either intravenous administration of barbiturate (28 patients) or inhalation of N2O-O2-halothane (12 patients). The two types of induction resulted in equal elevations of pressures within the pulmonary circulation. The increase, proportional on the two sides of the heart, was most pronounced immediately before endotracheal intubation. Cardiac index decreased before and during intubation but subsequently increased to levels above control values. Systemic blood pressure increased more during barbiturate than during inhalation induction. Changes in acid-base balance were similar during the two types of induction: arterial blood PCO2 and PO2 increased, pH decreased, and standard bicarbonate remained unchanged. Changes in pulmonary arterial mean pressure and central venous pressure were correlated with changes in PACO2. Pulmonary capillary filtration pressure (i.e., pulmonary capillary wedge pressure minus plasma colloid osmotic pressure) was negative in every patient before anesthesia. During induction of anesthesia, filtration presures became positive in half the patients. Observed changes in circulation may have been caused by hypercapnia alone or by a combination of hypercapnia and vescular reflexes associated with instrumentation during intubation. The increased strain on the heart during induction of anesthesia may lead to cardiac failure in patients with diminished cardiac reserve.", "contents": "Pulmonary hemodynamics during induction of anesthesia. Changes in pulmonary hemodynamics and acid-base balance were recorded during induction of anesthesia using either intravenous administration of barbiturate (28 patients) or inhalation of N2O-O2-halothane (12 patients). The two types of induction resulted in equal elevations of pressures within the pulmonary circulation. The increase, proportional on the two sides of the heart, was most pronounced immediately before endotracheal intubation. Cardiac index decreased before and during intubation but subsequently increased to levels above control values. Systemic blood pressure increased more during barbiturate than during inhalation induction. Changes in acid-base balance were similar during the two types of induction: arterial blood PCO2 and PO2 increased, pH decreased, and standard bicarbonate remained unchanged. Changes in pulmonary arterial mean pressure and central venous pressure were correlated with changes in PACO2. Pulmonary capillary filtration pressure (i.e., pulmonary capillary wedge pressure minus plasma colloid osmotic pressure) was negative in every patient before anesthesia. During induction of anesthesia, filtration presures became positive in half the patients. Observed changes in circulation may have been caused by hypercapnia alone or by a combination of hypercapnia and vescular reflexes associated with instrumentation during intubation. The increased strain on the heart during induction of anesthesia may lead to cardiac failure in patients with diminished cardiac reserve.", "PMID": 842881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5325", "title": "Renal tubular site of action of fluoride in Fischer 344 rats.", "content": "Methoxyflurane is capable of producing high-output renal failure in some patients and animal models, probably through metabolic liberation of free fluoride. The tubular site of action of fluoride was examined in Fischer 344 rats using clearance techniques. Free water reabsorption (TCH2O) and free water excretion (CH2O) were measured during mannitol or water diuresis in control rats and in rats given methoxyflurane or pretreated with sodium fluoride. Pretreatment produced statistically significant increases in urinary flow (from 10.5 +/- 1.4 to 20.1 +/- 1.9 mul/min/100 g b. wt.), in glomerular filtration rate (from 814 +/- 31 to 1,039 +/- 53 mul/min/100 g b. wt.), in per cent sodium excretion (from 0.107 +/- 0.008 to 0.155 +/- 0.015 per cent), and in per cent water excretion (from 1.27 +/- 0.15 to 2.00 +/- 0.20 per cent). Free water excretion remained relatively unaltered in rats pretreated with fluoride, perhaps due to elevated glomerular filtration rate and/or reduced proximal tubular reabsorption combined with inhibition of reabsorption in the ascending loop. Percentage free water reabsorption, on the other hand, was markedly reduced by the pretreatment, from 2.66 +/- 0.21 to 0.66 +/- 0.09 per cent. The observations are consistent with the hypothesis that fluoride inhibits tubular reabsorption primarily in the medullary portion of the ascending limb of Henle's loop, perhaps by inhibition of an active chloride pump located in this nephron segment.", "contents": "Renal tubular site of action of fluoride in Fischer 344 rats. Methoxyflurane is capable of producing high-output renal failure in some patients and animal models, probably through metabolic liberation of free fluoride. The tubular site of action of fluoride was examined in Fischer 344 rats using clearance techniques. Free water reabsorption (TCH2O) and free water excretion (CH2O) were measured during mannitol or water diuresis in control rats and in rats given methoxyflurane or pretreated with sodium fluoride. Pretreatment produced statistically significant increases in urinary flow (from 10.5 +/- 1.4 to 20.1 +/- 1.9 mul/min/100 g b. wt.), in glomerular filtration rate (from 814 +/- 31 to 1,039 +/- 53 mul/min/100 g b. wt.), in per cent sodium excretion (from 0.107 +/- 0.008 to 0.155 +/- 0.015 per cent), and in per cent water excretion (from 1.27 +/- 0.15 to 2.00 +/- 0.20 per cent). Free water excretion remained relatively unaltered in rats pretreated with fluoride, perhaps due to elevated glomerular filtration rate and/or reduced proximal tubular reabsorption combined with inhibition of reabsorption in the ascending loop. Percentage free water reabsorption, on the other hand, was markedly reduced by the pretreatment, from 2.66 +/- 0.21 to 0.66 +/- 0.09 per cent. The observations are consistent with the hypothesis that fluoride inhibits tubular reabsorption primarily in the medullary portion of the ascending limb of Henle's loop, perhaps by inhibition of an active chloride pump located in this nephron segment.", "PMID": 842882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5326", "title": "Inorganic fluoride nephrotoxicity: prolonged enflurane and halothane anesthesia in volunteers.", "content": "The effects of prolonged enflurane and halothane administration on urine-concentrating ability were determined in volunteers by examining their responses to vasopressin before anesthesia and on days 1 and 5 after anesthesia. A significant decrease in maximum urinary osmolality of 264 +/- 34 mOsm/kg (26 per cent of the preanesthetic value) was present on day 1 after enflurane anesthesia, whereas subjects anesthetized with halothane had a significant increase in maximum urinary osmolality of 120 +/- 44 mOsm/kg. Serum inorganic fluoride level peaked at 33.6 muM and remained above 20 muM for approximately 18 hours. Thus, the threshold level for inorganic fluoride nephrotoxicity is lower than previously suspected.", "contents": "Inorganic fluoride nephrotoxicity: prolonged enflurane and halothane anesthesia in volunteers. The effects of prolonged enflurane and halothane administration on urine-concentrating ability were determined in volunteers by examining their responses to vasopressin before anesthesia and on days 1 and 5 after anesthesia. A significant decrease in maximum urinary osmolality of 264 +/- 34 mOsm/kg (26 per cent of the preanesthetic value) was present on day 1 after enflurane anesthesia, whereas subjects anesthetized with halothane had a significant increase in maximum urinary osmolality of 120 +/- 44 mOsm/kg. Serum inorganic fluoride level peaked at 33.6 muM and remained above 20 muM for approximately 18 hours. Thus, the threshold level for inorganic fluoride nephrotoxicity is lower than previously suspected.", "PMID": 842883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5327", "title": "Contamination of medical gas and water pipelines in a new hospital building.", "content": "Medical gases and water were sampled and tested for purity prior to the opening of a 176-bed addition to a 450-bed general hospital. Contamination was found. In delivered oxygen, compressed air, and nitrous oxide, this consisted of a volatile hydrocarbon at an initial concentration of 10 parts per million and a dust of fine gray particulate matter. In water from new taps bacterial contamination with as many 400,000 organisms per 100 ml was present. All these contaminants were considered potential hazards to patient safety. Studies were done to help delineate the nature and origin of these contaminants. Each contaminant was eventually largely eliminated by purging the respective pipeline systems with continuous flows. Planners, builders, and responsible medical personnel must be aware of the potential for such hazards in a new hospital building.", "contents": "Contamination of medical gas and water pipelines in a new hospital building. Medical gases and water were sampled and tested for purity prior to the opening of a 176-bed addition to a 450-bed general hospital. Contamination was found. In delivered oxygen, compressed air, and nitrous oxide, this consisted of a volatile hydrocarbon at an initial concentration of 10 parts per million and a dust of fine gray particulate matter. In water from new taps bacterial contamination with as many 400,000 organisms per 100 ml was present. All these contaminants were considered potential hazards to patient safety. Studies were done to help delineate the nature and origin of these contaminants. Each contaminant was eventually largely eliminated by purging the respective pipeline systems with continuous flows. Planners, builders, and responsible medical personnel must be aware of the potential for such hazards in a new hospital building.", "PMID": 842884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5328", "title": "Hereditary complement defect and kinins involvement in asthma.", "content": "Relationship between an inherited qualitative defect of the complement system and intrinsic asthma, and the direct participation of the kinin system in producing asthma, are reported. Qualitative complement impairment that produced hereditary angioedema in the son of an asthmatic father indicated that the kinin system was the vasoactive mediator in both cases.", "contents": "Hereditary complement defect and kinins involvement in asthma. Relationship between an inherited qualitative defect of the complement system and intrinsic asthma, and the direct participation of the kinin system in producing asthma, are reported. Qualitative complement impairment that produced hereditary angioedema in the son of an asthmatic father indicated that the kinin system was the vasoactive mediator in both cases.", "PMID": 842900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5329", "title": "Unreliability of maximum mid-expiratory flow rate as sole index of bronchodilator response in chronic asthma.", "content": "Analysis of individual patterns of response to bronchodilation in asthmatics, rather than group averages, emphasizes the varying types of \"asthma\" as well as the need to examine all parameters of lung function when evaluating any new therapeutic agent. The often praised maximum mid-expiratory flow rate may be very misleading as a parameter of drug response.", "contents": "Unreliability of maximum mid-expiratory flow rate as sole index of bronchodilator response in chronic asthma. Analysis of individual patterns of response to bronchodilation in asthmatics, rather than group averages, emphasizes the varying types of \"asthma\" as well as the need to examine all parameters of lung function when evaluating any new therapeutic agent. The often praised maximum mid-expiratory flow rate may be very misleading as a parameter of drug response.", "PMID": 842901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5330", "title": "A vascular test to detect iodide hypersensitivity (intolerance).", "content": "Reliance upon conventional skin testing to detect hypersensitivity to iodides has proved unreliable. Present intravenous challenge methods often are inadequate and add an additional risk factor. This report describes an in vivo testing procedure that is safer because, other than for experimental corroboration of this method by direct iodide challenges, the use of non-iodide containing challenge material can be substituted to accurately detect possible iodide intolerance. Thus this procedure uses a parameter of measurement that does not require the eliciting of clinical symptoms by direct iodide challenge.", "contents": "A vascular test to detect iodide hypersensitivity (intolerance). Reliance upon conventional skin testing to detect hypersensitivity to iodides has proved unreliable. Present intravenous challenge methods often are inadequate and add an additional risk factor. This report describes an in vivo testing procedure that is safer because, other than for experimental corroboration of this method by direct iodide challenges, the use of non-iodide containing challenge material can be substituted to accurately detect possible iodide intolerance. Thus this procedure uses a parameter of measurement that does not require the eliciting of clinical symptoms by direct iodide challenge.", "PMID": 842904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5331", "title": "Value of delayed hypersensitivity index in patients with malignancy.", "content": "A delayed hypersensitivity index can be obtained by standardized in vivo testing with available antigens. Recall antigens and DNCB to measure the afferent limb can be used to assess this important body function. The index is a valid indicator of cellular immunity, which is important as a dynamic indicator in many medical conditions and in treating patients with malignancy.", "contents": "Value of delayed hypersensitivity index in patients with malignancy. A delayed hypersensitivity index can be obtained by standardized in vivo testing with available antigens. Recall antigens and DNCB to measure the afferent limb can be used to assess this important body function. The index is a valid indicator of cellular immunity, which is important as a dynamic indicator in many medical conditions and in treating patients with malignancy.", "PMID": 842905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5332", "title": "Hypersensitivity to tartrazine (FD&C Yellow No. 5) and other dyes and additives present in foods and pharmaceutical products.", "content": "Tartrazine (FD&C Yellow No. 5) and other allowed certified color additives may have an exacerbating effect in chronic urticaria and asthma sufferers. In the individual patient the only way to determine their relevance is to administer test doses. By altering doses, timing and substances and by interspacing controls a battery of tests has been developed. Methods of testing for sensitization to food additives and analgesics are described.", "contents": "Hypersensitivity to tartrazine (FD&C Yellow No. 5) and other dyes and additives present in foods and pharmaceutical products. Tartrazine (FD&C Yellow No. 5) and other allowed certified color additives may have an exacerbating effect in chronic urticaria and asthma sufferers. In the individual patient the only way to determine their relevance is to administer test doses. By altering doses, timing and substances and by interspacing controls a battery of tests has been developed. Methods of testing for sensitization to food additives and analgesics are described.", "PMID": 842907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5333", "title": "Hageman complement and factor.", "content": "Complement components are activated by immunologic and non-immunologic mechanisms through various plasma protein systems such as immunoglobulins, properdin, plasmin, thrombin and Hageman factor. The activation of Hageman factor, followed by complement cleavage leading to liberation of various chemical mediators, can be initiated by exposure of negatively charged tissue components due to trauma and infection.", "contents": "Hageman complement and factor. Complement components are activated by immunologic and non-immunologic mechanisms through various plasma protein systems such as immunoglobulins, properdin, plasmin, thrombin and Hageman factor. The activation of Hageman factor, followed by complement cleavage leading to liberation of various chemical mediators, can be initiated by exposure of negatively charged tissue components due to trauma and infection.", "PMID": 842908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5334", "title": "A search for species-specific antigens in the genus Penicillium.", "content": "The immunological relationship between five different species of Penicillium was examined. Organisms included in the study were P. citrinum, P. chrysogenum, P. italicum, P. notatum and P. roqueforti. These species were selected because of their frequency in nature and their ability to grow on a wide variety of substrates. Antigen extracts were prepared by culturing each organism in synthetic media. Rabbit antisera tested against the various antigen extracts by immunodiffusion indicated a cross-reactivity between P. notatum and P. chrysogenum. No cross-reactivity between other species of Penicillium was detected.", "contents": "A search for species-specific antigens in the genus Penicillium. The immunological relationship between five different species of Penicillium was examined. Organisms included in the study were P. citrinum, P. chrysogenum, P. italicum, P. notatum and P. roqueforti. These species were selected because of their frequency in nature and their ability to grow on a wide variety of substrates. Antigen extracts were prepared by culturing each organism in synthetic media. Rabbit antisera tested against the various antigen extracts by immunodiffusion indicated a cross-reactivity between P. notatum and P. chrysogenum. No cross-reactivity between other species of Penicillium was detected.", "PMID": 842909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5335", "title": "RNA and protein components of maize streak and cassava latent viruses.", "content": "Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that maize streak (MSV) and cassava latent (CLV) viruses each contain one species of protein and two of RNA. The estimated protein mol. wt is 28000 for MSV and 34000 for CLV. The mol. wts obtained for the two RNA species using formamide-containing gels were the same for the two viruses: 1-7 X 10(6) and 1-3 X 10(6). It is suggested that the viruses have a two-part genome and that the tendency of their nucleoprotein particles to form pairs favours the delivery of complete genomes to sites of infection.", "contents": "RNA and protein components of maize streak and cassava latent viruses. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that maize streak (MSV) and cassava latent (CLV) viruses each contain one species of protein and two of RNA. The estimated protein mol. wt is 28000 for MSV and 34000 for CLV. The mol. wts obtained for the two RNA species using formamide-containing gels were the same for the two viruses: 1-7 X 10(6) and 1-3 X 10(6). It is suggested that the viruses have a two-part genome and that the tendency of their nucleoprotein particles to form pairs favours the delivery of complete genomes to sites of infection.", "PMID": 842912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5336", "title": "Autoanalysis of 14C-labelled amino acids: a simple flow cell technique.", "content": "A description is given of a simple flow cell and modifications to an amino acid autoanalyser. These allow continuous monitoring of the 14C in effluent from chromatographic columns using a standard liquid scintillation counter.", "contents": "Autoanalysis of 14C-labelled amino acids: a simple flow cell technique. A description is given of a simple flow cell and modifications to an amino acid autoanalyser. These allow continuous monitoring of the 14C in effluent from chromatographic columns using a standard liquid scintillation counter.", "PMID": 842913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5337", "title": "Cell-mediated immune response to virulent and attenuated Anaplasma marginale administered to cattle in live and inactivated forms.", "content": "The leukocyte migration-inhibition test (LMIT) and lymphocyte transformation of blood leukocytes from cattle exposed to virulent, attenuated, and inactivated preparations of Anaplasma marginale served as indices of cell-mediated immunity in bovine anaplasmosis. The LMIT response increased markedly in cattle vaccinated with attenuated A marginale or injected with virulent A marginale. Cattle inoculated with inactivated anaplasma developed a transient, low-level LMIT response. The response to antigenic stimulation recorded in the lymphocyte transformation test of leukocytes collected from cattle which were given live anaplasma was less than the response elicited from leukocytes collected from cattle vaccinated with inactivated anaplasma in adjuvant.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immune response to virulent and attenuated Anaplasma marginale administered to cattle in live and inactivated forms. The leukocyte migration-inhibition test (LMIT) and lymphocyte transformation of blood leukocytes from cattle exposed to virulent, attenuated, and inactivated preparations of Anaplasma marginale served as indices of cell-mediated immunity in bovine anaplasmosis. The LMIT response increased markedly in cattle vaccinated with attenuated A marginale or injected with virulent A marginale. Cattle inoculated with inactivated anaplasma developed a transient, low-level LMIT response. The response to antigenic stimulation recorded in the lymphocyte transformation test of leukocytes collected from cattle which were given live anaplasma was less than the response elicited from leukocytes collected from cattle vaccinated with inactivated anaplasma in adjuvant.", "PMID": 842914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5338", "title": "Effect of environmental temperature stress on intramammary infections of dairy cows and monitoring of body and intramammary temperatures by radiotelemetry.", "content": "Four dairy cows were stressed by exposure to hot and cold environments in tests to determine the effect of environment on milk yield, somatic cell counts, and California mastitis test scores of milk from all mammary quarters and on bacterial counts of milk from infected quarters. Two cows were held in temperature-controlled rooms for successive 5-day periods at moderate (21 to 28 C), cold (-16 C), moderate, hot (36 to 37 C), and moderate environments. The cold and hot sequences were reversed for the other 2 cows. Temperature transmitters were surgically implanted in the skeletal muscles of the loin and gluteal regions; however, only one of these transmitters (gluteal region) functioned continuously throughout the experiment. At the end of this experiment, a transmitter was implanted in the gland cistern of a rear quarter of 1 cow, and the sequence of holding in the cold before the hot environment was used. Mean body temperature was approximately 1 degree higher (39.2 C) in the hot room (1 cow) and 3 to 4 degrees lower (35 C and 33 C), respectively, for 2 cows) in the cold room than that during the moderate temperature periods. A similar comparison showed that the mean intramammary temperature was 1 to 2 degrees higher (39.5 C) in the hot room and approximately 9 degrees lower (29.4 C) in the cold room. Exposure of the cows to hot and cold environments caused a greater loss in milk production in the 2 medium-yielding cows (23 to 28 kg/day) than in the 2 low-yielding cows (9 to 13 kg/day). The effect of the extreme temperatures on the somatic cell counts in uninfected quarters was limited to only a few quarters and was inconsistent (mean counts increased and decreased at both temperatures). The California mastitis test reactions showed no consistent changes during periods of heat and cold stress. Also, the effect of the environmental temperature on the intramammary infections also was inconsistent. The effect on bacterial counts appeared to vary with the type of organism. Some mean counts decreased in the heat and cold (Streptococcus agalactiae, Micrococcus sp), some increased (Pseudomonas sp), and another seemed independent (Streptococcus uberis) of the environmental temperature at which the cow was held.", "contents": "Effect of environmental temperature stress on intramammary infections of dairy cows and monitoring of body and intramammary temperatures by radiotelemetry. Four dairy cows were stressed by exposure to hot and cold environments in tests to determine the effect of environment on milk yield, somatic cell counts, and California mastitis test scores of milk from all mammary quarters and on bacterial counts of milk from infected quarters. Two cows were held in temperature-controlled rooms for successive 5-day periods at moderate (21 to 28 C), cold (-16 C), moderate, hot (36 to 37 C), and moderate environments. The cold and hot sequences were reversed for the other 2 cows. Temperature transmitters were surgically implanted in the skeletal muscles of the loin and gluteal regions; however, only one of these transmitters (gluteal region) functioned continuously throughout the experiment. At the end of this experiment, a transmitter was implanted in the gland cistern of a rear quarter of 1 cow, and the sequence of holding in the cold before the hot environment was used. Mean body temperature was approximately 1 degree higher (39.2 C) in the hot room (1 cow) and 3 to 4 degrees lower (35 C and 33 C), respectively, for 2 cows) in the cold room than that during the moderate temperature periods. A similar comparison showed that the mean intramammary temperature was 1 to 2 degrees higher (39.5 C) in the hot room and approximately 9 degrees lower (29.4 C) in the cold room. Exposure of the cows to hot and cold environments caused a greater loss in milk production in the 2 medium-yielding cows (23 to 28 kg/day) than in the 2 low-yielding cows (9 to 13 kg/day). The effect of the extreme temperatures on the somatic cell counts in uninfected quarters was limited to only a few quarters and was inconsistent (mean counts increased and decreased at both temperatures). The California mastitis test reactions showed no consistent changes during periods of heat and cold stress. Also, the effect of the environmental temperature on the intramammary infections also was inconsistent. The effect on bacterial counts appeared to vary with the type of organism. Some mean counts decreased in the heat and cold (Streptococcus agalactiae, Micrococcus sp), some increased (Pseudomonas sp), and another seemed independent (Streptococcus uberis) of the environmental temperature at which the cow was held.", "PMID": 842915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5339", "title": "Vaccination of dairy cattle against Q fever (Coxiella burneti): results of field trials.", "content": "A phase I formalin-inactivated Q fever vaccine, using the Nine Mile strain of the organism, was tested for its ability to prevent dairy cows from shedding Coxiella burnetti in their milk. More than 1,400 Holstein-Friesian dairy calves and heifers from 5 dairies were used in field trials lasting over a 3-year period. Vaccination of 476 calves resulted in a geometric mean antibody titer of 1:123.3 compared with 1:2.4 for 486 nonvaccinated calves. The milk samples from 163 vaccinated calves were tested by mouse inoculation after the cows commenced lactation and were placed in their respective milking herds. Of these vaccinated animals, only 2 cows (1%) from 1 herd were suspected shedders, but on subsequent testing gave negative results. Among 164 nonvaccinated (control) cows, 39 (24%) were shedding C burnetii in their milk; this figure corresponded to the prevalence (23%) of shedders in the general population of dairy cows in California. The results of the current field trials indicated that vaccination greatly reduced the shedding of the Q fever organism in the milk of dairy cows.", "contents": "Vaccination of dairy cattle against Q fever (Coxiella burneti): results of field trials. A phase I formalin-inactivated Q fever vaccine, using the Nine Mile strain of the organism, was tested for its ability to prevent dairy cows from shedding Coxiella burnetti in their milk. More than 1,400 Holstein-Friesian dairy calves and heifers from 5 dairies were used in field trials lasting over a 3-year period. Vaccination of 476 calves resulted in a geometric mean antibody titer of 1:123.3 compared with 1:2.4 for 486 nonvaccinated calves. The milk samples from 163 vaccinated calves were tested by mouse inoculation after the cows commenced lactation and were placed in their respective milking herds. Of these vaccinated animals, only 2 cows (1%) from 1 herd were suspected shedders, but on subsequent testing gave negative results. Among 164 nonvaccinated (control) cows, 39 (24%) were shedding C burnetii in their milk; this figure corresponded to the prevalence (23%) of shedders in the general population of dairy cows in California. The results of the current field trials indicated that vaccination greatly reduced the shedding of the Q fever organism in the milk of dairy cows.", "PMID": 842916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5340", "title": "Evaluation of xylazine and ketamine hydrochloride for anesthesia in horses.", "content": "The cardiopulmonary effects resulting from the combination of xylazine and ketamine hydrochloride were evaluated in the adult horse. Xylazine (1.1 mg mg/kg) administered intravenously prior to or simultaneously with ketamine hydrochloride (2.2 mg/kg; intravenous) provided excellent analgesia and light anesthesia in all horses. Cardiac output, arterial blood pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure, central venous pressure, and pulmonary arterial wedge pressure remained within normal limits for the adult horse. Evidence of respiratory acidosis developed with time during the anesthetic period. Induction and recovery from anesthesia appeared smooth and excitement-free. In the horse, larger dosages of ketamine hydrochloride (6.6 mg/kg) following sedation with xylazine (1.1 mg/kg; intravenous) were accompanied by muscular tremor and rigidity, mydriasis, oculogyric movements, sweating, hypertension, tachycardia, and increased rectal temperature during recovery from anesthesia. Providing there is good sedation from xylazine, the combination of xylazine and ketamine hydrochloride as a short-term intravenous anesthetic technique in the horse appears safe and acceptable providing reasonably stable cardiopulmonary function. If the sedative properties of xylazine are not apparent or if excessive dosages of ketamine hydrochloride are used, the drug combination results in serious side effects precluding its use for anesthesia in the horse.", "contents": "Evaluation of xylazine and ketamine hydrochloride for anesthesia in horses. The cardiopulmonary effects resulting from the combination of xylazine and ketamine hydrochloride were evaluated in the adult horse. Xylazine (1.1 mg mg/kg) administered intravenously prior to or simultaneously with ketamine hydrochloride (2.2 mg/kg; intravenous) provided excellent analgesia and light anesthesia in all horses. Cardiac output, arterial blood pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure, central venous pressure, and pulmonary arterial wedge pressure remained within normal limits for the adult horse. Evidence of respiratory acidosis developed with time during the anesthetic period. Induction and recovery from anesthesia appeared smooth and excitement-free. In the horse, larger dosages of ketamine hydrochloride (6.6 mg/kg) following sedation with xylazine (1.1 mg/kg; intravenous) were accompanied by muscular tremor and rigidity, mydriasis, oculogyric movements, sweating, hypertension, tachycardia, and increased rectal temperature during recovery from anesthesia. Providing there is good sedation from xylazine, the combination of xylazine and ketamine hydrochloride as a short-term intravenous anesthetic technique in the horse appears safe and acceptable providing reasonably stable cardiopulmonary function. If the sedative properties of xylazine are not apparent or if excessive dosages of ketamine hydrochloride are used, the drug combination results in serious side effects precluding its use for anesthesia in the horse.", "PMID": 842917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5341", "title": "Functional aspects of blood platelets in irradiated burros.", "content": "In irradiated burros (Equus asinus), a delayed clinical syndrome characterized by a depletion of megakaryocytes and platelets has been observed. To clarify the cause of this syndrome, the functional abilities of platelets in 7 irradiated and 3 control burros were studied in vitro. The irradiated burros were survivors (greater than 18 years) of total-body exposures to near-lethal doses of gamma-radiation. Burro platelet aggregability induced with adenosine diphosphate and thrombin, and with a complex stimulator from burro aortas, was determined by means of a self-calibrating aggregometer. Data indicate that the aggregation responsiveness to adenosine diphosphate and thrombin of platelets from surviving irradiated and unirradiated burros is not defective. An extractible collagen-like stimulator of platelet aggregation was discovered in the aorta of a burro that had survived greater than 24 years after exposure to a total-body dose of 545 roentgens (R) of tantalum-182 gamma-radiation. The platelet-aggregating ability of this stimulator from the vessel wall of the irradiated burro was nearly fourfold greater than that from the aorta of an unirradiated control. Perhaps a delayed radiation effect could be the cause of this vascular agent's high platelet-aggregating ability and could lead to a clinical syndrome marked by depletion of megakaryocytes and platelets.", "contents": "Functional aspects of blood platelets in irradiated burros. In irradiated burros (Equus asinus), a delayed clinical syndrome characterized by a depletion of megakaryocytes and platelets has been observed. To clarify the cause of this syndrome, the functional abilities of platelets in 7 irradiated and 3 control burros were studied in vitro. The irradiated burros were survivors (greater than 18 years) of total-body exposures to near-lethal doses of gamma-radiation. Burro platelet aggregability induced with adenosine diphosphate and thrombin, and with a complex stimulator from burro aortas, was determined by means of a self-calibrating aggregometer. Data indicate that the aggregation responsiveness to adenosine diphosphate and thrombin of platelets from surviving irradiated and unirradiated burros is not defective. An extractible collagen-like stimulator of platelet aggregation was discovered in the aorta of a burro that had survived greater than 24 years after exposure to a total-body dose of 545 roentgens (R) of tantalum-182 gamma-radiation. The platelet-aggregating ability of this stimulator from the vessel wall of the irradiated burro was nearly fourfold greater than that from the aorta of an unirradiated control. Perhaps a delayed radiation effect could be the cause of this vascular agent's high platelet-aggregating ability and could lead to a clinical syndrome marked by depletion of megakaryocytes and platelets.", "PMID": 842918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5342", "title": "Ultrastructural renal lesions in goats given a lethal dose of imidocarb diproprionate.", "content": "Ultrastructural renal lesions were studied in 20 goats given one intramuscular injection of a lethal dose of imidocarb diproprionate (6.75 mg/kg). The lesions were limited to proximal convoluted tubular epithelial cells and at postinjection (PI) hour 3 included: plasma membrane disruption, smooth endoplasmic reticulum proliferation and dilatation, swelling and increased electron density of mitochondria, and cytoplasmic ground substance rarefaction. At PI hour 12, disruption of plasma membranes, with fragmentation of the microvilli, loss of junctional complexes, and cellular detachments from in tact basement membranes were observed in many tubular epithelial cells. Mitochondrial configurational alterations became more prominent at 6 and 12 hours, with the formation of large membrane-bounded structures containing fragmented cristae, clear vacuoles, and amorphous matrical material. The intramitochondrial foci of electron-dense amorphous flocculent material, which was first observed at 6 hours and increased in electron density and in number by 12 and 24 hours, were probably comprised of denatured, clumped matrical protein. The 2nd type of intramitochondrial and cytoplasmic electron-dense deposit was observed PI hour 24. The basement membranes remained intact in most proximal tubules to support regenerating epithelial cells on PI day 4 and thereafter.", "contents": "Ultrastructural renal lesions in goats given a lethal dose of imidocarb diproprionate. Ultrastructural renal lesions were studied in 20 goats given one intramuscular injection of a lethal dose of imidocarb diproprionate (6.75 mg/kg). The lesions were limited to proximal convoluted tubular epithelial cells and at postinjection (PI) hour 3 included: plasma membrane disruption, smooth endoplasmic reticulum proliferation and dilatation, swelling and increased electron density of mitochondria, and cytoplasmic ground substance rarefaction. At PI hour 12, disruption of plasma membranes, with fragmentation of the microvilli, loss of junctional complexes, and cellular detachments from in tact basement membranes were observed in many tubular epithelial cells. Mitochondrial configurational alterations became more prominent at 6 and 12 hours, with the formation of large membrane-bounded structures containing fragmented cristae, clear vacuoles, and amorphous matrical material. The intramitochondrial foci of electron-dense amorphous flocculent material, which was first observed at 6 hours and increased in electron density and in number by 12 and 24 hours, were probably comprised of denatured, clumped matrical protein. The 2nd type of intramitochondrial and cytoplasmic electron-dense deposit was observed PI hour 24. The basement membranes remained intact in most proximal tubules to support regenerating epithelial cells on PI day 4 and thereafter.", "PMID": 842919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5343", "title": "Cyanide intoxication in sheep: therapeutic value of oxygen or cobalt.", "content": "The combination of cobalt salts and oxygen with the traditional sodium nitrite-sodium thiosulfate antidote may have value as cyanide antidotes. Results reported previously in mice were extended to sheep in the present experiments. Cobaltous chloride (15 mg/kg of body weight) or oxygen with or without sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate were compared with respect to the median lethal dose of oral sodium cyanide. Although cobaltous chloride or oxygen used alone did result in a significant increase in the median lethal dose of sodium cyanide in sheep, the protection was minor compared with the overall protection provided by the classic antidotal combination of sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate. Cobaltous chloride combined with sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate did not provide any increase in protection more than that observed with sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate alone. Oxygen used in combination with sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate did significantly increase the protection. However, the increase in protection was not of sufficient magnitude to recommend it as a practicable addition to the present therapeutic regimen.", "contents": "Cyanide intoxication in sheep: therapeutic value of oxygen or cobalt. The combination of cobalt salts and oxygen with the traditional sodium nitrite-sodium thiosulfate antidote may have value as cyanide antidotes. Results reported previously in mice were extended to sheep in the present experiments. Cobaltous chloride (15 mg/kg of body weight) or oxygen with or without sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate were compared with respect to the median lethal dose of oral sodium cyanide. Although cobaltous chloride or oxygen used alone did result in a significant increase in the median lethal dose of sodium cyanide in sheep, the protection was minor compared with the overall protection provided by the classic antidotal combination of sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate. Cobaltous chloride combined with sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate did not provide any increase in protection more than that observed with sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate alone. Oxygen used in combination with sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate did significantly increase the protection. However, the increase in protection was not of sufficient magnitude to recommend it as a practicable addition to the present therapeutic regimen.", "PMID": 842920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5344", "title": "A genetic study of canine hip dysplasia.", "content": "Using scores taken from pelvic radiographs of 1,186 German Shepherd Dogs, heritability estimates of canine hip dysplasia (CHD) were obtained. As measured by either of 2 scores defined, CHD was found to be 22.0% heritable. In this colony, CHD was a moderately heritable condition. To make progress in selecting against CHD, use of the progeny test to identify superior replacement breeders was stressed.", "contents": "A genetic study of canine hip dysplasia. Using scores taken from pelvic radiographs of 1,186 German Shepherd Dogs, heritability estimates of canine hip dysplasia (CHD) were obtained. As measured by either of 2 scores defined, CHD was found to be 22.0% heritable. In this colony, CHD was a moderately heritable condition. To make progress in selecting against CHD, use of the progeny test to identify superior replacement breeders was stressed.", "PMID": 842921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5345", "title": "Development of microagglutination test for detecting Arizona hinshawii 7:1,7,8 infection in turkeys.", "content": "A microagglutination antigen treated with tetrazolium dye was produced. The culture used was rendered nonmotile by growing in medium containing 1:1,000 concentration of phenol. A trial was conducted by infecting freshly hatched turkey poults with Arizona hinshawii 7:1,7,8. An equal number of poults were kept as negative controls. Starting with 4-week-old poults, blood samples, cloacal swabs, and environmental samples were obtained at 2-week intervals up to 16 weeks of age. The serum samples were tested by using tubeagglutination (TA), serum plate agglutination (SPA), and microagglutination (MA) tests for A hinshawii 7:1,7,8. A field trial was conducted, using known negative and infected turkey flocks, and serum samples were tested by MA, SPA, and TA tests. The results indicated that MA test was far more sensitive and superior to TA and SPA tests in detecting turkeys infected with A hinshawii 7:1,7,8. The field trial confirmed the laboratory trial observations.", "contents": "Development of microagglutination test for detecting Arizona hinshawii 7:1,7,8 infection in turkeys. A microagglutination antigen treated with tetrazolium dye was produced. The culture used was rendered nonmotile by growing in medium containing 1:1,000 concentration of phenol. A trial was conducted by infecting freshly hatched turkey poults with Arizona hinshawii 7:1,7,8. An equal number of poults were kept as negative controls. Starting with 4-week-old poults, blood samples, cloacal swabs, and environmental samples were obtained at 2-week intervals up to 16 weeks of age. The serum samples were tested by using tubeagglutination (TA), serum plate agglutination (SPA), and microagglutination (MA) tests for A hinshawii 7:1,7,8. A field trial was conducted, using known negative and infected turkey flocks, and serum samples were tested by MA, SPA, and TA tests. The results indicated that MA test was far more sensitive and superior to TA and SPA tests in detecting turkeys infected with A hinshawii 7:1,7,8. The field trial confirmed the laboratory trial observations.", "PMID": 842922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5346", "title": "Determination of total and ultrafilterable calcium and magnesium in normal equine serum.", "content": "Total and ultrafilterable calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) values were determined for Shetland pony stallions, stallions, and pregnant and diestrous mares, using a simple, inexpensive, quick procedure to obtain an ultrafiltrate of serum. There was no significant difference between horses and ponies, between stallions and mares, or between pregnant and nonpregnant mares. The percentage of total serum Ca that was ultrafilterable was 63.4+/-1.7 for horses and 64.8+/-2.2 for ponies. The percentage of total serum Mg that was ultrafilterable was 75.6+/-1.5 for horses and 77.0+/-1.7 for ponies. Total serum Ca was 12.56+/-0.26 mg/dl for horses and 12.43+/-0.32 mg/dl for ponies. Total serum Mg was 2.18+/-0.29 mg/dl for horses and 2.49+/-0.60 mg/dl for ponies. This technique can be coupled with specific assays for ionized forms of the cations or with ion electrodes to obtain values for protein-bound, ionized, or complexed and chelated Ca and Mg in equine serum.", "contents": "Determination of total and ultrafilterable calcium and magnesium in normal equine serum. Total and ultrafilterable calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) values were determined for Shetland pony stallions, stallions, and pregnant and diestrous mares, using a simple, inexpensive, quick procedure to obtain an ultrafiltrate of serum. There was no significant difference between horses and ponies, between stallions and mares, or between pregnant and nonpregnant mares. The percentage of total serum Ca that was ultrafilterable was 63.4+/-1.7 for horses and 64.8+/-2.2 for ponies. The percentage of total serum Mg that was ultrafilterable was 75.6+/-1.5 for horses and 77.0+/-1.7 for ponies. Total serum Ca was 12.56+/-0.26 mg/dl for horses and 12.43+/-0.32 mg/dl for ponies. Total serum Mg was 2.18+/-0.29 mg/dl for horses and 2.49+/-0.60 mg/dl for ponies. This technique can be coupled with specific assays for ionized forms of the cations or with ion electrodes to obtain values for protein-bound, ionized, or complexed and chelated Ca and Mg in equine serum.", "PMID": 842923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5347", "title": "Microembolization of the inner ear of the cat: a surgical technique.", "content": "A surgical technique for the microembolization of the inner ear of the cat is described, and photomicrographs of representative central neural areas and end organ structures are presented.", "contents": "Microembolization of the inner ear of the cat: a surgical technique. A surgical technique for the microembolization of the inner ear of the cat is described, and photomicrographs of representative central neural areas and end organ structures are presented.", "PMID": 842924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5348", "title": "A pharmacokinetic analysis of tylosin in the normal dog.", "content": "Studies were conducted to determine certain kinetic variables for tylosin in the normal dog. These variables were determined by pharmacokinetic analysis, measuring the decrease in serum concentration of tylosin activity in 3 separate experiments. Tylosin, given as a single intravenous dose of 10 mg of tylosin activity/kg of body weight, was calculated to have an elimination half life (t1/2beta) of 54 minutes and was no longer detectable in the serum by assay methods at about 270 minutes. In addition, tylosin appeared to be highly distributed with an apparent volume of distribution of about 1.7 L/kg and a tissue-to-plasma ratio of about 0.7. The body clearance of tylosin was calculated to be about 22 ml/kg minute. A separate multiple-dose intravenous experiment with the same dose per injection was conducted and showed similar results. Also, single intramuscular injection of 10 mg of tylosin activity/kg showed tylosin to peak after injection in the serum at 30 minutes, attaining a concentration of approximately 1.5 mug/ml. This concentration was maintained through 60 minutes and decreased slowly through 540 minutes. Data generated through 17 clinical cases indicated that the minimum inhibitory concentration for tylosin in Pasteurella spp tested was about 6.25 mcs/ml and for hemolytic Staphylococcus spp tested greater than or equal to 0.4 mug/ml. Thus, it would appear that tylosin, given at the recommended dose (6.6 to 11.0 mg tylosin activity/kg of body weight once or twice per day), would produce serum levels insufficient to treat all Pasteurella spp and some hemolytic Staphylococcus spp tested since a serum level of tylosin at slightly higher than 1 mug/ml for about 30 minutes was achieved in this study.", "contents": "A pharmacokinetic analysis of tylosin in the normal dog. Studies were conducted to determine certain kinetic variables for tylosin in the normal dog. These variables were determined by pharmacokinetic analysis, measuring the decrease in serum concentration of tylosin activity in 3 separate experiments. Tylosin, given as a single intravenous dose of 10 mg of tylosin activity/kg of body weight, was calculated to have an elimination half life (t1/2beta) of 54 minutes and was no longer detectable in the serum by assay methods at about 270 minutes. In addition, tylosin appeared to be highly distributed with an apparent volume of distribution of about 1.7 L/kg and a tissue-to-plasma ratio of about 0.7. The body clearance of tylosin was calculated to be about 22 ml/kg minute. A separate multiple-dose intravenous experiment with the same dose per injection was conducted and showed similar results. Also, single intramuscular injection of 10 mg of tylosin activity/kg showed tylosin to peak after injection in the serum at 30 minutes, attaining a concentration of approximately 1.5 mug/ml. This concentration was maintained through 60 minutes and decreased slowly through 540 minutes. Data generated through 17 clinical cases indicated that the minimum inhibitory concentration for tylosin in Pasteurella spp tested was about 6.25 mcs/ml and for hemolytic Staphylococcus spp tested greater than or equal to 0.4 mug/ml. Thus, it would appear that tylosin, given at the recommended dose (6.6 to 11.0 mg tylosin activity/kg of body weight once or twice per day), would produce serum levels insufficient to treat all Pasteurella spp and some hemolytic Staphylococcus spp tested since a serum level of tylosin at slightly higher than 1 mug/ml for about 30 minutes was achieved in this study.", "PMID": 842925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5349", "title": "Rat bioassay for estimating toxicity of plant material from larkspur (Delphinium sp).", "content": "A technique was developed for estimating the toxicity for rats of an alcoholic extraction product from larkspur (Delphinium barbeyi Huth). The dried residue from alcohol extraction was reconstituted in buffered saline solution and subcutaneously injected into rats. Toxicity was expressed as miligrams of dry plant per gram of body weight. Samples from D barbeyi collected during prebloom and early flower bud stages of growth produced median lethal doses ranging from 5.0 to 6.7 mg/g of body weight. Difference in toxicity of the extract due to age of rats was not significant.", "contents": "Rat bioassay for estimating toxicity of plant material from larkspur (Delphinium sp). A technique was developed for estimating the toxicity for rats of an alcoholic extraction product from larkspur (Delphinium barbeyi Huth). The dried residue from alcohol extraction was reconstituted in buffered saline solution and subcutaneously injected into rats. Toxicity was expressed as miligrams of dry plant per gram of body weight. Samples from D barbeyi collected during prebloom and early flower bud stages of growth produced median lethal doses ranging from 5.0 to 6.7 mg/g of body weight. Difference in toxicity of the extract due to age of rats was not significant.", "PMID": 842926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5350", "title": "New method for determining eye anesthesia in an animal model.", "content": "Some chemical which are injurious to the eye may also cause anesthesia. If the eye were unknowingly anesthetized, exposure to an irritant could go undected and cause injury. Techniques for determining whether the eye was anesthetized have been generally unreliable. Usually the technique consists of challenging the cornea with a probe and testing for a blink response. In a new method described herein, an indwelling subpalpebral lavage apparatus was surgically implanted in the dog. Through this apparatus, a test material was instilled into the eye without the animal's anticipation. Responses caused by the materials were monitored by electroencephalography. The normal response to an irritting material was increased frequency and decreased amplitude of the electroencephalogram tracing or a deflection of thepolygraph needle (blink response), or both. The method was evaluated with known eye anesthetic agents and appeared to be a useful way of detecting eye anesthesia.", "contents": "New method for determining eye anesthesia in an animal model. Some chemical which are injurious to the eye may also cause anesthesia. If the eye were unknowingly anesthetized, exposure to an irritant could go undected and cause injury. Techniques for determining whether the eye was anesthetized have been generally unreliable. Usually the technique consists of challenging the cornea with a probe and testing for a blink response. In a new method described herein, an indwelling subpalpebral lavage apparatus was surgically implanted in the dog. Through this apparatus, a test material was instilled into the eye without the animal's anticipation. Responses caused by the materials were monitored by electroencephalography. The normal response to an irritting material was increased frequency and decreased amplitude of the electroencephalogram tracing or a deflection of thepolygraph needle (blink response), or both. The method was evaluated with known eye anesthetic agents and appeared to be a useful way of detecting eye anesthesia.", "PMID": 842927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5351", "title": "En bloc thoracotomy in miniature swine.", "content": "A radical thoractomy technique was developed and used in 4 miniature swine. It provided excellent exposure no postoperative complications.", "contents": "En bloc thoracotomy in miniature swine. A radical thoractomy technique was developed and used in 4 miniature swine. It provided excellent exposure no postoperative complications.", "PMID": 842928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5352", "title": "Quantitative relationships between cigarette smoking and ventilatory function.", "content": "In this study of a general population sample, highly significant quantitative relationships were noted between pack-years of smoking and functional impairment. Subjects with chronic productive cough showed steeper declines in the forced expired volume in 1 sec and forced expiratory flow after exhalation of 75 per cent of the forced vital capacity (Vmax 25), but a definite inverse relationship between ventilatory function and pack-years was demonstrated even among subjects who denied any cough or sputum production. Current smoking showed no relationship to 1-sec forced expiratory volume or Vmax 25 when total pack-years were taken into account. Age appeared to be an important independent determinant of per cent predicted values only in regard to the Vmax 25 in symptomatic nonsmoking women. A history of childhood respiratory trouble was associated with a lower ventilatory function regardless of smoking habits, and for this reason such subjects have been deleted from detailed analyses of dose-effect relationships. Allergy skin test reactivity in young to middle-aged adults showed a significant additive effect to pack-years as a determinant of forced expiratory flow toward the end of the forced vital capacity, but the effect was noted only among present smokers.", "contents": "Quantitative relationships between cigarette smoking and ventilatory function. In this study of a general population sample, highly significant quantitative relationships were noted between pack-years of smoking and functional impairment. Subjects with chronic productive cough showed steeper declines in the forced expired volume in 1 sec and forced expiratory flow after exhalation of 75 per cent of the forced vital capacity (Vmax 25), but a definite inverse relationship between ventilatory function and pack-years was demonstrated even among subjects who denied any cough or sputum production. Current smoking showed no relationship to 1-sec forced expiratory volume or Vmax 25 when total pack-years were taken into account. Age appeared to be an important independent determinant of per cent predicted values only in regard to the Vmax 25 in symptomatic nonsmoking women. A history of childhood respiratory trouble was associated with a lower ventilatory function regardless of smoking habits, and for this reason such subjects have been deleted from detailed analyses of dose-effect relationships. Allergy skin test reactivity in young to middle-aged adults showed a significant additive effect to pack-years as a determinant of forced expiratory flow toward the end of the forced vital capacity, but the effect was noted only among present smokers.", "PMID": 842934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5353", "title": "Trephine air drill, bronchial brush, and fiberoptic transbronchial lung biopsies in immunosuppressed patients.", "content": "Seventy-nine nonthoracotomy lung and bronchial biopsy procedures were performed in 52 immunosuppressed patients: 22 renal transplants, 24 lymphoreticular malignancies, and 6 other disorders. The total diagnostic yield was 74 per cent (23 of 31) of the forcepts transbronchial biopsy procedures, 82 per cent (14 of 17) of the percutaneous trephine lung biopsies, and 28 per cent (9 of 31) of the bronchial brush biopsies. An etiologic diagnosis, including a variety of viral fungal, and parasitic diseases, was obtained in 42 per cent (13 of 31) of the transbronchial biopsy procedures and 65 per cent (11 of 17) of the percutaneous trephine lung biopsies. The etiologic diagnostic yield was increased to 48 per cent when bronchial brushing was combined with forceps transbronchial biopsy. Hemorrhage complicated 26 per cent of the transbronchial biopsy procedures and 17 per cent of the percutaneous trephine biopsies, whereas pneumothorax occurred in 19 per cent and 60 per cent, respectively. Hemorrhagic complications in patients undergoing transbronchial biopsy occurred 3 times as frequently among the uremic patients (5 of 11, 45 per cent) as among the nonazotemic patients (3 of 20, 15 per cent). Patients with thrombocytopenia, when corrected by platelet infusion, presented no increased risk. Of the 52 patients, 19 (36 per cent) died 2 to 60 days after biopsy, but no fatalities were related per se to the biopsy procedure.", "contents": "Trephine air drill, bronchial brush, and fiberoptic transbronchial lung biopsies in immunosuppressed patients. Seventy-nine nonthoracotomy lung and bronchial biopsy procedures were performed in 52 immunosuppressed patients: 22 renal transplants, 24 lymphoreticular malignancies, and 6 other disorders. The total diagnostic yield was 74 per cent (23 of 31) of the forcepts transbronchial biopsy procedures, 82 per cent (14 of 17) of the percutaneous trephine lung biopsies, and 28 per cent (9 of 31) of the bronchial brush biopsies. An etiologic diagnosis, including a variety of viral fungal, and parasitic diseases, was obtained in 42 per cent (13 of 31) of the transbronchial biopsy procedures and 65 per cent (11 of 17) of the percutaneous trephine lung biopsies. The etiologic diagnostic yield was increased to 48 per cent when bronchial brushing was combined with forceps transbronchial biopsy. Hemorrhage complicated 26 per cent of the transbronchial biopsy procedures and 17 per cent of the percutaneous trephine biopsies, whereas pneumothorax occurred in 19 per cent and 60 per cent, respectively. Hemorrhagic complications in patients undergoing transbronchial biopsy occurred 3 times as frequently among the uremic patients (5 of 11, 45 per cent) as among the nonazotemic patients (3 of 20, 15 per cent). Patients with thrombocytopenia, when corrected by platelet infusion, presented no increased risk. Of the 52 patients, 19 (36 per cent) died 2 to 60 days after biopsy, but no fatalities were related per se to the biopsy procedure.", "PMID": 842935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5354", "title": "Rifampim-combined chemotherapy in coal worker's pneumoconio-tuberculosis.", "content": "Results of a retrospective study of rifampin-combined chemotherapy in 59 coal miners with pneumoconio-tuberculosis are reported. In 43 patients pneumoconiosis had attained the stage of progressive massive fibrosis. The follow-up period ranged from 24 to 78 months, except in 8 patients who died before the twenty-fourth month. Twenty-seven of the 59 patients were treated for the first time, and 32 were in retreatment. In none of them had rifampin been administered before. Although the objective was to administer rifampin in combination with one, 2, or even 3 companion drugs that had not been administered before and that had proved to be active on the patients' bacilli in vitro, this goal was fully reached only in the first treatment group; in 8 of the 32 retreated patients the drugs combined with rifampin were considered ineffective. The speed and rate of bacteriologic conversion were most impressive. Sputum conversion was obtained in 90 per cent of the patients; in the initial treatment group 100 per cent of the patients converted their sputum on culture at 5 months and in the retreatment group the corresponding figure was 84.4 per cent. These bacteriologic results are nearly as favorable as those obtained in cases of advanced pulmonary tuberculosis without pneumoconiosis treated with the same rifampin-containing drug regimens. It was concluded that rifampin-combined chemotherapy largely eliminates the handicap caused by the coexistence of tuberculosis and pneumoconiosis. Side effects due to rifampin were without practical significance. In 3 patients of 57 treated with ethambutol, visual impairment was observed. Mortality was high (27 per cent) but was caused by nontuberculous diseases, especially cardiorespiratory insufficiency. In 10 of the 16 patients who died, death occurred after bacteriologic conversion.", "contents": "Rifampim-combined chemotherapy in coal worker's pneumoconio-tuberculosis. Results of a retrospective study of rifampin-combined chemotherapy in 59 coal miners with pneumoconio-tuberculosis are reported. In 43 patients pneumoconiosis had attained the stage of progressive massive fibrosis. The follow-up period ranged from 24 to 78 months, except in 8 patients who died before the twenty-fourth month. Twenty-seven of the 59 patients were treated for the first time, and 32 were in retreatment. In none of them had rifampin been administered before. Although the objective was to administer rifampin in combination with one, 2, or even 3 companion drugs that had not been administered before and that had proved to be active on the patients' bacilli in vitro, this goal was fully reached only in the first treatment group; in 8 of the 32 retreated patients the drugs combined with rifampin were considered ineffective. The speed and rate of bacteriologic conversion were most impressive. Sputum conversion was obtained in 90 per cent of the patients; in the initial treatment group 100 per cent of the patients converted their sputum on culture at 5 months and in the retreatment group the corresponding figure was 84.4 per cent. These bacteriologic results are nearly as favorable as those obtained in cases of advanced pulmonary tuberculosis without pneumoconiosis treated with the same rifampin-containing drug regimens. It was concluded that rifampin-combined chemotherapy largely eliminates the handicap caused by the coexistence of tuberculosis and pneumoconiosis. Side effects due to rifampin were without practical significance. In 3 patients of 57 treated with ethambutol, visual impairment was observed. Mortality was high (27 per cent) but was caused by nontuberculous diseases, especially cardiorespiratory insufficiency. In 10 of the 16 patients who died, death occurred after bacteriologic conversion.", "PMID": 842936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5355", "title": "Pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas: increase in shunt at high lung volume.", "content": "Intrapulmonary shunt measured in the sitting position by the oxygen breathing method increased at total lung capacity in 7 of 8 patients with pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas. This may explain the clinically noted increased murmur over a fistula on inspiration. The finding of an increased intrapulmonary shunt at total lung capacity might suggest the diagnosis in equivocal cases and provide a convenient test for follow-up after surgery.", "contents": "Pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas: increase in shunt at high lung volume. Intrapulmonary shunt measured in the sitting position by the oxygen breathing method increased at total lung capacity in 7 of 8 patients with pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas. This may explain the clinically noted increased murmur over a fistula on inspiration. The finding of an increased intrapulmonary shunt at total lung capacity might suggest the diagnosis in equivocal cases and provide a convenient test for follow-up after surgery.", "PMID": 842937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5356", "title": "Lipid composition of airway secretions from patients with asthma and patients with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Lipids from the particulate material obtained from pulmonary lavage of patients with asthma and cystic fibrosis were isolated and characterized. In both cases, lipids constituted 30 to 40 per cent of the dry insoluble material and phosphatidylcholine was the predominant lipid. Significant amounts of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidyglycerol were present. Hexosyl ceramides, spingomyelin, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, and lyso(bis)phosphatidic acid were present as minor lipid components. Appreciable quantities of neutral lipids were also found. Significant amounts of lysophosphatides and free fatty acids were present only in the lavage sediment from patients with asthma, and not in patients with cystic fibrosis. Phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidycholine, sphingomyelin, and phosphatidylglycerol of asthmatic lavage, but not cystic lavage, were highly saturated, containing mostly palmitic acid.", "contents": "Lipid composition of airway secretions from patients with asthma and patients with cystic fibrosis. Lipids from the particulate material obtained from pulmonary lavage of patients with asthma and cystic fibrosis were isolated and characterized. In both cases, lipids constituted 30 to 40 per cent of the dry insoluble material and phosphatidylcholine was the predominant lipid. Significant amounts of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidyglycerol were present. Hexosyl ceramides, spingomyelin, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, and lyso(bis)phosphatidic acid were present as minor lipid components. Appreciable quantities of neutral lipids were also found. Significant amounts of lysophosphatides and free fatty acids were present only in the lavage sediment from patients with asthma, and not in patients with cystic fibrosis. Phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidycholine, sphingomyelin, and phosphatidylglycerol of asthmatic lavage, but not cystic lavage, were highly saturated, containing mostly palmitic acid.", "PMID": 842938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5357", "title": "Study of the pulmonary circulation in a canine asthma model.", "content": "Measurements of respiratory mechanics, gas exchange, and pulmonary hemodynamics were made before and serially for 2 hours after inhalation challenge with Ascaris suum extract in dogs with natural sensitivity to this antigen. Nine of 14 dogs randomly exposed to an inspired oxygen fraction of 0.21 or 0.60 to 0.70, responded to the challenge with bronchospasm reflected by a transient decrease of mean specific respiratory system conductance to 50 per cent of baseline after 5 to 15 min. This was accompanied by a decrease in alveolar ventilation in all and acidosis in some animals. No changes were observed in transmural pulmonary arterial pressure, cardiac output, pulmonary vascular resistance, and pulmonary blood volume in all 9 dogs who responded with bronchospasm, whether or not arterial hypoxemia was allowed to develop. In contrast, a significant increase in pulmonary vascular resistance occurred in control dogs in whom comparable degrees of arterial hypoxemia were produced by 10 per cent oxygen breathing or mechanical bronchial obstruction by placing beads in lobar and segmental airways. No changes in any parameter measured occurred in the 5 dogs who did not develop bronchospasm after antigen challenge. The results indicated that moderately severe, antigen-induced bronchospasm in anesthetized dogs has no effect on the pulmonary circulation even when associated with arterial hypoxemia. Because nonuniformity of alveolar hypoxia allowing redistribution of blood flow is probably not responsible for this failure to develop increases in pulmonary vascular resistance in induced asthma, it is suggested that the elaboration of chemical mediators may have interfered with the hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstrictor response.", "contents": "Study of the pulmonary circulation in a canine asthma model. Measurements of respiratory mechanics, gas exchange, and pulmonary hemodynamics were made before and serially for 2 hours after inhalation challenge with Ascaris suum extract in dogs with natural sensitivity to this antigen. Nine of 14 dogs randomly exposed to an inspired oxygen fraction of 0.21 or 0.60 to 0.70, responded to the challenge with bronchospasm reflected by a transient decrease of mean specific respiratory system conductance to 50 per cent of baseline after 5 to 15 min. This was accompanied by a decrease in alveolar ventilation in all and acidosis in some animals. No changes were observed in transmural pulmonary arterial pressure, cardiac output, pulmonary vascular resistance, and pulmonary blood volume in all 9 dogs who responded with bronchospasm, whether or not arterial hypoxemia was allowed to develop. In contrast, a significant increase in pulmonary vascular resistance occurred in control dogs in whom comparable degrees of arterial hypoxemia were produced by 10 per cent oxygen breathing or mechanical bronchial obstruction by placing beads in lobar and segmental airways. No changes in any parameter measured occurred in the 5 dogs who did not develop bronchospasm after antigen challenge. The results indicated that moderately severe, antigen-induced bronchospasm in anesthetized dogs has no effect on the pulmonary circulation even when associated with arterial hypoxemia. Because nonuniformity of alveolar hypoxia allowing redistribution of blood flow is probably not responsible for this failure to develop increases in pulmonary vascular resistance in induced asthma, it is suggested that the elaboration of chemical mediators may have interfered with the hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstrictor response.", "PMID": 842939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5358", "title": "Effect of influenza viral infection on the ingestion and killing of bacteria by alveolar macrophages.", "content": "In experimental animals, influenza prediposes the lung to superinfection by reducing the antibacterial efficiency of the alveolar macrophage system. Because such defects may represent abnormalities in ingestion or inactivation of inhaled bacteria, these subcomponents of phagocytosis were tested in mice infected 5 days previously with influenza A virus (NWS or WSN). The mice were exposed to aerosols of Staphylococcus epidermidis and then the rates of bacterial inactivation and percentages of intracellularly located staphylococci were measured. Rates of bacterial inactivation were determined for the left lung by pour-plate enumeration methods. The percentage of ingested bacteria was determined in the in situ perfused right lung by histologically determining the intra- or extracellular location of 100 or more staphylococci. Rates of inactivation of S. epidermidis at 4 hours after bacterial challenge were: control, 90.1 per cent; WSN, 73.0 per cent; NWS, 68.6 per cent, P less than 0.01. The percentage of intracellular staphylococci at 4 hours were: control, 90.9 per cent; WSN, 69.9 per cent; and NWS, 73.8 per cent, P less than 0.01. Microcolonies of proliferating staphylococci were also observed within macrophages of mice infected with each strain of influenza. These experiments demonstrated that in this experimental model, influenzal infection impairs the inactivation of inhaled bacteria by retarding the ingestion of bacteria and by allowing bacteria to proliferate within macrophages.", "contents": "Effect of influenza viral infection on the ingestion and killing of bacteria by alveolar macrophages. In experimental animals, influenza prediposes the lung to superinfection by reducing the antibacterial efficiency of the alveolar macrophage system. Because such defects may represent abnormalities in ingestion or inactivation of inhaled bacteria, these subcomponents of phagocytosis were tested in mice infected 5 days previously with influenza A virus (NWS or WSN). The mice were exposed to aerosols of Staphylococcus epidermidis and then the rates of bacterial inactivation and percentages of intracellularly located staphylococci were measured. Rates of bacterial inactivation were determined for the left lung by pour-plate enumeration methods. The percentage of ingested bacteria was determined in the in situ perfused right lung by histologically determining the intra- or extracellular location of 100 or more staphylococci. Rates of inactivation of S. epidermidis at 4 hours after bacterial challenge were: control, 90.1 per cent; WSN, 73.0 per cent; NWS, 68.6 per cent, P less than 0.01. The percentage of intracellular staphylococci at 4 hours were: control, 90.9 per cent; WSN, 69.9 per cent; and NWS, 73.8 per cent, P less than 0.01. Microcolonies of proliferating staphylococci were also observed within macrophages of mice infected with each strain of influenza. These experiments demonstrated that in this experimental model, influenzal infection impairs the inactivation of inhaled bacteria by retarding the ingestion of bacteria and by allowing bacteria to proliferate within macrophages.", "PMID": 842940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5359", "title": "Effect of hyperoxia, hypoxia, and maturation on superoxide dismutase activity in isolated alveolar macrophages.", "content": "The influence of ambient O2 tensions and of cell maturation on superoxide dismutase activity were studied in tissue culture--maintained mouse alveolar macrophages. Cultivation under hyperoxic conditions (PO2 about 640 mmHg) for 24 hours was associated with a significant increase in superoxide dismutase activity as compared with normoxic conditions (PO2 approximately 150 mmHg). (Hyperoxia: superoxide dismutase = 7.9 +/- 4.0 (SD); normoxia: superoxide dismutase = 4.4 +/- 1.7 units X mg cell protein-1 P less than 0.05). Hypoxic exposure (PO2 approximately 15 mmHg) was associated with a significant decrease in superoxide dismutase compared to normoxic controls (hypoxia: 2.2 +/- 0.6; normoxic: 3.8 +/- 0.6 units X mg protein-1 P less than 0.01). This decrease was found only after 168 hours of in vitro hypoxia. The in vitro maturation of alveolar macrophages cultivated in air was associated with a progressive increase in superoxide dismutase activity per 10(6) cells, although superoxide dismutase activity per unit protein remained constant. Molecular O2 may modify cell superoxide dismutase activity by altering intrinsic enzyme regulation. The increase in superoxide dismutase activity with hyperoxia and the decrease with hypoxia are consistent with but not unequivocally establish an important role for superoxide dismutase in protecting against cellular O2 toxicity.", "contents": "Effect of hyperoxia, hypoxia, and maturation on superoxide dismutase activity in isolated alveolar macrophages. The influence of ambient O2 tensions and of cell maturation on superoxide dismutase activity were studied in tissue culture--maintained mouse alveolar macrophages. Cultivation under hyperoxic conditions (PO2 about 640 mmHg) for 24 hours was associated with a significant increase in superoxide dismutase activity as compared with normoxic conditions (PO2 approximately 150 mmHg). (Hyperoxia: superoxide dismutase = 7.9 +/- 4.0 (SD); normoxia: superoxide dismutase = 4.4 +/- 1.7 units X mg cell protein-1 P less than 0.05). Hypoxic exposure (PO2 approximately 15 mmHg) was associated with a significant decrease in superoxide dismutase compared to normoxic controls (hypoxia: 2.2 +/- 0.6; normoxic: 3.8 +/- 0.6 units X mg protein-1 P less than 0.01). This decrease was found only after 168 hours of in vitro hypoxia. The in vitro maturation of alveolar macrophages cultivated in air was associated with a progressive increase in superoxide dismutase activity per 10(6) cells, although superoxide dismutase activity per unit protein remained constant. Molecular O2 may modify cell superoxide dismutase activity by altering intrinsic enzyme regulation. The increase in superoxide dismutase activity with hyperoxia and the decrease with hypoxia are consistent with but not unequivocally establish an important role for superoxide dismutase in protecting against cellular O2 toxicity.", "PMID": 842941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5360", "title": "Cell line A549: a model system for the study of alveolar type II cell function.", "content": "Cell line A549, a continuously cultured line derived from a human pulmonary adenocarcinoma that has morphologic and biochemical features of the pulmonary alveolar type II cell, was studied with regard to saturated phosphatidylcholine synthesis and secretion. Evaluation of a number of culture media showed that those media that supported the most rapid rate of in vitro growth were least optimal for saturated phosphatidylcholine synthesis. Similarly, a labeled precursor (choline labeled with tritium) was most efficiently converted to saturated phosphatidylcholine when growth was slow or arrested, whereas during phases of active cellular proliferation a greater proportion was incorporated into unsaturated (structural) phosphatidylcholine. De novo synthesis of phosphatidylcholine was primarily via the cytidine diphosphate-choline pathway, because no incorporation of labeled methyl groups from S-adenosyl-L-methionine was observed. Cortisol stimulated tritium-labeled choline incorporation into saturated phosphatidylcholine in a manner that likely involed a steroid receptor system, whereas cortisone was inactive. The half-life of cellular saturated phosphatidylcholine was of the order of 100 hours and could be accounted for virtually entirely by release of this phospholipid into the medium unchanged. Both cholinergic and adrenergic agents in high doses modestly stimulated the release of pre-labeled saturated phosphatidylcholine from the cells, and the response to these secretagogues was significantly enhanced by cortisol. Cell line A 549 promises to be a useful model system for studies of the cellular events involved in pulmonary saturated phosphatidylcholine synthesis and secretion.", "contents": "Cell line A549: a model system for the study of alveolar type II cell function. Cell line A549, a continuously cultured line derived from a human pulmonary adenocarcinoma that has morphologic and biochemical features of the pulmonary alveolar type II cell, was studied with regard to saturated phosphatidylcholine synthesis and secretion. Evaluation of a number of culture media showed that those media that supported the most rapid rate of in vitro growth were least optimal for saturated phosphatidylcholine synthesis. Similarly, a labeled precursor (choline labeled with tritium) was most efficiently converted to saturated phosphatidylcholine when growth was slow or arrested, whereas during phases of active cellular proliferation a greater proportion was incorporated into unsaturated (structural) phosphatidylcholine. De novo synthesis of phosphatidylcholine was primarily via the cytidine diphosphate-choline pathway, because no incorporation of labeled methyl groups from S-adenosyl-L-methionine was observed. Cortisol stimulated tritium-labeled choline incorporation into saturated phosphatidylcholine in a manner that likely involed a steroid receptor system, whereas cortisone was inactive. The half-life of cellular saturated phosphatidylcholine was of the order of 100 hours and could be accounted for virtually entirely by release of this phospholipid into the medium unchanged. Both cholinergic and adrenergic agents in high doses modestly stimulated the release of pre-labeled saturated phosphatidylcholine from the cells, and the response to these secretagogues was significantly enhanced by cortisol. Cell line A 549 promises to be a useful model system for studies of the cellular events involved in pulmonary saturated phosphatidylcholine synthesis and secretion.", "PMID": 842942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5361", "title": "Chronic obstructive airway disease in patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome.", "content": "To determine the incidence of airway disease in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, respiratory function was evaluated in 13 patients with this disorder. Six patients had clear evidence of airway disease without overt evidence of loss of elastic recoil, and 7 patients had normal pulmonary function studies. Five of the 6 patients with abnormal pulmonary function studies had never smoked cigarettes. Of the patients with severe airway disease, all had exertional dyspnea but none had chronic cough with sputum production or recurrent bronchospasm. The 3 patients with the most severely impaired pulmonary function studies showed abnormal single-breath nitrogen curves, increased residual volumes, and hypoxemia, whereas static pressure-volume curves and maximal static elastic recoil at total lung capacity were within predicted norms. Lung biopsy of 2 patients showed mononuclear cell infiltration aroung narrowed small airways. We concluded that certain patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome develop an unusual type of chronic obstructive airway disease, which is probably a result of a chronic mononuclear cell inflammatory process similar to that seen in their salivary and lacrimal glands. The data suggest that human airways should be considered another target organ of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. Earlier reports have stressed the association of a restrictive pulmonary defect with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. Our data suggest that the restrictive pulmonary defect seen in patients with the complete variation of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome is probably the result of the associated connective tissue disorder, rather than the result in the sicca complex.", "contents": "Chronic obstructive airway disease in patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. To determine the incidence of airway disease in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, respiratory function was evaluated in 13 patients with this disorder. Six patients had clear evidence of airway disease without overt evidence of loss of elastic recoil, and 7 patients had normal pulmonary function studies. Five of the 6 patients with abnormal pulmonary function studies had never smoked cigarettes. Of the patients with severe airway disease, all had exertional dyspnea but none had chronic cough with sputum production or recurrent bronchospasm. The 3 patients with the most severely impaired pulmonary function studies showed abnormal single-breath nitrogen curves, increased residual volumes, and hypoxemia, whereas static pressure-volume curves and maximal static elastic recoil at total lung capacity were within predicted norms. Lung biopsy of 2 patients showed mononuclear cell infiltration aroung narrowed small airways. We concluded that certain patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome develop an unusual type of chronic obstructive airway disease, which is probably a result of a chronic mononuclear cell inflammatory process similar to that seen in their salivary and lacrimal glands. The data suggest that human airways should be considered another target organ of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. Earlier reports have stressed the association of a restrictive pulmonary defect with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. Our data suggest that the restrictive pulmonary defect seen in patients with the complete variation of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome is probably the result of the associated connective tissue disorder, rather than the result in the sicca complex.", "PMID": 842943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5362", "title": "Mitochondria of the pulmonary granular pneumocyte in different species.", "content": "We used stereologic methods to determine the surface density and surface-to-volume ratio of mitochondrial inner membranes and cristae in pulmonary granular pneumocytes of the mouse, rat, rabbit, and dog. We also measured mitochondrial length and width and calculated their volume. The surface density of the cristae and inner membrane and the mitochondrial volume have a direct linear correlation with the oxygen consumption of lung slices of the different species. We found an indirect linear correlation between the surface-to-volume ratio of the mitochondrial inner membrane and cristae and the lung's oxygen consumption in the different species.", "contents": "Mitochondria of the pulmonary granular pneumocyte in different species. We used stereologic methods to determine the surface density and surface-to-volume ratio of mitochondrial inner membranes and cristae in pulmonary granular pneumocytes of the mouse, rat, rabbit, and dog. We also measured mitochondrial length and width and calculated their volume. The surface density of the cristae and inner membrane and the mitochondrial volume have a direct linear correlation with the oxygen consumption of lung slices of the different species. We found an indirect linear correlation between the surface-to-volume ratio of the mitochondrial inner membrane and cristae and the lung's oxygen consumption in the different species.", "PMID": 842946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5363", "title": "The effect of atropine on acute antigen-mediated airway constriction in subjects with allergic asthma.", "content": "Exposure to antigen by inhalation challenge may produce airway constriction in patients with allergic asthma. To examine the role of reflex bronchoconstriction mediated by the vagus nerve in the antigen-induced airway response, we compared the responses of 6 asthmatic volunteers to inhaled ragweed antigen alone and to antigen given after pretreatment with atropine sulfate, a parasympathetic blocking agent. We found significant increases in airway resistance, limitation of parasympathetic blocking agent. We found significant increases in airway resistance, limitation of forced expiratory flow, increases in lung volumes, and alterations in the distribution of inspired gas after antigen was given. When subjects were pretreated with atropine, we found a mean increase in the 1-sec forced expired volume of 0.380 liter (P less than 0.025) and a mean increase in specific airway conductance of 0.067 sec-1-cm H2O-1 (P less than 0.005). Atropine pretreatment did not prevent the responses to antigen in our subjects. After atropine pretreatment subjects began the antigen challenge with better pulmonary function and at a given antigen dose maintained a better level of function compared to when antigen was given alone. Differences in the absolute level of pulmonary function between the two challenges became smaller with the administration of larger antigen doses. We conclude that reflex bronchospasm involving postganglionic efferent parasympathetic nerve pathways is not a major component of the response to inhaled antigen in human allergic asthma.", "contents": "The effect of atropine on acute antigen-mediated airway constriction in subjects with allergic asthma. Exposure to antigen by inhalation challenge may produce airway constriction in patients with allergic asthma. To examine the role of reflex bronchoconstriction mediated by the vagus nerve in the antigen-induced airway response, we compared the responses of 6 asthmatic volunteers to inhaled ragweed antigen alone and to antigen given after pretreatment with atropine sulfate, a parasympathetic blocking agent. We found significant increases in airway resistance, limitation of parasympathetic blocking agent. We found significant increases in airway resistance, limitation of forced expiratory flow, increases in lung volumes, and alterations in the distribution of inspired gas after antigen was given. When subjects were pretreated with atropine, we found a mean increase in the 1-sec forced expired volume of 0.380 liter (P less than 0.025) and a mean increase in specific airway conductance of 0.067 sec-1-cm H2O-1 (P less than 0.005). Atropine pretreatment did not prevent the responses to antigen in our subjects. After atropine pretreatment subjects began the antigen challenge with better pulmonary function and at a given antigen dose maintained a better level of function compared to when antigen was given alone. Differences in the absolute level of pulmonary function between the two challenges became smaller with the administration of larger antigen doses. We conclude that reflex bronchospasm involving postganglionic efferent parasympathetic nerve pathways is not a major component of the response to inhaled antigen in human allergic asthma.", "PMID": 842950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5364", "title": "Relationship between bronchial reactivity, airway caliber, and severity of asthma.", "content": "Indices of bronchial reactivity were obtained in 11 asthmatic subjects. These were based on the responses of specific airway conductance to timed cumulative doses of methacholine aerosol. The relationship of bronchial reactivity both to initial airway caliber and to current severity of asthma was then assessed. There was no correlation between initial airway caliber and the degree of bronchial reactivity for the group. Furthermore, a subject's bronchial response to methacholine, when expressed as a percentage of initial specific airway conductance, remained stable, even in the presence of moderate fluctuations in initial specific airway conductance. There was also no correlation between bronchial reactivity and severity of asthma for the group. Each subject's bronchial responses remained stable, even in the presence of moderate fluctuations in severity of asthma. These data confirm that a simple relationship between intrinsic bronchial reactivity and the severity of clinical asthma is not apparent.", "contents": "Relationship between bronchial reactivity, airway caliber, and severity of asthma. Indices of bronchial reactivity were obtained in 11 asthmatic subjects. These were based on the responses of specific airway conductance to timed cumulative doses of methacholine aerosol. The relationship of bronchial reactivity both to initial airway caliber and to current severity of asthma was then assessed. There was no correlation between initial airway caliber and the degree of bronchial reactivity for the group. Furthermore, a subject's bronchial response to methacholine, when expressed as a percentage of initial specific airway conductance, remained stable, even in the presence of moderate fluctuations in initial specific airway conductance. There was also no correlation between bronchial reactivity and severity of asthma for the group. Each subject's bronchial responses remained stable, even in the presence of moderate fluctuations in severity of asthma. These data confirm that a simple relationship between intrinsic bronchial reactivity and the severity of clinical asthma is not apparent.", "PMID": 842951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5365", "title": "Pulmonary mechanics in patients with respiratory muscle weakness.", "content": "Pulmonary mechanics and respiratory muscle pressures were studied in 7 patients with severe respiratory muscle weakness. Minimal pleural pressures were grossly abnormal and showed little variation with lung volume. Both the maximal transpulmonary pressure and static expiratory compliance were low; therefore, the pressure-volume curves of the lungs resembled those obtained after strapping the chest in normal subjects. The low compliance may result from either microatelectasis or a generalized alteration in alveolar elastic properties and is probably a major determinant of both the total lung capacity and the breathing pattern of patients with neuromuscular disease. Airway and gas exchange function were less abnormal than the elastic properties of the lungs.", "contents": "Pulmonary mechanics in patients with respiratory muscle weakness. Pulmonary mechanics and respiratory muscle pressures were studied in 7 patients with severe respiratory muscle weakness. Minimal pleural pressures were grossly abnormal and showed little variation with lung volume. Both the maximal transpulmonary pressure and static expiratory compliance were low; therefore, the pressure-volume curves of the lungs resembled those obtained after strapping the chest in normal subjects. The low compliance may result from either microatelectasis or a generalized alteration in alveolar elastic properties and is probably a major determinant of both the total lung capacity and the breathing pattern of patients with neuromuscular disease. Airway and gas exchange function were less abnormal than the elastic properties of the lungs.", "PMID": 842952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5366", "title": "Mechanics of breathing in patients with atrial septal defect.", "content": "Mechanics of breathing and pulmonary diffusing properties were investigated in 24 adult patients with atrial septal defect. The patients were divided into 3 groups according to mean pulmonary artery pressure: less than 19 mm Hg (group I), 20 to 24 mm Hg (group II), and greater than 25 mm Hg (group III). The only change observed in group I was a marked increase in diffusing capacity. Patients of group II showed not only an increase in diffusing capacity, but also an overt decrease in maximal expiratory flow at all lung volumes and at any given driving pressure. For these two groups, a highly significant inverse correlation was found between changes in diffusing and elastic lung properties (r = -0.71; P less than 0.001). In patients of group III, the expiratory flow remained clearly decreased; furthermore, lung compliance and lung volumes were sharply reduced, airway resistance was elevated, and diffusing capacity was normal. Finally, from group I to group III, the lung elastic recoil became progressively diminished at small lung volumes. These results suggest that an increased pulmonary blood volume induces an increase in diffusing capacity and a slight decrease in lung compliance. Simultaneous existance of high intravascular pressure strengthens the effects of increased pulmonary blood volume on lung mechanics and results in significant abnormalities in the lung mechanical behavior. It is postulated that these effects are due to a competition for space between vessels and airways within the bronchovascular sheaths, with a subsequent compression of small airways.", "contents": "Mechanics of breathing in patients with atrial septal defect. Mechanics of breathing and pulmonary diffusing properties were investigated in 24 adult patients with atrial septal defect. The patients were divided into 3 groups according to mean pulmonary artery pressure: less than 19 mm Hg (group I), 20 to 24 mm Hg (group II), and greater than 25 mm Hg (group III). The only change observed in group I was a marked increase in diffusing capacity. Patients of group II showed not only an increase in diffusing capacity, but also an overt decrease in maximal expiratory flow at all lung volumes and at any given driving pressure. For these two groups, a highly significant inverse correlation was found between changes in diffusing and elastic lung properties (r = -0.71; P less than 0.001). In patients of group III, the expiratory flow remained clearly decreased; furthermore, lung compliance and lung volumes were sharply reduced, airway resistance was elevated, and diffusing capacity was normal. Finally, from group I to group III, the lung elastic recoil became progressively diminished at small lung volumes. These results suggest that an increased pulmonary blood volume induces an increase in diffusing capacity and a slight decrease in lung compliance. Simultaneous existance of high intravascular pressure strengthens the effects of increased pulmonary blood volume on lung mechanics and results in significant abnormalities in the lung mechanical behavior. It is postulated that these effects are due to a competition for space between vessels and airways within the bronchovascular sheaths, with a subsequent compression of small airways.", "PMID": 842953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5367", "title": "The closing volume test: evaluation of nitrogen and bolus methods in a random population.", "content": "The closing volume test, using helium bolus and nitrogen washout techniques simultaneously, was evaluated in more than 1,900 persons randomly selected as representative of the white population of Tucson, Arizona. Normal values were based on data obtained from those totally asymptomatic persons who had never smoked cigarettes. In the remaining population, the slope of Phase III appeared to be more sensitive than any other measurement in detecting abnormalities, but all measurements taken in conjunction were superior to any single parameter. Closing volumes measured by the bolus method were systematically greater than those obtained by resident nitrogen technique in normal subjects and were slightly more sensitive in detecting abnormalities in other population subgroups. Nevertheless, the single-breath test was of only limited value in distinguishing asymptomatic smokers from nonsmokers. Parameters used in conjunction revealed abnormalities in 36% of symptomatic subjects, many of whom already had physician-confirmed obstructive pulmonary disease. Our data suggest that, when applied to a randomly selected population, abnormalities in the closing volume test occur in only a very small proportion of persons in whom a respiratory disorder would not otherwise be suspected or already diagnosed.", "contents": "The closing volume test: evaluation of nitrogen and bolus methods in a random population. The closing volume test, using helium bolus and nitrogen washout techniques simultaneously, was evaluated in more than 1,900 persons randomly selected as representative of the white population of Tucson, Arizona. Normal values were based on data obtained from those totally asymptomatic persons who had never smoked cigarettes. In the remaining population, the slope of Phase III appeared to be more sensitive than any other measurement in detecting abnormalities, but all measurements taken in conjunction were superior to any single parameter. Closing volumes measured by the bolus method were systematically greater than those obtained by resident nitrogen technique in normal subjects and were slightly more sensitive in detecting abnormalities in other population subgroups. Nevertheless, the single-breath test was of only limited value in distinguishing asymptomatic smokers from nonsmokers. Parameters used in conjunction revealed abnormalities in 36% of symptomatic subjects, many of whom already had physician-confirmed obstructive pulmonary disease. Our data suggest that, when applied to a randomly selected population, abnormalities in the closing volume test occur in only a very small proportion of persons in whom a respiratory disorder would not otherwise be suspected or already diagnosed.", "PMID": 842954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5368", "title": "Effect of increased static lung recoil on ventilation distribution in excised human lungs.", "content": "The contour of a modified Fowler single-breath nitrogen washout was determined in 15 postmortem human lungs before and after static lung recoil had been increased by ventilation. Before ventilation, expiratory nitrogen versus volume curves exhibited the 4 phases similar to those seen in intact human lungs. The tests were repeated after ventilation with humidified air at room temperature for 3 hours at pleural pressures between -20 and +10 cm H2O at 15 breaths per min. After ventilation, the slope of the alveolar plateau (Phase III) decreased (P less than 0.01); the volume of Phase IV increased (P less than 0.01); and the closing capacity (Phase IV plus minimal volume) decreased (P less than 0.01). The data suggest that in the human lung the onset of Phase IV is not solely dependent on a pleural pressure gradient and that after ventilation, when static lung recoil is increased, the distribution of inspired gas in the excised human lung is more uniform, and at least some lung units empty more completely before zero transpulmonary pressure is reached.", "contents": "Effect of increased static lung recoil on ventilation distribution in excised human lungs. The contour of a modified Fowler single-breath nitrogen washout was determined in 15 postmortem human lungs before and after static lung recoil had been increased by ventilation. Before ventilation, expiratory nitrogen versus volume curves exhibited the 4 phases similar to those seen in intact human lungs. The tests were repeated after ventilation with humidified air at room temperature for 3 hours at pleural pressures between -20 and +10 cm H2O at 15 breaths per min. After ventilation, the slope of the alveolar plateau (Phase III) decreased (P less than 0.01); the volume of Phase IV increased (P less than 0.01); and the closing capacity (Phase IV plus minimal volume) decreased (P less than 0.01). The data suggest that in the human lung the onset of Phase IV is not solely dependent on a pleural pressure gradient and that after ventilation, when static lung recoil is increased, the distribution of inspired gas in the excised human lung is more uniform, and at least some lung units empty more completely before zero transpulmonary pressure is reached.", "PMID": 842955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5369", "title": "Experimental emphysema induced with purified human neutrophil elastase: tissue localization of the instilled protease.", "content": "Human neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) elastase was purified by affinity chromatography to greater than 95% homogeneity as judged by disc-gel electrophoresis. Dog lung elastin was prepared from alveolar-enriched tissue by prior extraction of soluble and collagenous lung proteins with 0.1 M NaOH at 98 degrees C. Digestion of the remaining insoluble residue by the purified PMN enzyme was monitored by Lowry assay of acid-soluble peptides released. The PMN enzyme possessed 60% of the digestive activity of crystallized porcine pancreatic elastase (weight:weight comparison) when tested in vitro against this substrate in phosphate-NaCl buffer at pH 7.5. Whole tissue studies were then performed in lungs of laboratory animals. One-ml samples containing purified PMN elastase were instilled into lavaged and saline-perfused isolated dog lung at the level of the sixth to seventh generation bronchus. Treatment with 384 mug of the PMN enzyme produced anatomic emphysema after a 90-min incubation at room temperature, which was comparable to that produced by 100 mug of porcine pancreatic elastase. Frozen sections of treated and control lungs were examined for the presence of PMN elastase by the indirect immunoperoxidase method using a monospecific rabbit antiserum against PMN elastase as the primary stain. Light microscopy revealed elastase bound to connective tissue in the treated lungs, in close proximity to aldehyde-fuchsin-counterstained elastic fibers. A similar experiment was tn of enzyme solutions containing 1;0 mg of elastase per ml produced discrete lesions within 90 min, as before. Light microscopic studies in conjunction with the indirect immunoperoxidase staining method again demonstrated elastase in association with connective tissue elements in the lesion area. In addition, part of the instilled protease could be demonstrated within alveolar macrophages. Electron microscopy combined with immunoperoxidase staining revealed direct attachment of th einstilled enzyme to elastic fibers within alveolar septa. In enzyme-treated tissue, some septa showed severe depletion of intercellular structures with the exception of colalgen, which was generally preserved. These results show that human leukocyte elastase penetrated dog alveolar septal connective tissue after airway instillation and that the enzyme attaches to elastic fibers, inducing histologic changes comparable to thos seen in human emphysema.", "contents": "Experimental emphysema induced with purified human neutrophil elastase: tissue localization of the instilled protease. Human neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) elastase was purified by affinity chromatography to greater than 95% homogeneity as judged by disc-gel electrophoresis. Dog lung elastin was prepared from alveolar-enriched tissue by prior extraction of soluble and collagenous lung proteins with 0.1 M NaOH at 98 degrees C. Digestion of the remaining insoluble residue by the purified PMN enzyme was monitored by Lowry assay of acid-soluble peptides released. The PMN enzyme possessed 60% of the digestive activity of crystallized porcine pancreatic elastase (weight:weight comparison) when tested in vitro against this substrate in phosphate-NaCl buffer at pH 7.5. Whole tissue studies were then performed in lungs of laboratory animals. One-ml samples containing purified PMN elastase were instilled into lavaged and saline-perfused isolated dog lung at the level of the sixth to seventh generation bronchus. Treatment with 384 mug of the PMN enzyme produced anatomic emphysema after a 90-min incubation at room temperature, which was comparable to that produced by 100 mug of porcine pancreatic elastase. Frozen sections of treated and control lungs were examined for the presence of PMN elastase by the indirect immunoperoxidase method using a monospecific rabbit antiserum against PMN elastase as the primary stain. Light microscopy revealed elastase bound to connective tissue in the treated lungs, in close proximity to aldehyde-fuchsin-counterstained elastic fibers. A similar experiment was tn of enzyme solutions containing 1;0 mg of elastase per ml produced discrete lesions within 90 min, as before. Light microscopic studies in conjunction with the indirect immunoperoxidase staining method again demonstrated elastase in association with connective tissue elements in the lesion area. In addition, part of the instilled protease could be demonstrated within alveolar macrophages. Electron microscopy combined with immunoperoxidase staining revealed direct attachment of th einstilled enzyme to elastic fibers within alveolar septa. In enzyme-treated tissue, some septa showed severe depletion of intercellular structures with the exception of colalgen, which was generally preserved. These results show that human leukocyte elastase penetrated dog alveolar septal connective tissue after airway instillation and that the enzyme attaches to elastic fibers, inducing histologic changes comparable to thos seen in human emphysema.", "PMID": 842956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5370", "title": "Acute silicosis in tombstone sandblasters.", "content": "Four men developed silicosis after sandblasting tombstones for an average of 35 months; 3 of them died an average of 59 months after their first exposure to sandblasting. Lung tissue demonstrated noncaseating granulomas and silicotic nodules involving small arteries and veins in 3 patients and alveolar proteinosis in 2. X-ray energy spectrometry showed primarily elemental silicon in the lung parenchyma. One patient developed lupus erythematosus and another focal glomerulonephritis. Two developed pneumothorax. None had cultural or morphologic evidence of tuberculosis. Pulmonary function studies in all 4 patients revealed a restrictive pattern. Industrial investigations revealed that the patients wore inadequate personal protection equipment and were exposed to 5 times the threshold limit value for respirable silica.", "contents": "Acute silicosis in tombstone sandblasters. Four men developed silicosis after sandblasting tombstones for an average of 35 months; 3 of them died an average of 59 months after their first exposure to sandblasting. Lung tissue demonstrated noncaseating granulomas and silicotic nodules involving small arteries and veins in 3 patients and alveolar proteinosis in 2. X-ray energy spectrometry showed primarily elemental silicon in the lung parenchyma. One patient developed lupus erythematosus and another focal glomerulonephritis. Two developed pneumothorax. None had cultural or morphologic evidence of tuberculosis. Pulmonary function studies in all 4 patients revealed a restrictive pattern. Industrial investigations revealed that the patients wore inadequate personal protection equipment and were exposed to 5 times the threshold limit value for respirable silica.", "PMID": 842957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5371", "title": "A rebreathing method for measuring carbon monoxide diffusing capacity. A supplement to the single-breath method.", "content": "A rebreathing method for measuring carbon monoxide diffusing capacity is described. The method can be used in patients whose vital capacity is too small, or whose cooperation is inadequate, for the single-breath method. The apparatus is simple and the same gas mixtures are used as for the single-breath method. The results obtained by the rebreathing method are similar to those by the single-breath method (80% of the results by the rebreathing method lie within 20% of the value by the single-breath method). The rebreathing method also provides a measurement of the functional residual capacity.", "contents": "A rebreathing method for measuring carbon monoxide diffusing capacity. A supplement to the single-breath method. A rebreathing method for measuring carbon monoxide diffusing capacity is described. The method can be used in patients whose vital capacity is too small, or whose cooperation is inadequate, for the single-breath method. The apparatus is simple and the same gas mixtures are used as for the single-breath method. The results obtained by the rebreathing method are similar to those by the single-breath method (80% of the results by the rebreathing method lie within 20% of the value by the single-breath method). The rebreathing method also provides a measurement of the functional residual capacity.", "PMID": 842958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5372", "title": "Ischemic colitis.", "content": "Fifteen patients with ischemic colitis were treated; in every case the diagnosis was made at operation or autopsy. Abdominal pain, tenderness, and distention were the most common findings. Five patients had the transient form of the disease, two stricturing, and eight gangrenous. Five patients were operated upon, two because of stricturing disease, three because of gangrene of the colon. Both of the former patients survived, one of the latter. Diagnosis of transient ischemic colitis can be made by barium enema studies. This form of the disease is self-limiting and recovery should be expected. Stricturing ischemic colitis may be diagnosed by barium enema, but doubtful cases will require laparotomy and resection. It is difficult, if not impossible, to differentiate the gangrenous form of the disease from other abdominal catastrophes without operation. When the condition is found at celiotomy, bowel resection without anastomosis is recommended.", "contents": "Ischemic colitis. Fifteen patients with ischemic colitis were treated; in every case the diagnosis was made at operation or autopsy. Abdominal pain, tenderness, and distention were the most common findings. Five patients had the transient form of the disease, two stricturing, and eight gangrenous. Five patients were operated upon, two because of stricturing disease, three because of gangrene of the colon. Both of the former patients survived, one of the latter. Diagnosis of transient ischemic colitis can be made by barium enema studies. This form of the disease is self-limiting and recovery should be expected. Stricturing ischemic colitis may be diagnosed by barium enema, but doubtful cases will require laparotomy and resection. It is difficult, if not impossible, to differentiate the gangrenous form of the disease from other abdominal catastrophes without operation. When the condition is found at celiotomy, bowel resection without anastomosis is recommended.", "PMID": 842964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5373", "title": "Thyroid carcinoma in children.", "content": "A study was made of 24 children under 15 years with thyroid cancer diagnosed during the years 1959-1967. None of the children had received irradiation treatment prior to diagnosis. Treatment took the form of surgery in combination with hormone and/or irradiation therapy. Of the 24 patients, only one died as a result of postoperative complications, even though 17% had lung metastases and 58% lymph gland metastases. The children were observed on average seven years, 10 months and the longest period of observation was 12 years, six months. The treatment recommended is total lobectomy on the affected side and subtotal on the opposite side. Cervical lymph glands with metastases are extirpated. Thyroid hormone treatment should be given immediately after surgery.", "contents": "Thyroid carcinoma in children. A study was made of 24 children under 15 years with thyroid cancer diagnosed during the years 1959-1967. None of the children had received irradiation treatment prior to diagnosis. Treatment took the form of surgery in combination with hormone and/or irradiation therapy. Of the 24 patients, only one died as a result of postoperative complications, even though 17% had lung metastases and 58% lymph gland metastases. The children were observed on average seven years, 10 months and the longest period of observation was 12 years, six months. The treatment recommended is total lobectomy on the affected side and subtotal on the opposite side. Cervical lymph glands with metastases are extirpated. Thyroid hormone treatment should be given immediately after surgery.", "PMID": 842965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5374", "title": "Penetrating torso injuries: the role of paracentesis and lavage.", "content": "Controversy still exists regarding the proper approach to patients with penetrating torso injuries. Mandatory immediate celiotomy and selective observation both have associated risks. Paracentesis with lavage is a rapid, easily performed and readily available technique which can, with a high degree of accuracy, differentiate on initial evaluation those patients with penetrating visceral injuries from those without such injuries. Complications are minimal. The use of these two procedures in evaluating penetrating torso injuries has led to improved patient care and produced major lowering of medical and socioeconomic costs.", "contents": "Penetrating torso injuries: the role of paracentesis and lavage. Controversy still exists regarding the proper approach to patients with penetrating torso injuries. Mandatory immediate celiotomy and selective observation both have associated risks. Paracentesis with lavage is a rapid, easily performed and readily available technique which can, with a high degree of accuracy, differentiate on initial evaluation those patients with penetrating visceral injuries from those without such injuries. Complications are minimal. The use of these two procedures in evaluating penetrating torso injuries has led to improved patient care and produced major lowering of medical and socioeconomic costs.", "PMID": 842966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5375", "title": "[Endocardial fibroelastosis. Pathologic and clinical findings in 20 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Pathologic and clinical findings in 20 infants with Endocardial Fibroelastosis are reported. Ten cases were considered as secondary Fibroelastosis due to left heart structural anomalies. Purpose was to find some clinical criteria to establish differential diagnosis between primary and secondary forms. QRS voltages in electrocardiogram were higher in primary forms and QRS axis in the frontal plane had more rightward deviation in secondary ones.", "contents": "[Endocardial fibroelastosis. Pathologic and clinical findings in 20 cases (author's transl)]. Pathologic and clinical findings in 20 infants with Endocardial Fibroelastosis are reported. Ten cases were considered as secondary Fibroelastosis due to left heart structural anomalies. Purpose was to find some clinical criteria to establish differential diagnosis between primary and secondary forms. QRS voltages in electrocardiogram were higher in primary forms and QRS axis in the frontal plane had more rightward deviation in secondary ones.", "PMID": 842969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5376", "title": "[Beckwith's syndrome. Pathological aspects (author's transl)].", "content": "A new observation of Becwith's syndrome is presented. Being a still birth a pathological study could be accomplished. Pathologycal findings are commented.", "contents": "[Beckwith's syndrome. Pathological aspects (author's transl)]. A new observation of Becwith's syndrome is presented. Being a still birth a pathological study could be accomplished. Pathologycal findings are commented.", "PMID": 842970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5377", "title": "[Dyschondrosteosis associated with turner's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of Dyschondrosteosis associated with Turner's syndrome is presented. There is no evidence of an autosomal dominant inheritance. The patient shows the typical clinical and radiological aspects of this disease, with severe intensity. Mental retardation is also important.", "contents": "[Dyschondrosteosis associated with turner's syndrome (author's transl)]. A case of Dyschondrosteosis associated with Turner's syndrome is presented. There is no evidence of an autosomal dominant inheritance. The patient shows the typical clinical and radiological aspects of this disease, with severe intensity. Mental retardation is also important.", "PMID": 842971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5378", "title": "[18 short arm deletion. Report of one case (author's transl)].", "content": "A two month old boy with multiple malformations: mental retardation, microcephaly, hyperterloism, displasic ears, hypospadias, unilateral cryptorchidism and holoprosencephaly is presented. In leukocytes culture, patient shows a deletion of the short arm of a 18 chromosome. This aberration apears \"de novo\" in this patient.", "contents": "[18 short arm deletion. Report of one case (author's transl)]. A two month old boy with multiple malformations: mental retardation, microcephaly, hyperterloism, displasic ears, hypospadias, unilateral cryptorchidism and holoprosencephaly is presented. In leukocytes culture, patient shows a deletion of the short arm of a 18 chromosome. This aberration apears \"de novo\" in this patient.", "PMID": 842972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5379", "title": "[Nezelof syndrome with secondary immunodeficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "A child with recurrent infections is presented. The frequent diarrhea leads to a severe malnutrition. The immunological work-up disclosed: absent IgA and low IgG serum levels, deficient cellular immunity and abnormal neutrophil chemotaxis. The cellular immunity and the neutrophil chemotaxis were improved with the nutritional status. At present the patient shows a partial combined immunodeficiency. The diagnosis of the case as a Nezelof's syndrome is discussed, as well as the addition of a secondary immunodeficiency caused by the recurrent infections and the malnutrition.", "contents": "[Nezelof syndrome with secondary immunodeficiency (author's transl)]. A child with recurrent infections is presented. The frequent diarrhea leads to a severe malnutrition. The immunological work-up disclosed: absent IgA and low IgG serum levels, deficient cellular immunity and abnormal neutrophil chemotaxis. The cellular immunity and the neutrophil chemotaxis were improved with the nutritional status. At present the patient shows a partial combined immunodeficiency. The diagnosis of the case as a Nezelof's syndrome is discussed, as well as the addition of a secondary immunodeficiency caused by the recurrent infections and the malnutrition.", "PMID": 842973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5380", "title": "[Hypoglycemia. First manifestation of diabetes mellitus in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Nine children were sent to the authors for hypoglycemia and familial history of diabetes mellitus. After oral glucose load abnormal responses in insulin secretion were obtained in all of them, and in one patient blood glucose curve was consistent with probable chemical diabetes.", "contents": "[Hypoglycemia. First manifestation of diabetes mellitus in children (author's transl)]. Nine children were sent to the authors for hypoglycemia and familial history of diabetes mellitus. After oral glucose load abnormal responses in insulin secretion were obtained in all of them, and in one patient blood glucose curve was consistent with probable chemical diabetes.", "PMID": 842974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5381", "title": "[E.E.G. in hydrocephalia with shunt (author's transl].", "content": "Twenty five cases of infantile non-tumoral hydocephalia that have been submitted to shunt therapy are presented. These cases presented EEG alterations of a focal character which were persistant or transitory at some point in their evolution. These alterations are attributed to lesions provoked by the catheter after perforating cerebral cortex or to intraventricular extreme in the same ventriculum where catheter was implanted or in contralateral ventriculum after performation of the septum pellucidum. These lesions can possibly provoke epileptical seizures and are more frequent in those cases with a larger number of surgical interventions secondary to obstructions of the shunt due to major trauma to which they have been submitted. It should be noted that the above facts need to be taken into account in order to realize an adequate therapy.", "contents": "[E.E.G. in hydrocephalia with shunt (author's transl]. Twenty five cases of infantile non-tumoral hydocephalia that have been submitted to shunt therapy are presented. These cases presented EEG alterations of a focal character which were persistant or transitory at some point in their evolution. These alterations are attributed to lesions provoked by the catheter after perforating cerebral cortex or to intraventricular extreme in the same ventriculum where catheter was implanted or in contralateral ventriculum after performation of the septum pellucidum. These lesions can possibly provoke epileptical seizures and are more frequent in those cases with a larger number of surgical interventions secondary to obstructions of the shunt due to major trauma to which they have been submitted. It should be noted that the above facts need to be taken into account in order to realize an adequate therapy.", "PMID": 842975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5382", "title": "[Diabetes insipidus in infancy. II. Study of eleven cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Eleven cases of diabetes insipidus are revised and distributed in the following four groups: I. Idiopathic diabetes insipidus, three. II. Secondary diabetes insipidus, four. III. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, two. IV. Psychogenic diabetes insipidus, two. In all these cases, clinical parameters, general analysis, hydric metabolism (static and dinamic), are studied. The precocious beginning of psychogenic diabetes insipidus, and some conclusions, on a difficult case of hard diagnosis are emphasized.", "contents": "[Diabetes insipidus in infancy. II. Study of eleven cases (author's transl)]. Eleven cases of diabetes insipidus are revised and distributed in the following four groups: I. Idiopathic diabetes insipidus, three. II. Secondary diabetes insipidus, four. III. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, two. IV. Psychogenic diabetes insipidus, two. In all these cases, clinical parameters, general analysis, hydric metabolism (static and dinamic), are studied. The precocious beginning of psychogenic diabetes insipidus, and some conclusions, on a difficult case of hard diagnosis are emphasized.", "PMID": 842976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5383", "title": "[Neuroleptoanalgesia in pediatric anaesthesiology (author's transl)].", "content": "An anaesthetic technique based on the use of a neuroleptic agent (Droperidol) and an analgesic (Fentanest) called Neuroleptoanalgesia, applied to Pediatric Surgery is presentend. This technique has been used in a series of 33 infants undergoing various surgical procedures. Doses given, results obtained and possible complications are discussed. This anaesthetic technique is considered of election in high risk surgical pediatric patients.", "contents": "[Neuroleptoanalgesia in pediatric anaesthesiology (author's transl)]. An anaesthetic technique based on the use of a neuroleptic agent (Droperidol) and an analgesic (Fentanest) called Neuroleptoanalgesia, applied to Pediatric Surgery is presentend. This technique has been used in a series of 33 infants undergoing various surgical procedures. Doses given, results obtained and possible complications are discussed. This anaesthetic technique is considered of election in high risk surgical pediatric patients.", "PMID": 842977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5384", "title": "[Cleido-cranial-pubic dysostosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Four cases of cleido-cranial dysostosis asociated to pubic dysostosis are presented in its' two forms; sporadic and familiar. Some chromosomal anomalies which have been described by several authors in the last years are pointed out. Denomination of pubic-cleido-cranial dysostosis as more appropiated for this entity is proposed.", "contents": "[Cleido-cranial-pubic dysostosis (author's transl)]. Four cases of cleido-cranial dysostosis asociated to pubic dysostosis are presented in its' two forms; sporadic and familiar. Some chromosomal anomalies which have been described by several authors in the last years are pointed out. Denomination of pubic-cleido-cranial dysostosis as more appropiated for this entity is proposed.", "PMID": 842978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5385", "title": "[Blue rubber bleb nevus (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of Blue Rubber Bleb Nevus in a 11 year-old boy is reported. The patient exhibited characteristic hemangiomas of the skin and gastrointestinal tract with an iron deficiency anemia. Historical, clinical, pathological, and surgical features of the condition are discussed. Value of fibroscopic examination in delineation of the cause of persistent gastrointestinal bleeding is pointed out.", "contents": "[Blue rubber bleb nevus (author's transl)]. A case of Blue Rubber Bleb Nevus in a 11 year-old boy is reported. The patient exhibited characteristic hemangiomas of the skin and gastrointestinal tract with an iron deficiency anemia. Historical, clinical, pathological, and surgical features of the condition are discussed. Value of fibroscopic examination in delineation of the cause of persistent gastrointestinal bleeding is pointed out.", "PMID": 842979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5386", "title": "[Anomalous origin of the right pulmonary artery from ascending aorta (author's transl)].", "content": "One case of anomalous origin of the right pulmonary artery from ascending aorta is reported. The anomalies in the origin of the main pulmonary branches are classified in Type A: Anomalous origin of a pulmonary artery from ascending aorta; Type B: Anomalous origin of a pulmonary artery from the aortic arch through a ductus arteriosus, and Type C: Absence of a pulmonary artery with pulmonary vasculariation through systemic arteries arising from descending aorta. The normal embryology of the 6th. aortic arch and the pulmonary branches and the differents theories postulated about the embryopathogenesis of these malformations are reviewed. The outstanding clinical, hemodynamic, angiocardiographic and surgical features are also discussed.", "contents": "[Anomalous origin of the right pulmonary artery from ascending aorta (author's transl)]. One case of anomalous origin of the right pulmonary artery from ascending aorta is reported. The anomalies in the origin of the main pulmonary branches are classified in Type A: Anomalous origin of a pulmonary artery from ascending aorta; Type B: Anomalous origin of a pulmonary artery from the aortic arch through a ductus arteriosus, and Type C: Absence of a pulmonary artery with pulmonary vasculariation through systemic arteries arising from descending aorta. The normal embryology of the 6th. aortic arch and the pulmonary branches and the differents theories postulated about the embryopathogenesis of these malformations are reviewed. The outstanding clinical, hemodynamic, angiocardiographic and surgical features are also discussed.", "PMID": 842980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5387", "title": "[Thoracic asphyxiant dystrophy and renal disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The case of two brothers with thoracic asphyxiant dystrophy, associated with cystic renal dysplasia in one of them, is reported. Differential diagnosis with other chondrodystrophies, specially with the Ellis van Creveld Syndrome is made, and the influence of the nephropathy on the vital prognosis of the affection is pointed out. The photographs show the characteristic and differential signs of this entity.", "contents": "[Thoracic asphyxiant dystrophy and renal disease (author's transl)]. The case of two brothers with thoracic asphyxiant dystrophy, associated with cystic renal dysplasia in one of them, is reported. Differential diagnosis with other chondrodystrophies, specially with the Ellis van Creveld Syndrome is made, and the influence of the nephropathy on the vital prognosis of the affection is pointed out. The photographs show the characteristic and differential signs of this entity.", "PMID": 842981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5388", "title": "[Desquamative interstitial pneumonia in a 3-month-old boy].", "content": "It is described a desquamative interstitial pneumonia in a three months old infant, in whom the diagnosis was established by necropsy. It is the 5th case younger than six months of age, published in the literature. The clinical and pathologic features of disease are briefly reviewed.", "contents": "[Desquamative interstitial pneumonia in a 3-month-old boy]. It is described a desquamative interstitial pneumonia in a three months old infant, in whom the diagnosis was established by necropsy. It is the 5th case younger than six months of age, published in the literature. The clinical and pathologic features of disease are briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 842982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5389", "title": "Detection of renovascular hypertension with angiotensin II blockade.", "content": "Angiotensin II blockade with sarcosine 1-alanine 8-angiotensin II (saralasin, P-113) was done in 40 studies of 20 hypertensive patients. Eleven of 12 patients with a depressor response to angiotensin II blockade had significant renovascular or renal disease, and nine of 10 had renal vein renin measurements that lateralized to the abnormal kidney. In contrast, none of the patients without a depressor response had renovascular abnormalities. Plasma renin activity was usually high in responders to saralasin (18 ng/ml-h) when compared with nonresponders (0.5 ng/ml-h). In these studies a correlation between the fall in blood pressure and the rise in plasma renin activity during angiotensin II blockade was observed while renin was unchanged in the absence of depressor responses. In two renovascular renin-dependent hypertensive patients, treatment with diuretics induced severe hyperreninemia and a rise in blood pressure that was reversed by sodium loading.", "contents": "Detection of renovascular hypertension with angiotensin II blockade. Angiotensin II blockade with sarcosine 1-alanine 8-angiotensin II (saralasin, P-113) was done in 40 studies of 20 hypertensive patients. Eleven of 12 patients with a depressor response to angiotensin II blockade had significant renovascular or renal disease, and nine of 10 had renal vein renin measurements that lateralized to the abnormal kidney. In contrast, none of the patients without a depressor response had renovascular abnormalities. Plasma renin activity was usually high in responders to saralasin (18 ng/ml-h) when compared with nonresponders (0.5 ng/ml-h). In these studies a correlation between the fall in blood pressure and the rise in plasma renin activity during angiotensin II blockade was observed while renin was unchanged in the absence of depressor responses. In two renovascular renin-dependent hypertensive patients, treatment with diuretics induced severe hyperreninemia and a rise in blood pressure that was reversed by sodium loading.", "PMID": 842983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5390", "title": "Impaired renal tubular potassium secretion in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Two patients with long-standing systemic lupus erythematosus were found to have persistent hyperkalemia. The hyperkalemia could not be explained by renal insufficiency, oliguria, diminished distal sodium delivery, acidemia, or hemolysis. After sodium depletion, urinary aldosterone excretion and plasma aldosterone concentration rose appropriately. No increase in urinary potassium excretion or decrease in serum potassium concentration was noted after fludrocortisone acetate, furosemide, or acetazolamide plus sodium bicarbonate. We conclude that these patients have a primary defect in renal tubular potassium secretion that may be related to an immune complex interstitial nephritis.", "contents": "Impaired renal tubular potassium secretion in systemic lupus erythematosus. Two patients with long-standing systemic lupus erythematosus were found to have persistent hyperkalemia. The hyperkalemia could not be explained by renal insufficiency, oliguria, diminished distal sodium delivery, acidemia, or hemolysis. After sodium depletion, urinary aldosterone excretion and plasma aldosterone concentration rose appropriately. No increase in urinary potassium excretion or decrease in serum potassium concentration was noted after fludrocortisone acetate, furosemide, or acetazolamide plus sodium bicarbonate. We conclude that these patients have a primary defect in renal tubular potassium secretion that may be related to an immune complex interstitial nephritis.", "PMID": 842984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5391", "title": "Celiac axis compression: experience with 20 patients and a critical appraisal of the syndrome.", "content": "Twenty patients with celiac axis compression were treated surgically during a 5-year period. Fifteen remain asymptomatic, two are partially improved, two are unimproved, and one has been lost to follow-up. The main presenting symptom was upper abdominal pain--constant in some, intermittent in most--and the main diagnostic clue was a loud, localized systolic bruit in the midepigastrium. All had angiographic confirmation of the diagnosis. Ten had previous surgery (appendectomy, cholecystectomy, vagotomy, and pyloroplasty), without relief. The authenticity of celiac axis compression as a symptom-producing entity is difficult to establish objectively because the main treatable symptom is pain. However, eight of these patients gained weight, three have shown improvement in pancreatic function, and one of the unimproved patients still has an occluded celiac axis. A critical review of the literature of this controversial topic is included.", "contents": "Celiac axis compression: experience with 20 patients and a critical appraisal of the syndrome. Twenty patients with celiac axis compression were treated surgically during a 5-year period. Fifteen remain asymptomatic, two are partially improved, two are unimproved, and one has been lost to follow-up. The main presenting symptom was upper abdominal pain--constant in some, intermittent in most--and the main diagnostic clue was a loud, localized systolic bruit in the midepigastrium. All had angiographic confirmation of the diagnosis. Ten had previous surgery (appendectomy, cholecystectomy, vagotomy, and pyloroplasty), without relief. The authenticity of celiac axis compression as a symptom-producing entity is difficult to establish objectively because the main treatable symptom is pain. However, eight of these patients gained weight, three have shown improvement in pancreatic function, and one of the unimproved patients still has an occluded celiac axis. A critical review of the literature of this controversial topic is included.", "PMID": 842985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5392", "title": "Pigmented corneal rings in non-Wilsonian liver disease.", "content": "Kayser-Fleischer rings are pigmented corneal rings at the limbus of the cornea in Descemet's membrane that have been deemed pathognomonic of Wilson's disease. However, we have observed four exceptions in patients with non-Wilsonian liver disease. Three patients had primary biliary cirrhosis and one patient had chronic aggressive hepatitis with cirrhosis. Pigmented corneal rings were seen only by slit-lamp examination. Hepatic, serum, and urinary copper and serum ceruloplasmin levels were significantly elevated in the patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Radiocopper (64Cu or 67Cu) studies in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis showed plasma disappearance curves which allowed a clear distinction from Wilson's disease in that all three patients with primary biliary cirrhosis showed a secondary rise in radiocopper that presumably represented copper incorporation into ceruloplasmin. In one patient, in whom 64Cu in ceruloplasmin was studied specifically, incorporation was found to be normal.", "contents": "Pigmented corneal rings in non-Wilsonian liver disease. Kayser-Fleischer rings are pigmented corneal rings at the limbus of the cornea in Descemet's membrane that have been deemed pathognomonic of Wilson's disease. However, we have observed four exceptions in patients with non-Wilsonian liver disease. Three patients had primary biliary cirrhosis and one patient had chronic aggressive hepatitis with cirrhosis. Pigmented corneal rings were seen only by slit-lamp examination. Hepatic, serum, and urinary copper and serum ceruloplasmin levels were significantly elevated in the patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Radiocopper (64Cu or 67Cu) studies in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis showed plasma disappearance curves which allowed a clear distinction from Wilson's disease in that all three patients with primary biliary cirrhosis showed a secondary rise in radiocopper that presumably represented copper incorporation into ceruloplasmin. In one patient, in whom 64Cu in ceruloplasmin was studied specifically, incorporation was found to be normal.", "PMID": 842986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5393", "title": "Abnormalities of circulating 25-OH vitamin D after jejunal-lleal bypass for obesity: evidence of an adaptive response.", "content": "Circulating levels of 25-OH vitamin D were measured in 44 patients who had undergone small intestinal bypass for obesity. Sixty-one percent had low circulating levels of the metabolite, which tended to normalize with time. This adaptive response also occurred for circulating total calcium, magnesium, albumin, and alkaline phosphatase. Serum concentrations of 25-OH vitamin D were directly related to total serum calcium and albumin. Impaired intestinal absorption of 25-OH vitamin D was seen in two patients. Following correction of total serum calcium for attendant hypoalbuminemia, 27% of patients remained hypocalcemic. The bone densities of two of 32 patients were low. In addition, skeletal biopsies of three of six patients were abnormal. It is concluded that small intestinal bypass results in at least transient deficits of circulating 25-OH vitamin D. As this operation may be associated with abnormal bone morphology, clinically significant skeletal disease may become apparent with long-term follow-up.", "contents": "Abnormalities of circulating 25-OH vitamin D after jejunal-lleal bypass for obesity: evidence of an adaptive response. Circulating levels of 25-OH vitamin D were measured in 44 patients who had undergone small intestinal bypass for obesity. Sixty-one percent had low circulating levels of the metabolite, which tended to normalize with time. This adaptive response also occurred for circulating total calcium, magnesium, albumin, and alkaline phosphatase. Serum concentrations of 25-OH vitamin D were directly related to total serum calcium and albumin. Impaired intestinal absorption of 25-OH vitamin D was seen in two patients. Following correction of total serum calcium for attendant hypoalbuminemia, 27% of patients remained hypocalcemic. The bone densities of two of 32 patients were low. In addition, skeletal biopsies of three of six patients were abnormal. It is concluded that small intestinal bypass results in at least transient deficits of circulating 25-OH vitamin D. As this operation may be associated with abnormal bone morphology, clinically significant skeletal disease may become apparent with long-term follow-up.", "PMID": 842987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5394", "title": "Sporotrichosis arthritis: clinical features in seven patients.", "content": "A review of the clinical features of seven patients with sporotrichosis arthritis showed that six had joint infection without previous skin or lung involvement and that one with myelofibrosis had joint and skin infection. The average time from onset of joint symptoms to diagnosis was 25 months, resulting in joint damage that required arthrodesis in four patients. Tissue from open synovial biopsy was superior to synovial fluid for obtaining a positive culture; concomitant synovial fluid and synovial tissue cultures were superior to either one alone. Granulomatous inflammation was seen in synovial tissue in six patients biopsied. Amphotericin B with surgical debridement of the affected joint was successful treatment in four patients. Although an uncommon cause of joint disease, sporotrichosis arthritis may go unrecognized and mimic other forms of arthritis, resulting in irreparable damage in an otherwise curable form of arthritis.", "contents": "Sporotrichosis arthritis: clinical features in seven patients. A review of the clinical features of seven patients with sporotrichosis arthritis showed that six had joint infection without previous skin or lung involvement and that one with myelofibrosis had joint and skin infection. The average time from onset of joint symptoms to diagnosis was 25 months, resulting in joint damage that required arthrodesis in four patients. Tissue from open synovial biopsy was superior to synovial fluid for obtaining a positive culture; concomitant synovial fluid and synovial tissue cultures were superior to either one alone. Granulomatous inflammation was seen in synovial tissue in six patients biopsied. Amphotericin B with surgical debridement of the affected joint was successful treatment in four patients. Although an uncommon cause of joint disease, sporotrichosis arthritis may go unrecognized and mimic other forms of arthritis, resulting in irreparable damage in an otherwise curable form of arthritis.", "PMID": 842988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5395", "title": "Acute intravascular hemolysis and acute liver failure associated as a first manifestation of Wilson's disease.", "content": "In three patients, the first manifestation of Wilson's disease was a syndrome in which acute intravascular hemolysis and acute liver failure were associated. This syndrome developed in three periods; the first, lasting 3 to 14 days, was characterized by fatigue, fever, and jaundice; the second, lasting 1 or 2 days, by severe intravascular hemolysis; and the third, lasting 2 to 6 days, by hepatic encephalopathy. All of the patients died from liver failure 7 to 21 days after the onset of the syndrome. The association of acute intravascular hemolysis and acute live failure is a characteristic manifestation of Wilson's disease; it is rarely associated with other liver diseases. This association might result from hepatic cell necrosis due to accumulation of copper, the consequences being acute liver failure and destruction of erythrocytes by the large amounts of copper released from the necrotic hepatic cells to the plasma.", "contents": "Acute intravascular hemolysis and acute liver failure associated as a first manifestation of Wilson's disease. In three patients, the first manifestation of Wilson's disease was a syndrome in which acute intravascular hemolysis and acute liver failure were associated. This syndrome developed in three periods; the first, lasting 3 to 14 days, was characterized by fatigue, fever, and jaundice; the second, lasting 1 or 2 days, by severe intravascular hemolysis; and the third, lasting 2 to 6 days, by hepatic encephalopathy. All of the patients died from liver failure 7 to 21 days after the onset of the syndrome. The association of acute intravascular hemolysis and acute live failure is a characteristic manifestation of Wilson's disease; it is rarely associated with other liver diseases. This association might result from hepatic cell necrosis due to accumulation of copper, the consequences being acute liver failure and destruction of erythrocytes by the large amounts of copper released from the necrotic hepatic cells to the plasma.", "PMID": 842989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5396", "title": "The anion gap in asymptomatic plasma cell dyscrasias.", "content": "The presence of a low anion gap in patients with multiple myeloma has recently been emphasized. This has been related to the retention of chloride and bicarbonate anions to offset the cationic charge of the monoclonal immunoglobulins. We now report the presence of a low anion gap in 50 patients with asymptomatic plasma cell dyscrasias. No correlation was found between the size of the anion gap and the height of the paraprotein \"spike\" or the size of the anion gap and an index of the net cationic charge of the monoclonal immunoglobulins.", "contents": "The anion gap in asymptomatic plasma cell dyscrasias. The presence of a low anion gap in patients with multiple myeloma has recently been emphasized. This has been related to the retention of chloride and bicarbonate anions to offset the cationic charge of the monoclonal immunoglobulins. We now report the presence of a low anion gap in 50 patients with asymptomatic plasma cell dyscrasias. No correlation was found between the size of the anion gap and the height of the paraprotein \"spike\" or the size of the anion gap and an index of the net cationic charge of the monoclonal immunoglobulins.", "PMID": 842990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5397", "title": "The myth of acute \"mild\" myocardial infarction.", "content": "Patients with acute myocardial infarction and an uncomplicated early clinical course are often thought to have suffered a mild myocardial infarction. There is also a tendency to link ECG changes suggestive of nontransmural necrosis with such a benign clinical course. Recent work proves that such patients have the same short- and long-term prognosis, similar angiographic and hemodynamic patterns, and deserve management identical to that for patients with transmural myocardial infarction. It is hoped that by combining the older modalities with new diagnostic methods it will be possible to quantitate the magnitude of old and new myocardial ischemic necrosis on which prognosis to a great extent is based.", "contents": "The myth of acute \"mild\" myocardial infarction. Patients with acute myocardial infarction and an uncomplicated early clinical course are often thought to have suffered a mild myocardial infarction. There is also a tendency to link ECG changes suggestive of nontransmural necrosis with such a benign clinical course. Recent work proves that such patients have the same short- and long-term prognosis, similar angiographic and hemodynamic patterns, and deserve management identical to that for patients with transmural myocardial infarction. It is hoped that by combining the older modalities with new diagnostic methods it will be possible to quantitate the magnitude of old and new myocardial ischemic necrosis on which prognosis to a great extent is based.", "PMID": 842996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5398", "title": "Simulated pituitary apoplexy: report of an unusual case due to hemorrhage into hypothalamic astrocytoma.", "content": "An unusual case of acute bilateral loss of vision simulating pituitary apoplexy but due instead to a fatal hemorrhage into a hypothalamic glioma is reported. The clinician dealing with abrupt loss of vision must promptly rule out ocular and orbital causes and then proceed immediately to a consideration of the variety of intracranial lesions which may cause sudden visual loss. Uihlein and Rucker have listed them in descending order of frequency: pituitary adenoma, tumors of the optic nerve and chiasm, supraclinoid aneurysm, parasellar lesion, thrombosis of the carotid artery, hydrocephalus of the third ventricle, chiasmal arachnoiditis, fracture of the anterior cranial fossa, basofrontal tumor of the skull, and pseudotumor cerebri. Neurologic, ophthalmologic, and neuroradiologic evaluations should be obtained without delay and will usually define the lesion and point to the appropriate treatment.", "contents": "Simulated pituitary apoplexy: report of an unusual case due to hemorrhage into hypothalamic astrocytoma. An unusual case of acute bilateral loss of vision simulating pituitary apoplexy but due instead to a fatal hemorrhage into a hypothalamic glioma is reported. The clinician dealing with abrupt loss of vision must promptly rule out ocular and orbital causes and then proceed immediately to a consideration of the variety of intracranial lesions which may cause sudden visual loss. Uihlein and Rucker have listed them in descending order of frequency: pituitary adenoma, tumors of the optic nerve and chiasm, supraclinoid aneurysm, parasellar lesion, thrombosis of the carotid artery, hydrocephalus of the third ventricle, chiasmal arachnoiditis, fracture of the anterior cranial fossa, basofrontal tumor of the skull, and pseudotumor cerebri. Neurologic, ophthalmologic, and neuroradiologic evaluations should be obtained without delay and will usually define the lesion and point to the appropriate treatment.", "PMID": 843014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5399", "title": "Segmental retinal periarteritis as a complication of toxoplasmosis.", "content": "Segmental retinal periarteritis is a relatively rare clinical entity with varied etiologies. This report describes a case of acute toxoplasmosis with segmental periarteritis without concomitant periphlebitis. To my knowledge this has never been reported previously. The diagnosis of toxoplasmosis was proven by both clinical findings and serology.", "contents": "Segmental retinal periarteritis as a complication of toxoplasmosis. Segmental retinal periarteritis is a relatively rare clinical entity with varied etiologies. This report describes a case of acute toxoplasmosis with segmental periarteritis without concomitant periphlebitis. To my knowledge this has never been reported previously. The diagnosis of toxoplasmosis was proven by both clinical findings and serology.", "PMID": 843015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5400", "title": "A retinal drawing teaching model for indirect ophthalmoscopy.", "content": "A retinal drawing teaching model for indirect ophthalmoscopy is described. It can be made simply and inexpensively to help reduce some of the frustrations inherent in learning retinal drawing and indirect ophthalmoscopy.", "contents": "A retinal drawing teaching model for indirect ophthalmoscopy. A retinal drawing teaching model for indirect ophthalmoscopy is described. It can be made simply and inexpensively to help reduce some of the frustrations inherent in learning retinal drawing and indirect ophthalmoscopy.", "PMID": 843016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5401", "title": "Papillophlebitis associated with systemic thrombophlebitis: case report.", "content": "This 36-year-old white man developed signs and symptoms of mild reversible papillophlebitis associated with calf thrombophlebitis and subsequent mammary and antecubital vein phlebitis after fluorescein angiography.This in flammatory process in conjunction with phlebitis elsewhere in the body strongly suggests that localized phlebitis of the central retinal vein, perhaps near its exit from the optic nerve, is etiologic in papillophlebitis. Response to corticosteroids tends to support this theory.", "contents": "Papillophlebitis associated with systemic thrombophlebitis: case report. This 36-year-old white man developed signs and symptoms of mild reversible papillophlebitis associated with calf thrombophlebitis and subsequent mammary and antecubital vein phlebitis after fluorescein angiography.This in flammatory process in conjunction with phlebitis elsewhere in the body strongly suggests that localized phlebitis of the central retinal vein, perhaps near its exit from the optic nerve, is etiologic in papillophlebitis. Response to corticosteroids tends to support this theory.", "PMID": 843017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5402", "title": "Hyaloid vascular remnants in human neonates.", "content": "A consecutive series of 226 infants was examined within 36 to 48 hours of birth using direct and binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy. Hyaloid vessel remnants were observed in over 90% of infants of less than 36 weeks gestation and in over 95% of infants weighing less than 5 lbs at birth. The majority in these groups were complete remnants. The number of complete remnants in preterm and low birth-weight infants was significantly higher than previously reported. The distinctive and orderly changes in the premature eye were suggested as a possible method of gestational assessment.", "contents": "Hyaloid vascular remnants in human neonates. A consecutive series of 226 infants was examined within 36 to 48 hours of birth using direct and binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy. Hyaloid vessel remnants were observed in over 90% of infants of less than 36 weeks gestation and in over 95% of infants weighing less than 5 lbs at birth. The majority in these groups were complete remnants. The number of complete remnants in preterm and low birth-weight infants was significantly higher than previously reported. The distinctive and orderly changes in the premature eye were suggested as a possible method of gestational assessment.", "PMID": 843019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5403", "title": "Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy.", "content": "A typical affection of the pigment epithelium was described for the first time by Scuderi and colleagues in 1948, characterized by visual loss and the ophthalmoscopic finding of exudative, yellowish white spots at the posterior pole, a favorable course and a quick healing, defined as \"benign external exudative retinitis.\" We illustrate another 13 cases of this disease angiographically studied and define its characteristics, proposing the denomination of \"acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy.\" We underline that the multiple placoid pigment epitheliopathy described by Gass and co-workers in 1968 is identical to the disease described by Scuderi in 1948.", "contents": "Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy. A typical affection of the pigment epithelium was described for the first time by Scuderi and colleagues in 1948, characterized by visual loss and the ophthalmoscopic finding of exudative, yellowish white spots at the posterior pole, a favorable course and a quick healing, defined as \"benign external exudative retinitis.\" We illustrate another 13 cases of this disease angiographically studied and define its characteristics, proposing the denomination of \"acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy.\" We underline that the multiple placoid pigment epitheliopathy described by Gass and co-workers in 1968 is identical to the disease described by Scuderi in 1948.", "PMID": 843020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5404", "title": "Symblepharon repair using a silicone sheet implant.", "content": "A technique utilizing a thin silicone sheet and a polyethylene tube to surgically repair symblepharon is described. A summary of cases treated by this technique is reviewed and other areas for further study are discussed.", "contents": "Symblepharon repair using a silicone sheet implant. A technique utilizing a thin silicone sheet and a polyethylene tube to surgically repair symblepharon is described. A summary of cases treated by this technique is reviewed and other areas for further study are discussed.", "PMID": 843021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5405", "title": "[Pseudo-late onset cutaneous parphyria in haemodialysis patients. Clinical and histological features. 9 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "In the context of a study of cutaneous problems seen in chronic renal failure patients on intermittent haemodialysis, the authors noted bullous eruptions very similar to late onset cutaneous porphyria. The bullae occur during the summer and are situated on exposed areas, in particular the head and neck. There is skin fragility and the bullae are transient, giving place to erosions and later to atrophic scarring. Even pseudo-miliary cysts have been observed. Histology reveals a sub-epidermal bulla, the basis of which consists of spiky papillary dermis. Immunofluorescence show immunoglobulin deposits in the vessels and basal membrane. All porphyrin measurements are negative. This disorder may be due to the presence of a non-porphyrinogenic photo-sensitising substance, found in certain types of plastic tubing.", "contents": "[Pseudo-late onset cutaneous parphyria in haemodialysis patients. Clinical and histological features. 9 cases (author's transl)]. In the context of a study of cutaneous problems seen in chronic renal failure patients on intermittent haemodialysis, the authors noted bullous eruptions very similar to late onset cutaneous porphyria. The bullae occur during the summer and are situated on exposed areas, in particular the head and neck. There is skin fragility and the bullae are transient, giving place to erosions and later to atrophic scarring. Even pseudo-miliary cysts have been observed. Histology reveals a sub-epidermal bulla, the basis of which consists of spiky papillary dermis. Immunofluorescence show immunoglobulin deposits in the vessels and basal membrane. All porphyrin measurements are negative. This disorder may be due to the presence of a non-porphyrinogenic photo-sensitising substance, found in certain types of plastic tubing.", "PMID": 843022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5406", "title": "[The difference forms of \"parapsoriasis en plaques\". A report of 90 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The term parapsoriasis was used by Brocq (1902) to group a number of conditions previously described under different names. This group has since then been modified, the same conditions being described under separate names and these have led to a great confusion especially between countries. In this study of 90 cases, three types of parapsoriasis en plaques are distinguished. The \"parapsoriasis digitiforme\" (40 cases) or benign type, or xanthoerythrodermia perstans, or chronic superficial dermatitis is characterized by small, oval or finger-like, yellow or pink patches. The histology is frequently not characteristic, but in a few cases, there is an exocytosis localized \"en flamm\u00e8ches\" in the epidermis. The condition is usually permanent but none of these cases has progressed to mycosis fongoides. The parapsoriasis \"en grandes plaques simples\" (25 cases) is characterized by few pink patches (3 to 5), larger than in benign type. In our cases the transformation to poikiloderma atrophicans vasculare is not observed. One of these cases progressed to mycosis fongoides. The \"parapsoriasis en grandes plaques po\u00efkilodermiques\" (25 cas), or poikiloderma atrophicans vasculare, prereticulotic poikiloderma, atrophic parapsoriasis, parapsoriasis lichenoides, is characterized by large patches, in limited number, showing a reticulated pigmentation and slight atrophy with telangiectasia. Five cases changed into mycosis fongoides and 4 cases showed some symptoms of malignancy; The histologic features are the same in the two last types: sometimes they are non-specific, in numerous cases the picture is characteristic with micro-abscesses or \"flamm\u00e8ches\"; in some cases there is a dense infiltrate with a clearly defined lower limit: this histologic appearance can be seen in cases without transformation into mycosis fongoides.", "contents": "[The difference forms of \"parapsoriasis en plaques\". A report of 90 cases (author's transl)]. The term parapsoriasis was used by Brocq (1902) to group a number of conditions previously described under different names. This group has since then been modified, the same conditions being described under separate names and these have led to a great confusion especially between countries. In this study of 90 cases, three types of parapsoriasis en plaques are distinguished. The \"parapsoriasis digitiforme\" (40 cases) or benign type, or xanthoerythrodermia perstans, or chronic superficial dermatitis is characterized by small, oval or finger-like, yellow or pink patches. The histology is frequently not characteristic, but in a few cases, there is an exocytosis localized \"en flamm\u00e8ches\" in the epidermis. The condition is usually permanent but none of these cases has progressed to mycosis fongoides. The parapsoriasis \"en grandes plaques simples\" (25 cases) is characterized by few pink patches (3 to 5), larger than in benign type. In our cases the transformation to poikiloderma atrophicans vasculare is not observed. One of these cases progressed to mycosis fongoides. The \"parapsoriasis en grandes plaques po\u00efkilodermiques\" (25 cas), or poikiloderma atrophicans vasculare, prereticulotic poikiloderma, atrophic parapsoriasis, parapsoriasis lichenoides, is characterized by large patches, in limited number, showing a reticulated pigmentation and slight atrophy with telangiectasia. Five cases changed into mycosis fongoides and 4 cases showed some symptoms of malignancy; The histologic features are the same in the two last types: sometimes they are non-specific, in numerous cases the picture is characteristic with micro-abscesses or \"flamm\u00e8ches\"; in some cases there is a dense infiltrate with a clearly defined lower limit: this histologic appearance can be seen in cases without transformation into mycosis fongoides.", "PMID": 843023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5407", "title": "[Gunther's congenital erythropoietic porphyria in an 8-month old girl (author's transl)].", "content": "A typical case of congenital erythropoietic porphyria in a 8 month old girl is reported (photosensitive blistering syndrome, hypertrichosis; erythrodontia; fluorescence of urine, teeth, erythrocytes and myeloblasts; splenomegaly; anaemia). Porphyrins, isomers I, were present in urine and blood. In faeces a porphyrin-X-like substance migrating as PX was detected; this porphyrin was finally identified as CP I unusually difficult to extract because of the presence of a banding and fluorescence quenching agent probably of exogenous origin. The usual methods are not always able to extract and to identify the faecal porphyrins.", "contents": "[Gunther's congenital erythropoietic porphyria in an 8-month old girl (author's transl)]. A typical case of congenital erythropoietic porphyria in a 8 month old girl is reported (photosensitive blistering syndrome, hypertrichosis; erythrodontia; fluorescence of urine, teeth, erythrocytes and myeloblasts; splenomegaly; anaemia). Porphyrins, isomers I, were present in urine and blood. In faeces a porphyrin-X-like substance migrating as PX was detected; this porphyrin was finally identified as CP I unusually difficult to extract because of the presence of a banding and fluorescence quenching agent probably of exogenous origin. The usual methods are not always able to extract and to identify the faecal porphyrins.", "PMID": 843024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5408", "title": "[Keratosis lichenoides striata associated with a pseudo-sinhum and a neurological picture (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors reported a case which does not seem to be possibly related to any known clinical entity; an aspect of keratosis lichenoides striata is associated with an ichthyosiform condition of the trunk and a pseudo-ainhum; there is also a neurological syndrome similar to a multilocular sclerosis. This patient resembles the previous cases of the literature; however there is neither erythema nor any striation at the back of the knees. There is also a pseudo-ainhumm. Concerning this observation, a review of the literature on keratosis lichenoides striata is presented.", "contents": "[Keratosis lichenoides striata associated with a pseudo-sinhum and a neurological picture (author's transl)]. The authors reported a case which does not seem to be possibly related to any known clinical entity; an aspect of keratosis lichenoides striata is associated with an ichthyosiform condition of the trunk and a pseudo-ainhum; there is also a neurological syndrome similar to a multilocular sclerosis. This patient resembles the previous cases of the literature; however there is neither erythema nor any striation at the back of the knees. There is also a pseudo-ainhumm. Concerning this observation, a review of the literature on keratosis lichenoides striata is presented.", "PMID": 843025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5409", "title": "[Cutaneous cholesterol emboli (author's transl)].", "content": "Fifty cases from the literature and one personal case of cutaneous cholesterol embioli are reviewed. These emboli come from abdominal atheromatous aotitis, sometimes complicated by aneurysm. The cholesterol micro-embolism is sometices induced by vascular surgery or arterial opacification. Male prevalence (47 cases) is evident. Alone or with visceral involvement, cutaneous lesions frequently simulate periarteritis nodosa: circumscribed to abdomen, thighs, legs, dorsum of the feet, the livedo reticularis is the most stricking feature associated or not with cutaneous nodes, purple toes, ulcers and gangrene. Histopathologic study is required for diagnosis: showing \"negative\" pictures of cholesterol cristals in an obliterating arteriolitis. Nevertheless special intetest is focused on a macrophagic granuloma centered in the vessel.", "contents": "[Cutaneous cholesterol emboli (author's transl)]. Fifty cases from the literature and one personal case of cutaneous cholesterol embioli are reviewed. These emboli come from abdominal atheromatous aotitis, sometimes complicated by aneurysm. The cholesterol micro-embolism is sometices induced by vascular surgery or arterial opacification. Male prevalence (47 cases) is evident. Alone or with visceral involvement, cutaneous lesions frequently simulate periarteritis nodosa: circumscribed to abdomen, thighs, legs, dorsum of the feet, the livedo reticularis is the most stricking feature associated or not with cutaneous nodes, purple toes, ulcers and gangrene. Histopathologic study is required for diagnosis: showing \"negative\" pictures of cholesterol cristals in an obliterating arteriolitis. Nevertheless special intetest is focused on a macrophagic granuloma centered in the vessel.", "PMID": 843026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5410", "title": "Day-stay surgery. Organization and teaching as applied to oral surgery.", "content": "The administration of a day-stay oral surgery unit is described and applications discussed with special reference to senior dental students.", "contents": "Day-stay surgery. Organization and teaching as applied to oral surgery. The administration of a day-stay oral surgery unit is described and applications discussed with special reference to senior dental students.", "PMID": 843041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5411", "title": "Intrabiliary rupture of hydatid cyst of the liver.", "content": "Infestation with Echinococcus granulosus is common in Iraq, where a close relationship exists between dogs, the carnivorous definitive hosts, and sheep, the herbivorous hosts of the parasite. Plants contaminated by eggs of the tapeworm passed in the dog's faeces may be ingested by man, giving rise to hydatid disease. Of 136 cases of hydatid disease affecting various tissues and organs studied and treated during a 3-year period, the liver was involved in 94; intrabiliary rupture occurred in 15. Pain, hectic fever, and obstructive jaundice were invariable in these 15 cases but biliary obstruction became complete in only 7. A palpable mass in the liver was present in 10 cases. Mistaken preoperative diagnoses were made in 4 cases before the true nature of the disease was determined. In the light of our experience four main guidelines to operative management may be formulated: First, the mother cyst, daughter cysts, and debris must be evacuated. Second, the common bile duct must be explored and cleared of daughter cysts, membranous shreds, and hydatid stones and the ampulla of Vater must be dilated; however, sphincterotomy is rarely necessary and should not be performed as a routine. Third, unless there is clear evidence of inflammation or daughter cyst or stone formation in the gallbladder the organ should be preserved, since it may prove useful for future bypass procedures. Finally, the residual cavity of the mother cyst must be drained.", "contents": "Intrabiliary rupture of hydatid cyst of the liver. Infestation with Echinococcus granulosus is common in Iraq, where a close relationship exists between dogs, the carnivorous definitive hosts, and sheep, the herbivorous hosts of the parasite. Plants contaminated by eggs of the tapeworm passed in the dog's faeces may be ingested by man, giving rise to hydatid disease. Of 136 cases of hydatid disease affecting various tissues and organs studied and treated during a 3-year period, the liver was involved in 94; intrabiliary rupture occurred in 15. Pain, hectic fever, and obstructive jaundice were invariable in these 15 cases but biliary obstruction became complete in only 7. A palpable mass in the liver was present in 10 cases. Mistaken preoperative diagnoses were made in 4 cases before the true nature of the disease was determined. In the light of our experience four main guidelines to operative management may be formulated: First, the mother cyst, daughter cysts, and debris must be evacuated. Second, the common bile duct must be explored and cleared of daughter cysts, membranous shreds, and hydatid stones and the ampulla of Vater must be dilated; however, sphincterotomy is rarely necessary and should not be performed as a routine. Third, unless there is clear evidence of inflammation or daughter cyst or stone formation in the gallbladder the organ should be preserved, since it may prove useful for future bypass procedures. Finally, the residual cavity of the mother cyst must be drained.", "PMID": 843042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5412", "title": "A new approach to the surgical treatment of hydatid cyst.", "content": "Hydatid cysts of soft-tissue organs occur in five forms: univesicular, multivesicular, calcified (aborted), ruptured (into adjacent body cavities or host organ ducts), and infected. Each of these distinct forms requires an appropriate surgical approach. For uni- or multivesicular cysts uncontrolled spillage of fertile elements of the parasite is a major hazard. A new method using local freezing of the cyst's outer layer and 0.5% silver nitrate as a scolicidal agent effectively overcomes this problem. Calcified cysts can be left alone. Suppuration or rupture into adjacent body cavities or internal organ channels must be handled according to basic surgical principles and all of the parasitic material removed.", "contents": "A new approach to the surgical treatment of hydatid cyst. Hydatid cysts of soft-tissue organs occur in five forms: univesicular, multivesicular, calcified (aborted), ruptured (into adjacent body cavities or host organ ducts), and infected. Each of these distinct forms requires an appropriate surgical approach. For uni- or multivesicular cysts uncontrolled spillage of fertile elements of the parasite is a major hazard. A new method using local freezing of the cyst's outer layer and 0.5% silver nitrate as a scolicidal agent effectively overcomes this problem. Calcified cysts can be left alone. Suppuration or rupture into adjacent body cavities or internal organ channels must be handled according to basic surgical principles and all of the parasitic material removed.", "PMID": 843043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5413", "title": "Scoliosis after termination of vertebral growth.", "content": "A follow-up study of 34 cases shows that scoliosis after termination of vertebral growth is commonly a progressive condition. In the increase of scoliosis disc degeneration is the most important single factor. Further increase may result from lateral subluxation of the vertebra. Once disc degeneration is initiated further increase is inevitable. The results of the study also suggest that change in the disc is possibly more closely related to the nutritional and metabolic condition of the individual than to any other factor.", "contents": "Scoliosis after termination of vertebral growth. A follow-up study of 34 cases shows that scoliosis after termination of vertebral growth is commonly a progressive condition. In the increase of scoliosis disc degeneration is the most important single factor. Further increase may result from lateral subluxation of the vertebra. Once disc degeneration is initiated further increase is inevitable. The results of the study also suggest that change in the disc is possibly more closely related to the nutritional and metabolic condition of the individual than to any other factor.", "PMID": 843044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5414", "title": "Necessity into choice. An appraisal of inguinal herniorrhaphy under local anaesthesia.", "content": "A policy of using local anaesthesia whenever possible for the repair of inguinal hernias was adopted in Seychelles primarily because a constant supply of anaesthetic gases could not be depended upon. The technique adopted is described and the results obtained over an 18-month period are reported. Experience has shown that local anaesthesia for this operation has many advantages and few disadvantages and is now preferred to general anaesthesia except when contraindicated by special circumstances.", "contents": "Necessity into choice. An appraisal of inguinal herniorrhaphy under local anaesthesia. A policy of using local anaesthesia whenever possible for the repair of inguinal hernias was adopted in Seychelles primarily because a constant supply of anaesthetic gases could not be depended upon. The technique adopted is described and the results obtained over an 18-month period are reported. Experience has shown that local anaesthesia for this operation has many advantages and few disadvantages and is now preferred to general anaesthesia except when contraindicated by special circumstances.", "PMID": 843045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5415", "title": "Peptic ulcer, pyloroplasty, and dietary fat. A new concept.", "content": "The hypothesis that peptic ulcer is a manifestation of a generalized metabolic disorder caused by excess dietary fat intake is supported by the results in a series of 134 patients with proven gastric or duodenal ulcer treated with a simple 'fat-free' diet, together with pyloroplasty in 82 cases and simple suture of a perforated ulcer in 16. Relief of symptoms and healing of the ulcer resulted in the great majority of cases so long as the diet was strictly adhered to, and there have been no side effects or morbidity.", "contents": "Peptic ulcer, pyloroplasty, and dietary fat. A new concept. The hypothesis that peptic ulcer is a manifestation of a generalized metabolic disorder caused by excess dietary fat intake is supported by the results in a series of 134 patients with proven gastric or duodenal ulcer treated with a simple 'fat-free' diet, together with pyloroplasty in 82 cases and simple suture of a perforated ulcer in 16. Relief of symptoms and healing of the ulcer resulted in the great majority of cases so long as the diet was strictly adhered to, and there have been no side effects or morbidity.", "PMID": 843047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5416", "title": "Intussusception in adults.", "content": "A brief r\u00e9sum\u00e9 of the important principles of diagnosis and treatment of intussusception in adults is presented, with 3 illustrative case histories.", "contents": "Intussusception in adults. A brief r\u00e9sum\u00e9 of the important principles of diagnosis and treatment of intussusception in adults is presented, with 3 illustrative case histories.", "PMID": 843049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5417", "title": "Dissolution of retained choledochal calculi.", "content": "The history of the technique of promoting dissolution of retained gallstones in the biliary tree is briefly reviewed. Present methods are described in detail and our own experience recorded. We have treated six patients with retained calculi by means of heparinized saline and sodium cholate infusions of the common bile duct. Successful dissolution of calculi was achieved in five cases, but one patient developed severe pancreatitis and renal failure which responded to peritoneal dialysis. We believe that the method is a valuable alternative to re-exploration of the common bile duct, particularly when calculi are situated in the distal part of the duct.", "contents": "Dissolution of retained choledochal calculi. The history of the technique of promoting dissolution of retained gallstones in the biliary tree is briefly reviewed. Present methods are described in detail and our own experience recorded. We have treated six patients with retained calculi by means of heparinized saline and sodium cholate infusions of the common bile duct. Successful dissolution of calculi was achieved in five cases, but one patient developed severe pancreatitis and renal failure which responded to peritoneal dialysis. We believe that the method is a valuable alternative to re-exploration of the common bile duct, particularly when calculi are situated in the distal part of the duct.", "PMID": 843050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5418", "title": "Development and application of a fully automated continuous flow radioimmunoassay system.", "content": "A fully automated, continuous flow radioimmunoassay system is described. The antibodies are covalently linked to a magnetic cellulose solid phase and separation of bound and free antigen is achieved by applying an external electromagnetic field. The bound fraction, after washing, is counted in a flow-through gamma counter chamber. The system employing Auto Analyzer modules, is highly reproducible and allows assays to be performed without equilibrium being reached, and only 10 minutes incubation time is required. The method is universally applicable to the assay of ligands, either protein, hormone, or drug, and for obtaining information about binding proteins. A new approach to the latter has been developed and is illustrated by a fully automated thyroid hormone uptake test which gives better discrimination between normal and pathological states than existing assays. The system operates at 30 samples/h and is characterised by the high precision, speed, and minimal carry-over which can be achieved.", "contents": "Development and application of a fully automated continuous flow radioimmunoassay system. A fully automated, continuous flow radioimmunoassay system is described. The antibodies are covalently linked to a magnetic cellulose solid phase and separation of bound and free antigen is achieved by applying an external electromagnetic field. The bound fraction, after washing, is counted in a flow-through gamma counter chamber. The system employing Auto Analyzer modules, is highly reproducible and allows assays to be performed without equilibrium being reached, and only 10 minutes incubation time is required. The method is universally applicable to the assay of ligands, either protein, hormone, or drug, and for obtaining information about binding proteins. A new approach to the latter has been developed and is illustrated by a fully automated thyroid hormone uptake test which gives better discrimination between normal and pathological states than existing assays. The system operates at 30 samples/h and is characterised by the high precision, speed, and minimal carry-over which can be achieved.", "PMID": 843052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5419", "title": "Simultaneous radioimmunoassay of thyroid hormones in unextracted serum.", "content": "A combined radioimmunoassay for the two thyroid hormones is described which uses 125iodine labelled triiodothyronine and 131iodine labelled thyroxine. The assay employs a double antibody separation technique and is suitable for use with unextracted serum. The results from the simultaneous assay compare very well with the results obtained in the single assays, and the discriminating power and precision of the simultaneous assay is a least as good as in the single assays.", "contents": "Simultaneous radioimmunoassay of thyroid hormones in unextracted serum. A combined radioimmunoassay for the two thyroid hormones is described which uses 125iodine labelled triiodothyronine and 131iodine labelled thyroxine. The assay employs a double antibody separation technique and is suitable for use with unextracted serum. The results from the simultaneous assay compare very well with the results obtained in the single assays, and the discriminating power and precision of the simultaneous assay is a least as good as in the single assays.", "PMID": 843053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5420", "title": "Flow cell modification of a filter fluorimeter producing improved throughput and precision.", "content": "A modification of a Corning-EEL 244 filter fluorimeter to take a Hellma fluoronephelometric flow cell is described, and the characteristics of a standard flow cell and the Hellma flow cell are compared by the use of a continuous flow fluorimetric calcein-calcium method. The study shows that by this modification a considerable improvement in precision, carryover, and throughput is possible. The kinetically better Hellma flow cell enables speeds in excess of 70 per hour to be achieved with carryover and precision better than that obtained at 40 per hour with the standard flow cell. Curve regeneration of signals using the Hellma flow cell can also be carried out, enabling a further increase in analytical rate to be obtained.", "contents": "Flow cell modification of a filter fluorimeter producing improved throughput and precision. A modification of a Corning-EEL 244 filter fluorimeter to take a Hellma fluoronephelometric flow cell is described, and the characteristics of a standard flow cell and the Hellma flow cell are compared by the use of a continuous flow fluorimetric calcein-calcium method. The study shows that by this modification a considerable improvement in precision, carryover, and throughput is possible. The kinetically better Hellma flow cell enables speeds in excess of 70 per hour to be achieved with carryover and precision better than that obtained at 40 per hour with the standard flow cell. Curve regeneration of signals using the Hellma flow cell can also be carried out, enabling a further increase in analytical rate to be obtained.", "PMID": 843056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5421", "title": "Some physiological factors affecting the binding of cortisol by human plasma proteins.", "content": "Steady-state gel filtration has been used to study the binding of cortisol to human plasma proteins in vitro. Raising the temperature from 37 degrees C to 41 degrees C results in the mean proportion of free (non-protein-bound) cortisol rising approximately from 7% to 11%. Addition of cortisol to plasma  identical to 275 nmol/l) also increased the proportion of free cortisol by approximately 50%. Cortisone is less strongly bound to plasma proteins than cortisol. The mean values (+/- S.D.) for five samples were free cortisol 8.4 +/- 1.1% and free cortisone 26.0 +/- 3.8%.", "contents": "Some physiological factors affecting the binding of cortisol by human plasma proteins. Steady-state gel filtration has been used to study the binding of cortisol to human plasma proteins in vitro. Raising the temperature from 37 degrees C to 41 degrees C results in the mean proportion of free (non-protein-bound) cortisol rising approximately from 7% to 11%. Addition of cortisol to plasma  identical to 275 nmol/l) also increased the proportion of free cortisol by approximately 50%. Cortisone is less strongly bound to plasma proteins than cortisol. The mean values (+/- S.D.) for five samples were free cortisol 8.4 +/- 1.1% and free cortisone 26.0 +/- 3.8%.", "PMID": 843057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5422", "title": "Differences in the calcium concentration of serum and plasma initially and after storage.", "content": "Calcium concentrations of plasma and serum in glass and plastic containers initially and after storage for up to 8 months at--20 degrees C were compared. The mean initial calcium concentration of the plasma samples was 2.491 nnol/l and this was significantly higher than the mean serum concentration of 2.440 nnol/l. There were no significant differences in the mean calcium concentrations attributable to differences in glass or plastic as materials for storage containers for either serum or plasma. The mean calcium concentration of serum remained stable over the entire storage period, but that of the plasma samples fell significantly between one month and six months, with no further fall between six months and eight months.", "contents": "Differences in the calcium concentration of serum and plasma initially and after storage. Calcium concentrations of plasma and serum in glass and plastic containers initially and after storage for up to 8 months at--20 degrees C were compared. The mean initial calcium concentration of the plasma samples was 2.491 nnol/l and this was significantly higher than the mean serum concentration of 2.440 nnol/l. There were no significant differences in the mean calcium concentrations attributable to differences in glass or plastic as materials for storage containers for either serum or plasma. The mean calcium concentration of serum remained stable over the entire storage period, but that of the plasma samples fell significantly between one month and six months, with no further fall between six months and eight months.", "PMID": 843058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5423", "title": "Plasma calcium in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Plasma calcium concentrations were measured in 18 patients suffering from acute myocardial infarction. Estimations were performed for several days after admission to hospital and a fall in plasma calcium was observed in 13 cases. Plasma albumin levels also decreased over this period, and correction of plasma calcium values to a fixed albumin level removed the apparent tendency to hypocalcaemia in these patients. Three patients with myocardial ischaemia showed similar decreases in plasma calcium and albumin. The observed changes are probably related to confinement to bed.", "contents": "Plasma calcium in acute myocardial infarction. Plasma calcium concentrations were measured in 18 patients suffering from acute myocardial infarction. Estimations were performed for several days after admission to hospital and a fall in plasma calcium was observed in 13 cases. Plasma albumin levels also decreased over this period, and correction of plasma calcium values to a fixed albumin level removed the apparent tendency to hypocalcaemia in these patients. Three patients with myocardial ischaemia showed similar decreases in plasma calcium and albumin. The observed changes are probably related to confinement to bed.", "PMID": 843059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5424", "title": "Inactivation in vitro of lactate dehydrogenase-5 in blood.", "content": "During incubation with rabbit blood in vitro rabbit-muscle lactate dehydrogenase-5 was inactivated at a rate similar to that observed in vivo. By contrast plasma and plasma containing erythrocytes had no effect on the enzyme activity, but plasma containing leucocytes inactivated the enzyme at the same rate as whole blood. The results obtained support the concept that intravascular inactivation accounts for the diappearance of enzymes from the circulation.", "contents": "Inactivation in vitro of lactate dehydrogenase-5 in blood. During incubation with rabbit blood in vitro rabbit-muscle lactate dehydrogenase-5 was inactivated at a rate similar to that observed in vivo. By contrast plasma and plasma containing erythrocytes had no effect on the enzyme activity, but plasma containing leucocytes inactivated the enzyme at the same rate as whole blood. The results obtained support the concept that intravascular inactivation accounts for the diappearance of enzymes from the circulation.", "PMID": 843060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5425", "title": "Paracetamol estimation: comparison of a quick colorimetric method with a standard spectrophotometric method.", "content": "A new colorimetric method for the estimation of plasma paracetamol was slightly modified and compared with a standard spectrophotometric method. Good correlation and no significant difference was found between results by the two procedures. Precision, accuracy, and recovery by the colorimetric method were acceptable. On the other hand it is less susceptible than the spectrophotometric method to interference by certain other drugs. The speed and simplicity of the colorimetric method, together with its satisfactory performance, make it a worthwile alternative to the spectrophotometric procedure.", "contents": "Paracetamol estimation: comparison of a quick colorimetric method with a standard spectrophotometric method. A new colorimetric method for the estimation of plasma paracetamol was slightly modified and compared with a standard spectrophotometric method. Good correlation and no significant difference was found between results by the two procedures. Precision, accuracy, and recovery by the colorimetric method were acceptable. On the other hand it is less susceptible than the spectrophotometric method to interference by certain other drugs. The speed and simplicity of the colorimetric method, together with its satisfactory performance, make it a worthwile alternative to the spectrophotometric procedure.", "PMID": 843062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5426", "title": "Blood groups of the Irish.", "content": "Some 1800 blood donors from the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland have been tested for the antigens A A1 B H; M N Ss Henshaw; C c Cw D Du E e Ce; Wra; P1; Lua; K k Kpa; Fya Fyb; and Rd (Radin). The results are compared with those already available for Ireland and an attempt is made to interpret them in terms of populations movements. With the exception of the high O frequency in the West, believed to represent the remnants of Mesolithic peoples, the blood groups are very similar to those in the rest of Europe, and show no significant differences between the different provinces in Ireland.", "contents": "Blood groups of the Irish. Some 1800 blood donors from the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland have been tested for the antigens A A1 B H; M N Ss Henshaw; C c Cw D Du E e Ce; Wra; P1; Lua; K k Kpa; Fya Fyb; and Rd (Radin). The results are compared with those already available for Ireland and an attempt is made to interpret them in terms of populations movements. With the exception of the high O frequency in the West, believed to represent the remnants of Mesolithic peoples, the blood groups are very similar to those in the rest of Europe, and show no significant differences between the different provinces in Ireland.", "PMID": 843063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5427", "title": "Red cell and serum proteins and enzymes of the Irish.", "content": "The gene frequencies in a number of red cell and serum protein and enzyme polymorphisms were examined in blood specimens from some 1800 subjects in different parts of Ireland. In general, the gene frequencies are similar to other western European values, though AK2 and PGDC frequencies are slightly low and ADA2 slightly high. The populations of the different provinces of Ireland are generally similar in these polymorphic frequencies, though Ag, Lp and Gc suggest differences mainly involving the ancient province of Ulster.", "contents": "Red cell and serum proteins and enzymes of the Irish. The gene frequencies in a number of red cell and serum protein and enzyme polymorphisms were examined in blood specimens from some 1800 subjects in different parts of Ireland. In general, the gene frequencies are similar to other western European values, though AK2 and PGDC frequencies are slightly low and ADA2 slightly high. The populations of the different provinces of Ireland are generally similar in these polymorphic frequencies, though Ag, Lp and Gc suggest differences mainly involving the ancient province of Ulster.", "PMID": 843064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5428", "title": "Limb volume, composition, and maximum aerobic power output in relation to habitual 'preference' in young male subjects.", "content": "Anthropometric data are presented for the preferred and non-preferred limbs of normal subjects together with measurements of one-limb maximum aerobic power output (V O2 max). The habitually preferred arms and legs were significantly larger in total volume (LV) when compared with the contralateral limbs (5 per cent, P less than 0-01; and 2 per cent, P less than 0-01 respectively). These differences were mainly attributable to variation in the size of the muscle component. Expressed in absolute terms, V O2 max achieved in exercise with the preferred legs was significantly larger than the non-preferred legs (2-84 cf. 2-74 l/min; P less than 0-01) and a similar but non-significant difference was found between the arms (1-10 cf. 1-05 l/min). If, however, V O2 max is standardized for the size of the active muscle mass (LV, muscle plus bone) these differences between the preferred and non-preferred limbs disappear. The implications of these observations are discussed.", "contents": "Limb volume, composition, and maximum aerobic power output in relation to habitual 'preference' in young male subjects. Anthropometric data are presented for the preferred and non-preferred limbs of normal subjects together with measurements of one-limb maximum aerobic power output (V O2 max). The habitually preferred arms and legs were significantly larger in total volume (LV) when compared with the contralateral limbs (5 per cent, P less than 0-01; and 2 per cent, P less than 0-01 respectively). These differences were mainly attributable to variation in the size of the muscle component. Expressed in absolute terms, V O2 max achieved in exercise with the preferred legs was significantly larger than the non-preferred legs (2-84 cf. 2-74 l/min; P less than 0-01) and a similar but non-significant difference was found between the arms (1-10 cf. 1-05 l/min). If, however, V O2 max is standardized for the size of the active muscle mass (LV, muscle plus bone) these differences between the preferred and non-preferred limbs disappear. The implications of these observations are discussed.", "PMID": 843065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5429", "title": "Changes in morphology of human populations due to migration and selection.", "content": "Anthropological characteristics of 115 young Israeli-born male Jews (18-25 years), offspring of immigrants from Russia and Poland, are described. The morphological changes in the young group are compared with a sample of 1914 from the \"parent\" group, and with two non-Jewish European groups--1547 in the 18-25 year age range and 3711 in the 40-60 age range. The results indicate a \"migrational effect\" acting in young migrant offspring as expressed in higher anthropological values. Statistically significant differences were observed among migrants and the original stationary population. A model is proposed for predicting the expected rate of variation of morphological parameters in the first generation of migrants.", "contents": "Changes in morphology of human populations due to migration and selection. Anthropological characteristics of 115 young Israeli-born male Jews (18-25 years), offspring of immigrants from Russia and Poland, are described. The morphological changes in the young group are compared with a sample of 1914 from the \"parent\" group, and with two non-Jewish European groups--1547 in the 18-25 year age range and 3711 in the 40-60 age range. The results indicate a \"migrational effect\" acting in young migrant offspring as expressed in higher anthropological values. Statistically significant differences were observed among migrants and the original stationary population. A model is proposed for predicting the expected rate of variation of morphological parameters in the first generation of migrants.", "PMID": 843066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5430", "title": "A factor analysis of skeletal measurements in Warsaw students.", "content": "Factor analysis by the J\u00f6reskog method was applied to data obtained from measurements of 19 skeletal measurements of human physique, carried out in 1971 on 166 men and 122 women students of the Warsaw Technical University. Separate analyses were performed for three factors and four factors in both sexes. The basic three factors could be interpreted as: (i) Length of long bones (limb length), (ii) Size of hands and feet, (iii) Body breadth (skeletal frame size). In the four-factor analysis the fourth factor consisted of trunk length in both sexes, linked with head and neck length and biacromial diameter in men, but not in women.", "contents": "A factor analysis of skeletal measurements in Warsaw students. Factor analysis by the J\u00f6reskog method was applied to data obtained from measurements of 19 skeletal measurements of human physique, carried out in 1971 on 166 men and 122 women students of the Warsaw Technical University. Separate analyses were performed for three factors and four factors in both sexes. The basic three factors could be interpreted as: (i) Length of long bones (limb length), (ii) Size of hands and feet, (iii) Body breadth (skeletal frame size). In the four-factor analysis the fourth factor consisted of trunk length in both sexes, linked with head and neck length and biacromial diameter in men, but not in women.", "PMID": 843067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5431", "title": "[Oxygen demand of an Actinomyces rimosus culture dependent on  the composition of the medium].", "content": "Consumption of oxygen by Act. rimosus depending on the medium composition was studied. It was shown that the level of dissolved oxygen in the fermentation broth decreased as the level of carbohydrates in the fermentor increased from 6 to 7.5 per cent. Under such conditions oxytetracycline biosynthesis appeared to be limited by oxygen and the maximum level of the antibiotic was not attained. A 2-fold increase in the concentration of the medium components resulted in an almost 2-fold increase of the biomass, while the potency level increased only by 54 per cent. The oxygen deficiency lowered the mycelium productivity with respect to the antibiotic biosynthesis to a greater extent that the rate of the culture growth.", "contents": "[Oxygen demand of an Actinomyces rimosus culture dependent on  the composition of the medium]. Consumption of oxygen by Act. rimosus depending on the medium composition was studied. It was shown that the level of dissolved oxygen in the fermentation broth decreased as the level of carbohydrates in the fermentor increased from 6 to 7.5 per cent. Under such conditions oxytetracycline biosynthesis appeared to be limited by oxygen and the maximum level of the antibiotic was not attained. A 2-fold increase in the concentration of the medium components resulted in an almost 2-fold increase of the biomass, while the potency level increased only by 54 per cent. The oxygen deficiency lowered the mycelium productivity with respect to the antibiotic biosynthesis to a greater extent that the rate of the culture growth.", "PMID": 843068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5432", "title": "[Isolation of cephamycins from actinomycete cultures].", "content": "A method for isolation of cephamycins from culture fluids of actinomycetes was developed. It included the stage of effective purification of sulfocation exchange resin SDV-3 (H+) with water desorption. Further purificiation of the antibiotics was achieved with sorption on anion exchange resin and fractional precipitation. The method provided 95-96 per cent purity level of the preparations.", "contents": "[Isolation of cephamycins from actinomycete cultures]. A method for isolation of cephamycins from culture fluids of actinomycetes was developed. It included the stage of effective purification of sulfocation exchange resin SDV-3 (H+) with water desorption. Further purificiation of the antibiotics was achieved with sorption on anion exchange resin and fractional precipitation. The method provided 95-96 per cent purity level of the preparations.", "PMID": 843069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5433", "title": "[Method of the spectrophotometric analysis of polyene antibiotics].", "content": "The method of quantitative spectrophotometric analysis of several substances in the presence of admixtures is described. The method is based on presentation of an unknown spectrum of the admixture absorption by the polyen of the 3rd or 4th power depending on the wave length. The optical density of the mixture of any wave length is expressed by the linear equation, including the Firord equation for the known components and the given polynome. The system of such equations for 10-15 analytical wave lengths may be solved with the method of the least squares using an electronic computer. The system solvations are the concentrations of the mixture components to be determined and the polynome coefficients. The method was tested on model mixtures composed of amphotercin B, myocheptin, nystatin and griseofulvin, as well as of isomeric nitroanilines playing the role of the admixture. The analysis error for the compounds of the polyenic structure having not less than 2 absorption maxima in the given spectral ranges did not exceed 1-3 per cent. As for the compounds with a single maximum or when the admixture included also polyenic compounds the analysis error increased up to 6--50 per cent.", "contents": "[Method of the spectrophotometric analysis of polyene antibiotics]. The method of quantitative spectrophotometric analysis of several substances in the presence of admixtures is described. The method is based on presentation of an unknown spectrum of the admixture absorption by the polyen of the 3rd or 4th power depending on the wave length. The optical density of the mixture of any wave length is expressed by the linear equation, including the Firord equation for the known components and the given polynome. The system of such equations for 10-15 analytical wave lengths may be solved with the method of the least squares using an electronic computer. The system solvations are the concentrations of the mixture components to be determined and the polynome coefficients. The method was tested on model mixtures composed of amphotercin B, myocheptin, nystatin and griseofulvin, as well as of isomeric nitroanilines playing the role of the admixture. The analysis error for the compounds of the polyenic structure having not less than 2 absorption maxima in the given spectral ranges did not exceed 1-3 per cent. As for the compounds with a single maximum or when the admixture included also polyenic compounds the analysis error increased up to 6--50 per cent.", "PMID": 843070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5434", "title": "[Biosynthesis of rubomycin. The glycosylation of exogenous rubomycin one and carminomycin one by a rubomycin-producing culture].", "content": "Production of rubomycin and carminomycinone glycosides by the rubomycin-producing organism was studied with the help of labeled rubomycin and carminomycinone. It was found that both substances were glycoxylized by the rubomycin-producing organism with production of the respective antibiotics. Non-labeled methionine did not decrease incorporation of rubomycinone labeled in the O-methy1 group into rubomycin. It is supposed that the methoxylic group of the latter is incorporated into its structure at early stages of its production, for example at the stage of polyketomethylen. Carminomycinone, which may be considered as desmethylrubomycinone not glycosylated by methylation.", "contents": "[Biosynthesis of rubomycin. The glycosylation of exogenous rubomycin one and carminomycin one by a rubomycin-producing culture]. Production of rubomycin and carminomycinone glycosides by the rubomycin-producing organism was studied with the help of labeled rubomycin and carminomycinone. It was found that both substances were glycoxylized by the rubomycin-producing organism with production of the respective antibiotics. Non-labeled methionine did not decrease incorporation of rubomycinone labeled in the O-methy1 group into rubomycin. It is supposed that the methoxylic group of the latter is incorporated into its structure at early stages of its production, for example at the stage of polyketomethylen. Carminomycinone, which may be considered as desmethylrubomycinone not glycosylated by methylation.", "PMID": 843071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5435", "title": "[Variability of Act. noursei, the producer of nystatin, under the influence of the separate and combined actions of hydrogen peroxide and UV rays].", "content": "The lethal and mutagenic effect of hydrogen dioxide used alone and in combination with UV light on the nystatin-producing strain 408 of Act. noursei was studied. The spore survival decreased with an increase in the hydrogen dioxide concentration and the irradiation dose. When the above mutagens were used in combination the lethality was close to the expected one on the summation effect. Under the effect of hydrogen dioxide and most of its combinations with UV light the morphological variation of strain 408 was close to the natural variation or somewhat lower. This phenomenon was possibly associated with significant lethal effect of hydrogen dioxide on the morphologically changed forms of the strain. Variation of the nystatin-roducing strain with respect to nystatin production increased mainly at the account of higher rate of low active variants especially under combined effect of the mutagens. The lethal and mutagenic effect of the combined use of hydrogen dioxide and UV light on the nystatin-producing organism did not depend on the exposure sequence.", "contents": "[Variability of Act. noursei, the producer of nystatin, under the influence of the separate and combined actions of hydrogen peroxide and UV rays]. The lethal and mutagenic effect of hydrogen dioxide used alone and in combination with UV light on the nystatin-producing strain 408 of Act. noursei was studied. The spore survival decreased with an increase in the hydrogen dioxide concentration and the irradiation dose. When the above mutagens were used in combination the lethality was close to the expected one on the summation effect. Under the effect of hydrogen dioxide and most of its combinations with UV light the morphological variation of strain 408 was close to the natural variation or somewhat lower. This phenomenon was possibly associated with significant lethal effect of hydrogen dioxide on the morphologically changed forms of the strain. Variation of the nystatin-roducing strain with respect to nystatin production increased mainly at the account of higher rate of low active variants especially under combined effect of the mutagens. The lethal and mutagenic effect of the combined use of hydrogen dioxide and UV light on the nystatin-producing organism did not depend on the exposure sequence.", "PMID": 843072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5436", "title": "[Lincomycin concentration in human serum and pulmonary tissue].", "content": "Lincomycin levels in the blood serum and lung tissue were determined in 17 patients after surgical operations because of the lung diseases, the drug being administered in a dose of 500 mg. In 45 to 330 minutes after administration of the antibiotic its concentration in the blood serum and lung tissue was 4.6 +/- 10 lambda/ml(average 7.7 lambda/ml) and 1.4-8 lambda/gm (average 4.4 lambda/gm) respectively. The lincomycin level in the lung tissue amounted to 61 per cent of that in the blood setum. The concentration of lincomycin the lung tissue was several times higher than the minimum level necessary for inhibition of the strains included in the antibiotic antibacterial spectrum. Therefore, lincomycin is an important drug in the treatment of infections of the respiratory tract.", "contents": "[Lincomycin concentration in human serum and pulmonary tissue]. Lincomycin levels in the blood serum and lung tissue were determined in 17 patients after surgical operations because of the lung diseases, the drug being administered in a dose of 500 mg. In 45 to 330 minutes after administration of the antibiotic its concentration in the blood serum and lung tissue was 4.6 +/- 10 lambda/ml(average 7.7 lambda/ml) and 1.4-8 lambda/gm (average 4.4 lambda/gm) respectively. The lincomycin level in the lung tissue amounted to 61 per cent of that in the blood setum. The concentration of lincomycin the lung tissue was several times higher than the minimum level necessary for inhibition of the strains included in the antibiotic antibacterial spectrum. Therefore, lincomycin is an important drug in the treatment of infections of the respiratory tract.", "PMID": 843073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5437", "title": "[Characteristics of streptomycin distribution and binding in the body of rabbits depending on their immunobiological state].", "content": "Some regularities of distribution and binding of streptomycin in the blood, organs and tissues of immunized rabbits werer studied. The leveles of the bound and free antibiotic in ther were determined. It was found that the immunobiological state of the rabbits had a definite effect on the distribution character and binding of streptomycin with proteins and cells in the animal organs and tissues. These changes were most pronounced in the organs and tissues of lymphoid and hematopoietic systems, the cells of which are indirect active participants of the immunity formation. As a result of proliferation of these cells the antibiotic was accumulated in higher amounts and bound more actively especially in the thymus gland and bone marrow, the central organs of the immunological reconstruction of the host. The studies are indicative of the presence of interaction between immunogenesis, distribution and binding of streptomycin in immunized animals.", "contents": "[Characteristics of streptomycin distribution and binding in the body of rabbits depending on their immunobiological state]. Some regularities of distribution and binding of streptomycin in the blood, organs and tissues of immunized rabbits werer studied. The leveles of the bound and free antibiotic in ther were determined. It was found that the immunobiological state of the rabbits had a definite effect on the distribution character and binding of streptomycin with proteins and cells in the animal organs and tissues. These changes were most pronounced in the organs and tissues of lymphoid and hematopoietic systems, the cells of which are indirect active participants of the immunity formation. As a result of proliferation of these cells the antibiotic was accumulated in higher amounts and bound more actively especially in the thymus gland and bone marrow, the central organs of the immunological reconstruction of the host. The studies are indicative of the presence of interaction between immunogenesis, distribution and binding of streptomycin in immunized animals.", "PMID": 843074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5438", "title": "[Effect of N-ethylenemaleimide on the inhibitory activity of cytostatics].", "content": "The cytostatic effect of endoxan, Tiotef, bleomycin and other drugs was increased by addition of a thioloprovic compound of N-ethylenmaleimide (N-EM) to the cultures of cancer cells in doses not affecting the synthesis of nucleic acids in these cultures. The sensibilizing effect of N-EM against the antitumor drugs was due to blocking of SH-enzymes responsible of synthesis or reparation of DNA. Thus, a simultaneous effect of N-EM on the thiol cycle and synthesis of nucleic acids was synergistic for a number of antitumor drugs. It provided an increased effect of the cytostatics in doses having no activity under conditions of routine in vitro tests.", "contents": "[Effect of N-ethylenemaleimide on the inhibitory activity of cytostatics]. The cytostatic effect of endoxan, Tiotef, bleomycin and other drugs was increased by addition of a thioloprovic compound of N-ethylenmaleimide (N-EM) to the cultures of cancer cells in doses not affecting the synthesis of nucleic acids in these cultures. The sensibilizing effect of N-EM against the antitumor drugs was due to blocking of SH-enzymes responsible of synthesis or reparation of DNA. Thus, a simultaneous effect of N-EM on the thiol cycle and synthesis of nucleic acids was synergistic for a number of antitumor drugs. It provided an increased effect of the cytostatics in doses having no activity under conditions of routine in vitro tests.", "PMID": 843076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5439", "title": "Chemosurgery for melanoma.", "content": "Microscopically controlled excision of melanoma by the chemosurgical method ensures complete eradication of any unsuspected outgrowths from the clinically observed tumor mass. The method differs from the chemosurgical techniques used for excision of cutaneous carcinomas in the following two respects: the tissues always are chemically fixed in situ before any incisions are made in order to minimize the chance of dissemination, and an extra margin of tissues is removed after reaching a microscopically melanoma-free plane in order to encompass possible outlying melanomatous satellites in the peritumoral lymphatics. In a series of 103 consecutive cases of melanomas of the nodular, superficial spreading, and lentigo maligna types, there were 86 determinate cases with a five-year cure rate of 50%. This is a high rate for a series in which 69% were nodular melanomas and 64% invaded to subcutaneous tissues (Clark's level 5).", "contents": "Chemosurgery for melanoma. Microscopically controlled excision of melanoma by the chemosurgical method ensures complete eradication of any unsuspected outgrowths from the clinically observed tumor mass. The method differs from the chemosurgical techniques used for excision of cutaneous carcinomas in the following two respects: the tissues always are chemically fixed in situ before any incisions are made in order to minimize the chance of dissemination, and an extra margin of tissues is removed after reaching a microscopically melanoma-free plane in order to encompass possible outlying melanomatous satellites in the peritumoral lymphatics. In a series of 103 consecutive cases of melanomas of the nodular, superficial spreading, and lentigo maligna types, there were 86 determinate cases with a five-year cure rate of 50%. This is a high rate for a series in which 69% were nodular melanomas and 64% invaded to subcutaneous tissues (Clark's level 5).", "PMID": 843093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5440", "title": "Topical methoxsalen and blacklight in the treatment of psoriasis.", "content": "Thirty patients with recalcitrant psoriasis were treated with topical methoxsalen and blacklight (UVA). A 1% concentration either in an acetone, alcohol, propylene glycol vehicle, or hydrophilic ointment, USP, applied two hours before light exposure was highly effective. Twelve patients were completely cleared and nine were markedly improved in three to five weeks. Plaque-type and guttate psoriasis responded best while exfoliative psoriasis benefitted less. Maintenance of a phototoxic reaction in the lesion was necessary for total resolution. Topical methoxsalen and blacklight is feasible for outpatient treatment of plaque-type psoriasis of limited extent.", "contents": "Topical methoxsalen and blacklight in the treatment of psoriasis. Thirty patients with recalcitrant psoriasis were treated with topical methoxsalen and blacklight (UVA). A 1% concentration either in an acetone, alcohol, propylene glycol vehicle, or hydrophilic ointment, USP, applied two hours before light exposure was highly effective. Twelve patients were completely cleared and nine were markedly improved in three to five weeks. Plaque-type and guttate psoriasis responded best while exfoliative psoriasis benefitted less. Maintenance of a phototoxic reaction in the lesion was necessary for total resolution. Topical methoxsalen and blacklight is feasible for outpatient treatment of plaque-type psoriasis of limited extent.", "PMID": 843094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5441", "title": "Shortage of full-time faculty in dermatology.", "content": "A persistent shortage of full-time faculty exists in dermatology. Despite the addition of 124 new full-time faculty since 1971 through 1972, 136 training programs in 1974 through 1975 were actively seeking 88 new full-time faculty and believed they needed 243. With a net gain of 30 new faculty a year, it will take 2.93 years to add 88 new faculty that are being actively sought and 5.16 years to add 155 more that are urgently needed. During this eight years, demand for new faculty will increase, so that figures of need may remain essentially unchanged in 1982 through 1983 and between 1971 through 1972 and 1974 through 1975. Expertise that was most needed was in immunology, electron microscopy, histopathology, microbiology, and biochemistry; many accept faculty in any area or with no special training. Measures should be taken to attract and retain more dermatologists in full-time academic positions.", "contents": "Shortage of full-time faculty in dermatology. A persistent shortage of full-time faculty exists in dermatology. Despite the addition of 124 new full-time faculty since 1971 through 1972, 136 training programs in 1974 through 1975 were actively seeking 88 new full-time faculty and believed they needed 243. With a net gain of 30 new faculty a year, it will take 2.93 years to add 88 new faculty that are being actively sought and 5.16 years to add 155 more that are urgently needed. During this eight years, demand for new faculty will increase, so that figures of need may remain essentially unchanged in 1982 through 1983 and between 1971 through 1972 and 1974 through 1975. Expertise that was most needed was in immunology, electron microscopy, histopathology, microbiology, and biochemistry; many accept faculty in any area or with no special training. Measures should be taken to attract and retain more dermatologists in full-time academic positions.", "PMID": 843095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5442", "title": "Gastrointestinal absorption of griseofulvin from corn oil-in-water emulsions: effect of amount of corn oil ingested in man.", "content": "The effect of the amount of emulsified corn oil ingested on the gastrointestinal absorption of griseofulvin in man was assessed after oral administration of 5, 10, 15, or 30 gm doses of a corn oil (40% w/w)-in-water emulsion dosage form, each containing 250 mg of microsize griseofulvin. For comparison, griseofulvin absorption from two-125 mg commercial tablets of ultramicrosize drug dispersed in polyethylene glycol 6;000 was also determined. Griseofulvin was almost completely absorbed from the microsize drug emulsions and ultramicrosize drug tablets, whereas 50% of an oral dose is absorbed from commercial microsize griseofulvin tablets. Only 4 gm of emulsified corn oil (as a 10-gm dose of emulsion) is required to maximize the uniformity and extent of griseofulvin absorptions. The emulsion dosage form is uniquely suited for pediatric use.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal absorption of griseofulvin from corn oil-in-water emulsions: effect of amount of corn oil ingested in man. The effect of the amount of emulsified corn oil ingested on the gastrointestinal absorption of griseofulvin in man was assessed after oral administration of 5, 10, 15, or 30 gm doses of a corn oil (40% w/w)-in-water emulsion dosage form, each containing 250 mg of microsize griseofulvin. For comparison, griseofulvin absorption from two-125 mg commercial tablets of ultramicrosize drug dispersed in polyethylene glycol 6;000 was also determined. Griseofulvin was almost completely absorbed from the microsize drug emulsions and ultramicrosize drug tablets, whereas 50% of an oral dose is absorbed from commercial microsize griseofulvin tablets. Only 4 gm of emulsified corn oil (as a 10-gm dose of emulsion) is required to maximize the uniformity and extent of griseofulvin absorptions. The emulsion dosage form is uniquely suited for pediatric use.", "PMID": 843096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5443", "title": "Giant basal cell carcinoma.", "content": "Whereas basal cell carcinoma usually is a slow-growing tumor of the head and neck region, we have observed, over a 20-year period, three large, unique basal cell tumors of the back that were distinctive and presented clinical and histologic problems in diagnosis. They commonly formed exophytic, vegetative, flesh-colored to red, sessile plaques up to 20 cm in diameter. Ulceration was the principal feature of a fourth tumor, which destroyed the skin of the entire lumbar area and invaded the muscle. Regional-node metastases from this tumor showed basal cell carcinoma. Histologically, all the primary lesions were adenoid basal cell carcinomas with mucinous stroma. Histochemistry in two cases demonstrated minimal respiratory enzymes and no special esterolytic or lysosomal enzymes. Surgery was curative in three of these cases of rare, giant variant of basal cell carcinoma of the skin.", "contents": "Giant basal cell carcinoma. Whereas basal cell carcinoma usually is a slow-growing tumor of the head and neck region, we have observed, over a 20-year period, three large, unique basal cell tumors of the back that were distinctive and presented clinical and histologic problems in diagnosis. They commonly formed exophytic, vegetative, flesh-colored to red, sessile plaques up to 20 cm in diameter. Ulceration was the principal feature of a fourth tumor, which destroyed the skin of the entire lumbar area and invaded the muscle. Regional-node metastases from this tumor showed basal cell carcinoma. Histologically, all the primary lesions were adenoid basal cell carcinomas with mucinous stroma. Histochemistry in two cases demonstrated minimal respiratory enzymes and no special esterolytic or lysosomal enzymes. Surgery was curative in three of these cases of rare, giant variant of basal cell carcinoma of the skin.", "PMID": 843097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5444", "title": "Pathologic findings in human scabies.", "content": "The histologic findings in the papular, vesicular, nodular, and Norwegian variant of scabies have in common a superficial and deep perivascular mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate of lymphocytes, histiocytes, and numerous eosinophils. A spongiotic vesicle occurs in the papulovesicular type, a dense cellular infiltrate in the nodular type, and a hyperkeratotic psoriasiform dermatitis in the Norwegian type. Eggs, larvae, and adult mites are abundant in the cornified layer of Norwegian scabies, are practically never found in biopsy specimens from lesions of nodular scabies, and are discovered only episodically in papulovesicular lesions.", "contents": "Pathologic findings in human scabies. The histologic findings in the papular, vesicular, nodular, and Norwegian variant of scabies have in common a superficial and deep perivascular mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate of lymphocytes, histiocytes, and numerous eosinophils. A spongiotic vesicle occurs in the papulovesicular type, a dense cellular infiltrate in the nodular type, and a hyperkeratotic psoriasiform dermatitis in the Norwegian type. Eggs, larvae, and adult mites are abundant in the cornified layer of Norwegian scabies, are practically never found in biopsy specimens from lesions of nodular scabies, and are discovered only episodically in papulovesicular lesions.", "PMID": 843098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5445", "title": "Pseudofolliculitis capitis.", "content": "Pseudofolliculitis of the bearded area is a common dermatoses among black men. Acne keloidalis probably represents this same condition, but is located in the nape area. Pseudofolliculitis of the pubic area (pseudofolliculitis pubis) has been reported. We wish to report pseudofolliculitis including the entire scalp and to add the term pseudofolliculitis capitis for this heretofore unreported entity.", "contents": "Pseudofolliculitis capitis. Pseudofolliculitis of the bearded area is a common dermatoses among black men. Acne keloidalis probably represents this same condition, but is located in the nape area. Pseudofolliculitis of the pubic area (pseudofolliculitis pubis) has been reported. We wish to report pseudofolliculitis including the entire scalp and to add the term pseudofolliculitis capitis for this heretofore unreported entity.", "PMID": 843099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5446", "title": "Eruptions due to oral contraceptives.", "content": "Three patients developed eruptions attributable to oral contraceptives. The eruptions of two of the patients resolved when the women discontinued the use of oral contraceptives. The third patient changed the type of oral contraceptive she was taking, and the eruption subsequently subsided.", "contents": "Eruptions due to oral contraceptives. Three patients developed eruptions attributable to oral contraceptives. The eruptions of two of the patients resolved when the women discontinued the use of oral contraceptives. The third patient changed the type of oral contraceptive she was taking, and the eruption subsequently subsided.", "PMID": 843100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5447", "title": "Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome.", "content": "In 1967, Kawasaki reported an acute, febrile, mucocutaneous condition accompanied by swelling of cervical lymph nodes that afflicted infants and young children in Japan. He called the entity mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. In 1974, the condition was reported in Hawaii, and several cases have been reported subsequently from  the continental United States and other countries. One percent to two % of patients had died suddenly of cardiac failure. Rickettsia-like bodies have been demonstrated from skin and lymph node biopsy specimens, and the pathologic features suggest a relationship to infantile periarteritis nodosa.", "contents": "Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. In 1967, Kawasaki reported an acute, febrile, mucocutaneous condition accompanied by swelling of cervical lymph nodes that afflicted infants and young children in Japan. He called the entity mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. In 1974, the condition was reported in Hawaii, and several cases have been reported subsequently from  the continental United States and other countries. One percent to two % of patients had died suddenly of cardiac failure. Rickettsia-like bodies have been demonstrated from skin and lymph node biopsy specimens, and the pathologic features suggest a relationship to infantile periarteritis nodosa.", "PMID": 843101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5448", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Cell-mediated immunity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was assessed by skin testing with six antigens in 107 patients, 94 of whom were age, sex, and race-matched with healthy individuals or patients with diseases unrelated to immunological abnormalities. 20% of RA patients were anergic. Impaired cell-mediated immunity in the RA patients was manifested by a decrease in the magnitude of skin reactivity as well as a decrease in the incidence of positive reactions to multiple antigens. Depression in cell-mediated immunity was related to age but not to sex, duration of disease, or disease activity. A slight correlation was found between absolute peripheral lymphocyte counts and the number of positive skin tests, and was confirmed by finding an association between lymphocyte counts and the size of skin reactions. A correlation was also found between lymphocyte counts and disease activity. Four explanations of the observed depression in cell-mediated immunity in RA were considered: (1) a preoccupation of the immune mechanism of the host with cell-mediated immunity reactions related to the pathogenesis of the disease; (2) a depression of cell-mediated immune reactivity by a virus infection; (3) depression of cell-mediated immunity by therapy; and (4) immune complex suppression of cell-mediated immunity. No effect of gold therapy was found. The near universal use of salicylates or other anti-inflammatory drugs did not permit investigation of the effect of these drugs on cell-mediated immunity.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity in rheumatoid arthritis. Cell-mediated immunity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was assessed by skin testing with six antigens in 107 patients, 94 of whom were age, sex, and race-matched with healthy individuals or patients with diseases unrelated to immunological abnormalities. 20% of RA patients were anergic. Impaired cell-mediated immunity in the RA patients was manifested by a decrease in the magnitude of skin reactivity as well as a decrease in the incidence of positive reactions to multiple antigens. Depression in cell-mediated immunity was related to age but not to sex, duration of disease, or disease activity. A slight correlation was found between absolute peripheral lymphocyte counts and the number of positive skin tests, and was confirmed by finding an association between lymphocyte counts and the size of skin reactions. A correlation was also found between lymphocyte counts and disease activity. Four explanations of the observed depression in cell-mediated immunity in RA were considered: (1) a preoccupation of the immune mechanism of the host with cell-mediated immunity reactions related to the pathogenesis of the disease; (2) a depression of cell-mediated immune reactivity by a virus infection; (3) depression of cell-mediated immunity by therapy; and (4) immune complex suppression of cell-mediated immunity. No effect of gold therapy was found. The near universal use of salicylates or other anti-inflammatory drugs did not permit investigation of the effect of these drugs on cell-mediated immunity.", "PMID": 843109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5449", "title": "Is persisting antigen responsible for the chronicity of experimental allergic arthritis?", "content": "Animals were injected intra-articularly with antigen after prior immunization with that antigen in Freund's incomplete adjuvant in order to precipitate immune complexes in the surfaces of menisci, ligaments, and cartilage. On reimmunization with antigen in Freund's complete adjuvant 10 weeks later, generally an arthritis limited to the intercondylar fossa developed; but on intra-articular injection of antigen a second time a widespread arthritis developed in that joint. Thus immune deviation had not occurred and animals were in an immunological condition such as to be capable of developing widespread arthritis given the correct intra-articular stimulus. It is concluded that antigen, persisting as immune complexes, plays no part in maintaining widespread monarthritis, presumably owing to its inability to participate in a delayed hypersensitivity reaction as a result of sequestration.", "contents": "Is persisting antigen responsible for the chronicity of experimental allergic arthritis? Animals were injected intra-articularly with antigen after prior immunization with that antigen in Freund's incomplete adjuvant in order to precipitate immune complexes in the surfaces of menisci, ligaments, and cartilage. On reimmunization with antigen in Freund's complete adjuvant 10 weeks later, generally an arthritis limited to the intercondylar fossa developed; but on intra-articular injection of antigen a second time a widespread arthritis developed in that joint. Thus immune deviation had not occurred and animals were in an immunological condition such as to be capable of developing widespread arthritis given the correct intra-articular stimulus. It is concluded that antigen, persisting as immune complexes, plays no part in maintaining widespread monarthritis, presumably owing to its inability to participate in a delayed hypersensitivity reaction as a result of sequestration.", "PMID": 843110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5450", "title": "Somatomedin activity in synovial fluid.", "content": "Abnormalities of synovial fluid, as a lubricant and nutrient, may have relevance to the causation of certain articular diseases. The somatomedin activity in normal synovial fluid obtained from the knee joint of the ox has been studied and compared with the activity in serum from the same animal. The porcine costal cartilage bioassay of Van den Brande and Du Caju (1974) has been used with the isotopes 35S-sulphate and 3H-thymidine. The mean potency ratio of ox synovial fluid in terms of ox serum for 35S-sulphate incorporation was 0-28 (range 0-19-0-47) and for 3H-thymidine incorporation 0-35 (range 0-21-0-63). A significant correlation was found between the somatomedin activity (as measured by 35S-sulphate incorporation) and the total protein and albumin concentrations in the ox synovial fluids and the ox sera, but there was no significant relationship between the somatomedin potency ratios and the globulin concentrations. The possible relevance of these findings to injury and disease in synovial joint is discussed.", "contents": "Somatomedin activity in synovial fluid. Abnormalities of synovial fluid, as a lubricant and nutrient, may have relevance to the causation of certain articular diseases. The somatomedin activity in normal synovial fluid obtained from the knee joint of the ox has been studied and compared with the activity in serum from the same animal. The porcine costal cartilage bioassay of Van den Brande and Du Caju (1974) has been used with the isotopes 35S-sulphate and 3H-thymidine. The mean potency ratio of ox synovial fluid in terms of ox serum for 35S-sulphate incorporation was 0-28 (range 0-19-0-47) and for 3H-thymidine incorporation 0-35 (range 0-21-0-63). A significant correlation was found between the somatomedin activity (as measured by 35S-sulphate incorporation) and the total protein and albumin concentrations in the ox synovial fluids and the ox sera, but there was no significant relationship between the somatomedin potency ratios and the globulin concentrations. The possible relevance of these findings to injury and disease in synovial joint is discussed.", "PMID": 843111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5451", "title": "Palindromic rheumatism. Clinical and serum complement study.", "content": "A review of 39 patients diagnosed as suffering from palindromic rheumatism showed that 17 cases had evolved into typical rheumatoid arthritis (RA), while 22 had remained palindromic. The pattern of palindromic attacks in the two groups gave no grounds for regarding palindromic rheumatism as a separate condition from RA with palindromic onset. At the first attendance minor clinical or radiological changes, raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and positive serology were more common along those patients who were about to develop the picture of RA. Rheumatoid disease developing in patients with a palindromic onset was at least as severe as that among other patients with RA. 5 patients gave a history suggestive of fluid retention during the palindromic episodes, suggesting that attacks might be related to circulating immune complexes and altered vascular permeability. However, samples of blood obtained from 6 patients both during and between attacks showed no reduction in any of a variety of complement components tested.", "contents": "Palindromic rheumatism. Clinical and serum complement study. A review of 39 patients diagnosed as suffering from palindromic rheumatism showed that 17 cases had evolved into typical rheumatoid arthritis (RA), while 22 had remained palindromic. The pattern of palindromic attacks in the two groups gave no grounds for regarding palindromic rheumatism as a separate condition from RA with palindromic onset. At the first attendance minor clinical or radiological changes, raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and positive serology were more common along those patients who were about to develop the picture of RA. Rheumatoid disease developing in patients with a palindromic onset was at least as severe as that among other patients with RA. 5 patients gave a history suggestive of fluid retention during the palindromic episodes, suggesting that attacks might be related to circulating immune complexes and altered vascular permeability. However, samples of blood obtained from 6 patients both during and between attacks showed no reduction in any of a variety of complement components tested.", "PMID": 843112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5452", "title": "Rheumatoid arthritis in a tribal Xhosa population in the Transkei, Southern Africa.", "content": "An epidemiological survey of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was undertaken in a tribal Xhosa community in the Transkei of Southern Africa. 577 respondents aged 18 and over were examined clinically and of these, 549 were investigated radiologically and 482 serologically. The presence of RA was then assessed by means of a modification of the Rome criteria, as used in previous comparable surveys. The prevalence of 'definite' RA in the adults aged 18 and over in this population was 0-68% and of 'probable' RA, 1-6%. The combined 'definite' and 'probable' prevalence was 2-2%. The relatively low prevalence of RA in this population is consistent with the results of other surveys in unsophisticated African Negro populations in West Africa and South Africa, and contrasts with the higher prevalence encountered in an urbanized South African Negro community and in populations in Europe and the USA.", "contents": "Rheumatoid arthritis in a tribal Xhosa population in the Transkei, Southern Africa. An epidemiological survey of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was undertaken in a tribal Xhosa community in the Transkei of Southern Africa. 577 respondents aged 18 and over were examined clinically and of these, 549 were investigated radiologically and 482 serologically. The presence of RA was then assessed by means of a modification of the Rome criteria, as used in previous comparable surveys. The prevalence of 'definite' RA in the adults aged 18 and over in this population was 0-68% and of 'probable' RA, 1-6%. The combined 'definite' and 'probable' prevalence was 2-2%. The relatively low prevalence of RA in this population is consistent with the results of other surveys in unsophisticated African Negro populations in West Africa and South Africa, and contrasts with the higher prevalence encountered in an urbanized South African Negro community and in populations in Europe and the USA.", "PMID": 843113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5453", "title": "Radiographic changes in early rheumatoid disease.", "content": "We have studied the radiological features in 94 patients with early rheumatoid disease followed prospectively for 5 years. The changes appeared very early and occurred in up to 71-3% of patients. Erosive changes occurred in the feet much more commonly than in the hands and considerably earlier. Erosive changes were present before there was joint-space loss. Frequent x-ray examination of feet and hands in the first 2 years after presentation is required if we are to identify patients at risk for serious joint damage.", "contents": "Radiographic changes in early rheumatoid disease. We have studied the radiological features in 94 patients with early rheumatoid disease followed prospectively for 5 years. The changes appeared very early and occurred in up to 71-3% of patients. Erosive changes occurred in the feet much more commonly than in the hands and considerably earlier. Erosive changes were present before there was joint-space loss. Frequent x-ray examination of feet and hands in the first 2 years after presentation is required if we are to identify patients at risk for serious joint damage.", "PMID": 843114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5454", "title": "Multicentre trial of naproxen and phenylbutazone in acute gout.", "content": "Naproxen 750 mg as a single dose followed by 250 mg three times daily has been compared with phenylbutazone 200 mg four times daily for 48 hours followed by 200 mg three times daily for treatment of acute gout in an open study on 41 patients. The drugs were equally effective with few and relatively mild side effects. Naproxen is a useful alternative agent for the treatment of acute gout.", "contents": "Multicentre trial of naproxen and phenylbutazone in acute gout. Naproxen 750 mg as a single dose followed by 250 mg three times daily has been compared with phenylbutazone 200 mg four times daily for 48 hours followed by 200 mg three times daily for treatment of acute gout in an open study on 41 patients. The drugs were equally effective with few and relatively mild side effects. Naproxen is a useful alternative agent for the treatment of acute gout.", "PMID": 843115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5455", "title": "HLA antigens in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Forty-five patients suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus were studied in respect of their serologically defined HLA antigens. HLA-B8 antigen was found in 37-8% of patients as compared to 22% of controls. Individuals carrying the HLA-B8 antigen have a 2-15 times greater risk of developing systemic lupus erythematosus than those not carrying this antigen.", "contents": "HLA antigens in systemic lupus erythematosus. Forty-five patients suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus were studied in respect of their serologically defined HLA antigens. HLA-B8 antigen was found in 37-8% of patients as compared to 22% of controls. Individuals carrying the HLA-B8 antigen have a 2-15 times greater risk of developing systemic lupus erythematosus than those not carrying this antigen.", "PMID": 843116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5456", "title": "Distribution of HLA-B27 in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "HLA antigens were examined in 27 patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. HLA-B27 was found in none. The result was different from most other previously reported studies. The most likely explanation for this difference is the possibility that some patients with juvenile ankylosing spondylitis may have been included among the patients in the other studies.", "contents": "Distribution of HLA-B27 in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. HLA antigens were examined in 27 patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. HLA-B27 was found in none. The result was different from most other previously reported studies. The most likely explanation for this difference is the possibility that some patients with juvenile ankylosing spondylitis may have been included among the patients in the other studies.", "PMID": 843117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5457", "title": "Development of giant cell (temporal) arteritis in a patient 'adequately' treated for polymyalgia rheumatica.", "content": "A 70-year-old woman presenting with typical polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and a normal temporal artery biopsy appeared to respond completely to low-dose prednisone therapy. A subsequent biopsy showing temporal arteritis with a normal sedimentation rate and no recurrence of myalgic symptoms emphasizes the unpredictable course of treated PMR and the need for continued clinical as well as laboratory follow-up.", "contents": "Development of giant cell (temporal) arteritis in a patient 'adequately' treated for polymyalgia rheumatica. A 70-year-old woman presenting with typical polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and a normal temporal artery biopsy appeared to respond completely to low-dose prednisone therapy. A subsequent biopsy showing temporal arteritis with a normal sedimentation rate and no recurrence of myalgic symptoms emphasizes the unpredictable course of treated PMR and the need for continued clinical as well as laboratory follow-up.", "PMID": 843118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5458", "title": "Dermatomyositis complicating penicillamine treatment.", "content": "A case of dermatomyositis developing during the course of treatment with D-penicillamine in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis is described. Complete remission occurred on withdrawal of the drug. Possible alternative diagnoses are discussed.", "contents": "Dermatomyositis complicating penicillamine treatment. A case of dermatomyositis developing during the course of treatment with D-penicillamine in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis is described. Complete remission occurred on withdrawal of the drug. Possible alternative diagnoses are discussed.", "PMID": 843119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5459", "title": "Gangrene of toes with normal peripheral pulses.", "content": "Ten patients with pregangrenous and gangrenous changes of the toes in the presence of normal peripheral pulses are described. In the absence of diabetes this is  an uncommon condition and is only rarely reported upon in the literature. Four patients had non occlusive arteriosclerotic changes in large arteries; three suffered from thrombocytosis and one from polycythemia vera; one patient had a monoclonal gamopathy and one was exposed to cold three months before the onset of gangrene. None of these patients smoked regularly. Severe pain usually preceded the gangrene. The process did not progress proximally in any patients, and in those who underwent toe amputations the healing was uneventful. Vasodilators and low-molecular dextran were not effective. Lumbar sympathectomy was performed in three patients, also with no effect on the course of the disease. Treatment of hematological disorders gave relief in three patients. Proximal arteriosclerotic changes should be corrected if possible to eliminate a source of emboli. In two patients anti-platelet aggregation agents provided relief. Toe amputation should be conservative and performed when definite demarcation appears between necrotic and viable tissue. This condition has a benign prognosis.", "contents": "Gangrene of toes with normal peripheral pulses. Ten patients with pregangrenous and gangrenous changes of the toes in the presence of normal peripheral pulses are described. In the absence of diabetes this is  an uncommon condition and is only rarely reported upon in the literature. Four patients had non occlusive arteriosclerotic changes in large arteries; three suffered from thrombocytosis and one from polycythemia vera; one patient had a monoclonal gamopathy and one was exposed to cold three months before the onset of gangrene. None of these patients smoked regularly. Severe pain usually preceded the gangrene. The process did not progress proximally in any patients, and in those who underwent toe amputations the healing was uneventful. Vasodilators and low-molecular dextran were not effective. Lumbar sympathectomy was performed in three patients, also with no effect on the course of the disease. Treatment of hematological disorders gave relief in three patients. Proximal arteriosclerotic changes should be corrected if possible to eliminate a source of emboli. In two patients anti-platelet aggregation agents provided relief. Toe amputation should be conservative and performed when definite demarcation appears between necrotic and viable tissue. This condition has a benign prognosis.", "PMID": 843122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5460", "title": "Simultaneous adrenal and cervical pheochromocytomas in childhood.", "content": "Pheochromocytoma is an uncommon tumor in childhood. The simultaneous occurrence of adrenal and cervical pheochromocytomas is a rare phenomenon; to our knowledge, this combination has been reported in the literature only once. Cervical pheochromocytomas are more accurately termed \"aorticosympathetic paragangliomas.\" In children, 50% of pheochromocytomas are bilateral, multiple, or extra-adrenal. An increased familial incidence in the form of simple mendelian dominance is also noted in the pediatric age group. Bolus nephrotomography is extremely effective in identifying adrenal pheochromocytomas in children. To prepare the patient for surgery, and alpha-adrenergic blocking agent is administered from 7 to 10 days before operation and a beta-blocking agent is administered 3 days before. A transabdominal approach is essential because of the frequent extra-adrenal sites and multicentricity of the tumor in children.", "contents": "Simultaneous adrenal and cervical pheochromocytomas in childhood. Pheochromocytoma is an uncommon tumor in childhood. The simultaneous occurrence of adrenal and cervical pheochromocytomas is a rare phenomenon; to our knowledge, this combination has been reported in the literature only once. Cervical pheochromocytomas are more accurately termed \"aorticosympathetic paragangliomas.\" In children, 50% of pheochromocytomas are bilateral, multiple, or extra-adrenal. An increased familial incidence in the form of simple mendelian dominance is also noted in the pediatric age group. Bolus nephrotomography is extremely effective in identifying adrenal pheochromocytomas in children. To prepare the patient for surgery, and alpha-adrenergic blocking agent is administered from 7 to 10 days before operation and a beta-blocking agent is administered 3 days before. A transabdominal approach is essential because of the frequent extra-adrenal sites and multicentricity of the tumor in children.", "PMID": 843123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5461", "title": "Evaluation of a breast cyst fluid protein detectable in the plasma of breast carcinoma patients.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay has been developed for one of the major proteins isolated from human breast cyst fluid. Immunologically this protein is identical to a protein present in both human milk and saliva. Ninety-two normal women had plasma levels of this protein below 100 ng/ml (range 7-81 ng/ml; mean 31 ng/ml), and 85% had plasma levels below 50 ng/ml. More than one-half of the women with active gross cystic disease of the breast had plasma levels above 50 ng/ml. None of these women, however, had plasma levels above 150 ng/ml. A significant percentage of women with advanced breast carcinoma have been found to have plasma concentrations of this protein greater than 150 ng/ml.", "contents": "Evaluation of a breast cyst fluid protein detectable in the plasma of breast carcinoma patients. A radioimmunoassay has been developed for one of the major proteins isolated from human breast cyst fluid. Immunologically this protein is identical to a protein present in both human milk and saliva. Ninety-two normal women had plasma levels of this protein below 100 ng/ml (range 7-81 ng/ml; mean 31 ng/ml), and 85% had plasma levels below 50 ng/ml. More than one-half of the women with active gross cystic disease of the breast had plasma levels above 50 ng/ml. None of these women, however, had plasma levels above 150 ng/ml. A significant percentage of women with advanced breast carcinoma have been found to have plasma concentrations of this protein greater than 150 ng/ml.", "PMID": 843124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5462", "title": "The diagnosis of pancreatic cyst by endoscopic retrograde pancreatography and ultrasonic scanning.", "content": "Fourteen patients with verified pancreatic cysts were examined by both preoperative endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP) and ultrasonic scanning. ERP showed filling of a cyst in 4 patients and raised suspicion of a cyst in 8. In two patients it was not possible to visualize the pancreatic duct. Ultrasonic scanning showed a cyst in 12 patients. There were two false negative ultrasonic diagnoses. These two were correctly diagnosed by ERP. Ultrasonically guided percutaneous puncture was carried out on 19 occasions in 8 patients. Cysts down to 2 cm in diameter were punctured without difficulty. There were no clinically significant complications due to the punctures. One patient was followed for 20 months without ultrasonically demonstrable recurrence of a large cyst aspirated, showing that definite therapy is possible by this method. Puncture can be used to verify the diagnosis and as treatment in patients where surgery is contraindicated.", "contents": "The diagnosis of pancreatic cyst by endoscopic retrograde pancreatography and ultrasonic scanning. Fourteen patients with verified pancreatic cysts were examined by both preoperative endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP) and ultrasonic scanning. ERP showed filling of a cyst in 4 patients and raised suspicion of a cyst in 8. In two patients it was not possible to visualize the pancreatic duct. Ultrasonic scanning showed a cyst in 12 patients. There were two false negative ultrasonic diagnoses. These two were correctly diagnosed by ERP. Ultrasonically guided percutaneous puncture was carried out on 19 occasions in 8 patients. Cysts down to 2 cm in diameter were punctured without difficulty. There were no clinically significant complications due to the punctures. One patient was followed for 20 months without ultrasonically demonstrable recurrence of a large cyst aspirated, showing that definite therapy is possible by this method. Puncture can be used to verify the diagnosis and as treatment in patients where surgery is contraindicated.", "PMID": 843125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5463", "title": "Surgery in patients with congenital disorders of blood coagulation.", "content": "Surgical procedures on patients with congenital disorders of blood coagulation can be performed with a high degree of confidence and an acceptable incidence of complications. During the period 1960-1975, 42 patients with congenital disorders of blood coagulation underwent 94 operative procedures at the New York Hopital-Cornell Medical Center. The coagulation defect was diagnosed preoperatively, in nearly all patients. Careful hematologic management, including specific factor replacement, is essential. The importance of meticulous hemostasis at surgery and careful monitoring of blood coagulation in the postoperative period is strongly emphasized.", "contents": "Surgery in patients with congenital disorders of blood coagulation. Surgical procedures on patients with congenital disorders of blood coagulation can be performed with a high degree of confidence and an acceptable incidence of complications. During the period 1960-1975, 42 patients with congenital disorders of blood coagulation underwent 94 operative procedures at the New York Hopital-Cornell Medical Center. The coagulation defect was diagnosed preoperatively, in nearly all patients. Careful hematologic management, including specific factor replacement, is essential. The importance of meticulous hemostasis at surgery and careful monitoring of blood coagulation in the postoperative period is strongly emphasized.", "PMID": 843126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5464", "title": "Sexual potency following surgery for rectal carcinoma. A followup of 44 patients.", "content": "Of 157 patients operated upon for cancer of the rectum within the last 10 years, 44 were available for a followup study of sexual potency. After the anterior resection operation, sexual function for both men and women remained practically unchanged. Following the abdominoperineal operation, where the entire rectum was extirpated, the results differed for men and women. Sexual function in men was completely destroyed, but women were capable of continuing sexual enjoyment as before the operation. Anterior resection in both sexes, i.e., leaving 6 cm of the distal rectum, does not destroy nerve fibers or other structures vital to continuing normal sex activity. However, the abdominoperineal operation in men destroys the important parasympathetic fibers to the male genital system and renders the patient impotent. In women, the abdominoperineal operation for cancer spares most of the nerve supply, especially the important pudendal nerve, thus permitting the patient to continue sexual activity as before surgery.", "contents": "Sexual potency following surgery for rectal carcinoma. A followup of 44 patients. Of 157 patients operated upon for cancer of the rectum within the last 10 years, 44 were available for a followup study of sexual potency. After the anterior resection operation, sexual function for both men and women remained practically unchanged. Following the abdominoperineal operation, where the entire rectum was extirpated, the results differed for men and women. Sexual function in men was completely destroyed, but women were capable of continuing sexual enjoyment as before the operation. Anterior resection in both sexes, i.e., leaving 6 cm of the distal rectum, does not destroy nerve fibers or other structures vital to continuing normal sex activity. However, the abdominoperineal operation in men destroys the important parasympathetic fibers to the male genital system and renders the patient impotent. In women, the abdominoperineal operation for cancer spares most of the nerve supply, especially the important pudendal nerve, thus permitting the patient to continue sexual activity as before surgery.", "PMID": 843127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5465", "title": "Acute renal failure following blunt civilian trauma.", "content": "Renal failure developed in 20 patients following blunt civilian trauma. Ten recovered normal renal function; 8 currently survive. Survivors and nonsurvivors did not differ in age, time from trauma to anuria, mean blood urea nitrogen or creatinine level prior to the first or to subsequent dialyses. However, there was an increased incidence of sepsis and liver failure in those who died. When outcome was related to site of injury, patients with closed head injury and/or intra-abdominal injury had a worse prognosis than those with thoracic or extremity injury only. Only 2 patients with perforated bowel survived; both had peritoneal dialysis combined with peritoneal lavage with antibiotic solutions. Mortality in patients with posttraumatic renal failure remains high; however, death is usually a result of associated complications rather than a result of the renal failure. Aggressive management of other complications of the trauma, especially sepsis or potential sepsis, is necessary. We recommend peritoneal dialysis combined with peritoneal antibiotic lavage where there is a potential for posttraumatic intra-abdominal sepsis associated with renal failure.", "contents": "Acute renal failure following blunt civilian trauma. Renal failure developed in 20 patients following blunt civilian trauma. Ten recovered normal renal function; 8 currently survive. Survivors and nonsurvivors did not differ in age, time from trauma to anuria, mean blood urea nitrogen or creatinine level prior to the first or to subsequent dialyses. However, there was an increased incidence of sepsis and liver failure in those who died. When outcome was related to site of injury, patients with closed head injury and/or intra-abdominal injury had a worse prognosis than those with thoracic or extremity injury only. Only 2 patients with perforated bowel survived; both had peritoneal dialysis combined with peritoneal lavage with antibiotic solutions. Mortality in patients with posttraumatic renal failure remains high; however, death is usually a result of associated complications rather than a result of the renal failure. Aggressive management of other complications of the trauma, especially sepsis or potential sepsis, is necessary. We recommend peritoneal dialysis combined with peritoneal antibiotic lavage where there is a potential for posttraumatic intra-abdominal sepsis associated with renal failure.", "PMID": 843128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5466", "title": "Microcirculatory changes in the lung of the hypoxic and hypovolemic puppy: an electron microscope study.", "content": "The effect of systemic hypoxemia and hypovolemia on pulmonary fine structure was studied and compared in 12 Labrador puppies 6 days to 3 weeks old. Central venous and arterial pressures were monitored and arterial pH, PCO2 and PO2 recorded serially. In 4 puppies lung biopsies were taken after a two hour period of breathing 7% oxygen. Four other puppies were made hypovolemic by acute hemorrhage of 50% of the calculated blood volume and lung biopsies taken after one hour. Four control puppies were maintained under anesthesia for two hours, breathing an atmosphere of 20% oxygen before lung biopsies were taken. Both hypoxemia and hypovolemia resulted in similar pulmonary ultrastructural changes. These changes which occurred more frequently in areas where the air spaces and blood vessels were expanded, were characterized by aggregation of platelets and leucocytes in the vascular space, focal endothelial cell disruption, interstitial edema and type I epithelial cell discontinuities with exudation of plasma into the alveolar air spaces.", "contents": "Microcirculatory changes in the lung of the hypoxic and hypovolemic puppy: an electron microscope study. The effect of systemic hypoxemia and hypovolemia on pulmonary fine structure was studied and compared in 12 Labrador puppies 6 days to 3 weeks old. Central venous and arterial pressures were monitored and arterial pH, PCO2 and PO2 recorded serially. In 4 puppies lung biopsies were taken after a two hour period of breathing 7% oxygen. Four other puppies were made hypovolemic by acute hemorrhage of 50% of the calculated blood volume and lung biopsies taken after one hour. Four control puppies were maintained under anesthesia for two hours, breathing an atmosphere of 20% oxygen before lung biopsies were taken. Both hypoxemia and hypovolemia resulted in similar pulmonary ultrastructural changes. These changes which occurred more frequently in areas where the air spaces and blood vessels were expanded, were characterized by aggregation of platelets and leucocytes in the vascular space, focal endothelial cell disruption, interstitial edema and type I epithelial cell discontinuities with exudation of plasma into the alveolar air spaces.", "PMID": 843129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5467", "title": "Autologous blood in the treatment of intraoperative hemorrhage.", "content": "Severe hemorrhage associated with major trauma and vascular procedures is seen frequently in our operating rooms. Immediate autotransfusion has enabled us to safely and adquately correct blood losses without placing overwhelming demands on our blood bank. Since October 1973, a device capable of retrieving, filtering and reinfusing blood lost during operation has been used on 51 patients (major trauma, 20; ectopic pregnancy, 2; portacaval shunt, 9; peripheral vascular surgery, 20). From 700 to 20,000 cc's of blood were reinfused. Platelets, hematocrit, fibrinogen, free plasma hemoglobin, bilirubin, and creatinine showed no significant changes as compared to preoperative values in 39 survivors. There were 12 deaths. Eight died postoperatively as a result of their injuries, 3 of uncontrollable bleeding and one of renal failure. This study shows that autotransfusion, when used with proper operating technique, is a most satisfactory technique for restoring blood volume in severe trauma cases and elective vascular operations. This method provides a rapid, simple way of reinfusing fresh blood, free of hepatitis contamination with minimal derangement in cellular and plasma coagulation parameters.", "contents": "Autologous blood in the treatment of intraoperative hemorrhage. Severe hemorrhage associated with major trauma and vascular procedures is seen frequently in our operating rooms. Immediate autotransfusion has enabled us to safely and adquately correct blood losses without placing overwhelming demands on our blood bank. Since October 1973, a device capable of retrieving, filtering and reinfusing blood lost during operation has been used on 51 patients (major trauma, 20; ectopic pregnancy, 2; portacaval shunt, 9; peripheral vascular surgery, 20). From 700 to 20,000 cc's of blood were reinfused. Platelets, hematocrit, fibrinogen, free plasma hemoglobin, bilirubin, and creatinine showed no significant changes as compared to preoperative values in 39 survivors. There were 12 deaths. Eight died postoperatively as a result of their injuries, 3 of uncontrollable bleeding and one of renal failure. This study shows that autotransfusion, when used with proper operating technique, is a most satisfactory technique for restoring blood volume in severe trauma cases and elective vascular operations. This method provides a rapid, simple way of reinfusing fresh blood, free of hepatitis contamination with minimal derangement in cellular and plasma coagulation parameters.", "PMID": 843130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5468", "title": "Late complications of abdominal aortic reconstructive surgery: roentgen evaluation.", "content": "During a 5-year period from 1969 to 1974, 53  (8.5%) of 631 patients developed late complications following abdominal aortic reconstructive surgery. Occlusion was the most frequent complication and occurred in 4%. Others included stenosis, false aneurysm, enteric fistula and infection. Late complications were demonstrated by roentgenographic methods. Angiography was the most valuable roentgen study. It is indicated in all patients suspected of having delayed complications except those with unstable life-threatening hemorrhage. Additional roentgenographic studies including the barium enema and barium meal may help make the diagnosis and exclude other entities. In any patient with an abdominal aortic graft and gastrointestinal bleeding, the diagnosis of an aorto-enteric fistula should be considered until otherwise proven.", "contents": "Late complications of abdominal aortic reconstructive surgery: roentgen evaluation. During a 5-year period from 1969 to 1974, 53  (8.5%) of 631 patients developed late complications following abdominal aortic reconstructive surgery. Occlusion was the most frequent complication and occurred in 4%. Others included stenosis, false aneurysm, enteric fistula and infection. Late complications were demonstrated by roentgenographic methods. Angiography was the most valuable roentgen study. It is indicated in all patients suspected of having delayed complications except those with unstable life-threatening hemorrhage. Additional roentgenographic studies including the barium enema and barium meal may help make the diagnosis and exclude other entities. In any patient with an abdominal aortic graft and gastrointestinal bleeding, the diagnosis of an aorto-enteric fistula should be considered until otherwise proven.", "PMID": 843131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5469", "title": "Popliteal entrapment syndrome.", "content": "A probable cause of popliteal artery entrapment is proposed. The medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle during its embryological development crosses the popliteal fossa from lateral to medial. It is proposed that the migrating medial head carries the popliteal artery and vein across the fossa and entraps them against the medial condyle of the femur. Dissection of 86 anatomical specimens revealed two cases of unilateral and one case of bilateral entrapment of both popliteal vessels. Two surgical cases of popliteal entrapment are presented. This entrapment syndrome is a remedial cause of claudication and when considered, it is readily diagnosed and surgical correction is effective. Because of distal embolisation and occlusions, early recognition and treatment is desirable. Forty-seven cases from the literature are reviewed as to the entrapment type and the age and sex of the patients.", "contents": "Popliteal entrapment syndrome. A probable cause of popliteal artery entrapment is proposed. The medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle during its embryological development crosses the popliteal fossa from lateral to medial. It is proposed that the migrating medial head carries the popliteal artery and vein across the fossa and entraps them against the medial condyle of the femur. Dissection of 86 anatomical specimens revealed two cases of unilateral and one case of bilateral entrapment of both popliteal vessels. Two surgical cases of popliteal entrapment are presented. This entrapment syndrome is a remedial cause of claudication and when considered, it is readily diagnosed and surgical correction is effective. Because of distal embolisation and occlusions, early recognition and treatment is desirable. Forty-seven cases from the literature are reviewed as to the entrapment type and the age and sex of the patients.", "PMID": 843132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5470", "title": "Jejunal intussusception following small bowel bypass for morbid obesity.", "content": "In 600 patients who have undergone small bowel bypass for the treatment of morbid obesity, we have encountered three patients who developed intussusception in the bypassed intestine. Diagnosis in these cases has been difficult but in two patients with surgical marker clips applied to the transected fixed jejunum as well as to the adjacent mesocolon, diagnosis was made easier by the radiographic finding of separation of these clips. Clinical symptoms are difficult to evaluate and valuable time may be wasted before a diagnosis is arrived at. Once a diagnosis is made, operation with either reduction or resection of the area of intussusception should be carried out with refixation of the bowel to the mesocolon and reapplication of surgical marker clips. These marker clips are of great value in the diagnosis of intussusception occurring in the bypassed loop.", "contents": "Jejunal intussusception following small bowel bypass for morbid obesity. In 600 patients who have undergone small bowel bypass for the treatment of morbid obesity, we have encountered three patients who developed intussusception in the bypassed intestine. Diagnosis in these cases has been difficult but in two patients with surgical marker clips applied to the transected fixed jejunum as well as to the adjacent mesocolon, diagnosis was made easier by the radiographic finding of separation of these clips. Clinical symptoms are difficult to evaluate and valuable time may be wasted before a diagnosis is arrived at. Once a diagnosis is made, operation with either reduction or resection of the area of intussusception should be carried out with refixation of the bowel to the mesocolon and reapplication of surgical marker clips. These marker clips are of great value in the diagnosis of intussusception occurring in the bypassed loop.", "PMID": 843134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5471", "title": "Respiratory characteristics of a microporous membrane oxygenator.", "content": "A microporous membrane oxygenator has been used in 258 clinical perfusions for cardiac surgery. In 132 perfusions the oxygenator was ventilated with 100% O2, and in 126 perfusions 98% O2-2%CO2 was used. Patients' BSA was 0.4-2.3 M2. Bypass duration was up to 563 min. In the group ventilated with 100% O2, average PaCO2 was 30 mmHg, with arterial pH of 7.48. 98% O2-2% ventilation resulted in an average PaCO2 of 36 mmHg, with arterial pH of 7.41. CO2 transfer is influenced by gas flow rate, and data from selected cases demonstrate that increasing gas flow results in decreasing PaCO2, while decreasing gas flow increases PaCO2. The thickness of the blood film is decreased by increasing the \"shim\" pressure, so that increasing the \"shim\" presure results in higher PaO2. Oxygen saturation averaged 99% for the entire series. Addition of CO2 to the oxygen and appropriate changes in gas flow and \"shim\" pressure permit changes to be made in the ventilation of the device during perfusion to achieve desired levels of PaO2 and PaCO2 under widely disparate conditions of temperature and flow.", "contents": "Respiratory characteristics of a microporous membrane oxygenator. A microporous membrane oxygenator has been used in 258 clinical perfusions for cardiac surgery. In 132 perfusions the oxygenator was ventilated with 100% O2, and in 126 perfusions 98% O2-2%CO2 was used. Patients' BSA was 0.4-2.3 M2. Bypass duration was up to 563 min. In the group ventilated with 100% O2, average PaCO2 was 30 mmHg, with arterial pH of 7.48. 98% O2-2% ventilation resulted in an average PaCO2 of 36 mmHg, with arterial pH of 7.41. CO2 transfer is influenced by gas flow rate, and data from selected cases demonstrate that increasing gas flow results in decreasing PaCO2, while decreasing gas flow increases PaCO2. The thickness of the blood film is decreased by increasing the \"shim\" pressure, so that increasing the \"shim\" presure results in higher PaO2. Oxygen saturation averaged 99% for the entire series. Addition of CO2 to the oxygen and appropriate changes in gas flow and \"shim\" pressure permit changes to be made in the ventilation of the device during perfusion to achieve desired levels of PaO2 and PaCO2 under widely disparate conditions of temperature and flow.", "PMID": 843135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5472", "title": "Diverticulitis in women: an unappreciated clinical presentation.", "content": "A final diagnosis of diverticulosis or diverticulitis was made in 1,031 women over a 10 year period. The 69 patients who underwent abdominal operation for what proved to be diverticulitis are discussed in detail. Thirty-eight per cent of these women were believed to have gynecologic disease because of the presence of a pelvic mass. Diverticulitis is an important differential diagnosis of a pelvic mass with or without clinical and laboratory indications of infection and with or without history of diverticulosis or diverticulitis. The increasing awareness of ovarian carcinoma and its ominous prognosis make this differential diagnosis especially important. Diverticular disease should always be considered among such patients and preparations made to allow optimal treatment at that operation, whatever the ultimate cause of the mass.", "contents": "Diverticulitis in women: an unappreciated clinical presentation. A final diagnosis of diverticulosis or diverticulitis was made in 1,031 women over a 10 year period. The 69 patients who underwent abdominal operation for what proved to be diverticulitis are discussed in detail. Thirty-eight per cent of these women were believed to have gynecologic disease because of the presence of a pelvic mass. Diverticulitis is an important differential diagnosis of a pelvic mass with or without clinical and laboratory indications of infection and with or without history of diverticulosis or diverticulitis. The increasing awareness of ovarian carcinoma and its ominous prognosis make this differential diagnosis especially important. Diverticular disease should always be considered among such patients and preparations made to allow optimal treatment at that operation, whatever the ultimate cause of the mass.", "PMID": 843136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5473", "title": "Hypertension of aortic coarctation: the role of renal and other factors.", "content": "In order to establish the relationship between the renal and other factors associated with the hypertension of coarctation of the aorta, aortic strictures were created in two groups of adult dogs (Groups A and B). Group B in addition had transference of total renal blood flow proximal to the stricture to eliminate the renal aspects of the hypertension. Carotid and femoral artery pressures were measured at monthly intervals for 24 weeks. Group A developed progressive generalised hypertension while Group B only developed hypertension proximal to the coarctation. The dominant role of a renal factor producing a generalised vascular response is confirmed, the localised proximal hypertension in Group B reflecting the mechanical obstruction imposed by the aortic stricture. There is no evidence to suggest that other organs distal to the coarctation are implicated in the development of arterial hypertension.", "contents": "Hypertension of aortic coarctation: the role of renal and other factors. In order to establish the relationship between the renal and other factors associated with the hypertension of coarctation of the aorta, aortic strictures were created in two groups of adult dogs (Groups A and B). Group B in addition had transference of total renal blood flow proximal to the stricture to eliminate the renal aspects of the hypertension. Carotid and femoral artery pressures were measured at monthly intervals for 24 weeks. Group A developed progressive generalised hypertension while Group B only developed hypertension proximal to the coarctation. The dominant role of a renal factor producing a generalised vascular response is confirmed, the localised proximal hypertension in Group B reflecting the mechanical obstruction imposed by the aortic stricture. There is no evidence to suggest that other organs distal to the coarctation are implicated in the development of arterial hypertension.", "PMID": 843137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5474", "title": "Enterocolitis with peritonitis in a child with pheochromocytoma.", "content": "An 8-year-old boy presented at UCLA Hospital with a one month history of hypertension prior to suffering a sudden onset of acute abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, peritonitis, and shock. Sigmoidoscopy showed diffuse mucosal friability. At laparotomy, inflammation and edema of the entire colon and terminal ileum were detected with two necrotic areas on the cecum. A 5 cm right adrenal pheochromocytoma with a hemorrhagic center was removed and a diverting loop ileostomy with inversion of the necrotic cecal areas was performed. Postoperatively, the blood pressure gradually returned to normal, and the colitis improved. Serum calcium and T3 T4 levels were normal. Review of the literature demonstrates that in patients with pheochromocytoma, progression from colitis to necrosis can be precipitated by a hypotensive episode. This patient suggests an example of catecholamine induced enterocolitis.", "contents": "Enterocolitis with peritonitis in a child with pheochromocytoma. An 8-year-old boy presented at UCLA Hospital with a one month history of hypertension prior to suffering a sudden onset of acute abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, peritonitis, and shock. Sigmoidoscopy showed diffuse mucosal friability. At laparotomy, inflammation and edema of the entire colon and terminal ileum were detected with two necrotic areas on the cecum. A 5 cm right adrenal pheochromocytoma with a hemorrhagic center was removed and a diverting loop ileostomy with inversion of the necrotic cecal areas was performed. Postoperatively, the blood pressure gradually returned to normal, and the colitis improved. Serum calcium and T3 T4 levels were normal. Review of the literature demonstrates that in patients with pheochromocytoma, progression from colitis to necrosis can be precipitated by a hypotensive episode. This patient suggests an example of catecholamine induced enterocolitis.", "PMID": 843139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5475", "title": "Cardiopulmonary effects of volume loading in patients in septic shock.", "content": "The effect of volume loading in 20 patients with clinical and bacteriological evidence of generalized sepsis was studied. The patients were divided into two groups according to their response to volume loading. Group A included 9 patients in whom the initial pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PWP)was lower than the central venous pressure (CVP). In this group the intravenous administration of 5089+/-409ml/24 hr fluids was accompanied by a significant rise in blood pressure from 94.4+/-9.3mm Hg to 118.9+/-6.3 MM Hg with no significant change in pulse rate or CVP. PWP rose from 5.7 +/- 1.8 to 10.0 +/- 1.4. The rise in cardiac output from 8.0+/-1.3 liter/min to 9.7+/-1.1 liter/min was not statistically significant. Group B included 11 patients in whom the initial PWP was higher than the CVP. In this group, signs of fluid overloading appeared after administration of 3151+/-540ml/24 hr. There was no significant change in blood pressure, pulse rate, CVP, PWP or cardiac output. Urine output was adequate in both groups. This volume load did not affect pulmonary oxygenating capacity (PaO2/F1O2) and effective lung compliance in both groups, but the maintenance of an unchanged oxygenating capacity necessitated an increase in PEEP in some patients. Thus, synchronous monitoring of PWP and CVP in septic shock is helpful in selecting patients (Group A) who will best respond to fluid loading without deterioration of pulmonary oxygenating capacity. PEEP ventilation may be necessary in some patients to maintain the favorable effect of volume loading.", "contents": "Cardiopulmonary effects of volume loading in patients in septic shock. The effect of volume loading in 20 patients with clinical and bacteriological evidence of generalized sepsis was studied. The patients were divided into two groups according to their response to volume loading. Group A included 9 patients in whom the initial pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PWP)was lower than the central venous pressure (CVP). In this group the intravenous administration of 5089+/-409ml/24 hr fluids was accompanied by a significant rise in blood pressure from 94.4+/-9.3mm Hg to 118.9+/-6.3 MM Hg with no significant change in pulse rate or CVP. PWP rose from 5.7 +/- 1.8 to 10.0 +/- 1.4. The rise in cardiac output from 8.0+/-1.3 liter/min to 9.7+/-1.1 liter/min was not statistically significant. Group B included 11 patients in whom the initial PWP was higher than the CVP. In this group, signs of fluid overloading appeared after administration of 3151+/-540ml/24 hr. There was no significant change in blood pressure, pulse rate, CVP, PWP or cardiac output. Urine output was adequate in both groups. This volume load did not affect pulmonary oxygenating capacity (PaO2/F1O2) and effective lung compliance in both groups, but the maintenance of an unchanged oxygenating capacity necessitated an increase in PEEP in some patients. Thus, synchronous monitoring of PWP and CVP in septic shock is helpful in selecting patients (Group A) who will best respond to fluid loading without deterioration of pulmonary oxygenating capacity. PEEP ventilation may be necessary in some patients to maintain the favorable effect of volume loading.", "PMID": 843138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5476", "title": "A clinicopathologic study of sex cases.", "content": "Six patients with surgically treated Menetrier's disease are presented. Diffuse or focal cystic hyperplasia of mucous secreting epithelium of the fundus with antral sparing characterized the stomachs in all of these cases. In most instances the disorder was found during evaluation of non-specific complaints of pain, nausea and diarrhea. Only one patient had sufficient loss of albumin to produce server ankle edema and four of the others had below normal serum albumin levels without associated symptoms. One patient presented with life threatening bleeding from the hyperplastic mucosa. None of the patients had an associated endocrine neoplasm. All of the patients are living and without symptoms of disease for periods ranging from three to twelve years after resection of all or part of the hyperplastic mucosa. The rationale for surgical therapy in this condition is presented.", "contents": "A clinicopathologic study of sex cases. Six patients with surgically treated Menetrier's disease are presented. Diffuse or focal cystic hyperplasia of mucous secreting epithelium of the fundus with antral sparing characterized the stomachs in all of these cases. In most instances the disorder was found during evaluation of non-specific complaints of pain, nausea and diarrhea. Only one patient had sufficient loss of albumin to produce server ankle edema and four of the others had below normal serum albumin levels without associated symptoms. One patient presented with life threatening bleeding from the hyperplastic mucosa. None of the patients had an associated endocrine neoplasm. All of the patients are living and without symptoms of disease for periods ranging from three to twelve years after resection of all or part of the hyperplastic mucosa. The rationale for surgical therapy in this condition is presented.", "PMID": 843140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5477", "title": "Acid absorption in the canine duodenum.", "content": "Alterations in composition of isosmotic acid solutions were studied in exteriorized segments of the proximal (Brunner's gland area) and distal canine duodenum, mounted in lucite chambers. Varying concentrations of HCl (40, 80, 120, 160 mEq/l) made isotonic by the addition of NaCl were instilled into the chamber, removed in 15 minutes and analyzed for volume, electrolytes, protein content and osmolality. Both proximal and distal duodenal mucosa modified the instilled solution with a loss of H+ and a gain in Na+ and K+, which occurred at similar rates independent of the acid concentration of the instilled solution. The rate of ionic movement was twice that for the antrum, and 30-100 times that of the fundus. Calculated H+ loss across the entire duodenal mucosa at these rates could account for 17.5% of the peak acid output from the canine stomach. The loss of H+ could not be accounted for on the basis of neutralization and probably represented transmucosal insorption. In addition to the neutralization of gastric acid by pancreatic juice and bile, duodenal mucosa thus plays an important role in the maintenance of intraluminal pH. Duodenal mucosal permeability to H+ may be related to the vulnerability of the duodenal mucosa to acid-peptic ulceration.", "contents": "Acid absorption in the canine duodenum. Alterations in composition of isosmotic acid solutions were studied in exteriorized segments of the proximal (Brunner's gland area) and distal canine duodenum, mounted in lucite chambers. Varying concentrations of HCl (40, 80, 120, 160 mEq/l) made isotonic by the addition of NaCl were instilled into the chamber, removed in 15 minutes and analyzed for volume, electrolytes, protein content and osmolality. Both proximal and distal duodenal mucosa modified the instilled solution with a loss of H+ and a gain in Na+ and K+, which occurred at similar rates independent of the acid concentration of the instilled solution. The rate of ionic movement was twice that for the antrum, and 30-100 times that of the fundus. Calculated H+ loss across the entire duodenal mucosa at these rates could account for 17.5% of the peak acid output from the canine stomach. The loss of H+ could not be accounted for on the basis of neutralization and probably represented transmucosal insorption. In addition to the neutralization of gastric acid by pancreatic juice and bile, duodenal mucosa thus plays an important role in the maintenance of intraluminal pH. Duodenal mucosal permeability to H+ may be related to the vulnerability of the duodenal mucosa to acid-peptic ulceration.", "PMID": 843141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5478", "title": "The blood supply of mediastinal parathyroid adenomas.", "content": "Arteriography for parathyroid localization following unsuccessful neck surgery should include selective catheterization of the inferior thyroid and internal mammary arteries bilaterally. When the arterial supply to a mediastinal adenoma arises from the internal mammary artery, recovery from the neck may not be possible and an open mediastinal exploration (or embolization) should be considered.", "contents": "The blood supply of mediastinal parathyroid adenomas. Arteriography for parathyroid localization following unsuccessful neck surgery should include selective catheterization of the inferior thyroid and internal mammary arteries bilaterally. When the arterial supply to a mediastinal adenoma arises from the internal mammary artery, recovery from the neck may not be possible and an open mediastinal exploration (or embolization) should be considered.", "PMID": 843142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5479", "title": "Renin reactivity as a determinant of responsiveness to antihypertensive treatment.", "content": "In 79 patients with essential hypertension, treatment with propranolol hydrochloride and chlorthalidone together produced significantly greater falls in both systolic and diastolic blood pressures than were obtained with either drug alone. There were no differences between patients in the high, normal, and low renin subgroups in their responsiveness to this combination. Although plasma renin level during combined treatment was twice as high as it was in the untreated control, aldosterone excretion actually decreased. These divergent changes may have been influenced by the renin-raising and aldosterone-lowering effects of the marked hypokalemia observed during combined treatment. By comparison with patients whose blood pressures fell, treatment in nonresponding patients produced even greater body weight reductions and significantly higher renin and aldosterone values. It is possible that increased activity of the renin axis, triggered by excessive volume depletion and perhaps by changes in potassium balance, were responsible for sustaining the high levels of blood pressure in those patients failing to respond to treatment.", "contents": "Renin reactivity as a determinant of responsiveness to antihypertensive treatment. In 79 patients with essential hypertension, treatment with propranolol hydrochloride and chlorthalidone together produced significantly greater falls in both systolic and diastolic blood pressures than were obtained with either drug alone. There were no differences between patients in the high, normal, and low renin subgroups in their responsiveness to this combination. Although plasma renin level during combined treatment was twice as high as it was in the untreated control, aldosterone excretion actually decreased. These divergent changes may have been influenced by the renin-raising and aldosterone-lowering effects of the marked hypokalemia observed during combined treatment. By comparison with patients whose blood pressures fell, treatment in nonresponding patients produced even greater body weight reductions and significantly higher renin and aldosterone values. It is possible that increased activity of the renin axis, triggered by excessive volume depletion and perhaps by changes in potassium balance, were responsible for sustaining the high levels of blood pressure in those patients failing to respond to treatment.", "PMID": 843146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5480", "title": "Hemodynamic and plasma renin effects of propranolol in essential hypertension.", "content": "Hemodynamics and plasma renin activity were measured in 20 ambulatory hospital inpatients with untreated mild to moderate essential hypertension. The control measurements were made after a period of four to seven days just on a diet containing 10 mEq sodium per day. The measurements were repeated following a week of oral propranolol hydrochloride therapy plus the low salt diet. Heart rate (P less than .001), mean arterial pressure (P less than .001), cardiac output (P less than .05), and plasma renin activity (P less than .05) were reduced in the majority of these patients following propranolol therapy but stroke volume increased (P less than .05). Corrected ejection time and total peripheral resistance did not show significant change. The antihypertensive effect of propranolol could not be related to its hyporeninemic effect or to the fall in cardiac output. Under the experimental conditions of this study, no single parameter, either hemodynamic or plasma renin activity, was predictive of a definite antihypertensive response to propranolol therapy.", "contents": "Hemodynamic and plasma renin effects of propranolol in essential hypertension. Hemodynamics and plasma renin activity were measured in 20 ambulatory hospital inpatients with untreated mild to moderate essential hypertension. The control measurements were made after a period of four to seven days just on a diet containing 10 mEq sodium per day. The measurements were repeated following a week of oral propranolol hydrochloride therapy plus the low salt diet. Heart rate (P less than .001), mean arterial pressure (P less than .001), cardiac output (P less than .05), and plasma renin activity (P less than .05) were reduced in the majority of these patients following propranolol therapy but stroke volume increased (P less than .05). Corrected ejection time and total peripheral resistance did not show significant change. The antihypertensive effect of propranolol could not be related to its hyporeninemic effect or to the fall in cardiac output. Under the experimental conditions of this study, no single parameter, either hemodynamic or plasma renin activity, was predictive of a definite antihypertensive response to propranolol therapy.", "PMID": 843147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5481", "title": "Assessment of therapy of upper airway obstruction.", "content": "Five patients with fixed upper airway obstruction were evaluated with maximum expiratory and inspiratory flow-volume curves before and after surgical repair of the obstruction. Flow-volume curves improved notably in two patients, improved moderately in two, and deteriorated in one. Symptoms and direct visualization of the obstruction before and after surgery correlated well with the changes seen in the flow-volume curves. None of the peak expiratory flow rates returned to predicted values after surgery, indicating at least some residual obstruction in all patients. It is concluded that flow-volume curves are an accurate, noninvasive technique for the diagnosis and subsequent assessment of therapy in patients with fixed upper airway obstruction.", "contents": "Assessment of therapy of upper airway obstruction. Five patients with fixed upper airway obstruction were evaluated with maximum expiratory and inspiratory flow-volume curves before and after surgical repair of the obstruction. Flow-volume curves improved notably in two patients, improved moderately in two, and deteriorated in one. Symptoms and direct visualization of the obstruction before and after surgery correlated well with the changes seen in the flow-volume curves. None of the peak expiratory flow rates returned to predicted values after surgery, indicating at least some residual obstruction in all patients. It is concluded that flow-volume curves are an accurate, noninvasive technique for the diagnosis and subsequent assessment of therapy in patients with fixed upper airway obstruction.", "PMID": 843148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5482", "title": "Diagnosing potential noncompliance. Physicians' ability in a behavioral dimension of medical care.", "content": "Predictions by housestaff physicians of whether or not patients would return for follow-up visits and of the amount of prescribed medication they would take were compared to measured compliance for 187 patients discharged from the medical service. Although physicians were able to predict visit compliance better than by chance alone, at best they could accurately predict only 35% of the noncompliers and one half of their predictions of noncompliance were incorrect. In predicting medication compliance, less than one half of physician predictions correctly discriminated between compliant and noncompliant patients and three fourths of their predictions of noncompliance were inaccurate. Because of physician limitations in this important clinical area, medical education should expand efforts to develop physician skills in diagnosing and managing sociobehavioral aspects of illness, and efforts to improve quality of care cannot ignore these \"nontechnical\" factors.", "contents": "Diagnosing potential noncompliance. Physicians' ability in a behavioral dimension of medical care. Predictions by housestaff physicians of whether or not patients would return for follow-up visits and of the amount of prescribed medication they would take were compared to measured compliance for 187 patients discharged from the medical service. Although physicians were able to predict visit compliance better than by chance alone, at best they could accurately predict only 35% of the noncompliers and one half of their predictions of noncompliance were incorrect. In predicting medication compliance, less than one half of physician predictions correctly discriminated between compliant and noncompliant patients and three fourths of their predictions of noncompliance were inaccurate. Because of physician limitations in this important clinical area, medical education should expand efforts to develop physician skills in diagnosing and managing sociobehavioral aspects of illness, and efforts to improve quality of care cannot ignore these \"nontechnical\" factors.", "PMID": 843149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5483", "title": "Proliferative retinopathy in sickle cell trait. Report of seven cases.", "content": "Seven patients had sickle cell trait (hemoglobin AS) and vasoproliferative retinopathy. The retinal abnormalities in these seven patients were indistinguishable from those seen in patients with clinically significant sickling hemoglobinopathies (sickle cell-hemoglobin C disease, hemoglobin S-thalassemia disease, and sickle cell anemia). All seven patients also had some evidence of associated systemic disease such as diabetes, syphilis, tuberculosis, or sarcoidosis. In the presence of an associated systemic disease, marked retinopathy can occur in the ordinarily benign condition of sickle cell trait.", "contents": "Proliferative retinopathy in sickle cell trait. Report of seven cases. Seven patients had sickle cell trait (hemoglobin AS) and vasoproliferative retinopathy. The retinal abnormalities in these seven patients were indistinguishable from those seen in patients with clinically significant sickling hemoglobinopathies (sickle cell-hemoglobin C disease, hemoglobin S-thalassemia disease, and sickle cell anemia). All seven patients also had some evidence of associated systemic disease such as diabetes, syphilis, tuberculosis, or sarcoidosis. In the presence of an associated systemic disease, marked retinopathy can occur in the ordinarily benign condition of sickle cell trait.", "PMID": 843150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5484", "title": "On the incidence of renal vein thrombosis in the nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "Forty-eight patients with nephrotic syndrome were evaluated prospectively; the studies included inferior venacavagrams and ventilation perfusion lung scans. Eleven patients were found to have renal vein thrombosis (RVT). Eight of 21 patients with membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN) or membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) has RVT (38%). Clinical, laboratory, and pathological findings were not different among those patients with MGN and MPGN whether RVT was present or not. Patients with diabetic nephropathy or lupus nephritis did not have RVT. There was a high incidence of other thromboembolic phenomena as well as asymptomatic perfusion defects demonstrated by the lung scan, especially in patients with MGN or MPGN. These data suggest the disease process underlying the nephrotic syndrome may play a paramount role in the genesis of RVT or thromboembolic phenomena.", "contents": "On the incidence of renal vein thrombosis in the nephrotic syndrome. Forty-eight patients with nephrotic syndrome were evaluated prospectively; the studies included inferior venacavagrams and ventilation perfusion lung scans. Eleven patients were found to have renal vein thrombosis (RVT). Eight of 21 patients with membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN) or membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) has RVT (38%). Clinical, laboratory, and pathological findings were not different among those patients with MGN and MPGN whether RVT was present or not. Patients with diabetic nephropathy or lupus nephritis did not have RVT. There was a high incidence of other thromboembolic phenomena as well as asymptomatic perfusion defects demonstrated by the lung scan, especially in patients with MGN or MPGN. These data suggest the disease process underlying the nephrotic syndrome may play a paramount role in the genesis of RVT or thromboembolic phenomena.", "PMID": 843151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5485", "title": "Splenectomy, chemotherapy, and survival in Hodgkin disease.", "content": "The question was raised whether routine splenectomy might, by virtue of its effects on the receipt of subsequent chemotherapy, offer long-term benefits to patients with advanced Hodgkin disease. Therefore, we compared followup data from a group of patients who were receiving mechlorethamine hydrochloride, vincristine sulfate, procarbazine hydrochloride, and prednisone (MOPP regimen) and who had had splenectomies to a group of similarly treated, carefully matched control patients on the MOPP regimen who had not had splenectomies. Our results indicate no important difference in duration of survival or long-term remission status. There was only a suggestion that splenectomy in such patients may be followed by impaired resistance to subsequent infections. Therefore, although early splenectomy can be important in the assessment of splenic disease, it must not be considered to be a therapeutic procedure per se.", "contents": "Splenectomy, chemotherapy, and survival in Hodgkin disease. The question was raised whether routine splenectomy might, by virtue of its effects on the receipt of subsequent chemotherapy, offer long-term benefits to patients with advanced Hodgkin disease. Therefore, we compared followup data from a group of patients who were receiving mechlorethamine hydrochloride, vincristine sulfate, procarbazine hydrochloride, and prednisone (MOPP regimen) and who had had splenectomies to a group of similarly treated, carefully matched control patients on the MOPP regimen who had not had splenectomies. Our results indicate no important difference in duration of survival or long-term remission status. There was only a suggestion that splenectomy in such patients may be followed by impaired resistance to subsequent infections. Therefore, although early splenectomy can be important in the assessment of splenic disease, it must not be considered to be a therapeutic procedure per se.", "PMID": 843152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5486", "title": "Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. Occurrence in a patient with Rocky Mountain spotted fever.", "content": "A 51-year-old man with serologically confirmed Rocky Mountain spotted fever was believed to have inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion. He was observed for four days in the hospital until the correct diagnosis was made. During this period, he progressively became more hyponatremic, despite a low BUN level and the administration of large amounts of sodium and water. At the time, his serum sodium concentration was 117 mEq/liter, and his urine was hypertonic to that of serum. Thereafter, his serum sodium level rose with fluid restriction. Rickettsia-induced CNS damage may have lead to the inappropriate ADH release that was observed in this patient.", "contents": "Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. Occurrence in a patient with Rocky Mountain spotted fever. A 51-year-old man with serologically confirmed Rocky Mountain spotted fever was believed to have inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion. He was observed for four days in the hospital until the correct diagnosis was made. During this period, he progressively became more hyponatremic, despite a low BUN level and the administration of large amounts of sodium and water. At the time, his serum sodium concentration was 117 mEq/liter, and his urine was hypertonic to that of serum. Thereafter, his serum sodium level rose with fluid restriction. Rickettsia-induced CNS damage may have lead to the inappropriate ADH release that was observed in this patient.", "PMID": 843153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5487", "title": "Reversible malignant hypertension and azotemia due to urethral stricture.", "content": "A previously normotensive 24-year-old black man developed malignant hypertension and azotemia. The patient was found to have bladder outlet obstruction due to urethral stricture. Transurethral dilation resulted in brisk improvement in renal function and rapid lowering of blood pressure in association with minimal diuresis. On follow-up one year later, while he was not receiving medications, the blood pressure was 120/70 mm Hg and the creatinine clearance was 150 ml/min. A kidney biopsy specimen showed minimal residual pathologic abnormalities in the renal arteries and arterioles. The renin-angiotensin system was probably involved in the maintenance of the hypertension, in view of the elevated peripheral plasma renin activity on admission. This represents a rare case of hypertension due to urethral stricture. Despite rapid progression to azotemic malignant hypertension, urethral dilation restored the blood pressure and renal function to normal.", "contents": "Reversible malignant hypertension and azotemia due to urethral stricture. A previously normotensive 24-year-old black man developed malignant hypertension and azotemia. The patient was found to have bladder outlet obstruction due to urethral stricture. Transurethral dilation resulted in brisk improvement in renal function and rapid lowering of blood pressure in association with minimal diuresis. On follow-up one year later, while he was not receiving medications, the blood pressure was 120/70 mm Hg and the creatinine clearance was 150 ml/min. A kidney biopsy specimen showed minimal residual pathologic abnormalities in the renal arteries and arterioles. The renin-angiotensin system was probably involved in the maintenance of the hypertension, in view of the elevated peripheral plasma renin activity on admission. This represents a rare case of hypertension due to urethral stricture. Despite rapid progression to azotemic malignant hypertension, urethral dilation restored the blood pressure and renal function to normal.", "PMID": 843154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5488", "title": "Effect of splenectomy on teardrop-shaped erythrocytes in agnogenic myeloid metaplasia.", "content": "Teardrop-shaped erythrocytes (TD) are frequently observed in the peripheral blood of patients with agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (AMM). These deformed cells may result from the myelofibrosis or the extramedullary hematopoiesis in the spleen. To determine the influence of the spleen on TD formation, we reviewed the presplenectomy (pre-S) and postsplenectomy (post-S) peripheral blood smears from 13 patients with AMM. The splenectomy was performed for a variety of reasons, including symptomatic hypersplenism or splenomegaly. The average number of TDs per 1,000 RBCs in the pre-S smears was 42 (range, 15 to 112 TDs), compared with 11 TDs in the post-S smears (range, 6 to 20 TDs)(P = less than .001). Only one of the 13 patients failed to exhibit this decrease in TDs post-S. There was no definite correlation between the number of TDs and the weight of the spleen removed at surgery, the interval since surgery, or age and sex of the patient. Based on this fourfold decrease in the number of TDs post-S, we conclude that the spleen in AMM play an important role in TD formation.", "contents": "Effect of splenectomy on teardrop-shaped erythrocytes in agnogenic myeloid metaplasia. Teardrop-shaped erythrocytes (TD) are frequently observed in the peripheral blood of patients with agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (AMM). These deformed cells may result from the myelofibrosis or the extramedullary hematopoiesis in the spleen. To determine the influence of the spleen on TD formation, we reviewed the presplenectomy (pre-S) and postsplenectomy (post-S) peripheral blood smears from 13 patients with AMM. The splenectomy was performed for a variety of reasons, including symptomatic hypersplenism or splenomegaly. The average number of TDs per 1,000 RBCs in the pre-S smears was 42 (range, 15 to 112 TDs), compared with 11 TDs in the post-S smears (range, 6 to 20 TDs)(P = less than .001). Only one of the 13 patients failed to exhibit this decrease in TDs post-S. There was no definite correlation between the number of TDs and the weight of the spleen removed at surgery, the interval since surgery, or age and sex of the patient. Based on this fourfold decrease in the number of TDs post-S, we conclude that the spleen in AMM play an important role in TD formation.", "PMID": 843155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5489", "title": "Doxorubicin hydrochloride-associated renal failure.", "content": "Doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin) therapy was associated with renal failure in a 78-year-old man. The pathophysiologic findings in this patient were similar to those seen following administration of structural analogues of doxorubicin. Daunorubicin hydrochloride, particularly, is known to cause renal failure in experimental animals. Renal function should be monitored in patients receiving doxorubicin.", "contents": "Doxorubicin hydrochloride-associated renal failure. Doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin) therapy was associated with renal failure in a 78-year-old man. The pathophysiologic findings in this patient were similar to those seen following administration of structural analogues of doxorubicin. Daunorubicin hydrochloride, particularly, is known to cause renal failure in experimental animals. Renal function should be monitored in patients receiving doxorubicin.", "PMID": 843156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5490", "title": "Colchicine toxicity: a multisystem disease.", "content": "A 23-year-old black man survived a life-threatening multisystem disturbance resulting from a large single dose of colchicine administered intraurethrally for condyloma acuminata. Gastroenteritis and probable pancreatitis rapidly evolved into severe respiratory failure, marked neuromuscular problems, alopecia, and complete bone marrow aplasia. Within two months he had completely recovered. This patient demonstrates that colchicine should be used with extreme caution, if at all, for the therapy of condyloma acuminata.", "contents": "Colchicine toxicity: a multisystem disease. A 23-year-old black man survived a life-threatening multisystem disturbance resulting from a large single dose of colchicine administered intraurethrally for condyloma acuminata. Gastroenteritis and probable pancreatitis rapidly evolved into severe respiratory failure, marked neuromuscular problems, alopecia, and complete bone marrow aplasia. Within two months he had completely recovered. This patient demonstrates that colchicine should be used with extreme caution, if at all, for the therapy of condyloma acuminata.", "PMID": 843157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5491", "title": "Microbody of n-alkane-grown yeast. Enzyme localization in the isolated microbody.", "content": "Microbodies appearing abundantly in n-alkane-grown cells of Candida tropicalis pK 233 were isolated by means of sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Electron microscopical observation showed that the microbodies isolated were intact. Localization of catalase and D-amino acid oxidase in the isolated microbodies was confirmed. Isocitrate lyase, melate synthase and NADP-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase were also located in the microbody, but malate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, aconitase and NAD-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase were not. Neither cytochrome P-450 not NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, the components involved in the n-alkane hydroxylation system of the yeast, were detected in the microbody fraction.", "contents": "Microbody of n-alkane-grown yeast. Enzyme localization in the isolated microbody. Microbodies appearing abundantly in n-alkane-grown cells of Candida tropicalis pK 233 were isolated by means of sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Electron microscopical observation showed that the microbodies isolated were intact. Localization of catalase and D-amino acid oxidase in the isolated microbodies was confirmed. Isocitrate lyase, melate synthase and NADP-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase were also located in the microbody, but malate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, aconitase and NAD-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase were not. Neither cytochrome P-450 not NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, the components involved in the n-alkane hydroxylation system of the yeast, were detected in the microbody fraction.", "PMID": 843163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5492", "title": "Selective spore survival during replica-plating of fission yeast.", "content": "Vegetative cells of Schizosaccharomyces pombe, upon exposure to acetone vapours, are inactivated at a faster rate than ascospores of this yeast. This observation has been used to develop a simple and fast method by which colonies can be replica-plated and only spores survive in the replicas. The colony patterns are exposed to acetone while still on the velvet used for replica-plating.", "contents": "Selective spore survival during replica-plating of fission yeast. Vegetative cells of Schizosaccharomyces pombe, upon exposure to acetone vapours, are inactivated at a faster rate than ascospores of this yeast. This observation has been used to develop a simple and fast method by which colonies can be replica-plated and only spores survive in the replicas. The colony patterns are exposed to acetone while still on the velvet used for replica-plating.", "PMID": 843164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5493", "title": "Growth of sulfate-reducing bacteria with sulfur as electron acceptor.", "content": "In addition to three new isolates, six strains of representative species of sulfate-reducing bacteria were tested for their capacity to use elemental sulfur as an electron acceptor for growth. There was good growth and sulfide production by strain Norway 4 and the three isolates, two of which had been enriched with sulfur flower and one isolated from a culture with green sulfur bacteria. Slow but definite growth was observed with Desulfovibrio gigas. The type of strains of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, D. vulgaris, and Desulfotomaculum nigrificans as well as Desulfomanoas pigra did not grow with sulfur. The four strains that grew well with sulfur flower were straight, nonsporulating rods and did not contain desulfoviridin.", "contents": "Growth of sulfate-reducing bacteria with sulfur as electron acceptor. In addition to three new isolates, six strains of representative species of sulfate-reducing bacteria were tested for their capacity to use elemental sulfur as an electron acceptor for growth. There was good growth and sulfide production by strain Norway 4 and the three isolates, two of which had been enriched with sulfur flower and one isolated from a culture with green sulfur bacteria. Slow but definite growth was observed with Desulfovibrio gigas. The type of strains of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, D. vulgaris, and Desulfotomaculum nigrificans as well as Desulfomanoas pigra did not grow with sulfur. The four strains that grew well with sulfur flower were straight, nonsporulating rods and did not contain desulfoviridin.", "PMID": 843165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5494", "title": "A new anaerobic, sporing, acetate-oxidizing, sulfate-reducing bacterium, Desulfotomaculum (emend.) acetoxidans.", "content": "A new strictly anaerobic, polarly flagellated, sporing, acetate-oxidizing, sulfate-reducing bacterium was isolated from anaerobic fresh or sea water mud samples. The oxidation of acetate to CO2 is stoichiometrically linked to the formation of H2S from sulfate. Ethanol, butanol and butyrate are also used. Hydrogen, lactate or pyruvate are not used as electron donors; organic substances are not fermented. A cytochrome of the b-type and a supposed sulfite reductase, P582, were detected spectrophotometrically. An emended description of the genus Desulfotomaculum is proposed which includes the new bacterium as the species Desulfotomaculum acetoxidans.", "contents": "A new anaerobic, sporing, acetate-oxidizing, sulfate-reducing bacterium, Desulfotomaculum (emend.) acetoxidans. A new strictly anaerobic, polarly flagellated, sporing, acetate-oxidizing, sulfate-reducing bacterium was isolated from anaerobic fresh or sea water mud samples. The oxidation of acetate to CO2 is stoichiometrically linked to the formation of H2S from sulfate. Ethanol, butanol and butyrate are also used. Hydrogen, lactate or pyruvate are not used as electron donors; organic substances are not fermented. A cytochrome of the b-type and a supposed sulfite reductase, P582, were detected spectrophotometrically. An emended description of the genus Desulfotomaculum is proposed which includes the new bacterium as the species Desulfotomaculum acetoxidans.", "PMID": 843166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5495", "title": "Energy conservation during nitrate respiration in Paracoccus denitrificans.", "content": "P/2e ratios were calculated from anaerobic chemostat cultures of Paracoccus denitrificans with nitrogenous oxides as electron acceptor. P/2e ratios were calculated, using the YmaxATP values determined for aerobic cultures. When succinate was the carbon and energy source the average P/2e values of the sulphate- and succinate-limited cultures with nitrate as electron acceptor were 0.5 and 0.7, respectively, and of the nitrite-limited culture 0.9. With gluconate as carbon and energy source and average P/2e values of the gluconate-limited with nitrate as electron acceptor and nitrate limited cultures were 0.9 and 1.1, respectively. leads to H+/O ratios measured in cells obtained from sulphate-, succinate, nitrite-, gluconate- and nitrate-limited cultures yielded respective average values of 3.4, 4.5, 3.5, 4.8 and 6.2 for endogenous substrates. From our data we conclude that sulphate- and nitrite- limitation causes the loss of site I phosphorylation. Nitrite has no influence on the maximum growth yield on ATP. We propose that metabolism in heterotrophically grown cells of Paracoccus dentrificans is regulated on the level of phosphorylation in the site I region of the electron transport chain.", "contents": "Energy conservation during nitrate respiration in Paracoccus denitrificans. P/2e ratios were calculated from anaerobic chemostat cultures of Paracoccus denitrificans with nitrogenous oxides as electron acceptor. P/2e ratios were calculated, using the YmaxATP values determined for aerobic cultures. When succinate was the carbon and energy source the average P/2e values of the sulphate- and succinate-limited cultures with nitrate as electron acceptor were 0.5 and 0.7, respectively, and of the nitrite-limited culture 0.9. With gluconate as carbon and energy source and average P/2e values of the gluconate-limited with nitrate as electron acceptor and nitrate limited cultures were 0.9 and 1.1, respectively. leads to H+/O ratios measured in cells obtained from sulphate-, succinate, nitrite-, gluconate- and nitrate-limited cultures yielded respective average values of 3.4, 4.5, 3.5, 4.8 and 6.2 for endogenous substrates. From our data we conclude that sulphate- and nitrite- limitation causes the loss of site I phosphorylation. Nitrite has no influence on the maximum growth yield on ATP. We propose that metabolism in heterotrophically grown cells of Paracoccus dentrificans is regulated on the level of phosphorylation in the site I region of the electron transport chain.", "PMID": 843167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5496", "title": "Energy conservation during aerobic growth in Paracoccus denitrificans.", "content": "Paracoccus denitrificans was aerobically grown in chemostat culture with succinate or gluconate as carbon source. Due to the presence of two phosphorylation sites in the respiratory chain and the absence of branching, theoretical P/O ratios of 1.71 and 1.82 were calculated for cells growing respectively with succinate and gluconate as carbon source. Using these data, 95% confidence intervals for the P/O ratio were determined, via a mathematical model, at 0.91-1.15 and 1.00-1.37 for sulphate-limited cultures, with respectively succinate and gluconate as carbon source. These results and measurements of P/O ratios in membrane particles and of proton translocation in whole cells have led to the conclusion that site I phosphorylation is affected under sulphate-limited conditions. Under conditions of carbon source-limitation the endogenous leads to H+/O ratio is about 7-8. Average values of 3.40 and 4.78 were respectively found for sulphate-limited succinate- and gluconate grown cells. For starved cells, oxidizing succinate as exogenous substrate, the leads to H+/O ratios were determined at about 3-4, independent of the growth limiting factor. It is concluded that the number of protons ejected per pair of electrons per energy-conserving site (leads to H+/site ratio) is about 3-4, instead of 2 as postulated by the chemiosmotic hypothesis.", "contents": "Energy conservation during aerobic growth in Paracoccus denitrificans. Paracoccus denitrificans was aerobically grown in chemostat culture with succinate or gluconate as carbon source. Due to the presence of two phosphorylation sites in the respiratory chain and the absence of branching, theoretical P/O ratios of 1.71 and 1.82 were calculated for cells growing respectively with succinate and gluconate as carbon source. Using these data, 95% confidence intervals for the P/O ratio were determined, via a mathematical model, at 0.91-1.15 and 1.00-1.37 for sulphate-limited cultures, with respectively succinate and gluconate as carbon source. These results and measurements of P/O ratios in membrane particles and of proton translocation in whole cells have led to the conclusion that site I phosphorylation is affected under sulphate-limited conditions. Under conditions of carbon source-limitation the endogenous leads to H+/O ratio is about 7-8. Average values of 3.40 and 4.78 were respectively found for sulphate-limited succinate- and gluconate grown cells. For starved cells, oxidizing succinate as exogenous substrate, the leads to H+/O ratios were determined at about 3-4, independent of the growth limiting factor. It is concluded that the number of protons ejected per pair of electrons per energy-conserving site (leads to H+/site ratio) is about 3-4, instead of 2 as postulated by the chemiosmotic hypothesis.", "PMID": 843168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5497", "title": "Isolation and characterization of disc-shaped phycobilisomes from the red alga Rhodella violacea.", "content": "Disc-shaped phycobilisomes were purified from Triton X100 treated cell homogenates of the unicellular marine red alga, Rhodella violacea. Their absorption spectrum had principal maxima at 544 and 568 nm (B-phycoerythrin), 624 nm (C-phycocyanin) and a distinct shoulder at 652 nm (allophycocyanin). Intermolecular energy transfer within the phycobilisomes was clearly demonstrated by fluorescence data. Excited at 546 nm intact phycobilisomes showed a main fluorescence emission maximum at 665 nm, a minor one at 577 nm and a shoulder at 730 nm. Dissociated phycobilisomes revealed a composition of 58% B-phycoerythrin, 25% C-phycocyanin and 17% allophycocyanin under the cultural conditions used. Analytical methods resolved no other components than phycobiliproteins. In addition to the defined C-phycocyanin and two isoproteins of B-phycoerythrin a stable heterogeneous aggregate of B-phycoerythrin/C-phycocyanin was separated in considerable amounts. In the electron microscope negatively stained phycobilisomes appeared as elliptical aggregates having dimensions  slightly above the values found in ultrathin sections and a detailed subunit structure. All observations and data suggest a new rhodophytan phycobilisome type in Rhodella violacea.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of disc-shaped phycobilisomes from the red alga Rhodella violacea. Disc-shaped phycobilisomes were purified from Triton X100 treated cell homogenates of the unicellular marine red alga, Rhodella violacea. Their absorption spectrum had principal maxima at 544 and 568 nm (B-phycoerythrin), 624 nm (C-phycocyanin) and a distinct shoulder at 652 nm (allophycocyanin). Intermolecular energy transfer within the phycobilisomes was clearly demonstrated by fluorescence data. Excited at 546 nm intact phycobilisomes showed a main fluorescence emission maximum at 665 nm, a minor one at 577 nm and a shoulder at 730 nm. Dissociated phycobilisomes revealed a composition of 58% B-phycoerythrin, 25% C-phycocyanin and 17% allophycocyanin under the cultural conditions used. Analytical methods resolved no other components than phycobiliproteins. In addition to the defined C-phycocyanin and two isoproteins of B-phycoerythrin a stable heterogeneous aggregate of B-phycoerythrin/C-phycocyanin was separated in considerable amounts. In the electron microscope negatively stained phycobilisomes appeared as elliptical aggregates having dimensions  slightly above the values found in ultrathin sections and a detailed subunit structure. All observations and data suggest a new rhodophytan phycobilisome type in Rhodella violacea.", "PMID": 843169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5498", "title": "Autoinduction of bacterial luciferase. Occurrence, mechanism and significance.", "content": "The synthesis of the luminous system of the marine luminous bacterium Photobacterium fischeri is subject to a complex, self-regulated control system called autoinduction. The bacteria produce an autoinducer which accumulates in the medium at a constant rate (as a function of cell growth). When autoinducer reaches a critical concentration it stimulates, at the level of transcription, the synthesis of the luminous system. Autoinduction is thus viewed as an environmental sensing mechanism, which curtails the synthesis of the luminous system under dilute conditions. For several isolates of P. fischeri it was found that variations in luminescence intensity could be accounted for by correlated variations in autoinducer production.", "contents": "Autoinduction of bacterial luciferase. Occurrence, mechanism and significance. The synthesis of the luminous system of the marine luminous bacterium Photobacterium fischeri is subject to a complex, self-regulated control system called autoinduction. The bacteria produce an autoinducer which accumulates in the medium at a constant rate (as a function of cell growth). When autoinducer reaches a critical concentration it stimulates, at the level of transcription, the synthesis of the luminous system. Autoinduction is thus viewed as an environmental sensing mechanism, which curtails the synthesis of the luminous system under dilute conditions. For several isolates of P. fischeri it was found that variations in luminescence intensity could be accounted for by correlated variations in autoinducer production.", "PMID": 843170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5499", "title": "Low oxygen is optimal for luciferase synthesis in some bacteria. Ecological implications.", "content": "The synthesis of the bioluminescent systems in many strains of two species of the genus Photobacterium which were isolated as symbionts is greater at low oxygen concentrations, where aerobic growth is blocked. In strains of two other species, one Photobacterium of symbiotic orgin, and one (genus Beneckea) whose lent response is observed. At low oxygen concentrations, where there is an inhibition of growth, there is also a similar decrease in the synthesis of the luminescent system. These species-specific differences may indicate important ecological differences along with distinctive differences in the molecular control mechanisms involved in the synthesis of luciferase.", "contents": "Low oxygen is optimal for luciferase synthesis in some bacteria. Ecological implications. The synthesis of the bioluminescent systems in many strains of two species of the genus Photobacterium which were isolated as symbionts is greater at low oxygen concentrations, where aerobic growth is blocked. In strains of two other species, one Photobacterium of symbiotic orgin, and one (genus Beneckea) whose lent response is observed. At low oxygen concentrations, where there is an inhibition of growth, there is also a similar decrease in the synthesis of the luminescent system. These species-specific differences may indicate important ecological differences along with distinctive differences in the molecular control mechanisms involved in the synthesis of luciferase.", "PMID": 843171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5500", "title": "Determination of the isotope distribution in malate-14C with fumarase-negative lactic acid bacteria.", "content": "No fumarase activity could be found in whole cells or in cell-free crude extracts from Leuconostoc mesenteroides or Lactobacillus curvatus. The degradation of L-malate-4-14C by these organisms yielded more than 95% of the label as 14CO2. It is therefore recommended that these organisms, rather than Lactobacillus plantarum, should be used in the determination of isotope distribution in L-malate-14C, since L. plantarum exhibits a significant fumarase activity and thus randomizes malate prior to the decarboxylation of this substance by the malolactic enzyme.", "contents": "Determination of the isotope distribution in malate-14C with fumarase-negative lactic acid bacteria. No fumarase activity could be found in whole cells or in cell-free crude extracts from Leuconostoc mesenteroides or Lactobacillus curvatus. The degradation of L-malate-4-14C by these organisms yielded more than 95% of the label as 14CO2. It is therefore recommended that these organisms, rather than Lactobacillus plantarum, should be used in the determination of isotope distribution in L-malate-14C, since L. plantarum exhibits a significant fumarase activity and thus randomizes malate prior to the decarboxylation of this substance by the malolactic enzyme.", "PMID": 843172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5501", "title": "Reliability of psychiatric diagnosis. II. The test/retest reliability of diagnostic classification.", "content": "In a study of interrater diagnostic reliability, 101 psychiatric inpatients were independently interviewed by physicians using a structured interview. Newly admitted patients were randomly selected and examined by one of three psychiatrists. A second psychiatrist reexamined the same patient about 24 hours later. Interviews from the two examinations were evaluated independently and diagnoses were made on the basis of objective criteria. The degree of diagnostic agreement for the two examinations were calculated using the kappa statistic. Agreement was found to be high as compared to other studies in the psychiatric literature, despite the fact that in most previous investigations diagnoses were not made independently. The results were also compared to studies of reliability of medical judgments. Possible reasons for the high interrater reliability are discussed and include the use of a structured interview and objective diagnostic criteria.", "contents": "Reliability of psychiatric diagnosis. II. The test/retest reliability of diagnostic classification. In a study of interrater diagnostic reliability, 101 psychiatric inpatients were independently interviewed by physicians using a structured interview. Newly admitted patients were randomly selected and examined by one of three psychiatrists. A second psychiatrist reexamined the same patient about 24 hours later. Interviews from the two examinations were evaluated independently and diagnoses were made on the basis of objective criteria. The degree of diagnostic agreement for the two examinations were calculated using the kappa statistic. Agreement was found to be high as compared to other studies in the psychiatric literature, despite the fact that in most previous investigations diagnoses were not made independently. The results were also compared to studies of reliability of medical judgments. Possible reasons for the high interrater reliability are discussed and include the use of a structured interview and objective diagnostic criteria.", "PMID": 843173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5502", "title": "Diagnostic correlates of discharge against medical advice.", "content": "The clinical histories of patients discharged against medical advice from a general hospital were studied to discern important diagnostic correlates of this event. Drug addiction occurred in 22% of the 73 test subjects and in none of 175 random controls. Chronic alcoholism was diagnosed in 42% of patients discharged prematurely vs 15% of controls (P less than .01). Discharge against advice should be considered a clue to the presence of one of these conditions if not previously appreciated. Since both are identifiable chronic disorders, early counseling is recommended to prevent such noncompliant behavior and its consequences for effective hospital care.", "contents": "Diagnostic correlates of discharge against medical advice. The clinical histories of patients discharged against medical advice from a general hospital were studied to discern important diagnostic correlates of this event. Drug addiction occurred in 22% of the 73 test subjects and in none of 175 random controls. Chronic alcoholism was diagnosed in 42% of patients discharged prematurely vs 15% of controls (P less than .01). Discharge against advice should be considered a clue to the presence of one of these conditions if not previously appreciated. Since both are identifiable chronic disorders, early counseling is recommended to prevent such noncompliant behavior and its consequences for effective hospital care.", "PMID": 843174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5503", "title": "Prediction of outcome in schizophrenia. III. Five-year outcome and its predictors.", "content": "Recent studies of schizophrenia have begun to demonstrate the complex nature of its outcome characteristics and their predictors. However, generalization of findings has been limited by methodological problems such as relatively short-term follow-up the use of retrospective data, or employment of evaluation techniques without demonstrated reliability. This report describes a prospective, five-year follow-up using reliable evaluation techniques to determine whether specific relations between predictors and outcome variables represent behavior patterns persisting over an extended period. Results demonstrate the prognostic importance and specificity of certain predictors over five years. These results support the view that outcome function is comprised of persisting open-linked systems of behavior.", "contents": "Prediction of outcome in schizophrenia. III. Five-year outcome and its predictors. Recent studies of schizophrenia have begun to demonstrate the complex nature of its outcome characteristics and their predictors. However, generalization of findings has been limited by methodological problems such as relatively short-term follow-up the use of retrospective data, or employment of evaluation techniques without demonstrated reliability. This report describes a prospective, five-year follow-up using reliable evaluation techniques to determine whether specific relations between predictors and outcome variables represent behavior patterns persisting over an extended period. Results demonstrate the prognostic importance and specificity of certain predictors over five years. These results support the view that outcome function is comprised of persisting open-linked systems of behavior.", "PMID": 843175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5504", "title": "Mexican American and European Americal psychopathology and hospital course.", "content": "Demographic information, reason for admission, mental status on admission, hospital course variables, and discharge diagnosis were collected for 99 patients admitted consecutively to the psychiatric inpatient unit of a community mental health center serving a low-income population with a large proportion of Mexican-Americans; Patient ethnic distribution reflected that of the catchment area. Although ethnicity, sex, and social class each showed distinct characteristics, when any two of the factors were held constant, only three variables maintained significance, none of which indicated severe, flamboyant psychopathology. This study does not support earlier reports that hospitalized Mexican Americans are more severely disturbed than other ethnic groups.", "contents": "Mexican American and European Americal psychopathology and hospital course. Demographic information, reason for admission, mental status on admission, hospital course variables, and discharge diagnosis were collected for 99 patients admitted consecutively to the psychiatric inpatient unit of a community mental health center serving a low-income population with a large proportion of Mexican-Americans; Patient ethnic distribution reflected that of the catchment area. Although ethnicity, sex, and social class each showed distinct characteristics, when any two of the factors were held constant, only three variables maintained significance, none of which indicated severe, flamboyant psychopathology. This study does not support earlier reports that hospitalized Mexican Americans are more severely disturbed than other ethnic groups.", "PMID": 843176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5505", "title": "Prediction of relapse in schizophrenic outpatients treated by drug and sociotherapy.", "content": "Despite the established efficacy of neuroleptics for maintaining schizophrenics in the community, there are data suggesting that those with very good prognostic signs may do as well without drugs. In testing this, we find no evidence that patients with good signs are not in need of drugs; instead they profit most from drug treatment. Patients who benefit little (1) are men whose families were disrupted earlier in their lives, (2) live alone or with extended families whose attitudes toward the study are not positive, and (3) are irregular in taking their medication. The practical implication is that the drug nonresponder can be helped by some means to ensure regularity of medication taking, such as a visiting nurse or long-acting medication. A second research question is whether major role therapy (MRT, a combination of social casework and vocational rehabilitation) can lengthen the time until relapse. Major role therapy affected time to relapse in a disordinal manner; asymptomatic patients benefited from MRT, while in patients with greater symptom severity MRT- suprisingly--hastened relapse. It is hypothesized that symptomatic patients are suffering from an inability to manage an expanded and enriched cognitive field; MRT, a therapy that urges the patient to become more responsible and to expand his horizons, may actually induce a state with which the patient cannot cope. It is recommended that a therapy such as MRT be deferred until the patient is essentially asymptomatic.", "contents": "Prediction of relapse in schizophrenic outpatients treated by drug and sociotherapy. Despite the established efficacy of neuroleptics for maintaining schizophrenics in the community, there are data suggesting that those with very good prognostic signs may do as well without drugs. In testing this, we find no evidence that patients with good signs are not in need of drugs; instead they profit most from drug treatment. Patients who benefit little (1) are men whose families were disrupted earlier in their lives, (2) live alone or with extended families whose attitudes toward the study are not positive, and (3) are irregular in taking their medication. The practical implication is that the drug nonresponder can be helped by some means to ensure regularity of medication taking, such as a visiting nurse or long-acting medication. A second research question is whether major role therapy (MRT, a combination of social casework and vocational rehabilitation) can lengthen the time until relapse. Major role therapy affected time to relapse in a disordinal manner; asymptomatic patients benefited from MRT, while in patients with greater symptom severity MRT- suprisingly--hastened relapse. It is hypothesized that symptomatic patients are suffering from an inability to manage an expanded and enriched cognitive field; MRT, a therapy that urges the patient to become more responsible and to expand his horizons, may actually induce a state with which the patient cannot cope. It is recommended that a therapy such as MRT be deferred until the patient is essentially asymptomatic.", "PMID": 843177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5506", "title": "Methylphenidate hydrochloride effects on psychological tests in acute schizophrenic and nonpsychotic patients.", "content": "Actively psychotic schizophrenic and nonpsychotic psychiatric inpatients received intravenous methylphenidate hydrochlroide (0.5 mg/kg). Each patient was rated for level of psychosis and talkativeness, and each received the Holtzman projective ink blot tests and the Kent-Rosanoff word-association tests before, during, and after methylphenidate infusion. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Goldberg Index scores were also obtained as a general measure of psychosis. For the entire patient group, methylphenidate infusion was followed by a significant increase in talkativeness and psychosis ratings and in pathological responses to the Holtzman ink blot test. There was a significant decrease in common word associations. Since neither of the psychological tests allow more than one response per item, it appears that methylphenidate truly effects pathological thought processes and decreases common word associations as such, rather than merely making these processes more evident by increasing verbalization.", "contents": "Methylphenidate hydrochloride effects on psychological tests in acute schizophrenic and nonpsychotic patients. Actively psychotic schizophrenic and nonpsychotic psychiatric inpatients received intravenous methylphenidate hydrochlroide (0.5 mg/kg). Each patient was rated for level of psychosis and talkativeness, and each received the Holtzman projective ink blot tests and the Kent-Rosanoff word-association tests before, during, and after methylphenidate infusion. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Goldberg Index scores were also obtained as a general measure of psychosis. For the entire patient group, methylphenidate infusion was followed by a significant increase in talkativeness and psychosis ratings and in pathological responses to the Holtzman ink blot test. There was a significant decrease in common word associations. Since neither of the psychological tests allow more than one response per item, it appears that methylphenidate truly effects pathological thought processes and decreases common word associations as such, rather than merely making these processes more evident by increasing verbalization.", "PMID": 843178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5507", "title": "Clinical implications of imipramine plasma levels for depressive illness.", "content": "Sixty depressed nonschizophrenic patients were admitted to a research unit. Following one drug-free week and one week of placebo, patients received 3.5 mg/kg of imipramine hydrochloride for 28 days. Plasma levels of imipramine and its metabolite desipramine hydrochloride (desmethylimipramine) were measured three times weekly and the relationship between plasma steady-state levels and clinical outcome was examined. Steady-state levels ranged from 50 to 1,050 ng/ml. There was a statistically and clinically significant relationship between plasma levels and response. The relationship existed across the entire sample, and was accentuated when the bipolar and unipolar nondelusional populations were examined. Because a strong relationship between sex and outcome was observed, the unipolar nondelusional patients were stratified by sex and a significant relationship still persisted. Only the unipolar delusional patients failed to demonstrate an association between blood level and clinical response.", "contents": "Clinical implications of imipramine plasma levels for depressive illness. Sixty depressed nonschizophrenic patients were admitted to a research unit. Following one drug-free week and one week of placebo, patients received 3.5 mg/kg of imipramine hydrochloride for 28 days. Plasma levels of imipramine and its metabolite desipramine hydrochloride (desmethylimipramine) were measured three times weekly and the relationship between plasma steady-state levels and clinical outcome was examined. Steady-state levels ranged from 50 to 1,050 ng/ml. There was a statistically and clinically significant relationship between plasma levels and response. The relationship existed across the entire sample, and was accentuated when the bipolar and unipolar nondelusional populations were examined. Because a strong relationship between sex and outcome was observed, the unipolar nondelusional patients were stratified by sex and a significant relationship still persisted. Only the unipolar delusional patients failed to demonstrate an association between blood level and clinical response.", "PMID": 843179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5508", "title": "Imagery mediation of vocal emphasis in flat affect.", "content": "The hypothesis that schizophrenics with flat affect have an interference with imagery mediation of language function was derived from clinical impressions that (1) such patients fail to show appropriate voice emphasis, and (2) that word imagery contributes to normal vocal emphasis patterns. Experiment 1 acoustically measured the emphasis patterns in schizophrenics with and without flat affect as they read text controlled for word imagery. Experiment 2 studied the effect of imagery in a paired-associate learning task in the same patients. The results supported the hypothesis, both for emphasis patterns and learning rates. These findings suggest that flat affect may be the product of factors in the schizophrenic process interacting with cognitive processes that are independent of the disease.", "contents": "Imagery mediation of vocal emphasis in flat affect. The hypothesis that schizophrenics with flat affect have an interference with imagery mediation of language function was derived from clinical impressions that (1) such patients fail to show appropriate voice emphasis, and (2) that word imagery contributes to normal vocal emphasis patterns. Experiment 1 acoustically measured the emphasis patterns in schizophrenics with and without flat affect as they read text controlled for word imagery. Experiment 2 studied the effect of imagery in a paired-associate learning task in the same patients. The results supported the hypothesis, both for emphasis patterns and learning rates. These findings suggest that flat affect may be the product of factors in the schizophrenic process interacting with cognitive processes that are independent of the disease.", "PMID": 843180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5509", "title": "Sequential patterns of multiple-drug use among high school students.", "content": "Only recently have multiple-drug use studies involving more than heroin and marijuana begun to be reported in the literature. Four of these studies have found evidence that multiple-drug use is a progressive phenomenon, although the particular pattern of multiple-drug use reported in different  populations varies somewhat. This study examines the patterns of multiple-drug use reported by a random sample of 1,094 high school students living in greater New Haven, Conn in the 1972-1973 academic school year. Scalogram analysis reveals a progressive relationship for nine drugs: alcohol, marijuana, hashish, barbiturates, amphetamines, LSD, mescaline, cocaine, and heroin. Cigarettes and glue were not found to play a part in this pattern. The temporal order in which respondents reported that they had begun using each drug supports the results of scalogram analysis only in part.", "contents": "Sequential patterns of multiple-drug use among high school students. Only recently have multiple-drug use studies involving more than heroin and marijuana begun to be reported in the literature. Four of these studies have found evidence that multiple-drug use is a progressive phenomenon, although the particular pattern of multiple-drug use reported in different  populations varies somewhat. This study examines the patterns of multiple-drug use reported by a random sample of 1,094 high school students living in greater New Haven, Conn in the 1972-1973 academic school year. Scalogram analysis reveals a progressive relationship for nine drugs: alcohol, marijuana, hashish, barbiturates, amphetamines, LSD, mescaline, cocaine, and heroin. Cigarettes and glue were not found to play a part in this pattern. The temporal order in which respondents reported that they had begun using each drug supports the results of scalogram analysis only in part.", "PMID": 843181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5510", "title": "A contrast of the three more common illnesses with the ten less common in a study and 18-month follow-up of 314 psychiatric emergency room patients.", "content": "The present study combines four factors: an initial research interview, a blind follow-up of the patients seen initially, the use of specified diagnostic criteria, and the application of these techniques to a psychiatric emergency room population of 314 patients. Follow-up studies were done in 299 patients (95%) a mean of 18.2 months after the initial interview. The patients were described diagnostically and demographically. There were three more common diagnoses: affective disorder, alcoholism, and antisocial personality. There were ten additional less common diagnoses, as well as an undiagnosed group and a group without diagnosis. There were single diagnoses in 190 patients and multiple diagnoses in the remaining 124 patients. Three diagnoses or less per patient were not uncommon; more than three diagnoses per patient were uncommon. Diagnoses of affective disorder, alcoholism, and antisocial personality occurred in 64% of the total number of diagnoses. The remainder of the diagnoses occurred in 36%. Prompt hospitalization occurred in 14% of the total sample.", "contents": "A contrast of the three more common illnesses with the ten less common in a study and 18-month follow-up of 314 psychiatric emergency room patients. The present study combines four factors: an initial research interview, a blind follow-up of the patients seen initially, the use of specified diagnostic criteria, and the application of these techniques to a psychiatric emergency room population of 314 patients. Follow-up studies were done in 299 patients (95%) a mean of 18.2 months after the initial interview. The patients were described diagnostically and demographically. There were three more common diagnoses: affective disorder, alcoholism, and antisocial personality. There were ten additional less common diagnoses, as well as an undiagnosed group and a group without diagnosis. There were single diagnoses in 190 patients and multiple diagnoses in the remaining 124 patients. Three diagnoses or less per patient were not uncommon; more than three diagnoses per patient were uncommon. Diagnoses of affective disorder, alcoholism, and antisocial personality occurred in 64% of the total number of diagnoses. The remainder of the diagnoses occurred in 36%. Prompt hospitalization occurred in 14% of the total sample.", "PMID": 843182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5511", "title": "A contrast of the three more common illnesses with the ten less common in a study and 18-month follow-up of 314 psychiatric emergency room patients. II. Characteristics of patients with the three more common illnesses.", "content": "The three more common illnesses diagnosed in the sample of 314 emergency room patients were (in order of frequency) affective disorder (N = 135), alcoholism (N = 112), and antisocial personality (N = 57). This study describes the occurrence and frequency of affective disorders and evaluates the relative usefulness of three separate sets of diagnostic criteria for the depressive phase of the illness, which are considered in three self-evident, mutually exclusive groups, the definition of which depends on chronology of onset in relation to other diagnoses. Findings show a 3:2 ratio of primary affective disorder to secondary affective disorder. The 112 diagnoses of alcoholism were based on defined criteria that separated \"definite\" (N = 102) from probable (N = 10) alcoholism. A high incidence of secondary affective disorder (38%) in patients with a first diagnosis of alcoholism is noted. The third most common diagnosis, antisocial personality, was based on defined criteria requiring a specified number of manifestations both before and after age 15 years. Only 11% of the antisocial personality patients received a single diagnosis of antisocial personality. An additional diagnosis of alcoholism occurred in 61%. Besides antisocial symptoms, the 57 patients reported 74 different nonantisocial symptoms, supporting the conclusion that antisocial personality patients may be as susceptible to neurotic and psychotic symptoms as other patients.", "contents": "A contrast of the three more common illnesses with the ten less common in a study and 18-month follow-up of 314 psychiatric emergency room patients. II. Characteristics of patients with the three more common illnesses. The three more common illnesses diagnosed in the sample of 314 emergency room patients were (in order of frequency) affective disorder (N = 135), alcoholism (N = 112), and antisocial personality (N = 57). This study describes the occurrence and frequency of affective disorders and evaluates the relative usefulness of three separate sets of diagnostic criteria for the depressive phase of the illness, which are considered in three self-evident, mutually exclusive groups, the definition of which depends on chronology of onset in relation to other diagnoses. Findings show a 3:2 ratio of primary affective disorder to secondary affective disorder. The 112 diagnoses of alcoholism were based on defined criteria that separated \"definite\" (N = 102) from probable (N = 10) alcoholism. A high incidence of secondary affective disorder (38%) in patients with a first diagnosis of alcoholism is noted. The third most common diagnosis, antisocial personality, was based on defined criteria requiring a specified number of manifestations both before and after age 15 years. Only 11% of the antisocial personality patients received a single diagnosis of antisocial personality. An additional diagnosis of alcoholism occurred in 61%. Besides antisocial symptoms, the 57 patients reported 74 different nonantisocial symptoms, supporting the conclusion that antisocial personality patients may be as susceptible to neurotic and psychotic symptoms as other patients.", "PMID": 843183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5512", "title": "A contrast of the three more common illnesses with the ten less common in a study and 18-month follow-up of 314 psychiatric emergency room patients.", "content": "An 18-month follow-up of 314 randomly selected psychiatric emergency room patients showed that, although there were 15 possible diagnostic groups the diagnoses made at initial interviews proved to be largely accurate. Follow-up results showed the prediction based on those initial diagnoses was 84% correct in the 299 patients (95%) that could be followed up. Follow-up results also showed that 88% of the individual diagnoses (as opposed to diagnosed patients) were correct. The kappa coefficients were high, all of them being above 0.60, some between 0.80 and 0.90. In addition to the relatively high diagnostic validity, the results also demonstrated a high item reliability for the more than 400 separate items for which kappa coefficients were calculated. Less than 15% of these items had a kappa coefficient of less than 0.60. This study thus demonstrated a high diagnostic reliability and a high diagnostic validity The basis of these diagnoses in a heterogeneous psychiatric population was the application of precisely defined and applied diagnostic criteria. The diagnostic process was blind in that the follow-up diagnosis was made in the absence of knowledge of the initial diagnosis. The use of precisely defined and systematically applied criteria may prove to be superior to multivariate analysis, cluster analysis, or other statistical techniques.", "contents": "A contrast of the three more common illnesses with the ten less common in a study and 18-month follow-up of 314 psychiatric emergency room patients. An 18-month follow-up of 314 randomly selected psychiatric emergency room patients showed that, although there were 15 possible diagnostic groups the diagnoses made at initial interviews proved to be largely accurate. Follow-up results showed the prediction based on those initial diagnoses was 84% correct in the 299 patients (95%) that could be followed up. Follow-up results also showed that 88% of the individual diagnoses (as opposed to diagnosed patients) were correct. The kappa coefficients were high, all of them being above 0.60, some between 0.80 and 0.90. In addition to the relatively high diagnostic validity, the results also demonstrated a high item reliability for the more than 400 separate items for which kappa coefficients were calculated. Less than 15% of these items had a kappa coefficient of less than 0.60. This study thus demonstrated a high diagnostic reliability and a high diagnostic validity The basis of these diagnoses in a heterogeneous psychiatric population was the application of precisely defined and applied diagnostic criteria. The diagnostic process was blind in that the follow-up diagnosis was made in the absence of knowledge of the initial diagnosis. The use of precisely defined and systematically applied criteria may prove to be superior to multivariate analysis, cluster analysis, or other statistical techniques.", "PMID": 843184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5513", "title": "Short vs long hospitalization: a prospective controlled study. VII. Two-year follow-up results for nonschizophrenics.", "content": "A controlled, prospective study examined the relative effectiveness of short-term versus long-term psychiatric hospitalization. Results of a two-year follow-up of a sample of 74 nonschizophrenic subjects are reported here. Two years after admission there were no statistically reliable differences in functioning between short-term and long-term subjects with diagnoses of either affective disorders, or neurosis and personality disorders (including hysterical personality disorder). The findings reported do not support extended hospitalization for patients with these diagnoses. Caution regarding these findings is suggested by an anecdotal impression that short-term hospitalization may not have allowed for proper diagnosis and treatment for some persons in the affective disorder group.", "contents": "Short vs long hospitalization: a prospective controlled study. VII. Two-year follow-up results for nonschizophrenics. A controlled, prospective study examined the relative effectiveness of short-term versus long-term psychiatric hospitalization. Results of a two-year follow-up of a sample of 74 nonschizophrenic subjects are reported here. Two years after admission there were no statistically reliable differences in functioning between short-term and long-term subjects with diagnoses of either affective disorders, or neurosis and personality disorders (including hysterical personality disorder). The findings reported do not support extended hospitalization for patients with these diagnoses. Caution regarding these findings is suggested by an anecdotal impression that short-term hospitalization may not have allowed for proper diagnosis and treatment for some persons in the affective disorder group.", "PMID": 843185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5514", "title": "Symptom change and prognosis in clinic psychotherapy.", "content": "Applicants for outpatient psychotherapy completed a symptom checklist that permitted evaluation of the duration, intensity, and patterning of presenting symptoms. Random assignment of patients acceptable for psychotherapy to immediate treatment or to the waiting list resulted in two comparable groups who repeated the symptom checklist after an average interval nine months. Patients in psychotherapy showed a greater reduction in average intensity of all symptoms than was observable in the waiting list group. In the waiting list group, improvements tended to be limited to those patients whose conditions were of comparatively brief duration. In the psychotherapy group, improvements of chronic patients were frequent; however, improvements tended to occur among those patients reporting some new symptoms rather than those giving no evidence of exacerbation. A predmoninance of \"neurotic\" over \"behavioral\" complaints also appeared to be predictive of a positive response to psychotherapy.", "contents": "Symptom change and prognosis in clinic psychotherapy. Applicants for outpatient psychotherapy completed a symptom checklist that permitted evaluation of the duration, intensity, and patterning of presenting symptoms. Random assignment of patients acceptable for psychotherapy to immediate treatment or to the waiting list resulted in two comparable groups who repeated the symptom checklist after an average interval nine months. Patients in psychotherapy showed a greater reduction in average intensity of all symptoms than was observable in the waiting list group. In the waiting list group, improvements tended to be limited to those patients whose conditions were of comparatively brief duration. In the psychotherapy group, improvements of chronic patients were frequent; however, improvements tended to occur among those patients reporting some new symptoms rather than those giving no evidence of exacerbation. A predmoninance of \"neurotic\" over \"behavioral\" complaints also appeared to be predictive of a positive response to psychotherapy.", "PMID": 843186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5515", "title": "Anorexia nervosa and gonadal dysgenesis. Further evidence of a relationship.", "content": "We report the ninth documentated coincidence of anorexia nervosa and XO gonadel dysgenesis (Turner syndrome) and the second confirmed coincidence of anorexia nervosa and XO/XX (mosaic) gonadal dysgenesis. Three other women who had anorexia nervosa and clinical stigmata of gonadal dysgenesis, but who were not karyotyped, are also described. We thus consider the possibility that patients with gonadal dysgenesis are at special risk for anorexia nervosa and discuss hypotheses to explain such a relationship.", "contents": "Anorexia nervosa and gonadal dysgenesis. Further evidence of a relationship. We report the ninth documentated coincidence of anorexia nervosa and XO gonadel dysgenesis (Turner syndrome) and the second confirmed coincidence of anorexia nervosa and XO/XX (mosaic) gonadal dysgenesis. Three other women who had anorexia nervosa and clinical stigmata of gonadal dysgenesis, but who were not karyotyped, are also described. We thus consider the possibility that patients with gonadal dysgenesis are at special risk for anorexia nervosa and discuss hypotheses to explain such a relationship.", "PMID": 843187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5516", "title": "Withdrawal from methadone maintenance. Rate of withdrawal and expectation.", "content": "One hundred twenty-seven successfully methadone-hydrochloride-maintained patients were randomly assigned to one of the following four groups and studied for 30 weeks: (1) known maintenance-patients were maintained on methadone under open conditions; (2) blind maintenance-patients were maintained on methadone under double blind conditions; (3) rapid withdrawal-patients were withdrawn under double-blind conditions at a rate of 10% of initial dose per week; (4) gradual withdrawal-patients were withdrawn under double-blind conditions at a rate of 3% of initial dose per week. Differences in dropout rates, illicit drug use, symptoms scores, and requests for study interruption indicate that withdrawal from methadone maintenance should be carried out at approximately 3% of initial dose per week. Better patient preparation also is indicated to reduce the effects of expectation.", "contents": "Withdrawal from methadone maintenance. Rate of withdrawal and expectation. One hundred twenty-seven successfully methadone-hydrochloride-maintained patients were randomly assigned to one of the following four groups and studied for 30 weeks: (1) known maintenance-patients were maintained on methadone under open conditions; (2) blind maintenance-patients were maintained on methadone under double blind conditions; (3) rapid withdrawal-patients were withdrawn under double-blind conditions at a rate of 10% of initial dose per week; (4) gradual withdrawal-patients were withdrawn under double-blind conditions at a rate of 3% of initial dose per week. Differences in dropout rates, illicit drug use, symptoms scores, and requests for study interruption indicate that withdrawal from methadone maintenance should be carried out at approximately 3% of initial dose per week. Better patient preparation also is indicated to reduce the effects of expectation.", "PMID": 843188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5517", "title": "Cervical orthoses effect on cervical spine motion: roentgenographic and goniometric method of study.", "content": "Movement of the cervical spine in the sagittal plane was studied in ten normal subjects from 20 to 30 years of age without and with four different cervical orthoses: (1) polyethylene Camp plastic collar with chin and occiput piece, (2) plastizote Philadelphia collar, (3) four-poster and (4) SOMI (sternal occipital mandibular immobilization). The effect of the orthoses on restricting sagittal motion was measured simultaneously using roentgenographic and bubble goniometric methods. The subject was immobilized in a straight back chair to eliminate trunk motion, and lateral cervical spine films were taken of each subject in neutral, flexion and extension without and with each orthotic device. Distortion forces exerted on the orthotic devices were standardized by measurement of pressures at the chin and occiput. Roentgenographic measurements of flexion and extension and anteroposterior displacement of the cervical spine were compared to the measurements obtained by bubble goniometry. The four-poster and SOMI were found to be most effective in restricting extension and flexion respectively. The polyethylene and plastizote orthoses were significantly less effective in restricting motion. The bubble goniometer is an adequate clinical tool in assessing overall flexion-extension of the cervical spine but is not so precise and does not give information on the degree of motion at an individual vertebral level.", "contents": "Cervical orthoses effect on cervical spine motion: roentgenographic and goniometric method of study. Movement of the cervical spine in the sagittal plane was studied in ten normal subjects from 20 to 30 years of age without and with four different cervical orthoses: (1) polyethylene Camp plastic collar with chin and occiput piece, (2) plastizote Philadelphia collar, (3) four-poster and (4) SOMI (sternal occipital mandibular immobilization). The effect of the orthoses on restricting sagittal motion was measured simultaneously using roentgenographic and bubble goniometric methods. The subject was immobilized in a straight back chair to eliminate trunk motion, and lateral cervical spine films were taken of each subject in neutral, flexion and extension without and with each orthotic device. Distortion forces exerted on the orthotic devices were standardized by measurement of pressures at the chin and occiput. Roentgenographic measurements of flexion and extension and anteroposterior displacement of the cervical spine were compared to the measurements obtained by bubble goniometry. The four-poster and SOMI were found to be most effective in restricting extension and flexion respectively. The polyethylene and plastizote orthoses were significantly less effective in restricting motion. The bubble goniometer is an adequate clinical tool in assessing overall flexion-extension of the cervical spine but is not so precise and does not give information on the degree of motion at an individual vertebral level.", "PMID": 843201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5518", "title": "Elderly patients with lower extremity amputations: three-year study in a rehabilitation setting.", "content": "Of the 112 mostly elderly patients with lower extremity amputations who were initially evaluated for this study, 86 were discharged as independent prosthetic ambulators after completion of both phases of a two-phase prosthetic rehabilitation program with a team approach. In four years of outpatient follow-up of the 86 patients who completed phase II, 14 died and contact was lost with 6. Sixty-six remain prosthetic ambulators. Six others who had unilateral amputations underwent amputation of the other limb; the initial procedure was above knee in one and below knee in five. All of the patients included in the study were originally referred to the Helen Hayes Hospital with a multitude of problems. The majority had emotional, social and financial difficulties, as well as medical problems. Many of the patients had undergone multiple surgical procedures prior to the first amputation. Psychological problems, particularly depression, were often severe in that group of patients.", "contents": "Elderly patients with lower extremity amputations: three-year study in a rehabilitation setting. Of the 112 mostly elderly patients with lower extremity amputations who were initially evaluated for this study, 86 were discharged as independent prosthetic ambulators after completion of both phases of a two-phase prosthetic rehabilitation program with a team approach. In four years of outpatient follow-up of the 86 patients who completed phase II, 14 died and contact was lost with 6. Sixty-six remain prosthetic ambulators. Six others who had unilateral amputations underwent amputation of the other limb; the initial procedure was above knee in one and below knee in five. All of the patients included in the study were originally referred to the Helen Hayes Hospital with a multitude of problems. The majority had emotional, social and financial difficulties, as well as medical problems. Many of the patients had undergone multiple surgical procedures prior to the first amputation. Psychological problems, particularly depression, were often severe in that group of patients.", "PMID": 843202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5519", "title": "Immobilization effect on the tensile properties of striated muscle: an experimental study in the rat.", "content": "To investigate the effect of immobilization on the tensile properties of atrophied gastrocnemius muscle, the left hind legs of 40 rats were fixed with padded plaster casts for three weeks. Seven to 42 days after starting the immobilization, load-deformation curves were registered from both gastrocnemius muscles of each rat and several parameters assessed from the curves. The rupture always occurred at the muscle belly. The decrease in breaking strength and energy absorption capacity following immobilization for one week averaged 20% and 34%, respectively, and the values fell further to about 32% and 46% at the end of the immobilization (21 days), when compared to the contralateral control muscles of the same animals. The elastic stiffness of the immobilized muscles was markedly decreased but rose nearly to the level of the controls after removal of the casts. The tensile properties of the previously immobilized muscles had not yet reached the control levels three weeks after removal of the casts.", "contents": "Immobilization effect on the tensile properties of striated muscle: an experimental study in the rat. To investigate the effect of immobilization on the tensile properties of atrophied gastrocnemius muscle, the left hind legs of 40 rats were fixed with padded plaster casts for three weeks. Seven to 42 days after starting the immobilization, load-deformation curves were registered from both gastrocnemius muscles of each rat and several parameters assessed from the curves. The rupture always occurred at the muscle belly. The decrease in breaking strength and energy absorption capacity following immobilization for one week averaged 20% and 34%, respectively, and the values fell further to about 32% and 46% at the end of the immobilization (21 days), when compared to the contralateral control muscles of the same animals. The elastic stiffness of the immobilized muscles was markedly decreased but rose nearly to the level of the controls after removal of the casts. The tensile properties of the previously immobilized muscles had not yet reached the control levels three weeks after removal of the casts.", "PMID": 843203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5520", "title": "Sensory threshold measurements for electrical stimulation of the digits.", "content": "Repeated impedance measurements of electrical stimulation to the finger using the stimulator of an electromyograph were evaluated in seven normal subjects to determine whether reliable threshold values to perception of pain could be obtained. Stimuli were delivered through ring or disc electrodes separated by 3 cm and interfaced to the skin of the digit with EKG paste. Stimulation through these electrodes produced only relative values of threshold, expressed as a potentiometer dial setting. Such values proved to be meaningful only when repeated during a single session. A possible reason for the apparent unreliability of repeated measurements over time is discussed. When a constant current source was substituted, reliable and consistent threshold measurements were obtained. It is suggested that the clinician wishing to make accurate, repeatable and quantified measurements of patient thresholds to electrical stimulation of the finger employ a nonloading source, namely, a constant current or constant voltage stimulator.", "contents": "Sensory threshold measurements for electrical stimulation of the digits. Repeated impedance measurements of electrical stimulation to the finger using the stimulator of an electromyograph were evaluated in seven normal subjects to determine whether reliable threshold values to perception of pain could be obtained. Stimuli were delivered through ring or disc electrodes separated by 3 cm and interfaced to the skin of the digit with EKG paste. Stimulation through these electrodes produced only relative values of threshold, expressed as a potentiometer dial setting. Such values proved to be meaningful only when repeated during a single session. A possible reason for the apparent unreliability of repeated measurements over time is discussed. When a constant current source was substituted, reliable and consistent threshold measurements were obtained. It is suggested that the clinician wishing to make accurate, repeatable and quantified measurements of patient thresholds to electrical stimulation of the finger employ a nonloading source, namely, a constant current or constant voltage stimulator.", "PMID": 843204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5521", "title": "[Sleep EEG alterations in patients suffering from circulatory disturbances. Relation to neurological and psychopathological changes (author's transl)].", "content": "In 30 conscious patients (24 men, 6 women) aged 30-74 years suffering from ischemic lesions in the cerebral hemispheres, polygraphic night sleep recordings were performed about 45 days after the beginning of the illness. The alterations in sleep were characterized by a delay in the onset of sleep, prolonged waking periods, and a reduction of deep synchronous sleep. Statistical analysis revealed a relationship between prolonged waking time with higher age as well as with high complex reaction time and euphoric state of mind, which can be considered as a sign of psycho-organic impairment. In contrast thereto, the degree of the neurological symptomatology is of less importance for the kind and extent of the sleep disturbances.", "contents": "[Sleep EEG alterations in patients suffering from circulatory disturbances. Relation to neurological and psychopathological changes (author's transl)]. In 30 conscious patients (24 men, 6 women) aged 30-74 years suffering from ischemic lesions in the cerebral hemispheres, polygraphic night sleep recordings were performed about 45 days after the beginning of the illness. The alterations in sleep were characterized by a delay in the onset of sleep, prolonged waking periods, and a reduction of deep synchronous sleep. Statistical analysis revealed a relationship between prolonged waking time with higher age as well as with high complex reaction time and euphoric state of mind, which can be considered as a sign of psycho-organic impairment. In contrast thereto, the degree of the neurological symptomatology is of less importance for the kind and extent of the sleep disturbances.", "PMID": 843207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5522", "title": "[Testing chronic schizophrenics with the HAWIE test (author's transl)].", "content": "The HAWIE test was given to 70 hospitalized chronic schizophrenics with the aim of 1. determining the intelligence level of the patients; 2. finding out to what extent possible changes in intelligence achievement are due to the sickness, the treatment, or the hospitalism. The test results were compared with the norm; they were also evaluated within the sample group, as a function of the amount of time spent in the institution. Compared with the norm, the intelligence level of the patients was low; one contributing factor was the duration of the hospitalization. In connection with the length of hospitalization, a deterioration of the non-verbal IQ was found; this is to be interpreted within the conceptual framework of the deprivation syndrome (hospitalism). Our test results have been compared with those of other studies focusing on the special HAWIE problem.", "contents": "[Testing chronic schizophrenics with the HAWIE test (author's transl)]. The HAWIE test was given to 70 hospitalized chronic schizophrenics with the aim of 1. determining the intelligence level of the patients; 2. finding out to what extent possible changes in intelligence achievement are due to the sickness, the treatment, or the hospitalism. The test results were compared with the norm; they were also evaluated within the sample group, as a function of the amount of time spent in the institution. Compared with the norm, the intelligence level of the patients was low; one contributing factor was the duration of the hospitalization. In connection with the length of hospitalization, a deterioration of the non-verbal IQ was found; this is to be interpreted within the conceptual framework of the deprivation syndrome (hospitalism). Our test results have been compared with those of other studies focusing on the special HAWIE problem.", "PMID": 843208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5523", "title": "[Assessment of the premorbid personality in endogenous psychoses. A factor-analytical study of the adjective check list of von Zerssen (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to get information about the premorbid personality of patients with endogenous psychosis, we examined the adjective check list of von Zerssen with regard to form and content on a sample of 126 schizophrenic and 31 affective-psychotic patients. The data gathering occured through retrospective evaluation by a close relative of each patient. One aim of the study was the development of a psychometric instrument in order to construct clinically relevant scales, which would allow us to objectify characterizations of the premorbid personality of patients with psychic illness. Another aim was to test the validity of this instrument by investigating the coherence between the obtained test results and the corresponding clinical psychiatric judgments of experts in the form of diagnoses. Finally, we sought to determine if typical premorbid characteristic features give a predisposition for specific aspects of psychotic diseases, in order to be able to differentiate between diverse psychiatric groups of diagnoses. By means of factor analysis (principal component analysis) with Varimax rotation we came to five easily distinguishable clinical-psychological well interpretable factors, from which we derived five scales. These scales seem to be appropriate for the characterization of premorbid personality traits. They represent the following clinical concepts: (1) cyclothymia, (2) sthenia, (3) anancasm, (4) hostility, (5) schizothymia. Formal examination of the factor-analytical proved scales according to criteria of classic test-theory (item-test correlation, reliability, distribution, intercorrelation) showed that we were able to measure rather independent dimensions of premorbid personality by our five scales with sufficient accuracy. To get evidence for the empirical validity of our scales we compared our test results (1) with three groups of different diagnoses concerning premorbid personality and (2) with the two diagnostic groups of schizophrenia and affective psychoses. We also tried to work out differential aspects within the diagnostic group of schizophrenia for four subgroups. As criteria for validity we sued clinical judgments of psychiatrists both for the premorbid personality and for the diagnosis of the present disease. On the whole our adjective check list turned out be as useful instrument to get a discriminating description of premorbid characteristic features which is better than a global evaluation in form of a single diagnosis. First First indications of the practical importance of our scales are discussed.", "contents": "[Assessment of the premorbid personality in endogenous psychoses. A factor-analytical study of the adjective check list of von Zerssen (author's transl)]. In order to get information about the premorbid personality of patients with endogenous psychosis, we examined the adjective check list of von Zerssen with regard to form and content on a sample of 126 schizophrenic and 31 affective-psychotic patients. The data gathering occured through retrospective evaluation by a close relative of each patient. One aim of the study was the development of a psychometric instrument in order to construct clinically relevant scales, which would allow us to objectify characterizations of the premorbid personality of patients with psychic illness. Another aim was to test the validity of this instrument by investigating the coherence between the obtained test results and the corresponding clinical psychiatric judgments of experts in the form of diagnoses. Finally, we sought to determine if typical premorbid characteristic features give a predisposition for specific aspects of psychotic diseases, in order to be able to differentiate between diverse psychiatric groups of diagnoses. By means of factor analysis (principal component analysis) with Varimax rotation we came to five easily distinguishable clinical-psychological well interpretable factors, from which we derived five scales. These scales seem to be appropriate for the characterization of premorbid personality traits. They represent the following clinical concepts: (1) cyclothymia, (2) sthenia, (3) anancasm, (4) hostility, (5) schizothymia. Formal examination of the factor-analytical proved scales according to criteria of classic test-theory (item-test correlation, reliability, distribution, intercorrelation) showed that we were able to measure rather independent dimensions of premorbid personality by our five scales with sufficient accuracy. To get evidence for the empirical validity of our scales we compared our test results (1) with three groups of different diagnoses concerning premorbid personality and (2) with the two diagnostic groups of schizophrenia and affective psychoses. We also tried to work out differential aspects within the diagnostic group of schizophrenia for four subgroups. As criteria for validity we sued clinical judgments of psychiatrists both for the premorbid personality and for the diagnosis of the present disease. On the whole our adjective check list turned out be as useful instrument to get a discriminating description of premorbid characteristic features which is better than a global evaluation in form of a single diagnosis. First First indications of the practical importance of our scales are discussed.", "PMID": 843209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5524", "title": "[The stiff-man syndrome. A case report with regard to clinical, electromyographical and pharmacological signs (author's transl)].", "content": "Our electromyographical findings show no evidence for a spinal or neurogenic origin of muscle stiffness in stiff-man syndrome. It is assumed that the tonic muscle rigidity is induced by abnormal impulses from the brainstem. The measured latencies of electrically induced muscle spasm in the legs are in accordance with this hypothetic site of origin. Muscle stiffness and spasm are decreased by the GABA derivative Baclofen as well as by Clonacepam, which is preferable to Diazepam because of less intense sedation. Spasms are increased by Chlorimipramine which may by used as a provocative test in uncertain cases. These pharmacological influences suggest an imbalance between a gabaminergic inhibitory and a noradrenergic and/or serotoninergic excitatory neuronal system.", "contents": "[The stiff-man syndrome. A case report with regard to clinical, electromyographical and pharmacological signs (author's transl)]. Our electromyographical findings show no evidence for a spinal or neurogenic origin of muscle stiffness in stiff-man syndrome. It is assumed that the tonic muscle rigidity is induced by abnormal impulses from the brainstem. The measured latencies of electrically induced muscle spasm in the legs are in accordance with this hypothetic site of origin. Muscle stiffness and spasm are decreased by the GABA derivative Baclofen as well as by Clonacepam, which is preferable to Diazepam because of less intense sedation. Spasms are increased by Chlorimipramine which may by used as a provocative test in uncertain cases. These pharmacological influences suggest an imbalance between a gabaminergic inhibitory and a noradrenergic and/or serotoninergic excitatory neuronal system.", "PMID": 843210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5525", "title": "[Follow-up studies of subtotal carotid artery stenosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Angiographic and/or operative follow up studies on 19 patients with angiographically demonstrated subtotal carotid artery stenosis showed the following results: In 3 out of 16 cases where no immediate operation of the stenosis was performed, complete occlusion followed within a week of the angiographic demonstration of the stenosis. Though intramural artifacts did not occur, this could be a consequence of the angiographic procedure (temporary fall of blood pressure?). In 4 out of 7 cases with subtotal stenosis where the diagnosis was known for at least 6 months, no occlusion occurred. The blood flow through a subtotal carotid artery stenosis might not be as small as is usually assumed, as illustrated by 2 out of 3 cases where a definite increase in the symptoms occurred on complete occlusion of the the vessel. The results indicate that cases of subtotal stenosis should be promptly treated by disobliteration.", "contents": "[Follow-up studies of subtotal carotid artery stenosis (author's transl)]. Angiographic and/or operative follow up studies on 19 patients with angiographically demonstrated subtotal carotid artery stenosis showed the following results: In 3 out of 16 cases where no immediate operation of the stenosis was performed, complete occlusion followed within a week of the angiographic demonstration of the stenosis. Though intramural artifacts did not occur, this could be a consequence of the angiographic procedure (temporary fall of blood pressure?). In 4 out of 7 cases with subtotal stenosis where the diagnosis was known for at least 6 months, no occlusion occurred. The blood flow through a subtotal carotid artery stenosis might not be as small as is usually assumed, as illustrated by 2 out of 3 cases where a definite increase in the symptoms occurred on complete occlusion of the the vessel. The results indicate that cases of subtotal stenosis should be promptly treated by disobliteration.", "PMID": 843211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5526", "title": "Colonic neoplasms: tissue estrogen receptor and carcinoembryonic antigen.", "content": "Estrogen receptor protein was found in 24% of colonic neoplasms. Presence of estrogen receptor activity was independent of age or sex of the patient, state of differentiation or spread of the tumor, and concentration of carcinoembryonic antigen in the tumor. Estrogen receptor activity in colon tumors probably reflects novel protein synthesis resulting from dedifferentiation. Measurement of tumor estrogen receptor protein and carcinoembryonic antigen may have discriminatory value in the patient with metastatic adenocarcinoma and an unknown primary neoplasm.", "contents": "Colonic neoplasms: tissue estrogen receptor and carcinoembryonic antigen. Estrogen receptor protein was found in 24% of colonic neoplasms. Presence of estrogen receptor activity was independent of age or sex of the patient, state of differentiation or spread of the tumor, and concentration of carcinoembryonic antigen in the tumor. Estrogen receptor activity in colon tumors probably reflects novel protein synthesis resulting from dedifferentiation. Measurement of tumor estrogen receptor protein and carcinoembryonic antigen may have discriminatory value in the patient with metastatic adenocarcinoma and an unknown primary neoplasm.", "PMID": 843213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5527", "title": "Radical resection for periampullary carcinomas: results in 53 patients.", "content": "Radical pancreaticoduodenectomy for periampullary cancer was performed in 53 patients over a 22-year period. All tumors were adenocarcinomas: 35 patients had adenocarcinoma involving the head of the pancreas, nine, the Vater ampulla, seven, the distal common bile duct, and two, the duodenum. There were nine hospital deaths (17%). The postoperative course was classified as uneventful in 33 patients (62%). Thirty of the 39 patients who left the hospital died later, with evidence of recurrent carcinoma. The actuarial survival rate for the 53 patients was 51% +/- 6.9% at one year, 12% +/- 4.6% at five years, and 7% +/- 3.9% at ten years. Patients surviving 3.5 or more years appeared to have a decrease in their cancer mortality. We discuss actuarial survival rates, according to the location of the tumor. This experience suggests that radical pancreaticoduodenectomy id indicated to remove small, localized periampullary carcinomas in patients who are otherwise in good health.", "contents": "Radical resection for periampullary carcinomas: results in 53 patients. Radical pancreaticoduodenectomy for periampullary cancer was performed in 53 patients over a 22-year period. All tumors were adenocarcinomas: 35 patients had adenocarcinoma involving the head of the pancreas, nine, the Vater ampulla, seven, the distal common bile duct, and two, the duodenum. There were nine hospital deaths (17%). The postoperative course was classified as uneventful in 33 patients (62%). Thirty of the 39 patients who left the hospital died later, with evidence of recurrent carcinoma. The actuarial survival rate for the 53 patients was 51% +/- 6.9% at one year, 12% +/- 4.6% at five years, and 7% +/- 3.9% at ten years. Patients surviving 3.5 or more years appeared to have a decrease in their cancer mortality. We discuss actuarial survival rates, according to the location of the tumor. This experience suggests that radical pancreaticoduodenectomy id indicated to remove small, localized periampullary carcinomas in patients who are otherwise in good health.", "PMID": 843214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5528", "title": "Effectiveness of systemic BCG therapy in advanced melanoma.", "content": "The effect of systemic BCG therapy on advanced melanoma was studied in 42 patients with stage II and stage III disease. Evaluation of the immune response prior and during therapy revealed that patients who failed to convert a negative purified protein derivative (PPD) reaction and those having a low stimulation ratio of lymphocyte cultures had rapidly progressive disease and short survival. Neither tumor regression nor prolongation of survival could be appreciated in patients with stage III disease. Furthermore, aggravation of symptoms was observed in patients with visceral metastases. Fifty percent of the patients with stage II melanoma treated by operation and adjuvant immunotherapy had recurrent or metastatis disease within two years. No adverse effects were noted in patients with early disease who received adjuvant therapy. Two patients who had a full course of systemic BCG therapy developed severe reactions after intralesional injection of the vaccine. Further experience with various immunotherapeutic regimens and longer follow-up are necessary to evaluate its value in the early stages of melanoma.", "contents": "Effectiveness of systemic BCG therapy in advanced melanoma. The effect of systemic BCG therapy on advanced melanoma was studied in 42 patients with stage II and stage III disease. Evaluation of the immune response prior and during therapy revealed that patients who failed to convert a negative purified protein derivative (PPD) reaction and those having a low stimulation ratio of lymphocyte cultures had rapidly progressive disease and short survival. Neither tumor regression nor prolongation of survival could be appreciated in patients with stage III disease. Furthermore, aggravation of symptoms was observed in patients with visceral metastases. Fifty percent of the patients with stage II melanoma treated by operation and adjuvant immunotherapy had recurrent or metastatis disease within two years. No adverse effects were noted in patients with early disease who received adjuvant therapy. Two patients who had a full course of systemic BCG therapy developed severe reactions after intralesional injection of the vaccine. Further experience with various immunotherapeutic regimens and longer follow-up are necessary to evaluate its value in the early stages of melanoma.", "PMID": 843215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5529", "title": "Acessory nerve function after surgical procedures in the posterior triangle.", "content": "Seventeen patients who had undergone surgical procedures in the posterior triangle of the neck were examined between one day and four years after operation. Eleven patients were studied with electromyography. Clinical and electromyographic evidence of 11th cranial nerve paresis was present in 12 patients. Partial nerve injuries and entrapments, as suggested by delayed symptoms and incomplete denervation on electromyographic studies, were frequent. Physiotherapy was effective in restoring a satisfactory, although in many cases an incomplete, return of function. The spinal accessory nerve appears to be vulnerable to injury despite careful preservation during surgical dissection.", "contents": "Acessory nerve function after surgical procedures in the posterior triangle. Seventeen patients who had undergone surgical procedures in the posterior triangle of the neck were examined between one day and four years after operation. Eleven patients were studied with electromyography. Clinical and electromyographic evidence of 11th cranial nerve paresis was present in 12 patients. Partial nerve injuries and entrapments, as suggested by delayed symptoms and incomplete denervation on electromyographic studies, were frequent. Physiotherapy was effective in restoring a satisfactory, although in many cases an incomplete, return of function. The spinal accessory nerve appears to be vulnerable to injury despite careful preservation during surgical dissection.", "PMID": 843216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5530", "title": "Ultrasonic blood flow assessment in colon esophageal bypass procedures.", "content": "Colonic serosal and mesenteric blood flows were assessed by use of the Doppler ultrasound device during three colon bypass procedures for obstructing esophageal carcinoma. The technique allowed confirmation of pulsatile blood flow in large and small vessels after mobilization of the colon and following completion of critical anastomoses. We recommend use of this technique to eliminate serious compromise of colonic blood flow in colon bypass procedures.", "contents": "Ultrasonic blood flow assessment in colon esophageal bypass procedures. Colonic serosal and mesenteric blood flows were assessed by use of the Doppler ultrasound device during three colon bypass procedures for obstructing esophageal carcinoma. The technique allowed confirmation of pulsatile blood flow in large and small vessels after mobilization of the colon and following completion of critical anastomoses. We recommend use of this technique to eliminate serious compromise of colonic blood flow in colon bypass procedures.", "PMID": 843217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5531", "title": "Utility of ultrasound in the differential diagnosis of acute cholecystitis.", "content": "Three case reports show the usefulness of ultrasound examination in patients with right upper quadrant masses despite clinical or roentgenographic evidence of cholecystitis or cholelithiasis. In one patient an hepatic fungal abscess from Candida albicans was distinguished from the gallbladder; in another, the same was possible for a pyogenic abscess in an old surgical incision; and in a third, extension of a gallbladder carcinoma to the liver was distinguished from the gallbladder itself. Thus, the ultrasound examination allowed assessment of the relationship between the clinically palpable mass and ultrasonically defined anatomy, When needed, increased specificity of diagnosis was obtained by ultrasonically guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy.", "contents": "Utility of ultrasound in the differential diagnosis of acute cholecystitis. Three case reports show the usefulness of ultrasound examination in patients with right upper quadrant masses despite clinical or roentgenographic evidence of cholecystitis or cholelithiasis. In one patient an hepatic fungal abscess from Candida albicans was distinguished from the gallbladder; in another, the same was possible for a pyogenic abscess in an old surgical incision; and in a third, extension of a gallbladder carcinoma to the liver was distinguished from the gallbladder itself. Thus, the ultrasound examination allowed assessment of the relationship between the clinically palpable mass and ultrasonically defined anatomy, When needed, increased specificity of diagnosis was obtained by ultrasonically guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy.", "PMID": 843218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5532", "title": "An information and discussion program for women after a mastectomy.", "content": "We discuss a pilot program of information and group discussion that was presented to a group of women who had had a mastectomy. The program was initiated to determine the nature of the unmet psychosocial needs of this group and to evaluate a means of meeting them. We held three weekly group sessions where information on the medical and psychological aspects of breast cancer were imparted by films, and videotapes, and small group discussions of mutual problems. Self-administered questionnaires completed by participants in the program were used to ascertain the characteristics of those attending and to assess their response to the experience. We found that the need for psychosocial services to be greatest in the year immediately after operation and to persist as long as decades later. We also found that this group method of psychological rehabilitation meets needs not met by other programs held in a more clinical setting and on a one-to-one basis.", "contents": "An information and discussion program for women after a mastectomy. We discuss a pilot program of information and group discussion that was presented to a group of women who had had a mastectomy. The program was initiated to determine the nature of the unmet psychosocial needs of this group and to evaluate a means of meeting them. We held three weekly group sessions where information on the medical and psychological aspects of breast cancer were imparted by films, and videotapes, and small group discussions of mutual problems. Self-administered questionnaires completed by participants in the program were used to ascertain the characteristics of those attending and to assess their response to the experience. We found that the need for psychosocial services to be greatest in the year immediately after operation and to persist as long as decades later. We also found that this group method of psychological rehabilitation meets needs not met by other programs held in a more clinical setting and on a one-to-one basis.", "PMID": 843219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5533", "title": "Reappraisal of surgery for suppurative cholecystitis.", "content": "Ninety-two patients with suppurative cholecystitis operated on as emergency cases were studied in retrospection. Obstructive cholangitis was seen in two, who eventually died. The mortality after cholecystectomy alone was related to the presence of stones in the common bile duct. The mortality after cholecystostomy alone was related to shock and septicemia, but not to the presence of common bile duct stones or obstructive cholangitis. It was concluded that suppurative cholecystitis with accompanying common bile duct stones should be treated with cholecystectomy and choledocholithotomy, because of the lower rate of reoperations and possibly lower mortality than after cholecystectomy alone; an exception should be made in patients with deterioration in clinical condition or patients in whom technical difficulties develop during the operation. These patients should be subjected to a cholecystostomy as the only emergency procedure.", "contents": "Reappraisal of surgery for suppurative cholecystitis. Ninety-two patients with suppurative cholecystitis operated on as emergency cases were studied in retrospection. Obstructive cholangitis was seen in two, who eventually died. The mortality after cholecystectomy alone was related to the presence of stones in the common bile duct. The mortality after cholecystostomy alone was related to shock and septicemia, but not to the presence of common bile duct stones or obstructive cholangitis. It was concluded that suppurative cholecystitis with accompanying common bile duct stones should be treated with cholecystectomy and choledocholithotomy, because of the lower rate of reoperations and possibly lower mortality than after cholecystectomy alone; an exception should be made in patients with deterioration in clinical condition or patients in whom technical difficulties develop during the operation. These patients should be subjected to a cholecystostomy as the only emergency procedure.", "PMID": 843220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5534", "title": "Richter hernia in a sacral foramen: new site for richter hernia.", "content": "This is a report of the first case to my knowledge, of a Richter hernia occurring in a sacral foramen. A 60-year-old woman had gradual onset of postsacral pain and swelling. The area was drained and small intestinal contents found. Laparotomy showed that a Richter hernia had occurred in the third right sacral foramen. The bowel had incarcerated and perforated into the posterior sacral area, without leakage into the peritoneal cavity.", "contents": "Richter hernia in a sacral foramen: new site for richter hernia. This is a report of the first case to my knowledge, of a Richter hernia occurring in a sacral foramen. A 60-year-old woman had gradual onset of postsacral pain and swelling. The area was drained and small intestinal contents found. Laparotomy showed that a Richter hernia had occurred in the third right sacral foramen. The bowel had incarcerated and perforated into the posterior sacral area, without leakage into the peritoneal cavity.", "PMID": 843221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5535", "title": "Brunner gland adenoma of the duodenum: resection through the fiberoptic endoscope.", "content": "We present a case of polypoid adenoma of the Brunner glands of the duodenum. The patient had upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Correct diagnosis of a polypoid mass in the first portion of the duodenum as the cause of bleeding was made, and the lesion was resected endoscopically via an endoscope, using a cautery snare. To our knowledge this is the first reported case of resection of a Brunner gland adenoma with endoscopy, and we hope to encourage the use of this technique for removal of polypoid lesions of the upper gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "Brunner gland adenoma of the duodenum: resection through the fiberoptic endoscope. We present a case of polypoid adenoma of the Brunner glands of the duodenum. The patient had upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Correct diagnosis of a polypoid mass in the first portion of the duodenum as the cause of bleeding was made, and the lesion was resected endoscopically via an endoscope, using a cautery snare. To our knowledge this is the first reported case of resection of a Brunner gland adenoma with endoscopy, and we hope to encourage the use of this technique for removal of polypoid lesions of the upper gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 843222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5536", "title": "Endoscopic dilation of a gastric anastomotic stricture.", "content": "A stricture developed in a patient two months after undergoind a Billroth I gastroduodenal anastomosis. His mechanical gastric obstruction was relieved by dilation up to 37 F caliber under direct vision using a fiberendoscope. The patient became, and has remained, symptom free. Visualization of the area two months after dilation showed an adequately patent anastomosis.", "contents": "Endoscopic dilation of a gastric anastomotic stricture. A stricture developed in a patient two months after undergoind a Billroth I gastroduodenal anastomosis. His mechanical gastric obstruction was relieved by dilation up to 37 F caliber under direct vision using a fiberendoscope. The patient became, and has remained, symptom free. Visualization of the area two months after dilation showed an adequately patent anastomosis.", "PMID": 843223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5537", "title": "Effectiveness of elastic stocking decompression.", "content": "The compression effectiveness of the five leading brands of antiembolism stockings was compared and related to criteria previously described (pressure gradient diminishing from 18 mm Hg at the ankle to 8 mm Hg at the thigh). Tests were conducted using a standard leg form in common use within the hosiery industry, fitted with specially developed sensors. All of the stockings achieved pressures higher than recommended-some substantially. Elastic stockings from two manufacturers demonstrated tourniquet effects at the calf. Several brands ceased to preserve a continuously diminishing pressure gradient above the knee. Deviation of leg diameter from standard geometry was accompanied by a substantial increase (decrease) in pressure with increasing (decreasing) girth. Reproducibility of pressure effects produced by identical-sized stockings varied among the brands tested.", "contents": "Effectiveness of elastic stocking decompression. The compression effectiveness of the five leading brands of antiembolism stockings was compared and related to criteria previously described (pressure gradient diminishing from 18 mm Hg at the ankle to 8 mm Hg at the thigh). Tests were conducted using a standard leg form in common use within the hosiery industry, fitted with specially developed sensors. All of the stockings achieved pressures higher than recommended-some substantially. Elastic stockings from two manufacturers demonstrated tourniquet effects at the calf. Several brands ceased to preserve a continuously diminishing pressure gradient above the knee. Deviation of leg diameter from standard geometry was accompanied by a substantial increase (decrease) in pressure with increasing (decreasing) girth. Reproducibility of pressure effects produced by identical-sized stockings varied among the brands tested.", "PMID": 843224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5538", "title": "Operative cholangiography: new cholangiogram catheter clamp and improved technique.", "content": "We present 225 cases of routine operative cholangiography, utilizing a new squeeze-locking, split-loop clamp to secure the catheter inside the cystic duct plus an x-ray film technique using two different dye concentrations. No surgical or procedural difficulty was experienced in any of the 225 cases. Additional operating time for the procedure averaged under five minutes, with only one inconclusive x-ray film study. These results suggest that the new catheter clamp and the two-film technique provide a mechanical simplification of the procedure and that many of the causes of inconclusive x-ray film study have been eliminated.", "contents": "Operative cholangiography: new cholangiogram catheter clamp and improved technique. We present 225 cases of routine operative cholangiography, utilizing a new squeeze-locking, split-loop clamp to secure the catheter inside the cystic duct plus an x-ray film technique using two different dye concentrations. No surgical or procedural difficulty was experienced in any of the 225 cases. Additional operating time for the procedure averaged under five minutes, with only one inconclusive x-ray film study. These results suggest that the new catheter clamp and the two-film technique provide a mechanical simplification of the procedure and that many of the causes of inconclusive x-ray film study have been eliminated.", "PMID": 843225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5539", "title": "[Nickel--an essential trace element. 1. Influence of the supply of nickel on live weight gains, food consumption and body composition of growing pigs and goats].", "content": "Pigs and goats were used in long-term trials to investigate in which way supplements of 100 mug Ni per kg of a semisynthetic diet (control rations: 10 mg Ni per kg of the diet) would influence the rate of weight gains and food consumption and the body composition of the animals. A significant decline in the rate of weight increase was noted in the Ni-deficient animals. Ni-supplements added to the diet (10 mg/kg) increased the weight gains by 21% (goats) and 13% (pigs). In the present trial goats showed a more sensitive response to Ni-deficiency than pigs. Ni-deficiency did not affect the food consumption of neither the growing goats nor the growing pits. It was only during their lactation period that the Ni-deficient goats showed a statistically well-established decrease in food consumption. The level of Ni supply did not affect the crude protein, crude fat and crude ash content of the pigs.", "contents": "[Nickel--an essential trace element. 1. Influence of the supply of nickel on live weight gains, food consumption and body composition of growing pigs and goats]. Pigs and goats were used in long-term trials to investigate in which way supplements of 100 mug Ni per kg of a semisynthetic diet (control rations: 10 mg Ni per kg of the diet) would influence the rate of weight gains and food consumption and the body composition of the animals. A significant decline in the rate of weight increase was noted in the Ni-deficient animals. Ni-supplements added to the diet (10 mg/kg) increased the weight gains by 21% (goats) and 13% (pigs). In the present trial goats showed a more sensitive response to Ni-deficiency than pigs. Ni-deficiency did not affect the food consumption of neither the growing goats nor the growing pits. It was only during their lactation period that the Ni-deficient goats showed a statistically well-established decrease in food consumption. The level of Ni supply did not affect the crude protein, crude fat and crude ash content of the pigs.", "PMID": 843227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5540", "title": "[Attempts at the determination of endogenous and exogenous fecal proportions in monogastric animals].", "content": "A trial was made with growing Wistar rats receivine 15N labelled tracers. The animals were fed maize grains (Opaque). Subsequently, the level of urinary and faecal N excretion was measured and the 15N frequency was determined in the urine, faeces and different blood fractions. On the  basis of the model established by Czarnetzki for the nitrogen metabolism in monogastric animals the estimated values were used to calculate the proportion of endogenic faecal N in the total amount of faecal nitrogen. In agreement with previous trails it was found that increase in protein intake produced a significant increase in endogenic faecal N; similarly, a higher value was found for the true digestibility of maize protein (by 9.3 units) compared with that established by the conventional regression technique.", "contents": "[Attempts at the determination of endogenous and exogenous fecal proportions in monogastric animals]. A trial was made with growing Wistar rats receivine 15N labelled tracers. The animals were fed maize grains (Opaque). Subsequently, the level of urinary and faecal N excretion was measured and the 15N frequency was determined in the urine, faeces and different blood fractions. On the  basis of the model established by Czarnetzki for the nitrogen metabolism in monogastric animals the estimated values were used to calculate the proportion of endogenic faecal N in the total amount of faecal nitrogen. In agreement with previous trails it was found that increase in protein intake produced a significant increase in endogenic faecal N; similarly, a higher value was found for the true digestibility of maize protein (by 9.3 units) compared with that established by the conventional regression technique.", "PMID": 843228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5541", "title": "[Studies on the protein and amino acid metabolism of laying hens receiving 15N-labelled casein. 5. 15N incorporation into different blood fractions and into the amino acids lysine, histidine and arginine contained in these fractions].", "content": "4 colostomizted laying hens were fed 15N labelled casein as a sole source of protein for a period of 6 days. The birds were slaughtered 2 or 6 days after receiving 15N dose. The blood was separated into corpuscular blood components and blood plasma. Then, the amount and content of nitrogen in the blood, the blood fractions and in the amino acids lysine, histidine and arginine and the excess of 15N atom% (15N') were estimated. The average N concentrationin the blood was 3.8%. The crude protein in the blood corpuscles contained 8.7% lysine, 7.1% histidine and 6.4% arginine; the corresponding values for crude plasma protein were 6.3%,  2.2% and 5.7%. The 15N atom% in blood nitrogen was found to be lower in the hens slaughtered 144 hrs after receiving the last 15N dose than in the birds already slaughtered after 48 hrs. The same trend was found for the plasma proteins. The level of excess 15N atom% in the blood corpuscles increased with the length of time elapsing after the withdrawal of 15N casein (over the period of time investigated); a decrease of excess 15N atom% in plasma lysine was noted, however, for the investigated period of time after the last 15N dose. In the corpuscular blood components a higher level of 15N atom% was usually found in histidine relative to that in lysine and arginine; it was higher in the hens slaughtered 6 days after receiving the final 15N dose than in the hens killed 2 days after administration of the last 15N dose.", "contents": "[Studies on the protein and amino acid metabolism of laying hens receiving 15N-labelled casein. 5. 15N incorporation into different blood fractions and into the amino acids lysine, histidine and arginine contained in these fractions]. 4 colostomizted laying hens were fed 15N labelled casein as a sole source of protein for a period of 6 days. The birds were slaughtered 2 or 6 days after receiving 15N dose. The blood was separated into corpuscular blood components and blood plasma. Then, the amount and content of nitrogen in the blood, the blood fractions and in the amino acids lysine, histidine and arginine and the excess of 15N atom% (15N') were estimated. The average N concentrationin the blood was 3.8%. The crude protein in the blood corpuscles contained 8.7% lysine, 7.1% histidine and 6.4% arginine; the corresponding values for crude plasma protein were 6.3%,  2.2% and 5.7%. The 15N atom% in blood nitrogen was found to be lower in the hens slaughtered 144 hrs after receiving the last 15N dose than in the birds already slaughtered after 48 hrs. The same trend was found for the plasma proteins. The level of excess 15N atom% in the blood corpuscles increased with the length of time elapsing after the withdrawal of 15N casein (over the period of time investigated); a decrease of excess 15N atom% in plasma lysine was noted, however, for the investigated period of time after the last 15N dose. In the corpuscular blood components a higher level of 15N atom% was usually found in histidine relative to that in lysine and arginine; it was higher in the hens slaughtered 6 days after receiving the final 15N dose than in the hens killed 2 days after administration of the last 15N dose.", "PMID": 843229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5542", "title": "[Studies on the use of decanted fat-solids from pig feces in the nutrition of fattening cattle. 2. Comparison of various types of rations].", "content": "A 315-day feeding trial (F 3) was carried out with fattening bulls (starting weight: approximately 125 kg per animal) during which 4 groups of 7 bulls each were fed 4 mixtures of pelleted food : (1) concentrates (2) concentrates + 50% straw meal (3) concentrates + 25% straw meal and 25% decanted solids from pig faeces (4) concentrates + 50% decanted solids from pig faeces. The bulls in group 1 and 4 received 1 kg  of meadow hay per day in addition to the pellets. Within the framework of a calf-raising trial the animals had already received pellets containing straw and other solids. The average daily weight increases of the bulls in these 4 groups were 1032 g, 1052 g. 1040 g and 844 g per animal/day. The energy intake per g weight increase was  3.36, 3.07, 3.11 and 3.85 kEFr units; the requirements for food concentrates amounted to 4.60, 3.23 3.23 and 3.47 kg of dry matter per kg of weight increase. The resons presumed to account for the unfavourable results in group 4 are discussed in some detail. A further trial (F 4) was performed with a group of 20 bulls for a period of 252 days to test the results obtained with ration 3. Depending on the liveweights of the animals the bulls were fed rations containing 20%, 25% or 30% of straw meal and solids from pig faeces. For the entire period of the trial the daily weight increases were 1041 g per animal: the energy intake per kg weight gain was 4.05 kEFr units and 4.03 kg of dry matter of concentrate were necessary to produce 1 kg of weight increase. The results obtained in the two trials indicate that solids from pig faeces may be used, in limited quantities, as food component in the feeding of fattening cattle.", "contents": "[Studies on the use of decanted fat-solids from pig feces in the nutrition of fattening cattle. 2. Comparison of various types of rations]. A 315-day feeding trial (F 3) was carried out with fattening bulls (starting weight: approximately 125 kg per animal) during which 4 groups of 7 bulls each were fed 4 mixtures of pelleted food : (1) concentrates (2) concentrates + 50% straw meal (3) concentrates + 25% straw meal and 25% decanted solids from pig faeces (4) concentrates + 50% decanted solids from pig faeces. The bulls in group 1 and 4 received 1 kg  of meadow hay per day in addition to the pellets. Within the framework of a calf-raising trial the animals had already received pellets containing straw and other solids. The average daily weight increases of the bulls in these 4 groups were 1032 g, 1052 g. 1040 g and 844 g per animal/day. The energy intake per g weight increase was  3.36, 3.07, 3.11 and 3.85 kEFr units; the requirements for food concentrates amounted to 4.60, 3.23 3.23 and 3.47 kg of dry matter per kg of weight increase. The resons presumed to account for the unfavourable results in group 4 are discussed in some detail. A further trial (F 4) was performed with a group of 20 bulls for a period of 252 days to test the results obtained with ration 3. Depending on the liveweights of the animals the bulls were fed rations containing 20%, 25% or 30% of straw meal and solids from pig faeces. For the entire period of the trial the daily weight increases were 1041 g per animal: the energy intake per kg weight gain was 4.05 kEFr units and 4.03 kg of dry matter of concentrate were necessary to produce 1 kg of weight increase. The results obtained in the two trials indicate that solids from pig faeces may be used, in limited quantities, as food component in the feeding of fattening cattle.", "PMID": 843230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5543", "title": "[Histogenesis and morphological characteristics of stomach cancer].", "content": "Histological and histochemical studies of stomach cancer and comparisons of characteristics of highly differentiated adenocarcinoma (24 observations) and nondifferentiated cancer (51 observations) revealed no differences in the character of the secret and in the activity of alkaline phosphatase in tumoral cells of glandular and nondifferentiated cancer. At the same time different localization of primary cancer was established: nondifferentiated cancer--in the region of glandular necks and basal parts of the mucosa, adenocarcinomas--in the surface regions. Comparison of the data obtained with features of physiological regeneration of the epithelium of the gastric mucosa justifies the assumption that foveate epithelium of nondifferentiated cancer, epithelium of the glandular neck, was the source of origination of adenocarcinoma. A different histogenesis of adenocarcinoma and nondifferentiated cancer accounts for their morphological differences and characteristics of the clinical course.", "contents": "[Histogenesis and morphological characteristics of stomach cancer]. Histological and histochemical studies of stomach cancer and comparisons of characteristics of highly differentiated adenocarcinoma (24 observations) and nondifferentiated cancer (51 observations) revealed no differences in the character of the secret and in the activity of alkaline phosphatase in tumoral cells of glandular and nondifferentiated cancer. At the same time different localization of primary cancer was established: nondifferentiated cancer--in the region of glandular necks and basal parts of the mucosa, adenocarcinomas--in the surface regions. Comparison of the data obtained with features of physiological regeneration of the epithelium of the gastric mucosa justifies the assumption that foveate epithelium of nondifferentiated cancer, epithelium of the glandular neck, was the source of origination of adenocarcinoma. A different histogenesis of adenocarcinoma and nondifferentiated cancer accounts for their morphological differences and characteristics of the clinical course.", "PMID": 843231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5544", "title": "[Classification of precancerous conditions and cancer of the cervix uteri].", "content": "The classification consists of three sections: background processes, precancer states, and cancer of cervix uteri. The background processes depending on the etiological factor and the character of lesion of the epithelium are divided into dyshormonal, inflammatory, and posttraumatic. Groups of the so-called morphological precancer and preclinical forms of cervix uteri cancer are identified.", "contents": "[Classification of precancerous conditions and cancer of the cervix uteri]. The classification consists of three sections: background processes, precancer states, and cancer of cervix uteri. The background processes depending on the etiological factor and the character of lesion of the epithelium are divided into dyshormonal, inflammatory, and posttraumatic. Groups of the so-called morphological precancer and preclinical forms of cervix uteri cancer are identified.", "PMID": 843232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5545", "title": "[Origin of embryonal features of the neoplasm and tumor progression].", "content": "It is immature elements of both proliferating and nonproliferating tissues that serve target cells in oncogenesis. Fould's concept of the independant development of tumor characters is supplemented with the idea that one must discriminate between fundamental festures, common for both benign and malignant neoplasms (uncontrolled growth), and secondary ones manifesting malignancy. Some of the latter are thought to be obligatory (invasiveness with destructive growth and the systemic effect) and others--facultative (capacity of metestasizing, cataplasia, etc).", "contents": "[Origin of embryonal features of the neoplasm and tumor progression]. It is immature elements of both proliferating and nonproliferating tissues that serve target cells in oncogenesis. Fould's concept of the independant development of tumor characters is supplemented with the idea that one must discriminate between fundamental festures, common for both benign and malignant neoplasms (uncontrolled growth), and secondary ones manifesting malignancy. Some of the latter are thought to be obligatory (invasiveness with destructive growth and the systemic effect) and others--facultative (capacity of metestasizing, cataplasia, etc).", "PMID": 843233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5546", "title": "[Proliferative properties of the epithelium of the duodenal mucosa in chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis].", "content": "The structure of the duodenum mucosa and proliferation of the epithelium were studied in 138 patients with chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver by count of the number of mitoses and that of cells labeled in the phase of DNA synthesis with 3H-thymidine. The atrophic changes revealed in the mucosa were noted together with the drop in the number of mitoses and the 3H-thymidine-labeled cells. This makes it possible to explain atrophy of the duodenum mucosa by inhibition of proliferative processes in the crypts.", "contents": "[Proliferative properties of the epithelium of the duodenal mucosa in chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis]. The structure of the duodenum mucosa and proliferation of the epithelium were studied in 138 patients with chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver by count of the number of mitoses and that of cells labeled in the phase of DNA synthesis with 3H-thymidine. The atrophic changes revealed in the mucosa were noted together with the drop in the number of mitoses and the 3H-thymidine-labeled cells. This makes it possible to explain atrophy of the duodenum mucosa by inhibition of proliferative processes in the crypts.", "PMID": 843234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5547", "title": "[Regeneration of the myocardium of fetuses and newborn rabbits].", "content": "The work is devoted to studies of regeneration of the myocardium in fetuses and newborns of rabbits after a mechanical trauma of the heart. It was established that in fetuses under natural conditions of the alive organism instead of the perished tissue of the myocardium during the period of 5-8 days there developed a wholesome transverse-striated musculature whose fibers contained glycogen and redox enzymes. In newborn rabbits the defect of the myocardium was replaced by a mature fibrous connective tissue, regeneration was accomplished at the expence of hyperplasia of intracellular ultrastructures. The loss by the heart muscular tissue of the capacity for complete regeneration takes place within the 24th day of the intrauterine development and the 1st day of life.", "contents": "[Regeneration of the myocardium of fetuses and newborn rabbits]. The work is devoted to studies of regeneration of the myocardium in fetuses and newborns of rabbits after a mechanical trauma of the heart. It was established that in fetuses under natural conditions of the alive organism instead of the perished tissue of the myocardium during the period of 5-8 days there developed a wholesome transverse-striated musculature whose fibers contained glycogen and redox enzymes. In newborn rabbits the defect of the myocardium was replaced by a mature fibrous connective tissue, regeneration was accomplished at the expence of hyperplasia of intracellular ultrastructures. The loss by the heart muscular tissue of the capacity for complete regeneration takes place within the 24th day of the intrauterine development and the 1st day of life.", "PMID": 843235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5548", "title": "[Cytophotometric method of determination of DNA content of neoplastic cells].", "content": "The content of DNA was investigated by the method of pulsed cytophotometry in cells of the following neoplasms: pulmonary cancer, benign lesions and cancer of the stomach, melanomas of the skin, malignant lymphomas and metastases of cancer into the lymphatic node. In the normal tissues and benign tumours the number of proliferating cells (DNA value of 3p, 4p) was not significant--from 2.0 to 5.0%. Polyploid cells were absent. In tumours the number of cells varied broadly--proliferating cells from 5.0 to 27,0%, polyploid cells from 9.0 to 40.0%. The use of the method of pulsed cytophotometry in prophylactic examinations is not effective, since in many cases changes could be detected only in single cells not identifiable on DNA-cytograms. Investigation of DNA content by the method of pulsed cytophotometry in a great number of tumour cells makes it possible to determine more accurately the character of the tumoral process, the level of differentiation of the tumoral tissue.", "contents": "[Cytophotometric method of determination of DNA content of neoplastic cells]. The content of DNA was investigated by the method of pulsed cytophotometry in cells of the following neoplasms: pulmonary cancer, benign lesions and cancer of the stomach, melanomas of the skin, malignant lymphomas and metastases of cancer into the lymphatic node. In the normal tissues and benign tumours the number of proliferating cells (DNA value of 3p, 4p) was not significant--from 2.0 to 5.0%. Polyploid cells were absent. In tumours the number of cells varied broadly--proliferating cells from 5.0 to 27,0%, polyploid cells from 9.0 to 40.0%. The use of the method of pulsed cytophotometry in prophylactic examinations is not effective, since in many cases changes could be detected only in single cells not identifiable on DNA-cytograms. Investigation of DNA content by the method of pulsed cytophotometry in a great number of tumour cells makes it possible to determine more accurately the character of the tumoral process, the level of differentiation of the tumoral tissue.", "PMID": 843236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5549", "title": "Clinical problems and levels of psychosomatic dysfunction.", "content": "As an introduction, some doctrinary and technical problems dealing with the complexity of the human mind and the possible approaches to investigate and treat the personality are discussed and, among them, the \"medical model\" is emphasized. A brief description of some cases in the author's experience are presented; they, at first, had been very difficult to diagnose. However, after some time, they were found to be of indisputable neuro-psychogenetic pathogenesis. The psychosomatic aspects of each case are analyzed, with emphasis on the different levels of pathogenic action and the means of elaboration to defend and readapt the affected personality, resulting in its final clinical expression. There are four possible levels where the primary dysfunction may act; (a) physiopathologic neuronal level; (b) cerebral subsystemic level; (c) psychodynamic level; (d) psychosocial level. The primary dysfunction, acting as a new stimulus on each of these levels, may determine in the personality pathologic responses that may assume very complex clinical situations. Many of these responses are quite different from the precipitating primary dysfunction, although there are still many evident links among them.", "contents": "Clinical problems and levels of psychosomatic dysfunction. As an introduction, some doctrinary and technical problems dealing with the complexity of the human mind and the possible approaches to investigate and treat the personality are discussed and, among them, the \"medical model\" is emphasized. A brief description of some cases in the author's experience are presented; they, at first, had been very difficult to diagnose. However, after some time, they were found to be of indisputable neuro-psychogenetic pathogenesis. The psychosomatic aspects of each case are analyzed, with emphasis on the different levels of pathogenic action and the means of elaboration to defend and readapt the affected personality, resulting in its final clinical expression. There are four possible levels where the primary dysfunction may act; (a) physiopathologic neuronal level; (b) cerebral subsystemic level; (c) psychodynamic level; (d) psychosocial level. The primary dysfunction, acting as a new stimulus on each of these levels, may determine in the personality pathologic responses that may assume very complex clinical situations. Many of these responses are quite different from the precipitating primary dysfunction, although there are still many evident links among them.", "PMID": 843237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5550", "title": "[Environment, behavior and learning in adult mice].", "content": "The effect that being subjected to different environmental situations has in the adult mouse is analysed. Adult mice are placed for that, in groups of twelve mice in cages that contains ramps, catwalks, passages, sleeping boxes and play objects, that were changed in their relative position several times in the week. Other mice were placed in groups of four mice in smaller boxes and without these objects. After 60 days in these conditions mice's exploratory behaviour and their learning ability in a complex maze were studied. A significant difference was observed between these two groups, as much in their exploratory behaviour as in the time spent on resolving maze, and the number of mice that resolved it in every one of ten successive trials.", "contents": "[Environment, behavior and learning in adult mice]. The effect that being subjected to different environmental situations has in the adult mouse is analysed. Adult mice are placed for that, in groups of twelve mice in cages that contains ramps, catwalks, passages, sleeping boxes and play objects, that were changed in their relative position several times in the week. Other mice were placed in groups of four mice in smaller boxes and without these objects. After 60 days in these conditions mice's exploratory behaviour and their learning ability in a complex maze were studied. A significant difference was observed between these two groups, as much in their exploratory behaviour as in the time spent on resolving maze, and the number of mice that resolved it in every one of ten successive trials.", "PMID": 843238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5551", "title": "[Giant cell tumors of the sphenoid bone. Report of 3 cases and review of the literature].", "content": "Three cases of giant cell tumor of the sphenoid bone are reported together with a revision of the previously reported cases in the neurosurgical literature. The importance of this tumor in the neurosurgical pathology is stressed, mainly to the impossibility of a correct diagnosis on a clinical and radiological basis. A good prognosis is possible with a least agressive surgery, transphenoidal biopsy and decompression, folowed by radiotherapy.", "contents": "[Giant cell tumors of the sphenoid bone. Report of 3 cases and review of the literature]. Three cases of giant cell tumor of the sphenoid bone are reported together with a revision of the previously reported cases in the neurosurgical literature. The importance of this tumor in the neurosurgical pathology is stressed, mainly to the impossibility of a correct diagnosis on a clinical and radiological basis. A good prognosis is possible with a least agressive surgery, transphenoidal biopsy and decompression, folowed by radiotherapy.", "PMID": 843239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5552", "title": "[Surgical treatment of cerebral hemorrhage. Considerations on 11 cases].", "content": "After brief comments about the angiographic findings on 298 consecutive cases of isquemic or hemorrhagic cerebral vascular strokes, cerebral angiography is emphasized as the main diagnostic method, owing to the variety of physiopathogenic and ethiologic factors involved in the genesis of this syndromes. The results of surgical treatment on eleven patients with spontaneous intracerebral hematomata are discussed in detail. Despite the great divergence among the authors about the management of massive intracerebral hemorrhage, the rapid improvement in 54.6% of the patients in this series, in our opinion justifies surgery in the majority of the cases.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of cerebral hemorrhage. Considerations on 11 cases]. After brief comments about the angiographic findings on 298 consecutive cases of isquemic or hemorrhagic cerebral vascular strokes, cerebral angiography is emphasized as the main diagnostic method, owing to the variety of physiopathogenic and ethiologic factors involved in the genesis of this syndromes. The results of surgical treatment on eleven patients with spontaneous intracerebral hematomata are discussed in detail. Despite the great divergence among the authors about the management of massive intracerebral hemorrhage, the rapid improvement in 54.6% of the patients in this series, in our opinion justifies surgery in the majority of the cases.", "PMID": 843240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5553", "title": "[Postural hypotension in tabes dorsalis. Report of a case].", "content": "A case of postural hypotension in a patient with tabes dorsalis is reported. A polygraphic study of the arterial pression by intraortic catheterism, laboratory examinations and Minor test were made. As the results were negative for a disorder in the autonomic nervous system, it was concluded that the lesion responsible for the postural hypotension in the reported case was localizated in the aferent system of the baroreceptors.", "contents": "[Postural hypotension in tabes dorsalis. Report of a case]. A case of postural hypotension in a patient with tabes dorsalis is reported. A polygraphic study of the arterial pression by intraortic catheterism, laboratory examinations and Minor test were made. As the results were negative for a disorder in the autonomic nervous system, it was concluded that the lesion responsible for the postural hypotension in the reported case was localizated in the aferent system of the baroreceptors.", "PMID": 843241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5554", "title": "Cerebral white-matter hypoplasia.", "content": "Twelve patients, including three sisters, with lifelong severe intellectual impairment and neurologic defects were found to have generalized hypoplasia of the cerebral white matter, with corresponding enlargement of the ventricular system. Gray-matter structures were remarkably intact. Reactive cellular changes (gliosis, phagocytosis, inflammation) were absent. To our knowledge, this particular syndrome has not previously been delineated in the extensive literature on cerebral palsy. The abnormalities in these cases could result from the effects of a selectively acting tissue-damaging factor, such as has been postulated in perinatal telencephalic leukoencephalopathy, but the factors underlying the disorder are still unknown.", "contents": "Cerebral white-matter hypoplasia. Twelve patients, including three sisters, with lifelong severe intellectual impairment and neurologic defects were found to have generalized hypoplasia of the cerebral white matter, with corresponding enlargement of the ventricular system. Gray-matter structures were remarkably intact. Reactive cellular changes (gliosis, phagocytosis, inflammation) were absent. To our knowledge, this particular syndrome has not previously been delineated in the extensive literature on cerebral palsy. The abnormalities in these cases could result from the effects of a selectively acting tissue-damaging factor, such as has been postulated in perinatal telencephalic leukoencephalopathy, but the factors underlying the disorder are still unknown.", "PMID": 843242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5555", "title": "Brain-type creatine kinase isoenzyme. Occurrence in serum in acute cerebral disorders.", "content": "Acute brain damage-cerebrovascular or cardiovascular, traumatic or infectious-released brain-type isoenzyme of creatine kinase (BB-CK) into the circulation within a few hours in 16 of 62 patients (26%). Occurrence of BB-CK was transient in the serum. BB-CK activity was found in the peripheral blood in 13 of 23 patients with diffuse brain damage compared to three of 39 patients with a local cerebrovascular accident (P less than .0005). The mortality of patients having BB-CK in their serum was 63% compared to 39% of those without BB-CK activity in their serum (P less than .05).", "contents": "Brain-type creatine kinase isoenzyme. Occurrence in serum in acute cerebral disorders. Acute brain damage-cerebrovascular or cardiovascular, traumatic or infectious-released brain-type isoenzyme of creatine kinase (BB-CK) into the circulation within a few hours in 16 of 62 patients (26%). Occurrence of BB-CK was transient in the serum. BB-CK activity was found in the peripheral blood in 13 of 23 patients with diffuse brain damage compared to three of 39 patients with a local cerebrovascular accident (P less than .0005). The mortality of patients having BB-CK in their serum was 63% compared to 39% of those without BB-CK activity in their serum (P less than .05).", "PMID": 843243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5556", "title": "Doppler ultrasound scanning of the carotid bifurcation.", "content": "The results of Doppler scanning of 146 carotid bifurcations in 86 patients were correlated with carotid arteriography. The correlations for normal carotid arteries ranged from 63% to 98%; the correlation for occlusions of carotid arteries was 100%. The Doppler scan correlated in 70% to 85% of stenoses of the internal or external carotid arteries near their origins. The technique may be performed by a well-trained technician or physician.", "contents": "Doppler ultrasound scanning of the carotid bifurcation. The results of Doppler scanning of 146 carotid bifurcations in 86 patients were correlated with carotid arteriography. The correlations for normal carotid arteries ranged from 63% to 98%; the correlation for occlusions of carotid arteries was 100%. The Doppler scan correlated in 70% to 85% of stenoses of the internal or external carotid arteries near their origins. The technique may be performed by a well-trained technician or physician.", "PMID": 843244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5557", "title": "Symptomatic intracranial steal.", "content": "The phenomenon of shunting of blood in association with various intracranial lesions is well known; however, usually clinical symptoms are attributable to the lesion and not to the redistribution of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). We report three patients investigated by angiography and rCBF studies in whom symptoms appeared to be due to a hemodynamic steal within one cerebral hemisphere, between hemispheres, and from the brain into a tumor, respectively.", "contents": "Symptomatic intracranial steal. The phenomenon of shunting of blood in association with various intracranial lesions is well known; however, usually clinical symptoms are attributable to the lesion and not to the redistribution of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). We report three patients investigated by angiography and rCBF studies in whom symptoms appeared to be due to a hemodynamic steal within one cerebral hemisphere, between hemispheres, and from the brain into a tumor, respectively.", "PMID": 843245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5558", "title": "Progressive focal deficit with porencephaly.", "content": "The association of porencephalic cysts with hydrocephalus was first cited in 1939. Subsequent descriptions of this combination in terms of fixed, nonprogressive neurological problems have been reported. We describe four patients with hydrocephalus who had progressive focal motor deficits secondary to porencephalic diverticulation of the lateral ventricle. Symptoms of increased intracranial pressure were not a consistent finding in all patients. Enlargement of the porencephalic cyst is related to either a generalized increase in intraventricular pressure or to \"hydrostatic\" forces that may act independently. Computerized axial tomography has provided a noninvasive technique that allows definition of the abnormality and its progression. Neurosurgical intervention has resulted in clinical improvement in all patients studied.", "contents": "Progressive focal deficit with porencephaly. The association of porencephalic cysts with hydrocephalus was first cited in 1939. Subsequent descriptions of this combination in terms of fixed, nonprogressive neurological problems have been reported. We describe four patients with hydrocephalus who had progressive focal motor deficits secondary to porencephalic diverticulation of the lateral ventricle. Symptoms of increased intracranial pressure were not a consistent finding in all patients. Enlargement of the porencephalic cyst is related to either a generalized increase in intraventricular pressure or to \"hydrostatic\" forces that may act independently. Computerized axial tomography has provided a noninvasive technique that allows definition of the abnormality and its progression. Neurosurgical intervention has resulted in clinical improvement in all patients studied.", "PMID": 843246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5559", "title": "Phenytoin and cerebellar lesions. Similar effects on cerebral catecholamine metabolism.", "content": "Phenytoin has been shown to inhibit catecholamine (CA) metabolism in vitro. The present investigation examined its longer-term in vivo effects in rats. Phenytoin 100 mg/kg/day for two weeks, caused an increase in hindbrain norepinephrine (NE) concentration, a slight decrease in forebrain NE concentration, and little change in dopamine (DA) levels. The turnover rates of forebrain DA and NE estimated by synthesis inhibition, were increased by 70% and 100%, respectively. Surgical lesions of the anterior cerebellar vermis produced similar (but not additive) increases in turnover. It is concluded that long-term phenytoin use stimulates CA metabolism in the forebrain and that this effect may be mediated indirectly by the cerebellar vermis.", "contents": "Phenytoin and cerebellar lesions. Similar effects on cerebral catecholamine metabolism. Phenytoin has been shown to inhibit catecholamine (CA) metabolism in vitro. The present investigation examined its longer-term in vivo effects in rats. Phenytoin 100 mg/kg/day for two weeks, caused an increase in hindbrain norepinephrine (NE) concentration, a slight decrease in forebrain NE concentration, and little change in dopamine (DA) levels. The turnover rates of forebrain DA and NE estimated by synthesis inhibition, were increased by 70% and 100%, respectively. Surgical lesions of the anterior cerebellar vermis produced similar (but not additive) increases in turnover. It is concluded that long-term phenytoin use stimulates CA metabolism in the forebrain and that this effect may be mediated indirectly by the cerebellar vermis.", "PMID": 843247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5560", "title": "Cerebral air embolism. Report of five cases and review of the literature.", "content": "We discuss five patients who had cerebral air embolisms. Clinically, these patients had early seizures, focal neurological findings, or failure to awaken from anesthesia. The patients that survived had minimal neurological deficits. We also discuss the pathophysiology of cerebral air embolism and its differentiation from \"the bends.\" The necessity for recognizing this entity early is important in order to administer appropriate therapy.", "contents": "Cerebral air embolism. Report of five cases and review of the literature. We discuss five patients who had cerebral air embolisms. Clinically, these patients had early seizures, focal neurological findings, or failure to awaken from anesthesia. The patients that survived had minimal neurological deficits. We also discuss the pathophysiology of cerebral air embolism and its differentiation from \"the bends.\" The necessity for recognizing this entity early is important in order to administer appropriate therapy.", "PMID": 843248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5561", "title": "Duane syndrome and congenital upper-limb anomalies. A familial occurrence.", "content": "We report a family in which five members in three generations have been afflicted with Duane syndrome. Four of the five members also have congenital hypoplasia of the thenar eminence. One also was afflicted with Hirschsprung disease and another was born deaf. A sixth member, who does not have Duane syndrome, is afflicted with a more extensive malformation of the upper extremities and unilateral deafness. We present a discussion of Duane syndrome and its association with other congenital anomalies. Although some members of this family presented in this  report show features that are similar to the Holt-Oram syndrome, Wildervanck's syndrome, and others reported in the literature, there are several unique features about this family that we thought were worth reporting.", "contents": "Duane syndrome and congenital upper-limb anomalies. A familial occurrence. We report a family in which five members in three generations have been afflicted with Duane syndrome. Four of the five members also have congenital hypoplasia of the thenar eminence. One also was afflicted with Hirschsprung disease and another was born deaf. A sixth member, who does not have Duane syndrome, is afflicted with a more extensive malformation of the upper extremities and unilateral deafness. We present a discussion of Duane syndrome and its association with other congenital anomalies. Although some members of this family presented in this  report show features that are similar to the Holt-Oram syndrome, Wildervanck's syndrome, and others reported in the literature, there are several unique features about this family that we thought were worth reporting.", "PMID": 843249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5562", "title": "Familial poliodystrophy, mitochondrial myopathy, and lactate acidemia.", "content": "We describe a 16-year-old boy who has a progressive dementia and seizures. On investigation, he was found to have a mitochondrial myopathy and elevated lactate levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid. His sister died at 18 years of age of a similar condition.", "contents": "Familial poliodystrophy, mitochondrial myopathy, and lactate acidemia. We describe a 16-year-old boy who has a progressive dementia and seizures. On investigation, he was found to have a mitochondrial myopathy and elevated lactate levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid. His sister died at 18 years of age of a similar condition.", "PMID": 843250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5563", "title": "Slow eye movements, with absent saccades, in a patient with hereditary ataxia.", "content": "Saccadic and smooth eye movements are controlled by separate mechanisms within the nervous system. We describe a patient with familial ataxia, considered to be a form of olivopontocerebellar degeneration, who is incapable of generating reflex or voluntary saccades. She can, however, move her eyes smoothly to the normal limits of lateral gaze, even when her head is prevented from moving. Latency before onset of movement is prolonged, and the velocity of movement is abnormally slow. We postulate that the degenerative process may have affected selectively those cells of the ventral paramedian pontine tegmentum responsible for the generation of saccades; and the the prolonged latency from presentation of a visual stimulus to the onset of movement is related to an inability to generate burst discharges needed to overcome the viscoelastic properties of the orbital tissues.", "contents": "Slow eye movements, with absent saccades, in a patient with hereditary ataxia. Saccadic and smooth eye movements are controlled by separate mechanisms within the nervous system. We describe a patient with familial ataxia, considered to be a form of olivopontocerebellar degeneration, who is incapable of generating reflex or voluntary saccades. She can, however, move her eyes smoothly to the normal limits of lateral gaze, even when her head is prevented from moving. Latency before onset of movement is prolonged, and the velocity of movement is abnormally slow. We postulate that the degenerative process may have affected selectively those cells of the ventral paramedian pontine tegmentum responsible for the generation of saccades; and the the prolonged latency from presentation of a visual stimulus to the onset of movement is related to an inability to generate burst discharges needed to overcome the viscoelastic properties of the orbital tissues.", "PMID": 843251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5564", "title": "Sudden onset of unilateral third nerve paresis in a patient with Cushing syndrome.", "content": "Extraocular muscle pareses in patients with Cushing syndrome are virtually always associated with a greatly enlarged pituitary tumor and with advancement on oculomotor nerves. The present report concerns a patient with a rapidly progressive adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-dependent hyperadrenocorticism and sudden onset of an unilateral third nerve paresis. The patient had no demonstrable pituitary tumor. After a total adrenalectomy and correction of hyperadrenocortisolism, his third nerve paresis subsided. Ocular paresis may occur in a patient with Cushing syndrome even in the absence of mechanical involvement of ocular nerves by a pituitary tumor.", "contents": "Sudden onset of unilateral third nerve paresis in a patient with Cushing syndrome. Extraocular muscle pareses in patients with Cushing syndrome are virtually always associated with a greatly enlarged pituitary tumor and with advancement on oculomotor nerves. The present report concerns a patient with a rapidly progressive adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-dependent hyperadrenocorticism and sudden onset of an unilateral third nerve paresis. The patient had no demonstrable pituitary tumor. After a total adrenalectomy and correction of hyperadrenocortisolism, his third nerve paresis subsided. Ocular paresis may occur in a patient with Cushing syndrome even in the absence of mechanical involvement of ocular nerves by a pituitary tumor.", "PMID": 843252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5565", "title": "Amyloidosis with plasma cell dyscrasia. An overlooked caused of adult onset sensorimotor neuropathy.", "content": "In ten previously undiagnosed patients, we have found erstwhile-\"primary\" nonhereditary amyloidosis as an overlooked cause of a predominately sensory, painful, and hyperesthetic distal neuropathy occurring in middle-age and older patients. These symptoms, associated with orthostatic hypotension, diarrhea or constipation, cardiac abnormality, and male impotence are virtually diagnostic (in the absence of diabetes mellitus). Tissue diagnosis is quickly made by crystal-violet metachromasia of amyloid in fresh-frozen sections of a muscle biopsy specimen. Immunoglobulin and bone marrow evidence of plasma cell dyscrasia in eight of the ten patients suggests that the neuropathy in this form of amyloidosis is actually secondary to a plasma-cell-originating dysproteinemia. Therapy with melphalan and prednisone was not of benefit.", "contents": "Amyloidosis with plasma cell dyscrasia. An overlooked caused of adult onset sensorimotor neuropathy. In ten previously undiagnosed patients, we have found erstwhile-\"primary\" nonhereditary amyloidosis as an overlooked cause of a predominately sensory, painful, and hyperesthetic distal neuropathy occurring in middle-age and older patients. These symptoms, associated with orthostatic hypotension, diarrhea or constipation, cardiac abnormality, and male impotence are virtually diagnostic (in the absence of diabetes mellitus). Tissue diagnosis is quickly made by crystal-violet metachromasia of amyloid in fresh-frozen sections of a muscle biopsy specimen. Immunoglobulin and bone marrow evidence of plasma cell dyscrasia in eight of the ten patients suggests that the neuropathy in this form of amyloidosis is actually secondary to a plasma-cell-originating dysproteinemia. Therapy with melphalan and prednisone was not of benefit.", "PMID": 843255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5566", "title": "Central pontine myelinolysis. A clinical reappraisal.", "content": "We discuss three patients with clinical findings of central pontine myelinolysis (CPM). Two patients survived with minimal neurological deficits, and one patient died from medical complications while recovering from his neurological deficit. Postmortem examination showed the typical lesion of CPM. Brain stem auditory evoked potential studies in two of our patients indicate that there was impairment of function in auditory pontine pathways that returned to normal as the patients improved clinically. We conclude that CPM can be diagnosed clinically and that patients may recover if intercurrent illnesses are vigorously treated.", "contents": "Central pontine myelinolysis. A clinical reappraisal. We discuss three patients with clinical findings of central pontine myelinolysis (CPM). Two patients survived with minimal neurological deficits, and one patient died from medical complications while recovering from his neurological deficit. Postmortem examination showed the typical lesion of CPM. Brain stem auditory evoked potential studies in two of our patients indicate that there was impairment of function in auditory pontine pathways that returned to normal as the patients improved clinically. We conclude that CPM can be diagnosed clinically and that patients may recover if intercurrent illnesses are vigorously treated.", "PMID": 843256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5567", "title": "The clinical picture and plasma levodopa metabolite profile of parkinsonian nonresponders. Treatment with levodopa and decarboxylase inhibitor.", "content": "Three parkinsonian patients who were nonresponders to levodopa treatment did not improve when shifted to levodopa-decarboxylase inhibitor combination but, instead, experienced involuntary movements. Their plasma levodopa and metabolite profiles showed unusually high baseline 3-0-methyldopa concentrations that further increased significantly during the decarboxylase inhibitor regimen. All patients had 3-0-methyldopa to levodopa ratios greater than 1, even two hours after therapy. Patients who are responders to levodopa-decarboxylase inhibitor combination or to levodopa alone had 3-0-methyldopa to levodopa ratios of less than 1. We discuss the role of 3-0-methyldopa as a metabolite and the significance of the 3-0-methyldopa to levodopa ratio as a predictor of patients' response to levodopa.", "contents": "The clinical picture and plasma levodopa metabolite profile of parkinsonian nonresponders. Treatment with levodopa and decarboxylase inhibitor. Three parkinsonian patients who were nonresponders to levodopa treatment did not improve when shifted to levodopa-decarboxylase inhibitor combination but, instead, experienced involuntary movements. Their plasma levodopa and metabolite profiles showed unusually high baseline 3-0-methyldopa concentrations that further increased significantly during the decarboxylase inhibitor regimen. All patients had 3-0-methyldopa to levodopa ratios greater than 1, even two hours after therapy. Patients who are responders to levodopa-decarboxylase inhibitor combination or to levodopa alone had 3-0-methyldopa to levodopa ratios of less than 1. We discuss the role of 3-0-methyldopa as a metabolite and the significance of the 3-0-methyldopa to levodopa ratio as a predictor of patients' response to levodopa.", "PMID": 843257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5568", "title": "Juvenile parkinsonism treated with levodopa.", "content": "We describe three patients with early onset of parkinsonism. Two of these were sisters and showed a reduction in homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) levels in the CSF. In the third patient, parkinsonism developed, which was probably related to chickenpox encephalitis. All three patients responed favorably to levodopa therapy.", "contents": "Juvenile parkinsonism treated with levodopa. We describe three patients with early onset of parkinsonism. Two of these were sisters and showed a reduction in homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) levels in the CSF. In the third patient, parkinsonism developed, which was probably related to chickenpox encephalitis. All three patients responed favorably to levodopa therapy.", "PMID": 843258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5569", "title": "Electrically elicited blink reflex in normal neonates.", "content": "The electrically elicited blink reflex was tested in 30 full-term neonates. Of the two distinctly separate responses, early component R1 and late component R2, R1 was recorded in all but three infants. Its latency, 12.1+/-1.0 msec (mean+/-SD), was significantly greater than that in adults (10.6+/-0.8 msec) despite a considerably shorter length of the reflex arc in infants. Unlike the response in adults, R2 was elicited in only 20 of 30 infants, mostly on the side ipsilateral to the stimulus. The reduction of reflex excitability of R2 in neonates must occur primarily at the level of interneurons since oligosynaptic R1 was elicited with ease whereas polysynaptic R2 was not.", "contents": "Electrically elicited blink reflex in normal neonates. The electrically elicited blink reflex was tested in 30 full-term neonates. Of the two distinctly separate responses, early component R1 and late component R2, R1 was recorded in all but three infants. Its latency, 12.1+/-1.0 msec (mean+/-SD), was significantly greater than that in adults (10.6+/-0.8 msec) despite a considerably shorter length of the reflex arc in infants. Unlike the response in adults, R2 was elicited in only 20 of 30 infants, mostly on the side ipsilateral to the stimulus. The reduction of reflex excitability of R2 in neonates must occur primarily at the level of interneurons since oligosynaptic R1 was elicited with ease whereas polysynaptic R2 was not.", "PMID": 843259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5570", "title": "Spontaneous dissecting aneurysm of the internal carotid artery.", "content": "A case of a spontaneous dissecting aneurysm of the left internal carotid artery in a 48-year-old woman was treated by endarterctomy. We review the literature and discuss the pathogenesis.", "contents": "Spontaneous dissecting aneurysm of the internal carotid artery. A case of a spontaneous dissecting aneurysm of the left internal carotid artery in a 48-year-old woman was treated by endarterctomy. We review the literature and discuss the pathogenesis.", "PMID": 843260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5571", "title": "Cranial computerized tomography and the postenhancement abdominal roentgenogram.", "content": "Cranial computerized tomography often ultilizes injected iodinated agents for contrast enhacement. Exposure of an abdominal flat plate roentgenogram after such a procedure may uncover silent urinary tract anomalies. We discuss a case in point.", "contents": "Cranial computerized tomography and the postenhancement abdominal roentgenogram. Cranial computerized tomography often ultilizes injected iodinated agents for contrast enhacement. Exposure of an abdominal flat plate roentgenogram after such a procedure may uncover silent urinary tract anomalies. We discuss a case in point.", "PMID": 843261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5572", "title": "Signs of interhemispheric disconnection in marchiafava-bignami disease.", "content": "We report three cases of Marchiafava-Bignami disease. The diagnosis was made on clinical grounds. Evidence of interhemispheric disconnection was found in all three cases. This included left hand anomia, left-sided apraxia, left-hand agraphia, and left-sided pseudoextinction to both visual and tactile stimuli. In two cases, there was a left-ear extinction on a dichotic listening test.", "contents": "Signs of interhemispheric disconnection in marchiafava-bignami disease. We report three cases of Marchiafava-Bignami disease. The diagnosis was made on clinical grounds. Evidence of interhemispheric disconnection was found in all three cases. This included left hand anomia, left-sided apraxia, left-hand agraphia, and left-sided pseudoextinction to both visual and tactile stimuli. In two cases, there was a left-ear extinction on a dichotic listening test.", "PMID": 843262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5573", "title": "Fenfluramine hydrochloride treatment of parkinsonism.", "content": "The oral administration of fenfluramine hydrochloride, which acts centrally to augment serotonin-mediated synaptic function, did not alter extrapyramidal signs in either untreated or levodopa-treated parkinsolian patients. These results support the contention that biochemical indices of serotonergic dysfunction in Parkinson disease do not reflect a critical role for serotonin-containing neural systems in the pathophysiology of parkinsonism and that serotonin-active drugs afford no significant therapeutic benefit to patients with this disorder.", "contents": "Fenfluramine hydrochloride treatment of parkinsonism. The oral administration of fenfluramine hydrochloride, which acts centrally to augment serotonin-mediated synaptic function, did not alter extrapyramidal signs in either untreated or levodopa-treated parkinsolian patients. These results support the contention that biochemical indices of serotonergic dysfunction in Parkinson disease do not reflect a critical role for serotonin-containing neural systems in the pathophysiology of parkinsonism and that serotonin-active drugs afford no significant therapeutic benefit to patients with this disorder.", "PMID": 843263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5574", "title": "Glaucoma and retinal detachment.", "content": "In a survey of 817 patients undergoing primary operations for retinal detachment, glaucoma was present in 9.5%. Ocular hypertension (intraocular pressure [IOP] greater than 21 mm Hg) was present in an additional 6.5%. Primary open-angle glaucoma; the type of glaucoma most frequently encountered, occurred in 4% of the patients. Aphakic eyes and eyes with peripheral anterior synechiae had high prevalences of glaucoma. A high percentage of eyes with posttraumatic angle recessions had either glaucoma or elevated IOPs. Miotics used in the treatment of glaucoma could not be definitely implicated as a cause of retinal detachment. The rate of successful retinal reattachment was the same, whether or not glaucoma was present. However, a good visual result occurred less frequently in patients with glaucoma.", "contents": "Glaucoma and retinal detachment. In a survey of 817 patients undergoing primary operations for retinal detachment, glaucoma was present in 9.5%. Ocular hypertension (intraocular pressure [IOP] greater than 21 mm Hg) was present in an additional 6.5%. Primary open-angle glaucoma; the type of glaucoma most frequently encountered, occurred in 4% of the patients. Aphakic eyes and eyes with peripheral anterior synechiae had high prevalences of glaucoma. A high percentage of eyes with posttraumatic angle recessions had either glaucoma or elevated IOPs. Miotics used in the treatment of glaucoma could not be definitely implicated as a cause of retinal detachment. The rate of successful retinal reattachment was the same, whether or not glaucoma was present. However, a good visual result occurred less frequently in patients with glaucoma.", "PMID": 843271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5575", "title": "Patterned dystrophies of the retinal pigment epithelium.", "content": "Three varieties of patterned dystrophies of the retinal pigment epithelium have been described in the literature: They are reticular dystrophy, macroreticular dystrophy, and butterfly-shaped pigment dystrophy of the fovea (macula). They are all inherited and are bilateral and symmetric. Results of retinal-function tests in all three varieties were essentially normal, except for the electro-oculogram in the butterfly-shaped pigment dystrophy. We have observed within a single family one member manifesting butterfly-shaped pigment dystrophy, one member with macroreticular dystrophy, and one member with probable reticular dystrophy. Electrophysiologic studies of the retina in these patients were in accord with those already reported, except for supernormal scotopic responses in the latter two patients. This family demonstrates the linkage necessary to tie together a number of entities heretofore considered as separate.", "contents": "Patterned dystrophies of the retinal pigment epithelium. Three varieties of patterned dystrophies of the retinal pigment epithelium have been described in the literature: They are reticular dystrophy, macroreticular dystrophy, and butterfly-shaped pigment dystrophy of the fovea (macula). They are all inherited and are bilateral and symmetric. Results of retinal-function tests in all three varieties were essentially normal, except for the electro-oculogram in the butterfly-shaped pigment dystrophy. We have observed within a single family one member manifesting butterfly-shaped pigment dystrophy, one member with macroreticular dystrophy, and one member with probable reticular dystrophy. Electrophysiologic studies of the retina in these patients were in accord with those already reported, except for supernormal scotopic responses in the latter two patients. This family demonstrates the linkage necessary to tie together a number of entities heretofore considered as separate.", "PMID": 843272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5576", "title": "Choroidography and photography of the long ciliary nerve and artery.", "content": "A noninvasive technique that allows photography of the choroidal vasculature and the long ciliary nerve and artery is described. It does not make use of any injectable contrast material. A simple single lens reflex camera with its close-up lens, mounted on a stand, was used to take illustrative choroidograms.", "contents": "Choroidography and photography of the long ciliary nerve and artery. A noninvasive technique that allows photography of the choroidal vasculature and the long ciliary nerve and artery is described. It does not make use of any injectable contrast material. A simple single lens reflex camera with its close-up lens, mounted on a stand, was used to take illustrative choroidograms.", "PMID": 843273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5577", "title": "A case report of a negative 32P test in a histologically proven choroidal hemangioma.", "content": "Results from a 32P test in a histologically proven choroidal hemangioma were normal in a case we recently evaluated. It is believed that this case is important because of the infrequent number of confirmations with this test.", "contents": "A case report of a negative 32P test in a histologically proven choroidal hemangioma. Results from a 32P test in a histologically proven choroidal hemangioma were normal in a case we recently evaluated. It is believed that this case is important because of the infrequent number of confirmations with this test.", "PMID": 843274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5578", "title": "Interpretation of tear film breakup.", "content": "Tear film breakup time (BUT) was measured in 25 normal subjects on 8 different occasions over a period of one month. Reproducibility of the BUT test and factors involved in interpretation of tear film breakup were studied. It was found that of 50 eyes, the average BUT ranged from five to 100 seconds, and that there were noticeable variations (P less than or equal to .05) in an individual eye from one patient visit to the next. The BUT is not a closely reproducible phenomenon in an individual eye.", "contents": "Interpretation of tear film breakup. Tear film breakup time (BUT) was measured in 25 normal subjects on 8 different occasions over a period of one month. Reproducibility of the BUT test and factors involved in interpretation of tear film breakup were studied. It was found that of 50 eyes, the average BUT ranged from five to 100 seconds, and that there were noticeable variations (P less than or equal to .05) in an individual eye from one patient visit to the next. The BUT is not a closely reproducible phenomenon in an individual eye.", "PMID": 843275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5579", "title": "Corneal exposure during sleep (nocturnal lagophthalmos).", "content": "In our referral practice at the University of Florida, corneal exposure during sleep appears to be a relatively common cause of previously undiagnosed chronic keratitis. The spectrum of the disease ranges from minimal epithelial changes that may heal later in the day to severe exposure ulcers with marked loss of stromal substance. Keratitis sicca and previous lid abnormalities are predisposing factors, but not necessary concomitants of the disease. The diagnosis can usually be made by asking the patient to gently (not forcibly) close his eyes, and usually within a minute or two, a small crack can be seen between the lids by shining light on the intrapalpebral areas-during this time there is usually some fasciculation of the lids. In our experience the most effective treatment, when ointments at bedtime are not adequate, is closing the eye by using a piece of paper tape to pull up the cheek, and then attaching the tape to the forehead, with no pad or pressure on the eye. After the initial healing, ointments at bedtime may be adequate to maintain a symptom-free state in this apparently common cause of treatment-resistant chronic keratitis.", "contents": "Corneal exposure during sleep (nocturnal lagophthalmos). In our referral practice at the University of Florida, corneal exposure during sleep appears to be a relatively common cause of previously undiagnosed chronic keratitis. The spectrum of the disease ranges from minimal epithelial changes that may heal later in the day to severe exposure ulcers with marked loss of stromal substance. Keratitis sicca and previous lid abnormalities are predisposing factors, but not necessary concomitants of the disease. The diagnosis can usually be made by asking the patient to gently (not forcibly) close his eyes, and usually within a minute or two, a small crack can be seen between the lids by shining light on the intrapalpebral areas-during this time there is usually some fasciculation of the lids. In our experience the most effective treatment, when ointments at bedtime are not adequate, is closing the eye by using a piece of paper tape to pull up the cheek, and then attaching the tape to the forehead, with no pad or pressure on the eye. After the initial healing, ointments at bedtime may be adequate to maintain a symptom-free state in this apparently common cause of treatment-resistant chronic keratitis.", "PMID": 843276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5580", "title": "Marginal corneal ulcer due to beta-streptococcus.", "content": "A 72-year-old woman with a low-grade nasolacrimal duct obstruction developed a hyperacute conjunctivitis caused by beta-hemolytic streptococci. This condition has been termed \"conjunctivitis of Morax\". An unusual feature consisting of a large, marginal furrow-like corneal ulcer was noted associated with a plastic iritis. The condition improved with the use of topical erythromycin, irrigation of the lacrimal sac with aqueous penicillin and oral penicillin. We believe that the marginal corneal ulcer was an actual infection of the corneal stroma resulting from the intense conjunctival chemosis trapping the exudate between the conjunctiva and the corneal epithelium, thus causing a breakdown of the corneal epithelium and allowing the organism to gain access to the stroma. Conjunctivitis of Morax can be clinically differentiated from a conjunctivitis associated with pneumococcal dacryocystitis and from the acute and hyperacute purulent conjunctivis due to infection with Neisseria.", "contents": "Marginal corneal ulcer due to beta-streptococcus. A 72-year-old woman with a low-grade nasolacrimal duct obstruction developed a hyperacute conjunctivitis caused by beta-hemolytic streptococci. This condition has been termed \"conjunctivitis of Morax\". An unusual feature consisting of a large, marginal furrow-like corneal ulcer was noted associated with a plastic iritis. The condition improved with the use of topical erythromycin, irrigation of the lacrimal sac with aqueous penicillin and oral penicillin. We believe that the marginal corneal ulcer was an actual infection of the corneal stroma resulting from the intense conjunctival chemosis trapping the exudate between the conjunctiva and the corneal epithelium, thus causing a breakdown of the corneal epithelium and allowing the organism to gain access to the stroma. Conjunctivitis of Morax can be clinically differentiated from a conjunctivitis associated with pneumococcal dacryocystitis and from the acute and hyperacute purulent conjunctivis due to infection with Neisseria.", "PMID": 843277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5581", "title": "Descemet membrane detachment.", "content": "Four eyes of three patients had extensive postoperative Descemet membrane (DM) detachment. Blood was present just anterior to the DM in three of the four eyes and later converted to and persisted as pigment. Haziness of the cornea at the level of the DM could be seen with reattachment. Detachments of the DM are classified as planar when there is 1 mm or less separation of the DM from its overlying stroma in all areas. Nonplanar DM detachments exceed 1 mm of separation. Planar detachments have a much better prognosis than nonplanar detachments do, with or without descemetopexy. Repair of DM detachments, when necessary, should include air injection, with the lease possible instrumentation of the DM.", "contents": "Descemet membrane detachment. Four eyes of three patients had extensive postoperative Descemet membrane (DM) detachment. Blood was present just anterior to the DM in three of the four eyes and later converted to and persisted as pigment. Haziness of the cornea at the level of the DM could be seen with reattachment. Detachments of the DM are classified as planar when there is 1 mm or less separation of the DM from its overlying stroma in all areas. Nonplanar DM detachments exceed 1 mm of separation. Planar detachments have a much better prognosis than nonplanar detachments do, with or without descemetopexy. Repair of DM detachments, when necessary, should include air injection, with the lease possible instrumentation of the DM.", "PMID": 843278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5582", "title": "Oncocytic lesions of the caruncle and other ocular adnexa.", "content": "This is a clinicopathologic study of 18 oncocytic lesions involving the ocular adnexa. These lesions most commonly occur in elderly patients (median age 73), and there is a striking predilection for women. The broad spectrum of lesions included oncocytic adenomatous hyperplasia, oncocytomas, and oncocytic carcinoma. Ten lesions, all of which were oncocytomas, involved the caruncle, four the conjunctiva, and one the mucocutaneous junction of the eyelid. Two tumors involved the lacrimal sac and one the lacrimal gland. A review of the literature disclosed only 17 previously reported oncocytic lesions of the ocular adnexa. A small yellowish-tan or reddish caruncular mass, especially in an elderly woman, should alert the ophthalmologist to consider the possibility of oncocytoma in his differential diagnosis.", "contents": "Oncocytic lesions of the caruncle and other ocular adnexa. This is a clinicopathologic study of 18 oncocytic lesions involving the ocular adnexa. These lesions most commonly occur in elderly patients (median age 73), and there is a striking predilection for women. The broad spectrum of lesions included oncocytic adenomatous hyperplasia, oncocytomas, and oncocytic carcinoma. Ten lesions, all of which were oncocytomas, involved the caruncle, four the conjunctiva, and one the mucocutaneous junction of the eyelid. Two tumors involved the lacrimal sac and one the lacrimal gland. A review of the literature disclosed only 17 previously reported oncocytic lesions of the ocular adnexa. A small yellowish-tan or reddish caruncular mass, especially in an elderly woman, should alert the ophthalmologist to consider the possibility of oncocytoma in his differential diagnosis.", "PMID": 843279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5583", "title": "Surgical treatment of eyelid neurofibromas.", "content": "The classical surgical treatment of eyelid neurofibromas has been careful dissection of the tumor with preservation of much of the surrounding abnormal lid tissues. The reported outcome has been uniformly unfavorable. These tumors infiltrate extensively and are impossible to dissect out completely. However, the lateral location of lid neurofibromas allows \"en bloc\" resection of most of the tumor including the adjacent involved lid tissues. Levator function in these cases is potentially good and the lid will elevate well if the levator aponeurosis is joined to the tarsus laterally at the time of surgery. The four cases presented here indicate that this procedure is technically easier and may produce more acceptable results than other forms of treatment.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of eyelid neurofibromas. The classical surgical treatment of eyelid neurofibromas has been careful dissection of the tumor with preservation of much of the surrounding abnormal lid tissues. The reported outcome has been uniformly unfavorable. These tumors infiltrate extensively and are impossible to dissect out completely. However, the lateral location of lid neurofibromas allows \"en bloc\" resection of most of the tumor including the adjacent involved lid tissues. Levator function in these cases is potentially good and the lid will elevate well if the levator aponeurosis is joined to the tarsus laterally at the time of surgery. The four cases presented here indicate that this procedure is technically easier and may produce more acceptable results than other forms of treatment.", "PMID": 843280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5584", "title": "Intrascleral nerve loop mistakenly identified as a foreign body.", "content": "A 5-year-old boy had an excisional biopsy of a pigmented scleral lesion thought clinically to be a foreign body, probably graphite from a pencil. Histological study demonstrated that the pigmented lesion was an intrascleral nerve loop (Axenfeld).", "contents": "Intrascleral nerve loop mistakenly identified as a foreign body. A 5-year-old boy had an excisional biopsy of a pigmented scleral lesion thought clinically to be a foreign body, probably graphite from a pencil. Histological study demonstrated that the pigmented lesion was an intrascleral nerve loop (Axenfeld).", "PMID": 843281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5585", "title": "[Hydraulic problems in so-called antibacterial suction-drainage of surgical infections and osteomyelitic cavities (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Suction-drainage should only be employed when there is a closed space enabling free flow of the irrigation fluid. 2. The drainage of the irrigation fluid must be ensured. 3. Positioning of the perforated drain is more important than the actual length of the perforated segment of the drain. Enlargment of the holes in the drain may prevent it from clogging and not so much an increase in the number of holes. 4. The irrigation system must be simple and not be complicated by Y-tubes. 5. Wound closure should be water-tight for the construction of a closed drainage system.", "contents": "[Hydraulic problems in so-called antibacterial suction-drainage of surgical infections and osteomyelitic cavities (author's transl)]. 1. Suction-drainage should only be employed when there is a closed space enabling free flow of the irrigation fluid. 2. The drainage of the irrigation fluid must be ensured. 3. Positioning of the perforated drain is more important than the actual length of the perforated segment of the drain. Enlargment of the holes in the drain may prevent it from clogging and not so much an increase in the number of holes. 4. The irrigation system must be simple and not be complicated by Y-tubes. 5. Wound closure should be water-tight for the construction of a closed drainage system.", "PMID": 843287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5586", "title": "[Innominate osteotomy (Chiari) for the treatment of coxa magna--preliminary results of 17 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "This is a report on the validity of treatment of coxa magna hips resulting from Legg-Calv\u00e9-Perthes-disease or hip dislocation by Chiari's pelvic osteotomy. Only severely deformed, incongruous and subluxated hips were treated by this operation. The aim of treatment is the development of congruency with a well covered femoral head to prevent an early occurence of osteoarthritis of the hip joint. Our results were compared with the results of nonoperative treatment of comparable patient groups.", "contents": "[Innominate osteotomy (Chiari) for the treatment of coxa magna--preliminary results of 17 patients (author's transl)]. This is a report on the validity of treatment of coxa magna hips resulting from Legg-Calv\u00e9-Perthes-disease or hip dislocation by Chiari's pelvic osteotomy. Only severely deformed, incongruous and subluxated hips were treated by this operation. The aim of treatment is the development of congruency with a well covered femoral head to prevent an early occurence of osteoarthritis of the hip joint. Our results were compared with the results of nonoperative treatment of comparable patient groups.", "PMID": 843288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5587", "title": "[Intrathecal herniation of a cervical disc. A case report (author's transl)].", "content": "1. The literature concerning intrathecal herniation of intervertebral discs is briefly reviewed. 2. A case of an intrathecal herniation of a cervical disc with transitory paraplegia and a following Brown-Sequard-Syndrome is reported. 3. Laminectomy disclosed a rotation of the cord and a sequestrated disc embedded in the anterior substance of the cord. 4. A trauma of the cervical spine 8 years ago seem to be responsible for the progredient protrusion of the cervical disc. 5. Adhaesions between the dura mater and posterior longitudinal ligament in this case are regarded as origin of intrathecal herniation.", "contents": "[Intrathecal herniation of a cervical disc. A case report (author's transl)]. 1. The literature concerning intrathecal herniation of intervertebral discs is briefly reviewed. 2. A case of an intrathecal herniation of a cervical disc with transitory paraplegia and a following Brown-Sequard-Syndrome is reported. 3. Laminectomy disclosed a rotation of the cord and a sequestrated disc embedded in the anterior substance of the cord. 4. A trauma of the cervical spine 8 years ago seem to be responsible for the progredient protrusion of the cervical disc. 5. Adhaesions between the dura mater and posterior longitudinal ligament in this case are regarded as origin of intrathecal herniation.", "PMID": 843289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5588", "title": "[Late results after homologous nerve grafting (author's transl)].", "content": "An account is given about the results of transplantation of homolouges lyophilisated nerves. 48 patients (56 nerves) could be reexamined. The critical clinical and neurological examination shows no positive results. Regarding the taken late results and the experimental findings the use of homolouges lyophilisated nerves for bridging larger defects in human must be rejected, at least at the present.", "contents": "[Late results after homologous nerve grafting (author's transl)]. An account is given about the results of transplantation of homolouges lyophilisated nerves. 48 patients (56 nerves) could be reexamined. The critical clinical and neurological examination shows no positive results. Regarding the taken late results and the experimental findings the use of homolouges lyophilisated nerves for bridging larger defects in human must be rejected, at least at the present.", "PMID": 843290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5589", "title": "Evaluation of 350 sciatic blocks in rheumatoid foot surgery.", "content": "Sciatic block with Mepivacaine (3-4 mg/kg) revealed successful in 91.9% of 340 rheumatoid patients with Keller/Clayton operation. In unsufficient blocks (8.1%) supplementary anesthesia by femoral nerve block, reblocking the sciatic nerve or local anesthetics secondarily gave good operating conditions. In three cases it was necessary to use additional spinal anesthesia. The concomitant sympathetic block gives an immediate cessation of sweating and a long lasting evaluation of skin temperature.", "contents": "Evaluation of 350 sciatic blocks in rheumatoid foot surgery. Sciatic block with Mepivacaine (3-4 mg/kg) revealed successful in 91.9% of 340 rheumatoid patients with Keller/Clayton operation. In unsufficient blocks (8.1%) supplementary anesthesia by femoral nerve block, reblocking the sciatic nerve or local anesthetics secondarily gave good operating conditions. In three cases it was necessary to use additional spinal anesthesia. The concomitant sympathetic block gives an immediate cessation of sweating and a long lasting evaluation of skin temperature.", "PMID": 843291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5590", "title": "[The operative treatment of the subtrochanteric pseudarthrosis of the femur in the case of pffd (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors discuss 7 cases of congenital subtrochanteric pseudarthroses of the femur which do not fit into the traditional schemes--neither from the histologically nor from the X-ray aspects. A valgus angulation osteotomy was carried out in each case. The procedure depending on the acutness of the angle. The results are positive.", "contents": "[The operative treatment of the subtrochanteric pseudarthrosis of the femur in the case of pffd (author's transl)]. The authors discuss 7 cases of congenital subtrochanteric pseudarthroses of the femur which do not fit into the traditional schemes--neither from the histologically nor from the X-ray aspects. A valgus angulation osteotomy was carried out in each case. The procedure depending on the acutness of the angle. The results are positive.", "PMID": 843292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5591", "title": "[Surgical interventions on the vertebral bodies of the thoracic spine (author's transl)].", "content": "27 operations on the vertebral bodies of the thoracic spine are reported. Indications for operation included markedly progressive infantile and juvenile scoliosis, correction of severe kyphoses in congenital malformation, fractures, Scheuermann's disease and post-laminectomy as well as tuberculous spondylitis and tumors. The two uppermost thoracic vertebrae can be reached by the method of Southwick and Robinson, the two lowest vertebrae from an extraperitoreal-subdiaphragm approach. Thoracotomy was chosen for the remaining thoracic vertebrae. If the staff and material are available, operations on the thoracic vertebrae can be regarded as relatively safe and, in many cases, are the only possibility for obtaining a satisfactory or good result. In spite of this, strict indications must be observed. Severe complications (death, paraplegia etc.) did not occur in any of the patients.", "contents": "[Surgical interventions on the vertebral bodies of the thoracic spine (author's transl)]. 27 operations on the vertebral bodies of the thoracic spine are reported. Indications for operation included markedly progressive infantile and juvenile scoliosis, correction of severe kyphoses in congenital malformation, fractures, Scheuermann's disease and post-laminectomy as well as tuberculous spondylitis and tumors. The two uppermost thoracic vertebrae can be reached by the method of Southwick and Robinson, the two lowest vertebrae from an extraperitoreal-subdiaphragm approach. Thoracotomy was chosen for the remaining thoracic vertebrae. If the staff and material are available, operations on the thoracic vertebrae can be regarded as relatively safe and, in many cases, are the only possibility for obtaining a satisfactory or good result. In spite of this, strict indications must be observed. Severe complications (death, paraplegia etc.) did not occur in any of the patients.", "PMID": 843293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5592", "title": "[Fracture of the cervical spine in patients with ankylosing spondylarthritis (author's transl)].", "content": "Fracture of the ankylosed cervical spine is a much more serious problem than injury to the normal vertebral collumn. The ankylosed spine may be fractured following relatively mild trauma attributable to loss of flexibility and increased fragility from osteoporosis. The fused spine breaks like a solid long bone, usually completely. Review of the literature shows that the incidence of neurological deficits and the mortality are significantly higher than in comparable patients without ankylosing spondylitis. The fracture often is difficult to reduce and maintain in proper alignment. Neurologic change from spinal cord compression may occur even while the patient is in skeletal traction. Treatment by skull tong traction and anterior fusion is outlined.--Two cases of cervical fracture dislocation causing neurological deficits in patients with ankylosing spondylitis are presented and the relevant literature is cited.", "contents": "[Fracture of the cervical spine in patients with ankylosing spondylarthritis (author's transl)]. Fracture of the ankylosed cervical spine is a much more serious problem than injury to the normal vertebral collumn. The ankylosed spine may be fractured following relatively mild trauma attributable to loss of flexibility and increased fragility from osteoporosis. The fused spine breaks like a solid long bone, usually completely. Review of the literature shows that the incidence of neurological deficits and the mortality are significantly higher than in comparable patients without ankylosing spondylitis. The fracture often is difficult to reduce and maintain in proper alignment. Neurologic change from spinal cord compression may occur even while the patient is in skeletal traction. Treatment by skull tong traction and anterior fusion is outlined.--Two cases of cervical fracture dislocation causing neurological deficits in patients with ankylosing spondylitis are presented and the relevant literature is cited.", "PMID": 843294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5593", "title": "[The intraarticular fracture of the distal end of the tibia as a prognostic criterion (author's transl)].", "content": "Ankle fractures with injuries of the distal articular surface of the tibia have particularly unfavourable results. A follow-up of 103 cases shows, that even small marginal fragments of the lip of tibia produce posttraumatic athrosis. Results become statistically worse when the fragment is about 1/5 of the joint surface. Further there is a clear relationship between the number of the single injuries and the incidence of posttraumatic arthrosis. Thus the prognosis of ankle fractures is better described by the genetic classification of Lauge-Hansen than by the classification of Weber,", "contents": "[The intraarticular fracture of the distal end of the tibia as a prognostic criterion (author's transl)]. Ankle fractures with injuries of the distal articular surface of the tibia have particularly unfavourable results. A follow-up of 103 cases shows, that even small marginal fragments of the lip of tibia produce posttraumatic athrosis. Results become statistically worse when the fragment is about 1/5 of the joint surface. Further there is a clear relationship between the number of the single injuries and the incidence of posttraumatic arthrosis. Thus the prognosis of ankle fractures is better described by the genetic classification of Lauge-Hansen than by the classification of Weber,", "PMID": 843295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5594", "title": "[Mechanical properties of bonding between cancellous bone and polymethylmetacrylate. IV. Tensile fatigue strength (author's transl)].", "content": "In joint replacement the fixation of implants to bone is loaded dynamically. The fatique strength of the bonding of PMMA to cancellous bone was determined for cyclic tensile loading. It was found to be 35% of the static tensile strength and greater than 0.6 Nmm-2 within a 95%-safety-range.", "contents": "[Mechanical properties of bonding between cancellous bone and polymethylmetacrylate. IV. Tensile fatigue strength (author's transl)]. In joint replacement the fixation of implants to bone is loaded dynamically. The fatique strength of the bonding of PMMA to cancellous bone was determined for cyclic tensile loading. It was found to be 35% of the static tensile strength and greater than 0.6 Nmm-2 within a 95%-safety-range.", "PMID": 843296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5595", "title": "[Multiple fractures of the atlas with delayed fatal thrombosis of vertebral artery following \"whiplash\" injury of the neck (author's transl)].", "content": "Report of the case of a 62 year old male, who died in a car crash on his way home from duty, when he had a frontal collison with annother car at a speed of about 70 km per hour. After the collision, the car had completely turned over to its wheels. As the man had put on the seat belts, he had not been cast against the front window so that there were no head injuries. Following an unconsciousness of about ten minutes the patient recovered quickly and was already fully oriented when arrived at hospital. No neurological symptoms could be substantiated. He only suffered from pain of the neck and had a marked swelling of the left side of the neck. A burstin fracture of the atlas vertebra (Jefferson-fracture) was overlooked in routine X-rays of the craniovertebral region. Eight days after the accident, the hitherto \"well improving\" patient died suddenly and unexpectedly. The autopsy revealed an obstructing thrombosis of the left vertebral artery, less than 24 hours old. The wall of the artery showed numerous dissecting ruptures with intramural bleedings.", "contents": "[Multiple fractures of the atlas with delayed fatal thrombosis of vertebral artery following \"whiplash\" injury of the neck (author's transl)]. Report of the case of a 62 year old male, who died in a car crash on his way home from duty, when he had a frontal collison with annother car at a speed of about 70 km per hour. After the collision, the car had completely turned over to its wheels. As the man had put on the seat belts, he had not been cast against the front window so that there were no head injuries. Following an unconsciousness of about ten minutes the patient recovered quickly and was already fully oriented when arrived at hospital. No neurological symptoms could be substantiated. He only suffered from pain of the neck and had a marked swelling of the left side of the neck. A burstin fracture of the atlas vertebra (Jefferson-fracture) was overlooked in routine X-rays of the craniovertebral region. Eight days after the accident, the hitherto \"well improving\" patient died suddenly and unexpectedly. The autopsy revealed an obstructing thrombosis of the left vertebral artery, less than 24 hours old. The wall of the artery showed numerous dissecting ruptures with intramural bleedings.", "PMID": 843297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5596", "title": "Copper levels in livers of turkeys with naturally occurring aortic rupture.", "content": "Lesions of connective tissue in the media of the aorta, including ruptures, were produced with experimental copper deficiency in turkey poults. The copper and molybdenum contents in the livers of 12 turkeys that had succumbed to naturally occuring aortic ruptures were measured to determine if field cases of the disease are etiologically related to copper deficiency. Half of the livers contained less than 10 ppm copper, and the others contained 10--20 ppm copper. Molybdenum levels were less than 1 ppm.", "contents": "Copper levels in livers of turkeys with naturally occurring aortic rupture. Lesions of connective tissue in the media of the aorta, including ruptures, were produced with experimental copper deficiency in turkey poults. The copper and molybdenum contents in the livers of 12 turkeys that had succumbed to naturally occuring aortic ruptures were measured to determine if field cases of the disease are etiologically related to copper deficiency. Half of the livers contained less than 10 ppm copper, and the others contained 10--20 ppm copper. Molybdenum levels were less than 1 ppm.", "PMID": 843298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5597", "title": "Isolation of Salmonella hessarek from starlings (Sturnus vulgaris).", "content": "Salmonella hessarek was isolated from dead starlings which were part of a large population wintering in Israel. Isolation techniques and laboratory inoculation of birds are described.", "contents": "Isolation of Salmonella hessarek from starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). Salmonella hessarek was isolated from dead starlings which were part of a large population wintering in Israel. Isolation techniques and laboratory inoculation of birds are described.", "PMID": 843299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5598", "title": "Aerosol vaccination against Newcastle disease. III. Field experiments in broiler chickens.", "content": "Two different aerosol generators were used for aerosol-vaccination of 128,000 broiler-type chickens having moderate to low maternal antibody titers with the B1 and LaSota strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Efficacy of vaccination was evaluated from resistance to challenge with a velogenic strain (Texas GB) of NDV and hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody titers, Both aerosol generators induced adequate immune response at the aperture settings used. There was little detectable benefit from vaccination at 1 day old, but antibody response and resistance to challenge were good from vaccination at 10 and 28 days of age.", "contents": "Aerosol vaccination against Newcastle disease. III. Field experiments in broiler chickens. Two different aerosol generators were used for aerosol-vaccination of 128,000 broiler-type chickens having moderate to low maternal antibody titers with the B1 and LaSota strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Efficacy of vaccination was evaluated from resistance to challenge with a velogenic strain (Texas GB) of NDV and hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody titers, Both aerosol generators induced adequate immune response at the aperture settings used. There was little detectable benefit from vaccination at 1 day old, but antibody response and resistance to challenge were good from vaccination at 10 and 28 days of age.", "PMID": 843301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5599", "title": "Fowl cholera: induction of cross-protection in turkeys with bacterins prepared from host-passaged Pasteurella multocida.", "content": "Modified fowl cholera bacterins prepared by inoculating agar medium with infected liver tissue from birds which died of acute fowl cholera induced 70% cross-protection in turkeys, i.e., protection against a different immunologic type of Pasteurella multocida. Standard bacterins prepared from cultures which had been lyophilized and stored showed variable cross-protection (0--40%). Repeated subculturing of the standard inoculum on agar reduced cross-protection. The protection with either the modified or standard bacterins was comparable (80--100%) when immunity was challenged with the homologous strain. With lyophilization of P. multocida and subculturing on agar, it appears that antigens capable of inducing cross-immunity may be lost more readily than antigens capable of inducing homologous immunity.", "contents": "Fowl cholera: induction of cross-protection in turkeys with bacterins prepared from host-passaged Pasteurella multocida. Modified fowl cholera bacterins prepared by inoculating agar medium with infected liver tissue from birds which died of acute fowl cholera induced 70% cross-protection in turkeys, i.e., protection against a different immunologic type of Pasteurella multocida. Standard bacterins prepared from cultures which had been lyophilized and stored showed variable cross-protection (0--40%). Repeated subculturing of the standard inoculum on agar reduced cross-protection. The protection with either the modified or standard bacterins was comparable (80--100%) when immunity was challenged with the homologous strain. With lyophilization of P. multocida and subculturing on agar, it appears that antigens capable of inducing cross-immunity may be lost more readily than antigens capable of inducing homologous immunity.", "PMID": 843303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5600", "title": "Antibiotic egg injection to eliminate disease. I. Effect of injection methods on turkey hatchability and Mycoplasma meleagridis infection.", "content": "Mycoplasma meleagridis infection in turkey hatching eggs was eliminated by injecting eggs with a combination of tylosin and gentamicin. Hatched F1 and F2 progeny remained free of egg-transmitted infection. Contact exposure was experienced in one negative flock. Of the preincubation injection procedures studied, a drilled hole on the small end of the egg was the inoculation site easiest to administer and best tolerated by the embryo. The embryo can tolerate a dose of gentamicin sulfate injected at 10 days of incubation that would be toxic if administered before incubation. Requirements for maintaining progeny free of infection are discussed.", "contents": "Antibiotic egg injection to eliminate disease. I. Effect of injection methods on turkey hatchability and Mycoplasma meleagridis infection. Mycoplasma meleagridis infection in turkey hatching eggs was eliminated by injecting eggs with a combination of tylosin and gentamicin. Hatched F1 and F2 progeny remained free of egg-transmitted infection. Contact exposure was experienced in one negative flock. Of the preincubation injection procedures studied, a drilled hole on the small end of the egg was the inoculation site easiest to administer and best tolerated by the embryo. The embryo can tolerate a dose of gentamicin sulfate injected at 10 days of incubation that would be toxic if administered before incubation. Requirements for maintaining progeny free of infection are discussed.", "PMID": 843304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5601", "title": "Myocarditis of probable viral origin in chickens.", "content": "Severe nonsuppurative myocarditis with Feulgen-positive intranuclear inclusions in six adult White Leghorn chickens is described. Livers of three birds had mild to moderate centrilobular coagulative necrosis, with no inclusions. The myocardial intranuclear inclusions contained a large number of 18-to-20-nm particles; these are compared with members of the family Parvoviridae.", "contents": "Myocarditis of probable viral origin in chickens. Severe nonsuppurative myocarditis with Feulgen-positive intranuclear inclusions in six adult White Leghorn chickens is described. Livers of three birds had mild to moderate centrilobular coagulative necrosis, with no inclusions. The myocardial intranuclear inclusions contained a large number of 18-to-20-nm particles; these are compared with members of the family Parvoviridae.", "PMID": 843300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5602", "title": "Studies on the pathogeneis of tibial dyschondroplasia in chickens. IV. Some features of the vascular supply to the growth plates of the tibiotarsus.", "content": "Several features of the vascular supply to the growth plates of the tibiotarsus were compared in two strains of broiler chickens selected for a high and low incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia. No difference was found between the two strains in the area of the proximal growth plate of the tibiotarsus or in the distance of the nutrient foramen from the same growth plate. Vascular tunnels invading the zone of hypertrophy were significantly fewer in the proximal growth plate than in the distal growth plate, and tunnels invading the zone of hypertrophy of each growth plate were also fewer in the high-incidence chickens than in the low-incidence chickens.", "contents": "Studies on the pathogeneis of tibial dyschondroplasia in chickens. IV. Some features of the vascular supply to the growth plates of the tibiotarsus. Several features of the vascular supply to the growth plates of the tibiotarsus were compared in two strains of broiler chickens selected for a high and low incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia. No difference was found between the two strains in the area of the proximal growth plate of the tibiotarsus or in the distance of the nutrient foramen from the same growth plate. Vascular tunnels invading the zone of hypertrophy were significantly fewer in the proximal growth plate than in the distal growth plate, and tunnels invading the zone of hypertrophy of each growth plate were also fewer in the high-incidence chickens than in the low-incidence chickens.", "PMID": 843305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5603", "title": "Effects on feed consumption and egg production of coffee bean seed (Cassia obtusifolia) fed to White Leghorn hens.", "content": "Coffee bean seed (Cassia obtusifolia) was ground and mixed in the feed at levels of 2,5, and 10% and fed to White Leghorn hens. Feed consumption and egg production were reduced by all three although more so at 5 and 10%. Feed consumption and egg production had not returned to control levels four weeks after the adulterated feed was suspended, though the response was more pronounced in the younger birds. The semitendinosus and pectoralis superficialis muscles were pale and edematous at postmortem examination of the birds, being most pronounced at the 5 and 10% levels.", "contents": "Effects on feed consumption and egg production of coffee bean seed (Cassia obtusifolia) fed to White Leghorn hens. Coffee bean seed (Cassia obtusifolia) was ground and mixed in the feed at levels of 2,5, and 10% and fed to White Leghorn hens. Feed consumption and egg production were reduced by all three although more so at 5 and 10%. Feed consumption and egg production had not returned to control levels four weeks after the adulterated feed was suspended, though the response was more pronounced in the younger birds. The semitendinosus and pectoralis superficialis muscles were pale and edematous at postmortem examination of the birds, being most pronounced at the 5 and 10% levels.", "PMID": 843306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5604", "title": "Production and properties of hemagglutinin of Haemophilus gallinarum.", "content": "Production of hemagglutinin (HA) of Haemophilus gallinarum was compared in some media, and its properties were studied. HA was produced in Kato's media, brain heart infusion (BHI) broth containing beta-diphosphopyridine nucleotide, and chicken meat infusion (CMI) broth. The HA in CMI broth different according to the concentration of the chicken serum; no HA titer was found in 0.5% or more chicken serum, but HA was activated by storage in a refrigerator. Cells of H. gallinarum cultured for a long time had markedly decreased HA titer. A weak HA was produced in blood and Kato's agars, but no titer appeared in CMI and BHI agars. HA of H. gallinarum was heat-labile and inactivated by formalin, ethanol, methanol, and ethyl acetate. On the other hand, HA was resistant to chloroform, acetone, and some enzymes. Moreover, the HA titer of cell cultured in CMI broth was enhanced by hyaluronidase. H. gallinarum in Kato's and BHI broths were pleomorphic rods with or without a capsule, but were capsulated ovoid cells in CMI broth, according to electron microscopy.", "contents": "Production and properties of hemagglutinin of Haemophilus gallinarum. Production of hemagglutinin (HA) of Haemophilus gallinarum was compared in some media, and its properties were studied. HA was produced in Kato's media, brain heart infusion (BHI) broth containing beta-diphosphopyridine nucleotide, and chicken meat infusion (CMI) broth. The HA in CMI broth different according to the concentration of the chicken serum; no HA titer was found in 0.5% or more chicken serum, but HA was activated by storage in a refrigerator. Cells of H. gallinarum cultured for a long time had markedly decreased HA titer. A weak HA was produced in blood and Kato's agars, but no titer appeared in CMI and BHI agars. HA of H. gallinarum was heat-labile and inactivated by formalin, ethanol, methanol, and ethyl acetate. On the other hand, HA was resistant to chloroform, acetone, and some enzymes. Moreover, the HA titer of cell cultured in CMI broth was enhanced by hyaluronidase. H. gallinarum in Kato's and BHI broths were pleomorphic rods with or without a capsule, but were capsulated ovoid cells in CMI broth, according to electron microscopy.", "PMID": 843302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5605", "title": "Spatial and temporal processing in patients with Turner's syndrome.", "content": "Thirteen females with Turner's syndrome were examined for spatial abilitles and serial processing, and their performance was compared with that of normal females matched by age, intellignece, and socioeconomic class. Patients with Turners's syndrome performed significantly poorer on tests of spatial ability than controls, but only on spatial tests requiring the integration of isolated elements as synthetic wholes or the remembering of spatial configurations which could not be verbally mediated. Patients also performed less well than controls on tasks of serial processing when the tasks could not be mediated verbally.  2t was concluded that patients with Turner's syndrome may have a selective deficit in cortical functions that are lateralized to the right cerebral hemisphere.", "contents": "Spatial and temporal processing in patients with Turner's syndrome. Thirteen females with Turner's syndrome were examined for spatial abilitles and serial processing, and their performance was compared with that of normal females matched by age, intellignece, and socioeconomic class. Patients with Turners's syndrome performed significantly poorer on tests of spatial ability than controls, but only on spatial tests requiring the integration of isolated elements as synthetic wholes or the remembering of spatial configurations which could not be verbally mediated. Patients also performed less well than controls on tasks of serial processing when the tasks could not be mediated verbally.  2t was concluded that patients with Turner's syndrome may have a selective deficit in cortical functions that are lateralized to the right cerebral hemisphere.", "PMID": 843313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5606", "title": "Neonatal androgen injection changes open-field behavior of mice.", "content": "Newborn female mice of the C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ inbred strains and their reciprocal F1 hybrids were injected either with testosterone or with oil vehicle alone. Both the repeatablity and mean level of open-field activity scores over a 10-day test period increased in hormone-injected animals compared with controls. Increased activity due to hormonal treatment was greater in hybrid females than in inbred females. There was no consistent effect of hormonal treatment on open-field defecation.", "contents": "Neonatal androgen injection changes open-field behavior of mice. Newborn female mice of the C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ inbred strains and their reciprocal F1 hybrids were injected either with testosterone or with oil vehicle alone. Both the repeatablity and mean level of open-field activity scores over a 10-day test period increased in hormone-injected animals compared with controls. Increased activity due to hormonal treatment was greater in hybrid females than in inbred females. There was no consistent effect of hormonal treatment on open-field defecation.", "PMID": 843314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5607", "title": "Concerning the origin of handedness in humans.", "content": "The origin of right-handedness as the predominant chirality in humans seems to be related to the tendency of human (and presumably prehuman) mothers to hold infants on the left side. The latter practice has previously been ascribed to imprinting and the soothing sound of the mother's heartbeat on the infant. Given the practice of holding the child in this manner, dextral mothers will be more skillful at manipulation of objects and selectively favored.", "contents": "Concerning the origin of handedness in humans. The origin of right-handedness as the predominant chirality in humans seems to be related to the tendency of human (and presumably prehuman) mothers to hold infants on the left side. The latter practice has previously been ascribed to imprinting and the soothing sound of the mother's heartbeat on the infant. Given the practice of holding the child in this manner, dextral mothers will be more skillful at manipulation of objects and selectively favored.", "PMID": 843315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5608", "title": "Aging and frequency-dependent mating in Drosophila.", "content": "Frequency-dependent mating behavior has been observed in Drosophila pseudoobcura, but most experiments have used only 4-day-old  virgin flies. One report has indicated that rare-male behavior may be affected by age. Males and females of the Arrowhead strain along with rare orange-eyed males were used in the present study to confirm that frequency-dependent mating behavior is operating with 4-day-old females but is absent by 11 days. The same situation is also observed when Chricahua males and females are used along with rare Arrowhead males.", "contents": "Aging and frequency-dependent mating in Drosophila. Frequency-dependent mating behavior has been observed in Drosophila pseudoobcura, but most experiments have used only 4-day-old  virgin flies. One report has indicated that rare-male behavior may be affected by age. Males and females of the Arrowhead strain along with rare orange-eyed males were used in the present study to confirm that frequency-dependent mating behavior is operating with 4-day-old females but is absent by 11 days. The same situation is also observed when Chricahua males and females are used along with rare Arrowhead males.", "PMID": 843316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5609", "title": "Direct positive inotropic effect of mannitol on the intact canine heart.", "content": "Infusion of 25% mannitol into either the circumflex or left anterior descending coronary artery caused a significant increase in myocardial force development, measured by means of strain gauge in 10 anesthetized dogs. The changes were confined to the area perfused. The increase in developed force was dose-dependent, 20% at an infusion rate of 0.55 ml/min, 28% at 1.4 ml/min, 32% at 2.8 ml/min and 57% at 5.5 ml/min. There was a similar increase in dF/dt. The increase in developed force in the first minute was also dose-dependent, being 9% at 0.55 ml/min and 40% at 5.5 ml/min. No change in developed force occurred in the control (non-perfused) area or during saline infusion of the same artery at similar rates. A decrease in developed force of 10.5% was observed after the initial rise when mannitol was infused at 5.5 ml/min. This effect did not completely abolish the initial increase. No change in blood pressure, heart rate, LV systolic and diastolic pressure of LV dp/dt occurred during the experiment. It is concluded that doses of mannitol which are in clinical use have a direct positive inotropic effect on the intact canine heart.", "contents": "Direct positive inotropic effect of mannitol on the intact canine heart. Infusion of 25% mannitol into either the circumflex or left anterior descending coronary artery caused a significant increase in myocardial force development, measured by means of strain gauge in 10 anesthetized dogs. The changes were confined to the area perfused. The increase in developed force was dose-dependent, 20% at an infusion rate of 0.55 ml/min, 28% at 1.4 ml/min, 32% at 2.8 ml/min and 57% at 5.5 ml/min. There was a similar increase in dF/dt. The increase in developed force in the first minute was also dose-dependent, being 9% at 0.55 ml/min and 40% at 5.5 ml/min. No change in developed force occurred in the control (non-perfused) area or during saline infusion of the same artery at similar rates. A decrease in developed force of 10.5% was observed after the initial rise when mannitol was infused at 5.5 ml/min. This effect did not completely abolish the initial increase. No change in blood pressure, heart rate, LV systolic and diastolic pressure of LV dp/dt occurred during the experiment. It is concluded that doses of mannitol which are in clinical use have a direct positive inotropic effect on the intact canine heart.", "PMID": 843317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5610", "title": "Effects of acetylcholine on the regional distribution of microspheres in the skeletal muscle of the cat.", "content": "The present experiments were performed to study the question whether intraarterially infused acetylcholine changes in local tissue perfusion of the skeletal muscle. In experiments on cats the triceps surae muscles were isolated. While acetylcholine (0.5 mug/kg X min) was infused intraarterially on one side, the opposite side was taken as control. 4 minutes after the start of the infusion non-radioactive microspheres of 15 mum diameter were injected into the ascending aorta. Subsequently the muscles were freeze-sectioned into 1.0 mm thick slices and cleared by sodium hydroxide and glycerine. The concentration of microspheres per mm3 was measured in representative cross sections of the muscle. Higher concentrations of microspheres were observed in the proximal than in the distal slices of the acetylcholine-treated side. The distribution of microspheres was found to be different in the segments as well: higher values were found in the central than in peripheral segments. The untreated side showed a qualitatively similar state. The differences in the distribution pattern, however, were smaller than in the acetylcholine-treated muscles. It is concluded that the increased inhomogeneity of the regional perfusion observed in this study during vasodilation corresponds to the results reporting a changed nutritive tissue perfusion during an acetylcholine treatment.", "contents": "Effects of acetylcholine on the regional distribution of microspheres in the skeletal muscle of the cat. The present experiments were performed to study the question whether intraarterially infused acetylcholine changes in local tissue perfusion of the skeletal muscle. In experiments on cats the triceps surae muscles were isolated. While acetylcholine (0.5 mug/kg X min) was infused intraarterially on one side, the opposite side was taken as control. 4 minutes after the start of the infusion non-radioactive microspheres of 15 mum diameter were injected into the ascending aorta. Subsequently the muscles were freeze-sectioned into 1.0 mm thick slices and cleared by sodium hydroxide and glycerine. The concentration of microspheres per mm3 was measured in representative cross sections of the muscle. Higher concentrations of microspheres were observed in the proximal than in the distal slices of the acetylcholine-treated side. The distribution of microspheres was found to be different in the segments as well: higher values were found in the central than in peripheral segments. The untreated side showed a qualitatively similar state. The differences in the distribution pattern, however, were smaller than in the acetylcholine-treated muscles. It is concluded that the increased inhomogeneity of the regional perfusion observed in this study during vasodilation corresponds to the results reporting a changed nutritive tissue perfusion during an acetylcholine treatment.", "PMID": 843318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5611", "title": "Heat production and oxygen consumption of the isolated rabbit heart: their relation to mechanical function.", "content": "A method is described for simultaneous determination of the heat production and the oxygen consumption of the isolated, isovolumetrically beating rabbit heart. The perfusion of the heart was performed via the aorta at a constant flow rate with carbogen saturated Tyrode's solution at a temperature of 37.0 degrees C. Heart function was varied by stepwise augmentation of the left intraventricular volume (LVV) by means of a balloon catheter. The following mechanical parameter of heart function were determined: enddiastolic pressure (EDP), peak pressure (PP), developed pressure (DP), max. contraction and relaxation velocity (dP/dt-A and dP/dt-B), enddiastolic tension (Tens-EDP), peak tension (Tens-PP), developed tension (Tens-DP), and circumferential tension (Tens-Cir). DP, dP/dt-A and dP/dt-R showed a maximum response to changes of the LVV at 2.0 ml LVV and 19.3 mm Hg EDP. Heat production (H) and oxygen consumption (Q) were correlated closely to mechanical function and to each other (r = 0.89, n = 8). The ratio H/Q was 4.9 cal/ml O2 and remained constant during the experiment. The myocardial energy consumption was significantly correlated toall contraction parameters with the best fit to DP and Tens-Cir (r = 0.934 and 0.933 resp.). On the basis of the calculated mean regression lines, the function-independent and the function-dependent energy consumption were calculated.", "contents": "Heat production and oxygen consumption of the isolated rabbit heart: their relation to mechanical function. A method is described for simultaneous determination of the heat production and the oxygen consumption of the isolated, isovolumetrically beating rabbit heart. The perfusion of the heart was performed via the aorta at a constant flow rate with carbogen saturated Tyrode's solution at a temperature of 37.0 degrees C. Heart function was varied by stepwise augmentation of the left intraventricular volume (LVV) by means of a balloon catheter. The following mechanical parameter of heart function were determined: enddiastolic pressure (EDP), peak pressure (PP), developed pressure (DP), max. contraction and relaxation velocity (dP/dt-A and dP/dt-B), enddiastolic tension (Tens-EDP), peak tension (Tens-PP), developed tension (Tens-DP), and circumferential tension (Tens-Cir). DP, dP/dt-A and dP/dt-R showed a maximum response to changes of the LVV at 2.0 ml LVV and 19.3 mm Hg EDP. Heat production (H) and oxygen consumption (Q) were correlated closely to mechanical function and to each other (r = 0.89, n = 8). The ratio H/Q was 4.9 cal/ml O2 and remained constant during the experiment. The myocardial energy consumption was significantly correlated toall contraction parameters with the best fit to DP and Tens-Cir (r = 0.934 and 0.933 resp.). On the basis of the calculated mean regression lines, the function-independent and the function-dependent energy consumption were calculated.", "PMID": 843319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5612", "title": "Norepinephrine, potassium and overdrive suppression.", "content": "The influence of norepinephrine on ventricular overdrive suppression and attendant potassium shifts has been studied in isolated perfused canine hearts with complete atrioventricular block. It was found that: 1) there is a potassium loss during the drive and a potassium uptake after the drive); 2) reducing the driving rate from 240 to 120/min decreases potassium loss; 3) norepinephrine increases potassium uptake and spontaneously beating ventricles and during the recovery from 120/min drive; 4) norepinephrine enhances K loss during and after a 240/min drive; 5) norepinephrine shortens the overdrive pause under all the conditions tested; 6) in ventricles driven at a constant rate, norepinephrine causes a small loss of ptoassium; 7) reserpinized hearts show a small potassium loss during drive and a larger potassium uptake after drive; yet, the suppression is longer; 8) norepinephrine increases K loss with drive and decreases overdrive suppression in reserpinized hearts; 9) norepinephrine enhances the increase in oxygen consumption caused by overdrive; and 10) norepinephrine antagonizes the depressant effect of high [K]0 on automaticity. It is concluded that norepinephrine shortens the pause independently of potassium levels and antagonizes the inhibittory influence of high K. The effect or norepinephrine on K movements depends on the ventricular rate and such rate-dependence is related to oxygen availability with respect to the increased metabolic demand.", "contents": "Norepinephrine, potassium and overdrive suppression. The influence of norepinephrine on ventricular overdrive suppression and attendant potassium shifts has been studied in isolated perfused canine hearts with complete atrioventricular block. It was found that: 1) there is a potassium loss during the drive and a potassium uptake after the drive); 2) reducing the driving rate from 240 to 120/min decreases potassium loss; 3) norepinephrine increases potassium uptake and spontaneously beating ventricles and during the recovery from 120/min drive; 4) norepinephrine enhances K loss during and after a 240/min drive; 5) norepinephrine shortens the overdrive pause under all the conditions tested; 6) in ventricles driven at a constant rate, norepinephrine causes a small loss of ptoassium; 7) reserpinized hearts show a small potassium loss during drive and a larger potassium uptake after drive; yet, the suppression is longer; 8) norepinephrine increases K loss with drive and decreases overdrive suppression in reserpinized hearts; 9) norepinephrine enhances the increase in oxygen consumption caused by overdrive; and 10) norepinephrine antagonizes the depressant effect of high [K]0 on automaticity. It is concluded that norepinephrine shortens the pause independently of potassium levels and antagonizes the inhibittory influence of high K. The effect or norepinephrine on K movements depends on the ventricular rate and such rate-dependence is related to oxygen availability with respect to the increased metabolic demand.", "PMID": 843320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5613", "title": "[Impedance cardiography, a method to evaluate quantitatively cardiac output? Comparison with the Fick principle (author's transl)].", "content": "In 36 children without shunts nearly 280 electrical impedance measurements were carried out in order to estimate the accuracy of the impedance cardiography as a means of calculating output. During evaluation up to 22 combinations of test conditions and possibilities of evaluation per child were tested. As a reference method the Fick Principle was used. The reproducibility of impedance measurements showed itself to be high, but no agreement of the results by impedance cardigraphy and corresponding values by the Fick method could be found. Some reasons give rise to suppose that impedance cardiography only reflects changes in the intrathoracic fluid level occurring during heart action from which because of formal reasons no interference should be drawn about the original cardiac output. Besides physical arguments tell against the possibility of picking up these volume-changes quantitatively by analyzing transthoracic electrical impedance.", "contents": "[Impedance cardiography, a method to evaluate quantitatively cardiac output? Comparison with the Fick principle (author's transl)]. In 36 children without shunts nearly 280 electrical impedance measurements were carried out in order to estimate the accuracy of the impedance cardiography as a means of calculating output. During evaluation up to 22 combinations of test conditions and possibilities of evaluation per child were tested. As a reference method the Fick Principle was used. The reproducibility of impedance measurements showed itself to be high, but no agreement of the results by impedance cardigraphy and corresponding values by the Fick method could be found. Some reasons give rise to suppose that impedance cardiography only reflects changes in the intrathoracic fluid level occurring during heart action from which because of formal reasons no interference should be drawn about the original cardiac output. Besides physical arguments tell against the possibility of picking up these volume-changes quantitatively by analyzing transthoracic electrical impedance.", "PMID": 843321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5614", "title": "[Mitral valve and mitral ring movement in mitral stenosis. An ultrasonic study with different valve models (author's transl)].", "content": "We constructed three different mitral valve models in order to investigate the different mechanisms which account for the concordant opening and closing movement of the posterior compared to the anterior mitral valve in mitral stenosis. Three different types of movements are possible: a dorso-anterior movement of the mitral ring, opening and closure of the valve itself and a rotation of the entire valve apparatus. Our in-vitro studies showed that the best explanation for the concordant diastolic movement of the posterior valve is given by the assumption that during the early diastolic opening phase of the valves the whole stenotic valve apparatus is rotated upward, i.e. towards the transducer. This rotation, has a higher amplitude compared to the residual downward-oriented opening movement of the posterior valve.", "contents": "[Mitral valve and mitral ring movement in mitral stenosis. An ultrasonic study with different valve models (author's transl)]. We constructed three different mitral valve models in order to investigate the different mechanisms which account for the concordant opening and closing movement of the posterior compared to the anterior mitral valve in mitral stenosis. Three different types of movements are possible: a dorso-anterior movement of the mitral ring, opening and closure of the valve itself and a rotation of the entire valve apparatus. Our in-vitro studies showed that the best explanation for the concordant diastolic movement of the posterior valve is given by the assumption that during the early diastolic opening phase of the valves the whole stenotic valve apparatus is rotated upward, i.e. towards the transducer. This rotation, has a higher amplitude compared to the residual downward-oriented opening movement of the posterior valve.", "PMID": 843322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5615", "title": "[Influence of electrical stimulation of the heart on coronary circulation (author's transl)].", "content": "Coronary perfusion was measured in anaesthetized dogs under sinus rhythm, after creation of an acute AV-block, and during pacing of the heart at frequencies of 60 to 150 min-1. With increased heart rate coronary perfusion was enhanced. The close relation between heart rate and coronary perfusion is not influenced by artificial stimulation. The improvement in coronary circulation under pacing after creating of the A-Vblock is due exclusively to the rise in heart rate.", "contents": "[Influence of electrical stimulation of the heart on coronary circulation (author's transl)]. Coronary perfusion was measured in anaesthetized dogs under sinus rhythm, after creation of an acute AV-block, and during pacing of the heart at frequencies of 60 to 150 min-1. With increased heart rate coronary perfusion was enhanced. The close relation between heart rate and coronary perfusion is not influenced by artificial stimulation. The improvement in coronary circulation under pacing after creating of the A-Vblock is due exclusively to the rise in heart rate.", "PMID": 843323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5616", "title": "The release of calcium from cardiac mitochondria: the importance of the calcium-protein ratio.", "content": "Using a DW 2 dual wavelength spectrophotometer (AMINCO) and murexide as a Ca2+ sensitive indicator it is shown that guinea-pig heart mitochondria can release accumulated Ca2+ without the influence of non-physiological material. The main factor which decides if accumulated Ca2+ is spontaneously released is the Ca2+/mitochondrial-protein ratio. Under appropriate assay conditions a critical intramitochondrial Ca2+ concentration is reached. Increasing this concentration leads to Ca2+-release.", "contents": "The release of calcium from cardiac mitochondria: the importance of the calcium-protein ratio. Using a DW 2 dual wavelength spectrophotometer (AMINCO) and murexide as a Ca2+ sensitive indicator it is shown that guinea-pig heart mitochondria can release accumulated Ca2+ without the influence of non-physiological material. The main factor which decides if accumulated Ca2+ is spontaneously released is the Ca2+/mitochondrial-protein ratio. Under appropriate assay conditions a critical intramitochondrial Ca2+ concentration is reached. Increasing this concentration leads to Ca2+-release.", "PMID": 843324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5617", "title": "[Glomerular filtration rate in newborn infants with idiopathic respiratory insufficieny syndrome (IRDS)].", "content": "The speed of glomerular filtration (GFR) was studied in 16 healthy newborns and in 19 with idiopathic respiratory insufficiency syndrome (IRDS). It turned to be 30.22 +/- 10.23 ml/min/1.73 m2 for healthy cases and of 17.49 +/- 9.71 for those with IRDS; significant dirrerence (p less than 0.001). The same situation was true when preterm or healthy full term cases were compared with those with IRDS. No correlation was shown among GFR with the degree of hypoxemia, hypercapnea or acidosis and even if GFR was 13.89 +/- 10.40 ml./min/1.73 m2 in infants with IRDS who died, if compared with 19.32 +/- 9.17 in those who survived, the difference was not significant. At the end, it is concluded that infants with IRDS have decreased GFR, but the constitutents participating in the phenomenon have not been yet identified.", "contents": "[Glomerular filtration rate in newborn infants with idiopathic respiratory insufficieny syndrome (IRDS)]. The speed of glomerular filtration (GFR) was studied in 16 healthy newborns and in 19 with idiopathic respiratory insufficiency syndrome (IRDS). It turned to be 30.22 +/- 10.23 ml/min/1.73 m2 for healthy cases and of 17.49 +/- 9.71 for those with IRDS; significant dirrerence (p less than 0.001). The same situation was true when preterm or healthy full term cases were compared with those with IRDS. No correlation was shown among GFR with the degree of hypoxemia, hypercapnea or acidosis and even if GFR was 13.89 +/- 10.40 ml./min/1.73 m2 in infants with IRDS who died, if compared with 19.32 +/- 9.17 in those who survived, the difference was not significant. At the end, it is concluded that infants with IRDS have decreased GFR, but the constitutents participating in the phenomenon have not been yet identified.", "PMID": 843399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5618", "title": "[What is wrong with the measles vaccine in Mexico? Study of an epidemic outbrake of measles].", "content": "The study included 205 children with measles seen after an epidemic outbreak in Distrito Federal during the first six months of 1976. 65.8% of the cases had not been given specific immunization and out of the 70 vaccinated cases (34.2%), one half of them were under one year old and were not given re-enforcement afterwards. The clinical picture suffered no changes in vaccinated children, 40% of infants showed initial exanthema on chest and abdomen with centrifugal distribution and in 41.5% of them, diarrhea appeared during the prodromal period. The most outstanding elements of this epidemic outbreak were the high number of sensible cases and the high percentage of children vaccinated before the age of one year and who were not later given re-vaccination. Indequate handling of the vaccine or combination of vaccine withe gammaglobulin used in 1969 and 1970, are also mentioned as a possibility to explain failures of the vaccine in ths group of well vaccinated children.", "contents": "[What is wrong with the measles vaccine in Mexico? Study of an epidemic outbrake of measles]. The study included 205 children with measles seen after an epidemic outbreak in Distrito Federal during the first six months of 1976. 65.8% of the cases had not been given specific immunization and out of the 70 vaccinated cases (34.2%), one half of them were under one year old and were not given re-enforcement afterwards. The clinical picture suffered no changes in vaccinated children, 40% of infants showed initial exanthema on chest and abdomen with centrifugal distribution and in 41.5% of them, diarrhea appeared during the prodromal period. The most outstanding elements of this epidemic outbreak were the high number of sensible cases and the high percentage of children vaccinated before the age of one year and who were not later given re-vaccination. Indequate handling of the vaccine or combination of vaccine withe gammaglobulin used in 1969 and 1970, are also mentioned as a possibility to explain failures of the vaccine in ths group of well vaccinated children.", "PMID": 843401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5619", "title": "[Use of mannitol and dexamethasone in the management of acute cerebral edema of infectious origin].", "content": "The study included 22 patients with meningoencephalitis and hypertensive cranial syndrome from cerebral edema. Mannitol was given to 13 cases and dexamethasone to 9. There were three therapeutic failures in the group given mannitol and none in that of dexamethasone (p greater than 0.05). Both drugs showed similar effect in the duration of the hypertensive cranial syndrome (39-44 hrs). Patients treated with mannitol showed hyponatremia after 48 hours. No untoward effects appeared in patients given dexamethasone.", "contents": "[Use of mannitol and dexamethasone in the management of acute cerebral edema of infectious origin]. The study included 22 patients with meningoencephalitis and hypertensive cranial syndrome from cerebral edema. Mannitol was given to 13 cases and dexamethasone to 9. There were three therapeutic failures in the group given mannitol and none in that of dexamethasone (p greater than 0.05). Both drugs showed similar effect in the duration of the hypertensive cranial syndrome (39-44 hrs). Patients treated with mannitol showed hyponatremia after 48 hours. No untoward effects appeared in patients given dexamethasone.", "PMID": 843400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5620", "title": "[The Wilson-Mikity syndrome. Report of a case].", "content": "The case of an infant with Wilson-Mikity syndrome is reported; both the clinical evolution and the radiological findings were characteristic and the diagnosis was confirmed at autopsy. Etiology, differential diagnosis, supportive treatment and care of complications are discussed.", "contents": "[The Wilson-Mikity syndrome. Report of a case]. The case of an infant with Wilson-Mikity syndrome is reported; both the clinical evolution and the radiological findings were characteristic and the diagnosis was confirmed at autopsy. Etiology, differential diagnosis, supportive treatment and care of complications are discussed.", "PMID": 843402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5621", "title": "[Cholestyramine in a case of a prolonged diarrhea after a partial ileocolectomy].", "content": "The author reports the case of a 10 years old female child with history of retrocecal appendicular abscess complicated with terminal ileum and right colon necroses which called for partial ileocoletomy. Following this operation, the patient presented diarrhea which caused a loss in weight of 6 kgs. in two months. Antiacids and diphenoxylate were given with negative results. A low fat diet was then given and the patient recovered 1 kg. in weight, but the diarrhea persisted with high excretion of fats. Thereupon, cholestyramine and a normal diet were given followed, within the next 48 hours, by a remission of the diarrhea; the weight loss was recovered within the next 3 months. At present, the patient is still taking very small doses of cholestyramine with a normal diet.", "contents": "[Cholestyramine in a case of a prolonged diarrhea after a partial ileocolectomy]. The author reports the case of a 10 years old female child with history of retrocecal appendicular abscess complicated with terminal ileum and right colon necroses which called for partial ileocoletomy. Following this operation, the patient presented diarrhea which caused a loss in weight of 6 kgs. in two months. Antiacids and diphenoxylate were given with negative results. A low fat diet was then given and the patient recovered 1 kg. in weight, but the diarrhea persisted with high excretion of fats. Thereupon, cholestyramine and a normal diet were given followed, within the next 48 hours, by a remission of the diarrhea; the weight loss was recovered within the next 3 months. At present, the patient is still taking very small doses of cholestyramine with a normal diet.", "PMID": 843403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5622", "title": "[Acrodermatitis enteropathic treated with zinc sulfate. Report of a case].", "content": "A case is reported of a girl with acrodermatitis enteropathica who was treated succesfully with zinc sulfate at 75 mg/day PO. A remarkable increase in weight was evident through the course of 12 months of treatment, reaching the percentile 50 by the age of 3 years; however the height remained close to percentile 3. Possibly, the zinc deficiency is secondary to a selective defect in the metal absorption. Treatment with zinc sulfate in these patients substitutes with greate advantages the use of diiodohydroxyquin. Possibly, zinc supplements must be given for a life time to these patients.", "contents": "[Acrodermatitis enteropathic treated with zinc sulfate. Report of a case]. A case is reported of a girl with acrodermatitis enteropathica who was treated succesfully with zinc sulfate at 75 mg/day PO. A remarkable increase in weight was evident through the course of 12 months of treatment, reaching the percentile 50 by the age of 3 years; however the height remained close to percentile 3. Possibly, the zinc deficiency is secondary to a selective defect in the metal absorption. Treatment with zinc sulfate in these patients substitutes with greate advantages the use of diiodohydroxyquin. Possibly, zinc supplements must be given for a life time to these patients.", "PMID": 843404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5623", "title": "[New aspects in the classification of the nutritional status].", "content": "Considerin recent advances in nutrition somatometry the authors set forth the necessity to bring up to date Gomex's classification with the idea to incorporate other parameters, besides weight, in its application. To this respect, they propose the use of standard deviation as unity to measure the differences between actual values and those taken as reference patterns. Such system offers the advantage to make applicable to all ages the classification mentioned and to obtain an easier and more realistic somatometric comparison among different groups. Other considerations are made on the use of Gomez's classification and examples are set to base their propositions with data from a somatometric inquest.", "contents": "[New aspects in the classification of the nutritional status]. Considerin recent advances in nutrition somatometry the authors set forth the necessity to bring up to date Gomex's classification with the idea to incorporate other parameters, besides weight, in its application. To this respect, they propose the use of standard deviation as unity to measure the differences between actual values and those taken as reference patterns. Such system offers the advantage to make applicable to all ages the classification mentioned and to obtain an easier and more realistic somatometric comparison among different groups. Other considerations are made on the use of Gomez's classification and examples are set to base their propositions with data from a somatometric inquest.", "PMID": 843405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5624", "title": "[Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn. Analysis of 50 cases].", "content": "The study included 50 cases with this disease which were divided into 2 groups: above and under 2,500 g. A relationship was established among weight and bleeding site, type of delivery, prothrombin activity and lethality. It was found that those under 2,500 g. bled earlier than those above 2,500 g. With higher percentage, the bleeding site was the digestive tract in both groups. Most of both groups bled between the 2nd and 6th day and a group of special interest was made up of 8 patients who bled between the 10th and 28th day of life and that we included as hemorrhagic disease of the newborn because bleeding appeared within the neonatal stage; these patients fell within the group showing the lowest prothombin activity. Bleeding within the central nervous system was frequent and showed the highest lethality.", "contents": "[Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn. Analysis of 50 cases]. The study included 50 cases with this disease which were divided into 2 groups: above and under 2,500 g. A relationship was established among weight and bleeding site, type of delivery, prothrombin activity and lethality. It was found that those under 2,500 g. bled earlier than those above 2,500 g. With higher percentage, the bleeding site was the digestive tract in both groups. Most of both groups bled between the 2nd and 6th day and a group of special interest was made up of 8 patients who bled between the 10th and 28th day of life and that we included as hemorrhagic disease of the newborn because bleeding appeared within the neonatal stage; these patients fell within the group showing the lowest prothombin activity. Bleeding within the central nervous system was frequent and showed the highest lethality.", "PMID": 843407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5625", "title": "[Focal sclerosing and segmentary nephropathy in children].", "content": "The cases of 23 nephrotic children in whom percutaneous renal biopsies or postmortem studies showed focal and segmentary sclerosis were reviewed. It was more common in males and the average age at the onset was 6 years. The main symptoms were edema, hematuria and unspecific general manifestations. On admission, nephrotic syndrome was present in 91% of the cases and in a lesser proportion, edema hematuria and high blood pressure were found. The lesion was diagnosed at the first biopsy in 19 cases and in 4, subsequent biopsies or postmortem studies supported the diagnosis. Only 9 out 21 patients treated showed response to steroids and 5 of the resistant cases were given cyclophosphamide, but only one responded. They were checked at different periods of time ranging from 7 months to 10 years and by the end of the study, 11 patients were still under control showing normal renal function in six of them; 4 other cases showed mild renal insufficiency and in the remaining one, there was moderate renal insufficiency. Two died. A good correlation was evident between response to steroids and conservation of renal function. The findings are compared to those from other authors and emphasis is placed on the need to suspect the entity when a nephrotic syndrome with minimal changes is resistant to steroids, or when persistent hematuria is present; also, in cases showing initial lesions of tubular atrophy or interstitial fibrosis.", "contents": "[Focal sclerosing and segmentary nephropathy in children]. The cases of 23 nephrotic children in whom percutaneous renal biopsies or postmortem studies showed focal and segmentary sclerosis were reviewed. It was more common in males and the average age at the onset was 6 years. The main symptoms were edema, hematuria and unspecific general manifestations. On admission, nephrotic syndrome was present in 91% of the cases and in a lesser proportion, edema hematuria and high blood pressure were found. The lesion was diagnosed at the first biopsy in 19 cases and in 4, subsequent biopsies or postmortem studies supported the diagnosis. Only 9 out 21 patients treated showed response to steroids and 5 of the resistant cases were given cyclophosphamide, but only one responded. They were checked at different periods of time ranging from 7 months to 10 years and by the end of the study, 11 patients were still under control showing normal renal function in six of them; 4 other cases showed mild renal insufficiency and in the remaining one, there was moderate renal insufficiency. Two died. A good correlation was evident between response to steroids and conservation of renal function. The findings are compared to those from other authors and emphasis is placed on the need to suspect the entity when a nephrotic syndrome with minimal changes is resistant to steroids, or when persistent hematuria is present; also, in cases showing initial lesions of tubular atrophy or interstitial fibrosis.", "PMID": 843409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5626", "title": "[Somatometry in the full-term newborn infant (preliminary report)].", "content": "As a preliminary comunication, the authors report a somatometric study carried out in 315 full term newborns from different socioeconomic situation; 152 were born at the Hospital General, S.S.A. and 163, in a private hospital where middle and high class families are attended. The information is grouped on whether measurements are related to physical growth, th state of nutrition or to physical development. Several conditions which necessarily must be taken as independent variables in a study of this sort, such as the age of the parents, but specially of the mother, the period of gestation and of course, the socioeconomic level, were analyzed. The finding of up to 17% of case with height under 47 cm. and/or weight under 2,500 g., outstands the necessity to study the homeorrhesis phenomenon as a very important detail in this type of material.", "contents": "[Somatometry in the full-term newborn infant (preliminary report)]. As a preliminary comunication, the authors report a somatometric study carried out in 315 full term newborns from different socioeconomic situation; 152 were born at the Hospital General, S.S.A. and 163, in a private hospital where middle and high class families are attended. The information is grouped on whether measurements are related to physical growth, th state of nutrition or to physical development. Several conditions which necessarily must be taken as independent variables in a study of this sort, such as the age of the parents, but specially of the mother, the period of gestation and of course, the socioeconomic level, were analyzed. The finding of up to 17% of case with height under 47 cm. and/or weight under 2,500 g., outstands the necessity to study the homeorrhesis phenomenon as a very important detail in this type of material.", "PMID": 843406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5627", "title": "[Asymptomatic nephritis in relatives living with children with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis].", "content": "We studied a group of 114 persons living together with children admitted in the hospital because of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis; minute count of the urinary sediment, antistreptolysin 0 and throat culture were done. An increased was found in the urinary excretion of erythrocytes in 31% of the population studied; 71% showed a rise of serum antistreptolysin 0 and 9% showed beta hemolytic streptococci in their throat culture. It is important to search for these asymptomatic patients among relatives and follow their course; there is a possibility that some will developed chronic nephritis. It is also important to erradicate the streptococcal infection.", "contents": "[Asymptomatic nephritis in relatives living with children with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis]. We studied a group of 114 persons living together with children admitted in the hospital because of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis; minute count of the urinary sediment, antistreptolysin 0 and throat culture were done. An increased was found in the urinary excretion of erythrocytes in 31% of the population studied; 71% showed a rise of serum antistreptolysin 0 and 9% showed beta hemolytic streptococci in their throat culture. It is important to search for these asymptomatic patients among relatives and follow their course; there is a possibility that some will developed chronic nephritis. It is also important to erradicate the streptococcal infection.", "PMID": 843410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5628", "title": "[Surgical management of intestinal atresia].", "content": "The study included 33 newborns with the diagnosis of intestinal atresia after discarding those of the duodenum. According to the clinical conditions of the patient and of the malformation, surgery was carried out by derivative ileostomy or primary anastomosis. Survivorship reaches 67% for ileostomy and 65% for anastomosis which are much higher figures than those obtained before.", "contents": "[Surgical management of intestinal atresia]. The study included 33 newborns with the diagnosis of intestinal atresia after discarding those of the duodenum. According to the clinical conditions of the patient and of the malformation, surgery was carried out by derivative ileostomy or primary anastomosis. Survivorship reaches 67% for ileostomy and 65% for anastomosis which are much higher figures than those obtained before.", "PMID": 843408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5629", "title": "[Economy of coupons: its application to a program of weight reduction in adolescents].", "content": "The results obtained in a group of 12 obese adolescents are reported. They were managed following a motivational system called economy of coupons with the purpose of obtaining a drop in the overweight they showed. The study was divided into three stages: A, B and C. Only stage B included the experimental variable (economy of coupons). The patients kept a notebook with daily records of weight, diet and physical exercise to be evaluated by the research workers. If they reached the goals set for them, they were given strengthening stimuli to support such activity. From the analysis of the group for the body weight and its statistic comparison, it was found that in the A - B interaction, the \"p\" level was significant in the weight loss. In the B - C interaction, the value for \"p\" was less than 0.05 in relation to the ponderal increment and in A - C interaction, there was no significance. From this study, the evidence showed that results of A - C interaction were poor and therefore, rehabilitation was not obtained. From the above results, the inclusion of a fourth stage is suggested for further studies where the application of economy of coupons would gradually disappear until a desired behavior is maintained.", "contents": "[Economy of coupons: its application to a program of weight reduction in adolescents]. The results obtained in a group of 12 obese adolescents are reported. They were managed following a motivational system called economy of coupons with the purpose of obtaining a drop in the overweight they showed. The study was divided into three stages: A, B and C. Only stage B included the experimental variable (economy of coupons). The patients kept a notebook with daily records of weight, diet and physical exercise to be evaluated by the research workers. If they reached the goals set for them, they were given strengthening stimuli to support such activity. From the analysis of the group for the body weight and its statistic comparison, it was found that in the A - B interaction, the \"p\" level was significant in the weight loss. In the B - C interaction, the value for \"p\" was less than 0.05 in relation to the ponderal increment and in A - C interaction, there was no significance. From this study, the evidence showed that results of A - C interaction were poor and therefore, rehabilitation was not obtained. From the above results, the inclusion of a fourth stage is suggested for further studies where the application of economy of coupons would gradually disappear until a desired behavior is maintained.", "PMID": 843411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5630", "title": "Comparison of the effects of labetalol and propranolol in healthy men at rest and during exercise.", "content": "1. Oral labeltalol and propranolol have been compared in healthy men with regard to the effects on heart rate, blood pressure and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) at rest and the changes induced by exercise. 2. Labetalol caused a dose-related reduction in standing diastolic pressure at rest whereas propranolol did not but neither drug altered standing systolic pressure at rest. 3. In the doses compared, propranolol was consistently more potent than labetalol in influencing blood pressure changes induced by exercise, in lowering heart rate at rest and reducing PEFR at rest. 4. Labetalol and propranolol are both beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists and the observed differences in the profiles of the two drugs are probably directly related to the additional alpha-adrenoreceptor blocking property of labetalol not possessed by propranolol. Because of these differences labetalol may be expected to have advantages in the treatment of hypertension.", "contents": "Comparison of the effects of labetalol and propranolol in healthy men at rest and during exercise. 1. Oral labeltalol and propranolol have been compared in healthy men with regard to the effects on heart rate, blood pressure and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) at rest and the changes induced by exercise. 2. Labetalol caused a dose-related reduction in standing diastolic pressure at rest whereas propranolol did not but neither drug altered standing systolic pressure at rest. 3. In the doses compared, propranolol was consistently more potent than labetalol in influencing blood pressure changes induced by exercise, in lowering heart rate at rest and reducing PEFR at rest. 4. Labetalol and propranolol are both beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists and the observed differences in the profiles of the two drugs are probably directly related to the additional alpha-adrenoreceptor blocking property of labetalol not possessed by propranolol. Because of these differences labetalol may be expected to have advantages in the treatment of hypertension.", "PMID": 843418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5631", "title": "[Toxoplasmosis. Anatomo clinical characteristics and morphological indentification of the parasite using the silver-impregnation technic].", "content": "The clinical and anatomicopathological characteristics of acute and chronic toxoplasmosis are described as they affect different structures and systems. The lesion to adrenal glands is compared to that seen in disseminated herpes simplex; however, the question remains as to why in both congenital infections, necrosis of adrenal glands appears without inflammatory reaction. The investigation of special techniques for localization and identification of Toxoplasma gondii \"groups\" or cysts, leads to the conclusion that Grocott's silver impregnation technique used for the identification of Entamoeba histolytica is also useful to discover Toxoplasma in tissues.", "contents": "[Toxoplasmosis. Anatomo clinical characteristics and morphological indentification of the parasite using the silver-impregnation technic]. The clinical and anatomicopathological characteristics of acute and chronic toxoplasmosis are described as they affect different structures and systems. The lesion to adrenal glands is compared to that seen in disseminated herpes simplex; however, the question remains as to why in both congenital infections, necrosis of adrenal glands appears without inflammatory reaction. The investigation of special techniques for localization and identification of Toxoplasma gondii \"groups\" or cysts, leads to the conclusion that Grocott's silver impregnation technique used for the identification of Entamoeba histolytica is also useful to discover Toxoplasma in tissues.", "PMID": 843413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5632", "title": "Acute haemodynamic effects of metoprolol in hypertensive patients.", "content": "1. The acute haemodynamic effects of metoprolol (0.15 mg/kg body weight) intravenously were studied at rest and during exercise, in a recumbent position in five patients with arterial hypertension of WHO Stage 1 or 2. 2. Significant decreases in heart rate, cardiac output and arterial blood pressures, both at rest and during exercise, were seen. There were no changes in the calculated stroke volume or systemic vascular resistance. 3. The apparent absence of any relative preponderance of the alpha-adrenoreceptors after acute beta-adrenoreceptor blockade with metoprolol warrants further studies on metoprolol in arterial hypertension.", "contents": "Acute haemodynamic effects of metoprolol in hypertensive patients. 1. The acute haemodynamic effects of metoprolol (0.15 mg/kg body weight) intravenously were studied at rest and during exercise, in a recumbent position in five patients with arterial hypertension of WHO Stage 1 or 2. 2. Significant decreases in heart rate, cardiac output and arterial blood pressures, both at rest and during exercise, were seen. There were no changes in the calculated stroke volume or systemic vascular resistance. 3. The apparent absence of any relative preponderance of the alpha-adrenoreceptors after acute beta-adrenoreceptor blockade with metoprolol warrants further studies on metoprolol in arterial hypertension.", "PMID": 843419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5633", "title": "[Intestinal immunoglobulins in children without infection].", "content": "Immunoglobulins in duodenal content were measured by immunodiffusion in children without infection. Two groups were studied: group I with 11 infants 1 to 35 months old without infectious problems and group II with 14 children 3 to 13 years old who one month previously had suffered typhiod fever. Two groups of commercial plates were used both designed to detect low levels. The plate for values of 1 to 10 mg. % was selected for the study. Secretory IgA (IgAS) was determined using a standard of human colostrum. Total proteins were measured by Biuret's method. The values obtained in Group I were: 2.3 +/- 0.44 for IgAS, 4.9 +/- 1.29 for IgM, 2.3 +/- 1.0 for IgG and 461.09 +/- 160.89 mg. % for total proteins. In Group II, in the same order, the values were: 2.28 +/- 0.59, 3.70 +/- 0.98, 1.57 +/- 0.37 and 333.91 +/- 64.63 mg.%. No sataistically significant difference was found for any of the values mentioned when comparison between the two groups was made; therefore, when values for the two groups were added, the final results were: 2.29 +/- 0.35 for IgAS, 4.23 +/- 0.74 for IgM, 1.89 +/- 0.45 for IgG and 389.86 +/- 70.53 for total proteins. Between serum and intestinal IgA (r = 0.11), there was no correlation. No statistical difference was either found when grouped by sexes or ages (less than 3 and greater than 3 years). It is concluded that the method applied allows the use of very small amounts of the sample, avoids the inconveniences of concentration, is available to any laboratory and permits detection of values as low as 0.5 mg. %.", "contents": "[Intestinal immunoglobulins in children without infection]. Immunoglobulins in duodenal content were measured by immunodiffusion in children without infection. Two groups were studied: group I with 11 infants 1 to 35 months old without infectious problems and group II with 14 children 3 to 13 years old who one month previously had suffered typhiod fever. Two groups of commercial plates were used both designed to detect low levels. The plate for values of 1 to 10 mg. % was selected for the study. Secretory IgA (IgAS) was determined using a standard of human colostrum. Total proteins were measured by Biuret's method. The values obtained in Group I were: 2.3 +/- 0.44 for IgAS, 4.9 +/- 1.29 for IgM, 2.3 +/- 1.0 for IgG and 461.09 +/- 160.89 mg. % for total proteins. In Group II, in the same order, the values were: 2.28 +/- 0.59, 3.70 +/- 0.98, 1.57 +/- 0.37 and 333.91 +/- 64.63 mg.%. No sataistically significant difference was found for any of the values mentioned when comparison between the two groups was made; therefore, when values for the two groups were added, the final results were: 2.29 +/- 0.35 for IgAS, 4.23 +/- 0.74 for IgM, 1.89 +/- 0.45 for IgG and 389.86 +/- 70.53 for total proteins. Between serum and intestinal IgA (r = 0.11), there was no correlation. No statistical difference was either found when grouped by sexes or ages (less than 3 and greater than 3 years). It is concluded that the method applied allows the use of very small amounts of the sample, avoids the inconveniences of concentration, is available to any laboratory and permits detection of values as low as 0.5 mg. %.", "PMID": 843414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5634", "title": "Effects of (+) and (-)-propranolol on the responses of the human isolated basilar artery to cerebrospinal fluid obtained from patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage and cerebral arterial spasm.", "content": "1. The human isolated basilar artery has been used as a model to investigate the aetiology of cerebral arterial spasm associated with rupture of intracranial aneurysms. 2. The isolated artery is contracted by 5-hydroxytryptamine, noradrenaline, six prostaglandins and cerebrospinal fluid from patients with ruptured aneurysms and cerebral arterial spasm. 3. These contractions are reversed by (+/-)--, (+)-- and (--)-propranolol in concentrations known to produce local anaesthetic effects on isolated frog sciatic nerve; the (+) isomer was 2.5 to 10 times more potent (-)-propranolol in antagonising all contractions. 4. As the two isomers are known to have similar local anaesthetic potency but (-)-propranolol has greater beta-adrenoreceptor blocking effects we conclude that the antagonistic effects described do not involve beta-adrenoreceptor blockade. 5. The data indicate that propranolol may be of clinical use in reversing cerebral arterial spasm.", "contents": "Effects of (+) and (-)-propranolol on the responses of the human isolated basilar artery to cerebrospinal fluid obtained from patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage and cerebral arterial spasm. 1. The human isolated basilar artery has been used as a model to investigate the aetiology of cerebral arterial spasm associated with rupture of intracranial aneurysms. 2. The isolated artery is contracted by 5-hydroxytryptamine, noradrenaline, six prostaglandins and cerebrospinal fluid from patients with ruptured aneurysms and cerebral arterial spasm. 3. These contractions are reversed by (+/-)--, (+)-- and (--)-propranolol in concentrations known to produce local anaesthetic effects on isolated frog sciatic nerve; the (+) isomer was 2.5 to 10 times more potent (-)-propranolol in antagonising all contractions. 4. As the two isomers are known to have similar local anaesthetic potency but (-)-propranolol has greater beta-adrenoreceptor blocking effects we conclude that the antagonistic effects described do not involve beta-adrenoreceptor blockade. 5. The data indicate that propranolol may be of clinical use in reversing cerebral arterial spasm.", "PMID": 843420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5635", "title": "[Continuous infusion of heparin in newborn infants with disseminated intravascular coagulation].", "content": "This study was carried out in ten infants with DIC who were given heparin at the rate of 100 U. per kilogram of body weight and per day in continuous perfusion. Successful therapeutic results were achieved in nine cases made evident by recovery and quick clinical control of their DIC condition, shown by normalization of hemostatic and fibrinogen tests and negative paracoagulation tests.", "contents": "[Continuous infusion of heparin in newborn infants with disseminated intravascular coagulation]. This study was carried out in ten infants with DIC who were given heparin at the rate of 100 U. per kilogram of body weight and per day in continuous perfusion. Successful therapeutic results were achieved in nine cases made evident by recovery and quick clinical control of their DIC condition, shown by normalization of hemostatic and fibrinogen tests and negative paracoagulation tests.", "PMID": 843416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5636", "title": "Enzyme induction and renal function in man.", "content": "1. In a previous study in rats, an increased PAH clearance was found following chronic phenobarbitone administration. These results formed the basis for the present study in which fifteen healthy male volunteers were investigated and the parameters of liver microsomal enzyme activity and renal function were measured. 2. As parameters of liver microsomal enzyme activity, the antipyrine elimination in the plasma, the gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase and the D-glucaric excretion in the urine were measured. Endogenous creatinine clearance, 51Cr-EDTA and 125I-Hippuran clearance were determined as measurements of renal function. 3. No correlation was found between any of the parameters of microsomal enzyme activity and renal function. 4. Of the fifteen volunteers, seven having a mean antipyrine half-life of 13.3 h were given antipyrine (500 mg) daily for 3 weeks. Afterwards all measurements of liver microsomal enzyme activity and renal function were repeated. The antipyrine half-life decreased to 8.5 h, while the antipyrine clearance was increased by about 56%. gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase and D-glucaric acid were also significantly increased, while renal function remained unchanged. 5. Therefore, an increased PAH-clearance, as found in the rat, is not obtained in man following induction of liver microsomal enzyme activity.", "contents": "Enzyme induction and renal function in man. 1. In a previous study in rats, an increased PAH clearance was found following chronic phenobarbitone administration. These results formed the basis for the present study in which fifteen healthy male volunteers were investigated and the parameters of liver microsomal enzyme activity and renal function were measured. 2. As parameters of liver microsomal enzyme activity, the antipyrine elimination in the plasma, the gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase and the D-glucaric excretion in the urine were measured. Endogenous creatinine clearance, 51Cr-EDTA and 125I-Hippuran clearance were determined as measurements of renal function. 3. No correlation was found between any of the parameters of microsomal enzyme activity and renal function. 4. Of the fifteen volunteers, seven having a mean antipyrine half-life of 13.3 h were given antipyrine (500 mg) daily for 3 weeks. Afterwards all measurements of liver microsomal enzyme activity and renal function were repeated. The antipyrine half-life decreased to 8.5 h, while the antipyrine clearance was increased by about 56%. gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase and D-glucaric acid were also significantly increased, while renal function remained unchanged. 5. Therefore, an increased PAH-clearance, as found in the rat, is not obtained in man following induction of liver microsomal enzyme activity.", "PMID": 843422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5637", "title": "[Characteristics of the spinal fluid in the neonatal stage].", "content": "The characteristics of the cytochemistry of the spinal fluid (LCR) were evaluated in 123 newborns that were divided into four groups according to their postnatal age. Following this, proteins were 103.25 +/- 49.05; 85.09 +/- 41.89; 66.31 +/- 43.44 and 55.38 +/- 20.91 mg/100 ml. respectively for the 10, 20, 30 and 50 days of life groups, with significant differenece (p less than 0.01) of the first group with the third and fourth. Values for glucose fluctuated form 53.56 +/- 20.32 mg/100 ml. to 63.16 +/- 22.80 for the different groups, but without statistical difference among them. A similar situation was found with the number of cells that fluctuated as an average form 4.28 to 7.38 mm3. Finally, the results from other work groups are reported showing similar outcome as ours.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the spinal fluid in the neonatal stage]. The characteristics of the cytochemistry of the spinal fluid (LCR) were evaluated in 123 newborns that were divided into four groups according to their postnatal age. Following this, proteins were 103.25 +/- 49.05; 85.09 +/- 41.89; 66.31 +/- 43.44 and 55.38 +/- 20.91 mg/100 ml. respectively for the 10, 20, 30 and 50 days of life groups, with significant differenece (p less than 0.01) of the first group with the third and fourth. Values for glucose fluctuated form 53.56 +/- 20.32 mg/100 ml. to 63.16 +/- 22.80 for the different groups, but without statistical difference among them. A similar situation was found with the number of cells that fluctuated as an average form 4.28 to 7.38 mm3. Finally, the results from other work groups are reported showing similar outcome as ours.", "PMID": 843417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5638", "title": "[Humoral immune response in hepatic and intestinal amebiasis in children].", "content": "The various classes of immunoglobulins with antibody function against E. histolytica were studied in 8 children with amebic liver abscess and in 7 with acute intestinal amebiasis. The predominant fraction was IgG in 7 patients from the first group and in 1 from the second; this suggests a secondary type humoral immune response which implies a previous experience with E. histolytica antigens. A definitive predominance of IgM was shown in a patient with amebic liver abscess, the same as in primary humoral immune response. Humoral antibodies did not develop in the remaining 6 patients with acute intestinal amebiasis. The disparateness of the humoral immune response found in these cases make it difficult to speculate on the role of immunoglobulins in the pathogenesis or in immunologic protection in amebiasis. Possibly, the most important is the participation of cellular immunity.", "contents": "[Humoral immune response in hepatic and intestinal amebiasis in children]. The various classes of immunoglobulins with antibody function against E. histolytica were studied in 8 children with amebic liver abscess and in 7 with acute intestinal amebiasis. The predominant fraction was IgG in 7 patients from the first group and in 1 from the second; this suggests a secondary type humoral immune response which implies a previous experience with E. histolytica antigens. A definitive predominance of IgM was shown in a patient with amebic liver abscess, the same as in primary humoral immune response. Humoral antibodies did not develop in the remaining 6 patients with acute intestinal amebiasis. The disparateness of the humoral immune response found in these cases make it difficult to speculate on the role of immunoglobulins in the pathogenesis or in immunologic protection in amebiasis. Possibly, the most important is the participation of cellular immunity.", "PMID": 843412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5639", "title": "Fate of [14C]-bumetanide in man.", "content": "1. The fate of bumetanide was studied in four healthy volunteers both after intravenous oral administration of [14C]-bumetanide (0.5 mg). 2. The absorption of oral [14C]-bumetanide was rapid (absorption half-life 0.61 h) and complete with a urinary recovery of about 80% of the intravenous or oral dose during 48 h. 3. The elimination of [14C]-bumetanide was rapid with a half-life of elimination (T 1/2 beta) of 1.5 h. 4. Protein bound fraction of [14C]-bumetanide in plasma was 95%. No bumetanide was found in red blood cells. 5. Four metabolites of [14C]-bumetanide were found in urine. Together they accounted for about one third of the radio-activity excreted into urine during the first 6 h after the administration of the drug. 6. Bumetanide is rapidly and completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, bound extensively to plasma proteins, metabolized to some extent and excreted rapidly, principally into urine.", "contents": "Fate of [14C]-bumetanide in man. 1. The fate of bumetanide was studied in four healthy volunteers both after intravenous oral administration of [14C]-bumetanide (0.5 mg). 2. The absorption of oral [14C]-bumetanide was rapid (absorption half-life 0.61 h) and complete with a urinary recovery of about 80% of the intravenous or oral dose during 48 h. 3. The elimination of [14C]-bumetanide was rapid with a half-life of elimination (T 1/2 beta) of 1.5 h. 4. Protein bound fraction of [14C]-bumetanide in plasma was 95%. No bumetanide was found in red blood cells. 5. Four metabolites of [14C]-bumetanide were found in urine. Together they accounted for about one third of the radio-activity excreted into urine during the first 6 h after the administration of the drug. 6. Bumetanide is rapidly and completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, bound extensively to plasma proteins, metabolized to some extent and excreted rapidly, principally into urine.", "PMID": 843423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5640", "title": "[Analysis of 50 cases of Lomotil poisoning in children].", "content": "The authors reviewed the clinical histories of 50 children admitted to the Emergency Department of Hospital de Pediatr\u00eda, C.M.N., I.M.S.S. from 1971 through 1975, with the diagnosis of lomotil intoxication. No differences were found as to sex. Frequency was greater at ages from 2 to 3 years from accidental mechanism, which increased between 1973 to 1975. Lethality was similar to that reported by other authors. In the clinical picture, the depressive action of diphenoxylate and the anticholinergic action of atropine were outstanding, without being possible to establish the limits between the two, with somnolence and flushness as main symptoms. The treatment given followed the purpose to eliminate the toxic: emesis, gastric washing and in cases of respiratory depression, naloxone was given. Therefore, it is concluded that since the value of lomotil in the treatment of diarrhea has not been proved and that the risk of its administration is greater than the benefit, this product should be proscribed, specially for pediatric use.", "contents": "[Analysis of 50 cases of Lomotil poisoning in children]. The authors reviewed the clinical histories of 50 children admitted to the Emergency Department of Hospital de Pediatr\u00eda, C.M.N., I.M.S.S. from 1971 through 1975, with the diagnosis of lomotil intoxication. No differences were found as to sex. Frequency was greater at ages from 2 to 3 years from accidental mechanism, which increased between 1973 to 1975. Lethality was similar to that reported by other authors. In the clinical picture, the depressive action of diphenoxylate and the anticholinergic action of atropine were outstanding, without being possible to establish the limits between the two, with somnolence and flushness as main symptoms. The treatment given followed the purpose to eliminate the toxic: emesis, gastric washing and in cases of respiratory depression, naloxone was given. Therefore, it is concluded that since the value of lomotil in the treatment of diarrhea has not been proved and that the risk of its administration is greater than the benefit, this product should be proscribed, specially for pediatric use.", "PMID": 843415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5641", "title": "Acetylator phenotyping of tuberculosis patients using matrix isoniazid or sulphadimidine and its prognostic significance for treatment with several intermittent isoniazid-containing regimens.", "content": "1. The acetylator phenotype of over 600 pulmonary tuberculosis patients treated with intermittent isoniazid-containing regimens in two controlled clinical trials was determined using either sulphadimidine or a slow-release isoniazid formulation. 2. Both methods unequivocally classified over 99% of the patients as being either slow or rapid acetylators. 3. Rapid and slow acetylation did not differ in their ability of hydrolyse acetylisoniazid to isonicotonic acid plus monoacetylhydrazine, or to conjugate isonicotinic acid with glycine. 4. Rapid acetylators acetylated the monoacetylhydrazine liberated in vivo more rapidly than slow acetylators, demonstrating that this compound is also polymorphologically acetylated in man. 5. The acetylator phenotype of the patients was without prognostic significance when they were treated on a twice-weekly basis with isoniazid plus streptomycin plus pyraziniamide, or with isoniazid plus rifampicin. However, when patients were treated once every week for 12 months with isoniazid plus rifampicin, 5% of the rapid acetylators had an unsatisfactory response as contrasted to the complete success of the treatment in the slow acetylators.", "contents": "Acetylator phenotyping of tuberculosis patients using matrix isoniazid or sulphadimidine and its prognostic significance for treatment with several intermittent isoniazid-containing regimens. 1. The acetylator phenotype of over 600 pulmonary tuberculosis patients treated with intermittent isoniazid-containing regimens in two controlled clinical trials was determined using either sulphadimidine or a slow-release isoniazid formulation. 2. Both methods unequivocally classified over 99% of the patients as being either slow or rapid acetylators. 3. Rapid and slow acetylation did not differ in their ability of hydrolyse acetylisoniazid to isonicotonic acid plus monoacetylhydrazine, or to conjugate isonicotinic acid with glycine. 4. Rapid acetylators acetylated the monoacetylhydrazine liberated in vivo more rapidly than slow acetylators, demonstrating that this compound is also polymorphologically acetylated in man. 5. The acetylator phenotype of the patients was without prognostic significance when they were treated on a twice-weekly basis with isoniazid plus streptomycin plus pyraziniamide, or with isoniazid plus rifampicin. However, when patients were treated once every week for 12 months with isoniazid plus rifampicin, 5% of the rapid acetylators had an unsatisfactory response as contrasted to the complete success of the treatment in the slow acetylators.", "PMID": 843424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5642", "title": "The pharmacokinetics of ciclazindol (Wy 23409) in human volunteers.", "content": "1. The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of ciclazindol, a potential anti-depressant drug, have been studied after oral administration of the compound to male and female volunteers. 2. The mean +/- S.E. mean maximum plasma concentration of the unchanged drug was 422 +/- 31 ng/ml. This level was seen between 2 and 4 h after dosing. 3. Elimination of the ciclazindol from plasma was apparently monexponential with a half-life of approximately 32 h. A large proportion of the drug-related substances in the plasma was unchanged drug. 4. Excretion of radioactivity took place predominantly via the renal route, less than 15% of the dose being recovered in the faeces. The urinary elimination process was apparently monoexponential with a half-life of 28 h. 5. Daily dosing with ciclazindol for 3 weeks did not appear to induce the enzymes of its own metabolism.", "contents": "The pharmacokinetics of ciclazindol (Wy 23409) in human volunteers. 1. The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of ciclazindol, a potential anti-depressant drug, have been studied after oral administration of the compound to male and female volunteers. 2. The mean +/- S.E. mean maximum plasma concentration of the unchanged drug was 422 +/- 31 ng/ml. This level was seen between 2 and 4 h after dosing. 3. Elimination of the ciclazindol from plasma was apparently monexponential with a half-life of approximately 32 h. A large proportion of the drug-related substances in the plasma was unchanged drug. 4. Excretion of radioactivity took place predominantly via the renal route, less than 15% of the dose being recovered in the faeces. The urinary elimination process was apparently monoexponential with a half-life of 28 h. 5. Daily dosing with ciclazindol for 3 weeks did not appear to induce the enzymes of its own metabolism.", "PMID": 843425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5643", "title": "Ethical review in the pharmaceutical industry.", "content": "1. There seems no reason why clinical pharmacology studies conducted within the pharmaceutical industry should be exempt from the requirement of ethical review, and independent review in this situation reduces the vulnerability of the company and its employees, in addition to serving its primary function of protecting the volunteer subjects. 2. Experience within one company has shown that independent ethical review need not seriously influence the pace of research. 3. It is important that such committees should be seen to be independent and competent.", "contents": "Ethical review in the pharmaceutical industry. 1. There seems no reason why clinical pharmacology studies conducted within the pharmaceutical industry should be exempt from the requirement of ethical review, and independent review in this situation reduces the vulnerability of the company and its employees, in addition to serving its primary function of protecting the volunteer subjects. 2. Experience within one company has shown that independent ethical review need not seriously influence the pace of research. 3. It is important that such committees should be seen to be independent and competent.", "PMID": 843426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5644", "title": "The periodontal membrane in systemic sclerosis.", "content": "The periodontal membrane is markedly involved in about 30% of patients with systemic sclerosis and some widening occurs in about 20% of the teeth at risk. Thickening of the periodontal membrane is not specific to systemic sclerosis and can occur with clinically obvious chronic periodontal disease and, to a mild extent, in normal individuals in whom it mainly involves the coronal third of the teeth. In systemic sclerosis the whole root is more likely to be involved. There is no direct relationship in systemic sclerosis between widening of the periodontal membrane and other systemic changes, and prognosis.", "contents": "The periodontal membrane in systemic sclerosis. The periodontal membrane is markedly involved in about 30% of patients with systemic sclerosis and some widening occurs in about 20% of the teeth at risk. Thickening of the periodontal membrane is not specific to systemic sclerosis and can occur with clinically obvious chronic periodontal disease and, to a mild extent, in normal individuals in whom it mainly involves the coronal third of the teeth. In systemic sclerosis the whole root is more likely to be involved. There is no direct relationship in systemic sclerosis between widening of the periodontal membrane and other systemic changes, and prognosis.", "PMID": 843434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5645", "title": "A method to facilitate the isolation and handling of stratum corneum.", "content": "A specially designed frame is being used in this laboratory to facilitate the isolation and handling of human cadaveric stratum corneum of the upper back. Although it is in the early stages of use, the ease of isolation and subsequent handling of the stratum corneum has prompted the writing of this short report.", "contents": "A method to facilitate the isolation and handling of stratum corneum. A specially designed frame is being used in this laboratory to facilitate the isolation and handling of human cadaveric stratum corneum of the upper back. Although it is in the early stages of use, the ease of isolation and subsequent handling of the stratum corneum has prompted the writing of this short report.", "PMID": 843435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5646", "title": "Actinic keratoses and the epidermis on which they arise.", "content": "The appearance of the epidermis and epidermal autoradiographic labelling indices were compared in actinic keratoses and paralesional skin in seventeen patients after injection of tritiated thymidine. The skin on the buttock area was also studied as a \"non-sun exposed\" control. Labelling indices obtained from skin removed after 1 hwere as follows: actinic keratoses 17-4%; paralesional skin 11-2%; buttock skin 5-4%. Many of the epidermal cells in the keratoses that incorporated tritiated thymidine were bizarre and not restricted to the basal or suprabasal regions but were scattered through the thickness of the epidermis. Paralesional skin also showed epidermal thickening and cytological abnormalities including the formation of multinucleate epidermal cells. These findings suggest that the development of actinic keratoses takes place in epidermis that is itself abnormal. The changes suggest that there is a gradual stepwise progression of sun damage epidermis via the clinically obvious keratosis to squamous cell epithelioma.", "contents": "Actinic keratoses and the epidermis on which they arise. The appearance of the epidermis and epidermal autoradiographic labelling indices were compared in actinic keratoses and paralesional skin in seventeen patients after injection of tritiated thymidine. The skin on the buttock area was also studied as a \"non-sun exposed\" control. Labelling indices obtained from skin removed after 1 hwere as follows: actinic keratoses 17-4%; paralesional skin 11-2%; buttock skin 5-4%. Many of the epidermal cells in the keratoses that incorporated tritiated thymidine were bizarre and not restricted to the basal or suprabasal regions but were scattered through the thickness of the epidermis. Paralesional skin also showed epidermal thickening and cytological abnormalities including the formation of multinucleate epidermal cells. These findings suggest that the development of actinic keratoses takes place in epidermis that is itself abnormal. The changes suggest that there is a gradual stepwise progression of sun damage epidermis via the clinically obvious keratosis to squamous cell epithelioma.", "PMID": 843436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5647", "title": "Epidermolysis bullosa hereditaria letalis: pathology, natural history and therapy.", "content": "A patient with epidermolysis bullosa hereditaria letalis had the characteristic electron microscopic lesions not only in the skin, but also in the gastro-intestinal, genito-urinary and respiratory tracts. Administration of dexamethasone to this patients resulted in a significant decrease in the blistering. Although the patient died, long term survival in this disease is not rare. We report that staining tissue specimens from patients with epidermolysis bullosa with fluorescein-labelled bullous pemphigoid antibody is a reliable method for differentiating between junctional and dystrophic disease.", "contents": "Epidermolysis bullosa hereditaria letalis: pathology, natural history and therapy. A patient with epidermolysis bullosa hereditaria letalis had the characteristic electron microscopic lesions not only in the skin, but also in the gastro-intestinal, genito-urinary and respiratory tracts. Administration of dexamethasone to this patients resulted in a significant decrease in the blistering. Although the patient died, long term survival in this disease is not rare. We report that staining tissue specimens from patients with epidermolysis bullosa with fluorescein-labelled bullous pemphigoid antibody is a reliable method for differentiating between junctional and dystrophic disease.", "PMID": 843437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5648", "title": "Lupus erythematosus hypertrophicus et profundus.", "content": "A patient with a sudden onset of severe lupus erythematosus hypertrophicus et profundus was noted to have extensive serological abnormalities; in addition to antinuclear antibody, leukopenia, anaemia, decreased serum complement, abnormal renal function, and positive immunofluorescence, she also had antibodies against clotting factors.", "contents": "Lupus erythematosus hypertrophicus et profundus. A patient with a sudden onset of severe lupus erythematosus hypertrophicus et profundus was noted to have extensive serological abnormalities; in addition to antinuclear antibody, leukopenia, anaemia, decreased serum complement, abnormal renal function, and positive immunofluorescence, she also had antibodies against clotting factors.", "PMID": 843438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5649", "title": "Lupus erythematosus profundus (Kaposi-Irgang) with monoclonal gammopathy.", "content": "The appearance of subcutaneous nodules of lupus erythematosus profundus on the face and neck of a woman with a long history of lupus erythematosus (LE) is reported. Of note were the three distinct stages in the course of the disease: (1) discoid LE, first appearing at the age of 42; (2) systemic LE, appearing 10 years later; (3) LE profundus, appearing 21 years after the diagnosis of discoid LE was made. The finding of monoclonal gammopathy is of particular interest, although its relationship to the basic disease has not been clarified.", "contents": "Lupus erythematosus profundus (Kaposi-Irgang) with monoclonal gammopathy. The appearance of subcutaneous nodules of lupus erythematosus profundus on the face and neck of a woman with a long history of lupus erythematosus (LE) is reported. Of note were the three distinct stages in the course of the disease: (1) discoid LE, first appearing at the age of 42; (2) systemic LE, appearing 10 years later; (3) LE profundus, appearing 21 years after the diagnosis of discoid LE was made. The finding of monoclonal gammopathy is of particular interest, although its relationship to the basic disease has not been clarified.", "PMID": 843439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5650", "title": "Transepithelial elimination in necrobiosis lipoidica.", "content": "Elimination of necrotic material through the hair follicle as a means of excretion has been observed in three cases of necrobiosis lipoidica. Clinically this process presents as comedo-like plugs localized mainly in the periphery of the lesions.", "contents": "Transepithelial elimination in necrobiosis lipoidica. Elimination of necrotic material through the hair follicle as a means of excretion has been observed in three cases of necrobiosis lipoidica. Clinically this process presents as comedo-like plugs localized mainly in the periphery of the lesions.", "PMID": 843440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5651", "title": "Buschke--Ollendorff syndrome (disseminated dermatofibrosis with osteopoikilosis).", "content": "The case is reported of a woman aged 47 years with disseminated dermatofibrosis associated with osteopoikilosis. Her two children also showed skin lesions typical of the Buschke--Ollendorff syndrome and these lesions were said to have been present at birth.", "contents": "Buschke--Ollendorff syndrome (disseminated dermatofibrosis with osteopoikilosis). The case is reported of a woman aged 47 years with disseminated dermatofibrosis associated with osteopoikilosis. Her two children also showed skin lesions typical of the Buschke--Ollendorff syndrome and these lesions were said to have been present at birth.", "PMID": 843441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5652", "title": "Hypopigmented sarcoidosis in the negro. Report of eight cases with ultrastructural observations.", "content": "The dermatological aspects of eight negro patients with hypopigmented sarcoid lesions are described. Light microscope histochemical studies in patients did not reveal the mechanism of the hypopigmentation. However, electronmicroscopy of lesions in two patients showed melanocytes undergoing changes resembling those observed in other acquired hypopigmentary conditions. It is suggested that in these disorders, melanocytes react morphologically in a similar non-specific manner, whatever the prime pathological process.", "contents": "Hypopigmented sarcoidosis in the negro. Report of eight cases with ultrastructural observations. The dermatological aspects of eight negro patients with hypopigmented sarcoid lesions are described. Light microscope histochemical studies in patients did not reveal the mechanism of the hypopigmentation. However, electronmicroscopy of lesions in two patients showed melanocytes undergoing changes resembling those observed in other acquired hypopigmentary conditions. It is suggested that in these disorders, melanocytes react morphologically in a similar non-specific manner, whatever the prime pathological process.", "PMID": 843445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5653", "title": "The value of typing basal cell carcinomas in predicting recurrence after surgical excision.", "content": "A classification, based on growth pattern was devised and applied to 156 basal cell carcinomas from 134 patients. The tumours were divided into four main groups; (I) nodular; (2) nodular with infiltrative margin; (3) infiltrative; (4) multifocal. The infiltrative and multifocal types exhibited a high rate of recurrence following surgical excision whereas recurrence of nodular tumours was much rarer. It is therefore suggested that growth pattern should always be stated in the routine histopathological reporting of these neoplasms. Other features were studied and found to have no prognostic value. These included the various types of epithelial differentiation and such stromal factors as the degree of lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltration and the presence of amyloid or elastic fibres.", "contents": "The value of typing basal cell carcinomas in predicting recurrence after surgical excision. A classification, based on growth pattern was devised and applied to 156 basal cell carcinomas from 134 patients. The tumours were divided into four main groups; (I) nodular; (2) nodular with infiltrative margin; (3) infiltrative; (4) multifocal. The infiltrative and multifocal types exhibited a high rate of recurrence following surgical excision whereas recurrence of nodular tumours was much rarer. It is therefore suggested that growth pattern should always be stated in the routine histopathological reporting of these neoplasms. Other features were studied and found to have no prognostic value. These included the various types of epithelial differentiation and such stromal factors as the degree of lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltration and the presence of amyloid or elastic fibres.", "PMID": 843446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5654", "title": "Striation of bones in focal dermal hypoplasia: manifestation of functional mosaicism?", "content": "Striation of the metaphyseal regions of the long bones, a characteristic feature of the focal dermal hypoplasia syndrome, may be explained by functional X chromosome mosaicism. The following arguments are in favour of this hypothesis: (I) The striation of bones coincides with the zones of osteogenesis. (2) The skin lesions are distributed in a linear pattern as well. (3) The syndrome is probably inherited as an X-linked dominant trait. Thus, the linear pattern of both skin and bone lesions could be due to random X inactivation.", "contents": "Striation of bones in focal dermal hypoplasia: manifestation of functional mosaicism? Striation of the metaphyseal regions of the long bones, a characteristic feature of the focal dermal hypoplasia syndrome, may be explained by functional X chromosome mosaicism. The following arguments are in favour of this hypothesis: (I) The striation of bones coincides with the zones of osteogenesis. (2) The skin lesions are distributed in a linear pattern as well. (3) The syndrome is probably inherited as an X-linked dominant trait. Thus, the linear pattern of both skin and bone lesions could be due to random X inactivation.", "PMID": 843447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5655", "title": "Histocompatibility antigens in discoid and systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "A study of histocompatibility (HLA) antigens in 69 patients with discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) showed an increased incidence of HLA-B7 and HLA-B8 related to the age at onset and sex of the patient. Young females and males aged 15-39 years at onset were associated with HLA-B7 and females aged over 40 years with HLA-B8. This supports previous studies concerning sex and age specific onset rates in DLE which suggests that there is more than one genotype in this disorder. Female patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) at all ages of onset showed a significant association with HLA-B8. Female patients, with onset 15-39 years, with either SLE or DLE which has transformed to SLE, show a significant increase in HLA-B8 compared with the females in the same age onset group who have the discoid disease. The presence of HLA-B8 in a young female with DLE may represent a risk factor for the development of the systemic disease.", "contents": "Histocompatibility antigens in discoid and systemic lupus erythematosus. A study of histocompatibility (HLA) antigens in 69 patients with discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) showed an increased incidence of HLA-B7 and HLA-B8 related to the age at onset and sex of the patient. Young females and males aged 15-39 years at onset were associated with HLA-B7 and females aged over 40 years with HLA-B8. This supports previous studies concerning sex and age specific onset rates in DLE which suggests that there is more than one genotype in this disorder. Female patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) at all ages of onset showed a significant association with HLA-B8. Female patients, with onset 15-39 years, with either SLE or DLE which has transformed to SLE, show a significant increase in HLA-B8 compared with the females in the same age onset group who have the discoid disease. The presence of HLA-B8 in a young female with DLE may represent a risk factor for the development of the systemic disease.", "PMID": 843448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5656", "title": "Is there a relationship between lupus erythematosus and lichen planus?", "content": "Three patients showing features of both lupus erythematosus and lichen planus are described together with their histological, immunofluorescence and other investigative findings. The similarities between lupus erythematosus and lichen planus are discussed and it is suggested that these may be the result of common pathophysiological pathways.", "contents": "Is there a relationship between lupus erythematosus and lichen planus? Three patients showing features of both lupus erythematosus and lichen planus are described together with their histological, immunofluorescence and other investigative findings. The similarities between lupus erythematosus and lichen planus are discussed and it is suggested that these may be the result of common pathophysiological pathways.", "PMID": 843449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5657", "title": "Essential fatty acid deficient hairless mouse: a model of chronic epidermal hyperproliferation.", "content": "Epidermal DNA synthesis has been shown to be increased approximately three-fold in hairless mice that were fed a diet deficient in essential fatty acids (EFA deficient) for 65 days, compared with animals fed a standard diet. Autoradiographic labelling indices showed a 330% increase in the EFA deficient mice over controls. The animals developed evidence of a diffuse thickening, scalping and loss of elasticity of the skin after 40 days on the EFA deficient diet. Histologically, the epiderma of the EFA deficient animals showed acanthosis, hypergranulosis, hyperkeratosis and increased intracellular epidermal spaces. Increased mitotic indices were found with Feulgen staining. This is further evidence that deficiencies of essential fatty acids are associated with disturbance of normal epidermal cell proliferation and control of keratinization. A single application of topical 0.1% betamethasone valerate to EFA deficient mice reduced the epidermal DNA synthesis to that of normal diet mice. Ten percent linoleic acid topically over 2 weeks also returned epidermal DNA synthesis to normal levels.", "contents": "Essential fatty acid deficient hairless mouse: a model of chronic epidermal hyperproliferation. Epidermal DNA synthesis has been shown to be increased approximately three-fold in hairless mice that were fed a diet deficient in essential fatty acids (EFA deficient) for 65 days, compared with animals fed a standard diet. Autoradiographic labelling indices showed a 330% increase in the EFA deficient mice over controls. The animals developed evidence of a diffuse thickening, scalping and loss of elasticity of the skin after 40 days on the EFA deficient diet. Histologically, the epiderma of the EFA deficient animals showed acanthosis, hypergranulosis, hyperkeratosis and increased intracellular epidermal spaces. Increased mitotic indices were found with Feulgen staining. This is further evidence that deficiencies of essential fatty acids are associated with disturbance of normal epidermal cell proliferation and control of keratinization. A single application of topical 0.1% betamethasone valerate to EFA deficient mice reduced the epidermal DNA synthesis to that of normal diet mice. Ten percent linoleic acid topically over 2 weeks also returned epidermal DNA synthesis to normal levels.", "PMID": 843450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5658", "title": "The binding of topically applied glucocorticoids to rat skin.", "content": "The epidermis of rat skin was shown to be the major site of accumulation of label after the topical application of [3H]-cortisol, [3H]-corticosterone and [3H]-triamcinolone acetonide. However, incubation of the skin in vitro in a way which ensured contact only between the dermal side of the skin and the steroid showed preferential accumulation of label from [3H]-cortisol and [3H]-corticosterone in the epidermis whereas label from [3H]-triamcinolone acetonide appeared evenly spread in the dermis and epidermis. The affinity of corticosterone to soluble proteins in skin homogenates was greater than that of cortisol as measured by displacement binding and correspondingly glucose uptake into the skin in vitro was inhibited for 18 hr after a single application of corticosterone but was not inhibited by cortisol.", "contents": "The binding of topically applied glucocorticoids to rat skin. The epidermis of rat skin was shown to be the major site of accumulation of label after the topical application of [3H]-cortisol, [3H]-corticosterone and [3H]-triamcinolone acetonide. However, incubation of the skin in vitro in a way which ensured contact only between the dermal side of the skin and the steroid showed preferential accumulation of label from [3H]-cortisol and [3H]-corticosterone in the epidermis whereas label from [3H]-triamcinolone acetonide appeared evenly spread in the dermis and epidermis. The affinity of corticosterone to soluble proteins in skin homogenates was greater than that of cortisol as measured by displacement binding and correspondingly glucose uptake into the skin in vitro was inhibited for 18 hr after a single application of corticosterone but was not inhibited by cortisol.", "PMID": 843452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5659", "title": "Tap water iontophoresis in palmo-plantar hyperhidrosis.", "content": "Plain tap water iontophoresis as a method of treatment of idiopathic palmo-plantar hyperhidrosis was evaluated. In the present study, different strengths of current were used for varying periods of time and the treatment was given 6 days a week, until the patients became euhidrotic. Whereas previous workers have used the two electrodes in separate pans, we, in one study, placed them in the same pan of tap water, so that electrolysis occurred at the electrodes on which palms or soles were resting, the current passing through the medium. It was observed that, irrespective of the method used, euhidrosis of palms or soles were achieved. The time and the amount of current required to produce euhidrosis were significantly greater with the single pan technique (average 14-1 sittings in Group I) as compared to the separate pan method (average 7-09 sittings in group II) (t = 3-41, P less than 0.01). The euhidrosis persisted for between 6 and 8 months (average 6-26 months). In our study 90% of the patients treated developed anhidrosis on both the anode and cathode treated palms or soles. In 10% of the subjects, the effect was, however, greater on the anodal side.", "contents": "Tap water iontophoresis in palmo-plantar hyperhidrosis. Plain tap water iontophoresis as a method of treatment of idiopathic palmo-plantar hyperhidrosis was evaluated. In the present study, different strengths of current were used for varying periods of time and the treatment was given 6 days a week, until the patients became euhidrotic. Whereas previous workers have used the two electrodes in separate pans, we, in one study, placed them in the same pan of tap water, so that electrolysis occurred at the electrodes on which palms or soles were resting, the current passing through the medium. It was observed that, irrespective of the method used, euhidrosis of palms or soles were achieved. The time and the amount of current required to produce euhidrosis were significantly greater with the single pan technique (average 14-1 sittings in Group I) as compared to the separate pan method (average 7-09 sittings in group II) (t = 3-41, P less than 0.01). The euhidrosis persisted for between 6 and 8 months (average 6-26 months). In our study 90% of the patients treated developed anhidrosis on both the anode and cathode treated palms or soles. In 10% of the subjects, the effect was, however, greater on the anodal side.", "PMID": 843454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5660", "title": "Ichthyosis with unusual hair shaft abnormalities in siblings.", "content": "An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by lamellar ichthyosis, an usual structural defect of the scalp hairs and amino aciduria occurred in two siblings in a South Indian family in Madras. In addition the female sibling was physically and mentally retarded. The disorder differs from typical Netherton's syndrome in several ways. The hair abnormality specific for this disorder appears to be splitting of the shaft. The possible mechanism of production of the split hairs is discussed.", "contents": "Ichthyosis with unusual hair shaft abnormalities in siblings. An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by lamellar ichthyosis, an usual structural defect of the scalp hairs and amino aciduria occurred in two siblings in a South Indian family in Madras. In addition the female sibling was physically and mentally retarded. The disorder differs from typical Netherton's syndrome in several ways. The hair abnormality specific for this disorder appears to be splitting of the shaft. The possible mechanism of production of the split hairs is discussed.", "PMID": 843456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5661", "title": "An unusual presentation of Trichophyton violaceum infection.", "content": "A case with encapsulated Tricophyton violaceum abscesses in the skin is recorded. Defective cell mediated immunity was shown in the patient and his two cousins. This defect combined with malnutrition, hypoadrenalism and griseofulvin resistance gave unusual lesions and chronicity. A probable genetic factor for the defective cell mediated immunity is postulated.", "contents": "An unusual presentation of Trichophyton violaceum infection. A case with encapsulated Tricophyton violaceum abscesses in the skin is recorded. Defective cell mediated immunity was shown in the patient and his two cousins. This defect combined with malnutrition, hypoadrenalism and griseofulvin resistance gave unusual lesions and chronicity. A probable genetic factor for the defective cell mediated immunity is postulated.", "PMID": 843457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5662", "title": "Systemic lupus erythematosus presenting as a recurrent sore throat and oral ulceration: a case report.", "content": "A patient is described who presented with a 2-year history of repeated sore throats and associated oral ulceration. There were shown to be due to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). There was no clinical evidence of involvement of any other system. We are not aware of a previous report of SLE presenting in this manner.", "contents": "Systemic lupus erythematosus presenting as a recurrent sore throat and oral ulceration: a case report. A patient is described who presented with a 2-year history of repeated sore throats and associated oral ulceration. There were shown to be due to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). There was no clinical evidence of involvement of any other system. We are not aware of a previous report of SLE presenting in this manner.", "PMID": 843458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5663", "title": "Physical characteristics and ventilatory function of 404 commercial divers working in the North Sea.", "content": "The physical characteristics and simple lung ventilatory indices (FVC, FEV 1, FEV 1/FVC) of 404 commercial divers employed by companies operating in the North Sea were analysed. These findings were correlated with the diving experience and maximum operating depth of each diver. All the divers were men of average height 176-9 cm, and weight 77-1 kg which is greater than average for active Western males, but only 6% were more than 120% of their predicted weight. The average duration of commercial diving was 7-1 years, 11% of divers having less than one year's experience. Sixty-seven per cent had worked at a maximum depth of 200 ft (61 m) and only 6% had worked deeper than 500 ft (153 m). The mean forced vital capacity (FVC) was 120-4% of the predicted value which indicated that they could voluntarily move large amounts of gas in and out of their lungs. This was greatest in the divers who when deepest. The mean forced expired volume in one second (FEV 1) was 117% of the predicted value showing that expiratory airflow capacity was also increased, but to a lesser extent than the FVC. Thper and activated by zinc. Plasma protein protected the enzyme from both inhibition and activation. ALAD activity was found to be an indicator of the total metal ion concentration in the blood and was therfore considered to be of doubtful value in screening large population for increased lead absorption.", "contents": "Physical characteristics and ventilatory function of 404 commercial divers working in the North Sea. The physical characteristics and simple lung ventilatory indices (FVC, FEV 1, FEV 1/FVC) of 404 commercial divers employed by companies operating in the North Sea were analysed. These findings were correlated with the diving experience and maximum operating depth of each diver. All the divers were men of average height 176-9 cm, and weight 77-1 kg which is greater than average for active Western males, but only 6% were more than 120% of their predicted weight. The average duration of commercial diving was 7-1 years, 11% of divers having less than one year's experience. Sixty-seven per cent had worked at a maximum depth of 200 ft (61 m) and only 6% had worked deeper than 500 ft (153 m). The mean forced vital capacity (FVC) was 120-4% of the predicted value which indicated that they could voluntarily move large amounts of gas in and out of their lungs. This was greatest in the divers who when deepest. The mean forced expired volume in one second (FEV 1) was 117% of the predicted value showing that expiratory airflow capacity was also increased, but to a lesser extent than the FVC. Thper and activated by zinc. Plasma protein protected the enzyme from both inhibition and activation. ALAD activity was found to be an indicator of the total metal ion concentration in the blood and was therfore considered to be of doubtful value in screening large population for increased lead absorption.", "PMID": 843459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5664", "title": "Urinary mercury excretion and proteinuria in pathology laboratory staff.", "content": "The use of mercuric chloride as an histological fixative was associated with high environmental atmospheric concentrations of mercury vapour (up to 0-5 nmol/l) as well as mercury compounds (total Hg to 1-0 nmol/l). Technicians exposed to this environment showed increased urinary mercury (median value 265 nmol/24h) and protein outputs (median value 117 mg protein/24h). Routine control measures, ventilation and careful handling of mercuric chloride solutions, reduced the level of atmospheric mercury vapour levels to within acceptable limits (threshold limit values 0-01 mg/m3 (0-05 nmol/l) alkul compounds and 0-05 mg/m3 (0-25 nmol/l) for all forms except alkyl). This reduction was associated with the disappearance of trace proteinuria from the technicians' urine. Contamination of histology laboratories by mercuric chloride should be minimised.", "contents": "Urinary mercury excretion and proteinuria in pathology laboratory staff. The use of mercuric chloride as an histological fixative was associated with high environmental atmospheric concentrations of mercury vapour (up to 0-5 nmol/l) as well as mercury compounds (total Hg to 1-0 nmol/l). Technicians exposed to this environment showed increased urinary mercury (median value 265 nmol/24h) and protein outputs (median value 117 mg protein/24h). Routine control measures, ventilation and careful handling of mercuric chloride solutions, reduced the level of atmospheric mercury vapour levels to within acceptable limits (threshold limit values 0-01 mg/m3 (0-05 nmol/l) alkul compounds and 0-05 mg/m3 (0-25 nmol/l) for all forms except alkyl). This reduction was associated with the disappearance of trace proteinuria from the technicians' urine. Contamination of histology laboratories by mercuric chloride should be minimised.", "PMID": 843460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5665", "title": "The effect of metal ions on the activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase.", "content": "The effects of lead, iron, copper, and zinc ions on delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase from red blood cell haemolysates in humans, both in the absence and presence of plasma proteins, have been investigated. delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) was not found to be a specific indicator of blood lead concentrations since it was also inhibited by copper and activated by zinc. Plasma protein protected the enzyme from both inhibition and activation. ALAD activity was found to be an indicator of the total metal ion concentration in the blood and was therefore considered to be of doubtful value in screening large populations for increased lead absorption.", "contents": "The effect of metal ions on the activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase. The effects of lead, iron, copper, and zinc ions on delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase from red blood cell haemolysates in humans, both in the absence and presence of plasma proteins, have been investigated. delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) was not found to be a specific indicator of blood lead concentrations since it was also inhibited by copper and activated by zinc. Plasma protein protected the enzyme from both inhibition and activation. ALAD activity was found to be an indicator of the total metal ion concentration in the blood and was therefore considered to be of doubtful value in screening large populations for increased lead absorption.", "PMID": 843461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5666", "title": "Retention, distribution, and excretion of lead by the rat after intravenous injection.", "content": "The distribution and excretion of lead was studied during a period of about a week after a single intravenous injection of 203Pb as chloride accompanied by less than 1 microng of lead carrier. The peak concentration in venous blood was reached after about an hour when it contained 35 to 40% of the administered activity. The subsequent decline in concentration was much more rapid than is observed in man. The main storage organs were the kidneys and bone. Initially, 20% of the dose could be accounted for in the kidney and the biological half-life was about 100 hours. The level in bone built up rapidly at first and then more slowly. After a week, between 25 and 30% of the dose was present in bone.", "contents": "Retention, distribution, and excretion of lead by the rat after intravenous injection. The distribution and excretion of lead was studied during a period of about a week after a single intravenous injection of 203Pb as chloride accompanied by less than 1 microng of lead carrier. The peak concentration in venous blood was reached after about an hour when it contained 35 to 40% of the administered activity. The subsequent decline in concentration was much more rapid than is observed in man. The main storage organs were the kidneys and bone. Initially, 20% of the dose could be accounted for in the kidney and the biological half-life was about 100 hours. The level in bone built up rapidly at first and then more slowly. After a week, between 25 and 30% of the dose was present in bone.", "PMID": 843462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5667", "title": "Trichloroethylene exposure. Simulation of uptake, excretion, and metabolism using a mathematical model.", "content": "The absorption, distribution, and excretion of trichloroethylene, as well as the kinetics of formation and elimination of trichloroethanol (TCE) and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) were simulated by a mathematical model. The results of this model have been satisfactorily compared with those obtained experimentally from pulmonary elimination of the solvent and from urinary excretion of the metabolites. The model permitted a study of the distribution of the solvent in the different tissues of the organism as well as an evaluation of the body burden of TCE and TCA. The influence of the duration and repetition of the exposure on the urinary eliminations of TCE and TCA was studied, and showed that the excretion of the first metabolite represents the most recent exposure while that of the second is related to the average exposure of the preceding days. The study of the pulmonary elimination of trichloroethylene during single or repeated exposures showed a linear relationship between the alveolar concentration of the solvent approximately 15 hours after the end of the exposure and the quantity of trichloroethylene accumulated in the fatty tissues.", "contents": "Trichloroethylene exposure. Simulation of uptake, excretion, and metabolism using a mathematical model. The absorption, distribution, and excretion of trichloroethylene, as well as the kinetics of formation and elimination of trichloroethanol (TCE) and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) were simulated by a mathematical model. The results of this model have been satisfactorily compared with those obtained experimentally from pulmonary elimination of the solvent and from urinary excretion of the metabolites. The model permitted a study of the distribution of the solvent in the different tissues of the organism as well as an evaluation of the body burden of TCE and TCA. The influence of the duration and repetition of the exposure on the urinary eliminations of TCE and TCA was studied, and showed that the excretion of the first metabolite represents the most recent exposure while that of the second is related to the average exposure of the preceding days. The study of the pulmonary elimination of trichloroethylene during single or repeated exposures showed a linear relationship between the alveolar concentration of the solvent approximately 15 hours after the end of the exposure and the quantity of trichloroethylene accumulated in the fatty tissues.", "PMID": 843463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5668", "title": "A pharmacokinetic model to study the excretion of trichloroethylene and its metabolites after an inhalation exposure.", "content": "For a better understanding of absorption, distribution, excretion, and metabolism of trichloroethylene the time-course of blood concentration of the vapour and urinary excretion of its metabolites was examined using a pharmacokinetic model. After a single experimental exposure in which four men inhaled 100 parts per million (ppm) of trichloroethylene for four hours an elimination curve showed three exponential components, that is, X=1-0005e(-16.71t)+0-449e(-1.710t)+0-255e(-0.2027t), where X is that blood concentration in mg/l and t the time in hours from 0 to 10. The overall rate constant for the disappearance of trichloroethylene was found to a agree with the theoretical one, estimated by means of a mathematical model for the blood concentration data. A D8- XD plot, developed from a mathematical model for urinary excretion, could also give a good estimate of rate constant for the transfer of trichloroethylene in the body. The rate constant thus estimated from urinary excretion was consistent with data on the blood concentration.", "contents": "A pharmacokinetic model to study the excretion of trichloroethylene and its metabolites after an inhalation exposure. For a better understanding of absorption, distribution, excretion, and metabolism of trichloroethylene the time-course of blood concentration of the vapour and urinary excretion of its metabolites was examined using a pharmacokinetic model. After a single experimental exposure in which four men inhaled 100 parts per million (ppm) of trichloroethylene for four hours an elimination curve showed three exponential components, that is, X=1-0005e(-16.71t)+0-449e(-1.710t)+0-255e(-0.2027t), where X is that blood concentration in mg/l and t the time in hours from 0 to 10. The overall rate constant for the disappearance of trichloroethylene was found to a agree with the theoretical one, estimated by means of a mathematical model for the blood concentration data. A D8- XD plot, developed from a mathematical model for urinary excretion, could also give a good estimate of rate constant for the transfer of trichloroethylene in the body. The rate constant thus estimated from urinary excretion was consistent with data on the blood concentration.", "PMID": 843464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5669", "title": "The prediction of delivery date by ultrasonic measurement of fetal crown-rump length.", "content": "The ultrasonic measurement of the fetal crown-rump lenght (CRL) in early pregnancy was utilized to predict the date of delivery in 220 patients with reliable menstrucal histories and in 186 patients with unreliable menstrual dates who began labour spontaneously; Ninety-five per cent and 96.2 per cent respectively were delivered within 12 days of the predicted date. The CRL was found to be better than biparietal diameter measurements (p greater than 0.001) and as good as a reliable menstrual history (p greater than 0.5) in predicting the time fo spontaneous onset of labour.", "contents": "The prediction of delivery date by ultrasonic measurement of fetal crown-rump length. The ultrasonic measurement of the fetal crown-rump lenght (CRL) in early pregnancy was utilized to predict the date of delivery in 220 patients with reliable menstrucal histories and in 186 patients with unreliable menstrual dates who began labour spontaneously; Ninety-five per cent and 96.2 per cent respectively were delivered within 12 days of the predicted date. The CRL was found to be better than biparietal diameter measurements (p greater than 0.001) and as good as a reliable menstrual history (p greater than 0.5) in predicting the time fo spontaneous onset of labour.", "PMID": 843465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5670", "title": "The effect of normal pregnancy upon the renal handling of uric acid.", "content": "Twenty-four women were investigated serially during and after normal pregnancy. Plasma uric acid concentration appeared to be inversely related to uric acid clearance under infusion conditions, and comparison with simultaneous inulin clearance suggested an alteration in renal function resulting in increased 'net tubular reabsorption' of uric acid as pregnancy progressed. No difference was detected between primigravidae and multigravidae. The implications of these changes are discussed with reference to the renal handling of uric in pre-eclampsia.", "contents": "The effect of normal pregnancy upon the renal handling of uric acid. Twenty-four women were investigated serially during and after normal pregnancy. Plasma uric acid concentration appeared to be inversely related to uric acid clearance under infusion conditions, and comparison with simultaneous inulin clearance suggested an alteration in renal function resulting in increased 'net tubular reabsorption' of uric acid as pregnancy progressed. No difference was detected between primigravidae and multigravidae. The implications of these changes are discussed with reference to the renal handling of uric in pre-eclampsia.", "PMID": 843466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5671", "title": "Sonar evidence of early pregnancy failure in patients with twin conceptions.", "content": "During a four-year period 30 patients were diagnosed by sonar in the first trimester of pregnancy as having twin conceptions. Of these 30 patients, 14 eventually gave birth to twins. Eleven of the remaining 16 patients were found to have a normal pregnancy and a coexistent blighted ovum (empty sac), and ultimately all but one gave birth to a single baby; the eleventh patient aborted a fresh fetus at 25 weeks of gestation. Of the last five patients, four were diagnosed as having twin blighted ova, and one a blighted ovum and missed abortion; these five patients either aborted spontaneously or had an elective termination of pregnancy. The results suggest that the incidence of twin conceptions is higher than commonly accepted figure of 1 in 80.", "contents": "Sonar evidence of early pregnancy failure in patients with twin conceptions. During a four-year period 30 patients were diagnosed by sonar in the first trimester of pregnancy as having twin conceptions. Of these 30 patients, 14 eventually gave birth to twins. Eleven of the remaining 16 patients were found to have a normal pregnancy and a coexistent blighted ovum (empty sac), and ultimately all but one gave birth to a single baby; the eleventh patient aborted a fresh fetus at 25 weeks of gestation. Of the last five patients, four were diagnosed as having twin blighted ova, and one a blighted ovum and missed abortion; these five patients either aborted spontaneously or had an elective termination of pregnancy. The results suggest that the incidence of twin conceptions is higher than commonly accepted figure of 1 in 80.", "PMID": 843467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5672", "title": "Smoking in pregnancy--effects on birth weight and on cyanide and thiocyanate levels in mother and baby.", "content": "A total of 45 expectant mothers (20 smokers and 25 non-smokers) and their babies was studied and, after 14 smokers and 14 non-smokers had been closely matched for age, height, parity and social class, significant differences were observed between smokers and non-smokers in the birth weights of the babies and in cyanide and thiocyanate levels in maternal blood and urine.", "contents": "Smoking in pregnancy--effects on birth weight and on cyanide and thiocyanate levels in mother and baby. A total of 45 expectant mothers (20 smokers and 25 non-smokers) and their babies was studied and, after 14 smokers and 14 non-smokers had been closely matched for age, height, parity and social class, significant differences were observed between smokers and non-smokers in the birth weights of the babies and in cyanide and thiocyanate levels in maternal blood and urine.", "PMID": 843468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5673", "title": "Evidence for a local control of prostaglandins within the pregnant human uterus.", "content": "Prostaglandin F (PGF) and 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF (PGFM) have been measured in amniotic fluid in late human pregnancy. The method used to obtain amniotic fluid greatly influenced the levels of prostaglandins: fluid obtained by vaginal amniotomy contained significantly higher levels of both PGF and PGFM than samples taken at amniocentesis, reflecting an increase in synthesis and/or release of prostaglandin rather than a decrease in the rate of metabolism. After 36 weeks gestation there was no increase in levels of either PGF or PGFM if samples obtained by amniotomy and amniocentesis were considered separately, although if such samples were considered together a significant increase could be obtained. The apparently rapid change in prostaglandin concentrations in amniotic fluid in response to amniotomy strongly supports a local control of these compounds within the pregnant uterus.", "contents": "Evidence for a local control of prostaglandins within the pregnant human uterus. Prostaglandin F (PGF) and 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF (PGFM) have been measured in amniotic fluid in late human pregnancy. The method used to obtain amniotic fluid greatly influenced the levels of prostaglandins: fluid obtained by vaginal amniotomy contained significantly higher levels of both PGF and PGFM than samples taken at amniocentesis, reflecting an increase in synthesis and/or release of prostaglandin rather than a decrease in the rate of metabolism. After 36 weeks gestation there was no increase in levels of either PGF or PGFM if samples obtained by amniotomy and amniocentesis were considered separately, although if such samples were considered together a significant increase could be obtained. The apparently rapid change in prostaglandin concentrations in amniotic fluid in response to amniotomy strongly supports a local control of these compounds within the pregnant uterus.", "PMID": 843469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5674", "title": "The oxytocin challenge test and antepartum fetal assessment.", "content": "The oxytocin challenge test (OCT) was performed 537 times on 364 high-risk patients over a three-year period. It was shown that a positive test had a highly significant correlation with a worsened perinatal outcome as measured by stillbirth rate, fetal distress in labour, intrauterine growth retardation, Apgar scores and the need for neonatal resuscitation and intensive care. However, one-third of positive tests were falsely positive when tested by labour. A negative test proved reassuring for a further week of intrauterine life in 98.2 per cent of cases. The role of the OCT in antepartum fetal monitoring is discussed.", "contents": "The oxytocin challenge test and antepartum fetal assessment. The oxytocin challenge test (OCT) was performed 537 times on 364 high-risk patients over a three-year period. It was shown that a positive test had a highly significant correlation with a worsened perinatal outcome as measured by stillbirth rate, fetal distress in labour, intrauterine growth retardation, Apgar scores and the need for neonatal resuscitation and intensive care. However, one-third of positive tests were falsely positive when tested by labour. A negative test proved reassuring for a further week of intrauterine life in 98.2 per cent of cases. The role of the OCT in antepartum fetal monitoring is discussed.", "PMID": 843470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5675", "title": "Effects of spontaneous and artificial membrane rupture in labour upon fetal heart rate.", "content": "This study reports the effects of spontaneous rupture of membranes and artificial rupture of membranes on fetal heart rate patterns during labour in 87 normal and 25 complicated pregnancies. The incidence of early deceleration patterns following membrane rupture was 6.25 per cent during the first 15 minutes and 1.78 per cent after 45 minutes, regardless of whether the pregnancy was normal or complicated. It is concluded that rupture of membranes does not significantly increase the incidence of early deceleration patterns. However, the occurrence of other heart rate alterations such as late decelerations, loss of beat-to-beat variability, changes in base line and tachycardia, need to be investigated further in larger collaborative studies.", "contents": "Effects of spontaneous and artificial membrane rupture in labour upon fetal heart rate. This study reports the effects of spontaneous rupture of membranes and artificial rupture of membranes on fetal heart rate patterns during labour in 87 normal and 25 complicated pregnancies. The incidence of early deceleration patterns following membrane rupture was 6.25 per cent during the first 15 minutes and 1.78 per cent after 45 minutes, regardless of whether the pregnancy was normal or complicated. It is concluded that rupture of membranes does not significantly increase the incidence of early deceleration patterns. However, the occurrence of other heart rate alterations such as late decelerations, loss of beat-to-beat variability, changes in base line and tachycardia, need to be investigated further in larger collaborative studies.", "PMID": 843471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5676", "title": "The effect of doxapram on fetal breathing in the sheep.", "content": "In five ewes of 105 to 120 days gestation intravenous doxapram (1.8 to 3.85 mg/kg) administered to the mother produced a dose-related increase in fetal breathing. This effect of doxapram might prove useful as a test of human fetal health. Fetal breathing movements could be a sensitive indication of the effects of drugs on the human fetal respiratory system.", "contents": "The effect of doxapram on fetal breathing in the sheep. In five ewes of 105 to 120 days gestation intravenous doxapram (1.8 to 3.85 mg/kg) administered to the mother produced a dose-related increase in fetal breathing. This effect of doxapram might prove useful as a test of human fetal health. Fetal breathing movements could be a sensitive indication of the effects of drugs on the human fetal respiratory system.", "PMID": 843472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5677", "title": "Water intoxication and oxytocin infusion.", "content": "The case reports are presented of two patients who developed water intoxication after high-dose oxytocin infusions. Plasma sodium and urine flow were studied in two further patients given high-dose oxytocin infusions. The findings are related to previously published observations.", "contents": "Water intoxication and oxytocin infusion. The case reports are presented of two patients who developed water intoxication after high-dose oxytocin infusions. Plasma sodium and urine flow were studied in two further patients given high-dose oxytocin infusions. The findings are related to previously published observations.", "PMID": 843473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5678", "title": "Microinvasive squamous carcinoma of cervix in the Tayside region of Scotland.", "content": "A total of 117 patients with microinvasive squamous carcinoma of the cervix encountered between 1960 and 1972 is reviewed. No lymph node metastases were found in the 42 patients who had pelvic lymphadenectomy and only one died from her disease. The proposal is made that when the depth of invasion is 3 mm or less, microinvasive carcinoma can be treated in the same way as carcinoma in situ.", "contents": "Microinvasive squamous carcinoma of cervix in the Tayside region of Scotland. A total of 117 patients with microinvasive squamous carcinoma of the cervix encountered between 1960 and 1972 is reviewed. No lymph node metastases were found in the 42 patients who had pelvic lymphadenectomy and only one died from her disease. The proposal is made that when the depth of invasion is 3 mm or less, microinvasive carcinoma can be treated in the same way as carcinoma in situ.", "PMID": 843474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5679", "title": "Severe intravascular coagulation preceding severe pre-eclampsia.", "content": "A patient is described in whom clinical and laboratory evidence of intravascular coagulation preceded the development of fulminating pre-eclampsia necessitating the delivery of a fresh stillbirth by Caesarean section at 31 weeks.", "contents": "Severe intravascular coagulation preceding severe pre-eclampsia. A patient is described in whom clinical and laboratory evidence of intravascular coagulation preceded the development of fulminating pre-eclampsia necessitating the delivery of a fresh stillbirth by Caesarean section at 31 weeks.", "PMID": 843475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5680", "title": "Grey-scale ultrasonography in the diagnosis of hydatidiform mole with a coexistent fetus.", "content": "A patient is presented who had a hydatidiform mole with a coexisten fetus and bilateral theca lutein cysts. The complete diagnosis was made by grey-scale ultrasonography.", "contents": "Grey-scale ultrasonography in the diagnosis of hydatidiform mole with a coexistent fetus. A patient is presented who had a hydatidiform mole with a coexisten fetus and bilateral theca lutein cysts. The complete diagnosis was made by grey-scale ultrasonography.", "PMID": 843476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5681", "title": "Effects of noise on human placental lactogen (HPL) levels in maternal plasma.", "content": "The levels of human placental lactogen (HPL) in the serum of expectant mothers both subjected to and not subjected to aircraft noise were measured. The HPL levels in the quiet reference area and in the noise area were similar before the 29th week of pregnancy. However, the HPL levels of subjects in the noise area tended to be lower than those in the reference area after the 30th week of pregnancy and the difference became significant after the 36th week of pregnancy. The lower HPL levels were associated with lower birth weight for infants of mothers who lived in the noise area.", "contents": "Effects of noise on human placental lactogen (HPL) levels in maternal plasma. The levels of human placental lactogen (HPL) in the serum of expectant mothers both subjected to and not subjected to aircraft noise were measured. The HPL levels in the quiet reference area and in the noise area were similar before the 29th week of pregnancy. However, the HPL levels of subjects in the noise area tended to be lower than those in the reference area after the 30th week of pregnancy and the difference became significant after the 36th week of pregnancy. The lower HPL levels were associated with lower birth weight for infants of mothers who lived in the noise area.", "PMID": 843477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5682", "title": "The treatment of hirsutism with cyproterone acetate (an anti-androgen).", "content": "The rationale of anti-androgen treatment for hirsutism is explained. The results are presented of treatment with cyproterone acetate of idiopathic hirsutism or hirsutism associated with polycystic ovarian disease. Ten out of 14 patients showed a good response after six months treatment. The response was dramatic in two patients.", "contents": "The treatment of hirsutism with cyproterone acetate (an anti-androgen). The rationale of anti-androgen treatment for hirsutism is explained. The results are presented of treatment with cyproterone acetate of idiopathic hirsutism or hirsutism associated with polycystic ovarian disease. Ten out of 14 patients showed a good response after six months treatment. The response was dramatic in two patients.", "PMID": 843478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5683", "title": "Immunoglobulin concentrations in cervical mucus in patients with normal and abnormal cervical cytology.", "content": "The cervical mucus of 31 patients with normal and 16 patients with abnormal cervical cytology was investigated at each stage of the menstrual cycle for immunoglobulin IgG, IgA and IgM. IgG and IgA were present in every mucus sample, while IgM was only occasionally found in trace amounts. IgG and IgA increased towards the last week of the menstrual cycle, the increase being in general more marked for IgA. Patients with abnormal cervical cytology showed increased IgG and, more strikingly, IgA concentrations in their cervical mucus, but there was no correlation between the IgG and IgA concentrations at any stage of the menstrual cycle. Whereas in patients with normal cervical cytology the IgG and IgA concentrations correlated throughout the menstrual cycle.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin concentrations in cervical mucus in patients with normal and abnormal cervical cytology. The cervical mucus of 31 patients with normal and 16 patients with abnormal cervical cytology was investigated at each stage of the menstrual cycle for immunoglobulin IgG, IgA and IgM. IgG and IgA were present in every mucus sample, while IgM was only occasionally found in trace amounts. IgG and IgA increased towards the last week of the menstrual cycle, the increase being in general more marked for IgA. Patients with abnormal cervical cytology showed increased IgG and, more strikingly, IgA concentrations in their cervical mucus, but there was no correlation between the IgG and IgA concentrations at any stage of the menstrual cycle. Whereas in patients with normal cervical cytology the IgG and IgA concentrations correlated throughout the menstrual cycle.", "PMID": 843479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5684", "title": "Termination of pregnancy with vaginal administration of 16, 16 dimethyl prostaglandin E2 p-benzaldehyde semicarbazone ester.", "content": "A 16,16 dimethyl prostaglandin E2 p-benzaldehyde semicarbazone ester was used for termination of pregnancy in 54 late first trimester and second trimester patients. The drug (750 microng in gelatine glycerine pessaries) was administered every four hours. Fifty patients (92-5%) aborted during the 36 hours treatment. Side effects were mild and consisted of vomiting in five patients, diarrhoea in three patients and transient pyrexia in two.", "contents": "Termination of pregnancy with vaginal administration of 16, 16 dimethyl prostaglandin E2 p-benzaldehyde semicarbazone ester. A 16,16 dimethyl prostaglandin E2 p-benzaldehyde semicarbazone ester was used for termination of pregnancy in 54 late first trimester and second trimester patients. The drug (750 microng in gelatine glycerine pessaries) was administered every four hours. Fifty patients (92-5%) aborted during the 36 hours treatment. Side effects were mild and consisted of vomiting in five patients, diarrhoea in three patients and transient pyrexia in two.", "PMID": 843480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5685", "title": "Use of the nitrazine yellow swab test in the diagnosis of ruptured membranes.", "content": "Throat swabs impregnated with nitrazine yellow have been used to detect pH change in the vagina before and after amniotomy. The effect of infection on the test has been examined. A negative result is of use in excluding the diagnosis of ruptured membranes. A positive result is highly suggestive of the presence of amniotic fluid.", "contents": "Use of the nitrazine yellow swab test in the diagnosis of ruptured membranes. Throat swabs impregnated with nitrazine yellow have been used to detect pH change in the vagina before and after amniotomy. The effect of infection on the test has been examined. A negative result is of use in excluding the diagnosis of ruptured membranes. A positive result is highly suggestive of the presence of amniotic fluid.", "PMID": 843481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5686", "title": "Genital herpesvirus infection in a prepubertal girl.", "content": "An episode of acute vulvovaginitis which was found to be due to herpesvirus is described in an eight-year-old girl. The significance of such infections is discussed.", "contents": "Genital herpesvirus infection in a prepubertal girl. An episode of acute vulvovaginitis which was found to be due to herpesvirus is described in an eight-year-old girl. The significance of such infections is discussed.", "PMID": 843482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5687", "title": "Endometrial stromal sarcoma of the broad ligament arising in an area of endometriosis in a paramesonephric cyst. Case report.", "content": "A 63-year-old Jamaican negress had an endometrial stromal sarcoma arising in a paramesonephric cyst of the broad ligament. Morphological evidence is presented to show that the tumour arose from an area of endometriosis within the cyst wall. Subsequent metastases responded for a few months to cyclophosphamide therapy and the patient died 14 months after the onset of symptoms.", "contents": "Endometrial stromal sarcoma of the broad ligament arising in an area of endometriosis in a paramesonephric cyst. Case report. A 63-year-old Jamaican negress had an endometrial stromal sarcoma arising in a paramesonephric cyst of the broad ligament. Morphological evidence is presented to show that the tumour arose from an area of endometriosis within the cyst wall. Subsequent metastases responded for a few months to cyclophosphamide therapy and the patient died 14 months after the onset of symptoms.", "PMID": 843483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5688", "title": "Postmenopausal tuberculosis of the cervix. Case report and review.", "content": "A patient with tuberculosis of the cervix who presented with postmenopausal bleeding is reported and the related literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Postmenopausal tuberculosis of the cervix. Case report and review. A patient with tuberculosis of the cervix who presented with postmenopausal bleeding is reported and the related literature is reviewed.", "PMID": 843484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5689", "title": "Uterus didelphys with a pregnancy in each horn. Case report.", "content": "A patient with uterus didelphys presented with a pregnancy in each horn which ended in the vaginal delivery of two infants who survived.", "contents": "Uterus didelphys with a pregnancy in each horn. Case report. A patient with uterus didelphys presented with a pregnancy in each horn which ended in the vaginal delivery of two infants who survived.", "PMID": 843485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5690", "title": "Haemostatic mechanisms in maternal, umbilical vein and umbilical artery blood at the time of delivery.", "content": "Studies of the haemostatic mechanism were made on paired samples from the umbilical vein and artery and from a maternal peripheral vein immediately following delivery in 80 healthy patients with uncomplicated pregnancies. Neonatal blood showed a significant decrease in clotting 'activity' and platelet function, and a significant increase in fibrinolytic activity. The umbilical vein, in in comparison to the umbilical artery, showed increased clotting 'activity' increased platelet function and decreased fibrinolytic activity. The possible adverse influence of the placenta on haemostasis in the fetus and newborn is discussed.", "contents": "Haemostatic mechanisms in maternal, umbilical vein and umbilical artery blood at the time of delivery. Studies of the haemostatic mechanism were made on paired samples from the umbilical vein and artery and from a maternal peripheral vein immediately following delivery in 80 healthy patients with uncomplicated pregnancies. Neonatal blood showed a significant decrease in clotting 'activity' and platelet function, and a significant increase in fibrinolytic activity. The umbilical vein, in in comparison to the umbilical artery, showed increased clotting 'activity' increased platelet function and decreased fibrinolytic activity. The possible adverse influence of the placenta on haemostasis in the fetus and newborn is discussed.", "PMID": 843486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5691", "title": "Oestrogen excretion and ovarian pathology in postmenopausal women with atypical hyperplasia, adenocarcinoma and mixed adenosquamous carcinoma of the endometrium.", "content": "Urinary oestrogen and pregnanediol excretion were measured before and after hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy in 26 postmenopausal women with adenocarcinoma of the endometrium, 10 postmenopausal women with mixed adenosquamous carcinoma and 11 postmenopausal women with atypical hyperplasia (the patient groups). The results were compared with the values obtained in 22 active postmenopausal women, 20 hospitalized postmenopausal women and 18 women who had been subjected to hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy for cancer of the cervix (the control groups). The ovaries and Fallopian tubes obtained at operation were examined for evidence of current or past excessive oestrogen production. Preoperative oestrogen values were higher in the patient groups than in the controls and the elevated values persisted after oophorectomy. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Oestrogen excretion and ovarian pathology in postmenopausal women with atypical hyperplasia, adenocarcinoma and mixed adenosquamous carcinoma of the endometrium. Urinary oestrogen and pregnanediol excretion were measured before and after hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy in 26 postmenopausal women with adenocarcinoma of the endometrium, 10 postmenopausal women with mixed adenosquamous carcinoma and 11 postmenopausal women with atypical hyperplasia (the patient groups). The results were compared with the values obtained in 22 active postmenopausal women, 20 hospitalized postmenopausal women and 18 women who had been subjected to hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy for cancer of the cervix (the control groups). The ovaries and Fallopian tubes obtained at operation were examined for evidence of current or past excessive oestrogen production. Preoperative oestrogen values were higher in the patient groups than in the controls and the elevated values persisted after oophorectomy. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 843487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5692", "title": "A critical evaluation of tests used to assess gestational age.", "content": "The reliability of eight methods for estimating gestational age in the third trimester of pregnancy has been assessed in patients with fetuses of known maturity. Late ultrasound cephalometry, amniotic fluid creatinine estimations and lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio were found to be significantly more reliable than the other five methods. The mean of estimated gestational ages provided by the three techniques used in combination gave a significantly more accurate prediction of fetal age than any single test and allowed formation of a 'maturity profile'.", "contents": "A critical evaluation of tests used to assess gestational age. The reliability of eight methods for estimating gestational age in the third trimester of pregnancy has been assessed in patients with fetuses of known maturity. Late ultrasound cephalometry, amniotic fluid creatinine estimations and lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio were found to be significantly more reliable than the other five methods. The mean of estimated gestational ages provided by the three techniques used in combination gave a significantly more accurate prediction of fetal age than any single test and allowed formation of a 'maturity profile'.", "PMID": 843488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5693", "title": "The relative efficacy of bed rest, cervical suture, and no treatment in the management of twin pregnancy.", "content": "We compared 60 twin pregnancies treated by bed rest, 37 treated by cervical suture and 36 receiving no active treatment. The incidence of the spontaneous onset of labour before 36 weeks of gestation, the mean gestational age at delivery, mean birth weights of the first and second twins and the incidence of 'small-for-dates babies' were similar in all three groups.", "contents": "The relative efficacy of bed rest, cervical suture, and no treatment in the management of twin pregnancy. We compared 60 twin pregnancies treated by bed rest, 37 treated by cervical suture and 36 receiving no active treatment. The incidence of the spontaneous onset of labour before 36 weeks of gestation, the mean gestational age at delivery, mean birth weights of the first and second twins and the incidence of 'small-for-dates babies' were similar in all three groups.", "PMID": 843489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5694", "title": "Ultrasound measurement of the fetal head to abdomen circumference ratio in the assessment of growth retardation.", "content": "Fetal head and abdomen circumference measurements have been made using pulsed ultrasound techniques. The mean head to abdomen (H/A) circumference ratio with 95% confidence limits was determined in 568 normal pregnancies from 17 to 41 weeks menstrual age. The mean ratio was 1-18 at 17 weeks, but decreased slowly until 29 weeks when the ratio was 1-11; thereafter there was a sharp fall in the mean ratio to 1-01 at 36 weeks and 0-96 at 40 weeks. The H/A circumference ratio was also determined in 31 small-for-dates fetuses within one week of delivery. In all cases the fetal weight as predicted from the fetal abdomen circumference measurement was below the 5th centile weight for gestation. The ratio was above the 95th centile limit in 22 (71%) of these fetuses and evidence is presented to suggest that the H/A circumference ratio can be used to distinguish between symmetrical and asymmetrical growth retardation.", "contents": "Ultrasound measurement of the fetal head to abdomen circumference ratio in the assessment of growth retardation. Fetal head and abdomen circumference measurements have been made using pulsed ultrasound techniques. The mean head to abdomen (H/A) circumference ratio with 95% confidence limits was determined in 568 normal pregnancies from 17 to 41 weeks menstrual age. The mean ratio was 1-18 at 17 weeks, but decreased slowly until 29 weeks when the ratio was 1-11; thereafter there was a sharp fall in the mean ratio to 1-01 at 36 weeks and 0-96 at 40 weeks. The H/A circumference ratio was also determined in 31 small-for-dates fetuses within one week of delivery. In all cases the fetal weight as predicted from the fetal abdomen circumference measurement was below the 5th centile weight for gestation. The ratio was above the 95th centile limit in 22 (71%) of these fetuses and evidence is presented to suggest that the H/A circumference ratio can be used to distinguish between symmetrical and asymmetrical growth retardation.", "PMID": 843490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5695", "title": "Prediction of birth weight by ultrasound measurements of the fetus.", "content": "Fetal biparietal diameter, transverse thoracic diameter abdominal circumference and area were measured by ultrasound in 50 pregnant women at term not more than 48 hours before delivery. Multiple regressions correlating birth weight with all these parameters were obtained and estimated birth weight (calculated from the regressions) was compared with the actual birth weight. The error in prediction was under 200 g in 56%, under 300 g in 66% and under 400 g in 84% of patients when all fetal measurements were used. It was under 200 g in 48%, under 300 g in 66% and under 400 g in 74% when only the abdominal area was used; and it was under 200 g in 46%, under 300 g in 56% and under 400 g in 82% when the abdominal circumference alone was used. Biparietal diameter and transverse thoracic diameter alone were not useful in predicting birth weight.", "contents": "Prediction of birth weight by ultrasound measurements of the fetus. Fetal biparietal diameter, transverse thoracic diameter abdominal circumference and area were measured by ultrasound in 50 pregnant women at term not more than 48 hours before delivery. Multiple regressions correlating birth weight with all these parameters were obtained and estimated birth weight (calculated from the regressions) was compared with the actual birth weight. The error in prediction was under 200 g in 56%, under 300 g in 66% and under 400 g in 84% of patients when all fetal measurements were used. It was under 200 g in 48%, under 300 g in 66% and under 400 g in 74% when only the abdominal area was used; and it was under 200 g in 46%, under 300 g in 56% and under 400 g in 82% when the abdominal circumference alone was used. Biparietal diameter and transverse thoracic diameter alone were not useful in predicting birth weight.", "PMID": 843491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5696", "title": "Serum oestrogens and progesterone in mother and infant at delivery.", "content": "Whereas maternal venous levels of progesterone and oestrogens have been studied intensively in relation to parturition, little attention has been directed to fetal levels. In this study progesterone, oestrone (E1), oestriol (E2) and oestriol (E3) were measured in umbilical artery (UA) and umbilical vein (UV) serum at vaginal delivery (after induced or spontaneous onset of labour) and at elective Caesarean section. At least 14 samples were included in each group. All UV serum steroid levels were consistently higher than UA serum steroid levels. Cord serum levels of progesterone and arterio-venous differences were higher at vaginal delivery than at Caesarean section although maternal levels changed little. E1 and E2 levels were similar after spontaneous labour and at Caesarean section but were higher (P less than 0-05) after induced labour although E3 levels did not alter. E1 and E2 were higher and progesterone lower in primiparae than in multiparae. Fetal sex made no differences. These results suggest that induction of labour with oxytocin results in altered fetal hormone levels, that maternal hormone levels provide a poor reflection of fetal changes,and that current views about the mechanism of the onset of labour in animals may not be appropriate for man.", "contents": "Serum oestrogens and progesterone in mother and infant at delivery. Whereas maternal venous levels of progesterone and oestrogens have been studied intensively in relation to parturition, little attention has been directed to fetal levels. In this study progesterone, oestrone (E1), oestriol (E2) and oestriol (E3) were measured in umbilical artery (UA) and umbilical vein (UV) serum at vaginal delivery (after induced or spontaneous onset of labour) and at elective Caesarean section. At least 14 samples were included in each group. All UV serum steroid levels were consistently higher than UA serum steroid levels. Cord serum levels of progesterone and arterio-venous differences were higher at vaginal delivery than at Caesarean section although maternal levels changed little. E1 and E2 levels were similar after spontaneous labour and at Caesarean section but were higher (P less than 0-05) after induced labour although E3 levels did not alter. E1 and E2 were higher and progesterone lower in primiparae than in multiparae. Fetal sex made no differences. These results suggest that induction of labour with oxytocin results in altered fetal hormone levels, that maternal hormone levels provide a poor reflection of fetal changes,and that current views about the mechanism of the onset of labour in animals may not be appropriate for man.", "PMID": 843492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5697", "title": "Relation between corticosteroid and albumin concentrations in umbilical vein plasma and the duration of labour.", "content": "The concentration of corticosteroids in the umbilical vein plasma of babies delivered after a spontaneous onset of labour showed a significant positive correlation with the duration of labour (r=0-593; P less than 0-001) and the length of the second stage (r=0-48; P less than 0-02). Similar results were also obtained for induced labours. For labours of both induced and spontaneous onset, the albumin concentration in cord plasma also correlated significantly (r=0-46; P less than 0-01) with the corticosteroid concentration. It is concluded that the stress of labour and vaginal delivery, and possibly changes in the concentration of proteins which bind corticosteroids, are impoertant in determining the corticosteroid concentration in cord plasma obtained after delivery of the baby. The significance of these findings in relation to mechanisms responsible for the onset of human labour is discussed.", "contents": "Relation between corticosteroid and albumin concentrations in umbilical vein plasma and the duration of labour. The concentration of corticosteroids in the umbilical vein plasma of babies delivered after a spontaneous onset of labour showed a significant positive correlation with the duration of labour (r=0-593; P less than 0-001) and the length of the second stage (r=0-48; P less than 0-02). Similar results were also obtained for induced labours. For labours of both induced and spontaneous onset, the albumin concentration in cord plasma also correlated significantly (r=0-46; P less than 0-01) with the corticosteroid concentration. It is concluded that the stress of labour and vaginal delivery, and possibly changes in the concentration of proteins which bind corticosteroids, are impoertant in determining the corticosteroid concentration in cord plasma obtained after delivery of the baby. The significance of these findings in relation to mechanisms responsible for the onset of human labour is discussed.", "PMID": 843493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5698", "title": "Plasma renin and aldosterone in pregnancy complicated by adrenal insufficiency.", "content": "Serial measurements of plasma renin and plasma aldosterone were made throughout pregnancy in two women with adrenal insufficiency. The values were compared with levels obtained in eight normal primigravidae. Aldosterone levels were low or undetectable in adrenal insufficiency and plasma renin levels were grossly elevated in one patient with adrenal insufficiency but within the normal range in the other.", "contents": "Plasma renin and aldosterone in pregnancy complicated by adrenal insufficiency. Serial measurements of plasma renin and plasma aldosterone were made throughout pregnancy in two women with adrenal insufficiency. The values were compared with levels obtained in eight normal primigravidae. Aldosterone levels were low or undetectable in adrenal insufficiency and plasma renin levels were grossly elevated in one patient with adrenal insufficiency but within the normal range in the other.", "PMID": 843494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5699", "title": "Plasma human placental lactogen profiles over 24 hours in normal and diabetic pregnancy.", "content": "Plasma human placental lactogen (HPL) concentrations have been measured at frequent intervals over 24 hours in 24 normal women, 13 chemical and 13 insulin dependent diabetic patients during the third trimester of pregnancy. Most of the women studied displayed variation in HPL levels during the day, but there was no evidence of a diurnal rhythm, nor significant changes following meals or during the nocturnal fast. The mean plasma HPL concentrations over 24 hours in the chemical and insulin dependent diabetic patients (5-9+/-SD 1-3 and 5-9+/-1-7 microng/ml respectively) were greater than those in normal women (5-1+/-1-2 microng/ml) but this difference was not significant. No significant change in plasma HPL concentrations was observed during a five-hour oral glucose tolerance test in either the normal or chemical diabetic group. It is suggested that in normal pregnant women HPL does not itself contribute to glucose homeostasis but acts as a 'regulator' which alters the actions of certain maternal hormones to achieve a favourable environment for fetal growth.", "contents": "Plasma human placental lactogen profiles over 24 hours in normal and diabetic pregnancy. Plasma human placental lactogen (HPL) concentrations have been measured at frequent intervals over 24 hours in 24 normal women, 13 chemical and 13 insulin dependent diabetic patients during the third trimester of pregnancy. Most of the women studied displayed variation in HPL levels during the day, but there was no evidence of a diurnal rhythm, nor significant changes following meals or during the nocturnal fast. The mean plasma HPL concentrations over 24 hours in the chemical and insulin dependent diabetic patients (5-9+/-SD 1-3 and 5-9+/-1-7 microng/ml respectively) were greater than those in normal women (5-1+/-1-2 microng/ml) but this difference was not significant. No significant change in plasma HPL concentrations was observed during a five-hour oral glucose tolerance test in either the normal or chemical diabetic group. It is suggested that in normal pregnant women HPL does not itself contribute to glucose homeostasis but acts as a 'regulator' which alters the actions of certain maternal hormones to achieve a favourable environment for fetal growth.", "PMID": 843495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5700", "title": "Relationship between fetal urine production and amniotic fluid volume in normal pregnancy and pregnancy complicated by diabetes.", "content": "The hourly fetal urine production rate (HFUPR) was calculated from ultrasonic measurements of fetal bladder volume. A normal HFUPR reference curve, constructed from measurements in 189 normal pregnancies between 24 and 42 weeks gestation, showed a rapid increase of HFUPR from 3-3 to 24-4 ml up to 40 weeks followed by a slight decline. The amniotic fluid volume was estimated by the p-aminohippuric acid method within 12 hours of HFUPR measurements. In 67 normal pregnancies, there was no relationship between HFUPR and amniotic fluid volume measured between 36 and 41 weeks gestation. In 12 patients with fetal growth retardation, a relationship was found between reduced fetal urinary output and low amniotic fluid volume between 36 and 38 weeks gestation. In the 16 diabetic patients studied between 28 and 40 weeks gestation, there was no relationship between HFUPR (within or below normal range) and the high amniotic fluid volume (above 1500 ml in 13 patients). The implication of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Relationship between fetal urine production and amniotic fluid volume in normal pregnancy and pregnancy complicated by diabetes. The hourly fetal urine production rate (HFUPR) was calculated from ultrasonic measurements of fetal bladder volume. A normal HFUPR reference curve, constructed from measurements in 189 normal pregnancies between 24 and 42 weeks gestation, showed a rapid increase of HFUPR from 3-3 to 24-4 ml up to 40 weeks followed by a slight decline. The amniotic fluid volume was estimated by the p-aminohippuric acid method within 12 hours of HFUPR measurements. In 67 normal pregnancies, there was no relationship between HFUPR and amniotic fluid volume measured between 36 and 41 weeks gestation. In 12 patients with fetal growth retardation, a relationship was found between reduced fetal urinary output and low amniotic fluid volume between 36 and 38 weeks gestation. In the 16 diabetic patients studied between 28 and 40 weeks gestation, there was no relationship between HFUPR (within or below normal range) and the high amniotic fluid volume (above 1500 ml in 13 patients). The implication of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 843496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5701", "title": "Comparison of histological changes seen in placental tissue cultures and in placentae obtained after fetal death.", "content": "The histological changes in placental tissue cultures were observed and compared with those seen in placentae obtained after intrauterine fetal death. Early damage of the syncytiotrophoblast and improvement in the appearance of cytotrophoblast were seen in both cases. It is suggested that it is the cessation of the fetal circulation which causes these changes.", "contents": "Comparison of histological changes seen in placental tissue cultures and in placentae obtained after fetal death. The histological changes in placental tissue cultures were observed and compared with those seen in placentae obtained after intrauterine fetal death. Early damage of the syncytiotrophoblast and improvement in the appearance of cytotrophoblast were seen in both cases. It is suggested that it is the cessation of the fetal circulation which causes these changes.", "PMID": 843497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5702", "title": "Ciliary activity in the human oviduct.", "content": "Ciliary activity of the human oviduct was investigated using a cinematographic technique. Oviducts from preovulatory, postovulatory and puerperal subjects were analyzed and the fimbrial, ampullary and isthmic regions were compared. It was found that cilia beat more rapidly after ovulation, this difference being significant in both ampullary and isthmic regions, but not in the fimbriae. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Ciliary activity in the human oviduct. Ciliary activity of the human oviduct was investigated using a cinematographic technique. Oviducts from preovulatory, postovulatory and puerperal subjects were analyzed and the fimbrial, ampullary and isthmic regions were compared. It was found that cilia beat more rapidly after ovulation, this difference being significant in both ampullary and isthmic regions, but not in the fimbriae. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 843498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5703", "title": "The cellular composition of the human oviduct epithelium.", "content": "Epithelium from human Fallopian tubes was examined to determine the ratio of ciliated to secretory cells. A comparison was made between results from oviducts from women at different stages of the menstrual cycle, and also between the fimbrial, ampullary and isthmic regions of the oviduct. A high percentage of ciliated cells was found in each case, including the isthmic region, with little difference seen throughout the cycle. The role of cilia in ovum transport is discussed.", "contents": "The cellular composition of the human oviduct epithelium. Epithelium from human Fallopian tubes was examined to determine the ratio of ciliated to secretory cells. A comparison was made between results from oviducts from women at different stages of the menstrual cycle, and also between the fimbrial, ampullary and isthmic regions of the oviduct. A high percentage of ciliated cells was found in each case, including the isthmic region, with little difference seen throughout the cycle. The role of cilia in ovum transport is discussed.", "PMID": 843499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5704", "title": "A clinico-pathological study of gonadoblastoma.", "content": "The clinico-pathological features of 12 patients with a gonadoblastoma are analyzed.", "contents": "A clinico-pathological study of gonadoblastoma. The clinico-pathological features of 12 patients with a gonadoblastoma are analyzed.", "PMID": 843500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5705", "title": "Absence of upper limbs (amelia) in surviving intrauterine twin after salpingectomy for ectopic pregnancy.", "content": "A patient is described who had simultaneous tubal and intrauterine pregnancies. The tubal pregnancy was treated by salpingectomy at 51 days after the onset of the last menstrual period. The surviving twin was born after 42 weeks gestation and had no upper limbs (amelia).", "contents": "Absence of upper limbs (amelia) in surviving intrauterine twin after salpingectomy for ectopic pregnancy. A patient is described who had simultaneous tubal and intrauterine pregnancies. The tubal pregnancy was treated by salpingectomy at 51 days after the onset of the last menstrual period. The surviving twin was born after 42 weeks gestation and had no upper limbs (amelia).", "PMID": 843501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5706", "title": "Adverse reaction to extra-amniotic prostaglandin E2.", "content": "An immediate and severe reaction to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), given by the extra-amniotic route to induce the abortion of a hydatidiform mole, is reported.", "contents": "Adverse reaction to extra-amniotic prostaglandin E2. An immediate and severe reaction to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), given by the extra-amniotic route to induce the abortion of a hydatidiform mole, is reported.", "PMID": 843502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5707", "title": "Peripheral iridectomy in closed angle glaucoma-- late complications.", "content": "Of 70 eyes with therapeutic peripheral iridectomy (PI), 51% suffered a loss of two or more lines on the Snellen chart; 57% developed posterior synechiae (PS) and 57% showed lens opacities. Thirty-three per cent of eyes that underwent PI prophylactically had a vision drop of two lines or more, 39% developed PS and 42% showed varying degrees of lens opacities. Although vision drop, lens opacities and PS were less marked in the prophylactic group, it appears that PI is a surgical procedure not without its hazards. We therefore suggest that peripheral iridectomy should not be performed routinely on the second eye not suffering an acute attack. This procedure should be undertaken only in cases with positive provocative tests and/or clinical signs of closed angle glaucoma.", "contents": "Peripheral iridectomy in closed angle glaucoma-- late complications. Of 70 eyes with therapeutic peripheral iridectomy (PI), 51% suffered a loss of two or more lines on the Snellen chart; 57% developed posterior synechiae (PS) and 57% showed lens opacities. Thirty-three per cent of eyes that underwent PI prophylactically had a vision drop of two lines or more, 39% developed PS and 42% showed varying degrees of lens opacities. Although vision drop, lens opacities and PS were less marked in the prophylactic group, it appears that PI is a surgical procedure not without its hazards. We therefore suggest that peripheral iridectomy should not be performed routinely on the second eye not suffering an acute attack. This procedure should be undertaken only in cases with positive provocative tests and/or clinical signs of closed angle glaucoma.", "PMID": 843503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5708", "title": "Mixed glaucoma.", "content": "Two hundred and sixty-seven eyes which underwent peripheral iridectomy for presumed angle-closure glaucoma were investigated. The diagnosis of angle-closure glaucoma was confirmed postoperatively in 258 eyes, in 201 of which the intraocular pressure became normal without further treatment and in 57 of which the postiridectomy IOP was elevated because of visible damage to the anterior chamber angle. Three eyes had open-angle glaucoma with a narrow angle. Six eyes had possible mixed (combined mechanism) glaucoma (2-2%). Mixed glaucoma is a rare, fortuitous combination of open-angle and angle-closure glaucoma rather than a distinct entity, and it might be advisable to avoid the term, which tends to be used for primary glaucomas of uncertain classification.", "contents": "Mixed glaucoma. Two hundred and sixty-seven eyes which underwent peripheral iridectomy for presumed angle-closure glaucoma were investigated. The diagnosis of angle-closure glaucoma was confirmed postoperatively in 258 eyes, in 201 of which the intraocular pressure became normal without further treatment and in 57 of which the postiridectomy IOP was elevated because of visible damage to the anterior chamber angle. Three eyes had open-angle glaucoma with a narrow angle. Six eyes had possible mixed (combined mechanism) glaucoma (2-2%). Mixed glaucoma is a rare, fortuitous combination of open-angle and angle-closure glaucoma rather than a distinct entity, and it might be advisable to avoid the term, which tends to be used for primary glaucomas of uncertain classification.", "PMID": 843504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5709", "title": "The optic disc in glaucoma II: correlation of the appearance of the optic disc with the visual field.", "content": "Examination of stereoscopic optic disc photographs allowed accurate prediction of glaucomatous and normal fields to be made in 82 and 95% of eyes respectively and for visual field loss to be correctly located in upper and lower half in 83 and 91% of cases respectively. Despite this high correlation the existence of false positive and fale negative predictions means that the total reliance on optic nerve examination without visual field estimation in the evaluation of the glaucoma patient should not be made. Optic disc examination is too insensitive for long-term follow-up of visual function in a glaucoma patient. The high correlation between the state of the visual field and the optic disc means that, in the evaluation of the visual functions of a glaucoma patient, the appearance of the optic disc and the visual field should be in agreement.", "contents": "The optic disc in glaucoma II: correlation of the appearance of the optic disc with the visual field. Examination of stereoscopic optic disc photographs allowed accurate prediction of glaucomatous and normal fields to be made in 82 and 95% of eyes respectively and for visual field loss to be correctly located in upper and lower half in 83 and 91% of cases respectively. Despite this high correlation the existence of false positive and fale negative predictions means that the total reliance on optic nerve examination without visual field estimation in the evaluation of the glaucoma patient should not be made. Optic disc examination is too insensitive for long-term follow-up of visual function in a glaucoma patient. The high correlation between the state of the visual field and the optic disc means that, in the evaluation of the visual functions of a glaucoma patient, the appearance of the optic disc and the visual field should be in agreement.", "PMID": 843505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5710", "title": "Microhaemangiomas of the iris with spontaneous hyphaema and acute glaucoma.", "content": "A case of bilateral microhaemangiomas of the pupillary borders in a 69-year-old woman is described. When first seen she presented with acute angle closure glaucoma and spontaneous hyphaema. Photographs and iris fluorescein angiography are presented and microhaemangiomas are discussed.", "contents": "Microhaemangiomas of the iris with spontaneous hyphaema and acute glaucoma. A case of bilateral microhaemangiomas of the pupillary borders in a 69-year-old woman is described. When first seen she presented with acute angle closure glaucoma and spontaneous hyphaema. Photographs and iris fluorescein angiography are presented and microhaemangiomas are discussed.", "PMID": 843506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5711", "title": "Comparative study of Watson's and Cairns's trabeculectomies in a Black population with open angle glaucoma.", "content": "A comparative study of the effectiveness of Watson's and Cairns's trabeculectomy in a Black South African population with open-angle glaucoma is presented. The eventual success rate of 91-6% is comparable with that found in Whites, and the results were similar with both methods.", "contents": "Comparative study of Watson's and Cairns's trabeculectomies in a Black population with open angle glaucoma. A comparative study of the effectiveness of Watson's and Cairns's trabeculectomy in a Black South African population with open-angle glaucoma is presented. The eventual success rate of 91-6% is comparable with that found in Whites, and the results were similar with both methods.", "PMID": 843507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5712", "title": "Implants for draining neovascular glaucoma.", "content": "The implant design, surgical technique, and pharmacological methods of controlling bleb fibrosis, used to treat neovascular glaucoma, are described, together with the results of 14 operations performed on 12 eyes.", "contents": "Implants for draining neovascular glaucoma. The implant design, surgical technique, and pharmacological methods of controlling bleb fibrosis, used to treat neovascular glaucoma, are described, together with the results of 14 operations performed on 12 eyes.", "PMID": 843508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5713", "title": "Fluorescein angiography in chronic simple and low-tension glaucoma.", "content": "Fluorescein angiograms were performed on a group of low-tension glaucoma and chronic simple glaucoma patients with similar extent of visual field loss, under standardised conditions, to see whether differences attributable to chronic intraocular pressure elevation could be detected. There was no evidence for difference in circulation times between these two groups. There was no evidence that hypoperfusion of the peripapillary choroid contributed to optic nerve hypoperfusion. Low-tension glaucoma patients demonstrated focal sector hypoperfusion of the optic nerve in every case, while the chronic simple glaucoma patients demonstrated a wide range of optic nerve fluorescence, suggesting both focal and diffuse optic nerve head hypoperfusion. It was concluded that, while focal hypoperfusion of the optic nerve may reflect susceptible vasculature at the nerve head with or without intraocular pressure elevation, diffuse hypoperfusion suggested that prolonged intraocular pressure elevation may simultaneously affect the whole of the optic nerve head. This could be a direct effect on blood vessels or a mechanical effect with secondary vascular changes.", "contents": "Fluorescein angiography in chronic simple and low-tension glaucoma. Fluorescein angiograms were performed on a group of low-tension glaucoma and chronic simple glaucoma patients with similar extent of visual field loss, under standardised conditions, to see whether differences attributable to chronic intraocular pressure elevation could be detected. There was no evidence for difference in circulation times between these two groups. There was no evidence that hypoperfusion of the peripapillary choroid contributed to optic nerve hypoperfusion. Low-tension glaucoma patients demonstrated focal sector hypoperfusion of the optic nerve in every case, while the chronic simple glaucoma patients demonstrated a wide range of optic nerve fluorescence, suggesting both focal and diffuse optic nerve head hypoperfusion. It was concluded that, while focal hypoperfusion of the optic nerve may reflect susceptible vasculature at the nerve head with or without intraocular pressure elevation, diffuse hypoperfusion suggested that prolonged intraocular pressure elevation may simultaneously affect the whole of the optic nerve head. This could be a direct effect on blood vessels or a mechanical effect with secondary vascular changes.", "PMID": 843509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5714", "title": "A note on stray light in the T\u00fcbingen perimeter.", "content": "Measurements were made of the relative intensity of light scattered in the neighbourhood of the large and small targets on the T\u00fcbingen perimeter. Two target intensities were studied. The scattered light fraction ranged from 0-1 to 25% and its effect was detected more readily by young than by older observers.", "contents": "A note on stray light in the T\u00fcbingen perimeter. Measurements were made of the relative intensity of light scattered in the neighbourhood of the large and small targets on the T\u00fcbingen perimeter. Two target intensities were studied. The scattered light fraction ranged from 0-1 to 25% and its effect was detected more readily by young than by older observers.", "PMID": 843510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5715", "title": "Cataract in childhood: photograph methods in assessment.", "content": "The slit-lamp examination of the child's lens with cataract can yield useful prognostic signs, especially when this is supplemented by slit-image photography and measurement. A normal lens size for the subject's age is a good prognostic sign and is usually associated with a static cataract or with very slow deterioration in a developmental cataract. A small lens and absence of the anterior subcapsular clear zone are each associated with progressive cataract. Nuclear lamellar cataracts are shown to become smaller in diameter with time, which favours medical treatment with mydriasis.", "contents": "Cataract in childhood: photograph methods in assessment. The slit-lamp examination of the child's lens with cataract can yield useful prognostic signs, especially when this is supplemented by slit-image photography and measurement. A normal lens size for the subject's age is a good prognostic sign and is usually associated with a static cataract or with very slow deterioration in a developmental cataract. A small lens and absence of the anterior subcapsular clear zone are each associated with progressive cataract. Nuclear lamellar cataracts are shown to become smaller in diameter with time, which favours medical treatment with mydriasis.", "PMID": 843511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5716", "title": "Senile disciform macular degeneration in the second eye.", "content": "Development of senile disciform degeneration in the second eye was studied in a group of 104 patients over a period of up to five years. 12 to 15% of these patients develop disciform degeneration in the other eye each year. Patients with large and confluent drusen, especially if combined with accumulation of dye on fluorescein angiogram, were at greatest risk of developing disciform degeneration in the second eye.", "contents": "Senile disciform macular degeneration in the second eye. Development of senile disciform degeneration in the second eye was studied in a group of 104 patients over a period of up to five years. 12 to 15% of these patients develop disciform degeneration in the other eye each year. Patients with large and confluent drusen, especially if combined with accumulation of dye on fluorescein angiogram, were at greatest risk of developing disciform degeneration in the second eye.", "PMID": 843512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5717", "title": "Response of the human eye to laser irradiation of the iris.", "content": "Irradiation of the iris of glaucoma patients with either a ruby or an argon laser caused no obvious disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier (as visualised by fluorescein angiography), in contrast to a sudden and pronounced effect in the rabbit eye. Only a low and variable increase in intraocular pressure occurred in the human subjects after the laser irradiation in comparison with a consistently high rise of ocular tension in the rabbit. This investigation indicates that the human eye is much less responsive to injury.", "contents": "Response of the human eye to laser irradiation of the iris. Irradiation of the iris of glaucoma patients with either a ruby or an argon laser caused no obvious disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier (as visualised by fluorescein angiography), in contrast to a sudden and pronounced effect in the rabbit eye. Only a low and variable increase in intraocular pressure occurred in the human subjects after the laser irradiation in comparison with a consistently high rise of ocular tension in the rabbit. This investigation indicates that the human eye is much less responsive to injury.", "PMID": 843513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5718", "title": "Incidence and causes of blindness among the under 5 age group in Malawi.", "content": "The expected incidence of blindness among children under 5 years of age in Malawi is 34 cases per 100 000 children. Direct ocular infections were responsible for the blindness in 32% of the cases (bacterial infections 20% and measles 12%). The instillation of traditional medicine in these cases worsened the ocular condition and induced in all of the cases a \"hopeless\" situation of total melting of the cornea and protrusion of the uvea. Congenital factors (excluding retinoblastomas) were responsible for 30-8% of the blind cases. Among these, 11 cases of congenital cataracts were successfully treated and will not appear as blind in future. A high incidence (9-3%) of cortical blindness was recorded. Trauma was implicated in 5-3%, while retinoblastoma was found in 8%. It is believed that adequate preventive measures should be able to lower the incidence of blindness among this age group to 5 cases instead of 34 per 100 000 children.", "contents": "Incidence and causes of blindness among the under 5 age group in Malawi. The expected incidence of blindness among children under 5 years of age in Malawi is 34 cases per 100 000 children. Direct ocular infections were responsible for the blindness in 32% of the cases (bacterial infections 20% and measles 12%). The instillation of traditional medicine in these cases worsened the ocular condition and induced in all of the cases a \"hopeless\" situation of total melting of the cornea and protrusion of the uvea. Congenital factors (excluding retinoblastomas) were responsible for 30-8% of the blind cases. Among these, 11 cases of congenital cataracts were successfully treated and will not appear as blind in future. A high incidence (9-3%) of cortical blindness was recorded. Trauma was implicated in 5-3%, while retinoblastoma was found in 8%. It is believed that adequate preventive measures should be able to lower the incidence of blindness among this age group to 5 cases instead of 34 per 100 000 children.", "PMID": 843514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5719", "title": "A case report of fowl plague keratoconjunctivitis.", "content": "A case of human fowl plague keratoconjunctivitis occurred after accidental laboratory exposure. The conjunctivitis was characterised by follicle formation and a mucopurulent discharge, and ran a self-limiting course over two weeks. The keratitis was of an unusual type and consisted of small intraepithelial opacities, which appeared after one week and resolved completely over the next three weeks. The infection, confirmed by viral culture, was produced by Dutch strain (Hav 1 Neq 1) of fowl plague virus.", "contents": "A case report of fowl plague keratoconjunctivitis. A case of human fowl plague keratoconjunctivitis occurred after accidental laboratory exposure. The conjunctivitis was characterised by follicle formation and a mucopurulent discharge, and ran a self-limiting course over two weeks. The keratitis was of an unusual type and consisted of small intraepithelial opacities, which appeared after one week and resolved completely over the next three weeks. The infection, confirmed by viral culture, was produced by Dutch strain (Hav 1 Neq 1) of fowl plague virus.", "PMID": 843515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5720", "title": "Ticarcillin in the treatment of experimental pseudomonas keratitis.", "content": "In rabbits with experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis the subconjunctival administration of either ticarcillin or gentamicin significantly ameliorated the keratitis and reduced the number of organisms to be found in the cornea. The use of these drugs in combination had an additive effect in vitro studies and a significantly more beneficial effect on the clinical disease than the use of either drug alone.", "contents": "Ticarcillin in the treatment of experimental pseudomonas keratitis. In rabbits with experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis the subconjunctival administration of either ticarcillin or gentamicin significantly ameliorated the keratitis and reduced the number of organisms to be found in the cornea. The use of these drugs in combination had an additive effect in vitro studies and a significantly more beneficial effect on the clinical disease than the use of either drug alone.", "PMID": 843516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5721", "title": "Conjugated polyene fatty acids on fluorescent probes: spectroscopic characterization.", "content": "This paper is the first in a series which extends introductory studies of parinaric acid and its phospholipid derivatives as membrane probes (Sklar, L.A., Hudson, B., and Simoni, R.D. (1975), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. after U.S.A. 72, 1649; (1976), J. Supramol. Struct. 4, 449). Parinaric acid has a conjugated tetraene chromophore and exhibits many spectroscopic properties common to linear polyenes. Its absorption spectrum is characterized by a strong near-ultraviolet transition with vibronic structure, which is strongly affected by solvent polarizability. The fluorescence emission occurs at considerably lower energy than the absorption and the wavelength of the emission is nearly independent of the solvent. The fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime are strongly affected by temperature and solvent. These spectral features are interpreted in terms of an excited electronic-state order such that a weak transition occurs at longer wavelengths than the strongly allowed transition which dominates the absorption. The sensitivity of the fluorescence quantum yield an lifetime to environment is shown to be due primarily to variations in the nonradiative rate, although changes in the radiative rate constant are also observed and interpreted. The absorption spectrum (epsilon max greater than 65 000) is in the 300-320-nm range, a region relatively free of absorption due to intrinsic biological chromophores. Shifts of several nanometers are characteristic of different environments. These shifts are compared to similar effects observed for a series of diphenylpolyenes for which new data are given and are correlated using a simple but adequate theory of solvent shifts. The intrinsic (or radiative) fluorescence lifetime is near 100 ns in a wide variety of environments. This is much longer than the intrinsic lifetime calculated from the absorption spectrum and strongly supports the proposed excited-state order.", "contents": "Conjugated polyene fatty acids on fluorescent probes: spectroscopic characterization. This paper is the first in a series which extends introductory studies of parinaric acid and its phospholipid derivatives as membrane probes (Sklar, L.A., Hudson, B., and Simoni, R.D. (1975), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. after U.S.A. 72, 1649; (1976), J. Supramol. Struct. 4, 449). Parinaric acid has a conjugated tetraene chromophore and exhibits many spectroscopic properties common to linear polyenes. Its absorption spectrum is characterized by a strong near-ultraviolet transition with vibronic structure, which is strongly affected by solvent polarizability. The fluorescence emission occurs at considerably lower energy than the absorption and the wavelength of the emission is nearly independent of the solvent. The fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime are strongly affected by temperature and solvent. These spectral features are interpreted in terms of an excited electronic-state order such that a weak transition occurs at longer wavelengths than the strongly allowed transition which dominates the absorption. The sensitivity of the fluorescence quantum yield an lifetime to environment is shown to be due primarily to variations in the nonradiative rate, although changes in the radiative rate constant are also observed and interpreted. The absorption spectrum (epsilon max greater than 65 000) is in the 300-320-nm range, a region relatively free of absorption due to intrinsic biological chromophores. Shifts of several nanometers are characteristic of different environments. These shifts are compared to similar effects observed for a series of diphenylpolyenes for which new data are given and are correlated using a simple but adequate theory of solvent shifts. The intrinsic (or radiative) fluorescence lifetime is near 100 ns in a wide variety of environments. This is much longer than the intrinsic lifetime calculated from the absorption spectrum and strongly supports the proposed excited-state order.", "PMID": 843517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5722", "title": "Conjugated polyene fatty acids as fluorescent probes: synthetic phospholipid membrane studies.", "content": "The preparation of polyene fatty acid membrane probes cis- and trans-parinaric acid and parinaroylphosphatidylcholines and their use in studies of several one- and two- component lipid systems are described. The fluorescence quantum yield of trans-parinaric acid in dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine at 20 degrees C is approximately 0.3; the quantum yield in aqueous solution is negligibly small. Thermal-phase transitions in single-component phospholipid dispersions are monitored with absorption and fluorescence excitation peak position, fluorescence intensity, lifetime, and polarization. The transition temperatures observed are consistent with previous determinations. Shifts in the absorption peak position are related to the bilayer expansion as it undergoes the gel to liquid-crystalline transition, while fluorescence depolarization provides semiquantitative information concerning molecular motion of the probe in the bilayer. A long fluorescence lifetime component is observed for parinaric acid in the solid phase (up to 50 ns), and a short lifetime component is observed (ca. 5 ns) in the fluid phase of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine; both lifetime components are observed in the transition region. In most phospholipids, cis-parinaric acid detects the melting transition at about 1 degree C lower than trans-parinaric acid. Partitioning experiments involving mixed populations of phospholipid vesicles show that trans-parinaric acid preferentially associates with solid-phase lipids, while cis-parinaric acid shows a more equal distribution between solid and fluid lipids. The binding of cis-parinaric acid to dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine at 25 degrees C is described as partitioning of parinaric acid between lipid vesicles and the aqueous phase with a partition coefficient of 5 X 10(5). Several rates are observed in the binding process which are interpreted as rapid outer monolayer uptake and a much slower process of interlamellar exchange. The phase diagram of the binary lipid mixture dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine-dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine has also been examined and found to be essentially identical to the one constructed using a nitroxide probe.", "contents": "Conjugated polyene fatty acids as fluorescent probes: synthetic phospholipid membrane studies. The preparation of polyene fatty acid membrane probes cis- and trans-parinaric acid and parinaroylphosphatidylcholines and their use in studies of several one- and two- component lipid systems are described. The fluorescence quantum yield of trans-parinaric acid in dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine at 20 degrees C is approximately 0.3; the quantum yield in aqueous solution is negligibly small. Thermal-phase transitions in single-component phospholipid dispersions are monitored with absorption and fluorescence excitation peak position, fluorescence intensity, lifetime, and polarization. The transition temperatures observed are consistent with previous determinations. Shifts in the absorption peak position are related to the bilayer expansion as it undergoes the gel to liquid-crystalline transition, while fluorescence depolarization provides semiquantitative information concerning molecular motion of the probe in the bilayer. A long fluorescence lifetime component is observed for parinaric acid in the solid phase (up to 50 ns), and a short lifetime component is observed (ca. 5 ns) in the fluid phase of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine; both lifetime components are observed in the transition region. In most phospholipids, cis-parinaric acid detects the melting transition at about 1 degree C lower than trans-parinaric acid. Partitioning experiments involving mixed populations of phospholipid vesicles show that trans-parinaric acid preferentially associates with solid-phase lipids, while cis-parinaric acid shows a more equal distribution between solid and fluid lipids. The binding of cis-parinaric acid to dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine at 25 degrees C is described as partitioning of parinaric acid between lipid vesicles and the aqueous phase with a partition coefficient of 5 X 10(5). Several rates are observed in the binding process which are interpreted as rapid outer monolayer uptake and a much slower process of interlamellar exchange. The phase diagram of the binary lipid mixture dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine-dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine has also been examined and found to be essentially identical to the one constructed using a nitroxide probe.", "PMID": 843518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5723", "title": "The progeny of rabbit articular chondrocytes synthesize collagen types I and III and type I trimer, but not type II. Verifications by cyanogen bromide peptide analysis.", "content": "The radioactive collagens synthesized by the fourth subculture progeny of rabbit articular chondrocytes were extracted and purified after limited pepsin digestion by neutral and acid salt precipitation. In order to identify the different types of collagen present, denatured collagen chains were fractionated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis on 5% gels, electrophoretically eluted, and cleaved with cyanogen bromide, and the resultant peptides were fractionated by a new sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis system (tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-borate buffer, 15% gels). Comparison of these separate peptide profiles with those from alpha1(I) and alpha1(III) collagen chains permitted the unambiguous identification of these chains in the radioactive collagen synthesized by chondrocytes. Although cartilage slices predominantly synthesized alpha1(II) chains, only alpha1(I) chains were made by cells in fourth subculture. A large fraction of these alpha1(I) chains could not be accounted for by the presence of type I collagen. While in a native, triple-helical conformation, some of these extra alpha1(I) chains were completely separated from type I collagen by their solubility at pH 8.0 in 2.6 M NaCl and therefore identified as [alpha1(I)]3, type I trimer. In addition to type I collagen and type I trimer, these chondrocyte progeny also synthesized type III collagen and two new collagen chains, X and Y. Each collagen type was further characterized by carboxymethylcellulose chromatography and its distribution between the medium and the cell layer. These findings support the idea that cultured chondrocytes assume a collagen phenotype similar to that of their undifferentiated mesenchymal cell precursors.", "contents": "The progeny of rabbit articular chondrocytes synthesize collagen types I and III and type I trimer, but not type II. Verifications by cyanogen bromide peptide analysis. The radioactive collagens synthesized by the fourth subculture progeny of rabbit articular chondrocytes were extracted and purified after limited pepsin digestion by neutral and acid salt precipitation. In order to identify the different types of collagen present, denatured collagen chains were fractionated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis on 5% gels, electrophoretically eluted, and cleaved with cyanogen bromide, and the resultant peptides were fractionated by a new sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis system (tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-borate buffer, 15% gels). Comparison of these separate peptide profiles with those from alpha1(I) and alpha1(III) collagen chains permitted the unambiguous identification of these chains in the radioactive collagen synthesized by chondrocytes. Although cartilage slices predominantly synthesized alpha1(II) chains, only alpha1(I) chains were made by cells in fourth subculture. A large fraction of these alpha1(I) chains could not be accounted for by the presence of type I collagen. While in a native, triple-helical conformation, some of these extra alpha1(I) chains were completely separated from type I collagen by their solubility at pH 8.0 in 2.6 M NaCl and therefore identified as [alpha1(I)]3, type I trimer. In addition to type I collagen and type I trimer, these chondrocyte progeny also synthesized type III collagen and two new collagen chains, X and Y. Each collagen type was further characterized by carboxymethylcellulose chromatography and its distribution between the medium and the cell layer. These findings support the idea that cultured chondrocytes assume a collagen phenotype similar to that of their undifferentiated mesenchymal cell precursors.", "PMID": 843519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5724", "title": "The complete amino acid sequence of the major component myoglobin of dwarf sperm whale (Kogia simus).", "content": "The complete amino acid sequence of the major component myoglobin from the dwarf sperm whale, Kogia simus, was determined by specific cleavage of the protein to obtain large peptides which are readily degraded by the automatic sequenator. Three easily separable peptides were obtained by cleaving the protein at its two methionine residues, and five peptides were obtained from the methyl acetimidated protein by cleavage with trypsin at the four arginine residues. Sequenator analysis of these fragments and the apomyoglobin provided over 80% of the covalent structure of the protein. The remainder of the primary structure was determined by further digestion of the two larger cyanogen bromide fragments with trypsin and staphylococcal protease. To reconfirm many of the substitutions found in this protein, the apomyoglobin was treated with 1,2-cyclohexanedione, and the resulting arginine protected protein was cleaved at its lysine residues with trypsin. This myoglobin differs from that of the sperm whale at 6 positions, and from the other cetacean myoglobins at about 16 positions. The appearance of a histidine residue at position 35 has no precedent in any myoglobin. The substitutions seen at positions 21, 51, and 132 are unique to date for cetacean myoglobins.", "contents": "The complete amino acid sequence of the major component myoglobin of dwarf sperm whale (Kogia simus). The complete amino acid sequence of the major component myoglobin from the dwarf sperm whale, Kogia simus, was determined by specific cleavage of the protein to obtain large peptides which are readily degraded by the automatic sequenator. Three easily separable peptides were obtained by cleaving the protein at its two methionine residues, and five peptides were obtained from the methyl acetimidated protein by cleavage with trypsin at the four arginine residues. Sequenator analysis of these fragments and the apomyoglobin provided over 80% of the covalent structure of the protein. The remainder of the primary structure was determined by further digestion of the two larger cyanogen bromide fragments with trypsin and staphylococcal protease. To reconfirm many of the substitutions found in this protein, the apomyoglobin was treated with 1,2-cyclohexanedione, and the resulting arginine protected protein was cleaved at its lysine residues with trypsin. This myoglobin differs from that of the sperm whale at 6 positions, and from the other cetacean myoglobins at about 16 positions. The appearance of a histidine residue at position 35 has no precedent in any myoglobin. The substitutions seen at positions 21, 51, and 132 are unique to date for cetacean myoglobins.", "PMID": 843520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5725", "title": "A 13C nuclear magnetic resonance study of gel-forming (1 goes to 3)-beta-d-glucans. Evidence of the presence of single-helical conformation in a resilient gel of a curdlan-type polysaccharide 13140 from Alcaligenes faecalis var. myxogenes IFO 13140.", "content": "A 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) study of a resilient gel of a curdlan-type polysaccharide 13140, a (1 goes to 3)-beta-D-glucan, from Alcaligenes faecalis var. myxogenes IFO 13140, was performed in an effort to understand the gel structure. It was found that very broad 13C resonance peaks of line widths ca. 150 (C-1-C-5) and 50 HZ (C-6) are able to be seen in the gel state. Because of a fivefold increase of the peak intensities with respect to those in an aqueous suspension by gelation, these peaks are unequivocally ascribed to certain regions relevant to the gel structure. Those 13 C NMR peaks, however, account for only 20-30 (as viewed from C-1-C-5) and 60% (from C-6) of the total gel, the peak areas of the rest being lost. With respect to those of the disordered low molecular weight acid degraded fraction, fraction II, and laminaran, downfield displacements of C-1, C-3, and C-4 signals are found to take place by amounts of 2.8, 3.2, and 0.9 ppm, respectively, while the remaining peaks (C-2, C-5, and C-6) are unchanged. In view of similar differences of chemical shifts between cyclodextrins and linear (1 goes to 4)-alpha-D-glucans (Colson, P., Jennings, H.J., and Smith, I.C.P. (1974), J. Am. Chem. Soc. 96, 8081-8087), the observed downfield 13C shifts of the glucosidic bonds in the gel are explained by the presence of the fixed conformation of the preferred dihedral angles, in which internal rotations around the glucosidic bonds are not allowed. Combined with the results of theoretical prediction and the downfield shift of C-4 signals, which is consistent with the presence of an O-4'...O-5 intramolecular hydrogen bond, the observed 13C peaks are ascribed to a region of single helical conformation, whereas the peak-loss portion of 13C NMR signals (70-80 and 40% from C-1 and C-6, respectively) is presumably ascribed to the multiple-helical junction zones for the gel structure and their vicinities. The variation of the line widths as well as the peak positions is also found to take place by stepwise addition of NaOH (greater than 0.22 M). The onset of the conformational transition, helix to random coil, is in good agreement with the change of viscosity, specific rotation, optical rotatory dispersion, and absorption maximum shift by complex formation with Congo Red reported by Ogawa et al. (Ogawa, K., Watanabe, T., Tsurugi, J., and Ono, S. (1972), Carbohydr. Res. 23, 399-405).", "contents": "A 13C nuclear magnetic resonance study of gel-forming (1 goes to 3)-beta-d-glucans. Evidence of the presence of single-helical conformation in a resilient gel of a curdlan-type polysaccharide 13140 from Alcaligenes faecalis var. myxogenes IFO 13140. A 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) study of a resilient gel of a curdlan-type polysaccharide 13140, a (1 goes to 3)-beta-D-glucan, from Alcaligenes faecalis var. myxogenes IFO 13140, was performed in an effort to understand the gel structure. It was found that very broad 13C resonance peaks of line widths ca. 150 (C-1-C-5) and 50 HZ (C-6) are able to be seen in the gel state. Because of a fivefold increase of the peak intensities with respect to those in an aqueous suspension by gelation, these peaks are unequivocally ascribed to certain regions relevant to the gel structure. Those 13 C NMR peaks, however, account for only 20-30 (as viewed from C-1-C-5) and 60% (from C-6) of the total gel, the peak areas of the rest being lost. With respect to those of the disordered low molecular weight acid degraded fraction, fraction II, and laminaran, downfield displacements of C-1, C-3, and C-4 signals are found to take place by amounts of 2.8, 3.2, and 0.9 ppm, respectively, while the remaining peaks (C-2, C-5, and C-6) are unchanged. In view of similar differences of chemical shifts between cyclodextrins and linear (1 goes to 4)-alpha-D-glucans (Colson, P., Jennings, H.J., and Smith, I.C.P. (1974), J. Am. Chem. Soc. 96, 8081-8087), the observed downfield 13C shifts of the glucosidic bonds in the gel are explained by the presence of the fixed conformation of the preferred dihedral angles, in which internal rotations around the glucosidic bonds are not allowed. Combined with the results of theoretical prediction and the downfield shift of C-4 signals, which is consistent with the presence of an O-4'...O-5 intramolecular hydrogen bond, the observed 13C peaks are ascribed to a region of single helical conformation, whereas the peak-loss portion of 13C NMR signals (70-80 and 40% from C-1 and C-6, respectively) is presumably ascribed to the multiple-helical junction zones for the gel structure and their vicinities. The variation of the line widths as well as the peak positions is also found to take place by stepwise addition of NaOH (greater than 0.22 M). The onset of the conformational transition, helix to random coil, is in good agreement with the change of viscosity, specific rotation, optical rotatory dispersion, and absorption maximum shift by complex formation with Congo Red reported by Ogawa et al. (Ogawa, K., Watanabe, T., Tsurugi, J., and Ono, S. (1972), Carbohydr. Res. 23, 399-405).", "PMID": 843521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5726", "title": "Nucleoside adducts from the in vitro reaction of benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol 9,10-oxide or benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-oxide with nucleic acids.", "content": "The covalent binding of benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-oxide and benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol 9,10-oxide isomer I and isomer II to nucleic acids in aqueous acetone solution has been investigated. Benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-oxide reacted preferentially with guanosine residues. On the other hand, benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol 9,10-oxide isomer I and II reacted extensively with guanosine, adenosine, and cytidine residues. Time course studies showed that the reactivity of isomer I or isomer II with homopolyribonucleotides followed the order poly(G) greater than poly(A) greater than poly(C). Alkaline or enzymatic hydrolysis of the modified nucleic acids and subsequent chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 columns yielded benzo[a]pyrene-nucleotide adducts. These were enzymatically converted to the corresponding nucleosides which were resolved into several distinct components by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Evidence was obtained for the presence of multiple nucleoside adducts of guanosine, adenosine, cytidine, deoxyguanosine, deoxyadenosine, and deoxycytidine. The HPLC profiles of adducts formed with isomer I were different from the corresponding profiles of adducts formed with isomer II. Structural aspects of these nucleoside adducts are discussed.", "contents": "Nucleoside adducts from the in vitro reaction of benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol 9,10-oxide or benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-oxide with nucleic acids. The covalent binding of benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-oxide and benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol 9,10-oxide isomer I and isomer II to nucleic acids in aqueous acetone solution has been investigated. Benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-oxide reacted preferentially with guanosine residues. On the other hand, benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol 9,10-oxide isomer I and II reacted extensively with guanosine, adenosine, and cytidine residues. Time course studies showed that the reactivity of isomer I or isomer II with homopolyribonucleotides followed the order poly(G) greater than poly(A) greater than poly(C). Alkaline or enzymatic hydrolysis of the modified nucleic acids and subsequent chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 columns yielded benzo[a]pyrene-nucleotide adducts. These were enzymatically converted to the corresponding nucleosides which were resolved into several distinct components by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Evidence was obtained for the presence of multiple nucleoside adducts of guanosine, adenosine, cytidine, deoxyguanosine, deoxyadenosine, and deoxycytidine. The HPLC profiles of adducts formed with isomer I were different from the corresponding profiles of adducts formed with isomer II. Structural aspects of these nucleoside adducts are discussed.", "PMID": 843522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5727", "title": "Equilibration of fucosyl glycoprotein pools in HeLa cells.", "content": "The pool sizes, label equilibration times, and specific radioactivity relationships of fucosyl glycoproteins and precursors have been examined in exponentially growing HeLa S3 cells (generation time about 23 h) using a quantitative radioisotopic approach. The specific radioactivity of the precursor GDP-fucose (pool size 0.52 +/- 4% nmol/10(7) cells) equilibrates with radioactive fucose in the medium in about 1 h. 10(7) cells contain 5.3 +/- 16% nmol of glycoprotein fucose of which 96-98% resides in or on the cell surfaces and is equilibrated isotopically within 22 h of labeling; 2%  or less is in an internal pool, some of which is precursor to plasma membranes and some of which is released as soluble glycoprotein directly to the medium without random mixing with the plasma membrane glycoprotein. Because we cannot rule out the presence of internal free fucose, 2% of the total glycoprotein fucose could be in the degradative pathway being recycled internally before release of free fucose. In rate terms and in a particular culture where 10(7) cells contained 4.4 nmol of glycoprotein fucose, a total of 11.1 nmol of glycoprotein fucose is synthesized per generation (9-11% of the total cell glycoprotein fucose/h). Of this, 2.5 nmol of glycoprotein fucose per generation is released directly into the growth medium without mixing with the plasma membrane glycoprotein fucose. The small internal pool feeding glycoprotein fucose to the plasma membrane does so at the rate of 8.6 nmol/10(7) cells per generation, 4.2 nmol per generation of which, after mixing with the plasma membrane glycoprotein fucose, is ultimately released into the growth medium, 75-80% as free frucose. This release process is independent of cell density and the presence of serum in the growth medium.", "contents": "Equilibration of fucosyl glycoprotein pools in HeLa cells. The pool sizes, label equilibration times, and specific radioactivity relationships of fucosyl glycoproteins and precursors have been examined in exponentially growing HeLa S3 cells (generation time about 23 h) using a quantitative radioisotopic approach. The specific radioactivity of the precursor GDP-fucose (pool size 0.52 +/- 4% nmol/10(7) cells) equilibrates with radioactive fucose in the medium in about 1 h. 10(7) cells contain 5.3 +/- 16% nmol of glycoprotein fucose of which 96-98% resides in or on the cell surfaces and is equilibrated isotopically within 22 h of labeling; 2%  or less is in an internal pool, some of which is precursor to plasma membranes and some of which is released as soluble glycoprotein directly to the medium without random mixing with the plasma membrane glycoprotein. Because we cannot rule out the presence of internal free fucose, 2% of the total glycoprotein fucose could be in the degradative pathway being recycled internally before release of free fucose. In rate terms and in a particular culture where 10(7) cells contained 4.4 nmol of glycoprotein fucose, a total of 11.1 nmol of glycoprotein fucose is synthesized per generation (9-11% of the total cell glycoprotein fucose/h). Of this, 2.5 nmol of glycoprotein fucose per generation is released directly into the growth medium without mixing with the plasma membrane glycoprotein fucose. The small internal pool feeding glycoprotein fucose to the plasma membrane does so at the rate of 8.6 nmol/10(7) cells per generation, 4.2 nmol per generation of which, after mixing with the plasma membrane glycoprotein fucose, is ultimately released into the growth medium, 75-80% as free frucose. This release process is independent of cell density and the presence of serum in the growth medium.", "PMID": 843523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5728", "title": "Differential effects of puromycin on the incorporation of precursors of rhodopsin in bovine retina.", "content": "Bovine retinas incubated in vitro sustain the synthesis of opsin and rhodopsin as monitored by the incorporation of labeled leucine, mannose, and glucosamine. Puromycin, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, effectively blocks the incorporation of leucine and mannose into opsin and rhodopsin of rod outer segments. However, the incorporation of glucosamine into opsin and rhodopsin is not immediately blocked. Instead, it continues for a time suggesting not only core oligosaccharide synthesis but also the secondary glycosylation of a pool of preformed opsin which is thought to be transiently accumulated in the photoreceptor Golgi complex. Galactose, not normally found in rhodopsin, is also incorporated into both opsin and rhodopsin. This incorporation appears to be completely insensitive to puromycin, suggesting that it may occur in the rod outer segments involving only preexisting glycoproteins.", "contents": "Differential effects of puromycin on the incorporation of precursors of rhodopsin in bovine retina. Bovine retinas incubated in vitro sustain the synthesis of opsin and rhodopsin as monitored by the incorporation of labeled leucine, mannose, and glucosamine. Puromycin, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, effectively blocks the incorporation of leucine and mannose into opsin and rhodopsin of rod outer segments. However, the incorporation of glucosamine into opsin and rhodopsin is not immediately blocked. Instead, it continues for a time suggesting not only core oligosaccharide synthesis but also the secondary glycosylation of a pool of preformed opsin which is thought to be transiently accumulated in the photoreceptor Golgi complex. Galactose, not normally found in rhodopsin, is also incorporated into both opsin and rhodopsin. This incorporation appears to be completely insensitive to puromycin, suggesting that it may occur in the rod outer segments involving only preexisting glycoproteins.", "PMID": 843524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5729", "title": "Degree of exposure of membrane proteins determined by fluorescence quenching.", "content": "Quaternary salts of 4-picoline are shown to act as efficient quenchers of tryptophan fluorescence in membrane proteins. Fluorescence quenching determinations of sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes from rabbit muscle and of human erythrocyte membranes of different cholesterol to phospholipid mole ratios (C/PL) were carried out with quaternary picolinium salts in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and in 2,2,2-trifluorethanol (TFE)-water 2:1 (v/v), where the membrane is presumably completely disintegrated. In both solvent systems, the tryptophan quenching characteristics were typical of heterogenous systems and were analyzed as such. The ratio of the fraction of fluorescence intensity available for quenching with N-methylpicolinium perchlorate in PBS and in 2:1 TFE-water, (formula: see text), was taken as an index for the bulk degree of exposure of the membrane proteins to the aqueous surrounding. This value was found to increase with C/PL which is in line with the notion that increase in lipid microviscosity results in increase of exposure of membrane proteins. Analogous experiments were performed with N-hexyl- and N-benzylpicolinium, which can quench tryptophyl residues in both the aqueous phase and the hydrocarbon-water interface, and with N-hexadecylpicolinium which is dissolved in the membrane lipid layer and acts mostly as a static quencher of tryptophan at the hydrocarbon-water interface. With these quenchers the complementary indices (formula: see text) and (formula: see text), which represent the fraction of the protein mass located in the hydrocarbon-water interface and in the hydrocarbon layer, respectively, could be semiquantitatively resolved.", "contents": "Degree of exposure of membrane proteins determined by fluorescence quenching. Quaternary salts of 4-picoline are shown to act as efficient quenchers of tryptophan fluorescence in membrane proteins. Fluorescence quenching determinations of sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes from rabbit muscle and of human erythrocyte membranes of different cholesterol to phospholipid mole ratios (C/PL) were carried out with quaternary picolinium salts in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and in 2,2,2-trifluorethanol (TFE)-water 2:1 (v/v), where the membrane is presumably completely disintegrated. In both solvent systems, the tryptophan quenching characteristics were typical of heterogenous systems and were analyzed as such. The ratio of the fraction of fluorescence intensity available for quenching with N-methylpicolinium perchlorate in PBS and in 2:1 TFE-water, (formula: see text), was taken as an index for the bulk degree of exposure of the membrane proteins to the aqueous surrounding. This value was found to increase with C/PL which is in line with the notion that increase in lipid microviscosity results in increase of exposure of membrane proteins. Analogous experiments were performed with N-hexyl- and N-benzylpicolinium, which can quench tryptophyl residues in both the aqueous phase and the hydrocarbon-water interface, and with N-hexadecylpicolinium which is dissolved in the membrane lipid layer and acts mostly as a static quencher of tryptophan at the hydrocarbon-water interface. With these quenchers the complementary indices (formula: see text) and (formula: see text), which represent the fraction of the protein mass located in the hydrocarbon-water interface and in the hydrocarbon layer, respectively, could be semiquantitatively resolved.", "PMID": 843525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5730", "title": "Quenching of the tyrosyl and tryptophyl fluorescence of subtilisins Carlsberg and Novo by iodide.", "content": "The tyrosyl and tryptophyl fluorescence of diisopropylphosphorylsubtilisins Carlsberg and Novo, respectively, is quenched efficiently by I- but is not significantly affected by Cs+. The I-quenching data were analyzed using a modified Stern-Volmer treatment (Lehrer, S.S. (1971), Biochemistry 10, 3254), yielding values for the effective fraction of accessible protein fluorescence of 90-95 and 88-92% for the tyrosyl and tryptophyl emission of diisopropyl-phosphorylsubtilising Carlsberg and Novo, respectively. Similar values were obtained pH 5 and 7. The effective collisional quenching constant depends on pH in a manner suggesting the participation of protein surface charge in the quenching mechanism. Significant singlet energy transfer (efficiency = 0.52) from tyrosyl to tryptophyl residues was inferred from the excitation spectra of diisopropylphosphorylsubtilisn Novo. The very low efficiency of energy transfer to Trp-113 in diisopropylphorphorylsubtilisin Carlsberg suggests that Trp-105 and Trp-241 are the acceptors of tyrosyl emission in the homologous Novo enzyme. The unusually low quantum yield of Trp-113 in diisopropylphosphorylsubtilisin Carlsberg together with the tryptophyl fluorescence quenching behavior of the Novo enzyme suggests that this residue is \"buried\" and in accessible to quenching in both enzymes. The tyrosyl quenching behavior of diisopropylphorphorylsubtilisin Carlsberg is consistent with the high degree of solvent exposure of aromatic residues evident in the X-ray model of subtilisin Novo.", "contents": "Quenching of the tyrosyl and tryptophyl fluorescence of subtilisins Carlsberg and Novo by iodide. The tyrosyl and tryptophyl fluorescence of diisopropylphosphorylsubtilisins Carlsberg and Novo, respectively, is quenched efficiently by I- but is not significantly affected by Cs+. The I-quenching data were analyzed using a modified Stern-Volmer treatment (Lehrer, S.S. (1971), Biochemistry 10, 3254), yielding values for the effective fraction of accessible protein fluorescence of 90-95 and 88-92% for the tyrosyl and tryptophyl emission of diisopropyl-phosphorylsubtilising Carlsberg and Novo, respectively. Similar values were obtained pH 5 and 7. The effective collisional quenching constant depends on pH in a manner suggesting the participation of protein surface charge in the quenching mechanism. Significant singlet energy transfer (efficiency = 0.52) from tyrosyl to tryptophyl residues was inferred from the excitation spectra of diisopropylphosphorylsubtilisn Novo. The very low efficiency of energy transfer to Trp-113 in diisopropylphorphorylsubtilisin Carlsberg suggests that Trp-105 and Trp-241 are the acceptors of tyrosyl emission in the homologous Novo enzyme. The unusually low quantum yield of Trp-113 in diisopropylphosphorylsubtilisin Carlsberg together with the tryptophyl fluorescence quenching behavior of the Novo enzyme suggests that this residue is \"buried\" and in accessible to quenching in both enzymes. The tyrosyl quenching behavior of diisopropylphorphorylsubtilisin Carlsberg is consistent with the high degree of solvent exposure of aromatic residues evident in the X-ray model of subtilisin Novo.", "PMID": 843526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5731", "title": "Antibody synthesis stimulation by vitamin A in chickens.", "content": "The effect of vitamin A on the immune response of chickens on primary and secondary immunization has been studied. It is demonstrated that the antibody content in chickens depends on the dose of vitamin A in the diet. In chickens fed a high dose of vitamin A in the diet the antibody content in the serum is 2 to 5 times as high as in chickens which have not been given vitamin A. An additional dose of vitamin A administered perorally any day following reimmunization increases the content of antibodies; the effect is most pronounced when vitamin A is given on the third day after reimmunization. In the period of maximal synthesis of antibodies (during the fourth day after reimmunization) labelled retinol is incorporated into the spleen of reimmunized chickens 13 times as actively as in the spleen of control chickens. In the in vitro experiments with antibody synthesis by spleen cells it has been demonstrated that addition of retinyl palmitate to the incubation medium enhances antibody synthesis during incubation. Addition of retinyl palmitate to the spleen cells of vitamin A-deficient chickens restores the synthesis up to the level observed in the control cells. The suggestion is discussed that the effect of vitamin A on the immune process is realized at the level of immunoglobulin synthesis.", "contents": "Antibody synthesis stimulation by vitamin A in chickens. The effect of vitamin A on the immune response of chickens on primary and secondary immunization has been studied. It is demonstrated that the antibody content in chickens depends on the dose of vitamin A in the diet. In chickens fed a high dose of vitamin A in the diet the antibody content in the serum is 2 to 5 times as high as in chickens which have not been given vitamin A. An additional dose of vitamin A administered perorally any day following reimmunization increases the content of antibodies; the effect is most pronounced when vitamin A is given on the third day after reimmunization. In the period of maximal synthesis of antibodies (during the fourth day after reimmunization) labelled retinol is incorporated into the spleen of reimmunized chickens 13 times as actively as in the spleen of control chickens. In the in vitro experiments with antibody synthesis by spleen cells it has been demonstrated that addition of retinyl palmitate to the incubation medium enhances antibody synthesis during incubation. Addition of retinyl palmitate to the spleen cells of vitamin A-deficient chickens restores the synthesis up to the level observed in the control cells. The suggestion is discussed that the effect of vitamin A on the immune process is realized at the level of immunoglobulin synthesis.", "PMID": 843528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5732", "title": "Stimulation of sea urchin DNA polymerase by protein factors. II. Formation of active complex in DNA polymerase reaction.", "content": "A protein factor, SF I, which stimulated DNA polymerase activity severalfold was purified from nuclei of sea urchin embryos by phase separation, ammonium sulfate fractionation, DNA-cellulose, CM-cellulose and hydroxyapatitecolumn chromatography and gel filtration. The molecular weight of SF I was about 220 000, the S20,W value was about 8.5 and the isoelectric point was determined to be pH 5.1. In the presence of SF I,V of the DNA-polymerizing reaction was increased and Km values for the substrates of this reaction were not changed. Addition of polyamines increased the rate of stimulation. ATP which was required for stimulation could be substituted by other ribonucleoside triphosphates. SF I, nuclear DNA polymerase and ATP seemed to form an active complex, and in the complex, ATP was found to have been converted to AMP and inorganic pyrophosphate.", "contents": "Stimulation of sea urchin DNA polymerase by protein factors. II. Formation of active complex in DNA polymerase reaction. A protein factor, SF I, which stimulated DNA polymerase activity severalfold was purified from nuclei of sea urchin embryos by phase separation, ammonium sulfate fractionation, DNA-cellulose, CM-cellulose and hydroxyapatitecolumn chromatography and gel filtration. The molecular weight of SF I was about 220 000, the S20,W value was about 8.5 and the isoelectric point was determined to be pH 5.1. In the presence of SF I,V of the DNA-polymerizing reaction was increased and Km values for the substrates of this reaction were not changed. Addition of polyamines increased the rate of stimulation. ATP which was required for stimulation could be substituted by other ribonucleoside triphosphates. SF I, nuclear DNA polymerase and ATP seemed to form an active complex, and in the complex, ATP was found to have been converted to AMP and inorganic pyrophosphate.", "PMID": 843529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5733", "title": "The photodynamic modification of DNA by hematoporphyrin.", "content": "Illumination (white light: 300-750 nm) of DNA in the presence of hematoporphyrin (less than or equal to 5-10 (-4) M) results in selective degradation of the guanine moiety. DNA so illuminated exhibits physical chemical properties (lowered sedimentation coefficients, lower temperatures of helix-coil transitions, increased buoyant density values) consistent with single-chain scissions (and the generation of single-stranded regions) which presumably are secondary to the photodegradation of the guanine residue. Illumination of DNA in the presence of low levels of hematoporphyrin (greater than or equal to 2.5 - 10 (-4) M) results in a biopolymer exhibiting all of the physical properties described above with the exception of a lowered sedimentation coefficient; on the contrary such DNA is aggregated. Of the four usual deoxynucleosides irradiated in the presence of hematoporphyrin, only deoxyguanosine is destroyed.", "contents": "The photodynamic modification of DNA by hematoporphyrin. Illumination (white light: 300-750 nm) of DNA in the presence of hematoporphyrin (less than or equal to 5-10 (-4) M) results in selective degradation of the guanine moiety. DNA so illuminated exhibits physical chemical properties (lowered sedimentation coefficients, lower temperatures of helix-coil transitions, increased buoyant density values) consistent with single-chain scissions (and the generation of single-stranded regions) which presumably are secondary to the photodegradation of the guanine residue. Illumination of DNA in the presence of low levels of hematoporphyrin (greater than or equal to 2.5 - 10 (-4) M) results in a biopolymer exhibiting all of the physical properties described above with the exception of a lowered sedimentation coefficient; on the contrary such DNA is aggregated. Of the four usual deoxynucleosides irradiated in the presence of hematoporphyrin, only deoxyguanosine is destroyed.", "PMID": 843530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5734", "title": "Structure of animal mitochondrial DNA (base composition, pyrimidine clusters, character of methylation).", "content": "Base composition, content of pyrimidine isopliths and methylation degree of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear DNA (nDNA) from various vertebrates and protozoon Crithidia oncopelti have been studied. mtDNAs from mammals (ox, rat) do not differ in fact in the G + C content from the respective nDNA. The G + C content in mtDNA from fishes (sheat-fish) and birds (duck, chicken) is 1.5--2.5 mol % higher than in the respective nDNA. Kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) from Crithidia oncopelti (G + C = 42.9 mol %) differs significantly in base composition from nDNA (G + C 51.3 mol%). All the mtDNA and kDNA studied differ from the respective nDNA by a lower degree of pyrimidine clustering. The amount of mono- and dipyrimidine fragments in mtDNA is more than 30 mol %, whereas in nDNA it does not exceed 23 mol %. The quantity of long pyrimidine clusters (hexa- and others) is 2--4 times lower in mtDNA than in nDNA. The lower degree of clustering of pyrimidine nucleotides seems to be a specific feature of all the mtDNA studied. This may be indicative of common traits in the organization and origin of mtDNA. All mtDNA of vertebrates contain 5-methylcytosine as \"minor\" base (1.5--3.15 mol %) and surpass by 1.5--2 times the respective nDNA in the methylation degree. It has been found that in animals mtDNA is species specific as far as the 5-methylcytosine content is concerned. mtDNA of beef heart differs significantly from nDNA in the mode of 5-methylcytosine distribution in pyrimidine isopliths, which may indicate that methylation specificity of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA is not the same. In mitochondria and nuclei of rat liver certain DNA-methylase activity has been detected, which provides in vitro the methylation of cytosine residues both in homologbous DNA and various heterologous DNAs. Specificity of methylation in vitro of cytosine residues in one and the same heterologous DNA from Escherichia coli B with nuclear and mitochondrial enzymes is different. Mitochondrial enzyme methylates cytosine residues chiefly in mono-, whereas nuclear enzyme, in di- and tripyrimidine fragments.", "contents": "Structure of animal mitochondrial DNA (base composition, pyrimidine clusters, character of methylation). Base composition, content of pyrimidine isopliths and methylation degree of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear DNA (nDNA) from various vertebrates and protozoon Crithidia oncopelti have been studied. mtDNAs from mammals (ox, rat) do not differ in fact in the G + C content from the respective nDNA. The G + C content in mtDNA from fishes (sheat-fish) and birds (duck, chicken) is 1.5--2.5 mol % higher than in the respective nDNA. Kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) from Crithidia oncopelti (G + C = 42.9 mol %) differs significantly in base composition from nDNA (G + C 51.3 mol%). All the mtDNA and kDNA studied differ from the respective nDNA by a lower degree of pyrimidine clustering. The amount of mono- and dipyrimidine fragments in mtDNA is more than 30 mol %, whereas in nDNA it does not exceed 23 mol %. The quantity of long pyrimidine clusters (hexa- and others) is 2--4 times lower in mtDNA than in nDNA. The lower degree of clustering of pyrimidine nucleotides seems to be a specific feature of all the mtDNA studied. This may be indicative of common traits in the organization and origin of mtDNA. All mtDNA of vertebrates contain 5-methylcytosine as \"minor\" base (1.5--3.15 mol %) and surpass by 1.5--2 times the respective nDNA in the methylation degree. It has been found that in animals mtDNA is species specific as far as the 5-methylcytosine content is concerned. mtDNA of beef heart differs significantly from nDNA in the mode of 5-methylcytosine distribution in pyrimidine isopliths, which may indicate that methylation specificity of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA is not the same. In mitochondria and nuclei of rat liver certain DNA-methylase activity has been detected, which provides in vitro the methylation of cytosine residues both in homologbous DNA and various heterologous DNAs. Specificity of methylation in vitro of cytosine residues in one and the same heterologous DNA from Escherichia coli B with nuclear and mitochondrial enzymes is different. Mitochondrial enzyme methylates cytosine residues chiefly in mono-, whereas nuclear enzyme, in di- and tripyrimidine fragments.", "PMID": 843531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5735", "title": "Conformational states of 18 S rRNA from HeLa cells detected by gel electrophoresis.", "content": "Gel electrophoretic analysis has been used to study some of the conformational properties of 18 S rRNA from HeLa cells. After isolation and treatment by heat or denaturants, the mobility of the RNA in 3% acrylamide/0.5% agarose composite gels was found to be altered; often there were two or more distinct components. Several of these forms could be interconverted by heating to 40 degrees C or by use of dimethyl sulfoxide. Although these comformers were easily distinguishable (by their electrophoretic properties), their melting profiles were very similar. Only a single electrophoretic form was detected when electrophoresis was performed at 40 degrees C. The conformational differences observed are probably derived by variations in base pairing and stacking that result when the parent form is cooled.", "contents": "Conformational states of 18 S rRNA from HeLa cells detected by gel electrophoresis. Gel electrophoretic analysis has been used to study some of the conformational properties of 18 S rRNA from HeLa cells. After isolation and treatment by heat or denaturants, the mobility of the RNA in 3% acrylamide/0.5% agarose composite gels was found to be altered; often there were two or more distinct components. Several of these forms could be interconverted by heating to 40 degrees C or by use of dimethyl sulfoxide. Although these comformers were easily distinguishable (by their electrophoretic properties), their melting profiles were very similar. Only a single electrophoretic form was detected when electrophoresis was performed at 40 degrees C. The conformational differences observed are probably derived by variations in base pairing and stacking that result when the parent form is cooled.", "PMID": 843532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5736", "title": "The heterogeneous nuclear RNA of chicken erythroblasts.", "content": "Heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) from chicken erythroblasts has a modal molecular weight of 1.6 -10(6) in 99% dimethylsulfoxide. When erythroblasts are labeled continuously with [14C]uridine, nuclear RNA is labeled as a single kinetic component with a half-life of 18 min. After a 10--20 min lag, label appears in cytoplasmic RNA at about 1% of the initial rate of total RNA synthesis. Of the hnRNA sedimenting faster than 28 S ribosomal RNA in both an aqueous sucrose gradient and a subsequent fructose gradient in 99% dimethylsulfoxide, about one-third is polyadenylated, although only about one in 2000 (i.e. about four molecules per cell) contain a globin messenger sequence. The hnRNA of erythroblasts isolated from 5.7- and 11-day chick embryos have the same content of globin messenger sequences as erythroblaasts from anemic adults.", "contents": "The heterogeneous nuclear RNA of chicken erythroblasts. Heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) from chicken erythroblasts has a modal molecular weight of 1.6 -10(6) in 99% dimethylsulfoxide. When erythroblasts are labeled continuously with [14C]uridine, nuclear RNA is labeled as a single kinetic component with a half-life of 18 min. After a 10--20 min lag, label appears in cytoplasmic RNA at about 1% of the initial rate of total RNA synthesis. Of the hnRNA sedimenting faster than 28 S ribosomal RNA in both an aqueous sucrose gradient and a subsequent fructose gradient in 99% dimethylsulfoxide, about one-third is polyadenylated, although only about one in 2000 (i.e. about four molecules per cell) contain a globin messenger sequence. The hnRNA of erythroblasts isolated from 5.7- and 11-day chick embryos have the same content of globin messenger sequences as erythroblaasts from anemic adults.", "PMID": 843533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5737", "title": "Isolation and comparison of ribothymidine-lacking tRNAs of fetal, newborn and adult bovine tissues.", "content": "Although ribothymidine (rT) is the most common methylated nucleoside in tRNA, a wide variety of bovine tissues have now been found to contain a class of tRNAs which totally lack rT and have an unmodified uridine in its place. The tissues studied include bovine brain, kidney, liver, thymus and testicles from adult, newborn and fetal stages. The class of tRNA was detected by its ability to be methylated with Escherichia coli rT-forming uracil methylase with radioactive S-adenosyl-L-methionine as the methyl donor. In each case rT was shown to account for at least 95% of the methylated products produced. In vitro methylated tRNA populations were compared by fractionation of double-labeled tRNAs on RPC-5 columns. Three major methyl-accepting tRNA peaks were found for all mammalian tissues studied. The level of methyl acceptance in these peaks was found to vary considerably between tRNAs of different tissues. A major difference in the methyl-accepting tRNA populations of bovine liver and calf thymus was observed. Little similarity was found in the rT-lacking class of tRNAs of bovine liver and wheat germ. Three members of the rT-lacking class of bovine liver tRNA were isolated and found to be two species of valine tRNA and one species of threonine tRNA. All three tRNA's completely lacked rT and could be quantitatively methylated with E. coli uracil methylase.", "contents": "Isolation and comparison of ribothymidine-lacking tRNAs of fetal, newborn and adult bovine tissues. Although ribothymidine (rT) is the most common methylated nucleoside in tRNA, a wide variety of bovine tissues have now been found to contain a class of tRNAs which totally lack rT and have an unmodified uridine in its place. The tissues studied include bovine brain, kidney, liver, thymus and testicles from adult, newborn and fetal stages. The class of tRNA was detected by its ability to be methylated with Escherichia coli rT-forming uracil methylase with radioactive S-adenosyl-L-methionine as the methyl donor. In each case rT was shown to account for at least 95% of the methylated products produced. In vitro methylated tRNA populations were compared by fractionation of double-labeled tRNAs on RPC-5 columns. Three major methyl-accepting tRNA peaks were found for all mammalian tissues studied. The level of methyl acceptance in these peaks was found to vary considerably between tRNAs of different tissues. A major difference in the methyl-accepting tRNA populations of bovine liver and calf thymus was observed. Little similarity was found in the rT-lacking class of tRNAs of bovine liver and wheat germ. Three members of the rT-lacking class of bovine liver tRNA were isolated and found to be two species of valine tRNA and one species of threonine tRNA. All three tRNA's completely lacked rT and could be quantitatively methylated with E. coli uracil methylase.", "PMID": 843534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5738", "title": "The role of arginine residues at enzyme active sites. The interaction between guanidinium ions and p-nitro-phenyl phosphate and its effect on the rate of hydrolysis of the ester.", "content": "In alcoholic solutions a relatively strong complex forms among two guanidinium ions and one p-nitrophenylphosphate dianion. The effect of this complex formation on the hydrolysis of the ester is to lower the rate by a factor of 4 in solutions containing 1 M guanidine hydrochloride when compared with solutions of the same total ionic strength containing no guanidinium ion. It is therefore suggested that, for the enzymatically catalyzed hydrolysis of phosphate compounds going via the formation of a metaphosphate intermediate, the role of any arginine residues at the active site is primarily one of binding and positioning the substrate.", "contents": "The role of arginine residues at enzyme active sites. The interaction between guanidinium ions and p-nitro-phenyl phosphate and its effect on the rate of hydrolysis of the ester. In alcoholic solutions a relatively strong complex forms among two guanidinium ions and one p-nitrophenylphosphate dianion. The effect of this complex formation on the hydrolysis of the ester is to lower the rate by a factor of 4 in solutions containing 1 M guanidine hydrochloride when compared with solutions of the same total ionic strength containing no guanidinium ion. It is therefore suggested that, for the enzymatically catalyzed hydrolysis of phosphate compounds going via the formation of a metaphosphate intermediate, the role of any arginine residues at the active site is primarily one of binding and positioning the substrate.", "PMID": 843535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5739", "title": "Pyruvate kinase isozymes in cells isolated from fetal and regenerating rat liver.", "content": "There are at least three major mammalian isozymes of pyruvate kinase (ATP : pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.40), designated K4, L4, and M4. Whereas parenchymal cells from adult rat liver contain only the type L isozyme, parenchymal cells isolated from fetal and regenerating liver were found to synthesize both the K4 and L4 isozymes. A small amount of K-M hybrid was seen in regenerating liver, but there were no detectable M-L or K-L hybrids. Thus, it appears that type L pyruvate kinase is not synthesized at the same time in the same liver cell with either of the other two isozymes. The intermediate electrophoretic bands seen with homogenates of whole fetal liver, and in some earlier work attributed to either hybrid isozymes or to the presence of M4, are contributed by nonparenchymal cells which, in the fetus, are largely hemopoietic. These additional bands of pyruvate kinase are electrophoretically and immunologically similar to the pyruvate kinase isozymes found in adult erythrocytes. The results reported here suggest a very rigorous control in the synthesis of K4 and L4 isozymes in parenchymal cells of both fetal and regenerating liver as opposed to developing neurons and glia, where the shift from synthesis of type K to type M subunits appears to occur gradually and results in the production of substantial amounts of hybrid isozymes.", "contents": "Pyruvate kinase isozymes in cells isolated from fetal and regenerating rat liver. There are at least three major mammalian isozymes of pyruvate kinase (ATP : pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.40), designated K4, L4, and M4. Whereas parenchymal cells from adult rat liver contain only the type L isozyme, parenchymal cells isolated from fetal and regenerating liver were found to synthesize both the K4 and L4 isozymes. A small amount of K-M hybrid was seen in regenerating liver, but there were no detectable M-L or K-L hybrids. Thus, it appears that type L pyruvate kinase is not synthesized at the same time in the same liver cell with either of the other two isozymes. The intermediate electrophoretic bands seen with homogenates of whole fetal liver, and in some earlier work attributed to either hybrid isozymes or to the presence of M4, are contributed by nonparenchymal cells which, in the fetus, are largely hemopoietic. These additional bands of pyruvate kinase are electrophoretically and immunologically similar to the pyruvate kinase isozymes found in adult erythrocytes. The results reported here suggest a very rigorous control in the synthesis of K4 and L4 isozymes in parenchymal cells of both fetal and regenerating liver as opposed to developing neurons and glia, where the shift from synthesis of type K to type M subunits appears to occur gradually and results in the production of substantial amounts of hybrid isozymes.", "PMID": 843536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5740", "title": "Fluoride inhibition of inorganic pyrophosphatase. II. Isolation and characterization of a covalent intermediate between enzyme and entire substrate molecule.", "content": "A presumed pyrophosphoryl-enzyme intermediate of the reaction catalyzed by bakers' yeast inorganic pyrophosphatase pyrophosphate phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.1) has been isolated using fluoride-mediated inactivation of the enzyme during catalysis. The analysis of the F--inactivated pyrophosphatase revealed the presence of one molecule of PPi and one atom of fluoride per active site. The incubation of the inactivated enzyme at 25 degrees C and pH 7.2 resulted in gradual recovery of catalytic activity and concomitant removal of PPi by a first-order reaction with tau1/2 of 1 h. The digestion of the F--treated pyrophosphatase with pepsin yielded phosphorous-containing peptides, which were reduced with NaBH4 and gave homoserine and homoserine lactone after acid hydrolysis. This suggests that the PPi residue is linked to the protein through a bond of an acyl phosphate type involving the beta-COOH function of aspartic acid. Together with the results of the kinetic studies of fluoride inhibition of pyrophosphatase reported in accompanying papers, these findings strongly indicate that the enzyme-substrate compound stabilized by fluoride is a transient of the catalytic reaction.", "contents": "Fluoride inhibition of inorganic pyrophosphatase. II. Isolation and characterization of a covalent intermediate between enzyme and entire substrate molecule. A presumed pyrophosphoryl-enzyme intermediate of the reaction catalyzed by bakers' yeast inorganic pyrophosphatase pyrophosphate phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.1) has been isolated using fluoride-mediated inactivation of the enzyme during catalysis. The analysis of the F--inactivated pyrophosphatase revealed the presence of one molecule of PPi and one atom of fluoride per active site. The incubation of the inactivated enzyme at 25 degrees C and pH 7.2 resulted in gradual recovery of catalytic activity and concomitant removal of PPi by a first-order reaction with tau1/2 of 1 h. The digestion of the F--treated pyrophosphatase with pepsin yielded phosphorous-containing peptides, which were reduced with NaBH4 and gave homoserine and homoserine lactone after acid hydrolysis. This suggests that the PPi residue is linked to the protein through a bond of an acyl phosphate type involving the beta-COOH function of aspartic acid. Together with the results of the kinetic studies of fluoride inhibition of pyrophosphatase reported in accompanying papers, these findings strongly indicate that the enzyme-substrate compound stabilized by fluoride is a transient of the catalytic reaction.", "PMID": 843537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5741", "title": "Fluoride inhibition of inorganic pyrophosphatase. III. Dependence on the nature of substrate and metal ion cofactor.", "content": "Studies of fluoride interaction with  bakers' yeast inorganic pyrophosphatase (pyrophosphate phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.1) in the presence or absence of enzyme-catalyzed reactions have revealed pronounced specificity of this inhibitor. It was found that the inhibition of enzymic hydrolysis of PPi, ADP, ATP and tripolyphosphate in the presence of Zn2+ and Mn2+ at pH 6.5 is not time dependent and by far less extensive as that observed for the Mg2+-stimulated cleavage of PPi (apparent Ki values differ by three orders of magnitude). Addition of Ca2+ to the latter reaction decrease proportionally the activity of the enzyme and the rate constant for the binding of fluoride to it, which indicates that the enzyme-substrate complexes containing both Mg2+ and Ca2+ are inert in the reaction with fluoride. Preincubation of pyrophosphatase with NaF and various metal cations and substrates, in conditions where the enzyme does not act as a catalyst, does not affect its activity compared to controls lacking fluoride. The results are consistent with the proposed mechanism  of mutual hindrance of substrate and fluoride release from the active site of pyrophosphatase.", "contents": "Fluoride inhibition of inorganic pyrophosphatase. III. Dependence on the nature of substrate and metal ion cofactor. Studies of fluoride interaction with  bakers' yeast inorganic pyrophosphatase (pyrophosphate phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.1) in the presence or absence of enzyme-catalyzed reactions have revealed pronounced specificity of this inhibitor. It was found that the inhibition of enzymic hydrolysis of PPi, ADP, ATP and tripolyphosphate in the presence of Zn2+ and Mn2+ at pH 6.5 is not time dependent and by far less extensive as that observed for the Mg2+-stimulated cleavage of PPi (apparent Ki values differ by three orders of magnitude). Addition of Ca2+ to the latter reaction decrease proportionally the activity of the enzyme and the rate constant for the binding of fluoride to it, which indicates that the enzyme-substrate complexes containing both Mg2+ and Ca2+ are inert in the reaction with fluoride. Preincubation of pyrophosphatase with NaF and various metal cations and substrates, in conditions where the enzyme does not act as a catalyst, does not affect its activity compared to controls lacking fluoride. The results are consistent with the proposed mechanism  of mutual hindrance of substrate and fluoride release from the active site of pyrophosphatase.", "PMID": 843538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5742", "title": "Molecular orbital studies on the conformation of the phosphopantetheine moiety of coenzyme A.", "content": "Conformational study on phosphopantetheine shows that this compound has an intrinsic tendency to adopt a multitude of conformations which contain hydrogen bonds involving the sulphydryl, hydroxyl, carbonyl and amide groups. The sulphydryl group may form a hydrogen bond with the C(7') = 0 carbonyl group, the latter being also involved in hydrogen bonding with the N(4')-H GROUP. All these hydrogen bondings occur for different conformations around the backbone. The N(7')-H and C(4') = 0 groups are not involved in hydrogen bonding. It is also found that a strong interaction occurs between N(4')-H and 0-3' which is responsible for a rigid conformation around the C(3')-C(4') and C(3')-0(3') bonds. As far as the phosphate group is concerned the results show that this group may interact with the 0(3')-H hydroxyl group to form hydrogen-bonded rings of different sizes. A six-membered ring formed by hydrogen bonding between 0(3')-H and 0-1' appears more favorable than an eight-membered ring involving an anionic oxygen instead of an ester oxygen related to the phosphate group.", "contents": "Molecular orbital studies on the conformation of the phosphopantetheine moiety of coenzyme A. Conformational study on phosphopantetheine shows that this compound has an intrinsic tendency to adopt a multitude of conformations which contain hydrogen bonds involving the sulphydryl, hydroxyl, carbonyl and amide groups. The sulphydryl group may form a hydrogen bond with the C(7') = 0 carbonyl group, the latter being also involved in hydrogen bonding with the N(4')-H GROUP. All these hydrogen bondings occur for different conformations around the backbone. The N(7')-H and C(4') = 0 groups are not involved in hydrogen bonding. It is also found that a strong interaction occurs between N(4')-H and 0-3' which is responsible for a rigid conformation around the C(3')-C(4') and C(3')-0(3') bonds. As far as the phosphate group is concerned the results show that this group may interact with the 0(3')-H hydroxyl group to form hydrogen-bonded rings of different sizes. A six-membered ring formed by hydrogen bonding between 0(3')-H and 0-1' appears more favorable than an eight-membered ring involving an anionic oxygen instead of an ester oxygen related to the phosphate group.", "PMID": 843539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5743", "title": "Activation and inhibition of the phosphoglycerate kinase reaction by ATP.", "content": "A kinetic study for understanding how the phosphoglycerate kinase (ATP: 3-phospho-D-glycerate 1-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.2.3) reaction discriminates between MgATP2- and ATP-4 is presented. The results show that in contrast to MgATP2-, ATP4- is competitive with 3-phospho-D-glycerate. ATP4- binds to the free enzyme as an inhibitor. When binding to the enzyme-MgATP2- (3-phospho-D-glycerate) complex, ATP4- acts as an activator.", "contents": "Activation and inhibition of the phosphoglycerate kinase reaction by ATP. A kinetic study for understanding how the phosphoglycerate kinase (ATP: 3-phospho-D-glycerate 1-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.2.3) reaction discriminates between MgATP2- and ATP-4 is presented. The results show that in contrast to MgATP2-, ATP4- is competitive with 3-phospho-D-glycerate. ATP4- binds to the free enzyme as an inhibitor. When binding to the enzyme-MgATP2- (3-phospho-D-glycerate) complex, ATP4- acts as an activator.", "PMID": 843540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5744", "title": "Reactivity of neonatal canine aortic strips.", "content": "To determine whether vascular reactivity in the young animal is significantly different from that of the mature animal, helical strips of thoracic aorta were suspended in an organ bath of Krebs bicarbonate solution, and isometric tension was measured. The effects of norepinephrine, phenylphrine, tyramine, and KCl were studied. The neonatal vascular strips were less sensitive than adult strips to the adrenergic agents, but responsiveness to KCl was comparable in both groups.", "contents": "Reactivity of neonatal canine aortic strips. To determine whether vascular reactivity in the young animal is significantly different from that of the mature animal, helical strips of thoracic aorta were suspended in an organ bath of Krebs bicarbonate solution, and isometric tension was measured. The effects of norepinephrine, phenylphrine, tyramine, and KCl were studied. The neonatal vascular strips were less sensitive than adult strips to the adrenergic agents, but responsiveness to KCl was comparable in both groups.", "PMID": 843545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5745", "title": "Gel filtration of hyperbilirubinemic sera through Sephadex G-25 and Sephadex LH-20 for the detection of 'free' non-albumin-bound unconjugated bilirubin.", "content": "Hyperbilirubinemic model sera with different bilirubin/albumin (Br/Alb) molar ratio, containing unconjugated bilirubin only, and containing various fractions of conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin, were simultaneously run through small columns packed with Sephadex G-25 and Sephadex LH-20. The bilirubin  adsorbed by the gel was detected by a diazo-reagent and also recovered with chloroform. The amount of bilirubin adsorbed by the gel was higher using the Sephadex LH-20 when sera containing unconjugated bilirubin were tested. In case of sera containing also conjugated pigment, the bilirubin adsorbed by the two gels was the same at a Br/Alb molar ratio equal to or below 0.89; above this level the bilirubin adsorbed by the Sephadex LH-20 was higher. But with reference to the concentration of the unconjugated bilirubin the chloroform-recovered bilirubin was in greater amount than expected if unconjugated bilirubin were considered in the tested sera. The possible implication of the role played by the conjugated fraction is discussed in relation also to the clinical application of the gel filtration technique.", "contents": "Gel filtration of hyperbilirubinemic sera through Sephadex G-25 and Sephadex LH-20 for the detection of 'free' non-albumin-bound unconjugated bilirubin. Hyperbilirubinemic model sera with different bilirubin/albumin (Br/Alb) molar ratio, containing unconjugated bilirubin only, and containing various fractions of conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin, were simultaneously run through small columns packed with Sephadex G-25 and Sephadex LH-20. The bilirubin  adsorbed by the gel was detected by a diazo-reagent and also recovered with chloroform. The amount of bilirubin adsorbed by the gel was higher using the Sephadex LH-20 when sera containing unconjugated bilirubin were tested. In case of sera containing also conjugated pigment, the bilirubin adsorbed by the two gels was the same at a Br/Alb molar ratio equal to or below 0.89; above this level the bilirubin adsorbed by the Sephadex LH-20 was higher. But with reference to the concentration of the unconjugated bilirubin the chloroform-recovered bilirubin was in greater amount than expected if unconjugated bilirubin were considered in the tested sera. The possible implication of the role played by the conjugated fraction is discussed in relation also to the clinical application of the gel filtration technique.", "PMID": 843546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5746", "title": "Water content and distribution in intrauterine growth-retarded newborn rats.", "content": "Body composition of 54 normally grown and 29 intrauterine growth-retarded rat fetuses was determined. Half the fetuses in each group were analyzed whole while in the other half abdominal contents were separated from carcasses before analysis. No differences in body composition of whole fetuses, carcasses and abdominal contents were evident between the two groups. Although the validity of using the rat as animal model for human intrauterine growth retardation appears to be questionable, analysis of our results in light of previously published data raises important questions that deserve further investigation.", "contents": "Water content and distribution in intrauterine growth-retarded newborn rats. Body composition of 54 normally grown and 29 intrauterine growth-retarded rat fetuses was determined. Half the fetuses in each group were analyzed whole while in the other half abdominal contents were separated from carcasses before analysis. No differences in body composition of whole fetuses, carcasses and abdominal contents were evident between the two groups. Although the validity of using the rat as animal model for human intrauterine growth retardation appears to be questionable, analysis of our results in light of previously published data raises important questions that deserve further investigation.", "PMID": 843547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5747", "title": "Effects of vaginal delivery and caesarian section on plasma renin activity and angiotensin II levels in human umbilical cord blood.", "content": "High levels of angiotensin II were found in umbilical venous blood of babies delivered vaginally (40.3 pg-ml-1) and vaginally with epidural anaesthesia (66.8 pg-ml-1); low levels of angiotensin II were found in umbilical venous blood of babies delivered by Caesarian section (7.5 pg-ml-1) and in the peripheral blood of normal adults (7.92 pg-ml-1). There were no significant differences between these groups in the levels of plasma renin activity (PRA), although the mean values of PRA showed trends similar to those described for angiotensin II. It is suggested that the increase in PRA may account, in part, for the high levels in angiotensin II seen following vaginal delivery, but additional factors may also be involved.", "contents": "Effects of vaginal delivery and caesarian section on plasma renin activity and angiotensin II levels in human umbilical cord blood. High levels of angiotensin II were found in umbilical venous blood of babies delivered vaginally (40.3 pg-ml-1) and vaginally with epidural anaesthesia (66.8 pg-ml-1); low levels of angiotensin II were found in umbilical venous blood of babies delivered by Caesarian section (7.5 pg-ml-1) and in the peripheral blood of normal adults (7.92 pg-ml-1). There were no significant differences between these groups in the levels of plasma renin activity (PRA), although the mean values of PRA showed trends similar to those described for angiotensin II. It is suggested that the increase in PRA may account, in part, for the high levels in angiotensin II seen following vaginal delivery, but additional factors may also be involved.", "PMID": 843548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5748", "title": "Functional autonomic innervation of mammalian cardiac pacemaker during the perinatal period.", "content": "Sinoatrial node pacemaker tissues from perinatal and adult rabbits, guinea pigs and rats were examined in vitro. Changes in spontaneous pacemaker rate produced by stimulation of intranodal vagal and sympathetic nerve endings, were taken as a measure of functional postganglionic innervation of the pacemaker. Results show marked species differences in the development of functional innervation of the cardiac pacemaker in the perinatal period.", "contents": "Functional autonomic innervation of mammalian cardiac pacemaker during the perinatal period. Sinoatrial node pacemaker tissues from perinatal and adult rabbits, guinea pigs and rats were examined in vitro. Changes in spontaneous pacemaker rate produced by stimulation of intranodal vagal and sympathetic nerve endings, were taken as a measure of functional postganglionic innervation of the pacemaker. Results show marked species differences in the development of functional innervation of the cardiac pacemaker in the perinatal period.", "PMID": 843549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5749", "title": "Electrophoretic and biometric analysis of serum proteins of newborn babies.", "content": "The average values and scatter of total protein and serum protein separated by paper electrophoresis of umbilical artery blood sampled at 130 normal deliveries, were determined. The distribution of the values was examined by means of a dot diagram. On the basis of the examination of an international standard preparation the reproducibility of the results is stated.", "contents": "Electrophoretic and biometric analysis of serum proteins of newborn babies. The average values and scatter of total protein and serum protein separated by paper electrophoresis of umbilical artery blood sampled at 130 normal deliveries, were determined. The distribution of the values was examined by means of a dot diagram. On the basis of the examination of an international standard preparation the reproducibility of the results is stated.", "PMID": 843550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5750", "title": "Glycerol metabolism in the pregnant and virgin rats.", "content": "The parameters of in vivo glycerol kinetic curves were determined after a single injection of glycerol-1-14 C in pregnant and in virgin rats. The half-life of glycerol was found to be 9 min in pregnant rats and 17 min in virgin rats. There was no significant difference between the absolute turnover rates. The glycerol plasma space cannot be appreciated. The distribution volume expressed in milliliter of plasma appeared to be very high indicating that glycerol was not distributed only in the plasma. Glycerol was found to be a precursor of glucose and this conversion seemed to proceed more rapidly in the pregnant rat than in the virgin rat.", "contents": "Glycerol metabolism in the pregnant and virgin rats. The parameters of in vivo glycerol kinetic curves were determined after a single injection of glycerol-1-14 C in pregnant and in virgin rats. The half-life of glycerol was found to be 9 min in pregnant rats and 17 min in virgin rats. There was no significant difference between the absolute turnover rates. The glycerol plasma space cannot be appreciated. The distribution volume expressed in milliliter of plasma appeared to be very high indicating that glycerol was not distributed only in the plasma. Glycerol was found to be a precursor of glucose and this conversion seemed to proceed more rapidly in the pregnant rat than in the virgin rat.", "PMID": 843551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5751", "title": "Separation and characterization of red blood cells from newborns and infants during the first trimenon of life by means of a dextran density gradient. Density distribution curves of erythrocytes and reticulocytes.", "content": "Longitudinal studies on the density of erythrocytes and reticulocytes were performed by means of the isopyknic density gradient centrifugation in dextran on three mature newborns and six premature infants during the first 3 months of life. Striking changes of the density distribution curves of red blood cells took place during the first trimenon. Median density (D50) reached its maximum between the 7th and 28th day of life. D50 of reticulocytes was lower than that of the total red blood cell population and shows similar changes to the whole cell population during the first trimenon after birth. Based on the close relationship between D50 and the percentage of lightest cells, the evaluation of the percentage of the lightest cells was recommended as a simple test to study the changes in median density.", "contents": "Separation and characterization of red blood cells from newborns and infants during the first trimenon of life by means of a dextran density gradient. Density distribution curves of erythrocytes and reticulocytes. Longitudinal studies on the density of erythrocytes and reticulocytes were performed by means of the isopyknic density gradient centrifugation in dextran on three mature newborns and six premature infants during the first 3 months of life. Striking changes of the density distribution curves of red blood cells took place during the first trimenon. Median density (D50) reached its maximum between the 7th and 28th day of life. D50 of reticulocytes was lower than that of the total red blood cell population and shows similar changes to the whole cell population during the first trimenon after birth. Based on the close relationship between D50 and the percentage of lightest cells, the evaluation of the percentage of the lightest cells was recommended as a simple test to study the changes in median density.", "PMID": 843552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5752", "title": "Developmental aspects of amino acid transport. Suggestion of switching-on and switching-off mechanisms.", "content": "L-Lysine-14 C uptake was studied in vitro in intestinal segments of rats, in various ages, ranging between 15-day fetuses and adults. L-Lysine in 0.065 mM concentrations was accumulated against a chemical concentration gradient by processes which obeyed saturation kinetics. There appeared to be two peaks of lysine uptake values, one in the fetus, diminishing by the 17th fetal day and another on the 2nd postnatal day. Fetal transport of lysine was not inhibited by anaerobic conditions and was not Na+ dependent, in contrast with increasing O2 and Na+ dependency postnatally. A series of amino acids including representatives of the neutral, imino acid and dibasic groups, failed to inhibit lysine uptake, with the exception of L-arginine, which was also antagonized by L-lysine. These findings suggest that in the rat intestine L-lysine is transported by at least two mechanisms, one fetal, not requiring O2 and Na+, and another developing postnatally with a peak during the 2nd day, which is Na-dependent and requires aerobic conditions.", "contents": "Developmental aspects of amino acid transport. Suggestion of switching-on and switching-off mechanisms. L-Lysine-14 C uptake was studied in vitro in intestinal segments of rats, in various ages, ranging between 15-day fetuses and adults. L-Lysine in 0.065 mM concentrations was accumulated against a chemical concentration gradient by processes which obeyed saturation kinetics. There appeared to be two peaks of lysine uptake values, one in the fetus, diminishing by the 17th fetal day and another on the 2nd postnatal day. Fetal transport of lysine was not inhibited by anaerobic conditions and was not Na+ dependent, in contrast with increasing O2 and Na+ dependency postnatally. A series of amino acids including representatives of the neutral, imino acid and dibasic groups, failed to inhibit lysine uptake, with the exception of L-arginine, which was also antagonized by L-lysine. These findings suggest that in the rat intestine L-lysine is transported by at least two mechanisms, one fetal, not requiring O2 and Na+, and another developing postnatally with a peak during the 2nd day, which is Na-dependent and requires aerobic conditions.", "PMID": 843553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5753", "title": "Agar ingestion combined with phototherapy in jaundiced newborn infants.", "content": "49 jaundiced, nonimmunized newborn infants with a birth weight of more than 2,000 g were given phototherapy with white light for more than 36 h. The average period of treatment was 61 h. 24 infants received 250 mg agar at the beginning of each meal at 3-hour intervals during phototherapy. 25 infants received phototherapy only. Serum bilirubin levels were decreased similarly in both groups. It is concluded that ingestion of agar does not supplement the effect of phototherapy.", "contents": "Agar ingestion combined with phototherapy in jaundiced newborn infants. 49 jaundiced, nonimmunized newborn infants with a birth weight of more than 2,000 g were given phototherapy with white light for more than 36 h. The average period of treatment was 61 h. 24 infants received 250 mg agar at the beginning of each meal at 3-hour intervals during phototherapy. 25 infants received phototherapy only. Serum bilirubin levels were decreased similarly in both groups. It is concluded that ingestion of agar does not supplement the effect of phototherapy.", "PMID": 843554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5754", "title": "Preceding pregnancy loss as an index of risk of stillbirth or neonatal death in the present pregnancy.", "content": "Details of 9,311 singleton births born to multiparae in the first week of March 1958 were compared with 3,707 singleton cases of stillbirth and neonatal death delivered in the 3-month period March-May, with respect to the outcome of the preceding delivery. It was shown that the risk of death was raised some 66% if the preceding delivery had been an abortion and by a factor of nearly 3 if the preceding delivery had itself been a stillbirth or neonatal death (SBND). The increased risk was especially pronounced for macerated stillbirths. Analysis because of death revealed very significant increases in the incidence of congenital defects, asphyxia and 'no major lesion' when the preceding delivery had been either an abortion or an SBND. It was shown that, in general, a woman who had had a preceding SBND was over 3 times more likely to delivery by 35 weeks than on whose preceding delivery had ended in either an abortion or a survivor.", "contents": "Preceding pregnancy loss as an index of risk of stillbirth or neonatal death in the present pregnancy. Details of 9,311 singleton births born to multiparae in the first week of March 1958 were compared with 3,707 singleton cases of stillbirth and neonatal death delivered in the 3-month period March-May, with respect to the outcome of the preceding delivery. It was shown that the risk of death was raised some 66% if the preceding delivery had been an abortion and by a factor of nearly 3 if the preceding delivery had itself been a stillbirth or neonatal death (SBND). The increased risk was especially pronounced for macerated stillbirths. Analysis because of death revealed very significant increases in the incidence of congenital defects, asphyxia and 'no major lesion' when the preceding delivery had been either an abortion or an SBND. It was shown that, in general, a woman who had had a preceding SBND was over 3 times more likely to delivery by 35 weeks than on whose preceding delivery had ended in either an abortion or a survivor.", "PMID": 843555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5755", "title": "Epithelium and associated lymphocytes of developing human fetal appendix. Electron microscopic study.", "content": "The epithelium and lamina propria of the human fetal appendix between 7.5 and 18 weeks of gestation was examined with electron microscopy. At 7.5 weeks the epithelium was composed of stratified columnar cells; scattered mesenchymal cells appeared in the lamina propria. By 13.5 weeks of gestation the epithelium was composed of simple columnar cells with a microvillous surface, goblet cells containing numerous mucinogen granules and argentaffin cells with elongated electron-dense granules. Also at 13.5 weeks of gestation some free lymphocytes were observed within the lamina propria as well as an occasional migrating lymphocyte within the epithelium between the columnar cells. At 18 weeks of gestation the simple columnar epithelial cells were tightly packed, the goblet cells were secretory and lymphocytes again appeared singly within the epithelium and lamina propria. No evidence of groups of lymphocytes or developing primary follicles within the lamina propria was observed in this study.", "contents": "Epithelium and associated lymphocytes of developing human fetal appendix. Electron microscopic study. The epithelium and lamina propria of the human fetal appendix between 7.5 and 18 weeks of gestation was examined with electron microscopy. At 7.5 weeks the epithelium was composed of stratified columnar cells; scattered mesenchymal cells appeared in the lamina propria. By 13.5 weeks of gestation the epithelium was composed of simple columnar cells with a microvillous surface, goblet cells containing numerous mucinogen granules and argentaffin cells with elongated electron-dense granules. Also at 13.5 weeks of gestation some free lymphocytes were observed within the lamina propria as well as an occasional migrating lymphocyte within the epithelium between the columnar cells. At 18 weeks of gestation the simple columnar epithelial cells were tightly packed, the goblet cells were secretory and lymphocytes again appeared singly within the epithelium and lamina propria. No evidence of groups of lymphocytes or developing primary follicles within the lamina propria was observed in this study.", "PMID": 843556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5756", "title": "Estimation of \"safe doses\" in carcinogenic experiments.", "content": "The statistical methodology for carcinogenic safety testing here developed has the following advantages: (1) Rather than making possibly unwarranted assumptions about a minimum slope in a dose response relationship, the present method represents an objective data based method of estimating \"safe\" doses. It is applicable to any specified permissible risk (of exceeding the spontaneous rate) and the latter must of course be specified by F.D.A. (2) Although the model which is used for the estimation of safe doses and their lower confidence points is parametric it comprises an adequately large number of parameters to allow for differences in the idiosyncracies of suspected carcinogens, host species and to a limited degree for variations in the experimental protocols. (3) The same computer program will cover the analysis of an experiments in which times to tumor have been recorded as well as experiments in which only tumor incidence rates have been recorded or mixtures of the two. \"Better experimentation\" is \"rewarded\" in that the lower confidence limits for the \"safe doses\" should be higher and more closely approach the true safe dose as the experimental effort increases. (4) The maximum likelihood estimation procedure is sophisticated and has asymptotic optimality properties. It utilizes the latest techniques of \"convex programming\" and the computer algorithm is straightforward and fast. The methodology proposed here also has the following shortcomings: (1) The model is (multi)parametric. However, it is of the form of the product model for age specific hazard rates which is now widely accepted. (2) Robustness studies on the effect of model breakdown on the estimated safe doses are as yet limited and should be followed up with more extensive studies. (3) Obviously no estimates of \"safe doses\" can be made if the spontaneous incidence rate is zero and the experimental dose levels have been chosen too small and no tumors have been observed. Similarly if the experimental doses are too small and the tumor incidence rates are all comparable with the spontaneous rate the estimation procedure is afflicted by extremely large errors. The situation improves slightly if the incidence for the highest dose level is higher than that of the lower dose levels which are all approximately equal.  In such situations more satisfactory experimental data are needed. Some general recommendations are as follows: (1) Whenever possible it is preferable to record times to tumor and not just incidence rates. However, for experiments of sufficiently long duration necropsies following the varying times of death will provide adequate information on the time dependence of tumor incidence. It may also be advisable to deliberately vary the times of sacrifice to two or three different times. (2) Other considerations being equal it is preferable to have a large number of dose levels rather than more animals per dose level...", "contents": "Estimation of \"safe doses\" in carcinogenic experiments. The statistical methodology for carcinogenic safety testing here developed has the following advantages: (1) Rather than making possibly unwarranted assumptions about a minimum slope in a dose response relationship, the present method represents an objective data based method of estimating \"safe\" doses. It is applicable to any specified permissible risk (of exceeding the spontaneous rate) and the latter must of course be specified by F.D.A. (2) Although the model which is used for the estimation of safe doses and their lower confidence points is parametric it comprises an adequately large number of parameters to allow for differences in the idiosyncracies of suspected carcinogens, host species and to a limited degree for variations in the experimental protocols. (3) The same computer program will cover the analysis of an experiments in which times to tumor have been recorded as well as experiments in which only tumor incidence rates have been recorded or mixtures of the two. \"Better experimentation\" is \"rewarded\" in that the lower confidence limits for the \"safe doses\" should be higher and more closely approach the true safe dose as the experimental effort increases. (4) The maximum likelihood estimation procedure is sophisticated and has asymptotic optimality properties. It utilizes the latest techniques of \"convex programming\" and the computer algorithm is straightforward and fast. The methodology proposed here also has the following shortcomings: (1) The model is (multi)parametric. However, it is of the form of the product model for age specific hazard rates which is now widely accepted. (2) Robustness studies on the effect of model breakdown on the estimated safe doses are as yet limited and should be followed up with more extensive studies. (3) Obviously no estimates of \"safe doses\" can be made if the spontaneous incidence rate is zero and the experimental dose levels have been chosen too small and no tumors have been observed. Similarly if the experimental doses are too small and the tumor incidence rates are all comparable with the spontaneous rate the estimation procedure is afflicted by extremely large errors. The situation improves slightly if the incidence for the highest dose level is higher than that of the lower dose levels which are all approximately equal.  In such situations more satisfactory experimental data are needed. Some general recommendations are as follows: (1) Whenever possible it is preferable to record times to tumor and not just incidence rates. However, for experiments of sufficiently long duration necropsies following the varying times of death will provide adequate information on the time dependence of tumor incidence. It may also be advisable to deliberately vary the times of sacrifice to two or three different times. (2) Other considerations being equal it is preferable to have a large number of dose levels rather than more animals per dose level...", "PMID": 843567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5757", "title": "Avoidance-modified generalised distributions and their application to studies of superparasitism.", "content": "Given an underlying distribution for the number of encounters between parasites and a host this may be generalised by the distribution of the number of eggs per encounter. If eggs are already present, a parasite may avoid oviposition at subsequent encounters. A class of avoidance-modified generalised distributions is presented to model such situations. The case of a solitary (single egg-laying) parasite and a Poisson distribution for the number of encounters gives rise to a distribution of particular interest. Various properties of this distribution are derived and alternative estimation procedures investigated. Estimators based on the method of mean and zero frequency are shown to have the dual advantages over other estimators that have been proposed of simplicity of computation and increased efficiency. Over a wide range of parameter values there is virtually no loss of efficiency in comparison with maximum likelihood estimation.", "contents": "Avoidance-modified generalised distributions and their application to studies of superparasitism. Given an underlying distribution for the number of encounters between parasites and a host this may be generalised by the distribution of the number of eggs per encounter. If eggs are already present, a parasite may avoid oviposition at subsequent encounters. A class of avoidance-modified generalised distributions is presented to model such situations. The case of a solitary (single egg-laying) parasite and a Poisson distribution for the number of encounters gives rise to a distribution of particular interest. Various properties of this distribution are derived and alternative estimation procedures investigated. Estimators based on the method of mean and zero frequency are shown to have the dual advantages over other estimators that have been proposed of simplicity of computation and increased efficiency. Over a wide range of parameter values there is virtually no loss of efficiency in comparison with maximum likelihood estimation.", "PMID": 843568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5758", "title": "Fitting a model to the growth of yeast colonies.", "content": "When yeast cells reproduce, scars are left on the parent cell where the offspring has budded. Using a branching process model, it is possible to obtain the expectations of numbers of cells with 0, 1, 2, ... offspring. In this paper, theoretical results are tested against empirical data for three types of yeast cells. We examine the hypothesis that birth and death rates of cells with no previus offspring may differ from those of cells with one or more offspring. It is suggested that the oscillatory empricial results for the proportions of cells with 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 offspring may be due to different mean budding times for these cells.", "contents": "Fitting a model to the growth of yeast colonies. When yeast cells reproduce, scars are left on the parent cell where the offspring has budded. Using a branching process model, it is possible to obtain the expectations of numbers of cells with 0, 1, 2, ... offspring. In this paper, theoretical results are tested against empirical data for three types of yeast cells. We examine the hypothesis that birth and death rates of cells with no previus offspring may differ from those of cells with one or more offspring. It is suggested that the oscillatory empricial results for the proportions of cells with 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 offspring may be due to different mean budding times for these cells.", "PMID": 843569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5759", "title": "A general methodology for the analysis of experiments with repeated measurement of categorical data.", "content": "This paper is concerned with the analysis of multivariate categorical data which are obtained from repeated measurement experiments. An expository discussion of pertinent hypotheses for such situations is given, and appropriate test statistics are developed through the application of weighted least squares methods. Special consideration is given to computational problems associated with the manipulation of large tables including the treatment of empty cells. Three applications of the methodology are provided.", "contents": "A general methodology for the analysis of experiments with repeated measurement of categorical data. This paper is concerned with the analysis of multivariate categorical data which are obtained from repeated measurement experiments. An expository discussion of pertinent hypotheses for such situations is given, and appropriate test statistics are developed through the application of weighted least squares methods. Special consideration is given to computational problems associated with the manipulation of large tables including the treatment of empty cells. Three applications of the methodology are provided.", "PMID": 843570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5760", "title": "The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data.", "content": "This paper presents a general statistical methodology for the analysis of multivariate categorical data arising from observer reliability studies. The procedure essentially involves the construction of functions of the observed proportions which are directed at the extent to which the observers agree among themselves and the construction of test statistics for hypotheses involving these functions. Tests for interobserver bias are presented in terms of first-order marginal homogeneity and measures of interobserver agreement are developed as generalized kappa-type statistics. These procedures are illustrated with a clinical diagnosis example from the epidemiological literature.", "contents": "The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. This paper presents a general statistical methodology for the analysis of multivariate categorical data arising from observer reliability studies. The procedure essentially involves the construction of functions of the observed proportions which are directed at the extent to which the observers agree among themselves and the construction of test statistics for hypotheses involving these functions. Tests for interobserver bias are presented in terms of first-order marginal homogeneity and measures of interobserver agreement are developed as generalized kappa-type statistics. These procedures are illustrated with a clinical diagnosis example from the epidemiological literature.", "PMID": 843571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5761", "title": "Quantit analysis: a quantal assay refinement.", "content": "A new tolerance distribution and inference procedure for quantal response assays is presented. This method is capable of fitting a wide variety of shapes of response curves. Specific cases of this new method include quantal response assay analyses based on the double exponential distribution, the logistic distribution (logit analysis), and the uniform distribution (linit analysis) in a limiting case. Computational techniques used to implement the likelihood procedures associated with this method are described. Comparisons are made for 22 sets of published data. These comparisons suggest that interval estimates of extreme dosages (e.g., ED95 and ED99) based on logit and probit analyses are, for the most part, either overly optimistic (too small) or overly pessimistic (too large). This interval estimation problem should be partially overcome by the added flexibility of the method introduced here.", "contents": "Quantit analysis: a quantal assay refinement. A new tolerance distribution and inference procedure for quantal response assays is presented. This method is capable of fitting a wide variety of shapes of response curves. Specific cases of this new method include quantal response assay analyses based on the double exponential distribution, the logistic distribution (logit analysis), and the uniform distribution (linit analysis) in a limiting case. Computational techniques used to implement the likelihood procedures associated with this method are described. Comparisons are made for 22 sets of published data. These comparisons suggest that interval estimates of extreme dosages (e.g., ED95 and ED99) based on logit and probit analyses are, for the most part, either overly optimistic (too small) or overly pessimistic (too large). This interval estimation problem should be partially overcome by the added flexibility of the method introduced here.", "PMID": 843572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5762", "title": "Quadratic analyses of reciprocal crosses.", "content": "Three different models, a two-way factorial model for familiarity, an orthogonalizing transform of this model to a diallel model, and a bio model more representative of the biological situation, are interrelated in terms of their components of variance and covariance. It is clarified that there are five components that can be reckoned with in the analysis of reciprocal crosses, including distinct maternal and paternal variances. Estimation of the components and tests of hypotheses concerning them are outlined for two types of mating designs with reciprocals. One deisgn involves a factorial mating design between two distinct sets of parents or parental lines and the other a diallel of all crosses from a single set of parents or parental lines. Both designs provide the same types of information and similar tests of hypotheses. At least some parts of the analyses corresponding to the factorial model are required to separate the maternal and paternal variances. A least squares partitioning of the sums of squares according to the diallel model, but with expectations expressed in terms of the bio model, provides most of the tests of hypotheses of interest. Worked examples are given.", "contents": "Quadratic analyses of reciprocal crosses. Three different models, a two-way factorial model for familiarity, an orthogonalizing transform of this model to a diallel model, and a bio model more representative of the biological situation, are interrelated in terms of their components of variance and covariance. It is clarified that there are five components that can be reckoned with in the analysis of reciprocal crosses, including distinct maternal and paternal variances. Estimation of the components and tests of hypotheses concerning them are outlined for two types of mating designs with reciprocals. One deisgn involves a factorial mating design between two distinct sets of parents or parental lines and the other a diallel of all crosses from a single set of parents or parental lines. Both designs provide the same types of information and similar tests of hypotheses. At least some parts of the analyses corresponding to the factorial model are required to separate the maternal and paternal variances. A least squares partitioning of the sums of squares according to the diallel model, but with expectations expressed in terms of the bio model, provides most of the tests of hypotheses of interest. Worked examples are given.", "PMID": 843573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5763", "title": "Quick test for comparing two populations with bivariate data.", "content": "A simple nonparametric test is given for testing the equality of two populations when the observations (X, Y) are bivariate and the alternative of interest is that the conditional c.d.f. of Y given X for one population dominates that for the other for every value of X. The procedure consists of fitting a curve through the combined set of data points and considering and conditional distribution of the number of points above the curve from one population, given certain information (depending on the design of the experiment), on the combined set of data. When used to compare two bivariate distributions, the test reduces to Fisher's exact test for 2 X 2 tables.", "contents": "Quick test for comparing two populations with bivariate data. A simple nonparametric test is given for testing the equality of two populations when the observations (X, Y) are bivariate and the alternative of interest is that the conditional c.d.f. of Y given X for one population dominates that for the other for every value of X. The procedure consists of fitting a curve through the combined set of data points and considering and conditional distribution of the number of points above the curve from one population, given certain information (depending on the design of the experiment), on the combined set of data. When used to compare two bivariate distributions, the test reduces to Fisher's exact test for 2 X 2 tables.", "PMID": 843574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5764", "title": "Goodness-of-fit tests for discrete data: a review and an application to a health impairment scale.", "content": "We review the advantages and disadvantages of several goodness-of-fit tests which may be used with discrete data: the multinomial test, the likelihood ratio test, the X2 test, the two-stage X2 test and the discrete Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Although the X2 test is the best known and most widely used of these tests, its use with small sample sizes is controversial. If one has data which fall into ordered categories, then the discrete Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is an exact test which uses the information from the ordering and can be used for small sample sizes. We illustrate these points with an example of several analyses of health impairment data.", "contents": "Goodness-of-fit tests for discrete data: a review and an application to a health impairment scale. We review the advantages and disadvantages of several goodness-of-fit tests which may be used with discrete data: the multinomial test, the likelihood ratio test, the X2 test, the two-stage X2 test and the discrete Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Although the X2 test is the best known and most widely used of these tests, its use with small sample sizes is controversial. If one has data which fall into ordered categories, then the discrete Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is an exact test which uses the information from the ordering and can be used for small sample sizes. We illustrate these points with an example of several analyses of health impairment data.", "PMID": 843576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5765", "title": "Advantages of examining multicollinearities in regression analysis.", "content": "In this paper a regression analysis is performed with data on spinal cord injuries in order to demonstrate the benefits of determining which, if any, multicollinearities are present in prediction data. Existing multicollinearities are shown to be useful both in determining characteristics of the sampled population as well as explaining possible erratic behavior of variable selection procedures. Latent root regression is performed on the data to illustrate one method of using biased regression techniques to incorporate knowledge of multicollinearities in developing prediction equations.", "contents": "Advantages of examining multicollinearities in regression analysis. In this paper a regression analysis is performed with data on spinal cord injuries in order to demonstrate the benefits of determining which, if any, multicollinearities are present in prediction data. Existing multicollinearities are shown to be useful both in determining characteristics of the sampled population as well as explaining possible erratic behavior of variable selection procedures. Latent root regression is performed on the data to illustrate one method of using biased regression techniques to incorporate knowledge of multicollinearities in developing prediction equations.", "PMID": 843577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5766", "title": "The analysis of the two-period repeated measurements crossover design with application to clinical trials.", "content": "The two-period repeated measurements crossover design is often employed in clinical trials. This paper presents a unified approach for the statistical analysis of such a design that clarifies the testing procedures and assumptions employed under different conditions. It is shown how the data may be transformed so that it could be analyzed under the framework of a completely randomized repeated measurements design. Applications are given to a comparative bioavailability trial for attainment of steady state levels and to a clinical trial to compare the effects of two hypolipidemics.", "contents": "The analysis of the two-period repeated measurements crossover design with application to clinical trials. The two-period repeated measurements crossover design is often employed in clinical trials. This paper presents a unified approach for the statistical analysis of such a design that clarifies the testing procedures and assumptions employed under different conditions. It is shown how the data may be transformed so that it could be analyzed under the framework of a completely randomized repeated measurements design. Applications are given to a comparative bioavailability trial for attainment of steady state levels and to a clinical trial to compare the effects of two hypolipidemics.", "PMID": 843578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5767", "title": "Combination of a preference pattern with the triangle taste test.", "content": "When dealing with the problem of obtaining information concerning consumer preferences for two competing brands of a product, one would like to assume that the consumers sampled can actually distinguish between the two brands. Often this is not the case and we have combined the standard triangle test of sensory perception with a preference test in order to obtain information concerning the consumers' ability to distinguish between the two brands. Assuming an underlying multinomial distribution, the maximum likelihood estimators (MLE) of the conditional probability that a person prefers brand A given that he can discriminate between the two products is then obtained. The estimator obtained is a ratio of linear combinations of observed multinomial proportions. The variability of this estimator is assessed by means of the jackknife statistic, the asymptotic variance of the MLE, and Monte Carlo studies. Application of the results obtained to taste test involving two brands of potato chips is discussed.", "contents": "Combination of a preference pattern with the triangle taste test. When dealing with the problem of obtaining information concerning consumer preferences for two competing brands of a product, one would like to assume that the consumers sampled can actually distinguish between the two brands. Often this is not the case and we have combined the standard triangle test of sensory perception with a preference test in order to obtain information concerning the consumers' ability to distinguish between the two brands. Assuming an underlying multinomial distribution, the maximum likelihood estimators (MLE) of the conditional probability that a person prefers brand A given that he can discriminate between the two products is then obtained. The estimator obtained is a ratio of linear combinations of observed multinomial proportions. The variability of this estimator is assessed by means of the jackknife statistic, the asymptotic variance of the MLE, and Monte Carlo studies. Application of the results obtained to taste test involving two brands of potato chips is discussed.", "PMID": 843579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5768", "title": "Further aspects of a Markovian sampling policy for water quality monitoring.", "content": "In this paper, a Markov process is developed as a mathematical model to study the general problem of quality control monitoring. This approach was previously used by Arnold (1970) in development of sampling plans to study the water quality monitoring of streams. Arnold considered the expected sample size required for various sampling plans. Thre present authors have extended Arnold's work and derived equations for the variance of the sample size. In addition, approximation schemes are developed that could greatly enhance the implementation of this sampling procedure. Techniques are presented showing that an accurate approximation to the expected sample size can be obtained simply by the use of a hand calculator and equations developed within the paper. Moreover, accurate approximations for the variances of sample size can easily be obtained.", "contents": "Further aspects of a Markovian sampling policy for water quality monitoring. In this paper, a Markov process is developed as a mathematical model to study the general problem of quality control monitoring. This approach was previously used by Arnold (1970) in development of sampling plans to study the water quality monitoring of streams. Arnold considered the expected sample size required for various sampling plans. Thre present authors have extended Arnold's work and derived equations for the variance of the sample size. In addition, approximation schemes are developed that could greatly enhance the implementation of this sampling procedure. Techniques are presented showing that an accurate approximation to the expected sample size can be obtained simply by the use of a hand calculator and equations developed within the paper. Moreover, accurate approximations for the variances of sample size can easily be obtained.", "PMID": 843580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5769", "title": "Random censoring and dendritic trees.", "content": "The motivating problem is the estimation of the branching parameters of dendritic trees when some of the branches are cut. A primary element of this problem is the estimation of a bivariate discrete distribution when, because of partial censoring, some of the observations are incomplete. (This is similar to the problem of a multinomial cross-classification with supplemental partially cross-classified data.) Tests for randomness of censoring and estimators of parameters under random censoring are derived. The results on random censoring are applied in the dendritic tree context to obtain estimators for certain branching and cutting parameters. The testing and estimation procedures are applied to a set of dendritic tree data.", "contents": "Random censoring and dendritic trees. The motivating problem is the estimation of the branching parameters of dendritic trees when some of the branches are cut. A primary element of this problem is the estimation of a bivariate discrete distribution when, because of partial censoring, some of the observations are incomplete. (This is similar to the problem of a multinomial cross-classification with supplemental partially cross-classified data.) Tests for randomness of censoring and estimators of parameters under random censoring are derived. The results on random censoring are applied in the dendritic tree context to obtain estimators for certain branching and cutting parameters. The testing and estimation procedures are applied to a set of dendritic tree data.", "PMID": 843581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5770", "title": "Velocity distributions of the streaming protoplasm in Nitella flexilis.", "content": "Laser light is Doppler-shifted in frequency by the streaming endoplasm of living cells of Nitella flexilis. The frequency spectrum of the scattered light can be interpreted as the histogram of velocities within the organism, with the exception of the intense low-frequency portion of the spectrum. We demonstrate that the lowest-frequency component is the result of amplitude modulation of the scattered light by the array of chloroplasts in the cell. Measurement of the streaming endoplasm in a photobleached \"window\" region allows correction of the frequency distribution for the modulation component. The complete velocity histogram for the streaming endoplasm is calculated directly from the corrected frequency distribution. Measurements of vacuolar and endoplasmic motions show that the tonoplast, the membrane separating the vacuole and the endoplasm, seems to be flowing along with the endoplasm and vacuolar sap. Placing the cell in medium containing ATP in concentrations greater than 10(-3) M greatly increases the contribution of low velocities to the velocity histogram. Cytochalasin B at high dosages (10-50 mug/ml) does not noticably change the shape of the velocity histogram, while at low dosages (1 mug/ml) there is an increase in the contribution of low velocities to the velocity histogram. Colchicine in high concentrations (1%) has no observable effect on the velocity histogram.", "contents": "Velocity distributions of the streaming protoplasm in Nitella flexilis. Laser light is Doppler-shifted in frequency by the streaming endoplasm of living cells of Nitella flexilis. The frequency spectrum of the scattered light can be interpreted as the histogram of velocities within the organism, with the exception of the intense low-frequency portion of the spectrum. We demonstrate that the lowest-frequency component is the result of amplitude modulation of the scattered light by the array of chloroplasts in the cell. Measurement of the streaming endoplasm in a photobleached \"window\" region allows correction of the frequency distribution for the modulation component. The complete velocity histogram for the streaming endoplasm is calculated directly from the corrected frequency distribution. Measurements of vacuolar and endoplasmic motions show that the tonoplast, the membrane separating the vacuole and the endoplasm, seems to be flowing along with the endoplasm and vacuolar sap. Placing the cell in medium containing ATP in concentrations greater than 10(-3) M greatly increases the contribution of low velocities to the velocity histogram. Cytochalasin B at high dosages (10-50 mug/ml) does not noticably change the shape of the velocity histogram, while at low dosages (1 mug/ml) there is an increase in the contribution of low velocities to the velocity histogram. Colchicine in high concentrations (1%) has no observable effect on the velocity histogram.", "PMID": 843582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5771", "title": "Hydrogen bonding of adenine derivatives to tyrosine side chain.", "content": "High resolution proton magnetic resonance measurements provide evidence for the formation of hydrogen-bonded complexes between 9-ethyladenine and p-cresol used as a model of tyrosine side chain in CDCl3. We have calculated the sum of the association constants corresponding to the three existing 1:1 complexes: K=6.3+/-0.15. By methylation of the amino group of adenine, we were able to calculate the ratio of the two strongest equilibrium constants K7/K1=1.6+/-0.3. Theoretical computations by the complete neglect of differential overlap (CNDO/2) method indicate that several hydrogen-bonded planar complexes can form between 9-methyladenine and phenol. The computed energy of the complexes with 6-dimethylamino adenine removes some ambiguity concerning the computed ratio of the association constants. Comparison of the calculated energies with free energies experimentally determined in organic solvent shows that despite the competition with CDCl3, which associates with both solute molecules, the preferential order of association is conserved. The small variations of charge density of adenine carbon atoms when complexed with phenol are in agreement with very small chemical shifts observed by 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance.", "contents": "Hydrogen bonding of adenine derivatives to tyrosine side chain. High resolution proton magnetic resonance measurements provide evidence for the formation of hydrogen-bonded complexes between 9-ethyladenine and p-cresol used as a model of tyrosine side chain in CDCl3. We have calculated the sum of the association constants corresponding to the three existing 1:1 complexes: K=6.3+/-0.15. By methylation of the amino group of adenine, we were able to calculate the ratio of the two strongest equilibrium constants K7/K1=1.6+/-0.3. Theoretical computations by the complete neglect of differential overlap (CNDO/2) method indicate that several hydrogen-bonded planar complexes can form between 9-methyladenine and phenol. The computed energy of the complexes with 6-dimethylamino adenine removes some ambiguity concerning the computed ratio of the association constants. Comparison of the calculated energies with free energies experimentally determined in organic solvent shows that despite the competition with CDCl3, which associates with both solute molecules, the preferential order of association is conserved. The small variations of charge density of adenine carbon atoms when complexed with phenol are in agreement with very small chemical shifts observed by 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance.", "PMID": 843583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5772", "title": "Evidence that nystatin may not form channels in thin lipid membranes.", "content": "The mechanism of nystatin-induced conductance increases in planar bilayer membranes formed from lecithin/cholesterol (1:1) has been examined by spectral analysis of kinetic fluctuations. Lorentzian components of the power spectrum, characteristic of channel activity, were not observed for nystatin-doped membranes. Instead, the noise associated with this system (approximately 10(-27)A2/Hz) was in better agreement with that expected of a carrier mechanism involved in the transport of single charges in uncorrelated fashion. The implications of this result with respect to previous models of nystatin-induced conductance increases are discussed.", "contents": "Evidence that nystatin may not form channels in thin lipid membranes. The mechanism of nystatin-induced conductance increases in planar bilayer membranes formed from lecithin/cholesterol (1:1) has been examined by spectral analysis of kinetic fluctuations. Lorentzian components of the power spectrum, characteristic of channel activity, were not observed for nystatin-doped membranes. Instead, the noise associated with this system (approximately 10(-27)A2/Hz) was in better agreement with that expected of a carrier mechanism involved in the transport of single charges in uncorrelated fashion. The implications of this result with respect to previous models of nystatin-induced conductance increases are discussed.", "PMID": 843584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5773", "title": "On the voltage-dependent action of tetrodotoxin.", "content": "The use of the maximum rate-of-rise of the action potential (Vmax) as a measure of the sodium conductance in excitable membranes is invalid. In the case of membrane action potentials, Vmax depends on the total ionic current across the membrane; drugs or conditions that alter the potassium or leak conductances will also affect Vmax. Likewise, long-term depolarization of the membrane lessens the fraction of total ionic current that passes through the sodium channels by increasing potassium conductance and inactivating the sodium conductance, and thereby reduces the effect of Vmax of drugs that specifically block sodium channels. The resultant artifact, an apparent voltage-dependent potency of such drugs, is theoretically simulated for the effects of tetrodotoxin on the Hodgkin-Huxley squid axon.", "contents": "On the voltage-dependent action of tetrodotoxin. The use of the maximum rate-of-rise of the action potential (Vmax) as a measure of the sodium conductance in excitable membranes is invalid. In the case of membrane action potentials, Vmax depends on the total ionic current across the membrane; drugs or conditions that alter the potassium or leak conductances will also affect Vmax. Likewise, long-term depolarization of the membrane lessens the fraction of total ionic current that passes through the sodium channels by increasing potassium conductance and inactivating the sodium conductance, and thereby reduces the effect of Vmax of drugs that specifically block sodium channels. The resultant artifact, an apparent voltage-dependent potency of such drugs, is theoretically simulated for the effects of tetrodotoxin on the Hodgkin-Huxley squid axon.", "PMID": 843585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5774", "title": "Circular dichroism, optical rotatory dispersion, and absorption studies on the conformation of bovine rhodopsin iw situ and solubilized with detergent.", "content": "Circular dichroism, optical rotatory dispersion and absorption of rhodopsin, the visual pigment of bovine rod outer segment membranes, were studied in situ and in membranes solubilized with various detergents. The alpha-helical content of the membrane protein is approximately 30%. The membrane protein possesses little beta-structure. Solubilization of the membrane by the detergents, Emulphogene BC-720 and cetyltrimethylammonium salts, results in loss of protein helical structure and perturbation of aromatic residues. These effects are not observed on digitonin solubilization. In regard to the structural stability of the membrane during bleaching, the following conclusions were reached: (1) Delocalized conformational changes of rhodopsin in situ involving secondary and/or tertiary structure are very unlikely. (2) Localized conformational changes of rhodopsin in situ involving secondary structure must be limited to the involvement of no more than three amino acid residues and localized conformational changes involving tertiary structure must be limited to very short segments of the protein chain containing, at the most, only a few aromatic residues. (3) Large changes in the interaction of lipid and protein moieties of the membrane are unlikely. (4) The detergents, Emulphogene, cetyltrimethylammonium salts, and digitonin, significantly decrease the conformational stability of rhodopsin as compared to the in situ conditions. The effect is smaller with digitonin. Evidence is presented against a proposed mechanism by which optical activity of the prosthetic group, retinal, is induced by resonance coupling of the transition dipoles of retinal and the lowest energy transitions of the aromatic groups of the apoprotein, opsin. A mechanism in which atropisomers of retinal are preferentially bound by opsin is consistent with the present results. The optical activity of the prosthetic group is markedly changed upon solubilization of the membrane by detergent. This change in optical activity is probably coupled to changes in conformation of the protein moiety induced by solubilization.", "contents": "Circular dichroism, optical rotatory dispersion, and absorption studies on the conformation of bovine rhodopsin iw situ and solubilized with detergent. Circular dichroism, optical rotatory dispersion and absorption of rhodopsin, the visual pigment of bovine rod outer segment membranes, were studied in situ and in membranes solubilized with various detergents. The alpha-helical content of the membrane protein is approximately 30%. The membrane protein possesses little beta-structure. Solubilization of the membrane by the detergents, Emulphogene BC-720 and cetyltrimethylammonium salts, results in loss of protein helical structure and perturbation of aromatic residues. These effects are not observed on digitonin solubilization. In regard to the structural stability of the membrane during bleaching, the following conclusions were reached: (1) Delocalized conformational changes of rhodopsin in situ involving secondary and/or tertiary structure are very unlikely. (2) Localized conformational changes of rhodopsin in situ involving secondary structure must be limited to the involvement of no more than three amino acid residues and localized conformational changes involving tertiary structure must be limited to very short segments of the protein chain containing, at the most, only a few aromatic residues. (3) Large changes in the interaction of lipid and protein moieties of the membrane are unlikely. (4) The detergents, Emulphogene, cetyltrimethylammonium salts, and digitonin, significantly decrease the conformational stability of rhodopsin as compared to the in situ conditions. The effect is smaller with digitonin. Evidence is presented against a proposed mechanism by which optical activity of the prosthetic group, retinal, is induced by resonance coupling of the transition dipoles of retinal and the lowest energy transitions of the aromatic groups of the apoprotein, opsin. A mechanism in which atropisomers of retinal are preferentially bound by opsin is consistent with the present results. The optical activity of the prosthetic group is markedly changed upon solubilization of the membrane by detergent. This change in optical activity is probably coupled to changes in conformation of the protein moiety induced by solubilization.", "PMID": 843587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5775", "title": "Quantitative model for the electric response of invertebrate and vertebrate photoreceptors.", "content": "We propose that the same mechanism which leads to light-adaptation in invertebrate photoreceptors is responsible for the excitation of the receptor potential in vertebrates. Several qualitative and quantitative features of the vertebrate receptor response support this hypothesis.", "contents": "Quantitative model for the electric response of invertebrate and vertebrate photoreceptors. We propose that the same mechanism which leads to light-adaptation in invertebrate photoreceptors is responsible for the excitation of the receptor potential in vertebrates. Several qualitative and quantitative features of the vertebrate receptor response support this hypothesis.", "PMID": 843588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5776", "title": "The use of alpha-galactosidase and invertase in hollow fiber reactors.", "content": "Invertase and alpha-galactosidase have been immobilized in hollow fiber cartridges with no detectable enzyme leakage and used for the hydrolysis of sucrose and raffinose, respectively. For both hollow fiber immobilized enzymes nearly complete substrate conversion is possible. Enzyme stabilities in polysulfonate hollow fibers which have been preconditioned with bovine albumin approach the stabilities of the free enzymes.", "contents": "The use of alpha-galactosidase and invertase in hollow fiber reactors. Invertase and alpha-galactosidase have been immobilized in hollow fiber cartridges with no detectable enzyme leakage and used for the hydrolysis of sucrose and raffinose, respectively. For both hollow fiber immobilized enzymes nearly complete substrate conversion is possible. Enzyme stabilities in polysulfonate hollow fibers which have been preconditioned with bovine albumin approach the stabilities of the free enzymes.", "PMID": 843613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5777", "title": "Effects of quantitative shock loadings on the constant recycle sludge concentration activated-sludge process.", "content": "The reliability of the process of Ramanathau and Gandy (Biotechnical Bioeng., 13, 125 (1971) for the completely mixed activated-sludge process holding the recycle cell concentration, Xr, as a system constant with respect to step changes in hydraluic retention time was investigated. The experiments were run at initial dilution rates of 1/8, 1/6, 1/4, and 1/2 hr-1 treating a soft drink bottling wastewater. The influent substrate concentration was maintained at 1000 mg/liter chemical oxygen demand and the hydraulic recycle ratio at 0.3. The recycle sludge concentration was maintained at about 7000 mg/liter. It was found that the system could accomodate hydraulic shock loads up to 200% positive changes and down to 50% negative changes without disruption of the effluent quality. Shorter retention time of the range studied, from 2 to 8 hr, has the advantage of shorter response time with respect to the response of the concentration of biological solids in the reactor.", "contents": "Effects of quantitative shock loadings on the constant recycle sludge concentration activated-sludge process. The reliability of the process of Ramanathau and Gandy (Biotechnical Bioeng., 13, 125 (1971) for the completely mixed activated-sludge process holding the recycle cell concentration, Xr, as a system constant with respect to step changes in hydraluic retention time was investigated. The experiments were run at initial dilution rates of 1/8, 1/6, 1/4, and 1/2 hr-1 treating a soft drink bottling wastewater. The influent substrate concentration was maintained at 1000 mg/liter chemical oxygen demand and the hydraulic recycle ratio at 0.3. The recycle sludge concentration was maintained at about 7000 mg/liter. It was found that the system could accomodate hydraulic shock loads up to 200% positive changes and down to 50% negative changes without disruption of the effluent quality. Shorter retention time of the range studied, from 2 to 8 hr, has the advantage of shorter response time with respect to the response of the concentration of biological solids in the reactor.", "PMID": 843615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5778", "title": "Characteristics of hydrocarbon uptake in cultures with two liquid phases.", "content": "In hydrocarbon fermentation, the efficiency of hydrocarbon uptake by cells is one of the keys to the economical production of single-cell protein. This work is concerned with characterization of cultures with two liquid phases for understanding the hydrocarbon uptake process by cells. Batch cultivation of Candida lipolytica was carried out in shaking flasks and in a tower fermentor with motionless mixers. Microscopic observation and cell and hydrocarbon concentration distribution in batch cultivation showed that some cells are attached to the large oil drops and others are free from them. Interfacila tension between oil and water and Sauter mean drop size decreased as cultivation proceeded. On the basis of the experimental results, the process of hydrocarbon uptake by cells is discussed.", "contents": "Characteristics of hydrocarbon uptake in cultures with two liquid phases. In hydrocarbon fermentation, the efficiency of hydrocarbon uptake by cells is one of the keys to the economical production of single-cell protein. This work is concerned with characterization of cultures with two liquid phases for understanding the hydrocarbon uptake process by cells. Batch cultivation of Candida lipolytica was carried out in shaking flasks and in a tower fermentor with motionless mixers. Microscopic observation and cell and hydrocarbon concentration distribution in batch cultivation showed that some cells are attached to the large oil drops and others are free from them. Interfacila tension between oil and water and Sauter mean drop size decreased as cultivation proceeded. On the basis of the experimental results, the process of hydrocarbon uptake by cells is discussed.", "PMID": 843616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5779", "title": "Colony formation in vitro by mouse blood monocytes.", "content": "Mouse blood monocytes were induced to proliferate and form discrete colonies of mononuclear phagocytes in liquid culutre. The proliferation of these cells in vitro required a factor or factors present in medium conditioned by L cells. For this class of colony-forming cells, the value of Do to gamma irradiation in vitro was 195 rads.", "contents": "Colony formation in vitro by mouse blood monocytes. Mouse blood monocytes were induced to proliferate and form discrete colonies of mononuclear phagocytes in liquid culutre. The proliferation of these cells in vitro required a factor or factors present in medium conditioned by L cells. For this class of colony-forming cells, the value of Do to gamma irradiation in vitro was 195 rads.", "PMID": 843617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5780", "title": "Cell size and plamitate-1-14c turnover of rabbit marrow fat.", "content": "Adipose tissue is a major component of normal rabbit marrow. Morphological considerations suggest an active role for this tissue in hematopoiesis. This hypothesis was tested by injecting 50 micronCi of palmitate-1-14C intravenously into fed, hematologically normal New Zealand rabbits. The animals were sacrificed 24 hr later and the femoral marrow removed. Samples of subcutaneous and perinephric fat were taken for comparison. The fat cells were isolated by the Rodbell method and the diameters measured. Incorporation of the 14C-palmitate in the triglyceride fraction was determined and the composition of the fatty acids was measured by gas chromatography. The mean diameter of the marrow fat cell was 46 micronm (mean cell volume 55 pl); the mean diameter of the perinephric fat cell 70 micronm (mean cell volume 200 pl). 14C-Palmitate turnover per gram triglyceride was some fivefold greater in the marrow fat; however, when expressed on a cell basis, the turnover for the marrow and perinephric fat cell was similar. The marrow fat contained a higher concentration of unsaturated fatty acids. These findings suggest that there is greater lipolysis and lesser storage in the marrow fat than in the perinephric.", "contents": "Cell size and plamitate-1-14c turnover of rabbit marrow fat. Adipose tissue is a major component of normal rabbit marrow. Morphological considerations suggest an active role for this tissue in hematopoiesis. This hypothesis was tested by injecting 50 micronCi of palmitate-1-14C intravenously into fed, hematologically normal New Zealand rabbits. The animals were sacrificed 24 hr later and the femoral marrow removed. Samples of subcutaneous and perinephric fat were taken for comparison. The fat cells were isolated by the Rodbell method and the diameters measured. Incorporation of the 14C-palmitate in the triglyceride fraction was determined and the composition of the fatty acids was measured by gas chromatography. The mean diameter of the marrow fat cell was 46 micronm (mean cell volume 55 pl); the mean diameter of the perinephric fat cell 70 micronm (mean cell volume 200 pl). 14C-Palmitate turnover per gram triglyceride was some fivefold greater in the marrow fat; however, when expressed on a cell basis, the turnover for the marrow and perinephric fat cell was similar. The marrow fat contained a higher concentration of unsaturated fatty acids. These findings suggest that there is greater lipolysis and lesser storage in the marrow fat than in the perinephric.", "PMID": 843618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5781", "title": "Carriers with excessively low factor VIII procoagulant activity (VIII AHF): a study of two unrelated families with mild hemophilia A.", "content": "Two unrelated families are described with mild hemophilia A in whom six obligate carriers had unusually low VIII AHF levels. In each family, successive generations of males were affected with hemophilia A as determined by low VIII AHF in the presence of normal VIII AGN and VIII VWF levels. In the first family, two of five obligate carriers had low VIII AHF levels associated with clinical bleeding and one other had a history of bleeding. While receiving oral contraceptives, one of these two carriers was found to have a normal VIII AHF level. In the second family, four cousins below age 10 who were obligate carriers had significantly low VIII AHF levels, while a paternal aunt and paternal grandmother who were also obligate carriers had VIII AHF levels within the normal range. Hemorrhagic diathesis in multiple obligate carriers in these families is not readily explained by the Lyon hypothesis, and suggests that these families may be exmaples of an unusual allelic form of hemophilia A or that they may be transmitting several independent genes affecting VIII AHF levels. Our experience suggests that VIII AHF levels should be determined on all obligate or possible carriers prior to surgery to identify those individuals at risk for postoperative bleeding. Furthermore, it is suggested that hormonal therapy might be effective in the management of carriers with low levels of VIII AHF and clinical bleeding.", "contents": "Carriers with excessively low factor VIII procoagulant activity (VIII AHF): a study of two unrelated families with mild hemophilia A. Two unrelated families are described with mild hemophilia A in whom six obligate carriers had unusually low VIII AHF levels. In each family, successive generations of males were affected with hemophilia A as determined by low VIII AHF in the presence of normal VIII AGN and VIII VWF levels. In the first family, two of five obligate carriers had low VIII AHF levels associated with clinical bleeding and one other had a history of bleeding. While receiving oral contraceptives, one of these two carriers was found to have a normal VIII AHF level. In the second family, four cousins below age 10 who were obligate carriers had significantly low VIII AHF levels, while a paternal aunt and paternal grandmother who were also obligate carriers had VIII AHF levels within the normal range. Hemorrhagic diathesis in multiple obligate carriers in these families is not readily explained by the Lyon hypothesis, and suggests that these families may be exmaples of an unusual allelic form of hemophilia A or that they may be transmitting several independent genes affecting VIII AHF levels. Our experience suggests that VIII AHF levels should be determined on all obligate or possible carriers prior to surgery to identify those individuals at risk for postoperative bleeding. Furthermore, it is suggested that hormonal therapy might be effective in the management of carriers with low levels of VIII AHF and clinical bleeding.", "PMID": 843619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5782", "title": "Demonstration and mode of action of an inhibitor for activated Hageman factor (factor XIIa) of the intrinsic blood coagulation pathway from Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "An anticoagulant activity from adult Schistosoma mansoni whole worm homogenate is described. The inhibitor appears to be specific for the contact activation step of the intrinsic pathway. Experiments with both human and mouse plasmas have defined the specificity of the inhibitor as follows: (1) It lengthens the partial thromboplastin time of normal plasma. (2) It has no effect on the prothombin time and Russell's viper venom time of normal plasma. (3) Preactivation of normal plasma by a contact activator such as Celite eliminates essentially all inhibitory activity. (4) The inhibitor appears to be heat stable and can be precipitated by centrifugation above 27,000 g. (5) The inhibitor has no effect on the activation of factor XII by Celite. (6) The activation of factor XI by factor XIIa, however, is inhibited by the schistosomal inhibitor. The above data are consistent with the view that S. mansoni adults possess an anticoagulant that is capable of specifically inhibiting the conversion of factor XI to factor XIa by factor XIIa.", "contents": "Demonstration and mode of action of an inhibitor for activated Hageman factor (factor XIIa) of the intrinsic blood coagulation pathway from Schistosoma mansoni. An anticoagulant activity from adult Schistosoma mansoni whole worm homogenate is described. The inhibitor appears to be specific for the contact activation step of the intrinsic pathway. Experiments with both human and mouse plasmas have defined the specificity of the inhibitor as follows: (1) It lengthens the partial thromboplastin time of normal plasma. (2) It has no effect on the prothombin time and Russell's viper venom time of normal plasma. (3) Preactivation of normal plasma by a contact activator such as Celite eliminates essentially all inhibitory activity. (4) The inhibitor appears to be heat stable and can be precipitated by centrifugation above 27,000 g. (5) The inhibitor has no effect on the activation of factor XII by Celite. (6) The activation of factor XI by factor XIIa, however, is inhibited by the schistosomal inhibitor. The above data are consistent with the view that S. mansoni adults possess an anticoagulant that is capable of specifically inhibiting the conversion of factor XI to factor XIa by factor XIIa.", "PMID": 843620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5783", "title": "Significance of the intact polypeptide chains of human fibrinogen in ADP-induced platelet aggregation.", "content": "The presence of human fibrinogen in suspensions of washed human platelets is a requirement for ADP-induced platelet aggregation. Digestion of fibrinogen with plasmin destroys this function of the protein. The high solubility fraction of Kabi fibrinogen, fragment X (stage 1) and framgent X (stage 2), are two, eight, and ten times, respectively, less potent in promoting ADP-induced platelet aggregation, as compared with intact fibrinogen. Fragments Y and D and the mixture of reduced and carboxymethylated chains of human fibrinogen do not support ADP-induced platelet aggregation at all. SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of nonreduced and reduced fibrinogen and its derivatives indicates that the intact fibrinogen molecule is essential for ADP-induced platelet aggregation. It is suggested that the carboxy-terminal part of the Aalpha chain and possibly also the amino-terminal part of the Bbeta chain are required for the platelet aggregation-promoting function of fibrinogen.", "contents": "Significance of the intact polypeptide chains of human fibrinogen in ADP-induced platelet aggregation. The presence of human fibrinogen in suspensions of washed human platelets is a requirement for ADP-induced platelet aggregation. Digestion of fibrinogen with plasmin destroys this function of the protein. The high solubility fraction of Kabi fibrinogen, fragment X (stage 1) and framgent X (stage 2), are two, eight, and ten times, respectively, less potent in promoting ADP-induced platelet aggregation, as compared with intact fibrinogen. Fragments Y and D and the mixture of reduced and carboxymethylated chains of human fibrinogen do not support ADP-induced platelet aggregation at all. SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of nonreduced and reduced fibrinogen and its derivatives indicates that the intact fibrinogen molecule is essential for ADP-induced platelet aggregation. It is suggested that the carboxy-terminal part of the Aalpha chain and possibly also the amino-terminal part of the Bbeta chain are required for the platelet aggregation-promoting function of fibrinogen.", "PMID": 843621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5784", "title": "Effect of aspirin on thrombogenesis and on production of experimental aortic valvular Streptococcus viridans endocarditis in rabbits.", "content": "Because thrombus formation at the site of endothelial injury has been thought to be a critical step in the pathogenesis of bacterial endocarditis, the effect of aspirin on experimental valvular thrombosis and bacterial endocarditis in rabbits was evaluated. Aortic valvular injury and thrombosis were induced in aspirin-treated and control rabbits with intracardiac catheters. A subsequent inoculation of Streptococcus viridans resulted in the development of infective endocarditis. Rabbits were sacrificed as early as 6 hr, and the effectiveness of aspirin was determined by the weight of the sterile vegetations and the quantitation of bacteria in the thrombotic vegetation. Aspirin, in levels in excess of 50 mg/dl did not attenuate the evolution of infective endocarditis, since the formation of sterile thrombotic vegetation and bacterial endocarditis in aspirin-treated rabbits was similar to those in controls.", "contents": "Effect of aspirin on thrombogenesis and on production of experimental aortic valvular Streptococcus viridans endocarditis in rabbits. Because thrombus formation at the site of endothelial injury has been thought to be a critical step in the pathogenesis of bacterial endocarditis, the effect of aspirin on experimental valvular thrombosis and bacterial endocarditis in rabbits was evaluated. Aortic valvular injury and thrombosis were induced in aspirin-treated and control rabbits with intracardiac catheters. A subsequent inoculation of Streptococcus viridans resulted in the development of infective endocarditis. Rabbits were sacrificed as early as 6 hr, and the effectiveness of aspirin was determined by the weight of the sterile vegetations and the quantitation of bacteria in the thrombotic vegetation. Aspirin, in levels in excess of 50 mg/dl did not attenuate the evolution of infective endocarditis, since the formation of sterile thrombotic vegetation and bacterial endocarditis in aspirin-treated rabbits was similar to those in controls.", "PMID": 843622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5785", "title": "Circulation of donor lymphocytes after blood transfusion in man.", "content": "Atypical lymphocytes (ATL) appear in the circulation of a large proportion of patients during the first week following a blood transfusion. In order to determine the source of these ATL, cytogenetic studies were performed on the peripheral blood leukocytes of ten adult patients who received fresh blood from donors of the opposite sex. Nine of the ten patients had spontaneously dividing mononuclear cells of the recipient or host karyotype circulating during the latter part of the first week after transfusion. In two patients, the spontaneously dividing cells were of donor as well as of host origin. Six patients had circulating phyothemagglutinin-responsive lymphocytes of the donor karyotype noted from 1-7 days after transfusion. These findings lend support to our hypothesis that the increase in circulating atypical lymphocytes seen 1 wk after transfusion represents the counterpart in vivo of the in vitro mixed leukocyte reaction. The dividing donor cells may represent a subclinical graft-versus-host reaction.", "contents": "Circulation of donor lymphocytes after blood transfusion in man. Atypical lymphocytes (ATL) appear in the circulation of a large proportion of patients during the first week following a blood transfusion. In order to determine the source of these ATL, cytogenetic studies were performed on the peripheral blood leukocytes of ten adult patients who received fresh blood from donors of the opposite sex. Nine of the ten patients had spontaneously dividing mononuclear cells of the recipient or host karyotype circulating during the latter part of the first week after transfusion. In two patients, the spontaneously dividing cells were of donor as well as of host origin. Six patients had circulating phyothemagglutinin-responsive lymphocytes of the donor karyotype noted from 1-7 days after transfusion. These findings lend support to our hypothesis that the increase in circulating atypical lymphocytes seen 1 wk after transfusion represents the counterpart in vivo of the in vitro mixed leukocyte reaction. The dividing donor cells may represent a subclinical graft-versus-host reaction.", "PMID": 843623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5786", "title": "Erythrocyte membrane plaques from rats with magnesium deficiency.", "content": "This study investigated the anemia of dietary magnesium deficiency in inbred Fisher white rats using freeze-fracture electron microscopy. The plasma membranes of erythrocytes from animals receiving two different magnesium-deficient and control diets were observed at weekly or biweekly intervals for 6 wk. The earliest changes were small plaques on the external surface (ES) and fracture face (PF) of erythrocyte plasma membranes, which occurred after 2 wk of either magnesium-deficient diet. These plaques persisted and increased in size with progressive magnesium deficiency. When fully developed, the plaques consisted of round or oval elevations approximately 30-50 nm in diameter outlined by a narrow raised border. The surface of the plaques was smooth and devoid of intramembranous particles. Incubation of erythrocytes from magnesium-deficient rats in a physiologic solution containing 2 meq/liter magnesium for 1 hr at 37degrees C did not alter the appearance of the plaques. Erythrocytes from control rats, obtained during the same time periods, showed no plaques. Thus, a deficiency of magnesium in rats altered erythrocyte membrane structure.", "contents": "Erythrocyte membrane plaques from rats with magnesium deficiency. This study investigated the anemia of dietary magnesium deficiency in inbred Fisher white rats using freeze-fracture electron microscopy. The plasma membranes of erythrocytes from animals receiving two different magnesium-deficient and control diets were observed at weekly or biweekly intervals for 6 wk. The earliest changes were small plaques on the external surface (ES) and fracture face (PF) of erythrocyte plasma membranes, which occurred after 2 wk of either magnesium-deficient diet. These plaques persisted and increased in size with progressive magnesium deficiency. When fully developed, the plaques consisted of round or oval elevations approximately 30-50 nm in diameter outlined by a narrow raised border. The surface of the plaques was smooth and devoid of intramembranous particles. Incubation of erythrocytes from magnesium-deficient rats in a physiologic solution containing 2 meq/liter magnesium for 1 hr at 37degrees C did not alter the appearance of the plaques. Erythrocytes from control rats, obtained during the same time periods, showed no plaques. Thus, a deficiency of magnesium in rats altered erythrocyte membrane structure.", "PMID": 843624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5787", "title": "Relative and absolute numbers of E- and EAC-rosette-forming cells in lymphoid organs.", "content": "The percentage of lymphocytes of the blood and lymphoid organs of young pigs were determined by forming rosettes with pretreated sheep red blood cells (AET-rosettes) or with sheep red blood cells coated with antibody and complement (EAC-rosettes). The mean figures for AET-rosettes were 70% for the blood, 93% for the thymus, 78% for lymph-nodes and 68% for the spleen. For EAC-rosettes the numbers were 16%, 0%, 16% and 19% respectively. The absolute numbers of rosette-forming lymphocytes were estimated on the basis of previously determined numbers of lymphoid cells in young pigs. Even by excluding the data for the thymus, there would be about three times more AET-rosette forming lymphocytes than EAC-rosette forming cells in the whole animal. About 11% of all lymphocytes did not show any of these markers. Data on the numbers of \"B\" and \"T\" lymphocytes in human lymphoid organs from the literature were summarized and compared to those found in pigs and thus, the absolute numbers for a young adult man estimated.", "contents": "Relative and absolute numbers of E- and EAC-rosette-forming cells in lymphoid organs. The percentage of lymphocytes of the blood and lymphoid organs of young pigs were determined by forming rosettes with pretreated sheep red blood cells (AET-rosettes) or with sheep red blood cells coated with antibody and complement (EAC-rosettes). The mean figures for AET-rosettes were 70% for the blood, 93% for the thymus, 78% for lymph-nodes and 68% for the spleen. For EAC-rosettes the numbers were 16%, 0%, 16% and 19% respectively. The absolute numbers of rosette-forming lymphocytes were estimated on the basis of previously determined numbers of lymphoid cells in young pigs. Even by excluding the data for the thymus, there would be about three times more AET-rosette forming lymphocytes than EAC-rosette forming cells in the whole animal. About 11% of all lymphocytes did not show any of these markers. Data on the numbers of \"B\" and \"T\" lymphocytes in human lymphoid organs from the literature were summarized and compared to those found in pigs and thus, the absolute numbers for a young adult man estimated.", "PMID": 843625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5788", "title": "Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection complicated by paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria with anti-P specificity of biphasic hemolysin.", "content": "A 7-year-old boy with Mycoplasma Pneumoniae infection complicated by transitory paroxysmal cold haemoglobinuria (PCH) is described. The Donath-Landsteiner-antibody exhibited anti-P specificity; hemolytic activity was partially inhibited against papainized erythrocytes at 0 degrees C incubation temperature and increased from 8 degrees C upwards. The association of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection with PCH has been described 4 times only and in one instance where specificity was stated it was anti-I.", "contents": "Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection complicated by paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria with anti-P specificity of biphasic hemolysin. A 7-year-old boy with Mycoplasma Pneumoniae infection complicated by transitory paroxysmal cold haemoglobinuria (PCH) is described. The Donath-Landsteiner-antibody exhibited anti-P specificity; hemolytic activity was partially inhibited against papainized erythrocytes at 0 degrees C incubation temperature and increased from 8 degrees C upwards. The association of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection with PCH has been described 4 times only and in one instance where specificity was stated it was anti-I.", "PMID": 843626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5789", "title": "Platelet function, blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in Behcet's syndrome.", "content": "In 10 patients with Behcet's syndrome, various parameters of platelet function, blood coagulation and fibrinolysis were studied. With varying frequency the following abnormalities were found: increased retention of platelets in glass bead column, reduced platelet aggregation to low concentrations of adenosine diphosphate, elevated plasma levels of fibrinogen concentration and factor VIII activity, increased plasma antiheparin activity and impairment of fibrinolytic activity. The above abnormalities were found long after the last thrombotic episode and were more frequent in patients with a history of thrombophlebitis. It is suggested that certain hemostatic abnormalities accompany or form part of Behcet's syndrome and that they are related to the thrombotic complications characteristic of this syndrome.", "contents": "Platelet function, blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in Behcet's syndrome. In 10 patients with Behcet's syndrome, various parameters of platelet function, blood coagulation and fibrinolysis were studied. With varying frequency the following abnormalities were found: increased retention of platelets in glass bead column, reduced platelet aggregation to low concentrations of adenosine diphosphate, elevated plasma levels of fibrinogen concentration and factor VIII activity, increased plasma antiheparin activity and impairment of fibrinolytic activity. The above abnormalities were found long after the last thrombotic episode and were more frequent in patients with a history of thrombophlebitis. It is suggested that certain hemostatic abnormalities accompany or form part of Behcet's syndrome and that they are related to the thrombotic complications characteristic of this syndrome.", "PMID": 843627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5790", "title": "The utilization of a new strength citrate anticoagulant during centrifugal plateletpheresis. II. Assessment of in vitro platelet function.", "content": "Platelets contained in concentrates prepared by intermittent flow centrifugation utilizing 5.0 g total ionized citrate, function normally as assessed by tests for adhesion, spreading, and ADP and collagen-induced aggregation. The ability of platelets to adhere and to aggregate following incubation with ADP is significantly reduced, in samples taken immediately after the collection procedure. Total platelet collection and platelet collection efficiency, is not compromised by use of the above citrate concentration.", "contents": "The utilization of a new strength citrate anticoagulant during centrifugal plateletpheresis. II. Assessment of in vitro platelet function. Platelets contained in concentrates prepared by intermittent flow centrifugation utilizing 5.0 g total ionized citrate, function normally as assessed by tests for adhesion, spreading, and ADP and collagen-induced aggregation. The ability of platelets to adhere and to aggregate following incubation with ADP is significantly reduced, in samples taken immediately after the collection procedure. Total platelet collection and platelet collection efficiency, is not compromised by use of the above citrate concentration.", "PMID": 843628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5791", "title": "Acute toxicities of selected heavy metals to the softshell clam, Mya arenaria.", "content": "Static acute toxicity bioassays with adult softshell clams and salts of copper, cadmium, zinc, lead, manganese, and nickel were conducted at 30 0/00 salinity and 22 degrees C. Concentrations fatal to 50% in 168 hours, in mg/l (ppm) metal added at start, were 0.035 for Cu, 0.150 for Cd, 1.55 for Zn, 8.80 for Pb, 300.0 for Mn, and less than 50.0 for Ni. Additional tests were conducted with Zn2+ and Cu2+ at 30 0/00 during fall (17.5 degrees C) and winter (4 degrees C); clams displayed increasing survival with decreasing temperature. For Cu, LC-50 (336 hr) values at 17 degrees C and 4 degrees C were 0.086 and greater than 3.00 mg/l, respectively; for Zn these were 2.65 and greater than 25.0, respectively.", "contents": "Acute toxicities of selected heavy metals to the softshell clam, Mya arenaria. Static acute toxicity bioassays with adult softshell clams and salts of copper, cadmium, zinc, lead, manganese, and nickel were conducted at 30 0/00 salinity and 22 degrees C. Concentrations fatal to 50% in 168 hours, in mg/l (ppm) metal added at start, were 0.035 for Cu, 0.150 for Cd, 1.55 for Zn, 8.80 for Pb, 300.0 for Mn, and less than 50.0 for Ni. Additional tests were conducted with Zn2+ and Cu2+ at 30 0/00 during fall (17.5 degrees C) and winter (4 degrees C); clams displayed increasing survival with decreasing temperature. For Cu, LC-50 (336 hr) values at 17 degrees C and 4 degrees C were 0.086 and greater than 3.00 mg/l, respectively; for Zn these were 2.65 and greater than 25.0, respectively.", "PMID": 843631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5792", "title": "Protective action of selenium against mercury in northern creek chubs.", "content": "We found selenium dixoide an effective antagonist to the toxic effects of mercuric chloride in the northern creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus). Selenium pretreatment increased the whole body accumulation of mercury at lower environmental Hg concentrations. It decreased mercury accumulation in survivors at higher, acutely toxic concentrations.", "contents": "Protective action of selenium against mercury in northern creek chubs. We found selenium dixoide an effective antagonist to the toxic effects of mercuric chloride in the northern creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus). Selenium pretreatment increased the whole body accumulation of mercury at lower environmental Hg concentrations. It decreased mercury accumulation in survivors at higher, acutely toxic concentrations.", "PMID": 843630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5793", "title": "Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide residues in Tennessee honey and beeswax.", "content": "Several samples of commercial grade honey collected from different parts of tennessee during the summer of 1973 were analyzed for chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide (CHI) residues. A \"Modified Mill's Procedure\" was used to cleanup the samples prior to gas chromatographic analysis using electron capture (EC) detection. The presence of CHI residues was confirmed by analysis on three different columns of widely varying polarity. Most of the samples contained CHI residues at 0.01-0.30 parts per billion (ppb) level. Beeswax produced during the same season contained several times higher levels of the residue than the honey samples. Recoveries of CHI residues varied from 81-95 percent by the procedure employed.", "contents": "Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide residues in Tennessee honey and beeswax. Several samples of commercial grade honey collected from different parts of tennessee during the summer of 1973 were analyzed for chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide (CHI) residues. A \"Modified Mill's Procedure\" was used to cleanup the samples prior to gas chromatographic analysis using electron capture (EC) detection. The presence of CHI residues was confirmed by analysis on three different columns of widely varying polarity. Most of the samples contained CHI residues at 0.01-0.30 parts per billion (ppb) level. Beeswax produced during the same season contained several times higher levels of the residue than the honey samples. Recoveries of CHI residues varied from 81-95 percent by the procedure employed.", "PMID": 843634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5794", "title": "Deposition of heavy chlorinated hydrocarbons from the atmosphere.", "content": "A sensitive method for the measurement of deposition fluxes of volatile and aerosol chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHC) is presented. Fluxes of CHC ranging from 10(-6) to 10(-9) g m-2 day-1 for the 54% chlorine PCB mixture were measured at La Jolla, California (average: 3 x10(-7) g m-2 day-1) during February, 1972. PCB fluxes are correlated with the component of the wind trajectory in the direction of Los Angeles weighted by the reciprocal of the wind speed. Chlorinated pesticide fluxes (DDT and dieldrin) are correlated with winds from agricultural areas inland from the measuring site.", "contents": "Deposition of heavy chlorinated hydrocarbons from the atmosphere. A sensitive method for the measurement of deposition fluxes of volatile and aerosol chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHC) is presented. Fluxes of CHC ranging from 10(-6) to 10(-9) g m-2 day-1 for the 54% chlorine PCB mixture were measured at La Jolla, California (average: 3 x10(-7) g m-2 day-1) during February, 1972. PCB fluxes are correlated with the component of the wind trajectory in the direction of Los Angeles weighted by the reciprocal of the wind speed. Chlorinated pesticide fluxes (DDT and dieldrin) are correlated with winds from agricultural areas inland from the measuring site.", "PMID": 843639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5795", "title": "Effect of nickel sulphate on male rats.", "content": "Cytopathological and histopathological changes in skin, liver, kidney and testis of rats due to nickel sulphate have been studied experimentally. Skin of nickel sulphate painted rats showed hyperkeratinization, vacuolization, hydropic degeneration of basal layer and atrophy of epidermis. The testis showed degeneration and oedema of seminiferous tubules, while liver showed areas of focal necrosis, congestion and dilatation of sinusoids.", "contents": "Effect of nickel sulphate on male rats. Cytopathological and histopathological changes in skin, liver, kidney and testis of rats due to nickel sulphate have been studied experimentally. Skin of nickel sulphate painted rats showed hyperkeratinization, vacuolization, hydropic degeneration of basal layer and atrophy of epidermis. The testis showed degeneration and oedema of seminiferous tubules, while liver showed areas of focal necrosis, congestion and dilatation of sinusoids.", "PMID": 843642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5796", "title": "The organization of successful participative management in a health sciences library.", "content": "The University of Washington Health Sciences Library, Seattle, and its participative management process are described in detail. The evolution of the management system is reviewed by interrelating the various phases of the library's growth, its service complexities, and its communication needs. Staff development results of this participative management mode are discussed. Reference is made to the use of group dynamics concepts. The current organizational design, which integrates the participative subunit with the simple line management structure, is considered effective by both the library staff and its director.", "contents": "The organization of successful participative management in a health sciences library. The University of Washington Health Sciences Library, Seattle, and its participative management process are described in detail. The evolution of the management system is reviewed by interrelating the various phases of the library's growth, its service complexities, and its communication needs. Staff development results of this participative management mode are discussed. Reference is made to the use of group dynamics concepts. The current organizational design, which integrates the participative subunit with the simple line management structure, is considered effective by both the library staff and its director.", "PMID": 843648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5797", "title": "Coordinators for health science libraries in the Midwest Health Science Library Network.", "content": "In the summer of 1973 one resource library in each of the six states of the Midwest Health Science Library Network received funding from the National Library of Medicine to hire a coordinator for health science libraries. The development of the role of coordinator is examined and evaluated. The coordinators have proved valuable in the areas of consortium formation, basic unit development, communication facilitation, and program initiation. The function of the coordinators in the extensive planning effort now being undertaken by the network and the future need for the coordinator positions are discussed.", "contents": "Coordinators for health science libraries in the Midwest Health Science Library Network. In the summer of 1973 one resource library in each of the six states of the Midwest Health Science Library Network received funding from the National Library of Medicine to hire a coordinator for health science libraries. The development of the role of coordinator is examined and evaluated. The coordinators have proved valuable in the areas of consortium formation, basic unit development, communication facilitation, and program initiation. The function of the coordinators in the extensive planning effort now being undertaken by the network and the future need for the coordinator positions are discussed.", "PMID": 843649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5798", "title": "Centralized automated cataloging of health science materials in the MLC/SUNY/OCLC shared cataloging service.", "content": "Since February 1976, The Medical Library Center of New York, with the assistance of the SUNY/OCLC Network, has offered, on a subscription basis, a centralized automated cataloging service to health science libraries in the greater metropolitan New York area. By using workforms and prints of OCLC record (amended by the subscribing participants), technical services personnel at the center have fed cataloging data, via a CRT terminal, into the OCLC system, which provides (1) catalog cards, received in computer filing order; (2) book card, spine, and pocket labels; (3) accessions lists; and (4) data for eventual production of book catalogs and union catalogs. The experience of the center in the development, implementation, operation, and budgeting of its shared cataloging service is discussed.", "contents": "Centralized automated cataloging of health science materials in the MLC/SUNY/OCLC shared cataloging service. Since February 1976, The Medical Library Center of New York, with the assistance of the SUNY/OCLC Network, has offered, on a subscription basis, a centralized automated cataloging service to health science libraries in the greater metropolitan New York area. By using workforms and prints of OCLC record (amended by the subscribing participants), technical services personnel at the center have fed cataloging data, via a CRT terminal, into the OCLC system, which provides (1) catalog cards, received in computer filing order; (2) book card, spine, and pocket labels; (3) accessions lists; and (4) data for eventual production of book catalogs and union catalogs. The experience of the center in the development, implementation, operation, and budgeting of its shared cataloging service is discussed.", "PMID": 843650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5799", "title": "The effect of chronic exposure to tobacco smoke on the antibacterial defenses of the lung.", "content": "To evaluate the effects of cigarette smoking on the host defenses of the lung, male CD rats were exposed to fresh whole smoke for up to 60 consecutive days. Intrapulmonary deposition of smoke and animal exposure levels, quantified with decachlorobiphenyl and other smoke tracers, indicated a daily cigarette exposure equivalent to approximately a pack and a half per day in man. Pulmonary alveolar macrophage function in situ was quantified by the inactivation of an aerosolized challenge of Staphylococcus aureus six hours after inoculation. Controls (n=120) inactivated 88.8+/-0.64% of the staphylococci. Exposure to whole smoke did not impair intrapulmonary antistaphylococcal defenses, with inactivation rates of 89.8+/-0.97% (n=49) and 89.1+/-0.46% (n=74) at 30 and 60 days, respectively. Inactivation distribution frequency analysis in controls revealed that 7% of animals had inactivation values greater than two standard deviations from the mean. With prolonged exposure mean with less skewing towards the abnormal. Alveolar macrophages harvested from smoked animals were comparable in viability and in vitro antistaphylococcal activity to controls, appeared to be metabolically activated and had specific stereologic ultrastructural alterations. These studies indicate that chronic exposure to tobacco smoke does not impair, and in fact may stimulate, the host defenses of the lung, as evaluated by in vivo and in vitro pulmonary alveolar macrophage function.", "contents": "The effect of chronic exposure to tobacco smoke on the antibacterial defenses of the lung. To evaluate the effects of cigarette smoking on the host defenses of the lung, male CD rats were exposed to fresh whole smoke for up to 60 consecutive days. Intrapulmonary deposition of smoke and animal exposure levels, quantified with decachlorobiphenyl and other smoke tracers, indicated a daily cigarette exposure equivalent to approximately a pack and a half per day in man. Pulmonary alveolar macrophage function in situ was quantified by the inactivation of an aerosolized challenge of Staphylococcus aureus six hours after inoculation. Controls (n=120) inactivated 88.8+/-0.64% of the staphylococci. Exposure to whole smoke did not impair intrapulmonary antistaphylococcal defenses, with inactivation rates of 89.8+/-0.97% (n=49) and 89.1+/-0.46% (n=74) at 30 and 60 days, respectively. Inactivation distribution frequency analysis in controls revealed that 7% of animals had inactivation values greater than two standard deviations from the mean. With prolonged exposure mean with less skewing towards the abnormal. Alveolar macrophages harvested from smoked animals were comparable in viability and in vitro antistaphylococcal activity to controls, appeared to be metabolically activated and had specific stereologic ultrastructural alterations. These studies indicate that chronic exposure to tobacco smoke does not impair, and in fact may stimulate, the host defenses of the lung, as evaluated by in vivo and in vitro pulmonary alveolar macrophage function.", "PMID": 843645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5800", "title": "[Effects of nitrogen dioxide on alveolar macrophages surviving in the gas phase. A new experimental model for the study of in vitro cytotoxicity of toxic gases (author's transl)].", "content": "Alveolar macrophages surviving in the gas phase were exposed to concentrations of NO2 (0.1, 1 and 2 ppm) for 30 minutes. The exposed cells showed morphological changes, a decrease in bactericidal activity and a reduction of the ATP content. The severity of these changes is related to NO2 concentration. This new experimental model offers new possibilities for studies on the cytotoxicity of gases.", "contents": "[Effects of nitrogen dioxide on alveolar macrophages surviving in the gas phase. A new experimental model for the study of in vitro cytotoxicity of toxic gases (author's transl)]. Alveolar macrophages surviving in the gas phase were exposed to concentrations of NO2 (0.1, 1 and 2 ppm) for 30 minutes. The exposed cells showed morphological changes, a decrease in bactericidal activity and a reduction of the ATP content. The severity of these changes is related to NO2 concentration. This new experimental model offers new possibilities for studies on the cytotoxicity of gases.", "PMID": 843644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5801", "title": "Estimating the satisfaction of information users.", "content": "Several factors influence the responses of users of information retrieval systems who are asked to evaluate the service provided by a system. To realistically estimate user satisfaction, different aspects of the search outcome should be explored. This paper analyzes the data obtained in a follow-up questionnaire sent to a sample of MEDLINE users who had requested searches at seven information centers within a two-month period. The questionnaire requested the user's appraisal of the value of the search and of the usefulness of the retrieved references. A comparison of different items of the questionnaire revealed some contradictions between an overall appraisal of the service and more specific responses on the outcome of the search. Caution is advised in inferring the satisfaction of information needs from the users' evaluation of an information retrieval system.", "contents": "Estimating the satisfaction of information users. Several factors influence the responses of users of information retrieval systems who are asked to evaluate the service provided by a system. To realistically estimate user satisfaction, different aspects of the search outcome should be explored. This paper analyzes the data obtained in a follow-up questionnaire sent to a sample of MEDLINE users who had requested searches at seven information centers within a two-month period. The questionnaire requested the user's appraisal of the value of the search and of the usefulness of the retrieved references. A comparison of different items of the questionnaire revealed some contradictions between an overall appraisal of the service and more specific responses on the outcome of the search. Caution is advised in inferring the satisfaction of information needs from the users' evaluation of an information retrieval system.", "PMID": 843651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5802", "title": "[Comparative study of bronchial mucins isolated from the sputum of patients suffering from cystic fibrosis or other chronic bronchial diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Most of the mucins isolated from the sputum of patients suffering from cystic fibrosis are acidic. Acidic mucins from a child suffering from cystic fibrosis were degraded by alkali treatment. Analysis of the degradation products demonstrated the wide heterogeneity of the carbohydrate chains linked to the mucin polypeptide moiety. However, this heterogeneity of carbohydrate chains is probably not restricted to mucins from patients with cystic fibrosis. Bronchial mucins were prepared either from the sputum of different patients belonging to blood group O or B and suffering from cystic fibrosis, chronic bronchitis and other chronic bronchial diseases, or from bronchial washings performed in macroscopically healthy area of the bronchial tree of subjects belonging to blood group O. The chemical composition of each mucin fraction was established and an average carbohydrate chain length was estimated. Acidic mucins isolated from the sputum of two children suffering from cystic fibrosis were more sulfated than sialylated and their average carbohydrate chain length was relatively large. These characters were not specific for cystic fibrosis since they were also found in acidic mucins of two children suffering from other bronchial diseases. Most of the acidic mucins isolated from the sputum of three adults suffering from chronic bronchitis were more sialylated than sulfated and had a relatively short average carbohydrate chain length. The sputum of these patients also contained a variable proportion of neural or weakly acidic mucins. The mucins isolated from bronchial washings performed in macroscopically healthy areas of the bronchial tree were acidic molecules whose acidic characteristics and average carbohydrate chain length were about the same as for acidic mucins from patients with chronic bronchitis.", "contents": "[Comparative study of bronchial mucins isolated from the sputum of patients suffering from cystic fibrosis or other chronic bronchial diseases (author's transl)]. Most of the mucins isolated from the sputum of patients suffering from cystic fibrosis are acidic. Acidic mucins from a child suffering from cystic fibrosis were degraded by alkali treatment. Analysis of the degradation products demonstrated the wide heterogeneity of the carbohydrate chains linked to the mucin polypeptide moiety. However, this heterogeneity of carbohydrate chains is probably not restricted to mucins from patients with cystic fibrosis. Bronchial mucins were prepared either from the sputum of different patients belonging to blood group O or B and suffering from cystic fibrosis, chronic bronchitis and other chronic bronchial diseases, or from bronchial washings performed in macroscopically healthy area of the bronchial tree of subjects belonging to blood group O. The chemical composition of each mucin fraction was established and an average carbohydrate chain length was estimated. Acidic mucins isolated from the sputum of two children suffering from cystic fibrosis were more sulfated than sialylated and their average carbohydrate chain length was relatively large. These characters were not specific for cystic fibrosis since they were also found in acidic mucins of two children suffering from other bronchial diseases. Most of the acidic mucins isolated from the sputum of three adults suffering from chronic bronchitis were more sialylated than sulfated and had a relatively short average carbohydrate chain length. The sputum of these patients also contained a variable proportion of neural or weakly acidic mucins. The mucins isolated from bronchial washings performed in macroscopically healthy areas of the bronchial tree were acidic molecules whose acidic characteristics and average carbohydrate chain length were about the same as for acidic mucins from patients with chronic bronchitis.", "PMID": 843646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5803", "title": "COCTAILS: automated interlibrary loan statistics at health sciences library, SUNYAB.", "content": "An automated interlibrary loan statistics compilation system used at the Health Sciences Library at the State University of New York at Buffalo is described. The system provides standardized input to produce various statistical reports as well as additional information for collection development and improved user service.", "contents": "COCTAILS: automated interlibrary loan statistics at health sciences library, SUNYAB. An automated interlibrary loan statistics compilation system used at the Health Sciences Library at the State University of New York at Buffalo is described. The system provides standardized input to produce various statistical reports as well as additional information for collection development and improved user service.", "PMID": 843652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5804", "title": "Excerpta Medica abstracting journals: a case study of costs to medical school libraries.", "content": "A cost comparison study was made of Excerpta Medica's abstracting journals, based upon actual costs to a library. Unit costs were determined for six sections of EM as compared with six corresponding abstract journals. On average, EM sections were found to be 138% more costly than corresponding abstract journals. The effects of splitting of EM journal titles were also analyzed. This practice increases the price of a total subscription to EM and makes comprehensive information retrieval more difficult. A survey of medical school librarians as users of EM points to dissatisfaction with its increasing price, particularly when it results from title splitting.", "contents": "Excerpta Medica abstracting journals: a case study of costs to medical school libraries. A cost comparison study was made of Excerpta Medica's abstracting journals, based upon actual costs to a library. Unit costs were determined for six sections of EM as compared with six corresponding abstract journals. On average, EM sections were found to be 138% more costly than corresponding abstract journals. The effects of splitting of EM journal titles were also analyzed. This practice increases the price of a total subscription to EM and makes comprehensive information retrieval more difficult. A survey of medical school librarians as users of EM points to dissatisfaction with its increasing price, particularly when it results from title splitting.", "PMID": 843653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5805", "title": "A college course for nurses on the utilization of library resources.", "content": "Library user instruction has been a no-man's-land between librarian and educator. Each assumes that the other has offered the student some necessary preparation before his assignments requiring library consultation. Too often, this is not the case. Reference librarians at the Duke University Medical Center Library are currently offering a ten-week, 1 1/2-hour credit library instruction course for nursing baccalaureate candidates. \"Introduction to Library Resources in the Nursing Field\" is designed not so much to orient students to a specific library facility, but rather, to provide them with background material on library organization and services and to familiarize them with basic bibliographic tools relevant to the nursing profession. Lectures are supplemented through the use of homework questions, bibliographies, handouts, in-class exercises, and on-line demonstrations. Very positive feedback from both students and faculty has attested to the value of such a course in the nursing curriculum and has resulted in its being offered four times to date. The library staff is exploring methods for offering additional library instruction not only to nursing students but to other user groups in Duke's medical complex.", "contents": "A college course for nurses on the utilization of library resources. Library user instruction has been a no-man's-land between librarian and educator. Each assumes that the other has offered the student some necessary preparation before his assignments requiring library consultation. Too often, this is not the case. Reference librarians at the Duke University Medical Center Library are currently offering a ten-week, 1 1/2-hour credit library instruction course for nursing baccalaureate candidates. \"Introduction to Library Resources in the Nursing Field\" is designed not so much to orient students to a specific library facility, but rather, to provide them with background material on library organization and services and to familiarize them with basic bibliographic tools relevant to the nursing profession. Lectures are supplemented through the use of homework questions, bibliographies, handouts, in-class exercises, and on-line demonstrations. Very positive feedback from both students and faculty has attested to the value of such a course in the nursing curriculum and has resulted in its being offered four times to date. The library staff is exploring methods for offering additional library instruction not only to nursing students but to other user groups in Duke's medical complex.", "PMID": 843654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5806", "title": "New library buildings: the Houston Academy of Medicine--Texas Medical Center Library.", "content": "A historical account is given of the Houston Academy of Medicine--Texas Medical Center Library within its Texas Medical Center setting in Houston, Texas. Outlined are planning, financing, and construction of the new library, which consists in part of new building and in part of renovated interiors of an old building originally completed in 1954. A concise picture is given of the new library's interiors, showing its functional success for users and employees alike. An architectural summary is appended showing gross and net footages, source of funds, costs and capacities.", "contents": "New library buildings: the Houston Academy of Medicine--Texas Medical Center Library. A historical account is given of the Houston Academy of Medicine--Texas Medical Center Library within its Texas Medical Center setting in Houston, Texas. Outlined are planning, financing, and construction of the new library, which consists in part of new building and in part of renovated interiors of an old building originally completed in 1954. A concise picture is given of the new library's interiors, showing its functional success for users and employees alike. An architectural summary is appended showing gross and net footages, source of funds, costs and capacities.", "PMID": 843655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5807", "title": "New library buildings: the Augustus Long Health Sciences Library of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University.", "content": "A brief historical sketch, tracing the development of the College of Physicians and Surgeons and its library from the Royal charter date of 1754, is presented. Little is recorded of library development prior to 1928, when the departmental libraries were united with the Reference Library to form the core of the present library. The planning processes for the new library are discussed, noting the involvement of the entire library staff. Four floors in a twenty-story tower are devoted to library services, and each floor is described. Several of the major compromises made during the planning process are documented. Photographs and floor plans of two of the floors help illustrate the text.", "contents": "New library buildings: the Augustus Long Health Sciences Library of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University. A brief historical sketch, tracing the development of the College of Physicians and Surgeons and its library from the Royal charter date of 1754, is presented. Little is recorded of library development prior to 1928, when the departmental libraries were united with the Reference Library to form the core of the present library. The planning processes for the new library are discussed, noting the involvement of the entire library staff. Four floors in a twenty-story tower are devoted to library services, and each floor is described. Several of the major compromises made during the planning process are documented. Photographs and floor plans of two of the floors help illustrate the text.", "PMID": 843656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5808", "title": "Fevers of hot climates.", "content": "The febrile patient from the tropics is generally, but not invariably, suffering from an infection which need not necessarily be exotic although this possibility must be excluded. In acute infections malaria must always be considered, as its diagnosis and treatment are easy and effective. A positive diagnosis of an exotic infection can only be made if a history of long or short residence in a tropical or subtropical area is obtained. In most patients a diagnosis is readily established.", "contents": "Fevers of hot climates. The febrile patient from the tropics is generally, but not invariably, suffering from an infection which need not necessarily be exotic although this possibility must be excluded. In acute infections malaria must always be considered, as its diagnosis and treatment are easy and effective. A positive diagnosis of an exotic infection can only be made if a history of long or short residence in a tropical or subtropical area is obtained. In most patients a diagnosis is readily established.", "PMID": 843672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5809", "title": "Prostaglandin F2alpha reduces the algesic effect of bradykinin by antagonizing the pain enhancing action of endogenously released prostaglandin E.", "content": "1 The isolated perfused ear of the rabbit connected to the body only by its nerve, was used to investigate the influence of prostaglandin F2alpha on the algesic effect of bradykinin and acetylcholine. 2 Bradykinin and acetylcholine, following intra-arterial injection into the isolated perfused ear elicited a dose-related reflex fall in blood pressure due to stimulation of paravascular pain receptors (= algesic effect). 3 Infusion of prostaglandin F2alpha (0.1 to 1 ng/ml) into the rabbit ear reduced the algesic effect of bradykinin but not that of acetylcholine. 4 The onset of the reflex fall in blood pressure by bradykinin but not that by acetylcholine was delayed by infusion of prostaglandin F2alpha into the ear. 5 Infusion of prostaglandin E1 into the rabbit ear led to an enhancement of the algesic effect of bradykinin and acetylcholine. Enhancement of both effects was abolished by infusion of prostaglandin F2alpha. 6 During inhibition of the endogenous synthesis of prostaglandins (mainly E-type) by indomethacin, a low concentration of prostaglandin F2alpha no longer reduced the algesic effect of bradykinin. However, a high concentration of F2alpha continued to enhance the effect of bradykinin and acetylcholine. 7 Prostaglandin F2alpha influenced neither the brief reduction in venous outflow produced by bradykinin nor the brief increase in venous outflow caused by acetylcholine. 8 The results suggest that prostaglandin F2alpha does not directly reduce the effect of bradykinin but inhibits the enhancement of its algesic effect produced by prostaglandin E that is released endogenously by bradykinin. That the algesic effect of acetylcholine is not reduced by prostaglandin F2alpha is in keeping with its releasing very little endogenous prostaglandin E.", "contents": "Prostaglandin F2alpha reduces the algesic effect of bradykinin by antagonizing the pain enhancing action of endogenously released prostaglandin E. 1 The isolated perfused ear of the rabbit connected to the body only by its nerve, was used to investigate the influence of prostaglandin F2alpha on the algesic effect of bradykinin and acetylcholine. 2 Bradykinin and acetylcholine, following intra-arterial injection into the isolated perfused ear elicited a dose-related reflex fall in blood pressure due to stimulation of paravascular pain receptors (= algesic effect). 3 Infusion of prostaglandin F2alpha (0.1 to 1 ng/ml) into the rabbit ear reduced the algesic effect of bradykinin but not that of acetylcholine. 4 The onset of the reflex fall in blood pressure by bradykinin but not that by acetylcholine was delayed by infusion of prostaglandin F2alpha into the ear. 5 Infusion of prostaglandin E1 into the rabbit ear led to an enhancement of the algesic effect of bradykinin and acetylcholine. Enhancement of both effects was abolished by infusion of prostaglandin F2alpha. 6 During inhibition of the endogenous synthesis of prostaglandins (mainly E-type) by indomethacin, a low concentration of prostaglandin F2alpha no longer reduced the algesic effect of bradykinin. However, a high concentration of F2alpha continued to enhance the effect of bradykinin and acetylcholine. 7 Prostaglandin F2alpha influenced neither the brief reduction in venous outflow produced by bradykinin nor the brief increase in venous outflow caused by acetylcholine. 8 The results suggest that prostaglandin F2alpha does not directly reduce the effect of bradykinin but inhibits the enhancement of its algesic effect produced by prostaglandin E that is released endogenously by bradykinin. That the algesic effect of acetylcholine is not reduced by prostaglandin F2alpha is in keeping with its releasing very little endogenous prostaglandin E.", "PMID": 843680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5810", "title": "Brain and vascular monoamine oxidase activity in the deoxycorticosterone-salt hypertensive rat.", "content": "1 The role of monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the maintenance of deoxycorticosterone-sodium chloride (DOCA-salt) hypertension was investigated by assaying the MAO activity both in central as well as peripheral blood vessels and in brain tissue. 2 The results suggest that the activity of MAO in the DOCA-salt hypertensive rat is similar to the activity present in the normotensive rat.", "contents": "Brain and vascular monoamine oxidase activity in the deoxycorticosterone-salt hypertensive rat. 1 The role of monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the maintenance of deoxycorticosterone-sodium chloride (DOCA-salt) hypertension was investigated by assaying the MAO activity both in central as well as peripheral blood vessels and in brain tissue. 2 The results suggest that the activity of MAO in the DOCA-salt hypertensive rat is similar to the activity present in the normotensive rat.", "PMID": 843681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5811", "title": "The specificity of oestrogen receptor in brain, pituitary and uterus.", "content": "1 The specificity of oestrogen receptor in rat brain regions (hypothalamus, amygdala and cortex), pituitary and uterus was studied by measurement of the inhibition of 17beta-oestradiol high affinity binding in cytosol, in the presence of unlabelled putative inhibitors of binding. 2 Binding was inhibited only by those of the compounds tested that possessed oestrogen agonist or antagonist activity. The affinities were estimated and the ranking order of the compounds was the same in all tissue sources of cytosol and corresponded to the ranking order of agonist or antagonist potency. 3 There were some significant differences between some of the estimated affinities in different tissues, these being seen most commonly between pituitary and hypothalamus on one hand and uterus on the other. 4 The possibility of heterogeneity of oestrogen receptor is discussed.", "contents": "The specificity of oestrogen receptor in brain, pituitary and uterus. 1 The specificity of oestrogen receptor in rat brain regions (hypothalamus, amygdala and cortex), pituitary and uterus was studied by measurement of the inhibition of 17beta-oestradiol high affinity binding in cytosol, in the presence of unlabelled putative inhibitors of binding. 2 Binding was inhibited only by those of the compounds tested that possessed oestrogen agonist or antagonist activity. The affinities were estimated and the ranking order of the compounds was the same in all tissue sources of cytosol and corresponded to the ranking order of agonist or antagonist potency. 3 There were some significant differences between some of the estimated affinities in different tissues, these being seen most commonly between pituitary and hypothalamus on one hand and uterus on the other. 4 The possibility of heterogeneity of oestrogen receptor is discussed.", "PMID": 843682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5812", "title": "Effects of antidepressant drugs on noradrenaline accumulation and contractile responses in the rat anococcygeus muscle.", "content": "1 The effect of a series of antidepressant drugs on noradrenaline accumulation was studied in the isolated anococcygeus muscle of the rat. 2 The most potent inhibitors of noradrenaline accumulation were nortriptyline, desipramine and protriptyline. Opipramol, trimipramine and iprindole were active only in high concentrations. 3 Contractions of the anococcygeus muscle produced by noradrenaline were strongly potentiated by nortriptyline, desipramine and protriptyline. Other uptake inhibitors were less active in potentiating the noradrenaline response. 4 Nortriptyline, in concentrations that potentiated the action of noradrenaline, reduced or abolished the response to tyramine.", "contents": "Effects of antidepressant drugs on noradrenaline accumulation and contractile responses in the rat anococcygeus muscle. 1 The effect of a series of antidepressant drugs on noradrenaline accumulation was studied in the isolated anococcygeus muscle of the rat. 2 The most potent inhibitors of noradrenaline accumulation were nortriptyline, desipramine and protriptyline. Opipramol, trimipramine and iprindole were active only in high concentrations. 3 Contractions of the anococcygeus muscle produced by noradrenaline were strongly potentiated by nortriptyline, desipramine and protriptyline. Other uptake inhibitors were less active in potentiating the noradrenaline response. 4 Nortriptyline, in concentrations that potentiated the action of noradrenaline, reduced or abolished the response to tyramine.", "PMID": 843683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5813", "title": "Effects of D-600 and its optical isomers on force of contraction in cat papillary muscles and guinea-pig auricles.", "content": "1 (--)-D-600 and (+)-D-600 exerted concentration-dependent negative inotropic effects in papillary muscles from cats, the potency of (--)-D-600 being about 100 times greater than that of (+)-D-600. The action was more pronounced at high than at low frequencies of stimulation. Time to peak force, relaxation time and therefore also total duration of contraction were not significantly affected by the drugs. 2 The negative inotropic effects of both drugs were not reversible after washing in drug-free solution for 60 min at all concentrations tested. 3 The same negative inotropic effects were seen in guinea-pig left auricles with the racemic mixture of both isomers. 4 Uptake measurements of D-600-[nitrile-14C] in isolated left auricles of guinea-pigs showed the drug to be accumulated in the myocardial tissue; tissue-medium ratios from 1.25 to 6.0 were found at exposure times from 1 to 100 minutes. Preparations which were loaded first with D-600-[nitrile-14C] for 100 min and then washed in drug-free solution for different times lost up to about 80% of the initial radioactivity, whereas the depression of force of contraction was not reversible. 5 The results show that there are marked quantitative differences between the actions of (--)-D-600 and (+)-D-600 on isometric force of contraction in cat papillary muscles. Although the time course of the uptake of D-600-[nitrile-14C] and the development of the negative inotropy in guinea-pit left auricles were reasonably well related, the magnitude of the negative inotropy does not seem to be dependent on the total tissue concentration once the negative inotropic effect has been fully developed.", "contents": "Effects of D-600 and its optical isomers on force of contraction in cat papillary muscles and guinea-pig auricles. 1 (--)-D-600 and (+)-D-600 exerted concentration-dependent negative inotropic effects in papillary muscles from cats, the potency of (--)-D-600 being about 100 times greater than that of (+)-D-600. The action was more pronounced at high than at low frequencies of stimulation. Time to peak force, relaxation time and therefore also total duration of contraction were not significantly affected by the drugs. 2 The negative inotropic effects of both drugs were not reversible after washing in drug-free solution for 60 min at all concentrations tested. 3 The same negative inotropic effects were seen in guinea-pig left auricles with the racemic mixture of both isomers. 4 Uptake measurements of D-600-[nitrile-14C] in isolated left auricles of guinea-pigs showed the drug to be accumulated in the myocardial tissue; tissue-medium ratios from 1.25 to 6.0 were found at exposure times from 1 to 100 minutes. Preparations which were loaded first with D-600-[nitrile-14C] for 100 min and then washed in drug-free solution for different times lost up to about 80% of the initial radioactivity, whereas the depression of force of contraction was not reversible. 5 The results show that there are marked quantitative differences between the actions of (--)-D-600 and (+)-D-600 on isometric force of contraction in cat papillary muscles. Although the time course of the uptake of D-600-[nitrile-14C] and the development of the negative inotropy in guinea-pit left auricles were reasonably well related, the magnitude of the negative inotropy does not seem to be dependent on the total tissue concentration once the negative inotropic effect has been fully developed.", "PMID": 843684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5814", "title": "The making and breaking of affectional bonds. I. Aetiology and psychopathology in the light of attachment theory. An expanded version of the Fiftieth Maudsley Lecture, delivered before the Royal College of Psychiatrists, 19 November 1976.", "content": "An account is given of attachment theory as a way of conceptualizing the propensity of human beings to make strong affectional bonds to particular others and of explaining the many forms of emotional distress and personality disturbance, including anxiety, anger, depression and emotional detachment, to which unwilling separation and loss give rise. Though it incorporates much psychoanalytic thinking, many of its principles derive from ethology, cognitive psychology and control theory. It conforms to the ordinary criteria of a scientific discipline. Certain common patterns of personality development, both healthy and pathological, are described in these terms, and also some of the common patterns of parenting that contribute to them.", "contents": "The making and breaking of affectional bonds. I. Aetiology and psychopathology in the light of attachment theory. An expanded version of the Fiftieth Maudsley Lecture, delivered before the Royal College of Psychiatrists, 19 November 1976. An account is given of attachment theory as a way of conceptualizing the propensity of human beings to make strong affectional bonds to particular others and of explaining the many forms of emotional distress and personality disturbance, including anxiety, anger, depression and emotional detachment, to which unwilling separation and loss give rise. Though it incorporates much psychoanalytic thinking, many of its principles derive from ethology, cognitive psychology and control theory. It conforms to the ordinary criteria of a scientific discipline. Certain common patterns of personality development, both healthy and pathological, are described in these terms, and also some of the common patterns of parenting that contribute to them.", "PMID": 843768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5815", "title": "The husbands of agoraphobic women: assortative mating or pathogenic interaction?", "content": "Symptom and personaltiy profiles of 33 agoraphobic women and their husbands are examined, revealing some evidence for assortative mating. The implications of this are discussed, and predictions are made about the changes required within a marriage in order to permit the effective symptomatic treatment of the female partner.", "contents": "The husbands of agoraphobic women: assortative mating or pathogenic interaction? Symptom and personaltiy profiles of 33 agoraphobic women and their husbands are examined, revealing some evidence for assortative mating. The implications of this are discussed, and predictions are made about the changes required within a marriage in order to permit the effective symptomatic treatment of the female partner.", "PMID": 843771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5816", "title": "Psychomotor traits, social desirability and the personal illness hierarchy.", "content": "Seventy-eight psychiatric in-patients were allocated to personal illness classes by means of the Delusions-Symptoms-States Inventory (DSSI). Paper and pencil measures of psychomotor speed and scatter of tapping were administered with an immediate retest. It is suggested that from a social desirability position one would have to predict that the more personally ill (i.e. those endorsing the more socially undesirable items) would be slower and more diffuse on these measures. We found, however, such patients to be more constricted and slower. It is concluded that such a combination adds to the utility and validity of the hierarchy of classes of personal illness.", "contents": "Psychomotor traits, social desirability and the personal illness hierarchy. Seventy-eight psychiatric in-patients were allocated to personal illness classes by means of the Delusions-Symptoms-States Inventory (DSSI). Paper and pencil measures of psychomotor speed and scatter of tapping were administered with an immediate retest. It is suggested that from a social desirability position one would have to predict that the more personally ill (i.e. those endorsing the more socially undesirable items) would be slower and more diffuse on these measures. We found, however, such patients to be more constricted and slower. It is concluded that such a combination adds to the utility and validity of the hierarchy of classes of personal illness.", "PMID": 843772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5817", "title": "Psychiatric morbidity in a sample of accidents.", "content": "The coroner's records of 110 accidental deaths resulting from poisoning, drowning and falling were examined for evidence of mental illness. Sixty per cent were classified as mentally ill before they died, depression, drug dependence and alcoholism accounting for over three-quarters of the diagnoses. Deaths given accident verdicts should be included in the study of the mortality of the mentally ill.", "contents": "Psychiatric morbidity in a sample of accidents. The coroner's records of 110 accidental deaths resulting from poisoning, drowning and falling were examined for evidence of mental illness. Sixty per cent were classified as mentally ill before they died, depression, drug dependence and alcoholism accounting for over three-quarters of the diagnoses. Deaths given accident verdicts should be included in the study of the mortality of the mentally ill.", "PMID": 843773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5818", "title": "Seriousness of suicide attempt in relation to personality.", "content": "From a sample of psychiatric referrals who had completed the MMPI the following three groups, matched for age and sex, were derived: 42 patients with a history of a serious suicide attempt, 42 patients with a history of a non-serious attempt, and 126 patients who had neither attempted nor contemplated suicide. Non-serious suicide attempters were shown to be the most deviant group and differed to a significant extent from each of the other two groups on the Dependency, Hostility and Unconventionality scales. Male non-serious attempters showed the most disturbed personality profile. This implies that there is, for males, a higher personality threshold for making a non-serious attempt, which may account for the fact that suicide attempts, most of which are non-serious, are commoner among females.", "contents": "Seriousness of suicide attempt in relation to personality. From a sample of psychiatric referrals who had completed the MMPI the following three groups, matched for age and sex, were derived: 42 patients with a history of a serious suicide attempt, 42 patients with a history of a non-serious attempt, and 126 patients who had neither attempted nor contemplated suicide. Non-serious suicide attempters were shown to be the most deviant group and differed to a significant extent from each of the other two groups on the Dependency, Hostility and Unconventionality scales. Male non-serious attempters showed the most disturbed personality profile. This implies that there is, for males, a higher personality threshold for making a non-serious attempt, which may account for the fact that suicide attempts, most of which are non-serious, are commoner among females.", "PMID": 843774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5819", "title": "The EEG as a measure of cerebral functional organization.", "content": "Evidence suggests that anomalies of functional organization in the brain may be present in some psychiatric disorders and that EEG differences between psychiatric patients and appropriate control groups may depend on them. It is therefore of practical importance to develop further ways of examining the association between the EEG and such organization. The change in inter-hemisphere coherence (a measure of EEG synchronicity) in the alpha frequency band when carrying out a task is shown to discriminate a group of II right from II left preferent normal individuals. Since right and left preference is associated with differences in cerebral functional organization, the coherence measure may be a useful way of studying this feature of psychiatric illness.", "contents": "The EEG as a measure of cerebral functional organization. Evidence suggests that anomalies of functional organization in the brain may be present in some psychiatric disorders and that EEG differences between psychiatric patients and appropriate control groups may depend on them. It is therefore of practical importance to develop further ways of examining the association between the EEG and such organization. The change in inter-hemisphere coherence (a measure of EEG synchronicity) in the alpha frequency band when carrying out a task is shown to discriminate a group of II right from II left preferent normal individuals. Since right and left preference is associated with differences in cerebral functional organization, the coherence measure may be a useful way of studying this feature of psychiatric illness.", "PMID": 843775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5820", "title": "Hostility, crime and drug dependence.", "content": "In a study of male addicts attending a London drug dependence unit, it was found that convicted addicts tended to score more highly on measures of hostility than non-convicted subjects. The differences in hostility between the convicted and non-convicted groups were most clearly seen on the violent crimes variable, although addicts convicted of drug-possession and of non-drug crimes were also more hostile than non-convicted subjects. It is suggested that hostility acts as a personality factor which predisposes the individual towards criminal behaviour, and that the more hostile subjects may also be more likely to be apprehended and convicted.", "contents": "Hostility, crime and drug dependence. In a study of male addicts attending a London drug dependence unit, it was found that convicted addicts tended to score more highly on measures of hostility than non-convicted subjects. The differences in hostility between the convicted and non-convicted groups were most clearly seen on the violent crimes variable, although addicts convicted of drug-possession and of non-drug crimes were also more hostile than non-convicted subjects. It is suggested that hostility acts as a personality factor which predisposes the individual towards criminal behaviour, and that the more hostile subjects may also be more likely to be apprehended and convicted.", "PMID": 843776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5821", "title": "Electrical aversion therapy with alcoholics: a comparative follow-up study.", "content": "A group of alcoholics treated by partially reinforced electrical escape conditioning were found to have a significantly better outcome on follow-up than a selected control group, who showed a parallel level of motivation, and were treated by conventional methods. No sex differences in outcome were found for either group. In the experimental group, better prognosis was associated with higher social class and older age, and poorer prognosis with single marital status. There were no variations in outcome for age in the control group. In the age range 20-40 aversion therapy showed no better results than conventional therapies, but with subjects above this age range it was very significantly superior. The results are discussed with reference to the application of aversion therapy to alcoholism.", "contents": "Electrical aversion therapy with alcoholics: a comparative follow-up study. A group of alcoholics treated by partially reinforced electrical escape conditioning were found to have a significantly better outcome on follow-up than a selected control group, who showed a parallel level of motivation, and were treated by conventional methods. No sex differences in outcome were found for either group. In the experimental group, better prognosis was associated with higher social class and older age, and poorer prognosis with single marital status. There were no variations in outcome for age in the control group. In the age range 20-40 aversion therapy showed no better results than conventional therapies, but with subjects above this age range it was very significantly superior. The results are discussed with reference to the application of aversion therapy to alcoholism.", "PMID": 843777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5822", "title": "Mathematical models for describing the clustering of sociopathy and hysteria in families: a comment on the recent paper by Cloninger et al.", "content": "The fitting of the multifactorial model of disease transmission to the familial clustering of hysteria and sociopathy by Cloninger et al (I) involved an approximation. This note reports the results of fitting the bivariate Normal model exactly and also two other distributions.", "contents": "Mathematical models for describing the clustering of sociopathy and hysteria in families: a comment on the recent paper by Cloninger et al. The fitting of the multifactorial model of disease transmission to the familial clustering of hysteria and sociopathy by Cloninger et al (I) involved an approximation. This note reports the results of fitting the bivariate Normal model exactly and also two other distributions.", "PMID": 843778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5823", "title": "Speech patterning in recently admitted and chronic long-stay schizophrenic patients.", "content": "Several writers have suggested that schizophrenic patients show unusual formal, or non-content, patterns of speech. For reasons of methodology, none of their findings is easy to interpret, and important questions remain unanswered. In particular, we do not know how schizophrenic patients behave in free conversion, how their behaviour with another patient may differ from their behaviour with a psychiatrically normal partner, whether they show consistency across encounters, nor whether patients recently admitted to hospital differ from chronic long-stay patients. The first study was designed to examine the first three questions, by observing recently admitted schizophrenic patients in two free dyadic conversations, one with a schizophrenic partner and one with a psychiatrically normal partner, and comparing them with three control groups; depressive patients; patients suffering from neurotic or personality disorders; and psychiatrically normal chest patients. Consistently across their two encounters, schizophrenic subjects were found to behave similarly for the most part to all three control groups. The second study went on to examine the fourth question, by comparing recently admitted and chronic long-stay schizophrenic patients, and revealed no differences between the two groups. The investigation is discussed in the light of previous research, and it is suggested that a critical variable may be the setting and nature of the encounter in which the schizophrenic patient takes part.", "contents": "Speech patterning in recently admitted and chronic long-stay schizophrenic patients. Several writers have suggested that schizophrenic patients show unusual formal, or non-content, patterns of speech. For reasons of methodology, none of their findings is easy to interpret, and important questions remain unanswered. In particular, we do not know how schizophrenic patients behave in free conversion, how their behaviour with another patient may differ from their behaviour with a psychiatrically normal partner, whether they show consistency across encounters, nor whether patients recently admitted to hospital differ from chronic long-stay patients. The first study was designed to examine the first three questions, by observing recently admitted schizophrenic patients in two free dyadic conversations, one with a schizophrenic partner and one with a psychiatrically normal partner, and comparing them with three control groups; depressive patients; patients suffering from neurotic or personality disorders; and psychiatrically normal chest patients. Consistently across their two encounters, schizophrenic subjects were found to behave similarly for the most part to all three control groups. The second study went on to examine the fourth question, by comparing recently admitted and chronic long-stay schizophrenic patients, and revealed no differences between the two groups. The investigation is discussed in the light of previous research, and it is suggested that a critical variable may be the setting and nature of the encounter in which the schizophrenic patient takes part.", "PMID": 843783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5824", "title": "The place of impulsiveness in a dimensional system of personality description.", "content": "Three questionnaire studies are reported in which sets of items traditionally used to measure impulsiveness were intercorrelated were correlated with measures of the major personality dimensions E (extraversion), N (neuroticism) and P (psychoticism), and also with the L (lie; dissimulation) scale. It It was found that impulsiveness in the broad sense (ImpB) breaks down into four factors (narrow impusliveness or ImpN, risk-taking, non-planning and liveliness) which are replicable from sample to sample and from males to females. These factors are positively correlated with each other and also with sociability to varying degrees. ImpB correlates quite well with extraversion, but even better with psychoticism; ImpN correlates positively with N and P, suggesting that this trait is somewhat pathological. It is suggested that the distinction between ImpB and ImpN is crucial for the discussion of the nature and measurement of extraversion and also for future experimental work on the causal background and experimental testing of impulsive behaviour patterns.", "contents": "The place of impulsiveness in a dimensional system of personality description. Three questionnaire studies are reported in which sets of items traditionally used to measure impulsiveness were intercorrelated were correlated with measures of the major personality dimensions E (extraversion), N (neuroticism) and P (psychoticism), and also with the L (lie; dissimulation) scale. It It was found that impulsiveness in the broad sense (ImpB) breaks down into four factors (narrow impusliveness or ImpN, risk-taking, non-planning and liveliness) which are replicable from sample to sample and from males to females. These factors are positively correlated with each other and also with sociability to varying degrees. ImpB correlates quite well with extraversion, but even better with psychoticism; ImpN correlates positively with N and P, suggesting that this trait is somewhat pathological. It is suggested that the distinction between ImpB and ImpN is crucial for the discussion of the nature and measurement of extraversion and also for future experimental work on the causal background and experimental testing of impulsive behaviour patterns.", "PMID": 843784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5825", "title": "The Credit-Incentive system: motivating the participation of patients in a day hospital.", "content": "The Credit-Incentive System, a modified token economy, is a means of motivating the participation of day hospital patients in therapeutic activities through the use of contingent rewards. Credits are earned by patients for engaging in a wide variety of prosocial tasks and activities and can be spent for coffee, a free lunch, special time with professional staff, recreational events, and time off from the treatment centre. The receipt of credits is accompanied by social approval and recognition from the staff and other patients. Evaluations have shown that the credit system doubles the participation rate of patients in a partial hospitalization programme. The system also enhanced group cohesiveness, provides practice and feedback for cognitive re-integration, and offers opportunities of learning self-management. The results of two experiments suggest that the symbolic and social rewards mediated by the credits are the most important components of their effectiveness.", "contents": "The Credit-Incentive system: motivating the participation of patients in a day hospital. The Credit-Incentive System, a modified token economy, is a means of motivating the participation of day hospital patients in therapeutic activities through the use of contingent rewards. Credits are earned by patients for engaging in a wide variety of prosocial tasks and activities and can be spent for coffee, a free lunch, special time with professional staff, recreational events, and time off from the treatment centre. The receipt of credits is accompanied by social approval and recognition from the staff and other patients. Evaluations have shown that the credit system doubles the participation rate of patients in a partial hospitalization programme. The system also enhanced group cohesiveness, provides practice and feedback for cognitive re-integration, and offers opportunities of learning self-management. The results of two experiments suggest that the symbolic and social rewards mediated by the credits are the most important components of their effectiveness.", "PMID": 843785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5826", "title": "Preventing venous thromboembolism in elderly patients with hip fractures: studies of low-dose heparin, dipyridamole, aspirin, and flurbiprofen.", "content": "Low-dose heparin, dipyridamole (alone and in combination with aspirin), and flurbiprofen were evaluated as potential prophylactic agents against deep venous thrombosis in elderly patients with hip fractures. None of the agents that modify platelet behaviour could reduct the frequency of isotopically diagnosed venous thrombosis. Low-dose heparin reduced the overall frequency of venous thrombosis and its extent as judged by the frequency of bilaterally abnormal scans, but this reduction did not achieve statistical significance.", "contents": "Preventing venous thromboembolism in elderly patients with hip fractures: studies of low-dose heparin, dipyridamole, aspirin, and flurbiprofen. Low-dose heparin, dipyridamole (alone and in combination with aspirin), and flurbiprofen were evaluated as potential prophylactic agents against deep venous thrombosis in elderly patients with hip fractures. None of the agents that modify platelet behaviour could reduct the frequency of isotopically diagnosed venous thrombosis. Low-dose heparin reduced the overall frequency of venous thrombosis and its extent as judged by the frequency of bilaterally abnormal scans, but this reduction did not achieve statistical significance.", "PMID": 843794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5827", "title": "Microsomal enzymes in malnutrition as determined by plasma half life of antipyrine.", "content": "Nutritional-pharmacological interactions were studied in a group of malnourished subjects. Antipyrine was used to evaluate mixed-function oxidase in man. The results indicated that the rate of disappearance of antipyrine from plasma was strongly influenced by the nutritional status of the individual. The half life of antipyrine was modified in undernourished subjects and those with nutritional oedema. This finding indicates that drug regimens may have to be adjusted in patients who have antipyrine half lives that are shorter or longer than normal. Otherwise drug treatment may be inadequate or, in patients with impaired microsomal enzyme activity, potentially dangerous.", "contents": "Microsomal enzymes in malnutrition as determined by plasma half life of antipyrine. Nutritional-pharmacological interactions were studied in a group of malnourished subjects. Antipyrine was used to evaluate mixed-function oxidase in man. The results indicated that the rate of disappearance of antipyrine from plasma was strongly influenced by the nutritional status of the individual. The half life of antipyrine was modified in undernourished subjects and those with nutritional oedema. This finding indicates that drug regimens may have to be adjusted in patients who have antipyrine half lives that are shorter or longer than normal. Otherwise drug treatment may be inadequate or, in patients with impaired microsomal enzyme activity, potentially dangerous.", "PMID": 843795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5828", "title": "Acquired myopia in 11-year-old children.", "content": "Children who had acquired myopia by the age of 11 years were identified from a nationally representative sample. There were no overall sex differences in its occurrence but myopia was more common in children from non-manual families than in those from manual families. Short-sighted children were more likely to come from small families and to be of higher birth order than children with normal vision, and these associations held within each social class. At 11 years myopic children showed striking advantages in educational performance over their normal-sighted peers, as judged by tests of reading, arithmetic, and general ability. After adjustments had been made for social background, this age gain still amounted to over one year. Findings obtained at 7 years of age showed that superior educational attainments were already apparent before the onset of myopia. Children with myopia read in their leisure time more often than normally sighted children, but despite the visual impairment, they participated in outdoor sports as often as other children.", "contents": "Acquired myopia in 11-year-old children. Children who had acquired myopia by the age of 11 years were identified from a nationally representative sample. There were no overall sex differences in its occurrence but myopia was more common in children from non-manual families than in those from manual families. Short-sighted children were more likely to come from small families and to be of higher birth order than children with normal vision, and these associations held within each social class. At 11 years myopic children showed striking advantages in educational performance over their normal-sighted peers, as judged by tests of reading, arithmetic, and general ability. After adjustments had been made for social background, this age gain still amounted to over one year. Findings obtained at 7 years of age showed that superior educational attainments were already apparent before the onset of myopia. Children with myopia read in their leisure time more often than normally sighted children, but despite the visual impairment, they participated in outdoor sports as often as other children.", "PMID": 843796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5829", "title": "Patients in acute surgical wards: a survey in Glasgow.", "content": "A survey was made of all patients in general surgical, urological, and orthopaedic and accident wards in Glasgow on one day in June 1975. Its purpose was to define features of acute surgical practice of relevance to the future planning of resources, particularly bed numbers. Over 40% of the patients in both surgical and orthopaedic wards were over 65 years. Most patients had serious conditions and could not have been treated other than by admission to an acute surgical ward. But a substantial minority no longer needed such facilities and could have been transferred to second-line beds, although many still required skilled nursing care. Delay in the discharge of elderly patients from acute surgical wards as a consequence of non-surgical (often medical or social) problems results in a proportion of acute surgical beds fulfilling a second-line function. Unless arrangements for the earlier discharge of these patients are made any reduction in acute surgical beds is likely to restrict elective surgery, especially in orthopaedics.", "contents": "Patients in acute surgical wards: a survey in Glasgow. A survey was made of all patients in general surgical, urological, and orthopaedic and accident wards in Glasgow on one day in June 1975. Its purpose was to define features of acute surgical practice of relevance to the future planning of resources, particularly bed numbers. Over 40% of the patients in both surgical and orthopaedic wards were over 65 years. Most patients had serious conditions and could not have been treated other than by admission to an acute surgical ward. But a substantial minority no longer needed such facilities and could have been transferred to second-line beds, although many still required skilled nursing care. Delay in the discharge of elderly patients from acute surgical wards as a consequence of non-surgical (often medical or social) problems results in a proportion of acute surgical beds fulfilling a second-line function. Unless arrangements for the earlier discharge of these patients are made any reduction in acute surgical beds is likely to restrict elective surgery, especially in orthopaedics.", "PMID": 843797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5830", "title": "Twelve months of deputising: 100 000 patient contacts with eighteen services.", "content": "An analysis of a 1-in-5 sample of nearly 500 000 patients contacts with 18 deputising services showed considerable variation in the way cells were handled. Telephonists, usually work on shifts including at least one operator who was a trained nurse handled, without sending a deputy, between 3% of new calls at one service and 19% at another. In one service, 19% of visits were made by deputies who were general practitioners; in another, 78%. At least 42% of patients visited by one service were apparently seen within one hour; 74% by another service. The proportions referred to hospital varied from 9% to 16%. The use of deputising services continues to grow; there is as yet no substantiated evidence of shortcomings in the care they provide. The possibility of reviewing the activity of the services, with the use of such indices as those described, might enable present limitations on their use to be lifted.", "contents": "Twelve months of deputising: 100 000 patient contacts with eighteen services. An analysis of a 1-in-5 sample of nearly 500 000 patients contacts with 18 deputising services showed considerable variation in the way cells were handled. Telephonists, usually work on shifts including at least one operator who was a trained nurse handled, without sending a deputy, between 3% of new calls at one service and 19% at another. In one service, 19% of visits were made by deputies who were general practitioners; in another, 78%. At least 42% of patients visited by one service were apparently seen within one hour; 74% by another service. The proportions referred to hospital varied from 9% to 16%. The use of deputising services continues to grow; there is as yet no substantiated evidence of shortcomings in the care they provide. The possibility of reviewing the activity of the services, with the use of such indices as those described, might enable present limitations on their use to be lifted.", "PMID": 843806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5831", "title": "Presentation, management, complications, and outcome of acute renal failure in childhood: five years' experience.", "content": "During 1971-5, 72 episodes of acute renal failure were treated in 70 children aged up to 16 years. The commonest causes were renal hypoperfusion (31 cases), haemolytic-uraemic syndrome (12), glomerulonephritis (9), septicaemia (5), and congenital abnormalities (6). Though referral from other hospitals was generally prompt, 10 out of 51 patients had been observed for up to seven days before transfer. Dailysis was used in 44 cases, the most common complications of which were peritonitis in those treated with peritoneal dialysis and acute changes in fluid balance in those treated with haemodialysis. Altogether 37 patients fully recovered, 10 were discharged with chronically impaired renal function, 17 died, and six entered the dialysis and transplantation programme. The mortality fell from 33% in 1972 to 20% in later years, which was due solely to maintenance dialysis being available. Though all patients with irrevocable kidney failure who were suitable entered the dialysis and transplantation programme, with current financial restrictions we doubt whether we shall be able to find places for all such patients in the future.", "contents": "Presentation, management, complications, and outcome of acute renal failure in childhood: five years' experience. During 1971-5, 72 episodes of acute renal failure were treated in 70 children aged up to 16 years. The commonest causes were renal hypoperfusion (31 cases), haemolytic-uraemic syndrome (12), glomerulonephritis (9), septicaemia (5), and congenital abnormalities (6). Though referral from other hospitals was generally prompt, 10 out of 51 patients had been observed for up to seven days before transfer. Dailysis was used in 44 cases, the most common complications of which were peritonitis in those treated with peritoneal dialysis and acute changes in fluid balance in those treated with haemodialysis. Altogether 37 patients fully recovered, 10 were discharged with chronically impaired renal function, 17 died, and six entered the dialysis and transplantation programme. The mortality fell from 33% in 1972 to 20% in later years, which was due solely to maintenance dialysis being available. Though all patients with irrevocable kidney failure who were suitable entered the dialysis and transplantation programme, with current financial restrictions we doubt whether we shall be able to find places for all such patients in the future.", "PMID": 843829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5832", "title": "Frequency of HLA antigen in asbestos workers with and without pulmonary fibrosis.", "content": "HLA antigens were determined in 37 patients with asbestosis and 37 matched controls with equivalent asbestos exposure but no pulmonary fibrosis. All had worked in the same textile factory. No significant differences in the prevalence of antigens were found between the two groups or between either group and controls who had not been exposed to asbestos. When the data were combined with findings from other pilot studies the previously suggested association between asbestosis and HLA-B27 was not confirmed. Subjects who were positive for HLA-B12 tended also to have advanced radiographic fibrosis. Asbestos workers without pulmonary fibrosis had an unexpectedly high frequency of HLA-BW5, which might indicate that this antigen protects against the development of pulmonary fibrosis.", "contents": "Frequency of HLA antigen in asbestos workers with and without pulmonary fibrosis. HLA antigens were determined in 37 patients with asbestosis and 37 matched controls with equivalent asbestos exposure but no pulmonary fibrosis. All had worked in the same textile factory. No significant differences in the prevalence of antigens were found between the two groups or between either group and controls who had not been exposed to asbestos. When the data were combined with findings from other pilot studies the previously suggested association between asbestosis and HLA-B27 was not confirmed. Subjects who were positive for HLA-B12 tended also to have advanced radiographic fibrosis. Asbestos workers without pulmonary fibrosis had an unexpectedly high frequency of HLA-BW5, which might indicate that this antigen protects against the development of pulmonary fibrosis.", "PMID": 843830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5833", "title": "Quinine-induced agranulocytosis: toxic effect of quinine bisulphate on bone marrow cultures in vitro.", "content": "In a case of quinine-induced agranulocytosis marrow culture studies confirmed the inhibitory effect on the patient's cells of equivalent therapeutic plasma concentrations of quinine. Similar concentrations had no effect on normal marrow cells. Quinidine, the stereoisomer of quinine, had no effect on either cells from the patient or normal cells. The results encourage the use of in-vitro bone marrow cultures for identifying drugs responsible for agranulocytosis.", "contents": "Quinine-induced agranulocytosis: toxic effect of quinine bisulphate on bone marrow cultures in vitro. In a case of quinine-induced agranulocytosis marrow culture studies confirmed the inhibitory effect on the patient's cells of equivalent therapeutic plasma concentrations of quinine. Similar concentrations had no effect on normal marrow cells. Quinidine, the stereoisomer of quinine, had no effect on either cells from the patient or normal cells. The results encourage the use of in-vitro bone marrow cultures for identifying drugs responsible for agranulocytosis.", "PMID": 843831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5834", "title": "Antiribonucleoprotein antibodies in connective tissue diseases: estimation by counterimmunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "One hundred and seventy-two patients with various connective tissue diseases were investigated for the presence of serum antibodies to extractable nuclear antigen (ENA) and its major components, ribonucleo-protein (RNP) and Sm antigen. The counter-immunoelectrophoresis assay allowed independent detection and measurement of antibodies to the different components. All 13 patients with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) had anti-RNP antibody in high titres, 16% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) had low titres, and none of the patients with scleroderma had anti-RNP antibody. MCTD seems to be more benign than either SLE or scleroderma. The counterimmunoelectrophoresis assay is a simple and sensitive technique for confirming the diagnosis.", "contents": "Antiribonucleoprotein antibodies in connective tissue diseases: estimation by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. One hundred and seventy-two patients with various connective tissue diseases were investigated for the presence of serum antibodies to extractable nuclear antigen (ENA) and its major components, ribonucleo-protein (RNP) and Sm antigen. The counter-immunoelectrophoresis assay allowed independent detection and measurement of antibodies to the different components. All 13 patients with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) had anti-RNP antibody in high titres, 16% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) had low titres, and none of the patients with scleroderma had anti-RNP antibody. MCTD seems to be more benign than either SLE or scleroderma. The counterimmunoelectrophoresis assay is a simple and sensitive technique for confirming the diagnosis.", "PMID": 843832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5835", "title": "Survey of gastroenteritis in children admitted to hospital in Newcastle upon Tyne in 1971-5.", "content": "In a survey of 674 children admitted to the main gastroenteritis unit in Newcastle upon Tyne from 1971 to 1975 there was a noticeable reduction in the incidence of severe dehydration and hypernatraemia, though there was no appreciable change in many characteristics of the patients. This period coincided locally (and nationally) with a determined effort on the part of health visitors and doctors to encourage mothers to breast-feed and to advise them to avoid giving concentrated milk feeds and ensure an adequate water intake during febrile illnesses. This may have contributed towards a reduction in the severity of the illness in children with gastroenteritis admitted to hospital. The overall mortality and the incidence of neurological complications in cases of hypernatraemia are low compared with previous reports.", "contents": "Survey of gastroenteritis in children admitted to hospital in Newcastle upon Tyne in 1971-5. In a survey of 674 children admitted to the main gastroenteritis unit in Newcastle upon Tyne from 1971 to 1975 there was a noticeable reduction in the incidence of severe dehydration and hypernatraemia, though there was no appreciable change in many characteristics of the patients. This period coincided locally (and nationally) with a determined effort on the part of health visitors and doctors to encourage mothers to breast-feed and to advise them to avoid giving concentrated milk feeds and ensure an adequate water intake during febrile illnesses. This may have contributed towards a reduction in the severity of the illness in children with gastroenteritis admitted to hospital. The overall mortality and the incidence of neurological complications in cases of hypernatraemia are low compared with previous reports.", "PMID": 843840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5836", "title": "Psychiatric training: the consultants' view.", "content": "All consultants in general psychiatry appointed between 1 October 1972 and 30 September 1975 were sent a questionnaire asking about their training experience in various aspects of psychiatric practice. The results showed that the standards of training in 13 areas of psychiatry were generally poor, although psychiatrists who had trained at the Maudsley Hospital had generally had better training than those who had worked in psychiatric hospitals. Perhaps the most alarming feature was the general lack of improvement over the past nine years. It will be several years before the effects of the visist of approval made by the Royal College of Psychiatrists can be seen and assessed. Meanwhile, the demands for a fairer share of experience for all trainees can perhaps be met by introducing rotational programmes that include both teaching and psychiatric hospitals.", "contents": "Psychiatric training: the consultants' view. All consultants in general psychiatry appointed between 1 October 1972 and 30 September 1975 were sent a questionnaire asking about their training experience in various aspects of psychiatric practice. The results showed that the standards of training in 13 areas of psychiatry were generally poor, although psychiatrists who had trained at the Maudsley Hospital had generally had better training than those who had worked in psychiatric hospitals. Perhaps the most alarming feature was the general lack of improvement over the past nine years. It will be several years before the effects of the visist of approval made by the Royal College of Psychiatrists can be seen and assessed. Meanwhile, the demands for a fairer share of experience for all trainees can perhaps be met by introducing rotational programmes that include both teaching and psychiatric hospitals.", "PMID": 843841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5837", "title": "Survey of safety and health care in British medical laboratories.", "content": "A retrospective postal survey of 24 000 medical laboratory workers in England, Wales, and Scotland showed highly variable standards of safety and health care. Pre-employment health screening was offered to two-thirds of employees, the physicians being the least likely to be examined (15%). Scottish laboratories provided better safety control than English and Welsh laboratories, while Public Health Service Laboratories had a better record than National Health Service establishments. Mouth pipetting is still practised in 65% of English and Welsh laboratories, and the use of protective clothing is rarely compulsory. The servicing of safety cabinets is often inadequate. Known and suspected carcinogens are still apparently used in a few laboratories (2-10%). In view of the wide variation in standards among laboratories, urgent consideration should be given to establishing regulations for codes of safe practice rather than relying merely on recommendations as at present.", "contents": "Survey of safety and health care in British medical laboratories. A retrospective postal survey of 24 000 medical laboratory workers in England, Wales, and Scotland showed highly variable standards of safety and health care. Pre-employment health screening was offered to two-thirds of employees, the physicians being the least likely to be examined (15%). Scottish laboratories provided better safety control than English and Welsh laboratories, while Public Health Service Laboratories had a better record than National Health Service establishments. Mouth pipetting is still practised in 65% of English and Welsh laboratories, and the use of protective clothing is rarely compulsory. The servicing of safety cabinets is often inadequate. Known and suspected carcinogens are still apparently used in a few laboratories (2-10%). In view of the wide variation in standards among laboratories, urgent consideration should be given to establishing regulations for codes of safe practice rather than relying merely on recommendations as at present.", "PMID": 843842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5838", "title": "Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infestation, salmonellosis, brucellosis, tuberculosis, and hepatitis B among immigrant children in Glasgow.", "content": "Two hundred Asian and 100 each of African, Chinese, and Scottish children were screened for intestinal parasitic infestations, salmonellosis, brucellosis, hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg), and tuberculosis. There was a fairly high incidence of Giardia lamblia among Asian and Scottish children and of Trichuris trichiura among the Chinese. Hookworm ova were seen only in Africa children. There were no chronic carriers of Salmonella or Brucella, and no one was suffering from salmonellosis or brucellosis. Tuberculin sensitivity was found in only 4% of immigrant and 1% of Scottish children: the difference was small and neither figure suggests a continuing high incidence of tuberculosis in Glasgow. Only seven immigrant children were found to be HBsAg carriers. Among the families of these carriers there was a high incidence (84%) of HBsAg or antibody (HBsAb). The survey shows that immigrant children in Glasgow do not constitute a health hazard to the indigenous population. Moreover, severe overcrowding is not a prominent feature among the immigrant families in Glasgow but is greatest among the local Scots.", "contents": "Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infestation, salmonellosis, brucellosis, tuberculosis, and hepatitis B among immigrant children in Glasgow. Two hundred Asian and 100 each of African, Chinese, and Scottish children were screened for intestinal parasitic infestations, salmonellosis, brucellosis, hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg), and tuberculosis. There was a fairly high incidence of Giardia lamblia among Asian and Scottish children and of Trichuris trichiura among the Chinese. Hookworm ova were seen only in Africa children. There were no chronic carriers of Salmonella or Brucella, and no one was suffering from salmonellosis or brucellosis. Tuberculin sensitivity was found in only 4% of immigrant and 1% of Scottish children: the difference was small and neither figure suggests a continuing high incidence of tuberculosis in Glasgow. Only seven immigrant children were found to be HBsAg carriers. Among the families of these carriers there was a high incidence (84%) of HBsAg or antibody (HBsAb). The survey shows that immigrant children in Glasgow do not constitute a health hazard to the indigenous population. Moreover, severe overcrowding is not a prominent feature among the immigrant families in Glasgow but is greatest among the local Scots.", "PMID": 843867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5839", "title": "Somatomedin in growth disorders and chronic renal insufficiency in children.", "content": "Somatomedin activity was measured using an embryonic chick cartilage assay in 33 normal and short normal children, 23 children with pituitary growth hormone (GH) deficiency, 14 children with sexual precocity, and 13 children with chronic renal insufficiency. In normal children somatomedin activity correlated well with chronological age: low valles in early childhood rose to higher than adult levels at puberty. Children with GH deficiency had significantly lower activities and those with sexual precocity significantly higher activities than normal children. In all three groups somatomedin activity correlated well with bone age. In children with chornic renal insufficiency there was a significant correlation between decreasing somatomedin activity and  both a reduced growth velocity and a falling glomerular filtration rate. Somatomedin activity and growth velocity were within normal limits in children with glomerular filtration rates above 30 ml/min/1-73 m2.", "contents": "Somatomedin in growth disorders and chronic renal insufficiency in children. Somatomedin activity was measured using an embryonic chick cartilage assay in 33 normal and short normal children, 23 children with pituitary growth hormone (GH) deficiency, 14 children with sexual precocity, and 13 children with chronic renal insufficiency. In normal children somatomedin activity correlated well with chronological age: low valles in early childhood rose to higher than adult levels at puberty. Children with GH deficiency had significantly lower activities and those with sexual precocity significantly higher activities than normal children. In all three groups somatomedin activity correlated well with bone age. In children with chornic renal insufficiency there was a significant correlation between decreasing somatomedin activity and  both a reduced growth velocity and a falling glomerular filtration rate. Somatomedin activity and growth velocity were within normal limits in children with glomerular filtration rates above 30 ml/min/1-73 m2.", "PMID": 843868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5840", "title": "Newer fashions in illegitimacy.", "content": "In 1968 Illsley and Gill examined the rise in illegitimacy in the decade 1955-65 and showed that this rise, unlike rises in the first and second world wars, had not been accompanied by a fall in prenuptial conceptions but by a rise. Statistics from 1970 to 1975 have been examined and a third parameter, legal abortion, added. After a period characterised by an apparent rise in the total of extramarital conceptions there has since 1972 been a decline; and in the age group 20-24 this fall dates from 1971. Improved contraceptive practice is probably the reason.", "contents": "Newer fashions in illegitimacy. In 1968 Illsley and Gill examined the rise in illegitimacy in the decade 1955-65 and showed that this rise, unlike rises in the first and second world wars, had not been accompanied by a fall in prenuptial conceptions but by a rise. Statistics from 1970 to 1975 have been examined and a third parameter, legal abortion, added. After a period characterised by an apparent rise in the total of extramarital conceptions there has since 1972 been a decline; and in the age group 20-24 this fall dates from 1971. Improved contraceptive practice is probably the reason.", "PMID": 843879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5841", "title": "Extensive condyloma lata.", "content": "A rare case of extensive lesions of secondary syphilis of varied morphology is presented. The predominant lesions were of conyloma lata, which were present on neck, axillae, inguinal folds, and inner thighs.", "contents": "Extensive condyloma lata. A rare case of extensive lesions of secondary syphilis of varied morphology is presented. The predominant lesions were of conyloma lata, which were present on neck, axillae, inguinal folds, and inner thighs.", "PMID": 843895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5842", "title": "Pneumonia in mice produced by Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "Gonococci of colony type 1 were introduced by intranasal inoculation into the lungs of mice in an attempt to produce infection. The organisms were eliminated from the three strains of mice used within 24 hours of challenge. Cyclophosphamide treatment of mice failed to render them susceptible although the organisms disappeared more slowly. The lungs of immunologically normal animals that had received either viable or heat-killed gonococci were acutely inflamed with infiltration of bronchioles and alveoli by polymorphonuclear and mononuclear leucocytes. Most of the changes had resolved after about four days. In cyclophosphamide-treated mice pulmonary infiltration by polymorphonuclear leucocytes was not evident, suggesting that these cells were not primarily responsible for the clearance of the gonococci. Despite the failure to produce a sustained infection, this model may be valuable for studying the local inflammatory effect of gonococcal endotoxin.", "contents": "Pneumonia in mice produced by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Gonococci of colony type 1 were introduced by intranasal inoculation into the lungs of mice in an attempt to produce infection. The organisms were eliminated from the three strains of mice used within 24 hours of challenge. Cyclophosphamide treatment of mice failed to render them susceptible although the organisms disappeared more slowly. The lungs of immunologically normal animals that had received either viable or heat-killed gonococci were acutely inflamed with infiltration of bronchioles and alveoli by polymorphonuclear and mononuclear leucocytes. Most of the changes had resolved after about four days. In cyclophosphamide-treated mice pulmonary infiltration by polymorphonuclear leucocytes was not evident, suggesting that these cells were not primarily responsible for the clearance of the gonococci. Despite the failure to produce a sustained infection, this model may be valuable for studying the local inflammatory effect of gonococcal endotoxin.", "PMID": 843896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5843", "title": "Cryosurgery of genital warts in cases in which podophyllin treatment failed or was contraindicated.", "content": "A total of 56 cases with warts in which podophyllin treatment was either contraindicated or a failure, were treated with nitrous oxide using a Keymed 500 cryosurgical appliance. Forty-three patients who completed treatment were followed-up for three months. Thirty-seven of these had received applications of podophyllin twice weekly for an average period of three months before cryosurgery. The remaining cases in whom podophyllin was considered to be contraindicated included five with vulval warts (two were pregnant, two were bronchial asthmatics taking oral prednisolone, and one was taking oral clomiphene citrate), and a diabetic patients with penile warts. Thirty-two were cured and 11 relapsed. The latter were re-treated at the end of the follow-up period with two freezing cycles of 45 seconds at an interval of 30 minutes. Seven were cured and the remaining four men who failed to respond belonged to the podophyllin-resistant group and included three with metal warts and one homosexual with anogenital warts. Cryosurgery gave a cumulative success rate of 91%. A single freezing cycle was free from complications but a double freezing cycle was often followed by severe local reaction.", "contents": "Cryosurgery of genital warts in cases in which podophyllin treatment failed or was contraindicated. A total of 56 cases with warts in which podophyllin treatment was either contraindicated or a failure, were treated with nitrous oxide using a Keymed 500 cryosurgical appliance. Forty-three patients who completed treatment were followed-up for three months. Thirty-seven of these had received applications of podophyllin twice weekly for an average period of three months before cryosurgery. The remaining cases in whom podophyllin was considered to be contraindicated included five with vulval warts (two were pregnant, two were bronchial asthmatics taking oral prednisolone, and one was taking oral clomiphene citrate), and a diabetic patients with penile warts. Thirty-two were cured and 11 relapsed. The latter were re-treated at the end of the follow-up period with two freezing cycles of 45 seconds at an interval of 30 minutes. Seven were cured and the remaining four men who failed to respond belonged to the podophyllin-resistant group and included three with metal warts and one homosexual with anogenital warts. Cryosurgery gave a cumulative success rate of 91%. A single freezing cycle was free from complications but a double freezing cycle was often followed by severe local reaction.", "PMID": 843897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5844", "title": "Giardia lamblia infection in homosexual men.", "content": "Epidemic Giardia lamblia infection has usually been associated with contaminated water. In this paper, five proved and one presumed case of G. lamblia infection among homosexual men are reported. The sequential onset of their clinical illnesses and their sexual interrelationships suggest that this outbreak could have been caused by the direct faecal-oral transmission of G. lamblia. Other parasitic diseases with possible venereal transmission have been described, and parasitic diseases should be considered in homosexual men with diarrhoea or other gastrointestinal symptomatology.", "contents": "Giardia lamblia infection in homosexual men. Epidemic Giardia lamblia infection has usually been associated with contaminated water. In this paper, five proved and one presumed case of G. lamblia infection among homosexual men are reported. The sequential onset of their clinical illnesses and their sexual interrelationships suggest that this outbreak could have been caused by the direct faecal-oral transmission of G. lamblia. Other parasitic diseases with possible venereal transmission have been described, and parasitic diseases should be considered in homosexual men with diarrhoea or other gastrointestinal symptomatology.", "PMID": 843898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5845", "title": "Giant keratocanthoma on the inner surface of the prepuce.", "content": "Gian keratoacanthoma on the inner surface of the prepuce was observed in a 45-year-old man. First symptoms had appeared three months earlier. The tumour was surgically removed. The main histological features of the tumour were enormous, but relatively regular, acanthosis of rete pegs revealing no similarity to the squamous-cell carcinoma, and an exclusively parakeratottic eleidine-containing central plug. The name parakeratoacanthoma is suggested for this type of tumour.", "contents": "Giant keratocanthoma on the inner surface of the prepuce. Gian keratoacanthoma on the inner surface of the prepuce was observed in a 45-year-old man. First symptoms had appeared three months earlier. The tumour was surgically removed. The main histological features of the tumour were enormous, but relatively regular, acanthosis of rete pegs revealing no similarity to the squamous-cell carcinoma, and an exclusively parakeratottic eleidine-containing central plug. The name parakeratoacanthoma is suggested for this type of tumour.", "PMID": 843899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5846", "title": "The ultrastructure of the developing medial preoptic nucleus in the postnatal rat.", "content": "The postnatal maturation of the medial preoptic area (MPOA) of male and female rats was studied by means of light and electron microscopy. In Golgi-Kopsch preparations, bi- and multipolar cells were present at birth in both sexes; the perikarya of most of these cells, as seen with the electron microscope, exhibited an immature appearance characterized by a sparse organelle content. During the next 5-10 days, an increase in cell size and cytoplasmic differentiation occurred in each sex. By 10 days, many of the MPOA neurons displayed an increased organelle density with the most prominent change being a proliferation of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Further neuronal development was also evidenced by a greater frequency of dendritic spines than seen at either birth or 5 days. Lastly, the number of synapses per unit area increased rapidly in each sex during the first two weeks of postnatal life. Thus, a period of increasing cytological maturation and synaptic organization closely paralleled previously demonstrated stages of functional differentiation of gonadotrophin regulatory mechanisms in the rat brain.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of the developing medial preoptic nucleus in the postnatal rat. The postnatal maturation of the medial preoptic area (MPOA) of male and female rats was studied by means of light and electron microscopy. In Golgi-Kopsch preparations, bi- and multipolar cells were present at birth in both sexes; the perikarya of most of these cells, as seen with the electron microscope, exhibited an immature appearance characterized by a sparse organelle content. During the next 5-10 days, an increase in cell size and cytoplasmic differentiation occurred in each sex. By 10 days, many of the MPOA neurons displayed an increased organelle density with the most prominent change being a proliferation of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Further neuronal development was also evidenced by a greater frequency of dendritic spines than seen at either birth or 5 days. Lastly, the number of synapses per unit area increased rapidly in each sex during the first two weeks of postnatal life. Thus, a period of increasing cytological maturation and synaptic organization closely paralleled previously demonstrated stages of functional differentiation of gonadotrophin regulatory mechanisms in the rat brain.", "PMID": 843900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5847", "title": "Longitudinal changes of brain amino acid content occurring before, during and after epileptic activity.", "content": "In cats affected with cortical epileptogenic foci induced by penicillin application to and cobalt implantation into the pericruciate area, the brain amino acids contents were determined in the focus as well as in extrafocal areas. In different groups of animals, brain removal for biochemical determinations was performed at different times before, during and after epilepsy and the values compared to controls. The only amino acid to show a significant change before appearance of spikes in both types of epilepsy was taurine, which decreased. Cobalt epilepsy was accompanied by changes in a larger number of amino acids than penicillin epilepsy: in the former the brain content of taurine, GABA, aspartate, glutamate, serine, threonine, glycine and alanine was altered. The changes were proportional to the severity of epilepsy and more prominent in the focus area. After disappearance of spikes the levels of most amino acids returned to normal except for some amino acids, previously unaffected by penicillin epilepsy, which were decreased. It is proposed that the decrease in brain taurine, occurring before the appearance of penicillin and cobalt epilepsy, could increase the excitability of a certain neuronal population and thus, by potentiating the effects on neurons of penicillin and cobalt, contribute to the initiation of epilepsy.", "contents": "Longitudinal changes of brain amino acid content occurring before, during and after epileptic activity. In cats affected with cortical epileptogenic foci induced by penicillin application to and cobalt implantation into the pericruciate area, the brain amino acids contents were determined in the focus as well as in extrafocal areas. In different groups of animals, brain removal for biochemical determinations was performed at different times before, during and after epilepsy and the values compared to controls. The only amino acid to show a significant change before appearance of spikes in both types of epilepsy was taurine, which decreased. Cobalt epilepsy was accompanied by changes in a larger number of amino acids than penicillin epilepsy: in the former the brain content of taurine, GABA, aspartate, glutamate, serine, threonine, glycine and alanine was altered. The changes were proportional to the severity of epilepsy and more prominent in the focus area. After disappearance of spikes the levels of most amino acids returned to normal except for some amino acids, previously unaffected by penicillin epilepsy, which were decreased. It is proposed that the decrease in brain taurine, occurring before the appearance of penicillin and cobalt epilepsy, could increase the excitability of a certain neuronal population and thus, by potentiating the effects on neurons of penicillin and cobalt, contribute to the initiation of epilepsy.", "PMID": 843901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5848", "title": "Morphology of the facial nucleus of the rat.", "content": "The facial nucleus of the rat can be divided into 5 morphological subdivisions. Using a method for the correlation of the observed subdivisions with antidromic field profiles, the orgins of the major muscle branches of the facial nerve in the motor nucleus were determined. The posterior auricular branch is in the medial, the cervical in the ventromedial, the inferior and superior buccolabiales in the lateral, the zygomatic in the dorsal and the temporal and digastric in the intermediate subdivision. The results are consistent with an organization of the motor nucleus reflecting a corresponding topographic organization of the facial musculature.", "contents": "Morphology of the facial nucleus of the rat. The facial nucleus of the rat can be divided into 5 morphological subdivisions. Using a method for the correlation of the observed subdivisions with antidromic field profiles, the orgins of the major muscle branches of the facial nerve in the motor nucleus were determined. The posterior auricular branch is in the medial, the cervical in the ventromedial, the inferior and superior buccolabiales in the lateral, the zygomatic in the dorsal and the temporal and digastric in the intermediate subdivision. The results are consistent with an organization of the motor nucleus reflecting a corresponding topographic organization of the facial musculature.", "PMID": 843907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5849", "title": "The kinetics of extracellular potassium changes during hypoxia and anoxia in the cat cerebral cortex.", "content": "Extracellular potassium activity, [K+]0, was continuously measured using potassium specific microelectrodes in the cerebral cortex of cats before and after hypoxic or anoxic insults. Two patterns of [K+]0 increase were seen. A slow, linear rise occurred during hypoxia and hypothermia and was correlated with changes in mean blood pressure (B/P). A fast, complex, exponential rise resembling spreading depression occurred during anoxia and was unassociated with B/P changes. The fall of [K+]0 after reversal of the insult was described by a single exponential function with rate constants from 0.009 to 0.0194 sec-1. It is suggested that the linear rise is primarily a result of sodium pump inhibition and that the exponential rise is due to a superimposed sudden increase in cell membrane permeability perhaps secondary to transmitter release. The kinetics of the fall of [K+[0 is consistent with the normalization of the sodium and potassium gradients across the cell membranes secondary to Na+-K+ATPase activity.", "contents": "The kinetics of extracellular potassium changes during hypoxia and anoxia in the cat cerebral cortex. Extracellular potassium activity, [K+]0, was continuously measured using potassium specific microelectrodes in the cerebral cortex of cats before and after hypoxic or anoxic insults. Two patterns of [K+]0 increase were seen. A slow, linear rise occurred during hypoxia and hypothermia and was correlated with changes in mean blood pressure (B/P). A fast, complex, exponential rise resembling spreading depression occurred during anoxia and was unassociated with B/P changes. The fall of [K+]0 after reversal of the insult was described by a single exponential function with rate constants from 0.009 to 0.0194 sec-1. It is suggested that the linear rise is primarily a result of sodium pump inhibition and that the exponential rise is due to a superimposed sudden increase in cell membrane permeability perhaps secondary to transmitter release. The kinetics of the fall of [K+[0 is consistent with the normalization of the sodium and potassium gradients across the cell membranes secondary to Na+-K+ATPase activity.", "PMID": 843909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5850", "title": "Daily variations of various parameters of serotonin metabolism in the rat brain. I. Circadian variations of tryptophan-5-hydroxylase in the raphe nuclei and the striatum.", "content": "Daily changes in tryptophan-5-hydroxylase (TrH) activity have been studied in six different 5-HT-containing cell groups (B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8,) in the brain stem of rats maintained in a regular cycle of 12 h of light and 12 h of darkness. Significant circadian alternations of TrH activity were observed in most of the raphe nuclei tested, although the changes were not identical from one structure to another. The striatum showed daily variations in TrH activity in opposite phase to the nucleus raphe dorsalis which projects specific terminals into this area. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was simultaneously estimated in these nuclei but did not exhibit and significant rhythm, suggesting a specific regulation of TrH. Total protein levels were also subject to daily changes.", "contents": "Daily variations of various parameters of serotonin metabolism in the rat brain. I. Circadian variations of tryptophan-5-hydroxylase in the raphe nuclei and the striatum. Daily changes in tryptophan-5-hydroxylase (TrH) activity have been studied in six different 5-HT-containing cell groups (B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8,) in the brain stem of rats maintained in a regular cycle of 12 h of light and 12 h of darkness. Significant circadian alternations of TrH activity were observed in most of the raphe nuclei tested, although the changes were not identical from one structure to another. The striatum showed daily variations in TrH activity in opposite phase to the nucleus raphe dorsalis which projects specific terminals into this area. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was simultaneously estimated in these nuclei but did not exhibit and significant rhythm, suggesting a specific regulation of TrH. Total protein levels were also subject to daily changes.", "PMID": 843910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5851", "title": "Effects of undernutrition on cell formation in the rat brain and specially on cellular composition of the cerebellum.", "content": "In 35-day-old rats which were undernourished by quantitative restriction of the mother's diet from the 6th day of gestation, the wet weight and the DNA content of the cerebellum were slightly more decreased than those of the cerebrum. Cell growth (estimated from the DNA concentration and form the ratios of RNA and protein to DNA) was significantly affected by food deprivation only in the cerebellum. In the cerebullar cortex, the number of Purkinje, Golgi and stellate cells were unchanged. The numbers of other cell tyes were affected to various extents: there were significantly less granules and basket cells per Purkinje cell, and a still more marked hypoplasia of glia involving the glial cells of the molecular layer, as well as the astrocytes of the internal granular layer and the Bergmann cells of the Purkinje cell layer. Finally, the total number of glial cells within the cortex was decreased by 44% against 13% for neurones. These effects of undernutrition on cell acquisition within the brain, and on the cellular composition of the cerebellum, contrast with those of thyroid deficiency.", "contents": "Effects of undernutrition on cell formation in the rat brain and specially on cellular composition of the cerebellum. In 35-day-old rats which were undernourished by quantitative restriction of the mother's diet from the 6th day of gestation, the wet weight and the DNA content of the cerebellum were slightly more decreased than those of the cerebrum. Cell growth (estimated from the DNA concentration and form the ratios of RNA and protein to DNA) was significantly affected by food deprivation only in the cerebellum. In the cerebullar cortex, the number of Purkinje, Golgi and stellate cells were unchanged. The numbers of other cell tyes were affected to various extents: there were significantly less granules and basket cells per Purkinje cell, and a still more marked hypoplasia of glia involving the glial cells of the molecular layer, as well as the astrocytes of the internal granular layer and the Bergmann cells of the Purkinje cell layer. Finally, the total number of glial cells within the cortex was decreased by 44% against 13% for neurones. These effects of undernutrition on cell acquisition within the brain, and on the cellular composition of the cerebellum, contrast with those of thyroid deficiency.", "PMID": 843911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5852", "title": "Daily variations of various parameters of serotonin metabolism in the rat brain. II. Circadian variations in serum and cerebral tryptophan levels: lack of correlation with 5-HT turnover.", "content": "Rats submitted to regular 12 h cycles of light and darkness for three weeks were sacrificed at various times of the day. 5-HT, 5-HIAA and tryptophan levels were estimated in the fronto-parietal cerebral cortex. Tyrosine and free and total tryptophan levels in serum were estimated in parallel. Significant circadian variations in 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels were found in cerebral tissues. The peaks of 5-HIAA levels were dectected during the lignt and dark periods respectively, the maximal fluctuations being seen between 17.00 h and 21.00 h, two times separating the light off. Important significant circadian variations in free and total serum tryptophan levels were also observed. In both cases, the maximal levels were found during the middle of the dark phase after the peak of 5-HIAA levels. The circadian rhythm of tyrosine levels in serum was in opposite phase with that of tryptophan (free or total). The diurnal changes in tryptophan content in cerebral tissues seemed thus related to those found in serum. Taking in consideration results obtained in previous studies 16,17 carried out in similar experimental conditions, it was concluded that the parallel increase in serum free tryptophan and in tissues 5-HIAA levels seen during the night were not related to a stimulation of 5-HT turnover. Indeed 5-HT synthesis is minimal at this time16.", "contents": "Daily variations of various parameters of serotonin metabolism in the rat brain. II. Circadian variations in serum and cerebral tryptophan levels: lack of correlation with 5-HT turnover. Rats submitted to regular 12 h cycles of light and darkness for three weeks were sacrificed at various times of the day. 5-HT, 5-HIAA and tryptophan levels were estimated in the fronto-parietal cerebral cortex. Tyrosine and free and total tryptophan levels in serum were estimated in parallel. Significant circadian variations in 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels were found in cerebral tissues. The peaks of 5-HIAA levels were dectected during the lignt and dark periods respectively, the maximal fluctuations being seen between 17.00 h and 21.00 h, two times separating the light off. Important significant circadian variations in free and total serum tryptophan levels were also observed. In both cases, the maximal levels were found during the middle of the dark phase after the peak of 5-HIAA levels. The circadian rhythm of tyrosine levels in serum was in opposite phase with that of tryptophan (free or total). The diurnal changes in tryptophan content in cerebral tissues seemed thus related to those found in serum. Taking in consideration results obtained in previous studies 16,17 carried out in similar experimental conditions, it was concluded that the parallel increase in serum free tryptophan and in tissues 5-HIAA levels seen during the night were not related to a stimulation of 5-HT turnover. Indeed 5-HT synthesis is minimal at this time16.", "PMID": 843912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5853", "title": "Proteolytic enzymes in ordinary, hyperacute, monocytic and passive transfer forms of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.", "content": "The changed patterns of proteolytic activity in brain and spinal cord of Lewis rats were examined in  4 different morphological variants of EAE: ordinary induced by the standard emulsion, hyperacute induced by an emulsion plus pertussis vaccine, passive induced by donor EAE cells, and monocytic induced by treatment of passive EAE with the immunosupressive drug tilorone. The  following enzymatic changes were found: firstly, in ordinary EAE there was a 2--3.5-fold increase in cathepsins A and C (E.C. 3.4.14.1) in spinal cord one day following the appearance of paralysis with a smaller change in hindbrain, and none in the forebrain regions. With recovery from paralysis, levels of cathepsin A remained high in upper cord, and cathepsin C levels fell to about half. In contrast, increase in cathepsin D(E.C. 3.4.23.5) was smaller and occurred only 4--5 days after paralysis with the largest change in spinal cord areas and with only a small decrease on recovery from paralysis. Secondly, in hyperacute EAE, the increase in all cases was smaller with the largest change in cathepsin A level in upper spinal cord. In passive EAE, the most significant increase occurred only in the lower spinal cord for cathepsins A and C, and fourthly, in monocytic EAE induced by tilorone, there was an exceptionally large, 3-fold increase in cathepsin C in lower cord as compared to a 1.5-2 fold increase for other cathepsins. No major differences were observed on comparison of antigens from different sources (guinea pig and bovin spinal cord myelin peptide). An attempt is made to relate enzymatic changes to the morphological features of each variant with special reference to the nature of the infiltrating cells.", "contents": "Proteolytic enzymes in ordinary, hyperacute, monocytic and passive transfer forms of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. The changed patterns of proteolytic activity in brain and spinal cord of Lewis rats were examined in  4 different morphological variants of EAE: ordinary induced by the standard emulsion, hyperacute induced by an emulsion plus pertussis vaccine, passive induced by donor EAE cells, and monocytic induced by treatment of passive EAE with the immunosupressive drug tilorone. The  following enzymatic changes were found: firstly, in ordinary EAE there was a 2--3.5-fold increase in cathepsins A and C (E.C. 3.4.14.1) in spinal cord one day following the appearance of paralysis with a smaller change in hindbrain, and none in the forebrain regions. With recovery from paralysis, levels of cathepsin A remained high in upper cord, and cathepsin C levels fell to about half. In contrast, increase in cathepsin D(E.C. 3.4.23.5) was smaller and occurred only 4--5 days after paralysis with the largest change in spinal cord areas and with only a small decrease on recovery from paralysis. Secondly, in hyperacute EAE, the increase in all cases was smaller with the largest change in cathepsin A level in upper spinal cord. In passive EAE, the most significant increase occurred only in the lower spinal cord for cathepsins A and C, and fourthly, in monocytic EAE induced by tilorone, there was an exceptionally large, 3-fold increase in cathepsin C in lower cord as compared to a 1.5-2 fold increase for other cathepsins. No major differences were observed on comparison of antigens from different sources (guinea pig and bovin spinal cord myelin peptide). An attempt is made to relate enzymatic changes to the morphological features of each variant with special reference to the nature of the infiltrating cells.", "PMID": 843913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5854", "title": "Early cortical histogenesis in the primary olfactory cortex of the mouse.", "content": "The primary olfactory cortex of mouse embryos varying in age from the 13th to the 15th day of gestation is investigated with the aid of several techniques: Nissl and Golgi preparations, autoradiography and electron microscopy. It is observed that the earliest cells to complete their migrations are diffusely scattered at all levels of the emerging cortical plate. The dendrites of these cells are predominantly tangentially aligned. Subsequently these early formed cells are subdivided into two groups. One group  remains superficial in close relation to the lateral olfactory tract while the second is displaced to the deepest level of the cortex. The dendrites of many cells which remain at superficial cortical levels become realigned in a radially upward direction. \"Maculae adherens diminutae\" are abundant at points of apposition of membranes of cells of all classes at superficial cortical levels. It is suggested that these serve to stabilize cell position and that the upward dendritic realignment is an expression of radially directed stresses. Synapses appear relatively late and probably play no role as determinants of cell position.", "contents": "Early cortical histogenesis in the primary olfactory cortex of the mouse. The primary olfactory cortex of mouse embryos varying in age from the 13th to the 15th day of gestation is investigated with the aid of several techniques: Nissl and Golgi preparations, autoradiography and electron microscopy. It is observed that the earliest cells to complete their migrations are diffusely scattered at all levels of the emerging cortical plate. The dendrites of these cells are predominantly tangentially aligned. Subsequently these early formed cells are subdivided into two groups. One group  remains superficial in close relation to the lateral olfactory tract while the second is displaced to the deepest level of the cortex. The dendrites of many cells which remain at superficial cortical levels become realigned in a radially upward direction. \"Maculae adherens diminutae\" are abundant at points of apposition of membranes of cells of all classes at superficial cortical levels. It is suggested that these serve to stabilize cell position and that the upward dendritic realignment is an expression of radially directed stresses. Synapses appear relatively late and probably play no role as determinants of cell position.", "PMID": 843920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5855", "title": "Locomotor recovery after unilateral hindlimb deafferentation in cats.", "content": "After hindlimb deafferentation, recovery of locomotor patterns may be distinguished from recovery of accurate movements. Cats were timed while crossing wide runways requiring that locomotion be present, and narrow runways which require that it also be accurate. Locomotion recovers soon after deafferentation and becomes almost normal in speed, although accuracy is still absent. This accuracy returns 10 days postoperatively. Ventral root afferents with cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia are unnecessary for recovery. Postural reflexes (and other non-topographic feedback) are used as cues for limb guidance after removal of that limb's topographic feedback. Anatomical experiments show that a thoracic root sprouts during the recovery period. This sprouting may increase the potency of postural reflexes. Although lower thoracic roots contribute to recovery, they are not essential. Ipsilateral descending system are essential, and represent the final common path for all recovery after deaffernting a hindlimb. Contralateral descending and afferent systems alone cannot mediate overground locomotion. Thus there is a difference between the systems which mediate overground locomotion and those used by animals in treadmill locomotion or with L-DOPA or clonidine or brain stem stimulation. The proposed mechanism underlying recovery of accurate locomotion is behavioral substitution which may be faciliated by collateral sprouting of relevant systems.", "contents": "Locomotor recovery after unilateral hindlimb deafferentation in cats. After hindlimb deafferentation, recovery of locomotor patterns may be distinguished from recovery of accurate movements. Cats were timed while crossing wide runways requiring that locomotion be present, and narrow runways which require that it also be accurate. Locomotion recovers soon after deafferentation and becomes almost normal in speed, although accuracy is still absent. This accuracy returns 10 days postoperatively. Ventral root afferents with cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia are unnecessary for recovery. Postural reflexes (and other non-topographic feedback) are used as cues for limb guidance after removal of that limb's topographic feedback. Anatomical experiments show that a thoracic root sprouts during the recovery period. This sprouting may increase the potency of postural reflexes. Although lower thoracic roots contribute to recovery, they are not essential. Ipsilateral descending system are essential, and represent the final common path for all recovery after deaffernting a hindlimb. Contralateral descending and afferent systems alone cannot mediate overground locomotion. Thus there is a difference between the systems which mediate overground locomotion and those used by animals in treadmill locomotion or with L-DOPA or clonidine or brain stem stimulation. The proposed mechanism underlying recovery of accurate locomotion is behavioral substitution which may be faciliated by collateral sprouting of relevant systems.", "PMID": 843921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5856", "title": "Effects of spinal cord transections on lordosis reflex in female rats.", "content": "(1) Female rats with complete transections of spinal cord at low thoracic levels were not able to perform the lordosis reflex. (2) Females with bilateral transections of dorsal columns, dorsolateral columns or entire dorsal half of spinal cord performed lordosis in a normal way. (3) Bilateral transection of fibers in the ventromedial columns, added to transection of dorsal columns or entire dorsal half of the cord still allowed lordosis to be performed. (4) Large bilateral transections of the anterolateran columns caused severe loss in the strength and frequency of the lordosis reflex. Effective transections often included some ventromedial or dorsolateral column fibers, and were accompanied by abnormalities of locomotion. (5) We conclude that supraspinal control is required for the normal lordosis reflex, and that fibers necessary and sufficient for lordosis run in the anterolateral columns. These fibers are likely to be dispersed throughout the anterolateral columns, since large transections were required to eliminate lordosis, and also to be involved in (or interspersed with other fibers involved in) other aspects of motor control. Candidate ascending systems are the anterolateral fibers of Mehler. Candidate descending systems are the lateral vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts.", "contents": "Effects of spinal cord transections on lordosis reflex in female rats. (1) Female rats with complete transections of spinal cord at low thoracic levels were not able to perform the lordosis reflex. (2) Females with bilateral transections of dorsal columns, dorsolateral columns or entire dorsal half of spinal cord performed lordosis in a normal way. (3) Bilateral transection of fibers in the ventromedial columns, added to transection of dorsal columns or entire dorsal half of the cord still allowed lordosis to be performed. (4) Large bilateral transections of the anterolateran columns caused severe loss in the strength and frequency of the lordosis reflex. Effective transections often included some ventromedial or dorsolateral column fibers, and were accompanied by abnormalities of locomotion. (5) We conclude that supraspinal control is required for the normal lordosis reflex, and that fibers necessary and sufficient for lordosis run in the anterolateral columns. These fibers are likely to be dispersed throughout the anterolateral columns, since large transections were required to eliminate lordosis, and also to be involved in (or interspersed with other fibers involved in) other aspects of motor control. Candidate ascending systems are the anterolateral fibers of Mehler. Candidate descending systems are the lateral vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts.", "PMID": 843922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5857", "title": "The pontine projection to the cerebellar vermal visual area studied by means of the retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "Following injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in cerbellar vermal lobules VI, VIIA and B, VIIA and B in the cat, the distribution of labeled cells in the pontine nuclei was mapped in drawings of serial transverse and horizontal sections. The labeled pontine cells are distributed in 4 largely longitudinal columns, situated in the dorsolateral, peduncular, lateral and paramedian pontine nucleus (referred to as columns A, B, C and D, respectively). The majority of afferents to the vermal, visual areas come from colums A and B. To some extent cells projecting to the various sublobules have their preferential location within each column (Fig. 5). The majority of the fibers end in lobule VII. Available data from the literature show that only columns A, D and rostral part of B may be involved in the transmission of visual impulses to the vermal area, since these columns receive afferents from the superior colliculus, the lateral geniculate body and the visual cortex, respectively. The route via the superior colliculus-dorsolateral nucleus appears to be quantitatively the most important. As judged from data on fiber connections, impulses from various sources (inferior colliculus, cerebellar nuclei and \"non-visual\" parts of the cerebral cortex) are transmitted to certain parts of the 4 columns. The functional importance of this convergence and some general features in the organization of the pons are discussed.", "contents": "The pontine projection to the cerebellar vermal visual area studied by means of the retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. Following injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in cerbellar vermal lobules VI, VIIA and B, VIIA and B in the cat, the distribution of labeled cells in the pontine nuclei was mapped in drawings of serial transverse and horizontal sections. The labeled pontine cells are distributed in 4 largely longitudinal columns, situated in the dorsolateral, peduncular, lateral and paramedian pontine nucleus (referred to as columns A, B, C and D, respectively). The majority of afferents to the vermal, visual areas come from colums A and B. To some extent cells projecting to the various sublobules have their preferential location within each column (Fig. 5). The majority of the fibers end in lobule VII. Available data from the literature show that only columns A, D and rostral part of B may be involved in the transmission of visual impulses to the vermal area, since these columns receive afferents from the superior colliculus, the lateral geniculate body and the visual cortex, respectively. The route via the superior colliculus-dorsolateral nucleus appears to be quantitatively the most important. As judged from data on fiber connections, impulses from various sources (inferior colliculus, cerebellar nuclei and \"non-visual\" parts of the cerebral cortex) are transmitted to certain parts of the 4 columns. The functional importance of this convergence and some general features in the organization of the pons are discussed.", "PMID": 843923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5858", "title": "Vestibular and medullary brain stem afferents to the abducens nucleus in the cat.", "content": "Brain stem neurons that project to the abducens nucleus (nVI) were labeled by the technique of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Following iontophoresis of HRP into nVI a large number of labeled cells are found in the ipsilateral vestibular nuclear complex, extending from the rostral medial vestibular nucleus into the ventral lateral vestibular nucleus. A smaller number of HRP-positive cells are also found in the contralateral medial vestibular nucleus. In addition, labeled cells are localized to the contralateral dorsomedial gigantocellular tegmental field as well as the nucleus praepositus hypoglossi of both sides, evidence that these neuronal groups may also be involved in eye movement control.", "contents": "Vestibular and medullary brain stem afferents to the abducens nucleus in the cat. Brain stem neurons that project to the abducens nucleus (nVI) were labeled by the technique of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Following iontophoresis of HRP into nVI a large number of labeled cells are found in the ipsilateral vestibular nuclear complex, extending from the rostral medial vestibular nucleus into the ventral lateral vestibular nucleus. A smaller number of HRP-positive cells are also found in the contralateral medial vestibular nucleus. In addition, labeled cells are localized to the contralateral dorsomedial gigantocellular tegmental field as well as the nucleus praepositus hypoglossi of both sides, evidence that these neuronal groups may also be involved in eye movement control.", "PMID": 843924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5859", "title": "The role of the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus and posterior thalamus in intensity discrimination in rats.", "content": "The role of several subcortical structures in intensity discrimination was studies by examining the effects of localized lesions on intensity and orientation discrimination. In experiment 1 rats with lesions confined to the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNv) or posterior thalamus were specifically impaired on postoperative acquisition of the intensity discrimination compared with sham operated controls or rats with destruction of the superior colliculi. The lesions had no effect on the orientation discrimination unless the primary visual pathways were also damaged. The effects of LGNv damage on intensity discrimination were confirmed with much smaller lesions in experiment 2. In experiment 3 it was shown that postoperative retention of the intensity discrimination is also specifically impaired by destruction of LGNv. The results are related to the possiblility that information about intensity and pattern is coded in separate visual pathways.", "contents": "The role of the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus and posterior thalamus in intensity discrimination in rats. The role of several subcortical structures in intensity discrimination was studies by examining the effects of localized lesions on intensity and orientation discrimination. In experiment 1 rats with lesions confined to the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNv) or posterior thalamus were specifically impaired on postoperative acquisition of the intensity discrimination compared with sham operated controls or rats with destruction of the superior colliculi. The lesions had no effect on the orientation discrimination unless the primary visual pathways were also damaged. The effects of LGNv damage on intensity discrimination were confirmed with much smaller lesions in experiment 2. In experiment 3 it was shown that postoperative retention of the intensity discrimination is also specifically impaired by destruction of LGNv. The results are related to the possiblility that information about intensity and pattern is coded in separate visual pathways.", "PMID": 843925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5860", "title": "Post-tetanic spontaneous spike activity in rat sympathetic neurons exposed to low potassium ion concentration.", "content": "Preganglionic tetanic stimulation (30 sec at 50/sec) of rat superior cervical ganglia, performed in the presence of reduced external potassium concentration (0-1 mM), is followed by a long-lasting postganglionic afterdischarge which fails to appear if stimulation is repeated in normal (5.6 mM) postassium solution. Intracellular recordings revealed that tetanus is followed by 15-30 mV membrane hyperpolarization when the neuron is exposed to normal concentrations of potassium. Conversely, after the ganglion is soaked in low potassium, stimulation results in long-lasting depolarization of the nerve cell with the consequent appearance of spontaneous spikes. This effect is reversed on returing to normal external potassium. Spontaneous activity also occurs after antidromic activation of the cell. It is suggested that tetanus causes sodium loading of the neuron, which leads to stimulation of an electrogenic sodium pump. If potassium is available, the membrane will hyperpolarize, whereas  depolarization and pacemaker activity ensues if external potassium is removed. The electrogenic sodium pump thus endows. the rat sympathetic neuron with a mechanism which enables it excitability to be controlled.", "contents": "Post-tetanic spontaneous spike activity in rat sympathetic neurons exposed to low potassium ion concentration. Preganglionic tetanic stimulation (30 sec at 50/sec) of rat superior cervical ganglia, performed in the presence of reduced external potassium concentration (0-1 mM), is followed by a long-lasting postganglionic afterdischarge which fails to appear if stimulation is repeated in normal (5.6 mM) postassium solution. Intracellular recordings revealed that tetanus is followed by 15-30 mV membrane hyperpolarization when the neuron is exposed to normal concentrations of potassium. Conversely, after the ganglion is soaked in low potassium, stimulation results in long-lasting depolarization of the nerve cell with the consequent appearance of spontaneous spikes. This effect is reversed on returing to normal external potassium. Spontaneous activity also occurs after antidromic activation of the cell. It is suggested that tetanus causes sodium loading of the neuron, which leads to stimulation of an electrogenic sodium pump. If potassium is available, the membrane will hyperpolarize, whereas  depolarization and pacemaker activity ensues if external potassium is removed. The electrogenic sodium pump thus endows. the rat sympathetic neuron with a mechanism which enables it excitability to be controlled.", "PMID": 843926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5861", "title": "The effect of cholinergic drugs on [3H]acetylcholine release from slices of rat hippocampus, striatum and cortex.", "content": "Slices from rat hippocampus, striatum or cortex were incubated with l mum [3H] choline and following 75 min superfusion with Krebs solution the efflux of radioactivity was measured. The slices were stimulated either electrically (1 Hz) or with 25 mM potassium and the rate constant of the evoked release and the size of the releasable pool were estimated. The spontaneous efflux of radioactivity and the releasable pool but not the rate of evoked release correlated with the reported endogenous ACh content of the 3 areas. Raised potassium released radioactivity at a lower rate but from a larger pool than electrical stimulation from all 3 areas. In all 3 areas atropine alone potentiated while physostigmine, oxotremorine and carbamylcholine decreased the rate of evoked release. This depression was fully antagonized by atropine. The drugs had no effect on the size of the releasable pool. Findings suggest that muscarinic receptors located on cholinergic axons or terminals have a physiological role in the autoregulation of ACh release from these 3 areas.", "contents": "The effect of cholinergic drugs on [3H]acetylcholine release from slices of rat hippocampus, striatum and cortex. Slices from rat hippocampus, striatum or cortex were incubated with l mum [3H] choline and following 75 min superfusion with Krebs solution the efflux of radioactivity was measured. The slices were stimulated either electrically (1 Hz) or with 25 mM potassium and the rate constant of the evoked release and the size of the releasable pool were estimated. The spontaneous efflux of radioactivity and the releasable pool but not the rate of evoked release correlated with the reported endogenous ACh content of the 3 areas. Raised potassium released radioactivity at a lower rate but from a larger pool than electrical stimulation from all 3 areas. In all 3 areas atropine alone potentiated while physostigmine, oxotremorine and carbamylcholine decreased the rate of evoked release. This depression was fully antagonized by atropine. The drugs had no effect on the size of the releasable pool. Findings suggest that muscarinic receptors located on cholinergic axons or terminals have a physiological role in the autoregulation of ACh release from these 3 areas.", "PMID": 843927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5862", "title": "Influence of p-chloroamphetamine on female sexual reflexes and brain monoamine levels.", "content": "The effect of p-chloroamphetamine(PCA) on female sexual reflexes was biphasic. Administration of PCA to receptive females initially terminated ongoing sexual behavior and this effect was correlated with the release of monoamines, particularly serotonin (5-HT). Sexual reflexes were abolished within 15 min of PCA injection. Other reflexes, including reciprocal forepaw treading, lateral head weaving, hindlimb abduction and Straub tail, were elicited by PCA. The long term infuence of PCA was the opposite. A facilitation of female sexual behavior occurred accompanied by a relatively specific depletion of 5-HT (10 mg/kg, 66% depletion; 20 mg/kg, 80% depletion) with both dopamine and norepinephrine depleted by less than 15%. This long term facilitation of female sexual reflexes was not blocked by dexamethazone suggesting that PCA was acting directly on the neural substrate for mating and did not produce it facilitation via adrenal progesterone. This biphasic infuence of PCA on mating reflexes, paralleling its effect on monoamine transmission, suggests serotonergic involvement in the integration of mating behavior.", "contents": "Influence of p-chloroamphetamine on female sexual reflexes and brain monoamine levels. The effect of p-chloroamphetamine(PCA) on female sexual reflexes was biphasic. Administration of PCA to receptive females initially terminated ongoing sexual behavior and this effect was correlated with the release of monoamines, particularly serotonin (5-HT). Sexual reflexes were abolished within 15 min of PCA injection. Other reflexes, including reciprocal forepaw treading, lateral head weaving, hindlimb abduction and Straub tail, were elicited by PCA. The long term infuence of PCA was the opposite. A facilitation of female sexual behavior occurred accompanied by a relatively specific depletion of 5-HT (10 mg/kg, 66% depletion; 20 mg/kg, 80% depletion) with both dopamine and norepinephrine depleted by less than 15%. This long term facilitation of female sexual reflexes was not blocked by dexamethazone suggesting that PCA was acting directly on the neural substrate for mating and did not produce it facilitation via adrenal progesterone. This biphasic infuence of PCA on mating reflexes, paralleling its effect on monoamine transmission, suggests serotonergic involvement in the integration of mating behavior.", "PMID": 843928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5863", "title": "Vesicular transport of horseradish peroxidase from brain to blood in segments of the cerebral microvasculature in adult mice.", "content": "The transfer of protein from the cerebral ventricles to the parenchymal bloodstream in mice was studied by electron microscopy. After perfusion with the protein tracer horseradish peroxidase (HRP; M.W. approx. 40,000) through the cerebral ventricles, the tracer penetrated the ependymal lining of the ventricles and was found in the extracellular space of the neuropil close to the ependyma. HRP was also seen in the vascular basement membrane and in endothelial vesicles opening at the abluminal endothelial surface, or situated within the endothelial cells in segments of the microvasculature (mostly small arterioles). In some of these segments HRP was also seen on the luminal surface of the endothelia and in surface-connected vesicles. The junctions connecting adjacent endothelial cells were never penetrated by HRP. It is concluded that vesicular transport of HRP across the endothelium of the cerebral microvasculature represents a possible mechanism for protein removal from brain extracellular space.", "contents": "Vesicular transport of horseradish peroxidase from brain to blood in segments of the cerebral microvasculature in adult mice. The transfer of protein from the cerebral ventricles to the parenchymal bloodstream in mice was studied by electron microscopy. After perfusion with the protein tracer horseradish peroxidase (HRP; M.W. approx. 40,000) through the cerebral ventricles, the tracer penetrated the ependymal lining of the ventricles and was found in the extracellular space of the neuropil close to the ependyma. HRP was also seen in the vascular basement membrane and in endothelial vesicles opening at the abluminal endothelial surface, or situated within the endothelial cells in segments of the microvasculature (mostly small arterioles). In some of these segments HRP was also seen on the luminal surface of the endothelia and in surface-connected vesicles. The junctions connecting adjacent endothelial cells were never penetrated by HRP. It is concluded that vesicular transport of HRP across the endothelium of the cerebral microvasculature represents a possible mechanism for protein removal from brain extracellular space.", "PMID": 843935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5864", "title": "Nerve growth factor action on membrane permeation to exogenous substrates in dorsal root ganglionic dissociates from the chick embryo.", "content": "An experimental system has been described, in previous studies, where the ability of chick embryo dorsal root ganglionic cells to incorporate radiouridine into RNA declines in the absence of nerve growth factor (NGF), and is promptly restored by delayed supply of the factor. Following these early and fully reversible events, further NGF deprivation causes progressive irreversible damage. The early decline in RNA labeling and its reversion by NGF are accompanied by similar changes in the accumulation of acid-soluble radioactivity from the exogenous radiouridine substrate. In the present study, it is shown that the NGF-dependent accumulation of \"soluble\" radiomaterials is independent from, and responsible for, the NGF-dependent alterations in RNA labeling. Both changes are measurable with labeled cytidine and guanosine, as well as uridine, and in all cases accumulation of acid-precipitable and acid-soluble radioactivities are strictly proportional to each other. The acid-soluble responses to NGF are not prevented by actinomycin D or cycloheximide treatments, demonstrating that they require neither ongoing syntheses of RNA or protein nor prior effects of NGF on them. Chromatography of acid-soluble radiopools showed that the NGF-dependent increase was not due to a distortion in the intracellular phosphorylation of uridine; but involved corresponding increases in all the radiouridine derivatives including UTP. The time patterns of the acid-soluble response were comparable to those of the RNA labeling response, and maximal NGF effects occurred within minutes of its presentation. Finally, 2-deoxyglucose and a-aminoisobutyric acid, but not leucine, showed NGF-dependent accumulation patterns similar to those of the 3 nucleosides. It is proposed that regulation of selected membrane permeation properties could be the primary process through which NGF exerts its trophic role.", "contents": "Nerve growth factor action on membrane permeation to exogenous substrates in dorsal root ganglionic dissociates from the chick embryo. An experimental system has been described, in previous studies, where the ability of chick embryo dorsal root ganglionic cells to incorporate radiouridine into RNA declines in the absence of nerve growth factor (NGF), and is promptly restored by delayed supply of the factor. Following these early and fully reversible events, further NGF deprivation causes progressive irreversible damage. The early decline in RNA labeling and its reversion by NGF are accompanied by similar changes in the accumulation of acid-soluble radioactivity from the exogenous radiouridine substrate. In the present study, it is shown that the NGF-dependent accumulation of \"soluble\" radiomaterials is independent from, and responsible for, the NGF-dependent alterations in RNA labeling. Both changes are measurable with labeled cytidine and guanosine, as well as uridine, and in all cases accumulation of acid-precipitable and acid-soluble radioactivities are strictly proportional to each other. The acid-soluble responses to NGF are not prevented by actinomycin D or cycloheximide treatments, demonstrating that they require neither ongoing syntheses of RNA or protein nor prior effects of NGF on them. Chromatography of acid-soluble radiopools showed that the NGF-dependent increase was not due to a distortion in the intracellular phosphorylation of uridine; but involved corresponding increases in all the radiouridine derivatives including UTP. The time patterns of the acid-soluble response were comparable to those of the RNA labeling response, and maximal NGF effects occurred within minutes of its presentation. Finally, 2-deoxyglucose and a-aminoisobutyric acid, but not leucine, showed NGF-dependent accumulation patterns similar to those of the 3 nucleosides. It is proposed that regulation of selected membrane permeation properties could be the primary process through which NGF exerts its trophic role.", "PMID": 843936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5865", "title": "An ultrastructural study of cat petrosal ganglia: a search for autonomic ganglion cells.", "content": "It is not known whether cranial and spinal ganglia contain autonomic (motor) neurons in addition to sensory cells. Early light microscopic studies indicate the possibility of synaptic input to some nerve cells via perisomatic axon terminals and dendrites. It has also been suggested that visceromotor relay-type cells in the petrosal ganglion might be involved in the efferent control of the carotid body. The present ultrastructural analysis of 902 neurons in 17 levels from two cat petrosal ganglia provides no evidence for synapses on the cell somata or on their axonal extensions. Processes resembling dendrites were lacking although small surface projections typical of sensory cells were common. The petrosal ganglion thus appears to consist entirely of afferent unipolar neurons.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of cat petrosal ganglia: a search for autonomic ganglion cells. It is not known whether cranial and spinal ganglia contain autonomic (motor) neurons in addition to sensory cells. Early light microscopic studies indicate the possibility of synaptic input to some nerve cells via perisomatic axon terminals and dendrites. It has also been suggested that visceromotor relay-type cells in the petrosal ganglion might be involved in the efferent control of the carotid body. The present ultrastructural analysis of 902 neurons in 17 levels from two cat petrosal ganglia provides no evidence for synapses on the cell somata or on their axonal extensions. Processes resembling dendrites were lacking although small surface projections typical of sensory cells were common. The petrosal ganglion thus appears to consist entirely of afferent unipolar neurons.", "PMID": 843942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5866", "title": "The isolation of cerebral neurons with partial retention of processes.", "content": "A novel tissue disaggregation technique has been devised which permits the isolation of neurons with fairly extensive processes attached. Cortex is dissociated by aspiration through nozzles of decreasing size followed by agitation on a vortex mixer, rather than by the usual technique of forcing tissue through sieves. After each aspiration step, dissociated cells are separated from undisrupted tissue by coarse filtration and the latter is subjected to repeated treatment. This prevents unnecessary trauma to the free cells. After disruption is complete, small pieces of undisrupted tissue are removed from the cell suspension by floating on the foam created by degassing the suspension under vacuum. Cells are purified by conventional velocity-gradient centrifugation. This procedure has been applied successfully to fresh rat brain, with or without a preincubation with trypsin, frozen human brain and frozen bovine brain. The cell yields from rat brain were comparable to or better than, those obtained by other procedures (37 X 10(6) cells/g brain) while the purity was comparable. Cell yields from human brain were similar to those from rat brain but the purity was lower. The lowered particle purity of human and bovine cells can probably be attributed to the conditions of storage of the tissue and to trapping of free nuclei in the meshwork of dendritic processes. Values are given for the amount of protein, RNA and DNA per cell.", "contents": "The isolation of cerebral neurons with partial retention of processes. A novel tissue disaggregation technique has been devised which permits the isolation of neurons with fairly extensive processes attached. Cortex is dissociated by aspiration through nozzles of decreasing size followed by agitation on a vortex mixer, rather than by the usual technique of forcing tissue through sieves. After each aspiration step, dissociated cells are separated from undisrupted tissue by coarse filtration and the latter is subjected to repeated treatment. This prevents unnecessary trauma to the free cells. After disruption is complete, small pieces of undisrupted tissue are removed from the cell suspension by floating on the foam created by degassing the suspension under vacuum. Cells are purified by conventional velocity-gradient centrifugation. This procedure has been applied successfully to fresh rat brain, with or without a preincubation with trypsin, frozen human brain and frozen bovine brain. The cell yields from rat brain were comparable to or better than, those obtained by other procedures (37 X 10(6) cells/g brain) while the purity was comparable. Cell yields from human brain were similar to those from rat brain but the purity was lower. The lowered particle purity of human and bovine cells can probably be attributed to the conditions of storage of the tissue and to trapping of free nuclei in the meshwork of dendritic processes. Values are given for the amount of protein, RNA and DNA per cell.", "PMID": 843943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5867", "title": "Operant discriminative conditioning of vertical eye movements in the midpontine pretrigeminal cat.", "content": "In the acute midpontine pretrigeminal cat, either upward or downward eye movements above a certain preset amplitude were reinforced by electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamic (LHT) reward area, which did not induce a significant eye movement by itself. During the course of the reinforcement procedure, eye movements greatly increased. In a yoked control test where LHT stimulation was delivered to a cat, independently of its own eye movements, no significant enhancement of the eye movements was observed. However, when reinforcement was given contingently on each large eye movement, eye movement rate became much higher. When cats were trained for an operant discrimination between an S+ (light-off or light-on) and an S- (light-on or light-off), 5 cats acquired clearly differential responses to the S + and S-. They also learned a discrimination reversal. Furthermore, removal of the visual cue eliminated differential responses during the reinforcement and nonreinforcement periods. These data strongly suggest that, in its preparation, a real learning process in the form of a visual discrimination is maintained and an operant conditioning of eye movements with hypothalamic stimulation was achieved without feedback from the peripheral nerve or caudal central nervous system.", "contents": "Operant discriminative conditioning of vertical eye movements in the midpontine pretrigeminal cat. In the acute midpontine pretrigeminal cat, either upward or downward eye movements above a certain preset amplitude were reinforced by electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamic (LHT) reward area, which did not induce a significant eye movement by itself. During the course of the reinforcement procedure, eye movements greatly increased. In a yoked control test where LHT stimulation was delivered to a cat, independently of its own eye movements, no significant enhancement of the eye movements was observed. However, when reinforcement was given contingently on each large eye movement, eye movement rate became much higher. When cats were trained for an operant discrimination between an S+ (light-off or light-on) and an S- (light-on or light-off), 5 cats acquired clearly differential responses to the S + and S-. They also learned a discrimination reversal. Furthermore, removal of the visual cue eliminated differential responses during the reinforcement and nonreinforcement periods. These data strongly suggest that, in its preparation, a real learning process in the form of a visual discrimination is maintained and an operant conditioning of eye movements with hypothalamic stimulation was achieved without feedback from the peripheral nerve or caudal central nervous system.", "PMID": 843944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5868", "title": "A hippocampal interneuron observed in the inferior region.", "content": "In the process of an extensive Golgi analaysis of the inferior region of the rat hippocampus, a hitherto undescribed cell type was discovered. The cell has a round, elliptical, or fusiform cell body and an apical dendritic plume reminiscent of dentate granule cells. The axon is thick, with many collaterals and ramifies within, above and below the pyramidal layer. The proximal dendrites have stubby spines whereas the distal dendrites have long thin spines. All impregnated cells of this type were found in the inferior region (CA3 and CA4 of Lorente de N\u00f3) of the hippocampus and most were found in a circumscribed suprapyramidal region at the mouth of the hilus. The majority of impregnated cells of this type were found in the middle to temporal portion of the hippocampus. Nissl-stained sections confirmed the predominant occurrence of this cell type in the inferior region of the middle to temporal hippocampus. In these preparations, the cells have a large nucleus, several nucleoli and very scanty cytoplasm with Nissl substance essentially confined to the initial dendritic segements. The unique morphology of this cell type allows relatively easy identification using Nissl staining.", "contents": "A hippocampal interneuron observed in the inferior region. In the process of an extensive Golgi analaysis of the inferior region of the rat hippocampus, a hitherto undescribed cell type was discovered. The cell has a round, elliptical, or fusiform cell body and an apical dendritic plume reminiscent of dentate granule cells. The axon is thick, with many collaterals and ramifies within, above and below the pyramidal layer. The proximal dendrites have stubby spines whereas the distal dendrites have long thin spines. All impregnated cells of this type were found in the inferior region (CA3 and CA4 of Lorente de N\u00f3) of the hippocampus and most were found in a circumscribed suprapyramidal region at the mouth of the hilus. The majority of impregnated cells of this type were found in the middle to temporal portion of the hippocampus. Nissl-stained sections confirmed the predominant occurrence of this cell type in the inferior region of the middle to temporal hippocampus. In these preparations, the cells have a large nucleus, several nucleoli and very scanty cytoplasm with Nissl substance essentially confined to the initial dendritic segements. The unique morphology of this cell type allows relatively easy identification using Nissl staining.", "PMID": 843945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5869", "title": "Synthesis and transport of newly formed proteins in dendrites of rat hippocampal pyramid cells. An electron microscope autoradiographic study.", "content": "The synthesis and transport of newly synthesized proteins in dendrites of rat hippocampal pyramid cells were investigated. Labelled leucine was injected into the left lateral ventricle and the hippocampal region was processed for light and electron microscopic autoradiography. To differentiate between the silver grains originating from 'sedentary' or 'migratory' proteins, the radioactivity in dendritic areas free of ribosomes and rich in ribosomes was determined separately. Several conclusions were reached. (1) Protein synthesis in dendrites takes place mainly in the proximal parts although a slight synthetic activity can be observed along the whole dendritic tress as well. (2) Newly synthesized proteins are transported toward the distal dendritic region; the data obtained suggest that cisterns of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the microtubular system may be involved in this transport. (3) Two phases of dendritic transport may be distinguished; a fast phase with a rate of 100-200 mm/day and a slow phase with a rate of 2.8-10 mm/day. It also seems probable that the majority of the proteins newly synthesized in dendrites are transported by the slow phase.", "contents": "Synthesis and transport of newly formed proteins in dendrites of rat hippocampal pyramid cells. An electron microscope autoradiographic study. The synthesis and transport of newly synthesized proteins in dendrites of rat hippocampal pyramid cells were investigated. Labelled leucine was injected into the left lateral ventricle and the hippocampal region was processed for light and electron microscopic autoradiography. To differentiate between the silver grains originating from 'sedentary' or 'migratory' proteins, the radioactivity in dendritic areas free of ribosomes and rich in ribosomes was determined separately. Several conclusions were reached. (1) Protein synthesis in dendrites takes place mainly in the proximal parts although a slight synthetic activity can be observed along the whole dendritic tress as well. (2) Newly synthesized proteins are transported toward the distal dendritic region; the data obtained suggest that cisterns of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the microtubular system may be involved in this transport. (3) Two phases of dendritic transport may be distinguished; a fast phase with a rate of 100-200 mm/day and a slow phase with a rate of 2.8-10 mm/day. It also seems probable that the majority of the proteins newly synthesized in dendrites are transported by the slow phase.", "PMID": 843946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5870", "title": "Maintained activity of single neurons in the cat visual cortex at different levels of retinal adaptation.", "content": "The influence of ambient illumination on the maintained electrical activity of single neurons of the cat visual cortex was studied by using the closed chamber technique for extracellular recordings. Several levels of light background within the scotopic-mesopic range were explored. Phasic and tonic changes in firing rate were observed following a background change. The former were irregular and unpredictable variations lasting up to 15-20 min. The latter, which usually followed the phasic changes, showed the constant characteristic of being in direct relation to luminance variations for neurons isolated in the striate area and in inverse relation for units recorded from the two non-striate areas of the visual cortex; in all cases, they lasted until a new luminous level was set. Changes in firing rate were not dependent upon either the neuron receptive field organization or the EEG pattern, simultaneously recorded. The background-locked firing rate variations recorded at the visual cortex seem to be the result of a particular cortical distribution of afferent fibers carrying luminance information. Applications to vision research are also suggested.", "contents": "Maintained activity of single neurons in the cat visual cortex at different levels of retinal adaptation. The influence of ambient illumination on the maintained electrical activity of single neurons of the cat visual cortex was studied by using the closed chamber technique for extracellular recordings. Several levels of light background within the scotopic-mesopic range were explored. Phasic and tonic changes in firing rate were observed following a background change. The former were irregular and unpredictable variations lasting up to 15-20 min. The latter, which usually followed the phasic changes, showed the constant characteristic of being in direct relation to luminance variations for neurons isolated in the striate area and in inverse relation for units recorded from the two non-striate areas of the visual cortex; in all cases, they lasted until a new luminous level was set. Changes in firing rate were not dependent upon either the neuron receptive field organization or the EEG pattern, simultaneously recorded. The background-locked firing rate variations recorded at the visual cortex seem to be the result of a particular cortical distribution of afferent fibers carrying luminance information. Applications to vision research are also suggested.", "PMID": 843947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5871", "title": "Unilateral storage of monocular engram in day-old chick.", "content": "Efficient interocular transfer of a one-trial passive avoidance task by the day-old domestic chicken, for whom the optic nerves decussate completely, raised the question of whether memory for the task was held in one or both sides of the forebrain. Intracranial injection of ouabain or cycloheximide to the trained hemisphere immediately after learning suppressed avoidance behaviour learned monocularly, while injection to the untrained side did not. Memory for the task was established in the side of the brain served by the eye used in learning. Interocular transfer was therefore achieved by the untrained hemisphere borrowing information from the other side's store. The presence of memories in the trained side was not sufficient to establish memory in the naive side.", "contents": "Unilateral storage of monocular engram in day-old chick. Efficient interocular transfer of a one-trial passive avoidance task by the day-old domestic chicken, for whom the optic nerves decussate completely, raised the question of whether memory for the task was held in one or both sides of the forebrain. Intracranial injection of ouabain or cycloheximide to the trained hemisphere immediately after learning suppressed avoidance behaviour learned monocularly, while injection to the untrained side did not. Memory for the task was established in the side of the brain served by the eye used in learning. Interocular transfer was therefore achieved by the untrained hemisphere borrowing information from the other side's store. The presence of memories in the trained side was not sufficient to establish memory in the naive side.", "PMID": 843948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5872", "title": "Biosynthesis of rat brain phosphatidylethanolamines from intracerebrally injected ethanolamine.", "content": "[2-3H]Ethanolamine was injected intracerebrally into male rats and the brains of the animals immediately removed by particular procedures at regular intervals over the first 1200 sec. The incorporation of radioactivity into brain phosphorylethanolamine, cytidine-5'-diphosphate (CDP) ethanolamine and phosphatidylethanolamines was examined and quantitated. The nature of phosphatidylethanolamine molecular subspecies, which became labelled, was also investigated after isotope administration. Phosphorylethanolamine, CDP-ethanolamine and phosphatidylethanolamines were all labelled already 5 sec after the administration of labelled ethanolamine. The specific radioactivities of different phosphatidylethanolamine molecular subspecies varied according to the time elapsed from the injection to the sacrifice of the animals. This last result, together with the data on time course of labelling of ethanolamine phosphoglycerides and their precursors, provides indications that this base may be incorporated into lipids not only by net synthesis pathway, but also by base-exchange reaction.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of rat brain phosphatidylethanolamines from intracerebrally injected ethanolamine. [2-3H]Ethanolamine was injected intracerebrally into male rats and the brains of the animals immediately removed by particular procedures at regular intervals over the first 1200 sec. The incorporation of radioactivity into brain phosphorylethanolamine, cytidine-5'-diphosphate (CDP) ethanolamine and phosphatidylethanolamines was examined and quantitated. The nature of phosphatidylethanolamine molecular subspecies, which became labelled, was also investigated after isotope administration. Phosphorylethanolamine, CDP-ethanolamine and phosphatidylethanolamines were all labelled already 5 sec after the administration of labelled ethanolamine. The specific radioactivities of different phosphatidylethanolamine molecular subspecies varied according to the time elapsed from the injection to the sacrifice of the animals. This last result, together with the data on time course of labelling of ethanolamine phosphoglycerides and their precursors, provides indications that this base may be incorporated into lipids not only by net synthesis pathway, but also by base-exchange reaction.", "PMID": 843949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5873", "title": "Studies on the relationship of binding affinity to psychoactive and anticholingergic potency of a group of psychotomimetic glycolates.", "content": "A study was undertaken of the possible relationship of the binding affinity of a series of anticholinergic psychotomimetic drugs to their psychopharmacological and anticholinergic effects. Binding was measured to brain homogenates and nerve endings using [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (QB), a highly potent psychotomimetic agent presumably affecting muscarinic sites in the brain. The two stereoisomers of QB were compared; and although the L-isomer had 15 times the binding affinity of D-isomer, the L-isomer had over 200 times the psychopharmacological potency of the D-form. When the relative binding affinity of a homologous series of glycolate esters was compared with their relative psychoacitve potency, the correlation was excellent; however, when compounds with heterocyclic amino rings (e.g., tropanol) other than quinuclidine and piperidine were considered, the correlation was poor. The correlation between binding affinity and antagonism to acetylcholine-induced contraction of ileum was more consistent. A study was undertaken on the effect of added lipids on QB binding to nerve endings, and it was found that phosphatidyl serine had a significant enhancing effect while gangliosides were inhibitory.", "contents": "Studies on the relationship of binding affinity to psychoactive and anticholingergic potency of a group of psychotomimetic glycolates. A study was undertaken of the possible relationship of the binding affinity of a series of anticholinergic psychotomimetic drugs to their psychopharmacological and anticholinergic effects. Binding was measured to brain homogenates and nerve endings using [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (QB), a highly potent psychotomimetic agent presumably affecting muscarinic sites in the brain. The two stereoisomers of QB were compared; and although the L-isomer had 15 times the binding affinity of D-isomer, the L-isomer had over 200 times the psychopharmacological potency of the D-form. When the relative binding affinity of a homologous series of glycolate esters was compared with their relative psychoacitve potency, the correlation was excellent; however, when compounds with heterocyclic amino rings (e.g., tropanol) other than quinuclidine and piperidine were considered, the correlation was poor. The correlation between binding affinity and antagonism to acetylcholine-induced contraction of ileum was more consistent. A study was undertaken on the effect of added lipids on QB binding to nerve endings, and it was found that phosphatidyl serine had a significant enhancing effect while gangliosides were inhibitory.", "PMID": 843950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5874", "title": "An X-ray crystallographic examination of calcium phosphate formation in Ca(OH)2/H3PO4 mixtures.", "content": "Precipitates formed over a 10 day period by adding variable amounts of Ca(OH)2 to H3PO4 were examined chemically and by X-ray diffraction in order to determine and to relate the crystallographic changes observed during calcium phosphate formation in this system to those seen previously in dental plaque. In the lower Ca(OH)2/H3PO4 ratio mixtures the initial precipitates were amorphous or poorly crystalline. The latter deposits showed an apatite-like diffraction pattern which changed to brushite and decreased in Ca/P ratio from approximately 1.2-1.0. Since the amorphous precipitates showed a similar decrease in the Ca/P ratio and a transient appearance of apatite, it was suggested that these initial precipitates, like the poorly crystalline deposits, may contain brushite amorphous to X-rays. Precipitates from the higher Ca(OH)2/H3PO4 ratio mixtures changed from a poorly crystalline to a more crystalline apatite and the Ca/P ratio remained fairly constant. The relation between the pH, Ca and P on the one hand and the brushite and apatite contents and the pattern of crystallization of the precipitates on the other was strikingly similar to the same realtionship observed earlier in dental plaque in situ, suggesting that the system used in this study could be used to study certain aspects of plaque mineralization in vitro.", "contents": "An X-ray crystallographic examination of calcium phosphate formation in Ca(OH)2/H3PO4 mixtures. Precipitates formed over a 10 day period by adding variable amounts of Ca(OH)2 to H3PO4 were examined chemically and by X-ray diffraction in order to determine and to relate the crystallographic changes observed during calcium phosphate formation in this system to those seen previously in dental plaque. In the lower Ca(OH)2/H3PO4 ratio mixtures the initial precipitates were amorphous or poorly crystalline. The latter deposits showed an apatite-like diffraction pattern which changed to brushite and decreased in Ca/P ratio from approximately 1.2-1.0. Since the amorphous precipitates showed a similar decrease in the Ca/P ratio and a transient appearance of apatite, it was suggested that these initial precipitates, like the poorly crystalline deposits, may contain brushite amorphous to X-rays. Precipitates from the higher Ca(OH)2/H3PO4 ratio mixtures changed from a poorly crystalline to a more crystalline apatite and the Ca/P ratio remained fairly constant. The relation between the pH, Ca and P on the one hand and the brushite and apatite contents and the pattern of crystallization of the precipitates on the other was strikingly similar to the same realtionship observed earlier in dental plaque in situ, suggesting that the system used in this study could be used to study certain aspects of plaque mineralization in vitro.", "PMID": 843967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5875", "title": "A quantitative study of the effects of prolonged calcitonin treatment on alveolar bone remodelling in the golden hamster.", "content": "This study was carried out on adult golden hamsters, to correlate the effects of porcine calcitonin on serum Ca and P concentrations with changes in osteoclastic resorption of bone. After 1 month of treatment with 5 MRC units/kg/day, there was little effect on these parameters. On the other hand, the hormone appears to have an effect on the remodelling sequence, as indicated by a large and very significant decrease in the extent of resorption lacunae unoccupied by osteoclasts. It is suggested that the duration of the reversal phase, separating the end of active resorption from the beginning of active bone formation in each remodelling focus, is greatly decreased. This shortening is associated with a prolongation of the bone formation phase, and the extent of osteoid tissue is markedly and proportionally increased in the treated animals. After a prolonged administration, calcitonin does not seem to impede the formation of new osteoclasts, their number being only slightly diminished, but it remains possible that it does continue to inactivate these cells. The effect on the bone remodelling sequence could be either due to direct action on the osteoblasts or their percursor cells, or an indirect action via the osteoclasts.", "contents": "A quantitative study of the effects of prolonged calcitonin treatment on alveolar bone remodelling in the golden hamster. This study was carried out on adult golden hamsters, to correlate the effects of porcine calcitonin on serum Ca and P concentrations with changes in osteoclastic resorption of bone. After 1 month of treatment with 5 MRC units/kg/day, there was little effect on these parameters. On the other hand, the hormone appears to have an effect on the remodelling sequence, as indicated by a large and very significant decrease in the extent of resorption lacunae unoccupied by osteoclasts. It is suggested that the duration of the reversal phase, separating the end of active resorption from the beginning of active bone formation in each remodelling focus, is greatly decreased. This shortening is associated with a prolongation of the bone formation phase, and the extent of osteoid tissue is markedly and proportionally increased in the treated animals. After a prolonged administration, calcitonin does not seem to impede the formation of new osteoclasts, their number being only slightly diminished, but it remains possible that it does continue to inactivate these cells. The effect on the bone remodelling sequence could be either due to direct action on the osteoblasts or their percursor cells, or an indirect action via the osteoclasts.", "PMID": 843968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5876", "title": "An electron microprobe analysis of osteofluorosis in the rabbit.", "content": "Osteofluorosis was induced in rabbits by the ingestion of 500 ppm F in their drinking water over a period of 30 days. The tibiae from experimental and control animals were selected for macroscopic, microscopic and microradiographic observation. Transverse sections of 100 mum thickness were prepared for an electron-microprobe analysis to determine Ca, P and F concentrations and to display the topographical distribution of F as revealed by the X-ray image of its Kalpha1 radiation. Variation in amount of periosteal and endosteal deposition was observed along the length of the bone. Changes, including numerous mottled osteones, were seen in the compact zone of bone which had been formed prior to the start of the experiment. The Ca/P ratio appeared to show a variation related to the F concentration.", "contents": "An electron microprobe analysis of osteofluorosis in the rabbit. Osteofluorosis was induced in rabbits by the ingestion of 500 ppm F in their drinking water over a period of 30 days. The tibiae from experimental and control animals were selected for macroscopic, microscopic and microradiographic observation. Transverse sections of 100 mum thickness were prepared for an electron-microprobe analysis to determine Ca, P and F concentrations and to display the topographical distribution of F as revealed by the X-ray image of its Kalpha1 radiation. Variation in amount of periosteal and endosteal deposition was observed along the length of the bone. Changes, including numerous mottled osteones, were seen in the compact zone of bone which had been formed prior to the start of the experiment. The Ca/P ratio appeared to show a variation related to the F concentration.", "PMID": 843969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5877", "title": "Effect of local application of fluoride on healing of experimental bone fractures in rabbits.", "content": "The effect of local application of low fluoride concentrations on the healing of experimental bone-radii fractures in 20 rabbits was examined. No external fixation was required after the osteotomy and gelfoam being used as a medium for fluoride application. Histologic mineral and mechanical strength measurements were carried out on the healing callus. There were no significant changes in the ashpercentage and the fluoride concentration of the ash between the experimental and control callus. A significantly higher percentage of ossified tissue was found in the fluoride treated callus. The breaking strength was found to be significantly higher in the bone fractures treated with fluoride, whereas there was no notable difference between the surface areas. It is postulated that the greater amount of ossified tissues, the differences in organization of the bone trabecules, and/or an improved mineral crystallinity may be responsible for this result.", "contents": "Effect of local application of fluoride on healing of experimental bone fractures in rabbits. The effect of local application of low fluoride concentrations on the healing of experimental bone-radii fractures in 20 rabbits was examined. No external fixation was required after the osteotomy and gelfoam being used as a medium for fluoride application. Histologic mineral and mechanical strength measurements were carried out on the healing callus. There were no significant changes in the ashpercentage and the fluoride concentration of the ash between the experimental and control callus. A significantly higher percentage of ossified tissue was found in the fluoride treated callus. The breaking strength was found to be significantly higher in the bone fractures treated with fluoride, whereas there was no notable difference between the surface areas. It is postulated that the greater amount of ossified tissues, the differences in organization of the bone trabecules, and/or an improved mineral crystallinity may be responsible for this result.", "PMID": 843970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5878", "title": "Isolation of osteoclasts by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity.", "content": "A method is presented for separating osteoclasts from the heterogeneous population of bone and marrow cells. Cell suspensions were prepared from femora of young rabbits by mechanical dispersion. The starting cell suspension typically contained only 1.0% +/- 0.5 osteoclasts. Following an initial 45 min of unit gravity sedimentation in a lucite chamber osteoclasts were primarily distributed in fractions 2-5. A second 45-min sedimentation of these pooled fractions yielded cell suspensions containing greater than 30% osteoclasts (as much as a 50-fold increase over starting percentages). Linear scan analysis, however, revealed that osteoclasts accounted for 73.14% +/- 0.58 of the cell colume. Subsequent in vitro experiments demonstrated linear incorporation of 3H-leucine into TCA precipitable protein for cells comprising the osteoclast fraction. Concomitant radioautographs revealed radioactive label in isolated osteoclasts.", "contents": "Isolation of osteoclasts by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity. A method is presented for separating osteoclasts from the heterogeneous population of bone and marrow cells. Cell suspensions were prepared from femora of young rabbits by mechanical dispersion. The starting cell suspension typically contained only 1.0% +/- 0.5 osteoclasts. Following an initial 45 min of unit gravity sedimentation in a lucite chamber osteoclasts were primarily distributed in fractions 2-5. A second 45-min sedimentation of these pooled fractions yielded cell suspensions containing greater than 30% osteoclasts (as much as a 50-fold increase over starting percentages). Linear scan analysis, however, revealed that osteoclasts accounted for 73.14% +/- 0.58 of the cell colume. Subsequent in vitro experiments demonstrated linear incorporation of 3H-leucine into TCA precipitable protein for cells comprising the osteoclast fraction. Concomitant radioautographs revealed radioactive label in isolated osteoclasts.", "PMID": 843971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5879", "title": "Strain related electrical potentials recorded in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "Using wet dead specimens it was possible to show that the size and form of strain-related electrical potentials on the surface of sheep radii were related both to the amount of strain, and the strain rate, over the range of these recorded during locomotion. Using the same electrode and amplifier system in vivo changes in surface strain and surface charge were recorded from the radius of three sheep during locomotion. During slow locomotion electrical changes were negligible. At medium speed they were most variable, and profoundly influenced by small alterations in the timing and pattern of strain change. When locomotion was fast the electrical waveform reflected fairly faithfully the changes in strain on the bone surface.", "contents": "Strain related electrical potentials recorded in vitro and in vivo. Using wet dead specimens it was possible to show that the size and form of strain-related electrical potentials on the surface of sheep radii were related both to the amount of strain, and the strain rate, over the range of these recorded during locomotion. Using the same electrode and amplifier system in vivo changes in surface strain and surface charge were recorded from the radius of three sheep during locomotion. During slow locomotion electrical changes were negligible. At medium speed they were most variable, and profoundly influenced by small alterations in the timing and pattern of strain change. When locomotion was fast the electrical waveform reflected fairly faithfully the changes in strain on the bone surface.", "PMID": 843972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5880", "title": "Bone mineral content in the forearm after fracture of the upper limb.", "content": "The bone mineral content was measured by gamma absorptiometry in patients who had sustained fractures of the upper limb. Measurements were taken on the shafts of the forearm and in the trabecular bone immediately proximal to the wrist. Fractures of the surgical neck of the humerus and fractures of the shaft of the humerus did not significantly influence the bone mineral content of the ipsilateral forearm. Fracture of the radius and the ulna, however, caused a 15% loss of the bone mineral content in the trabecular bone proximal to the wrist, whereas the mineral content on the shafts of the fractured forearms increased or decreased depending on the fracture site. The findings suggest that measurements of bone mineral content of the forearm are not necessarily invalidated if there has been a fracture of the same limb. Only if the forearm itself is fractured should measurements on this site be avoided.", "contents": "Bone mineral content in the forearm after fracture of the upper limb. The bone mineral content was measured by gamma absorptiometry in patients who had sustained fractures of the upper limb. Measurements were taken on the shafts of the forearm and in the trabecular bone immediately proximal to the wrist. Fractures of the surgical neck of the humerus and fractures of the shaft of the humerus did not significantly influence the bone mineral content of the ipsilateral forearm. Fracture of the radius and the ulna, however, caused a 15% loss of the bone mineral content in the trabecular bone proximal to the wrist, whereas the mineral content on the shafts of the fractured forearms increased or decreased depending on the fracture site. The findings suggest that measurements of bone mineral content of the forearm are not necessarily invalidated if there has been a fracture of the same limb. Only if the forearm itself is fractured should measurements on this site be avoided.", "PMID": 843973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5881", "title": "Acute intravenous administration of potassium chloride to furosemide pretreated dogs.", "content": "Twelve male mongrel dogs were used for this study; six were untreated (control) and six were given intravenous furosemide (1 mg/kg) daily for seven consecutive days before each study. Each animal received intravenous KCl 0.8, 1.6 or 3.2 mMol/kg/hr for one hour, but only one dose for each study and at least seven days were allowed between studies. The animals were given thiopentone for tracheal intubation and mechanically ventilated, maintaining a PaCO2 of 4.0 to 4.5 kPa (30-35 torr) and anaesthetized with nitrous oxide-oxygen and halothane. Daily administration of furosemide reduced serum potassium from 4.48 to 4.09 mMol/1 with no significant change in serum sodium. A greater number of furosemide-pretreated animals (6 vs 3) developed cardiac dysrhythmias during non-lethal intravenous KCl at 0.8, 1.6 mMol/kg/hr. The furosemide-pretreated group tended to succumb at a lower serum potassium concentration (12.2 vs 13.8 mMol/I, P less than 0.05) and developed earlier onset (44 vs 54 min, P less than 0.05) of cardiac standstill or ventricular fibrillation following intravenous KCl at 3.2 mMol/kg/hr. Cardiac output, heart rate and mean arterial pressure were significantly elevated during serum concentrations of 6.9-9.1 mMol/1, while no statistically significant changes were observed for stroke volume and peripheral resistance. There were no significant differences of urinary potassium excretion between the untreated and treated groups when like doses of KCl were infused. These data suggest that acute infusion of KCl in furosemide-pretreated dogs may not be an effective means of treating hypokalaemia and could be hazardous.", "contents": "Acute intravenous administration of potassium chloride to furosemide pretreated dogs. Twelve male mongrel dogs were used for this study; six were untreated (control) and six were given intravenous furosemide (1 mg/kg) daily for seven consecutive days before each study. Each animal received intravenous KCl 0.8, 1.6 or 3.2 mMol/kg/hr for one hour, but only one dose for each study and at least seven days were allowed between studies. The animals were given thiopentone for tracheal intubation and mechanically ventilated, maintaining a PaCO2 of 4.0 to 4.5 kPa (30-35 torr) and anaesthetized with nitrous oxide-oxygen and halothane. Daily administration of furosemide reduced serum potassium from 4.48 to 4.09 mMol/1 with no significant change in serum sodium. A greater number of furosemide-pretreated animals (6 vs 3) developed cardiac dysrhythmias during non-lethal intravenous KCl at 0.8, 1.6 mMol/kg/hr. The furosemide-pretreated group tended to succumb at a lower serum potassium concentration (12.2 vs 13.8 mMol/I, P less than 0.05) and developed earlier onset (44 vs 54 min, P less than 0.05) of cardiac standstill or ventricular fibrillation following intravenous KCl at 3.2 mMol/kg/hr. Cardiac output, heart rate and mean arterial pressure were significantly elevated during serum concentrations of 6.9-9.1 mMol/1, while no statistically significant changes were observed for stroke volume and peripheral resistance. There were no significant differences of urinary potassium excretion between the untreated and treated groups when like doses of KCl were infused. These data suggest that acute infusion of KCl in furosemide-pretreated dogs may not be an effective means of treating hypokalaemia and could be hazardous.", "PMID": 843974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5882", "title": "Dual action of pancuronium on succinylcholine block.", "content": "The effects of pretreatment with both sub-paralyzing and paralyzing doses of pancuronium and d-tubocurarine, on the onset and duration of succinylcholine-induced neuromuscular blockade were evaluated and compared in 225 patients. D-tubocurarine antagonized both onset and duration of succinylcholine block, while pancuronium produced a dual effect, antagonizing the onset and potentiating the duration of succinylcholine block. Pretreatment with d-tubocurarine (0.07 mg/kg, 0.3 mg/kg and 0.6 mg/kg) increased the time to onset of succinylcholine paralysis from 28 to 118%, and decreased the duration from 16 to 37%. Pancuronium (0.02 mg/kg, 0.04 mg/kg and 0.08 mg/kg) also antagonized the onset of succinylcholine paralysis with increases of 32 to 114%, but potentiated its duration from 30 to 103% compared with succinylcholine alone in the same patients. Although pancuronium markedly inhibited serum cholinesterase in vitro (I50=5 X 10(-7) mol) there was only a 10% inhibition of cholinesterase in vivo after pancuronium 0.08 mg/kg.", "contents": "Dual action of pancuronium on succinylcholine block. The effects of pretreatment with both sub-paralyzing and paralyzing doses of pancuronium and d-tubocurarine, on the onset and duration of succinylcholine-induced neuromuscular blockade were evaluated and compared in 225 patients. D-tubocurarine antagonized both onset and duration of succinylcholine block, while pancuronium produced a dual effect, antagonizing the onset and potentiating the duration of succinylcholine block. Pretreatment with d-tubocurarine (0.07 mg/kg, 0.3 mg/kg and 0.6 mg/kg) increased the time to onset of succinylcholine paralysis from 28 to 118%, and decreased the duration from 16 to 37%. Pancuronium (0.02 mg/kg, 0.04 mg/kg and 0.08 mg/kg) also antagonized the onset of succinylcholine paralysis with increases of 32 to 114%, but potentiated its duration from 30 to 103% compared with succinylcholine alone in the same patients. Although pancuronium markedly inhibited serum cholinesterase in vitro (I50=5 X 10(-7) mol) there was only a 10% inhibition of cholinesterase in vivo after pancuronium 0.08 mg/kg.", "PMID": 843975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5883", "title": "Clinical pharmacokinetics of local anaesthetics.", "content": "The present study has utilized a clinical model to compare the pharmacokinetics of four currently available amide local anaesthetic agents in theoretically equipotent concentrations. In addition to providing comparative data concerning the onset and duration of analgesia, anaesthesia, paresis, and paralysis, it has provided definitive confirmation of the clinical impression that under certain circumstances following the performance of a nerve block, motor blockade may actually precede sensory blockade, and an explanation for this seeming violation of established neurophysiological principles has been postulated. The study has also raised questions concerning the sequence of recovery from motor and sensory blockade which still await explanation.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacokinetics of local anaesthetics. The present study has utilized a clinical model to compare the pharmacokinetics of four currently available amide local anaesthetic agents in theoretically equipotent concentrations. In addition to providing comparative data concerning the onset and duration of analgesia, anaesthesia, paresis, and paralysis, it has provided definitive confirmation of the clinical impression that under certain circumstances following the performance of a nerve block, motor blockade may actually precede sensory blockade, and an explanation for this seeming violation of established neurophysiological principles has been postulated. The study has also raised questions concerning the sequence of recovery from motor and sensory blockade which still await explanation.", "PMID": 843977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5884", "title": "[Anesthetic studies on trans-sphenoidal hypophysectomy: retrospective study].", "content": "This paper deals with the retrospective analysis of anaesthetic management of 31 cases of trans-sphenoidal hypophysectomy. Good management relies on the following points: (1) a precise diagnosis supported by thorough hormonal investigation, (2) adequate pre- and per-op. administration of steroids, (3) adequate monitoring, (4) a fail-safe airway. The authors recommend the combined use of Innovar and halothane under light hypocapnea for the maintenance of anaesthesia. The routine use of deliberate hypotension is not indicated. Diabetes insipidus usually results from this operation and consequently must be treated.", "contents": "[Anesthetic studies on trans-sphenoidal hypophysectomy: retrospective study]. This paper deals with the retrospective analysis of anaesthetic management of 31 cases of trans-sphenoidal hypophysectomy. Good management relies on the following points: (1) a precise diagnosis supported by thorough hormonal investigation, (2) adequate pre- and per-op. administration of steroids, (3) adequate monitoring, (4) a fail-safe airway. The authors recommend the combined use of Innovar and halothane under light hypocapnea for the maintenance of anaesthesia. The routine use of deliberate hypotension is not indicated. Diabetes insipidus usually results from this operation and consequently must be treated.", "PMID": 843978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5885", "title": "Preferential uptake of D-glucose by plasma membranes isolated from human adipose tissue.", "content": "A sensitive method for the measurement of the stereospecific uptake of D-glucose by plasma membranes isolated from human adipose tissue has been developed. The method is based on the difference in uptake of L-[14C]glucose and D-[3H]glucose as measured by the retention of radioactivity by the membrane preparation collected on Millipore filters. This D-glucose-uptake activity was reversible and did not involve any chemical alteration of the sugar. All uptake activity was lost upon boiling the membrane preparation for 5-10 min. All of the hydroxyl groups of D-glucose appear to be involved in a concerted fashion in the uptake reaction. The D-glucose-uptake activity was shown to be closely associated with glucose transport in adipose cells, since it exhibited the following properties characteristic of this carrier-mediated transport system. (a) The uptake was specific for the D-isomer of glucose. (b) Saturation of D-glucose uptake occurred with increasing concentrations of D-glucose, (c) The uptake activity was inhibited by N-ethylamleimide and phloretin, two reagents previously reported to inhibit D-glucose transport. We conclude that plasma membranes isolated from human adipose tissue retain the glucose transport activity of the intact cells and can be used in subsequent attempts at the isolation and characterization of this transport system.", "contents": "Preferential uptake of D-glucose by plasma membranes isolated from human adipose tissue. A sensitive method for the measurement of the stereospecific uptake of D-glucose by plasma membranes isolated from human adipose tissue has been developed. The method is based on the difference in uptake of L-[14C]glucose and D-[3H]glucose as measured by the retention of radioactivity by the membrane preparation collected on Millipore filters. This D-glucose-uptake activity was reversible and did not involve any chemical alteration of the sugar. All uptake activity was lost upon boiling the membrane preparation for 5-10 min. All of the hydroxyl groups of D-glucose appear to be involved in a concerted fashion in the uptake reaction. The D-glucose-uptake activity was shown to be closely associated with glucose transport in adipose cells, since it exhibited the following properties characteristic of this carrier-mediated transport system. (a) The uptake was specific for the D-isomer of glucose. (b) Saturation of D-glucose uptake occurred with increasing concentrations of D-glucose, (c) The uptake activity was inhibited by N-ethylamleimide and phloretin, two reagents previously reported to inhibit D-glucose transport. We conclude that plasma membranes isolated from human adipose tissue retain the glucose transport activity of the intact cells and can be used in subsequent attempts at the isolation and characterization of this transport system.", "PMID": 843980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5886", "title": "D-Glucose uptake and insulin binding by the human adipose cell plasma membrane as a function of its polypeptide composition.", "content": "A preparation of plasma membranes isolated from human omental lipocytes is composed of about 15 major polypeptide components including three major glycoproteins with an apparent molecular weight range from 100000 to 23 000, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Extraction of this membrane preparation with sodium iodide or 2,3-dimethylmaleic anhydride solubilized 50 and 70% of the membrane protein, respectively, resulting from the extensive extraction of protein from all but two of the major membrane polypeptide components. This removal of protein did not affect the membrane's stereospecific D-glucose-uptake activity but did reduce its total specific [125I]insulin-binding activity by 46-67%. The binding of [125I]insulin to its specific receptor on lipocyte plasma membranes was detected at physiologic concentrations of the hormone and could be competitively displaced by increasing concentrations of native insulin. The kinetic behaviour of this reaction was approximated by Scatchard analysis, and both the affinity and binding capacity of the plasma membrane for insulin were increased at lower temperatures. These results suggest that D-glucose transport in human adipose tissue  is mediated by an intrinsic component of the hydrophobic structure of the lipocyte plasma membrane, and represent a partial purification of this component. In addition, these studies demonstrate and characterize the binding of insulin to the plasma membrane isolated from human lipocytes. A quantitative study of this binding reaction may provide further understanding of the mechanisms underlying the decreased insulin responsiveness characteristic of human diabetes.", "contents": "D-Glucose uptake and insulin binding by the human adipose cell plasma membrane as a function of its polypeptide composition. A preparation of plasma membranes isolated from human omental lipocytes is composed of about 15 major polypeptide components including three major glycoproteins with an apparent molecular weight range from 100000 to 23 000, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Extraction of this membrane preparation with sodium iodide or 2,3-dimethylmaleic anhydride solubilized 50 and 70% of the membrane protein, respectively, resulting from the extensive extraction of protein from all but two of the major membrane polypeptide components. This removal of protein did not affect the membrane's stereospecific D-glucose-uptake activity but did reduce its total specific [125I]insulin-binding activity by 46-67%. The binding of [125I]insulin to its specific receptor on lipocyte plasma membranes was detected at physiologic concentrations of the hormone and could be competitively displaced by increasing concentrations of native insulin. The kinetic behaviour of this reaction was approximated by Scatchard analysis, and both the affinity and binding capacity of the plasma membrane for insulin were increased at lower temperatures. These results suggest that D-glucose transport in human adipose tissue  is mediated by an intrinsic component of the hydrophobic structure of the lipocyte plasma membrane, and represent a partial purification of this component. In addition, these studies demonstrate and characterize the binding of insulin to the plasma membrane isolated from human lipocytes. A quantitative study of this binding reaction may provide further understanding of the mechanisms underlying the decreased insulin responsiveness characteristic of human diabetes.", "PMID": 843981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5887", "title": "Translation of protamine mRNA in a rabbit reticulocyte cell-free system.", "content": "Protamine mRNA isolated from the microsomal and postribosomal supernatant fractions of trout testis in poly A(+) (polyadenylated RNA)and poly A (-) (RNA devoid of poly A(+)) forms (GEDAMU, L. & Dixon, G.H. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 1446-1454 and 1455-1463) was translated in the heterologous rabbit reticulocyte cell-free system; the products were shown to be identical in mobility with authentic protamine by polyacrylamide and starch gel electrophoresis. Chromatography, on carboxymethyl cellulose (Whatman CM-52), of the labelled polypeptide products synthesized in this cell-free system in the presence of poly A (+) and poly A(-) mRNA fractions also showed that [14C]arginine was incorporated into all three protamine components resolved in this system, but there was an unequal and variable incorporation of label into the three components with different preparations of mRNA. These results were interpreted as showing that the population of subcomponents of the protamine mRNA coding for the three different protamine polypeptides varied in batches of trout testis at differing stages of development. In addition, the proportion of mRNA components varied between the poly A(+) and poly A(-) editions of the mRNA, and it appeared that the poly A(-) mRNA fraction might represent the product of deadenylation of an earlier population of poly A(+) mRNA.", "contents": "Translation of protamine mRNA in a rabbit reticulocyte cell-free system. Protamine mRNA isolated from the microsomal and postribosomal supernatant fractions of trout testis in poly A(+) (polyadenylated RNA)and poly A (-) (RNA devoid of poly A(+)) forms (GEDAMU, L. & Dixon, G.H. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 1446-1454 and 1455-1463) was translated in the heterologous rabbit reticulocyte cell-free system; the products were shown to be identical in mobility with authentic protamine by polyacrylamide and starch gel electrophoresis. Chromatography, on carboxymethyl cellulose (Whatman CM-52), of the labelled polypeptide products synthesized in this cell-free system in the presence of poly A (+) and poly A(-) mRNA fractions also showed that [14C]arginine was incorporated into all three protamine components resolved in this system, but there was an unequal and variable incorporation of label into the three components with different preparations of mRNA. These results were interpreted as showing that the population of subcomponents of the protamine mRNA coding for the three different protamine polypeptides varied in batches of trout testis at differing stages of development. In addition, the proportion of mRNA components varied between the poly A(+) and poly A(-) editions of the mRNA, and it appeared that the poly A(-) mRNA fraction might represent the product of deadenylation of an earlier population of poly A(+) mRNA.", "PMID": 843982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5888", "title": "Biosynthesis of arglecin and related compounds.", "content": "The requirements for maximum production of arglecin, 3-isobuty1-6-(3-guanidinopropyl)-2(1H)pyrazinone, by Streptomyces toxytricini grown on either yeast extract or synthetic medium were supplements of L-arginine and L-leucine. The arglecin produced was derived to a major extent from these amino acids, as was shown by comparison of specific activities in 14C-labeling experiments. Various compounds related to arglecin could be synthesized by the organism, and these were isolated and their structures determined primarily by natural-abundance carbon-13 and proton magnetic resonance methods. In old cultures which had produced arglecin, the metabolite 3-isobuty1-6-(3-aminopropy1)-2(1H)pyrazinone was found. In cultures grown on synthetic medium supplemented with L-leucine and L-homoarginine, the metabolit 3-isobuty1-6(4-guanidinobuty1)-2-(1H)pyrazinone was found, and in cultures that had been supplemented with L-norleucine and L-arginine, the metabolite 3-buty1-6-(3-guanidinopropy1)-2(1H)pyrazinone was found.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of arglecin and related compounds. The requirements for maximum production of arglecin, 3-isobuty1-6-(3-guanidinopropyl)-2(1H)pyrazinone, by Streptomyces toxytricini grown on either yeast extract or synthetic medium were supplements of L-arginine and L-leucine. The arglecin produced was derived to a major extent from these amino acids, as was shown by comparison of specific activities in 14C-labeling experiments. Various compounds related to arglecin could be synthesized by the organism, and these were isolated and their structures determined primarily by natural-abundance carbon-13 and proton magnetic resonance methods. In old cultures which had produced arglecin, the metabolite 3-isobuty1-6-(3-aminopropy1)-2(1H)pyrazinone was found. In cultures grown on synthetic medium supplemented with L-leucine and L-homoarginine, the metabolit 3-isobuty1-6(4-guanidinobuty1)-2-(1H)pyrazinone was found, and in cultures that had been supplemented with L-norleucine and L-arginine, the metabolite 3-buty1-6-(3-guanidinopropy1)-2(1H)pyrazinone was found.", "PMID": 843983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5889", "title": "A Markov chain characterization of human neutrophil locomotion under neutral and chemotactic conditions.", "content": "The locomotion of human neutrophils is modelled by a continuous-time Markov chain model consisting of five states: state O, where the cell is stationary, and four motile states whose directions are defined by the four quadrants of a Cartesian plane. In this paper, the Markov property is verified experimentally in special cases. Further experimental evidence for the model is provided by the waiting-time distributions in each of the five states, which are well approximated by exponential distributions. Using the steady-state distribution of the Markov chain as a measure of the ultimate motion of the cells, it is possible to detect the effect of known chemotactic agents upon neutrophil locomotion. Other useful parameters describing neutrophil locomotion are presented.", "contents": "A Markov chain characterization of human neutrophil locomotion under neutral and chemotactic conditions. The locomotion of human neutrophils is modelled by a continuous-time Markov chain model consisting of five states: state O, where the cell is stationary, and four motile states whose directions are defined by the four quadrants of a Cartesian plane. In this paper, the Markov property is verified experimentally in special cases. Further experimental evidence for the model is provided by the waiting-time distributions in each of the five states, which are well approximated by exponential distributions. Using the steady-state distribution of the Markov chain as a measure of the ultimate motion of the cells, it is possible to detect the effect of known chemotactic agents upon neutrophil locomotion. Other useful parameters describing neutrophil locomotion are presented.", "PMID": 843984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5890", "title": "Compensatory renal hypertrophy in dogs: single nephron glomerular filtration rate.", "content": "Sodium ferrocyanide was used to measure the intrarenal distribution of single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) in remaining kidneys of dogs, 10 d after contralateral nephrectomy. It was first demonstrated that the renal function of both kidneys in situ was comparable. Following right nephrectomy, the urine volume, p-aminohippuric acid clearance, creatine clearance, osmolar clearance, fractional excretion of potassium, and sodium excretion of the left kidney increased. Fractional excretion of sodium, free water clearance, and filtration fraction remained unchanged. Following that 10-d period, left kidney weight exceeded that of the previously removed contralateral kidney by 50%, indicating that most of the compensatory hypertrophy had already occurred. No significant difference in the length of the proximal tubule nor in the diameter of the glomeruli of superficial (SUP) and juxtamedullary (JM) nephrons of either kidney could be demonstrated. Most importantly, the ratio of radioactivity in the SUP/JM nephrons of the residual kidney was comparable with that previously observed in normal dog kidneys. Thus, the increase in total kidney GFR is explained through a proportional increase in the SNGFR of the SUP and JM nephrons.", "contents": "Compensatory renal hypertrophy in dogs: single nephron glomerular filtration rate. Sodium ferrocyanide was used to measure the intrarenal distribution of single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) in remaining kidneys of dogs, 10 d after contralateral nephrectomy. It was first demonstrated that the renal function of both kidneys in situ was comparable. Following right nephrectomy, the urine volume, p-aminohippuric acid clearance, creatine clearance, osmolar clearance, fractional excretion of potassium, and sodium excretion of the left kidney increased. Fractional excretion of sodium, free water clearance, and filtration fraction remained unchanged. Following that 10-d period, left kidney weight exceeded that of the previously removed contralateral kidney by 50%, indicating that most of the compensatory hypertrophy had already occurred. No significant difference in the length of the proximal tubule nor in the diameter of the glomeruli of superficial (SUP) and juxtamedullary (JM) nephrons of either kidney could be demonstrated. Most importantly, the ratio of radioactivity in the SUP/JM nephrons of the residual kidney was comparable with that previously observed in normal dog kidneys. Thus, the increase in total kidney GFR is explained through a proportional increase in the SNGFR of the SUP and JM nephrons.", "PMID": 843985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5891", "title": "Regional cerebral energy metabolism in acute carbon monoxide intoxication.", "content": "The regional cerebral metabolic effects of 30 min of exposure to 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% carbon monoxide (CO) were studied in lightly anesthetized rats by measurement of energy phosphates and glycolytic - citric acid cycle substrates in the basal ganglia, hippocampus-thalamus, and cerebellum. In all three regions 0.5 and 1.0% CO gave rise to increases in tissue lactate, but since ATP and the energy charge of the adenylate pool (ECP) remained unchanged from control, it is concluded that energy state was unaltered at these levels of CO. At 1.5% CO the basal ganglia region showed decreases in ATP and ECP, whereas these values for cerebellum and hippocampus=thalamus were unchanged from control. At 2.0% CO all areas showed decreases in APT and ECP and increases in ADP and AMP. The patterns of change in glycolytic and citric acid cycle substrates were similar in all three areas. The results indicated that the energy homeostasis of the basal ganglia is less well maintained in this form of experimental hypoxia.", "contents": "Regional cerebral energy metabolism in acute carbon monoxide intoxication. The regional cerebral metabolic effects of 30 min of exposure to 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% carbon monoxide (CO) were studied in lightly anesthetized rats by measurement of energy phosphates and glycolytic - citric acid cycle substrates in the basal ganglia, hippocampus-thalamus, and cerebellum. In all three regions 0.5 and 1.0% CO gave rise to increases in tissue lactate, but since ATP and the energy charge of the adenylate pool (ECP) remained unchanged from control, it is concluded that energy state was unaltered at these levels of CO. At 1.5% CO the basal ganglia region showed decreases in ATP and ECP, whereas these values for cerebellum and hippocampus=thalamus were unchanged from control. At 2.0% CO all areas showed decreases in APT and ECP and increases in ADP and AMP. The patterns of change in glycolytic and citric acid cycle substrates were similar in all three areas. The results indicated that the energy homeostasis of the basal ganglia is less well maintained in this form of experimental hypoxia.", "PMID": 843986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5892", "title": "A progressive and cumulative suppression of the activity of spinal neurones in the nonspinal rat.", "content": "Electrical stimulation of the skin of the hindpaw of the rat, at frequencies ranging from 2 to 0.2 s-1, halted the tonic or evoked activity of spinal neurones. The duration of this effect increased with each successive stimulus until it outlasted the interstimulus interval. Tonic activity did not return immediately following termination of the stimulation, and activity was often depressed for periods of up to 5 min. Neurones displaying this behaviour were found in laminae 1 and 4--7 of the cord. Some neurones failed to demonstrate this behaviour following the administration of strychnine. This phenomenon provides a possible substrate for habituation of the flexor reflex that occurs with repetitive and noxious stimulation of the skin.", "contents": "A progressive and cumulative suppression of the activity of spinal neurones in the nonspinal rat. Electrical stimulation of the skin of the hindpaw of the rat, at frequencies ranging from 2 to 0.2 s-1, halted the tonic or evoked activity of spinal neurones. The duration of this effect increased with each successive stimulus until it outlasted the interstimulus interval. Tonic activity did not return immediately following termination of the stimulation, and activity was often depressed for periods of up to 5 min. Neurones displaying this behaviour were found in laminae 1 and 4--7 of the cord. Some neurones failed to demonstrate this behaviour following the administration of strychnine. This phenomenon provides a possible substrate for habituation of the flexor reflex that occurs with repetitive and noxious stimulation of the skin.", "PMID": 843987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5893", "title": "Metergoline as a selective 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonist in the cerebral cortex.", "content": "In rats anaesthetized with a mixture of methoxyflurane, nitrous oxide, and oxygen, the depressant actions on the cerebral cortical neurones of iotophoretically applied 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) but not of noradrenaline, histamine, AMP Ca2+, and gamma-aminobutyric acid were antagonized by metergoline. These observations indicate that metergoline may be a selective 5-HT antagonist in the cerebral cortex.", "contents": "Metergoline as a selective 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonist in the cerebral cortex. In rats anaesthetized with a mixture of methoxyflurane, nitrous oxide, and oxygen, the depressant actions on the cerebral cortical neurones of iotophoretically applied 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) but not of noradrenaline, histamine, AMP Ca2+, and gamma-aminobutyric acid were antagonized by metergoline. These observations indicate that metergoline may be a selective 5-HT antagonist in the cerebral cortex.", "PMID": 843988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5894", "title": "Fate of orally dosed linamarin in the rat.", "content": "Wistar rats, about 100 g in weight, were dosed by stomach tube with 30 mg of pure linamarin. No intact linamarin was identified in the feces or blood but 5.65 mg was excreted in the urine along with 0.823 mg of thiocyanate ion. A 50-mg dose of linamarin was lethal to 7 of 10 rats receiving this dose.", "contents": "Fate of orally dosed linamarin in the rat. Wistar rats, about 100 g in weight, were dosed by stomach tube with 30 mg of pure linamarin. No intact linamarin was identified in the feces or blood but 5.65 mg was excreted in the urine along with 0.823 mg of thiocyanate ion. A 50-mg dose of linamarin was lethal to 7 of 10 rats receiving this dose.", "PMID": 843989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5895", "title": "Inhibition of the immune response by rapamycin, a new antifungal antibiotic.", "content": "Rapamycin, a new antifungal antibiotic, was found to inhibit the immune response in rats. It totally prevented the development of two experimental immunopathies (experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) and adjuvant arthritis (AA)) and the formation of humoral (IgE-like) antibody. It was about half as potent as cyclophosphamide in inhibiting EAE. In AA and on antibody formation, rapamycin and cyclophosphamide were about equipotent, whereas methotrexate was more potent. The immunosuppressant activity of rapamycin appears to be related to inhibition of the lymphatic system.", "contents": "Inhibition of the immune response by rapamycin, a new antifungal antibiotic. Rapamycin, a new antifungal antibiotic, was found to inhibit the immune response in rats. It totally prevented the development of two experimental immunopathies (experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) and adjuvant arthritis (AA)) and the formation of humoral (IgE-like) antibody. It was about half as potent as cyclophosphamide in inhibiting EAE. In AA and on antibody formation, rapamycin and cyclophosphamide were about equipotent, whereas methotrexate was more potent. The immunosuppressant activity of rapamycin appears to be related to inhibition of the lymphatic system.", "PMID": 843990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5896", "title": "Effect of acute stress and ouabain administration on adrenal catecholamine content and cardiac function of rats pretreated with diazepam.", "content": "The experiments described were carried out in an attempt to determine the participation of adrenal catecholamines in the higher incidence of cardiac arrhythmias produced by acute stress or ouabain injections in diazepam-treated animals. The pretreatments of rats with diazepam (150 mg kg-1 d-1) increase significantly the adrenal catecholamine content. Consequently, the application of electrical and immobilization stress releases more catecholamines from the adrenal glands of the diazepam-treated rats and also produces higher incidence of ventricular extrasystoles. Furthermore, various pretreatments of rats with diazepam (5-150 mg kg-1 d-1) also lead to an increase in the catecholamine content of the adrenal gland. In diazepam-treated rats, the intravenous administration of ouabain produces a greater release of adrenal catecholamines as well as a greater incidence of cardiac arrhythmias. Several hypotheses are proposed to explain the elevation of adrenal catecholamines and also the higher incidence of ventricular arrhythmias.", "contents": "Effect of acute stress and ouabain administration on adrenal catecholamine content and cardiac function of rats pretreated with diazepam. The experiments described were carried out in an attempt to determine the participation of adrenal catecholamines in the higher incidence of cardiac arrhythmias produced by acute stress or ouabain injections in diazepam-treated animals. The pretreatments of rats with diazepam (150 mg kg-1 d-1) increase significantly the adrenal catecholamine content. Consequently, the application of electrical and immobilization stress releases more catecholamines from the adrenal glands of the diazepam-treated rats and also produces higher incidence of ventricular extrasystoles. Furthermore, various pretreatments of rats with diazepam (5-150 mg kg-1 d-1) also lead to an increase in the catecholamine content of the adrenal gland. In diazepam-treated rats, the intravenous administration of ouabain produces a greater release of adrenal catecholamines as well as a greater incidence of cardiac arrhythmias. Several hypotheses are proposed to explain the elevation of adrenal catecholamines and also the higher incidence of ventricular arrhythmias.", "PMID": 843991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5897", "title": "The effect of SKF-525A and of altered hepatic blood flow on lidocaine clearance in the cat.", "content": "Hepatic blood flow and hepatic uptake of lidocaine were determined in cats during constant intravenous infusion of lidocaine. Lidocaine clearance is directly linked to hepatic blood flow with reductions in flow being reflected in equal reductions in hepatic clearance. Altered blood flow did not result in altered rates of lidocaine extraction. Lidocaine extraction ratio was 28%. Hepatic blood flow and lidocaine metabolism were measured before and 60 min after an intramuscular injection of SKF-525A (50 mg/kg). SKF-525A produced a reduction in hepatic clearance of lidocaine to 60% of control values, entirely as a result of a reduction in hepatic extraction ratios. Hepatic blood flow and vascular conductance were not affected by SKF-525A.", "contents": "The effect of SKF-525A and of altered hepatic blood flow on lidocaine clearance in the cat. Hepatic blood flow and hepatic uptake of lidocaine were determined in cats during constant intravenous infusion of lidocaine. Lidocaine clearance is directly linked to hepatic blood flow with reductions in flow being reflected in equal reductions in hepatic clearance. Altered blood flow did not result in altered rates of lidocaine extraction. Lidocaine extraction ratio was 28%. Hepatic blood flow and lidocaine metabolism were measured before and 60 min after an intramuscular injection of SKF-525A (50 mg/kg). SKF-525A produced a reduction in hepatic clearance of lidocaine to 60% of control values, entirely as a result of a reduction in hepatic extraction ratios. Hepatic blood flow and vascular conductance were not affected by SKF-525A.", "PMID": 843992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5898", "title": "Electronic measurement of red cell flow in micropipettes.", "content": "The velocity of human erythrocytes in flow-through tubes of diameter less than 5 mum is measured as a function of driving pressure. The electrical resistance in the lumen of the tube increases when a cell is present, so a pulse can be generated of length inversely proportional to velocity. In the apparatus described the pulses and driving pressure are fed to a computer which derives the correlation between pressure and velocity. Experiments confirm that the resistance to flow of erythrocytes in a narrow tube is substantially the same as that of the suspending medium. The apparatus is being used to study the effects of changes in erythrocyte deformability on flow.", "contents": "Electronic measurement of red cell flow in micropipettes. The velocity of human erythrocytes in flow-through tubes of diameter less than 5 mum is measured as a function of driving pressure. The electrical resistance in the lumen of the tube increases when a cell is present, so a pulse can be generated of length inversely proportional to velocity. In the apparatus described the pulses and driving pressure are fed to a computer which derives the correlation between pressure and velocity. Experiments confirm that the resistance to flow of erythrocytes in a narrow tube is substantially the same as that of the suspending medium. The apparatus is being used to study the effects of changes in erythrocyte deformability on flow.", "PMID": 843993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5899", "title": "Effect of subacute dosing and phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene pretreatment on the metabolism of acetaminophen in rats.", "content": "The metabolism of 14C-ring-labelled acetaminophen was studied in male Wistar rats. Pretreatment with phenobarbital increased the initial rate of elimination of 14C from the blood and increased the amount of acetaminophen glucuronide excreted in the urine. Pretreatment with 3-methylcholanthrene did not significantly affect the rate of elimination from the blood and decreased the amount of acetaminophen glucuronide in the urine. Daily dosing with acetaminophen for up to 3 weeks increased the rate of elimination of 14C from the blood after 4 h, and increased the urinary excretion of both total 14C and the glucuronide and sulfate conjugates. Subacute dosing with acetaminophen had a diuretic effect but this did not correlate with the increased excretion of the drug. It is concluded that acetaminophen elimination is increased by phenobarbital pretreatment and by subacute dosing with acetaminophen, but by different mechanisms.", "contents": "Effect of subacute dosing and phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene pretreatment on the metabolism of acetaminophen in rats. The metabolism of 14C-ring-labelled acetaminophen was studied in male Wistar rats. Pretreatment with phenobarbital increased the initial rate of elimination of 14C from the blood and increased the amount of acetaminophen glucuronide excreted in the urine. Pretreatment with 3-methylcholanthrene did not significantly affect the rate of elimination from the blood and decreased the amount of acetaminophen glucuronide in the urine. Daily dosing with acetaminophen for up to 3 weeks increased the rate of elimination of 14C from the blood after 4 h, and increased the urinary excretion of both total 14C and the glucuronide and sulfate conjugates. Subacute dosing with acetaminophen had a diuretic effect but this did not correlate with the increased excretion of the drug. It is concluded that acetaminophen elimination is increased by phenobarbital pretreatment and by subacute dosing with acetaminophen, but by different mechanisms.", "PMID": 843994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5900", "title": "The development of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis in the neonatal rat: pituitary and serum prolactin concentrations.", "content": "Using highly specific double-antibody radioimmunoassay techniques, we have measured pituitary and serum prolactin (PRL) concentrations in neonatal rats from birth to 60 d. Pituitary PRL concentration was low at birth in both sexes and peak prepuberal values were attained at 25-28 d. Following this time, pituitary PRL concentrations in females were significantly higher than those observed in males (p less than 0.01). Serum PRL concentrations were low at birth in both sexes and remained low until 15 d, when they rose to peak values just before puberty. There were no significant sex differences with respect to serum PRL concentrations. These data indicate that hypothalamic control of PRL secretion developes during the neonatal period of the rat. The relationship of this developmental process in the neonatal rat as a possible model for the study of the midgestational hypothalamic maturation of the human fetus is discussed.", "contents": "The development of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis in the neonatal rat: pituitary and serum prolactin concentrations. Using highly specific double-antibody radioimmunoassay techniques, we have measured pituitary and serum prolactin (PRL) concentrations in neonatal rats from birth to 60 d. Pituitary PRL concentration was low at birth in both sexes and peak prepuberal values were attained at 25-28 d. Following this time, pituitary PRL concentrations in females were significantly higher than those observed in males (p less than 0.01). Serum PRL concentrations were low at birth in both sexes and remained low until 15 d, when they rose to peak values just before puberty. There were no significant sex differences with respect to serum PRL concentrations. These data indicate that hypothalamic control of PRL secretion developes during the neonatal period of the rat. The relationship of this developmental process in the neonatal rat as a possible model for the study of the midgestational hypothalamic maturation of the human fetus is discussed.", "PMID": 843995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5901", "title": "The effect of fasting on the in vitro synthesis of amylase in rat exocrine pancreas.", "content": "Immunological methods were used to study the effect of fasting on the in vitro synthesis of amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) in rat exocrine pancreas. After 72 h of fasting, the amylase enzyme activity of the pancreas and the rate of amylase synthesis were reduced 50%. No significant change in the activities of trypsin or chymotrypsin were detected. The decrease in leucine incorporation in total pancreas protein was accounted for by the decreased amylase synthesis. No change in the rate of amylase breakdown was detected. These results indicate that the rate of synthesis of amylase is controlled by food intake and is not directly related to the tissue content of enzyme.", "contents": "The effect of fasting on the in vitro synthesis of amylase in rat exocrine pancreas. Immunological methods were used to study the effect of fasting on the in vitro synthesis of amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) in rat exocrine pancreas. After 72 h of fasting, the amylase enzyme activity of the pancreas and the rate of amylase synthesis were reduced 50%. No significant change in the activities of trypsin or chymotrypsin were detected. The decrease in leucine incorporation in total pancreas protein was accounted for by the decreased amylase synthesis. No change in the rate of amylase breakdown was detected. These results indicate that the rate of synthesis of amylase is controlled by food intake and is not directly related to the tissue content of enzyme.", "PMID": 843996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5902", "title": "Left atrial thrombosis complicating mitral stenosis: results of surgical treatment.", "content": "In 343 patients treated surgically for mitral valve disease, there was thrombosis of the left atrium in 40. Massive atrial thrombosis was present in 32 of them, yet the diagnosis was suspected or established preoperatively in only 12, because of insufficient clinical signs. A transventricular mitral commissurotomy was performed in 32 patients and mitral valve replacement in the remaining 8. Surgical mortality was 23% in the patients with atrial thrombosis compared with 7% in the trombus-free patients: 66% of the deaths were due to cerebral embolism. Systemic embolism occurred in 17% of the patients who had a closed approach initially and in 27% following a planned open procedure. Among the survivors, 65% were asymptomatic or markedly improved; the average follow-up was 42 months. Atrial thrombosis increases the surgical risk because of the high incidence of operative embolism, a complication that is not avoided by the use of open procedures, but that could be prevented by earlier surgical treatment of mitral stenosis, before atrial thrombi develop.", "contents": "Left atrial thrombosis complicating mitral stenosis: results of surgical treatment. In 343 patients treated surgically for mitral valve disease, there was thrombosis of the left atrium in 40. Massive atrial thrombosis was present in 32 of them, yet the diagnosis was suspected or established preoperatively in only 12, because of insufficient clinical signs. A transventricular mitral commissurotomy was performed in 32 patients and mitral valve replacement in the remaining 8. Surgical mortality was 23% in the patients with atrial thrombosis compared with 7% in the trombus-free patients: 66% of the deaths were due to cerebral embolism. Systemic embolism occurred in 17% of the patients who had a closed approach initially and in 27% following a planned open procedure. Among the survivors, 65% were asymptomatic or markedly improved; the average follow-up was 42 months. Atrial thrombosis increases the surgical risk because of the high incidence of operative embolism, a complication that is not avoided by the use of open procedures, but that could be prevented by earlier surgical treatment of mitral stenosis, before atrial thrombi develop.", "PMID": 843997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5903", "title": "Effect of unilateral pulmonary artery occlusion on the arterial oxygen pressure of children undergoing pulmonary systemic artery shunt procedures.", "content": "Of 20 children undergoing thoracotomy who had blood-gas analysis at various intervals during their operative procedure, 18 had congenital heart disease causing cyanosis. The venous admixture was apparent on compressing the lung to expose the mediastinal structures and was diminished upon clamping the pulmonary artery to the exposed lung. This observation may be of clinical value in raising the arterial oxygen pressure when sudden deterioration occurs during performance of a systemic pulmonary shunt in cyanotic children.", "contents": "Effect of unilateral pulmonary artery occlusion on the arterial oxygen pressure of children undergoing pulmonary systemic artery shunt procedures. Of 20 children undergoing thoracotomy who had blood-gas analysis at various intervals during their operative procedure, 18 had congenital heart disease causing cyanosis. The venous admixture was apparent on compressing the lung to expose the mediastinal structures and was diminished upon clamping the pulmonary artery to the exposed lung. This observation may be of clinical value in raising the arterial oxygen pressure when sudden deterioration occurs during performance of a systemic pulmonary shunt in cyanotic children.", "PMID": 843998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5904", "title": "Percutaneous insertion of a permanent transvenous pacemaker electrode through the subclavian vein.", "content": "Insertion of transvenous permanent pacemaker leads through the subclavian vein is relatively safe and simple. This procedure was performed in 29 patients. The only serious complication was dislocation of the lead in eight patients. With this technique the endocardial lead can be positioned quite readily in the right ventricle. Use of the technique should be considered whenever the cephalic vein cannot be located readily or is too small to permit placement of an endocardial lead.", "contents": "Percutaneous insertion of a permanent transvenous pacemaker electrode through the subclavian vein. Insertion of transvenous permanent pacemaker leads through the subclavian vein is relatively safe and simple. This procedure was performed in 29 patients. The only serious complication was dislocation of the lead in eight patients. With this technique the endocardial lead can be positioned quite readily in the right ventricle. Use of the technique should be considered whenever the cephalic vein cannot be located readily or is too small to permit placement of an endocardial lead.", "PMID": 843999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5905", "title": "Actinomycosis of the gallbladder.", "content": "Actinomycosis of the gallbladder is rare, and the pathogenesis of the infection is poorly understood. The authors report the case of a 77-year-old man admitted to hospital because of abdominal pain. Clinical  and laboratory findings suggested the diagnosis of cholecystitis and cholelithiasis. At cholecystectomy the gallbladder was inflamed and contained many calculi. Gram staining of material from the mucosa of the gallbladder demonstrated gram-positive pleomorphic filaments, and Actinomyces israelii grew in pure culture, thus confirming the diagnosis of actinomycosis of the gallbladder. The pathogenesis of the condition is also discussed.", "contents": "Actinomycosis of the gallbladder. Actinomycosis of the gallbladder is rare, and the pathogenesis of the infection is poorly understood. The authors report the case of a 77-year-old man admitted to hospital because of abdominal pain. Clinical  and laboratory findings suggested the diagnosis of cholecystitis and cholelithiasis. At cholecystectomy the gallbladder was inflamed and contained many calculi. Gram staining of material from the mucosa of the gallbladder demonstrated gram-positive pleomorphic filaments, and Actinomyces israelii grew in pure culture, thus confirming the diagnosis of actinomycosis of the gallbladder. The pathogenesis of the condition is also discussed.", "PMID": 844000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5906", "title": "Actinomycosis of the colon.", "content": "A 44-year-old woman with severe pain in the right upper quadrant, simulating acute cholecystitis, was found to have a large tumour in the transverse colon. Cultures from the mass grew Actinomyces israelii. Actinomycosis may often be missed; involvement of the large bowel is not confined to the appendiceal and cecal areas and may simulate other intra-abdominal conditions.", "contents": "Actinomycosis of the colon. A 44-year-old woman with severe pain in the right upper quadrant, simulating acute cholecystitis, was found to have a large tumour in the transverse colon. Cultures from the mass grew Actinomyces israelii. Actinomycosis may often be missed; involvement of the large bowel is not confined to the appendiceal and cecal areas and may simulate other intra-abdominal conditions.", "PMID": 844001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5907", "title": "Giant ovarian cyst in a dwarf.", "content": "The authors describe a case of giant mucinous cystadenoma in a dwarf. The cystadenoma weighed 32 kg, almost half the patient's normal weight, Such tumours are rare and are sometimes mistaken for ascites. They are usually benign, but care should be taken to remove them intact since malignant degeneration of mucinous cysts occurs in 5 to 15% of cases. Understanding of the possible complications allows for a favourable prognosis.", "contents": "Giant ovarian cyst in a dwarf. The authors describe a case of giant mucinous cystadenoma in a dwarf. The cystadenoma weighed 32 kg, almost half the patient's normal weight, Such tumours are rare and are sometimes mistaken for ascites. They are usually benign, but care should be taken to remove them intact since malignant degeneration of mucinous cysts occurs in 5 to 15% of cases. Understanding of the possible complications allows for a favourable prognosis.", "PMID": 844002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5908", "title": "Methysergide therapy causing vascular insufficiency of the upper limb.", "content": "A 41-year-old woman, who was receiving methysergide maleate for the treatment of severe headaches, had occlusion of the left brachial artery, confirmed by arteriography. The occlusion was believed to result from the use of methysergide and the drug was therefore withdrawn. Within 4 days the distal pulses were normal, as confirmed by arteriography, and she was asymptomatic.", "contents": "Methysergide therapy causing vascular insufficiency of the upper limb. A 41-year-old woman, who was receiving methysergide maleate for the treatment of severe headaches, had occlusion of the left brachial artery, confirmed by arteriography. The occlusion was believed to result from the use of methysergide and the drug was therefore withdrawn. Within 4 days the distal pulses were normal, as confirmed by arteriography, and she was asymptomatic.", "PMID": 844003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5909", "title": "Subcapital fracture of the hip: a rare complication of intertrochanteric fracture of the femur.", "content": "Three cases of subcapital fracture of the hip that occurred after an intertochanteric fracture of the femur had been nailed have been described in the literature. The tip of the nail failed to penetrate the femoral head and a stress fracture occurred in two at the tip of the nail and in the other at the tip of a blade plate. This paper reports three further cases of this recently recognized and rare complication of intetrochanteric fractures. It is emphasized that the condition must be recognized and treated without delay.", "contents": "Subcapital fracture of the hip: a rare complication of intertrochanteric fracture of the femur. Three cases of subcapital fracture of the hip that occurred after an intertochanteric fracture of the femur had been nailed have been described in the literature. The tip of the nail failed to penetrate the femoral head and a stress fracture occurred in two at the tip of the nail and in the other at the tip of a blade plate. This paper reports three further cases of this recently recognized and rare complication of intetrochanteric fractures. It is emphasized that the condition must be recognized and treated without delay.", "PMID": 844004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5910", "title": "Pheochromocytoma presenting with pulmonary edema and hyperamylasemia.", "content": "A 28-year-old woman was admitted to hospital with acute pulmonary edema, mild abdominal discomfort and hyperamylasemia. From the 2nd hospital day hypertensive episodes occurred daily. The furosemide screening test for renovascular hypertension revealed elevated plasma renin activity (PRA) but an intravenous pyelogram revealed a right suprarenal mass and no evidence of renovascular compression. Elevated values of plasma and urinary catecholamines indicated a pheochromocytoma, and a single chromaffin tumour was resected. It is important to monitor left ventricular filling pressure during operative removal of a pheochromocytoma. Postoperatively the patient had normal blood pressure and PRA. Decreased urinary amylase clearance and abnormal pancreatic and salivary amylase isoenzymes were found.", "contents": "Pheochromocytoma presenting with pulmonary edema and hyperamylasemia. A 28-year-old woman was admitted to hospital with acute pulmonary edema, mild abdominal discomfort and hyperamylasemia. From the 2nd hospital day hypertensive episodes occurred daily. The furosemide screening test for renovascular hypertension revealed elevated plasma renin activity (PRA) but an intravenous pyelogram revealed a right suprarenal mass and no evidence of renovascular compression. Elevated values of plasma and urinary catecholamines indicated a pheochromocytoma, and a single chromaffin tumour was resected. It is important to monitor left ventricular filling pressure during operative removal of a pheochromocytoma. Postoperatively the patient had normal blood pressure and PRA. Decreased urinary amylase clearance and abnormal pancreatic and salivary amylase isoenzymes were found.", "PMID": 844016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5911", "title": "Coexistence of pheochromocytoma, adrenal adenoma and hypokalemia.", "content": "A 56-year-old woman had a 22-year history of hypertension. Investigation showed hypokalemia and kaliuresis without pronounced suppression of plasma renin activity or elevation of urinary aldosterone excretion. There was biochemical evidence of catecholamine metabolite excess but the usual clinical features of pheochromocytoma were absent. Laparotomy revealed a pheochromocytoma and adrenal adenoma in the right adrenal gland. Excision of the tumours was followed by resolution of the hypertension and metabolic abnormalities.", "contents": "Coexistence of pheochromocytoma, adrenal adenoma and hypokalemia. A 56-year-old woman had a 22-year history of hypertension. Investigation showed hypokalemia and kaliuresis without pronounced suppression of plasma renin activity or elevation of urinary aldosterone excretion. There was biochemical evidence of catecholamine metabolite excess but the usual clinical features of pheochromocytoma were absent. Laparotomy revealed a pheochromocytoma and adrenal adenoma in the right adrenal gland. Excision of the tumours was followed by resolution of the hypertension and metabolic abnormalities.", "PMID": 844017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5912", "title": "Hypoglycemia as a complication of removal of a pheochromocytoma.", "content": "In a patient with a solitary pheochromocytoma severe hypoglycemia developed following excision of the tumour. The possible causative mechanism was thought to be a reactive relative increase in insulin production secondary to increased endogenous production of glucose, induced by the large amounts of epinephrine produced by the tumour. Alternatively, epinephrine withdrawal following removal of the tumour under phentolamine infusion may have induced increased insulin production and hence potentiated the development of hypoglycemia. Careful monitoring of the blood glucose concentration during and after the operation is recommended to obviate this potentially fatal complication.", "contents": "Hypoglycemia as a complication of removal of a pheochromocytoma. In a patient with a solitary pheochromocytoma severe hypoglycemia developed following excision of the tumour. The possible causative mechanism was thought to be a reactive relative increase in insulin production secondary to increased endogenous production of glucose, induced by the large amounts of epinephrine produced by the tumour. Alternatively, epinephrine withdrawal following removal of the tumour under phentolamine infusion may have induced increased insulin production and hence potentiated the development of hypoglycemia. Careful monitoring of the blood glucose concentration during and after the operation is recommended to obviate this potentially fatal complication.", "PMID": 844018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5913", "title": "Hypoglycemia following excision of pheochromocytoma.", "content": "In two patients hypoglycemia developed in the immediate postoperative period after removal of a pheochromocytoma. In one patient the serum insulin value was elevated when he was hypoglycemic. Preoperative preparation of patients with pheochromocytoma requires use of an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent to decrease blood pressure and allow the plasma volume to expand; in the two patients referred to phenoxybenzamine was given orally. It is difficult to recognize hypoglycemia postoperatively because of the altered consciousness associated with a major operation, analgesics, anesthetic agents and the effects of adrenergic blocking medications; hence the physician must watch closely for this complication.", "contents": "Hypoglycemia following excision of pheochromocytoma. In two patients hypoglycemia developed in the immediate postoperative period after removal of a pheochromocytoma. In one patient the serum insulin value was elevated when he was hypoglycemic. Preoperative preparation of patients with pheochromocytoma requires use of an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent to decrease blood pressure and allow the plasma volume to expand; in the two patients referred to phenoxybenzamine was given orally. It is difficult to recognize hypoglycemia postoperatively because of the altered consciousness associated with a major operation, analgesics, anesthetic agents and the effects of adrenergic blocking medications; hence the physician must watch closely for this complication.", "PMID": 844019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5914", "title": "Management of pheochromocytoma during pregnancy.", "content": "To reduce the high maternal and fetal mortality in pheochromocytoma of pregnancy, therapy is advocated with phenoxybenzamine and propranolol to obtain adequate alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor blockade. In early pregnancy control of symptoms may be difficult, but the patient may be carried to term with such medical therapy. Delivery should be by cesarean section before the onset of labour, with, if possible, simultaneous removal of the tumour. Additional preoperative preparation with phenoxybenzamine and propranolol and careful intraoperative management are essential. During her third pregnancy a 29-year-old woman was found to have a pheochromocytoma of the left adrenal gland. After the medical therapy and preparation described, the infant was delivered by cesarean section and the mother's left adrenal gland excised. Eight-year follow-up, including during a fourth pregnancy, showed no recurrence of tumour in the mother and only mild hypertension. The infant developed normally.", "contents": "Management of pheochromocytoma during pregnancy. To reduce the high maternal and fetal mortality in pheochromocytoma of pregnancy, therapy is advocated with phenoxybenzamine and propranolol to obtain adequate alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor blockade. In early pregnancy control of symptoms may be difficult, but the patient may be carried to term with such medical therapy. Delivery should be by cesarean section before the onset of labour, with, if possible, simultaneous removal of the tumour. Additional preoperative preparation with phenoxybenzamine and propranolol and careful intraoperative management are essential. During her third pregnancy a 29-year-old woman was found to have a pheochromocytoma of the left adrenal gland. After the medical therapy and preparation described, the infant was delivered by cesarean section and the mother's left adrenal gland excised. Eight-year follow-up, including during a fourth pregnancy, showed no recurrence of tumour in the mother and only mild hypertension. The infant developed normally.", "PMID": 844020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5915", "title": "Acute fenitrothion poisoning.", "content": "A technician was accidentally exposed to the organophosphorus insecticide fenitrothion and subsequently treated with pralidoxime for the autonomic, somatic and psychiatric manifestations of intoxication. Although long-term therapy with pralidoxime is not recommended, this patient required and obtained symptomatic benefit from its prolonged use. Erythrocytic and plasma cholinesterase activities had been monitored prior to exposure and were monitored throughout treatment and following recovery. Continual monitoring of cholinesterase activities of individuals occupationally exposed to organophosphorus ester insecticides and early diagnosis are essential.", "contents": "Acute fenitrothion poisoning. A technician was accidentally exposed to the organophosphorus insecticide fenitrothion and subsequently treated with pralidoxime for the autonomic, somatic and psychiatric manifestations of intoxication. Although long-term therapy with pralidoxime is not recommended, this patient required and obtained symptomatic benefit from its prolonged use. Erythrocytic and plasma cholinesterase activities had been monitored prior to exposure and were monitored throughout treatment and following recovery. Continual monitoring of cholinesterase activities of individuals occupationally exposed to organophosphorus ester insecticides and early diagnosis are essential.", "PMID": 844021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5916", "title": "Heterogeneity of bilateral renal agenesis.", "content": "Bilateral and unilateral renal agenesis may be expressions of single dominant gene. Chromosome abnormalities may be present and the renal agenesis may be part of a syndrome of multiple abnormalities. Apparently normal relatives of affected individuals should be screened by intravenous pyelography before genetic counselling given.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of bilateral renal agenesis. Bilateral and unilateral renal agenesis may be expressions of single dominant gene. Chromosome abnormalities may be present and the renal agenesis may be part of a syndrome of multiple abnormalities. Apparently normal relatives of affected individuals should be screened by intravenous pyelography before genetic counselling given.", "PMID": 844022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5917", "title": "Syndrome X: case report.", "content": "Transmural myocardial infarction occurred in a 48-year-old woman with syndrome X -- atypical angina pectoris and angiographically normal coronary arteries. Before the infarction her electrocardiogram had been normal at rest but showed ischemia after exercise. Angiography 3 months after infarction revealed a normal coronary tree but hypokinesia of the posterior left ventricular wall.", "contents": "Syndrome X: case report. Transmural myocardial infarction occurred in a 48-year-old woman with syndrome X -- atypical angina pectoris and angiographically normal coronary arteries. Before the infarction her electrocardiogram had been normal at rest but showed ischemia after exercise. Angiography 3 months after infarction revealed a normal coronary tree but hypokinesia of the posterior left ventricular wall.", "PMID": 844023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5918", "title": "Recurrent hemorrhage from corpus luteum during anticoagulant therapy.", "content": "A 43-year old woman had recurrent massive intraperitoneal hemorrhage from rupture of a hemorrhagic corpus luteum in two successive menstrual cycles while receiving anticoagulant therapy. Left oophorectomy was performed on the first occasion and right salpingo-oophorectomy with left salpingectomy on the second. While the precise incidence cannot be determined, rupture from a hemorrhagic corpus luteum appears to be a rare but potentially catastrophic complication of anticoagulant therapy. Hence possible ovarian hemorrhage should be considered in women of reproductive age receiving heparin or sodium warfarin therapy.", "contents": "Recurrent hemorrhage from corpus luteum during anticoagulant therapy. A 43-year old woman had recurrent massive intraperitoneal hemorrhage from rupture of a hemorrhagic corpus luteum in two successive menstrual cycles while receiving anticoagulant therapy. Left oophorectomy was performed on the first occasion and right salpingo-oophorectomy with left salpingectomy on the second. While the precise incidence cannot be determined, rupture from a hemorrhagic corpus luteum appears to be a rare but potentially catastrophic complication of anticoagulant therapy. Hence possible ovarian hemorrhage should be considered in women of reproductive age receiving heparin or sodium warfarin therapy.", "PMID": 844024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5919", "title": "The role of the head nurse in primary nursing.", "content": "Primary nursing brings about changing roles, responsibilities, and communication patterns for all members of the health care team. The head nurse, as she introduces new staff to primary nursing and its day-to-day applications, is in an ideal position to generate enthusiasm for the goals of the concept. In attempting to implement this new care pattern, she must continually promote the philosophy behind it by her support and recognition of its principles. In the long run, it is the positive attitude and high motivation of the head nurse that will determine the success or failure of the program wherever it is introduced.", "contents": "The role of the head nurse in primary nursing. Primary nursing brings about changing roles, responsibilities, and communication patterns for all members of the health care team. The head nurse, as she introduces new staff to primary nursing and its day-to-day applications, is in an ideal position to generate enthusiasm for the goals of the concept. In attempting to implement this new care pattern, she must continually promote the philosophy behind it by her support and recognition of its principles. In the long run, it is the positive attitude and high motivation of the head nurse that will determine the success or failure of the program wherever it is introduced.", "PMID": 844030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5920", "title": "A program that dares to be different.", "content": "In summary, we have attempted, in planning the Diploma Nursing Program at Okanagan College, to retain the positive aspects of existent hospital and college programs, while at the same time developing some unique features: a health promotion focus, a comprehensive curriculum framework and a cooperative education design. As yet, in this first year the program, it is too early to predict outcomes, but we anticipate that our students will be better equipped to deal with the reality of a work situation.", "contents": "A program that dares to be different. In summary, we have attempted, in planning the Diploma Nursing Program at Okanagan College, to retain the positive aspects of existent hospital and college programs, while at the same time developing some unique features: a health promotion focus, a comprehensive curriculum framework and a cooperative education design. As yet, in this first year the program, it is too early to predict outcomes, but we anticipate that our students will be better equipped to deal with the reality of a work situation.", "PMID": 844033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5921", "title": "Characterization of a new continuous cell line derived from a human retinoblastoma.", "content": "A new continuous cell line derived from a human retinoblastoma has been established. This cell line, WERI-RB1, has been maintained in vitro since December 1974. The purpose of this investigation was to characterize WERI-Rb1 on the basis of morphology, growth, tumorigenicity, cytogenetics, and to compare this cell line with Y79, a human retinoblastoma cell line established at another institution. Morphologically, both cell lines were similar; each spontaneously grew as a suspension of small round cells in grapelike clusters. Each exhibited growth of cells in rosettes, as well as unusual chain formations. Growth rates differed: the population-doubling times for WERI-Rb1 and Y79 were 96 and 33 hr, respectively. When the negative surface charge on a plastic tissue culture flask was changed, each cell line grew as a monolayer. Y79 could be cloned in soft agar; WERI-Rb1 could not. An inoculm of 10(7) WERI-Rb1 or Y79 cells produced a retinoblastoma in test rabbits. Karyological examination showed each cell line to have a stable, near diploid chromosome number. Although large markers were observed in each line, they shared no common marker.", "contents": "Characterization of a new continuous cell line derived from a human retinoblastoma. A new continuous cell line derived from a human retinoblastoma has been established. This cell line, WERI-RB1, has been maintained in vitro since December 1974. The purpose of this investigation was to characterize WERI-Rb1 on the basis of morphology, growth, tumorigenicity, cytogenetics, and to compare this cell line with Y79, a human retinoblastoma cell line established at another institution. Morphologically, both cell lines were similar; each spontaneously grew as a suspension of small round cells in grapelike clusters. Each exhibited growth of cells in rosettes, as well as unusual chain formations. Growth rates differed: the population-doubling times for WERI-Rb1 and Y79 were 96 and 33 hr, respectively. When the negative surface charge on a plastic tissue culture flask was changed, each cell line grew as a monolayer. Y79 could be cloned in soft agar; WERI-Rb1 could not. An inoculm of 10(7) WERI-Rb1 or Y79 cells produced a retinoblastoma in test rabbits. Karyological examination showed each cell line to have a stable, near diploid chromosome number. Although large markers were observed in each line, they shared no common marker.", "PMID": 844036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5922", "title": "Metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene by guinea pig pancreatic microsomes.", "content": "The in vitro microsomal metabolism of the strain 13 guinea pig pancreas was investigated by determining the benzo(a)pyrene (BP) hydroxylase activity in the 9000 x g supernatant and microsomal pellet. BP hydroxylase activity in both 9000 x g supernatant and microsomal pellet of the pancreas was less than 1% of the activity in the respective liver fractions, However, pretreatment of animals with methylcholanthrene or BP at 20 mg/kg, for either 1 day or 3 consecutive days, markedly enhanced the BP hydroxylase activity of pancreatic microsomes over that of controls; the induction in the liver microsomes was less than 2-fold over that of controls. The hydroxylation of BP by pancreatic microsomes was linear with time over a 30-min period, with the rate of hydroxylation dependent on both the enzyme and substrate concentrations.", "contents": "Metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene by guinea pig pancreatic microsomes. The in vitro microsomal metabolism of the strain 13 guinea pig pancreas was investigated by determining the benzo(a)pyrene (BP) hydroxylase activity in the 9000 x g supernatant and microsomal pellet. BP hydroxylase activity in both 9000 x g supernatant and microsomal pellet of the pancreas was less than 1% of the activity in the respective liver fractions, However, pretreatment of animals with methylcholanthrene or BP at 20 mg/kg, for either 1 day or 3 consecutive days, markedly enhanced the BP hydroxylase activity of pancreatic microsomes over that of controls; the induction in the liver microsomes was less than 2-fold over that of controls. The hydroxylation of BP by pancreatic microsomes was linear with time over a 30-min period, with the rate of hydroxylation dependent on both the enzyme and substrate concentrations.", "PMID": 844037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5923", "title": "A time factor in the success or failure of immune rejection of transplanted tumors.", "content": "Changes in susceptibility to immune rejection have been studied and compared during the initial stages of s.c. and pulmonary establishment of a transplanted syngeneic C3H mouse mammary carcinoma. The time of immunological attack on the implanted tumor cells was varied by two experimental procedures: In one experiment, the test mice that were immunologically suppressed by the presence of a large s.c. tumor implant were surgically cured before s.c. challenge. However, the immune recovery, which normally follows directly after tumor removal, was delayed for increasing lengths of time after challenge by injections of irradiated cells of the same tumor. In another experiment, the test mice were immunologically impaired by sublethal whole-body irradiation before s.c. and i.v. challenge. Immune rejection reactivity was then introduced, by passive transfers of lymph node cells from immunized mice, at increasing delays after the challenge implantations of tumor cells. In both of the two experiments, an increase in the number of tumor \"takes\" was observed if tumor immunity was reduced or absent for at least 3 days after challenge. If tumor immunity was restored or provided by the third day after challenge, there was an abrupt decrease in the number of observed tumors. The reduction in the effectiveness of immunosupportive treatments about the third day after tumor implantation may indicate a reduction in the vulnerability to immune rejection that coincides with vascularization of the implants.", "contents": "A time factor in the success or failure of immune rejection of transplanted tumors. Changes in susceptibility to immune rejection have been studied and compared during the initial stages of s.c. and pulmonary establishment of a transplanted syngeneic C3H mouse mammary carcinoma. The time of immunological attack on the implanted tumor cells was varied by two experimental procedures: In one experiment, the test mice that were immunologically suppressed by the presence of a large s.c. tumor implant were surgically cured before s.c. challenge. However, the immune recovery, which normally follows directly after tumor removal, was delayed for increasing lengths of time after challenge by injections of irradiated cells of the same tumor. In another experiment, the test mice were immunologically impaired by sublethal whole-body irradiation before s.c. and i.v. challenge. Immune rejection reactivity was then introduced, by passive transfers of lymph node cells from immunized mice, at increasing delays after the challenge implantations of tumor cells. In both of the two experiments, an increase in the number of tumor \"takes\" was observed if tumor immunity was reduced or absent for at least 3 days after challenge. If tumor immunity was restored or provided by the third day after challenge, there was an abrupt decrease in the number of observed tumors. The reduction in the effectiveness of immunosupportive treatments about the third day after tumor implantation may indicate a reduction in the vulnerability to immune rejection that coincides with vascularization of the implants.", "PMID": 844038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5924", "title": "The inhibition of thymidine kinase in glial tumor cells by an amino sugar, D-glucosamine.", "content": "Thymidine kinase activity in rat C6 glioma cells is inhibited by 50 to 70% after 4 hr incubation with 20 mM D-glucosamine. The inhibition is uncompetitive with respect to thymidine, reducing both the apparent Km and Vmax of the enzyme. The inhibition does not appear to be caused by the reversible combination of the enzyme with a cytoplasmic inhibitor, including D-glucosamine and its metabolites. The addition of D-glucosamine or its metabolites to cell-free thymidine kinase produced an inhibition which differed quantitatively and qualitatively from that which resulted from treatment of intact cells with D-glucosamine. The presence of a reversible cytoplasmic inhibitor of the enzyme was also excluded by mixing experiments. D-Glucosamine inhibited the incorporation of labeled uridine and amino acids into acid-precipitable material. The magnitude of inhibition of thymidine kinase activity and amino acid incorporation by D-glucosamine was comparable to that produced by cycloheximide, suggesting that the inhibition might arise from interference with enzyme synthesis. However, whereas the kinetics of recovery of amino acid incorporation from inhibition was rapid, thymidine kinase activity was depressed for at least 6 hr after drug washout. The results presented are best explained by assuming either that two forms of thymidine kinase are present in rat C6 cells and are differently affected by D-glucosamine or that D-glucosamine acts by two separate mechanisms to inhibit a single form of the enzyme.", "contents": "The inhibition of thymidine kinase in glial tumor cells by an amino sugar, D-glucosamine. Thymidine kinase activity in rat C6 glioma cells is inhibited by 50 to 70% after 4 hr incubation with 20 mM D-glucosamine. The inhibition is uncompetitive with respect to thymidine, reducing both the apparent Km and Vmax of the enzyme. The inhibition does not appear to be caused by the reversible combination of the enzyme with a cytoplasmic inhibitor, including D-glucosamine and its metabolites. The addition of D-glucosamine or its metabolites to cell-free thymidine kinase produced an inhibition which differed quantitatively and qualitatively from that which resulted from treatment of intact cells with D-glucosamine. The presence of a reversible cytoplasmic inhibitor of the enzyme was also excluded by mixing experiments. D-Glucosamine inhibited the incorporation of labeled uridine and amino acids into acid-precipitable material. The magnitude of inhibition of thymidine kinase activity and amino acid incorporation by D-glucosamine was comparable to that produced by cycloheximide, suggesting that the inhibition might arise from interference with enzyme synthesis. However, whereas the kinetics of recovery of amino acid incorporation from inhibition was rapid, thymidine kinase activity was depressed for at least 6 hr after drug washout. The results presented are best explained by assuming either that two forms of thymidine kinase are present in rat C6 cells and are differently affected by D-glucosamine or that D-glucosamine acts by two separate mechanisms to inhibit a single form of the enzyme.", "PMID": 844039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5925", "title": "Synchronization of hepatocellular DNA synthesis in regenerating rat liver by continuous infusion of hydroxyurea.", "content": "Hydroxyurea (HU) inhibited DNA synthesis in the livers of partially hepatectomized rats. After an i.v. infusion of HU begun in the late G1 phase and continued for periods of up to 30 hr, all hepatocytes scheduled to embark on DNA synthesis in a characteristic intralobular sequence during this time interval accumulated at the G1-S boundary. The effective dose was 1.25 mmoles/kg/hr, preceded by a single injection of 1.69 mmoles/kg. Serum levels of HU rose slightly during continuous infusion and decreased after termination, with a half-life of about 80 min. Liver weight increased during HU infusion. The G1-S blockade was rapidly reversed in the liver after the end of HU infusion. The specific activity of DNA increased to a maximum between 3 and 5 hr. [3H]Thymidine labeling indices reached about 80%. Intralobular distribution of labeled hepatocytes was congruent to the pattern seen in partially hepatectomized rats after a continuous [3H]thymidine infusion of equal duration. The beginning of DNA synthesis in nonparenchymal cells was delayed, as compared with hepatocytes. Vincristine infusion for 12 hr after release from the HU block arrested about 40% of the hepatocytes in mitosis, indicating that a large fraction of cells progressed through the cycle after the prolonged HU block. Partially resected rat liver appeared to be rather resistant to the unfavorable consequences of \"unbalanced growth\" during the protracted inhibition of DNA synthesis, providing a useful model for synchronization of DNA synthesis in a differentiated resting organ triggered into active growth.", "contents": "Synchronization of hepatocellular DNA synthesis in regenerating rat liver by continuous infusion of hydroxyurea. Hydroxyurea (HU) inhibited DNA synthesis in the livers of partially hepatectomized rats. After an i.v. infusion of HU begun in the late G1 phase and continued for periods of up to 30 hr, all hepatocytes scheduled to embark on DNA synthesis in a characteristic intralobular sequence during this time interval accumulated at the G1-S boundary. The effective dose was 1.25 mmoles/kg/hr, preceded by a single injection of 1.69 mmoles/kg. Serum levels of HU rose slightly during continuous infusion and decreased after termination, with a half-life of about 80 min. Liver weight increased during HU infusion. The G1-S blockade was rapidly reversed in the liver after the end of HU infusion. The specific activity of DNA increased to a maximum between 3 and 5 hr. [3H]Thymidine labeling indices reached about 80%. Intralobular distribution of labeled hepatocytes was congruent to the pattern seen in partially hepatectomized rats after a continuous [3H]thymidine infusion of equal duration. The beginning of DNA synthesis in nonparenchymal cells was delayed, as compared with hepatocytes. Vincristine infusion for 12 hr after release from the HU block arrested about 40% of the hepatocytes in mitosis, indicating that a large fraction of cells progressed through the cycle after the prolonged HU block. Partially resected rat liver appeared to be rather resistant to the unfavorable consequences of \"unbalanced growth\" during the protracted inhibition of DNA synthesis, providing a useful model for synchronization of DNA synthesis in a differentiated resting organ triggered into active growth.", "PMID": 844040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5926", "title": "Corynebacterium parvum and cyclophosphamide as combination treatment for a murine mammary adenocarcinoma.", "content": "Weekly i.p. injections of killed Corynebacterium parvum and of cyclophosphamide (given on different days) strongly inhibited growth of a transplantable murine mammary adenocarcinoma. A significant portion (40 to 80%) of animals could be made tumor free by means of combined therapy. No tumor-free survivors were obtained with C. parvum alone, and tumor-free mice were obtained with cyclophosphamide alone only at the expense of a high incidence of deaths due to drug toxicity. No evidence of tumor rejection immunity was detected in the tumor-free survivors from the combined treatment protocols, suggesting that this therapeutic regimen is not associated with tumor rejection immunity.", "contents": "Corynebacterium parvum and cyclophosphamide as combination treatment for a murine mammary adenocarcinoma. Weekly i.p. injections of killed Corynebacterium parvum and of cyclophosphamide (given on different days) strongly inhibited growth of a transplantable murine mammary adenocarcinoma. A significant portion (40 to 80%) of animals could be made tumor free by means of combined therapy. No tumor-free survivors were obtained with C. parvum alone, and tumor-free mice were obtained with cyclophosphamide alone only at the expense of a high incidence of deaths due to drug toxicity. No evidence of tumor rejection immunity was detected in the tumor-free survivors from the combined treatment protocols, suggesting that this therapeutic regimen is not associated with tumor rejection immunity.", "PMID": 844041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5927", "title": "The inhibition of thymidine metabolism in tumor cells treated with D-glucosamine.", "content": "The amino sugar, D-glucosamine, inhibits the preformed route of thymidine metabolism in rat C6 glioma cells. This inhibition results from a concatenation of several distinct effects, including the inhibition of thymidine uptake, the reduction of thymidine phosphorylation, and an increased leakage of thymidine to the extracellular space. Each of these effects, while ostensibly small in magnitude, is significant and contributes to the observed inhibition of acid-precipitable thymidine incorporation by D-glucosamine. These effects of D-glucosamine, together with its known ability to reduce uridine nucleotide pools, may contribute to its toxicity toward certain experimental animal tumors.", "contents": "The inhibition of thymidine metabolism in tumor cells treated with D-glucosamine. The amino sugar, D-glucosamine, inhibits the preformed route of thymidine metabolism in rat C6 glioma cells. This inhibition results from a concatenation of several distinct effects, including the inhibition of thymidine uptake, the reduction of thymidine phosphorylation, and an increased leakage of thymidine to the extracellular space. Each of these effects, while ostensibly small in magnitude, is significant and contributes to the observed inhibition of acid-precipitable thymidine incorporation by D-glucosamine. These effects of D-glucosamine, together with its known ability to reduce uridine nucleotide pools, may contribute to its toxicity toward certain experimental animal tumors.", "PMID": 844042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5928", "title": "Quantitation of fibrinolytic activity of Syrian hamster fibroblasts using 3H-labeled fibrinogen prepared by reductive alkylation.", "content": "Tritium-labeled fibrinogen with a specific activity of 2.0 X 10(7) cpm/mg was prepared by the method of reductive alkylation. The use of the 3H-fibrinogen as a substrate for detection of both intracellular and extracellular fibrinolytic activity derived from cultures of benzo(a)pyrene-transformed Syrian hamster cell lines was examined in cell-free assays, 3H-fibrinogen enabled reliable quantitation of the fibrinolytic activity associated with neoplastic cells. The elevated extracellular fibrinolytic activity in the transformed cell lines as compared to normal hamster embryo cultures was demonstrated with this substrate. The ease with which large quantities of 3H-fibrinogen of high specific activity and prolonged half-life can be prepared makes the use of this substrate an attractive alternative to 125I-labeled fibrinogen.", "contents": "Quantitation of fibrinolytic activity of Syrian hamster fibroblasts using 3H-labeled fibrinogen prepared by reductive alkylation. Tritium-labeled fibrinogen with a specific activity of 2.0 X 10(7) cpm/mg was prepared by the method of reductive alkylation. The use of the 3H-fibrinogen as a substrate for detection of both intracellular and extracellular fibrinolytic activity derived from cultures of benzo(a)pyrene-transformed Syrian hamster cell lines was examined in cell-free assays, 3H-fibrinogen enabled reliable quantitation of the fibrinolytic activity associated with neoplastic cells. The elevated extracellular fibrinolytic activity in the transformed cell lines as compared to normal hamster embryo cultures was demonstrated with this substrate. The ease with which large quantities of 3H-fibrinogen of high specific activity and prolonged half-life can be prepared makes the use of this substrate an attractive alternative to 125I-labeled fibrinogen.", "PMID": 844044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5929", "title": "Radioimmune assay and characteristics of antibodies to macromomycin (NSC 170105).", "content": "A radioimmune assay for the antitumor agent, macromomycin, using purified, radioiodine-labeled macromomycin and antisera raised in rabbits against a carbodiimide-catalyzed macromycin-Limulus polyphemus hemocyanin complex has been developed. Radiolabeled macromomycin was prepared by direct iodination of the polypeptide antibiotic with the use of iodine monochloride or solid-state lactoperoxidase. Antibody-bound drug was isolated from free macromomycin with dextran-coated, activated charcoal. The standard curve of the sequential saturation assay was linear on a logit-log plot and indicated a lower limit of sensitivity of approximately 100 pg macromomycin. The radioimmune assay was suitable for measuring macromomycin in the presence of other antitumor drugs, and detection of macromomycin was quantitative when it was added to normal human serum or urine. Drug binding to melanoma and mammary carcinoma cell surfaces could be inhibited by preincubating macromomycin with affinity-purified antimacromomycin antibodies. However, once the drug was bound to cell surfaces, addition of antimacromomycin antibodies did not result in removal of the drug from cell surfaces or in reversal of macromomycin-induced inhibition of thymidine incorporation into cellular DNA. Antimacromovide useful tools for developing pharmacokinetic and toxicity studies of macromomycin, as well as for analyzing the mechanism(s) of action of the drug.", "contents": "Radioimmune assay and characteristics of antibodies to macromomycin (NSC 170105). A radioimmune assay for the antitumor agent, macromomycin, using purified, radioiodine-labeled macromomycin and antisera raised in rabbits against a carbodiimide-catalyzed macromycin-Limulus polyphemus hemocyanin complex has been developed. Radiolabeled macromomycin was prepared by direct iodination of the polypeptide antibiotic with the use of iodine monochloride or solid-state lactoperoxidase. Antibody-bound drug was isolated from free macromomycin with dextran-coated, activated charcoal. The standard curve of the sequential saturation assay was linear on a logit-log plot and indicated a lower limit of sensitivity of approximately 100 pg macromomycin. The radioimmune assay was suitable for measuring macromomycin in the presence of other antitumor drugs, and detection of macromomycin was quantitative when it was added to normal human serum or urine. Drug binding to melanoma and mammary carcinoma cell surfaces could be inhibited by preincubating macromomycin with affinity-purified antimacromomycin antibodies. However, once the drug was bound to cell surfaces, addition of antimacromomycin antibodies did not result in removal of the drug from cell surfaces or in reversal of macromomycin-induced inhibition of thymidine incorporation into cellular DNA. Antimacromovide useful tools for developing pharmacokinetic and toxicity studies of macromomycin, as well as for analyzing the mechanism(s) of action of the drug.", "PMID": 844045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5930", "title": "Metabolic activation of benzo(a)pyrene and binding to DNA in cultured human bronchus.", "content": "Human bronchus is one target site for the carcinogenic action of tobacco smoke, which contains chemical carcinogens, including benzo(a)pyrene. Human bronchi were obtained from surgery or \"immediate\" autopsy and then cultured in a chemically defined medium. The cultured bronchi were exposed to either benzo(a)pyrene or its metabolites, and their levels of binding to DNA were measured. One of the benzo(a)pyrene metabolites. (-)-trans-7,8-diol, is more active in binding to DNA than benzo(a)pyrene and several of its metabolites, including (-)-trans-4,5-diol, (-)-trans-9,10-diol, and phenols. The predominant metabolite formed by human bronchus from the (-)-trans-7,8-diol is found by high-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis to be the diol-epoxide r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-t-9,10-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene. The results suggest that this diol-epoxide is the major benzo(a)pyrene metabolite bound to DNA in human bronchus.", "contents": "Metabolic activation of benzo(a)pyrene and binding to DNA in cultured human bronchus. Human bronchus is one target site for the carcinogenic action of tobacco smoke, which contains chemical carcinogens, including benzo(a)pyrene. Human bronchi were obtained from surgery or \"immediate\" autopsy and then cultured in a chemically defined medium. The cultured bronchi were exposed to either benzo(a)pyrene or its metabolites, and their levels of binding to DNA were measured. One of the benzo(a)pyrene metabolites. (-)-trans-7,8-diol, is more active in binding to DNA than benzo(a)pyrene and several of its metabolites, including (-)-trans-4,5-diol, (-)-trans-9,10-diol, and phenols. The predominant metabolite formed by human bronchus from the (-)-trans-7,8-diol is found by high-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis to be the diol-epoxide r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-t-9,10-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene. The results suggest that this diol-epoxide is the major benzo(a)pyrene metabolite bound to DNA in human bronchus.", "PMID": 844046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5931", "title": "Nucleic acid content and nuclear chromatin structure of human bladder cell culture lines as studied by flow cytofluorometry.", "content": "Two human bladder cell lines, T-24 and HCV-29, are studied with flow cytofluorometry and acridine orange staining to determine relative DNA and RNA content per cell and to measure resistance to thermal denaturation of DNA in situ. The RNA/DNA ratio for HCV-29 is over twofold higher than that for T-24, a difference that is consistent with the differences in cytological morphology and staining characteristics of these two cell lines and is sufficient to distinguish them completely, although measurements of DNA or RNA alone may not. In addition, the two cell lines show differences in DNA \"melting\" curves that indicate structural or conformational differences in nuclear chromatin. It is evident that the features are related to nuclear and cellular morphology, and they may be of value as additional parameters for characterizing tissue culture cell lines.", "contents": "Nucleic acid content and nuclear chromatin structure of human bladder cell culture lines as studied by flow cytofluorometry. Two human bladder cell lines, T-24 and HCV-29, are studied with flow cytofluorometry and acridine orange staining to determine relative DNA and RNA content per cell and to measure resistance to thermal denaturation of DNA in situ. The RNA/DNA ratio for HCV-29 is over twofold higher than that for T-24, a difference that is consistent with the differences in cytological morphology and staining characteristics of these two cell lines and is sufficient to distinguish them completely, although measurements of DNA or RNA alone may not. In addition, the two cell lines show differences in DNA \"melting\" curves that indicate structural or conformational differences in nuclear chromatin. It is evident that the features are related to nuclear and cellular morphology, and they may be of value as additional parameters for characterizing tissue culture cell lines.", "PMID": 844047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5932", "title": "Prevention of renal failure in rats receiving cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) by administration of furosemide.", "content": "The clinicopathological signs of renal failure induced in rats by weekly i.v. administration of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) were prevented by pretreatment with furosemide. Weight loss, anemia, and generalized toxic effects of the drug were not effected by furosemide.", "contents": "Prevention of renal failure in rats receiving cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) by administration of furosemide. The clinicopathological signs of renal failure induced in rats by weekly i.v. administration of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) were prevented by pretreatment with furosemide. Weight loss, anemia, and generalized toxic effects of the drug were not effected by furosemide.", "PMID": 844049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5933", "title": "Cytotoxicity of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine in dimethylhydrazine-induced carcinomas of rat colon.", "content": "Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given weekly s.c. injections of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (21 mg/kg) for 20 weeks. The injections were then discontinued, and, after an interval of 2 to 8 weeks, experimental animals were given i.p. injections of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (5,6DHT) at a dose of 40 mg/kg and sacrificed at intervals of 1, 2, 6, 16, and 48 hr later. Specimens of descending colon and carcinomas of the descending or transverse colon from sacrificed animals were examined using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results show that 5,6DHT at a dose of 40 mg/kg is cytotoxic to malignant colonic epithelial cells but not cytotoxic to adjacent nonmalignant colonic epithelial cells. In malignant colonic epithelial cells, ultrastructural changes in cytoplasmic membranes and mitochondria were evident at 1 hr after 5,6DHT treatment. At 6 hr after 5,6DHT treatment, light microscopy of sections of tumor showed areas of cell necrosis and disrupted tumor morphology. Sections of specimens taken 16 hr after treatment showed widespread destruction of malignant cells.", "contents": "Cytotoxicity of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine in dimethylhydrazine-induced carcinomas of rat colon. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given weekly s.c. injections of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (21 mg/kg) for 20 weeks. The injections were then discontinued, and, after an interval of 2 to 8 weeks, experimental animals were given i.p. injections of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (5,6DHT) at a dose of 40 mg/kg and sacrificed at intervals of 1, 2, 6, 16, and 48 hr later. Specimens of descending colon and carcinomas of the descending or transverse colon from sacrificed animals were examined using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results show that 5,6DHT at a dose of 40 mg/kg is cytotoxic to malignant colonic epithelial cells but not cytotoxic to adjacent nonmalignant colonic epithelial cells. In malignant colonic epithelial cells, ultrastructural changes in cytoplasmic membranes and mitochondria were evident at 1 hr after 5,6DHT treatment. At 6 hr after 5,6DHT treatment, light microscopy of sections of tumor showed areas of cell necrosis and disrupted tumor morphology. Sections of specimens taken 16 hr after treatment showed widespread destruction of malignant cells.", "PMID": 844050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5934", "title": "Epidermal hyperplasia after topical application of benzo (a) pyrene, benzo (a) pyrene diol epoxides, and other metabolites.", "content": "The effects of benzo(a)pyrene (BP) and 22 derivatives upon the number of nuclei per unit length of epidermis, the number of cell layers of epidermis, and the thickness of the epidermal layer were studied. Several derivatives of BP induced changes in epidermal morphology that are typical of those produced by various agents that promote skin tumorigenesis after application of an initiator. The most potent compounds tested were the BP diol epoxides, (+/-)-7beta,8alpha-dihydroxy-9beta, 10beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo-(a)pyrene (diol epoxide 1) and (+/-)-7beta,8alpha-dihydroxy-9alpha, 10alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene (diol epoxide 2). These derivatives were followed in activity by 9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene, 2-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene, and by 9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene. The possible implications of these results with regard to the carcinogenicity of BP on mouse skin are discussed.", "contents": "Epidermal hyperplasia after topical application of benzo (a) pyrene, benzo (a) pyrene diol epoxides, and other metabolites. The effects of benzo(a)pyrene (BP) and 22 derivatives upon the number of nuclei per unit length of epidermis, the number of cell layers of epidermis, and the thickness of the epidermal layer were studied. Several derivatives of BP induced changes in epidermal morphology that are typical of those produced by various agents that promote skin tumorigenesis after application of an initiator. The most potent compounds tested were the BP diol epoxides, (+/-)-7beta,8alpha-dihydroxy-9beta, 10beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo-(a)pyrene (diol epoxide 1) and (+/-)-7beta,8alpha-dihydroxy-9alpha, 10alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene (diol epoxide 2). These derivatives were followed in activity by 9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene, 2-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene, and by 9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene. The possible implications of these results with regard to the carcinogenicity of BP on mouse skin are discussed.", "PMID": 844052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5935", "title": "Oxidation of a branched-chain alditol by acetobacter suboxydans: a stereospecific synthesis of L-dendroketose.", "content": "A synthesis of L-dendroketose (5) has been achieved by microbiological oxidation by Acetobacter suboxydans of the branched-chain alditol 2-C-(hydroxy-methyl)-D-erythro-pentitol (4). Treatment of the oxidation product with acetone, copper(II) sulfate, and sulfuric acid afforded the two di-O-isopropylidene-L-dendro-ketose derivatives 6 and 7. Assignment of configuration at the branching carbon atom (C-4) and at the anomeric center in 6 and 7 was made on the basis of the carbon-13 magnetic resonance spectra of these derivatives.", "contents": "Oxidation of a branched-chain alditol by acetobacter suboxydans: a stereospecific synthesis of L-dendroketose. A synthesis of L-dendroketose (5) has been achieved by microbiological oxidation by Acetobacter suboxydans of the branched-chain alditol 2-C-(hydroxy-methyl)-D-erythro-pentitol (4). Treatment of the oxidation product with acetone, copper(II) sulfate, and sulfuric acid afforded the two di-O-isopropylidene-L-dendro-ketose derivatives 6 and 7. Assignment of configuration at the branching carbon atom (C-4) and at the anomeric center in 6 and 7 was made on the basis of the carbon-13 magnetic resonance spectra of these derivatives.", "PMID": 844055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5936", "title": "Facile synthesis of 2-methyl-[4,6-di-O-acetyl-1,2-dideoxy-3-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-D-glycopyranosyl)-alpha-D-glucopyrano-[2',1':4,5]-2-oxazolines, key intermediates for the synthesis of oligosaccharides.", "content": "A simple synthesis of disaccharide oxazolines has been developed. Condensation of methyl 2-acetamido-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl bromide, followed by removal of the 4,6-O-benzylidene group from the resulting disaccharide derivative, gave crystalline methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-alpha-D-glucpyranoside which, on acetolysis with acetic anhydride-acetic acid-sulfuric acid, provided 2-methyl-[4,6-di-O-acetyl-1,2-dideoxy-3-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-alpha-D-glucopyrano]-[2',1':4,5]-2-oxazoline (7). Synthesis of the related alpha-D-mannopyranosyl compound was similarly accomplished. The glycosylating capability of 7 was employed for the synthesis of 6-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)hexyl-2-acetamido-4,6-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-3-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (18). An alternative synthesis of compound 18 is also described.", "contents": "Facile synthesis of 2-methyl-[4,6-di-O-acetyl-1,2-dideoxy-3-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-D-glycopyranosyl)-alpha-D-glucopyrano-[2',1':4,5]-2-oxazolines, key intermediates for the synthesis of oligosaccharides. A simple synthesis of disaccharide oxazolines has been developed. Condensation of methyl 2-acetamido-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl bromide, followed by removal of the 4,6-O-benzylidene group from the resulting disaccharide derivative, gave crystalline methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-alpha-D-glucpyranoside which, on acetolysis with acetic anhydride-acetic acid-sulfuric acid, provided 2-methyl-[4,6-di-O-acetyl-1,2-dideoxy-3-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-alpha-D-glucopyrano]-[2',1':4,5]-2-oxazoline (7). Synthesis of the related alpha-D-mannopyranosyl compound was similarly accomplished. The glycosylating capability of 7 was employed for the synthesis of 6-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)hexyl-2-acetamido-4,6-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-3-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (18). An alternative synthesis of compound 18 is also described.", "PMID": 844057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5937", "title": "The synthesis of allyl 2-acetamido-3,6-di-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside and of chitobiose derivatives by the oxazoline procedure.", "content": "Controlled, partial benzylation of allyl 2-acetamido-3-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside gave a mixture of the 3,4-di-, 3,6-di- (15), and 3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl derivatives, the major product being 15. Condensation of 15 with 2-methyl-(3,4,6-tri-O-acetul-1,2-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucopyrano)-[2,1-d]-2-oxazoline gave a disaccharide which, after purification, removal of the allyl group, and hydrogenolysis of the benzyl substituents, gave 2-acetamido-4-O-(2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-i-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranose. This compound was further converted into di-N-acetyl-hexa-O-acetylchitobiose by acetylation, or into 2-methyl-[4-O-(2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-3,6-di-O-acetyl-1,2-di-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyrano]-[2,1-d]-2-oxazoline, a starting material for the preparation of di-N-acetyl-alpha-chitobiosyl phsophate.", "contents": "The synthesis of allyl 2-acetamido-3,6-di-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside and of chitobiose derivatives by the oxazoline procedure. Controlled, partial benzylation of allyl 2-acetamido-3-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside gave a mixture of the 3,4-di-, 3,6-di- (15), and 3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl derivatives, the major product being 15. Condensation of 15 with 2-methyl-(3,4,6-tri-O-acetul-1,2-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucopyrano)-[2,1-d]-2-oxazoline gave a disaccharide which, after purification, removal of the allyl group, and hydrogenolysis of the benzyl substituents, gave 2-acetamido-4-O-(2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-i-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranose. This compound was further converted into di-N-acetyl-hexa-O-acetylchitobiose by acetylation, or into 2-methyl-[4-O-(2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-3,6-di-O-acetyl-1,2-di-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyrano]-[2,1-d]-2-oxazoline, a starting material for the preparation of di-N-acetyl-alpha-chitobiosyl phsophate.", "PMID": 844058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5938", "title": "The morphology of the oval nuclei of neonatal Torpedo marmorata.", "content": "The morphology of the oval nucleus of neonatal Torpedo marmorata is described at the light and electron microscopic level of examination. The nucleus is unique relative to other central electromotor centers of electric fish so far described being bilaterally symmetrical, composed of two nerve cell types, and possessing no gap junctions between neurons and their processes. This particular structural plan presents difficulties in accounting for presumed synchronous discharge since it has been strongly argued that electrotonic coupling by means of gap junctions is the primary process by which synchronization is accomplished. Close membrane apposition and dendritic bundling, common features within the nucleus, are discussed as possible alternative structural correlates.", "contents": "The morphology of the oval nuclei of neonatal Torpedo marmorata. The morphology of the oval nucleus of neonatal Torpedo marmorata is described at the light and electron microscopic level of examination. The nucleus is unique relative to other central electromotor centers of electric fish so far described being bilaterally symmetrical, composed of two nerve cell types, and possessing no gap junctions between neurons and their processes. This particular structural plan presents difficulties in accounting for presumed synchronous discharge since it has been strongly argued that electrotonic coupling by means of gap junctions is the primary process by which synchronization is accomplished. Close membrane apposition and dendritic bundling, common features within the nucleus, are discussed as possible alternative structural correlates.", "PMID": 844072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5939", "title": "Electron microscopy of human melanosomes in unstained, fresh air-dried hair bulbs and their examination by electron probe microanalysis.", "content": "Electron microscopy of unstained, fresh air-dried spreads of plucked human hair bulbs revealed relatively well preserved melanocytes and dense storage granules of melanin. Energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis of melanosomes and premelanosomes from black facial hair bulbs disclosed high peaks for potassium and sulfur, intermediate peaks for magnesium and calcium, and low but distinct ones for phosphorus and chlorine. No peaks for magnesium were found in the central portion of mature melanosomes, but at their edges and in premelanosomes conspicuous peaks for this element were obtained.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of human melanosomes in unstained, fresh air-dried hair bulbs and their examination by electron probe microanalysis. Electron microscopy of unstained, fresh air-dried spreads of plucked human hair bulbs revealed relatively well preserved melanocytes and dense storage granules of melanin. Energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis of melanosomes and premelanosomes from black facial hair bulbs disclosed high peaks for potassium and sulfur, intermediate peaks for magnesium and calcium, and low but distinct ones for phosphorus and chlorine. No peaks for magnesium were found in the central portion of mature melanosomes, but at their edges and in premelanosomes conspicuous peaks for this element were obtained.", "PMID": 844073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5940", "title": "Fine structure of seminiferous tubules in antarctic seals.", "content": "The fine structure of seminiferous tubules from 5 crabeater, 2 leopard and 2 Ross seals showed that during the nonbreeding season the tubules were essentially similar in possessing spermatogenic and Sertoli cells. However, the tubules of leopard and Ross seals had more primary and secondary spermatocytes and spermatids than the crabeater seals. In general, the tubules were devoid of spermatozoa. The spermatids showed stages of maturation such as Golgi phase of acrosome formation, acrosomal cap formation and condensation of nuclei. Some spermatids degenerated in tubules. Both maturing and degenerating spermatids were closely associated with Sertoli cells. Junctional complexes with plaques of filaments were observed between Sertoli cells and the spermatogenic cells. Sertoli cells, irregular and polygonal, contained highly convoluted nuclei, strands of rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complexes, small mitochondria, variable amounts of lipid droplets, lysosomes, lipofuscin granules and highly plicated plasma membranes. In brief, the spermatogenic activity had practically ceased in the testes and the animals probably secreted low levels of testosterone during the nonbreeding season.", "contents": "Fine structure of seminiferous tubules in antarctic seals. The fine structure of seminiferous tubules from 5 crabeater, 2 leopard and 2 Ross seals showed that during the nonbreeding season the tubules were essentially similar in possessing spermatogenic and Sertoli cells. However, the tubules of leopard and Ross seals had more primary and secondary spermatocytes and spermatids than the crabeater seals. In general, the tubules were devoid of spermatozoa. The spermatids showed stages of maturation such as Golgi phase of acrosome formation, acrosomal cap formation and condensation of nuclei. Some spermatids degenerated in tubules. Both maturing and degenerating spermatids were closely associated with Sertoli cells. Junctional complexes with plaques of filaments were observed between Sertoli cells and the spermatogenic cells. Sertoli cells, irregular and polygonal, contained highly convoluted nuclei, strands of rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complexes, small mitochondria, variable amounts of lipid droplets, lysosomes, lipofuscin granules and highly plicated plasma membranes. In brief, the spermatogenic activity had practically ceased in the testes and the animals probably secreted low levels of testosterone during the nonbreeding season.", "PMID": 844074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5941", "title": "Neursecretory fibres in the median eyes of the scorpion, Androctonus australis L.", "content": "The retina of the median eyes of the North African scorpion, Androctonus australis L., is supplied with numerous neurosecretory nerve fibres which establish synaptoid contacts on the retinula cells. The number of fibres or profiles of varicosities of fibre terminals associated with a retinular unit (five retinula cells with a fused rhabdom) varies between 10 and 20. Electron-opaque vesicles with a diameter of 80-100 nm are abundant within the axonal profiles. The synaptoid junctions are characterized by postsynaptic electron-dense material on the inner leaflet of the retinula cell membrane and, frequently, presynaptic submembranous dense material. Because of these ultrastructural features, the junctions observed here resemble typical interneuronal synaptic contacts. Hence this kind of neurosecretory junction appears to be unique among arthropods. It is suggested that the neurosecretory fibres within the retina represent the efferent pathways for the control of the circadian pigment movements within the retinula cells.", "contents": "Neursecretory fibres in the median eyes of the scorpion, Androctonus australis L. The retina of the median eyes of the North African scorpion, Androctonus australis L., is supplied with numerous neurosecretory nerve fibres which establish synaptoid contacts on the retinula cells. The number of fibres or profiles of varicosities of fibre terminals associated with a retinular unit (five retinula cells with a fused rhabdom) varies between 10 and 20. Electron-opaque vesicles with a diameter of 80-100 nm are abundant within the axonal profiles. The synaptoid junctions are characterized by postsynaptic electron-dense material on the inner leaflet of the retinula cell membrane and, frequently, presynaptic submembranous dense material. Because of these ultrastructural features, the junctions observed here resemble typical interneuronal synaptic contacts. Hence this kind of neurosecretory junction appears to be unique among arthropods. It is suggested that the neurosecretory fibres within the retina represent the efferent pathways for the control of the circadian pigment movements within the retinula cells.", "PMID": 844075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5942", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of rat maturation ameloblasts.", "content": "Post-secretory, maturation-phase ameloblasts were studied by scanning electron microscopy of freeze-fractured or dry-dissected rat incisors. These cells are in contact with the enamel which they secreted at an earlier time and which undergoes a process of continuing mineralization. The lateral intercellular compartment between maturation ameloblasts is sometimes continuous with the intercellular space of the papillary layer of the enamel organ, but often closed by basal ring contacts which correspond to terminal bars seen in transmission electron microscopy. The distal poles of the cells sometimes possess striated borders. Lateral cell surfaces may show longitudinal gutter-like depressions between ridges from which numerous intercellular connections arise; or a maze of lateral folds and ridges; or they may have mostly microvillous surface projections bordering a minimal intercellular space compartment. Preliminary correlations of groupings of basal, lateral and distal cell features indicate that \"basal-closed plus distal striated border\" cells may show every type of lateral surface. Cell without a striated border, whether open or closed basally, have ridge or maze lateral surfaces bordering a wide intercellular compartment. \"Basal-open plus striated border\" cells have microvillous or maze-like surfaces. These combinations of features are encountered a few times along the length of the maturation zone of individual incisors and suggest tha existence of cyclical changes in the type of activity of maturation ameloblasts.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of rat maturation ameloblasts. Post-secretory, maturation-phase ameloblasts were studied by scanning electron microscopy of freeze-fractured or dry-dissected rat incisors. These cells are in contact with the enamel which they secreted at an earlier time and which undergoes a process of continuing mineralization. The lateral intercellular compartment between maturation ameloblasts is sometimes continuous with the intercellular space of the papillary layer of the enamel organ, but often closed by basal ring contacts which correspond to terminal bars seen in transmission electron microscopy. The distal poles of the cells sometimes possess striated borders. Lateral cell surfaces may show longitudinal gutter-like depressions between ridges from which numerous intercellular connections arise; or a maze of lateral folds and ridges; or they may have mostly microvillous surface projections bordering a minimal intercellular space compartment. Preliminary correlations of groupings of basal, lateral and distal cell features indicate that \"basal-closed plus distal striated border\" cells may show every type of lateral surface. Cell without a striated border, whether open or closed basally, have ridge or maze lateral surfaces bordering a wide intercellular compartment. \"Basal-open plus striated border\" cells have microvillous or maze-like surfaces. These combinations of features are encountered a few times along the length of the maturation zone of individual incisors and suggest tha existence of cyclical changes in the type of activity of maturation ameloblasts.", "PMID": 844076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5943", "title": "Ultrastructure of lymphatic capillaries in the human dental pulp.", "content": "Occlusal intradentinal cavities, prepared in normal human premolars and third molars to be extracted for orthodontic reasons, were filled for 7 to 11 days with gutta percha. A superficial pulpitis with localized small abscesses developed in the pulp chamber. Under local anesthesia, 0.2 to 0.3 cc of sterile colloidal carbon was injected in the pulp horn and the teeth were extracted 1 to 3 h later. Lymphatic capillaries could thus be identified in the pulpal tissues. They were characterized by a thin endothelium with occasional large intercellular clefts, absence or incompleteness of basement membrane, absence of pericytes, absence of luminal red blood cells, and presence of a filamentous material between the endothelium and the surrounding collagen fibrils. Moreover, some structural variations were observed.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of lymphatic capillaries in the human dental pulp. Occlusal intradentinal cavities, prepared in normal human premolars and third molars to be extracted for orthodontic reasons, were filled for 7 to 11 days with gutta percha. A superficial pulpitis with localized small abscesses developed in the pulp chamber. Under local anesthesia, 0.2 to 0.3 cc of sterile colloidal carbon was injected in the pulp horn and the teeth were extracted 1 to 3 h later. Lymphatic capillaries could thus be identified in the pulpal tissues. They were characterized by a thin endothelium with occasional large intercellular clefts, absence or incompleteness of basement membrane, absence of pericytes, absence of luminal red blood cells, and presence of a filamentous material between the endothelium and the surrounding collagen fibrils. Moreover, some structural variations were observed.", "PMID": 844077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5944", "title": "Cytophotometric studies on the reaction kinetics of acid phosphatase in motoneurons marked by injection of Evans blue into the soleus muscle of the mouse.", "content": "Evans blue was injected into the soleus muscle of albino mice in order to mark retrogradely the corresponding motoneurons of the spinal cord. Subsequently, reaction kinetics of acid phosphatase were studied in the marked nerve cells. 41-51 motoneurons per animal were counted. They are located in the dorsolateral portion of the Rexed zone IX where they form motor cell columns approximately 1.5 mm in length. After identification of the motoneurons, the enzyme reaction for acid phosphatase was performed by covering the section with a gel film containing naphthol-AS-BI-phosphate-hexazonium-pararosanilin. The formation of the azo dye was measured cytophotometrically at 520 nm. During the first 10 min of registration, a linear decrease in transmission of 0.4 per cent/min was shown. Because of the unimodal distribution of changes in transmission, the motoneurons of the soleus muscle could not be characterized as fast or slow types on the basis of the reaction kinetics of acid phosphatase.", "contents": "Cytophotometric studies on the reaction kinetics of acid phosphatase in motoneurons marked by injection of Evans blue into the soleus muscle of the mouse. Evans blue was injected into the soleus muscle of albino mice in order to mark retrogradely the corresponding motoneurons of the spinal cord. Subsequently, reaction kinetics of acid phosphatase were studied in the marked nerve cells. 41-51 motoneurons per animal were counted. They are located in the dorsolateral portion of the Rexed zone IX where they form motor cell columns approximately 1.5 mm in length. After identification of the motoneurons, the enzyme reaction for acid phosphatase was performed by covering the section with a gel film containing naphthol-AS-BI-phosphate-hexazonium-pararosanilin. The formation of the azo dye was measured cytophotometrically at 520 nm. During the first 10 min of registration, a linear decrease in transmission of 0.4 per cent/min was shown. Because of the unimodal distribution of changes in transmission, the motoneurons of the soleus muscle could not be characterized as fast or slow types on the basis of the reaction kinetics of acid phosphatase.", "PMID": 844078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5945", "title": "The influence of phenylthiourea (PTU) on the pigment epithelium and the photoreceptor cells in the developing retina of Haplochromis burtoni (Cichlidae, Teleostei).", "content": "The effect of phenylthiourea (PTU) on the pigment epithelium and the photoreceptor cells in the developing retina of Haplochromis burtoni was studied by electron microscopy. In the retinal pigment epithelium of 6-day old embryos, both types of melanin granule (spindle-shaped and rod-shaped) are already found. PTU inhibits the biosynthesis of melanin but does not influence the formation of premelanosomes so that in PTU-treated embryos there are no melanosomes, but an abundance of premelanosomes. The structure of the premelanosomes is described. It differs completely from that of all other vertebrates. Other changes: an increase in polysomes, retarded development of the inner segment of the photoreceptor cells and enlargement of the intercellular space between the inner and outer leaflet of the retina, may be due to a toxic effect of PTU.", "contents": "The influence of phenylthiourea (PTU) on the pigment epithelium and the photoreceptor cells in the developing retina of Haplochromis burtoni (Cichlidae, Teleostei). The effect of phenylthiourea (PTU) on the pigment epithelium and the photoreceptor cells in the developing retina of Haplochromis burtoni was studied by electron microscopy. In the retinal pigment epithelium of 6-day old embryos, both types of melanin granule (spindle-shaped and rod-shaped) are already found. PTU inhibits the biosynthesis of melanin but does not influence the formation of premelanosomes so that in PTU-treated embryos there are no melanosomes, but an abundance of premelanosomes. The structure of the premelanosomes is described. It differs completely from that of all other vertebrates. Other changes: an increase in polysomes, retarded development of the inner segment of the photoreceptor cells and enlargement of the intercellular space between the inner and outer leaflet of the retina, may be due to a toxic effect of PTU.", "PMID": 844080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5946", "title": "Light and electron microscopic study on the pineal complex of the coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae Smith.", "content": "The pineal complex of the coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae was studied light and electron microscopically. It consists of two vesicles representing parapineal and pineal organs. Both occur intracranially and openly communicate with each other and the brain ventricle. The entire complex shows a striking photoreceptor morphology with sensory, ependymal and nerve cells. The last cell type is more abundant in the parapineal vesicle than in the pineal organ. The following ultrastructural details of the parapineal are noteworthy: 1. The sensory cells possess large inner and outer segments protruding freely in the vesicular cavity. The outer segments measure 8-10 mum in length and consist of as many as 275 lamellae. The basal processes of these cells terminate in neuropil-like regions. Occasionally, dense granules (500-1000 A) of uncertain identity occur in the perinuclear and inner segment cytoplasm of the cells. 2. The supporting cells are of the ependymal type. Their cytoplasm contains a filamentous feltwork and pinocytotic vesicles, but lacks secretory granules. Cytosomes are particularly abundant in cell processes in the neuropil-like zones. The basal end-feet of these cells isolate the receptor and nerve cells from the perivascular space. 3. In the neuropil-like regions, terminals of sensory cells make synaptic contacts with neuronal dendrites. Synaptic ribbon-like profiles in the terminals characterize the contact zones. Only unmyelinated nerve fibers could be observed in the small area of the tissue examined. The results are discussed with regard to photoreceptive and secretory functions of the pineal complex and its evolution in lower vertebrates.", "contents": "Light and electron microscopic study on the pineal complex of the coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae Smith. The pineal complex of the coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae was studied light and electron microscopically. It consists of two vesicles representing parapineal and pineal organs. Both occur intracranially and openly communicate with each other and the brain ventricle. The entire complex shows a striking photoreceptor morphology with sensory, ependymal and nerve cells. The last cell type is more abundant in the parapineal vesicle than in the pineal organ. The following ultrastructural details of the parapineal are noteworthy: 1. The sensory cells possess large inner and outer segments protruding freely in the vesicular cavity. The outer segments measure 8-10 mum in length and consist of as many as 275 lamellae. The basal processes of these cells terminate in neuropil-like regions. Occasionally, dense granules (500-1000 A) of uncertain identity occur in the perinuclear and inner segment cytoplasm of the cells. 2. The supporting cells are of the ependymal type. Their cytoplasm contains a filamentous feltwork and pinocytotic vesicles, but lacks secretory granules. Cytosomes are particularly abundant in cell processes in the neuropil-like zones. The basal end-feet of these cells isolate the receptor and nerve cells from the perivascular space. 3. In the neuropil-like regions, terminals of sensory cells make synaptic contacts with neuronal dendrites. Synaptic ribbon-like profiles in the terminals characterize the contact zones. Only unmyelinated nerve fibers could be observed in the small area of the tissue examined. The results are discussed with regard to photoreceptive and secretory functions of the pineal complex and its evolution in lower vertebrates.", "PMID": 844079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5947", "title": "The use of ionic lanthanum as a diffusion tracer and as a marker of calcium binding sites.", "content": "The distribution of ionic lanthanum (La3+) was studied after perfusion of the isolated rat heart with a buffered salt solution containing lanthanum chloride. We have demonstrated that the localization of lanthanum differed from that shown in previous studies in which hearts were exposed to ionic or colloidal lanthanum during or after fixation. La3+ passed rapidly through the intercellular cleft between endothelial cells. There was relatively little transport by micropinocytosis and no evidence of transendothelial passage through the cytoplasm. Perfusion with a solution containing 1 to 15 mM LaCl3 resulted in localization of La3+ on the entire cytoplasmic membrane system of muscle cells, i.e.: the non-specialized parts of the muscle cell membranes were stained by La3+ as well as the membranes of micropinocytotic vesicles, of the T-system and of the intercalated disc. The cytoplasmic leaflets of gap junctions were especially stained. However, the cell membranes of non-muscle cells were free of lanthanum precipitates. Freeze-fracturing of muscle cells showed concomitant alteration in the distribution of membrane-associated particles. The gap junction membranes also showed changes in particle aggregation. Intracellular binding of La3+ are restricted to muscle cells. Lanthanum was found in the cell nucleus associated with heterochromatin, in the nucleolus, and along the nuclear membrane. The myofibrils were stained mainly over the I-band.", "contents": "The use of ionic lanthanum as a diffusion tracer and as a marker of calcium binding sites. The distribution of ionic lanthanum (La3+) was studied after perfusion of the isolated rat heart with a buffered salt solution containing lanthanum chloride. We have demonstrated that the localization of lanthanum differed from that shown in previous studies in which hearts were exposed to ionic or colloidal lanthanum during or after fixation. La3+ passed rapidly through the intercellular cleft between endothelial cells. There was relatively little transport by micropinocytosis and no evidence of transendothelial passage through the cytoplasm. Perfusion with a solution containing 1 to 15 mM LaCl3 resulted in localization of La3+ on the entire cytoplasmic membrane system of muscle cells, i.e.: the non-specialized parts of the muscle cell membranes were stained by La3+ as well as the membranes of micropinocytotic vesicles, of the T-system and of the intercalated disc. The cytoplasmic leaflets of gap junctions were especially stained. However, the cell membranes of non-muscle cells were free of lanthanum precipitates. Freeze-fracturing of muscle cells showed concomitant alteration in the distribution of membrane-associated particles. The gap junction membranes also showed changes in particle aggregation. Intracellular binding of La3+ are restricted to muscle cells. Lanthanum was found in the cell nucleus associated with heterochromatin, in the nucleolus, and along the nuclear membrane. The myofibrils were stained mainly over the I-band.", "PMID": 844081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5948", "title": "The effects of different methods of fixation on central nervous system synaptic pinocytotic vesicles.", "content": "Synaptic pinocytotic vesicles (invaginating from the surface membrane) and coated vesicles inside rat mossy fiber endings were counted after the use of different kinds of fixatives. Significantly greater numbers of pinocytotic vesicles and coated pinocytotic vesicles per unit length of membrane were found when osmium was used as the first fixative. A high positive correlation was found between these values and the number of coated vesicles per unit area of mossy fiber ending profiles. The results emphasize the need for caution when considering the theory that in vivo synaptic vesicle recycling involves a coated vesicle invagination of the surface membrane followed by internalisation and loss of coat of the vesicle.", "contents": "The effects of different methods of fixation on central nervous system synaptic pinocytotic vesicles. Synaptic pinocytotic vesicles (invaginating from the surface membrane) and coated vesicles inside rat mossy fiber endings were counted after the use of different kinds of fixatives. Significantly greater numbers of pinocytotic vesicles and coated pinocytotic vesicles per unit length of membrane were found when osmium was used as the first fixative. A high positive correlation was found between these values and the number of coated vesicles per unit area of mossy fiber ending profiles. The results emphasize the need for caution when considering the theory that in vivo synaptic vesicle recycling involves a coated vesicle invagination of the surface membrane followed by internalisation and loss of coat of the vesicle.", "PMID": 844082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5949", "title": "The uptake of horseradish peroxidase by cortical synapses in rat brain. An in vivo study.", "content": "Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was introduced directly into the cerebral cortex of adult rats, which were allowed to survive for 60 min before perfusion fixation. After the tissue had been incubated to demonstrate HRP at the LM and EM levels, blocks of cortical tissue were taken at varying distances from the injection site. These eight blocks of tissue constituted a time sequence for HRP diffusion. Qualitative examination of the presynaptic terminals showed that the most commonly encountered profiles are the plain synaptic vesicles, many of which accumulate tracer. In some terminals labelled vesicles are \"lined-up\" in tubular fashion. Other profiles commonly labelled are coated vesicles, tubular and vacuolar cisternae, and plain and coated pinocytotic vesicles. Quantitative analyses based on the number of terminals containing labelled profiles demonstrate an early rise in the rate of labelling of both plain synaptic vesicles and coated vesicles, after which synaptic vesicle labelling rises slowly towards a plateau. By contrast, there is a late parallel increase in the rate of labelling of coated vesicles and cisternae. A more detailed analysis, based on the actual numbers of labelled and total profiles within each presynaptic terminal, highlight early and late periods of rapid labelling for plain synaptic vesicles, coated vesicles and cisternae. A further aspect of HRP incorporation studied, concerns its uptake into four delineated regions of the presynaptic terminal. Our data indicate that membrane uptake into the presynaptic terminal is accomplished mainly via coated vesicles, although plain synaptic vesicles may also be involved. Coated vesicles, in turn, appear to give rise directly to plain synaptic vesicles, with some coalescing to produce vacuolar cisternae. The latter are involved in a two-way interchange of membrane with tubular cisternae, plain synaptic vesicles and coated vesicles. An additional source of plain synaptic vesicles are the tubular cisternae. Exocytosis of plain synaptic vesicles constitutes the mechanism by which transmitter is released from the presynaptic terminal.", "contents": "The uptake of horseradish peroxidase by cortical synapses in rat brain. An in vivo study. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was introduced directly into the cerebral cortex of adult rats, which were allowed to survive for 60 min before perfusion fixation. After the tissue had been incubated to demonstrate HRP at the LM and EM levels, blocks of cortical tissue were taken at varying distances from the injection site. These eight blocks of tissue constituted a time sequence for HRP diffusion. Qualitative examination of the presynaptic terminals showed that the most commonly encountered profiles are the plain synaptic vesicles, many of which accumulate tracer. In some terminals labelled vesicles are \"lined-up\" in tubular fashion. Other profiles commonly labelled are coated vesicles, tubular and vacuolar cisternae, and plain and coated pinocytotic vesicles. Quantitative analyses based on the number of terminals containing labelled profiles demonstrate an early rise in the rate of labelling of both plain synaptic vesicles and coated vesicles, after which synaptic vesicle labelling rises slowly towards a plateau. By contrast, there is a late parallel increase in the rate of labelling of coated vesicles and cisternae. A more detailed analysis, based on the actual numbers of labelled and total profiles within each presynaptic terminal, highlight early and late periods of rapid labelling for plain synaptic vesicles, coated vesicles and cisternae. A further aspect of HRP incorporation studied, concerns its uptake into four delineated regions of the presynaptic terminal. Our data indicate that membrane uptake into the presynaptic terminal is accomplished mainly via coated vesicles, although plain synaptic vesicles may also be involved. Coated vesicles, in turn, appear to give rise directly to plain synaptic vesicles, with some coalescing to produce vacuolar cisternae. The latter are involved in a two-way interchange of membrane with tubular cisternae, plain synaptic vesicles and coated vesicles. An additional source of plain synaptic vesicles are the tubular cisternae. Exocytosis of plain synaptic vesicles constitutes the mechanism by which transmitter is released from the presynaptic terminal.", "PMID": 844083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5950", "title": "Surface morphology of taste buds in catfish barbels.", "content": "External taste buds abound on barbels of the adult catfish Corydoras arcuatus. When examined by scanning electron microscopy, they are visualized as a series of punctate, conical elevations projecting from the general surface epithelium. All taste buds were found to be of one type. Both their external and internal surface features could be clearly elucidated on intact barbels and in barbels fractured transversely at various positions along their length. An extensive nerve terminal network penetrates the base of each taste bud. Two populations of elongated cells bearing prominent microvilli project through the central pore at the tip of each bud. One set of microvilli is thicker, longer and more club-shaped than its counterpart. While both are randomly distributed within each central pore, the small, short microvilli appear to outnumber the larger ones. A third population of cells, devoid of any apical microvilli, was also seen in some of the taste buds examined internally. These cells do not project to the external surface and are interpreted as \"basal\" cells described in previous light and transmission electron microscope studies of taste buds in other vertebrate species. The functional significance of some of these morphological findings is discussed.", "contents": "Surface morphology of taste buds in catfish barbels. External taste buds abound on barbels of the adult catfish Corydoras arcuatus. When examined by scanning electron microscopy, they are visualized as a series of punctate, conical elevations projecting from the general surface epithelium. All taste buds were found to be of one type. Both their external and internal surface features could be clearly elucidated on intact barbels and in barbels fractured transversely at various positions along their length. An extensive nerve terminal network penetrates the base of each taste bud. Two populations of elongated cells bearing prominent microvilli project through the central pore at the tip of each bud. One set of microvilli is thicker, longer and more club-shaped than its counterpart. While both are randomly distributed within each central pore, the small, short microvilli appear to outnumber the larger ones. A third population of cells, devoid of any apical microvilli, was also seen in some of the taste buds examined internally. These cells do not project to the external surface and are interpreted as \"basal\" cells described in previous light and transmission electron microscope studies of taste buds in other vertebrate species. The functional significance of some of these morphological findings is discussed.", "PMID": 844084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5951", "title": "Electron microscopic studies of coated membranes in two types of gill epithelial cells of lamprey.", "content": "Coated membranes in two types of gill epithelial cell of adult lamprey, Lampetra japonica, were studied by electron microscopy. The type 3 gill epithelial cells possess well-developed microvilli or microfolds, apical vesicles and abundant mitochondria. The cytoplasmic surface of the microvillous plasma membrane is covered by a coat of regularly spaced particles with a center-to-center distance of about 15 nm. Each particle consists of a bulbous free end, about 10 nm in diameter, and a connecting piece, about 5 nm long. Apical vesicles are covered by a surface coat which consists of fine filamentous material but lack any special coating on their cytoplasmic surface. The type 4 cells (chloride cells) are characterized by apical vesicles, abundant mitochondria and cytoplasmic tubules. These tubules possess a coat on their luminal surface which consists of spirally wound parallel rows of electron-dense materials. The rows are about 16 nm apart and wound at a pitch of about 45 degrees. The cytoplasmic surface of these tubules does not display a special coat. These coated membranes are assumed to be the sites of active ion transport across the plasma membrane. In particular, particles in type 3 cells and linear coat materials in chloride cells may be either loci of transport enzymes or energy generating systems. Apical vesicles lack any coating on their cytoplasmic surface but a fine filamentous coat is present on their luminal surface. They contain \"intraluminal vesicles\" and are continuous with apical ends of cytoplasmic tubules.", "contents": "Electron microscopic studies of coated membranes in two types of gill epithelial cells of lamprey. Coated membranes in two types of gill epithelial cell of adult lamprey, Lampetra japonica, were studied by electron microscopy. The type 3 gill epithelial cells possess well-developed microvilli or microfolds, apical vesicles and abundant mitochondria. The cytoplasmic surface of the microvillous plasma membrane is covered by a coat of regularly spaced particles with a center-to-center distance of about 15 nm. Each particle consists of a bulbous free end, about 10 nm in diameter, and a connecting piece, about 5 nm long. Apical vesicles are covered by a surface coat which consists of fine filamentous material but lack any special coating on their cytoplasmic surface. The type 4 cells (chloride cells) are characterized by apical vesicles, abundant mitochondria and cytoplasmic tubules. These tubules possess a coat on their luminal surface which consists of spirally wound parallel rows of electron-dense materials. The rows are about 16 nm apart and wound at a pitch of about 45 degrees. The cytoplasmic surface of these tubules does not display a special coat. These coated membranes are assumed to be the sites of active ion transport across the plasma membrane. In particular, particles in type 3 cells and linear coat materials in chloride cells may be either loci of transport enzymes or energy generating systems. Apical vesicles lack any coating on their cytoplasmic surface but a fine filamentous coat is present on their luminal surface. They contain \"intraluminal vesicles\" and are continuous with apical ends of cytoplasmic tubules.", "PMID": 844085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5952", "title": "Fine structural studies on the thyroid gland of the normal domestic fowl.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the thyroid gland of the domestic fowl has been investigated and found to be similar to that of mammals. The differences were found at subcellular level in the distribution of the \"dark bodies\" which were mainly apical and in the sizes of primary lysosomes. These were found to range from 100 to 500 nm in diameter. All organelles described in mammals as being concerned with the production of thyroglobulin and the two hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine were found to be present.", "contents": "Fine structural studies on the thyroid gland of the normal domestic fowl. The ultrastructure of the thyroid gland of the domestic fowl has been investigated and found to be similar to that of mammals. The differences were found at subcellular level in the distribution of the \"dark bodies\" which were mainly apical and in the sizes of primary lysosomes. These were found to range from 100 to 500 nm in diameter. All organelles described in mammals as being concerned with the production of thyroglobulin and the two hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine were found to be present.", "PMID": 844086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5953", "title": "A possible role for placental lysosomes in the formation of villous syncytiotrophoblast.", "content": "An ultrastructural and ultrahistochemical study of first trimester human placentae confirms previous reports that the cytotrophoblastic cells show a spectrum of differentiation, that dissolution of the limiting membrane of the cytotrophoblastic cells occurs and that fragments of free membrane can be found in the syncytiotrophoblast. There is an aggregation of primary lysosomes in the region of approximation of the cytotrophoblast to the syncytiotrophoblast, free lysosomal enzymes are found in the space between the two trophoblastic components, secondary lysosomes have been noted in the vicinity of fragmenting cytotrophoblastic cell membrane and the incorporation of a segment of free membrane into a vesicular structure has been noted. It is suggested that placental lysosomes mediate the dissolution of the cytotrophoblastic cell membranes that is a necessary prerequisite for their full differentiation into syncytiotrophoblast and it is further suggested that one of the principal roles of placental lysosomes is in the structural refashioning of the organ that occurs during the first trimester.", "contents": "A possible role for placental lysosomes in the formation of villous syncytiotrophoblast. An ultrastructural and ultrahistochemical study of first trimester human placentae confirms previous reports that the cytotrophoblastic cells show a spectrum of differentiation, that dissolution of the limiting membrane of the cytotrophoblastic cells occurs and that fragments of free membrane can be found in the syncytiotrophoblast. There is an aggregation of primary lysosomes in the region of approximation of the cytotrophoblast to the syncytiotrophoblast, free lysosomal enzymes are found in the space between the two trophoblastic components, secondary lysosomes have been noted in the vicinity of fragmenting cytotrophoblastic cell membrane and the incorporation of a segment of free membrane into a vesicular structure has been noted. It is suggested that placental lysosomes mediate the dissolution of the cytotrophoblastic cell membranes that is a necessary prerequisite for their full differentiation into syncytiotrophoblast and it is further suggested that one of the principal roles of placental lysosomes is in the structural refashioning of the organ that occurs during the first trimester.", "PMID": 844087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5954", "title": "Kinetics of biosynthesis of acetylcholine receptor and subsequent incorporation into plasma membrane of cultured chick skeletal muscle.", "content": "20% of the acetylcholine receptors in cultured chick skeletal muscle remain unbound following long-term growth of muscle in medium containing a potent, essentially irreversible receptor-blocking agent, alpha-bungarotoxin. About half the receptors which are unavailable for interaction with extracellular alpha-bungarotoxin are newly synthesized molecules which presumably are being processed and transported to the plasma membrane. When the muscle cultures are switched to a medium containing 2H, 13C, 15N-amino acids, these receptors are rapidly labeled, the fraction of labeled molecules beginning to plateau at 3 hr. Few labeled receptors appear in the plasma membrane during the first 3 hr of labeling with 2H, 13C, 15N-amino acids. After 3.5 hr of labeling, virtually all the receptors being incorporated into the plasma membrane are labeled receptors. The kinetics of labeling of the \"pool\" and \"surface\" receptors with 2H, 13C, 15N-amino acids confirm the \"precursor-product\" type relationship of pool and surface acetylcholine receptors. In this study, receptors synthesized in medium containing 2H, 13C, 15N-amino acids were resolved from 1H, 12C, 14N-receptors by velocity sedimentation in sucrose-deuterium oxide and sucrose-H2O gradients, and their densities were estimated from sedimentation rates in shallow gradients of various average density. Estimated densities were 1.32 g/cm3 for 1H, 12C, 14N-receptors and 1.41 g/cm3 for 2H, 13C, 15N-receptors. This density difference corresponds to 80% substitution of normal aminoacyl residues by 2H, 13C, 15N-residues in the denser receptor.", "contents": "Kinetics of biosynthesis of acetylcholine receptor and subsequent incorporation into plasma membrane of cultured chick skeletal muscle. 20% of the acetylcholine receptors in cultured chick skeletal muscle remain unbound following long-term growth of muscle in medium containing a potent, essentially irreversible receptor-blocking agent, alpha-bungarotoxin. About half the receptors which are unavailable for interaction with extracellular alpha-bungarotoxin are newly synthesized molecules which presumably are being processed and transported to the plasma membrane. When the muscle cultures are switched to a medium containing 2H, 13C, 15N-amino acids, these receptors are rapidly labeled, the fraction of labeled molecules beginning to plateau at 3 hr. Few labeled receptors appear in the plasma membrane during the first 3 hr of labeling with 2H, 13C, 15N-amino acids. After 3.5 hr of labeling, virtually all the receptors being incorporated into the plasma membrane are labeled receptors. The kinetics of labeling of the \"pool\" and \"surface\" receptors with 2H, 13C, 15N-amino acids confirm the \"precursor-product\" type relationship of pool and surface acetylcholine receptors. In this study, receptors synthesized in medium containing 2H, 13C, 15N-amino acids were resolved from 1H, 12C, 14N-receptors by velocity sedimentation in sucrose-deuterium oxide and sucrose-H2O gradients, and their densities were estimated from sedimentation rates in shallow gradients of various average density. Estimated densities were 1.32 g/cm3 for 1H, 12C, 14N-receptors and 1.41 g/cm3 for 2H, 13C, 15N-receptors. This density difference corresponds to 80% substitution of normal aminoacyl residues by 2H, 13C, 15N-residues in the denser receptor.", "PMID": 844098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5955", "title": "Regression of mouse mammary gland anlagen in recombinants of Tfm and wild-type tissues: testosterone acts via the mesenchyme.", "content": "In the male mouse, regression of the mammary gland anlagen is induced by testosterone during embryonic life. In the androgen-insensitive Tfm mouse, the gland anlagen are resistant to the testosterone action. To analyze cellular interactions in this process, we isolated the mammary gland anlagen from Tfm- and wild-type embryos. The epithelial buds were separated from the mesencyme by trypsin-pacreatin treatment. From the epithelial and mesenchymal components, reciprocal recombinations were prepared and cultivated on millipore filter in the presence of testosterone. In combination with androgen-insensitive Tfm- mesenchyme, the wild-type buds survived the action of testosterone. On the other hand, in combination with wild-type mesenchyme, the androgen-insensitive Tfm epithelial buds were destroyed. The results show that testosterone induces detachment and degeneration of the buds via the mesenchyme.", "contents": "Regression of mouse mammary gland anlagen in recombinants of Tfm and wild-type tissues: testosterone acts via the mesenchyme. In the male mouse, regression of the mammary gland anlagen is induced by testosterone during embryonic life. In the androgen-insensitive Tfm mouse, the gland anlagen are resistant to the testosterone action. To analyze cellular interactions in this process, we isolated the mammary gland anlagen from Tfm- and wild-type embryos. The epithelial buds were separated from the mesencyme by trypsin-pacreatin treatment. From the epithelial and mesenchymal components, reciprocal recombinations were prepared and cultivated on millipore filter in the presence of testosterone. In combination with androgen-insensitive Tfm- mesenchyme, the wild-type buds survived the action of testosterone. On the other hand, in combination with wild-type mesenchyme, the androgen-insensitive Tfm epithelial buds were destroyed. The results show that testosterone induces detachment and degeneration of the buds via the mesenchyme.", "PMID": 844099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5956", "title": "Transcription of specific genes in isolated nuclei by exogenous RNA polymerases.", "content": "Mouse plasmacytoma (MOPC) 460 cells contain two chromatographic forms of RNA polymerase III (IIIA and IIIB) in addition to the major class I and II RNA polymerases. Nuclei isolated from these cells actively synthesize RNA. Among the discrete transcription products observed are the 5S and 4.5S RNAs and additional low molecular weight RNA species (approximately 5.8S, 6.3S, and 6.6S in size). The 4.5S RNAs appear to be tRNA precursors since they can be converted in vitro to 4S RNAs. Studies with alpha-amanitin have shown that the synthesis of these discrete RNA species, and other uncharacterized transcripts somewhat larger in size, is mediated by an endogenous RNA polymerase III activity(ies). Nuclear RNA synthesis is stimulated by exogenous purified RNA polymerases. Exogenous MOPC class III RNA polymerases stimulate the synthesis of each of the distinct low molecular weight species (including 5S and 4.5S RNAs) about 3-6 fold. The hybridization of nuclear transcripts to purified 5S genes (5S DNA) confirms that exogenous class III RNA polymerases stimulate (approximately 4 fold) the synthesis of ribosomal 5S RNA. The 5S RNA genes in nuclei are transcribed asymmetrically by both the endogenous and the exogenous class III enzymes. Exogenous RNA polymerase III from Xenopus laevis ovaries stimulates 4.5S and 5S RNA synthesis in MOPC nuclei as effectively as do the MOPC class III RNA polymerases. However, exogenous MOPC class I and II RNA polymerases do not stimulate 4.5S and 5S RNA synthesis, suggesting that this effect is specific for the structurally similar class III RNA polymerases.", "contents": "Transcription of specific genes in isolated nuclei by exogenous RNA polymerases. Mouse plasmacytoma (MOPC) 460 cells contain two chromatographic forms of RNA polymerase III (IIIA and IIIB) in addition to the major class I and II RNA polymerases. Nuclei isolated from these cells actively synthesize RNA. Among the discrete transcription products observed are the 5S and 4.5S RNAs and additional low molecular weight RNA species (approximately 5.8S, 6.3S, and 6.6S in size). The 4.5S RNAs appear to be tRNA precursors since they can be converted in vitro to 4S RNAs. Studies with alpha-amanitin have shown that the synthesis of these discrete RNA species, and other uncharacterized transcripts somewhat larger in size, is mediated by an endogenous RNA polymerase III activity(ies). Nuclear RNA synthesis is stimulated by exogenous purified RNA polymerases. Exogenous MOPC class III RNA polymerases stimulate the synthesis of each of the distinct low molecular weight species (including 5S and 4.5S RNAs) about 3-6 fold. The hybridization of nuclear transcripts to purified 5S genes (5S DNA) confirms that exogenous class III RNA polymerases stimulate (approximately 4 fold) the synthesis of ribosomal 5S RNA. The 5S RNA genes in nuclei are transcribed asymmetrically by both the endogenous and the exogenous class III enzymes. Exogenous RNA polymerase III from Xenopus laevis ovaries stimulates 4.5S and 5S RNA synthesis in MOPC nuclei as effectively as do the MOPC class III RNA polymerases. However, exogenous MOPC class I and II RNA polymerases do not stimulate 4.5S and 5S RNA synthesis, suggesting that this effect is specific for the structurally similar class III RNA polymerases.", "PMID": 844100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5957", "title": "Synthesis and turnover of polysomal mRNAs in sea urchin embryos.", "content": "The synthesis and turnover kinetics of polysomal mRNA have been measured in sea urchin embryos. Polysomes were isolated from stages ranging between mesenchyme blastula and late gastrula Strongylocentrotus purpuratus embryos which had been exposed to exogenous 3H-guanosine. The amount of radioactivity incorporated into messenger and ribosomal RNAs was determined separately as a function of time, and the precursor pool specific activity was measured in the same embryos. Synthesis and decay rate constants were extracted from the data by a least-squares procedure. Per embryo, the rate of mRNA synthesis was calculated to be about 0.13 pg min-1, while the rate of rRNA synthesis is about 0.022 pg min-1. The newly synthesized mRNA turns over with a half-time of 5.7 hr. The data support only a single decay rate for the mRNA, but small fractions of mRNA decaying at different rates cannot be excluded. Previous studies have shown that a minor fraction of the mRNA includes the least abundant, most highly diverse set of messages (\"complex class\" mRNAs). To determine whether mRNAs of the complex class are synthesized and degraded at similar rates, labeled mRNA was measured in hybrids formed in mRNA excess reactions with single copy DNA. These experiments showed that complex class mRNAs represent an approximately proportional amount of the new mRNA symthesis, and turn over at the same average rate as does the bulk of the mRNA. Most of the mRNAs in the embryo polysomes are newly synthesized, rather than maternal. This statement refers both to complex class mRNAs and to prevalent mRNAs. Considering the sequence homology between embryo and oocyte mRNAs shown earlier, these results indicate that many of the same structural genes active during oogenesis are being transcribed in embryos at these stages.", "contents": "Synthesis and turnover of polysomal mRNAs in sea urchin embryos. The synthesis and turnover kinetics of polysomal mRNA have been measured in sea urchin embryos. Polysomes were isolated from stages ranging between mesenchyme blastula and late gastrula Strongylocentrotus purpuratus embryos which had been exposed to exogenous 3H-guanosine. The amount of radioactivity incorporated into messenger and ribosomal RNAs was determined separately as a function of time, and the precursor pool specific activity was measured in the same embryos. Synthesis and decay rate constants were extracted from the data by a least-squares procedure. Per embryo, the rate of mRNA synthesis was calculated to be about 0.13 pg min-1, while the rate of rRNA synthesis is about 0.022 pg min-1. The newly synthesized mRNA turns over with a half-time of 5.7 hr. The data support only a single decay rate for the mRNA, but small fractions of mRNA decaying at different rates cannot be excluded. Previous studies have shown that a minor fraction of the mRNA includes the least abundant, most highly diverse set of messages (\"complex class\" mRNAs). To determine whether mRNAs of the complex class are synthesized and degraded at similar rates, labeled mRNA was measured in hybrids formed in mRNA excess reactions with single copy DNA. These experiments showed that complex class mRNAs represent an approximately proportional amount of the new mRNA symthesis, and turn over at the same average rate as does the bulk of the mRNA. Most of the mRNAs in the embryo polysomes are newly synthesized, rather than maternal. This statement refers both to complex class mRNAs and to prevalent mRNAs. Considering the sequence homology between embryo and oocyte mRNAs shown earlier, these results indicate that many of the same structural genes active during oogenesis are being transcribed in embryos at these stages.", "PMID": 844101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5958", "title": "The distribution of poly(A)+ and poly(A)- protamine messenger RNA sequences in the developing trout testis.", "content": "Protamine messenger RNA was isolated in a very pure form from trout testes and used as a template for the synthesis of labeled complementary DNA (cDNA) of high specifiv activity. The cDNA was found to be a full-length transcript of protamine messenger RNA and was used as a probe for hybridization reactions with RNA preparations isolated from three subcellular compartments of differentiating trout testis cells. The RNA populations from the nuclei, polysomes, and postribosomal supernatant of these cells were fractionated into poly(A)-containing [poly(A)+] and poly(A)-free [poly(A)-] RNA to determine the distribution of these two forms of protamine mRNA in these cell compartments. At the early protamine stage of testis development, polysomal and postribosomal supernatant fractions contain almost equal quantities of poly(A)+ protamine mRNA, but poly(A)- protamine mRNA was found almost entirely in the polysomes.", "contents": "The distribution of poly(A)+ and poly(A)- protamine messenger RNA sequences in the developing trout testis. Protamine messenger RNA was isolated in a very pure form from trout testes and used as a template for the synthesis of labeled complementary DNA (cDNA) of high specifiv activity. The cDNA was found to be a full-length transcript of protamine messenger RNA and was used as a probe for hybridization reactions with RNA preparations isolated from three subcellular compartments of differentiating trout testis cells. The RNA populations from the nuclei, polysomes, and postribosomal supernatant of these cells were fractionated into poly(A)-containing [poly(A)+] and poly(A)-free [poly(A)-] RNA to determine the distribution of these two forms of protamine mRNA in these cell compartments. At the early protamine stage of testis development, polysomal and postribosomal supernatant fractions contain almost equal quantities of poly(A)+ protamine mRNA, but poly(A)- protamine mRNA was found almost entirely in the polysomes.", "PMID": 844102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5959", "title": "A heteroduplex study of the sequence relationships between the RNAs of M-MSV and M-MLV.", "content": "The regions of sequence homology between the RNA genomes of a murine sarcoma virus (clone 124 Moloney-MSV) and its parental helper virus (clone 3 Moloney-murine leukemia virus (M-MLV)) have been mapped. Long complementary DNA transcripts of the M-MLV RNA were hybridized to M-MSV RNA, and the structures of the hybrids were observed in the electron microscope. Beginning at the 5' end, the two RNAs are homologous for a region of length 2.25 kb (kilobases). In the next region, of length approximately 4.2 kb on the MLV genome, there are several homology segments between MLV and MSV, but there are also several short sequences present on MLV and deleted in MSV. There is then a major substitution loop; with a sequence (beta L) of length 2.9 kb present on MLV and missing on MSV, and a sequence (beta S) of length 1.5 kb present on MSV and missing on MLV. At the 3' end, there is a homology sequence of length 0.8 kb. On the basis of these results, other data on genes expressed in M-MSV-transformed cells, and by analogy with the avian gene map, we suggest that the gag genes (internal structural proteins) lie in the 2.25 kb region of homology near the 5' ends of M-MSV and M-MLV RNAs, and that the beta S segment contains a sarcoma (src) gene. Some of the heteroduplexes and some of the MLV cDNA/MLV RNA homoduplexes are circular, thus showing that cDNA transcription is initiated at an internal position in the RNA, proceeds to the 5' end, and them \"jumps\" to the 3' end.", "contents": "A heteroduplex study of the sequence relationships between the RNAs of M-MSV and M-MLV. The regions of sequence homology between the RNA genomes of a murine sarcoma virus (clone 124 Moloney-MSV) and its parental helper virus (clone 3 Moloney-murine leukemia virus (M-MLV)) have been mapped. Long complementary DNA transcripts of the M-MLV RNA were hybridized to M-MSV RNA, and the structures of the hybrids were observed in the electron microscope. Beginning at the 5' end, the two RNAs are homologous for a region of length 2.25 kb (kilobases). In the next region, of length approximately 4.2 kb on the MLV genome, there are several homology segments between MLV and MSV, but there are also several short sequences present on MLV and deleted in MSV. There is then a major substitution loop; with a sequence (beta L) of length 2.9 kb present on MLV and missing on MSV, and a sequence (beta S) of length 1.5 kb present on MSV and missing on MLV. At the 3' end, there is a homology sequence of length 0.8 kb. On the basis of these results, other data on genes expressed in M-MSV-transformed cells, and by analogy with the avian gene map, we suggest that the gag genes (internal structural proteins) lie in the 2.25 kb region of homology near the 5' ends of M-MSV and M-MLV RNAs, and that the beta S segment contains a sarcoma (src) gene. Some of the heteroduplexes and some of the MLV cDNA/MLV RNA homoduplexes are circular, thus showing that cDNA transcription is initiated at an internal position in the RNA, proceeds to the 5' end, and them \"jumps\" to the 3' end.", "PMID": 844103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5960", "title": "Phosphorylation of murine type C viral p12 proteins regulates their extent of binding to the homologous viral RNA.", "content": "The purified p12 phosphoprotein of Rauscher murine leukemia virus was fractionated by ion exchange chromatography into subpopulations of molecules containing different amounts of covalently linked phosphate. Of the various phosphorylated forms of p12 protein purified from virions, only a species containing relatively little phosphate can bind in vitro to purified homologous 70S viral RNA. Using ultraviolet irradiation to stabilize ribonucleoprotein complexes in intact virions, the same molecular species of p12 phosphoprotein can be isolated in close association with the 70S viral genome. The results show that phosphorylation of type C viral p12 proteins influences the extent, but not the specificity, of their interaction with homologous viral RNA.", "contents": "Phosphorylation of murine type C viral p12 proteins regulates their extent of binding to the homologous viral RNA. The purified p12 phosphoprotein of Rauscher murine leukemia virus was fractionated by ion exchange chromatography into subpopulations of molecules containing different amounts of covalently linked phosphate. Of the various phosphorylated forms of p12 protein purified from virions, only a species containing relatively little phosphate can bind in vitro to purified homologous 70S viral RNA. Using ultraviolet irradiation to stabilize ribonucleoprotein complexes in intact virions, the same molecular species of p12 phosphoprotein can be isolated in close association with the 70S viral genome. The results show that phosphorylation of type C viral p12 proteins influences the extent, but not the specificity, of their interaction with homologous viral RNA.", "PMID": 844104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5961", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of rapid atrial stimulation in adult and young dogs.", "content": "We evaluated the use of rapid atrial stimulation (RAS) to produce 2:1 atrioventricular (AV) block as a method for treating supraventricular tachycardias. We studied the cardiovascular hemodynamic changes before and after block in eight adult dogs and nine young dogs (3-4 1/2 weeks old). In each dog an electrocardiogram; cardiac index; aortic, pulmonary, and left ventricular (LV) systolic and end-diastolic pressures; and LV (dp/dt) p were recorded simultaneously and pulmonary ans systemic resistances were calculated. Measurements were obtained during (1) the control state, (2) RAS with maximal 1:1 AV conduction, (3) RAS with 2:1 AV block, and (4) RAS with 1:1 AV conduction at 50% of the rate which resulted in 2:1 AV block. Comparison of the hemodynamic effect of RAS with maximal 1:1 AV conduction and hemodynamics in the control state showed that there was a significant decrease in cardiac index and aortic mean pressure of 39% and 15%, respectively. When hemodynamic changes during RAS with 2:1 AV block were compared with those during RAS with maximal 1:1 AV conduction, cardiac index, LV systolic pressure, and aortic mean pressure increased by 52%, 17%, and 22%, respectively. LV (dp/dt) p increased by 20% and was significantly higher during RAS with 2:1 AV block than at higher ventricular rates obtained with RAS and maximal 1:1 AV conduction. We found that in this acute study the hemodynamic findings for the young dogs were similar to those for adult dogs. The data suggest that (1) significant hemodynamic improvement is obtained by RAS causing 2:1 AV block when compared to higher ventricular rates associated with 1:1 AV conduction; (2) in addition to increasing the diastolic filling period, reducing the very high ventricular rates improves the cardiac contractile state, and (3) RAS and 2:1 AV block may provide a useful technique for the management of some patients with intractable supraventricular tachycardia.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of rapid atrial stimulation in adult and young dogs. We evaluated the use of rapid atrial stimulation (RAS) to produce 2:1 atrioventricular (AV) block as a method for treating supraventricular tachycardias. We studied the cardiovascular hemodynamic changes before and after block in eight adult dogs and nine young dogs (3-4 1/2 weeks old). In each dog an electrocardiogram; cardiac index; aortic, pulmonary, and left ventricular (LV) systolic and end-diastolic pressures; and LV (dp/dt) p were recorded simultaneously and pulmonary ans systemic resistances were calculated. Measurements were obtained during (1) the control state, (2) RAS with maximal 1:1 AV conduction, (3) RAS with 2:1 AV block, and (4) RAS with 1:1 AV conduction at 50% of the rate which resulted in 2:1 AV block. Comparison of the hemodynamic effect of RAS with maximal 1:1 AV conduction and hemodynamics in the control state showed that there was a significant decrease in cardiac index and aortic mean pressure of 39% and 15%, respectively. When hemodynamic changes during RAS with 2:1 AV block were compared with those during RAS with maximal 1:1 AV conduction, cardiac index, LV systolic pressure, and aortic mean pressure increased by 52%, 17%, and 22%, respectively. LV (dp/dt) p increased by 20% and was significantly higher during RAS with 2:1 AV block than at higher ventricular rates obtained with RAS and maximal 1:1 AV conduction. We found that in this acute study the hemodynamic findings for the young dogs were similar to those for adult dogs. The data suggest that (1) significant hemodynamic improvement is obtained by RAS causing 2:1 AV block when compared to higher ventricular rates associated with 1:1 AV conduction; (2) in addition to increasing the diastolic filling period, reducing the very high ventricular rates improves the cardiac contractile state, and (3) RAS and 2:1 AV block may provide a useful technique for the management of some patients with intractable supraventricular tachycardia.", "PMID": 844137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5962", "title": "Effect of physical training on calcium transport by rat cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "Cardiac microsomes enriched in fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) were isolated from hearts of physically trained rats and were compared to those from sedentary rats. Preparations from conditioned rats were found to transport calcium to a greater extent than those from sedentary rats both in the absence and in the presence of 1 mM oxalate. Higher oxalate concentrations abolished the differences in calcium accumulation by cardiac microsomes from conditioned and sedentary rats and indicated a qualitative change in SR from conditioned hearts. We conclude that the increased transport by SR from hearts of conditioned rats may provide one mechanism for enhanced contractile reserve in these hearts.", "contents": "Effect of physical training on calcium transport by rat cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum. Cardiac microsomes enriched in fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) were isolated from hearts of physically trained rats and were compared to those from sedentary rats. Preparations from conditioned rats were found to transport calcium to a greater extent than those from sedentary rats both in the absence and in the presence of 1 mM oxalate. Higher oxalate concentrations abolished the differences in calcium accumulation by cardiac microsomes from conditioned and sedentary rats and indicated a qualitative change in SR from conditioned hearts. We conclude that the increased transport by SR from hearts of conditioned rats may provide one mechanism for enhanced contractile reserve in these hearts.", "PMID": 844138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5963", "title": "Steady state aldosterone dose-response relationships.", "content": "The steady state effects of different infusion rates of aldosterone on plasma concentrations of sodium and potassium, plasma renin activity, sodium space, and mean arterial pressure were determined. Measured amounts of aldosterone were infused continuously into adrenalectomized dogs for 13 weeks. Four rates of aldosterone administration were used: 16 +/- 1 mug/day, 48 +/- 3 mug/day (approximately the normal secretory rate for 22-kg dogs on a daily sodium intake of 27 mEq, potassium intake of 27 mEq), 91 +/- 4 mug/day, and 219 +/- 10 mug/day. Each rate of infusion was continued until the dogs were in sodium and potassium balance and measured variables were steady. Decreasing the rate of aldosterone administration below normal led to sharp decreases in plasma sodium concentration and sodium space, while raising the rate above normal had little effect. Plasma potassium concentration varied inversely and significantly with changes in aldosterone administration over the entire range of rates. Plasma renin activity rose extremely rapidly as the level of aldosterone fell below normal and went to zero at aldosterone infusion rates slightly above normal. Arterial pressure increased as aldosterone rose above normal but did not fall below normal at subnormal aldosterone levels, probably because of the pressor effects of simultaneously generated angiotensin II.", "contents": "Steady state aldosterone dose-response relationships. The steady state effects of different infusion rates of aldosterone on plasma concentrations of sodium and potassium, plasma renin activity, sodium space, and mean arterial pressure were determined. Measured amounts of aldosterone were infused continuously into adrenalectomized dogs for 13 weeks. Four rates of aldosterone administration were used: 16 +/- 1 mug/day, 48 +/- 3 mug/day (approximately the normal secretory rate for 22-kg dogs on a daily sodium intake of 27 mEq, potassium intake of 27 mEq), 91 +/- 4 mug/day, and 219 +/- 10 mug/day. Each rate of infusion was continued until the dogs were in sodium and potassium balance and measured variables were steady. Decreasing the rate of aldosterone administration below normal led to sharp decreases in plasma sodium concentration and sodium space, while raising the rate above normal had little effect. Plasma potassium concentration varied inversely and significantly with changes in aldosterone administration over the entire range of rates. Plasma renin activity rose extremely rapidly as the level of aldosterone fell below normal and went to zero at aldosterone infusion rates slightly above normal. Arterial pressure increased as aldosterone rose above normal but did not fall below normal at subnormal aldosterone levels, probably because of the pressor effects of simultaneously generated angiotensin II.", "PMID": 844139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5964", "title": "Chronic one-kidney hypertension in rabbits. III. Renopressin, a new hypertensive substance.", "content": "The blood pressure of rabbits with chronic one-kidney hypertension can be lowered to normal by immunization with hog kidney cortex preparations that do not contain renin, thus providing evidence for a new factor essential for the maintenance of an elevated blood pressure. A search for the new factor has led to the discovery of a hypertensive substance which we have named renopressin. Subcutaneous injection of the new substance into normal rabbits produces a delayed, slow increase in blood pressure, and after a few days the development of a moderate hypertension which persists indefinitely. The response of the blood pressure to renopressin is totally unlike that to renin. While the pressor action of renin can be blocked by an angiotensin II antagonist, the hypertension caused by renopressin cannot. Renin can increase the blood pressure of hypertensive rabbits; renopressin has no effect. The blood pressure of hypertensive rabbits and of normal rabbits made hypertensive by injection of renopressin can be lowered to normal by passive immunization with the same antibody preparation. The evidence is consistent with the possibility that renopressin and the agent causing the elevation of blood pressure in hypertensive rabbits are similar or identical.", "contents": "Chronic one-kidney hypertension in rabbits. III. Renopressin, a new hypertensive substance. The blood pressure of rabbits with chronic one-kidney hypertension can be lowered to normal by immunization with hog kidney cortex preparations that do not contain renin, thus providing evidence for a new factor essential for the maintenance of an elevated blood pressure. A search for the new factor has led to the discovery of a hypertensive substance which we have named renopressin. Subcutaneous injection of the new substance into normal rabbits produces a delayed, slow increase in blood pressure, and after a few days the development of a moderate hypertension which persists indefinitely. The response of the blood pressure to renopressin is totally unlike that to renin. While the pressor action of renin can be blocked by an angiotensin II antagonist, the hypertension caused by renopressin cannot. Renin can increase the blood pressure of hypertensive rabbits; renopressin has no effect. The blood pressure of hypertensive rabbits and of normal rabbits made hypertensive by injection of renopressin can be lowered to normal by passive immunization with the same antibody preparation. The evidence is consistent with the possibility that renopressin and the agent causing the elevation of blood pressure in hypertensive rabbits are similar or identical.", "PMID": 844140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5965", "title": "Change in liver blood flow and blood content in dogs during direct and reflex alteration of hepatic sympathetic nerve activity.", "content": "A mean decrease of 60% in liver blood volume was recorded by a plethysmographic technique during electrical stimulation of the hepatic nerves in anesthetized, vagotomized dogs. A decrease in pressure in the vascularly isolated carotid sinus to 40 mm Hg, from a mean control of 144 mm Hg, decreased liver blood volume by a mean of 16%; arterial blood pressure increased by a mean of 77 mm Hg. Carotid sinus hypotension was accompanied by respective mean increases of 16% and 1.4% in hepatic arterial and portal venous blood flows, and of 45% and 22% in arterial and portal resistances. Increase in sinus pressure to 240 mm Hg increased liver blood volume by a mean of 20%; arterial blood pressure decreased by 90 mm Hg. Sinus hypertension was accompanied by respective mean decreased of 10% and 1.5% in hepatic arterial and portal venous blood flows, and of 44% and 18% in arterial and portal resistances. Interruption of afferent vagal traffic from cardiopulmonary receptors was maximally effective in decreasing liver blood volume at a carotid sinus pressure of 40 mm Hg and was ineffective at carotid sinus pressures greater than 160 mm Hg. Combined withdrawal of  carotid and cardiopulmonary vasomotor inhibition decreased liver blood volume by 42%; of this 37% was due to the cardiopulmonary and 63% to the carotid baroreflex. The study showed the canine liver to function as a blood reservoir by active mobilization of a portion of its blood volume.", "contents": "Change in liver blood flow and blood content in dogs during direct and reflex alteration of hepatic sympathetic nerve activity. A mean decrease of 60% in liver blood volume was recorded by a plethysmographic technique during electrical stimulation of the hepatic nerves in anesthetized, vagotomized dogs. A decrease in pressure in the vascularly isolated carotid sinus to 40 mm Hg, from a mean control of 144 mm Hg, decreased liver blood volume by a mean of 16%; arterial blood pressure increased by a mean of 77 mm Hg. Carotid sinus hypotension was accompanied by respective mean increases of 16% and 1.4% in hepatic arterial and portal venous blood flows, and of 45% and 22% in arterial and portal resistances. Increase in sinus pressure to 240 mm Hg increased liver blood volume by a mean of 20%; arterial blood pressure decreased by 90 mm Hg. Sinus hypertension was accompanied by respective mean decreased of 10% and 1.5% in hepatic arterial and portal venous blood flows, and of 44% and 18% in arterial and portal resistances. Interruption of afferent vagal traffic from cardiopulmonary receptors was maximally effective in decreasing liver blood volume at a carotid sinus pressure of 40 mm Hg and was ineffective at carotid sinus pressures greater than 160 mm Hg. Combined withdrawal of  carotid and cardiopulmonary vasomotor inhibition decreased liver blood volume by 42%; of this 37% was due to the cardiopulmonary and 63% to the carotid baroreflex. The study showed the canine liver to function as a blood reservoir by active mobilization of a portion of its blood volume.", "PMID": 844141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5966", "title": "Regional myocardial function and dimensions early and late after myocardial infarction in the unanesthetized dog.", "content": "Pairs of ultrasonic dimension gauges and a micromanometer implanted in the subendocardium of the left ventricles of unanesthetized dogs were used to analyze serial changes in hemodynamic status and segmental function for up to 4 weeks after permanent circumflex coronary artery occlusion. Regional function was studied in control segments and in segments identified as marginal (hypokinetic) and ischemic. In three dogs, after transient regional dysfunction, no myocardial infarction developed, whereas in five dogs regional dysfunction at 3 hours after occlusion was followed by the development of persistent dysfunction and infarction. Left ventricular end-diastolic segment length (EDL) changes over time; EDL of the control segments increased progressively, but in marginal segments EDL was 12% below control and in the ischemic segments 30% below control by 4 weeks. Progressive increases in percent active shortening occurred in control segments; but holosystolic bulging was replaced by akinesia in ischemic segments, and persistent reduction in shortening was present in marginal segments at 4 weeks. Correlations were found between percent scar and reductions in percent shortening, EDL, and the ratio of change in diastolic length to change in diastolic pressure. These methods have detected hyperfunction in normal regions and variable segmental loss of contractile function, together with reduction of subendocardial dimensions and changes that may reflect decreased diastolic compliance in ischemic regions. We conclude that this model for the conscious animals may be useful for studying the influence of therapy on the extent of myocardial damage after experimental coronary occlusion.", "contents": "Regional myocardial function and dimensions early and late after myocardial infarction in the unanesthetized dog. Pairs of ultrasonic dimension gauges and a micromanometer implanted in the subendocardium of the left ventricles of unanesthetized dogs were used to analyze serial changes in hemodynamic status and segmental function for up to 4 weeks after permanent circumflex coronary artery occlusion. Regional function was studied in control segments and in segments identified as marginal (hypokinetic) and ischemic. In three dogs, after transient regional dysfunction, no myocardial infarction developed, whereas in five dogs regional dysfunction at 3 hours after occlusion was followed by the development of persistent dysfunction and infarction. Left ventricular end-diastolic segment length (EDL) changes over time; EDL of the control segments increased progressively, but in marginal segments EDL was 12% below control and in the ischemic segments 30% below control by 4 weeks. Progressive increases in percent active shortening occurred in control segments; but holosystolic bulging was replaced by akinesia in ischemic segments, and persistent reduction in shortening was present in marginal segments at 4 weeks. Correlations were found between percent scar and reductions in percent shortening, EDL, and the ratio of change in diastolic length to change in diastolic pressure. These methods have detected hyperfunction in normal regions and variable segmental loss of contractile function, together with reduction of subendocardial dimensions and changes that may reflect decreased diastolic compliance in ischemic regions. We conclude that this model for the conscious animals may be useful for studying the influence of therapy on the extent of myocardial damage after experimental coronary occlusion.", "PMID": 844142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5967", "title": "Cardiac output and renal blood flow in glycerol-induced acute renal failure in the rat.", "content": "Cardiac output (CO) and renal blood flow (RBF) were simultaneously evaluated by the microsphere method in water-drinking and chronic saline-drinking rats at 3, 12 and 24 hours after induction of acute renal failure by glycerol injection. Threee hours after glycerol injection CO and RBF decreased to 36% and 20% of the respective controls in water-drinking rats and to 41% and 24% of the controls in saline-drinking rats. Renal vascular resistance (RVR) increased significantly in both groups at this time. Isoncotic plasma expansion (3% of body weight) restored the RBF and RVR to normal in water-drinking rats 3 hours post-glycerol injection, althought CO increased to only 70% of the control. Twelve hours after glycerol injection, CO and RBF returned to normal in saline-drinking rats, whereas they remained lower than controls in water-drinking rats. Twenty-four hours post-glycerol injection, when acute renal failure was evident as indicated by blood urea nitrogen (BUN) values of 116.9 and 63.8 mg/100 ml in water- and saline-drinking rats, respectively, CO and RBF returned to normal, except that the CO of of water-drinking rats was slightly higher than control. Thus, we conclude that decreased CO is an important determinant of the early decrease in renal perfusion in glycerol-induced acute renal failure. Furthermore, the observed earlier return of CO and RBF to normal in saline-drinking rats may  be partly responsible for reproducing the severity of acute renal failure.", "contents": "Cardiac output and renal blood flow in glycerol-induced acute renal failure in the rat. Cardiac output (CO) and renal blood flow (RBF) were simultaneously evaluated by the microsphere method in water-drinking and chronic saline-drinking rats at 3, 12 and 24 hours after induction of acute renal failure by glycerol injection. Threee hours after glycerol injection CO and RBF decreased to 36% and 20% of the respective controls in water-drinking rats and to 41% and 24% of the controls in saline-drinking rats. Renal vascular resistance (RVR) increased significantly in both groups at this time. Isoncotic plasma expansion (3% of body weight) restored the RBF and RVR to normal in water-drinking rats 3 hours post-glycerol injection, althought CO increased to only 70% of the control. Twelve hours after glycerol injection, CO and RBF returned to normal in saline-drinking rats, whereas they remained lower than controls in water-drinking rats. Twenty-four hours post-glycerol injection, when acute renal failure was evident as indicated by blood urea nitrogen (BUN) values of 116.9 and 63.8 mg/100 ml in water- and saline-drinking rats, respectively, CO and RBF returned to normal, except that the CO of of water-drinking rats was slightly higher than control. Thus, we conclude that decreased CO is an important determinant of the early decrease in renal perfusion in glycerol-induced acute renal failure. Furthermore, the observed earlier return of CO and RBF to normal in saline-drinking rats may  be partly responsible for reproducing the severity of acute renal failure.", "PMID": 844143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5968", "title": "The distribution of labeled albumin across the rabbit thoracic aorta in vivo.", "content": "125I-albumin was injected intravenously into normal conscious rabbits. The rabbits were killed after 10 minutes to 24 hours, and the descending thoracic aorta was excises immediately, opened longitudinally, rinsed, and frozen. Samples of frozen aorta were sectioned paralled to the intimal surface and washed with trichloroacetic acid (TCA) prior to counting. TCA-soluble tissue radioactivity slowly increased with time, suggesting that 125I was cleaved gradually from the labeled albumin within the aortic wall. At up to 4 hours, transmural concentration profiles of TCA-precipitable radioactivity had steep gradients near the intimal surface, moderate gradients near the medial-advential border, and were relatively falt in the middle of the media. After 24 hours, the steep intimal gradient had disappeared. Concentrations were otherwise comparable to those at 4 hours. The rate of accumulation of TCA-precipitable radioactivity was rapid initially (measurable concentrations were found throughout the media after only 10 minutes) and decreased with time. The results are consistent with entry of 125I-albumin into the media from both the luminal and adventitial sides. Approximate calculations indicate that the albumin mass transfer resistance associated with the intimal endothelium is about 1 order of magnitude greater than that associated with the media.", "contents": "The distribution of labeled albumin across the rabbit thoracic aorta in vivo. 125I-albumin was injected intravenously into normal conscious rabbits. The rabbits were killed after 10 minutes to 24 hours, and the descending thoracic aorta was excises immediately, opened longitudinally, rinsed, and frozen. Samples of frozen aorta were sectioned paralled to the intimal surface and washed with trichloroacetic acid (TCA) prior to counting. TCA-soluble tissue radioactivity slowly increased with time, suggesting that 125I was cleaved gradually from the labeled albumin within the aortic wall. At up to 4 hours, transmural concentration profiles of TCA-precipitable radioactivity had steep gradients near the intimal surface, moderate gradients near the medial-advential border, and were relatively falt in the middle of the media. After 24 hours, the steep intimal gradient had disappeared. Concentrations were otherwise comparable to those at 4 hours. The rate of accumulation of TCA-precipitable radioactivity was rapid initially (measurable concentrations were found throughout the media after only 10 minutes) and decreased with time. The results are consistent with entry of 125I-albumin into the media from both the luminal and adventitial sides. Approximate calculations indicate that the albumin mass transfer resistance associated with the intimal endothelium is about 1 order of magnitude greater than that associated with the media.", "PMID": 844144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5969", "title": "Effects of angiotensin II on steroid metabolism and hepatic blood flow in man.", "content": "Metabolic clearance rates (MCR) of aldosterone, cortisol, 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC), corticosterone, and progesterone were simultaneously measured by constant infusion in eight control subjects before and during angiotensin II infusion in subpressor (3 ng/min per kg) and pressor (22 ng/min per kg) doses. Plasma levels of aldosterone and cortisol, the heat-labile protein-bound fraction of aldosterone, and hepatic blood flow (HBF) (as estimated by the fractional clearance of indocyanine green) were determined concomitantly. Angiotensin II in a subpressor dose produced a significant decrease of the MCR of aldosterone (by 23%), cortisol (by 16%), DOC (by 26%), corticosterone (by 14%) and progesterone (by 33%). The pressor dose further decreased the respective MCR by 37%, 21%, 40%, 28%, and 42% of the baseline value. Plasma aldosterone levels rose by 317% with subpressor and by 434% with pressor doses. HBF decreased by 18% with subpressor and by 33% with pressor doses of angiotensin II. Furthermore, there were significant negative correlations between the MCR of each steroid and the respective values of the fractional clearance of indocyanine green. We conclude that angiotensin II, by its vasoconstrictive action on the splanchnic vascular bed, decreases the MCR of aldosterone, cortisol, DOC, corticosterone, and progesterone. This decrease has to be taken into account when considering the stimulatory effect of angiotensin II on various plasma steroid concentrations.", "contents": "Effects of angiotensin II on steroid metabolism and hepatic blood flow in man. Metabolic clearance rates (MCR) of aldosterone, cortisol, 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC), corticosterone, and progesterone were simultaneously measured by constant infusion in eight control subjects before and during angiotensin II infusion in subpressor (3 ng/min per kg) and pressor (22 ng/min per kg) doses. Plasma levels of aldosterone and cortisol, the heat-labile protein-bound fraction of aldosterone, and hepatic blood flow (HBF) (as estimated by the fractional clearance of indocyanine green) were determined concomitantly. Angiotensin II in a subpressor dose produced a significant decrease of the MCR of aldosterone (by 23%), cortisol (by 16%), DOC (by 26%), corticosterone (by 14%) and progesterone (by 33%). The pressor dose further decreased the respective MCR by 37%, 21%, 40%, 28%, and 42% of the baseline value. Plasma aldosterone levels rose by 317% with subpressor and by 434% with pressor doses. HBF decreased by 18% with subpressor and by 33% with pressor doses of angiotensin II. Furthermore, there were significant negative correlations between the MCR of each steroid and the respective values of the fractional clearance of indocyanine green. We conclude that angiotensin II, by its vasoconstrictive action on the splanchnic vascular bed, decreases the MCR of aldosterone, cortisol, DOC, corticosterone, and progesterone. This decrease has to be taken into account when considering the stimulatory effect of angiotensin II on various plasma steroid concentrations.", "PMID": 844145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5970", "title": "Distribution of coronary artery flow to the canine right atrium and sinoatrial node.", "content": "We assessed segmental distribution of blood flow to the right atrium and the region of the sinoatrial node using micropheres (7-10 mum) in 20 anesthetized dogs. Mean right atrial flow averaged 83+/-7 (SE) ml/min X 100 g, which was 56% of the left ventricular blood flow. The distribution of right atrial flow was not homogeneous. For example, flow to anterior right atriaater (105+/-8 ml/min X 100 g) than mean right atrial flow. Following ligation of the sinus node artery, perfusion of the segment containing the sinus node decreased by only 36%. Relative preservation of perfusion to the sinus node following sinus node artery ligation may explain why ligation of the sinus node artery does not alter heart rate. Furthermore, we also found that cannulation and pump perfusion of the sinus node artery at pressures 10 and 50 mm Hg greater than systolic pressure did not alter the distribution of right atrial flow. Thus, because cannulation and perfusion of the sinus node artery do not artifactually distort regional right atrial blood flow, we conclude that this should be a useful method for evaluating responsiveness of the sinus node to various interventions.", "contents": "Distribution of coronary artery flow to the canine right atrium and sinoatrial node. We assessed segmental distribution of blood flow to the right atrium and the region of the sinoatrial node using micropheres (7-10 mum) in 20 anesthetized dogs. Mean right atrial flow averaged 83+/-7 (SE) ml/min X 100 g, which was 56% of the left ventricular blood flow. The distribution of right atrial flow was not homogeneous. For example, flow to anterior right atriaater (105+/-8 ml/min X 100 g) than mean right atrial flow. Following ligation of the sinus node artery, perfusion of the segment containing the sinus node decreased by only 36%. Relative preservation of perfusion to the sinus node following sinus node artery ligation may explain why ligation of the sinus node artery does not alter heart rate. Furthermore, we also found that cannulation and pump perfusion of the sinus node artery at pressures 10 and 50 mm Hg greater than systolic pressure did not alter the distribution of right atrial flow. Thus, because cannulation and perfusion of the sinus node artery do not artifactually distort regional right atrial blood flow, we conclude that this should be a useful method for evaluating responsiveness of the sinus node to various interventions.", "PMID": 844147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5971", "title": "Volume changes in sarcoplasmic reticulum of rat hearts perfused with hypertonic solutions.", "content": "To explore whether morphometry of intracellular membrane-limited subcompartments can be used to follow physiological volume changes in such subcompartments in hearts rapidly fixed by perfusion fixation, we have measured osmotically induced volume changes in electron micrographs of longitudinally oriented sarcoplasmic reticulum (LSR) and terminal cisterns (TC) of rat left ventricular myocardial cells. Vascular perfusion with solutions whose osmolality varied from 0.67 to 1.88 isomolal showed that in the hyperosmolal range LSR volume decreased linearly. Approximately 79% of LSR luminal volume participated in the osmotic rey unresponsive. By contrast, we found that the TC responded by dilation when hearts were perfused with hypersomolal NaCl, NaI, LiCl, or sucrose. Furthermore, with hyperosmolal NaCl the dilation developed within 1 minute; its rate and extent of development were concentration-dependent; it manifested an obligate association with prior or concomitant T-tubular dilation and was not readily reversible. We conclude that (1) the technique sensitively measures in situ changes of LSR volume; (2) most of LSR luminal water is osmotically responsive, but a significant fraction may not be; (3) exposure to hyperosomolal solutions may bring about (perhaps irreversible) structural changes in the diadic membrane complex, leading to changes in its solute permeability.", "contents": "Volume changes in sarcoplasmic reticulum of rat hearts perfused with hypertonic solutions. To explore whether morphometry of intracellular membrane-limited subcompartments can be used to follow physiological volume changes in such subcompartments in hearts rapidly fixed by perfusion fixation, we have measured osmotically induced volume changes in electron micrographs of longitudinally oriented sarcoplasmic reticulum (LSR) and terminal cisterns (TC) of rat left ventricular myocardial cells. Vascular perfusion with solutions whose osmolality varied from 0.67 to 1.88 isomolal showed that in the hyperosmolal range LSR volume decreased linearly. Approximately 79% of LSR luminal volume participated in the osmotic rey unresponsive. By contrast, we found that the TC responded by dilation when hearts were perfused with hypersomolal NaCl, NaI, LiCl, or sucrose. Furthermore, with hyperosmolal NaCl the dilation developed within 1 minute; its rate and extent of development were concentration-dependent; it manifested an obligate association with prior or concomitant T-tubular dilation and was not readily reversible. We conclude that (1) the technique sensitively measures in situ changes of LSR volume; (2) most of LSR luminal water is osmotically responsive, but a significant fraction may not be; (3) exposure to hyperosomolal solutions may bring about (perhaps irreversible) structural changes in the diadic membrane complex, leading to changes in its solute permeability.", "PMID": 844148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5972", "title": "Length-dependent calcium inotropism in cat papillary muscle.", "content": "We studied changes in the relationship of isometric developed force to muscle length when extracellular calcium concentration was altered in isolated cat papillary muscles. In two series of experiments at temperatures of 30 degrees C and 32 degrees C, and rates of 12 and 30 beats/min, 21 muscles were exposed to calcium concentrations of 1.125, 2.25 and 4.5 mM. Muscle lengths were varied between 80% and 100% of the length at which maximum developed force occurred (Lmax). Peak developed force and the time from stimulus to peak were measured. The data indicate that force is not altered proportionately at all lengths when calcium concentration is changed. Rather, we found that a substantially greater modification of force occurs at short lengths than at long lengths. Similarly, the time to peak force increases with length at a rate which is more than 4 times greater at the low calcium concentration than it is at the high concentration. Small but consistent shifts of Lmax also are seen. We observed that Lmax is longer when inotropic changes reduce force and shorter when force is increased. These results indicate that the inotropic effect of extracellular calcium concentration changes is dependent on muscle length.", "contents": "Length-dependent calcium inotropism in cat papillary muscle. We studied changes in the relationship of isometric developed force to muscle length when extracellular calcium concentration was altered in isolated cat papillary muscles. In two series of experiments at temperatures of 30 degrees C and 32 degrees C, and rates of 12 and 30 beats/min, 21 muscles were exposed to calcium concentrations of 1.125, 2.25 and 4.5 mM. Muscle lengths were varied between 80% and 100% of the length at which maximum developed force occurred (Lmax). Peak developed force and the time from stimulus to peak were measured. The data indicate that force is not altered proportionately at all lengths when calcium concentration is changed. Rather, we found that a substantially greater modification of force occurs at short lengths than at long lengths. Similarly, the time to peak force increases with length at a rate which is more than 4 times greater at the low calcium concentration than it is at the high concentration. Small but consistent shifts of Lmax also are seen. We observed that Lmax is longer when inotropic changes reduce force and shorter when force is increased. These results indicate that the inotropic effect of extracellular calcium concentration changes is dependent on muscle length.", "PMID": 844149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5973", "title": "Balloon-induced right ventricular outflow obstruction: a new approach to control of acute interventricular shunting after myocardial infarction in canines and swine.", "content": "Current management of ventricular septal defect (VSD) after myocardial infarction (MI) is aimed at improving left ventricular (LV) performance by afterload reduction as a means of hemodynamic stabilization or shunt control. The current investigation was undertaken to determine whether primary manipulation of right venticular (RV) performance by afterload enhancement was an effective means of reducing MI-VSD shunting. In five open-chest dogs an external LV-RV shunt was created with pulmonary-systemic flow ratios (Qp/Qs) averaging 2.26:1. Inflation of a balloon-tipped catheter in the main pulmonary artery (PA) reduced average QP/Qs to 1.28:1 and shunt flow from 783 to 343 ml/min. However, this increase in RV afterload caused further significant increases in RV systolic and end-diastolic pressure and suggested that deterioration of RV function might be limiting the usefulness of this technique. To investigate whether inotropic support for the RV would overcome this limitation, a similar shunt was created in 11 open-chest swine. We then investigated the effects of dopamine, infused at 24, 60, and 120 mug/min, on QP/QS and other hemodynamic variables both with and without PA balloon inflation. Optimal shunt control was obtained when effects of dopamine were added to those of PA balloon inflation. Shunt flow that had been 1,633 ml/min was reduced to 892 ml/min with the PA balloon and reduced further to 757 ml/min with dopamine, which also lowered RV and LV end-diastolic pressure and reduced total systemic vascular resistance. In four other swine with left anterior descending ligations, PA balloon inflation and dopamine infusion again favorably affected hemodynamics. Epicardial mapping in these swine showed an increase in S-T segment displacement, suggesting that the cumulative effect of these interventions allowed hemodynamic improvement at the expense of enhanced ischemic injury. These data indicate that acute RV outflow obstruction with a balloon catheter is an effective means of temporarily reducing acute ventricular shunting and that dopamine may be a useful pharmacological agent to use with RV afterload manipulation to stabilize a patient prior to transfer to a medical center for more definitive therapy.", "contents": "Balloon-induced right ventricular outflow obstruction: a new approach to control of acute interventricular shunting after myocardial infarction in canines and swine. Current management of ventricular septal defect (VSD) after myocardial infarction (MI) is aimed at improving left ventricular (LV) performance by afterload reduction as a means of hemodynamic stabilization or shunt control. The current investigation was undertaken to determine whether primary manipulation of right venticular (RV) performance by afterload enhancement was an effective means of reducing MI-VSD shunting. In five open-chest dogs an external LV-RV shunt was created with pulmonary-systemic flow ratios (Qp/Qs) averaging 2.26:1. Inflation of a balloon-tipped catheter in the main pulmonary artery (PA) reduced average QP/Qs to 1.28:1 and shunt flow from 783 to 343 ml/min. However, this increase in RV afterload caused further significant increases in RV systolic and end-diastolic pressure and suggested that deterioration of RV function might be limiting the usefulness of this technique. To investigate whether inotropic support for the RV would overcome this limitation, a similar shunt was created in 11 open-chest swine. We then investigated the effects of dopamine, infused at 24, 60, and 120 mug/min, on QP/QS and other hemodynamic variables both with and without PA balloon inflation. Optimal shunt control was obtained when effects of dopamine were added to those of PA balloon inflation. Shunt flow that had been 1,633 ml/min was reduced to 892 ml/min with the PA balloon and reduced further to 757 ml/min with dopamine, which also lowered RV and LV end-diastolic pressure and reduced total systemic vascular resistance. In four other swine with left anterior descending ligations, PA balloon inflation and dopamine infusion again favorably affected hemodynamics. Epicardial mapping in these swine showed an increase in S-T segment displacement, suggesting that the cumulative effect of these interventions allowed hemodynamic improvement at the expense of enhanced ischemic injury. These data indicate that acute RV outflow obstruction with a balloon catheter is an effective means of temporarily reducing acute ventricular shunting and that dopamine may be a useful pharmacological agent to use with RV afterload manipulation to stabilize a patient prior to transfer to a medical center for more definitive therapy.", "PMID": 844150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5974", "title": "Renal cortical blood flow distribution in obstructive nephropathy in rats.", "content": "To examine the role of intrarenal hemodynamics in in obstructive nephropathy, we determined cortical blood flow distribution (CBFD) in rats with bilateral ureteral occlusion (BUO) and unilateral ureteral occlusion (UUO) during and after release of obstruction. Prior to release of obstruction of 24 hours' duration, we found that outer cortical perfusion decreased by 20+/-5% in both BUO and UUO rats. Furthermore, one hour after release of BUO, there was rapid normalization of CBFD associated with a modest return of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), an almost complete return of renal blood flow (RBF), and a marked postobstructive diuresis. In contrast, after release of UUO, we observed that outer cortical perfusion remained decreased by 21+/-31%, both GFR and RBF remained markedly depressed, and no diuresis occurred. These data demonstrate (1) marked ischemia of the outer cortex in both BUO and UUO during obstruction, (2) a rapid return of CBFD to a normal pattern after release of BUO, but (3) persistent outer cortical ischemia following release of UUO.", "contents": "Renal cortical blood flow distribution in obstructive nephropathy in rats. To examine the role of intrarenal hemodynamics in in obstructive nephropathy, we determined cortical blood flow distribution (CBFD) in rats with bilateral ureteral occlusion (BUO) and unilateral ureteral occlusion (UUO) during and after release of obstruction. Prior to release of obstruction of 24 hours' duration, we found that outer cortical perfusion decreased by 20+/-5% in both BUO and UUO rats. Furthermore, one hour after release of BUO, there was rapid normalization of CBFD associated with a modest return of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), an almost complete return of renal blood flow (RBF), and a marked postobstructive diuresis. In contrast, after release of UUO, we observed that outer cortical perfusion remained decreased by 21+/-31%, both GFR and RBF remained markedly depressed, and no diuresis occurred. These data demonstrate (1) marked ischemia of the outer cortex in both BUO and UUO during obstruction, (2) a rapid return of CBFD to a normal pattern after release of BUO, but (3) persistent outer cortical ischemia following release of UUO.", "PMID": 844151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5975", "title": "Directional coronary collateral growth with chronic circumflex occlusion in the dog.", "content": "The object of this study was to determine whether coronary collateral resistances were dependent on the direction of perfusion and to investigate whether a pattern of collateral growth with gradual circumflex occlusion could be discerned. In 12 dogs an Ameroid occluder was placed on the circumflex for 1 month, and six dogs for 3 months; 12 dogs served as controls. The circumflex, left anterior descending, and right coronary arteries were separately but simultaneously perfused in an isolated heart preparation in which the vasculature was maximally dilated with dipyridamole. Collateral flows were determined by measuring retrograde flows for two vessels simultaneously. The results showed that collateral flows from the right to the left coronaries in control dogs were 3.5-fold larger than when these collateral beds were perfused in the opposite direction. This difference in the 1- and 3-month Ameroid groups was approximately 20-fold. Relative to the control group, the collateral resistances from right to left coronary vessels were an average of 10-fold less in the 1- and 3-month groups, but there was no significant differences in resistance in the collaterals perfused from the left to the right. The results strongly suggest that collateral proliferation occurs in response to hypoxia rather than to a pressure gradient, and that collateral development is toward the hypoxid area.", "contents": "Directional coronary collateral growth with chronic circumflex occlusion in the dog. The object of this study was to determine whether coronary collateral resistances were dependent on the direction of perfusion and to investigate whether a pattern of collateral growth with gradual circumflex occlusion could be discerned. In 12 dogs an Ameroid occluder was placed on the circumflex for 1 month, and six dogs for 3 months; 12 dogs served as controls. The circumflex, left anterior descending, and right coronary arteries were separately but simultaneously perfused in an isolated heart preparation in which the vasculature was maximally dilated with dipyridamole. Collateral flows were determined by measuring retrograde flows for two vessels simultaneously. The results showed that collateral flows from the right to the left coronaries in control dogs were 3.5-fold larger than when these collateral beds were perfused in the opposite direction. This difference in the 1- and 3-month Ameroid groups was approximately 20-fold. Relative to the control group, the collateral resistances from right to left coronary vessels were an average of 10-fold less in the 1- and 3-month groups, but there was no significant differences in resistance in the collaterals perfused from the left to the right. The results strongly suggest that collateral proliferation occurs in response to hypoxia rather than to a pressure gradient, and that collateral development is toward the hypoxid area.", "PMID": 844152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5976", "title": "On the mechanism underlying the action of D-600 on slow inward current and tension in mammalian myocardium.", "content": "D-600 the methoxy derivative of verapamil, is said to affect the force of cardiac contraction and the slow inward current (LSi) specifically by reducing the membrane conductance for Ca2+ (gsi). However, it is apparent that many effects of D-600 cannot be adequately explained solely by an effect on gsi. We studied the effects of D-600 on membrane current and tension of cat papillary muscle, using a conventional single sucrose gap voltage clamp technique. The results indicate that D-600 not only reduces the maximal Ca conductance but also, depending on concentration and duration of exposure, alters both the kinetics of the Ca-carrying system and the amplitude of the steady state outward current. No changes in the steady state activation and inactivation variables or in the rate of Isi inactivation were found. However, a substantial increase in the time to peak Lsi, as much as 7 times normal, was observed after exposure to D-600 (0.5 X 10(-6) to 2.0 X 10(-6) M) for at least 20 minutes. Because approximately only 75% of the reduction in Lsi induced by D-600 could be attributed to change in the maximum value of gsi (gsi), we conclude that the change in time to peak and about 25% of the reduction in Isi must be due to a change in the activation kinetics of the Ca-carrying system, Calculations suggest that the time to 70% activation of gsi can be prolonged to as much as 10 times normal by prolonged exposure to negatively inotropic concentrations of D-600.", "contents": "On the mechanism underlying the action of D-600 on slow inward current and tension in mammalian myocardium. D-600 the methoxy derivative of verapamil, is said to affect the force of cardiac contraction and the slow inward current (LSi) specifically by reducing the membrane conductance for Ca2+ (gsi). However, it is apparent that many effects of D-600 cannot be adequately explained solely by an effect on gsi. We studied the effects of D-600 on membrane current and tension of cat papillary muscle, using a conventional single sucrose gap voltage clamp technique. The results indicate that D-600 not only reduces the maximal Ca conductance but also, depending on concentration and duration of exposure, alters both the kinetics of the Ca-carrying system and the amplitude of the steady state outward current. No changes in the steady state activation and inactivation variables or in the rate of Isi inactivation were found. However, a substantial increase in the time to peak Lsi, as much as 7 times normal, was observed after exposure to D-600 (0.5 X 10(-6) to 2.0 X 10(-6) M) for at least 20 minutes. Because approximately only 75% of the reduction in Lsi induced by D-600 could be attributed to change in the maximum value of gsi (gsi), we conclude that the change in time to peak and about 25% of the reduction in Isi must be due to a change in the activation kinetics of the Ca-carrying system, Calculations suggest that the time to 70% activation of gsi can be prolonged to as much as 10 times normal by prolonged exposure to negatively inotropic concentrations of D-600.", "PMID": 844153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5977", "title": "Characteristics of left ventricular receptors with nonmedullated vagal afferents in cats.", "content": "Activity from left ventricular receptors with non-medullated afferents was recorded in the right cervical vagus in anesthetized, thoracotomized cats. Probing of the open heart demonstrated that the receptors were distributed throughout the free wall and the interventricular septum. Fibers from posterior receptors pass along the posterior descending coronary artery and the lateral surface of the right atrium to join the right main cardiac nerve; those from the anteriolateral region pass behind the aorta and the pulmonary trunk. The control receptor discharge was 1.4 (range, 0-6) impulses/sec at a mean left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) of 4.5 (range, 2-10) mm Hg. It was observed that receptor  discharge increased with progressive increase in LVEDP produced either by transfusion or by aortic occlusion. At a mean LVEDP of 8 mm Hg, the mean discharge rate was 3.2 impulses/sec, and at 16 mm Hg it was 7.0 impulses/sec. It was also found that propranolol reduced and isoproterenol increased the discharge frequency at any given LVEDP. Measurement of total conduction times indicated that during the increase in LVEDP the receptors were activated principally in the systolic portion of the cardiac cycle. Despite this there was no obvious relationship between the discharge frequency and left ventricular systolic pressure.", "contents": "Characteristics of left ventricular receptors with nonmedullated vagal afferents in cats. Activity from left ventricular receptors with non-medullated afferents was recorded in the right cervical vagus in anesthetized, thoracotomized cats. Probing of the open heart demonstrated that the receptors were distributed throughout the free wall and the interventricular septum. Fibers from posterior receptors pass along the posterior descending coronary artery and the lateral surface of the right atrium to join the right main cardiac nerve; those from the anteriolateral region pass behind the aorta and the pulmonary trunk. The control receptor discharge was 1.4 (range, 0-6) impulses/sec at a mean left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) of 4.5 (range, 2-10) mm Hg. It was observed that receptor  discharge increased with progressive increase in LVEDP produced either by transfusion or by aortic occlusion. At a mean LVEDP of 8 mm Hg, the mean discharge rate was 3.2 impulses/sec, and at 16 mm Hg it was 7.0 impulses/sec. It was also found that propranolol reduced and isoproterenol increased the discharge frequency at any given LVEDP. Measurement of total conduction times indicated that during the increase in LVEDP the receptors were activated principally in the systolic portion of the cardiac cycle. Despite this there was no obvious relationship between the discharge frequency and left ventricular systolic pressure.", "PMID": 844154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5978", "title": "Beneficial effect of arachidonic acid during hemorrhagic shock in the dog.", "content": "Arachidonic acid (AA), precursor of the bisenoic prostaglandins was infused at a rate of 120 mug/kg per min into the vena cava of dogs subjected to hemorrhagic shock to assess the effects of stimulation of the prostaglandin (PG) synthetase system on the shock state. Hemorrhagic shock was induced by bleeding to a mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) of 40 mm Hg for 150 minutes followed by reinfusion of all remaining shed blood. In sham shock dogs receiving AA vehicle (0.1 M Na2C03), there were no significant changes in MABP, superior mesenteric artery flow (SMAF), renal artery flow (RAF), PGF2 or PGF2alpha concentrations, or in cathepsin D or myocardial depressant factor (MDF) activities during a 260-minute experimental period. During oligemia, untreated hemorrhagic shock dogs exhibited dramatic reductions in MABP, SMAF, and RAF which were transiently restored following reinfusion, but markedly decreased 100 minutes after reinfusion. Cathepsin D, MDF, PGE2, and PGF2alpha values increased significantly in these dogs. AA given during oligemia did not prevent changes in SMAF or RAF, but maintained MABP at near-normal values after reinfusion. AA also significantly protected against the plasma accumulation of both cathepsin D an MDF is hemorrhagic shock dogs. Circulating PGF2alpha and PGE2 values increased rapidly in AA-treated dogs and plateaued at 3.6 and 4.8 times control values, respectively, during oligemia. Hemorrhagic shock dogs receiving AA plus Na meclofenamate, a PG synthetase inhibitor, were not significantly different from shock dogs receiving vehicle except that the circulating PG concentrations did not increase. Thus, products of the PG synthetase system appear to prevent the plasma accumulation of lysosomal hydrolases nand of MDF, and may significantly preserve MABP after hemorrhagic shock in the dog.", "contents": "Beneficial effect of arachidonic acid during hemorrhagic shock in the dog. Arachidonic acid (AA), precursor of the bisenoic prostaglandins was infused at a rate of 120 mug/kg per min into the vena cava of dogs subjected to hemorrhagic shock to assess the effects of stimulation of the prostaglandin (PG) synthetase system on the shock state. Hemorrhagic shock was induced by bleeding to a mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) of 40 mm Hg for 150 minutes followed by reinfusion of all remaining shed blood. In sham shock dogs receiving AA vehicle (0.1 M Na2C03), there were no significant changes in MABP, superior mesenteric artery flow (SMAF), renal artery flow (RAF), PGF2 or PGF2alpha concentrations, or in cathepsin D or myocardial depressant factor (MDF) activities during a 260-minute experimental period. During oligemia, untreated hemorrhagic shock dogs exhibited dramatic reductions in MABP, SMAF, and RAF which were transiently restored following reinfusion, but markedly decreased 100 minutes after reinfusion. Cathepsin D, MDF, PGE2, and PGF2alpha values increased significantly in these dogs. AA given during oligemia did not prevent changes in SMAF or RAF, but maintained MABP at near-normal values after reinfusion. AA also significantly protected against the plasma accumulation of both cathepsin D an MDF is hemorrhagic shock dogs. Circulating PGF2alpha and PGE2 values increased rapidly in AA-treated dogs and plateaued at 3.6 and 4.8 times control values, respectively, during oligemia. Hemorrhagic shock dogs receiving AA plus Na meclofenamate, a PG synthetase inhibitor, were not significantly different from shock dogs receiving vehicle except that the circulating PG concentrations did not increase. Thus, products of the PG synthetase system appear to prevent the plasma accumulation of lysosomal hydrolases nand of MDF, and may significantly preserve MABP after hemorrhagic shock in the dog.", "PMID": 844155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5979", "title": "Diagnostic effectiveness of biochemical liver-function tests, as evaluated by discriminant function analysis.", "content": "I evaluated the diagnostic value of routinely ordered liver-function tests in 175 biopsy-proven cases of hepatic disease by use of stepwise discriminant analysis. The tests studied-total and \"direct\" bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase-correctly classified 45-73% of cases, depending on the homogeneity of the diagnostic groups. Aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase were the best discriminators. When all tests were used in the most homogeneous groups (tumors, cirrhosis, and hepatitis), there was a stepwise improvement in diagnostic accuracy from 51 to 73%.", "contents": "Diagnostic effectiveness of biochemical liver-function tests, as evaluated by discriminant function analysis. I evaluated the diagnostic value of routinely ordered liver-function tests in 175 biopsy-proven cases of hepatic disease by use of stepwise discriminant analysis. The tests studied-total and \"direct\" bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase-correctly classified 45-73% of cases, depending on the homogeneity of the diagnostic groups. Aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase were the best discriminators. When all tests were used in the most homogeneous groups (tumors, cirrhosis, and hepatitis), there was a stepwise improvement in diagnostic accuracy from 51 to 73%.", "PMID": 844156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5980", "title": "Acid phosphatase isoenzymes in Gaucher's disease.", "content": "Acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) isoenzyme profiles of extracts of splenic tissue and serum from patients with Gaucher's disease were measured by a mini-column ion-exchange chromatographic method [Clin. Chem., 23, 000 (1977)]. Diagnosis of Gaucher's disease in the five patients studied was confirmed by demonstrating decreased (2.3 to 4.1% of normal) glucocerebrosidase activity in the spleen. With p-nitrophenyl phosphate as substrate, increased acid phosphatase activity (three-to eight-fold normal) was demonstrated in spleen tissue from Gaucher;s disease patients; isoenzyme profiles by the ion-exchange column technique showed acid phosphatase isoenzyme 5 to be the predominant isoenzyme. Comparison of acid phosphatase isoenzyme profiles from patients with Gaucher's disease and prostatic carcinoma revealed distinct differences in the activities  of isoenzymes 2 and 5. The isoenzyme-5 measurement thus appears to provide a diagnostic test for Gaucher's disease that can be done reapidly and easily in the routine clinical chemistry laboratory.", "contents": "Acid phosphatase isoenzymes in Gaucher's disease. Acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) isoenzyme profiles of extracts of splenic tissue and serum from patients with Gaucher's disease were measured by a mini-column ion-exchange chromatographic method [Clin. Chem., 23, 000 (1977)]. Diagnosis of Gaucher's disease in the five patients studied was confirmed by demonstrating decreased (2.3 to 4.1% of normal) glucocerebrosidase activity in the spleen. With p-nitrophenyl phosphate as substrate, increased acid phosphatase activity (three-to eight-fold normal) was demonstrated in spleen tissue from Gaucher;s disease patients; isoenzyme profiles by the ion-exchange column technique showed acid phosphatase isoenzyme 5 to be the predominant isoenzyme. Comparison of acid phosphatase isoenzyme profiles from patients with Gaucher's disease and prostatic carcinoma revealed distinct differences in the activities  of isoenzymes 2 and 5. The isoenzyme-5 measurement thus appears to provide a diagnostic test for Gaucher's disease that can be done reapidly and easily in the routine clinical chemistry laboratory.", "PMID": 844157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5981", "title": "Measurement of procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "We measured procainamide (I) and its metabolite, N-acetylprocainamide (II), in human serum samples by solvent extraction, high-performance liquid chromatography on a reverse phase column, and detection at 280 nm, with use of external standards. The method requires 0.2 ml of serum and is sensitive to 0.3 mg of I and 0.6 mg of II per liter of serum, with intra-assay standard deviations of 0.22 and 0.24 mg/liter, respectively, at 5 mg/liter (N=10) and inter-assay standard deviations of 0.63 and 0.81 mg/liter, respectively, at 7.5 mg/liter (CV 8.4 and 10.5%, respectively, n = 20). Concentrations measured by high-performance liquid chromatography and by an established fluorescence technique correlated well (r = 0.98 for I and 0.97 for II). No interfering substances were found in 20 randomly selected sera from patients receiving a large number of other drugs. Of the pure drug substances tested only sulfathiazole interfered with the assay of II. The method is therefore suitable for routinely monitoring these compounds in serum in a clinical laboratory. The high concentrations of the metabolite in a significant number of patients demonstrate the need to consider it as well as the parent drug as guides in optimizing dosage regiments for I.", "contents": "Measurement of procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography. We measured procainamide (I) and its metabolite, N-acetylprocainamide (II), in human serum samples by solvent extraction, high-performance liquid chromatography on a reverse phase column, and detection at 280 nm, with use of external standards. The method requires 0.2 ml of serum and is sensitive to 0.3 mg of I and 0.6 mg of II per liter of serum, with intra-assay standard deviations of 0.22 and 0.24 mg/liter, respectively, at 5 mg/liter (N=10) and inter-assay standard deviations of 0.63 and 0.81 mg/liter, respectively, at 7.5 mg/liter (CV 8.4 and 10.5%, respectively, n = 20). Concentrations measured by high-performance liquid chromatography and by an established fluorescence technique correlated well (r = 0.98 for I and 0.97 for II). No interfering substances were found in 20 randomly selected sera from patients receiving a large number of other drugs. Of the pure drug substances tested only sulfathiazole interfered with the assay of II. The method is therefore suitable for routinely monitoring these compounds in serum in a clinical laboratory. The high concentrations of the metabolite in a significant number of patients demonstrate the need to consider it as well as the parent drug as guides in optimizing dosage regiments for I.", "PMID": 844158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5982", "title": "Photometry of inulin and polyfructosan by use of a cysteine/tryptophan reaction.", "content": "Described are a macromethod for measuring 2 to 30 mug of polyfructoside in sample volumes of 0.5 ml and a micromethod for measuring 40 to 400 ng in 10-mul samples. The absorptivity of the cysteine/tryptophan color product is 2.5-to 10-fold those found with use of five other colorimetric methods for inulin. The method is highly specific for alkali-stable polyfructoside. Color, measured at 515 nm, was maximal on development at 56 degrees C for 25 min in dilute (57-58% by vol) sulfuric acid, after the addition of the combined cysteine hydrochloride/tryptophan reagent. Analytical recoveries of inulin and polyfructosan from plasma and urine were complete. With initial alkaline heating, the endogenous blank inulinoid values averaged 0.6 +/- 0.47 (SD) mg/liter for plasma and 0.05 +1- 0.024 mg/min for urine. The coefficient of variation of the macromethod was less then 3%; that for the micromethod ranged from 1.3 to 6.3%. The micromethod appears adaptable to the determination of nanogram quantities of polyfructoside in nanoliter volumes of biological fluids.", "contents": "Photometry of inulin and polyfructosan by use of a cysteine/tryptophan reaction. Described are a macromethod for measuring 2 to 30 mug of polyfructoside in sample volumes of 0.5 ml and a micromethod for measuring 40 to 400 ng in 10-mul samples. The absorptivity of the cysteine/tryptophan color product is 2.5-to 10-fold those found with use of five other colorimetric methods for inulin. The method is highly specific for alkali-stable polyfructoside. Color, measured at 515 nm, was maximal on development at 56 degrees C for 25 min in dilute (57-58% by vol) sulfuric acid, after the addition of the combined cysteine hydrochloride/tryptophan reagent. Analytical recoveries of inulin and polyfructosan from plasma and urine were complete. With initial alkaline heating, the endogenous blank inulinoid values averaged 0.6 +/- 0.47 (SD) mg/liter for plasma and 0.05 +1- 0.024 mg/min for urine. The coefficient of variation of the macromethod was less then 3%; that for the micromethod ranged from 1.3 to 6.3%. The micromethod appears adaptable to the determination of nanogram quantities of polyfructoside in nanoliter volumes of biological fluids.", "PMID": 844159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5983", "title": "Creatine kinase: stability, inactivation, reactivation.", "content": "I determined the in vitro biological half-lives or decay constants for creatine kinase isoenzymes at various temperatures. Values at 37 degrees C are consistent with values reported by others in vivo, which suggests that in vivo irreversible inactivation is primarily thermal. Reversible inactivation appears to be an oxidation-reduction phenomenon. Proteins and some inactivators (urate, catecholamines) retard irreversible inactivation and preserve isoenzyme integrity. Dilution and thiols promote reversal of inactivity. Mercaptoethanol is the preferred thiol, particularly for storage and reactivation of isoenzyme MB. MB is sensitive to light and to freeze-thawing. I recommend that specimens be cooled promptly after drawing, that mercaptoethanol (10 mmol/liter) be added, and that they be stored refrigerated. Avoid prolonged exposure to light and freezing. A model of inactivation is proposed, which is based on the assumed existence of four monomer types: active, denatured, oxidized, and insulated. The model is consistent with dilution and thiol reactivation, lag phase variations, and subtype heterogeneity.", "contents": "Creatine kinase: stability, inactivation, reactivation. I determined the in vitro biological half-lives or decay constants for creatine kinase isoenzymes at various temperatures. Values at 37 degrees C are consistent with values reported by others in vivo, which suggests that in vivo irreversible inactivation is primarily thermal. Reversible inactivation appears to be an oxidation-reduction phenomenon. Proteins and some inactivators (urate, catecholamines) retard irreversible inactivation and preserve isoenzyme integrity. Dilution and thiols promote reversal of inactivity. Mercaptoethanol is the preferred thiol, particularly for storage and reactivation of isoenzyme MB. MB is sensitive to light and to freeze-thawing. I recommend that specimens be cooled promptly after drawing, that mercaptoethanol (10 mmol/liter) be added, and that they be stored refrigerated. Avoid prolonged exposure to light and freezing. A model of inactivation is proposed, which is based on the assumed existence of four monomer types: active, denatured, oxidized, and insulated. The model is consistent with dilution and thiol reactivation, lag phase variations, and subtype heterogeneity.", "PMID": 844160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5984", "title": "Separation of tissue and serum acid phosphatase isoenzymes by ion-exchange column chromatography.", "content": "I describe a simple, rapid ion-exchange column-chromatographic technique for separating the acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) isoenzymes in human serum and tissue. Extracts of platelets, spleen, liver, erythrocytes, and prostate were used to determine optimum conditions for separating these isoenzymes. Samples layered on mini-colunms of DEAE-Sephadex A-50 were eluted stepwise with sodium chloride (100, 200, and 300 mmol/liter, buffered with tris (hydroxymethyl)aminomethane). Activity in column effluents was measured with p-nitrophenol phosphate as substrate, and their isoenzyme content was assessed by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel. Comparision of activity patterns so derived for various tissues revealed prostatic tissue to be a rich source of acid phosphatase isoenzyme 2 activity. Evaluation of sera from six patients with prostatic cancer revealed isoenzyme patterns with prominent amount of isoenzyme 2 (3.8 to 27.6 U/liter). sera from 10 healthy laboratory technicians contained isoenzyme 2 in the range of 0.3-0.5 U/liter. Samples from two patients with abnormally high activity owing to nonprostatic conditions (Gaucher's disease and carcinoma of lung) exhibited less than 2 U of isoenzyme 2 per liter and acid phosphatase isoenzymes 3-5 that were 50- to 100-fold the normal range. Quantification of isoenzyme 2 by DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography as described appears to provide a more sensitive and specific approach to diagnosis of prostatic cancer.", "contents": "Separation of tissue and serum acid phosphatase isoenzymes by ion-exchange column chromatography. I describe a simple, rapid ion-exchange column-chromatographic technique for separating the acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) isoenzymes in human serum and tissue. Extracts of platelets, spleen, liver, erythrocytes, and prostate were used to determine optimum conditions for separating these isoenzymes. Samples layered on mini-colunms of DEAE-Sephadex A-50 were eluted stepwise with sodium chloride (100, 200, and 300 mmol/liter, buffered with tris (hydroxymethyl)aminomethane). Activity in column effluents was measured with p-nitrophenol phosphate as substrate, and their isoenzyme content was assessed by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel. Comparision of activity patterns so derived for various tissues revealed prostatic tissue to be a rich source of acid phosphatase isoenzyme 2 activity. Evaluation of sera from six patients with prostatic cancer revealed isoenzyme patterns with prominent amount of isoenzyme 2 (3.8 to 27.6 U/liter). sera from 10 healthy laboratory technicians contained isoenzyme 2 in the range of 0.3-0.5 U/liter. Samples from two patients with abnormally high activity owing to nonprostatic conditions (Gaucher's disease and carcinoma of lung) exhibited less than 2 U of isoenzyme 2 per liter and acid phosphatase isoenzymes 3-5 that were 50- to 100-fold the normal range. Quantification of isoenzyme 2 by DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography as described appears to provide a more sensitive and specific approach to diagnosis of prostatic cancer.", "PMID": 844161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5985", "title": "The immediate reaction between bromcresol green and serum as a measure of albumin content.", "content": "I investigated the immediate ( less than 30s) reaction between bromcresol green and serum, as a measure of albumin content. Fifty sera were analyzed in duplicate for albumin by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate by a procedure previously shown to give results in good agreement with two immunoprecipitation techniques, and by a bromcresol green method with the absorbance being read as soon as possible after mixing. Results by the dye method were 3.0 g/liter higher than those by electrophoresis; this difference was independent of the albumin content of the serum. Slight turbidity, jaundice, or added hemoglobin did not significantly interfere with albumin determination. Aparently the immediate reaction between serum and the dye reagent provides a simple, reliable measure of albumin content when 3.0 g/liter is subtracted from the result obtained.", "contents": "The immediate reaction between bromcresol green and serum as a measure of albumin content. I investigated the immediate ( less than 30s) reaction between bromcresol green and serum, as a measure of albumin content. Fifty sera were analyzed in duplicate for albumin by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate by a procedure previously shown to give results in good agreement with two immunoprecipitation techniques, and by a bromcresol green method with the absorbance being read as soon as possible after mixing. Results by the dye method were 3.0 g/liter higher than those by electrophoresis; this difference was independent of the albumin content of the serum. Slight turbidity, jaundice, or added hemoglobin did not significantly interfere with albumin determination. Aparently the immediate reaction between serum and the dye reagent provides a simple, reliable measure of albumin content when 3.0 g/liter is subtracted from the result obtained.", "PMID": 844162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5986", "title": "Determination of nonsuppressible insulin-like activity in human serum by a sensitive protein-binding assay.", "content": "We describe a sensitive protein-binding assay for non-suppressible insulin-like activity in human serum. It can detect as little as 0.2 microunits (corresponding to 0.5 ng) of the activity in 0.4 ml of the assay mixture. It is measured in a low-molecular-weight fraction (termed \"biological material\") obtained by chromatography of serum on Sephadex G-50 in 1 mol/liter acetic acid. This fraction has been shown earlier to contain nearly all this billogically active material that is present in serum. A partially purified carrier protein from human serum is used as the binding protein; different concentrations of a partially purified preparation of material with the activity serve as standards, which compete with 125l-labeled tracer for binding. Biological material dilutes more or less in parallel with the standard over a 10-fold concentration range. In the chromatographed serum fractions, displacing activity appears between 50 and 80% bed volume, with the peak at 60%, and coincides with the distribution and the peak of radioactivity obtained by chromatography of tracer. A good correlation (r = 0.88) is observed between the values determined for this activity in the rat fat-pad assay and the protein-binding assay, although the latter yields about two fold higher results (190 +/- 37 milliunits/liter vs. 345+- 65 milliunits/liter, mean values for 18 normal sera). Values determined in the protein-binding assay are decreased in hypopituitary patients (183 +/- 27 milliunits/liter) and increased in acromegalics (486 +/- 88 milliunits/liter), in accord with the results of the bioassay (68 +/- 21 milliunits/liter for hypopituitary patients, 293 +/- 53 for acromegalics).", "contents": "Determination of nonsuppressible insulin-like activity in human serum by a sensitive protein-binding assay. We describe a sensitive protein-binding assay for non-suppressible insulin-like activity in human serum. It can detect as little as 0.2 microunits (corresponding to 0.5 ng) of the activity in 0.4 ml of the assay mixture. It is measured in a low-molecular-weight fraction (termed \"biological material\") obtained by chromatography of serum on Sephadex G-50 in 1 mol/liter acetic acid. This fraction has been shown earlier to contain nearly all this billogically active material that is present in serum. A partially purified carrier protein from human serum is used as the binding protein; different concentrations of a partially purified preparation of material with the activity serve as standards, which compete with 125l-labeled tracer for binding. Biological material dilutes more or less in parallel with the standard over a 10-fold concentration range. In the chromatographed serum fractions, displacing activity appears between 50 and 80% bed volume, with the peak at 60%, and coincides with the distribution and the peak of radioactivity obtained by chromatography of tracer. A good correlation (r = 0.88) is observed between the values determined for this activity in the rat fat-pad assay and the protein-binding assay, although the latter yields about two fold higher results (190 +/- 37 milliunits/liter vs. 345+- 65 milliunits/liter, mean values for 18 normal sera). Values determined in the protein-binding assay are decreased in hypopituitary patients (183 +/- 27 milliunits/liter) and increased in acromegalics (486 +/- 88 milliunits/liter), in accord with the results of the bioassay (68 +/- 21 milliunits/liter for hypopituitary patients, 293 +/- 53 for acromegalics).", "PMID": 844163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5987", "title": "Ultrafiltration for improved assay of urinary enzymes.", "content": "Ultrafiltration of urine and rapidly separates urinary enzymes from inhibitors, activators, and heat-stable, spurious activities present in urine. Using eight enzymes of clinical interest as examples, we verified the reliability of results obtained after ultrafiltration by comparsion with results obtained after gel filtration.", "contents": "Ultrafiltration for improved assay of urinary enzymes. Ultrafiltration of urine and rapidly separates urinary enzymes from inhibitors, activators, and heat-stable, spurious activities present in urine. Using eight enzymes of clinical interest as examples, we verified the reliability of results obtained after ultrafiltration by comparsion with results obtained after gel filtration.", "PMID": 844164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5988", "title": "Analysis for procainamide and N-acetyl procainamide in plasma or serum by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A high-performance liquid chromatography method is presented for simultaneous analysis for procainamide and N-acetyl procainamide in plasma or serum. The procedure involves internal-standard addition, organic extraction, and separation on a reverse-phase column. The detection limit for procainamide is 0.1 mg/liter and the calibration plot is linear to at least 30 mg/liter. Comparison with a colorimetric assay for procainamide gave a correlation coefficient of 0.989. We checked for interference by a large series of appropriate drugs, and found none, nor did icteric or lipemic sera present problems.", "contents": "Analysis for procainamide and N-acetyl procainamide in plasma or serum by high-performance liquid chromatography. A high-performance liquid chromatography method is presented for simultaneous analysis for procainamide and N-acetyl procainamide in plasma or serum. The procedure involves internal-standard addition, organic extraction, and separation on a reverse-phase column. The detection limit for procainamide is 0.1 mg/liter and the calibration plot is linear to at least 30 mg/liter. Comparison with a colorimetric assay for procainamide gave a correlation coefficient of 0.989. We checked for interference by a large series of appropriate drugs, and found none, nor did icteric or lipemic sera present problems.", "PMID": 844165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5989", "title": "The gallium melting-point standard: its role in our temperature measurement system.", "content": "The latest internationally-adopted temperature scale, the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (amended edition of 1975), is discussed in some detail and a brief description is given of its evolution. The melting point of high-purity gallium (stated to be at least 99.99999% pure) as a secondary temperature reference point is evaluated. I believe that this melting-point temperature of gallium should be adopted by the various medical professional societies and voluntary standards groups as the reaction temperature for enzyme reference methods in clinical enzymology. Gallium melting-point cells are available at the National Bureau of Standards as Standard Reference Material No. 1968.", "contents": "The gallium melting-point standard: its role in our temperature measurement system. The latest internationally-adopted temperature scale, the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (amended edition of 1975), is discussed in some detail and a brief description is given of its evolution. The melting point of high-purity gallium (stated to be at least 99.99999% pure) as a secondary temperature reference point is evaluated. I believe that this melting-point temperature of gallium should be adopted by the various medical professional societies and voluntary standards groups as the reaction temperature for enzyme reference methods in clinical enzymology. Gallium melting-point cells are available at the National Bureau of Standards as Standard Reference Material No. 1968.", "PMID": 844166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5990", "title": "The gallium melting-point standard: a determination of the liquid-solid equilibrium temperature of pure gallium on the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968.", "content": "The sharpness and reproducibility of the gallium melting point were studied and the melting temperature of gallium in terms of IPTS-68 was determined. Small melting-point cells designed for use with thermistors are described. Nine gallium cells including three levels of purity were used in 68 separate determinations fo the melting point. The melting point of 99.99999% pure gallium in terms of IPTS-68 is found to be 29.771(4) +/- 0.001(4) degree C; the melting range is less than 0.0005 degree C and is reproducible to +/- 0.0004 degree C.", "contents": "The gallium melting-point standard: a determination of the liquid-solid equilibrium temperature of pure gallium on the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968. The sharpness and reproducibility of the gallium melting point were studied and the melting temperature of gallium in terms of IPTS-68 was determined. Small melting-point cells designed for use with thermistors are described. Nine gallium cells including three levels of purity were used in 68 separate determinations fo the melting point. The melting point of 99.99999% pure gallium in terms of IPTS-68 is found to be 29.771(4) +/- 0.001(4) degree C; the melting range is less than 0.0005 degree C and is reproducible to +/- 0.0004 degree C.", "PMID": 844167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5991", "title": "The gallium melting-point standard: its role in manufacture and quality control of electronic thermometers for the clinical laboratory.", "content": "I discuss the traceability of calibration of electronic thermometers to thermometric constants of nature or to the National Bureau of Standards, form a manufacturer's basic standards through the manufacturing process to the user's laboratory. Useful electrical temperature sensors, their advantages, and means for resolving their disadvantages are described. I summarize our development of a cell for realizing the melting phase equilibrium of pure gallium (at 29.770 degrees C) as a thermometer calibration fixed point, and enumerate its advantages in the routine calibration verification of electrical thermometers in the clinical chemistry laboratory.", "contents": "The gallium melting-point standard: its role in manufacture and quality control of electronic thermometers for the clinical laboratory. I discuss the traceability of calibration of electronic thermometers to thermometric constants of nature or to the National Bureau of Standards, form a manufacturer's basic standards through the manufacturing process to the user's laboratory. Useful electrical temperature sensors, their advantages, and means for resolving their disadvantages are described. I summarize our development of a cell for realizing the melting phase equilibrium of pure gallium (at 29.770 degrees C) as a thermometer calibration fixed point, and enumerate its advantages in the routine calibration verification of electrical thermometers in the clinical chemistry laboratory.", "PMID": 844168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5992", "title": "The gallium melting-point standard: its application and evaluation for temperature measurements in the clinical laboratory.", "content": "We are impressed with the ease and certainty of calibration electronic thermometers with thermistor probes to +/- 0.01 degree C at the gallium melting point, 29.771(4) degrees C. The IFCC reference method for measuring aspartate aminotransferase activity in serum was run at the reaction temperature of 29.771(4) degrees C. By constantly referencing to gallium as an integral part of the assay procedure, we determined the absolute reaction temperature to IPTS-68 (International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968) to +/- 0.02 degrees C. This unique temperature calibration standard near the center of the range of temperatures commonly used in the clinical laboratory is a valuable addition and can be expected to improve the accuracy of measurements, especially in clinical enzymology.", "contents": "The gallium melting-point standard: its application and evaluation for temperature measurements in the clinical laboratory. We are impressed with the ease and certainty of calibration electronic thermometers with thermistor probes to +/- 0.01 degree C at the gallium melting point, 29.771(4) degrees C. The IFCC reference method for measuring aspartate aminotransferase activity in serum was run at the reaction temperature of 29.771(4) degrees C. By constantly referencing to gallium as an integral part of the assay procedure, we determined the absolute reaction temperature to IPTS-68 (International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968) to +/- 0.02 degrees C. This unique temperature calibration standard near the center of the range of temperatures commonly used in the clinical laboratory is a valuable addition and can be expected to improve the accuracy of measurements, especially in clinical enzymology.", "PMID": 844169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5993", "title": "Plasma fibrinogen, cholinesterase activity, and anemia: utility of fibrinogen in multiphasic screening and in assessing the activity of diseases.", "content": "I present the general pattern relationship between (a) plasma fibrinogen and cholinesterase activity and (b) plasma fibrinogen and hemoglobin, in 250 and 310 hospitalized adults, respectively. Although responses of cholinesterase were often unrelated to fibrinogen, when its activity in plasma was depressed, above-normal fibrinogen concentrations were present in about 90% of the subjects. Further, despite the observed independence of hemoglobin and fibrinogen concentrations, whenever frank anemia was present (hemoglobin less than 110 to 120 g/liter), hyperfibrinogenemia was also present in about 75-85% of such anemic patients. Thus, these studies affirm that fibrinogen determination would be an appropriate component of tests on hospital admission and also that hyperfibrinogenemia is a very sensitive \"acute phase\" reactant, and an important reaction for gauging the course of numerous disorders.", "contents": "Plasma fibrinogen, cholinesterase activity, and anemia: utility of fibrinogen in multiphasic screening and in assessing the activity of diseases. I present the general pattern relationship between (a) plasma fibrinogen and cholinesterase activity and (b) plasma fibrinogen and hemoglobin, in 250 and 310 hospitalized adults, respectively. Although responses of cholinesterase were often unrelated to fibrinogen, when its activity in plasma was depressed, above-normal fibrinogen concentrations were present in about 90% of the subjects. Further, despite the observed independence of hemoglobin and fibrinogen concentrations, whenever frank anemia was present (hemoglobin less than 110 to 120 g/liter), hyperfibrinogenemia was also present in about 75-85% of such anemic patients. Thus, these studies affirm that fibrinogen determination would be an appropriate component of tests on hospital admission and also that hyperfibrinogenemia is a very sensitive \"acute phase\" reactant, and an important reaction for gauging the course of numerous disorders.", "PMID": 844170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5994", "title": "Acetaminophen in serum and plasma estimated by high-pressure liquid chromatography: a micro-scale method.", "content": "We describe a capillary-sampling method for serum or plasma acetaminophen by cation-exchange chromatography. As little as 1.5 mul of plasma or serum and an equal volume of the internal standard (N-butyryl-p-aminophenol) were run, with a precision of +/- 5% between duplicates. Acetaminophen and the internal standard chromatographed in 32 and 50 min, respectively, distinct from intrinsic plasma peaks and peaks caused by other medications.", "contents": "Acetaminophen in serum and plasma estimated by high-pressure liquid chromatography: a micro-scale method. We describe a capillary-sampling method for serum or plasma acetaminophen by cation-exchange chromatography. As little as 1.5 mul of plasma or serum and an equal volume of the internal standard (N-butyryl-p-aminophenol) were run, with a precision of +/- 5% between duplicates. Acetaminophen and the internal standard chromatographed in 32 and 50 min, respectively, distinct from intrinsic plasma peaks and peaks caused by other medications.", "PMID": 844171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5995", "title": "Use of tetramethylbenzidine in plasma hemoglobin assay.", "content": "Plasma hemoglobin can be assayed by substituting 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine for benzidine (a carcinogen) as the chromogenic reducing substance. Sensitivity, precision, and accuracy compare well with methods in which benzidine is used. Plasma inhibition can be accommodated by preincubation with hydrogen peroxide.", "contents": "Use of tetramethylbenzidine in plasma hemoglobin assay. Plasma hemoglobin can be assayed by substituting 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine for benzidine (a carcinogen) as the chromogenic reducing substance. Sensitivity, precision, and accuracy compare well with methods in which benzidine is used. Plasma inhibition can be accommodated by preincubation with hydrogen peroxide.", "PMID": 844173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5996", "title": "Spectrophotofluorometric assay for isoniazid and acetyl isoniazid in plasma adapted to pediatric studies.", "content": "We modified the micro-scale spectrophotofluorometric method of Miceli et al. [Biochem. Med. 12, 348 (1975)] for the assay of \"apparent\" isoniazid (isoniazid acid-lable hydrazones) to improve its clinical application. We also adapted the method for determination of acetyl isoniazid. Data are presented showing how long plasma containing isoniazid may validly be stored. The applicability of the method was demonstrated in studies on children and small animals.", "contents": "Spectrophotofluorometric assay for isoniazid and acetyl isoniazid in plasma adapted to pediatric studies. We modified the micro-scale spectrophotofluorometric method of Miceli et al. [Biochem. Med. 12, 348 (1975)] for the assay of \"apparent\" isoniazid (isoniazid acid-lable hydrazones) to improve its clinical application. We also adapted the method for determination of acetyl isoniazid. Data are presented showing how long plasma containing isoniazid may validly be stored. The applicability of the method was demonstrated in studies on children and small animals.", "PMID": 844172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5997", "title": "Photometric determination of total protein in lipemic sera.", "content": "We compared various procedures and biuret reagents suggested for determination of protein in lipemic sera. A modified procedure, consisting of the precipitation of serum protein with acetone and dissolution of the precipitate in a biuret reagent, has been developed. The sample (0.02 ml) is mixed with 0.1 ml of distilled water and 2 ml of acetone. The mixture is shaken, centrifuged, and the precipitate dissolved in 1.5 ml of ethylenediaminete-traacetate-chelated biuret reagent. This method is suitable for both clear and lipemic sera. Values obtained with the procedure proposed are in good agreement with values by the Kjeldahl method.", "contents": "Photometric determination of total protein in lipemic sera. We compared various procedures and biuret reagents suggested for determination of protein in lipemic sera. A modified procedure, consisting of the precipitation of serum protein with acetone and dissolution of the precipitate in a biuret reagent, has been developed. The sample (0.02 ml) is mixed with 0.1 ml of distilled water and 2 ml of acetone. The mixture is shaken, centrifuged, and the precipitate dissolved in 1.5 ml of ethylenediaminete-traacetate-chelated biuret reagent. This method is suitable for both clear and lipemic sera. Values obtained with the procedure proposed are in good agreement with values by the Kjeldahl method.", "PMID": 844174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5998", "title": "Interference with the enzymic measurement of cholesterol in serum by use of five reagent kits.", "content": "We describe the effects of uric acid, hemolysis, drugs, ascorbic acid, lipemia, and bilirubin on the enzymic measurement of cholesterol in serum by use of reagent kits from Abbott, Beckman, Boehringer Mannheim, Calbiochem, and Worthington. In all of these, the chromogen formed from the reaction of hydrogen peroxide with phenol and 4-aminoantipyrene is measured. The absorbance was measured at 500 nm vs. a serum blank for each kit--except Abbott's with which the recorded absorbances were the differences between readings at 500 and 600 nm. With all reagents kits, there was no interference from uric acid up to 200 mg/liter, hemoglobin up to 1.0 g/liter, or drugs (clofibrate, phenobarbital, Ketochol, Ovral-28), but negative interferences from ascorbic acid. Except for the Abbott kit, the cholesterol values obtained for lipemic samples were lower than found with the comparison method [Abell et al., Stand. Methods Clin. Chem. 2, 26 (1958)]. With Abbott's reagents, for most lipemic samples, the values were the same. Bilirubin at concentrations of 200 mg/liter significantly decreased the cholesterol values with Beckman, Calbiochem, and Worthington reagent kits. With Boehringer Mannheim reagent a small negative interference was observed and with Abbott reagent a small positive interference was observed when the bilirubin concentrations were 200 mg/liter.", "contents": "Interference with the enzymic measurement of cholesterol in serum by use of five reagent kits. We describe the effects of uric acid, hemolysis, drugs, ascorbic acid, lipemia, and bilirubin on the enzymic measurement of cholesterol in serum by use of reagent kits from Abbott, Beckman, Boehringer Mannheim, Calbiochem, and Worthington. In all of these, the chromogen formed from the reaction of hydrogen peroxide with phenol and 4-aminoantipyrene is measured. The absorbance was measured at 500 nm vs. a serum blank for each kit--except Abbott's with which the recorded absorbances were the differences between readings at 500 and 600 nm. With all reagents kits, there was no interference from uric acid up to 200 mg/liter, hemoglobin up to 1.0 g/liter, or drugs (clofibrate, phenobarbital, Ketochol, Ovral-28), but negative interferences from ascorbic acid. Except for the Abbott kit, the cholesterol values obtained for lipemic samples were lower than found with the comparison method [Abell et al., Stand. Methods Clin. Chem. 2, 26 (1958)]. With Abbott's reagents, for most lipemic samples, the values were the same. Bilirubin at concentrations of 200 mg/liter significantly decreased the cholesterol values with Beckman, Calbiochem, and Worthington reagent kits. With Boehringer Mannheim reagent a small negative interference was observed and with Abbott reagent a small positive interference was observed when the bilirubin concentrations were 200 mg/liter.", "PMID": 844175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_5999", "title": "Xanthine oxidase and guanase activities in normal and psoriatic epidermis.", "content": "Xanthine oxidase and guanase activities in normal and psoriatic epidermis were demonstrated and accurately assayed by the new micro-assay methods which rely on the isolation of 14C-labelled end-products, xanthine and uric acid, from the substrates, hypoxanthine and guanine, by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membrane using 0.1 M borate buffer, pH 9.0. The average specific activities of xanthine oxidase and guanase in normal epidermis were 10.2 and 55.0 pmol/min/mg protein, respectively, and in psoriatic epidermis, 52.1 and 980.6 pmol/min/mg protein, respectively. Increased activities of these enzymes in psoriatic epidermis suggested that urate formation might be enhanced in the psoriatic lesions resulting from an increased turn-over of nucleic acids.", "contents": "Xanthine oxidase and guanase activities in normal and psoriatic epidermis. Xanthine oxidase and guanase activities in normal and psoriatic epidermis were demonstrated and accurately assayed by the new micro-assay methods which rely on the isolation of 14C-labelled end-products, xanthine and uric acid, from the substrates, hypoxanthine and guanine, by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membrane using 0.1 M borate buffer, pH 9.0. The average specific activities of xanthine oxidase and guanase in normal epidermis were 10.2 and 55.0 pmol/min/mg protein, respectively, and in psoriatic epidermis, 52.1 and 980.6 pmol/min/mg protein, respectively. Increased activities of these enzymes in psoriatic epidermis suggested that urate formation might be enhanced in the psoriatic lesions resulting from an increased turn-over of nucleic acids.", "PMID": 844191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6000", "title": "The clearance of lipoprotein X in vitro, and effect of phospholipase A on serum lipoprotein X.", "content": "The in vitro effect of post-heparin and post-heparin plus post-protamine normal serum on serum lipoprotein X (LP-X) is described. Serum LP-X is cleared after incubation with post-heparin normal serum, and serum LP-X remain unmodified when it is incubated with post-heparin plus post-protamine normal serum. The action of phospholipase A from snake venom on serum LP-X is also studied. A very small quantity of phospholipase is necessary to degrade LP-X and to transform lecithin into lysolecithin. It is concluded that phospholipase seems to be the enzyme that most likely induces the LP-X changes after heparin administration.", "contents": "The clearance of lipoprotein X in vitro, and effect of phospholipase A on serum lipoprotein X. The in vitro effect of post-heparin and post-heparin plus post-protamine normal serum on serum lipoprotein X (LP-X) is described. Serum LP-X is cleared after incubation with post-heparin normal serum, and serum LP-X remain unmodified when it is incubated with post-heparin plus post-protamine normal serum. The action of phospholipase A from snake venom on serum LP-X is also studied. A very small quantity of phospholipase is necessary to degrade LP-X and to transform lecithin into lysolecithin. It is concluded that phospholipase seems to be the enzyme that most likely induces the LP-X changes after heparin administration.", "PMID": 844192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6001", "title": "Urinary oxalate estimation.", "content": "A method of estimating urinary oxalate is described. Impurities which might otherwise interfere with the estimation are removed by means of an ion-exchange resin. The oxalate is then reduced to glycolic acid, which forms a coloured compound with chromotropic acid. It can then be estimated colorimetrically. No special equipment is required, oxalate recovery is good, and the method is reproducible and precise.", "contents": "Urinary oxalate estimation. A method of estimating urinary oxalate is described. Impurities which might otherwise interfere with the estimation are removed by means of an ion-exchange resin. The oxalate is then reduced to glycolic acid, which forms a coloured compound with chromotropic acid. It can then be estimated colorimetrically. No special equipment is required, oxalate recovery is good, and the method is reproducible and precise.", "PMID": 844193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6002", "title": "Activities of acid hydrolases in fibroblasts from normal and cystinotic children.", "content": "A study of the lysosomal hydrolases bete-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, and arylsulphatases A and B has been carried out on fibroblasts cultured from seven patients with cystinosis and eight control subjects. beta-Galactosidase activity was found to be consistently lower in cells derived from cystinotics, while the other enzymes studied showed no significant differences between normals and cystinotics.", "contents": "Activities of acid hydrolases in fibroblasts from normal and cystinotic children. A study of the lysosomal hydrolases bete-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, and arylsulphatases A and B has been carried out on fibroblasts cultured from seven patients with cystinosis and eight control subjects. beta-Galactosidase activity was found to be consistently lower in cells derived from cystinotics, while the other enzymes studied showed no significant differences between normals and cystinotics.", "PMID": 844194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6003", "title": "Blood glucosylceramide levels in Gaucher's disease and its distribution amongst lipoprotein fractions.", "content": "Plasma glucosylceramide levels in eight patients with Gaucher's disease showed a 2 to 7-fold elevation over normal levels whereas erythrocyte glucosylceramide levels were within the normal range. The majority of the glucosylceramide elevation was associated with the low density lipoprotein fraction.", "contents": "Blood glucosylceramide levels in Gaucher's disease and its distribution amongst lipoprotein fractions. Plasma glucosylceramide levels in eight patients with Gaucher's disease showed a 2 to 7-fold elevation over normal levels whereas erythrocyte glucosylceramide levels were within the normal range. The majority of the glucosylceramide elevation was associated with the low density lipoprotein fraction.", "PMID": 844195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6004", "title": "Neutral arylamidase in urine of healthy and nephrotic children.", "content": "The neutral arylamidase activity in urine of healthy and nephrotic children was determined using L-leucyl-beta-napthylamide as substrate. The neutral arylamidase activity in urine samples from 13 nephrotic children (22.4+/-3.0 (S.E.) mumol/min/g of creatinine) was significantly higher (p less than 0.001) than that from 27 normal children (8.5+/-0.4). Two forms of neutral arylamidase were demonstrated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration in urine samples from normal children. One was a high molecular weight arylamidase (more than 1 000 000), the other had a molecular weitht of 240 000 as estimated by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. Two additional electrophoretically distinct froms of neurtral arylamidase were demonstrated on polyacrylamide gel in urine samples from nephrotic children. Two neutral arylamidases from normal children, one additional arylamidase from normal children, one additional arylamidase from nephrotic children and kidney membrane-bound neurtral arylamidase had identical KM values, effect of inhibition by L-methionine and heat stability. One of four urinary arylamidases from nephrotic children was suggested to be derived from plasma. It is concluded that an increase in urinary neutral arylamidase activity in nephrotic children is not only due to increased released from kidney membranes, but also due to leakage of plasma neutral arylamidase in the urine.", "contents": "Neutral arylamidase in urine of healthy and nephrotic children. The neutral arylamidase activity in urine of healthy and nephrotic children was determined using L-leucyl-beta-napthylamide as substrate. The neutral arylamidase activity in urine samples from 13 nephrotic children (22.4+/-3.0 (S.E.) mumol/min/g of creatinine) was significantly higher (p less than 0.001) than that from 27 normal children (8.5+/-0.4). Two forms of neutral arylamidase were demonstrated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration in urine samples from normal children. One was a high molecular weight arylamidase (more than 1 000 000), the other had a molecular weitht of 240 000 as estimated by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. Two additional electrophoretically distinct froms of neurtral arylamidase were demonstrated on polyacrylamide gel in urine samples from nephrotic children. Two neutral arylamidases from normal children, one additional arylamidase from normal children, one additional arylamidase from nephrotic children and kidney membrane-bound neurtral arylamidase had identical KM values, effect of inhibition by L-methionine and heat stability. One of four urinary arylamidases from nephrotic children was suggested to be derived from plasma. It is concluded that an increase in urinary neutral arylamidase activity in nephrotic children is not only due to increased released from kidney membranes, but also due to leakage of plasma neutral arylamidase in the urine.", "PMID": 844198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6005", "title": "[On GLC of bile acids in serum and bile (author's transl)].", "content": "Some modifications to previous methods are reported in this paper to make this chromatographic assay more specific and more specific and more convenient in practice. 1. Bile acids were deconjugated via an enzymatic route with choloylglycine hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.24). 2. By acetylation of methyl derivatives, chromatography on alumina which led to a loss of lithocholic acid, can be supressed. Moreover, the compounds obtained are thermically more stable than those obtained by trifluoroacetylation. 3. The use of nor-cholic acid as internal standard led to a better quantitation of bile acids than others because its relative retention time is located between cholic and chenodesoxycholic acid. 4. Because of the hight sensitivity of this method, the assay of duodenal samples can be made with minimal volumes (0.1 ml) allowing a direct extraction by organic solvents.", "contents": "[On GLC of bile acids in serum and bile (author's transl)]. Some modifications to previous methods are reported in this paper to make this chromatographic assay more specific and more specific and more convenient in practice. 1. Bile acids were deconjugated via an enzymatic route with choloylglycine hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.24). 2. By acetylation of methyl derivatives, chromatography on alumina which led to a loss of lithocholic acid, can be supressed. Moreover, the compounds obtained are thermically more stable than those obtained by trifluoroacetylation. 3. The use of nor-cholic acid as internal standard led to a better quantitation of bile acids than others because its relative retention time is located between cholic and chenodesoxycholic acid. 4. Because of the hight sensitivity of this method, the assay of duodenal samples can be made with minimal volumes (0.1 ml) allowing a direct extraction by organic solvents.", "PMID": 844199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6006", "title": "[Inaccuracy of serum albumin measurements in renal failure patients using a dye-binding method (author's transl)].", "content": "A survey of serum albumin determinations in a group of patients with renal failure revealed that albumin reasurements using the 2-(4'-hydroxyphenylazo)-benzoic acid (HABA) dye-binding method were understimated when compared to results obtained with the biuret method. Equilibrium dialysis of the HABA dye binding to albumin are reported. Scatchard plot analysis showed that an average of 5.7 binding sits per molecule of albumin were unavailable in renal failure patients. The binding interference encountered in these patients indicates that alubumin measurements using dye binding techniques should not be used for these patients.", "contents": "[Inaccuracy of serum albumin measurements in renal failure patients using a dye-binding method (author's transl)]. A survey of serum albumin determinations in a group of patients with renal failure revealed that albumin reasurements using the 2-(4'-hydroxyphenylazo)-benzoic acid (HABA) dye-binding method were understimated when compared to results obtained with the biuret method. Equilibrium dialysis of the HABA dye binding to albumin are reported. Scatchard plot analysis showed that an average of 5.7 binding sits per molecule of albumin were unavailable in renal failure patients. The binding interference encountered in these patients indicates that alubumin measurements using dye binding techniques should not be used for these patients.", "PMID": 844200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6007", "title": "Assessment of a comparison of colorimetric methods used for oxytocinase determination.", "content": "The correlation of three colorimetric oxytocinase determination methods used in clinics was compared and assessed. It was found that the new methods, the method of Kleiner and Brounet-Yager, and that of Usategui-Gomez et al., show a high correlation with respect to the Tuppy and Nesvadba method (modified by Klimek) the usefulness of which has already been proved. The method of Usategui-Gomez et al., using L-cystine-bis-p-nitroanilide as substrate, is more sensitive and has more advantages.", "contents": "Assessment of a comparison of colorimetric methods used for oxytocinase determination. The correlation of three colorimetric oxytocinase determination methods used in clinics was compared and assessed. It was found that the new methods, the method of Kleiner and Brounet-Yager, and that of Usategui-Gomez et al., show a high correlation with respect to the Tuppy and Nesvadba method (modified by Klimek) the usefulness of which has already been proved. The method of Usategui-Gomez et al., using L-cystine-bis-p-nitroanilide as substrate, is more sensitive and has more advantages.", "PMID": 844201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6008", "title": "Molecular weight-dependent distribution of acidic glycosaminoglycans in human plasma.", "content": "Acidic glycosaminolglycans (AGAG) in human plasma were studied by enzymatic and electrophoretic procedures after fractionation by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. Galactosaminoglycans were the predominant acidic glycosaminoglycans in the small molecular weight fraction, but glucosaminoglycans were predominant in the macromolecular weight fraction. The major constituents of plasma AGAG were estimated as udersulfated chondroitin sulfate isomers followed by a lesser amount of hyaluronic acid characterized by susceptibility to specific chondroitinases and streptomyces hyaluronidase. In addition, the presence of small amounts of heparan sulfate and oversulfated chondroitin sulfate in human plasma was indicated.", "contents": "Molecular weight-dependent distribution of acidic glycosaminoglycans in human plasma. Acidic glycosaminolglycans (AGAG) in human plasma were studied by enzymatic and electrophoretic procedures after fractionation by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. Galactosaminoglycans were the predominant acidic glycosaminoglycans in the small molecular weight fraction, but glucosaminoglycans were predominant in the macromolecular weight fraction. The major constituents of plasma AGAG were estimated as udersulfated chondroitin sulfate isomers followed by a lesser amount of hyaluronic acid characterized by susceptibility to specific chondroitinases and streptomyces hyaluronidase. In addition, the presence of small amounts of heparan sulfate and oversulfated chondroitin sulfate in human plasma was indicated.", "PMID": 844202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6009", "title": "Evaluation of fluorimetrically estimated serum bile acid in liver disease.", "content": "Fasting serum bile acid (SBA) was measured by the enzymic fluorimetric method coupled with the NAD-resazurin system in 23 controls, 35 asymptomatic carriers of HIs antigen including 4 e antigen carriers and 91 patients with various liver diseases. All GHBs and e antigen carriers showed SBA within the normal range. SBA was most significantly correlated with serum bilirubin (gamma=0.74) and was a more sensitive index for impaired liver function than bilirubin or alkaline phosphatase in 164 radomly chosen samples from the liver disease group. In serial determinations of SBA with reference to GOT, GPT, changing patterns of these two parameters were classified into the parallel type and the discrepant type. Thirty two out of 40 cases with chronic liver disease belonged to the parallel type. SBA remained abnormal even after the normalization of transaminase in 12 out of 20 resolving episodes in cases of the parallel type, regardless of diagnosis. Since SBA changes according to the stage of the disease activity, serial and simultaneous estimation of SBA and GOT, GPT was found to be helpful in the observation of liver diseases. Maximum values of SBA elevation in an endogenous bile acid tolerance test after eating two egg yolks were higher than controls in 4 out of 7 cases with liver disease, who were associated with normal fasting SBA.", "contents": "Evaluation of fluorimetrically estimated serum bile acid in liver disease. Fasting serum bile acid (SBA) was measured by the enzymic fluorimetric method coupled with the NAD-resazurin system in 23 controls, 35 asymptomatic carriers of HIs antigen including 4 e antigen carriers and 91 patients with various liver diseases. All GHBs and e antigen carriers showed SBA within the normal range. SBA was most significantly correlated with serum bilirubin (gamma=0.74) and was a more sensitive index for impaired liver function than bilirubin or alkaline phosphatase in 164 radomly chosen samples from the liver disease group. In serial determinations of SBA with reference to GOT, GPT, changing patterns of these two parameters were classified into the parallel type and the discrepant type. Thirty two out of 40 cases with chronic liver disease belonged to the parallel type. SBA remained abnormal even after the normalization of transaminase in 12 out of 20 resolving episodes in cases of the parallel type, regardless of diagnosis. Since SBA changes according to the stage of the disease activity, serial and simultaneous estimation of SBA and GOT, GPT was found to be helpful in the observation of liver diseases. Maximum values of SBA elevation in an endogenous bile acid tolerance test after eating two egg yolks were higher than controls in 4 out of 7 cases with liver disease, who were associated with normal fasting SBA.", "PMID": 844203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6010", "title": "Determination of ethanol in serum by an enzymatic PMS-INT colorimetric method.", "content": "A simple, rapid and accurate colorimetric method for the determination of ethanol in serum was studied. Ethanol is converted to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase, and the NADH formed transfers its hydrogen through the phenazine methosulphate-p-iodonitrotetrazolium violet (PMS-INT) system to produce the red formazan which is stable and absorbs at 505 nm. The method correlates very well with an enzymatic-UV method, r=0.98 (p less than 0.001). The precision (95% limits) of the method for samples ranging from 11 to 145 mg/dl was +/-6.6%, and the recovery averaged 99%.", "contents": "Determination of ethanol in serum by an enzymatic PMS-INT colorimetric method. A simple, rapid and accurate colorimetric method for the determination of ethanol in serum was studied. Ethanol is converted to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase, and the NADH formed transfers its hydrogen through the phenazine methosulphate-p-iodonitrotetrazolium violet (PMS-INT) system to produce the red formazan which is stable and absorbs at 505 nm. The method correlates very well with an enzymatic-UV method, r=0.98 (p less than 0.001). The precision (95% limits) of the method for samples ranging from 11 to 145 mg/dl was +/-6.6%, and the recovery averaged 99%.", "PMID": 844204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6011", "title": "A contribution to the study of fluoride excretion.", "content": "Three population groups (two of them consisting of school-going children) with a low content of fluoride in the drinking water have been used to investigate parameters influencing fluoride excretion. For the population living in an area contaminated by F-air pollution, there was no significant effect of age or sex from 3 to 17 years. For the population living in a non-contaminated area, there is an increase with age. The data are distributed according to log normal. To determine these excretion levels, first-morning samples were used and it is concluded that for population research (not necessarily for individuals) this is more practical than 24-h samples and yield reliable results. To correct for urine concentration, correlation with Ca2+, Cl- and creatinine were investigated. Low or insignificant correlations were obtained.", "contents": "A contribution to the study of fluoride excretion. Three population groups (two of them consisting of school-going children) with a low content of fluoride in the drinking water have been used to investigate parameters influencing fluoride excretion. For the population living in an area contaminated by F-air pollution, there was no significant effect of age or sex from 3 to 17 years. For the population living in a non-contaminated area, there is an increase with age. The data are distributed according to log normal. To determine these excretion levels, first-morning samples were used and it is concluded that for population research (not necessarily for individuals) this is more practical than 24-h samples and yield reliable results. To correct for urine concentration, correlation with Ca2+, Cl- and creatinine were investigated. Low or insignificant correlations were obtained.", "PMID": 844205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6012", "title": "Cholesterol determinations. A comparative study of methods with special reference to enzymatic procedures.", "content": "Two enzymatic methods for the determination of cholesterol in serum have been modified for automatic use. These methods utilize the colour reactions according to Kageyama or Trinder to measure the hydrogen peroxide resulting from the enzymatic reaction. The procedures have been compared with the classical methods according to Abell and to Huang. Details regarding the procedures are given. Comparisons made during routine analysis of a large number of different sera have been expressed in the form of regression equations. The standard errors of the methods are given along with the standard deviations for differences between methods. Some conversions of values from one method into another are also given. It appears that the automated Kageyama method can be used for large scale practice. The manual Kageyama method is not very satisfactory because of its large experimental error. A disadvantage of the Kageyama methods is the necessity of having blank corrections for haemolytic sera. The Trinder method avoids the problem and has some additional advantages.", "contents": "Cholesterol determinations. A comparative study of methods with special reference to enzymatic procedures. Two enzymatic methods for the determination of cholesterol in serum have been modified for automatic use. These methods utilize the colour reactions according to Kageyama or Trinder to measure the hydrogen peroxide resulting from the enzymatic reaction. The procedures have been compared with the classical methods according to Abell and to Huang. Details regarding the procedures are given. Comparisons made during routine analysis of a large number of different sera have been expressed in the form of regression equations. The standard errors of the methods are given along with the standard deviations for differences between methods. Some conversions of values from one method into another are also given. It appears that the automated Kageyama method can be used for large scale practice. The manual Kageyama method is not very satisfactory because of its large experimental error. A disadvantage of the Kageyama methods is the necessity of having blank corrections for haemolytic sera. The Trinder method avoids the problem and has some additional advantages.", "PMID": 844206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6013", "title": "Influence of fatty acids on the binding of calcium to human serum albumin.", "content": "Fatty acids have been shown to influence the binding of calcium to human serum albumin. The calcium binding to albumin was enhanced when long-chain fatty acids were added to albumin prepared by two different methods and decreased when fatty acids were removed from albumin. Palmitic, stearic and oleic acids all exhibited this phenomenon. The effects of long-chain fatty acids on the binding of calcium to albumin in vitro appears to be of sufficient magnitude to have in vivo implications in calcium homeostasis and in determining the ratio of free to total calcium. Preliminary in vivo experiments have confirmed the calcium binding of fatty acids in serum and suggest a physiological role for this phenomena.", "contents": "Influence of fatty acids on the binding of calcium to human serum albumin. Fatty acids have been shown to influence the binding of calcium to human serum albumin. The calcium binding to albumin was enhanced when long-chain fatty acids were added to albumin prepared by two different methods and decreased when fatty acids were removed from albumin. Palmitic, stearic and oleic acids all exhibited this phenomenon. The effects of long-chain fatty acids on the binding of calcium to albumin in vitro appears to be of sufficient magnitude to have in vivo implications in calcium homeostasis and in determining the ratio of free to total calcium. Preliminary in vivo experiments have confirmed the calcium binding of fatty acids in serum and suggest a physiological role for this phenomena.", "PMID": 844207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6014", "title": "Steroid receptors in the human prostate. Detection of tissue-specific androgen binding in prostate cancer.", "content": "We have searched for tissue-specific binding of 5alpha-androstan-17beta-ol-3-one (5alpha-dihydrotestosterone; 5alpha-DHT) in cytosols prepared from 25 surgically obtained benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) samples and in 3 tissue specimens containing prostate cancer cells. The distinction between steroid-receptor complexes and ligand binding to serum sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) was facilitated by combination experiments involving both sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation and agar gel electrophoresis. Gradient analysis of a cytosol prepared from a cervical lymph node (CLN) containing metastatic prostate tissue, revealed both 8-S and 4-S forms of high affinity (charcoal stable) 5alpha-[3H]DHT binding. When electrophoresis was performed on gradient fractions from these zones, anodally migrating steroid-receptor complexes were found only in the 8-S peak, the 4-S region containing radioligand bound to cathodally directed SHBG. In similar experiments with two BPH samples heavily invaded with prostate cancer cells only a single 4-S peak of radioligand binding was detected. Its multicomponent nature was uncovered electrophoretically when, in addition to SHBG, saturable, androgen binding molecules appeared anodally. Their incomplete resolution from SHBG on a gradient might have prevented their identification had this been the only method used. In contrast to the cancer-containing tissues, no saturable 5alpha-[3H]-DHT binding, other than that to SHBG, was detected in any of the BPH samples analysed. It is considered that, of the methods currently available, agar gel electrophoresis may be particularly useful for further investigations into the possible multicomponent nature of androgen binding of tissue origin in the human prostate.", "contents": "Steroid receptors in the human prostate. Detection of tissue-specific androgen binding in prostate cancer. We have searched for tissue-specific binding of 5alpha-androstan-17beta-ol-3-one (5alpha-dihydrotestosterone; 5alpha-DHT) in cytosols prepared from 25 surgically obtained benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) samples and in 3 tissue specimens containing prostate cancer cells. The distinction between steroid-receptor complexes and ligand binding to serum sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) was facilitated by combination experiments involving both sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation and agar gel electrophoresis. Gradient analysis of a cytosol prepared from a cervical lymph node (CLN) containing metastatic prostate tissue, revealed both 8-S and 4-S forms of high affinity (charcoal stable) 5alpha-[3H]DHT binding. When electrophoresis was performed on gradient fractions from these zones, anodally migrating steroid-receptor complexes were found only in the 8-S peak, the 4-S region containing radioligand bound to cathodally directed SHBG. In similar experiments with two BPH samples heavily invaded with prostate cancer cells only a single 4-S peak of radioligand binding was detected. Its multicomponent nature was uncovered electrophoretically when, in addition to SHBG, saturable, androgen binding molecules appeared anodally. Their incomplete resolution from SHBG on a gradient might have prevented their identification had this been the only method used. In contrast to the cancer-containing tissues, no saturable 5alpha-[3H]-DHT binding, other than that to SHBG, was detected in any of the BPH samples analysed. It is considered that, of the methods currently available, agar gel electrophoresis may be particularly useful for further investigations into the possible multicomponent nature of androgen binding of tissue origin in the human prostate.", "PMID": 844208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6015", "title": "The effect of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate on oxygen consumption burst in thrombin-stimulated platelets.", "content": "2,3-Diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) modifies platelet function; it diminishes aggregation and the release reaction. The hypothesis that this occurs through a modification of the intracellular level of cyclic AMP or through an alteration in the synthesis of prostaglandins has been proposed. Since the release reaction occurs simultaneously with a burst in the consumption of oxygen, the authors have studied the effect of 2,3-DPG on oxygen consumption after the addition of thrombin with or without the addition of substances which modify platelet metabolism (aspirin, theophylline, glucagon, etc.). It was observed that 2,3-DPG diminishes oxygen consumption induced by thrombin. This mechanism alters the platelet membrane function.", "contents": "The effect of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate on oxygen consumption burst in thrombin-stimulated platelets. 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) modifies platelet function; it diminishes aggregation and the release reaction. The hypothesis that this occurs through a modification of the intracellular level of cyclic AMP or through an alteration in the synthesis of prostaglandins has been proposed. Since the release reaction occurs simultaneously with a burst in the consumption of oxygen, the authors have studied the effect of 2,3-DPG on oxygen consumption after the addition of thrombin with or without the addition of substances which modify platelet metabolism (aspirin, theophylline, glucagon, etc.). It was observed that 2,3-DPG diminishes oxygen consumption induced by thrombin. This mechanism alters the platelet membrane function.", "PMID": 844210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6016", "title": "Metabolism of nicotinic acid in children with burns and scalds.", "content": "The excretions of two metabolites of nicotinic acid, N1-methylnicotinamide and N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide have been measured at varying times after injury in a group of 27 burned or scalded children. Compared with control patients the excretions of both of these metabolites were significantly raised after injury, which suggests that the utilisation of nicotinic acid is increased.", "contents": "Metabolism of nicotinic acid in children with burns and scalds. The excretions of two metabolites of nicotinic acid, N1-methylnicotinamide and N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide have been measured at varying times after injury in a group of 27 burned or scalded children. Compared with control patients the excretions of both of these metabolites were significantly raised after injury, which suggests that the utilisation of nicotinic acid is increased.", "PMID": 844211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6017", "title": "Short-term fluctuations in plasma cortisol in Cushing's syndrome.", "content": "Short-term fluctuations in plasma cortisol were determined overnight in twelve patients with Cushing's syndrome: eight patients with bilateral adrenal hyperplasia of hypothalamic-pituitary orgin, three patients with a cortisol producing adenoma and one patient with a carcinoma of the adrenal cortex. While either secretory episodes in plasma cortisol or a fixed pattern of cortisol secretion were observed both in patients with pituitary dependent and in those with pituitary independent hypercorticism, a typical night-day variation in plasma cortisol was only found in one of the eight patients with Cushing's syndrome of hypothalamic-pituitary origin. The patient with a cortisol producing carcinoma showed only minor fluctuations in plasma cortisol throughout the test period. The results indicate that no discrimination can be made between patients with pituitary dependent or independent Cushing's syndrome by demonstrating an episodic or a fixed secretion of cortisol. It seems, however, that the finding of a typical night-day variation in hormone secretion points to hypercorticism of hypothalamic-pituitary orgin.", "contents": "Short-term fluctuations in plasma cortisol in Cushing's syndrome. Short-term fluctuations in plasma cortisol were determined overnight in twelve patients with Cushing's syndrome: eight patients with bilateral adrenal hyperplasia of hypothalamic-pituitary orgin, three patients with a cortisol producing adenoma and one patient with a carcinoma of the adrenal cortex. While either secretory episodes in plasma cortisol or a fixed pattern of cortisol secretion were observed both in patients with pituitary dependent and in those with pituitary independent hypercorticism, a typical night-day variation in plasma cortisol was only found in one of the eight patients with Cushing's syndrome of hypothalamic-pituitary origin. The patient with a cortisol producing carcinoma showed only minor fluctuations in plasma cortisol throughout the test period. The results indicate that no discrimination can be made between patients with pituitary dependent or independent Cushing's syndrome by demonstrating an episodic or a fixed secretion of cortisol. It seems, however, that the finding of a typical night-day variation in hormone secretion points to hypercorticism of hypothalamic-pituitary orgin.", "PMID": 844213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6018", "title": "The hypoglycaemic action of somatostatin in the anaesthetized dog.", "content": "The hypoglycaemic action of somatostatin was investigated in fasted anaesthetized dogs. An isotopic turnover technique with radioactive D-[2-3H] glucose tracer was used to measure the rates of hepatic production and peripheral utilization of glucose before, during, and after a 60min infusion of 150 mug somatostatin. Plasma concentrations of insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, cortisol and free fatty acids were also measured. Somatostatin infusion caused a fall of plasma glucose demonstrable within 10 min. After 60 min plasma glucose had fallen to 75% of the pre-infusion concentration. Simultaneoulsy the specific activity of the D-[2-3H] glucose increased and calculation of the rates of production and utilization of glucose over 10 min intervals indicated that the mean hepatic production rate of glucose fell to 59% of the pre-infusion rate while the rate of peripheral utilization of glucose fell to 83% of the pre-infusion rate. These results show that the hypoglycaemic action of intravenous somatostatin depends exclusively upon the inhibition of hepatic glucose production. This effect may have been partly due to a fall of plasma glucagon concentration and occurred despite a fall of plasma insulin to less than 1 mu 1(-1).", "contents": "The hypoglycaemic action of somatostatin in the anaesthetized dog. The hypoglycaemic action of somatostatin was investigated in fasted anaesthetized dogs. An isotopic turnover technique with radioactive D-[2-3H] glucose tracer was used to measure the rates of hepatic production and peripheral utilization of glucose before, during, and after a 60min infusion of 150 mug somatostatin. Plasma concentrations of insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, cortisol and free fatty acids were also measured. Somatostatin infusion caused a fall of plasma glucose demonstrable within 10 min. After 60 min plasma glucose had fallen to 75% of the pre-infusion concentration. Simultaneoulsy the specific activity of the D-[2-3H] glucose increased and calculation of the rates of production and utilization of glucose over 10 min intervals indicated that the mean hepatic production rate of glucose fell to 59% of the pre-infusion rate while the rate of peripheral utilization of glucose fell to 83% of the pre-infusion rate. These results show that the hypoglycaemic action of intravenous somatostatin depends exclusively upon the inhibition of hepatic glucose production. This effect may have been partly due to a fall of plasma glucagon concentration and occurred despite a fall of plasma insulin to less than 1 mu 1(-1).", "PMID": 844214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6019", "title": "Familial goitre with partial iodine organification defect, lack of thyroglobulin, and high levels of thyroid peroxidase.", "content": "From a sibship of three sisters having congenital goitre and normal hearing, two had impairment of organification of iodine. S1 (4 years old) had goitre since birth, euthyroidism, and a negative perchlorate test. S2 (15 years old) and S3 (13 years old) were hypothyroid, and had radioiodide discharge after potassium perchlorate administration of 19.8% and 26.1%, respectively. Thyroid tissue was obtained at thyroidectomy. Peroxidase activity, in the thyroidal subcellular particles, was found to be qualitatively normal, but quantitatively increased. In the triiodide assay, the activity was: S1 6912 u, S2 2590 u, and S3 3844 u (normal values 900-1700 u). In the tyrosine-iodinase assay, the activities, expressed as nmoles of iodide incorporation per gram of tissue, were S1 1046, S2 471 (normal values 220-410). The activity of the thyroidal NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, an enzyme possibly involved in hydrogen peroxide generation, was: S1 0.084, S2 0.047, and S3 0.005 (normal values 0.018 muEq/min/mg). No thyroglobulin was detected by analytical ultracentrifugation, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, or double immunodiffusion in agar of the supernatant fractions. In patient S2, whose gland was labelled in vivo with 125I, 60% of the total radioactivity of the gland (pooled nodular and paranodular specimens) was in a particulate iodoprotein that was solublilized by trypsin, deoxycholate or digitonin. In the soluble fraction there were two iodoproteins: iodalbumin, and a second iodoprotein similar to the solubilized particulate iodoprotein. It is postulated that absence of the normal thyroidal receptor protein might be in some cases a cause of iodine organification defect.", "contents": "Familial goitre with partial iodine organification defect, lack of thyroglobulin, and high levels of thyroid peroxidase. From a sibship of three sisters having congenital goitre and normal hearing, two had impairment of organification of iodine. S1 (4 years old) had goitre since birth, euthyroidism, and a negative perchlorate test. S2 (15 years old) and S3 (13 years old) were hypothyroid, and had radioiodide discharge after potassium perchlorate administration of 19.8% and 26.1%, respectively. Thyroid tissue was obtained at thyroidectomy. Peroxidase activity, in the thyroidal subcellular particles, was found to be qualitatively normal, but quantitatively increased. In the triiodide assay, the activity was: S1 6912 u, S2 2590 u, and S3 3844 u (normal values 900-1700 u). In the tyrosine-iodinase assay, the activities, expressed as nmoles of iodide incorporation per gram of tissue, were S1 1046, S2 471 (normal values 220-410). The activity of the thyroidal NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, an enzyme possibly involved in hydrogen peroxide generation, was: S1 0.084, S2 0.047, and S3 0.005 (normal values 0.018 muEq/min/mg). No thyroglobulin was detected by analytical ultracentrifugation, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, or double immunodiffusion in agar of the supernatant fractions. In patient S2, whose gland was labelled in vivo with 125I, 60% of the total radioactivity of the gland (pooled nodular and paranodular specimens) was in a particulate iodoprotein that was solublilized by trypsin, deoxycholate or digitonin. In the soluble fraction there were two iodoproteins: iodalbumin, and a second iodoprotein similar to the solubilized particulate iodoprotein. It is postulated that absence of the normal thyroidal receptor protein might be in some cases a cause of iodine organification defect.", "PMID": 844215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6020", "title": "A long-term follow up of patients with autoimmune thyroid disease.", "content": "A survey in a general practice in the North-East of England in 1963 detected thyroglobulin antibodies in 16.2% of women and 4.3% of men. High titres of antibodies were found in 4.6% of women and 1.6% of men. Forty six subjects with thyroglobulin antibodies (from an original total of fifty-two) were studied in 1972 and forty of these were studied further in 1975. These subjects were compared with a group of  age- and sex-matched controls from the original survey. Three of the subjects had developed overt hypothyroidism by 1975 and a raised serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration was found more frequently in euthyroid subjects peviously found to be antibody positive. There was a striking difference in the antibody studies in that only 26% of the previously antibody positive subjects had thyroglobulin antibodies in 1972 and 30% in 1975. A raised serum TSH concentration was found to correlate with cytoplasmic a-tibodies and particularly with the combination of cytoplasmic and thyroglobulin antibodies.", "contents": "A long-term follow up of patients with autoimmune thyroid disease. A survey in a general practice in the North-East of England in 1963 detected thyroglobulin antibodies in 16.2% of women and 4.3% of men. High titres of antibodies were found in 4.6% of women and 1.6% of men. Forty six subjects with thyroglobulin antibodies (from an original total of fifty-two) were studied in 1972 and forty of these were studied further in 1975. These subjects were compared with a group of  age- and sex-matched controls from the original survey. Three of the subjects had developed overt hypothyroidism by 1975 and a raised serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration was found more frequently in euthyroid subjects peviously found to be antibody positive. There was a striking difference in the antibody studies in that only 26% of the previously antibody positive subjects had thyroglobulin antibodies in 1972 and 30% in 1975. A raised serum TSH concentration was found to correlate with cytoplasmic a-tibodies and particularly with the combination of cytoplasmic and thyroglobulin antibodies.", "PMID": 844216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6021", "title": "Plasma and pituitary thyrotrophin (TSH) in severe and prolonged hypothyroidism, as studied in the rat.", "content": "Thyroidectomized rats, kept on a low iodine diet, were killed at 60, 80 and 270 days after thyroidectomy and plasma and pituitary TSH levels measured. Pituitary TSH content was lowere in the thyroidectomized rats than in the controls at 60 and 80 days, starting to increase between 60 and 80 days, and reaching higher values than those of the controls by 270 days. Plasma TSH was higher in the thyroidectomized rats than in the controls at all the times studied, but declined markedly between 60 days (17.53 +/-1.98 mug/ml) and 270 days (3.63 +/-0.49 mug/ml. This decrease in plasma TSH levels was accompanied by a decrease in plasma PBI: from 0.69+/-0.08 mug/dl at 60 days to 0.06+/-0.01 mug/dl at 270 days. The daily injection of 1.75 mug T4/100 g body weight for 12 days in either thyroidectomized rats or normal intact rats resulted in a decline of plasma TSH levels in both groups. Pituitary TSH content increased in the thyroidectomized rats and decreased in the controls after T4 treatment. Present results agree with previous observations indicating  that severe and chronic thyroid hormone deficiency is not accompanied by a progressive increase in circulating TSH levels, though an elevation is always fou nd even in mild or subclinical forms or primary hypothyroidism. They show that in the rat this connot be accounted for by an impairment of TSH synthesis, as previosly suggested: an impairment of TSH secretion appears more probable.", "contents": "Plasma and pituitary thyrotrophin (TSH) in severe and prolonged hypothyroidism, as studied in the rat. Thyroidectomized rats, kept on a low iodine diet, were killed at 60, 80 and 270 days after thyroidectomy and plasma and pituitary TSH levels measured. Pituitary TSH content was lowere in the thyroidectomized rats than in the controls at 60 and 80 days, starting to increase between 60 and 80 days, and reaching higher values than those of the controls by 270 days. Plasma TSH was higher in the thyroidectomized rats than in the controls at all the times studied, but declined markedly between 60 days (17.53 +/-1.98 mug/ml) and 270 days (3.63 +/-0.49 mug/ml. This decrease in plasma TSH levels was accompanied by a decrease in plasma PBI: from 0.69+/-0.08 mug/dl at 60 days to 0.06+/-0.01 mug/dl at 270 days. The daily injection of 1.75 mug T4/100 g body weight for 12 days in either thyroidectomized rats or normal intact rats resulted in a decline of plasma TSH levels in both groups. Pituitary TSH content increased in the thyroidectomized rats and decreased in the controls after T4 treatment. Present results agree with previous observations indicating  that severe and chronic thyroid hormone deficiency is not accompanied by a progressive increase in circulating TSH levels, though an elevation is always fou nd even in mild or subclinical forms or primary hypothyroidism. They show that in the rat this connot be accounted for by an impairment of TSH synthesis, as previosly suggested: an impairment of TSH secretion appears more probable.", "PMID": 844217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6022", "title": "High level of a nerve growth factor in the serum of a patient with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland.", "content": "The serum of a patient with a familial medullary thyroid carcinoma showed levels of a factor, active in the nerve growth factor (NGF) bioassay and cross-reacting immunologically with mouse NGF, 20-1000 times higher than sera from normal controls or from patients with unrelated tumours. Variations of the level of this factor in the serum closely correlated with the progression of the disease. One of the patient's sons, apparently clinically normal, also showed high levels of this factor in the serum, raising the possibility that abnormality in the production of this factor could be present at an early stage of the disease.", "contents": "High level of a nerve growth factor in the serum of a patient with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. The serum of a patient with a familial medullary thyroid carcinoma showed levels of a factor, active in the nerve growth factor (NGF) bioassay and cross-reacting immunologically with mouse NGF, 20-1000 times higher than sera from normal controls or from patients with unrelated tumours. Variations of the level of this factor in the serum closely correlated with the progression of the disease. One of the patient's sons, apparently clinically normal, also showed high levels of this factor in the serum, raising the possibility that abnormality in the production of this factor could be present at an early stage of the disease.", "PMID": 844218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6023", "title": "Effect of cortisol treatment on hormonal relationships in congenital adrenal hyperplasia.", "content": "The temporal relationship between administration of cortisol and serum 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone was investigated in five patients aged 9-19 years with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. There was marked variability in the 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone response (determined hourly for 24 h) of individual patients to administration of cortisol. Mean concentration was less than 0.030 micronmol/l in one patient but 0.519 micronmol/l in another. Levels were higher in all patients while off treatment, and were greatest in those with salt-losing adrenal hyperplasia. Growth hormone secretion was not suppressed by treatment with cortisol. Withdrawal of cortisol for 3 days resulted in a significant decrease in the mean serum FSH/LH ratio and a rise in serum testosterone in all subjects. Episodic release of gonadotrophins persisted in the adolescent patients.", "contents": "Effect of cortisol treatment on hormonal relationships in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. The temporal relationship between administration of cortisol and serum 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone was investigated in five patients aged 9-19 years with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. There was marked variability in the 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone response (determined hourly for 24 h) of individual patients to administration of cortisol. Mean concentration was less than 0.030 micronmol/l in one patient but 0.519 micronmol/l in another. Levels were higher in all patients while off treatment, and were greatest in those with salt-losing adrenal hyperplasia. Growth hormone secretion was not suppressed by treatment with cortisol. Withdrawal of cortisol for 3 days resulted in a significant decrease in the mean serum FSH/LH ratio and a rise in serum testosterone in all subjects. Episodic release of gonadotrophins persisted in the adolescent patients.", "PMID": 844219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6024", "title": "Effects of a feminizing testicular Leydig cell tumour on nontumorous testicular tissue: an ultrastructual study.", "content": "The ultrastructural effects of a Leydig cell tumour of the testis on nontumorous testicular tissue have not yet been reported. Described here are the electron microscopic findings in the nonneoplastic testicular tissue of a patient with a feminizing testicular Leydig cell neoplasm. Serial studies were carried out over a period of 31/2 years prior to removal of the tumour. The overall general picture was characterized by progressive degeneration of Leydig cells, cells of the germinal series and Sertoli cells. Concomitantly, there was increasing thickening and fibrosis of the tubular walls. Cytoplasmic focal accumulations of glycogen, increasing with the duration of the disease, were conspicuous in many spermatogonia. All of these alterations are nonspecific and are attributable to adverse endocrine effects introduced by the oestrogen-secreting tumour. They were present bilaterally and were more prominent on the tumour-bearing side. Attention is drawn to the role of artifacts, fixation technique and degenerative processes in the production and appearance of certain ultrastructural findings, such as 'light' and 'dark' cells, myelin figures, membranous whorls and focal glycogen accumulations.", "contents": "Effects of a feminizing testicular Leydig cell tumour on nontumorous testicular tissue: an ultrastructual study. The ultrastructural effects of a Leydig cell tumour of the testis on nontumorous testicular tissue have not yet been reported. Described here are the electron microscopic findings in the nonneoplastic testicular tissue of a patient with a feminizing testicular Leydig cell neoplasm. Serial studies were carried out over a period of 31/2 years prior to removal of the tumour. The overall general picture was characterized by progressive degeneration of Leydig cells, cells of the germinal series and Sertoli cells. Concomitantly, there was increasing thickening and fibrosis of the tubular walls. Cytoplasmic focal accumulations of glycogen, increasing with the duration of the disease, were conspicuous in many spermatogonia. All of these alterations are nonspecific and are attributable to adverse endocrine effects introduced by the oestrogen-secreting tumour. They were present bilaterally and were more prominent on the tumour-bearing side. Attention is drawn to the role of artifacts, fixation technique and degenerative processes in the production and appearance of certain ultrastructural findings, such as 'light' and 'dark' cells, myelin figures, membranous whorls and focal glycogen accumulations.", "PMID": 844220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6025", "title": "The cardiovascular and lipid status of pernicious anaemia patients with and without thyroid antibodies.", "content": "A study has been undertaken of the cardiovascular and lipid status of patients with pernicious anaemia (PA). There was no evidence of elevated cholesterol, triglyceride and lipoprotein concentrations nor of an increased prevalence of ischaemic heart disease and peripheral vascular disease in those patients who had positive thyroid antibodies compared with those who had not. There were also no significant differences in cardiovascular or lipid status in the antibody positive patients between those who had an exaggerated thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) response to thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) and those who had a normal or impaired response. It is suggested that an exaggerated response to TRH in these PA patients usually indicates 'compensated euthyroidism' and not 'subclinical hypothyroidism' or 'premyxoedema' and that they are no more at risk for cardiovascular disease than are PA patients with no evidence of thyroid abnormality.", "contents": "The cardiovascular and lipid status of pernicious anaemia patients with and without thyroid antibodies. A study has been undertaken of the cardiovascular and lipid status of patients with pernicious anaemia (PA). There was no evidence of elevated cholesterol, triglyceride and lipoprotein concentrations nor of an increased prevalence of ischaemic heart disease and peripheral vascular disease in those patients who had positive thyroid antibodies compared with those who had not. There were also no significant differences in cardiovascular or lipid status in the antibody positive patients between those who had an exaggerated thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) response to thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) and those who had a normal or impaired response. It is suggested that an exaggerated response to TRH in these PA patients usually indicates 'compensated euthyroidism' and not 'subclinical hypothyroidism' or 'premyxoedema' and that they are no more at risk for cardiovascular disease than are PA patients with no evidence of thyroid abnormality.", "PMID": 844221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6026", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of free thyroid hormone concentrations in the investigation of thyroid disease.", "content": "Direct radioimmunoassay of free triiodothyronine (fT3) and free thyroxine (fT4) in serum dialysate has been performed in fifty-two normals, twenty-one hyperthyroid, and twenty-one hypothyroid patients. In health, there is an almost equimolar concentration of fT3 and fT4. In hyperthyroidism, the free thyroid hormone concentrations were clearly discriminated from the normals. In a proportion of the symptomatic hypothyroids studied, the free hormone values fell within the normal range, challenging the concept that free thyroid hormone concentrations are the sole determinants of thyroid status. In the population studied, there were statistically significant correlations between fT3 and fT4, as well as the free hormones with their respective total hormone levels. It is concluded that fT3 and fT4 estimated are unlikely to play a major role in the routine investigation of thyroid disease.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of free thyroid hormone concentrations in the investigation of thyroid disease. Direct radioimmunoassay of free triiodothyronine (fT3) and free thyroxine (fT4) in serum dialysate has been performed in fifty-two normals, twenty-one hyperthyroid, and twenty-one hypothyroid patients. In health, there is an almost equimolar concentration of fT3 and fT4. In hyperthyroidism, the free thyroid hormone concentrations were clearly discriminated from the normals. In a proportion of the symptomatic hypothyroids studied, the free hormone values fell within the normal range, challenging the concept that free thyroid hormone concentrations are the sole determinants of thyroid status. In the population studied, there were statistically significant correlations between fT3 and fT4, as well as the free hormones with their respective total hormone levels. It is concluded that fT3 and fT4 estimated are unlikely to play a major role in the routine investigation of thyroid disease.", "PMID": 844222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6027", "title": "C-peptide and insulin during blockade of the hyperglycaemic response to surgery by epidural analgesia.", "content": "Insulin secretion, as expressed by peripheral plasma insulin and C-peptide levels, was studied during and after abdominal hysterectomy in six patients having general anaesthesia and in six patients having epidural analgesia. The hyperglycaemic response to surgery was abolished during epidural analgesia. Insulin as well as C-peptide levels in plasma were low and unchanged during general anaesthesia and low and slightly decreasing during epidural analgesia. (1) Insulin secretion to the hyperglycaemic stimulus is blocked during surgery: (2) abolition of the hyperglycaemic response to surgery by epidural analegesia is not caused by an increased insulin secretion.", "contents": "C-peptide and insulin during blockade of the hyperglycaemic response to surgery by epidural analgesia. Insulin secretion, as expressed by peripheral plasma insulin and C-peptide levels, was studied during and after abdominal hysterectomy in six patients having general anaesthesia and in six patients having epidural analgesia. The hyperglycaemic response to surgery was abolished during epidural analgesia. Insulin as well as C-peptide levels in plasma were low and unchanged during general anaesthesia and low and slightly decreasing during epidural analgesia. (1) Insulin secretion to the hyperglycaemic stimulus is blocked during surgery: (2) abolition of the hyperglycaemic response to surgery by epidural analegesia is not caused by an increased insulin secretion.", "PMID": 844223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6028", "title": "The effect of endogenous oestrogen on plasma and urinary calcium and phosphate in oophorectomized women.", "content": "Using a specific radioimmunoassay, significant levels of plasma oestradiol can be detected in the blood of oophorectomized women. In these women the plasma concentration of oestradiol correlates positively with body fat content. Low circulating concentrations of oestradiol are associated with increased values for serum phosphate and alkaline phosphatase, but no significant change in serum calcium. The fasting urinary calcium creatinine ratio is inversely related to circulating plasma oestradiol concentration which also correlates, in a more complex way, with the renal threshold for phosphate (TmPO4/GFR). It is suggested that oestrogen production may be an important factor in determining bone loss in postmenopausal women.", "contents": "The effect of endogenous oestrogen on plasma and urinary calcium and phosphate in oophorectomized women. Using a specific radioimmunoassay, significant levels of plasma oestradiol can be detected in the blood of oophorectomized women. In these women the plasma concentration of oestradiol correlates positively with body fat content. Low circulating concentrations of oestradiol are associated with increased values for serum phosphate and alkaline phosphatase, but no significant change in serum calcium. The fasting urinary calcium creatinine ratio is inversely related to circulating plasma oestradiol concentration which also correlates, in a more complex way, with the renal threshold for phosphate (TmPO4/GFR). It is suggested that oestrogen production may be an important factor in determining bone loss in postmenopausal women.", "PMID": 844224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6029", "title": "The response of heart rate to isoproterenol in hemodialyzed patients before and after parathyroidectomy.", "content": "The response of the heart rate to intravenous isoproterenol was studied in seven chronic hemodialysis patients with severe hyperparathyroidism, before and after subtotal parathyroidectomy (PTX). Before PTX, significantly higher doses of isoproterenol were needed to achieve a standardized increase in heart rate when compared with the doses needed following PTX. A similar difference was observed before and after removal of a parathyroid adenoma in an additional nonuremic patient with primary hyperparathyroidism. This decreased cardiac responsiveness to a beta-adrenergic stimulus seemed to be related to the hyperparathyroid state.", "contents": "The response of heart rate to isoproterenol in hemodialyzed patients before and after parathyroidectomy. The response of the heart rate to intravenous isoproterenol was studied in seven chronic hemodialysis patients with severe hyperparathyroidism, before and after subtotal parathyroidectomy (PTX). Before PTX, significantly higher doses of isoproterenol were needed to achieve a standardized increase in heart rate when compared with the doses needed following PTX. A similar difference was observed before and after removal of a parathyroid adenoma in an additional nonuremic patient with primary hyperparathyroidism. This decreased cardiac responsiveness to a beta-adrenergic stimulus seemed to be related to the hyperparathyroid state.", "PMID": 844225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6030", "title": "Intradialytic measurement of cardiac output by thermodilution and impedance cardiography.", "content": "Impedance cardiography was compared with thermodilution cardiography in the measurement of cardiac output serially during maintenance hemodialyses in ten chronic uremic patients. Measurements were carried out pre-dialysis and post-dialysis as well as hourly during dialysis. The results demonstrated statistical identity between impedance and thermodilution cardiography at all times of measurement. The study confirms the validity of the non-invasive technique in measuring cardiac output in the uremic patient.", "contents": "Intradialytic measurement of cardiac output by thermodilution and impedance cardiography. Impedance cardiography was compared with thermodilution cardiography in the measurement of cardiac output serially during maintenance hemodialyses in ten chronic uremic patients. Measurements were carried out pre-dialysis and post-dialysis as well as hourly during dialysis. The results demonstrated statistical identity between impedance and thermodilution cardiography at all times of measurement. The study confirms the validity of the non-invasive technique in measuring cardiac output in the uremic patient.", "PMID": 844226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6031", "title": "Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis with disruption of the glomerular basement membrane.", "content": "Seven patients with a form of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis distinct in its glomerular ultrastructure from other forms are described. The use of silver impregnated electron micrographs revealed contiguous subepithelial and subendothelial deposits associated with basement membrane disruption, replication and layering of lamina densalike material. By light and fluorescence microscopy the appearance was distinctive but not diagnostic. Immunohistology consistently showed abundant C3 and properdin in a granular pattern while immunoglobulins and Clq were variably present. Low serum C3 concentrations were observed at some time in each patient, often accompanied by low levels of properdin, whereas the concentrations of Clq and C4 were normal. The patients were indistinguishable in their clinical course from those with other types of MPGN.", "contents": "Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis with disruption of the glomerular basement membrane. Seven patients with a form of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis distinct in its glomerular ultrastructure from other forms are described. The use of silver impregnated electron micrographs revealed contiguous subepithelial and subendothelial deposits associated with basement membrane disruption, replication and layering of lamina densalike material. By light and fluorescence microscopy the appearance was distinctive but not diagnostic. Immunohistology consistently showed abundant C3 and properdin in a granular pattern while immunoglobulins and Clq were variably present. Low serum C3 concentrations were observed at some time in each patient, often accompanied by low levels of properdin, whereas the concentrations of Clq and C4 were normal. The patients were indistinguishable in their clinical course from those with other types of MPGN.", "PMID": 844227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6032", "title": "Use of hemodialysis in meprobamate overdosage.", "content": "A case of meprobamate overdosage successfully treated with hemodialysis is described. The patient was admitted 4 hours after an overdosage of meprobamate (30-40 g) deeply unconscious, hypotensive, in respiratory failure and with a serum meprobamate level of 50 mg/100 ml. Hemodialysis was instituted using a Gambro parallel flow dialyzer and a portable re-circulating dialyzate delivery system (Redy, CCi Life Systems). Meprobamate removal with hemodialysis was 672+/-167 mg/hr with a corresponding clearance of 61.97+/-9.9 ml/min. Drug removal with forced diuresis was 177+/-23.4 mg/hr. Metabolic degradation of the drug was approximately 482 mg/hr with a plasma disappearance rate of 5.2%/hr. No drug could be detected in the dialyzate fluid after its passage through the Redy re-circulating dialyzate system. Because of the rapidity of metabolic degradation of meprobamate, we feel that hemodialysis should be reserved for severe clinical intoxication and either compromised normal excretory routes or progressive clinical deterioration.", "contents": "Use of hemodialysis in meprobamate overdosage. A case of meprobamate overdosage successfully treated with hemodialysis is described. The patient was admitted 4 hours after an overdosage of meprobamate (30-40 g) deeply unconscious, hypotensive, in respiratory failure and with a serum meprobamate level of 50 mg/100 ml. Hemodialysis was instituted using a Gambro parallel flow dialyzer and a portable re-circulating dialyzate delivery system (Redy, CCi Life Systems). Meprobamate removal with hemodialysis was 672+/-167 mg/hr with a corresponding clearance of 61.97+/-9.9 ml/min. Drug removal with forced diuresis was 177+/-23.4 mg/hr. Metabolic degradation of the drug was approximately 482 mg/hr with a plasma disappearance rate of 5.2%/hr. No drug could be detected in the dialyzate fluid after its passage through the Redy re-circulating dialyzate system. Because of the rapidity of metabolic degradation of meprobamate, we feel that hemodialysis should be reserved for severe clinical intoxication and either compromised normal excretory routes or progressive clinical deterioration.", "PMID": 844228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6033", "title": "Antimicrobial dosage in renal failure: a unifying nomogram.", "content": "A concise method is presented for calculating the dosage of commonly used anti-microbial agents in patients with impaired renal function.", "contents": "Antimicrobial dosage in renal failure: a unifying nomogram. A concise method is presented for calculating the dosage of commonly used anti-microbial agents in patients with impaired renal function.", "PMID": 844229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6034", "title": "Recent improvement in outcome for the small premature infant. Follow-up of infants with a birth weight of less than 1,500 grams.", "content": "1. Developmental and neurologic outcome was determined for 176 premature infants of birth weight less than 1,500 gm, born during 1965-1970. 2. No significant difference in outcome was found when infants of birth weight 1,000 to 1,500 gm were compared with those weighing less than 1,000 gm. 3. The overall outcome is generally favorable, with 67% of the entire group noew deemed developmentally and neurologically normal. 4. Improvement in outcome in the small premature infant seems related to aggressive perinatal care, particularly monitoring of biophysical, biochemical and metabolic factors in the fetus and neonate;", "contents": "Recent improvement in outcome for the small premature infant. Follow-up of infants with a birth weight of less than 1,500 grams. 1. Developmental and neurologic outcome was determined for 176 premature infants of birth weight less than 1,500 gm, born during 1965-1970. 2. No significant difference in outcome was found when infants of birth weight 1,000 to 1,500 gm were compared with those weighing less than 1,000 gm. 3. The overall outcome is generally favorable, with 67% of the entire group noew deemed developmentally and neurologically normal. 4. Improvement in outcome in the small premature infant seems related to aggressive perinatal care, particularly monitoring of biophysical, biochemical and metabolic factors in the fetus and neonate;", "PMID": 844231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6035", "title": "Adrenal hemorrhage in the newborn. The phenomenon of \"enclosed\" hemorrhage as a cause of neonatal jaundice and later adrenal calcifications.", "content": "In an infant with unexplained hyperbilirubinemia, abdominal mass and a fall in hematocrit, an IVP with total body opacification should be considered so that the diagnosis of adrenal hemorrhage, which is almost always a benign conditions, may be made. Follow-up abdominal films at 3 months of age may further substantiate the etiology by revealing calcifications in the involved areas.", "contents": "Adrenal hemorrhage in the newborn. The phenomenon of \"enclosed\" hemorrhage as a cause of neonatal jaundice and later adrenal calcifications. In an infant with unexplained hyperbilirubinemia, abdominal mass and a fall in hematocrit, an IVP with total body opacification should be considered so that the diagnosis of adrenal hemorrhage, which is almost always a benign conditions, may be made. Follow-up abdominal films at 3 months of age may further substantiate the etiology by revealing calcifications in the involved areas.", "PMID": 844232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6036", "title": "The clinical profile of the newborn with persistent pulmonary hypertension. Observations in 19 affected neonates.", "content": "In 19 neonates with severe cyanosis, normal chest x-rays, anatomically normal hearts, and a high incidence of perinatal complications, the clinical course was characterized by variable sustained cyanosis. Cardiac catheterization data showed high systemic or suprasystemic pulmonary artery pressure with right to left intracardiac shunting via the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus. Arterial oxygen tension at an inspired oxygen concentration above 65% was helpful in distinguishing these patients from those with congenital heart disease, and for predicting prognosis.", "contents": "The clinical profile of the newborn with persistent pulmonary hypertension. Observations in 19 affected neonates. In 19 neonates with severe cyanosis, normal chest x-rays, anatomically normal hearts, and a high incidence of perinatal complications, the clinical course was characterized by variable sustained cyanosis. Cardiac catheterization data showed high systemic or suprasystemic pulmonary artery pressure with right to left intracardiac shunting via the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus. Arterial oxygen tension at an inspired oxygen concentration above 65% was helpful in distinguishing these patients from those with congenital heart disease, and for predicting prognosis.", "PMID": 844236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6037", "title": "Lack of dependence of urine PCO2 upon reduction of glomerular filtration rate in alkalotic dogs.", "content": "1. The PCO2 gradient between alkaline urine and arterial blood (U-B PCO2) is thought to depend primarily on distal hydrogen ion secretion. However, other variables affecting the U-B PCO2 include the urine flow rate, the urinary bicarbonate and phosphate excretion rates and the glomerular filtration rate. 2. In order to evaluate the effects of acute changes in these factors on the U-B PCO2, bicarbonate-loaded dogs with maximal U-B PCO2 values were subjected to either acute unilateral elevations of ureteral pressure or hypotension caused by nitroprusside infusion. The results demonstrate that acute reduction in the glomerular filtration rate does not cause a decrease in the U-B PCO2 as long as the urinary concentrations of phosphate and bicarbonate do not decline. 3. Urinary concentrations of phosphate and bicarbonate appeared more important than their excretion rates in the maintenance of elevated U-B PCO2 values.", "contents": "Lack of dependence of urine PCO2 upon reduction of glomerular filtration rate in alkalotic dogs. 1. The PCO2 gradient between alkaline urine and arterial blood (U-B PCO2) is thought to depend primarily on distal hydrogen ion secretion. However, other variables affecting the U-B PCO2 include the urine flow rate, the urinary bicarbonate and phosphate excretion rates and the glomerular filtration rate. 2. In order to evaluate the effects of acute changes in these factors on the U-B PCO2, bicarbonate-loaded dogs with maximal U-B PCO2 values were subjected to either acute unilateral elevations of ureteral pressure or hypotension caused by nitroprusside infusion. The results demonstrate that acute reduction in the glomerular filtration rate does not cause a decrease in the U-B PCO2 as long as the urinary concentrations of phosphate and bicarbonate do not decline. 3. Urinary concentrations of phosphate and bicarbonate appeared more important than their excretion rates in the maintenance of elevated U-B PCO2 values.", "PMID": 844245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6038", "title": "Effect of pentobarbitone sodium on serum creatine kinase of normal and dystrophic hamsters.", "content": "1. The dose of pentobarbitone required for anaesthesia was significantly greater for dystrophic hamsters than for normal animals. 2. Serum creatine kinase activity was significantly higher in dystrophic than in normal hamsters. 3. Brain, heart and tibialis anterior muscle from dystrophic animals contained significantly less creatine kinase than the normal tissues. 4. Creatine kinase in normal and dystrophic sera, as in skeletal muscles, consisted of MM isoenzyme. Heart creatine kinase consisted of both MM and MB types and brain contained only the BB isoenzyme. 5. Pentobarbitone raised serum creatine kinase activity of normal and dystrophic hamsters to the same extent, elevation of enzyme activity being dependent on the amount of pentobarbitone injected. 6. The sera of pentobarbitone-treated normal and dystrophic hamsters contained only the MM isoenzyme.", "contents": "Effect of pentobarbitone sodium on serum creatine kinase of normal and dystrophic hamsters. 1. The dose of pentobarbitone required for anaesthesia was significantly greater for dystrophic hamsters than for normal animals. 2. Serum creatine kinase activity was significantly higher in dystrophic than in normal hamsters. 3. Brain, heart and tibialis anterior muscle from dystrophic animals contained significantly less creatine kinase than the normal tissues. 4. Creatine kinase in normal and dystrophic sera, as in skeletal muscles, consisted of MM isoenzyme. Heart creatine kinase consisted of both MM and MB types and brain contained only the BB isoenzyme. 5. Pentobarbitone raised serum creatine kinase activity of normal and dystrophic hamsters to the same extent, elevation of enzyme activity being dependent on the amount of pentobarbitone injected. 6. The sera of pentobarbitone-treated normal and dystrophic hamsters contained only the MM isoenzyme.", "PMID": 844246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6039", "title": "Epitaxial relationships in urolithiasis: the brushite-whewellite system.", "content": "1. Whewellite (calcium oxalate monohydrate) crystals were found to induce epitaxially the heterogeneous nucleation of brushite (calcium monohydrogen phosphate dihydrate) from its metastable supersaturated solution in approximately one-quarter of the time required for spontaneous precipitation in the absence of added nucleating agents. Scanning electron-microscope observation of the crystalline phase showed brushite crystals originating from the whewellite seed crystals. 2. Crystal growth, upon nucleation, proceeded rapidly, and the metastable solutions quickly approached saturation. 3. Brushite crystals also induced the precipitation of calcium oxalate crystals in about one-quarter of the time required for spontaneous precipitation; however, the rate of crystal growth was considerably slower. In support of the chemical data, scanning electron micrographs showed few crystals of calcium oxalate nucleated on the surface of the brushite seed. 4. The results provide some insight into the cause of stones containing calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate (or both), which form in the normally acid environment of human urine.", "contents": "Epitaxial relationships in urolithiasis: the brushite-whewellite system. 1. Whewellite (calcium oxalate monohydrate) crystals were found to induce epitaxially the heterogeneous nucleation of brushite (calcium monohydrogen phosphate dihydrate) from its metastable supersaturated solution in approximately one-quarter of the time required for spontaneous precipitation in the absence of added nucleating agents. Scanning electron-microscope observation of the crystalline phase showed brushite crystals originating from the whewellite seed crystals. 2. Crystal growth, upon nucleation, proceeded rapidly, and the metastable solutions quickly approached saturation. 3. Brushite crystals also induced the precipitation of calcium oxalate crystals in about one-quarter of the time required for spontaneous precipitation; however, the rate of crystal growth was considerably slower. In support of the chemical data, scanning electron micrographs showed few crystals of calcium oxalate nucleated on the surface of the brushite seed. 4. The results provide some insight into the cause of stones containing calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate (or both), which form in the normally acid environment of human urine.", "PMID": 844247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6040", "title": "Inhibition of frusemide-induced natriuresis by indomethacin in patients with the nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "1. In four patients with nephrotic syndrome indomethacin not only reduced proteinuria but also inhibited the natriuretic effect of high doses of frusemide. 2. The inhibition of natriuresis by indomethacin could not be antagonized by albumin infusions. 3. Only the combined use of spironolactone and frusemide induced a natriuresis during indomethacin treatment. Spironolactone alone was ineffective. 4. It is suggested that inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin, in the presence of a stimulated renin-angiotensin system and hyperaldosteronism, may cause this strong tendency to sodium retention.", "contents": "Inhibition of frusemide-induced natriuresis by indomethacin in patients with the nephrotic syndrome. 1. In four patients with nephrotic syndrome indomethacin not only reduced proteinuria but also inhibited the natriuretic effect of high doses of frusemide. 2. The inhibition of natriuresis by indomethacin could not be antagonized by albumin infusions. 3. Only the combined use of spironolactone and frusemide induced a natriuresis during indomethacin treatment. Spironolactone alone was ineffective. 4. It is suggested that inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin, in the presence of a stimulated renin-angiotensin system and hyperaldosteronism, may cause this strong tendency to sodium retention.", "PMID": 844248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6041", "title": "The course of arterial pressure and the effect of Sar1-Thr8-angiotensin II in a new model of two-kidney hypertension in conscious dogs.", "content": "1. We describe a new method of producing two-kidney hypertension in dogs by a two-step procedure with complete occlusion of a renal artery 2 weeks after it was partially constricted. 2. Control mean arterial pressure (96 +/- 3 mmHg) of nine conscious, trained dogs rose to 107 +/- 3 mmHg 2 weeks after partial constriction of a renal artery, and it stabilized at a sustained hypertensive plateau (124 +/- 7 mmHg) 3 weeks after complete occlusion. 3. Intravenous infusion of an angiotensin II antagonist (Sar1-Thr8-angiotensin II) caused arterial pressure to fall during the acute but not the chronic phase of renal hypertension. In this latter phase plasma renin activity had returned to control values. 4. We conclude that the renin-angiotensin system appears not to be directly involved in the chronic phase of two-kidney hypertension in the dog.", "contents": "The course of arterial pressure and the effect of Sar1-Thr8-angiotensin II in a new model of two-kidney hypertension in conscious dogs. 1. We describe a new method of producing two-kidney hypertension in dogs by a two-step procedure with complete occlusion of a renal artery 2 weeks after it was partially constricted. 2. Control mean arterial pressure (96 +/- 3 mmHg) of nine conscious, trained dogs rose to 107 +/- 3 mmHg 2 weeks after partial constriction of a renal artery, and it stabilized at a sustained hypertensive plateau (124 +/- 7 mmHg) 3 weeks after complete occlusion. 3. Intravenous infusion of an angiotensin II antagonist (Sar1-Thr8-angiotensin II) caused arterial pressure to fall during the acute but not the chronic phase of renal hypertension. In this latter phase plasma renin activity had returned to control values. 4. We conclude that the renin-angiotensin system appears not to be directly involved in the chronic phase of two-kidney hypertension in the dog.", "PMID": 844249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6042", "title": "Comparison of the effect of two groups of diuretics on renin secretion in the anaesthetized dog.", "content": "1. The effects of two groups of diuretics on renin secretion have been compared in dogs anaesthetized with pentobarbital. 2. Frusemide, ethacrynic acid and bumetanide cause an immediate rise in renin secretion which is not inhibited either by DL-propranolol or by a bilateral ureterovenous anastomosis which prevents salt and water loss. 3. Clopamide, metolazone and indapamide do not cause an immediate rise in renin secretion. Renin hypersecretion is induced only 1 h after intravenous injection of these diuretics. 4. Renin secretion was studied for 6 h after frusemide injection: the immediate rise was followed by a later increase in renin secretion. This later rise was inhibited by propranolol and by ureterovenous anastomosis. 5. These results allow us to distinguish between a direct renal mechanism responsible for early renin hypersecretion, which appears to be connected with the action of the diuretic on the ascending limb of Henle's loop, and an indirect mechanism responsible for late renin hypersecretion, which appears to be connected with salt and water loss.", "contents": "Comparison of the effect of two groups of diuretics on renin secretion in the anaesthetized dog. 1. The effects of two groups of diuretics on renin secretion have been compared in dogs anaesthetized with pentobarbital. 2. Frusemide, ethacrynic acid and bumetanide cause an immediate rise in renin secretion which is not inhibited either by DL-propranolol or by a bilateral ureterovenous anastomosis which prevents salt and water loss. 3. Clopamide, metolazone and indapamide do not cause an immediate rise in renin secretion. Renin hypersecretion is induced only 1 h after intravenous injection of these diuretics. 4. Renin secretion was studied for 6 h after frusemide injection: the immediate rise was followed by a later increase in renin secretion. This later rise was inhibited by propranolol and by ureterovenous anastomosis. 5. These results allow us to distinguish between a direct renal mechanism responsible for early renin hypersecretion, which appears to be connected with the action of the diuretic on the ascending limb of Henle's loop, and an indirect mechanism responsible for late renin hypersecretion, which appears to be connected with salt and water loss.", "PMID": 844250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6043", "title": "The development of a radioimmunoassay procedure for the estimation of Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein in human serum.", "content": "1. A quantitative radioimmunoassay was developed for the measurement of nanogram amounts of Tamm-Horsfall (TH) glycoprotein in the presence of serum proteins at concentrations above 30 mg/ml. 2. Specific anti-(TH-glycoprotein) antibodies were labelled with 125I and these were usable for a period of 8 weeks. 3. Agarose beads (Sepharose 4B), to which TH-glycoprotein had been coupled via cyanogen bromide activation of the Sepharose, were used as the solid phase in the assay. This proved stable upon storage at 4 degrees C for periods in excess of 4 months. 4. The dissociation of the glycoprotein in the presence of serum proteins that was necessary for quantification was achieved by subjecting the sample to ultrasonication. 5. Assays conducted on a small sample of normal serum produced evidence that normal serum contained amounts (50-180 ng/ml) of a substance that reacted similarly to TH-glycoprotein in the assay procedure and in a series of experiments conducted to confirm the presence of this substance in human serum.", "contents": "The development of a radioimmunoassay procedure for the estimation of Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein in human serum. 1. A quantitative radioimmunoassay was developed for the measurement of nanogram amounts of Tamm-Horsfall (TH) glycoprotein in the presence of serum proteins at concentrations above 30 mg/ml. 2. Specific anti-(TH-glycoprotein) antibodies were labelled with 125I and these were usable for a period of 8 weeks. 3. Agarose beads (Sepharose 4B), to which TH-glycoprotein had been coupled via cyanogen bromide activation of the Sepharose, were used as the solid phase in the assay. This proved stable upon storage at 4 degrees C for periods in excess of 4 months. 4. The dissociation of the glycoprotein in the presence of serum proteins that was necessary for quantification was achieved by subjecting the sample to ultrasonication. 5. Assays conducted on a small sample of normal serum produced evidence that normal serum contained amounts (50-180 ng/ml) of a substance that reacted similarly to TH-glycoprotein in the assay procedure and in a series of experiments conducted to confirm the presence of this substance in human serum.", "PMID": 844251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6044", "title": "Effect of nephrectomy and enterectomy on plasma clearance of intravenously administered dipeptides in rats.", "content": "1. Sham-operated and bilaterally nephrectomized rats were injected intravenously with glycyl-L-leucine, glycylglycine and glycylsarcosine, and the concentrations of these dipeptides in plasma and muscle, liver, renal cortex (in the sham-operated rats) and intestinal mucosa at various intervals were determined. 2. Initially the plasma concentrations of glycyl-leucine and glycylglycine were higher in nephrectomized than in control rats but later the concentrations were similar in both groups of rats. The disappearance of these two dipeptides from plasma was almost complete within 20 min, and their plasma half-lives were not changed remarkably by nephrectomy. In contrast, nephrectomy markedly impaired disappearance of glycylsarcosine from plasma and prolonged its half-life from 7-6 min to 52-0 min. 3. Glycyl-leucine and glycylglycine were not detected in tissues of control rats injected with these dipeptides, but glycylsarcosine was recovered from all four tissues examined. Nephrectomy resulted in greater accumulations of glycylsarcosine in tissues and the appearance of glycylglycine in the remaining three tissues and glycyl-leucine in muscle. 4. Enterectomy did not have a remarkable effect on plasma half-life of glycylglycine but it allowed recovery of this dipeptide from renal cortex, liver and muscle. 5. It is concluded that kidneys amd small intestine are involved in the disposition of circulating dipeptides, but in their absence other tissues may assume a greater role in this regard. However, renal clearance appears to be an important route for the disposition of dipeptides which are poorly hydrolysed by body tissues.", "contents": "Effect of nephrectomy and enterectomy on plasma clearance of intravenously administered dipeptides in rats. 1. Sham-operated and bilaterally nephrectomized rats were injected intravenously with glycyl-L-leucine, glycylglycine and glycylsarcosine, and the concentrations of these dipeptides in plasma and muscle, liver, renal cortex (in the sham-operated rats) and intestinal mucosa at various intervals were determined. 2. Initially the plasma concentrations of glycyl-leucine and glycylglycine were higher in nephrectomized than in control rats but later the concentrations were similar in both groups of rats. The disappearance of these two dipeptides from plasma was almost complete within 20 min, and their plasma half-lives were not changed remarkably by nephrectomy. In contrast, nephrectomy markedly impaired disappearance of glycylsarcosine from plasma and prolonged its half-life from 7-6 min to 52-0 min. 3. Glycyl-leucine and glycylglycine were not detected in tissues of control rats injected with these dipeptides, but glycylsarcosine was recovered from all four tissues examined. Nephrectomy resulted in greater accumulations of glycylsarcosine in tissues and the appearance of glycylglycine in the remaining three tissues and glycyl-leucine in muscle. 4. Enterectomy did not have a remarkable effect on plasma half-life of glycylglycine but it allowed recovery of this dipeptide from renal cortex, liver and muscle. 5. It is concluded that kidneys amd small intestine are involved in the disposition of circulating dipeptides, but in their absence other tissues may assume a greater role in this regard. However, renal clearance appears to be an important route for the disposition of dipeptides which are poorly hydrolysed by body tissues.", "PMID": 844252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6045", "title": "The forms of vitamin B12 on the transcobalamins.", "content": "1. The transcobalamins from normal serum were obtained in two fractions. One contained transcobalamin I and transcobalamin III: the other contained transcobalamin II. The forms of vitamin B12 in the two fractions were then examined. 2. Methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin were found in both fractions. Hydroxocobalamin was found in the fraction containing transcobalamin I and transcobalamin III. Cyanocobalamin was found in both fractions in two cases, in the transcobalamin III fraction only in one case and was absent in one case.", "contents": "The forms of vitamin B12 on the transcobalamins. 1. The transcobalamins from normal serum were obtained in two fractions. One contained transcobalamin I and transcobalamin III: the other contained transcobalamin II. The forms of vitamin B12 in the two fractions were then examined. 2. Methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin were found in both fractions. Hydroxocobalamin was found in the fraction containing transcobalamin I and transcobalamin III. Cyanocobalamin was found in both fractions in two cases, in the transcobalamin III fraction only in one case and was absent in one case.", "PMID": 844253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6046", "title": "Accentuation of ethanol-induced fatty liver by phenobarbitone.", "content": "1. Four groups of rats received a liquid formula diet, given alone (control), or supplemented with either ethanol or phenobarbitone, or both together. 2. The ethanol-treated group showed a fall in plasma triglyceride and a rise in liver triglyceride, as compared with the control rats. 3. The phenobarbitone-treated group showed a marked rise in plasma triglyceride but not in liver triglyceride. 4. The group receiving both ethanol and phenobarbitone also showed a rise in plasma triglyceride, but this was accompanied by a striking increase in liver triglyceride. 5. These results suggest that ethanol and phenobarbitone each stimulate triglyceride synthesis but that in addition ethanol has an inhibitory effect on hepatic triglyceride secretion.", "contents": "Accentuation of ethanol-induced fatty liver by phenobarbitone. 1. Four groups of rats received a liquid formula diet, given alone (control), or supplemented with either ethanol or phenobarbitone, or both together. 2. The ethanol-treated group showed a fall in plasma triglyceride and a rise in liver triglyceride, as compared with the control rats. 3. The phenobarbitone-treated group showed a marked rise in plasma triglyceride but not in liver triglyceride. 4. The group receiving both ethanol and phenobarbitone also showed a rise in plasma triglyceride, but this was accompanied by a striking increase in liver triglyceride. 5. These results suggest that ethanol and phenobarbitone each stimulate triglyceride synthesis but that in addition ethanol has an inhibitory effect on hepatic triglyceride secretion.", "PMID": 844254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6047", "title": "The relative transfer rates for sodium and xenon from gut lumen to plasma in man.", "content": "1. A whole-gut perfusion technique has been used to compare the rates of intestinal absorption of sodium and xenon. 2. The calculated transit-time spectra for sodium and xenon across the gut mucosa do not differ significantly either in mean transit time or, for the first 15 min, in shape. 3. These results support the hypothesis that the rate of transfer of sodium from the small intestinal lumen to plasma is limited by blood flow. 4. It is suggested that some features of cholera can be explained by the hypothesis.", "contents": "The relative transfer rates for sodium and xenon from gut lumen to plasma in man. 1. A whole-gut perfusion technique has been used to compare the rates of intestinal absorption of sodium and xenon. 2. The calculated transit-time spectra for sodium and xenon across the gut mucosa do not differ significantly either in mean transit time or, for the first 15 min, in shape. 3. These results support the hypothesis that the rate of transfer of sodium from the small intestinal lumen to plasma is limited by blood flow. 4. It is suggested that some features of cholera can be explained by the hypothesis.", "PMID": 844255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6048", "title": "Concentrations of prostaglandin A-, E- and F-like substances in gastric mucosa of normal subjects and of patients with various gastric diseases.", "content": "1. Prostaglandin A-, prostaglandin E- and prostaglandin F-like substances were determined radioimmunologically in antral biopsy material obtained by endoscopy. 2. In patients with gastritis, the concentrations of prostaglandin (E+A)-like substances were six times as high and of prostaglandin F-like substances twice as high as in normal subjects. In chronic atrophic gastritis, the concentrations of prostaglandin (E+A)-like material was four times as high as in normal subjects whereas prostaglandin-F like material remained unchanged. In acute gastric ulcer, prostaglandin (E+A)-like material reached concentrations four times times higher than in normal subjects, accompanied by a fivefold increase of prostglandin F-like substances. After healing of the gastric ulcer, prostaglandins returned to normal values. 3. There was no correlation between gastrin and prostaglandins in all biopsy specimens.", "contents": "Concentrations of prostaglandin A-, E- and F-like substances in gastric mucosa of normal subjects and of patients with various gastric diseases. 1. Prostaglandin A-, prostaglandin E- and prostaglandin F-like substances were determined radioimmunologically in antral biopsy material obtained by endoscopy. 2. In patients with gastritis, the concentrations of prostaglandin (E+A)-like substances were six times as high and of prostaglandin F-like substances twice as high as in normal subjects. In chronic atrophic gastritis, the concentrations of prostaglandin (E+A)-like material was four times as high as in normal subjects whereas prostaglandin-F like material remained unchanged. In acute gastric ulcer, prostaglandin (E+A)-like material reached concentrations four times times higher than in normal subjects, accompanied by a fivefold increase of prostglandin F-like substances. After healing of the gastric ulcer, prostaglandins returned to normal values. 3. There was no correlation between gastrin and prostaglandins in all biopsy specimens.", "PMID": 844256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6049", "title": "Amino acid concentrations in portal venous plasma during absorption from the small intestine of the guinea pig of an amino acid mixture simulating casein and a partial enzymic hydrolysate of casein.", "content": "1. The characteristics of absorption of individual amino acids from amino acid mixtures simulating casein and from enzymic hydrolysates of casein containing oligopeptides as well as free amino acids are known to be different. The differences, which are attributable to mucosal uptake of small peptides, involve more rapid absorption from the enzymic hydrolysates of certain amino acids which are relatively slowly absorbed from the amino acid mixtures. This could lead to more effective utilization of amino acids from the enzymic hydrolysates than from the amino acid mixtures. 2. To obtain further information bearing on this hypothesis, we have used a recently developed technique for portal cannulation in the guinea pig to make a preliminary investigation of amino acid concentrations in the portal venous plasma at intervals after the infusion into the duodenum of equivalent amounts of (a) an amino acid mixture simulating casein and (b) a partial enzymic (papain followed by kidney peptidases) hydrolysate of casein, the two preparations being infused in separate experiments. 3. For some amino acids, such as leucine, isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine and lysine, the curves after the enzymic hydrolysate were fairly similar to the corresponding curves after the amino acid mixture, though usually slightly lower. With other amino acids, the curves after the enzymic hydrolysate were very much lower than the corresponding curves after the amino acid mixture. With serine, glutamine, proline and glycine this discrepancy was particularly great. 4. The results cannot yet be fully explained, but their main features are explicable by the hypothesis that the lower amino acid concentrations in portal plasma after the enzymic hydrolysate are the result of entry of amino acids into the portal blood in peptide form, in which they would not be detectable by the analytical technique employed, and possibly also of more rapid clearance of amino acids from the blood during absorption of this preparation.", "contents": "Amino acid concentrations in portal venous plasma during absorption from the small intestine of the guinea pig of an amino acid mixture simulating casein and a partial enzymic hydrolysate of casein. 1. The characteristics of absorption of individual amino acids from amino acid mixtures simulating casein and from enzymic hydrolysates of casein containing oligopeptides as well as free amino acids are known to be different. The differences, which are attributable to mucosal uptake of small peptides, involve more rapid absorption from the enzymic hydrolysates of certain amino acids which are relatively slowly absorbed from the amino acid mixtures. This could lead to more effective utilization of amino acids from the enzymic hydrolysates than from the amino acid mixtures. 2. To obtain further information bearing on this hypothesis, we have used a recently developed technique for portal cannulation in the guinea pig to make a preliminary investigation of amino acid concentrations in the portal venous plasma at intervals after the infusion into the duodenum of equivalent amounts of (a) an amino acid mixture simulating casein and (b) a partial enzymic (papain followed by kidney peptidases) hydrolysate of casein, the two preparations being infused in separate experiments. 3. For some amino acids, such as leucine, isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine and lysine, the curves after the enzymic hydrolysate were fairly similar to the corresponding curves after the amino acid mixture, though usually slightly lower. With other amino acids, the curves after the enzymic hydrolysate were very much lower than the corresponding curves after the amino acid mixture. With serine, glutamine, proline and glycine this discrepancy was particularly great. 4. The results cannot yet be fully explained, but their main features are explicable by the hypothesis that the lower amino acid concentrations in portal plasma after the enzymic hydrolysate are the result of entry of amino acids into the portal blood in peptide form, in which they would not be detectable by the analytical technique employed, and possibly also of more rapid clearance of amino acids from the blood during absorption of this preparation.", "PMID": 844257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6050", "title": "Interaction of mental factors with hypercapnic ventilatory drive in man.", "content": "1. The effect of mental arithmetic tasks on ventilation, breathing pattern, oxygen intake and carbon dioxide output was studied during air breathing and carbon dioxide rebreathing in healthy subjects. 2. Ventilation and breathing frequency increased significantly on performance of the task during 4 min air breathing and 4 min rebreathing; tidal volume was unchanged. The slopes of the ventilatory, frequency and tidal volume responses to carbon dioxide changed little during task performance. 3. During 15 min air breathing, oxygen intake was unchanged with task performance. Carbon dioxide output increased significantly with task performance, as a result of wash-out of carbon dioxide from body stores by the increased ventilation. 4. Mental arithmetic had no effect on the coefficients of variation of the slope and position variables of the ventilatory, frequency and tidal volume responses to carbon dioxide. It is concluded that task performance does not improve the reproducibility of these responses.", "contents": "Interaction of mental factors with hypercapnic ventilatory drive in man. 1. The effect of mental arithmetic tasks on ventilation, breathing pattern, oxygen intake and carbon dioxide output was studied during air breathing and carbon dioxide rebreathing in healthy subjects. 2. Ventilation and breathing frequency increased significantly on performance of the task during 4 min air breathing and 4 min rebreathing; tidal volume was unchanged. The slopes of the ventilatory, frequency and tidal volume responses to carbon dioxide changed little during task performance. 3. During 15 min air breathing, oxygen intake was unchanged with task performance. Carbon dioxide output increased significantly with task performance, as a result of wash-out of carbon dioxide from body stores by the increased ventilation. 4. Mental arithmetic had no effect on the coefficients of variation of the slope and position variables of the ventilatory, frequency and tidal volume responses to carbon dioxide. It is concluded that task performance does not improve the reproducibility of these responses.", "PMID": 844258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6051", "title": "Oxygen affinity in vivo and in vitro in chronic ventilatory failure.", "content": "1. The oxygen affinity in vitro, haematological indices, erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and plasma inorganic phosphate were determined in 20 patients with chronic ventilatory failure and in 20 healthy non-smokers of similar age. 2. No significant difference was observed between the mean oxygen affinity or phosphate concentrations of the patients and healthy subjects but the mean haemoglobin and packed cell volume were significantly higher in the patients. 3. There was a positive correlation between plasma and intraerythrocytic pH which was similar in both patients and healthy subjects. 4. The arteriovenous difference in oxygen saturation in vivo (directly measured at cardiac catheterization) correlated closely with that calculated from the individual patient's oxygen affinity determined in vitro and arterial and mixed venous oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions, suggesting that oxygen affinity in vitro accurately reflects the curve in vivo.", "contents": "Oxygen affinity in vivo and in vitro in chronic ventilatory failure. 1. The oxygen affinity in vitro, haematological indices, erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and plasma inorganic phosphate were determined in 20 patients with chronic ventilatory failure and in 20 healthy non-smokers of similar age. 2. No significant difference was observed between the mean oxygen affinity or phosphate concentrations of the patients and healthy subjects but the mean haemoglobin and packed cell volume were significantly higher in the patients. 3. There was a positive correlation between plasma and intraerythrocytic pH which was similar in both patients and healthy subjects. 4. The arteriovenous difference in oxygen saturation in vivo (directly measured at cardiac catheterization) correlated closely with that calculated from the individual patient's oxygen affinity determined in vitro and arterial and mixed venous oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions, suggesting that oxygen affinity in vitro accurately reflects the curve in vivo.", "PMID": 844259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6052", "title": "Human skeletal muscle function: description of tests and normal values.", "content": "1. The force produced by isometric contractions of the quadriceps muscle have been studied during maximal voluntary contractions and when a substantial part of the muscle was electrically stimulated via surface electrodes. 2. In normal children and adults, the force of a maximal voluntary contraction of the quadriceps was proportional to body weight. 3. The function of the quadriceps has been described in terms of the force/frequency curve, speed of relaxation and the rate of loss of force during 18 s stimulation at 30 Hz and 100 Hz. 4. The functional characteristics of adductor pollicis when stimulated via the ulnar nerve were essentially similar to those of the quadriceps. 5. Studies of the function of these two muscles are complementary since quadriceps femoris is amenable to needle biopsy investigations of its structure and chemistry whereas adductor pollicis is more suitable for electrophysiological studies.", "contents": "Human skeletal muscle function: description of tests and normal values. 1. The force produced by isometric contractions of the quadriceps muscle have been studied during maximal voluntary contractions and when a substantial part of the muscle was electrically stimulated via surface electrodes. 2. In normal children and adults, the force of a maximal voluntary contraction of the quadriceps was proportional to body weight. 3. The function of the quadriceps has been described in terms of the force/frequency curve, speed of relaxation and the rate of loss of force during 18 s stimulation at 30 Hz and 100 Hz. 4. The functional characteristics of adductor pollicis when stimulated via the ulnar nerve were essentially similar to those of the quadriceps. 5. Studies of the function of these two muscles are complementary since quadriceps femoris is amenable to needle biopsy investigations of its structure and chemistry whereas adductor pollicis is more suitable for electrophysiological studies.", "PMID": 844260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6053", "title": "A study of the contractility, biochemistry and morphology of an isolated preparation of human skeletal muscle.", "content": "1. A new method of studying isolated human skeletal muscle has been evaluated. This involves the incubation and electrical stimulation of strips of muscle, obtained at surgical biopsy, that are tied at the cut ends of the fibre bundles. 2. Morphological examination showed that the fibres were sealed off at the cut ends. Damage appeared to be restricted to the areas immediately adjacent to the ties. 3. Contractile properties were well maintained for several hours and measurements of tissue metabolites showed that muscle contents of the high-energy phosphate compounds were well preserved. 4. The isolated preparations were found to have the same contractile properties as human quadriceps femoris studied in vivo by the methods described in the preceeding paper. 5. Correlation was found between the relaxation speed of the isolated preparations and their fibre-type composition histochemically determined. 6. It is concluded that this technique is a valid addition to the present methods of studying the physiology and pharmacology of human skeletal muscle.", "contents": "A study of the contractility, biochemistry and morphology of an isolated preparation of human skeletal muscle. 1. A new method of studying isolated human skeletal muscle has been evaluated. This involves the incubation and electrical stimulation of strips of muscle, obtained at surgical biopsy, that are tied at the cut ends of the fibre bundles. 2. Morphological examination showed that the fibres were sealed off at the cut ends. Damage appeared to be restricted to the areas immediately adjacent to the ties. 3. Contractile properties were well maintained for several hours and measurements of tissue metabolites showed that muscle contents of the high-energy phosphate compounds were well preserved. 4. The isolated preparations were found to have the same contractile properties as human quadriceps femoris studied in vivo by the methods described in the preceeding paper. 5. Correlation was found between the relaxation speed of the isolated preparations and their fibre-type composition histochemically determined. 6. It is concluded that this technique is a valid addition to the present methods of studying the physiology and pharmacology of human skeletal muscle.", "PMID": 844261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6054", "title": "Blood pressure response of nephrectomized hypertensive rats to converting enzyme inhibition: evidence for persistent vascular renin activity.", "content": "1. Blood pressure and plasma renin activity were studied after bilateral nephrectomy in groups of rats with hypertension caused by unilateral renal ischaemia with the opposite kidney left intact. 2. Although blood pressure showed only a small fall in the first hour after bilateral nephrectomy, plasma renin activity fell rapidly with a half-life of 10 min. 3. Infusion of converting enzyme inhibitor (SQ20881) produced a 26-1% fall in blood pressure 1 h after nephrectomy, 24-% at 2 h and 4-6% at 6 h. 4. An angiotensin antagonist (Sar1-Ala8-angiotensin II) was infused into hypertensive rats 1 h after nephrectomy; this blocked the vasodepressor action of the converting enzyme inhibitor, indicating that the fall in blood pressure produced by the inhibitor was due to its action upon the renin-angiotensin system. 5. The renin-angiotensin system maintains blood pressure in this model even after plasma renin has fallen to insignificant levels. This supports the view that vascular renin activity has a longer half-life than circulating renin and is important in the control of blood pressure.", "contents": "Blood pressure response of nephrectomized hypertensive rats to converting enzyme inhibition: evidence for persistent vascular renin activity. 1. Blood pressure and plasma renin activity were studied after bilateral nephrectomy in groups of rats with hypertension caused by unilateral renal ischaemia with the opposite kidney left intact. 2. Although blood pressure showed only a small fall in the first hour after bilateral nephrectomy, plasma renin activity fell rapidly with a half-life of 10 min. 3. Infusion of converting enzyme inhibitor (SQ20881) produced a 26-1% fall in blood pressure 1 h after nephrectomy, 24-% at 2 h and 4-6% at 6 h. 4. An angiotensin antagonist (Sar1-Ala8-angiotensin II) was infused into hypertensive rats 1 h after nephrectomy; this blocked the vasodepressor action of the converting enzyme inhibitor, indicating that the fall in blood pressure produced by the inhibitor was due to its action upon the renin-angiotensin system. 5. The renin-angiotensin system maintains blood pressure in this model even after plasma renin has fallen to insignificant levels. This supports the view that vascular renin activity has a longer half-life than circulating renin and is important in the control of blood pressure.", "PMID": 844262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6055", "title": "Plasma calcitonin in Paget's disease of bone.", "content": "1. Plasma levels of immunoreactive calcitonin were measured in 22 patients with untreated Paget's disease of bone and in 22 control subjects matched for age and sex. 2. No significant differences in plasma calcitonin were found between patients and control subjects, and hormone levels did not correlate significantly with activity of plasma alkaline phosphatase. 3. These results suggest that Paget's disease of bone is not due to deficient of endogenous calcitonin.", "contents": "Plasma calcitonin in Paget's disease of bone. 1. Plasma levels of immunoreactive calcitonin were measured in 22 patients with untreated Paget's disease of bone and in 22 control subjects matched for age and sex. 2. No significant differences in plasma calcitonin were found between patients and control subjects, and hormone levels did not correlate significantly with activity of plasma alkaline phosphatase. 3. These results suggest that Paget's disease of bone is not due to deficient of endogenous calcitonin.", "PMID": 844263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6056", "title": "Blunt trauma to the eye.", "content": "1. Blunt trauma to the orbital region may result in a blowout fracture, characteristically found in the orbital floor, which may contain herniated orbital contents including both inferior muscles of the eye. Persistent diplopia continues as a problem in a significant number of patients following the surgical management of a blowout fracture of the orbit. 2. Prompt recognition and treatment of blowout fractures exhibiting diplopia is usually successful. Inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles incarcerated in a blowout fracture site for periods varying from two months to nine years may fail to function properly even following successful release of the entrapped muscles. There is some presumptive evidence to suggest a myogenic or neurogenic cause for such dysfunction. 3. Vertical diplopia that persists beyond three months following release of entrapped muscle tissue requires surgical correction, depending on the degree of vertical dissociation. 4. Motility surgery was required in 18 of 20 cases of persistent diplopia. Multiple muscle combinations are frequently required to achieve success. The criterion for a successful result was elimination of vertical diplopia in the primary and reading positions.", "contents": "Blunt trauma to the eye. 1. Blunt trauma to the orbital region may result in a blowout fracture, characteristically found in the orbital floor, which may contain herniated orbital contents including both inferior muscles of the eye. Persistent diplopia continues as a problem in a significant number of patients following the surgical management of a blowout fracture of the orbit. 2. Prompt recognition and treatment of blowout fractures exhibiting diplopia is usually successful. Inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles incarcerated in a blowout fracture site for periods varying from two months to nine years may fail to function properly even following successful release of the entrapped muscles. There is some presumptive evidence to suggest a myogenic or neurogenic cause for such dysfunction. 3. Vertical diplopia that persists beyond three months following release of entrapped muscle tissue requires surgical correction, depending on the degree of vertical dissociation. 4. Motility surgery was required in 18 of 20 cases of persistent diplopia. Multiple muscle combinations are frequently required to achieve success. The criterion for a successful result was elimination of vertical diplopia in the primary and reading positions.", "PMID": 844270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6057", "title": "Post-traumatic pain syndromes.", "content": "A number of post-traumatic pain syndromes may be grouped as causalgia or mimocausalgia. These are important entities and should be well known to most disciples of medicine. Our concern is the early recognition of patients whose complaints have an organic basis but whose physical signs are not of sufficient degree to make this fact readily apparent. These patients are often misunderstood and discredited. They are all too often mismanaged or neglected for so long that the underlying pathologic physiology secures supremacy over normal function. Recognized and treated properly by means of sympathetic ablation, either medical or surgical, the vast majority of symptoms can be relieved. The extremities then can be rehabilitated by appropriate measures.", "contents": "Post-traumatic pain syndromes. A number of post-traumatic pain syndromes may be grouped as causalgia or mimocausalgia. These are important entities and should be well known to most disciples of medicine. Our concern is the early recognition of patients whose complaints have an organic basis but whose physical signs are not of sufficient degree to make this fact readily apparent. These patients are often misunderstood and discredited. They are all too often mismanaged or neglected for so long that the underlying pathologic physiology secures supremacy over normal function. Recognized and treated properly by means of sympathetic ablation, either medical or surgical, the vast majority of symptoms can be relieved. The extremities then can be rehabilitated by appropriate measures.", "PMID": 844274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6058", "title": "Paraplegia from traumatic spinal injury.", "content": "Acute spinal injury with paresis or paralysis is an increasing problem in modern communities. The corrdinated efforts of many are necessary for its management. The expertise developed by various disciplines through work with nonparaplegic patients should be coupled with the specific expertise of those responsible for total care. Generally, operative techniques have only a limited application, whereas basic medical and nursing techniques give good results.", "contents": "Paraplegia from traumatic spinal injury. Acute spinal injury with paresis or paralysis is an increasing problem in modern communities. The corrdinated efforts of many are necessary for its management. The expertise developed by various disciplines through work with nonparaplegic patients should be coupled with the specific expertise of those responsible for total care. Generally, operative techniques have only a limited application, whereas basic medical and nursing techniques give good results.", "PMID": 844279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6059", "title": "Preparation of mental health personnel for the delivery of mental retardation services.", "content": "The developmental experience of an urban community mental health-mental retardation center is presented as a guiding model for other community mental health centers interested in \"tooling up\" their mental retardation services. Surveying personnel needs, establishing educational objectives tailored to personnel, presenting specific knowledge about mental retardation, clarifying mandates for community mental health-mental retardation service, and two conceptual frameworks for service delivery are elaborated.", "contents": "Preparation of mental health personnel for the delivery of mental retardation services. The developmental experience of an urban community mental health-mental retardation center is presented as a guiding model for other community mental health centers interested in \"tooling up\" their mental retardation services. Surveying personnel needs, establishing educational objectives tailored to personnel, presenting specific knowledge about mental retardation, clarifying mandates for community mental health-mental retardation service, and two conceptual frameworks for service delivery are elaborated.", "PMID": 844280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6060", "title": "Physical environment and job satisfaction in a community mental health center.", "content": "Relocation of professional staff in a community mental health center provided a setting in which to evaluate the effects of physical environment on job satisfaction. Two mental health teams moved from an old, drab central clinic building to new satellite clinics while a third team remained in the old building. Relocated staff reported significant increase in satisfaction with physical surroundings as compared to staff that did not move. Furthermore, satisfaction with physical surroundings had some impact on overall satisfaction ratings. Physical surroundings in a community mental health center may be a mediating variable for staff morale and effectiveness.", "contents": "Physical environment and job satisfaction in a community mental health center. Relocation of professional staff in a community mental health center provided a setting in which to evaluate the effects of physical environment on job satisfaction. Two mental health teams moved from an old, drab central clinic building to new satellite clinics while a third team remained in the old building. Relocated staff reported significant increase in satisfaction with physical surroundings as compared to staff that did not move. Furthermore, satisfaction with physical surroundings had some impact on overall satisfaction ratings. Physical surroundings in a community mental health center may be a mediating variable for staff morale and effectiveness.", "PMID": 844281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6061", "title": "The use of volunteers in a community mental health center emergency and reception service: a comparative study of professional and lay telephone counseling.", "content": "A model of volunteer participation in a community mental health center emergency and reception service is presented and tested by comparing the telephone counseling effectiveness of volunteers and community mental health professionals. Experienced and inexperienced volunteers, professionals, and control subjects responded to simulated telephone crisis calls that were tape-recorded and replayed for ratings along seven scales which assessed various dimensions of counseling effectiveness. The results suggested that carefully selected and trained volunteers can function as effectively as professional staff in providing supportive and emergency telephone services for distressed callers and community mental health center clients.", "contents": "The use of volunteers in a community mental health center emergency and reception service: a comparative study of professional and lay telephone counseling. A model of volunteer participation in a community mental health center emergency and reception service is presented and tested by comparing the telephone counseling effectiveness of volunteers and community mental health professionals. Experienced and inexperienced volunteers, professionals, and control subjects responded to simulated telephone crisis calls that were tape-recorded and replayed for ratings along seven scales which assessed various dimensions of counseling effectiveness. The results suggested that carefully selected and trained volunteers can function as effectively as professional staff in providing supportive and emergency telephone services for distressed callers and community mental health center clients.", "PMID": 844282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6062", "title": "An economical rural mental health consumer satisfaction evaluation.", "content": "An economical direct and indirect consumer satisfaction evaluation was conducted in a rural community mental health center. The inquiry consisted of determining whether clients felt better after a therapy session than prior to it and if they were satisfied with the clinic services. Adjective Generation Technique (AGT) scores indicated that consumers felt significantly better after a psychotherapy session than the comparison group. Results from a postcard survey seem to support this finding, suggesting that approximately 80% of the consumers were satisfied with their clinic experience. The financial costs were less than $125 and staff time amounted to no more than 18 hours.", "contents": "An economical rural mental health consumer satisfaction evaluation. An economical direct and indirect consumer satisfaction evaluation was conducted in a rural community mental health center. The inquiry consisted of determining whether clients felt better after a therapy session than prior to it and if they were satisfied with the clinic services. Adjective Generation Technique (AGT) scores indicated that consumers felt significantly better after a psychotherapy session than the comparison group. Results from a postcard survey seem to support this finding, suggesting that approximately 80% of the consumers were satisfied with their clinic experience. The financial costs were less than $125 and staff time amounted to no more than 18 hours.", "PMID": 844283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6063", "title": "Correlates of consumer satisfaction with outpatient therapy assessed by postcards.", "content": "This paper presents research findings on the effect of numerous psychotherapy variables on clients' satisfaction with psychotherapy in an outpatient unit of a community mental health center. The surprising result is that so few variables had any significant impact. Those that did have an impact raise some questions about the value of certain kinds of therapy.", "contents": "Correlates of consumer satisfaction with outpatient therapy assessed by postcards. This paper presents research findings on the effect of numerous psychotherapy variables on clients' satisfaction with psychotherapy in an outpatient unit of a community mental health center. The surprising result is that so few variables had any significant impact. Those that did have an impact raise some questions about the value of certain kinds of therapy.", "PMID": 844284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6064", "title": "Interpersonal skill practive as a component in effective parent training.", "content": "This study emphasized the importance of including parental practice of skills in an effective, interpersonal-skill parent-training program. In particular, it is stressed as being most effective to include parental practice with the child as a component within the actual training session. Using a training approach developed by R.R. Carkhuff and emphasizing this parent-child practice component, parents were trained in interpersonal skills. At the conclusion of 15 hours of training, the parents were significantly better able to attend to and respond to their children than before the training. Additionally, the parents saw themselves as much improved in these areas.", "contents": "Interpersonal skill practive as a component in effective parent training. This study emphasized the importance of including parental practice of skills in an effective, interpersonal-skill parent-training program. In particular, it is stressed as being most effective to include parental practice with the child as a component within the actual training session. Using a training approach developed by R.R. Carkhuff and emphasizing this parent-child practice component, parents were trained in interpersonal skills. At the conclusion of 15 hours of training, the parents were significantly better able to attend to and respond to their children than before the training. Additionally, the parents saw themselves as much improved in these areas.", "PMID": 844285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6065", "title": "The effect of newspaper publicity on a mental health center's community visibility.", "content": "A community mental health center conducted a street survey to determine the community visibility of its facility and service. Following newspaper publicity about the center, another sample was taken which indicated the publicity had significantly increased the community's awareness of the center. Six weeks later the community was again surveyed and results indicated that the publicity effect on visibility was generally quite stable. It is concluded that centers with low visibility in the community can drastically increase that visibility through use of the media.", "contents": "The effect of newspaper publicity on a mental health center's community visibility. A community mental health center conducted a street survey to determine the community visibility of its facility and service. Following newspaper publicity about the center, another sample was taken which indicated the publicity had significantly increased the community's awareness of the center. Six weeks later the community was again surveyed and results indicated that the publicity effect on visibility was generally quite stable. It is concluded that centers with low visibility in the community can drastically increase that visibility through use of the media.", "PMID": 844286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6066", "title": "Possible programmatic consequences of community mental health center funding arrangements: illustrations based on inpatient utilization data.", "content": "Funding arrangements have a direct and substantial influential effect on the delivery of mental health services. Despite the original intent of the community mental health center philosophy, centers have not been freed from programmatic limitations imposed by the fiscal systems. The focus of this article is the inpatient unit that has the key role as relates to a center's ability to raise revenue. Using data from a study of community mental health center inpatient utilization patterns, the authors demonstrate that centers face the problem of becoming revolving doors (for a recidivist population). Existing fiscal arrangements, it is suggested, reinforce this pattern and tend to downplay innovative alternatives to traditional inpatient care.", "contents": "Possible programmatic consequences of community mental health center funding arrangements: illustrations based on inpatient utilization data. Funding arrangements have a direct and substantial influential effect on the delivery of mental health services. Despite the original intent of the community mental health center philosophy, centers have not been freed from programmatic limitations imposed by the fiscal systems. The focus of this article is the inpatient unit that has the key role as relates to a center's ability to raise revenue. Using data from a study of community mental health center inpatient utilization patterns, the authors demonstrate that centers face the problem of becoming revolving doors (for a recidivist population). Existing fiscal arrangements, it is suggested, reinforce this pattern and tend to downplay innovative alternatives to traditional inpatient care.", "PMID": 844287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6067", "title": "Comprehensive community mental health center- business community relationship: a reexamination.", "content": "In this paper the belief that nonprofit service organizations and profit-motivated organizations should function separately from each other is questioned. Several of the advantages inherent from a cooperative relationship between comprehensive community mental health centers and the business community for the worker, mental health professional, comprehensive community mental health center, and business are discussed. Possible negative emotional responses against this new alliance are presented and dispelled. A joint effort between comprehensive community mental health centers and the business community is anticipated to develop with the common goal being the promotion of mental health.", "contents": "Comprehensive community mental health center- business community relationship: a reexamination. In this paper the belief that nonprofit service organizations and profit-motivated organizations should function separately from each other is questioned. Several of the advantages inherent from a cooperative relationship between comprehensive community mental health centers and the business community for the worker, mental health professional, comprehensive community mental health center, and business are discussed. Possible negative emotional responses against this new alliance are presented and dispelled. A joint effort between comprehensive community mental health centers and the business community is anticipated to develop with the common goal being the promotion of mental health.", "PMID": 844288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6068", "title": "The use of a mid-Manhattan hotel as a support system.", "content": "The mass media have focused recently on the failure of psychiatric institutions to provide adequate follow-up for its patients released into the inner city. Many expatients deteriorate and become part of the \"revolving door\": single-room occupancy--city hospitals--state hospital. This paper attempts to demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing existing community resources (for example, a large midtown Manhattan hotel and local service agencies) to cope with this problem. A description of the multiagency organized hotel programs as well as objective and subjective data is provided in order to substantiate our contention that this approach offers a viable alternative to long-term hospitalization.", "contents": "The use of a mid-Manhattan hotel as a support system. The mass media have focused recently on the failure of psychiatric institutions to provide adequate follow-up for its patients released into the inner city. Many expatients deteriorate and become part of the \"revolving door\": single-room occupancy--city hospitals--state hospital. This paper attempts to demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing existing community resources (for example, a large midtown Manhattan hotel and local service agencies) to cope with this problem. A description of the multiagency organized hotel programs as well as objective and subjective data is provided in order to substantiate our contention that this approach offers a viable alternative to long-term hospitalization.", "PMID": 844289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6069", "title": "Clergy consultation as a community mental health program.", "content": "The authors describe the planning, development, implementation, and results of a consultation program to the clergy as part of an agency's community mental health service. The paper focuses on the four main program goals of (1) revitalizing a local association for the clergy, (2) developing the clergy's pastoral skills, (3) increasing community supports for mental health, and (4) developing a counseling service sponsored by the local clergy for community residents.", "contents": "Clergy consultation as a community mental health program. The authors describe the planning, development, implementation, and results of a consultation program to the clergy as part of an agency's community mental health service. The paper focuses on the four main program goals of (1) revitalizing a local association for the clergy, (2) developing the clergy's pastoral skills, (3) increasing community supports for mental health, and (4) developing a counseling service sponsored by the local clergy for community residents.", "PMID": 844290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6070", "title": "The bartender as a mental health service gatekeeper: a role analysis.", "content": "Efforts to expand mental health manpower have taken three major directions: (1) increased use of consultation, (2) creating entirely new roles, and (3) offering training to persons engaged in roles or occupations presumably at strategic points of contact between the public and the mental health system. Among such roles are clergy, police, hairdressers, and bartenders. Little effort has been made to analyze systematically this third approach to assess its true utility for mental health service. In this paper the role of the bartender is analyzed along four dimensions: personality component, functional centrality, role distance, and nonperson status. Functional centrality appears as a clear asset. Role distance and nonperson status have mixed value depending on the activity envisioned. These role attributed will be generally incompatible with relationships requiring sustained intimacy but could facilitate initial opening up and revelation of sensitive personal information. The lack of protracted professional socialization poses some risk with respect to obtrussion of personal idiosyncracies.", "contents": "The bartender as a mental health service gatekeeper: a role analysis. Efforts to expand mental health manpower have taken three major directions: (1) increased use of consultation, (2) creating entirely new roles, and (3) offering training to persons engaged in roles or occupations presumably at strategic points of contact between the public and the mental health system. Among such roles are clergy, police, hairdressers, and bartenders. Little effort has been made to analyze systematically this third approach to assess its true utility for mental health service. In this paper the role of the bartender is analyzed along four dimensions: personality component, functional centrality, role distance, and nonperson status. Functional centrality appears as a clear asset. Role distance and nonperson status have mixed value depending on the activity envisioned. These role attributed will be generally incompatible with relationships requiring sustained intimacy but could facilitate initial opening up and revelation of sensitive personal information. The lack of protracted professional socialization poses some risk with respect to obtrussion of personal idiosyncracies.", "PMID": 844291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6071", "title": "Mechanism of cinnamaldehyde sensitization.", "content": "The skin sensitization of cinnamaldehyde is probably initiated by the reaction of cinnamaldehyde with epsilon-amino groups on protein side chains. Alpha-Substituted cinnamaldehydes, which are known not to be skin sensitizers, react very slowly or not at all with amines in comparison with cinnamaldehyde.", "contents": "Mechanism of cinnamaldehyde sensitization. The skin sensitization of cinnamaldehyde is probably initiated by the reaction of cinnamaldehyde with epsilon-amino groups on protein side chains. Alpha-Substituted cinnamaldehydes, which are known not to be skin sensitizers, react very slowly or not at all with amines in comparison with cinnamaldehyde.", "PMID": 844298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6072", "title": "Delayed hypersensitivity in females. The development of allergic contact dermatitis in females during the comparison of two predictive patch tests.", "content": "Ten chemically different compounds were applied to the skin of the backs of male and female volunteers to induce delayed hypersensitivity responses. The 10 compounds had a low, moderate, high or unknown allergenic potential and were divided among five test panels (modified Draize) consisting of 150 subjects each. In each panel, 75 subjects (mean age 31 years) were always male prisoners (50% Caucasians) and the remaining 75 subjects (greater than 90% Caucasians) were divided, age-matched free males and females (mean age 24 years). Three compounds, each on different panels, had a significantly higher sensitization rate in females than in free males or total males. The remaining compounds produced sensitization, usually in lower numbers, but females dominated in sensitization rates. Viewed as absolute rates of sensitization for the 10 compounds, females were higher on eight test compounds and tied on two when compared to all males. These studies show that females develop significantly more cell-mediated immune responses to some chemical haptenes than men and the data also points to an overall higher rate of haptene recognition. Seven of these 10 compounds were simultaneously tested for their sensitization potential by the modified Maximization method (all males) in order to compare the two tests' ability to disclose potential sensitizers. Female sensitizations on the modified Draize accounted for this test's superiority.", "contents": "Delayed hypersensitivity in females. The development of allergic contact dermatitis in females during the comparison of two predictive patch tests. Ten chemically different compounds were applied to the skin of the backs of male and female volunteers to induce delayed hypersensitivity responses. The 10 compounds had a low, moderate, high or unknown allergenic potential and were divided among five test panels (modified Draize) consisting of 150 subjects each. In each panel, 75 subjects (mean age 31 years) were always male prisoners (50% Caucasians) and the remaining 75 subjects (greater than 90% Caucasians) were divided, age-matched free males and females (mean age 24 years). Three compounds, each on different panels, had a significantly higher sensitization rate in females than in free males or total males. The remaining compounds produced sensitization, usually in lower numbers, but females dominated in sensitization rates. Viewed as absolute rates of sensitization for the 10 compounds, females were higher on eight test compounds and tied on two when compared to all males. These studies show that females develop significantly more cell-mediated immune responses to some chemical haptenes than men and the data also points to an overall higher rate of haptene recognition. Seven of these 10 compounds were simultaneously tested for their sensitization potential by the modified Maximization method (all males) in order to compare the two tests' ability to disclose potential sensitizers. Female sensitizations on the modified Draize accounted for this test's superiority.", "PMID": 844299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6073", "title": "Effects of concurrent verbal and musical tasks on a unimanual skill.", "content": "Subjects balanced a dowel rod on the right or left index finger while speaking, while remaining silent, and while humming a melody. In males balancing times for the right hand decreased with concurrent verbalization. Verbalization had no effect on left hand performance in males, nor on either hand in females. Concurrent humming had no effect on performance of males or females. Poorer right hand performance by males when verbalizing is attributed to interference with right-sided motor control by the left hemisphere due to verbal activity programmed by the same hemisphere. Unimpaired right hand performance in verbalizing females suggests that the language function is less clearly lateralized in females than in males. The possibility that music may be shared by both hemispheres is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of concurrent verbal and musical tasks on a unimanual skill. Subjects balanced a dowel rod on the right or left index finger while speaking, while remaining silent, and while humming a melody. In males balancing times for the right hand decreased with concurrent verbalization. Verbalization had no effect on left hand performance in males, nor on either hand in females. Concurrent humming had no effect on performance of males or females. Poorer right hand performance by males when verbalizing is attributed to interference with right-sided motor control by the left hemisphere due to verbal activity programmed by the same hemisphere. Unimpaired right hand performance in verbalizing females suggests that the language function is less clearly lateralized in females than in males. The possibility that music may be shared by both hemispheres is discussed.", "PMID": 844303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6074", "title": "Linguistic and articulatory aspects of single word production in apraxia of speech.", "content": "The errors of ten apraxic speakers on a single word task were analyzed to determine the effects of articulatory and linguistic variables on speech production. Results suggested that phoneme difficulty but not phoneme position or grammatical class significantly affected the errors of the subjects. A significant low positive correlation between mean word abstraction and the errors of the apraxic speakers was observed although correlations for the grammatical classes decreased with increases in abstraction. These findings were interpreted to suggest that impaired motor speech programming may be affected by linguistic and articulatory variables.", "contents": "Linguistic and articulatory aspects of single word production in apraxia of speech. The errors of ten apraxic speakers on a single word task were analyzed to determine the effects of articulatory and linguistic variables on speech production. Results suggested that phoneme difficulty but not phoneme position or grammatical class significantly affected the errors of the subjects. A significant low positive correlation between mean word abstraction and the errors of the apraxic speakers was observed although correlations for the grammatical classes decreased with increases in abstraction. These findings were interpreted to suggest that impaired motor speech programming may be affected by linguistic and articulatory variables.", "PMID": 844304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6075", "title": "Base rates and the decision making model in clinical neuropsychology.", "content": "Issues involving base rates and decision weighting techniques in neuropsychology are discussed. In both clinical and research work of neuropsychologists, the effect of asymmetrical base rate or unequal group size in research may have significant influence on the accuracy with which certain classifications are made. The general rule, given approximately unbiased error rates, is that the classification of greater incidence will be predicted more accurately than the low frequency classification. This disparity in predictive validity increases as asymmetry of base rate increases. Rather than despair about the decrease in overall predictive validity, the differential diagnostic accuracy can be utilized to estimate the probability of correctness of the obtained clinical decision.", "contents": "Base rates and the decision making model in clinical neuropsychology. Issues involving base rates and decision weighting techniques in neuropsychology are discussed. In both clinical and research work of neuropsychologists, the effect of asymmetrical base rate or unequal group size in research may have significant influence on the accuracy with which certain classifications are made. The general rule, given approximately unbiased error rates, is that the classification of greater incidence will be predicted more accurately than the low frequency classification. This disparity in predictive validity increases as asymmetry of base rate increases. Rather than despair about the decrease in overall predictive validity, the differential diagnostic accuracy can be utilized to estimate the probability of correctness of the obtained clinical decision.", "PMID": 844305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6076", "title": "Handedness in relation to direction and degree of cerebral dominance for language.", "content": "In so far as ear asymmetries on dichotic listening reflect cerebral dominance for language, the present evidence indicates a progressively decreasing incidence of left hemisphere dominance in right handed, mixed handed and left handed individuals. In the absence of a family history of sinistrality there are no indications that the degree of dominance is reduced in left handers or mixed handers when compared to right handers, nor that right hemisphere dominance is less securely established than left hemisphere dominance. Among strong left handers with a family history of sinistrality, however, ear difference scores are significantly smaller, indicating reduced lateralization or bilateral representation of language in such individudals. This applies equally in left dominant and right dominant left handers.", "contents": "Handedness in relation to direction and degree of cerebral dominance for language. In so far as ear asymmetries on dichotic listening reflect cerebral dominance for language, the present evidence indicates a progressively decreasing incidence of left hemisphere dominance in right handed, mixed handed and left handed individuals. In the absence of a family history of sinistrality there are no indications that the degree of dominance is reduced in left handers or mixed handers when compared to right handers, nor that right hemisphere dominance is less securely established than left hemisphere dominance. Among strong left handers with a family history of sinistrality, however, ear difference scores are significantly smaller, indicating reduced lateralization or bilateral representation of language in such individudals. This applies equally in left dominant and right dominant left handers.", "PMID": 844306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6077", "title": "Wh-questions: responses by aphasic patients.", "content": "The syntactic relationship between wh-questions and their answers was investigated in the speech of aphasic subjects. The subjects were twenty-two aphasic patients whose mean age was 39.7 years and whose mean severity rating on the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination was 2.63. The data revealed significant differences in the frequency of correct response among types of wh-questions and a limited set of response strategies for incorrect answers. The results are discussed in terms of language theory with implications for language assessment and remediation.", "contents": "Wh-questions: responses by aphasic patients. The syntactic relationship between wh-questions and their answers was investigated in the speech of aphasic subjects. The subjects were twenty-two aphasic patients whose mean age was 39.7 years and whose mean severity rating on the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination was 2.63. The data revealed significant differences in the frequency of correct response among types of wh-questions and a limited set of response strategies for incorrect answers. The results are discussed in terms of language theory with implications for language assessment and remediation.", "PMID": 844307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6078", "title": "Short term memory for a nonverbal tactual task after cerebral commissurotomy.", "content": "Using a tactual modification of the Memory for Designs Test, it was found that the right hemispheres of subjects having complete cerebral commissurotomy were markedly superior to their left hemispheres. This result is further explicit for independent hemispheric memories as well as for a right hemispheric superiority in the recollection of spatial configurations. Subjects with partial commissurotomy (sparing the splenium) performed in the normal range with each hand, confirming previous conclusions as to the ability of a small callosal remnant to effect interhemispheric transfer.", "contents": "Short term memory for a nonverbal tactual task after cerebral commissurotomy. Using a tactual modification of the Memory for Designs Test, it was found that the right hemispheres of subjects having complete cerebral commissurotomy were markedly superior to their left hemispheres. This result is further explicit for independent hemispheric memories as well as for a right hemispheric superiority in the recollection of spatial configurations. Subjects with partial commissurotomy (sparing the splenium) performed in the normal range with each hand, confirming previous conclusions as to the ability of a small callosal remnant to effect interhemispheric transfer.", "PMID": 844308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6079", "title": "Differences in tachistoscopic recognition between abstract and concrete words as a function of visual half-field and frequency.", "content": "This experiment demonstrated that the greater right visual half-field (VHF) superiority for abstract words than for concrete words reported in two previous studies generalized to an independent, larger sample of abstract and concrete nouns. In addition, degree of concreteness was found to be positively related to overall recognition, with high concrete words averaging 38% correct, moderate concrete words averaging 30% correct, and abstract words averaging 20% correct. Analyses of ratio scores indicated that high frequency abstract words showed a significantly larger right VHF asymmetry than high frequency moderately concrete words or high frequency high concrete words. Groups of abstract, moderately concrete and high concrete words were also matched on right VHF recognition, to evaluate whether differences in VHF asymmetry were secondary to the differences in overall recognition. A significant interaction between VHF and word class was found, again indicating larger right VHF superiority for the abstract words. The data are consistent with previous suggestions that some left VHF concrete words are recongized by the right hemisphere.", "contents": "Differences in tachistoscopic recognition between abstract and concrete words as a function of visual half-field and frequency. This experiment demonstrated that the greater right visual half-field (VHF) superiority for abstract words than for concrete words reported in two previous studies generalized to an independent, larger sample of abstract and concrete nouns. In addition, degree of concreteness was found to be positively related to overall recognition, with high concrete words averaging 38% correct, moderate concrete words averaging 30% correct, and abstract words averaging 20% correct. Analyses of ratio scores indicated that high frequency abstract words showed a significantly larger right VHF asymmetry than high frequency moderately concrete words or high frequency high concrete words. Groups of abstract, moderately concrete and high concrete words were also matched on right VHF recognition, to evaluate whether differences in VHF asymmetry were secondary to the differences in overall recognition. A significant interaction between VHF and word class was found, again indicating larger right VHF superiority for the abstract words. The data are consistent with previous suggestions that some left VHF concrete words are recongized by the right hemisphere.", "PMID": 844309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6080", "title": "Pragmatic-semantic and syntactic factors influencing ear differences in dichotic listening.", "content": "In a three-factorial experiment sequences of 3 words were presented dichotically. The sequences consisted of two uninflected nouns denoting a person or a group of persons and 1 verb denoting an interaction. The three factors were Ear, Syntactic Structuredness vs. Unstructuredness and Semantic-Pragmatic Structuredness vs. Unstructuredness. The sequences in the syntactic unstructuredness condition are spoken in staccato form without sentence intonation and the order of the 2 nouns and the verb was at random; in the syntactic structuredness condition the sequences were spoken fluently and with sentence intonation and the order was always N-V-N. Semantic-pragmatic structuredness of the sequences means that one of the two potential actor-object-relations between the two nouns of a sequence was more probable than the other. The results show that it is only the left hemisphere that is responsive to syntactic structuredness, while the two hemispheres seems to be equally responsive to semantic-pragmatic structuredness. But it is possible that the two hemispheres differ in the manner in which they make use of semantic structures: the left hemisphere in a selective manner, appropriate for the solution of a specific task, and the right hemisphere in a more diffuse and global manner.", "contents": "Pragmatic-semantic and syntactic factors influencing ear differences in dichotic listening. In a three-factorial experiment sequences of 3 words were presented dichotically. The sequences consisted of two uninflected nouns denoting a person or a group of persons and 1 verb denoting an interaction. The three factors were Ear, Syntactic Structuredness vs. Unstructuredness and Semantic-Pragmatic Structuredness vs. Unstructuredness. The sequences in the syntactic unstructuredness condition are spoken in staccato form without sentence intonation and the order of the 2 nouns and the verb was at random; in the syntactic structuredness condition the sequences were spoken fluently and with sentence intonation and the order was always N-V-N. Semantic-pragmatic structuredness of the sequences means that one of the two potential actor-object-relations between the two nouns of a sequence was more probable than the other. The results show that it is only the left hemisphere that is responsive to syntactic structuredness, while the two hemispheres seems to be equally responsive to semantic-pragmatic structuredness. But it is possible that the two hemispheres differ in the manner in which they make use of semantic structures: the left hemisphere in a selective manner, appropriate for the solution of a specific task, and the right hemisphere in a more diffuse and global manner.", "PMID": 844310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6081", "title": "Phonemic identification defect in aphasia.", "content": "Eight-four right-handed patients with unilateral hemispheric damage (50 aphasics, 12 non-aphasic left brain-damaged and 22 right brain-damaged patients) and 53 control patients without cerebral lesions were given a test of phoneme identification which examined the S's ability to identify the acoustic boundary between the two phonemes, /d/ and /t/, expressed in terms of voice-onset time (VOT). Phonemic identification defect (PID), defined with reference to the performance of the control group, was found to be virtually limited aphasics; in over 70 per cent of them, the identification of the boundary zone between voiced and voiceless consonants along the VOT continuum was either impossible or abnormal, While neither the fluency - nonfluency dimension of speech nor the level of comprehension seemed to be crucially associated with PID, some evidence pointed to disordered phonemic output as to one dimension of aphasia that is specifically related to it.", "contents": "Phonemic identification defect in aphasia. Eight-four right-handed patients with unilateral hemispheric damage (50 aphasics, 12 non-aphasic left brain-damaged and 22 right brain-damaged patients) and 53 control patients without cerebral lesions were given a test of phoneme identification which examined the S's ability to identify the acoustic boundary between the two phonemes, /d/ and /t/, expressed in terms of voice-onset time (VOT). Phonemic identification defect (PID), defined with reference to the performance of the control group, was found to be virtually limited aphasics; in over 70 per cent of them, the identification of the boundary zone between voiced and voiceless consonants along the VOT continuum was either impossible or abnormal, While neither the fluency - nonfluency dimension of speech nor the level of comprehension seemed to be crucially associated with PID, some evidence pointed to disordered phonemic output as to one dimension of aphasia that is specifically related to it.", "PMID": 844311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6082", "title": "Decision in ambiguity: hemispheric dominance or interaction?", "content": "Fifty-eight subjects were shown tachistoscopically grey rectangles, at the centre of the field of vision. The rectangles extended equally to the left and right of the visual fixation point, and were presented under four background conditions: all white, all black, white in the left half of the field and black in the right half, black in the left and white in the right half. \"Chimerical\" backgrounds were assumed to create an interhemispheric ambiguity in the perception of the greyness of the stimuli as a consequence of opposed brightness contrasts. The reported birghtness was therefore expected to reflect a hemispheric dominance or an interhemispheric averaging of information. The results of the experiment supported the second hypothesis.", "contents": "Decision in ambiguity: hemispheric dominance or interaction? Fifty-eight subjects were shown tachistoscopically grey rectangles, at the centre of the field of vision. The rectangles extended equally to the left and right of the visual fixation point, and were presented under four background conditions: all white, all black, white in the left half of the field and black in the right half, black in the left and white in the right half. \"Chimerical\" backgrounds were assumed to create an interhemispheric ambiguity in the perception of the greyness of the stimuli as a consequence of opposed brightness contrasts. The reported birghtness was therefore expected to reflect a hemispheric dominance or an interhemispheric averaging of information. The results of the experiment supported the second hypothesis.", "PMID": 844312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6083", "title": "Rapid bedside computation of cardiorespiratory variables with a programmable calculator.", "content": "The value prompt assessment of hemodynamic cardiorespiratory function in critically ill medical and surgical patients is widely appreciated. We have presented a system for rapidly computing these variables on real time in the ICU, for a capital outlay of less than $250. In so doing, we hope to extend the benefits of this type of assessment to the smaller community hospital ICU and individual clinicians.", "contents": "Rapid bedside computation of cardiorespiratory variables with a programmable calculator. The value prompt assessment of hemodynamic cardiorespiratory function in critically ill medical and surgical patients is widely appreciated. We have presented a system for rapidly computing these variables on real time in the ICU, for a capital outlay of less than $250. In so doing, we hope to extend the benefits of this type of assessment to the smaller community hospital ICU and individual clinicians.", "PMID": 844314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6084", "title": "Hemodynamic monitoring in the community hospital ICU.", "content": "Cardiac output and intravascular pressures were monitored in a series of 20 critically ill patients in a community hospital during a 1-year period. Hemodynamic monitoring was very useful in the evaluation of clinical problems; data indicating hypovolemia and cardiac problems were found in 8 and 5 patients, respectively. More importantly, the frequently repeated measurements before and during therapy were extremely helpful in titrating therapy. Reliance of CVP measurements would not have provided the essential information.", "contents": "Hemodynamic monitoring in the community hospital ICU. Cardiac output and intravascular pressures were monitored in a series of 20 critically ill patients in a community hospital during a 1-year period. Hemodynamic monitoring was very useful in the evaluation of clinical problems; data indicating hypovolemia and cardiac problems were found in 8 and 5 patients, respectively. More importantly, the frequently repeated measurements before and during therapy were extremely helpful in titrating therapy. Reliance of CVP measurements would not have provided the essential information.", "PMID": 844313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6085", "title": "A hazard of the Intraflo continuous flush system.", "content": "Patency of pressure sensing systems can be provided by the Intraflow Continuous Flush System (Sorenson Research Company, Salt Lake City, UT 84115). This device allows continuous flow of flush solution through a regulatory valve while preventing transmission of the high pressure of the flush solution. The case presented describes the recognition of a false elevation of a monitored pressure secondary to the malfunction of the Intraflo regulatory valve. Elimination of the flush solution high pressure during monitoring prevents inappropriate data collection.", "contents": "A hazard of the Intraflo continuous flush system. Patency of pressure sensing systems can be provided by the Intraflow Continuous Flush System (Sorenson Research Company, Salt Lake City, UT 84115). This device allows continuous flow of flush solution through a regulatory valve while preventing transmission of the high pressure of the flush solution. The case presented describes the recognition of a false elevation of a monitored pressure secondary to the malfunction of the Intraflo regulatory valve. Elimination of the flush solution high pressure during monitoring prevents inappropriate data collection.", "PMID": 844315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6086", "title": "Continuous electrocardiogram monitoring in a surgical intensive care unit.", "content": "We tested a computer system for routine arrhythmia monitoring in 181 postoperative patients in order to evaluate its practical value. There was no significant difference in the incidence of arrhythmias between patients clinically classified in poor condition and those classified in good condition. Conventional vital signs appeared to have more value than a PVC count or an index of arrhythmias. We found no evidence that continuous electrocardiogram monitoring might provide an early warning signal in these patients monitored.", "contents": "Continuous electrocardiogram monitoring in a surgical intensive care unit. We tested a computer system for routine arrhythmia monitoring in 181 postoperative patients in order to evaluate its practical value. There was no significant difference in the incidence of arrhythmias between patients clinically classified in poor condition and those classified in good condition. Conventional vital signs appeared to have more value than a PVC count or an index of arrhythmias. We found no evidence that continuous electrocardiogram monitoring might provide an early warning signal in these patients monitored.", "PMID": 844319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6087", "title": "A simple method for diagnosing pneumonia in intubated or tracheostomized patients.", "content": "A safe, simple, reliable technique for sampling uncontaminated peripheral bronchial secretions in patients with endotracheal tubes has been developed. It is easily performed and requires no special training or equipment. This report summarizes the techniques's usefulness in providing diagnostic samples of peripheral airway secretions from 20 patients with pneumonic infiltrates. In eight of the patients, a single organism was recovered from the peripheral airway despite polymicrobial colonization of the upper airways. An additional patient had two anaerobes. The recovered organism's role as a pathogen was verified by an appropriate response to specific antibiotic therapy in two patients, isolation from blood or empyema fluid in five, confirmation by bronchoscopy in one, and transtracheal aspiration after extubation in one. Peripheral bronchial secretions were sterile in the remaining 11 patients, even though multiple organsims were isolated from usual tracheal suctionings.", "contents": "A simple method for diagnosing pneumonia in intubated or tracheostomized patients. A safe, simple, reliable technique for sampling uncontaminated peripheral bronchial secretions in patients with endotracheal tubes has been developed. It is easily performed and requires no special training or equipment. This report summarizes the techniques's usefulness in providing diagnostic samples of peripheral airway secretions from 20 patients with pneumonic infiltrates. In eight of the patients, a single organism was recovered from the peripheral airway despite polymicrobial colonization of the upper airways. An additional patient had two anaerobes. The recovered organism's role as a pathogen was verified by an appropriate response to specific antibiotic therapy in two patients, isolation from blood or empyema fluid in five, confirmation by bronchoscopy in one, and transtracheal aspiration after extubation in one. Peripheral bronchial secretions were sterile in the remaining 11 patients, even though multiple organsims were isolated from usual tracheal suctionings.", "PMID": 844320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6088", "title": "Diuretic action of Bay g 2821 in oedema-free volunteers.", "content": "The sulphonamide-free diuretic Bay g 2821 was tested under standardized conditions 43 oedema-free volunteers. The threshold dose was 10 mg (0.14 mg/kg). The doseresponse curve was practically linear for doses up to 80 mg. The excretion of sodium and chloride was very high, and that of potassium, magnesium and calcium markedly lower. Itarenal haemodynamic investigations showed that the inulin clearance was unchanged, and the PAH clearance increased slightly. The tubular reabsorption of sodium and chloride was inhibited. Side-effects after a single oral dose did not occur.", "contents": "Diuretic action of Bay g 2821 in oedema-free volunteers. The sulphonamide-free diuretic Bay g 2821 was tested under standardized conditions 43 oedema-free volunteers. The threshold dose was 10 mg (0.14 mg/kg). The doseresponse curve was practically linear for doses up to 80 mg. The excretion of sodium and chloride was very high, and that of potassium, magnesium and calcium markedly lower. Itarenal haemodynamic investigations showed that the inulin clearance was unchanged, and the PAH clearance increased slightly. The tubular reabsorption of sodium and chloride was inhibited. Side-effects after a single oral dose did not occur.", "PMID": 844325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6089", "title": "Prediction of outcome and severity of illness by analysis of the frequency distributions of cardiorespiratory variables.", "content": "Despite the wide variety of illnesses and operations, we observed a common cardiorespiratory pattern of shock that was differenf for the survivors and nonsurvivors, although no one variable was capable of predicting outcome. Differences between the patterns of survivors and nonsurvivors were defined by range criteria and by cut-points operationally obtained from the frequency distributions of cardiorespiratory variables. The values of each of the 33 variables obtained, at times remote from therapy during each successive stage in the postoperative course, were used to predict survival and death in a series of 113 patients by the range and cut-point methods. An average of 13.5% of all the available variables gave a correct prediction by the range cirteria and 35% by the cut-point method. The mean percentage of Right--Wrong classifications throughout all stages for range and cut-point methods was 80 and 85%, respectively. Using the last available stage, the outcome was correctly predicted by the range criteria in 80% and by the cut point method in 88% of the patients. The high percentage of correct predictions suggests that these methods may provide a measure of the severity of acute illness as well as early warning of impending death.", "contents": "Prediction of outcome and severity of illness by analysis of the frequency distributions of cardiorespiratory variables. Despite the wide variety of illnesses and operations, we observed a common cardiorespiratory pattern of shock that was differenf for the survivors and nonsurvivors, although no one variable was capable of predicting outcome. Differences between the patterns of survivors and nonsurvivors were defined by range criteria and by cut-points operationally obtained from the frequency distributions of cardiorespiratory variables. The values of each of the 33 variables obtained, at times remote from therapy during each successive stage in the postoperative course, were used to predict survival and death in a series of 113 patients by the range and cut-point methods. An average of 13.5% of all the available variables gave a correct prediction by the range cirteria and 35% by the cut-point method. The mean percentage of Right--Wrong classifications throughout all stages for range and cut-point methods was 80 and 85%, respectively. Using the last available stage, the outcome was correctly predicted by the range criteria in 80% and by the cut point method in 88% of the patients. The high percentage of correct predictions suggests that these methods may provide a measure of the severity of acute illness as well as early warning of impending death.", "PMID": 844321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6090", "title": "The mechanism of action of Bay g 2821: a new diuretic.", "content": "Acute water diuresis and hydropenic studies were carried out in 7 healthy volunteers to investigate the site of action of a new non-sulphonamide diuretic, Bay g 2821. The effects of the drug on the concentrating and diluting mechanism, and on the renal handling of sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus and uric acid were studied. The results suggest sites of actions of Bay g 2821 at the proximal tubule and the medullary portion of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle.", "contents": "The mechanism of action of Bay g 2821: a new diuretic. Acute water diuresis and hydropenic studies were carried out in 7 healthy volunteers to investigate the site of action of a new non-sulphonamide diuretic, Bay g 2821. The effects of the drug on the concentrating and diluting mechanism, and on the renal handling of sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus and uric acid were studied. The results suggest sites of actions of Bay g 2821 at the proximal tubule and the medullary portion of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle.", "PMID": 844326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6091", "title": "Anti-arrhythmic properties of acebutolol (Bay c 7705), a new cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocking agent: a preliminary report.", "content": "A study was carried out in 20 ambulatory patients with various heart diseases and different forms of cardiac arrhythmias to evaluate the anti-arrhythmic effect of acebutolol when given orally(400 mg/day). Long-term(4 hour) ECGs were monitored before and after 3 days of treatment. The results showed that after acebutolol treatment 60% of all the arrhythmias were prevented or abolised, 16% were improved, and only 24% persisted unchanged.", "contents": "Anti-arrhythmic properties of acebutolol (Bay c 7705), a new cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocking agent: a preliminary report. A study was carried out in 20 ambulatory patients with various heart diseases and different forms of cardiac arrhythmias to evaluate the anti-arrhythmic effect of acebutolol when given orally(400 mg/day). Long-term(4 hour) ECGs were monitored before and after 3 days of treatment. The results showed that after acebutolol treatment 60% of all the arrhythmias were prevented or abolised, 16% were improved, and only 24% persisted unchanged.", "PMID": 844327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6092", "title": "Profound spontaneous hypoglycaemia in congestive heart failure.", "content": "Eleven cases of spontaneous hypoglycaemia in congestive heart failure in adults are reported. There were 5 males and 6 females, aged from 15 to 65 years (mean, 44 years). Blood sugar ranged from 2 to 42 mg/100 ml (mean 21 mg/100 ml). Six patients were in coma on admittance, 1 was confused, and 4 were conscious. The underlying condition was rheumatic valvular heart disease (3), chronic obstructive lung disease (4), cornonary heart disease (3) and cardiomyopathy (1). Five of the 11 patients died. The mechanism of hypoglycaemia is discussed and thought to be a combination of factors such as liver dysfunction, low calorie intake, malabsorption, and increased glusose utilization by ischaemic tissues, including the heart. It is recommended that in patients with congestive heart failure presenting with coma or confusion, blood sugar should be checked for possible hypoglycaemia.", "contents": "Profound spontaneous hypoglycaemia in congestive heart failure. Eleven cases of spontaneous hypoglycaemia in congestive heart failure in adults are reported. There were 5 males and 6 females, aged from 15 to 65 years (mean, 44 years). Blood sugar ranged from 2 to 42 mg/100 ml (mean 21 mg/100 ml). Six patients were in coma on admittance, 1 was confused, and 4 were conscious. The underlying condition was rheumatic valvular heart disease (3), chronic obstructive lung disease (4), cornonary heart disease (3) and cardiomyopathy (1). Five of the 11 patients died. The mechanism of hypoglycaemia is discussed and thought to be a combination of factors such as liver dysfunction, low calorie intake, malabsorption, and increased glusose utilization by ischaemic tissues, including the heart. It is recommended that in patients with congestive heart failure presenting with coma or confusion, blood sugar should be checked for possible hypoglycaemia.", "PMID": 844328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6093", "title": "Measurement of cerebral blood flow following intravenous administration of pentoxifyline ('Trentral').", "content": "Using 99mTc cerebral scintigraphy and a gamma camera/computer system, the pattern of cerebral blood flow in 5 brain areas was monitored in 30 geriatric patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency. Readings were compared on a within-patient basis for the following treatments: initial control (I), intravenous administration of 10 ml physiological saline solution (II), and intravenous administration of 10 ml (200 mg) pentoxifylline (III). By comparsion with treatment I and II, pentoxifylline produced significant increases in cerebral blood flow. It is suggested that this increase in perfusion is possibly due to an improvement in the flow properties of blood.", "contents": "Measurement of cerebral blood flow following intravenous administration of pentoxifyline ('Trentral'). Using 99mTc cerebral scintigraphy and a gamma camera/computer system, the pattern of cerebral blood flow in 5 brain areas was monitored in 30 geriatric patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency. Readings were compared on a within-patient basis for the following treatments: initial control (I), intravenous administration of 10 ml physiological saline solution (II), and intravenous administration of 10 ml (200 mg) pentoxifylline (III). By comparsion with treatment I and II, pentoxifylline produced significant increases in cerebral blood flow. It is suggested that this increase in perfusion is possibly due to an improvement in the flow properties of blood.", "PMID": 844329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6094", "title": "Nodular angioblastic hyperplasia with eosinophilia and lymphofolliculosis.", "content": "Two cases of nodular angioblastic hyperplasia with eosinophilia and lymphofolliculosis are presented. The position of such lesions in a histopathologic classification is discussed. The possible relationship to Kimura's disease and low-grade angiosarcoma is considered.", "contents": "Nodular angioblastic hyperplasia with eosinophilia and lymphofolliculosis. Two cases of nodular angioblastic hyperplasia with eosinophilia and lymphofolliculosis are presented. The position of such lesions in a histopathologic classification is discussed. The possible relationship to Kimura's disease and low-grade angiosarcoma is considered.", "PMID": 844335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6095", "title": "Accidental inoculation blastomycosis.", "content": "The pathogenesis of blastomycosis as a primary pulmonary infection has been well established and widely accepted. The rate cases of primary cutaneous inoculation are in all documented instances related to \"laboratory\" accidents. A case of inoculation with a culture suspension of Blastomyces Dermatitidis is herein reported. A slow healing chancre remained active for about eight months.", "contents": "Accidental inoculation blastomycosis. The pathogenesis of blastomycosis as a primary pulmonary infection has been well established and widely accepted. The rate cases of primary cutaneous inoculation are in all documented instances related to \"laboratory\" accidents. A case of inoculation with a culture suspension of Blastomyces Dermatitidis is herein reported. A slow healing chancre remained active for about eight months.", "PMID": 844336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6096", "title": "Nodular grouped milia.", "content": "A young girl had a distinctive nodule with white spherules. Histologically, the lesion was composed of multiple small keratotic cysts.", "contents": "Nodular grouped milia. A young girl had a distinctive nodule with white spherules. Histologically, the lesion was composed of multiple small keratotic cysts.", "PMID": 844337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6097", "title": "Preoperative radiotherapy in the management of posterior fossa choroid plexus papillomas.", "content": "Although primary radical removal is the procedure of choice in the treatment of choroid plexus papillomas, the age of the child, the size and/or location of the tumor and an above average surgical risk can make advisable the use of a first stage shunt operation, with section of the tentorium if there are signs of upwards tentorial herniation. The present two observations clearly demonstrate that radiotherapy shrinks the vascular stroma of these tumors, thus reducing its size and vascularity making possible the postponement of radical surgery and greatly simplifying the final radical removal of the lesion. Preoperative radiotherapy as well as shunt operations and tentorial section can be considered as first stage procedures for the surgical management of choroid plexus neoplasms in certain cases.", "contents": "Preoperative radiotherapy in the management of posterior fossa choroid plexus papillomas. Although primary radical removal is the procedure of choice in the treatment of choroid plexus papillomas, the age of the child, the size and/or location of the tumor and an above average surgical risk can make advisable the use of a first stage shunt operation, with section of the tentorium if there are signs of upwards tentorial herniation. The present two observations clearly demonstrate that radiotherapy shrinks the vascular stroma of these tumors, thus reducing its size and vascularity making possible the postponement of radical surgery and greatly simplifying the final radical removal of the lesion. Preoperative radiotherapy as well as shunt operations and tentorial section can be considered as first stage procedures for the surgical management of choroid plexus neoplasms in certain cases.", "PMID": 844343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6098", "title": "Hypothalamic symptomatology and its relationship to diencephalic tumor in childhood.", "content": "Autonomic dysfunction in a child may present confusing clinical phenomena which mimic other diseases. Various clinical manifestations were seen during the 6-year course of a child with an astrocytoma of the hypothalamus. These ranged from the initial features of the diencephalic syndrome of infancy to autonomic seizures with striking paroxysms of hypertension, tachycardia, and sweating. Disturbances in hormonal regulation and gastrointestinal abnormalities were possibly related to the autonomic disturbance. The mechanisms for these findings were poorly understood. We conclude that a diencephalic lesion should be suspected in any child exhibiting such findings.", "contents": "Hypothalamic symptomatology and its relationship to diencephalic tumor in childhood. Autonomic dysfunction in a child may present confusing clinical phenomena which mimic other diseases. Various clinical manifestations were seen during the 6-year course of a child with an astrocytoma of the hypothalamus. These ranged from the initial features of the diencephalic syndrome of infancy to autonomic seizures with striking paroxysms of hypertension, tachycardia, and sweating. Disturbances in hormonal regulation and gastrointestinal abnormalities were possibly related to the autonomic disturbance. The mechanisms for these findings were poorly understood. We conclude that a diencephalic lesion should be suspected in any child exhibiting such findings.", "PMID": 844344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6099", "title": "Central neurogenic pulmonary edema: with a review of its pathogenesis and treatment.", "content": "One of the unusual signs of sudden increase in intracranial pressure is central neurogenic pulmonary edema. This pulmonary edema produces a capillary-aveolar block resulting in hypoxia complicating the underlying neurologic condition. Good success in treating this problem has been obtained with controlled ventilation and positive end expiratory pressure respiration.", "contents": "Central neurogenic pulmonary edema: with a review of its pathogenesis and treatment. One of the unusual signs of sudden increase in intracranial pressure is central neurogenic pulmonary edema. This pulmonary edema produces a capillary-aveolar block resulting in hypoxia complicating the underlying neurologic condition. Good success in treating this problem has been obtained with controlled ventilation and positive end expiratory pressure respiration.", "PMID": 844345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6100", "title": "Angiographic characteristics of certain subdural collections of fluid.", "content": "The presence of abnormal amounts of fluid in the subdural space has been referred to as subdural hematoma, subdural effusion and subdural hygroma. These are supposed to be differentiated by the appearance of the fluid and the presence of membranes in the dubdural space. Although both hygroma and chronic subdural hematoma are liquid, space-occupying lesions which cause pressure in the underlying brain, we have found that there are definite angiographic, clinical and prognostic differences between them. These differences are described.", "contents": "Angiographic characteristics of certain subdural collections of fluid. The presence of abnormal amounts of fluid in the subdural space has been referred to as subdural hematoma, subdural effusion and subdural hygroma. These are supposed to be differentiated by the appearance of the fluid and the presence of membranes in the dubdural space. Although both hygroma and chronic subdural hematoma are liquid, space-occupying lesions which cause pressure in the underlying brain, we have found that there are definite angiographic, clinical and prognostic differences between them. These differences are described.", "PMID": 844346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6101", "title": "Stimulus variables which affect the concordance of visual and manipulative exploration in six-month-old infants.", "content": "In Experiment I, 26-week-old infants were repeatedly exposed to 1 object and then shown a second object that was different in color or that was different in shape and texture. During repeated exposures, infants looked at an manipulated the object less, but response latencies did not change. Looking and manipulation increased upon introduction of the novel object in the shape and texture change condition. The novel object in the color change condition elicited an increase in looking but not in manipulation. The purpose of Experiment II was to determine if the coordination of visual and manipulative exploration in the shape and texture change condition was primarily due to the new tactile information or because of the introduction of more than 1 physical change. In this experiment, the novel object differed either in shape or in texture, For both conditions, there was a decline in looking and manipulation times during familiarization and recovery of novel objects for both looking and manipulation. It was concluded that either shape or texture information is sufficient to coordinate visual and manipulative differential responding.", "contents": "Stimulus variables which affect the concordance of visual and manipulative exploration in six-month-old infants. In Experiment I, 26-week-old infants were repeatedly exposed to 1 object and then shown a second object that was different in color or that was different in shape and texture. During repeated exposures, infants looked at an manipulated the object less, but response latencies did not change. Looking and manipulation increased upon introduction of the novel object in the shape and texture change condition. The novel object in the color change condition elicited an increase in looking but not in manipulation. The purpose of Experiment II was to determine if the coordination of visual and manipulative exploration in the shape and texture change condition was primarily due to the new tactile information or because of the introduction of more than 1 physical change. In this experiment, the novel object differed either in shape or in texture, For both conditions, there was a decline in looking and manipulation times during familiarization and recovery of novel objects for both looking and manipulation. It was concluded that either shape or texture information is sufficient to coordinate visual and manipulative differential responding.", "PMID": 844347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6102", "title": "The effect of visual feedback of the hand on the reaching and retrieval behavior of young infants.", "content": "Reaching and retrieving, with and without visual feedback of the hand, were observed in 50 infants ranging in age from 2 1/2 to 6 1/2 months. Failure, to see the hand did not completely inhibit reaching and retrieving, although reaching and retrieving were reduced in this situation for infants 5 1/2 months and older. It was hypothesized that infants of this age expected to see their hands within their visual fields. When this expectation was not met, the infant's ongoing behavior was disrupted.", "contents": "The effect of visual feedback of the hand on the reaching and retrieval behavior of young infants. Reaching and retrieving, with and without visual feedback of the hand, were observed in 50 infants ranging in age from 2 1/2 to 6 1/2 months. Failure, to see the hand did not completely inhibit reaching and retrieving, although reaching and retrieving were reduced in this situation for infants 5 1/2 months and older. It was hypothesized that infants of this age expected to see their hands within their visual fields. When this expectation was not met, the infant's ongoing behavior was disrupted.", "PMID": 844348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6103", "title": "Cross-modal transfer in human infants.", "content": "This study investigated cross-modal transfer in infants by their proclivity to respond differentially to novel and familiar stimuli after familiarization in a different sensory modality. Across a variety of stimulus shapes, 1-year-old infants significantly and reliably looked more at and reached more for the novel than the familiar stimulus subsequent to information input from tactual stimulation. Furthermore, for the first time, it is demonstrated that not only do infants gain information about the shape of objects from their oral experience with them but this information can be made available to the visual modality.", "contents": "Cross-modal transfer in human infants. This study investigated cross-modal transfer in infants by their proclivity to respond differentially to novel and familiar stimuli after familiarization in a different sensory modality. Across a variety of stimulus shapes, 1-year-old infants significantly and reliably looked more at and reached more for the novel than the familiar stimulus subsequent to information input from tactual stimulation. Furthermore, for the first time, it is demonstrated that not only do infants gain information about the shape of objects from their oral experience with them but this information can be made available to the visual modality.", "PMID": 844349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6104", "title": "Infants' perception of similarity between live people and their photographs.", "content": "5-month-old infants who had been habituated to a live face showed no change in fixation time when presented with an immediately following photographic slide of that same face, while they showed an increase in fixation time (dishabituation) to a photographic slide of a novel face of different sex, hair color, and hair style. The similarity in responses to the live person and his photograph indictaes that some identification of people in photographs is possible even in the absence of extended prior developmental experience with pictures. A second experiment found that 5-month-old Ss exhibited the same amount of looking when a live face was followed either by its own photograph or by a photograph of a novel person of like sex, hair color, and hair style. Apparently, these Ss used only rather gross physiognomic features to perceive a similarity between a live person and that person's photograph.", "contents": "Infants' perception of similarity between live people and their photographs. 5-month-old infants who had been habituated to a live face showed no change in fixation time when presented with an immediately following photographic slide of that same face, while they showed an increase in fixation time (dishabituation) to a photographic slide of a novel face of different sex, hair color, and hair style. The similarity in responses to the live person and his photograph indictaes that some identification of people in photographs is possible even in the absence of extended prior developmental experience with pictures. A second experiment found that 5-month-old Ss exhibited the same amount of looking when a live face was followed either by its own photograph or by a photograph of a novel person of like sex, hair color, and hair style. Apparently, these Ss used only rather gross physiognomic features to perceive a similarity between a live person and that person's photograph.", "PMID": 844350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6105", "title": "The visual-preference technique in infancy: effect of number of stimuli presented upon experimental outcome.", "content": "To examine the effects of the number of stimuli presented when the visual-preference technique is used to measure attention in infancy, 2- and 4-month-old infants were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 experimental conditions. In the first condition, infants were shown 3 different checkerboards using the single-stimulus visual-preference methodology; in the second condition, 4 checkerboards; and in the third condition, 5 checkerboards. Infants in both the 3- and 4-pattern conditions were able to order the patterns as predicted by scaling theory. However, there was a significant decrease in the number of infants in the 5-pattern condition who could do so. The results are discussed in terms of both their methodological and theoretical implications.", "contents": "The visual-preference technique in infancy: effect of number of stimuli presented upon experimental outcome. To examine the effects of the number of stimuli presented when the visual-preference technique is used to measure attention in infancy, 2- and 4-month-old infants were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 experimental conditions. In the first condition, infants were shown 3 different checkerboards using the single-stimulus visual-preference methodology; in the second condition, 4 checkerboards; and in the third condition, 5 checkerboards. Infants in both the 3- and 4-pattern conditions were able to order the patterns as predicted by scaling theory. However, there was a significant decrease in the number of infants in the 5-pattern condition who could do so. The results are discussed in terms of both their methodological and theoretical implications.", "PMID": 844351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6106", "title": "Auditory-visual coordination in neonates.", "content": "Neonatal oculomotor behavior was observed under various conditions of visual and auditory stimulation. In 1 experiment babies were observed tracking a moving visual target with their eyes. Such tracking was uninfluenced by the addition of sound to the visual target, nor was it disrupted by the presence of a stationary auditory stimulus. The presentation of a moving auditory stimulus alone was not sufficient to elicit reliable tracking responses. In a second experiment, neonates failed to show ocular orientation toward a laterally presented sound. These findings are interpreted as illustrating the relative independence of auditory and visual perception during the neonatal period.", "contents": "Auditory-visual coordination in neonates. Neonatal oculomotor behavior was observed under various conditions of visual and auditory stimulation. In 1 experiment babies were observed tracking a moving visual target with their eyes. Such tracking was uninfluenced by the addition of sound to the visual target, nor was it disrupted by the presence of a stationary auditory stimulus. The presentation of a moving auditory stimulus alone was not sufficient to elicit reliable tracking responses. In a second experiment, neonates failed to show ocular orientation toward a laterally presented sound. These findings are interpreted as illustrating the relative independence of auditory and visual perception during the neonatal period.", "PMID": 844352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6107", "title": "Caregiving behaviors and early cognitive development as related to ordinal position in preterm infants.", "content": "Naturalistic home observations of 54 preterm infants and their caregivers were made when the infants were 1, 3 and 8 months of age. Differences were found in the kinds of everyday transactions which occur with preterm infants raised with and without siblings. At 1 month of age the care of firstborn and later-born infants was similar in most ways. At 3 months and 8 months firstborn infants clearly received more responsive care and more stimulation from their mothers than later-born infants. Furthermore, the firstborn infant received more social transactions from anybody. Firstborn preterm infants obtained higher Gesell developmental scores than later-born infants, replicating results reported with infant test performance of full-term infants.", "contents": "Caregiving behaviors and early cognitive development as related to ordinal position in preterm infants. Naturalistic home observations of 54 preterm infants and their caregivers were made when the infants were 1, 3 and 8 months of age. Differences were found in the kinds of everyday transactions which occur with preterm infants raised with and without siblings. At 1 month of age the care of firstborn and later-born infants was similar in most ways. At 3 months and 8 months firstborn infants clearly received more responsive care and more stimulation from their mothers than later-born infants. Furthermore, the firstborn infant received more social transactions from anybody. Firstborn preterm infants obtained higher Gesell developmental scores than later-born infants, replicating results reported with infant test performance of full-term infants.", "PMID": 844353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6108", "title": "Mental development of preterm infants during the first year.", "content": "Developmental rates and standard scores are examined for 56 infants in 4 gestational age groups by repeated measurements on the mental scale of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Rates across the first year of life can be predicted largely by a biological model that assumes equality of development for infants of the same conceptual age. However, standard scores based on biological age are elevated during the early months for the most premature groups, indicating a transient advantage of increased extrauterine life. Scores from 3 to 12 months' biological age are slightly higher for the most premature groups but are consistent within groups, with no special acceleration of the premature.", "contents": "Mental development of preterm infants during the first year. Developmental rates and standard scores are examined for 56 infants in 4 gestational age groups by repeated measurements on the mental scale of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Rates across the first year of life can be predicted largely by a biological model that assumes equality of development for infants of the same conceptual age. However, standard scores based on biological age are elevated during the early months for the most premature groups, indicating a transient advantage of increased extrauterine life. Scores from 3 to 12 months' biological age are slightly higher for the most premature groups but are consistent within groups, with no special acceleration of the premature.", "PMID": 844354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6109", "title": "Test anxiety and off-task behavior in evaluative situations.", "content": "The relationship between performance and off-task behavior was examined as a function of childrens anxiety level in a clearly evaluative situation. 48 fourth-and fifth-grade boys and girls (assigned to low, middle, and high anxiety groups by their scores on the Test Anxiety Scale for Children) performed anagram tasks in the presence of an experimenter also working on anagrams. Frequency and direction of off-task glancing were used as measures of off-task behavior. As expected, both performance and off-task glancing were related to anxiety: high-anxious children hag than low- and middle-anxious children. It was proposed that anxious children's history of failure makes them more sensitive to and highly reliant on external feedback and evaluation and less likely to solve problems on their own. It was suggested that the performance of these children, who typically have greater ability than they show in evaluative situations, may be improved by increasing their on-task orientation through task-inherent and task-related feedback.", "contents": "Test anxiety and off-task behavior in evaluative situations. The relationship between performance and off-task behavior was examined as a function of childrens anxiety level in a clearly evaluative situation. 48 fourth-and fifth-grade boys and girls (assigned to low, middle, and high anxiety groups by their scores on the Test Anxiety Scale for Children) performed anagram tasks in the presence of an experimenter also working on anagrams. Frequency and direction of off-task glancing were used as measures of off-task behavior. As expected, both performance and off-task glancing were related to anxiety: high-anxious children hag than low- and middle-anxious children. It was proposed that anxious children's history of failure makes them more sensitive to and highly reliant on external feedback and evaluation and less likely to solve problems on their own. It was suggested that the performance of these children, who typically have greater ability than they show in evaluative situations, may be improved by increasing their on-task orientation through task-inherent and task-related feedback.", "PMID": 844355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6110", "title": "The nature of verbal interactions among handicapped and nonhandicapped preschool children.", "content": "The nature of verbal interactions among handicapped and nonhandicapped preschool children was examined in instructional and free-play settings. A wide variety of linguistic parameters designed to reflect verbal productivity and grammatical complexity was selected for analysis. The speech of designated nonhandicapped children wddressed. Listeners were classified as manifesting mild, moderate, severe, or no developmental delays. The results indicated that the speech of the designated children tended to be more complex, more frequent, and more diverse when addressed to developmentally more advanced children in both settings. These results were discussed in terms of their significance for facilitating the development of the language-delayed child.", "contents": "The nature of verbal interactions among handicapped and nonhandicapped preschool children. The nature of verbal interactions among handicapped and nonhandicapped preschool children was examined in instructional and free-play settings. A wide variety of linguistic parameters designed to reflect verbal productivity and grammatical complexity was selected for analysis. The speech of designated nonhandicapped children wddressed. Listeners were classified as manifesting mild, moderate, severe, or no developmental delays. The results indicated that the speech of the designated children tended to be more complex, more frequent, and more diverse when addressed to developmentally more advanced children in both settings. These results were discussed in terms of their significance for facilitating the development of the language-delayed child.", "PMID": 844356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6111", "title": "Visual habituation, sensorimotor development, and tempo of play in one-year-old infants.", "content": "The pattern of relationships between rate of visual habituation, sensorimotor development, play tempo, and motor activity was examined in 168 1-year-old infants. Subjects were exposed to 3 consecutive series of a repeated visual stimulus and the rate of habituation determined for each series. The measures of sensorimotor development included both standard psychometric and Piagetian scales. Measures of play tempo and motor activity were obtained from observations of free play. Longer fixation time to the initial stimulus presentation and faster habituation on the original series were associated with advanced sensorimotor development for girls. Longer initial fixation time in boys was associated with a slower tempo of play. The magnitude of these relationships, however, was found to be dependent on whether the subject completed the entire experimental session or was terminated early due to irritability or drowsiness. The results suggest that both the sex and state of the infant are important moderators of the relationship between measure of visual attention and other individual difference variables.", "contents": "Visual habituation, sensorimotor development, and tempo of play in one-year-old infants. The pattern of relationships between rate of visual habituation, sensorimotor development, play tempo, and motor activity was examined in 168 1-year-old infants. Subjects were exposed to 3 consecutive series of a repeated visual stimulus and the rate of habituation determined for each series. The measures of sensorimotor development included both standard psychometric and Piagetian scales. Measures of play tempo and motor activity were obtained from observations of free play. Longer fixation time to the initial stimulus presentation and faster habituation on the original series were associated with advanced sensorimotor development for girls. Longer initial fixation time in boys was associated with a slower tempo of play. The magnitude of these relationships, however, was found to be dependent on whether the subject completed the entire experimental session or was terminated early due to irritability or drowsiness. The results suggest that both the sex and state of the infant are important moderators of the relationship between measure of visual attention and other individual difference variables.", "PMID": 844357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6112", "title": "Relationships among the Brazelton Neonatal Scale, Bayley Infant Scales, and early temperament.", "content": "The present study investigated whether the Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale predicts 10-week performance on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and examined whether early temperament relates to performance on both scales. 18 normal, term infants were studied. Conceptual, a priori scoring dimensions were applied to neonatal assessments at a mean of 8.6 days. Infant temperament data were available for 12 of the subjects at a mean of 13.3 days, and mental and motor development were assessed for all subjects at a mean of 68.8 days. The results indicate that the total of a priori Brazelton scoring dimensions and neonatal state control were predictive of Bayley mental quotients at 10 weeks. Caretakers' judgments of temperamental intensity and distractability at 2 weeks correlated with the Bayley scales and the Brazelton dimensions. Furthermore, dividing the infants into worrisome and optimal groups on the basis of the total produced significant differences in Bayley mental scores.", "contents": "Relationships among the Brazelton Neonatal Scale, Bayley Infant Scales, and early temperament. The present study investigated whether the Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale predicts 10-week performance on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and examined whether early temperament relates to performance on both scales. 18 normal, term infants were studied. Conceptual, a priori scoring dimensions were applied to neonatal assessments at a mean of 8.6 days. Infant temperament data were available for 12 of the subjects at a mean of 13.3 days, and mental and motor development were assessed for all subjects at a mean of 68.8 days. The results indicate that the total of a priori Brazelton scoring dimensions and neonatal state control were predictive of Bayley mental quotients at 10 weeks. Caretakers' judgments of temperamental intensity and distractability at 2 weeks correlated with the Bayley scales and the Brazelton dimensions. Furthermore, dividing the infants into worrisome and optimal groups on the basis of the total produced significant differences in Bayley mental scores.", "PMID": 844358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6113", "title": "Validation of a laboratory play measure of child aggression.", "content": "The validity of laboratory play measures of aggression has been called into question. Critics have charged that laboratory findings on childhood aggression cannot be generalized to everyday aggression. In the present study, the validity of striking a Bobo clown as a measure of aggression was assessed by correlating the rate of this behavior with peer ratings, teaching ratings, and self-ratings of aggressiveness in a preschool. Laboratory aggression correlated significantly with both peer ratings, r = .76, p less than .01, and teacher ratings, r = .57, p less than .05, but not with self-ratings, r = .36. Laboratory aggression correlated more highly with aggression ratings for males (N = 9) than for females (N = 9), but not significantly so. The findings support the use of laboratory play as a valid measure of aggression in children.", "contents": "Validation of a laboratory play measure of child aggression. The validity of laboratory play measures of aggression has been called into question. Critics have charged that laboratory findings on childhood aggression cannot be generalized to everyday aggression. In the present study, the validity of striking a Bobo clown as a measure of aggression was assessed by correlating the rate of this behavior with peer ratings, teaching ratings, and self-ratings of aggressiveness in a preschool. Laboratory aggression correlated significantly with both peer ratings, r = .76, p less than .01, and teacher ratings, r = .57, p less than .05, but not with self-ratings, r = .36. Laboratory aggression correlated more highly with aggression ratings for males (N = 9) than for females (N = 9), but not significantly so. The findings support the use of laboratory play as a valid measure of aggression in children.", "PMID": 844359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6114", "title": "Nonverbal visual short-term memory as a function of age and dimensionality in learning-disabled children.", "content": "A serial recognition task was used to compare performance of 2 learning disability age groups with 2- and 3-dimensional representations of nonlabeled 8-point random shapes. Age-related increases in short-term memory (STM) performance for both dimensions were found. No significant differences were found between 2- or 3-dimensional stimuli. Contrary to reports of STM performance with normal children, learning-disabled children showed no primacy effect for the 2-dimensional treatment, and second choices were not consistently correct when the first choice was incorrect, These findings were interpreted according to Flavell's notions of mediational inefficiencies.", "contents": "Nonverbal visual short-term memory as a function of age and dimensionality in learning-disabled children. A serial recognition task was used to compare performance of 2 learning disability age groups with 2- and 3-dimensional representations of nonlabeled 8-point random shapes. Age-related increases in short-term memory (STM) performance for both dimensions were found. No significant differences were found between 2- or 3-dimensional stimuli. Contrary to reports of STM performance with normal children, learning-disabled children showed no primacy effect for the 2-dimensional treatment, and second choices were not consistently correct when the first choice was incorrect, These findings were interpreted according to Flavell's notions of mediational inefficiencies.", "PMID": 844360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6115", "title": "Verbal rehearsal and short-term memory in reading-disabled children.", "content": "The present study investigated the hypothesis that frequently found short-term memory deficits in poor readers may reflect a lack of ability or inclination to use efficient task strategies on some memory tasks. The performance of second-grade good and poor readers was compared on a task which allowed direct observation of the use of verbal rehearsal as a mnemonic strategy. Children in the 2 reading groups differed significantly in both total recall score and amount of verbalization (rehearsal) observed, with the poor readers obtaining lower scores on both measures. On a variation of the task which had been previously demonstrated to facilitate the use of rehearsal, the poor readers improved significantly in both amount of verbalization and total recall scores. On this latter task, the memory and verbalization scores of good and poor readers were not significantly different from one another.", "contents": "Verbal rehearsal and short-term memory in reading-disabled children. The present study investigated the hypothesis that frequently found short-term memory deficits in poor readers may reflect a lack of ability or inclination to use efficient task strategies on some memory tasks. The performance of second-grade good and poor readers was compared on a task which allowed direct observation of the use of verbal rehearsal as a mnemonic strategy. Children in the 2 reading groups differed significantly in both total recall score and amount of verbalization (rehearsal) observed, with the poor readers obtaining lower scores on both measures. On a variation of the task which had been previously demonstrated to facilitate the use of rehearsal, the poor readers improved significantly in both amount of verbalization and total recall scores. On this latter task, the memory and verbalization scores of good and poor readers were not significantly different from one another.", "PMID": 844361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6116", "title": "Cerebral dominance in disabled readers, good readers, and gifted children: search for a valid model.", "content": "A group of 10 reading-disabled children with average intelligence were compared with 11 good readers of average intelligence and 12 academically accelerated, gifted children on their recognition of words presented tachistoscopically under simultaneous, bilateral viewing conditions. The poor readers were inferior in right-field performance compared with the gifted children and good readers. With IQ as a covariate, the poor readers produced a higher left-field score and a lower visual-field difference score in comparison with the gifted children. It is argued that the skills needed to become literate are not isomorphic biologically with general linguistic competence. The results suggest (1) that reading acquisition involves enhanced left-hemisphere decoding of written language and (2) that reading disability is related to the prevalence of a right-hemisphere-based perceptual coding strategy.", "contents": "Cerebral dominance in disabled readers, good readers, and gifted children: search for a valid model. A group of 10 reading-disabled children with average intelligence were compared with 11 good readers of average intelligence and 12 academically accelerated, gifted children on their recognition of words presented tachistoscopically under simultaneous, bilateral viewing conditions. The poor readers were inferior in right-field performance compared with the gifted children and good readers. With IQ as a covariate, the poor readers produced a higher left-field score and a lower visual-field difference score in comparison with the gifted children. It is argued that the skills needed to become literate are not isomorphic biologically with general linguistic competence. The results suggest (1) that reading acquisition involves enhanced left-hemisphere decoding of written language and (2) that reading disability is related to the prevalence of a right-hemisphere-based perceptual coding strategy.", "PMID": 844362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6117", "title": "Infant recognition memory: studies in forgetting.", "content": "In a series of studies on delayed recognition and forgetting, the failure of 22-week-old infants to recognize which of 2 face photos (e.g., man or woman) had been previously exposed was shown to be influenced by what the infant saw during a retention interval. Highly similar intervening targets (other face photos) consistently produced failure of recognition. Targets intermediate in similarity (rotated photos) or of low similarity (line drawings) had little effect. Forgetting due to interference with high-similarity targets was shown to be temporary in nature, however, with recovery of recognition occurring after longer retention intervals and forgetting easily offset by further, brief exposure to the familiar stimulus.", "contents": "Infant recognition memory: studies in forgetting. In a series of studies on delayed recognition and forgetting, the failure of 22-week-old infants to recognize which of 2 face photos (e.g., man or woman) had been previously exposed was shown to be influenced by what the infant saw during a retention interval. Highly similar intervening targets (other face photos) consistently produced failure of recognition. Targets intermediate in similarity (rotated photos) or of low similarity (line drawings) had little effect. Forgetting due to interference with high-similarity targets was shown to be temporary in nature, however, with recovery of recognition occurring after longer retention intervals and forgetting easily offset by further, brief exposure to the familiar stimulus.", "PMID": 844363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6118", "title": "The interfering effect of distracting stimuli on the infant's memory.", "content": "Infants 3 1/2 months of age were assessed for the possible role of the dissimilarity of the distracting stimulus to the originally learned standard in a modified familiarization-distraction-test paradigm. When data for all subjects were analyzed, there was no evidence that the distraction had any interfering effect at all on the memory for the original standard. However, specialized analyses suggested that interference varied with the likelihood that subjects actually encoded the distracting stimuli might govern the probability or extent that an infant encodes the distracting stimulus rather than affecting the interference process directly.", "contents": "The interfering effect of distracting stimuli on the infant's memory. Infants 3 1/2 months of age were assessed for the possible role of the dissimilarity of the distracting stimulus to the originally learned standard in a modified familiarization-distraction-test paradigm. When data for all subjects were analyzed, there was no evidence that the distraction had any interfering effect at all on the memory for the original standard. However, specialized analyses suggested that interference varied with the likelihood that subjects actually encoded the distracting stimuli might govern the probability or extent that an infant encodes the distracting stimulus rather than affecting the interference process directly.", "PMID": 844364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6119", "title": "An examination of interference effects in infants' memory for faces.", "content": "2 experiments with 18-week-old infants employed an interference paradigm to study infant visual memory. The infants were habituated to a repeated stimulus, given several trials with 1 or more interpolated stimuli, and then tested for recognition of the original stimulus. In Experiment 1, both amount of exposure and the similarity of the potentially interfering material to the original habituation stimulus were manipulated. Neither produced a significant interference effect, although some effect may have been shown by subjects who habituated to the interference stimult did demonstrate more clearly long-term retention of the originally remembered material. It was concluded from both studies that infant visual memory is a robust phenomenon, relatively immune to interference under most conditions.", "contents": "An examination of interference effects in infants' memory for faces. 2 experiments with 18-week-old infants employed an interference paradigm to study infant visual memory. The infants were habituated to a repeated stimulus, given several trials with 1 or more interpolated stimuli, and then tested for recognition of the original stimulus. In Experiment 1, both amount of exposure and the similarity of the potentially interfering material to the original habituation stimulus were manipulated. Neither produced a significant interference effect, although some effect may have been shown by subjects who habituated to the interference stimult did demonstrate more clearly long-term retention of the originally remembered material. It was concluded from both studies that infant visual memory is a robust phenomenon, relatively immune to interference under most conditions.", "PMID": 844365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6120", "title": "Coordination of vision and prehension in young infants.", "content": "Infants aged 3, 5, and 7 months were shown solid objects and comparable intangible images of objects both within and beyond possible arm's reach. The infant's emotional reactions and reaching behavior in the presence of the image stimuli were very similar to their responses to the solid objects. The results do not support the reports of previous studies using a similar tactual-visual conflict situation that young infants become emotionally distressed when presented with discordant visual and tactual information. It was concluded that the initation of reaching attempts by young infants is predominantly visually controlled and any tactual-kinesthetic feedback from prehension seems to produce very little modification of young infants' reaching behavior.", "contents": "Coordination of vision and prehension in young infants. Infants aged 3, 5, and 7 months were shown solid objects and comparable intangible images of objects both within and beyond possible arm's reach. The infant's emotional reactions and reaching behavior in the presence of the image stimuli were very similar to their responses to the solid objects. The results do not support the reports of previous studies using a similar tactual-visual conflict situation that young infants become emotionally distressed when presented with discordant visual and tactual information. It was concluded that the initation of reaching attempts by young infants is predominantly visually controlled and any tactual-kinesthetic feedback from prehension seems to produce very little modification of young infants' reaching behavior.", "PMID": 844366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6121", "title": "[A method for the extraction of high serum-gastrin concentrations for the quantitative differentiation of human gastrin types].", "content": "By selective investigation of human antral venous blood, concentrations of gastrin are sufficiently elevated for the quantitative differentiation of the various forms. The results of comparative determinations of gastrin from antral and peripheral venous blood are shown.", "contents": "[A method for the extraction of high serum-gastrin concentrations for the quantitative differentiation of human gastrin types]. By selective investigation of human antral venous blood, concentrations of gastrin are sufficiently elevated for the quantitative differentiation of the various forms. The results of comparative determinations of gastrin from antral and peripheral venous blood are shown.", "PMID": 844388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6122", "title": "[Preoperative reduction of intestinal bacteria through orthograde lavage of the large intestine].", "content": "The orthograde colon lavage, suggested by Crapp, is a new method for the preoperative preparation of the colon. On the day prior to surgery, the sitting patient receives for 4 h through a stomach probe, 101 of physiological saline solution warmed up to 37 degrees C. The result is a complete evacuation of the bowel. If a bactericidal antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity (neomycin) is added, the suppression of the microflora amounts to 92%. The regeneration of the intestinal flora could be observed after a few days. A complete evacuation of the colon is guaranteed by this procedure, so that all operations can be performed under optimal conditions. From the clinical as well as from the microbiological point of view this method is without any risk. -- The orthograde colon lavage is indicated in every case of colon, rectum and anal surgery, but it is contraindicated in patients with highly stenosing tumors.", "contents": "[Preoperative reduction of intestinal bacteria through orthograde lavage of the large intestine]. The orthograde colon lavage, suggested by Crapp, is a new method for the preoperative preparation of the colon. On the day prior to surgery, the sitting patient receives for 4 h through a stomach probe, 101 of physiological saline solution warmed up to 37 degrees C. The result is a complete evacuation of the bowel. If a bactericidal antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity (neomycin) is added, the suppression of the microflora amounts to 92%. The regeneration of the intestinal flora could be observed after a few days. A complete evacuation of the colon is guaranteed by this procedure, so that all operations can be performed under optimal conditions. From the clinical as well as from the microbiological point of view this method is without any risk. -- The orthograde colon lavage is indicated in every case of colon, rectum and anal surgery, but it is contraindicated in patients with highly stenosing tumors.", "PMID": 844389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6123", "title": "[Traumatic cysts of the spleen].", "content": "During a routine clinical examination of a 7-year-old girl and a 17-year-old man a large tumor was discovered in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. Large splenic cyst were found in the spleen at splenectomy. The traumatic etiology of the cysts can be assumed on the basis of histologic results, as well as of a significant history of previous trauma. The etiology, differential diagnosis, therapy, and classification of splenic cysts are discussed.", "contents": "[Traumatic cysts of the spleen]. During a routine clinical examination of a 7-year-old girl and a 17-year-old man a large tumor was discovered in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. Large splenic cyst were found in the spleen at splenectomy. The traumatic etiology of the cysts can be assumed on the basis of histologic results, as well as of a significant history of previous trauma. The etiology, differential diagnosis, therapy, and classification of splenic cysts are discussed.", "PMID": 844390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6124", "title": "[Comparative studies on preoperative skin disinfection].", "content": "The antibacterial effects of Sepso-tincture, Kodan, Dibromol, and 70% ethanol as disinfectants were compared on the skin of 34 patients of the first surgical department of the general hospital in Hamburg-Barmbek. Special attention was paid to the regeneration of microorganisms in relation to time. The result was that the tested substances showed an almost equal effect after 2 min. However, after 10, and 60 min the tests showed considerable divergencies. In comparison, therefore, with the other substances, it could be proved that the least regeneration of microorganisms was observed after application of Sepso-tincture (significance after 10 min: P less than 0.01, after 60 min: P less than 0.05).", "contents": "[Comparative studies on preoperative skin disinfection]. The antibacterial effects of Sepso-tincture, Kodan, Dibromol, and 70% ethanol as disinfectants were compared on the skin of 34 patients of the first surgical department of the general hospital in Hamburg-Barmbek. Special attention was paid to the regeneration of microorganisms in relation to time. The result was that the tested substances showed an almost equal effect after 2 min. However, after 10, and 60 min the tests showed considerable divergencies. In comparison, therefore, with the other substances, it could be proved that the least regeneration of microorganisms was observed after application of Sepso-tincture (significance after 10 min: P less than 0.01, after 60 min: P less than 0.05).", "PMID": 844391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6125", "title": "The preoperative diagnosis of hepatic metastases in cases of colorectal carcinoma.", "content": "Preoperative LDH, CPK, alkaline phosphatase and liver scan results were compared with the presence or absence of hepatic metastases at operation in 124 laparotomies in 123 patients with colorectal carcinomas during a three-year period. The overall accurcy rates for the four tests ranged from 74 to 84 per cent. The false-negative rates were acceptably low (9-13 per cent) for all but the CPK determination. The false-positive rates were unacceptably high for all four tests (38 to 60 per cent). A 'metastatic score' for reducing the high false-positive rate is described. In view of the high false-positive rates of preoperative screening tests, laparotomy is presently the most accurate method of diagnosing hepatic metastases.", "contents": "The preoperative diagnosis of hepatic metastases in cases of colorectal carcinoma. Preoperative LDH, CPK, alkaline phosphatase and liver scan results were compared with the presence or absence of hepatic metastases at operation in 124 laparotomies in 123 patients with colorectal carcinomas during a three-year period. The overall accurcy rates for the four tests ranged from 74 to 84 per cent. The false-negative rates were acceptably low (9-13 per cent) for all but the CPK determination. The false-positive rates were unacceptably high for all four tests (38 to 60 per cent). A 'metastatic score' for reducing the high false-positive rate is described. In view of the high false-positive rates of preoperative screening tests, laparotomy is presently the most accurate method of diagnosing hepatic metastases.", "PMID": 844394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6126", "title": "Ileorectal anastomosis for inflammatory disease of the colon.", "content": "We have reported long-term results in the cases of 42 patients following total colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis for inflammatory bowel disease. In this group, 35 patients had Crohn's disease and seven had ulcerative colitis. Five of those seven patients with ulcerative colitis had carcinoma of the colon at the time of colectomy. A diverting loop ileostomy was constructed in 14 of the 35 patients who had Crohn's colitis at the time of operation, and none of these patients had any anastomotic leakage either before or after the ileostomy was closed. However, there patients with Crohn's colitis in whom anastomotic leaks developed postoperatively; all three patients died. In the group with ulcerative colitis, one patient had an anastomotic leak but there was no operative nortality. Of the 29 patients with Crohn's disease followed for one to 18 years, 12 (41 per cent) developed recurrences in the ileum and/or rectum, and seven of these patients had to have their anastomoses taken down.", "contents": "Ileorectal anastomosis for inflammatory disease of the colon. We have reported long-term results in the cases of 42 patients following total colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis for inflammatory bowel disease. In this group, 35 patients had Crohn's disease and seven had ulcerative colitis. Five of those seven patients with ulcerative colitis had carcinoma of the colon at the time of colectomy. A diverting loop ileostomy was constructed in 14 of the 35 patients who had Crohn's colitis at the time of operation, and none of these patients had any anastomotic leakage either before or after the ileostomy was closed. However, there patients with Crohn's colitis in whom anastomotic leaks developed postoperatively; all three patients died. In the group with ulcerative colitis, one patient had an anastomotic leak but there was no operative nortality. Of the 29 patients with Crohn's disease followed for one to 18 years, 12 (41 per cent) developed recurrences in the ileum and/or rectum, and seven of these patients had to have their anastomoses taken down.", "PMID": 844395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6127", "title": "Acute perforations of the colon.", "content": "A retrospective study of acute perforations of the colon is presented. Sites, causes, morbidity, mortality, and treatment are discussed. Comparison with several large series is made.", "contents": "Acute perforations of the colon. A retrospective study of acute perforations of the colon is presented. Sites, causes, morbidity, mortality, and treatment are discussed. Comparison with several large series is made.", "PMID": 844396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6128", "title": "Adenocarcinoma of the appendix: a clinicopathologic study.", "content": "Clinicopathologic correlation and survival were evaluated in 11 patients with adenocarcinomas of the appendix. This extremely rare tumor was seen most often in patients in the fifth decade of life. Acute appendicitis was the most common mode of presentation (8/11). A few patients (3/11) showed signs of distant metastases from an occult primary tumor in the appendix.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma of the appendix: a clinicopathologic study. Clinicopathologic correlation and survival were evaluated in 11 patients with adenocarcinomas of the appendix. This extremely rare tumor was seen most often in patients in the fifth decade of life. Acute appendicitis was the most common mode of presentation (8/11). A few patients (3/11) showed signs of distant metastases from an occult primary tumor in the appendix.", "PMID": 844397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6129", "title": "Leiomyosarcoma of the colon: report of a case.", "content": "A case of leiomyosarcoma of the colon is reported. Only 33 other cases have been reported. The course of the disease is insidious. The prognosis seems favorable. An attempt is made to stage the disease for better documentation and evaluation for the sake of better management.", "contents": "Leiomyosarcoma of the colon: report of a case. A case of leiomyosarcoma of the colon is reported. Only 33 other cases have been reported. The course of the disease is insidious. The prognosis seems favorable. An attempt is made to stage the disease for better documentation and evaluation for the sake of better management.", "PMID": 844398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6130", "title": "Giant condyloma of the rectum: report of a case.", "content": "The case of a woman who had a giant condyloma arising in the rectum and manifesting with a rectovaginal fistula is described. Radical surgical excision was performed. The clinical and pathologic features of this locally malignant condition are described and a plea is made for early radical surgical excision.", "contents": "Giant condyloma of the rectum: report of a case. The case of a woman who had a giant condyloma arising in the rectum and manifesting with a rectovaginal fistula is described. Radical surgical excision was performed. The clinical and pathologic features of this locally malignant condition are described and a plea is made for early radical surgical excision.", "PMID": 844400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6131", "title": "[Pregnancy in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 1967 and 1973 15 women with ulcerative colitis had 20 pregnancies. 14 ended with normal deliveries, 4 with spontaneous abortions, and 2 with therapeutic abortions. Fertility was normal. Malformations in the children were not observed. In the case of conception during remission or a latent phase of the disease in general a normal pregnancy is to be expected (12 out of 14). On the other hand conception during an active phase can lead to an unpredictable threat to the life of mother and child. Therapeutic abortion should be seriously considered when ulcerative colitis and pregnancy begin simultaneously. In the same period of time in 15 comparable patients with Crohn's disease (12 with ileo-colitis and 3 with terminal ileitis) who were not taking ovulation inhibitors 4 pregnancies were observed. Fertility is not significantly reduced in terminal ileitis whereas in ileo-colitis it is highly significantly reduced (bilateral tubal irritation). As in ulcerative colitis a normal pregnancy can be expected after conception in an inactive phase (2 out of 4).", "contents": "[Pregnancy in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease (author's transl)]. Between 1967 and 1973 15 women with ulcerative colitis had 20 pregnancies. 14 ended with normal deliveries, 4 with spontaneous abortions, and 2 with therapeutic abortions. Fertility was normal. Malformations in the children were not observed. In the case of conception during remission or a latent phase of the disease in general a normal pregnancy is to be expected (12 out of 14). On the other hand conception during an active phase can lead to an unpredictable threat to the life of mother and child. Therapeutic abortion should be seriously considered when ulcerative colitis and pregnancy begin simultaneously. In the same period of time in 15 comparable patients with Crohn's disease (12 with ileo-colitis and 3 with terminal ileitis) who were not taking ovulation inhibitors 4 pregnancies were observed. Fertility is not significantly reduced in terminal ileitis whereas in ileo-colitis it is highly significantly reduced (bilateral tubal irritation). As in ulcerative colitis a normal pregnancy can be expected after conception in an inactive phase (2 out of 4).", "PMID": 844405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6132", "title": "[Occupational lung cancer after inhalation of alkylating compounds: dichlordimethyl ether, monochlordimethyl ether and dimethyl sulphate (author's transl)].", "content": "A 42-year-old chemist died from extensive pulmonary carcinoma, having inhaled for over seven years dichlordimethyl ether, monochlordimethyl ether and small amounts of dimethyl sulphate. This exposure took place in circumstances which, in animal experiments, have led to the development of cancer. A causal connection between the occupational exposure to these chemicals and carcinogenesis has to be accepted.", "contents": "[Occupational lung cancer after inhalation of alkylating compounds: dichlordimethyl ether, monochlordimethyl ether and dimethyl sulphate (author's transl)]. A 42-year-old chemist died from extensive pulmonary carcinoma, having inhaled for over seven years dichlordimethyl ether, monochlordimethyl ether and small amounts of dimethyl sulphate. This exposure took place in circumstances which, in animal experiments, have led to the development of cancer. A causal connection between the occupational exposure to these chemicals and carcinogenesis has to be accepted.", "PMID": 844406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6133", "title": "[The effect of treatment on circulating immune complexes in rheumatoid arthritis (author's transl)].", "content": "Immune complexes were demonstrated by leucocyte phagocytosis assay in 37 of 55 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. After treatment with gold salts, penicillamine, alpha-mercaptopropionylglycine, immunosuppressive agents or levamisole a substantial fall or elimination of demonstrable circulating immune complexes occurred. In-vitro studies revealed that gold salts in therapeutic concentrations inhibited the phagocytosis of immune complexes, while other drugs - penicillamine, levamisole and all anti-inflammatory agents including corticosteroids - lack this effect. The reduction in circulating immune complexes under basic therapy may be due to a beneficial effect of these agents on the disease process itself. This test may, therefore, be of value in assessing the efficacy of drug treatment.", "contents": "[The effect of treatment on circulating immune complexes in rheumatoid arthritis (author's transl)]. Immune complexes were demonstrated by leucocyte phagocytosis assay in 37 of 55 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. After treatment with gold salts, penicillamine, alpha-mercaptopropionylglycine, immunosuppressive agents or levamisole a substantial fall or elimination of demonstrable circulating immune complexes occurred. In-vitro studies revealed that gold salts in therapeutic concentrations inhibited the phagocytosis of immune complexes, while other drugs - penicillamine, levamisole and all anti-inflammatory agents including corticosteroids - lack this effect. The reduction in circulating immune complexes under basic therapy may be due to a beneficial effect of these agents on the disease process itself. This test may, therefore, be of value in assessing the efficacy of drug treatment.", "PMID": 844411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6134", "title": "[Results of angiographic investigations in basilar artery insufficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "Angiographies were performed in 75 selected patients with basilar artery insufficiency. In only one case was there an indication for vascular surgery to the vertebral artery, and in two cases for an uncoforaminectomy, whereas in 13 cases prophylactic desobliteration of the internal carotid artery was performed. Thus vascular surgical consequences of angiography of the supraaortic vessels in basilar insufficiency are minimal. However, personal observations and reports in the literature indicate that the indications for surgery to the vertebral artery or the cervical spine will increase if functional investigations can be performed in various positions of the cervical spine by means of selective catheter angiography.", "contents": "[Results of angiographic investigations in basilar artery insufficiency (author's transl)]. Angiographies were performed in 75 selected patients with basilar artery insufficiency. In only one case was there an indication for vascular surgery to the vertebral artery, and in two cases for an uncoforaminectomy, whereas in 13 cases prophylactic desobliteration of the internal carotid artery was performed. Thus vascular surgical consequences of angiography of the supraaortic vessels in basilar insufficiency are minimal. However, personal observations and reports in the literature indicate that the indications for surgery to the vertebral artery or the cervical spine will increase if functional investigations can be performed in various positions of the cervical spine by means of selective catheter angiography.", "PMID": 844412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6135", "title": "[The diagnosis of traumatic haemobilia and bilhaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of bile passage into the portal vein (bilhaemia) and two cases of haemobilia are reported. The former is a hitherto undescribed complication of liver injury, in the reported case first noted two weeks after trauma. Serum-bilirubin concentration was 560 mg/l (958 mumol/l). Bilhaemia or haemobilia may occur when a fistula has been formed between the bile duct system and the circulatory system, depending on pressure differences between the two. The diagnosis and exact localisation of bilhaemia or haemobilia can be made by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography, a useful complementary test to selective angiography.", "contents": "[The diagnosis of traumatic haemobilia and bilhaemia (author's transl)]. A case of bile passage into the portal vein (bilhaemia) and two cases of haemobilia are reported. The former is a hitherto undescribed complication of liver injury, in the reported case first noted two weeks after trauma. Serum-bilirubin concentration was 560 mg/l (958 mumol/l). Bilhaemia or haemobilia may occur when a fistula has been formed between the bile duct system and the circulatory system, depending on pressure differences between the two. The diagnosis and exact localisation of bilhaemia or haemobilia can be made by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography, a useful complementary test to selective angiography.", "PMID": 844413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6136", "title": "[The \"locked-in\" syndrome: pseudocoma in thrombosis of the basilar artery (author's transl)].", "content": "In pontine lesions with tetraplegia and cranial-nerve disturbances--including trismus--and with speech disability paralytic akinesia and loss of reactivity may be misinterpreted as coma. \"Pseudocoma\" of this kind may be associated with normal consciousness or relatively mild psychological disorders. This explains the discrepancy between a normal EEG (only minor abnormalities) and presumed unconsciousness. The term \"locked-in\" expresses the patient's inability to communicate. In typical cases there may be only vertical eye movements and blinking. Using remaining innervation facilities, those examining and treating the patient must try to communicate with him. The locked-in state may be mistaken for coma particularly if there had been a preceding episode of unconsciousness. Moreover, the \"locked-in\" syndrome often passes into a state of unconsciousness or coma. The degree of communication can markedly differ from hour to hour. Most of the cases of this syndrome are caused by basilar artery thrombosis.", "contents": "[The \"locked-in\" syndrome: pseudocoma in thrombosis of the basilar artery (author's transl)]. In pontine lesions with tetraplegia and cranial-nerve disturbances--including trismus--and with speech disability paralytic akinesia and loss of reactivity may be misinterpreted as coma. \"Pseudocoma\" of this kind may be associated with normal consciousness or relatively mild psychological disorders. This explains the discrepancy between a normal EEG (only minor abnormalities) and presumed unconsciousness. The term \"locked-in\" expresses the patient's inability to communicate. In typical cases there may be only vertical eye movements and blinking. Using remaining innervation facilities, those examining and treating the patient must try to communicate with him. The locked-in state may be mistaken for coma particularly if there had been a preceding episode of unconsciousness. Moreover, the \"locked-in\" syndrome often passes into a state of unconsciousness or coma. The degree of communication can markedly differ from hour to hour. Most of the cases of this syndrome are caused by basilar artery thrombosis.", "PMID": 844425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6137", "title": "[Serum-complement factors in the pseudo-LE syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "In contrast to the situation in disseminated lupus erythematodes, in pseudo-LE syndrome the serum-complement factors C'3 and C'4 are elevated and not decreased in the active stage of the disease. Although both diseases are defined and easily distinguished by the demonstration of the specific pathognomonic autoantibodies, at least in the active stage, they can also be distinguished by determining these two complement factors. The finding also demonstrates a different pathogenesis of the two diseases. The serum concentration of C'3 activator is elevated both in LE and pseudo-LE. In the former, determining C'4 is a more sensitive test than that of C'3.", "contents": "[Serum-complement factors in the pseudo-LE syndrome (author's transl)]. In contrast to the situation in disseminated lupus erythematodes, in pseudo-LE syndrome the serum-complement factors C'3 and C'4 are elevated and not decreased in the active stage of the disease. Although both diseases are defined and easily distinguished by the demonstration of the specific pathognomonic autoantibodies, at least in the active stage, they can also be distinguished by determining these two complement factors. The finding also demonstrates a different pathogenesis of the two diseases. The serum concentration of C'3 activator is elevated both in LE and pseudo-LE. In the former, determining C'4 is a more sensitive test than that of C'3.", "PMID": 844426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6138", "title": "[The diagnosis of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (author's transl)].", "content": "The pentagastrin stimulation test was given to ten brothers and sisters of two patients who had previously undergone total thyroidectomy for medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. 5 microng pentagastrin/kg body-weight were injected as an intravenous bolus and calcitonin levels determined before and after. The test was positive in four members of the family and the presence of a medullary carcinoma was subsequently confirmed in them histologically.", "contents": "[The diagnosis of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (author's transl)]. The pentagastrin stimulation test was given to ten brothers and sisters of two patients who had previously undergone total thyroidectomy for medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. 5 microng pentagastrin/kg body-weight were injected as an intravenous bolus and calcitonin levels determined before and after. The test was positive in four members of the family and the presence of a medullary carcinoma was subsequently confirmed in them histologically.", "PMID": 844427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6139", "title": "[Theophylline blood levels after administration of Euphyllin retard (author's transl)].", "content": "The plasma theophylline concentration gradually increases after oral administration of Euphyllin retard, followed by a slower fall, than is the case after Euphyllin tablets have been taken, in which case maximal theophylline levels are reached 1 1/2 hours after administration. When Euphyllin retard is given, one to two tablets (350-700 mg) eight or twelve hours apart, there is a progressive rise of theophylline plasma levels to a plateau. This plateau can be maintained and is dependent upon dosage and the half-life of theophylline, which varies amongst individuals. Patients with obstructive airway disease treated with one tablet of Euphyllin retard every twelve hours for several weeks had a mean plasma theophylline level of about 6 microng/ml. In these patients the airway resistance, measured by body-plethysmography, improved by about 30%, without any side-effects. Six and twelve hours after administration of two tablets of Euphyllin retard the mean plasma concentration was 13 and 9 microng/ml, respectively. About half the patients receiving the larger dose of two tablets every twelve hours had gastro-intestinal or CNS disturbances. Long-term administration of Euphyllin retard provides a constant blood level of the drug.", "contents": "[Theophylline blood levels after administration of Euphyllin retard (author's transl)]. The plasma theophylline concentration gradually increases after oral administration of Euphyllin retard, followed by a slower fall, than is the case after Euphyllin tablets have been taken, in which case maximal theophylline levels are reached 1 1/2 hours after administration. When Euphyllin retard is given, one to two tablets (350-700 mg) eight or twelve hours apart, there is a progressive rise of theophylline plasma levels to a plateau. This plateau can be maintained and is dependent upon dosage and the half-life of theophylline, which varies amongst individuals. Patients with obstructive airway disease treated with one tablet of Euphyllin retard every twelve hours for several weeks had a mean plasma theophylline level of about 6 microng/ml. In these patients the airway resistance, measured by body-plethysmography, improved by about 30%, without any side-effects. Six and twelve hours after administration of two tablets of Euphyllin retard the mean plasma concentration was 13 and 9 microng/ml, respectively. About half the patients receiving the larger dose of two tablets every twelve hours had gastro-intestinal or CNS disturbances. Long-term administration of Euphyllin retard provides a constant blood level of the drug.", "PMID": 844428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6140", "title": "A biologic and genetic study of 40 cases of severe pure mental retardation.", "content": "The family history of 40 patients with severe \"pure\" mental retardation (MR) was studied to determine the incidence of mental retardation and dull-normal intelligence among relatives, probable etiologies and an empiric recurrence risk. Significant findings include: (1) an increased sex ratio (69% males) of propositi, (2) a significant proportion of patients with clinical manifestations besides MR, (3) virtually no consanguinity among parents, (4) a \"positive\" family history for over 1/2 of the propositi--about 37% of all children in the sibships were affected; about 21% of the full sibs were affected, (5) a higher number of offspring produced by dull persons and a lower number of offspring from retarded persons compared to two normal persons (6) a proportionately large number of affected children produced from matings involving one or two dull persons, (7) a tendency for dull to have additional dull children and mentally retarded parents to have further retarded children while normal parents with more than one affected child usually had further retarded children, (8) an incidence of affected parents of about 32%, and (9) an overall empiric recurrence risk of 14%. Several etiologies were discussed as possible causes of the condition(s) in this group: (unrecongized) environmental damage and/or maternal/fetal interaction; unrecognized chromosome abnormalities; the homozygous state of several different autosomal recessive gees: X-linked recessive mutations; autosomal dominat new mutations; and mutifactoral inheritance. It was concluded that the group was etiologically heterogeneous and although none of the probable etiologies could be excluded, it seemed reasonable to assume that autosomal recessive inheritance plays an important role in the etiology of severe \"pure\" mental retardation.", "contents": "A biologic and genetic study of 40 cases of severe pure mental retardation. The family history of 40 patients with severe \"pure\" mental retardation (MR) was studied to determine the incidence of mental retardation and dull-normal intelligence among relatives, probable etiologies and an empiric recurrence risk. Significant findings include: (1) an increased sex ratio (69% males) of propositi, (2) a significant proportion of patients with clinical manifestations besides MR, (3) virtually no consanguinity among parents, (4) a \"positive\" family history for over 1/2 of the propositi--about 37% of all children in the sibships were affected; about 21% of the full sibs were affected, (5) a higher number of offspring produced by dull persons and a lower number of offspring from retarded persons compared to two normal persons (6) a proportionately large number of affected children produced from matings involving one or two dull persons, (7) a tendency for dull to have additional dull children and mentally retarded parents to have further retarded children while normal parents with more than one affected child usually had further retarded children, (8) an incidence of affected parents of about 32%, and (9) an overall empiric recurrence risk of 14%. Several etiologies were discussed as possible causes of the condition(s) in this group: (unrecongized) environmental damage and/or maternal/fetal interaction; unrecognized chromosome abnormalities; the homozygous state of several different autosomal recessive gees: X-linked recessive mutations; autosomal dominat new mutations; and mutifactoral inheritance. It was concluded that the group was etiologically heterogeneous and although none of the probable etiologies could be excluded, it seemed reasonable to assume that autosomal recessive inheritance plays an important role in the etiology of severe \"pure\" mental retardation.", "PMID": 844458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6141", "title": "Absence of spermatogonia in the Prader-Willi syndrome.", "content": "Bilateral testicular biopsies in an 81/2 year old boy with the Prader-Willi syndrome showed total absence of spermatogonia. Similar findings in postpubertal cases (Wannarachue et al., 1975) suggest that testicular dysplasia is one of the reasons for hypogonadism in males with the Prader-Willi syndrome.", "contents": "Absence of spermatogonia in the Prader-Willi syndrome. Bilateral testicular biopsies in an 81/2 year old boy with the Prader-Willi syndrome showed total absence of spermatogonia. Similar findings in postpubertal cases (Wannarachue et al., 1975) suggest that testicular dysplasia is one of the reasons for hypogonadism in males with the Prader-Willi syndrome.", "PMID": 844459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6142", "title": "A metabolic disorder similar to Zellweger syndrome with hepatic acatalasia and absence of peroxisomes, altered content and redox state of cytochromes, and infantile cirrhosis with hemosiderosis.", "content": "A patient with a cerebro-hepato-renal syndrome was investigated. The visceral manifestations were those of the Zellweger syndrome (ZS); however, the child exhibited muscular hypertonia and survived into the 2nd year of life. Ultramicroscopically, hepatocytes were lacking peroxisomes, but, contrary to findings in one patient with ZS [2], contained smooth endoplasmic reticulum. No catalase was found by histochemistry or spectroscopy. Mitochondria showed normal succinate and glutamate respiration, and normal coupling of respiration to the phosphorylation potential. The cytochrome (cyt) content was diminished to one-third with an abnormally inversed redox pattern of the respiratory chain in the controlled state, cyt b being 5%, cyt c 23% reduced. The oxygen affinity of cyt a3 was normal. These findings exclude a defect in the nonheme iron protein region of the respiratory chain as described in ZS [2], but point to a functional abnormality of cyt b in out patient.", "contents": "A metabolic disorder similar to Zellweger syndrome with hepatic acatalasia and absence of peroxisomes, altered content and redox state of cytochromes, and infantile cirrhosis with hemosiderosis. A patient with a cerebro-hepato-renal syndrome was investigated. The visceral manifestations were those of the Zellweger syndrome (ZS); however, the child exhibited muscular hypertonia and survived into the 2nd year of life. Ultramicroscopically, hepatocytes were lacking peroxisomes, but, contrary to findings in one patient with ZS [2], contained smooth endoplasmic reticulum. No catalase was found by histochemistry or spectroscopy. Mitochondria showed normal succinate and glutamate respiration, and normal coupling of respiration to the phosphorylation potential. The cytochrome (cyt) content was diminished to one-third with an abnormally inversed redox pattern of the respiratory chain in the controlled state, cyt b being 5%, cyt c 23% reduced. The oxygen affinity of cyt a3 was normal. These findings exclude a defect in the nonheme iron protein region of the respiratory chain as described in ZS [2], but point to a functional abnormality of cyt b in out patient.", "PMID": 844460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6143", "title": "The age-dependence of intestinal absorption using d-xylose as an example.", "content": "In 40 infants the serum concentrations of D-xylose were measured from capillary blood samples up to 300 min after an oral dosage of 0.5 g of D-xylose per kg body weight. The parameters of the absorption kinetics, which are calculated by a digital computer program, showed an age-dependent behavior. Infants up to the age of 2 months have lower maximal serum concentrations compared to older ones because of a larger volume of distribution. The rate constant of invasion k1, which serves as a measure for the rate of intestinal absorption and the rate constant of elimination k2 were significantly lower in infants up to the age of 2 months compared to older ones. The quotient of k1:k2 was independent of age. The time it took to reach maximal serum concentration was significantly longer in young infants. By adding metoclopramide simultanously to the oral D-xylose doses it could be demonstrated that the slower motility of the gastrointestinal tract in newborns and young infants is not exclusively responsible for the slower rate of absorption of D-xylose. Comparing the absorption rates in 26 infants after different D-xylose dosages a saturation kinetics may be supposed.", "contents": "The age-dependence of intestinal absorption using d-xylose as an example. In 40 infants the serum concentrations of D-xylose were measured from capillary blood samples up to 300 min after an oral dosage of 0.5 g of D-xylose per kg body weight. The parameters of the absorption kinetics, which are calculated by a digital computer program, showed an age-dependent behavior. Infants up to the age of 2 months have lower maximal serum concentrations compared to older ones because of a larger volume of distribution. The rate constant of invasion k1, which serves as a measure for the rate of intestinal absorption and the rate constant of elimination k2 were significantly lower in infants up to the age of 2 months compared to older ones. The quotient of k1:k2 was independent of age. The time it took to reach maximal serum concentration was significantly longer in young infants. By adding metoclopramide simultanously to the oral D-xylose doses it could be demonstrated that the slower motility of the gastrointestinal tract in newborns and young infants is not exclusively responsible for the slower rate of absorption of D-xylose. Comparing the absorption rates in 26 infants after different D-xylose dosages a saturation kinetics may be supposed.", "PMID": 844461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6144", "title": "Continuous blood velocity and flow measurements by intravascular elutherm probe.", "content": "A device for measuring the mean blood velocity (by means of a thermal equilibrium method) and the intravascular electrical impedance, which determines the mean sectional area of the vessel, have been mounted on the same probe (french catheter 7F). The validity, of the method has been confirmed in vitro and by 100 measurements carried out in dogs and compared with flow measurements by means of the cardio-green method. The correlation coefficient is found to be 0.98.", "contents": "Continuous blood velocity and flow measurements by intravascular elutherm probe. A device for measuring the mean blood velocity (by means of a thermal equilibrium method) and the intravascular electrical impedance, which determines the mean sectional area of the vessel, have been mounted on the same probe (french catheter 7F). The validity, of the method has been confirmed in vitro and by 100 measurements carried out in dogs and compared with flow measurements by means of the cardio-green method. The correlation coefficient is found to be 0.98.", "PMID": 844463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6145", "title": "Microembolism in experimental septic shock. Distribution of platelets and fibrinogen after intravenous injection of disintegrated Pseudomonas bacteria to dogs.", "content": "Platelets were labelled with 51Cr, fibrinogen with 125I and erythrocytes with 59Fe. Disintegrated Pseudomonas bacteria were injected intravenously and radioactive measurements were made on whole blood; tissue biopsies and clottable fibrinogen. After the infection there was an immediate but transient increase of 51Cr activity in the lung concomitant with a decrease in platelet count and 51Cr activity of blood. In the liver there was a less pronounced increase of 51Cr activity. The fibrinogen concentration decreased slightly, paralleled by the 125I activity of whole blood and of clottable fibrinogen, whereas the 125I activity in the lung and liver remained fairly constant. There was no changes of 51Cr activity or 125I activity in biopsies from muscle, pancreas, small intestine, kidney or spleen. During the experiment (3h) there were no signs of significant disseminated intravascular coagulation other than platelet aggregation. A consumption of fibrinogen related to the formation of fibrin plugs could not be detected. After injection of disintegrated Pseudomonas bacteria reversible platelet aggregates were formed and temporarily trapped in the pulmonary microcirculation. This microembolism might induce tissue damage and could be of importance for the development of septic pulmonary complication.", "contents": "Microembolism in experimental septic shock. Distribution of platelets and fibrinogen after intravenous injection of disintegrated Pseudomonas bacteria to dogs. Platelets were labelled with 51Cr, fibrinogen with 125I and erythrocytes with 59Fe. Disintegrated Pseudomonas bacteria were injected intravenously and radioactive measurements were made on whole blood; tissue biopsies and clottable fibrinogen. After the infection there was an immediate but transient increase of 51Cr activity in the lung concomitant with a decrease in platelet count and 51Cr activity of blood. In the liver there was a less pronounced increase of 51Cr activity. The fibrinogen concentration decreased slightly, paralleled by the 125I activity of whole blood and of clottable fibrinogen, whereas the 125I activity in the lung and liver remained fairly constant. There was no changes of 51Cr activity or 125I activity in biopsies from muscle, pancreas, small intestine, kidney or spleen. During the experiment (3h) there were no signs of significant disseminated intravascular coagulation other than platelet aggregation. A consumption of fibrinogen related to the formation of fibrin plugs could not be detected. After injection of disintegrated Pseudomonas bacteria reversible platelet aggregates were formed and temporarily trapped in the pulmonary microcirculation. This microembolism might induce tissue damage and could be of importance for the development of septic pulmonary complication.", "PMID": 844464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6146", "title": "Hypoxanthine and urate levels of plasma during and after hemorrhagic hypotension in dogs.", "content": "The plasma hypoxanthine concentrations increased during hemorrhagic hypotension in dogs. A venous-arterial hypoxanthine difference was found indicating metabolism of hypoxanthine in the lungs. A maximal hypoxanthine level was found during the hypotension, then the level decreased. This probably reflects peripheral vasoconstriction. During reinfusion of the blood, a new hypoxanthine peak was observed. The urate levels also increased during the hypotension. An arterial venous difference was found. This probably illustrates that hypoxanthine is metabolized to urate in the lungs. It is concluded that the increase of plasma hypoxanthine concentrations might reflect tissue hypoxia.", "contents": "Hypoxanthine and urate levels of plasma during and after hemorrhagic hypotension in dogs. The plasma hypoxanthine concentrations increased during hemorrhagic hypotension in dogs. A venous-arterial hypoxanthine difference was found indicating metabolism of hypoxanthine in the lungs. A maximal hypoxanthine level was found during the hypotension, then the level decreased. This probably reflects peripheral vasoconstriction. During reinfusion of the blood, a new hypoxanthine peak was observed. The urate levels also increased during the hypotension. An arterial venous difference was found. This probably illustrates that hypoxanthine is metabolized to urate in the lungs. It is concluded that the increase of plasma hypoxanthine concentrations might reflect tissue hypoxia.", "PMID": 844465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6147", "title": "Interaction between acute gastric ulcer and epinephrine-induced mucosal erosions in the rat.", "content": "Gastric mucosal erosions were produced in rats by pyloric occlusion and intraperitoneal injection of epinephrine. Gastric ulcer was induced by the application of acetic acid to the anterior wall of the stomach. The gastric lesions were photographed and examined microscopically. 5 h after pyloric occlusion alone, the gastric mucosa looked essentially normal. After pyloric occlusion and injection of epinephrine, superficial mucosal erosions were observed in the major portion of the fundus. The presence of an acute acetic ulcer was found to inhibit partly or completely the development of mucosal erosions usually induced by pyloric occlusion and injection of epinephrine. It is suggested that this might be due to a local release of inflammatory mediators around the ulcer.", "contents": "Interaction between acute gastric ulcer and epinephrine-induced mucosal erosions in the rat. Gastric mucosal erosions were produced in rats by pyloric occlusion and intraperitoneal injection of epinephrine. Gastric ulcer was induced by the application of acetic acid to the anterior wall of the stomach. The gastric lesions were photographed and examined microscopically. 5 h after pyloric occlusion alone, the gastric mucosa looked essentially normal. After pyloric occlusion and injection of epinephrine, superficial mucosal erosions were observed in the major portion of the fundus. The presence of an acute acetic ulcer was found to inhibit partly or completely the development of mucosal erosions usually induced by pyloric occlusion and injection of epinephrine. It is suggested that this might be due to a local release of inflammatory mediators around the ulcer.", "PMID": 844466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6148", "title": "Suppression of generation of human cytotoxic effectors by lectins or lectin-activated peripheral blood lymphocytes.", "content": "The lectins phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen and concanavalin A used at their optimal mitogenic concentration, or human lymphocytes activated by the same mitogens, were found to suppress the in vitro generation of cytotoxic effectors when added to a cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) mixture during the first 48 h of culture. The data suggest that the suppressive mechanism is mediated to a greater extent by an allogeneic interaction between lectin-activated cells and the allogeneic cells present in the CML mixture than by suppressor cells induced by the lectin. Since partial suppression was observed with supernatants of activated lymphocytes cultured for 18 h with allogeneic stimulating cells (but not activated lymphocytes alone), a soluble mediator may be involved in the suppressive mechanism. The mechanism of suppression therefore may be identical to the preemption phenomenon recently described in primary and secondary CML.", "contents": "Suppression of generation of human cytotoxic effectors by lectins or lectin-activated peripheral blood lymphocytes. The lectins phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen and concanavalin A used at their optimal mitogenic concentration, or human lymphocytes activated by the same mitogens, were found to suppress the in vitro generation of cytotoxic effectors when added to a cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) mixture during the first 48 h of culture. The data suggest that the suppressive mechanism is mediated to a greater extent by an allogeneic interaction between lectin-activated cells and the allogeneic cells present in the CML mixture than by suppressor cells induced by the lectin. Since partial suppression was observed with supernatants of activated lymphocytes cultured for 18 h with allogeneic stimulating cells (but not activated lymphocytes alone), a soluble mediator may be involved in the suppressive mechanism. The mechanism of suppression therefore may be identical to the preemption phenomenon recently described in primary and secondary CML.", "PMID": 844478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6149", "title": "Studies on the lymphocytes of sheep. III. Destination of lymph-borne immunoblasts in relation to their tissue of origin.", "content": "Lymph-borne immunoblasts were labeled in vitro with 125I[]iodo-deoxy-uridine, washed and returned by intravenous injection to the sheep from which they had been collected. Twenty h later the sheep were killed and the distribution of the immunoblasts was determined by assaying the radioactivity in various organs. Immunoblasts from the efferent lymph of peripheral somatic lymph nodes (PSLN) went mainly to the spleen, lungs and other PSLN, while immunoblasts from intestinal lymph went mainly to the small gut. This ability of intestinal immunoblasts to home to the gut was demonstrated also in the sterile environment of fetuses in utero; apparently the migratory behavior of immunoblasts, like that of small lymphocytes, is not primarily \"antigen-driven\". A technique was devised for the collection of peripheral (i.e. afferent to the mesenteric node) intestinal lymph which was found to contain 10-20 times the numbers of small lymphocytes that occur in the peripheral lymph from other tissues. Immunoblasts from peripheral intestinal lymph also homed to the gut. The immunoglobulin content of immunoblasts was studied by making detergent extracts of lymph cells, by applying immuno-peroxidase techniques to cell films and by investigating the incorporation of 14C-labeled amino acids into immunoglobulins by immunoblasts in vitro. Immunoblasts from both somatic and intestinal lymph contained and made IgG and IgM, but many intestinal immunoblasts contained and made IgA. It is not known whether this immunoglobulin mediates the extravasation of immunoblasts into the gut. Nonetheless, there is compelling evidence that there are two major migratory pathways for lymphoid cells; one through the gut-associated lymphoid tissue and the other through the somatic-splenic lymphoid tissues.", "contents": "Studies on the lymphocytes of sheep. III. Destination of lymph-borne immunoblasts in relation to their tissue of origin. Lymph-borne immunoblasts were labeled in vitro with 125I[]iodo-deoxy-uridine, washed and returned by intravenous injection to the sheep from which they had been collected. Twenty h later the sheep were killed and the distribution of the immunoblasts was determined by assaying the radioactivity in various organs. Immunoblasts from the efferent lymph of peripheral somatic lymph nodes (PSLN) went mainly to the spleen, lungs and other PSLN, while immunoblasts from intestinal lymph went mainly to the small gut. This ability of intestinal immunoblasts to home to the gut was demonstrated also in the sterile environment of fetuses in utero; apparently the migratory behavior of immunoblasts, like that of small lymphocytes, is not primarily \"antigen-driven\". A technique was devised for the collection of peripheral (i.e. afferent to the mesenteric node) intestinal lymph which was found to contain 10-20 times the numbers of small lymphocytes that occur in the peripheral lymph from other tissues. Immunoblasts from peripheral intestinal lymph also homed to the gut. The immunoglobulin content of immunoblasts was studied by making detergent extracts of lymph cells, by applying immuno-peroxidase techniques to cell films and by investigating the incorporation of 14C-labeled amino acids into immunoglobulins by immunoblasts in vitro. Immunoblasts from both somatic and intestinal lymph contained and made IgG and IgM, but many intestinal immunoblasts contained and made IgA. It is not known whether this immunoglobulin mediates the extravasation of immunoblasts into the gut. Nonetheless, there is compelling evidence that there are two major migratory pathways for lymphoid cells; one through the gut-associated lymphoid tissue and the other through the somatic-splenic lymphoid tissues.", "PMID": 844479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6150", "title": "Autoimmune murine thyroiditis IX. Relationship of humoral and cellular immunity to thyroiditis in high and low responder mice.", "content": "Good responder (C57/Br/cd) and poor responder (C57BL/10) mice were immunized with mouse thyroid extract in Freund's complete adjuvant. The good responder mice first showed antibody to thyroglobulin on the seventh day while the poor responder animals had slightly lower titers and antibody did not appear until day 12. The first signs of thyroid infiltration appeared on day 4 in the responder strain, and severe lesions were seen between the third and fifth week. In contrast, the poor responder mice showed almost no evidence of infiltration. The macrophage disappearance reaction, a measure of cell-mediated immunity, was similar in the responder and nonresponder strains.", "contents": "Autoimmune murine thyroiditis IX. Relationship of humoral and cellular immunity to thyroiditis in high and low responder mice. Good responder (C57/Br/cd) and poor responder (C57BL/10) mice were immunized with mouse thyroid extract in Freund's complete adjuvant. The good responder mice first showed antibody to thyroglobulin on the seventh day while the poor responder animals had slightly lower titers and antibody did not appear until day 12. The first signs of thyroid infiltration appeared on day 4 in the responder strain, and severe lesions were seen between the third and fifth week. In contrast, the poor responder mice showed almost no evidence of infiltration. The macrophage disappearance reaction, a measure of cell-mediated immunity, was similar in the responder and nonresponder strains.", "PMID": 844480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6151", "title": "Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid conjugate: natural occurrence and demonstration of probenecid-induced accumulation in rat striatum, olfactory tubercles and frontal cortex.", "content": "Methods for the synthesis of 14C-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) conjugate and for the fluorometric determination of both free and conjugated DOPAC in the same tissue sample are described. Both free and conjugated DOPAC were demonstrated to occur endogenously in the rat corpus striatum, olfactoy tubercles and frontal cortical area, and the ratio of conjugated DOPAC to free DOPAC was 2-3 times greater in the olfactory tubercles and frontal cortical area than in the striatum. Probenecid administration (200 mg/kg, i.p., 4 and 2h before sacrificing) significantly increased the levels of DOPAC conjugate in all 3 brain areas studied. The levels of free DOPAC were also increased in the olfactory tubercles and frontal cortex by the probenecid treatment, but this increase was much less than that seen for DOPAC conjugate in these regions. Free DOPAC levels in the striatum were unaffected by the probenecid treatment. In all 3 brain areas studied, therefore, probenecid treatment resulted in a significant accumulation of conjugated DOPAC relative to free DOPAC. The magnitude of this effect varied, and was most marked in the frontal cortex. These results suggest that, in order for DOPAC to be transported from the central nervous system via a probenecid-sensitive transport system, it must first be conjugated. Additionally, it appears that the rates of synthesis, metabolism, and transport for both free and conjugated DOPAC may vary greatly among different dopamine-containing brain regions.", "contents": "Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid conjugate: natural occurrence and demonstration of probenecid-induced accumulation in rat striatum, olfactory tubercles and frontal cortex. Methods for the synthesis of 14C-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) conjugate and for the fluorometric determination of both free and conjugated DOPAC in the same tissue sample are described. Both free and conjugated DOPAC were demonstrated to occur endogenously in the rat corpus striatum, olfactoy tubercles and frontal cortical area, and the ratio of conjugated DOPAC to free DOPAC was 2-3 times greater in the olfactory tubercles and frontal cortical area than in the striatum. Probenecid administration (200 mg/kg, i.p., 4 and 2h before sacrificing) significantly increased the levels of DOPAC conjugate in all 3 brain areas studied. The levels of free DOPAC were also increased in the olfactory tubercles and frontal cortex by the probenecid treatment, but this increase was much less than that seen for DOPAC conjugate in these regions. Free DOPAC levels in the striatum were unaffected by the probenecid treatment. In all 3 brain areas studied, therefore, probenecid treatment resulted in a significant accumulation of conjugated DOPAC relative to free DOPAC. The magnitude of this effect varied, and was most marked in the frontal cortex. These results suggest that, in order for DOPAC to be transported from the central nervous system via a probenecid-sensitive transport system, it must first be conjugated. Additionally, it appears that the rates of synthesis, metabolism, and transport for both free and conjugated DOPAC may vary greatly among different dopamine-containing brain regions.", "PMID": 844481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6152", "title": "Effect of bumetanide and furosemide on the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop of rabbits and rats perfused in vitro.", "content": "Direct effects of bumetanide and furosemide on the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (TALH) were compared by using the isolated tubules of rabbits and rats perfused in vitro. Both drugs, applied to the lumen, reversibly suppressed the lumen positive potential (PDt) of the rabbit TALH. Bumetanide also suppressed the PDt in the absence of Na+ where the NaCl of the artificial solutions was replaced by choline chloride. The efflux of 36Cl was also reduced by the addition of bumetanide to the perfusate. The dose-response analysis disclosed that bumetanide was 14 times as potent as furosemide. The onset and duration of bumetanide action was significantly longer than that of furosemide. Bumetanide also suppressed the PDt of the rat TALH when it was added to the perfusate.", "contents": "Effect of bumetanide and furosemide on the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop of rabbits and rats perfused in vitro. Direct effects of bumetanide and furosemide on the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (TALH) were compared by using the isolated tubules of rabbits and rats perfused in vitro. Both drugs, applied to the lumen, reversibly suppressed the lumen positive potential (PDt) of the rabbit TALH. Bumetanide also suppressed the PDt in the absence of Na+ where the NaCl of the artificial solutions was replaced by choline chloride. The efflux of 36Cl was also reduced by the addition of bumetanide to the perfusate. The dose-response analysis disclosed that bumetanide was 14 times as potent as furosemide. The onset and duration of bumetanide action was significantly longer than that of furosemide. Bumetanide also suppressed the PDt of the rat TALH when it was added to the perfusate.", "PMID": 844482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6153", "title": "Inhibition of [3H]norepinephrine uptake in peripheral organs of some mammalian species by ouabain.", "content": "In order to demonstrate the possible involvement of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase in the high affinity uptake of [3H]-norepinephrine in the sympathetic nerve endings, the effect of ouabain on [3H]norepinephrine uptake in spleen and heart slices of five mammalian species was examined. The ouabain sensitivity of [3H]norepinephrine uptake in the heart slices form various species, as determined by the estimation of IC52, was, in increasing order, lamb (2,3 muM) less than calf (2.5 muM) less than guinea pig (4 muM) less than rabbit (10muM) less than rat (greater than 500 muM). The IC50 values in the spleen slices were: lamb (1 muM) less than calf (3.2 muM) less than rabbit (9.5 muM) less than guinea pig (25 muM) less than rat (greater than 500 muM). The IC50 values for the inhibition of specific [3H]ouabain binding in the microsomal fractions of spleen and heart of the five mammalian species by ouabain were similar to the IC50 values for the inhibition of [3H]norepinephrine uptake by the cardiac glycoside. Since ouabain is known to bind exclusively to (Na+ + K+)-ATPase of a microsomal fraction, these results suggest that the inhibition of [3H]norepinephrine uptake in the sympathetic nerve endings by ouabain is mediated by the inhibition of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase.", "contents": "Inhibition of [3H]norepinephrine uptake in peripheral organs of some mammalian species by ouabain. In order to demonstrate the possible involvement of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase in the high affinity uptake of [3H]-norepinephrine in the sympathetic nerve endings, the effect of ouabain on [3H]norepinephrine uptake in spleen and heart slices of five mammalian species was examined. The ouabain sensitivity of [3H]norepinephrine uptake in the heart slices form various species, as determined by the estimation of IC52, was, in increasing order, lamb (2,3 muM) less than calf (2.5 muM) less than guinea pig (4 muM) less than rabbit (10muM) less than rat (greater than 500 muM). The IC50 values in the spleen slices were: lamb (1 muM) less than calf (3.2 muM) less than rabbit (9.5 muM) less than guinea pig (25 muM) less than rat (greater than 500 muM). The IC50 values for the inhibition of specific [3H]ouabain binding in the microsomal fractions of spleen and heart of the five mammalian species by ouabain were similar to the IC50 values for the inhibition of [3H]norepinephrine uptake by the cardiac glycoside. Since ouabain is known to bind exclusively to (Na+ + K+)-ATPase of a microsomal fraction, these results suggest that the inhibition of [3H]norepinephrine uptake in the sympathetic nerve endings by ouabain is mediated by the inhibition of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase.", "PMID": 844483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6154", "title": "Effect of metabolites of chlorpromazine on plasma prolactin levels in male rats.", "content": "Since prolactin secretion is under vigorous dopaminergic inhibition, neuroleptic drugs can, because of their capacity to block dopamine receptors, produce large increases in plasma prolactin levels in man and laboratory animals. The capacity of intramuscular (i.m.) chlorpromazine and 6 of its metabolites to increase plasma prolactin levels in male rats was compared. 7-Hydroxychlorpromazine produced increases in plasma prolactin equivalent to those produced by chlorpromazine. The following metabolites had no effect on plasma prolactin levels after i.m. injections of 5 mg/kg: 8-hydroxychlorpromazine; 7,8-dihydroxychlorpromazine; 8-hydroxy-7-methoxychlorpromazine; 7-methoxychlorpromazine; and chlorpromazine sulfoxide. 8-Hydroxychlorpromazine, 7-methoxychlorpromazine, 7,8-dihydroxychlorpromazine and chlorpromazine sulfoxide had no effect even after 25 mg/kg i.m. The capacity to increase rat plasma prolactin correlates highly with other methods of determining potential antipsychotic activity of chlorpromazine and its derivatives.", "contents": "Effect of metabolites of chlorpromazine on plasma prolactin levels in male rats. Since prolactin secretion is under vigorous dopaminergic inhibition, neuroleptic drugs can, because of their capacity to block dopamine receptors, produce large increases in plasma prolactin levels in man and laboratory animals. The capacity of intramuscular (i.m.) chlorpromazine and 6 of its metabolites to increase plasma prolactin levels in male rats was compared. 7-Hydroxychlorpromazine produced increases in plasma prolactin equivalent to those produced by chlorpromazine. The following metabolites had no effect on plasma prolactin levels after i.m. injections of 5 mg/kg: 8-hydroxychlorpromazine; 7,8-dihydroxychlorpromazine; 8-hydroxy-7-methoxychlorpromazine; 7-methoxychlorpromazine; and chlorpromazine sulfoxide. 8-Hydroxychlorpromazine, 7-methoxychlorpromazine, 7,8-dihydroxychlorpromazine and chlorpromazine sulfoxide had no effect even after 25 mg/kg i.m. The capacity to increase rat plasma prolactin correlates highly with other methods of determining potential antipsychotic activity of chlorpromazine and its derivatives.", "PMID": 844484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6155", "title": "The contribution of renal and extrarenal mechanisms to hypokalemia induced by glucagon.", "content": "Other investigators have shown that infusion of glucagon causes the concentration of potassium, [K+], in the arterial plasma to increase rapidly, then to decrease to less than the beginning value. In studies on anesthetized dogs, we found that the magnitude of the initial, rapid rise of [K+] was increased by nephrectomy but not affected by pancreatectomy. The subsequent decline of [K+] and the persistent hypokalemia were not affected significantly by nephrectomy. Plasma [K+] decreased in the nephrectomized-pancreatectomized dogs, as it did in the nephrectomized and the control groups, but the effect was temporary, and [K+] began to increase again, even though the infusion of glucagon continued; after the infusion was ended, plasma [K+] became significantly higher than the beginning value. These data suggest that the hypokalemia caused by infusion of glucagon initally depends on extrarenal factors other than insulin, and, later, depends on insulin.", "contents": "The contribution of renal and extrarenal mechanisms to hypokalemia induced by glucagon. Other investigators have shown that infusion of glucagon causes the concentration of potassium, [K+], in the arterial plasma to increase rapidly, then to decrease to less than the beginning value. In studies on anesthetized dogs, we found that the magnitude of the initial, rapid rise of [K+] was increased by nephrectomy but not affected by pancreatectomy. The subsequent decline of [K+] and the persistent hypokalemia were not affected significantly by nephrectomy. Plasma [K+] decreased in the nephrectomized-pancreatectomized dogs, as it did in the nephrectomized and the control groups, but the effect was temporary, and [K+] began to increase again, even though the infusion of glucagon continued; after the infusion was ended, plasma [K+] became significantly higher than the beginning value. These data suggest that the hypokalemia caused by infusion of glucagon initally depends on extrarenal factors other than insulin, and, later, depends on insulin.", "PMID": 844485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6156", "title": "Tolerance to the increase of striatal homovanillic acid elicited by several anorectic drugs.", "content": "Several anorectic drugs affect dopamine metabolism in the rat striatum, increasing the concentration of homovanillic acid (HVA). However 1- and d-amphetamine and mazindol develop a tolerance to the HVA increase. On the contrary, the effect of fenfluramine and S 992 is not reduced by sub-chronic treatments. Moreover, a cross-tolerance to this biochemical effect develops between amphetamine and mazindol, but pretreatment with fenfluramine or with S 992 does not induce cross-tolerance to amphetamine.", "contents": "Tolerance to the increase of striatal homovanillic acid elicited by several anorectic drugs. Several anorectic drugs affect dopamine metabolism in the rat striatum, increasing the concentration of homovanillic acid (HVA). However 1- and d-amphetamine and mazindol develop a tolerance to the HVA increase. On the contrary, the effect of fenfluramine and S 992 is not reduced by sub-chronic treatments. Moreover, a cross-tolerance to this biochemical effect develops between amphetamine and mazindol, but pretreatment with fenfluramine or with S 992 does not induce cross-tolerance to amphetamine.", "PMID": 844486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6157", "title": "Prevention by drugs of tachyphylaxis at nicotinic receptors in the cat superior cervical ganglion in situ.", "content": "A new compound, AF3 (4-ethyl-6-oxa-1-azatricyclo)4.2.2.02,7)dodecan-5-one), and its 4-phenyl analogue, AF6, embodying the structural elements of acetylcholine in a highly rigid framework, were shown to evoke nicotine-like responses in the nictitating membrane (NM) and blood pressure when applied to the superior cervical ganglion in anaesthetized cats. In this respect, their equiactive molar ratio was (nicotine : 1),20-30. However, at doses that were too low to evoke any response, AF3 appeared to potentiate the responses to nicotine or tetra-methylammonium (TMA) by preventing or abolishing tachyphylaxis to the two latter drugs, the effect being dose-dependent with AF3. DMPP which produces much less tachyphylaxis, or preganglionic nerve stimulation, was little or not potentiated in presence of AF3. It is proposed that potentiation to nicotine or TMA occurs following occupancy by AF3 of a regulatory subsite, thereby preventing further access to it by nicotine or TMA. In this respect, AF3 plays the role of a \"neutral\" molecule.", "contents": "Prevention by drugs of tachyphylaxis at nicotinic receptors in the cat superior cervical ganglion in situ. A new compound, AF3 (4-ethyl-6-oxa-1-azatricyclo)4.2.2.02,7)dodecan-5-one), and its 4-phenyl analogue, AF6, embodying the structural elements of acetylcholine in a highly rigid framework, were shown to evoke nicotine-like responses in the nictitating membrane (NM) and blood pressure when applied to the superior cervical ganglion in anaesthetized cats. In this respect, their equiactive molar ratio was (nicotine : 1),20-30. However, at doses that were too low to evoke any response, AF3 appeared to potentiate the responses to nicotine or tetra-methylammonium (TMA) by preventing or abolishing tachyphylaxis to the two latter drugs, the effect being dose-dependent with AF3. DMPP which produces much less tachyphylaxis, or preganglionic nerve stimulation, was little or not potentiated in presence of AF3. It is proposed that potentiation to nicotine or TMA occurs following occupancy by AF3 of a regulatory subsite, thereby preventing further access to it by nicotine or TMA. In this respect, AF3 plays the role of a \"neutral\" molecule.", "PMID": 844487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6158", "title": "Studies on the contribution of active metabolites to the anticonvulsant effects of propranolol.", "content": "The anticonvulsant activity of propranolol and two selected metabolites, propranolol glycol and N-desisopropylpropranolol were compared in mice against 4 types of experimentally induced seizures: pentylenetetrazol, strychnine, low frequency and maximal electroshock. Both metabolites possessed significant anticonvulsant activity with propranolol glycol being 1/2 to 1/3 as potent and N-desisopropylpropranolol being 1/6 as potent as propranolol. The possible contribution of these two active metabolites to the acute anticonvulsant efficacy of propranolol was assessed in time course studies. Maximal anticonvulsant activity occurred between 2.5--10 min after propranolol (5-20 mg/kg, i.v.) and was significantly diminished after 30 min. Following propranolol, brain levels of both metabolites were extremely low ( less than 10 ng/g) at the onset of anticonvulsant action and reached peak levels between 15-30 min at which time anticonvulsant activity was already declining. In contrast, brain levels of propranolol were similar in time course to that observed for its anticonvulsant effect and there was significant positive correlation between these two parameters in 3 of the 4 seizure models. These data indicate that although these two metabolites are pharmacologically active, they do not contribute significantly to the acute anticonvulsant actions observed after propranolol administration.", "contents": "Studies on the contribution of active metabolites to the anticonvulsant effects of propranolol. The anticonvulsant activity of propranolol and two selected metabolites, propranolol glycol and N-desisopropylpropranolol were compared in mice against 4 types of experimentally induced seizures: pentylenetetrazol, strychnine, low frequency and maximal electroshock. Both metabolites possessed significant anticonvulsant activity with propranolol glycol being 1/2 to 1/3 as potent and N-desisopropylpropranolol being 1/6 as potent as propranolol. The possible contribution of these two active metabolites to the acute anticonvulsant efficacy of propranolol was assessed in time course studies. Maximal anticonvulsant activity occurred between 2.5--10 min after propranolol (5-20 mg/kg, i.v.) and was significantly diminished after 30 min. Following propranolol, brain levels of both metabolites were extremely low ( less than 10 ng/g) at the onset of anticonvulsant action and reached peak levels between 15-30 min at which time anticonvulsant activity was already declining. In contrast, brain levels of propranolol were similar in time course to that observed for its anticonvulsant effect and there was significant positive correlation between these two parameters in 3 of the 4 seizure models. These data indicate that although these two metabolites are pharmacologically active, they do not contribute significantly to the acute anticonvulsant actions observed after propranolol administration.", "PMID": 844488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6159", "title": "Antidepressant drugs and dopamine uptake in different brain regions.", "content": "The effect of trycyclic antidepressants on 3H-dopamine uptake into synaptosomes obtained from rat striatum and mesolimbic cortical areas was examined. Chlorimipramine was found to be the most potent uptake inhibitor (IC50 of 3.2-3.8 X 10(-6) M) in both brain regions. Desmethylimipramine, protryptyline and iprindole were approximately one-half as potent (IC50 of 5.9-8.5 X 10(-6) M) in both brain areas. Kinetic constants obtained from Line-weaver-Burk plots in both areas revealed no alteration in Km for transport and a decrease in V max thus indicating a non-competitive inhibition. The effect of chlorimipramine on the release of 3H-dopamine from striatal synaptosomes required a concentration 10(-5) M for 50% release in 5 min. It is suggested that dopamine uptake inhibition may play some role in the action of tricyclic drugs, e.g., activation of schizophrenic psychopathology but that this action can not be solely responsible for their antidepressant properties.", "contents": "Antidepressant drugs and dopamine uptake in different brain regions. The effect of trycyclic antidepressants on 3H-dopamine uptake into synaptosomes obtained from rat striatum and mesolimbic cortical areas was examined. Chlorimipramine was found to be the most potent uptake inhibitor (IC50 of 3.2-3.8 X 10(-6) M) in both brain regions. Desmethylimipramine, protryptyline and iprindole were approximately one-half as potent (IC50 of 5.9-8.5 X 10(-6) M) in both brain areas. Kinetic constants obtained from Line-weaver-Burk plots in both areas revealed no alteration in Km for transport and a decrease in V max thus indicating a non-competitive inhibition. The effect of chlorimipramine on the release of 3H-dopamine from striatal synaptosomes required a concentration 10(-5) M for 50% release in 5 min. It is suggested that dopamine uptake inhibition may play some role in the action of tricyclic drugs, e.g., activation of schizophrenic psychopathology but that this action can not be solely responsible for their antidepressant properties.", "PMID": 844489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6160", "title": "Effects of phentolamine, phenoxybenzamine and desipramine on clonidine-induced blockade of cardiac acceleration in the dog.", "content": "Clonidine reduced cardiac acceleration induced by low frequency electrical stimulation of cardiac sympathetic nerve fibers in anesthetized and vagotomized dogs. This effect of clonidine was abolished by short periods of high frequency electrical stimulation. The inhibitory effect of clonidine was observed with 10- as well as with 90-sec periods of electrical stimulation of sympathetic nerve fibers; it was antagonized by phentolamine, phenoxybenzamine and desipramine. This suggests the presence of alpha-adrenoceptors at the peripheral sympathetic nerve ending in the dog.", "contents": "Effects of phentolamine, phenoxybenzamine and desipramine on clonidine-induced blockade of cardiac acceleration in the dog. Clonidine reduced cardiac acceleration induced by low frequency electrical stimulation of cardiac sympathetic nerve fibers in anesthetized and vagotomized dogs. This effect of clonidine was abolished by short periods of high frequency electrical stimulation. The inhibitory effect of clonidine was observed with 10- as well as with 90-sec periods of electrical stimulation of sympathetic nerve fibers; it was antagonized by phentolamine, phenoxybenzamine and desipramine. This suggests the presence of alpha-adrenoceptors at the peripheral sympathetic nerve ending in the dog.", "PMID": 844490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6161", "title": "The effect of tamoxifen on the in vitro production of prostaglandins F by the guinea pig uterine tissue.", "content": "Tamoxifen, a drug widely known as an antioestrogen is shown to depress the in vitro yield of PGF from pro-oestrus guinea pig uterine homogenates. The possibility that this is a novel antioestrogenic effect of tamoxifen is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of tamoxifen on the in vitro production of prostaglandins F by the guinea pig uterine tissue. Tamoxifen, a drug widely known as an antioestrogen is shown to depress the in vitro yield of PGF from pro-oestrus guinea pig uterine homogenates. The possibility that this is a novel antioestrogenic effect of tamoxifen is discussed.", "PMID": 844491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6162", "title": "Haloperidol blocks the discriminative stimulus properties of lateral hypothalamic stimulation.", "content": "Haloperidol was shown to block the discriminative stimulus properties of electrical stimulation in the lateral hypothalamus, and this effect to be related to train frequency. This finding is relevant to the relation between discriminative and reinforcing properties of stimuli exerting internal stimulus control of behavior.", "contents": "Haloperidol blocks the discriminative stimulus properties of lateral hypothalamic stimulation. Haloperidol was shown to block the discriminative stimulus properties of electrical stimulation in the lateral hypothalamus, and this effect to be related to train frequency. This finding is relevant to the relation between discriminative and reinforcing properties of stimuli exerting internal stimulus control of behavior.", "PMID": 844492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6163", "title": "Nomifensine and its derivatives as possible tools for studying amine uptake.", "content": "An experimental antidepressive drug, nomifensine, was tested in simultaneous experiments as an inhibitor of the uptake of noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in rat brain synaptosomes. The drug was found to be a very potent inhibitor of NA (Ki 4.7 X 10(-9) M) and DA (Ki 2.6 X 10(-8) M) uptake, but relatively weak inhibitor of 5-HT uptake (Ki appr. 4 X 10(-6) M). According to kinetic studies on dopamine uptake, the inhibition was competitive. Time course studies indicated that the percentage inhibition did not increase with time. This finding suggests that inhibition of membrane uptake rather than inhibition of storage is the mechanism of action of this drug. 3 metabolites of nomifensine were also tested as inhibitors of NA and DA uptake. The addition of a 4-hydroxy group to the phenyl ring of nomifensine slightly decreased the potency, and addition of hydroxy and methoxy groups to the positions 3 and 4 in the phenyl ring, clearly decreased the potency. The structure of nomifensine is compared to that of chlorimipramine. It is suggested that the differences in selectivity as to dopamine and 5-HT uptake mechanisms might be due to 2 conformational differences: one of the phenyl rings is freely rotating in nomifensine but not in chlorimipramine, and the tertiary amine group is in a flexible side chain in chlorimipramine but rigidly tied in nomifensine.", "contents": "Nomifensine and its derivatives as possible tools for studying amine uptake. An experimental antidepressive drug, nomifensine, was tested in simultaneous experiments as an inhibitor of the uptake of noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in rat brain synaptosomes. The drug was found to be a very potent inhibitor of NA (Ki 4.7 X 10(-9) M) and DA (Ki 2.6 X 10(-8) M) uptake, but relatively weak inhibitor of 5-HT uptake (Ki appr. 4 X 10(-6) M). According to kinetic studies on dopamine uptake, the inhibition was competitive. Time course studies indicated that the percentage inhibition did not increase with time. This finding suggests that inhibition of membrane uptake rather than inhibition of storage is the mechanism of action of this drug. 3 metabolites of nomifensine were also tested as inhibitors of NA and DA uptake. The addition of a 4-hydroxy group to the phenyl ring of nomifensine slightly decreased the potency, and addition of hydroxy and methoxy groups to the positions 3 and 4 in the phenyl ring, clearly decreased the potency. The structure of nomifensine is compared to that of chlorimipramine. It is suggested that the differences in selectivity as to dopamine and 5-HT uptake mechanisms might be due to 2 conformational differences: one of the phenyl rings is freely rotating in nomifensine but not in chlorimipramine, and the tertiary amine group is in a flexible side chain in chlorimipramine but rigidly tied in nomifensine.", "PMID": 844493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6164", "title": "Dual inotropic effect of harmaline on the rat heart atrial muscle.", "content": "The effect of harmaline (HME) was analyzed in rat atrial strips superfused in vitro. A dual inotropic action was found: the positive component was due to a transient catechol-mediated enhancement of the velocity of development of tension (dT/dt) and to a prolongation of the duration of the rising phase of the contraction (TPT). The negative component was due to a depression of dT/dt, which overcame the persistent TPT-prolonging effect of HME, and it was abolished by rising the [K]0. It is concluded that: (1) the positive inotropic effect of HME depends on its actions on the dT/dt and TPT; (2) the enhancement of dT/dt is due to an adrenergic mechanism, which stimulates the Ca2+-dependent slowly activated current (Is); (3) a negative inotropic effect becomes evident whenever the dT/dt is depressed by the drug, regardless of the persistence of the TPT-prolonging effect; (4) the depression of the dT/dt is not due to an inhibition of Is.", "contents": "Dual inotropic effect of harmaline on the rat heart atrial muscle. The effect of harmaline (HME) was analyzed in rat atrial strips superfused in vitro. A dual inotropic action was found: the positive component was due to a transient catechol-mediated enhancement of the velocity of development of tension (dT/dt) and to a prolongation of the duration of the rising phase of the contraction (TPT). The negative component was due to a depression of dT/dt, which overcame the persistent TPT-prolonging effect of HME, and it was abolished by rising the [K]0. It is concluded that: (1) the positive inotropic effect of HME depends on its actions on the dT/dt and TPT; (2) the enhancement of dT/dt is due to an adrenergic mechanism, which stimulates the Ca2+-dependent slowly activated current (Is); (3) a negative inotropic effect becomes evident whenever the dT/dt is depressed by the drug, regardless of the persistence of the TPT-prolonging effect; (4) the depression of the dT/dt is not due to an inhibition of Is.", "PMID": 844494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6165", "title": "The effect of the narcotic antagonists naloxone, naltrexone and nalorphine on spinal cord C-fiber reflexes evoked by electrical stimulation or radiant heat.", "content": "C-fiber reflexes were recorded from an S1 ventral root in the acute decerebrate low spinal cat following stimulation of the ipsilateral superficial peroneal nerve or application of radiant heat to the metacarpel footpad. Naloxone when administered i.v. increased the electrically evoked C-fiber reflex to 158% (+/- 23.8% S.E.M.) of control 10 min after administration; whereas, naltrexone, 0.0025 mg/kg, increased the C-fiber reflex to 206 +/- 26.1% (S.E.M.) of control. Naloxone in a dose of 0.050 mg/kg increased the radiant heat evoked ventral root reflext to 161 +/- 19.5% of control. Nalorphine, 1 mg/kg, facilitated the electrically evoked C-fiber reflex to 282 +/- 75% of control. These findings that naloxone and naltrexone facilitated these reflexes in doses too small to have non-specific excitatory effects and that nalorphine facilitated the C-fiber reflex at a dose level that is depressant to the flexor reflex in the chronic spinal dog are consistent with a hypothesis that these effects are due to antagonism of a naturally occurring opiate-like inhibitory substance.", "contents": "The effect of the narcotic antagonists naloxone, naltrexone and nalorphine on spinal cord C-fiber reflexes evoked by electrical stimulation or radiant heat. C-fiber reflexes were recorded from an S1 ventral root in the acute decerebrate low spinal cat following stimulation of the ipsilateral superficial peroneal nerve or application of radiant heat to the metacarpel footpad. Naloxone when administered i.v. increased the electrically evoked C-fiber reflex to 158% (+/- 23.8% S.E.M.) of control 10 min after administration; whereas, naltrexone, 0.0025 mg/kg, increased the C-fiber reflex to 206 +/- 26.1% (S.E.M.) of control. Naloxone in a dose of 0.050 mg/kg increased the radiant heat evoked ventral root reflext to 161 +/- 19.5% of control. Nalorphine, 1 mg/kg, facilitated the electrically evoked C-fiber reflex to 282 +/- 75% of control. These findings that naloxone and naltrexone facilitated these reflexes in doses too small to have non-specific excitatory effects and that nalorphine facilitated the C-fiber reflex at a dose level that is depressant to the flexor reflex in the chronic spinal dog are consistent with a hypothesis that these effects are due to antagonism of a naturally occurring opiate-like inhibitory substance.", "PMID": 844495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6166", "title": "Increase of striatal dopamine turnover by drugs: interference with granular storage or receptor blackade?", "content": "Apomorphine completely antagonized the reserpine-induced enhancement of the striatal 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) accumulation seen after administration of the decarboxylase inhibitor 3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine (NSD 1015). Reserpine-like drugs, e.g. Ro 4-1284 and Ro 4-9040, markedly enhanced the striatal dopa accumulation (due to NSD 1015) in normal animals but not in rats treated with reserpine plus apomorphine. Haloperidol enhanced the striatal dopa accumulation to a similar extent in normal and in reserpine-apomorphine-treated animals. Chlorpromazine also caused an enhancement of striatal dopa accumulation in both types of animals, but its potency was somewhat higher in normal rats than in those treated with reserpine plus apomorphine. In conclusion, reserpinized animals treated with apomorphine appear to be useful models for differentiating whether a drug enhances striatal DA turnover by interference with granular DA storage or by blockade of DA receptors. The latter seems to be the main mechanism of action of neuroleptic drugs.", "contents": "Increase of striatal dopamine turnover by drugs: interference with granular storage or receptor blackade? Apomorphine completely antagonized the reserpine-induced enhancement of the striatal 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) accumulation seen after administration of the decarboxylase inhibitor 3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine (NSD 1015). Reserpine-like drugs, e.g. Ro 4-1284 and Ro 4-9040, markedly enhanced the striatal dopa accumulation (due to NSD 1015) in normal animals but not in rats treated with reserpine plus apomorphine. Haloperidol enhanced the striatal dopa accumulation to a similar extent in normal and in reserpine-apomorphine-treated animals. Chlorpromazine also caused an enhancement of striatal dopa accumulation in both types of animals, but its potency was somewhat higher in normal rats than in those treated with reserpine plus apomorphine. In conclusion, reserpinized animals treated with apomorphine appear to be useful models for differentiating whether a drug enhances striatal DA turnover by interference with granular DA storage or by blockade of DA receptors. The latter seems to be the main mechanism of action of neuroleptic drugs.", "PMID": 844496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6167", "title": "On the significance of regional dopamine metabolism in the rat brain for the classification of centrally acting drugs.", "content": "3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) were measured in the corpus striatum, nucleus accumbens and tuberculum olfactorium of the rat brain, 4 antidepressants, 4 anesthetics, dipropylacetate, ethosuximide and metoclopramide induced a rise of DOPAC and HVA levels in the 3 brain regions. No change was observed after carbamazepine, diazepam or propranolol treatment. Combined treatment with a maximally effective dose of haloperidol and morphine, oxotremorine or probenecid produced an additional rise of DOPAC and HVA levels, while no additional rise was seen with chloral hydrate, chlorimipramine, ether, halothane, metoclopramide or sulpiride. The potency of drugs to increase DA metabolism in corpus striatum relative to mesolimbic structures was estimated. Atypical neuroleptics such as sulpiride could be differentiated in this respect from classical neuroleptics such as chlorpromazine, fluphenazine and thioridazine, by their ability to produce a relatively large increase of metabolite levels in the mesolimbic regions. The heterogeneous group of 14 non-neuroleptics however produced regional changes which were very similar to those of the atypical neuroleptics. DA metabolism in mesolimbic regions, in contrast to striatal tissue, seems to respond more to atypical neuroleptics and non-neuroleptics than to typical neuroleptics.", "contents": "On the significance of regional dopamine metabolism in the rat brain for the classification of centrally acting drugs. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) were measured in the corpus striatum, nucleus accumbens and tuberculum olfactorium of the rat brain, 4 antidepressants, 4 anesthetics, dipropylacetate, ethosuximide and metoclopramide induced a rise of DOPAC and HVA levels in the 3 brain regions. No change was observed after carbamazepine, diazepam or propranolol treatment. Combined treatment with a maximally effective dose of haloperidol and morphine, oxotremorine or probenecid produced an additional rise of DOPAC and HVA levels, while no additional rise was seen with chloral hydrate, chlorimipramine, ether, halothane, metoclopramide or sulpiride. The potency of drugs to increase DA metabolism in corpus striatum relative to mesolimbic structures was estimated. Atypical neuroleptics such as sulpiride could be differentiated in this respect from classical neuroleptics such as chlorpromazine, fluphenazine and thioridazine, by their ability to produce a relatively large increase of metabolite levels in the mesolimbic regions. The heterogeneous group of 14 non-neuroleptics however produced regional changes which were very similar to those of the atypical neuroleptics. DA metabolism in mesolimbic regions, in contrast to striatal tissue, seems to respond more to atypical neuroleptics and non-neuroleptics than to typical neuroleptics.", "PMID": 844497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6168", "title": "Colony growth of normal human bone marrow in agar-gel.", "content": "A study of the colony forming ability of 99 normal human bone marrows using the semi-solid agar technique is presented. Feeder layers of 10(6) normal human peripheral white blood cells were used as the stimulus, and were overlaid with 2 X 10(5) bone marrow cells. The presence of human plasma either in feeder layers or bone marrow overlays inhibited colony formation when compared with studies performed with cells washed free of plasma. The number of colonies grown varied, but not significantly when the same marrow was grown on feeder layers from different donors. The inhibitory effect of normal human plasma was also demonstrated when unwashed and washed bone marrow cells were plated over feeder layers with no stimulus. Further confirmation of the inhibition by normal human plasma was made in 10 cases by the addition of 0.1 ml plasma to cultures of washed marrow over washed feeder layers. These data suggest that optimum results from in vitro culture of normal human bone marrow can be obtained only when all plasma is washed from both the feeder layer cells and the marrow cells before culturing.", "contents": "Colony growth of normal human bone marrow in agar-gel. A study of the colony forming ability of 99 normal human bone marrows using the semi-solid agar technique is presented. Feeder layers of 10(6) normal human peripheral white blood cells were used as the stimulus, and were overlaid with 2 X 10(5) bone marrow cells. The presence of human plasma either in feeder layers or bone marrow overlays inhibited colony formation when compared with studies performed with cells washed free of plasma. The number of colonies grown varied, but not significantly when the same marrow was grown on feeder layers from different donors. The inhibitory effect of normal human plasma was also demonstrated when unwashed and washed bone marrow cells were plated over feeder layers with no stimulus. Further confirmation of the inhibition by normal human plasma was made in 10 cases by the addition of 0.1 ml plasma to cultures of washed marrow over washed feeder layers. These data suggest that optimum results from in vitro culture of normal human bone marrow can be obtained only when all plasma is washed from both the feeder layer cells and the marrow cells before culturing.", "PMID": 844516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6169", "title": "Radiation induced hemopoiesis in adult mouse liver.", "content": "Repeated whole-body irradiation of adult mice induced hemopoiesis in liver, as shown by the presence of stem cells (CFUS), progenitor cells of granulocytes and macrophages (CFUC) and foci of granulocytic cells. The largest numbers of CFUS (up to 700) were found 24 to 47 days after four doses of 450 rad x-rays given at 24 day intervals and 15-17 days after 2310 rad gamma radiation given at a low dose-rate (70 rad per day). CFUS were still present (although in smaller numbers) up to 210 days after four doses of 375 rad x-rays or 225 rad neutrons. CFUC were also present in liver after four doses of 450 rad x-rays, but their numbers could not be calculated accurately because of the marked inhibitory effect of liver cells on in vitro colony growth. Irradiation with one dose of 450 rad x-rays did not result in the appearance of CFUS in liver, suggesting that hepatic hemopoiesis can be induced by radiation only after repeated or prolonged bone marrow injury.", "contents": "Radiation induced hemopoiesis in adult mouse liver. Repeated whole-body irradiation of adult mice induced hemopoiesis in liver, as shown by the presence of stem cells (CFUS), progenitor cells of granulocytes and macrophages (CFUC) and foci of granulocytic cells. The largest numbers of CFUS (up to 700) were found 24 to 47 days after four doses of 450 rad x-rays given at 24 day intervals and 15-17 days after 2310 rad gamma radiation given at a low dose-rate (70 rad per day). CFUS were still present (although in smaller numbers) up to 210 days after four doses of 375 rad x-rays or 225 rad neutrons. CFUC were also present in liver after four doses of 450 rad x-rays, but their numbers could not be calculated accurately because of the marked inhibitory effect of liver cells on in vitro colony growth. Irradiation with one dose of 450 rad x-rays did not result in the appearance of CFUS in liver, suggesting that hepatic hemopoiesis can be induced by radiation only after repeated or prolonged bone marrow injury.", "PMID": 844517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6170", "title": "Erythropoietic precursors in mice under erythropoietic stimulation and suppression.", "content": "Using a methylcellulose clonal cell culture technique, we examined serial changes in erythropoietic precursors in the femur, spleen, and blood of mice prepared with bleeding, erythropoietin injections, or hypertransfusion with packed red blood cells. Significant changes were observed for all hemopoietic organs in the number of erythropoietic burst-forming units (BFU-E) and erythrocytic colony-forming units (CFU-E). In mice prepared with bleeding or erythropoietin injections, the serial changes of BFU-E and CFU-E were similar to but less striking than those seen in mice with phenylhydrazine-induced anemia. The transient decline in the femoral BFU-E coincided with the temporary increase in the splenic and blood BFU-E. A more pronounced increase in CFU-E was noted in the femur and spleen of these mice. In hypertransfused mice, the direction of the changers in the erythropoietic precursors was opposite. While femoral BFU-E increased mildly, a significant drop was noted in the splenic and blood BFU-E. Both femoral and splenic CFU-E declined and remained low while erythrocytosis presisted. Next, we examined the proliferative state of the erythropoietic precursors in the marrow and spleen using short-term incubation with high specific tritiated thymidine. In the marrow and spleen of normal mice, the BFU-E and CFU-E in the DNA synthetic phase was about 36 and 74%, respectively. Neither induction of anemia with phenylhydrazine hydrochloride nor polycythemia with hypertransfusion caused changes in the proliferative state of the precursors. These results indicate that the serial changes in the number of BFU-E represent migration of BFU-E from marrow to spleen rather than BFU-E proliferation. Marrow CFU-E increased in anemic mice and decreased in polycythemic mice without changes in their proliferative state. It is possible that the target of erythropoietic stimulation in mice may be cells at maturational stages intermediate between BFU-E and CFU-E.", "contents": "Erythropoietic precursors in mice under erythropoietic stimulation and suppression. Using a methylcellulose clonal cell culture technique, we examined serial changes in erythropoietic precursors in the femur, spleen, and blood of mice prepared with bleeding, erythropoietin injections, or hypertransfusion with packed red blood cells. Significant changes were observed for all hemopoietic organs in the number of erythropoietic burst-forming units (BFU-E) and erythrocytic colony-forming units (CFU-E). In mice prepared with bleeding or erythropoietin injections, the serial changes of BFU-E and CFU-E were similar to but less striking than those seen in mice with phenylhydrazine-induced anemia. The transient decline in the femoral BFU-E coincided with the temporary increase in the splenic and blood BFU-E. A more pronounced increase in CFU-E was noted in the femur and spleen of these mice. In hypertransfused mice, the direction of the changers in the erythropoietic precursors was opposite. While femoral BFU-E increased mildly, a significant drop was noted in the splenic and blood BFU-E. Both femoral and splenic CFU-E declined and remained low while erythrocytosis presisted. Next, we examined the proliferative state of the erythropoietic precursors in the marrow and spleen using short-term incubation with high specific tritiated thymidine. In the marrow and spleen of normal mice, the BFU-E and CFU-E in the DNA synthetic phase was about 36 and 74%, respectively. Neither induction of anemia with phenylhydrazine hydrochloride nor polycythemia with hypertransfusion caused changes in the proliferative state of the precursors. These results indicate that the serial changes in the number of BFU-E represent migration of BFU-E from marrow to spleen rather than BFU-E proliferation. Marrow CFU-E increased in anemic mice and decreased in polycythemic mice without changes in their proliferative state. It is possible that the target of erythropoietic stimulation in mice may be cells at maturational stages intermediate between BFU-E and CFU-E.", "PMID": 844518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6171", "title": "Effect of furosemide on plasma fibrinolytic activity and urokinase excretion.", "content": "Plasma fibrinolytic activity, as measured by the fibrin-plate method, is enhanced after a single intravenous administration of 40 mg of furosemide. This effect becomes evident within 30 min and a peak response is attained 6 h after i.v. administration. On successive administration of furosemide, the fibrinolytic effect persists and the second peak becomes manifest again after 6 h. Following the parenteral administration of furosemide there is an initial decrease of urinary urokinase excretion which returns to a normal level after 3 to 6 h. Possible mechanisms which may explain the enhanced fibrinolytic activity after furosemide administration are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of furosemide on plasma fibrinolytic activity and urokinase excretion. Plasma fibrinolytic activity, as measured by the fibrin-plate method, is enhanced after a single intravenous administration of 40 mg of furosemide. This effect becomes evident within 30 min and a peak response is attained 6 h after i.v. administration. On successive administration of furosemide, the fibrinolytic effect persists and the second peak becomes manifest again after 6 h. Following the parenteral administration of furosemide there is an initial decrease of urinary urokinase excretion which returns to a normal level after 3 to 6 h. Possible mechanisms which may explain the enhanced fibrinolytic activity after furosemide administration are discussed.", "PMID": 844519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6172", "title": "Comparison of the inhibition of avian and mammalian bone alkaline phosphatases by levamisole and compound R8231.", "content": "Alkaline phosphatases from mammalian bone are inhibited much more than chick bone alkaline phsophatase by levamisole and compound R8231. Doses of R8231 (10(-4) to 10(-5) M) that almost completely inhibit mammalian alkaline phosphatases do not inhibit the growth of embryonic rat femurs in vitro. R8231 should be an excellent biological probe for the function of alkaline phosphatase in bone metabolism.", "contents": "Comparison of the inhibition of avian and mammalian bone alkaline phosphatases by levamisole and compound R8231. Alkaline phosphatases from mammalian bone are inhibited much more than chick bone alkaline phsophatase by levamisole and compound R8231. Doses of R8231 (10(-4) to 10(-5) M) that almost completely inhibit mammalian alkaline phosphatases do not inhibit the growth of embryonic rat femurs in vitro. R8231 should be an excellent biological probe for the function of alkaline phosphatase in bone metabolism.", "PMID": 844531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6173", "title": "Effect of germination on the glycoprotein of mash (Phaseolus mungo) seeds.", "content": "The soluble carbohydrates and insolube proteins of Phaseolus mungo seeds decreased considerably up to 96 h of germination, whereas the soluble proteins remained nearly constant. The carbohydrates content of glycoprotein also remained constant. This suggests that a negligible change took place in the glycoprotein during the initial period of mash seed germination.", "contents": "Effect of germination on the glycoprotein of mash (Phaseolus mungo) seeds. The soluble carbohydrates and insolube proteins of Phaseolus mungo seeds decreased considerably up to 96 h of germination, whereas the soluble proteins remained nearly constant. The carbohydrates content of glycoprotein also remained constant. This suggests that a negligible change took place in the glycoprotein during the initial period of mash seed germination.", "PMID": 844532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6174", "title": "Enzymic basis for the nutritional requirement of arginine in insects.", "content": "The fat body of the cockroach, Blaberus cranifera, and the silkmoth, Hyalophora gloveri, has been tested for some enzymes of the urea cycle. While ornithine transcarbamoylase and argininosuccinase activities could not be detected, arginase is present in the fat body of these insects. These results explain the essentiality of arginine in the diet of insects.", "contents": "Enzymic basis for the nutritional requirement of arginine in insects. The fat body of the cockroach, Blaberus cranifera, and the silkmoth, Hyalophora gloveri, has been tested for some enzymes of the urea cycle. While ornithine transcarbamoylase and argininosuccinase activities could not be detected, arginase is present in the fat body of these insects. These results explain the essentiality of arginine in the diet of insects.", "PMID": 844534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6175", "title": "The role of sialic acid in determining the survival of circulating interferon.", "content": "Rabbit interferon has been extensively desialytated and its metabolic behaviour has been evaluated in the rabbit. The half-life of asialointerferon is significantly shorter than the native interferon and its urinary excretion becomes negligible. Moreover the rapid uptake of asialointerferon by the isolated and perfused rabbit liver, suggests a hitherto unsuspected catobolic pathway for this glycoprotein.", "contents": "The role of sialic acid in determining the survival of circulating interferon. Rabbit interferon has been extensively desialytated and its metabolic behaviour has been evaluated in the rabbit. The half-life of asialointerferon is significantly shorter than the native interferon and its urinary excretion becomes negligible. Moreover the rapid uptake of asialointerferon by the isolated and perfused rabbit liver, suggests a hitherto unsuspected catobolic pathway for this glycoprotein.", "PMID": 844537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6176", "title": "Fertile diploid drones in africanized honeybees, Apis mellifera adansonii.", "content": "59 diploid drones of Apis mellifera adansonii, 12-37 days old, were tested for the presence of semen after provoked ejaculation; 13 drones ejaculated semen enough to be used in an instrumental insemination, but only three on them (5%) furnished 1 mm3 of semen. The problems referring to the attainment of descendants from the 2n drones are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Fertile diploid drones in africanized honeybees, Apis mellifera adansonii. 59 diploid drones of Apis mellifera adansonii, 12-37 days old, were tested for the presence of semen after provoked ejaculation; 13 drones ejaculated semen enough to be used in an instrumental insemination, but only three on them (5%) furnished 1 mm3 of semen. The problems referring to the attainment of descendants from the 2n drones are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 844541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6177", "title": "Spontaneour Robertsonian fusion leading to karyotype variation in the house mouse - first report form Asia.", "content": "The occurrence of spontaneous Robertsonian fusion leading to 2n=39 chromosomes (NF=40) in the house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus) has been reported for the first time from Asia. 3 phenotypically normal female mice collected from 2 distantly located populations of India (Tripura and Calcutta) show centric fusion in somatic chromosomes between pairs 2 and 16, and 8 and 14 respectively. C-banding analysis revealed that the (sub)metacentric has been originated by fusion between the broken/eroded centromeres of 2 telocentric chromosomes.", "contents": "Spontaneour Robertsonian fusion leading to karyotype variation in the house mouse - first report form Asia. The occurrence of spontaneous Robertsonian fusion leading to 2n=39 chromosomes (NF=40) in the house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus) has been reported for the first time from Asia. 3 phenotypically normal female mice collected from 2 distantly located populations of India (Tripura and Calcutta) show centric fusion in somatic chromosomes between pairs 2 and 16, and 8 and 14 respectively. C-banding analysis revealed that the (sub)metacentric has been originated by fusion between the broken/eroded centromeres of 2 telocentric chromosomes.", "PMID": 844543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6178", "title": "On the location of the tetrapyrrole macrocycle of chlorophyll a in phospholipid vesicles and in hexadecane.", "content": "The state of chlorophyll a in phosphatidylcholine vesicles was examined. The results indicate that the chlorophylls are present in monomeric form. A kinetic study of chlorophyll reactions with K2S2O8 and piperidine showed that these substances react with the porphyrin rings of pigments located on both vesicle faces, most probably within the polar headgroup region.", "contents": "On the location of the tetrapyrrole macrocycle of chlorophyll a in phospholipid vesicles and in hexadecane. The state of chlorophyll a in phosphatidylcholine vesicles was examined. The results indicate that the chlorophylls are present in monomeric form. A kinetic study of chlorophyll reactions with K2S2O8 and piperidine showed that these substances react with the porphyrin rings of pigments located on both vesicle faces, most probably within the polar headgroup region.", "PMID": 844544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6179", "title": "[Methodical investigations concerning the measurement of red cell deformability dependent on plasma viscosity, plasma proteins, hematokrit, filtration pressure as well as osmolarity (author's transl)].", "content": "The measurement of red cell deformability (flexibility or fluidity) according to the method of filtration strongly depends on the suspension medium, the hematokrit, filtration pressure as well as osmolarity and is hard to differentiate over the influence of red cell aggregation. Therefore, data concerning the flexibility of red cells have to be established under standardized conditions, e.g. suspension medium, such as albumin, stabilized hematokrit, constant osmolarity and pressure.", "contents": "[Methodical investigations concerning the measurement of red cell deformability dependent on plasma viscosity, plasma proteins, hematokrit, filtration pressure as well as osmolarity (author's transl)]. The measurement of red cell deformability (flexibility or fluidity) according to the method of filtration strongly depends on the suspension medium, the hematokrit, filtration pressure as well as osmolarity and is hard to differentiate over the influence of red cell aggregation. Therefore, data concerning the flexibility of red cells have to be established under standardized conditions, e.g. suspension medium, such as albumin, stabilized hematokrit, constant osmolarity and pressure.", "PMID": 844545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6180", "title": "Crossing between nondiapausing and diapausing races of Sarcophaga peregrina.", "content": "The temperate race (D) of S. peregrina undergoes pupal diapause in response to certain environmental conditions of photoperiod (13L:11D-11L:13D) and temperature (under 20 degrees C). The tropical race (ND) does not do so under the same circumstances. The tendency toward diapause was suppressed 30-40% of the hybrids of crossings D female x ND male and ND female x Dmale even under such short day and low temperature conditions as 11L:13D-9L:15D, 20 DEGREES C. For entering diapause, the hybrids rrequire a shorter day length (13L:11D) than that of (D) parents (15L:9D).", "contents": "Crossing between nondiapausing and diapausing races of Sarcophaga peregrina. The temperate race (D) of S. peregrina undergoes pupal diapause in response to certain environmental conditions of photoperiod (13L:11D-11L:13D) and temperature (under 20 degrees C). The tropical race (ND) does not do so under the same circumstances. The tendency toward diapause was suppressed 30-40% of the hybrids of crossings D female x ND male and ND female x Dmale even under such short day and low temperature conditions as 11L:13D-9L:15D, 20 DEGREES C. For entering diapause, the hybrids rrequire a shorter day length (13L:11D) than that of (D) parents (15L:9D).", "PMID": 844547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6181", "title": "Peroxidase activity in mitochondria of Prototheca moriformis.", "content": "Peroxidase activity was investigated by the use of diaminobenzidine method in fixed cells of Prototheca moriformis. A strong peroxidase activity was observed in the mitochondria. DAB staining was unaffected by KCN, aminotriazole and antimycin A, but it was completely inhibitied by methanol-nitroferricyanide.", "contents": "Peroxidase activity in mitochondria of Prototheca moriformis. Peroxidase activity was investigated by the use of diaminobenzidine method in fixed cells of Prototheca moriformis. A strong peroxidase activity was observed in the mitochondria. DAB staining was unaffected by KCN, aminotriazole and antimycin A, but it was completely inhibitied by methanol-nitroferricyanide.", "PMID": 844556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6182", "title": "Benzoyl cyanide in the defensive secretion of polydesmoid millipeds.", "content": "A novel cyanogenetic compound benzoyl cyanide, was isolated from the defensive secretion of 3 polydesmoid millipeds (Pseudopolydesmus seratus, Apheloria corrugata and A. trimaculata). The secretion of the 3 species also contains mandelonitrile and benzaldehyde, and that of P. serratus contains mandelonitrile benzoate, benzoic acid, isovaleric acid, myristic acid and stearic acid.", "contents": "Benzoyl cyanide in the defensive secretion of polydesmoid millipeds. A novel cyanogenetic compound benzoyl cyanide, was isolated from the defensive secretion of 3 polydesmoid millipeds (Pseudopolydesmus seratus, Apheloria corrugata and A. trimaculata). The secretion of the 3 species also contains mandelonitrile and benzaldehyde, and that of P. serratus contains mandelonitrile benzoate, benzoic acid, isovaleric acid, myristic acid and stearic acid.", "PMID": 844557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6183", "title": "Fungitoxic properties of Rosa chinensis Jacq.", "content": "During a systematic survey of higher plants for their fungitoxicity, the flowers of Rosa chinensis Jacq. were found to exhibit strong antifungal properties. On chemical investigation the antifungal priniciple was isolated as a shining, needle-shaped cyrstalline substance. It was identified as gallic acid. It exhibited fungistatic action against as many as 17 fungi at 3% concentration.", "contents": "Fungitoxic properties of Rosa chinensis Jacq. During a systematic survey of higher plants for their fungitoxicity, the flowers of Rosa chinensis Jacq. were found to exhibit strong antifungal properties. On chemical investigation the antifungal priniciple was isolated as a shining, needle-shaped cyrstalline substance. It was identified as gallic acid. It exhibited fungistatic action against as many as 17 fungi at 3% concentration.", "PMID": 844558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6184", "title": "Differential effects of disuse preceding denervation on the onset and development of fibrillation in fast and slow muscles.", "content": "Section of the sciatic nerve, performed after a week of muscular disuse, is followed by fibrillation earlier in the soleus (S) than in the anterior tibialis (AT) muscle of the rat. The subsequent development of fibrillation, which is different in the control denervated S as compared with the control denervated AT, tends to become similar in the disused-denervated muscles.", "contents": "Differential effects of disuse preceding denervation on the onset and development of fibrillation in fast and slow muscles. Section of the sciatic nerve, performed after a week of muscular disuse, is followed by fibrillation earlier in the soleus (S) than in the anterior tibialis (AT) muscle of the rat. The subsequent development of fibrillation, which is different in the control denervated S as compared with the control denervated AT, tends to become similar in the disused-denervated muscles.", "PMID": 844559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6185", "title": "Thiamine transport by human intestine in vitro.", "content": "Surgical specimens of human gastrointestinal mucosa and mucosa and muscle were incubated in vitro with thiamine-thiazole-214 C. Labelled thiamine uptake was uphill in mucosal tissues and downhill in muscle. Small intestinal mucosa accumulated labelled thiamine in a phosphorylated form, while gastric and colonic mucosa, as well an muscular layers of all gastrointestinal segments studied, did not.", "contents": "Thiamine transport by human intestine in vitro. Surgical specimens of human gastrointestinal mucosa and mucosa and muscle were incubated in vitro with thiamine-thiazole-214 C. Labelled thiamine uptake was uphill in mucosal tissues and downhill in muscle. Small intestinal mucosa accumulated labelled thiamine in a phosphorylated form, while gastric and colonic mucosa, as well an muscular layers of all gastrointestinal segments studied, did not.", "PMID": 844560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6186", "title": "Intensification of amphetamine-induced excitation by methysergide, a serotonergic receptor blocker.", "content": "Methysergide, a serotonergic receptor blocker, was studied to determine its effects against d-amphetamine-induced excitation as measured by convulsions elicited by handling in mice. Significant intensification (p less than 0.01) of the action of d-amphetamine was observed in mice. These results indicate that reduction in serotonergic activity in the central nervous system enhances excitation induced by d-amphetamine.", "contents": "Intensification of amphetamine-induced excitation by methysergide, a serotonergic receptor blocker. Methysergide, a serotonergic receptor blocker, was studied to determine its effects against d-amphetamine-induced excitation as measured by convulsions elicited by handling in mice. Significant intensification (p less than 0.01) of the action of d-amphetamine was observed in mice. These results indicate that reduction in serotonergic activity in the central nervous system enhances excitation induced by d-amphetamine.", "PMID": 844561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6187", "title": "[Repercussions of hyperthyroidism on the total cerebellar DNA contents in the rat at 6 and 35 days of age. Comparative effects of LT3 and DLT4 (author's transl)].", "content": "The total cerebellar proteins RNA and DNA contents from DLT4-and LT3-treated rats was studied at 6 and 35 days of age. The effect of injections of 5 microng/j of DLT4 is comparable to that of 25 microng of LT3 at birth, followed by 0.5 microng every 2 days. On the other hand, injection of 0.5 microng of LT3 every 3 days does not induce any significant modification of the total DNA contents in the cerebellum.", "contents": "[Repercussions of hyperthyroidism on the total cerebellar DNA contents in the rat at 6 and 35 days of age. Comparative effects of LT3 and DLT4 (author's transl)]. The total cerebellar proteins RNA and DNA contents from DLT4-and LT3-treated rats was studied at 6 and 35 days of age. The effect of injections of 5 microng/j of DLT4 is comparable to that of 25 microng of LT3 at birth, followed by 0.5 microng every 2 days. On the other hand, injection of 0.5 microng of LT3 every 3 days does not induce any significant modification of the total DNA contents in the cerebellum.", "PMID": 844564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6188", "title": "Induction of an intestinal epithelial sugar transport system by high blood sugar.", "content": "Intravenous infusion of glucose produces a marked increase of the mucosal-to-serosal sugar flux in the isolated everted small intestine of rats. The phenomenon is partially substrate specific, is inhibited by phloretin but not by phlorizin and is completely abolished by cycloheximide. The results suggest that sustained hyperglycemia may stimulate the synthesis of new transport receptors (carriers).", "contents": "Induction of an intestinal epithelial sugar transport system by high blood sugar. Intravenous infusion of glucose produces a marked increase of the mucosal-to-serosal sugar flux in the isolated everted small intestine of rats. The phenomenon is partially substrate specific, is inhibited by phloretin but not by phlorizin and is completely abolished by cycloheximide. The results suggest that sustained hyperglycemia may stimulate the synthesis of new transport receptors (carriers).", "PMID": 844565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6189", "title": "Electrically excitable excitable neurosecretory cell bodies in the periphery of the stick insect, Carausius morosus.", "content": "Intracellular recordings have been made from the cell bodies of both neurosecretory and non-neurosecretory multipolar neurons in the periphery of Carausius morosus. The neurosecretory neurons have cell bodies which are electrically excitable and produce overshooting action potentials, whilst the cell bodies of the non-neurosecretory neurons are electrically inexcitable.", "contents": "Electrically excitable excitable neurosecretory cell bodies in the periphery of the stick insect, Carausius morosus. Intracellular recordings have been made from the cell bodies of both neurosecretory and non-neurosecretory multipolar neurons in the periphery of Carausius morosus. The neurosecretory neurons have cell bodies which are electrically excitable and produce overshooting action potentials, whilst the cell bodies of the non-neurosecretory neurons are electrically inexcitable.", "PMID": 844567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6190", "title": "[Moulting of insects without moulting gland: reseults with larvae of Periplaneta americana (author's transl)].", "content": "The course of moulting of Periplaneta americana larvae of which the prothoracic gland were exstirpated, was investigated in 2 succedding series. It could be proved that all animals underwent 1 or 2 moulting processes inspite of the absence of the moulting gland. These results demonstrate that the generally accepted classical schema of the endocrine control of the insect moulting must be renewed.", "contents": "[Moulting of insects without moulting gland: reseults with larvae of Periplaneta americana (author's transl)]. The course of moulting of Periplaneta americana larvae of which the prothoracic gland were exstirpated, was investigated in 2 succedding series. It could be proved that all animals underwent 1 or 2 moulting processes inspite of the absence of the moulting gland. These results demonstrate that the generally accepted classical schema of the endocrine control of the insect moulting must be renewed.", "PMID": 844568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6191", "title": "On the possible mode of action of neurohormones on cholinesterase activity in the ventral nerve cord of scorpion, Heterometrus fulvipes.", "content": "It is shown that Km of ChE is not affected by the neurohormones but Vmax is increased and decreased in presence of acceleratory and inhibitory neurohormones respectively. Hence it is suggested that the neurohormones might modulate the enzyme activity be altering the maximal velocities (Vmax) rather than affecting the enzyme affinity (Km) towards the substrate.", "contents": "On the possible mode of action of neurohormones on cholinesterase activity in the ventral nerve cord of scorpion, Heterometrus fulvipes. It is shown that Km of ChE is not affected by the neurohormones but Vmax is increased and decreased in presence of acceleratory and inhibitory neurohormones respectively. Hence it is suggested that the neurohormones might modulate the enzyme activity be altering the maximal velocities (Vmax) rather than affecting the enzyme affinity (Km) towards the substrate.", "PMID": 844571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6192", "title": "Auditory and visual perception of simultaneous verbal and nonverbal stimuli.", "content": "In an auditory experiment, digits and tonal sequences were presented simultaneously to both ears. In a visual experiment, words and nonsense figures had to be compared in both visual half-fields. The verbral stimuli were better reported from the right ear and right visual half-field. The nonverbal stimuli were reported equally well from both ears and visual half-fields. It appears that the processing of stimuli presented to both input channels depends on the type of the stimuli. These results point to a cerebral mechanism classifying incoming information to the brain and yielding an optimal processing of verbal and nonverbal stimuli by the cerebral hemispheres.", "contents": "Auditory and visual perception of simultaneous verbal and nonverbal stimuli. In an auditory experiment, digits and tonal sequences were presented simultaneously to both ears. In a visual experiment, words and nonsense figures had to be compared in both visual half-fields. The verbral stimuli were better reported from the right ear and right visual half-field. The nonverbal stimuli were reported equally well from both ears and visual half-fields. It appears that the processing of stimuli presented to both input channels depends on the type of the stimuli. These results point to a cerebral mechanism classifying incoming information to the brain and yielding an optimal processing of verbal and nonverbal stimuli by the cerebral hemispheres.", "PMID": 844572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6193", "title": "Arousal-induced increase of cortical [K+] in unrestrained rats.", "content": "Changes of extracellular concentration of brain potassium [K+]e were studied in lightly anesthetized unrestrained rats with ion-selective K+-microelectrodes introduced into the cerebral cortex with a head-mounted microdrive system. Nociceptive stimuli elicited EEG arousal lasting for 47 sec on the averag which was accompained by an increase of [K+]e from 3.0 mM to 3.31 +/- 0.04 mM.", "contents": "Arousal-induced increase of cortical [K+] in unrestrained rats. Changes of extracellular concentration of brain potassium [K+]e were studied in lightly anesthetized unrestrained rats with ion-selective K+-microelectrodes introduced into the cerebral cortex with a head-mounted microdrive system. Nociceptive stimuli elicited EEG arousal lasting for 47 sec on the averag which was accompained by an increase of [K+]e from 3.0 mM to 3.31 +/- 0.04 mM.", "PMID": 844574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6194", "title": "Modification of effects of biologically active peptides, caused by enzyme treatment, on the excitability of identifiable giant neurones of an African giant snail (Achatina fulica F\u00e9russac).", "content": "Physalaemin, which excites an identifiable mooluscan giant neurone (the TAN, tonically autoactive neurone), lost the effect after the trypsin treatment. Unexpectedly, this peptide shows an inhibitory effect on the same neurone after chymotrypsin treatment. Deamino-dicarba-(d-d-)oxytocin and d-d-Arg-vasotocin, which excite another identifiable neurone (the PON, periodically oscillating neurone) continue to show the effect after chymotrypsin treatment (6 h). But d-d-Arg-vasotocin losts the effect on the PON after trypsin treatment.", "contents": "Modification of effects of biologically active peptides, caused by enzyme treatment, on the excitability of identifiable giant neurones of an African giant snail (Achatina fulica F\u00e9russac). Physalaemin, which excites an identifiable mooluscan giant neurone (the TAN, tonically autoactive neurone), lost the effect after the trypsin treatment. Unexpectedly, this peptide shows an inhibitory effect on the same neurone after chymotrypsin treatment. Deamino-dicarba-(d-d-)oxytocin and d-d-Arg-vasotocin, which excite another identifiable neurone (the PON, periodically oscillating neurone) continue to show the effect after chymotrypsin treatment (6 h). But d-d-Arg-vasotocin losts the effect on the PON after trypsin treatment.", "PMID": 844577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6195", "title": "Acidic metabolite of prednisolone.", "content": "The metabolic fate of the 17beta-ketol side chain of (21-3H) prednisolone was studied with an enzyme preparation from male golden hamster liver. The acidic metabolite of prednisolone was identified by mass spectrometry as 11beta, 17alpha,20epsilon-trihydroxy-3-oxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-oic acid. The enzyme showed substrate specificity, depending on the nature of substituent on the steroid nucleus.", "contents": "Acidic metabolite of prednisolone. The metabolic fate of the 17beta-ketol side chain of (21-3H) prednisolone was studied with an enzyme preparation from male golden hamster liver. The acidic metabolite of prednisolone was identified by mass spectrometry as 11beta, 17alpha,20epsilon-trihydroxy-3-oxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-oic acid. The enzyme showed substrate specificity, depending on the nature of substituent on the steroid nucleus.", "PMID": 844579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6196", "title": "Alpha-and- beta-activity of O-methylated derivatives of norepinephrine and epinephrine.", "content": "Metanephrine, iso-metanephrine, normetanephrine and isonormetaephrine were tested for alpha- and beta-activity on various tissues obtained from rats, guinea-pigs and cats. It was found that methylation of the hydroxyl groups of norepinephrine or epinephrine in either the 3- or 4-position markedly reduces or abolishes alpha- and beta-activity with the exception of the nictitating membrane of the cat. This receptor seems to show a tissue difference.", "contents": "Alpha-and- beta-activity of O-methylated derivatives of norepinephrine and epinephrine. Metanephrine, iso-metanephrine, normetanephrine and isonormetaephrine were tested for alpha- and beta-activity on various tissues obtained from rats, guinea-pigs and cats. It was found that methylation of the hydroxyl groups of norepinephrine or epinephrine in either the 3- or 4-position markedly reduces or abolishes alpha- and beta-activity with the exception of the nictitating membrane of the cat. This receptor seems to show a tissue difference.", "PMID": 844582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6197", "title": "[Metabolism of fluorinated mescallins by Pieris brassicae (Insect, Lepidoptera) (author's transl)].", "content": "The action of alpha-fluorinated mescalins on induction of diapause in the cabbage butterfly, Pieris brassicae, has been studied. The introduction of fluorine into mescalin has no influence on this activity. This result suggests solvolysis of fluorine and in vivo formation of a common ethylimine intermediate. Activity decreases, however, with substitution of the nitrogen.", "contents": "[Metabolism of fluorinated mescallins by Pieris brassicae (Insect, Lepidoptera) (author's transl)]. The action of alpha-fluorinated mescalins on induction of diapause in the cabbage butterfly, Pieris brassicae, has been studied. The introduction of fluorine into mescalin has no influence on this activity. This result suggests solvolysis of fluorine and in vivo formation of a common ethylimine intermediate. Activity decreases, however, with substitution of the nitrogen.", "PMID": 844583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6198", "title": "Effect of irradiation on electrophoretic properties of enzymes in haemopoietic cells of opossum.", "content": "5-month-old male opossums were exposed to 5000 rads whole body 60Co radiation and sacrificed at 16, 40 and 90 h following irradiation. Stract gel electrophoretic studies of dehydrogenases of lactate, malate, 6-phospho-gluconate and glucose-6-phosphate and alpha-esterases and acid phosphatase were conducted on the homogenates of spleen and bone marrow cells. Expressions of LDH and G6PD were affected by irradiation in bone marrow and spleen cells.", "contents": "Effect of irradiation on electrophoretic properties of enzymes in haemopoietic cells of opossum. 5-month-old male opossums were exposed to 5000 rads whole body 60Co radiation and sacrificed at 16, 40 and 90 h following irradiation. Stract gel electrophoretic studies of dehydrogenases of lactate, malate, 6-phospho-gluconate and glucose-6-phosphate and alpha-esterases and acid phosphatase were conducted on the homogenates of spleen and bone marrow cells. Expressions of LDH and G6PD were affected by irradiation in bone marrow and spleen cells.", "PMID": 844584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6199", "title": "Nitrate fertilizers as environmental pollutants: positive correlation between nitrates (NaNO3 and KNO3) used per unit area and stomach cancer mortality rates.", "content": "Since a significant positive correlation between nitrate fertilizer exposure and stomach cancer mortality has been found, a study of nitrate fertilizer pollution in arable land in terms of amount of nitrates used per unit area (kg/ha) and stomach cancer death rates was carried out. The regression of death rates for stomach cancer, standardized for age, on the nitrates used per unit area, by province (N = 25), exhibited a significant association between the 2 variables (p less than 0.004). When industrialized provinceds (N = 3) were not considered, a highly significant association was found (F = 16.47; d.f. = 1, 20; p less than 0.0006). The correlation coefficient was + 0.672.", "contents": "Nitrate fertilizers as environmental pollutants: positive correlation between nitrates (NaNO3 and KNO3) used per unit area and stomach cancer mortality rates. Since a significant positive correlation between nitrate fertilizer exposure and stomach cancer mortality has been found, a study of nitrate fertilizer pollution in arable land in terms of amount of nitrates used per unit area (kg/ha) and stomach cancer death rates was carried out. The regression of death rates for stomach cancer, standardized for age, on the nitrates used per unit area, by province (N = 25), exhibited a significant association between the 2 variables (p less than 0.004). When industrialized provinceds (N = 3) were not considered, a highly significant association was found (F = 16.47; d.f. = 1, 20; p less than 0.0006). The correlation coefficient was + 0.672.", "PMID": 844585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6200", "title": "So-called annular gap junctions in bone cells of normal mice.", "content": "Spherical bodies consisting of a granular matrix and a pentalaminar limiting membrane were found in cells from the proximal tibial metaphysis of normal mice. The structures measured about 280-570 min in diameter and were located mainly in the cytoplasm of osteoblasts and occasionally in preosteoblasts. The granules within the bodies resembled ribosomes. The multi-layered composition of the limiting body membrane was identical with that of intercellular gap junctions.", "contents": "So-called annular gap junctions in bone cells of normal mice. Spherical bodies consisting of a granular matrix and a pentalaminar limiting membrane were found in cells from the proximal tibial metaphysis of normal mice. The structures measured about 280-570 min in diameter and were located mainly in the cytoplasm of osteoblasts and occasionally in preosteoblasts. The granules within the bodies resembled ribosomes. The multi-layered composition of the limiting body membrane was identical with that of intercellular gap junctions.", "PMID": 844587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6201", "title": "Turnover of 5-hydroxydopamine in adrenergic nerves.", "content": "In adrenergic nerve endings of the guinea-pig vas deferens the population of small granular vesicles increases from 19% in control animals to 80-90% 1-3 h after the administration of 5-hydroxydopamine, and gradually declines to control values in 10 days. Large granular vsicles were also loaded but the loss of enhanced granulation was more rapid than in the small granular vesicles.", "contents": "Turnover of 5-hydroxydopamine in adrenergic nerves. In adrenergic nerve endings of the guinea-pig vas deferens the population of small granular vesicles increases from 19% in control animals to 80-90% 1-3 h after the administration of 5-hydroxydopamine, and gradually declines to control values in 10 days. Large granular vsicles were also loaded but the loss of enhanced granulation was more rapid than in the small granular vesicles.", "PMID": 844588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6202", "title": "Erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in anaemic sheep.", "content": "Experimental anaemia resulted in an increase of red cell 2,3-DPG from 0.11 micronM/g Hb to 0.99 micronM in haemoglobin A sheep and from 0.21 micronM in haemoglobin B sheep. Production of haemoblobin Cas a result of anaemia was confined to haemoblobin A only. The results, therefore, appear to suggest that the rise in 2,3-DPG in the red blood cells of different haemoblobin types is independent of haemoblobin C.", "contents": "Erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in anaemic sheep. Experimental anaemia resulted in an increase of red cell 2,3-DPG from 0.11 micronM/g Hb to 0.99 micronM in haemoglobin A sheep and from 0.21 micronM in haemoglobin B sheep. Production of haemoblobin Cas a result of anaemia was confined to haemoblobin A only. The results, therefore, appear to suggest that the rise in 2,3-DPG in the red blood cells of different haemoblobin types is independent of haemoblobin C.", "PMID": 844589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6203", "title": "Sexual and contraceptive experience of young unmarried women in the United States, 1976 and 1971.", "content": "The prevalence of sexual activity among never-married U.S. teenage women increased by 30 percent between 1971 and 1976; so that by age 19, 55 percent have had sexual intercourse. The increase, which has occurred at all ages and among all races, has been accompanied by a dramatic increase in the use of contraception, the use of the most effective methods, and the more regular use of all methods. Nevertheless, few teenagers begin use of contraception at the same time that they initiate intercourse--and many wait until after they have experienced pregnancy.", "contents": "Sexual and contraceptive experience of young unmarried women in the United States, 1976 and 1971. The prevalence of sexual activity among never-married U.S. teenage women increased by 30 percent between 1971 and 1976; so that by age 19, 55 percent have had sexual intercourse. The increase, which has occurred at all ages and among all races, has been accompanied by a dramatic increase in the use of contraception, the use of the most effective methods, and the more regular use of all methods. Nevertheless, few teenagers begin use of contraception at the same time that they initiate intercourse--and many wait until after they have experienced pregnancy.", "PMID": 844593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6204", "title": "New estimates of mortality associated with fertility control.", "content": "Recent data on mortality related to pregnancy and to use of various contraceptive methods show that up to age 30 the risk to life among noncontraceptors from pregnancy and childbirth is far in excess of that experienced by users of any method. After age 30, the mortality risk experienced by pill users who smoke rises dramatically, but among nonsmokers the risk remains relatively low--and is lower than the risk of death among noncontraceptors even after age 40. Safest at all ages is condom or diaphragm backed up by abortion.", "contents": "New estimates of mortality associated with fertility control. Recent data on mortality related to pregnancy and to use of various contraceptive methods show that up to age 30 the risk to life among noncontraceptors from pregnancy and childbirth is far in excess of that experienced by users of any method. After age 30, the mortality risk experienced by pill users who smoke rises dramatically, but among nonsmokers the risk remains relatively low--and is lower than the risk of death among noncontraceptors even after age 40. Safest at all ages is condom or diaphragm backed up by abortion.", "PMID": 844594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6205", "title": "Cholinergic compounds. VIII Synthesis and biological activity of epiallo-desethermuscarine.", "content": "The synthesis of epiallo-desethermuscarine (I) is reported. Its pharmacological activity has been tested and compared with the other carbocyclic analogs of muscarine and its derivatives.", "contents": "Cholinergic compounds. VIII Synthesis and biological activity of epiallo-desethermuscarine. The synthesis of epiallo-desethermuscarine (I) is reported. Its pharmacological activity has been tested and compared with the other carbocyclic analogs of muscarine and its derivatives.", "PMID": 844601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6206", "title": "[New analogs of papaverine: synthesis, pharmacological and conformational study of benzyl-4-isoquinolines substituted in the 1 or 3 position].", "content": "The synthesis of p-chlorobenzyl-4-isoquinolines variously substituted in the 1 and 3 positions by condensation in an acid medium of the diethyl acetal of a substituted N-veratrylaminoacetaldehyde with p-chlorobenzaldehyde is described. Pharmacological and conformational tests have been carried in comparison with papaverine and p-chlorobenzyl-4-isoquinoline. The basicities of these derivatives have been measured and compared.", "contents": "[New analogs of papaverine: synthesis, pharmacological and conformational study of benzyl-4-isoquinolines substituted in the 1 or 3 position]. The synthesis of p-chlorobenzyl-4-isoquinolines variously substituted in the 1 and 3 positions by condensation in an acid medium of the diethyl acetal of a substituted N-veratrylaminoacetaldehyde with p-chlorobenzaldehyde is described. Pharmacological and conformational tests have been carried in comparison with papaverine and p-chlorobenzyl-4-isoquinoline. The basicities of these derivatives have been measured and compared.", "PMID": 844602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6207", "title": "[Synthesis of 1,4-benzodiazepine and 1,5-benzodiazocine through oxidative fission of the double bond of indole derivatives].", "content": "A simplified new synthesis of some 5-phenyl-1,4-benzodiazepines and 6-phenyl-1,5-benzodiazocines, in satisfactory yields, by oxidation with sodium periodate of 1-alkylamino-2-methyl-3-phenylindoles, is described.", "contents": "[Synthesis of 1,4-benzodiazepine and 1,5-benzodiazocine through oxidative fission of the double bond of indole derivatives]. A simplified new synthesis of some 5-phenyl-1,4-benzodiazepines and 6-phenyl-1,5-benzodiazocines, in satisfactory yields, by oxidation with sodium periodate of 1-alkylamino-2-methyl-3-phenylindoles, is described.", "PMID": 844603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6208", "title": "[Chemical and pharmacological research on pyran derivatives. VII. Derivatives of naphto/1',2':5,6/pyran/2,3-c/pyrazole and of 12H-naphto/1',2':5,6/pyran/2,3-d/pyrimidine].", "content": "Reaction of substituted 1-oxo-3-dialkylamino-1H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyrans with N,N-dimethylformamide in the presence of phosphorus oxychloride afforded the corresponding substituted 1-oxo-2-formyl-3-dialkyl-amino-1H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyrans. Condensation of substituted 1-oxo-2-formyl-3-dimethylamino-1H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyrans with hydrazine or monosubstituted hydrazines led to the formation of 11-oxo-8H,11H-naphtho[1',2':5,6]pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives through the intermediate hydrazones and subsequent cyclization. Similarly, condensation with acetamidine or guanidine gave rise to the formation of 12-oxo-12H-naphtho[1',2':5,6]pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives. Some of these compounds were tested for their pharmacological properties, but no noteworthy activity was observed.", "contents": "[Chemical and pharmacological research on pyran derivatives. VII. Derivatives of naphto/1',2':5,6/pyran/2,3-c/pyrazole and of 12H-naphto/1',2':5,6/pyran/2,3-d/pyrimidine]. Reaction of substituted 1-oxo-3-dialkylamino-1H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyrans with N,N-dimethylformamide in the presence of phosphorus oxychloride afforded the corresponding substituted 1-oxo-2-formyl-3-dialkyl-amino-1H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyrans. Condensation of substituted 1-oxo-2-formyl-3-dimethylamino-1H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyrans with hydrazine or monosubstituted hydrazines led to the formation of 11-oxo-8H,11H-naphtho[1',2':5,6]pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives through the intermediate hydrazones and subsequent cyclization. Similarly, condensation with acetamidine or guanidine gave rise to the formation of 12-oxo-12H-naphtho[1',2':5,6]pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives. Some of these compounds were tested for their pharmacological properties, but no noteworthy activity was observed.", "PMID": 844604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6209", "title": "[N-acylindoline with phytotoxic activity. II].", "content": "A series of N-acyl derivatives of indoline (A) was prepared and studied for phytotoxic activity. The substances studied (Tables I and II, substanes I leads to XXXVIII) were mostly new compounds and were prepared from the appropriate indoline by condensation with acid chlorides and isocyanates. The biological tests consisted in pre- and post-emergence treatment in doses of 6 kg/ha or less of six common weeds and for two substances (XVIII, XIX) of other species of agricultural importance (Table III). The results show that N-methylcarbamoyl and N-dimethylcarbamoylindolines in which the indoline nucleus bears a halogen or alkyl substituent are highly active on absorption via the roots of foliage and have a wide spectrum of action. The compounds showing the highest phytotoxic activity in both pre- and post-emergence tests were 5Cl-N-(methylcarbamoyl)indoline (XVIII), 5Cl-N-(dimethylcarbamoyl)indoline (XIX) and 2CH3-N-(methylcarbamoyl) indoline (XXXIII).", "contents": "[N-acylindoline with phytotoxic activity. II]. A series of N-acyl derivatives of indoline (A) was prepared and studied for phytotoxic activity. The substances studied (Tables I and II, substanes I leads to XXXVIII) were mostly new compounds and were prepared from the appropriate indoline by condensation with acid chlorides and isocyanates. The biological tests consisted in pre- and post-emergence treatment in doses of 6 kg/ha or less of six common weeds and for two substances (XVIII, XIX) of other species of agricultural importance (Table III). The results show that N-methylcarbamoyl and N-dimethylcarbamoylindolines in which the indoline nucleus bears a halogen or alkyl substituent are highly active on absorption via the roots of foliage and have a wide spectrum of action. The compounds showing the highest phytotoxic activity in both pre- and post-emergence tests were 5Cl-N-(methylcarbamoyl)indoline (XVIII), 5Cl-N-(dimethylcarbamoyl)indoline (XIX) and 2CH3-N-(methylcarbamoyl) indoline (XXXIII).", "PMID": 844605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6210", "title": "Radiopaque contrast media XXXI-Glucoside conjugation of iodophthalein in rabbit.", "content": "Report is given on the identification of the metabolites of the iodophthalein sodium (TIP) in rabbit. After i.v. administration two meabolites (S1 and S2) were excreted mostly in the bile, but both were also found in the urine. The TIP glucoronide (S1) is formed in much greater yield than the glucoside (S2). This latter is a further example of glucoside conjugation in mammals.", "contents": "Radiopaque contrast media XXXI-Glucoside conjugation of iodophthalein in rabbit. Report is given on the identification of the metabolites of the iodophthalein sodium (TIP) in rabbit. After i.v. administration two meabolites (S1 and S2) were excreted mostly in the bile, but both were also found in the urine. The TIP glucoronide (S1) is formed in much greater yield than the glucoside (S2). This latter is a further example of glucoside conjugation in mammals.", "PMID": 844606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6211", "title": "Factors involved in heavy metal poisoning.", "content": "The heavy metals include at least 40 elements but cadmium, lead, and mercury have been most extensively studied. The biological properties of heavy metals are discussed in terms of three important characteristics: the ability to form, irreversibly, complexes and chelates with organic ligands; the properties to form organic-metallic bonds; and the potential to undergo oxidation-reduction reactions. The formation of complexes and chelates within the body is shown to influence greatly the dynamics of transport, distribution, and excretion of several important metal cations. The excretion of uranium is influenced by acid-base balance in the body because uranium forms complexes with bicarbonate anions that are filtered by the kidneys. The biliary excretion of methylmercury depends on the formation of small molecular weight complexes with sulfur-containing amiono acids and the peptides in the liver. The degree of enterohepatic recirculation of a variety of heavy metals appears to depend on the chemical nature of the bilary complexes. The oxidation of elemental to divalent ionic mercury is the crurial step in the retention and tissue deposition of inhaled mercury vapor. That the oxidation process is, at least in part, catalyzed by the enzyme, catalase, explains the effects of ethanol, aminotriazole and the state of acatalasemia on the metabolism of inhaled vapor in man and animals. The formation of covalent bonds between metal cations and the carbon atom usually greatly modifies the biological properties of the metal. Methylarsenic and methylmercury compounds both differ from the inorganic forms in accumulation in animals.", "contents": "Factors involved in heavy metal poisoning. The heavy metals include at least 40 elements but cadmium, lead, and mercury have been most extensively studied. The biological properties of heavy metals are discussed in terms of three important characteristics: the ability to form, irreversibly, complexes and chelates with organic ligands; the properties to form organic-metallic bonds; and the potential to undergo oxidation-reduction reactions. The formation of complexes and chelates within the body is shown to influence greatly the dynamics of transport, distribution, and excretion of several important metal cations. The excretion of uranium is influenced by acid-base balance in the body because uranium forms complexes with bicarbonate anions that are filtered by the kidneys. The biliary excretion of methylmercury depends on the formation of small molecular weight complexes with sulfur-containing amiono acids and the peptides in the liver. The degree of enterohepatic recirculation of a variety of heavy metals appears to depend on the chemical nature of the bilary complexes. The oxidation of elemental to divalent ionic mercury is the crurial step in the retention and tissue deposition of inhaled mercury vapor. That the oxidation process is, at least in part, catalyzed by the enzyme, catalase, explains the effects of ethanol, aminotriazole and the state of acatalasemia on the metabolism of inhaled vapor in man and animals. The formation of covalent bonds between metal cations and the carbon atom usually greatly modifies the biological properties of the metal. Methylarsenic and methylmercury compounds both differ from the inorganic forms in accumulation in animals.", "PMID": 844608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6212", "title": "Regulation of drug metabolism in man by environmental chemicals and diet.", "content": "Studies in animals have shown that many environmental pollutants induce the synthesis or inhibit the activity of microsomal mixed-function oxygenases that metabolize drugs, carcinogens and normal body constituents such as steroid hormones. These effects on microsomal enzyme activity alter the duration and intensity of action of foreign and endogenous chemicals in animals, and such effects on metabolism may influence the carcinogenicity of some pollutants in man. Studies on the effects of environmental chemicals on drug metabolism in man are sparse. Exposure of humans to DDT or lindane in a pesticide factory results in an enhanced rate of metabolism of antipyrine and phenylbutazone and an increased urinary excretion of 6-beta-hydroxycortisol. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons present in cigarette smoke, in charcoal-broiled meats, and in polluted city air are potent inducers of drug-metabolizing enzymes in animals. In humans, cigarette smoking stimulates the activity of placental enzymes that metabolize several drugs and carcinogens. In addition, cigarette smokers metabolize phenacetin, theophylline, and other drugs more rapidly in vivo than nonsmokers. Dietary factors are important in the regulation of drug metabolism in animals and man. Feeding rats brussels sprouts or cabbage stimulates the intestinal and hepatic metabolism of drugs in animals. This effect is caused, at least in part, by certain indoles normally present in these vegetables. The feeding of a charcoal-broiled beef diet to rats stimulates the metabolism of phenacetin in vitro, and a similar diet stimulates the in vivo metabolism of phenacetin in man. It is likely that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are the major inducers in charcoal-broiled beef.", "contents": "Regulation of drug metabolism in man by environmental chemicals and diet. Studies in animals have shown that many environmental pollutants induce the synthesis or inhibit the activity of microsomal mixed-function oxygenases that metabolize drugs, carcinogens and normal body constituents such as steroid hormones. These effects on microsomal enzyme activity alter the duration and intensity of action of foreign and endogenous chemicals in animals, and such effects on metabolism may influence the carcinogenicity of some pollutants in man. Studies on the effects of environmental chemicals on drug metabolism in man are sparse. Exposure of humans to DDT or lindane in a pesticide factory results in an enhanced rate of metabolism of antipyrine and phenylbutazone and an increased urinary excretion of 6-beta-hydroxycortisol. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons present in cigarette smoke, in charcoal-broiled meats, and in polluted city air are potent inducers of drug-metabolizing enzymes in animals. In humans, cigarette smoking stimulates the activity of placental enzymes that metabolize several drugs and carcinogens. In addition, cigarette smokers metabolize phenacetin, theophylline, and other drugs more rapidly in vivo than nonsmokers. Dietary factors are important in the regulation of drug metabolism in animals and man. Feeding rats brussels sprouts or cabbage stimulates the intestinal and hepatic metabolism of drugs in animals. This effect is caused, at least in part, by certain indoles normally present in these vegetables. The feeding of a charcoal-broiled beef diet to rats stimulates the metabolism of phenacetin in vitro, and a similar diet stimulates the in vivo metabolism of phenacetin in man. It is likely that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are the major inducers in charcoal-broiled beef.", "PMID": 844609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6213", "title": "Responses to the thermal environment.", "content": "Human responses to the thermal environment and to internal heat production serve to maintain a narrow range of internal body temperatures of 36-38 C. There are two categories of responses: voluntary or behavioral responses, and involuntary or physiological autonomic responses. Voluntary or behavioral responses consist generally of avoidance or reduction of thermal stress by modification of the body's immediate environment by modification of clothing insulation or by comfort conditioning of his microenvironment. Physiological responses consist of peripheral vasoconstriction to reduce the body's thermal conductance and increased heat production by involuntary shivering in the cold, and peripheral vasodilation to increase thermal conductance and secretion of sweat for evaporative cooling in hot environments. Autonomic responses are proportional to changes in internal and mean skin temperatures. Repeated exposures to heat, humidity, and exercise will modify the physiological response mechanisms by acclimation to produce more effective responses. Physiological responses also depend on the point in a diurnal cycle, on physical fitness, and on the sex of the individual. Behavioral responses rely on thermal sensations and thermal discomfort. Thermal discomfort appears to be closely related to the level of autonomic responses so that warm discomfort is closely correlated with skin wettedness, and cold discomfort similarly relates to cold extremities and shivering activity.", "contents": "Responses to the thermal environment. Human responses to the thermal environment and to internal heat production serve to maintain a narrow range of internal body temperatures of 36-38 C. There are two categories of responses: voluntary or behavioral responses, and involuntary or physiological autonomic responses. Voluntary or behavioral responses consist generally of avoidance or reduction of thermal stress by modification of the body's immediate environment by modification of clothing insulation or by comfort conditioning of his microenvironment. Physiological responses consist of peripheral vasoconstriction to reduce the body's thermal conductance and increased heat production by involuntary shivering in the cold, and peripheral vasodilation to increase thermal conductance and secretion of sweat for evaporative cooling in hot environments. Autonomic responses are proportional to changes in internal and mean skin temperatures. Repeated exposures to heat, humidity, and exercise will modify the physiological response mechanisms by acclimation to produce more effective responses. Physiological responses also depend on the point in a diurnal cycle, on physical fitness, and on the sex of the individual. Behavioral responses rely on thermal sensations and thermal discomfort. Thermal discomfort appears to be closely related to the level of autonomic responses so that warm discomfort is closely correlated with skin wettedness, and cold discomfort similarly relates to cold extremities and shivering activity.", "PMID": 844610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6214", "title": "Nutrition and the responses to extreme environments.", "content": "The calorie requirements of adequately clothed men living and working in a cold environment are not increased, except for the 2-5 percent increase in matabolic rate due to the \"hobbling\" effect of the heavy clothing. The energy requirements in the cold, as in a temperate environment, are primarily a function of body weight and level of physical activity. The discrepancies between studies of persons living in a hot environment are explainable and are primarily due to the level of protection from the heat. The increased requirements are probably due to the increased heat load imposed on the body by solar radiation and the extreme heat. The increased requirements, in all likelihood, are a combination of increased action by blood in heat transport, increased ventilation and heart rate, and increased action of the sweat glands plus the increase in metabolic rate due partially to elevation in body temperature. In view of some strong new evidence, the energy requirements are increased for individuals living and working in extremely hot environments. There is no evidence showing that modification of macro nutrient composition of the diet will enhance either heat tolerance or cold adaptation in humans. Recent studies indicate that high carbohydrate diets will improve tolerance during high altitude exposure.", "contents": "Nutrition and the responses to extreme environments. The calorie requirements of adequately clothed men living and working in a cold environment are not increased, except for the 2-5 percent increase in matabolic rate due to the \"hobbling\" effect of the heavy clothing. The energy requirements in the cold, as in a temperate environment, are primarily a function of body weight and level of physical activity. The discrepancies between studies of persons living in a hot environment are explainable and are primarily due to the level of protection from the heat. The increased requirements are probably due to the increased heat load imposed on the body by solar radiation and the extreme heat. The increased requirements, in all likelihood, are a combination of increased action by blood in heat transport, increased ventilation and heart rate, and increased action of the sweat glands plus the increase in metabolic rate due partially to elevation in body temperature. In view of some strong new evidence, the energy requirements are increased for individuals living and working in extremely hot environments. There is no evidence showing that modification of macro nutrient composition of the diet will enhance either heat tolerance or cold adaptation in humans. Recent studies indicate that high carbohydrate diets will improve tolerance during high altitude exposure.", "PMID": 844611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6215", "title": "Nutrition and responses to zero gravity.", "content": "Prior to the Mercury program, extensive efforts were undertaken to find ways of minimizing the mass of in-flight food systems. Such efforts were directed to the use of dehydrated, energy-dense foodstuffs and to the possibilities of nutrient recyclization. As the space program became a reality, nutritional scientists were more concerned with the mechanics of food consumption in weightless flight and with the problems of structuring convention foods in a way that would facilitate their use in weightlessness. It soon became clear that there was no substantial impediment to normal gastrointestinal function in flight, and attention was shifted to more subtle metabolic phenomenons. It became apparent that slight changes occurred in skeletal density, muscle mass, and overall body composition. Recognition of these changes led to extensive ground-based simulation studies and carefully designed in-flight experiments. Data are presented on the requirements for metabolic energy in flight and on the losses that have been observed in the major elemental constituents of the body. It is concluded that convincing evidence is not yet avialable on the ability of man to adapt to long-term weightless flight. Although his nutritional requirements are qualitatively similar during flight, the sophisticated manipulation of nutrient profiles shows promise of counteracting some of the deteriorative processes that are known to occur.", "contents": "Nutrition and responses to zero gravity. Prior to the Mercury program, extensive efforts were undertaken to find ways of minimizing the mass of in-flight food systems. Such efforts were directed to the use of dehydrated, energy-dense foodstuffs and to the possibilities of nutrient recyclization. As the space program became a reality, nutritional scientists were more concerned with the mechanics of food consumption in weightless flight and with the problems of structuring convention foods in a way that would facilitate their use in weightlessness. It soon became clear that there was no substantial impediment to normal gastrointestinal function in flight, and attention was shifted to more subtle metabolic phenomenons. It became apparent that slight changes occurred in skeletal density, muscle mass, and overall body composition. Recognition of these changes led to extensive ground-based simulation studies and carefully designed in-flight experiments. Data are presented on the requirements for metabolic energy in flight and on the losses that have been observed in the major elemental constituents of the body. It is concluded that convincing evidence is not yet avialable on the ability of man to adapt to long-term weightless flight. Although his nutritional requirements are qualitatively similar during flight, the sophisticated manipulation of nutrient profiles shows promise of counteracting some of the deteriorative processes that are known to occur.", "PMID": 844612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6216", "title": "Modification by fiber of toxic dietary effects.", "content": "There is evidence that type of diet may affect the course of chemical carcinogenesis. In experiments with acetylaminofluorene, rats maintained on stock diet exhibit fewer tumors than do rats fed semi-purified diets. Rats fed stock diet augmented with high levels of sodium cyclamate (2.5-10%), amaranth (5%) or Tween (15%) showed normal weight gain, whereas addition of these toxicants to a fiber-free basal diet caused severely restricted weight gain and decreased survival. The latter effect can be overcome by addition of 10% pectin, alfalfa or cellulose to the basal diet. On the other hand, mice fed a fiber-free diet survived pneumococcal infection better than did mice fed modified stock diets. The mechanism(s) by which fiber affects carcinogenicity or toxicity are unelucidated. The effect of fiber and other aspects of diet on drug action is an area of research that should be developed.", "contents": "Modification by fiber of toxic dietary effects. There is evidence that type of diet may affect the course of chemical carcinogenesis. In experiments with acetylaminofluorene, rats maintained on stock diet exhibit fewer tumors than do rats fed semi-purified diets. Rats fed stock diet augmented with high levels of sodium cyclamate (2.5-10%), amaranth (5%) or Tween (15%) showed normal weight gain, whereas addition of these toxicants to a fiber-free basal diet caused severely restricted weight gain and decreased survival. The latter effect can be overcome by addition of 10% pectin, alfalfa or cellulose to the basal diet. On the other hand, mice fed a fiber-free diet survived pneumococcal infection better than did mice fed modified stock diets. The mechanism(s) by which fiber affects carcinogenicity or toxicity are unelucidated. The effect of fiber and other aspects of diet on drug action is an area of research that should be developed.", "PMID": 844613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6217", "title": "Some effects of nitrogen dioxide on the lung.", "content": "Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) when inhaled in different concentrations and for varying times produces pulmonary injuries which are dependent on the anatomic site in the lung and the duration of exposure. Single exposures to high concentrations of NO2 for 5-6 hr produce an intense cellular proliferation which regresses within 48 hr in all lung regions except the terminal respiratory bronchiole region and the alveoli where the proliferation persists for 4-7 days. This same delayed response is also observed in more chronic exposures. Histologically, the lesion in the terminal and respiratory bronchioles may resemble an obliterative bronchiolitis, but the lesion clears if further exposure is terminated. Prolonged exposure to 2 ppm NO2, 20-22 hr per day for 7 days per wk, produces an increase in total pulmonary upstream resistance in animals killed immediately after exposure; this resistence returns to normal values within 3 mo after removal from exposure. The internal surface area (ISA) is decreased after 12 mo exposure to NO2, but this loss of surface progresses during the recovery period in air, suggesting an autonomous progression of the tissue destructive process. Exposure to 3.64 ppm NO2 with and without fly ash for periods of 12-14 mo causes no increase in pulmonary resistance and no alteration in lung surface. Lung phospholipids and protein synthesis appear to be depressed following exposure to NO2. Lecithin is significantly increased. The synthesis of proteases by alveolar macrophages is increased during NO2 exposure. Pigmented alveolar macrophages present in animals exposed to NO2 simulate those found in human lungs of young cigarette smokers in the terminal and respiratory bronchioles. The mechanism of tissue injury by oxidants such as NO2 may involve free radical formation, and peroxidation of lipids or proteins.", "contents": "Some effects of nitrogen dioxide on the lung. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) when inhaled in different concentrations and for varying times produces pulmonary injuries which are dependent on the anatomic site in the lung and the duration of exposure. Single exposures to high concentrations of NO2 for 5-6 hr produce an intense cellular proliferation which regresses within 48 hr in all lung regions except the terminal respiratory bronchiole region and the alveoli where the proliferation persists for 4-7 days. This same delayed response is also observed in more chronic exposures. Histologically, the lesion in the terminal and respiratory bronchioles may resemble an obliterative bronchiolitis, but the lesion clears if further exposure is terminated. Prolonged exposure to 2 ppm NO2, 20-22 hr per day for 7 days per wk, produces an increase in total pulmonary upstream resistance in animals killed immediately after exposure; this resistence returns to normal values within 3 mo after removal from exposure. The internal surface area (ISA) is decreased after 12 mo exposure to NO2, but this loss of surface progresses during the recovery period in air, suggesting an autonomous progression of the tissue destructive process. Exposure to 3.64 ppm NO2 with and without fly ash for periods of 12-14 mo causes no increase in pulmonary resistance and no alteration in lung surface. Lung phospholipids and protein synthesis appear to be depressed following exposure to NO2. Lecithin is significantly increased. The synthesis of proteases by alveolar macrophages is increased during NO2 exposure. Pigmented alveolar macrophages present in animals exposed to NO2 simulate those found in human lungs of young cigarette smokers in the terminal and respiratory bronchioles. The mechanism of tissue injury by oxidants such as NO2 may involve free radical formation, and peroxidation of lipids or proteins.", "PMID": 844614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6218", "title": "Allergic responses to airborne allergens and insect venoms.", "content": "Exposure to environmental allergens leads to human sensitization and disease by two different routes: inhalation (i.e., pollen allergy) and parenteral administration (i.e., insect sting anaphylaxis). In both, the pathogenesis of disease involves specific IgE antibodies and mediator release from mast cells and basophils. The relevant allergens have been characterized and found to be proteins with a molecular mass that ranges from 15,000 to 40,000 daltons. Appropriate diagnostic methods, skin testing, basophil histamine release and IgE antibody measurements (RAST), have been developed. Appropriate immunotherapy (immunization with the relevant allergens) leads to an increase in IgG (blocking) antibody. This therapy has proved to be useful in inhalational allergy and is potentially curative in parenterally induced anaphylaxis.", "contents": "Allergic responses to airborne allergens and insect venoms. Exposure to environmental allergens leads to human sensitization and disease by two different routes: inhalation (i.e., pollen allergy) and parenteral administration (i.e., insect sting anaphylaxis). In both, the pathogenesis of disease involves specific IgE antibodies and mediator release from mast cells and basophils. The relevant allergens have been characterized and found to be proteins with a molecular mass that ranges from 15,000 to 40,000 daltons. Appropriate diagnostic methods, skin testing, basophil histamine release and IgE antibody measurements (RAST), have been developed. Appropriate immunotherapy (immunization with the relevant allergens) leads to an increase in IgG (blocking) antibody. This therapy has proved to be useful in inhalational allergy and is potentially curative in parenterally induced anaphylaxis.", "PMID": 844615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6219", "title": "Urticaria, angioedema, and mediator release in humans in response to physical environmental stimuli.", "content": "The activation of mast cells by immunologic or physical stimuli leads to the generation of unstored intermediates (mediators) such as slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) and platelet activating factor (PAF), and to their release along with performed mediators, histamine, eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A), and neutrophil chemotactic factor (NCE), and macromolecular heparin. The internal regulation of mast cell-dependent phenomenons occurs at at least four levels: 1) the intensity and nature of the activating stimulus, 2) the regulation of mediator generation and release of cellular levels of the cyclic nucleotides, 3) the capacity of target cells to bind and respond to primary mediators, and 4) the rate at which mediators undergo biodegradation. Inasmuch as the mast cell is present at cutaneous and mucosal surfaces about venules, it seems likely that the initial or humoral phase of its response achieves an influx of plasms proteins, such as immunoglobulins and complement components, whereas the subsequent cellular phase augments local host defense through the entrance of neutrophils and eosinophils that terminate the humoral phase. The activation of mast cells is considered herein in terms of defined physical stimuli that are characterized by urticaria and angioedema.", "contents": "Urticaria, angioedema, and mediator release in humans in response to physical environmental stimuli. The activation of mast cells by immunologic or physical stimuli leads to the generation of unstored intermediates (mediators) such as slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) and platelet activating factor (PAF), and to their release along with performed mediators, histamine, eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A), and neutrophil chemotactic factor (NCE), and macromolecular heparin. The internal regulation of mast cell-dependent phenomenons occurs at at least four levels: 1) the intensity and nature of the activating stimulus, 2) the regulation of mediator generation and release of cellular levels of the cyclic nucleotides, 3) the capacity of target cells to bind and respond to primary mediators, and 4) the rate at which mediators undergo biodegradation. Inasmuch as the mast cell is present at cutaneous and mucosal surfaces about venules, it seems likely that the initial or humoral phase of its response achieves an influx of plasms proteins, such as immunoglobulins and complement components, whereas the subsequent cellular phase augments local host defense through the entrance of neutrophils and eosinophils that terminate the humoral phase. The activation of mast cells is considered herein in terms of defined physical stimuli that are characterized by urticaria and angioedema.", "PMID": 844616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6220", "title": "Effects of cannabinoids on macromolecular synthesis and replication of cultured lymphocytes.", "content": "The lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) as measured by [13H]thymidine incorporation is equally inhibited by 10(-5) to 10(-4) M concentrations of delta8, and delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), their 11-hydroxymetabolites, cannabidiol, cannabinol, cannabichromene, cannabicyclol. A similar inhibiting effect is produced by olivetol, which has the structure of the C ring common to all of these cannabinoids and their metabolites that accumulate in tissues. THC inhibits intracellular and intramolecular incorporation of thymidine, uridine, and leucine. This inhibition can be observed within 15 min after addition of THC to the culture medium. The cytotoxicity of THC is a function of the concentration of serum in the culture medium. The higher the concentration of serum, the more the cells are protected against the toxicity of THC. The cytotoxicity of THC is reversible by washing, after the cells have been incubated for 24 hr with the drug. Lymphocytes incubated with THC or olivetol present a significantly larger number of hypodiploid cells and a significant increase in segregational errors of chromosomes. The inhibitory effect of THC on macromolecular synthesis might be mediated by an alteration of the plasma membrane by the drug.", "contents": "Effects of cannabinoids on macromolecular synthesis and replication of cultured lymphocytes. The lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) as measured by [13H]thymidine incorporation is equally inhibited by 10(-5) to 10(-4) M concentrations of delta8, and delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), their 11-hydroxymetabolites, cannabidiol, cannabinol, cannabichromene, cannabicyclol. A similar inhibiting effect is produced by olivetol, which has the structure of the C ring common to all of these cannabinoids and their metabolites that accumulate in tissues. THC inhibits intracellular and intramolecular incorporation of thymidine, uridine, and leucine. This inhibition can be observed within 15 min after addition of THC to the culture medium. The cytotoxicity of THC is a function of the concentration of serum in the culture medium. The higher the concentration of serum, the more the cells are protected against the toxicity of THC. The cytotoxicity of THC is reversible by washing, after the cells have been incubated for 24 hr with the drug. Lymphocytes incubated with THC or olivetol present a significantly larger number of hypodiploid cells and a significant increase in segregational errors of chromosomes. The inhibitory effect of THC on macromolecular synthesis might be mediated by an alteration of the plasma membrane by the drug.", "PMID": 844617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6221", "title": "Intrauterine contraception in diabetic women.", "content": "The results of intrauterine contraception using four different types of Antigen devices in 118 insulin-treated diabetic women are reported. The patients were followed for a total of 24 months. Cumulative closure rates for the 1st year were as follows: pregnancy, 3.5; expulsion, 13.1; removal for bleeding and/or pain, 7.9; and planned pregnancy, 1.2, giving a continuation rate of 74.3. Cumulative closure rates after 24 months were as follows: pregnancy, 6.5; expulsion, 14.4; removal for bleeding and/or pain, 17.1; and planned pregnancy, 8.3, giving a continuation rate of 56.7. These results are not significantly different from those found by us in nondiabetic women, No serious side effects occurred, in particular no pelvic inflammations or perforations. Intrauterine contraception using the Antigon appears to be a well-suited method for diabetic women.", "contents": "Intrauterine contraception in diabetic women. The results of intrauterine contraception using four different types of Antigen devices in 118 insulin-treated diabetic women are reported. The patients were followed for a total of 24 months. Cumulative closure rates for the 1st year were as follows: pregnancy, 3.5; expulsion, 13.1; removal for bleeding and/or pain, 7.9; and planned pregnancy, 1.2, giving a continuation rate of 74.3. Cumulative closure rates after 24 months were as follows: pregnancy, 6.5; expulsion, 14.4; removal for bleeding and/or pain, 17.1; and planned pregnancy, 8.3, giving a continuation rate of 56.7. These results are not significantly different from those found by us in nondiabetic women, No serious side effects occurred, in particular no pelvic inflammations or perforations. Intrauterine contraception using the Antigon appears to be a well-suited method for diabetic women.", "PMID": 844618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6222", "title": "Accuracy of endometrial biopsy dating in relation to the midcycle luteinizing hormone peak.", "content": "The accuracy of endometrial biopsy dating was evaluated in a selected group of apparently normal women in whom the basal body temperature (BBT), the onset of subsequent menstruation, the midcycle luteinizing hormone (LH) peak, and the 17beta-estradiol peak were determined. Forty-two women with regular cycles, normal ovaries at laparoscopy, and luteal phases of 12 to 15 days were studied. In group I (n=20), the infertility could be explained satisfactorily by either tubal occlusion or infertility of the husband, while in group II (n=22) no explanation was found for the infertility. In group I the duration of the luteal phase, defined as the interval between the LH peak and the onset of subsequent menstruation, was 13.4+/-0.7 days. The plasma 17beta-estradiol concentration declined (P less than 0.01) on the day of the LH peak in both groups of women, while the first significant rise (P less than 0.05) in BBT occurred in groups I and II, respectively, 1 and 2 days following the LH peak. Dating of the endometrial biopsy correlated with the LH peak with standard deviations of 1.2 and 1.3 days, respectively, in groups I and II. It is suggested that, in women with a progressive rise in BBT over several days, the localization of the LH peak can be helpful for correct interpretation of the endometrial biopsy.", "contents": "Accuracy of endometrial biopsy dating in relation to the midcycle luteinizing hormone peak. The accuracy of endometrial biopsy dating was evaluated in a selected group of apparently normal women in whom the basal body temperature (BBT), the onset of subsequent menstruation, the midcycle luteinizing hormone (LH) peak, and the 17beta-estradiol peak were determined. Forty-two women with regular cycles, normal ovaries at laparoscopy, and luteal phases of 12 to 15 days were studied. In group I (n=20), the infertility could be explained satisfactorily by either tubal occlusion or infertility of the husband, while in group II (n=22) no explanation was found for the infertility. In group I the duration of the luteal phase, defined as the interval between the LH peak and the onset of subsequent menstruation, was 13.4+/-0.7 days. The plasma 17beta-estradiol concentration declined (P less than 0.01) on the day of the LH peak in both groups of women, while the first significant rise (P less than 0.05) in BBT occurred in groups I and II, respectively, 1 and 2 days following the LH peak. Dating of the endometrial biopsy correlated with the LH peak with standard deviations of 1.2 and 1.3 days, respectively, in groups I and II. It is suggested that, in women with a progressive rise in BBT over several days, the localization of the LH peak can be helpful for correct interpretation of the endometrial biopsy.", "PMID": 844619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6223", "title": "Absence of circulating HL-A lymphocytotoxic antibodies in men 21 to 44 months after vasectomy.", "content": "Nineteen vasectomized men were followed for 21 to 42 months after surgery, and their sera were tested for the presence of HL-A lymphocytoxic antibodies. In a previous study, the sera of two of these men had shown a definite increase in serum reactivity 6 to 12 months after surgery. Only one of the nineteen tested in the study demonstrated, a single, weakly positive, reaction 24 months after surgery. It was considered that the initial stimulus for lymphocytotoxic antibody production was related to surgery. There was no evidence of antibody stimulation 21 to 44 months postoperatively.", "contents": "Absence of circulating HL-A lymphocytotoxic antibodies in men 21 to 44 months after vasectomy. Nineteen vasectomized men were followed for 21 to 42 months after surgery, and their sera were tested for the presence of HL-A lymphocytoxic antibodies. In a previous study, the sera of two of these men had shown a definite increase in serum reactivity 6 to 12 months after surgery. Only one of the nineteen tested in the study demonstrated, a single, weakly positive, reaction 24 months after surgery. It was considered that the initial stimulus for lymphocytotoxic antibody production was related to surgery. There was no evidence of antibody stimulation 21 to 44 months postoperatively.", "PMID": 844620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6224", "title": "The immunologic effects of husband's semen on donor spermatozoa during mixed insemination.", "content": "Artificial insemination was performed on four women with the husband's and donor's semen mixed. No pregnancies resulted after several inseminations. One woman also received artificial donor insemination without success. Seminal plasmas from the husbands were allowed to react with donor semen and were observed to produce immobilization and agglutination of the donor's spermatozoa. Two of the husbands' seminal plasmas had high levels of immunoglobulin A, and all contained complements C-3 and C-4, which suggests that the mechanism is immunologic. Artificial donor inseminations were performed, and in addition the couples were advised to refrain from sexual intercourse for 2 days prior to insemination, in order to eliminate the risk of husband's seminal plasma being on the wife's cervix. Within 1 month, three of the four women became pregnant. As a practical measure, it is proposed that the effect of husband's semen on donor spermatozoa be determined prior to performing mixed inseminations and that couples refrin from sexual intercourse for 2 days prior to donor inseminations.", "contents": "The immunologic effects of husband's semen on donor spermatozoa during mixed insemination. Artificial insemination was performed on four women with the husband's and donor's semen mixed. No pregnancies resulted after several inseminations. One woman also received artificial donor insemination without success. Seminal plasmas from the husbands were allowed to react with donor semen and were observed to produce immobilization and agglutination of the donor's spermatozoa. Two of the husbands' seminal plasmas had high levels of immunoglobulin A, and all contained complements C-3 and C-4, which suggests that the mechanism is immunologic. Artificial donor inseminations were performed, and in addition the couples were advised to refrain from sexual intercourse for 2 days prior to insemination, in order to eliminate the risk of husband's seminal plasma being on the wife's cervix. Within 1 month, three of the four women became pregnant. As a practical measure, it is proposed that the effect of husband's semen on donor spermatozoa be determined prior to performing mixed inseminations and that couples refrin from sexual intercourse for 2 days prior to donor inseminations.", "PMID": 844621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6225", "title": "Effect of metal ions on the binding of 17beta-estradiol to human endometrial cytosol.", "content": "The influence of zinc and other metal ions on the binding of 3H-17beta-estradiol to human endometrial cytosol was studied. Zn2+ began to interfere with estrogen binding when its concentration in the cytosol exceeded 50 micronM. At a concentration of 5 mM, all of the specific binding of 17beta-estradiol, including more than 50% of the nonspecific binding of the hormone, was destroyed. Analysis of the binding data revealed that one possible site of action of the cations on the binding protein might be the sulfhydryl group(s) of the 17beta-estradiol binding site. The inhibition of 17beta-estradiol binding brought about by Zn2+ was partially abolished by dithiothreitol. Among the metal ions tested, Cu2+ was found to be the most potent inhibitor, followed by Cd2+, Zn2+, and Pb2+. At 1 mM, Mn2+, Ba2+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ had little effect, but at 5 mM, their inhibitory action became more appreciable. K+ and Na+ had no effect on 17beta-estradiol binding. The stimulatory effect of 5 mM Zn2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ on the binding of 3H-17beta-estradiol to a macromolecular fraction from bovine endometrium was not observed in human endometrial cytosol.", "contents": "Effect of metal ions on the binding of 17beta-estradiol to human endometrial cytosol. The influence of zinc and other metal ions on the binding of 3H-17beta-estradiol to human endometrial cytosol was studied. Zn2+ began to interfere with estrogen binding when its concentration in the cytosol exceeded 50 micronM. At a concentration of 5 mM, all of the specific binding of 17beta-estradiol, including more than 50% of the nonspecific binding of the hormone, was destroyed. Analysis of the binding data revealed that one possible site of action of the cations on the binding protein might be the sulfhydryl group(s) of the 17beta-estradiol binding site. The inhibition of 17beta-estradiol binding brought about by Zn2+ was partially abolished by dithiothreitol. Among the metal ions tested, Cu2+ was found to be the most potent inhibitor, followed by Cd2+, Zn2+, and Pb2+. At 1 mM, Mn2+, Ba2+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ had little effect, but at 5 mM, their inhibitory action became more appreciable. K+ and Na+ had no effect on 17beta-estradiol binding. The stimulatory effect of 5 mM Zn2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ on the binding of 3H-17beta-estradiol to a macromolecular fraction from bovine endometrium was not observed in human endometrial cytosol.", "PMID": 844622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6226", "title": "Studies on the effects of pharmacologic doses of cortisone acetate and several nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory compounds on ovo-implantation, early pregnancy, and the deciduomal response in the rat.", "content": "Cortisone acetate (10 mg/day), alone or in combination with progesterone (4 mg/day); progesterone (4 mg/day); progesterone (4 mg/day) plus estrone (1 microng/day); indomethacin (0.75 mg/day); phenylbutazone (20 mg/day); flufenamic acid (10 mg/day); and Compound 83161 (tetrazolo less than 1,5-alpha greater than s-triazolo less than 3,4-c greater than quinoxoline) (8 mg/day and 12 mg/day) were each given to intact rats during early pregnancy (days 1 and/or 2 through day 8). Only cortisone acetate treatment caused a true delay in ovo-implantation. Both progesterone treatment beginning on day 1 and cortisone acetate treatment beginning on day 1 or 2 caused an increased postimplantation fetal death rate. Compound 83161, at doses causing signs of general toxicity (12 mg/day), caused a marginal inhibition of implantation. Treatment with indomethacin, phenylbutazone, or flufenamic acid caused some inhibition of the traumatic deciduomal response in spayed rats treated with progesterone, while treatment with cortisone acetate and Compound 83161 did not.", "contents": "Studies on the effects of pharmacologic doses of cortisone acetate and several nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory compounds on ovo-implantation, early pregnancy, and the deciduomal response in the rat. Cortisone acetate (10 mg/day), alone or in combination with progesterone (4 mg/day); progesterone (4 mg/day); progesterone (4 mg/day) plus estrone (1 microng/day); indomethacin (0.75 mg/day); phenylbutazone (20 mg/day); flufenamic acid (10 mg/day); and Compound 83161 (tetrazolo less than 1,5-alpha greater than s-triazolo less than 3,4-c greater than quinoxoline) (8 mg/day and 12 mg/day) were each given to intact rats during early pregnancy (days 1 and/or 2 through day 8). Only cortisone acetate treatment caused a true delay in ovo-implantation. Both progesterone treatment beginning on day 1 and cortisone acetate treatment beginning on day 1 or 2 caused an increased postimplantation fetal death rate. Compound 83161, at doses causing signs of general toxicity (12 mg/day), caused a marginal inhibition of implantation. Treatment with indomethacin, phenylbutazone, or flufenamic acid caused some inhibition of the traumatic deciduomal response in spayed rats treated with progesterone, while treatment with cortisone acetate and Compound 83161 did not.", "PMID": 844623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6227", "title": "Further studies of inhibitors of in vitro mammalian oocyte maturation.", "content": "Studies of luteinizing hormone (LH)-mediated serum inhibition and of follicular fluid and granulosa cell inhibition of in vitro porcine, ewe, and cow oocyte meiotic maturation have been carried out. A porcine serum inhibitor or inhibitors with a molecular weight above 15,000, similar to the ewe and cow serum inhibitor(s), have been demonstrated. An LH-inactivated inhibitor or inhibitors in fluid from medium-sized ewe and cow follicles have been shown and a minimally effective porcine follicular fluid inhibitor has been confirmed. The estimated molecular weight of these inhibitors is below 1,000. Granulosa cells from the three species were not found to be dramatically inhibitory. It is postulated that the follicular fluid inhibitor(s) may be derived from the larger serum molecule(s) by an action of LH within an intermediate cell type.", "contents": "Further studies of inhibitors of in vitro mammalian oocyte maturation. Studies of luteinizing hormone (LH)-mediated serum inhibition and of follicular fluid and granulosa cell inhibition of in vitro porcine, ewe, and cow oocyte meiotic maturation have been carried out. A porcine serum inhibitor or inhibitors with a molecular weight above 15,000, similar to the ewe and cow serum inhibitor(s), have been demonstrated. An LH-inactivated inhibitor or inhibitors in fluid from medium-sized ewe and cow follicles have been shown and a minimally effective porcine follicular fluid inhibitor has been confirmed. The estimated molecular weight of these inhibitors is below 1,000. Granulosa cells from the three species were not found to be dramatically inhibitory. It is postulated that the follicular fluid inhibitor(s) may be derived from the larger serum molecule(s) by an action of LH within an intermediate cell type.", "PMID": 844624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6228", "title": "Effect of calf thymus histone and its fractions F2 and F3 on human lymphocyte stimulation by phytohaemagglutin.", "content": "The effect of exogenous calf thymus histone and its fractions F2 and F3 on blastic transformation of human lymphocytes stimulated by phytohaemagglutinin was investigated. It was found that histones can not only inhibit, but also potentiate phytohaemagglutinin-induced blastic transformation of lymphocytes. This effect depends on the amount of histones in the medium and most probably also on individual sensitivity of lymphocytes. The arginine-rich histone fraction (F3) displayed the greatest inhibitory effect on lymphocyte stimulation.", "contents": "Effect of calf thymus histone and its fractions F2 and F3 on human lymphocyte stimulation by phytohaemagglutin. The effect of exogenous calf thymus histone and its fractions F2 and F3 on blastic transformation of human lymphocytes stimulated by phytohaemagglutinin was investigated. It was found that histones can not only inhibit, but also potentiate phytohaemagglutinin-induced blastic transformation of lymphocytes. This effect depends on the amount of histones in the medium and most probably also on individual sensitivity of lymphocytes. The arginine-rich histone fraction (F3) displayed the greatest inhibitory effect on lymphocyte stimulation.", "PMID": 844629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6229", "title": "Absorption and metabolism of fructose in the small intestine of conventional and germ-free piglets in vitro.", "content": "The aerobic uptake and metabolism of D-fructose in the rings of the small intestine of conventional and germ-free piglets during development was studied. No accumulation of fructose in the intracellular water against its concentration gradient was found. In both groups of animals the intracellular concentration of fructose decreases with increasing age, being highest in the newborn intestine and the sharptest decrease being observed on the first two days of post-natal life. Lactic acid was found to be the main metabolic product of fructose; a considerable amount of it was formed also from endogenous sources of the small intestine. In the newborn piglet fructose does not affect the formation of lactic acid, on the first two days after birth this effect of fructose is already apparent and more pronounced in germ-free piglets than in conventional ones. Conventional and germ-free animals differ markedly in endogenous lactic acid production. While in the former with increasing age endogenous lactate formation decreases, in the latter it rises after a sharp drop on the first post-natal day.", "contents": "Absorption and metabolism of fructose in the small intestine of conventional and germ-free piglets in vitro. The aerobic uptake and metabolism of D-fructose in the rings of the small intestine of conventional and germ-free piglets during development was studied. No accumulation of fructose in the intracellular water against its concentration gradient was found. In both groups of animals the intracellular concentration of fructose decreases with increasing age, being highest in the newborn intestine and the sharptest decrease being observed on the first two days of post-natal life. Lactic acid was found to be the main metabolic product of fructose; a considerable amount of it was formed also from endogenous sources of the small intestine. In the newborn piglet fructose does not affect the formation of lactic acid, on the first two days after birth this effect of fructose is already apparent and more pronounced in germ-free piglets than in conventional ones. Conventional and germ-free animals differ markedly in endogenous lactic acid production. While in the former with increasing age endogenous lactate formation decreases, in the latter it rises after a sharp drop on the first post-natal day.", "PMID": 844630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6230", "title": "Neuropsychic factors in physical urticaria.", "content": "Psychosomatic investigations were made in 18 patients with dermographism, 17 with cold urticaria, and 13 with cholinergic urticaria, and 13 with cholinergic urticaria. The Maudsley Personality Inventory was used and electroencephalograms were recorded from most patients. In the majority of cases of dermographism first symptoms coincided with frustrating situations and psychic stress-intensified manifestations. 81.8% of the patients with dermographism had abnormal electroencephalograms. In cold urticaria the role of psychic factors could not be demonstrated, whereas in cholinergic urticaria 'brief' emotions provoked symptoms in three-quarters of the patients, although no other signs of the role of psychic factors were detected,", "contents": "Neuropsychic factors in physical urticaria. Psychosomatic investigations were made in 18 patients with dermographism, 17 with cold urticaria, and 13 with cholinergic urticaria, and 13 with cholinergic urticaria. The Maudsley Personality Inventory was used and electroencephalograms were recorded from most patients. In the majority of cases of dermographism first symptoms coincided with frustrating situations and psychic stress-intensified manifestations. 81.8% of the patients with dermographism had abnormal electroencephalograms. In cold urticaria the role of psychic factors could not be demonstrated, whereas in cholinergic urticaria 'brief' emotions provoked symptoms in three-quarters of the patients, although no other signs of the role of psychic factors were detected,", "PMID": 844637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6231", "title": "Psoriasis: case rate--HL-A antigen frequency correlations.", "content": "HL-A antigen B17, associated with a high familial frequency of psoriasis, is significantly correlated (r=0.8242) with psoriasis case rates in several countries but HL-A antigen B13 alone, associated with 'early age onset' cases of psoriasis, is not significantly correlated (r=0.4299) with case rate. A sum of the B13 and B17 antigen frequencies, since either antigen has been associated to psoriasis, is correlated with case rate in the populations surveyed (r=0.7405) and is statistically significant.", "contents": "Psoriasis: case rate--HL-A antigen frequency correlations. HL-A antigen B17, associated with a high familial frequency of psoriasis, is significantly correlated (r=0.8242) with psoriasis case rates in several countries but HL-A antigen B13 alone, associated with 'early age onset' cases of psoriasis, is not significantly correlated (r=0.4299) with case rate. A sum of the B13 and B17 antigen frequencies, since either antigen has been associated to psoriasis, is correlated with case rate in the populations surveyed (r=0.7405) and is statistically significant.", "PMID": 844638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6232", "title": "Erythema multiforme in association with active ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.", "content": "Erythema multiforme of vesiculo-bullous type is described in one patient at the onset of ulcerative colitis and in another during an exacerbation of Crohn's disease. Inflammatory large bowel disease should be once more accepted as a cause of erythema multiforme in its own right, presumably mediated through an immunological reaction.", "contents": "Erythema multiforme in association with active ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Erythema multiforme of vesiculo-bullous type is described in one patient at the onset of ulcerative colitis and in another during an exacerbation of Crohn's disease. Inflammatory large bowel disease should be once more accepted as a cause of erythema multiforme in its own right, presumably mediated through an immunological reaction.", "PMID": 844639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6233", "title": "'Atypical' blue nevus--a benign variant of cellular blue nevus. Presentation of three cases.", "content": "Three cases of 'atypical' blue nevus presented almost identical histological findings differing from both benign cellular blue nevus and malignant blue nevus or malignant melanoma, and suggesting malignancy. Long-term follow-up--in one case 19 years--indicates that this pigmented tumor is a benign variant of blue nevus.", "contents": "'Atypical' blue nevus--a benign variant of cellular blue nevus. Presentation of three cases. Three cases of 'atypical' blue nevus presented almost identical histological findings differing from both benign cellular blue nevus and malignant blue nevus or malignant melanoma, and suggesting malignancy. Long-term follow-up--in one case 19 years--indicates that this pigmented tumor is a benign variant of blue nevus.", "PMID": 844640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6234", "title": "Congenital ichthyosis and medulloblastoma.", "content": "Occurrence of ichthyosis and malignancy together is unusual. An 18-year-old patient suffering from congenital ichthyosis was found to have a medulloblastoma of cerebellum. A short review of the literature of cases of tumors with ichthyosis, and neurological syndromes with ichthyosis is presented.", "contents": "Congenital ichthyosis and medulloblastoma. Occurrence of ichthyosis and malignancy together is unusual. An 18-year-old patient suffering from congenital ichthyosis was found to have a medulloblastoma of cerebellum. A short review of the literature of cases of tumors with ichthyosis, and neurological syndromes with ichthyosis is presented.", "PMID": 844641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6235", "title": "Effect of ultraviolet light therapy, given over a period of several weeks, on the amount and composition of the skin surface lipids.", "content": "Ultraviolet (UV) light therapy was given over a period of several weeks to 19 test persons on one side of the back. The duration of the treatment was gradually increased from 30 sec to 7 min. After conclusion of the treatment quantitative lipid determination was made on both the treated and the untreated sides of the back, using the direct extraction method and the paper absorption method. The lipids obtained in this way were analysed by thin-layer chromatography. The following were the most important results: (1) The amount of skin surface lipids was significantly increased by UV irradiation. This results goth from an increase in the epidermal lipids as well as in the lipids of the sebaceous blands. (2) The percentage of free cholesterol in the skin surface lipids was significantly increased by UV irradiation. This increase is probably connected with a thickening of the stratum corneum. (3) The percentage of free fatty acids in the skin surface lipids is significantly increased by UV therapy. This shows that the living conditions of the saprophyte skin flora, which set free lipases, are improved as a result of this treatment or that this treatment leads to an increase of the activity of the bacterial lipases in the excretory ducts of the sebaceous glands.", "contents": "Effect of ultraviolet light therapy, given over a period of several weeks, on the amount and composition of the skin surface lipids. Ultraviolet (UV) light therapy was given over a period of several weeks to 19 test persons on one side of the back. The duration of the treatment was gradually increased from 30 sec to 7 min. After conclusion of the treatment quantitative lipid determination was made on both the treated and the untreated sides of the back, using the direct extraction method and the paper absorption method. The lipids obtained in this way were analysed by thin-layer chromatography. The following were the most important results: (1) The amount of skin surface lipids was significantly increased by UV irradiation. This results goth from an increase in the epidermal lipids as well as in the lipids of the sebaceous blands. (2) The percentage of free cholesterol in the skin surface lipids was significantly increased by UV irradiation. This increase is probably connected with a thickening of the stratum corneum. (3) The percentage of free fatty acids in the skin surface lipids is significantly increased by UV therapy. This shows that the living conditions of the saprophyte skin flora, which set free lipases, are improved as a result of this treatment or that this treatment leads to an increase of the activity of the bacterial lipases in the excretory ducts of the sebaceous glands.", "PMID": 844642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6236", "title": "Epiphyseal growth and osteoarthrosis in blotchy mice.", "content": "Blotchy mice which carry a gene causing inadequate cross-linking of collagen were investigated for the progress of epiphyseal growth and for the appearance of changes in the knee joints following cessation of growth. In male mice of the strain, which are hemizygous for the gene, early growth proceeded in a histologically normal fashion, although the metaphyseal bone was less abundant than usual. From the age of 3 1/2 months on, the animals developed osteoarthrosis of the knee joints and at the time of death at 5-6 1/2 months of age, 88% of the animals had osteoarthrosis. The findings are discussed with special reference to a possible role of the collagen of the articular cartilage in the pathogenesis of some forms of osteoarthrosis.", "contents": "Epiphyseal growth and osteoarthrosis in blotchy mice. Blotchy mice which carry a gene causing inadequate cross-linking of collagen were investigated for the progress of epiphyseal growth and for the appearance of changes in the knee joints following cessation of growth. In male mice of the strain, which are hemizygous for the gene, early growth proceeded in a histologically normal fashion, although the metaphyseal bone was less abundant than usual. From the age of 3 1/2 months on, the animals developed osteoarthrosis of the knee joints and at the time of death at 5-6 1/2 months of age, 88% of the animals had osteoarthrosis. The findings are discussed with special reference to a possible role of the collagen of the articular cartilage in the pathogenesis of some forms of osteoarthrosis.", "PMID": 844647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6237", "title": "A simplified method for the isolation of sperm heads from the caput epididymidis of rodents and from ejaculated rabbit seminal plasma.", "content": "The present report describes a simple and rapid procedure to isolate highly purified sperm heads from mouse, rat and rabbit. The isolation procedure involves mincing of the caput epididymidis (CPE) of mice and rats to obtain a crude CPE suspension. This suspension is filtered to remove tubular fragments. The filtrate containing sperms and cellular contaminants is trypsinized, followed by sonication. To obtain rabbit sperm head suspension, ejaculated spermatozoa are briefly exposed to the cationic detergent CTAB-D, followed by trypsinization. Trypsin treatment of the suspension yields sperm heads and tails. The suspension containing sperm heads and tails is separated by discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Highly purified and enriched sperm heads are recovered from the bottom of 2.5 M sucrose of the gradient. Enriched sperm heads contain less than 1% sperm tails.", "contents": "A simplified method for the isolation of sperm heads from the caput epididymidis of rodents and from ejaculated rabbit seminal plasma. The present report describes a simple and rapid procedure to isolate highly purified sperm heads from mouse, rat and rabbit. The isolation procedure involves mincing of the caput epididymidis (CPE) of mice and rats to obtain a crude CPE suspension. This suspension is filtered to remove tubular fragments. The filtrate containing sperms and cellular contaminants is trypsinized, followed by sonication. To obtain rabbit sperm head suspension, ejaculated spermatozoa are briefly exposed to the cationic detergent CTAB-D, followed by trypsinization. Trypsin treatment of the suspension yields sperm heads and tails. The suspension containing sperm heads and tails is separated by discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Highly purified and enriched sperm heads are recovered from the bottom of 2.5 M sucrose of the gradient. Enriched sperm heads contain less than 1% sperm tails.", "PMID": 844648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6238", "title": "The migration of lymphocytes across specialized vascular endothelium. III. Concanavalin A delays lymphocytes in normal traffic areas.", "content": "Radioactively labelled rat lymphocytes were treated in vitro with concanavalin A (con A) and injected intravenously into syngeneic recipients. By examining the blood and tissues at intervals from 30 min to 48 h after injection, it was confirmed that con A altered the distribution of lymphocytes. Comparison was made with the localization of alternatively labelled untreated lymphocytes injected into the same recipients and with untreated lymphocytes injected into other recipients. Within 1 h of injection there was a surplus of treated cells in the lungs and liver and deficits (of equal magnitude) in the blood, spleen and lymphonodes. By 24 h after injection there was a twofold surplus of treated cells in the spleen but a persisting deficit in lymphnodes. These perturbations can be ascribed to the prolonged retention of lymphocytes in normal sites of localization; there is no evidence that con A either hinders the migration of lymphocytes from the blood or diverts them to abnormal sites. It is not clear whether the delay in the recipients' tissues requires an active response to con A but, if so, then it does not proceed to blastic transformation.", "contents": "The migration of lymphocytes across specialized vascular endothelium. III. Concanavalin A delays lymphocytes in normal traffic areas. Radioactively labelled rat lymphocytes were treated in vitro with concanavalin A (con A) and injected intravenously into syngeneic recipients. By examining the blood and tissues at intervals from 30 min to 48 h after injection, it was confirmed that con A altered the distribution of lymphocytes. Comparison was made with the localization of alternatively labelled untreated lymphocytes injected into the same recipients and with untreated lymphocytes injected into other recipients. Within 1 h of injection there was a surplus of treated cells in the lungs and liver and deficits (of equal magnitude) in the blood, spleen and lymphonodes. By 24 h after injection there was a twofold surplus of treated cells in the spleen but a persisting deficit in lymphnodes. These perturbations can be ascribed to the prolonged retention of lymphocytes in normal sites of localization; there is no evidence that con A either hinders the migration of lymphocytes from the blood or diverts them to abnormal sites. It is not clear whether the delay in the recipients' tissues requires an active response to con A but, if so, then it does not proceed to blastic transformation.", "PMID": 844649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6239", "title": "Self-conscious behavior of infants: a videotape study.", "content": "The reactions of 4 infants each at ages 10, 15, and 20 months were recorded on videotape as they responded to their own simultaneous video image, their own previously taped video image, the image of a control infant, and that of a female stranger. The subjects' responses were coded by 2 research assistants, ignorant of the original stimuli and the purpose of the study. The following behavioral categories were used: attends, sociable behavior, curiosity, unhappiness-withdrawal, and self-consciousness. The 1st-step discriminant according to a matrix algebra analysis between age groups was self-conscious behavior in response to the simultaneous video image. Twenty month-old infants were significantly different in their display of self-consciousness from the 10 and 15 month-old groups; the latter did not differ from each other.", "contents": "Self-conscious behavior of infants: a videotape study. The reactions of 4 infants each at ages 10, 15, and 20 months were recorded on videotape as they responded to their own simultaneous video image, their own previously taped video image, the image of a control infant, and that of a female stranger. The subjects' responses were coded by 2 research assistants, ignorant of the original stimuli and the purpose of the study. The following behavioral categories were used: attends, sociable behavior, curiosity, unhappiness-withdrawal, and self-consciousness. The 1st-step discriminant according to a matrix algebra analysis between age groups was self-conscious behavior in response to the simultaneous video image. Twenty month-old infants were significantly different in their display of self-consciousness from the 10 and 15 month-old groups; the latter did not differ from each other.", "PMID": 844650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6240", "title": "Ontogeny of behavior in two inbred lines of selected mice.", "content": "The development over 11 ages of 14 reflex responses, 26 behavioral components, jumpiness, and left-right discrimination learning was studied in 2 strains of mice genetically selected for high (SRH) and low (SRL) rearing response frequency. Significant age-dependent differences between the strains were found mainly, but not exclusively, in the behavioral components, e.g., rearing, jumping, scratching, defecating. Two-week-old pups of both strains showed good acquisition and retention in learning tests without shock, but the \"jumpy\" behavior disturbed performance to a certain degree in the SRH strain. Although less active initially, SRH mice were ahead at later developmental stages. Whether these differences are determined by the gene controlling rearing frequency or by other genes remains undecided.", "contents": "Ontogeny of behavior in two inbred lines of selected mice. The development over 11 ages of 14 reflex responses, 26 behavioral components, jumpiness, and left-right discrimination learning was studied in 2 strains of mice genetically selected for high (SRH) and low (SRL) rearing response frequency. Significant age-dependent differences between the strains were found mainly, but not exclusively, in the behavioral components, e.g., rearing, jumping, scratching, defecating. Two-week-old pups of both strains showed good acquisition and retention in learning tests without shock, but the \"jumpy\" behavior disturbed performance to a certain degree in the SRH strain. Although less active initially, SRH mice were ahead at later developmental stages. Whether these differences are determined by the gene controlling rearing frequency or by other genes remains undecided.", "PMID": 844651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6241", "title": "Effect of arousal conditions during reinstatement treatment upon learned fear in young rats.", "content": "The role of shock and epinephrine-induced arousal in the reinstatement of learned fear was investigated in young rats. Groups of 21-day-old rats received classical fear conditioning to the black compartment of a black/white avoidance box. One week later each rat received one of a number of reinstatement conditions consisting of exposure to the apparatus cues, non-contingent foot shock, or exogenous epinephrine injections, alone or in combination. Subjects were tested for retention of spatial avoidance behavior 1 week following reinstatement. Reinstatement with epinephrine and exposure to the training contextual cues, non-contingent foot shock followed by cue exposure, and non-contingent foot shock alone were all found to be as effective as shock administered in conjunction with the cues (the same conditions as those prevailing during training). Cue exposure alone and epinephrine injections without the training cues were ineffective reinstating agents.", "contents": "Effect of arousal conditions during reinstatement treatment upon learned fear in young rats. The role of shock and epinephrine-induced arousal in the reinstatement of learned fear was investigated in young rats. Groups of 21-day-old rats received classical fear conditioning to the black compartment of a black/white avoidance box. One week later each rat received one of a number of reinstatement conditions consisting of exposure to the apparatus cues, non-contingent foot shock, or exogenous epinephrine injections, alone or in combination. Subjects were tested for retention of spatial avoidance behavior 1 week following reinstatement. Reinstatement with epinephrine and exposure to the training contextual cues, non-contingent foot shock followed by cue exposure, and non-contingent foot shock alone were all found to be as effective as shock administered in conjunction with the cues (the same conditions as those prevailing during training). Cue exposure alone and epinephrine injections without the training cues were ineffective reinstating agents.", "PMID": 844652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6242", "title": "The role of auditory stimulation in responsiveness in young chicks.", "content": "The mechanism of action of the auditory signal in increasing responsiveness to a visual-auditory stimulus in chicks of 14-48 hr was examined. Stimulus effectiveness of an auditory signal dissociated from the visual stimulus was less than proximate auditory signal presentation but greater than a silent visual stimulus. Familiarity with the auditory signal increased and decreased responding under proximate and dissociated presentation, respectively. These data were interpreted as confirming the influence of auditory stimulation via increased arousal, and as indicating the possibility of selective responding to specific features of the auditory stimulus when its localization at the visual stimulus is possible.", "contents": "The role of auditory stimulation in responsiveness in young chicks. The mechanism of action of the auditory signal in increasing responsiveness to a visual-auditory stimulus in chicks of 14-48 hr was examined. Stimulus effectiveness of an auditory signal dissociated from the visual stimulus was less than proximate auditory signal presentation but greater than a silent visual stimulus. Familiarity with the auditory signal increased and decreased responding under proximate and dissociated presentation, respectively. These data were interpreted as confirming the influence of auditory stimulation via increased arousal, and as indicating the possibility of selective responding to specific features of the auditory stimulus when its localization at the visual stimulus is possible.", "PMID": 844653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6243", "title": "Exploration and play with objects in domestic kittens.", "content": "The responses of 12 kittens to unfamiliar and familiar objects was tested. Four categories of behavior were measured: exploration, play-exploration, play, and non-manipulatory contact. The results indicated that exploration and play-exploration were used for longer durations with unfamiliar objects and play was used for longer durations with familiar objects. Rank-order correlations between the measures showed that objects explored were not correlated with objects played with or play-explored. Analyses of the rankings revealed that small size and mobility were important object properties of play. The results suggest that exploration involves learning about stimulus properties, play-exploration involves learning about perceptual-motor properties, and play involves learning to coordinate movements with those of moving objects.", "contents": "Exploration and play with objects in domestic kittens. The responses of 12 kittens to unfamiliar and familiar objects was tested. Four categories of behavior were measured: exploration, play-exploration, play, and non-manipulatory contact. The results indicated that exploration and play-exploration were used for longer durations with unfamiliar objects and play was used for longer durations with familiar objects. Rank-order correlations between the measures showed that objects explored were not correlated with objects played with or play-explored. Analyses of the rankings revealed that small size and mobility were important object properties of play. The results suggest that exploration involves learning about stimulus properties, play-exploration involves learning about perceptual-motor properties, and play involves learning to coordinate movements with those of moving objects.", "PMID": 844654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6244", "title": "Increase of the corticosterone level in ducklings during the sensitive period of the following response.", "content": "Increased fear may be one of the factors limiting the sensitive imprinting period. Thus, we analyzed corticosterone levels in 121 Peking ducklings during and after this sensitive period using the method of competitive protein binding. The data pointed to a corticosterone increase within a period of 12-28 hr after hatching as well as to the presence of a circadian rythm. The low coefficient of determination of post-hatch age and corticosterone level (8%) pleads for a multi-dimensional system. However, the corticosterone increase may be the basis for an increase in fear and a decrease in the likelihood of imprinting.", "contents": "Increase of the corticosterone level in ducklings during the sensitive period of the following response. Increased fear may be one of the factors limiting the sensitive imprinting period. Thus, we analyzed corticosterone levels in 121 Peking ducklings during and after this sensitive period using the method of competitive protein binding. The data pointed to a corticosterone increase within a period of 12-28 hr after hatching as well as to the presence of a circadian rythm. The low coefficient of determination of post-hatch age and corticosterone level (8%) pleads for a multi-dimensional system. However, the corticosterone increase may be the basis for an increase in fear and a decrease in the likelihood of imprinting.", "PMID": 844655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6245", "title": "Development of learning and memory in mice genetically selected for differences in brain weight.", "content": "Mice selected for high (H), medium (M), and low (L) brain weight were trained to the goal arm opposite their preference in a shock-escape T-maze at 7, 9, 11, or 13 days of age. Twenty-four hours later, half of the trained groups at each age received additional training to the original goal, whereas the other half was trained to the opposite goal. Maturational control groups without prior training were trained on the selected retest days for the previously trained groups. Improvement in correct choice-point turns during training was suggested for the H-line by 9 days of age and by 11 days of age for the M- and L-lines. During retraining, H-line mice demonstrated 24-hr retention effects by 10 days of age, whereas 24-hr memory was not indicated for M- and L-lines at any of the ages investigated. These results indicate that the onsets of learning and memory were influenced by genes affecting brain weight, in that H-line mice demonstrated more rapid brain growth as well as heavier brain weights at every age studied as compared with M- and L-line mice which showed similar brain growth functions.", "contents": "Development of learning and memory in mice genetically selected for differences in brain weight. Mice selected for high (H), medium (M), and low (L) brain weight were trained to the goal arm opposite their preference in a shock-escape T-maze at 7, 9, 11, or 13 days of age. Twenty-four hours later, half of the trained groups at each age received additional training to the original goal, whereas the other half was trained to the opposite goal. Maturational control groups without prior training were trained on the selected retest days for the previously trained groups. Improvement in correct choice-point turns during training was suggested for the H-line by 9 days of age and by 11 days of age for the M- and L-lines. During retraining, H-line mice demonstrated 24-hr retention effects by 10 days of age, whereas 24-hr memory was not indicated for M- and L-lines at any of the ages investigated. These results indicate that the onsets of learning and memory were influenced by genes affecting brain weight, in that H-line mice demonstrated more rapid brain growth as well as heavier brain weights at every age studied as compared with M- and L-line mice which showed similar brain growth functions.", "PMID": 844656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6246", "title": "Actions of atmospheric ionization on spontaneous activity of an amphibian larva.", "content": "In Pleurodeles waltlii (Urodela) larvae, spontaneous activity and the tendency to leave water are significantly influenced by artificial air ionization. Atmospheric ions of negative and positive polarities have opposite effects: the latter reduce spontaneous activity by 48% whereas negative ions increase it by 39%. This difference must be considered the result of a specific behavioral effect rather than attributable to the stage of development of the larvae. A comparison of our results with data in the literature indicates that the action of the air ions on amphibian activity may involve the modulation of serotonin and prolactin releases.", "contents": "Actions of atmospheric ionization on spontaneous activity of an amphibian larva. In Pleurodeles waltlii (Urodela) larvae, spontaneous activity and the tendency to leave water are significantly influenced by artificial air ionization. Atmospheric ions of negative and positive polarities have opposite effects: the latter reduce spontaneous activity by 48% whereas negative ions increase it by 39%. This difference must be considered the result of a specific behavioral effect rather than attributable to the stage of development of the larvae. A comparison of our results with data in the literature indicates that the action of the air ions on amphibian activity may involve the modulation of serotonin and prolactin releases.", "PMID": 844657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6247", "title": "Effects of stimulus intensity and stimulus duration during acoustic priming on audiogenic seizures in C57BL/6J mice.", "content": "The effects of stimulus intensity and stimulus duration were examined in C57BL/6J mice not susceptible to audiogenic seizures (AGS) on the 1st exposure to an acoustic stimulus. Two experiments were performed. In the 1st, 16-day-old mice were exposed to 108, 112, 120, or 127 dB for 60 sec. Mice were then tested for susceptibility to AGS at varying ages thereafter. Increasing intensity of noise during priming resulted in heightened peak seizure risk, and extended duration of peak seizure risk, and a prolonged time of seizure risk. In the 2nd experiment, mice were exposed for 5, 15, 30, or 60 sec to 127 dB of noise. Five seconds of noise was barely sufficient to induce later susceptibility to AGS. Increasing stimulus duration from 15 to 30 to 60 sec resulted in increasing seizure risk and duration of peak risk period.", "contents": "Effects of stimulus intensity and stimulus duration during acoustic priming on audiogenic seizures in C57BL/6J mice. The effects of stimulus intensity and stimulus duration were examined in C57BL/6J mice not susceptible to audiogenic seizures (AGS) on the 1st exposure to an acoustic stimulus. Two experiments were performed. In the 1st, 16-day-old mice were exposed to 108, 112, 120, or 127 dB for 60 sec. Mice were then tested for susceptibility to AGS at varying ages thereafter. Increasing intensity of noise during priming resulted in heightened peak seizure risk, and extended duration of peak seizure risk, and a prolonged time of seizure risk. In the 2nd experiment, mice were exposed for 5, 15, 30, or 60 sec to 127 dB of noise. Five seconds of noise was barely sufficient to induce later susceptibility to AGS. Increasing stimulus duration from 15 to 30 to 60 sec resulted in increasing seizure risk and duration of peak risk period.", "PMID": 844658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6248", "title": "Effects of thyroxine on infant development of undernourished rats.", "content": "The rehabilitative effects of exogenous thyroxine on infant development of undernourished animals were examined. Thyroxine injection accelerated the rate of body growth, age at eye opening, tooth eruption, and several emitted behaviors in undernourished infant animals. The data indirectly support previous findings that undernutrition induces hypothyroidism and that exogenous thyroxine might be an effective rehabilitative agent.", "contents": "Effects of thyroxine on infant development of undernourished rats. The rehabilitative effects of exogenous thyroxine on infant development of undernourished animals were examined. Thyroxine injection accelerated the rate of body growth, age at eye opening, tooth eruption, and several emitted behaviors in undernourished infant animals. The data indirectly support previous findings that undernutrition induces hypothyroidism and that exogenous thyroxine might be an effective rehabilitative agent.", "PMID": 844659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6249", "title": "Non-accidental injury: a two-year study in central Liverpool.", "content": "In the two years following the implementation in Liverpool of a case conference system for dealing with non-accidental injury to children, 76 children were discussed at 73 such conferences. Factors in both the children and their families were identified as predisposing to non-accidental injury, notably male sex, illegitimacy, low birthweight, previous injuries in the children, the mothers having become pregnant at an early age, and the families having environmental stress factors. The evolving r\u00f4le of the case conference system in providing support for affected families is discussed.", "contents": "Non-accidental injury: a two-year study in central Liverpool. In the two years following the implementation in Liverpool of a case conference system for dealing with non-accidental injury to children, 76 children were discussed at 73 such conferences. Factors in both the children and their families were identified as predisposing to non-accidental injury, notably male sex, illegitimacy, low birthweight, previous injuries in the children, the mothers having become pregnant at an early age, and the families having environmental stress factors. The evolving r\u00f4le of the case conference system in providing support for affected families is discussed.", "PMID": 844662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6250", "title": "Clinical application of evoked electroencephalographic responses in newborn infants. I: Perinatal asphyxia.", "content": "Evoked electroencephalographic responses are useful for the study of cerebral maturation in full-term and pre-term newborn infants. In an attempt to achieve wider clinical application, 57 newborn infants with differing degrees of perinatal asphyxia were examined. Altogether 154 examinations were performed. In all of them photostimulation was used, and in 72 investigations somatosensory evoked responses were also recorded. The following results were obtained: (1) Visual evoked responses were affected in 85 per cent of the cases. Somatosensory evoked responses were affected less often - in 65 per cent of the newborn babies examined. The incidence and degree of deviations were related to the degree of asphyxia. (2) The most characteristic features of the evoked responses in asphyxiated infants were abnormal response patterns, increase of latency and poor photic driving. (3) On the basis of all alterations observed, a scoring system was developed which enabled quantitative evaluation. The evoked response risk-score correlated well with the degree of asphyxia. (4) Repeated observations were important: a permanently high risk-score at repeated investigations was a serious prognostic sign.", "contents": "Clinical application of evoked electroencephalographic responses in newborn infants. I: Perinatal asphyxia. Evoked electroencephalographic responses are useful for the study of cerebral maturation in full-term and pre-term newborn infants. In an attempt to achieve wider clinical application, 57 newborn infants with differing degrees of perinatal asphyxia were examined. Altogether 154 examinations were performed. In all of them photostimulation was used, and in 72 investigations somatosensory evoked responses were also recorded. The following results were obtained: (1) Visual evoked responses were affected in 85 per cent of the cases. Somatosensory evoked responses were affected less often - in 65 per cent of the newborn babies examined. The incidence and degree of deviations were related to the degree of asphyxia. (2) The most characteristic features of the evoked responses in asphyxiated infants were abnormal response patterns, increase of latency and poor photic driving. (3) On the basis of all alterations observed, a scoring system was developed which enabled quantitative evaluation. The evoked response risk-score correlated well with the degree of asphyxia. (4) Repeated observations were important: a permanently high risk-score at repeated investigations was a serious prognostic sign.", "PMID": 844663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6251", "title": "Non-operative treatment of scoliosis in cerebral palsy: preliminary report on the use of a plastic jacket.", "content": "The use of a removable orthoplast jacket to treat scoliosis in 48 patients with cerebral palsy is described. Because of the short follow-up period - nine to 60 months - this paper reports preliminary findings only, but it is felt that the feasibility of conservative treatment of scoliosis in such patients has been demonstrated by the low incidence of complications and patient rejection, and its effectiveness has been shown by halting the progression of curvature in 38 of 41 patients followed for an average of 26 months.", "contents": "Non-operative treatment of scoliosis in cerebral palsy: preliminary report on the use of a plastic jacket. The use of a removable orthoplast jacket to treat scoliosis in 48 patients with cerebral palsy is described. Because of the short follow-up period - nine to 60 months - this paper reports preliminary findings only, but it is felt that the feasibility of conservative treatment of scoliosis in such patients has been demonstrated by the low incidence of complications and patient rejection, and its effectiveness has been shown by halting the progression of curvature in 38 of 41 patients followed for an average of 26 months.", "PMID": 844664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6252", "title": "Sensory nerve conduction in the spinal muscular atrophies.", "content": "Sensory conduction velocities were determined in the sural or median nerve in 16 patients with spinal muscular atrophy of the severe (Werdnig-Hoffmann), intermediate, or mild (Kugelberg-Welander) forms. In all cases there were normal sensory conduction velocities  in one of the nerves tested, although sural nerve responses were not obtained in the four youngest patients.", "contents": "Sensory nerve conduction in the spinal muscular atrophies. Sensory conduction velocities were determined in the sural or median nerve in 16 patients with spinal muscular atrophy of the severe (Werdnig-Hoffmann), intermediate, or mild (Kugelberg-Welander) forms. In all cases there were normal sensory conduction velocities  in one of the nerves tested, although sural nerve responses were not obtained in the four youngest patients.", "PMID": 844665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6253", "title": "Bizarre posture and movement disorder with third ventricle astrocytoma.", "content": "An eight-year-old girl presented with a bizarre posture and gait and was diagnosed as having hysterical astasia-abasia. She walked with marked lordosis and head hyper-extended, and would walk backwards across the room to a bed or chair for support. She had a midline astrocytoma and the disorder was relieved with removal of the tumour. The unusual symptomatology accompanying many midline lesions is re-emphasized.", "contents": "Bizarre posture and movement disorder with third ventricle astrocytoma. An eight-year-old girl presented with a bizarre posture and gait and was diagnosed as having hysterical astasia-abasia. She walked with marked lordosis and head hyper-extended, and would walk backwards across the room to a bed or chair for support. She had a midline astrocytoma and the disorder was relieved with removal of the tumour. The unusual symptomatology accompanying many midline lesions is re-emphasized.", "PMID": 844666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6254", "title": "Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome: neuropathological and ophthalmological observations.", "content": "The case of a three-year-old boy with the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome is reported. In addition to the constellation of skeletal and genital anomalies classically described in this syndrome, this patient had spontaneous opsoclonus-like eye movements, strabismus, lack of visual following responses and of opticokinetic reflexes. At autopsy the cerebellar vermis was found to be absent. There were retinal hemangiomas. Microscopical examinations showed loss of Purkinje cells and extensive neuronal degeneration within dentate nuclei, associated with patchy demyelination of cerebellar peduncles and central white matter. These findings may contribute to the explanation of the pathophysiology of opsoclonus and some of the neuro-ophthalmological findings.", "contents": "Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome: neuropathological and ophthalmological observations. The case of a three-year-old boy with the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome is reported. In addition to the constellation of skeletal and genital anomalies classically described in this syndrome, this patient had spontaneous opsoclonus-like eye movements, strabismus, lack of visual following responses and of opticokinetic reflexes. At autopsy the cerebellar vermis was found to be absent. There were retinal hemangiomas. Microscopical examinations showed loss of Purkinje cells and extensive neuronal degeneration within dentate nuclei, associated with patchy demyelination of cerebellar peduncles and central white matter. These findings may contribute to the explanation of the pathophysiology of opsoclonus and some of the neuro-ophthalmological findings.", "PMID": 844667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6255", "title": "Congenital hypocupraemia syndrome with and without steely hair: report of two Japanese infants.", "content": "Two Japanese infants with Menke's kinky hair syndrome are reported. The unusual finding in one infant was the absence of the hair abnormality characteristic of this disease; other findings were consistent with the diagnosis. It is suggested that hair abnormality cannot be relied upon for the diagnosis and that the term \"kinky hair\" is anappropriate. In its place \"congenital hypocupraemia\" is proposed as the diagnostic term to embrace patients with and without hair abnormality. Serum copper determination is a simple and reliable test in the diagnosis of this syndrome and should be done routinely in all male patients with unexpected deterioration. The angiographic features present in these patients with unexpected deterioration. The angiographic features present in these patients are characteristic but not pathognomonic of the disease. Subdural hygroma, a common finding, is the result of severe brain atrophy and little can be expected by surgical intervention.", "contents": "Congenital hypocupraemia syndrome with and without steely hair: report of two Japanese infants. Two Japanese infants with Menke's kinky hair syndrome are reported. The unusual finding in one infant was the absence of the hair abnormality characteristic of this disease; other findings were consistent with the diagnosis. It is suggested that hair abnormality cannot be relied upon for the diagnosis and that the term \"kinky hair\" is anappropriate. In its place \"congenital hypocupraemia\" is proposed as the diagnostic term to embrace patients with and without hair abnormality. Serum copper determination is a simple and reliable test in the diagnosis of this syndrome and should be done routinely in all male patients with unexpected deterioration. The angiographic features present in these patients with unexpected deterioration. The angiographic features present in these patients are characteristic but not pathognomonic of the disease. Subdural hygroma, a common finding, is the result of severe brain atrophy and little can be expected by surgical intervention.", "PMID": 844668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6256", "title": "The expression enzyme activity of biopsy tissue from the small intestine.", "content": "In a study to determine the most suitable method of expressing activity of jejunal mucosal enzymes, the effect of variation of thickness and protein concentration of biopsies was assessed. Despite wide variation of both these factors, we found no advantage in expressing enzyme activity by reference to either surface area or protein content. Expression of activity by reference to weight of biopsy gave the lowest variance for each of the enzymes studied and, since it is also the easiest measurement to make, it would appear to be the preferred means of expressing jejunal mucosal enzyme activity.", "contents": "The expression enzyme activity of biopsy tissue from the small intestine. In a study to determine the most suitable method of expressing activity of jejunal mucosal enzymes, the effect of variation of thickness and protein concentration of biopsies was assessed. Despite wide variation of both these factors, we found no advantage in expressing enzyme activity by reference to either surface area or protein content. Expression of activity by reference to weight of biopsy gave the lowest variance for each of the enzymes studied and, since it is also the easiest measurement to make, it would appear to be the preferred means of expressing jejunal mucosal enzyme activity.", "PMID": 844672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6257", "title": "Functional and structural characteristics of the jejunum and ileum in the dog and the rat.", "content": "The dog jejunum is a much denser tissue than the ileum, with a greater weight per unit length and higher proportion of mucosal tissue. Morphometric analysis reveals longer and wider villi, deeper crypts and larger enterocytes in the jejunal mucosa. Uptake of phenylalanine or beta-methyl-glucoside by tissue slices in vitro is slightly greater in jejunal than in ileal tissue. The levels of acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase in the individual enterocytes are significantly greater in the jejunum, according to quantitative histochemical analysis. The absorption of water, sodium, potassium, chloride and glucose in vivo is significantly smaller in the jejunal than in ileal loops, particularly when expressed in terms of unit mucosal weight. Sodium and water absorptions are stimulated by glucose at both sites, but the stimulation is significantly greater in the ileum. Opposite results have been obtained in rats where the transport of phenylalannie in vitro is greater in the ileum, but water, electrolyte and glucose absorption in vivo is greater in the jejunum.", "contents": "Functional and structural characteristics of the jejunum and ileum in the dog and the rat. The dog jejunum is a much denser tissue than the ileum, with a greater weight per unit length and higher proportion of mucosal tissue. Morphometric analysis reveals longer and wider villi, deeper crypts and larger enterocytes in the jejunal mucosa. Uptake of phenylalanine or beta-methyl-glucoside by tissue slices in vitro is slightly greater in jejunal than in ileal tissue. The levels of acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase in the individual enterocytes are significantly greater in the jejunum, according to quantitative histochemical analysis. The absorption of water, sodium, potassium, chloride and glucose in vivo is significantly smaller in the jejunal than in ileal loops, particularly when expressed in terms of unit mucosal weight. Sodium and water absorptions are stimulated by glucose at both sites, but the stimulation is significantly greater in the ileum. Opposite results have been obtained in rats where the transport of phenylalannie in vitro is greater in the ileum, but water, electrolyte and glucose absorption in vivo is greater in the jejunum.", "PMID": 844673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6258", "title": "Massive pancreatic ascites without carcinoma. Report of three cases.", "content": "Three cases of benign pancreatic ascites have been added to 94 cases reviewed from the literature. Common characteristic of this syndrome were chronic alcoholism, intermittent abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and considerable weight loss which occurred despite fluid accumulation. Markedly elevated protein and amylase levels in the ascitic fluid, hyperamylasemia and hypoalbuminemia were the major diagnostic clues as to the pancreatic origin of ascites. Predominant pathological findings were chronic pancreatitis with or without pseudocysts, pancreatic duct disruption, lesion which were considered to be the major pathogenic factor besides lymphatic obstruction by leaking pancreatic juice into the peritoneal cavity. Early laparotomy for diagnosis and treatment is essential. ERP might be of great value in diagnosis.", "contents": "Massive pancreatic ascites without carcinoma. Report of three cases. Three cases of benign pancreatic ascites have been added to 94 cases reviewed from the literature. Common characteristic of this syndrome were chronic alcoholism, intermittent abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and considerable weight loss which occurred despite fluid accumulation. Markedly elevated protein and amylase levels in the ascitic fluid, hyperamylasemia and hypoalbuminemia were the major diagnostic clues as to the pancreatic origin of ascites. Predominant pathological findings were chronic pancreatitis with or without pseudocysts, pancreatic duct disruption, lesion which were considered to be the major pathogenic factor besides lymphatic obstruction by leaking pancreatic juice into the peritoneal cavity. Early laparotomy for diagnosis and treatment is essential. ERP might be of great value in diagnosis.", "PMID": 844674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6259", "title": "The effect of cholecystokinin on human taenia coli.", "content": "Superfusion of twelve human Taenia Coli strips with cholecystokinin (CCK) (boots and GIH Karolinska), CCK-octapeptide and glucagon at doses of 25--1,000 mIDu/ml evoked muscular contractions. Dose-dependent response to acetylcholine (ACH) (0.15--1.0 mug/ml) was not altered by an underlying contraction induced by CCK, CCK-octapeptide or glucagon. Though atropine (0.1 mug/ml) abolished ACH effects, hormonal responses were unaffected. The muscles' sensitivity was highest of CCK (Boots) and lowest to CCK-octapeptide, and the sigmoid colon was more sensitive than other parts of the bowel to both. Addition of glucagon had no effect on CCK-induced (Boots) responses. The results suggest (1) CCK and CCK-octapeptide act directly on the Taenia coli; (2) biologically active impurities in the whole CCK preparations explain their apparent increased activity; (3) glucagon does not block ACH or CCK, nor inhibit, directly, muscle contractions; (4) atropine (0.1) mug/ml)) does not interfere with CCK or CCK-octapeptide on colonic muscle.", "contents": "The effect of cholecystokinin on human taenia coli. Superfusion of twelve human Taenia Coli strips with cholecystokinin (CCK) (boots and GIH Karolinska), CCK-octapeptide and glucagon at doses of 25--1,000 mIDu/ml evoked muscular contractions. Dose-dependent response to acetylcholine (ACH) (0.15--1.0 mug/ml) was not altered by an underlying contraction induced by CCK, CCK-octapeptide or glucagon. Though atropine (0.1 mug/ml) abolished ACH effects, hormonal responses were unaffected. The muscles' sensitivity was highest of CCK (Boots) and lowest to CCK-octapeptide, and the sigmoid colon was more sensitive than other parts of the bowel to both. Addition of glucagon had no effect on CCK-induced (Boots) responses. The results suggest (1) CCK and CCK-octapeptide act directly on the Taenia coli; (2) biologically active impurities in the whole CCK preparations explain their apparent increased activity; (3) glucagon does not block ACH or CCK, nor inhibit, directly, muscle contractions; (4) atropine (0.1) mug/ml)) does not interfere with CCK or CCK-octapeptide on colonic muscle.", "PMID": 844675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6260", "title": "Why tuberculosis is still a health problem in the aged.", "content": "Modern chemotherapy has made the treatment of tuberculosis effective and simple. What is required is a high index of suspicion for the disease, particularly in the older members of the population. When tuberculosis is suspected, a skin test should be performed and sputum examined for acid-fast bacilli. If the skin test is positive and the x-ray compatible, therapy with isoniazid and ethambutol should be initiated while evaluation of the patient continues. Therapy need not be complicated, and the patient can be returned to his usual environment promptly if a few simple rules are followed.", "contents": "Why tuberculosis is still a health problem in the aged. Modern chemotherapy has made the treatment of tuberculosis effective and simple. What is required is a high index of suspicion for the disease, particularly in the older members of the population. When tuberculosis is suspected, a skin test should be performed and sputum examined for acid-fast bacilli. If the skin test is positive and the x-ray compatible, therapy with isoniazid and ethambutol should be initiated while evaluation of the patient continues. Therapy need not be complicated, and the patient can be returned to his usual environment promptly if a few simple rules are followed.", "PMID": 844690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6261", "title": "Life-threatening infections: how to choose the right antibiotics.", "content": "Pneumococcal pneumonia in two or more lobes in frail, elderly patients; staphylococcal and Gram-negative rod pneumonia in patients of any age; lung abscesses; septicemia; endocarditis; peritonitis; and meningitis are life-threatening infections. To save patients with these infections, the physician should know the causative organism and educate himself by cultures; estimate the whole body bacterial burden and decrease bacterial numbers by incision and drainage where large collections of pus are accessible; choose antibiotics with care and use two antibiotics if serious prognostic signs are present initially, if there is a change for the worse, or if the laboratory report indicates that multiple organisms are present; check the serum bactericidal level and repeat this test if the route of antibiotic administration is changed; watch for and treat underlying disease; and always monitor for septic shock. Aged patients need special care, as they often have severe underlying disease. The bacterial burden is often high before infection is recognized in elderly patients, and age itself interferes with host defenses.", "contents": "Life-threatening infections: how to choose the right antibiotics. Pneumococcal pneumonia in two or more lobes in frail, elderly patients; staphylococcal and Gram-negative rod pneumonia in patients of any age; lung abscesses; septicemia; endocarditis; peritonitis; and meningitis are life-threatening infections. To save patients with these infections, the physician should know the causative organism and educate himself by cultures; estimate the whole body bacterial burden and decrease bacterial numbers by incision and drainage where large collections of pus are accessible; choose antibiotics with care and use two antibiotics if serious prognostic signs are present initially, if there is a change for the worse, or if the laboratory report indicates that multiple organisms are present; check the serum bactericidal level and repeat this test if the route of antibiotic administration is changed; watch for and treat underlying disease; and always monitor for septic shock. Aged patients need special care, as they often have severe underlying disease. The bacterial burden is often high before infection is recognized in elderly patients, and age itself interferes with host defenses.", "PMID": 844691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6262", "title": "Cephalexin: clinical effectiveness in geriatric patients.", "content": "A clinical and bacteriologic study was done in 298 elderly patients who had infections that were treated with cephalexin. Satisfactory clinical responses occurred in 93% of the 44 patients with respiratory tract infections, 96% of the 27 patients with skin and soft tissue infections, and 87% of the 227 patients with urinary tract infections (15 had asymptomatic bacteriurial); bacteriologic responses were satisfacoty in 80, 74, and 72 percent, respectively. The clinical response to cephalexin treatment was the same in 283 patients over age 65 as in 902 patients 16 to 64 years of age. Only 7% of 934 elderly patients had adverse reactions, which were generally mild. The BUN, SGOT, and hematopoietic values showed no change. Thus, cephalexin can be recommended for the oral treatment of many common infections in the elderly.", "contents": "Cephalexin: clinical effectiveness in geriatric patients. A clinical and bacteriologic study was done in 298 elderly patients who had infections that were treated with cephalexin. Satisfactory clinical responses occurred in 93% of the 44 patients with respiratory tract infections, 96% of the 27 patients with skin and soft tissue infections, and 87% of the 227 patients with urinary tract infections (15 had asymptomatic bacteriurial); bacteriologic responses were satisfacoty in 80, 74, and 72 percent, respectively. The clinical response to cephalexin treatment was the same in 283 patients over age 65 as in 902 patients 16 to 64 years of age. Only 7% of 934 elderly patients had adverse reactions, which were generally mild. The BUN, SGOT, and hematopoietic values showed no change. Thus, cephalexin can be recommended for the oral treatment of many common infections in the elderly.", "PMID": 844692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6263", "title": "Can fracture of the femoral neck be predicted?", "content": "Hip radiograms made 15 to 25 years previously in 39 women were examined. These women were between 58 and 62 years old when the first radiogram was made, and all sustained cervical or trochanteric fracture of the upper end of the femur on an average of 14 years later. The trabecular pattern of the upper end of the femur was classifed according to Singh, and the medial cortex of the femoral neck was measured and expressed as a fraction of the total width (femoral neck index). For comparison, the same information was collected from a control sample of films taken during the same period in women who did not sustain subsequent hip fracture. The cortex was thinner in women who later had hip fracture than in control women. Women with coxarthrosis had the highest cortical ratio. The trabecular pattern in women who later had hip fracture shifted in the direction of osteoporosis in comparison with the controls. It was not possible to predict from either measurement which hip would fracture or when fracture would occur. This study demonstrates that by using only simple measurements on hip radiograms, it might be possible to include in a sample of women selected for a therapeutic trial those who are likely to sustain hip fracture.", "contents": "Can fracture of the femoral neck be predicted? Hip radiograms made 15 to 25 years previously in 39 women were examined. These women were between 58 and 62 years old when the first radiogram was made, and all sustained cervical or trochanteric fracture of the upper end of the femur on an average of 14 years later. The trabecular pattern of the upper end of the femur was classifed according to Singh, and the medial cortex of the femoral neck was measured and expressed as a fraction of the total width (femoral neck index). For comparison, the same information was collected from a control sample of films taken during the same period in women who did not sustain subsequent hip fracture. The cortex was thinner in women who later had hip fracture than in control women. Women with coxarthrosis had the highest cortical ratio. The trabecular pattern in women who later had hip fracture shifted in the direction of osteoporosis in comparison with the controls. It was not possible to predict from either measurement which hip would fracture or when fracture would occur. This study demonstrates that by using only simple measurements on hip radiograms, it might be possible to include in a sample of women selected for a therapeutic trial those who are likely to sustain hip fracture.", "PMID": 844696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6264", "title": "Stroke: incidence and risk factors.", "content": "The incidence of stroke was estimated prospectively in a total population of 2,502 persons over age 65 who resided in homes for the aged. The incidence in persons born in Asian and African countries was close to that in persons born in European countries. No sex differential was found in either ethnic group, and there was no significant increase in the incidence of stroke with advancing age in either sex. In the European population, prior heart disease was the strongest risk-increasing factor, ranking ahead of hypertension. Diabetes mellitus was not associated with a higher risk of stroke among the women; the findings for the men were inconclusive. In the Afro-Asian population, the risk of stroke was related to heart disease and diabetes mellitus but was not associated with blood pressure. Total serum cholesterol or relative weight was not associated with stroke in either group. The early establishment of programs for the control of hypertension and stroke appears most desirable.", "contents": "Stroke: incidence and risk factors. The incidence of stroke was estimated prospectively in a total population of 2,502 persons over age 65 who resided in homes for the aged. The incidence in persons born in Asian and African countries was close to that in persons born in European countries. No sex differential was found in either ethnic group, and there was no significant increase in the incidence of stroke with advancing age in either sex. In the European population, prior heart disease was the strongest risk-increasing factor, ranking ahead of hypertension. Diabetes mellitus was not associated with a higher risk of stroke among the women; the findings for the men were inconclusive. In the Afro-Asian population, the risk of stroke was related to heart disease and diabetes mellitus but was not associated with blood pressure. Total serum cholesterol or relative weight was not associated with stroke in either group. The early establishment of programs for the control of hypertension and stroke appears most desirable.", "PMID": 844697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6265", "title": "[Phenylalanine metabolites in the urine after oral phenylalanine loading. Significance for the discrimination between classical phenylketonuria and variations of hyperphenylalaninemia (heterozygotes and homozygotes)].", "content": "Modern newborn mass screening for inborn errors of metabolism results in detection of newborns with hyperphenylalaninemia. This investigation demonstrates that gaschromatographic analysis of phenylalanine metabolites in urine after phenylalanine challenge is a useful method for discriminating between classical phenylketonuria and hyperphenylalaninemic variants.", "contents": "[Phenylalanine metabolites in the urine after oral phenylalanine loading. Significance for the discrimination between classical phenylketonuria and variations of hyperphenylalaninemia (heterozygotes and homozygotes)]. Modern newborn mass screening for inborn errors of metabolism results in detection of newborns with hyperphenylalaninemia. This investigation demonstrates that gaschromatographic analysis of phenylalanine metabolites in urine after phenylalanine challenge is a useful method for discriminating between classical phenylketonuria and hyperphenylalaninemic variants.", "PMID": 844759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6266", "title": "[Autologous ureter transplantation. Results of animal experiments].", "content": "Autologous transplantation of the ureter in the whole lengths was carried out successfully. After unilateral nephrectomy the ureter was cut from the bladder, denudated and wrapped in the omentum majus. 4 weeks after that operation revascularisation of the ureter was pronounced so that the ureter could be used for reanastomosis with the renal pelvis and the bladder on the contralateral side. One dog lived with the transplanted ureter for one year and then died during birth of 5 puppies. One dog is living now since two years and is healthy.", "contents": "[Autologous ureter transplantation. Results of animal experiments]. Autologous transplantation of the ureter in the whole lengths was carried out successfully. After unilateral nephrectomy the ureter was cut from the bladder, denudated and wrapped in the omentum majus. 4 weeks after that operation revascularisation of the ureter was pronounced so that the ureter could be used for reanastomosis with the renal pelvis and the bladder on the contralateral side. One dog lived with the transplanted ureter for one year and then died during birth of 5 puppies. One dog is living now since two years and is healthy.", "PMID": 844760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6267", "title": "[Practical exercises in surgical technics in the traumatological laboratory].", "content": "The surgical training in the traumatological laboratory at the Surgical University Hospital in Munich has proven to be quite successful. The laboratory offers the young resident an opportunity to become familiar with the latest surgical methods within the fields of reconstructive and traumatological surgery. The so achieved knowledge will then be extended in the courses for osteosynthesis in which he will later participate. The laboratory also offers the possibility for experimental research as well as clinical followups and statistical documentation.", "contents": "[Practical exercises in surgical technics in the traumatological laboratory]. The surgical training in the traumatological laboratory at the Surgical University Hospital in Munich has proven to be quite successful. The laboratory offers the young resident an opportunity to become familiar with the latest surgical methods within the fields of reconstructive and traumatological surgery. The so achieved knowledge will then be extended in the courses for osteosynthesis in which he will later participate. The laboratory also offers the possibility for experimental research as well as clinical followups and statistical documentation.", "PMID": 844761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6268", "title": "[Clinical findings in porphyria cutanea tarda].", "content": "Disturbances in the iron metabolism can quite frequently be observed in patients with porphyria cutanea tarda. Studies on 10 patients with porphyria cutanea tarda indicate that elevated iron levels are correlated with decreased latent and normal total iron binding capacity in the serum. Morphological examinations of the liver showed alterations as can be found in fatty liver up to cirrhosis, which -- in most instances -- were associated with iron deposits in the hepatocytes.", "contents": "[Clinical findings in porphyria cutanea tarda]. Disturbances in the iron metabolism can quite frequently be observed in patients with porphyria cutanea tarda. Studies on 10 patients with porphyria cutanea tarda indicate that elevated iron levels are correlated with decreased latent and normal total iron binding capacity in the serum. Morphological examinations of the liver showed alterations as can be found in fatty liver up to cirrhosis, which -- in most instances -- were associated with iron deposits in the hepatocytes.", "PMID": 844765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6269", "title": "[Prevention of postoperative thromboembolic complications with subcutaneously administered small doses of heparin].", "content": "In a prospective study 3 x 5000 IU sodium heparin s.c. have been used for the prevention of postoperative deep vein thrombosis. Prevention started preoperatively in general surgical and urological patients. The diagnosis was made in all cases by means of the iodine 125fibrinogen test. In 2 out of 22 patients with a correct protocol deep vein thrombosis was diagnosed. 4 patients showed bleeding complications, in 2 of them heparin had to be stopped. A review of the world literature reveals that heparin prevention has been tested in general surgery in 2253 patients. The incidence of deep vein thrombosis was 8.6% compared to 28% in the controls. In orthopedic surgery only 279 patients are documented, the deep vein thrombosis frequency dropped from 46% to 22.2%. The results are contradictory. Both in urology and gynecology only few patients have been studied, definite conclusions are therefore not possible. The number of fatal pulmonary emboli in about 4000 patients under heparin prevention was 0.2%, in a control group of similar size 0.8%. This difference is statistically significant.", "contents": "[Prevention of postoperative thromboembolic complications with subcutaneously administered small doses of heparin]. In a prospective study 3 x 5000 IU sodium heparin s.c. have been used for the prevention of postoperative deep vein thrombosis. Prevention started preoperatively in general surgical and urological patients. The diagnosis was made in all cases by means of the iodine 125fibrinogen test. In 2 out of 22 patients with a correct protocol deep vein thrombosis was diagnosed. 4 patients showed bleeding complications, in 2 of them heparin had to be stopped. A review of the world literature reveals that heparin prevention has been tested in general surgery in 2253 patients. The incidence of deep vein thrombosis was 8.6% compared to 28% in the controls. In orthopedic surgery only 279 patients are documented, the deep vein thrombosis frequency dropped from 46% to 22.2%. The results are contradictory. Both in urology and gynecology only few patients have been studied, definite conclusions are therefore not possible. The number of fatal pulmonary emboli in about 4000 patients under heparin prevention was 0.2%, in a control group of similar size 0.8%. This difference is statistically significant.", "PMID": 844766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6270", "title": "[Diagnosis of the placental function with special reference to the pregnancy-specific protein SP-1].", "content": "Following a description of the three different functions of the placenta (respiratory, nutritive, endocrine) and their failures the most common function tests are presented. Special emphasis is put on the evaluation of a recently described pregnancy-specific protein (SP1) in the maternal serum. The amount of the substance produced by the placenta correlates well with the fetal weight and well-being in cases of EPH-gestosis and idiopathic placental insufficiency; correlation was not as well in mild EPH-gestosis, diabetes and RH-incompatibility. The validity of measuring SP1-production seems to be similar to that of HPL. The method of quantitative determination is simple and possible even in a smaller hospital.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of the placental function with special reference to the pregnancy-specific protein SP-1]. Following a description of the three different functions of the placenta (respiratory, nutritive, endocrine) and their failures the most common function tests are presented. Special emphasis is put on the evaluation of a recently described pregnancy-specific protein (SP1) in the maternal serum. The amount of the substance produced by the placenta correlates well with the fetal weight and well-being in cases of EPH-gestosis and idiopathic placental insufficiency; correlation was not as well in mild EPH-gestosis, diabetes and RH-incompatibility. The validity of measuring SP1-production seems to be similar to that of HPL. The method of quantitative determination is simple and possible even in a smaller hospital.", "PMID": 844769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6271", "title": "[Fibrinolytic therapy in deep venous thrombosis of the upper and lower extremity].", "content": "Fibrinolytic therapy was carried out in 59 patients suffering from a total of 60 deep venous thromboses of the iliac segment (n = 24), the femoropopliteal segment (n = 18), the deep calf veins (n = 2), or the subclavian vein (n = 16). 46 patients received streptokinase (SK), 4 were given urokinase (UK), and 10 were treated with streptokinase followed by urokinase (SK + UK). The duration of fibrinolytic therapy was between 19 and 596 hours (x = 166 +/- 111 hrs). Phlebographic examination was used to determine the location of the thrombotic occlusion as well as to evaluate therapeutic results. To assure sufficient anticoagulatory protection during therapy with streptokinase the dose of streptokinase was either reduced by steps of 20,000 U/hr to a minimum of 40,000 U/hr or heparin was added as a continuous infusion. Urokinase was administered with a mean loading dose of 75,000 IU followed by an average maintenance dose of 40,000 IU/hr; it was always given in combination with heparin. When therapeutic success was graded as complete/partial/no recanalisation, the following results were obtained: thrombotic occlusion up to 1 week old 35%/48%/17%; up to 2 weeks old 57%/14%/29%; 3 or 4 weeks old 12%/38%/50%; older than 4 weeks 13%/37%/50%. The two most common side effects were a fall of the hemoglobin and a rise of body temperature. Treatment with SK had to be interrupted for bleeding in two cases. One patient diet after rupture of the liver and of the spleen following development of subcapsular hematoma in these organs, 3 patients survived pulmonary embolism without major long-term impairment. Considering medical and social aspects (preservation of capability for working in young adults) it appears justified to administer fibrinolytic agents up to a thrombus age of 14 days, in some cases even up to a thrombus age of 28 days. Good results in cases of deep vein thrombosis of the lower limbs are often obtained only when fibrinolytic therapy is extended beyond 96 hours. It should be performed in intensive care units only. Follow-up examinations of the venous drainage capacity up to 2 years after fibrinolytic therapy document the good therapeutic effect that is warrented by streptokinase or urokinase induced complete recanalisation.", "contents": "[Fibrinolytic therapy in deep venous thrombosis of the upper and lower extremity]. Fibrinolytic therapy was carried out in 59 patients suffering from a total of 60 deep venous thromboses of the iliac segment (n = 24), the femoropopliteal segment (n = 18), the deep calf veins (n = 2), or the subclavian vein (n = 16). 46 patients received streptokinase (SK), 4 were given urokinase (UK), and 10 were treated with streptokinase followed by urokinase (SK + UK). The duration of fibrinolytic therapy was between 19 and 596 hours (x = 166 +/- 111 hrs). Phlebographic examination was used to determine the location of the thrombotic occlusion as well as to evaluate therapeutic results. To assure sufficient anticoagulatory protection during therapy with streptokinase the dose of streptokinase was either reduced by steps of 20,000 U/hr to a minimum of 40,000 U/hr or heparin was added as a continuous infusion. Urokinase was administered with a mean loading dose of 75,000 IU followed by an average maintenance dose of 40,000 IU/hr; it was always given in combination with heparin. When therapeutic success was graded as complete/partial/no recanalisation, the following results were obtained: thrombotic occlusion up to 1 week old 35%/48%/17%; up to 2 weeks old 57%/14%/29%; 3 or 4 weeks old 12%/38%/50%; older than 4 weeks 13%/37%/50%. The two most common side effects were a fall of the hemoglobin and a rise of body temperature. Treatment with SK had to be interrupted for bleeding in two cases. One patient diet after rupture of the liver and of the spleen following development of subcapsular hematoma in these organs, 3 patients survived pulmonary embolism without major long-term impairment. Considering medical and social aspects (preservation of capability for working in young adults) it appears justified to administer fibrinolytic agents up to a thrombus age of 14 days, in some cases even up to a thrombus age of 28 days. Good results in cases of deep vein thrombosis of the lower limbs are often obtained only when fibrinolytic therapy is extended beyond 96 hours. It should be performed in intensive care units only. Follow-up examinations of the venous drainage capacity up to 2 years after fibrinolytic therapy document the good therapeutic effect that is warrented by streptokinase or urokinase induced complete recanalisation.", "PMID": 844772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6272", "title": "[Comparative echoventriculographic studies in premature, low weight and mature infants].", "content": "In 135 preterm and low-weight prematures and in 17 low-weight infants with normal time of gestation the diameter of the body region (= Cella media region) of the lateral ventricles and the width of the third ventricle were measured by means of one-dimensional echoencephalography. The observations were made during the period of the first 30 months. The diameter of the parietal cerebral matter was defined as difference of the biparietal skull diameter minus width of the body region of both lateral ventricles. By comparing healthy, maturely born children with preterm children the fetal age was taken as a basis. Statistics were taken from the age of one month onward. The preterm children showed significant lower values for the diameter of the cerebral matter and the index of the body region. Accordingly the values for the width of the body region were higher. The results are explaned not only with atrophic changes. According to our investigations they also can be caused by a retarded maturation of brain, which can be compensated partly or completely in the course of the child's development.", "contents": "[Comparative echoventriculographic studies in premature, low weight and mature infants]. In 135 preterm and low-weight prematures and in 17 low-weight infants with normal time of gestation the diameter of the body region (= Cella media region) of the lateral ventricles and the width of the third ventricle were measured by means of one-dimensional echoencephalography. The observations were made during the period of the first 30 months. The diameter of the parietal cerebral matter was defined as difference of the biparietal skull diameter minus width of the body region of both lateral ventricles. By comparing healthy, maturely born children with preterm children the fetal age was taken as a basis. Statistics were taken from the age of one month onward. The preterm children showed significant lower values for the diameter of the cerebral matter and the index of the body region. Accordingly the values for the width of the body region were higher. The results are explaned not only with atrophic changes. According to our investigations they also can be caused by a retarded maturation of brain, which can be compensated partly or completely in the course of the child's development.", "PMID": 844775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6273", "title": "[The etiology of transitory hyperbilirubinemia in newborn infants].", "content": "Recent investigations have shown that haemolysis plays a major role in the etiology of transitory hyperbilirubinaemia of the newborn. Our studies indicate that unconjugated bilirubin itself is in part the causative agent for this haemolysis. In vitro bilirubin causes damage of red cells which finally results in haemolysis. Newborns suffering from transitory hyperbilirubinaemia have a red cell population which is especially sensitive to the haemolytic effects of bilirubin. The initial bilirubin increase after birth is caused by relative dysfunction of the liver, causing further haemolysis of bilirubin sensitive red cells. Hyperbilirubinaemia decreases when all sensible red cells are destroyed and liver function improves.", "contents": "[The etiology of transitory hyperbilirubinemia in newborn infants]. Recent investigations have shown that haemolysis plays a major role in the etiology of transitory hyperbilirubinaemia of the newborn. Our studies indicate that unconjugated bilirubin itself is in part the causative agent for this haemolysis. In vitro bilirubin causes damage of red cells which finally results in haemolysis. Newborns suffering from transitory hyperbilirubinaemia have a red cell population which is especially sensitive to the haemolytic effects of bilirubin. The initial bilirubin increase after birth is caused by relative dysfunction of the liver, causing further haemolysis of bilirubin sensitive red cells. Hyperbilirubinaemia decreases when all sensible red cells are destroyed and liver function improves.", "PMID": 844776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6274", "title": "[Pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Work-hypotheses and experimental data].", "content": "In spite of a history of more than 100 years, the pathoaetiology of multiple sclerosis is still unknown today. Research is based on three working hypotheses, i.e. on an immunopathological disease origin, on the conception that MS, as an infectious disease, is caused by a specific pathogen (slow virus infection) and on the assumption of a disturbance of basal metabolism or utilisation. The present position of the scientific foundation of the working hypotheses is presented in detail and supplemented by the results of our own investigations. Of particular interest are the geomedical studies which show that MS occurs more frequently in temperate climatic regions. In Europe, a latitude of 46 degrees forms a conspicuous boundary; in the USA this boundary is found at 38 degrees. North of this line there is a morbidity rate of 30 to 60 patients per 100 000 inhabitants, while south of it 15 cases at most per 100 000 inhibitants are found. Asia, especially in China and Japan, and tropical countries, where Multiple Sclerosis is practically unknown in the native populations, are exceptions. The observation that immigrants from areas with a low MS incidence into regions with a high risk of MS fall ill with the disease after years remains also unexplained. These peculiarities have given rise to the consideration whether there is a still unknown factor in the soil of high-risk areas or a specific pathogenic spectrum. In this connection, the question is also discussed whether the risk of MS in northern countries is associated with the excessive consumption of animal fat. The possible therapeutic and prophylactic significance of unsaturated fatty acids is emphasized. Our own results with the Schilling-test, determination of gastric acids, rubella titres in serum and cerebrospinal fluid, the immunofluorescence test of the serum and CSF, determination of tissue antigens (HLA) in families with multiple incidence of Multiple Sclerosis are discussed. On evaluation of a large series of patients, it is striking that Multiple Sclerosis and juvenile diabetes seem to be mutually exclusive (Schrader). Likewise, in MS statistics no other immunopathologic disease such as rheumatic diseases or bronchial asthma was found. Interestingly, also in 400 MS patients examined, hyperuricaemia or gout, which are widespread among the populace, were not found in a single case.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Work-hypotheses and experimental data]. In spite of a history of more than 100 years, the pathoaetiology of multiple sclerosis is still unknown today. Research is based on three working hypotheses, i.e. on an immunopathological disease origin, on the conception that MS, as an infectious disease, is caused by a specific pathogen (slow virus infection) and on the assumption of a disturbance of basal metabolism or utilisation. The present position of the scientific foundation of the working hypotheses is presented in detail and supplemented by the results of our own investigations. Of particular interest are the geomedical studies which show that MS occurs more frequently in temperate climatic regions. In Europe, a latitude of 46 degrees forms a conspicuous boundary; in the USA this boundary is found at 38 degrees. North of this line there is a morbidity rate of 30 to 60 patients per 100 000 inhabitants, while south of it 15 cases at most per 100 000 inhibitants are found. Asia, especially in China and Japan, and tropical countries, where Multiple Sclerosis is practically unknown in the native populations, are exceptions. The observation that immigrants from areas with a low MS incidence into regions with a high risk of MS fall ill with the disease after years remains also unexplained. These peculiarities have given rise to the consideration whether there is a still unknown factor in the soil of high-risk areas or a specific pathogenic spectrum. In this connection, the question is also discussed whether the risk of MS in northern countries is associated with the excessive consumption of animal fat. The possible therapeutic and prophylactic significance of unsaturated fatty acids is emphasized. Our own results with the Schilling-test, determination of gastric acids, rubella titres in serum and cerebrospinal fluid, the immunofluorescence test of the serum and CSF, determination of tissue antigens (HLA) in families with multiple incidence of Multiple Sclerosis are discussed. On evaluation of a large series of patients, it is striking that Multiple Sclerosis and juvenile diabetes seem to be mutually exclusive (Schrader). Likewise, in MS statistics no other immunopathologic disease such as rheumatic diseases or bronchial asthma was found. Interestingly, also in 400 MS patients examined, hyperuricaemia or gout, which are widespread among the populace, were not found in a single case.", "PMID": 844779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6275", "title": "[Analysis of therapeutic success and of obstetrical results in sterile marriages].", "content": "In the course of sterility therapy 375 pregnancies were observed in 296 patients. 63 women conceived twice or more. At the first visite the mean age of the patients was 25,8 years, the mean duration of sterility 2,7 years. A primary sterility was observed in 207 and a secondary sterility in 98 cases. The main therapeutic procedure was the induction of ovulation with FSH/LH releasing preparations (Clomiphen, Cyclofenil, Epimestrol) (40,3%), followed by the substitution therapy with human gonadotrophins (22,7%). 78 pregnancies ended by spontaneous and 4 by artificially induced abortion. The abortion rate in this study was 20,8 %, exceeding considerably the normal abortion rate. The rate of extrauterine pregnancies was also increased, being 2,4%. There was no significant difference in the abortion rate of pregnancies with or without induction of ovulation. The age at the time of conception and the duration of therapy had no significant influence on the rate of abortions. In 293 pregnancies the duration of gestation exceeded the 28th week. However, 33,1% of these pregnancies had complications that required hospitalisation. Almost 50% of the complications consisted of threatened abortion. The mean duration of gestation was reduced by 5 days, caused by a relatively high frequency of early births (16,9%). The mode of delivery of our patients was in 68,8% spontaneous delivery, in 16,2% caesarian section, in 15,0% forceps or vacuum extractions. This corresponds to the general mode of delivery of our hospital. Only after gonadotrophin therapy a higher caesarian section rate of 26,8% was noted. Out of the 310 live born children, 9,2% had a weight below 2500 g, owing to a multiple pregnancy rate of 4,1%. 4% of the children showed the signs of dystrophia. The perinatal mortality amounted to 5,1%. However, when the gonadotrophin induced multiple pregnancies are excluded, the rate is 2,7%. Only 2 cases of malformations were observed.", "contents": "[Analysis of therapeutic success and of obstetrical results in sterile marriages]. In the course of sterility therapy 375 pregnancies were observed in 296 patients. 63 women conceived twice or more. At the first visite the mean age of the patients was 25,8 years, the mean duration of sterility 2,7 years. A primary sterility was observed in 207 and a secondary sterility in 98 cases. The main therapeutic procedure was the induction of ovulation with FSH/LH releasing preparations (Clomiphen, Cyclofenil, Epimestrol) (40,3%), followed by the substitution therapy with human gonadotrophins (22,7%). 78 pregnancies ended by spontaneous and 4 by artificially induced abortion. The abortion rate in this study was 20,8 %, exceeding considerably the normal abortion rate. The rate of extrauterine pregnancies was also increased, being 2,4%. There was no significant difference in the abortion rate of pregnancies with or without induction of ovulation. The age at the time of conception and the duration of therapy had no significant influence on the rate of abortions. In 293 pregnancies the duration of gestation exceeded the 28th week. However, 33,1% of these pregnancies had complications that required hospitalisation. Almost 50% of the complications consisted of threatened abortion. The mean duration of gestation was reduced by 5 days, caused by a relatively high frequency of early births (16,9%). The mode of delivery of our patients was in 68,8% spontaneous delivery, in 16,2% caesarian section, in 15,0% forceps or vacuum extractions. This corresponds to the general mode of delivery of our hospital. Only after gonadotrophin therapy a higher caesarian section rate of 26,8% was noted. Out of the 310 live born children, 9,2% had a weight below 2500 g, owing to a multiple pregnancy rate of 4,1%. 4% of the children showed the signs of dystrophia. The perinatal mortality amounted to 5,1%. However, when the gonadotrophin induced multiple pregnancies are excluded, the rate is 2,7%. Only 2 cases of malformations were observed.", "PMID": 844782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6276", "title": "[HL-A polymorphism and its relation to cervix neoplasms].", "content": "Twenty-three HLA antigens were investigated in 121 patients with clinical cancer as well as 188 male and 212 female controls. Patients with cervical carcinoma showed significant differences in some HLA frequencies from that of controls. Patients with cervical carcinoma showed significant differences in some HLA frequencies from that of controls. In the localized form of the neophasia HLA-A3 was decreased, HLA-A9 and B 12 were increased. In the disseminated form of cervical carcinoma HLA-A 1 were found decreased and AW 32 and B 12 increased. HLA antigens could be factors, together with others yet unknown, i.e. immune response genes, HSV-2-infection, which produce an increased susceptibility to the disease.", "contents": "[HL-A polymorphism and its relation to cervix neoplasms]. Twenty-three HLA antigens were investigated in 121 patients with clinical cancer as well as 188 male and 212 female controls. Patients with cervical carcinoma showed significant differences in some HLA frequencies from that of controls. Patients with cervical carcinoma showed significant differences in some HLA frequencies from that of controls. In the localized form of the neophasia HLA-A3 was decreased, HLA-A9 and B 12 were increased. In the disseminated form of cervical carcinoma HLA-A 1 were found decreased and AW 32 and B 12 increased. HLA antigens could be factors, together with others yet unknown, i.e. immune response genes, HSV-2-infection, which produce an increased susceptibility to the disease.", "PMID": 844783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6277", "title": "[Significance of Australia antigen in the differential diagnosis and prognosis of hepatitis].", "content": "The Australia-antigen (HBSAG) is a simple detectable marker of an infection with hepatitis B virus. By demonstration of HBSAG an acute hepatitis B can be differentiated from other forms. Likewise the detection of HBSAG in chronic active hepatitis can differentiate the viral induced type from the autoimmune type. HBSAG is important with respect to the prognosis of an acute hepatitis B, because persistence for some months points at a transition to chronic hepatitis.", "contents": "[Significance of Australia antigen in the differential diagnosis and prognosis of hepatitis]. The Australia-antigen (HBSAG) is a simple detectable marker of an infection with hepatitis B virus. By demonstration of HBSAG an acute hepatitis B can be differentiated from other forms. Likewise the detection of HBSAG in chronic active hepatitis can differentiate the viral induced type from the autoimmune type. HBSAG is important with respect to the prognosis of an acute hepatitis B, because persistence for some months points at a transition to chronic hepatitis.", "PMID": 844784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6278", "title": "[Pulmonary emphysema. Changes in the pulmonary function of experimentally induced emphysema].", "content": "By intratracheal injection of the protease papain to experimental animals parenchymal changes in the lung can be induced, that resemble human emphysema. Papain (dosage 26 to 112 mg, 1 to 4 injections) was given intratracheally to 8 bastard dogs (weighing from 12.5 to 20 kg) during light general anesthesia. Pulmonary function was assessed in weekly intervals and related to morphologic changes in the lung. Static compliance of the lung and FRC measured during respiratory arrest were increased after papain, bronchial resistance, measured while artifically ventilated at constant pressure was also increased. Changes of static lung compliance and FRC were seen after the first administration of papain, but further increased with time of observation and after multiple doses of papain. Increase of resistance was not found before 5 weeks. At quiet breathing resistance was not increased at all. No significant changes were found of arterial pO2 and pCO2, pH, standard and actual bicarbonate, diffusion capacity for O2, tidal volume, minute ventilation and ventilatory rate. Morphological findings confirmed the changes described by others. Pulmonary function appears to be pathological at a time when morphology still seems to be normal. The question is discussed to what extent the model of experimental emphysema induced by proteolytic enzymes can contribute to the understanding of human pulmonary emphysema. Lung function in the course of experimental emphysema is compared with function in different clinical types of emphysema.", "contents": "[Pulmonary emphysema. Changes in the pulmonary function of experimentally induced emphysema]. By intratracheal injection of the protease papain to experimental animals parenchymal changes in the lung can be induced, that resemble human emphysema. Papain (dosage 26 to 112 mg, 1 to 4 injections) was given intratracheally to 8 bastard dogs (weighing from 12.5 to 20 kg) during light general anesthesia. Pulmonary function was assessed in weekly intervals and related to morphologic changes in the lung. Static compliance of the lung and FRC measured during respiratory arrest were increased after papain, bronchial resistance, measured while artifically ventilated at constant pressure was also increased. Changes of static lung compliance and FRC were seen after the first administration of papain, but further increased with time of observation and after multiple doses of papain. Increase of resistance was not found before 5 weeks. At quiet breathing resistance was not increased at all. No significant changes were found of arterial pO2 and pCO2, pH, standard and actual bicarbonate, diffusion capacity for O2, tidal volume, minute ventilation and ventilatory rate. Morphological findings confirmed the changes described by others. Pulmonary function appears to be pathological at a time when morphology still seems to be normal. The question is discussed to what extent the model of experimental emphysema induced by proteolytic enzymes can contribute to the understanding of human pulmonary emphysema. Lung function in the course of experimental emphysema is compared with function in different clinical types of emphysema.", "PMID": 844785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6279", "title": "[Morbidity and mortality of widowed persons].", "content": "According to the literature, widowed persons show in comparison to married persons higher rates for mortality (especially due to cardiac diseases), for suicidality and for psychiatric morbidity. Potential sources of error appear to be unimportant. Younger widowed persons are at greater relative risk than older. Widowers react more immediately to the bereavement than widows.", "contents": "[Morbidity and mortality of widowed persons]. According to the literature, widowed persons show in comparison to married persons higher rates for mortality (especially due to cardiac diseases), for suicidality and for psychiatric morbidity. Potential sources of error appear to be unimportant. Younger widowed persons are at greater relative risk than older. Widowers react more immediately to the bereavement than widows.", "PMID": 844786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6280", "title": "[Diagnosis and therapy of lactose malabsorption].", "content": "Examinations of faeces (pH, Clinitest and Clinistix) are liable to contribute to the diagnosis of lactose malabsorption. To confirm the diagnosis the test is to be repeated while Lactase 500 is added to the child's milk. The enzyme does not split the lactase into the two monosaccharides, thus eliminating the malabsorption. The new drug Lactase 500 was used as a diagnostic parameter and for the treatment of lactose malabsorption in 20 infants. The effect on both groups was confirmed as mentioned by foreign authors. In addition to a very simple diagnostic method, which can be performed in the practitioner's office, there are two methods of treating lactose malabsorption: 1. feeding milk free of lactose, 2. feeding milk with an addition of Lactase 500. As in an earlier publication we assumed that about 10 per cent of the population suffers from secondary malabsorption of lactose, it seems advisable to check with the help of the described to simple methods all children with chronic diarrhoea.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and therapy of lactose malabsorption]. Examinations of faeces (pH, Clinitest and Clinistix) are liable to contribute to the diagnosis of lactose malabsorption. To confirm the diagnosis the test is to be repeated while Lactase 500 is added to the child's milk. The enzyme does not split the lactase into the two monosaccharides, thus eliminating the malabsorption. The new drug Lactase 500 was used as a diagnostic parameter and for the treatment of lactose malabsorption in 20 infants. The effect on both groups was confirmed as mentioned by foreign authors. In addition to a very simple diagnostic method, which can be performed in the practitioner's office, there are two methods of treating lactose malabsorption: 1. feeding milk free of lactose, 2. feeding milk with an addition of Lactase 500. As in an earlier publication we assumed that about 10 per cent of the population suffers from secondary malabsorption of lactose, it seems advisable to check with the help of the described to simple methods all children with chronic diarrhoea.", "PMID": 844787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6281", "title": "Human adipose tissue in culture. VII. The long-term effect on growth hormone.", "content": "Biopsies of human adipose tissue were cultured for one week in vitro with or without different concentrations of human growth hormone (GH). After preincubation they were incubated in vitro for 2 hours analogous to the technique generally used for short-term experiments. The release of glycerol and incorporation of glucose into triglycerides were measured under basal conditions as well as in the presence of insulin or noradrenaline. An impairment in the basal glucose incorporation rate was found after the culture period with GH, but there was no concomitant effect on lipolysis. The effect of insulin on glucose incorporation was stimulating to the same extent as in the controls but the metabolis rate was even in the presence of insulin still below that of the controls. The effects of noradrenaline and of insulin on lipolysis were similar to those in the control group. It is concluded from the present study that a direct \"diabetogenic\" effect of GH on human adipose tissue can be detected. This effect developed successively over the seven days that the incubations were performed. It was due to a diminished basal rate of glucose incorporation and not to a direct resistance to the action of insulin and it was not related to increased lipolysis.", "contents": "Human adipose tissue in culture. VII. The long-term effect on growth hormone. Biopsies of human adipose tissue were cultured for one week in vitro with or without different concentrations of human growth hormone (GH). After preincubation they were incubated in vitro for 2 hours analogous to the technique generally used for short-term experiments. The release of glycerol and incorporation of glucose into triglycerides were measured under basal conditions as well as in the presence of insulin or noradrenaline. An impairment in the basal glucose incorporation rate was found after the culture period with GH, but there was no concomitant effect on lipolysis. The effect of insulin on glucose incorporation was stimulating to the same extent as in the controls but the metabolis rate was even in the presence of insulin still below that of the controls. The effects of noradrenaline and of insulin on lipolysis were similar to those in the control group. It is concluded from the present study that a direct \"diabetogenic\" effect of GH on human adipose tissue can be detected. This effect developed successively over the seven days that the incubations were performed. It was due to a diminished basal rate of glucose incorporation and not to a direct resistance to the action of insulin and it was not related to increased lipolysis.", "PMID": 844788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6282", "title": "Alteration of plasma glucagon response to arginine after treatment in patients with diabetes mellitus, cushing's syndrome and hypothyroidism.", "content": "Effect of successful treatment on plasma glucagon response to arginine was studied in patients with diabetes mellitus, Cushing's syndrome and hypothyroidism. Exaggerated response of plasma glucagon to arginine infusion in diabetic subjects was normalized in those successfully treated with sulfonylureas and significantly improved in those treated with insulin. Patients with Cushing's syndrome and hypothyroidism also exhibited excessive responsiveness of plasma glucagon, which were completely normalized following treatment. The results suggest that the metabolic derangement is a main etiologic factor in inducing hyperresponsiveness of plasma glucagon to arginine in these disorders.", "contents": "Alteration of plasma glucagon response to arginine after treatment in patients with diabetes mellitus, cushing's syndrome and hypothyroidism. Effect of successful treatment on plasma glucagon response to arginine was studied in patients with diabetes mellitus, Cushing's syndrome and hypothyroidism. Exaggerated response of plasma glucagon to arginine infusion in diabetic subjects was normalized in those successfully treated with sulfonylureas and significantly improved in those treated with insulin. Patients with Cushing's syndrome and hypothyroidism also exhibited excessive responsiveness of plasma glucagon, which were completely normalized following treatment. The results suggest that the metabolic derangement is a main etiologic factor in inducing hyperresponsiveness of plasma glucagon to arginine in these disorders.", "PMID": 844789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6283", "title": "Increased glomerular filtration rate and glomerulopressin activity in diabetic dogs.", "content": "Studies of the chemical characteristics of glomerulopressin were carried out, and the results suggest that glomerulopressin is a glucuronic acid conjugate. Glomerulopressin activity, glucuronide concentration and glomerular filtration rate (GFR), plasma volume (PV), extracellular volume (ECV) and estimated hepatic plasma flow (EHPF), were measured in normal dogs, infused with saline or glucose and in pancreatectomized dogs infused with saline. Glomerulopressin activity, glucuronide concentration and GFR were also measured in pancreatectomized dogs infused with insulin (150 muU/min/kg) through the portal or femoral vein. The glomerulopressin activity, glucuronide concentration and GFR in glucose-infused normal dogs were similar to those observed in saline-infused animals, while they were greatly increased in pancreatectomized dogs. There was no difference between these three groups in PV, ECV, or EHPF. The infusion of insulin through the portal vein of pancreatectomized dogs reduced glomerulopressin, glucuronides and GFR to the values observed in normal dogs, while the infusion on insulin through the femoral vein did not decrease these levels. The increased glomerulopressin produced by pancreatectomy seems to be due to the lack of insulin reaching the liver. The results suggest that pancreatectomy induced an increase of glomerulopressin activity and that this humoral factor increases GFR.", "contents": "Increased glomerular filtration rate and glomerulopressin activity in diabetic dogs. Studies of the chemical characteristics of glomerulopressin were carried out, and the results suggest that glomerulopressin is a glucuronic acid conjugate. Glomerulopressin activity, glucuronide concentration and glomerular filtration rate (GFR), plasma volume (PV), extracellular volume (ECV) and estimated hepatic plasma flow (EHPF), were measured in normal dogs, infused with saline or glucose and in pancreatectomized dogs infused with saline. Glomerulopressin activity, glucuronide concentration and GFR were also measured in pancreatectomized dogs infused with insulin (150 muU/min/kg) through the portal or femoral vein. The glomerulopressin activity, glucuronide concentration and GFR in glucose-infused normal dogs were similar to those observed in saline-infused animals, while they were greatly increased in pancreatectomized dogs. There was no difference between these three groups in PV, ECV, or EHPF. The infusion of insulin through the portal vein of pancreatectomized dogs reduced glomerulopressin, glucuronides and GFR to the values observed in normal dogs, while the infusion on insulin through the femoral vein did not decrease these levels. The increased glomerulopressin produced by pancreatectomy seems to be due to the lack of insulin reaching the liver. The results suggest that pancreatectomy induced an increase of glomerulopressin activity and that this humoral factor increases GFR.", "PMID": 844790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6284", "title": "Effect of prolonged glucose infusion on total serum fatty acids and free fatty acids in the rat.", "content": "This investigation evaluates the effect of prolonged glucose infusion on triglycerides and the composition in total serum fatty acids and free fatty acids in the rat. Glucose infusion over a period of 4 days leads to the following changes: serum triglyceride concentrations are two to three times elevated and serum insulin levels rise 10 times after 12 hours, followed by a steady decrease. Chain elongation is depressed in serum free fatty acids and even more in total serum fatty acids. In serum free fatty acids monodesaturation is unaltered whereas it is highly stimulated in total serum fatty acids. These alterations correlate with the changes of hepatic total fatty acids and do not correlate with changes of fatty acids from epididymal fat pads. The alterations reflect a specific carbohydrate-induced effect on hepatic fatty acid desaturation and chain elongation. They do not support the idea that serum free fatty acids are mainly secreted from the storage pool of adipose tissue; yet, they may have been newly synthesized in fat cells or even in the liver.", "contents": "Effect of prolonged glucose infusion on total serum fatty acids and free fatty acids in the rat. This investigation evaluates the effect of prolonged glucose infusion on triglycerides and the composition in total serum fatty acids and free fatty acids in the rat. Glucose infusion over a period of 4 days leads to the following changes: serum triglyceride concentrations are two to three times elevated and serum insulin levels rise 10 times after 12 hours, followed by a steady decrease. Chain elongation is depressed in serum free fatty acids and even more in total serum fatty acids. In serum free fatty acids monodesaturation is unaltered whereas it is highly stimulated in total serum fatty acids. These alterations correlate with the changes of hepatic total fatty acids and do not correlate with changes of fatty acids from epididymal fat pads. The alterations reflect a specific carbohydrate-induced effect on hepatic fatty acid desaturation and chain elongation. They do not support the idea that serum free fatty acids are mainly secreted from the storage pool of adipose tissue; yet, they may have been newly synthesized in fat cells or even in the liver.", "PMID": 844791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6285", "title": "Effects of acetoxyprogesterone upon glycosaminoglycans in the uterus and salivary glands of rats.", "content": "The isolation and characterization of glycosaminoglycans was performed in uterus and submaxillary glands of castrated female rats receiving daily doses of 20 or 200 mug of acetoxyprogesterone and 100 or 1000 mug of progesterone. Chromatographic separation of glycosaminoglycans was performed on cellulose microcolumns. The uronic acid concentration in the uterus was decreased by acetoxyprogesterone, in every chromatographic fraction, but not by progesterone. The uronic acid concentration in the submaxillary glands was decreased by acetoxyprogesterone in fractions 1 (glycoporteins) and 2 (hyaluronic acid) and by progesterone in fractions 1 (glycoproteins), 2 (hyaluronic acid) and 7 (heparin);", "contents": "Effects of acetoxyprogesterone upon glycosaminoglycans in the uterus and salivary glands of rats. The isolation and characterization of glycosaminoglycans was performed in uterus and submaxillary glands of castrated female rats receiving daily doses of 20 or 200 mug of acetoxyprogesterone and 100 or 1000 mug of progesterone. Chromatographic separation of glycosaminoglycans was performed on cellulose microcolumns. The uronic acid concentration in the uterus was decreased by acetoxyprogesterone, in every chromatographic fraction, but not by progesterone. The uronic acid concentration in the submaxillary glands was decreased by acetoxyprogesterone in fractions 1 (glycoporteins) and 2 (hyaluronic acid) and by progesterone in fractions 1 (glycoproteins), 2 (hyaluronic acid) and 7 (heparin);", "PMID": 844792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6286", "title": "Lipogenesis by hepatocytes of rats with hypothalamic obesity.", "content": "Hepatocytes were prepared from livers of rats with bilateral lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN lesioned) and sham-operated control rats. The incorporation of tritium labeled water and 14C glucose and lactate into lipids was studied. Endogenous tritium incorporation into fatty acids in controls ranged from 7-20 muatoms 3H per 100 mg liver protein per hour, and in cells from VMN lesioned rats 25 to 80 muatoms per 100 mg/hour. In both types of cells addition of glucose had no effect on tritium incorporation, but the addition of lactate, pyruvate or alanine stimulated it 30-60%. There was little difference in the labeling of glycerol by the two groups. In cells from fasted refed control or lesioned rats, tritium incorporation was greatly increased and was equal in both groups. Incorporation of glucose carbon in VMN lesioned rats was three to ten times that of controls, but the contribution of glucose carbon to fatty acid synthesis was small.", "contents": "Lipogenesis by hepatocytes of rats with hypothalamic obesity. Hepatocytes were prepared from livers of rats with bilateral lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN lesioned) and sham-operated control rats. The incorporation of tritium labeled water and 14C glucose and lactate into lipids was studied. Endogenous tritium incorporation into fatty acids in controls ranged from 7-20 muatoms 3H per 100 mg liver protein per hour, and in cells from VMN lesioned rats 25 to 80 muatoms per 100 mg/hour. In both types of cells addition of glucose had no effect on tritium incorporation, but the addition of lactate, pyruvate or alanine stimulated it 30-60%. There was little difference in the labeling of glycerol by the two groups. In cells from fasted refed control or lesioned rats, tritium incorporation was greatly increased and was equal in both groups. Incorporation of glucose carbon in VMN lesioned rats was three to ten times that of controls, but the contribution of glucose carbon to fatty acid synthesis was small.", "PMID": 844793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6287", "title": "Influence of contraceptive steroids on the turnover of plasma free arachidonic and oleic acids.", "content": "The turnover of plasma free oleic and arachidonic acids was determined in five healthy women before and after 3 months contraceptive treatment with a daily dose of 0.05 mg ethinyl estradiol and 0.25 mg d-norgestrel administered in a cyclic manner. The contraceptive steroids did not significantly influence the total plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentration or the turnover of oleic acid. However, during hormone administration the fractional turnover of arachidonic acid increased by 40 per cent and its arterial concentration fell by 20 per cent. The portion of saturated fatty acids in the FFA fraction decreased during the contraceptive treatment. It is concluded that the treatment with contraceptive steroids (1) had no effect on the turnover of the main part of the FFA fraction, (2) increased the transport of the polyunsaturated arachidonic acid through the plasma pool, possibly as an effect of the estrogen component, and (3) stimulated the desaturation of saturated fatty acids to monoenes.", "contents": "Influence of contraceptive steroids on the turnover of plasma free arachidonic and oleic acids. The turnover of plasma free oleic and arachidonic acids was determined in five healthy women before and after 3 months contraceptive treatment with a daily dose of 0.05 mg ethinyl estradiol and 0.25 mg d-norgestrel administered in a cyclic manner. The contraceptive steroids did not significantly influence the total plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentration or the turnover of oleic acid. However, during hormone administration the fractional turnover of arachidonic acid increased by 40 per cent and its arterial concentration fell by 20 per cent. The portion of saturated fatty acids in the FFA fraction decreased during the contraceptive treatment. It is concluded that the treatment with contraceptive steroids (1) had no effect on the turnover of the main part of the FFA fraction, (2) increased the transport of the polyunsaturated arachidonic acid through the plasma pool, possibly as an effect of the estrogen component, and (3) stimulated the desaturation of saturated fatty acids to monoenes.", "PMID": 844794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6288", "title": "Role of endogenous calcitonin in the secretion of gastrin and gastric acid in rats.", "content": "Following pyloric ligation, serum immunoreactive gastrin levels and gastric acid accumulation in acutely thyroidectomized rats with autotransplanted parathyroid glands were significantly higher than those in thyroid intact rats. Furthermore, serum immunoreactive gastrin levels were higher in the absence than in the presence of the thyroid gland following the oral administration of glycine or rat chaw. These results suggest that endogeneous calcitonin has an inhibitory action on gastric acid secretion probably through the inhibitory action on gastrin secretion in rats.", "contents": "Role of endogenous calcitonin in the secretion of gastrin and gastric acid in rats. Following pyloric ligation, serum immunoreactive gastrin levels and gastric acid accumulation in acutely thyroidectomized rats with autotransplanted parathyroid glands were significantly higher than those in thyroid intact rats. Furthermore, serum immunoreactive gastrin levels were higher in the absence than in the presence of the thyroid gland following the oral administration of glycine or rat chaw. These results suggest that endogeneous calcitonin has an inhibitory action on gastric acid secretion probably through the inhibitory action on gastrin secretion in rats.", "PMID": 844795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6289", "title": "Mechanism of the stimulation of RNA synthesis in rat liver nuclei by silybin.", "content": "The influence of the flavonolignane derivatives silybin, silybinhemisuccinate  and silybindihemisuccinate on the RNA synthesis in isolated nuclei from rat livers was studied. A stimulatory effect of silybin on the incorporation of [3H]UTP into nuclear RNA was found and the dose dependence could be demonstrated. The results support former findings that silybin stimulates RNA synthesis in rat livers in vivo and in hepatocytes. Experiments with purified nucleoli indicated that mainly the rate of rRNA synthesis is increased. The mechanism of this stimulation was elucidated by experiments with isolated RNA polymerases. It could be demonstrated that polymerase B is not affected by the flavonolignane, but the activity of polymerase A is increased, due to higher V at constant Km values. Thus silybin is shown to be an enzyme-stimulating effector.", "contents": "Mechanism of the stimulation of RNA synthesis in rat liver nuclei by silybin. The influence of the flavonolignane derivatives silybin, silybinhemisuccinate  and silybindihemisuccinate on the RNA synthesis in isolated nuclei from rat livers was studied. A stimulatory effect of silybin on the incorporation of [3H]UTP into nuclear RNA was found and the dose dependence could be demonstrated. The results support former findings that silybin stimulates RNA synthesis in rat livers in vivo and in hepatocytes. Experiments with purified nucleoli indicated that mainly the rate of rRNA synthesis is increased. The mechanism of this stimulation was elucidated by experiments with isolated RNA polymerases. It could be demonstrated that polymerase B is not affected by the flavonolignane, but the activity of polymerase A is increased, due to higher V at constant Km values. Thus silybin is shown to be an enzyme-stimulating effector.", "PMID": 844797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6290", "title": "Heterogeneity and partial purification of  human erythrocyte membrane acetylcholinesterase.", "content": "Triton X-100 solubilised human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (E0), when subjected to chromatography on Sephadex G-200, showed one enzyme activity peak (Eg) and a number of protein peaks (Pg). The same sample could be separated into several subfractions of enzyme activity on DEAE-cellulose by gradient elution with increasing sodium chloride. When the gel filtered enzyme peak (Eg) alone was rechromatographed on an ion-exchange column under identical conditions, it showed only one enzyme peak. But when Eg in combination with protein peaks (Pg) without enzyme activity is rechromatographed as a physical mixture on a DEAE-cellulose column under the same conditions, the preparation  could again be resolved into at least two fractions with enzyme activity. 2) Disc electrophoresis of fractions from DEAE-cellulose chromatography separated multiple bands which differ significantly from those produced by electrophoresis of E0. This suggests that E0 had undergone some form of conformational modification during the ion-exchange chromatography. However, this modification of E0 was avoided, if it was subjected to Sephadex G-200 chromatography before the DEAE-cellulose step. 3) A three-step technique (fractionation on Sephadex G-200, DEAE-cellulose chromatography and electrofocusing) has been performed for the purification of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase. An enzyme preparation of high purity with a specific activity of 81 U/mg of protein was obtained.", "contents": "Heterogeneity and partial purification of  human erythrocyte membrane acetylcholinesterase. Triton X-100 solubilised human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (E0), when subjected to chromatography on Sephadex G-200, showed one enzyme activity peak (Eg) and a number of protein peaks (Pg). The same sample could be separated into several subfractions of enzyme activity on DEAE-cellulose by gradient elution with increasing sodium chloride. When the gel filtered enzyme peak (Eg) alone was rechromatographed on an ion-exchange column under identical conditions, it showed only one enzyme peak. But when Eg in combination with protein peaks (Pg) without enzyme activity is rechromatographed as a physical mixture on a DEAE-cellulose column under the same conditions, the preparation  could again be resolved into at least two fractions with enzyme activity. 2) Disc electrophoresis of fractions from DEAE-cellulose chromatography separated multiple bands which differ significantly from those produced by electrophoresis of E0. This suggests that E0 had undergone some form of conformational modification during the ion-exchange chromatography. However, this modification of E0 was avoided, if it was subjected to Sephadex G-200 chromatography before the DEAE-cellulose step. 3) A three-step technique (fractionation on Sephadex G-200, DEAE-cellulose chromatography and electrofocusing) has been performed for the purification of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase. An enzyme preparation of high purity with a specific activity of 81 U/mg of protein was obtained.", "PMID": 844798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6291", "title": "Studies of the ligand binding to cholera toxin, II. The hydrophilic moiety of sialoglycolipids.", "content": "The binding between cholera toxin or its B-protein subunit and various ganglioside-related oligosaccharides was studied by equilibrium displacement dialysis. At low concentrations of ligand, the  binding of monosialo-gangliotetraitol exceeded that of the parent ganglioside II3NeuAcGgOse4-Cer, the possible cell surface receptor for the toxin. The terminal galactose residue and an intact carboxyl group of the sialic acid moiety of monosialo-gangliotetraose were found to be necessary for strong binding to the toxin.", "contents": "Studies of the ligand binding to cholera toxin, II. The hydrophilic moiety of sialoglycolipids. The binding between cholera toxin or its B-protein subunit and various ganglioside-related oligosaccharides was studied by equilibrium displacement dialysis. At low concentrations of ligand, the  binding of monosialo-gangliotetraitol exceeded that of the parent ganglioside II3NeuAcGgOse4-Cer, the possible cell surface receptor for the toxin. The terminal galactose residue and an intact carboxyl group of the sialic acid moiety of monosialo-gangliotetraose were found to be necessary for strong binding to the toxin.", "PMID": 844799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6292", "title": "Multihormonal regulation of sex-dependent 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in rat kidney cytosol.", "content": "The sexually differentiated activity of rat kidney cytoplasmic 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase is subject to multihormonal regulation. Gonadectomy as well as the treatment of intact male animals with estradiol removes the repressive influence of testicular androgens, thereby allowing the activity in the male animal to reach the higher female level. The maintenance of this sexually undifferentiated activity level is a function of the thyroid gland, the adrenals and of growth hormone (somatotropin) and prolactin. Removal of the thyroid or the adrenals from intact animals decreases the activity and eliminates the sexual difference. Following the substitution of hypophysectomized animals with different hypophyseal hormones or gonadotropin preparations, only growth hormone and prolactin are effective in causing an increase in the very low activity. Thus, the sexual differentiation of renal 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity observed in intact rats is clearly the result of the repressive action of testicular androgens on a multi-hormonally controlled activity level.", "contents": "Multihormonal regulation of sex-dependent 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in rat kidney cytosol. The sexually differentiated activity of rat kidney cytoplasmic 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase is subject to multihormonal regulation. Gonadectomy as well as the treatment of intact male animals with estradiol removes the repressive influence of testicular androgens, thereby allowing the activity in the male animal to reach the higher female level. The maintenance of this sexually undifferentiated activity level is a function of the thyroid gland, the adrenals and of growth hormone (somatotropin) and prolactin. Removal of the thyroid or the adrenals from intact animals decreases the activity and eliminates the sexual difference. Following the substitution of hypophysectomized animals with different hypophyseal hormones or gonadotropin preparations, only growth hormone and prolactin are effective in causing an increase in the very low activity. Thus, the sexual differentiation of renal 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity observed in intact rats is clearly the result of the repressive action of testicular androgens on a multi-hormonally controlled activity level.", "PMID": 844800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6293", "title": "The changes in aldolase isoenzyme pattern during development of the human kidney and small intestine--demonstrated in organ extracts and tissue sections.", "content": "Aldolases A, B and C were determined by immunotitration analysis in extracts of human kidney and small intestine and demonstrated immunohistochemically in tissue sections of the same organs at various stages of development. By both techniques a change of isoenzyme pattern during development of the kidney and the small intestine was observed, leading from the predominance of A-type towards the predominance of B-type aldolase. In the extracts of kidney and small intestine the specific activity of aldolase B--but not that of aldolase A--rises with age by about one order of magnitude.  The histochemical investigation showed that the developmental change in aldolase pattern in the organ extracts is caused by the differentiation of proximal tubulus cells in the kidney and the differentiation of epithelial cells in the small intestine. Within these cells an increase in the concentration of aldolase B and a decrease in that of aldolase A takes place during development. The possible physiological role of this cellular change in aldolase isoenzyme pattern is discussed. Aldolase C was found only in low concentrations in fetal organs. Only in the kidney, a specific localization within the proximal tubules could be demonstrated.", "contents": "The changes in aldolase isoenzyme pattern during development of the human kidney and small intestine--demonstrated in organ extracts and tissue sections. Aldolases A, B and C were determined by immunotitration analysis in extracts of human kidney and small intestine and demonstrated immunohistochemically in tissue sections of the same organs at various stages of development. By both techniques a change of isoenzyme pattern during development of the kidney and the small intestine was observed, leading from the predominance of A-type towards the predominance of B-type aldolase. In the extracts of kidney and small intestine the specific activity of aldolase B--but not that of aldolase A--rises with age by about one order of magnitude.  The histochemical investigation showed that the developmental change in aldolase pattern in the organ extracts is caused by the differentiation of proximal tubulus cells in the kidney and the differentiation of epithelial cells in the small intestine. Within these cells an increase in the concentration of aldolase B and a decrease in that of aldolase A takes place during development. The possible physiological role of this cellular change in aldolase isoenzyme pattern is discussed. Aldolase C was found only in low concentrations in fetal organs. Only in the kidney, a specific localization within the proximal tubules could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 844801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6294", "title": "The dissociation of the phalloidin-actin complex.", "content": "Phalloidin reduces the critical concentration [G]c = Kc-1 for the depolymerisation of rabbit muscle actin. Adding 1 equivalent of toxin reduces the [G]c by a factor of 30; adding 2 equivalents reduces the [G]c by a factor of 90. The depolymerisation of actin was measured by the exchangeability of 45Ca and [14C]ADP in equilibrium dialysis. Half dissociation of both the metal ion and the nucleotide were found at the same concentration. From this value we calculate the critical concentration for actin [G]c=1.05 x 10(-6)M. The analogous value in presence of 1 equivalent of toxin is [G]'c=3.7 x 10(-8)M. The dissociation from actin for a labelled phallotoxin, [3H]demethylphalloin, was likewise studied by equilibrium dialysis. The apparent KD for this toxin, as well as for the natural toxin phalloidin, is 3.6 x 10(-8)M. The value is identical to that of [G]'c. This indicates that the dissociation of the toxin and the breakdown of the filaments together with a concomitant release of Ca and ADP are interdependent events.", "contents": "The dissociation of the phalloidin-actin complex. Phalloidin reduces the critical concentration [G]c = Kc-1 for the depolymerisation of rabbit muscle actin. Adding 1 equivalent of toxin reduces the [G]c by a factor of 30; adding 2 equivalents reduces the [G]c by a factor of 90. The depolymerisation of actin was measured by the exchangeability of 45Ca and [14C]ADP in equilibrium dialysis. Half dissociation of both the metal ion and the nucleotide were found at the same concentration. From this value we calculate the critical concentration for actin [G]c=1.05 x 10(-6)M. The analogous value in presence of 1 equivalent of toxin is [G]'c=3.7 x 10(-8)M. The dissociation from actin for a labelled phallotoxin, [3H]demethylphalloin, was likewise studied by equilibrium dialysis. The apparent KD for this toxin, as well as for the natural toxin phalloidin, is 3.6 x 10(-8)M. The value is identical to that of [G]'c. This indicates that the dissociation of the toxin and the breakdown of the filaments together with a concomitant release of Ca and ADP are interdependent events.", "PMID": 844802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6295", "title": "Studies on plant bile pigments, II[1]. Chemical and photochemical oxygenation of a phytochrome Pr chromophore model pigment to purpurins.", "content": "The chemical and photochemical oxygenation of 2,3-dihydrooctaethyl-1,19(21,24H)-bilindione (1), as a model for the chromophores of both phytochrome Pr and phycocyanin, has been studied in neutral and alkaline solution, and in the presence of zinc ions. By comparison with octaethyl-1,19(21,24H)-bilindione (5), the influence of ring A hydrogenation on the reactivity of bilins has been assessed. In the dark, 1 is attacked selectively and rapidly at C-5 yielding \"purpurins\", while 5 reacts slowly, and is attacked predominantly at C-10. Photooxidation of 5 yields the tripyrrinic \"purpurin\" 7 only. Photoreactivity of 1 is considerably enhanced, yielding \"purpurins\" and \"violins\" rapidly. In spite of UV-vis  and mass spectroscopic similarities, the \"purpurin\" 7 differs from the \"purpurins\" 6a,b by the loss of ring A. The facile cleavage at the C-5 methine bridge and the spectroscopic properties of \"purpurins\" are discussed.", "contents": "Studies on plant bile pigments, II[1]. Chemical and photochemical oxygenation of a phytochrome Pr chromophore model pigment to purpurins. The chemical and photochemical oxygenation of 2,3-dihydrooctaethyl-1,19(21,24H)-bilindione (1), as a model for the chromophores of both phytochrome Pr and phycocyanin, has been studied in neutral and alkaline solution, and in the presence of zinc ions. By comparison with octaethyl-1,19(21,24H)-bilindione (5), the influence of ring A hydrogenation on the reactivity of bilins has been assessed. In the dark, 1 is attacked selectively and rapidly at C-5 yielding \"purpurins\", while 5 reacts slowly, and is attacked predominantly at C-10. Photooxidation of 5 yields the tripyrrinic \"purpurin\" 7 only. Photoreactivity of 1 is considerably enhanced, yielding \"purpurins\" and \"violins\" rapidly. In spite of UV-vis  and mass spectroscopic similarities, the \"purpurin\" 7 differs from the \"purpurins\" 6a,b by the loss of ring A. The facile cleavage at the C-5 methine bridge and the spectroscopic properties of \"purpurins\" are discussed.", "PMID": 844803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6296", "title": "Being with madness: personality characteristics of three treatment staffs.", "content": "The personality characteristics of the nonprofessional staff of Soteria House, an innovative residential treatment program for schizophrenics, are assessed and compared with characteristics of representative staffs from two more traditional mental health programs for schizophrenics: a university psychiatric ward and a community-based program staffed by a specially trained group of state hospital aides. A battery of self-report personality questionnaires was used. Analysis of the data indicates an over-all similarity of personality profiles in the three groups. All groups demonstrated two sets of characteristics considered desirable for therapists of schizophrenics: the ego-strength qualities of self-assurance, emotional maturity, independence, and autonomy, and the affective qualities of warmth, sensitivity, and empathy. However, within a third set of characteristics, descriptive of cognitive-attitudinal qualities, the Soteria staff possessed significantly more intuition, introversion, flexibility, and tolerance of altered states of consciousness. The authors speculate that it is this last set of characteristics that allows the Soteria staff to function in the program's intensive, unstructured treatment environment.", "contents": "Being with madness: personality characteristics of three treatment staffs. The personality characteristics of the nonprofessional staff of Soteria House, an innovative residential treatment program for schizophrenics, are assessed and compared with characteristics of representative staffs from two more traditional mental health programs for schizophrenics: a university psychiatric ward and a community-based program staffed by a specially trained group of state hospital aides. A battery of self-report personality questionnaires was used. Analysis of the data indicates an over-all similarity of personality profiles in the three groups. All groups demonstrated two sets of characteristics considered desirable for therapists of schizophrenics: the ego-strength qualities of self-assurance, emotional maturity, independence, and autonomy, and the affective qualities of warmth, sensitivity, and empathy. However, within a third set of characteristics, descriptive of cognitive-attitudinal qualities, the Soteria staff possessed significantly more intuition, introversion, flexibility, and tolerance of altered states of consciousness. The authors speculate that it is this last set of characteristics that allows the Soteria staff to function in the program's intensive, unstructured treatment environment.", "PMID": 844816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6297", "title": "Length of stay and behavior patterns of hospitalized schizophrenics.", "content": "A behavioral observation system, which consists of a series of objectively described behavior categories and an apparatus for recording the duration and frequency of ongoing behaviors in each category, was used to study the behavior on the ward of 21 long-term and 21 short-term matched hospitalized schizophrenics. Results of the study supported the major hypothesis that long-term hospitalized schizophrenics show more withdrawn and inappropriate behaviors and fewer social and appropriate behaviors than short-term hospitalized schizophrenics. Among the short-term patients, those hospitalized from four months to one year showed the most adaptive behaviors and the fewest inappropriate behaviors.", "contents": "Length of stay and behavior patterns of hospitalized schizophrenics. A behavioral observation system, which consists of a series of objectively described behavior categories and an apparatus for recording the duration and frequency of ongoing behaviors in each category, was used to study the behavior on the ward of 21 long-term and 21 short-term matched hospitalized schizophrenics. Results of the study supported the major hypothesis that long-term hospitalized schizophrenics show more withdrawn and inappropriate behaviors and fewer social and appropriate behaviors than short-term hospitalized schizophrenics. Among the short-term patients, those hospitalized from four months to one year showed the most adaptive behaviors and the fewest inappropriate behaviors.", "PMID": 844817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6298", "title": "Role expectations and behaviors in a group home program.", "content": "Patients and staff participating in a group home program operated by the Veterans Administration Hospital in Topeka, Kansas, were interviewed to determine their perceptions of what constitutes acceptable behavior and how the groups functioned. The interviews indicated that the behaviors accepted by group members--their own norms--differed markedly from the norms set by staff. The only behavior highly valued by both staff and group members was helping with household tasks. Staff placed great emphasis on personal hygiene and on participation in a daily work activity and a weekly group social activity, while group members placed emphasis on controlling open expressions of hostility.", "contents": "Role expectations and behaviors in a group home program. Patients and staff participating in a group home program operated by the Veterans Administration Hospital in Topeka, Kansas, were interviewed to determine their perceptions of what constitutes acceptable behavior and how the groups functioned. The interviews indicated that the behaviors accepted by group members--their own norms--differed markedly from the norms set by staff. The only behavior highly valued by both staff and group members was helping with household tasks. Staff placed great emphasis on personal hygiene and on participation in a daily work activity and a weekly group social activity, while group members placed emphasis on controlling open expressions of hostility.", "PMID": 844818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6299", "title": "Sensory dysfunction in adult schizophrenia.", "content": "The authors describe the postural abnormalities and sensory-integration deficits of process schizophrenics, or those who have had problems since childhood and who gradually slip into psychosis. A treatment program consisting of a variety of activities designed to correct those deficits was conducted for one year at the University of California, Irvine, Medical Center; it was coordinated by the occupational therapy department. At discharge the six participants had improved, and their gains were maintained at one-year follow-up. The authors believe similar programs would be useful in board-and-care homes and long-term-care facilities.", "contents": "Sensory dysfunction in adult schizophrenia. The authors describe the postural abnormalities and sensory-integration deficits of process schizophrenics, or those who have had problems since childhood and who gradually slip into psychosis. A treatment program consisting of a variety of activities designed to correct those deficits was conducted for one year at the University of California, Irvine, Medical Center; it was coordinated by the occupational therapy department. At discharge the six participants had improved, and their gains were maintained at one-year follow-up. The authors believe similar programs would be useful in board-and-care homes and long-term-care facilities.", "PMID": 844819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6300", "title": "Patterns of psychiatric consultation in a general hospital.", "content": "The authors conducted a study of the rate of utilization of psychiatric consultation by various services at two general hospitals. The study found that the rehabilitation and plastic surgery services had the highest ratio of consultations to admissions. Depression was the most frequent reason cited in staff requests for psychiatric consultation. Male patients were overrepresented among the consultees in proportion to their number in the total general hospital census. The authors conclude that appropriate psychiatric consultation can enable the majority of patients with psychiatric problems to be maintained on the wards to which they were admitted, and that psychiatric liaison staff should be trained in a variety of consulting roles.", "contents": "Patterns of psychiatric consultation in a general hospital. The authors conducted a study of the rate of utilization of psychiatric consultation by various services at two general hospitals. The study found that the rehabilitation and plastic surgery services had the highest ratio of consultations to admissions. Depression was the most frequent reason cited in staff requests for psychiatric consultation. Male patients were overrepresented among the consultees in proportion to their number in the total general hospital census. The authors conclude that appropriate psychiatric consultation can enable the majority of patients with psychiatric problems to be maintained on the wards to which they were admitted, and that psychiatric liaison staff should be trained in a variety of consulting roles.", "PMID": 844820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6301", "title": "Shifting tuberculosis care to the general hospital.", "content": "Control of tuberculosis infection within the hospital is of major importance to general hospitals that assume the responsibility for providing tuberculous patients with primary care services. Because patients vary in their potential infectiousness, each patient's disease should be assessed individually. Patients who have completed a prescribed course of treatment are not infectious, and no precautionary measures are indicated. Patients with positive sputum who are receiving chemotherapy are rarely infectious, but they should be lodged in a room with air control. Effective antituberculous chemotherapy and adequate ventilation of the environment are the most important means of achieving infection control. Each hospital should have an infection control committee that is responsible for implementing infection control policies and for ensuring that patients with tuberculosis receive high-quality medical care. Educating personnel about tuberculosis, providing necessary consultation services, and making sure that patients are referred properly at discharge are important functions of the committee. Only those hospitals that are willing to meet these minimum standards should assume this responsibility.", "contents": "Shifting tuberculosis care to the general hospital. Control of tuberculosis infection within the hospital is of major importance to general hospitals that assume the responsibility for providing tuberculous patients with primary care services. Because patients vary in their potential infectiousness, each patient's disease should be assessed individually. Patients who have completed a prescribed course of treatment are not infectious, and no precautionary measures are indicated. Patients with positive sputum who are receiving chemotherapy are rarely infectious, but they should be lodged in a room with air control. Effective antituberculous chemotherapy and adequate ventilation of the environment are the most important means of achieving infection control. Each hospital should have an infection control committee that is responsible for implementing infection control policies and for ensuring that patients with tuberculosis receive high-quality medical care. Educating personnel about tuberculosis, providing necessary consultation services, and making sure that patients are referred properly at discharge are important functions of the committee. Only those hospitals that are willing to meet these minimum standards should assume this responsibility.", "PMID": 844825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6302", "title": "Concentric hemorrhagic necrosis of the myocardium. A morphological and clinical study.", "content": "Froty-nine cases of concentric hemorrhagic necrosis of the left ventricular myocardium were reviewed in a series of 97 autopsy studies in patients subjected to cardiopulmonary bypass for various types of cardiac surgery. The gross and microscopic findings were analyzed in order to define the morphologic evolution of the lesion. The extent of involvement was graded by gross examination of serial transverse sections of the heart. Microscopically there were five major histologic changes, probably representing the sequential evolution of the lesion, i.e., contraction bands, subendocardial hemorrhages, coagulative necrosis, healing by granulation tissue, and fibrosis.  The location of the lesion conincided with the vulnerable region of the microcirculation. Owing to the implementation of new surgical techniques, the cases were subdivided into two groups, one covering the period from 1963 to 1970 and the other , 1971 to 1974. Concentric hemorrhagic necrosis was less frequent in the more recent group, but when it was present it was more pronounced in the individual heart. The lesion in the earlier group was milder but demonstrated a higher incidence of platelet microthrombi in the heart. In the recent cases concentric hemorrhagic necrosis tended to be more diffuse in aortocoronary bypass than in valvular replacement surgery. We discuss one possible explanation for the development of this lesion, i.e., transient hypoxemia occurring at the time of cardiopulmonary bypass, followed by reperfusion and accelerated necrosis with hemorrhage.", "contents": "Concentric hemorrhagic necrosis of the myocardium. A morphological and clinical study. Froty-nine cases of concentric hemorrhagic necrosis of the left ventricular myocardium were reviewed in a series of 97 autopsy studies in patients subjected to cardiopulmonary bypass for various types of cardiac surgery. The gross and microscopic findings were analyzed in order to define the morphologic evolution of the lesion. The extent of involvement was graded by gross examination of serial transverse sections of the heart. Microscopically there were five major histologic changes, probably representing the sequential evolution of the lesion, i.e., contraction bands, subendocardial hemorrhages, coagulative necrosis, healing by granulation tissue, and fibrosis.  The location of the lesion conincided with the vulnerable region of the microcirculation. Owing to the implementation of new surgical techniques, the cases were subdivided into two groups, one covering the period from 1963 to 1970 and the other , 1971 to 1974. Concentric hemorrhagic necrosis was less frequent in the more recent group, but when it was present it was more pronounced in the individual heart. The lesion in the earlier group was milder but demonstrated a higher incidence of platelet microthrombi in the heart. In the recent cases concentric hemorrhagic necrosis tended to be more diffuse in aortocoronary bypass than in valvular replacement surgery. We discuss one possible explanation for the development of this lesion, i.e., transient hypoxemia occurring at the time of cardiopulmonary bypass, followed by reperfusion and accelerated necrosis with hemorrhage.", "PMID": 844852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6303", "title": "Carotid body hypertrophy in patients with cystic fibrosis and cyanotic congenital heart disease.", "content": "The carotid bodies from 71 patients ranging in age from 28 weeks' gestation to 30 years were obtained at autopsy. Patients were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of chronic hypoxemia. There was a high correlation between the weight of individual carotid bodies in each case. Among the 12 patients with chronic hypoxemia, eight patients had carotid bodies heavier than predicted by statistical analysis. Of these eight patients, six had cystic fibrosis and two had cyanotic heart disease. Morphometric and cell population analyses of the carotid bodies from these eight patients and from those of the control population indicated that enlargement of the carotid bodies during normal or abnormal growth results from proportionate increases in lobule parenchyma and stroma. There was also an increase in the width and length of the lobules without an increase in the diameter of the cell cords or a change in the size or proportion of the chief cells. Growth and development of the carotid bodies were studied in a control group of 59 patients without chronic hypoxemia. There were no sex related differences in carotid body weights. The combined weight of the carotid bodies correlated most strongly with body weight, although there was some correlation with age and body length. A regression equation reflecting the data relating to body weight (BW) is: Combined weight of carotid bodies (in mg.) = 0.29 BW (in kg.) +3.0. Leukemic infiltrates were present in two patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia, and diffuse lymphocytic infiltration with nodule formation was present in one patient with mental retardation. Metaplastic cartilage was present in a carotid body of one patient.", "contents": "Carotid body hypertrophy in patients with cystic fibrosis and cyanotic congenital heart disease. The carotid bodies from 71 patients ranging in age from 28 weeks' gestation to 30 years were obtained at autopsy. Patients were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of chronic hypoxemia. There was a high correlation between the weight of individual carotid bodies in each case. Among the 12 patients with chronic hypoxemia, eight patients had carotid bodies heavier than predicted by statistical analysis. Of these eight patients, six had cystic fibrosis and two had cyanotic heart disease. Morphometric and cell population analyses of the carotid bodies from these eight patients and from those of the control population indicated that enlargement of the carotid bodies during normal or abnormal growth results from proportionate increases in lobule parenchyma and stroma. There was also an increase in the width and length of the lobules without an increase in the diameter of the cell cords or a change in the size or proportion of the chief cells. Growth and development of the carotid bodies were studied in a control group of 59 patients without chronic hypoxemia. There were no sex related differences in carotid body weights. The combined weight of the carotid bodies correlated most strongly with body weight, although there was some correlation with age and body length. A regression equation reflecting the data relating to body weight (BW) is: Combined weight of carotid bodies (in mg.) = 0.29 BW (in kg.) +3.0. Leukemic infiltrates were present in two patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia, and diffuse lymphocytic infiltration with nodule formation was present in one patient with mental retardation. Metaplastic cartilage was present in a carotid body of one patient.", "PMID": 844853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6304", "title": "Thymus related tumors and tumor-like lesions in childhood with rapid clinical progression and death.", "content": "Tumor and tumor-like lesions of the thymus, excluding Hodgkin and nonHodgkin lymphomas, are among the least frequent mediastinal tumors in childhood. For this reason the diagnosis is often overlooked. The clinical and pathologic features of four thymus related masses, three of which were thymomas and one a thymic cyst, are reported in children between the ages of five and 15 years. The thymic cyst occurred in a child with a five year history of aplastic anemia. A rapid clinical course to death occurred in all four cases. The behavior of these lesions is compared  with that described in the literature. The impression exists that thymomas in the pediatric age group are much more aggressive than those in adults. There are also some signifant differences in their histopathologic appearance.", "contents": "Thymus related tumors and tumor-like lesions in childhood with rapid clinical progression and death. Tumor and tumor-like lesions of the thymus, excluding Hodgkin and nonHodgkin lymphomas, are among the least frequent mediastinal tumors in childhood. For this reason the diagnosis is often overlooked. The clinical and pathologic features of four thymus related masses, three of which were thymomas and one a thymic cyst, are reported in children between the ages of five and 15 years. The thymic cyst occurred in a child with a five year history of aplastic anemia. A rapid clinical course to death occurred in all four cases. The behavior of these lesions is compared  with that described in the literature. The impression exists that thymomas in the pediatric age group are much more aggressive than those in adults. There are also some signifant differences in their histopathologic appearance.", "PMID": 844854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6305", "title": "Cell proliferation in normal human breast ducts, fibroadenomas, and other ductal hyperplasias measured by nuclear labeling with tritiated thymidine. Effects of menstrual phase, age, and oral contraceptive hormones.", "content": "The proliferative rates of terminal duct cells were studied by tritiated thymidine labeling in vitro in 104 specimens of benign breast tissue from 92 women, The tritiated thymidine labeling index showed a cyclic pattern consistent with regulation by female sex hormones. It was low during the segment of the menstrual cycle encompassing days 2 through 15 (early cycle) and often was elevated during the segment encompassing days 16 through 1 (late cycle). The early cycle geometric mean index for morphologically normal terminal ducts was 0.19,and for ducts of fibroadenomas it was 0.77. The geomitric means for latecycle were 1.03 and 1.67 respectively. The difference for normal ducts between early and late cycles was highly significant (p less than 0.001). For  both normal ducts and fibroadenomas the tritiated thymidine labeling index correlated negatively with the age of the patient, and the higher index value of fibroadenoma ducts relative to normal ducts was entirely accounted for by the younger mean age of the fibroadenoma patients. Oral use of contraceptive hormones could not be shown to change the index in either normal ducts or fibroadenoma ducts. Based on a postulated duration of DNA synthesis of 12 hours, the mean turnover time of the cells of normal terminal ducts would be approximately 22 days for 20 year old women with regular menstrual cycles, and would increase to 147 day at age 40. The mean potential doubling times of fibroadenomas would be approximately 33 days. The index values of other benign ductal proliferative lesions of the breast were similar to those of fibroadenomas and normal terminal ducts.", "contents": "Cell proliferation in normal human breast ducts, fibroadenomas, and other ductal hyperplasias measured by nuclear labeling with tritiated thymidine. Effects of menstrual phase, age, and oral contraceptive hormones. The proliferative rates of terminal duct cells were studied by tritiated thymidine labeling in vitro in 104 specimens of benign breast tissue from 92 women, The tritiated thymidine labeling index showed a cyclic pattern consistent with regulation by female sex hormones. It was low during the segment of the menstrual cycle encompassing days 2 through 15 (early cycle) and often was elevated during the segment encompassing days 16 through 1 (late cycle). The early cycle geometric mean index for morphologically normal terminal ducts was 0.19,and for ducts of fibroadenomas it was 0.77. The geomitric means for latecycle were 1.03 and 1.67 respectively. The difference for normal ducts between early and late cycles was highly significant (p less than 0.001). For  both normal ducts and fibroadenomas the tritiated thymidine labeling index correlated negatively with the age of the patient, and the higher index value of fibroadenoma ducts relative to normal ducts was entirely accounted for by the younger mean age of the fibroadenoma patients. Oral use of contraceptive hormones could not be shown to change the index in either normal ducts or fibroadenoma ducts. Based on a postulated duration of DNA synthesis of 12 hours, the mean turnover time of the cells of normal terminal ducts would be approximately 22 days for 20 year old women with regular menstrual cycles, and would increase to 147 day at age 40. The mean potential doubling times of fibroadenomas would be approximately 33 days. The index values of other benign ductal proliferative lesions of the breast were similar to those of fibroadenomas and normal terminal ducts.", "PMID": 844855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6306", "title": "Peritoneal mesothelioma.", "content": "The cytohistology in 82 cases diagnosed as malignant peritoneal mesothelioma was correlated with available clinical and gross pathologic information. The cases were then evaluated as to ceratainty of diagnosis. The material had come from a large number of sources, most of it having been traced by a history of occupational exposure to asbestos. A relatively short interval of significant symptoms, with already existent diffuse peritoneal involvement and ascites, and an average survival time of less than a year characterized the group. The microscopic morphology formed a spectrum from highly characteristic, pure epithelial and mixed epithelial and sarcomatoid types, through nonspecific although relatively differentiated appearances, to pleomorphic analplatic proliferations. Local invasion and metastasis were common but much more limited than with tumors of other histogenesis showing comparable serous membrane involvement. Autopsy was of considerable exclusionary value although not in itself always determinative, and mucopolysaccharide histochemistry was occasionally decisive in diagnosis. Because of the microscopic versatlity of mesothelioma and the clinical and gross morphologic overlap with other neoplasms, all available data must be taken into consideration in arriving at a diagnosis. We believe that the dgree of certainty of diagnosis should be indicated by a succinct but reasonably explicit terminology.", "contents": "Peritoneal mesothelioma. The cytohistology in 82 cases diagnosed as malignant peritoneal mesothelioma was correlated with available clinical and gross pathologic information. The cases were then evaluated as to ceratainty of diagnosis. The material had come from a large number of sources, most of it having been traced by a history of occupational exposure to asbestos. A relatively short interval of significant symptoms, with already existent diffuse peritoneal involvement and ascites, and an average survival time of less than a year characterized the group. The microscopic morphology formed a spectrum from highly characteristic, pure epithelial and mixed epithelial and sarcomatoid types, through nonspecific although relatively differentiated appearances, to pleomorphic analplatic proliferations. Local invasion and metastasis were common but much more limited than with tumors of other histogenesis showing comparable serous membrane involvement. Autopsy was of considerable exclusionary value although not in itself always determinative, and mucopolysaccharide histochemistry was occasionally decisive in diagnosis. Because of the microscopic versatlity of mesothelioma and the clinical and gross morphologic overlap with other neoplasms, all available data must be taken into consideration in arriving at a diagnosis. We believe that the dgree of certainty of diagnosis should be indicated by a succinct but reasonably explicit terminology.", "PMID": 844856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6307", "title": "Myocardial mitochondrial calcifiction in Reye's syndrome.", "content": "Ultrastructural and biochemical studies of myocardial tissue from a patient with the clinical and light microscopic features of Reye's syndrome showed evidence of intramitochondrial calcium deposition. The significance to recent experimental and clinical data concerning intramitochondrial calcium deposition.", "contents": "Myocardial mitochondrial calcifiction in Reye's syndrome. Ultrastructural and biochemical studies of myocardial tissue from a patient with the clinical and light microscopic features of Reye's syndrome showed evidence of intramitochondrial calcium deposition. The significance to recent experimental and clinical data concerning intramitochondrial calcium deposition.", "PMID": 844857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6308", "title": "Abdominal form of lymphomatoid granulomatosis.", "content": "A 54 year old white male died three months after hospitalization for hematemesis and melena due to a duodenal ulcer and two monthos after the  subsequent onset of progressive ascites and edema. At necropsy, lesions characteristic of \"lympomatoid granulomatosis\" as delineated by Liebow et al. were found in the liver, retroperitoneal lymph nodes, and mesenteric and retroperitoneal adipose tissue. This case appears to be the first case of \"lymphomatoid granulomatosis\" confined to the abdomen. This report further broadens the clinical spectrum of the newly delineated \"lymphomatoid granulomatosis\" and adds another situation to the differential diagnosis of space occupying lesions of the liver.", "contents": "Abdominal form of lymphomatoid granulomatosis. A 54 year old white male died three months after hospitalization for hematemesis and melena due to a duodenal ulcer and two monthos after the  subsequent onset of progressive ascites and edema. At necropsy, lesions characteristic of \"lympomatoid granulomatosis\" as delineated by Liebow et al. were found in the liver, retroperitoneal lymph nodes, and mesenteric and retroperitoneal adipose tissue. This case appears to be the first case of \"lymphomatoid granulomatosis\" confined to the abdomen. This report further broadens the clinical spectrum of the newly delineated \"lymphomatoid granulomatosis\" and adds another situation to the differential diagnosis of space occupying lesions of the liver.", "PMID": 844858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6309", "title": "[New findings on the structure of chromosomes (author's transl)].", "content": "The structural element of eukaryotic chromosomes is the chromatin fibre consisting of histones and DNA. The chromatin fibre is about 100--200 A thick. One chromatid is built up from one chromatin fibre running through from one end to the other and laid in numerous irregular foldings. The chromatin fibre is a chain of nucleosomes. These are globular histone bodies around which the DNA winds. Nucleosomes can be observed in isolated chromatin fibrils as well as in thin sections of chromosomes after different modes of fixation. Prophasic chromosomes or early premature condensed chromosomes are thin uncoiled threads. With chromosome condensation a major coiling is seen. No constant regular arrangement of the chromatin fibril besides the major coils is observed. A rather diffuse decondensation takes place in ana- and telophase.", "contents": "[New findings on the structure of chromosomes (author's transl)]. The structural element of eukaryotic chromosomes is the chromatin fibre consisting of histones and DNA. The chromatin fibre is about 100--200 A thick. One chromatid is built up from one chromatin fibre running through from one end to the other and laid in numerous irregular foldings. The chromatin fibre is a chain of nucleosomes. These are globular histone bodies around which the DNA winds. Nucleosomes can be observed in isolated chromatin fibrils as well as in thin sections of chromosomes after different modes of fixation. Prophasic chromosomes or early premature condensed chromosomes are thin uncoiled threads. With chromosome condensation a major coiling is seen. No constant regular arrangement of the chromatin fibril besides the major coils is observed. A rather diffuse decondensation takes place in ana- and telophase.", "PMID": 844859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6310", "title": "Premeiotic and early meiotic stages in the pollen mother cells of Eremurus and in human embryonic oocytes.", "content": "The premeiotic and meiotic stages are described in the pollen mother cells of the liliaceous plant Eremurus. In human oocytes from embryonic ovaries, the premeiotic and early meiotic stages up to dictyotene have been identified on morphological grounds. In Eremurus, in which each stage can be independently verified by the sequence of buds situated in a spiral, there is no indication of somatic pairing of homologous chromosomes, nor is there any sign of a premeiotic contraction of the chromosomes. The interphase following this mitosis is, in turn, succeeded by leptotene in which the DNA synthesis occurs, as determined by using autoradiography. This stage is followed by a \"distance pairing\" stage in which the homologous chromosomes lie parallel to each other at a distance. In typical zygotene, segments of chromosomes are paired intimately, others are unpaired, and the points at which pairing begins and ends are clearly visible. Each bivalent shows several pairing blocks. Pairing is completed at pachytene; diplotene which is characterized by the separation of the chromosomes follows. In mid-diplotene the chromosomes collect together in the so-called second contraction stage. The same meiotic prophase stages that occur in Eremurus, including the \"distance pairing\" stage, are found in the embryonic human oocytes. In the last premeiotic interphase, the chromosomes appear as condensed prochromosomes which unravel directly to form the leptotene chromosomes. In the oocytes, too, DNA synthesis seems to take place in leptotene.", "contents": "Premeiotic and early meiotic stages in the pollen mother cells of Eremurus and in human embryonic oocytes. The premeiotic and meiotic stages are described in the pollen mother cells of the liliaceous plant Eremurus. In human oocytes from embryonic ovaries, the premeiotic and early meiotic stages up to dictyotene have been identified on morphological grounds. In Eremurus, in which each stage can be independently verified by the sequence of buds situated in a spiral, there is no indication of somatic pairing of homologous chromosomes, nor is there any sign of a premeiotic contraction of the chromosomes. The interphase following this mitosis is, in turn, succeeded by leptotene in which the DNA synthesis occurs, as determined by using autoradiography. This stage is followed by a \"distance pairing\" stage in which the homologous chromosomes lie parallel to each other at a distance. In typical zygotene, segments of chromosomes are paired intimately, others are unpaired, and the points at which pairing begins and ends are clearly visible. Each bivalent shows several pairing blocks. Pairing is completed at pachytene; diplotene which is characterized by the separation of the chromosomes follows. In mid-diplotene the chromosomes collect together in the so-called second contraction stage. The same meiotic prophase stages that occur in Eremurus, including the \"distance pairing\" stage, are found in the embryonic human oocytes. In the last premeiotic interphase, the chromosomes appear as condensed prochromosomes which unravel directly to form the leptotene chromosomes. In the oocytes, too, DNA synthesis seems to take place in leptotene.", "PMID": 844860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6311", "title": "Somatic stability of variant C-band heterochromatin.", "content": "Prominent C-band markers were found to be unchanged between different tissues of 9 individuals and during long term culture of 8 skin fibroblast and amniotic fluid cell strains.", "contents": "Somatic stability of variant C-band heterochromatin. Prominent C-band markers were found to be unchanged between different tissues of 9 individuals and during long term culture of 8 skin fibroblast and amniotic fluid cell strains.", "PMID": 844861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6312", "title": "Elimination of nucleolus organizers in a case of 13/14 Robertsonian translocation.", "content": "A Robertsonian translocation 45,XY, t(13q;14q) was detected in the leukocyte cultures of a phenotypically normal male. Silver staining technique for nucleolus organizer regions revealed that both acrocentrics involved in the translocation had lost their nucleolus organizers.", "contents": "Elimination of nucleolus organizers in a case of 13/14 Robertsonian translocation. A Robertsonian translocation 45,XY, t(13q;14q) was detected in the leukocyte cultures of a phenotypically normal male. Silver staining technique for nucleolus organizer regions revealed that both acrocentrics involved in the translocation had lost their nucleolus organizers.", "PMID": 844862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6313", "title": "Tentative evidence for 3--4 haematopoetic stem cells in man.", "content": "Blood specimens from a random sample of 981 South African Negroid females were typed electrophoretically inter alia for their G-6-PD phenotypes, The allele frequency for GdB and GdnonB was found to be 0.8126 and 0.1874 respectively. Calculating the number of individuals expected for each phenotypic class, a highly significant deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium became manifest, i.e. there was a deficit of 24.6% of heterozygotes and an excess of 12.3% of each of the two classes of homozygotes. Several possible reasons for this discrepancy e.g. the effects of pooling sub-samples, selection and misclassifications due to insufficient staining were examined and were found not be likely explanations for the observed phenomenon. Instead, the result is interpreted as due to only 3--4 stem cells which give rise to the haematopoetic system in man.", "contents": "Tentative evidence for 3--4 haematopoetic stem cells in man. Blood specimens from a random sample of 981 South African Negroid females were typed electrophoretically inter alia for their G-6-PD phenotypes, The allele frequency for GdB and GdnonB was found to be 0.8126 and 0.1874 respectively. Calculating the number of individuals expected for each phenotypic class, a highly significant deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium became manifest, i.e. there was a deficit of 24.6% of heterozygotes and an excess of 12.3% of each of the two classes of homozygotes. Several possible reasons for this discrepancy e.g. the effects of pooling sub-samples, selection and misclassifications due to insufficient staining were examined and were found not be likely explanations for the observed phenomenon. Instead, the result is interpreted as due to only 3--4 stem cells which give rise to the haematopoetic system in man.", "PMID": 844863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6314", "title": "A photometric method for quantifying the polymorphisms in human acrocentric chromosomes.", "content": "Photometric measurements on photomicrographs of quinacrine mustard--stained metaphase chromosomes, processed by a reverse developing procedure provide quantitative data on the polymorphisms of human acrocentric chromosomes. The method described is intended for population studies. The method is easily reproducible, allowing comparisons of data obtained by different laboratories.", "contents": "A photometric method for quantifying the polymorphisms in human acrocentric chromosomes. Photometric measurements on photomicrographs of quinacrine mustard--stained metaphase chromosomes, processed by a reverse developing procedure provide quantitative data on the polymorphisms of human acrocentric chromosomes. The method described is intended for population studies. The method is easily reproducible, allowing comparisons of data obtained by different laboratories.", "PMID": 844864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6315", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of globoid cell leukodystrophy (Krabbe's diseases). Third documented case.", "content": "A case of globoid cell leukodystrophy (Krabbe's disease) was diagnosed prenatally by demonstrating a profound deficiency of cerebroside beta-galactosidase in cultured amniotic cells. The diagnosis was confirmed in the fetus aborted in the 19th week. In the cell-free amniotic fluid, normal enzyme activity was found. This finding, which had been demonstrated in a previous case, is discussed.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of globoid cell leukodystrophy (Krabbe's diseases). Third documented case. A case of globoid cell leukodystrophy (Krabbe's disease) was diagnosed prenatally by demonstrating a profound deficiency of cerebroside beta-galactosidase in cultured amniotic cells. The diagnosis was confirmed in the fetus aborted in the 19th week. In the cell-free amniotic fluid, normal enzyme activity was found. This finding, which had been demonstrated in a previous case, is discussed.", "PMID": 844865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6316", "title": "A true microculture technique for human lymphocytes.", "content": "A true microculture technique utilizing only 0.01 ml of whole blood is presented. The blood is cultured in Eppendorf plastic microtubes in 1 ml of medium. This technique is easier, faster, and more economical than conventional methods. It is suitable for situations in which interphase cells or a small number (less than equal to 50) of metaphase cells are required.", "contents": "A true microculture technique for human lymphocytes. A true microculture technique utilizing only 0.01 ml of whole blood is presented. The blood is cultured in Eppendorf plastic microtubes in 1 ml of medium. This technique is easier, faster, and more economical than conventional methods. It is suitable for situations in which interphase cells or a small number (less than equal to 50) of metaphase cells are required.", "PMID": 844866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6317", "title": "Karyological characterization of a human lymphoblastoid cell line resistant to 6-thioguanine.", "content": "A mutant human lymphoblastoid cell line, Raji-TG, resistant to 10micron g 6-thioguanine (TG)/ml was produced from wild-type cells after exposure to ethylmethane sulfonate. The Raji-TG cells showed their failure to incorporate 3H-hypoxanthine, only 2% as much hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) activity as wild-type cells, and no revertant in HAT selective medium containing bypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine. Raji-TG cells, which were maintained routinely in regular medium lacking TG for as long as 2 years, still retained resistance to the drug and inability to grow in HAT medium. A fusion of Raji-TG cells and mouse cells resistant to 5-bromodeoxyuridine and lacking thymidine kinase formed hybrids, and the resulting hybrid colonies proliferated in HAT medium. These observations strongly supported the hypothesis that Raji-TG line cells might be originated from a mutational event with deficiency of HPRT. Both parental and the mutant have a modal chromosome number of 49 with a remarkably stable karyotype. Excess chromosome materials are found in chromosomes 1, 5, 7, 14, and 16. Chromosome 8 is completely missing, but is represented by two respective isochromosomes of the short and long arms of No. 8. Five different marker chromosomes could be distinguished, and most of their origin has been determined. Isolation of Raji-TG X mouse hybrid clones which contained one of each marker chromosome is of considerable value in mapping human genes on regions within particular chromosomes.", "contents": "Karyological characterization of a human lymphoblastoid cell line resistant to 6-thioguanine. A mutant human lymphoblastoid cell line, Raji-TG, resistant to 10micron g 6-thioguanine (TG)/ml was produced from wild-type cells after exposure to ethylmethane sulfonate. The Raji-TG cells showed their failure to incorporate 3H-hypoxanthine, only 2% as much hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) activity as wild-type cells, and no revertant in HAT selective medium containing bypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine. Raji-TG cells, which were maintained routinely in regular medium lacking TG for as long as 2 years, still retained resistance to the drug and inability to grow in HAT medium. A fusion of Raji-TG cells and mouse cells resistant to 5-bromodeoxyuridine and lacking thymidine kinase formed hybrids, and the resulting hybrid colonies proliferated in HAT medium. These observations strongly supported the hypothesis that Raji-TG line cells might be originated from a mutational event with deficiency of HPRT. Both parental and the mutant have a modal chromosome number of 49 with a remarkably stable karyotype. Excess chromosome materials are found in chromosomes 1, 5, 7, 14, and 16. Chromosome 8 is completely missing, but is represented by two respective isochromosomes of the short and long arms of No. 8. Five different marker chromosomes could be distinguished, and most of their origin has been determined. Isolation of Raji-TG X mouse hybrid clones which contained one of each marker chromosome is of considerable value in mapping human genes on regions within particular chromosomes.", "PMID": 844867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6318", "title": "Differential chromosomal radiosensitivity within the first G1-phase of the cell cycle of early-dividing human leukocytes in vitro after stimulation with PHA.", "content": "Human leukocyte cultures were irradiated with 200 RX-rays before the addition of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in the Go-stage and at different times up to 25 h within the first G1-phase of the cell cyle after the addition of PHA. The results of the analysis of chromosomal aberrations show that the frequencies of dicentric chromosomes increase significantly when leukocytes leave the Go-stage, reaching a miximum yield of aberrations about halfway through the first G1-phase. After that, toward the end of the G1-phase, the frequencies of dicentric chromosomes decrease again to a level similar to that found in the Go-stage. Different possible explanations for the differential chromosomal radiosensitivity of human leukocytes within the first post-stimulation G1-phase are discussed.", "contents": "Differential chromosomal radiosensitivity within the first G1-phase of the cell cycle of early-dividing human leukocytes in vitro after stimulation with PHA. Human leukocyte cultures were irradiated with 200 RX-rays before the addition of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in the Go-stage and at different times up to 25 h within the first G1-phase of the cell cyle after the addition of PHA. The results of the analysis of chromosomal aberrations show that the frequencies of dicentric chromosomes increase significantly when leukocytes leave the Go-stage, reaching a miximum yield of aberrations about halfway through the first G1-phase. After that, toward the end of the G1-phase, the frequencies of dicentric chromosomes decrease again to a level similar to that found in the Go-stage. Different possible explanations for the differential chromosomal radiosensitivity of human leukocytes within the first post-stimulation G1-phase are discussed.", "PMID": 844868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6319", "title": "Evidence for two additional common alleles at the PGM1 locus (phosphoglucomutase--E.C.: 2.7.5.1). A comparison by three different techniques.", "content": "Lysates of erythrocytes, leukocytes, lymphocytes, and extracts of sperms were investigated for the PGM1 isozymes by three techniques: starch gel electrophoresis, high voltage thin-layer agarose gel electrophresis, and thin-layer isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel. On starch, only the well known common phenotypes 1, 2-1, and 2 were demonstrable. On agarose, different distances of the two main cathodal bands (a,b) among the phenotypes 2-1 were noted. Furthermore, on agarose, some types considered as homozygous on starch gel had a single, sharp banded pattern while others were broad and blurred. Optimal separation was achieved by isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel. In 291 leukolysates, 10 different phenotypes were identified. These are considered as gene products of 4 different common allesles at the PGM1 locus as suggested by preliminary family investigations. In a random population from Hessen these four alleles had the following frequencies: PGM1al 0.6186, PGMa21 0.1718, PGMa31 0.1426, and PGMa41 0.067, The preliminary designation a1, a2, a3 and a4 was chosen as the assumed polymorphism was demonstrated on acrylamide and agarose. The sum of the frequencies PGMa11 and PGMa31 (the gene products of which have apparently the same electrophoretic mobility on starch) is similar to the frequency of the old PGM11 allele (0.757) in Caucasoids, PGMa21 and PGMa41 have a frequency of 0.2388 corresponding with the frequency of the old allele PGM21.", "contents": "Evidence for two additional common alleles at the PGM1 locus (phosphoglucomutase--E.C.: 2.7.5.1). A comparison by three different techniques. Lysates of erythrocytes, leukocytes, lymphocytes, and extracts of sperms were investigated for the PGM1 isozymes by three techniques: starch gel electrophoresis, high voltage thin-layer agarose gel electrophresis, and thin-layer isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel. On starch, only the well known common phenotypes 1, 2-1, and 2 were demonstrable. On agarose, different distances of the two main cathodal bands (a,b) among the phenotypes 2-1 were noted. Furthermore, on agarose, some types considered as homozygous on starch gel had a single, sharp banded pattern while others were broad and blurred. Optimal separation was achieved by isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel. In 291 leukolysates, 10 different phenotypes were identified. These are considered as gene products of 4 different common allesles at the PGM1 locus as suggested by preliminary family investigations. In a random population from Hessen these four alleles had the following frequencies: PGM1al 0.6186, PGMa21 0.1718, PGMa31 0.1426, and PGMa41 0.067, The preliminary designation a1, a2, a3 and a4 was chosen as the assumed polymorphism was demonstrated on acrylamide and agarose. The sum of the frequencies PGMa11 and PGMa31 (the gene products of which have apparently the same electrophoretic mobility on starch) is similar to the frequency of the old PGM11 allele (0.757) in Caucasoids, PGMa21 and PGMa41 have a frequency of 0.2388 corresponding with the frequency of the old allele PGM21.", "PMID": 844869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6320", "title": "Duchenne muscular dystrophy. A population study.", "content": "By a general survey in the hopitals of northeast Italy, Duchenne cases have been located and identified over a 20-year period. In a more restricted area screening for Duchenne carriers has been carried out in affected families. This procedure made possible an exact estimate of the incidence rate, prevalence rate, and mutation rate in a large sample of population. Prevalence rate was found to be 34x10(-6), incidence rate about 28x10(-5), while mutation rate was found lower than 50x10(-6) by the direct method. The discrepancy between the results obtained by the Haldane formula and those obtained by the direct method for the estimate of the mutation rate is discussed.", "contents": "Duchenne muscular dystrophy. A population study. By a general survey in the hopitals of northeast Italy, Duchenne cases have been located and identified over a 20-year period. In a more restricted area screening for Duchenne carriers has been carried out in affected families. This procedure made possible an exact estimate of the incidence rate, prevalence rate, and mutation rate in a large sample of population. Prevalence rate was found to be 34x10(-6), incidence rate about 28x10(-5), while mutation rate was found lower than 50x10(-6) by the direct method. The discrepancy between the results obtained by the Haldane formula and those obtained by the direct method for the estimate of the mutation rate is discussed.", "PMID": 844870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6321", "title": "A possible association of long Y chromosomes and fetal loss.", "content": "Long Y chromosomes is a relatively unbiased large sample of newborn infants were measured. The proportion of prior abortions was increased twofold in mothers of long Y infants compared to the control in the Caucasian sample. Our results indicate that an increased length of Y chromosome may be an important cause of fetal loss.", "contents": "A possible association of long Y chromosomes and fetal loss. Long Y chromosomes is a relatively unbiased large sample of newborn infants were measured. The proportion of prior abortions was increased twofold in mothers of long Y infants compared to the control in the Caucasian sample. Our results indicate that an increased length of Y chromosome may be an important cause of fetal loss.", "PMID": 844871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6322", "title": "Klinefelter's syndrome and incontinentia pigmenti Bloch-Sulzberger.", "content": "We report a newborn with incontinentia pigmenti Bloch-Sulzberger and male phenotype. Chromosome analysis revealed a Klinefelter's syndrome 47,XXY. These findings are compatible with the hypothesis of dominant sexlinked genes carried on the X-chromosome in this disease.", "contents": "Klinefelter's syndrome and incontinentia pigmenti Bloch-Sulzberger. We report a newborn with incontinentia pigmenti Bloch-Sulzberger and male phenotype. Chromosome analysis revealed a Klinefelter's syndrome 47,XXY. These findings are compatible with the hypothesis of dominant sexlinked genes carried on the X-chromosome in this disease.", "PMID": 844872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6323", "title": "The 11q -- syndrome.", "content": "An eighth case of terminal deletion of the long arm of chromosome eleven (11q--) is reported to emphasize both the distinctive facies, but otherwise non-specific nature of this disorder, and the female preponderance of affected patients. Growth and mental retardation, congenital heart disease and telecanthus are the other most constant features. The authors' experience with 3 unrelated cases in less than 2 years suggests that this syndrome is underdiagnosed.", "contents": "The 11q -- syndrome. An eighth case of terminal deletion of the long arm of chromosome eleven (11q--) is reported to emphasize both the distinctive facies, but otherwise non-specific nature of this disorder, and the female preponderance of affected patients. Growth and mental retardation, congenital heart disease and telecanthus are the other most constant features. The authors' experience with 3 unrelated cases in less than 2 years suggests that this syndrome is underdiagnosed.", "PMID": 844873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6324", "title": "Clinical and cytogenetic studies of two infants with partial monosomy G.", "content": "Clinical and cytogenetic studies are reported in two infants with a stable ring G chromosome. Identification of the abnormal chromosomes was performed by the G-banding and the Q-banding methods.", "contents": "Clinical and cytogenetic studies of two infants with partial monosomy G. Clinical and cytogenetic studies are reported in two infants with a stable ring G chromosome. Identification of the abnormal chromosomes was performed by the G-banding and the Q-banding methods.", "PMID": 844874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6325", "title": "Non-random association of trypsin-banded human acrocentric chromosomes.", "content": "This paper deals with a computer-aided study of the associations between acrocentric chromosomes as well as between those other chromosomes which in our investigations were revealed to be significantly closer to each other than random. The chromosome pairs were identified by a trypsin-banding technique. The method used has been elaborated previously with the specific aim of determining associations in a manner that avoids all subjective criteria. The tendency for association between homologous chromosomes is in decreasing order: 21 and 13 greater than 1 greater than 14, 18 and 19 greater than 17. Among the nonhomologous acrocentric chromosomes the significant tendencies for associations are between D-D: 13-14 greater than 13-15 greater than 14-15; between D-G: 13-21 greater than 14-21 greater than 13-22 greater than 15-22. The implication of the different tendencies to associate are dicussed in terms of aetiology of numerical and structural chromosome abnormalities.", "contents": "Non-random association of trypsin-banded human acrocentric chromosomes. This paper deals with a computer-aided study of the associations between acrocentric chromosomes as well as between those other chromosomes which in our investigations were revealed to be significantly closer to each other than random. The chromosome pairs were identified by a trypsin-banding technique. The method used has been elaborated previously with the specific aim of determining associations in a manner that avoids all subjective criteria. The tendency for association between homologous chromosomes is in decreasing order: 21 and 13 greater than 1 greater than 14, 18 and 19 greater than 17. Among the nonhomologous acrocentric chromosomes the significant tendencies for associations are between D-D: 13-14 greater than 13-15 greater than 14-15; between D-G: 13-21 greater than 14-21 greater than 13-22 greater than 15-22. The implication of the different tendencies to associate are dicussed in terms of aetiology of numerical and structural chromosome abnormalities.", "PMID": 844875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6326", "title": "Different N-terminal amino acids in the MN-glycoprotein from MM and NN erythrocytes.", "content": "The major human erythrocyte membrane (MN-) sialoglycoprotein was purified from MM, MN and NN cells using detergent gel and ion exchange chromatography. N-terminal analyses with dansyl-chloride revealed serine in preparations from MM and leucine in those from NN erythrocytes, whereas glycoprotein isolated from MN cells contained both the above amino acids. These data strongly suggest that the above residues may represent the structural difference between the M and  N antigens. Evidence was also obtained that the Ss-glycoprotein,  which is associated with \"N\" activity, exhibits the same N-terminal amino acid (leucine) as the MN glycoprotein from NN cells.", "contents": "Different N-terminal amino acids in the MN-glycoprotein from MM and NN erythrocytes. The major human erythrocyte membrane (MN-) sialoglycoprotein was purified from MM, MN and NN cells using detergent gel and ion exchange chromatography. N-terminal analyses with dansyl-chloride revealed serine in preparations from MM and leucine in those from NN erythrocytes, whereas glycoprotein isolated from MN cells contained both the above amino acids. These data strongly suggest that the above residues may represent the structural difference between the M and  N antigens. Evidence was also obtained that the Ss-glycoprotein,  which is associated with \"N\" activity, exhibits the same N-terminal amino acid (leucine) as the MN glycoprotein from NN cells.", "PMID": 844876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6327", "title": "Aanlysis of the frequency and distribution of sister chromatid exchanges in cultured human lymphocytes.", "content": "Lymphocytes from 20 notmal subjects (11 male and 9 female) were examined for the frequency and location of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) by the BrdU--Giemsa method. The mean frequency of SCE was 6.37 with little significant variation. One subject had a high number of exchanges in chromosome 1 while the remainder showed a random distribution of exchanges between chromosomes. The frequency of exchanges generally increased with chromosome length. However, chromosome 1, 2 and the B group had more exchanges than expected while the E, F and G grous had less than expected. The distribution of exchanges in chromosomes 1, 2 and the B group was non-random with a concentration of exchanges below the centromere and to a lesser extent on the distal portion of the long arm. The majority of exchanges appeared to occur at the junction between the dark and light G bands. It is suggested that the concentration of exchanges may reflect differences in BrdU incorporation along the length of the chromosome.", "contents": "Aanlysis of the frequency and distribution of sister chromatid exchanges in cultured human lymphocytes. Lymphocytes from 20 notmal subjects (11 male and 9 female) were examined for the frequency and location of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) by the BrdU--Giemsa method. The mean frequency of SCE was 6.37 with little significant variation. One subject had a high number of exchanges in chromosome 1 while the remainder showed a random distribution of exchanges between chromosomes. The frequency of exchanges generally increased with chromosome length. However, chromosome 1, 2 and the B group had more exchanges than expected while the E, F and G grous had less than expected. The distribution of exchanges in chromosomes 1, 2 and the B group was non-random with a concentration of exchanges below the centromere and to a lesser extent on the distal portion of the long arm. The majority of exchanges appeared to occur at the junction between the dark and light G bands. It is suggested that the concentration of exchanges may reflect differences in BrdU incorporation along the length of the chromosome.", "PMID": 844877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6328", "title": "Partial trisomy 10p and familial translocation t(7;10)(p22;p12).", "content": "A girl with partial trisomy for the short arm of chromosome 10(p12leads to pter) due to mal chromosome segregation in the father 46,XY,t(7;10)(p22;p12) is described. The major abnormalities in this case are: mottled skin, mid-facial hypoplasia, low percentiles for weight, length, and head circumference, and club feet.", "contents": "Partial trisomy 10p and familial translocation t(7;10)(p22;p12). A girl with partial trisomy for the short arm of chromosome 10(p12leads to pter) due to mal chromosome segregation in the father 46,XY,t(7;10)(p22;p12) is described. The major abnormalities in this case are: mottled skin, mid-facial hypoplasia, low percentiles for weight, length, and head circumference, and club feet.", "PMID": 844878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6329", "title": "A  chiasma map of man.", "content": "By fitting compounds beta distributions to chiasma frequencies the physical map obtained from banded chromosomes has been converted into a chiasma map giving the distribution of observed chiasmata in relation to several hundred cytological bands, assuming proportionality of mitotic and meiotic chromosomes. This is a genetic map if there is a precise correspondence between sites of chiasmata and crossing-over. However, if there is appreciable preanaphase movement of chasmata, then the chiasma map is a serious distortion of the genetic map. Predictions from the chiasma map can be confirmed or refuted only by genetic evidence for which the estimates of this paper serve as initial values to begin maximum likelihood iteration.", "contents": "A  chiasma map of man. By fitting compounds beta distributions to chiasma frequencies the physical map obtained from banded chromosomes has been converted into a chiasma map giving the distribution of observed chiasmata in relation to several hundred cytological bands, assuming proportionality of mitotic and meiotic chromosomes. This is a genetic map if there is a precise correspondence between sites of chiasmata and crossing-over. However, if there is appreciable preanaphase movement of chasmata, then the chiasma map is a serious distortion of the genetic map. Predictions from the chiasma map can be confirmed or refuted only by genetic evidence for which the estimates of this paper serve as initial values to begin maximum likelihood iteration.", "PMID": 844885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6330", "title": "Origin of human trisomics and polyploids.", "content": "A mathematical theory is derived for the distribution of heteromorphisms in trisomics and polyploids. Applied to the sparse literature, it appears that most trisomy 21 is due to first division maternal nondisjunction, although there are case reports of second division nondisjunction, both paternal and maternal. Most triploids appear to be due to dispermy or failure of the first meiotic division in the oocyte. The need for larger systematic samples is stressed. This maximum likelihood analysis gives great resolution to epidemiological studies, permitting discrimination of etiological factors acting on fathers and mothers, at different meiotic stages, and on dispermy.", "contents": "Origin of human trisomics and polyploids. A mathematical theory is derived for the distribution of heteromorphisms in trisomics and polyploids. Applied to the sparse literature, it appears that most trisomy 21 is due to first division maternal nondisjunction, although there are case reports of second division nondisjunction, both paternal and maternal. Most triploids appear to be due to dispermy or failure of the first meiotic division in the oocyte. The need for larger systematic samples is stressed. This maximum likelihood analysis gives great resolution to epidemiological studies, permitting discrimination of etiological factors acting on fathers and mothers, at different meiotic stages, and on dispermy.", "PMID": 844886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6331", "title": "Further studies on the biological properties of guinea-pig IgG1 antibodies. III. Haemolytic efficiency in vitro.", "content": "The capacity of non-reciprocally contaminated guinea-pig IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies for sensitizing antigen-coated sheep erythrocytes for lysis was studied in the presence of serial dilutions of normal guinea-pig serum as the source of complement. IgG1 antibodies were highly efficient, provided complement was little diluted and not heated at 56 degrees. Chelation of Ca2+ by EGTA affected lysis of IgG1-sensitized cells by only 50%, while completely blocking lysis of IgG2-sensitized cells. The F(ab')2 fragment of IgG1, in contrast to the F(ab')2 fragment of IgG2, was almost as efficient as the parent antibody.", "contents": "Further studies on the biological properties of guinea-pig IgG1 antibodies. III. Haemolytic efficiency in vitro. The capacity of non-reciprocally contaminated guinea-pig IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies for sensitizing antigen-coated sheep erythrocytes for lysis was studied in the presence of serial dilutions of normal guinea-pig serum as the source of complement. IgG1 antibodies were highly efficient, provided complement was little diluted and not heated at 56 degrees. Chelation of Ca2+ by EGTA affected lysis of IgG1-sensitized cells by only 50%, while completely blocking lysis of IgG2-sensitized cells. The F(ab')2 fragment of IgG1, in contrast to the F(ab')2 fragment of IgG2, was almost as efficient as the parent antibody.", "PMID": 844887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6332", "title": "The effect of immunological adjuvants on the relative affinity of anti-protein antibodies.", "content": "Inbred mice of a strain (B1OD2 new) known to produce either no detectable antibody or antibody of low affinity to two protein antigens administered in saline, were immunized with human serum transferrin (HST) in one of nine adjuvants. Such immunization increases the level and relative affinity of anti-HST antibody. The adjuvants used varied in the degree to which they augmented these parameters of the antibody response--that is, FCA and FIA were capable of inducing high levels of high affinity antibody, whereas other adjuvants elicited lower levels of high affinity antibody. The possibility is discussed that substances with adjuvant activity may effect antibody production at two stages: (1) at the stage of antigen selection of cells for proliferation and (2) at the stage or proliferation of antibody producing cell precursors.", "contents": "The effect of immunological adjuvants on the relative affinity of anti-protein antibodies. Inbred mice of a strain (B1OD2 new) known to produce either no detectable antibody or antibody of low affinity to two protein antigens administered in saline, were immunized with human serum transferrin (HST) in one of nine adjuvants. Such immunization increases the level and relative affinity of anti-HST antibody. The adjuvants used varied in the degree to which they augmented these parameters of the antibody response--that is, FCA and FIA were capable of inducing high levels of high affinity antibody, whereas other adjuvants elicited lower levels of high affinity antibody. The possibility is discussed that substances with adjuvant activity may effect antibody production at two stages: (1) at the stage of antigen selection of cells for proliferation and (2) at the stage or proliferation of antibody producing cell precursors.", "PMID": 844888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6333", "title": "The response of protein-deficient mice to tetanus toxoid. Effects of antigen dose, adjuvants, period of deprivation and age on antibody production.", "content": "The effects of a 4% albumin diet initiated at weaning on primary and secondary responses to AIPO4-adsorbed and soluble tetanus toxoid (TT) were studied in C57BL mice. Responses of both groups were directly proportional to the dose of antigen over most of the range tested, but at very low doses protein-deficient mice produced higher primary titres than normal mice. In the primary response AIPO4-adsorption of the antigen essentially increased the effective dose irrespective of the diet, but after secondary challenge responses to soluble TT were more severely affected by the diet. Normal secondary titres to AIPO4-adsorbed TT were achieved when deficient mice were given high doses of antigen. Diet also affected the relative proportions of IgG and IgM produced in most responses. Gram-negative bacterial vaccines and lipopolysaccharide increased antibody production in both groups of mice. The low protein diet produced less dramatic effects when initiated at the time of inoculation or later, and mice maintained for longer on the diet produced more nearly normal titres. Mechanisms which may explain these findings are discussed.", "contents": "The response of protein-deficient mice to tetanus toxoid. Effects of antigen dose, adjuvants, period of deprivation and age on antibody production. The effects of a 4% albumin diet initiated at weaning on primary and secondary responses to AIPO4-adsorbed and soluble tetanus toxoid (TT) were studied in C57BL mice. Responses of both groups were directly proportional to the dose of antigen over most of the range tested, but at very low doses protein-deficient mice produced higher primary titres than normal mice. In the primary response AIPO4-adsorption of the antigen essentially increased the effective dose irrespective of the diet, but after secondary challenge responses to soluble TT were more severely affected by the diet. Normal secondary titres to AIPO4-adsorbed TT were achieved when deficient mice were given high doses of antigen. Diet also affected the relative proportions of IgG and IgM produced in most responses. Gram-negative bacterial vaccines and lipopolysaccharide increased antibody production in both groups of mice. The low protein diet produced less dramatic effects when initiated at the time of inoculation or later, and mice maintained for longer on the diet produced more nearly normal titres. Mechanisms which may explain these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 844889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6334", "title": "Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and vasoactive amine challenge in nude (nu/nu) mice. A comparison with nu/+, axenic and young normal animals.", "content": "Recent suggestions of a thymic origin or thymo-dependent differentiation of tissue mast cells prompted an investigation in the athymic nude (nu/nu) mouse. The outbred nu/nu examined were found to possess mast cells in at least comparable numbers to the phenotypically normal nu/+. These nu/nu were superior to nu/+ as recipient for mast cell-dependent, long latent period (IgE-type), passive cutaneous anaphylactic (PCA) reactions. A variety of studies performed, including competition with nu/+ serum, thymic restoration, quantitation of nu/+ homocytotropic antibody responses, comparison with axenic or young mice and time-course studies of skin sensitization suggested that the higher PCA titres in nu/nu skin were not entirely due to a lack of competitive inhibition of mast-cell sensitization. The nu/+ used in these studies were in fact poor IgE recipients, but were somewhat more sensitive than nu/nu to hypovolaemic shock induced by histamine and serotonin mixtures. Pretreatment with Bordetella pertussis greatly enhanced the sensitivity of nu/+, axenic, holoxenic and young normal mice to the vasoactive effects of histamine and serotonin, but was somewhat less effective in nu/nu and old mice.", "contents": "Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and vasoactive amine challenge in nude (nu/nu) mice. A comparison with nu/+, axenic and young normal animals. Recent suggestions of a thymic origin or thymo-dependent differentiation of tissue mast cells prompted an investigation in the athymic nude (nu/nu) mouse. The outbred nu/nu examined were found to possess mast cells in at least comparable numbers to the phenotypically normal nu/+. These nu/nu were superior to nu/+ as recipient for mast cell-dependent, long latent period (IgE-type), passive cutaneous anaphylactic (PCA) reactions. A variety of studies performed, including competition with nu/+ serum, thymic restoration, quantitation of nu/+ homocytotropic antibody responses, comparison with axenic or young mice and time-course studies of skin sensitization suggested that the higher PCA titres in nu/nu skin were not entirely due to a lack of competitive inhibition of mast-cell sensitization. The nu/+ used in these studies were in fact poor IgE recipients, but were somewhat more sensitive than nu/nu to hypovolaemic shock induced by histamine and serotonin mixtures. Pretreatment with Bordetella pertussis greatly enhanced the sensitivity of nu/+, axenic, holoxenic and young normal mice to the vasoactive effects of histamine and serotonin, but was somewhat less effective in nu/nu and old mice.", "PMID": 844890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6335", "title": "Enthalpy-entropy compensation in dinitrophenyl--anti-dinitrophenyl antibody interaction(s).", "content": "The effect of varying the temperature over a wide range (-3 dergees -67 degrees) on the binding of xi-DNP-L-Lysine to bovine colostral anti-DNA IgG1, and also rabbit anti-DNP IgG revealed non-linear van't Hoff plots. The extent of the curvatures were found to be indicative of large positive heat capacity changes; and the thermodynamic parameters, calculated using a non-linear least-squares computer procedure for these anti-DNP antibody preparations, revealed an enthalpy-entropy compensation mechanism for hapten-antibody binding. The enthalpy factor was found to be the primary contributor for the binding process at low temperatures, but at increasing temperatures the entropy factor assumed greater importance. At physiological temperature (37 degrees), the entropy factor was the major contributor to the free energy of reaction for rabbit anti-DNP IgG, while for bovine colostral anti-DNP IgG it was predominant at temperatures higher than 37 degrees.", "contents": "Enthalpy-entropy compensation in dinitrophenyl--anti-dinitrophenyl antibody interaction(s). The effect of varying the temperature over a wide range (-3 dergees -67 degrees) on the binding of xi-DNP-L-Lysine to bovine colostral anti-DNA IgG1, and also rabbit anti-DNP IgG revealed non-linear van't Hoff plots. The extent of the curvatures were found to be indicative of large positive heat capacity changes; and the thermodynamic parameters, calculated using a non-linear least-squares computer procedure for these anti-DNP antibody preparations, revealed an enthalpy-entropy compensation mechanism for hapten-antibody binding. The enthalpy factor was found to be the primary contributor for the binding process at low temperatures, but at increasing temperatures the entropy factor assumed greater importance. At physiological temperature (37 degrees), the entropy factor was the major contributor to the free energy of reaction for rabbit anti-DNP IgG, while for bovine colostral anti-DNP IgG it was predominant at temperatures higher than 37 degrees.", "PMID": 844891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6336", "title": "Induction of acute and chronic arthritis by intra-articular injection of preformed collagen-anticollagen complexes.", "content": "Three groups of rabbits were injected intra-articularly into the knee joints with preformed complexes of hydroxamated collagen and antiserum to denatured collagen respectively, with hydroxamated collagen and normal serum, hydroxamated collagen, anticollagen serum or saline as controls. From twelve rabbits, receiving only one injection and investigated 8 h later, only the joint tissues of rabbits which received immune complexes showed acute arthritis with severe infiltration of polymorphonuclears, leucocyte thrombi in vessels and haemorrhages. From six rabbits, receiving two consecutive injections (day 0 and day 2) and investigated 12 h after the last injection, only the joint tissue of rabbits which received immune complexes showed subacute-chronic arthritis. From sixteen rabbits receiving four consecutive injections day 0, day 2, day 7 and day 14) and investigated 7 days after the last injection, only the joint tissue of rabbits which received immune complexes showed severe chronic arthritis with infiltration of plasma cells, lymphocytes and nodule-like accumulation of lymphocytes whilst their joint fluid showed additionally a distinctly increased number of polymorphonuclears (3-15 x 10(6)) which differed with P less than 0-01 statistically from all controls.", "contents": "Induction of acute and chronic arthritis by intra-articular injection of preformed collagen-anticollagen complexes. Three groups of rabbits were injected intra-articularly into the knee joints with preformed complexes of hydroxamated collagen and antiserum to denatured collagen respectively, with hydroxamated collagen and normal serum, hydroxamated collagen, anticollagen serum or saline as controls. From twelve rabbits, receiving only one injection and investigated 8 h later, only the joint tissues of rabbits which received immune complexes showed acute arthritis with severe infiltration of polymorphonuclears, leucocyte thrombi in vessels and haemorrhages. From six rabbits, receiving two consecutive injections (day 0 and day 2) and investigated 12 h after the last injection, only the joint tissue of rabbits which received immune complexes showed subacute-chronic arthritis. From sixteen rabbits receiving four consecutive injections day 0, day 2, day 7 and day 14) and investigated 7 days after the last injection, only the joint tissue of rabbits which received immune complexes showed severe chronic arthritis with infiltration of plasma cells, lymphocytes and nodule-like accumulation of lymphocytes whilst their joint fluid showed additionally a distinctly increased number of polymorphonuclears (3-15 x 10(6)) which differed with P less than 0-01 statistically from all controls.", "PMID": 844892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6337", "title": "Leucocyte chemotactic activity in the parallel bioassay of guinea--pig lymphokines.", "content": "This paper describes the application of parallel bioassay to determine the extent to which the leucocyte chemotactic activity of guinea-pig lymphokine preparations is associated with their lymphocyte mitogenic, inflammatory (increased vascular permeability) and macrophage migration inhibitory activities. A convenient test of chemotactic activity was devised whereby Coulter counter determinations were made of the number of peritoneal exudate cells passing through a Nuclepore membrane into the medium of the lower (test) compartment of a chemotaxis chamber. Symmetrical parallel line (2+2) dose assays were used to obtain potency ratio estimates of the chemotactic activity of seven lymphokine preparations whose mitogenic, inflammatory and migration inhibitory activities were already known. Statistical analysis of the results revealed a clear dissociation of chemotactic activity from mitogenic and migration inhibitory activities; but with six of the seven lymphokine preparations, a marked similarity was revealed between their chemotactic and inflammatory activities. Cytological studies showed that although the lymphokine preparations were chemotactic for different cell types, there was a preferential migration of neutrophils and the smaller mononuclear cells. The demonstration by parallel bioassay of an association between the ability of lymphokine preparations to increase vascular permeability in vivo and to promote chemotaxis of leucocytes in vitro is viewed in relation to the possible role of lymphokine in inflammatory processes.", "contents": "Leucocyte chemotactic activity in the parallel bioassay of guinea--pig lymphokines. This paper describes the application of parallel bioassay to determine the extent to which the leucocyte chemotactic activity of guinea-pig lymphokine preparations is associated with their lymphocyte mitogenic, inflammatory (increased vascular permeability) and macrophage migration inhibitory activities. A convenient test of chemotactic activity was devised whereby Coulter counter determinations were made of the number of peritoneal exudate cells passing through a Nuclepore membrane into the medium of the lower (test) compartment of a chemotaxis chamber. Symmetrical parallel line (2+2) dose assays were used to obtain potency ratio estimates of the chemotactic activity of seven lymphokine preparations whose mitogenic, inflammatory and migration inhibitory activities were already known. Statistical analysis of the results revealed a clear dissociation of chemotactic activity from mitogenic and migration inhibitory activities; but with six of the seven lymphokine preparations, a marked similarity was revealed between their chemotactic and inflammatory activities. Cytological studies showed that although the lymphokine preparations were chemotactic for different cell types, there was a preferential migration of neutrophils and the smaller mononuclear cells. The demonstration by parallel bioassay of an association between the ability of lymphokine preparations to increase vascular permeability in vivo and to promote chemotaxis of leucocytes in vitro is viewed in relation to the possible role of lymphokine in inflammatory processes.", "PMID": 844893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6338", "title": "Functional affinity constants of the reaction between 125I-labelled C1q and C1q binders and their use in the measurement of plasma C1q concentrations.", "content": "Purified 125I-labelled C1q has been found to react with glutaraldehyde-treated red cells (glut-RBC), with a value for the functional affinity constant, K, of 1-3 X 10(8) M-1, based on measurement of concentrations of bound and free reactants at equilibrium. Values of K obtained for other C1q-binders were as follows: diaminopropane, 2 X 10(2) M-1; monomer IgG, 5 X 10(4) M-1; heat-aggregated IgG, 0-5-2-5 X 10(8) M-1; IgG-anti-IgG complexes, 0-31 X 10(8) M-1. The functional rate constant for association (ka) between 125I-labelled C1q and glut-RBC was 5 X 10(5) M-1 S-1 at 37 degrees in 0-17 M NaC1. The rate of dissociation of the C1q-glut-RBC complex was biphasic with rate constants (kd) of 2 X 10(2) S-1 and 2 X 10(5) S-1. Calculated values of K from the ration ka/kd gave values of 2-5 X 10(7) M-1 and 2-5 X 10(10) M-1. It is suggested that the range of values of K reflects the involvement of 1,2 or more binding sites on the C1q molecule. Reduction of the ionic strength of the medium from 0-17 M to 0-14 M increases the rate of association of C1q and glut-RBC eleven-fold, indicating involvement of ionized groups at the binding site. A method is described for measuring plasma C1q concentrations by saturation assay, using 125I-labelled C1q and glut-RBC. Plasma C1q concentrations fell in the range 170-250 microng/ml.", "contents": "Functional affinity constants of the reaction between 125I-labelled C1q and C1q binders and their use in the measurement of plasma C1q concentrations. Purified 125I-labelled C1q has been found to react with glutaraldehyde-treated red cells (glut-RBC), with a value for the functional affinity constant, K, of 1-3 X 10(8) M-1, based on measurement of concentrations of bound and free reactants at equilibrium. Values of K obtained for other C1q-binders were as follows: diaminopropane, 2 X 10(2) M-1; monomer IgG, 5 X 10(4) M-1; heat-aggregated IgG, 0-5-2-5 X 10(8) M-1; IgG-anti-IgG complexes, 0-31 X 10(8) M-1. The functional rate constant for association (ka) between 125I-labelled C1q and glut-RBC was 5 X 10(5) M-1 S-1 at 37 degrees in 0-17 M NaC1. The rate of dissociation of the C1q-glut-RBC complex was biphasic with rate constants (kd) of 2 X 10(2) S-1 and 2 X 10(5) S-1. Calculated values of K from the ration ka/kd gave values of 2-5 X 10(7) M-1 and 2-5 X 10(10) M-1. It is suggested that the range of values of K reflects the involvement of 1,2 or more binding sites on the C1q molecule. Reduction of the ionic strength of the medium from 0-17 M to 0-14 M increases the rate of association of C1q and glut-RBC eleven-fold, indicating involvement of ionized groups at the binding site. A method is described for measuring plasma C1q concentrations by saturation assay, using 125I-labelled C1q and glut-RBC. Plasma C1q concentrations fell in the range 170-250 microng/ml.", "PMID": 844894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6339", "title": "Endothelial adenine uptake as an assay for cell- or complement-mediated cytotoxicity.", "content": "[3H] Adenine uptake by monolayers of cultured pig aortic endothelium was characterized and used as the basis for a terminal adenine uptake cytotoxicity assay. This assay was used to demonstrate specific cytotoxicity against donor-type endothelium by serum and by peripheral blood lymphocytes from skin-graft allergized pigs, and to compare the time course of these two types of effector mechanism.", "contents": "Endothelial adenine uptake as an assay for cell- or complement-mediated cytotoxicity. [3H] Adenine uptake by monolayers of cultured pig aortic endothelium was characterized and used as the basis for a terminal adenine uptake cytotoxicity assay. This assay was used to demonstrate specific cytotoxicity against donor-type endothelium by serum and by peripheral blood lymphocytes from skin-graft allergized pigs, and to compare the time course of these two types of effector mechanism.", "PMID": 844895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6340", "title": "Rat transplantation antigens. V. A variation of the KCl-method releasing low molecular weight antigen.", "content": "Extraction of soluble histocompatibility antigen from normal rat lymphoid cells by hypertonic salt (3 M KC1) releases high mol. wt material. It the original lymphoid cell suspension is washed more than once before extraction, antigenic acitivity disappears as measured by inhibition of cytotoxic antibody. This activity is mostly retained in the supernatants of the washing procedures. Extraction of these cell-free supernatants produced an antigenic material with a mol. wt of approximately 60,000. This suggests that at least part of the material accessible for KCl-extraction is released very early from the cell surface from the mechanical action, necessary for preparing the cell suspension.", "contents": "Rat transplantation antigens. V. A variation of the KCl-method releasing low molecular weight antigen. Extraction of soluble histocompatibility antigen from normal rat lymphoid cells by hypertonic salt (3 M KC1) releases high mol. wt material. It the original lymphoid cell suspension is washed more than once before extraction, antigenic acitivity disappears as measured by inhibition of cytotoxic antibody. This activity is mostly retained in the supernatants of the washing procedures. Extraction of these cell-free supernatants produced an antigenic material with a mol. wt of approximately 60,000. This suggests that at least part of the material accessible for KCl-extraction is released very early from the cell surface from the mechanical action, necessary for preparing the cell suspension.", "PMID": 844896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6341", "title": "Antibody-independent activation of the alternative complement pathway in human serum by parasitic cells.", "content": "The lysis of the monocellular parasite Trypanosoma cyclops by normal human serum (NHS) was found to be complement-dependent and to follow activation of the alternative pathway without apparent requirement for conventional antibodies. Lysis of the organisms was inhibited by heat-inactivating NHS at 56 degrees, preincubation of NHS with cobra venom factor or chelation of divalent cations with EDTA. It took place, however, in human C2-deficient serum and was inhibited by prior heating of NHS at 52 degrees to destroy the activity of factor B of the alternative pathway. Moreover, the lytic reaction was magnesium- but not calcium-dependent. Repeated low-temperature (0 degrees) absorption of either human hypogammaglobulinaemic serum or NHS with the parasite failed to remove or significantly decrease their lytic activities.", "contents": "Antibody-independent activation of the alternative complement pathway in human serum by parasitic cells. The lysis of the monocellular parasite Trypanosoma cyclops by normal human serum (NHS) was found to be complement-dependent and to follow activation of the alternative pathway without apparent requirement for conventional antibodies. Lysis of the organisms was inhibited by heat-inactivating NHS at 56 degrees, preincubation of NHS with cobra venom factor or chelation of divalent cations with EDTA. It took place, however, in human C2-deficient serum and was inhibited by prior heating of NHS at 52 degrees to destroy the activity of factor B of the alternative pathway. Moreover, the lytic reaction was magnesium- but not calcium-dependent. Repeated low-temperature (0 degrees) absorption of either human hypogammaglobulinaemic serum or NHS with the parasite failed to remove or significantly decrease their lytic activities.", "PMID": 844897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6342", "title": "Influence of aromatic compounds on the interaction of activated C4 with EAC1.", "content": "The influence of amino acids and their derivatives on the formation of SAC14 from SAC1 and C4 were investigated. Among the compounds tested, aromatic amino acids containing phenolic hydroxyl group or carbobenzoxyl group inhibited the formation of SAC14. When aromatic compounds other than amino acids were tested, the inhibitory capacities of these compounds were found to relate to the substituent group incorporated in the aromatic ring. Aromatic compounds with subsituent groups with negative Hammett's substituent constant showed stronger inhibition. Conversely, compounds with group with positive constant showed weaker inhibition. These results may suggest that the increased electron density in the aromatic ring is responsible for the inhibition. Regardless of inhibition of SAC14 formation, these inhibitors did not affect the enzymatic action of EAC1 or C1 on C4 but inhibited the binding of activated C4 to EAC1.", "contents": "Influence of aromatic compounds on the interaction of activated C4 with EAC1. The influence of amino acids and their derivatives on the formation of SAC14 from SAC1 and C4 were investigated. Among the compounds tested, aromatic amino acids containing phenolic hydroxyl group or carbobenzoxyl group inhibited the formation of SAC14. When aromatic compounds other than amino acids were tested, the inhibitory capacities of these compounds were found to relate to the substituent group incorporated in the aromatic ring. Aromatic compounds with subsituent groups with negative Hammett's substituent constant showed stronger inhibition. Conversely, compounds with group with positive constant showed weaker inhibition. These results may suggest that the increased electron density in the aromatic ring is responsible for the inhibition. Regardless of inhibition of SAC14 formation, these inhibitors did not affect the enzymatic action of EAC1 or C1 on C4 but inhibited the binding of activated C4 to EAC1.", "PMID": 844898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6343", "title": "Host-parasite relationships in the yeastlike form of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis strain IVIC Pb9.", "content": "The yeastlike form of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis strain IVIC Pb9 reduced the amount of alpha-1,3-glucan in its cell wall from 45 to 3% when subcultured in vitro for several years. This strain regained its alpha-1,3-glucan up to 25% of the total cell wall when grown in vivo. A mutant strain of P. brasiliensis Pb9, named IVIC Pb140, reported to have 1,3-mannan instead of alpha-glucan in the cell wall, could not be recovered from experimentally infected animals. The existence of some relationship between the presence of alpha-1,3-glucan in the cell wall of the yeastlike form and the pathogenicity of this fungus is suggested in this report.", "contents": "Host-parasite relationships in the yeastlike form of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis strain IVIC Pb9. The yeastlike form of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis strain IVIC Pb9 reduced the amount of alpha-1,3-glucan in its cell wall from 45 to 3% when subcultured in vitro for several years. This strain regained its alpha-1,3-glucan up to 25% of the total cell wall when grown in vivo. A mutant strain of P. brasiliensis Pb9, named IVIC Pb140, reported to have 1,3-mannan instead of alpha-glucan in the cell wall, could not be recovered from experimentally infected animals. The existence of some relationship between the presence of alpha-1,3-glucan in the cell wall of the yeastlike form and the pathogenicity of this fungus is suggested in this report.", "PMID": 844899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6344", "title": "Selection of influenza B virus recombinants and their testing in humans for attenuation and immunogenicity.", "content": "The selection of influenza B virus recombinants from plaques in bovine kidney cell monolayers is described. Two sets of recombinants were each derived from parents of high and low virulence for humans, respectively. Recombination frequency was apparently high, and reassortment of genes made it possible to obtain attenuated recombinants containing the surface antigens of the virulent parents. Attenuation and immunogenicity were demonstrated in a series of volunteer trials. However, technique proved less satisfactory than for influenza A viruses which periodically undergo antigenic shift and for which there is a wide choice of parent viruses with distinctive surface antigens. In our two influenza B recombinant series there was appreciable antigenic overlap in the neuraminidases of the parents, even though in both cases these were chronologically widely separated. Another marker used was comparative titer at 35 and 38 degrees C. In practice, technical problems might sometimes make it difficult to ensure rapid production of live influenza B vaccines by recombination.", "contents": "Selection of influenza B virus recombinants and their testing in humans for attenuation and immunogenicity. The selection of influenza B virus recombinants from plaques in bovine kidney cell monolayers is described. Two sets of recombinants were each derived from parents of high and low virulence for humans, respectively. Recombination frequency was apparently high, and reassortment of genes made it possible to obtain attenuated recombinants containing the surface antigens of the virulent parents. Attenuation and immunogenicity were demonstrated in a series of volunteer trials. However, technique proved less satisfactory than for influenza A viruses which periodically undergo antigenic shift and for which there is a wide choice of parent viruses with distinctive surface antigens. In our two influenza B recombinant series there was appreciable antigenic overlap in the neuraminidases of the parents, even though in both cases these were chronologically widely separated. Another marker used was comparative titer at 35 and 38 degrees C. In practice, technical problems might sometimes make it difficult to ensure rapid production of live influenza B vaccines by recombination.", "PMID": 844900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6345", "title": "Immunoglobulin and specific-antibody synthesis in vitro by enteral and nonenteral lymphoid tissues after subcutaneous cholera immunization.", "content": "An in vitro culture technique with synthesis of 14C-labeled protein has been used to study immunoglobulin and specific-antibody formation by spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, and small intestine of rabbits, which were immunized twice subcutaneously with Vibrio cholerae lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and enterotoxin; saline-injected rabbits served as controls. Newly synthesized immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgA, and IgM were quantitated by liquid scintillation after their isolation by means of affinity chromatography from columns with immunoglobulin class-specific antibodies coupled to Sepharose. Specific antibodies were similarly measured after purification from gels derivatized with LPS or cholera toxin. The isolated antibodies had full biological activity as studied in protection tests. The immunization increased the overall IgM synthesis in the spleen. It also enhanced the production of IgA and IgG in Peyer's patches and of IgA in intestine. Significant synthesis of radiolabeled antibodies against both V. cholerae LPS and enterotoxin was found in spleen as well as in Peyer's patches of immunized animals. Titration with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed significant levels of IgG as well as IgA antibodies in incubation medium from all the studied tissues, whereas specific IgM was only found for spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes. Simultaneous tissue incubations at 37 degrees C and in an ice bath indicated that the major part of the antibodies registered with the ELISA represented de novo synthesis.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin and specific-antibody synthesis in vitro by enteral and nonenteral lymphoid tissues after subcutaneous cholera immunization. An in vitro culture technique with synthesis of 14C-labeled protein has been used to study immunoglobulin and specific-antibody formation by spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, and small intestine of rabbits, which were immunized twice subcutaneously with Vibrio cholerae lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and enterotoxin; saline-injected rabbits served as controls. Newly synthesized immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgA, and IgM were quantitated by liquid scintillation after their isolation by means of affinity chromatography from columns with immunoglobulin class-specific antibodies coupled to Sepharose. Specific antibodies were similarly measured after purification from gels derivatized with LPS or cholera toxin. The isolated antibodies had full biological activity as studied in protection tests. The immunization increased the overall IgM synthesis in the spleen. It also enhanced the production of IgA and IgG in Peyer's patches and of IgA in intestine. Significant synthesis of radiolabeled antibodies against both V. cholerae LPS and enterotoxin was found in spleen as well as in Peyer's patches of immunized animals. Titration with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed significant levels of IgG as well as IgA antibodies in incubation medium from all the studied tissues, whereas specific IgM was only found for spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes. Simultaneous tissue incubations at 37 degrees C and in an ice bath indicated that the major part of the antibodies registered with the ELISA represented de novo synthesis.", "PMID": 844901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6346", "title": "Brain lysosomal glycosidase activity in immunosuppressed mice infected with avirulent Semliki forest virus.", "content": "Mice infected with an avirulent strain of Semliki forest virus show an increase in the activity of some of the brain lysosomal glycosidases. The increase in activity of these enzymes has been correlated with the histological, virological, and serological changes that result from the infection in the presence and absence of immunosuppression. Semliki forest virus alone caused the development of a mild encephalitis with perivascular infiltration, microgliosis, astrocyte hypertrophy, and a focal spongiform encephalopathy, together with an increased activity of brain N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and beta-glucuronidase. Antilymphocyte serum given after infection marginally affected the course of the disease. Cyclophosphamide markedly delayed the development of the spongy changes in the increase in enzyme activities, but not the perivascular infiltration. It is suggested that the increased activity of the lysosomal glycosidases studied may be linked both to the development of a successful immune response and to the focal spongiform changes produced by the infection.", "contents": "Brain lysosomal glycosidase activity in immunosuppressed mice infected with avirulent Semliki forest virus. Mice infected with an avirulent strain of Semliki forest virus show an increase in the activity of some of the brain lysosomal glycosidases. The increase in activity of these enzymes has been correlated with the histological, virological, and serological changes that result from the infection in the presence and absence of immunosuppression. Semliki forest virus alone caused the development of a mild encephalitis with perivascular infiltration, microgliosis, astrocyte hypertrophy, and a focal spongiform encephalopathy, together with an increased activity of brain N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and beta-glucuronidase. Antilymphocyte serum given after infection marginally affected the course of the disease. Cyclophosphamide markedly delayed the development of the spongy changes in the increase in enzyme activities, but not the perivascular infiltration. It is suggested that the increased activity of the lysosomal glycosidases studied may be linked both to the development of a successful immune response and to the focal spongiform changes produced by the infection.", "PMID": 844902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6347", "title": "Virulence of Streptococcus mutans: cariogenicity of S. mutans in adult gnotobiotic rats.", "content": "Gnotobiotic rats infected with Streptococcus mutant 6715, mutans C211 at 45 days of age on provided a purified diet containing 5% sucrose developed carious lesions on buccal, sulcal, and proximal molar surfaces within 15 days (60 days of age). The level of caries increased significantly (P less than or equal to 0.01) within the next 15 days (by day 75), an extensive decay was observed on all three molar surfaces of 90-day-old infected rats (45 days after challenge). Mutant C211 was previously shown to exhibit increased glucosyltransferase activity and greater adherence and virulence than S. mutans 6715 wild type (wt). Gnotobiotic rats (90 days of age) infected with either S. mutans AHT or S. mutans 6715 (wt) at 45 days of age developed significantly (P less than or equal to 0.01) fewer caries on all molar surfaces than rats of the same age that were infected with S. mutans 6715, mutant C211. The level of plaque increased 2-fold, and the number of viable S. mutans in plaque increased 10-fold between days 60 and 90 in rats infected with S. mutans 6715, mutant C211. Ninety-day-old rats infected with either S. mutans AHT or S. mutans 6715 (wt) had similar levels of plaque and numbers of S. mutans in plaque; however, these values were two- to fourfold lower than those observed in rats of the same age that were infected with S. mutans 6715, mutant C211.", "contents": "Virulence of Streptococcus mutans: cariogenicity of S. mutans in adult gnotobiotic rats. Gnotobiotic rats infected with Streptococcus mutant 6715, mutans C211 at 45 days of age on provided a purified diet containing 5% sucrose developed carious lesions on buccal, sulcal, and proximal molar surfaces within 15 days (60 days of age). The level of caries increased significantly (P less than or equal to 0.01) within the next 15 days (by day 75), an extensive decay was observed on all three molar surfaces of 90-day-old infected rats (45 days after challenge). Mutant C211 was previously shown to exhibit increased glucosyltransferase activity and greater adherence and virulence than S. mutans 6715 wild type (wt). Gnotobiotic rats (90 days of age) infected with either S. mutans AHT or S. mutans 6715 (wt) at 45 days of age developed significantly (P less than or equal to 0.01) fewer caries on all molar surfaces than rats of the same age that were infected with S. mutans 6715, mutant C211. The level of plaque increased 2-fold, and the number of viable S. mutans in plaque increased 10-fold between days 60 and 90 in rats infected with S. mutans 6715, mutant C211. Ninety-day-old rats infected with either S. mutans AHT or S. mutans 6715 (wt) had similar levels of plaque and numbers of S. mutans in plaque; however, these values were two- to fourfold lower than those observed in rats of the same age that were infected with S. mutans 6715, mutant C211.", "PMID": 844903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6348", "title": "Release of beta-lysin from platelets caused by antigen-antibody complexes, purified enzymes, and platelet-aggregating substances.", "content": "The release of beta-lysin, which followed the intravenous injection of antigen-antibody complexes, did not take place when these complexes were added to citrated whole blood but did occur in heparinized blood. beta-Lysin release in heparinized blood was inhibited by citrate but were reversed by the addition of calcium ions that implicated complement reactions. Fourteen different enzymes were added to platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Streptokinase, neuraminidase, papain, phospholipase C, sulfatase, and trypsin caused platelets to release significant quantities of beta-lysin, whereas elastase, phosphatase, protease, ribonuclease A, hyaluronidase, lipase, and pepsin caused little or no increase in the plasma beta-lysin concentration. One enzyme, fibrinolysin, inactivated beta-lysin faster than it was released. The enzyme-induced release of beta-lysin from PRP was often accompanied by a reduction in the number of platelets. The intravenous injection of streptokinase, neuraminidase, and sulfatase caused in vivo releases of beta-lysin into the plasma. The platelet-aggregating substances collagen, arachidonic acid, and adenosine 5'-diphosphate caused beta-lysin to be released from PRP. The platelet-aggregating substances L-epinephrine, zymosan, fibrinogen, reserpine, and serotonin caused little or no release of beta-lysin from platelets. The results of this study indicate that the release of beta-lysin during antigen-antibody-complement reactions, blood coagulation, phagocytosis, and inflammation could be enzyme mediated.", "contents": "Release of beta-lysin from platelets caused by antigen-antibody complexes, purified enzymes, and platelet-aggregating substances. The release of beta-lysin, which followed the intravenous injection of antigen-antibody complexes, did not take place when these complexes were added to citrated whole blood but did occur in heparinized blood. beta-Lysin release in heparinized blood was inhibited by citrate but were reversed by the addition of calcium ions that implicated complement reactions. Fourteen different enzymes were added to platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Streptokinase, neuraminidase, papain, phospholipase C, sulfatase, and trypsin caused platelets to release significant quantities of beta-lysin, whereas elastase, phosphatase, protease, ribonuclease A, hyaluronidase, lipase, and pepsin caused little or no increase in the plasma beta-lysin concentration. One enzyme, fibrinolysin, inactivated beta-lysin faster than it was released. The enzyme-induced release of beta-lysin from PRP was often accompanied by a reduction in the number of platelets. The intravenous injection of streptokinase, neuraminidase, and sulfatase caused in vivo releases of beta-lysin into the plasma. The platelet-aggregating substances collagen, arachidonic acid, and adenosine 5'-diphosphate caused beta-lysin to be released from PRP. The platelet-aggregating substances L-epinephrine, zymosan, fibrinogen, reserpine, and serotonin caused little or no release of beta-lysin from platelets. The results of this study indicate that the release of beta-lysin during antigen-antibody-complement reactions, blood coagulation, phagocytosis, and inflammation could be enzyme mediated.", "PMID": 844904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6349", "title": "Evaluation of surface components of Vibrio cholerae as protective immunogens.", "content": "Surface components of a motile Inaba strain (CA401) were removed from washed cells by low-speed shearing. Flagella contaminated with a vesicular material (designated as crude flagella [CFA1) were obtained by differential centrifugation of the shear fluid. Vesicles were obtained from a nonflagellated mutant by the same procedure. Homogeneous small vesicles were obtained in diminished yield from CsCl gradients of CF preparations. Treatment of CF with sodium deoxycholate removed the vesicular material and flagellar sheaths and yielded naked flagella (NF). The ability of these preparations of passively protect infant mice suckled by CFW mothers that had been immunized at the time of mating was compared, on a dry-weight basis, with commercial vaccine (CV). Eight-day-old mice were challenged orally with more than 1,000 50% lethal doses of either the homologous or a heterologous (Ogawa Ca411) strain. The most effective immunogen was CF, which provided complete protection at 1 microng against both challenges. CF and vesicles provided 50- to 100-fold greater protection than CV against homologous challenge. With heterologous challenge, vesicles were 10-fold more protective than CV, markedly less protective than CF. The NF offered only slightly greater protection than CV against both challenges. Immunoelectrophoresis revealed an antigen in CF distinct from vesicles, cell wall lipopolysaccharide or NF. This antigen is not present in the nonflagellated mutant and is apparently associated with motility,", "contents": "Evaluation of surface components of Vibrio cholerae as protective immunogens. Surface components of a motile Inaba strain (CA401) were removed from washed cells by low-speed shearing. Flagella contaminated with a vesicular material (designated as crude flagella [CFA1) were obtained by differential centrifugation of the shear fluid. Vesicles were obtained from a nonflagellated mutant by the same procedure. Homogeneous small vesicles were obtained in diminished yield from CsCl gradients of CF preparations. Treatment of CF with sodium deoxycholate removed the vesicular material and flagellar sheaths and yielded naked flagella (NF). The ability of these preparations of passively protect infant mice suckled by CFW mothers that had been immunized at the time of mating was compared, on a dry-weight basis, with commercial vaccine (CV). Eight-day-old mice were challenged orally with more than 1,000 50% lethal doses of either the homologous or a heterologous (Ogawa Ca411) strain. The most effective immunogen was CF, which provided complete protection at 1 microng against both challenges. CF and vesicles provided 50- to 100-fold greater protection than CV against homologous challenge. With heterologous challenge, vesicles were 10-fold more protective than CV, markedly less protective than CF. The NF offered only slightly greater protection than CV against both challenges. Immunoelectrophoresis revealed an antigen in CF distinct from vesicles, cell wall lipopolysaccharide or NF. This antigen is not present in the nonflagellated mutant and is apparently associated with motility,", "PMID": 844905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6350", "title": "Fat of Coxiella burnetti in macrophages from immune guinea pigs.", "content": "The interaction between Coxiella burnetii and peritoneal macrophages obtained from immune guinea pigs was studied by transmission electron microscopy. Phagocytosis and subsequent fate of ingested phase I and II rickettsiae were compared. Phase I rickettsiae were more resistant to phagocytosis than were phase II organisms. Macrophages from phase I- and II-immunized animals were equally capable of phagocytizing rickettsiae. Phase I and II rickettsiae previously treated with normal serum multiplied and destroyed macrophages from guinea pigs that had been immunized with phase II rickettsiae. Phase II organisms were initially suppressed in macrophages from phase I-immunized animals, but eventually multiplied in these cells. In contrast, only phase I organisms were destroyed by macrophages from phase I-immunized animals. Treatment of rickettsiae with immune serum enhanced ingestion by macrophages and potentiated the destruction of organisms by both types of macrophages. The macrophage migration inhibition assay was performed on peritoneal exudate cells from immune animals. Migration of peritoneal macrophages from phase I-immunized guinea pigs was inhibited, whereas macrophages from phase II-immunized animals migrated when cells were cultured in the presence of killed, intact phase I or II C. burnetii.", "contents": "Fat of Coxiella burnetti in macrophages from immune guinea pigs. The interaction between Coxiella burnetii and peritoneal macrophages obtained from immune guinea pigs was studied by transmission electron microscopy. Phagocytosis and subsequent fate of ingested phase I and II rickettsiae were compared. Phase I rickettsiae were more resistant to phagocytosis than were phase II organisms. Macrophages from phase I- and II-immunized animals were equally capable of phagocytizing rickettsiae. Phase I and II rickettsiae previously treated with normal serum multiplied and destroyed macrophages from guinea pigs that had been immunized with phase II rickettsiae. Phase II organisms were initially suppressed in macrophages from phase I-immunized animals, but eventually multiplied in these cells. In contrast, only phase I organisms were destroyed by macrophages from phase I-immunized animals. Treatment of rickettsiae with immune serum enhanced ingestion by macrophages and potentiated the destruction of organisms by both types of macrophages. The macrophage migration inhibition assay was performed on peritoneal exudate cells from immune animals. Migration of peritoneal macrophages from phase I-immunized guinea pigs was inhibited, whereas macrophages from phase II-immunized animals migrated when cells were cultured in the presence of killed, intact phase I or II C. burnetii.", "PMID": 844906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6351", "title": "Novel bacterial structures in human blood: cultural isolation.", "content": "Evidence for the existence of a novel bacteriological system has been obtained from osmotically lysed and filtered human blood (membrane filters with a pore size of 0.22 micronm) placed in special culture media. These blood filtrates gave rise to ordinary bacteria for 71% of the blood specimens processed from diseased humans and for 7% of those from supposedly normal humans. Morphologically, the bacteria resembled streptococcal, staphylococcal, and gram-positive filamentous (cocco-bacillary) forms. Prior to the appearance of bacteria in the media, large and small \"dense bodies\" were microscopically observed but disappeared when ordinary bacteria were apparent, Cultures of of unlysed blood as conventionally performed were negative. These organisms may represent an adaptation of certain bacteria to life in the blood.", "contents": "Novel bacterial structures in human blood: cultural isolation. Evidence for the existence of a novel bacteriological system has been obtained from osmotically lysed and filtered human blood (membrane filters with a pore size of 0.22 micronm) placed in special culture media. These blood filtrates gave rise to ordinary bacteria for 71% of the blood specimens processed from diseased humans and for 7% of those from supposedly normal humans. Morphologically, the bacteria resembled streptococcal, staphylococcal, and gram-positive filamentous (cocco-bacillary) forms. Prior to the appearance of bacteria in the media, large and small \"dense bodies\" were microscopically observed but disappeared when ordinary bacteria were apparent, Cultures of of unlysed blood as conventionally performed were negative. These organisms may represent an adaptation of certain bacteria to life in the blood.", "PMID": 844907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6352", "title": "Enteropathogenicity of various isolates of Treponema hyodysenteriae.", "content": "Isolates of Treponema hyodysenteriae from 25 geographically separated outbreaks of swine dysentery were tested for their ability to produce the disease. Clinical signs and lesions typical of acute swine dysentery were produced in 52 of 68 (75%) susceptible specific pathogen-free pigs that had been orally inoculated with pure cultures of 23 of 25 beta-hemolytic isolates. In addition, 13 weakly beta-hemolytic isolates of nondysentery origin with morphology similar to T. hyodysenteriae did not produce disease when orally inoculated into susceptible specific pathogen-free pigs. Two of these latter isolates, Puppy and B296, and one pathogenic, beta-hemolytic isolate failed to produce disease when orally inoculated into puppies.", "contents": "Enteropathogenicity of various isolates of Treponema hyodysenteriae. Isolates of Treponema hyodysenteriae from 25 geographically separated outbreaks of swine dysentery were tested for their ability to produce the disease. Clinical signs and lesions typical of acute swine dysentery were produced in 52 of 68 (75%) susceptible specific pathogen-free pigs that had been orally inoculated with pure cultures of 23 of 25 beta-hemolytic isolates. In addition, 13 weakly beta-hemolytic isolates of nondysentery origin with morphology similar to T. hyodysenteriae did not produce disease when orally inoculated into susceptible specific pathogen-free pigs. Two of these latter isolates, Puppy and B296, and one pathogenic, beta-hemolytic isolate failed to produce disease when orally inoculated into puppies.", "PMID": 844908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6353", "title": "Cancer in the Africans and Arabs of Zanzibar.", "content": "Among 392 cancers histologically diagnosed in Zanzibar during 1957-62 and 1964-67, a definite pattern seems to emerge. Skin and cervix cancers were the most common types in both Africans and Arabs. Skin cancer was predominantly of the squamous cell type. The Zanzibar Arabsthus appear to be protected against basal cell carcinoma which in the Arab desert community has been diagnosed with about the same frequency as squamous-cell carcinoma. In the same manner, the Zanzibar Arab immigrants seem to have a reduced risk for stomach and oesophageal cancers, which are common in other Arab countries. This is probably because Arabs in Zanzibar have adopted the dietary habits and other customs of the Zanzibar Africans in whom cancer of the alimentary tract seems to be uncommon. On the other hand, unlike Zanzibar Africans, the Arabs have an increased risk for Hodgkin's disease similar to that of the Middle East Arab population.", "contents": "Cancer in the Africans and Arabs of Zanzibar. Among 392 cancers histologically diagnosed in Zanzibar during 1957-62 and 1964-67, a definite pattern seems to emerge. Skin and cervix cancers were the most common types in both Africans and Arabs. Skin cancer was predominantly of the squamous cell type. The Zanzibar Arabsthus appear to be protected against basal cell carcinoma which in the Arab desert community has been diagnosed with about the same frequency as squamous-cell carcinoma. In the same manner, the Zanzibar Arab immigrants seem to have a reduced risk for stomach and oesophageal cancers, which are common in other Arab countries. This is probably because Arabs in Zanzibar have adopted the dietary habits and other customs of the Zanzibar Africans in whom cancer of the alimentary tract seems to be uncommon. On the other hand, unlike Zanzibar Africans, the Arabs have an increased risk for Hodgkin's disease similar to that of the Middle East Arab population.", "PMID": 844911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6354", "title": "A 51chromium isotope release assay for detecting cytotoxicity to human bladder carcinoma.", "content": "A 51chromium isotope release assay is described for measuring in vitro cytotoxicity reactions against allogenetic target cells. Lymphoid cells from some patients with localized transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) were shown to selectively lyse targets derived from two long-term cell lines of TCC. The effector cells in this reaction did not form E rosettes. Cytotoxicity was successfully recovered after cryopreservation.", "contents": "A 51chromium isotope release assay for detecting cytotoxicity to human bladder carcinoma. A 51chromium isotope release assay is described for measuring in vitro cytotoxicity reactions against allogenetic target cells. Lymphoid cells from some patients with localized transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) were shown to selectively lyse targets derived from two long-term cell lines of TCC. The effector cells in this reaction did not form E rosettes. Cytotoxicity was successfully recovered after cryopreservation.", "PMID": 844912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6355", "title": "Detection of cellular immunity to tumor-associated antigen(s) in mice by the macrophage spreading inhibition test.", "content": "Soluble preparations of antigens from a methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma of C57BI mice were prepared by homogenization of tumor tissue and high-speed centrifugation of the homogenate. These preparations were able to sensitize syngeneic mice to tumor-associated antigens (TAA) of the fibrosarcoma, and to provoke a delayed hypersensitivity reaction when injected into the footpad of sensitized mice. Furthermore, the same soluble preparations could inhibit in vitro the spreading of peritoneal macrophages from mice sensitized to TAA. A similar inhibition of macrophage spreading was obtained when peritoneal cells from C57BI mice, bearing transplants of the fibrosarcoma, were incubated with the preparations. We conclude that the macrophage spreading inhibition test, like other in vitro assays, can detect cell-mediated immunity to tumor-associated antigens.", "contents": "Detection of cellular immunity to tumor-associated antigen(s) in mice by the macrophage spreading inhibition test. Soluble preparations of antigens from a methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma of C57BI mice were prepared by homogenization of tumor tissue and high-speed centrifugation of the homogenate. These preparations were able to sensitize syngeneic mice to tumor-associated antigens (TAA) of the fibrosarcoma, and to provoke a delayed hypersensitivity reaction when injected into the footpad of sensitized mice. Furthermore, the same soluble preparations could inhibit in vitro the spreading of peritoneal macrophages from mice sensitized to TAA. A similar inhibition of macrophage spreading was obtained when peritoneal cells from C57BI mice, bearing transplants of the fibrosarcoma, were incubated with the preparations. We conclude that the macrophage spreading inhibition test, like other in vitro assays, can detect cell-mediated immunity to tumor-associated antigens.", "PMID": 844913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6356", "title": "Metabolism of the carcinogenic hydrocarbon benzo(a)pyrene in human fibroblast and epithelial cells. II. Differences in metabolism to water-soluble products and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity.", "content": "Aryl hydrocarbon (benzo(a)pyrene) hydroxylase (AHH) activity and metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene to water-soluble products were measured in cultures of body fibroblasts and kidney epithelial cells from different human embryos. AHH activity at 24 h after treatment with or without benz(a)anthracene was determined in cultures from 23 embryos, and 3 days' accumulated metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene to water soluble products was measured in cultures from 18 embryos. The body fibroblasts from the different embryos could be divided into three groups according to the amount of water-soluble products, but not according to the AHH activity. These three groups were not found by either assay in the cultures of kidney epithelial cells. In both fibroblast and epithelial cells, high metabolism to water-soluble products was not necessarily associated with high AHH activity. The results extend our previous finding (Huberman and Sachs, 1973) of three presumably genetic groups for BP metabolism to water-soluble products in human fibroblast but not in epithelial cells and indicate that this grouping was not found in these cells by measuring AHH activity.", "contents": "Metabolism of the carcinogenic hydrocarbon benzo(a)pyrene in human fibroblast and epithelial cells. II. Differences in metabolism to water-soluble products and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity. Aryl hydrocarbon (benzo(a)pyrene) hydroxylase (AHH) activity and metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene to water-soluble products were measured in cultures of body fibroblasts and kidney epithelial cells from different human embryos. AHH activity at 24 h after treatment with or without benz(a)anthracene was determined in cultures from 23 embryos, and 3 days' accumulated metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene to water soluble products was measured in cultures from 18 embryos. The body fibroblasts from the different embryos could be divided into three groups according to the amount of water-soluble products, but not according to the AHH activity. These three groups were not found by either assay in the cultures of kidney epithelial cells. In both fibroblast and epithelial cells, high metabolism to water-soluble products was not necessarily associated with high AHH activity. The results extend our previous finding (Huberman and Sachs, 1973) of three presumably genetic groups for BP metabolism to water-soluble products in human fibroblast but not in epithelial cells and indicate that this grouping was not found in these cells by measuring AHH activity.", "PMID": 844914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6357", "title": "HLA in familial Hodgkin's disease. Results and a new hypothesis;.", "content": "A familial aggregate of seven cases of Hodgkin's disease (HD) has been investigated by HLA typing. Over 600 people in the immediate population (i.e. about half) have been HLA typed and haplotypes have been obtained for 95% of them. It was expected that the cases would share a particular HLA haplotype or at least that they would have one or two HLA antigens of the same series in common. However, this was not the case so no simple idea of association of HLA with HD cases was upheld. When antigen frequencies were examined in the whole population, it was found that HLA B18 increased progressively in incidence from 0.08 to 0.4 in successive groups of individuals each one more closely related to the HD cases. Similarly the community with the highest incidence of HD also had the highest incidence of B18. Thus B18, which in the world figures carries the highest relative risk, emerged as important in this study. Of four proposed interpretations of the data, we are most interested in the idea that the important HLA association is at a population level rather than at the level of the individual patient. A hypothesis, based on the concept of a \"healthy carrier\" for the HD agent, explains how such an association might operate. It is possible that B18-linked complement deficiency could be the basis for such a carrier state.", "contents": "HLA in familial Hodgkin's disease. Results and a new hypothesis;. A familial aggregate of seven cases of Hodgkin's disease (HD) has been investigated by HLA typing. Over 600 people in the immediate population (i.e. about half) have been HLA typed and haplotypes have been obtained for 95% of them. It was expected that the cases would share a particular HLA haplotype or at least that they would have one or two HLA antigens of the same series in common. However, this was not the case so no simple idea of association of HLA with HD cases was upheld. When antigen frequencies were examined in the whole population, it was found that HLA B18 increased progressively in incidence from 0.08 to 0.4 in successive groups of individuals each one more closely related to the HD cases. Similarly the community with the highest incidence of HD also had the highest incidence of B18. Thus B18, which in the world figures carries the highest relative risk, emerged as important in this study. Of four proposed interpretations of the data, we are most interested in the idea that the important HLA association is at a population level rather than at the level of the individual patient. A hypothesis, based on the concept of a \"healthy carrier\" for the HD agent, explains how such an association might operate. It is possible that B18-linked complement deficiency could be the basis for such a carrier state.", "PMID": 844915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6358", "title": "Chromosome 14 translocation in African and North American Burkitt's lymphoma;.", "content": "Two established North American Burkitt lymphoma cell lines were studied by chromosomal banding techniques. The SU-AmB-1 line previously shown to be negative for the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was found to have, among other changes, a translocation from the long arm (q) of chromosome 8 onto 14q. The SU-AmB-2 line, which contains the EBV genome, also displayed the same 8/14 translocation. These results were compared with data from three EBV-positive tumor cell lines derived from patients with African Burkitt's lymphoma. Our findings indicate that a translocation from 8q onto 14q occurs in both African and North American Burkitt lymphomas, and that this abnormality apparently is not related directly to EBV. This chromosome translocation therefore may be an important event in the development of human lymphocytic malignancy, analogous to the occurrence of the Philadelphia chromosome rearrangement in chronic myelogenous leukemia.", "contents": "Chromosome 14 translocation in African and North American Burkitt's lymphoma;. Two established North American Burkitt lymphoma cell lines were studied by chromosomal banding techniques. The SU-AmB-1 line previously shown to be negative for the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was found to have, among other changes, a translocation from the long arm (q) of chromosome 8 onto 14q. The SU-AmB-2 line, which contains the EBV genome, also displayed the same 8/14 translocation. These results were compared with data from three EBV-positive tumor cell lines derived from patients with African Burkitt's lymphoma. Our findings indicate that a translocation from 8q onto 14q occurs in both African and North American Burkitt lymphomas, and that this abnormality apparently is not related directly to EBV. This chromosome translocation therefore may be an important event in the development of human lymphocytic malignancy, analogous to the occurrence of the Philadelphia chromosome rearrangement in chronic myelogenous leukemia.", "PMID": 844916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6359", "title": "Relationship of human natural lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity to cytotoxicity of breast-cancer-derived target cells.", "content": "Mononuclear cells from 115 individuals were tested in a 4-h chromium release assay against two breast-cancer-derived cell lines, G11 and MCF-7, and a myeloid line, K-562, shown previously to be sensitive to natural cytotoxicity. These data were analyzed in a manner designed to detect hyperreactivity against the breast cell lines relative to the level of reactivity against K-562. A high proportion of breast cancer patients were found to be relatively hyperreactive against G11 (12/18 or 67%) and against MCF-7 (10/18 or 56%). Fibroadenoma patients were very similar to the normal females, with 0/11 hyperreactive to G11 and 1/11 (9%) to MCF-7. However, several normal males (7/17 or 41%) were hyperreactive to G11 but not to MCF-7 (2/17 or 12%). Colon cancer and lung cancer patients were also more hyperreactive to G11, 4/8 or 50% and 4/6 or 67%, respectively, than they were to MCF-7, 1/8 or 13% and 1/6 or 17%, respectively. Only fibrocystic patients resembled the breast cancer patients, with some but not as many individuals being hyperreactive to G11 (3/8 or 38%) and to MCF-7 (2/8 or 25%). With another group of individuals reproducibility of the method was demonstrated, with only 1/14 or 7% of normal females and 12/17 or 70% of breast cancer patients being hyperreactive to G11. Thus, natural cytotoxicity toward K-562 can be related to breast cancer-associated cytotoxicity toward MCF-7 in a way that distinguishes a majority of breast cancer patients specifically from other groups of individuals.", "contents": "Relationship of human natural lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity to cytotoxicity of breast-cancer-derived target cells. Mononuclear cells from 115 individuals were tested in a 4-h chromium release assay against two breast-cancer-derived cell lines, G11 and MCF-7, and a myeloid line, K-562, shown previously to be sensitive to natural cytotoxicity. These data were analyzed in a manner designed to detect hyperreactivity against the breast cell lines relative to the level of reactivity against K-562. A high proportion of breast cancer patients were found to be relatively hyperreactive against G11 (12/18 or 67%) and against MCF-7 (10/18 or 56%). Fibroadenoma patients were very similar to the normal females, with 0/11 hyperreactive to G11 and 1/11 (9%) to MCF-7. However, several normal males (7/17 or 41%) were hyperreactive to G11 but not to MCF-7 (2/17 or 12%). Colon cancer and lung cancer patients were also more hyperreactive to G11, 4/8 or 50% and 4/6 or 67%, respectively, than they were to MCF-7, 1/8 or 13% and 1/6 or 17%, respectively. Only fibrocystic patients resembled the breast cancer patients, with some but not as many individuals being hyperreactive to G11 (3/8 or 38%) and to MCF-7 (2/8 or 25%). With another group of individuals reproducibility of the method was demonstrated, with only 1/14 or 7% of normal females and 12/17 or 70% of breast cancer patients being hyperreactive to G11. Thus, natural cytotoxicity toward K-562 can be related to breast cancer-associated cytotoxicity toward MCF-7 in a way that distinguishes a majority of breast cancer patients specifically from other groups of individuals.", "PMID": 844917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6360", "title": "\"Sternberg-reed\" giant cells of Hodgkin's Disease: cultivation in vitro, heterotransplantation, and characterization as neoplastic macrophages.", "content": "Cells from the involved spleens of 25 patients with Hodgkin's disease have been grown in long-term culture and compared with normal spleen macrophage cultures from control cases. The Hodgkin's spleen cell culture contained mono-, bi-, and multi-nucleate giant cells, many closely resembling Sternberg-Reed cells, which were adherent, phagocytically active and neoplastic by the dual criteria of aneuploidy and heterotransplantability. Lysozyme secretion was consistently observed in all Hodgkin's cultures tested. The giant cells possessed both Fc and complement (c3b) receptors, and lacked lymphocyte markers such as (c3b) receptors, surface IgM, and the capacity to form E-rosettes. Binucleate and multinucleate cells, as well as mononuclears, were capable of active DNA synthesis, and binuclear mitotic figures were observed. It is concluded that these cells are the in vitro descendants of the Sternberg-Reed and Hodgkin neoplastic cell population, and that they are derived from macrophages or closely related cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system.", "contents": "\"Sternberg-reed\" giant cells of Hodgkin's Disease: cultivation in vitro, heterotransplantation, and characterization as neoplastic macrophages. Cells from the involved spleens of 25 patients with Hodgkin's disease have been grown in long-term culture and compared with normal spleen macrophage cultures from control cases. The Hodgkin's spleen cell culture contained mono-, bi-, and multi-nucleate giant cells, many closely resembling Sternberg-Reed cells, which were adherent, phagocytically active and neoplastic by the dual criteria of aneuploidy and heterotransplantability. Lysozyme secretion was consistently observed in all Hodgkin's cultures tested. The giant cells possessed both Fc and complement (c3b) receptors, and lacked lymphocyte markers such as (c3b) receptors, surface IgM, and the capacity to form E-rosettes. Binucleate and multinucleate cells, as well as mononuclears, were capable of active DNA synthesis, and binuclear mitotic figures were observed. It is concluded that these cells are the in vitro descendants of the Sternberg-Reed and Hodgkin neoplastic cell population, and that they are derived from macrophages or closely related cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system.", "PMID": 844918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6361", "title": "Origin of embryo-derived yolk sac carcinomas.", "content": "The origin of yolk sac carcinoma obtained from rat embryos transplanted to extrauterine sites was traced to the extraembryonic portion of 9-day egg-cylinders. Under appropriate conditions cells of the extraembryonic portion of the egg cylinder differentiate into cells of parietal yolk sac epithelium, continue to proliferate and form retransplantable malignant tumors. Serum concentrations of alpha-fetoprotein were elevated in rats bearing yolk sac carcinomas and in some animals bearing teratomas admixed with yolk sac carcinoma. Possible factors that regulate the survival and proliferation of yolk sac epithelium in extrauterine sites are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Origin of embryo-derived yolk sac carcinomas. The origin of yolk sac carcinoma obtained from rat embryos transplanted to extrauterine sites was traced to the extraembryonic portion of 9-day egg-cylinders. Under appropriate conditions cells of the extraembryonic portion of the egg cylinder differentiate into cells of parietal yolk sac epithelium, continue to proliferate and form retransplantable malignant tumors. Serum concentrations of alpha-fetoprotein were elevated in rats bearing yolk sac carcinomas and in some animals bearing teratomas admixed with yolk sac carcinoma. Possible factors that regulate the survival and proliferation of yolk sac epithelium in extrauterine sites are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 844919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6362", "title": "Induction by cigarette smoke of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in the rat kidney and lung.", "content": "In both the rat kidney and lung, inhalation of cigarette smoke diluted with air (1/15) for a limited period of time (15 min) specifically induces aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH)2 in less than 4 h. Up to four successive inhalations administered at 2-h intervals activities. The maximal effect corresponds to about 10 times the control value. Compared to the kidney enzyme, the lung AHH activity is about three or four time more sensitive to small concentrations of cigarette smoke. The biological half-life of the lung AHH activity is longer than 24 h, while it is only 3-4 h in the kidney. In both tissues, the induced enzyme presents the same in vitro thermolability and sensitivity to various inhibitors. For the establishment of the AHH induction, protein synthesis is continuously required, while RNA synthesis is only necessary during the first 2 h following the smoke treatment.", "contents": "Induction by cigarette smoke of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in the rat kidney and lung. In both the rat kidney and lung, inhalation of cigarette smoke diluted with air (1/15) for a limited period of time (15 min) specifically induces aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH)2 in less than 4 h. Up to four successive inhalations administered at 2-h intervals activities. The maximal effect corresponds to about 10 times the control value. Compared to the kidney enzyme, the lung AHH activity is about three or four time more sensitive to small concentrations of cigarette smoke. The biological half-life of the lung AHH activity is longer than 24 h, while it is only 3-4 h in the kidney. In both tissues, the induced enzyme presents the same in vitro thermolability and sensitivity to various inhibitors. For the establishment of the AHH induction, protein synthesis is continuously required, while RNA synthesis is only necessary during the first 2 h following the smoke treatment.", "PMID": 844920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6363", "title": "Augmentation of natural cytotoxic reactivity of mouse lymphoid cells against syngeneic and allogeneic target cells.", "content": "The levels of natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity against tumor cells in young BALB/c and BALB/c nude mice could be augmented by inoculation of a variety of mouse tumor cells or of mouse thymocytes. In older mice with low levels of spontaneous cytotoxic reactivity, inoculation of tumor cells led to rapid appearance of cytotoxicity. This augmented cytotoxicity reached a peak 3 days after inoculation and then declined rapidly. The specificity of the augmented cytotoxicity appeared to be the same as that seen with natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The detected antigens were restricted to mouse tumor cells and thymocytes, and were absent on cells from other species. The effector cells after boosting also had the same cell surface characteristics as the natural cytotoxic effector cells, being non-adherent, non-phagocytic, and only weakly sensitive to treatment with anti-theta serum plus complement. In addition to this boosting by mouse tumor cells, marked increases in the levels of cytotoxicity were caused by a variety of murine viruses, including murine sarcoma virus and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. These effector cells also had the same properties as those seen with natural cytotoxic effector cells. The results indicate that the levels of natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity in conventional and athymic BALB/c mice can be consistently and rapidly boosted by inoculation with tumor cells or viruses. This should provide a valuable tool for better understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the expression of natural cytotoxicity and its relevance to in vivo resistance to tumor growth.", "contents": "Augmentation of natural cytotoxic reactivity of mouse lymphoid cells against syngeneic and allogeneic target cells. The levels of natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity against tumor cells in young BALB/c and BALB/c nude mice could be augmented by inoculation of a variety of mouse tumor cells or of mouse thymocytes. In older mice with low levels of spontaneous cytotoxic reactivity, inoculation of tumor cells led to rapid appearance of cytotoxicity. This augmented cytotoxicity reached a peak 3 days after inoculation and then declined rapidly. The specificity of the augmented cytotoxicity appeared to be the same as that seen with natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The detected antigens were restricted to mouse tumor cells and thymocytes, and were absent on cells from other species. The effector cells after boosting also had the same cell surface characteristics as the natural cytotoxic effector cells, being non-adherent, non-phagocytic, and only weakly sensitive to treatment with anti-theta serum plus complement. In addition to this boosting by mouse tumor cells, marked increases in the levels of cytotoxicity were caused by a variety of murine viruses, including murine sarcoma virus and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. These effector cells also had the same properties as those seen with natural cytotoxic effector cells. The results indicate that the levels of natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity in conventional and athymic BALB/c mice can be consistently and rapidly boosted by inoculation with tumor cells or viruses. This should provide a valuable tool for better understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the expression of natural cytotoxicity and its relevance to in vivo resistance to tumor growth.", "PMID": 844921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6364", "title": "Tumor cell locomotion--a factor in metastasis formation? Influence of cytochalasin B on a tumor dissemination pattern.", "content": "The influence of Cytochalasin B (CB) on TA3 ascites tumor cells was studied in vivo in order to assess whether CB-induced cell paralysis would affect the transplanation behavior of the cells and in particular tumor distribution after IV cell infusion (\"experimental metastases\"). Tumor cell pre-treatment with CB (1 mug/ml) did not alter the SC or IV transplantability of TA3 cells. Pre-treatment with 10 mug/ml CB, in contrast, consistently increased the incidence and number of extra-pulmonary tumor takes from IV transfused cells. The amount of pulmonary tumors was not significantly altered. SC transplantability was not affected by 10 mug/ml CB. The importance of cell mobility and cell surface topography for tumor cell nidation in vessels is discussed.", "contents": "Tumor cell locomotion--a factor in metastasis formation? Influence of cytochalasin B on a tumor dissemination pattern. The influence of Cytochalasin B (CB) on TA3 ascites tumor cells was studied in vivo in order to assess whether CB-induced cell paralysis would affect the transplanation behavior of the cells and in particular tumor distribution after IV cell infusion (\"experimental metastases\"). Tumor cell pre-treatment with CB (1 mug/ml) did not alter the SC or IV transplantability of TA3 cells. Pre-treatment with 10 mug/ml CB, in contrast, consistently increased the incidence and number of extra-pulmonary tumor takes from IV transfused cells. The amount of pulmonary tumors was not significantly altered. SC transplantability was not affected by 10 mug/ml CB. The importance of cell mobility and cell surface topography for tumor cell nidation in vessels is discussed.", "PMID": 844922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6365", "title": "Effects of sex hormones on oncogenesis in rat urinary bladder by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine.", "content": "The effects of testosterone propionate, estradiol, and estriol on the oncogenesis of male rats' bladder induced by oral administration of the carcinogen N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine (BBN) were examined. There were significant differences between the testosterone propionate-administered and estradiol-administered groups and also between the testosterone propionate-administered and estriol-administered groups in the incidence of bladder tumors.", "contents": "Effects of sex hormones on oncogenesis in rat urinary bladder by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine. The effects of testosterone propionate, estradiol, and estriol on the oncogenesis of male rats' bladder induced by oral administration of the carcinogen N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine (BBN) were examined. There were significant differences between the testosterone propionate-administered and estradiol-administered groups and also between the testosterone propionate-administered and estriol-administered groups in the incidence of bladder tumors.", "PMID": 844928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6366", "title": "Blood and saliva salicylate measurement in the monitoring of salicylate therapy.", "content": "Total and free plasma salicylate as well as saliva salicylate was measured in 13 patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with different doses of acetylsalicylic acid alone. Although the clinical response was judged moderately effective to effective in all cases, total and free plasma salicylate varied markedly. Saliva salicylate correlated well with both total plasma salicylate and fre plasma salicylate. Determination of saliva salicylate may be a simple and useful technique for the monitoring of salicylate therapy.", "contents": "Blood and saliva salicylate measurement in the monitoring of salicylate therapy. Total and free plasma salicylate as well as saliva salicylate was measured in 13 patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with different doses of acetylsalicylic acid alone. Although the clinical response was judged moderately effective to effective in all cases, total and free plasma salicylate varied markedly. Saliva salicylate correlated well with both total plasma salicylate and fre plasma salicylate. Determination of saliva salicylate may be a simple and useful technique for the monitoring of salicylate therapy.", "PMID": 844929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6367", "title": "Gentamicin pharmacokinetics during hemodialysis in patients suffering from chronic renal failure.", "content": "Because the elimination of gentamicin, a potent aminoglycoside antibiotic, is dependent almost entirely on renal excretion, renal functional impairment drastically changes the pharmacokinetics of this drug. As a first step in the study of the effects of renal insufficiency and the anephric state on the pharmacokinetic parameters of gentamicin, serum and urine levels of this drug were studied after a single intravenous bolus dose during hemodialysis in patients suffering from chronic renal failure. The data were fitted to the two-compartment open model and the appropriate kinetic parameters were calculated with the COMPT computer program modified by Pfeffer. The rate constant of metabolism was estimated from plasma and dialysis rate constants of elimination. The rate of renal excretion was shown to be very weak in patients who were not anuric. The use of the mathematical equations of the two-compartment open model demonstrated that, after a single dose of gentamicin, the percentage of decrease of serum concentration with time does not represent, because of tissue binding retention, the percentage of drug eliminated from the body. It was shown that pharmacokinetic parameters represent a useful tool in the optimization of gentamicin therapy.", "contents": "Gentamicin pharmacokinetics during hemodialysis in patients suffering from chronic renal failure. Because the elimination of gentamicin, a potent aminoglycoside antibiotic, is dependent almost entirely on renal excretion, renal functional impairment drastically changes the pharmacokinetics of this drug. As a first step in the study of the effects of renal insufficiency and the anephric state on the pharmacokinetic parameters of gentamicin, serum and urine levels of this drug were studied after a single intravenous bolus dose during hemodialysis in patients suffering from chronic renal failure. The data were fitted to the two-compartment open model and the appropriate kinetic parameters were calculated with the COMPT computer program modified by Pfeffer. The rate constant of metabolism was estimated from plasma and dialysis rate constants of elimination. The rate of renal excretion was shown to be very weak in patients who were not anuric. The use of the mathematical equations of the two-compartment open model demonstrated that, after a single dose of gentamicin, the percentage of decrease of serum concentration with time does not represent, because of tissue binding retention, the percentage of drug eliminated from the body. It was shown that pharmacokinetic parameters represent a useful tool in the optimization of gentamicin therapy.", "PMID": 844930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6368", "title": "Computer-calculated kanamycin dosage regimen and monitoring.", "content": "The applicability of a computerized dosage regimen determination based on a recently developed method for drugs following the minimum inhibitory concentration pattern (bacteriostatic drugs) has been tested for kanamycin injected intramuscularly in 8 patients with varying degrees of renal impairment. The dosage regimens for maintaining a minimum therapeutic kanamycin concentration of 5.0 micron g/ml was determined with the Wang 700 C Computer. After the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 6th, 9th, and 12th dosing interval blood samples were taken and the acual kanamycin serum concentrations determined. The expected multiple dose serum level curves for each patient were simulated using the Comdyna Dose Generator Analog Computer and the individual actual serum concentrations were monitored. The actually found serum level data were compared to the expected values based on the dosage regimen equations and to the steady state equations. Additionally, the expected peak maxima were calculated. The proposed method resulted in effective and safe kanamycin serum levels.", "contents": "Computer-calculated kanamycin dosage regimen and monitoring. The applicability of a computerized dosage regimen determination based on a recently developed method for drugs following the minimum inhibitory concentration pattern (bacteriostatic drugs) has been tested for kanamycin injected intramuscularly in 8 patients with varying degrees of renal impairment. The dosage regimens for maintaining a minimum therapeutic kanamycin concentration of 5.0 micron g/ml was determined with the Wang 700 C Computer. After the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 6th, 9th, and 12th dosing interval blood samples were taken and the acual kanamycin serum concentrations determined. The expected multiple dose serum level curves for each patient were simulated using the Comdyna Dose Generator Analog Computer and the individual actual serum concentrations were monitored. The actually found serum level data were compared to the expected values based on the dosage regimen equations and to the steady state equations. Additionally, the expected peak maxima were calculated. The proposed method resulted in effective and safe kanamycin serum levels.", "PMID": 844931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6369", "title": "The effect of pyridinolcarbamate after acute and chronic administration in patients with atherosclerosis obliterans.", "content": "The study was aimed at evaluating the effect of pyridinolcarbamate in patients with atherosclerosis obliterans of the lower limbs. A single intravenous administration of the drug did not induce changes in resting blood flow, but elicited a significant decline in capillary filtration rate. In a double-blind cross-over trial patients reported a significant prolongation of walking distance after 6 months of pyridinolcarbamate treatment. Sensation of cold in the lower limbs was not affected. Pyridinolcarbamate did not influence peak values of blood flow through the calf but they appeared significantly earlier. No significant changes were seen at the evaluation of the elevation and dependency test and performance using tiptoeing test. Likewise the findings of systolic pressure in the lower limbs, pulse wave morphology, and claudication distance on treadmill did not confirm a therapeutic effect of pyridinolcarbamate.", "contents": "The effect of pyridinolcarbamate after acute and chronic administration in patients with atherosclerosis obliterans. The study was aimed at evaluating the effect of pyridinolcarbamate in patients with atherosclerosis obliterans of the lower limbs. A single intravenous administration of the drug did not induce changes in resting blood flow, but elicited a significant decline in capillary filtration rate. In a double-blind cross-over trial patients reported a significant prolongation of walking distance after 6 months of pyridinolcarbamate treatment. Sensation of cold in the lower limbs was not affected. Pyridinolcarbamate did not influence peak values of blood flow through the calf but they appeared significantly earlier. No significant changes were seen at the evaluation of the elevation and dependency test and performance using tiptoeing test. Likewise the findings of systolic pressure in the lower limbs, pulse wave morphology, and claudication distance on treadmill did not confirm a therapeutic effect of pyridinolcarbamate.", "PMID": 844932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6370", "title": "Effect of xanthinol nicotinate treatment on platelet aggregation.", "content": "Treatment of 24 male patients with 3 g/day of xanthinol nicotinate did not change the in vitro measurements of ADP-induced platelet aggregation but produced a marked inhibition of collagen-induced platelet aggregation. This effect may be connected with the drug-induced depression of the ATP level in platelet-rich plasma. Changes in the platelets in the patients' blood or in the lipid composition and the concentration of uric acid in their serum were ruled out as reasons for the decrease of the collagen-induced aggregation. The activity of the three serum enzymes y-GT, GOT, and GPT and the concentration of the blood sugar did not change.", "contents": "Effect of xanthinol nicotinate treatment on platelet aggregation. Treatment of 24 male patients with 3 g/day of xanthinol nicotinate did not change the in vitro measurements of ADP-induced platelet aggregation but produced a marked inhibition of collagen-induced platelet aggregation. This effect may be connected with the drug-induced depression of the ATP level in platelet-rich plasma. Changes in the platelets in the patients' blood or in the lipid composition and the concentration of uric acid in their serum were ruled out as reasons for the decrease of the collagen-induced aggregation. The activity of the three serum enzymes y-GT, GOT, and GPT and the concentration of the blood sugar did not change.", "PMID": 844933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6371", "title": "Fast reliable photography for the dermatologist.", "content": "Color photography using a 35 mm single lens reflex camera is a useful tool for both academic and practicing dermatologists. With an electronic flash and a macro lens, the production of high quality photographs requires only a few seconds. Equipment and techniques effective in office photography are surveyed and evaluated.", "contents": "Fast reliable photography for the dermatologist. Color photography using a 35 mm single lens reflex camera is a useful tool for both academic and practicing dermatologists. With an electronic flash and a macro lens, the production of high quality photographs requires only a few seconds. Equipment and techniques effective in office photography are surveyed and evaluated.", "PMID": 844935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6372", "title": "Solid phase synthesis and some hormonal activities of 8-L-homoarginine-vasotocin and 1-deamino-8-L-homoarginine-vasotocin.", "content": "8-L-Homoarginine-vasotocin and its 1-deamino derivative were synthesized by the solid phase method. Both compounds possessed high activities in the uterus contraction and fowl depressor assays and showed higher pressor activities than the corresponding vasopressins. Homoarginine-vasotocin, unexpectedly, was a more potent antidiuretic agent than its deamino analogue.", "contents": "Solid phase synthesis and some hormonal activities of 8-L-homoarginine-vasotocin and 1-deamino-8-L-homoarginine-vasotocin. 8-L-Homoarginine-vasotocin and its 1-deamino derivative were synthesized by the solid phase method. Both compounds possessed high activities in the uterus contraction and fowl depressor assays and showed higher pressor activities than the corresponding vasopressins. Homoarginine-vasotocin, unexpectedly, was a more potent antidiuretic agent than its deamino analogue.", "PMID": 844936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6373", "title": "Preliminary X-ray crystallographic and physico-chemical investigations of human ceruloplasmin.", "content": "Single crystals of the plasma protein ceruloplasmin (CP) and its two modified forms: neuraminidase-treated CP (asialoCP) and NaN3-inhibited CP (NaN3-CP) suitable for X-ray studies have been grown. The native CP crystallizes as described previously by Magdoff-Fairchield et al. (1969) in the tetragonal space group 14 (a = b = 268.2 A, c = 129.1 A) with two protein molecules in the asymmetric part of a unit cell. AsialoCP crystals belong to the trigonal space group P 3(1)21 or P321 (a = b = 215.0 A, c = 84.5 A) and have one protein molecule in the asymmetric part of a unit cell. NaN3-CP crystals are isomorphous to crystals of native CP. Despite some differences in electrophoretic mobility and optical properties, the conformations of the native CP molecule and its modified forms are similar, as can be concluded from a study of ORD and CD spectra.", "contents": "Preliminary X-ray crystallographic and physico-chemical investigations of human ceruloplasmin. Single crystals of the plasma protein ceruloplasmin (CP) and its two modified forms: neuraminidase-treated CP (asialoCP) and NaN3-inhibited CP (NaN3-CP) suitable for X-ray studies have been grown. The native CP crystallizes as described previously by Magdoff-Fairchield et al. (1969) in the tetragonal space group 14 (a = b = 268.2 A, c = 129.1 A) with two protein molecules in the asymmetric part of a unit cell. AsialoCP crystals belong to the trigonal space group P 3(1)21 or P321 (a = b = 215.0 A, c = 84.5 A) and have one protein molecule in the asymmetric part of a unit cell. NaN3-CP crystals are isomorphous to crystals of native CP. Despite some differences in electrophoretic mobility and optical properties, the conformations of the native CP molecule and its modified forms are similar, as can be concluded from a study of ORD and CD spectra.", "PMID": 844937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6374", "title": "Investigation of the role of tryptophan in alpha-MSH. Replacement by L-pentamethylphenylalanine and L-phenylalanine.", "content": "Two analogues of alpha-MSH are described, in which the tryptophan residue occuring in position 9 of the natural hormone has been replaced by pentamethylphenylalanine and phenylalanine, respectively. The analogues were synthesized via a conventional procedure and the [Phe9]-analogue also by a semi-synthetic approach, which demonstrated the favourable properties of the applied, new amino-protecting Msc function for this purpose. The widely different electron donor properties of the substituted residues were accompanied by a large difference in melanocyte stimulating activity of the analogues. The [Pmp9]-analogue, having donor properties comparable to those of the natural compound, was four to five times more active than the analogue containing the poorly donating Phe residue. The opposite effect was noted in in vivo lipolysis in rabbits.", "contents": "Investigation of the role of tryptophan in alpha-MSH. Replacement by L-pentamethylphenylalanine and L-phenylalanine. Two analogues of alpha-MSH are described, in which the tryptophan residue occuring in position 9 of the natural hormone has been replaced by pentamethylphenylalanine and phenylalanine, respectively. The analogues were synthesized via a conventional procedure and the [Phe9]-analogue also by a semi-synthetic approach, which demonstrated the favourable properties of the applied, new amino-protecting Msc function for this purpose. The widely different electron donor properties of the substituted residues were accompanied by a large difference in melanocyte stimulating activity of the analogues. The [Pmp9]-analogue, having donor properties comparable to those of the natural compound, was four to five times more active than the analogue containing the poorly donating Phe residue. The opposite effect was noted in in vivo lipolysis in rabbits.", "PMID": 844938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6375", "title": "The influence of esterification of carboxyl groups of ribonuclease-A on its structure and immunological activity.", "content": "The effect of modification of carboxyl groups of Ribonuclease-Aa on the enzymatic activity and the antigenic structure of the protein has been studied. Modification of four of the eleven free carboxyl groups of the protein by esterification in anhydrous methanol/0.1 M hydrochloric acid resulted in nearly 80% loss in enzymatic activity but had very little influence on the antigenic structure of the protein. Further increases in the modification of the carboxyl groups caused a progressive loss in immunological activity, and the fully methylated RNase A exhibited nearly 30% immunological activity. Concomitant with this change in the antigenic structure of the protein, the ability of the molecule to complement with RNase-S-protein increased, clearly indicating the unfolding of the peptide \"tail\" from the residues for orthobenzoquinone reaction and the loss in immunological activity of the more etion of these derivatives as compared with the compact native conformation. The fact that even the fully methylated RNase-A retains nearly 30% of its immunological activity suggested that the modified protein contained antibody recognizable residual native structure, which presumably accommodates some antigenic determinants.", "contents": "The influence of esterification of carboxyl groups of ribonuclease-A on its structure and immunological activity. The effect of modification of carboxyl groups of Ribonuclease-Aa on the enzymatic activity and the antigenic structure of the protein has been studied. Modification of four of the eleven free carboxyl groups of the protein by esterification in anhydrous methanol/0.1 M hydrochloric acid resulted in nearly 80% loss in enzymatic activity but had very little influence on the antigenic structure of the protein. Further increases in the modification of the carboxyl groups caused a progressive loss in immunological activity, and the fully methylated RNase A exhibited nearly 30% immunological activity. Concomitant with this change in the antigenic structure of the protein, the ability of the molecule to complement with RNase-S-protein increased, clearly indicating the unfolding of the peptide \"tail\" from the residues for orthobenzoquinone reaction and the loss in immunological activity of the more etion of these derivatives as compared with the compact native conformation. The fact that even the fully methylated RNase-A retains nearly 30% of its immunological activity suggested that the modified protein contained antibody recognizable residual native structure, which presumably accommodates some antigenic determinants.", "PMID": 844939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6376", "title": "A comparison of the amino-terminal sequences of two calf-thymus chromatin non-histone proteins.", "content": "The N-terminal sequences of two calf-thymus non-histone chromosomal proteins, HMG-1 and HMG-2, are compared. Both N-terminal sequences are basic, and differ at only one position. This contrasts with the C-terminal portion of HMG-1 which we have previously shown to be high in acidic residues. There is no obvious sequence homology with any of the known sequences of the histones.", "contents": "A comparison of the amino-terminal sequences of two calf-thymus chromatin non-histone proteins. The N-terminal sequences of two calf-thymus non-histone chromosomal proteins, HMG-1 and HMG-2, are compared. Both N-terminal sequences are basic, and differ at only one position. This contrasts with the C-terminal portion of HMG-1 which we have previously shown to be high in acidic residues. There is no obvious sequence homology with any of the known sequences of the histones.", "PMID": 844940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6377", "title": "Stereochemical restrictions on the occurrence of amino acid residues in the collagen structure.", "content": "The primary structure of collagen is characterized by the repeating tripeptide sequence (Gly-R2-R3)n. The results of theoretical studies, carried out using contact criteria to compute the stereochemically allowed orientations for various side chains at locations 2 and 3, are reported here. It is found that side chains with only gamma-atoms, as in valine, serine and threonine, or with only one delta-methyl group, as in isoleucine, can occur equally well at locations 2 and 3, as is actually the case in collagen. Side chains with two Cdelta-atoms, as in leucine and phenylalanine, can also be accommodated at both positions. However, if they occur as R3, their freedom of orientation is severely restricted in the presence of a proline residue as R2 in a neighbouring chain. If water molecules bound to the chains of the triple helix are assumed to be present, then location 3 is virtually impossible for leucine and phenylalanine residues. Location 2 is, however, unaffected, and their presence as R2 can help to shield the water molecules from disturbance by the solvent medium. This may be the reason for the preferential occurrence of Leu and Phe residues in location 2 in the collagen triplets, although the polypeptides (Gly-Pro-Leu)n and (Gly-Pro-Phe)n form collagen-like structures.", "contents": "Stereochemical restrictions on the occurrence of amino acid residues in the collagen structure. The primary structure of collagen is characterized by the repeating tripeptide sequence (Gly-R2-R3)n. The results of theoretical studies, carried out using contact criteria to compute the stereochemically allowed orientations for various side chains at locations 2 and 3, are reported here. It is found that side chains with only gamma-atoms, as in valine, serine and threonine, or with only one delta-methyl group, as in isoleucine, can occur equally well at locations 2 and 3, as is actually the case in collagen. Side chains with two Cdelta-atoms, as in leucine and phenylalanine, can also be accommodated at both positions. However, if they occur as R3, their freedom of orientation is severely restricted in the presence of a proline residue as R2 in a neighbouring chain. If water molecules bound to the chains of the triple helix are assumed to be present, then location 3 is virtually impossible for leucine and phenylalanine residues. Location 2 is, however, unaffected, and their presence as R2 can help to shield the water molecules from disturbance by the solvent medium. This may be the reason for the preferential occurrence of Leu and Phe residues in location 2 in the collagen triplets, although the polypeptides (Gly-Pro-Leu)n and (Gly-Pro-Phe)n form collagen-like structures.", "PMID": 844941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6378", "title": "Studies of the affinity of human serum albumin for binding of bilirubin at different temperatures and ionic strength.", "content": "The association constants for the binding of bilirubin to human serum albumin (HSA) have been determined at four different temperatures by measurements of the rate of the peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of unbound bilirubin. The change of enthalpy is determined from a van't Hoff plot (ln Kass versus 1/T) to about -13.5 kcal/mol. deltaG degrees is calculated from the binding constants, and deltaS degrees is obtained from: deltaG degrees = deltaH degrees--TdeltaS degrees. The results show that the large negative deltaG degrees (--11 kcal/mol) for binding of bilirubin to HSA is a consequence of the negative deltaH degrees. The entropy was found to be about--8.5 cal/mol/degree and tends to diminish the numerical value of deltaG degrees. The binding constant has also been determined at varying ionic strength. The results show a decrease in binding for increasing salt concentration. The data from the two sets of experiments suggest that hydrogen bonds and salt linkages rather than hydrophobic interactions are the main factor in the binding of bilirubin to its primary site on HSA.", "contents": "Studies of the affinity of human serum albumin for binding of bilirubin at different temperatures and ionic strength. The association constants for the binding of bilirubin to human serum albumin (HSA) have been determined at four different temperatures by measurements of the rate of the peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of unbound bilirubin. The change of enthalpy is determined from a van't Hoff plot (ln Kass versus 1/T) to about -13.5 kcal/mol. deltaG degrees is calculated from the binding constants, and deltaS degrees is obtained from: deltaG degrees = deltaH degrees--TdeltaS degrees. The results show that the large negative deltaG degrees (--11 kcal/mol) for binding of bilirubin to HSA is a consequence of the negative deltaH degrees. The entropy was found to be about--8.5 cal/mol/degree and tends to diminish the numerical value of deltaG degrees. The binding constant has also been determined at varying ionic strength. The results show a decrease in binding for increasing salt concentration. The data from the two sets of experiments suggest that hydrogen bonds and salt linkages rather than hydrophobic interactions are the main factor in the binding of bilirubin to its primary site on HSA.", "PMID": 844942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6379", "title": "Thiamine deficiency in fulminant hepatic failure and effects of supplementation.", "content": "Nine out of 24 patients with acute hepatocellular necrosis leading to fulminant hepatic failure showed biochemical evidence of thiamine deficiency early in the course of their illness, probably as a result of inadequate intake of the vitamin. This was corrected by twice daily administration of intravenous vitamin supplements containing thiamine hydrochloride (100 mg b.d.). These studies indicate that conversion of thiamine hydrochloride to its biologically active co-enzyme form, thiamine pyrophosphate, is possible even in the presence of severe acute hepatocellular necrosis, and it is suggested that supplements of the vitamin should be included in the routine management of patients with acute hepatic failure.", "contents": "Thiamine deficiency in fulminant hepatic failure and effects of supplementation. Nine out of 24 patients with acute hepatocellular necrosis leading to fulminant hepatic failure showed biochemical evidence of thiamine deficiency early in the course of their illness, probably as a result of inadequate intake of the vitamin. This was corrected by twice daily administration of intravenous vitamin supplements containing thiamine hydrochloride (100 mg b.d.). These studies indicate that conversion of thiamine hydrochloride to its biologically active co-enzyme form, thiamine pyrophosphate, is possible even in the presence of severe acute hepatocellular necrosis, and it is suggested that supplements of the vitamin should be included in the routine management of patients with acute hepatic failure.", "PMID": 844943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6380", "title": "[Niacin efficiency in zein base diets].", "content": "Lots of growing or adult rats consume ad libitum diets based on zein (12 p. 100 of protein) (diets A), or on zein partially supplemented by lysine and tryptophan (= protein quality of maize) (diets B), or on zein supplemented by amino acids to fill its deficiencies totally (diets C). The diets contain 15 mg of niacine per kg. The diets A 1, B 1 and C 1 receive an addition of 10 mg of supplementary niacin. The efficiency is estimated by the amount of niacin and tryptophan in blood plasma and in liver. The niacin efficiency depends more on the protein quality - more precisely of the intake of tryptophan - than the intake of niacin: the hepatic concentrations of niacin are 120 mug with diet A and 210 mug with diet C in growing rats. These variations are identical to the evolution of intakes and of concentrations of liver nitrogen. The administration of a supplement of niacin (10 mg/kg) does not cause repercussion on the body niacine on the growing rat and provokes a very weak profit on the adult animal. In the dietsA (unsupplemented zein), only the tryptophan is an efficacious source of niacin. The niacin seems unable to increase the vitamin storage in the liver.", "contents": "[Niacin efficiency in zein base diets]. Lots of growing or adult rats consume ad libitum diets based on zein (12 p. 100 of protein) (diets A), or on zein partially supplemented by lysine and tryptophan (= protein quality of maize) (diets B), or on zein supplemented by amino acids to fill its deficiencies totally (diets C). The diets contain 15 mg of niacine per kg. The diets A 1, B 1 and C 1 receive an addition of 10 mg of supplementary niacin. The efficiency is estimated by the amount of niacin and tryptophan in blood plasma and in liver. The niacin efficiency depends more on the protein quality - more precisely of the intake of tryptophan - than the intake of niacin: the hepatic concentrations of niacin are 120 mug with diet A and 210 mug with diet C in growing rats. These variations are identical to the evolution of intakes and of concentrations of liver nitrogen. The administration of a supplement of niacin (10 mg/kg) does not cause repercussion on the body niacine on the growing rat and provokes a very weak profit on the adult animal. In the dietsA (unsupplemented zein), only the tryptophan is an efficacious source of niacin. The niacin seems unable to increase the vitamin storage in the liver.", "PMID": 844944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6381", "title": "Effect of dietary vitamin E on lipid synthesis by rat lung in vitro.", "content": "The effect of dietary vitamin E on lipid synthesis from U-14 C-D-glucose and 1-14C-acetate was studied in rat lungs in vitro. One-month-old Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed either a basal vitamin E-deficient diet or one supplemented with 45 ppm vitamin E ad libitum for two months. Glucose oxidation to CO2 by lungs was significantly (p less than 0.05) decreased by the exclusion of vitamin E from the diet. Oxidation of acetate to CO2 was not affected by the presence of vitamin E in the diet. The extent of labeled carbons from both glucose and acetate incorporated into total lipids was significantly lower in the lungs of vitamin E-deficient animals than in those of the supplemented group. However, the relative amounts of phospholipids, neutral lipids are free fatty acids in total lipids, and of glyceryl moiety and fatty acids in total lipids and in phospholipid fraction were not significantly altered by the status of dietary vitamin E. The results suggest a general depression of lipid synthesis in the lungs of vitamin E-deficient rats.", "contents": "Effect of dietary vitamin E on lipid synthesis by rat lung in vitro. The effect of dietary vitamin E on lipid synthesis from U-14 C-D-glucose and 1-14C-acetate was studied in rat lungs in vitro. One-month-old Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed either a basal vitamin E-deficient diet or one supplemented with 45 ppm vitamin E ad libitum for two months. Glucose oxidation to CO2 by lungs was significantly (p less than 0.05) decreased by the exclusion of vitamin E from the diet. Oxidation of acetate to CO2 was not affected by the presence of vitamin E in the diet. The extent of labeled carbons from both glucose and acetate incorporated into total lipids was significantly lower in the lungs of vitamin E-deficient animals than in those of the supplemented group. However, the relative amounts of phospholipids, neutral lipids are free fatty acids in total lipids, and of glyceryl moiety and fatty acids in total lipids and in phospholipid fraction were not significantly altered by the status of dietary vitamin E. The results suggest a general depression of lipid synthesis in the lungs of vitamin E-deficient rats.", "PMID": 844945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6382", "title": "[Efficiency of various B vitamins in zein base diets].", "content": "Lots of growing rats consume ad libitum rations based on zein (diets A), or zein partially supplemented in lysine and tryptophan (= protein quality of maize) (diets B), or zein supplemented in amino acids to fill totally its deficiencies (diets C). The diets contain 15 mg of niacin, 1.5 mg of thiamine, 2.5 mg of riboflavin and 1.5 mg of pyridoxine per kg. The efficiency of these vitamins is estimated according to their hepatic amounts. Compared with the diet A, the liver of animals of diet B contains in average 37 p. 100 less vitamins and that of diet C 56 P. 100 less. The amount of niacin in liver directly depends on the tryptophan intake and not on that of the niacin. The amount of riboflavin and pyridoxine depends on the nitrogen in the liver: the retention of 1 mg of nitrogen in the liver provokes the retention of 1.1 mug of riboflavin and of 0.2 mug of pyridoxine. The amount of thiamine is less narrowly linked to the hepatic nitrogen metabolism. The constitution of vitamin storage in the liver comes from the protein quality of the diet and from the possibilities of nitrogen storage.", "contents": "[Efficiency of various B vitamins in zein base diets]. Lots of growing rats consume ad libitum rations based on zein (diets A), or zein partially supplemented in lysine and tryptophan (= protein quality of maize) (diets B), or zein supplemented in amino acids to fill totally its deficiencies (diets C). The diets contain 15 mg of niacin, 1.5 mg of thiamine, 2.5 mg of riboflavin and 1.5 mg of pyridoxine per kg. The efficiency of these vitamins is estimated according to their hepatic amounts. Compared with the diet A, the liver of animals of diet B contains in average 37 p. 100 less vitamins and that of diet C 56 P. 100 less. The amount of niacin in liver directly depends on the tryptophan intake and not on that of the niacin. The amount of riboflavin and pyridoxine depends on the nitrogen in the liver: the retention of 1 mg of nitrogen in the liver provokes the retention of 1.1 mug of riboflavin and of 0.2 mug of pyridoxine. The amount of thiamine is less narrowly linked to the hepatic nitrogen metabolism. The constitution of vitamin storage in the liver comes from the protein quality of the diet and from the possibilities of nitrogen storage.", "PMID": 844946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6383", "title": "The validity of biochemical assessment of thiamine, riboflavin and folacin nutriture.", "content": "Nutriture of thiamine, riboflavin and folacin was assessed by two tests: thiamine (109 subjects) by the TPP effect of erythrocyte transketolase activity and urinary excretion of thiamine (mug/g creatinine); riboflavin (81 subjects) by the activation coefficient of erythrocyte glutathione reductase and excretion of riboflavin in urine (mug/g creatinine); and folacin (91 subjects) by estimation of folacin in red blood cells and in serum (ng/ml). The following correlation coefficients (r) were obtained: transketolase activity vs thiamine excretion: -0.33; glutathione reductase vs riboflavin excretion: -33; and red blood cell folacin vs serum folacin: 0.77. When \"deficient\" and \"low\" values were defined as \"not acceptable\" and compared with \"acceptable\" values, sensitivity of thiamine excretion was 54%, of riboflavin excretion 33% and of serum folacin level 90%. The respective value of specificity were 75%, 83% and 37%. Sensitivity of thiamine excretion and of serum folacin level, respectively, increased when stricter criteria of insufficiency were applied and assessment of \"deficiency\" of these vitamins rather than of \"non-acceptability\" was attempted.", "contents": "The validity of biochemical assessment of thiamine, riboflavin and folacin nutriture. Nutriture of thiamine, riboflavin and folacin was assessed by two tests: thiamine (109 subjects) by the TPP effect of erythrocyte transketolase activity and urinary excretion of thiamine (mug/g creatinine); riboflavin (81 subjects) by the activation coefficient of erythrocyte glutathione reductase and excretion of riboflavin in urine (mug/g creatinine); and folacin (91 subjects) by estimation of folacin in red blood cells and in serum (ng/ml). The following correlation coefficients (r) were obtained: transketolase activity vs thiamine excretion: -0.33; glutathione reductase vs riboflavin excretion: -33; and red blood cell folacin vs serum folacin: 0.77. When \"deficient\" and \"low\" values were defined as \"not acceptable\" and compared with \"acceptable\" values, sensitivity of thiamine excretion was 54%, of riboflavin excretion 33% and of serum folacin level 90%. The respective value of specificity were 75%, 83% and 37%. Sensitivity of thiamine excretion and of serum folacin level, respectively, increased when stricter criteria of insufficiency were applied and assessment of \"deficiency\" of these vitamins rather than of \"non-acceptability\" was attempted.", "PMID": 844947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6384", "title": "The effect of riboflavin deficiency on white cell glutathione reductase in rats.", "content": "1. The measurement of glutathione reductase in white cells from peripheral rat blood is described; the contribution from red cell glutathione reductase was virtually eliminated. 2. The activation of the white cell enzyme by flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) in vitro was measured during an eight week period of dietary riboflavin deficiency in weanling rats. 3. The activation increased progressively during the deficiency reaching about fifty per cent after eight weeks, at which time liver FAD levels had declined to 30% of the control levels and clinical symptoms of deficiency were beginning to appear. No increase in activation of white cell glutathione reductase was observed in pair-fed controls, over this time period. 4. These observations suggest that the measurement of the activation coefficient of white cell glutathione reductase could usefully supplement that of the red cell enzyme, in defining riboflavin status.", "contents": "The effect of riboflavin deficiency on white cell glutathione reductase in rats. 1. The measurement of glutathione reductase in white cells from peripheral rat blood is described; the contribution from red cell glutathione reductase was virtually eliminated. 2. The activation of the white cell enzyme by flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) in vitro was measured during an eight week period of dietary riboflavin deficiency in weanling rats. 3. The activation increased progressively during the deficiency reaching about fifty per cent after eight weeks, at which time liver FAD levels had declined to 30% of the control levels and clinical symptoms of deficiency were beginning to appear. No increase in activation of white cell glutathione reductase was observed in pair-fed controls, over this time period. 4. These observations suggest that the measurement of the activation coefficient of white cell glutathione reductase could usefully supplement that of the red cell enzyme, in defining riboflavin status.", "PMID": 844948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6385", "title": "Effect of graded biotin levels in the diet on liver pyruvate carboxylase of chicks fed ad libitum and after starvation.", "content": "Decreasing levels of biotin in the diet from 200 mug/kg to 0 mug/kg reduced the pyruvate carboxylase activity per g liver and in the whole liver of chicks to 17% of the normal activity. Oral supplementation with 3 mg biotin per chick increased the enzyme activity within 24 hours back to normal. In animals well supplemented with biotin (200 mug/kg diet) 24 hours of starvation increased the per g liver pyruvate carboxylase activity. When the pyruvate carboxylase activities were related to the whole liver, no effect of starvation was found.", "contents": "Effect of graded biotin levels in the diet on liver pyruvate carboxylase of chicks fed ad libitum and after starvation. Decreasing levels of biotin in the diet from 200 mug/kg to 0 mug/kg reduced the pyruvate carboxylase activity per g liver and in the whole liver of chicks to 17% of the normal activity. Oral supplementation with 3 mg biotin per chick increased the enzyme activity within 24 hours back to normal. In animals well supplemented with biotin (200 mug/kg diet) 24 hours of starvation increased the per g liver pyruvate carboxylase activity. When the pyruvate carboxylase activities were related to the whole liver, no effect of starvation was found.", "PMID": 844949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6386", "title": "L-ascorbate 2-sulfate and mobilization of cholesterol from plaque deposited in rabbit aortas.", "content": "Rabbits were randomly assigned to two groups. Age and body weight distribution were equal in both groups. All animals were placed on a high cholesterol diet for 9 wk, then returned to a normal diet for 1 wk. At the end of this dietary regimen, one group of animals received subcutaneous injections of psysiological saline 3 times/day, 5 days/wk for 10 wk, and the other group recieved L-ascorbate 2-sulfate (0.37 mmole) according to the same timetable. On alternate weeks, the serum levels of total and free cholesterol were determined. After 10 wk of treatment the animals were killed; the plaques were excised from the aortas and examined for total mass and cholesterol content. We observed that, under these dietary conditions, L-ascorbate 2-sulfate does not mobilize cholesterol or its esters from preformed aortic plaque. However, we did observe that animals showing high cholesterol levels in their sera died prematurely when injected with L-ascorbate 2-sulfate. Gross and histopathological investigations of organs and tissues did not reveal any significant differences among the animals that died prematurely and those that survived to the termination of the experiment.", "contents": "L-ascorbate 2-sulfate and mobilization of cholesterol from plaque deposited in rabbit aortas. Rabbits were randomly assigned to two groups. Age and body weight distribution were equal in both groups. All animals were placed on a high cholesterol diet for 9 wk, then returned to a normal diet for 1 wk. At the end of this dietary regimen, one group of animals received subcutaneous injections of psysiological saline 3 times/day, 5 days/wk for 10 wk, and the other group recieved L-ascorbate 2-sulfate (0.37 mmole) according to the same timetable. On alternate weeks, the serum levels of total and free cholesterol were determined. After 10 wk of treatment the animals were killed; the plaques were excised from the aortas and examined for total mass and cholesterol content. We observed that, under these dietary conditions, L-ascorbate 2-sulfate does not mobilize cholesterol or its esters from preformed aortic plaque. However, we did observe that animals showing high cholesterol levels in their sera died prematurely when injected with L-ascorbate 2-sulfate. Gross and histopathological investigations of organs and tissues did not reveal any significant differences among the animals that died prematurely and those that survived to the termination of the experiment.", "PMID": 844950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6387", "title": "Blood levels and bioavailability of ascorbic acid after administration of a sustained-release formulation to humans.", "content": "Plasma and whole blood concentrations of ascorbate have been measured after administration of 1000 mg of the vitamin as standard or sustained-release capsule formulations to human subjects. A peak of mean whole blood and plasma concentrations of 8.5 mug/ml and 5.7 mug/ml respectively (corrected for predose concentrations of \"endogenous\" ascorbate) occurred at 12 h and 6 h respectively after administration of a sustained-release formulation. After administration of a standard formulation, the peak of mean whole blood and plasma concentrations of 9.4 mug/ml and 8.6 mug/ml respectively occurred at 4 h. In whole blood, mean concentrations of ascorbate declined with a half-life of about 34 h. The bioavailability of ascorbate from the sustained-release formulation was 149% and 180% of that from the standard formulation by calculation from whole blood and plasma concentration data respectively.", "contents": "Blood levels and bioavailability of ascorbic acid after administration of a sustained-release formulation to humans. Plasma and whole blood concentrations of ascorbate have been measured after administration of 1000 mg of the vitamin as standard or sustained-release capsule formulations to human subjects. A peak of mean whole blood and plasma concentrations of 8.5 mug/ml and 5.7 mug/ml respectively (corrected for predose concentrations of \"endogenous\" ascorbate) occurred at 12 h and 6 h respectively after administration of a sustained-release formulation. After administration of a standard formulation, the peak of mean whole blood and plasma concentrations of 9.4 mug/ml and 8.6 mug/ml respectively occurred at 4 h. In whole blood, mean concentrations of ascorbate declined with a half-life of about 34 h. The bioavailability of ascorbate from the sustained-release formulation was 149% and 180% of that from the standard formulation by calculation from whole blood and plasma concentration data respectively.", "PMID": 844951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6388", "title": "Gonadal and plasma testosterone and cholesterol in scorbutic guinea pigs.", "content": "Testes of pre- and post-pubertal guinea pigs were examined histologically and biochemically to see if ascorbic acid deficiency brought about any changes in their structure or function. Apart from a slight but significant fall in gonadal cholesterol there was no apparent change in the histology or testosterone content in scorbutic guinea pigs. Plasma cholesterol and testosterone were also similar in the control and scorbutic animals.", "contents": "Gonadal and plasma testosterone and cholesterol in scorbutic guinea pigs. Testes of pre- and post-pubertal guinea pigs were examined histologically and biochemically to see if ascorbic acid deficiency brought about any changes in their structure or function. Apart from a slight but significant fall in gonadal cholesterol there was no apparent change in the histology or testosterone content in scorbutic guinea pigs. Plasma cholesterol and testosterone were also similar in the control and scorbutic animals.", "PMID": 844952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6389", "title": "Effects of chronic vanadium pentoxide administration on L-ascorbic acid metabolism in rats: influence of L-ascorbic acid supplementation.", "content": "1. Rats toxicated with vanadium pentoxide showed drastic retardation in growth rate and supplementation of L-ascorbic acid to these rats could not reverse this effect. The urinary excretion of L-ascorbic acid and D-glucuronic acid was decreased in the toxicated group of rats. 2. Considerable lowering of L-ascorbic acid content of the liver tissues of rats was observed under vanadium toxicated conditions. Supplementation of L-ascorbic acid to this group raised the tissue Vitamin C reserve considerably. 3. The normal histological patterns of the liver and kidney tissues of rats were severely disturbed under vanadium toxicated conditions. L-ascorbic acid supplementation to this group of rats showed marked signs of restoration in this respect. 4. Vanadium pentoxide treatment brought about a significant reduction in the biosynthetic capacity of L-ascorbic acid, along with an enhanced utilization of this vitamin. Subsequent supplementation of L-ascorbic acid to the toxicated group of rats was found to be effective in reversing these effects almost to the basal level.", "contents": "Effects of chronic vanadium pentoxide administration on L-ascorbic acid metabolism in rats: influence of L-ascorbic acid supplementation. 1. Rats toxicated with vanadium pentoxide showed drastic retardation in growth rate and supplementation of L-ascorbic acid to these rats could not reverse this effect. The urinary excretion of L-ascorbic acid and D-glucuronic acid was decreased in the toxicated group of rats. 2. Considerable lowering of L-ascorbic acid content of the liver tissues of rats was observed under vanadium toxicated conditions. Supplementation of L-ascorbic acid to this group raised the tissue Vitamin C reserve considerably. 3. The normal histological patterns of the liver and kidney tissues of rats were severely disturbed under vanadium toxicated conditions. L-ascorbic acid supplementation to this group of rats showed marked signs of restoration in this respect. 4. Vanadium pentoxide treatment brought about a significant reduction in the biosynthetic capacity of L-ascorbic acid, along with an enhanced utilization of this vitamin. Subsequent supplementation of L-ascorbic acid to the toxicated group of rats was found to be effective in reversing these effects almost to the basal level.", "PMID": 844953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6390", "title": "Enzymatic assay of fructose-1,6-diphosphate for the measurement of its utilization by tissues.", "content": "The enzymatic analysis of fructose-1,6-diphosphate by a coupled assay utilizing triose-phosphate isomerase, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and aldolase was carried out in rat serum and human plasma after fructose-1,6-diphosphate administration. The rate of disappearance of fructose-1,6-diphosphate was determined and compared to the activity of aspecific phosphatase. The uptake of fructose-1,6-diphosphate by rat liver and ileum was also determined with the same method.", "contents": "Enzymatic assay of fructose-1,6-diphosphate for the measurement of its utilization by tissues. The enzymatic analysis of fructose-1,6-diphosphate by a coupled assay utilizing triose-phosphate isomerase, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and aldolase was carried out in rat serum and human plasma after fructose-1,6-diphosphate administration. The rate of disappearance of fructose-1,6-diphosphate was determined and compared to the activity of aspecific phosphatase. The uptake of fructose-1,6-diphosphate by rat liver and ileum was also determined with the same method.", "PMID": 844954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6391", "title": "Peroxide formation, vitamin E and myocardial damage in the rat.", "content": "Rats were fed diets containing 10% cod liver oil with or without dietary tocopherol for 16 or 32 weeks. Adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and myocardium were isolated. They were examined histologically and analyzed for autoxidation products and a number of energy metabolites. After 16 weeks small amounts of peroxides were present in adipose tissue as determined by the thiocyanate method. Ceroid pigment and slightly defective striation were observed in myocardium and to a lesser extent in skeletal muscle of the tocopherol deficient group. The ATP content was also significantly lower in this group. After 32 weeks, adipose tissue of the tocopherol deficient group contained large amounts of ceroid and had a high content of peroxides and other autoxidation products. More ceroid and a significantly higher peroxide estimate in lipid extracts were found in myocardium of the tocopherol deficient group as compared to the controls. Similar but weaker signs of peroxide occurrence and ceroid formation were obtained in skeletal muscle. The significance of the findings for myocardial function is discussed.", "contents": "Peroxide formation, vitamin E and myocardial damage in the rat. Rats were fed diets containing 10% cod liver oil with or without dietary tocopherol for 16 or 32 weeks. Adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and myocardium were isolated. They were examined histologically and analyzed for autoxidation products and a number of energy metabolites. After 16 weeks small amounts of peroxides were present in adipose tissue as determined by the thiocyanate method. Ceroid pigment and slightly defective striation were observed in myocardium and to a lesser extent in skeletal muscle of the tocopherol deficient group. The ATP content was also significantly lower in this group. After 32 weeks, adipose tissue of the tocopherol deficient group contained large amounts of ceroid and had a high content of peroxides and other autoxidation products. More ceroid and a significantly higher peroxide estimate in lipid extracts were found in myocardium of the tocopherol deficient group as compared to the controls. Similar but weaker signs of peroxide occurrence and ceroid formation were obtained in skeletal muscle. The significance of the findings for myocardial function is discussed.", "PMID": 844955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6392", "title": "Acute inversion of the uterus.", "content": "Eight successive cases of acute puerperal inversion of the uterus are presented. The incidence was one in 26,364 deliveries. Fundal insertion of the placenta, adherent placenta and low parity were significant factors in our cases. Two patients were given halothane anesthesia to relax uterine retraction and cervical ring. Vaginal repositioning was successful in seven cases. One patient required abdominal repositioning. Apart from iron deficiency anemia, the postoperative period was uneventful.", "contents": "Acute inversion of the uterus. Eight successive cases of acute puerperal inversion of the uterus are presented. The incidence was one in 26,364 deliveries. Fundal insertion of the placenta, adherent placenta and low parity were significant factors in our cases. Two patients were given halothane anesthesia to relax uterine retraction and cervical ring. Vaginal repositioning was successful in seven cases. One patient required abdominal repositioning. Apart from iron deficiency anemia, the postoperative period was uneventful.", "PMID": 844962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6393", "title": "Genital bleeding in women aged 50 and over.", "content": "Histologic findings from 1,038 endometrial curettages performed for abnormal bleeding in patients 50 years old and over are presented. These findings were analyzed and compared according to the age of the patients. The overall malignancy rate was 22.7%. Endometrial carcinoma was the most common malignancy. The possibility of a malignant tumor increases with age. Atrophic endometrium was the cause of post-menopausal bleeding in 33.2% of the patients and adenomatous or adenocystic hyperplasia in 27.0%.", "contents": "Genital bleeding in women aged 50 and over. Histologic findings from 1,038 endometrial curettages performed for abnormal bleeding in patients 50 years old and over are presented. These findings were analyzed and compared according to the age of the patients. The overall malignancy rate was 22.7%. Endometrial carcinoma was the most common malignancy. The possibility of a malignant tumor increases with age. Atrophic endometrium was the cause of post-menopausal bleeding in 33.2% of the patients and adenomatous or adenocystic hyperplasia in 27.0%.", "PMID": 844963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6394", "title": "Perineovulvovaginal preparation in labor.", "content": "Seventy-four patients who received antenatal care and whose deliveries were supervised in our hospital were studied. Most of them were from the low socioeconomic class. Forty patients were shaved and all patients had the same routine perineal, vulval and vaginal swabbing during the first stage of labor. Puerperal morbidity was low. Even in developing countries where patients often have poor personal hygiene, shaving the vulval, pubic and perineal hair is unnecessary for patients whose pregnancies and deliveries are supervised in hospital. We suggest that the procedure should be reserved for patients who have complications of pregnancies which may necessitate instrumental or abdominal deliveries.", "contents": "Perineovulvovaginal preparation in labor. Seventy-four patients who received antenatal care and whose deliveries were supervised in our hospital were studied. Most of them were from the low socioeconomic class. Forty patients were shaved and all patients had the same routine perineal, vulval and vaginal swabbing during the first stage of labor. Puerperal morbidity was low. Even in developing countries where patients often have poor personal hygiene, shaving the vulval, pubic and perineal hair is unnecessary for patients whose pregnancies and deliveries are supervised in hospital. We suggest that the procedure should be reserved for patients who have complications of pregnancies which may necessitate instrumental or abdominal deliveries.", "PMID": 844964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6395", "title": "Angular and interstitial pregnancy.", "content": "Two cases of interstitial and one of angular pregnancy have been presented. Angular pregnancy occurs in the angle of the uterine cavity, while interstitial pregnancy is a true ectopic pregnancy. The outcome may therefore be different: the first may develop or abort into the cavity, while the second will almost always rupture. Because of the rich vascularization of this area, hemorrhage is usually profuse and may be catastrophic. Preoperative diagnosis is rare, but the triad of bleeding in pregnancy, no fetal remnants on dialation and curettage and an asymmetric uterus suggest angular or interstitial pregnancy. More liberal use of laparoscopy may increase the number of cases diagnosed before severe bleeding occurs.", "contents": "Angular and interstitial pregnancy. Two cases of interstitial and one of angular pregnancy have been presented. Angular pregnancy occurs in the angle of the uterine cavity, while interstitial pregnancy is a true ectopic pregnancy. The outcome may therefore be different: the first may develop or abort into the cavity, while the second will almost always rupture. Because of the rich vascularization of this area, hemorrhage is usually profuse and may be catastrophic. Preoperative diagnosis is rare, but the triad of bleeding in pregnancy, no fetal remnants on dialation and curettage and an asymmetric uterus suggest angular or interstitial pregnancy. More liberal use of laparoscopy may increase the number of cases diagnosed before severe bleeding occurs.", "PMID": 844965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6396", "title": "Cervical carcinoma in Zambia.", "content": "A series of 274 cases of cervical carcinoma in Zambian Africans is presented. Cervical carcinoma formed 29.3% of all female cancers. Poorly differentiated squamous carcinoma constituted the most common histologic type. Concomitant bilharziasis was found in 24.4% of cases. In 59 cases causal factors such as coitus, early marriage, age at first pregnancy and parity were studied and discussed. No correlation was found between circumcision and cervical carcinoma.", "contents": "Cervical carcinoma in Zambia. A series of 274 cases of cervical carcinoma in Zambian Africans is presented. Cervical carcinoma formed 29.3% of all female cancers. Poorly differentiated squamous carcinoma constituted the most common histologic type. Concomitant bilharziasis was found in 24.4% of cases. In 59 cases causal factors such as coitus, early marriage, age at first pregnancy and parity were studied and discussed. No correlation was found between circumcision and cervical carcinoma.", "PMID": 844966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6397", "title": "Thyroid cancer after irradiation.", "content": "Nine patients with thyroid cancer who had received irradiation on the thyroid region (four for breast cancer with deep x-ray or Co60, one for a skin lesion with deep x-ray and four for hyperthyroidism with I131) have been discussed. These cases might be within the range of statistical coicidence, but the potential carcinogenic effect of irradiation could not be ruled out completely. The need for detailed examination of the thyroid gland before and for many years after irradiation and early removal of thyroid gland nodules which develop after I131 treatment are emphasized.", "contents": "Thyroid cancer after irradiation. Nine patients with thyroid cancer who had received irradiation on the thyroid region (four for breast cancer with deep x-ray or Co60, one for a skin lesion with deep x-ray and four for hyperthyroidism with I131) have been discussed. These cases might be within the range of statistical coicidence, but the potential carcinogenic effect of irradiation could not be ruled out completely. The need for detailed examination of the thyroid gland before and for many years after irradiation and early removal of thyroid gland nodules which develop after I131 treatment are emphasized.", "PMID": 844967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6398", "title": "Immediate postoperative complications in the critically ill surgical patient.", "content": "Immediate postoperative complications in 160 surgical patients were retrospectively reviewed. Complications were analyzed by system, and mortality was evaluated.", "contents": "Immediate postoperative complications in the critically ill surgical patient. Immediate postoperative complications in 160 surgical patients were retrospectively reviewed. Complications were analyzed by system, and mortality was evaluated.", "PMID": 844968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6399", "title": "Culdotomy for female sterilization.", "content": "Tubal occlusion through a culdotomy incision offers a method of surgical sterilization acceptable to women in some countries where abdominal sterilization is not acceptable. This technic requires skilled gynecologic surgeons, who are a limited resource in many developing countries. On the other hand, gynecologic surgeons practicing in outlying areas may find it more feasible to perform colpotomy sterilizations than laparoscopic sterilizations with the latter's requirements for specialized instrumentation and additional training. With adequate attention to operator training, patient selection, evaluation of patients for postoperative complications and appropriate care of those with such complications, culdotomy should be included among the various approaches appropriate for female sterilization.", "contents": "Culdotomy for female sterilization. Tubal occlusion through a culdotomy incision offers a method of surgical sterilization acceptable to women in some countries where abdominal sterilization is not acceptable. This technic requires skilled gynecologic surgeons, who are a limited resource in many developing countries. On the other hand, gynecologic surgeons practicing in outlying areas may find it more feasible to perform colpotomy sterilizations than laparoscopic sterilizations with the latter's requirements for specialized instrumentation and additional training. With adequate attention to operator training, patient selection, evaluation of patients for postoperative complications and appropriate care of those with such complications, culdotomy should be included among the various approaches appropriate for female sterilization.", "PMID": 844970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6400", "title": "Ovarian neoplasms and pregnancy.", "content": "Sixteen cases of benign cystic ovarian neoplasms (13 serous cystadenomas and 3 dermoids) were discovered among 5,616 pregnancies. The only serious complication was torsion of the ovary containing the tumor in one case.", "contents": "Ovarian neoplasms and pregnancy. Sixteen cases of benign cystic ovarian neoplasms (13 serous cystadenomas and 3 dermoids) were discovered among 5,616 pregnancies. The only serious complication was torsion of the ovary containing the tumor in one case.", "PMID": 844971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6401", "title": "Choriocarcinoma in Jamaica.", "content": "Fifty-two cases of choriocarcinoma were recorded in the Jamaica Cancer Registry for the parishes of Kingston and St. Andrew, giving an incidence of 1:7,384 live births. This is intermediate between figures reported for Western metropolitan populations and for Far Eastern countries. Clinicopathological studies on 26 cases treated at the University Hospital in Jamaica revealed that 65% followed either normal pregnancy or abortion. Choriocarcinoma following a normal pregnancy or occurring without a previous history of pregnancy carried a poorer prognosis than those with a preceding hydatidiform mole. Many patients had primary neurological manifestations. The overall prognosis was poor due to late presentation with disseminated metastases. Of the 26 patients, 15 died of the disease within two years and only six appeared for a six-year follow-up.", "contents": "Choriocarcinoma in Jamaica. Fifty-two cases of choriocarcinoma were recorded in the Jamaica Cancer Registry for the parishes of Kingston and St. Andrew, giving an incidence of 1:7,384 live births. This is intermediate between figures reported for Western metropolitan populations and for Far Eastern countries. Clinicopathological studies on 26 cases treated at the University Hospital in Jamaica revealed that 65% followed either normal pregnancy or abortion. Choriocarcinoma following a normal pregnancy or occurring without a previous history of pregnancy carried a poorer prognosis than those with a preceding hydatidiform mole. Many patients had primary neurological manifestations. The overall prognosis was poor due to late presentation with disseminated metastases. Of the 26 patients, 15 died of the disease within two years and only six appeared for a six-year follow-up.", "PMID": 844972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6402", "title": "Cesarean section for twin pregnancy in Ibadan, Nigeria.", "content": "During an 11-year period, 23,524 deliveries were conducted at the University College Hospital, Ibadan; 4,360 (18.5%) were delivered by cesarean section, 49 of which were associated with twin pregnancy. The main indications for this operation in twin pregnancy were prolapsed umbilical cord, previous cesarean section scar and malpresentation of the second twin with the membranes already ruptured. The perinatal mortality of 18.2% was mainly attributable to prematurity. Obstetricians in this community have adopted a conservative attitude towards cesarean section because of the general aversion to this operation by our patients and the risk of subsequent rupture of the uterine scar in women who wish to deliver themselves at home in subsequent pregnancies. Cesarean section is therefore performed in twin pregnancy for the same absolute indications as for single pregnancy.", "contents": "Cesarean section for twin pregnancy in Ibadan, Nigeria. During an 11-year period, 23,524 deliveries were conducted at the University College Hospital, Ibadan; 4,360 (18.5%) were delivered by cesarean section, 49 of which were associated with twin pregnancy. The main indications for this operation in twin pregnancy were prolapsed umbilical cord, previous cesarean section scar and malpresentation of the second twin with the membranes already ruptured. The perinatal mortality of 18.2% was mainly attributable to prematurity. Obstetricians in this community have adopted a conservative attitude towards cesarean section because of the general aversion to this operation by our patients and the risk of subsequent rupture of the uterine scar in women who wish to deliver themselves at home in subsequent pregnancies. Cesarean section is therefore performed in twin pregnancy for the same absolute indications as for single pregnancy.", "PMID": 844974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6403", "title": "Induction of abortion and labor by extraamniotic isotonic saline, with or without addition of oxytocin, in cases of missed abortion, missed labor and antepartum fetal death.", "content": "In a group of 16 women admitted for missed abortion, missed labor or antepartum fetal death, we induced abortion or labor by means of extraamniotic infusion of isotonic saline solution, using a Foley catheter inserted through the cervix. Eight patients also required parallel intravenous administration of 5-10 U of oxytocin drip. The average time from the onset of treatment until expulsion of the macerated fetus was 9.09 hours. No complications were recorded. This method is suggested in all such cases, especially when the classical methods are contraindicated.", "contents": "Induction of abortion and labor by extraamniotic isotonic saline, with or without addition of oxytocin, in cases of missed abortion, missed labor and antepartum fetal death. In a group of 16 women admitted for missed abortion, missed labor or antepartum fetal death, we induced abortion or labor by means of extraamniotic infusion of isotonic saline solution, using a Foley catheter inserted through the cervix. Eight patients also required parallel intravenous administration of 5-10 U of oxytocin drip. The average time from the onset of treatment until expulsion of the macerated fetus was 9.09 hours. No complications were recorded. This method is suggested in all such cases, especially when the classical methods are contraindicated.", "PMID": 844975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6404", "title": "Primary elective cesarean section in Ibadan, Nigeria.", "content": "A total of 13,692 deliveries were conducted at University College Hospital, Ibadan. These included 2,764 (22%) cesarean sections, 63 (2.3%) of which were primary elective sections. The case records of 44 of these patients have been analyzed to determine the place of primary elective cesarean section in modern obstetric practice in Nigeria. No maternal deaths occurred and morbidity attributable to the operation was low and not serious. One perinatal death occurred and morbidity was low and less serious than maternal morbidity. There was no record of a uterine scar rupture occurring in subsequent pregnancies in any of these patients. Primary elective cesarean section, if used discriminately, will reduce difficult labor with the attendant risks of maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity in Nigeria and developing countries. The role which improved socioeconomic conditions and health education plays is emphasized.", "contents": "Primary elective cesarean section in Ibadan, Nigeria. A total of 13,692 deliveries were conducted at University College Hospital, Ibadan. These included 2,764 (22%) cesarean sections, 63 (2.3%) of which were primary elective sections. The case records of 44 of these patients have been analyzed to determine the place of primary elective cesarean section in modern obstetric practice in Nigeria. No maternal deaths occurred and morbidity attributable to the operation was low and not serious. One perinatal death occurred and morbidity was low and less serious than maternal morbidity. There was no record of a uterine scar rupture occurring in subsequent pregnancies in any of these patients. Primary elective cesarean section, if used discriminately, will reduce difficult labor with the attendant risks of maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity in Nigeria and developing countries. The role which improved socioeconomic conditions and health education plays is emphasized.", "PMID": 844976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6405", "title": "Accumulation of taurine by cultured retinal pigment epithelium of the rat.", "content": "Cultured rat retinal pigment epithelium actively accumulates taurine against a concentration gradient; an intracellular concentration of 12 mM is maintained at an extracellular taurine concentration of 0.12 mM. Taurine accumulation conforms to Michaelis-Menten kinetics for extracellular taurine concentrations between 0.006 and 0.05 mM; within that range the Km is 16 muM and the Vmax is 2.3 nmol./hr./mul of cells. Above an extracellular concentration of 0.5 mM the kinetics are complex. Accumulation is inhibited by reduced temperature and iodoacetate as well as by dinitrophenol in the absence of glucose. Ouabain, reduced extracellular sodium, and removal of extracellular potassium and calcium also inhibit taurine accumulation. The cells also release previously accumulated taurine at half-time of 1 to 3 hours. The rapid accumulation and release of taurine by cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells is consistent with the idea that this tissue is a site for the transport of taurine in vivo.", "contents": "Accumulation of taurine by cultured retinal pigment epithelium of the rat. Cultured rat retinal pigment epithelium actively accumulates taurine against a concentration gradient; an intracellular concentration of 12 mM is maintained at an extracellular taurine concentration of 0.12 mM. Taurine accumulation conforms to Michaelis-Menten kinetics for extracellular taurine concentrations between 0.006 and 0.05 mM; within that range the Km is 16 muM and the Vmax is 2.3 nmol./hr./mul of cells. Above an extracellular concentration of 0.5 mM the kinetics are complex. Accumulation is inhibited by reduced temperature and iodoacetate as well as by dinitrophenol in the absence of glucose. Ouabain, reduced extracellular sodium, and removal of extracellular potassium and calcium also inhibit taurine accumulation. The cells also release previously accumulated taurine at half-time of 1 to 3 hours. The rapid accumulation and release of taurine by cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells is consistent with the idea that this tissue is a site for the transport of taurine in vivo.", "PMID": 844977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6406", "title": "An interpretation of small-angle light-scattering patterns of human cornea.", "content": "Small-angle light-scattering patterns of human cornea in I. and I modes were compared to theoretical scattering patterns generated in the computer on the basis of a cornea model. This model is a nonrandom assembly of optically anistropic rods. The best match of theoretical and experimental patterns yielded the following parameters describing the ultrastructure of human cornea: length of the rod (fiber)=12 mu; angle between optic and geometric axis of the rod=60 degrees; most probable orientation of the rod=150 degree; the width of the distribution function of rod orientation (omega0)=2.5; intrinsic birefringence of the rod=7 X 10(-6); form birefringence=1.3 X 10(-5).", "contents": "An interpretation of small-angle light-scattering patterns of human cornea. Small-angle light-scattering patterns of human cornea in I. and I modes were compared to theoretical scattering patterns generated in the computer on the basis of a cornea model. This model is a nonrandom assembly of optically anistropic rods. The best match of theoretical and experimental patterns yielded the following parameters describing the ultrastructure of human cornea: length of the rod (fiber)=12 mu; angle between optic and geometric axis of the rod=60 degrees; most probable orientation of the rod=150 degree; the width of the distribution function of rod orientation (omega0)=2.5; intrinsic birefringence of the rod=7 X 10(-6); form birefringence=1.3 X 10(-5).", "PMID": 844978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6407", "title": "The influence of age onthe sensitivity of the cornea,.", "content": "Corneal touch threshold (CTT) was measured in 205 healthy people of different ages. It was found that CTT increased gradually throughout life, although more significantly after the fifth decade of life. The results are found to be in good accord with those of Boberg-Ans, thus refuting an earlier report asserting that corneal sensitivity (threshold-1) increased up to the fifth decade and declined thereafter,", "contents": "The influence of age onthe sensitivity of the cornea,. Corneal touch threshold (CTT) was measured in 205 healthy people of different ages. It was found that CTT increased gradually throughout life, although more significantly after the fifth decade of life. The results are found to be in good accord with those of Boberg-Ans, thus refuting an earlier report asserting that corneal sensitivity (threshold-1) increased up to the fifth decade and declined thereafter,", "PMID": 844979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6408", "title": "Unilateral gonadectomy does not alter contralateral intraocular pressure in rabbit eyes.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine whether unilateral gonadectomy caused any change in intraocular pressure. Repeated measurements in 22 male and nine female rabbits after unilateral gonadectomy were made by three different methods of determining intraocular pressure. We were unable to find a decrease in intraocular pressure on the side opposite to the side of the removed gonad, as had been previously reported. Neither were any ipsilateral changes observed. A calibration curve (rabbit) for the applanation pneumatonograph is also presented.", "contents": "Unilateral gonadectomy does not alter contralateral intraocular pressure in rabbit eyes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether unilateral gonadectomy caused any change in intraocular pressure. Repeated measurements in 22 male and nine female rabbits after unilateral gonadectomy were made by three different methods of determining intraocular pressure. We were unable to find a decrease in intraocular pressure on the side opposite to the side of the removed gonad, as had been previously reported. Neither were any ipsilateral changes observed. A calibration curve (rabbit) for the applanation pneumatonograph is also presented.", "PMID": 844980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6409", "title": "The electrical stimulation of the retina by indwelling electrodes.", "content": "Chronically implanted intraocular electrodes were  used to stimulate visual cortical responses to current passage through the retina. Electrical current threshold for the light-adapted cat retina lies in the region of 30 to 100 X 10(-6) amps. for the conditions used. Dark adaptation caused a large threshold increase. Retinal excitability also decreased when electrical stimuli were delivered more often than one per 5 seconds. Effective charge-density threshold was moderately greater than reported for frogs and humans.", "contents": "The electrical stimulation of the retina by indwelling electrodes. Chronically implanted intraocular electrodes were  used to stimulate visual cortical responses to current passage through the retina. Electrical current threshold for the light-adapted cat retina lies in the region of 30 to 100 X 10(-6) amps. for the conditions used. Dark adaptation caused a large threshold increase. Retinal excitability also decreased when electrical stimuli were delivered more often than one per 5 seconds. Effective charge-density threshold was moderately greater than reported for frogs and humans.", "PMID": 844981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6410", "title": "Calcification in retinoblastoma.", "content": "Review of 40 cases of retinoblastoma revealed that histologic evidence of calcification was noted in 38 of the 40 tumors, whereas only three of 16 roentgenograms were positive for calcium. Calcificaton detected by roentgenograms and histopathologic examination correlated poorly with quantitative determination for tumor calcium. Compared to control eyes, however, eyes with retinoblastoma contain large amounts of calcium (1.2 vs. 218 mug/ml. ash). This calcification, though frequently not observed in standard roentgenograms, should be detected by the newer diagnostic modalities such as hypocycloidal polytomography, computerized transaxial tomography, ultrasonography, and radionuclide scintigraphy with technetium diphosphonate, a bone-scanning agent.", "contents": "Calcification in retinoblastoma. Review of 40 cases of retinoblastoma revealed that histologic evidence of calcification was noted in 38 of the 40 tumors, whereas only three of 16 roentgenograms were positive for calcium. Calcificaton detected by roentgenograms and histopathologic examination correlated poorly with quantitative determination for tumor calcium. Compared to control eyes, however, eyes with retinoblastoma contain large amounts of calcium (1.2 vs. 218 mug/ml. ash). This calcification, though frequently not observed in standard roentgenograms, should be detected by the newer diagnostic modalities such as hypocycloidal polytomography, computerized transaxial tomography, ultrasonography, and radionuclide scintigraphy with technetium diphosphonate, a bone-scanning agent.", "PMID": 844982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6411", "title": "Heterotransplantation of retinoblastoma into the athymic \"nude\" mouse.", "content": "Fresh surgical specimens of retinoblastoma were successfully transplanted into the anterior chamber of the \"nude\" mouse (a homozygous mutant, nu/nu, with a severe defect in cellular immunity), filling the eyes but failing to grow subcutaneously. Retinoblastoma cells from an established cell line, Y-79,1 spread from the intraocular injection site to invade the orbit, optic nerve, and brain and formed large tumors when implanted subcutaneously. Tumor cells injected into the anterior chamber of immunologically normal litter-males (heterozygotes, nu/+) survived for varying periods in the anterior chamber but showed little growth.", "contents": "Heterotransplantation of retinoblastoma into the athymic \"nude\" mouse. Fresh surgical specimens of retinoblastoma were successfully transplanted into the anterior chamber of the \"nude\" mouse (a homozygous mutant, nu/nu, with a severe defect in cellular immunity), filling the eyes but failing to grow subcutaneously. Retinoblastoma cells from an established cell line, Y-79,1 spread from the intraocular injection site to invade the orbit, optic nerve, and brain and formed large tumors when implanted subcutaneously. Tumor cells injected into the anterior chamber of immunologically normal litter-males (heterozygotes, nu/+) survived for varying periods in the anterior chamber but showed little growth.", "PMID": 844983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6412", "title": "Pathology of the corneal endothelium.", "content": "Clinical specular microscopy has indicated that human cell healing occurs by spreading, there is a limited healing reserve, and premature cell loss is the equivalent of a \"premature aging\" that may lead to later decompensation. This instrument has been useful in studying healing and cell damage from surgery, drugs, and special procedures such as intraocular lens insertion. It pointed out extensive cell loss at the time of intraocular lens insertion, and subsequent studies have indicated that at least part of this cell loss may be due to the methacrylate surface of the lens. Laboratory studies suggest that coating that surface can prevent this component of cell loss. The magnitude of benefits to be found from such coating requires further clinical study.", "contents": "Pathology of the corneal endothelium. Clinical specular microscopy has indicated that human cell healing occurs by spreading, there is a limited healing reserve, and premature cell loss is the equivalent of a \"premature aging\" that may lead to later decompensation. This instrument has been useful in studying healing and cell damage from surgery, drugs, and special procedures such as intraocular lens insertion. It pointed out extensive cell loss at the time of intraocular lens insertion, and subsequent studies have indicated that at least part of this cell loss may be due to the methacrylate surface of the lens. Laboratory studies suggest that coating that surface can prevent this component of cell loss. The magnitude of benefits to be found from such coating requires further clinical study.", "PMID": 844984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6413", "title": "Human cornea organ cultures: epithelial-endothelial interactions.", "content": "Full-thickness explants of five human corneas grown in organ culture demonstrate that the migration of epithelium and endothelium is mutually limited once contact between the two cell types has been established. Two human corneas, however, failed to show this contact inhibition, and corneal epithelium surrounded completely the explant; both corneas showed cornea guttata. The implications of corneal epithelium-endothelium contact inhibition, and the failure of such inhibition, are discussed.", "contents": "Human cornea organ cultures: epithelial-endothelial interactions. Full-thickness explants of five human corneas grown in organ culture demonstrate that the migration of epithelium and endothelium is mutually limited once contact between the two cell types has been established. Two human corneas, however, failed to show this contact inhibition, and corneal epithelium surrounded completely the explant; both corneas showed cornea guttata. The implications of corneal epithelium-endothelium contact inhibition, and the failure of such inhibition, are discussed.", "PMID": 844985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6414", "title": "Effect of the ophthalmic preservative thimerosal on rabbit and human corneal endothelium.", "content": "Widespread use of the mercurial-containing preservative thimerosal as an antibacterial agent in ophthalmic drugs and solutions warranted an investigation into its possible cytotoxic effects on the functional and ultrastructural integrity of the corneal endothelium. No changes in corneal thickness were observed during 5 hours' perfusion of the endothelium of rabbit and human corneas with 0.0001 and 0.0005 percent thimerosal in glutathione bicarbonate Ringer's solution (GBR). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the endothelium of the 0.0001 percent group revealed normal ultrastructure. SEM and TEM of the endothelium of corneas perfused with 0.0005 percent thimerosal for 5 hours revealed condensed mitochondria, cytoplasmic vacuoles, and cytoplasmic flaps at the apical end of the cellular junctions. Perfusion of higher concentrations (0.001 and 0.005 perecnt) of thimerosal in GBR resulted in increases in corneal thickness after 2 hours and irreversible ultrastructural damage to the endothelial cells by 5 hours. Corneas perfused with 0.01 and 0.1 percent thimerosal in GBR showed a rapid and immediate increase in corneal thickness and endothelial cell death and necrosis within 1 hour. It is postulated that the mercury in thimerosal becomes bound to the cell membrane protein sulfhydryl groups, causing an increase in cellular permeability; These results suggest that the prolonged exposure of the corneal endothelium to thimerosal in the accepted antimicrobial dosage of 0.005 to 0.001 percent may result in functional and structural damage to the endothelium.", "contents": "Effect of the ophthalmic preservative thimerosal on rabbit and human corneal endothelium. Widespread use of the mercurial-containing preservative thimerosal as an antibacterial agent in ophthalmic drugs and solutions warranted an investigation into its possible cytotoxic effects on the functional and ultrastructural integrity of the corneal endothelium. No changes in corneal thickness were observed during 5 hours' perfusion of the endothelium of rabbit and human corneas with 0.0001 and 0.0005 percent thimerosal in glutathione bicarbonate Ringer's solution (GBR). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the endothelium of the 0.0001 percent group revealed normal ultrastructure. SEM and TEM of the endothelium of corneas perfused with 0.0005 percent thimerosal for 5 hours revealed condensed mitochondria, cytoplasmic vacuoles, and cytoplasmic flaps at the apical end of the cellular junctions. Perfusion of higher concentrations (0.001 and 0.005 perecnt) of thimerosal in GBR resulted in increases in corneal thickness after 2 hours and irreversible ultrastructural damage to the endothelial cells by 5 hours. Corneas perfused with 0.01 and 0.1 percent thimerosal in GBR showed a rapid and immediate increase in corneal thickness and endothelial cell death and necrosis within 1 hour. It is postulated that the mercury in thimerosal becomes bound to the cell membrane protein sulfhydryl groups, causing an increase in cellular permeability; These results suggest that the prolonged exposure of the corneal endothelium to thimerosal in the accepted antimicrobial dosage of 0.005 to 0.001 percent may result in functional and structural damage to the endothelium.", "PMID": 844986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6415", "title": "The contribution of morphology to our understanding of the pathogenesis of experimentally produced corneal vascularization.", "content": "In many disorders of the cornea, blood vessels invade this normally avascular tissue. Several theories have been proposed to explain the pathogenesis of corneal vascularization. Since none had received general acceptance, experimental studies of the phenomenon were begun several years ago in hamster cheek pouch chambers. These investigations which employed sequential morphologic studies during the process of corneal vascularization gave rise to a new hypothesis, namely, that corneal vascularization is usually a manifestation of the inflammatory response and mediated by leukocytes. This report briefly reviews the evolution, evidence, and current status of this theory.", "contents": "The contribution of morphology to our understanding of the pathogenesis of experimentally produced corneal vascularization. In many disorders of the cornea, blood vessels invade this normally avascular tissue. Several theories have been proposed to explain the pathogenesis of corneal vascularization. Since none had received general acceptance, experimental studies of the phenomenon were begun several years ago in hamster cheek pouch chambers. These investigations which employed sequential morphologic studies during the process of corneal vascularization gave rise to a new hypothesis, namely, that corneal vascularization is usually a manifestation of the inflammatory response and mediated by leukocytes. This report briefly reviews the evolution, evidence, and current status of this theory.", "PMID": 844987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6416", "title": "Corneal radiofrequency burns: effects of prostaglandins and 45/80.", "content": "Vascularization of the rat cornea was produced by means of radiofrequency burns adjacent to the limbus. Animals with and without lesions were tested for a vascular response to topical PGE1 and compound 48/80, with carbon used as an indicator. There was no response to PGE1 until 6 hours, at which time dense labeling of limbal vessels was observed. This response gradually decreased and by day 15, when labeling returned to control levels. No further permeability changes were seen for the duration of the experiment to day 90. Compound 48/80 gave four-plus labeling of the limbus and one-plus labeling of corneal vessels at all times during the experiment. The presence or absence of the thermal lesion did not change the degree of labeling. Histamine and bradykinin did not produce vascular labeling either with or without a corneal lesion.", "contents": "Corneal radiofrequency burns: effects of prostaglandins and 45/80. Vascularization of the rat cornea was produced by means of radiofrequency burns adjacent to the limbus. Animals with and without lesions were tested for a vascular response to topical PGE1 and compound 48/80, with carbon used as an indicator. There was no response to PGE1 until 6 hours, at which time dense labeling of limbal vessels was observed. This response gradually decreased and by day 15, when labeling returned to control levels. No further permeability changes were seen for the duration of the experiment to day 90. Compound 48/80 gave four-plus labeling of the limbus and one-plus labeling of corneal vessels at all times during the experiment. The presence or absence of the thermal lesion did not change the degree of labeling. Histamine and bradykinin did not produce vascular labeling either with or without a corneal lesion.", "PMID": 844988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6417", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of the trabecular meshwork in normal and glucomatous eyes.", "content": "The ultrastructure of trabeculectomy specimens obtained from enucleated eyes was compared to that of 23 similar specimens extracted from glaucomatous eyes. It was thus possible to study the trabecular meshwork from Schwalbe's line to the iris root, the corneal endothelium, the canal of Schlemm, its inner and outer walls, and the collectors. In the glaucomatous specimens it was possible to verify, for the first time, two aspects which show clinical correlation. The first aspect is pseudoexfoliation: we find in the trabecular meshwork two types of deposits in great quantity. One is formed by a dense irregular fibrillar net, with a diameter oscillating betwwwn 600 and 830 A, surrounding the trabeculae; the others are pigment granules. Both fill the intertrabecular spaces. The first type is also observed on the corneal endothelium lining Schwalbe's ring, stressing the visibility of the intercellular spaces. The second aspect is the pectinate ligament (mesodermic remnant) in late-onset congenital glaucoma. Its pattern is characteristically different from that of the corneoscleral meshwork.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of the trabecular meshwork in normal and glucomatous eyes. The ultrastructure of trabeculectomy specimens obtained from enucleated eyes was compared to that of 23 similar specimens extracted from glaucomatous eyes. It was thus possible to study the trabecular meshwork from Schwalbe's line to the iris root, the corneal endothelium, the canal of Schlemm, its inner and outer walls, and the collectors. In the glaucomatous specimens it was possible to verify, for the first time, two aspects which show clinical correlation. The first aspect is pseudoexfoliation: we find in the trabecular meshwork two types of deposits in great quantity. One is formed by a dense irregular fibrillar net, with a diameter oscillating betwwwn 600 and 830 A, surrounding the trabeculae; the others are pigment granules. Both fill the intertrabecular spaces. The first type is also observed on the corneal endothelium lining Schwalbe's ring, stressing the visibility of the intercellular spaces. The second aspect is the pectinate ligament (mesodermic remnant) in late-onset congenital glaucoma. Its pattern is characteristically different from that of the corneoscleral meshwork.", "PMID": 844989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6418", "title": "Effects of repeated microwave irradiations to the albino rabbit eye.", "content": "Albino rabbits were exposed to repeated microwave irradiations once daily for a month. Clinical examination was carried out for a period up to one year. No changes occurred below 300 mW./cm.2. At and above this level posterior subcapsular iridescence and posterior cortical cataracts were produced. The histologic findings in posterior subcapsular iridescence are presented. It appears that the nonprogressive posterior cortical cataracts are a result of the temperature levels generated by the microwaves in the immediate retrolental area.", "contents": "Effects of repeated microwave irradiations to the albino rabbit eye. Albino rabbits were exposed to repeated microwave irradiations once daily for a month. Clinical examination was carried out for a period up to one year. No changes occurred below 300 mW./cm.2. At and above this level posterior subcapsular iridescence and posterior cortical cataracts were produced. The histologic findings in posterior subcapsular iridescence are presented. It appears that the nonprogressive posterior cortical cataracts are a result of the temperature levels generated by the microwaves in the immediate retrolental area.", "PMID": 844990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6419", "title": "Experimental allergic optic neuritis in guinea pigs: preliminary report.", "content": "An experimental model for acute allergic optic neuritis was produced in adult strain 13 guinea pigs by sensitization with isogenic spinal cord emulsion in complete Freund's adjuvant. These animals exhibited two distinct clinical patterns: (1) \"retrobulbar optic neuritis,\" with a diminished pupillary response to light despite a normal fundus, and (2) \"neuroretinitis,\" with a diminished pupillary response associated with hyperemia and swelling to the disc and juxtapapillary retinal edema. Histopathologic study of those animals with \"retrobulbar neuritis\" revealed that some had no abnormalities in the optic nerve or chiasm, but showed foci of mononuclear cell infiltration in the brain. Others had a mononuclear cell infiltration localized to the retrobulbar portion of the optic nerve and chiasm with multiple foci of axial and periaxial demyelination. Similar pathologic changes were present in the animals with \"neuroretintis\", but the lesions were located just behind the lamina scleralis. These animals also exhibited marked swelling of the axons at the lamina retinalis. On examination by light microscopy, the alterations in the region of optic nerve head appeared characteristic of papilledema.", "contents": "Experimental allergic optic neuritis in guinea pigs: preliminary report. An experimental model for acute allergic optic neuritis was produced in adult strain 13 guinea pigs by sensitization with isogenic spinal cord emulsion in complete Freund's adjuvant. These animals exhibited two distinct clinical patterns: (1) \"retrobulbar optic neuritis,\" with a diminished pupillary response to light despite a normal fundus, and (2) \"neuroretinitis,\" with a diminished pupillary response associated with hyperemia and swelling to the disc and juxtapapillary retinal edema. Histopathologic study of those animals with \"retrobulbar neuritis\" revealed that some had no abnormalities in the optic nerve or chiasm, but showed foci of mononuclear cell infiltration in the brain. Others had a mononuclear cell infiltration localized to the retrobulbar portion of the optic nerve and chiasm with multiple foci of axial and periaxial demyelination. Similar pathologic changes were present in the animals with \"neuroretintis\", but the lesions were located just behind the lamina scleralis. These animals also exhibited marked swelling of the axons at the lamina retinalis. On examination by light microscopy, the alterations in the region of optic nerve head appeared characteristic of papilledema.", "PMID": 844991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6420", "title": "Experimental retinal dysplasia due to cytosine arabinoside.", "content": "Retinal dysplasia was produced in newborn rats treated postnatally with the antimitotic substance, cytosine arabinoside (ara-C). In rats examined from 6 to 60 days, there were numerous retinal rosettes surrounded by photoreceptor cells and bipolar cells containing photoreceptor cell processes, displaced nuclei, and cellular debris. Abnormal development and alignment of photoreceptor cell processes were commonly observed. Cellular degeneration was evident at all ages, and infiltrating phagocytic cells were especially numerous in the retina of treated rats examined at 60 days. Characteristic features of ara-C-induced retinal dysplasia included the scattering of bipolar cell nuclei in the inner and outer nuclear layers and marked reduction in the width of the affected retina. Considerable retinal and cerebellar development occurs postnatally in the rat, thus newborn animals might be useful in the testing of possible teratogenic drugs.", "contents": "Experimental retinal dysplasia due to cytosine arabinoside. Retinal dysplasia was produced in newborn rats treated postnatally with the antimitotic substance, cytosine arabinoside (ara-C). In rats examined from 6 to 60 days, there were numerous retinal rosettes surrounded by photoreceptor cells and bipolar cells containing photoreceptor cell processes, displaced nuclei, and cellular debris. Abnormal development and alignment of photoreceptor cell processes were commonly observed. Cellular degeneration was evident at all ages, and infiltrating phagocytic cells were especially numerous in the retina of treated rats examined at 60 days. Characteristic features of ara-C-induced retinal dysplasia included the scattering of bipolar cell nuclei in the inner and outer nuclear layers and marked reduction in the width of the affected retina. Considerable retinal and cerebellar development occurs postnatally in the rat, thus newborn animals might be useful in the testing of possible teratogenic drugs.", "PMID": 844992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6421", "title": "The zonular insertion: a scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "The zonular insertion on the human lens capsule has been studied with scanning electron microscopy. The whole insertional area is covered by a variety of 35 to 55 nm. fibrils, including those of the major inserting zonules, the meridional zonules, capsular surface fibrils, and a nonoriented fibrillar layer over the zonules. All appear to be zonular in type. The meridional zonules span the equator and are a form of insertion shared by the three levels of major zonules, probably helping to distribute their lateral pull. Surface rippling over the zonular insertion appears to result from greater contraction of the oriented fibers than of the nonoriented fibrils and superficial capsule. Surface meshwork fibrils attach to the capsule by becoming embedded in a granular capsular matrix 0.5 to 1 mu thick.", "contents": "The zonular insertion: a scanning electron microscopic study. The zonular insertion on the human lens capsule has been studied with scanning electron microscopy. The whole insertional area is covered by a variety of 35 to 55 nm. fibrils, including those of the major inserting zonules, the meridional zonules, capsular surface fibrils, and a nonoriented fibrillar layer over the zonules. All appear to be zonular in type. The meridional zonules span the equator and are a form of insertion shared by the three levels of major zonules, probably helping to distribute their lateral pull. Surface rippling over the zonular insertion appears to result from greater contraction of the oriented fibers than of the nonoriented fibrils and superficial capsule. Surface meshwork fibrils attach to the capsule by becoming embedded in a granular capsular matrix 0.5 to 1 mu thick.", "PMID": 844993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6422", "title": "Intracellular crystalline deposits by bacteria grown in urine from a stone former.", "content": "Several species of bacteria were found to form an intracellular crystalline material when grown in urine obtained from a subject with a history of infrequent renal calculi formation. The following species: Proteus mirabilis, Proteus rettgeri, Providencia stuartii, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans formed crystals of hydroxyapatite. Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus vulgaris produced crystals of calcite -II. Several of these bacteria have been isolated from the kidneys of patients with renal caculi indicationg that microorganisms may be involved in the nucleation process during calculogenesis.", "contents": "Intracellular crystalline deposits by bacteria grown in urine from a stone former. Several species of bacteria were found to form an intracellular crystalline material when grown in urine obtained from a subject with a history of infrequent renal calculi formation. The following species: Proteus mirabilis, Proteus rettgeri, Providencia stuartii, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans formed crystals of hydroxyapatite. Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus vulgaris produced crystals of calcite -II. Several of these bacteria have been isolated from the kidneys of patients with renal caculi indicationg that microorganisms may be involved in the nucleation process during calculogenesis.", "PMID": 844994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6423", "title": "The role of trace metals in calcium urolithiasis.", "content": "Ten urinary stones composed of calcium oxalate or a mixture of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate were analyzed for trace metal content by emission spectroscopy. Trace metals found in amounts of 0.001 per cent or more were iron, copper, zinic, tin, lead, and aluminum. The inhibitory effect of each of these trace metals on the crystal growth of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate was tested. Results indicated that none of the metal affect the crystal growth of calcium oxalate at concentrations approximating those found in normal urine. The metal ions copper (II), zinc (II), tin (II), and aluminum (III) did affect the crystal growth of calcium phosphate when present at physiologic concentrations; however, their contribution to the total calcium phosphate inhibitor activity in urine was estimated to be insufficient to have a regulatory role in urinary stone growth.", "contents": "The role of trace metals in calcium urolithiasis. Ten urinary stones composed of calcium oxalate or a mixture of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate were analyzed for trace metal content by emission spectroscopy. Trace metals found in amounts of 0.001 per cent or more were iron, copper, zinic, tin, lead, and aluminum. The inhibitory effect of each of these trace metals on the crystal growth of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate was tested. Results indicated that none of the metal affect the crystal growth of calcium oxalate at concentrations approximating those found in normal urine. The metal ions copper (II), zinc (II), tin (II), and aluminum (III) did affect the crystal growth of calcium phosphate when present at physiologic concentrations; however, their contribution to the total calcium phosphate inhibitor activity in urine was estimated to be insufficient to have a regulatory role in urinary stone growth.", "PMID": 844995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6424", "title": "Effects of androgen and estradiol administration on the weight of the ventral prostate, seminal vesicles, and testes of immature rats.", "content": "This study was designed to investigate the effects of pharmacologic doses of estradiol on th biologic actions of testosterone and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone when administered to immature (21 to 28 of age) male rats. The weights of the prostate, seminal vesicles, and testes were used as the indicators of androgen effects. Estradiol had no effects on the testosterone- or 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone-induced increases in prostate weight over the 12 days after the androgen injection. Estradiol acted synergistically with testosterone but not 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone on the increases in seminal vesicle weight. Estradiol had no effect, by itself, on the rate of testes growth. Both androgens resulted in a decreased rate of testicular growth and this was not infuenced by estradiol.", "contents": "Effects of androgen and estradiol administration on the weight of the ventral prostate, seminal vesicles, and testes of immature rats. This study was designed to investigate the effects of pharmacologic doses of estradiol on th biologic actions of testosterone and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone when administered to immature (21 to 28 of age) male rats. The weights of the prostate, seminal vesicles, and testes were used as the indicators of androgen effects. Estradiol had no effects on the testosterone- or 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone-induced increases in prostate weight over the 12 days after the androgen injection. Estradiol acted synergistically with testosterone but not 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone on the increases in seminal vesicle weight. Estradiol had no effect, by itself, on the rate of testes growth. Both androgens resulted in a decreased rate of testicular growth and this was not infuenced by estradiol.", "PMID": 844996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6425", "title": "Gross and radiologic anatomy of the canine kidney.", "content": "Review of medical and veterinary literature reveals no complete gross or radiologic description of the canine kidney. Yet, this organ is often the recipient of urologic investigation. Therefore, a complete gross study of this organ was carried out and the results are presented.", "contents": "Gross and radiologic anatomy of the canine kidney. Review of medical and veterinary literature reveals no complete gross or radiologic description of the canine kidney. Yet, this organ is often the recipient of urologic investigation. Therefore, a complete gross study of this organ was carried out and the results are presented.", "PMID": 844997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6426", "title": "Effects of crush and devascularizing injuries to the proximal ureter. An experimental study.", "content": "Crush and devascularizing injuries were performed on proximal canine ureters. The pathogenesis of the reaction to these injuries was evaluated by using microbiologic, physiologic, radiologic, biophysical, histologic, and anatomic techniques. The results indicated that within 12 weeks after crush injuries lasting up to 60 min, renal function fully returned and radiologic demonstration of the crush area resolved, even through other radiologic and pathologic changes persisted in hte crushed ureters. The pathophsiologic results of devascularizing injuries that did not resolve spontaneously tended to progress more rapidly and case more serious renal impairment than any of the crush injuries. Devascularizing injuries that resolved tended to be benign in their effect.", "contents": "Effects of crush and devascularizing injuries to the proximal ureter. An experimental study. Crush and devascularizing injuries were performed on proximal canine ureters. The pathogenesis of the reaction to these injuries was evaluated by using microbiologic, physiologic, radiologic, biophysical, histologic, and anatomic techniques. The results indicated that within 12 weeks after crush injuries lasting up to 60 min, renal function fully returned and radiologic demonstration of the crush area resolved, even through other radiologic and pathologic changes persisted in hte crushed ureters. The pathophsiologic results of devascularizing injuries that did not resolve spontaneously tended to progress more rapidly and case more serious renal impairment than any of the crush injuries. Devascularizing injuries that resolved tended to be benign in their effect.", "PMID": 844998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6427", "title": "Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin and dinitrochlorobenzene immunotherapy of chemically induced bladder tumors.", "content": "Immunologic incompetence is correlated with increased susceptibility to malignacy. Immunostimulation with such agents as Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) and dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) have resulted in regression of cutaneous maligancies. An evaluation of the effect of BCG and dinitrochlorobenzene sensitization and bladder irrigation in Fischer rats revealed no decrease in the incidence of bladder tumors induced by 2-formylamino-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl) thiazole (FANFT). However, direct intralesional injection of BCG into early bladder tumors was effective in preventing the progression of such tumors in seven of ten BCG-sensitized rats (P less than 0.005). No effect was seen when BCG was injected intralesionally in unsensitized rats or when control solutions were injected.", "contents": "Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin and dinitrochlorobenzene immunotherapy of chemically induced bladder tumors. Immunologic incompetence is correlated with increased susceptibility to malignacy. Immunostimulation with such agents as Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) and dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) have resulted in regression of cutaneous maligancies. An evaluation of the effect of BCG and dinitrochlorobenzene sensitization and bladder irrigation in Fischer rats revealed no decrease in the incidence of bladder tumors induced by 2-formylamino-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl) thiazole (FANFT). However, direct intralesional injection of BCG into early bladder tumors was effective in preventing the progression of such tumors in seven of ten BCG-sensitized rats (P less than 0.005). No effect was seen when BCG was injected intralesionally in unsensitized rats or when control solutions were injected.", "PMID": 844999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6428", "title": "Cryoimmunologic investigations of the rabbit kidney.", "content": "The unilateral kidneys of rabbits were frozen in situ for 3 min at --160 C with liquid nitrogen. After freezing, proteinuria was observed in a few rabbits. Passive hemagglutination and Ouchterlony double diffucion tests confirmed the presence of circulation antibodies against renal extracts in the serum. Immunofluorescent studies showed deposits of IgG along the renal glomerulus and in the mesangium. However, light microscopy results showed no change in renal glomerulus and electron microscopy results showed no depositions in the glomerular basement membrane. During 5 months after freezing of the kidney, glomerulonephritis has not occurred clinically and pathologically.", "contents": "Cryoimmunologic investigations of the rabbit kidney. The unilateral kidneys of rabbits were frozen in situ for 3 min at --160 C with liquid nitrogen. After freezing, proteinuria was observed in a few rabbits. Passive hemagglutination and Ouchterlony double diffucion tests confirmed the presence of circulation antibodies against renal extracts in the serum. Immunofluorescent studies showed deposits of IgG along the renal glomerulus and in the mesangium. However, light microscopy results showed no change in renal glomerulus and electron microscopy results showed no depositions in the glomerular basement membrane. During 5 months after freezing of the kidney, glomerulonephritis has not occurred clinically and pathologically.", "PMID": 845000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6429", "title": "Measurement of plasma contrast levels during excretory urography.", "content": "Ultraviolet spectrophotometry permits easy measurement of plasma levels of intravenously injected contrast media. The initial results are described from the determination of plasma methylglucamine iothalamate (Conray 60) levels during routine excretory urography in 10 normal patients. This simple procedure has many potential applications in the investigation of contrast media physiology.", "contents": "Measurement of plasma contrast levels during excretory urography. Ultraviolet spectrophotometry permits easy measurement of plasma levels of intravenously injected contrast media. The initial results are described from the determination of plasma methylglucamine iothalamate (Conray 60) levels during routine excretory urography in 10 normal patients. This simple procedure has many potential applications in the investigation of contrast media physiology.", "PMID": 845001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6430", "title": "Experimental basis for intraoperative calculus localization by ultrasound.", "content": "Experiments were conducted in order to prove the usefulness of ultrasound, B-Scan and A-Mode, and A-Mode alone in the localization of small (3 to 10 mm) fragments of foreign materials in renal substance. Clinical experience indicates that stone fragments as small as 3 mm can be localized intraoperatively using A-mode alone, sterilized with gas for use in a surgical field.", "contents": "Experimental basis for intraoperative calculus localization by ultrasound. Experiments were conducted in order to prove the usefulness of ultrasound, B-Scan and A-Mode, and A-Mode alone in the localization of small (3 to 10 mm) fragments of foreign materials in renal substance. Clinical experience indicates that stone fragments as small as 3 mm can be localized intraoperatively using A-mode alone, sterilized with gas for use in a surgical field.", "PMID": 845002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6431", "title": "The structure of the rabbit urinary bladder after experimental distension.", "content": "The effect of prolonged bladder distension produced by elevating intravesial pressures under controlled conditions has been examined in rabits. Bladders were distended in vivo for 3 hr and studied at selected intervals during the postoperative period using light and electron microscopic techniques. In the acute phase, the continuity of the epithelium was partially destroyed and submucosal hemorrhages and edema were evident. However, these changes rapidly resolved and speciments obtained 7 days after distension were similar to controls. Using electron microscopy, smooth muscle cells were structrually unaffected by the experimental procedure and \"junction\" regions between adjacent cells were of normal appearance throughout the postoperative period. The arrangement and fine structure of autonomic nerves amongst detrusor smooth muscle were similar to those of control samples. These findings are discussed with reference to the findings of other workers and in relation to the use of bladder distension in the treatment of human detrusor instability.", "contents": "The structure of the rabbit urinary bladder after experimental distension. The effect of prolonged bladder distension produced by elevating intravesial pressures under controlled conditions has been examined in rabits. Bladders were distended in vivo for 3 hr and studied at selected intervals during the postoperative period using light and electron microscopic techniques. In the acute phase, the continuity of the epithelium was partially destroyed and submucosal hemorrhages and edema were evident. However, these changes rapidly resolved and speciments obtained 7 days after distension were similar to controls. Using electron microscopy, smooth muscle cells were structrually unaffected by the experimental procedure and \"junction\" regions between adjacent cells were of normal appearance throughout the postoperative period. The arrangement and fine structure of autonomic nerves amongst detrusor smooth muscle were similar to those of control samples. These findings are discussed with reference to the findings of other workers and in relation to the use of bladder distension in the treatment of human detrusor instability.", "PMID": 845003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6432", "title": "The role of intrarenal angiotensin II in the hemodynamic response to unilateral obstructive uropathy.", "content": "Intrarenal infusion of Sar1-Ala8 angiotensin II(P113), a competitive antagonist of angiotensin II, failed to reverse or prevent the decreased ipsilateral renal blood flow and increased renal resistance characteristic of chronic unilateral ureteral occlusion and did not significantly alter plasma renin activity in the chronic state. Thus, angiotensin II does not appear to play a significant role in the hemodynamic response to unilateral ureteral occlusion.", "contents": "The role of intrarenal angiotensin II in the hemodynamic response to unilateral obstructive uropathy. Intrarenal infusion of Sar1-Ala8 angiotensin II(P113), a competitive antagonist of angiotensin II, failed to reverse or prevent the decreased ipsilateral renal blood flow and increased renal resistance characteristic of chronic unilateral ureteral occlusion and did not significantly alter plasma renin activity in the chronic state. Thus, angiotensin II does not appear to play a significant role in the hemodynamic response to unilateral ureteral occlusion.", "PMID": 845004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6433", "title": "Effects of prolactin on the dorsolateral lobe of the rat prostate gland.", "content": "Intact mature young rats (8 to 10 weeks old) or older rats (16 to 18 weeks old) were used to study the effects of various doses of prolactin on the dorsolateral lobes of the prostate. Prolactin (50 or 150 IU per kg) administered subcutaneously for 5 days in intact mature young rats caused increases in wet weight, protein levels, and nucleic acid levels in the dorsolateral lobes of the prostate. Similar results were obtained when rats were given injections of prolactin for a period of 10 days. When injecting only a 5 IU per kg dose of prolactin, no significant changes were evident in the tissue weight, protein levels, or nucleic acid levels of the prostate gland; however, this same dose produced increases in these biochemical parameters in the dorsolateral lobe of the prostate of older rats.", "contents": "Effects of prolactin on the dorsolateral lobe of the rat prostate gland. Intact mature young rats (8 to 10 weeks old) or older rats (16 to 18 weeks old) were used to study the effects of various doses of prolactin on the dorsolateral lobes of the prostate. Prolactin (50 or 150 IU per kg) administered subcutaneously for 5 days in intact mature young rats caused increases in wet weight, protein levels, and nucleic acid levels in the dorsolateral lobes of the prostate. Similar results were obtained when rats were given injections of prolactin for a period of 10 days. When injecting only a 5 IU per kg dose of prolactin, no significant changes were evident in the tissue weight, protein levels, or nucleic acid levels of the prostate gland; however, this same dose produced increases in these biochemical parameters in the dorsolateral lobe of the prostate of older rats.", "PMID": 845005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6434", "title": "Effect of estracyt on the rat prostate.", "content": "Two types of experiments were performed to elucidate the estrogenic effect of estracyt on the ventral and immature rats that had received injections of testosterone; then changes in weight of accessory rats and changes in weight of the total body, the ventral and the dorsolateral prostates, and adrenal gland, and changes in activities of testosterone 5alpha-reductase, alkaline phosphatase, and arginase of both lobes of the prostates were examined. In the second experiment, estracyt was injected into castrates rats and immature rats that had received injections of testosterone; then changes in weight of accessory sex organs were determined. Because similar changes were induced by treatment of animals with estradiol-17beta, it was concluded that the effect of estracyt on the prostates was most likely attributable to the estrogenic effect of the drug.", "contents": "Effect of estracyt on the rat prostate. Two types of experiments were performed to elucidate the estrogenic effect of estracyt on the ventral and immature rats that had received injections of testosterone; then changes in weight of accessory rats and changes in weight of the total body, the ventral and the dorsolateral prostates, and adrenal gland, and changes in activities of testosterone 5alpha-reductase, alkaline phosphatase, and arginase of both lobes of the prostates were examined. In the second experiment, estracyt was injected into castrates rats and immature rats that had received injections of testosterone; then changes in weight of accessory sex organs were determined. Because similar changes were induced by treatment of animals with estradiol-17beta, it was concluded that the effect of estracyt on the prostates was most likely attributable to the estrogenic effect of the drug.", "PMID": 845006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6435", "title": "[Modern aspects in the pathogenesis of urticaria with special reference to intolerance phenomena].", "content": "The chronic urticaria remains till now a \"vexing problem\" (Sheldon, 1954), because its etiopathology can be clarified only in about 20-30%. Five different immunologic mechanisms, two nonimmunologic mechanisms and two important manifestation factors are found. The physical triggering (12-17%) and the so-called aspirine/additiva provocation (26%) seem to be the most frequent causes of urticaria. Exogenic antigens are identified only in 3-8% of cases. The unspecific reaction phase of urticaria can be different too, although the degranulation of mast cells with histamine-deliberation is found very often. In hereditary urticaria and in pressure urticaria histamine-deliberation seems not to be important.", "contents": "[Modern aspects in the pathogenesis of urticaria with special reference to intolerance phenomena]. The chronic urticaria remains till now a \"vexing problem\" (Sheldon, 1954), because its etiopathology can be clarified only in about 20-30%. Five different immunologic mechanisms, two nonimmunologic mechanisms and two important manifestation factors are found. The physical triggering (12-17%) and the so-called aspirine/additiva provocation (26%) seem to be the most frequent causes of urticaria. Exogenic antigens are identified only in 3-8% of cases. The unspecific reaction phase of urticaria can be different too, although the degranulation of mast cells with histamine-deliberation is found very often. In hereditary urticaria and in pressure urticaria histamine-deliberation seems not to be important.", "PMID": 845030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6436", "title": "[Clinical picture of recurring aphthae in the mouth mucosa].", "content": "Various classifications of recurrent aphthous ulcers, their differential diagnosis, especially the herpetic ulcers of the oral mucous membranes, are discussed. The clinical and histological pictures show three variants, the minor form, the major form or periadenitis mucosa necrotica recurrens (Sutton), and the herpetiforme aphthous ulcers. Recent investigations discussing the etiology of these ulcers assume that an auto-antigen might be responsible for the immuno-pathological mechanism. This auto-antigen is supposed to be formed by the contamination of the oral mucosa with microorganisms, particularly streptococci.", "contents": "[Clinical picture of recurring aphthae in the mouth mucosa]. Various classifications of recurrent aphthous ulcers, their differential diagnosis, especially the herpetic ulcers of the oral mucous membranes, are discussed. The clinical and histological pictures show three variants, the minor form, the major form or periadenitis mucosa necrotica recurrens (Sutton), and the herpetiforme aphthous ulcers. Recent investigations discussing the etiology of these ulcers assume that an auto-antigen might be responsible for the immuno-pathological mechanism. This auto-antigen is supposed to be formed by the contamination of the oral mucosa with microorganisms, particularly streptococci.", "PMID": 845032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6437", "title": "[Transient acantholytic dermatosis (Grover)].", "content": "The clinical, histopathological, and electron microscopical characteristics of \"transient acantholytic dermatosis\" (Grover, 1971) are described. Clinically, there are papules with smooth or keratotic surfaces and sometimes papulovesicles. The lesions are mainly distributed on the trunk predominantly of male patients past the age of 40. The disease usually disappears within weeks, but rarely may be protracted. Histologically, focal changes with the epidermis of Dariertype, Hailey-Hailey-type, pemphigus (vulgaris or foliaceus)-type, or spongiotic-acantholytic type, often in combination, are found. This disease seems to be common. Its distinctiveness should be confirmed by further observations.", "contents": "[Transient acantholytic dermatosis (Grover)]. The clinical, histopathological, and electron microscopical characteristics of \"transient acantholytic dermatosis\" (Grover, 1971) are described. Clinically, there are papules with smooth or keratotic surfaces and sometimes papulovesicles. The lesions are mainly distributed on the trunk predominantly of male patients past the age of 40. The disease usually disappears within weeks, but rarely may be protracted. Histologically, focal changes with the epidermis of Dariertype, Hailey-Hailey-type, pemphigus (vulgaris or foliaceus)-type, or spongiotic-acantholytic type, often in combination, are found. This disease seems to be common. Its distinctiveness should be confirmed by further observations.", "PMID": 845033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6438", "title": "[Necroses following the use of Pyoktanin].", "content": "In a patient suffering from chronic balanitis, necrotic lesions of the glans penis and the internal part of the prepuce occurred when treated with 1% gentian violet. Necrosis after treatment with gentian violet is a rarely seen complication which should be borne in mind.", "contents": "[Necroses following the use of Pyoktanin]. In a patient suffering from chronic balanitis, necrotic lesions of the glans penis and the internal part of the prepuce occurred when treated with 1% gentian violet. Necrosis after treatment with gentian violet is a rarely seen complication which should be borne in mind.", "PMID": 845034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6439", "title": "[Skin necroses following the use of a 2-per-cent Pyoctanin solution].", "content": "The case of a child is reported in whom a circumscribed necrotic skin reaction developed in the gluteal fold after application of 2% crystal violet (Pyoktanin) in aqueous solution. Similar cases are described after topical treatment with 1% solutions of dyes. For direct application to intertriginous areas, triphenylmethane dyes should be used in lower concentrations.", "contents": "[Skin necroses following the use of a 2-per-cent Pyoctanin solution]. The case of a child is reported in whom a circumscribed necrotic skin reaction developed in the gluteal fold after application of 2% crystal violet (Pyoktanin) in aqueous solution. Similar cases are described after topical treatment with 1% solutions of dyes. For direct application to intertriginous areas, triphenylmethane dyes should be used in lower concentrations.", "PMID": 845035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6440", "title": "[Echo-6-virus as the pathogen of hand, foot and mouth exanthema].", "content": "Seven cases of typical hand-foot-mouth-disease are reported. As causative agent Echovirus Type 6 was isolated.", "contents": "[Echo-6-virus as the pathogen of hand, foot and mouth exanthema]. Seven cases of typical hand-foot-mouth-disease are reported. As causative agent Echovirus Type 6 was isolated.", "PMID": 845036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6441", "title": "Electron microscopical demonstration of adenylate cyclase activity in nervous tissue.", "content": "Adenylate cyclase (EC4.6.1.1) activity stimulated by norepinephrine and dopamine was demonstrated histochemically by electron microscopy in the cerebral cortex and caudate nucleus of the rat. The precipitating agent in the histochemical reaction was cobalt, which was shown biochemically to increase the adenylate cyclase activity. The reaction product was located in the synapses, being contiguous attached to the postsynaptic membrane. It was also located in the plasma membrane of some nerve fibers. Alloxan, the specific inhibitor of adenylate cyclase, inhibited the reaction in the cerebral cortex and caudate nucleus, and haloperidol had a somewhat similar effect in the caudate region.", "contents": "Electron microscopical demonstration of adenylate cyclase activity in nervous tissue. Adenylate cyclase (EC4.6.1.1) activity stimulated by norepinephrine and dopamine was demonstrated histochemically by electron microscopy in the cerebral cortex and caudate nucleus of the rat. The precipitating agent in the histochemical reaction was cobalt, which was shown biochemically to increase the adenylate cyclase activity. The reaction product was located in the synapses, being contiguous attached to the postsynaptic membrane. It was also located in the plasma membrane of some nerve fibers. Alloxan, the specific inhibitor of adenylate cyclase, inhibited the reaction in the cerebral cortex and caudate nucleus, and haloperidol had a somewhat similar effect in the caudate region.", "PMID": 845056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6442", "title": "Synthesis of glycoproteins in the Golgi complex of the mouse gallbladder epithelium during fasting, refeeding, and gallstone formation. A light microscopic autoradiographic and quantitative electron microscopic study.", "content": "The mouse gallbladder epithelium was studied with light microscopic autoradiography and quantitative electron microscopy during fasting, refeeding and experimental gallstone formation. To determine the intracellular pathway of glycoproteins, H3-galactose was injected at different time intervals into the mice. At 10, 25 and 40 min after an intraperitoneal injection the gallbladders were fixed and prepared for light microscopy. As early as 10 min after injection, label was observed in supranuclear cytoplasmic regions and at 25 min, an increased radioactivity was present throughout the apical cytoplasm. At 40 min, silver grains were mainly present at the cell surface. Autoradiographs processed 25 min after an intraperitoneal H3-galactose injection after fasting for 48 h showed decreased supranuclear and apical radioactivity. After refeeding (12 h) there was an enhanced activity in both these regions. Animals fed a lithogenic diet for one month showed a marked increase of radioactive label mainly in cells of crypts and invaginations of the mouse gallbaldder mucosa. Morphometric measurements of the Golgi apparatus revealed that deprivation of food significantly dimished the volume density of the Golgi apparatus. Refeeding the amimals restored the volume density values to normal levels, In the course of gallstone formation there was a further significant increase in the volume density of the Golgi complexes as compared to controls.", "contents": "Synthesis of glycoproteins in the Golgi complex of the mouse gallbladder epithelium during fasting, refeeding, and gallstone formation. A light microscopic autoradiographic and quantitative electron microscopic study. The mouse gallbladder epithelium was studied with light microscopic autoradiography and quantitative electron microscopy during fasting, refeeding and experimental gallstone formation. To determine the intracellular pathway of glycoproteins, H3-galactose was injected at different time intervals into the mice. At 10, 25 and 40 min after an intraperitoneal injection the gallbladders were fixed and prepared for light microscopy. As early as 10 min after injection, label was observed in supranuclear cytoplasmic regions and at 25 min, an increased radioactivity was present throughout the apical cytoplasm. At 40 min, silver grains were mainly present at the cell surface. Autoradiographs processed 25 min after an intraperitoneal H3-galactose injection after fasting for 48 h showed decreased supranuclear and apical radioactivity. After refeeding (12 h) there was an enhanced activity in both these regions. Animals fed a lithogenic diet for one month showed a marked increase of radioactive label mainly in cells of crypts and invaginations of the mouse gallbaldder mucosa. Morphometric measurements of the Golgi apparatus revealed that deprivation of food significantly dimished the volume density of the Golgi apparatus. Refeeding the amimals restored the volume density values to normal levels, In the course of gallstone formation there was a further significant increase in the volume density of the Golgi complexes as compared to controls.", "PMID": 845057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6443", "title": "The occurrence and localisation of heavy metals and glycogen in the earthworms Lumbricus rubellus and Dendrobaena rubida from a heavy metal site.", "content": "The lead content of whole earthworms, highest in contaminated site specimens, was significantly higher in Dendrobaena rubida than Lubricus rubellus and a species difference in zinc was also recorded. Selective feeding and differential absorption are discounted and a species difference in maximum tolerance to body lead is suggested. Copper was low in all specimens. Chloragocytes and intestinal tissue showed significantly higher lead levels in contaminated earthworms than in control material. Ultrastructurally, chloragocytes from contaminated earthworms showed electron dense flecks associated with the chroragosome peripheries and within the debis vesicles. Very fine flecks occurred in the nuclei, but mitochondria and Golgi were indistingushable from control material. Preliminary X-ray microanalysis of contaminated chloragocytes revealed lead and phosphorus. The deposits within the chloragocytes might represent unbound lead precipitated by phosphate buffer; flecks being absent from contaminated, citrate buffered material and from control material. The chloragosomes are proposed as possible sites for sequestered lead. Chloragocyte and intestinal glycogen levels were significantly higher in control material where the chloragocyte cytoplasm was rich in alpha-glycogen rosettes, these being absent from lead contaminated cells. The glycogen-lead correlation suggests that the metabolism of contaminated chloragocytes is directed towards lead sequestration, though differing nutritional states cannot be ignored.", "contents": "The occurrence and localisation of heavy metals and glycogen in the earthworms Lumbricus rubellus and Dendrobaena rubida from a heavy metal site. The lead content of whole earthworms, highest in contaminated site specimens, was significantly higher in Dendrobaena rubida than Lubricus rubellus and a species difference in zinc was also recorded. Selective feeding and differential absorption are discounted and a species difference in maximum tolerance to body lead is suggested. Copper was low in all specimens. Chloragocytes and intestinal tissue showed significantly higher lead levels in contaminated earthworms than in control material. Ultrastructurally, chloragocytes from contaminated earthworms showed electron dense flecks associated with the chroragosome peripheries and within the debis vesicles. Very fine flecks occurred in the nuclei, but mitochondria and Golgi were indistingushable from control material. Preliminary X-ray microanalysis of contaminated chloragocytes revealed lead and phosphorus. The deposits within the chloragocytes might represent unbound lead precipitated by phosphate buffer; flecks being absent from contaminated, citrate buffered material and from control material. The chloragosomes are proposed as possible sites for sequestered lead. Chloragocyte and intestinal glycogen levels were significantly higher in control material where the chloragocyte cytoplasm was rich in alpha-glycogen rosettes, these being absent from lead contaminated cells. The glycogen-lead correlation suggests that the metabolism of contaminated chloragocytes is directed towards lead sequestration, though differing nutritional states cannot be ignored.", "PMID": 845058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6444", "title": "Cholinesterase patterns in the cerebellum of reptiles.", "content": "In the cerebellum of four species belonging to the three main reptilian orders the histochemical localization of cholinesterases has been studied. The use of different substrate-inhibitor combinations permits to record the distribution patterns of acetylcholinesterase and pseudocholinesterase, mainly revealed as butyrylcholinesterase activity. From the neurological point of view it is interesting to note that acetylcholinesterase activity shows three different distribution patterns in reptilian cerebellum, thus confirming the characteristic variability previously noticed in the cerebellar cortex of other vertebrates.", "contents": "Cholinesterase patterns in the cerebellum of reptiles. In the cerebellum of four species belonging to the three main reptilian orders the histochemical localization of cholinesterases has been studied. The use of different substrate-inhibitor combinations permits to record the distribution patterns of acetylcholinesterase and pseudocholinesterase, mainly revealed as butyrylcholinesterase activity. From the neurological point of view it is interesting to note that acetylcholinesterase activity shows three different distribution patterns in reptilian cerebellum, thus confirming the characteristic variability previously noticed in the cerebellar cortex of other vertebrates.", "PMID": 845059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6445", "title": "The distribution of acetylcholinesterase in the central nervous system of web-building spiders (Arachnida, Araneae).", "content": "The distribution and activity patterns of acetylcholinesterase in the central nervous system of araneid and agelenid spiders have been studied. Enzyme activity was limited to the neuropile mass. The araneid and agelenid species investigated exhibited largely similar acetylcholinesterase activity in different parts of the nervous system. Enzyme reactions were relatively less intense in the optic ganglia; the central body showed only weak to moderate reaction stainings.", "contents": "The distribution of acetylcholinesterase in the central nervous system of web-building spiders (Arachnida, Araneae). The distribution and activity patterns of acetylcholinesterase in the central nervous system of araneid and agelenid spiders have been studied. Enzyme activity was limited to the neuropile mass. The araneid and agelenid species investigated exhibited largely similar acetylcholinesterase activity in different parts of the nervous system. Enzyme reactions were relatively less intense in the optic ganglia; the central body showed only weak to moderate reaction stainings.", "PMID": 845060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6446", "title": "[Azoindoxyl methods for the investigation of hydrolases. II. Biochemical and histochemical studies of acid beta-galactosidase (author's transl)].", "content": "The determination of various reaction constants yields the following assay for the photometric evaluation of acid beta-galactosidase (measurement of the azoindoxyl dye at 540 nm after extraction with dimethylformamide or -acetamide): 1.5 mM 5-Br-4-Cl-3-indolyl-beta-D-galactoside (1 mg dissolved in 0.05 ml dimethylformamide) and 0.01-0.015 ml hexazotized p-rosaniline/ml in 0.1 M citric acid-phosphate buffer, pH 4. By means of this procedure it becomes evident that the activity of the enzyme differs considerably in various rat organs; NaCl does not influence acid beta-galactosidase. -- Similar results were obtained with the indigogenic method; indigo can be dissolved and measured photometrically as the azoindoxyl dye. The enzyme is suppressed by high concentrations of hexazotized p-roaniline to 50%; low concentrations do not inhibit; the same is true for ferricyanide-ferrocyanide employed in the indigogenic media. -- The effect of glutar- and formaldehyde on acid beta-galactosidase cannot be investigated with the azoindoxyl reaction since the azoindoxyl dye partially withstands extraction from fixed blocks of tissue. On the basis of the biochemical findings the azoindoxyl technique can be recommended for the histochemical demonstration of acid beta-galactosidase: 7.5 mg (1.5 mM) 5-Br-4-Cl-3-indolyl-beta-D-galactoside (dissolved in 0.25 ml dimethylformamide) and 0.05-0.15 ml hexazonium-p-rosaniline in 10 ml 0.1 M citric acid-phosphate buffer, pH 4. After incubation the sections can be treated with osmium tetroxide followed by dehydration and mounting in resins or can be mounted without prior osmification of the azoindoxyl dye in glycerin jelly. The osmium chelate resists treatment with organic solvents; the stability of the chelate depends on the concentration of hexazotized p-rosaniline. After fixation in glutaraldehyde or in a mixture of form- and glutaraldehyde acid beta-galactosidase can be exactly localized in the lysosomes of many rat organs. In comparison with the indigogenic, the metal precipitation and the simultaneous azocoupling reactions for the in situ detection of acid beta-galactosidase the azoindoxyl procedure is superior if fixed material is used; it is equivalent or inferior in connection with membrane technique. The biochemical azoindoxyl assay represents a useful method for combined qualitative and quantitative studies of acid beta-galactosidase.", "contents": "[Azoindoxyl methods for the investigation of hydrolases. II. Biochemical and histochemical studies of acid beta-galactosidase (author's transl)]. The determination of various reaction constants yields the following assay for the photometric evaluation of acid beta-galactosidase (measurement of the azoindoxyl dye at 540 nm after extraction with dimethylformamide or -acetamide): 1.5 mM 5-Br-4-Cl-3-indolyl-beta-D-galactoside (1 mg dissolved in 0.05 ml dimethylformamide) and 0.01-0.015 ml hexazotized p-rosaniline/ml in 0.1 M citric acid-phosphate buffer, pH 4. By means of this procedure it becomes evident that the activity of the enzyme differs considerably in various rat organs; NaCl does not influence acid beta-galactosidase. -- Similar results were obtained with the indigogenic method; indigo can be dissolved and measured photometrically as the azoindoxyl dye. The enzyme is suppressed by high concentrations of hexazotized p-roaniline to 50%; low concentrations do not inhibit; the same is true for ferricyanide-ferrocyanide employed in the indigogenic media. -- The effect of glutar- and formaldehyde on acid beta-galactosidase cannot be investigated with the azoindoxyl reaction since the azoindoxyl dye partially withstands extraction from fixed blocks of tissue. On the basis of the biochemical findings the azoindoxyl technique can be recommended for the histochemical demonstration of acid beta-galactosidase: 7.5 mg (1.5 mM) 5-Br-4-Cl-3-indolyl-beta-D-galactoside (dissolved in 0.25 ml dimethylformamide) and 0.05-0.15 ml hexazonium-p-rosaniline in 10 ml 0.1 M citric acid-phosphate buffer, pH 4. After incubation the sections can be treated with osmium tetroxide followed by dehydration and mounting in resins or can be mounted without prior osmification of the azoindoxyl dye in glycerin jelly. The osmium chelate resists treatment with organic solvents; the stability of the chelate depends on the concentration of hexazotized p-rosaniline. After fixation in glutaraldehyde or in a mixture of form- and glutaraldehyde acid beta-galactosidase can be exactly localized in the lysosomes of many rat organs. In comparison with the indigogenic, the metal precipitation and the simultaneous azocoupling reactions for the in situ detection of acid beta-galactosidase the azoindoxyl procedure is superior if fixed material is used; it is equivalent or inferior in connection with membrane technique. The biochemical azoindoxyl assay represents a useful method for combined qualitative and quantitative studies of acid beta-galactosidase.", "PMID": 845061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6447", "title": "Enhanced susceptibility of DNA-synthesizing nuclei of epithelial cells of the intestine to acid hydrolysis.", "content": "Albino mice were injected intraperitoneally with tritiated thymidine and killed 1/2 and 30 h later. Pieces of ileum were excised and fixed. Tissue sections were hydrolyzed with 5 N HCl at 21 degrees C for 1/2, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 h, some sections remained unhydrolyzed. Both the hydrolyzed and nonhydrolyzed sections were autoradiographed. Grain counts per labelled nucleus of either cryptal (DNA-synthesizing) or villous (DNA-nonsynthesizing) cells nonhydrolyzed and hydrolyzed for various time intervals were recorded. The results indicate, that the grain count of nonhydrolyzed, labelled nuclei from cryptal cells was by 1.49 higher than that of villous cells demonstrating the rate of grain counts diminution caused by cell divisions. Hydrolysis caused a diminution of grain count of cryptal cells by approximately 15% higher than that of the grain count of villous cells.", "contents": "Enhanced susceptibility of DNA-synthesizing nuclei of epithelial cells of the intestine to acid hydrolysis. Albino mice were injected intraperitoneally with tritiated thymidine and killed 1/2 and 30 h later. Pieces of ileum were excised and fixed. Tissue sections were hydrolyzed with 5 N HCl at 21 degrees C for 1/2, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 h, some sections remained unhydrolyzed. Both the hydrolyzed and nonhydrolyzed sections were autoradiographed. Grain counts per labelled nucleus of either cryptal (DNA-synthesizing) or villous (DNA-nonsynthesizing) cells nonhydrolyzed and hydrolyzed for various time intervals were recorded. The results indicate, that the grain count of nonhydrolyzed, labelled nuclei from cryptal cells was by 1.49 higher than that of villous cells demonstrating the rate of grain counts diminution caused by cell divisions. Hydrolysis caused a diminution of grain count of cryptal cells by approximately 15% higher than that of the grain count of villous cells.", "PMID": 845062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6448", "title": "Demonstration of acetylcholinesterase by semipermeable membrane technique: estimation of soluble and fixation-labile portions in different regions of the central nervous system.", "content": "A histochemical method for the demonstration of acetylcholinesterase using semipermeable membranes is described. This technique prevents any loss of enzyme activity caused by dissolution and/or fixation. The soluble and fixation-labile portions of acetylcholinesterase were estimated in several regions of the central nervous system of the rat and differences were found. The method improves the accuracy of the histochemical demonstration of the acetylcholinesterase on the light microscopical level.", "contents": "Demonstration of acetylcholinesterase by semipermeable membrane technique: estimation of soluble and fixation-labile portions in different regions of the central nervous system. A histochemical method for the demonstration of acetylcholinesterase using semipermeable membranes is described. This technique prevents any loss of enzyme activity caused by dissolution and/or fixation. The soluble and fixation-labile portions of acetylcholinesterase were estimated in several regions of the central nervous system of the rat and differences were found. The method improves the accuracy of the histochemical demonstration of the acetylcholinesterase on the light microscopical level.", "PMID": 845063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6449", "title": "The application of the \"Lojda\" method for intestinal lactase in intestinal biopsies from jaundiced newborn infants.", "content": "A new use of the histochemical method for intestinal lactase activity is described. Peroral intestinal biopsies from newborn light-treated infants with diarrhoea were investigated for brush-border lactase. The lactase activity found in these infants by the histochemical method correlated well with the infants ability to hydrolyze lactose judged by lactose tolerance test.", "contents": "The application of the \"Lojda\" method for intestinal lactase in intestinal biopsies from jaundiced newborn infants. A new use of the histochemical method for intestinal lactase activity is described. Peroral intestinal biopsies from newborn light-treated infants with diarrhoea were investigated for brush-border lactase. The lactase activity found in these infants by the histochemical method correlated well with the infants ability to hydrolyze lactose judged by lactose tolerance test.", "PMID": 845064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6450", "title": "Effects of ethyl alcohol on the acoustic reflex threshold.", "content": "Acoustic reflex thresholds for pure tones and white nose were measured every 20 min for 4 hr after the ingestion of ethyl alcohol. The average maximum acoustic reflex threshold shift was 11 dB, occurring on the average at 100 min, and returning to base-line levesl at approximately 200 min postingestion. These data lend support to the classification of ethyl alcohol as a sedative, and should caution the clinician when interpreting acoustic reflex threshold data from persons who have ingested small amounts of alcohol.", "contents": "Effects of ethyl alcohol on the acoustic reflex threshold. Acoustic reflex thresholds for pure tones and white nose were measured every 20 min for 4 hr after the ingestion of ethyl alcohol. The average maximum acoustic reflex threshold shift was 11 dB, occurring on the average at 100 min, and returning to base-line levesl at approximately 200 min postingestion. These data lend support to the classification of ethyl alcohol as a sedative, and should caution the clinician when interpreting acoustic reflex threshold data from persons who have ingested small amounts of alcohol.", "PMID": 845066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6451", "title": "Attemps to relieve tinnitus.", "content": "The major effect here has been to present two forms of treatment which have provided relief of tinnitus for some patients. Use of a properly fitted hearing aid relieves tinnitus when that tinnitus is embedded within the frequency region of the hearing loss. When the use of a hearing aid is counterindicated, then use of the tinnitus masker can bring relief for certain kinds of tinnitus. At present the only tinnitus masker available presents a band of noise of moderate frequencies, and it is capable of relieving tinnitus in that frequency region or near it. When masking of tinnitus is effective it produces a suppresion of the tinnitus which extends beyond the duration of the masker. This is termed residual inhibition, a matter about which we need to know a great deal more. For tinnitus which is intractable to medical treatment it has become a practice to instruct the patient that he must learn to live with his affliction. It is hoped that this presentation will cast doubt upon that view, for it can be seen that there are many tinnitus sufferers for whom much can be done.", "contents": "Attemps to relieve tinnitus. The major effect here has been to present two forms of treatment which have provided relief of tinnitus for some patients. Use of a properly fitted hearing aid relieves tinnitus when that tinnitus is embedded within the frequency region of the hearing loss. When the use of a hearing aid is counterindicated, then use of the tinnitus masker can bring relief for certain kinds of tinnitus. At present the only tinnitus masker available presents a band of noise of moderate frequencies, and it is capable of relieving tinnitus in that frequency region or near it. When masking of tinnitus is effective it produces a suppresion of the tinnitus which extends beyond the duration of the masker. This is termed residual inhibition, a matter about which we need to know a great deal more. For tinnitus which is intractable to medical treatment it has become a practice to instruct the patient that he must learn to live with his affliction. It is hoped that this presentation will cast doubt upon that view, for it can be seen that there are many tinnitus sufferers for whom much can be done.", "PMID": 845067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6452", "title": "The polarity of the sexes and its decline.", "content": "The polarity of the sexes is rooted in the genic sex. The qualities which constitute masculinity and femininity are psychobiological secondary (sex) characteristics. They are epigenetic phenomena evolved from the interaction of man's biological givens with the civilization. The polarity of the sexes changes in our civilization faster than before. The potential for psychological change is in the process of identification primarily of the infants of both sexes with the mother. Socioeconomic and cultural changes bear influence on the structure of the family and promote the equalization of the sexes.", "contents": "The polarity of the sexes and its decline. The polarity of the sexes is rooted in the genic sex. The qualities which constitute masculinity and femininity are psychobiological secondary (sex) characteristics. They are epigenetic phenomena evolved from the interaction of man's biological givens with the civilization. The polarity of the sexes changes in our civilization faster than before. The potential for psychological change is in the process of identification primarily of the infants of both sexes with the mother. Socioeconomic and cultural changes bear influence on the structure of the family and promote the equalization of the sexes.", "PMID": 845074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6453", "title": "Nonlinear distortion in hearing aids: the need for reevaluation of measurement philosophy and technique.", "content": "Conventional pure-tone tests of harmonic distortion are of dubious sufficiency in expressing the nonlinear distortion (NLD) characteristics of hearing aids. This paper reviews the strategies and problems of intermodulation distortion. Spearman rank order correlations for a group of hearing aids varied widely as a result of changes in the selected frequency and/or level of input signal. Also, the reference criteria for expressing distortion was observed to contribute to the inconsistency of rank order impression. A technique is described which incorporated synthetic vowels as test signals. Hearing aid outputs were studied on a spectrum analyzer for evidence of NLD. It is argued that efforts should be directed at devising tests for hearing aids which are directed at comprehensive NLD including both harmonic distortion and intermodulation distortion.", "contents": "Nonlinear distortion in hearing aids: the need for reevaluation of measurement philosophy and technique. Conventional pure-tone tests of harmonic distortion are of dubious sufficiency in expressing the nonlinear distortion (NLD) characteristics of hearing aids. This paper reviews the strategies and problems of intermodulation distortion. Spearman rank order correlations for a group of hearing aids varied widely as a result of changes in the selected frequency and/or level of input signal. Also, the reference criteria for expressing distortion was observed to contribute to the inconsistency of rank order impression. A technique is described which incorporated synthetic vowels as test signals. Hearing aid outputs were studied on a spectrum analyzer for evidence of NLD. It is argued that efforts should be directed at devising tests for hearing aids which are directed at comprehensive NLD including both harmonic distortion and intermodulation distortion.", "PMID": 845068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6454", "title": "Periodicity pitch perception of retarded children.", "content": "In order to expand the body of information concerning auditory function in the presence of the generalized cortical dysfunction associated with severe mental retardation, the discrimination of periodicity pitch signals by nonverbal severely retarded children and adults of normal intelligence was examined using an operant conditioning adaptation of the psychophysical method of constant stimulus differences. The periodicity pitch difference limens (DLs) based on changes in repetition rate were compared with frequency DLs obtained from low (150 Hz) and high frequency (2200 Hz) sinusoids. Periodicity pitch signals were generated by gating a 2200-Hz sinusoid over a range from 141 to 159 pulses per sec and passing the signals through a narrow band-pass filter to ensure no low frequency energy was present. The DLs (75% correct discriminations) were computed from the three types of discrimination performance curves. Standard errors of the means were small and retarded subjects showed good test-retest reliability. The results indicated that the simple and complex pitch discrimination abilities for both normal and retarded subjects were similar.", "contents": "Periodicity pitch perception of retarded children. In order to expand the body of information concerning auditory function in the presence of the generalized cortical dysfunction associated with severe mental retardation, the discrimination of periodicity pitch signals by nonverbal severely retarded children and adults of normal intelligence was examined using an operant conditioning adaptation of the psychophysical method of constant stimulus differences. The periodicity pitch difference limens (DLs) based on changes in repetition rate were compared with frequency DLs obtained from low (150 Hz) and high frequency (2200 Hz) sinusoids. Periodicity pitch signals were generated by gating a 2200-Hz sinusoid over a range from 141 to 159 pulses per sec and passing the signals through a narrow band-pass filter to ensure no low frequency energy was present. The DLs (75% correct discriminations) were computed from the three types of discrimination performance curves. Standard errors of the means were small and retarded subjects showed good test-retest reliability. The results indicated that the simple and complex pitch discrimination abilities for both normal and retarded subjects were similar.", "PMID": 845069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6455", "title": "Reliability of the Tillman-Olsen procedure for determination of spondee threshold using recorded and live voice presentations.", "content": "This study investigated the reliability of the Tillman-Olsen procedure for establishing the spondee threshold (ST). Monitored live voice (MLV) and the Auditec of St. Louis recordings of the Central Institute for the Deaf spondees were used as stimuli. Ninety-five percent of 96 normal hearing subjects had test-retest STs within 5 dB and no subject varied more than 8 dB. Although these results represent good short term reliability for the Tillman-Olsen procedure, repeatability is no better than that produced by other procedures. Thresholds obtained by MLV  were as reliable as the recorded spondees. It was concluded that recorded spondees offer no advantages over MLV testing for the experienced clinician. The recorded presentation gave STs that are very close to the normative value for speech specified by ANSl-1969. Live voice testing showed STs 4.7 dB better than when the Auditec recordings were used.", "contents": "Reliability of the Tillman-Olsen procedure for determination of spondee threshold using recorded and live voice presentations. This study investigated the reliability of the Tillman-Olsen procedure for establishing the spondee threshold (ST). Monitored live voice (MLV) and the Auditec of St. Louis recordings of the Central Institute for the Deaf spondees were used as stimuli. Ninety-five percent of 96 normal hearing subjects had test-retest STs within 5 dB and no subject varied more than 8 dB. Although these results represent good short term reliability for the Tillman-Olsen procedure, repeatability is no better than that produced by other procedures. Thresholds obtained by MLV  were as reliable as the recorded spondees. It was concluded that recorded spondees offer no advantages over MLV testing for the experienced clinician. The recorded presentation gave STs that are very close to the normative value for speech specified by ANSl-1969. Live voice testing showed STs 4.7 dB better than when the Auditec recordings were used.", "PMID": 845071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6456", "title": "Occlusion effect in bone conduction pure tone and speech audiometry.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted to determine the occlusion effect (OE) for pure tone and spondee stimuli. Results of experiment I using mastoid placement and unilateral occlusion yielded a mean OE for bone conduction speech reception thresholds of 4.67 dB, which was in agreement with the average OEs of 0.50, 1.0 and 2.0 kHz, or simply the same as the OE for 1.0 kHz. However, the magnitude of the observed OEs for test frequencies of 0.25 to 4.0 kHz was considerably less than the OEs reported in previous investigations. In an attempt to explain this discrepancy, experiment II used unilateral and bilateral occlusion with mastoid and forehead placement for pure tone stimuli. Significant differences (p less than 0.05) were found between OEs obtained with mastoid versus forehead placement and for unilateral versus bilateral occlusion.", "contents": "Occlusion effect in bone conduction pure tone and speech audiometry. Two experiments were conducted to determine the occlusion effect (OE) for pure tone and spondee stimuli. Results of experiment I using mastoid placement and unilateral occlusion yielded a mean OE for bone conduction speech reception thresholds of 4.67 dB, which was in agreement with the average OEs of 0.50, 1.0 and 2.0 kHz, or simply the same as the OE for 1.0 kHz. However, the magnitude of the observed OEs for test frequencies of 0.25 to 4.0 kHz was considerably less than the OEs reported in previous investigations. In an attempt to explain this discrepancy, experiment II used unilateral and bilateral occlusion with mastoid and forehead placement for pure tone stimuli. Significant differences (p less than 0.05) were found between OEs obtained with mastoid versus forehead placement and for unilateral versus bilateral occlusion.", "PMID": 845070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6457", "title": "Cold hemagglutinin disease in a dog.", "content": "Cold hemagglutinin disease, a form of autoimmune hemolytic anemia caused by cold-acting erythrocyte autoantibodies, was diagnosed in a dog. Cold-acting antibodies differ from warm-acting antibodies in several ways, including temperature-dependent reactivity below 32 C. The autoantibody in this case (immunoglobulin M) was in the serum in higher than normal concentrations and was reactive at temperatures approaching freezing. The course of the disease was chronic and was characterized by cyanosis and necrosis of the body extremities. Immunosuppressive therapy with corticosteroids was successful in alleviating the clinical signs and reducing the autoantibody activity in the dog. The cause of this disorder was not determined.", "contents": "Cold hemagglutinin disease in a dog. Cold hemagglutinin disease, a form of autoimmune hemolytic anemia caused by cold-acting erythrocyte autoantibodies, was diagnosed in a dog. Cold-acting antibodies differ from warm-acting antibodies in several ways, including temperature-dependent reactivity below 32 C. The autoantibody in this case (immunoglobulin M) was in the serum in higher than normal concentrations and was reactive at temperatures approaching freezing. The course of the disease was chronic and was characterized by cyanosis and necrosis of the body extremities. Immunosuppressive therapy with corticosteroids was successful in alleviating the clinical signs and reducing the autoantibody activity in the dog. The cause of this disorder was not determined.", "PMID": 845080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6458", "title": "Heatstroke in the dog: a polysystemic disorder.", "content": "The early stages of heatstroke in 3 dogs were characterized by hyperthermia, hyperpnea, tachycardia, depression, vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration. Laboratory signs of hepatocyte degeneration and necrosis were detected. Clinical and laboratory changes characteristic of acute primary renal failure developed several days after overheating. After symptomatic and supportive therapy, 2 of the dogs regained a sufficient degree of renal function to cause remission of signs of renal failure.", "contents": "Heatstroke in the dog: a polysystemic disorder. The early stages of heatstroke in 3 dogs were characterized by hyperthermia, hyperpnea, tachycardia, depression, vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration. Laboratory signs of hepatocyte degeneration and necrosis were detected. Clinical and laboratory changes characteristic of acute primary renal failure developed several days after overheating. After symptomatic and supportive therapy, 2 of the dogs regained a sufficient degree of renal function to cause remission of signs of renal failure.", "PMID": 845081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6459", "title": "Effect of prostaglandin F2alpha-THAM in the bitch.", "content": "The subcutaneous median lethal dosage for prostaglandin F2alpha for the Beagle bitch was determined to be 5.13 mg/kg, using a sequential experimental design. Clinical signs and gross and histologic findings were consistent with a diagnosis of shock syndrome. It was concluded that prostaglandin F2alpha could be used to develop a pharmacologically controlled shock model.", "contents": "Effect of prostaglandin F2alpha-THAM in the bitch. The subcutaneous median lethal dosage for prostaglandin F2alpha for the Beagle bitch was determined to be 5.13 mg/kg, using a sequential experimental design. Clinical signs and gross and histologic findings were consistent with a diagnosis of shock syndrome. It was concluded that prostaglandin F2alpha could be used to develop a pharmacologically controlled shock model.", "PMID": 845082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6460", "title": "Research on the difference between generalization and maintenance in extra-therapy responding.", "content": "Many authors have reported that the development of programs for producing durable extra-therapy responding lags behind the development of programs for producing initial behavior change. In Experiment I, responding was recorded continuously in both the therapy and extra-therapy settings. The results showed that one child did not generalize to the extra-therapy setting, but that other children did. However, for the children who generalized, extra-therapy responding was not maintained. Therfore, in Experiment II two variables affecting the durability of extra-therapy responding were assessed and found to be influential: (a) the use of partial reinforcement schedules in the original treatment environment; and (b) the presence of noncontingent reinforcers in the extra-therapy environment. The results suggest that there are two distinct parameters of extra-therapy responding: generalization and maintenance. A technology for producing durable extra-therapy responding is discussed in terms of different treatment procedures required for different deficits in extra-therapy responding.", "contents": "Research on the difference between generalization and maintenance in extra-therapy responding. Many authors have reported that the development of programs for producing durable extra-therapy responding lags behind the development of programs for producing initial behavior change. In Experiment I, responding was recorded continuously in both the therapy and extra-therapy settings. The results showed that one child did not generalize to the extra-therapy setting, but that other children did. However, for the children who generalized, extra-therapy responding was not maintained. Therfore, in Experiment II two variables affecting the durability of extra-therapy responding were assessed and found to be influential: (a) the use of partial reinforcement schedules in the original treatment environment; and (b) the presence of noncontingent reinforcers in the extra-therapy environment. The results suggest that there are two distinct parameters of extra-therapy responding: generalization and maintenance. A technology for producing durable extra-therapy responding is discussed in terms of different treatment procedures required for different deficits in extra-therapy responding.", "PMID": 845096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6461", "title": "Comparing treatment tactics with a hyperactive preschool child: stimulant medication and programmed teacher intervention.", "content": "Two treatment tactics, food and praise contingent on appropriate play and varying doses of methylphenidate (Ritalin), were evaluated for their effects on a preschool child's activity changes. In addition, other social, verbal, and academic behaviors were monitored to examine possible side effects of the two treatment tactics. Fewer free-play activity changes occurred during contingent reinforcement phases while medication had variable effects: increasing attention to tasks but, at higher doses, decreasing intelligibility of speech and responsiveness to mands. The study outlines a replicable model for comparing medication with alternative behavioral strategies to control hyperactivity and enhance skill development.", "contents": "Comparing treatment tactics with a hyperactive preschool child: stimulant medication and programmed teacher intervention. Two treatment tactics, food and praise contingent on appropriate play and varying doses of methylphenidate (Ritalin), were evaluated for their effects on a preschool child's activity changes. In addition, other social, verbal, and academic behaviors were monitored to examine possible side effects of the two treatment tactics. Fewer free-play activity changes occurred during contingent reinforcement phases while medication had variable effects: increasing attention to tasks but, at higher doses, decreasing intelligibility of speech and responsiveness to mands. The study outlines a replicable model for comparing medication with alternative behavioral strategies to control hyperactivity and enhance skill development.", "PMID": 845097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6462", "title": "Teaching children appropriate shopping behavior through parent training in the supermarket setting.", "content": "The shopping behavior of three elementary school-age boys was analyzed and parent-child interactions assessed for one boy and his mother. Estimates of parent of consumer satisfaction with child shopping behavior were also obtained. The effects of a parent-mediated treatment package on child behavior were assessed using a multiple-baseline design. Treatment produced significant increases in appropriate shopping behavior in all three children and parents became increasingly satisfied with improved child behavior. Analysis of data for one mother also revealed that her manner of interacting with her child became more positive.", "contents": "Teaching children appropriate shopping behavior through parent training in the supermarket setting. The shopping behavior of three elementary school-age boys was analyzed and parent-child interactions assessed for one boy and his mother. Estimates of parent of consumer satisfaction with child shopping behavior were also obtained. The effects of a parent-mediated treatment package on child behavior were assessed using a multiple-baseline design. Treatment produced significant increases in appropriate shopping behavior in all three children and parents became increasingly satisfied with improved child behavior. Analysis of data for one mother also revealed that her manner of interacting with her child became more positive.", "PMID": 845098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6463", "title": "The effects of modelling on the contingent praise of mental retardation counsellors.", "content": "A multiple-baseline design was used to evaluate the effects of a simple modelling procedure on the contingent praise of five counsellors while they conducted hygiene-training sessions in toothbrushing and hand-and-face washing with severely retarded children. After varying numbers of baseline sessions, each counsellor watched a model who conducted a series of toothbrushing sessions, in which he conspicuously praised correct toothbrushing responses and approximations to correct responses. No modelling occurred during hand-and-face washing sessions. As a result of several exposures to the model's performance, levels of response-contingent praise provided by four of the five counsellors during toothbrushing sessions increased sharply over baseline. The levels of counsellor praise showed parallel increases during hand-and-face washing sessions. A two-week followup showed that the levels of praise obtained through modelling were maintained in the model's absence.", "contents": "The effects of modelling on the contingent praise of mental retardation counsellors. A multiple-baseline design was used to evaluate the effects of a simple modelling procedure on the contingent praise of five counsellors while they conducted hygiene-training sessions in toothbrushing and hand-and-face washing with severely retarded children. After varying numbers of baseline sessions, each counsellor watched a model who conducted a series of toothbrushing sessions, in which he conspicuously praised correct toothbrushing responses and approximations to correct responses. No modelling occurred during hand-and-face washing sessions. As a result of several exposures to the model's performance, levels of response-contingent praise provided by four of the five counsellors during toothbrushing sessions increased sharply over baseline. The levels of counsellor praise showed parallel increases during hand-and-face washing sessions. A two-week followup showed that the levels of praise obtained through modelling were maintained in the model's absence.", "PMID": 845099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6464", "title": "Teaching coin equivalence to the mentally retarded.", "content": "A program was designed to teach coin equivalence to mentally retarded adolescents. Coin equivalence was defined as choosing several different combinations of coins to equal specified target values. A pretest-posttest matched-groups design was employed with an experimental group receiving the monetary training, and a no-training control group. A multiple baseline across coin-counting responses was also incorporated in the experimental group. Training was divided into six stages, each teaching one specific method of combining coins to equal 10 target values from 5 cents through 50 cents. A three-component response chain was used, requiring (a) naming, (b) selecting and counting, and (c) depositing target monetary values into a coin machine. Experimental subjects improved significantly in coin equivalence performance and maintained their skill on follow up tests; control subjects did not.", "contents": "Teaching coin equivalence to the mentally retarded. A program was designed to teach coin equivalence to mentally retarded adolescents. Coin equivalence was defined as choosing several different combinations of coins to equal specified target values. A pretest-posttest matched-groups design was employed with an experimental group receiving the monetary training, and a no-training control group. A multiple baseline across coin-counting responses was also incorporated in the experimental group. Training was divided into six stages, each teaching one specific method of combining coins to equal 10 target values from 5 cents through 50 cents. A three-component response chain was used, requiring (a) naming, (b) selecting and counting, and (c) depositing target monetary values into a coin machine. Experimental subjects improved significantly in coin equivalence performance and maintained their skill on follow up tests; control subjects did not.", "PMID": 845100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6465", "title": "Significance and taxonomic value of iso and anteiso monoenoic fatty acids and branded beta-hydroxy acids in Desulfovibrio desulfuricans.", "content": "The fatty acids obtained from extractable lipids of the anaerobic sulfate bacterium Desulfovibrio desulfuricans were identified. Saturated and monoenoic iso (C15-C19) and anteiso (C15, C17) fatty acids and saturated normal (C14-C18) and monoenoic normal (C16, C18) fatty acids were shown to be shown to be present by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Iso and anteiso beta-hydroxy fatty acids were analyzed as trimethylsilyl ethers in the same way. The position of methyl branches in the monoenoic fatty acids was determined from characteristic fragment ions in the mass spectra of their methyl esters. Disilyloxy methyl esters, prepared by derivatization of the mono unsaturated methyl esters and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, provided the position of double bonds. The monoenoic fatty acids identified in this way were normal (delta7-C16:1, delta9-C16:1, delta9-C18:1, delta11-C18:1), iso (delta7-C15:1, delta9-C16:1, delta9-C17:1, delta11-C18:1, delta11-C19:1), and anteiso (delta7-C15:1, delta9-C17:1). Iso delta9-C17:1 fatty acid is present as the major component. The occurrence of these monoenoic fatty acids in this bacterium is of taxonomical importance.", "contents": "Significance and taxonomic value of iso and anteiso monoenoic fatty acids and branded beta-hydroxy acids in Desulfovibrio desulfuricans. The fatty acids obtained from extractable lipids of the anaerobic sulfate bacterium Desulfovibrio desulfuricans were identified. Saturated and monoenoic iso (C15-C19) and anteiso (C15, C17) fatty acids and saturated normal (C14-C18) and monoenoic normal (C16, C18) fatty acids were shown to be shown to be present by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Iso and anteiso beta-hydroxy fatty acids were analyzed as trimethylsilyl ethers in the same way. The position of methyl branches in the monoenoic fatty acids was determined from characteristic fragment ions in the mass spectra of their methyl esters. Disilyloxy methyl esters, prepared by derivatization of the mono unsaturated methyl esters and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, provided the position of double bonds. The monoenoic fatty acids identified in this way were normal (delta7-C16:1, delta9-C16:1, delta9-C18:1, delta11-C18:1), iso (delta7-C15:1, delta9-C16:1, delta9-C17:1, delta11-C18:1, delta11-C19:1), and anteiso (delta7-C15:1, delta9-C17:1). Iso delta9-C17:1 fatty acid is present as the major component. The occurrence of these monoenoic fatty acids in this bacterium is of taxonomical importance.", "PMID": 845113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6466", "title": "Chromosome replication in Caulobacter crescentus growing in a nutrient broth.", "content": "The pattern of chromosome replication in the Caulobacter crescentus cell cycle was studied by examining the rate of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis during synchronous growth in a fast-growth nutrient broth. As reported previously for the cell cycle in a slow-growth minimal medium (Degnen and Newton, 1972), the Caulobacter cell cycle (at the fastest available growth rate) in nutrient broth consisted of three distinct periods in terms of DNA synthetic activity. The swarmer-cell cycle consisted of a presynthetic period (G1), synthetic period (S), and postsynthetic period (G2) of 30, 50, and 35 min, respectively, whereas the stalked-cell cycle consisted of S and G2 periods of 50 and 35 min, respectively. Synchronously growing cells in the nutrient broth were stained to visualize nuclear bodies. Two nuclear bodies could be discerned in both swarmer and stalked cells, and four could be discerned in predivisional cells. DNA content per cell was determined chemically and found to be about the same in swarmer and stalked cells; it was equivalent to roughly twice the value expected from the kinetic complexity reported previously (Wood et al., 1976) for Caulobacter DNA.", "contents": "Chromosome replication in Caulobacter crescentus growing in a nutrient broth. The pattern of chromosome replication in the Caulobacter crescentus cell cycle was studied by examining the rate of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis during synchronous growth in a fast-growth nutrient broth. As reported previously for the cell cycle in a slow-growth minimal medium (Degnen and Newton, 1972), the Caulobacter cell cycle (at the fastest available growth rate) in nutrient broth consisted of three distinct periods in terms of DNA synthetic activity. The swarmer-cell cycle consisted of a presynthetic period (G1), synthetic period (S), and postsynthetic period (G2) of 30, 50, and 35 min, respectively, whereas the stalked-cell cycle consisted of S and G2 periods of 50 and 35 min, respectively. Synchronously growing cells in the nutrient broth were stained to visualize nuclear bodies. Two nuclear bodies could be discerned in both swarmer and stalked cells, and four could be discerned in predivisional cells. DNA content per cell was determined chemically and found to be about the same in swarmer and stalked cells; it was equivalent to roughly twice the value expected from the kinetic complexity reported previously (Wood et al., 1976) for Caulobacter DNA.", "PMID": 845114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6467", "title": "Formation and function of Vibrio parahaemolyticus lateral flagella.", "content": "Formation of the lateral flagella (L-flagella) of Vibrio parahaemolyticus was studied immunologically, using specific antiserum against L-flagella. On solid medium, L-flagella were formed at both high (37 degrees C) and low (25 degrees C) temperatures, although at high temperatures they became dissociated from the cells and decomposed in the medium. L-flagella were not formed in liquid or soft-agar medium. Formation of L-flagella was decreased by lowering the pH of the medium and repressed by transferring the cells from solid medium to liquid medium. Mutants possessing L-flagella but not a polar monotrichous flagellum (M-flagellum) swarmed on solid medium, whereas mutants were grown on solid medium and then transfered to liquid medium, the cells oscillated until they lost L-flagella. It is postulated that L-flagella are locomotive organelles on solid medium and in some cases also in liquid medium, whereas M-flagella are locomotive organelles only in liquid medium.", "contents": "Formation and function of Vibrio parahaemolyticus lateral flagella. Formation of the lateral flagella (L-flagella) of Vibrio parahaemolyticus was studied immunologically, using specific antiserum against L-flagella. On solid medium, L-flagella were formed at both high (37 degrees C) and low (25 degrees C) temperatures, although at high temperatures they became dissociated from the cells and decomposed in the medium. L-flagella were not formed in liquid or soft-agar medium. Formation of L-flagella was decreased by lowering the pH of the medium and repressed by transferring the cells from solid medium to liquid medium. Mutants possessing L-flagella but not a polar monotrichous flagellum (M-flagellum) swarmed on solid medium, whereas mutants were grown on solid medium and then transfered to liquid medium, the cells oscillated until they lost L-flagella. It is postulated that L-flagella are locomotive organelles on solid medium and in some cases also in liquid medium, whereas M-flagella are locomotive organelles only in liquid medium.", "PMID": 845115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6468", "title": "Production and some properties of catalase and superoxide dismutase from the anaerobe Bacteroides distasonis.", "content": "The catalase level of Bacteroides distasonis (ATCC 8503, type strain) varied with the amount of hemin supplied to the medium when the cells were grown in either a prereduced medium containing 0.5% peptone, 0.5% yeast extract, and 1% glucose or in a prereduced, defined heme-deficient medium. The effect of hemin on catalase production could not be duplicated by ferrous sulfate or ferrous ammonium citrate. Catalase activity reached peak values in late log phase, whereas superoxide dismutase specific activity remained constant throughout the culture growth cycle. The catalase was a nondialyzable, cyanide and azide-sensitive, heat-labile protein that coeluted with bovine erythrocyte catalase from Sepharose 6 B. Analysis of polyacrylamide gels stained for catalase activity and for heme showed a correspondence between the single catalytic activity band and one of three heme-protein bands. These data suggest a heme-protein of approximately 250,000 molecular weight. The superoxide dismutase was a cyanide-insensitive protein of approximately 40,000 molecular weight that migrated electrophoretically on acrylamide gels as a single band of activity.", "contents": "Production and some properties of catalase and superoxide dismutase from the anaerobe Bacteroides distasonis. The catalase level of Bacteroides distasonis (ATCC 8503, type strain) varied with the amount of hemin supplied to the medium when the cells were grown in either a prereduced medium containing 0.5% peptone, 0.5% yeast extract, and 1% glucose or in a prereduced, defined heme-deficient medium. The effect of hemin on catalase production could not be duplicated by ferrous sulfate or ferrous ammonium citrate. Catalase activity reached peak values in late log phase, whereas superoxide dismutase specific activity remained constant throughout the culture growth cycle. The catalase was a nondialyzable, cyanide and azide-sensitive, heat-labile protein that coeluted with bovine erythrocyte catalase from Sepharose 6 B. Analysis of polyacrylamide gels stained for catalase activity and for heme showed a correspondence between the single catalytic activity band and one of three heme-protein bands. These data suggest a heme-protein of approximately 250,000 molecular weight. The superoxide dismutase was a cyanide-insensitive protein of approximately 40,000 molecular weight that migrated electrophoretically on acrylamide gels as a single band of activity.", "PMID": 845116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6469", "title": "p-cymene pathway in Pseudomonas putida: initial reactions.", "content": "Initial reactions of the p-cymene pathway induced in Pseudomonas putida PL have been reinvestigated. Oxidation of the methyl group attached to the nucleus occurs in three steps to give p-cumic acid. The substrate for the ring cleavage of 2,3-dihydroxy-p-cumate is formed from p-cumate in two reactions via a dihydrodiol intermediate (2,3-dihydroxy-4-isopropylcyclohexa-4,6-dienoate) and not as previously postulated via 3-hydroxy-p-cumate. There are three pieces of evidence for the physiological role of the dihydrodiol intermediate. (i) a mutant of P. putida PL-pT-11/43, which is unable to grow with p-cumate, accumulates a compound from p-cumate, which was identified as 2,3-dihydroxy-4-isopropylcyclohexa-4,6-dienoate. (II) This metabolite is enzymically oxidized by a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent dehydrogenase that is present in crude extracts of the wild type and a revertant strain (PL-pT-11/43-R1) but not in the mutant. (iii) 3-Hydroxy-p-cumate does not support growth of P . putida PL-W, and it is not oxidized by cells or extracts. 3-Hydroxy-p-cumate was readily isolated as before from culture supernatants, due to its ready formation from the dihydrodiol in acid solution. Mass spectral analysis of the dihydrodiol accumulated in 18O2-enriched atmospheres showed that both hydroxyl atoms are derived from the same molecule of O2. The formation and absorbance maxima of dihydrodiols that accumulated during the growth of the mutant PL-pT-11/43 in the presence of various benzoates (or toluenes) that have substituents at the carbon 4 atom also is reported.", "contents": "p-cymene pathway in Pseudomonas putida: initial reactions. Initial reactions of the p-cymene pathway induced in Pseudomonas putida PL have been reinvestigated. Oxidation of the methyl group attached to the nucleus occurs in three steps to give p-cumic acid. The substrate for the ring cleavage of 2,3-dihydroxy-p-cumate is formed from p-cumate in two reactions via a dihydrodiol intermediate (2,3-dihydroxy-4-isopropylcyclohexa-4,6-dienoate) and not as previously postulated via 3-hydroxy-p-cumate. There are three pieces of evidence for the physiological role of the dihydrodiol intermediate. (i) a mutant of P. putida PL-pT-11/43, which is unable to grow with p-cumate, accumulates a compound from p-cumate, which was identified as 2,3-dihydroxy-4-isopropylcyclohexa-4,6-dienoate. (II) This metabolite is enzymically oxidized by a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent dehydrogenase that is present in crude extracts of the wild type and a revertant strain (PL-pT-11/43-R1) but not in the mutant. (iii) 3-Hydroxy-p-cumate does not support growth of P . putida PL-W, and it is not oxidized by cells or extracts. 3-Hydroxy-p-cumate was readily isolated as before from culture supernatants, due to its ready formation from the dihydrodiol in acid solution. Mass spectral analysis of the dihydrodiol accumulated in 18O2-enriched atmospheres showed that both hydroxyl atoms are derived from the same molecule of O2. The formation and absorbance maxima of dihydrodiols that accumulated during the growth of the mutant PL-pT-11/43 in the presence of various benzoates (or toluenes) that have substituents at the carbon 4 atom also is reported.", "PMID": 845117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6470", "title": "p-Cymene pathway in Pseudomonas putida: ring cleavage of 2,3-dihydroxy-p-cumate and subsequent reactions.", "content": "It was confirmed that 2,3-dihydroxy-p-cumate is a substrate for ring cleavage in Pseudomonas putida PL-W after growth with p-cymene or p-cumate. This compound was oxidized to pyruvate, acetaldehyde, isobutyrate, and carbon dioxide by extracts of cells, and these products appear in equimolar amounts. The transient appearance of compounds and 2,3-dihydroxy-p-cumate to a yellow intermediate (lambda max, 345 nm) without decarboxylation. Extracts of the benzene nucleus; this is followed by decarboxylation to give the 393-nm species, which gives rise to isobutyrate, acetaldehyde, and pyruvate by the hydrolytic route of meta cleavage of catechols, via 4-hydroxy-2-oxovalerate. This was confirmed with a mutant of P. putida PL-RF-1 that was unable to grow with p-cymene (or p-cumate) but was able to oxidize both compounds AND 2,3-DIHYDROXY-P-CUMATE TO A YELLOW  INTERMEDIATE (LAMBDA MAX, 345 NM) WITHOUT DECARBOXYLATION. Extrats of P. putida PL-W (wild type) or a revertant of the mutant PL-RF-1 catalyzed the decarboxlation of the 345-nm intermediate with transient formation of the compound that absorbed at 393 nm. The substrate specificities of the 3,4-dioxygenative ring cleavage enzyme, and the decarboxylase were determined in crude extracts of P. putida PL-W and Pseudomonas fluorescens 007. It was conclude that 3,4-dioxygenative cleavage and decarboxylation are sequential enzyme-catalyzed reactions common to both P. putida and P. fluorescens for the oxidation of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoates. Unlike P. putida PL-W, which exclusively use the hydrolase branch, P. fluorescens 007 uses the dehydrogenase branch of the meta pathways that diverge after ring cleavage and later converge at oxoenate intermediates.", "contents": "p-Cymene pathway in Pseudomonas putida: ring cleavage of 2,3-dihydroxy-p-cumate and subsequent reactions. It was confirmed that 2,3-dihydroxy-p-cumate is a substrate for ring cleavage in Pseudomonas putida PL-W after growth with p-cymene or p-cumate. This compound was oxidized to pyruvate, acetaldehyde, isobutyrate, and carbon dioxide by extracts of cells, and these products appear in equimolar amounts. The transient appearance of compounds and 2,3-dihydroxy-p-cumate to a yellow intermediate (lambda max, 345 nm) without decarboxylation. Extracts of the benzene nucleus; this is followed by decarboxylation to give the 393-nm species, which gives rise to isobutyrate, acetaldehyde, and pyruvate by the hydrolytic route of meta cleavage of catechols, via 4-hydroxy-2-oxovalerate. This was confirmed with a mutant of P. putida PL-RF-1 that was unable to grow with p-cymene (or p-cumate) but was able to oxidize both compounds AND 2,3-DIHYDROXY-P-CUMATE TO A YELLOW  INTERMEDIATE (LAMBDA MAX, 345 NM) WITHOUT DECARBOXYLATION. Extrats of P. putida PL-W (wild type) or a revertant of the mutant PL-RF-1 catalyzed the decarboxlation of the 345-nm intermediate with transient formation of the compound that absorbed at 393 nm. The substrate specificities of the 3,4-dioxygenative ring cleavage enzyme, and the decarboxylase were determined in crude extracts of P. putida PL-W and Pseudomonas fluorescens 007. It was conclude that 3,4-dioxygenative cleavage and decarboxylation are sequential enzyme-catalyzed reactions common to both P. putida and P. fluorescens for the oxidation of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoates. Unlike P. putida PL-W, which exclusively use the hydrolase branch, P. fluorescens 007 uses the dehydrogenase branch of the meta pathways that diverge after ring cleavage and later converge at oxoenate intermediates.", "PMID": 845118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6471", "title": "Purification and properties of L-glutaminase-L-asparaginase from Pseudomonas acidovorans.", "content": "An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of both glutamine and asparagine has been purified to homogeneity from extracts of Pseudomonas acidovorans. The enzyme having a ratio of glutaminase to asparaginase of 1.45:1.0 can be purified by a relatively simple procedure and is stable upon storage. The glutaminase-asparaginase has a relatively high affinity for L-asparagine (Km=1.5 X 10(-5) M) and L-glutamine (Km=2.2 X 10(-5) M) and has a molecular weight of approximately 156,000 the subunit molecular weight being approximately 39,000. Injections of the enzyme produced only slight increases in the survival time of C3H/HE mice carrying the asparagine-requiring 6C2HED Gardner lymphoma and of white Swiss mice carrying the glutamine-requiring Ehrlich lymphoma.", "contents": "Purification and properties of L-glutaminase-L-asparaginase from Pseudomonas acidovorans. An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of both glutamine and asparagine has been purified to homogeneity from extracts of Pseudomonas acidovorans. The enzyme having a ratio of glutaminase to asparaginase of 1.45:1.0 can be purified by a relatively simple procedure and is stable upon storage. The glutaminase-asparaginase has a relatively high affinity for L-asparagine (Km=1.5 X 10(-5) M) and L-glutamine (Km=2.2 X 10(-5) M) and has a molecular weight of approximately 156,000 the subunit molecular weight being approximately 39,000. Injections of the enzyme produced only slight increases in the survival time of C3H/HE mice carrying the asparagine-requiring 6C2HED Gardner lymphoma and of white Swiss mice carrying the glutamine-requiring Ehrlich lymphoma.", "PMID": 845119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6472", "title": "Host cell and ultraviolet reactivation of ultraviolet-irradiated Mycoplasmaviruses.", "content": "The mycoplasma Acholeplasma laidlawii was shown to have mechanisms for both host cell and ultraviolet (UV) reactivation of UV-irradiated mycoplasmaviruses. Host cell reactivation was examined by comparing the survival abilities of UV-irradiated double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid mycoplasmavirus plated on both untreated and on acriflavine-treated cells. Acriflavine treatment inhibited cell exision repair. Decreased survival on the acriflavine-treated cells demonstrated host cell reactivation. UV reactivation was studied by comparing the survival of UV-irradiated virus plated on untreated cells with its survival on cells that received a small UV dose before plating. The UV-irradiated cells gave increased virus survival, showing UV reactivation. Similar experiments with a single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid mycoplasmavirus showed that this virus could be UV reactivated, but not host cell reactivated.", "contents": "Host cell and ultraviolet reactivation of ultraviolet-irradiated Mycoplasmaviruses. The mycoplasma Acholeplasma laidlawii was shown to have mechanisms for both host cell and ultraviolet (UV) reactivation of UV-irradiated mycoplasmaviruses. Host cell reactivation was examined by comparing the survival abilities of UV-irradiated double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid mycoplasmavirus plated on both untreated and on acriflavine-treated cells. Acriflavine treatment inhibited cell exision repair. Decreased survival on the acriflavine-treated cells demonstrated host cell reactivation. UV reactivation was studied by comparing the survival of UV-irradiated virus plated on untreated cells with its survival on cells that received a small UV dose before plating. The UV-irradiated cells gave increased virus survival, showing UV reactivation. Similar experiments with a single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid mycoplasmavirus showed that this virus could be UV reactivated, but not host cell reactivated.", "PMID": 845120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6473", "title": "Identification of a phosphorus-containing storage granule in the cyanobacterium plectonema boryanum by electron microscope x-ray microanalysis.", "content": "Transmission electron microscopy of cyanobacteria couple with X-ray microanalysis has confirmed that dense deposits within these cells are composed of phosphorous.", "contents": "Identification of a phosphorus-containing storage granule in the cyanobacterium plectonema boryanum by electron microscope x-ray microanalysis. Transmission electron microscopy of cyanobacteria couple with X-ray microanalysis has confirmed that dense deposits within these cells are composed of phosphorous.", "PMID": 845121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6474", "title": "Ultrastructure of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens: a gram-positive bacterium.", "content": "The cells of bacteria of the genus Butyrivibrio are universally described as being gram negative, and they produce an unequivocal gram-negative reaction in the standard staining procedure. However, their cell walls contain derivatives of teichoic acid, which are characteristic of gram-positive cells. In this study, the cell walls of two representative strains of Butyrivibrio were of the gram-positive morphological type, as seen by electron microscopy, but they were very thin (12 to 18 nm). The thinness of these cell walls may account for the tendency of these cells to stain gram negatively in the standard staining procedure. Ruthenium red staining revealed an extracellular structure surrounding cells of Butyrivibio sp. (strain C3). This structure was composed of individual \"knobs\" that sometimes mediated cell-to-cell adhesion in the culture.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens: a gram-positive bacterium. The cells of bacteria of the genus Butyrivibrio are universally described as being gram negative, and they produce an unequivocal gram-negative reaction in the standard staining procedure. However, their cell walls contain derivatives of teichoic acid, which are characteristic of gram-positive cells. In this study, the cell walls of two representative strains of Butyrivibrio were of the gram-positive morphological type, as seen by electron microscopy, but they were very thin (12 to 18 nm). The thinness of these cell walls may account for the tendency of these cells to stain gram negatively in the standard staining procedure. Ruthenium red staining revealed an extracellular structure surrounding cells of Butyrivibio sp. (strain C3). This structure was composed of individual \"knobs\" that sometimes mediated cell-to-cell adhesion in the culture.", "PMID": 845122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6475", "title": "Interconversion of large packets and small groups of cells of Micrococcus rubens: dependence upon magnesium and phosphate.", "content": "Micrococcus rubens, a gram-positive occus, usually forms large, cubic packets of more than 500 cells that are regularly arranged in three-dimensional cell groups. In medium with extremely low concentration of Mg2+ and phosphate, in which the cells can only grow on a agar surface, it formed small groups of 2 to 20 cells. Irregularly arraged cell groups of intermediated size were obtained in culture media containing intermediated concentrations of Mg2+ and phosphate. Mutants that formed irregular cell groups of intermediate size under normal culture conditions were also obtained.", "contents": "Interconversion of large packets and small groups of cells of Micrococcus rubens: dependence upon magnesium and phosphate. Micrococcus rubens, a gram-positive occus, usually forms large, cubic packets of more than 500 cells that are regularly arranged in three-dimensional cell groups. In medium with extremely low concentration of Mg2+ and phosphate, in which the cells can only grow on a agar surface, it formed small groups of 2 to 20 cells. Irregularly arraged cell groups of intermediated size were obtained in culture media containing intermediated concentrations of Mg2+ and phosphate. Mutants that formed irregular cell groups of intermediate size under normal culture conditions were also obtained.", "PMID": 845123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6476", "title": "Formation of regular packets of Staphylococcus aureus cells.", "content": "Staphylococcus aureus, which usually forms grape-like clusters, has the ability to form regularly arranged cell packets. These regular cell packets are formed when the activity of its separation enzyme(s) is lost either by treatment with detergents, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate or Trition X-100, or by mutation of the cells. These cell packets consisted of 8 to 64 spherical cells that have a three-dimensional arrangement. Some irregularity in the arragement of cells in packets, however, can be observed by scanning electron microscopy. It is concluded that S. aureus fundametally divides along three definitely oriented planes that are located at right angles to each other. After cell division, the cells usually become translocated due to the action of a separation enzyme(s) to form grape-like clusters.", "contents": "Formation of regular packets of Staphylococcus aureus cells. Staphylococcus aureus, which usually forms grape-like clusters, has the ability to form regularly arranged cell packets. These regular cell packets are formed when the activity of its separation enzyme(s) is lost either by treatment with detergents, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate or Trition X-100, or by mutation of the cells. These cell packets consisted of 8 to 64 spherical cells that have a three-dimensional arrangement. Some irregularity in the arragement of cells in packets, however, can be observed by scanning electron microscopy. It is concluded that S. aureus fundametally divides along three definitely oriented planes that are located at right angles to each other. After cell division, the cells usually become translocated due to the action of a separation enzyme(s) to form grape-like clusters.", "PMID": 845124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6477", "title": "Biochemical and physiological properties of alkaline phosphatases in five isolates of marine bacteria.", "content": "The alkaline phosphatase activities of five unique isolates of marine bacteria were found to be associated with the periplasmic space; however, the enzymes from these isolates differed with respect to their repressibility, the apparent number of isoenzymes, the necessity for Mg2 for activity, and the conditions required for their release. With three of the isolates, the enzyme was released when cells that had been washed in 0.5 M NaCl were suspended in sucrose; however, with the other two isolates, one required the additional presence of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane and the other required the presence of lysozyme and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. In two isolates the activity was constitutive, in two it was partially repressed, and in one it was completely repressed by inorganic phosphate. The repression of activity was associated with corresponding changes of activity bands as seen by acrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "contents": "Biochemical and physiological properties of alkaline phosphatases in five isolates of marine bacteria. The alkaline phosphatase activities of five unique isolates of marine bacteria were found to be associated with the periplasmic space; however, the enzymes from these isolates differed with respect to their repressibility, the apparent number of isoenzymes, the necessity for Mg2 for activity, and the conditions required for their release. With three of the isolates, the enzyme was released when cells that had been washed in 0.5 M NaCl were suspended in sucrose; however, with the other two isolates, one required the additional presence of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane and the other required the presence of lysozyme and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. In two isolates the activity was constitutive, in two it was partially repressed, and in one it was completely repressed by inorganic phosphate. The repression of activity was associated with corresponding changes of activity bands as seen by acrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "PMID": 845125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6478", "title": "Protoplast formation of selected Mycobacterium smegmatis mutants by lysozyme in combination with methionine.", "content": "Lysozyme-sensitive mutants of Mycobacterium smegmatis, isolated by nitrosoguanidine treatment, have been converted into protoplasts in a nutritionally enriched medium containing lysozyme and DL-methionine.", "contents": "Protoplast formation of selected Mycobacterium smegmatis mutants by lysozyme in combination with methionine. Lysozyme-sensitive mutants of Mycobacterium smegmatis, isolated by nitrosoguanidine treatment, have been converted into protoplasts in a nutritionally enriched medium containing lysozyme and DL-methionine.", "PMID": 845126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6479", "title": "Characterization of a glucan from Polyporus circinatus.", "content": "An alpha-D-glucan was isolated from a monokaryon of Polyporus circinatus; it has been characterized as a highly branched glycogn.", "contents": "Characterization of a glucan from Polyporus circinatus. An alpha-D-glucan was isolated from a monokaryon of Polyporus circinatus; it has been characterized as a highly branched glycogn.", "PMID": 845127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6480", "title": "Chemical modification of spinach ferredoxin. Properties of acetylated spinach ferredoxin.", "content": "The acetylation of spinach ferredoxin by acetic anhydride modified about four moles of amino groups. The absorption spectra, CD spectra, the fluorescence of sole tryptophan residue and the biological activity of acetylated ferredoxin were investigated. An equilibrium existed between two different states, D- and N-form, of the acetylated ferredoxin and was dependent on the cation concentration. D-form completely reverted to N-form upon the binding of one mole of cation, Na+ or Mg2+. Although the N-form was indistinguishable from native ferredoxin in every property tested, the D-form was significantly different from the N-form or native ferredoxin and was very unstable, especially at low salt concentrations. It is suggested that the amino groups might be important in maintaining the protein conformation by forming salt linkages, but may not be essential for the activity. Furthermore, since the D-form, unlike the N-form and native ferredoxin, was inactive in the ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase [EC 1.6.7.1] assay system and had no inhibitory effect in this system, it was considered to be incapable of forming a complex with ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase. On the other hand, the N-form of the modified ferredoxin was as active as native ferredoxin. It is suggested that amino groups of spinach ferredoxin are not essential for the redox reaction of ferredoxin or for complex formation with the reductase.", "contents": "Chemical modification of spinach ferredoxin. Properties of acetylated spinach ferredoxin. The acetylation of spinach ferredoxin by acetic anhydride modified about four moles of amino groups. The absorption spectra, CD spectra, the fluorescence of sole tryptophan residue and the biological activity of acetylated ferredoxin were investigated. An equilibrium existed between two different states, D- and N-form, of the acetylated ferredoxin and was dependent on the cation concentration. D-form completely reverted to N-form upon the binding of one mole of cation, Na+ or Mg2+. Although the N-form was indistinguishable from native ferredoxin in every property tested, the D-form was significantly different from the N-form or native ferredoxin and was very unstable, especially at low salt concentrations. It is suggested that the amino groups might be important in maintaining the protein conformation by forming salt linkages, but may not be essential for the activity. Furthermore, since the D-form, unlike the N-form and native ferredoxin, was inactive in the ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase [EC 1.6.7.1] assay system and had no inhibitory effect in this system, it was considered to be incapable of forming a complex with ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase. On the other hand, the N-form of the modified ferredoxin was as active as native ferredoxin. It is suggested that amino groups of spinach ferredoxin are not essential for the redox reaction of ferredoxin or for complex formation with the reductase.", "PMID": 845128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6481", "title": "Studies on glycosphingolipids of fresh-water bivalves. III. Isolation and characterization of a novel globoside containing mannose from spermatozoa of the fresh-water bivalve, Hyriopsis schlegelii.", "content": "Three globosides were isolated from spermatozoa of the fresh-water bivalve, Hyriopsis schlegelii by mild alkaline hydrolysis, acetone precipitation, Unisil column chromatography and preparative thin-layer chromatography. These globosides are unique in their sugar chains, since they contain mannose instead of galactose found so far in all globosides of mammals and other animals examined. The main globoside in the spermatozoa was characterized as Glc-NAcbeta(1 leads to 2)Manbeta(1 leads to 3)Manbeta(1 leads to 4)Glcbeta(1 leads to 1)-ceramide by partial acid hydrolysis, analysis of its anomeric configuration with chromium trioxide, methylation analysis and enzymatic hydrolysis. The globoside contained normal saturated fatty acids ranging in length from C16 to C21, palmitic and stearic acids being predominant. Its main long-chain was octadeca-4-sphingenine.", "contents": "Studies on glycosphingolipids of fresh-water bivalves. III. Isolation and characterization of a novel globoside containing mannose from spermatozoa of the fresh-water bivalve, Hyriopsis schlegelii. Three globosides were isolated from spermatozoa of the fresh-water bivalve, Hyriopsis schlegelii by mild alkaline hydrolysis, acetone precipitation, Unisil column chromatography and preparative thin-layer chromatography. These globosides are unique in their sugar chains, since they contain mannose instead of galactose found so far in all globosides of mammals and other animals examined. The main globoside in the spermatozoa was characterized as Glc-NAcbeta(1 leads to 2)Manbeta(1 leads to 3)Manbeta(1 leads to 4)Glcbeta(1 leads to 1)-ceramide by partial acid hydrolysis, analysis of its anomeric configuration with chromium trioxide, methylation analysis and enzymatic hydrolysis. The globoside contained normal saturated fatty acids ranging in length from C16 to C21, palmitic and stearic acids being predominant. Its main long-chain was octadeca-4-sphingenine.", "PMID": 845129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6482", "title": "Soluble proteins from fowl feather keratin. I. Fractionation and properties.", "content": "A method is described for the fractionation of reduced and alkylated proteins of fowl feather. Fowl feather extracts were chromatographed on a Sephadex G-75 column in 4 M urea containing 1 M NaCl and separated into four fractions, GF-1, 2, 3, and 4. The elution patterns were used to compare the components of different feather parts, barbs, rachis + medulla, and calamus. In all cases, GF-3 was the main fraction and the percentages with respect to the total peak area found for barbs, rachis + medulla, and calamus were about 65%, 74%, and 93%, respectively. Each of the fractions was examined by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis and all were heterogeneous. The slowly moving bands mainly corresponded to fraction GF-1, intermediate bands to GF-2 and 3, and faster bands to GF-4. Many other polypeptide chains, which have not been found previously, were newly separated from three minor fractions of fowl body feather. The molecular weights of fractions GF-2 and 3 were estimated by calibrated gel filtration to be 33,000 and 10,500, respectively. Marked differences were found in the amino acid compositions of various fractions from fowl feather. The GF-1 fraction and insoluble residue had very similar compositions; in both cases the contents of serine, glycine, and proline were lower and those of helix-favoring amino acids, namely, lysine, tyrosine, and methionine, were higher than those found in other fractions.", "contents": "Soluble proteins from fowl feather keratin. I. Fractionation and properties. A method is described for the fractionation of reduced and alkylated proteins of fowl feather. Fowl feather extracts were chromatographed on a Sephadex G-75 column in 4 M urea containing 1 M NaCl and separated into four fractions, GF-1, 2, 3, and 4. The elution patterns were used to compare the components of different feather parts, barbs, rachis + medulla, and calamus. In all cases, GF-3 was the main fraction and the percentages with respect to the total peak area found for barbs, rachis + medulla, and calamus were about 65%, 74%, and 93%, respectively. Each of the fractions was examined by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis and all were heterogeneous. The slowly moving bands mainly corresponded to fraction GF-1, intermediate bands to GF-2 and 3, and faster bands to GF-4. Many other polypeptide chains, which have not been found previously, were newly separated from three minor fractions of fowl body feather. The molecular weights of fractions GF-2 and 3 were estimated by calibrated gel filtration to be 33,000 and 10,500, respectively. Marked differences were found in the amino acid compositions of various fractions from fowl feather. The GF-1 fraction and insoluble residue had very similar compositions; in both cases the contents of serine, glycine, and proline were lower and those of helix-favoring amino acids, namely, lysine, tyrosine, and methionine, were higher than those found in other fractions.", "PMID": 845130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6483", "title": "Micro-scale determination of seminolipid by high performance liquid chromatography and its application for determination of the seminolipid content in boar spermatozoa.", "content": "Seminolipid (1-O-alkyl-2-O-acyl-beta-3'sulfogalactosyl glycerol) was detected on a micro-scale by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a UV detector. The benzoylation method of McCluer and Evans ((1973) J. Lipid Res. 14, 611-617) was used to convert seminolipid to a derivative with UV absorption. Total lipid from germinal tissue was benzoylated and the product was separated by Florisil and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatographies. The seminolipid obtained in the effluent from the Sephadex LH-20 column was determined by HPLC. Eighty percent recovery of 35S-labelled seminolipid was obtained by this method. The method was used to determine the seminolipid content of boar spermatozoa: 980 nmoles of seminolipid was found per gram of packed cells.", "contents": "Micro-scale determination of seminolipid by high performance liquid chromatography and its application for determination of the seminolipid content in boar spermatozoa. Seminolipid (1-O-alkyl-2-O-acyl-beta-3'sulfogalactosyl glycerol) was detected on a micro-scale by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a UV detector. The benzoylation method of McCluer and Evans ((1973) J. Lipid Res. 14, 611-617) was used to convert seminolipid to a derivative with UV absorption. Total lipid from germinal tissue was benzoylated and the product was separated by Florisil and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatographies. The seminolipid obtained in the effluent from the Sephadex LH-20 column was determined by HPLC. Eighty percent recovery of 35S-labelled seminolipid was obtained by this method. The method was used to determine the seminolipid content of boar spermatozoa: 980 nmoles of seminolipid was found per gram of packed cells.", "PMID": 845131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6484", "title": "The effect of aurintricarboxylic acid on RNA polymerase from rat liver.", "content": "The effect of the dye aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) on RNA polymerases [EC 2.7.7.6] solubilized from rat liver was studied. Complete inhibition of RNA synthesis in vitro was observed when 3-5 microng/ml of ATA was added to the reaction mixture at time 0, while 40-70 microng/ml of a rifampicin derivative, AF/013, was required to produce the same extent of inhibition. RNA formation, however, continued at a rate of one-half that of the control when ATA was given after the onset of RNA synthesis in a dose capable of completely blocking RNA formation if administered at time 0. ATA was found to interact with RNA polymerizing enzyme itself and competed specifically with the binding of RNA polymerase to template DNA. Preincubation of the enzyme with DNA at 37 degrees before adding dye made the DNA-enzyme complex partly resistant to the drug. RNA-synthesizing activity resistant to ATA increased when nucleoside triphosphates, especially GTP, were added to the preincubation mixture in the presence of Mn2+. However, ATA only slightly affected RNA synthesis in nuclei isolated from rat liver.", "contents": "The effect of aurintricarboxylic acid on RNA polymerase from rat liver. The effect of the dye aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) on RNA polymerases [EC 2.7.7.6] solubilized from rat liver was studied. Complete inhibition of RNA synthesis in vitro was observed when 3-5 microng/ml of ATA was added to the reaction mixture at time 0, while 40-70 microng/ml of a rifampicin derivative, AF/013, was required to produce the same extent of inhibition. RNA formation, however, continued at a rate of one-half that of the control when ATA was given after the onset of RNA synthesis in a dose capable of completely blocking RNA formation if administered at time 0. ATA was found to interact with RNA polymerizing enzyme itself and competed specifically with the binding of RNA polymerase to template DNA. Preincubation of the enzyme with DNA at 37 degrees before adding dye made the DNA-enzyme complex partly resistant to the drug. RNA-synthesizing activity resistant to ATA increased when nucleoside triphosphates, especially GTP, were added to the preincubation mixture in the presence of Mn2+. However, ATA only slightly affected RNA synthesis in nuclei isolated from rat liver.", "PMID": 845132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6485", "title": "Effects of protein deficiency on the biosynthesis and degradation of ribosomal RNA in rat liver.", "content": "Employing livers from rats fed on a protein-free diet for two weeks, the effects of protein deficiency on both biosynthesis and degradation of rRNA were investigated and the following results were obtained. 1. Protein deficiency led to a decrease of total liver RNA content per DNA to about 80% of that in normal rat liver. 2. From the kinetics of rRNA labelling with [14C]orotic acid in vivo, the half-lives of cytoplasmic rRNA's of normal and protein-deficient rat livers were determined to be 6.2 and 5.1 days, respectively. Furthermore, considering the pool size of rRNA in rat liver, the turnover rate of cytoplasmic rRNA was calculated to be 0.212 pmole/min/mg of nuclear DNA in normal rats and 0.240 pmole/min/mg of nuclear DNA in protein-deficient rats. 3. From the electrophoretic patterns of nucleolar RNA's of both groups of rat livers labeled with [14C]orotic acid, the time courses of the specific activities of nucleolar 45S, 32S, and 28S rRNA's were analysed and the half-life of each nucleolar RNA in both groups of rat livers was determined. Nucleolar 45S, 32S, and 28S RNA's had half-lives of 6.0, 15.9, and 26.5 min in normal rats, respectively, and 5.5, 19.4, and 22.9 min in protein-deficient rats, respectively Considering the pool size of each nucleolar RNA obtained from the leectrophoretic pattern, the turnover rates of 45S, 32S, and 28S RNA's were calculated to be the same, i.e., o.189 pmoles/min/mg of nuclear DNA, in normal rat liver and 0.372, 0.372, and 0.358 pmoles/min/mg of nuclear DNA in protein-deficient rat liver, respectively. 4. These results indicate that protein deficiency increased both the rate of degradation of cytoplasmic rRNA and that of nucleolar rRNA synthesis in rat liver. While in normal rat liver the rates of rRNA synthesis and degradation were rather similar, the rate of rRNA synthesis in protein-deficient rats was about 1.5 times higher than that of its degradation. Therefore, the decrease of total liver RNA content in protein deficiency might be accounted for by stimulated degradation of rRNA in the nucleus. 5. The activities of RNase in nuclear fractions of both groups of rat livers were compared. Both activities of nuclear acid RNase and especially that of the free form of alkaline RNase in protein-deficient rat liver were higher than those in normal rat liver.", "contents": "Effects of protein deficiency on the biosynthesis and degradation of ribosomal RNA in rat liver. Employing livers from rats fed on a protein-free diet for two weeks, the effects of protein deficiency on both biosynthesis and degradation of rRNA were investigated and the following results were obtained. 1. Protein deficiency led to a decrease of total liver RNA content per DNA to about 80% of that in normal rat liver. 2. From the kinetics of rRNA labelling with [14C]orotic acid in vivo, the half-lives of cytoplasmic rRNA's of normal and protein-deficient rat livers were determined to be 6.2 and 5.1 days, respectively. Furthermore, considering the pool size of rRNA in rat liver, the turnover rate of cytoplasmic rRNA was calculated to be 0.212 pmole/min/mg of nuclear DNA in normal rats and 0.240 pmole/min/mg of nuclear DNA in protein-deficient rats. 3. From the electrophoretic patterns of nucleolar RNA's of both groups of rat livers labeled with [14C]orotic acid, the time courses of the specific activities of nucleolar 45S, 32S, and 28S rRNA's were analysed and the half-life of each nucleolar RNA in both groups of rat livers was determined. Nucleolar 45S, 32S, and 28S RNA's had half-lives of 6.0, 15.9, and 26.5 min in normal rats, respectively, and 5.5, 19.4, and 22.9 min in protein-deficient rats, respectively Considering the pool size of each nucleolar RNA obtained from the leectrophoretic pattern, the turnover rates of 45S, 32S, and 28S RNA's were calculated to be the same, i.e., o.189 pmoles/min/mg of nuclear DNA, in normal rat liver and 0.372, 0.372, and 0.358 pmoles/min/mg of nuclear DNA in protein-deficient rat liver, respectively. 4. These results indicate that protein deficiency increased both the rate of degradation of cytoplasmic rRNA and that of nucleolar rRNA synthesis in rat liver. While in normal rat liver the rates of rRNA synthesis and degradation were rather similar, the rate of rRNA synthesis in protein-deficient rats was about 1.5 times higher than that of its degradation. Therefore, the decrease of total liver RNA content in protein deficiency might be accounted for by stimulated degradation of rRNA in the nucleus. 5. The activities of RNase in nuclear fractions of both groups of rat livers were compared. Both activities of nuclear acid RNase and especially that of the free form of alkaline RNase in protein-deficient rat liver were higher than those in normal rat liver.", "PMID": 845133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6486", "title": "Regulation of Protein Synthesis in Hen's oviducts. I. Removal of extracellular and intracellular proteins and their effects on protein synthesis.", "content": "The minced oviducts prepared from laying hens contained considerable amounts of extracellular proteins (about 60 mg per g of the wet oviducts), which could largely be removed (about 80%) by washing four times with chilled 5rebs-Ringer-Tris buffer, pH 7.6. When the washed, minced oviducts were incubated at 37 degrees with the buffer, intracellular proteins were increasingly secreted to the extracellular fluids as the incubation time was increased and the amounts of intracellular proteins decreased concomitatnly, suggesting that the rate of secretion of intracellular proteins was faster than that of protein synthesis under the conditions used (without addition of amino acids to the medium). Repeated 5-min incubations (five to seven times) resulted in the secretion of intracellular proteins in amounts of 100 mg or more per g of the wet oviducts. The secretion rate of intracellular proteins was almost constant at 77 degrees regardless of the volume of buffer used for the incubation, and no secretion occurred at 4 degrees even after 5 h. It appeared that a 30 min period was required for the secretion of intracellular proteins from the oviducts at 37 degrees and that the rate of secretion was not affected appreciably by the amount of secreted proteins present in the extracellular fluids. The protein synthesis activity in the washed, preincubated minced oviducts was independent of the amount of intracellular proteins involved but was dependent upon that of secreted proteins present in the extracellular fluids.", "contents": "Regulation of Protein Synthesis in Hen's oviducts. I. Removal of extracellular and intracellular proteins and their effects on protein synthesis. The minced oviducts prepared from laying hens contained considerable amounts of extracellular proteins (about 60 mg per g of the wet oviducts), which could largely be removed (about 80%) by washing four times with chilled 5rebs-Ringer-Tris buffer, pH 7.6. When the washed, minced oviducts were incubated at 37 degrees with the buffer, intracellular proteins were increasingly secreted to the extracellular fluids as the incubation time was increased and the amounts of intracellular proteins decreased concomitatnly, suggesting that the rate of secretion of intracellular proteins was faster than that of protein synthesis under the conditions used (without addition of amino acids to the medium). Repeated 5-min incubations (five to seven times) resulted in the secretion of intracellular proteins in amounts of 100 mg or more per g of the wet oviducts. The secretion rate of intracellular proteins was almost constant at 77 degrees regardless of the volume of buffer used for the incubation, and no secretion occurred at 4 degrees even after 5 h. It appeared that a 30 min period was required for the secretion of intracellular proteins from the oviducts at 37 degrees and that the rate of secretion was not affected appreciably by the amount of secreted proteins present in the extracellular fluids. The protein synthesis activity in the washed, preincubated minced oviducts was independent of the amount of intracellular proteins involved but was dependent upon that of secreted proteins present in the extracellular fluids.", "PMID": 845134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6487", "title": "Soluble proteins from fowl feather keratin. II. Isolation of some proteins from barbs.", "content": "Four fractions, GF-1, 2, 3, and 4, which had been separated from S-carboxymethylated (SCM-) proteins of fowl feathers by gel filtration, were each chromatographed on a DEAE-cellulose column in 0.05 M Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.5) containing 8 M urea. The major fraction, GF-3, was further separated into seven peaks; the first four were shown to be single components by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. Chromatograms of GF-1 and 2 showed broad peaks which appeared at nearly the same volume as in GF-3. The components from GF-3 had very similar amino acid compositions except that the SCM-cysteine content showed a tendency to increase in the order of elution from the column. SCM-extract prepared from barbs of the wing feathers of a fowl was more heterogeneous than that taken from the body feathers. A combination of gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose was found to be more effective for the isolation of soluble SCM-proteins.", "contents": "Soluble proteins from fowl feather keratin. II. Isolation of some proteins from barbs. Four fractions, GF-1, 2, 3, and 4, which had been separated from S-carboxymethylated (SCM-) proteins of fowl feathers by gel filtration, were each chromatographed on a DEAE-cellulose column in 0.05 M Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.5) containing 8 M urea. The major fraction, GF-3, was further separated into seven peaks; the first four were shown to be single components by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. Chromatograms of GF-1 and 2 showed broad peaks which appeared at nearly the same volume as in GF-3. The components from GF-3 had very similar amino acid compositions except that the SCM-cysteine content showed a tendency to increase in the order of elution from the column. SCM-extract prepared from barbs of the wing feathers of a fowl was more heterogeneous than that taken from the body feathers. A combination of gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose was found to be more effective for the isolation of soluble SCM-proteins.", "PMID": 845135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6488", "title": "I-Protein, a new regulatory protein from vertebrate skeletal muscle. I. Purification and characterization.", "content": "A new minor regulatory protein designated as I-protein has been isolated from skeletal muscles of the chicken and the rabbit. The yield of purified I-protein was small: 5-10 mg per kg of muscle. I-protein was found to have a molecular weight of 50,000 and high contents of Asp and Glu, accounting for more than one third of the total amino acids.", "contents": "I-Protein, a new regulatory protein from vertebrate skeletal muscle. I. Purification and characterization. A new minor regulatory protein designated as I-protein has been isolated from skeletal muscles of the chicken and the rabbit. The yield of purified I-protein was small: 5-10 mg per kg of muscle. I-protein was found to have a molecular weight of 50,000 and high contents of Asp and Glu, accounting for more than one third of the total amino acids.", "PMID": 845136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6489", "title": "Heme oxygenase purified to apparent homogeneity from pig spleen microsomes.", "content": "Heme oxygenase was purified to apparent homogeneity from pig spleen microsomes. The purified heme oxygenase showed an apparent molecular weight of 157,000 +/- 7,000 daltons when estimated by gel filtration. On SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the heme oxygenase preparation gave a single protein band showing a minimum molecular weight of about 26,000 daltons. Heme oxygenase could readily bind with heme and the resulting heme complex gave an absorption maximum at 406 nm. The heme bound to the enzyme protein was found to be a good substrate for the heme oxygenase reaction.", "contents": "Heme oxygenase purified to apparent homogeneity from pig spleen microsomes. Heme oxygenase was purified to apparent homogeneity from pig spleen microsomes. The purified heme oxygenase showed an apparent molecular weight of 157,000 +/- 7,000 daltons when estimated by gel filtration. On SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the heme oxygenase preparation gave a single protein band showing a minimum molecular weight of about 26,000 daltons. Heme oxygenase could readily bind with heme and the resulting heme complex gave an absorption maximum at 406 nm. The heme bound to the enzyme protein was found to be a good substrate for the heme oxygenase reaction.", "PMID": 845137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6490", "title": "Studies on thermolysin. I. Effects of chemical modifications on the activity of thermolysin.", "content": "1. When thermolysin was treated with a 100-fold molar excess of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene-1-sulfonate at pH 8.0 and 37 degrees for 7 h, all 12 amino groups in the enzyme were almost completely trinitrophenylated. The fully trinitrophenylated enzyme still retained more than 80% of its original activity. The amino groups are therefore not essential for activity. 2. When treated with a 100- to 1,000-fold molar excess of N-acetylimidazole at pH 6.5 and 23 degrees for 2 h, thermolysin lost about 54% of its activity with concomitant acetylation of 21 tyrosine residues out of the total of 28 residues. The reaction did not easily proceed any further. This partially inactivated enzyme regained almost full activity upon treatment with hydroxylamine. These modified tyrosine residues are therefore not directly involved in the active site. 3. Thermolysin was not inactivated by treatment with about 100- to 150-fold molar excess of 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide or dimethyl(2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl)sulfonium bromide at pH 6.0 and room temperature for 1 h both in the presence and absence of 8 M urea. Thus the three tryptophan residues in the enzyme are not accessible to these reagents. When treated with a 4.3- to 43-fold molar excess of N-bromosuccinimide over tryptophan, the enzyme was inactivated to varying extents, depending on the reaction conditions used. In this case, the tyrosine residues appeared to be the most rapidly modified, but tryptophan and histidine residues were also modified with extensive inactivation at higher concentrations of the reagent. The presence of 8 M urea retarded the inactivation.", "contents": "Studies on thermolysin. I. Effects of chemical modifications on the activity of thermolysin. 1. When thermolysin was treated with a 100-fold molar excess of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene-1-sulfonate at pH 8.0 and 37 degrees for 7 h, all 12 amino groups in the enzyme were almost completely trinitrophenylated. The fully trinitrophenylated enzyme still retained more than 80% of its original activity. The amino groups are therefore not essential for activity. 2. When treated with a 100- to 1,000-fold molar excess of N-acetylimidazole at pH 6.5 and 23 degrees for 2 h, thermolysin lost about 54% of its activity with concomitant acetylation of 21 tyrosine residues out of the total of 28 residues. The reaction did not easily proceed any further. This partially inactivated enzyme regained almost full activity upon treatment with hydroxylamine. These modified tyrosine residues are therefore not directly involved in the active site. 3. Thermolysin was not inactivated by treatment with about 100- to 150-fold molar excess of 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide or dimethyl(2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl)sulfonium bromide at pH 6.0 and room temperature for 1 h both in the presence and absence of 8 M urea. Thus the three tryptophan residues in the enzyme are not accessible to these reagents. When treated with a 4.3- to 43-fold molar excess of N-bromosuccinimide over tryptophan, the enzyme was inactivated to varying extents, depending on the reaction conditions used. In this case, the tyrosine residues appeared to be the most rapidly modified, but tryptophan and histidine residues were also modified with extensive inactivation at higher concentrations of the reagent. The presence of 8 M urea retarded the inactivation.", "PMID": 845138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6491", "title": "Molecular weight of hyaluronic acid from rabbit skin.", "content": "Hyaluronic acid was prepared from adult rabbit skin. Defatted skin powder suspended in 0.5 M NaCl was homogenized, and total glycosaminoglycans were precipitated from this 0.5 M NaCl extract with cetylpyridinium chloride, then redissolved successively with increasing concentrations of NaCl and finally 0.5 N NaOH. Hyaluronic acid, the major acid glycosaminoglycan in the 0.5 M NaCl extract, was purified and fractionated by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. The molecular weights ranged from 1 X 10(4) to 7.2 X 10(4). Alternatively, hyaluronic acid was obtained from adult rabbit skin without mechanical powdering and homogenizing. Defatted skin pieces were suspended in water and heated at 100 degrees, then the extract was digested with pronase followed by DNase [EC 3.1.4.5]. Glycosaminoglycans were excluded in gel filtration with Sephadex G-75. Hyaluronic acid and dermatan sulfate, the two major glycosaminoglycans of this tissue, were separated by gel chromatography on Sepharose 4B. The molecular weight of this hyaluronic acid ranged from 1.6 X 10(5) to 1.3 X 10(6). Yields of hyaluronic acid by these two methods were similar. Hyaluronic acid was probably degraded by the mechanical treatments in the first method. Other factors affecting the viscosity of the tissue extract were examined.", "contents": "Molecular weight of hyaluronic acid from rabbit skin. Hyaluronic acid was prepared from adult rabbit skin. Defatted skin powder suspended in 0.5 M NaCl was homogenized, and total glycosaminoglycans were precipitated from this 0.5 M NaCl extract with cetylpyridinium chloride, then redissolved successively with increasing concentrations of NaCl and finally 0.5 N NaOH. Hyaluronic acid, the major acid glycosaminoglycan in the 0.5 M NaCl extract, was purified and fractionated by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. The molecular weights ranged from 1 X 10(4) to 7.2 X 10(4). Alternatively, hyaluronic acid was obtained from adult rabbit skin without mechanical powdering and homogenizing. Defatted skin pieces were suspended in water and heated at 100 degrees, then the extract was digested with pronase followed by DNase [EC 3.1.4.5]. Glycosaminoglycans were excluded in gel filtration with Sephadex G-75. Hyaluronic acid and dermatan sulfate, the two major glycosaminoglycans of this tissue, were separated by gel chromatography on Sepharose 4B. The molecular weight of this hyaluronic acid ranged from 1.6 X 10(5) to 1.3 X 10(6). Yields of hyaluronic acid by these two methods were similar. Hyaluronic acid was probably degraded by the mechanical treatments in the first method. Other factors affecting the viscosity of the tissue extract were examined.", "PMID": 845139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6492", "title": "Static and kinetic studies by fluorometry on the interaction between gluconolactone and glucoamylase from Rh. niveus.", "content": "A transition-state analog, gluconolactone, was found to partially quench the protein fluorescence of glucoamylase [EC 3.2.1.3] from Rhizopus niveus. The interaction between gluconolactone and the enzyme was studied statically and kinetically at pH 4.5 in terms of fluorescence change. The dissociation constant Kd of the enzyme-analog complex determined by fluorometric titration at 25 degrees (Kd = 1.6 mM) was in good agreement with that obtained by difference spectrophotometric titration (Ohnishi, M. et al. (1975) J. Biochem. 77, 695-703) and with the inhibitor constant determined for the hydrolysis of maltodextrin (Ohnishi, M. et al. (1976) J. Biochem. 79, 1007-1012). The kinetics of the interaction were studied by the fluorescence stopped-flow method. The dependence of the apparent first-order rate constant, kapp, on gluconolactone concentration showed a saturation curve, consistent with a two-step mechanism involving a rapid bimolecular association followed by a slow unimolecular isomerization process. The dissociation constant, KI, for the rapid bimolecular process and the forward and backward rate constants for the isomerization were obtained at 25 degrees and 5 degrees, and the activation parameters were evaluated. It was found that the isomerization process, but not the bimolecular association, is accompanied by fluorescence intensity change, indicating that the former process involves a micro-environmental change of a tryptophan residue(s) of the enzyme. Maltose was found to decrease the rate of interaction of gluconolactone with the enzyme by competing with the analog for the active site.", "contents": "Static and kinetic studies by fluorometry on the interaction between gluconolactone and glucoamylase from Rh. niveus. A transition-state analog, gluconolactone, was found to partially quench the protein fluorescence of glucoamylase [EC 3.2.1.3] from Rhizopus niveus. The interaction between gluconolactone and the enzyme was studied statically and kinetically at pH 4.5 in terms of fluorescence change. The dissociation constant Kd of the enzyme-analog complex determined by fluorometric titration at 25 degrees (Kd = 1.6 mM) was in good agreement with that obtained by difference spectrophotometric titration (Ohnishi, M. et al. (1975) J. Biochem. 77, 695-703) and with the inhibitor constant determined for the hydrolysis of maltodextrin (Ohnishi, M. et al. (1976) J. Biochem. 79, 1007-1012). The kinetics of the interaction were studied by the fluorescence stopped-flow method. The dependence of the apparent first-order rate constant, kapp, on gluconolactone concentration showed a saturation curve, consistent with a two-step mechanism involving a rapid bimolecular association followed by a slow unimolecular isomerization process. The dissociation constant, KI, for the rapid bimolecular process and the forward and backward rate constants for the isomerization were obtained at 25 degrees and 5 degrees, and the activation parameters were evaluated. It was found that the isomerization process, but not the bimolecular association, is accompanied by fluorescence intensity change, indicating that the former process involves a micro-environmental change of a tryptophan residue(s) of the enzyme. Maltose was found to decrease the rate of interaction of gluconolactone with the enzyme by competing with the analog for the active site.", "PMID": 845140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6493", "title": "In the eye of the beholder. A theory of sight and memory and its application to illustration.", "content": "The purpose of this article is to show how to apply principles of sight and memory to the creation of teaching illustrations. With illustrations that guide the eye and are not merely copies of photographs we can go beyond representation to the creation of pictures that will be remembered.", "contents": "In the eye of the beholder. A theory of sight and memory and its application to illustration. The purpose of this article is to show how to apply principles of sight and memory to the creation of teaching illustrations. With illustrations that guide the eye and are not merely copies of photographs we can go beyond representation to the creation of pictures that will be remembered.", "PMID": 845141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6494", "title": "Plagiarism: A case history.", "content": "A case of plagiarism involving duplication of the author's drawings is discussed. The chronology of events leading to an out-of-court settlement is reviewed and an attempt is made to clarify certain often misunderstood points in the Copyright Law as it applies to illustrators.", "contents": "Plagiarism: A case history. A case of plagiarism involving duplication of the author's drawings is discussed. The chronology of events leading to an out-of-court settlement is reviewed and an attempt is made to clarify certain often misunderstood points in the Copyright Law as it applies to illustrators.", "PMID": 845143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6495", "title": "A self-instructional approach to imagery training for medical students.", "content": "At the University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 110 first-year medical students were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Before the experimental group began the academic year, they were trained in visual imagery by means of 4 self-instructional units. Subsequently, both groups were given a criterion test to assess their ability to process and retrieve information. The investigators concluded that visual imagery can be taught and that it may help some medical students.", "contents": "A self-instructional approach to imagery training for medical students. At the University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 110 first-year medical students were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Before the experimental group began the academic year, they were trained in visual imagery by means of 4 self-instructional units. Subsequently, both groups were given a criterion test to assess their ability to process and retrieve information. The investigators concluded that visual imagery can be taught and that it may help some medical students.", "PMID": 845144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6496", "title": "Role of pyruvate kinase in the regulation of gluconeogenesis from L-lactate.", "content": "Glucagon and L-epinephrine stimulate gluconeogenesis from 20 mM L-lactate, the effect being about 3 times greater in liver cells from fed rats than in those from fasted rats. The rate of pyruvate kinase flux was estimated to be less than 10% of the rate of gluconeogenesis from lactate in hepatocytes from fasted rats, and neither glucagon nor epinephrine lowered the absolute rate significantly. In hepatocytes from fed rats, however, the rate of pyruvate kinase was nearly one-half that of gluconeogenesis. Glucagon caused a marked depression of pyruvate kinase flux, with 1 muM glucagon lowering the rate to nearly the level found in cells from fasted rats Epinephrine at concentrations from 10(-8) to 10(-6) M actually increased pyruvate kinase flux during gluconeogenesis from lactate in cells from fed rats. These results are in accord with the view that the effects of glucagon and epinephrine on gluconeogenesis are not identical.", "contents": "Role of pyruvate kinase in the regulation of gluconeogenesis from L-lactate. Glucagon and L-epinephrine stimulate gluconeogenesis from 20 mM L-lactate, the effect being about 3 times greater in liver cells from fed rats than in those from fasted rats. The rate of pyruvate kinase flux was estimated to be less than 10% of the rate of gluconeogenesis from lactate in hepatocytes from fasted rats, and neither glucagon nor epinephrine lowered the absolute rate significantly. In hepatocytes from fed rats, however, the rate of pyruvate kinase was nearly one-half that of gluconeogenesis. Glucagon caused a marked depression of pyruvate kinase flux, with 1 muM glucagon lowering the rate to nearly the level found in cells from fasted rats Epinephrine at concentrations from 10(-8) to 10(-6) M actually increased pyruvate kinase flux during gluconeogenesis from lactate in cells from fed rats. These results are in accord with the view that the effects of glucagon and epinephrine on gluconeogenesis are not identical.", "PMID": 845145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6497", "title": "Oxygenated Cytochrome o. An active intermediate observed in whole cells of Vitreoscilla.", "content": "The oxygenerated form of cytochrome o can be readily observed in whole cell suspensions of Vitreoscilla because it is the predominant steady state form of the cytochrome in respiring cells. When oxygen is introduced to an anaerobic suspension of cells, the steady state is established immediately and absorption maxima are observed at 578, 545, and 425 nm in difference spectra using ammonium persulfate-oxidized cells as reference. The oxygenerated form of cytochrome o is identified as the predominant steady state species during turnover of the cytochrome in vivo from the close coincidence of these spectra with those obtained using purified cytochrome. When the dissolved oxygen is consumed, the spectrum of the oxygenated form is replaced by the spectrum of the reduced form. Glutamate increased the respiration of these cells and decreased the duration of the steady state. Spectra of the oxygenated form of cytochrome o could also be obtained by using starved cells as reference, i.e. (untreated cells) - (starved cells) difference spectra. These results implicate the oxygenated form of cytochrome o as an active intermediate in terminal electron transport of these cells. In the presence of 1 mM cyanide, which inhibits the respiration of Vitreoscilla, the duration of the steady state was increased and the steady state spectrum was altered, showing that turnover of the cytochrome was inhibitied and formation of the oxygenated form wsa decreased. All these results suggest that the cyclic changes of cytochrome o in terminal respiration involve the oxidized, reduced, and oxygenated forms.", "contents": "Oxygenated Cytochrome o. An active intermediate observed in whole cells of Vitreoscilla. The oxygenerated form of cytochrome o can be readily observed in whole cell suspensions of Vitreoscilla because it is the predominant steady state form of the cytochrome in respiring cells. When oxygen is introduced to an anaerobic suspension of cells, the steady state is established immediately and absorption maxima are observed at 578, 545, and 425 nm in difference spectra using ammonium persulfate-oxidized cells as reference. The oxygenerated form of cytochrome o is identified as the predominant steady state species during turnover of the cytochrome in vivo from the close coincidence of these spectra with those obtained using purified cytochrome. When the dissolved oxygen is consumed, the spectrum of the oxygenated form is replaced by the spectrum of the reduced form. Glutamate increased the respiration of these cells and decreased the duration of the steady state. Spectra of the oxygenated form of cytochrome o could also be obtained by using starved cells as reference, i.e. (untreated cells) - (starved cells) difference spectra. These results implicate the oxygenated form of cytochrome o as an active intermediate in terminal electron transport of these cells. In the presence of 1 mM cyanide, which inhibits the respiration of Vitreoscilla, the duration of the steady state was increased and the steady state spectrum was altered, showing that turnover of the cytochrome was inhibitied and formation of the oxygenated form wsa decreased. All these results suggest that the cyclic changes of cytochrome o in terminal respiration involve the oxidized, reduced, and oxygenated forms.", "PMID": 845146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6498", "title": "epsilon-(gamma-Glutamyl)lysine cross-links in human stratum corneum.", "content": "epsilon-(gamma-Glutamyl)lysine has been found in human stratum corneum in the fraction containing the alpha helical fibrous proteins (keratins) and other high molecular weight proteins. The S-carboxymethylated fractions were enzymatically digested with pronase, carboxypeptidase A and B, leucine aminopeptidase and prolidase, and epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine isolated from digests by gel filtration and cation ion exchange chromatography. Acid hydrolysis of the purified epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine yielded equimolar amounts of lysine and glutamic acid, and end group analysis of the peptide by dansylation (application of 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl) confirmed the isomer assignment to be epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine. About 9 nmol of the peptide per mg of protein were found in the fraction by isotope dilution after the enzymatic digestion. These results suggest that proteins in stratum corneum may be covalently cross-linked through epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine bonds.", "contents": "epsilon-(gamma-Glutamyl)lysine cross-links in human stratum corneum. epsilon-(gamma-Glutamyl)lysine has been found in human stratum corneum in the fraction containing the alpha helical fibrous proteins (keratins) and other high molecular weight proteins. The S-carboxymethylated fractions were enzymatically digested with pronase, carboxypeptidase A and B, leucine aminopeptidase and prolidase, and epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine isolated from digests by gel filtration and cation ion exchange chromatography. Acid hydrolysis of the purified epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine yielded equimolar amounts of lysine and glutamic acid, and end group analysis of the peptide by dansylation (application of 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl) confirmed the isomer assignment to be epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine. About 9 nmol of the peptide per mg of protein were found in the fraction by isotope dilution after the enzymatic digestion. These results suggest that proteins in stratum corneum may be covalently cross-linked through epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine bonds.", "PMID": 845147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6499", "title": "Regulation of adenosine triphosphate sulfurylase in cultured tobacco cells. Effects of sulfur and nitrogen sources on the formation and decay of the enzyme.", "content": "The ATP sulfurylase of cultured tobacco cells is repressed during growth on readily assimiliated sulfur sources, such as sulfate, L-cysteine, or L-methionine, but it is derepressed during growth on slowly assimiliated sulfur sources, such as L-djenkolate or glutathione, or during sulfur starvation. The enzyme is not induced by sulfate. The enzyme level in the cells begins to rise 12 to 24 h after the derepression conditions are initiated and continues to rise for 3 to 4 days, up to as much as 25 times above the initial specific activity. Addition of a repressing sulfur source to derepressed cells causes the enzyme to decay. Derepression by sulfur limitation does not occur in cells starved for nitrogen, a circumstance in which turnover synthesis of protein is known to continue. Upon addition of a nitrogen source to such cells, the development of the enzyme begins within 12 h, along with the resumption of growth and net protein synthesis. Derepression occurs in cells growing on the slowly assimilated nitrogen in urea, reaching specific activities very similar to those which develop in cells grown on nitrate, in spite of the lower protein accumulation rate on urea. Thus the ATP sulfurylase of tobacco cells appears to be regulated by both a negative feedback mechanism in which an end product of the sulfate assimilation pathway is the effector, and by a positive mechanism which serves to couple the regulation of the sulfate assimilation pathway to the cells' potential for nitrogen assimilation, i.e. net protein synthesis. The sulfur compounds which affect the development of ATP sulfurylase in vivo have no effect on the enzyme activity in vitro. Furthermore, extracts with high activity contain no activator and extracts with low activity contain no inhibitor of ATP sulfurylase. Cycloheximide, at a concentration which strongly inhibits amino acid incorporation into protein, inhibits derepression. ATP sulfurylase does not decay in cells inhibited by cycloheximide. Therefore, the changes in ATP sulfurylase of tobacco cells appear to involve changes in the rate of formation or degradation of the enzyme.", "contents": "Regulation of adenosine triphosphate sulfurylase in cultured tobacco cells. Effects of sulfur and nitrogen sources on the formation and decay of the enzyme. The ATP sulfurylase of cultured tobacco cells is repressed during growth on readily assimiliated sulfur sources, such as sulfate, L-cysteine, or L-methionine, but it is derepressed during growth on slowly assimiliated sulfur sources, such as L-djenkolate or glutathione, or during sulfur starvation. The enzyme is not induced by sulfate. The enzyme level in the cells begins to rise 12 to 24 h after the derepression conditions are initiated and continues to rise for 3 to 4 days, up to as much as 25 times above the initial specific activity. Addition of a repressing sulfur source to derepressed cells causes the enzyme to decay. Derepression by sulfur limitation does not occur in cells starved for nitrogen, a circumstance in which turnover synthesis of protein is known to continue. Upon addition of a nitrogen source to such cells, the development of the enzyme begins within 12 h, along with the resumption of growth and net protein synthesis. Derepression occurs in cells growing on the slowly assimilated nitrogen in urea, reaching specific activities very similar to those which develop in cells grown on nitrate, in spite of the lower protein accumulation rate on urea. Thus the ATP sulfurylase of tobacco cells appears to be regulated by both a negative feedback mechanism in which an end product of the sulfate assimilation pathway is the effector, and by a positive mechanism which serves to couple the regulation of the sulfate assimilation pathway to the cells' potential for nitrogen assimilation, i.e. net protein synthesis. The sulfur compounds which affect the development of ATP sulfurylase in vivo have no effect on the enzyme activity in vitro. Furthermore, extracts with high activity contain no activator and extracts with low activity contain no inhibitor of ATP sulfurylase. Cycloheximide, at a concentration which strongly inhibits amino acid incorporation into protein, inhibits derepression. ATP sulfurylase does not decay in cells inhibited by cycloheximide. Therefore, the changes in ATP sulfurylase of tobacco cells appear to involve changes in the rate of formation or degradation of the enzyme.", "PMID": 845148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6500", "title": "Effects of chemical modification of antibodies on their clearance from the circulation. Addition of simple aliphatic compounds by reductive alkylation and carbodiimide-promoted amide formation.", "content": "Anti-hapten antibodies from the ascitic fluid of inbred mice were purified by immunoadsorption and characterized immunochemically for in vivo studies of their plasma clearance rates and organ distributions after chemical modification. Following sodium borohydride-promoted reductive methylation and carbodiimide-promoted amide linkage of glycine and several other simple aliphatic compounds, the antibody populations were recharacterized, radiolabeled, and introduced intravenously into syngeneic animals. Using double radioiodine labels, it was possible to show that stoichiometric combinations of additive and chemical reactant did not alter antibody survival time in the circulation or antigen-binding capabilities. However, modifications involving excess reagent (carbodiimide or sodium borohydride) resulted in significant decreases in both circulatory longevity and ligand binding capacities. Excess carbodiimide treatments resulted in immunoglobulin cross-linkage which could be detected by molecular sieve chromatography. Increased kidney localization found with carbodiimide-treated antibodies was apparently due to trapping of the cross-linked aggregates. Elevated clearance of highly methylated antibodies could not be attributed to a single organ. However, sodium borohydride-catalyzed reductive methylation resulted in antibody populations which were localized primarily in the liver and spleen. Results are evaluated in terms of the concept, developed in this paper, of essential groups for the circulatory longevity of glycoproteins.", "contents": "Effects of chemical modification of antibodies on their clearance from the circulation. Addition of simple aliphatic compounds by reductive alkylation and carbodiimide-promoted amide formation. Anti-hapten antibodies from the ascitic fluid of inbred mice were purified by immunoadsorption and characterized immunochemically for in vivo studies of their plasma clearance rates and organ distributions after chemical modification. Following sodium borohydride-promoted reductive methylation and carbodiimide-promoted amide linkage of glycine and several other simple aliphatic compounds, the antibody populations were recharacterized, radiolabeled, and introduced intravenously into syngeneic animals. Using double radioiodine labels, it was possible to show that stoichiometric combinations of additive and chemical reactant did not alter antibody survival time in the circulation or antigen-binding capabilities. However, modifications involving excess reagent (carbodiimide or sodium borohydride) resulted in significant decreases in both circulatory longevity and ligand binding capacities. Excess carbodiimide treatments resulted in immunoglobulin cross-linkage which could be detected by molecular sieve chromatography. Increased kidney localization found with carbodiimide-treated antibodies was apparently due to trapping of the cross-linked aggregates. Elevated clearance of highly methylated antibodies could not be attributed to a single organ. However, sodium borohydride-catalyzed reductive methylation resulted in antibody populations which were localized primarily in the liver and spleen. Results are evaluated in terms of the concept, developed in this paper, of essential groups for the circulatory longevity of glycoproteins.", "PMID": 845149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6501", "title": "Purification and characterization of two major DNA-binding proteins in human serum.", "content": "The two major DNA-binding proteins (designated DNA-binding protein 1 and DNA-binding protein 2) in human serum have been purified and physically characterized. The two proteins co-purify through an ion exchange chromatographic step and DNA-cellulose affinity chromatography. Subsequently, DNA-binding protein 1 can be precipitated by 40% saturated ammonium sulfate; DNA-binding protein 2 precipitates in the 55% to saturation fraction. From these fractions, the two proteins are isolated by different protocols. Both purified proteins are homogeneous by the criteria of sodium dodecyl sulfate slab gel electrophoresis after reduction and denaturation and by sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation. DNA-binding protein 1 has a minimum molecular weight of 126,000; DNA-binding protein 2, 86,000. Amino acid analyses of the two proteins indicate that both are relatively rich in proline and cysteine and contain little methionine. Both proteins contain carbohydrate. Gel electrofocusing confirms the acidic nature of these proteins. DNA-binding protein 1 exhibits a single band upon isoelectric focusing, but DNA-binding protein 2 appears to be polymorphic, exhibiting three bands. NH2-terminal end group analysis of DNA-binding protein 2 yields two major amino acids. DNA-binding protein 1 is an alpha2-globulin as determined by immunoelectrophoresis; DNA-binding protein 2 is only weakly immunogenic. Neither of the proteins appears to be identical to any previously characterized serum protein.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of two major DNA-binding proteins in human serum. The two major DNA-binding proteins (designated DNA-binding protein 1 and DNA-binding protein 2) in human serum have been purified and physically characterized. The two proteins co-purify through an ion exchange chromatographic step and DNA-cellulose affinity chromatography. Subsequently, DNA-binding protein 1 can be precipitated by 40% saturated ammonium sulfate; DNA-binding protein 2 precipitates in the 55% to saturation fraction. From these fractions, the two proteins are isolated by different protocols. Both purified proteins are homogeneous by the criteria of sodium dodecyl sulfate slab gel electrophoresis after reduction and denaturation and by sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation. DNA-binding protein 1 has a minimum molecular weight of 126,000; DNA-binding protein 2, 86,000. Amino acid analyses of the two proteins indicate that both are relatively rich in proline and cysteine and contain little methionine. Both proteins contain carbohydrate. Gel electrofocusing confirms the acidic nature of these proteins. DNA-binding protein 1 exhibits a single band upon isoelectric focusing, but DNA-binding protein 2 appears to be polymorphic, exhibiting three bands. NH2-terminal end group analysis of DNA-binding protein 2 yields two major amino acids. DNA-binding protein 1 is an alpha2-globulin as determined by immunoelectrophoresis; DNA-binding protein 2 is only weakly immunogenic. Neither of the proteins appears to be identical to any previously characterized serum protein.", "PMID": 845150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6502", "title": "Boar proacrosin. Purification and preliminary activation studies of proacrosin isolated from ejaculated boar sperm.", "content": "Two forms of proacrosin have been purified from ejacualted boar spermatozoa. The isolation method utilized benzamidine to inhibit the premeture activation of the zymogen and included pH precipitation, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and sodium chloride precipitation. Further purification was achieved by Sephadex G-200 FILTRATION OF THE PREPARATION AFTER IT WAS TREATED WITH 8 M urea. The overall proacrosin yield was 58% with a specific acitivity of 253 units/mg of protein. The molecular weights of the proacrosins determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate disc gel electrophoresis were 55,000 and 53,000. Proacrosin autoactivation followed the classical S-shaped activation curve and calcium was not required to obtain full activation. Time course activation studies in 0.1 M Tris/HCl, pH 8.4, at 0 degrees were monitored with sodium dodecyl sulfate-disc gel eletrophoresis and anlytical gel electrophoresis with staining techniques for protein and enzymatic activity. Under the conditions used, the zymogens were sequentially degraded to three different active specise of acrosin (alpha, beta, and gamma). The approximate molecualr weights of the acrosins were 49,000, 39,000, and 25,000 for the alpha, beta, and gamma forms, respectively. The autoactivation is concentration-dependent and can be proteolytically stimulated with either alpha- or beta-acrosin and trypsin, indicating the activation of proacrosin can via a bimolecular process.", "contents": "Boar proacrosin. Purification and preliminary activation studies of proacrosin isolated from ejaculated boar sperm. Two forms of proacrosin have been purified from ejacualted boar spermatozoa. The isolation method utilized benzamidine to inhibit the premeture activation of the zymogen and included pH precipitation, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and sodium chloride precipitation. Further purification was achieved by Sephadex G-200 FILTRATION OF THE PREPARATION AFTER IT WAS TREATED WITH 8 M urea. The overall proacrosin yield was 58% with a specific acitivity of 253 units/mg of protein. The molecular weights of the proacrosins determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate disc gel electrophoresis were 55,000 and 53,000. Proacrosin autoactivation followed the classical S-shaped activation curve and calcium was not required to obtain full activation. Time course activation studies in 0.1 M Tris/HCl, pH 8.4, at 0 degrees were monitored with sodium dodecyl sulfate-disc gel eletrophoresis and anlytical gel electrophoresis with staining techniques for protein and enzymatic activity. Under the conditions used, the zymogens were sequentially degraded to three different active specise of acrosin (alpha, beta, and gamma). The approximate molecualr weights of the acrosins were 49,000, 39,000, and 25,000 for the alpha, beta, and gamma forms, respectively. The autoactivation is concentration-dependent and can be proteolytically stimulated with either alpha- or beta-acrosin and trypsin, indicating the activation of proacrosin can via a bimolecular process.", "PMID": 845151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6503", "title": "Investigation of the binding site of human corticosteroid-binding globulin by affinity labeling. Demonstration of a cysteinyl residue in the binding site.", "content": "This communication deals with the investigation of the binding site of purified human corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) by the method of affinity labeling. The design of the studies necessitated the rapid removal of unbound ligands, followed by assay of the binding capacity of CBG. We were able to accomplish this by demonstrating that CBG absorbed on DEAE-filter discs bound cortisol as if both molecules were in solution. Using this principle, 6beta-bromoprogesterone was shown to react with CBG in a time-dependent and irreversible fashion with a t1/2 = 15 min at 2 degrees. One mol of 6beta-bromo[3H]progesterone reacted with 1 mol of CBG. After completion of the reaction, one of the two sulfhydrul groups in CBG was no longer titratable with Ellman's reagent. The product of the reaction of 6beta-bromoprogesterone with cysteine is progesterone-6-S-L-cysteine. After acid hydrolysis of CBG, which had been incubated with 6beta-bromoprogesterone, a compound which migrated with the same mobility on thin layer chromatography as the model compound was observed. We conclude that 6beta-bromoprogesterone is an affinity label for CBG and that a cysteinyl residue is present in the binding site.", "contents": "Investigation of the binding site of human corticosteroid-binding globulin by affinity labeling. Demonstration of a cysteinyl residue in the binding site. This communication deals with the investigation of the binding site of purified human corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) by the method of affinity labeling. The design of the studies necessitated the rapid removal of unbound ligands, followed by assay of the binding capacity of CBG. We were able to accomplish this by demonstrating that CBG absorbed on DEAE-filter discs bound cortisol as if both molecules were in solution. Using this principle, 6beta-bromoprogesterone was shown to react with CBG in a time-dependent and irreversible fashion with a t1/2 = 15 min at 2 degrees. One mol of 6beta-bromo[3H]progesterone reacted with 1 mol of CBG. After completion of the reaction, one of the two sulfhydrul groups in CBG was no longer titratable with Ellman's reagent. The product of the reaction of 6beta-bromoprogesterone with cysteine is progesterone-6-S-L-cysteine. After acid hydrolysis of CBG, which had been incubated with 6beta-bromoprogesterone, a compound which migrated with the same mobility on thin layer chromatography as the model compound was observed. We conclude that 6beta-bromoprogesterone is an affinity label for CBG and that a cysteinyl residue is present in the binding site.", "PMID": 845152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6504", "title": "Hemoglobin switching in sheep and goats. Preparation and characterization of complementary DNAs specific for the alpha-, beta-, and gamma-globin messenger RNAs of sheep.", "content": "Specific complementary DNAs (cDNAs) for the messenger RNAs coding for sheep alpha-, betaA-, betaB-, betaC-, and gamma-globins were prepared by thermal denaturation of heterologous hybrids (e.g. alphabetaB-cDNA-alphagamma-mRNA) followed by hydroxylapatite chromatography. Each cDNA represented a nearly full-length copy of its globin mRNA complement as determined by electrophoretic analysis in polyacrylamide gels containing 98% formamide. The purity of each cDNA fraction was estimated by hybridization analysis and thermal denaturation. The beta- and gamma-cDNAs contained 5 to 20% contaminating alpha-cDNA while the alpha-cDNA was 25 to 30% contaminated with non-alpha-cDNA. The melting temperatures (Tm) of homologous duplexes between each non-alpha chain cDNA and its mRNA complement ranged from 69.5-71.5 degrees in 50% formamide while alpha-alpha duplexes melted with a Tm of 75-76 degrees. The Tm values of heterologous duplexes formed between each non-alpha-cDNA and the various globin mRNAs (e.g. betaB-cDNA-Hb C mRNA) ranged between 64.5 degrees and 68 degrees and thus were only 1.5-5.0degrees below that of homologous duplexes. These results suggest that the nucleotide sequence divergence among the various non-alpha-mRNAs (or cDNAs) is not greatly different from the minimum predicted from the amino acid sequence differences of the corresponding globins. When annealing reactions were performed above the Tm of the heterologous hybrids (68 degrees), each non-alpha-cDNA hybridized only to its own complementary mRNA. Thus the purified cDNAs provide molecular probes for the quantitation of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-globin-specific nucleotide sequences.", "contents": "Hemoglobin switching in sheep and goats. Preparation and characterization of complementary DNAs specific for the alpha-, beta-, and gamma-globin messenger RNAs of sheep. Specific complementary DNAs (cDNAs) for the messenger RNAs coding for sheep alpha-, betaA-, betaB-, betaC-, and gamma-globins were prepared by thermal denaturation of heterologous hybrids (e.g. alphabetaB-cDNA-alphagamma-mRNA) followed by hydroxylapatite chromatography. Each cDNA represented a nearly full-length copy of its globin mRNA complement as determined by electrophoretic analysis in polyacrylamide gels containing 98% formamide. The purity of each cDNA fraction was estimated by hybridization analysis and thermal denaturation. The beta- and gamma-cDNAs contained 5 to 20% contaminating alpha-cDNA while the alpha-cDNA was 25 to 30% contaminated with non-alpha-cDNA. The melting temperatures (Tm) of homologous duplexes between each non-alpha chain cDNA and its mRNA complement ranged from 69.5-71.5 degrees in 50% formamide while alpha-alpha duplexes melted with a Tm of 75-76 degrees. The Tm values of heterologous duplexes formed between each non-alpha-cDNA and the various globin mRNAs (e.g. betaB-cDNA-Hb C mRNA) ranged between 64.5 degrees and 68 degrees and thus were only 1.5-5.0degrees below that of homologous duplexes. These results suggest that the nucleotide sequence divergence among the various non-alpha-mRNAs (or cDNAs) is not greatly different from the minimum predicted from the amino acid sequence differences of the corresponding globins. When annealing reactions were performed above the Tm of the heterologous hybrids (68 degrees), each non-alpha-cDNA hybridized only to its own complementary mRNA. Thus the purified cDNAs provide molecular probes for the quantitation of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-globin-specific nucleotide sequences.", "PMID": 845153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6505", "title": "Correlation between activation and dimer formation of rat renal phosphate-dependent glutaminase.", "content": "Gel filtration and velocity sedimentation in sucrose gradients were used to determine the molecular weights of purified rat renal phosphate-dependent glutaminase. The purified glutaminase has a molecular weight of 160,000 in Tris or barbital buffers and forms dimers of 332,000 molecular weight in the presence of its activator, Pi. The correlation between activation and dimer formation was investigated by determining the sedimentation coefficient at various concentrations of glutaminase activators. Saturation curves for Pi and riboflavin phosphate demonstrate an excellent correlation between per cent activation and increasing S20,w with increasing concentrations of these activators. The concentrations required for half-maximal saturation were 40 to 50 mM for Pi and 10 to 15 mM for riboflavin phosphate. Correlation between activation and dimer formation was also found with other activators at subsaturating concentrations. Moreover, the activation and dimer formation were found to be reversed to a similar extent by increasing concentrations of NaCl. Finally, we studied the effects of Pi and NaCl on the stability of glutaminase activity at 37 degrees. Pi stabilized glutaminase activity by increasing the t1/2 for inactivation from 12 min in the absence of Pi to 242 at 150 mM Pi. The concentration of Pi which gave approximately half-maximal change in t1/2 was 50 mM and addition of NaCl reversed this stabilization. These results support the hypothesis that phosphate-dependent glutaminase is active only as a dimer or larger aggregate. However, we cannot exclude the possibility that binding of Pi changes the monomer conformation sufficiently to produce activation and that this new conformation leads to self-association.", "contents": "Correlation between activation and dimer formation of rat renal phosphate-dependent glutaminase. Gel filtration and velocity sedimentation in sucrose gradients were used to determine the molecular weights of purified rat renal phosphate-dependent glutaminase. The purified glutaminase has a molecular weight of 160,000 in Tris or barbital buffers and forms dimers of 332,000 molecular weight in the presence of its activator, Pi. The correlation between activation and dimer formation was investigated by determining the sedimentation coefficient at various concentrations of glutaminase activators. Saturation curves for Pi and riboflavin phosphate demonstrate an excellent correlation between per cent activation and increasing S20,w with increasing concentrations of these activators. The concentrations required for half-maximal saturation were 40 to 50 mM for Pi and 10 to 15 mM for riboflavin phosphate. Correlation between activation and dimer formation was also found with other activators at subsaturating concentrations. Moreover, the activation and dimer formation were found to be reversed to a similar extent by increasing concentrations of NaCl. Finally, we studied the effects of Pi and NaCl on the stability of glutaminase activity at 37 degrees. Pi stabilized glutaminase activity by increasing the t1/2 for inactivation from 12 min in the absence of Pi to 242 at 150 mM Pi. The concentration of Pi which gave approximately half-maximal change in t1/2 was 50 mM and addition of NaCl reversed this stabilization. These results support the hypothesis that phosphate-dependent glutaminase is active only as a dimer or larger aggregate. However, we cannot exclude the possibility that binding of Pi changes the monomer conformation sufficiently to produce activation and that this new conformation leads to self-association.", "PMID": 845154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6506", "title": "Primed and unprimed synthesis of poly (dA-dT) by calf thymus DNA polymerase alpha.", "content": "The primed and unprimed synthesis of poly(dA-dA-dT) by calf thymus DNA polymerase alpha (DNA nucleotidyltransferase; deoxynucleoside triphosphate: DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase EC 2.7.7.7) has been compared to replication of activated DNA. Synthesis of poly(dA-dT) by alpha-polymerase is both autocatalytic and exponential. The rate of synthesis of poly(dA-dT) is markedly affected by the Mg2+ concentration and has a higher temperature optimum than replication of activated DNA, implicating \"slippage\" as a necessary part of poly(dA-dT) replication. Calf thymus 24,000-dalton unwinding protein influences poly(dA-dT) synthesis by increasing both the exponential rate constant and the rate of linear synthesis. Single-stranded template poly(dA-dT) is provided alpha-polymerase by both \"strand slippage\" and melting by unwinding protein.", "contents": "Primed and unprimed synthesis of poly (dA-dT) by calf thymus DNA polymerase alpha. The primed and unprimed synthesis of poly(dA-dA-dT) by calf thymus DNA polymerase alpha (DNA nucleotidyltransferase; deoxynucleoside triphosphate: DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase EC 2.7.7.7) has been compared to replication of activated DNA. Synthesis of poly(dA-dT) by alpha-polymerase is both autocatalytic and exponential. The rate of synthesis of poly(dA-dT) is markedly affected by the Mg2+ concentration and has a higher temperature optimum than replication of activated DNA, implicating \"slippage\" as a necessary part of poly(dA-dT) replication. Calf thymus 24,000-dalton unwinding protein influences poly(dA-dT) synthesis by increasing both the exponential rate constant and the rate of linear synthesis. Single-stranded template poly(dA-dT) is provided alpha-polymerase by both \"strand slippage\" and melting by unwinding protein.", "PMID": 845155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6507", "title": "Polydispersity of cartilage proteoglycans. Structural variations with size and buoyant density of the molecules.", "content": "Proteoglycan monomers were subfractionated according to buoyant density by dissociative CsCl density gradient centrifugation. It was shown that with decreasing buoyant density of the proteoglycan subfraction: (a) the average sizes of the molecules decreased (shown by Sepharose 2B chromatography); (b) the relative content of chondroitin sulfate decreased; (c) the relative content of protein increased; (d) the relative proportion of the amino acids glycine and serine, which occur close to the chondroitin sulfate-peptide linkage, decreased; (e) the relative proportion of the hyaluronic acid-binding region released by treatment of proteoglycans with cyanogen bromide increased; (f) the relative content of the keratan sulfate-enriched region increased. The data indicate that proteoglycans contain a nonvariable hyaluronic acid-binding region, a keratan sulfate-enriched region and a chondroitin sulfate-enriched region of variable size. It is concluded that proteoglycans vary in size mainly because of variations in the size of the chondroitin sulfate-enriched region. Additional data were obtained using subfractions of proteoglycan monomers isolated according to size differences by using Sepharose 2B chromatography. The Kav values of the subfractions on Sepharose 2B ranged from 0 to 0.54. Analyses of these subfractions showed the same variations with size of the content of chondroitin sulfate, protein, amino acids, hyaluronic acid-binding region, and keratan sulfate-enriched region, as was shown for the subfractions isolated at different buoyant densities in the dissociative gradient.", "contents": "Polydispersity of cartilage proteoglycans. Structural variations with size and buoyant density of the molecules. Proteoglycan monomers were subfractionated according to buoyant density by dissociative CsCl density gradient centrifugation. It was shown that with decreasing buoyant density of the proteoglycan subfraction: (a) the average sizes of the molecules decreased (shown by Sepharose 2B chromatography); (b) the relative content of chondroitin sulfate decreased; (c) the relative content of protein increased; (d) the relative proportion of the amino acids glycine and serine, which occur close to the chondroitin sulfate-peptide linkage, decreased; (e) the relative proportion of the hyaluronic acid-binding region released by treatment of proteoglycans with cyanogen bromide increased; (f) the relative content of the keratan sulfate-enriched region increased. The data indicate that proteoglycans contain a nonvariable hyaluronic acid-binding region, a keratan sulfate-enriched region and a chondroitin sulfate-enriched region of variable size. It is concluded that proteoglycans vary in size mainly because of variations in the size of the chondroitin sulfate-enriched region. Additional data were obtained using subfractions of proteoglycan monomers isolated according to size differences by using Sepharose 2B chromatography. The Kav values of the subfractions on Sepharose 2B ranged from 0 to 0.54. Analyses of these subfractions showed the same variations with size of the content of chondroitin sulfate, protein, amino acids, hyaluronic acid-binding region, and keratan sulfate-enriched region, as was shown for the subfractions isolated at different buoyant densities in the dissociative gradient.", "PMID": 845156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6508", "title": "Exit transport of a cyclic nucleotide from mouse L-cells.", "content": "At a concentration of 30 mum, 1,4,5,6,8-pentazaacenaphthylene, 3-amino-1,5-dihydro-5-methyl-1-beta-D-[5-14C]ribofuranosyl (NSC-154020), a tricyclic, 7-deazapurine nucleoside (TCN) is rapidly taken up by cultured mouse L-cells and converted to intracellular TCN-monophosphate, but not further metabolized. The TCN-monophosphate is also excreted by the cells into the medium. It is released by a saturable process against a concentration gradient and the release is inhibited by various inhibitors of energy production. This inhibition correlates with a depletion of the cells of ATP. Thus TCN-monophosphate excretion probably involves an active transport system. This transport system is highly temperature-dependent (the Q10 falls between 3 and 4) and is inhibited by papaverine, theophylline, Persantin, Probenecid, phenethyl alcohol and p-chloromercuribenzoate, but not by 500 muM cyclic AMP, AMP, or adenosine. Significant amounts of various natural phosphorylated intermediates (AMP, ATP, UTP, UMP, UDP-hexoses, and phosphorylcholine) are not released from the cells under similar experimental conditions either in the absence or presence of 30 muM TCN.", "contents": "Exit transport of a cyclic nucleotide from mouse L-cells. At a concentration of 30 mum, 1,4,5,6,8-pentazaacenaphthylene, 3-amino-1,5-dihydro-5-methyl-1-beta-D-[5-14C]ribofuranosyl (NSC-154020), a tricyclic, 7-deazapurine nucleoside (TCN) is rapidly taken up by cultured mouse L-cells and converted to intracellular TCN-monophosphate, but not further metabolized. The TCN-monophosphate is also excreted by the cells into the medium. It is released by a saturable process against a concentration gradient and the release is inhibited by various inhibitors of energy production. This inhibition correlates with a depletion of the cells of ATP. Thus TCN-monophosphate excretion probably involves an active transport system. This transport system is highly temperature-dependent (the Q10 falls between 3 and 4) and is inhibited by papaverine, theophylline, Persantin, Probenecid, phenethyl alcohol and p-chloromercuribenzoate, but not by 500 muM cyclic AMP, AMP, or adenosine. Significant amounts of various natural phosphorylated intermediates (AMP, ATP, UTP, UMP, UDP-hexoses, and phosphorylcholine) are not released from the cells under similar experimental conditions either in the absence or presence of 30 muM TCN.", "PMID": 845157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6509", "title": "Purification and properties of a beta-mannosidase from Aspergillus niger.", "content": "A beta-mannosidase (beta-D-mannoside mannohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.25) was purified to apparent homogeneity from the culture filtrate of the fungus, Aspergillus niger. The enzyme had an estimated molecular weight of about 120,000 and was a glycoprotein. Radioactive enzyme was prepared by growing the fungus in [14C]fructose, and this enzyme was used for the preparation of 14C-glycopeptides. The glycopeptides were purified on Sephadex G-25 and G-50 and were then hydrolyzed for sugar analysis. Two radioactive sugars were found in the glycopeptides and these were identified as mannose and glucosamine in a ratio of 2.5 or 3:1. Based on susceptibility of the enzyme to alkaline treatment and the formation of [3H]glucosaminitol in the presence of NaB3H4, the oligosaccharide is apparently attached to the protein in a GlcNAc-asparagine linkage. The beta-mannosidase had good activity on p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-mannoside but was inactive on p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-mannoside as well as on other p-nitrophenyl glycosides. It also showed good activity on the beta(1 leads to 4)-linked trisaccharide of mannose and somewhat lower activity of the corresponding disaccharide. With each of these substrates the Km was about 1 mM, whereas with the p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-mannoside the Km was about 2 mM. The beta-mannosidase also released [14C]mannose from the Man-GlcNAc-GlcNAc trisaccharide isolated from the lipid-linked oligosaccharides of aorta and released mannose from the disaccharides, Man-(beta1 leads to 4)GlcNAc and Man-(beta1 leads to 4)ManNAc. The pH optimum for the enzyme was about 3.5 to 4.0 in glycine or acetate buffer.", "contents": "Purification and properties of a beta-mannosidase from Aspergillus niger. A beta-mannosidase (beta-D-mannoside mannohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.25) was purified to apparent homogeneity from the culture filtrate of the fungus, Aspergillus niger. The enzyme had an estimated molecular weight of about 120,000 and was a glycoprotein. Radioactive enzyme was prepared by growing the fungus in [14C]fructose, and this enzyme was used for the preparation of 14C-glycopeptides. The glycopeptides were purified on Sephadex G-25 and G-50 and were then hydrolyzed for sugar analysis. Two radioactive sugars were found in the glycopeptides and these were identified as mannose and glucosamine in a ratio of 2.5 or 3:1. Based on susceptibility of the enzyme to alkaline treatment and the formation of [3H]glucosaminitol in the presence of NaB3H4, the oligosaccharide is apparently attached to the protein in a GlcNAc-asparagine linkage. The beta-mannosidase had good activity on p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-mannoside but was inactive on p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-mannoside as well as on other p-nitrophenyl glycosides. It also showed good activity on the beta(1 leads to 4)-linked trisaccharide of mannose and somewhat lower activity of the corresponding disaccharide. With each of these substrates the Km was about 1 mM, whereas with the p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-mannoside the Km was about 2 mM. The beta-mannosidase also released [14C]mannose from the Man-GlcNAc-GlcNAc trisaccharide isolated from the lipid-linked oligosaccharides of aorta and released mannose from the disaccharides, Man-(beta1 leads to 4)GlcNAc and Man-(beta1 leads to 4)ManNAc. The pH optimum for the enzyme was about 3.5 to 4.0 in glycine or acetate buffer.", "PMID": 845158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6510", "title": "Relationship of nuclear estrogen receptor levels to induction of ovalbumin and conalbumin mRNA in chick oviduct.", "content": "Oviduct nuclei from laying hens, or from chicks given an optimal dose of estrogen, contain receptors with a high affinity for 17beta-estradiol (apparent Kd of about 3.7 nM) at a concentration of about 10,600 molecules per tubular gland cell. Chicks withdrawn from estrogen stimulation exhibit a 7-fold lower level of nuclear estrogen receptors. Radioimmunoassay of 17beta-estradiol in the serum indicates that birds withdrawn from estrogen stimulation have a serum level of 0.09 nM. A maximum concentration of oviduct nuclear receptors is achieved when the serum level reaches 0.7 nM 17beta-estradiol. Endogenous 17beta-estradiol in the serum of laying hens is also approximately 0.7 nM. The concentration of nuclear estrogen receptors achieved by administering different dosages of 17beta-estradiol, 17beta-estradiol-benzoate, or diethylstilbestrol is related to the rate of accumulation  of ovalbumin and conalbumin mRNA. The rate of conalbumin mRNA production is directly proportional to the concentration of nuclear receptors, i.e. half-maximal induction is obtained with about 5,300 nuclear receptors per tubular gland cell. In contrast, half-maximal induction of ovalbumin mRNA occurs when nuclear receptor levels are 80% of maximum; this is achieved with a dose of estrogen about 2.5 times that required for half-maximal conalbumin mRNA induction. These differential responses may be related either to different numbers of specific binding sites regulating the production of each mRNA, or to different affinities of regulatory sites for estrogen receptors.", "contents": "Relationship of nuclear estrogen receptor levels to induction of ovalbumin and conalbumin mRNA in chick oviduct. Oviduct nuclei from laying hens, or from chicks given an optimal dose of estrogen, contain receptors with a high affinity for 17beta-estradiol (apparent Kd of about 3.7 nM) at a concentration of about 10,600 molecules per tubular gland cell. Chicks withdrawn from estrogen stimulation exhibit a 7-fold lower level of nuclear estrogen receptors. Radioimmunoassay of 17beta-estradiol in the serum indicates that birds withdrawn from estrogen stimulation have a serum level of 0.09 nM. A maximum concentration of oviduct nuclear receptors is achieved when the serum level reaches 0.7 nM 17beta-estradiol. Endogenous 17beta-estradiol in the serum of laying hens is also approximately 0.7 nM. The concentration of nuclear estrogen receptors achieved by administering different dosages of 17beta-estradiol, 17beta-estradiol-benzoate, or diethylstilbestrol is related to the rate of accumulation  of ovalbumin and conalbumin mRNA. The rate of conalbumin mRNA production is directly proportional to the concentration of nuclear receptors, i.e. half-maximal induction is obtained with about 5,300 nuclear receptors per tubular gland cell. In contrast, half-maximal induction of ovalbumin mRNA occurs when nuclear receptor levels are 80% of maximum; this is achieved with a dose of estrogen about 2.5 times that required for half-maximal conalbumin mRNA induction. These differential responses may be related either to different numbers of specific binding sites regulating the production of each mRNA, or to different affinities of regulatory sites for estrogen receptors.", "PMID": 845159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6511", "title": "Prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis by rabbit renomedullary interstitial cells in tissue culture. Mechanism of stimulation by angiotensin II, bradykinin, and arginine vasopressin.", "content": "The mechanism of hormone-stimulated prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis was investigated in rabbit renomedullary interstitial cells in tissue culture. Angiotensin II, bradykinin, and arginine vasopressin stimulated arachidonic acid release and subsequent prostaglandin biosynthesis. Indomethacin completely inhibited prostaglandin biosynthesis without affecting arachidonic acid release. Mepacrine, a phospholipase inhibitor, inhibited arachidonic acid release without affecting subsequent synthesis of prostaglandin E2. Our studies suggest that arachidonic acid release via hormone-activated phospholipase or acylhydrolase (or both) is the mechanism of hormone-stimulated prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis.", "contents": "Prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis by rabbit renomedullary interstitial cells in tissue culture. Mechanism of stimulation by angiotensin II, bradykinin, and arginine vasopressin. The mechanism of hormone-stimulated prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis was investigated in rabbit renomedullary interstitial cells in tissue culture. Angiotensin II, bradykinin, and arginine vasopressin stimulated arachidonic acid release and subsequent prostaglandin biosynthesis. Indomethacin completely inhibited prostaglandin biosynthesis without affecting arachidonic acid release. Mepacrine, a phospholipase inhibitor, inhibited arachidonic acid release without affecting subsequent synthesis of prostaglandin E2. Our studies suggest that arachidonic acid release via hormone-activated phospholipase or acylhydrolase (or both) is the mechanism of hormone-stimulated prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis.", "PMID": 845160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6512", "title": "Purification and characterization of UDP-galactose-4-epimerase from bovine tissues.", "content": "Bovine liver and mammary UDP-galactose-4-epimerases have been purified to apparent electrophoretic homogeneity by a simple procedure involving the use of two affinity adsorbants, UDP-hexanolamine-Sepharose and NAD+-hexanolamine-Sepharose. The bovine thyroid epimerase has been partially purified by the same procedure. All three enzymes require NAD+ for activity, and all have a similar apparent molecular weight of approximately 40,000 as determined by gel filtration of the active enzymes. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the liver and mammary epimerases revealed similar molecular weights of 37,000 for both enzymes thus indicating that neither protein was dimeric. During development of the isolation procedure conditions were determined which would stabilize enzymatic activity in very dilute solutions. The liver and mammary enzymes, although similar in some respects, differed in amino acid composition and specific activity.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of UDP-galactose-4-epimerase from bovine tissues. Bovine liver and mammary UDP-galactose-4-epimerases have been purified to apparent electrophoretic homogeneity by a simple procedure involving the use of two affinity adsorbants, UDP-hexanolamine-Sepharose and NAD+-hexanolamine-Sepharose. The bovine thyroid epimerase has been partially purified by the same procedure. All three enzymes require NAD+ for activity, and all have a similar apparent molecular weight of approximately 40,000 as determined by gel filtration of the active enzymes. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the liver and mammary epimerases revealed similar molecular weights of 37,000 for both enzymes thus indicating that neither protein was dimeric. During development of the isolation procedure conditions were determined which would stabilize enzymatic activity in very dilute solutions. The liver and mammary enzymes, although similar in some respects, differed in amino acid composition and specific activity.", "PMID": 845161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6513", "title": "Mechanisms of lymphocyte activation. Binding kinetics of phytohemagglutinin to human lymphocytes.", "content": "The interactions of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) with normal human lymphocytes were studied utilizing radioiodinated leukoagglutinin (125I-LPHA) over a concentration spectrum encompassing the entire range of lymphocyte metabolic responses. 125I-LPHA binding was temperature-, pH-, and time-dependent. Ligand association was rapid with a t1/2 of 3 to 5 min, reaching steady state in 30 min at 22 degrees. Receptor specificity was demonstrated by the high receptor affinity for 125I-LPHA and by quantitative inhibition of 125I-LPHA binding with LPHA and 127I-LPHA but not with concanavalin A or bovine serum albumin. Under our experimental conditions there was no measurable degradation of 125I-LPHA and no detectable shedding of 125I-LPHA receptors or receptor-125I-LPHA complexes. Equilibrium studies of 125I-LPHA interactions with specific lymphocyte membrane receptors generated a complex curvilinear Scatchard plot. This, added to progressive deceleration of the dissociation reaction inversely proportional to receptor occupancy by 125I-LPHA, reflects changing receptor affinity for the ligand and suggests site-site interactions of the negative cooperativity type. These interactions which appear to be common to all lymphocyte subpopulations, preclude accurate calculation of lymphocyte binding capacity for 125I-LPHA and of physically meaningful affinity constants. Although the fate and role of a small fraction of apparently nondissociable 125I-LPHA remains to be elucidated, occupancy-dependent receptor affinity for 125I-LPHA, dissociation of receptor-125I-LPHA complexes, retention of binding properties by cell-exposed 125I-LPHA, and the large numbers of spare surface receptors for 125I-LPHA might represent important mechanisms for modulating cell activation by 125I-LPHA.", "contents": "Mechanisms of lymphocyte activation. Binding kinetics of phytohemagglutinin to human lymphocytes. The interactions of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) with normal human lymphocytes were studied utilizing radioiodinated leukoagglutinin (125I-LPHA) over a concentration spectrum encompassing the entire range of lymphocyte metabolic responses. 125I-LPHA binding was temperature-, pH-, and time-dependent. Ligand association was rapid with a t1/2 of 3 to 5 min, reaching steady state in 30 min at 22 degrees. Receptor specificity was demonstrated by the high receptor affinity for 125I-LPHA and by quantitative inhibition of 125I-LPHA binding with LPHA and 127I-LPHA but not with concanavalin A or bovine serum albumin. Under our experimental conditions there was no measurable degradation of 125I-LPHA and no detectable shedding of 125I-LPHA receptors or receptor-125I-LPHA complexes. Equilibrium studies of 125I-LPHA interactions with specific lymphocyte membrane receptors generated a complex curvilinear Scatchard plot. This, added to progressive deceleration of the dissociation reaction inversely proportional to receptor occupancy by 125I-LPHA, reflects changing receptor affinity for the ligand and suggests site-site interactions of the negative cooperativity type. These interactions which appear to be common to all lymphocyte subpopulations, preclude accurate calculation of lymphocyte binding capacity for 125I-LPHA and of physically meaningful affinity constants. Although the fate and role of a small fraction of apparently nondissociable 125I-LPHA remains to be elucidated, occupancy-dependent receptor affinity for 125I-LPHA, dissociation of receptor-125I-LPHA complexes, retention of binding properties by cell-exposed 125I-LPHA, and the large numbers of spare surface receptors for 125I-LPHA might represent important mechanisms for modulating cell activation by 125I-LPHA.", "PMID": 845162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6514", "title": "Microtubular protein catalytic interactions with nucleotides.", "content": "Purified tubulin prepared from pig brain in the absence of added guanine nucleotides contains 1 mol each of GDP and GTP/mol of tubulin. Incubation of a tubulin preparation with inorganic [32P]phosphate results in the incorporation of 32P into tubulin-associated GDP and GTP. Typically, in a 5-h incubation, 0.45 mM 32Pi reacts with 22 muM tubulin to form 3.3 muM [32P]GDP, and 0.3 muM [32P]GTP. The yield of labeled nucleotide is decreased as the result of a hydrolase activity associated with the preparation. The [32P]GTP is exclusively beta-labeled and is therefore formed by phosphorylation of [32P]GDP by a phosphate donor other than inorganic phosphate, most likely by nonradioactive GTP. Added GDP significantly decreases the yield of labeled GTP, but increases the yield of labeled GDP in a manner that is consistent with a partial protection against [32P]GDP hydrolysis, but not consistent with significant additional [32P]GDP formation. Added GMP is an inhibitor of both labeling activities associated with the preparation, although it has no effect on the hydrolase activity. Added ADP (0.4 MM) does not form labeled ADP or ATP and does not influence the labeling of GDP or GTP. The formation of [32P]GDP was shown to occur by an exchange mechanism rather than through net synthesis from GMP and Pi. These results provide evidence for a reversible guanidylation of the protein. The labeling activity is always specifically associated with highly purified tubulin preparations. Microtubular protein preparations are found to catalyze an exchange of oxygen from H218O into inorganic phosphate. Thus, there are two distinct catalytic properties associated with tubulin.", "contents": "Microtubular protein catalytic interactions with nucleotides. Purified tubulin prepared from pig brain in the absence of added guanine nucleotides contains 1 mol each of GDP and GTP/mol of tubulin. Incubation of a tubulin preparation with inorganic [32P]phosphate results in the incorporation of 32P into tubulin-associated GDP and GTP. Typically, in a 5-h incubation, 0.45 mM 32Pi reacts with 22 muM tubulin to form 3.3 muM [32P]GDP, and 0.3 muM [32P]GTP. The yield of labeled nucleotide is decreased as the result of a hydrolase activity associated with the preparation. The [32P]GTP is exclusively beta-labeled and is therefore formed by phosphorylation of [32P]GDP by a phosphate donor other than inorganic phosphate, most likely by nonradioactive GTP. Added GDP significantly decreases the yield of labeled GTP, but increases the yield of labeled GDP in a manner that is consistent with a partial protection against [32P]GDP hydrolysis, but not consistent with significant additional [32P]GDP formation. Added GMP is an inhibitor of both labeling activities associated with the preparation, although it has no effect on the hydrolase activity. Added ADP (0.4 MM) does not form labeled ADP or ATP and does not influence the labeling of GDP or GTP. The formation of [32P]GDP was shown to occur by an exchange mechanism rather than through net synthesis from GMP and Pi. These results provide evidence for a reversible guanidylation of the protein. The labeling activity is always specifically associated with highly purified tubulin preparations. Microtubular protein preparations are found to catalyze an exchange of oxygen from H218O into inorganic phosphate. Thus, there are two distinct catalytic properties associated with tubulin.", "PMID": 845163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6515", "title": "Partial purification and characterization of a translational inhibitor from Friend leukemia cells.", "content": "A translational inhibitor has been isolated from unstimulated Friend leukemia cells. The inhibitor is a heat-labile, sulfhydryl reagent-insensitive protein with a molecular weight of approximately 214,000. It inhibits protein synthesis at a step of peptide chain initiation by preventing initiation factor-dependent binding of methionyl-tRNAf to 40 S ribosomal subunits. However, it does not interfere with the formation of the ribosome-independent ternary complex between the initiation factor IF-E2, methionyl-tRNAf, and GTP. The inhibitor preparation contains protein kinase activity which phosphorylates the smallest subunit of IF-E2. There appears to be a functional similarity between this inhibitor from Friend leukemia cells and the hemin-controlled repressor from reticulocytes.", "contents": "Partial purification and characterization of a translational inhibitor from Friend leukemia cells. A translational inhibitor has been isolated from unstimulated Friend leukemia cells. The inhibitor is a heat-labile, sulfhydryl reagent-insensitive protein with a molecular weight of approximately 214,000. It inhibits protein synthesis at a step of peptide chain initiation by preventing initiation factor-dependent binding of methionyl-tRNAf to 40 S ribosomal subunits. However, it does not interfere with the formation of the ribosome-independent ternary complex between the initiation factor IF-E2, methionyl-tRNAf, and GTP. The inhibitor preparation contains protein kinase activity which phosphorylates the smallest subunit of IF-E2. There appears to be a functional similarity between this inhibitor from Friend leukemia cells and the hemin-controlled repressor from reticulocytes.", "PMID": 845164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6516", "title": "Isolation and characterization of plasma membranes and intact nuclei from lymphoid cells.", "content": "A method has been developed for the rapid large scale isolation of plasma membranes and intact nuclei from RAJI lymphoid cells utilizing hypotonic lysis of cells after intracellular loading with glycerol followed by combined flotation-sedimentation within a discontinuous sucrose gradient. Nuclei may be isolated in about 1 h and plasma membranes in about 6 h from 1 to 20 g of cells. Intact nuclei, obtained in 90 to 95% yield based on lysed cells, was isolated by differential centrifugation and contained 16% DNA and about 30% of total cell sialic acid. A crude plasma membrane fraction was isolated by centrifugation onto a cushion of 38% sucrose (d 1.1683) and subsequently resolved into two subfractions. The less dense vesicles had an average d 1.127 and showed a 7-fold increase in specific activity for thymidine phosphodiesterase while the more dense (d 1.151) had a 20-fold concentration of enzyme activity. Activity of enzymes indicative of contamination with lysosomes, microsomes, mitochondria, and cytoplasm was negligible in these plasma membrane fractions. The less dense vesicles had a cholesterol:phospholipid ratio of 0.97 which was higher than that of the more dense vesicles (0.69). Otherwise, the analytical values for the two types of membrane vesicles were similar as both fractions contained like percentages of protein (approximately 30%), lipid (approximately 30%), and carbohydrate (approximately 15%) with trace amounts of RNA and DNA. Twenty-five per cent of the total cell sialic acid was in the plasma membrane fractions.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of plasma membranes and intact nuclei from lymphoid cells. A method has been developed for the rapid large scale isolation of plasma membranes and intact nuclei from RAJI lymphoid cells utilizing hypotonic lysis of cells after intracellular loading with glycerol followed by combined flotation-sedimentation within a discontinuous sucrose gradient. Nuclei may be isolated in about 1 h and plasma membranes in about 6 h from 1 to 20 g of cells. Intact nuclei, obtained in 90 to 95% yield based on lysed cells, was isolated by differential centrifugation and contained 16% DNA and about 30% of total cell sialic acid. A crude plasma membrane fraction was isolated by centrifugation onto a cushion of 38% sucrose (d 1.1683) and subsequently resolved into two subfractions. The less dense vesicles had an average d 1.127 and showed a 7-fold increase in specific activity for thymidine phosphodiesterase while the more dense (d 1.151) had a 20-fold concentration of enzyme activity. Activity of enzymes indicative of contamination with lysosomes, microsomes, mitochondria, and cytoplasm was negligible in these plasma membrane fractions. The less dense vesicles had a cholesterol:phospholipid ratio of 0.97 which was higher than that of the more dense vesicles (0.69). Otherwise, the analytical values for the two types of membrane vesicles were similar as both fractions contained like percentages of protein (approximately 30%), lipid (approximately 30%), and carbohydrate (approximately 15%) with trace amounts of RNA and DNA. Twenty-five per cent of the total cell sialic acid was in the plasma membrane fractions.", "PMID": 845166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6517", "title": "Acetylcholine receptor metabolism in a nonfusing muscle cell line.", "content": "The development and turnover of acetylcholine receptors in a nonfusing muscle cell line has been investigated using iodinated alpha-bungarotoxin as a probe for acetylcholine receptor. logarithmically growing cells do not bind toxin, while cells that have ceased cell division bind toxin at a site which has the pharmacological characteristics of an acetylcholine receptor. These binding sites are removed from the cell surface at a rate equal to 8.9 +/- 0.5% of the total surface binding sites/h and appear at a rate equal to 8.3 +/- 1.5% of the total surface binding sites/h. Appearance of new binding sites can occur for a period of 1 1/2 h in the presence of cycloheximide, during which time 15% of the surface receptors can be replaced. There is a hidden population of receptors which is not accessible to toxin without disrupting the cell. This population amounts to 35% of the Triton-extractable receptors in the cell and is composed of two classes. One class, termed a precursor receptor, appears to move from the hidden population to the cell surface, and composes about 40% of the total hidden receptor population. The second class of hidden receptors does not appear to function as a surface precursor and is neither depleted nor enriched by any of the procedures we employed. Surface receptors and hidden receptors are distinguishable on the basis of their sedimentation coefficient about 0.5 to 0.6 S lower than surface receptors. We were unable to distinguish between precursor and non-precursor hidden receptors on the basis of cursor and nonprecursor hidden receptors on the basis of their sedimentation coefficients.", "contents": "Acetylcholine receptor metabolism in a nonfusing muscle cell line. The development and turnover of acetylcholine receptors in a nonfusing muscle cell line has been investigated using iodinated alpha-bungarotoxin as a probe for acetylcholine receptor. logarithmically growing cells do not bind toxin, while cells that have ceased cell division bind toxin at a site which has the pharmacological characteristics of an acetylcholine receptor. These binding sites are removed from the cell surface at a rate equal to 8.9 +/- 0.5% of the total surface binding sites/h and appear at a rate equal to 8.3 +/- 1.5% of the total surface binding sites/h. Appearance of new binding sites can occur for a period of 1 1/2 h in the presence of cycloheximide, during which time 15% of the surface receptors can be replaced. There is a hidden population of receptors which is not accessible to toxin without disrupting the cell. This population amounts to 35% of the Triton-extractable receptors in the cell and is composed of two classes. One class, termed a precursor receptor, appears to move from the hidden population to the cell surface, and composes about 40% of the total hidden receptor population. The second class of hidden receptors does not appear to function as a surface precursor and is neither depleted nor enriched by any of the procedures we employed. Surface receptors and hidden receptors are distinguishable on the basis of their sedimentation coefficient about 0.5 to 0.6 S lower than surface receptors. We were unable to distinguish between precursor and non-precursor hidden receptors on the basis of cursor and nonprecursor hidden receptors on the basis of their sedimentation coefficients.", "PMID": 845167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6518", "title": "Increasing activity of enzymes on pathway of triacylglycerol synthesis during adipose conversion of 3T3 cells.", "content": "When preadipose 3T3 cells pass from growing to resting state, they increase their rate of synthesis of triacylglycerol from precursors and convert to adipose cells. The behavior of two enzymes involved in the synthesis of triacylglycerol, glycerophosphate acyltransferase, and malic enzyme have been examined during the adipose conversion of 3T3-F442A in surface culture and in suspension culture stabilized with methylcellulose. Glycerophosphate acyltransferase activity rises sharply during the conversion and reaches a level of 80 times higher than that of another 3T3 subline in which practically no adipose conversion takes place (3T3-C2). The activity of malic enzyme also rises during the adipose conversion of 3T3-F442A and reaches a level of 15-fold higher than that of 3T3-C2. The activity of glycerophosphate acyltransferase responds more sharply than that of malic enzyme but the rise in activity is not sustained as long, so that the relative levels of the two enzymes change during the conversion. The adipose conversion appears to be the result of increases in the activity of the synthesizing enzymes, brought about by either of the two most physiological methods available for arresting the growth of cultured cells.", "contents": "Increasing activity of enzymes on pathway of triacylglycerol synthesis during adipose conversion of 3T3 cells. When preadipose 3T3 cells pass from growing to resting state, they increase their rate of synthesis of triacylglycerol from precursors and convert to adipose cells. The behavior of two enzymes involved in the synthesis of triacylglycerol, glycerophosphate acyltransferase, and malic enzyme have been examined during the adipose conversion of 3T3-F442A in surface culture and in suspension culture stabilized with methylcellulose. Glycerophosphate acyltransferase activity rises sharply during the conversion and reaches a level of 80 times higher than that of another 3T3 subline in which practically no adipose conversion takes place (3T3-C2). The activity of malic enzyme also rises during the adipose conversion of 3T3-F442A and reaches a level of 15-fold higher than that of 3T3-C2. The activity of glycerophosphate acyltransferase responds more sharply than that of malic enzyme but the rise in activity is not sustained as long, so that the relative levels of the two enzymes change during the conversion. The adipose conversion appears to be the result of increases in the activity of the synthesizing enzymes, brought about by either of the two most physiological methods available for arresting the growth of cultured cells.", "PMID": 845168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6519", "title": "Interactions of synthetic and natural surfaces with blood in the physiological environment.", "content": "Efforts to explain blood compatibility with synthetic and natural surfaces based on a single parameter or a single biological test procedure have either been unsuccessful or led to misleading generalizations. The problem reflects the complex interdependence between material's properties, the composition and properties of blood, and in vivo biorheological conditions. Among the initial events that occur when materials contact blood is the very rapid adsorption of plasma proteins; this process effectively influences the subsequent interactions with the formed blood elements, especially the platelets with the proteinated surfaces. In the case of natural surfaces, when the endothelium is damaged, collagen may become exposed that may cause the activation, adhesion, and aggregation of platelets leading to thrombosis. Current evidence indicates that the platelet-aggregating ability of collagen depends on its \"multimeric\" or fibrillar structure, rather than on the activation of the platelet-bound enzyme system. Under normal conditions, the flowing blood is probably not in direct contact with endothelial cells that line the blood vessel walls, but with an adsorbed layer of plasma proteins. Should a formation of a multilayer of plasma proteins occur following the initial adsorption of a monolayer, this process could be influenced by changes in the solubility of the proteins, especially fibrinogen, the solubility of which is quite low in plasma. The hypothesis is proposed that such changes may be intimately related to the electrical properties of proteins present in the vascular wall and in blood. It is possible that these properties play a much greater role in thrombogenesis and in the problem of blood compatibility than is currently appreciated. Considering synthetic polymers, a number of these have been prepared that exhibit little adverse effects on blood components and, at the same time, retain their physical properties for various periods of time in the physiological environment. These combined biological and physical properties make them useful for various prosthetic and other biomedical applications in surgery and therapy.", "contents": "Interactions of synthetic and natural surfaces with blood in the physiological environment. Efforts to explain blood compatibility with synthetic and natural surfaces based on a single parameter or a single biological test procedure have either been unsuccessful or led to misleading generalizations. The problem reflects the complex interdependence between material's properties, the composition and properties of blood, and in vivo biorheological conditions. Among the initial events that occur when materials contact blood is the very rapid adsorption of plasma proteins; this process effectively influences the subsequent interactions with the formed blood elements, especially the platelets with the proteinated surfaces. In the case of natural surfaces, when the endothelium is damaged, collagen may become exposed that may cause the activation, adhesion, and aggregation of platelets leading to thrombosis. Current evidence indicates that the platelet-aggregating ability of collagen depends on its \"multimeric\" or fibrillar structure, rather than on the activation of the platelet-bound enzyme system. Under normal conditions, the flowing blood is probably not in direct contact with endothelial cells that line the blood vessel walls, but with an adsorbed layer of plasma proteins. Should a formation of a multilayer of plasma proteins occur following the initial adsorption of a monolayer, this process could be influenced by changes in the solubility of the proteins, especially fibrinogen, the solubility of which is quite low in plasma. The hypothesis is proposed that such changes may be intimately related to the electrical properties of proteins present in the vascular wall and in blood. It is possible that these properties play a much greater role in thrombogenesis and in the problem of blood compatibility than is currently appreciated. Considering synthetic polymers, a number of these have been prepared that exhibit little adverse effects on blood components and, at the same time, retain their physical properties for various periods of time in the physiological environment. These combined biological and physical properties make them useful for various prosthetic and other biomedical applications in surgery and therapy.", "PMID": 845180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6520", "title": "Interaction of living cells with polyionenes and polyionene-coated surfaces.", "content": "Polyionenes have been shown recently (A. Rembaum, Appl. Polym. Symp. No. 22, 299, 1973) to produce the following biological effects: 1) bactericidal action, 2) formation of insoluble complexes with DNA and heparin, 3) neuromuscular blocking action, 4) cell aggregation and lysis, and (5) cell adhesion. In present study, polyionenes of various structures (mainly I3, 3, I6, 10) were used as molecular probes to gain an understanding of the cell surface phenomena of adhesion on glass- and polyionenes-treated surfaces. Since tumor cells show different durface cell properties, including an increase in the anodic mobility, they bind preferentially to polyionene-treated surfaces. Normal human diploid WI-38 cells were found to adhere at a lower rate than SV-transformed WI-38 cells. However, cell spreading was accelerated in both cases. A study of the interaction of polyionenes in solution in vitro and in vivo and polyionenes covalently bound to polymeric microspheres with leukemic murine EL4 cells and normal thymocytes showed specific cytotoxity towards the leukemic cells.", "contents": "Interaction of living cells with polyionenes and polyionene-coated surfaces. Polyionenes have been shown recently (A. Rembaum, Appl. Polym. Symp. No. 22, 299, 1973) to produce the following biological effects: 1) bactericidal action, 2) formation of insoluble complexes with DNA and heparin, 3) neuromuscular blocking action, 4) cell aggregation and lysis, and (5) cell adhesion. In present study, polyionenes of various structures (mainly I3, 3, I6, 10) were used as molecular probes to gain an understanding of the cell surface phenomena of adhesion on glass- and polyionenes-treated surfaces. Since tumor cells show different durface cell properties, including an increase in the anodic mobility, they bind preferentially to polyionene-treated surfaces. Normal human diploid WI-38 cells were found to adhere at a lower rate than SV-transformed WI-38 cells. However, cell spreading was accelerated in both cases. A study of the interaction of polyionenes in solution in vitro and in vivo and polyionenes covalently bound to polymeric microspheres with leukemic murine EL4 cells and normal thymocytes showed specific cytotoxity towards the leukemic cells.", "PMID": 845181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6521", "title": "Perfusion trials with a collagen-immobilized enzyme in an extracorporeal reactor: activity, stability, and biocompatibility.", "content": "This paper is concerned with the evaluation of the in vivo performance characteristics of reconstituted bovine collagen as an insoluble carrier matrix fro therapeutic enzymes. The enzyme that was chosen as a model for this evaluation was E. coli L-asparaginase, which has been widely investigated as a soluble chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia in humans (Oettgen et al., Cancer Res., 27, 2619, 1967 ; Beard et al., Brit. Med. J., 1, 191, 1970; Ohmuma et al., Cancer Res., 30, 2297, 1970). The results presented here were obtained from perfusion trials with a collagen-asparaginase reactor incorporated into an extracorporeal circuit attached to the vascular systems of healthy mongrel dogs. A series of 1-2 hr perfusions were conducted with a single collagen-asparaginase membrane over a period of 4 months. Serum asparagine levels were reduced by more than 98% after 15-30 min perfusion time. Red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin, hematocrit, and fibrinogen values remained constant during each perfusion. An average decrease of 48% in white blood cell (WBC) and 24% in platelet levels was observed, but these values began to rise slowly even before cessation of the perfusion. No serious toxic or antigenic reactions or mechanical or clotting difficulties were observed. In vitro activity, when assayed between perfusions, remained constant over a period of 4 months of intermittent use and storage. The potential advantages of collagen-enzyme complexes for the administration of therapeutic enzymes is discussed.", "contents": "Perfusion trials with a collagen-immobilized enzyme in an extracorporeal reactor: activity, stability, and biocompatibility. This paper is concerned with the evaluation of the in vivo performance characteristics of reconstituted bovine collagen as an insoluble carrier matrix fro therapeutic enzymes. The enzyme that was chosen as a model for this evaluation was E. coli L-asparaginase, which has been widely investigated as a soluble chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia in humans (Oettgen et al., Cancer Res., 27, 2619, 1967 ; Beard et al., Brit. Med. J., 1, 191, 1970; Ohmuma et al., Cancer Res., 30, 2297, 1970). The results presented here were obtained from perfusion trials with a collagen-asparaginase reactor incorporated into an extracorporeal circuit attached to the vascular systems of healthy mongrel dogs. A series of 1-2 hr perfusions were conducted with a single collagen-asparaginase membrane over a period of 4 months. Serum asparagine levels were reduced by more than 98% after 15-30 min perfusion time. Red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin, hematocrit, and fibrinogen values remained constant during each perfusion. An average decrease of 48% in white blood cell (WBC) and 24% in platelet levels was observed, but these values began to rise slowly even before cessation of the perfusion. No serious toxic or antigenic reactions or mechanical or clotting difficulties were observed. In vitro activity, when assayed between perfusions, remained constant over a period of 4 months of intermittent use and storage. The potential advantages of collagen-enzyme complexes for the administration of therapeutic enzymes is discussed.", "PMID": 845182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6522", "title": "Radiotracer techniques for protein adsorption measurements.", "content": "Factors which contribute to measurement errors associated with the use of radiotracers to measure protein adsorption are considered. Techniques for removal of excess adsorbent solution and for estimation of surface area are described. Artifacts induced by the incorporation of a radio-label both by specific adsorption of the labeling atom and by changes in the protein are discussed.", "contents": "Radiotracer techniques for protein adsorption measurements. Factors which contribute to measurement errors associated with the use of radiotracers to measure protein adsorption are considered. Techniques for removal of excess adsorbent solution and for estimation of surface area are described. Artifacts induced by the incorporation of a radio-label both by specific adsorption of the labeling atom and by changes in the protein are discussed.", "PMID": 845183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6523", "title": "Reactions of human platelets with microspheres of poly(hydroxymethyl methacrylate) and polyacrylamide.", "content": "We have studied the contact interaction of platelets with hydrogels. In the form of microspheres, 0.6-1.0 mu, poly(glycol methacrylate) (polyHEMA) and poly(methyl methacrylate) beads cause platelets to aggregate at concentrations of about 10(8) beads/ml. Polyacrylamide and (20/80) poly(acrylamide-HEMA) copolymer were ineffective in aggregating platelets. The admixture of 20% methacrylate to polyHEMA rendered the beads inactive. Blood plasma components other than fibrinogen were found essential to the interaction of the beads with platelets. Near-infrared spectra of the hydrogels polyacrylamide and polyHEMA showed the water hydrogen bonds to be the same for both and different from those in pure water. The monomer HEMA is an inhibitor of platelet aggregation and the release reaction at levels of 0.1%. It is concluded that the two hydrogels have different blood compatibilities, which depend more on the network structures than the water structures in the respective gels.", "contents": "Reactions of human platelets with microspheres of poly(hydroxymethyl methacrylate) and polyacrylamide. We have studied the contact interaction of platelets with hydrogels. In the form of microspheres, 0.6-1.0 mu, poly(glycol methacrylate) (polyHEMA) and poly(methyl methacrylate) beads cause platelets to aggregate at concentrations of about 10(8) beads/ml. Polyacrylamide and (20/80) poly(acrylamide-HEMA) copolymer were ineffective in aggregating platelets. The admixture of 20% methacrylate to polyHEMA rendered the beads inactive. Blood plasma components other than fibrinogen were found essential to the interaction of the beads with platelets. Near-infrared spectra of the hydrogels polyacrylamide and polyHEMA showed the water hydrogen bonds to be the same for both and different from those in pure water. The monomer HEMA is an inhibitor of platelet aggregation and the release reaction at levels of 0.1%. It is concluded that the two hydrogels have different blood compatibilities, which depend more on the network structures than the water structures in the respective gels.", "PMID": 845184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6524", "title": "Development of blood-compatible elastomers. V. Surface structure and blood compatibility of avcothane elastomers.", "content": "The Avcothane 51 elastomer, a member of a series of proprietary materials best characterized as polyurethane/poly(dialkylsiloxane) block copolymers, displays considerable hemocompatibility without any incorporated anticoagulants. In the form of intra-aortic balloons, the elastomer was implanted in several thousands of cardiac patients without intolerable hematologic effects. Hemocompatibility has been assumed to result from a predominantly dispersion-type surface force field whose intensity fluctuates within small domains, maintaning adsorbed blood proteins in an unstable state. The relative hemocompatibility of films, which were obtained from a prepolymer solution cast on substrates impenetrable to the solvent, is a function of the effective surface molecular structure. This can vary as a function of preparative conditions (temperature and rate of evaporation), and has been correlated with an anisotropic distribution of the silicone component in cured films. The concentration of this component in surface layers was quantified independently by IRATR spectroscopy and electron-microprobe analysis, giving consistent results. An IRATR index, which is computed from the ratio of absorptivities measured at 13.00 and 12.62 mu and is inversely proportional to the relative silicone content of surface layers, was found to correlate with the apparent hemocompatibility determined by different in vitro methods. Optimized reproducible hemocompatibility is attained by strict process controls.", "contents": "Development of blood-compatible elastomers. V. Surface structure and blood compatibility of avcothane elastomers. The Avcothane 51 elastomer, a member of a series of proprietary materials best characterized as polyurethane/poly(dialkylsiloxane) block copolymers, displays considerable hemocompatibility without any incorporated anticoagulants. In the form of intra-aortic balloons, the elastomer was implanted in several thousands of cardiac patients without intolerable hematologic effects. Hemocompatibility has been assumed to result from a predominantly dispersion-type surface force field whose intensity fluctuates within small domains, maintaning adsorbed blood proteins in an unstable state. The relative hemocompatibility of films, which were obtained from a prepolymer solution cast on substrates impenetrable to the solvent, is a function of the effective surface molecular structure. This can vary as a function of preparative conditions (temperature and rate of evaporation), and has been correlated with an anisotropic distribution of the silicone component in cured films. The concentration of this component in surface layers was quantified independently by IRATR spectroscopy and electron-microprobe analysis, giving consistent results. An IRATR index, which is computed from the ratio of absorptivities measured at 13.00 and 12.62 mu and is inversely proportional to the relative silicone content of surface layers, was found to correlate with the apparent hemocompatibility determined by different in vitro methods. Optimized reproducible hemocompatibility is attained by strict process controls.", "PMID": 845185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6525", "title": "Harrington instrumentation and spine fusion for unstable fractures and fracture-dislocations of the thoracic and lumbar spine.", "content": "Of forty patients with unstable fractures and fracture-dislocations of the thoracic or lumbar spine treated with Harrington instrumentation and spine fusion, thirty-five had a neural deficit (twenty-three with incomplete or cauda equina lesions and twelve with complete lesions). Laminectomy or posterolateral decompression was performed prior to instrumentation and fusion in twenty-three patients and at the time of stabilization, in thirteen. Solid fusion was obtained in all but one patient. Back pain persisted in four. No patient had residual spinal deformity. Twenty-one patients with incomplete or cauda equina lesions regained some neural function, while all twelve with complete lesions remained unchanged. The advantages of this technique include effective stabilization of the spine, early mobilization and rehabilitation, and prevention of late deformity.", "contents": "Harrington instrumentation and spine fusion for unstable fractures and fracture-dislocations of the thoracic and lumbar spine. Of forty patients with unstable fractures and fracture-dislocations of the thoracic or lumbar spine treated with Harrington instrumentation and spine fusion, thirty-five had a neural deficit (twenty-three with incomplete or cauda equina lesions and twelve with complete lesions). Laminectomy or posterolateral decompression was performed prior to instrumentation and fusion in twenty-three patients and at the time of stabilization, in thirteen. Solid fusion was obtained in all but one patient. Back pain persisted in four. No patient had residual spinal deformity. Twenty-one patients with incomplete or cauda equina lesions regained some neural function, while all twelve with complete lesions remained unchanged. The advantages of this technique include effective stabilization of the spine, early mobilization and rehabilitation, and prevention of late deformity.", "PMID": 845197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6526", "title": "Ascending lumbar venography in lumbar-disc disease.", "content": "For fifty-five patients with acute low-back pain or radicular pain, ascending lumbar venography was as accurate as myelography (86 per cent) in localized herniation of a lumbar disc in surgically proved cases. Myelography and lumbar venography are complementary diagnostic studies which should be used together in doubtful cases. Lumbar venography is easily performed is well-tolerated, and is relatively painless. It is not associated with arachnoiditis and has a negligible complication rate.", "contents": "Ascending lumbar venography in lumbar-disc disease. For fifty-five patients with acute low-back pain or radicular pain, ascending lumbar venography was as accurate as myelography (86 per cent) in localized herniation of a lumbar disc in surgically proved cases. Myelography and lumbar venography are complementary diagnostic studies which should be used together in doubtful cases. Lumbar venography is easily performed is well-tolerated, and is relatively painless. It is not associated with arachnoiditis and has a negligible complication rate.", "PMID": 845198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6527", "title": "Sensitivity to metal as a possible cause of sterile loosening after cobalt-chromium total hip-replacement arthroplasty.", "content": "We explored the possibility that wear products of cobalt-chromium alloy might lead to sensitivity to metal wear products and in turn to loosening of a component of the prosthesis after total joint replacement. Twenty patients with sterile, loose McKee-Farrar hip replacements had patch tests for sensitivity to cobalt, nickel, and chromium. All tests were negative in all patients. The histological findings from surrounding tissues in seventeen patients who had reoperation showed no signs of delayed hypersensitivity. In five patients, lymphokine assays for migration inhibition factor and blastogenic factor were done. Only one assay was positive. Our findings do not support the suggestion that hypersensitivity to metal is a cause of component loosening after McKee-Farrar total hip replacement.", "contents": "Sensitivity to metal as a possible cause of sterile loosening after cobalt-chromium total hip-replacement arthroplasty. We explored the possibility that wear products of cobalt-chromium alloy might lead to sensitivity to metal wear products and in turn to loosening of a component of the prosthesis after total joint replacement. Twenty patients with sterile, loose McKee-Farrar hip replacements had patch tests for sensitivity to cobalt, nickel, and chromium. All tests were negative in all patients. The histological findings from surrounding tissues in seventeen patients who had reoperation showed no signs of delayed hypersensitivity. In five patients, lymphokine assays for migration inhibition factor and blastogenic factor were done. Only one assay was positive. Our findings do not support the suggestion that hypersensitivity to metal is a cause of component loosening after McKee-Farrar total hip replacement.", "PMID": 845199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6528", "title": "A straight-line graph for leg-length discrepancies.", "content": "A graphic method is presented that facilitates the recording and interpretation of data in cases of leg-length discrepancy. It provides a mechanism for predicting future growth that automatically takes into account the child's growth percentile and the degree of growth inhibition in the short leg. It can be used to predict the effects of corrective surgical procedures and to choose a surgical timetable. A series of cases of epiphyseodesis is presented, showing the straight-line graph method to be significantly more accurate than the so-called growth-remaining method, particularly in cases of growth inhibition.", "contents": "A straight-line graph for leg-length discrepancies. A graphic method is presented that facilitates the recording and interpretation of data in cases of leg-length discrepancy. It provides a mechanism for predicting future growth that automatically takes into account the child's growth percentile and the degree of growth inhibition in the short leg. It can be used to predict the effects of corrective surgical procedures and to choose a surgical timetable. A series of cases of epiphyseodesis is presented, showing the straight-line graph method to be significantly more accurate than the so-called growth-remaining method, particularly in cases of growth inhibition.", "PMID": 845200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6529", "title": "Human patellar-tendon rupture.", "content": "The first biomechanical analysis of a human patellar-tendon rupture during actual sports competition is reported. Cinematographic data for analysis were collected at a national weight-lifting championship. Dynamic equations to mathematically model the lifter were developed to compute time course and magnitudes of hip, knee  and ankle-joint moments of force and of tensile loading of the patellar tendon before and during tendon trauma. Results provided evidence that the range of maximum tensile stress of the tendon may be considerably greater during rapid dynamic loading conditions, as in many sports situations, than maximum tensile stress obtained during static test conditions.", "contents": "Human patellar-tendon rupture. The first biomechanical analysis of a human patellar-tendon rupture during actual sports competition is reported. Cinematographic data for analysis were collected at a national weight-lifting championship. Dynamic equations to mathematically model the lifter were developed to compute time course and magnitudes of hip, knee  and ankle-joint moments of force and of tensile loading of the patellar tendon before and during tendon trauma. Results provided evidence that the range of maximum tensile stress of the tendon may be considerably greater during rapid dynamic loading conditions, as in many sports situations, than maximum tensile stress obtained during static test conditions.", "PMID": 845201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6530", "title": "The four biomechanical stages of fracture repair.", "content": "Based on analysis of the torque-angle curves and roentgenographic findings in fifty-three healing tibial fractures in rabbits tested in torsion to failure, four biomechanical stages of fracture healing were defined, as follows: Stage I--failure through original fracture site, with low stiffness; Stage II--failure through original fracture site, with high stiffness; Stage III--failure partially through original fracture site and partially through intact bone, with high stiffness; and Stage IV--failure entirely through intact bone, with high stiffness. These stages correlated with the progressive increases in the average torque and energy absorption to failure as healing progressed and also with the average times since the original experimental fracture. It is hoped that this system of staging will provide both a standard by which important variables related to ultimate strength of healing fractures can be correlated and an objective way to predict delayed unions and non-unions and to determine the level of activity that is safe for patients with a healing fracture.", "contents": "The four biomechanical stages of fracture repair. Based on analysis of the torque-angle curves and roentgenographic findings in fifty-three healing tibial fractures in rabbits tested in torsion to failure, four biomechanical stages of fracture healing were defined, as follows: Stage I--failure through original fracture site, with low stiffness; Stage II--failure through original fracture site, with high stiffness; Stage III--failure partially through original fracture site and partially through intact bone, with high stiffness; and Stage IV--failure entirely through intact bone, with high stiffness. These stages correlated with the progressive increases in the average torque and energy absorption to failure as healing progressed and also with the average times since the original experimental fracture. It is hoped that this system of staging will provide both a standard by which important variables related to ultimate strength of healing fractures can be correlated and an objective way to predict delayed unions and non-unions and to determine the level of activity that is safe for patients with a healing fracture.", "PMID": 845202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6531", "title": "Residua of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Polyneuritis in Children.", "content": "A study of the records from the period 1950 to 1970 at the Elizabethtown Hospital for Children and Youth produced twelve patients with the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. These patients were contracted in 1975-76 and each was personally examined. Ten were found to have residual weakness but in several instances the weakness was so mild the patient was unaware of it. Good correlations were found between muscle examinations during the acute recovery period and at final follow-up. Six patients had undergone various surgical procedures, and all of them thought they had benefited.", "contents": "Residua of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Polyneuritis in Children. A study of the records from the period 1950 to 1970 at the Elizabethtown Hospital for Children and Youth produced twelve patients with the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. These patients were contracted in 1975-76 and each was personally examined. Ten were found to have residual weakness but in several instances the weakness was so mild the patient was unaware of it. Good correlations were found between muscle examinations during the acute recovery period and at final follow-up. Six patients had undergone various surgical procedures, and all of them thought they had benefited.", "PMID": 845203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6532", "title": "Fracture-dislocation of the radiocarpal joint.", "content": "In five patients with fracture-dislocation of a radiocarpal joint, the wrist injury was severe and associated with injuries to other systems. Typically there was neurovascular impairment and closed reduction was performed as soon as possible to relieve pressure to tension on vessels and nerves. Fracture of the radial and ulnar styloid processes, fracture of the dorsal rim of the radial articular surface, and a multitude of carpal and intercarpal injuries were present in all cases. Early open reduction, internal fixation of the fractures, and repair of all torn ligaments appeared to be the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Fracture-dislocation of the radiocarpal joint. In five patients with fracture-dislocation of a radiocarpal joint, the wrist injury was severe and associated with injuries to other systems. Typically there was neurovascular impairment and closed reduction was performed as soon as possible to relieve pressure to tension on vessels and nerves. Fracture of the radial and ulnar styloid processes, fracture of the dorsal rim of the radial articular surface, and a multitude of carpal and intercarpal injuries were present in all cases. Early open reduction, internal fixation of the fractures, and repair of all torn ligaments appeared to be the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 845204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6533", "title": "Humeral hypertrophy in response to exercise.", "content": "We compared roentgenograms of the jumeri of a group of professional tennis players and showed that there was pronounced hypertrophy of bone on the playing side. The cortical thickness on that side was greater by 34.9 per cent in men and 28.4 per cent in women compared with the control side. This represents a highly significant hypertrophy of bone in response to exercise.", "contents": "Humeral hypertrophy in response to exercise. We compared roentgenograms of the jumeri of a group of professional tennis players and showed that there was pronounced hypertrophy of bone on the playing side. The cortical thickness on that side was greater by 34.9 per cent in men and 28.4 per cent in women compared with the control side. This represents a highly significant hypertrophy of bone in response to exercise.", "PMID": 845205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6534", "title": "The urinary excretion of collagen degradation products by quadriplegic patients and during weightlessness.", "content": "Urinary total hydroxyproline, peptide-bound hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine glycosides, and calcium were measured in three healthy individuals subjected to weightlessness for eighty-four days and in three young quadriplegic patients. The former group had significant calciuria but no evidence of collagen degradation. The latter group, however, had conspicuous calciuria and also excreted large amounts of collagen breakdown products. This documented degradation of matrix may be related to the continuous calciuria, osteoporosis, and cutaneous dystrophic changes occurring in quadriplegics.", "contents": "The urinary excretion of collagen degradation products by quadriplegic patients and during weightlessness. Urinary total hydroxyproline, peptide-bound hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine glycosides, and calcium were measured in three healthy individuals subjected to weightlessness for eighty-four days and in three young quadriplegic patients. The former group had significant calciuria but no evidence of collagen degradation. The latter group, however, had conspicuous calciuria and also excreted large amounts of collagen breakdown products. This documented degradation of matrix may be related to the continuous calciuria, osteoporosis, and cutaneous dystrophic changes occurring in quadriplegics.", "PMID": 845206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6535", "title": "The effect of biopsy-hole shape and size on bone strength.", "content": "Investigation in cadaver femora of the relationship between the shape or size of a hole made in the cortex and the breaking strength of the bone revealed that of the shapes studied, an oblong hole with rounded ends afforded the greatest residual strength. Furthermore, we found that increasing the width of the hole caused a significant reduction in strength, while increasing the length did not.", "contents": "The effect of biopsy-hole shape and size on bone strength. Investigation in cadaver femora of the relationship between the shape or size of a hole made in the cortex and the breaking strength of the bone revealed that of the shapes studied, an oblong hole with rounded ends afforded the greatest residual strength. Furthermore, we found that increasing the width of the hole caused a significant reduction in strength, while increasing the length did not.", "PMID": 845207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6536", "title": "Joint resurfacing in the rabbit using an autologous osteochondral graft.", "content": "In rabbits, joint resurfacing with autologous osteoarticular condylar grafts composed of the articular cartilage and subchondral bone (two to eight millimeters thick) from the lateral femoral condyles was investigated. By means of morphological, histochemical, autoradiographic, and biochemical studies, the grafts were compared with sham and normal controls. When adequately fixed, the grafts remained viable and functionally and structurally intact during the twelve months of the experiment. The subchondral bone underwent rapid replacement in less than six weeks without loss of its supportive function. Resurfacing of a joint using an osteochondral graft is feasible in rabbits.", "contents": "Joint resurfacing in the rabbit using an autologous osteochondral graft. In rabbits, joint resurfacing with autologous osteoarticular condylar grafts composed of the articular cartilage and subchondral bone (two to eight millimeters thick) from the lateral femoral condyles was investigated. By means of morphological, histochemical, autoradiographic, and biochemical studies, the grafts were compared with sham and normal controls. When adequately fixed, the grafts remained viable and functionally and structurally intact during the twelve months of the experiment. The subchondral bone underwent rapid replacement in less than six weeks without loss of its supportive function. Resurfacing of a joint using an osteochondral graft is feasible in rabbits.", "PMID": 845208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6537", "title": "Vascular injuries associated with dislocation of the knee.", "content": "Two hundred and forty-five knee dislocations were analyzed including forty-one new cases. The high incidence of injuries to the popliteal artery that accompanies this lesion (32 per cent) was confirmed, and it was re-emphasized that vascular repair must be completed within six or at the most eight hours from the time of injury to avoid amputation. Of the patients not treated within that time period, 86 per cent had an amputation and two-thirds of the remaining 14 per cent had ischemic changes.", "contents": "Vascular injuries associated with dislocation of the knee. Two hundred and forty-five knee dislocations were analyzed including forty-one new cases. The high incidence of injuries to the popliteal artery that accompanies this lesion (32 per cent) was confirmed, and it was re-emphasized that vascular repair must be completed within six or at the most eight hours from the time of injury to avoid amputation. Of the patients not treated within that time period, 86 per cent had an amputation and two-thirds of the remaining 14 per cent had ischemic changes.", "PMID": 845209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6538", "title": "Ipsilateral fracture of the femur and tibia.", "content": "Thirty-two cases of simultaneous ipsilateral femoral and tibial fractures in thirty-one patients were treated by rigid internal or pin fixation of both fractures in fourteen cases, by rigid internal or pin fixation of one fracture in three, and by conservative management or non-rigid internal fixation in fifteen. Rigid internal or pin fixation of both fractures resulted in a lower incidence of complications and shorter duration of hospitalization and time to healing. An initially active surgical approach also produced considerably better functional end results: twelve of fourteen patients so treated resumed their former occupations, compared with four of thirteen patients treated conservatively.", "contents": "Ipsilateral fracture of the femur and tibia. Thirty-two cases of simultaneous ipsilateral femoral and tibial fractures in thirty-one patients were treated by rigid internal or pin fixation of both fractures in fourteen cases, by rigid internal or pin fixation of one fracture in three, and by conservative management or non-rigid internal fixation in fifteen. Rigid internal or pin fixation of both fractures resulted in a lower incidence of complications and shorter duration of hospitalization and time to healing. An initially active surgical approach also produced considerably better functional end results: twelve of fourteen patients so treated resumed their former occupations, compared with four of thirteen patients treated conservatively.", "PMID": 845210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6539", "title": "Non-union in open tibial fractures.", "content": "This is a retrospective study of 104 open fractures of the tibial shaft seen at a civilian teaching center. Seventy-one per cent of the fractures resulted from vehicular accidents. Twenty-seven per cent of the fractures did not unite and half of these non-unions were infected. Virtually all of the ununited tibial fractures were associated with fractures of the fibula and with extensive avulsions of skin and dirty wounds. Although a variety of techniques for care of the wound and treatment of the fracture was used, none was entirely successful. Some failures were attributable to inadequacies of wound care--either premature primary closure or failure to perform secondary skin closure. Other failures of treatment were associated with use of internal fixation. Early weight-bearing without internal fixation, however, did not uniformly result in union.", "contents": "Non-union in open tibial fractures. This is a retrospective study of 104 open fractures of the tibial shaft seen at a civilian teaching center. Seventy-one per cent of the fractures resulted from vehicular accidents. Twenty-seven per cent of the fractures did not unite and half of these non-unions were infected. Virtually all of the ununited tibial fractures were associated with fractures of the fibula and with extensive avulsions of skin and dirty wounds. Although a variety of techniques for care of the wound and treatment of the fracture was used, none was entirely successful. Some failures were attributable to inadequacies of wound care--either premature primary closure or failure to perform secondary skin closure. Other failures of treatment were associated with use of internal fixation. Early weight-bearing without internal fixation, however, did not uniformly result in union.", "PMID": 845211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6540", "title": "Reduction of neglected traumatic dislocation of the hip by heavy traction.", "content": "Heavy traction treatment was applied to seven patients with old isolated posterior dislocation of the hip. Traction of seven to eighteen kilograms applied under sedation for five to seventeen days allowed over-reduction of the dislocation. Then gradual reduction of the femoral head into the acetabulum was accomplished by reducing the traction and abducting the limb. The results were good to excellent. In six patients there was no evidence of avascular necrosis or osteoarthritis during a follow-up period of from six months to three years. The femoral heads became fully concentric. The method failed in one patient in whom the dislocation was of nine months' duration and in whome a comminuted fracture of the acetabulum and other fractures of the pelvis were also present.", "contents": "Reduction of neglected traumatic dislocation of the hip by heavy traction. Heavy traction treatment was applied to seven patients with old isolated posterior dislocation of the hip. Traction of seven to eighteen kilograms applied under sedation for five to seventeen days allowed over-reduction of the dislocation. Then gradual reduction of the femoral head into the acetabulum was accomplished by reducing the traction and abducting the limb. The results were good to excellent. In six patients there was no evidence of avascular necrosis or osteoarthritis during a follow-up period of from six months to three years. The femoral heads became fully concentric. The method failed in one patient in whom the dislocation was of nine months' duration and in whome a comminuted fracture of the acetabulum and other fractures of the pelvis were also present.", "PMID": 845212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6541", "title": "Acute osteomyelitis in children.", "content": "A number of problems in the treatment of acute osteomyelitis have remained unresolved in recent years. The clinical experience of ninety-three patients with proven acute haematogenous osteomyelitis is presented to help resolve these problems. Analysis of the clinical features, the operative, bacteriological and haematological findings is made and discussed in detail. Eighteen patients had continuing bone infection and recommendations are made as to how diagnosis and management might have been improved. Surgery is considered to be an essential part of the diagnostic and therapeutic management of this disease. A combination of cloxacillin and fusidic acid is recommended at the antibiotic treatment.", "contents": "Acute osteomyelitis in children. A number of problems in the treatment of acute osteomyelitis have remained unresolved in recent years. The clinical experience of ninety-three patients with proven acute haematogenous osteomyelitis is presented to help resolve these problems. Analysis of the clinical features, the operative, bacteriological and haematological findings is made and discussed in detail. Eighteen patients had continuing bone infection and recommendations are made as to how diagnosis and management might have been improved. Surgery is considered to be an essential part of the diagnostic and therapeutic management of this disease. A combination of cloxacillin and fusidic acid is recommended at the antibiotic treatment.", "PMID": 845225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6542", "title": "Fractures of the femur during total hip replacement and their management.", "content": "Seventeen femoral fractures occurred in 1,751 operations for total hip replacement. They usually occurred during dislocation of the hip, reaming of the shaft, or insertion of the femoral component, and were common in second operations. The short oblique fracture can be controlled by use of the standard implant, and the long oblique fracture by internal fixation. Fractures well below the implant should probably be treated by continous traction. The eventual results were adequate in all cases. The liability to fracture can be reduced by taking special care during operation in particulary susceptible cases.", "contents": "Fractures of the femur during total hip replacement and their management. Seventeen femoral fractures occurred in 1,751 operations for total hip replacement. They usually occurred during dislocation of the hip, reaming of the shaft, or insertion of the femoral component, and were common in second operations. The short oblique fracture can be controlled by use of the standard implant, and the long oblique fracture by internal fixation. Fractures well below the implant should probably be treated by continous traction. The eventual results were adequate in all cases. The liability to fracture can be reduced by taking special care during operation in particulary susceptible cases.", "PMID": 845226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6543", "title": "Late infection after total hip replacement.", "content": "Four patients who developed deep infection of six hips, on average three and a half years after total replacement by McKee-Farrar prostheses, are described. In each case there was strong evidence that the source of the infection was a distant focus.", "contents": "Late infection after total hip replacement. Four patients who developed deep infection of six hips, on average three and a half years after total replacement by McKee-Farrar prostheses, are described. In each case there was strong evidence that the source of the infection was a distant focus.", "PMID": 845227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6544", "title": "Induction of tendon and ligament formation by carbon implants.", "content": "Experiments have been performed on rabbits and sheep which demonstrate that pure carbon, in a flexible and filamentous form of great strength, can be used successfully to induce the formation of new tendons. A concept fundamentally different from that underlying the use of other artificial tendon replacements is involved, in which rapidly developing tendon-like tissue is induced to form around the implant. This gradually takes over the function of the implant. The early results in rabbits and the late results in sheep suggest that filamentous carbon may have a place in the replacement of the calcaneal tendon and the collateral ligaments of the knee.", "contents": "Induction of tendon and ligament formation by carbon implants. Experiments have been performed on rabbits and sheep which demonstrate that pure carbon, in a flexible and filamentous form of great strength, can be used successfully to induce the formation of new tendons. A concept fundamentally different from that underlying the use of other artificial tendon replacements is involved, in which rapidly developing tendon-like tissue is induced to form around the implant. This gradually takes over the function of the implant. The early results in rabbits and the late results in sheep suggest that filamentous carbon may have a place in the replacement of the calcaneal tendon and the collateral ligaments of the knee.", "PMID": 845228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6545", "title": "Osteochondritis dissecans patellae.", "content": "Six cases of osteochondritis dissecans patellae have been studied in five patients in an attempt to clarify the aetiology and prognosis. Assessment of the results of treatment was performed using a standard protocol. The thirty-four previous case reports in the literature are reviewed. In four of the five patients symptoms began after flexing the knee under load and three showed patellar subluxation on tangential radiographs. Thus, repetitive shearing stress on the patellar surface is thought to be an important aetiological factor. The indication for operation is a loose osteochondral fragment either wholly or partly detached from the articular surface of the patella. Vertical excision of the affected area of articular cartilage with drilling of the underlying bone gave two \"good\" and two \"excellent\" results. Healing of the drilled area and maintenance of the cartilage space was seen in radiographs of all four cases so treated. This simple method of treatment, which probably causes filling of the defect in the surface by fibrocartilage, is recommended.", "contents": "Osteochondritis dissecans patellae. Six cases of osteochondritis dissecans patellae have been studied in five patients in an attempt to clarify the aetiology and prognosis. Assessment of the results of treatment was performed using a standard protocol. The thirty-four previous case reports in the literature are reviewed. In four of the five patients symptoms began after flexing the knee under load and three showed patellar subluxation on tangential radiographs. Thus, repetitive shearing stress on the patellar surface is thought to be an important aetiological factor. The indication for operation is a loose osteochondral fragment either wholly or partly detached from the articular surface of the patella. Vertical excision of the affected area of articular cartilage with drilling of the underlying bone gave two \"good\" and two \"excellent\" results. Healing of the drilled area and maintenance of the cartilage space was seen in radiographs of all four cases so treated. This simple method of treatment, which probably causes filling of the defect in the surface by fibrocartilage, is recommended.", "PMID": 845229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6546", "title": "Replacement of the severely damaged arthritic knee by the ICLH (Freeman-Swanson) arthroplasty.", "content": "A multi-centre clinical trial of ICLH (Freeman-Swanson) arthroplasty has been in progress since 1971. In this paper the results up to two years after operation are reported in seventy-one knees displaying at least 30 degrees of fixed flexion, 25 degrees of valgus or 20 degrees of varus, before operation. It has been found that knees displaying 70 degrees of fixed flexion, 70 degrees of valgus, 30 degrees of varus or 50 degrees of valgus/varus instability can be satisfactorily aligned and stabilised with acceptable function. Three knees required revision. The other complications are listed and were unremarkable in nature. These results depend upon the prosthesis and upon the operative technique. The latter avoids damage to healthy bone but does involve the replacement of the tissues in the midline of the knee.", "contents": "Replacement of the severely damaged arthritic knee by the ICLH (Freeman-Swanson) arthroplasty. A multi-centre clinical trial of ICLH (Freeman-Swanson) arthroplasty has been in progress since 1971. In this paper the results up to two years after operation are reported in seventy-one knees displaying at least 30 degrees of fixed flexion, 25 degrees of valgus or 20 degrees of varus, before operation. It has been found that knees displaying 70 degrees of fixed flexion, 70 degrees of valgus, 30 degrees of varus or 50 degrees of valgus/varus instability can be satisfactorily aligned and stabilised with acceptable function. Three knees required revision. The other complications are listed and were unremarkable in nature. These results depend upon the prosthesis and upon the operative technique. The latter avoids damage to healthy bone but does involve the replacement of the tissues in the midline of the knee.", "PMID": 845230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6547", "title": "The correction of genu valgum by epiphysial stapling.", "content": "Forty-nine patients treated by epiphysial stapling for idiopathic genu valgum are reviewed. The children were aged from eleven to fourteen and a half years. The severity of the condition and subsequent correction were assessed by measuring the inter-malleolar distance. Results show that femoral stapling is the treatment of choice for most patients with inter-malleolar separation of up to 12-5 centimetres. The optimum age for stapling for both boys and girls is eleven and a half years. Stapling of both epiphyses is advised for those patients presenting late, for example, between thirteen and fourteen and a half years, or where the deformity is greater than 12-5 centimetres of separation. Correction rarely takes more than one year, and was cosmetically satisfactory in all cases. The operation is virtually free from complication except for a tendency for the scars to be broad and conspicuous. Stapling has proved to be a safe, effective and predicatable operation for idiopathic genu valgum.", "contents": "The correction of genu valgum by epiphysial stapling. Forty-nine patients treated by epiphysial stapling for idiopathic genu valgum are reviewed. The children were aged from eleven to fourteen and a half years. The severity of the condition and subsequent correction were assessed by measuring the inter-malleolar distance. Results show that femoral stapling is the treatment of choice for most patients with inter-malleolar separation of up to 12-5 centimetres. The optimum age for stapling for both boys and girls is eleven and a half years. Stapling of both epiphyses is advised for those patients presenting late, for example, between thirteen and fourteen and a half years, or where the deformity is greater than 12-5 centimetres of separation. Correction rarely takes more than one year, and was cosmetically satisfactory in all cases. The operation is virtually free from complication except for a tendency for the scars to be broad and conspicuous. Stapling has proved to be a safe, effective and predicatable operation for idiopathic genu valgum.", "PMID": 845231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6548", "title": "The preformed socket and modular assembly for primary amputees.", "content": "A method is described by which an artificial limb can be fitted as soon as an above-knee or below-knee amputation wound is healed, by using preformed sockets which enable the prosthetist to fit the limb within the hour. The method has been found safe, and better than other methods previously described to facilitate the early mobilisation and rehabilitation of the amputee.", "contents": "The preformed socket and modular assembly for primary amputees. A method is described by which an artificial limb can be fitted as soon as an above-knee or below-knee amputation wound is healed, by using preformed sockets which enable the prosthetist to fit the limb within the hour. The method has been found safe, and better than other methods previously described to facilitate the early mobilisation and rehabilitation of the amputee.", "PMID": 845232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6549", "title": "Perthes' disease treated by prolonged recumbency and femoral head containment: a long-term appraisal.", "content": "The results of a long-term review of 102 hips in eighty-seven patients with Perthes' disease are described, the mean follow-up interval being seventeen years. All had been treated by an extremely rigorous conservative regime in which the patients were kept in hospital for an average period of twenty-six months, during which time they were confined to bed with the legs in wide abduction, first in traction and later in \"broomstick\" plasters to ensure \"containment\" of the femoral head. The patients were assessed by the joint clincial and radiological method described by Ratliff (1956). The results were very satisfactory, with only 2 per cent poor results and 10 per cent fair. The remaining 88 per cent were good. The radiological results at the end of treatment have also been compared with control series described by Catterall (1972) and with the osteotomy series of Lloyd-Roberts, Catterall and Salamon (1976). From this it appears that the described regime offers no benefit compared with the natural history in Catterall's Groups I and II, and in Group III the results were only marginally better than those following osteotomy. In Group IV cases, however, where the femoral head was totally involved, the benefit was important, and since these are the cases which carry the worst natural prognosis it is suggested that the use of the method described in such instances must be seriously considered in spite of its social disadvantages. The theoretical implications of the findings are considered, and it is concluded that the benefits of the method cannot be ascribed wholly to the application of the \"containment\" principle.", "contents": "Perthes' disease treated by prolonged recumbency and femoral head containment: a long-term appraisal. The results of a long-term review of 102 hips in eighty-seven patients with Perthes' disease are described, the mean follow-up interval being seventeen years. All had been treated by an extremely rigorous conservative regime in which the patients were kept in hospital for an average period of twenty-six months, during which time they were confined to bed with the legs in wide abduction, first in traction and later in \"broomstick\" plasters to ensure \"containment\" of the femoral head. The patients were assessed by the joint clincial and radiological method described by Ratliff (1956). The results were very satisfactory, with only 2 per cent poor results and 10 per cent fair. The remaining 88 per cent were good. The radiological results at the end of treatment have also been compared with control series described by Catterall (1972) and with the osteotomy series of Lloyd-Roberts, Catterall and Salamon (1976). From this it appears that the described regime offers no benefit compared with the natural history in Catterall's Groups I and II, and in Group III the results were only marginally better than those following osteotomy. In Group IV cases, however, where the femoral head was totally involved, the benefit was important, and since these are the cases which carry the worst natural prognosis it is suggested that the use of the method described in such instances must be seriously considered in spite of its social disadvantages. The theoretical implications of the findings are considered, and it is concluded that the benefits of the method cannot be ascribed wholly to the application of the \"containment\" principle.", "PMID": 845233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6550", "title": "Aseptic necrosis of bone in a compressed air worker.", "content": "This paper reports a detailed examination of three lesions of aseptic necrosis of bone occurring in a man who had worked in compressed air eleven years previously. Although two of the lesions were juxta-articular, in neither had the bone collapsed. Histology of only one similar lesion is reported in the literature (McCallum et al. 1966). Necropsy material is considered, together with radiographs and bone scans of the same lesions taken four years earlier. Similar changes have been shown to occur in commercial divers. On the evidence of this case it becomes clear that radiography is limited in its use and that bone scans as an indicator of repair may be open to misinterpretation. There may be a place for operation before the onset of symptoms in these cases of aseptic bone necrosis.", "contents": "Aseptic necrosis of bone in a compressed air worker. This paper reports a detailed examination of three lesions of aseptic necrosis of bone occurring in a man who had worked in compressed air eleven years previously. Although two of the lesions were juxta-articular, in neither had the bone collapsed. Histology of only one similar lesion is reported in the literature (McCallum et al. 1966). Necropsy material is considered, together with radiographs and bone scans of the same lesions taken four years earlier. Similar changes have been shown to occur in commercial divers. On the evidence of this case it becomes clear that radiography is limited in its use and that bone scans as an indicator of repair may be open to misinterpretation. There may be a place for operation before the onset of symptoms in these cases of aseptic bone necrosis.", "PMID": 845234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6551", "title": "Irradiation lesions of the growth plate in rabbits.", "content": "The effects of gamma irradiation on the growth plate have been studied in nineteen rabbits with a 1,000 rads/skin dose. The rabbits were killed after one to ninety days. The growth plates were studied by microscopic examination, thymidine-H3 autoradiography, and fluorescence with radiographic measurement. Changes were already detected after twenty-four hours at the cell mitosis level, which showed the sensitiveness of the chondrocyte itself. The lesions were clearly seen with the optical microscope after seven days, and they were most advanced between the fourteenth and twenty-first day after irradiation. Regeneration of the cartilage began in the fourth week and the histological appearance became normal after seventy days. Fluorescence with tetracycline showed a temporary retardation of growth, with consequent shortening of the affected limb.", "contents": "Irradiation lesions of the growth plate in rabbits. The effects of gamma irradiation on the growth plate have been studied in nineteen rabbits with a 1,000 rads/skin dose. The rabbits were killed after one to ninety days. The growth plates were studied by microscopic examination, thymidine-H3 autoradiography, and fluorescence with radiographic measurement. Changes were already detected after twenty-four hours at the cell mitosis level, which showed the sensitiveness of the chondrocyte itself. The lesions were clearly seen with the optical microscope after seven days, and they were most advanced between the fourteenth and twenty-first day after irradiation. Regeneration of the cartilage began in the fourth week and the histological appearance became normal after seventy days. Fluorescence with tetracycline showed a temporary retardation of growth, with consequent shortening of the affected limb.", "PMID": 845235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6552", "title": "Syphilitic aortic aneurysm with spinal erosion. Treatment by aneurysm replacement and anterior spinal fusion.", "content": "Five cases of syphilitic aortic aneurysm with erosion of the spinal column are reviewed. Four patients underwent operation. When erosion of the spine was mild or moderate, the aortic lesion only was treated. Aneurysm associated with extensive vertebral erosion was treated in two cases by anterior spinal fusion combined with replacement of the disc and part of the aorta. In one of these cases the spine was later reinforced by a posterior spinal fusion. One patient so treated died a week after operation. The patient who refused operation later developed a complete paraplegia.", "contents": "Syphilitic aortic aneurysm with spinal erosion. Treatment by aneurysm replacement and anterior spinal fusion. Five cases of syphilitic aortic aneurysm with erosion of the spinal column are reviewed. Four patients underwent operation. When erosion of the spine was mild or moderate, the aortic lesion only was treated. Aneurysm associated with extensive vertebral erosion was treated in two cases by anterior spinal fusion combined with replacement of the disc and part of the aorta. In one of these cases the spine was later reinforced by a posterior spinal fusion. One patient so treated died a week after operation. The patient who refused operation later developed a complete paraplegia.", "PMID": 845236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6553", "title": "Potentially fatal asphyxia following a minor injury of the cervical spine.", "content": "The case is reported of an elderly man with asymptomatic cervical spondylosis who sustained a minor hyperextension injury of the cervical spine when the brakes of a car were applied suddenly to avoid a collision. Within six hours marked swelling of the neck and severe dyspnoea developed, and a lateral radiograph showed the pharyngeal shadow displaced far forwards and a crack fracture of an anterior osteophyte. Tracheostomy and evacuation of a massive prevertebral haematoma were performed, with immediate relief. The case draws attention to the possibility of this serious complication of a \"whiplash\" type of injury.", "contents": "Potentially fatal asphyxia following a minor injury of the cervical spine. The case is reported of an elderly man with asymptomatic cervical spondylosis who sustained a minor hyperextension injury of the cervical spine when the brakes of a car were applied suddenly to avoid a collision. Within six hours marked swelling of the neck and severe dyspnoea developed, and a lateral radiograph showed the pharyngeal shadow displaced far forwards and a crack fracture of an anterior osteophyte. Tracheostomy and evacuation of a massive prevertebral haematoma were performed, with immediate relief. The case draws attention to the possibility of this serious complication of a \"whiplash\" type of injury.", "PMID": 845237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6554", "title": "Spondylolisthesis of the cervical spine. Report of a case.", "content": "Spondylolisthesis of the fourth cervical vertebra is reported in a thirty-four-year-old woman. Only one other case at this level has been found in the literature, but others have been recorded of the sixth cervical vertebra.", "contents": "Spondylolisthesis of the cervical spine. Report of a case. Spondylolisthesis of the fourth cervical vertebra is reported in a thirty-four-year-old woman. Only one other case at this level has been found in the literature, but others have been recorded of the sixth cervical vertebra.", "PMID": 845238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6555", "title": "Continuous aerosol therapy system using a modified Collison nebulizer.", "content": "A Collison nebulizer was incorporated into an exposure system for administering antiviral compounds as continuous aerosols to mice infected with influenza virus. The nebulizer was modified to control aerosol output by varying the liquid feed rate. A multiple regression equation was developed from data obtained with uranine dye to define the aerosol concentration of the dye in the system as a function of the concentration of the dye in the spray fluid and the rate at which it was aerosolized. The rate of change of the concentration of the test solution due to evaporative losses was also ascertained for a 1-ml/min feed rate over a 23.5-h period of operation. Procedures are outlined for using these relationships to determine the concentration of a given drug that will result in a given dose. Performance data for the drug ribavirin are presented.", "contents": "Continuous aerosol therapy system using a modified Collison nebulizer. A Collison nebulizer was incorporated into an exposure system for administering antiviral compounds as continuous aerosols to mice infected with influenza virus. The nebulizer was modified to control aerosol output by varying the liquid feed rate. A multiple regression equation was developed from data obtained with uranine dye to define the aerosol concentration of the dye in the system as a function of the concentration of the dye in the spray fluid and the rate at which it was aerosolized. The rate of change of the concentration of the test solution due to evaporative losses was also ascertained for a 1-ml/min feed rate over a 23.5-h period of operation. Procedures are outlined for using these relationships to determine the concentration of a given drug that will result in a given dose. Performance data for the drug ribavirin are presented.", "PMID": 845243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6556", "title": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic studies of TCC and metabolites in experimental animals and man.", "content": "A reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure for the analyses of 3,4,4'-trichlorocarbanilide (TCC) and its free and/or conjugated metabolic products in plasma/serum in described. A rapid, effective clean-up procedure, prior to chromatographic evaluation, involves a single-step combined protein removal and THF extraction. Detection of the TCC moiety after HPLC separation is by UV absorption at 265 nm; quantitation by peak height measurement. A detection limit of 10 ppb of TCC and/or metabolities has been demonstrated for this method. Verification of this method was by radiotracer counting of the appropriate HPLC peaks from plasma of animals adminstered 14C-TCC/TCC. The utility of this method was demonstrated in both animal pharmacological and toxicological studies and in human bathing studies.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic studies of TCC and metabolites in experimental animals and man. A reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure for the analyses of 3,4,4'-trichlorocarbanilide (TCC) and its free and/or conjugated metabolic products in plasma/serum in described. A rapid, effective clean-up procedure, prior to chromatographic evaluation, involves a single-step combined protein removal and THF extraction. Detection of the TCC moiety after HPLC separation is by UV absorption at 265 nm; quantitation by peak height measurement. A detection limit of 10 ppb of TCC and/or metabolities has been demonstrated for this method. Verification of this method was by radiotracer counting of the appropriate HPLC peaks from plasma of animals adminstered 14C-TCC/TCC. The utility of this method was demonstrated in both animal pharmacological and toxicological studies and in human bathing studies.", "PMID": 845240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6557", "title": "Comparison of thirty-seven strains of Vd-3 bacteria with Agrobacterium radiobacter: morphological and physiological observations.", "content": "Thirty-seven cultures of Vd-3 bacteria, isolated from clinical specimens, were characterized morphologically and physiologically. The cultures produced positive reactions when tested for oxidase, urease, nitrate reduction, phenylalanine deaminase, oxidative metabolism of carbohydrate substrates, and 3-ketolactose production. These peritrichously flagellated microorganisms were isolated primarily from the respiratory tract. When compared to authentic strains of Agrobacterium, they appeared to be most similar to A. radiobacter. Gas-liquid chromatography of trimethylsilyl derivatives of whole-cell hydrolysates of some of the Vd-3 strains and A. radiobacter yielded nearly identical elution patterns. The Vd-3 cultures were identified as probable strains of A. radiobacter. A method is presented for differentiating cultures of A. radiobacter from other similar bacteria encountered in clinical specimens. Although these bacteria rarely occur in clinical specimens, the clinical microbiologist should be familiar withe their outstanding characteristics.", "contents": "Comparison of thirty-seven strains of Vd-3 bacteria with Agrobacterium radiobacter: morphological and physiological observations. Thirty-seven cultures of Vd-3 bacteria, isolated from clinical specimens, were characterized morphologically and physiologically. The cultures produced positive reactions when tested for oxidase, urease, nitrate reduction, phenylalanine deaminase, oxidative metabolism of carbohydrate substrates, and 3-ketolactose production. These peritrichously flagellated microorganisms were isolated primarily from the respiratory tract. When compared to authentic strains of Agrobacterium, they appeared to be most similar to A. radiobacter. Gas-liquid chromatography of trimethylsilyl derivatives of whole-cell hydrolysates of some of the Vd-3 strains and A. radiobacter yielded nearly identical elution patterns. The Vd-3 cultures were identified as probable strains of A. radiobacter. A method is presented for differentiating cultures of A. radiobacter from other similar bacteria encountered in clinical specimens. Although these bacteria rarely occur in clinical specimens, the clinical microbiologist should be familiar withe their outstanding characteristics.", "PMID": 845244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6558", "title": "Gas chromatographic resolution of  polyunsaturated wax esters based on their degree of unsaturation on Silar 10C.", "content": "Wax esters of C28-C44 chain-lengths, and containing 0-7 double bonds, were characterized with equivalent chain lengths [ECL] obtained by GC using a cyanosiloxane, Silar 10C. The ECL of the unsaturated wax esters is significantly dependent upon the column temperature, and selection of an appropriate column temperature permitted adequate resolution of critical pairs differing in the degree of unsaturation or the position of the double bonds.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic resolution of  polyunsaturated wax esters based on their degree of unsaturation on Silar 10C. Wax esters of C28-C44 chain-lengths, and containing 0-7 double bonds, were characterized with equivalent chain lengths [ECL] obtained by GC using a cyanosiloxane, Silar 10C. The ECL of the unsaturated wax esters is significantly dependent upon the column temperature, and selection of an appropriate column temperature permitted adequate resolution of critical pairs differing in the degree of unsaturation or the position of the double bonds.", "PMID": 845241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6559", "title": "Physiological differentiation of viridans streptococci.", "content": "Twelve hundred and twenty-seven clinical isolates and eighty stock strains of viridans streptococci were tested for serological and physiological characteristics. Because the serological reactions of these strains varied, a differentiation scheme could not be based on these reactions. For the same reason, there could be no correlation of serological characteristics with physiological characteristics. Nearly 97% of the clinical isolates were speciated by differences in physiological characteristics. Ten different physiological species were recognized. The physiological speciation scheme was based on stable enzymatic reactions rather than on results of tolerance tests. The study included air-tolerant anaerobic streptococcal strains as well as viridans streptococcal strains not normally found in humans. The differentiation scheme and nomenclature of the author are related to those of other investigators. Differences in the distribution of species isolated from different clinical sources and human infections were also noted. A key for the differentiation of human isolates of viridans streptococci is proposed.", "contents": "Physiological differentiation of viridans streptococci. Twelve hundred and twenty-seven clinical isolates and eighty stock strains of viridans streptococci were tested for serological and physiological characteristics. Because the serological reactions of these strains varied, a differentiation scheme could not be based on these reactions. For the same reason, there could be no correlation of serological characteristics with physiological characteristics. Nearly 97% of the clinical isolates were speciated by differences in physiological characteristics. Ten different physiological species were recognized. The physiological speciation scheme was based on stable enzymatic reactions rather than on results of tolerance tests. The study included air-tolerant anaerobic streptococcal strains as well as viridans streptococcal strains not normally found in humans. The differentiation scheme and nomenclature of the author are related to those of other investigators. Differences in the distribution of species isolated from different clinical sources and human infections were also noted. A key for the differentiation of human isolates of viridans streptococci is proposed.", "PMID": 845245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6560", "title": "Electrochemical gas chromatographic detection of hydrogen sulfide at PPM and PPB levels.", "content": "An electrochemical detector for gas chromatographic analysis of hydrogen sulfide is described and its operating characteristics are discussed. The detector operation is based upon the measurement of the current when hydrogen sulfide is electrochemically oxidized at a diffusion electrode. The lower detectable limit was 3 X 10(-12) grams H2S, the precision was 0.5% and analysis was achieved within 2 minutes. Accuracy was limited principally by the preparation of calibration samples and the availability of standard reference gas mixtures.", "contents": "Electrochemical gas chromatographic detection of hydrogen sulfide at PPM and PPB levels. An electrochemical detector for gas chromatographic analysis of hydrogen sulfide is described and its operating characteristics are discussed. The detector operation is based upon the measurement of the current when hydrogen sulfide is electrochemically oxidized at a diffusion electrode. The lower detectable limit was 3 X 10(-12) grams H2S, the precision was 0.5% and analysis was achieved within 2 minutes. Accuracy was limited principally by the preparation of calibration samples and the availability of standard reference gas mixtures.", "PMID": 845242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6561", "title": "Characterization and identification of gram-negative, nonfermentative bacteria.", "content": "The morphological and physiological characteristics of 593 strains of nonfermentative, gram-negative bacteria are described. A battery of 46 tests was used to identify and differentiate strains representing 8 genera and 31 species of named and group-designated bacteria. Seven selected amides and organic salts were closely examined to determine their usefulness, individually or as a battery, in characterizing and identifying the organisms. Of these, allantoin and acetamide showed the most promise in differentiating the more commonly occurring organisms from biochemically similar species. Susceptiblilty patterns to 12 antimicrobics also proved useful in differentiation, especially among atypical strains.", "contents": "Characterization and identification of gram-negative, nonfermentative bacteria. The morphological and physiological characteristics of 593 strains of nonfermentative, gram-negative bacteria are described. A battery of 46 tests was used to identify and differentiate strains representing 8 genera and 31 species of named and group-designated bacteria. Seven selected amides and organic salts were closely examined to determine their usefulness, individually or as a battery, in characterizing and identifying the organisms. Of these, allantoin and acetamide showed the most promise in differentiating the more commonly occurring organisms from biochemically similar species. Susceptiblilty patterns to 12 antimicrobics also proved useful in differentiation, especially among atypical strains.", "PMID": 845246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6562", "title": "Genetic transformation assays for identification of strains of Moraxella urethralis.", "content": "Studies of 31 strains of Moraxella urethralis have shown that 20 of them are competent for genetic transformation. This finding has led to the development of transformation assays for identification of newly isolated strains of this organism. Crude deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) samples from all strains of M. urethralis readily transform auxotrophic mutants of competent strains to prototrophy, whereas DNA samples from unrelated bacteria such as Acinetobacter, Moraxella, and Neisseria species uniformly fail to elicit positive transformation of mutant tester strains. One of the competent strains of M. urethralis investigated is a naturally occurring mutant defective in its ability to utilize citrate as a carbon and energy source. DNA samples from 29 of the 30 remaining strains of utilization; the one nonreacting strain is citrate negative and probably possesses the same genetic lesion as the citrate-negative mutant. Three organisms originally identified as strains of M. urethralis, because of their phenotypic properties, are probably incorrectly designated, since DNA samples from these strains failed to transform any of the tester mutant strains used in the present study. The transformation assay for M. urethralis is very simple and can be performed readily in a clinical laboratory. The entire procedure can be carried out in less than 24 h.", "contents": "Genetic transformation assays for identification of strains of Moraxella urethralis. Studies of 31 strains of Moraxella urethralis have shown that 20 of them are competent for genetic transformation. This finding has led to the development of transformation assays for identification of newly isolated strains of this organism. Crude deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) samples from all strains of M. urethralis readily transform auxotrophic mutants of competent strains to prototrophy, whereas DNA samples from unrelated bacteria such as Acinetobacter, Moraxella, and Neisseria species uniformly fail to elicit positive transformation of mutant tester strains. One of the competent strains of M. urethralis investigated is a naturally occurring mutant defective in its ability to utilize citrate as a carbon and energy source. DNA samples from 29 of the 30 remaining strains of utilization; the one nonreacting strain is citrate negative and probably possesses the same genetic lesion as the citrate-negative mutant. Three organisms originally identified as strains of M. urethralis, because of their phenotypic properties, are probably incorrectly designated, since DNA samples from these strains failed to transform any of the tester mutant strains used in the present study. The transformation assay for M. urethralis is very simple and can be performed readily in a clinical laboratory. The entire procedure can be carried out in less than 24 h.", "PMID": 845247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6563", "title": "Isolation of Allescheria boydii from pleural fluid.", "content": "Allescheria boydii was repeatedly isolated from thoracentesis fluid from a patient with a right pleural effusion. Histological study of methanamine-stained pleural tissue revealed the presence of septate hyphae. After a thoracotomy and decortication, the patient's symptoms cleared, and he has remained asymptomatic over a postoperative period of 13 months.", "contents": "Isolation of Allescheria boydii from pleural fluid. Allescheria boydii was repeatedly isolated from thoracentesis fluid from a patient with a right pleural effusion. Histological study of methanamine-stained pleural tissue revealed the presence of septate hyphae. After a thoracotomy and decortication, the patient's symptoms cleared, and he has remained asymptomatic over a postoperative period of 13 months.", "PMID": 845248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6564", "title": "Tween 80 medium for differentiating nonpigmented Serratia from other Enterobacteriaceae.", "content": "The ability of Serratia to hydrolyze Tween 80 can be utilized to distinguish this genus from other Enterobacteriaceae.", "contents": "Tween 80 medium for differentiating nonpigmented Serratia from other Enterobacteriaceae. The ability of Serratia to hydrolyze Tween 80 can be utilized to distinguish this genus from other Enterobacteriaceae.", "PMID": 845249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6565", "title": "Use of serum stored on filter paper disks in complement fixation tests for adenovirus antibody.", "content": "A simple method of storage and retrieval of serum samples for adenovirus serology is described. Complement-fixing antibodies remained stable for at least 5 years when stored at -10 degrees C or below.", "contents": "Use of serum stored on filter paper disks in complement fixation tests for adenovirus antibody. A simple method of storage and retrieval of serum samples for adenovirus serology is described. Complement-fixing antibodies remained stable for at least 5 years when stored at -10 degrees C or below.", "PMID": 845250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6566", "title": "Collagen synthesis in normal and osteoarthritic human cartilage.", "content": "Collagen metabolism in osteoarthritic human articular cartilage was compared to that in normal cartilage and was also correlated with the degree of severity of the osteoarthritic lesion as determined by a histological-histochemical grading system. No correlation was apparent between the concentrations of DNA, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine and the degree of severity of the osteoarthritic lesion (except in far-advanced lesions). Similarly, there was no correlation in levels of these components in tissues from the normal vs. osteoarthritic group. The similarity of the values of the ratio hydroxylysine/hydroxyproline in osteoarthritic tissue compared with normal, and the lack of variation in these with increasing severity of the disease process argues against the possibility that osteoarthritis is associated with a major shift in the synthesis of type II collagen to type I. [3H]Proline incorporation into osteoarthritic cartilage was increased fourfold as compared to normal cartilage and varied with advancing histological-histochemical grade. Measurement of the specific activity of insolubilized hydroxyproline-containing material of the cartilage matrix, as an index of the turnover of collagen, showed a sixfold increase in osteoarthritic cartilage which also varied with grade. These data suggest that collagen synthesis in these tissues is substantially greater than in nonosteoarthritic tissues and varies directly with the severity of the disease process up to a point and then varies inversely as the lesion becomes more severe.", "contents": "Collagen synthesis in normal and osteoarthritic human cartilage. Collagen metabolism in osteoarthritic human articular cartilage was compared to that in normal cartilage and was also correlated with the degree of severity of the osteoarthritic lesion as determined by a histological-histochemical grading system. No correlation was apparent between the concentrations of DNA, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine and the degree of severity of the osteoarthritic lesion (except in far-advanced lesions). Similarly, there was no correlation in levels of these components in tissues from the normal vs. osteoarthritic group. The similarity of the values of the ratio hydroxylysine/hydroxyproline in osteoarthritic tissue compared with normal, and the lack of variation in these with increasing severity of the disease process argues against the possibility that osteoarthritis is associated with a major shift in the synthesis of type II collagen to type I. [3H]Proline incorporation into osteoarthritic cartilage was increased fourfold as compared to normal cartilage and varied with advancing histological-histochemical grade. Measurement of the specific activity of insolubilized hydroxyproline-containing material of the cartilage matrix, as an index of the turnover of collagen, showed a sixfold increase in osteoarthritic cartilage which also varied with grade. These data suggest that collagen synthesis in these tissues is substantially greater than in nonosteoarthritic tissues and varies directly with the severity of the disease process up to a point and then varies inversely as the lesion becomes more severe.", "PMID": 845251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6567", "title": "Effect of estrogen on post-heparin lipolytic activity. Selective decline in hepatic triglyceride lipase.", "content": "The rise in plasma triglyceride (TG) levels associated with estrogen administration has been thought to arise from impaired clearance because of the uniform suppression of post-heparin lipolytic activity (PHLA). Recently PHLA has been shown to consist of two activities: hepatic TG lipase and extrahepatic lipoprotein lipase (LPL). To determine whether estrogen might induce a selective decline in one of these activities, both hepatic TG lipase and extrahepatic LPL were measured in post-heparin plasma from 13 normal women before and after 2 wk of treatment with ethinyl estradiol (1 mug/kg per day). Hepatic TG lipase and extrahepatic LPL were determined by two techniques: (a) separation by heparin-Sepharose column chromatography, and (b) selective inhibition with specific antibodies to post-heparin hepatic TG lipase and milk LPL. Estrogen uniformly depressed hepatic TG lipase as measured by affinity column (-68 +/- 12%, mean +/- SD, P less than 0.001) or antibody inhibition (-63 +/- 11%, P less than 0.001). Extrahepatic LPL was not significantly changed by affinity column (-22 +/- 40%) or antibody inhibition (-3 +/- 42%). Direct measurement of adipose tissue LPL from buttock fat biopsies also showed no systematic change in the activated form of LPL measured as heparin-elutable LPL (+64 +/- 164%) or in the tissue form of LPL measured in extracts of acetone-ether powders (+21 +/- 77%). The change in hepatic TG lipase correlated with the change in PHLA (r = 0.969, P less than 0.01). However, neither the change in PHLA nor hepatic TG lipase correlated with the increase in TG during estrogen. The decrease in PHLA during estrogen thus results from a selective decline in hepatic TG lipase.", "contents": "Effect of estrogen on post-heparin lipolytic activity. Selective decline in hepatic triglyceride lipase. The rise in plasma triglyceride (TG) levels associated with estrogen administration has been thought to arise from impaired clearance because of the uniform suppression of post-heparin lipolytic activity (PHLA). Recently PHLA has been shown to consist of two activities: hepatic TG lipase and extrahepatic lipoprotein lipase (LPL). To determine whether estrogen might induce a selective decline in one of these activities, both hepatic TG lipase and extrahepatic LPL were measured in post-heparin plasma from 13 normal women before and after 2 wk of treatment with ethinyl estradiol (1 mug/kg per day). Hepatic TG lipase and extrahepatic LPL were determined by two techniques: (a) separation by heparin-Sepharose column chromatography, and (b) selective inhibition with specific antibodies to post-heparin hepatic TG lipase and milk LPL. Estrogen uniformly depressed hepatic TG lipase as measured by affinity column (-68 +/- 12%, mean +/- SD, P less than 0.001) or antibody inhibition (-63 +/- 11%, P less than 0.001). Extrahepatic LPL was not significantly changed by affinity column (-22 +/- 40%) or antibody inhibition (-3 +/- 42%). Direct measurement of adipose tissue LPL from buttock fat biopsies also showed no systematic change in the activated form of LPL measured as heparin-elutable LPL (+64 +/- 164%) or in the tissue form of LPL measured in extracts of acetone-ether powders (+21 +/- 77%). The change in hepatic TG lipase correlated with the change in PHLA (r = 0.969, P less than 0.01). However, neither the change in PHLA nor hepatic TG lipase correlated with the increase in TG during estrogen. The decrease in PHLA during estrogen thus results from a selective decline in hepatic TG lipase.", "PMID": 845252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6568", "title": "Studies of the mechanism of contralateral polyuria after renal artery stenosis.", "content": "Acute renal artery stenosis in hydropenic dogs caused a contralateral increase in urine volume and free water clearance without change in glomerular filtration, renal blood flow, or osmolar clearance. The increase in urine volume was not dependent on the development of hypertension since it occurred in animals pretreated with trimethaphan but was dependent upon angiotensin since it was presented with angiotensin blockade with Saralasin. The effect was not caused by angiotensin inhibiting antidiuretic hormone release since the polyuria occurred in hypophysectomized animals receiving a constant infusion of 10 muU/kg per min of aqueous Pitressin. Since the rise in urine volume was associated with an increase in renal vein prostaglandin E concentration and was prevented by pretreatment with indomethacin (5 mg/kg) the results suggest that the rise in plasma angiotensin after renal artery stenosis causes an increase in contralateral prostaglandin E synthesis with resultant antagonism to antidiuretic hormone at the collecting tubule.", "contents": "Studies of the mechanism of contralateral polyuria after renal artery stenosis. Acute renal artery stenosis in hydropenic dogs caused a contralateral increase in urine volume and free water clearance without change in glomerular filtration, renal blood flow, or osmolar clearance. The increase in urine volume was not dependent on the development of hypertension since it occurred in animals pretreated with trimethaphan but was dependent upon angiotensin since it was presented with angiotensin blockade with Saralasin. The effect was not caused by angiotensin inhibiting antidiuretic hormone release since the polyuria occurred in hypophysectomized animals receiving a constant infusion of 10 muU/kg per min of aqueous Pitressin. Since the rise in urine volume was associated with an increase in renal vein prostaglandin E concentration and was prevented by pretreatment with indomethacin (5 mg/kg) the results suggest that the rise in plasma angiotensin after renal artery stenosis causes an increase in contralateral prostaglandin E synthesis with resultant antagonism to antidiuretic hormone at the collecting tubule.", "PMID": 845253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6569", "title": "Denatured hemoglobin in sickle erythrocytes.", "content": "To study the nature of numerous inclusion bodies seen in red cells from patients with sickle cell disease (Hb SS), we have prepared red cell ghosts free of oxyhemoglobin and analyzed them by spectrophotometric and heme extraction methods. The absorption spectrum in the visible region of the ghost suspensions was typical of hemichromes. The spectrum was similar to that of denatured hemoglobin repared by treatment of oxyhemoglobin S with mechanical shaking or heat. Similar treatment of cells containing only normal hemoglobin (Hb AA) showed a very small amount of denatured hemoglobin, approximately one-fifth of the amount in Hb SS cells. The amount of denatured hemoglobin determined after solution of membrane with 2.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate was 0.158+/-0.070% (1 SD) of the total cellular heme in Hb SS patients. In controls, the amount was 0.030+/-0.016%. Persons with Hb AA and reticulocytosis did not have an elevated amount of membrane-associated heme. In patients with hereditary spherocytosis and autoimmune hemolytic anemia, denatured stromal hemoglobin was normal or slightly elevated before and after splenectomy. The increased amount of denatured hemoglobin in Hb SS red cells may be related to the instability of sickle oxyhemoglobin.", "contents": "Denatured hemoglobin in sickle erythrocytes. To study the nature of numerous inclusion bodies seen in red cells from patients with sickle cell disease (Hb SS), we have prepared red cell ghosts free of oxyhemoglobin and analyzed them by spectrophotometric and heme extraction methods. The absorption spectrum in the visible region of the ghost suspensions was typical of hemichromes. The spectrum was similar to that of denatured hemoglobin repared by treatment of oxyhemoglobin S with mechanical shaking or heat. Similar treatment of cells containing only normal hemoglobin (Hb AA) showed a very small amount of denatured hemoglobin, approximately one-fifth of the amount in Hb SS cells. The amount of denatured hemoglobin determined after solution of membrane with 2.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate was 0.158+/-0.070% (1 SD) of the total cellular heme in Hb SS patients. In controls, the amount was 0.030+/-0.016%. Persons with Hb AA and reticulocytosis did not have an elevated amount of membrane-associated heme. In patients with hereditary spherocytosis and autoimmune hemolytic anemia, denatured stromal hemoglobin was normal or slightly elevated before and after splenectomy. The increased amount of denatured hemoglobin in Hb SS red cells may be related to the instability of sickle oxyhemoglobin.", "PMID": 845254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6570", "title": "Liver collagen synthesis in murine schistosomiasis.", "content": "Collagen synthesis was measured in liver slices obtained from mice with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. Enlarged fibrotic livers from these mice contained 20 times more collagen than normal. This model of hepatic fibrosis results from an inflammatory granulomatous host response to Schistosoma mansoni ova in portal tracts, rather than from direct lover cell injury as with carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis. Collagen synthesis, as measured by the formation of labeled protein-bound hydroxyproline, occurred in granulomas isolated from fibrotic livers. Labeled collagen that cochromatographed with type I collagen was extracted with neutral salt solution from liver slices incubated with labeled proline. The free proline pool of the liver was doubled in infected mice; coordinately, liver slices from these animals showed maximal collagen production when the concentration of free proline in the medium was raised to 0.4 mM, the same level measured in the fibrotic livers. Under such conditions, collagen synthesis was at a rate equivalent to the formation of 5.4 nmol of protein-bound hydroxyproline per g liver in 6 h. In comparative incubations in medium containing 0.2 mM proline, fibrotic liver slices produced 16-fold more collagen than normal slices. The proline analogue, L-azetidine 2-carboxylic acid, effectively inhibited synthesis of labeled collagen by fibrotic liver slices. These studies show the synthesis of collagen in a reproducible animal model of the most prevalent form of human liver fibrosis. Difinitition of the controlling factors in this system is of interest for the general problem of fibrosis produced by immunological responses.", "contents": "Liver collagen synthesis in murine schistosomiasis. Collagen synthesis was measured in liver slices obtained from mice with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. Enlarged fibrotic livers from these mice contained 20 times more collagen than normal. This model of hepatic fibrosis results from an inflammatory granulomatous host response to Schistosoma mansoni ova in portal tracts, rather than from direct lover cell injury as with carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis. Collagen synthesis, as measured by the formation of labeled protein-bound hydroxyproline, occurred in granulomas isolated from fibrotic livers. Labeled collagen that cochromatographed with type I collagen was extracted with neutral salt solution from liver slices incubated with labeled proline. The free proline pool of the liver was doubled in infected mice; coordinately, liver slices from these animals showed maximal collagen production when the concentration of free proline in the medium was raised to 0.4 mM, the same level measured in the fibrotic livers. Under such conditions, collagen synthesis was at a rate equivalent to the formation of 5.4 nmol of protein-bound hydroxyproline per g liver in 6 h. In comparative incubations in medium containing 0.2 mM proline, fibrotic liver slices produced 16-fold more collagen than normal slices. The proline analogue, L-azetidine 2-carboxylic acid, effectively inhibited synthesis of labeled collagen by fibrotic liver slices. These studies show the synthesis of collagen in a reproducible animal model of the most prevalent form of human liver fibrosis. Difinitition of the controlling factors in this system is of interest for the general problem of fibrosis produced by immunological responses.", "PMID": 845255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6571", "title": "Relative contributions of large and small airways to flow limitation in normal subjects before and after atropine and isoproterenol.", "content": "Bronchodilatation was produced in normal subjects by the inhalation of atropine, a parasympatholytic agent, and isoproterenol, a beta adrenergic stimulator. Density dependence of maximal expiratory flow (Vmax), expressed as a ratio of Vmax with an 80% helium-20% oxygen gas mixture to Vmax with air at isolung volumes, indicated that the predominant flow regimes across upstream airways changed differently after each agent was given separately. After atropine Vmax increased, elastic recoil pressure did not change, and density dependence decreased. Utilizing the equal pressure points analysis which defines upstream and downstream segments of the intrathoracic airways at flow limitation, these results suggest a greater relative dilatation of the larger upstream airways such that more of the driving pressure is dissipated across the smaller airways in which flow is less  dependent upon gas density. After isoproterenol Vmax increased, elastic recoil pressure did not change, and density dependence increased. This suggests a preferential dilatation of the smaller and more peripheral airways with less density-dependent flow regimes such that more of the driving pressure would be dissipated in the larger airways in which flow is more dependent upon gas density. Systematic decreases after isoproterenol lead independently to the same conclusion. After both agents together, Vmax increased and density dependence and critical alveolar pressures did not change from control, suggesting a relatively uniform dilatation of all the airways comprising the upstream segment.", "contents": "Relative contributions of large and small airways to flow limitation in normal subjects before and after atropine and isoproterenol. Bronchodilatation was produced in normal subjects by the inhalation of atropine, a parasympatholytic agent, and isoproterenol, a beta adrenergic stimulator. Density dependence of maximal expiratory flow (Vmax), expressed as a ratio of Vmax with an 80% helium-20% oxygen gas mixture to Vmax with air at isolung volumes, indicated that the predominant flow regimes across upstream airways changed differently after each agent was given separately. After atropine Vmax increased, elastic recoil pressure did not change, and density dependence decreased. Utilizing the equal pressure points analysis which defines upstream and downstream segments of the intrathoracic airways at flow limitation, these results suggest a greater relative dilatation of the larger upstream airways such that more of the driving pressure is dissipated across the smaller airways in which flow is less  dependent upon gas density. After isoproterenol Vmax increased, elastic recoil pressure did not change, and density dependence increased. This suggests a preferential dilatation of the smaller and more peripheral airways with less density-dependent flow regimes such that more of the driving pressure would be dissipated in the larger airways in which flow is more dependent upon gas density. Systematic decreases after isoproterenol lead independently to the same conclusion. After both agents together, Vmax increased and density dependence and critical alveolar pressures did not change from control, suggesting a relatively uniform dilatation of all the airways comprising the upstream segment.", "PMID": 845256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6572", "title": "Metabolism of the fifth component of complement, and its relation to metabolism of the third component, in patients with complement activation.", "content": "The metabolism of the fifth component of complement (C5), and its relatonship to metabolism of the third component of complement (C3), has been studied in normal subjects and patients by simultaneous administration of radioiodine labeled C5 and C3. In seven normal subjects the fractional catabolic rate of C5 ranged from 1.5 to 2.1% of the plasma pool/h and extravascular/intravascular distribution ratio from 0.22 to 0.78, these values being similar to those obtained for C3, and synthesis rate from 71 to 134 mug/kg per h, In patients with complement activation the increase in fractional catabolic rate of C5 was nearly always less than that of C3. The data also showed that there was increased extravascular distribution of C3 and C5 in most patients and considerable extravascular catabolism of both proteins in some. However, there were differences in metabolic parameters between patients with different types of complement activation. In patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, fractional catabolism and extravascular distribution of C3 and C5 were both increased, and there was marked extravascular catabolism of both proteins. There was increased fractional catabolism and extravascular distribution of C3 in patients with mesangiocapillary nephritis and (or) partial lipodystrophy, and fractional catabolism of C5 was also increased in three of six studies although distribution of C5 was always within the normal range; however, in two patients with nephritic factor in their serum fractional catabolism of C5 was normal despite markedly increased C3 turnover, suggesting that in patients with alternative pathway activation by nephritic factor little or no C5 convertase is generated.", "contents": "Metabolism of the fifth component of complement, and its relation to metabolism of the third component, in patients with complement activation. The metabolism of the fifth component of complement (C5), and its relatonship to metabolism of the third component of complement (C3), has been studied in normal subjects and patients by simultaneous administration of radioiodine labeled C5 and C3. In seven normal subjects the fractional catabolic rate of C5 ranged from 1.5 to 2.1% of the plasma pool/h and extravascular/intravascular distribution ratio from 0.22 to 0.78, these values being similar to those obtained for C3, and synthesis rate from 71 to 134 mug/kg per h, In patients with complement activation the increase in fractional catabolic rate of C5 was nearly always less than that of C3. The data also showed that there was increased extravascular distribution of C3 and C5 in most patients and considerable extravascular catabolism of both proteins in some. However, there were differences in metabolic parameters between patients with different types of complement activation. In patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, fractional catabolism and extravascular distribution of C3 and C5 were both increased, and there was marked extravascular catabolism of both proteins. There was increased fractional catabolism and extravascular distribution of C3 in patients with mesangiocapillary nephritis and (or) partial lipodystrophy, and fractional catabolism of C5 was also increased in three of six studies although distribution of C5 was always within the normal range; however, in two patients with nephritic factor in their serum fractional catabolism of C5 was normal despite markedly increased C3 turnover, suggesting that in patients with alternative pathway activation by nephritic factor little or no C5 convertase is generated.", "PMID": 845257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6573", "title": "Factors controlling gastric-glucagon release.", "content": "A system consisting of an isolated dog stomach perfused with whole blood has been designed to study gastric glucagon secretion. Under basal conditions, gastric glucagon release was 0.0-3.1 ng glucagon/100g of stomach per min. Arginine, at an arterial plasma concentration averaging 10 mM, elicited a rapid glucagon release. This gastric glucagon release was almost completely abolished by somatostatin (100 ng/ml). The release of gastric glucagon was not affected by hyperglycemia alone but was reduced by about 40% when hyperglycemia was concomitant with an hyperinsulinemia within the physiological range. These observations support the concept that adequate concentrations of insulin are necessary in order for hyperglycemia to inhibit gastric glucagon secretion. Furthermore, it is suggested that the isolated perfused dog stomach might provide a unique tool permitting investigation of alpha-cell function in the absence of endogenously released insulin.", "contents": "Factors controlling gastric-glucagon release. A system consisting of an isolated dog stomach perfused with whole blood has been designed to study gastric glucagon secretion. Under basal conditions, gastric glucagon release was 0.0-3.1 ng glucagon/100g of stomach per min. Arginine, at an arterial plasma concentration averaging 10 mM, elicited a rapid glucagon release. This gastric glucagon release was almost completely abolished by somatostatin (100 ng/ml). The release of gastric glucagon was not affected by hyperglycemia alone but was reduced by about 40% when hyperglycemia was concomitant with an hyperinsulinemia within the physiological range. These observations support the concept that adequate concentrations of insulin are necessary in order for hyperglycemia to inhibit gastric glucagon secretion. Furthermore, it is suggested that the isolated perfused dog stomach might provide a unique tool permitting investigation of alpha-cell function in the absence of endogenously released insulin.", "PMID": 845258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6574", "title": "Acinar cell neoplasms of the exocrine pancreas.", "content": "The pathological features of 12 acinar cell neoplasms of the pancreas are described; these comprise 11 carcinomas, of which seven were pure acinar cell growths and four were mixed acinar and ductal carcinomas, and one adenoma. These tumors occurred in a series of 105 during the period 162-75. Thrombotic endocarditis developed in three out the 11 carcinoma cases. The distinctive histological features of these neoplasms and the means of differentiating them from anaplastic carcinomas and certain other carcinomas, for example, islet cell carcinoma, oat cell carcinomas, and carcinoid tumours, are discussed. The poor prognosis of pancreatic cancers is emphasized, and reasons are put forward for believing that future epidemiological studies may need to take account of the histological types of pancreatic carcinoma.", "contents": "Acinar cell neoplasms of the exocrine pancreas. The pathological features of 12 acinar cell neoplasms of the pancreas are described; these comprise 11 carcinomas, of which seven were pure acinar cell growths and four were mixed acinar and ductal carcinomas, and one adenoma. These tumors occurred in a series of 105 during the period 162-75. Thrombotic endocarditis developed in three out the 11 carcinoma cases. The distinctive histological features of these neoplasms and the means of differentiating them from anaplastic carcinomas and certain other carcinomas, for example, islet cell carcinoma, oat cell carcinomas, and carcinoid tumours, are discussed. The poor prognosis of pancreatic cancers is emphasized, and reasons are put forward for believing that future epidemiological studies may need to take account of the histological types of pancreatic carcinoma.", "PMID": 845259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6575", "title": "Malignant histiocytosis (histiocytic medullary reticulosis) with spindle cell differentiation and tumour formation.", "content": "Malignant histiocytosis (histiocytic medullary reticulosis) in a 45-year-old white man is described. Unusual features were presentation as a surgical emergency with signs of obstruction and peritonitis due to an ileal tumour and extensive spindle cell differentiation. Problems in the differential diagnosis of malignant histiocytosis are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Malignant histiocytosis (histiocytic medullary reticulosis) with spindle cell differentiation and tumour formation. Malignant histiocytosis (histiocytic medullary reticulosis) in a 45-year-old white man is described. Unusual features were presentation as a surgical emergency with signs of obstruction and peritonitis due to an ileal tumour and extensive spindle cell differentiation. Problems in the differential diagnosis of malignant histiocytosis are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 845260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6576", "title": "Rectal biopsy as a prognostic guide in Crohn's colitis.", "content": "In a retrospective study, 64 rectal biopsies from 27 patients with Crohn's disease limited to the large bowel have been reviewed using a semiquantitative grading of histological abnormality. The subsequent clinical course was assessed independently, and patients were included in one of four categories: (1) remaining asymptomatic; (2) showing continued moderate inflammatory activity; (3) requiring colectomy; and (4) dying as a direct result of colonic disease. Biopsies from group (4) showed a greater degree of histological abnormality than those in the other three groups. This difference was statistically significant for first biopsies ((4)-(1) p less than 0-05; (4)-(2) p less than 0-05). In any one patient the histological appearances were relatively constant from one biopsy to the next. The presence of either fissuring or ulceration suggested a poor prognosis.", "contents": "Rectal biopsy as a prognostic guide in Crohn's colitis. In a retrospective study, 64 rectal biopsies from 27 patients with Crohn's disease limited to the large bowel have been reviewed using a semiquantitative grading of histological abnormality. The subsequent clinical course was assessed independently, and patients were included in one of four categories: (1) remaining asymptomatic; (2) showing continued moderate inflammatory activity; (3) requiring colectomy; and (4) dying as a direct result of colonic disease. Biopsies from group (4) showed a greater degree of histological abnormality than those in the other three groups. This difference was statistically significant for first biopsies ((4)-(1) p less than 0-05; (4)-(2) p less than 0-05). In any one patient the histological appearances were relatively constant from one biopsy to the next. The presence of either fissuring or ulceration suggested a poor prognosis.", "PMID": 845261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6577", "title": "Frequency of renal impairment in paracetamol overdose compared with other causes of acute liver damage.", "content": "In an analysis of 160 patients with fulminant hepatic failure, the frequency of renal failure in the patiens who had taken an overdose of paracetamol was not significantly higher than in those with hepatic failure due to other causes. The same was found in another group of patients with less severe hepatic damage. In both the latter group and the patients with fulminant hepatic failure, the development of renal failure was closely related to the occurrence of endotoxaemia as detected by the Limulus lysate assay. These findings do not support the concept that an overdose of paracetamol has a specific nephrotoxic effect.", "contents": "Frequency of renal impairment in paracetamol overdose compared with other causes of acute liver damage. In an analysis of 160 patients with fulminant hepatic failure, the frequency of renal failure in the patiens who had taken an overdose of paracetamol was not significantly higher than in those with hepatic failure due to other causes. The same was found in another group of patients with less severe hepatic damage. In both the latter group and the patients with fulminant hepatic failure, the development of renal failure was closely related to the occurrence of endotoxaemia as detected by the Limulus lysate assay. These findings do not support the concept that an overdose of paracetamol has a specific nephrotoxic effect.", "PMID": 845262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6578", "title": "Use of umbelliferone derivatives in the study of enzyme activities of mycobacteria.", "content": "A spectrophotometric method using umbelliferone derivatives has been developed for the study of enzymic activites of mycobacteria. Arylsulphatase activity can be estimated in six hours rather than in 10 days as in the conventional method. The technique may be applied to a study of whole cells or to cell-free extracts.", "contents": "Use of umbelliferone derivatives in the study of enzyme activities of mycobacteria. A spectrophotometric method using umbelliferone derivatives has been developed for the study of enzymic activites of mycobacteria. Arylsulphatase activity can be estimated in six hours rather than in 10 days as in the conventional method. The technique may be applied to a study of whole cells or to cell-free extracts.", "PMID": 845263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6579", "title": "An outbreak of infection caused by a gentamicin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "An outbreak of infection caused by a strain of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to gentamicin and tobramycin and other antibiotics occurred in two wards in a hospital. Eight patients were colonized, of whom six had clinical infections. Previous administration of gentamicin appeared to predispose the patients to infection with the strain. Restriction of the use of gentamicin and tobramycin is essential to preserve their value in serious infections.", "contents": "An outbreak of infection caused by a gentamicin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. An outbreak of infection caused by a strain of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to gentamicin and tobramycin and other antibiotics occurred in two wards in a hospital. Eight patients were colonized, of whom six had clinical infections. Previous administration of gentamicin appeared to predispose the patients to infection with the strain. Restriction of the use of gentamicin and tobramycin is essential to preserve their value in serious infections.", "PMID": 845264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6580", "title": "Red cell indices and serum ferritin levels in children.", "content": "The blood counts of 187 non-anaemic children who attended hospital with minor illnesses and who were between the ages of 12 months and 6 years were studied retrospectively. As many as 76-8% of these children were found to have MCVs below the normal adult range. A prospective study of a further 28 non-anaemic children in the same age group showed that the majority of children with low MCVs have normal haemoglobin A2 and F levels and have serum ferritin levels within the normal adult range. These findings indicate that microcytosis is an intrinsic feature of erythropoiesis in early childhood and that in most instances this feature cannot be attributed to iron deficiency or beta-thalassaemia syndromes.", "contents": "Red cell indices and serum ferritin levels in children. The blood counts of 187 non-anaemic children who attended hospital with minor illnesses and who were between the ages of 12 months and 6 years were studied retrospectively. As many as 76-8% of these children were found to have MCVs below the normal adult range. A prospective study of a further 28 non-anaemic children in the same age group showed that the majority of children with low MCVs have normal haemoglobin A2 and F levels and have serum ferritin levels within the normal adult range. These findings indicate that microcytosis is an intrinsic feature of erythropoiesis in early childhood and that in most instances this feature cannot be attributed to iron deficiency or beta-thalassaemia syndromes.", "PMID": 845265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6581", "title": "Congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia: response to splenectomy and quantitation of ineffective erythropoiesis.", "content": "The clinical and haematological features of an unusual case of congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia are described. There was a pronounced haemolytic component to the anaemia, with a mean cell life of five days, and a remarkable response to splenectomy. Measurement of the incorporation of 15N glycine into the haem of circulating red cells and into bilirubin showed that haem turnover due to ineffective erythropoiesis was increased 45 times compared with a control group (11.63 mg/kg/day, NR = 0.26 + 0-10) and represented 51% of total erythroid haem turnover.", "contents": "Congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia: response to splenectomy and quantitation of ineffective erythropoiesis. The clinical and haematological features of an unusual case of congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia are described. There was a pronounced haemolytic component to the anaemia, with a mean cell life of five days, and a remarkable response to splenectomy. Measurement of the incorporation of 15N glycine into the haem of circulating red cells and into bilirubin showed that haem turnover due to ineffective erythropoiesis was increased 45 times compared with a control group (11.63 mg/kg/day, NR = 0.26 + 0-10) and represented 51% of total erythroid haem turnover.", "PMID": 845266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6582", "title": "Does preoperative iodide treatment for thyrotoxicosis bring about involution?", "content": "It is generally believed that preoperative iodide decreases the hyperplasia of the toxic thyroid gland. Histometric studies of glands from thyrotoxic patients pretreated with propranolol alone compared with those from patients pretreated with propranolol and iodide failed to confirm this. Although histological appearances and volume percentage measurement of component tissues suggested that the glandular epithelium had involuted after iodine treatment, measurement of their absolute mass indicated that the mean mass of epithelium was the same in both groups and that involution had not occurred. We conclude that considerable confusion in the thyroid literature has arisen through incorrect use of the term involution.", "contents": "Does preoperative iodide treatment for thyrotoxicosis bring about involution? It is generally believed that preoperative iodide decreases the hyperplasia of the toxic thyroid gland. Histometric studies of glands from thyrotoxic patients pretreated with propranolol alone compared with those from patients pretreated with propranolol and iodide failed to confirm this. Although histological appearances and volume percentage measurement of component tissues suggested that the glandular epithelium had involuted after iodine treatment, measurement of their absolute mass indicated that the mean mass of epithelium was the same in both groups and that involution had not occurred. We conclude that considerable confusion in the thyroid literature has arisen through incorrect use of the term involution.", "PMID": 845268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6583", "title": "Adrenocortical hyperactivity with disseminated malacoplakia.", "content": "A case is described of an ectopic ACTH syndrome associated with malacoplakia.", "contents": "Adrenocortical hyperactivity with disseminated malacoplakia. A case is described of an ectopic ACTH syndrome associated with malacoplakia.", "PMID": 845269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6584", "title": "Pre-eclampsia presenting with deep jaundice.", "content": "Pre-eclampsia complicated by deep jaundice occurred in a previously healthy primigravida. The main aetiological factor was disseminated intravascular coagulation; this caused both haemolysis and liver cell necrosis. Liver biopsy showed fibrin thrombi in the capillaries with microhaemorrhages and loss of periportal liver cells. The jaundice was attributed to both haemolytic and hepatocellular processes. Organs other than the liver were relatively unaffected.", "contents": "Pre-eclampsia presenting with deep jaundice. Pre-eclampsia complicated by deep jaundice occurred in a previously healthy primigravida. The main aetiological factor was disseminated intravascular coagulation; this caused both haemolysis and liver cell necrosis. Liver biopsy showed fibrin thrombi in the capillaries with microhaemorrhages and loss of periportal liver cells. The jaundice was attributed to both haemolytic and hepatocellular processes. Organs other than the liver were relatively unaffected.", "PMID": 845270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6585", "title": "Myeloproliferative disorders: a paradox of in-vivo and in-vitro platelet function.", "content": "A patient with features of a myeloproliferative disorder developed an acute multisystems illness and died. In-vitro platelet aggregation was imparied, but necropsy revealed widespread platelet-rich thromboemboli and multiple organ infarctions. It is suggested that platelets are damaged during disseminated intravascular platelet aggregation (DIPA) and that disaggregation of platelet thrombi and recirculation of platelets give rise to their subsequent hypofunction when tested in vitro.", "contents": "Myeloproliferative disorders: a paradox of in-vivo and in-vitro platelet function. A patient with features of a myeloproliferative disorder developed an acute multisystems illness and died. In-vitro platelet aggregation was imparied, but necropsy revealed widespread platelet-rich thromboemboli and multiple organ infarctions. It is suggested that platelets are damaged during disseminated intravascular platelet aggregation (DIPA) and that disaggregation of platelet thrombi and recirculation of platelets give rise to their subsequent hypofunction when tested in vitro.", "PMID": 845271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6586", "title": "Polymorphonuclear leucocyte function in Beh\u00e7et's disease.", "content": "Polymorphonuclear leucocyte function was investigated in 19 patients with active Beh\u00e7et's disease. Spontaneous free leucocyte migration was found to be significantly reduced, yet after stimulation the leucocyte's chemotactic activity was considerably increase (p less than 0-05) when compared to control leucocytes. Control leucocytes migrated more rapidly when incubated in serum taken from patients with Beh\u00e7et's disease (p less than 0-005). The enhanced chemotactic activity in Bech\u00e7et's disease appears to be due to both serum and intrinsic leucocyte factors. Spontaneous nitroblue tetrazolium reduction was found to be normal, although after stimulation leucocyte nitroblue tetrazolium reduction was lower than in the control group (P less than 0-025), as was leucocyte oxygen utilisation. It is suggested that the hyperreactive cellular inflammatory response that characterises Beh\u00e7et's disease may be due to increased chemotactic activity and minor alterations in functional metabolic activity of leucocytes.", "contents": "Polymorphonuclear leucocyte function in Beh\u00e7et's disease. Polymorphonuclear leucocyte function was investigated in 19 patients with active Beh\u00e7et's disease. Spontaneous free leucocyte migration was found to be significantly reduced, yet after stimulation the leucocyte's chemotactic activity was considerably increase (p less than 0-05) when compared to control leucocytes. Control leucocytes migrated more rapidly when incubated in serum taken from patients with Beh\u00e7et's disease (p less than 0-005). The enhanced chemotactic activity in Bech\u00e7et's disease appears to be due to both serum and intrinsic leucocyte factors. Spontaneous nitroblue tetrazolium reduction was found to be normal, although after stimulation leucocyte nitroblue tetrazolium reduction was lower than in the control group (P less than 0-025), as was leucocyte oxygen utilisation. It is suggested that the hyperreactive cellular inflammatory response that characterises Beh\u00e7et's disease may be due to increased chemotactic activity and minor alterations in functional metabolic activity of leucocytes.", "PMID": 845272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6587", "title": "Cryptococcal meningitis complicating systemic lupus erythematosus: two patients treated with flucytosine and amphotericin B.", "content": "Two fatal cases of cryptococcal meningitis complicating adrenocorticosteroid-treated systemic lupus erythermatosus are reported. In one patient who was treated with flucytosine alone, after an initial period of improvement cryptococci resistant to flucytosine were isolated, and subsequent amphotericine B treatment silated, and subsequent amphotericin B treatment did not alter the progress of the disease. In the second patient, who received both drugs concurrently, resistant cryptococci did not appear and the patient recovered sufficiently to return home. Flucytosine-resistant mutants could be demonstrated in vitro in the original cryptococcal isolated from both patients. The use of flucytosine and amphotericin B in combination is discussed.", "contents": "Cryptococcal meningitis complicating systemic lupus erythematosus: two patients treated with flucytosine and amphotericin B. Two fatal cases of cryptococcal meningitis complicating adrenocorticosteroid-treated systemic lupus erythermatosus are reported. In one patient who was treated with flucytosine alone, after an initial period of improvement cryptococci resistant to flucytosine were isolated, and subsequent amphotericine B treatment silated, and subsequent amphotericin B treatment did not alter the progress of the disease. In the second patient, who received both drugs concurrently, resistant cryptococci did not appear and the patient recovered sufficiently to return home. Flucytosine-resistant mutants could be demonstrated in vitro in the original cryptococcal isolated from both patients. The use of flucytosine and amphotericin B in combination is discussed.", "PMID": 845273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6588", "title": "Infection of the foot with Peptococcus magnus.", "content": "Peptococcus magnus was the predominant organism in severe infections of the feet in three diabetic patients. In one patient the organism was found also in blood culture, and in two it was repeatedly recovered from the feet, usually in pure culture.", "contents": "Infection of the foot with Peptococcus magnus. Peptococcus magnus was the predominant organism in severe infections of the feet in three diabetic patients. In one patient the organism was found also in blood culture, and in two it was repeatedly recovered from the feet, usually in pure culture.", "PMID": 845274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6589", "title": "API ZYM: a simple rapid system for the detection of bacterial enzymes.", "content": "The API ZYM system of detection of enzymes has been applied to 81 bacteria belonging to several species. It was found to be easy to use and has produced results that may be useful in the identification of a variety of bacteria.", "contents": "API ZYM: a simple rapid system for the detection of bacterial enzymes. The API ZYM system of detection of enzymes has been applied to 81 bacteria belonging to several species. It was found to be easy to use and has produced results that may be useful in the identification of a variety of bacteria.", "PMID": 845275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6590", "title": "Fucosidosis in a native-born Briton.", "content": "This investigation reports the biochemical findings in a native-born Briton suffering from the adult form of fucosidosis. Alpha-L-fucosidase, alpha-L-iduronidase, and beta-D-galactosidase were studied in cultured fibroblast and leucocytes from the patient with fucosidosis, her maternal grandfather, and several normal controls. A complete lack of alpha-L-fucosidase activity was found in the patient's fibroblasts and leucocytes while the grandfather exhibited a heterozygous level of alpha-L-fucosidase activity in his leucocytes. Excessive excretion of what is very likely to be a fucose-containing sphingolipid was demonstrated in the patient's urine by thin-layer chromatography. Compared with five isoenzyme forms of alpha-L-fucosidase activity in normal leucocytes, cellulose acetate electrophoresis of the patient's leucocytes produced evidence of a single band of slight activity associated with one of the isoenzymes. This residual activity probably accounts for the survival of such patients into adolescence and beyond.", "contents": "Fucosidosis in a native-born Briton. This investigation reports the biochemical findings in a native-born Briton suffering from the adult form of fucosidosis. Alpha-L-fucosidase, alpha-L-iduronidase, and beta-D-galactosidase were studied in cultured fibroblast and leucocytes from the patient with fucosidosis, her maternal grandfather, and several normal controls. A complete lack of alpha-L-fucosidase activity was found in the patient's fibroblasts and leucocytes while the grandfather exhibited a heterozygous level of alpha-L-fucosidase activity in his leucocytes. Excessive excretion of what is very likely to be a fucose-containing sphingolipid was demonstrated in the patient's urine by thin-layer chromatography. Compared with five isoenzyme forms of alpha-L-fucosidase activity in normal leucocytes, cellulose acetate electrophoresis of the patient's leucocytes produced evidence of a single band of slight activity associated with one of the isoenzymes. This residual activity probably accounts for the survival of such patients into adolescence and beyond.", "PMID": 845276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6591", "title": "Formation of hemi-desmosomes during regeneration of crayfish nerve root sheath as studied with freeze-fracture.", "content": "The multilamellate glial sheath of mixed nerve roots of the sixth abdominal ganglion of crayfish contains numerous hemi-desmosomes which appear to attach glial lamellae to material in adjacent extracellular clefts. These junctions, which have been described in detail in an earlier report (Shivers and Brightman, '76), are irregular in shape, punctuate and may be as large as 1 mum in diameter. Surgical interruption of sixth ganglion nerve roots results in regeneration of motor axons and their multilamellate glial sheaths. As the glial processes grow and re-establish a highly organized axon sheath, hemi-desmosomes appear. These junctions are present at the advancing edge of glial processes as well as on their lateral margins. Developing hemi-desmosomes are characterized as a diffuse aggregation of 120-130 A intramembrane particles which are present three weeks following nerve section. As growth and reorganization of the sheath proceeds, the intramembrane particles appear to aggregate and form irregular clusters of varying dimensions. Regenerating nerves freeze-cleaved 8 to 16 weeks following surgery exhibit junctional particle aggregates similar to those in normal unoperated nerve roots. Origin of the intramembrane particles which comprise the junctional aggregated in unknown. Perhaps they are synthesized de novo by the regenerating glial cells or, they may be remnants of complexes which became dispersed following surgery. This is the first report of a freeze-fracture study of hemi-desmosome plasticity in an invertebrate nervous system.", "contents": "Formation of hemi-desmosomes during regeneration of crayfish nerve root sheath as studied with freeze-fracture. The multilamellate glial sheath of mixed nerve roots of the sixth abdominal ganglion of crayfish contains numerous hemi-desmosomes which appear to attach glial lamellae to material in adjacent extracellular clefts. These junctions, which have been described in detail in an earlier report (Shivers and Brightman, '76), are irregular in shape, punctuate and may be as large as 1 mum in diameter. Surgical interruption of sixth ganglion nerve roots results in regeneration of motor axons and their multilamellate glial sheaths. As the glial processes grow and re-establish a highly organized axon sheath, hemi-desmosomes appear. These junctions are present at the advancing edge of glial processes as well as on their lateral margins. Developing hemi-desmosomes are characterized as a diffuse aggregation of 120-130 A intramembrane particles which are present three weeks following nerve section. As growth and reorganization of the sheath proceeds, the intramembrane particles appear to aggregate and form irregular clusters of varying dimensions. Regenerating nerves freeze-cleaved 8 to 16 weeks following surgery exhibit junctional particle aggregates similar to those in normal unoperated nerve roots. Origin of the intramembrane particles which comprise the junctional aggregated in unknown. Perhaps they are synthesized de novo by the regenerating glial cells or, they may be remnants of complexes which became dispersed following surgery. This is the first report of a freeze-fracture study of hemi-desmosome plasticity in an invertebrate nervous system.", "PMID": 845279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6592", "title": "Afferent connections of the habenular nuclei in the rat. A horseradish peroxidase study, with a note on the fiber-of-passage problem.", "content": "The afferent connections of the habenular complex in the rat were examined by injecting horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into discrete portions of the habenular nuclei by microelectrophoresis. 1. HRP deposits confined to the lateral half of the lateral habenular nucleus labeled a multitude of cells in the entopeduncular nucleus. Numerous labeled cells also appeared in such cases in the lateral hypothalamus, indicating that the lateral habenular nucleus is a major convergence point of projections from these otherwise apparently quite separate cell regions. Moderate-to-small numbers of labeled cells were also found in the nuclei of the diagonal band, substantia innominata, lateral preoptic area and more caudally, in the ventral tegmental area, the region of the mesencephalic raphe, and the central gray substance. 2. HRP injected into the medial part of the lateral habenular nucleus labeled cells in the same regions, but more in the diagonal band and fewer in the entopeduncular nucleus than were labeled by more lateral injections. The contrast suggests that the projections from the basal forebrain and entopeduncular nucleus to the lateral habenular nucleus are somewhat topographically organized. 3. Injections of the medial habenular nucleus labeled an abundance of cells in the posterior parts of the supracommissural septum, but also a small number of cells in the diagonal band and mesencephalic raphe. 4. HRP injected into the stria medullaris labeled cells in all of the afore-mentioned areas and, in addition, cells in several olfactory structures, confirming that HRP may be taken up by fibers of passage and label their cells of origin, and suggesting that olfactory structures contribute fibers to the stria medullaris that do not terminate in the habenula.", "contents": "Afferent connections of the habenular nuclei in the rat. A horseradish peroxidase study, with a note on the fiber-of-passage problem. The afferent connections of the habenular complex in the rat were examined by injecting horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into discrete portions of the habenular nuclei by microelectrophoresis. 1. HRP deposits confined to the lateral half of the lateral habenular nucleus labeled a multitude of cells in the entopeduncular nucleus. Numerous labeled cells also appeared in such cases in the lateral hypothalamus, indicating that the lateral habenular nucleus is a major convergence point of projections from these otherwise apparently quite separate cell regions. Moderate-to-small numbers of labeled cells were also found in the nuclei of the diagonal band, substantia innominata, lateral preoptic area and more caudally, in the ventral tegmental area, the region of the mesencephalic raphe, and the central gray substance. 2. HRP injected into the medial part of the lateral habenular nucleus labeled cells in the same regions, but more in the diagonal band and fewer in the entopeduncular nucleus than were labeled by more lateral injections. The contrast suggests that the projections from the basal forebrain and entopeduncular nucleus to the lateral habenular nucleus are somewhat topographically organized. 3. Injections of the medial habenular nucleus labeled an abundance of cells in the posterior parts of the supracommissural septum, but also a small number of cells in the diagonal band and mesencephalic raphe. 4. HRP injected into the stria medullaris labeled cells in all of the afore-mentioned areas and, in addition, cells in several olfactory structures, confirming that HRP may be taken up by fibers of passage and label their cells of origin, and suggesting that olfactory structures contribute fibers to the stria medullaris that do not terminate in the habenula.", "PMID": 845280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6593", "title": "Normal nerve fibers in the barrel region of developing and adult mouse cortex.", "content": "The pattern of normal nerve fibers associated with barrel-shaped structures in the somatosensory cortex of both young and adult mice, has been studied using a reduced silver method. In adult animals, the \"barrel\" sides and septa can be seen to contain densely packed bundles of nerve fibers running vertically between layers III and V. In parasagittal sections, these fibers appear as very dark bands between adjacent barrels, while in tangenital sections the fibers, cut in cross-section, appear as rings of dark spots concentrated around the barrel edges. In contrast to this, barrels in immature animals have dark, evenly stained centers and pale, cell dense sides. This immature pattern can first be distinguished in 2-day-old animals and persists until 18 to 19 days. Between 18 and 24 days a change from the immature to the adult pattern occurs with the appearance of darkly stained, fine fibers within layer IV, particularly within the barrel sides. It is suggested that the immature pattern is due, primarily, to the staining of thalamic afferents while the adult pattern appears with the development of intracortical and association fibers. Electron microscopy, on tissue previously treated by the silver method, shows that the silver deposits are mainly attached to longitudinal elements of the axoplasm and not associated with myelin. This may explain the success of this method in showing fibers in young, unmyelinated brains.", "contents": "Normal nerve fibers in the barrel region of developing and adult mouse cortex. The pattern of normal nerve fibers associated with barrel-shaped structures in the somatosensory cortex of both young and adult mice, has been studied using a reduced silver method. In adult animals, the \"barrel\" sides and septa can be seen to contain densely packed bundles of nerve fibers running vertically between layers III and V. In parasagittal sections, these fibers appear as very dark bands between adjacent barrels, while in tangenital sections the fibers, cut in cross-section, appear as rings of dark spots concentrated around the barrel edges. In contrast to this, barrels in immature animals have dark, evenly stained centers and pale, cell dense sides. This immature pattern can first be distinguished in 2-day-old animals and persists until 18 to 19 days. Between 18 and 24 days a change from the immature to the adult pattern occurs with the appearance of darkly stained, fine fibers within layer IV, particularly within the barrel sides. It is suggested that the immature pattern is due, primarily, to the staining of thalamic afferents while the adult pattern appears with the development of intracortical and association fibers. Electron microscopy, on tissue previously treated by the silver method, shows that the silver deposits are mainly attached to longitudinal elements of the axoplasm and not associated with myelin. This may explain the success of this method in showing fibers in young, unmyelinated brains.", "PMID": 845281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6594", "title": "Unmyelinated and small myelinated axons in rat ventral roots.", "content": "The present study is an analysis of the ventral roots in the rat. The smallest myelinated fibers are found in segments T1-L2 and L6-S1. These fibers are regarded as preganglionic efferents and the L6-S1 outflow is more cranial than the sacral parasympathetic outflow in other animals. Large numbers of unmyelinated axons are seen in segments T1-L2 and L6-S1, the same segments that contain the smallest myelinated fibers. This data will be used as a baseline for determining the functional categories of the unmyelinated axons.", "contents": "Unmyelinated and small myelinated axons in rat ventral roots. The present study is an analysis of the ventral roots in the rat. The smallest myelinated fibers are found in segments T1-L2 and L6-S1. These fibers are regarded as preganglionic efferents and the L6-S1 outflow is more cranial than the sacral parasympathetic outflow in other animals. Large numbers of unmyelinated axons are seen in segments T1-L2 and L6-S1, the same segments that contain the smallest myelinated fibers. This data will be used as a baseline for determining the functional categories of the unmyelinated axons.", "PMID": 845282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6595", "title": "The prenatal development of some of the visual pathways in the cat.", "content": "Lesions were made in the visual system in a series of cat fetuses of known gestational age, and fiber and terminal degeneration were stained by the Eager method. The times of development of the retinal projection, of the thalamcortical and corticothalamic projections of area 17 of the visual cortex, and of the intrinsic fibers in the visual cortex were examined. Enucleation of one eye resulted in degeneration being detected bilaterally in the lateral geniculate nuclei (LGN), superior colliculi (SC) and optic tracts. The optic nerves reached the optic chiasm by the thirtieth embryonic day (E30) and the optic tract connections with the LGN and SC were made by E37. The projection always appeared stronger in the contralateral LGN and SC, and the amount of degeneration increased in both sides with increasing age. A parasagittal knife cut was made in the dorsomedial crest of the visual cortex. Where the lesion passed through the cellular layers of the cortex, intrinsic fibers were cut when these were present. The deeper part of the incision through the white matter undercut the medial wall of the visual cortex, interrupting thalamocortical and corticothalamic fibers when these were present. The longer horizontal fibers that were intrinsic to the visual cortex began to develop during the last two weeks of gestation but were not fully developed at birth. In the undercut visual cortex distant from the place of entry of the lesion, and before the intrinsic fibers of the cortex had developed, degeneration was found in layers 1 and 4, demonstrating the presence of a thalamocortical pathway. The youngest fetus to show this degeneration was operated at E48. This degeneration was not present three days earlier at E45. Fiber plexuses that have been described earlier in development (Marin-Padilla, '71; Cragg, '75) do not appear to degenerate after undercutting the cortex. The corticothalamic pathway to the lateral posterior nucleus medial to the LGN was developed at E45. The descending pathways to the ipsilateral LGN and SC were developed by E48, but it is not known whether they are present before this. Thus degeneration has been used to detect the development of axonal pathways in the fetus for the first time; the major afferent and efferent pathways are developed at an earlier stage than has previously been described.", "contents": "The prenatal development of some of the visual pathways in the cat. Lesions were made in the visual system in a series of cat fetuses of known gestational age, and fiber and terminal degeneration were stained by the Eager method. The times of development of the retinal projection, of the thalamcortical and corticothalamic projections of area 17 of the visual cortex, and of the intrinsic fibers in the visual cortex were examined. Enucleation of one eye resulted in degeneration being detected bilaterally in the lateral geniculate nuclei (LGN), superior colliculi (SC) and optic tracts. The optic nerves reached the optic chiasm by the thirtieth embryonic day (E30) and the optic tract connections with the LGN and SC were made by E37. The projection always appeared stronger in the contralateral LGN and SC, and the amount of degeneration increased in both sides with increasing age. A parasagittal knife cut was made in the dorsomedial crest of the visual cortex. Where the lesion passed through the cellular layers of the cortex, intrinsic fibers were cut when these were present. The deeper part of the incision through the white matter undercut the medial wall of the visual cortex, interrupting thalamocortical and corticothalamic fibers when these were present. The longer horizontal fibers that were intrinsic to the visual cortex began to develop during the last two weeks of gestation but were not fully developed at birth. In the undercut visual cortex distant from the place of entry of the lesion, and before the intrinsic fibers of the cortex had developed, degeneration was found in layers 1 and 4, demonstrating the presence of a thalamocortical pathway. The youngest fetus to show this degeneration was operated at E48. This degeneration was not present three days earlier at E45. Fiber plexuses that have been described earlier in development (Marin-Padilla, '71; Cragg, '75) do not appear to degenerate after undercutting the cortex. The corticothalamic pathway to the lateral posterior nucleus medial to the LGN was developed at E45. The descending pathways to the ipsilateral LGN and SC were developed by E48, but it is not known whether they are present before this. Thus degeneration has been used to detect the development of axonal pathways in the fetus for the first time; the major afferent and efferent pathways are developed at an earlier stage than has previously been described.", "PMID": 845283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6596", "title": "Cerebellar histogenesis in the lurcher (Lc) mutant mouse.", "content": "The postnatal development of the cerebellar cortex of normal and lurcher (Lc) mutant mice was studied by neurohistological and autoradiographic techniques at ages ranging from 2 days through 18 days after birth. Lurcher shows severe defects in the granule cells and Purkinje cells soon after birth. A decrease in the generative layers of the external granular layer is seen as early as two days in the lobulus simplex and by six days of age in the uvula. Granule cell death is common before and during granule cell migration, from 2 to 18 days of age. Loss of granule cells is reflected in reduced growth of the molecular and granular layers. Purkinje cell abnormalities appear at three to four days after birth in the form of crowding failure of nuclear growth, and condensed or lessened cytoplasm; Purkinje cell death is apparent at four to six days of age depending on the region of the cerebellum.", "contents": "Cerebellar histogenesis in the lurcher (Lc) mutant mouse. The postnatal development of the cerebellar cortex of normal and lurcher (Lc) mutant mice was studied by neurohistological and autoradiographic techniques at ages ranging from 2 days through 18 days after birth. Lurcher shows severe defects in the granule cells and Purkinje cells soon after birth. A decrease in the generative layers of the external granular layer is seen as early as two days in the lobulus simplex and by six days of age in the uvula. Granule cell death is common before and during granule cell migration, from 2 to 18 days of age. Loss of granule cells is reflected in reduced growth of the molecular and granular layers. Purkinje cell abnormalities appear at three to four days after birth in the form of crowding failure of nuclear growth, and condensed or lessened cytoplasm; Purkinje cell death is apparent at four to six days of age depending on the region of the cerebellum.", "PMID": 845284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6597", "title": "The commissural projection of the superior colliculus in the cat.", "content": "The origin, course, and termination of the commissural projection of the superior colliculus were studied using the orthograde and autoradiographic tracing method and the retrograde method utilizing horseradish peroxidase. The complementary and mutually confirming sets of data showed that the commissural fibers interconnect a restricted region of the colliculi. This region includes the strata grisea intermedium and profundum and to a lesser degree the stratum opticum. It extends throughout only the rostral part of the colliculus where it ends abruptly at a level slightly less than half the distance from the anterior border of the deep gray layers. By using the needle used for isotope injection to record multiunit responses to somatic and visual stimuli, direct evidence was obtained that this region falls within that functional area of the colliculus devoted to face representation and central vision. The results also suggested that more commissural fibers arise from lateral than medial parts of this region and that many fibers interconnect corresponding points in the colliculi. In addition to intertectal connections, the commissural projection contains decussating axons which terminate in tegmental structures and within a restricted zone of the central gray matter directly overlying the oculomotor complex. The results are discussed in relation to the possible role the commissural projection plays in the regulation of eye and head movement.", "contents": "The commissural projection of the superior colliculus in the cat. The origin, course, and termination of the commissural projection of the superior colliculus were studied using the orthograde and autoradiographic tracing method and the retrograde method utilizing horseradish peroxidase. The complementary and mutually confirming sets of data showed that the commissural fibers interconnect a restricted region of the colliculi. This region includes the strata grisea intermedium and profundum and to a lesser degree the stratum opticum. It extends throughout only the rostral part of the colliculus where it ends abruptly at a level slightly less than half the distance from the anterior border of the deep gray layers. By using the needle used for isotope injection to record multiunit responses to somatic and visual stimuli, direct evidence was obtained that this region falls within that functional area of the colliculus devoted to face representation and central vision. The results also suggested that more commissural fibers arise from lateral than medial parts of this region and that many fibers interconnect corresponding points in the colliculi. In addition to intertectal connections, the commissural projection contains decussating axons which terminate in tegmental structures and within a restricted zone of the central gray matter directly overlying the oculomotor complex. The results are discussed in relation to the possible role the commissural projection plays in the regulation of eye and head movement.", "PMID": 845285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6598", "title": "Genetically-associated variations in the development of hippocampal pyramidal neurons may produce differences in mossy fiber connectivity.", "content": "The neuronal generation patterns of hippocampal pyramids were analyzed in two inbred strains of house mice (SM/J and BALB/cJ) using triated thymidine radioautography. These two strains of mice possess markedly different patterns of mossy fiber synapses upon pyramidal neurons within a specific segment of regio inferior. The results of this study show that this same segment of regio inferior also displays markedly different patterns of pyramidal neuron generation in the two strains. Specifically, the pyramids of this segment of regio inferior are generated according to the typical \"inside-out\" sequence in SM/J mice, but this pattern is reversed into an \"outside-in\" sequence in BALB/cJ mice. Remaining segment of regio inferior, and all of regio superior, is formed in an inside-out sequence in both strains. These results strongly suggest that altered temporal patterns of pyramidal neuron generation may play a major role in determining mossy fiber connectivity patterns.", "contents": "Genetically-associated variations in the development of hippocampal pyramidal neurons may produce differences in mossy fiber connectivity. The neuronal generation patterns of hippocampal pyramids were analyzed in two inbred strains of house mice (SM/J and BALB/cJ) using triated thymidine radioautography. These two strains of mice possess markedly different patterns of mossy fiber synapses upon pyramidal neurons within a specific segment of regio inferior. The results of this study show that this same segment of regio inferior also displays markedly different patterns of pyramidal neuron generation in the two strains. Specifically, the pyramids of this segment of regio inferior are generated according to the typical \"inside-out\" sequence in SM/J mice, but this pattern is reversed into an \"outside-in\" sequence in BALB/cJ mice. Remaining segment of regio inferior, and all of regio superior, is formed in an inside-out sequence in both strains. These results strongly suggest that altered temporal patterns of pyramidal neuron generation may play a major role in determining mossy fiber connectivity patterns.", "PMID": 845286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6599", "title": "Catecholamine-induced release of [3H]-Gpp(NH)p from turkey erythrocyte adenylate cyclase.", "content": "Incubation of Gpp(NH)p-activated adenylate cyclase in the presence of isoproterenol caused the release of bound [3H]-Gpp(NH)p, and the decline of activity to the basal state. The isoproterenol-induced release of the nucleotide was proportional to the decrease in adenylate cyclase activity. Since there is a large excess of Gpp(NH)p binding sites in the membrane, the isoproterenol induced release of Gpp(NH)p, rather than binding of the nucleotide, was used to measure the amount of guanyl nucleotide binding sites coupled to the activated adenylate cyclase. This amount, 1.5-2.0 pmoles/mg membrane protein, is only approximately 1% of the total Gpp(NH)p binding sites, and is about equal to the number of beta-adrenergic receptors in the membrane. Chromatographic analysis revealed that Gpp(NH)p was released from the membrane as an intact molecule. The findings suggest that persistent activation of the adenylate cyclase is due to persistent binding of Gpp(NH)p to the regulatory site, and that this GTP analog is a better activator of the adenylate cyclase than GTP because of its resistance to hydrolysis.", "contents": "Catecholamine-induced release of [3H]-Gpp(NH)p from turkey erythrocyte adenylate cyclase. Incubation of Gpp(NH)p-activated adenylate cyclase in the presence of isoproterenol caused the release of bound [3H]-Gpp(NH)p, and the decline of activity to the basal state. The isoproterenol-induced release of the nucleotide was proportional to the decrease in adenylate cyclase activity. Since there is a large excess of Gpp(NH)p binding sites in the membrane, the isoproterenol induced release of Gpp(NH)p, rather than binding of the nucleotide, was used to measure the amount of guanyl nucleotide binding sites coupled to the activated adenylate cyclase. This amount, 1.5-2.0 pmoles/mg membrane protein, is only approximately 1% of the total Gpp(NH)p binding sites, and is about equal to the number of beta-adrenergic receptors in the membrane. Chromatographic analysis revealed that Gpp(NH)p was released from the membrane as an intact molecule. The findings suggest that persistent activation of the adenylate cyclase is due to persistent binding of Gpp(NH)p to the regulatory site, and that this GTP analog is a better activator of the adenylate cyclase than GTP because of its resistance to hydrolysis.", "PMID": 845287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6600", "title": "Membranes of mammary gland. XII. Loosely associated proteins and compositional heterogeneity of bovine milk fat globule membrane.", "content": "Electrophoretic patterns of polypeptides of milk fat globule differed quantitatively depending on extent of washing during membrane preparation. This was due to selective loss of loosely associated, extrinsic membrane proteins. Major polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of 155,000 and 43,500 and membrane glycoproteins were released selectively during preparation of milk fat globule membranes. Evidence suggested that xanthine oxidase was a constituent of the selectively removed polypeptide fraction of apparent molecular weight 155,000. A major class of polypeptide with an apparent molecular weight of 62,500 was not extracted from milk fat globule membrane by treatment with dilute salts, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, or by nonionic and ionic detergent solutions. Milk fat globule membranes were separated into seven subfractions on isopycnic centrifugation in sucrose density gradients. Specific activities of the enzymes 5'-nucleotidase, xanthine oxidase, acid and alkaline phosphatases were similar or identical in all fractions. Electrophoretic analysis showed these seven subfractions had similar polypeptide profiles. Both phospholipid and total lipid content of subfractions were correlated inversely with fraction density. The results show that milk fat globule membrane is nearly homogenous in content of intrinsic membrane proteins and certain membrane-bound enzyme activities but is markedly heterogeneous with respect to buoyant density and lipid content.", "contents": "Membranes of mammary gland. XII. Loosely associated proteins and compositional heterogeneity of bovine milk fat globule membrane. Electrophoretic patterns of polypeptides of milk fat globule differed quantitatively depending on extent of washing during membrane preparation. This was due to selective loss of loosely associated, extrinsic membrane proteins. Major polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of 155,000 and 43,500 and membrane glycoproteins were released selectively during preparation of milk fat globule membranes. Evidence suggested that xanthine oxidase was a constituent of the selectively removed polypeptide fraction of apparent molecular weight 155,000. A major class of polypeptide with an apparent molecular weight of 62,500 was not extracted from milk fat globule membrane by treatment with dilute salts, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, or by nonionic and ionic detergent solutions. Milk fat globule membranes were separated into seven subfractions on isopycnic centrifugation in sucrose density gradients. Specific activities of the enzymes 5'-nucleotidase, xanthine oxidase, acid and alkaline phosphatases were similar or identical in all fractions. Electrophoretic analysis showed these seven subfractions had similar polypeptide profiles. Both phospholipid and total lipid content of subfractions were correlated inversely with fraction density. The results show that milk fat globule membrane is nearly homogenous in content of intrinsic membrane proteins and certain membrane-bound enzyme activities but is markedly heterogeneous with respect to buoyant density and lipid content.", "PMID": 845288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6601", "title": "Changes in portal blood metabolites and insulin with feeding steers twice daily.", "content": "Four Holstein steers surgically prepared with a device for sampling from the portal vein were used to examine changes in concentrations of metabolites and insulin in portal blood with scheduled meals. The animals were fed a complete mixed ration (3.4 kcal/g digestible energy) twice daily at three intakes. Blood was sampled at 30, 15, 10, and 5 min before feeding and at 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 120 min after feeding began. Average intakes of food at 30 min for the three intakes were 0 (control), 889 g (restricted), and 1425 g (fed). Packed cell volume increased rapidly within 15 min of initiation of the meal in fed steers, but the maximum change from pre-feeding was 6.6%. Insulin increased within 5 min with the restricted intake and at 15 min in fed steers. Portal volatile fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyrate also increased within 15 min of initiation of the meal in fed steers, and glucose tended to decrease after feeding. Certain metabolites and insulin of portal bood changed rapidly with feeding. Additional studies are required to establish any role of these blood components in the short-term control of feed intake in steers consuming concentrate feeds.", "contents": "Changes in portal blood metabolites and insulin with feeding steers twice daily. Four Holstein steers surgically prepared with a device for sampling from the portal vein were used to examine changes in concentrations of metabolites and insulin in portal blood with scheduled meals. The animals were fed a complete mixed ration (3.4 kcal/g digestible energy) twice daily at three intakes. Blood was sampled at 30, 15, 10, and 5 min before feeding and at 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 120 min after feeding began. Average intakes of food at 30 min for the three intakes were 0 (control), 889 g (restricted), and 1425 g (fed). Packed cell volume increased rapidly within 15 min of initiation of the meal in fed steers, but the maximum change from pre-feeding was 6.6%. Insulin increased within 5 min with the restricted intake and at 15 min in fed steers. Portal volatile fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyrate also increased within 15 min of initiation of the meal in fed steers, and glucose tended to decrease after feeding. Certain metabolites and insulin of portal bood changed rapidly with feeding. Additional studies are required to establish any role of these blood components in the short-term control of feed intake in steers consuming concentrate feeds.", "PMID": 845289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6602", "title": "Portal blood insulin and metabolite changes with spontaneous feeding in steers.", "content": "Four Holstein steers surgically prepared with a device for sampling blood from the portal vein were used to study changes in metabolites and insulin of portal blood associated with spontaneous meal feeding. The animals were fed a complete mixed ration (3.4 kcal/g digestible energy) in individual, electronically controlled feeding units. Blood was sampled before, during, and after meals. During the meal, blood samples were at 2-min intervals. Blood was sampled at 50 individual meals. Average meal length was 15.0 min and average consumption per meal was 631.7 g. Portal insulin increased within 2 min of meal initiation and remained elevated for the first 14 min of meals. Free fatty acids also increased at 8, 10, 12, 16, and 18 min after meal initiation. There were no consistent changes in packed cell volume, glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate, or volatile fatty acids during this time. On control days when no feed was consumed, there were no significant changes in concentrations of metabolites or insulin. The increase in insulin of portal blood, which occurs upon meal initiation, preceded changes in metabolites. Therefore, the rapid change in insulin may be the result of a reflex neural stimulation rather than the result of a metabolite stimulating release of insulin.", "contents": "Portal blood insulin and metabolite changes with spontaneous feeding in steers. Four Holstein steers surgically prepared with a device for sampling blood from the portal vein were used to study changes in metabolites and insulin of portal blood associated with spontaneous meal feeding. The animals were fed a complete mixed ration (3.4 kcal/g digestible energy) in individual, electronically controlled feeding units. Blood was sampled before, during, and after meals. During the meal, blood samples were at 2-min intervals. Blood was sampled at 50 individual meals. Average meal length was 15.0 min and average consumption per meal was 631.7 g. Portal insulin increased within 2 min of meal initiation and remained elevated for the first 14 min of meals. Free fatty acids also increased at 8, 10, 12, 16, and 18 min after meal initiation. There were no consistent changes in packed cell volume, glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate, or volatile fatty acids during this time. On control days when no feed was consumed, there were no significant changes in concentrations of metabolites or insulin. The increase in insulin of portal blood, which occurs upon meal initiation, preceded changes in metabolites. Therefore, the rapid change in insulin may be the result of a reflex neural stimulation rather than the result of a metabolite stimulating release of insulin.", "PMID": 845290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6603", "title": "Comparison of two methods for analysis of aflatoxin M1 in milk.", "content": "The cellulose chromatography method of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists for determination of Aflatoxin M1 was compared with a two-dimensional thin layer chromatography procedure. The minimum detectable Aflatoxin M1 by the Official procedure was approximately .01 mug/kg while the thin layer chromatography procedure has a claimed sensitivity of .004 mug/kg. Analyses of milk samples by thin layer chromatography agreed with results of the Official procedure in the range of .01 to .25 mug/liter. Each method consistently yielded recoveries greater than 87% and there was no significant difference between means or variances of each method. The thin layer chromatography method took less time than the Official method and showed a reproducible lower threshold sensitivity of .005 mug/liter.", "contents": "Comparison of two methods for analysis of aflatoxin M1 in milk. The cellulose chromatography method of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists for determination of Aflatoxin M1 was compared with a two-dimensional thin layer chromatography procedure. The minimum detectable Aflatoxin M1 by the Official procedure was approximately .01 mug/kg while the thin layer chromatography procedure has a claimed sensitivity of .004 mug/kg. Analyses of milk samples by thin layer chromatography agreed with results of the Official procedure in the range of .01 to .25 mug/liter. Each method consistently yielded recoveries greater than 87% and there was no significant difference between means or variances of each method. The thin layer chromatography method took less time than the Official method and showed a reproducible lower threshold sensitivity of .005 mug/liter.", "PMID": 845291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6604", "title": "Chromosomal analysis of fertile female heterosexual twins in cattle.", "content": "Metaphase chromosomes derived from leukocyte cultures of peripheral blood were examined in 15 fertile, female, heterosexual bovine twins. Of the 15 animals, 14 contained only XX cells in cultured leukocytes while the remaining female was chimeric containing 26% XY cells. The fertile, female, bovine, heterosexual twin demonstrating XX/XY sex chromosome chimerism in cultured leukocytes supplies evidence that chorionic fusion and vascular anastomosis may occur between male and female cattle twins without production of a freemartin. Although one fertile, female, bovine, heterosexual twin expressed XX/XY chimerism, we believe the leukocyte culture technique is a valuable tool for early diagnosis of the freemartin condition. In comparison with other diagnostic aids including clinical observations, erythrocyte typing, and homograft tolerance, chromosome analysis of leukocytes is equally efficient, less expensive, and more practical for routine early diagnosis of the bovine freemartin. Blood can be sampled soon after birth for karyotyping. From leukocyte culture technique, in 3 days after initiation of the cultures the reproductive capacity of the female twin can be decided.", "contents": "Chromosomal analysis of fertile female heterosexual twins in cattle. Metaphase chromosomes derived from leukocyte cultures of peripheral blood were examined in 15 fertile, female, heterosexual bovine twins. Of the 15 animals, 14 contained only XX cells in cultured leukocytes while the remaining female was chimeric containing 26% XY cells. The fertile, female, bovine, heterosexual twin demonstrating XX/XY sex chromosome chimerism in cultured leukocytes supplies evidence that chorionic fusion and vascular anastomosis may occur between male and female cattle twins without production of a freemartin. Although one fertile, female, bovine, heterosexual twin expressed XX/XY chimerism, we believe the leukocyte culture technique is a valuable tool for early diagnosis of the freemartin condition. In comparison with other diagnostic aids including clinical observations, erythrocyte typing, and homograft tolerance, chromosome analysis of leukocytes is equally efficient, less expensive, and more practical for routine early diagnosis of the bovine freemartin. Blood can be sampled soon after birth for karyotyping. From leukocyte culture technique, in 3 days after initiation of the cultures the reproductive capacity of the female twin can be decided.", "PMID": 845292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6605", "title": "Selective attention in children with reading problems: a developmental study of incidental learning.", "content": "The performance of poor readers and control children at three grade levels, first, third, and fifth grades, was compared on an incidental learning task adapted by Hagen (1967). A significant group by task interaction in a repeated measures ANOVA indicated that reading ability was differentially related to performance on the tasks. Relative to control children at all grade levels, poor readers obtained lower scores on the central task and higher scores on the incidental task. The absence of a grade X task X reading ability interaction indicated that selective attention follows the same developmental course in poor readers as in control children. The data suggest that the development of selective attention as reflected in performance on this task is delayed from 2 to 4 years in poor readers.", "contents": "Selective attention in children with reading problems: a developmental study of incidental learning. The performance of poor readers and control children at three grade levels, first, third, and fifth grades, was compared on an incidental learning task adapted by Hagen (1967). A significant group by task interaction in a repeated measures ANOVA indicated that reading ability was differentially related to performance on the tasks. Relative to control children at all grade levels, poor readers obtained lower scores on the central task and higher scores on the incidental task. The absence of a grade X task X reading ability interaction indicated that selective attention follows the same developmental course in poor readers as in control children. The data suggest that the development of selective attention as reflected in performance on this task is delayed from 2 to 4 years in poor readers.", "PMID": 845326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6606", "title": "Behavior modification in the home: siblings as behavior modifiers, parents as observers.", "content": "It was hypothesized that siblings could function as effective behavior change agent for their behaviorally disturbed brother and sisters within the home environment. Further, it was predicted that parents could be trained to be reliable observers of their children's performance under these circumstances. The results of the study supported both predictions with siblings in two separate families demonstrating their ability to work with their brother or sister within the context of an ABAB reversal design. Parents were also shown to obtain consistently high reliability ratings when compared to outside observers. The judicious use of siblings as behavior modification aides is recommended as a treatment procedure.", "contents": "Behavior modification in the home: siblings as behavior modifiers, parents as observers. It was hypothesized that siblings could function as effective behavior change agent for their behaviorally disturbed brother and sisters within the home environment. Further, it was predicted that parents could be trained to be reliable observers of their children's performance under these circumstances. The results of the study supported both predictions with siblings in two separate families demonstrating their ability to work with their brother or sister within the context of an ABAB reversal design. Parents were also shown to obtain consistently high reliability ratings when compared to outside observers. The judicious use of siblings as behavior modification aides is recommended as a treatment procedure.", "PMID": 845327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6607", "title": "The effect of adult influence on children's preferences: compliance versus opposition.", "content": "The present study examined the effects of adult influence on the choice preferences of first and fifth grade girls and boys. It was found that when the adult directed the children as to which choice alternative to choose, all children (both grades and both sexes) preferred that alternative advocated by the adult. When however, the adult's influence attempt was followed by another adult's stating that the child should choose whatever he/she wanted, first graders displayed oppositional behavior (preferring the alternative not urged by the first adult), while fifth graders continued to comply with the first adult's influence. These results suggested that oppositional behavior in first grade children may occur as a function of conflict between adults regarding adult control over the child.", "contents": "The effect of adult influence on children's preferences: compliance versus opposition. The present study examined the effects of adult influence on the choice preferences of first and fifth grade girls and boys. It was found that when the adult directed the children as to which choice alternative to choose, all children (both grades and both sexes) preferred that alternative advocated by the adult. When however, the adult's influence attempt was followed by another adult's stating that the child should choose whatever he/she wanted, first graders displayed oppositional behavior (preferring the alternative not urged by the first adult), while fifth graders continued to comply with the first adult's influence. These results suggested that oppositional behavior in first grade children may occur as a function of conflict between adults regarding adult control over the child.", "PMID": 845328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6608", "title": "An investigation of relationships between teachers' ratings of behavior and children's personality traits.", "content": "This study examined the relationships between teachers' ratings of children's behavior on the Behavior Problem Checklist and children's self-reported personality source traits on age-appropriate Personality Questionnaires. The sample consisted of 254 children from first through eighth grades and 13 teachers in a rural Maine elementary school. Analysis of the data revealed that teachers' ratings and children's self-reports in grades four through six agreed more frequently about problematic behavior than did children's self-reports and teachers self-ratings in grades one through three and seven and eight. In general, the study (1) supported the validity of teacher judgments made with the Behavior Problem Checklist, (2) demonstrated the critical need for more than one perspective when identifying and defining maladaptive behavior potentially indicative of emotional disturbance, and (3) suggested the need to increase the accuracy of teachers' perceptions and evaluations of children's behavior.", "contents": "An investigation of relationships between teachers' ratings of behavior and children's personality traits. This study examined the relationships between teachers' ratings of children's behavior on the Behavior Problem Checklist and children's self-reported personality source traits on age-appropriate Personality Questionnaires. The sample consisted of 254 children from first through eighth grades and 13 teachers in a rural Maine elementary school. Analysis of the data revealed that teachers' ratings and children's self-reports in grades four through six agreed more frequently about problematic behavior than did children's self-reports and teachers self-ratings in grades one through three and seven and eight. In general, the study (1) supported the validity of teacher judgments made with the Behavior Problem Checklist, (2) demonstrated the critical need for more than one perspective when identifying and defining maladaptive behavior potentially indicative of emotional disturbance, and (3) suggested the need to increase the accuracy of teachers' perceptions and evaluations of children's behavior.", "PMID": 845329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6609", "title": "Drug use and deviation from self-concept norms.", "content": "The more the deviation from a sex-and-grade, self-concept score norm (as indexed on a pair-comparisons, adjectival inventory), the greater the incidence of reported drug use. This assertion applies (a) to both sexes (teen-agers) for beer and wine, cigarettes, hard liquor, and marijuana, and (b) to males alone for speed and LSD.", "contents": "Drug use and deviation from self-concept norms. The more the deviation from a sex-and-grade, self-concept score norm (as indexed on a pair-comparisons, adjectival inventory), the greater the incidence of reported drug use. This assertion applies (a) to both sexes (teen-agers) for beer and wine, cigarettes, hard liquor, and marijuana, and (b) to males alone for speed and LSD.", "PMID": 845330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6610", "title": "A matched-subject comparison of underachievers with normals on intellectual, behavioral, and emotional variables.", "content": "Children labeled as underachievers are compared to a matched group functioning normally within the classroom. Factor analyses of the data from several tests reveal that the \"normal\" children not only have achieved higher academic performance but also have better learning aptitude. The inference may be made that many \"underachievers\" actually have a low general aptitude when carefully measured.", "contents": "A matched-subject comparison of underachievers with normals on intellectual, behavioral, and emotional variables. Children labeled as underachievers are compared to a matched group functioning normally within the classroom. Factor analyses of the data from several tests reveal that the \"normal\" children not only have achieved higher academic performance but also have better learning aptitude. The inference may be made that many \"underachievers\" actually have a low general aptitude when carefully measured.", "PMID": 845331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6611", "title": "Child abuse and neglect: effect on Bayley Scale scores.", "content": "Compared to controls, children who were diagnosed as victims of Nonaccidental Trauma or Failure to Thrive had depressed Bayley Scale Mental Index scores, p less than .002 and p less than .0001, respectively. Failure-to-Thrive children also had depressed Bayley Scale Motor Index scores, p less than .0001. Nonaccidental-Trauma children had Mental and Motor Scale range scores, as determined by differences between basal and ceiling items on the Mental and Motor scales, that were a function of measured Mental and Motor Index Scores. Specifically, Nonaccidental-Trauma children with lower Mental Index scores had higher Mental Scale range scores than Nonaccidental-Trauma children with higher Mental Index scores, p less than .003. Control children had Mental Scale range scores that did not differ between the high-low Mental Index score conditions. On the Motor Scale, range scores of Nonaccidental-Trauma children in the high-low Motor Index score conditions did not differ. However, children with higher Motor Index scores had higher Motor Scale range scores than control children with lower Motor Index scores, p less than .02. In addition, the Infant Behavior Record of the Bayley Scales revealed behavior ratings of Nonaccidental-Trauma and Failure-to-Thrive children that differed from Mental and Motor Scale scores on several dimensions. These differences may reflect differential effects of the Nonaccidental-Trauma and Failure-to-Thrive conditions.", "contents": "Child abuse and neglect: effect on Bayley Scale scores. Compared to controls, children who were diagnosed as victims of Nonaccidental Trauma or Failure to Thrive had depressed Bayley Scale Mental Index scores, p less than .002 and p less than .0001, respectively. Failure-to-Thrive children also had depressed Bayley Scale Motor Index scores, p less than .0001. Nonaccidental-Trauma children had Mental and Motor Scale range scores, as determined by differences between basal and ceiling items on the Mental and Motor scales, that were a function of measured Mental and Motor Index Scores. Specifically, Nonaccidental-Trauma children with lower Mental Index scores had higher Mental Scale range scores than Nonaccidental-Trauma children with higher Mental Index scores, p less than .003. Control children had Mental Scale range scores that did not differ between the high-low Mental Index score conditions. On the Motor Scale, range scores of Nonaccidental-Trauma children in the high-low Motor Index score conditions did not differ. However, children with higher Motor Index scores had higher Motor Scale range scores than control children with lower Motor Index scores, p less than .02. In addition, the Infant Behavior Record of the Bayley Scales revealed behavior ratings of Nonaccidental-Trauma and Failure-to-Thrive children that differed from Mental and Motor Scale scores on several dimensions. These differences may reflect differential effects of the Nonaccidental-Trauma and Failure-to-Thrive conditions.", "PMID": 845332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6612", "title": "Empathy and socialization in first and repeat juvenile offenders and normals.", "content": "The present study examined empathy and socialization in delinquent and nondelinquent juveniles. From 32 first offenders, 16 repeat offenders, and 19 normals who were administered Hogan's empathy scale and the socialization scale of the California Psychological Inventory, groups of 16 subjects matched on age and race were compared. Results indicated that the three groups did not differ on empathy but that each of the three groups differed on socialization. Results are discussed in terms of potentially identifying recidivists and the efficacy of therapist-trained empathy.", "contents": "Empathy and socialization in first and repeat juvenile offenders and normals. The present study examined empathy and socialization in delinquent and nondelinquent juveniles. From 32 first offenders, 16 repeat offenders, and 19 normals who were administered Hogan's empathy scale and the socialization scale of the California Psychological Inventory, groups of 16 subjects matched on age and race were compared. Results indicated that the three groups did not differ on empathy but that each of the three groups differed on socialization. Results are discussed in terms of potentially identifying recidivists and the efficacy of therapist-trained empathy.", "PMID": 845333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6613", "title": "Legal issues facing dietetic practice.", "content": "Malpractice is today's sword of Damocles threatening not only physicians but the entire health care community. For dietitians--clinical and administrative alike--there are a number of areas which could be sources of litigation involving negligence or lack of competency. Is the right therapeutic diet served to the right patient at the right time? A word to the wise would be: Always have records to substantiate professional judgments and actions, even though this means increased paper work. Another potential pitfall--which could result in revocation of licensure or accreditation--involves the standards of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals (JCAH). Is scrupulous attention being paid to the JCAH's principles and four standards for dietetic practice? Violation of, for instance, Standard II relating to sanitation practices could bring about sanctions by the local or state health agency. Labor laws, too, have implications for dietitians. The recent change in the Taft-Hartley law brings hospitals under the jurisdiction of the National Labor Relations Board. Care must be taken not to violate its regulations. The federal Occupational Safety and Health Act is also concerned with sanitary and working conditions of employees. In contrast to such restrictive legislation, however, is the Health Professions Educational Assistance Act of 1976 which opens up new educational opportunities from which dietitians could benefit.", "contents": "Legal issues facing dietetic practice. Malpractice is today's sword of Damocles threatening not only physicians but the entire health care community. For dietitians--clinical and administrative alike--there are a number of areas which could be sources of litigation involving negligence or lack of competency. Is the right therapeutic diet served to the right patient at the right time? A word to the wise would be: Always have records to substantiate professional judgments and actions, even though this means increased paper work. Another potential pitfall--which could result in revocation of licensure or accreditation--involves the standards of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals (JCAH). Is scrupulous attention being paid to the JCAH's principles and four standards for dietetic practice? Violation of, for instance, Standard II relating to sanitation practices could bring about sanctions by the local or state health agency. Labor laws, too, have implications for dietitians. The recent change in the Taft-Hartley law brings hospitals under the jurisdiction of the National Labor Relations Board. Care must be taken not to violate its regulations. The federal Occupational Safety and Health Act is also concerned with sanitary and working conditions of employees. In contrast to such restrictive legislation, however, is the Health Professions Educational Assistance Act of 1976 which opens up new educational opportunities from which dietitians could benefit.", "PMID": 845346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6614", "title": "Taste acuity and food attitudes of selected patients with cancer.", "content": "Patients with cancer may display taste abnormalities. In this study, abnormalities observed before treatment involved decreased salt and sweet sensitivity. For some thresholds, greater abnormalities were observed among men and women, among patients with colon cancer than among those with breast cancer, and among those with a greater extent of disease. Observations of slight increases in thresholds for sour detection and bitter recognition during the early treatment period and normalization of high sweet recognition thresholds after two weeks of treatment suggest that additional changes in taste acuity may accompany short-term treatment with 5'fluorouracil. However, absence of a correlation of taste changes with changes in food preferences points to the role of other factors in determining patients' food preferences during such treatment. Consideration of the incidence of taste abnormalities in these groups of patients with cancer and observation of altered food attitudes among patients receiving 5-fluorouracil does provide a basis for general recommendations for serving foods which will appeal to these patients.", "contents": "Taste acuity and food attitudes of selected patients with cancer. Patients with cancer may display taste abnormalities. In this study, abnormalities observed before treatment involved decreased salt and sweet sensitivity. For some thresholds, greater abnormalities were observed among men and women, among patients with colon cancer than among those with breast cancer, and among those with a greater extent of disease. Observations of slight increases in thresholds for sour detection and bitter recognition during the early treatment period and normalization of high sweet recognition thresholds after two weeks of treatment suggest that additional changes in taste acuity may accompany short-term treatment with 5'fluorouracil. However, absence of a correlation of taste changes with changes in food preferences points to the role of other factors in determining patients' food preferences during such treatment. Consideration of the incidence of taste abnormalities in these groups of patients with cancer and observation of altered food attitudes among patients receiving 5-fluorouracil does provide a basis for general recommendations for serving foods which will appeal to these patients.", "PMID": 845347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6615", "title": "Body weight-gain equivalents of selected foods.", "content": "A table of body weight-gain equivalents of selected foods has been developed to illustrate the weight gain to expect when eating single protions of a food above daily maintenance requirements for varying periods. The data were designed to discourage overeating habits, which result in obesity, and may be utilized to reinforce proper dietary habits in counseling of all individuals.", "contents": "Body weight-gain equivalents of selected foods. A table of body weight-gain equivalents of selected foods has been developed to illustrate the weight gain to expect when eating single protions of a food above daily maintenance requirements for varying periods. The data were designed to discourage overeating habits, which result in obesity, and may be utilized to reinforce proper dietary habits in counseling of all individuals.", "PMID": 845348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6616", "title": "Impact of fast food meals on nutrient intake of two groups.", "content": "Two groups in different population centers were studied to determine how often consumers frequented fast food restaurants, and consequently, how heavily they relied on this type of food for nutrients. A questionnaire was answered by 280 customers of two fast food restaurants of the same chain. They were asked how often they patronized fast food restaurants, their specific food choices, and other pertinent questions. Food choices were evaluated for energy and seven nutrients on the basis of published analyses of the menu items of the particular fast food chain. Fifty-two per cent of the subjects in the two groups considered their purchases to be meals. Seventy-seven per cent of these consumed one-third or more of the recommended dietary allowance for protein, but no more than 30 per cent received that amount of the other nutrients examined, including food energy. Calcium and particularly vitamin A were least often consumed in amounts equal to one-third of the recommended allowances. Consumer choices were responsible for low consumption of calcium, but no good sources of vitamin A were included on the menus. Fast food items were purchased so infrequently by the majority of our respondents that nutrient composition of the fast food meals or snacks would be of concern in only a small number of cases. This study indicates that any attempts to improve nutritive value of fast food snacks or meals must include efforts to lead consumers to make wiser food choices, as well as encourage the fast food industry to provide rich sources of all the nutrients in their menus.", "contents": "Impact of fast food meals on nutrient intake of two groups. Two groups in different population centers were studied to determine how often consumers frequented fast food restaurants, and consequently, how heavily they relied on this type of food for nutrients. A questionnaire was answered by 280 customers of two fast food restaurants of the same chain. They were asked how often they patronized fast food restaurants, their specific food choices, and other pertinent questions. Food choices were evaluated for energy and seven nutrients on the basis of published analyses of the menu items of the particular fast food chain. Fifty-two per cent of the subjects in the two groups considered their purchases to be meals. Seventy-seven per cent of these consumed one-third or more of the recommended dietary allowance for protein, but no more than 30 per cent received that amount of the other nutrients examined, including food energy. Calcium and particularly vitamin A were least often consumed in amounts equal to one-third of the recommended allowances. Consumer choices were responsible for low consumption of calcium, but no good sources of vitamin A were included on the menus. Fast food items were purchased so infrequently by the majority of our respondents that nutrient composition of the fast food meals or snacks would be of concern in only a small number of cases. This study indicates that any attempts to improve nutritive value of fast food snacks or meals must include efforts to lead consumers to make wiser food choices, as well as encourage the fast food industry to provide rich sources of all the nutrients in their menus.", "PMID": 845349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6617", "title": "Cost of using permanent vs. disposable ware. Studies in two school systems.", "content": "In this study, the cost of using permanent ware and disposable ware in selected schools was compared. Included in the permanent ware study were the costs of: The ware, machine washing of the ware (including labor time and consumption of utilities, detergents, and chemicals), and refuse removal. Data collected in the disposable ware study were: Meal count; number of items of ware used; labor time; and cost of equipment, supplies, and refuse removal. The cost per student was 4 cents for permanent ware and 10 cents for disposable ware. Although the findings in the schools studied point to an economic advantage in using permanent ware, other considerations might prompt a decision in favor of disposable ware.", "contents": "Cost of using permanent vs. disposable ware. Studies in two school systems. In this study, the cost of using permanent ware and disposable ware in selected schools was compared. Included in the permanent ware study were the costs of: The ware, machine washing of the ware (including labor time and consumption of utilities, detergents, and chemicals), and refuse removal. Data collected in the disposable ware study were: Meal count; number of items of ware used; labor time; and cost of equipment, supplies, and refuse removal. The cost per student was 4 cents for permanent ware and 10 cents for disposable ware. Although the findings in the schools studied point to an economic advantage in using permanent ware, other considerations might prompt a decision in favor of disposable ware.", "PMID": 845350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6618", "title": "The electroencephalogram in the middle-aged and the elderly.", "content": "A survey was made of the electroencephalographic (EEG) changes during the human lifespan. It was found that the EEG changes during childhood and adolescent maturation continue even between the ages of 30 and 60 years. There is a decrease in the abundance of alpha activity, with a reduction in the fast part and a relative increase in the slow part of the alpha band. In the span of life between 60 and 90, there is an increase of slow waves with a progressive slowing during the aging process and a shift in the dominant frequency from 9 cps to 7 cps. Computerization of results in the beta band (above 13 cps) enables differentiation of the waves of the lower part (13-25 cps) from those of the upper part (above 25-30 cps). The lower part of the beta band decreases parallel to the alpha activity but the upper part of the beta band increases in amount during the aging process. The meaning of the divergent behavior of these sub-groups of beta activity in the aged is discussed. The EEG seems to be an important factor in the study of aged persons.", "contents": "The electroencephalogram in the middle-aged and the elderly. A survey was made of the electroencephalographic (EEG) changes during the human lifespan. It was found that the EEG changes during childhood and adolescent maturation continue even between the ages of 30 and 60 years. There is a decrease in the abundance of alpha activity, with a reduction in the fast part and a relative increase in the slow part of the alpha band. In the span of life between 60 and 90, there is an increase of slow waves with a progressive slowing during the aging process and a shift in the dominant frequency from 9 cps to 7 cps. Computerization of results in the beta band (above 13 cps) enables differentiation of the waves of the lower part (13-25 cps) from those of the upper part (above 25-30 cps). The lower part of the beta band decreases parallel to the alpha activity but the upper part of the beta band increases in amount during the aging process. The meaning of the divergent behavior of these sub-groups of beta activity in the aged is discussed. The EEG seems to be an important factor in the study of aged persons.", "PMID": 845353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6619", "title": "Measuring dementia.", "content": "Maudsley Tests of the Sensorium (used by clinicians to assess verbal memory and orientation) and Kendal's Memory for Design (used by psychologist to assess visual memory) were employed to differentiate between elderly patients with organic brain damage (neurologic disease, chiefly stroke) and those with functional psychiatric disorders which had been present in youth. There were 25 patients in each group. Both test differentiated organic from functional disorders. There was no statistically significant difference in the effectiveness of the two tests.", "contents": "Measuring dementia. Maudsley Tests of the Sensorium (used by clinicians to assess verbal memory and orientation) and Kendal's Memory for Design (used by psychologist to assess visual memory) were employed to differentiate between elderly patients with organic brain damage (neurologic disease, chiefly stroke) and those with functional psychiatric disorders which had been present in youth. There were 25 patients in each group. Both test differentiated organic from functional disorders. There was no statistically significant difference in the effectiveness of the two tests.", "PMID": 845354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6620", "title": "A device for expressing the serum insulin glucose relationship in diabetes, hyper- or hypothyroidsm, and chronic hepatitis.", "content": "When the serum insulin valves during a 50-gm oral glucose tolerance test were expressed as the function of glucose concentrations, a good linear relationship was found in normal subjects and in patients with diabetes, hyperthroidism, hypothroidism or chronic hepatitis. The insulin index calculated from the line representing this relationship was less than 100 in all 19 diabetic patients and most of the 13 hyperthyroid patients with oxyhyperglycemia, whereas it was more than 100 in the 14 normal subjects, the 4 hypothyroid patients, and the 8 patients with oxyhyperglycemia due to chronic hepatitis. The insulin index decreased with increasing maximal blood glucose concentration during the glucose tolerance test in diabetic patients. Furthermore, improvement in the insulin index was correlated with the effectiveness of sulfornylurea drugs in the diabetic group.", "contents": "A device for expressing the serum insulin glucose relationship in diabetes, hyper- or hypothyroidsm, and chronic hepatitis. When the serum insulin valves during a 50-gm oral glucose tolerance test were expressed as the function of glucose concentrations, a good linear relationship was found in normal subjects and in patients with diabetes, hyperthroidism, hypothroidism or chronic hepatitis. The insulin index calculated from the line representing this relationship was less than 100 in all 19 diabetic patients and most of the 13 hyperthyroid patients with oxyhyperglycemia, whereas it was more than 100 in the 14 normal subjects, the 4 hypothyroid patients, and the 8 patients with oxyhyperglycemia due to chronic hepatitis. The insulin index decreased with increasing maximal blood glucose concentration during the glucose tolerance test in diabetic patients. Furthermore, improvement in the insulin index was correlated with the effectiveness of sulfornylurea drugs in the diabetic group.", "PMID": 845355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6621", "title": "Mental status questionnaire for organic brain syndrome, with a new visual counting test.", "content": "Ninety aged patients at the Philadelphia Geriatric Center were asked to give answers to a 35-item mental status questionnaire which included a new visual counting test. By this mean it was found that 20 of the 90 subjects were not mentally impaired, but 34 had mild dementia, 17 moderate dementia, and 19 servere dementia. These results proved to be well correlated with the clinical findings. The test records showed that as dementia develops, the first thing to be forgotten is the awareness of time, place and recognition (in that order). Then the ability to count disappears. As mental oblivion intervenes, the last thing the patient forgets is his/her own name. It was also noted that patients with mild senile dementia fared better when kept with a similar group than with patients who have moderate or severe dementia.", "contents": "Mental status questionnaire for organic brain syndrome, with a new visual counting test. Ninety aged patients at the Philadelphia Geriatric Center were asked to give answers to a 35-item mental status questionnaire which included a new visual counting test. By this mean it was found that 20 of the 90 subjects were not mentally impaired, but 34 had mild dementia, 17 moderate dementia, and 19 servere dementia. These results proved to be well correlated with the clinical findings. The test records showed that as dementia develops, the first thing to be forgotten is the awareness of time, place and recognition (in that order). Then the ability to count disappears. As mental oblivion intervenes, the last thing the patient forgets is his/her own name. It was also noted that patients with mild senile dementia fared better when kept with a similar group than with patients who have moderate or severe dementia.", "PMID": 845356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6622", "title": "Age-associated statural loss and socioeconomic status.", "content": "Association between socioeconomic score (SES) and age-related statural loss were investigated in a cross-sectional sample of 718 adults from rural Colombia. Estimates of statural aging were calculated by estimating the maximum statural attainment of each subject from statural relationships with subischial length. Statural loss was correlated with SES, r=-0.06 (not significant) for men, and r=-0.14 (p less than 0.01) for women. Subjects with a high SES tended to lose stature at a slower rate than those with a low SES. For women, the difference in rates of statural loss between the low SES groups was significant (p less than 0.05).", "contents": "Age-associated statural loss and socioeconomic status. Association between socioeconomic score (SES) and age-related statural loss were investigated in a cross-sectional sample of 718 adults from rural Colombia. Estimates of statural aging were calculated by estimating the maximum statural attainment of each subject from statural relationships with subischial length. Statural loss was correlated with SES, r=-0.06 (not significant) for men, and r=-0.14 (p less than 0.01) for women. Subjects with a high SES tended to lose stature at a slower rate than those with a low SES. For women, the difference in rates of statural loss between the low SES groups was significant (p less than 0.05).", "PMID": 845357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6623", "title": "The renal lesion associated with total lipodystrophy.", "content": "This report concerns a 41-year-old man with total lipodystrophy associated with a specific renal disorder. He had massive proteinuria, mild azotemia and a normal level of serum complement in addition to the generalized loss of subcutaneous fatty tissue. Results of 1 50-gm glucose tolerance test indicated a high fasting insulin level with an exaggerated response to glucose. Hypoglycemic responses to exogenous insulin were reduced. Renal biopsy revealed changes consistent with glomerular lipidosis. This case is unique in that the renal lesion was not the Kimmelstiel-Wilson pathologic change atributable to abnormal glucose metabolism.", "contents": "The renal lesion associated with total lipodystrophy. This report concerns a 41-year-old man with total lipodystrophy associated with a specific renal disorder. He had massive proteinuria, mild azotemia and a normal level of serum complement in addition to the generalized loss of subcutaneous fatty tissue. Results of 1 50-gm glucose tolerance test indicated a high fasting insulin level with an exaggerated response to glucose. Hypoglycemic responses to exogenous insulin were reduced. Renal biopsy revealed changes consistent with glomerular lipidosis. This case is unique in that the renal lesion was not the Kimmelstiel-Wilson pathologic change atributable to abnormal glucose metabolism.", "PMID": 845358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6624", "title": "Metabolic behavior of alpha-ray activity in large human arteries: relationship to atherosclerosis.", "content": "The paradoxic biologic behavior of tissue calcium metabolism is emphasized. Although calcium salts are essential for the development of bones, they also contribute to aging of the large human arteries. The heavy elements providing alpha-ray activity tend to be metabolized like calcium. The concept of an osteoporosis-atherosclerosis relationship led to a series of investigations in which ash content and alpha-ray activity were examined in abdominal aortas, coronary arteries, pulmonary arteries and, for comparison, in bones and ventral costal cartilages. Both ash content and alpha-ray activity rise with age in the aorta and in the coronary arteries, but there is no such increase in the pulmonary arteries. A statistically significant correlation between ash content and alpha-ray activity has been found only in aortas and coronary arteries. This correlation is even closer in the coronary arteries of subjects who die of coronary artery disease and in the aortas of the elderly. Wet tissue alpha-ray activity in an aorta with severe atherosclerosis may be 220 times higher than in an aorta without significant atherosclerosis. Alpha-activity in bones and in ventral costal cartilages tends to decline in advancing years, though in the cartilages the calcium deposits increase with age. Our studies reveal a close relationship between atherogenesis and the unique metabolic behavior of alpha-ray radiation in the large human arteries.", "contents": "Metabolic behavior of alpha-ray activity in large human arteries: relationship to atherosclerosis. The paradoxic biologic behavior of tissue calcium metabolism is emphasized. Although calcium salts are essential for the development of bones, they also contribute to aging of the large human arteries. The heavy elements providing alpha-ray activity tend to be metabolized like calcium. The concept of an osteoporosis-atherosclerosis relationship led to a series of investigations in which ash content and alpha-ray activity were examined in abdominal aortas, coronary arteries, pulmonary arteries and, for comparison, in bones and ventral costal cartilages. Both ash content and alpha-ray activity rise with age in the aorta and in the coronary arteries, but there is no such increase in the pulmonary arteries. A statistically significant correlation between ash content and alpha-ray activity has been found only in aortas and coronary arteries. This correlation is even closer in the coronary arteries of subjects who die of coronary artery disease and in the aortas of the elderly. Wet tissue alpha-ray activity in an aorta with severe atherosclerosis may be 220 times higher than in an aorta without significant atherosclerosis. Alpha-activity in bones and in ventral costal cartilages tends to decline in advancing years, though in the cartilages the calcium deposits increase with age. Our studies reveal a close relationship between atherogenesis and the unique metabolic behavior of alpha-ray radiation in the large human arteries.", "PMID": 845359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6625", "title": "Ear lobe creases and heart disease.", "content": "In 50 patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and 38 controls, comparative data on age, sex, serum cholesterol level, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, smoking habits, and ear-lobe creases were analyzed statistically. After adjustment for age differences, the factors which chiefly distinguished the two groups were the incidences of smoking, obesity, diabetes, and ear-lobe creases. Of these, the ear-lobe crease seemed to be correlated best with CHD, and may prove to be a useful diagnostic sign.", "contents": "Ear lobe creases and heart disease. In 50 patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and 38 controls, comparative data on age, sex, serum cholesterol level, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, smoking habits, and ear-lobe creases were analyzed statistically. After adjustment for age differences, the factors which chiefly distinguished the two groups were the incidences of smoking, obesity, diabetes, and ear-lobe creases. Of these, the ear-lobe crease seemed to be correlated best with CHD, and may prove to be a useful diagnostic sign.", "PMID": 845360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6626", "title": "Anterior segment photography.", "content": "Anterior segment eye photography is rapidly becoming a valuable part of vision care. A simple 35 mm SLR camera set-up that can be easily operated without an extensive photographic background has been designed from readily available equipment. This arrangement produces high resolution color and fluorescein photographs for documenting existing conditions. The system is reasonably priced and can be disassembled for general photographic use.", "contents": "Anterior segment photography. Anterior segment eye photography is rapidly becoming a valuable part of vision care. A simple 35 mm SLR camera set-up that can be easily operated without an extensive photographic background has been designed from readily available equipment. This arrangement produces high resolution color and fluorescein photographs for documenting existing conditions. The system is reasonably priced and can be disassembled for general photographic use.", "PMID": 845384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6627", "title": "Vision tests as predictors of learning disabilities.", "content": "Three relatively new screeening tests for visual problems are described. They are color matching, visual language field development, and the speed of the visual language field development, and the speed of the visual scan. The visual problems so measured were found to be associated with poor school achievement. In color matching, only blue was involved, not red or green, and proficiency was relatively undeveloped before age 10. Throughout, blue matching difficulty was associated with poor visual language field development, but not with slow scanning. Early screening with these tests offers possibilities for early detection of students with potential learning problems.", "contents": "Vision tests as predictors of learning disabilities. Three relatively new screeening tests for visual problems are described. They are color matching, visual language field development, and the speed of the visual language field development, and the speed of the visual scan. The visual problems so measured were found to be associated with poor school achievement. In color matching, only blue was involved, not red or green, and proficiency was relatively undeveloped before age 10. Throughout, blue matching difficulty was associated with poor visual language field development, but not with slow scanning. Early screening with these tests offers possibilities for early detection of students with potential learning problems.", "PMID": 845385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6628", "title": "An optometric clinic in a state institution for the severely retarded.", "content": "A report of the establishment of an optometric clinic in a state hospital for the severely retarded. A discussion of problems, techniques, equipment involved, and an analysis of the first fourteen months of operation. A somewhat detailed report of the results of re-evaluating sixty-three patients in an attempt to establish the worth of the project.", "contents": "An optometric clinic in a state institution for the severely retarded. A report of the establishment of an optometric clinic in a state hospital for the severely retarded. A discussion of problems, techniques, equipment involved, and an analysis of the first fourteen months of operation. A somewhat detailed report of the results of re-evaluating sixty-three patients in an attempt to establish the worth of the project.", "PMID": 845386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6629", "title": "The technician in optometric practice.", "content": "With the increasing numbers of optometric technicians graduating throughout the country, more and more optometrists are considering employing a technician. Optometrists and technicians must evaluate certain factors in determining the feasibility of utilizing a technician within an optometric practice. The role of the technician as part of the supportive staff is discussed, as well as the physical layout of the office and the attitude of the staff, the doctor and the patients toward delegation of duties. This paper is presented from the standpoint of a practicing optometric technician, with examples of technician utilization in actual practice situations.", "contents": "The technician in optometric practice. With the increasing numbers of optometric technicians graduating throughout the country, more and more optometrists are considering employing a technician. Optometrists and technicians must evaluate certain factors in determining the feasibility of utilizing a technician within an optometric practice. The role of the technician as part of the supportive staff is discussed, as well as the physical layout of the office and the attitude of the staff, the doctor and the patients toward delegation of duties. This paper is presented from the standpoint of a practicing optometric technician, with examples of technician utilization in actual practice situations.", "PMID": 845387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6630", "title": "Psychological factors in pediatric optometry.", "content": "There are many special considerations and unique approaches applicable in the optometric care of children. In pursuing diagnostic procedures, the behavioral adjustment and responsiveness of the child during the examination proceedings may be optimally managed through an appropriate atmosphere and demeanor. Malingering and other interrelationships of behavioral anomalies and visual disorders may be understood and analyzed in relevant contexts. In pursuing procedures in treatment, approaches in prescribing lenses may be associated with resistance on the part of the child or parent, and may relate to personality characteristics and changes. The application of thoughtful techniques may facilitate maximal progress in a therapy program of visual training. Furthermore, complex psychological problems may coexist with visual disorders in learning disabilities, where broad aspects of development are of concern. Finally, the effective care of routine cases or of learning disabled children requires careful communication and counseling with parents.", "contents": "Psychological factors in pediatric optometry. There are many special considerations and unique approaches applicable in the optometric care of children. In pursuing diagnostic procedures, the behavioral adjustment and responsiveness of the child during the examination proceedings may be optimally managed through an appropriate atmosphere and demeanor. Malingering and other interrelationships of behavioral anomalies and visual disorders may be understood and analyzed in relevant contexts. In pursuing procedures in treatment, approaches in prescribing lenses may be associated with resistance on the part of the child or parent, and may relate to personality characteristics and changes. The application of thoughtful techniques may facilitate maximal progress in a therapy program of visual training. Furthermore, complex psychological problems may coexist with visual disorders in learning disabilities, where broad aspects of development are of concern. Finally, the effective care of routine cases or of learning disabled children requires careful communication and counseling with parents.", "PMID": 845388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6631", "title": "The diagnosis of factitious ulcer of the hand: a case report.", "content": "Factitious of the hand frequently is difficult to diagnose due to the cunning nature of patients with self-inflicted disease. A typical case of factitious ulcer is described in which the diagnosis was made with tetracycline fluorescence to demonstrate wound manipulation. Protective immobilization allowed healing of the ulcer and institution of appropriate psychiatric care and avoided more costly diagnostic studies and hospitalization.", "contents": "The diagnosis of factitious ulcer of the hand: a case report. Factitious of the hand frequently is difficult to diagnose due to the cunning nature of patients with self-inflicted disease. A typical case of factitious ulcer is described in which the diagnosis was made with tetracycline fluorescence to demonstrate wound manipulation. Protective immobilization allowed healing of the ulcer and institution of appropriate psychiatric care and avoided more costly diagnostic studies and hospitalization.", "PMID": 845415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6632", "title": "Abduction-pronation and recession of second (index) metacarpal in thumb agenesis.", "content": "Thumb dysplasia imposes a proportionately greater functional deficit than does dysplasia of any other digit. To simulate an opposable unit, the child with but four normal fingers naturally will turn to the next most radial (index) digit and by abducting and pronating will widen his first cleft. When the thumb is absent bilaterally, formal neurovascular pollicization of at least one index digit is the logical choice. The inherent deficiencies in formal pollicization, however, may detract from its use in certain instances, for example, unilateral thumb aplasia or thumb aplasia associated with radial club hand. A simpler procedure performed at age 3 or 4 years avoids many of these deficiencies while still creating a more functional pinch and grasp. Through a small web incision, the index metacarpal is separated from the adjacent metacarpal. The base of the index metacarpal is sectioned and shortened 1.5 cm. The digit is recessed, rotated and abducted radially and palmarly, then immobilized by a K-wire fixation to its base. Since 1960, 17 procedures have been performed with good functional results and acceptable appearance.", "contents": "Abduction-pronation and recession of second (index) metacarpal in thumb agenesis. Thumb dysplasia imposes a proportionately greater functional deficit than does dysplasia of any other digit. To simulate an opposable unit, the child with but four normal fingers naturally will turn to the next most radial (index) digit and by abducting and pronating will widen his first cleft. When the thumb is absent bilaterally, formal neurovascular pollicization of at least one index digit is the logical choice. The inherent deficiencies in formal pollicization, however, may detract from its use in certain instances, for example, unilateral thumb aplasia or thumb aplasia associated with radial club hand. A simpler procedure performed at age 3 or 4 years avoids many of these deficiencies while still creating a more functional pinch and grasp. Through a small web incision, the index metacarpal is separated from the adjacent metacarpal. The base of the index metacarpal is sectioned and shortened 1.5 cm. The digit is recessed, rotated and abducted radially and palmarly, then immobilized by a K-wire fixation to its base. Since 1960, 17 procedures have been performed with good functional results and acceptable appearance.", "PMID": 845417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6633", "title": "A simplified technique for treating mallet fingers: tenodermodesis.", "content": "Tenodermodesis is a useful surgical procedure in cases of mallet fingers where conservative treatment has failed. The results have been satisfactory in 22 of 26 patients. These results all have been achieved within 60 days and with no more than 35 days of permanent splinting of the distal part of the digit. The final range of motion depends on the patient and on the patient's age; this procedure should not be proposed for elderly patients. The operation is not performed until 3 months after the initial trauma and until formal request from a patient who cannot tolerate this small disability. We recommend local anesthesia for this procedure. Thus with a small incision, without hospitalization, and with minimal splinting and immobilization, this procedure provides a simple treatment for a minor lesion, a principle which never should be forgotten.", "contents": "A simplified technique for treating mallet fingers: tenodermodesis. Tenodermodesis is a useful surgical procedure in cases of mallet fingers where conservative treatment has failed. The results have been satisfactory in 22 of 26 patients. These results all have been achieved within 60 days and with no more than 35 days of permanent splinting of the distal part of the digit. The final range of motion depends on the patient and on the patient's age; this procedure should not be proposed for elderly patients. The operation is not performed until 3 months after the initial trauma and until formal request from a patient who cannot tolerate this small disability. We recommend local anesthesia for this procedure. Thus with a small incision, without hospitalization, and with minimal splinting and immobilization, this procedure provides a simple treatment for a minor lesion, a principle which never should be forgotten.", "PMID": 845418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6634", "title": "Tendon healing: an experimental model in the dog.", "content": "Based upon the studies of the healing process in dogs in which profundus tendons were severed partially by a method in which the cut surfaces remained in contact and the area of division was in an undamaged area of the sheath, it was shown that healing of the tendon took place without evidence of vascular contribution from the sheath. Vascular loop patterns, similar to those seen in synovial lining of joints or on either side of the growth plate of growing bone, were found on the surface of the tendons in the area of mesotenon reflection, the osseotendinous junctions, where the vinculum joined the tendon, and in various areas of the tendon sheath. No other vessels were found. A theory for nutrition of the tendon is proposed analagous to that postulated for maintenance of cartilage, first with the formation of synovial fluid by the vascular loop system and then a diffusion phase dependent upon the repetitive loading and unloading of the tissue to force the fluid into the system of canaliculi in the tendon.", "contents": "Tendon healing: an experimental model in the dog. Based upon the studies of the healing process in dogs in which profundus tendons were severed partially by a method in which the cut surfaces remained in contact and the area of division was in an undamaged area of the sheath, it was shown that healing of the tendon took place without evidence of vascular contribution from the sheath. Vascular loop patterns, similar to those seen in synovial lining of joints or on either side of the growth plate of growing bone, were found on the surface of the tendons in the area of mesotenon reflection, the osseotendinous junctions, where the vinculum joined the tendon, and in various areas of the tendon sheath. No other vessels were found. A theory for nutrition of the tendon is proposed analagous to that postulated for maintenance of cartilage, first with the formation of synovial fluid by the vascular loop system and then a diffusion phase dependent upon the repetitive loading and unloading of the tissue to force the fluid into the system of canaliculi in the tendon.", "PMID": 845419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6635", "title": "The Krukenberg operation: a modified technique avoiding skin grafts.", "content": "The Krukenberg operation involves surgical separation of the radius and ulna in a hand or forearm amputee. Thus the forearm is converted into two rays with good grasp and tactile sensation. Prerequisites for this surgery include an adequate forearm stump; indications include bilateral loss or congenital absence of the hands, loss of the hands in a blind person, or necessity for tactile sensation in an affected limb. Sixteen cases are described in which skin grafting was not required.", "contents": "The Krukenberg operation: a modified technique avoiding skin grafts. The Krukenberg operation involves surgical separation of the radius and ulna in a hand or forearm amputee. Thus the forearm is converted into two rays with good grasp and tactile sensation. Prerequisites for this surgery include an adequate forearm stump; indications include bilateral loss or congenital absence of the hands, loss of the hands in a blind person, or necessity for tactile sensation in an affected limb. Sixteen cases are described in which skin grafting was not required.", "PMID": 845420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6636", "title": "Detecting occult fractures of the metacarpal head: the Brewerton view.", "content": "A tangential view of the metacarpal heads which previously was described as being useful for diagnosis of arthritic changes also can be a valuable aid in detecting fractures or avulsions of ligamentous insertions in this area of the hand. The technique of Brewerton is described and illustrative cases are reported.", "contents": "Detecting occult fractures of the metacarpal head: the Brewerton view. A tangential view of the metacarpal heads which previously was described as being useful for diagnosis of arthritic changes also can be a valuable aid in detecting fractures or avulsions of ligamentous insertions in this area of the hand. The technique of Brewerton is described and illustrative cases are reported.", "PMID": 845421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6637", "title": "Endoprosthetic replacement of the trapezium for arthrosis in the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.", "content": "One hundred silicone endoprosthetic replacements of the trapezium for arthrosis of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb (CMC-1 joint) were reviewed in 79 patients with a follow-up time from one to 5 years in 67 women and 12 men. Pre- and postoperatively, pain, range of abduction of the CMC-1 joint, grip and pinch strength were recorded. Pain was relieved in 95 hands and abduction was improved in 85 hands. Dislocation of the endoprosthesis was found in the 15 hands with unimproved abduction. Grip strength was improved in 82 hands and pinch strength in 72 hands. Hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal joint treated by fusion when more than 20 degrees before operation gave better function than when not fused. Complications were dislocation of the endoprosthesis in 19 hands, one infection, and two fractures of the metacarpal shaft. No fracture of the endoprosthesis itself was observed.", "contents": "Endoprosthetic replacement of the trapezium for arthrosis in the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb. One hundred silicone endoprosthetic replacements of the trapezium for arthrosis of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb (CMC-1 joint) were reviewed in 79 patients with a follow-up time from one to 5 years in 67 women and 12 men. Pre- and postoperatively, pain, range of abduction of the CMC-1 joint, grip and pinch strength were recorded. Pain was relieved in 95 hands and abduction was improved in 85 hands. Dislocation of the endoprosthesis was found in the 15 hands with unimproved abduction. Grip strength was improved in 82 hands and pinch strength in 72 hands. Hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal joint treated by fusion when more than 20 degrees before operation gave better function than when not fused. Complications were dislocation of the endoprosthesis in 19 hands, one infection, and two fractures of the metacarpal shaft. No fracture of the endoprosthesis itself was observed.", "PMID": 845422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6638", "title": "Anatomy of the flexor tendon sheath and pulleys of the thumb.", "content": "Studies of the pulley systems of the flexor tendon of the thumb demonstrate one oblique and two annular pulleys. Significant decrease in angular motion of the distal joint resulted when both the proximal annular pulley and the oblique pulley were removed, but isolated loss of either did not affect the motion appreciably. If the oblique pulley was intact, then loss of the distal annular pulley did not result in significant loss of motion.", "contents": "Anatomy of the flexor tendon sheath and pulleys of the thumb. Studies of the pulley systems of the flexor tendon of the thumb demonstrate one oblique and two annular pulleys. Significant decrease in angular motion of the distal joint resulted when both the proximal annular pulley and the oblique pulley were removed, but isolated loss of either did not affect the motion appreciably. If the oblique pulley was intact, then loss of the distal annular pulley did not result in significant loss of motion.", "PMID": 845423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6639", "title": "Bacterial colonization of mutilating hand injuries and its treatment.", "content": "A total of 120 hand injuries were reviewed. Sixty-seven occurred between 1965 and 1972 and were analyzed retrospectively, and 53 occurred between 1972 and 1974 and were analyzed prospectively. The bacterial colonization was determined in 86 injuries. Injuries sustained while handling farm implements tended to be colonized by mixed gram-negative and gram-positive isolates. The gram-negative isolates usually were resistant to all antibiotics, with the exception of gentamicin. However, nine bacterial isolates were resistant to all agents tested. Injuries sustained in the home or industry were colonized by gram-positive organisms. Most were susceptible to semisynthetic penicillinase-resistant penicillins such as methicillin and its congeners. The use of parenteral prophylactic antimicrobial agents in the treatment of mutilating hand injuries was not significant in preventing infection, and their use does not seem to be indicated in farm implement-related injuries. Antimicrobials are of value in home- and industrial-related injuries only when the status of the wound so indicates.", "contents": "Bacterial colonization of mutilating hand injuries and its treatment. A total of 120 hand injuries were reviewed. Sixty-seven occurred between 1965 and 1972 and were analyzed retrospectively, and 53 occurred between 1972 and 1974 and were analyzed prospectively. The bacterial colonization was determined in 86 injuries. Injuries sustained while handling farm implements tended to be colonized by mixed gram-negative and gram-positive isolates. The gram-negative isolates usually were resistant to all antibiotics, with the exception of gentamicin. However, nine bacterial isolates were resistant to all agents tested. Injuries sustained in the home or industry were colonized by gram-positive organisms. Most were susceptible to semisynthetic penicillinase-resistant penicillins such as methicillin and its congeners. The use of parenteral prophylactic antimicrobial agents in the treatment of mutilating hand injuries was not significant in preventing infection, and their use does not seem to be indicated in farm implement-related injuries. Antimicrobials are of value in home- and industrial-related injuries only when the status of the wound so indicates.", "PMID": 845424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6640", "title": "Experience with atypical mycobacterial infection in the deep structures of the hand.", "content": "Two new cases of atypical mycobacterium infections of the deep structures are reported. With two reported previously by the authors and a review of 24 others recorded by others, the symptoms and signs are reviewed. Typically it occurs in the middle-aged person, some of whom give a history of a puncture wound within 6 weeks of onset of symptoms. Synovium in the finger is involved commonly and a carpal tunnel syndrome may be the result of involvement of the bursae. Fever does not occur and no systemic signs are present. Biopsy and cultures are essential for diagnosis, but a presumptive diagnosis indicates that, after synovectomy, treatment should be started with antituberculous drugs, isoniazid with ethambutol, Rifampin, or both and continued for 18 to 24 months, unless in vitro sensitivity tests indicate a change of medication. The usual organisms are M. kansasii, M. marinum, M. intracellulare, and M. avium.", "contents": "Experience with atypical mycobacterial infection in the deep structures of the hand. Two new cases of atypical mycobacterium infections of the deep structures are reported. With two reported previously by the authors and a review of 24 others recorded by others, the symptoms and signs are reviewed. Typically it occurs in the middle-aged person, some of whom give a history of a puncture wound within 6 weeks of onset of symptoms. Synovium in the finger is involved commonly and a carpal tunnel syndrome may be the result of involvement of the bursae. Fever does not occur and no systemic signs are present. Biopsy and cultures are essential for diagnosis, but a presumptive diagnosis indicates that, after synovectomy, treatment should be started with antituberculous drugs, isoniazid with ethambutol, Rifampin, or both and continued for 18 to 24 months, unless in vitro sensitivity tests indicate a change of medication. The usual organisms are M. kansasii, M. marinum, M. intracellulare, and M. avium.", "PMID": 845425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6641", "title": "Human bites of the hand: twenty years of experience.", "content": "A retrospective study of the records of 20 years of experience with injuries from human bites reviewed the results of treatment of 42 patients during the first 10 years and 94 in the second 10 years. In the later series there was less delay in the treatment due to better education of primary physicians as well as of patients. There were fewer complications also. A prospective study of 38 patients, whose treatment consisted of soap and water cleansing, thorough exploration and debridement, hospitalization for at least 48 hours, and administration of antibiotics, showed this treatment resulted in a reduction of the incidence of amputation and stiff fingers despite the fact that 61% of the patients still delayed seeking treatment.", "contents": "Human bites of the hand: twenty years of experience. A retrospective study of the records of 20 years of experience with injuries from human bites reviewed the results of treatment of 42 patients during the first 10 years and 94 in the second 10 years. In the later series there was less delay in the treatment due to better education of primary physicians as well as of patients. There were fewer complications also. A prospective study of 38 patients, whose treatment consisted of soap and water cleansing, thorough exploration and debridement, hospitalization for at least 48 hours, and administration of antibiotics, showed this treatment resulted in a reduction of the incidence of amputation and stiff fingers despite the fact that 61% of the patients still delayed seeking treatment.", "PMID": 845426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6642", "title": "A comparison of the scaling of Afro-Americans' life-change events.", "content": "Research using the Recent Life Change Questionnaire is being conducted with various ethnic, economic, and cultural groups. The findings of studies using comparable forms have indicated that economic conditions and cultural differences have a minimal effect upon the overall concordant rankings of most groups. In this paper, cultural and economic variables which influence the rankings of poverty-level Afro-Americans are compared with data from a previous study. The significant items related to employment, health, and family problems were found to influence the subject's life conditions, and those related to interpersonal relationships were found to be based on cultural values. The author discusses the importance of recognizing economic and cultural variables which are salient to the measure of life changes by selecting a scoring system which allows for the influence of these variables.", "contents": "A comparison of the scaling of Afro-Americans' life-change events. Research using the Recent Life Change Questionnaire is being conducted with various ethnic, economic, and cultural groups. The findings of studies using comparable forms have indicated that economic conditions and cultural differences have a minimal effect upon the overall concordant rankings of most groups. In this paper, cultural and economic variables which influence the rankings of poverty-level Afro-Americans are compared with data from a previous study. The significant items related to employment, health, and family problems were found to influence the subject's life conditions, and those related to interpersonal relationships were found to be based on cultural values. The author discusses the importance of recognizing economic and cultural variables which are salient to the measure of life changes by selecting a scoring system which allows for the influence of these variables.", "PMID": 845427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6643", "title": "Recent trends in sex mortality differentials in the United States.", "content": "Since 1920, American men, to an increasing degree, have experienced higher levels of mortality than American women for virtually all causes of death at almost every age. Recently, several authors have asserted that there is evidence of a change in these trends, caused primarily by rises in the levels of female mortality. Using age-adjusted death rates and data for the most recent years available (1960-1974). This paper shows that most female death rates are either stable or falling, and that the sex mortality differential for all causes except lung cancer is either stable or increasing.", "contents": "Recent trends in sex mortality differentials in the United States. Since 1920, American men, to an increasing degree, have experienced higher levels of mortality than American women for virtually all causes of death at almost every age. Recently, several authors have asserted that there is evidence of a change in these trends, caused primarily by rises in the levels of female mortality. Using age-adjusted death rates and data for the most recent years available (1960-1974). This paper shows that most female death rates are either stable or falling, and that the sex mortality differential for all causes except lung cancer is either stable or increasing.", "PMID": 845428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6644", "title": "Interaction of task difficulty, activation, and work load.", "content": "The performance of 25 subjects in three reaction tasks of different complexity was compared at different activation levels induced by five different work loads on a bicycle ergometer. Heart rate and blood pressure were used as indexes of activation. The results were in agreement with the Yerkes-Dodson law in that the optimal physiological activation level for rapid performance varied with the degree of task difficulty, relatively lower activation being more favorable the more difficult the task.", "contents": "Interaction of task difficulty, activation, and work load. The performance of 25 subjects in three reaction tasks of different complexity was compared at different activation levels induced by five different work loads on a bicycle ergometer. Heart rate and blood pressure were used as indexes of activation. The results were in agreement with the Yerkes-Dodson law in that the optimal physiological activation level for rapid performance varied with the degree of task difficulty, relatively lower activation being more favorable the more difficult the task.", "PMID": 845429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6645", "title": "Isolation of the third component of mouse complement.", "content": "The third component of mouse complement has been purified to homogeneity from pseudoglobulin by two chromatographic steps involving sequential cation- and anion-exchange chromatography. Mouse C3 is a beta-glycoprotein of m.w. 210,000 consisting of two nonidentical, disulfidelinked polypeptide chains of m.w. 130,000 and 75,000, respectively. The properties of this molecule and its proteolytic fragments closely resemble those of human C3.", "contents": "Isolation of the third component of mouse complement. The third component of mouse complement has been purified to homogeneity from pseudoglobulin by two chromatographic steps involving sequential cation- and anion-exchange chromatography. Mouse C3 is a beta-glycoprotein of m.w. 210,000 consisting of two nonidentical, disulfidelinked polypeptide chains of m.w. 130,000 and 75,000, respectively. The properties of this molecule and its proteolytic fragments closely resemble those of human C3.", "PMID": 845430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6646", "title": "Cuta neous basophil responses in neonatal guinea pigs: active immunization, hapten specific transfer with small amounts of serum, and preferential elicitation with phytohemagglutinin skin testing.", "content": "Previous studies have demonstrated a failure to elicit delayed hypersensitivity skin responses in neonatal guinea pigs despite apparent immunologic competence of their lymphocytes and monocytes. The ability of neonatal guinea pigs to manifest cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) responses was examined. Neonates were competent to express macroscopic and microscopic aspects of these delayed reactions. Strong cutaneous basophil responses were elicited in newborns (0 to 2 days old) in a hapten-specific manner after intravenous transfer of small amounts of immune serum (0.5 ml) obtained from adult donors. Also, neonatal guinea pigs actively immunized at birth with hapten-carrier conjugates emulsified with incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) and skin tested when 1 week old had 24-hr hapten-specific cutaneous basophil reactions and CBH reactions to the carrier protein as well. Compared with adult CBH reactions, neonatal responses had equal concentrations of basophils, fewer monocuclear cells, less macroscopic erythema, and almost no induration. Hapten-specific CBH reactions also contained significant infiltrates of eosinophils which were more prominent in the ear skin vs flank skin and in neonates vs adults. Immunization with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) resulted in a marked difference between adults and neonates; adult PPD reactions were quite indurated and contained many more monoculear cells and few basophils, whereas neonatal PPD reactions were flat, erythematous, nonindurated, and contained relatively few mononuclear cells and more basophils. Thus, neonatal tuberculin reactions elicited by PPD in animals immunized with CFA were examples of CBH. Skin testing nonimmune guinea pigs with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) also revealed marked differences in 24-hr cutaneous reactions between adults and newborns. Adults had indurated and erythematous reactions which contained approximately 20% basophils and 80% mononuclear cells, whereas similar PHA skin tests in newborns elicited small macroscopic reactions, which microscopically showed large infiltrates containing approximately 80% basophils and 20% mononuclear cells. It was concluded that neonatal guinea pigs were not only competent to manifest basophil-containig delayed-type reactions, but that cutaneous basophil responses were preferentially elicited in these animals under a variety of circumstances. These results underline the fact that basophil accumulations are one aspect of delayed skin test responses and that the regulation of the arrival of these cells in neonates is different from that in adult guinea pigs.", "contents": "Cuta neous basophil responses in neonatal guinea pigs: active immunization, hapten specific transfer with small amounts of serum, and preferential elicitation with phytohemagglutinin skin testing. Previous studies have demonstrated a failure to elicit delayed hypersensitivity skin responses in neonatal guinea pigs despite apparent immunologic competence of their lymphocytes and monocytes. The ability of neonatal guinea pigs to manifest cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) responses was examined. Neonates were competent to express macroscopic and microscopic aspects of these delayed reactions. Strong cutaneous basophil responses were elicited in newborns (0 to 2 days old) in a hapten-specific manner after intravenous transfer of small amounts of immune serum (0.5 ml) obtained from adult donors. Also, neonatal guinea pigs actively immunized at birth with hapten-carrier conjugates emulsified with incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) and skin tested when 1 week old had 24-hr hapten-specific cutaneous basophil reactions and CBH reactions to the carrier protein as well. Compared with adult CBH reactions, neonatal responses had equal concentrations of basophils, fewer monocuclear cells, less macroscopic erythema, and almost no induration. Hapten-specific CBH reactions also contained significant infiltrates of eosinophils which were more prominent in the ear skin vs flank skin and in neonates vs adults. Immunization with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) resulted in a marked difference between adults and neonates; adult PPD reactions were quite indurated and contained many more monoculear cells and few basophils, whereas neonatal PPD reactions were flat, erythematous, nonindurated, and contained relatively few mononuclear cells and more basophils. Thus, neonatal tuberculin reactions elicited by PPD in animals immunized with CFA were examples of CBH. Skin testing nonimmune guinea pigs with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) also revealed marked differences in 24-hr cutaneous reactions between adults and newborns. Adults had indurated and erythematous reactions which contained approximately 20% basophils and 80% mononuclear cells, whereas similar PHA skin tests in newborns elicited small macroscopic reactions, which microscopically showed large infiltrates containing approximately 80% basophils and 20% mononuclear cells. It was concluded that neonatal guinea pigs were not only competent to manifest basophil-containig delayed-type reactions, but that cutaneous basophil responses were preferentially elicited in these animals under a variety of circumstances. These results underline the fact that basophil accumulations are one aspect of delayed skin test responses and that the regulation of the arrival of these cells in neonates is different from that in adult guinea pigs.", "PMID": 845431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6647", "title": "Role of the immune response in recovery from Sindbis virus encephalitis in mice.", "content": "The role of the immune response in recovery from acute encephalitis was studied by using a neuroadapted strain of Sindbis virus. Intracerebral inoculation of this virus caused fatal disease in weanling mice. Passive transfer of homologous immune serum protected mice, but transfer of immune spleen cells and lymph node cells failed to alter mortality. Transfers were made 24 hr after intracerebral infection of the recipient, when central nervous system infection was established. The protective factor in serum was present 7 days after donor infection, was specific for Sindbis virus, and appeared to be IgG; however, the protection did not correlate with virus-neutralizing activity.", "contents": "Role of the immune response in recovery from Sindbis virus encephalitis in mice. The role of the immune response in recovery from acute encephalitis was studied by using a neuroadapted strain of Sindbis virus. Intracerebral inoculation of this virus caused fatal disease in weanling mice. Passive transfer of homologous immune serum protected mice, but transfer of immune spleen cells and lymph node cells failed to alter mortality. Transfers were made 24 hr after intracerebral infection of the recipient, when central nervous system infection was established. The protective factor in serum was present 7 days after donor infection, was specific for Sindbis virus, and appeared to be IgG; however, the protection did not correlate with virus-neutralizing activity.", "PMID": 845432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6648", "title": "Uncommon Gm phenotypes in sera from neuroblastoma patients.", "content": "Gm phenotypes and IgG subclass levels were determined in the sera of 68 patients with neuroblastoma. The frequency of the uncommon phenotypes Gm(a+,f+,g-,b+) and Gm(a+,f+,g+,b-) was found to be significantly higher in the neuroblastoma group than in normal blood donors (p less than 0.001). IgG subclass concentrations in the nine sera with uncommon Gm phenotypes and in the sera of neuroblastoma patients were inconspicuous.", "contents": "Uncommon Gm phenotypes in sera from neuroblastoma patients. Gm phenotypes and IgG subclass levels were determined in the sera of 68 patients with neuroblastoma. The frequency of the uncommon phenotypes Gm(a+,f+,g-,b+) and Gm(a+,f+,g+,b-) was found to be significantly higher in the neuroblastoma group than in normal blood donors (p less than 0.001). IgG subclass concentrations in the nine sera with uncommon Gm phenotypes and in the sera of neuroblastoma patients were inconspicuous.", "PMID": 845433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6649", "title": "Relationship of cellular proliferation and the generation of cytotoxic cells in an in vitro secondary immune response to syngeneic rat lymphoma cells.", "content": "The role of cellular proliferation for the generation of cytotoxic activity in an in vitro secondary immune response to syngeneic lymphoma cells was investigated. Spleen cells from W/Fu rats immunized with the syngeneic (C58NT)D tumor proliferate and generate cytotoxic potential for tumor targets after exposure to mitomycin C-treated (C58NT)D cells in vitro. Elimination of proliferating cells by exposure to high specific activity 3H thymidine at approximate intervals impaired the generation of cytotoxic activity. Elimination of cells proliferating to either syngeneic lymphoma or BN rat alloantigens allowed the remaining cells to generate cytotoxic potential to the second set of antigens. Elimination of proliferating cells also abrogated the ability of the in vitro generated cells to adoptively confer anti-tumor protection on nonimmune recipients. These results demonstrate that cellular division is required for the generation of cells which are cytotoxic in vitro and can adoptively confer anti-tumor protection in vivo.", "contents": "Relationship of cellular proliferation and the generation of cytotoxic cells in an in vitro secondary immune response to syngeneic rat lymphoma cells. The role of cellular proliferation for the generation of cytotoxic activity in an in vitro secondary immune response to syngeneic lymphoma cells was investigated. Spleen cells from W/Fu rats immunized with the syngeneic (C58NT)D tumor proliferate and generate cytotoxic potential for tumor targets after exposure to mitomycin C-treated (C58NT)D cells in vitro. Elimination of proliferating cells by exposure to high specific activity 3H thymidine at approximate intervals impaired the generation of cytotoxic activity. Elimination of cells proliferating to either syngeneic lymphoma or BN rat alloantigens allowed the remaining cells to generate cytotoxic potential to the second set of antigens. Elimination of proliferating cells also abrogated the ability of the in vitro generated cells to adoptively confer anti-tumor protection on nonimmune recipients. These results demonstrate that cellular division is required for the generation of cells which are cytotoxic in vitro and can adoptively confer anti-tumor protection in vivo.", "PMID": 845434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6650", "title": "The amino acid sequence of duck amyloid A (AA) protein.", "content": "AA protein constitutes 50 to 60% of the amyloid fibrils from livers of ducks developing spontaneous amyloidosis and has a m.w. of about 12,000. The sequence of the first 73 residues was established by automatic Edman degradation of the whole molecule and isolated cyanogen bromide fragments, and corroborated by placement of tryptic peptides. The sequence from position 76-80 was tentatively derived from a peptide that was homologous to that region of human and monkey AA proteins. Carboxypeptidase digestion showed the carboxy terminal sequence to be Ala, Arg, with some heterogeneity (Ser, Arg). Compared to human AA protein, there were five additional residues at the amino terminus. In view of the m.w. and the existence of additional peptides an extension at the C-terminal end seems likely. Sequence homologies to other AA proteins are discussed.", "contents": "The amino acid sequence of duck amyloid A (AA) protein. AA protein constitutes 50 to 60% of the amyloid fibrils from livers of ducks developing spontaneous amyloidosis and has a m.w. of about 12,000. The sequence of the first 73 residues was established by automatic Edman degradation of the whole molecule and isolated cyanogen bromide fragments, and corroborated by placement of tryptic peptides. The sequence from position 76-80 was tentatively derived from a peptide that was homologous to that region of human and monkey AA proteins. Carboxypeptidase digestion showed the carboxy terminal sequence to be Ala, Arg, with some heterogeneity (Ser, Arg). Compared to human AA protein, there were five additional residues at the amino terminus. In view of the m.w. and the existence of additional peptides an extension at the C-terminal end seems likely. Sequence homologies to other AA proteins are discussed.", "PMID": 845435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6651", "title": "A neutrophil chemotactic factor and its inhibitor found in DNCB-induced skin inflammatory lesions.", "content": "Neutrophil chemotactic factor(s) and their inhibitors were explored in the acute inflammatory skin lesions induced by the application of 4% DNCB solution with acetone in guinea pigs. Skin biopsies were taken periodically and tissue extracts were made from the biopsy specimens. Neutrophil chemotactic activity found in such extracts reached a peak at 12 to 24 hr after the induction of the inflammation, when the lesions were found to be infiltrated predominantly with neutrophils. After 24 hr, the activity gradually diminished. Physicochemical and antigenic characterization studies on the chemotactic substance indicated that the material was most likely the cleavage product of C3. On the other hand, inhibitors against the neutrophil chemotactic factor were found in the tissue extracts which were obtained from the lesions at a later stage (48 to 96 hr after the induction of the inflammatory reaction). These inhibitors blocked not only the complement-derived chemotactic activity but also that obtained from bacterial culture filtrates. They were heat labile and showed striking heterogeneity in size on Sephadex gel filtration.", "contents": "A neutrophil chemotactic factor and its inhibitor found in DNCB-induced skin inflammatory lesions. Neutrophil chemotactic factor(s) and their inhibitors were explored in the acute inflammatory skin lesions induced by the application of 4% DNCB solution with acetone in guinea pigs. Skin biopsies were taken periodically and tissue extracts were made from the biopsy specimens. Neutrophil chemotactic activity found in such extracts reached a peak at 12 to 24 hr after the induction of the inflammation, when the lesions were found to be infiltrated predominantly with neutrophils. After 24 hr, the activity gradually diminished. Physicochemical and antigenic characterization studies on the chemotactic substance indicated that the material was most likely the cleavage product of C3. On the other hand, inhibitors against the neutrophil chemotactic factor were found in the tissue extracts which were obtained from the lesions at a later stage (48 to 96 hr after the induction of the inflammatory reaction). These inhibitors blocked not only the complement-derived chemotactic activity but also that obtained from bacterial culture filtrates. They were heat labile and showed striking heterogeneity in size on Sephadex gel filtration.", "PMID": 845437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6652", "title": "Histamine-induced inhibition of normal human basophil chemotaxis to C5a.", "content": "Histamine in concentrations as low as 10(-8) M inhibited the chemotactic response of normal human basophils to C5a. Histamine had no effect on basophil chemotaxis to lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor. Histamine inhibition of basophil chemotaxis to C5a was prevented by metiamide, a drug which blocks H2 receptors for histamine. Since the accumulation of basophils in delayed cutaneous basophilic hypersensitivity (CBH) reactions may occur in part because of chemotaxis to C5a, and since C5a can induce histamine release, histamine inhibition of chemotaxis may limit basophil infiltration in CBH lesions.", "contents": "Histamine-induced inhibition of normal human basophil chemotaxis to C5a. Histamine in concentrations as low as 10(-8) M inhibited the chemotactic response of normal human basophils to C5a. Histamine had no effect on basophil chemotaxis to lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor. Histamine inhibition of basophil chemotaxis to C5a was prevented by metiamide, a drug which blocks H2 receptors for histamine. Since the accumulation of basophils in delayed cutaneous basophilic hypersensitivity (CBH) reactions may occur in part because of chemotaxis to C5a, and since C5a can induce histamine release, histamine inhibition of chemotaxis may limit basophil infiltration in CBH lesions.", "PMID": 845438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6653", "title": "Localization of receptors for activated complement on visceral epithelial cells of the human renal glomerulus.", "content": "Receptors for activated C3 have recently been demonstrated to be present in glomeruli of normal human kidneys. In the present communication, the precise location of these receptors within the renal corpuscle was studied with scanning electron microscopy. By this technique, the glomerular complement receptor (GCR) was found to be located on the visceral epithelial cell of the renal corpusle. This epithelial cell location was confirmed by comparison of in vitro GCR activity with the location of immunoglobulin and C3 deposited in vivo. Renal tissues in which Ig and C3 had been deposited in vivo diffusely in subepithelial loci had no in vitro GCR activity. Renal biopsies not showing Ig or C3 deposition or biopsies with Ig and C3 in the mesangium retained GCR activity. These results further confirm an important role for GCR in the trapping and deposition of C3 in some forms of immunologically mediated renal disease.", "contents": "Localization of receptors for activated complement on visceral epithelial cells of the human renal glomerulus. Receptors for activated C3 have recently been demonstrated to be present in glomeruli of normal human kidneys. In the present communication, the precise location of these receptors within the renal corpuscle was studied with scanning electron microscopy. By this technique, the glomerular complement receptor (GCR) was found to be located on the visceral epithelial cell of the renal corpusle. This epithelial cell location was confirmed by comparison of in vitro GCR activity with the location of immunoglobulin and C3 deposited in vivo. Renal tissues in which Ig and C3 had been deposited in vivo diffusely in subepithelial loci had no in vitro GCR activity. Renal biopsies not showing Ig or C3 deposition or biopsies with Ig and C3 in the mesangium retained GCR activity. These results further confirm an important role for GCR in the trapping and deposition of C3 in some forms of immunologically mediated renal disease.", "PMID": 845439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6654", "title": "Resistance to murine leukemia in mice receiving simultaneous injections of syngeneic hybrid and parental neoplastic cells.", "content": "(A/J x C3H/HeJ)F1 mice (H-2a/k) exhibit no apparent resistance to the malignant proliferation of ASL-1 leukemia cells (H-2a), a spontaneously occurring neoplasm of A/J mouse origin. The period of survival after injections of ASL-1 cells is related to the number of cells introduced into the susceptible host. (A/J x C3H/HeJ)F1 mice receiving viable ASL-1 cells along with ASL-1 x LM(TK)- somatic hybrid cells (H-2a/k), syngeneic with the recipients, survived for statistically significant (p less than 0.001), longer periods than did mice receiving ASL-1 cells alone. Mice receiving ASL-1 and ASL-1 x LM(TK)- hybrid cells together survived for approximately twice as long as animals receiving ASL-1 cells alone. Mice receiving ASL-1 cells followed by hybrid cells survived for longer periods as well, but the therapeutic effects were less successful. ASL-1 x LM(TK)- hybrid cells are rejected after forming localized tumors by the immunocompetent F1 mice. In some instances, F1 animals previously rejecting hybrid cells and challenged subsequently with ASL-1 cells along with a second injection of hybrid cells survived indefinitely. The passive transfer of partial immunity to the leukemic cells could be achieved by injections of spleen cells from F1 mice that had rejected hybrid cells previously. Similar results were obtained for (A/J x C3H/HeJ)F1 mice receiving RADA-1 cells (H-2a), a radiation-induced leukemic line of A/J origin, along with RADA-1 x LM(TK)- hybrid cells (H-2a/k). The partial immunity induced by these lines of hybrid cells was cross-reactive: mice injected with ASL-1 cells and RADA-1 x LM(TK)- hybrid cells survived for prolonged periods, and vice versa.", "contents": "Resistance to murine leukemia in mice receiving simultaneous injections of syngeneic hybrid and parental neoplastic cells. (A/J x C3H/HeJ)F1 mice (H-2a/k) exhibit no apparent resistance to the malignant proliferation of ASL-1 leukemia cells (H-2a), a spontaneously occurring neoplasm of A/J mouse origin. The period of survival after injections of ASL-1 cells is related to the number of cells introduced into the susceptible host. (A/J x C3H/HeJ)F1 mice receiving viable ASL-1 cells along with ASL-1 x LM(TK)- somatic hybrid cells (H-2a/k), syngeneic with the recipients, survived for statistically significant (p less than 0.001), longer periods than did mice receiving ASL-1 cells alone. Mice receiving ASL-1 and ASL-1 x LM(TK)- hybrid cells together survived for approximately twice as long as animals receiving ASL-1 cells alone. Mice receiving ASL-1 cells followed by hybrid cells survived for longer periods as well, but the therapeutic effects were less successful. ASL-1 x LM(TK)- hybrid cells are rejected after forming localized tumors by the immunocompetent F1 mice. In some instances, F1 animals previously rejecting hybrid cells and challenged subsequently with ASL-1 cells along with a second injection of hybrid cells survived indefinitely. The passive transfer of partial immunity to the leukemic cells could be achieved by injections of spleen cells from F1 mice that had rejected hybrid cells previously. Similar results were obtained for (A/J x C3H/HeJ)F1 mice receiving RADA-1 cells (H-2a), a radiation-induced leukemic line of A/J origin, along with RADA-1 x LM(TK)- hybrid cells (H-2a/k). The partial immunity induced by these lines of hybrid cells was cross-reactive: mice injected with ASL-1 cells and RADA-1 x LM(TK)- hybrid cells survived for prolonged periods, and vice versa.", "PMID": 845440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6655", "title": "Quantitation of immune complexes by competitive inhibition of binding of Clq to insoluble IgG aggregates.", "content": "An assay system for the binding of Clq to insoluble IgG aggregates was found useful for the quantitation of immune complexes in biological fluids. The assay, both easily and rapidly performed, is based on the competition of Clq binding substances with IgG aggregates. Serum from rheumatoid arthritis patients showed an increase in Clq binding substances over normal serum and this increase could be abolished by pretreatment of the serum with D-penicillamine.", "contents": "Quantitation of immune complexes by competitive inhibition of binding of Clq to insoluble IgG aggregates. An assay system for the binding of Clq to insoluble IgG aggregates was found useful for the quantitation of immune complexes in biological fluids. The assay, both easily and rapidly performed, is based on the competition of Clq binding substances with IgG aggregates. Serum from rheumatoid arthritis patients showed an increase in Clq binding substances over normal serum and this increase could be abolished by pretreatment of the serum with D-penicillamine.", "PMID": 845441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6656", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for anticollagen--antibodies using 14C-labelled collagen.", "content": "A sensitive radioimmunoassay for anticollagen antibodies is described. 14C-labelled human acid-soluble collagen of high specific activity (5 X 10(6) dpm/mg) is used as antigen either in native or denatured state. Experimentally induced anticollagen antibodies or RA synovial fluids containing antibodies to collagen are reacted with the labelled antigen. The immune complexes formed are precipitated with goat antiserum to rabbit globulins ('second antibody'). A systematic investigation of the labelled collagen in regard to cleavage by enzymes, fibril formation and specificity showed that no gross alteration had been caused by the labelling procedure. The assay furnishes information on the avidity, specificity and immunoglobulin class of experimental or pathological anticollagen antibodies. It can also be used as sensitive assay for collagen in biological fluids.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for anticollagen--antibodies using 14C-labelled collagen. A sensitive radioimmunoassay for anticollagen antibodies is described. 14C-labelled human acid-soluble collagen of high specific activity (5 X 10(6) dpm/mg) is used as antigen either in native or denatured state. Experimentally induced anticollagen antibodies or RA synovial fluids containing antibodies to collagen are reacted with the labelled antigen. The immune complexes formed are precipitated with goat antiserum to rabbit globulins ('second antibody'). A systematic investigation of the labelled collagen in regard to cleavage by enzymes, fibril formation and specificity showed that no gross alteration had been caused by the labelling procedure. The assay furnishes information on the avidity, specificity and immunoglobulin class of experimental or pathological anticollagen antibodies. It can also be used as sensitive assay for collagen in biological fluids.", "PMID": 845442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6657", "title": "The estimation of lymphotoxic activity of ALS by spectrophotometric method.", "content": "Saijo's method of quantitation of the cytotoxicity of antiserum for tumor cells is adapted to estimation of lymphotoxic activity of antilymphocyte sera. The method is based on spectrophotometric measurement of an amount of trypan blue dye entering the lymphocytes damaged by action of ALS. Several possibilities of determination of the lymphotoxic titers of ALS are suggested.", "contents": "The estimation of lymphotoxic activity of ALS by spectrophotometric method. Saijo's method of quantitation of the cytotoxicity of antiserum for tumor cells is adapted to estimation of lymphotoxic activity of antilymphocyte sera. The method is based on spectrophotometric measurement of an amount of trypan blue dye entering the lymphocytes damaged by action of ALS. Several possibilities of determination of the lymphotoxic titers of ALS are suggested.", "PMID": 845443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6658", "title": "Evaluation of the effect of ammonium chloride treatment on the activity of human effector cells in antibody-dependent and spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity.", "content": "The effect of ammonium chloride treatment, used to eliminate contaminating red blood cells from lymphoid cell preparations, on the cytotoxic activity of human effector cells in antibody-dependent and spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity was quantitatively determined. No significant difference between the cytotoxic efficiency of treated and untreated cell preparations was observed.", "contents": "Evaluation of the effect of ammonium chloride treatment on the activity of human effector cells in antibody-dependent and spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The effect of ammonium chloride treatment, used to eliminate contaminating red blood cells from lymphoid cell preparations, on the cytotoxic activity of human effector cells in antibody-dependent and spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity was quantitatively determined. No significant difference between the cytotoxic efficiency of treated and untreated cell preparations was observed.", "PMID": 845444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6659", "title": "Immunoadsorbents for the isolation of high-affinity anti-hapten antibodies in high yield.", "content": "Anti-hapten antibodies with affinities close to 10(8)/M can be isolated in high yield by elution under mild conditions from immunoadsorbents prepared by coupling haptens directly to an aminoethylamino (AEA) derivative of beaded agarose. In experiments with rabbit anti-2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) antibody with an average association constant (Ko) of 1.2 X 10(9)/M, elution of antibody bound to a Sepharose-AEA-DNP column produced a yield of 57%. With rabbit antibody to the 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl (DANS) hapten with Ko=2.7 X 10(8)/M and a Sips heterogeneity index a=0.52, a 20% yield of the antibody found in the starting material by quantitative precipitin analysis was obtained by specific precipitation and dissolution of the precipitate with 0.18 M Na DANSulfonate; this antibody had Ko=6.6 X 10(8)/M and a=0.66. Purification of another aliquot of the same antibody preparation by immunoadsorption on DANS-AEA-Sepharose and elution with the same hapten concentration produced a yield of 75% of antibody with Ko=5.7 X 10(7)/M and a=0.29. In 3 production runs with the new method, apparent yields of 181, 101 and 94% (based on quantitative precipitin analysis of the starting material) of anti-DANS antibody were obtained. In 2 of these runs, the immunoadsorbent was further eluted with 0.1 M acetic acid and then with 0.1 M acetic acid in 10% dioxane; additonal yields of 9 and 4% were obtained with acetic acid and further yields of 15 and 11% with acetic acid/dioxane; the antibody eluted with acetic acid was damaged as shown by its failure to mediate passive immune lysis of DANS-coupled sheep erythrocytes, but the antibody eluted with acetic acid/dioxane was recovered intact.", "contents": "Immunoadsorbents for the isolation of high-affinity anti-hapten antibodies in high yield. Anti-hapten antibodies with affinities close to 10(8)/M can be isolated in high yield by elution under mild conditions from immunoadsorbents prepared by coupling haptens directly to an aminoethylamino (AEA) derivative of beaded agarose. In experiments with rabbit anti-2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) antibody with an average association constant (Ko) of 1.2 X 10(9)/M, elution of antibody bound to a Sepharose-AEA-DNP column produced a yield of 57%. With rabbit antibody to the 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl (DANS) hapten with Ko=2.7 X 10(8)/M and a Sips heterogeneity index a=0.52, a 20% yield of the antibody found in the starting material by quantitative precipitin analysis was obtained by specific precipitation and dissolution of the precipitate with 0.18 M Na DANSulfonate; this antibody had Ko=6.6 X 10(8)/M and a=0.66. Purification of another aliquot of the same antibody preparation by immunoadsorption on DANS-AEA-Sepharose and elution with the same hapten concentration produced a yield of 75% of antibody with Ko=5.7 X 10(7)/M and a=0.29. In 3 production runs with the new method, apparent yields of 181, 101 and 94% (based on quantitative precipitin analysis of the starting material) of anti-DANS antibody were obtained. In 2 of these runs, the immunoadsorbent was further eluted with 0.1 M acetic acid and then with 0.1 M acetic acid in 10% dioxane; additonal yields of 9 and 4% were obtained with acetic acid and further yields of 15 and 11% with acetic acid/dioxane; the antibody eluted with acetic acid was damaged as shown by its failure to mediate passive immune lysis of DANS-coupled sheep erythrocytes, but the antibody eluted with acetic acid/dioxane was recovered intact.", "PMID": 845445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6660", "title": "Improved efficiency of mouse, guinea pig and human C3b inactivator at low ionic strength, and reproducible immune-adherence with mouse complement.", "content": "Inactivation of homologous C3b by heated guinea pig, mouse and human serum was found to be much more rapid and complete at low ionic strength (0.037) than at micron = 0.15. The C3b inactivator in human and mouse serum was somewhat unstable to heating at 56 degrees C. Heated guinea pig serum showed the greatest ability to inactivate heterologous C3b, and human serum the least. Suramin (1 mg/ml) completely blocked homologous C3b inactivation by heated human, guinea pig and mouse serum, and 0.1 mg/ml was effective with mouse but not with human or guinea pig serum. Immune-adherence reactions with mouse C3 produced somewhat unstable hemagglutination patterns, which were improved by using ovalbumin in the buffer and minimizing EAC exposure to warm temperatures. A prozone phenomenon was frequently observed in immune-adherence hemagglutination with mouse C3, and less frequently with guinea pig and human C3.", "contents": "Improved efficiency of mouse, guinea pig and human C3b inactivator at low ionic strength, and reproducible immune-adherence with mouse complement. Inactivation of homologous C3b by heated guinea pig, mouse and human serum was found to be much more rapid and complete at low ionic strength (0.037) than at micron = 0.15. The C3b inactivator in human and mouse serum was somewhat unstable to heating at 56 degrees C. Heated guinea pig serum showed the greatest ability to inactivate heterologous C3b, and human serum the least. Suramin (1 mg/ml) completely blocked homologous C3b inactivation by heated human, guinea pig and mouse serum, and 0.1 mg/ml was effective with mouse but not with human or guinea pig serum. Immune-adherence reactions with mouse C3 produced somewhat unstable hemagglutination patterns, which were improved by using ovalbumin in the buffer and minimizing EAC exposure to warm temperatures. A prozone phenomenon was frequently observed in immune-adherence hemagglutination with mouse C3, and less frequently with guinea pig and human C3.", "PMID": 845446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6661", "title": "Biometrical implications of factorial experiments for the study of lymphocyte mitogenic response.", "content": "Lymphocyte responsiveness to mitogens is affected by a number of experimental variables; the latter may be conveniently studied several at a time, following a factorial design that allows the complete evaluation of the effects of each variable and of their interplays. Statistical inferences may be drawn through an analysis of variance, provided that the data conform to the underlying model, i.e. that the effects are additive and that the errors are normally distributed and homoscedastic. Thymidine incorporation data should first be transformed to log cpm; the effects on the metameter may then be assumed to be additive, and their errors approach normality; the error variances may be affected by the experimental variables involved, so that the homogeneity of the error must be checked before relying on the pooled estimate of the error for parametric tests of significance. The above considerations have been illustrated with factorial experiments on [3H]TdR incorporation by rabbit spleen cells stimulated with varying amounts of PHA-P or PHA-M, under a variety of culture conditions.", "contents": "Biometrical implications of factorial experiments for the study of lymphocyte mitogenic response. Lymphocyte responsiveness to mitogens is affected by a number of experimental variables; the latter may be conveniently studied several at a time, following a factorial design that allows the complete evaluation of the effects of each variable and of their interplays. Statistical inferences may be drawn through an analysis of variance, provided that the data conform to the underlying model, i.e. that the effects are additive and that the errors are normally distributed and homoscedastic. Thymidine incorporation data should first be transformed to log cpm; the effects on the metameter may then be assumed to be additive, and their errors approach normality; the error variances may be affected by the experimental variables involved, so that the homogeneity of the error must be checked before relying on the pooled estimate of the error for parametric tests of significance. The above considerations have been illustrated with factorial experiments on [3H]TdR incorporation by rabbit spleen cells stimulated with varying amounts of PHA-P or PHA-M, under a variety of culture conditions.", "PMID": 845447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6662", "title": "The adjuvant activity of saponin and aluminium hydroxide for promoting reagins.", "content": "Saponin and aluminium hydroxide were compared as adjuvants for promoting serum reagins in cattle using BHK cell lysate as allergen and the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test to demonstrate the antibodies. Saponin was the better adjuvant and provoked reagins in all the injected cattle while aluminium hydroxide did so in only 2 or 5 animals. The titres were also higher in the former case. A combination of both adjuvants stimulated reagin titres marginally higher than saponin alone while BHK cell lysate without adjuvant failed to provoke demonstrable reagins.", "contents": "The adjuvant activity of saponin and aluminium hydroxide for promoting reagins. Saponin and aluminium hydroxide were compared as adjuvants for promoting serum reagins in cattle using BHK cell lysate as allergen and the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test to demonstrate the antibodies. Saponin was the better adjuvant and provoked reagins in all the injected cattle while aluminium hydroxide did so in only 2 or 5 animals. The titres were also higher in the former case. A combination of both adjuvants stimulated reagin titres marginally higher than saponin alone while BHK cell lysate without adjuvant failed to provoke demonstrable reagins.", "PMID": 845448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6663", "title": "Chloasma, oral contraceptives, and plasma immunoreactive beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone.", "content": "Plasma immunoreactive beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone (beta-MSH) has been measured in patients taking a progestogen-only oral contraceptive and in patients taking combined estrogen-progestogen therapy, of whom some had chloasma. Plasma levels did not differ significantly from those in a group of age- and sex-matched controls. It is concluded that the pigmentation of chloasma is not due to increased plasma concentrations of immunoreactive beta-MSH.", "contents": "Chloasma, oral contraceptives, and plasma immunoreactive beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Plasma immunoreactive beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone (beta-MSH) has been measured in patients taking a progestogen-only oral contraceptive and in patients taking combined estrogen-progestogen therapy, of whom some had chloasma. Plasma levels did not differ significantly from those in a group of age- and sex-matched controls. It is concluded that the pigmentation of chloasma is not due to increased plasma concentrations of immunoreactive beta-MSH.", "PMID": 845449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6664", "title": "Hamster ear model for sebaceous glands.", "content": "The ventral side of the earlobes of Syrian hamsters richly endowed with sebaceous glands. These glands are large and are similar to human sebaceous follicles since they have an infundibulum, a sebaceous duct, multiple lobules, and a pilary unit which enters from below into the gland. In this study we have measured gland size by planimetry,and cellular activity by autoradiography using tritiated thymidine and tritated histidine. Males have much larger glands in sagittal sections than do females(0.1750 mm2 vs 0.0727 mm2, p less than 0.001) and a higher labeling index (19.85% vs 14.3%, p less than 0.01). Injection of testosterone propionate increases the gland size in female hamsters to 0.2362 mm2 (p less than 0.001). The labeling index also increases. The turnover of the total gland population is 12 to 14 days. Androgen sensitivity, gland size, and turnover time make the sebaceous glands on the ventral surface of the hamster earlobe a suitable model for study.", "contents": "Hamster ear model for sebaceous glands. The ventral side of the earlobes of Syrian hamsters richly endowed with sebaceous glands. These glands are large and are similar to human sebaceous follicles since they have an infundibulum, a sebaceous duct, multiple lobules, and a pilary unit which enters from below into the gland. In this study we have measured gland size by planimetry,and cellular activity by autoradiography using tritiated thymidine and tritated histidine. Males have much larger glands in sagittal sections than do females(0.1750 mm2 vs 0.0727 mm2, p less than 0.001) and a higher labeling index (19.85% vs 14.3%, p less than 0.01). Injection of testosterone propionate increases the gland size in female hamsters to 0.2362 mm2 (p less than 0.001). The labeling index also increases. The turnover of the total gland population is 12 to 14 days. Androgen sensitivity, gland size, and turnover time make the sebaceous glands on the ventral surface of the hamster earlobe a suitable model for study.", "PMID": 845450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6665", "title": "Sensitization potentials of methyl, ethyl, and n-butly methacrylates and mutual cross-sensitivity in guinea pigs.", "content": "Guinea pigs could be strongly sensitized to methyl, ethyl, and n-butyl methacrylates in ethanol or olive oil by the topical route, or in saline by the intradermal route. For elicitation of skin reactons, topical challenge with the compounds in olive oil or intradermal challenge with saline as the solvent was neccessary. Topical challenge with the methacrylates in ethanol failed to elicit any allergic skin reactions because of their volatility. All sensitized animals responded strongly not only to the inducing methacrylate but also to the other methacrylates, showing that mutual cross-sensitivity had occurred. Since methyl methacrylate has been reported to be a potent sensitizer in humans, the guinea-pig model described here may be useful for screening products before marketing.", "contents": "Sensitization potentials of methyl, ethyl, and n-butly methacrylates and mutual cross-sensitivity in guinea pigs. Guinea pigs could be strongly sensitized to methyl, ethyl, and n-butyl methacrylates in ethanol or olive oil by the topical route, or in saline by the intradermal route. For elicitation of skin reactons, topical challenge with the compounds in olive oil or intradermal challenge with saline as the solvent was neccessary. Topical challenge with the methacrylates in ethanol failed to elicit any allergic skin reactions because of their volatility. All sensitized animals responded strongly not only to the inducing methacrylate but also to the other methacrylates, showing that mutual cross-sensitivity had occurred. Since methyl methacrylate has been reported to be a potent sensitizer in humans, the guinea-pig model described here may be useful for screening products before marketing.", "PMID": 845451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6666", "title": "Chronicled metastases in a hamster melanoma.", "content": "Fortner's Melanotic Melanoma No 1 was inoculated into the right hindfoot of 86 golden hamsters. Three, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after inoculation, groups of hamsters underwent amputations at the ipsilateral hindhip to determine when pulmonary metastases initially occur. Upon subsequent sacrifice of the hamsters, pulmonary metastases were found to occur initially within 14 days of tumor inoculation.", "contents": "Chronicled metastases in a hamster melanoma. Fortner's Melanotic Melanoma No 1 was inoculated into the right hindfoot of 86 golden hamsters. Three, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after inoculation, groups of hamsters underwent amputations at the ipsilateral hindhip to determine when pulmonary metastases initially occur. Upon subsequent sacrifice of the hamsters, pulmonary metastases were found to occur initially within 14 days of tumor inoculation.", "PMID": 845452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6667", "title": "Studies on 133Xe wash-out from human skin: quantitative measurements of blood flow in normal and corticosteroid-treated skin.", "content": "Blood flow was measured by the 133Xe technique in normal and corticosteroid-treated skin. Epicutaneous and intracutaneous methods of tracer application were compared in normal skin. The two labeling methods were equally suitable for measuring cutaneous blood flow provided calculations in both cases were based on a biexponential resolution of the wash-out curve in its cutaneous and subcutaneous components and provided the traumatic hyperemia phase was considered, when intracutaneous application of the tracer was used. Results were invalidated if calculations were based on initial slope of the wash-out curves.Topical application of beta-methasone valerate in a reduction in cutaneous blood flow as measured by the intracutaneous technique with curve resolution, whereas no effect could be demonstrated when calculations were based on the initial slopes of the curves. The 133Xe technique is a simple and reliable method for measuring cutaneous blood flow, which might prove useful in estimations of penetration ability and potency of topical corticosteroids.", "contents": "Studies on 133Xe wash-out from human skin: quantitative measurements of blood flow in normal and corticosteroid-treated skin. Blood flow was measured by the 133Xe technique in normal and corticosteroid-treated skin. Epicutaneous and intracutaneous methods of tracer application were compared in normal skin. The two labeling methods were equally suitable for measuring cutaneous blood flow provided calculations in both cases were based on a biexponential resolution of the wash-out curve in its cutaneous and subcutaneous components and provided the traumatic hyperemia phase was considered, when intracutaneous application of the tracer was used. Results were invalidated if calculations were based on initial slope of the wash-out curves.Topical application of beta-methasone valerate in a reduction in cutaneous blood flow as measured by the intracutaneous technique with curve resolution, whereas no effect could be demonstrated when calculations were based on the initial slopes of the curves. The 133Xe technique is a simple and reliable method for measuring cutaneous blood flow, which might prove useful in estimations of penetration ability and potency of topical corticosteroids.", "PMID": 845453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6668", "title": "The incorporation of tritiated uridine in hair germ and dermal papilla during dormancy (telogen) and activation (early anagen).", "content": "During dormancy there is very little incorporation of [3H]uridine in cells of hair germ and dermal papilla. During activation (both spontaneous and experimental) there is a marked increase in this parameter, expecially in the cells of the germ. After experimental activation by plucking, the increase in label in the germ is evident by 6 hr, reaching an initial maximum by 24 hr. The initial increase in [3H]uridine incorporation after activation precedes the increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation found previously, by about 6 hr. No evidence was found that the increase in [3H]uridine of papilla cells precedes the increase in [3H]uridine of germ cells. This finding militates against the possibility that the dermal papilla is triggered into an inductive role (vis-\u00e1-vis the germ cells) by means of circulating steroid hormones.", "contents": "The incorporation of tritiated uridine in hair germ and dermal papilla during dormancy (telogen) and activation (early anagen). During dormancy there is very little incorporation of [3H]uridine in cells of hair germ and dermal papilla. During activation (both spontaneous and experimental) there is a marked increase in this parameter, expecially in the cells of the germ. After experimental activation by plucking, the increase in label in the germ is evident by 6 hr, reaching an initial maximum by 24 hr. The initial increase in [3H]uridine incorporation after activation precedes the increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation found previously, by about 6 hr. No evidence was found that the increase in [3H]uridine of papilla cells precedes the increase in [3H]uridine of germ cells. This finding militates against the possibility that the dermal papilla is triggered into an inductive role (vis-\u00e1-vis the germ cells) by means of circulating steroid hormones.", "PMID": 845454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6669", "title": "Cholestrol and cholesteryl ester content in normal and pathologic scale.", "content": "Using a sensitive new assay, we have measured the cholesteryl ester and cholesterol contents of stratum corneum from callus, normal skin, psoriatic lesions (plantar and nonplantar), and lamellar ichthyotic lesions (plantar and nonplantar). Cholesteryl ester content of normal stratum corneum was significantly higher than that of callus, suggesting that callus was not a suitable control tissue for further biochemical studies involving sterol content of stratum corneum. Both psoriatic and lamellar ichthyotic scale have increased levels of free cholesterol and decreased levels of esterified cholesterol when compared to appropriate controls.", "contents": "Cholestrol and cholesteryl ester content in normal and pathologic scale. Using a sensitive new assay, we have measured the cholesteryl ester and cholesterol contents of stratum corneum from callus, normal skin, psoriatic lesions (plantar and nonplantar), and lamellar ichthyotic lesions (plantar and nonplantar). Cholesteryl ester content of normal stratum corneum was significantly higher than that of callus, suggesting that callus was not a suitable control tissue for further biochemical studies involving sterol content of stratum corneum. Both psoriatic and lamellar ichthyotic scale have increased levels of free cholesterol and decreased levels of esterified cholesterol when compared to appropriate controls.", "PMID": 845455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6670", "title": "Characterization and hormonal control of the androgen receptor in the hamster sebaceous glands.", "content": "The costovertebral organs [CVO] and seminel vesicles [SV] of the hamster exhibit high saturable androgen uptake. The physicochemcal characteristics of the cytoplasmic androgen receptor present in these tissues have been determined and compared to those obtained in rat prostate[P]. Using the synthetic androgen R 1881 [methyltrienolone] as a radioactive ligand, it has been shown that the affinity of this compound for the cytosol CVO receptor [Kd = 0.7 +/- 0.1 nM] is similar to that for the crytosol SV receptor [Kd = 2.4 +/- 0.9 nm] in hamsters and the cytosol P receptor [Kd = 0.6 +/- 0.1 nM] in rats. The hormonal specificity of binding in these tissues is restricted to androgens. Moreover, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone have the same relative binding affinity in CVO and SV compared to R 1881. Following castration, the total number of androgen sites, as measured by an exchange assay with R 1881, decreases rapidly and parallels with a fall in lipogenic activity. Administration of an androgen rapidly restores binding capacity.", "contents": "Characterization and hormonal control of the androgen receptor in the hamster sebaceous glands. The costovertebral organs [CVO] and seminel vesicles [SV] of the hamster exhibit high saturable androgen uptake. The physicochemcal characteristics of the cytoplasmic androgen receptor present in these tissues have been determined and compared to those obtained in rat prostate[P]. Using the synthetic androgen R 1881 [methyltrienolone] as a radioactive ligand, it has been shown that the affinity of this compound for the cytosol CVO receptor [Kd = 0.7 +/- 0.1 nM] is similar to that for the crytosol SV receptor [Kd = 2.4 +/- 0.9 nm] in hamsters and the cytosol P receptor [Kd = 0.6 +/- 0.1 nM] in rats. The hormonal specificity of binding in these tissues is restricted to androgens. Moreover, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone have the same relative binding affinity in CVO and SV compared to R 1881. Following castration, the total number of androgen sites, as measured by an exchange assay with R 1881, decreases rapidly and parallels with a fall in lipogenic activity. Administration of an androgen rapidly restores binding capacity.", "PMID": 845456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6671", "title": "Long-term sweat collection using salt-impregnated pads.", "content": "To facilitate a study of the pharmacokinetics of drugs dissolved in sweat, a technique was devised for collecting sweat at a steady rate over an 8-day period. Three normal subjects each wore 4 absorbent pads applied to their skin under waterproof dressings for 8 days. The absorbent pads were either plain cotton or cotton impregnated with sodium chloride crystals. Each pad (3 cm x 3 cm) was applied to an area of skin (2 cm x 2 cm) defined by an adhesive template, and was removed daily, weighed, and replaced, to determine progressive uptake of sweat. Sweat uptake by plain cotton pads reached a plateau value within 2 to 3 days and did not significantly increase thereafter; in contrast, uptake by the salt-impregnated pads continued at a steady rate for the full 8 days of the study (mean rate 0.79 mg/cm2/hr, SD = 0.16, N = 6). This effect may be related to an osmotic gradient across the skin, but the physiologic mechanisms are not completely clear. This appears to be a convenient tool for the collection of sweat over long periods at a steady rate.", "contents": "Long-term sweat collection using salt-impregnated pads. To facilitate a study of the pharmacokinetics of drugs dissolved in sweat, a technique was devised for collecting sweat at a steady rate over an 8-day period. Three normal subjects each wore 4 absorbent pads applied to their skin under waterproof dressings for 8 days. The absorbent pads were either plain cotton or cotton impregnated with sodium chloride crystals. Each pad (3 cm x 3 cm) was applied to an area of skin (2 cm x 2 cm) defined by an adhesive template, and was removed daily, weighed, and replaced, to determine progressive uptake of sweat. Sweat uptake by plain cotton pads reached a plateau value within 2 to 3 days and did not significantly increase thereafter; in contrast, uptake by the salt-impregnated pads continued at a steady rate for the full 8 days of the study (mean rate 0.79 mg/cm2/hr, SD = 0.16, N = 6). This effect may be related to an osmotic gradient across the skin, but the physiologic mechanisms are not completely clear. This appears to be a convenient tool for the collection of sweat over long periods at a steady rate.", "PMID": 845457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6672", "title": "Kinetic characterization of hemostasis in thermal injury.", "content": "Hemostasis has been characterized by kinetic measurements in 12 patients with severe burns. Survival and turnover of 51Cr-platelets, 131I-fibrinogen, and 125I-plasminogen were simultaneously measured in 10 patients within 24 hours of injury; the disappearance times were shortened in concert to approximately 20% of normal values, and platelet and fibrinogen turnover were increased to more than three times normal. Serial studies in five of these patients 3 and 5 weeks later showed progressive improvement in kinetic measurements ,but normal values were not achieved. Two additional patients with similar rates of consumption demonstrated localization of radiolabeled platelets and fibrinogen in the burn wound. Heparin therapy did not modify consumption significantly. Enhanced fibrinolysis was reflected by marked reduction in 125I-plasminogen survival, depletion of the plasma plasminogen levels, and elevated levels of fibrin degradation products. Initial low levels of platelets and fibrinogen were followed by compensatory elevations; factor V and prothrombin complex factors were depressed during the first five days, but factor VIII levels were not reduced. Thermal injury is characterized by marked and prolonged consumption within the wound of platelets, fibrinogen, and plasminogen that is not reversible by heparin. This process depletes hemostatic components and causes bleeding when the burn is massive or complications are severe.", "contents": "Kinetic characterization of hemostasis in thermal injury. Hemostasis has been characterized by kinetic measurements in 12 patients with severe burns. Survival and turnover of 51Cr-platelets, 131I-fibrinogen, and 125I-plasminogen were simultaneously measured in 10 patients within 24 hours of injury; the disappearance times were shortened in concert to approximately 20% of normal values, and platelet and fibrinogen turnover were increased to more than three times normal. Serial studies in five of these patients 3 and 5 weeks later showed progressive improvement in kinetic measurements ,but normal values were not achieved. Two additional patients with similar rates of consumption demonstrated localization of radiolabeled platelets and fibrinogen in the burn wound. Heparin therapy did not modify consumption significantly. Enhanced fibrinolysis was reflected by marked reduction in 125I-plasminogen survival, depletion of the plasma plasminogen levels, and elevated levels of fibrin degradation products. Initial low levels of platelets and fibrinogen were followed by compensatory elevations; factor V and prothrombin complex factors were depressed during the first five days, but factor VIII levels were not reduced. Thermal injury is characterized by marked and prolonged consumption within the wound of platelets, fibrinogen, and plasminogen that is not reversible by heparin. This process depletes hemostatic components and causes bleeding when the burn is massive or complications are severe.", "PMID": 845474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6673", "title": "The role of heparin on platelet retention by acrylonitrile co-polymer dialysis membranes.", "content": "The role of heparin on platelet--foreign surface interactions was examined by platelet retention studies on acrylonitrile--dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (AN-DMAEMA) dialysis membranes both with and without the bonding of heparin onto their surfaces. Heparin bonding significantly reduced platelet retention. Heparin in solution (4 units/ml.) increased platelet retention when the surface of the membranes was modified by ethylene oxide but had no significant effect on the platelet-retaining properties of unmodified membranes. Studies using heparin 99mTc demonstrated that unmodified membranes took up heparin from solution whereas ethylene oxide-modified membranes had little such affinity. The heparin bonding process greatly increased the heparin uptake achieved by simple soaking in heparin solution, and the leaching rate was less than 1% at 70 hours. The results indicate that heparin has two antagonistic effects in this platelet-foreign surface interaction: it acts directly on platelets to increase adhesiveness while acting on the foreign surface to reduce platelet retention.", "contents": "The role of heparin on platelet retention by acrylonitrile co-polymer dialysis membranes. The role of heparin on platelet--foreign surface interactions was examined by platelet retention studies on acrylonitrile--dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (AN-DMAEMA) dialysis membranes both with and without the bonding of heparin onto their surfaces. Heparin bonding significantly reduced platelet retention. Heparin in solution (4 units/ml.) increased platelet retention when the surface of the membranes was modified by ethylene oxide but had no significant effect on the platelet-retaining properties of unmodified membranes. Studies using heparin 99mTc demonstrated that unmodified membranes took up heparin from solution whereas ethylene oxide-modified membranes had little such affinity. The heparin bonding process greatly increased the heparin uptake achieved by simple soaking in heparin solution, and the leaching rate was less than 1% at 70 hours. The results indicate that heparin has two antagonistic effects in this platelet-foreign surface interaction: it acts directly on platelets to increase adhesiveness while acting on the foreign surface to reduce platelet retention.", "PMID": 845475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6674", "title": "False elevation of plasma cortisol in congenital adrenal hyperplasia.", "content": "Plasma cortisol values in seven patients with the 21-hydroxylase variant of CAH ranged from 9 to 35 micron/100 ml. (mean+/-S.E.=22+/-4) as determined fluorimetrically and from 22 to 35 microng/100 ml. (26+/-2) by competitive protein-binding radioassay. In these same patients the cortisol values obtained after Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography were much lower, ranging from 1 to 12.5 microng/100 ml. (5+/-2, p less than 0.01). In six normal subjects, cortisol values were similar before and after chromatography. Plasma concentrations of progesterone, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, and 21-deoxycortisol in the CAH patients were increased 10 to 100-fold. The elevated cortisol values determined by customary methods were shown to be due to cross-interference of these and other steroids in the assays. Plasma cortisol values obtained routinely are falsely elevated and therefore misleading as a gauge of adrenal insufficiency in CAH.", "contents": "False elevation of plasma cortisol in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Plasma cortisol values in seven patients with the 21-hydroxylase variant of CAH ranged from 9 to 35 micron/100 ml. (mean+/-S.E.=22+/-4) as determined fluorimetrically and from 22 to 35 microng/100 ml. (26+/-2) by competitive protein-binding radioassay. In these same patients the cortisol values obtained after Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography were much lower, ranging from 1 to 12.5 microng/100 ml. (5+/-2, p less than 0.01). In six normal subjects, cortisol values were similar before and after chromatography. Plasma concentrations of progesterone, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, and 21-deoxycortisol in the CAH patients were increased 10 to 100-fold. The elevated cortisol values determined by customary methods were shown to be due to cross-interference of these and other steroids in the assays. Plasma cortisol values obtained routinely are falsely elevated and therefore misleading as a gauge of adrenal insufficiency in CAH.", "PMID": 845476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6675", "title": "Fibrin formation and dissolution in women receiving oral contraceptive drugs.", "content": "Factors affecting fibrin formation and dissolution were compared for 15 women taking combined oral contraceptives and 15 women using nonpharmacological methods of birth control. The two groups were matched for age, body weight, time of blood collection, and day in menstrual cycle; none of the women was receiving other drugs known to affect the blood coagulation or fibrinolytic parameters measured in this study. Fibrinogen concentrations tended to be higher in the experimental group; the degree of fibrinogen degradation, number of fibrin cross-links, and levels of factor XIII and plasminogen were the same for both group. There were significant reductions in antithrombin activity, the euglobulin lysis time, and fibrinolytic inhibitor level in women using oral contraceptives. An estrogen dose effect was suggested for fibrinogen concentration and the degree of antithrombin activity. The increased fibrinolytic activity and decreased fibrinolytic inhibitor levels are consistent with in vitro observations that antithrombin also inhibits plasmin activity. Thus while oral contraceptive-induced depression of antithrombin III could possibly predispose to thrombosis by diminishing the inhibition of the serine protease clotting factors, the concomitant decreased level of plasmin inhibition might balance the system by favoring thrombolysis as well as the digestion and inactivation of certain clotting factors by plasmin.", "contents": "Fibrin formation and dissolution in women receiving oral contraceptive drugs. Factors affecting fibrin formation and dissolution were compared for 15 women taking combined oral contraceptives and 15 women using nonpharmacological methods of birth control. The two groups were matched for age, body weight, time of blood collection, and day in menstrual cycle; none of the women was receiving other drugs known to affect the blood coagulation or fibrinolytic parameters measured in this study. Fibrinogen concentrations tended to be higher in the experimental group; the degree of fibrinogen degradation, number of fibrin cross-links, and levels of factor XIII and plasminogen were the same for both group. There were significant reductions in antithrombin activity, the euglobulin lysis time, and fibrinolytic inhibitor level in women using oral contraceptives. An estrogen dose effect was suggested for fibrinogen concentration and the degree of antithrombin activity. The increased fibrinolytic activity and decreased fibrinolytic inhibitor levels are consistent with in vitro observations that antithrombin also inhibits plasmin activity. Thus while oral contraceptive-induced depression of antithrombin III could possibly predispose to thrombosis by diminishing the inhibition of the serine protease clotting factors, the concomitant decreased level of plasmin inhibition might balance the system by favoring thrombolysis as well as the digestion and inactivation of certain clotting factors by plasmin.", "PMID": 845477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6676", "title": "Studies in neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis: leukocyte peroxidase deficiency in a patient with neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis (Jansky-Bielschowsky type).", "content": "Leukocyte peroxidase deficiency has been demonstrated in a confirmed case of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis with guaiacol, o-dianisidine, and p-phenylenediamine used as hydrogen donors in the peroxidase assay system. Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction values in the leukocytes of the patient were also found to be significantly higher than those of normal controls, indicating the impaired hydrogen peroxide catabolism. When the patient was given a daily dose of vitamin E (400 I.U.), vitamin C (1 gm), and methionine (1 gm.) along with a weekly intramuscular injection of vitamin B12, the leukocyte peroxidase values of the patient returned to normal levels in about 7 weeks. NBT reductions values also decreased to normal levels. The regenerated enzyme in the patient's leukocytes was shown to have similar chromatographic and electrophoretic properties as the leukocyte peroxidase of normal controls. After about 28 weeks of therapy, the peroxidase levels in the leukocytes of the patient returned to original low levels, with concomitant increase in the NBT reduction values. The effect of vitamin therapy on normal control subjects was, at least in some cases, an increase of leukocyte peroxidase. A significant increase in the peroxidase levels of the patient's leukocytes during vitamin therapy remains unexplained, and the possibility of peroxidase deficiency being a secondary manifestation rather than the primary defect in Batten's disease cannot be ruled out.", "contents": "Studies in neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis: leukocyte peroxidase deficiency in a patient with neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis (Jansky-Bielschowsky type). Leukocyte peroxidase deficiency has been demonstrated in a confirmed case of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis with guaiacol, o-dianisidine, and p-phenylenediamine used as hydrogen donors in the peroxidase assay system. Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction values in the leukocytes of the patient were also found to be significantly higher than those of normal controls, indicating the impaired hydrogen peroxide catabolism. When the patient was given a daily dose of vitamin E (400 I.U.), vitamin C (1 gm), and methionine (1 gm.) along with a weekly intramuscular injection of vitamin B12, the leukocyte peroxidase values of the patient returned to normal levels in about 7 weeks. NBT reductions values also decreased to normal levels. The regenerated enzyme in the patient's leukocytes was shown to have similar chromatographic and electrophoretic properties as the leukocyte peroxidase of normal controls. After about 28 weeks of therapy, the peroxidase levels in the leukocytes of the patient returned to original low levels, with concomitant increase in the NBT reduction values. The effect of vitamin therapy on normal control subjects was, at least in some cases, an increase of leukocyte peroxidase. A significant increase in the peroxidase levels of the patient's leukocytes during vitamin therapy remains unexplained, and the possibility of peroxidase deficiency being a secondary manifestation rather than the primary defect in Batten's disease cannot be ruled out.", "PMID": 845478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6677", "title": "The effect of bone matrix on young connective tissue cells in culture.", "content": "Human and rat decalcified bone matrix preparations were shown to be active in inducing cartilage formation by subcutaneous implantation in the rat. When young rat fibroblastic cells were grown in cultures, which also contained bone matrix preprations in particulate form, the fibroblastic cells underwent a uniform and consistent morphological alteration. These altered cells showed higher rates of synthesis of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate than the controls and exhibited very active amino-sugar-nucleotide metabolism. It is suggested that this approach to the culture of connective tissue cells will allow a more precise definition of the early steps of connective tissue differentiation.", "contents": "The effect of bone matrix on young connective tissue cells in culture. Human and rat decalcified bone matrix preparations were shown to be active in inducing cartilage formation by subcutaneous implantation in the rat. When young rat fibroblastic cells were grown in cultures, which also contained bone matrix preprations in particulate form, the fibroblastic cells underwent a uniform and consistent morphological alteration. These altered cells showed higher rates of synthesis of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate than the controls and exhibited very active amino-sugar-nucleotide metabolism. It is suggested that this approach to the culture of connective tissue cells will allow a more precise definition of the early steps of connective tissue differentiation.", "PMID": 845479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6678", "title": "Trauma as a stimulus to marrow regeneration in the osteosclerotic mouse.", "content": "Hemopoietic regeneration was studied in the tibia of mice rendered osteosclerotic by estrone injections. Trauma induced by fracture and periosteal damage was followed by a local hemopoietic response in both normal and osteosclerotic mice. Endosteal damage induced by drilling an artificial cavity in the osteosclerotic tibia was not followed by local hemopoietic regeneration, whereas in normal tibias similarly treated incomplete hemopoietic regeneration was observed. These studies indicate that trauma induced by fracture and periosteal damage is followed by a fairly uniform local hemopoietic regenerative response regardless of whether or not marrow is present in the traumatized bone. Creation of a simulated marrow cavity by drilling through osteosclerotic bone is an insufficient stimulus for hemopoietic regeneration in the mouse. New bone tissue was found to occupy the drilled shaft. This suggests that failure to regenerate hemopoietic tissue may be a consequence of insufficient bone resorption. A differential effect of trauma on endosteal and periosteal tissue is therefore postulated.", "contents": "Trauma as a stimulus to marrow regeneration in the osteosclerotic mouse. Hemopoietic regeneration was studied in the tibia of mice rendered osteosclerotic by estrone injections. Trauma induced by fracture and periosteal damage was followed by a local hemopoietic response in both normal and osteosclerotic mice. Endosteal damage induced by drilling an artificial cavity in the osteosclerotic tibia was not followed by local hemopoietic regeneration, whereas in normal tibias similarly treated incomplete hemopoietic regeneration was observed. These studies indicate that trauma induced by fracture and periosteal damage is followed by a fairly uniform local hemopoietic regenerative response regardless of whether or not marrow is present in the traumatized bone. Creation of a simulated marrow cavity by drilling through osteosclerotic bone is an insufficient stimulus for hemopoietic regeneration in the mouse. New bone tissue was found to occupy the drilled shaft. This suggests that failure to regenerate hemopoietic tissue may be a consequence of insufficient bone resorption. A differential effect of trauma on endosteal and periosteal tissue is therefore postulated.", "PMID": 845480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6679", "title": "Evidence that decreased cardiac output is not the stimulus to sodium retention during acute constriction of the vena cava.", "content": "It has been proposed that the antinatriuresis during constriction of the TVC is due to a decrease in CO. We have compared the effect on sodium excretion of comparable reductions in CO by three separate methods: TVC constriction, PA occlusion, and LV infarction. Dogs were studied during 10% of body weight saline loading and again after TVC constriction, PA occlusion, or LV infarction. CO fell 26 to 31% in all groups; sodium excretion was not significantly altered after PA occlusion (474 to 533 micronEq/min.) or LV infarction (587 to 609 micronEq/min.) but fell significantly after TVC constriction (504 to 271 micronEq/min.). Renal and systemic hemodynamoderate reduction of CO per se does not cause sodium retention. PA and TVC dogs had comparable increments in vena caval pressure but opposite changes in RVEDP; 4 to 0.9 mm. Hg (TVC) and 0.5 to 9.1 mm. Hg (PA).", "contents": "Evidence that decreased cardiac output is not the stimulus to sodium retention during acute constriction of the vena cava. It has been proposed that the antinatriuresis during constriction of the TVC is due to a decrease in CO. We have compared the effect on sodium excretion of comparable reductions in CO by three separate methods: TVC constriction, PA occlusion, and LV infarction. Dogs were studied during 10% of body weight saline loading and again after TVC constriction, PA occlusion, or LV infarction. CO fell 26 to 31% in all groups; sodium excretion was not significantly altered after PA occlusion (474 to 533 micronEq/min.) or LV infarction (587 to 609 micronEq/min.) but fell significantly after TVC constriction (504 to 271 micronEq/min.). Renal and systemic hemodynamoderate reduction of CO per se does not cause sodium retention. PA and TVC dogs had comparable increments in vena caval pressure but opposite changes in RVEDP; 4 to 0.9 mm. Hg (TVC) and 0.5 to 9.1 mm. Hg (PA).", "PMID": 845481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6680", "title": "14C cyanate as a tag for red cell survival in normal and uremic man.", "content": "14C cyanate was employed as a red cell tag. Incubated cells were washed before reinjection to remove free cyanate. Neither early or late elution was observed, and the mean red cell life span of 10 normal subjects was 115+/-12 days. In nine uremic subjects the mean life span corrected for blood loss was 73 days with a mean red cell turnover of about 0.79 times basal. Survival curves in normal subjects were similar to those observed with DF32P and in uremic subjects to those with 51Cr corrected for elution. These observatios show the reliability of 14C cyanate as a nonelutable red cell tag.", "contents": "14C cyanate as a tag for red cell survival in normal and uremic man. 14C cyanate was employed as a red cell tag. Incubated cells were washed before reinjection to remove free cyanate. Neither early or late elution was observed, and the mean red cell life span of 10 normal subjects was 115+/-12 days. In nine uremic subjects the mean life span corrected for blood loss was 73 days with a mean red cell turnover of about 0.79 times basal. Survival curves in normal subjects were similar to those observed with DF32P and in uremic subjects to those with 51Cr corrected for elution. These observatios show the reliability of 14C cyanate as a nonelutable red cell tag.", "PMID": 845482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6681", "title": "Comparison of iodine monochloride and modified chloramine-T radioiodination for in vivo protein studies.", "content": "Aggregate formation on gel chromatography and shortened in vivo t1/2 have been shown to result from the usual chloramine-T (CT) radioiodination of proteins. A modified CT method with decreased CT: protein ratio has ben advocated, particularly for use in the 125I-fibrinogen uptake test. In the present study, such modified CT procedures with 131I were assessed by simultaneous injection in rabbits of iodine-125 monochloride protein standards along with the 131I-CT proteins. Standard clearance analyses were performed. For both albumin and fibrinogen a much reduced CT:protein ratio was required before satisfactory in vivo proteins were obtained. The ratio differed for the two proteins, with fibrinogen being more susceptible to CT-induced aggregate formation. Intermediate CT:protein ratios resulted in denaturation of only a portion of the labeled proteins as manifested by a low C1 with a normal t1/2 for the slow component. At intermediate ratios, unaggregated protein displayed abnormal clearance kinetics, indicating that denaturation was not solely the result of aggregates. The results indicated modified CT radioiodination can be used for in vivo studies, but only if carefully compared in vivo with more generally used radiolabeling procedures.", "contents": "Comparison of iodine monochloride and modified chloramine-T radioiodination for in vivo protein studies. Aggregate formation on gel chromatography and shortened in vivo t1/2 have been shown to result from the usual chloramine-T (CT) radioiodination of proteins. A modified CT method with decreased CT: protein ratio has ben advocated, particularly for use in the 125I-fibrinogen uptake test. In the present study, such modified CT procedures with 131I were assessed by simultaneous injection in rabbits of iodine-125 monochloride protein standards along with the 131I-CT proteins. Standard clearance analyses were performed. For both albumin and fibrinogen a much reduced CT:protein ratio was required before satisfactory in vivo proteins were obtained. The ratio differed for the two proteins, with fibrinogen being more susceptible to CT-induced aggregate formation. Intermediate CT:protein ratios resulted in denaturation of only a portion of the labeled proteins as manifested by a low C1 with a normal t1/2 for the slow component. At intermediate ratios, unaggregated protein displayed abnormal clearance kinetics, indicating that denaturation was not solely the result of aggregates. The results indicated modified CT radioiodination can be used for in vivo studies, but only if carefully compared in vivo with more generally used radiolabeling procedures.", "PMID": 845483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6682", "title": "Breakdown products of C3 and factor B in hemolytic-uremic syndrome.", "content": "Serum concentrations of Clq, C4, C3, and Factor B but not properdin were significantly decreased in patients with HUS compared to values in normal control subjects (p value less than 0.01). Sera from 13 HUS patients obtained early after the onset of the disease showed breakdown products of Factor B (Ba, Bb) by immunoelectrophoresis; 12 of these sera showed C3 breakdown products (C3c, C3d). Sera from seven patients studied 1 month to 3 years later no longer demonstrated any breakdown products of Factor B or C3. These data suggest that the complemented system is activate in HUS. The concept that immunological mechanisms play a major role in this disease is additionally supported by the occurrence of IgM, C3, and fibrin in glomeruli and renal vessels.", "contents": "Breakdown products of C3 and factor B in hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Serum concentrations of Clq, C4, C3, and Factor B but not properdin were significantly decreased in patients with HUS compared to values in normal control subjects (p value less than 0.01). Sera from 13 HUS patients obtained early after the onset of the disease showed breakdown products of Factor B (Ba, Bb) by immunoelectrophoresis; 12 of these sera showed C3 breakdown products (C3c, C3d). Sera from seven patients studied 1 month to 3 years later no longer demonstrated any breakdown products of Factor B or C3. These data suggest that the complemented system is activate in HUS. The concept that immunological mechanisms play a major role in this disease is additionally supported by the occurrence of IgM, C3, and fibrin in glomeruli and renal vessels.", "PMID": 845484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6683", "title": "Detection of cytotoxic antibody to erythroblasts.", "content": "A two-stage test of cytotoxicity for erythroblasts has been developed that is faster and more sensitive than a previous method. Release of 59Fe from erythroid precursors was used as an index of cytotoxic injury. Optimal release was obtained by pretreating the labeled marrow cells with 0.46M reduced glutathione (GSH) at pH 8.0 for 1 hour at 37 degrees C. The first-stage test plasmas or IgG globulins were incubated with the treated cells at 22 degrees C. for 1 hour and the second-stage source of complement was incubated with the cells for 1 hour at 37 degrees C. These changes permitted cytotoxic plasmas to be detected when they previously would not have been identified. Substitution of the GSH by trypsin or neuraminidase did not yield comparable results. Measurement of the cytotoxicity for GSH-treated cells by the trypan blue exclusion technique showed that the loss of exclusion of trypan blue by marrow erythroblasts increased with an increased release of 50Fe. No cytotoxicity was detected if complement was inactivated at 56 degrees C. The results observed with trypan blue and the occurence of cytotoxicity with the addition of IgG globulins and complement indicate that this system can be used to detect cytotoxic antibody to erythroblasts.", "contents": "Detection of cytotoxic antibody to erythroblasts. A two-stage test of cytotoxicity for erythroblasts has been developed that is faster and more sensitive than a previous method. Release of 59Fe from erythroid precursors was used as an index of cytotoxic injury. Optimal release was obtained by pretreating the labeled marrow cells with 0.46M reduced glutathione (GSH) at pH 8.0 for 1 hour at 37 degrees C. The first-stage test plasmas or IgG globulins were incubated with the treated cells at 22 degrees C. for 1 hour and the second-stage source of complement was incubated with the cells for 1 hour at 37 degrees C. These changes permitted cytotoxic plasmas to be detected when they previously would not have been identified. Substitution of the GSH by trypsin or neuraminidase did not yield comparable results. Measurement of the cytotoxicity for GSH-treated cells by the trypan blue exclusion technique showed that the loss of exclusion of trypan blue by marrow erythroblasts increased with an increased release of 50Fe. No cytotoxicity was detected if complement was inactivated at 56 degrees C. The results observed with trypan blue and the occurence of cytotoxicity with the addition of IgG globulins and complement indicate that this system can be used to detect cytotoxic antibody to erythroblasts.", "PMID": 845485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6684", "title": "Effects of sulfinpyrazone on platelet prostaglandin synthesis and platelet release of serotonin.", "content": "Sulfinpyrazone added to PRP inhibited the release of serotonin induced by collagen. The inhibitory effect depended strongly on the strength of the collagen stimulus. Serotonin release was also inhibited (up to 73%) in PRP prepared from subjects who had ingested the drug. This is the first demonstration of a direct effect of a sulfinpyrazone in vivo on in vitro tests of platelet function. Prostaglandin synthesis was studied with lysates of washed platelets, arachidonic acid-14C, and silicic acid chromatography to isolate a reaction product which was tentatively identified as thromboxane B2. Platelet prostaglandin synthesis was shown to be strongly inhibited by sulfinpyrazone. Inhibition was competitive with respect to substrate. It is proposed that effects of sulfinpyrazone on platelet function may be due to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. The competitive nature of sulfinpyrazone inhibition may explain why sulfinpyrazone is a strong inhibitor of the release reaction under conditions of dilute collagent stimulation but is weak in the presence of stronger stimuli. In comparing the potency of inhibitors of platelet prostaglandin synthesis the nature of inhibition must be considered. Competitive inhibitors may be incorrectly regarded as weak if studied only at high substrate concentration.", "contents": "Effects of sulfinpyrazone on platelet prostaglandin synthesis and platelet release of serotonin. Sulfinpyrazone added to PRP inhibited the release of serotonin induced by collagen. The inhibitory effect depended strongly on the strength of the collagen stimulus. Serotonin release was also inhibited (up to 73%) in PRP prepared from subjects who had ingested the drug. This is the first demonstration of a direct effect of a sulfinpyrazone in vivo on in vitro tests of platelet function. Prostaglandin synthesis was studied with lysates of washed platelets, arachidonic acid-14C, and silicic acid chromatography to isolate a reaction product which was tentatively identified as thromboxane B2. Platelet prostaglandin synthesis was shown to be strongly inhibited by sulfinpyrazone. Inhibition was competitive with respect to substrate. It is proposed that effects of sulfinpyrazone on platelet function may be due to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. The competitive nature of sulfinpyrazone inhibition may explain why sulfinpyrazone is a strong inhibitor of the release reaction under conditions of dilute collagent stimulation but is weak in the presence of stronger stimuli. In comparing the potency of inhibitors of platelet prostaglandin synthesis the nature of inhibition must be considered. Competitive inhibitors may be incorrectly regarded as weak if studied only at high substrate concentration.", "PMID": 845486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6685", "title": "A simple screening test for arginase deficiency (hyperargininemia).", "content": "A simple fluorescent spot screening test has been developed for the identification of individuals with arginase deficiency (hyperargininemia). The assay is based on the coversion of arginine to ornithine and urea by arginase present in 1/8 inch disc of dried blood on filter paper. The enzyme activity is visually estimated by the oxidation of NAD-H to NAD+ in a coupled kinetic reaction. In the absence of the enzyme, there is no oxidation of the NAD-H and consequently no loss of fluorescence. The screening assay has been used to identify successfully both heterozygous and homozygous arginase-deficient crabeater macaques (M. fascicularis) as well as three patients with hyperargininemia. This test can be used to screen large numbers of patients with mental retardation or seizure disorders rapidly to determine the frequency of this disorder more precisely.", "contents": "A simple screening test for arginase deficiency (hyperargininemia). A simple fluorescent spot screening test has been developed for the identification of individuals with arginase deficiency (hyperargininemia). The assay is based on the coversion of arginine to ornithine and urea by arginase present in 1/8 inch disc of dried blood on filter paper. The enzyme activity is visually estimated by the oxidation of NAD-H to NAD+ in a coupled kinetic reaction. In the absence of the enzyme, there is no oxidation of the NAD-H and consequently no loss of fluorescence. The screening assay has been used to identify successfully both heterozygous and homozygous arginase-deficient crabeater macaques (M. fascicularis) as well as three patients with hyperargininemia. This test can be used to screen large numbers of patients with mental retardation or seizure disorders rapidly to determine the frequency of this disorder more precisely.", "PMID": 845487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6686", "title": "Quantitative determination of erythrocyte zinc protoporphyrin.", "content": "An elevated zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) level in blood is indicative of lead poisoning (as well as iron-deficiency anemia) and is the basis for certain fluorometric screening tests. The calibration of such test protocols and instruments requires ways to reliably determine absolute ZPP concentrations in blood. Two such methods are described: one is an ethanol extraction method and the other a fluorometric addition method using detergent hemolyzed blood. A careful determination of the molar extinction coefficient of ZPP gives EmM=161 in pyridine. Corrections are offered for a previously published protocol for determining the ZPP concentration from the fluorescence intensity of diluted blood. The choice of units for expressing the ZPP concentration in blood is discussed, as is the absorbance correction in quantitative fluorometry of samples which are not optically thin at the excitation wavelength.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of erythrocyte zinc protoporphyrin. An elevated zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) level in blood is indicative of lead poisoning (as well as iron-deficiency anemia) and is the basis for certain fluorometric screening tests. The calibration of such test protocols and instruments requires ways to reliably determine absolute ZPP concentrations in blood. Two such methods are described: one is an ethanol extraction method and the other a fluorometric addition method using detergent hemolyzed blood. A careful determination of the molar extinction coefficient of ZPP gives EmM=161 in pyridine. Corrections are offered for a previously published protocol for determining the ZPP concentration from the fluorescence intensity of diluted blood. The choice of units for expressing the ZPP concentration in blood is discussed, as is the absorbance correction in quantitative fluorometry of samples which are not optically thin at the excitation wavelength.", "PMID": 845488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6687", "title": "Estimation of the state of saturation of brushite and calcium oxalate in urine: a comparison of three methods.", "content": "The estimation of the degree of saturation of brushite and of calcium oxalate in urine of patients with disorders of calcium metabolism has been proved to be an effective tool in evaluating the patient's propensity to form renal stones. The methods used in three different laboratories have been compared and evaluated in 27 urine samples. Relative saturation ratio (ratio of activity product and thermodynamic solubility product of brushite) and activity product ratio (ratio of activity product of original sample and that obtained after incubation of sample with synthetic brushite) were determined. Similar studies were performed for calcium oxalate. The values for relative saturation ratio of brushite or calcium oxalate differed widely among the three techniques. However, nearly identical values for activity product ratio of brushite were obtained. The activity product ratios of calcium oxalate, obtained by different techniques, closely approximated each other except in sampels containing excessive amounts of calcium (greater than 5 mM) or oxalate (greater than 5 mM). The values for the relative saturation ratios for both brushite and calcium oxalate were usually higher than the corresponding values for activity product ratio. The results indicate that the use of activity product ratio provides a more simple and reliable estimate of the urinary state of saturation than does the relative saturation ratio.", "contents": "Estimation of the state of saturation of brushite and calcium oxalate in urine: a comparison of three methods. The estimation of the degree of saturation of brushite and of calcium oxalate in urine of patients with disorders of calcium metabolism has been proved to be an effective tool in evaluating the patient's propensity to form renal stones. The methods used in three different laboratories have been compared and evaluated in 27 urine samples. Relative saturation ratio (ratio of activity product and thermodynamic solubility product of brushite) and activity product ratio (ratio of activity product of original sample and that obtained after incubation of sample with synthetic brushite) were determined. Similar studies were performed for calcium oxalate. The values for relative saturation ratio of brushite or calcium oxalate differed widely among the three techniques. However, nearly identical values for activity product ratio of brushite were obtained. The activity product ratios of calcium oxalate, obtained by different techniques, closely approximated each other except in sampels containing excessive amounts of calcium (greater than 5 mM) or oxalate (greater than 5 mM). The values for the relative saturation ratios for both brushite and calcium oxalate were usually higher than the corresponding values for activity product ratio. The results indicate that the use of activity product ratio provides a more simple and reliable estimate of the urinary state of saturation than does the relative saturation ratio.", "PMID": 845489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6688", "title": "Radioiodinated derivatives for steroid radioimmunoassay. Application to the radioimmunoassay of cortisol.", "content": "Gamma-emitting steroid tracers for use in the radioimmunoassay of steroids have a number of advantages over the more common tritiated tracers. The steroid derivatives aldosterone3-(p-hydroxybenzoyl) hydrazone, aldosterone-3-(p-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)hydrazone, deoxycorticosterone-3-(p-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)hydrazone, and cortisol-3-(p-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)hydrazone were synthesized by a one-step procedure and iodinated ([125I]). To illustrate the usefulness of these derivatives, we describe the details of a cortisol radioimmunoassay. The use of the radioiodinated tracer appeared to increase the specificity of the antigen-antibody reaction when compared with [3H]cortisol. The methodology involved in the preparation of the steroid derivatives described above can be extended to other 3-oxo-4-ene-containing steroids, with the advantages of economy, simplicity, and versatility.", "contents": "Radioiodinated derivatives for steroid radioimmunoassay. Application to the radioimmunoassay of cortisol. Gamma-emitting steroid tracers for use in the radioimmunoassay of steroids have a number of advantages over the more common tritiated tracers. The steroid derivatives aldosterone3-(p-hydroxybenzoyl) hydrazone, aldosterone-3-(p-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)hydrazone, deoxycorticosterone-3-(p-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)hydrazone, and cortisol-3-(p-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)hydrazone were synthesized by a one-step procedure and iodinated ([125I]). To illustrate the usefulness of these derivatives, we describe the details of a cortisol radioimmunoassay. The use of the radioiodinated tracer appeared to increase the specificity of the antigen-antibody reaction when compared with [3H]cortisol. The methodology involved in the preparation of the steroid derivatives described above can be extended to other 3-oxo-4-ene-containing steroids, with the advantages of economy, simplicity, and versatility.", "PMID": 845490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6689", "title": "Subcellular distributions of lipids in cultured BHK cells: evidence for the enrichment of lysobisphosphatidic acid and neutral lipids in lysosomes.", "content": "Homogenates of cultured hamster fibroblasts (BHK 21 cells) were fractionated by differential centrifugation into six main fractions: nuclear, mitochondrial, light mitochondrial, microsomal, soluble, and floating. The contents of several lipids and some marker enzymes were measured. According to the enzyme distributions, lysosomes were enriched both in the floating fraction and in the light mitochondrial fraction. Lysobisphosphatidic acid was enriched in the floating fraction more than tenfold relative to phospholipid. Cholesteryl esters and triglycerides were the main constituents of the fraction (70% of total lipids). Lysobisphosphatidic acid, triglycerides, and cholesteryl esters were enriched also in the light mitochondrial fraction. Their distribution patterns were different from those of the other lipids. Electron microscopy showed that the floating fraction contained numerous lipofuscin-like particles with darkly stained peripheries and with core regions staining like droplets of neutral lipids. Similar particles, frequently containing prominent multilamellar formations, were also common in intact cells. They contained cytochemically identified acid phosphatase. We conclude that lysobisphosphatidic acid was enriched in the lysosomes of the BHK cells and that the lysosomes also contained variable amounts of neutral lipids in the form of intralysosomal droplets.", "contents": "Subcellular distributions of lipids in cultured BHK cells: evidence for the enrichment of lysobisphosphatidic acid and neutral lipids in lysosomes. Homogenates of cultured hamster fibroblasts (BHK 21 cells) were fractionated by differential centrifugation into six main fractions: nuclear, mitochondrial, light mitochondrial, microsomal, soluble, and floating. The contents of several lipids and some marker enzymes were measured. According to the enzyme distributions, lysosomes were enriched both in the floating fraction and in the light mitochondrial fraction. Lysobisphosphatidic acid was enriched in the floating fraction more than tenfold relative to phospholipid. Cholesteryl esters and triglycerides were the main constituents of the fraction (70% of total lipids). Lysobisphosphatidic acid, triglycerides, and cholesteryl esters were enriched also in the light mitochondrial fraction. Their distribution patterns were different from those of the other lipids. Electron microscopy showed that the floating fraction contained numerous lipofuscin-like particles with darkly stained peripheries and with core regions staining like droplets of neutral lipids. Similar particles, frequently containing prominent multilamellar formations, were also common in intact cells. They contained cytochemically identified acid phosphatase. We conclude that lysobisphosphatidic acid was enriched in the lysosomes of the BHK cells and that the lysosomes also contained variable amounts of neutral lipids in the form of intralysosomal droplets.", "PMID": 845501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6690", "title": "Effect of an aqueous phase on the solubility of cholesterol in an oil phase.", "content": "In the absence of water, the solubility of cholesterol in triolein at 21 degrees C was 2.8%. When water was added to the system, the solubility of cholesterol in the oil phase decreased to 1.9%, and cholesterol monohydrate precipitated. The precipitation of the sterol evidently resulted from the excess concentration of the surface-active cholesterol at the interface, allowing the rapid interaction of water with cholesterol and the resulting formation of cholesterol monohydrate with its attendant lower energy and less soluble crystalline lattice. The ternary phase diagram for the system cholesterol--triolein--water, modified to include cholesterol monohydrate formation with the consequent decrease in sterol solubility; differs from the previously reported phase diagram. Other cholesterol--oil--aqueous systems related to biologically important lipids were studied. Cholesteryl oleate was more soluble than cholesterol in triolein (23% at 21 degrees C), and this value did not decrease when water was present. Water caused cholesterol to precipitate from cholesteryl linoleate at 37 degrees C. Thus crystalline cholesterol may be present in lipids found in atherosclerotic plaques at a lower concentration of free cholesterol than had been predicted previously. In another experiment, a micellar taurocholate solution precipitated cholesterol from triolein and from corn oil. These effects of aqueous systems suggest the possibility of cholesterol precipitation from dietary fat when it becomes mixed with water in the diet or stomach, or with the micellar phase in the intestine. Plant sterols were precipitated also from oil solutions by an aqueous phase. Water-induced sterol precipitation is a phenomenon that could occur in a variety of biological systems, and may be applicable to sterols in general.", "contents": "Effect of an aqueous phase on the solubility of cholesterol in an oil phase. In the absence of water, the solubility of cholesterol in triolein at 21 degrees C was 2.8%. When water was added to the system, the solubility of cholesterol in the oil phase decreased to 1.9%, and cholesterol monohydrate precipitated. The precipitation of the sterol evidently resulted from the excess concentration of the surface-active cholesterol at the interface, allowing the rapid interaction of water with cholesterol and the resulting formation of cholesterol monohydrate with its attendant lower energy and less soluble crystalline lattice. The ternary phase diagram for the system cholesterol--triolein--water, modified to include cholesterol monohydrate formation with the consequent decrease in sterol solubility; differs from the previously reported phase diagram. Other cholesterol--oil--aqueous systems related to biologically important lipids were studied. Cholesteryl oleate was more soluble than cholesterol in triolein (23% at 21 degrees C), and this value did not decrease when water was present. Water caused cholesterol to precipitate from cholesteryl linoleate at 37 degrees C. Thus crystalline cholesterol may be present in lipids found in atherosclerotic plaques at a lower concentration of free cholesterol than had been predicted previously. In another experiment, a micellar taurocholate solution precipitated cholesterol from triolein and from corn oil. These effects of aqueous systems suggest the possibility of cholesterol precipitation from dietary fat when it becomes mixed with water in the diet or stomach, or with the micellar phase in the intestine. Plant sterols were precipitated also from oil solutions by an aqueous phase. Water-induced sterol precipitation is a phenomenon that could occur in a variety of biological systems, and may be applicable to sterols in general.", "PMID": 845502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6691", "title": "Sterol metabolism studies in the rat. Effects of primary bile acids (sodium taurochenodeoxycholate and sodium taurocholate) on sterol metabolism.", "content": "Sterol metabolism studies using a combination of isotopic and chromatographic procedures were carried out in rats fed either a low-cholesterol stock diet or a stock diet containing 0.1% cholesterol. The primary bile acids, sodium taurochenodeoxycholate and sodium taurocholate, were added to the stock diets at a level of 0.5%, as required. Feeding sodium taurochenodeoxycholate and sodium taurocholate led to a decrease in acidic steroid synthesis, cholesterol turnover, and cholesterol balance, compared to controls. Sodium taurochenodeoxycholate feeding did not influence cholesterol absorption, but rats fed sodium taurocholate showed a twofold increase in cholesterol absorption as well as an accumulation of cholesterol in the liver. Rats receiving diets containing sodium taurochenodeoxycholate or sodium taurocholate plus cholesterol (0.1%) showed decreased acidic steroid synthesis, cholesterol turnover, and cholesterol balance, compared to the corresponding controls (Group 2, high cholesterol diet). Significantly larger amounts of cholesterol were absorbed in the taurocholate group (34.1 mg/day); these animals increased their concentrations of cholesterol in liver and plasma. The rats fed taurocholate plus 0.1% cholesterol differed from those fed taurochenodeoxycholate plus 0.1% cholesterol in the following respects: a) increased cholesterol absorption (35%), and b) accumulation of cholesterol in liver and plasma.", "contents": "Sterol metabolism studies in the rat. Effects of primary bile acids (sodium taurochenodeoxycholate and sodium taurocholate) on sterol metabolism. Sterol metabolism studies using a combination of isotopic and chromatographic procedures were carried out in rats fed either a low-cholesterol stock diet or a stock diet containing 0.1% cholesterol. The primary bile acids, sodium taurochenodeoxycholate and sodium taurocholate, were added to the stock diets at a level of 0.5%, as required. Feeding sodium taurochenodeoxycholate and sodium taurocholate led to a decrease in acidic steroid synthesis, cholesterol turnover, and cholesterol balance, compared to controls. Sodium taurochenodeoxycholate feeding did not influence cholesterol absorption, but rats fed sodium taurocholate showed a twofold increase in cholesterol absorption as well as an accumulation of cholesterol in the liver. Rats receiving diets containing sodium taurochenodeoxycholate or sodium taurocholate plus cholesterol (0.1%) showed decreased acidic steroid synthesis, cholesterol turnover, and cholesterol balance, compared to the corresponding controls (Group 2, high cholesterol diet). Significantly larger amounts of cholesterol were absorbed in the taurocholate group (34.1 mg/day); these animals increased their concentrations of cholesterol in liver and plasma. The rats fed taurocholate plus 0.1% cholesterol differed from those fed taurochenodeoxycholate plus 0.1% cholesterol in the following respects: a) increased cholesterol absorption (35%), and b) accumulation of cholesterol in liver and plasma.", "PMID": 845503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6692", "title": "Bile acid synthesis in man. II. Determination of 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol, (22R)-22-hydroxycholesterol, and 26-hydroxycholesterol in human meconium.", "content": "7 alpha-Hydroxycholesterol, (22R)-22-hydroxycholesterol and 26-hydroxycholesterol have been quantitated in human meconium. The method used tetrahydrofuran for extraction and solvolysis of the sulfate esters, liquid partition chromatography for the separation of the hydroxysterols, gas-liquid chromatography for quantitation, gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for identification, and tritiated and 14C-labeled tracers for overall recovery standards. (22R)-22-Hydroxycholesterol and 26-hydroxycholesterol were present almost entirely, ( greater than 93%) in the sulfate fraction at concentrations of 3.8-6.4 and 0.4-0.8 mg per 100 g meconium, respectively. Since free tritiated (22R)-22-hydroxycholesterol was used as the tracer to assess recovery of this hydroxysterol, the concentrations found for this compound may be minimal. Tritiated 26-hydroxycholesterol 3,26-disulfate was used as tracer to determine the levels of this compound, and the solvolysis procedure was optimized for recovery of 26-hydroxycholesterol and least decomposition of 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol. No significant amounts of 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol were found based on the tracer-free hydroxysterol as recovery standard.", "contents": "Bile acid synthesis in man. II. Determination of 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol, (22R)-22-hydroxycholesterol, and 26-hydroxycholesterol in human meconium. 7 alpha-Hydroxycholesterol, (22R)-22-hydroxycholesterol and 26-hydroxycholesterol have been quantitated in human meconium. The method used tetrahydrofuran for extraction and solvolysis of the sulfate esters, liquid partition chromatography for the separation of the hydroxysterols, gas-liquid chromatography for quantitation, gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for identification, and tritiated and 14C-labeled tracers for overall recovery standards. (22R)-22-Hydroxycholesterol and 26-hydroxycholesterol were present almost entirely, ( greater than 93%) in the sulfate fraction at concentrations of 3.8-6.4 and 0.4-0.8 mg per 100 g meconium, respectively. Since free tritiated (22R)-22-hydroxycholesterol was used as the tracer to assess recovery of this hydroxysterol, the concentrations found for this compound may be minimal. Tritiated 26-hydroxycholesterol 3,26-disulfate was used as tracer to determine the levels of this compound, and the solvolysis procedure was optimized for recovery of 26-hydroxycholesterol and least decomposition of 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol. No significant amounts of 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol were found based on the tracer-free hydroxysterol as recovery standard.", "PMID": 845504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6693", "title": "Stimulation by serum of 32P incorporation into the phospholipids of Ehrlich ascites cells.", "content": "Ehrlich ascites cells adapted for suspension culture were incubated with 32PO43- in a Krebs-Ringer-HEPES (N-2-hydroxyethyl-piperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonate) buffer with or without 5% calf serum. Specific activity was determined for cellular [gamma-32P]ATP, total phospholipids, and the individual phospholipids fractionated by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. Serum stimulated the incorporation of 32P into the phosphatides with a 2-3-fold increase in specific activity of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. Phosphatidylinositol showed a moderate increase. Phosphatidic acid showed an increase that could be accounted for by a parallel small increase in the specific activity of precursor [gamma-32P]-ATP. The effect os serum could be discerned as early as 10 min after its addition. Complete inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide or puromycin did not interfere with the serum stimulation of 32P incorporation into lipids, indicating that the serum effect is not dependent on synthesis of new protein. Incubation with palmitic acid caused a marked increase of phosphatidylinositol specific activity, little change in specific activity of phosphatidic acid but a tripling of its total amount, and no changes in the other phosphatides. Oleic acid caused only a small increase in phosphatidylinositol specific activity and no significant changes in the other lipids.", "contents": "Stimulation by serum of 32P incorporation into the phospholipids of Ehrlich ascites cells. Ehrlich ascites cells adapted for suspension culture were incubated with 32PO43- in a Krebs-Ringer-HEPES (N-2-hydroxyethyl-piperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonate) buffer with or without 5% calf serum. Specific activity was determined for cellular [gamma-32P]ATP, total phospholipids, and the individual phospholipids fractionated by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. Serum stimulated the incorporation of 32P into the phosphatides with a 2-3-fold increase in specific activity of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. Phosphatidylinositol showed a moderate increase. Phosphatidic acid showed an increase that could be accounted for by a parallel small increase in the specific activity of precursor [gamma-32P]-ATP. The effect os serum could be discerned as early as 10 min after its addition. Complete inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide or puromycin did not interfere with the serum stimulation of 32P incorporation into lipids, indicating that the serum effect is not dependent on synthesis of new protein. Incubation with palmitic acid caused a marked increase of phosphatidylinositol specific activity, little change in specific activity of phosphatidic acid but a tripling of its total amount, and no changes in the other phosphatides. Oleic acid caused only a small increase in phosphatidylinositol specific activity and no significant changes in the other lipids.", "PMID": 845505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6694", "title": "Lipid metabolism in regressing rat corpora lutea of pregnancy.", "content": "Lipid accumulation is a hallmark of corpus luteum regression and we characterized lipids stored in rat corpora lutea of pregnancy between days 21 and 24 post coitum, the period of luteolysis. A 10-fold rise in lutein triglyceride concentrations occurred between days 21 and 24, which represented the major alteration in luteal lipid metabolism during luteolysis, coinciding with the appearance of numerous lipid droplets in the luteal cells. The fatty acid composition of luteal triglycerides was altered between days 20 and 23 in a pattern consistent with the influx of blood triglyceride fatty acids. No evidence for increased de novo fatty acid synthesis by luteal tissue between days 21 and 24 post coitum was obtained using in vitro methods. [14C]Acetate incorporation into lipids declined between days 16 and 24 and label was preferentially introduced into long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Rates of tritium incorporation into fatty acids from tritiated water were relatively low. [14C]Glucose was predominantly incorporated into the glycerol moiety of luteal lipids and incorporation of label into this fraction was augmented between days 21 and 23 post coitum. The incorporation of [14C]palmitate into triglycerides of luteal tissue during in vitro incubation also increased between days 21 and 23. In vitro lactate production, [14C]glucose oxidation, and [14C-palmitate oxidation to 14CO2 increased significantly during this time. We conclude that specific biochemical alterations occur in regressing corpora facilitating uptake and storage of blood glyceride fatty acids as triglycerides. The physiological significance of this triglyceride accumulation remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "Lipid metabolism in regressing rat corpora lutea of pregnancy. Lipid accumulation is a hallmark of corpus luteum regression and we characterized lipids stored in rat corpora lutea of pregnancy between days 21 and 24 post coitum, the period of luteolysis. A 10-fold rise in lutein triglyceride concentrations occurred between days 21 and 24, which represented the major alteration in luteal lipid metabolism during luteolysis, coinciding with the appearance of numerous lipid droplets in the luteal cells. The fatty acid composition of luteal triglycerides was altered between days 20 and 23 in a pattern consistent with the influx of blood triglyceride fatty acids. No evidence for increased de novo fatty acid synthesis by luteal tissue between days 21 and 24 post coitum was obtained using in vitro methods. [14C]Acetate incorporation into lipids declined between days 16 and 24 and label was preferentially introduced into long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Rates of tritium incorporation into fatty acids from tritiated water were relatively low. [14C]Glucose was predominantly incorporated into the glycerol moiety of luteal lipids and incorporation of label into this fraction was augmented between days 21 and 23 post coitum. The incorporation of [14C]palmitate into triglycerides of luteal tissue during in vitro incubation also increased between days 21 and 23. In vitro lactate production, [14C]glucose oxidation, and [14C-palmitate oxidation to 14CO2 increased significantly during this time. We conclude that specific biochemical alterations occur in regressing corpora facilitating uptake and storage of blood glyceride fatty acids as triglycerides. The physiological significance of this triglyceride accumulation remains to be elucidated.", "PMID": 845506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6695", "title": "Determination of cholesterol absorption in man by intestinal perfusion.", "content": "In this study a technique is described for estimating net absorption of total cholesterol (endogenous + exogenous) that enters the intestine. The method employs intubation of patients with a 3-lumen tube that contains a 10-cm mixing segment in the duodenum and a 100-cm absorption segment in the jejunum. A liquid formula diet containing varying amounts of exogenous cholesterol is infused continuously into the upper duodenum for a period of several hours; the formula diet stimulates constant contraction of the gallbladder and thus provides for continous secretion of biliary cholesterol sitosterol as a marker, the input of endogenous + exogenous cholesterol can be measured at the end of the 10-cm mixing segment. Net cholesterol absorption is estimated from the disappearance of cholesterol relative to beta-sitosterol over the next 100-cm of jejunum. When radioactive cholesterol was also used as a marker, radioactivity usually disappeared more rapidly than the mass of choleesterol over the absorption segment; this suggests that a significant amount of isotope exchange occurs in the upper intestine. Using beta-sitosterol as a marker, the extent of exchange can be determined. In six patients, cholesterol inputs ranged from 51 to 118 mg/hr, and net percentage absorption was 34-56%. When inputs of cholesterol were acutely increased by enhancing exogenous cholesterol, absolute absorption was uniformly increased, but percentage absorption either remained the same or was decreased somewhat. Changine inputs of beta-sitosterol had a striking effect on cholesterol absorption, and relatively small increments of beta-sitosterol almost always produced corresponding reductions in uptake of cholesterol. The intestinal perfusion method appears to provide certain advantages over previous techniques for estimating total cholesterol entering the upper intestine, including that derived from both endogenous and exogenous sources. Measurements can be made over short periods of time, and the  method allows for determination of effects of acute changes in the intestinal milieu on cholesterol absorption. Finally, the technique defines the extent of isotope exchange between cholesterol in the intestinal mucosa and in the lumen.", "contents": "Determination of cholesterol absorption in man by intestinal perfusion. In this study a technique is described for estimating net absorption of total cholesterol (endogenous + exogenous) that enters the intestine. The method employs intubation of patients with a 3-lumen tube that contains a 10-cm mixing segment in the duodenum and a 100-cm absorption segment in the jejunum. A liquid formula diet containing varying amounts of exogenous cholesterol is infused continuously into the upper duodenum for a period of several hours; the formula diet stimulates constant contraction of the gallbladder and thus provides for continous secretion of biliary cholesterol sitosterol as a marker, the input of endogenous + exogenous cholesterol can be measured at the end of the 10-cm mixing segment. Net cholesterol absorption is estimated from the disappearance of cholesterol relative to beta-sitosterol over the next 100-cm of jejunum. When radioactive cholesterol was also used as a marker, radioactivity usually disappeared more rapidly than the mass of choleesterol over the absorption segment; this suggests that a significant amount of isotope exchange occurs in the upper intestine. Using beta-sitosterol as a marker, the extent of exchange can be determined. In six patients, cholesterol inputs ranged from 51 to 118 mg/hr, and net percentage absorption was 34-56%. When inputs of cholesterol were acutely increased by enhancing exogenous cholesterol, absolute absorption was uniformly increased, but percentage absorption either remained the same or was decreased somewhat. Changine inputs of beta-sitosterol had a striking effect on cholesterol absorption, and relatively small increments of beta-sitosterol almost always produced corresponding reductions in uptake of cholesterol. The intestinal perfusion method appears to provide certain advantages over previous techniques for estimating total cholesterol entering the upper intestine, including that derived from both endogenous and exogenous sources. Measurements can be made over short periods of time, and the  method allows for determination of effects of acute changes in the intestinal milieu on cholesterol absorption. Finally, the technique defines the extent of isotope exchange between cholesterol in the intestinal mucosa and in the lumen.", "PMID": 845507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6696", "title": "Effect of the rate of oxygen consumption on muscle respiration.", "content": "An important role of myoglobin in red muscle is to facilitate the diffusion of oxygen for metabolism. We consider a model for muscle respiration in which the oxygen consumption is of a Michaelis-Menten form. The resulting mathematical model is solved in two different ways with two different boundary conditions. The first uses the singular perturbation method of Murray (1974), while the second, which gives another justication of the simpler procedure, is a direct numerical computation of the full problem. The oxygen tension and saturation are often small. For realistic values of the Michaelis-MENTEN CONSTANT the oxygen tension, the saturation and the radius of the region in which the oxygen tension is negligibly small can be calculated using the constant consumption model of Murray (1974), with corrected boundary conditions (those for a Stefan problem), which in certain circumstances mardedly affect the solution.", "contents": "Effect of the rate of oxygen consumption on muscle respiration. An important role of myoglobin in red muscle is to facilitate the diffusion of oxygen for metabolism. We consider a model for muscle respiration in which the oxygen consumption is of a Michaelis-Menten form. The resulting mathematical model is solved in two different ways with two different boundary conditions. The first uses the singular perturbation method of Murray (1974), while the second, which gives another justication of the simpler procedure, is a direct numerical computation of the full problem. The oxygen tension and saturation are often small. For realistic values of the Michaelis-MENTEN CONSTANT the oxygen tension, the saturation and the radius of the region in which the oxygen tension is negligibly small can be calculated using the constant consumption model of Murray (1974), with corrected boundary conditions (those for a Stefan problem), which in certain circumstances mardedly affect the solution.", "PMID": 845508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6697", "title": "A bifurcation analysis of pattern formation in a diffusion governed morphogenetic field.", "content": "We discuss from an analytical point of view the mechanism of pre-pattern formation in a diffusion governed morphogenetic field. The model here considered is a normalized form of one of the models, proposed by Gierer and Meinhardt, based on the general principle of lateral inhibition. The results, obtained in the framework of bifurcation theory, shows that there is a spontaneous formation of a gradient both for activator and inhibitor concentrations if the ratio between the mean squares of the diffusion ranges of inhibitor and activator is greater than a well defined critical value.", "contents": "A bifurcation analysis of pattern formation in a diffusion governed morphogenetic field. We discuss from an analytical point of view the mechanism of pre-pattern formation in a diffusion governed morphogenetic field. The model here considered is a normalized form of one of the models, proposed by Gierer and Meinhardt, based on the general principle of lateral inhibition. The results, obtained in the framework of bifurcation theory, shows that there is a spontaneous formation of a gradient both for activator and inhibitor concentrations if the ratio between the mean squares of the diffusion ranges of inhibitor and activator is greater than a well defined critical value.", "PMID": 845509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6698", "title": "A model for macromolecular selection in complementary instructing systems.", "content": "In this paper we consider a model for the selection and evolution of biological macromolecules when their reproduction is based on complementary instruction. The model is an extension of one of Eigen's models for selection and takes in account explicitly the formation of both single stranded and double stranded molecular complexes. We construct exact solutions to the rate equations for the case of constant rate parameters and error distributions. Criteria for selection are discussed.", "contents": "A model for macromolecular selection in complementary instructing systems. In this paper we consider a model for the selection and evolution of biological macromolecules when their reproduction is based on complementary instruction. The model is an extension of one of Eigen's models for selection and takes in account explicitly the formation of both single stranded and double stranded molecular complexes. We construct exact solutions to the rate equations for the case of constant rate parameters and error distributions. Criteria for selection are discussed.", "PMID": 845510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6699", "title": "Pattern prediction for moving cells.", "content": "A continuous-time Markov chain model consisting of four positional and directional states is used to predict the eventual relative positioning of two motile cell types. It is assumed that the period of observation is small in comparison with the generation time of both cell types. The method is useful in predicting developmental phenomena and is applicable to complex patterns involving more than two types of cells.", "contents": "Pattern prediction for moving cells. A continuous-time Markov chain model consisting of four positional and directional states is used to predict the eventual relative positioning of two motile cell types. It is assumed that the period of observation is small in comparison with the generation time of both cell types. The method is useful in predicting developmental phenomena and is applicable to complex patterns involving more than two types of cells.", "PMID": 845511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6700", "title": "Some population genetic models combining artificial and natural selection pressures in the presence of assortative mating.", "content": "We have attempted quantitatively through a series of assortative mating models to gain insight into the interaction between the usually antagonistic tendencies of artifical and natural selection pressures. We summarize some of the robust conclusions. In cases where natural selection is expressed only through the phenotype and acts in the opposite direction to the culling incline, then fixation of the dominant or recessive type can be achieved and which occurs depends critically on the initial composition of the population and the magnitude of the degree of culling compared to the selection coefficients. With traits determined at two loci in the case that the double heterozygote is the desired kind, the effect of selfing can only be overcome by very strong artificial selection pressures (high culling order). The degree of culling to achieve its objective can be relaxed with weakening of linkage. The relevant comparison is r2+(1-r)2less than 2(1-c) indicating the precise extent of culling needed, to prevent fixation. The relationships are more complex when natural selection forces are also involved (see Model IV).", "contents": "Some population genetic models combining artificial and natural selection pressures in the presence of assortative mating. We have attempted quantitatively through a series of assortative mating models to gain insight into the interaction between the usually antagonistic tendencies of artifical and natural selection pressures. We summarize some of the robust conclusions. In cases where natural selection is expressed only through the phenotype and acts in the opposite direction to the culling incline, then fixation of the dominant or recessive type can be achieved and which occurs depends critically on the initial composition of the population and the magnitude of the degree of culling compared to the selection coefficients. With traits determined at two loci in the case that the double heterozygote is the desired kind, the effect of selfing can only be overcome by very strong artificial selection pressures (high culling order). The degree of culling to achieve its objective can be relaxed with weakening of linkage. The relevant comparison is r2+(1-r)2less than 2(1-c) indicating the precise extent of culling needed, to prevent fixation. The relationships are more complex when natural selection forces are also involved (see Model IV).", "PMID": 845512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6701", "title": "On periodic solutions of a delay integral equation modelling epidemics.", "content": "A delay-integral equation, proposed by Cooke and Kaplan in [1] as a model of epidemics, is studied. The focus of this work is on the qualitative behavor of solutions as a certain parameter is allowed to vary. It is shown that if a certain threshold is not exceeded then solutions tend to zero exponentially while if this threshold is exceeded, periodic solutions exist. Many features or the numerical studies in [1] are explained.", "contents": "On periodic solutions of a delay integral equation modelling epidemics. A delay-integral equation, proposed by Cooke and Kaplan in [1] as a model of epidemics, is studied. The focus of this work is on the qualitative behavor of solutions as a certain parameter is allowed to vary. It is shown that if a certain threshold is not exceeded then solutions tend to zero exponentially while if this threshold is exceeded, periodic solutions exist. Many features or the numerical studies in [1] are explained.", "PMID": 845513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6702", "title": "Processing visual signals with nonlinear spatial filters.", "content": "The properties of nonlinear spatial filters as a major part of the peripheral nervous system are investigated with respect to processing of two types of signals: a deterministic stepfunction and Graussian noise. The nonlinearity of the nerve cell is treated as a threshold element. It is shown that certain unfavorable characteristics of linear filters do not occur in such nonlinear filters. The basic nonlinear effects of combined space-time-filtering are demonstrated by using bandpass filters. Time-and space-dependent noise is applied to the nonlinear bandpass. The two subsystems formed by linear bandpass section and the threshold are treated separately. Two examples for the application of nonlinear spatial filtering are given.", "contents": "Processing visual signals with nonlinear spatial filters. The properties of nonlinear spatial filters as a major part of the peripheral nervous system are investigated with respect to processing of two types of signals: a deterministic stepfunction and Graussian noise. The nonlinearity of the nerve cell is treated as a threshold element. It is shown that certain unfavorable characteristics of linear filters do not occur in such nonlinear filters. The basic nonlinear effects of combined space-time-filtering are demonstrated by using bandpass filters. Time-and space-dependent noise is applied to the nonlinear bandpass. The two subsystems formed by linear bandpass section and the threshold are treated separately. Two examples for the application of nonlinear spatial filtering are given.", "PMID": 845514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6703", "title": "Ovarian venous blood flow in non-pregnant and pregnant rats.", "content": "A modified venous outflow technique was used to measure ovarian blood flow in the rat. The rate of flow through the right ovary was 0-198+/-0-009 (S.E.M.), 0-476+/-0-076 and 0-958+/-0-162 ml/min in six Day 0 (dioestrous), five Day 16 and six Day 22 pregnant rats respectively. The intravenous administration of 50 i.u. human chorionic gonadotrophin increased ovarian blood flow by 26+/-4, 57+/-19 and 46+/-9% respectively, from 2 to 8 min after the injection. The present ovarian venous outflow results are substantially higher than those previously reported in the rat but agree with values determined with radioactive microspheres.", "contents": "Ovarian venous blood flow in non-pregnant and pregnant rats. A modified venous outflow technique was used to measure ovarian blood flow in the rat. The rate of flow through the right ovary was 0-198+/-0-009 (S.E.M.), 0-476+/-0-076 and 0-958+/-0-162 ml/min in six Day 0 (dioestrous), five Day 16 and six Day 22 pregnant rats respectively. The intravenous administration of 50 i.u. human chorionic gonadotrophin increased ovarian blood flow by 26+/-4, 57+/-19 and 46+/-9% respectively, from 2 to 8 min after the injection. The present ovarian venous outflow results are substantially higher than those previously reported in the rat but agree with values determined with radioactive microspheres.", "PMID": 845531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6704", "title": "Sexual behaviour of neonatally castrated rats injected during infancy with oestrogen and dihydrotestosterone.", "content": "Male rats were castrated on the day of birth (day 1) and injected with either testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, a synthetic oestrogen (RU 2858 + dihydrotestosterone, or oil from days 1 to 5. The aromatizable androgen, testosterone, and RU 2858 suppressed both cyclic gonadotrophin secretion, indicated by the absence of corpora lutea from implanted ovarian grafts, and the behavioural response to oestradiol benzoate + progesterone injections in adulthood. The 5alpha-reduced androgen, dihydrotestosterone alone did not affect gonadotrophin secretion or female receptive behaviour, but like testosterone, it increased penis development in response to testosterone propionate, and this was positively correlated with copulatory efficiency, i.e. the ratio of intromission to mount frequencies. Nevertheless, ejaculation only occurred among animals that had received testosterone or RU 2858 + dihydrotestosterone. The results support the concept that during the preinatal period, neural conversion of androgens to oestrogens is important both for the suppression of female gonadotrophin secretion and behaviour patterns as well as for the organization of male behaviour patterns. The 5alpha-reduction of unsaturated C19-steriods to dihydrotestosterone in peripheral tissues is also required to complete the development of the male genital tract.", "contents": "Sexual behaviour of neonatally castrated rats injected during infancy with oestrogen and dihydrotestosterone. Male rats were castrated on the day of birth (day 1) and injected with either testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, a synthetic oestrogen (RU 2858 + dihydrotestosterone, or oil from days 1 to 5. The aromatizable androgen, testosterone, and RU 2858 suppressed both cyclic gonadotrophin secretion, indicated by the absence of corpora lutea from implanted ovarian grafts, and the behavioural response to oestradiol benzoate + progesterone injections in adulthood. The 5alpha-reduced androgen, dihydrotestosterone alone did not affect gonadotrophin secretion or female receptive behaviour, but like testosterone, it increased penis development in response to testosterone propionate, and this was positively correlated with copulatory efficiency, i.e. the ratio of intromission to mount frequencies. Nevertheless, ejaculation only occurred among animals that had received testosterone or RU 2858 + dihydrotestosterone. The results support the concept that during the preinatal period, neural conversion of androgens to oestrogens is important both for the suppression of female gonadotrophin secretion and behaviour patterns as well as for the organization of male behaviour patterns. The 5alpha-reduction of unsaturated C19-steriods to dihydrotestosterone in peripheral tissues is also required to complete the development of the male genital tract.", "PMID": 845532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6705", "title": "Protein biosynthesis in vitro by the pars intermedia of the mouse pituitary gland.", "content": "During short-term incubations of isolated posterior pituitary glands of the mouse, isotopically labelled amino acids were incorporated into protein by the cells of the pars intermedia. Using labelled leucine, 5-10% of incorporated label was found in a protein (P1) with a molecular weight of about 75 000. Protein P1 could be isoalted from both fresh and incubated tissue, and was a normal and indeed major, secretory product of the ppars intermedia. constituting more than 50% of the protein present.", "contents": "Protein biosynthesis in vitro by the pars intermedia of the mouse pituitary gland. During short-term incubations of isolated posterior pituitary glands of the mouse, isotopically labelled amino acids were incorporated into protein by the cells of the pars intermedia. Using labelled leucine, 5-10% of incorporated label was found in a protein (P1) with a molecular weight of about 75 000. Protein P1 could be isoalted from both fresh and incubated tissue, and was a normal and indeed major, secretory product of the ppars intermedia. constituting more than 50% of the protein present.", "PMID": 845533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6706", "title": "Decidualization and ovum-implantation in spayed mice treated with oestriol.", "content": "Single injections of oestriol were partially effective in sensitizing the uterus to a decidual stimulus and inducing ovum-implantation in progesterone-treated spayed mice, whereas two injections (6 h apart) were fully effective. It seems that in the progestational uterus, as in the non-progestational organ, oestriol can induce a full oestrogenic response provided that its level in the target organ is maintained. It is also concluded that ovum-implantation is not triggered by some transient early effect of oestrogen, but requires about 12 h of sustained oestrogen action for its successful completion.", "contents": "Decidualization and ovum-implantation in spayed mice treated with oestriol. Single injections of oestriol were partially effective in sensitizing the uterus to a decidual stimulus and inducing ovum-implantation in progesterone-treated spayed mice, whereas two injections (6 h apart) were fully effective. It seems that in the progestational uterus, as in the non-progestational organ, oestriol can induce a full oestrogenic response provided that its level in the target organ is maintained. It is also concluded that ovum-implantation is not triggered by some transient early effect of oestrogen, but requires about 12 h of sustained oestrogen action for its successful completion.", "PMID": 845534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6707", "title": "Morphine tolerance acquisition as an associative process.", "content": "The results of several experiments supported the proposal that morphine analgesic tolerance is a manifestation of an association between the drug administration ritual and the systemic effects of the drug: (a) Presenting environmental cues previously associated with morphine, but without the drug, attenuated established tolerance (i.e., morphine tolerance can be extinguished), (b) repeated presentations of the morphine administration procedure, prior to its pairing with the opiate, retarded the acquisition of tolerance (i.e., morphine tolerance is subject to \"latent inhibition\"), and (c) placebo sessions interspersed between morphine sessions deleteriously affected the development of tolerance (i.e., morphine tolerance is subject to the decremental effects of partial reinforcement). These findings appear inexplicable by most traditional theories of tolerance, which do not emphasize the role of drug-associated environmental cues in the development of tolerance. Additionally, it is suggested that the conditioning analysis of tolerance is congenial with a current view of habituation, and there may be a similar associative basis for the response decrement to both endogenous and exogenous iterative stimulation.", "contents": "Morphine tolerance acquisition as an associative process. The results of several experiments supported the proposal that morphine analgesic tolerance is a manifestation of an association between the drug administration ritual and the systemic effects of the drug: (a) Presenting environmental cues previously associated with morphine, but without the drug, attenuated established tolerance (i.e., morphine tolerance can be extinguished), (b) repeated presentations of the morphine administration procedure, prior to its pairing with the opiate, retarded the acquisition of tolerance (i.e., morphine tolerance is subject to \"latent inhibition\"), and (c) placebo sessions interspersed between morphine sessions deleteriously affected the development of tolerance (i.e., morphine tolerance is subject to the decremental effects of partial reinforcement). These findings appear inexplicable by most traditional theories of tolerance, which do not emphasize the role of drug-associated environmental cues in the development of tolerance. Additionally, it is suggested that the conditioning analysis of tolerance is congenial with a current view of habituation, and there may be a similar associative basis for the response decrement to both endogenous and exogenous iterative stimulation.", "PMID": 845541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6708", "title": "Pairing novel exteroceptive cues and illness reduces illness-induced taste aversions.", "content": "Four experiments are reported that lead to the conclusion that pairing novel exteroceptive stimulation (placement into a black compartment) with a poison (lithium chloride) attenuates the development of an aversion to a taste (saccharin) subsequently paired with the poison. Such an attenuation effect occurs whether the exteroceptive cues are present or absent when the taste-poison pairing is administered. Interpretation and implications of this finding are discussed.", "contents": "Pairing novel exteroceptive cues and illness reduces illness-induced taste aversions. Four experiments are reported that lead to the conclusion that pairing novel exteroceptive stimulation (placement into a black compartment) with a poison (lithium chloride) attenuates the development of an aversion to a taste (saccharin) subsequently paired with the poison. Such an attenuation effect occurs whether the exteroceptive cues are present or absent when the taste-poison pairing is administered. Interpretation and implications of this finding are discussed.", "PMID": 845542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6709", "title": "Disruption of a taste familiarity effect by novel exteroceptive stimulation.", "content": "Preexposed or familiar tastes are normally retarded relative to novel tastes in acquiring aversive properties as a consequence of being paired with an illness-inducing event. Four experiments are reported which demonstrate that such a taste familiarity effect can be significantly disrupted by exposing the animal to novel exteroceptive stimulation just prior to conditioning with the familiar taste. Implications of this finding for theories of taste aversion learning are discussed, and two potential theoretical accounts of the data are suggested.", "contents": "Disruption of a taste familiarity effect by novel exteroceptive stimulation. Preexposed or familiar tastes are normally retarded relative to novel tastes in acquiring aversive properties as a consequence of being paired with an illness-inducing event. Four experiments are reported which demonstrate that such a taste familiarity effect can be significantly disrupted by exposing the animal to novel exteroceptive stimulation just prior to conditioning with the familiar taste. Implications of this finding for theories of taste aversion learning are discussed, and two potential theoretical accounts of the data are suggested.", "PMID": 845543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6710", "title": "Selective suppression of drinking during a limited period following aversive drug treatment in rats.", "content": "Administration of lithium chloride disrupted the intake of flavored solutions but not water in rats. This intake suppression was directly related to the amount of lithium administered (Experiment 1), occurred with both palatable and unpalatable novel saccharin solutions (Experiment 2), but was only observed if subjects were tested starting less than 75 min. after lithium treatment (Experiment 3). Twenty-five daily exposures to saccharin did not attenuate the effect (Experiment 4). However, in saccharin-reared and vinegar-reared rats, lithium did not disrupt consumption of the solutions these subjects had access to throughout life, even though suppressions of intake were observed when these subjects were tested with novel flavors (Experiment 5). The selective disruption of drinking is interpreted as a novelty-dependent sensitization reaction to the discomfort of aversive drug administration.", "contents": "Selective suppression of drinking during a limited period following aversive drug treatment in rats. Administration of lithium chloride disrupted the intake of flavored solutions but not water in rats. This intake suppression was directly related to the amount of lithium administered (Experiment 1), occurred with both palatable and unpalatable novel saccharin solutions (Experiment 2), but was only observed if subjects were tested starting less than 75 min. after lithium treatment (Experiment 3). Twenty-five daily exposures to saccharin did not attenuate the effect (Experiment 4). However, in saccharin-reared and vinegar-reared rats, lithium did not disrupt consumption of the solutions these subjects had access to throughout life, even though suppressions of intake were observed when these subjects were tested with novel flavors (Experiment 5). The selective disruption of drinking is interpreted as a novelty-dependent sensitization reaction to the discomfort of aversive drug administration.", "PMID": 845544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6711", "title": "Conditioned stimulus as a determinant of the form of the Pavlovian conditioned response.", "content": "The role of the conditioned stimulus (CS) as a determinant of the form of the Pavlovian conditioned response (CR) was investigated in five experiments. Both stabilimeter measures of general activity and detailed observations of the behavior of the rat subjects in the presence of CSs anticipatory to a food unconditioned stimulus (US) were obtained. In Experiment 1, substantially different behaviors to light and tone CSs were observed; further, these differences were found to be dependent on specific learning experience rather than on the mere presence of different stimulation at the time of response evocation. Experiments 2 and 3 investigated the possibility that there was considerable communality of learning to light and tone CSs despite their evoking different CRs. In Experiment 2, prior conditioning of either the tone or light CS was found to block the acquisition of various behaviors to the added element when a light-tone compound stimulus was reinforced, even though the pretrained stimulus did not itself evoke those behaviors. In Experiment 3, the nature of second-order conditioned responding was found to be similar regardless of which first-order CS was used as the reinforcer. Additionally, the reinforcing powers of the light and tone CSs were found to summate. Experiments 4 and 5 examined behaviors to a variety of visual and auditory stimuli paired with food. Stimulus modality and the localizability and vertical location of visual stimuli were found to influence conditioned responding. These results suggested that in this conditioning situation, similar learning of a CS-US relation may be displayed in different overt CRs, depending on the nature of the CS.", "contents": "Conditioned stimulus as a determinant of the form of the Pavlovian conditioned response. The role of the conditioned stimulus (CS) as a determinant of the form of the Pavlovian conditioned response (CR) was investigated in five experiments. Both stabilimeter measures of general activity and detailed observations of the behavior of the rat subjects in the presence of CSs anticipatory to a food unconditioned stimulus (US) were obtained. In Experiment 1, substantially different behaviors to light and tone CSs were observed; further, these differences were found to be dependent on specific learning experience rather than on the mere presence of different stimulation at the time of response evocation. Experiments 2 and 3 investigated the possibility that there was considerable communality of learning to light and tone CSs despite their evoking different CRs. In Experiment 2, prior conditioning of either the tone or light CS was found to block the acquisition of various behaviors to the added element when a light-tone compound stimulus was reinforced, even though the pretrained stimulus did not itself evoke those behaviors. In Experiment 3, the nature of second-order conditioned responding was found to be similar regardless of which first-order CS was used as the reinforcer. Additionally, the reinforcing powers of the light and tone CSs were found to summate. Experiments 4 and 5 examined behaviors to a variety of visual and auditory stimuli paired with food. Stimulus modality and the localizability and vertical location of visual stimuli were found to influence conditioned responding. These results suggested that in this conditioning situation, similar learning of a CS-US relation may be displayed in different overt CRs, depending on the nature of the CS.", "PMID": 845545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6712", "title": "Effects of bilirubin on red cell metabolism.", "content": "Blirubin causes certain defects in erythrocyte metabolism, mainly in glycolysis. These effects of bilirubin were studied in vitro using a relatively physiological assay medium, which consisted of heparinized whole blood. Bilirubin was added in a small quantity of NaOH solution. In the presence of bilirubin a reduced glucose consumption of red cells and an accelerated depletion in the ATP and glycerate-2,3-bisphosphate concentration was found. Bilirubin levels lower than 50 mumol/l did not influence the glucose consumption. In agreement to other investigations it was established that bilirubin causes haemolysis of red cells. ATP-deficient cells are more sensitive to this effect.", "contents": "Effects of bilirubin on red cell metabolism. Blirubin causes certain defects in erythrocyte metabolism, mainly in glycolysis. These effects of bilirubin were studied in vitro using a relatively physiological assay medium, which consisted of heparinized whole blood. Bilirubin was added in a small quantity of NaOH solution. In the presence of bilirubin a reduced glucose consumption of red cells and an accelerated depletion in the ATP and glycerate-2,3-bisphosphate concentration was found. Bilirubin levels lower than 50 mumol/l did not influence the glucose consumption. In agreement to other investigations it was established that bilirubin causes haemolysis of red cells. ATP-deficient cells are more sensitive to this effect.", "PMID": 845546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6713", "title": "[Determination of the urinary metabolites hydroxyindole-acetic acid, vanillyl mandelic acid and homovanillic acid by means of lipophilic gel chromatography and gas chromatography (author's transl)].", "content": "A specific and practicable method is described for the quantitative determination of urinary phenol- and indole-carboxylic acids. High specificity is achieved by a preliminary separation of the free acids (extracted from the urine sample) with the aid of organophilic gel chromatography on Sephadex LH 20, followed by gas chromatographic analysis of the silyl derivatives of the acids. The organophilic gel chromatography of the free acids shows a high recovery rate in the micro- and submicrogram range. The difficulties encountered in other techniques in the derivatisation and gas chromatographic separation of the individual components are avoided by using the preliminary separation, and by using N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyl-trifluoroacetamide for the derivatisation. Use of this preparation technique with a direct read-out gas chromatograph with automatic sample introduction, gives high accuracy and precision, and a facility for the determination of a wide range of aromatic acids in urine.", "contents": "[Determination of the urinary metabolites hydroxyindole-acetic acid, vanillyl mandelic acid and homovanillic acid by means of lipophilic gel chromatography and gas chromatography (author's transl)]. A specific and practicable method is described for the quantitative determination of urinary phenol- and indole-carboxylic acids. High specificity is achieved by a preliminary separation of the free acids (extracted from the urine sample) with the aid of organophilic gel chromatography on Sephadex LH 20, followed by gas chromatographic analysis of the silyl derivatives of the acids. The organophilic gel chromatography of the free acids shows a high recovery rate in the micro- and submicrogram range. The difficulties encountered in other techniques in the derivatisation and gas chromatographic separation of the individual components are avoided by using the preliminary separation, and by using N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyl-trifluoroacetamide for the derivatisation. Use of this preparation technique with a direct read-out gas chromatograph with automatic sample introduction, gives high accuracy and precision, and a facility for the determination of a wide range of aromatic acids in urine.", "PMID": 845547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6714", "title": "[Comparison of amino acids in human serum and plasma (author's transl)].", "content": "Using standardized analytical methods amino acids in human serum and plasma were compared. Identical concentrations of the studied amino acids are found in serum and plasma, which are prepared immediately after blood sampling. If protein precipitation is performed after storage of the serum sample at 4 degrees C or 22 degrees C for 10 or 24 hours, concentrations of some amino acids are significantly changed.", "contents": "[Comparison of amino acids in human serum and plasma (author's transl)]. Using standardized analytical methods amino acids in human serum and plasma were compared. Identical concentrations of the studied amino acids are found in serum and plasma, which are prepared immediately after blood sampling. If protein precipitation is performed after storage of the serum sample at 4 degrees C or 22 degrees C for 10 or 24 hours, concentrations of some amino acids are significantly changed.", "PMID": 845548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6715", "title": "Recognition of random shapes followed at varying delays by attended or unattended shapes, digits, and line grids.", "content": "Three experiments evaluated the effect of poststimulus distractor characteristics in altering recognition of random shapes. Experiment 1 demonstrated that when 150 msec or 300 msec were allowed for processing the initial shape stimulus, recognition was lowered only when it was followed by an attended shape or digit distractor. Unattended shapes, digits, and line grids and attended line grids left recognition essentially perfect. Attended shapes lowered recognition more than attended digits. Experiment 2 found that attended shapes, digits, and line grids all masked random shapes when presented immediately upon offset of a random shape displayed for 50 msec. As processing time increased, digit distractors became less effective than shape distractors, while line grids lost all effect. The shape distractors lowered recognition up to 1,200 msec. Experiment 3 showed that the larger recognition loss produced by the shape distractor than by the digit distractor could not be attributed to differences in response procedure. It was suggested that memory for random shapes moves from brief visual storage to a limited capacity visual short-term memory. Attended shape distractors may eliminate the stimulus shape from visual short-term memory thus preventing long-term storage.", "contents": "Recognition of random shapes followed at varying delays by attended or unattended shapes, digits, and line grids. Three experiments evaluated the effect of poststimulus distractor characteristics in altering recognition of random shapes. Experiment 1 demonstrated that when 150 msec or 300 msec were allowed for processing the initial shape stimulus, recognition was lowered only when it was followed by an attended shape or digit distractor. Unattended shapes, digits, and line grids and attended line grids left recognition essentially perfect. Attended shapes lowered recognition more than attended digits. Experiment 2 found that attended shapes, digits, and line grids all masked random shapes when presented immediately upon offset of a random shape displayed for 50 msec. As processing time increased, digit distractors became less effective than shape distractors, while line grids lost all effect. The shape distractors lowered recognition up to 1,200 msec. Experiment 3 showed that the larger recognition loss produced by the shape distractor than by the digit distractor could not be attributed to differences in response procedure. It was suggested that memory for random shapes moves from brief visual storage to a limited capacity visual short-term memory. Attended shape distractors may eliminate the stimulus shape from visual short-term memory thus preventing long-term storage.", "PMID": 845549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6716", "title": "Acquisition and retention of verbal associations to olfactory and abstract visual stimuli of varying similarity.", "content": "The similarity among a set of stimuli used in a paired-associate (PA) task was controlled by psychological scaling. Three lists of odorants and two lists of abstract figures (forms) with six stimuli in each list were constructed to have varying degrees of intralist similarity. Independent groups learned to associate digit responses with one stimulus list in a PA training session. Recognition of training stimuli presented among 12 distractor stimuli and recall of the associations was tested after 7 days. Within each modality, increased intralist similarity impaired PA acquisition. Between modalities, acquisition was inferior with the odor stimuli. During recognition testing, the olfactory modality supported inferior performance. In recall testing, equivalently learned responses in the two modalities were equally well retained. There appears to be a perceptual limitation in olfaction relative to vision that influences stimulus encoding and stimulus retrieval processes but that does not affect retrieval of associated responses.", "contents": "Acquisition and retention of verbal associations to olfactory and abstract visual stimuli of varying similarity. The similarity among a set of stimuli used in a paired-associate (PA) task was controlled by psychological scaling. Three lists of odorants and two lists of abstract figures (forms) with six stimuli in each list were constructed to have varying degrees of intralist similarity. Independent groups learned to associate digit responses with one stimulus list in a PA training session. Recognition of training stimuli presented among 12 distractor stimuli and recall of the associations was tested after 7 days. Within each modality, increased intralist similarity impaired PA acquisition. Between modalities, acquisition was inferior with the odor stimuli. During recognition testing, the olfactory modality supported inferior performance. In recall testing, equivalently learned responses in the two modalities were equally well retained. There appears to be a perceptual limitation in olfaction relative to vision that influences stimulus encoding and stimulus retrieval processes but that does not affect retrieval of associated responses.", "PMID": 845550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6717", "title": "Associations to odors: interference, mnemonics, and verbal labeling.", "content": "In a paired-associate paradigm using odors as stimuli and pictures for multiple-choice responses, the first of two associations to an odor was retained far better than the second over a 2-week period. The persistence of first-learned associations may be responsible for the long lasting nature of odor memories. Subjects reported constructing mediational schemes for mnemonic devices to link the odors and pictures. Latencies for a task of naming odors indicated that although naming odors is difficult, labels could be generated sufficiently fast that they could be employed as mediators in the paired-associate task. A third task investigated the phenomenon of knowing that an odor was familiar but being unable to name it. Subjects in this tip-of-the-nose state were questioned about the odor quality and the name of the odor and were given hints about the name. These subjects were found to have information available about the odor quality but none for the name as found in the tip-of-the-tongue state. However, as in the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, hints given to the subjects in the tip-of-the-nose state often led to the correct name.", "contents": "Associations to odors: interference, mnemonics, and verbal labeling. In a paired-associate paradigm using odors as stimuli and pictures for multiple-choice responses, the first of two associations to an odor was retained far better than the second over a 2-week period. The persistence of first-learned associations may be responsible for the long lasting nature of odor memories. Subjects reported constructing mediational schemes for mnemonic devices to link the odors and pictures. Latencies for a task of naming odors indicated that although naming odors is difficult, labels could be generated sufficiently fast that they could be employed as mediators in the paired-associate task. A third task investigated the phenomenon of knowing that an odor was familiar but being unable to name it. Subjects in this tip-of-the-nose state were questioned about the odor quality and the name of the odor and were given hints about the name. These subjects were found to have information available about the odor quality but none for the name as found in the tip-of-the-tongue state. However, as in the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, hints given to the subjects in the tip-of-the-nose state often led to the correct name.", "PMID": 845551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6718", "title": "Recognition memory for single tones with and without context.", "content": "Sequences of seven tones were presented, and recognition memory for individual tones of each sequence was tested under varying degrees of context. With no context, the test required recognition of a tone isolated from the sequence; with full context, the tone to be recognized was embedded in the original sequence. A series of three experiments demonstrated that recognition memory was far more accurate under full-context conditions than under no-context conditions and that the superiority was not wholly attributable to the serial position information or the order information provided by the full context. It is suggested that in addition to the processing of limited information for the pitch of isolated tones, pattern (or relational) information is abstracted from a tone sequence and is retrieved in the presence of full context.", "contents": "Recognition memory for single tones with and without context. Sequences of seven tones were presented, and recognition memory for individual tones of each sequence was tested under varying degrees of context. With no context, the test required recognition of a tone isolated from the sequence; with full context, the tone to be recognized was embedded in the original sequence. A series of three experiments demonstrated that recognition memory was far more accurate under full-context conditions than under no-context conditions and that the superiority was not wholly attributable to the serial position information or the order information provided by the full context. It is suggested that in addition to the processing of limited information for the pitch of isolated tones, pattern (or relational) information is abstracted from a tone sequence and is retrieved in the presence of full context.", "PMID": 845552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6719", "title": "Contextual influences on judgments of linear extent.", "content": "A series of experiments was performed to test the predictions of adaptation level, efferent readiness, and framing explanations of illusions of extent. The framing notion, that the ratio of total figure length to shaft length (i.e., the framing ratio) determines the magnitude of illusions, was supported for the M\u00fcller-Lyer, Baldwin, and divided line illusions. Peak overestimation of shaft length obtained when the framing ratio was 3:2. Variation of proximal figure size, achieved by altering either viewing distance or distal figure size, was found to be directly related to the magnitude of the illusions. A model was proposed to account for the effects of both the framing ratio and proximal shaft length on judgments of focal length.", "contents": "Contextual influences on judgments of linear extent. A series of experiments was performed to test the predictions of adaptation level, efferent readiness, and framing explanations of illusions of extent. The framing notion, that the ratio of total figure length to shaft length (i.e., the framing ratio) determines the magnitude of illusions, was supported for the M\u00fcller-Lyer, Baldwin, and divided line illusions. Peak overestimation of shaft length obtained when the framing ratio was 3:2. Variation of proximal figure size, achieved by altering either viewing distance or distal figure size, was found to be directly related to the magnitude of the illusions. A model was proposed to account for the effects of both the framing ratio and proximal shaft length on judgments of focal length.", "PMID": 845553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6720", "title": "Comparative judgment: tests of two theories using the Baldwin figure.", "content": "Two theories of comparative judgment were compared across four experiments on their ability to explain the Baldwin figure, a focal line whose apparent length is affected by square boxes at or near its endpoints. Left-box size, right-box size, line length, line-box distance, and other variables were varied in factorial designs to allow application of functional measurement methodology. The model from adaptation level theory did poorly in several respects. In particular, it had trouble with the pervasive lack of contrast. Further, it could not account for the fact that a box added contralaterally increased the illusion, whereas the same box added ipsilaterally decreased the illusion. The model from information integration theory did substantially better, though it too had trouble with some of the results. An alternative interpretation was suggested in which the Baldwin figure is viewed as a positive context or assimilation effect. This positive context formulation may generalize to other illusions, such as those produced by the M\u00fcller-Lyer and Ponzo figures.", "contents": "Comparative judgment: tests of two theories using the Baldwin figure. Two theories of comparative judgment were compared across four experiments on their ability to explain the Baldwin figure, a focal line whose apparent length is affected by square boxes at or near its endpoints. Left-box size, right-box size, line length, line-box distance, and other variables were varied in factorial designs to allow application of functional measurement methodology. The model from adaptation level theory did poorly in several respects. In particular, it had trouble with the pervasive lack of contrast. Further, it could not account for the fact that a box added contralaterally increased the illusion, whereas the same box added ipsilaterally decreased the illusion. The model from information integration theory did substantially better, though it too had trouble with some of the results. An alternative interpretation was suggested in which the Baldwin figure is viewed as a positive context or assimilation effect. This positive context formulation may generalize to other illusions, such as those produced by the M\u00fcller-Lyer and Ponzo figures.", "PMID": 845554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6721", "title": "Perceptual load in searching for sloping colored lines camouflaged by colored backgrounds: a separate-groups investigation.", "content": "Altogether 168 men searched briefly for colored sloping lines embedded in a background of random color. Using a separate-groups experimental design, search for six kinds of target was found to be less effective after practice than search for a single kind of target. Reducing the number of colors of targets from three to one was considerably more beneficial than reducing the number of main directions of slope from two to one. Reducing the number of kinds of target without reducing the number of relevant stimulus values was also found to improve the effectiveness of search, but search was even more effective when the number of relevant stimulus colors was reduced. The results can be predicted from the total number of selection operations required. However, a more precise fit needs to reflect the considerably greater difficulty of searching for a number of directions of slope. When targets were poorly camouflaged, search was equally effective whether there were four colors or only a single color of target to search for.", "contents": "Perceptual load in searching for sloping colored lines camouflaged by colored backgrounds: a separate-groups investigation. Altogether 168 men searched briefly for colored sloping lines embedded in a background of random color. Using a separate-groups experimental design, search for six kinds of target was found to be less effective after practice than search for a single kind of target. Reducing the number of colors of targets from three to one was considerably more beneficial than reducing the number of main directions of slope from two to one. Reducing the number of kinds of target without reducing the number of relevant stimulus values was also found to improve the effectiveness of search, but search was even more effective when the number of relevant stimulus colors was reduced. The results can be predicted from the total number of selection operations required. However, a more precise fit needs to reflect the considerably greater difficulty of searching for a number of directions of slope. When targets were poorly camouflaged, search was equally effective whether there were four colors or only a single color of target to search for.", "PMID": 845555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6722", "title": "Dynamic properties of radial and tangential movements as determinants of the haptic horizontal--vertical illusion with an L figure.", "content": "In four experiments involving blindfolded subjects, constant errors in the haptic judgment of extent in the horizontal plane were found to relate consistently to the time and velocity of limb movement. Radial movements, executed at a slower speed and for a longer time, are judged longer than tangential movements of equal extent. The data were considered in relation to certain physiological and kinematic properties of the actively moving limb. Taken together with additional information on judgments of movement duration, the results suggest that the illusion of extent is modulated by the perception of differential time cues. In these terms, it was noted that the haptic horizontal-vertical illusion with the L figure is another instance of the interaction of apparent space and time commonly found in studies of psychological relativity.", "contents": "Dynamic properties of radial and tangential movements as determinants of the haptic horizontal--vertical illusion with an L figure. In four experiments involving blindfolded subjects, constant errors in the haptic judgment of extent in the horizontal plane were found to relate consistently to the time and velocity of limb movement. Radial movements, executed at a slower speed and for a longer time, are judged longer than tangential movements of equal extent. The data were considered in relation to certain physiological and kinematic properties of the actively moving limb. Taken together with additional information on judgments of movement duration, the results suggest that the illusion of extent is modulated by the perception of differential time cues. In these terms, it was noted that the haptic horizontal-vertical illusion with the L figure is another instance of the interaction of apparent space and time commonly found in studies of psychological relativity.", "PMID": 845556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6723", "title": "Ear differences in evaluating emotional tones of voice and verbal content.", "content": "Two experiments are presented in which lateralization of monaural, auditory input affected the evaluation of verbal passages. In Experiment 1, subjects listened to taped passages that consisted of three levels (positive, neutral, and negative) of tone of voice crossed with three similar levels of content or meaning, making a total of nine different tone/content combinations. Subjects rated these passages as positive, neutral, or negative, and although they were not instructed about which cues (tone or content) to use, 29 of 36 subjects who listened on the left ear primarily used the tone-of-voice cues to rate the passages, whereas 21 of 36 subjects who listened on the right ear used the content cues (p less than .01). In Experiment 2, subjects were asked to make objective ratings of both tone of voice and content. Subjects who listened on the right ear were more accurate in rating both cues. The lateral differences in evaluating the auditory stimuli are discussed in the framework of the left hemisphere's specialization for analytic processing of objective information and the right hemisphere's specialization for the holistic processing of subjective or emotional information. However, each hemisphere's specialization for tone and content cues can be greatly affected by the demands of the experimental task.", "contents": "Ear differences in evaluating emotional tones of voice and verbal content. Two experiments are presented in which lateralization of monaural, auditory input affected the evaluation of verbal passages. In Experiment 1, subjects listened to taped passages that consisted of three levels (positive, neutral, and negative) of tone of voice crossed with three similar levels of content or meaning, making a total of nine different tone/content combinations. Subjects rated these passages as positive, neutral, or negative, and although they were not instructed about which cues (tone or content) to use, 29 of 36 subjects who listened on the left ear primarily used the tone-of-voice cues to rate the passages, whereas 21 of 36 subjects who listened on the right ear used the content cues (p less than .01). In Experiment 2, subjects were asked to make objective ratings of both tone of voice and content. Subjects who listened on the right ear were more accurate in rating both cues. The lateral differences in evaluating the auditory stimuli are discussed in the framework of the left hemisphere's specialization for analytic processing of objective information and the right hemisphere's specialization for the holistic processing of subjective or emotional information. However, each hemisphere's specialization for tone and content cues can be greatly affected by the demands of the experimental task.", "PMID": 845557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6724", "title": "Sequential effects in judgments of loudness.", "content": "A multiple regression analysis of sequential effects in magnitude estimation and absolute identification is presented as an alternative to the approach used by Lockhead and his students. The new analysis indicates that sequential effects do not extend over more than one trial. This is in agreement with the response ratio hypothesis. A more detailed multiple regression analysis of these sequential effects indicates that the magnitude of the correlation between successive responses is heavily dependent on the decibel difference between successive signals. This is not in agreement with the response ratio hypothesis, and the hypothesis is reformulated to take account of this finding. This modification of the model is tested by comparing distributions of normalized responses to theoretical distributions suggested by the model and to a possible alternative distribution.", "contents": "Sequential effects in judgments of loudness. A multiple regression analysis of sequential effects in magnitude estimation and absolute identification is presented as an alternative to the approach used by Lockhead and his students. The new analysis indicates that sequential effects do not extend over more than one trial. This is in agreement with the response ratio hypothesis. A more detailed multiple regression analysis of these sequential effects indicates that the magnitude of the correlation between successive responses is heavily dependent on the decibel difference between successive signals. This is not in agreement with the response ratio hypothesis, and the hypothesis is reformulated to take account of this finding. This modification of the model is tested by comparing distributions of normalized responses to theoretical distributions suggested by the model and to a possible alternative distribution.", "PMID": 845558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6725", "title": "The symptom of chest pain in family practice.", "content": "A chart review study was conducted on 109 family practice patients with the complaint of chest pain. Overall and age-sex specific rates were established for chest pain of organic and of unproven etiology. Fifty percent of the chest pain was of unproven etiology after six months follow-up. The highest incidence rate of chest pain was in middle-aged males; they also had the highest incidence of chest pain of unproven etiology. For females, the highest rate of chest pain of unproven etiology was also in the 45 to 64-year age group. The greatest male-female differences for chest pain of unproven etiology were seen in the 15 to 24-year (female predominance) and the 25 to 44-year (male predominance) age groups. Patients with chest pain of unproven etiology had a significantly greater incidence of anxiety-depression than a control group (matched for age, sex, and practice) and a group of organic chest pain patients. Characteristics of the chest pain were also examined, but there were few differences in the description of the chest pain between the patients with chest pain of organic and unproven etiologies.", "contents": "The symptom of chest pain in family practice. A chart review study was conducted on 109 family practice patients with the complaint of chest pain. Overall and age-sex specific rates were established for chest pain of organic and of unproven etiology. Fifty percent of the chest pain was of unproven etiology after six months follow-up. The highest incidence rate of chest pain was in middle-aged males; they also had the highest incidence of chest pain of unproven etiology. For females, the highest rate of chest pain of unproven etiology was also in the 45 to 64-year age group. The greatest male-female differences for chest pain of unproven etiology were seen in the 15 to 24-year (female predominance) and the 25 to 44-year (male predominance) age groups. Patients with chest pain of unproven etiology had a significantly greater incidence of anxiety-depression than a control group (matched for age, sex, and practice) and a group of organic chest pain patients. Characteristics of the chest pain were also examined, but there were few differences in the description of the chest pain between the patients with chest pain of organic and unproven etiologies.", "PMID": 845561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6726", "title": "Benign hereditary nephritis.", "content": "The diagnosis, prognosis, and heredity of glomerulonephritis, in 207 members of one family over five generations was determined. No evidence of significant renal insufficiency or renal associated mortality was found. A history of urinary tract infections was obtained from 58 percent of those with hematuria. Several of those with nephritis also had high-frequency hearing losses. Two females with histories of urinary infections had elevated levels of serum creatinine. Many cases will probably be discovered if families are tested when a patient presents with benign recurrent hematuria with or without red blood cell casts. There may not be an obvious history of kidney disease or hematuria. Hereditary nephritis is not always a progressive renal disease.", "contents": "Benign hereditary nephritis. The diagnosis, prognosis, and heredity of glomerulonephritis, in 207 members of one family over five generations was determined. No evidence of significant renal insufficiency or renal associated mortality was found. A history of urinary tract infections was obtained from 58 percent of those with hematuria. Several of those with nephritis also had high-frequency hearing losses. Two females with histories of urinary infections had elevated levels of serum creatinine. Many cases will probably be discovered if families are tested when a patient presents with benign recurrent hematuria with or without red blood cell casts. There may not be an obvious history of kidney disease or hematuria. Hereditary nephritis is not always a progressive renal disease.", "PMID": 845562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6727", "title": "Genetic aspects of manic-depressive disease in family practice.", "content": "Bipolar affective disorder (manic-depressive disease) is a mental disturbance characterized by phases of both depression and mania. Mania is essential to the diagnosis and is characterized by elevated mood, flight of ideas, and increased psychomotor activity. Current psychiatric literature not only shows that this disease is familial but has also demonstrated, through linkage studies, that an X-linked dominant mode of inheritance adequately explains the strong prevalence of bipolar affective disorder in some families. The family discussed here shows many of the known clinical aspects of bipolar affective disorder. It serves as an example consistent with the X-linked dominant mode of inheritance. Knowledge of the genetic background of this disease aids the family physician by helping to identify members of the family likely to have acquired this condition. The family physician can then look for future problems in them and in their offspring, leading to earlier diagnosis and more effective management. Thus, a member of a  bipolar family with supposed unipolar illness (depression only) might be better served with the prophylactic use of lithium carbonate because of his likelihood of possessing a bipolar genotype. The prophylactic use of this drug has been shown effective in reducing the frequency, duration, and intensity of both manic and depressive mood swings.", "contents": "Genetic aspects of manic-depressive disease in family practice. Bipolar affective disorder (manic-depressive disease) is a mental disturbance characterized by phases of both depression and mania. Mania is essential to the diagnosis and is characterized by elevated mood, flight of ideas, and increased psychomotor activity. Current psychiatric literature not only shows that this disease is familial but has also demonstrated, through linkage studies, that an X-linked dominant mode of inheritance adequately explains the strong prevalence of bipolar affective disorder in some families. The family discussed here shows many of the known clinical aspects of bipolar affective disorder. It serves as an example consistent with the X-linked dominant mode of inheritance. Knowledge of the genetic background of this disease aids the family physician by helping to identify members of the family likely to have acquired this condition. The family physician can then look for future problems in them and in their offspring, leading to earlier diagnosis and more effective management. Thus, a member of a  bipolar family with supposed unipolar illness (depression only) might be better served with the prophylactic use of lithium carbonate because of his likelihood of possessing a bipolar genotype. The prophylactic use of this drug has been shown effective in reducing the frequency, duration, and intensity of both manic and depressive mood swings.", "PMID": 845563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6728", "title": "Evaluation and management of suicidal behavior.", "content": "The danger of suicide is highest in depressed older people, especially men who have sustained a loss, who have an attitude of hopelessness, and who have not resolved feelings of grief. Factors associated with greater risk are chronic or serious illness, divorced, separated or widowed marital status, white race, drug abuse, excessive use of alcohol, unemployment, and poor living conditions. Commonly, those who commit suicide have made previous attempts and have directly or indirectly communicated their intention to others. The family physician is in the front line in the recognition and prevention of suicide. In the treatment of the suicidal, the physician should maintain a strong positive relationship to the patient and be consistently dedicated to his care including availability to see the patient frequently and to receive phone calls in the middle of the night. Those with the most serious risk should be referred to a psychiatrist and hospitalized to protect them from their suicidal impulses. Psychotherapy, antidepressant and tranquilizer drugs, and electric shcok treatment are the main therapeutic approaches. The physician's capacity for empathy and emotional commitment is of greater importance than his professional credentials.", "contents": "Evaluation and management of suicidal behavior. The danger of suicide is highest in depressed older people, especially men who have sustained a loss, who have an attitude of hopelessness, and who have not resolved feelings of grief. Factors associated with greater risk are chronic or serious illness, divorced, separated or widowed marital status, white race, drug abuse, excessive use of alcohol, unemployment, and poor living conditions. Commonly, those who commit suicide have made previous attempts and have directly or indirectly communicated their intention to others. The family physician is in the front line in the recognition and prevention of suicide. In the treatment of the suicidal, the physician should maintain a strong positive relationship to the patient and be consistently dedicated to his care including availability to see the patient frequently and to receive phone calls in the middle of the night. Those with the most serious risk should be referred to a psychiatrist and hospitalized to protect them from their suicidal impulses. Psychotherapy, antidepressant and tranquilizer drugs, and electric shcok treatment are the main therapeutic approaches. The physician's capacity for empathy and emotional commitment is of greater importance than his professional credentials.", "PMID": 845564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6729", "title": "Practical aspects of prescribing drugs for ambulatory patients.", "content": "One of the largest areas of concern in ambulatory medicine is the treatment of patients with drugs. This is of importance in short-term, acute processes and is especially vital in treating long-term, chronic problems. There are three primary areas of concern in treating ambulatory patients: dosage forms, compliance to the prescribed regimen, and the multiplicity of drugs. This paper discusses the proper use of the various dosage forms available: liquid, tablets, suppositories, and ointments. The physician should be knowledgeable about the drugs he uses and should take a rational approach to the selection and prescription of drugs in everyday practice.", "contents": "Practical aspects of prescribing drugs for ambulatory patients. One of the largest areas of concern in ambulatory medicine is the treatment of patients with drugs. This is of importance in short-term, acute processes and is especially vital in treating long-term, chronic problems. There are three primary areas of concern in treating ambulatory patients: dosage forms, compliance to the prescribed regimen, and the multiplicity of drugs. This paper discusses the proper use of the various dosage forms available: liquid, tablets, suppositories, and ointments. The physician should be knowledgeable about the drugs he uses and should take a rational approach to the selection and prescription of drugs in everyday practice.", "PMID": 845565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6730", "title": "Strategy for defining the clinical content of family medicine.", "content": "The clinical content of family medicine is yet to be defined and arranged into a structured system of knowledge. To provide this systematic approach, it is suggested that a set of problem \"profiles\" could be identified as basic to family medicine, and binary decision and problem-solving chains identified for each. In addition, each problem profile might be expected to provide a consistent \"masquerading\" format for specific unusual problems. Certain \"red flags\" would be expected to be relevant to specific uncommon problems of medicine. A method of identifying these \"masquerades\" and \"red flags\" is proposed.", "contents": "Strategy for defining the clinical content of family medicine. The clinical content of family medicine is yet to be defined and arranged into a structured system of knowledge. To provide this systematic approach, it is suggested that a set of problem \"profiles\" could be identified as basic to family medicine, and binary decision and problem-solving chains identified for each. In addition, each problem profile might be expected to provide a consistent \"masquerading\" format for specific unusual problems. Certain \"red flags\" would be expected to be relevant to specific uncommon problems of medicine. A method of identifying these \"masquerades\" and \"red flags\" is proposed.", "PMID": 845566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6731", "title": "Effective use of patient resources: a training guide for family physicians.", "content": "Effective use of resources available to patients in their homes, in their neighborhoods, and in their communities can give the family physician much assistance in the provision of total health care to his patients and their families. Patients' resources can be divided into two broad categories--\"Personal\" and \"Institutional\". Examples of the former are family, church, neighbors, unions, etc. Institutional resources can be public or private, and they cover a broad spectrum of services. Patients' needs for dignity and independence are best served by Personal resources. Institutional resources should be used only for those services that cannot be met any other way. Success in using any resource requires an orderly five-step process which is presented and discussed in this paper.", "contents": "Effective use of patient resources: a training guide for family physicians. Effective use of resources available to patients in their homes, in their neighborhoods, and in their communities can give the family physician much assistance in the provision of total health care to his patients and their families. Patients' resources can be divided into two broad categories--\"Personal\" and \"Institutional\". Examples of the former are family, church, neighbors, unions, etc. Institutional resources can be public or private, and they cover a broad spectrum of services. Patients' needs for dignity and independence are best served by Personal resources. Institutional resources should be used only for those services that cannot be met any other way. Success in using any resource requires an orderly five-step process which is presented and discussed in this paper.", "PMID": 845567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6732", "title": "Behavioral science in family practice: an ethical imperative.", "content": "Behavioral science confronts at least three major problems within American medicine that must be overcome if the family physician of the future is to receive an adequate graduate education and maintain his professional integrity. Through increasing specialization, the once unified biological perspective of man was severely fragmented, and with increasing emphasis on the science of medicine, the disease process was objectified and reified. Twentieth century man joined his myth of technological mastery with medicine's desire to eliminate pain and suffering. This gave rise to the idea that life could be medically managed and existential dilemmas anesthetized. To overcome these problems behavioral science has two ethical issues to address in family medicine. First, behavioral science must restore the physician's sense of personhood by recognizing the person of the physician as the primary diagnostic and therapeutic \"tool\" of family practice. Second, behavioral science must help family practice refocus its professional responsibility on the social problems of the day. This will happen through a critical review of the custodial aspects of the physician's role and an emphasis on role innovation. Approaches to these two ethical issues at the Medical University of South Carolina family practice residency are described.", "contents": "Behavioral science in family practice: an ethical imperative. Behavioral science confronts at least three major problems within American medicine that must be overcome if the family physician of the future is to receive an adequate graduate education and maintain his professional integrity. Through increasing specialization, the once unified biological perspective of man was severely fragmented, and with increasing emphasis on the science of medicine, the disease process was objectified and reified. Twentieth century man joined his myth of technological mastery with medicine's desire to eliminate pain and suffering. This gave rise to the idea that life could be medically managed and existential dilemmas anesthetized. To overcome these problems behavioral science has two ethical issues to address in family medicine. First, behavioral science must restore the physician's sense of personhood by recognizing the person of the physician as the primary diagnostic and therapeutic \"tool\" of family practice. Second, behavioral science must help family practice refocus its professional responsibility on the social problems of the day. This will happen through a critical review of the custodial aspects of the physician's role and an emphasis on role innovation. Approaches to these two ethical issues at the Medical University of South Carolina family practice residency are described.", "PMID": 845568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6733", "title": "The Teacher Interest Profile Registry of AAFP: implementation and effectiveness.", "content": "In order to assist in the recruitment of physicians from practice into teaching during a period of rapid expansion in family practice education in the United States, the Division of Education of the American Academy of Family Physicians developed a computerized listing of members of the Academy who were interested in being contacted about available faculty positions. This computerized list, containing pertinent information about the professional qualifications of the registrants, became known as the Teacher Interest Profile Registry and was made available upon request to recruiting program administrators in 1974-1975. An evaluation of the utilization and effectiveness of the registry was conducted by staff of the Division of Education in the spring of 1975 by means of mailed questionnaries to the two groups utilizing the service: program administrators and physician-registrants. Results of these surveys revealed that one out of every eight programs using the registry was successful in recruiting one or more new faculty members, with a total of 27 new faculty reported as having been recruited through the use of this service. In view of the relative  success of this program in identifying potential faculty members and the continued interest and utilization of the service, academy leaders have decided to continue this service until it is no longer effective and/or needed.", "contents": "The Teacher Interest Profile Registry of AAFP: implementation and effectiveness. In order to assist in the recruitment of physicians from practice into teaching during a period of rapid expansion in family practice education in the United States, the Division of Education of the American Academy of Family Physicians developed a computerized listing of members of the Academy who were interested in being contacted about available faculty positions. This computerized list, containing pertinent information about the professional qualifications of the registrants, became known as the Teacher Interest Profile Registry and was made available upon request to recruiting program administrators in 1974-1975. An evaluation of the utilization and effectiveness of the registry was conducted by staff of the Division of Education in the spring of 1975 by means of mailed questionnaries to the two groups utilizing the service: program administrators and physician-registrants. Results of these surveys revealed that one out of every eight programs using the registry was successful in recruiting one or more new faculty members, with a total of 27 new faculty reported as having been recruited through the use of this service. In view of the relative  success of this program in identifying potential faculty members and the continued interest and utilization of the service, academy leaders have decided to continue this service until it is no longer effective and/or needed.", "PMID": 845569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6734", "title": "Use of video tape in teaching psychological medicine.", "content": "Video tapes have been used extensively in medical education and especially in training for family practice. This article describes the use of video-tape equipment in rural health centers at the Rockford School of Medicine, University of Illinois, College of Medicine. The video camera was incorporated into clinical transaction by having it operated by a psychiatrist-preceptor in the presence of the patient. This method makes available an intimate glimpse of the clinical situation, less disturbed by intrusive gadetry than has heretofore been possible. Patients seem mostly unaffected by the taping, so long as clinical personnal sanction it, and the function is firmly placed within the supportive bounds of the doctor-patient relationship.", "contents": "Use of video tape in teaching psychological medicine. Video tapes have been used extensively in medical education and especially in training for family practice. This article describes the use of video-tape equipment in rural health centers at the Rockford School of Medicine, University of Illinois, College of Medicine. The video camera was incorporated into clinical transaction by having it operated by a psychiatrist-preceptor in the presence of the patient. This method makes available an intimate glimpse of the clinical situation, less disturbed by intrusive gadetry than has heretofore been possible. Patients seem mostly unaffected by the taping, so long as clinical personnal sanction it, and the function is firmly placed within the supportive bounds of the doctor-patient relationship.", "PMID": 845570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6735", "title": "The CR Alpha Diagnostic Coding System for ambulatory care.", "content": "A three-digit code system for patient encounters in ambulatory care was constructed to meet the criteria of integrity, retrievability, flexibility, and acceptability. The system is distinguished from other comparable codes by the use of an alphabetical letter as a category designator, the provision of \"open\" areas within each category for the addition of new rubrics in appropriate sequence, and the availability of \"open\" categories for use in research or expansion. The system has the capacity to expand from 22 primary categories to 97 subheadings and to a maximum of 3,200 rubrics. The system uses both diagnostic and symptom-oriented rubrics. The diagnostic terms are adopted from the International Classification of Diseases, Adapted, Eighth Revision (ICDA-8) and the symptoms from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey Symptom Classification.", "contents": "The CR Alpha Diagnostic Coding System for ambulatory care. A three-digit code system for patient encounters in ambulatory care was constructed to meet the criteria of integrity, retrievability, flexibility, and acceptability. The system is distinguished from other comparable codes by the use of an alphabetical letter as a category designator, the provision of \"open\" areas within each category for the addition of new rubrics in appropriate sequence, and the availability of \"open\" categories for use in research or expansion. The system has the capacity to expand from 22 primary categories to 97 subheadings and to a maximum of 3,200 rubrics. The system uses both diagnostic and symptom-oriented rubrics. The diagnostic terms are adopted from the International Classification of Diseases, Adapted, Eighth Revision (ICDA-8) and the symptoms from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey Symptom Classification.", "PMID": 845571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6736", "title": "The female hysterical personality disorder.", "content": "It is not uncommon in family practice for the family physician to encounter the female patient with a hysterical personality disorder. A case presentation and interview are provided to help the family physician recognize the problem. A formulation of this case stresses psychosexual development, which will provide the reader with insight that can be generalized to other patients. Major emphasis is given to practical guidelines for the clinician for management of this frequently difficult problem in a medical setting.", "contents": "The female hysterical personality disorder. It is not uncommon in family practice for the family physician to encounter the female patient with a hysterical personality disorder. A case presentation and interview are provided to help the family physician recognize the problem. A formulation of this case stresses psychosexual development, which will provide the reader with insight that can be generalized to other patients. Major emphasis is given to practical guidelines for the clinician for management of this frequently difficult problem in a medical setting.", "PMID": 845572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6737", "title": "Tail regeneration in the plethodontid salamander, Plethodon cinereus: induced autotomy versus surgical amputation.", "content": "Regeneration of the tail in the plethodontid salamander, Plethodon cinereus, occurs following either surgical amputation or induced autotomy. Autotomy may occur along any one of the caudal myosepta which form natural cleavage planes. The distally attached myofibers break away from the myoseptum which then becomes part of the stump surface remaining intact during subsequent regeneration of the distal segments. Under these conditions, therefore, muscle fibers do not normally participate in tail regeneration. If, however, the myofibers of a caudal myotome are interrupted as in mid-segment amputation, the damaged fibers undergo hyaline degeneration and are largely replaced by connective tissue often as far proximally as the next myoseptum. Other tissues at the amputation surface are concurrently engaged in the epimorphic regeneration of the tail, including myogenesis, though at a slower initial rate than that following autotomy. Muscle cells, therefore, appear not to participate in epimorphic tail regeneration in Plethodon cinereus following either surgical amputation or induced autotomy.", "contents": "Tail regeneration in the plethodontid salamander, Plethodon cinereus: induced autotomy versus surgical amputation. Regeneration of the tail in the plethodontid salamander, Plethodon cinereus, occurs following either surgical amputation or induced autotomy. Autotomy may occur along any one of the caudal myosepta which form natural cleavage planes. The distally attached myofibers break away from the myoseptum which then becomes part of the stump surface remaining intact during subsequent regeneration of the distal segments. Under these conditions, therefore, muscle fibers do not normally participate in tail regeneration. If, however, the myofibers of a caudal myotome are interrupted as in mid-segment amputation, the damaged fibers undergo hyaline degeneration and are largely replaced by connective tissue often as far proximally as the next myoseptum. Other tissues at the amputation surface are concurrently engaged in the epimorphic regeneration of the tail, including myogenesis, though at a slower initial rate than that following autotomy. Muscle cells, therefore, appear not to participate in epimorphic tail regeneration in Plethodon cinereus following either surgical amputation or induced autotomy.", "PMID": 845576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6738", "title": "The nature and development of sex attractant specificity in cockroaches of the genus Periplaneta. IV. electrophysiological study of attractant specificity and its determination by juvenile hormone.", "content": "The antennae of male Periplaneta americana acquire a large number of olfactory receptors at the adult stage. Electrophysiological methods (single unit and electroantennogram recording) show that a portion of the receptors added at the adult ecdysis are sex attractant receptors. Sex attractant receptors are not present in large numbers on larval and adult female antennae. The differentiation of pheromone receptors is inhibited during normal larval development by juvenile hormone. Topical application of juvenile hormone-mimic to male antennae during the terminal larval instar inhibits their development. Comparative electrophysiological studies indicate a high degree of cross-reactivity of the P. americana sex attractant among four other species within the genus Periplaneta.", "contents": "The nature and development of sex attractant specificity in cockroaches of the genus Periplaneta. IV. electrophysiological study of attractant specificity and its determination by juvenile hormone. The antennae of male Periplaneta americana acquire a large number of olfactory receptors at the adult stage. Electrophysiological methods (single unit and electroantennogram recording) show that a portion of the receptors added at the adult ecdysis are sex attractant receptors. Sex attractant receptors are not present in large numbers on larval and adult female antennae. The differentiation of pheromone receptors is inhibited during normal larval development by juvenile hormone. Topical application of juvenile hormone-mimic to male antennae during the terminal larval instar inhibits their development. Comparative electrophysiological studies indicate a high degree of cross-reactivity of the P. americana sex attractant among four other species within the genus Periplaneta.", "PMID": 845577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6739", "title": "Factors influencing ovulation in the Mexican axolotl as revealed by induced spawnings.", "content": "Axolotl females may be induced to spawn by injecting them with small doses of FSH prior to mating. Data on the different categories of spawnings obtained by this procedure have established the following points. (1) Spawnings of injected females completely without fertile eggs are small (173 eggs average). Courtship occurred in some of the matings (spermatophores found) but not in all. Spawnings of injected but uninseminated females re-mated with a second (or third) male, not becoming inseminated, but all having some eggs fertilized by contact with spermatophores (showing courtship) are likewise small (219). It can be concluded that courtship of the injected female, even by two successive males, does not stimulate ovulation of additional eggs. (2) Insemination of injected females induced additional ovulation more or less frequently, depending upon whether the female was inseminated by the first, or a subsequent male with whom she was mated. Insemination by the first male, within 15 hours after the female had been injected with FSH, resulted in stimulation of ovulation in 36 of 54 spawnings (67%). The 36 spawnings averaged 593 eggs per spawning. In contrast, insemination by a second or third male, more than 15 hours after the female was injected with FSH, resulted in stimulation of additional ovulation in only 4 of 21 spawnings (19%). (3) Survival time of spermatozoa in inseminated females has been established. Considerable numbers of spermatozoa capable of fertilizing eggs survive for about one week. A few survive for 11 to 12 days, but none was found after 14 days.", "contents": "Factors influencing ovulation in the Mexican axolotl as revealed by induced spawnings. Axolotl females may be induced to spawn by injecting them with small doses of FSH prior to mating. Data on the different categories of spawnings obtained by this procedure have established the following points. (1) Spawnings of injected females completely without fertile eggs are small (173 eggs average). Courtship occurred in some of the matings (spermatophores found) but not in all. Spawnings of injected but uninseminated females re-mated with a second (or third) male, not becoming inseminated, but all having some eggs fertilized by contact with spermatophores (showing courtship) are likewise small (219). It can be concluded that courtship of the injected female, even by two successive males, does not stimulate ovulation of additional eggs. (2) Insemination of injected females induced additional ovulation more or less frequently, depending upon whether the female was inseminated by the first, or a subsequent male with whom she was mated. Insemination by the first male, within 15 hours after the female had been injected with FSH, resulted in stimulation of ovulation in 36 of 54 spawnings (67%). The 36 spawnings averaged 593 eggs per spawning. In contrast, insemination by a second or third male, more than 15 hours after the female was injected with FSH, resulted in stimulation of additional ovulation in only 4 of 21 spawnings (19%). (3) Survival time of spermatozoa in inseminated females has been established. Considerable numbers of spermatozoa capable of fertilizing eggs survive for about one week. A few survive for 11 to 12 days, but none was found after 14 days.", "PMID": 845578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6740", "title": "A sexual aggregating pheromone system in the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio (Hamilton-Buchanan).", "content": "Zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio, when placed in a T-maze demonstrated preference for, or avoidance of, donor water produced when specified numbers of conspecifics of either sex were kept in holding systems for specific lengths of time. Inter- and intrasexual attractions were found to occur in different ranges of concentration of the attractant material(s). Insufficient or excessive concentrations of the attractant(s) failed to elicit the attractant response. The proposed pheromone attractant was shown to be removable from the aquatic environment. Its possible role in the behavioral aspects of schooling and spawning is discussed.", "contents": "A sexual aggregating pheromone system in the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio (Hamilton-Buchanan). Zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio, when placed in a T-maze demonstrated preference for, or avoidance of, donor water produced when specified numbers of conspecifics of either sex were kept in holding systems for specific lengths of time. Inter- and intrasexual attractions were found to occur in different ranges of concentration of the attractant material(s). Insufficient or excessive concentrations of the attractant(s) failed to elicit the attractant response. The proposed pheromone attractant was shown to be removable from the aquatic environment. Its possible role in the behavioral aspects of schooling and spawning is discussed.", "PMID": 845579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6741", "title": "Ureotelism in the slug, Limax flavus Linn\u00e9.", "content": "The slug, Limax flavus, excretes both urea and purines. 1. Urea and purines account for up to 59 and 41% of the excretory nitrogen, respectively. 2. Of the purines excreted uric acid predominates (64%) with quanine (22%) and xanthine (14%) usually being voided in lesser amounts. Neither adenine or hypoxanthine was detected. 3. Urea was excreted in urine while the purines were deposited irregularly, as semi-solid, yellowish nubs.", "contents": "Ureotelism in the slug, Limax flavus Linn\u00e9. The slug, Limax flavus, excretes both urea and purines. 1. Urea and purines account for up to 59 and 41% of the excretory nitrogen, respectively. 2. Of the purines excreted uric acid predominates (64%) with quanine (22%) and xanthine (14%) usually being voided in lesser amounts. Neither adenine or hypoxanthine was detected. 3. Urea was excreted in urine while the purines were deposited irregularly, as semi-solid, yellowish nubs.", "PMID": 845580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6742", "title": "Neurotrophic stimulation of DNA synthesis in the regenerating forelimb of the newt, Triturus.", "content": "The effect of infusions of soluble newt brain extracts on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis in the denervated, regenerating newt blastema has been studied. When moderate early to early regenerates are denervated for 48 hours, DNA synthesis normally drops to about 40% of that found in contralateral, innervated blastemas. Infusion of brain extract halfway through the denervation period (at 24 hours) approximately doubles the rate of DNA synthesis in denervated regenerates.", "contents": "Neurotrophic stimulation of DNA synthesis in the regenerating forelimb of the newt, Triturus. The effect of infusions of soluble newt brain extracts on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis in the denervated, regenerating newt blastema has been studied. When moderate early to early regenerates are denervated for 48 hours, DNA synthesis normally drops to about 40% of that found in contralateral, innervated blastemas. Infusion of brain extract halfway through the denervation period (at 24 hours) approximately doubles the rate of DNA synthesis in denervated regenerates.", "PMID": 845581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6743", "title": "Alterations in lipid composition of liver cell plasma membranes during development.", "content": "Liver plasma membranes of Swiss-Webster CFW mice ranging in age from 5 to 165 days were isolated employing a two-phase dextran/polyethylene glycol polymer system. Electron microscopy revealed low mitochondrial and microsomal contamination. Lipids were quantitatively extracted and subjected to two dimensional thin layer chromatography. Individual lipids were eluted and phosphorus was measured by the Malachite green method. Cholesterol was quantitated by the micro Liberman-Burchard method and sphingolipids were quantitated fluorometrically with fluorescamine. During development, phosphatidylethanolamine levels decreased from 43.2% to 19.5% whereas phosphatidylcholine levels rose from 26% to 45.2%. The ration of phospholipid/cholesterol remained essentially constant during development; but the sphingolipid/cholesterol and sphingolipid/phospholipid ratios increased from 0.75 to 1.79 and 0.11 to 0.34, respectively.", "contents": "Alterations in lipid composition of liver cell plasma membranes during development. Liver plasma membranes of Swiss-Webster CFW mice ranging in age from 5 to 165 days were isolated employing a two-phase dextran/polyethylene glycol polymer system. Electron microscopy revealed low mitochondrial and microsomal contamination. Lipids were quantitatively extracted and subjected to two dimensional thin layer chromatography. Individual lipids were eluted and phosphorus was measured by the Malachite green method. Cholesterol was quantitated by the micro Liberman-Burchard method and sphingolipids were quantitated fluorometrically with fluorescamine. During development, phosphatidylethanolamine levels decreased from 43.2% to 19.5% whereas phosphatidylcholine levels rose from 26% to 45.2%. The ration of phospholipid/cholesterol remained essentially constant during development; but the sphingolipid/cholesterol and sphingolipid/phospholipid ratios increased from 0.75 to 1.79 and 0.11 to 0.34, respectively.", "PMID": 845582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6744", "title": "Kinetic analysis of pancuronium interaction with sodium channels in squid axon membranes.", "content": "The interaction of pancuronium with sodium channels was investigated in squid axons. Sodium current turns on normally but turns off more quickly than the control with pancuronium 0.1-1mM present internally; The sodium tail current associated with repolarization exhibits an initial hook and then decays more slowly than the control. Pancuronium induces inactivation after the sodium inactivation has been removed by internal perfusion of pronase. Such pancuronium-induced sodium inactivation follows a single exponential time course, suggesting first order kinetics which represents the interaction of the pancuronium molecule with the open sodium channel. The rate constant of association k with the binding site is independent of the membrane potential ranging from 0 to 80 mV, but increases with increasing internal concentration of pancuronium. However, the rate constant of dissociation l is independent of internal concentration of pancuronium but decreases with increasing the membrane potential. The voltage dependence of l is not affected by changine external sodium concentration, suggesting a current-independent conductance block, The steady-state block depends on the membrane potential, being more pronounced with increasing depolarization, and is accounted for in terms of the voltage dependence of l. A kinetic model, based on the experimental observations and the assumption on binding kinetics of pancuronium with the open sodium channel, successfully simulates many features of sodium current in the presence of pancuronium.", "contents": "Kinetic analysis of pancuronium interaction with sodium channels in squid axon membranes. The interaction of pancuronium with sodium channels was investigated in squid axons. Sodium current turns on normally but turns off more quickly than the control with pancuronium 0.1-1mM present internally; The sodium tail current associated with repolarization exhibits an initial hook and then decays more slowly than the control. Pancuronium induces inactivation after the sodium inactivation has been removed by internal perfusion of pronase. Such pancuronium-induced sodium inactivation follows a single exponential time course, suggesting first order kinetics which represents the interaction of the pancuronium molecule with the open sodium channel. The rate constant of association k with the binding site is independent of the membrane potential ranging from 0 to 80 mV, but increases with increasing internal concentration of pancuronium. However, the rate constant of dissociation l is independent of internal concentration of pancuronium but decreases with increasing the membrane potential. The voltage dependence of l is not affected by changine external sodium concentration, suggesting a current-independent conductance block, The steady-state block depends on the membrane potential, being more pronounced with increasing depolarization, and is accounted for in terms of the voltage dependence of l. A kinetic model, based on the experimental observations and the assumption on binding kinetics of pancuronium with the open sodium channel, successfully simulates many features of sodium current in the presence of pancuronium.", "PMID": 845593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6745", "title": "Responses of paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenics in a dichotic listening task.", "content": "Differences in attentional processes between normals, paranoid schizophrenics, and nonparanoid schizophrenics were studied by delivering dichotically presented digits for identification. Thirty paranoid schizophrenics (20 acute and 10 chronic), 30 nonparanoid schizophrenics (20 acute and 10 chronic), and 20 normal controls were tested. The data were analyzed in terms of the overall level of correct identification of stimuli presented to the two ears, the number of shifts in report from one ear to the other, and the magnitude of ear differences in recall. The results showed that overall level of performance was higher for the normals than for the schizophrenics; the number of ear shifts was greater for normals and nonparanoid than for paranoid schizophrenics; and ear differences were biggest for the paranoid schizophrenics and smallest for the normals. The results were interpreted in terms of differences in attentional style and rate of information processing.", "contents": "Responses of paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenics in a dichotic listening task. Differences in attentional processes between normals, paranoid schizophrenics, and nonparanoid schizophrenics were studied by delivering dichotically presented digits for identification. Thirty paranoid schizophrenics (20 acute and 10 chronic), 30 nonparanoid schizophrenics (20 acute and 10 chronic), and 20 normal controls were tested. The data were analyzed in terms of the overall level of correct identification of stimuli presented to the two ears, the number of shifts in report from one ear to the other, and the magnitude of ear differences in recall. The results showed that overall level of performance was higher for the normals than for the schizophrenics; the number of ear shifts was greater for normals and nonparanoid than for paranoid schizophrenics; and ear differences were biggest for the paranoid schizophrenics and smallest for the normals. The results were interpreted in terms of differences in attentional style and rate of information processing.", "PMID": 845594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6746", "title": "A-B status and sex stereotyping among psychotherapists and patients. Toward a model for maximizing therapeutic potential.", "content": "Previous studies indicate that mental health professionals, when evaluating the mental health of males and females, sex role stereotype to the disparagement of females. Some feminists have further assumed that male therapists in particular discourage self-actualization of females, and have argued that female patients should be seen by female therapists only. This study examined the major hypothesis that among both male and female therapists and among both male and female patients, there may be identifiable kinds of therapists and patients who sex role stereotype more than others. A total of 240 subjects (male and female) were recruited from three populations: professional psychotherapists, medical and nursing students, and psychiatric patients. Each subject was administered an A-B therapist scale and a sex role stereotyping questionnaire. Analysis of variance of this 3 x 2 x 3 factorial study revealed: a) patient groups stereotyped significantly more than professional therapist groups (p less than .01), with student groups stereotyping intermediately; b) within each major group, male subjects stereotyped significantly more than their female counterparts (p less than .01); and c) within each male group and within each female group, A status subjects stereotyped significantly more than B status subjects (p less than .01), with AB status subjects stereotyping intermediately. Previous research has indicated that A status psychotherapists are more effective in treating schizophrenic disorders, while B status therapists are more effective in treating neurotic disorders. Since our results reveal a strong relationship between A-B status and degree of stereotyping, our discussion explores the possibility of differentially matching psychotherapists and patients in order to maximize therapeutic potential. Matching could be done according to complementary differences between psychotherapist and patient (in terms of A-B status and sex role stereotyping) or according to similarities between psychotherapist and patient, depending on whether reconstructive or supportive therapy is the objective. Sex of patient and therapist as well as diagnosis of the patient are other variables considered in the model for maximizing the therapeutic potential.", "contents": "A-B status and sex stereotyping among psychotherapists and patients. Toward a model for maximizing therapeutic potential. Previous studies indicate that mental health professionals, when evaluating the mental health of males and females, sex role stereotype to the disparagement of females. Some feminists have further assumed that male therapists in particular discourage self-actualization of females, and have argued that female patients should be seen by female therapists only. This study examined the major hypothesis that among both male and female therapists and among both male and female patients, there may be identifiable kinds of therapists and patients who sex role stereotype more than others. A total of 240 subjects (male and female) were recruited from three populations: professional psychotherapists, medical and nursing students, and psychiatric patients. Each subject was administered an A-B therapist scale and a sex role stereotyping questionnaire. Analysis of variance of this 3 x 2 x 3 factorial study revealed: a) patient groups stereotyped significantly more than professional therapist groups (p less than .01), with student groups stereotyping intermediately; b) within each major group, male subjects stereotyped significantly more than their female counterparts (p less than .01); and c) within each male group and within each female group, A status subjects stereotyped significantly more than B status subjects (p less than .01), with AB status subjects stereotyping intermediately. Previous research has indicated that A status psychotherapists are more effective in treating schizophrenic disorders, while B status therapists are more effective in treating neurotic disorders. Since our results reveal a strong relationship between A-B status and degree of stereotyping, our discussion explores the possibility of differentially matching psychotherapists and patients in order to maximize therapeutic potential. Matching could be done according to complementary differences between psychotherapist and patient (in terms of A-B status and sex role stereotyping) or according to similarities between psychotherapist and patient, depending on whether reconstructive or supportive therapy is the objective. Sex of patient and therapist as well as diagnosis of the patient are other variables considered in the model for maximizing the therapeutic potential.", "PMID": 845595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6747", "title": "Occult presenile dementia.", "content": "The medical records of 50 patients with a diagnosis of presenile dementia supported by radiological evidence of cerebral atrophy were examined for antecedent manifestations of depressive illness. Symptoms consistent with major affective disorder were present in one half and depressive spectrum diagnoses were made in one fourth of the cases prior to final diagnosis. A history of psychiatric treatment was common and was significantly more frequent in females than males, suggesting the possibility of sex-related bias. The findings demonstrate that presenile dementia is often occult, masked by superimposed symptoms and signs of depressive disorder.", "contents": "Occult presenile dementia. The medical records of 50 patients with a diagnosis of presenile dementia supported by radiological evidence of cerebral atrophy were examined for antecedent manifestations of depressive illness. Symptoms consistent with major affective disorder were present in one half and depressive spectrum diagnoses were made in one fourth of the cases prior to final diagnosis. A history of psychiatric treatment was common and was significantly more frequent in females than males, suggesting the possibility of sex-related bias. The findings demonstrate that presenile dementia is often occult, masked by superimposed symptoms and signs of depressive disorder.", "PMID": 845596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6748", "title": "Levodopa, parkinsonism, and recent memory.", "content": "Much controversy has existed concerning behavioral changes attributed to L-dopa treatment in parkinsonian patients. Disagreement existed pertaining to the question of whether improved functioning was temporally limited. The present study proposed to research the shorter and longer range effects of L-dopa onmemory. It was hypothesized that equated nonparkinsonian individuals would perform better than parkinsonian patients on all memory measures, and that shorter range L-dopa would perform better than longer range L-dopa patients. It was also hypothesized that the greater the functional deficiency, and the greater the symptom severity, the poorer memory functioning would be. Level of dosage was hypothesized to have no differential effect on memory functioning. Three groups of 20 subjects were tested. The short term (20 parkinsonian patients on L-dopa for 22 months or less) and the long term (20 parkinsonian patients on L-dopa for 40 months or more) patients were chosen from the neurological clinic at St. Barnabas Hospital, Bronx, N.Y. Testability was assessed by the neurologis and by WAIS Vocabulary performance. The third group consisted of spouses of the patients. All groups were equated with regard to sex, age, education, and where applicable, length of illness, functional status, and symptom severity. The instruments used to measure memory consisted of the Guild Memory Test, the Memory Span for Objects, the Knox Cube, and the Tactile Memory Test. WAIS Vocabulary scaled score was used as a covariate in an analysis of covariance on each of the nine memory subtests. Statistically significant differences were obtained at the .01 level among groups on all measures. Orthogonal comparisons resulted in significant differences at the .01 level between parkinsonian patients and nonparkinsonian subjects on all measures. Short term and long term L-dopa patients differed significantly on six of the nine measures, notably those testing verbal types of memory. Significant correlations were obtained between functional deficiency and eight measures; however, symptom severity correlated with only one measure. None of the memory measures correlated significantly with level of dosage. The major conclusion was reached that all of the initial improvement shown following L-dopa initiation is not sustained permanently; the elevated level of memory functioning appears to be temporally limited.", "contents": "Levodopa, parkinsonism, and recent memory. Much controversy has existed concerning behavioral changes attributed to L-dopa treatment in parkinsonian patients. Disagreement existed pertaining to the question of whether improved functioning was temporally limited. The present study proposed to research the shorter and longer range effects of L-dopa onmemory. It was hypothesized that equated nonparkinsonian individuals would perform better than parkinsonian patients on all memory measures, and that shorter range L-dopa would perform better than longer range L-dopa patients. It was also hypothesized that the greater the functional deficiency, and the greater the symptom severity, the poorer memory functioning would be. Level of dosage was hypothesized to have no differential effect on memory functioning. Three groups of 20 subjects were tested. The short term (20 parkinsonian patients on L-dopa for 22 months or less) and the long term (20 parkinsonian patients on L-dopa for 40 months or more) patients were chosen from the neurological clinic at St. Barnabas Hospital, Bronx, N.Y. Testability was assessed by the neurologis and by WAIS Vocabulary performance. The third group consisted of spouses of the patients. All groups were equated with regard to sex, age, education, and where applicable, length of illness, functional status, and symptom severity. The instruments used to measure memory consisted of the Guild Memory Test, the Memory Span for Objects, the Knox Cube, and the Tactile Memory Test. WAIS Vocabulary scaled score was used as a covariate in an analysis of covariance on each of the nine memory subtests. Statistically significant differences were obtained at the .01 level among groups on all measures. Orthogonal comparisons resulted in significant differences at the .01 level between parkinsonian patients and nonparkinsonian subjects on all measures. Short term and long term L-dopa patients differed significantly on six of the nine measures, notably those testing verbal types of memory. Significant correlations were obtained between functional deficiency and eight measures; however, symptom severity correlated with only one measure. None of the memory measures correlated significantly with level of dosage. The major conclusion was reached that all of the initial improvement shown following L-dopa initiation is not sustained permanently; the elevated level of memory functioning appears to be temporally limited.", "PMID": 845597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6749", "title": "Changes in schizophrenics' word association commonalities durigh hospitalization.", "content": "Good premorbid (GP) schizophrenics have been found to have higher word association commonality scores than poor premorbid (PP) schizophrenics when both groups had been hospitalized over 5 years but not with shorter hospitalizations. There has been no previous study of changes in commonality in schizophrenics from beginning to end of hospitalization. The present study was a longitudinal investigation of word association commonality in GP and PP schizophrenics from admission to discharge from the hospital and at 3-month follow-up. Subjects were 16 GP and 16 PP schizophrenics. The two groups were equal in age, education, intelligence, and length of hospitalization. Commonality scores consisted of number of common responses to 50 Kent-Rosanoff stimulus words. GP and PP groups were not significantly different in commonality at admission, discharge, or follow-up. The combined groups showed a significant (p less than .01) increase in commonality from admission to discharge but no further change from discharge to follow-up. Taken separately, the GP group showed a significant increase in commonality from admission to discharge (p less than .02), while the PP difference was not statistically significant. The change in the GP group was significantly greater than in the PP group (p less than .05, one-tailed test). These results suggest that schizophrenics' word association commonalities may increase with improvement in clinical status and that GP schizophrenics show greater increases than PP schizophrenics.", "contents": "Changes in schizophrenics' word association commonalities durigh hospitalization. Good premorbid (GP) schizophrenics have been found to have higher word association commonality scores than poor premorbid (PP) schizophrenics when both groups had been hospitalized over 5 years but not with shorter hospitalizations. There has been no previous study of changes in commonality in schizophrenics from beginning to end of hospitalization. The present study was a longitudinal investigation of word association commonality in GP and PP schizophrenics from admission to discharge from the hospital and at 3-month follow-up. Subjects were 16 GP and 16 PP schizophrenics. The two groups were equal in age, education, intelligence, and length of hospitalization. Commonality scores consisted of number of common responses to 50 Kent-Rosanoff stimulus words. GP and PP groups were not significantly different in commonality at admission, discharge, or follow-up. The combined groups showed a significant (p less than .01) increase in commonality from admission to discharge but no further change from discharge to follow-up. Taken separately, the GP group showed a significant increase in commonality from admission to discharge (p less than .02), while the PP difference was not statistically significant. The change in the GP group was significantly greater than in the PP group (p less than .05, one-tailed test). These results suggest that schizophrenics' word association commonalities may increase with improvement in clinical status and that GP schizophrenics show greater increases than PP schizophrenics.", "PMID": 845598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6750", "title": "Conversion reaction. Differential diagnoses in the light of biofeedback research.", "content": "The criteria for differentiating between psychophysiological disorder and hysterical neurosis, conversion type, have been reviewed in the light of recent biofeedback research. The data strongly support the view that a single process, instrumental learning, can explain functional disorders mediated by either the voluntary or autonomic nervous systems, so that a differential diagnosis should probably not be based on the autonomic/voluntary dichotomy. On the contrary, both biofeedback findings and a case history support the definition of conversion reaction broadened to include fantasied bodily sensations that develop into either behavioral or physiological dysfunctions. It is a central consideration that instrumental learning depends on a system of rewards, and that, in clinical observations of conversion reactions, it also is apparent that the conversion sympton is rewarding: the sympton provides the patient with a relatively gratifying adaptation to a frustrating stressful life experience. Classification of many, if not most, functional disorders mediated by the autonomic nervous system as conversion reactions has the advantage of emphasizing the primary and secondary gain characteristics of these symptoms. Thus, the use that the patient makes of his illness becomes salient in the therapeutic process at the same time that the diagnosis is established.", "contents": "Conversion reaction. Differential diagnoses in the light of biofeedback research. The criteria for differentiating between psychophysiological disorder and hysterical neurosis, conversion type, have been reviewed in the light of recent biofeedback research. The data strongly support the view that a single process, instrumental learning, can explain functional disorders mediated by either the voluntary or autonomic nervous systems, so that a differential diagnosis should probably not be based on the autonomic/voluntary dichotomy. On the contrary, both biofeedback findings and a case history support the definition of conversion reaction broadened to include fantasied bodily sensations that develop into either behavioral or physiological dysfunctions. It is a central consideration that instrumental learning depends on a system of rewards, and that, in clinical observations of conversion reactions, it also is apparent that the conversion sympton is rewarding: the sympton provides the patient with a relatively gratifying adaptation to a frustrating stressful life experience. Classification of many, if not most, functional disorders mediated by the autonomic nervous system as conversion reactions has the advantage of emphasizing the primary and secondary gain characteristics of these symptoms. Thus, the use that the patient makes of his illness becomes salient in the therapeutic process at the same time that the diagnosis is established.", "PMID": 845599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6751", "title": "Narcolepsy, paranoid psychosis, and tardive dyskinesia: a pharmacological dilemma.", "content": "The case history of a 54-year-old man with concomitant narcolepsy, paranoid psychosis, and tardive dyskinesia is presented. These disorders may all result from alteration in catecholamines, serotonin, and/or acetylcholine in the central nervous system. The interactions of the various psychopharmacological agents usually used to treat the disorders when they occur separately are considered in terms of current neurotransmitter hypotheses. The management of this case creates a pharmacological dilemma; the agents used for treatment of each of the disorders separately exacerbate one or both of the other two syndromes.", "contents": "Narcolepsy, paranoid psychosis, and tardive dyskinesia: a pharmacological dilemma. The case history of a 54-year-old man with concomitant narcolepsy, paranoid psychosis, and tardive dyskinesia is presented. These disorders may all result from alteration in catecholamines, serotonin, and/or acetylcholine in the central nervous system. The interactions of the various psychopharmacological agents usually used to treat the disorders when they occur separately are considered in terms of current neurotransmitter hypotheses. The management of this case creates a pharmacological dilemma; the agents used for treatment of each of the disorders separately exacerbate one or both of the other two syndromes.", "PMID": 845600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6752", "title": "Lateralisation of speech dominance by spectral analysis of evoked potentials.", "content": "A computerised evoked potential test for the lateralisation of speech dominance was compared with the intracarotid sodium amylobarbitone test in 22 epileptic patients. Based on spectral analysis, the computer test correctly predicted the speech dominance of 15 of 16 left speech dominant and five of six right speech dominant patients. This non-invasive test is simple, quick, and innocuous and can be easily implemented on a small laboratory computer.", "contents": "Lateralisation of speech dominance by spectral analysis of evoked potentials. A computerised evoked potential test for the lateralisation of speech dominance was compared with the intracarotid sodium amylobarbitone test in 22 epileptic patients. Based on spectral analysis, the computer test correctly predicted the speech dominance of 15 of 16 left speech dominant and five of six right speech dominant patients. This non-invasive test is simple, quick, and innocuous and can be easily implemented on a small laboratory computer.", "PMID": 845601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6753", "title": "Reciprocal continuous inhibition in rigidity of Parkinsonism.", "content": "A reciprocal continuous inhibition by flexor on extensor muscles was proved during Parkinsonian rigidity. Extensor motoneurone excitability was tested by Hoffmann's reflex and flexor activity was altered by lidocaine anaesthesia of the peroneal nerve (PN). During PN anaesthetic block, a gradual increase of Hoffmann's reflex was noted. It was statistically significant at the 15th minute after lidocaine injection, and was maximum at the 30th minute. The reciprocal inhibition was considerable in 16 patients with Parkinsonism, as recorded before treatment. In normal subjects, it was small and non-significant. After one month's treatment with L-dopa at the usual therapeutic dose, this reciprocal inhibition greatly decreased in the same patients. The origin of this reciprocal continuous inhibition is discussed.", "contents": "Reciprocal continuous inhibition in rigidity of Parkinsonism. A reciprocal continuous inhibition by flexor on extensor muscles was proved during Parkinsonian rigidity. Extensor motoneurone excitability was tested by Hoffmann's reflex and flexor activity was altered by lidocaine anaesthesia of the peroneal nerve (PN). During PN anaesthetic block, a gradual increase of Hoffmann's reflex was noted. It was statistically significant at the 15th minute after lidocaine injection, and was maximum at the 30th minute. The reciprocal inhibition was considerable in 16 patients with Parkinsonism, as recorded before treatment. In normal subjects, it was small and non-significant. After one month's treatment with L-dopa at the usual therapeutic dose, this reciprocal inhibition greatly decreased in the same patients. The origin of this reciprocal continuous inhibition is discussed.", "PMID": 845602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6754", "title": "A short essay on posture and movement.", "content": "Certain statements concerning the relation of posture and movement which have become traditional are re-examined--in particular, the statement 'Movement (that is, pysiological movement) consists of a series of postures. The theme of the essay is the posture--that is, postural activity--should be regarded as a function in its own right and not merely as a component of movement and, secondly, that expressions such as a' series of postures' or 'a change of posture' are not valid as definitions of physiological movement is general, but describe only movement which is part of the postural function. Voluntary movement consists of much more than a series of postures and its significance, ordinarily, is not postural.", "contents": "A short essay on posture and movement. Certain statements concerning the relation of posture and movement which have become traditional are re-examined--in particular, the statement 'Movement (that is, pysiological movement) consists of a series of postures. The theme of the essay is the posture--that is, postural activity--should be regarded as a function in its own right and not merely as a component of movement and, secondly, that expressions such as a' series of postures' or 'a change of posture' are not valid as definitions of physiological movement is general, but describe only movement which is part of the postural function. Voluntary movement consists of much more than a series of postures and its significance, ordinarily, is not postural.", "PMID": 845603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6755", "title": "C0-contraction and stretch reflexes in spasticity during treatment with baclofen.", "content": "Surface electromyograms were recorded from the quadriceps and hamstring muscles of 11 spastic patients during cyclical flexion and extension movements of the knee. A potentiometer strapped to the knee recorded the angle of the joint, the output signal being displayed on an oscilloscope. The patient used this signal to track a sine wave target for 20 cycles. The observer then moved the patient's limb through a further 20 cycles tracking the same target. Recordings were repeated at intervals for four hours after an oral dose of baclofen. Analysis of the recordings showed that the response of a spastic muscle to lengthening is not the same during passive movement as during voluntary movement. In mild spasticity stretch reflexes appear to be suppressed by voluntary effort whereas in severe spasticity they are enhanced. Baclofen suppressed the response to passive stretch by over 30% at plasma concentrations of over 250 ng/ml and by 50% at concentrations of over 400 ng/ml, but this effect was largely extinguised during voluntary movement.", "contents": "C0-contraction and stretch reflexes in spasticity during treatment with baclofen. Surface electromyograms were recorded from the quadriceps and hamstring muscles of 11 spastic patients during cyclical flexion and extension movements of the knee. A potentiometer strapped to the knee recorded the angle of the joint, the output signal being displayed on an oscilloscope. The patient used this signal to track a sine wave target for 20 cycles. The observer then moved the patient's limb through a further 20 cycles tracking the same target. Recordings were repeated at intervals for four hours after an oral dose of baclofen. Analysis of the recordings showed that the response of a spastic muscle to lengthening is not the same during passive movement as during voluntary movement. In mild spasticity stretch reflexes appear to be suppressed by voluntary effort whereas in severe spasticity they are enhanced. Baclofen suppressed the response to passive stretch by over 30% at plasma concentrations of over 250 ng/ml and by 50% at concentrations of over 400 ng/ml, but this effect was largely extinguised during voluntary movement.", "PMID": 845604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6756", "title": "Altered peripheral nerve function resulting from haemodialysis.", "content": "The amplitudes of muscle and nerve action potentials evoked median nerve stimulation were recorded just before and immediately after haemodialysis. These revealed a growht of action potential amplitude during dialysis. It is suggested that some component of the defective peripheral nerve function that inevitably accompanies uraemia is temporarily improved during dialysis.", "contents": "Altered peripheral nerve function resulting from haemodialysis. The amplitudes of muscle and nerve action potentials evoked median nerve stimulation were recorded just before and immediately after haemodialysis. These revealed a growht of action potential amplitude during dialysis. It is suggested that some component of the defective peripheral nerve function that inevitably accompanies uraemia is temporarily improved during dialysis.", "PMID": 845605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6757", "title": "Abnormalities in sensory and mixed evoked potentials in ataxia-telangiectasia.", "content": "Electromography, motor, sensory and mixed nerve conduction velocity, and H reflex were studied in four patients with ataxia-telangiectasia. The earliest and most striking electrophysiologial finding was the reduced amplitude of evoked nerve potentials. In the oldest patient, findings suggestive of spinal atrophy and mild reduction of the motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities were found. Reduced amplitude in the evoked nerve potentials can be observed without clinical evidence of peripheral neuropathy. Electrophysiological abnormalities are more severe in older than in young patients. Sural nerve biopsy in one patient showed mild changes: loss of the largest myelinated fibres and demyelination of some fibres. The ratio between maximum conduction velocity of the sural nerve and the diameter of the largest fibres was in the lower limits of the normal range. The resemblance between electrophysiological abnormalities in Friedreich's ataxia and ataxia-telangiectasia is discussed.", "contents": "Abnormalities in sensory and mixed evoked potentials in ataxia-telangiectasia. Electromography, motor, sensory and mixed nerve conduction velocity, and H reflex were studied in four patients with ataxia-telangiectasia. The earliest and most striking electrophysiologial finding was the reduced amplitude of evoked nerve potentials. In the oldest patient, findings suggestive of spinal atrophy and mild reduction of the motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities were found. Reduced amplitude in the evoked nerve potentials can be observed without clinical evidence of peripheral neuropathy. Electrophysiological abnormalities are more severe in older than in young patients. Sural nerve biopsy in one patient showed mild changes: loss of the largest myelinated fibres and demyelination of some fibres. The ratio between maximum conduction velocity of the sural nerve and the diameter of the largest fibres was in the lower limits of the normal range. The resemblance between electrophysiological abnormalities in Friedreich's ataxia and ataxia-telangiectasia is discussed.", "PMID": 845606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6758", "title": "Palinopsia.", "content": "Three cases of palinopsia (visual perseveration) are described. In case, evidence pointed to a lesion in the right occipitotemporal region. Pathological findings are reported in one of the three. Previous reports have stressed the importance of posteriorly placed cerebral lesions, more commonly right sided than left, but have not demonstrated more precise localisation within the hemisphere.", "contents": "Palinopsia. Three cases of palinopsia (visual perseveration) are described. In case, evidence pointed to a lesion in the right occipitotemporal region. Pathological findings are reported in one of the three. Previous reports have stressed the importance of posteriorly placed cerebral lesions, more commonly right sided than left, but have not demonstrated more precise localisation within the hemisphere.", "PMID": 845607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6759", "title": "Blink reflexes and the state of arousal.", "content": "Blink reflexes were studied in 40 subjects at rest and during the performance of a task. The early reflex (R1) showed an increase of amplitude of action potential during the task, the late reflex (R2) did not. The latency of R1 did not change within the 45 minutes test period; R2 showed an increase of latency during task. R1 showed a systematic decrease in amplitude within rest and task periods, presumably because of habituation. R2 amplitudes decreased throughout the whole experiment, independent of task or rest.", "contents": "Blink reflexes and the state of arousal. Blink reflexes were studied in 40 subjects at rest and during the performance of a task. The early reflex (R1) showed an increase of amplitude of action potential during the task, the late reflex (R2) did not. The latency of R1 did not change within the 45 minutes test period; R2 showed an increase of latency during task. R1 showed a systematic decrease in amplitude within rest and task periods, presumably because of habituation. R2 amplitudes decreased throughout the whole experiment, independent of task or rest.", "PMID": 845608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6760", "title": "Safety of carotid ligation and its role in the management of intracranial aneurysms.", "content": "By using measurements of cerebral blood flow and internal carotid artery pressure it is possible to select patients in whom carotid ligation can be performed with a very low risk of post-operative cerebral ischaemia. A study has been carried out in 100 patients comparing this method with clinical predictions of the type used in aneurysm surgery based on age of the patient, arterial hypertension, time from latest subarachnoid haemorrhage, and neurological status on a modified Botterell scale. These clinical factors were found to be of little value in predicting which patients would and would not develop cerebral ischaemia after carotid occlusion.", "contents": "Safety of carotid ligation and its role in the management of intracranial aneurysms. By using measurements of cerebral blood flow and internal carotid artery pressure it is possible to select patients in whom carotid ligation can be performed with a very low risk of post-operative cerebral ischaemia. A study has been carried out in 100 patients comparing this method with clinical predictions of the type used in aneurysm surgery based on age of the patient, arterial hypertension, time from latest subarachnoid haemorrhage, and neurological status on a modified Botterell scale. These clinical factors were found to be of little value in predicting which patients would and would not develop cerebral ischaemia after carotid occlusion.", "PMID": 845609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6761", "title": "Syndrome of normal pressure hydrocephalus: possible relation to hypertensive and arteriosclerotic vasculopathy.", "content": "A patient with clinical features of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus, who responded dramatically to shunting, was found a necropsy to have a severe hypertensive and arteriosclerotic vasculopathy with multiple lacunar infarcts. There was no pathological evidence of thickened leptomeninges, fibrosis of the arachnoid villi, or Alzheimer's disease. An abnormal absorption mechanism was demonstrated with cisternography and by an increase in the concentration of homovanillic acid in the cerebrospinal fluid. It is suggested that vascular changes may play an important role in the pathophysiology in some cases of normal pressure hydrocephalus.", "contents": "Syndrome of normal pressure hydrocephalus: possible relation to hypertensive and arteriosclerotic vasculopathy. A patient with clinical features of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus, who responded dramatically to shunting, was found a necropsy to have a severe hypertensive and arteriosclerotic vasculopathy with multiple lacunar infarcts. There was no pathological evidence of thickened leptomeninges, fibrosis of the arachnoid villi, or Alzheimer's disease. An abnormal absorption mechanism was demonstrated with cisternography and by an increase in the concentration of homovanillic acid in the cerebrospinal fluid. It is suggested that vascular changes may play an important role in the pathophysiology in some cases of normal pressure hydrocephalus.", "PMID": 845610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6762", "title": "Three cases of communication syringomyelia secondary to midbrain gliomas.", "content": "Three cases of midbrain gliomas are descrbied clinically and pathologically. In each case high pressure symptoms were followed by visual disturbance and the onset of syringomyelia symptoms before death. All the patients had hydrocephalus. In one case with concomitant syringobulbia, the syrinx appeared to due to CSF communicating with the cord cavity through the tissues of the brain stem. In the other cases the communication between the CSF pathways and the syrinx was at the usual site, through the central canal at the obex.", "contents": "Three cases of communication syringomyelia secondary to midbrain gliomas. Three cases of midbrain gliomas are descrbied clinically and pathologically. In each case high pressure symptoms were followed by visual disturbance and the onset of syringomyelia symptoms before death. All the patients had hydrocephalus. In one case with concomitant syringobulbia, the syrinx appeared to due to CSF communicating with the cord cavity through the tissues of the brain stem. In the other cases the communication between the CSF pathways and the syrinx was at the usual site, through the central canal at the obex.", "PMID": 845611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6763", "title": "Transient ischaemic attacks and increased platelet aggregability associated with oral contraceptives. Treatment with dipyridamole and aspirin.", "content": "A 24-year old woman after using birth control pills for two months began to suffer from frequent migraine-like attacks, which turned eventually into typical transient ischaemic attacks (TIAs). A significant increase in spontaneous platelet aggregation was found, and combined treatment with dipridamole and aspirin was started. After two months of treatment spontaneous platelet aggregation rate fell to normal limits and TIAs disappeared. A causal relationship between increased platelet aggregability and TIAs is supposed.", "contents": "Transient ischaemic attacks and increased platelet aggregability associated with oral contraceptives. Treatment with dipyridamole and aspirin. A 24-year old woman after using birth control pills for two months began to suffer from frequent migraine-like attacks, which turned eventually into typical transient ischaemic attacks (TIAs). A significant increase in spontaneous platelet aggregation was found, and combined treatment with dipridamole and aspirin was started. After two months of treatment spontaneous platelet aggregation rate fell to normal limits and TIAs disappeared. A causal relationship between increased platelet aggregability and TIAs is supposed.", "PMID": 845612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6764", "title": "EEG features associated with the occurrence of epilepsy after surgery for intracranial aneurysm and acoustic neuroma.", "content": "An investigation was carried out on 199 postoperative EEGs from 83 patients who underwent surgery for ruptured intracranial aneurysm or acoustic neuroma removal. The tracings were quantified without knowlege of the diagnostic group and whether or not epilepsy had supervened. The number of spikes and sharp components and slow waves at the site of the operative brain lesion were substantially and often significantly greater in the tracings from patients who developed epilepsy than from those who did not.", "contents": "EEG features associated with the occurrence of epilepsy after surgery for intracranial aneurysm and acoustic neuroma. An investigation was carried out on 199 postoperative EEGs from 83 patients who underwent surgery for ruptured intracranial aneurysm or acoustic neuroma removal. The tracings were quantified without knowlege of the diagnostic group and whether or not epilepsy had supervened. The number of spikes and sharp components and slow waves at the site of the operative brain lesion were substantially and often significantly greater in the tracings from patients who developed epilepsy than from those who did not.", "PMID": 845613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6765", "title": "HLA (SD and LD) in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).", "content": "Twenty-five patients with a definite diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) were HLA-typed for the serologically detectable antigens A, B and C and MLC-typed for 7 HLA-D-determinants. No significant deviation was found neither in the A, B, and C-series nor in the HLA-D-series as compared to normal controls. The aetiological problem of ALS is discussed.", "contents": "HLA (SD and LD) in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Twenty-five patients with a definite diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) were HLA-typed for the serologically detectable antigens A, B and C and MLC-typed for 7 HLA-D-determinants. No significant deviation was found neither in the A, B, and C-series nor in the HLA-D-series as compared to normal controls. The aetiological problem of ALS is discussed.", "PMID": 845614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6766", "title": "F-wave studies on the deep peroneal nerve. Part 1. Control subjects.", "content": "An electrophysiological method is described for estimating the conduction velocity in the proximal segments (anterior horn cells to the knee) of the motor fibres of the deep peroneal nerve. The method utilizes large numbers of F-waves which are late muscle responses due to antidromically activated motoneurones. The results in 58 healthy subjects are presented. A detailed literature review concerning the nature of F-wave is presented.", "contents": "F-wave studies on the deep peroneal nerve. Part 1. Control subjects. An electrophysiological method is described for estimating the conduction velocity in the proximal segments (anterior horn cells to the knee) of the motor fibres of the deep peroneal nerve. The method utilizes large numbers of F-waves which are late muscle responses due to antidromically activated motoneurones. The results in 58 healthy subjects are presented. A detailed literature review concerning the nature of F-wave is presented.", "PMID": 845615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6767", "title": "F-wave studies on the deep peroneal nerve. Part 2.--1. Chronic renal failure 2. Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy.", "content": "The F-wave has been used for estimations of motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) along the proximal segment (anterior horn cells to the knee) of the axons of the deep peroneal nerve in patients with renal failure and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. MNCV and terminal latencies with conventional methods have also been estimated. Patients with chronic renal failure show marked F-chronodispersion (i.e. F-wave temporal dispersion) and impaired conduction along proximal and distal segments of the deep peroneal nerve. There is no evidence of motor nerve impairment, with conventional and F-wave methods, in patients with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. It is shown that F-wave measurements are useful in electrophysiological studies of patients and may be more sensitive than conventional MNCV methods.", "contents": "F-wave studies on the deep peroneal nerve. Part 2.--1. Chronic renal failure 2. Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. The F-wave has been used for estimations of motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) along the proximal segment (anterior horn cells to the knee) of the axons of the deep peroneal nerve in patients with renal failure and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. MNCV and terminal latencies with conventional methods have also been estimated. Patients with chronic renal failure show marked F-chronodispersion (i.e. F-wave temporal dispersion) and impaired conduction along proximal and distal segments of the deep peroneal nerve. There is no evidence of motor nerve impairment, with conventional and F-wave methods, in patients with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. It is shown that F-wave measurements are useful in electrophysiological studies of patients and may be more sensitive than conventional MNCV methods.", "PMID": 845616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6768", "title": "Suppression of acute and chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Strain 13 guinea pigs. A clinical and pathological study.", "content": "Adult inbred Strain 13 guinea pigs develop an acute, fatal form of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) about 2 weeks after a single injection of isologous spinal cord in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), but similarly injected juveniles develop a delayed, rarely fatal chronic form. Thirty-seven sensitised adult Strain 13 animals were separated into 2 groups. One group was permitted to develop acute EAE. The other group was injected intramuscularly with 1 mg of guinea pig or bovine myelin basic protein (MBP) in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) on day 2, 7 or 10 post-inoculation (PI) followed by 0.2 mg in IFA every third day for a total of 10 doses. Animals in the unsuppressed group succumbed to acute EAE 13-16 days post-sensitisation. No animal in the suppressed group died during this period. Animals treated with MBP beginning 2 days PI showed no clinical signs, but mild clinical manifestations occurred in animals suppressed from days 7 and 10 PI. These signs remitted by 21 days post-sensitisation. One suppressed animal (out of 21) died during the fourth week postsensitisation. The other 20 suppressed animals appeared clinically normal towards the end of the course of MBP injections and remained so for the 6 months of study. Morphological examination revealed that CNS lesions occurred in all animals. In animals suppressed with MBP beginning on day 2 PI, lesions consisted only of a few meningeal inflammatory cells. Animals given MBP beginning on day 7 or 10 PI and sampled 1-2 weeks later, had lesions which could not be distinguished from those occurring in the non-suppressed acute EAE group. In time, the suppressed animals developed lesions which were typical of chronic EAE with remyelination as a predominant feature. Preliminary experiments on the suppression of chronic EAE in 5 juvenile Strain 13 guinea pigs have revealed that 3 MBP-injected animals failed to develop clinical disease over a 28-week period of study although lesions typical of chronic EAE were present. Simultaneously, 2 non-suppressed juvenile animals developed clinical signs by 12 weeks. These were associated with both acute inflammation and demyelination superimposed upon regions of chronic demyelinative activity.", "contents": "Suppression of acute and chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Strain 13 guinea pigs. A clinical and pathological study. Adult inbred Strain 13 guinea pigs develop an acute, fatal form of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) about 2 weeks after a single injection of isologous spinal cord in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), but similarly injected juveniles develop a delayed, rarely fatal chronic form. Thirty-seven sensitised adult Strain 13 animals were separated into 2 groups. One group was permitted to develop acute EAE. The other group was injected intramuscularly with 1 mg of guinea pig or bovine myelin basic protein (MBP) in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) on day 2, 7 or 10 post-inoculation (PI) followed by 0.2 mg in IFA every third day for a total of 10 doses. Animals in the unsuppressed group succumbed to acute EAE 13-16 days post-sensitisation. No animal in the suppressed group died during this period. Animals treated with MBP beginning 2 days PI showed no clinical signs, but mild clinical manifestations occurred in animals suppressed from days 7 and 10 PI. These signs remitted by 21 days post-sensitisation. One suppressed animal (out of 21) died during the fourth week postsensitisation. The other 20 suppressed animals appeared clinically normal towards the end of the course of MBP injections and remained so for the 6 months of study. Morphological examination revealed that CNS lesions occurred in all animals. In animals suppressed with MBP beginning on day 2 PI, lesions consisted only of a few meningeal inflammatory cells. Animals given MBP beginning on day 7 or 10 PI and sampled 1-2 weeks later, had lesions which could not be distinguished from those occurring in the non-suppressed acute EAE group. In time, the suppressed animals developed lesions which were typical of chronic EAE with remyelination as a predominant feature. Preliminary experiments on the suppression of chronic EAE in 5 juvenile Strain 13 guinea pigs have revealed that 3 MBP-injected animals failed to develop clinical disease over a 28-week period of study although lesions typical of chronic EAE were present. Simultaneously, 2 non-suppressed juvenile animals developed clinical signs by 12 weeks. These were associated with both acute inflammation and demyelination superimposed upon regions of chronic demyelinative activity.", "PMID": 845617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6769", "title": "Correlation of single fibre EMG and muscle histochrmistry using an open biopsy recording technique.", "content": "Single fibre electromyographic (SFEMG) recordings were carried out during open muscle biopsy. Nine patients were studied, including 5 with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 2 with spinal muscular atrophy and 1 each with limb-girdle dystrophy and myotonic dystrophy. Correlations were possible between the SFEMG fibre density determinations and histochemical evidence of grouping in some biopsies, particularly involving Type I fibres. This combined technique permits an improved assessment of the functional state of abnormal muscle.", "contents": "Correlation of single fibre EMG and muscle histochrmistry using an open biopsy recording technique. Single fibre electromyographic (SFEMG) recordings were carried out during open muscle biopsy. Nine patients were studied, including 5 with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 2 with spinal muscular atrophy and 1 each with limb-girdle dystrophy and myotonic dystrophy. Correlations were possible between the SFEMG fibre density determinations and histochemical evidence of grouping in some biopsies, particularly involving Type I fibres. This combined technique permits an improved assessment of the functional state of abnormal muscle.", "PMID": 845618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6770", "title": "The exclusion of L-isoleucine or of L-leucine from the brain of the rat, caused by raised levels of L-valine in the circulation, and the manner in which this exclusion can be partially overcome.", "content": "The amino acids L-isoleucine, L-leucine and L-valine appear to compete for a shared transport carrier for entry into the brain of the living rat, since high concentrations of L-valine in the plasma reduced the influx both of L-isoleucine and of L-leucine into the brain to 10-15% of the normal. The exclusion of L-isoleucine or of L-leucine from the brain by a raised level of L-valine in the circulation can be partially overcome by simultaneously raising the concentration of L-isoleucine or of L-leucine in the circulation. These results indicate the important role played by a saturable shared carrier-mediated transport system in ensuring that an adequate supply of these amino acids reaches the brain from the circulation during life. The bearing of our findings on two inborn errors of amino acid metabolism, maple-syrup-urine disease and hypervalinaemia, is discussed.", "contents": "The exclusion of L-isoleucine or of L-leucine from the brain of the rat, caused by raised levels of L-valine in the circulation, and the manner in which this exclusion can be partially overcome. The amino acids L-isoleucine, L-leucine and L-valine appear to compete for a shared transport carrier for entry into the brain of the living rat, since high concentrations of L-valine in the plasma reduced the influx both of L-isoleucine and of L-leucine into the brain to 10-15% of the normal. The exclusion of L-isoleucine or of L-leucine from the brain by a raised level of L-valine in the circulation can be partially overcome by simultaneously raising the concentration of L-isoleucine or of L-leucine in the circulation. These results indicate the important role played by a saturable shared carrier-mediated transport system in ensuring that an adequate supply of these amino acids reaches the brain from the circulation during life. The bearing of our findings on two inborn errors of amino acid metabolism, maple-syrup-urine disease and hypervalinaemia, is discussed.", "PMID": 845619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6771", "title": "Effect of a synthetic polypeptide (COP 1) on patients with multiple sclerosis and with acute disseminated encephalomeylitis. Preliminary report.", "content": "Three patients with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADE) and 4 patients in the terminal stages of multiple sclerosis (MS) were subjected to treatment with Cop 1, a synthetic copolymer of amino acids, which had previously been shown to have a beneficial effect in the treatment of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Under the treatment, the ADE patients recovered completely within 3 weeks, but 1 of 2 control cases treated with steroids showed complete recovery as well. The MS patients did not show any significant change in their motor function; however, 2 of them showed some improvement in vision and speech capacity. It is too early to conclude whether this improvement is related to the treatment. No side effect was observed in any of the patients treated with Cop. 1.", "contents": "Effect of a synthetic polypeptide (COP 1) on patients with multiple sclerosis and with acute disseminated encephalomeylitis. Preliminary report. Three patients with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADE) and 4 patients in the terminal stages of multiple sclerosis (MS) were subjected to treatment with Cop 1, a synthetic copolymer of amino acids, which had previously been shown to have a beneficial effect in the treatment of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Under the treatment, the ADE patients recovered completely within 3 weeks, but 1 of 2 control cases treated with steroids showed complete recovery as well. The MS patients did not show any significant change in their motor function; however, 2 of them showed some improvement in vision and speech capacity. It is too early to conclude whether this improvement is related to the treatment. No side effect was observed in any of the patients treated with Cop. 1.", "PMID": 845620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6772", "title": "Topographic organization and convergence in corticotectal projections from areas 17, 18, and 19 in the cat.", "content": "1. Electrical stimulation in areas 17, 18 and 19 of the cat's visual cortex activated neurons in the superficial gray layer of the superior colliculus. The threshold for such excitation was lowest when the receptive fields of cells at the stimulus site lay inside the receptive field of the collicular cell under observation. 2. A substantial percentage of the recorded collicular cells received convergent excitatory input from more than one of the stimulated cortical areas. When stimuli could be applied in parts of areas 17, 18, and 19 related retinotopically to a collicular cell, over half of the units were activated from all three cortical areas by low-intensity stimulation. 3. Cells located near one another in the colliculus received excitatory cortical input from regions of areas 17, 18, and 19 which were not identical in size. This may be attributable to the disparate dimensions of collicular dendritic fields, which permit neighboring cells to sample dissimilar regions of the topographically organized cortical input. It is argued that this projection system preserves the functional unity of cortical and tectal cell groups processing information from a given retinal point.", "contents": "Topographic organization and convergence in corticotectal projections from areas 17, 18, and 19 in the cat. 1. Electrical stimulation in areas 17, 18 and 19 of the cat's visual cortex activated neurons in the superficial gray layer of the superior colliculus. The threshold for such excitation was lowest when the receptive fields of cells at the stimulus site lay inside the receptive field of the collicular cell under observation. 2. A substantial percentage of the recorded collicular cells received convergent excitatory input from more than one of the stimulated cortical areas. When stimuli could be applied in parts of areas 17, 18, and 19 related retinotopically to a collicular cell, over half of the units were activated from all three cortical areas by low-intensity stimulation. 3. Cells located near one another in the colliculus received excitatory cortical input from regions of areas 17, 18, and 19 which were not identical in size. This may be attributable to the disparate dimensions of collicular dendritic fields, which permit neighboring cells to sample dissimilar regions of the topographically organized cortical input. It is argued that this projection system preserves the functional unity of cortical and tectal cell groups processing information from a given retinal point.", "PMID": 845621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6773", "title": "Relationship between M\u00fcller cell responses, a local transretinal potential, and potassium flux.", "content": "1. In the Necturus retina, light-evoked field potentials, M\u00fcller (glial) cell responses, and extracellular potassium ion concentration ([K+]0) were recorded and found to exhibit the three-way correlation characteristic of these variables elsewhere in the nervous system. 2. M\u00fcller cell responses to a flashed spot or annulus consist primarily of slow depolarizations at both light onset and offset. The responses are maximum to 0.5-mm-diameter spots and decrease with larger diameters. Responses to stimulus intensity and flicker were also used to characterize M\u00fcller cell behavior. 3. In response to long-duration stimuli, the initial M\u00fcller cell depolarization is followed by a very slow hyperpolarization, which is likely the origin of slow PIII. 4. A new extracellular potential is described, the M-wave, the basic properties of which suggest that it is generated by M\u00fcller cells. Moreover, the M-wave and M\u00fcller cells show remarkably similar behavior to a wide variety of stimulus parameters. 5. In the proximal retina, [K+]0 increases at both light onset and offset with a time course similar to that of M\u00fcller cell depolarizing responses. This K+ increase also behaves similarly to the M\u00fcller cell depolarization in response to changes in stimulus parameters. 6. It is concluded that light stimulation leads to an increase in [K+]0 in the proximal retina and that this increase depolarizes M\u00fcller cells whose associated currents, in turn, generate the M-wave.", "contents": "Relationship between M\u00fcller cell responses, a local transretinal potential, and potassium flux. 1. In the Necturus retina, light-evoked field potentials, M\u00fcller (glial) cell responses, and extracellular potassium ion concentration ([K+]0) were recorded and found to exhibit the three-way correlation characteristic of these variables elsewhere in the nervous system. 2. M\u00fcller cell responses to a flashed spot or annulus consist primarily of slow depolarizations at both light onset and offset. The responses are maximum to 0.5-mm-diameter spots and decrease with larger diameters. Responses to stimulus intensity and flicker were also used to characterize M\u00fcller cell behavior. 3. In response to long-duration stimuli, the initial M\u00fcller cell depolarization is followed by a very slow hyperpolarization, which is likely the origin of slow PIII. 4. A new extracellular potential is described, the M-wave, the basic properties of which suggest that it is generated by M\u00fcller cells. Moreover, the M-wave and M\u00fcller cells show remarkably similar behavior to a wide variety of stimulus parameters. 5. In the proximal retina, [K+]0 increases at both light onset and offset with a time course similar to that of M\u00fcller cell depolarizing responses. This K+ increase also behaves similarly to the M\u00fcller cell depolarization in response to changes in stimulus parameters. 6. It is concluded that light stimulation leads to an increase in [K+]0 in the proximal retina and that this increase depolarizes M\u00fcller cells whose associated currents, in turn, generate the M-wave.", "PMID": 845622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6774", "title": "Discrimination of orientation and position disparities by binocularly activated neurons in cat straite cortex.", "content": "1. We have examined and compared the ability of binocularly activated striate neurons to make both position disparity and orientation disparity discrimination in the anesthetized (N2O/O2) and paralyzed cat preparation. 2. Accurate knowledge of eye position is essential for disparity studies. Using a retinal projection technique able to detect eye drifts of less than 3' arc per retinal landmark and less than 18' arc cyclorotation disparity, we determined eye drift during the course of 2- to 4-day experiments. After the initial eye rotation due to the anesthesia and the onset of paralysis (see below), rotational drift thereafter was mainly excyclorotatory and, from all causes, rarely totaled more than 4 degrees disparity. All our data have been corrected for this residual cyclorotatory drift. 3. Optimal stimulus orientation disparities were determined from quantitative monocular orientation tuning curves for 74 binocularly activated striate cells (37 simple, 3 hypercomplex I, 31 complex, 3 hypercomplex II) from nine cats. Without exception, the mean optimal stimulus orientation disparity in each of our animals showed a departure from zero disparity equivalent to an incyclorotation of the eyes (mean, 9.2 degrees; range, 2.7 degrees-15.9 degrees). 4. We attribute this mean optimal stimulus orientation disparity shift to ocular cyclorotation as a result of the initial anesthesia and paralysis. Assuming equal intortion, incyclorotation for each eye averages 4.6 degrees. On the assumption that the mean optimal stimulus orientation disparity is zero in normal life, we pooled results from the nine animals about their individual means. For the 74 cells the resulting distribution of the optimal stimulus orientation disparities had a range of about +/-15 degrees (simple cells: SD 4.9 degrees; complex cells: SD 7.4 degrees). 5. We examined the relationship of the sharpness of the orientation tuning curves to ocular dominance, to absolute orientation preference, and to other unit properties. The striking observation was the high correlation between the sharpness of orientation tuning curves for the two eyes of a binocular neuron. For simple cells the mean difference for the half-widths of half-height was only 2.54 degrees, with sharpness showing a high correlation between the two eyes (r=0.915) over half-width at half-heights ranging from 8.5 degrees to 41.8 degrees. Complex cells showed a similar, albeit weaker, correlation. 6. Having shown that, assessed monocularly binocular units show different orientation tunings in the two eyes, we undertook binocular experiments to ascertain if these differences were the optimal disparities of sharply tuned stimulus orientation disparity channels. Using a matrix stimulation paradigm to minimize the effects of spontaneous changes in responsiveness, we have simultaneously extracted bionocular stimulus orientation disparity and position disparity tuning curves from single striate neurons...", "contents": "Discrimination of orientation and position disparities by binocularly activated neurons in cat straite cortex. 1. We have examined and compared the ability of binocularly activated striate neurons to make both position disparity and orientation disparity discrimination in the anesthetized (N2O/O2) and paralyzed cat preparation. 2. Accurate knowledge of eye position is essential for disparity studies. Using a retinal projection technique able to detect eye drifts of less than 3' arc per retinal landmark and less than 18' arc cyclorotation disparity, we determined eye drift during the course of 2- to 4-day experiments. After the initial eye rotation due to the anesthesia and the onset of paralysis (see below), rotational drift thereafter was mainly excyclorotatory and, from all causes, rarely totaled more than 4 degrees disparity. All our data have been corrected for this residual cyclorotatory drift. 3. Optimal stimulus orientation disparities were determined from quantitative monocular orientation tuning curves for 74 binocularly activated striate cells (37 simple, 3 hypercomplex I, 31 complex, 3 hypercomplex II) from nine cats. Without exception, the mean optimal stimulus orientation disparity in each of our animals showed a departure from zero disparity equivalent to an incyclorotation of the eyes (mean, 9.2 degrees; range, 2.7 degrees-15.9 degrees). 4. We attribute this mean optimal stimulus orientation disparity shift to ocular cyclorotation as a result of the initial anesthesia and paralysis. Assuming equal intortion, incyclorotation for each eye averages 4.6 degrees. On the assumption that the mean optimal stimulus orientation disparity is zero in normal life, we pooled results from the nine animals about their individual means. For the 74 cells the resulting distribution of the optimal stimulus orientation disparities had a range of about +/-15 degrees (simple cells: SD 4.9 degrees; complex cells: SD 7.4 degrees). 5. We examined the relationship of the sharpness of the orientation tuning curves to ocular dominance, to absolute orientation preference, and to other unit properties. The striking observation was the high correlation between the sharpness of orientation tuning curves for the two eyes of a binocular neuron. For simple cells the mean difference for the half-widths of half-height was only 2.54 degrees, with sharpness showing a high correlation between the two eyes (r=0.915) over half-width at half-heights ranging from 8.5 degrees to 41.8 degrees. Complex cells showed a similar, albeit weaker, correlation. 6. Having shown that, assessed monocularly binocular units show different orientation tunings in the two eyes, we undertook binocular experiments to ascertain if these differences were the optimal disparities of sharply tuned stimulus orientation disparity channels. Using a matrix stimulation paradigm to minimize the effects of spontaneous changes in responsiveness, we have simultaneously extracted bionocular stimulus orientation disparity and position disparity tuning curves from single striate neurons...", "PMID": 845623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6775", "title": "Role of pontine tegmentum for locomotor control in mesencephalic cat.", "content": "1. An attempt has been made to elucidate how direct stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR, with Horsley-Clarke coordinates P2, L4, and H0) is transmitted through the pons to the spinal cord where a stepping generator is presumed to exist. 2. A longitudinal strip, termed the \"pontine locomotor region\" (PLR), was identified. It extends ventrocaudally throughout the lateral pontine tegmentum (P3-P9, L4 and about 2 mm beneath the floor of the IVth ventricle). 3. Stimulation of this locomotor strip at P4-5 and P8-9 levels generated hindlimb stepping or four-legged locomotion on a treadmill similar to that elicited by MLR stimulation. However, \"PLR stepping\" was more often accompanied by spasticity of the hindlimbs. Stimulation of the pontine strip at the P6-7 level produced stepping accompanied by an opening of the mouth. 4. Subthreshold MLR stimulation together with subthreshold PLR stimulation generated locomotion. Ipsilateral and contralateral MLR-PLR stimulations were of equal effectiveness for the generation of locomotion. 5. Stimulation of rostral (P3-6), but not caudal (P6-9), parts of the PLR evoked field potentials in the MLR with two negative components. The points at which these potentials were evoked with minimum current were usually coincident with the best points for eliciting locomotion. Short-latency monophasic negative potentials were evoked in the rostral part of the PLR by MLR stimulation. 6. Locomotion elicited by stimulation of either the MLR or the PLR was suppressed by stimulation within a midpontine region, 1.5-2.0 mm beneath the floor of the IVth ventricle (P6-7, L0-0.5, H-5 to -6). Stimulation applied to the close vicinity of this \"inhibitory\" region did not evoke field potentials in the MLR. 7. In some animals stimulation between the inhibitory region and the underlying PLR could facilitate locomotion elicited by MLR stimulation, although no stepping was produced by such stimulation alone.", "contents": "Role of pontine tegmentum for locomotor control in mesencephalic cat. 1. An attempt has been made to elucidate how direct stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR, with Horsley-Clarke coordinates P2, L4, and H0) is transmitted through the pons to the spinal cord where a stepping generator is presumed to exist. 2. A longitudinal strip, termed the \"pontine locomotor region\" (PLR), was identified. It extends ventrocaudally throughout the lateral pontine tegmentum (P3-P9, L4 and about 2 mm beneath the floor of the IVth ventricle). 3. Stimulation of this locomotor strip at P4-5 and P8-9 levels generated hindlimb stepping or four-legged locomotion on a treadmill similar to that elicited by MLR stimulation. However, \"PLR stepping\" was more often accompanied by spasticity of the hindlimbs. Stimulation of the pontine strip at the P6-7 level produced stepping accompanied by an opening of the mouth. 4. Subthreshold MLR stimulation together with subthreshold PLR stimulation generated locomotion. Ipsilateral and contralateral MLR-PLR stimulations were of equal effectiveness for the generation of locomotion. 5. Stimulation of rostral (P3-6), but not caudal (P6-9), parts of the PLR evoked field potentials in the MLR with two negative components. The points at which these potentials were evoked with minimum current were usually coincident with the best points for eliciting locomotion. Short-latency monophasic negative potentials were evoked in the rostral part of the PLR by MLR stimulation. 6. Locomotion elicited by stimulation of either the MLR or the PLR was suppressed by stimulation within a midpontine region, 1.5-2.0 mm beneath the floor of the IVth ventricle (P6-7, L0-0.5, H-5 to -6). Stimulation applied to the close vicinity of this \"inhibitory\" region did not evoke field potentials in the MLR. 7. In some animals stimulation between the inhibitory region and the underlying PLR could facilitate locomotion elicited by MLR stimulation, although no stepping was produced by such stimulation alone.", "PMID": 845624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6776", "title": "Functional organization of lateral cell groups of cat superior olivary complex.", "content": "1. Single-unit discharges to auditory stimuli were recorded extracellularly from superior olivary complex (SOC) units located lateral to the medial superior olive. Stimuli consisted of monaurally or binaurally presented tone bursts. The response measures obtained were effective ear, nature of effect, stimulus-frequency representation, maximum output, latency of response, and temporal pattern of tone burst-elicited discharges. Electrolytic marks were made at the unit studied or at the end of the electrode tract and in the medial superior olive. Following each experiment the locations of the units studied were determined histologically. An atlas of the laterally located SOC cell groups was developed to permit classification of units on the basis of localization within cell groups. Units were also classified according to the effects of stimulating the two ears. 2. All SOC units located lateral to the medial superior olive were excited by stimulation of the ipsilateral ear. Stimulation of the contralateral ear either excited, inhibited, had no effect, or had a potentiating effect on the discharges elicited by stimulating the ipsilateral ear. 3. Most lateral superior olivary (LSO) units were inhibited by contralateral stimulation, were narrowly tuned, produced low to high levels of maximum output, had short latencies, and produced regular discharge patterns characterized by chopper PST histograms with narrow initial peaks. 4. Most units within the caudal margins of the LSO (pLSO) were not affected or were inhibited by a contralateral stimulus; many were broadly tuned and exhibited intensity functions with large dynamic range and low slope. These units also had long latencies and produced chopper PST histograms with wide initial peaks. 5. Most units located dorsal to the LSO (DPO and DLPO) were not affected by the contralateral stimulus, were narrowly tuned, produced moderate levels of maximum discharge, had long latencies, and produced chopper PST histograms with wide initial peaks. 6. Units located ventral to the LSO appeared to have response characteristics related to unit location. Most units below the ventral hilum of the LSO (VLPO) were inhibited by the contralateral stimulus and many were broadly tuned VLPO units produced wide or poorly defined narrow-chopper discharge patterns and intensity functions with high maximum output. Most units located ventral to the lateral loop of the LSO (LNTB) were not affected by the contralateral stimulus and had response characteristics that may be related to the rostrocaudal location of the unit. 7. The cell groups located dorsal and ventral to the LSO were tonotopically organized with low-frequency-sensitive units located laterally and high-frequency-sensitive units located medially. The units located along the caudal margins of the LSO had a tonotopic organization similar to that of the LSO.", "contents": "Functional organization of lateral cell groups of cat superior olivary complex. 1. Single-unit discharges to auditory stimuli were recorded extracellularly from superior olivary complex (SOC) units located lateral to the medial superior olive. Stimuli consisted of monaurally or binaurally presented tone bursts. The response measures obtained were effective ear, nature of effect, stimulus-frequency representation, maximum output, latency of response, and temporal pattern of tone burst-elicited discharges. Electrolytic marks were made at the unit studied or at the end of the electrode tract and in the medial superior olive. Following each experiment the locations of the units studied were determined histologically. An atlas of the laterally located SOC cell groups was developed to permit classification of units on the basis of localization within cell groups. Units were also classified according to the effects of stimulating the two ears. 2. All SOC units located lateral to the medial superior olive were excited by stimulation of the ipsilateral ear. Stimulation of the contralateral ear either excited, inhibited, had no effect, or had a potentiating effect on the discharges elicited by stimulating the ipsilateral ear. 3. Most lateral superior olivary (LSO) units were inhibited by contralateral stimulation, were narrowly tuned, produced low to high levels of maximum output, had short latencies, and produced regular discharge patterns characterized by chopper PST histograms with narrow initial peaks. 4. Most units within the caudal margins of the LSO (pLSO) were not affected or were inhibited by a contralateral stimulus; many were broadly tuned and exhibited intensity functions with large dynamic range and low slope. These units also had long latencies and produced chopper PST histograms with wide initial peaks. 5. Most units located dorsal to the LSO (DPO and DLPO) were not affected by the contralateral stimulus, were narrowly tuned, produced moderate levels of maximum discharge, had long latencies, and produced chopper PST histograms with wide initial peaks. 6. Units located ventral to the LSO appeared to have response characteristics related to unit location. Most units below the ventral hilum of the LSO (VLPO) were inhibited by the contralateral stimulus and many were broadly tuned VLPO units produced wide or poorly defined narrow-chopper discharge patterns and intensity functions with high maximum output. Most units located ventral to the lateral loop of the LSO (LNTB) were not affected by the contralateral stimulus and had response characteristics that may be related to the rostrocaudal location of the unit. 7. The cell groups located dorsal and ventral to the LSO were tonotopically organized with low-frequency-sensitive units located laterally and high-frequency-sensitive units located medially. The units located along the caudal margins of the LSO had a tonotopic organization similar to that of the LSO.", "PMID": 845625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6777", "title": "Interconnections of identified multiaction interneurons in buccal ganglia of Aplysia.", "content": "1. The 26 identified neurons of Aplysia buccal ganglia include 4 interneurons and their follower cells. Each interneuron makes cholinergic synaptic connections on eight identified ipsilateral follower neurons. Each interneuronal action potential also produces a zero-latency, Mg-intensitive electrotonic coupling potential in one cholinergic and electrotonic input from the interneurons. Electrotonic connections are bidirectional and nonrectifying. 2. Ipsilateral pairs of interneurons receive extensive common synaptic input from several unidentified neurons: each interneuron also receives some input not received by the other. These pairs are linked by bidirectional nonrectifying electronic coupling which is insensitive to high Mg. As a consequence of this organization, ipsilateral interneuron pairs can fire a) independently, or b) synchronously, or c) one active interneuron can depolarize the other. 3. Each follower receiving synaptic input from one ipsilateral interneuron also receives similar input from the other interneuron. Common follower cells thus receive a) asynchronous PSPs, or b) large summated PSPs, or c) an increased number of PSPs from each interneuron. The latter two modes constitute feed-forward summation of interneuronal action. 4. Interneuronal output is confined to ipsilateral neurons. Symmetric pairs of interneurons are coordinated by common inputs and are not directly interconnected by either chemical or electrotonic synapses. Synchrony of firing of symmetric pairs is, therefore, looser than that of ipsilateral pairs.", "contents": "Interconnections of identified multiaction interneurons in buccal ganglia of Aplysia. 1. The 26 identified neurons of Aplysia buccal ganglia include 4 interneurons and their follower cells. Each interneuron makes cholinergic synaptic connections on eight identified ipsilateral follower neurons. Each interneuronal action potential also produces a zero-latency, Mg-intensitive electrotonic coupling potential in one cholinergic and electrotonic input from the interneurons. Electrotonic connections are bidirectional and nonrectifying. 2. Ipsilateral pairs of interneurons receive extensive common synaptic input from several unidentified neurons: each interneuron also receives some input not received by the other. These pairs are linked by bidirectional nonrectifying electronic coupling which is insensitive to high Mg. As a consequence of this organization, ipsilateral interneuron pairs can fire a) independently, or b) synchronously, or c) one active interneuron can depolarize the other. 3. Each follower receiving synaptic input from one ipsilateral interneuron also receives similar input from the other interneuron. Common follower cells thus receive a) asynchronous PSPs, or b) large summated PSPs, or c) an increased number of PSPs from each interneuron. The latter two modes constitute feed-forward summation of interneuronal action. 4. Interneuronal output is confined to ipsilateral neurons. Symmetric pairs of interneurons are coordinated by common inputs and are not directly interconnected by either chemical or electrotonic synapses. Synchrony of firing of symmetric pairs is, therefore, looser than that of ipsilateral pairs.", "PMID": 845626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6778", "title": "Visual receptive-field properties of single neurons in cat's ventral lateral geniculate nucleus.", "content": "1. Visual receptive-field characteristics were determined for 154 cells in the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (VLG) of cats anesthetized with nitrous oxide. All cells were verified histologically to be within the VLG. Responses of 182 cells from laminae A and A1 of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (DLG) were tested for comparison. 2. The VLG cells could be grouped into one of seven classes according to their responses to light stimulation. Twenty-seven percent of the cells had uniform receptive fields. They responded maximally to stationary stimuli flashed on or off anywhere within the receptive field and showed no evidence for antagonistic surround mechanisms. About 19.5% of the VLG cells had concentric receptive fields. They were similar to the uniform type, with the addition of a concentric inhibitory surround. Eight percent of the VLG cells had ambient receptive fields. These cells were characterized by an unusually regular maintained discharge which varied in rate in relation to the level of receptive-field illumination or of full-field ambient illumination. About 4% of the VLG cells were movement sensitive. They gave little or no response to stationary stimuli flashed on or off in the receptive field, and responded best to a contour moving across the receptive field in any direction. An additional 2.5% of the VLG cells were direction sensitive. Their response was dependent on the direction of stimulus movement through the receptive field. Sixteen percent of the VLG cells had indefinite receptive fields. They responded to whole-eye illumination or to localized visual-field stimulation; however, specific receptive-field properties could not be adequately defined. Approximately 23% of the VLG cells studied gave no convincing response to visual stimulation. 3. Responses of DLG cells agreed with those reported in previous studies. Almost all (97%) had concentric receptive fields, and a few (3%) had uniform receptive fields with no apparent antagonistic surround. None of the DLG cells had receptive fields like those in the other classes found for VLG cells. 4. The VLG cells tended to have large receptive fields; mean diameter was 10.6 degrees of visual arc. This was substantially larger than the diameter of receptive fields for DLG cells. In addition, VLG cells generally required larger stimuli than DLG cells to respond. There was no consistent relationship between receptive-field size and visual-field eccentricity for VLG cells, in contrast to the DLG. Most (57%) VLG cells were driven only by the contralateral eye, 30% were binocularly driven, and 13% were driven only by the ipsilateral eye. 5. A systematic visuotopic organization was present in the VLG. The lower visual field was represented anteriorly in the nucleus and the upper visual field posteriorly. The vertical meridian was represented along the dorsomedial border of the VLG where it abuts the DLG, and the temporal periphery was represented ventrolaterally. 6. Responses to electrical stimulation of the optic chiasm were studied for 55 VLG cells...", "contents": "Visual receptive-field properties of single neurons in cat's ventral lateral geniculate nucleus. 1. Visual receptive-field characteristics were determined for 154 cells in the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (VLG) of cats anesthetized with nitrous oxide. All cells were verified histologically to be within the VLG. Responses of 182 cells from laminae A and A1 of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (DLG) were tested for comparison. 2. The VLG cells could be grouped into one of seven classes according to their responses to light stimulation. Twenty-seven percent of the cells had uniform receptive fields. They responded maximally to stationary stimuli flashed on or off anywhere within the receptive field and showed no evidence for antagonistic surround mechanisms. About 19.5% of the VLG cells had concentric receptive fields. They were similar to the uniform type, with the addition of a concentric inhibitory surround. Eight percent of the VLG cells had ambient receptive fields. These cells were characterized by an unusually regular maintained discharge which varied in rate in relation to the level of receptive-field illumination or of full-field ambient illumination. About 4% of the VLG cells were movement sensitive. They gave little or no response to stationary stimuli flashed on or off in the receptive field, and responded best to a contour moving across the receptive field in any direction. An additional 2.5% of the VLG cells were direction sensitive. Their response was dependent on the direction of stimulus movement through the receptive field. Sixteen percent of the VLG cells had indefinite receptive fields. They responded to whole-eye illumination or to localized visual-field stimulation; however, specific receptive-field properties could not be adequately defined. Approximately 23% of the VLG cells studied gave no convincing response to visual stimulation. 3. Responses of DLG cells agreed with those reported in previous studies. Almost all (97%) had concentric receptive fields, and a few (3%) had uniform receptive fields with no apparent antagonistic surround. None of the DLG cells had receptive fields like those in the other classes found for VLG cells. 4. The VLG cells tended to have large receptive fields; mean diameter was 10.6 degrees of visual arc. This was substantially larger than the diameter of receptive fields for DLG cells. In addition, VLG cells generally required larger stimuli than DLG cells to respond. There was no consistent relationship between receptive-field size and visual-field eccentricity for VLG cells, in contrast to the DLG. Most (57%) VLG cells were driven only by the contralateral eye, 30% were binocularly driven, and 13% were driven only by the ipsilateral eye. 5. A systematic visuotopic organization was present in the VLG. The lower visual field was represented anteriorly in the nucleus and the upper visual field posteriorly. The vertical meridian was represented along the dorsomedial border of the VLG where it abuts the DLG, and the temporal periphery was represented ventrolaterally. 6. Responses to electrical stimulation of the optic chiasm were studied for 55 VLG cells...", "PMID": 845627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6779", "title": "Familial intracranial aneurysms and cerebral vascular anomalies.", "content": "The author reports a family in which four members had intracranial aneurysms and one additional member was suspect. One member had multiple aneurysms that were successfully treated surgically. Elective angiography on five asymptomatic members of the family disclosed asymptomatic aneurysms in two. In addition, cerebrovascular anomalies were found in many of the family members. The parents of the family were consanguineous. High incidence of these associated anomalies and consanguinity in the parents tend to suggest the hereditary basis of the disease. Banding analysis of chromosomes in three siblings with aneurysms and three siblings without aneurysms was carried out. Elective investigation of the asymptomatic members should be considered where there are already two or more affected in a family. The indications for surgical prophylaxis on asymptomatic aneurysms in other members of the family are discussed.", "contents": "Familial intracranial aneurysms and cerebral vascular anomalies. The author reports a family in which four members had intracranial aneurysms and one additional member was suspect. One member had multiple aneurysms that were successfully treated surgically. Elective angiography on five asymptomatic members of the family disclosed asymptomatic aneurysms in two. In addition, cerebrovascular anomalies were found in many of the family members. The parents of the family were consanguineous. High incidence of these associated anomalies and consanguinity in the parents tend to suggest the hereditary basis of the disease. Banding analysis of chromosomes in three siblings with aneurysms and three siblings without aneurysms was carried out. Elective investigation of the asymptomatic members should be considered where there are already two or more affected in a family. The indications for surgical prophylaxis on asymptomatic aneurysms in other members of the family are discussed.", "PMID": 845628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6780", "title": "Aneurysmal tumors of the basifrontal region.", "content": "The authors report the cases of three men who presented for evaluation of a rapidly progressing dementia. All were found to have a giant aneurysmal mass in the basifrontal region, and all were successfully treated by surgical excision of the mass. The presenting syndrome included rapidly progressive and severe loss of recent memory associated with confusion, chronic headache, wide-based staggering gait disturbance, urinary urgency, frequency, and incontinence, and a fine tremor of the hands exacerbated by purposeful movements. The clinical presentation, radiological assessment, and surgical treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Aneurysmal tumors of the basifrontal region. The authors report the cases of three men who presented for evaluation of a rapidly progressing dementia. All were found to have a giant aneurysmal mass in the basifrontal region, and all were successfully treated by surgical excision of the mass. The presenting syndrome included rapidly progressive and severe loss of recent memory associated with confusion, chronic headache, wide-based staggering gait disturbance, urinary urgency, frequency, and incontinence, and a fine tremor of the hands exacerbated by purposeful movements. The clinical presentation, radiological assessment, and surgical treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 845629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6781", "title": "Effects of subarachnoid hemorrhage on cerebral blood volume, blood flow, and oxygen utilization in humans.", "content": "Forty-five studies of regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV), regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), and regional cerebral oxygen utilization (rCMRO2) were performed in 30 patients undergoing diagnostic cerebral angiography for evaluation of a subarachnoid hemorrhage due to a ruptured intracranial aneurysm. Tracer methods employing radioactive oxygen-15 were used to measure rCBV, rCBF, and rCMRO2. The patient studies were divided into groups based on their neurological status and the presence or absence of cerebral vasospasm. Subarachnoid hemorrhage, with and without vasospasm, produced significant decreases in CBF and CMRO2. In general, patients with more severe neurological deficits, and patients with more severe degrees of vasospasm, had a more marked depression of CBF and CMRO2. The most striking finding was a significant (p less than 0.001) increase in CBV (to 58% above normal) in patients with severe neurological deficits associated with severe cerebral vasospasm. This large increase suggests that cerebral vasospasm consists of constriction of the large, radiographically visible extraparenchymal vessels accompained by a massive dilation of intraparenchymal vessels.", "contents": "Effects of subarachnoid hemorrhage on cerebral blood volume, blood flow, and oxygen utilization in humans. Forty-five studies of regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV), regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), and regional cerebral oxygen utilization (rCMRO2) were performed in 30 patients undergoing diagnostic cerebral angiography for evaluation of a subarachnoid hemorrhage due to a ruptured intracranial aneurysm. Tracer methods employing radioactive oxygen-15 were used to measure rCBV, rCBF, and rCMRO2. The patient studies were divided into groups based on their neurological status and the presence or absence of cerebral vasospasm. Subarachnoid hemorrhage, with and without vasospasm, produced significant decreases in CBF and CMRO2. In general, patients with more severe neurological deficits, and patients with more severe degrees of vasospasm, had a more marked depression of CBF and CMRO2. The most striking finding was a significant (p less than 0.001) increase in CBV (to 58% above normal) in patients with severe neurological deficits associated with severe cerebral vasospasm. This large increase suggests that cerebral vasospasm consists of constriction of the large, radiographically visible extraparenchymal vessels accompained by a massive dilation of intraparenchymal vessels.", "PMID": 845630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6782", "title": "Pathogenetic role of no-reflow phenomenon in experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in dogs.", "content": "The real pathogenetic role of no-reflow phenomenon in clinical situations such as the acute stage of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is not yet known. To study this problem, we carried out the following experiment in dogs: SAH was induced by withdrawing a needle previously inserted into the internal carotid artery through a small craniectomy in the lateral base of the skull. Complete dural repair and cranioplasty was done to avoid cerebrospinal fluid leakage. Cortical cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes, measured by a double-needle type thermocouple, intracranial pressure (ICP), electroencephalogram (EEG), and sensory evoked response were monitored under controlled ventilation of 3 hours after SAH. At the end of the experiment, the brain was perfused with carbon black solution at a pressure of 120mm Hg. The 32 episodes of SAH thus induced yielded two basic patterns of ICP changes which simulated those previously reported with human SAH. In the first pattern, reactive hyperemia was always observed, followed by complete or incomplete recovery of cerebral function. Perfusion defects were frequently seen in the thalamus, basal ganglia, and parietooccipital cortex symmetrically. In the second pattern, prolonged elevation of ICP resulted in failure of recovery of both CBF and EEG. Carbon black filled only the pial arteries and the rest of the brain was totally unperfused. From the results, the pathogenetic role of the no-flow phenomenon in the acute stage of SAH as influencing the prognosis is strongly suspected.", "contents": "Pathogenetic role of no-reflow phenomenon in experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in dogs. The real pathogenetic role of no-reflow phenomenon in clinical situations such as the acute stage of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is not yet known. To study this problem, we carried out the following experiment in dogs: SAH was induced by withdrawing a needle previously inserted into the internal carotid artery through a small craniectomy in the lateral base of the skull. Complete dural repair and cranioplasty was done to avoid cerebrospinal fluid leakage. Cortical cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes, measured by a double-needle type thermocouple, intracranial pressure (ICP), electroencephalogram (EEG), and sensory evoked response were monitored under controlled ventilation of 3 hours after SAH. At the end of the experiment, the brain was perfused with carbon black solution at a pressure of 120mm Hg. The 32 episodes of SAH thus induced yielded two basic patterns of ICP changes which simulated those previously reported with human SAH. In the first pattern, reactive hyperemia was always observed, followed by complete or incomplete recovery of cerebral function. Perfusion defects were frequently seen in the thalamus, basal ganglia, and parietooccipital cortex symmetrically. In the second pattern, prolonged elevation of ICP resulted in failure of recovery of both CBF and EEG. Carbon black filled only the pial arteries and the rest of the brain was totally unperfused. From the results, the pathogenetic role of the no-flow phenomenon in the acute stage of SAH as influencing the prognosis is strongly suspected.", "PMID": 845631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6783", "title": "Hospital-acquired bacterial meningitis in neurosurgical patients.", "content": "The authors review 23 cases of hospital-acquired meningitis occurring over a 15 year period in neurosurgical patients. Factors associated with the development of meningitis include recent craniotomy, cerebrospinal fluid leak, the presence of ventricular or lumbar drainage tubes, and skull fracture. Four cases were caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis; one of these patients died. In 19 cases, Gram-negative enteric bacteria were the etiologic agents, most commonly members of the Klebsiella-Enterobacter-Serratia group. Eleven of these patients died. The particular antibiotic or group of antibiotics used and the route of administration made no difference in the outcome of Gram-negative bacillary meningitis.", "contents": "Hospital-acquired bacterial meningitis in neurosurgical patients. The authors review 23 cases of hospital-acquired meningitis occurring over a 15 year period in neurosurgical patients. Factors associated with the development of meningitis include recent craniotomy, cerebrospinal fluid leak, the presence of ventricular or lumbar drainage tubes, and skull fracture. Four cases were caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis; one of these patients died. In 19 cases, Gram-negative enteric bacteria were the etiologic agents, most commonly members of the Klebsiella-Enterobacter-Serratia group. Eleven of these patients died. The particular antibiotic or group of antibiotics used and the route of administration made no difference in the outcome of Gram-negative bacillary meningitis.", "PMID": 845632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6784", "title": "Use of microfibrillar collagen as a topical hemostatic agent in brain tissue.", "content": "Microfibrillar collagen, a recently introduced topical hemostatic agent, was used to obtain hemostasis in suction-evacuation lesions of canine cortex. Gelatin foam was used as a control in identical lesions on the opposite side. Microfibrillar collagen was found to be faster acting and more effective than gelatin foam. Histological evaluation of the lesions at 2,4, and 6 months postoperatively showed no significant difference in the amount or type of tissue reaction to the two agents.", "contents": "Use of microfibrillar collagen as a topical hemostatic agent in brain tissue. Microfibrillar collagen, a recently introduced topical hemostatic agent, was used to obtain hemostasis in suction-evacuation lesions of canine cortex. Gelatin foam was used as a control in identical lesions on the opposite side. Microfibrillar collagen was found to be faster acting and more effective than gelatin foam. Histological evaluation of the lesions at 2,4, and 6 months postoperatively showed no significant difference in the amount or type of tissue reaction to the two agents.", "PMID": 845633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6785", "title": "Delayed paralysis after cervical fracture-dislocation. Case report.", "content": "The authors describe the late development of ascending damage to the spinal cord after a cervicothoracic fracture-dislocation that produced no evidence of cord or nerve injury other than transient mild paresthesia in the arms. After 16 years, progressive quadriplegia developed with subsequent ascending dissociated sensory loss in the upper cervical dermatomes. The presence of a central syrinx was verified at operation 18 years after the injury.", "contents": "Delayed paralysis after cervical fracture-dislocation. Case report. The authors describe the late development of ascending damage to the spinal cord after a cervicothoracic fracture-dislocation that produced no evidence of cord or nerve injury other than transient mild paresthesia in the arms. After 16 years, progressive quadriplegia developed with subsequent ascending dissociated sensory loss in the upper cervical dermatomes. The presence of a central syrinx was verified at operation 18 years after the injury.", "PMID": 845634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6786", "title": "Intracranial and extracranial neurogenic hamartoma.", "content": "A case of neurogenic hamartoma involving the middle cranial fossa, nasopharynx, and left anterior cervical region and presenting at birth as an obstructive oropharyngeal mass is described. Special management included Gelfoam embolization of the vascular supply, control of airway and feeding, assessment of biological activity of the mass, and appropriate staging of the procedure with neurosurgical, head and neck surgical, and radiological support.", "contents": "Intracranial and extracranial neurogenic hamartoma. A case of neurogenic hamartoma involving the middle cranial fossa, nasopharynx, and left anterior cervical region and presenting at birth as an obstructive oropharyngeal mass is described. Special management included Gelfoam embolization of the vascular supply, control of airway and feeding, assessment of biological activity of the mass, and appropriate staging of the procedure with neurosurgical, head and neck surgical, and radiological support.", "PMID": 845635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6787", "title": "Visual loss from optochiasmatic arachnoiditis after tuberculous meningitis. Case report.", "content": "While recovering from tuberculous meningitis, a 5-year-old boy developed a profound visual deficit because of optochiasmatic arachnoiditis. Following microneurosurgical decompression of the optic nerves and chiasm, prompt visual recovery occurred.", "contents": "Visual loss from optochiasmatic arachnoiditis after tuberculous meningitis. Case report. While recovering from tuberculous meningitis, a 5-year-old boy developed a profound visual deficit because of optochiasmatic arachnoiditis. Following microneurosurgical decompression of the optic nerves and chiasm, prompt visual recovery occurred.", "PMID": 845636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6788", "title": "Transsphenoidal chiasmapexy for correction of posthypophysectomy traction syndrome of optic chiasm. Case report.", "content": "Postoperative improvement occurred as a result of transsphenoidal chiasmapexy in a patient with posthypophysectomy visual loss. Traction injury of the optic chiasm may have been caused by a deficient diaphragma sellae and inadequate packing and repair of the sella floor. A cartilaginous seal is recommended.", "contents": "Transsphenoidal chiasmapexy for correction of posthypophysectomy traction syndrome of optic chiasm. Case report. Postoperative improvement occurred as a result of transsphenoidal chiasmapexy in a patient with posthypophysectomy visual loss. Traction injury of the optic chiasm may have been caused by a deficient diaphragma sellae and inadequate packing and repair of the sella floor. A cartilaginous seal is recommended.", "PMID": 845637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6789", "title": "Aspergillus infection complicating trassphenoidal yttrium-90 pituitary implant. Report of two cases.", "content": "Diagnosis proved difficult in two cases of Aspergillus infection complicating yttrium-90 ablation of the pituitary. This serious complication occurs rarely. Whatever the initial organism obtained from cases with meningitis of late onset, Aspergillus infection should be considered and cerebrospinal fluid should be cultured for fungi.", "contents": "Aspergillus infection complicating trassphenoidal yttrium-90 pituitary implant. Report of two cases. Diagnosis proved difficult in two cases of Aspergillus infection complicating yttrium-90 ablation of the pituitary. This serious complication occurs rarely. Whatever the initial organism obtained from cases with meningitis of late onset, Aspergillus infection should be considered and cerebrospinal fluid should be cultured for fungi.", "PMID": 845638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6790", "title": "Excision of multiple intracranial metastatic hypernephroma. Report of a case with a 7-year survival.", "content": "The authors report a case of cerebral and cerebellar metastatic renal carcinoma with 7-year survival without present evidence of recurrence following excision of both intracranial lesions and the primary lesion (by radical nephrectomy).", "contents": "Excision of multiple intracranial metastatic hypernephroma. Report of a case with a 7-year survival. The authors report a case of cerebral and cerebellar metastatic renal carcinoma with 7-year survival without present evidence of recurrence following excision of both intracranial lesions and the primary lesion (by radical nephrectomy).", "PMID": 845639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6791", "title": "Traumatic lumbosacral meningocele. Case report.", "content": "A case of traumatic avulsion of the L-5 and S-1 nerve roots is described. Surgical intervention was undertaken and long-term functional recovery obtained.", "contents": "Traumatic lumbosacral meningocele. Case report. A case of traumatic avulsion of the L-5 and S-1 nerve roots is described. Surgical intervention was undertaken and long-term functional recovery obtained.", "PMID": 845640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6792", "title": "Posttraumatic hematoma beneath the epineurium of a branch of the median nerve. Case report.", "content": "A very rare case of a posttraumatic hematoma, localized beneath the epineurium of a branch of the median nerve, is described and a probable mechanism of its development if given. Full recovery of nerve function followed surgery.", "contents": "Posttraumatic hematoma beneath the epineurium of a branch of the median nerve. Case report. A very rare case of a posttraumatic hematoma, localized beneath the epineurium of a branch of the median nerve, is described and a probable mechanism of its development if given. Full recovery of nerve function followed surgery.", "PMID": 845641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6793", "title": "Microsurgical anatomy of the upper basilar artery and the posterior circle of Willis.", "content": "The microvascular anatomy of the posterior part of the circle of Willis, important in surgery of pituitary tumors and basilar aneurysms, was defined in 50 cadaver brains. Significant findings were as follows: 1) Anomalies of the posterior half of the circle of Willis were found in 46% of cases. 2) Hypoplastic P-1 (posterior cerebral segment) and posterior communicating segments gave origin to the same number and size of perforating arteries, having the same termination as normal-sized segments. Thus hypoplastic segments should be handled with care and divided to aid in exposure of the basilar bifurcation only after careful consideration. 3) An average of four perforating branches arose from P-1; most from the superior and posterior sufaces. No branches arose from the anterior surface of the basilar bifurcation. The most proximal P-1 branch originated 2 to 3 mm distal to the basilar bifurcation. It was most commonly a thalamoperforating artery. The largest P-1 branch was usually a thalamoperforating  or a posterior choroidal artery. 4) An average of seven branches emerged from the superior and lateral surfaces of the posterior communicating artery. The anterior half was a richer source of perforators than the posterior half. The largest communicating branch in 80% of specimens supplied the premamillary area. 5) The anterior choroidal artery originated from the carotid artery on both sides in all cases. A double anterior choroidal artery was present in 4% of cases.", "contents": "Microsurgical anatomy of the upper basilar artery and the posterior circle of Willis. The microvascular anatomy of the posterior part of the circle of Willis, important in surgery of pituitary tumors and basilar aneurysms, was defined in 50 cadaver brains. Significant findings were as follows: 1) Anomalies of the posterior half of the circle of Willis were found in 46% of cases. 2) Hypoplastic P-1 (posterior cerebral segment) and posterior communicating segments gave origin to the same number and size of perforating arteries, having the same termination as normal-sized segments. Thus hypoplastic segments should be handled with care and divided to aid in exposure of the basilar bifurcation only after careful consideration. 3) An average of four perforating branches arose from P-1; most from the superior and posterior sufaces. No branches arose from the anterior surface of the basilar bifurcation. The most proximal P-1 branch originated 2 to 3 mm distal to the basilar bifurcation. It was most commonly a thalamoperforating artery. The largest P-1 branch was usually a thalamoperforating  or a posterior choroidal artery. 4) An average of seven branches emerged from the superior and lateral surfaces of the posterior communicating artery. The anterior half was a richer source of perforators than the posterior half. The largest communicating branch in 80% of specimens supplied the premamillary area. 5) The anterior choroidal artery originated from the carotid artery on both sides in all cases. A double anterior choroidal artery was present in 4% of cases.", "PMID": 845644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6794", "title": "Early surgical treatment for hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage.", "content": "The authors review 38 cases of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage operated on within 7 hours after the apoplectic attack. Microsurgical technique was used for hemostasis and evacuation of the hematoma. At the 6-month follow-up study, 34 patients could walk unaided or with a cane, one was confined in bed, and three had died.", "contents": "Early surgical treatment for hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage. The authors review 38 cases of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage operated on within 7 hours after the apoplectic attack. Microsurgical technique was used for hemostasis and evacuation of the hematoma. At the 6-month follow-up study, 34 patients could walk unaided or with a cane, one was confined in bed, and three had died.", "PMID": 845645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6795", "title": "Intracranial hypertension in patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysm.", "content": "Simultaneous continuous recording of intracranial pressure (ICP) and systemic blood pressure was carried out in 26 patients admitted within 1 week after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) due to a ruptured intracranial aneurysm. The patients were graded as described by Hunt and Hess. Recordings were made for 1 to 5 days. The more impaired the consciousness, the higher the rate of ICP. In Grade III, IV, and V patients, the mean ICP level was in the range of 15 to 40 mm Hg, 30 to 75 mm Hg, and exceeded 75 mm Hg, respectively. A definite correlation between vasospasm shown by cerebral arteriogram and the clinical grade was not observed. In our series of ICP recordings, we never observed a typical plateau wave. The variations of ICP seen in Grade III and IV patients were the B- and C-waves (15 to 45 mm Hg in amplitude) described by Lundberg, and those in Grade V patients were the high amplitude monotonous waves synchronous with the arterial pulses (15 to 40 mm Hg in amplitude). These phenomena may indicate that Grade III and IV patients with SAH are in a condition of cerebral vasomotor instability, and Grade V patients have cerebral vasomotor paralysis.", "contents": "Intracranial hypertension in patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysm. Simultaneous continuous recording of intracranial pressure (ICP) and systemic blood pressure was carried out in 26 patients admitted within 1 week after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) due to a ruptured intracranial aneurysm. The patients were graded as described by Hunt and Hess. Recordings were made for 1 to 5 days. The more impaired the consciousness, the higher the rate of ICP. In Grade III, IV, and V patients, the mean ICP level was in the range of 15 to 40 mm Hg, 30 to 75 mm Hg, and exceeded 75 mm Hg, respectively. A definite correlation between vasospasm shown by cerebral arteriogram and the clinical grade was not observed. In our series of ICP recordings, we never observed a typical plateau wave. The variations of ICP seen in Grade III and IV patients were the B- and C-waves (15 to 45 mm Hg in amplitude) described by Lundberg, and those in Grade V patients were the high amplitude monotonous waves synchronous with the arterial pulses (15 to 40 mm Hg in amplitude). These phenomena may indicate that Grade III and IV patients with SAH are in a condition of cerebral vasomotor instability, and Grade V patients have cerebral vasomotor paralysis.", "PMID": 845646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6796", "title": "Microsurgical technique in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms.", "content": "A consecutive series of 137 patients with cerebral aneurysms operated on with microsurgical techniques is presented. Occlusion of the aneurysm was performed in 133 patients. Good results were obtained in 85.5% of the entire series and in 92.6% of the patients who were in satisfactory condition preoperatively. The overall mortality rate was 5.8%, and 3.7% for the patients in satisfactory condition. The preoperative and operative factors that influenced the results are discussed.", "contents": "Microsurgical technique in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms. A consecutive series of 137 patients with cerebral aneurysms operated on with microsurgical techniques is presented. Occlusion of the aneurysm was performed in 133 patients. Good results were obtained in 85.5% of the entire series and in 92.6% of the patients who were in satisfactory condition preoperatively. The overall mortality rate was 5.8%, and 3.7% for the patients in satisfactory condition. The preoperative and operative factors that influenced the results are discussed.", "PMID": 845647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6797", "title": "On the origin and nature of the pituitary gland capsule.", "content": "Observations under the operating microscope confirming the presence of a pituitary capsule are reported. This capsule envelops the anterior lobe of the pituitary, the neurohypophysis, and the pituitary stalk. It merges along the stalk with the intracranial pia mater. The origin and nature of this capsule are discussed in light of the known facts of development of the pituitary gland and surrounding structures. It is concluded that the pituitary gland capsule is a derivative of the primitive pia mater.", "contents": "On the origin and nature of the pituitary gland capsule. Observations under the operating microscope confirming the presence of a pituitary capsule are reported. This capsule envelops the anterior lobe of the pituitary, the neurohypophysis, and the pituitary stalk. It merges along the stalk with the intracranial pia mater. The origin and nature of this capsule are discussed in light of the known facts of development of the pituitary gland and surrounding structures. It is concluded that the pituitary gland capsule is a derivative of the primitive pia mater.", "PMID": 845648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6798", "title": "Pituitary abscesses. Report of seven cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Seven cases of pituitary abscess are presented and the relevant world literature is reviewed. An enlarged sella co-existing with bacterial meningitis, or bacterial meningitis coinciding with a known or suspected pituitary tumor should suggest the diagnosis of pituitary abscess. Visual field defects should evoke similar suspicion when present in a patient with meningitis. This reasoning enabled us to make the first reported preoperative diagnosis of pituitary abscess. Therefore, in the management of purulent meningitis, we recommend the following: first, skull films are mandatory; second if the sella turcica is abnormal, the correct presumptive diagnosis is pituitary abscess; and third, if prompt improvement does not follow appropriate antibiotic therapy, the suspected abscess should be explored and drained via the transsphenoidal approach.", "contents": "Pituitary abscesses. Report of seven cases and review of the literature. Seven cases of pituitary abscess are presented and the relevant world literature is reviewed. An enlarged sella co-existing with bacterial meningitis, or bacterial meningitis coinciding with a known or suspected pituitary tumor should suggest the diagnosis of pituitary abscess. Visual field defects should evoke similar suspicion when present in a patient with meningitis. This reasoning enabled us to make the first reported preoperative diagnosis of pituitary abscess. Therefore, in the management of purulent meningitis, we recommend the following: first, skull films are mandatory; second if the sella turcica is abnormal, the correct presumptive diagnosis is pituitary abscess; and third, if prompt improvement does not follow appropriate antibiotic therapy, the suspected abscess should be explored and drained via the transsphenoidal approach.", "PMID": 845649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6799", "title": "Terminal ventriculostomy for syringomyelia.", "content": "The clinical course of 12 patients who underwent terminal ventriculostomy for syringomyelia is presented. Opening the central canal at the tip of the conus medullaris is a relatively benign procedure that improves the symptoms of syringomyelia and syringobulbia. This canal normally terminates at the tip of the conus, but in each of the 12 surgical specimens it continued into the filum terminale for distances up to 8 cm. In most cases the tip of the conus was located more caudally than normal, indicating some degree of tethering in fetal life. This belief is supported by the fact that the newborn, whose conus is tethered to a lipoma at the sacral level, may develop syringomyelia in adult life.", "contents": "Terminal ventriculostomy for syringomyelia. The clinical course of 12 patients who underwent terminal ventriculostomy for syringomyelia is presented. Opening the central canal at the tip of the conus medullaris is a relatively benign procedure that improves the symptoms of syringomyelia and syringobulbia. This canal normally terminates at the tip of the conus, but in each of the 12 surgical specimens it continued into the filum terminale for distances up to 8 cm. In most cases the tip of the conus was located more caudally than normal, indicating some degree of tethering in fetal life. This belief is supported by the fact that the newborn, whose conus is tethered to a lipoma at the sacral level, may develop syringomyelia in adult life.", "PMID": 845650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6800", "title": "Posterior partial rootlet section in the treatment of spasticity.", "content": "Twenty-six patients were operated on using a techinal modification of F\u00f6rster's method of treating spasticity, which consists of a partial section of the roolets constituting the posterior roots. Many patients had mild cerebral spastic quadriplegia or spastic diplegia: several of them were nearly independent when standing or walking, and two of them completely independent. The spastic disorders that were not made worse by voluntary movements were reduced or abolished in all but one patient, in whom rootlet section was insufficient. The spastic disorders that were made worse by voluntary movements were only partially reduced; after operation they were scarcely evident or absent in a static position, but evident during voluntary movements. No improvement was observed in one patient who suffered from spastic disorders that were evident only during voluntary movements, or in one patient suffering from dystonia. The procedure caused no sensory disorders. The operation was especially useful in patients who were acquiring or had already acquired independence when standing or walking.", "contents": "Posterior partial rootlet section in the treatment of spasticity. Twenty-six patients were operated on using a techinal modification of F\u00f6rster's method of treating spasticity, which consists of a partial section of the roolets constituting the posterior roots. Many patients had mild cerebral spastic quadriplegia or spastic diplegia: several of them were nearly independent when standing or walking, and two of them completely independent. The spastic disorders that were not made worse by voluntary movements were reduced or abolished in all but one patient, in whom rootlet section was insufficient. The spastic disorders that were made worse by voluntary movements were only partially reduced; after operation they were scarcely evident or absent in a static position, but evident during voluntary movements. No improvement was observed in one patient who suffered from spastic disorders that were evident only during voluntary movements, or in one patient suffering from dystonia. The procedure caused no sensory disorders. The operation was especially useful in patients who were acquiring or had already acquired independence when standing or walking.", "PMID": 845651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6801", "title": "Hemorrhage from a previously undemonstrated intracranial aneurysm as a late complication of carotid artery ligation. Case report.", "content": "A case is reported in which the patient underwent ligation of the common carotid artery as treatment for a ruptured intracranial aneurysm. Nine years later a second subarachnoid hemorrhage occurred form a new or previously undemonstrated intracranial aneurysm. Recannulation of the ligated carotid artery was demonstrated by arteriography. Similar cases are cited from the literature.", "contents": "Hemorrhage from a previously undemonstrated intracranial aneurysm as a late complication of carotid artery ligation. Case report. A case is reported in which the patient underwent ligation of the common carotid artery as treatment for a ruptured intracranial aneurysm. Nine years later a second subarachnoid hemorrhage occurred form a new or previously undemonstrated intracranial aneurysm. Recannulation of the ligated carotid artery was demonstrated by arteriography. Similar cases are cited from the literature.", "PMID": 845652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6802", "title": "Intracanalicular meningioma with normal tomography. Case report.", "content": "A middle-aged woman presented with the typical symptoms and signs of a compressive optic nerve lesion. Plain skull films, tomography of the optic canals, and selective angiography with magnification and subtraction were normal. Computerized transaxial tomography clearly showed the tumor, which was a meningioma of the optic nerve sheath. At surgery the tumor was found within the optic canal with intracranial and orbital extensions. It was strictly intradural and did not involve the surrounding bone at any point. This case documents the fact that an intracanalicular meningioma may be associated with normal tomograms of the optic canal.", "contents": "Intracanalicular meningioma with normal tomography. Case report. A middle-aged woman presented with the typical symptoms and signs of a compressive optic nerve lesion. Plain skull films, tomography of the optic canals, and selective angiography with magnification and subtraction were normal. Computerized transaxial tomography clearly showed the tumor, which was a meningioma of the optic nerve sheath. At surgery the tumor was found within the optic canal with intracranial and orbital extensions. It was strictly intradural and did not involve the surrounding bone at any point. This case documents the fact that an intracanalicular meningioma may be associated with normal tomograms of the optic canal.", "PMID": 845653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6803", "title": "Traumatic atlantooccipital dislocation. Case report.", "content": "A case of traumatic atlantooccipital dislocation is presented and the literature reviewed. This type of traumatic dislocation is probably produced by violent hyperextension of the upper cervical spine. Cranial nerve injuries and spinal cord injuries are common. Early fusion is recommended.", "contents": "Traumatic atlantooccipital dislocation. Case report. A case of traumatic atlantooccipital dislocation is presented and the literature reviewed. This type of traumatic dislocation is probably produced by violent hyperextension of the upper cervical spine. Cranial nerve injuries and spinal cord injuries are common. Early fusion is recommended.", "PMID": 845654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6804", "title": "\"Bicycle test\" of van Gelderen in diagnosis of intermittent cauda equina compression syndrome. Case report.", "content": "The authors describe a simple clinical adjunct to the routine neurological examination of patients with intermittent cauda equina compression syndrome. The \"bicycle test\" helps exclude intermittent claudication due to vascular insufficiency and frequently confirms the relationship of posture to radicular pain.", "contents": "\"Bicycle test\" of van Gelderen in diagnosis of intermittent cauda equina compression syndrome. Case report. The authors describe a simple clinical adjunct to the routine neurological examination of patients with intermittent cauda equina compression syndrome. The \"bicycle test\" helps exclude intermittent claudication due to vascular insufficiency and frequently confirms the relationship of posture to radicular pain.", "PMID": 845655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6805", "title": "Skull tumor simulating sinus pericranii. Case report.", "content": "A case of skull tumor simulating sinus pericranii is presented. The tumor was situated in the occiput near the midline and it was thought to satisfy the diagnostic criteria of sinus pericranii. At operation the tumor proved to be eosinophilic granuloma with intratumorous hemorrhage associated with epidural hematoma.", "contents": "Skull tumor simulating sinus pericranii. Case report. A case of skull tumor simulating sinus pericranii is presented. The tumor was situated in the occiput near the midline and it was thought to satisfy the diagnostic criteria of sinus pericranii. At operation the tumor proved to be eosinophilic granuloma with intratumorous hemorrhage associated with epidural hematoma.", "PMID": 845656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6806", "title": "Abnormal movements with hydrocephalus. Case report.", "content": "The author reports the case of a pituitary dwarf with choreoathetoid movement of the tongue and both arms as results of a shunt malfunction. He had undergone craniotomy for excision of a suprasellar craniopharyngioma, and 13 years later complete cerebral angiography and Conray ventriculography showed massive hydrocephalus with no evidence of tumor recurrence. Revision of the shunt was followed by complete recovery of the movement disorder.", "contents": "Abnormal movements with hydrocephalus. Case report. The author reports the case of a pituitary dwarf with choreoathetoid movement of the tongue and both arms as results of a shunt malfunction. He had undergone craniotomy for excision of a suprasellar craniopharyngioma, and 13 years later complete cerebral angiography and Conray ventriculography showed massive hydrocephalus with no evidence of tumor recurrence. Revision of the shunt was followed by complete recovery of the movement disorder.", "PMID": 845657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6807", "title": "Agenesis of the left internal carotid artery associated with an aneurysm on the right carotid syphon. Case report.", "content": "A case is reported with congenital absence of the left internal carotid artery associated with an aneurysm on the contralateral carotid syphon. Eight similar cases are reviewed in brief. The possibility of hemodynamic abnormality as the cause of the aneurysm is discussed.", "contents": "Agenesis of the left internal carotid artery associated with an aneurysm on the right carotid syphon. Case report. A case is reported with congenital absence of the left internal carotid artery associated with an aneurysm on the contralateral carotid syphon. Eight similar cases are reviewed in brief. The possibility of hemodynamic abnormality as the cause of the aneurysm is discussed.", "PMID": 845658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6808", "title": "Traumatic arteriovenous fistula of the vertebral artery with spinal cord symptoms. Case report.", "content": "The authors report a case of a traumatic vertebral arteriovenous fistula with spinal cord symptoms. Direct closure of the fistula was followed by rapid improvement.", "contents": "Traumatic arteriovenous fistula of the vertebral artery with spinal cord symptoms. Case report. The authors report a case of a traumatic vertebral arteriovenous fistula with spinal cord symptoms. Direct closure of the fistula was followed by rapid improvement.", "PMID": 845659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6809", "title": "Nontraumatic assessment of left ventricular wall motion and regional stroke volume after myocardial infarction.", "content": "The regional contraction patterns of the left ventricle, shortly after myocardial infarction, were assessed from computer-processed scintigraphic images and histograms of the first transit of an intravenously injected radionuclide bolus. Seventy-seven patients with documented myocardial infarction were injected with a compact bolus of 99mTc-pertechnetate which was coordinated with the ECG so that it arrived in the superior vena cava during diastole. Precordial activity during the initial passage was recorded in 50-msec intervals with a multicrystal scintillation camera interfaced to a dedicated minicomputer. Data frames of 4-7 cardiac cycles were summed into one representative cardiac cycle. In 73 of the 77 patients the images of the representative cycle, along with the corresponding time-activity curves, indicated wall-motion and stroke-volume anomalies corresponding with the electrocardiographic location of the infarct. This nontraumatic, essentially noninvasive technique permits serial examinations of the acutely ill patient for the spatial identification and estimation of suspected myocardial infarcts.", "contents": "Nontraumatic assessment of left ventricular wall motion and regional stroke volume after myocardial infarction. The regional contraction patterns of the left ventricle, shortly after myocardial infarction, were assessed from computer-processed scintigraphic images and histograms of the first transit of an intravenously injected radionuclide bolus. Seventy-seven patients with documented myocardial infarction were injected with a compact bolus of 99mTc-pertechnetate which was coordinated with the ECG so that it arrived in the superior vena cava during diastole. Precordial activity during the initial passage was recorded in 50-msec intervals with a multicrystal scintillation camera interfaced to a dedicated minicomputer. Data frames of 4-7 cardiac cycles were summed into one representative cardiac cycle. In 73 of the 77 patients the images of the representative cycle, along with the corresponding time-activity curves, indicated wall-motion and stroke-volume anomalies corresponding with the electrocardiographic location of the infarct. This nontraumatic, essentially noninvasive technique permits serial examinations of the acutely ill patient for the spatial identification and estimation of suspected myocardial infarcts.", "PMID": 845661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6810", "title": "Comparative accumulation of 99mTc and 131I in thyroid nodules: case report.", "content": "Imaging was performed with both pertechnetate and 131I in 58 patients with thyroid nodules. Pertechnetate concentrated in all 12 follicular carcinomas, in two out of seven papillary carcinomas, and in some benign nodules that did not accumulate 131I in the 24-hr images.", "contents": "Comparative accumulation of 99mTc and 131I in thyroid nodules: case report. Imaging was performed with both pertechnetate and 131I in 58 patients with thyroid nodules. Pertechnetate concentrated in all 12 follicular carcinomas, in two out of seven papillary carcinomas, and in some benign nodules that did not accumulate 131I in the 24-hr images.", "PMID": 845662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6811", "title": "Positive (99mTc) diphosphonate and 67 Ga-citrate scans in ameloblastoma: case report.", "content": "Technetium-99m-diphosphonate scintigrams and 67Ga citrate bone scans were performed in a patient with known ameloblastoma of the right mandible. The tumor concentrated both radionuclides avidly. The lesion was larger on the gallium scans, presumably due to inflammation of adjacent soft tissue and to poorer instrument resolution for 67Ga than for technitium. If a single radionuclide is to be selected for evaluating the extent of tumor in ameloblastoma, the bone-imaging agent is preferable.", "contents": "Positive (99mTc) diphosphonate and 67 Ga-citrate scans in ameloblastoma: case report. Technetium-99m-diphosphonate scintigrams and 67Ga citrate bone scans were performed in a patient with known ameloblastoma of the right mandible. The tumor concentrated both radionuclides avidly. The lesion was larger on the gallium scans, presumably due to inflammation of adjacent soft tissue and to poorer instrument resolution for 67Ga than for technitium. If a single radionuclide is to be selected for evaluating the extent of tumor in ameloblastoma, the bone-imaging agent is preferable.", "PMID": 845663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6812", "title": "99mTc-thiomalic acid complex: a nonstannous chelate for renal scanning.", "content": "Thiomalic acid (monomercaptosuccinic acid) has been labeled with 99mTc without the use of an intermediary reducing agent. Tissue distribution studies in rats following the injection of 99mTc-tagged thiomalic acid (99mTc-TMA) showed 40-48% of the injected dose in the kidneys. Renal incorporation of this compound was influenced by various parameters such a pH, quantity of thiomalic acid, heating time, and the preparation-injection interval. Scintigrams of a midline kidney slice showed that the 99mTc activity concentrated mainly in the renal cortex. As a proposed renal-imaging agent 99mTc-TMA compared favorably with 99mTc-Sn-dimercaptosuccinate and 99mTc-penicillamine regarding the precent incorporation into the kidney and was superior in this respect to 99mTc-Sn-glucoheptonate and 99mTc-Sn-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid. The 99mTc-TMA was also shown to be highly stable through 24 hr. The reagent can be made available in kit form and is easily combined with 99mTc in two steps. Finally, the absence of stannous ion in the 99mTc-TMA complex should avoid the problem of interference with other procedures involving pertechnetate 99mTco4- as the imaging agent.", "contents": "99mTc-thiomalic acid complex: a nonstannous chelate for renal scanning. Thiomalic acid (monomercaptosuccinic acid) has been labeled with 99mTc without the use of an intermediary reducing agent. Tissue distribution studies in rats following the injection of 99mTc-tagged thiomalic acid (99mTc-TMA) showed 40-48% of the injected dose in the kidneys. Renal incorporation of this compound was influenced by various parameters such a pH, quantity of thiomalic acid, heating time, and the preparation-injection interval. Scintigrams of a midline kidney slice showed that the 99mTc activity concentrated mainly in the renal cortex. As a proposed renal-imaging agent 99mTc-TMA compared favorably with 99mTc-Sn-dimercaptosuccinate and 99mTc-penicillamine regarding the precent incorporation into the kidney and was superior in this respect to 99mTc-Sn-glucoheptonate and 99mTc-Sn-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid. The 99mTc-TMA was also shown to be highly stable through 24 hr. The reagent can be made available in kit form and is easily combined with 99mTc in two steps. Finally, the absence of stannous ion in the 99mTc-TMA complex should avoid the problem of interference with other procedures involving pertechnetate 99mTco4- as the imaging agent.", "PMID": 845664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6813", "title": "Estrogen derivatives for the external localization of estrogen-dependent malignancy.", "content": "Four radioiodinated estrogen derivatives were studied to determine their affinity for the estrogen-binding protein found in the cytosol of rabbit and rat uteri. In vitro determination of the binding properties by competitive-binding experiments and by sucrose-gradient centrifugation indicates that one of the derivatives, iodohexestrol, binds to the cytosol estrogen-binding protein. This in vitro behavior was related to in vivo distribution. Studies in immature female rats showed high uterine uptake of iodohexestrol at 2 hr (1.69% dose/gm). Iodohexestrol also has a high nonspecific binding in both the blood and the uterine cytosol. Thyroxine can diminish the nonspecific binding in vitro; in vivo the prior injection of thyroxine increased the 2-hr uterus-to-blood ratio from 1.9 to 10.4 The in vitro receptor-assay system was helpful in predicting in vivo distribution.", "contents": "Estrogen derivatives for the external localization of estrogen-dependent malignancy. Four radioiodinated estrogen derivatives were studied to determine their affinity for the estrogen-binding protein found in the cytosol of rabbit and rat uteri. In vitro determination of the binding properties by competitive-binding experiments and by sucrose-gradient centrifugation indicates that one of the derivatives, iodohexestrol, binds to the cytosol estrogen-binding protein. This in vitro behavior was related to in vivo distribution. Studies in immature female rats showed high uterine uptake of iodohexestrol at 2 hr (1.69% dose/gm). Iodohexestrol also has a high nonspecific binding in both the blood and the uterine cytosol. Thyroxine can diminish the nonspecific binding in vitro; in vivo the prior injection of thyroxine increased the 2-hr uterus-to-blood ratio from 1.9 to 10.4 The in vitro receptor-assay system was helpful in predicting in vivo distribution.", "PMID": 845665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6814", "title": "Biochemistry of metalocenes. I. Distribution of 59Fe or 103Ru-labeled metalocene carboxylic acid in mice.", "content": "Metalocene carboxylic acids labeled with 59Fe or 103Ru were administered to mice and the organ distributions and amounts of label excreted were determined. Both metalocenes were excreted approximately 90 times faster than the respective inorganic chlorides 59FeCl3 or 103RuCl3. The metalocenes showed an extremely high kidney-to-muscle ratio (up to 1,000). 99mTc-labeled renal agents, tested for comparison, showed lower ratios. Retention of radioactivity in blood and the presence of free iron in urine indicate that the ferrocene derivative is degraded in vivo, but the ruthenocene analog is not.", "contents": "Biochemistry of metalocenes. I. Distribution of 59Fe or 103Ru-labeled metalocene carboxylic acid in mice. Metalocene carboxylic acids labeled with 59Fe or 103Ru were administered to mice and the organ distributions and amounts of label excreted were determined. Both metalocenes were excreted approximately 90 times faster than the respective inorganic chlorides 59FeCl3 or 103RuCl3. The metalocenes showed an extremely high kidney-to-muscle ratio (up to 1,000). 99mTc-labeled renal agents, tested for comparison, showed lower ratios. Retention of radioactivity in blood and the presence of free iron in urine indicate that the ferrocene derivative is degraded in vivo, but the ruthenocene analog is not.", "PMID": 845666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6815", "title": "Radionuclide emission computed tomography of the head with 99mCc and a scintillation camera.", "content": "To investigate the potential application of radionuclide computed tomography (RCT) to nuclear medicine imaging using 99mTc, a tomographic system using a lightweight scintillation camera for brain imaging was constructed, and lesion contrast with RCT and conventional scintigraphy were compared. The detector revolves once around the patient's head at constant angular velocity, requiring approximately 20 min. Nine sections are reconstructed from the data, using either a Fourier transform or a filtered back-projection algorithm. In a phantom simulating the radionuclide distribution observed during brain imaging, quantitative lesion contrast was far superior in the RCT images. In a series of 25 patients with intracranial lesions, the average RCT lesion contrast was superior to that of standard scintigraphy by a factor of more than 2. An RCT image of an experimentally infarcted dog's heart, taken after the injection of 99mTc-MAA into the left atrium, also showed excellent correspondence to the gross anatomic defect. Although problems of photon absorption may occur in imaging larger body areas, RCT imaging in this feasibility study produced surprisingly good results that warrant further investigation of the technique.", "contents": "Radionuclide emission computed tomography of the head with 99mCc and a scintillation camera. To investigate the potential application of radionuclide computed tomography (RCT) to nuclear medicine imaging using 99mTc, a tomographic system using a lightweight scintillation camera for brain imaging was constructed, and lesion contrast with RCT and conventional scintigraphy were compared. The detector revolves once around the patient's head at constant angular velocity, requiring approximately 20 min. Nine sections are reconstructed from the data, using either a Fourier transform or a filtered back-projection algorithm. In a phantom simulating the radionuclide distribution observed during brain imaging, quantitative lesion contrast was far superior in the RCT images. In a series of 25 patients with intracranial lesions, the average RCT lesion contrast was superior to that of standard scintigraphy by a factor of more than 2. An RCT image of an experimentally infarcted dog's heart, taken after the injection of 99mTc-MAA into the left atrium, also showed excellent correspondence to the gross anatomic defect. Although problems of photon absorption may occur in imaging larger body areas, RCT imaging in this feasibility study produced surprisingly good results that warrant further investigation of the technique.", "PMID": 845667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6816", "title": "The Humongotron--a scintillation-camera transaxial tomograph.", "content": "An emission transaxial tomographic system using a scintillation camera as the detector is described. The unit allows accurate positioning of a scintillation camera's detector at any angle around a patient in order to obtain the multiple projection images needed for transaxial tomography, and it is capable of imaging any area of the body. The camera can also be used for all types of conventional imaging procedures. Image processing is performed by a small on-line computer. A convolution algorithm and a mathematical technique for approximate absorption correction are used to obtain high-resolution and high-contrast images with good quantitative accuracy. The operation of the system is described and representative phantom and patient studies are presented to illustrate the capabilities of the system.", "contents": "The Humongotron--a scintillation-camera transaxial tomograph. An emission transaxial tomographic system using a scintillation camera as the detector is described. The unit allows accurate positioning of a scintillation camera's detector at any angle around a patient in order to obtain the multiple projection images needed for transaxial tomography, and it is capable of imaging any area of the body. The camera can also be used for all types of conventional imaging procedures. Image processing is performed by a small on-line computer. A convolution algorithm and a mathematical technique for approximate absorption correction are used to obtain high-resolution and high-contrast images with good quantitative accuracy. The operation of the system is described and representative phantom and patient studies are presented to illustrate the capabilities of the system.", "PMID": 845668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6817", "title": "A radiometric microbiologic method for vitamin B12 assay.", "content": "A radiometric microbiologic method was developed for assaying vitamin B12 in human serum. In the presence of 14C-arginine and cyanocobalamin, Lactobacillus leichmannii produced significant amounts of 14CO2 within 16-20 hr. The amount of 14CO2 evolved was optimized with the use of guanido-labeled arginine and is proportional to the amount of cyanoco-balamin added. The method gave satisfactory recovery of added vitamin B12 to sera, and it gave values comparable to the standard microbiologic (turbidimetric) method using L. leichmannii. The radiometric microbiologic method allowed elimination of several steps considered essential in the standard microbiologic methods: (A) Extraction of vitamin B12 bound to serum proteins could be accomplished in one autoclaving step with the assay medium at 15 psi for 3-5 min; (B) The precipitated serum proteins did not need to be separated, since they do not interfere with this assay,", "contents": "A radiometric microbiologic method for vitamin B12 assay. A radiometric microbiologic method was developed for assaying vitamin B12 in human serum. In the presence of 14C-arginine and cyanocobalamin, Lactobacillus leichmannii produced significant amounts of 14CO2 within 16-20 hr. The amount of 14CO2 evolved was optimized with the use of guanido-labeled arginine and is proportional to the amount of cyanoco-balamin added. The method gave satisfactory recovery of added vitamin B12 to sera, and it gave values comparable to the standard microbiologic (turbidimetric) method using L. leichmannii. The radiometric microbiologic method allowed elimination of several steps considered essential in the standard microbiologic methods: (A) Extraction of vitamin B12 bound to serum proteins could be accomplished in one autoclaving step with the assay medium at 15 psi for 3-5 min; (B) The precipitated serum proteins did not need to be separated, since they do not interfere with this assay,", "PMID": 845669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6818", "title": "Effects of excess dietary l-methionine and N-acetyl-l-methionine on growing rats.", "content": "We have determined the effects of excessive dietary intakes of L-methionine and N-acetyl-L-methionine by measuring parameters which are known to be affected by excess methionine. Male Sprague-Dawley weanling rats were fed complete diets containing 10% protein supplied as isolated soybean protein and graded levels of supplemental L-methionine (from 0.30% to 5.0%) or equimolar levels of N-acetyl-L-methionine. The basal diet without supplemental methionine contained 0.15% methionine. Rats fed diets containing 0.3% supplemental L-methionine or the equivalent levels of supplemental N-acetyl-L-methionine grew best. Higher dietary levels of either L-methionine or N-acetyl-L-methionine caused progressive decreases in weight gain. However, L-methionine at 1.8% and above tended to more severely depress growth than did equivalent amounts of N-acetyl-L-methionine. L-Methionine at levels of 1.2% and above, or equivalent levels of N-acetyl-L-methionine caused comparable hypertrophy of the spleen and comparable increases in spleen iron levels. Hematocrits were not affected by either L-methionine or N-acetyl-L-methionine at the levels used in this experiment. We have concluded that N-acetyl-L-methionine is no more detrimental than L-methionine and is less detrimental at very high levels as evidenced by weight gain.", "contents": "Effects of excess dietary l-methionine and N-acetyl-l-methionine on growing rats. We have determined the effects of excessive dietary intakes of L-methionine and N-acetyl-L-methionine by measuring parameters which are known to be affected by excess methionine. Male Sprague-Dawley weanling rats were fed complete diets containing 10% protein supplied as isolated soybean protein and graded levels of supplemental L-methionine (from 0.30% to 5.0%) or equimolar levels of N-acetyl-L-methionine. The basal diet without supplemental methionine contained 0.15% methionine. Rats fed diets containing 0.3% supplemental L-methionine or the equivalent levels of supplemental N-acetyl-L-methionine grew best. Higher dietary levels of either L-methionine or N-acetyl-L-methionine caused progressive decreases in weight gain. However, L-methionine at 1.8% and above tended to more severely depress growth than did equivalent amounts of N-acetyl-L-methionine. L-Methionine at levels of 1.2% and above, or equivalent levels of N-acetyl-L-methionine caused comparable hypertrophy of the spleen and comparable increases in spleen iron levels. Hematocrits were not affected by either L-methionine or N-acetyl-L-methionine at the levels used in this experiment. We have concluded that N-acetyl-L-methionine is no more detrimental than L-methionine and is less detrimental at very high levels as evidenced by weight gain.", "PMID": 845673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6819", "title": "Osmotic and peroxidative fragilities of erythrocytes from vitamin E-deficient lead-poisoned rats.", "content": "Weanling male rats were fed either a vitamin E-deficient Torula yeast diet fortified with selenium or the same diet supplemented with 100 ppm vitamin E. One group of rats fed each diet received plain distilled water, whereas another group received 250 ppm lead as lead acetate in the drinking water. After a 3 month feeding period, erythrocyte osmotic and peroxidative fragilities were determined in an osmotic test recorder. Dietary vitamin E had little or no effect on the osmotic fragility of red cells. Lead in the drinking water, however, decreased the osmotic fragility of red cells from deficient rats. Lead poisoning also markedly decreased the elevated peroxidative fragility characteristic of erythrocytes from vitamin E-deficient rats. This effect of lead in reducing the peroxidative fragility of red cells from deficient rats could be seen at levels as low as 25 ppm lead in the drinking water. Lead added in vitro decreased the peroxidative fragility of red cells from vitamin E-deficient non-poisoned rats, whereas neither mercury nor cadmium had such an effect. Lead may decrease the osmotic and peroxidative fragility of erythrocytes from vitamin E-deficient rats by \"tanning\" the red cell membrane. These results suggest that the peroxidative fagility test as carried out with an osmotic test recorder may not be a valid indicator of the vitamin E status of animals exposed to lead.", "contents": "Osmotic and peroxidative fragilities of erythrocytes from vitamin E-deficient lead-poisoned rats. Weanling male rats were fed either a vitamin E-deficient Torula yeast diet fortified with selenium or the same diet supplemented with 100 ppm vitamin E. One group of rats fed each diet received plain distilled water, whereas another group received 250 ppm lead as lead acetate in the drinking water. After a 3 month feeding period, erythrocyte osmotic and peroxidative fragilities were determined in an osmotic test recorder. Dietary vitamin E had little or no effect on the osmotic fragility of red cells. Lead in the drinking water, however, decreased the osmotic fragility of red cells from deficient rats. Lead poisoning also markedly decreased the elevated peroxidative fragility characteristic of erythrocytes from vitamin E-deficient rats. This effect of lead in reducing the peroxidative fragility of red cells from deficient rats could be seen at levels as low as 25 ppm lead in the drinking water. Lead added in vitro decreased the peroxidative fragility of red cells from vitamin E-deficient non-poisoned rats, whereas neither mercury nor cadmium had such an effect. Lead may decrease the osmotic and peroxidative fragility of erythrocytes from vitamin E-deficient rats by \"tanning\" the red cell membrane. These results suggest that the peroxidative fagility test as carried out with an osmotic test recorder may not be a valid indicator of the vitamin E status of animals exposed to lead.", "PMID": 845674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6820", "title": "Comparative effects of selenium and vitamin E in lead-poisoned rats.", "content": "Weanling male rats were fed a Torula yeast diet supplemented with selenium, vitamin E, or both for 3 months. Of rats fed each diet, one group received 250 ppm lead in the drinking water and another group did not. In rats not poisoned with lead, neither vitamin E nor selenium deficiency affected spleen weight, hematocrit value, or erythrocyte mechanical fragility. Vitamin E deficiency increased the splenomegaly, anemia, and mechanical fragility of red cells of lead-poisoned rats, whereas selenium deficiency did not. Addition of 0.5 ppm selenium to the vitamin E-supplemented diet increased slightly the splenomegaly and anemia in lead-poisoned rats. Excess levels of selenium (2.5 and 5 ppm) in the vitamin E-deficient diet had little or no effect on spleen size or hematocrit of rats not receiving lead, but partially prevented the splenomegaly and anemia of red cells from either non-poisoned or lead-oisoned vitamin E-deficient rats, but not as effectively as vitamin E. These results show that vitamin E status of rats is more important that selenium status in determining response to toxic levels of lead. Excess dietary selenium did protect partially against lead poisoning in vitamin E-deficient rats, but the levels of selenium used were toxic in themselves.", "contents": "Comparative effects of selenium and vitamin E in lead-poisoned rats. Weanling male rats were fed a Torula yeast diet supplemented with selenium, vitamin E, or both for 3 months. Of rats fed each diet, one group received 250 ppm lead in the drinking water and another group did not. In rats not poisoned with lead, neither vitamin E nor selenium deficiency affected spleen weight, hematocrit value, or erythrocyte mechanical fragility. Vitamin E deficiency increased the splenomegaly, anemia, and mechanical fragility of red cells of lead-poisoned rats, whereas selenium deficiency did not. Addition of 0.5 ppm selenium to the vitamin E-supplemented diet increased slightly the splenomegaly and anemia in lead-poisoned rats. Excess levels of selenium (2.5 and 5 ppm) in the vitamin E-deficient diet had little or no effect on spleen size or hematocrit of rats not receiving lead, but partially prevented the splenomegaly and anemia of red cells from either non-poisoned or lead-oisoned vitamin E-deficient rats, but not as effectively as vitamin E. These results show that vitamin E status of rats is more important that selenium status in determining response to toxic levels of lead. Excess dietary selenium did protect partially against lead poisoning in vitamin E-deficient rats, but the levels of selenium used were toxic in themselves.", "PMID": 845675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6821", "title": "Fasting-induced hypoglycemia in experimentally malnourished rats.", "content": "The ability to withstand a fasting stress as related to glucose homeostasis was studied in malnourished rats. Young male Wistar rats were fed a low-protein (D), or a low-protein, low-energy diet (M) containing, respectively, 4% protein with 70% carbohydrate (D) and 4% protein and 45% carbohydrate (M). They were compared with rats fed a control diet with 18% protein and 70% carbohydrate (C). All diets contained 8% fat. After consuming the respective diets for 4 weeks, the rats were either killed or fasted for 24 or 48 hours. Hypoglycemia developed in the malnourished rats upon fasting, but not in those receiving a complete diet. Malnourished rats had a higher blood glycine level after 4 weeks of dietary treatment. There was a marked decrease of circulating alanine and glutamate-glutamine after 48 hours of fasting in all rats. There were no differences in lysine, histidine, glycine and serine-valine. Protein malnutrition produced an increase in brain lysine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glycine and alanine, and of glycine and alanine in liver. In contrast, D and M rats showed a depletion in muscle lysine, alanine, serine-valine and glutamate-glutamine. The fasting stress produced no changes in brain or muscle glycogen. However, liver glycogen of rats fed the D and M diets was below that of rats fed the C diet for 4 weeks. In addition, after 48 hours of fasting the C rats mobilized more exhaustively their glycogen stores that the M rats. These data suggest that in chronic malnutrition, rats may maintain their glucose homeostasis by mobilization of muscular gluconeogenic amino acids through proteolysis or de novo synthesis. Rats which were fed protein and protein-energy-deficient diets lacked adequate liver glycogen stores and their overall gluconeogenic capacity was exceeded during fasting with resultant hypoglycemia.", "contents": "Fasting-induced hypoglycemia in experimentally malnourished rats. The ability to withstand a fasting stress as related to glucose homeostasis was studied in malnourished rats. Young male Wistar rats were fed a low-protein (D), or a low-protein, low-energy diet (M) containing, respectively, 4% protein with 70% carbohydrate (D) and 4% protein and 45% carbohydrate (M). They were compared with rats fed a control diet with 18% protein and 70% carbohydrate (C). All diets contained 8% fat. After consuming the respective diets for 4 weeks, the rats were either killed or fasted for 24 or 48 hours. Hypoglycemia developed in the malnourished rats upon fasting, but not in those receiving a complete diet. Malnourished rats had a higher blood glycine level after 4 weeks of dietary treatment. There was a marked decrease of circulating alanine and glutamate-glutamine after 48 hours of fasting in all rats. There were no differences in lysine, histidine, glycine and serine-valine. Protein malnutrition produced an increase in brain lysine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glycine and alanine, and of glycine and alanine in liver. In contrast, D and M rats showed a depletion in muscle lysine, alanine, serine-valine and glutamate-glutamine. The fasting stress produced no changes in brain or muscle glycogen. However, liver glycogen of rats fed the D and M diets was below that of rats fed the C diet for 4 weeks. In addition, after 48 hours of fasting the C rats mobilized more exhaustively their glycogen stores that the M rats. These data suggest that in chronic malnutrition, rats may maintain their glucose homeostasis by mobilization of muscular gluconeogenic amino acids through proteolysis or de novo synthesis. Rats which were fed protein and protein-energy-deficient diets lacked adequate liver glycogen stores and their overall gluconeogenic capacity was exceeded during fasting with resultant hypoglycemia.", "PMID": 845676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6822", "title": "Influence of diet on lactate, alanine and serine turnover and incorporation into glucose in the dog.", "content": "Four diets containing 0 to 62% of energy from carbohydrate and 24% to 48% of energy from protein were fed to young dogs. The influence of these diets on the turnover of [U-14C]-L-lactate, [U-14C]-L-alanine and [U-14C]-L-serine and on the incorporation of these gluconeogenic precursors into plasma glucose of the dog was established. Blood lactate levels were lowered when high-protein diets were fed but were not influenced by the level of carbohydrate in the diet or by a 48-hour fast. Plasma alanine and serine levels were elevated in dogs fed the high-protein diets and were lowered by a 48-hour fast. Turnover of lactate was increased in dogs fed high-carbohydrate diets whereas turnover of alanine and serine was increased in dogs fed the high-protein diets. Following a 48-hour fast, 14C-lactate conversion to plasma glucose was lower in dogs fed the high-protein diets than in dogs fed the lower protein diets whereas 14C-alanine and 14C-serine conversion to plasma glucose was increased in dogs fed the high-protein. Thus, the diet consumed altered the relative importance of these gluconeogenic precursors to the maintenance of plasma glucose.", "contents": "Influence of diet on lactate, alanine and serine turnover and incorporation into glucose in the dog. Four diets containing 0 to 62% of energy from carbohydrate and 24% to 48% of energy from protein were fed to young dogs. The influence of these diets on the turnover of [U-14C]-L-lactate, [U-14C]-L-alanine and [U-14C]-L-serine and on the incorporation of these gluconeogenic precursors into plasma glucose of the dog was established. Blood lactate levels were lowered when high-protein diets were fed but were not influenced by the level of carbohydrate in the diet or by a 48-hour fast. Plasma alanine and serine levels were elevated in dogs fed the high-protein diets and were lowered by a 48-hour fast. Turnover of lactate was increased in dogs fed high-carbohydrate diets whereas turnover of alanine and serine was increased in dogs fed the high-protein diets. Following a 48-hour fast, 14C-lactate conversion to plasma glucose was lower in dogs fed the high-protein diets than in dogs fed the lower protein diets whereas 14C-alanine and 14C-serine conversion to plasma glucose was increased in dogs fed the high-protein. Thus, the diet consumed altered the relative importance of these gluconeogenic precursors to the maintenance of plasma glucose.", "PMID": 845677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6823", "title": "Nitrogen retention of young men who consumed isonitrogenous diets containing normal, opaque-2 or sugary-2 opaque-2 corn.", "content": "Three isogenic lines of corn provided two levels of nitrogen for young men, but the diets were isonitrogenous at 5.5 g. Mean daily nitrogen balances were -0.28 +/- 0.34, +0.31 +/- 0.23 and 0.40 +/- 0.08 g, respectively, when normal, opaque-2 and sugary-2 opaque-2 corn furnished 5.5 g of nitrogen; and -0.07 +/- 0.17, +0.38 +/- 0.21 and -0.04 +/- 0.25 g when corn supplied only 4.4 g of nitrogen. Although these values were not significantly different, both high-lysine varieties tended to be superior to normal corn at 5.5 g of nitrogen and opaque-2 corn caused improvement even at 4.4 g of nitrogen. Lysine and tryptophan were higher and leucine lower in both opaque-2 and sugary-2 opaque-2 than in normal corn. Coefficients of apparent digestibility were between 65.5% and 68.8%.", "contents": "Nitrogen retention of young men who consumed isonitrogenous diets containing normal, opaque-2 or sugary-2 opaque-2 corn. Three isogenic lines of corn provided two levels of nitrogen for young men, but the diets were isonitrogenous at 5.5 g. Mean daily nitrogen balances were -0.28 +/- 0.34, +0.31 +/- 0.23 and 0.40 +/- 0.08 g, respectively, when normal, opaque-2 and sugary-2 opaque-2 corn furnished 5.5 g of nitrogen; and -0.07 +/- 0.17, +0.38 +/- 0.21 and -0.04 +/- 0.25 g when corn supplied only 4.4 g of nitrogen. Although these values were not significantly different, both high-lysine varieties tended to be superior to normal corn at 5.5 g of nitrogen and opaque-2 corn caused improvement even at 4.4 g of nitrogen. Lysine and tryptophan were higher and leucine lower in both opaque-2 and sugary-2 opaque-2 than in normal corn. Coefficients of apparent digestibility were between 65.5% and 68.8%.", "PMID": 845678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6824", "title": "Effect of different postnatal periods of protein-energy malnutrition in young rats upon subsequent protein utilization.", "content": "Previously it had been shown that rat pups, malnourished during the 3-week suckling period and the nutritionally rehabilitated for about 30 weeks, showed an increase in the efficiency of dietary protein utilization of the protein was fed at a less than optimal level and if the protein was of poor nutritional quality (J. Nutr. 103, 273, 1973). The present study extends this observation to growing rats malnourished during the first 3 weeks of life and then rehabilitated with a 25% casein diet for 4 weeks. The test proteins were casein, fed at a level of 12%, and wheat gluten, at a level of 25%. Efficiency of nitrogen retention was greater for both proteins in rats previously malnourished than for control, non-malnourished rats. Malnutrition was then imposed on rats malnourished by feeding a low protein diet either during the first 4 weeks postweaning or from the 7th to 11th week of life. After these periods of malnourishment, the rats were rehabilitated for 4 weeks and efficiency of utilization measured for both casein and wheat gluten fed at 10% of the diet. No change in utilization was found for either protein fed to rats rehabilitated from either of these periods of malnutrition.", "contents": "Effect of different postnatal periods of protein-energy malnutrition in young rats upon subsequent protein utilization. Previously it had been shown that rat pups, malnourished during the 3-week suckling period and the nutritionally rehabilitated for about 30 weeks, showed an increase in the efficiency of dietary protein utilization of the protein was fed at a less than optimal level and if the protein was of poor nutritional quality (J. Nutr. 103, 273, 1973). The present study extends this observation to growing rats malnourished during the first 3 weeks of life and then rehabilitated with a 25% casein diet for 4 weeks. The test proteins were casein, fed at a level of 12%, and wheat gluten, at a level of 25%. Efficiency of nitrogen retention was greater for both proteins in rats previously malnourished than for control, non-malnourished rats. Malnutrition was then imposed on rats malnourished by feeding a low protein diet either during the first 4 weeks postweaning or from the 7th to 11th week of life. After these periods of malnourishment, the rats were rehabilitated for 4 weeks and efficiency of utilization measured for both casein and wheat gluten fed at 10% of the diet. No change in utilization was found for either protein fed to rats rehabilitated from either of these periods of malnutrition.", "PMID": 845679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6825", "title": "Effects of a zinc deficient diet upon fluid intake in the rat.", "content": "Zinc deficient rats demonstrate an increased intake of sodium chloride (NaCl) containing solutions as compared to normal rats, presumably related to decreased taste acuity. The purpose of this study was to determine if zinc deficient rats would show altered intake of other solutions since changes in NaCl intake may be reflective of serious pathophysiologic processes not related to taste. Eight littermate pairs of inbred Fisher CDF rats, 29 days of age, were divided into two groups and individually housed in stainless steel cages. One group was pair-fed a zinc deficient diet supplemented with ZnSO4, 100 ppm, while the second group was fed the zinc deficient diet, ad libitum. Using a two-bottle preference test, the rats fed the zinc deficient diet showed significantly increased preferences for 5 X 10(-2), 1.5 X 10(-1) and 3 X 10(-1) M NaCl as compared to controls, supporting previous observations. In addition, they showed significantly increased mean preferences for 3.0 X 10(-2) M sucrose, 1.3 X 10(-6) M quinine sulfate and 2.5 X 10(-3) M hydrochloric acid. Analysis of the individual water and fluid intakes showed that the altered preferences were generally the result of increased fluid intake with variable differences observed in water intake. The results demonstrate that zinc deficient rats exhibit altered intake of several different chemical compounds, and support the hypothesis that zinc deficient animals may have alterations in taste acuity.", "contents": "Effects of a zinc deficient diet upon fluid intake in the rat. Zinc deficient rats demonstrate an increased intake of sodium chloride (NaCl) containing solutions as compared to normal rats, presumably related to decreased taste acuity. The purpose of this study was to determine if zinc deficient rats would show altered intake of other solutions since changes in NaCl intake may be reflective of serious pathophysiologic processes not related to taste. Eight littermate pairs of inbred Fisher CDF rats, 29 days of age, were divided into two groups and individually housed in stainless steel cages. One group was pair-fed a zinc deficient diet supplemented with ZnSO4, 100 ppm, while the second group was fed the zinc deficient diet, ad libitum. Using a two-bottle preference test, the rats fed the zinc deficient diet showed significantly increased preferences for 5 X 10(-2), 1.5 X 10(-1) and 3 X 10(-1) M NaCl as compared to controls, supporting previous observations. In addition, they showed significantly increased mean preferences for 3.0 X 10(-2) M sucrose, 1.3 X 10(-6) M quinine sulfate and 2.5 X 10(-3) M hydrochloric acid. Analysis of the individual water and fluid intakes showed that the altered preferences were generally the result of increased fluid intake with variable differences observed in water intake. The results demonstrate that zinc deficient rats exhibit altered intake of several different chemical compounds, and support the hypothesis that zinc deficient animals may have alterations in taste acuity.", "PMID": 845680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6826", "title": "Hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-a reductase of rats fed semipurified and stock diets.", "content": "Rat hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) was found to be lower in rats fed a semipurified diet of sucrose, casein, and cellulose with a mixture of safflower oil and stripped lard than those fed a stock diet: 0.115 versus 0.447 nmoles mevalonic acid formed/minute/mg microsomal protein. Efforts were made to find the substances in the stock diet responsible for the higher enzyme activity. Neither the addition of small amounts of cholesterol or plant sterols to the semipurified diet, nor the substitution of corn oil or the lipids extracted from the stock diet for the safflower oil-stipped lard mixture, significantly raised the enzyme level. Replacement of sucrose by starch also had no effect on the enzyme activity. The substitution of soybean protein for the casein did increase the specific activity of the enzyme from 0.115 to 0.247, still well below the 0.447 level response to stock rat diet ingestion. Substitution of the safflower oil-stripped lard fat mixture for the extracted fat of the stock feed had no significant effect on the response of the rats to the stock feed. However, substitution of part of the cellulose in the semi-purified diet with citrus pectin resulted in HMG-CoA levels of 0.553, approximately equal to that produced by the stock diet. In the latter study, the total fecal bile acids of the rat fed the stock, semipurified-cellulose, and semipurified-pectin diets were 2.34, 1.28, and 2.22 mg/g feces respectively, and the total fecal neutral sterols 1.86, 1.50, and 2.42 mg/g feces. Thus, the constituent nonutritive fiber appears responsible for differences in steroid excretion and elevated hepatic HMG-CoA levels, possibly by binding bile acids and increasing the turnover rate of blood and liver cholesterol.", "contents": "Hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-a reductase of rats fed semipurified and stock diets. Rat hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) was found to be lower in rats fed a semipurified diet of sucrose, casein, and cellulose with a mixture of safflower oil and stripped lard than those fed a stock diet: 0.115 versus 0.447 nmoles mevalonic acid formed/minute/mg microsomal protein. Efforts were made to find the substances in the stock diet responsible for the higher enzyme activity. Neither the addition of small amounts of cholesterol or plant sterols to the semipurified diet, nor the substitution of corn oil or the lipids extracted from the stock diet for the safflower oil-stipped lard mixture, significantly raised the enzyme level. Replacement of sucrose by starch also had no effect on the enzyme activity. The substitution of soybean protein for the casein did increase the specific activity of the enzyme from 0.115 to 0.247, still well below the 0.447 level response to stock rat diet ingestion. Substitution of the safflower oil-stripped lard fat mixture for the extracted fat of the stock feed had no significant effect on the response of the rats to the stock feed. However, substitution of part of the cellulose in the semi-purified diet with citrus pectin resulted in HMG-CoA levels of 0.553, approximately equal to that produced by the stock diet. In the latter study, the total fecal bile acids of the rat fed the stock, semipurified-cellulose, and semipurified-pectin diets were 2.34, 1.28, and 2.22 mg/g feces respectively, and the total fecal neutral sterols 1.86, 1.50, and 2.42 mg/g feces. Thus, the constituent nonutritive fiber appears responsible for differences in steroid excretion and elevated hepatic HMG-CoA levels, possibly by binding bile acids and increasing the turnover rate of blood and liver cholesterol.", "PMID": 845681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6827", "title": "Formation of oxalate in pyridoxine or thiamin deficient rats during intravenous xylitol infusions.", "content": "Glucose, fructose, sorbitol and xylitol were assessed as precursors of oxalate in normal rats and rats deficient in thiamin or vitamin B-6. Urinary excretions of oxalate, glyoxylate and glycine were increased significantly in vitamin B-6 deficient rats infused with xylitol when compared with all other groups. Using [U-14C]xylitol, oxalate was shown to be derived directly from this polyalcohol in vitamin B-6 deficient rats. These results suggest that vitamin B-6 deficiency may be a factor contributing to oxalate crystal deposition seen in some patients infused with xylitol.", "contents": "Formation of oxalate in pyridoxine or thiamin deficient rats during intravenous xylitol infusions. Glucose, fructose, sorbitol and xylitol were assessed as precursors of oxalate in normal rats and rats deficient in thiamin or vitamin B-6. Urinary excretions of oxalate, glyoxylate and glycine were increased significantly in vitamin B-6 deficient rats infused with xylitol when compared with all other groups. Using [U-14C]xylitol, oxalate was shown to be derived directly from this polyalcohol in vitamin B-6 deficient rats. These results suggest that vitamin B-6 deficiency may be a factor contributing to oxalate crystal deposition seen in some patients infused with xylitol.", "PMID": 845682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6828", "title": "Effects of dietary fiber and salt mixtures on the cholesterol metabolism of rats.", "content": "The isotopic dilution method, which permits the in vivo measurements of the rates of the processes involved in cholesterol turnover, has been applied to rats fed a commercial stock diet or a basal semipurified diet in which either the nature and proportions of the source of dietary fiber or the salt mixture were changed. The cholesterolemia was about 100 mg/100 g in rats fed agar-agar, cellulose, bran or the stock diet. Pectin addition (5%) lowered significantly the plasma concentration of cholesterol (70 mg/100 g). Changes in the source of dietary fiber or salt mixture have moderate effects on the absorption coefficient of dietary cholesterol (range 58.2%-82%). In comparison to agar-agar, cellulose at 2.3% in the diet significantly lowered this coefficient, but larger amounts of cellulose (6.8% or 12.3%), or pectin (5%) were without effect, while bran addition (10%) tended to slightly decrease cholesterol absorption. Hence, high levels of cellulose in the diet increased the absorption coefficient in comparison to a low cellulose diet. A decrease of this coefficient was also observed when the calcium content of the diet was increased. Cholesterol biosynthesis and fecal excretion were inversely correlated to the absorption coefficient of dietary cholesterol in rats fed all of the semipurified diets indicating, as previously shown, that the intestine was the major source of biosynthesized cholesterol diverted into the plasma. However, feeding a commercial stock diet greatly increased the cholesterogenesis and the fecal elimination of bile acids, suggesting a high hepatic cholesterogenesis.", "contents": "Effects of dietary fiber and salt mixtures on the cholesterol metabolism of rats. The isotopic dilution method, which permits the in vivo measurements of the rates of the processes involved in cholesterol turnover, has been applied to rats fed a commercial stock diet or a basal semipurified diet in which either the nature and proportions of the source of dietary fiber or the salt mixture were changed. The cholesterolemia was about 100 mg/100 g in rats fed agar-agar, cellulose, bran or the stock diet. Pectin addition (5%) lowered significantly the plasma concentration of cholesterol (70 mg/100 g). Changes in the source of dietary fiber or salt mixture have moderate effects on the absorption coefficient of dietary cholesterol (range 58.2%-82%). In comparison to agar-agar, cellulose at 2.3% in the diet significantly lowered this coefficient, but larger amounts of cellulose (6.8% or 12.3%), or pectin (5%) were without effect, while bran addition (10%) tended to slightly decrease cholesterol absorption. Hence, high levels of cellulose in the diet increased the absorption coefficient in comparison to a low cellulose diet. A decrease of this coefficient was also observed when the calcium content of the diet was increased. Cholesterol biosynthesis and fecal excretion were inversely correlated to the absorption coefficient of dietary cholesterol in rats fed all of the semipurified diets indicating, as previously shown, that the intestine was the major source of biosynthesized cholesterol diverted into the plasma. However, feeding a commercial stock diet greatly increased the cholesterogenesis and the fecal elimination of bile acids, suggesting a high hepatic cholesterogenesis.", "PMID": 845683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6829", "title": "Effects of selenite and selenomethionine on glutathione peroxidase in the rat.", "content": "The activity of glutathione (GSH) peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) decreased in tissues of rats fed a diet deficient in selenium. A single dose of 300 mug selenium by stomach tube increased GSH peroxidase activity within 48 hours. The effects of selenite and selenomethionine on GSH peroxidase activity were roughly similar. This study provides evidence that selenium from both selenite and selenomethionine is readily available for synthesis of the selenoenzyme GSH peroxidase in rat tissues.", "contents": "Effects of selenite and selenomethionine on glutathione peroxidase in the rat. The activity of glutathione (GSH) peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) decreased in tissues of rats fed a diet deficient in selenium. A single dose of 300 mug selenium by stomach tube increased GSH peroxidase activity within 48 hours. The effects of selenite and selenomethionine on GSH peroxidase activity were roughly similar. This study provides evidence that selenium from both selenite and selenomethionine is readily available for synthesis of the selenoenzyme GSH peroxidase in rat tissues.", "PMID": 845684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6830", "title": "Iron binding substances in the intestinal mucosa of neonatal piglets.", "content": "Fifty piglets from birth to 14 days of age were used to investigate iron binding substances of neonatal intestinal mucosa, and to evaluate the effects of these substances in neonatal iron absorption. 59Fe-labeled ferric citrate with a molecular weight of 1,500 was injected directly into the ligated duodenum. Approximately 65% of radioiron in the whole homogenate of scraped intestinal mucosa was precipitate by centrifugation for 30 minutes at 10,000 X g. Over 70% of the radioiron of the supernatant applied to Sephadex G-200 column was eluted and separated into three radioiron fractions. These iron binding substances were identified as ferritin, transferrin and a low molecular weight form by elution characteristics on chromatography and by immunological technique. Although ferritin radioactivity was the major fraction of peak 1 (73%), transferrin activity was only 54% of the whole radioiron of peak 2. The sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) extract of saline insoluble particles from the mucosa applied to Sepharose 4B column eluted as a single peak near the point corresponded with the ferritin peak. Although the ferritin peak contained a higher percentage of the 59Fe than the transferrin peak at birth, the percentage of ferritin decreased and percentage of transferrin increased with age. A SDS soluble iron binding substance was found in the insoluble particles of mucosa of newborn as well as nursing piglets. Since SDS, as well as saline soluble, iron binding proteins were detected in the newborn intestinal mucosa, neonatal cell membrane and cytoplasma may have an active iron transfer system. Thus, it seems likely that neonatal mucosal cell has two active iron transport mechanisms: endocytosis and transport across the plasma membrane.", "contents": "Iron binding substances in the intestinal mucosa of neonatal piglets. Fifty piglets from birth to 14 days of age were used to investigate iron binding substances of neonatal intestinal mucosa, and to evaluate the effects of these substances in neonatal iron absorption. 59Fe-labeled ferric citrate with a molecular weight of 1,500 was injected directly into the ligated duodenum. Approximately 65% of radioiron in the whole homogenate of scraped intestinal mucosa was precipitate by centrifugation for 30 minutes at 10,000 X g. Over 70% of the radioiron of the supernatant applied to Sephadex G-200 column was eluted and separated into three radioiron fractions. These iron binding substances were identified as ferritin, transferrin and a low molecular weight form by elution characteristics on chromatography and by immunological technique. Although ferritin radioactivity was the major fraction of peak 1 (73%), transferrin activity was only 54% of the whole radioiron of peak 2. The sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) extract of saline insoluble particles from the mucosa applied to Sepharose 4B column eluted as a single peak near the point corresponded with the ferritin peak. Although the ferritin peak contained a higher percentage of the 59Fe than the transferrin peak at birth, the percentage of ferritin decreased and percentage of transferrin increased with age. A SDS soluble iron binding substance was found in the insoluble particles of mucosa of newborn as well as nursing piglets. Since SDS, as well as saline soluble, iron binding proteins were detected in the newborn intestinal mucosa, neonatal cell membrane and cytoplasma may have an active iron transfer system. Thus, it seems likely that neonatal mucosal cell has two active iron transport mechanisms: endocytosis and transport across the plasma membrane.", "PMID": 845685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6831", "title": "Effects of arginine-devoid diets in chronically uremic rats.", "content": "There is evidence that the kidney has a major role in the formation of the arginine used for extrahepatic protein synthesis. The effects of arginine-free diets were studied, therefore, in female Sprague-Dawley rats made uremic by partial left-renal artery ligation and contralateral nephrectomy. Uremic and sham-operated control rats were fed diets with amino acids proportioned as in casein or similar isonitrogenous diets in which the arginine was replaced by glutamic acid and alanine. Weight gain and the food efficiency ratio were determined, and 6 weeks after nephrectomy, a pulse dose of 14C-guanido arginine was administered. The rats were killed 2 hours later, and the radioactivity of proteins in various tissues was determined. Free arginine levels in tissues were also measured. Control rats fed diets devoid of arginine had reduced growth and a low food efficiency ratio. Free arginine levels in tissues and 14C-arginine incorporation into tissue protein in these rats were not different from controls receiving arginine except that 14C-incorporation into brain protein was decreased. Uremic rats fed an arginine-containing diet had a reduced growth rate as compared to control rats, and 14C-incorporation into brain protein was less. In uremic rats, when arginine was removed from the diet, there was no further effect on weight gain but the plasma arginine level was decreased and the incorporation of 14C-guanido arginine into protein of muscle and of kidney was reduced. Hence, the effects of an arginine-free diet appears to be different in chronically uremic as compared to control rats.", "contents": "Effects of arginine-devoid diets in chronically uremic rats. There is evidence that the kidney has a major role in the formation of the arginine used for extrahepatic protein synthesis. The effects of arginine-free diets were studied, therefore, in female Sprague-Dawley rats made uremic by partial left-renal artery ligation and contralateral nephrectomy. Uremic and sham-operated control rats were fed diets with amino acids proportioned as in casein or similar isonitrogenous diets in which the arginine was replaced by glutamic acid and alanine. Weight gain and the food efficiency ratio were determined, and 6 weeks after nephrectomy, a pulse dose of 14C-guanido arginine was administered. The rats were killed 2 hours later, and the radioactivity of proteins in various tissues was determined. Free arginine levels in tissues were also measured. Control rats fed diets devoid of arginine had reduced growth and a low food efficiency ratio. Free arginine levels in tissues and 14C-arginine incorporation into tissue protein in these rats were not different from controls receiving arginine except that 14C-incorporation into brain protein was decreased. Uremic rats fed an arginine-containing diet had a reduced growth rate as compared to control rats, and 14C-incorporation into brain protein was less. In uremic rats, when arginine was removed from the diet, there was no further effect on weight gain but the plasma arginine level was decreased and the incorporation of 14C-guanido arginine into protein of muscle and of kidney was reduced. Hence, the effects of an arginine-free diet appears to be different in chronically uremic as compared to control rats.", "PMID": 845686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6832", "title": "Re-evaluation of effects of meal feeding on lipogenic activation by glucose in rats.", "content": "Based upon analyses of epididymal fat pads, gorging rats have been reported to synthesize fatty acids from glucose carbon 200 times faster than nibbling rats. This contrasts with our earlier study in mice in which no such adaptation was found in gorgers. Three methods were used to re-evaluate lipogenesis from glucose carbon in fasted-refed nibbling and gorging rats. Two methods in which [U-14C]glucose was injected intraperitoneally before or after different test-meals confirmed an apparent 100- to 200-fold increase in lipogenesis (14C incorporation into fatty acids) in epididymal fat pads of gorgers; however, incorporation of 14C into total fatty acids in the whole body of gorgers was only five times greater than in nibblers. Quantitative tracer techniques (intravenous and oral [U-14C]-glucose) were used to evaluate glucose carbon flux (22-hour fasted) and lipogenic activation following the ingestion of a labeled glucose test-meal. Glucose carbon conversion to total fatty acids (whole rat) increased from 2.7 (24-hour fasted) to 11 microng C/minute/200 g body weight, a fourfold activation, within 15 minutes after feeding the test-meal to nibbling rats. The corresponding increase in gorging rats was from 3.7 to 53 micrgong C/minute/200 g body weight, a 14-fold activation. These data indicate a species difference exists between rats and mice during adaptation to a gorging food-intake pattern.", "contents": "Re-evaluation of effects of meal feeding on lipogenic activation by glucose in rats. Based upon analyses of epididymal fat pads, gorging rats have been reported to synthesize fatty acids from glucose carbon 200 times faster than nibbling rats. This contrasts with our earlier study in mice in which no such adaptation was found in gorgers. Three methods were used to re-evaluate lipogenesis from glucose carbon in fasted-refed nibbling and gorging rats. Two methods in which [U-14C]glucose was injected intraperitoneally before or after different test-meals confirmed an apparent 100- to 200-fold increase in lipogenesis (14C incorporation into fatty acids) in epididymal fat pads of gorgers; however, incorporation of 14C into total fatty acids in the whole body of gorgers was only five times greater than in nibblers. Quantitative tracer techniques (intravenous and oral [U-14C]-glucose) were used to evaluate glucose carbon flux (22-hour fasted) and lipogenic activation following the ingestion of a labeled glucose test-meal. Glucose carbon conversion to total fatty acids (whole rat) increased from 2.7 (24-hour fasted) to 11 microng C/minute/200 g body weight, a fourfold activation, within 15 minutes after feeding the test-meal to nibbling rats. The corresponding increase in gorging rats was from 3.7 to 53 micrgong C/minute/200 g body weight, a 14-fold activation. These data indicate a species difference exists between rats and mice during adaptation to a gorging food-intake pattern.", "PMID": 845687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6833", "title": "Effects of cellulose added to diets of low and high fiber content upon the metabolism of calcium, magnesium, zinc and phosphorus by man.", "content": "Addition of 10 g of cellulose dispersed in 150 g of apple compote to the daily diet with a low fiber content for a 20-day period caused the fecal excretion of calcium and zinc of three men to increase significantly. Balances of both metals became negative and their concentrations in plasma decreased. Magnesium balances became negative in two subjects while phosphorus balance changed to negative in one. In a similar experiment in which the cellulose was added to a fiber-rich diet, fecal excretions of calcium and zinc increased significantly in each of two men and excretion of magnesium in one. Previously negative balances became more negative, and calcium and zinc concentrations decreased in plasma. The dependence of fecal dry weight upon fecal fiber content measured by the acid-detergent method was confirmed. However, increments of dry matter per g of fiber were less fecal fiber concentrations were high. Fecal calcium content correlated significantly with fecal fiber in two subjects, and fecal fiber and zinc in one. No correlations were demonstrated in the subject who apparently digested fiber most effectively. Our findings indicate that high intakes of fiber can explain to a considerable extent the impaired utilization of zinc, calcium, and magnesium among villagers in rural Iran.", "contents": "Effects of cellulose added to diets of low and high fiber content upon the metabolism of calcium, magnesium, zinc and phosphorus by man. Addition of 10 g of cellulose dispersed in 150 g of apple compote to the daily diet with a low fiber content for a 20-day period caused the fecal excretion of calcium and zinc of three men to increase significantly. Balances of both metals became negative and their concentrations in plasma decreased. Magnesium balances became negative in two subjects while phosphorus balance changed to negative in one. In a similar experiment in which the cellulose was added to a fiber-rich diet, fecal excretions of calcium and zinc increased significantly in each of two men and excretion of magnesium in one. Previously negative balances became more negative, and calcium and zinc concentrations decreased in plasma. The dependence of fecal dry weight upon fecal fiber content measured by the acid-detergent method was confirmed. However, increments of dry matter per g of fiber were less fecal fiber concentrations were high. Fecal calcium content correlated significantly with fecal fiber in two subjects, and fecal fiber and zinc in one. No correlations were demonstrated in the subject who apparently digested fiber most effectively. Our findings indicate that high intakes of fiber can explain to a considerable extent the impaired utilization of zinc, calcium, and magnesium among villagers in rural Iran.", "PMID": 845688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6834", "title": "Metabolism of gamma-linolenic acid in essential fatty acid-deficient rats.", "content": "Female rats were weaned and fed a semipurified diet lacking in essential fatty acids. After 160 days, the deficient diet was supplemented with varying amounts of gamma-linolenic acid. Changes in body weight and feed efficiency were measured. Total liver phospholipid fatty acids were also analyzed. Supplementation with gamma-linolenic acid to the deficient diet for 7 days led to improvements in body weight and feed efficiency of the deficient rats. The liver phospholipid fatty acid composition returned to a normal pattern. There was a reduction of 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid and an increase in the arachidonic acid. Thus, there was a fall in the triene: tetraene ratio with increasing dietary supplementation of gamma-linolenic acid. The essential fatty acid potency, the minimum dietary requirement for this fatty acid, and the widely accepted levels of the minimum requirements of dietary essential fatty acids are discussed.", "contents": "Metabolism of gamma-linolenic acid in essential fatty acid-deficient rats. Female rats were weaned and fed a semipurified diet lacking in essential fatty acids. After 160 days, the deficient diet was supplemented with varying amounts of gamma-linolenic acid. Changes in body weight and feed efficiency were measured. Total liver phospholipid fatty acids were also analyzed. Supplementation with gamma-linolenic acid to the deficient diet for 7 days led to improvements in body weight and feed efficiency of the deficient rats. The liver phospholipid fatty acid composition returned to a normal pattern. There was a reduction of 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid and an increase in the arachidonic acid. Thus, there was a fall in the triene: tetraene ratio with increasing dietary supplementation of gamma-linolenic acid. The essential fatty acid potency, the minimum dietary requirement for this fatty acid, and the widely accepted levels of the minimum requirements of dietary essential fatty acids are discussed.", "PMID": 845689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6835", "title": "Effect of dietary protein restriction or food restriction on oxygen consumption and mitochondrial distribution in cardiac and red and white skeletal muscle of rats.", "content": "The effects of food restriction and dietary protein restriction on the oxygen consumption of three types of muscle in the rat were compared. Control rats were fed a diet containing 27% casein. Two groups of protein-restricted rats were fed isoenergy diets containing 15% or 8% casein. Two groups of food-restricted rats were fed either the 27% or 15% casein diets in amounts equivalent to 35% of the intake of energy. Oxygen consumption was measured in papillary muscle and in fibers from the red (high oxidative) and white (low oxidative) portions of the quadriceps with pyruvate and malate as substrates. Control values (micronlO2/g dry wt/min) were 35.2 + 1.5 (papillary), 20.7+/-1.9 (red), and 7.8+/-0.7 (white). Restriction of dietary protein content failed to alter the oxygen consumption of any of the muscle types. In contrast, involuntary food restriction,combined with a reduction in protein content, caused a reduction in the oxygen consumption of papilary and white skeletal muscle, but the metabolism of red skeletal muscle was not affected. No differences were found in the appearance and distribution of mitochondria in cardiac or red skeletal muscle after examination by electron microscopy, but a depletion of subsarcolemmal mitochondria was evident in white muscle from the food-restricted rats.", "contents": "Effect of dietary protein restriction or food restriction on oxygen consumption and mitochondrial distribution in cardiac and red and white skeletal muscle of rats. The effects of food restriction and dietary protein restriction on the oxygen consumption of three types of muscle in the rat were compared. Control rats were fed a diet containing 27% casein. Two groups of protein-restricted rats were fed isoenergy diets containing 15% or 8% casein. Two groups of food-restricted rats were fed either the 27% or 15% casein diets in amounts equivalent to 35% of the intake of energy. Oxygen consumption was measured in papillary muscle and in fibers from the red (high oxidative) and white (low oxidative) portions of the quadriceps with pyruvate and malate as substrates. Control values (micronlO2/g dry wt/min) were 35.2 + 1.5 (papillary), 20.7+/-1.9 (red), and 7.8+/-0.7 (white). Restriction of dietary protein content failed to alter the oxygen consumption of any of the muscle types. In contrast, involuntary food restriction,combined with a reduction in protein content, caused a reduction in the oxygen consumption of papilary and white skeletal muscle, but the metabolism of red skeletal muscle was not affected. No differences were found in the appearance and distribution of mitochondria in cardiac or red skeletal muscle after examination by electron microscopy, but a depletion of subsarcolemmal mitochondria was evident in white muscle from the food-restricted rats.", "PMID": 845690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6836", "title": "Effect of a high fructose diet on lipogenic enzyme activities of meal-fed rats.", "content": "The effect of a high fructose diet on lipogenic enzyme activities in liver, intestine and adipose tissue, and serum immunoreactive insulin level was studied in meal-fed rats. Male and female rats were meal-fed for 5 days with stock diet. After a 45-hour fast, they were meal-fed a high carbohydrate diet composed of fructose, glucose or cornstarch diet for 4 days. The daily food intake was similar within each sex (females 9-11 g/day and males 10-13 g/day). Only males fed glucose consumed significantly more food than any other group (12.9 g/day). Rats fed fructose had the greatest liver weight and total lipid content. The hepatic malic enzyme activity of both sexes was significantly higher in rats fed fructose than in those fed cornstarch. Small intestinal malic enzyme activity was largely unaffected by diet. The serum immunoreactive insulin level of rats fed fructose was the lowest, and the level in females was higher than in males fed fructose or glucose. The above results lead to the conclusion that the effect of feeding fructose compared to glucose is attributable to fructose itself and not differences in food intake.", "contents": "Effect of a high fructose diet on lipogenic enzyme activities of meal-fed rats. The effect of a high fructose diet on lipogenic enzyme activities in liver, intestine and adipose tissue, and serum immunoreactive insulin level was studied in meal-fed rats. Male and female rats were meal-fed for 5 days with stock diet. After a 45-hour fast, they were meal-fed a high carbohydrate diet composed of fructose, glucose or cornstarch diet for 4 days. The daily food intake was similar within each sex (females 9-11 g/day and males 10-13 g/day). Only males fed glucose consumed significantly more food than any other group (12.9 g/day). Rats fed fructose had the greatest liver weight and total lipid content. The hepatic malic enzyme activity of both sexes was significantly higher in rats fed fructose than in those fed cornstarch. Small intestinal malic enzyme activity was largely unaffected by diet. The serum immunoreactive insulin level of rats fed fructose was the lowest, and the level in females was higher than in males fed fructose or glucose. The above results lead to the conclusion that the effect of feeding fructose compared to glucose is attributable to fructose itself and not differences in food intake.", "PMID": 845691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6837", "title": "Serum insulin concentration, insulin release and degradation, glucose tolerance and in vivo insulin sensitivity in cholesterol-fed rats.", "content": "A series of experiments was conducted to elucidate the mechanism by which cholesterol feeding decreases serum insulin levels in rats and to determine the effect of this reduced insulin level on glucose metabolism. Rats were fed a casein-sucrose-soybean oil basal diet or this basal diet supplemented with 1% cholesterol (dissolved in hot oil) for periods longer than 30 days. Cholesterol feeding resulted in a decrease in serum insulin concentrations, although the decrease was not always significant. Cholesterol feeding did not affect fasting blood glucose levels, glucose tolerance, glucose-induced insulin release, pancreatic insulin content, in vivo insulin sensitivity, or in vitro glucose utilization in diaphragm and adipose tissue, but it significantly elevated the activity of liver glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase. On a per liver basis, the activity of this enzyme was approximately doubled. Results of this study suggest that cholesterol feeding has no significant effect on glucose utilization, but it can lead to a decrease in serum insulin concentration, probably by increasing the rate of insulin degradation in the liver.", "contents": "Serum insulin concentration, insulin release and degradation, glucose tolerance and in vivo insulin sensitivity in cholesterol-fed rats. A series of experiments was conducted to elucidate the mechanism by which cholesterol feeding decreases serum insulin levels in rats and to determine the effect of this reduced insulin level on glucose metabolism. Rats were fed a casein-sucrose-soybean oil basal diet or this basal diet supplemented with 1% cholesterol (dissolved in hot oil) for periods longer than 30 days. Cholesterol feeding resulted in a decrease in serum insulin concentrations, although the decrease was not always significant. Cholesterol feeding did not affect fasting blood glucose levels, glucose tolerance, glucose-induced insulin release, pancreatic insulin content, in vivo insulin sensitivity, or in vitro glucose utilization in diaphragm and adipose tissue, but it significantly elevated the activity of liver glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase. On a per liver basis, the activity of this enzyme was approximately doubled. Results of this study suggest that cholesterol feeding has no significant effect on glucose utilization, but it can lead to a decrease in serum insulin concentration, probably by increasing the rate of insulin degradation in the liver.", "PMID": 845692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6838", "title": "Effect of vitamin A deficiency on intestinal cell proliferation in the rat.", "content": "Cell division kinetics and the biochemical composition of the small intestine of normal and mildly vitamin A-deficient rats have been examined. Thymidine labeling index, growth fraction and the content of DNA, RNA and protein in the jejunal mucosa were not significantly affected by vitamin A deficiency. On the other hand, the duration of the cell cycle of jejunal crypt cells was found to be lengthened by vitamin A deficiency and this increase in generation time was due mainly to a lengthening of the DNA synthesis phase. Furthermore, the labeling pattern of the newly divided crypt cells of the vitamin A-deficient rats was strikingly different from that of the vitamin A-supplemented rats, suggesting an impaired migration of cells out of the crypts. These findings suggest that vitamin A may play a role in the regulation of cell division in the small intestine of the rat.", "contents": "Effect of vitamin A deficiency on intestinal cell proliferation in the rat. Cell division kinetics and the biochemical composition of the small intestine of normal and mildly vitamin A-deficient rats have been examined. Thymidine labeling index, growth fraction and the content of DNA, RNA and protein in the jejunal mucosa were not significantly affected by vitamin A deficiency. On the other hand, the duration of the cell cycle of jejunal crypt cells was found to be lengthened by vitamin A deficiency and this increase in generation time was due mainly to a lengthening of the DNA synthesis phase. Furthermore, the labeling pattern of the newly divided crypt cells of the vitamin A-deficient rats was strikingly different from that of the vitamin A-supplemented rats, suggesting an impaired migration of cells out of the crypts. These findings suggest that vitamin A may play a role in the regulation of cell division in the small intestine of the rat.", "PMID": 845693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6839", "title": "Effect of dietary protein level on urea synthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes.", "content": "Urea cycle enzymes of rats were altered by feeding protein-free 15% casein, or 70% casein diets. Cells isolated from the livers of these rats were incubated with 10 mM ammonia and varying levels of ornithine (2 or 10 mM) and lactate (0-10 mM). Conditions providing the greatest rate of urea synthesis depended on the diet consumed and on whether rats were fed or starved 24 hours before cell isolation. Maximum rates of urea synthesis, though not different for the fed and starved groups, increased with the protein content of the diet and were equal to the maximum theoretical rates, as determined by argininosuccinate synthetase activity. This indicates that with optimal conditions, the activity of argininosuccinate synthetase is the rate-limiting factor in the synthesis of urea in isolated hepatocytes.", "contents": "Effect of dietary protein level on urea synthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes. Urea cycle enzymes of rats were altered by feeding protein-free 15% casein, or 70% casein diets. Cells isolated from the livers of these rats were incubated with 10 mM ammonia and varying levels of ornithine (2 or 10 mM) and lactate (0-10 mM). Conditions providing the greatest rate of urea synthesis depended on the diet consumed and on whether rats were fed or starved 24 hours before cell isolation. Maximum rates of urea synthesis, though not different for the fed and starved groups, increased with the protein content of the diet and were equal to the maximum theoretical rates, as determined by argininosuccinate synthetase activity. This indicates that with optimal conditions, the activity of argininosuccinate synthetase is the rate-limiting factor in the synthesis of urea in isolated hepatocytes.", "PMID": 845694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6840", "title": "Postprandial plasma lysine as an indicator of dietary lysine adequacy in infants.", "content": "Postprandial plasma free amino acids were studied as an index of the level of dietary lysine. Fasting blood was obtained from 11 children who were then fed a meal in which wheat provided 100% of 0.4 g protein and 30% to 50% of 25 kcal/kg body weight. Blood samples were obtained 3 and 4 hours postprandially. Fasting blood samples were obtained from these same children after 9, 18 and 27 (n=6) days of consuming the same diet (2 g protein, 125 kcal/kg/day). Postprandial blood samples were taken from four additional children after consuming a meal containing 25 kcal and 0.75 g protein (0.5 g from wheat, 0.25 g casein)/kg. This meal was expected to provide adequate lysine while still maintaining lysine in lowest concentration among the essential amino acids relative to needs for protein synthesis. After consuming the unsupplemented wheat diet postprandial values showed a significant rise of total amino acids at 3 hours with a return to fasting levels at 4 hours. Total essential amino acids did not change at 3 or 4 hours. Lysine concentration was significantly lower at 3 and 4 hours. The ratio of lysine to total essential amino acids decreased at 3 and, more so, at 4 hours. In 3 of 4 children studied the postprandial decrease of plasma lysine and its molar fraction was not manifest after consuming wheat + casein. The fasting lysine concentration during continued wheat consumption showed no change at 9 days and then a progressive fall at 18 and 27 days. The results with wheat + casein lend support to the concept that a postprandial fall in the concentration of lysine and its molar fraction indicates not merely that lysine is present in lowest concentration but that it is present in inadequate concentration relative to needs for protein synthesis.", "contents": "Postprandial plasma lysine as an indicator of dietary lysine adequacy in infants. Postprandial plasma free amino acids were studied as an index of the level of dietary lysine. Fasting blood was obtained from 11 children who were then fed a meal in which wheat provided 100% of 0.4 g protein and 30% to 50% of 25 kcal/kg body weight. Blood samples were obtained 3 and 4 hours postprandially. Fasting blood samples were obtained from these same children after 9, 18 and 27 (n=6) days of consuming the same diet (2 g protein, 125 kcal/kg/day). Postprandial blood samples were taken from four additional children after consuming a meal containing 25 kcal and 0.75 g protein (0.5 g from wheat, 0.25 g casein)/kg. This meal was expected to provide adequate lysine while still maintaining lysine in lowest concentration among the essential amino acids relative to needs for protein synthesis. After consuming the unsupplemented wheat diet postprandial values showed a significant rise of total amino acids at 3 hours with a return to fasting levels at 4 hours. Total essential amino acids did not change at 3 or 4 hours. Lysine concentration was significantly lower at 3 and 4 hours. The ratio of lysine to total essential amino acids decreased at 3 and, more so, at 4 hours. In 3 of 4 children studied the postprandial decrease of plasma lysine and its molar fraction was not manifest after consuming wheat + casein. The fasting lysine concentration during continued wheat consumption showed no change at 9 days and then a progressive fall at 18 and 27 days. The results with wheat + casein lend support to the concept that a postprandial fall in the concentration of lysine and its molar fraction indicates not merely that lysine is present in lowest concentration but that it is present in inadequate concentration relative to needs for protein synthesis.", "PMID": 845695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6841", "title": "Reproduction and lipid composition of rats fed cyclopropene fatty acids.", "content": "The effect of cyclopropene fatty acids fed in saturated or unsaturated lipid diets on reproduction and lipid composition of progeny was determined in rats. Sterculia foetida oil (50% cyclopropene fatty acids) fed at 0.2% of the diet for three generations and 0.5% fed to first generation rats did not significantly affect breeding. Two percent S. foetida oil fed with 3% corn oil did not appreciably affect conception rate and litter size in the first litters, but reduced pup survival 36% in the first litters and 78% in the second litters. Replacement of the 3% corn oil with 3% animal fat in diet containing 2% S. foetida oil reduced litter rate from 87% to 7% in the first litter. Cyclopropene fatty acids were readily incorporated into the tissue and milk of females. Pups rapidly accumulated cyclopropene via milk from dams. Fetal tissue contained only 10% of the cyclopropene concentration of the females fed a diet containing 2% S. foetida oil and 3% corn oil; however, the level of fetal cyclopropene doubled when animal fat replaced corn oil in the diet. Unsaturated lipid in the diet enabled rats to cope with the effects of moderate levels of cyclopropene fatty acids, but the combination of cyclopropene in saturated lipid diets caused detrimental effects.", "contents": "Reproduction and lipid composition of rats fed cyclopropene fatty acids. The effect of cyclopropene fatty acids fed in saturated or unsaturated lipid diets on reproduction and lipid composition of progeny was determined in rats. Sterculia foetida oil (50% cyclopropene fatty acids) fed at 0.2% of the diet for three generations and 0.5% fed to first generation rats did not significantly affect breeding. Two percent S. foetida oil fed with 3% corn oil did not appreciably affect conception rate and litter size in the first litters, but reduced pup survival 36% in the first litters and 78% in the second litters. Replacement of the 3% corn oil with 3% animal fat in diet containing 2% S. foetida oil reduced litter rate from 87% to 7% in the first litter. Cyclopropene fatty acids were readily incorporated into the tissue and milk of females. Pups rapidly accumulated cyclopropene via milk from dams. Fetal tissue contained only 10% of the cyclopropene concentration of the females fed a diet containing 2% S. foetida oil and 3% corn oil; however, the level of fetal cyclopropene doubled when animal fat replaced corn oil in the diet. Unsaturated lipid in the diet enabled rats to cope with the effects of moderate levels of cyclopropene fatty acids, but the combination of cyclopropene in saturated lipid diets caused detrimental effects.", "PMID": 845696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6842", "title": "Controlling factors in the maintenance of plasma cholesterol concentration in the rabbit.", "content": "We have investigated factors important in the maintenance of plasma cholesterol concentration in three groups of New Zealand white rabbits fed either a cholesterol-free, commercial stock diet or an atherogenic diet consisting of stock diet supplemented with 0.1% cholesterol and 10% corn oil. When fed stock diet, the plasma cholesterol concentration in female rabbits (164 mg/100 ml) of one strain was significantly greater than plasma cholesterol concentration in males (67 mg/100 ml) of the same strain or in females (62 mg/100 ml) of another strain. Cholesterol absorption and turnover, steroid excretion and tissue cholesterol storage were examined. The percentage of an oral dose of isotopically labeled cholesterol absorbed could not account for group differences in plasma cholesterol concentrations and was not changed by cholesterol supplementation for 3 weeks. Turnover of plasma cholesterol conformed to a two-pool model in rabbits fed stock diet and the atherogenic diet. In rabbits fed the atherogenic diet, the irreversible disposal rate from pool A and total acidic steroid excretion were inversely related to plasma cholesterol concentration. One controlling factor in the maintenance of relatively low plasma cholesterol concentrations in cholesterol-fed rabbits appears to be enhanced bile acid excretion.", "contents": "Controlling factors in the maintenance of plasma cholesterol concentration in the rabbit. We have investigated factors important in the maintenance of plasma cholesterol concentration in three groups of New Zealand white rabbits fed either a cholesterol-free, commercial stock diet or an atherogenic diet consisting of stock diet supplemented with 0.1% cholesterol and 10% corn oil. When fed stock diet, the plasma cholesterol concentration in female rabbits (164 mg/100 ml) of one strain was significantly greater than plasma cholesterol concentration in males (67 mg/100 ml) of the same strain or in females (62 mg/100 ml) of another strain. Cholesterol absorption and turnover, steroid excretion and tissue cholesterol storage were examined. The percentage of an oral dose of isotopically labeled cholesterol absorbed could not account for group differences in plasma cholesterol concentrations and was not changed by cholesterol supplementation for 3 weeks. Turnover of plasma cholesterol conformed to a two-pool model in rabbits fed stock diet and the atherogenic diet. In rabbits fed the atherogenic diet, the irreversible disposal rate from pool A and total acidic steroid excretion were inversely related to plasma cholesterol concentration. One controlling factor in the maintenance of relatively low plasma cholesterol concentrations in cholesterol-fed rabbits appears to be enhanced bile acid excretion.", "PMID": 845697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6843", "title": "Effects of ethanol on growth. Consumption of food, and body composition of weanling rats.", "content": "Ethanol administered to weanling rats in various concentrations as the sole drinking fluid in conjunction with a semipurified dry diet was consumed at a level of not more than 20% of total energy. Suppression of fluid intake and concomitant reduction of food intake resulted in decreased growth. Analysis of body composition indicated that the difference in weight in rats given 20% solutions of ethanol as the sole drinking fluid and in rats pair-fed diets without ethanol was primarily due to dehydration. With total liquid formulations having good resistance to separation, there were no significant differences in weight gain between rats given 20% or 30% of total energy as ethanol and rats pair-fed diets without ethanol. Ethanol fed at 40% of total energy caused inhibition of growth which could not be ascribed solely to decreased consumption of food and water. These data indicate that the method of administering ethanol to weanling rats affects not only the levels at which ethanol is toxic but also the amount of ethanol voluntarily consumed by the rats. The use of pair-feeding techniques and of homogenous liquid formulations is essential for studies of the metabolic effects of ethanol.", "contents": "Effects of ethanol on growth. Consumption of food, and body composition of weanling rats. Ethanol administered to weanling rats in various concentrations as the sole drinking fluid in conjunction with a semipurified dry diet was consumed at a level of not more than 20% of total energy. Suppression of fluid intake and concomitant reduction of food intake resulted in decreased growth. Analysis of body composition indicated that the difference in weight in rats given 20% solutions of ethanol as the sole drinking fluid and in rats pair-fed diets without ethanol was primarily due to dehydration. With total liquid formulations having good resistance to separation, there were no significant differences in weight gain between rats given 20% or 30% of total energy as ethanol and rats pair-fed diets without ethanol. Ethanol fed at 40% of total energy caused inhibition of growth which could not be ascribed solely to decreased consumption of food and water. These data indicate that the method of administering ethanol to weanling rats affects not only the levels at which ethanol is toxic but also the amount of ethanol voluntarily consumed by the rats. The use of pair-feeding techniques and of homogenous liquid formulations is essential for studies of the metabolic effects of ethanol.", "PMID": 845698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6844", "title": "Milk production, nitrogen utilization and glucose synthesis in lactating cows infused postruminally with sodium caseinate and glucose.", "content": "Four lactating Holstein cows were used in a 4 X 4 Latin Square design to determine the effects of postruminally administering sodium caseinate and/or glucose on milk production, milk composition, nitrogen utilization, amino acid utilization by the lactating mammary gland and glucose turnover rate. An 8.5% increase in milk yield and a 13.3% increase in milk protein production were obtained during infusion of sodium caseinate. No significant production responses were attributed to abomasal infusion of glucose. Arterial concentrations of most essential amino acids were increased during infusion of sodium caseinate. Uptake of phenylalanine, methionine and lysine by the mammary gland most closely paralleled their output in milk. The relative concentrations of methionine, lysine and phenylalanine in arterial plasma were considerably less than their concentrations in milk which resulted in a large percentage extraction of these amino acids by the mammary gland. If the availability of essential amino acids to the mammary gland, per se, was limiting the synthesis of milk protein, methionine, lysine and phenylalanine may have been the three amino acids most limiting. Measurements of glucose entry rate showed a trend toward increased glucose flux when either glucose, sodium caseinate or glucose plus sodium caseinate were infused abomasally. The similarity in glucose entry rates obtained during infusion of glucose and sodium caseinate suggest that the increase in milk production was not due totally to increased glucose flux resulting from sodium caseinate infusion.", "contents": "Milk production, nitrogen utilization and glucose synthesis in lactating cows infused postruminally with sodium caseinate and glucose. Four lactating Holstein cows were used in a 4 X 4 Latin Square design to determine the effects of postruminally administering sodium caseinate and/or glucose on milk production, milk composition, nitrogen utilization, amino acid utilization by the lactating mammary gland and glucose turnover rate. An 8.5% increase in milk yield and a 13.3% increase in milk protein production were obtained during infusion of sodium caseinate. No significant production responses were attributed to abomasal infusion of glucose. Arterial concentrations of most essential amino acids were increased during infusion of sodium caseinate. Uptake of phenylalanine, methionine and lysine by the mammary gland most closely paralleled their output in milk. The relative concentrations of methionine, lysine and phenylalanine in arterial plasma were considerably less than their concentrations in milk which resulted in a large percentage extraction of these amino acids by the mammary gland. If the availability of essential amino acids to the mammary gland, per se, was limiting the synthesis of milk protein, methionine, lysine and phenylalanine may have been the three amino acids most limiting. Measurements of glucose entry rate showed a trend toward increased glucose flux when either glucose, sodium caseinate or glucose plus sodium caseinate were infused abomasally. The similarity in glucose entry rates obtained during infusion of glucose and sodium caseinate suggest that the increase in milk production was not due totally to increased glucose flux resulting from sodium caseinate infusion.", "PMID": 845699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6845", "title": "Protection against carbon tetrachloride-induced lipid peroxidation in the rat by dietary vitamin E, selenium, and methionine as measured by ethane evolution.", "content": "Dietary vitamin E, selenium (Se), and methionine were tested for their ability to inhibit carbon tetrachloride (CCL4)-induced lipid peroxidation. Peroxidation, in vivo, was monitored by the evolution of ethane, an autoxidation product of omega-3-unsaturated fatty acids. Weanling rats were fed a basal diet low in vitamin E, Se, and sulfur-containing amino acids, or diets individually supplemented with these factors. After 3 to 7 weeks, the rats were injected with CCL4 (ip) and ethane was collected for 9 hours. Cumulative ethane evolution was increased by CCl4 in all groups. Vitamin E, Se, and methionine reduced ethane evolution from CCl4-treated rats by 82%, 74%, and 60%, respectively. The toxicity of CCl4 was decreased in correlation with ethane evolution. Thus, methionine and Se, probably by maintaining intracellular glutathione and glutathione peroxidase, protected against CCl4-induced lipid peroxidation, as did vitamin E. Substitution of cod liver oil, which is rich in omega-3-unsaturated fat, for lard in the basal diet increased CCl4-induced ethane evolution six-fold. Relative inhibition by the dietary supplements was not changed. Thus, the feeding of cod liver oil greatly increased ethane production which facilitated the detection and measurement of lipid peroxidation in vivo.", "contents": "Protection against carbon tetrachloride-induced lipid peroxidation in the rat by dietary vitamin E, selenium, and methionine as measured by ethane evolution. Dietary vitamin E, selenium (Se), and methionine were tested for their ability to inhibit carbon tetrachloride (CCL4)-induced lipid peroxidation. Peroxidation, in vivo, was monitored by the evolution of ethane, an autoxidation product of omega-3-unsaturated fatty acids. Weanling rats were fed a basal diet low in vitamin E, Se, and sulfur-containing amino acids, or diets individually supplemented with these factors. After 3 to 7 weeks, the rats were injected with CCL4 (ip) and ethane was collected for 9 hours. Cumulative ethane evolution was increased by CCl4 in all groups. Vitamin E, Se, and methionine reduced ethane evolution from CCl4-treated rats by 82%, 74%, and 60%, respectively. The toxicity of CCl4 was decreased in correlation with ethane evolution. Thus, methionine and Se, probably by maintaining intracellular glutathione and glutathione peroxidase, protected against CCl4-induced lipid peroxidation, as did vitamin E. Substitution of cod liver oil, which is rich in omega-3-unsaturated fat, for lard in the basal diet increased CCl4-induced ethane evolution six-fold. Relative inhibition by the dietary supplements was not changed. Thus, the feeding of cod liver oil greatly increased ethane production which facilitated the detection and measurement of lipid peroxidation in vivo.", "PMID": 845700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6846", "title": "Lipid peroxidation in vivo during vitamin E and selenium deficiency in the rat as monitored by ethane evolution.", "content": "Ethane evolution was monitored from vitamin E and selenium (Se)-deficient rats to determine if lipid peroxidation occurs in vivo when these rats develop fatal organ lesions. Weanling rats were fed a vitamin E and Se-deficient, or supplemented, diet for 40 to 90 days. Each was then prefasted for 4 hours and fasting was continued for 24 to 40 hours while ethane was collected. Approximately 50% of the doubly-deficient rats died as a result of fasting. Pathological signs included hematuria, lung hemorrhage, and liver necrosis. Ethane evolution increased exponentially 10 to 20 hours before death and then declined 2 hours before death. Rats that survived (at least 5 days after ethane collection) evolved 7.4+/-1.3 nmoles ethane/100 g body weight/24 hours compared to 100+/-6 for rats that died. Supplementation of the basal diet with vitamin E (200 IU/kg), Se (0.2 ppm, as Na2SeO3), or both, completely prevented mortality and reduced ethane evolution values to 0.4+/-0.2, 3.1+/-0.4, or 0.2+/-0.2, respectively. These experiments indicate that lipid peroxidation occurs in vivo as a result of vitamin E and Se deficiency, and the peroxidation process greatly accelerates during the terminal phase of the fatal disease.", "contents": "Lipid peroxidation in vivo during vitamin E and selenium deficiency in the rat as monitored by ethane evolution. Ethane evolution was monitored from vitamin E and selenium (Se)-deficient rats to determine if lipid peroxidation occurs in vivo when these rats develop fatal organ lesions. Weanling rats were fed a vitamin E and Se-deficient, or supplemented, diet for 40 to 90 days. Each was then prefasted for 4 hours and fasting was continued for 24 to 40 hours while ethane was collected. Approximately 50% of the doubly-deficient rats died as a result of fasting. Pathological signs included hematuria, lung hemorrhage, and liver necrosis. Ethane evolution increased exponentially 10 to 20 hours before death and then declined 2 hours before death. Rats that survived (at least 5 days after ethane collection) evolved 7.4+/-1.3 nmoles ethane/100 g body weight/24 hours compared to 100+/-6 for rats that died. Supplementation of the basal diet with vitamin E (200 IU/kg), Se (0.2 ppm, as Na2SeO3), or both, completely prevented mortality and reduced ethane evolution values to 0.4+/-0.2, 3.1+/-0.4, or 0.2+/-0.2, respectively. These experiments indicate that lipid peroxidation occurs in vivo as a result of vitamin E and Se deficiency, and the peroxidation process greatly accelerates during the terminal phase of the fatal disease.", "PMID": 845701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6847", "title": "Dietary-induced variations in urinary taurine levels of college women.", "content": "Dietary-induced variations in the urinary taurine excretion of healthy college women were investigated. Data were collected in three metabolic studies in which nutritionally adequate diets of constant composition were fed. Variables included isonitrogenous natural food and semi-purified diets; taurine, cystine and meat supplements; and kind and amount of dietary fat. Observed urinary taurine levels were low and ranges were narrower than those reported by other investigators. The low taurine excretion at the completion of the studies was considered evidence that urinary taurine levels in humans is related to the level of body taurine as well as to the level of dietary taurine. Urinary taurine excretion was shown to be related to dietary taurine intake rather than protein (nitrogen) intake. A relationship between kind of dietary fat and taurine excretion is suggested.", "contents": "Dietary-induced variations in urinary taurine levels of college women. Dietary-induced variations in the urinary taurine excretion of healthy college women were investigated. Data were collected in three metabolic studies in which nutritionally adequate diets of constant composition were fed. Variables included isonitrogenous natural food and semi-purified diets; taurine, cystine and meat supplements; and kind and amount of dietary fat. Observed urinary taurine levels were low and ranges were narrower than those reported by other investigators. The low taurine excretion at the completion of the studies was considered evidence that urinary taurine levels in humans is related to the level of body taurine as well as to the level of dietary taurine. Urinary taurine excretion was shown to be related to dietary taurine intake rather than protein (nitrogen) intake. A relationship between kind of dietary fat and taurine excretion is suggested.", "PMID": 845702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6848", "title": "Comparative flatulence activity of beans and bean fractions for man and the rat.", "content": "To evaluate H2 production in the rat after ingestion of legume products as a predictive bioassay of their flatulence activity for man, responses of man and the rat to (1) a bland formula diet, (2) cooked California Small White bean (CSW) solids, (3) 70% ethanol extract of (2), (4) oligosaccharide fraction of (3), (5) non-protein nitrogen fraction of (3), and (6) combination of (4) and (5) were compared. Six human subjects were fed an 800 kcal breakfast of (1) or containing the amount of a test item equivalent to 100 g CSW. Each subject received all items once plus a single replicate of three items at the rate of one per week in random order. Total flatus volume, H2, CO2, and CH4 volumes and breath H2 concentration were measured for the interval 2.5 to 8.5 hours after breakfast. Young rats in metabolic chambers received known amounts of items 2 to 6 mixed with a bland basal diet. H2 trapped in the chambers was measured after 20 hours. Correlation of rat H2 and to human breath H2 measurements and flatus gas volumes were significant and positive except for negative correlation with flatus methane volume. Measurement of hydrogen production in the rat has potential for a predictive bioassay for flatulence in man.", "contents": "Comparative flatulence activity of beans and bean fractions for man and the rat. To evaluate H2 production in the rat after ingestion of legume products as a predictive bioassay of their flatulence activity for man, responses of man and the rat to (1) a bland formula diet, (2) cooked California Small White bean (CSW) solids, (3) 70% ethanol extract of (2), (4) oligosaccharide fraction of (3), (5) non-protein nitrogen fraction of (3), and (6) combination of (4) and (5) were compared. Six human subjects were fed an 800 kcal breakfast of (1) or containing the amount of a test item equivalent to 100 g CSW. Each subject received all items once plus a single replicate of three items at the rate of one per week in random order. Total flatus volume, H2, CO2, and CH4 volumes and breath H2 concentration were measured for the interval 2.5 to 8.5 hours after breakfast. Young rats in metabolic chambers received known amounts of items 2 to 6 mixed with a bland basal diet. H2 trapped in the chambers was measured after 20 hours. Correlation of rat H2 and to human breath H2 measurements and flatus gas volumes were significant and positive except for negative correlation with flatus methane volume. Measurement of hydrogen production in the rat has potential for a predictive bioassay for flatulence in man.", "PMID": 845703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6849", "title": "Carbohydrate absorption in the young of protein-deficient rats.", "content": "The absorption of 3-O-methylglucose (TMG) and of lactose has been studied in the young of female rats fed a protein-deficient diet during pregnancy. Postnatally, these young were suckled by stock diet-fed dams. Intestines of newborn, 4-day and 12-day old pups were infused in situ with 5% TMG or 3.5% lactose. The mean amount retained per enterocyte was measured as well as the mean amount absorbed from the lumen and transferred from the enterocyte. Absorption of lactose was reduced in the enterocytes of newborn prenatally protein-deprived (PPD) young but not postnatally, while TMG absorption was normal at birth and 12 days but reduced at 4 days. The amount of carbohydrates absorbed in total or per unit intestinal weight seemed to vary with changes in the number of absorptive cells. It is suggested that reduced absorption in PPD pups is primarily related to the smaller number of absorptive cells in these young. There is a greater increase in numbers of cells and in absorption per cell between birth and 12 days in PPD young than in controls, indicating that the effect on the intestine of prenatal protein deprived young is at least partially reversible.", "contents": "Carbohydrate absorption in the young of protein-deficient rats. The absorption of 3-O-methylglucose (TMG) and of lactose has been studied in the young of female rats fed a protein-deficient diet during pregnancy. Postnatally, these young were suckled by stock diet-fed dams. Intestines of newborn, 4-day and 12-day old pups were infused in situ with 5% TMG or 3.5% lactose. The mean amount retained per enterocyte was measured as well as the mean amount absorbed from the lumen and transferred from the enterocyte. Absorption of lactose was reduced in the enterocytes of newborn prenatally protein-deprived (PPD) young but not postnatally, while TMG absorption was normal at birth and 12 days but reduced at 4 days. The amount of carbohydrates absorbed in total or per unit intestinal weight seemed to vary with changes in the number of absorptive cells. It is suggested that reduced absorption in PPD pups is primarily related to the smaller number of absorptive cells in these young. There is a greater increase in numbers of cells and in absorption per cell between birth and 12 days in PPD young than in controls, indicating that the effect on the intestine of prenatal protein deprived young is at least partially reversible.", "PMID": 845704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6850", "title": "Life history and host specificity of Mediorhynchus centurorum Nickol 1969 (Acanthocephala: Gigantorhynchidae).", "content": "Examination of 1905 arthropods from a swamp and surrounding pasture in sothern Louisiana revealed larval specimens of Mediorhynchus centurorum in 8 of 228 woodroaches, Parcoblatta pensylvanica, but in no other species. The life cycle was confirmed by feeding eggs of M. centurorum to laboratory-reared woodroaches. Cystacanths later recovered from the woodroaches developed into mature worms when pipetted into esophaguses of red-bellied woodpeckers, Centurus carolinius: red-headed woodpeckers, Melanerpes erythrocephalus; yellow-shafted flickers, Colaptes auratus; and a hairy woodpecker, Dendrocopos villosus. Infection was achieved in all woodpeckers fed cystacanths at least 47 days old and the mean prepatent period was 35 days. Cystacanths fed starlings, Sturnus vaulgaris, and red-winged blackbirds, Agelaius phoeniceus, did not produce infections although cystacanths from the same pool were infective to control woodpeckers. Larval development of Mediorhynchus centurorum in woodroaches did not differ significantly from that of M. grandis in grasshoppers. M. centurorum is the only species of the Gigantorhynchidae for which the life cycle has been confirmed by laboratory infections using an intermediate host species known infected nature.", "contents": "Life history and host specificity of Mediorhynchus centurorum Nickol 1969 (Acanthocephala: Gigantorhynchidae). Examination of 1905 arthropods from a swamp and surrounding pasture in sothern Louisiana revealed larval specimens of Mediorhynchus centurorum in 8 of 228 woodroaches, Parcoblatta pensylvanica, but in no other species. The life cycle was confirmed by feeding eggs of M. centurorum to laboratory-reared woodroaches. Cystacanths later recovered from the woodroaches developed into mature worms when pipetted into esophaguses of red-bellied woodpeckers, Centurus carolinius: red-headed woodpeckers, Melanerpes erythrocephalus; yellow-shafted flickers, Colaptes auratus; and a hairy woodpecker, Dendrocopos villosus. Infection was achieved in all woodpeckers fed cystacanths at least 47 days old and the mean prepatent period was 35 days. Cystacanths fed starlings, Sturnus vaulgaris, and red-winged blackbirds, Agelaius phoeniceus, did not produce infections although cystacanths from the same pool were infective to control woodpeckers. Larval development of Mediorhynchus centurorum in woodroaches did not differ significantly from that of M. grandis in grasshoppers. M. centurorum is the only species of the Gigantorhynchidae for which the life cycle has been confirmed by laboratory infections using an intermediate host species known infected nature.", "PMID": 845719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6851", "title": "Praesomal musculature of the acanthocephalan genus Mediorhynchus Van Cleave 1916.", "content": "The praesomal musculature of Mediorhynchus is described. The proboscis is considered to consist of 3 zones: an anterior protoboscis, a median mesoboscis, and a posterior teloboscis. New structures reported are mesoboscis retractor muscles, the formation of 3 ligament strands from the proboscis retractor muscles, a teloboscis inflator muscle, and conduit through the protrusor muscle sheath. Some aspects of the taxonomy of Mediorhynchus are discussed.", "contents": "Praesomal musculature of the acanthocephalan genus Mediorhynchus Van Cleave 1916. The praesomal musculature of Mediorhynchus is described. The proboscis is considered to consist of 3 zones: an anterior protoboscis, a median mesoboscis, and a posterior teloboscis. New structures reported are mesoboscis retractor muscles, the formation of 3 ligament strands from the proboscis retractor muscles, a teloboscis inflator muscle, and conduit through the protrusor muscle sheath. Some aspects of the taxonomy of Mediorhynchus are discussed.", "PMID": 845720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6852", "title": "Ecology of Capillaria hepatica (Bancroft 1893) (Nematoda). 1; Dynamics of infection among Norway rat populations of the Baltimore Zoo, Baltimore, Maryland.", "content": "Seventy-five per cent of 845 Norway rats examined in the Baltimore Zoo for Capillaria hepatica were infected. Nearly all adult rats and 65% of juveniles were infected. Only 8% of 299 infected rats were heavily infected. The prevalence and intensity of infection increased with the size of the host. There were no seasonal differences in infection rates among adults, but juveniles collected during spring had higher infection rates than those collected during winter. Prevalence of C. hepatica infection varied from one place to another. No correlation between infection rate, vegetative cover, soil type, monthly rainfall, mean daily temperature, or food habits of rats was found. The dynamics of rat populations are perhaps the most important factors in the maintenance and dynamics of C. hepatica infections. Rapid population turnover contributes to the rapid release of a great number of eggs into the environment and high recruitment rates provide sufficient numbers of susceptible hosts for the parasite to complete its cycle.", "contents": "Ecology of Capillaria hepatica (Bancroft 1893) (Nematoda). 1; Dynamics of infection among Norway rat populations of the Baltimore Zoo, Baltimore, Maryland. Seventy-five per cent of 845 Norway rats examined in the Baltimore Zoo for Capillaria hepatica were infected. Nearly all adult rats and 65% of juveniles were infected. Only 8% of 299 infected rats were heavily infected. The prevalence and intensity of infection increased with the size of the host. There were no seasonal differences in infection rates among adults, but juveniles collected during spring had higher infection rates than those collected during winter. Prevalence of C. hepatica infection varied from one place to another. No correlation between infection rate, vegetative cover, soil type, monthly rainfall, mean daily temperature, or food habits of rats was found. The dynamics of rat populations are perhaps the most important factors in the maintenance and dynamics of C. hepatica infections. Rapid population turnover contributes to the rapid release of a great number of eggs into the environment and high recruitment rates provide sufficient numbers of susceptible hosts for the parasite to complete its cycle.", "PMID": 845721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6853", "title": "A reclassification of the genus Aplodontopus (Acari: Sarcoptiformes) with a description of Aplodontopus micronyx sp. n. from the thirteen-lined ground squirrel, Spermophilus tridecemlineatus, in Indiana, USA.", "content": "The genus Aplodontopus is transferred from the family Glycyphagidae to the family Chortoglyphidae and a new species Aplodontopus micronyx is described. The new species is from the tail-hair follicles of Spermophilus tridecemlineatus in Indiana, USA; deutonymphs and a female are described.", "contents": "A reclassification of the genus Aplodontopus (Acari: Sarcoptiformes) with a description of Aplodontopus micronyx sp. n. from the thirteen-lined ground squirrel, Spermophilus tridecemlineatus, in Indiana, USA. The genus Aplodontopus is transferred from the family Glycyphagidae to the family Chortoglyphidae and a new species Aplodontopus micronyx is described. The new species is from the tail-hair follicles of Spermophilus tridecemlineatus in Indiana, USA; deutonymphs and a female are described.", "PMID": 845722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6854", "title": "Gruiformes, a new host group for pterodectine feather mites (Acarina: Analgoidea).", "content": "Pterodects ralliculae sp. n. (Proctophyllodidae, Pterodectinae) is described from Rallicula f. forbesi (Rallidae) from Papua New Guinea. This is the first record of a proctophylloid species from Gruiformes.", "contents": "Gruiformes, a new host group for pterodectine feather mites (Acarina: Analgoidea). Pterodects ralliculae sp. n. (Proctophyllodidae, Pterodectinae) is described from Rallicula f. forbesi (Rallidae) from Papua New Guinea. This is the first record of a proctophylloid species from Gruiformes.", "PMID": 845723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6855", "title": "A new species of Plutarchusia oudemans 1904, with a key to the species (Analgoidea: Syringobiidae).", "content": "Plutarchusia brachytarsa sp. n. is described from Thalasseus sandvicensis (Laridae), Yucatan. P. pseudochelopus Dubinin 1956, and P. longitarsa (M\u00e9gnin and Trouessart 1884) are reported for the first time from the New World. A key to the genus is provided.", "contents": "A new species of Plutarchusia oudemans 1904, with a key to the species (Analgoidea: Syringobiidae). Plutarchusia brachytarsa sp. n. is described from Thalasseus sandvicensis (Laridae), Yucatan. P. pseudochelopus Dubinin 1956, and P. longitarsa (M\u00e9gnin and Trouessart 1884) are reported for the first time from the New World. A key to the genus is provided.", "PMID": 845724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6856", "title": "Plasmalemmal modifications of Entamoeba histolytica in vivo.", "content": "We used electron microscopy to study Entamoeba histolytica trophyozoites in rectal and liver lesions. The amebal surface had bleblike structures. Also noted were subplasmalemmal vacuoles and plasmalemmal extensions generally similar to the \"surface lysosome\" and \"trigger\" previously described. We found on serial sections that the plasmalemmal extensions were dendritic complexes enfolding the membrane of the subplasmalemmal vacuole and extending to contact host tissue. We postulate that membrane-bound cytotoxic hydrolases enter the plasmalemmal extension via the translocation of the subplasmalemmal vacuole membrane and thus are available to act at contact sites. The small blebs may provide an alternate method for membrane-bound hydrolase activity.", "contents": "Plasmalemmal modifications of Entamoeba histolytica in vivo. We used electron microscopy to study Entamoeba histolytica trophyozoites in rectal and liver lesions. The amebal surface had bleblike structures. Also noted were subplasmalemmal vacuoles and plasmalemmal extensions generally similar to the \"surface lysosome\" and \"trigger\" previously described. We found on serial sections that the plasmalemmal extensions were dendritic complexes enfolding the membrane of the subplasmalemmal vacuole and extending to contact host tissue. We postulate that membrane-bound cytotoxic hydrolases enter the plasmalemmal extension via the translocation of the subplasmalemmal vacuole membrane and thus are available to act at contact sites. The small blebs may provide an alternate method for membrane-bound hydrolase activity.", "PMID": 845740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6857", "title": "Lipids of Plasmodium lophurae, and of erythrocytes and plasma of normal and P. lophurae-infected Pekin ducklings.", "content": "A lipid analysis was performed on the avian malaria parasite Plasmodium lophurae, freed from duckling erythrocytes by immune hemolysis, and on the erythrocytes and plasmas of normal and P. lophurae-infected ducklings. Major lipids of normal erythrocytes were: phosphatidylcholine (40% of total lipids), phosphatidylethanolamine (20%), cholesterol (20%), sphingomyelin (11%), and glycosphingolipids (5%). Major fatty acids of erythrocyte total phospholipids (74% of total lipids) were 16:0 (22%), 18:2 (n-6) (21%), 18.1 (n-7, n-9) (18%), 18:0 (9%), 20:4 (n-6) (9%), 22:6 (n-3) (5%). Erythrocyte phosphatidylcholine was greater than 90% the diacyl form, while phosphatidylethanolamine was approximately 44% alkoxy forms and phosphatidylinositol approximately 11% alkoxy forms. Major fatty aldehydes of phosphatidylethanolamine were 16:0 (47%), 18:1 (23%), 18:0 (14%), and 14:0 (12%). The lipid composition of P. lophurae (plus the parasitophorous vacuole membrane) was qualitatively and quantitatively different from that of the duckling erythrocyte in a number of respects. Major lipids were phosphatidylcholine (40%), phosphatidylethanolamine (36%), cholesterol (8%), phosphatidylinostol (4%), 1,2-diacylglycerols (3%), sphingomyelin (2%), and glycosphingolipids (2%). Diphosphatidylglycerol (approximately 1%) was also detected. The major fatty acids of parasite total phospholipids (86% of total lipids) were more saturated than those of the erythrocyte, and octadecenoic acids were notably elevated: 18:1 (33%), 16:0 (26%), 18:0 (16%), 18:2 (12%), 20:4 (3%), and 22:6 (3%). Parasite phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were greater than 93% the diacyl form and phosphatidylinositol was approximately 25% alkoxy forms. Major fatty aldehydes of the phosphatidylethanolamine were 14:0 (62%), unidentified long chain forms (24%), 16:0 (7%), 18:0 (4%), 18:1 (3%). The lipid composition of the infected erythrocyte reflected the separate contributions of the erythrocyte and parasite. The major lipids of normal duckling plasma were phosphatidylcholine (33%), triacylglycerols (22%), cholesterol esters (20%), cholesterol (12%), phosphatidylethanolamine (5%), and sphingomyelin (2%). The fatty acids of plasma total lipids were 18:1 (26%), 16:0 (26%), 18:2 (12%), 20:4 (12%), 18:0 (9%), 22:6 (3%). Plasma phosphoglycerides were remarkably lower in C18 unsaturated fatty acids and higher in 20:4 than the erythrocyte phosphoglycerides. Infection of ducklings with P. lophurae caused increases in plasma unesterified fatty acids, triacylglycerols and cholesterol esters, and a notable rise in the 18:1 content of all fatty acid-containing plasma neutral lipids. These findings are compared with those reported for other species of Plasmodium infecting other avian and mammalian hosts.", "contents": "Lipids of Plasmodium lophurae, and of erythrocytes and plasma of normal and P. lophurae-infected Pekin ducklings. A lipid analysis was performed on the avian malaria parasite Plasmodium lophurae, freed from duckling erythrocytes by immune hemolysis, and on the erythrocytes and plasmas of normal and P. lophurae-infected ducklings. Major lipids of normal erythrocytes were: phosphatidylcholine (40% of total lipids), phosphatidylethanolamine (20%), cholesterol (20%), sphingomyelin (11%), and glycosphingolipids (5%). Major fatty acids of erythrocyte total phospholipids (74% of total lipids) were 16:0 (22%), 18:2 (n-6) (21%), 18.1 (n-7, n-9) (18%), 18:0 (9%), 20:4 (n-6) (9%), 22:6 (n-3) (5%). Erythrocyte phosphatidylcholine was greater than 90% the diacyl form, while phosphatidylethanolamine was approximately 44% alkoxy forms and phosphatidylinositol approximately 11% alkoxy forms. Major fatty aldehydes of phosphatidylethanolamine were 16:0 (47%), 18:1 (23%), 18:0 (14%), and 14:0 (12%). The lipid composition of P. lophurae (plus the parasitophorous vacuole membrane) was qualitatively and quantitatively different from that of the duckling erythrocyte in a number of respects. Major lipids were phosphatidylcholine (40%), phosphatidylethanolamine (36%), cholesterol (8%), phosphatidylinostol (4%), 1,2-diacylglycerols (3%), sphingomyelin (2%), and glycosphingolipids (2%). Diphosphatidylglycerol (approximately 1%) was also detected. The major fatty acids of parasite total phospholipids (86% of total lipids) were more saturated than those of the erythrocyte, and octadecenoic acids were notably elevated: 18:1 (33%), 16:0 (26%), 18:0 (16%), 18:2 (12%), 20:4 (3%), and 22:6 (3%). Parasite phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were greater than 93% the diacyl form and phosphatidylinositol was approximately 25% alkoxy forms. Major fatty aldehydes of the phosphatidylethanolamine were 14:0 (62%), unidentified long chain forms (24%), 16:0 (7%), 18:0 (4%), 18:1 (3%). The lipid composition of the infected erythrocyte reflected the separate contributions of the erythrocyte and parasite. The major lipids of normal duckling plasma were phosphatidylcholine (33%), triacylglycerols (22%), cholesterol esters (20%), cholesterol (12%), phosphatidylethanolamine (5%), and sphingomyelin (2%). The fatty acids of plasma total lipids were 18:1 (26%), 16:0 (26%), 18:2 (12%), 20:4 (12%), 18:0 (9%), 22:6 (3%). Plasma phosphoglycerides were remarkably lower in C18 unsaturated fatty acids and higher in 20:4 than the erythrocyte phosphoglycerides. Infection of ducklings with P. lophurae caused increases in plasma unesterified fatty acids, triacylglycerols and cholesterol esters, and a notable rise in the 18:1 content of all fatty acid-containing plasma neutral lipids. These findings are compared with those reported for other species of Plasmodium infecting other avian and mammalian hosts.", "PMID": 845741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6858", "title": "Degeneria halosauri (Bell 1887) gen. et comb. n. (Digenea: Gorgoderidae) from the deep-sea telost Halosauropsis macrochir.", "content": "The earliest reported trematode from a deep-sea fish, Distomum halosauri Bell 1887 collected by the H.M.S. Challenger expedition, is redescribed from fresh material taken from the type host in the northwest Atlantic. The species is assigned to Degeneria gen. et comb. n. Distinguishing characteristics are the combinaion of a pharynx, cirrus pouch with internal seminal vesicle, disposition of the uterus into the forebody, large eggs, and location in the excretory system of the host. The relationship of Degeneria to other gorgoderids is discussed.", "contents": "Degeneria halosauri (Bell 1887) gen. et comb. n. (Digenea: Gorgoderidae) from the deep-sea telost Halosauropsis macrochir. The earliest reported trematode from a deep-sea fish, Distomum halosauri Bell 1887 collected by the H.M.S. Challenger expedition, is redescribed from fresh material taken from the type host in the northwest Atlantic. The species is assigned to Degeneria gen. et comb. n. Distinguishing characteristics are the combinaion of a pharynx, cirrus pouch with internal seminal vesicle, disposition of the uterus into the forebody, large eggs, and location in the excretory system of the host. The relationship of Degeneria to other gorgoderids is discussed.", "PMID": 845742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6859", "title": "Lectin binding by trypanosoma equiperdum.", "content": "Agglutination studies with 6 plant lectins indicated that the unaltered surface coat of Trypanosoma equiperdum isolated from rat blood lacks the carbohydrate molecules preferentially bound by these proteins. However, trypsin, pronase, chymopapain, or papain treatments exposed the binding sites for Concanavalin A and the phytohemagglutinins M and P and trypsinized cells were attached to Concanavalin A immobilized on agarose beads. Lipolytic, amylytic, and other proteolytic enzymes or other agents did not reduce or induce lectin agglutination and wheat germ, Anti A, and Anti H lectins did not clump the trypanosomes under any of the conditions employed. Carbohydrate residues resembling D-mannose or n-acetyl-D-galactosamine are therefore within the surface coat of T. equiperdum or on the cell membrane underneath it. The results are contrasted with the lectin induced agglutination of other parasite species and mammalian cells.", "contents": "Lectin binding by trypanosoma equiperdum. Agglutination studies with 6 plant lectins indicated that the unaltered surface coat of Trypanosoma equiperdum isolated from rat blood lacks the carbohydrate molecules preferentially bound by these proteins. However, trypsin, pronase, chymopapain, or papain treatments exposed the binding sites for Concanavalin A and the phytohemagglutinins M and P and trypsinized cells were attached to Concanavalin A immobilized on agarose beads. Lipolytic, amylytic, and other proteolytic enzymes or other agents did not reduce or induce lectin agglutination and wheat germ, Anti A, and Anti H lectins did not clump the trypanosomes under any of the conditions employed. Carbohydrate residues resembling D-mannose or n-acetyl-D-galactosamine are therefore within the surface coat of T. equiperdum or on the cell membrane underneath it. The results are contrasted with the lectin induced agglutination of other parasite species and mammalian cells.", "PMID": 845743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6860", "title": "Schistosoma mansoni: effects of zinc on cercarial and schistosomule viability.", "content": "The effects of ZnCl2 on the viability and morphology of cercariae and schistosomules of Schistosoma mansoni were examined. The longevity of cercariae was inversely proportional to the zinc concentration from 0.05 to 5 micronM. Zinc caused body-tail separation and crenation of bodies but not of tails of cercariae, as well as alteration of the staining of cercariae in the indirect immunofluorescence test. Zinc was also effective in reducing penetration of cercariae into mice in a brief (10 min) exposure period. Although the effects on schistosomule morphology were not as conspicuous as with cercariae, 5mM ZnCl2 also affected this stage of the parasite.", "contents": "Schistosoma mansoni: effects of zinc on cercarial and schistosomule viability. The effects of ZnCl2 on the viability and morphology of cercariae and schistosomules of Schistosoma mansoni were examined. The longevity of cercariae was inversely proportional to the zinc concentration from 0.05 to 5 micronM. Zinc caused body-tail separation and crenation of bodies but not of tails of cercariae, as well as alteration of the staining of cercariae in the indirect immunofluorescence test. Zinc was also effective in reducing penetration of cercariae into mice in a brief (10 min) exposure period. Although the effects on schistosomule morphology were not as conspicuous as with cercariae, 5mM ZnCl2 also affected this stage of the parasite.", "PMID": 845744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6861", "title": "Effects of stressful conditions on the development and movement of reproductive cells in Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "Adult S. mansoni exposed to 3H-thymidine to label reproductive cells were cultured in vitro, maintained intraperitoneally, and transplanted to the hepatic portal vein of hamsters in unisexual infections. Daily samples were taken, processed for autoradiography, and observed for abnormal morphological and development characteristics. Males cultured in vitro did not produce labeled sperm and the testes exhibitied necrotic changes by the 5th day. Vitelline cell formation was normal for the first 5 days, but after that time both vitellaria and ovary showed degenerative changes. Males and females were still alive after 18 days of culture. Worms transferred to the peritoneal cavity were dead after 3 days, and no signs of reproductive development occurred during that time. Most males and a few females were encapsulated by cells thought to be of host origin. Males transplanted into hamsters in unisexual infections produced sperm in the normal time period and showed no morphological deterioration after 8 days. Females similarly handled were degenerating by day 3 and dead by day 6. Development and movement of reproductive cells was not detected in these females.", "contents": "Effects of stressful conditions on the development and movement of reproductive cells in Schistosoma mansoni. Adult S. mansoni exposed to 3H-thymidine to label reproductive cells were cultured in vitro, maintained intraperitoneally, and transplanted to the hepatic portal vein of hamsters in unisexual infections. Daily samples were taken, processed for autoradiography, and observed for abnormal morphological and development characteristics. Males cultured in vitro did not produce labeled sperm and the testes exhibitied necrotic changes by the 5th day. Vitelline cell formation was normal for the first 5 days, but after that time both vitellaria and ovary showed degenerative changes. Males and females were still alive after 18 days of culture. Worms transferred to the peritoneal cavity were dead after 3 days, and no signs of reproductive development occurred during that time. Most males and a few females were encapsulated by cells thought to be of host origin. Males transplanted into hamsters in unisexual infections produced sperm in the normal time period and showed no morphological deterioration after 8 days. Females similarly handled were degenerating by day 3 and dead by day 6. Development and movement of reproductive cells was not detected in these females.", "PMID": 845745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6862", "title": "Aploparaksis borealis sp. n. (Cestoda: Hymenolepididae) from passeriform and charadriiform birds in Chukotka and Alaska.", "content": "Aploparaksis borealis sp. n. (Cestoda: Hymenolepididae), from the long-tailed jaeger, Stercorarisu longicaudus Vieillot, on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska, and from the red-throated pipit, Anthus cervinus (Pallas), and the Lapland longspur, Calcarius lapponicus (Linnaeus), in Chukotka, northestern Siberia, is described. This cestode is distinguished by the structure of the cirrus and other morphologic characters from other species of Aploparaksis Clerc 1903 in which there are 10 rostellar hooks and the vitelline gland is aporal to the ovary. A. borealis is the first species of Aploparaksis to be reported from birds representing 2 orders (Passeriformes and Charadriiformes).", "contents": "Aploparaksis borealis sp. n. (Cestoda: Hymenolepididae) from passeriform and charadriiform birds in Chukotka and Alaska. Aploparaksis borealis sp. n. (Cestoda: Hymenolepididae), from the long-tailed jaeger, Stercorarisu longicaudus Vieillot, on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska, and from the red-throated pipit, Anthus cervinus (Pallas), and the Lapland longspur, Calcarius lapponicus (Linnaeus), in Chukotka, northestern Siberia, is described. This cestode is distinguished by the structure of the cirrus and other morphologic characters from other species of Aploparaksis Clerc 1903 in which there are 10 rostellar hooks and the vitelline gland is aporal to the ovary. A. borealis is the first species of Aploparaksis to be reported from birds representing 2 orders (Passeriformes and Charadriiformes).", "PMID": 845746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6863", "title": "Bilateral Duane's syndrome.", "content": "Two cases with bilateral Duane's Syndrome are presented. Both showed immediate large angle exotropia following bilateral medial rectus recession for esotropia. In both cases, the forced duction test was then found to be positive in adduction and negative after disinsertion of the lateral rectus. It is suggested that both the medial rectus muscles and lateral rectus muscles are tight in bilateral Duane's Syndrome and that seemingly simultaneous recession of the medial and lateral rectus muscles would be indicated.", "contents": "Bilateral Duane's syndrome. Two cases with bilateral Duane's Syndrome are presented. Both showed immediate large angle exotropia following bilateral medial rectus recession for esotropia. In both cases, the forced duction test was then found to be positive in adduction and negative after disinsertion of the lateral rectus. It is suggested that both the medial rectus muscles and lateral rectus muscles are tight in bilateral Duane's Syndrome and that seemingly simultaneous recession of the medial and lateral rectus muscles would be indicated.", "PMID": 845747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6864", "title": "The necessary resection of the levator muscle of the upper eyelid in the operation for congenital blepharoptosis.", "content": "The authors comment on the excellent postoperative results obtained in 22 eyes operated on according to the Blaskovics method for congenital blepharoptosis. They discuss the length of the resected part of the levator muscle of the upper lid, the length depending in each case on the degree of the ptosis and on the functional ability of the levator muscle. They arrive at the conclusion that the shortening of the levator muscle must be considerably greater than heretofore advocated by the classical view.", "contents": "The necessary resection of the levator muscle of the upper eyelid in the operation for congenital blepharoptosis. The authors comment on the excellent postoperative results obtained in 22 eyes operated on according to the Blaskovics method for congenital blepharoptosis. They discuss the length of the resected part of the levator muscle of the upper lid, the length depending in each case on the degree of the ptosis and on the functional ability of the levator muscle. They arrive at the conclusion that the shortening of the levator muscle must be considerably greater than heretofore advocated by the classical view.", "PMID": 845748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6865", "title": "Endogenous uveitis in Indian children: analysis of 94 cases.", "content": "Out of 1086 cases of endogenous uveitis registered in the uveitis clinic of Irwin Hospital, New Delhi, India, over a period of 10 years from 1963-1972, 94 cases (8.6%) were within the pediatric age group 0-15 years. These cases have been analyzed in detail and the data on age, sex distribution, clinical types, course, complications, various etiological factors, and associated conditions have been tabulated. There were 29 cases within the age group 0-10 years. The youngest was six weeks old. Brief clinical data were: boys, 61.7%; bilateral cases, 45.8%, anterior uveitis, 40.4%; posterior uveitis, 47.9%; generalized uveitis, 11.7% and chronic cases 81.9%. Complicated cataract was the most frequent complication (25.5%) followed by band keratopathy (10.6%). The etiology could be determined in 52.1% of the cases. Tuberculosis was the commonest cause (31.9%) followed by toxoplasmosis (10.6%). There was one case of Behcet's disease where the ocular lesions preceded oral and genital lesions by two years. The series is conspicuous by the notable absence of sarcoidosis as a cause of uveitis. Comparative data on the incidence of childhood uveitis and its various etiological factors as reported by other workers have also been tabulated.", "contents": "Endogenous uveitis in Indian children: analysis of 94 cases. Out of 1086 cases of endogenous uveitis registered in the uveitis clinic of Irwin Hospital, New Delhi, India, over a period of 10 years from 1963-1972, 94 cases (8.6%) were within the pediatric age group 0-15 years. These cases have been analyzed in detail and the data on age, sex distribution, clinical types, course, complications, various etiological factors, and associated conditions have been tabulated. There were 29 cases within the age group 0-10 years. The youngest was six weeks old. Brief clinical data were: boys, 61.7%; bilateral cases, 45.8%, anterior uveitis, 40.4%; posterior uveitis, 47.9%; generalized uveitis, 11.7% and chronic cases 81.9%. Complicated cataract was the most frequent complication (25.5%) followed by band keratopathy (10.6%). The etiology could be determined in 52.1% of the cases. Tuberculosis was the commonest cause (31.9%) followed by toxoplasmosis (10.6%). There was one case of Behcet's disease where the ocular lesions preceded oral and genital lesions by two years. The series is conspicuous by the notable absence of sarcoidosis as a cause of uveitis. Comparative data on the incidence of childhood uveitis and its various etiological factors as reported by other workers have also been tabulated.", "PMID": 845750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6866", "title": "Steroid treatment of an orbital or periocular hemangioma.", "content": "Orbital hemangiomas may cause deviation of the visual axis with amblyopia and loss of fusion in the infant as a result. Prior methods of treatment include radiation, injection of sclerosing solutions, surgery and ligation of feeding vessels and systemic steroids. A case is presented of an infant treated at five months of age with systemic prednisone over a six-week period with rapid resolution of an orbital hemangioma.", "contents": "Steroid treatment of an orbital or periocular hemangioma. Orbital hemangiomas may cause deviation of the visual axis with amblyopia and loss of fusion in the infant as a result. Prior methods of treatment include radiation, injection of sclerosing solutions, surgery and ligation of feeding vessels and systemic steroids. A case is presented of an infant treated at five months of age with systemic prednisone over a six-week period with rapid resolution of an orbital hemangioma.", "PMID": 845752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6867", "title": "A new approach to congenital posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia.", "content": "The theory is advanced that increased pulmonary vascular resistance, resulting in a state of fetal circulation, with right-to-left shunting through the ductus arteriosus, is the main reason that many patients do not survive after repair of a diaphragmatic hernia. Three patients are presented (who, by Raphaely's criteria, were destined for a fatal outcome) in whom the ductus was ligated, and vasodilator drugs were infused into the pulmonary artery. All three demonstrated definite improvement in oxygenation. Two expired after 6 days, one of whom was found at autopsy to have intestinal volvulus and gangrene, and the other multiple plumonary emboli. One case, so managed, survived. The suggestion is made that pulmonary hypoplasia is not the main reason for the high mortality rate after diaphragmatic hernia repair, and that additional laboratory and clinical investigation of the pulmonary circulation may lead to significant improvement in results.", "contents": "A new approach to congenital posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia. The theory is advanced that increased pulmonary vascular resistance, resulting in a state of fetal circulation, with right-to-left shunting through the ductus arteriosus, is the main reason that many patients do not survive after repair of a diaphragmatic hernia. Three patients are presented (who, by Raphaely's criteria, were destined for a fatal outcome) in whom the ductus was ligated, and vasodilator drugs were infused into the pulmonary artery. All three demonstrated definite improvement in oxygenation. Two expired after 6 days, one of whom was found at autopsy to have intestinal volvulus and gangrene, and the other multiple plumonary emboli. One case, so managed, survived. The suggestion is made that pulmonary hypoplasia is not the main reason for the high mortality rate after diaphragmatic hernia repair, and that additional laboratory and clinical investigation of the pulmonary circulation may lead to significant improvement in results.", "PMID": 845759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6868", "title": "Peripherally located congenital arteriovenous fistulae in infancy and childhood.", "content": "Significant macrofistulae between arteries and veins of congenital origin may result in the extremes of life-threatening hemorrhage or simply a cosmetically displeasing mass. The most helpful diagnostic aid is that of adequate arteriography both to determine the size, location, and extent of the fistulae. After adequate clinical and angiographic evaluation, therapy should be conservative enough to afford optimal function and radical enough to prevent death due to hemorrhage. This report includes eight patients who underwent angiographic evaluation and surgical therapy for arteriovenous malformation. Of the six living patients, five are known to have residual arteriovenous shunting.", "contents": "Peripherally located congenital arteriovenous fistulae in infancy and childhood. Significant macrofistulae between arteries and veins of congenital origin may result in the extremes of life-threatening hemorrhage or simply a cosmetically displeasing mass. The most helpful diagnostic aid is that of adequate arteriography both to determine the size, location, and extent of the fistulae. After adequate clinical and angiographic evaluation, therapy should be conservative enough to afford optimal function and radical enough to prevent death due to hemorrhage. This report includes eight patients who underwent angiographic evaluation and surgical therapy for arteriovenous malformation. Of the six living patients, five are known to have residual arteriovenous shunting.", "PMID": 845760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6869", "title": "A new method for investigating regional lung function in children with localized lung disease.", "content": "Lung function studies using 13Nitrogen have been used to determine regional and total lung function in 16 children suspected of having localized lung disease amenable to surgery. This method is simple, requires no active co-operation on the part of the child and gives a radiation dosage of about one-third of that for a bronchogram. The studies provided information about the severity and localization of the disease, and in addition, information about the remaining lung areas.", "contents": "A new method for investigating regional lung function in children with localized lung disease. Lung function studies using 13Nitrogen have been used to determine regional and total lung function in 16 children suspected of having localized lung disease amenable to surgery. This method is simple, requires no active co-operation on the part of the child and gives a radiation dosage of about one-third of that for a bronchogram. The studies provided information about the severity and localization of the disease, and in addition, information about the remaining lung areas.", "PMID": 845761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6870", "title": "Surgery of megaureters--modification of Hendren's operation.", "content": "It was Hendren's contribution to introduce an aggressive restorative procedure for the entire urinary tract in children with the megaureter syndrome. Our own experience in applying this method enabled us to more critically assess its value and prompted us to introduce some modifications. Instead of longitudinally resecting the dilated ureter we applied a method in which the dilated ureter wall is folded. This prevents injury to the ureter wall and its necrosis. We have given up excessive shortening of the elongated ureter, since the elongation proved to be spurious. We have also given up reconstruction of the upper part of the ureter.", "contents": "Surgery of megaureters--modification of Hendren's operation. It was Hendren's contribution to introduce an aggressive restorative procedure for the entire urinary tract in children with the megaureter syndrome. Our own experience in applying this method enabled us to more critically assess its value and prompted us to introduce some modifications. Instead of longitudinally resecting the dilated ureter we applied a method in which the dilated ureter wall is folded. This prevents injury to the ureter wall and its necrosis. We have given up excessive shortening of the elongated ureter, since the elongation proved to be spurious. We have also given up reconstruction of the upper part of the ureter.", "PMID": 845762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6871", "title": "Bilateral congenital anophthalmos. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of bilateral congenital anophthalmos in Nigerian children are reported. Both cases are sporadic, and belong to the primary type of anophthalmos. The first case has associated polydactyly of both hands. There is no history of ingestion of any teratogenic drugs during pregnancy in the two cases.", "contents": "Bilateral congenital anophthalmos. Report of two cases. Two cases of bilateral congenital anophthalmos in Nigerian children are reported. Both cases are sporadic, and belong to the primary type of anophthalmos. The first case has associated polydactyly of both hands. There is no history of ingestion of any teratogenic drugs during pregnancy in the two cases.", "PMID": 845754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6872", "title": "The management of portal hypertension in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "We have found that with proper selection and preoperative preparation, a major portosystemic shunt can be done with considerable safety in a majority of cystic fibrosis patients and thus provide them with significant palliation and improved quality of life.", "contents": "The management of portal hypertension in cystic fibrosis. We have found that with proper selection and preoperative preparation, a major portosystemic shunt can be done with considerable safety in a majority of cystic fibrosis patients and thus provide them with significant palliation and improved quality of life.", "PMID": 845763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6873", "title": "Microphthalmos with orbital cyst: a clinicopathological report.", "content": "The clinical and histopathological findings in a case of microphthalmos with orbital cyst is described. The clinical interesting feature of this case was the bilateral coloboma which represented interference in the development of the eye at different stages of embryonic life.", "contents": "Microphthalmos with orbital cyst: a clinicopathological report. The clinical and histopathological findings in a case of microphthalmos with orbital cyst is described. The clinical interesting feature of this case was the bilateral coloboma which represented interference in the development of the eye at different stages of embryonic life.", "PMID": 845753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6874", "title": "Rectoplasty with posterior triangular colonic flap--a radical new operation for Hirschsprung's disease.", "content": "Rectoplasty with posterior triangular colonic flap was devised as a new operation for Hirschsprung's disease with the purpose of eliminating the anastomotic leakage that was encountered in rectal myotomy with colectomy, retaining the original intent of the operation. The procedure was carried out on 15 patients. Postoperative function of the anorectum was clinically assessed as excellent in 12, fair in one, poor in another. The remaining patient was too young for clinical assessment of function.", "contents": "Rectoplasty with posterior triangular colonic flap--a radical new operation for Hirschsprung's disease. Rectoplasty with posterior triangular colonic flap was devised as a new operation for Hirschsprung's disease with the purpose of eliminating the anastomotic leakage that was encountered in rectal myotomy with colectomy, retaining the original intent of the operation. The procedure was carried out on 15 patients. Postoperative function of the anorectum was clinically assessed as excellent in 12, fair in one, poor in another. The remaining patient was too young for clinical assessment of function.", "PMID": 845764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6875", "title": "Colitis in children with the hemolytic-uremic syndrome.", "content": "The hemolytic-uremic syndrome consists of hemolytic anemia, renal failure, and thrombocytopenia. Submucosal hemorrhage with \"thumbprinting\" on roentgenographic examination of the colon with barium was demonstrated in four patients, prolapse of the rectum in two patients, and pseudomembranous enterocolitis and toxic megacolon in one. These lesions are not generally associated with hemolytic-uremic syndrome. The presence of these lesions in a child with bloody diarrhea should suggest hemolytic-uremic syndrome as a possible diagnosis. Sigmoidoscopy and roentgenographic examination of the colon with barium should be done in selected patients with hemolytic-uremic syndrome to evaluate the degree of colonic involvement and the need for surgery.", "contents": "Colitis in children with the hemolytic-uremic syndrome. The hemolytic-uremic syndrome consists of hemolytic anemia, renal failure, and thrombocytopenia. Submucosal hemorrhage with \"thumbprinting\" on roentgenographic examination of the colon with barium was demonstrated in four patients, prolapse of the rectum in two patients, and pseudomembranous enterocolitis and toxic megacolon in one. These lesions are not generally associated with hemolytic-uremic syndrome. The presence of these lesions in a child with bloody diarrhea should suggest hemolytic-uremic syndrome as a possible diagnosis. Sigmoidoscopy and roentgenographic examination of the colon with barium should be done in selected patients with hemolytic-uremic syndrome to evaluate the degree of colonic involvement and the need for surgery.", "PMID": 845765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6876", "title": "Surgical management of esophageal stricture due to recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa.", "content": "Esophageal stricture may occur as a complication of the dystrophic recessive form of epidermolysis bullosa. Mechanical dilatation by bougienage may cause more severe esophageal injury. The fourth reported case of esophageal replacement by colonic interposition for this condition is presented. Central venous total parenteral alimentation was a helpful adjunct in the surgical management of this patient. Colonic replacement is preferred over local resection of an esophageal stricture because in most instances there is extensive inflammatory involvement of the entire esophagus.", "contents": "Surgical management of esophageal stricture due to recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. Esophageal stricture may occur as a complication of the dystrophic recessive form of epidermolysis bullosa. Mechanical dilatation by bougienage may cause more severe esophageal injury. The fourth reported case of esophageal replacement by colonic interposition for this condition is presented. Central venous total parenteral alimentation was a helpful adjunct in the surgical management of this patient. Colonic replacement is preferred over local resection of an esophageal stricture because in most instances there is extensive inflammatory involvement of the entire esophagus.", "PMID": 845766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6877", "title": "Intramural tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) associated with esophageal web.", "content": "This is a report of the fourth known case of intramural TEF with diaphragmatic esophageal atresia. These patients present clinically as a typical esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula, but in effect have the following unusual features: 1) high TEF entering the trachea in the neck; 2) diaphragmatic-type atresia of the esophagus with uninterrupted muscular coat; 3) the location of this diaphragm is at the level of the carina producing in effect a long intramural fistulous tract. It is believed that faulty recannulization of a segment of the esophagus in association with H-type TEF may explain this uncommon anomaly.", "contents": "Intramural tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) associated with esophageal web. This is a report of the fourth known case of intramural TEF with diaphragmatic esophageal atresia. These patients present clinically as a typical esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula, but in effect have the following unusual features: 1) high TEF entering the trachea in the neck; 2) diaphragmatic-type atresia of the esophagus with uninterrupted muscular coat; 3) the location of this diaphragm is at the level of the carina producing in effect a long intramural fistulous tract. It is believed that faulty recannulization of a segment of the esophagus in association with H-type TEF may explain this uncommon anomaly.", "PMID": 845767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6878", "title": "Diagnosis and surgical management of \"H-type\" tracheoesophageal fistula in infants and children.", "content": "By means of the new rod lens telescopic endoscopes, the diagnosis of H- or N-type tracheoesophageal fistula in infants and children can now be made definitively without the difficulties and complications previously described, and the numerous methods recommended in the literature, all of which have their inconsistensies, failures, errors, and dangers. Using these advanced endoscopes the fistula is demonstrated by bronchoscopy, a small Fogarty catheter is threaded through the opening in the trachea under direct view of the telescope and passed through the fistula into the esophagus. The balloon is inflated and the bronchoscope removed, leaving the catheter in place. A proper incision is then made in the neck or chest, depending on the location of the lesion, and the fistulous tract is quickly located by palpation of the balloon and catheter. Then with minimal and accurate dissection, correction is carried out.", "contents": "Diagnosis and surgical management of \"H-type\" tracheoesophageal fistula in infants and children. By means of the new rod lens telescopic endoscopes, the diagnosis of H- or N-type tracheoesophageal fistula in infants and children can now be made definitively without the difficulties and complications previously described, and the numerous methods recommended in the literature, all of which have their inconsistensies, failures, errors, and dangers. Using these advanced endoscopes the fistula is demonstrated by bronchoscopy, a small Fogarty catheter is threaded through the opening in the trachea under direct view of the telescope and passed through the fistula into the esophagus. The balloon is inflated and the bronchoscope removed, leaving the catheter in place. A proper incision is then made in the neck or chest, depending on the location of the lesion, and the fistulous tract is quickly located by palpation of the balloon and catheter. Then with minimal and accurate dissection, correction is carried out.", "PMID": 845768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6879", "title": "Levator repair and posterior suspension for rectal prolapse.", "content": "An operative procedure for the management of rectal prolapse is described. It has the advantanges of simplicity, relative safety, short hospitalization, and lack of recurrence in the four patients presented.", "contents": "Levator repair and posterior suspension for rectal prolapse. An operative procedure for the management of rectal prolapse is described. It has the advantanges of simplicity, relative safety, short hospitalization, and lack of recurrence in the four patients presented.", "PMID": 845769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6880", "title": "Infraumbilical entry into the peritoneal cavity through a small incision for the identification and cannulation of an umbilical artery.", "content": "An infra-umbilical entry into the peritoneal cavity through a small incision, without anesthesia, for the identification and cannulation of an umbilical artery was employed for monitoring and therapy in five prematurely born neonates. The extra-peritoneal approach to umbilical artery identification and cannulation had been unsuccessful in all of these cases. The operations were carried out in the neonatal intensive care unit under strict surgical asepsis. Microsurgical techniques with 2.5 times magnification and microsurgical instruments were employed and found to be quite useful. In all five cases, an umbilical artery was readily identified and cannulated and there were no postoperative complications attributed to this approach.", "contents": "Infraumbilical entry into the peritoneal cavity through a small incision for the identification and cannulation of an umbilical artery. An infra-umbilical entry into the peritoneal cavity through a small incision, without anesthesia, for the identification and cannulation of an umbilical artery was employed for monitoring and therapy in five prematurely born neonates. The extra-peritoneal approach to umbilical artery identification and cannulation had been unsuccessful in all of these cases. The operations were carried out in the neonatal intensive care unit under strict surgical asepsis. Microsurgical techniques with 2.5 times magnification and microsurgical instruments were employed and found to be quite useful. In all five cases, an umbilical artery was readily identified and cannulated and there were no postoperative complications attributed to this approach.", "PMID": 845770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6881", "title": "Giant craniopharyngioma evaluated by computerized axial tomography.", "content": "The advent of computerized axial tomography (CAT scan) has augmented the neurologic diagnostic armamentarium dramatically. The ability of the CAT scan to differentiate and accurately locate various intracranial densities in a noninvasive manner makes it a very valuable method of investigating craniopharyngiomas. Because they are often composed of cystic, solid, and calcified portions, craniopharyngiomas are very well demonstrated, with the same CAT scan revealing ventricular size as well. A recent and representative case is reported demonstrating the correlation between the CAT scan and the operative findings.", "contents": "Giant craniopharyngioma evaluated by computerized axial tomography. The advent of computerized axial tomography (CAT scan) has augmented the neurologic diagnostic armamentarium dramatically. The ability of the CAT scan to differentiate and accurately locate various intracranial densities in a noninvasive manner makes it a very valuable method of investigating craniopharyngiomas. Because they are often composed of cystic, solid, and calcified portions, craniopharyngiomas are very well demonstrated, with the same CAT scan revealing ventricular size as well. A recent and representative case is reported demonstrating the correlation between the CAT scan and the operative findings.", "PMID": 845771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6882", "title": "Retroperitoneal fibrosis with hydronephrosis as a complication of the Dwyer procedure.", "content": "The first reported urological complication of Dwyer Instrumentation for scoliosis is presented. This patient demonstrated ureteral obstruction secondary to retroperitoneal fibrosis temporally associated with this procedure. Routine IVP following surgery is recommended for early detection of urinary complication.", "contents": "Retroperitoneal fibrosis with hydronephrosis as a complication of the Dwyer procedure. The first reported urological complication of Dwyer Instrumentation for scoliosis is presented. This patient demonstrated ureteral obstruction secondary to retroperitoneal fibrosis temporally associated with this procedure. Routine IVP following surgery is recommended for early detection of urinary complication.", "PMID": 845772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6883", "title": "Male homosexual psychodynamics and the Rorschach test.", "content": "A review of contradictory findings regarding Wheeler's Rorschach content signs of male homosexuality suggested that negative findings may have resulted from a focus on homosexual populations characterized by minimal arousal of underlying unconscious conflicts. It was hypothesized that activating these unconscious psychodynamics would enhance the discriminative power of the Wheeler signs. Inkblot protocols obtained in an earlier study from matched groups of homosexuals and heterosexuals under two experimental conditions -- involving subliminal exposure of either an incest-related or a neutral control stimulus -- were scored for Wheeler signs. The incest condition brought about a significantly greater incidence of the signs in homosexual records only, suggesting that the intensification of unconscious incest wishes stimulates homosexual reactions, consonant with psychoanalytic formulations.", "contents": "Male homosexual psychodynamics and the Rorschach test. A review of contradictory findings regarding Wheeler's Rorschach content signs of male homosexuality suggested that negative findings may have resulted from a focus on homosexual populations characterized by minimal arousal of underlying unconscious conflicts. It was hypothesized that activating these unconscious psychodynamics would enhance the discriminative power of the Wheeler signs. Inkblot protocols obtained in an earlier study from matched groups of homosexuals and heterosexuals under two experimental conditions -- involving subliminal exposure of either an incest-related or a neutral control stimulus -- were scored for Wheeler signs. The incest condition brought about a significantly greater incidence of the signs in homosexual records only, suggesting that the intensification of unconscious incest wishes stimulates homosexual reactions, consonant with psychoanalytic formulations.", "PMID": 845773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6884", "title": "The effects of surgery-induced stress on anxiety as measured by the Holtzman Inkblot Technique.", "content": "Form A of the Holtzman Inkblot Technique (HIT) was administered to 45 subjects approximately 24 hours prior to a surgical operation and Form B of the HIT was administered after surgery. A-State and A-trait were monitored by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) pre- and postsurgery. STAI A-State scores declined and STAI A-Trait scores remained stable from pre- to postsurgery. Among selected HIT variables, only Barrier scores remained stable and correlated (negatively) with STAI A-Trait scores. No HIT variables changed across periods and were correlated with STAI A-State scores obtained concurrently. Employing a multiple regression approach, a three-variable prediction model was derived for A-State and six-variable model was derived for A-Trait. In addition, the implications of the high number of rejected cards obtained in this study were discussed in terms of the possible inappropriateness of the HIT as an assessment tool under conditions of high situational stress.", "contents": "The effects of surgery-induced stress on anxiety as measured by the Holtzman Inkblot Technique. Form A of the Holtzman Inkblot Technique (HIT) was administered to 45 subjects approximately 24 hours prior to a surgical operation and Form B of the HIT was administered after surgery. A-State and A-trait were monitored by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) pre- and postsurgery. STAI A-State scores declined and STAI A-Trait scores remained stable from pre- to postsurgery. Among selected HIT variables, only Barrier scores remained stable and correlated (negatively) with STAI A-Trait scores. No HIT variables changed across periods and were correlated with STAI A-State scores obtained concurrently. Employing a multiple regression approach, a three-variable prediction model was derived for A-State and six-variable model was derived for A-Trait. In addition, the implications of the high number of rejected cards obtained in this study were discussed in terms of the possible inappropriateness of the HIT as an assessment tool under conditions of high situational stress.", "PMID": 845774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6885", "title": "Black Thematic Apperception Test stimulus material.", "content": "A factorial design was used to test variations of the TAT based on racial characteristics. The subjects consisted of 135 black Southern males divided into three test groups of 45 subjects each. The M-TAT, T-TAT, or an experimental version of the TAT for blacks was group administered to each test group of 45 subjects. Each of the three test groups were further divided into three age groups of 15 subjects each designated as residents, college students or high school students. Subjects' responses to the racial characteristics and needs content across tests and age groups were examined. The data revealed: (a) subjects could distinguish the racial characteristics of black and white TAT material, (b) subjects indicated that black TAT material facilitated the writing of their stories, (c) subjects viewed the black TAT characters as more like \"people in general,\" (d) both figure and background stimuli are important to subjects, and (e) content differences on need for achievement was found between age groups.", "contents": "Black Thematic Apperception Test stimulus material. A factorial design was used to test variations of the TAT based on racial characteristics. The subjects consisted of 135 black Southern males divided into three test groups of 45 subjects each. The M-TAT, T-TAT, or an experimental version of the TAT for blacks was group administered to each test group of 45 subjects. Each of the three test groups were further divided into three age groups of 15 subjects each designated as residents, college students or high school students. Subjects' responses to the racial characteristics and needs content across tests and age groups were examined. The data revealed: (a) subjects could distinguish the racial characteristics of black and white TAT material, (b) subjects indicated that black TAT material facilitated the writing of their stories, (c) subjects viewed the black TAT characters as more like \"people in general,\" (d) both figure and background stimuli are important to subjects, and (e) content differences on need for achievement was found between age groups.", "PMID": 845775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6886", "title": "The Rorschach test and the assessment of object relations.", "content": "The study attempts to demonstrate a structurally-based consistency to subjects' object relations as measured across various independent ratings. Particular interest was aimed at the capacity of the Rorschach to tap developmentally crucial aspects of the structure of patients' object relations. A scale was developed to measure the degree to which relationships between figures on the Rorschach were perceived in terms of a mutuality of autonomy. These Rorschach ratings were then correlated with independent measures of this mutuality of autonomy dimension which were obtained from a written autobiography, and ratings by ward staff. Based on a sample of 40 inpatient subjects, the resulting intercorrelation among measures proved to be highly significant.", "contents": "The Rorschach test and the assessment of object relations. The study attempts to demonstrate a structurally-based consistency to subjects' object relations as measured across various independent ratings. Particular interest was aimed at the capacity of the Rorschach to tap developmentally crucial aspects of the structure of patients' object relations. A scale was developed to measure the degree to which relationships between figures on the Rorschach were perceived in terms of a mutuality of autonomy. These Rorschach ratings were then correlated with independent measures of this mutuality of autonomy dimension which were obtained from a written autobiography, and ratings by ward staff. Based on a sample of 40 inpatient subjects, the resulting intercorrelation among measures proved to be highly significant.", "PMID": 845776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6887", "title": "Reflections of personality functioning in psychological testing of disadvantaged three to five year olds.", "content": "Psychological assessment with preschool children provides a unique opportunity to observe developmental conflicts before the defensive organization of the personality is fully formed. Specific sub-tests of the WPPSI and Merrill-Palmer Scales have been observed to evoke behavioral expression of phase-specific conflicts. Clinical observations of a disadvantaged inner-city population suggest that what is being tested is the child's experience with adults in the sphere of object relations, and not cognitive functioning per se.", "contents": "Reflections of personality functioning in psychological testing of disadvantaged three to five year olds. Psychological assessment with preschool children provides a unique opportunity to observe developmental conflicts before the defensive organization of the personality is fully formed. Specific sub-tests of the WPPSI and Merrill-Palmer Scales have been observed to evoke behavioral expression of phase-specific conflicts. Clinical observations of a disadvantaged inner-city population suggest that what is being tested is the child's experience with adults in the sphere of object relations, and not cognitive functioning per se.", "PMID": 845777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6888", "title": "Second order factors in the California Psychological Inventory.", "content": "In order to further specify the structure of the California Psychological Inventory (CPI), correlations among the first order factors of the CPI were factor analyzed, yielding two second order factors. These factors were described, and were named General Adjustment and Social Sensitivity, respectively. The second order configuration of CPI scales appeared to be consistent with other research done on the scales. It was suggested that, like the 16PF, second order factor scores for the CPI could have some utility.", "contents": "Second order factors in the California Psychological Inventory. In order to further specify the structure of the California Psychological Inventory (CPI), correlations among the first order factors of the CPI were factor analyzed, yielding two second order factors. These factors were described, and were named General Adjustment and Social Sensitivity, respectively. The second order configuration of CPI scales appeared to be consistent with other research done on the scales. It was suggested that, like the 16PF, second order factor scores for the CPI could have some utility.", "PMID": 845778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6889", "title": "Sex differences on the Personal Orientation Inventory.", "content": "Differences on the Personal Orientation Inventory (POI) between 816 male and 408 female entering freshmen were examined. Females scored consistently and significantly more in the purported self-actualizing direction on the POI scales and subscales than males in this study. Special emphasis was placed upon the pattern of significant scale differences in an effort to derive the meaning of such male-female differences for these and other data. One interpretation is that females may be seeking a college education for more self-actualizing purposes than males. It is suggested that the consistency of such differences be further explored and that sex differences on the POI be considered in future studies of self-actualization.", "contents": "Sex differences on the Personal Orientation Inventory. Differences on the Personal Orientation Inventory (POI) between 816 male and 408 female entering freshmen were examined. Females scored consistently and significantly more in the purported self-actualizing direction on the POI scales and subscales than males in this study. Special emphasis was placed upon the pattern of significant scale differences in an effort to derive the meaning of such male-female differences for these and other data. One interpretation is that females may be seeking a college education for more self-actualizing purposes than males. It is suggested that the consistency of such differences be further explored and that sex differences on the POI be considered in future studies of self-actualization.", "PMID": 845779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6890", "title": "Extraversion, neuroticism and different aspects of self-reported aggression.", "content": "Sixty-two male, and 57 female university students were administered tests of extraversion, neuroticism and aggression. Different forms of aggression were found to have different personality correlates, and the correlation matrices of the male and female samples were largely dissimilar. The direction of sex differences in subtest scores seemed to depend on the type of aggression measured. Socioeconomic class was not significantly related to any of the aggression scales.", "contents": "Extraversion, neuroticism and different aspects of self-reported aggression. Sixty-two male, and 57 female university students were administered tests of extraversion, neuroticism and aggression. Different forms of aggression were found to have different personality correlates, and the correlation matrices of the male and female samples were largely dissimilar. The direction of sex differences in subtest scores seemed to depend on the type of aggression measured. Socioeconomic class was not significantly related to any of the aggression scales.", "PMID": 845780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6891", "title": "Affective guilt states in women and the Perceived Guilt Index.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted to examine the determinants of affective guilt states, and to examine the interrelationships among one measure of dispositional guilt, and two measures of affective guilt. In study 1, women who were high in affective trait guilt had higher guilt states after being required to make sexual responses to sexual double-entendre words. In study 2, high affective trait guilt women had higher guilt states after being told they would be required to make sexual responses, but before they actually made any responses. The hypothesized relationship between a measure of dispositional guilt and a measure of affective state guilt was not found in either experiment.", "contents": "Affective guilt states in women and the Perceived Guilt Index. Two experiments were conducted to examine the determinants of affective guilt states, and to examine the interrelationships among one measure of dispositional guilt, and two measures of affective guilt. In study 1, women who were high in affective trait guilt had higher guilt states after being required to make sexual responses to sexual double-entendre words. In study 2, high affective trait guilt women had higher guilt states after being told they would be required to make sexual responses, but before they actually made any responses. The hypothesized relationship between a measure of dispositional guilt and a measure of affective state guilt was not found in either experiment.", "PMID": 845781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6892", "title": "Ego-delay and vocational behavior.", "content": "Two hypotheses derived from ego analytic vocational theory were tested using neuropsychiatric patients referred for vocational rehabilitation procedures. Subjects who obtained higher ego-delay scores derived from a time estimation technique were found to obtain higher vocational aptitude scores and higher levels of vocational readjustment following disability. Issues for counseling and further research are discussed.", "contents": "Ego-delay and vocational behavior. Two hypotheses derived from ego analytic vocational theory were tested using neuropsychiatric patients referred for vocational rehabilitation procedures. Subjects who obtained higher ego-delay scores derived from a time estimation technique were found to obtain higher vocational aptitude scores and higher levels of vocational readjustment following disability. Issues for counseling and further research are discussed.", "PMID": 845782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6893", "title": "The effects of self-esteem and evaluator demandingness on effort expenditure.", "content": "The self-esteem of subjects was temporarily either raised or lowered by giving them false feedback on an alleged personality test. Subjects then participated in what they believed was a second, separate experiment in which they would engage in problem solving. Half the subjects in each self-esteem condition were led to believe that the evaluator of their problem-solving performance was difficult to please; the remainder, that he was easy to please. Subjects then committed themselves to expending effort in preparation for the problem-solving exercise. Based on a self-enhancement perspective derived from attributional principles, an interaction was predicted: High self-esteem subjects would plan to exert greater effort when the evaluator was demanding than when he was undemanding, whereas low self-esteem subjects would exert greater effort when the evaluator was undemanding. The results supported the hypothesis and are discussed with respect to consistency theory, as well as in the context of self-enhancement ideas.", "contents": "The effects of self-esteem and evaluator demandingness on effort expenditure. The self-esteem of subjects was temporarily either raised or lowered by giving them false feedback on an alleged personality test. Subjects then participated in what they believed was a second, separate experiment in which they would engage in problem solving. Half the subjects in each self-esteem condition were led to believe that the evaluator of their problem-solving performance was difficult to please; the remainder, that he was easy to please. Subjects then committed themselves to expending effort in preparation for the problem-solving exercise. Based on a self-enhancement perspective derived from attributional principles, an interaction was predicted: High self-esteem subjects would plan to exert greater effort when the evaluator was demanding than when he was undemanding, whereas low self-esteem subjects would exert greater effort when the evaluator was undemanding. The results supported the hypothesis and are discussed with respect to consistency theory, as well as in the context of self-enhancement ideas.", "PMID": 845783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6894", "title": "Effects of communication about interpersonal process on the evolution of self-disclosure in dyads.", "content": "In an earlier investigation, like-sex partners in an acquaintance exercise were found to match their mean levels of intimacy. This \"consensus\" was achieved through the adoption of asymmetric roles, whereby one partner would consistently set the pace with respect to intimacy, and the other would reciprocate. It was proposed that such unilateral control of the dyad's evolution would be replaced by shared control if partners were encouraged to discuss the problem of how intimate to be with one another. As predicted, role asymmetry gave way to role symmetry when such communication took place. In addition, partners were able to match their mean levels of intimacy during the exercise without recourse to matching on a moment-to-moment basis. In place of a monotonic increase in intimacy, dyads followed a curvilinear course marked by an accelerated increase and a subsequent tapering off or decrease in intimacy level. The findings are discussed in relation to the more general question of how consensus is achieved in the social construction of an encounter or relationship.", "contents": "Effects of communication about interpersonal process on the evolution of self-disclosure in dyads. In an earlier investigation, like-sex partners in an acquaintance exercise were found to match their mean levels of intimacy. This \"consensus\" was achieved through the adoption of asymmetric roles, whereby one partner would consistently set the pace with respect to intimacy, and the other would reciprocate. It was proposed that such unilateral control of the dyad's evolution would be replaced by shared control if partners were encouraged to discuss the problem of how intimate to be with one another. As predicted, role asymmetry gave way to role symmetry when such communication took place. In addition, partners were able to match their mean levels of intimacy during the exercise without recourse to matching on a moment-to-moment basis. In place of a monotonic increase in intimacy, dyads followed a curvilinear course marked by an accelerated increase and a subsequent tapering off or decrease in intimacy level. The findings are discussed in relation to the more general question of how consensus is achieved in the social construction of an encounter or relationship.", "PMID": 845784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6895", "title": "Observers' focus of attention in the simulation of self-perception.", "content": "This research was designed to assess the effects of a manipulation of observers' focus of attention--from a focus on the actor to a focus on the actor's situation--upon observers' attributions of attitude to an actor in a simulation of a forced-compliance cognitive dissonance experiment. Observers induced through empathy instructions to focus attention on the actor's situation inferred less actor attitude positivity than did observers given no specific observational set. In addition, situation-focused observers inferred that the actor's attitude was directly related to reward magnitude, whereas actor-focused observers inferred that the actor's attitude was inversely related to reward magnitude. An extension of self-perception theory, offered as an interpretation of these and other results, suggested that motivation attribution made by actors and observers in dissonance and simulation studies are dependent on focus of attention. The attributions made by actor-focused observers simulate those of objectively self-aware actors and are based upon perceived intrinsic motivation; the attributions of situation-focused observers simulate those of subjectively self-aware actors and are based upon perceived extrinsic motivation.", "contents": "Observers' focus of attention in the simulation of self-perception. This research was designed to assess the effects of a manipulation of observers' focus of attention--from a focus on the actor to a focus on the actor's situation--upon observers' attributions of attitude to an actor in a simulation of a forced-compliance cognitive dissonance experiment. Observers induced through empathy instructions to focus attention on the actor's situation inferred less actor attitude positivity than did observers given no specific observational set. In addition, situation-focused observers inferred that the actor's attitude was directly related to reward magnitude, whereas actor-focused observers inferred that the actor's attitude was inversely related to reward magnitude. An extension of self-perception theory, offered as an interpretation of these and other results, suggested that motivation attribution made by actors and observers in dissonance and simulation studies are dependent on focus of attention. The attributions made by actor-focused observers simulate those of objectively self-aware actors and are based upon perceived intrinsic motivation; the attributions of situation-focused observers simulate those of subjectively self-aware actors and are based upon perceived extrinsic motivation.", "PMID": 845785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6896", "title": "Sexual arousal and aggression by males: effects of type of erotic stimuli and prior provocation.", "content": "Eighty-five undergraduate males participated in an experiment designed to investigate the impact of various types of erotic stimuli upon aggression. On the basis of previous research, it was hypothesized that exposure to mild erotic stimuli would tend to inhibit subsequent aggression, while exposure to more arousing stimuli of this type would facilitate such behavior. In order to examine this hypothesis, male subjects were first angered or treated in a more neutral manner by a confederate of the experimenter and then provided with an opportunity to aggress against this person by means of electric shock. Before aggressing, participants were exposed to one of five different types of stimuli: nonerotic pictures of furniture, scenery, and abstract art; pictures of seminude females; pictures of nude females; pictures of couples engaged in various acts of lovemaking; or explicit erotic passages. Results offered partial support for the major hypothesis. Exposure to mild erotic stimuli inhibited later aggression, while exposure to more arousing sexual materials neither facilitated nor inhibited such behavior.", "contents": "Sexual arousal and aggression by males: effects of type of erotic stimuli and prior provocation. Eighty-five undergraduate males participated in an experiment designed to investigate the impact of various types of erotic stimuli upon aggression. On the basis of previous research, it was hypothesized that exposure to mild erotic stimuli would tend to inhibit subsequent aggression, while exposure to more arousing stimuli of this type would facilitate such behavior. In order to examine this hypothesis, male subjects were first angered or treated in a more neutral manner by a confederate of the experimenter and then provided with an opportunity to aggress against this person by means of electric shock. Before aggressing, participants were exposed to one of five different types of stimuli: nonerotic pictures of furniture, scenery, and abstract art; pictures of seminude females; pictures of nude females; pictures of couples engaged in various acts of lovemaking; or explicit erotic passages. Results offered partial support for the major hypothesis. Exposure to mild erotic stimuli inhibited later aggression, while exposure to more arousing sexual materials neither facilitated nor inhibited such behavior.", "PMID": 845786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6897", "title": "The effects of failure and depression on subsequent aggression.", "content": "Two experiments assessed the effects of repeated failure on subsequent aggressive responses to increasing attack. In the first experiment, male subjects who had been assigned randomly to a treatment involving failure at a task evidence smaller increments in aggressive responses to attack than did those who succeeded at the initial task. In the second experiment, prior failure inhibited the aggressive increments to escalating attack on the part of depressed male subjects but faciliated the aggressive increments of nondepressed male subjects. The results are discussed in terms of learned helplessness theory and a belief in the ability to control the consequences one's behavior.", "contents": "The effects of failure and depression on subsequent aggression. Two experiments assessed the effects of repeated failure on subsequent aggressive responses to increasing attack. In the first experiment, male subjects who had been assigned randomly to a treatment involving failure at a task evidence smaller increments in aggressive responses to attack than did those who succeeded at the initial task. In the second experiment, prior failure inhibited the aggressive increments to escalating attack on the part of depressed male subjects but faciliated the aggressive increments of nondepressed male subjects. The results are discussed in terms of learned helplessness theory and a belief in the ability to control the consequences one's behavior.", "PMID": 845787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6898", "title": "Lack of control as a determinant of perceived physical symptoms.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted to investigate the role of lack of control in determining the extent to which individuals report experiencing physical symptoms. In Experiment 1, subjects who had little control over a noise burst subsequently reported a higher incidence of physical symptoms than did subjects who could control the noise burst. Unfortunately, degree of failure may have been confounded with degree of control in Experiment 1. Thus, Experiment 2 was designed to determine if differential perceptions of control would produce differences in reported symptoms when degree of success was held constant. Greater symptoms were again reported by subjects in the no-control condition. Experiments 1 and 2 also explored questions concerning the mechanism underlying the effects of lack of control on reported physical symptoms. Both experiments failed to find evidence that subjects reported symptoms for ego-preserving reasons. Other data suggested that the symptoms reported by subjects were not related to their past experience with physical symptoms, nor were symptoms reported as a function of perceived or actual physiological arousal.", "contents": "Lack of control as a determinant of perceived physical symptoms. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the role of lack of control in determining the extent to which individuals report experiencing physical symptoms. In Experiment 1, subjects who had little control over a noise burst subsequently reported a higher incidence of physical symptoms than did subjects who could control the noise burst. Unfortunately, degree of failure may have been confounded with degree of control in Experiment 1. Thus, Experiment 2 was designed to determine if differential perceptions of control would produce differences in reported symptoms when degree of success was held constant. Greater symptoms were again reported by subjects in the no-control condition. Experiments 1 and 2 also explored questions concerning the mechanism underlying the effects of lack of control on reported physical symptoms. Both experiments failed to find evidence that subjects reported symptoms for ego-preserving reasons. Other data suggested that the symptoms reported by subjects were not related to their past experience with physical symptoms, nor were symptoms reported as a function of perceived or actual physiological arousal.", "PMID": 845788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6899", "title": "Predictive conversion of in vitro drug dissolution data into in vivo drug response versus time profiles exemplified for plasma levels of warfarin.", "content": "A mathematical approach to computing the in vivo drug response profiles (such as plasma level, pharmacological response, and urinary recovery versus time curves) corresponding to observed in vitro dissolution of drug dosage form versus time profiles is described. The method is exemplified for warfarin tablets,for which observed in vivo plasma level profiles are compared to corresponding predicted profiles computed from in vitro dissolution data. The potential of the method is demonstrated; approaches to its improvement, as well as its limitations, are discussed.", "contents": "Predictive conversion of in vitro drug dissolution data into in vivo drug response versus time profiles exemplified for plasma levels of warfarin. A mathematical approach to computing the in vivo drug response profiles (such as plasma level, pharmacological response, and urinary recovery versus time curves) corresponding to observed in vitro dissolution of drug dosage form versus time profiles is described. The method is exemplified for warfarin tablets,for which observed in vivo plasma level profiles are compared to corresponding predicted profiles computed from in vitro dissolution data. The potential of the method is demonstrated; approaches to its improvement, as well as its limitations, are discussed.", "PMID": 845793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6900", "title": "Pattern recognition II: Investigation of structure--activity relationships.", "content": "A simple form of pattern recognition is successfully used to classify a set of structurally diverse therapeutic agents. By using only organic structural information, the major pharmacological classes present were correctly identified and the pharmacologically unrelated compounds were separated out. One technique of factor analysis--principal component analysis--is shown to be readily adaptable in preprocessing the data. Simple graphical representation of the results enables their direct interpretation.", "contents": "Pattern recognition II: Investigation of structure--activity relationships. A simple form of pattern recognition is successfully used to classify a set of structurally diverse therapeutic agents. By using only organic structural information, the major pharmacological classes present were correctly identified and the pharmacologically unrelated compounds were separated out. One technique of factor analysis--principal component analysis--is shown to be readily adaptable in preprocessing the data. Simple graphical representation of the results enables their direct interpretation.", "PMID": 845794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6901", "title": "Stability of (pyrrolidone-5-hydroxamato)iron (III) chelates.", "content": "Overall stability constants of mono-, bis-, and tris(pyrrolidone-k-hydroxamato)iron(III) chelates were determined in aqueous solutions at 25 degrees as log beta1=1.49, log beta11=1.55, and log betaIII=0.21, respectively, where beta1=[Fe(C5H7O3N2)2+][H+]/[F=E3+][HC5H7O3N2], betaII=[Fe(C5H7O3N2)2+][H+]2/[Fe3+][hc5h7o3n2]2, and betaIII=[Fe(C5H7O3N2)3][H+]3/[Fe3+][HC5H7O3N2]3. Stability constants of all three chelates were determined potentiometrically in the 3.00-3.23 pH region. The stability constant of the mono chelate also was determined spectrophotometrically at 25 degrees as log beta1-1.52 by measuring absorbance at 500 nm (absorbance maximum), where the molar absorptivity was epsilon=1124 liters/(mole cm). Biological implications of hydroxamic acid-containing compounds are discussed.", "contents": "Stability of (pyrrolidone-5-hydroxamato)iron (III) chelates. Overall stability constants of mono-, bis-, and tris(pyrrolidone-k-hydroxamato)iron(III) chelates were determined in aqueous solutions at 25 degrees as log beta1=1.49, log beta11=1.55, and log betaIII=0.21, respectively, where beta1=[Fe(C5H7O3N2)2+][H+]/[F=E3+][HC5H7O3N2], betaII=[Fe(C5H7O3N2)2+][H+]2/[Fe3+][hc5h7o3n2]2, and betaIII=[Fe(C5H7O3N2)3][H+]3/[Fe3+][HC5H7O3N2]3. Stability constants of all three chelates were determined potentiometrically in the 3.00-3.23 pH region. The stability constant of the mono chelate also was determined spectrophotometrically at 25 degrees as log beta1-1.52 by measuring absorbance at 500 nm (absorbance maximum), where the molar absorptivity was epsilon=1124 liters/(mole cm). Biological implications of hydroxamic acid-containing compounds are discussed.", "PMID": 845796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6902", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of beta-methyldigoxin in healthy humans II: Oral studies and bioavailability.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of orally administered aqueous 3H-beta-methyldigoxin solutions were studied at two dose levels, 0.3 and 0.6 mg, in healthy human subjects. The drug and its metabolites were specifically assayed in biological fluids and compared with results after intravenous doses to the same subjects. No significant dose dependency was observed. The apparent half-life of absorption was 16+/-6 min (SEM). Digoxin was the only metabolite observed in the plasma and comprised 28.6+/-3.7% of the dose in the urine. 3H-beta-Methyldigoxin, renally excreted unchanged, comprised 25.7+/-1.7% (SEM). Water-soluble metabolites in the urine comprised 9.0+/-1.8%. Fecal and urinary excretion accounted for 85% of the dose at 144 hr. The oral absorption of unchanged 3H-beta-methyldigoxin from solution was 59+/-6% by area under the curve methods and 60+/-4% by renal excretion. A total of 73% of the dose in the solution was absorbed as beta-methyldigoxin and digoxin. First-pass metabolism prior to absorption was largely prehepatic and assignable to GI degradation; 21.9+/-2.8% was degraded with 12.8+/-4.0% to digoxin and 9.1+/-4.0% to water-soluble metabolites. From 14 to 18% of the administered oral dose did not reach the systemic circulation. Analog computer fitting of plasma and urine levels of drug and digoxin was consistent with the first-pass premise with a delayed absorption of GI-generated digoxin and other metabolites. There were no significant differences between the oral absorption of a tablet formulation and the solution. Orally administered beta-methyldigoxin solution delivered 97% cardioactivity as itself and digoxin with respect to an equivalent amount of intravenously administered digoxin. This value contrasts to the 140% delivered by intravenously administered beta-methyldigoxin on the premise of pharmacodynamic equivalence of systemically appearing digoxin and beta-methyl-digoxin. Literature reports on the oral bioavailability of solutions and solid dosage forms of digoxin were critically reviewed, but no reliable comparison of the extent and reproducibility of oral absorption of cardioactive agents from administered digoxin or beta-methyldigoxin could be made from the widely variable digoxin studies with nonspecific assays.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of beta-methyldigoxin in healthy humans II: Oral studies and bioavailability. The pharmacokinetics of orally administered aqueous 3H-beta-methyldigoxin solutions were studied at two dose levels, 0.3 and 0.6 mg, in healthy human subjects. The drug and its metabolites were specifically assayed in biological fluids and compared with results after intravenous doses to the same subjects. No significant dose dependency was observed. The apparent half-life of absorption was 16+/-6 min (SEM). Digoxin was the only metabolite observed in the plasma and comprised 28.6+/-3.7% of the dose in the urine. 3H-beta-Methyldigoxin, renally excreted unchanged, comprised 25.7+/-1.7% (SEM). Water-soluble metabolites in the urine comprised 9.0+/-1.8%. Fecal and urinary excretion accounted for 85% of the dose at 144 hr. The oral absorption of unchanged 3H-beta-methyldigoxin from solution was 59+/-6% by area under the curve methods and 60+/-4% by renal excretion. A total of 73% of the dose in the solution was absorbed as beta-methyldigoxin and digoxin. First-pass metabolism prior to absorption was largely prehepatic and assignable to GI degradation; 21.9+/-2.8% was degraded with 12.8+/-4.0% to digoxin and 9.1+/-4.0% to water-soluble metabolites. From 14 to 18% of the administered oral dose did not reach the systemic circulation. Analog computer fitting of plasma and urine levels of drug and digoxin was consistent with the first-pass premise with a delayed absorption of GI-generated digoxin and other metabolites. There were no significant differences between the oral absorption of a tablet formulation and the solution. Orally administered beta-methyldigoxin solution delivered 97% cardioactivity as itself and digoxin with respect to an equivalent amount of intravenously administered digoxin. This value contrasts to the 140% delivered by intravenously administered beta-methyldigoxin on the premise of pharmacodynamic equivalence of systemically appearing digoxin and beta-methyl-digoxin. Literature reports on the oral bioavailability of solutions and solid dosage forms of digoxin were critically reviewed, but no reliable comparison of the extent and reproducibility of oral absorption of cardioactive agents from administered digoxin or beta-methyldigoxin could be made from the widely variable digoxin studies with nonspecific assays.", "PMID": 845795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6903", "title": "Methods for evaluating hermetic closures for screw-capped bottles.", "content": "With the described method, a large number of sealed bottles can be tested to determine their effectiveness, integrity, and reliability in preserving an inert atmosphere. The method consists of placing milligram quantities of dry ice into the bottles, capping them, and periodically weighing them on an analytical balance; leaky bottles are detected by a loss in weight. This method can be applied to test a large number of bottles with a minimum of effort and manpower and without complicated instrumentation. The data presented are highly reproducible and correlate well with data from other methods and with the physical defects of the bottles.", "contents": "Methods for evaluating hermetic closures for screw-capped bottles. With the described method, a large number of sealed bottles can be tested to determine their effectiveness, integrity, and reliability in preserving an inert atmosphere. The method consists of placing milligram quantities of dry ice into the bottles, capping them, and periodically weighing them on an analytical balance; leaky bottles are detected by a loss in weight. This method can be applied to test a large number of bottles with a minimum of effort and manpower and without complicated instrumentation. The data presented are highly reproducible and correlate well with data from other methods and with the physical defects of the bottles.", "PMID": 845797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6904", "title": "Quantitative determination of phenacetin and its metabolite acetaminophen by GLC-chemical ionization mass spectrometry.", "content": "A quantitative GLC-mass spectrometric procedure was developed for the determination of phenacetin and its O-desethyl metabolite, acetaminophen, in human plasma. The assay utilizes selective ion detection to monitor, in a GLC effluent, the MH+ molecular ions of both phenacetin and the methyl derivative of acetaminophen, p-acetanisidine, generated by isobutane chemical ionization. Deuterated analogs of phenacetin and acetaminophen, phenacetin-d3 and acetaminophen-d3, respectively, are added to the plasma before extraction to serve as internal standards. To determine phenacetin and unconjugated acetaminophen, 1.0 ml of plasma is extracted with 5 ml of benzene-dichloroethane (7:3). The extraction solvent is removed, and the residue is methylated with diazomethane. Th solution is again evaporated to dryness, and the residue is reconstituted in ethyl acetate. A portion of this solution is then analyzed by GLC-mass spectrometry, with the mass spectrometer set to monitor m/e 166 (p-acetanisidine), 169 (p-acetanisidine-d3), 180 (phenacetin), and 183 (phenacetin-d3). To determine total acetaminophen, 0.1 ml of plasma is treated with a mixture of beta-glucuronidase and sulfatase, extracted with ethyl acetate, methylated, and analyzed by GLC-mass spectrometry. The procedure has a sensitivity limit of 1 ng of phenacetin/ml and 0.1 mug of acetaminophen/ml. The curves relating the amount of phenacetin and acetaminophen added versus the amount of phenacetin and acetaminophen found for 12 known phenacetin concentrations over the 9.9-246.6-ng/ml range and for 16 known acetaminophen concentrations over the 0.52-13.10-mug/ml range are straight lines with intercepts of nearly zero and with slopes of unity. Analyses of six separate plasma samples, each containing 25 ng of phenacetin/ml and 1.31 mug of acetaminophen/ml, had a precision of +/- ng/ml for phenacetin and +/- 0.08 mug/ml for acetaminophen.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of phenacetin and its metabolite acetaminophen by GLC-chemical ionization mass spectrometry. A quantitative GLC-mass spectrometric procedure was developed for the determination of phenacetin and its O-desethyl metabolite, acetaminophen, in human plasma. The assay utilizes selective ion detection to monitor, in a GLC effluent, the MH+ molecular ions of both phenacetin and the methyl derivative of acetaminophen, p-acetanisidine, generated by isobutane chemical ionization. Deuterated analogs of phenacetin and acetaminophen, phenacetin-d3 and acetaminophen-d3, respectively, are added to the plasma before extraction to serve as internal standards. To determine phenacetin and unconjugated acetaminophen, 1.0 ml of plasma is extracted with 5 ml of benzene-dichloroethane (7:3). The extraction solvent is removed, and the residue is methylated with diazomethane. Th solution is again evaporated to dryness, and the residue is reconstituted in ethyl acetate. A portion of this solution is then analyzed by GLC-mass spectrometry, with the mass spectrometer set to monitor m/e 166 (p-acetanisidine), 169 (p-acetanisidine-d3), 180 (phenacetin), and 183 (phenacetin-d3). To determine total acetaminophen, 0.1 ml of plasma is treated with a mixture of beta-glucuronidase and sulfatase, extracted with ethyl acetate, methylated, and analyzed by GLC-mass spectrometry. The procedure has a sensitivity limit of 1 ng of phenacetin/ml and 0.1 mug of acetaminophen/ml. The curves relating the amount of phenacetin and acetaminophen added versus the amount of phenacetin and acetaminophen found for 12 known phenacetin concentrations over the 9.9-246.6-ng/ml range and for 16 known acetaminophen concentrations over the 0.52-13.10-mug/ml range are straight lines with intercepts of nearly zero and with slopes of unity. Analyses of six separate plasma samples, each containing 25 ng of phenacetin/ml and 1.31 mug of acetaminophen/ml, had a precision of +/- ng/ml for phenacetin and +/- 0.08 mug/ml for acetaminophen.", "PMID": 845798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6905", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of ampicillin and methoxymethyl ester of hetacillin in dogs.", "content": "Concentrations of ampicillin and the methoxymethyl ester of hetacillin were measured in plasma, prostatic fluid, and spinal fluid of dogs receiving  ampicillin or the hetacillin ester by continuous intravenous infusion. The ratios of ampicillin in prostatic fluid relative to plasma levels were higher after dosing with the hetacillin ester. Pharmacokinetic parameter values were consistent with urinary excretion characteristics. Ready diffusion of the ester across biological membranes may facilitate eradication of pathogenic organisms in prostatic and spinal fluids.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of ampicillin and methoxymethyl ester of hetacillin in dogs. Concentrations of ampicillin and the methoxymethyl ester of hetacillin were measured in plasma, prostatic fluid, and spinal fluid of dogs receiving  ampicillin or the hetacillin ester by continuous intravenous infusion. The ratios of ampicillin in prostatic fluid relative to plasma levels were higher after dosing with the hetacillin ester. Pharmacokinetic parameter values were consistent with urinary excretion characteristics. Ready diffusion of the ester across biological membranes may facilitate eradication of pathogenic organisms in prostatic and spinal fluids.", "PMID": 845799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6906", "title": "Serum lipid-lowering properties of 6-chloro-9-[2-(6-methyl-3-pyridyl)ethyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole-2-carboxylic acid.", "content": "6-Chloro-9-[2-(6-methyl-3-pyridyl)ethyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole-2-carboxylic acid hydrochloride lowered serum cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipid, and free fatty acid levels in normal rats. The compound appeared to have a low toxicity and to be well tolerated in mice, adult and neonatal rats, and rabbits. At hypolipidemic doses, it caused a slight hepatomegaly associated with an increase in liver phospholipid and protein content. Liver N-demethylase and catalase activities were increased by the drug treatment. This acid had no in vitro antilipolytic activity and did not affect serum desmosterol-cholesterol ratios. The results indicate that it has a mechanism of action similar to clofibrate.", "contents": "Serum lipid-lowering properties of 6-chloro-9-[2-(6-methyl-3-pyridyl)ethyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole-2-carboxylic acid. 6-Chloro-9-[2-(6-methyl-3-pyridyl)ethyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole-2-carboxylic acid hydrochloride lowered serum cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipid, and free fatty acid levels in normal rats. The compound appeared to have a low toxicity and to be well tolerated in mice, adult and neonatal rats, and rabbits. At hypolipidemic doses, it caused a slight hepatomegaly associated with an increase in liver phospholipid and protein content. Liver N-demethylase and catalase activities were increased by the drug treatment. This acid had no in vitro antilipolytic activity and did not affect serum desmosterol-cholesterol ratios. The results indicate that it has a mechanism of action similar to clofibrate.", "PMID": 845800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6907", "title": "Spectrofluorometric determination of substituted tetrahydrocarbazoles by a methylene blue sensitized photolytic reaction.", "content": "A spectrofluorometric method was developed for the determination of 6-chloro-9-[2-(2-methyl-5-pyridyl)ethyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole-2-methanol hydrochloride and its carboxylic acid analog in blood and urine. It involves extraction of both compounds at neutral pH, either from blood into ethyl acetate (the residue of which is dissolved in either) or from urine directly into ether. Both the alcohol and the acid are separated from each other by selective extraction into acid or base, respectively, and then reextracted into either from the respective aqueous medium by appropriate pH adjustment. The residues of the ether extracts containing the compounds are dissolved separately in 0.25 N NH4OH. Methylene blue is added to all samples, which are then exposed to UV energy for 15 min to produce the fluorophores. The fluorescence of the solutions is read at 370 nm, with excitation at 340 nm. The linear range of quantitation of both compounds is 0.02-10 mug/each/ml of final solution. The method was applied to the determination of blood levels and urinary excretion of the alcohol and its acid metabolite in a dog.", "contents": "Spectrofluorometric determination of substituted tetrahydrocarbazoles by a methylene blue sensitized photolytic reaction. A spectrofluorometric method was developed for the determination of 6-chloro-9-[2-(2-methyl-5-pyridyl)ethyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole-2-methanol hydrochloride and its carboxylic acid analog in blood and urine. It involves extraction of both compounds at neutral pH, either from blood into ethyl acetate (the residue of which is dissolved in either) or from urine directly into ether. Both the alcohol and the acid are separated from each other by selective extraction into acid or base, respectively, and then reextracted into either from the respective aqueous medium by appropriate pH adjustment. The residues of the ether extracts containing the compounds are dissolved separately in 0.25 N NH4OH. Methylene blue is added to all samples, which are then exposed to UV energy for 15 min to produce the fluorophores. The fluorescence of the solutions is read at 370 nm, with excitation at 340 nm. The linear range of quantitation of both compounds is 0.02-10 mug/each/ml of final solution. The method was applied to the determination of blood levels and urinary excretion of the alcohol and its acid metabolite in a dog.", "PMID": 845801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6908", "title": "GI drug absorption in rats exposed to cobalt-60 gamma-radiation I: Extent of absorption.", "content": "The extent of absorption of sulfanilamide, bretylium tosylate, sulfisoxazole acetyl, and riboflavin was determined in rats exposed to 850 rad of cobalt-60 gamma-radiation of sham irradiated. The drug were administered orally at 1 or 5 days postirradiation, and the amount of drug excreted in the urine was used as the measure of absorption. Following intravenous drug administration, there was no difference between irradiated and control animals in the amount of drug excreted in the urine. At 1 day postirradiation, the absorption of sulfanilamide and bretylium was not affected by radiation; the absorption of sulfisoxazole acetyl and riboflavin was increased. The fraction of sulfanilamide excreted in the urine as N4-conjugate was increased at 1 day postirradiation. At 5 days postirradiation, there was no detectable difference between irradiated and control animals in the extent of drug absorption. The effects of radiation on the extent of absorption of orally administered drugs were most pronounced immediately following irradiation. Irradiation apparently does not affect the absorption of drugs that are normally well absorbed or poorly absorbed due to slow transport across the GI mucosa. Following irradiation, there may be an increase in the extent of absorption of drugs that are poorly absorbed due to low aqueous solubility or that are absorbed by a saturable transport mechanism.", "contents": "GI drug absorption in rats exposed to cobalt-60 gamma-radiation I: Extent of absorption. The extent of absorption of sulfanilamide, bretylium tosylate, sulfisoxazole acetyl, and riboflavin was determined in rats exposed to 850 rad of cobalt-60 gamma-radiation of sham irradiated. The drug were administered orally at 1 or 5 days postirradiation, and the amount of drug excreted in the urine was used as the measure of absorption. Following intravenous drug administration, there was no difference between irradiated and control animals in the amount of drug excreted in the urine. At 1 day postirradiation, the absorption of sulfanilamide and bretylium was not affected by radiation; the absorption of sulfisoxazole acetyl and riboflavin was increased. The fraction of sulfanilamide excreted in the urine as N4-conjugate was increased at 1 day postirradiation. At 5 days postirradiation, there was no detectable difference between irradiated and control animals in the extent of drug absorption. The effects of radiation on the extent of absorption of orally administered drugs were most pronounced immediately following irradiation. Irradiation apparently does not affect the absorption of drugs that are normally well absorbed or poorly absorbed due to slow transport across the GI mucosa. Following irradiation, there may be an increase in the extent of absorption of drugs that are poorly absorbed due to low aqueous solubility or that are absorbed by a saturable transport mechanism.", "PMID": 845802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6909", "title": "GI drug absorption in rats exposed to cobalt-60 gamma-radiation II: in vivo rate of absorption.", "content": "The rate of absorption of sulfanilamide, bretylium tosylate, sulfisoxazole acetyl, and riboflavin was studied in rats exposed to 850 rad of cobalt-60 gamma-radiation either 1 or 5 days before oral drug administration. Polyethylene glycol 4000 was administered with sulfanilamide; its distribution along the GI tract indicated that the gastric emptying rate was reduced threefold at 1 day postirradiation but returned to normal at 5 days postirradiation; the small intestinal transit rate was not detectably altered by irradiation. At 1 day postirradiation, there was a marked decrease in the absorption rate of sulfanilamide, a smaller, although significant, decrease in the absorption rate of sulfisoxazole acetyl and bretylium, and an increase in the absorption rate of riboflavin. At 5 days postirradiation, the drug absorption rate was normal. The changes in the absorption rate of the drugs were due to a radiation-induced reduction in the gastric emptying rate; the permeability of the GI epithelium did not appear to be affected by radiation. The results indicate that, immediately following irradiation, a marked reduction in the gastric emptying rate causes a pronounced reduction in the absorption rate of rapidly absorbed drugs, a less pronounced reduction in the absorption rate of drugs that are absorbed slowly because of slow dissolution or slow diffusion across the GI epithelium, and an increase in the absorption rate of drugs that are absorbed by a saturable mechanism provided the mechanism is not impaired by irradiation.", "contents": "GI drug absorption in rats exposed to cobalt-60 gamma-radiation II: in vivo rate of absorption. The rate of absorption of sulfanilamide, bretylium tosylate, sulfisoxazole acetyl, and riboflavin was studied in rats exposed to 850 rad of cobalt-60 gamma-radiation either 1 or 5 days before oral drug administration. Polyethylene glycol 4000 was administered with sulfanilamide; its distribution along the GI tract indicated that the gastric emptying rate was reduced threefold at 1 day postirradiation but returned to normal at 5 days postirradiation; the small intestinal transit rate was not detectably altered by irradiation. At 1 day postirradiation, there was a marked decrease in the absorption rate of sulfanilamide, a smaller, although significant, decrease in the absorption rate of sulfisoxazole acetyl and bretylium, and an increase in the absorption rate of riboflavin. At 5 days postirradiation, the drug absorption rate was normal. The changes in the absorption rate of the drugs were due to a radiation-induced reduction in the gastric emptying rate; the permeability of the GI epithelium did not appear to be affected by radiation. The results indicate that, immediately following irradiation, a marked reduction in the gastric emptying rate causes a pronounced reduction in the absorption rate of rapidly absorbed drugs, a less pronounced reduction in the absorption rate of drugs that are absorbed slowly because of slow dissolution or slow diffusion across the GI epithelium, and an increase in the absorption rate of drugs that are absorbed by a saturable mechanism provided the mechanism is not impaired by irradiation.", "PMID": 845803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6910", "title": "Application of gluconolactone in direct tablet compression.", "content": "Gluconolactone was evaluated as an excipient for tablets prepared by direct compression using various drugs known to be difficult to compress. The physical properties of the tablets were evaluated after compression and after storage and were satisfactory. Comparative studies were conducted between gluconolactone and anhydrous lactose, a common direct compression diluent, for development of static charges during blending, flow, drug distribution, drug stratification, color distribution, compressibility, and preservation against mold growth. Gluconolactone possesses those properties necessary to produce high quality tablets by the direct compression process. Separate powdered mixtures of aspirin USP with gluconolactone, anhydrous lactose, spray-dried lactose, mannitol, and sorbitol were stored at various humidities and temperatures for specified periods and tested for the integrity of aspirin. Gluconolactone contributed least to the degradation of the drug as compared to other excipients studied. A preliminary in vivo study also was conducted on the bioavailability of aspirin from separate and similar mixtures with gluconolactone, anhydrous lactose, and starch. Gluconolactone did not show any inhibitory effect on aspirin absorption.", "contents": "Application of gluconolactone in direct tablet compression. Gluconolactone was evaluated as an excipient for tablets prepared by direct compression using various drugs known to be difficult to compress. The physical properties of the tablets were evaluated after compression and after storage and were satisfactory. Comparative studies were conducted between gluconolactone and anhydrous lactose, a common direct compression diluent, for development of static charges during blending, flow, drug distribution, drug stratification, color distribution, compressibility, and preservation against mold growth. Gluconolactone possesses those properties necessary to produce high quality tablets by the direct compression process. Separate powdered mixtures of aspirin USP with gluconolactone, anhydrous lactose, spray-dried lactose, mannitol, and sorbitol were stored at various humidities and temperatures for specified periods and tested for the integrity of aspirin. Gluconolactone contributed least to the degradation of the drug as compared to other excipients studied. A preliminary in vivo study also was conducted on the bioavailability of aspirin from separate and similar mixtures with gluconolactone, anhydrous lactose, and starch. Gluconolactone did not show any inhibitory effect on aspirin absorption.", "PMID": 845804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6911", "title": "Electron-capture GLC determination of nanogram to picogram amounts of isosorbide dinitrate.", "content": "A GLC method for the determination of plasma isosorbide dinitrate using electron-capture detection is described. The organic nitrates are especially suited for electron-capture detection if the detector temperature is optimized for maximum sensitivity, e.g., 175 degrees. Proper maintenance of the detector and column assures reproducible data in the low nanogram range. The extraction procedure described is simple, efficient, and expedient for processing large numbers of samples. The method was used to study plasma levels in four human volunteers after a single dose of a 5-mg chewable isosorbide dinitrate tablet. Concentration levels of isosorbide dinitrate as low as 0.5 ng/ml of plasma can be measured by this procedure.", "contents": "Electron-capture GLC determination of nanogram to picogram amounts of isosorbide dinitrate. A GLC method for the determination of plasma isosorbide dinitrate using electron-capture detection is described. The organic nitrates are especially suited for electron-capture detection if the detector temperature is optimized for maximum sensitivity, e.g., 175 degrees. Proper maintenance of the detector and column assures reproducible data in the low nanogram range. The extraction procedure described is simple, efficient, and expedient for processing large numbers of samples. The method was used to study plasma levels in four human volunteers after a single dose of a 5-mg chewable isosorbide dinitrate tablet. Concentration levels of isosorbide dinitrate as low as 0.5 ng/ml of plasma can be measured by this procedure.", "PMID": 845805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6912", "title": "Quantitative assay of physostigmine in human whole blood.", "content": "A quantitative assay for measuring physostigmine in human whole blood is described. Blood samples are maintained at 37 degrees, and cholinesterase activity is measured periodically. The time required for enzyme reactivation is related to physostigmine concentration. The precision of the method is within +/- 4% over a physostigmine concentration range of 0.5-5.0 x 10(-7) M.", "contents": "Quantitative assay of physostigmine in human whole blood. A quantitative assay for measuring physostigmine in human whole blood is described. Blood samples are maintained at 37 degrees, and cholinesterase activity is measured periodically. The time required for enzyme reactivation is related to physostigmine concentration. The precision of the method is within +/- 4% over a physostigmine concentration range of 0.5-5.0 x 10(-7) M.", "PMID": 845806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6913", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in dogs.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered 14C-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and derived radiolabeled metabolites were studied in three dogs at two doses each at 0.1 or 0.5 and 2.0 mg/kg. Two dogs were biliary cannulated; total bile was collected in one and sampled in the other. The time course for the fraction of the dose per milliliter of plasma was best fit by a sum of five exponentials, and there was no dose dependency. No drug was excreted unchanged. The mean apparent volume of distribution of the central compartment referenced to total drug concentration in the plasma was 1.31 +/- 0.07 liters, approximately the plasma volume, due to the high protein binding of 97%. The mean metabolic clearance of drug in the plasma was 124 +/- 3.8 ml/min, half of the hepatic plasma flow, but was 4131 +/- 690 ml/min referenced to unbound drug concentration in the plasma, 16.5 times the hepatic plasma flow, indicating that net metabolism of both bound and unbound drug occurs. Apparent parallel production of several metabolites occurred, but the pharmacokinetics of their appearance were undoubtedly due to their sequential production during liver passage. The apparent half-life of the metabolic process was 6.9 +/- 0.3 min. The terminal half-life of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the pseudo-steady state after equilibration in an apparent overall volume of distribtuion of 2170 +/- 555 liters referenced to total plasma concentration was 8.2 +/- 0.23 days, based on the consistency of all pharmacokinetic data. The best estimate of the terminal half-life, based only on the 7000 min that plasma levels could be monitored with the existing analytical sensitivity, was 1.24 days. However, this value was inconsistent with the metabolite production and excretion of 40-45% of dose in feces, 14-16.5% in urine, and 55% in bile within 5 days when 24% of the dose was unmetabolized and in the tissue at that time. These data were consistent with an enterohepatic recirculation of 10-15% of the metabolites. Intravenously administered radiolabeled metabolites were totally and rapidly eliminated in both bile and urine; 88% of the dose in 300 min with an apparent overall volume of distribution of 6 liters. These facts supported the proposition that the return of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol from tissue was the rate-determining process of drug elimination after initial fast distribution and metabolism and was inconsistent with the capability of enzyme induction to change the terminal half-life.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in dogs. The pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered 14C-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and derived radiolabeled metabolites were studied in three dogs at two doses each at 0.1 or 0.5 and 2.0 mg/kg. Two dogs were biliary cannulated; total bile was collected in one and sampled in the other. The time course for the fraction of the dose per milliliter of plasma was best fit by a sum of five exponentials, and there was no dose dependency. No drug was excreted unchanged. The mean apparent volume of distribution of the central compartment referenced to total drug concentration in the plasma was 1.31 +/- 0.07 liters, approximately the plasma volume, due to the high protein binding of 97%. The mean metabolic clearance of drug in the plasma was 124 +/- 3.8 ml/min, half of the hepatic plasma flow, but was 4131 +/- 690 ml/min referenced to unbound drug concentration in the plasma, 16.5 times the hepatic plasma flow, indicating that net metabolism of both bound and unbound drug occurs. Apparent parallel production of several metabolites occurred, but the pharmacokinetics of their appearance were undoubtedly due to their sequential production during liver passage. The apparent half-life of the metabolic process was 6.9 +/- 0.3 min. The terminal half-life of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the pseudo-steady state after equilibration in an apparent overall volume of distribtuion of 2170 +/- 555 liters referenced to total plasma concentration was 8.2 +/- 0.23 days, based on the consistency of all pharmacokinetic data. The best estimate of the terminal half-life, based only on the 7000 min that plasma levels could be monitored with the existing analytical sensitivity, was 1.24 days. However, this value was inconsistent with the metabolite production and excretion of 40-45% of dose in feces, 14-16.5% in urine, and 55% in bile within 5 days when 24% of the dose was unmetabolized and in the tissue at that time. These data were consistent with an enterohepatic recirculation of 10-15% of the metabolites. Intravenously administered radiolabeled metabolites were totally and rapidly eliminated in both bile and urine; 88% of the dose in 300 min with an apparent overall volume of distribution of 6 liters. These facts supported the proposition that the return of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol from tissue was the rate-determining process of drug elimination after initial fast distribution and metabolism and was inconsistent with the capability of enzyme induction to change the terminal half-life.", "PMID": 845807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6914", "title": "Synthesis and in vivo antimalarial evaluation of isopropyl [(4-chlorophenyl)amino]iminomethylcarbamimidate.", "content": "Isopropyl [(4-chlorophenyl)amino]iminomethylcarbamimidate was synthesized as a potential antimalarial agent. Biological activity was evaluated against Plasmodium lophurae in turkeys. The activity of this compound was compared to its nitrogen isostere, chloroguanide.", "contents": "Synthesis and in vivo antimalarial evaluation of isopropyl [(4-chlorophenyl)amino]iminomethylcarbamimidate. Isopropyl [(4-chlorophenyl)amino]iminomethylcarbamimidate was synthesized as a potential antimalarial agent. Biological activity was evaluated against Plasmodium lophurae in turkeys. The activity of this compound was compared to its nitrogen isostere, chloroguanide.", "PMID": 845808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6915", "title": "GLC determination of opium alkaloids in papaveretum.", "content": "A GLC method for the determination of the opium alkaloids in papaveretum, based on the formation of the acetyl derivatives of morphine and codeine, is described. The analytical results are compared with those obtained by the official method. The proposed method is fast and accurate and is particularly suited to the analysis of the raw material.", "contents": "GLC determination of opium alkaloids in papaveretum. A GLC method for the determination of the opium alkaloids in papaveretum, based on the formation of the acetyl derivatives of morphine and codeine, is described. The analytical results are compared with those obtained by the official method. The proposed method is fast and accurate and is particularly suited to the analysis of the raw material.", "PMID": 845809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6916", "title": "Quantitative high-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of epinephrine in pharmaceutical formulations.", "content": "A quantitative high-pressure liquid chromatographic method, using a cationic exchange resin column and an aqueous phosphate buffer as the mobile phase, was employed for the determination of epinephrine in liquid pharmaceutical preparations. The method is stability determining and can differentiate epinephrine in the presence of oxidative and other degradation products.", "contents": "Quantitative high-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of epinephrine in pharmaceutical formulations. A quantitative high-pressure liquid chromatographic method, using a cationic exchange resin column and an aqueous phosphate buffer as the mobile phase, was employed for the determination of epinephrine in liquid pharmaceutical preparations. The method is stability determining and can differentiate epinephrine in the presence of oxidative and other degradation products.", "PMID": 845811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6917", "title": "Complement fixing site of human IgG1.", "content": "A number of chemical modifications were made to purified human IgG1. The effects of these modifications on the complement activity of the immunoglobulin were studied using aggregation on latex and measuring the consumption of the complement by CH50-quantitation. Tryptophan and tyrosine are implicated in the complement fixing site of this human immunoglobulin, and an arginine moiety probably provides a binding site for the complement.", "contents": "Complement fixing site of human IgG1. A number of chemical modifications were made to purified human IgG1. The effects of these modifications on the complement activity of the immunoglobulin were studied using aggregation on latex and measuring the consumption of the complement by CH50-quantitation. Tryptophan and tyrosine are implicated in the complement fixing site of this human immunoglobulin, and an arginine moiety probably provides a binding site for the complement.", "PMID": 845812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6918", "title": "Determination of oxamniquine in serum.", "content": "A method for the analysis of oxamniquine in serum (or plasma), sensitive to 10 ng/ml, was developed. Oxamniquine and a close structural analog as the internal standard were extracted from serum with ether. After derivatization with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide, oxamniquine was determined as its trimethylsilyl ether derivative by GLC using an electron-capture detector. The method was developed to study serum concentration profiles of different dosage forms of oxamniquine.", "contents": "Determination of oxamniquine in serum. A method for the analysis of oxamniquine in serum (or plasma), sensitive to 10 ng/ml, was developed. Oxamniquine and a close structural analog as the internal standard were extracted from serum with ether. After derivatization with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide, oxamniquine was determined as its trimethylsilyl ether derivative by GLC using an electron-capture detector. The method was developed to study serum concentration profiles of different dosage forms of oxamniquine.", "PMID": 845813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6919", "title": "Survival of pleomorphic sarcoma-37 transplanted virgin female DBA/2J mice: hyperthermia and hyperglycemia, alone and in combination with drugs.", "content": "Sarcoma-37 (S-37) transplanted DBA/2J mice were submitted to a controlled whole body hyperglycemic-hyperthermic (\"double attack\") treatment. A single exposure to the 3-hr 400-500-mg% blood glucose level coupled with 1 hr of whole body 40.0 degrees warming was safe and extended longevity by 40% over the nontreated controls. This increase suggests that additive or potentiated effects follow the two-parameter procedure. The treatment safety and resultant increased longevity were not enhanced by single-dose chemotherapy with doxorubicin and/or dacarbazine.", "contents": "Survival of pleomorphic sarcoma-37 transplanted virgin female DBA/2J mice: hyperthermia and hyperglycemia, alone and in combination with drugs. Sarcoma-37 (S-37) transplanted DBA/2J mice were submitted to a controlled whole body hyperglycemic-hyperthermic (\"double attack\") treatment. A single exposure to the 3-hr 400-500-mg% blood glucose level coupled with 1 hr of whole body 40.0 degrees warming was safe and extended longevity by 40% over the nontreated controls. This increase suggests that additive or potentiated effects follow the two-parameter procedure. The treatment safety and resultant increased longevity were not enhanced by single-dose chemotherapy with doxorubicin and/or dacarbazine.", "PMID": 845815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6920", "title": "IR spectrophotometric assay of carbachol solutions.", "content": "Carbachol ophthalmic solutions can be assayed by evaporating a measured volume, dissolving the residue in methanol, and scanning the carbonyl stretching frequency in an IR spectrophotometer using a cell with calcium fluoride windows. Methylcellulose and other formulation vehicle components do not interfere. The method is stability indicating with respect to hydrolysis. It affords a recovery of 99.5+/-0.51% (RSD).", "contents": "IR spectrophotometric assay of carbachol solutions. Carbachol ophthalmic solutions can be assayed by evaporating a measured volume, dissolving the residue in methanol, and scanning the carbonyl stretching frequency in an IR spectrophotometer using a cell with calcium fluoride windows. Methylcellulose and other formulation vehicle components do not interfere. The method is stability indicating with respect to hydrolysis. It affords a recovery of 99.5+/-0.51% (RSD).", "PMID": 845816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6921", "title": "Anomalies of disparity detection in the human visual system.", "content": "1. Oculomotor and psychophysical depth responses were investigated in thirty individuals by use of briefly exposed disparities in the range from 0-6 to 4-6 degrees (1-8 centrads). 2. The results substantiate a previous finding which reported the common occurrence of specific types of stereoanomalies within a sample from the normal population. However, arguments are presented to suggest that these forms of stereoanomalies are limited to coarse stereopsis and spare mechanisms concerned with fine disparity, high resolution stereopsis. 3. A relatively high proportion of individuals were found to manifest deficiencies of vergence eye movement under these stimulus conditions. These vergence-anomalies are characterized by a marked reduction, or absence, of neither convergent or divergent eye movements to briefly exposed stimuli. 4. The vergence-anomaly is not detrimental under normal seeing conditions since it can be present in persons with adequate binocular vision and normal fine stereopsis. 5. The presence of vergence-anomaly was always associated with the occurrence of stereoanomaly; however, the converse was not true. 6. The results are taken as evidence to show how disparity information is organized prior to its influence upon the processes of coarse stereopsis and vergence initiation.", "contents": "Anomalies of disparity detection in the human visual system. 1. Oculomotor and psychophysical depth responses were investigated in thirty individuals by use of briefly exposed disparities in the range from 0-6 to 4-6 degrees (1-8 centrads). 2. The results substantiate a previous finding which reported the common occurrence of specific types of stereoanomalies within a sample from the normal population. However, arguments are presented to suggest that these forms of stereoanomalies are limited to coarse stereopsis and spare mechanisms concerned with fine disparity, high resolution stereopsis. 3. A relatively high proportion of individuals were found to manifest deficiencies of vergence eye movement under these stimulus conditions. These vergence-anomalies are characterized by a marked reduction, or absence, of neither convergent or divergent eye movements to briefly exposed stimuli. 4. The vergence-anomaly is not detrimental under normal seeing conditions since it can be present in persons with adequate binocular vision and normal fine stereopsis. 5. The presence of vergence-anomaly was always associated with the occurrence of stereoanomaly; however, the converse was not true. 6. The results are taken as evidence to show how disparity information is organized prior to its influence upon the processes of coarse stereopsis and vergence initiation.", "PMID": 845819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6922", "title": "Ballistic contractions in man: characteristic recruitment pattern of single motor units of the tibialis anterior muscle.", "content": "1. Single motor units were recorded with highly selective electrodes from intact tibialis anterior muscle in the adult man. A detailed parametric analysis was made of the discharge patterns during voluntary isometric contractions of different peak forces carried out at various rates of force development. 2. During the smooth tracking of a ramp force, the different motor units recorded from a given muscle site were recruited in a consistant order, each unit becoming active when the muscle developed a certain level of force. The threshold of some of the units in such slow ramp contractions exceeded 8 kg. By contrast, in brisk ballistic contractions reaching a peak force of 12 kg in less than 0-15 sec, the same motor units discharged in a transient burst which largely preceded the muscle force production. 3. In slow tracking ramp contractions, the instantaneous frequency of single motor units was initially rather low (5-15/sec) and it increased as the ramp force augmented. By contrast, in (strong) ballistic contractions, the same units discharged at an unusually high instantaneous frequency (60-120/sec) early in the burst and the firing frequency decreased thereafter. Such hitherto unknown pattern appears characteristic of ballistic contractions and it was not found in even fast tracking ramp contractions achieving 12 kg in only 0-4 sec. 4. The potentials of the different motor units activated are rather crowded at intervals of a few msec in the early burst of a strong ballistic contraction and observations on the rank activation of the different motor units do not provide reliable data for the analysis of the recruitment order of units in ballistic contractions. 5. A new method is described for estimating ballistic force threshold of single motor units. When a large series of brisk ballistic contractions with peak forces ranging from 0-05 to 12 kg was carried out any given motor unit only became active when the ballistic peak force exceeded a certain reproducible value. A detailed analysis of the recruitment order based on these ballistic force thresholds showed it to be virtually identical to the recruitment order of the same units in slow tracking ramp contractions (correlation=0-95). 6. Ballistic contractions are graded in force both by the recruitment of additional motor units in stronger contractions, and by an increase in their rate of firing. These gradation mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "Ballistic contractions in man: characteristic recruitment pattern of single motor units of the tibialis anterior muscle. 1. Single motor units were recorded with highly selective electrodes from intact tibialis anterior muscle in the adult man. A detailed parametric analysis was made of the discharge patterns during voluntary isometric contractions of different peak forces carried out at various rates of force development. 2. During the smooth tracking of a ramp force, the different motor units recorded from a given muscle site were recruited in a consistant order, each unit becoming active when the muscle developed a certain level of force. The threshold of some of the units in such slow ramp contractions exceeded 8 kg. By contrast, in brisk ballistic contractions reaching a peak force of 12 kg in less than 0-15 sec, the same motor units discharged in a transient burst which largely preceded the muscle force production. 3. In slow tracking ramp contractions, the instantaneous frequency of single motor units was initially rather low (5-15/sec) and it increased as the ramp force augmented. By contrast, in (strong) ballistic contractions, the same units discharged at an unusually high instantaneous frequency (60-120/sec) early in the burst and the firing frequency decreased thereafter. Such hitherto unknown pattern appears characteristic of ballistic contractions and it was not found in even fast tracking ramp contractions achieving 12 kg in only 0-4 sec. 4. The potentials of the different motor units activated are rather crowded at intervals of a few msec in the early burst of a strong ballistic contraction and observations on the rank activation of the different motor units do not provide reliable data for the analysis of the recruitment order of units in ballistic contractions. 5. A new method is described for estimating ballistic force threshold of single motor units. When a large series of brisk ballistic contractions with peak forces ranging from 0-05 to 12 kg was carried out any given motor unit only became active when the ballistic peak force exceeded a certain reproducible value. A detailed analysis of the recruitment order based on these ballistic force thresholds showed it to be virtually identical to the recruitment order of the same units in slow tracking ramp contractions (correlation=0-95). 6. Ballistic contractions are graded in force both by the recruitment of additional motor units in stronger contractions, and by an increase in their rate of firing. These gradation mechanisms are discussed.", "PMID": 845820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6923", "title": "A quantitative study of the mechanosensory innervation of the salmander skin.", "content": "We have investigated by physiological means the characteristics and organization of the mechanoreceptors in the skin of the salamander hind limb. A controlled mechanical stimulator with a tip diameter of a few microns was used to activate single mechanoreceptors, and afferent impulses were recorded from whole spinal nerves. 2. The mechanoreceptors of the skin are rapidly adapting. When random spots on the skin were tested, the stimulus strength needed to evoke an impulse varied from one location to another. The histogram of percentage occurrence of these critical stimuli in a given skin has the same form whether the sampled spots are 50 mum apart and are all included in a small area, or whether the spots are sampled as much as 1 mm apart across the entire limb. The histogram is skewed, with the highest-percentage occurrence in the low-threshold range. 3. One interpretation of the findings is that there is a single population of mechanoreceptors, of uniform threshold, spaced far enough apart for a stimulator of small diameter to be situated between them. By locating a low-threshold spot, and then determining the increase in stimulus required to excite it at a known distance away, it was possible to estimate the relationship between the strength of the stimulus and the receptive field size of such a population of receptors; we were then able to infer the average receptor spacing and receptive field size. The values are approximately 250 and 75 mum respectively. 4. From appropriate maps of detailed systematic surveys of the skin sensitivity to touch it was possible to define discrete low-threshold areas. These areas had approximate radii in the range 50-75 mum, and their centres were about 200-250 mum apart; these values are consistant with those predicted above. We conclude that the experimentally determined sensitive areas represent the receptive fields (at threshold) of individual mechanosensory endings. There are approximately twenty to thirty of them per square millimetre. 5. Receptive fields of single mechanosensory axons (i.e. of sensory 'units') were measured by an occlusion technique using two prodders. These fields vary from 0-05 to 2-5 mm2, and are generally organized as discrete areas with only a little overlap among them. Individual axons supply from five to seventy-five mechanoreceptors. 6. The findings provide a basis for quantitative studies of plasticity involving the mechanosensory system of the salamander skin.", "contents": "A quantitative study of the mechanosensory innervation of the salmander skin. We have investigated by physiological means the characteristics and organization of the mechanoreceptors in the skin of the salamander hind limb. A controlled mechanical stimulator with a tip diameter of a few microns was used to activate single mechanoreceptors, and afferent impulses were recorded from whole spinal nerves. 2. The mechanoreceptors of the skin are rapidly adapting. When random spots on the skin were tested, the stimulus strength needed to evoke an impulse varied from one location to another. The histogram of percentage occurrence of these critical stimuli in a given skin has the same form whether the sampled spots are 50 mum apart and are all included in a small area, or whether the spots are sampled as much as 1 mm apart across the entire limb. The histogram is skewed, with the highest-percentage occurrence in the low-threshold range. 3. One interpretation of the findings is that there is a single population of mechanoreceptors, of uniform threshold, spaced far enough apart for a stimulator of small diameter to be situated between them. By locating a low-threshold spot, and then determining the increase in stimulus required to excite it at a known distance away, it was possible to estimate the relationship between the strength of the stimulus and the receptive field size of such a population of receptors; we were then able to infer the average receptor spacing and receptive field size. The values are approximately 250 and 75 mum respectively. 4. From appropriate maps of detailed systematic surveys of the skin sensitivity to touch it was possible to define discrete low-threshold areas. These areas had approximate radii in the range 50-75 mum, and their centres were about 200-250 mum apart; these values are consistant with those predicted above. We conclude that the experimentally determined sensitive areas represent the receptive fields (at threshold) of individual mechanosensory endings. There are approximately twenty to thirty of them per square millimetre. 5. Receptive fields of single mechanosensory axons (i.e. of sensory 'units') were measured by an occlusion technique using two prodders. These fields vary from 0-05 to 2-5 mm2, and are generally organized as discrete areas with only a little overlap among them. Individual axons supply from five to seventy-five mechanoreceptors. 6. The findings provide a basis for quantitative studies of plasticity involving the mechanosensory system of the salamander skin.", "PMID": 845821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6924", "title": "The transfer of free fatty acids across the rabbit placenta.", "content": "1. The passage of fatty acids across the placenta was studied in 28 day pregnant rabbits (i) by comparing the fatty acid distribution in plasma free fatty acids (FFA) of umbilical cord artery and vein with that in maternal plasma and (ii) by infusing the doe at a constant rate with labelled palmitic, linoleic or arachidonic acids. During the infusion maternal and foetal plasma FFA specific activities were measured. 2. The mean levels of all the fatty acids studied (from twelve to twenty carbon atoms) were similar in both the umbilical vein plasma and maternal arterial plasma FFA, except for arachidonic acid, which was higher in foetal blood. The relative distribution of the fatty acids in umbilical arterial plasma similar to that in the vein, but at lower concentrations. The mean cord venous-arterial difference for each fatty acid correlated positively with the mean maternal arterial levels, with the exception of arachidonic acid. 3. During the constant infusion experiments the specific activities of the fatty acids in the maternal and foetal circulating FFA pools rose rapidly during the first 4 min then rose only slowly. Palmitic and linoleic acids were cleared from the maternal circulation in a similar manner and crossed the placenta at similar rates. 4. The average foetal specific activity in plasma FFA reached 15% of the maternal level for both palmitate and linoleate. The figure for arachidonic acid was half that for palmitic acid infused at the same time. 5. It is concluded that (i) all the major fatty acids present in foetal adipose tissue cross the placenta, (ii) the net transport of each fatty acid depends in part on maternal concentrations, (iii) the rate of metabolism of palmitic and linoleic acids is the same and both cross the placenta at the same rate. Proportionately less foetal arachidonic acid is derived from maternal FFA, and (iv) the results suggest a second placental source of arachidonic acid and possibly also of otherfatty acids.", "contents": "The transfer of free fatty acids across the rabbit placenta. 1. The passage of fatty acids across the placenta was studied in 28 day pregnant rabbits (i) by comparing the fatty acid distribution in plasma free fatty acids (FFA) of umbilical cord artery and vein with that in maternal plasma and (ii) by infusing the doe at a constant rate with labelled palmitic, linoleic or arachidonic acids. During the infusion maternal and foetal plasma FFA specific activities were measured. 2. The mean levels of all the fatty acids studied (from twelve to twenty carbon atoms) were similar in both the umbilical vein plasma and maternal arterial plasma FFA, except for arachidonic acid, which was higher in foetal blood. The relative distribution of the fatty acids in umbilical arterial plasma similar to that in the vein, but at lower concentrations. The mean cord venous-arterial difference for each fatty acid correlated positively with the mean maternal arterial levels, with the exception of arachidonic acid. 3. During the constant infusion experiments the specific activities of the fatty acids in the maternal and foetal circulating FFA pools rose rapidly during the first 4 min then rose only slowly. Palmitic and linoleic acids were cleared from the maternal circulation in a similar manner and crossed the placenta at similar rates. 4. The average foetal specific activity in plasma FFA reached 15% of the maternal level for both palmitate and linoleate. The figure for arachidonic acid was half that for palmitic acid infused at the same time. 5. It is concluded that (i) all the major fatty acids present in foetal adipose tissue cross the placenta, (ii) the net transport of each fatty acid depends in part on maternal concentrations, (iii) the rate of metabolism of palmitic and linoleic acids is the same and both cross the placenta at the same rate. Proportionately less foetal arachidonic acid is derived from maternal FFA, and (iv) the results suggest a second placental source of arachidonic acid and possibly also of otherfatty acids.", "PMID": 845822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6925", "title": "Regenerative amacrine cell depolarization and formation of on-off ganglion cell response.", "content": "1. Recordings from amacrine and ganglion cells in the mudpuppy retina suggest mechanisms whereby the relatively slow, sustained light responses measured in bipolar cells are converted to rapid, brief, transient activity in the on-off ganglion cells. 2. Double-barrel electrodes were used to control the membrane potential under voltage clamp. The clamp revealed synaptic currents, but eliminated the otherwise obvious spike activity elicited by steps of illumination in both amacrine and ganglion cells, suggesting that the spikes are initiated near the somata. 3. The synaptic current in the on-off ganglion cells was biphasic: a brief inward (depolarizing) membrane current preceded a transient outward (hyperpolarizing) membrane current by about 20 msec. Each component could be isolated by polarizing the membrane to a level near the reversal potential for the other. Each was apparently due to a transient conductance increase of sawtooth shape with a 40 msec time to peak and a decay longer than 400 msec. 4. Synaptic membrane current in amacrine cells was monophasic and inward (depolarizing) of similar sawtooth shape at all potential levels. It was apparently mediated by a conductance increase to ions with a reversal potential more positive than the dark level. 5. When amacrine cells were depolarized in the dark under voltage clamp, a large transient inward membrane current with threshold within 4 mV of the dark level was generated. This regenerative event is capable of boosting a small, 4 mV e.p.s.p. to more than 30 mV in a few milliseconds, thereby generating the leading edge of a rapid sawtooth response. 6. The results suggest that the rapid transient on-off activity in ganglion cells is mediated by opposing sawtooth shaped synaptic currents with different latencies. It is inferred that each of these antagonistic imputs is generated by a regenerative depolarization in amacrine cells which then form synaptic inputs to the ganglion cells.", "contents": "Regenerative amacrine cell depolarization and formation of on-off ganglion cell response. 1. Recordings from amacrine and ganglion cells in the mudpuppy retina suggest mechanisms whereby the relatively slow, sustained light responses measured in bipolar cells are converted to rapid, brief, transient activity in the on-off ganglion cells. 2. Double-barrel electrodes were used to control the membrane potential under voltage clamp. The clamp revealed synaptic currents, but eliminated the otherwise obvious spike activity elicited by steps of illumination in both amacrine and ganglion cells, suggesting that the spikes are initiated near the somata. 3. The synaptic current in the on-off ganglion cells was biphasic: a brief inward (depolarizing) membrane current preceded a transient outward (hyperpolarizing) membrane current by about 20 msec. Each component could be isolated by polarizing the membrane to a level near the reversal potential for the other. Each was apparently due to a transient conductance increase of sawtooth shape with a 40 msec time to peak and a decay longer than 400 msec. 4. Synaptic membrane current in amacrine cells was monophasic and inward (depolarizing) of similar sawtooth shape at all potential levels. It was apparently mediated by a conductance increase to ions with a reversal potential more positive than the dark level. 5. When amacrine cells were depolarized in the dark under voltage clamp, a large transient inward membrane current with threshold within 4 mV of the dark level was generated. This regenerative event is capable of boosting a small, 4 mV e.p.s.p. to more than 30 mV in a few milliseconds, thereby generating the leading edge of a rapid sawtooth response. 6. The results suggest that the rapid transient on-off activity in ganglion cells is mediated by opposing sawtooth shaped synaptic currents with different latencies. It is inferred that each of these antagonistic imputs is generated by a regenerative depolarization in amacrine cells which then form synaptic inputs to the ganglion cells.", "PMID": 845823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6926", "title": "Differentiation between the calcium-dependent effects of cholecystokinin-pancreaozymin and the bicarbonate-dependent effects of secretin in exocrine secretion of the rat pancreas.", "content": "1. Differentiation between the secretory effects of pure natural cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ) and those of synthetic secretin was studied in the isolated pancreas of the rat perfused with a standard solution containing both Ca2+ and HCO2-, a Ca2+ deficient solution, or a HCO3-deficient solution. 2. Secretin induced a dose-dependent increase in the flow of pancreatic juice and a slight but definite increase in amylase output which was also dependent upon the dose of secretin. 3. The increase in the flow of pancreatic juice, induced by continuous stimulation with secretin (5 Ivy dog m-u./ml.), was completely abolished during perfusion with a CHO3- deficient solution, but was only slightly suppressed during perfusion with a Ca2+-deficient solution. 4. The increase in flow, induced by continuous stimulation with CCK-PZ (5 Ivy dog m-u./ml.), was partly affected by the deprivation of HCO3-, but was strongly inhibited by the deprivation of Ca2+. The CCK-PZ-induced amylase output was not affected by the deprivation of HCO3-, but was significantly inhibited by the deprivation of Ca2+. 5. The present results favour the view that CCK-PZ acts on the acinar cells to increase both amylase output and juice flow, whereas secretin acts on centro-acinar and terminal duct cells to increase mainly juice flow.", "contents": "Differentiation between the calcium-dependent effects of cholecystokinin-pancreaozymin and the bicarbonate-dependent effects of secretin in exocrine secretion of the rat pancreas. 1. Differentiation between the secretory effects of pure natural cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ) and those of synthetic secretin was studied in the isolated pancreas of the rat perfused with a standard solution containing both Ca2+ and HCO2-, a Ca2+ deficient solution, or a HCO3-deficient solution. 2. Secretin induced a dose-dependent increase in the flow of pancreatic juice and a slight but definite increase in amylase output which was also dependent upon the dose of secretin. 3. The increase in the flow of pancreatic juice, induced by continuous stimulation with secretin (5 Ivy dog m-u./ml.), was completely abolished during perfusion with a CHO3- deficient solution, but was only slightly suppressed during perfusion with a Ca2+-deficient solution. 4. The increase in flow, induced by continuous stimulation with CCK-PZ (5 Ivy dog m-u./ml.), was partly affected by the deprivation of HCO3-, but was strongly inhibited by the deprivation of Ca2+. The CCK-PZ-induced amylase output was not affected by the deprivation of HCO3-, but was significantly inhibited by the deprivation of Ca2+. 5. The present results favour the view that CCK-PZ acts on the acinar cells to increase both amylase output and juice flow, whereas secretin acts on centro-acinar and terminal duct cells to increase mainly juice flow.", "PMID": 845824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6927", "title": "Identification of amacrine and ganglion cells in the carp retina.", "content": "1. Amacrine and ganglion cells in the carp retina were identified from such criteria as photoresponses, intracellular dye staining, responses to optic nerve stimulation and behaviour to a synapse blocking agent. 2. Responses of ganglion cells were accompanied by spike discharges., either facilitated or suppressed by photic stimulation. The cells were also invaded by antidromic impulses, which survived after chemical synapses had been blocked by application of atomized CoCl2 solution. In subsequent histology of the Procion-stained neurones, the cell bodies were found in the ganglion cell layer and the axons were often traced. 3. Amacrine cells were subdivided into two types. The first type gave rise to transient depolarizations at both on- and offsets of spot and annulus illuminations, usually being associated with spike discharges of which the amplitudes varied in different cells. In histology, the cell bodies of this type were situated in the inner nuclear layer and dendrites ramified in two or more discrete sublayers of the inner plexiform layer (the stratified amacrine cell of Cajal). 4. The second type of amacrine cells produced sustained responses during illumination, being associated with no spike but with small oscillatory wavelets. The cell bodies were situated in the inner nuclear layer and the dendrites ramified in a single sublayer of the inner plexiform layer (the monolayered amacrine cell). 5. An attempt was made to see the effect of activation of centrifugal fibres on amacrine cells, but almost all of about 200 cells examined did not respond to optic nerve stimulation. Only two cells produced, with long latency, a small post-synaptic depolarization which disappeared after chemical synapses in the retina had been blocked. It is considered that the physiological role of the centrifugal system is insignificant in the carp retina.", "contents": "Identification of amacrine and ganglion cells in the carp retina. 1. Amacrine and ganglion cells in the carp retina were identified from such criteria as photoresponses, intracellular dye staining, responses to optic nerve stimulation and behaviour to a synapse blocking agent. 2. Responses of ganglion cells were accompanied by spike discharges., either facilitated or suppressed by photic stimulation. The cells were also invaded by antidromic impulses, which survived after chemical synapses had been blocked by application of atomized CoCl2 solution. In subsequent histology of the Procion-stained neurones, the cell bodies were found in the ganglion cell layer and the axons were often traced. 3. Amacrine cells were subdivided into two types. The first type gave rise to transient depolarizations at both on- and offsets of spot and annulus illuminations, usually being associated with spike discharges of which the amplitudes varied in different cells. In histology, the cell bodies of this type were situated in the inner nuclear layer and dendrites ramified in two or more discrete sublayers of the inner plexiform layer (the stratified amacrine cell of Cajal). 4. The second type of amacrine cells produced sustained responses during illumination, being associated with no spike but with small oscillatory wavelets. The cell bodies were situated in the inner nuclear layer and the dendrites ramified in a single sublayer of the inner plexiform layer (the monolayered amacrine cell). 5. An attempt was made to see the effect of activation of centrifugal fibres on amacrine cells, but almost all of about 200 cells examined did not respond to optic nerve stimulation. Only two cells produced, with long latency, a small post-synaptic depolarization which disappeared after chemical synapses in the retina had been blocked. It is considered that the physiological role of the centrifugal system is insignificant in the carp retina.", "PMID": 845825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6928", "title": "The effect of sodium-free and potassium-free solutions, ionic current inhibitors and ouabain on electrophysiological properties of smooth muscle of guinea-pig ureter.", "content": "1. The effects of Na-free and K-free solutions, tetraethyl ammonium (TEA), Mn2+, verapamil and ouabain on the electrophysiological properties of the smooth muscle cells of guinea-pig ureter have been studied, using the double sucrose-gap method. 2. TEA (5 mM) increased the amplitude and duration of both the initial spike component and the subsequent plateau of the action potential. The repetitive spike discharge on the plateau was abolished. The amplitude and duration of the phasic contraction was increased. The threshold for excitation was lowered while the resting potential and membrane resistance were unaffected. 3. In Na-free solution the duration of the action potential decreased mainly due to the suppression of the plateau. A similar effect was produced by exposure to K-free solution and also by ouabain. 4. Mn2+ (2 mM) suppressed the spike component and raised the threshold for excitation. The amplitude of the remaining part of the action potential was markedly increased but the contraction was rapidly abolished. The resting potential and membrane resistance were unchanged. When Mn2+ was added to Na-free solution it produced an increase in the amplitude and duration of the remaining part of the action potential but the phasic contraction was abolished. 5. Verapamil did not specifically block the fast component of the action potential but initially increased the amplitude of the spike and shortened the plateau. Subsequently, both the action potential and the phasic contraction became smaller. 6. The observations indicate that the phasic contractions are triggered by the initial spike component of the action potential, whereas the plateau is associated with the amplitude and particularly the duration of the contraction.", "contents": "The effect of sodium-free and potassium-free solutions, ionic current inhibitors and ouabain on electrophysiological properties of smooth muscle of guinea-pig ureter. 1. The effects of Na-free and K-free solutions, tetraethyl ammonium (TEA), Mn2+, verapamil and ouabain on the electrophysiological properties of the smooth muscle cells of guinea-pig ureter have been studied, using the double sucrose-gap method. 2. TEA (5 mM) increased the amplitude and duration of both the initial spike component and the subsequent plateau of the action potential. The repetitive spike discharge on the plateau was abolished. The amplitude and duration of the phasic contraction was increased. The threshold for excitation was lowered while the resting potential and membrane resistance were unaffected. 3. In Na-free solution the duration of the action potential decreased mainly due to the suppression of the plateau. A similar effect was produced by exposure to K-free solution and also by ouabain. 4. Mn2+ (2 mM) suppressed the spike component and raised the threshold for excitation. The amplitude of the remaining part of the action potential was markedly increased but the contraction was rapidly abolished. The resting potential and membrane resistance were unchanged. When Mn2+ was added to Na-free solution it produced an increase in the amplitude and duration of the remaining part of the action potential but the phasic contraction was abolished. 5. Verapamil did not specifically block the fast component of the action potential but initially increased the amplitude of the spike and shortened the plateau. Subsequently, both the action potential and the phasic contraction became smaller. 6. The observations indicate that the phasic contractions are triggered by the initial spike component of the action potential, whereas the plateau is associated with the amplitude and particularly the duration of the contraction.", "PMID": 845826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6929", "title": "The mechanism of the excitatory action of catecholamines and histamine on the smooth muscle of guinea-pig ureter.", "content": "1. The ionic mechanism of the excitatory action of catecholamines and histamine on the smooth muscle cells of guinea-pig ureter was studied with the double sucrose-gap method. 2. In normal conditions adrenaline and noradrenaline in a concentration of 10(-5) g/ml., and histamine in a concentration of 10(-6) g/ml., prolonged the duration of the plateau of the action potential and increased the amplitude and duration of the phasic contraction. Sometimes these changes were accompanied by a slight depolarization of the muscle membrane and by a small increase (with noradrenaline) or decrease (with histamine) of the membrane resistance. The amplitude and duration of the fast spike component of the action potential were not changed. 3. Isoprenaline in a concentration of 10(-5) g/ml. either caused no change or it decreased the duration of the plateau, reduced the amplitude of contractions and reduced excitability. 4. Tetraethyl ammonium (TEA; 5 mM), which blocks the delayed outward K current, did not prevent the increase in the duration of the plateau nor the increase of the amplitude and duration of the contractions by noradrenaline and histamine. 5. In Na-free or in K-free solution or in the presence of ouabain, i.e. in conditions in which the Na-gradient across the membrane was reduced, noradrenaline and histamine were unable to increase the duration of the plateau and the amplitude and duration of the contraction. 6. In the presence of Mn2+ (2 mM) which suppressed the spike component of tha action potential and the phasic contraction, theeffects of noradrenaline and histamine were almost abolished. 7. The results suggest a dual ionic mechanism of the alpha-action of catecholamines and of the action of histamine on the smooth muscle of ureter: (1) these drugs affect the passive ionic permeability of the membrane in a manner that results in depolarization; (2) they specifically activate the potential-dependent conductance of the slow Na channels, thereby increasing the plateau duration. The increased amplitude and duration of the contraction is the result of their primary effect on the plateau of the action potential.", "contents": "The mechanism of the excitatory action of catecholamines and histamine on the smooth muscle of guinea-pig ureter. 1. The ionic mechanism of the excitatory action of catecholamines and histamine on the smooth muscle cells of guinea-pig ureter was studied with the double sucrose-gap method. 2. In normal conditions adrenaline and noradrenaline in a concentration of 10(-5) g/ml., and histamine in a concentration of 10(-6) g/ml., prolonged the duration of the plateau of the action potential and increased the amplitude and duration of the phasic contraction. Sometimes these changes were accompanied by a slight depolarization of the muscle membrane and by a small increase (with noradrenaline) or decrease (with histamine) of the membrane resistance. The amplitude and duration of the fast spike component of the action potential were not changed. 3. Isoprenaline in a concentration of 10(-5) g/ml. either caused no change or it decreased the duration of the plateau, reduced the amplitude of contractions and reduced excitability. 4. Tetraethyl ammonium (TEA; 5 mM), which blocks the delayed outward K current, did not prevent the increase in the duration of the plateau nor the increase of the amplitude and duration of the contractions by noradrenaline and histamine. 5. In Na-free or in K-free solution or in the presence of ouabain, i.e. in conditions in which the Na-gradient across the membrane was reduced, noradrenaline and histamine were unable to increase the duration of the plateau and the amplitude and duration of the contraction. 6. In the presence of Mn2+ (2 mM) which suppressed the spike component of tha action potential and the phasic contraction, theeffects of noradrenaline and histamine were almost abolished. 7. The results suggest a dual ionic mechanism of the alpha-action of catecholamines and of the action of histamine on the smooth muscle of ureter: (1) these drugs affect the passive ionic permeability of the membrane in a manner that results in depolarization; (2) they specifically activate the potential-dependent conductance of the slow Na channels, thereby increasing the plateau duration. The increased amplitude and duration of the contraction is the result of their primary effect on the plateau of the action potential.", "PMID": 845827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6930", "title": "Firing rate and recruitment order of toe extensor motor units in different modes of voluntary conraction.", "content": "1. The discharge properties of individual motor units in different modes of voluntary contraction were studied with electromyographic techniques in the short toe extensor muscle of normal man. 2. The short toe extensor muscle consisted of type I and type II muscle fibres in about equal proportion. In some subjects there was type-grouping so that recordings with sufficient selectivity could easily be obtained. 3. Certain motor units could be driven continuously, attained regular firing intervals even at a firing rate of 10/sec, increased slowly in firing rate with increase in contraction strength, had maximum firing rate below 30/sec during sustained contraction but above 60/sec in twitch contraction. 4. Other motor units could not be dirven continuously, did not fire repeatedly at rates below 20/sec, increased rapidly in firing rate with increase in contraction strength and attained firing rates above 100/sec. 5. There were intermediate forms between continuously firing low frequency motor units and intermittently firing high frequency motor units. 6. In a prolonged contraction of constant strength only continuously firing motor units were active. 7. On rapid accelerations, however, both continuously and intermittently firing motor units were active and played about the same role. 8. This applied also to prolonged series of accelerations as in rhythmically alternating movements. 9. In twitch contractions selective activation of intermittently firing motor units occurred if the muscle was relaxed prior to the twitch and great effort was used to elicit the twitch and minimum duration of the twitch was intended. 10. It is suggested that continuously firing low frequency motor units have type I muscle fibres and intermittently firing high frequency units have type II muscle fibres and that the order of recruitment and the relative roles of the two motor unit types are adapted to the mode of contraction.", "contents": "Firing rate and recruitment order of toe extensor motor units in different modes of voluntary conraction. 1. The discharge properties of individual motor units in different modes of voluntary contraction were studied with electromyographic techniques in the short toe extensor muscle of normal man. 2. The short toe extensor muscle consisted of type I and type II muscle fibres in about equal proportion. In some subjects there was type-grouping so that recordings with sufficient selectivity could easily be obtained. 3. Certain motor units could be driven continuously, attained regular firing intervals even at a firing rate of 10/sec, increased slowly in firing rate with increase in contraction strength, had maximum firing rate below 30/sec during sustained contraction but above 60/sec in twitch contraction. 4. Other motor units could not be dirven continuously, did not fire repeatedly at rates below 20/sec, increased rapidly in firing rate with increase in contraction strength and attained firing rates above 100/sec. 5. There were intermediate forms between continuously firing low frequency motor units and intermittently firing high frequency motor units. 6. In a prolonged contraction of constant strength only continuously firing motor units were active. 7. On rapid accelerations, however, both continuously and intermittently firing motor units were active and played about the same role. 8. This applied also to prolonged series of accelerations as in rhythmically alternating movements. 9. In twitch contractions selective activation of intermittently firing motor units occurred if the muscle was relaxed prior to the twitch and great effort was used to elicit the twitch and minimum duration of the twitch was intended. 10. It is suggested that continuously firing low frequency motor units have type I muscle fibres and intermittently firing high frequency units have type II muscle fibres and that the order of recruitment and the relative roles of the two motor unit types are adapted to the mode of contraction.", "PMID": 845828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6931", "title": "Voltage-clamp analysis of a self-inhibitory synaptic potential in the buccal ganglia of Aplysia.", "content": "1. In cholinergic neurones BL4, BL5, BR4, and BR5 of Aplysia buccal ganglia, each action potential is followed, in the same cell, by a curare- and high-Mg-sensitive hyperpolarizing after-potential which is enhanced by Ca. 2. In voltage-clamped neurons, substracting currents recorded in curare from currents recorded in sea water reveals that this potential is due to curare-sensitive currents which rise to a peak, then decay exponentially with an apparently voltage-independent time constant of 43 msec. Currents are produced by a voltage-independent, Ca-enhanced, conductance change with a 0-26 mumho peak and a -64 mV reversal potential. The curare-sensitive conductance is also sensitive to high Mg. 3. Both after-potential and curare- or Mg-sensitive current follow each action potential without failures, even in threshold-raising 80 mM-Ca-144-mM-Mg solutions. 4. Both after-potential and current decrease with repetitive firing or short inter-spike interval, possibly due to receptor desensitization. 5. The Mg- and curare-sensitive conductance is also blocked by 1 mM-ACh. 6. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the hyperpolarization following action potentials in each of these four neurones is produced by a self-inhibitory synaptic mechanism.", "contents": "Voltage-clamp analysis of a self-inhibitory synaptic potential in the buccal ganglia of Aplysia. 1. In cholinergic neurones BL4, BL5, BR4, and BR5 of Aplysia buccal ganglia, each action potential is followed, in the same cell, by a curare- and high-Mg-sensitive hyperpolarizing after-potential which is enhanced by Ca. 2. In voltage-clamped neurons, substracting currents recorded in curare from currents recorded in sea water reveals that this potential is due to curare-sensitive currents which rise to a peak, then decay exponentially with an apparently voltage-independent time constant of 43 msec. Currents are produced by a voltage-independent, Ca-enhanced, conductance change with a 0-26 mumho peak and a -64 mV reversal potential. The curare-sensitive conductance is also sensitive to high Mg. 3. Both after-potential and curare- or Mg-sensitive current follow each action potential without failures, even in threshold-raising 80 mM-Ca-144-mM-Mg solutions. 4. Both after-potential and current decrease with repetitive firing or short inter-spike interval, possibly due to receptor desensitization. 5. The Mg- and curare-sensitive conductance is also blocked by 1 mM-ACh. 6. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the hyperpolarization following action potentials in each of these four neurones is produced by a self-inhibitory synaptic mechanism.", "PMID": 845829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6932", "title": "Do authoritarians hold authoritarian attitudes? The case of South Africa.", "content": "This study attempted to check, in an authoritarian culture, Ray's hypothesis that there is no relationship between authoritarian behavior and authoritarian attitudes. Scales measuring these two variables were administered to 38 white Afrikaans-speaking South African college men and women (average age 20.74 years). The correlation between the two scales was--.21 which is not significant. The results were therefore seen as a confirmation of Ray's hypothesis.", "contents": "Do authoritarians hold authoritarian attitudes? The case of South Africa. This study attempted to check, in an authoritarian culture, Ray's hypothesis that there is no relationship between authoritarian behavior and authoritarian attitudes. Scales measuring these two variables were administered to 38 white Afrikaans-speaking South African college men and women (average age 20.74 years). The correlation between the two scales was--.21 which is not significant. The results were therefore seen as a confirmation of Ray's hypothesis.", "PMID": 845830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6933", "title": "The relationship of dogmatism to the nonrecognition of perceptual ambiguity.", "content": "The relationship between dogmatism and the nonrecognition of perceptual ambiguity was investigated in 84 male and female colloge students. Significant but small nagative correlations were found between Rokeach's Dogmatism scale and two indicators of perceptual ambiguity: Necker cube perspective reversals and binocular retinal rivalry alternations in dominance. The nonrecognition of perceptual ambiguity was discussed within a psychoanalytic ego defense framework.", "contents": "The relationship of dogmatism to the nonrecognition of perceptual ambiguity. The relationship between dogmatism and the nonrecognition of perceptual ambiguity was investigated in 84 male and female colloge students. Significant but small nagative correlations were found between Rokeach's Dogmatism scale and two indicators of perceptual ambiguity: Necker cube perspective reversals and binocular retinal rivalry alternations in dominance. The nonrecognition of perceptual ambiguity was discussed within a psychoanalytic ego defense framework.", "PMID": 845831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6934", "title": "The effect of fear on the aggressive responses of anger aroused and revenge motivated subjects.", "content": "In a 3 x 2 between Ss design employing 54 male college students, one group of Ss was given neutral feedback (neutral condition) by a confederate (C), and another group was insulted by a C (anger condition). Both of these groups were given an immediate opportunity to aggress against a second C. A third group was insulted by one C and given the opportunity to aggress against that same C one day later (revenge condition). Ss were also told that the target either would or would not have the opportunity to retaliate (fear and no fear conditions). Fear significantly depressed aggression only in the revenge condition, and the revenge condition was the only feedback condition in which the level of aggressiveness was above that of the neutral condition (p less than .05). It was speculated that anger might serve as a disinhibitor of responses suppressed by fear.", "contents": "The effect of fear on the aggressive responses of anger aroused and revenge motivated subjects. In a 3 x 2 between Ss design employing 54 male college students, one group of Ss was given neutral feedback (neutral condition) by a confederate (C), and another group was insulted by a C (anger condition). Both of these groups were given an immediate opportunity to aggress against a second C. A third group was insulted by one C and given the opportunity to aggress against that same C one day later (revenge condition). Ss were also told that the target either would or would not have the opportunity to retaliate (fear and no fear conditions). Fear significantly depressed aggression only in the revenge condition, and the revenge condition was the only feedback condition in which the level of aggressiveness was above that of the neutral condition (p less than .05). It was speculated that anger might serve as a disinhibitor of responses suppressed by fear.", "PMID": 845832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6935", "title": "Effects of controlled illumination levels upon verbal response latency in a color-word interference task.", "content": "When Ss in previous research were tested on a color-word interference task, the stimuli were generally said to have been presented in a well-lighted room, or with adequate lighting, or with a good light source, and the like. The present research attempted to find out the difference in performance between (a) Ss performing the task under a level of illumination of 5 ft-c, (b) Ss performing the task under a level of illumination of 150 ft-c, and (c) a control group performing the same task under a level of illumination of 50 ft-c. Results indicated that the Ss of both the 5 and 150 ft-c groups took significantly longer and made significantly more errors than the control group. It was concluded that levels of illumination under which the color-word interference task is performed significantly affect performance.", "contents": "Effects of controlled illumination levels upon verbal response latency in a color-word interference task. When Ss in previous research were tested on a color-word interference task, the stimuli were generally said to have been presented in a well-lighted room, or with adequate lighting, or with a good light source, and the like. The present research attempted to find out the difference in performance between (a) Ss performing the task under a level of illumination of 5 ft-c, (b) Ss performing the task under a level of illumination of 150 ft-c, and (c) a control group performing the same task under a level of illumination of 50 ft-c. Results indicated that the Ss of both the 5 and 150 ft-c groups took significantly longer and made significantly more errors than the control group. It was concluded that levels of illumination under which the color-word interference task is performed significantly affect performance.", "PMID": 845833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6936", "title": "Dogmatism and related personality factors among Egyptian university students.", "content": "The Dogmatism Scale and 13 personality tests measuring authoritarianism, rigidity, neuroticism,and extremeness were administered to 250 male and female students at the University of Cairo, Egypt, to investigate whether there are any differences in dogmatism and its underlying personality characteristics associated with the Egyptian culture in comparison with the American and English cultures. The Egyptian mean dogmatism score was larger than the comparable means obtained for American and English college students (p less than .001). However, with use of Hotelling factor analysis and the varimax orthogonal rotation method, dogmatism was found to be almost independent of the rigidity and extremeness scores, indicating that in cultures where strength of believing can be considered a part of the socially accepted norms (e.g., Arab Eastern cultures), dogmatism rests on different cognitive and personality processes than in the West.", "contents": "Dogmatism and related personality factors among Egyptian university students. The Dogmatism Scale and 13 personality tests measuring authoritarianism, rigidity, neuroticism,and extremeness were administered to 250 male and female students at the University of Cairo, Egypt, to investigate whether there are any differences in dogmatism and its underlying personality characteristics associated with the Egyptian culture in comparison with the American and English cultures. The Egyptian mean dogmatism score was larger than the comparable means obtained for American and English college students (p less than .001). However, with use of Hotelling factor analysis and the varimax orthogonal rotation method, dogmatism was found to be almost independent of the rigidity and extremeness scores, indicating that in cultures where strength of believing can be considered a part of the socially accepted norms (e.g., Arab Eastern cultures), dogmatism rests on different cognitive and personality processes than in the West.", "PMID": 845834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6937", "title": "Perception of crowding and personal space as a function of locus of control, arousal seeking, sex of experimenter, and sex of subject.", "content": "Twelve male and female college students served as Es and individually administered the following tests to a total of 72 male and female college students: Mehrabian and Russell's scale of Arousal-Seeking Tendency (AST), the Nowicki-Strickland scale of locus of control (ANSIE), a crowding perception test (CPT), and a figure placement task measuring perceived comfortable interpersonal distance (CID). Contrary to prediction, zero correlations were obtained between AST and CPT scores and between ANSIE scores and CID distances involving strangers. Low but significant correlations between CPT and CID scores were obtained. Analysis of variance of CID scores revealed a significant interaction between sex of S and locus of control that was not easy to interpret, and significant effects of degree of acquaintance, status, and sex of an approaching peer. A significant sex of E effect indicated that distances were larger with a female than with a male E. AST scores were larger for female than for male Ss, and larger with a male E than a female one.", "contents": "Perception of crowding and personal space as a function of locus of control, arousal seeking, sex of experimenter, and sex of subject. Twelve male and female college students served as Es and individually administered the following tests to a total of 72 male and female college students: Mehrabian and Russell's scale of Arousal-Seeking Tendency (AST), the Nowicki-Strickland scale of locus of control (ANSIE), a crowding perception test (CPT), and a figure placement task measuring perceived comfortable interpersonal distance (CID). Contrary to prediction, zero correlations were obtained between AST and CPT scores and between ANSIE scores and CID distances involving strangers. Low but significant correlations between CPT and CID scores were obtained. Analysis of variance of CID scores revealed a significant interaction between sex of S and locus of control that was not easy to interpret, and significant effects of degree of acquaintance, status, and sex of an approaching peer. A significant sex of E effect indicated that distances were larger with a female than with a male E. AST scores were larger for female than for male Ss, and larger with a male E than a female one.", "PMID": 845835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6938", "title": "Microteaching, feedback, dogmatism, and nonverbal perceptiveness.", "content": "This exploratory study examines the relationship between various conditions of feedback in peer microteaching, the personality dimension dogmatism, and nonverbal perceptiveness. Ss were 74 trainee teachers who were assigned to feedback conditions on the basis of dogmatism scores and then participated in a seven-week treatment period. The statistical procedure known as part correlation was used to gain measures of the extent to which Ss changed their nonverbal perceptiveness. This measure of change in nonverbal perceptiveness was related to dogmatic tendencies and feedback conditions. Although no consistent relationship was found to exist between dogmatism and change in nonverbal perceptiveness, there was a strong indication of dogmatic Ss changing their nonverbal perceptiveness when involved in the treatment condition peer microteaching with public feedback.", "contents": "Microteaching, feedback, dogmatism, and nonverbal perceptiveness. This exploratory study examines the relationship between various conditions of feedback in peer microteaching, the personality dimension dogmatism, and nonverbal perceptiveness. Ss were 74 trainee teachers who were assigned to feedback conditions on the basis of dogmatism scores and then participated in a seven-week treatment period. The statistical procedure known as part correlation was used to gain measures of the extent to which Ss changed their nonverbal perceptiveness. This measure of change in nonverbal perceptiveness was related to dogmatic tendencies and feedback conditions. Although no consistent relationship was found to exist between dogmatism and change in nonverbal perceptiveness, there was a strong indication of dogmatic Ss changing their nonverbal perceptiveness when involved in the treatment condition peer microteaching with public feedback.", "PMID": 845836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6939", "title": "Some aspects of influence and acceptability for appointed and elected group leaders.", "content": "Two experiments (NS = 48 and 52 male college students, respectively) are reported on the relative influence of appointed or elected leaders and members if four-man discussion groups in a decision-making task. Leaders were either appointed by the E or elected by the group, and groups received either success or failure feedback. The influence of elected leaders increased after failure feedback and decreased after success feedback, which was precisely opposite to the direction of influence shift for appointed leaders. The second experiment examined this effect further, after leaders were replaced by appointment or election, and with the identical success or failure feedback as before. The hypothesis that the newly elected leader would be more influential than the newly appointed leader was only partially supported. The elected leader who succeeded the initial leader was found to have had significantly higher influence than the average group member from the very outset.", "contents": "Some aspects of influence and acceptability for appointed and elected group leaders. Two experiments (NS = 48 and 52 male college students, respectively) are reported on the relative influence of appointed or elected leaders and members if four-man discussion groups in a decision-making task. Leaders were either appointed by the E or elected by the group, and groups received either success or failure feedback. The influence of elected leaders increased after failure feedback and decreased after success feedback, which was precisely opposite to the direction of influence shift for appointed leaders. The second experiment examined this effect further, after leaders were replaced by appointment or election, and with the identical success or failure feedback as before. The hypothesis that the newly elected leader would be more influential than the newly appointed leader was only partially supported. The elected leader who succeeded the initial leader was found to have had significantly higher influence than the average group member from the very outset.", "PMID": 845837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6940", "title": "Personality correlates of semantic habits in the deaf.", "content": "The relationships between personality characteristics and semantic habits were explored with use of The Sixteen Personality Factory Questionnaire, Form E, and a measure of semantic habits. Ss were 102 deaf male and female college students. The results, analyzed separately by sex, showed a few significant relationships. Deaf males who were emotionally less stable and affected by feelings tended to prefer positive and negative evaluations. Relaxed, tranquil, and unfrustrated deaf males tended to neglect positive and negative evaluations and to prefer categorical responses to detail ones. Serious and sober deaf females tended to neglect negative evaluations.", "contents": "Personality correlates of semantic habits in the deaf. The relationships between personality characteristics and semantic habits were explored with use of The Sixteen Personality Factory Questionnaire, Form E, and a measure of semantic habits. Ss were 102 deaf male and female college students. The results, analyzed separately by sex, showed a few significant relationships. Deaf males who were emotionally less stable and affected by feelings tended to prefer positive and negative evaluations. Relaxed, tranquil, and unfrustrated deaf males tended to neglect positive and negative evaluations and to prefer categorical responses to detail ones. Serious and sober deaf females tended to neglect negative evaluations.", "PMID": 845838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6941", "title": "[Cerebral malformations in the oro-facio-digital syndrome of Papillon-Leage and Psaume (author's transl)].", "content": "Six children with an oro-facio-digital syndrome (Papillon-Leage and Psaume) underwent pneumoencephalography. In 3 cases, the examination was normal. In 3 cases, severe abnormalities were discovered. These abnormalities included: agenesis of the corpus callosum (3/3); a markedly asymmetric skull with enormous porencephalic cavities (2/3); heterotopia of the grey matter (2/3). There were no differences in neurological state nor I.Q. between the children with cerebral malformations and those with a normal pneumo-encephalogram. The association of agenesis of the corpus callosum and porencephaly is significant, and even more so if heterotopia is also present. In the presence of these abnormalities, the diagnosis of oro-facio-digital syndrome may be made even when the clinical picture is untypical.", "contents": "[Cerebral malformations in the oro-facio-digital syndrome of Papillon-Leage and Psaume (author's transl)]. Six children with an oro-facio-digital syndrome (Papillon-Leage and Psaume) underwent pneumoencephalography. In 3 cases, the examination was normal. In 3 cases, severe abnormalities were discovered. These abnormalities included: agenesis of the corpus callosum (3/3); a markedly asymmetric skull with enormous porencephalic cavities (2/3); heterotopia of the grey matter (2/3). There were no differences in neurological state nor I.Q. between the children with cerebral malformations and those with a normal pneumo-encephalogram. The association of agenesis of the corpus callosum and porencephaly is significant, and even more so if heterotopia is also present. In the presence of these abnormalities, the diagnosis of oro-facio-digital syndrome may be made even when the clinical picture is untypical.", "PMID": 845839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6942", "title": "[Parieto-occipital overlap in the normal infant and in hydrocephalus (author's transl)].", "content": "Parieto-occipital overlap is a common phenomenon in the newborn. As a result of the compression of the superior longitudinal sinus which it causes, it has grave consequences on the cerebral circulation. It may be responsible for deep cerebral infarctions by the deviation of blood supply which its causes. The phenomenon of overlap is greatly accentuated in the hydrocephalic child.", "contents": "[Parieto-occipital overlap in the normal infant and in hydrocephalus (author's transl)]. Parieto-occipital overlap is a common phenomenon in the newborn. As a result of the compression of the superior longitudinal sinus which it causes, it has grave consequences on the cerebral circulation. It may be responsible for deep cerebral infarctions by the deviation of blood supply which its causes. The phenomenon of overlap is greatly accentuated in the hydrocephalic child.", "PMID": 845840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6943", "title": "[Acro-osteosclerosis in the course of sarcoidosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report two cases of acro-osteosclerosis occurring during sarcoidosis. Condensation lesions involve above all the distal and proximal phalanges of the hands. Comparison of these cases with those in the literature indicates that these particular types of bone changes in association with sarcoidosis are more common than indicated in the studies of J\u00fcngling (occurrence estimated at 54% of subjects suffering from sarcoidosis with bone localisations). This acro-osteosclerosis is however not specific to sarcoidosis. It is seen in patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis, Hodgkin's disease and other haematological disorders. It has also been seen in normal individuals in X-rays taken at the time of a traumatic accident.", "contents": "[Acro-osteosclerosis in the course of sarcoidosis (author's transl)]. The authors report two cases of acro-osteosclerosis occurring during sarcoidosis. Condensation lesions involve above all the distal and proximal phalanges of the hands. Comparison of these cases with those in the literature indicates that these particular types of bone changes in association with sarcoidosis are more common than indicated in the studies of J\u00fcngling (occurrence estimated at 54% of subjects suffering from sarcoidosis with bone localisations). This acro-osteosclerosis is however not specific to sarcoidosis. It is seen in patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis, Hodgkin's disease and other haematological disorders. It has also been seen in normal individuals in X-rays taken at the time of a traumatic accident.", "PMID": 845841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6944", "title": "[Radiological appearances of hydatid cysts of the kidney. 10 confirmed cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Ten cases of hydatid cyst of the kidney are reported. The problem was invariably unilateral and isolated, involving the left kidney in 8 cases and the right kidney in 2 cases. IVP reveals a syndrome of a renal mass, sometimes enormous. Peri-cystic calcifications were visible in 7 cases, very localised in 5 cases and diffuse in 2. In 3 cases the kidney was non-functioning. No communication between the cyst and the excretory pathway could be seen at IVP in the two cases where it existed anatomically. Cystic parietography, partial or total, was visible in 4 cases. The mass was always avascular, without spur sign. The picture is very similar to that of a necrosed carcinoma of the kidney. Arteriography was not felt to be any more helpful than IVP in demonstrating the wall of the cyst. By contrast, changes in the trunk of the renal artery were common. The authors discuss the means avaliable for the radiological exploration of hydatic cysts of the kidney, in relation to the technical possibilities possessed in countries where the problem is endemic.", "contents": "[Radiological appearances of hydatid cysts of the kidney. 10 confirmed cases (author's transl)]. Ten cases of hydatid cyst of the kidney are reported. The problem was invariably unilateral and isolated, involving the left kidney in 8 cases and the right kidney in 2 cases. IVP reveals a syndrome of a renal mass, sometimes enormous. Peri-cystic calcifications were visible in 7 cases, very localised in 5 cases and diffuse in 2. In 3 cases the kidney was non-functioning. No communication between the cyst and the excretory pathway could be seen at IVP in the two cases where it existed anatomically. Cystic parietography, partial or total, was visible in 4 cases. The mass was always avascular, without spur sign. The picture is very similar to that of a necrosed carcinoma of the kidney. Arteriography was not felt to be any more helpful than IVP in demonstrating the wall of the cyst. By contrast, changes in the trunk of the renal artery were common. The authors discuss the means avaliable for the radiological exploration of hydatic cysts of the kidney, in relation to the technical possibilities possessed in countries where the problem is endemic.", "PMID": 845843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6945", "title": "[Periostitis or, rather, periosteal appositions in paediatrics (author's transl)].", "content": "In relation to a case of multiple fatigue fractures definitely diagnosed by scintigraphy and xerography, the authors report two other previous cases of spontaneous fractures at a single site in which the diagnosis was made only after surgical biopsy and histological examination. Recalling the frequent confusion arising in children between periosteal appositions and osteomyelitis or Ewing's sarcoma, and the different radiological phases of this type of fracture, they stress the necessity for a maximum effort to demonstrate the key element in the diagnosis: the cortical fissure. The latter is often minimal, at the limit of visibility and developing late. Thus repeated examinations and the use of special radiological techniques are necessary.", "contents": "[Periostitis or, rather, periosteal appositions in paediatrics (author's transl)]. In relation to a case of multiple fatigue fractures definitely diagnosed by scintigraphy and xerography, the authors report two other previous cases of spontaneous fractures at a single site in which the diagnosis was made only after surgical biopsy and histological examination. Recalling the frequent confusion arising in children between periosteal appositions and osteomyelitis or Ewing's sarcoma, and the different radiological phases of this type of fracture, they stress the necessity for a maximum effort to demonstrate the key element in the diagnosis: the cortical fissure. The latter is often minimal, at the limit of visibility and developing late. Thus repeated examinations and the use of special radiological techniques are necessary.", "PMID": 845842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6946", "title": "[Traumatic carotid-jugular fistula (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of complex traumatic carotid-jugular fistula, and insist on the interest of strict identification of vascular injuries and their haemodynamic consequences, by angiographic study from upper thoracic aorta. Further, the post-operative examination permist verification of the vascular reconstitution.", "contents": "[Traumatic carotid-jugular fistula (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of complex traumatic carotid-jugular fistula, and insist on the interest of strict identification of vascular injuries and their haemodynamic consequences, by angiographic study from upper thoracic aorta. Further, the post-operative examination permist verification of the vascular reconstitution.", "PMID": 845844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6947", "title": "[Carotid dolichosiphon. One case (author's transl)].", "content": "A report of the case of a 68 year old patient with a 9,5 cm long ectasia of the cisternal portion of the left internal carotid. On the basis of this case, the authors review the pathology due to such dolichomega-arteries and the aetiology of arteriectasia which are partly dysplasic in origin.", "contents": "[Carotid dolichosiphon. One case (author's transl)]. A report of the case of a 68 year old patient with a 9,5 cm long ectasia of the cisternal portion of the left internal carotid. On the basis of this case, the authors review the pathology due to such dolichomega-arteries and the aetiology of arteriectasia which are partly dysplasic in origin.", "PMID": 845845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6948", "title": "[Extraperitoneal appendicular calculi (author's transl)].", "content": "Two retrocecal and extraperitoneal appendix cases are showed. Atypical clinical signs, slow evolution, perforation and abscess were found. Radiological diagnosis is based by seeing the calculus and the appendix by means of barium enema. When appendix calculus is demonstrated and clinical signs are present, a surgical operation must be order urgently. Profilactic appendicectomy is recommended when no symptoms.", "contents": "[Extraperitoneal appendicular calculi (author's transl)]. Two retrocecal and extraperitoneal appendix cases are showed. Atypical clinical signs, slow evolution, perforation and abscess were found. Radiological diagnosis is based by seeing the calculus and the appendix by means of barium enema. When appendix calculus is demonstrated and clinical signs are present, a surgical operation must be order urgently. Profilactic appendicectomy is recommended when no symptoms.", "PMID": 845846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6949", "title": "[An enormous gastro-intestinal hairball (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of a gastro-duodenal hairball is reported in a neurotic 19 year old woman. The case is remarkable because of the unusual length of the foreign body and the coexistence of two gastric ulcers which led to partial gastrectomy.", "contents": "[An enormous gastro-intestinal hairball (author's transl)]. A case of a gastro-duodenal hairball is reported in a neurotic 19 year old woman. The case is remarkable because of the unusual length of the foreign body and the coexistence of two gastric ulcers which led to partial gastrectomy.", "PMID": 845847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6950", "title": "[Acute emphysematous cholecystitis. One case (author's transl)].", "content": "Acute emphysematous cholecystitis is a rare condition. Its preoperative diagnosis is based upon radiological studies which should include a film in the dorsal decubitus position, a lateral and a film in lateral decubitus with the ray horizontal. The presence of air within the gall bladder lumen; and in a part or all of the wall. Additional findings: the presence of air in the peribiliary space; the presence of gas within the biliary tract, rarely reported, is of special interest in the case reported here. Gangrenous cholecystitis must be differentiated essentially from: 1 degree an internal biliary fistula 2 degrees air in a neighbouring organ 3 degrees lipomatosis.", "contents": "[Acute emphysematous cholecystitis. One case (author's transl)]. Acute emphysematous cholecystitis is a rare condition. Its preoperative diagnosis is based upon radiological studies which should include a film in the dorsal decubitus position, a lateral and a film in lateral decubitus with the ray horizontal. The presence of air within the gall bladder lumen; and in a part or all of the wall. Additional findings: the presence of air in the peribiliary space; the presence of gas within the biliary tract, rarely reported, is of special interest in the case reported here. Gangrenous cholecystitis must be differentiated essentially from: 1 degree an internal biliary fistula 2 degrees air in a neighbouring organ 3 degrees lipomatosis.", "PMID": 845848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6951", "title": "[Ureter opening into the seminal vesicle (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present a case of ectopic opening of the left ureter into the seminal tract. This was a very young child (14 months). The diagnosis was made on intravenous pyelography on direct signs (opacification of the malformation). There was a wide communication between the latter and the posterior urethra as was shown on retrograde urethrocystography. The urinary tracts on the side of the lesion were very fine, and there was an outline of a very mildly functional kidney. Embryologically it is a case of absence of separation between the ureteral bud and the Wolffian canal.", "contents": "[Ureter opening into the seminal vesicle (author's transl)]. The authors present a case of ectopic opening of the left ureter into the seminal tract. This was a very young child (14 months). The diagnosis was made on intravenous pyelography on direct signs (opacification of the malformation). There was a wide communication between the latter and the posterior urethra as was shown on retrograde urethrocystography. The urinary tracts on the side of the lesion were very fine, and there was an outline of a very mildly functional kidney. Embryologically it is a case of absence of separation between the ureteral bud and the Wolffian canal.", "PMID": 845849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6952", "title": "[Pneumoperitoneum. A remarkable technique for its detection (author's transl)].", "content": "A study made in 30 cases indicated that, in contrast to current habits, the emergency erect plain film of the abdomen used to detect a pneumoperitoneum should be taken in expiration. A film in inspiration may be considered to be a supplementary view.", "contents": "[Pneumoperitoneum. A remarkable technique for its detection (author's transl)]. A study made in 30 cases indicated that, in contrast to current habits, the emergency erect plain film of the abdomen used to detect a pneumoperitoneum should be taken in expiration. A film in inspiration may be considered to be a supplementary view.", "PMID": 845850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6953", "title": "[Arteriography of the traumatised hand. Indications, methods and results on the basis of 150 investigations (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors review the indications of arteriography in trauma of the hand. The results are analysed and their value with regard to operative technique discussed. The method used is very simple. Study of the vascular distribution of the hand is essential both pre- and postoperatively.", "contents": "[Arteriography of the traumatised hand. Indications, methods and results on the basis of 150 investigations (author's transl)]. The authors review the indications of arteriography in trauma of the hand. The results are analysed and their value with regard to operative technique discussed. The method used is very simple. Study of the vascular distribution of the hand is essential both pre- and postoperatively.", "PMID": 845851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6954", "title": "A contraception record card for use in general practice.", "content": "This paper describes a contraceptive record card and flow sheet. The aim of the card is to produce better surveillance of contraceptive care by promoting the collection and array of important information for clinical decision-making.The purpose of this paper is to initiate the adoption of a standardized card for general use.", "contents": "A contraception record card for use in general practice. This paper describes a contraceptive record card and flow sheet. The aim of the card is to produce better surveillance of contraceptive care by promoting the collection and array of important information for clinical decision-making.The purpose of this paper is to initiate the adoption of a standardized card for general use.", "PMID": 845852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6955", "title": "Looking after diabetics in general practice: a trainee project.", "content": "An audit of diabetics in one general practice indicates that diet did not play as full a part as expected in management. More than 10 per cent of patients cannot test their own urine properly. Management of the diabetics may be improved by a surgery organized especially for them.", "contents": "Looking after diabetics in general practice: a trainee project. An audit of diabetics in one general practice indicates that diet did not play as full a part as expected in management. More than 10 per cent of patients cannot test their own urine properly. Management of the diabetics may be improved by a surgery organized especially for them.", "PMID": 845854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6956", "title": "The prognostic value of human placental lactogen levels in threatened abortion in general practice.", "content": "We report the first use of human placental lactogen as an indicator of the outcome of threatened abortion in general practice. The results were not found to be helpful in clinical management.", "contents": "The prognostic value of human placental lactogen levels in threatened abortion in general practice. We report the first use of human placental lactogen as an indicator of the outcome of threatened abortion in general practice. The results were not found to be helpful in clinical management.", "PMID": 845855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6957", "title": "Whooping cough--a retrospective study of hospital admissions.", "content": "A retrospective survey was carried out on admissions to hospital for the complications of whooping cough. The number of admissions throughout a decade remained proportional to the total number of cases of whooping cough notified. Children under one year constituted 12.7 per cent of total notifications, but 57.3 per cent of hospital admissions. There were 12 deaths among 2,972 hospital admissions in the years 1965 to 1974; all were in children under 12 months, and ten were in babies under six months.", "contents": "Whooping cough--a retrospective study of hospital admissions. A retrospective survey was carried out on admissions to hospital for the complications of whooping cough. The number of admissions throughout a decade remained proportional to the total number of cases of whooping cough notified. Children under one year constituted 12.7 per cent of total notifications, but 57.3 per cent of hospital admissions. There were 12 deaths among 2,972 hospital admissions in the years 1965 to 1974; all were in children under 12 months, and ten were in babies under six months.", "PMID": 845856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6958", "title": "Primary care in Transkei.", "content": "A period of ten weeks working in an African hospital is described. The quality of service that can be given by British general practitioners in rural African hospitals is discussed and the educational aims of such a venture are explored. It is concluded that there is scope for such arrangements and that considerable mutual benefits may result.", "contents": "Primary care in Transkei. A period of ten weeks working in an African hospital is described. The quality of service that can be given by British general practitioners in rural African hospitals is discussed and the educational aims of such a venture are explored. It is concluded that there is scope for such arrangements and that considerable mutual benefits may result.", "PMID": 845857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6959", "title": "Synthesis and analgesic activity of human beta-endorphin.", "content": "The solid-phase synthesis of human beta-endorphin is described. A yield of 32% is achieved based on starting resin. The synthetic product behaves as a homogeneous peptide in partition chromatography, paper electrophoresis, thin-layer chromatography, disc electrophoresis, amino acid composition, and a tryptic map. The synthetic beta h-endorphin possesses antinociceptive properties as estimated by the tail-flick, hot-plate, and writhing tests in mice. When applied centrally, beta h-endorphin is 17-48 times more potent than morphine. It is 3.4 times more potent than morphine when injected intravenously. The analgesic responses are blocked by the specific opiate antagonist, naloxone.", "contents": "Synthesis and analgesic activity of human beta-endorphin. The solid-phase synthesis of human beta-endorphin is described. A yield of 32% is achieved based on starting resin. The synthetic product behaves as a homogeneous peptide in partition chromatography, paper electrophoresis, thin-layer chromatography, disc electrophoresis, amino acid composition, and a tryptic map. The synthetic beta h-endorphin possesses antinociceptive properties as estimated by the tail-flick, hot-plate, and writhing tests in mice. When applied centrally, beta h-endorphin is 17-48 times more potent than morphine. It is 3.4 times more potent than morphine when injected intravenously. The analgesic responses are blocked by the specific opiate antagonist, naloxone.", "PMID": 845862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6960", "title": "Synthesis of cephalotaxine esters and correlation of their structures with antitumor activity.", "content": "Twenty-two new esters of natural (-)-cephalotaxine with synthetic acids possessing widely divergent structural features have been synthesized. Murinichloroethyl carbonate (27) esters of cephalotaxine are the most active of this group; this activity is less than that of harringtonine and other naturally occurring cephalotaxine esters. Other synthetic esters exhibiting activity are methyl cephalotaxylfumarate (4) and the trichloroethyl carbonate of cephalotaxyl-L-mandelate (21). The specificity of this experimental tumor system apparently requires esters of (-)-cephalotaxine for tumor inhibition because methyl cephalotaxylitaconate (7b) prepared from the synthetic (+) enantiomer of cephalotaxine is inactive.", "contents": "Synthesis of cephalotaxine esters and correlation of their structures with antitumor activity. Twenty-two new esters of natural (-)-cephalotaxine with synthetic acids possessing widely divergent structural features have been synthesized. Murinichloroethyl carbonate (27) esters of cephalotaxine are the most active of this group; this activity is less than that of harringtonine and other naturally occurring cephalotaxine esters. Other synthetic esters exhibiting activity are methyl cephalotaxylfumarate (4) and the trichloroethyl carbonate of cephalotaxyl-L-mandelate (21). The specificity of this experimental tumor system apparently requires esters of (-)-cephalotaxine for tumor inhibition because methyl cephalotaxylitaconate (7b) prepared from the synthetic (+) enantiomer of cephalotaxine is inactive.", "PMID": 845863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6961", "title": "Antitumor agents. 21. A proposed mechanism for inhibition of cancer growth by tenulin and helenalin and related cyclopentenones.", "content": "Evidence is presented that sesquiterpene lactones or ketones containing the O=CC=CH2 moiety, e.g., tenulin and helenalin, alkylate the thiol group of reduced glutathione and L-cysteine in vitro. A proposal is offered that this mechanism of action is responsible for the observed potent in vivo antitumor activity of these agents in the Ehrlich ascites and Walker 256 carcinosarcoma and to a lesser extent in the P388 leukemic screen. Inhibition of tumor growth is thought to occur due to the O=CC=CH2 system alkylating by rapid Michael addition the SH biological nucleophiles of key regulatory enzymes of nucleic acid and chromatin metabolism. This proposition is in accord with the ability of these agents to inhibit DNA synthesis and gene activity of Ehrlich ascites cells.", "contents": "Antitumor agents. 21. A proposed mechanism for inhibition of cancer growth by tenulin and helenalin and related cyclopentenones. Evidence is presented that sesquiterpene lactones or ketones containing the O=CC=CH2 moiety, e.g., tenulin and helenalin, alkylate the thiol group of reduced glutathione and L-cysteine in vitro. A proposal is offered that this mechanism of action is responsible for the observed potent in vivo antitumor activity of these agents in the Ehrlich ascites and Walker 256 carcinosarcoma and to a lesser extent in the P388 leukemic screen. Inhibition of tumor growth is thought to occur due to the O=CC=CH2 system alkylating by rapid Michael addition the SH biological nucleophiles of key regulatory enzymes of nucleic acid and chromatin metabolism. This proposition is in accord with the ability of these agents to inhibit DNA synthesis and gene activity of Ehrlich ascites cells.", "PMID": 845864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6962", "title": "Pyrimidinylpropenamides as antitumor agents. Analogues of the antibiotic sparsomycin.", "content": "A series of pyrimidinylpropenamides 9 and their oxidation products 10 was prepared, as analogues of sparsomycin (1), for antitumor evaluation. Syntheses involved condensation of the appropriate amino alcohol 5 with acid 8. The resulting sulfides 9 were then oxidized with NaIO4 or H2O2 to sulfoxides 10. Activity was studied in lymphocytic leukemia P-338 and KB cell culture. With the exception of the n-decyl analogue, all of the deoxygenated compounds 9 were inactive regardless of the stereochemical form. In the sulfoxide series 10, those compounds prepared with an L configuration at the asymmetric carbon were also inactive. The completely racemic sulfoxides, on the other hand, displayed substantial antitumor activity (ILS = 37-61% in P-388; ED50 = 1.2-2.4 mug/ml in KB) suggesting that both the presence of a sulfoxide moiety and a D configuration at the chiral carbon atom were structural requirements for a positive antitumor response. There appeared to be a large tolerance for the group substituted at the sulfoxide moiety, however.", "contents": "Pyrimidinylpropenamides as antitumor agents. Analogues of the antibiotic sparsomycin. A series of pyrimidinylpropenamides 9 and their oxidation products 10 was prepared, as analogues of sparsomycin (1), for antitumor evaluation. Syntheses involved condensation of the appropriate amino alcohol 5 with acid 8. The resulting sulfides 9 were then oxidized with NaIO4 or H2O2 to sulfoxides 10. Activity was studied in lymphocytic leukemia P-338 and KB cell culture. With the exception of the n-decyl analogue, all of the deoxygenated compounds 9 were inactive regardless of the stereochemical form. In the sulfoxide series 10, those compounds prepared with an L configuration at the asymmetric carbon were also inactive. The completely racemic sulfoxides, on the other hand, displayed substantial antitumor activity (ILS = 37-61% in P-388; ED50 = 1.2-2.4 mug/ml in KB) suggesting that both the presence of a sulfoxide moiety and a D configuration at the chiral carbon atom were structural requirements for a positive antitumor response. There appeared to be a large tolerance for the group substituted at the sulfoxide moiety, however.", "PMID": 845865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6963", "title": "Potential antitumor agents. Some sulfur-substituted derivatives of alpha- and beta-2'-deoxythioguanosine.", "content": "A series of ten S-substituted derivatives of the alpha and beta anomers (1a and 1b) of 2'-deoxy-6-thioguanosine has been prepared by S-alkylation of the parent nucleosides and/or by mercaptide displacement reactions on 6-chloro intermediates. Against L1210 murine leukemia all beta anomers were active but potency was reduced relative to 1b. Most S-alkyl alpha anomers were inactive in this test. Limited testing against P388 murine leukemia showed all alpha-anomer derivatives to be inactive but the beta anomers were more effective than the parent. S-Substitution sharply reduced acute toxicity in both series. In vitro DNA and RNA synthesis inhibition data are also reported. The antitumor activity of these derivatives and of the 2',5'-di-O-acetyl derivatives of 1a and 1b against lymphoid leukemia L1210 is reported. Some results with the lymphocytic leukemia P388 and an in vitro assay of the inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis are also given.", "contents": "Potential antitumor agents. Some sulfur-substituted derivatives of alpha- and beta-2'-deoxythioguanosine. A series of ten S-substituted derivatives of the alpha and beta anomers (1a and 1b) of 2'-deoxy-6-thioguanosine has been prepared by S-alkylation of the parent nucleosides and/or by mercaptide displacement reactions on 6-chloro intermediates. Against L1210 murine leukemia all beta anomers were active but potency was reduced relative to 1b. Most S-alkyl alpha anomers were inactive in this test. Limited testing against P388 murine leukemia showed all alpha-anomer derivatives to be inactive but the beta anomers were more effective than the parent. S-Substitution sharply reduced acute toxicity in both series. In vitro DNA and RNA synthesis inhibition data are also reported. The antitumor activity of these derivatives and of the 2',5'-di-O-acetyl derivatives of 1a and 1b against lymphoid leukemia L1210 is reported. Some results with the lymphocytic leukemia P388 and an in vitro assay of the inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis are also given.", "PMID": 845866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6964", "title": "Ring D oxygenated Spirolactones. Characterization of human metabolic product of spironolactone.", "content": "15alpha-Hydroxycanrenone (1b) was prepared from canrenone (1a) by microbiological oxidation with a penicillium species. The product was identical with one obtained from the metabolism of spironolactone(3) in human. Oxidation of 1b with Jones regent furnished the corresponding 15-oxocanrenone (1d) which underwent base-catalyzed beta elimination to generate an alpha,beta-unsaturated cyclopentenone system. 15alpha-Hydroxycanrenone (1b) failed to show antimineralocorticoid activity at the screening dose of 2.4 mg while the oxo derivative 1d exhibited approximately 15% the activity of 3. Since the activity of canrenone is 38% that of spironolactone, introduction of the carbonyl group at the 15 position of canrenone resulted in a reduction in activity. This effect is opposite to that observed with 6-dehydroprogesterone.", "contents": "Ring D oxygenated Spirolactones. Characterization of human metabolic product of spironolactone. 15alpha-Hydroxycanrenone (1b) was prepared from canrenone (1a) by microbiological oxidation with a penicillium species. The product was identical with one obtained from the metabolism of spironolactone(3) in human. Oxidation of 1b with Jones regent furnished the corresponding 15-oxocanrenone (1d) which underwent base-catalyzed beta elimination to generate an alpha,beta-unsaturated cyclopentenone system. 15alpha-Hydroxycanrenone (1b) failed to show antimineralocorticoid activity at the screening dose of 2.4 mg while the oxo derivative 1d exhibited approximately 15% the activity of 3. Since the activity of canrenone is 38% that of spironolactone, introduction of the carbonyl group at the 15 position of canrenone resulted in a reduction in activity. This effect is opposite to that observed with 6-dehydroprogesterone.", "PMID": 845867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6965", "title": "Uptake and fate of water-soluble, nondegradable polymers with antiviral activity in cells and animals.", "content": "Poly(9-vinyladenine) and poly(1-vinyluracil) which are nondegradable, soluble polymers are taken up partially by mammalian cells grown in culture. The polymers remain associated with cells for several generations. In mice, after ip application, polymers slowly accumulate in liver, spleen, and thymus and remain there for as long as a month. Thus, these polymers which suppress the replication of murine leukemia viruses also accumulate in organs where the virus replicates. However, their antiviral activity does not reflect the amount of polymer found in these animal tissues. We propose that the polymers are gradually segregated into a group of cells or into subcellular organelles away from primary sites of virus replication. The results suggest that for a directly acting polymeric drug, a half-life over 24 h is without advantage.", "contents": "Uptake and fate of water-soluble, nondegradable polymers with antiviral activity in cells and animals. Poly(9-vinyladenine) and poly(1-vinyluracil) which are nondegradable, soluble polymers are taken up partially by mammalian cells grown in culture. The polymers remain associated with cells for several generations. In mice, after ip application, polymers slowly accumulate in liver, spleen, and thymus and remain there for as long as a month. Thus, these polymers which suppress the replication of murine leukemia viruses also accumulate in organs where the virus replicates. However, their antiviral activity does not reflect the amount of polymer found in these animal tissues. We propose that the polymers are gradually segregated into a group of cells or into subcellular organelles away from primary sites of virus replication. The results suggest that for a directly acting polymeric drug, a half-life over 24 h is without advantage.", "PMID": 845868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6966", "title": "Antagonists of slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis. Synthesis of a series of chromone-2-carboxylic acids.", "content": "A series of substituted chromone-2-carboxylic acids was synthesized and tested as antagonists of SRS-A induced contractions of isolated guinea pig ileum. This work led to the discovery of sodium 7-[3-(4-acetyl-3hydroxy-2-propylphenoxy)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-4-oxo-8-propyl-4H-1-benzopyran-2-carboxylate (FPL 55712) which is the first reported specific antagonist of SRS-A. Some structural requirements for biological activity within this series are discussed.", "contents": "Antagonists of slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis. Synthesis of a series of chromone-2-carboxylic acids. A series of substituted chromone-2-carboxylic acids was synthesized and tested as antagonists of SRS-A induced contractions of isolated guinea pig ileum. This work led to the discovery of sodium 7-[3-(4-acetyl-3hydroxy-2-propylphenoxy)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-4-oxo-8-propyl-4H-1-benzopyran-2-carboxylate (FPL 55712) which is the first reported specific antagonist of SRS-A. Some structural requirements for biological activity within this series are discussed.", "PMID": 845870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6967", "title": "Synthesis and central nervous system activity of quinazolones related to 2-methyl-3-(o-tolyl)-4(3H)-quinazolone (methaqualone).", "content": "A number of derivatives of 2-methyl-3-(o-tolyl)-4(3H)-quinazolone bearing new substituents on the 2-methyl group have been synthesized. It was established that most substitutions at this position reduce or remove the CNS depressant activity of methaqualone. From the series prepared only the 2-fluoromethyl derivative or certain isothiouronium salts, which could be hydrolyzed in vivo to the 2-mercaptomethyl derivative, showed activity of the same magnitude as methaqualone.", "contents": "Synthesis and central nervous system activity of quinazolones related to 2-methyl-3-(o-tolyl)-4(3H)-quinazolone (methaqualone). A number of derivatives of 2-methyl-3-(o-tolyl)-4(3H)-quinazolone bearing new substituents on the 2-methyl group have been synthesized. It was established that most substitutions at this position reduce or remove the CNS depressant activity of methaqualone. From the series prepared only the 2-fluoromethyl derivative or certain isothiouronium salts, which could be hydrolyzed in vivo to the 2-mercaptomethyl derivative, showed activity of the same magnitude as methaqualone.", "PMID": 845871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6968", "title": "Potential long-acting anticonvulsants. 1; Synthesis and activity of succinimides containing an alkylating group at the 2 position.", "content": "The synthesis of succinimide derivatives in which alkylating groups have been attached to the 2 positions of the ring or to the para position of the 2-phenyl substituent is described. The alkylating groups used were (a) alpha-haloacetyl, (b) alpha-haloacetamido, (c) maleimido, and (d) maleamyl. These compounds were prepared as potential long-acting anticonvulsants. Several of these derivatives exhibited activity against metrazole-induced seizures comparable to phensuximde, The maleimide 16 and the bromoacetamido derivative 23 exhibited a duration of action of at least 3.5 h.", "contents": "Potential long-acting anticonvulsants. 1; Synthesis and activity of succinimides containing an alkylating group at the 2 position. The synthesis of succinimide derivatives in which alkylating groups have been attached to the 2 positions of the ring or to the para position of the 2-phenyl substituent is described. The alkylating groups used were (a) alpha-haloacetyl, (b) alpha-haloacetamido, (c) maleimido, and (d) maleamyl. These compounds were prepared as potential long-acting anticonvulsants. Several of these derivatives exhibited activity against metrazole-induced seizures comparable to phensuximde, The maleimide 16 and the bromoacetamido derivative 23 exhibited a duration of action of at least 3.5 h.", "PMID": 845873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6969", "title": "In vitro O-demethylation of the psychotomimetic amine, 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane.", "content": "The possible relationship between metabolism and psychotomimetic activity among the methoxylated 1-phenyl-2-aminopropanes led to our investigation of the in vitro O-demethylation of 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane (1, DOM, STP). Employing a sensitive and highly selective stable isotope dilution assay, we observed that rabbit liver homogenates biotransform the amine 1 to its 2-O-demethyl, 5-O-demethyl, and bis (O-demethyl) metabolite metabolites. Both monophenolic metabolites are enriched in their S enantiomers. The bis(O-demethyl) metabolite has structural, chemical, and electrochemical similarites to the sympatholytic agent \"6-hydroxydopamine\". The possible significance of metabolic O-demethylation in terms of the psychotomimetic properties of amine 1 is discussed.", "contents": "In vitro O-demethylation of the psychotomimetic amine, 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane. The possible relationship between metabolism and psychotomimetic activity among the methoxylated 1-phenyl-2-aminopropanes led to our investigation of the in vitro O-demethylation of 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane (1, DOM, STP). Employing a sensitive and highly selective stable isotope dilution assay, we observed that rabbit liver homogenates biotransform the amine 1 to its 2-O-demethyl, 5-O-demethyl, and bis (O-demethyl) metabolite metabolites. Both monophenolic metabolites are enriched in their S enantiomers. The bis(O-demethyl) metabolite has structural, chemical, and electrochemical similarites to the sympatholytic agent \"6-hydroxydopamine\". The possible significance of metabolic O-demethylation in terms of the psychotomimetic properties of amine 1 is discussed.", "PMID": 845874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6970", "title": "Elucidation of the structure of the antineoplastic agents, 2-formylpyridine and 1-formylisoquinoline thiosemicarbazones.", "content": "The geometrical isomers of the antineoplastic agents 2-formylpyridine and 1-formylisoquinoline thiosemicarbazones were synthesized and their structure was studied by spectroscopic methods. It was found that the compounds previously described in the literature and tested for carcinostatic activity were isomers with E configuration which probably contained minor amounts of Z isomers.", "contents": "Elucidation of the structure of the antineoplastic agents, 2-formylpyridine and 1-formylisoquinoline thiosemicarbazones. The geometrical isomers of the antineoplastic agents 2-formylpyridine and 1-formylisoquinoline thiosemicarbazones were synthesized and their structure was studied by spectroscopic methods. It was found that the compounds previously described in the literature and tested for carcinostatic activity were isomers with E configuration which probably contained minor amounts of Z isomers.", "PMID": 845876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6971", "title": "Narcotic antagonists. Synthesis and evaluation of some subsituted 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-1,4:2,6-dimethano-3-benzazocines.", "content": "A seres of (+/-)-N-substituted 6-ethyl-or -methyl-8-hydroxy-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-1,4:2,6-dimethano-3-benzazocines has been prepared from 6 hydroxytropinone. The N-cyclopropylmethyl compounds 10a and 10b were found to be strong narcotic antagonists approximately equivalent to nalorphine. Only slight analgetic activity was found in any of these compounds including the two N-methyl analogues.", "contents": "Narcotic antagonists. Synthesis and evaluation of some subsituted 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-1,4:2,6-dimethano-3-benzazocines. A seres of (+/-)-N-substituted 6-ethyl-or -methyl-8-hydroxy-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-1,4:2,6-dimethano-3-benzazocines has been prepared from 6 hydroxytropinone. The N-cyclopropylmethyl compounds 10a and 10b were found to be strong narcotic antagonists approximately equivalent to nalorphine. Only slight analgetic activity was found in any of these compounds including the two N-methyl analogues.", "PMID": 845878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6972", "title": "Dibenz[b,e]oxepinalkanoic acids as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents. 2. Dihydro-10-oxofuro-and -thieno[3,2-c][1]benzoxepin-8-acetic acids.", "content": "4,10-Dihydro-10-oxofuro[3,2-c][1]benzoxepin-8-acetic acid and 4,10-dihydro-10-oxothieno[3,2-c][1]benzoxepin-8-acetic acid were evaluated in the carrageenan paw edema assay with the thieno analogue being ten times more active than the furano compound and 1.3. times more active than indomethacin. The therapeutic ratio (antiinflammatory activity/gastric irritation liability) of the thieno analogue was 25 times that of indomethacin.", "contents": "Dibenz[b,e]oxepinalkanoic acids as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents. 2. Dihydro-10-oxofuro-and -thieno[3,2-c][1]benzoxepin-8-acetic acids. 4,10-Dihydro-10-oxofuro[3,2-c][1]benzoxepin-8-acetic acid and 4,10-dihydro-10-oxothieno[3,2-c][1]benzoxepin-8-acetic acid were evaluated in the carrageenan paw edema assay with the thieno analogue being ten times more active than the furano compound and 1.3. times more active than indomethacin. The therapeutic ratio (antiinflammatory activity/gastric irritation liability) of the thieno analogue was 25 times that of indomethacin.", "PMID": 845879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6973", "title": "Influence of zinc-ligand mixtures on serum zinc levels in rats.", "content": "The influence of various salts, chelates, and other complexes of zinc given by gavage on serum zinc levels in rats was studied. Serum zinc concentrations were determined over 6 hr after administration of zinc sulfate at doses of 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 mg of zinc/kg. Serum zinc levels following doses of zinc salts and complexes were compared with those after zinc sulfate. Phytic acid, aminopolycarboxylic acids (including edetate disodium), and penicillamine significantly suppressed increases in serum zinc concentration. Some natural amino acid-zinc sulfate  mixtures (those with lysine, cysteine, glycine, and histidine) produced greater levels than the equivalent dose of zinc sulfate alone. Several thiocarboxylic acids, such as mercaptoacetic acid and thiosalicylic acid, also increased serum zinc concentrations. These observations form a basis for attempted modification of zinc absorption in other species.", "contents": "Influence of zinc-ligand mixtures on serum zinc levels in rats. The influence of various salts, chelates, and other complexes of zinc given by gavage on serum zinc levels in rats was studied. Serum zinc concentrations were determined over 6 hr after administration of zinc sulfate at doses of 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 mg of zinc/kg. Serum zinc levels following doses of zinc salts and complexes were compared with those after zinc sulfate. Phytic acid, aminopolycarboxylic acids (including edetate disodium), and penicillamine significantly suppressed increases in serum zinc concentration. Some natural amino acid-zinc sulfate  mixtures (those with lysine, cysteine, glycine, and histidine) produced greater levels than the equivalent dose of zinc sulfate alone. Several thiocarboxylic acids, such as mercaptoacetic acid and thiosalicylic acid, also increased serum zinc concentrations. These observations form a basis for attempted modification of zinc absorption in other species.", "PMID": 845880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6974", "title": "Female and male medical students: differences in specialty choice selection and personality.", "content": "Sex differences in specialty choices, specialty beliefs, and personality characteristics of female and male medical students were analyzed. Subjects included 95 female and 166 male medical students from the University of Colorado School of Medicine and the University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine. Results from a personality measure, the Adjective Check List, and from measures of students' beliefs as to status, similarity-to-self, and social desirability of various specialties revealed significant differences between men and women on specialty choice, ratings of status and social attractiveness of the specialties, and personality characteristics. It appears that for female medical students specialty choices and general personality characteristics have changed to less traditional and stereotypic positions in the past few years.", "contents": "Female and male medical students: differences in specialty choice selection and personality. Sex differences in specialty choices, specialty beliefs, and personality characteristics of female and male medical students were analyzed. Subjects included 95 female and 166 male medical students from the University of Colorado School of Medicine and the University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine. Results from a personality measure, the Adjective Check List, and from measures of students' beliefs as to status, similarity-to-self, and social desirability of various specialties revealed significant differences between men and women on specialty choice, ratings of status and social attractiveness of the specialties, and personality characteristics. It appears that for female medical students specialty choices and general personality characteristics have changed to less traditional and stereotypic positions in the past few years.", "PMID": 845911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6975", "title": "Physician profiles in training the graduate internist.", "content": "Twenty-one members of a graduate internal medicine training program were studied to determine whether feedback of simple ambulatory practice profiles would prove valuable in their training program. Each physician was profiled every three months with regard to number of patients seen, average cost of ancillary testing per visit, average time per visit, and success at obtaining patient compliance. Physicians were randomly selected to receive or not receive profiles. Patients treated by both groups were similar. Variation among physicians' productivity and use of resources ranged from 250 percent to 1,200 percent. Distributing profiles did not statistically affect cost, time, or number of patients seen but did correlate with an increase in compliance. The marked variation observed in physician performance suggests that attention to style of practice during training could produce a significant increase in the amount of services delivered for each health dollar consumed.", "contents": "Physician profiles in training the graduate internist. Twenty-one members of a graduate internal medicine training program were studied to determine whether feedback of simple ambulatory practice profiles would prove valuable in their training program. Each physician was profiled every three months with regard to number of patients seen, average cost of ancillary testing per visit, average time per visit, and success at obtaining patient compliance. Physicians were randomly selected to receive or not receive profiles. Patients treated by both groups were similar. Variation among physicians' productivity and use of resources ranged from 250 percent to 1,200 percent. Distributing profiles did not statistically affect cost, time, or number of patients seen but did correlate with an increase in compliance. The marked variation observed in physician performance suggests that attention to style of practice during training could produce a significant increase in the amount of services delivered for each health dollar consumed.", "PMID": 845912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6976", "title": "A study of the recruitment of physicians into three northern New York counties.", "content": "Learning that 60 physicians had been recruited into three northern New York rural counties in recent years, the authors initiated a study to determine whether the number was correct, some characteristics of these new physicians, and the factors which had led them to settle in the area. After verifying 60 to be the correct number, the authors obtained information from 59 physicians, most of whom were interviewed in person or by telephone; local hospital administrators supplied information about the remainder. Four-fifths of the total group considered themselves to be specialists, either board certified or eligible. Half moved into the area with a guarantee of income for a period of years. The proximity of a university medical center was reported not to have played a significant role in relocation decisions. Within one year after the conclusion of this survey, six of the new physicians had left the area and one had moved to emergency room practice. Their average stay in the area had been 1.9 years. Thus, successful recruitment is only one step in the provision of rural health care.", "contents": "A study of the recruitment of physicians into three northern New York counties. Learning that 60 physicians had been recruited into three northern New York rural counties in recent years, the authors initiated a study to determine whether the number was correct, some characteristics of these new physicians, and the factors which had led them to settle in the area. After verifying 60 to be the correct number, the authors obtained information from 59 physicians, most of whom were interviewed in person or by telephone; local hospital administrators supplied information about the remainder. Four-fifths of the total group considered themselves to be specialists, either board certified or eligible. Half moved into the area with a guarantee of income for a period of years. The proximity of a university medical center was reported not to have played a significant role in relocation decisions. Within one year after the conclusion of this survey, six of the new physicians had left the area and one had moved to emergency room practice. Their average stay in the area had been 1.9 years. Thus, successful recruitment is only one step in the provision of rural health care.", "PMID": 845913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6977", "title": "University of Ottawa modified systems program.", "content": "A modified systems program has been developed at the University of Ottawa which incorporates advantages of the systems approach into whole-class teaching without increasing demands on staff. Basic science instruction is given in the first two years in preclinical departments. A total of 387 lecture and laboratory hours previously assigned to organ pathology and clinical departments are allocated to committees representing 12 systems. This program emphasizes pathology and pathophysiology and is supervised by a Coordinating Systems Committee. It begins in November of the second year and continues one year concurrently with instruction in clinical skills and basic science. A clinical clerkship occupies the final 18 months of the curriculum. Program effectiveness is measured by student evaluation of each lecture, multiple-choice examination, lecture monitoring, handout surveillance, and annual review of each system. This organization coordinates teaching of a single subject by many disciplines, and evaluation exposes flaws in teaching.", "contents": "University of Ottawa modified systems program. A modified systems program has been developed at the University of Ottawa which incorporates advantages of the systems approach into whole-class teaching without increasing demands on staff. Basic science instruction is given in the first two years in preclinical departments. A total of 387 lecture and laboratory hours previously assigned to organ pathology and clinical departments are allocated to committees representing 12 systems. This program emphasizes pathology and pathophysiology and is supervised by a Coordinating Systems Committee. It begins in November of the second year and continues one year concurrently with instruction in clinical skills and basic science. A clinical clerkship occupies the final 18 months of the curriculum. Program effectiveness is measured by student evaluation of each lecture, multiple-choice examination, lecture monitoring, handout surveillance, and annual review of each system. This organization coordinates teaching of a single subject by many disciplines, and evaluation exposes flaws in teaching.", "PMID": 845914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6978", "title": "Consultations in internal medicine: a training program resource.", "content": "At the Milton S. Hershey Medical Center of the Pennsylvania State University an internal medicine consulting resident sees all medical consultation requests not directed to a specific subspecialty division. An audit of a nine-month experience on the consult service was compared with that of a general medicine ward service. The audit revealed that consulting residents were exposed to a quantitatively and qualitatively different spectrum of medical problems than were found on the ward service. The interdisciplinary aspects of the experience expand the consulting internist's fund of knowledge and complement outpatient exposure to other specialties, such as surgery and obstetrics-gynecology. Chief medical residents at 36 university medical centers were surveyed regarding the nature of the internal medicine consultation programs in their institutions. The survey indicated that half the programs were service oriented rather than educational and were not felt to be of profit to the medicine residents.", "contents": "Consultations in internal medicine: a training program resource. At the Milton S. Hershey Medical Center of the Pennsylvania State University an internal medicine consulting resident sees all medical consultation requests not directed to a specific subspecialty division. An audit of a nine-month experience on the consult service was compared with that of a general medicine ward service. The audit revealed that consulting residents were exposed to a quantitatively and qualitatively different spectrum of medical problems than were found on the ward service. The interdisciplinary aspects of the experience expand the consulting internist's fund of knowledge and complement outpatient exposure to other specialties, such as surgery and obstetrics-gynecology. Chief medical residents at 36 university medical centers were surveyed regarding the nature of the internal medicine consultation programs in their institutions. The survey indicated that half the programs were service oriented rather than educational and were not felt to be of profit to the medicine residents.", "PMID": 845915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6979", "title": "Interdisciplinary education in child abuse and neglect.", "content": "The increased need for professionals working with children and their families to understand, identify, and in some cases treat and follow up situations of child abuse and neglect has led to the offering of a structured graduate interdisciplinary course to students in various types of professional training. This initial effort represents an attempt not only to aid students in gaining insight into the dynamics of child abuse but also to encourage interdisciplinary communication among students from law, medicine, social work, education, and other fields which will hopefully continue into their professional life. Based on the experience accumulated from two offerings, a description is presented of the objectives, content, methodology, problems, and short-term evaluation of this course.", "contents": "Interdisciplinary education in child abuse and neglect. The increased need for professionals working with children and their families to understand, identify, and in some cases treat and follow up situations of child abuse and neglect has led to the offering of a structured graduate interdisciplinary course to students in various types of professional training. This initial effort represents an attempt not only to aid students in gaining insight into the dynamics of child abuse but also to encourage interdisciplinary communication among students from law, medicine, social work, education, and other fields which will hopefully continue into their professional life. Based on the experience accumulated from two offerings, a description is presented of the objectives, content, methodology, problems, and short-term evaluation of this course.", "PMID": 845916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6980", "title": "Electrical properties and active solute transport in rat small intestine. I. Potential profile changes associated with sugar and amino acid transports.", "content": "Addition of D-glucose to the mucosal fluid resulted in a significant depolarization of the mucosal membrane potential (V-m) in rat duodenum, jejunum, and ileum accompanied by an increase in the transepithelial potential difference (PDt). On the other hand, L-glucose did not induce PDt and Vm changes. Glycine applied from the mucosal side also induced Vm-depolarization and PDt-increment in the ileum. Phlorizin added to the mucosal fluid or ouabain added to the serosal fluid inhibited the sugar-dependent changes in PDt and Vm. According to the analysis with an equivalent circuit model for the epithelium, it was concluded that an actively transported solute induced not only a depolarization of the mucosal (brush border) membrane but also a hyperpolarization of the serosal (baso-lateral) membrane of an epithelial cell, so that the origin of solute-induced PDt changes should be attributed to changes in emf's at both membranes. The hyperpolarization of the serosal membrane in the presence of an actively transported solute was attributed to a mechanism of serosal electrogenic sodium pump stimulated by the increase in the extrusion rate of Na+ co-transported into the cell with sugar or amino acid.", "contents": "Electrical properties and active solute transport in rat small intestine. I. Potential profile changes associated with sugar and amino acid transports. Addition of D-glucose to the mucosal fluid resulted in a significant depolarization of the mucosal membrane potential (V-m) in rat duodenum, jejunum, and ileum accompanied by an increase in the transepithelial potential difference (PDt). On the other hand, L-glucose did not induce PDt and Vm changes. Glycine applied from the mucosal side also induced Vm-depolarization and PDt-increment in the ileum. Phlorizin added to the mucosal fluid or ouabain added to the serosal fluid inhibited the sugar-dependent changes in PDt and Vm. According to the analysis with an equivalent circuit model for the epithelium, it was concluded that an actively transported solute induced not only a depolarization of the mucosal (brush border) membrane but also a hyperpolarization of the serosal (baso-lateral) membrane of an epithelial cell, so that the origin of solute-induced PDt changes should be attributed to changes in emf's at both membranes. The hyperpolarization of the serosal membrane in the presence of an actively transported solute was attributed to a mechanism of serosal electrogenic sodium pump stimulated by the increase in the extrusion rate of Na+ co-transported into the cell with sugar or amino acid.", "PMID": 845929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6981", "title": "Electrical properties and active solute transport in rat small intestine. II. Conductive properties of transepithelial routes.", "content": "The transepithelial resistance, the cell membrane resistance and the ratio of resistances of the serosal (baso-lateral) to the mucosal (brush border) cell membrane were measured in rat duodenum, jejunum and ileum by means of microelectrode techniques. These measured values were not affected in the presence of actively transported solutes in the mucosal bathing fluid. Contribution of an electrical conductance through the extracellular shunt pathway to the total transepithelial conductance was quantitatively estimated using an electrically equivalent circuit analysis. These values estimated in respective tissues of small intestine were approx. 95% of the total transepithelial conductance, remaining unaffected by an active solute transport. From these data, the changes in emf's of the mucosal and serosal membrane induced by D-glucose or glycine were separately evaluated.", "contents": "Electrical properties and active solute transport in rat small intestine. II. Conductive properties of transepithelial routes. The transepithelial resistance, the cell membrane resistance and the ratio of resistances of the serosal (baso-lateral) to the mucosal (brush border) cell membrane were measured in rat duodenum, jejunum and ileum by means of microelectrode techniques. These measured values were not affected in the presence of actively transported solutes in the mucosal bathing fluid. Contribution of an electrical conductance through the extracellular shunt pathway to the total transepithelial conductance was quantitatively estimated using an electrically equivalent circuit analysis. These values estimated in respective tissues of small intestine were approx. 95% of the total transepithelial conductance, remaining unaffected by an active solute transport. From these data, the changes in emf's of the mucosal and serosal membrane induced by D-glucose or glycine were separately evaluated.", "PMID": 845930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6982", "title": "Comparative study of the thiourea carrier in erythrocytes.", "content": "A densimeter technique was used to measure the rate of exit of thiourea from erythrocytes of various species of mammals. The cells were first equilibrated with a 200 mM thiourea solution in 1% NaCl. An aliquot of these cells was added to 1% NaCl containing 4.6-23.1 mM thiourea. Facilitated diffusion was demonstrated in each case. Using exit times or initial rates, calculations of half-saturation constants (phi) in mM and maximum transport rates (K) in isotones per min were made by three different methods. The following values were obtained: human-phi=60, 42, 35; K=1.2, 2.9, 0.9; rabbit-phi=46, 33, 32; K=0.8, 2.1, 0.8; mouse-phi=46, 40, 30; K=3.4, 8.5, 3.2; rat-phi=65, 42, 23; K=6.1, 15.3, 3.7; ox-phi=107, 63, 88; K=0.6, 1.4, 0.4; sheep-phi=56, 38, 56; K=0.9, 2.2, 0.6; and pig-phi=110, 64, 49; K=1.6, 3.6, 1.1.", "contents": "Comparative study of the thiourea carrier in erythrocytes. A densimeter technique was used to measure the rate of exit of thiourea from erythrocytes of various species of mammals. The cells were first equilibrated with a 200 mM thiourea solution in 1% NaCl. An aliquot of these cells was added to 1% NaCl containing 4.6-23.1 mM thiourea. Facilitated diffusion was demonstrated in each case. Using exit times or initial rates, calculations of half-saturation constants (phi) in mM and maximum transport rates (K) in isotones per min were made by three different methods. The following values were obtained: human-phi=60, 42, 35; K=1.2, 2.9, 0.9; rabbit-phi=46, 33, 32; K=0.8, 2.1, 0.8; mouse-phi=46, 40, 30; K=3.4, 8.5, 3.2; rat-phi=65, 42, 23; K=6.1, 15.3, 3.7; ox-phi=107, 63, 88; K=0.6, 1.4, 0.4; sheep-phi=56, 38, 56; K=0.9, 2.2, 0.6; and pig-phi=110, 64, 49; K=1.6, 3.6, 1.1.", "PMID": 845931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6983", "title": "Observations on the regulation of cell volume and metabolic control in vitro; changes in the composition and ultrastructure of liver slices under conditions of varying metabolic and transporting activity.", "content": "Liver slices incubated at 1 degree C underwent swelling of both cellular and intercellular compartments, as judged by electronmicroscopy. The ultrastructure showed marked changes, including disorganization of the cytocavitary network and plasma membrane and alterations of mitochondria. Restoration of metabolically favorable conditions (oxygenated medium at 38 degrees C) caused a nearly complete recovery of ultrastructure closely associated with extrusion of water; measurements of inulin space and electronmicroscopy both indicate a recovery of cell volume, with intercellular spaces remaining somewhat expended. The fluid lost was a roughly isotonic solution of Na+ and Cl-, while K+ was reaccumulated in exchange for Na+. Cyanide prevented recovery. Ouabain and oligomycin each partially prevented fluid extrusion, but had little effect on ultrastructural recovery except to induce intracellular vesicles containing particles of thorium dioxide derived from sinusoidal spaces. The vesicles were, however, markedly different in form with each inhibitor. There are, thus ouabain-sensitive and insensitive components of volume regulation; the former appears to depend on the coupled transport of Na+ and K+ and the latter, we suggest, on a secretion of Na+ and Cl- into vesicles which release their contents into the bile canaliculi by an oligomycin-sensitive mechanism. Mitochondria showed conformational changes between orthodox and condensed forms, but these could not be directly related to tissue energy states; the numbers of mitochondrial dense granules bore a closer relation to tissue ATP.", "contents": "Observations on the regulation of cell volume and metabolic control in vitro; changes in the composition and ultrastructure of liver slices under conditions of varying metabolic and transporting activity. Liver slices incubated at 1 degree C underwent swelling of both cellular and intercellular compartments, as judged by electronmicroscopy. The ultrastructure showed marked changes, including disorganization of the cytocavitary network and plasma membrane and alterations of mitochondria. Restoration of metabolically favorable conditions (oxygenated medium at 38 degrees C) caused a nearly complete recovery of ultrastructure closely associated with extrusion of water; measurements of inulin space and electronmicroscopy both indicate a recovery of cell volume, with intercellular spaces remaining somewhat expended. The fluid lost was a roughly isotonic solution of Na+ and Cl-, while K+ was reaccumulated in exchange for Na+. Cyanide prevented recovery. Ouabain and oligomycin each partially prevented fluid extrusion, but had little effect on ultrastructural recovery except to induce intracellular vesicles containing particles of thorium dioxide derived from sinusoidal spaces. The vesicles were, however, markedly different in form with each inhibitor. There are, thus ouabain-sensitive and insensitive components of volume regulation; the former appears to depend on the coupled transport of Na+ and K+ and the latter, we suggest, on a secretion of Na+ and Cl- into vesicles which release their contents into the bile canaliculi by an oligomycin-sensitive mechanism. Mitochondria showed conformational changes between orthodox and condensed forms, but these could not be directly related to tissue energy states; the numbers of mitochondrial dense granules bore a closer relation to tissue ATP.", "PMID": 845932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6984", "title": "Tracer flux ratios: a phenomenological approach.", "content": "The kinetic behavior of tracer flows across epithelial membranes is examined and attention is called to the condition under which unidirectional tracer flows may be described by first order rate equations. It is shown that the first order nature of the tracer rate equation when combined with simple thermodynamic constraints on tracer flow yields a relation between the ratio of the unidirectional rate coefficients and thermodynamic driving forces. The form of this relation is examined for the case of simple diffusion and in the presence of coupled process.", "contents": "Tracer flux ratios: a phenomenological approach. The kinetic behavior of tracer flows across epithelial membranes is examined and attention is called to the condition under which unidirectional tracer flows may be described by first order rate equations. It is shown that the first order nature of the tracer rate equation when combined with simple thermodynamic constraints on tracer flow yields a relation between the ratio of the unidirectional rate coefficients and thermodynamic driving forces. The form of this relation is examined for the case of simple diffusion and in the presence of coupled process.", "PMID": 845933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6985", "title": "Cation permeability ratios of sodium channels in normal and grayanotoxin-treated squid axon membranes.", "content": "Permeabilities of squid axon membranes to various cations at rest and during activity have been measured by voltage clamp before and during internal perfusion of 4 X 10(-5) M grayanotoxin I. The resting sodium and potassium permeabilities were estimated to be 6.85 X 10(-8) cm/sec and 2.84 X 10(-6) cm/sec, respectively. Grayanotoxin I increased the resting sodium permeability to 7.38 10(-7) cm/sec representing an 11-fold increase. The potassium permeability was increased only by a factor of 1.24. The resting permeability ratios as estimated by the voltage clamp method before application of grayanotoxin I were Na (1): Li (0.83): formamidine (1.34): guanidine (1.49): Cs (0.87): methylguanidine (0.86): methylamine (0.78). Grayanotoxin I did not drastically the resting permeability ratios with a result of Na (1): Li (0.95): formamidine (1.27): guanidine (1.16): Cs (0.47): methylguanidine (0.72): methylamine (0.46). The membrane potential method gave essentially the same resting permability ratios before and during application of grayanotoxin I if corrections were made for permeability to choline as the cation substitute and for changes in potassium permeability caused by test cations. The permeability ration choline/Na was estimated to be 0.72 by the voltage clamp method and 0.65 by the membrane potential method. Grayanotoxin I decreased the ration to 0.43. The permeability ratios during peak transient current were estimated to be Na (1): Li (1.12): formamidine (0.20): guanidine (0.20): Cs (0.085): methylguanidine (0.061): methylamine (0.036). Thus the sodium channels for the peak current are much more selective to cation than the resting sodium channels. It appears that the resting sodium channels in normal and grayanotoixn I-treated axons are operationally different from the sodium channels that undergo a conductance increase upon stimulation.", "contents": "Cation permeability ratios of sodium channels in normal and grayanotoxin-treated squid axon membranes. Permeabilities of squid axon membranes to various cations at rest and during activity have been measured by voltage clamp before and during internal perfusion of 4 X 10(-5) M grayanotoxin I. The resting sodium and potassium permeabilities were estimated to be 6.85 X 10(-8) cm/sec and 2.84 X 10(-6) cm/sec, respectively. Grayanotoxin I increased the resting sodium permeability to 7.38 10(-7) cm/sec representing an 11-fold increase. The potassium permeability was increased only by a factor of 1.24. The resting permeability ratios as estimated by the voltage clamp method before application of grayanotoxin I were Na (1): Li (0.83): formamidine (1.34): guanidine (1.49): Cs (0.87): methylguanidine (0.86): methylamine (0.78). Grayanotoxin I did not drastically the resting permeability ratios with a result of Na (1): Li (0.95): formamidine (1.27): guanidine (1.16): Cs (0.47): methylguanidine (0.72): methylamine (0.46). The membrane potential method gave essentially the same resting permability ratios before and during application of grayanotoxin I if corrections were made for permeability to choline as the cation substitute and for changes in potassium permeability caused by test cations. The permeability ration choline/Na was estimated to be 0.72 by the voltage clamp method and 0.65 by the membrane potential method. Grayanotoxin I decreased the ration to 0.43. The permeability ratios during peak transient current were estimated to be Na (1): Li (1.12): formamidine (0.20): guanidine (0.20): Cs (0.085): methylguanidine (0.061): methylamine (0.036). Thus the sodium channels for the peak current are much more selective to cation than the resting sodium channels. It appears that the resting sodium channels in normal and grayanotoixn I-treated axons are operationally different from the sodium channels that undergo a conductance increase upon stimulation.", "PMID": 845934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6986", "title": "Comparative analysis of the hindgut in two species of protura (Insecta, Apterygota).", "content": "The proturan hindgut consists of two regions, with different ultrastructure. The anterior region is organized into three primary longitudinal folds alternating with three smaller, secondary ones. In Acerentomon each primary fold in a cross section contains one or two cells showing all the structures which are involved in water reabsorption. The cells of the secondary folds do not seem engaged in a similar function. In Eosentomon the primary folds present a more complicated organization. Each of them consists of one central cell concerned with reabsorption and two lateral ones. Beneath these cells, on both sides of the fold there is a longitudinal muscle fiber. The posterior region of the hindgut does not seem capable of modifying the gut contents.", "contents": "Comparative analysis of the hindgut in two species of protura (Insecta, Apterygota). The proturan hindgut consists of two regions, with different ultrastructure. The anterior region is organized into three primary longitudinal folds alternating with three smaller, secondary ones. In Acerentomon each primary fold in a cross section contains one or two cells showing all the structures which are involved in water reabsorption. The cells of the secondary folds do not seem engaged in a similar function. In Eosentomon the primary folds present a more complicated organization. Each of them consists of one central cell concerned with reabsorption and two lateral ones. Beneath these cells, on both sides of the fold there is a longitudinal muscle fiber. The posterior region of the hindgut does not seem capable of modifying the gut contents.", "PMID": 845963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6987", "title": "Ultrastructure and histochemistry of the supportive structures associated with the radula of the slug, Limax maximus.", "content": "The odontophore and connective tissue-filled portion of the radular sac (called the \"collostyle\") of the slug, Limax maximus, were examined by light and electron microscopy. While both of these structures grossly resemble vertebrate cartilage, neither is composed of a type of tissue with the microscopic appearance and histochemical properties of cartilage. The roughly U-shaped odontophore possesses a thin capsule composed of connective tissue. The parenchyma of the odontophore consists of modified muscle cells which are organized into irregular groups by incomplete trabeculae composed of conventional muscle cells. The odontophoral cells are variable in size; they contain glycogen-filled \"cores\" as well as bundles of peripherally located filaments resembling myofilaments; and they are innervated like muscle cells. The nuclei of the cells are located eccentrically in the glycogen-filled portions of the cells and typically contain prominent nucleoli. The nuclei are surrounded by multiple small Golgi complexes and pleomorphic dense bodies resembling lysosomes. The extracellular matrix of the odontophore is very sparse and contains glycogen and fibrillar material but no histochemically demonstrable acidic mucosubstances. The collostyle consists of a gelatinous type of tissue somewhat like vertebrate mucoid connective tissue. The abundant extracellular matrix contains cross-banded filaments, a flocculent material disposed in wavy indefinite strands, and small electron-dense particles. The matrix contains histochemically demonstrable neutral and weakly acidic mucosubstances. The cell population of the collostyle includes solitary muscle cells and fibrocytes containing large quantities of glycogen.", "contents": "Ultrastructure and histochemistry of the supportive structures associated with the radula of the slug, Limax maximus. The odontophore and connective tissue-filled portion of the radular sac (called the \"collostyle\") of the slug, Limax maximus, were examined by light and electron microscopy. While both of these structures grossly resemble vertebrate cartilage, neither is composed of a type of tissue with the microscopic appearance and histochemical properties of cartilage. The roughly U-shaped odontophore possesses a thin capsule composed of connective tissue. The parenchyma of the odontophore consists of modified muscle cells which are organized into irregular groups by incomplete trabeculae composed of conventional muscle cells. The odontophoral cells are variable in size; they contain glycogen-filled \"cores\" as well as bundles of peripherally located filaments resembling myofilaments; and they are innervated like muscle cells. The nuclei of the cells are located eccentrically in the glycogen-filled portions of the cells and typically contain prominent nucleoli. The nuclei are surrounded by multiple small Golgi complexes and pleomorphic dense bodies resembling lysosomes. The extracellular matrix of the odontophore is very sparse and contains glycogen and fibrillar material but no histochemically demonstrable acidic mucosubstances. The collostyle consists of a gelatinous type of tissue somewhat like vertebrate mucoid connective tissue. The abundant extracellular matrix contains cross-banded filaments, a flocculent material disposed in wavy indefinite strands, and small electron-dense particles. The matrix contains histochemically demonstrable neutral and weakly acidic mucosubstances. The cell population of the collostyle includes solitary muscle cells and fibrocytes containing large quantities of glycogen.", "PMID": 845964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6988", "title": "Tergal modifications associated with abdominal glandular cells in the Blattaria.", "content": "Tergal abdominal modifications of 30 species of Blattaria (Dictyoptera) were studied by means of histological scanning electron microscopy techniques. Despite marked anatomical diversity of the glands, only a few basic types of cells are present. Male tergal glands which are involved in sexual behavior generally have glandular cells filled with electron transparent vacuoles (type 3a) and those with dense myeloid secretion (type 3b); in addition some have large cells without ducts, not in contact with the cuticle and surrounded by other cells (type 2). External setae, usually associated with these structures, are mechano-receptors or mechano-chemoreceptors. Glands not involved in courtship (e.g., defensive glands) usually have large glandular cells with a ductule that reaches the end apparatus secreted by the glandular cell itself (Type 3) but lack types 2, 3a, and 3b. Species which do not have distinctive tergal modifications may have concentrations of microscopic pores or openings associated with glandular cells on certain segments. The chemistry of the secretions produced by tergal glands is unknown for most species. This paper emphasizes the need for behavioral and biochemical studies to elucidate the biological significance of cockroach tergal glands.", "contents": "Tergal modifications associated with abdominal glandular cells in the Blattaria. Tergal abdominal modifications of 30 species of Blattaria (Dictyoptera) were studied by means of histological scanning electron microscopy techniques. Despite marked anatomical diversity of the glands, only a few basic types of cells are present. Male tergal glands which are involved in sexual behavior generally have glandular cells filled with electron transparent vacuoles (type 3a) and those with dense myeloid secretion (type 3b); in addition some have large cells without ducts, not in contact with the cuticle and surrounded by other cells (type 2). External setae, usually associated with these structures, are mechano-receptors or mechano-chemoreceptors. Glands not involved in courtship (e.g., defensive glands) usually have large glandular cells with a ductule that reaches the end apparatus secreted by the glandular cell itself (Type 3) but lack types 2, 3a, and 3b. Species which do not have distinctive tergal modifications may have concentrations of microscopic pores or openings associated with glandular cells on certain segments. The chemistry of the secretions produced by tergal glands is unknown for most species. This paper emphasizes the need for behavioral and biochemical studies to elucidate the biological significance of cockroach tergal glands.", "PMID": 845965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6989", "title": "The fibrocartilage skeleton and related structures of the ventral pouch of balaenopterid whales.", "content": "The mandibular symphysis of rorqual whales, whales of the genera Megaptera and Balaenoptera, is characterized by a Y-shaped fibrocartilage structure that lies in the substance of the muscular ventral pouch of these animals. The stem of the structure joins with the symphysis and is usually indicated externally by an unfurrowed median strip of blubber that has been called the \"cutwater\" by earlier writers. The arms of the Y pass back and are superficially indicated in all rorqual whales as a ridge running parallel to the rami of the mandibles. This fibrocartilage skeleton of the pouch is most closely related to the mylohyoid muscle. The function of the fibrocartilage Y is probably linked with the jaw mechanics of these whales, but its precise function is otherwise not known.", "contents": "The fibrocartilage skeleton and related structures of the ventral pouch of balaenopterid whales. The mandibular symphysis of rorqual whales, whales of the genera Megaptera and Balaenoptera, is characterized by a Y-shaped fibrocartilage structure that lies in the substance of the muscular ventral pouch of these animals. The stem of the structure joins with the symphysis and is usually indicated externally by an unfurrowed median strip of blubber that has been called the \"cutwater\" by earlier writers. The arms of the Y pass back and are superficially indicated in all rorqual whales as a ridge running parallel to the rami of the mandibles. This fibrocartilage skeleton of the pouch is most closely related to the mylohyoid muscle. The function of the fibrocartilage Y is probably linked with the jaw mechanics of these whales, but its precise function is otherwise not known.", "PMID": 845966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6990", "title": "Sense organs on the antennal flagellum of psocids (Insecta, Psocoptera).", "content": "The sense organs on the antennal flagella of five species of winged psocids belonging to two families of Psocoptera, Psocidae and Leptopsocidae, have been examined, All agree in possessing tactile hairs, thick-walled chemoreceptors and long, porous chemoreceptors. Thin-walled chemoreceptors were identified in all species except Metylophorous novaescotiae. Coeloconic chemoreceptors were present in all species except Echmepteryx hageni. Campaniform sense organs were found only in Metylophorus novaescotiae and Psocus leidyi.", "contents": "Sense organs on the antennal flagellum of psocids (Insecta, Psocoptera). The sense organs on the antennal flagella of five species of winged psocids belonging to two families of Psocoptera, Psocidae and Leptopsocidae, have been examined, All agree in possessing tactile hairs, thick-walled chemoreceptors and long, porous chemoreceptors. Thin-walled chemoreceptors were identified in all species except Metylophorous novaescotiae. Coeloconic chemoreceptors were present in all species except Echmepteryx hageni. Campaniform sense organs were found only in Metylophorus novaescotiae and Psocus leidyi.", "PMID": 845967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6991", "title": "Structural correlates of forelimb function in fur seals and sea lions.", "content": "Dissections, manipulation of ligamentary preparations, analysis of limb proportions, and quantitative aspects of forelimb myology are used to correlate forelimb morphology in fur seals and sea lions (sub-family Otariinae) with previously published data as to their locomotor function (English, '76a). Comparisons to structure and function in generalized fissiped carnivores are then used to elucidate locomotor adaptations in fur seals and sea lions. Unique features of forelimb function during swimming in these pinnipeds include the amounts of abduction-adduction and rotary movements used. Modifications of the size, attachments and fasicle architecture of the muscles and the structure and range of possible movement of the joints suggest that in fur seals and sea lions these movements (1) take place about the glenohumeral (shoulder) joints, (2) that the movements are probably finely controlled, and (3) that they contribute to the generation of massive forward thrust via the cooperative activity of muscles capable of generating large amounts of force throughout the range of movement. Recovery movements occur through a similarly large range, and modifications of forelimb anatomy either to minimize or overcome water resistance are noted. The adaptive significance of these modifications is interpreted as allowing fur seals and sea lions to swim at speeds necessary to feed on the fast swimming prey presumably abundant in their adaptive zone.", "contents": "Structural correlates of forelimb function in fur seals and sea lions. Dissections, manipulation of ligamentary preparations, analysis of limb proportions, and quantitative aspects of forelimb myology are used to correlate forelimb morphology in fur seals and sea lions (sub-family Otariinae) with previously published data as to their locomotor function (English, '76a). Comparisons to structure and function in generalized fissiped carnivores are then used to elucidate locomotor adaptations in fur seals and sea lions. Unique features of forelimb function during swimming in these pinnipeds include the amounts of abduction-adduction and rotary movements used. Modifications of the size, attachments and fasicle architecture of the muscles and the structure and range of possible movement of the joints suggest that in fur seals and sea lions these movements (1) take place about the glenohumeral (shoulder) joints, (2) that the movements are probably finely controlled, and (3) that they contribute to the generation of massive forward thrust via the cooperative activity of muscles capable of generating large amounts of force throughout the range of movement. Recovery movements occur through a similarly large range, and modifications of forelimb anatomy either to minimize or overcome water resistance are noted. The adaptive significance of these modifications is interpreted as allowing fur seals and sea lions to swim at speeds necessary to feed on the fast swimming prey presumably abundant in their adaptive zone.", "PMID": 845968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6992", "title": "Initiation of the actinotrichial development in the early fin bud of the fish, Salmo.", "content": "Ultrastructural analysis of initial development of actinotrichia, the skeleton anlage of the pelvic fin buds, was performed on the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. It shows that the first actinotrichial rudiments appear in the subepidermal space of the pseudoapical cap. No mesenchymal cell bodies or their filopods are present. Hyaloplasmic protrusions of the basal epidermal cells are seen in the subepidermal space, limited by a dermoepidermal boundary reduced to a discontinuous thin adepidermal lamina without a collagenous layer. These morphological data suggest that the epidermal pseudoapical cap probably initiates the development of actinotrichia. Later, mesenchymal cells invade the subepidermal space and are probably involved in the further growth of actinotrichia.", "contents": "Initiation of the actinotrichial development in the early fin bud of the fish, Salmo. Ultrastructural analysis of initial development of actinotrichia, the skeleton anlage of the pelvic fin buds, was performed on the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. It shows that the first actinotrichial rudiments appear in the subepidermal space of the pseudoapical cap. No mesenchymal cell bodies or their filopods are present. Hyaloplasmic protrusions of the basal epidermal cells are seen in the subepidermal space, limited by a dermoepidermal boundary reduced to a discontinuous thin adepidermal lamina without a collagenous layer. These morphological data suggest that the epidermal pseudoapical cap probably initiates the development of actinotrichia. Later, mesenchymal cells invade the subepidermal space and are probably involved in the further growth of actinotrichia.", "PMID": 845969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6993", "title": "Development of bioluminescence and photophores in the midshipman fish, Porichthys notatus.", "content": "Correlative studies of luminescent responses, light and electron microscopy of Porichthys photophores during development were conducted. The photophores differentiate as an outgrowth of the basal cell layer of the epidermis, from which they delaminate into the dermis. Reflector cells are formed from dermal fibroblasts. Early photophore cells differentiate into three distinct cell types: photocytes, supportive and lens cells. Elaborate profiles of endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies and vesicles suggest intense secretory activity in the early photocytes, while supportive and lens cells differentiate by two different transformations of the microfilament arrangement of primordial photophore cells. Luminescent capabilities of Porichthys photophores arise in two successive phases: (1) an aneural phase during which photophores become fluorescent, photocytes are in process of maturation and respond only to chemical stimulation and (2) a neural phase in which photophores luminesce upon electrical and pharmacological stimulation and are densely innervated with terminals showing relatively narrow neurophotocyte gaps. The presence of neural elements intimately associated with the early photophore anlagen suggests the involvement of the peripheral nervous system in the formation of photophores.", "contents": "Development of bioluminescence and photophores in the midshipman fish, Porichthys notatus. Correlative studies of luminescent responses, light and electron microscopy of Porichthys photophores during development were conducted. The photophores differentiate as an outgrowth of the basal cell layer of the epidermis, from which they delaminate into the dermis. Reflector cells are formed from dermal fibroblasts. Early photophore cells differentiate into three distinct cell types: photocytes, supportive and lens cells. Elaborate profiles of endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies and vesicles suggest intense secretory activity in the early photocytes, while supportive and lens cells differentiate by two different transformations of the microfilament arrangement of primordial photophore cells. Luminescent capabilities of Porichthys photophores arise in two successive phases: (1) an aneural phase during which photophores become fluorescent, photocytes are in process of maturation and respond only to chemical stimulation and (2) a neural phase in which photophores luminesce upon electrical and pharmacological stimulation and are densely innervated with terminals showing relatively narrow neurophotocyte gaps. The presence of neural elements intimately associated with the early photophore anlagen suggests the involvement of the peripheral nervous system in the formation of photophores.", "PMID": 845970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6994", "title": "Synaptic organization of the nucleus rotundus in some teleosts.", "content": "Synaptic organization of the nucleus rotundus was studied with the electron microscope in three teleost species belonging to the same order. In spite of the different histological organization (non-laminated, incompletely laminated, and laminated), the same kinds of axon terminals (S and F) are observed in all species. A fibrous layer which is clearly formed only in the laminated nucleus is composed of F1 terminals and dendrites from a layer of small cells. The same kind of synapses formed between F1 terminals and dendrites of small cells are also found among glomeruli in the non-laminated and incompletely laminated nuclei. The main constituents of glomeruli are S and F2 terminals and dendrites of large cells in the non-laminated and incompletely laminated nuclei, and are S terminals and star-like structures which correspond to the tips of the dendrites of large cells in the laminated nucleus. The star-like structure contains numerous mitochondria and clusters of small polymorphic vesicles. Some of the vesicles aggregate at thickened cell membranes of the structure as in presynaptic dendrites.", "contents": "Synaptic organization of the nucleus rotundus in some teleosts. Synaptic organization of the nucleus rotundus was studied with the electron microscope in three teleost species belonging to the same order. In spite of the different histological organization (non-laminated, incompletely laminated, and laminated), the same kinds of axon terminals (S and F) are observed in all species. A fibrous layer which is clearly formed only in the laminated nucleus is composed of F1 terminals and dendrites from a layer of small cells. The same kind of synapses formed between F1 terminals and dendrites of small cells are also found among glomeruli in the non-laminated and incompletely laminated nuclei. The main constituents of glomeruli are S and F2 terminals and dendrites of large cells in the non-laminated and incompletely laminated nuclei, and are S terminals and star-like structures which correspond to the tips of the dendrites of large cells in the laminated nucleus. The star-like structure contains numerous mitochondria and clusters of small polymorphic vesicles. Some of the vesicles aggregate at thickened cell membranes of the structure as in presynaptic dendrites.", "PMID": 845971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6995", "title": "Fine structure and role in behavior of sensilla on the terminalia of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae).", "content": "The terminalia of male and female Aedes aegypti (L.) bear numerous hairs of various shapes and lengths, all of which are mechanoreceptors. Each hair is innervated by one bipolar neuron which contains ciliary rootlets, two basal bodies, and a region assuming the structure of a non-motile cilium. At the distal tip of the dendrite is a tubular body, a characteristic of cuticular mechanoreceptors. Covering the outer dendritic segment is a cuticular sheath which ends proximally in a net-like felt-work and distally attaches to the hair base. Each hair sensillum has two sheath cells. Presumed efferent fibers are associated with the sheath cells. On the insula of the female terminalia are a few campaniform sensilla, the domes of which are raised into small pegs. The sensilla on the terminalia function in copulation and oviposition and probably in warning. A sequence of neurological events is traced for copulation an oviposition. Other cuticular structures, viz., scales, microtrichia, acanthae, and aedeagal spines, which occur on the terminalia are not innervated.", "contents": "Fine structure and role in behavior of sensilla on the terminalia of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae). The terminalia of male and female Aedes aegypti (L.) bear numerous hairs of various shapes and lengths, all of which are mechanoreceptors. Each hair is innervated by one bipolar neuron which contains ciliary rootlets, two basal bodies, and a region assuming the structure of a non-motile cilium. At the distal tip of the dendrite is a tubular body, a characteristic of cuticular mechanoreceptors. Covering the outer dendritic segment is a cuticular sheath which ends proximally in a net-like felt-work and distally attaches to the hair base. Each hair sensillum has two sheath cells. Presumed efferent fibers are associated with the sheath cells. On the insula of the female terminalia are a few campaniform sensilla, the domes of which are raised into small pegs. The sensilla on the terminalia function in copulation and oviposition and probably in warning. A sequence of neurological events is traced for copulation an oviposition. Other cuticular structures, viz., scales, microtrichia, acanthae, and aedeagal spines, which occur on the terminalia are not innervated.", "PMID": 845972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6996", "title": "Hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats following chronic methotrexate administration: a model of human reaction.", "content": "The effects of ip administration of methotrexate (MTX) on 3-month-old male Wistar rats were studied. We administered log doses from 125 to 2,000 mug/kg, five times per week for as long as 24 months. The massive doses were promptly lethal, and most rats receiving 500 mug or more/kg died within a few weeks. Severe hematopolietic depression and ulcerative gastrointestinal lesions were observed. Truly chronic intoxication was achieved with the lesser doses. Rats in this category developed serious liver damage, namely, varying degrees of fatty metamorphosis, necrosis, atrophy of hepatic cords, and fibrosis. Hematopoietic depletion occurred in the spleen and bone marrow. Hemosiderosis was prominent in the spleen and liver. Pulmonary lesions--chiefly emphysema, occasionally fibrosis--were found less consistently. These studies demonstrated the ability of MTX to induce lesions, most consistently hepatic, in the Wistar rat, and thus have provided an animal model to evaluate protective measures.", "contents": "Hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats following chronic methotrexate administration: a model of human reaction. The effects of ip administration of methotrexate (MTX) on 3-month-old male Wistar rats were studied. We administered log doses from 125 to 2,000 mug/kg, five times per week for as long as 24 months. The massive doses were promptly lethal, and most rats receiving 500 mug or more/kg died within a few weeks. Severe hematopolietic depression and ulcerative gastrointestinal lesions were observed. Truly chronic intoxication was achieved with the lesser doses. Rats in this category developed serious liver damage, namely, varying degrees of fatty metamorphosis, necrosis, atrophy of hepatic cords, and fibrosis. Hematopoietic depletion occurred in the spleen and bone marrow. Hemosiderosis was prominent in the spleen and liver. Pulmonary lesions--chiefly emphysema, occasionally fibrosis--were found less consistently. These studies demonstrated the ability of MTX to induce lesions, most consistently hepatic, in the Wistar rat, and thus have provided an animal model to evaluate protective measures.", "PMID": 845977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6997", "title": "Cell-surface changes in Ricinus communis toxin (ricin)-resistant variant of a murine lymphoma.", "content": "A variant of the murine lymphoma cell line BW5147 that was 250 times more resistant than the parent to Ricinus communis II agglutinin (RCAII, ricin) toxicity (measured in the absence of serum) was selected by repeated exposure of cells to increasing concentrations of the lectin. Quantitative binding of the lectin, however, was decreased by only 30-40% in the variant. In contrast with several reported lectin-resistant variants, most surface glycoproteins on the parental and variant cell surfaces were similar, as judged by electrophoresis after lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination and RCAI-affinity chromatography. Surface studies showed that an RCAI- and RCAII-binding protein of about 80,000 daltons on the surfaces of parental cells is altered on the variant cells to a form with a lower apparent molecular weight. We suggested that this protein is important for entry of RCAII molecules in parental cells, but that its altered form on the variant cells no longer mediates efficient RCAII uptake, thus imparting toxin resistance. In addition, a protein of approximately 35,000 daltons, which does not bind RCAI, is weakly lactoperoxidase-iodinated on parental but not variant cells.", "contents": "Cell-surface changes in Ricinus communis toxin (ricin)-resistant variant of a murine lymphoma. A variant of the murine lymphoma cell line BW5147 that was 250 times more resistant than the parent to Ricinus communis II agglutinin (RCAII, ricin) toxicity (measured in the absence of serum) was selected by repeated exposure of cells to increasing concentrations of the lectin. Quantitative binding of the lectin, however, was decreased by only 30-40% in the variant. In contrast with several reported lectin-resistant variants, most surface glycoproteins on the parental and variant cell surfaces were similar, as judged by electrophoresis after lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination and RCAI-affinity chromatography. Surface studies showed that an RCAI- and RCAII-binding protein of about 80,000 daltons on the surfaces of parental cells is altered on the variant cells to a form with a lower apparent molecular weight. We suggested that this protein is important for entry of RCAII molecules in parental cells, but that its altered form on the variant cells no longer mediates efficient RCAII uptake, thus imparting toxin resistance. In addition, a protein of approximately 35,000 daltons, which does not bind RCAI, is weakly lactoperoxidase-iodinated on parental but not variant cells.", "PMID": 845978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6998", "title": "Lack of growth of a pregnancy-dependent mouse mammary tumor (TPDMT-4) in the absence of pituitary hormones.", "content": "Mammary tumors of line TPDMT-4, established in DDD mice, were characterized by growth during pregnancy and regression after parturition; this resulted in higher growth peaks in subsequent pregnancies in breeders and no growth in virgins. The effect of hypophysectomy on tumor growth in mice given 17beta-estradiol (E) and progesterone (P) or deoxycorticosterone acetate (DCA) was investigated. Growth of cancers occurred in E+P- and E+DCA-treated virgins, but not in cholesterol-treated virgins. Tumors did not grow to palpable sizes in cholesterol-, E+P-, and E+DCA-treated hypophysectomized virgins; this indicated that pituitary hormones were essential for tumor growth. Impalpable cholesterol-treated, 5 of 10 E+P-treated, and 3 of 6 E+DCA-treated hypophysectomized animals. The neoplasms showed ductal and tubular structures that were lined by a single layer of well-differentiated buoidal epithelium, which suggested that the tumor line might be derived from ductal cells.", "contents": "Lack of growth of a pregnancy-dependent mouse mammary tumor (TPDMT-4) in the absence of pituitary hormones. Mammary tumors of line TPDMT-4, established in DDD mice, were characterized by growth during pregnancy and regression after parturition; this resulted in higher growth peaks in subsequent pregnancies in breeders and no growth in virgins. The effect of hypophysectomy on tumor growth in mice given 17beta-estradiol (E) and progesterone (P) or deoxycorticosterone acetate (DCA) was investigated. Growth of cancers occurred in E+P- and E+DCA-treated virgins, but not in cholesterol-treated virgins. Tumors did not grow to palpable sizes in cholesterol-, E+P-, and E+DCA-treated hypophysectomized virgins; this indicated that pituitary hormones were essential for tumor growth. Impalpable cholesterol-treated, 5 of 10 E+P-treated, and 3 of 6 E+DCA-treated hypophysectomized animals. The neoplasms showed ductal and tubular structures that were lined by a single layer of well-differentiated buoidal epithelium, which suggested that the tumor line might be derived from ductal cells.", "PMID": 845979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_6999", "title": "Cocarcinogenic effects of n-alkanes and ultraviolet light on mice.", "content": "A comparison was made of the effects of repeated topical applications to mice of three n-paraffins (n-decane), n-dodecane, and n-tetradecane) on the carcinogenic potential of UV light at three wavelength regions: 254 nm, 290-320 nm, and greater than 350 nm. All three n-alkanes had a cocarcinogenic effect at 254 nm, whereas only n-dodecane was effective from 290 to 320 nm. Radiation at wavelengths longer than 350 nm, generally considered noncarcinogenic, produced tumors on the backs of mice treated with n-decane or n-tetradecane.", "contents": "Cocarcinogenic effects of n-alkanes and ultraviolet light on mice. A comparison was made of the effects of repeated topical applications to mice of three n-paraffins (n-decane), n-dodecane, and n-tetradecane) on the carcinogenic potential of UV light at three wavelength regions: 254 nm, 290-320 nm, and greater than 350 nm. All three n-alkanes had a cocarcinogenic effect at 254 nm, whereas only n-dodecane was effective from 290 to 320 nm. Radiation at wavelengths longer than 350 nm, generally considered noncarcinogenic, produced tumors on the backs of mice treated with n-decane or n-tetradecane.", "PMID": 845980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7000", "title": "Effect of age, sex, and intestinal flora on the induction of colon tumors in rats.", "content": "Germfree and conventional Sprague-Dawley rats were assessed for their susceptibility to intrarectally injected N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) or N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU). Adenocarcinoma of the colon was induced in germfree and conventional rats by both MNNG and MNU. The colons of germfree rats were more susceptible to the direct-acting carcinogens, as manifested by earlier morbidity and development of colon tumors (50% tumors within 30-35 wk), than were those of conventional rats (50% colon tumors within 48-50 wk). Germfree and conventional male rats were more susceptible to the carconogens than were their female germfree and conventional counterparts. Young (30 days old at the start of the experiment) germfree rats developed colon tumors more quickly (15-20 wk) than did older (60 days) germfree rats after intrarectal injections of MNNG. No colon tumors were observed in germfree and conventional rats after 75 weekly intrarectal injections with a buffer. Transplantation of an adenocarcinoma induced with MNU in a female rat to germfree and conventional rats showed that it was easily transplantable, required no immunosuppression, and had essentially the same morphologic characteristics as did the primary tumor.", "contents": "Effect of age, sex, and intestinal flora on the induction of colon tumors in rats. Germfree and conventional Sprague-Dawley rats were assessed for their susceptibility to intrarectally injected N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) or N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU). Adenocarcinoma of the colon was induced in germfree and conventional rats by both MNNG and MNU. The colons of germfree rats were more susceptible to the direct-acting carcinogens, as manifested by earlier morbidity and development of colon tumors (50% tumors within 30-35 wk), than were those of conventional rats (50% colon tumors within 48-50 wk). Germfree and conventional male rats were more susceptible to the carconogens than were their female germfree and conventional counterparts. Young (30 days old at the start of the experiment) germfree rats developed colon tumors more quickly (15-20 wk) than did older (60 days) germfree rats after intrarectal injections of MNNG. No colon tumors were observed in germfree and conventional rats after 75 weekly intrarectal injections with a buffer. Transplantation of an adenocarcinoma induced with MNU in a female rat to germfree and conventional rats showed that it was easily transplantable, required no immunosuppression, and had essentially the same morphologic characteristics as did the primary tumor.", "PMID": 845981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7001", "title": "Determination of enantiomeric homogeneity (optical purity) of cyclophosphamide by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.", "content": "The enantiomeric homogeneity of resolved samples of the chiral anticancer drug cyclophosphamide was evaluated directly by 1H and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy with the use of the optically active shift reagent tris-[3-(trifluoromethylhydroxymethylene)-d-camphorato]europlum(III). These measurements, in concert with optical rotatory dispersion spectroscopy, established that, for optically pure cyclophosphamide, [alphaD] = 2.3 +/- 0.2 degrees.", "contents": "Determination of enantiomeric homogeneity (optical purity) of cyclophosphamide by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The enantiomeric homogeneity of resolved samples of the chiral anticancer drug cyclophosphamide was evaluated directly by 1H and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy with the use of the optically active shift reagent tris-[3-(trifluoromethylhydroxymethylene)-d-camphorato]europlum(III). These measurements, in concert with optical rotatory dispersion spectroscopy, established that, for optically pure cyclophosphamide, [alphaD] = 2.3 +/- 0.2 degrees.", "PMID": 845982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7002", "title": "Superoxide dismutase activity of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.", "content": "A crude extract of Ehrlich ascites tumor cell homogenate was found to contain three distinct bands of superoxide dismutase activity by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Activity bands migrated approximately the same distance and were inhibited by cyanide ions. Isolated mitochondria produced two bands of activity that were also inhibited by cyanid. Ethanol-chloroform treatment of the homogenate had no observable effect on these bands of activity, which suggested that the cyanide-insensitive mitochondrial superoxide dismutase activity in these malignant cells was either present in concentrations below detectable levels or completely absent. Normal liver was used as a control for the detection system.", "contents": "Superoxide dismutase activity of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. A crude extract of Ehrlich ascites tumor cell homogenate was found to contain three distinct bands of superoxide dismutase activity by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Activity bands migrated approximately the same distance and were inhibited by cyanide ions. Isolated mitochondria produced two bands of activity that were also inhibited by cyanid. Ethanol-chloroform treatment of the homogenate had no observable effect on these bands of activity, which suggested that the cyanide-insensitive mitochondrial superoxide dismutase activity in these malignant cells was either present in concentrations below detectable levels or completely absent. Normal liver was used as a control for the detection system.", "PMID": 845983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7003", "title": "Retarded growth of lymphoma in immunodepressed mice.", "content": "Lymphoma cells were inoculated iv into normal and immunodepressed mice. In most instances the immunodepressed animals survived longer than their normal counterparts. This was true both with athymic and thymectomized animals that had been lethally irradiated and reconstituted with syngeneic bone marrow. The route of administration was critical, since increased survival of immunodeficient animals was not observed when the lymphoma cells were injected ip.", "contents": "Retarded growth of lymphoma in immunodepressed mice. Lymphoma cells were inoculated iv into normal and immunodepressed mice. In most instances the immunodepressed animals survived longer than their normal counterparts. This was true both with athymic and thymectomized animals that had been lethally irradiated and reconstituted with syngeneic bone marrow. The route of administration was critical, since increased survival of immunodeficient animals was not observed when the lymphoma cells were injected ip.", "PMID": 845984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7004", "title": "Chromosomal locations of satellite DNA in the MSWBS ascites tumor cell line.", "content": "In situ hybridization of mouse satellite complementary RNA to the chromosomes of the mouse ascites tumor line MSWBS revealed that the distribution of satellite DNA sequences paralleled the location of constitutive heterochromatin as defined by the C-banding technique.", "contents": "Chromosomal locations of satellite DNA in the MSWBS ascites tumor cell line. In situ hybridization of mouse satellite complementary RNA to the chromosomes of the mouse ascites tumor line MSWBS revealed that the distribution of satellite DNA sequences paralleled the location of constitutive heterochromatin as defined by the C-banding technique.", "PMID": 845985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7005", "title": "Activation of intracisternal A particles in mouse liver by diethylnitrosamine.", "content": "Livers of 6- to 7-week-old male C3H/He, CBA, A, and BALB/c mice were examined by electron microscopy for the presence of intracisternal A particles (ICAP) after administration of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in drinking water. In control mice, ICAP were extremely rare; they were found in the livers of only 2 mice (strains C3H/He and A; none in the other strains). By contrast, the treatment of mice with DEN greatly enhanced the appearance of ICAP in the liver cells of all strains. Within 2 weeks of the treatment, ICAP were found in 8-26% of liver cells examined in all mice and the number of ICAP/cell ranged from 3 to 12. Aside from mild disorganization of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, such as segmentation and vesiculation, liver cells of carcinogen-treated mice showed none of the consistent abnormalities that characterize the appearance of ICAP. The reactivation of ICAP (which are usually suppressed in adult mice) by DEN may become a useful marker for analysis of the sequential alterations of the liver that lead to the development of hepatoma during carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Activation of intracisternal A particles in mouse liver by diethylnitrosamine. Livers of 6- to 7-week-old male C3H/He, CBA, A, and BALB/c mice were examined by electron microscopy for the presence of intracisternal A particles (ICAP) after administration of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in drinking water. In control mice, ICAP were extremely rare; they were found in the livers of only 2 mice (strains C3H/He and A; none in the other strains). By contrast, the treatment of mice with DEN greatly enhanced the appearance of ICAP in the liver cells of all strains. Within 2 weeks of the treatment, ICAP were found in 8-26% of liver cells examined in all mice and the number of ICAP/cell ranged from 3 to 12. Aside from mild disorganization of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, such as segmentation and vesiculation, liver cells of carcinogen-treated mice showed none of the consistent abnormalities that characterize the appearance of ICAP. The reactivation of ICAP (which are usually suppressed in adult mice) by DEN may become a useful marker for analysis of the sequential alterations of the liver that lead to the development of hepatoma during carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 845986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7006", "title": "Cerebellar gliomas in children.", "content": "We studied the relationship of histologic features to survival in a population of 132 children with cerebellar gliomas (excluding medulloblastomas). These children had their initial tumor operation at The Children's Hospital Medical Center of Boston between 1l927 and 1968. A classification system that accentuates differences in survival was derived on the basis of clustering of histologic features and survival. This division was supported by the existence of differentially distributed symptoms and signs and by differences in resectability. The two major subgroups of cerebellar gliomas had different patterns of clinical characteristics. Cerebellar glioma A had any of the four histologic features of microcyst, leptomeningeal deposit, Rosenthal fiber, or focus of oligodendroglia; children with glioma A had a 10-year survival rate of 94%. Glioma B, encompassing the histologic features of perivascular pseudorosette, high cell density, necrosis, mitosis, and calcification, was clearly defined but histologically less uniform; children with glioma B had a 10-year survival rate of 29%. These two groups accounted for 90% of the cerebellar gliomas in childhood.", "contents": "Cerebellar gliomas in children. We studied the relationship of histologic features to survival in a population of 132 children with cerebellar gliomas (excluding medulloblastomas). These children had their initial tumor operation at The Children's Hospital Medical Center of Boston between 1l927 and 1968. A classification system that accentuates differences in survival was derived on the basis of clustering of histologic features and survival. This division was supported by the existence of differentially distributed symptoms and signs and by differences in resectability. The two major subgroups of cerebellar gliomas had different patterns of clinical characteristics. Cerebellar glioma A had any of the four histologic features of microcyst, leptomeningeal deposit, Rosenthal fiber, or focus of oligodendroglia; children with glioma A had a 10-year survival rate of 94%. Glioma B, encompassing the histologic features of perivascular pseudorosette, high cell density, necrosis, mitosis, and calcification, was clearly defined but histologically less uniform; children with glioma B had a 10-year survival rate of 29%. These two groups accounted for 90% of the cerebellar gliomas in childhood.", "PMID": 845987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7007", "title": "Secular trends of cerebellar gliomas in children.", "content": "Temporal changes in the histologic composition of cerebellar gliomas were examined in a population of 132 children operated on between 1927 and 1968 at The Children's Hospital Medical Center of Boston. Linear trends with time were examined for clinical features, histologic features, and tumor types. We found evidence of an increasing occurrence of glioma A and its associated features during the 41-year study period. This tumor type is associated with a good prognosis and is histologically well defined. Glioma B, a tumor type associated with a poor prognosis, was relatively stable with respect to time and, therefore, differed markedly from glioma A. Foci of oligodendroglia, a glioma A feature, clustered by year of surgery within a relatively short time span. This feature had a survival rate and a male sex proportion quite different from those of the other histologic features investigated.", "contents": "Secular trends of cerebellar gliomas in children. Temporal changes in the histologic composition of cerebellar gliomas were examined in a population of 132 children operated on between 1927 and 1968 at The Children's Hospital Medical Center of Boston. Linear trends with time were examined for clinical features, histologic features, and tumor types. We found evidence of an increasing occurrence of glioma A and its associated features during the 41-year study period. This tumor type is associated with a good prognosis and is histologically well defined. Glioma B, a tumor type associated with a poor prognosis, was relatively stable with respect to time and, therefore, differed markedly from glioma A. Foci of oligodendroglia, a glioma A feature, clustered by year of surgery within a relatively short time span. This feature had a survival rate and a male sex proportion quite different from those of the other histologic features investigated.", "PMID": 845988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7008", "title": "Immunochemotherapy of malignant melanoma with chlorambucil-bound antimelanoma globulins: preliminary results in patients with disseminated disease.", "content": "Thirteen consecutive patients with inoperable recurrent malignant melanoma were treated by immunochemotherapy with the use of chlorambucil noncovalently bound to goat or rabbit antihuman melanoma globulins. The next consecutive 11 patients fulfilling the criteria for admission into this study were treated with chemotherapy only, i.e., dimethyltriazenoimidazole carboxamide (DTIC). Follow-up was for a minimum of 29 months or until death. Two patients showing an objective response to immunochemotherapy had disease confined to lymph nodes and cutaneous sites; 5 others showed stabilization of cutaneous, nodal, and visceral disease, and 6 patients showed progression of their disease. The median survival of the responders and stabilizers was 20 months, but only 3.5 months for patients with disease progression. None of the 11 patients treated with DTIC had objective tumor regression, and all died within 11 months of the start of treatment with a median survival of 3 months. Immunochemotherapy significantly prolonged the survival compared to that in the DTIC-treated group (P less than 0.05). No hematologic or renal toxicity was detected after immunochemotherapy, but 2 patients in this group developed anaphylactic reactions. Skin reactivity tests to dinitrochlorobenzene and purified protein derivative were of no prognostic value", "contents": "Immunochemotherapy of malignant melanoma with chlorambucil-bound antimelanoma globulins: preliminary results in patients with disseminated disease. Thirteen consecutive patients with inoperable recurrent malignant melanoma were treated by immunochemotherapy with the use of chlorambucil noncovalently bound to goat or rabbit antihuman melanoma globulins. The next consecutive 11 patients fulfilling the criteria for admission into this study were treated with chemotherapy only, i.e., dimethyltriazenoimidazole carboxamide (DTIC). Follow-up was for a minimum of 29 months or until death. Two patients showing an objective response to immunochemotherapy had disease confined to lymph nodes and cutaneous sites; 5 others showed stabilization of cutaneous, nodal, and visceral disease, and 6 patients showed progression of their disease. The median survival of the responders and stabilizers was 20 months, but only 3.5 months for patients with disease progression. None of the 11 patients treated with DTIC had objective tumor regression, and all died within 11 months of the start of treatment with a median survival of 3 months. Immunochemotherapy significantly prolonged the survival compared to that in the DTIC-treated group (P less than 0.05). No hematologic or renal toxicity was detected after immunochemotherapy, but 2 patients in this group developed anaphylactic reactions. Skin reactivity tests to dinitrochlorobenzene and purified protein derivative were of no prognostic value", "PMID": 845989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7009", "title": "A new class of infectious agents detectable by the production of chorioallantoic membrane lesions by human lymphoblastoid cell lines and their culture supernatants.", "content": "Intravenous injection of cells and their tissue culture supernatants (CS) from human lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) induced the formation of lesions on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of the chicken embryo. Injection of cells and CS from non-LCL and normal human lymphocytes induced few or no lesions. Irradiated chick embryos were more sensitive to lesion formation than were nonirradiated embryos. The log10 CAM lesions induced in irradiated (500 rads) embryos were a linear function of the log10 cells (from LCL) in the inoculum; the slope was 1.0, within experimental error. The formation of CAM lesions did not depend on the presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) since lesions were also induced by cells and extracts derived from EBV genome-free LCL. Lesion-inducing activity associated with CS was filterable through 0.22-mu filters, sedimented at 78,000 x g, and sensitive to inactivation by heat (56 degrees C for 30 min), UV irradiation, chloroform, sera from chickens immunized against CS, and certain human sera. Lesion-inducing activity associated with cells and extracts was resistant to 5,000 rads of gamma-radiation. B2/B2 embryos (the B locus is the major histocompatibility locus of chickens) were more sensitive to lesion formation than were B15/B21 and outbred embryos; this suggested a genetic influence on lesion formation. Our data suggest that the irradiated chicken embryo may be a highly sensitive and useful means for the detection of an unidentified or unknown agent or agents that may play an important role in human oncogenic lymphocyte transformation or might interact with transforming viruses.", "contents": "A new class of infectious agents detectable by the production of chorioallantoic membrane lesions by human lymphoblastoid cell lines and their culture supernatants. Intravenous injection of cells and their tissue culture supernatants (CS) from human lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) induced the formation of lesions on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of the chicken embryo. Injection of cells and CS from non-LCL and normal human lymphocytes induced few or no lesions. Irradiated chick embryos were more sensitive to lesion formation than were nonirradiated embryos. The log10 CAM lesions induced in irradiated (500 rads) embryos were a linear function of the log10 cells (from LCL) in the inoculum; the slope was 1.0, within experimental error. The formation of CAM lesions did not depend on the presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) since lesions were also induced by cells and extracts derived from EBV genome-free LCL. Lesion-inducing activity associated with CS was filterable through 0.22-mu filters, sedimented at 78,000 x g, and sensitive to inactivation by heat (56 degrees C for 30 min), UV irradiation, chloroform, sera from chickens immunized against CS, and certain human sera. Lesion-inducing activity associated with cells and extracts was resistant to 5,000 rads of gamma-radiation. B2/B2 embryos (the B locus is the major histocompatibility locus of chickens) were more sensitive to lesion formation than were B15/B21 and outbred embryos; this suggested a genetic influence on lesion formation. Our data suggest that the irradiated chicken embryo may be a highly sensitive and useful means for the detection of an unidentified or unknown agent or agents that may play an important role in human oncogenic lymphocyte transformation or might interact with transforming viruses.", "PMID": 845990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7010", "title": "Influence of renal insufficiency on levels of serum ribonuclease in patients with multiple myeloma.", "content": "Serum RNase levels were measured in 34 patients with multiple myeloma and compared with 51 normal controls and 28 non-myeloma patients on chronic hemodialysis. Nineteen of the myeloma patinets with creatinine clearance (CCr) greater than 50 ml/minute had mean serum RNase levels that were statistically indistinguishable from those of the normal controls. The 15 myeloma patinets with CCr less than 50 ml/minute had mean RNase levels much higher than normal controls or myeloma patients with normal renal function. Patients without myeloma but on hemodialysis for chronic renal failure of varied etiologies had markedly elevated serum RNase levels. A strong correlation between RNase levels and renal insufficiency, as measured by CCr, has thus been demonstrated. In addition, case histories of 5 representative myeloma patients were analyzed in greater detail; they illustrated the rise and fall of RNase levels as a function of the status of their renal insufficiency, regardless of the extent of the underlying myeloma. We concluded that the serum RNase level was an indicator of renal function, and was not a biomarker either for the presence or extent of the plasma cell tumor.", "contents": "Influence of renal insufficiency on levels of serum ribonuclease in patients with multiple myeloma. Serum RNase levels were measured in 34 patients with multiple myeloma and compared with 51 normal controls and 28 non-myeloma patients on chronic hemodialysis. Nineteen of the myeloma patinets with creatinine clearance (CCr) greater than 50 ml/minute had mean serum RNase levels that were statistically indistinguishable from those of the normal controls. The 15 myeloma patinets with CCr less than 50 ml/minute had mean RNase levels much higher than normal controls or myeloma patients with normal renal function. Patients without myeloma but on hemodialysis for chronic renal failure of varied etiologies had markedly elevated serum RNase levels. A strong correlation between RNase levels and renal insufficiency, as measured by CCr, has thus been demonstrated. In addition, case histories of 5 representative myeloma patients were analyzed in greater detail; they illustrated the rise and fall of RNase levels as a function of the status of their renal insufficiency, regardless of the extent of the underlying myeloma. We concluded that the serum RNase level was an indicator of renal function, and was not a biomarker either for the presence or extent of the plasma cell tumor.", "PMID": 845991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7011", "title": "Inhibition of DNA synthesis of synchronized RSa cells by human leukocyte interferon.", "content": "A human leukocyte interferon preparation suppressed DNA synthesis and subsequent mitosis of synchronously growing virus-transformed human RSa cells. DNA synthesis was inhibited completely when interferon was added to cell cultures in late G1 phase, but was not so inhibited when interferon was added in G1/S boundary phase. Overall protein synthesis was reduced only slightly by interferon treatment. The findings suggested that critical events leading to the inhibition of DNA synthesis and subsequent mitosis by interferon action take place in late G1 phase or S phase.", "contents": "Inhibition of DNA synthesis of synchronized RSa cells by human leukocyte interferon. A human leukocyte interferon preparation suppressed DNA synthesis and subsequent mitosis of synchronously growing virus-transformed human RSa cells. DNA synthesis was inhibited completely when interferon was added to cell cultures in late G1 phase, but was not so inhibited when interferon was added in G1/S boundary phase. Overall protein synthesis was reduced only slightly by interferon treatment. The findings suggested that critical events leading to the inhibition of DNA synthesis and subsequent mitosis by interferon action take place in late G1 phase or S phase.", "PMID": 845992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7012", "title": "Leukocyte migration studies in gastric cancer detection: an approach toward improved specificity and sensitivity.", "content": "Peripheral blood leukocytes from patients with gastric cancer and various other malignant and nonmalignant diseases and peripheral blood leukocytes from apparently healthy volunteers were tested in the leukocyte migration inhibition test with the use of 4-5 different 3 M KCl extracts of gastric cancer tissue. An operational criterion for defining sensitization of patients' leukocytes was developed; i.e., evidence in an individual sample of leukocytes of either decreased or increased migration areas (migration index less than or equal to 0.79 and larger than or equal to 1.20, respectively) with 3 or more antigen extracts. With this as an indicator of sensitization, it was found that 91% of patients with gastric cancer (39/43), comparto 5% (5/94) and 3% (1/32) of patients with nonmalignant, nongastric diseases and normal controls, respectively, were reactive. Patients with various nongastric cancers were sensitized in 36% (49/135) of cases. Gastritis and gastric, as well as duodenal, ulcer did not influence the reactivity of patients' leukocytes, but considerable sensitization was found in patients with atrophic gastritis or intestinalization. When classified in the usual manner, i.e., by considering the reaction with individual tumor extracts, the specificity and the sensitivity of the test was markedly diminished: More false negative determinations were found in the group of gastric cancer patients, and the percentage of false positives in the group of nonmalignant diseases increased. The results gave evidence of tumor-associated antigens in gastric cancer patients, against which the host elicited a cellular immune response. The high incidence of positive reactivity of leukocytes from patients with gastric cancer, together with the considerable cross-reactivity of leukocytes from patients with nongastric cancer, pointed to the expression of antigens with organ-related and widespread specificities.", "contents": "Leukocyte migration studies in gastric cancer detection: an approach toward improved specificity and sensitivity. Peripheral blood leukocytes from patients with gastric cancer and various other malignant and nonmalignant diseases and peripheral blood leukocytes from apparently healthy volunteers were tested in the leukocyte migration inhibition test with the use of 4-5 different 3 M KCl extracts of gastric cancer tissue. An operational criterion for defining sensitization of patients' leukocytes was developed; i.e., evidence in an individual sample of leukocytes of either decreased or increased migration areas (migration index less than or equal to 0.79 and larger than or equal to 1.20, respectively) with 3 or more antigen extracts. With this as an indicator of sensitization, it was found that 91% of patients with gastric cancer (39/43), comparto 5% (5/94) and 3% (1/32) of patients with nonmalignant, nongastric diseases and normal controls, respectively, were reactive. Patients with various nongastric cancers were sensitized in 36% (49/135) of cases. Gastritis and gastric, as well as duodenal, ulcer did not influence the reactivity of patients' leukocytes, but considerable sensitization was found in patients with atrophic gastritis or intestinalization. When classified in the usual manner, i.e., by considering the reaction with individual tumor extracts, the specificity and the sensitivity of the test was markedly diminished: More false negative determinations were found in the group of gastric cancer patients, and the percentage of false positives in the group of nonmalignant diseases increased. The results gave evidence of tumor-associated antigens in gastric cancer patients, against which the host elicited a cellular immune response. The high incidence of positive reactivity of leukocytes from patients with gastric cancer, together with the considerable cross-reactivity of leukocytes from patients with nongastric cancer, pointed to the expression of antigens with organ-related and widespread specificities.", "PMID": 845993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7013", "title": "Marital status and incidence of ovarian cancer: the U.S. Third National Cancer Survey, 1969--71.", "content": "As determined in the U.S. Third National Cancer Survey, 1969--71, the incidence of ovarian cancer was 60-70% higher in women who had never married than in those who had. This relationship was present in both whites and blacks and in all age groups over 25 years. Among ovarian epithelial tumors, those for which the incidence rates between never-married and ever-married women differed most were endometrioid and clear cell tumors. The incidence of tumors of germ cell and sex cordmesenchyme origin, however, showed no relationship to marital status.", "contents": "Marital status and incidence of ovarian cancer: the U.S. Third National Cancer Survey, 1969--71. As determined in the U.S. Third National Cancer Survey, 1969--71, the incidence of ovarian cancer was 60-70% higher in women who had never married than in those who had. This relationship was present in both whites and blacks and in all age groups over 25 years. Among ovarian epithelial tumors, those for which the incidence rates between never-married and ever-married women differed most were endometrioid and clear cell tumors. The incidence of tumors of germ cell and sex cordmesenchyme origin, however, showed no relationship to marital status.", "PMID": 845994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7014", "title": "Investigations of cigarette smoke dosages in inhalation experiments with Syrian hamsters. I. Concentration of cigarette smoke in the inhalation chamber and of carbon monoxide in the blood.", "content": "We tested 20 different smoke inhalation machines and determined that 60% of the gas phase and 40% of the total paritulate matter reached the inhalation chamber; the remainder was lost in the exhaust gases. After determining these concentration percentages, we were able to calculate precisely the dosage of each puff of smoke administered to Syrian hamsters in our smoking machine. We also determined that the CO-Hb content in the blood of the hamsters rose to 60%; this CO-Hb value was a limiting factor for time of exposure to smoke, since too-high concentrations of CO-Hb would have killed the animals. On the basis of these results, we concluded that the animals should be exposed as long as possible to attain a high dose of smoke, but because of toxic effects the exposure time should not exceed 20 minutes, and the CO-Hb content should not exceed 60%.", "contents": "Investigations of cigarette smoke dosages in inhalation experiments with Syrian hamsters. I. Concentration of cigarette smoke in the inhalation chamber and of carbon monoxide in the blood. We tested 20 different smoke inhalation machines and determined that 60% of the gas phase and 40% of the total paritulate matter reached the inhalation chamber; the remainder was lost in the exhaust gases. After determining these concentration percentages, we were able to calculate precisely the dosage of each puff of smoke administered to Syrian hamsters in our smoking machine. We also determined that the CO-Hb content in the blood of the hamsters rose to 60%; this CO-Hb value was a limiting factor for time of exposure to smoke, since too-high concentrations of CO-Hb would have killed the animals. On the basis of these results, we concluded that the animals should be exposed as long as possible to attain a high dose of smoke, but because of toxic effects the exposure time should not exceed 20 minutes, and the CO-Hb content should not exceed 60%.", "PMID": 845995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7015", "title": "Investigations of cigarette smoke dosages in inhalation experiments with Syrian hamsters. II. Uptake of cigarette smoke by the animals; comparisons of the influence of the gas phase and the whole smoke of different cigarettes.", "content": "An increased CO2 content (CO2 enrichment) in the smoke-air mixture was measured in an inhalation chamber containing Syrian hamsters. Since these additional CO2 concentrations originated from the animals' expiratory air, the level of CO2 (CO2 enrichment) was considered a function of the respiratory capacity. Results obtained with this method of characterizing the respiratory behavior of hamsters in inhalation experiments led us to conclude that the vapor phase of cigarettes reduced respiration up to 45% and the whole smoke, up to 60%. Qualitative and quantitative differences in the composition of the vapor phase and particulate phase as offered in animal inhalation experiments for comparing different cigarettes did not induce measurable differences in the respiratory behavior. Therefore, such inhalation experiments were found to be suitable for comparing the relative effects of different cigarette types. Estimations on the inhaled amounts of TPM led to results that were similar to those obtained in experiments with radioactively labeled smoke.", "contents": "Investigations of cigarette smoke dosages in inhalation experiments with Syrian hamsters. II. Uptake of cigarette smoke by the animals; comparisons of the influence of the gas phase and the whole smoke of different cigarettes. An increased CO2 content (CO2 enrichment) in the smoke-air mixture was measured in an inhalation chamber containing Syrian hamsters. Since these additional CO2 concentrations originated from the animals' expiratory air, the level of CO2 (CO2 enrichment) was considered a function of the respiratory capacity. Results obtained with this method of characterizing the respiratory behavior of hamsters in inhalation experiments led us to conclude that the vapor phase of cigarettes reduced respiration up to 45% and the whole smoke, up to 60%. Qualitative and quantitative differences in the composition of the vapor phase and particulate phase as offered in animal inhalation experiments for comparing different cigarettes did not induce measurable differences in the respiratory behavior. Therefore, such inhalation experiments were found to be suitable for comparing the relative effects of different cigarette types. Estimations on the inhaled amounts of TPM led to results that were similar to those obtained in experiments with radioactively labeled smoke.", "PMID": 845996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7016", "title": "Cellular quantitation of in vivo effects of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine on leukemia L1210.", "content": "We derived a cellular model for the use of the cytidine analogue 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) against L1210 leukemia in vivo from dose- and time-survival studies. We employed a quantitative assay for leukemia colony-forming cells to construct dose- and time-survival curves for single, divided, and infused doses of ara-C. Time-survival curves for a large dose range of ara-C indicated not only cell killing but also progression delay effects in vivo. Divided dose studies showed the extent of cell killing (optimum effect) to be dependent upon both the dose and the interval of time between administration of the drugs. When the drug was given as an infusion, the extent of cell killing was as great as that produced by the best fractionation schedule, an effect which was verified in terms of therapeutic efficacy in leukemic mice.", "contents": "Cellular quantitation of in vivo effects of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine on leukemia L1210. We derived a cellular model for the use of the cytidine analogue 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) against L1210 leukemia in vivo from dose- and time-survival studies. We employed a quantitative assay for leukemia colony-forming cells to construct dose- and time-survival curves for single, divided, and infused doses of ara-C. Time-survival curves for a large dose range of ara-C indicated not only cell killing but also progression delay effects in vivo. Divided dose studies showed the extent of cell killing (optimum effect) to be dependent upon both the dose and the interval of time between administration of the drugs. When the drug was given as an infusion, the extent of cell killing was as great as that produced by the best fractionation schedule, an effect which was verified in terms of therapeutic efficacy in leukemic mice.", "PMID": 845997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7017", "title": "Response of transplanted AKR leukemia to combination therapy with amphotericin B and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea: dose and schedule dependency.", "content": "A number of different amphotericin B (AmB)-1,3-bis(2 chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) treatment regimens were evaluated with our model of transplantable AKR leukemia. We found that dose levels and treatment schedules were critical in determining the number of survivors. A 4-day treatment regimen of 0.5 mg AmB/mouse on days 1, 2, 3, and 4 and 0.2 mg BCNU/mouse on day 4 was found to be the most effective and has been chosen as our standard regimen. The efficacy of the treatment regimen depended on the presence of a large tumor burden, and the response was abolished when the mice were preirradiated or treated with the immunosuppressive agent, cyclophosphamide. These results, as well as others which we discuss, supported our notion that AmB affected host immune response to the tumor.", "contents": "Response of transplanted AKR leukemia to combination therapy with amphotericin B and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea: dose and schedule dependency. A number of different amphotericin B (AmB)-1,3-bis(2 chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) treatment regimens were evaluated with our model of transplantable AKR leukemia. We found that dose levels and treatment schedules were critical in determining the number of survivors. A 4-day treatment regimen of 0.5 mg AmB/mouse on days 1, 2, 3, and 4 and 0.2 mg BCNU/mouse on day 4 was found to be the most effective and has been chosen as our standard regimen. The efficacy of the treatment regimen depended on the presence of a large tumor burden, and the response was abolished when the mice were preirradiated or treated with the immunosuppressive agent, cyclophosphamide. These results, as well as others which we discuss, supported our notion that AmB affected host immune response to the tumor.", "PMID": 845998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7018", "title": "Circulating tumor cells in murine myeloma.", "content": "BALB/c mice bearing subcutaneous ADJ-PC5 myelomas had hematologic findings suggestive of a preleukemic syndrome: thrombocytopenia, anemia, leukocytosis, and megakaryocytic hyperplasia. Six BALB/c myelomas were successfully transplanted sc by fragments or cell suspensions of spleens from mice bearing a subcutaneous tumor, though typical myeloma cells were difficult to visualize by light microscopy in these spleens. The fidelity of transmission of the ADJ-PC5 myeloma by this procedure was shown by the retention of idiotypic specificity of the immunoglobulin produced by the tumor in a radioimmunoassay. The tumorigenic cell that homed to the spleen was apparent as early as 8 days after sc transplantation of the myeloma. The spleens of tumor-bearing mice, however, could destroy or suppress the expansion or growth of a limited number of cells that had migrated to the spleens. Tumorigenic cells present in the peripheral circulation constituted 2-3% of the leukocytes. These cells, however, had reduced levels of the murine myeloma viral and cell-associated antigens, were difficult to detect by an indirect immunofluorescence assay, and did not rapidly divide in this environment, as indicated by the very low number of cells detected by autoradiography.", "contents": "Circulating tumor cells in murine myeloma. BALB/c mice bearing subcutaneous ADJ-PC5 myelomas had hematologic findings suggestive of a preleukemic syndrome: thrombocytopenia, anemia, leukocytosis, and megakaryocytic hyperplasia. Six BALB/c myelomas were successfully transplanted sc by fragments or cell suspensions of spleens from mice bearing a subcutaneous tumor, though typical myeloma cells were difficult to visualize by light microscopy in these spleens. The fidelity of transmission of the ADJ-PC5 myeloma by this procedure was shown by the retention of idiotypic specificity of the immunoglobulin produced by the tumor in a radioimmunoassay. The tumorigenic cell that homed to the spleen was apparent as early as 8 days after sc transplantation of the myeloma. The spleens of tumor-bearing mice, however, could destroy or suppress the expansion or growth of a limited number of cells that had migrated to the spleens. Tumorigenic cells present in the peripheral circulation constituted 2-3% of the leukocytes. These cells, however, had reduced levels of the murine myeloma viral and cell-associated antigens, were difficult to detect by an indirect immunofluorescence assay, and did not rapidly divide in this environment, as indicated by the very low number of cells detected by autoradiography.", "PMID": 845999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7019", "title": "Histologic analyses of experimental tumors from mouse blastocyst-derived cell lines.", "content": "Previous work has shown that established cell lines can be derived from cultured mouse blastocysts. Although these cell lines differed from one another morphologically, immunologically, and biochemically, it has not been easy to determine what embryonic cell type (if any) each cell line represents. We showed in this report that these blastocyst-derived lines could produce tumors in syngeneic mice at low yields and presented the results of histologic analyses of the tumors which we carried out to learn more about the kinds of cells present in each of the lines. Tumors derived from cell line MB2 contained two kinds of cells. Most of the cells were similar to those found in so-called \"parietal yolk sac carcinomas,\" secreted Reichert's membrane-like material, and could be found in subsequent transplant generations. The other cell type resembled trophoblast giant cells morphologically and did not survive transplantation. These results showed that MB2 contained cells which were either parietal endoderm cells or a closely related precursor. The tumor derived from MB4 consisted of small, closely packed cells intermixed with larger cells with foamy cytoplasm and occasional giant cells. Cells in subsequent passages of the tumor were often organized into acinar clusters. Biochemical evidence has suggested that MB4 cells resembled one or both components of visceral yolk sac. Visceral yolk sac sarcomas have not previously been reported; the MB4-derived tumor may prove to be the first. Tumors derived from line MB31 contained both fibroblastic and epithelioid cell types which could not be more definitively identified. Cultures derived from each kind of tumor in each case contained cells morphologically characteristic of those in the originally inoculated population. Our results showed that tumors produced from blastocyst-derived cell lines did not resemble the teratocarcinomas which formed when blastocysts were implanted into an ectopic site in vivo: They did not contain a wide variety of cell types, nor did they possess pluripotent embryonal carcinoma \"stem\" cells characteristic of the teratocarcinoma. That each blastocyst-derived line gave rise to a different kind of tumor suggested that each line may have been made up of cells \"trapped\" at some stage characteristic of the development of a particular embryonic or extraembryonic tissue. However, each tumor did contain at least two distinct cell types; this suggested that cells in the blastocyst-derived lines, though restricted to their developmental potential, may not yet have been completely determined.", "contents": "Histologic analyses of experimental tumors from mouse blastocyst-derived cell lines. Previous work has shown that established cell lines can be derived from cultured mouse blastocysts. Although these cell lines differed from one another morphologically, immunologically, and biochemically, it has not been easy to determine what embryonic cell type (if any) each cell line represents. We showed in this report that these blastocyst-derived lines could produce tumors in syngeneic mice at low yields and presented the results of histologic analyses of the tumors which we carried out to learn more about the kinds of cells present in each of the lines. Tumors derived from cell line MB2 contained two kinds of cells. Most of the cells were similar to those found in so-called \"parietal yolk sac carcinomas,\" secreted Reichert's membrane-like material, and could be found in subsequent transplant generations. The other cell type resembled trophoblast giant cells morphologically and did not survive transplantation. These results showed that MB2 contained cells which were either parietal endoderm cells or a closely related precursor. The tumor derived from MB4 consisted of small, closely packed cells intermixed with larger cells with foamy cytoplasm and occasional giant cells. Cells in subsequent passages of the tumor were often organized into acinar clusters. Biochemical evidence has suggested that MB4 cells resembled one or both components of visceral yolk sac. Visceral yolk sac sarcomas have not previously been reported; the MB4-derived tumor may prove to be the first. Tumors derived from line MB31 contained both fibroblastic and epithelioid cell types which could not be more definitively identified. Cultures derived from each kind of tumor in each case contained cells morphologically characteristic of those in the originally inoculated population. Our results showed that tumors produced from blastocyst-derived cell lines did not resemble the teratocarcinomas which formed when blastocysts were implanted into an ectopic site in vivo: They did not contain a wide variety of cell types, nor did they possess pluripotent embryonal carcinoma \"stem\" cells characteristic of the teratocarcinoma. That each blastocyst-derived line gave rise to a different kind of tumor suggested that each line may have been made up of cells \"trapped\" at some stage characteristic of the development of a particular embryonic or extraembryonic tissue. However, each tumor did contain at least two distinct cell types; this suggested that cells in the blastocyst-derived lines, though restricted to their developmental potential, may not yet have been completely determined.", "PMID": 846000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7020", "title": "Prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol in mice: toxicological studies.", "content": "The effect of prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) on the postnatal development of male and female genital tract function was studied. The placental transfer or radiolabeled (3H or 14C) DES was studied in pregnant mice. DES-associated radioactivity in the fetal plasma approximated that in maternal plasma 1/2 hr after intravenous administration of [3H]DES; 3H activity corresponding to DES in the fetal genital tract was about threefold higher. The decrease in reproductive capacity of female offspring from mice treated with DES during gestation was dose-related; a low incidence (10% or less) of cancer of the vagina, cervix, and/or uterus was also observed in these mice. Male offspring exposed prenatally to the highest dose (100 microng/kg) of DES in this study also had lower reproductive capacities. Lesions in the genital tract of these mice included epididymal cysts, inflammation, cryptorchidism, and nodular masses in the seminal vesicles and/or prostate gland. Such lesions and sterility were not observed at the lower DES doses. Histological studies with neonatal mice raise the possibility that M\u00fcllerian duct tissue may represent a site for the transplacental toxicity of DES in both the male and female fetus.", "contents": "Prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol in mice: toxicological studies. The effect of prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) on the postnatal development of male and female genital tract function was studied. The placental transfer or radiolabeled (3H or 14C) DES was studied in pregnant mice. DES-associated radioactivity in the fetal plasma approximated that in maternal plasma 1/2 hr after intravenous administration of [3H]DES; 3H activity corresponding to DES in the fetal genital tract was about threefold higher. The decrease in reproductive capacity of female offspring from mice treated with DES during gestation was dose-related; a low incidence (10% or less) of cancer of the vagina, cervix, and/or uterus was also observed in these mice. Male offspring exposed prenatally to the highest dose (100 microng/kg) of DES in this study also had lower reproductive capacities. Lesions in the genital tract of these mice included epididymal cysts, inflammation, cryptorchidism, and nodular masses in the seminal vesicles and/or prostate gland. Such lesions and sterility were not observed at the lower DES doses. Histological studies with neonatal mice raise the possibility that M\u00fcllerian duct tissue may represent a site for the transplacental toxicity of DES in both the male and female fetus.", "PMID": 846001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7021", "title": "Evaluation of chemical flame retardants for carcinogenic potential.", "content": "Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride (THPC) and Pyroset TKP, which is the mixed acetate/phosphate of the same phosphonium base, are widely used in flame-retardant cotton fabrics, particularly in children's sleepwear. THPC degrades thermally and under certain chemical conditions to yield hydrochloric acid and formaldehyde (CH2O). In solution, the latter two compounds are in equilibrium with the known potent carcinogen bis(chloromethyl)ether (BCME). A sample of commercial THPC contained from 4% (at pH 0.4) to 14% (at pH greater than 4.5) free CH2O. The material, as supplied by the manufacter, showed pH 0.4. Gas chromatographic analysis of aqueous commercial THPC did not reveal any peak chracteristic of BCME under conditions where 0.1 ppm of the material can be detected. Application to mouse skin of THPC ( 2 mg in 0.1 ml DMSO) and of Pryset TKP (7 mg in 0.1 ml DMSO), three times per week for 400 days with 20 female ICR/Ha Swiss mice per group, gave one squamous carcinoma in the THPC-treated group. THPC was inactive as an initiating agent in two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis with phorbol myristate acetate as promoter. Both agents were active as tumor promoters, using a single application of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (20 microng in 0.1 ml acetone) as initiator. With THPC as promoter (2 mg in 0.1 ml DMSO, thrice weekly) 3 of 20 mice bore papillomas which progressed to squamous carcinoma. With Pyroset TKP as promoter (7 mg in 0.1 ml DMSO) 7 of 20 mice bore papillomas of which two progressed to squamous carcinoma.", "contents": "Evaluation of chemical flame retardants for carcinogenic potential. Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride (THPC) and Pyroset TKP, which is the mixed acetate/phosphate of the same phosphonium base, are widely used in flame-retardant cotton fabrics, particularly in children's sleepwear. THPC degrades thermally and under certain chemical conditions to yield hydrochloric acid and formaldehyde (CH2O). In solution, the latter two compounds are in equilibrium with the known potent carcinogen bis(chloromethyl)ether (BCME). A sample of commercial THPC contained from 4% (at pH 0.4) to 14% (at pH greater than 4.5) free CH2O. The material, as supplied by the manufacter, showed pH 0.4. Gas chromatographic analysis of aqueous commercial THPC did not reveal any peak chracteristic of BCME under conditions where 0.1 ppm of the material can be detected. Application to mouse skin of THPC ( 2 mg in 0.1 ml DMSO) and of Pryset TKP (7 mg in 0.1 ml DMSO), three times per week for 400 days with 20 female ICR/Ha Swiss mice per group, gave one squamous carcinoma in the THPC-treated group. THPC was inactive as an initiating agent in two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis with phorbol myristate acetate as promoter. Both agents were active as tumor promoters, using a single application of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (20 microng in 0.1 ml acetone) as initiator. With THPC as promoter (2 mg in 0.1 ml DMSO, thrice weekly) 3 of 20 mice bore papillomas which progressed to squamous carcinoma. With Pyroset TKP as promoter (7 mg in 0.1 ml DMSO) 7 of 20 mice bore papillomas of which two progressed to squamous carcinoma.", "PMID": 846002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7022", "title": "Dominant lethal studies with technical chlordane, HCS-3260, and heptachlor: heptachlor epoxide.", "content": "Male albino mice in groups of eight were each given single doses, either by gavage or by intraperitoneal injection, of either technical chlordane (50 or 100 mg/kg), HCS-3260 (50 or 100 mg/kg), or heptachlor:heptachlor epoxide (25:75) (7.5 or 15 mg/kg). The males were subsequently mated with three untreated females for six consecutive weeks. No dominant lethal changes among females that had mated with the treated males were produced.", "contents": "Dominant lethal studies with technical chlordane, HCS-3260, and heptachlor: heptachlor epoxide. Male albino mice in groups of eight were each given single doses, either by gavage or by intraperitoneal injection, of either technical chlordane (50 or 100 mg/kg), HCS-3260 (50 or 100 mg/kg), or heptachlor:heptachlor epoxide (25:75) (7.5 or 15 mg/kg). The males were subsequently mated with three untreated females for six consecutive weeks. No dominant lethal changes among females that had mated with the treated males were produced.", "PMID": 846003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7023", "title": "Effects and residues of dietary hexachlorobenzene in growing swine.", "content": "Crossbred weanling gilts were fed a standard ration containing 0, 1, 10, or 100 ppm purified hexachlorobenzene (HCB) for 13 wk. No mortalities, ill health, neurological disorders, or significant depressions in weight gain were observed. Postmortem examination revealed brightly fluorescent livers at all levels of HCB. The group receiving 100 ppm had a tendency for smaller spleens, larger livers with swollen hepatocytes, and decreased lymphocytes. HCB accumulated in the dissectable fat of growing swine to concentrations five- to sevenfold higher than the dietary concentration; residues in 11 other tissues examined were below the dietary concentration.", "contents": "Effects and residues of dietary hexachlorobenzene in growing swine. Crossbred weanling gilts were fed a standard ration containing 0, 1, 10, or 100 ppm purified hexachlorobenzene (HCB) for 13 wk. No mortalities, ill health, neurological disorders, or significant depressions in weight gain were observed. Postmortem examination revealed brightly fluorescent livers at all levels of HCB. The group receiving 100 ppm had a tendency for smaller spleens, larger livers with swollen hepatocytes, and decreased lymphocytes. HCB accumulated in the dissectable fat of growing swine to concentrations five- to sevenfold higher than the dietary concentration; residues in 11 other tissues examined were below the dietary concentration.", "PMID": 846004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7024", "title": "Toxic effects of caffeine on growth and metamorphosis of the larvae of Musca domestica.", "content": "The somatic effects of caffeine were studied by using a rapidly proliferating insect developmental system. The results show that caffeine is a potent growth inhibitor of housefly larvae. Puparium formation is also severely affected, which sud when larvae are treated with higher concentrations of caffeine. The results indicate that caffeine may have several target sites of action; these are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Toxic effects of caffeine on growth and metamorphosis of the larvae of Musca domestica. The somatic effects of caffeine were studied by using a rapidly proliferating insect developmental system. The results show that caffeine is a potent growth inhibitor of housefly larvae. Puparium formation is also severely affected, which sud when larvae are treated with higher concentrations of caffeine. The results indicate that caffeine may have several target sites of action; these are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 846005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7025", "title": "Duration of interferon inhibition following single and multiple injections of morphine.", "content": "The increase in mouse serum interferon that occurs in response to poly I:C administration is markedly attenuated by injection of a narcotic preceding the polynucleotide challenge. A single injection of morphine is capable of inhibiting the mechanism(s) responsible for increasing serum interferon levels for a period of at least 9 days following the narcotic injection. Daily single injections of morphine for 5 or 10 days prior to poly I:C challenge do not amplify the extent of the decrease in serum interferon over that measured for a single injection, even though the amount of narcotic injected is increased on each successive day of the 5 or 10 day period. The implications of this relationship for the phenomenon of narcotic tolerance are evaluated and discussed as they relate to the immune processes.", "contents": "Duration of interferon inhibition following single and multiple injections of morphine. The increase in mouse serum interferon that occurs in response to poly I:C administration is markedly attenuated by injection of a narcotic preceding the polynucleotide challenge. A single injection of morphine is capable of inhibiting the mechanism(s) responsible for increasing serum interferon levels for a period of at least 9 days following the narcotic injection. Daily single injections of morphine for 5 or 10 days prior to poly I:C challenge do not amplify the extent of the decrease in serum interferon over that measured for a single injection, even though the amount of narcotic injected is increased on each successive day of the 5 or 10 day period. The implications of this relationship for the phenomenon of narcotic tolerance are evaluated and discussed as they relate to the immune processes.", "PMID": 846006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7026", "title": "Production of aflatoxicol from aflatoxin B1 by postmitochondrial liver fractions.", "content": "Fish liver postmitochondrial supernatant preparations in the presence of carbon monoxide were used to prepare purified aflatoxicol from aflatoxin B1 in high yield (23-38%). Such fish liver postmitochondrial and postmicrosomal supernatant preparations were five to ten times more active in making aflatoxicol than rat or human liver preparations under the same conditions.", "contents": "Production of aflatoxicol from aflatoxin B1 by postmitochondrial liver fractions. Fish liver postmitochondrial supernatant preparations in the presence of carbon monoxide were used to prepare purified aflatoxicol from aflatoxin B1 in high yield (23-38%). Such fish liver postmitochondrial and postmicrosomal supernatant preparations were five to ten times more active in making aflatoxicol than rat or human liver preparations under the same conditions.", "PMID": 846007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7027", "title": "Dose-dependent pharmacokinetic profile of silvex following intravenous administration in rats.", "content": "The pharmacokinetic profile of silvex was defined in rats after single intravenous doses of 5 and 50 mg/kg 14C ring-labeles silvex. Clearance of silvex from plasma at the 5 mg/kg dose was linear with a half-life of 16.2 hr, while clearance at the 50 mg/kg dose was nonlinear. Activities of 14C recovered in excreta were 94.1 and 95.1% of the administered doses at 5 and 50 mg/kg, respectively. Excreta was collected for 192 hr at 5 mg/kg and 216 hr at 50 mg/kg. Urinary excretion of 14C activity accounted for 80.5 and 68.7% of the administered dose at 5 and 50 mg/kg, respectively; fecal excretion accounted for 13.7 and 26.4% of the administered dose at 5 and 50 mg/kg, respectively. Urinary excretion of silvex is saturated at the 50 mg/kg dose. Significant amounts of silvex are excreted in bile and undergo enterohepatic circulation. Concentrations of silvex in liver and kidney are higher than those in fat, brain, and muscle 8 and 216 hr after administration. In a companion oral study, silvex was extensively if not completely absorbed. The pharmacokinetic data presented indicate that statistical projection of experimental results with large doses of silvex to predict the hazard of exposure to small amounts is not justified because the capability to excrete silvex in urine has been saturated.", "contents": "Dose-dependent pharmacokinetic profile of silvex following intravenous administration in rats. The pharmacokinetic profile of silvex was defined in rats after single intravenous doses of 5 and 50 mg/kg 14C ring-labeles silvex. Clearance of silvex from plasma at the 5 mg/kg dose was linear with a half-life of 16.2 hr, while clearance at the 50 mg/kg dose was nonlinear. Activities of 14C recovered in excreta were 94.1 and 95.1% of the administered doses at 5 and 50 mg/kg, respectively. Excreta was collected for 192 hr at 5 mg/kg and 216 hr at 50 mg/kg. Urinary excretion of 14C activity accounted for 80.5 and 68.7% of the administered dose at 5 and 50 mg/kg, respectively; fecal excretion accounted for 13.7 and 26.4% of the administered dose at 5 and 50 mg/kg, respectively. Urinary excretion of silvex is saturated at the 50 mg/kg dose. Significant amounts of silvex are excreted in bile and undergo enterohepatic circulation. Concentrations of silvex in liver and kidney are higher than those in fat, brain, and muscle 8 and 216 hr after administration. In a companion oral study, silvex was extensively if not completely absorbed. The pharmacokinetic data presented indicate that statistical projection of experimental results with large doses of silvex to predict the hazard of exposure to small amounts is not justified because the capability to excrete silvex in urine has been saturated.", "PMID": 846008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7028", "title": "Cytogenetic investigations on mice treated with lead.", "content": "Dietary lead at different dose levels was given to female C57B1 mice for periods up to 3 months. No severe chromosome or chromatid aberrations were observed at any dose level and the frequency of chromatid gaps increased significantly only at the highest doses. (0.5 and 1% of lead in the diet). The number of micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes also remained at control levels after lead treatment, whereas known mutagenic agent such as Myleran and Mitomycine C raised their incidence markedly. Taking into account also the data in the literature, it is concluded that lead per se probably has no mutagenic action on mammals.", "contents": "Cytogenetic investigations on mice treated with lead. Dietary lead at different dose levels was given to female C57B1 mice for periods up to 3 months. No severe chromosome or chromatid aberrations were observed at any dose level and the frequency of chromatid gaps increased significantly only at the highest doses. (0.5 and 1% of lead in the diet). The number of micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes also remained at control levels after lead treatment, whereas known mutagenic agent such as Myleran and Mitomycine C raised their incidence markedly. Taking into account also the data in the literature, it is concluded that lead per se probably has no mutagenic action on mammals.", "PMID": 846009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7029", "title": "Effect of potassium cyanate on carbon monoxide and hypoxic hypoxia-induced lethality.", "content": "Pretreatment of mice with potassium cyanate for 15 days resulted in a significant increase in hemoglobin-oxygen affinity (decrease in P 50) and a significant protection against hypoxic hypoxia-induced lethality. However, cyanate pretreatment had no significant effect on carbon monoxide-induced lethality. Oxygen consumption in cyanate-treated mice was significantly lower than in controls in room air but not different in hypoxic environments. Whether the protective effect of cyanate on hypoxic hypoxia-induced lethality is due to the increase in hemoglobin-oxygen affinity or attributable to a non-hemoglobin-related action of cyanate remains unresolved. Regardless, the need exists to reevaluate the current concept that changes in hemoglobin affinity for oxygen correlate with susceptibility to hypoxemic states. In addition, data presented together with previous findings support the concept that carbon monoxide lethality is not solely attributable to a carboxyhemoglobin-induced hypoxemia.", "contents": "Effect of potassium cyanate on carbon monoxide and hypoxic hypoxia-induced lethality. Pretreatment of mice with potassium cyanate for 15 days resulted in a significant increase in hemoglobin-oxygen affinity (decrease in P 50) and a significant protection against hypoxic hypoxia-induced lethality. However, cyanate pretreatment had no significant effect on carbon monoxide-induced lethality. Oxygen consumption in cyanate-treated mice was significantly lower than in controls in room air but not different in hypoxic environments. Whether the protective effect of cyanate on hypoxic hypoxia-induced lethality is due to the increase in hemoglobin-oxygen affinity or attributable to a non-hemoglobin-related action of cyanate remains unresolved. Regardless, the need exists to reevaluate the current concept that changes in hemoglobin affinity for oxygen correlate with susceptibility to hypoxemic states. In addition, data presented together with previous findings support the concept that carbon monoxide lethality is not solely attributable to a carboxyhemoglobin-induced hypoxemia.", "PMID": 846010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7030", "title": "pT, a new classification system for toxic compounds.", "content": "The use of pT, the reciprocal of the logarithm of the molar concentration of harmful compounds, allows a simple, quantitative expression of the potential for toxicity of a wide variety of compounds on a molar basis. Comparison of representative toxic compounds gives a valuable perspective on some chemical hazards shared by the biomedical community and society.", "contents": "pT, a new classification system for toxic compounds. The use of pT, the reciprocal of the logarithm of the molar concentration of harmful compounds, allows a simple, quantitative expression of the potential for toxicity of a wide variety of compounds on a molar basis. Comparison of representative toxic compounds gives a valuable perspective on some chemical hazards shared by the biomedical community and society.", "PMID": 846011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7031", "title": "Effect of exercise on the responses of rats to DDT.", "content": "Two groups of 30 male weanling rats were maintained on a nutritionally adequate diet containing 45% carbohydrate, 16% fat, and 29% protein with or without 1 ppm added DDT. At 100 days of age the two groups were subjected to an oral glucose tolerance test. The groups were then subdivided and half of each group was forced to run 1/16 mi/30 min-day on a treadmill. At 190 days of age the glucose tolerance test was repeated. The animals were killed at 200 days of age, and the lipid content of the serum, liver, and carcass was determined. Serum insulin levels and the DDT levels in the adipose tissue reflected the DDT content of the diet, and no differences in these levels were demonstrated with the addition of the exercise treatment. DDT treatment resulted in lower serum and liver cholesterol and serum insulin levels in sedentary rats. Exercise lowered liver cholesterol and serum insulin in non-DDT-treated rats. When both treatments were imposed, serum insulin cholesterol levels rose. Significant DDT-exercise interaction effects were observed on the glucose tolerance, serum and liver cholesterol, and serum insulin levels.", "contents": "Effect of exercise on the responses of rats to DDT. Two groups of 30 male weanling rats were maintained on a nutritionally adequate diet containing 45% carbohydrate, 16% fat, and 29% protein with or without 1 ppm added DDT. At 100 days of age the two groups were subjected to an oral glucose tolerance test. The groups were then subdivided and half of each group was forced to run 1/16 mi/30 min-day on a treadmill. At 190 days of age the glucose tolerance test was repeated. The animals were killed at 200 days of age, and the lipid content of the serum, liver, and carcass was determined. Serum insulin levels and the DDT levels in the adipose tissue reflected the DDT content of the diet, and no differences in these levels were demonstrated with the addition of the exercise treatment. DDT treatment resulted in lower serum and liver cholesterol and serum insulin levels in sedentary rats. Exercise lowered liver cholesterol and serum insulin in non-DDT-treated rats. When both treatments were imposed, serum insulin cholesterol levels rose. Significant DDT-exercise interaction effects were observed on the glucose tolerance, serum and liver cholesterol, and serum insulin levels.", "PMID": 846012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7032", "title": "Dominant lethal mutagenicity study on hair dyes.", "content": "A dominant lethal mutagenicity study was performed in rats with the following chemicals that may be used to dye hair: 2-nitro-p-phenylenediamine, 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine, m-phenylenediamine, o-phenylenediamine, p-phenylenediamine, p-toluenediamine, 2,4-diaminoanisole, 2,5-diaminoanisole, 2-amino-4-nitrophenol, 2-amino-5-nitrophenol, and 4-amino-2-nitrophenol. The compounds were administered intraperitoneally three times weekly for 8 weeks to groups of 20 sexually mature Charles River CD male rats at a dose of 20 mg/kg. This amount of dye is an enormous exaggeration of the human exposure from brief montly topical application of a hair color product containing 2 g (40 mg/kg) or less total dye. There was no evidence of an increase in postimplantation fetal loss which could indicate a dominant lethal effect. Included are data on the acute toxicity of the dyes by various routes of administration in different vehicles.", "contents": "Dominant lethal mutagenicity study on hair dyes. A dominant lethal mutagenicity study was performed in rats with the following chemicals that may be used to dye hair: 2-nitro-p-phenylenediamine, 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine, m-phenylenediamine, o-phenylenediamine, p-phenylenediamine, p-toluenediamine, 2,4-diaminoanisole, 2,5-diaminoanisole, 2-amino-4-nitrophenol, 2-amino-5-nitrophenol, and 4-amino-2-nitrophenol. The compounds were administered intraperitoneally three times weekly for 8 weeks to groups of 20 sexually mature Charles River CD male rats at a dose of 20 mg/kg. This amount of dye is an enormous exaggeration of the human exposure from brief montly topical application of a hair color product containing 2 g (40 mg/kg) or less total dye. There was no evidence of an increase in postimplantation fetal loss which could indicate a dominant lethal effect. Included are data on the acute toxicity of the dyes by various routes of administration in different vehicles.", "PMID": 846013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7033", "title": "Ozone: a possible cause of hemolytic anemia in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient individuals.", "content": "A theoretical model is described that predicts that individuals with a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency may experience acute hemolysis on exposure to ozone at levels reached in certain urban centers.", "contents": "Ozone: a possible cause of hemolytic anemia in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient individuals. A theoretical model is described that predicts that individuals with a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency may experience acute hemolysis on exposure to ozone at levels reached in certain urban centers.", "PMID": 846014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7034", "title": "Intermediate-duration toxicity study of patulin in rats.", "content": "The toxicity of patulin was studied in two generations of Sprague-Dawley rats over a period of approximately 10 months. Patulin in 1 mM citrate buffer was administered by gavage to FO generation rats at a dose level of 0, 1.5, 7.5, or 15.0 mg/kg a body weight five times a week for 10-14 wk; females were treated seven times a week during pregnancy. High mortality and insufficient progeny in the groups given 7.5 and 15.0 mg/kg made it impossible to continue those two regimens into the second generation. The study was continued for 20-23 wk with F1A generation animals given 1.5 mg/kg and controls. The only lesion found at necropsy that could be attributed to patulin administration was gaseous distention of the gastrointestinal tract, which was probably the result of the antibiotic effect of this mycotoxin on the normal intestinal flora. A decreased weight gain in male rats of the FO generation was dose-related. An impairment in growth rates of F1A and F2A progeny of both sexes was statistically significant at the 1.5 mg/kg dose level. Fetuses taken from patulin-treated females on day 20 of pregnancy were noticeably smaller than controls fetuses and the difference was significant for F2A males. No other teratological abnormalities related to patulin dosing at the 1.5 mg/kg level were observed consistently in either F1A or F2A fetuses. Patulin did not appear to produce dominant lethal effects at dose levels up to 15.0 mg/kg when given by gavage to the males five times a week for 10 or 11 wk.", "contents": "Intermediate-duration toxicity study of patulin in rats. The toxicity of patulin was studied in two generations of Sprague-Dawley rats over a period of approximately 10 months. Patulin in 1 mM citrate buffer was administered by gavage to FO generation rats at a dose level of 0, 1.5, 7.5, or 15.0 mg/kg a body weight five times a week for 10-14 wk; females were treated seven times a week during pregnancy. High mortality and insufficient progeny in the groups given 7.5 and 15.0 mg/kg made it impossible to continue those two regimens into the second generation. The study was continued for 20-23 wk with F1A generation animals given 1.5 mg/kg and controls. The only lesion found at necropsy that could be attributed to patulin administration was gaseous distention of the gastrointestinal tract, which was probably the result of the antibiotic effect of this mycotoxin on the normal intestinal flora. A decreased weight gain in male rats of the FO generation was dose-related. An impairment in growth rates of F1A and F2A progeny of both sexes was statistically significant at the 1.5 mg/kg dose level. Fetuses taken from patulin-treated females on day 20 of pregnancy were noticeably smaller than controls fetuses and the difference was significant for F2A males. No other teratological abnormalities related to patulin dosing at the 1.5 mg/kg level were observed consistently in either F1A or F2A fetuses. Patulin did not appear to produce dominant lethal effects at dose levels up to 15.0 mg/kg when given by gavage to the males five times a week for 10 or 11 wk.", "PMID": 846015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7035", "title": "The use of the pedal venous pressure (P.V.P.) as a guide in evaluating the patency of venous repairs.", "content": "Obstruction of the deep veins by thrombi causes the P.V.P. to become elevated. Monitoring this pressure can serve as an invaluable guide in evaluating the patency or obstruction of venous repairs.", "contents": "The use of the pedal venous pressure (P.V.P.) as a guide in evaluating the patency of venous repairs. Obstruction of the deep veins by thrombi causes the P.V.P. to become elevated. Monitoring this pressure can serve as an invaluable guide in evaluating the patency or obstruction of venous repairs.", "PMID": 846016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7036", "title": "Primary operative fixation of long bone fractures in patients with multiple injuries.", "content": "Early mobilization is essential for patients with multiple long bone fractures associated with other injuries in order to avoid complications. Therefore, in 1969 we adopted a policy of rigid internal fixation of long bone fractures in such cases. To assess the results of this active treatment a number of consecutive patients were followed. The following conditions were necessary for the case to be included in this series: multiple injuries; treatment at the intensive care unit; and at least two long-bone fractures treated with internal fixation. During the period from 1969 to 1974 47 patients met all requirements. With primary operative fixation of long bone fractures of patients with multiple injuries it was possible to mobilize on crutches 29 patients out of 47 within 2 1/2 months of the accident, and 32 were allowed to leave the hospital within 3 months. With the exception of the death of an 80-year-old woman, no severe complications attributed to the operative treatment of these fractures occurred and 32 out of 47 patients returned to work within 16 months. The results in these 47 cases show that in patients with multiple injuries associated with several long bone fractures, primary internal fixation is preferable to the more conventional conservative methods.", "contents": "Primary operative fixation of long bone fractures in patients with multiple injuries. Early mobilization is essential for patients with multiple long bone fractures associated with other injuries in order to avoid complications. Therefore, in 1969 we adopted a policy of rigid internal fixation of long bone fractures in such cases. To assess the results of this active treatment a number of consecutive patients were followed. The following conditions were necessary for the case to be included in this series: multiple injuries; treatment at the intensive care unit; and at least two long-bone fractures treated with internal fixation. During the period from 1969 to 1974 47 patients met all requirements. With primary operative fixation of long bone fractures of patients with multiple injuries it was possible to mobilize on crutches 29 patients out of 47 within 2 1/2 months of the accident, and 32 were allowed to leave the hospital within 3 months. With the exception of the death of an 80-year-old woman, no severe complications attributed to the operative treatment of these fractures occurred and 32 out of 47 patients returned to work within 16 months. The results in these 47 cases show that in patients with multiple injuries associated with several long bone fractures, primary internal fixation is preferable to the more conventional conservative methods.", "PMID": 846017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7037", "title": "Snowblower injuries.", "content": "A study was made over two winters in Chittenden County, Vermont of 15 persons injured by snowblowers and 17 neighbors who owned such machines but had not been injured. Twelve of the 15 injuries involved amputation, fracture, or laceration of fingers from contact with an impeller blade in inadequately guarded chutes. Injured persons commonly had less experience (but not significantly so) with their machines than did uninjured owners, but both reported extensive safety-related and other problems with their machines. Better design standards could probably avoid such problems. Safety education and instructions for operators are recommended. A minimum injury rate of 5.3/1,000 machines annually and 4.1/10,000 times used was estimated in this study, but the true rate probably is somewhat higher.", "contents": "Snowblower injuries. A study was made over two winters in Chittenden County, Vermont of 15 persons injured by snowblowers and 17 neighbors who owned such machines but had not been injured. Twelve of the 15 injuries involved amputation, fracture, or laceration of fingers from contact with an impeller blade in inadequately guarded chutes. Injured persons commonly had less experience (but not significantly so) with their machines than did uninjured owners, but both reported extensive safety-related and other problems with their machines. Better design standards could probably avoid such problems. Safety education and instructions for operators are recommended. A minimum injury rate of 5.3/1,000 machines annually and 4.1/10,000 times used was estimated in this study, but the true rate probably is somewhat higher.", "PMID": 846018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7038", "title": "The risk of neurologic damage with fractures of the vertebrae.", "content": "The incidence of spinal cord injury with spine fractures and dislocations is approximately 14% of the total as ascertained from a survey of these injuries in Northern California, and 17% of traumatic spinal cord injuries gave no overt radiographic evidence of vertebral injury. Patients sustaining fractures of the vertebral bodies and posterior elements with some degree of malalignment of the spine had a 61% incidence of neurologic deficit. Injuries to the cervical spine most often produced neurologic damage, the incidence of neurologic deficit being 39%. Motor vehicle collisons continue to be the major cause of these injuries and the victim is usually a young adult male.", "contents": "The risk of neurologic damage with fractures of the vertebrae. The incidence of spinal cord injury with spine fractures and dislocations is approximately 14% of the total as ascertained from a survey of these injuries in Northern California, and 17% of traumatic spinal cord injuries gave no overt radiographic evidence of vertebral injury. Patients sustaining fractures of the vertebral bodies and posterior elements with some degree of malalignment of the spine had a 61% incidence of neurologic deficit. Injuries to the cervical spine most often produced neurologic damage, the incidence of neurologic deficit being 39%. Motor vehicle collisons continue to be the major cause of these injuries and the victim is usually a young adult male.", "PMID": 846019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7039", "title": "Psychiatric complications of burned adults: a classification.", "content": "The psychiatric complications occurring in a group of adult burn patients were correlated with pertinent data in the literature and a classification constructed, based on the three stages of the acute grief response to injury: psychiatric complications occur when the process of mourning is arrested in a regressive episode. Thirty-five adult patients with burns of greater than 7% body surface area were studied. It was found that Body Surface Area burned, the presence of a Premorbid Psychiatric Diagnosis, and Age are all significantly correlated with the occurrence of psychiatric complications following burn injuries and account for 61% of the variance in the sample. The implications of these findings and possibilities for further research are discussed.", "contents": "Psychiatric complications of burned adults: a classification. The psychiatric complications occurring in a group of adult burn patients were correlated with pertinent data in the literature and a classification constructed, based on the three stages of the acute grief response to injury: psychiatric complications occur when the process of mourning is arrested in a regressive episode. Thirty-five adult patients with burns of greater than 7% body surface area were studied. It was found that Body Surface Area burned, the presence of a Premorbid Psychiatric Diagnosis, and Age are all significantly correlated with the occurrence of psychiatric complications following burn injuries and account for 61% of the variance in the sample. The implications of these findings and possibilities for further research are discussed.", "PMID": 846020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7040", "title": "Delayed appearance of popliteal cyst caused by a bullet.", "content": "A unique case of popliteal cyst apparently caused by a bullet that penetrated the knee joint 30 years previously was recently encountered. No similar case was found in the English-language literature (3, 9, 12). Removal of bullets adjacent to joints is recommended.", "contents": "Delayed appearance of popliteal cyst caused by a bullet. A unique case of popliteal cyst apparently caused by a bullet that penetrated the knee joint 30 years previously was recently encountered. No similar case was found in the English-language literature (3, 9, 12). Removal of bullets adjacent to joints is recommended.", "PMID": 846021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7041", "title": "Gunshot wound of the abdomen with cerebral embolization.", "content": "A distinctly rare case of a bullet embolus to the internal carotid artery following an abdominal gunshot wound is reported. Unusual aspects of the case are discussed with references to the literature. Pathways the bullet may have traversed to reach its final location are proposed.", "contents": "Gunshot wound of the abdomen with cerebral embolization. A distinctly rare case of a bullet embolus to the internal carotid artery following an abdominal gunshot wound is reported. Unusual aspects of the case are discussed with references to the literature. Pathways the bullet may have traversed to reach its final location are proposed.", "PMID": 846023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7042", "title": "Traumatic ventricular septal defect and delayed post-pericardiotomy ventricular herniation.", "content": "A knife wound of the heart produced a ventricular septal defect. Surgical repair of a myocardial laceration and pericardiotomy for relief of cardiac tamponade were performed. Progressive exercise intolerance developed over an 8-year period. In addition, the patient experienced intermittent partial cardiac herniation resulting in angina-like chest pain. The patient is now asymptomatic after correction of the pericardial defect and closure of the ventricular septal defect.", "contents": "Traumatic ventricular septal defect and delayed post-pericardiotomy ventricular herniation. A knife wound of the heart produced a ventricular septal defect. Surgical repair of a myocardial laceration and pericardiotomy for relief of cardiac tamponade were performed. Progressive exercise intolerance developed over an 8-year period. In addition, the patient experienced intermittent partial cardiac herniation resulting in angina-like chest pain. The patient is now asymptomatic after correction of the pericardial defect and closure of the ventricular septal defect.", "PMID": 846025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7043", "title": "Sequential aortic and inferior vena caval clamping for control of suprarenal vena caval injuries: case report.", "content": "A successful repair of a massive upper abdominal injury from a gunshot wound in a child is presented. The technique of sequentially clamping the aorta at the diaphragmatic hiatus and the inferior vena cava within the pericardium stabilized the patient for further repairs. This patient is apparently recovered, 1 year after the procedure.", "contents": "Sequential aortic and inferior vena caval clamping for control of suprarenal vena caval injuries: case report. A successful repair of a massive upper abdominal injury from a gunshot wound in a child is presented. The technique of sequentially clamping the aorta at the diaphragmatic hiatus and the inferior vena cava within the pericardium stabilized the patient for further repairs. This patient is apparently recovered, 1 year after the procedure.", "PMID": 846026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7044", "title": "The surgical treatment of traumatic rupture of the aortic valve: report of a case after blunt chest trauma.", "content": "An elderly patient with traumatic aortic valvular insufficiency was treated surgically with valve replacement, the preferred method of treatment, since prognosis is poor without timely surgical therapy. Further emphasis should be given to early diagnosis of this lesion.", "contents": "The surgical treatment of traumatic rupture of the aortic valve: report of a case after blunt chest trauma. An elderly patient with traumatic aortic valvular insufficiency was treated surgically with valve replacement, the preferred method of treatment, since prognosis is poor without timely surgical therapy. Further emphasis should be given to early diagnosis of this lesion.", "PMID": 846027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7045", "title": "Treatment of ankle sprains with joint aspiration, xylocaine infiltration, and early mobilization. Ankle sprains treated with xylocaine infiltration and early mobilization.", "content": "Ninety-nine ankle sprains were arbitrarily divided into a control (54 patients) and a study (45 patients) group. Both groups were treated with elevation, ice compression wraps crutches, and early mobilization. In addition, the study group underwent ankle joint aspiration and local injection of the involved ligaments with 4-10 cc of 1% xylocaine. The difference between recovery times in the control group (mean, 10.7 days) and in the study group (mean, 4.4 days) reached statistical significance at p less than 0.001 by Wilcoxon two-sample test. Because there are inherent risks in this treatment, it is not recommended for all patients. However, for those requiring early remission of symptoms to allow early return to pre-injury activities, this treatment is suggested by the author.", "contents": "Treatment of ankle sprains with joint aspiration, xylocaine infiltration, and early mobilization. Ankle sprains treated with xylocaine infiltration and early mobilization. Ninety-nine ankle sprains were arbitrarily divided into a control (54 patients) and a study (45 patients) group. Both groups were treated with elevation, ice compression wraps crutches, and early mobilization. In addition, the study group underwent ankle joint aspiration and local injection of the involved ligaments with 4-10 cc of 1% xylocaine. The difference between recovery times in the control group (mean, 10.7 days) and in the study group (mean, 4.4 days) reached statistical significance at p less than 0.001 by Wilcoxon two-sample test. Because there are inherent risks in this treatment, it is not recommended for all patients. However, for those requiring early remission of symptoms to allow early return to pre-injury activities, this treatment is suggested by the author.", "PMID": 846028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7046", "title": "The management of tibial shaft fractures by early weight bearing in a patella tendon bearing cast: a comparative study.", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to describe the author's personal experiences in using the Patella Tendon Bearing Cast (P.T.B.) as described by Sarmiento (6), in the management of tibial shaft fractures. In all patients weight-bearing was instituted in a P.T.B. cast 4 weeks from the date of the fracture. The results obtained were compared with those of conventional methods used in the treatment of tibial shaft fractures. Analysis revealed that when the P.T.B. cast was used for treatment of tibial shaft fractures, the time taken for fracture healing was significantly reduced and the functional results were superior to those of conventional methods.", "contents": "The management of tibial shaft fractures by early weight bearing in a patella tendon bearing cast: a comparative study. The purpose of this paper is to describe the author's personal experiences in using the Patella Tendon Bearing Cast (P.T.B.) as described by Sarmiento (6), in the management of tibial shaft fractures. In all patients weight-bearing was instituted in a P.T.B. cast 4 weeks from the date of the fracture. The results obtained were compared with those of conventional methods used in the treatment of tibial shaft fractures. Analysis revealed that when the P.T.B. cast was used for treatment of tibial shaft fractures, the time taken for fracture healing was significantly reduced and the functional results were superior to those of conventional methods.", "PMID": 846029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7047", "title": "Regional lung function in pulmonary hypertension.", "content": "Utilizing 133-xenon gas and a scintillation camera, we examined the distributional relation between ventillation (V) and perfusion (Q) in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) comprising mitral stenosis (MS) and left to right shunt disease (shunt). In the case of MS, Q decreased at the dependent part of lung in proportion to the degree of PH, but preserved normal V and resulted in high V/Q value at this region, which was estimated to cause and physiological dead space effect on the gas exchange function. In the case of shunt disease, even with a high degree of PH, reduction of Q at the dependent lung region was not observed with normal preservation of V, thus obviating any type of the V/Q imbalance. Since the washout of xenon gas by resting tidal volume ventilation was observed to be delayed from the dependent lung region, latent ventilatory impairment in this region due to small airway closure at tidal breathing was also suspected.", "contents": "Regional lung function in pulmonary hypertension. Utilizing 133-xenon gas and a scintillation camera, we examined the distributional relation between ventillation (V) and perfusion (Q) in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) comprising mitral stenosis (MS) and left to right shunt disease (shunt). In the case of MS, Q decreased at the dependent part of lung in proportion to the degree of PH, but preserved normal V and resulted in high V/Q value at this region, which was estimated to cause and physiological dead space effect on the gas exchange function. In the case of shunt disease, even with a high degree of PH, reduction of Q at the dependent lung region was not observed with normal preservation of V, thus obviating any type of the V/Q imbalance. Since the washout of xenon gas by resting tidal volume ventilation was observed to be delayed from the dependent lung region, latent ventilatory impairment in this region due to small airway closure at tidal breathing was also suspected.", "PMID": 846030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7048", "title": "Ultrastructure of the myocardium in acute febrile mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome.", "content": "A fine structure of the myocardium was examined in the acute febrile mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, which was recently prevailing in Japan. The right ventricular myocardial cells in ten cases were observed through endomyocardial biopsies. On light microscopy, accumulation of histiocytes was demonstrated in some cases. Electron microscopic examinations revealed myofibrillar changes, increased glycogen contents and other degenerative changes. On the myocardium of a case in which a biopsy was performed during the active phase of the disease, these changes were prominent. However, these changes were also observed for some months to some degree.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the myocardium in acute febrile mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. A fine structure of the myocardium was examined in the acute febrile mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, which was recently prevailing in Japan. The right ventricular myocardial cells in ten cases were observed through endomyocardial biopsies. On light microscopy, accumulation of histiocytes was demonstrated in some cases. Electron microscopic examinations revealed myofibrillar changes, increased glycogen contents and other degenerative changes. On the myocardium of a case in which a biopsy was performed during the active phase of the disease, these changes were prominent. However, these changes were also observed for some months to some degree.", "PMID": 846031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7049", "title": "A trial of phono-cardio-scan (PCS) for the detection of the heart disease in preschool and school children [proceedings].", "content": "An attempt of PCS was performed for the first time in Japan. Eighteen hundred twenty-six preschool and school children were examined and the result was compared with other studies (physician's auscultation and PCG). The time requirement for a single child is approximately 1.5 min. in primary school. It took longer time in kindergarten. The heart murmur detection rate is high and the sensitivity is fairly good, although it is not so good as well-trained physician's heart murmur detection rate. PCS is not perfect, but is fairly good tool for screening. It can be used only by technician. PCS may be able to save the physician's time.", "contents": "A trial of phono-cardio-scan (PCS) for the detection of the heart disease in preschool and school children [proceedings]. An attempt of PCS was performed for the first time in Japan. Eighteen hundred twenty-six preschool and school children were examined and the result was compared with other studies (physician's auscultation and PCG). The time requirement for a single child is approximately 1.5 min. in primary school. It took longer time in kindergarten. The heart murmur detection rate is high and the sensitivity is fairly good, although it is not so good as well-trained physician's heart murmur detection rate. PCS is not perfect, but is fairly good tool for screening. It can be used only by technician. PCS may be able to save the physician's time.", "PMID": 846033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7050", "title": "Sex and age differences in normal P loops in the Frank lead vectorcardiogram.", "content": "Noise-free and enlarged P loops of the Frank lead system were obtained from 164 normal Japanese males and 137 females (mean age: 34.4 and 33.2 years, respectively) with computer-averaging technique of 8 consecutive beats. Automated measurements concerning 17 parameters of the P loop (P durations, magnitudes, and directions of 3 planar, spatial maximal, and mean polar P vector) were carried out. At the same time, sex and age differences were statistically analyzed. I. Sex differences: Significant sex differences were found in 5 items in the first age group (20-29 years), 3 items in the second (30-39 years), and 7 items in the third (40-49 years). II. Age differences: In males, the effect of aging was observed in 5 parameters out of 17, in time durations extended and maximal vectors displaced posteriorly. In females, changes with advancing age were observed in 13 items out of 17, thus leaving only 4-parameter, including frontal maximal P vectors and directions of mean polar P vectors as unaffected.", "contents": "Sex and age differences in normal P loops in the Frank lead vectorcardiogram. Noise-free and enlarged P loops of the Frank lead system were obtained from 164 normal Japanese males and 137 females (mean age: 34.4 and 33.2 years, respectively) with computer-averaging technique of 8 consecutive beats. Automated measurements concerning 17 parameters of the P loop (P durations, magnitudes, and directions of 3 planar, spatial maximal, and mean polar P vector) were carried out. At the same time, sex and age differences were statistically analyzed. I. Sex differences: Significant sex differences were found in 5 items in the first age group (20-29 years), 3 items in the second (30-39 years), and 7 items in the third (40-49 years). II. Age differences: In males, the effect of aging was observed in 5 parameters out of 17, in time durations extended and maximal vectors displaced posteriorly. In females, changes with advancing age were observed in 13 items out of 17, thus leaving only 4-parameter, including frontal maximal P vectors and directions of mean polar P vectors as unaffected.", "PMID": 846041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7051", "title": "Responses of plasma renin to sodium load in two types of experimental renal hypertension.", "content": "A sodium-rich diet was given 20 rabbits with 2-kidney hypertension (clipping of one renal artery with an intact contralateral kidney), 19 rabbits with 1-kidney hypertension (clipping of one renal artery with contralateral nephrectomy), and 13 normal rabbits. Sodium content of the diet was twice as much as the regular diet. The sodium load was started 10 weeks after clipping of the renal artery and lasted for 2 weeks. During the sodium load blood pressure did not show any significant changes but hematocrit was reduced in all 3 groups. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was clearly suppressed in 10 of 19 animals with 1-kidney hypertension and in 6 of 13 normal animals, but only in 4 of 20 animals with 2-kidney hypertension (p less than 0.04). The results indicate that PRA was more easily suppressed in animals with 1-kidney hypertension than in those with 2-kidney hypertension by a sodium-rich diet and the suppressive response is not associated with alterations in blood pressure.", "contents": "Responses of plasma renin to sodium load in two types of experimental renal hypertension. A sodium-rich diet was given 20 rabbits with 2-kidney hypertension (clipping of one renal artery with an intact contralateral kidney), 19 rabbits with 1-kidney hypertension (clipping of one renal artery with contralateral nephrectomy), and 13 normal rabbits. Sodium content of the diet was twice as much as the regular diet. The sodium load was started 10 weeks after clipping of the renal artery and lasted for 2 weeks. During the sodium load blood pressure did not show any significant changes but hematocrit was reduced in all 3 groups. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was clearly suppressed in 10 of 19 animals with 1-kidney hypertension and in 6 of 13 normal animals, but only in 4 of 20 animals with 2-kidney hypertension (p less than 0.04). The results indicate that PRA was more easily suppressed in animals with 1-kidney hypertension than in those with 2-kidney hypertension by a sodium-rich diet and the suppressive response is not associated with alterations in blood pressure.", "PMID": 846042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7052", "title": "Cardiohemodynamic effects of SK&F 24260, D 600, diltiazem, dilazep, and trimetazidine in the dog.", "content": "The cardiohemodynamic effects of a hypotensive agent, SK&F 24260, and coronary vasodilators, diltiazem, dilazep, and trimetazidine, and D 600 were studied in anesthetized open-chest dogs. The systemic blood pressure, cardiac output (pulmonary arterial flow), venous return (sum of the inferior and superior caval flow) right atrial pressure and heart rate were measured. All 5 drugs decreased the systemic blood pressure and heart rate and increased the right atrial pressure. The venous return and the cardiac output were reduced by higher doses of all the 5 drugs. However, SK&F 24260 in a wide range of doses greatly and diltiazem slightly but clearly increased the venous return and cardiac output. It appears that SK&F 24260 afects predominantly blood vessels whereas the other drugs affect rather the heart to produce a negative inotropic action.", "contents": "Cardiohemodynamic effects of SK&F 24260, D 600, diltiazem, dilazep, and trimetazidine in the dog. The cardiohemodynamic effects of a hypotensive agent, SK&F 24260, and coronary vasodilators, diltiazem, dilazep, and trimetazidine, and D 600 were studied in anesthetized open-chest dogs. The systemic blood pressure, cardiac output (pulmonary arterial flow), venous return (sum of the inferior and superior caval flow) right atrial pressure and heart rate were measured. All 5 drugs decreased the systemic blood pressure and heart rate and increased the right atrial pressure. The venous return and the cardiac output were reduced by higher doses of all the 5 drugs. However, SK&F 24260 in a wide range of doses greatly and diltiazem slightly but clearly increased the venous return and cardiac output. It appears that SK&F 24260 afects predominantly blood vessels whereas the other drugs affect rather the heart to produce a negative inotropic action.", "PMID": 846043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7053", "title": "Effects of ATP on Rb86 clearance of the various organs in rats.", "content": "Thirty-seven normal rats were used to investigate the effect of ATP on Rb86 clearance of the various organs. Blood pressure was decreased by intravenous bolus injection of 10 or 50 mug ATP/Kg body weight (b.w.). In 10 mug ATP/Kg b.w. infusion, Rb86 clearance of the heart, liver, and pancreas was increased by 43, 29, and 27% respectively. In 50 mug ATP/Kg b.w. infusion which reduced the arterial blood pressure strikingly, Rb86 clearance of the liver and pancreas was increased; and that of the kidney was decreased significantly. The present study may suggest that the effective nutritional blood flow of the heart, liver, and pancreas is increased by intravenous infusion of 10 mug ATP/Kg b.w.", "contents": "Effects of ATP on Rb86 clearance of the various organs in rats. Thirty-seven normal rats were used to investigate the effect of ATP on Rb86 clearance of the various organs. Blood pressure was decreased by intravenous bolus injection of 10 or 50 mug ATP/Kg body weight (b.w.). In 10 mug ATP/Kg b.w. infusion, Rb86 clearance of the heart, liver, and pancreas was increased by 43, 29, and 27% respectively. In 50 mug ATP/Kg b.w. infusion which reduced the arterial blood pressure strikingly, Rb86 clearance of the liver and pancreas was increased; and that of the kidney was decreased significantly. The present study may suggest that the effective nutritional blood flow of the heart, liver, and pancreas is increased by intravenous infusion of 10 mug ATP/Kg b.w.", "PMID": 846044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7054", "title": "Echocardiographic detection of pulmonic valve vegetation.", "content": "A patient with pulmonic valve vegetation is presented. The presence of vegetation was suggested echocardiographically by abnormal thick echoes on the pulmonic valve in diastole and it was confirmed by operation.", "contents": "Echocardiographic detection of pulmonic valve vegetation. A patient with pulmonic valve vegetation is presented. The presence of vegetation was suggested echocardiographically by abnormal thick echoes on the pulmonic valve in diastole and it was confirmed by operation.", "PMID": 846045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7055", "title": "Echocardiogram before and after subtotal thyroidectomy for hyperthyroidism.", "content": "Myocardial contractility was estimated in 27 patients with hyperthyroidism (10 men and 17 women, aged from 16 to 38) by echocardiography. Echocardiographic examination was performed before and on the 7th day after the subtotal thyroidectomy. Thyroid functions (PBI, T3, and T4) decreased significantly after the operation (p less than 0.01). Heart rate and systolic blood pressure showed a slight decrease (N.S.), while diastolic blood pressure showed a slight increase (N.S.), while diastolic blood pressure showed a slight increase (N.S.). Mean AWVs decreased from 35.8 +/- 7.0 mm/sec to 27.6 +/- 5.7 mm/sec and correlated wtih T3 (r=0.4008, p less than 0.05). Mean PWV's also decreased from 53.2 +/- 12.2 mm/sec to 45.2 +/- 11.4 mm/aec and correlated with T3 (r=0.5237, p less than 0.02). DDR decreased from 108.0 +/- 36.8 mm/sec to 85.7 +/- 31.7 mm/sec and correlated wtih T3 (r=0.4008, p less than 0.05). Above results suggest that enhanced myocardial contractility and elevated rate of ventricular filling in hyperthyroidism are suppressed after the operation, and that echocardiography is useful for the evaluation of the clinical course after the operation.", "contents": "Echocardiogram before and after subtotal thyroidectomy for hyperthyroidism. Myocardial contractility was estimated in 27 patients with hyperthyroidism (10 men and 17 women, aged from 16 to 38) by echocardiography. Echocardiographic examination was performed before and on the 7th day after the subtotal thyroidectomy. Thyroid functions (PBI, T3, and T4) decreased significantly after the operation (p less than 0.01). Heart rate and systolic blood pressure showed a slight decrease (N.S.), while diastolic blood pressure showed a slight increase (N.S.), while diastolic blood pressure showed a slight increase (N.S.). Mean AWVs decreased from 35.8 +/- 7.0 mm/sec to 27.6 +/- 5.7 mm/sec and correlated wtih T3 (r=0.4008, p less than 0.05). Mean PWV's also decreased from 53.2 +/- 12.2 mm/sec to 45.2 +/- 11.4 mm/aec and correlated with T3 (r=0.5237, p less than 0.02). DDR decreased from 108.0 +/- 36.8 mm/sec to 85.7 +/- 31.7 mm/sec and correlated wtih T3 (r=0.4008, p less than 0.05). Above results suggest that enhanced myocardial contractility and elevated rate of ventricular filling in hyperthyroidism are suppressed after the operation, and that echocardiography is useful for the evaluation of the clinical course after the operation.", "PMID": 846046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7056", "title": "Reappraisal of jugular phlebogram in the diagnosis of tricuspid regurgitation. Relationship between echocardiographic interventricular septal motion and jugular phlebogram.", "content": "Little information is available concerning the relationship between the pattern of the jugular phlebogram and interventricular septal motion. We studied 250 patients with various conditons. Abnormal septal motion was observed in only 33% of the patients with tricuspid regurgitation. All the patients having abnormal septal motion and 66% of those having normal septal motion had the jugular pattern of tricuspid regurgitation. After cardiac operation with the incision of cardiac chambers and pericardiotomy, abnormal septal motion was seen from 40 to 89% at early postoperative period. Of the patients studied approximately 1 year after operation, there was reduced incidence of septal abnormality. Septal motion was normal in all the patients who had ligation of a patent ductus arteriosus and who underwent Blalock's operation. Of these, all having paradoxical motion which occurred in the mid-septum at least had the jugular pattern of tricuspid regurgitation. On the other hand, only 20 to 30% of the patients whose septal motion was normal had the jugular pattern of tricuspid regurgitation. Furthermore, all of the 3 patients with coronary artery disease having paradoxical motion of the entire septum had the jugular pattern of tricuspid regurgitation, as well. We conclude that the jugular pattern of tricuspid regurgitation and echocardiographic septal motion abnormality are related to each other and that tricuspid regurgitation should not be diagnosed by jugular phlebogram unless echocardiographic septal motion is examined.", "contents": "Reappraisal of jugular phlebogram in the diagnosis of tricuspid regurgitation. Relationship between echocardiographic interventricular septal motion and jugular phlebogram. Little information is available concerning the relationship between the pattern of the jugular phlebogram and interventricular septal motion. We studied 250 patients with various conditons. Abnormal septal motion was observed in only 33% of the patients with tricuspid regurgitation. All the patients having abnormal septal motion and 66% of those having normal septal motion had the jugular pattern of tricuspid regurgitation. After cardiac operation with the incision of cardiac chambers and pericardiotomy, abnormal septal motion was seen from 40 to 89% at early postoperative period. Of the patients studied approximately 1 year after operation, there was reduced incidence of septal abnormality. Septal motion was normal in all the patients who had ligation of a patent ductus arteriosus and who underwent Blalock's operation. Of these, all having paradoxical motion which occurred in the mid-septum at least had the jugular pattern of tricuspid regurgitation. On the other hand, only 20 to 30% of the patients whose septal motion was normal had the jugular pattern of tricuspid regurgitation. Furthermore, all of the 3 patients with coronary artery disease having paradoxical motion of the entire septum had the jugular pattern of tricuspid regurgitation, as well. We conclude that the jugular pattern of tricuspid regurgitation and echocardiographic septal motion abnormality are related to each other and that tricuspid regurgitation should not be diagnosed by jugular phlebogram unless echocardiographic septal motion is examined.", "PMID": 846047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7057", "title": "A clinicopathological study on cardiac lesions in 64 cases of disseminated intravascular coagulation.", "content": "Diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) was made in 64 cases (16.2%) among a total of 395 autopsy cases. There were 31 men and 33 women. Their ages ranged from 31 to 91 years (mean 76.3). Underlying diseases were mainly malignancy and sepsis. Fresh cardiac lesions were found in 40 cases (62.5%). Coronary thrombosis was found in 13 cases (20.3%) and myocardial necrosis in 24 cases (37.5%), with acute myocardial infarction in 9 and focal necrosis in 15. Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis was found in 17 cases (26.6%), mural thrombi in 11 (17.2%), and bleeding of the heart in 11 (17.2%). Platelet count, fibrinogen and euglobulin lysis time were not correlated with myocardial necrosis nor coronary thrombosis. Increase of fibrin degradation products correlated with the presence of coronary thrombosis with or without myocardial necrosis. DIC was found with a high incidence in the aged, and many of them were complicated with fresh cardiac lesions. Development of acute myocardial infarction depends on the small thrombi in the severe stenosis of the main coronary arteries or on the multiple microthrombi in the peripheral coronary branches.", "contents": "A clinicopathological study on cardiac lesions in 64 cases of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) was made in 64 cases (16.2%) among a total of 395 autopsy cases. There were 31 men and 33 women. Their ages ranged from 31 to 91 years (mean 76.3). Underlying diseases were mainly malignancy and sepsis. Fresh cardiac lesions were found in 40 cases (62.5%). Coronary thrombosis was found in 13 cases (20.3%) and myocardial necrosis in 24 cases (37.5%), with acute myocardial infarction in 9 and focal necrosis in 15. Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis was found in 17 cases (26.6%), mural thrombi in 11 (17.2%), and bleeding of the heart in 11 (17.2%). Platelet count, fibrinogen and euglobulin lysis time were not correlated with myocardial necrosis nor coronary thrombosis. Increase of fibrin degradation products correlated with the presence of coronary thrombosis with or without myocardial necrosis. DIC was found with a high incidence in the aged, and many of them were complicated with fresh cardiac lesions. Development of acute myocardial infarction depends on the small thrombi in the severe stenosis of the main coronary arteries or on the multiple microthrombi in the peripheral coronary branches.", "PMID": 846048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7058", "title": "Instantaneous assessments of left ventricular dimensions by ultrasonic analogue conversion system. I. An experimental study.", "content": "A new time-to-voltage analogue converter of ultrasound echo was made. The converter samples the echoes from the septal endocardium and the endocardium of the posterior wall of the left ventricle. The converter also enables automatic calculates left ventricular minor axis, volume, and work. In fixed human hearts, the left ventricular minor axis and volume calculated by the converter were close to the actual ones. In anesthetized dogs, left ventricular minor axis, volume, ejection fraction and stroke work calculated by the converter were close to those calculated by cineventriculography. The results indicate applicability of the ultrasonic analogue converter for instantaneous assessments of left ventricular dimensions and function.", "contents": "Instantaneous assessments of left ventricular dimensions by ultrasonic analogue conversion system. I. An experimental study. A new time-to-voltage analogue converter of ultrasound echo was made. The converter samples the echoes from the septal endocardium and the endocardium of the posterior wall of the left ventricle. The converter also enables automatic calculates left ventricular minor axis, volume, and work. In fixed human hearts, the left ventricular minor axis and volume calculated by the converter were close to the actual ones. In anesthetized dogs, left ventricular minor axis, volume, ejection fraction and stroke work calculated by the converter were close to those calculated by cineventriculography. The results indicate applicability of the ultrasonic analogue converter for instantaneous assessments of left ventricular dimensions and function.", "PMID": 846049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7059", "title": "On the function of the aortic valve and the mechanism of the first and second sounds.", "content": "Studies are reported on the exact timing of the aortic component of the second sound in relationship to aortic pressure and flow velocity, and also to aortic valve closure. These studies were performed in animals by means of catheter-tip probes and an electric contact introduced into the aortic valve. They were supplemented by echocardiographic stuides of the aortic valve, and impedance cardiograms in man. Opening of the aortic valve and its relationship to the first heart sound were also studied. It was observed that the second component of the first heart sound grossly coincides with the opening of the aortic valve. The aortic component of the second sound starts a few milliseconds after aortic valve closure. It starts after the incisura of the aortic pressure tracing and the drop of the velocity curve to the zero line; it then increases attaining its maximum at the peak of the rapid rebound of the aortic pressure, which coincides with the trough of the velocity tracing. The final interpretation on the mechanism of the second sound agrees in principle with the studies of Luciani, Wiggers, and Rushmer attributing the sound vibrations to release of the energy stored in the aortic wall, which accelerates the flow and causes deceleration of numerous structures (aortic and valvar) as well as of the blood. Studies of the rate of change of acceleration of pressure confirm this interpretation.", "contents": "On the function of the aortic valve and the mechanism of the first and second sounds. Studies are reported on the exact timing of the aortic component of the second sound in relationship to aortic pressure and flow velocity, and also to aortic valve closure. These studies were performed in animals by means of catheter-tip probes and an electric contact introduced into the aortic valve. They were supplemented by echocardiographic stuides of the aortic valve, and impedance cardiograms in man. Opening of the aortic valve and its relationship to the first heart sound were also studied. It was observed that the second component of the first heart sound grossly coincides with the opening of the aortic valve. The aortic component of the second sound starts a few milliseconds after aortic valve closure. It starts after the incisura of the aortic pressure tracing and the drop of the velocity curve to the zero line; it then increases attaining its maximum at the peak of the rapid rebound of the aortic pressure, which coincides with the trough of the velocity tracing. The final interpretation on the mechanism of the second sound agrees in principle with the studies of Luciani, Wiggers, and Rushmer attributing the sound vibrations to release of the energy stored in the aortic wall, which accelerates the flow and causes deceleration of numerous structures (aortic and valvar) as well as of the blood. Studies of the rate of change of acceleration of pressure confirm this interpretation.", "PMID": 846050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7060", "title": "Effects of oral neomycin and kanamycin in chronic uremic patients: I. Urea metabolism.", "content": "The fate of portal ammonia derived from intestinal urea degradation was examined in 15 experiments in patients with chronic renal failure. The kinetics of labelled urea metabolism were studied before and again during the administration of oral neomycin or kanamycin. Detectable absorption of both drugs generally occurred, but urea clearance and estimated glomerular filtration rate did not significantly change during antibiotic administration. In seven experiments a significant fall in urea degradation (65% to 95%) occurred during antibiotic administration. Analysis of the effect of antibiotics was confined to these seven experiments. In the control periods, there were no differences in urea metabolism or renal function between these patients and those in whom urea degradation was not suppressed. If ammonia derived from urea degradation is converted back to urea in the liver, then suppression of degradation would lead to an equal decrease in urea production, and the difference between production and degradation (\"appearance\") would remain constant. However, if urea-derived ammonia is used for protein synthesis, suppression of degradation would permit the formerly degraded urea to appear in urine and body fluids and thus to increase urea appearance. In these seven experiments, we found no change in urea appearance during antibiotic administration. We conclude that portal ammonia is reincorporated into urea in chronic renal failure and is not utilized significantly for protein synthesis.", "contents": "Effects of oral neomycin and kanamycin in chronic uremic patients: I. Urea metabolism. The fate of portal ammonia derived from intestinal urea degradation was examined in 15 experiments in patients with chronic renal failure. The kinetics of labelled urea metabolism were studied before and again during the administration of oral neomycin or kanamycin. Detectable absorption of both drugs generally occurred, but urea clearance and estimated glomerular filtration rate did not significantly change during antibiotic administration. In seven experiments a significant fall in urea degradation (65% to 95%) occurred during antibiotic administration. Analysis of the effect of antibiotics was confined to these seven experiments. In the control periods, there were no differences in urea metabolism or renal function between these patients and those in whom urea degradation was not suppressed. If ammonia derived from urea degradation is converted back to urea in the liver, then suppression of degradation would lead to an equal decrease in urea production, and the difference between production and degradation (\"appearance\") would remain constant. However, if urea-derived ammonia is used for protein synthesis, suppression of degradation would permit the formerly degraded urea to appear in urine and body fluids and thus to increase urea appearance. In these seven experiments, we found no change in urea appearance during antibiotic administration. We conclude that portal ammonia is reincorporated into urea in chronic renal failure and is not utilized significantly for protein synthesis.", "PMID": 846062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7061", "title": "Effects of oral neomycin and kanamycin in chronic uremic patients: II. Nitrogen balance.", "content": "Nitrogen balance was studied for five to seven days before and during oral administration of neomycin or kanamycin to 14 patients with severe chronic renal failure who were receiving long-term nutritional therapy consisting of protein restriction and supplements of essential amino acids or their nitrogen-free analogues. There was a significant improvement in nitrogen balance during the antibiotic period when compared to the control period, averaging +0.80 g of N per day (P less than 0.005). There was no significant change in average dietary nitrogen, fecal nitrogen, the excretion of non-urea urinary nitrogen, or urea appearance (defined as the sum of urinary urea and the change in the urea pool) during the antibiotic period. However, total nitrogen intake increased by 0.47 g per day owing to nitrogen contained in the drugs. The lack of a change in fecal nitrogen implies that fecal nitrogen not attributable to the drug must have fallen substantially. We conclude that oral neomycin and kanamycin may improve nitrogen balance in patients with severe chronic renal failure by diminishing endogenous fecal nitrogen.", "contents": "Effects of oral neomycin and kanamycin in chronic uremic patients: II. Nitrogen balance. Nitrogen balance was studied for five to seven days before and during oral administration of neomycin or kanamycin to 14 patients with severe chronic renal failure who were receiving long-term nutritional therapy consisting of protein restriction and supplements of essential amino acids or their nitrogen-free analogues. There was a significant improvement in nitrogen balance during the antibiotic period when compared to the control period, averaging +0.80 g of N per day (P less than 0.005). There was no significant change in average dietary nitrogen, fecal nitrogen, the excretion of non-urea urinary nitrogen, or urea appearance (defined as the sum of urinary urea and the change in the urea pool) during the antibiotic period. However, total nitrogen intake increased by 0.47 g per day owing to nitrogen contained in the drugs. The lack of a change in fecal nitrogen implies that fecal nitrogen not attributable to the drug must have fallen substantially. We conclude that oral neomycin and kanamycin may improve nitrogen balance in patients with severe chronic renal failure by diminishing endogenous fecal nitrogen.", "PMID": 846063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7062", "title": "Aldosterone production during dietary sodium restriction and beta-adrenergic blockade.", "content": "The role of the renin-angiotensin system in mediating the aldosterone response to sodium depletion was examined by administration of propranolol during dietary sodium restriction. The beta-adrenergic antagonist prevented the expected increase of plasma renin activity in response to sodium restriction in six of twelve studies. Plasma angiotensin II concentration failed to increase in four of five subjects in whom the renin response was abolished. Despite unchanged or decreased plasma renin activity and plasma angiotensin II concentration, plasma aldosterone concentration increased significantly in response to dietary sodium restriction. The increase in aldosterone production could not be attributed to changes in plasma sodium or potassium concentration or increased ACTH secretion. It is suggested that the aldosterone response to sodium restriction is mediated not only by increased plasma renin activity and angiotensin II concentration, but also another mechanism, possibly related to increased adrenal sensitivity to angiotensin during sodium depletion.", "contents": "Aldosterone production during dietary sodium restriction and beta-adrenergic blockade. The role of the renin-angiotensin system in mediating the aldosterone response to sodium depletion was examined by administration of propranolol during dietary sodium restriction. The beta-adrenergic antagonist prevented the expected increase of plasma renin activity in response to sodium restriction in six of twelve studies. Plasma angiotensin II concentration failed to increase in four of five subjects in whom the renin response was abolished. Despite unchanged or decreased plasma renin activity and plasma angiotensin II concentration, plasma aldosterone concentration increased significantly in response to dietary sodium restriction. The increase in aldosterone production could not be attributed to changes in plasma sodium or potassium concentration or increased ACTH secretion. It is suggested that the aldosterone response to sodium restriction is mediated not only by increased plasma renin activity and angiotensin II concentration, but also another mechanism, possibly related to increased adrenal sensitivity to angiotensin during sodium depletion.", "PMID": 846064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7063", "title": "Alterations in the dog renal tubular epithelium during normothermic ischemia.", "content": "Dog kidneys were subjected to one, two, or three hours' normothermic ischemia in situ and were then excised for biochemical and histological evaluation. The uptake of para-aminohippurate (PAH) by cortical slices progressively decreased with prolongation of the ischemia, but active transport was never abolished. Glycine uptake and oxygen consumption were only reduced to a modest extent by the ischemia. The intracellular ion levels were drastically altered, with loss of potassium and gain of sodium and chloride, and considerable increases in tissue water were observed. Acid phosphatase was liberated by the whole organ into the venous blood and by the incubated slices into the incubation medium, but both biochemical and histochemical techniques showed that the total quantity of the enzyme in the cells was hardly changed. The histochemical reaction product was localized exclusively in the lysosomes. Morphological damage was slight after one or two hours' ischemia, but more pronounced after three hours, when some cells were seen to be detached from the basement membrane. These relatively minor changes seem insufficient to predict the ultimate fate of the organ after ischemia.", "contents": "Alterations in the dog renal tubular epithelium during normothermic ischemia. Dog kidneys were subjected to one, two, or three hours' normothermic ischemia in situ and were then excised for biochemical and histological evaluation. The uptake of para-aminohippurate (PAH) by cortical slices progressively decreased with prolongation of the ischemia, but active transport was never abolished. Glycine uptake and oxygen consumption were only reduced to a modest extent by the ischemia. The intracellular ion levels were drastically altered, with loss of potassium and gain of sodium and chloride, and considerable increases in tissue water were observed. Acid phosphatase was liberated by the whole organ into the venous blood and by the incubated slices into the incubation medium, but both biochemical and histochemical techniques showed that the total quantity of the enzyme in the cells was hardly changed. The histochemical reaction product was localized exclusively in the lysosomes. Morphological damage was slight after one or two hours' ischemia, but more pronounced after three hours, when some cells were seen to be detached from the basement membrane. These relatively minor changes seem insufficient to predict the ultimate fate of the organ after ischemia.", "PMID": 846066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7064", "title": "Urine-reinfusion natriuresis: evidence for potent natriuretic factors in rat urine.", "content": "In awake rats the entire urine output was continuously reinfused i.v. Urine-reinfusion (UR) consistently led to the appearance, within one to two hours, of massive, sustained natriuresis and diuresis, suggesting the existence of potent natriuretic factors in the urine. At the time of maximal natriuresis, mean sodium excretion rate and urine flow rate were 25 and 15 times their respective values in control rats. Ths \"urine-reinfusion natriuresis\" could be demonstrated despite treatment with desoxycorticosterone acetate, blockage of prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin or meclofenamate, reduction of plasma urea by pretreatment with a protein-free diet, or heating the urine to 100 degrees C. The natriuresis was not prevented by the absence of vasopressin (in Brattleboro rats) and was augmented by vasopressin infusion. In the Brattleboro rats, a marked increase in (CH2O + CNa)/GFR with only a slight rise in CH2O/GFR during UR suggests inhibition of both proximal and distal tubular reabsorption. Renal blood flow and plasma flow increased markedly during UR with a lesser rise in GFR, consistent with post-glomerular vasodilatation. Thus, the phenomenon of urine-reinfusion natriuresis suggests the presence in rat urine of potent, heat stable natriuretic factors, whose action is largely independent of changes in mineralocorticoids, prostaglandins, urea, or vasopressin. Renal vasodilatation with decreased sodium reabsorption at both proximal and distal nephron sites, appears to play an important role in the natriuresis.", "contents": "Urine-reinfusion natriuresis: evidence for potent natriuretic factors in rat urine. In awake rats the entire urine output was continuously reinfused i.v. Urine-reinfusion (UR) consistently led to the appearance, within one to two hours, of massive, sustained natriuresis and diuresis, suggesting the existence of potent natriuretic factors in the urine. At the time of maximal natriuresis, mean sodium excretion rate and urine flow rate were 25 and 15 times their respective values in control rats. Ths \"urine-reinfusion natriuresis\" could be demonstrated despite treatment with desoxycorticosterone acetate, blockage of prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin or meclofenamate, reduction of plasma urea by pretreatment with a protein-free diet, or heating the urine to 100 degrees C. The natriuresis was not prevented by the absence of vasopressin (in Brattleboro rats) and was augmented by vasopressin infusion. In the Brattleboro rats, a marked increase in (CH2O + CNa)/GFR with only a slight rise in CH2O/GFR during UR suggests inhibition of both proximal and distal tubular reabsorption. Renal blood flow and plasma flow increased markedly during UR with a lesser rise in GFR, consistent with post-glomerular vasodilatation. Thus, the phenomenon of urine-reinfusion natriuresis suggests the presence in rat urine of potent, heat stable natriuretic factors, whose action is largely independent of changes in mineralocorticoids, prostaglandins, urea, or vasopressin. Renal vasodilatation with decreased sodium reabsorption at both proximal and distal nephron sites, appears to play an important role in the natriuresis.", "PMID": 846067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7065", "title": "Renin synthesis, storage, and release in the rat: a morphological and biochemical study.", "content": "When a marked stimulation of the reninangiotensin system induced in the rat by bilateral adrenalectomy and salt-depletion is abruptly blocked by a 48-hr substitution treatment which desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) and saltload, one observes: 1) an absolute increase of a form of renin revealed only after prior acidification (pH, 2.5) of kidney extract before usual incubation at the optimum pH of 6.5 and 2) the simultaneous appearance of many granules containing crystalline cores in the epithelioid cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus. These observations are compatible with the existence of two forms of renal renin and show that after renin-depletion of the kidney, newly synthesized renin is mainly in the acid-activated form. Storage of this renin the epitheloid cells may possibly take the form of secretory granules with crystalline cores. It is speculated that the acid-activated from of renin may be either a renin proenzyme or a protein-bound form.", "contents": "Renin synthesis, storage, and release in the rat: a morphological and biochemical study. When a marked stimulation of the reninangiotensin system induced in the rat by bilateral adrenalectomy and salt-depletion is abruptly blocked by a 48-hr substitution treatment which desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) and saltload, one observes: 1) an absolute increase of a form of renin revealed only after prior acidification (pH, 2.5) of kidney extract before usual incubation at the optimum pH of 6.5 and 2) the simultaneous appearance of many granules containing crystalline cores in the epithelioid cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus. These observations are compatible with the existence of two forms of renal renin and show that after renin-depletion of the kidney, newly synthesized renin is mainly in the acid-activated form. Storage of this renin the epitheloid cells may possibly take the form of secretory granules with crystalline cores. It is speculated that the acid-activated from of renin may be either a renin proenzyme or a protein-bound form.", "PMID": 846068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7066", "title": "Evidence that alterations in distal sodium delivery and distal sodium avidity affect the rate of excretion of an acute HCl load.", "content": "In these experiments, two groups of animals were studies to evaluate the effect of altering renal tubular sodium-handling on the excretion of acute HCl load. In group, I, normal salt animals hypotonically expanded with antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (using a protocol known to stimulate aldosterone) presented large amounts of sodium to the distal tubule and excreted an acute HCl load much more efficiently than did animals pretreated with either a normal (NL) or low (LO) salt diet alone. In group II, 24 hr after acid-loading, the plasma bicarbonate concentrations were significantly lower in animals pretreated with sodium restriction plus furosemide (F) than in those maintained on a normal (NL) or high (HI) salt diet alone. Acid excretion was maximized (ADH) when distal sodium avidity was stimulated in the presence of adequate distal sodium delivery and minimized (F) when distal sodium delivery was limited (despite possible augmentation of distal sodium avidity). Alterations in urinary sodium excretion alone (LO, NL, HI) did not affect the rate of acid excretion. These data are compatible with the hypothesis that the excretion of an acute HCl load is mediated by existing levels of distal sodium delivery and distal sodium avidity.", "contents": "Evidence that alterations in distal sodium delivery and distal sodium avidity affect the rate of excretion of an acute HCl load. In these experiments, two groups of animals were studies to evaluate the effect of altering renal tubular sodium-handling on the excretion of acute HCl load. In group, I, normal salt animals hypotonically expanded with antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (using a protocol known to stimulate aldosterone) presented large amounts of sodium to the distal tubule and excreted an acute HCl load much more efficiently than did animals pretreated with either a normal (NL) or low (LO) salt diet alone. In group II, 24 hr after acid-loading, the plasma bicarbonate concentrations were significantly lower in animals pretreated with sodium restriction plus furosemide (F) than in those maintained on a normal (NL) or high (HI) salt diet alone. Acid excretion was maximized (ADH) when distal sodium avidity was stimulated in the presence of adequate distal sodium delivery and minimized (F) when distal sodium delivery was limited (despite possible augmentation of distal sodium avidity). Alterations in urinary sodium excretion alone (LO, NL, HI) did not affect the rate of acid excretion. These data are compatible with the hypothesis that the excretion of an acute HCl load is mediated by existing levels of distal sodium delivery and distal sodium avidity.", "PMID": 846069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7067", "title": "Individual renal clearances determined at renal vein catheterization.", "content": "Renal para-aminohippurate (PAH) clearances were predicted in 16 kidneys of eight hypertensive patients with renal artery stenosis, pyelonephritis, or obstructive nephropathy, without individual ureteral catheterization. Predictions of left or right kidney clearance (CL or CR) were based on roentgenographic renal frontal areas (A), on total PAH clearances (CT), and on individual PAH extractions (E) measured at renal vein catheterization according to the formula (formula: see text). When these patients underwent ureteral catheterization for diagnostic reasons, individual PAH clearances were measured and ranged from 22 to 286 cm3/min. After correction for differences in total PAH clearance on the two occasions, predicted and individually measured values corresponded closely along a line of identity. The 95% confidence limit (+/- 2 SEM) for predictions of individual PAH clearance was approximately +/- 38 cm3/min and for percet of total PAH clearance distributed to left or right kidney, +/- 6%. Individual renal PAH clearances can therefore be predicted at renal vein catheterization with acceptable error. Thus, the substantially invasive procedure of ureteral catheterization is not required to ascertain left and right kidney PAH clearance in patients already at risk from renal disease.", "contents": "Individual renal clearances determined at renal vein catheterization. Renal para-aminohippurate (PAH) clearances were predicted in 16 kidneys of eight hypertensive patients with renal artery stenosis, pyelonephritis, or obstructive nephropathy, without individual ureteral catheterization. Predictions of left or right kidney clearance (CL or CR) were based on roentgenographic renal frontal areas (A), on total PAH clearances (CT), and on individual PAH extractions (E) measured at renal vein catheterization according to the formula (formula: see text). When these patients underwent ureteral catheterization for diagnostic reasons, individual PAH clearances were measured and ranged from 22 to 286 cm3/min. After correction for differences in total PAH clearance on the two occasions, predicted and individually measured values corresponded closely along a line of identity. The 95% confidence limit (+/- 2 SEM) for predictions of individual PAH clearance was approximately +/- 38 cm3/min and for percet of total PAH clearance distributed to left or right kidney, +/- 6%. Individual renal PAH clearances can therefore be predicted at renal vein catheterization with acceptable error. Thus, the substantially invasive procedure of ureteral catheterization is not required to ascertain left and right kidney PAH clearance in patients already at risk from renal disease.", "PMID": 846070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7068", "title": "Angiotensin II blockade in normal man: interaction of renin and sodium in maintaining blood pressure.", "content": "Nine normotensive volunteers underwent six days of sodium-depletion followed by six days of sodium-repletion. On days six and twelve, the angiotensin II inhibitor, sar1-ala8-angiotensin II (saralasin), was infused i.v. and the blood pressure monitored with the subjects first in supine and then in upright position. The degree of induced sodium-depletion was varied over a considerable range in order to determine the level of sodium balance which is critical for maintaining blood pressure in the absence of the pressor action of angiotensin II. Five subjects had a cumulative sodium loss of more than 200 mEq, mainly because of more vigorous diuretic treatment; upon infusion of saralasin, four exhibited marked hypotension in the erect position. The fifth became deeply hypotensive while still supine and was unable to stand up. Hypotension occurred in spite of clinical evidence of catecholamine oversecretion. In the four patients who had urinary sodium losses of less than 200 mEq, infusion of the inhibitor did not reduce their blood pressure. Following sodium-repletion, none of the nine subjects exhibited a blood pressure response to the inhibitor. These results suggest that angiotensin II plays an active role in sustaining normal blood pressure only under conditions of considerable sodium-depletion.", "contents": "Angiotensin II blockade in normal man: interaction of renin and sodium in maintaining blood pressure. Nine normotensive volunteers underwent six days of sodium-depletion followed by six days of sodium-repletion. On days six and twelve, the angiotensin II inhibitor, sar1-ala8-angiotensin II (saralasin), was infused i.v. and the blood pressure monitored with the subjects first in supine and then in upright position. The degree of induced sodium-depletion was varied over a considerable range in order to determine the level of sodium balance which is critical for maintaining blood pressure in the absence of the pressor action of angiotensin II. Five subjects had a cumulative sodium loss of more than 200 mEq, mainly because of more vigorous diuretic treatment; upon infusion of saralasin, four exhibited marked hypotension in the erect position. The fifth became deeply hypotensive while still supine and was unable to stand up. Hypotension occurred in spite of clinical evidence of catecholamine oversecretion. In the four patients who had urinary sodium losses of less than 200 mEq, infusion of the inhibitor did not reduce their blood pressure. Following sodium-repletion, none of the nine subjects exhibited a blood pressure response to the inhibitor. These results suggest that angiotensin II plays an active role in sustaining normal blood pressure only under conditions of considerable sodium-depletion.", "PMID": 846071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7069", "title": "Volume-dependent parameters in essential hypertension.", "content": "Blood pressure, renal blood flow, total blood volume (TBV), plasma renin activity, and vascular reactivities to angiotensin and norepinephrine were studied in 48 normotensive subjects and 106 essential, sustained, hypertensive patients with normal renal function, balanced sodium intake, and urinary output. A significant negative pressure-volume relationship was observed in normal subjects. Among the hypertensive patients, some were inside the 95% confidence limits of the normal curve and the others were above, indicating a disturbance in the pressure-volume relationship. A quantitative evaluation of the pressure-volume disturbance was proposed and discussed. The blood pressure of each hypertensive patient corresponded to two different blood volume values: the renal valve and the theoretical value extrapolated from the normal curve. The difference between the two values was called deltaTBV and was positive in hypertensive patients. The deltaTBV value was negatively correlated with the renal blood flow, the creatinine clearance, the plasma renin activity, and the vascular reactivities to angiotensin and norepinephrine (P less than 0.0001). The parameters were not correlated with the real blood volume. This study demonstrates quantitatively a pressure-volume disturbance in essential hypertension. This disturbance is strongly correlated with the renal function and the renin-angiotensin system changes.", "contents": "Volume-dependent parameters in essential hypertension. Blood pressure, renal blood flow, total blood volume (TBV), plasma renin activity, and vascular reactivities to angiotensin and norepinephrine were studied in 48 normotensive subjects and 106 essential, sustained, hypertensive patients with normal renal function, balanced sodium intake, and urinary output. A significant negative pressure-volume relationship was observed in normal subjects. Among the hypertensive patients, some were inside the 95% confidence limits of the normal curve and the others were above, indicating a disturbance in the pressure-volume relationship. A quantitative evaluation of the pressure-volume disturbance was proposed and discussed. The blood pressure of each hypertensive patient corresponded to two different blood volume values: the renal valve and the theoretical value extrapolated from the normal curve. The difference between the two values was called deltaTBV and was positive in hypertensive patients. The deltaTBV value was negatively correlated with the renal blood flow, the creatinine clearance, the plasma renin activity, and the vascular reactivities to angiotensin and norepinephrine (P less than 0.0001). The parameters were not correlated with the real blood volume. This study demonstrates quantitatively a pressure-volume disturbance in essential hypertension. This disturbance is strongly correlated with the renal function and the renin-angiotensin system changes.", "PMID": 846072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7070", "title": "Activity of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB in serum and red cell acetylcholinesterase variants in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Activity of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB in serum and variants of red cell acetylcholinesterase were determined in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, in other forms of Dystrophy and in family members of Duchenne patients and healthy controls. Creatine kinase isoenzyme MB was observed only in all cases of DMD as well as variants of red cell acetylcholinesterase characterized by so-called inhibitor numbers. Carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy can be distinguished from Duchenne patients and healthy controls by estimation of Acetylcholinesterase variants.", "contents": "Activity of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB in serum and red cell acetylcholinesterase variants in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Activity of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB in serum and variants of red cell acetylcholinesterase were determined in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, in other forms of Dystrophy and in family members of Duchenne patients and healthy controls. Creatine kinase isoenzyme MB was observed only in all cases of DMD as well as variants of red cell acetylcholinesterase characterized by so-called inhibitor numbers. Carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy can be distinguished from Duchenne patients and healthy controls by estimation of Acetylcholinesterase variants.", "PMID": 846181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7071", "title": "Neuraminidase and tumor immunotherapy.", "content": "Preliminary results of first clinical studies with the enzyme neuraminidase call attention to a new kind of cancer treatment. This promising approach to tumor immunotherapy was entered into the clinical phase as a consequence of successful experimental studies in tumor-bearing mice, rats and dogs. In this review, the presently known and essential results of experimental and clinical studies on tumor immunotherapy by means of neuraminidase are presented as well as some necessary and critical considerations in this context. Moreover, out of a broad variety of results of biochemical and biological in vitro studies, it was attempted to select the more essential knowledge which could contribute to a better understanding of the still rather unclear in vivo mode of action of the enzyme neuraminidase. In a first brief paragraph (1.0), the biochemically characteristic data of the enzyme neuraminidase is presented. In the second section (2.0), the basic knowledge about the effects of neuraminidase on cell behavior is rather amply contained. Here, on the one hand, the biophysical and biochemical alterations are mentioned, the so-called \"\"unmasking'' effects are reconsidered and, on the other hand, the effects on the immunologically responding cell are discussed. In a third section (3.0), the diverse findings from animal experiments using neuraminidase-treated tumor cells are confronted, whereby tumor transplantation experiments and tumor therapy experiments are dealt with separately. The last section (4.0) reports about the first clinical studies with neuraminidase-treated autologous as well as homologous tumor cells, which partly brought about rather surprising and astonishing success. On the basis of recent findings by the study group of the authors, the more prior and sometimes discrepant results of various groups are critically considered. The problems of alteration of antigenicity and of other properties of cells through splitting off membrane-bound neuraminic acid, the facts of adjuvanticity of neuraminidase itself, the relation of successful therapy to dose dependency as well as the relation of undesirable methods for tumor mass reduction to the immunological responsiveness of the tumor bearer were especially looked into.", "contents": "Neuraminidase and tumor immunotherapy. Preliminary results of first clinical studies with the enzyme neuraminidase call attention to a new kind of cancer treatment. This promising approach to tumor immunotherapy was entered into the clinical phase as a consequence of successful experimental studies in tumor-bearing mice, rats and dogs. In this review, the presently known and essential results of experimental and clinical studies on tumor immunotherapy by means of neuraminidase are presented as well as some necessary and critical considerations in this context. Moreover, out of a broad variety of results of biochemical and biological in vitro studies, it was attempted to select the more essential knowledge which could contribute to a better understanding of the still rather unclear in vivo mode of action of the enzyme neuraminidase. In a first brief paragraph (1.0), the biochemically characteristic data of the enzyme neuraminidase is presented. In the second section (2.0), the basic knowledge about the effects of neuraminidase on cell behavior is rather amply contained. Here, on the one hand, the biophysical and biochemical alterations are mentioned, the so-called \"\"unmasking'' effects are reconsidered and, on the other hand, the effects on the immunologically responding cell are discussed. In a third section (3.0), the diverse findings from animal experiments using neuraminidase-treated tumor cells are confronted, whereby tumor transplantation experiments and tumor therapy experiments are dealt with separately. The last section (4.0) reports about the first clinical studies with neuraminidase-treated autologous as well as homologous tumor cells, which partly brought about rather surprising and astonishing success. On the basis of recent findings by the study group of the authors, the more prior and sometimes discrepant results of various groups are critically considered. The problems of alteration of antigenicity and of other properties of cells through splitting off membrane-bound neuraminic acid, the facts of adjuvanticity of neuraminidase itself, the relation of successful therapy to dose dependency as well as the relation of undesirable methods for tumor mass reduction to the immunological responsiveness of the tumor bearer were especially looked into.", "PMID": 846180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7072", "title": "[Plasma concentrations after injection or infusion of phenytoin (author's transl)].", "content": "Intravenous injection of 3 mg/kg phenytoin produced plasma concentrations of 4.2 mug/ml in five volunteers, which were below the concentration of 10-20 mjg/ml necessary for effective antiarrhythmic and antiepileptic treatment. Intravenous injection of 250 mg phenytoin followed by infusion of 750 mg phenytoin in a mean dosage of 1.7 mg/kg x h in nine patients with epilepsy produced plasma concentrations of 10.2 resp. 15.1 mug/ml after 4 resp. 8h. An oral maintenance therapy of 5-6 mg/kg is suggested. Therapeutic plasma concentrations were rapidly reached with this regimen.", "contents": "[Plasma concentrations after injection or infusion of phenytoin (author's transl)]. Intravenous injection of 3 mg/kg phenytoin produced plasma concentrations of 4.2 mug/ml in five volunteers, which were below the concentration of 10-20 mjg/ml necessary for effective antiarrhythmic and antiepileptic treatment. Intravenous injection of 250 mg phenytoin followed by infusion of 750 mg phenytoin in a mean dosage of 1.7 mg/kg x h in nine patients with epilepsy produced plasma concentrations of 10.2 resp. 15.1 mug/ml after 4 resp. 8h. An oral maintenance therapy of 5-6 mg/kg is suggested. Therapeutic plasma concentrations were rapidly reached with this regimen.", "PMID": 846182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7073", "title": "[Lysozyme levels in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Lysozyme concentrations in serum and urine were determined in 101 patients with Crohn's disease and 26 patients with ulcerative colitis. Lysozyme was assayed according to the lysoplate method of Osserman against a standard of humam lysozyme. The mean serum lysozyme concentrations (+/- S.E.M.) for each group were as follows: controls 8.4 +/- 1.8 (n equals 38), Crohn's disease 8.2+/-2.6 (n equals 101), ulcerative colitis 8.7+/-3.0 (n equals 26). No significant differences were found in serum lysozyme levels of the various groups of patients (2p is greater 0.05). There existed no correlation (r equals 0.12, n equals  129, p is greater than 0.05) with the activity of the disease. Serum lysozyme levels were significantly higher in patients affected by Crohn's disease of the small and the large bowel than in patients with involvement of the small intestine only and operated patients (2p is less than 0.05). The discriminative value of these findings with respect to the clinical course of such patients is limited because no significant differences are found between the levels of patients with Crohn's disease and controls. Neither in case of Crohn's disease nor ulcerative colitis were the mean urine lysozyme concentrations increased. These findings show that the determination of serum and urine lysozyme levels is unsuitable in respect of the differential diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease as well as of the assessment of activity and extent of the disease.", "contents": "[Lysozyme levels in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (author's transl)]. Lysozyme concentrations in serum and urine were determined in 101 patients with Crohn's disease and 26 patients with ulcerative colitis. Lysozyme was assayed according to the lysoplate method of Osserman against a standard of humam lysozyme. The mean serum lysozyme concentrations (+/- S.E.M.) for each group were as follows: controls 8.4 +/- 1.8 (n equals 38), Crohn's disease 8.2+/-2.6 (n equals 101), ulcerative colitis 8.7+/-3.0 (n equals 26). No significant differences were found in serum lysozyme levels of the various groups of patients (2p is greater 0.05). There existed no correlation (r equals 0.12, n equals  129, p is greater than 0.05) with the activity of the disease. Serum lysozyme levels were significantly higher in patients affected by Crohn's disease of the small and the large bowel than in patients with involvement of the small intestine only and operated patients (2p is less than 0.05). The discriminative value of these findings with respect to the clinical course of such patients is limited because no significant differences are found between the levels of patients with Crohn's disease and controls. Neither in case of Crohn's disease nor ulcerative colitis were the mean urine lysozyme concentrations increased. These findings show that the determination of serum and urine lysozyme levels is unsuitable in respect of the differential diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease as well as of the assessment of activity and extent of the disease.", "PMID": 846183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7074", "title": "[Frequency and valuation of epitheloid cell granulomas of the spleen in morbus Hodgkin (author's transl)].", "content": "Macroscopic and microscopic examination of 154 spleens from patients with lymphogranulomatosis revealed focal alterations in 71 (46%) specimens, 55 ( equals 36%) of which showed typical Hodgkin granuloma while in 16 cases ( equals 10%) the granulomas present were composed of epitheloid cells only. In casu, both Hodkin and epitheloid cell granulomas were macroscopically visible and occurred in normal-sized as well as in enlarged (is greater than 250 g) spleens. However, unspecific alterations had led to splenomegaly, too. The presence of epitheloid cell granulomas in spleens in M. Hodgkin proves that the granulomas indeed are causal pathogenetically linked with lymphogranulomatosis, but are to separate from it  substantially. Epitheloid cell granulomas are interpreted as a reaction of the mononuclear phagocyte system in lymogranulomatosis and not as a manifestation of lymphogranulomatosis itself. This should be considered in clinical staging.", "contents": "[Frequency and valuation of epitheloid cell granulomas of the spleen in morbus Hodgkin (author's transl)]. Macroscopic and microscopic examination of 154 spleens from patients with lymphogranulomatosis revealed focal alterations in 71 (46%) specimens, 55 ( equals 36%) of which showed typical Hodgkin granuloma while in 16 cases ( equals 10%) the granulomas present were composed of epitheloid cells only. In casu, both Hodkin and epitheloid cell granulomas were macroscopically visible and occurred in normal-sized as well as in enlarged (is greater than 250 g) spleens. However, unspecific alterations had led to splenomegaly, too. The presence of epitheloid cell granulomas in spleens in M. Hodgkin proves that the granulomas indeed are causal pathogenetically linked with lymphogranulomatosis, but are to separate from it  substantially. Epitheloid cell granulomas are interpreted as a reaction of the mononuclear phagocyte system in lymogranulomatosis and not as a manifestation of lymphogranulomatosis itself. This should be considered in clinical staging.", "PMID": 846184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7075", "title": "[Respiratory gas exchange and glucose uptake by the human spleen in situ (author's transl)].", "content": "Blood samples were taken from the splenic artery, vein and pulp of 16 patients suffering from lymphoproliferative diseases, essential thrombocytopenia or hereditary spherocytosis and undergoing early splenectomy. The relevant parameters of the respiratory gas exchange as well as glucose and lactate concentrations were determined in these samples. In no case did the thorough examination of the splenic tissue reveal any histopathologic aspects. Taking into account a mean splenic blood flow of 100 ml/100 g/min during anaesthesia, the mean oxygen consumption of the splenic tissue attains 1.1 ml/100 g/min. The glucose uptake and the lactate release show to be 9 mg/100 g/min and 5.2 mg/100 g/min, respectively. Despite high glucose uptake rates and pronounced glycolytic activities there is no evidence of the existence of low pH values, a glucose depletion or hypoxia in the normal spleen. In the normal spleen, therefore, the intrasplenic sequestration of red blood cells cannot be explained by unfavourable metabolic conditions.", "contents": "[Respiratory gas exchange and glucose uptake by the human spleen in situ (author's transl)]. Blood samples were taken from the splenic artery, vein and pulp of 16 patients suffering from lymphoproliferative diseases, essential thrombocytopenia or hereditary spherocytosis and undergoing early splenectomy. The relevant parameters of the respiratory gas exchange as well as glucose and lactate concentrations were determined in these samples. In no case did the thorough examination of the splenic tissue reveal any histopathologic aspects. Taking into account a mean splenic blood flow of 100 ml/100 g/min during anaesthesia, the mean oxygen consumption of the splenic tissue attains 1.1 ml/100 g/min. The glucose uptake and the lactate release show to be 9 mg/100 g/min and 5.2 mg/100 g/min, respectively. Despite high glucose uptake rates and pronounced glycolytic activities there is no evidence of the existence of low pH values, a glucose depletion or hypoxia in the normal spleen. In the normal spleen, therefore, the intrasplenic sequestration of red blood cells cannot be explained by unfavourable metabolic conditions.", "PMID": 846185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7076", "title": "[Thin layer chromatography of riboflavin in urine (author's transl)].", "content": "A method is described for determining riboflavin excretion in urine by thin-Layer chromatography. The sample will be preliminarily purified on Permutit T with subsequent separation of riboflavin by thin-layer chromatography on Kieselgel HR with pyridine--acetic acid--water as an eluant. Substances interfering with the fluorescence of riboflavin can be eliminated through the procedure. Riboflavin remission is measured by a chromatogram-spectralphotometer with fluorescence equipment. Between 0.02 to 0.5 mug riboflavin intensity of fluorescence is proportional to the concentration of riboflavin.", "contents": "[Thin layer chromatography of riboflavin in urine (author's transl)]. A method is described for determining riboflavin excretion in urine by thin-Layer chromatography. The sample will be preliminarily purified on Permutit T with subsequent separation of riboflavin by thin-layer chromatography on Kieselgel HR with pyridine--acetic acid--water as an eluant. Substances interfering with the fluorescence of riboflavin can be eliminated through the procedure. Riboflavin remission is measured by a chromatogram-spectralphotometer with fluorescence equipment. Between 0.02 to 0.5 mug riboflavin intensity of fluorescence is proportional to the concentration of riboflavin.", "PMID": 846186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7077", "title": "Plasma digoxin levels in anuric patients and normal subjects taking digitoxin.", "content": "Plasma digoxin suspected to be elevated in anuric patients taking digitoxin was determined by radioimmunoassay in 15 anuric patients and 15 normal persons subjected to 0.1 mg digitoxin therapy per day. All plasma digoxin values from the anuric patients and the normal subjects were far below the lower limit of the therapeutic range of plasma digoxin. There existed no difference between the digoxin values determined in anuric patients and subjects with normal renal function; in both groups there was a scatter of digoxin values about the cross reaction line between digitoxin and digoxin antibody. It is concluded from the results that digoxin retention in anuric patients taking digitoxin plays an insignificant role; thus, the pharmacological effect is mediated by digitoxin itself.", "contents": "Plasma digoxin levels in anuric patients and normal subjects taking digitoxin. Plasma digoxin suspected to be elevated in anuric patients taking digitoxin was determined by radioimmunoassay in 15 anuric patients and 15 normal persons subjected to 0.1 mg digitoxin therapy per day. All plasma digoxin values from the anuric patients and the normal subjects were far below the lower limit of the therapeutic range of plasma digoxin. There existed no difference between the digoxin values determined in anuric patients and subjects with normal renal function; in both groups there was a scatter of digoxin values about the cross reaction line between digitoxin and digoxin antibody. It is concluded from the results that digoxin retention in anuric patients taking digitoxin plays an insignificant role; thus, the pharmacological effect is mediated by digitoxin itself.", "PMID": 846187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7078", "title": "Effect of hypertension on the in vitro incorporation of [1-14C]-oleate into phospholipid and cholesterol ester in the aortae of normal-fed and cholesterol-fed rabbits.", "content": "The effect of prior hypertension on the in vitro incorporation of [1-14C]-oleate into phospholipid and cholesterol ester in aortae from cholesterol-fed and normal fed rabbits was studied. Incorporation of [1-14C]-oleate into phospholipid was not increased in aortae from either hypertensive normal-fed or hypertensive cholesterol-fed rabbits when compared to the appropriate normotensive controls. In the normal-fed rabbits, incorporation of [1-14C]-oleate into cholesterol ester was increased by hypertension in all aortic regions. In cholesterol-fed rabbits cholesterol esterification was found to be proportional to the intimal cholesterol concentration, irrespective of the prior blood pressure or the particular aortic region studied. It is concluded that the increased lipid synthesis in atherosclerotic vessels from hypertensive rabbits is a consequence of the increased lipid accumulation produced by hypertension and not the result of hypertension directly stimulating arterial wall metabolism.", "contents": "Effect of hypertension on the in vitro incorporation of [1-14C]-oleate into phospholipid and cholesterol ester in the aortae of normal-fed and cholesterol-fed rabbits. The effect of prior hypertension on the in vitro incorporation of [1-14C]-oleate into phospholipid and cholesterol ester in aortae from cholesterol-fed and normal fed rabbits was studied. Incorporation of [1-14C]-oleate into phospholipid was not increased in aortae from either hypertensive normal-fed or hypertensive cholesterol-fed rabbits when compared to the appropriate normotensive controls. In the normal-fed rabbits, incorporation of [1-14C]-oleate into cholesterol ester was increased by hypertension in all aortic regions. In cholesterol-fed rabbits cholesterol esterification was found to be proportional to the intimal cholesterol concentration, irrespective of the prior blood pressure or the particular aortic region studied. It is concluded that the increased lipid synthesis in atherosclerotic vessels from hypertensive rabbits is a consequence of the increased lipid accumulation produced by hypertension and not the result of hypertension directly stimulating arterial wall metabolism.", "PMID": 846188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7079", "title": "Effect of norethisterone-acetate on salt excretion and of the renin-aldosterone system in man.", "content": "The mechanism of a previously described rise in the excretion rate of aldosterone-18-glucuronide under the influence of norethisterone-acetate was further investigated in 10 male volunteers. Oral administration of 30 mg norethisterone-acetate daily for 1 week caused a significant natriuresis and a rise in the excretion rate of aldosterone-18-glucuronide. Aldosterone secretion rate rose slightly but insignificantly. Plasma aldosterone, renin activity, and angiotensin II remained unaltered while plasma renin substrate increased markedly. Norethisterone-acetate, or one of its metabolites, may directly stimulate aldosterone secretion and metabolism rendering plasma aldosterone levels unaltered. The rise in renin substrate is obviously due to estrogenic properties of the compound studied. The mechanism of natriuresis remains unexplained.", "contents": "Effect of norethisterone-acetate on salt excretion and of the renin-aldosterone system in man. The mechanism of a previously described rise in the excretion rate of aldosterone-18-glucuronide under the influence of norethisterone-acetate was further investigated in 10 male volunteers. Oral administration of 30 mg norethisterone-acetate daily for 1 week caused a significant natriuresis and a rise in the excretion rate of aldosterone-18-glucuronide. Aldosterone secretion rate rose slightly but insignificantly. Plasma aldosterone, renin activity, and angiotensin II remained unaltered while plasma renin substrate increased markedly. Norethisterone-acetate, or one of its metabolites, may directly stimulate aldosterone secretion and metabolism rendering plasma aldosterone levels unaltered. The rise in renin substrate is obviously due to estrogenic properties of the compound studied. The mechanism of natriuresis remains unexplained.", "PMID": 846189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7080", "title": "Renin-like (angiotensinogenase) activity in sweat of patients with cystic fibrosis and controls.", "content": "Using bioassay method (rat blood pressure technique) as well as the radioimmunoassay, renin-like activity (RLA) was measured in eccrine sweat of patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas (CF) and of controls. Sweat-formation was induced by pilocarpine-iontophoresis or by local injection of carbamylcholine (Doryl). RLA-values between O (not measurable) and 460 ng/ml.h were measured. With increasing sweat flow-rate a tendency to lower RLA-values was detected. No significant difference was observed between CF and controls. From the observation that RLA of sweat is up to 30 times higher than that of plasma, it is concluded that RLA is probably released not from plasma but from the sweat glands themselves, where it is stored or synthesized.", "contents": "Renin-like (angiotensinogenase) activity in sweat of patients with cystic fibrosis and controls. Using bioassay method (rat blood pressure technique) as well as the radioimmunoassay, renin-like activity (RLA) was measured in eccrine sweat of patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas (CF) and of controls. Sweat-formation was induced by pilocarpine-iontophoresis or by local injection of carbamylcholine (Doryl). RLA-values between O (not measurable) and 460 ng/ml.h were measured. With increasing sweat flow-rate a tendency to lower RLA-values was detected. No significant difference was observed between CF and controls. From the observation that RLA of sweat is up to 30 times higher than that of plasma, it is concluded that RLA is probably released not from plasma but from the sweat glands themselves, where it is stored or synthesized.", "PMID": 846190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7081", "title": "Membrane phenomena accompanying erythrophagocytosis. A scanning electron microscope study.", "content": "Mouse peritoneal macrophages phagocytose opsonized sheep red blood cells in two distinct ways. The unflattened macrophage with its highly folded plasma membrane envelops erythrocytes by multiple pseudopodia that are frequently of unequal size and have overlapping margins. The flat macrophage with a smooth surface, acquired as a result of spreading on an artificial substrate or from engulfing several erythrocytes, internalizes erythrocytes by a single cuplike or funnel-like pseudopod. Both patterns are observed in in situ and in vitro preparations of macrophages from A and C3H/HeN strain mice, that are normal, sensitized to sheep red blood cells, or treated with pyran. These membrane patterns are observed on macrophages engulfing erythrocytes that had been coated with antibody from A strain mice, or with rabbit antisheep erythrocyte antibody. The factor that appears to determine the membrane pattern is the number of discrete points of contact made by the erythrocyte as it attaches to the folded or smooth surface of a macrophage.", "contents": "Membrane phenomena accompanying erythrophagocytosis. A scanning electron microscope study. Mouse peritoneal macrophages phagocytose opsonized sheep red blood cells in two distinct ways. The unflattened macrophage with its highly folded plasma membrane envelops erythrocytes by multiple pseudopodia that are frequently of unequal size and have overlapping margins. The flat macrophage with a smooth surface, acquired as a result of spreading on an artificial substrate or from engulfing several erythrocytes, internalizes erythrocytes by a single cuplike or funnel-like pseudopod. Both patterns are observed in in situ and in vitro preparations of macrophages from A and C3H/HeN strain mice, that are normal, sensitized to sheep red blood cells, or treated with pyran. These membrane patterns are observed on macrophages engulfing erythrocytes that had been coated with antibody from A strain mice, or with rabbit antisheep erythrocyte antibody. The factor that appears to determine the membrane pattern is the number of discrete points of contact made by the erythrocyte as it attaches to the folded or smooth surface of a macrophage.", "PMID": 846191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7082", "title": "The fine structure of granuloma annulare.", "content": "The necrobiotic disease granuloma annulare was studied with the electron microscope in an effort to develop a theory for the mechanism of development of necrobiotic connective tissue. That mechanism must provide for the disappearance of nuclei, the tinctorial change in collagen, and the retention of connective tissue outlines characteristic of necrobiosis. Our observations suggest that necrosis of histiocytes and fibroblasts with release of lysosomal enzymes is an important early event in the development of necrobiosis. Increased quantities of extracellular hyaluronic acid are also present in the earliest recognizable lesions. The combination of lysosomal enzymes and abundant hyaluronic acid in the interstitium results in swelling of collagen. Necrotic cellular debris is deposited about many collagen fibrils. This material seems to protect collagen from further destruction and may account for the preservation of connective tissue outlines observed at the light microscopic level. Some collagen fibrils not protected by cellular debris appear to be disrupted into constituent filaments. Crossbanded filamentous aggregates that resemble fibrous long spaced collagen were also observed and may represent an abnormal reassembly of disrupted collagen.", "contents": "The fine structure of granuloma annulare. The necrobiotic disease granuloma annulare was studied with the electron microscope in an effort to develop a theory for the mechanism of development of necrobiotic connective tissue. That mechanism must provide for the disappearance of nuclei, the tinctorial change in collagen, and the retention of connective tissue outlines characteristic of necrobiosis. Our observations suggest that necrosis of histiocytes and fibroblasts with release of lysosomal enzymes is an important early event in the development of necrobiosis. Increased quantities of extracellular hyaluronic acid are also present in the earliest recognizable lesions. The combination of lysosomal enzymes and abundant hyaluronic acid in the interstitium results in swelling of collagen. Necrotic cellular debris is deposited about many collagen fibrils. This material seems to protect collagen from further destruction and may account for the preservation of connective tissue outlines observed at the light microscopic level. Some collagen fibrils not protected by cellular debris appear to be disrupted into constituent filaments. Crossbanded filamentous aggregates that resemble fibrous long spaced collagen were also observed and may represent an abnormal reassembly of disrupted collagen.", "PMID": 846192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7083", "title": "Failure of certain antiplatelet drugs to affect myointimal thickening following arterial endothelial injury in the rat.", "content": "The effect of aspirin, reserpine, and flurbiprofen on in vivo platelet function and intimal smooth muscle cell hyperplasia in rat carotid arteries subjected to endothelial injury was investigated and related to the effect of these drugs on in vitro platelet aggregation. Endothelial injury was achieved by infusing air briefly into a segment of right common carotid artery. Beginning before or after surgery, experimental animals were given sufficient drug to suppress platelet aggregation in vitro in response to collagen, adenosine diphosphate, or thrombin. The carotid arteries were fixed by perfusion at 5 and 14 days after injury and examined by light, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy for platelet activity and intimal smooth muscle cell proliferation in the denuded segment. Platelets in platelet-rich plasma from control animals aggregated in response to collagen, adenosine diphosphate, and thrombin; platelets from aspirin-, flurbiprofen- and reserpine-treated rats showed markedly diminished aggregation in response to collagen and normal or slightly diminished aggregation in response to ADP and thrombin. At 5 days, platelets from control animals formed a dense layer in the denuded segment: at 14 days, marked intimal thickening due to smooth muscle cell hyperplasia was observed. In experimental animals, the platelets were morphologically identical with controls and covered the denuded segment; serotonin granules were missing in platelets of reserpine-treated rats. Intimal thickening at 14 days was the same as controls. We conclude that in the rat no correlation may be made between the effect of aspirin, reserpine, and flurbiprofen on in vitro platelet aggregation and the effect of these drugs on the function of platelets on an arterial wall denuded of endothelium, as judged by morphology; furthermore, even when these drugs are used in sufficient dose to inhibit in vitro aggregation of platelets, myointimal thickening is not inhibited.", "contents": "Failure of certain antiplatelet drugs to affect myointimal thickening following arterial endothelial injury in the rat. The effect of aspirin, reserpine, and flurbiprofen on in vivo platelet function and intimal smooth muscle cell hyperplasia in rat carotid arteries subjected to endothelial injury was investigated and related to the effect of these drugs on in vitro platelet aggregation. Endothelial injury was achieved by infusing air briefly into a segment of right common carotid artery. Beginning before or after surgery, experimental animals were given sufficient drug to suppress platelet aggregation in vitro in response to collagen, adenosine diphosphate, or thrombin. The carotid arteries were fixed by perfusion at 5 and 14 days after injury and examined by light, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy for platelet activity and intimal smooth muscle cell proliferation in the denuded segment. Platelets in platelet-rich plasma from control animals aggregated in response to collagen, adenosine diphosphate, and thrombin; platelets from aspirin-, flurbiprofen- and reserpine-treated rats showed markedly diminished aggregation in response to collagen and normal or slightly diminished aggregation in response to ADP and thrombin. At 5 days, platelets from control animals formed a dense layer in the denuded segment: at 14 days, marked intimal thickening due to smooth muscle cell hyperplasia was observed. In experimental animals, the platelets were morphologically identical with controls and covered the denuded segment; serotonin granules were missing in platelets of reserpine-treated rats. Intimal thickening at 14 days was the same as controls. We conclude that in the rat no correlation may be made between the effect of aspirin, reserpine, and flurbiprofen on in vitro platelet aggregation and the effect of these drugs on the function of platelets on an arterial wall denuded of endothelium, as judged by morphology; furthermore, even when these drugs are used in sufficient dose to inhibit in vitro aggregation of platelets, myointimal thickening is not inhibited.", "PMID": 846193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7084", "title": "Intelligibility of time-altered speech in relation to chronological aging.", "content": "The Northwestern University Auditory Test Number 6 (NU-6) measure of speech discrimination was time compressed and presented to four age groups ranging from 54 to 84 years of age. Experimental stimuli were presented at sensation levels of 24, 32, and 40 dB to an equal number of right and left ears and male and female subjects. Results indicated that intelligibility decreased as a function of increasing time compression and age and decreasing sensation level. Changes in speech intelligibility associated with the aging process appear to be closely allied to changes in the temporal resolving power of the central auditory processing system.", "contents": "Intelligibility of time-altered speech in relation to chronological aging. The Northwestern University Auditory Test Number 6 (NU-6) measure of speech discrimination was time compressed and presented to four age groups ranging from 54 to 84 years of age. Experimental stimuli were presented at sensation levels of 24, 32, and 40 dB to an equal number of right and left ears and male and female subjects. Results indicated that intelligibility decreased as a function of increasing time compression and age and decreasing sensation level. Changes in speech intelligibility associated with the aging process appear to be closely allied to changes in the temporal resolving power of the central auditory processing system.", "PMID": 846194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7085", "title": "Dichotic ear preference in aphasia.", "content": "A dichotic listening test, composed at 30 CVC-word pairs, was administered to 20 adults with aphasia and 20 normal adults. The subjects with aphasia were selected for inclusion in one of four experimental groups which differed according to intitial severity of aphasia and time post onset. All experimental subjects were given a diagnostic language test within the first four weeks following aphasia onset and again at the time of dichotic testing. Difference scores provided a quantitative estimate of language improvement. Data analysis revealed a strong left-ear preference (-0.363) for the experimental subjects which differed significantly from a right-ear preference (+0.290) obtained from the normal control subjects. Further, initial severity of aphasia was found to be a significant variable, capable of influencing the magnitude of ear preference. Multiple regression and partial correlational methods revealed significant, positive relationships between the magnitude of ear preference and initial severity of aphasia and between the former and the magnitude of language improvement. Time post aphasia onset was not shown to be a significant variable. The theoretical and potential clinical relevance of the results are discussed.", "contents": "Dichotic ear preference in aphasia. A dichotic listening test, composed at 30 CVC-word pairs, was administered to 20 adults with aphasia and 20 normal adults. The subjects with aphasia were selected for inclusion in one of four experimental groups which differed according to intitial severity of aphasia and time post onset. All experimental subjects were given a diagnostic language test within the first four weeks following aphasia onset and again at the time of dichotic testing. Difference scores provided a quantitative estimate of language improvement. Data analysis revealed a strong left-ear preference (-0.363) for the experimental subjects which differed significantly from a right-ear preference (+0.290) obtained from the normal control subjects. Further, initial severity of aphasia was found to be a significant variable, capable of influencing the magnitude of ear preference. Multiple regression and partial correlational methods revealed significant, positive relationships between the magnitude of ear preference and initial severity of aphasia and between the former and the magnitude of language improvement. Time post aphasia onset was not shown to be a significant variable. The theoretical and potential clinical relevance of the results are discussed.", "PMID": 846195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7086", "title": "Effects of training on the visual recognition of consonants.", "content": "Visual recognition of consonants was studied in 31 hearing-impaired adults before and after 14 hours of concentrated, individualized, spechreading training. Confusions were analyzed via a hierarchical clustering technique to derive categories of visual contrast among the consonants. Pretraining and posttraining results were compared to reveal the effects of the training program. Training caused an increase in the number of visemes consistently recognized and an increase in the percentage of within-viseme responses. Analysis of the responses made revealed that most changes in consonant recognition occurred during the first few hours of training.", "contents": "Effects of training on the visual recognition of consonants. Visual recognition of consonants was studied in 31 hearing-impaired adults before and after 14 hours of concentrated, individualized, spechreading training. Confusions were analyzed via a hierarchical clustering technique to derive categories of visual contrast among the consonants. Pretraining and posttraining results were compared to reveal the effects of the training program. Training caused an increase in the number of visemes consistently recognized and an increase in the percentage of within-viseme responses. Analysis of the responses made revealed that most changes in consonant recognition occurred during the first few hours of training.", "PMID": 846196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7087", "title": "Validity of the Sklar Aphasia Scale.", "content": "A German version of the Sklar Aphasia Scale (SAS) was administered to groups of fluent aphasics, nonfluent aphasics, and three control groups (brain-damaged patients without aphasia, schizophrenics, and normal subjects). The SAS discriminated fluent and nonfluent aphasics from schizophrenic brain-damaged, and normal control subjects with a high level of confidence; 91.8% of the aphasic and 81.5% of the brain-damaged patients without aphasia were correctly classified. However, the SAS did not discriminate between fluent and nonfluent aphasics. A factor analysis, which also included the subtests of the Token Test and eight other variables, showed the SAS and the Token Test to load mainly on the same general factor, which represents the severity of language disorders or the impairment of those left-hemisphere functions that might be basic to language. Subtests II and IV of the SAS also had loadings on a memory factor, but none of the subtests had variance on the third factor which represented the sensory-motor or fluency/nonfluencey dimension.", "contents": "Validity of the Sklar Aphasia Scale. A German version of the Sklar Aphasia Scale (SAS) was administered to groups of fluent aphasics, nonfluent aphasics, and three control groups (brain-damaged patients without aphasia, schizophrenics, and normal subjects). The SAS discriminated fluent and nonfluent aphasics from schizophrenic brain-damaged, and normal control subjects with a high level of confidence; 91.8% of the aphasic and 81.5% of the brain-damaged patients without aphasia were correctly classified. However, the SAS did not discriminate between fluent and nonfluent aphasics. A factor analysis, which also included the subtests of the Token Test and eight other variables, showed the SAS and the Token Test to load mainly on the same general factor, which represents the severity of language disorders or the impairment of those left-hemisphere functions that might be basic to language. Subtests II and IV of the SAS also had loadings on a memory factor, but none of the subtests had variance on the third factor which represented the sensory-motor or fluency/nonfluencey dimension.", "PMID": 846197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7088", "title": "Auditory reaction times for functional and nonfunctional hearing loss.", "content": "Differences in decision processes as measured by auditory reaction times of simulated or actual functional hearing-loss subjects and nonfunctional subjects were investigated. Sensation level data are presented that reflect marked differences between such individuals with regard to probability of response, and means and standard deviations of auditory reaction times. Means and standard deviations of auditory reaction times for nonfunctional subjects are greatly reduced when compared with results obtained by simulated or actual functional subjects. Probability of response data was less effective in differentiating functional from nonfunctional subjects. Individuals who were trained to simulate hearing loss responded in a manner similar to functional patients. The results of this study suggest that auditory reaction time measures can be employed to determine the existence or nonexistence of functional hearing loss with considerable accuracy.", "contents": "Auditory reaction times for functional and nonfunctional hearing loss. Differences in decision processes as measured by auditory reaction times of simulated or actual functional hearing-loss subjects and nonfunctional subjects were investigated. Sensation level data are presented that reflect marked differences between such individuals with regard to probability of response, and means and standard deviations of auditory reaction times. Means and standard deviations of auditory reaction times for nonfunctional subjects are greatly reduced when compared with results obtained by simulated or actual functional subjects. Probability of response data was less effective in differentiating functional from nonfunctional subjects. Individuals who were trained to simulate hearing loss responded in a manner similar to functional patients. The results of this study suggest that auditory reaction time measures can be employed to determine the existence or nonexistence of functional hearing loss with considerable accuracy.", "PMID": 846198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7089", "title": "Effect of vicarious punishment on stuttering frequency.", "content": "This investigation explored the effect of vicarious response-contingent stimulation on the frequency of stuttering. Twenty adult stutterers spoke for 20 minutes, then observed a speaker on a videotape for 10 minutes, and then spoke for an additional 20 minutes. In one condition the speaker on the videotape was a severe stutterer who experienced a dramatic reduction in stuttering under a contingent time-out procedure. In a second condition, the videotape speaker was a severe stutterer who received no experimental manipulations. In the third condition, the videotape speaker was a normal talker who received no experimental manipulations. All subjects participated in all three conditions. Twenty of the stutterers experienced a significant decrease in stuttering as a result of watching the videotape model who received contingent time-out. The subjects did not exhibit significant changes in stuttering after watching the severe stutterer who received no treatment or the normal talker.", "contents": "Effect of vicarious punishment on stuttering frequency. This investigation explored the effect of vicarious response-contingent stimulation on the frequency of stuttering. Twenty adult stutterers spoke for 20 minutes, then observed a speaker on a videotape for 10 minutes, and then spoke for an additional 20 minutes. In one condition the speaker on the videotape was a severe stutterer who experienced a dramatic reduction in stuttering under a contingent time-out procedure. In a second condition, the videotape speaker was a severe stutterer who received no experimental manipulations. In the third condition, the videotape speaker was a normal talker who received no experimental manipulations. All subjects participated in all three conditions. Twenty of the stutterers experienced a significant decrease in stuttering as a result of watching the videotape model who received contingent time-out. The subjects did not exhibit significant changes in stuttering after watching the severe stutterer who received no treatment or the normal talker.", "PMID": 846199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7090", "title": "Observer bias as a factor in neonatal hearing screening.", "content": "To evaluate observer bias as a possible factor influencing neonatal hearing testing, two trained observers were asked to evaluate the behavior of 200 neonates at a moment the observers thought a stimulus was being presented. Observers were receiving masking noise, and when the stimulus button was pressed a stimulus might or might not be delivered to the child. Results suggest that observer bias is not a factor when arousal is the only acceptable response and is clearly defined, and the observers are limited to a yes-no decision. Sequential analysis of infant response patterns is presented and a specific test scoring protocol is outlined.", "contents": "Observer bias as a factor in neonatal hearing screening. To evaluate observer bias as a possible factor influencing neonatal hearing testing, two trained observers were asked to evaluate the behavior of 200 neonates at a moment the observers thought a stimulus was being presented. Observers were receiving masking noise, and when the stimulus button was pressed a stimulus might or might not be delivered to the child. Results suggest that observer bias is not a factor when arousal is the only acceptable response and is clearly defined, and the observers are limited to a yes-no decision. Sequential analysis of infant response patterns is presented and a specific test scoring protocol is outlined.", "PMID": 846200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7091", "title": "Effect of adjacency on the distribution of new stutterings in two successive readings.", "content": "The consistency with which stuttering tends to occur on the same words in successive readings of a passage, though high enough to warrant the assumption that stuttering is a response to stimuli, is generally far from perfect. It was hypothesized that this is partly because stuttering sometimes occurs adjacent to previously stuttered words rather than on them, as a result of a type of adjacency effect. Ten stutterers read a 300-word passage twice in succession. The words stuttered for the first time in the second reading were analyzed to determine whether an unusually large proportion of them were adjacent to words stuttered in the first reading. No such tendency was found.", "contents": "Effect of adjacency on the distribution of new stutterings in two successive readings. The consistency with which stuttering tends to occur on the same words in successive readings of a passage, though high enough to warrant the assumption that stuttering is a response to stimuli, is generally far from perfect. It was hypothesized that this is partly because stuttering sometimes occurs adjacent to previously stuttered words rather than on them, as a result of a type of adjacency effect. Ten stutterers read a 300-word passage twice in succession. The words stuttered for the first time in the second reading were analyzed to determine whether an unusually large proportion of them were adjacent to words stuttered in the first reading. No such tendency was found.", "PMID": 846201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7092", "title": "Overt and covert aspects of adult speech perception.", "content": "The relationship between verbal report and cardiac orienting response measures of speech discrimination in adult listeners was examined in two experiments using stimuli and paradigms previously employed in studies of infant speech perception. The results of Experiment I revealed that all listeners, those who reported discrimination of a synthetic [ba-ga] change (Group D) as well as those who did not (Group ND), demonstrated cardiac discrimination of the stimulus shift. However, this pattern of cardiac activity, both at stimulus onset and the shift, was found to be different in these two groups of listeners. Experiment II replicated the Group D results using a slightly different cardiac paradigm and quasinatural speech syllables. The implications of these findings for developmental research on speech perception with older infants, children, and populations with language disorders are discussed.", "contents": "Overt and covert aspects of adult speech perception. The relationship between verbal report and cardiac orienting response measures of speech discrimination in adult listeners was examined in two experiments using stimuli and paradigms previously employed in studies of infant speech perception. The results of Experiment I revealed that all listeners, those who reported discrimination of a synthetic [ba-ga] change (Group D) as well as those who did not (Group ND), demonstrated cardiac discrimination of the stimulus shift. However, this pattern of cardiac activity, both at stimulus onset and the shift, was found to be different in these two groups of listeners. Experiment II replicated the Group D results using a slightly different cardiac paradigm and quasinatural speech syllables. The implications of these findings for developmental research on speech perception with older infants, children, and populations with language disorders are discussed.", "PMID": 846202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7093", "title": "Criteria for assessing therapy outcome in speech pathology and audiology.", "content": "Speech pathologists and audiologists function as both producers and consumers of information concerning therapy outcome. In both roles they have to know the questions that need to be answered to adequately evaluate a therapy method and the factors that have to be considered when interpreting answers to such questions. An approach (in the form of a work sheet) is described here that can be used for both identifying and systematically evaluating the validity, reliability, and generality of information regarding impacts of therapy methods on persons who have communicative disorders and for identifying additional information needed to complete such an evaluation. The approach is used to assess the impacts of a therapy method.", "contents": "Criteria for assessing therapy outcome in speech pathology and audiology. Speech pathologists and audiologists function as both producers and consumers of information concerning therapy outcome. In both roles they have to know the questions that need to be answered to adequately evaluate a therapy method and the factors that have to be considered when interpreting answers to such questions. An approach (in the form of a work sheet) is described here that can be used for both identifying and systematically evaluating the validity, reliability, and generality of information regarding impacts of therapy methods on persons who have communicative disorders and for identifying additional information needed to complete such an evaluation. The approach is used to assess the impacts of a therapy method.", "PMID": 846203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7094", "title": "Timing control accuracy in normal speakers and stutterers.", "content": "This study attempted to assess the abilities of 10 normal speakers, five stutterers in therapy, and five stutterers no longer in therapy, to control the time program of repeated utterances. The speech sample comprised repeated sentences, paragraphs, and nursery rhymes, and a finger-tapping task was included as a control. Temporal accuracy was measured. Results suggest that (1) there is a wide range of timing abilities, even among the normal speakers, with considerable overlap between the different groups of speakers; (2) on most of the experimental tasks, normal speakers are more accurate timers than are stutterers; (3) stutterers released from therapy are more accurate timers than are stutterers still in therapy, whenever these groups differ; and (4) subjects' speech timing scores correlate moderately with their tapping scores. These results are discussed in terms of (1) theoretical timing control processes, such as a neural clock for controlling speech segment durations, and a speech motor output buffer, whose capacity may be limited in stutterers, and (2) known effects of rhythmic constraints and respiratory irregularity on fluency.", "contents": "Timing control accuracy in normal speakers and stutterers. This study attempted to assess the abilities of 10 normal speakers, five stutterers in therapy, and five stutterers no longer in therapy, to control the time program of repeated utterances. The speech sample comprised repeated sentences, paragraphs, and nursery rhymes, and a finger-tapping task was included as a control. Temporal accuracy was measured. Results suggest that (1) there is a wide range of timing abilities, even among the normal speakers, with considerable overlap between the different groups of speakers; (2) on most of the experimental tasks, normal speakers are more accurate timers than are stutterers; (3) stutterers released from therapy are more accurate timers than are stutterers still in therapy, whenever these groups differ; and (4) subjects' speech timing scores correlate moderately with their tapping scores. These results are discussed in terms of (1) theoretical timing control processes, such as a neural clock for controlling speech segment durations, and a speech motor output buffer, whose capacity may be limited in stutterers, and (2) known effects of rhythmic constraints and respiratory irregularity on fluency.", "PMID": 846204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7095", "title": "An extension of a familiar index of observer agreement.", "content": "A popular index of observer agreement is a/(a + d) in which a and d represent the number of agreements and disagreements. This article provides a rationale for the extension of the index to the multiple-observer case, a comparison with another frequently used index, a description of situations for which the index is appropriate, and an analysis of factors related to interpreting the magnitude of the index.", "contents": "An extension of a familiar index of observer agreement. A popular index of observer agreement is a/(a + d) in which a and d represent the number of agreements and disagreements. This article provides a rationale for the extension of the index to the multiple-observer case, a comparison with another frequently used index, a description of situations for which the index is appropriate, and an analysis of factors related to interpreting the magnitude of the index.", "PMID": 846205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7096", "title": "Effects of stimulus frequency and intensity on the middle componenets of the averaged auditory eletroencephalic response.", "content": "Middle components (latency 8-50 msec) of the averaged auditory electroencephalic response (AAER), evoked by brief duration tone bursts, were recorded from 11 normal-hearing subjects. Latency and amplitude measurements were made on five peaks (Na, Pa, Nb, Pb, and Nc) of the AAER waveforms recorded for 27 experimental conditions: three conditions of stimulus frequency (250, 1000, and 4000 Hz) at each of nine conditions of signal intensity (a no-stimulus control and 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 dB fe: group thresholds). Latency for each peak decreased with increased stimulus frequency, and it tended to decrease slightly with increases in stimulus intensity. Amplitude input-output characteristics varied with stimulus frequency and response peak. In general, the most linear input-output characteristics occurred for the early peaks and high stimulus frequencies. Characteristics for later peaks and lower frequencies tended to asymptote at moderate stimulus intensities. Between-subject variability was not much greater than within-subject variability for the single event auditory evoked potential (AEP). The variance of the AEP, however, was nearly as great (as much as two-thirds) as the variance of the background EEG, despite the large difference between AEP and background EEG amplitude.", "contents": "Effects of stimulus frequency and intensity on the middle componenets of the averaged auditory eletroencephalic response. Middle components (latency 8-50 msec) of the averaged auditory electroencephalic response (AAER), evoked by brief duration tone bursts, were recorded from 11 normal-hearing subjects. Latency and amplitude measurements were made on five peaks (Na, Pa, Nb, Pb, and Nc) of the AAER waveforms recorded for 27 experimental conditions: three conditions of stimulus frequency (250, 1000, and 4000 Hz) at each of nine conditions of signal intensity (a no-stimulus control and 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 dB fe: group thresholds). Latency for each peak decreased with increased stimulus frequency, and it tended to decrease slightly with increases in stimulus intensity. Amplitude input-output characteristics varied with stimulus frequency and response peak. In general, the most linear input-output characteristics occurred for the early peaks and high stimulus frequencies. Characteristics for later peaks and lower frequencies tended to asymptote at moderate stimulus intensities. Between-subject variability was not much greater than within-subject variability for the single event auditory evoked potential (AEP). The variance of the AEP, however, was nearly as great (as much as two-thirds) as the variance of the background EEG, despite the large difference between AEP and background EEG amplitude.", "PMID": 846206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7097", "title": "Influence of certain language and communication environments in early childhood on the development of language in deaf individuals.", "content": "Four groups of deaf subjects between the age of 10-0 and 18-11 years were tested, employing the Test of Syntactic Ability, and the language subtests of the Stanford Achievement Test, in a study of the influence of early language and communication environment on later syntactic language ability. The groups, 18 subjects in each, were dichotomized by whether the parents were hearing or deaf and further subgrouped by the language ability of the parents if the parents were deaf, and by the amount and intensity of oral preschool training provided by the parents if the parents were hearing. The groups were labeled by the type of language used with them in infancy and early childhood: manual English, average manual, intensive oral, and average oral. Results showed significant superiority of the manual English group over the two oral groups on five of the six major test structures of the Test of Syntactic Ability. On the Stanford Achievement Test, the manual English group performed significantly better than the other three groups on all four subtests. The two manual groups performed significantly better than the two oral groups on every test measure employed.", "contents": "Influence of certain language and communication environments in early childhood on the development of language in deaf individuals. Four groups of deaf subjects between the age of 10-0 and 18-11 years were tested, employing the Test of Syntactic Ability, and the language subtests of the Stanford Achievement Test, in a study of the influence of early language and communication environment on later syntactic language ability. The groups, 18 subjects in each, were dichotomized by whether the parents were hearing or deaf and further subgrouped by the language ability of the parents if the parents were deaf, and by the amount and intensity of oral preschool training provided by the parents if the parents were hearing. The groups were labeled by the type of language used with them in infancy and early childhood: manual English, average manual, intensive oral, and average oral. Results showed significant superiority of the manual English group over the two oral groups on five of the six major test structures of the Test of Syntactic Ability. On the Stanford Achievement Test, the manual English group performed significantly better than the other three groups on all four subtests. The two manual groups performed significantly better than the two oral groups on every test measure employed.", "PMID": 846207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7098", "title": "Haemophilus endocarditis. Report of 14 patients.", "content": "From 1963 through December 1976, 14 patients with Haemophilus endocarditis were seen, 10 since January 1972. Four different species representing 15 isolates were cultured from the 14 patients: H. influenzae (1), H. aphrophilus (5), H. PARAPHROPHILUS (5), and H. parainfluenzae (4). One patient had infection with both H. aphrophilus and H. paraphrophilus. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of 12 of the tested 14 strains with ampicillin were 1.25 mug/ml or less. Tube dilution tests were not possible for minimal bactericidal concentrations (7 times) or serum bactericidal titers (5 times) of the 12 tested strains. The clinical picture varied from an insidious onset and mild uncomplicated disease to abrupt onset with severe multisystem disease. Twelve patients had murmurs on admission; congestive heart failure was absent in all 14 but embolization occurred in 6. Treatment periods of 3 to 7 weeks consisted of penicillin G or ampicillin plus aminoglycoside in nine patients and ampicillin alone in five. All 14 patients were cured; no relapses occurred. Value surgery was not needed for bacteriologic cure but was necessary 15 days after therapy in one patient and in four others from 12 to 22 months after therapy. We believe that ampicillin, 12 g/day alone for 3 weeks, is adequate treatment for Haemophilus endocarditis.", "contents": "Haemophilus endocarditis. Report of 14 patients. From 1963 through December 1976, 14 patients with Haemophilus endocarditis were seen, 10 since January 1972. Four different species representing 15 isolates were cultured from the 14 patients: H. influenzae (1), H. aphrophilus (5), H. PARAPHROPHILUS (5), and H. parainfluenzae (4). One patient had infection with both H. aphrophilus and H. paraphrophilus. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of 12 of the tested 14 strains with ampicillin were 1.25 mug/ml or less. Tube dilution tests were not possible for minimal bactericidal concentrations (7 times) or serum bactericidal titers (5 times) of the 12 tested strains. The clinical picture varied from an insidious onset and mild uncomplicated disease to abrupt onset with severe multisystem disease. Twelve patients had murmurs on admission; congestive heart failure was absent in all 14 but embolization occurred in 6. Treatment periods of 3 to 7 weeks consisted of penicillin G or ampicillin plus aminoglycoside in nine patients and ampicillin alone in five. All 14 patients were cured; no relapses occurred. Value surgery was not needed for bacteriologic cure but was necessary 15 days after therapy in one patient and in four others from 12 to 22 months after therapy. We believe that ampicillin, 12 g/day alone for 3 weeks, is adequate treatment for Haemophilus endocarditis.", "PMID": 846219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7099", "title": "Coryneform bacterial endocarditis: difficulties in diagnosis and treatment, presentation of three cases, and review of literature.", "content": "Three patients who had coryneform bacterial endocarditis affecting a prosthetic valve are presented and 64 case reports are reviewed. Diagnostic difficulties occur because coryneform bacteria often are fastidiuos, with long incubation periods, and often contaminate blood cultures. Although some coryneform bacteria are killed by penicillin G, many are resistant to most of the commonly used antibiotics. Vancomycin is bactericidal in resistant strains studied. Treatment with vancomycin is indicated until in vitro bactericidal data are available. Coryneform endocarditis often occurs on prosthetic valves, thus making therapy and its evaluation even more difficult.", "contents": "Coryneform bacterial endocarditis: difficulties in diagnosis and treatment, presentation of three cases, and review of literature. Three patients who had coryneform bacterial endocarditis affecting a prosthetic valve are presented and 64 case reports are reviewed. Diagnostic difficulties occur because coryneform bacteria often are fastidiuos, with long incubation periods, and often contaminate blood cultures. Although some coryneform bacteria are killed by penicillin G, many are resistant to most of the commonly used antibiotics. Vancomycin is bactericidal in resistant strains studied. Treatment with vancomycin is indicated until in vitro bactericidal data are available. Coryneform endocarditis often occurs on prosthetic valves, thus making therapy and its evaluation even more difficult.", "PMID": 846220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7100", "title": "Prolonged follow-up in diabetic retinopathy treated by sectioning the pituitary stalk.", "content": "Because no complete long-term follow-up of visual status after pituitary ablation has been reported, records were reviewed on all 40 patients undergoing sectioning of the pituitary stalk for diabetic retinopathy at the Mayo Clinic from 1961 through 1968. One patient died and another was blind immediately postoperatively. One patient was lost to follow-up after 125 months. Twenty-seven patients have died after a follow-up interval of 7 to 120 months (mean, 63 months). The last available evaluation of these patients indicated stable or improved visual acuity in 20 patients. Eleven patients remain alive. Seven of these have stable or improved visual acuity and retinopathy. We conclude that although late post-operative mortality is high, in carefully selected patients with florid retinopathy but no fibrosis, pituitary ablation is an effective method for maintaining visual acuity.", "contents": "Prolonged follow-up in diabetic retinopathy treated by sectioning the pituitary stalk. Because no complete long-term follow-up of visual status after pituitary ablation has been reported, records were reviewed on all 40 patients undergoing sectioning of the pituitary stalk for diabetic retinopathy at the Mayo Clinic from 1961 through 1968. One patient died and another was blind immediately postoperatively. One patient was lost to follow-up after 125 months. Twenty-seven patients have died after a follow-up interval of 7 to 120 months (mean, 63 months). The last available evaluation of these patients indicated stable or improved visual acuity in 20 patients. Eleven patients remain alive. Seven of these have stable or improved visual acuity and retinopathy. We conclude that although late post-operative mortality is high, in carefully selected patients with florid retinopathy but no fibrosis, pituitary ablation is an effective method for maintaining visual acuity.", "PMID": 846221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7101", "title": "Quantitative bleeding time (hemorrhagometry). A review.", "content": "Accurately determining the amount of blood lost during bleeding time tests has been little exploited. Equipment is now available for measuring both the time and volume automatically--a technique called hemorrhagometry. This quantitative procedure has generated a number of interesting and unsuspected observations. Bleeding times lengthen and blood loss is exaggerated as the skin is cooled. This is particularly true of patients who have hemostatic defects, such as hemophilia A; Not only is the hemophiliac different from normal in this regard but, in Sutor's preliminary observations, the asymptomatic carrier of hemophilia A also seems to be distinguishable from the noncarrier on this basis. The test seems potentially useful in evaluating the effect of drugs on platelet function and in assessing mild bleeding diatheses. Variations induced by either warming or cooling the skin may well have clinical applicability.", "contents": "Quantitative bleeding time (hemorrhagometry). A review. Accurately determining the amount of blood lost during bleeding time tests has been little exploited. Equipment is now available for measuring both the time and volume automatically--a technique called hemorrhagometry. This quantitative procedure has generated a number of interesting and unsuspected observations. Bleeding times lengthen and blood loss is exaggerated as the skin is cooled. This is particularly true of patients who have hemostatic defects, such as hemophilia A; Not only is the hemophiliac different from normal in this regard but, in Sutor's preliminary observations, the asymptomatic carrier of hemophilia A also seems to be distinguishable from the noncarrier on this basis. The test seems potentially useful in evaluating the effect of drugs on platelet function and in assessing mild bleeding diatheses. Variations induced by either warming or cooling the skin may well have clinical applicability.", "PMID": 846222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7102", "title": "Hepatotoxicity in acetaminophen poisoning.", "content": "Evidence of severe liver damage was found in a young women who ingested an overdose of acetaminophen in a suicide attempt. Clinical features included prolonged nausea and vomiting and pain and tenderness over the liver. Biochemical findings included an SGOT value of over 3,000 and a prolonged prothrombin time, with normal alkaline phosphatase and near normal serum bilirubin. Spontaneous recovery was complete.", "contents": "Hepatotoxicity in acetaminophen poisoning. Evidence of severe liver damage was found in a young women who ingested an overdose of acetaminophen in a suicide attempt. Clinical features included prolonged nausea and vomiting and pain and tenderness over the liver. Biochemical findings included an SGOT value of over 3,000 and a prolonged prothrombin time, with normal alkaline phosphatase and near normal serum bilirubin. Spontaneous recovery was complete.", "PMID": 846223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7103", "title": "Myxoma of bone. Report of three cases.", "content": "Three cases of myxomas of bone are presented. No similar tumor, except in bones of the jaw, was found in a study of more than 6,000 bone tumors in the files of the Mayo Clinic to Jan. 1, 1976. These three tumors were found in a series of about 5,000 lesions of bone in patients sent to the Mayo Clinic for consultation. All three of these tumors affected the femur. Care was taken to exclude lesions such as chondrosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, chondromyxoid fibroma, and ganglia of bone, all of which may contain prominently myxoid zones.", "contents": "Myxoma of bone. Report of three cases. Three cases of myxomas of bone are presented. No similar tumor, except in bones of the jaw, was found in a study of more than 6,000 bone tumors in the files of the Mayo Clinic to Jan. 1, 1976. These three tumors were found in a series of about 5,000 lesions of bone in patients sent to the Mayo Clinic for consultation. All three of these tumors affected the femur. Care was taken to exclude lesions such as chondrosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, chondromyxoid fibroma, and ganglia of bone, all of which may contain prominently myxoid zones.", "PMID": 846224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7104", "title": "Effect of metoclopramide on the lower oesophageal sphincter. An experimental study in dogs.", "content": "Oesophageal, lower oesophageal sphincter and gastric fundal pressures were measured with a triple lumen, open tip-infused catheter in dogs before and after intravenous injection of metoclopramide. The mean basal value of the lower oesophageal sphincter pressure was 5.3+/-2.7 mmHg. Metoclopramide injection caused a significant increase in this pressure. The effect of metoclopramide started immediately and disappeared about one hour after intravenous injection.", "contents": "Effect of metoclopramide on the lower oesophageal sphincter. An experimental study in dogs. Oesophageal, lower oesophageal sphincter and gastric fundal pressures were measured with a triple lumen, open tip-infused catheter in dogs before and after intravenous injection of metoclopramide. The mean basal value of the lower oesophageal sphincter pressure was 5.3+/-2.7 mmHg. Metoclopramide injection caused a significant increase in this pressure. The effect of metoclopramide started immediately and disappeared about one hour after intravenous injection.", "PMID": 846234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7105", "title": "Further evidence on the relative performance of proprietary and nonprofit hospitals.", "content": "Proposed implementation of health systems agencies (HSA) gives potentially large roles to consurers and local government officials. The paper argues that there will be a tendency for HSAs to discriminate against proprietary hospitals. It is important, therefore, to have information on whether proprietaries belong in an efficient hospital system. The paper discusses and extends the empirical evidence on the relative dynamic efficiency of proprietary and nonprofit hospitals in responding to changes in the economic environment. It is shown that the models used by Lave and Lave and by Steinwald and Neuhauser to generate empirical evidence can give different policy recommendations depending on the relative size of the proprietary and nonprofit bed stocks. An alternative model is devised which produces unambiguous policy recommendations. The empirical model is applied to four six-year cross sections for the years 1954-1971. Some of the conclusions reached are 1) that proprietary bed stocks are proportionally more responsive than nonprofit stocks to population changes, 2) that the nonprofit stocks show a larger absolute response, and 3) that income growth is not strongly associated with conversion to nonprofit status. A more complex model is estimated including some variables to capture the effect of the Hill-Burton program. The 1964 program shift away from a rural emphasis is expected to show in the growth pattern of hospital stocks. Analysis of the data, however, fails to show significantly different behavior before and after the shift. Based on the similarity of the regression equations, new equations are run on pooled data. The pooled regressions explain 90 per cent of the variation in nonprofit bed stock growth, but the explanation of proprietary behavior remains meager. Based on analysis of the pooled data, proprietaries responded positively to population growth while the nonprofit bed stock showed a negative association. An explanation is that the Hill-Burton program caused beds to be built where population was declining. Proprietary and nonprofit stocks grew with ability to pay and the proprietary stocks were proportionately more responsive. Both types of bed stocks showed an adjustment to bed shortages with the proportional responses being insignificantly different. Overall, it is concluded that proprietary bed stocks are more responsive to population changes and changes in ability to pay than nonprofit stocks. No numbers when the ability to pay increases. The lack of significantly different patterns before and after 1964 suggests that the shift in Hill-Burton emphasis made little or no difference in proportional bed stock changes. Short-run expansion of nonprofits in bed shortage areas was proportionally no greater than the expansion of the unsubsidized proprietaries. The central conclusion is that proprietary hospitals have a significant role in an efficient hospital system. Planning and regulating agencies must take care to guard the proprietary role against pressures inherent in their own structures...", "contents": "Further evidence on the relative performance of proprietary and nonprofit hospitals. Proposed implementation of health systems agencies (HSA) gives potentially large roles to consurers and local government officials. The paper argues that there will be a tendency for HSAs to discriminate against proprietary hospitals. It is important, therefore, to have information on whether proprietaries belong in an efficient hospital system. The paper discusses and extends the empirical evidence on the relative dynamic efficiency of proprietary and nonprofit hospitals in responding to changes in the economic environment. It is shown that the models used by Lave and Lave and by Steinwald and Neuhauser to generate empirical evidence can give different policy recommendations depending on the relative size of the proprietary and nonprofit bed stocks. An alternative model is devised which produces unambiguous policy recommendations. The empirical model is applied to four six-year cross sections for the years 1954-1971. Some of the conclusions reached are 1) that proprietary bed stocks are proportionally more responsive than nonprofit stocks to population changes, 2) that the nonprofit stocks show a larger absolute response, and 3) that income growth is not strongly associated with conversion to nonprofit status. A more complex model is estimated including some variables to capture the effect of the Hill-Burton program. The 1964 program shift away from a rural emphasis is expected to show in the growth pattern of hospital stocks. Analysis of the data, however, fails to show significantly different behavior before and after the shift. Based on the similarity of the regression equations, new equations are run on pooled data. The pooled regressions explain 90 per cent of the variation in nonprofit bed stock growth, but the explanation of proprietary behavior remains meager. Based on analysis of the pooled data, proprietaries responded positively to population growth while the nonprofit bed stock showed a negative association. An explanation is that the Hill-Burton program caused beds to be built where population was declining. Proprietary and nonprofit stocks grew with ability to pay and the proprietary stocks were proportionately more responsive. Both types of bed stocks showed an adjustment to bed shortages with the proportional responses being insignificantly different. Overall, it is concluded that proprietary bed stocks are more responsive to population changes and changes in ability to pay than nonprofit stocks. No numbers when the ability to pay increases. The lack of significantly different patterns before and after 1964 suggests that the shift in Hill-Burton emphasis made little or no difference in proportional bed stock changes. Short-run expansion of nonprofits in bed shortage areas was proportionally no greater than the expansion of the unsubsidized proprietaries. The central conclusion is that proprietary hospitals have a significant role in an efficient hospital system. Planning and regulating agencies must take care to guard the proprietary role against pressures inherent in their own structures...", "PMID": 846235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7106", "title": "The Wholistic Health Center Project: an action-research model for providing preventive, whole-person health care at the primary level.", "content": "The Wholistic Health Center action-research project is designed to stimulate new approaches for rectifying a variety of maladies present in the nation's primary health care delivery system. In response to the call for an increase in health education programs, for availability of care in early stages of illness, for care focused on life stress factors, and for better coordination of care-the church-based Wholistic Health Centers utilize a unique multidisciplinary teamwork approach for diagnosis and treatment planning. The patient is involved as an active participant in this process. In conjunction with the University of Illinois, Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, the project has developed from its inception as a free clinic in Springfield, Ohio, to the establishment of two potentially self-supporting centers in middle and upper-income suburbs west of Chicago, Illinois.", "contents": "The Wholistic Health Center Project: an action-research model for providing preventive, whole-person health care at the primary level. The Wholistic Health Center action-research project is designed to stimulate new approaches for rectifying a variety of maladies present in the nation's primary health care delivery system. In response to the call for an increase in health education programs, for availability of care in early stages of illness, for care focused on life stress factors, and for better coordination of care-the church-based Wholistic Health Centers utilize a unique multidisciplinary teamwork approach for diagnosis and treatment planning. The patient is involved as an active participant in this process. In conjunction with the University of Illinois, Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, the project has developed from its inception as a free clinic in Springfield, Ohio, to the establishment of two potentially self-supporting centers in middle and upper-income suburbs west of Chicago, Illinois.", "PMID": 846236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7107", "title": "Restoration of ability to reject xenografts and clear carbon after hypophysectomy of adult rats.", "content": "Earlier work suggested that a new pituitary function might account for the decline of minimal O2 consumption with age by decreasing peripheral tissue responsiveness to thyroxine and triiodothyronine. It was of interest to see if removal of the pituitary from adult rats could restore juvenile competence in other systems of the body by reversing the postulated age-associated end-organ hypothyroidism. Four and 64 week old intact rats reject xenografts in 6 and 13.8 days, respectively. After hypophysectomy and thyroxine replacement, 64 week old rats reject xenografts in 6.5 days. Four and 64 week old intact rats have a Vmax of colloidal carbon clearance of 18.9 and 2.5 mg/kg fat free body weight, respectively. After hypophysectomy and thyroxine replacement 60 week old rats have a Vmax of 15.5 mg. Corticosterone was the only other hormone given to the hypophysectomized rats and at the various doses tested it did not appear to affect the rates of the two functions studied.", "contents": "Restoration of ability to reject xenografts and clear carbon after hypophysectomy of adult rats. Earlier work suggested that a new pituitary function might account for the decline of minimal O2 consumption with age by decreasing peripheral tissue responsiveness to thyroxine and triiodothyronine. It was of interest to see if removal of the pituitary from adult rats could restore juvenile competence in other systems of the body by reversing the postulated age-associated end-organ hypothyroidism. Four and 64 week old intact rats reject xenografts in 6 and 13.8 days, respectively. After hypophysectomy and thyroxine replacement, 64 week old rats reject xenografts in 6.5 days. Four and 64 week old intact rats have a Vmax of colloidal carbon clearance of 18.9 and 2.5 mg/kg fat free body weight, respectively. After hypophysectomy and thyroxine replacement 60 week old rats have a Vmax of 15.5 mg. Corticosterone was the only other hormone given to the hypophysectomized rats and at the various doses tested it did not appear to affect the rates of the two functions studied.", "PMID": 846231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7108", "title": "Biochemical studies of chick brain development and maturation: I. Alterations in the macromolecule content and cell-free protein synthesis.", "content": "Changes in macromolecule content (DNA, RNA, and protein) and cell-free protein synthetic activity in chick brain developing from 9-day-old embryos to 1 1/2-year-old adults were studied in three brain regions: cerebrum, cerebellum, and optic lobes. The accumulation of DNA, RNA, and protein in three brain regions occurred each in its own characteristic pattern although three distinct phases could be observed. The most rapid accumulation always occurred during embryonic development followed by a slower accumulation from hatching to 3-mo. with very little or no change in the brain macromolecule content thereafter. In all three brain regions, the cell-free protein synthetic activity increased during embryonic development, reaching maximum around hatching then decreased substantially (50-70%) after hatching. Comparison of 18-day-old embryonic and 1 1/2-year-old adult brain tissue showed that there was no significant alteration in the relative proportion of membrane-bound and free ribosomes. When the products of cell-free protein synthesis by embryonic and adult brain preparations were compared by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, it was found that the percentage of various proteins synthesized by embryonic brain tissue was very similar to that of the adult. It is concluded that the decrease in cell-free protein synthesis is due to a general decrease in the synthesis of all types of proteins rather than a decrease in a specific group or groups of proteins.", "contents": "Biochemical studies of chick brain development and maturation: I. Alterations in the macromolecule content and cell-free protein synthesis. Changes in macromolecule content (DNA, RNA, and protein) and cell-free protein synthetic activity in chick brain developing from 9-day-old embryos to 1 1/2-year-old adults were studied in three brain regions: cerebrum, cerebellum, and optic lobes. The accumulation of DNA, RNA, and protein in three brain regions occurred each in its own characteristic pattern although three distinct phases could be observed. The most rapid accumulation always occurred during embryonic development followed by a slower accumulation from hatching to 3-mo. with very little or no change in the brain macromolecule content thereafter. In all three brain regions, the cell-free protein synthetic activity increased during embryonic development, reaching maximum around hatching then decreased substantially (50-70%) after hatching. Comparison of 18-day-old embryonic and 1 1/2-year-old adult brain tissue showed that there was no significant alteration in the relative proportion of membrane-bound and free ribosomes. When the products of cell-free protein synthesis by embryonic and adult brain preparations were compared by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, it was found that the percentage of various proteins synthesized by embryonic brain tissue was very similar to that of the adult. It is concluded that the decrease in cell-free protein synthesis is due to a general decrease in the synthesis of all types of proteins rather than a decrease in a specific group or groups of proteins.", "PMID": 846232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7109", "title": "Capitation in dentistry: a quasi-experimental evaluation.", "content": "Two matched samples of 245 patients were drawn from solo dental practices which contained both capitation and fee-for-service components. All services rendered to patients during their entire time under care of the practice were recorded and analyzed. Results indicate different styles of care under the two payment mechanisms. An improved preventive style was associated with capitation, as well as fewer fillings. Outcome measured by a modification of the DMF (decayed-missing-filled) Index was also more favorable under capitation.", "contents": "Capitation in dentistry: a quasi-experimental evaluation. Two matched samples of 245 patients were drawn from solo dental practices which contained both capitation and fee-for-service components. All services rendered to patients during their entire time under care of the practice were recorded and analyzed. Results indicate different styles of care under the two payment mechanisms. An improved preventive style was associated with capitation, as well as fewer fillings. Outcome measured by a modification of the DMF (decayed-missing-filled) Index was also more favorable under capitation.", "PMID": 846237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7110", "title": "The mysteries of prescription pricing in retail pharmacies.", "content": "A sample of 13,314 prescriptions filled in 20 pharmacies during a two-week period is analyzed to identify price variations both among and within pharmacies. The results reaffirm previous reports of inter-pharmacy price variation by finding that prices among pharmacies vary by as much as 200 per cent. What is surprising, however, is that the data show that within a two-week period, the price of the same quantity of the same dosage form of the same drug in the same pharmacy also varies by as much as 130 per cent. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis of anti-competitive pricing which, by denying consistent price information to the consumer, makes rational purchasing behavior impossible.", "contents": "The mysteries of prescription pricing in retail pharmacies. A sample of 13,314 prescriptions filled in 20 pharmacies during a two-week period is analyzed to identify price variations both among and within pharmacies. The results reaffirm previous reports of inter-pharmacy price variation by finding that prices among pharmacies vary by as much as 200 per cent. What is surprising, however, is that the data show that within a two-week period, the price of the same quantity of the same dosage form of the same drug in the same pharmacy also varies by as much as 130 per cent. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis of anti-competitive pricing which, by denying consistent price information to the consumer, makes rational purchasing behavior impossible.", "PMID": 846238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7111", "title": "Biochemical studies of chick brain development and maturation: II. Alterations in the mechanisms of cell-free protein synthesis.", "content": "The molecular mechanisms responsible for the decreased cell-free protein synthetic activity of chicken brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, and optic lobes) from the late embryonic stage to the adult stage were investigated. The changes in polyribosome content closely paralleled changes in cell-free protein synthetic activity; both increased during late embryonic development, reached a maximum around hatching,and thereafter decreased to the level found in the adult. Both cell sap and microsomal or ribosomal fractions from the adult brain tissue were less active in protein synthesis; however, the microsomal or ribosomal fractions contributed more to the decreased protein synthesis than did the cell sap. The lower activity of adult cell sap in protein synthesis was primarily due to a decreased activity in the aminoacylation of tRNA with no apparent change in the ability of the cell sap to catalyze the elongation of polyphenylalanine synthesis. Ribosomal particles (80 S) from adult and embryonic brain tissue had similar biological activities and fidelity in the translation of polyuridylic acid; however, the cell-free protein synthetic activity of the embryonic post-mitochondrial supernatant preparation was more sensitive to inhibitors of the initiation of protein synthesis (aurintricarboxylic acid and polyinosinic acid) than adult post-mitochondrial supernatant, indicating a decreased initiation capacity in adult brain post-mitochondrial supernatant compared to embryonic brain post-mitochondrial supernatant.", "contents": "Biochemical studies of chick brain development and maturation: II. Alterations in the mechanisms of cell-free protein synthesis. The molecular mechanisms responsible for the decreased cell-free protein synthetic activity of chicken brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, and optic lobes) from the late embryonic stage to the adult stage were investigated. The changes in polyribosome content closely paralleled changes in cell-free protein synthetic activity; both increased during late embryonic development, reached a maximum around hatching,and thereafter decreased to the level found in the adult. Both cell sap and microsomal or ribosomal fractions from the adult brain tissue were less active in protein synthesis; however, the microsomal or ribosomal fractions contributed more to the decreased protein synthesis than did the cell sap. The lower activity of adult cell sap in protein synthesis was primarily due to a decreased activity in the aminoacylation of tRNA with no apparent change in the ability of the cell sap to catalyze the elongation of polyphenylalanine synthesis. Ribosomal particles (80 S) from adult and embryonic brain tissue had similar biological activities and fidelity in the translation of polyuridylic acid; however, the cell-free protein synthetic activity of the embryonic post-mitochondrial supernatant preparation was more sensitive to inhibitors of the initiation of protein synthesis (aurintricarboxylic acid and polyinosinic acid) than adult post-mitochondrial supernatant, indicating a decreased initiation capacity in adult brain post-mitochondrial supernatant compared to embryonic brain post-mitochondrial supernatant.", "PMID": 846233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7112", "title": "[Resorbable calcium phosphate ceramics under load (author's transl)].", "content": "Cylindrical implants with 45% by volume continuous open tubular pores were prepared from ceramic materials based on tricalcium and tetracalcium phosphate and used to replace 7 mm thick bone segments in the tibiae of dogs. The treated limbs of the experimental animals were fixed for 12 weeks, after which time the dogs were allowed to move freely so that the limbs were physiologically loaded. The histological examination showed that primary bone healing had taken place between the bone and the ceramic material. After 10 months the tricalcium-phosphate-based ceramic material was resorbed and replaced by bone tissue to a large extent. The ceramic material on the bases of tetracalcium phosphate on the other hand, had remained completely unchanged, and its pores were filled with lamellar bone tissue which was in direct contact with the implant without connective tissue. The bond between natural bone and implant was mechanically stable. The ceramic materials investigated were found to be tissue-compatible, and in our opinion they can be substituted for part of the bone transplants used today. Considering its varying strength properties, the tricalcium phosphate ceramic material can be used only in cases where no high stress is expected; the tetracalciumphosphate-based ceramic material, however, has a higher mechanical strength and can therefore be used also for larger permanent implants which have to bear high mechanical stress.", "contents": "[Resorbable calcium phosphate ceramics under load (author's transl)]. Cylindrical implants with 45% by volume continuous open tubular pores were prepared from ceramic materials based on tricalcium and tetracalcium phosphate and used to replace 7 mm thick bone segments in the tibiae of dogs. The treated limbs of the experimental animals were fixed for 12 weeks, after which time the dogs were allowed to move freely so that the limbs were physiologically loaded. The histological examination showed that primary bone healing had taken place between the bone and the ceramic material. After 10 months the tricalcium-phosphate-based ceramic material was resorbed and replaced by bone tissue to a large extent. The ceramic material on the bases of tetracalcium phosphate on the other hand, had remained completely unchanged, and its pores were filled with lamellar bone tissue which was in direct contact with the implant without connective tissue. The bond between natural bone and implant was mechanically stable. The ceramic materials investigated were found to be tissue-compatible, and in our opinion they can be substituted for part of the bone transplants used today. Considering its varying strength properties, the tricalcium phosphate ceramic material can be used only in cases where no high stress is expected; the tetracalciumphosphate-based ceramic material, however, has a higher mechanical strength and can therefore be used also for larger permanent implants which have to bear high mechanical stress.", "PMID": 846277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7113", "title": "[Analysis of postoperative deaths in colon and rectal cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "Analysis of the clinical and autopsy reports of 200 deaths following surgery for colorectal cancer from 1956 to 1974, at the Dept. of Surgery, University of Heidelberg, revealed that pneumonia (24.5%) was the most common cause of death followed by peritonitis (22%), pulmonary embolism (15.5%), advanced tumor disease (14%), cardiac failure (9.5%), ileus (5.5%), and others (9%). The explanation for the postoperative mortality rate of 12% (cancer of colon) and 13.2% (cancer of rectum) lies in the fact that 82.5% of those who died postoperatively were beyond the age of 60, and 40.5% beyond 70 years at the time of surgery. Moreover, in 50.5% advanced tumors with regional and/or distant metastases were found. In 55.5% severe preoperative complications (ileus: 38%, peritonitis: 11%, abscess formation or hemorrhage: 6.5%) required an emergency operation. Only 38.5% of the procedures were considered for cure. Besides the need for early recognition of the cancer, intensification of pre- and postoper treatment appears to be the predominant task in the effort to decrease postoperative mortality.", "contents": "[Analysis of postoperative deaths in colon and rectal cancer (author's transl)]. Analysis of the clinical and autopsy reports of 200 deaths following surgery for colorectal cancer from 1956 to 1974, at the Dept. of Surgery, University of Heidelberg, revealed that pneumonia (24.5%) was the most common cause of death followed by peritonitis (22%), pulmonary embolism (15.5%), advanced tumor disease (14%), cardiac failure (9.5%), ileus (5.5%), and others (9%). The explanation for the postoperative mortality rate of 12% (cancer of colon) and 13.2% (cancer of rectum) lies in the fact that 82.5% of those who died postoperatively were beyond the age of 60, and 40.5% beyond 70 years at the time of surgery. Moreover, in 50.5% advanced tumors with regional and/or distant metastases were found. In 55.5% severe preoperative complications (ileus: 38%, peritonitis: 11%, abscess formation or hemorrhage: 6.5%) required an emergency operation. Only 38.5% of the procedures were considered for cure. Besides the need for early recognition of the cancer, intensification of pre- and postoper treatment appears to be the predominant task in the effort to decrease postoperative mortality.", "PMID": 846278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7114", "title": "[Risk of combined surgical procedures in operations of colon and rectum (author's transl)].", "content": "In a period of 4 years in the Clinic of Abdominal- and Transplantationsurgery of the Medical School Hannover 63 combined surgical procedures were performed in 56 patients with operations of colon and rectum. In comparison with a group of patients, who were treated with similar operations as a single procedure, the increase of risk was studied. Small combined procedures like appendectomia, herniotomia, exstirpation of cysts or removal of diverticula indicate no elevation of the operative risk. Cholecystectomy or prostatectomy, though increasing the entire trauma of operation, did not elevate the rate of complications significantly. In accordance with our results outlines regarding the performance and indication of operations in combination with colon- and rectum surgery are discribed.", "contents": "[Risk of combined surgical procedures in operations of colon and rectum (author's transl)]. In a period of 4 years in the Clinic of Abdominal- and Transplantationsurgery of the Medical School Hannover 63 combined surgical procedures were performed in 56 patients with operations of colon and rectum. In comparison with a group of patients, who were treated with similar operations as a single procedure, the increase of risk was studied. Small combined procedures like appendectomia, herniotomia, exstirpation of cysts or removal of diverticula indicate no elevation of the operative risk. Cholecystectomy or prostatectomy, though increasing the entire trauma of operation, did not elevate the rate of complications significantly. In accordance with our results outlines regarding the performance and indication of operations in combination with colon- and rectum surgery are discribed.", "PMID": 846279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7115", "title": "[Animal experiments concerning oesophagogastrostomy in oesophageal replacement of the stomach (author's transl)].", "content": "After resection of the esophagus, the transposition of stomach should be preferred to the interposed colon, because it is technically simpler, can be performed in a shorter time and is only seldom followed by reflux. If the fundus is to be used for the anastomosis with the esophageal stump, a good blood circulation of this gastric part is needed for uncomplicated healing. This is warranted by preserving the right gastric and gastroepiploic arteries, which supply the vascular arcades of the lesser and greater curvature. Additionally to former morphological investigations, the postoperative course after resection of the esophagus and esophagogastrostomies in dogs was studied. In the first animal group only the right gastroepiploic artery, in the second group additionally the right gastric artery were preserved. As result it was found that the vascular arcades along the greater curvature alone are insufficient for the blood supply of the gastric fundus. The findings and their clinical value are discussed.", "contents": "[Animal experiments concerning oesophagogastrostomy in oesophageal replacement of the stomach (author's transl)]. After resection of the esophagus, the transposition of stomach should be preferred to the interposed colon, because it is technically simpler, can be performed in a shorter time and is only seldom followed by reflux. If the fundus is to be used for the anastomosis with the esophageal stump, a good blood circulation of this gastric part is needed for uncomplicated healing. This is warranted by preserving the right gastric and gastroepiploic arteries, which supply the vascular arcades of the lesser and greater curvature. Additionally to former morphological investigations, the postoperative course after resection of the esophagus and esophagogastrostomies in dogs was studied. In the first animal group only the right gastroepiploic artery, in the second group additionally the right gastric artery were preserved. As result it was found that the vascular arcades along the greater curvature alone are insufficient for the blood supply of the gastric fundus. The findings and their clinical value are discussed.", "PMID": 846280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7116", "title": "[Carcinoma of colostomies. Investigation on Wistar rats and clinical observations (author's transl)].", "content": "48 surviving male Wistar rats, which achieved a double loop colostomy at the descending colon, developed spontaneous adeno-cardinomas at the proximal orifice of the stoma within 120-200 days. To differentiate the importance of fecal passage and eversion of the colon, the descending colon was separated from the fecal stream by a colostomy at the ascending colon, splitted longitudinally and inserted in the abdominal wall. Adeno-carcinoma arose in both positions, mainly within 120 days. Colonic mucosa, thus exposed, predominates to maligne transformation. The preferred development of cancer at colostomies, as seen systemically induced colonic cancer, is therefore explained to be of syncarcinogenic type. Similar lesions were found at human colostomies. The rareness of original carcinoma at human colostomies is caused by a more-years time of induction in relation to the high average age of patients getting a colostomy. In fact we regard this type of cancer as a biological phenomena comparable to the cancer of the gastric stump.", "contents": "[Carcinoma of colostomies. Investigation on Wistar rats and clinical observations (author's transl)]. 48 surviving male Wistar rats, which achieved a double loop colostomy at the descending colon, developed spontaneous adeno-cardinomas at the proximal orifice of the stoma within 120-200 days. To differentiate the importance of fecal passage and eversion of the colon, the descending colon was separated from the fecal stream by a colostomy at the ascending colon, splitted longitudinally and inserted in the abdominal wall. Adeno-carcinoma arose in both positions, mainly within 120 days. Colonic mucosa, thus exposed, predominates to maligne transformation. The preferred development of cancer at colostomies, as seen systemically induced colonic cancer, is therefore explained to be of syncarcinogenic type. Similar lesions were found at human colostomies. The rareness of original carcinoma at human colostomies is caused by a more-years time of induction in relation to the high average age of patients getting a colostomy. In fact we regard this type of cancer as a biological phenomena comparable to the cancer of the gastric stump.", "PMID": 846281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7117", "title": "[Reversal of small bowel segments to delay intestinal passage after total colectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Five female mini-pigs underwent total colectomy including resection of the ileocecal valve. Sparing the terminal rectum, we reformed an end-to-end anastomosis between terminal ileum and remaining rectal cuff. In a second series 8 female mini-pigs have been colectomized using the same model. To delay intestinal passage, in addition a 10-12 cm long reversed segment of terminal ileum has been inserted between small bowel and rectal stump. Both groups were compared with a group of normal unoperated mini-pigs in a study up to 1 year, observing intestinal transit time, blood chemistry and general development of the animals. It could be proved that the reversal of a small bowel segment in colectomized animals leads to a prolongation of the intestinal transit time, to normalization of electrolytes and general appearance. Colectomy was only survived by animals with a reversed segment. The clinical application of a reversed small bowel segment following total colectomy in 1 patient was successful.", "contents": "[Reversal of small bowel segments to delay intestinal passage after total colectomy (author's transl)]. Five female mini-pigs underwent total colectomy including resection of the ileocecal valve. Sparing the terminal rectum, we reformed an end-to-end anastomosis between terminal ileum and remaining rectal cuff. In a second series 8 female mini-pigs have been colectomized using the same model. To delay intestinal passage, in addition a 10-12 cm long reversed segment of terminal ileum has been inserted between small bowel and rectal stump. Both groups were compared with a group of normal unoperated mini-pigs in a study up to 1 year, observing intestinal transit time, blood chemistry and general development of the animals. It could be proved that the reversal of a small bowel segment in colectomized animals leads to a prolongation of the intestinal transit time, to normalization of electrolytes and general appearance. Colectomy was only survived by animals with a reversed segment. The clinical application of a reversed small bowel segment following total colectomy in 1 patient was successful.", "PMID": 846282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7118", "title": "Effect of a diet rich in sunflower oil on aspects of lipid metabolism in the genetically-obese rat.", "content": "Aspects of the lipid metabolism of male, obese and lean Zucker rats were compared using animals which had been fed ad libitum for 32 days on a diet (HS) which contained 200 g sunflowerseed oil/kg or one (LS) which contained 50 g/kg of the oil. When compared with the LS diet, the HS diet decreased the characteristic lipid accretion in the liver of obses rats from 126 mg (LS) to 81 mg (HS)/g wet weight; corresponding values for the lean rats were 39 mg and 56 mg/g wet weight of liver, respectively. The HS diet depressed lipid synthesis de novo by liver homogenates and decreased the delta9-desaturase activity of liver microsomes from obese and lean rats by about 50%. delta9-Desaturase activity in vitro was also depressed by the addition of linoleic acid to liver microsomes from both obese and lean rats fed ad libitum on a standard laboratory diet. Depressed delta9-desaturase activity, due to ingestion of the HS diet, was reflected in lower ratios of 16:1/16:0 and 18:1/18:0 fatty acids in tissue lipids from obese and lean rats. Ingestion of the HS compared with the LS diet resulted in increased proportions of 18:2omega6 in liver lipids and adipose tissue triacylglycerols of obese and lean rats. The HS diet also increased the proportions of 20:4omega6 in adipose triacylglycerols of obese and lean rats and in liver lipids of obese animals but not in their lean littermates.", "contents": "Effect of a diet rich in sunflower oil on aspects of lipid metabolism in the genetically-obese rat. Aspects of the lipid metabolism of male, obese and lean Zucker rats were compared using animals which had been fed ad libitum for 32 days on a diet (HS) which contained 200 g sunflowerseed oil/kg or one (LS) which contained 50 g/kg of the oil. When compared with the LS diet, the HS diet decreased the characteristic lipid accretion in the liver of obses rats from 126 mg (LS) to 81 mg (HS)/g wet weight; corresponding values for the lean rats were 39 mg and 56 mg/g wet weight of liver, respectively. The HS diet depressed lipid synthesis de novo by liver homogenates and decreased the delta9-desaturase activity of liver microsomes from obese and lean rats by about 50%. delta9-Desaturase activity in vitro was also depressed by the addition of linoleic acid to liver microsomes from both obese and lean rats fed ad libitum on a standard laboratory diet. Depressed delta9-desaturase activity, due to ingestion of the HS diet, was reflected in lower ratios of 16:1/16:0 and 18:1/18:0 fatty acids in tissue lipids from obese and lean rats. Ingestion of the HS compared with the LS diet resulted in increased proportions of 18:2omega6 in liver lipids and adipose tissue triacylglycerols of obese and lean rats. The HS diet also increased the proportions of 20:4omega6 in adipose triacylglycerols of obese and lean rats and in liver lipids of obese animals but not in their lean littermates.", "PMID": 846294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7119", "title": "Plasma cholesterol levels in suckling and weaned kittens, puppies, and guinea pigs.", "content": "Plasma cholesterol levels in kittens and puppies were low at birth, rose during the suckling period, and then decreased at about the time of weaning. The increase during the suckling period was much greater in puppies than in kittens. No significant differences in plasma cholesterol levels were observed in puppies fed two different types of diet, horse meat or dog chow, after weaning. Guinea pigs had lower plasma cholesterols than either kittens or puppies. The level was highest on the first day after birth, decreased during the next 3 wk, and then remained fairly constant after the animals were weaned.", "contents": "Plasma cholesterol levels in suckling and weaned kittens, puppies, and guinea pigs. Plasma cholesterol levels in kittens and puppies were low at birth, rose during the suckling period, and then decreased at about the time of weaning. The increase during the suckling period was much greater in puppies than in kittens. No significant differences in plasma cholesterol levels were observed in puppies fed two different types of diet, horse meat or dog chow, after weaning. Guinea pigs had lower plasma cholesterols than either kittens or puppies. The level was highest on the first day after birth, decreased during the next 3 wk, and then remained fairly constant after the animals were weaned.", "PMID": 846295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7120", "title": "A comparative in vivo study of intestinal absorption of biliary phosphatidylcholines and micellar phosphatidylcholines in the rat.", "content": "An in vivo study was performed using rats with the purpose of comparing the absorption of native biliary and purified phosphatidylcholines. The latter were purified from bile and solubilized in the form of mixed micelles of bile salts-phosphatidylcholines-cholesterol. The animals all bore bile duct diversions, and were divided into two groups: one had a normal pancreatic secretion while in the other group the pancreatic duct was ligated. Animals with normal pancreatic secretion showed comparable rates of absorption of micellar and biliary phosphatidylcholines. In the absence of normal pancreatic secretion, the rate of absorption of biliary phosphatidylcholines was unchanged, whereas that of micellar phosphatidylcholines markedly decreased. The results are consistent with the concept that some biliary phosphatidylcholines are absorbed independently of pancreatic secretion in an unhydrolyzed form.", "contents": "A comparative in vivo study of intestinal absorption of biliary phosphatidylcholines and micellar phosphatidylcholines in the rat. An in vivo study was performed using rats with the purpose of comparing the absorption of native biliary and purified phosphatidylcholines. The latter were purified from bile and solubilized in the form of mixed micelles of bile salts-phosphatidylcholines-cholesterol. The animals all bore bile duct diversions, and were divided into two groups: one had a normal pancreatic secretion while in the other group the pancreatic duct was ligated. Animals with normal pancreatic secretion showed comparable rates of absorption of micellar and biliary phosphatidylcholines. In the absence of normal pancreatic secretion, the rate of absorption of biliary phosphatidylcholines was unchanged, whereas that of micellar phosphatidylcholines markedly decreased. The results are consistent with the concept that some biliary phosphatidylcholines are absorbed independently of pancreatic secretion in an unhydrolyzed form.", "PMID": 846296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7121", "title": "Hypertriglyceridemia in Ehrlich ascites carcinomatous mice: tumor and mouse strain differences.", "content": "Ehrlich ascites carcinoma growth in mice induces hypertriglyceridemia. The degree of hypertriglyceridemia found in one laboratory (Spector's) was much greater than we observed in our laboratory. Moreover, major differences were reported with respect to fasting (no effect on tumor extracellular fluid triglyceride levels in Spector's tumor-bearing mice; marked decrease in ours). We have obtained tumorous CBA mice from Spector's laboratory and have studied them simultaneously with our Swiss-Webster mice. Triglyceride levels of the above two groups and from two controlled crossover groups, included to evaluate the influence of mouse and tumor strains on hypertriglyceridemia, were determined. The CBA mice had intense hypertriglyceridemia and high triglyceride levels in tumor extracellular fluid regardless of the subline source of ascites tumor. On the other hand, only mild hyperlipidemia was induced with both strains of tumor in Swiss-Webster mice. Thus, the variations in plasma and tumor extracellular fluid triglyceride levels probably arise from the mouse strains and not from variations in the tumor subline. Fasting caused a decrease in both plasma and tumor extracellular fluid triglyceride concentrations in CBA, as well as in Swiss-Webster mice. A mouse strain difference was also evident from a significant decrease in wet weights of adipose tissues like epididymal fat, inguinal fat, and intermuscular fat with tumor growth in the CBA strain which was not observed in the Swiss-Webster strain at the corresponding stage of tumor growth. Study of these strain diffeences may lead to an understanding of factors that regulate hyperlipidemia.", "contents": "Hypertriglyceridemia in Ehrlich ascites carcinomatous mice: tumor and mouse strain differences. Ehrlich ascites carcinoma growth in mice induces hypertriglyceridemia. The degree of hypertriglyceridemia found in one laboratory (Spector's) was much greater than we observed in our laboratory. Moreover, major differences were reported with respect to fasting (no effect on tumor extracellular fluid triglyceride levels in Spector's tumor-bearing mice; marked decrease in ours). We have obtained tumorous CBA mice from Spector's laboratory and have studied them simultaneously with our Swiss-Webster mice. Triglyceride levels of the above two groups and from two controlled crossover groups, included to evaluate the influence of mouse and tumor strains on hypertriglyceridemia, were determined. The CBA mice had intense hypertriglyceridemia and high triglyceride levels in tumor extracellular fluid regardless of the subline source of ascites tumor. On the other hand, only mild hyperlipidemia was induced with both strains of tumor in Swiss-Webster mice. Thus, the variations in plasma and tumor extracellular fluid triglyceride levels probably arise from the mouse strains and not from variations in the tumor subline. Fasting caused a decrease in both plasma and tumor extracellular fluid triglyceride concentrations in CBA, as well as in Swiss-Webster mice. A mouse strain difference was also evident from a significant decrease in wet weights of adipose tissues like epididymal fat, inguinal fat, and intermuscular fat with tumor growth in the CBA strain which was not observed in the Swiss-Webster strain at the corresponding stage of tumor growth. Study of these strain diffeences may lead to an understanding of factors that regulate hyperlipidemia.", "PMID": 846297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7122", "title": "Changes in the acyl and alkenyl group composition of cardiac phospholipids in boars fed corn oil or rapeseed oil.", "content": "Boars fed diets containing rapeseed oil for 8 weeks showed significantly higher levels of neutral lipids and similar levels of phospholipids, compared to those fed corn oil. Erucic and eicosenoic acids were found to be high in ethanolamine phosphoglycerides, and in particular alkenyl acyl-ethanolamine phosphoglyceride. Furthermore, both long chain monoenes were incorporated preferentially in position 2 of the choline and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides. The alkenyl group composition of the cardiac lipids of pigs was influenced by dietary fatty acids. When rapeseed oil was fed, small amounts of 20:1 and 22:1 alkenyl constituents were detected.", "contents": "Changes in the acyl and alkenyl group composition of cardiac phospholipids in boars fed corn oil or rapeseed oil. Boars fed diets containing rapeseed oil for 8 weeks showed significantly higher levels of neutral lipids and similar levels of phospholipids, compared to those fed corn oil. Erucic and eicosenoic acids were found to be high in ethanolamine phosphoglycerides, and in particular alkenyl acyl-ethanolamine phosphoglyceride. Furthermore, both long chain monoenes were incorporated preferentially in position 2 of the choline and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides. The alkenyl group composition of the cardiac lipids of pigs was influenced by dietary fatty acids. When rapeseed oil was fed, small amounts of 20:1 and 22:1 alkenyl constituents were detected.", "PMID": 846298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7123", "title": "Lipid and fatty acyl composition of rat brain capillary endothelia isolated by a new technique.", "content": "A method is described for the isolation of pure capillary endothelia from rat brain and the phosphlipid composition of these cells is reported. This method is rapid and requires only a small amount of starting material. It involves: (a) tissue disruption by high speed homogenization, (b) separation of the capillary endothelia from other brain structures using sucrose gradients, and (c) a final purification using a glass bead column. Choline and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides were found to be the predominant lipid classes of these cells amounting to 31.9% and 24.4%, respectively, of total phospholipids. The choline phosphoglycerides consisted almost exclusively of 1,2-diacyl glycerophosphorylcholine, whereas the ethanolamine phosphoglycerides consisted of approximately equal amounts of 1,2-diacyl and 1-alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl glycerophosphorylethanolamine. The composition of the constituent fatty acids of both choline and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides and the alk-1-enyl composition of ethanolamine phosphoglycerides is reported. Saturated fatty acids accounted for 45% of the total fatty acids in choline phosphoglycerides and for 53% in ethanolamine phosphoglycerides. Arachidonic acid accounted for approximately 48% of the total fatty acids in alk-1-enyl ethanolamine phosphoglyceride.", "contents": "Lipid and fatty acyl composition of rat brain capillary endothelia isolated by a new technique. A method is described for the isolation of pure capillary endothelia from rat brain and the phosphlipid composition of these cells is reported. This method is rapid and requires only a small amount of starting material. It involves: (a) tissue disruption by high speed homogenization, (b) separation of the capillary endothelia from other brain structures using sucrose gradients, and (c) a final purification using a glass bead column. Choline and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides were found to be the predominant lipid classes of these cells amounting to 31.9% and 24.4%, respectively, of total phospholipids. The choline phosphoglycerides consisted almost exclusively of 1,2-diacyl glycerophosphorylcholine, whereas the ethanolamine phosphoglycerides consisted of approximately equal amounts of 1,2-diacyl and 1-alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl glycerophosphorylethanolamine. The composition of the constituent fatty acids of both choline and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides and the alk-1-enyl composition of ethanolamine phosphoglycerides is reported. Saturated fatty acids accounted for 45% of the total fatty acids in choline phosphoglycerides and for 53% in ethanolamine phosphoglycerides. Arachidonic acid accounted for approximately 48% of the total fatty acids in alk-1-enyl ethanolamine phosphoglyceride.", "PMID": 846299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7124", "title": "Potential for employing the distribution of anomalous non-methylene-interrupted dienoic fatty acids in several marine invertebrates as part of food web studies.", "content": "A group of homologous, nonmethylene-interrupted dienoic fatty acids (NMID) recently reported in oysters has been found in several other shellfish species and also in other marine phyla. The distribution of most other \"normal\" fatty acids among several species of shellfish is basically similar but mantle lipids from two other molluscan species, both squid, differ radically. The squid mantle fatty acids do not include NMID, suggesting that in molluscs NMID may accumula-e primarily in filter-feeders or herbovores. The distribution of these anomalous fatty acid components in higher species suggests that they reflect invertebrates in the diet and are biochemically inert.", "contents": "Potential for employing the distribution of anomalous non-methylene-interrupted dienoic fatty acids in several marine invertebrates as part of food web studies. A group of homologous, nonmethylene-interrupted dienoic fatty acids (NMID) recently reported in oysters has been found in several other shellfish species and also in other marine phyla. The distribution of most other \"normal\" fatty acids among several species of shellfish is basically similar but mantle lipids from two other molluscan species, both squid, differ radically. The squid mantle fatty acids do not include NMID, suggesting that in molluscs NMID may accumula-e primarily in filter-feeders or herbovores. The distribution of these anomalous fatty acid components in higher species suggests that they reflect invertebrates in the diet and are biochemically inert.", "PMID": 846300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7125", "title": "Studies on long chain cis- and trans-acyl-CoA esters and Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase from rat heart mitochondria.", "content": "The beta-oxidation of long chain fatty acids was investigated in a preparation of rat heart mitochondria. The acyl-CoA esters of the cis and trans isomers of delta9-hexadecenoic, delta9-octadecenoic, delta11-eicosenoic, and delta13-docosenoic acids were prepared. Rates of the acyl-CoA reaction were determined with an extract from rat heart mitochondria. The apparent Michaelis constant (Km) and maximum velocity (Vmax) were calculated for each substrate. In general, apparent Vmax values decreased with increasing chain length of the monoenoic substrates. Reduced activity of acyl-CoA dehydrogenase with long chain acyl-CoA esters could have contributed to accumulation of lipids in hearts of rats fed diets containing long chain fatty acids.", "contents": "Studies on long chain cis- and trans-acyl-CoA esters and Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase from rat heart mitochondria. The beta-oxidation of long chain fatty acids was investigated in a preparation of rat heart mitochondria. The acyl-CoA esters of the cis and trans isomers of delta9-hexadecenoic, delta9-octadecenoic, delta11-eicosenoic, and delta13-docosenoic acids were prepared. Rates of the acyl-CoA reaction were determined with an extract from rat heart mitochondria. The apparent Michaelis constant (Km) and maximum velocity (Vmax) were calculated for each substrate. In general, apparent Vmax values decreased with increasing chain length of the monoenoic substrates. Reduced activity of acyl-CoA dehydrogenase with long chain acyl-CoA esters could have contributed to accumulation of lipids in hearts of rats fed diets containing long chain fatty acids.", "PMID": 846301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7126", "title": "Ether-linked glycerolipids in human brain tumors.", "content": "In this investigation, the lipid composition of a number of human brain tumors was determined and compared to that of normal adult brain. Glioblastomas (11 samples), astrocytomas (4 samples), an acoustic neurinoma, an oligodendroglioma, and a meningioma were analyzed. All of the tumors had substantial levels (0.8-3.4% of total phospholipids) of choline plasmalogen which was present in only trace amounts in normal brain. With the exceptions of the acoustic neurinoma and the meningioma, the concentration of alkylacylglycerophosphorylcholine was also higher in the tumors than in normal brain. Neutral lipids of brain tumors also contained high concentrations of both alkyl (1.6-4.8% of total neutral gsults from this investigation indicate that increases in ether-linked glycerolipids may be characteristic of human brain tumors.", "contents": "Ether-linked glycerolipids in human brain tumors. In this investigation, the lipid composition of a number of human brain tumors was determined and compared to that of normal adult brain. Glioblastomas (11 samples), astrocytomas (4 samples), an acoustic neurinoma, an oligodendroglioma, and a meningioma were analyzed. All of the tumors had substantial levels (0.8-3.4% of total phospholipids) of choline plasmalogen which was present in only trace amounts in normal brain. With the exceptions of the acoustic neurinoma and the meningioma, the concentration of alkylacylglycerophosphorylcholine was also higher in the tumors than in normal brain. Neutral lipids of brain tumors also contained high concentrations of both alkyl (1.6-4.8% of total neutral gsults from this investigation indicate that increases in ether-linked glycerolipids may be characteristic of human brain tumors.", "PMID": 846302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7127", "title": "The effect of lipids on taurocholate absorption from intestinal loops in the rat.", "content": "The rates of uptake and serosal transfer of [14C]-labelled taurocholate (7.77 mM in bicarbonate buffer, pH 6.5) were determined in situ in ligated segments of rat intestine in the presence of lipids. Oleic acid, monoolein, lecithin, and lysolecithin enhanced taurocholate uptake and transfer in the jejunum, each lipid exhibiting an optimal concentration at which the bile acid fluxes were maximal. The maximal rates of bile acid uptake observed with the various lipids were close to four times the uptake rates found with the lipid-free taurocholate medium, whereas serosal transfer rates under optimal conditions were enhanced about six-fold. The optimal concentrations differed widely among the various lipids, being inversely related to the lipids' polarity. Simultaneous measurement of taurocholate and [3H]-labelled oleic acid showed that under optimal conditions, when the molar concentration of oleic acid was about equal to that of the bile acid, the fatty acid and bile acid also exhibited closely similar rates of absorption. At other fatty acid concentrations, the fractional rate of absorption of the bile acid was much lower than that of the fatty acid. The rates of uptake and serosal transfer of pure taurocholate by the ileum exceeded those of the jejunum by factors of about 7 and 15, respectively, but in the presence of lipids this difference in absorptive capacity for bile acid between the distal and proximal segment largely disappeared.", "contents": "The effect of lipids on taurocholate absorption from intestinal loops in the rat. The rates of uptake and serosal transfer of [14C]-labelled taurocholate (7.77 mM in bicarbonate buffer, pH 6.5) were determined in situ in ligated segments of rat intestine in the presence of lipids. Oleic acid, monoolein, lecithin, and lysolecithin enhanced taurocholate uptake and transfer in the jejunum, each lipid exhibiting an optimal concentration at which the bile acid fluxes were maximal. The maximal rates of bile acid uptake observed with the various lipids were close to four times the uptake rates found with the lipid-free taurocholate medium, whereas serosal transfer rates under optimal conditions were enhanced about six-fold. The optimal concentrations differed widely among the various lipids, being inversely related to the lipids' polarity. Simultaneous measurement of taurocholate and [3H]-labelled oleic acid showed that under optimal conditions, when the molar concentration of oleic acid was about equal to that of the bile acid, the fatty acid and bile acid also exhibited closely similar rates of absorption. At other fatty acid concentrations, the fractional rate of absorption of the bile acid was much lower than that of the fatty acid. The rates of uptake and serosal transfer of pure taurocholate by the ileum exceeded those of the jejunum by factors of about 7 and 15, respectively, but in the presence of lipids this difference in absorptive capacity for bile acid between the distal and proximal segment largely disappeared.", "PMID": 846303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7128", "title": "Tissue variation in hydrocarbon composition in the rabbit.", "content": "This study, which deals with the distribution of hydrocarbons in seven types of rabbit tissues, was done for the purpose of providing information that might help shed light on the biological relevance of the hydrocarbons in mammalian metabolism. Liver, kidneys, brain, spleen, skeletal muscle, perinephric adipose, and a sample of blood serum were collected from a single animal for analysis of their hydrocarbon composition. The analytical methodology consisted of solvent extraction, saponification (adipose), elution chromatography on hydrated alumina, and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Hydrocarbons were detected in all of the tissues examined at concentrations estimated to range from 0.1 to 0.01% of the total lipid extracted Three quite distinct distribution modes were recognized. The bulk of the identified components consisted of normal, saturated, nonterpenoid hydrocarbons in the C16 to C33 range. Squalene, phytene, phytadiene, and pristane were the only terpenoids detected. Nonterpenoid branched (iso and anteiso) hydrocarbons were identified unequivocally and in significant amounts in the muscle only. The adipose was the only tissue which was relatively rich in monoalkenes, and its overall hydrocarbon composition closely resembled that of the feed. The results of the study are not consistent with metabolic inertness. The observed qualitative and quantitative differences might reflect function and metabolic activities of the individual organs in a way yet to be elucidated.", "contents": "Tissue variation in hydrocarbon composition in the rabbit. This study, which deals with the distribution of hydrocarbons in seven types of rabbit tissues, was done for the purpose of providing information that might help shed light on the biological relevance of the hydrocarbons in mammalian metabolism. Liver, kidneys, brain, spleen, skeletal muscle, perinephric adipose, and a sample of blood serum were collected from a single animal for analysis of their hydrocarbon composition. The analytical methodology consisted of solvent extraction, saponification (adipose), elution chromatography on hydrated alumina, and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Hydrocarbons were detected in all of the tissues examined at concentrations estimated to range from 0.1 to 0.01% of the total lipid extracted Three quite distinct distribution modes were recognized. The bulk of the identified components consisted of normal, saturated, nonterpenoid hydrocarbons in the C16 to C33 range. Squalene, phytene, phytadiene, and pristane were the only terpenoids detected. Nonterpenoid branched (iso and anteiso) hydrocarbons were identified unequivocally and in significant amounts in the muscle only. The adipose was the only tissue which was relatively rich in monoalkenes, and its overall hydrocarbon composition closely resembled that of the feed. The results of the study are not consistent with metabolic inertness. The observed qualitative and quantitative differences might reflect function and metabolic activities of the individual organs in a way yet to be elucidated.", "PMID": 846304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7129", "title": "Characterization of bovine rumen liquor isoprenoid hydrocarbons with reference to dietary phytol.", "content": "The isoprenoid hydrocarbon, trans-phyt-2-ene (82.2%), phyt-1-ene (6.5%), and phytane (11.3%), were detected in bovine rumen liquor by means of AgNO3-impregnated thin layer chromatography and gas liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry and infrared spectrophotometry. The unsaturated hydrocarbons were identified by comparing their chromatographic, physical, and chemical properties with those of synthetic isoprenoid hydrocarbons prepared from dihydrophytol. The natural level of the original isoprenoid components within the rumen is comprised of phytol and dihydrophytol (of the ratio of 2:1). These represented at least 60% of the total free fatty alcohol content of the rumen liquor lipid extract and could, therefore, be the origin of the isoprenoid hydrocarbons observed.", "contents": "Characterization of bovine rumen liquor isoprenoid hydrocarbons with reference to dietary phytol. The isoprenoid hydrocarbon, trans-phyt-2-ene (82.2%), phyt-1-ene (6.5%), and phytane (11.3%), were detected in bovine rumen liquor by means of AgNO3-impregnated thin layer chromatography and gas liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry and infrared spectrophotometry. The unsaturated hydrocarbons were identified by comparing their chromatographic, physical, and chemical properties with those of synthetic isoprenoid hydrocarbons prepared from dihydrophytol. The natural level of the original isoprenoid components within the rumen is comprised of phytol and dihydrophytol (of the ratio of 2:1). These represented at least 60% of the total free fatty alcohol content of the rumen liquor lipid extract and could, therefore, be the origin of the isoprenoid hydrocarbons observed.", "PMID": 846305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7130", "title": "Lipid metabolism in plasma, liver, and adipose tissue of rats with experimental chronic nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "Plasma, liver, and adipose tissue lipid composition and synthesis from [1-14C] acetate were studied three months following induction of nephrotic syndrome in rats by injection of antiglomerular basement membrane protein. Plasma triglyceride concentrations and specific radioactivities were elevated, and the triglycerides contained increased proportions of oleic acid. Plasma cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations were also increased, but free fatty acid levels were not. Liver triglyceride concentrations were decreased and incorporation of [1-14] acetate into liver triglycerides was also depressed below that of normal controls. Nephrotic rat liver triglycerides contained a higher proportion of oleic acid and lower arachidonic acid than did controls. Incorporation of [1-14C] acetate into adipose tissue lipids of the nephrotic rats was increased, and the proportion of palmitic acid was decreased. In the chronic nephrotic rat, the major source of the increased plasma triglycerudes may be fatty acids mobilized from adipose tissue stores.", "contents": "Lipid metabolism in plasma, liver, and adipose tissue of rats with experimental chronic nephrotic syndrome. Plasma, liver, and adipose tissue lipid composition and synthesis from [1-14C] acetate were studied three months following induction of nephrotic syndrome in rats by injection of antiglomerular basement membrane protein. Plasma triglyceride concentrations and specific radioactivities were elevated, and the triglycerides contained increased proportions of oleic acid. Plasma cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations were also increased, but free fatty acid levels were not. Liver triglyceride concentrations were decreased and incorporation of [1-14] acetate into liver triglycerides was also depressed below that of normal controls. Nephrotic rat liver triglycerides contained a higher proportion of oleic acid and lower arachidonic acid than did controls. Incorporation of [1-14C] acetate into adipose tissue lipids of the nephrotic rats was increased, and the proportion of palmitic acid was decreased. In the chronic nephrotic rat, the major source of the increased plasma triglycerudes may be fatty acids mobilized from adipose tissue stores.", "PMID": 846306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7131", "title": "The effects of original and randomized rapseed oils containing high or very low levels of erucic acid on cardiac lipids and myocardial lesions in rats.", "content": "The nutritional status of the very lowerucate, rapseed oil, Brassica napus var. 'Tower,' was compared with that of the high-erucate oil, Brassica napus var. 'Target,' as well as with corn oil. The effect of randomization on the nutritional qualities of rapeseed oil was investigated as well. The feeding of diets containing the original and randomized 'Tower' oil or the original 'Target' oil, at the 20% level by weight, gave growth rates which were not significantly different from that for corn oil. However, the randomized 'Target' oil gave growth rates which were significantly less than all other groups. The growth results could not be explained simply on the basis of food consumption. The level of triglycerides in the hearts of rats fed the very low-erucate oils was not significantly different from the corn oil group. Triglyceride concentrations in the hearts of animals given the high-erucate oils were 7-12 times greater than all other groups. The level of total fatty acids in tissue phospholipids was the same regardless of dietary treatment. Fatty acid compositions of the tissue lipid were the same in animals fed either the original or randomized rapeseed oils. A much higher incidence of focal myocardial necrosis was found in animals receiving high-erucate rapeseed oil relative to animals given the corn oil. The incidence in rats fed diets containing very low-erucate rapeseed oil was intermediate between these latter two extremes.", "contents": "The effects of original and randomized rapseed oils containing high or very low levels of erucic acid on cardiac lipids and myocardial lesions in rats. The nutritional status of the very lowerucate, rapseed oil, Brassica napus var. 'Tower,' was compared with that of the high-erucate oil, Brassica napus var. 'Target,' as well as with corn oil. The effect of randomization on the nutritional qualities of rapeseed oil was investigated as well. The feeding of diets containing the original and randomized 'Tower' oil or the original 'Target' oil, at the 20% level by weight, gave growth rates which were not significantly different from that for corn oil. However, the randomized 'Target' oil gave growth rates which were significantly less than all other groups. The growth results could not be explained simply on the basis of food consumption. The level of triglycerides in the hearts of rats fed the very low-erucate oils was not significantly different from the corn oil group. Triglyceride concentrations in the hearts of animals given the high-erucate oils were 7-12 times greater than all other groups. The level of total fatty acids in tissue phospholipids was the same regardless of dietary treatment. Fatty acid compositions of the tissue lipid were the same in animals fed either the original or randomized rapeseed oils. A much higher incidence of focal myocardial necrosis was found in animals receiving high-erucate rapeseed oil relative to animals given the corn oil. The incidence in rats fed diets containing very low-erucate rapeseed oil was intermediate between these latter two extremes.", "PMID": 846307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7132", "title": "Gas chromatographic separation of cholesteryl esters of fatty acids of different degrees of unsaturation.", "content": "Cholesteryl esters prepared from the fatty acid methyl esters of linseed oil, pig liver lipids, and Japanese anchory oil have been separated on the basis of their chain lengths and number of double bonds by gas liquid chromatography on a cyanosiloxane SILAR 10C column. The equivalent chain lengths of cholesteryl esters having acyl groups with 14-22 carbons and 0-6 double bonds are presented. A significant influence of the column temperature on the equivalent chain lengths of the polyenoic fatty acid cholesteryl esters has been found. Separation of the cholestanyl and epicholestanyl esters of linseed oil fatty acids, respectively, under the same conditions is also described.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic separation of cholesteryl esters of fatty acids of different degrees of unsaturation. Cholesteryl esters prepared from the fatty acid methyl esters of linseed oil, pig liver lipids, and Japanese anchory oil have been separated on the basis of their chain lengths and number of double bonds by gas liquid chromatography on a cyanosiloxane SILAR 10C column. The equivalent chain lengths of cholesteryl esters having acyl groups with 14-22 carbons and 0-6 double bonds are presented. A significant influence of the column temperature on the equivalent chain lengths of the polyenoic fatty acid cholesteryl esters has been found. Separation of the cholestanyl and epicholestanyl esters of linseed oil fatty acids, respectively, under the same conditions is also described.", "PMID": 846308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7133", "title": "Absence of eicosatrienoic acid in plasma of sheep parenterally infused with a high glucose fat-free solution.", "content": "Five yearling wether sheep were maintained on total intravenous, fat-free feeding for periods in excess of 4 weeks. Analysis of plasma total lipid, neutral lipid, and phospholipid fatty acid patterns showed a decrease in linoleic acid during the first week, after which levels tended to stabilize. Rate of decrease in linoleic acid content of plasma phospholipids of two sheep was different. Changes in nonessential fatty acids were variable. 5,8,11- and 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic acids were not detected in any of the sheep.", "contents": "Absence of eicosatrienoic acid in plasma of sheep parenterally infused with a high glucose fat-free solution. Five yearling wether sheep were maintained on total intravenous, fat-free feeding for periods in excess of 4 weeks. Analysis of plasma total lipid, neutral lipid, and phospholipid fatty acid patterns showed a decrease in linoleic acid during the first week, after which levels tended to stabilize. Rate of decrease in linoleic acid content of plasma phospholipids of two sheep was different. Changes in nonessential fatty acids were variable. 5,8,11- and 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic acids were not detected in any of the sheep.", "PMID": 846309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7134", "title": "Glycerol ester hydrolase activity in the pulp of unerupted calves' teeth.", "content": "The pulp from unerupted calves' teeth was found to contain low levels of glycerol ester hydrolase activity. Solutions in Tris buffer cleared tributyrylglycerol agar and hydrolyzed emulsified olive oil. The average quantity of free fatty acids released in five assays with olive oil was: 2.8, S.D.+/-1.4. Specific activities were: 0.25, S.D.+/-0.13, mkatals/kg protein.", "contents": "Glycerol ester hydrolase activity in the pulp of unerupted calves' teeth. The pulp from unerupted calves' teeth was found to contain low levels of glycerol ester hydrolase activity. Solutions in Tris buffer cleared tributyrylglycerol agar and hydrolyzed emulsified olive oil. The average quantity of free fatty acids released in five assays with olive oil was: 2.8, S.D.+/-1.4. Specific activities were: 0.25, S.D.+/-0.13, mkatals/kg protein.", "PMID": 846310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7135", "title": "Action of three bile acids on hepatic and intestinal cholesterogenesis in the rat.", "content": "Incorporation of [1(14)-C] acetate into cholesterol by subcellular particles from the liver and the small intestine of rats with a biliary diversion and a duodenal perfusion of sodium taurocholate, taurochenodeoxycholate or taurodehydrocholate, was studied in vitro. In the liver, taurochenodeoxycholate prevented the increase of cholesterol synthesis induced by biliary drainage. Taurocholate had no action on cholesterol synthesis at any time, day or night. Intestinal synthesis of cholesterol was reduced by taurocholate and taurochenodeoxycholate but was not modified by taurodehydrocholate infusion.", "contents": "Action of three bile acids on hepatic and intestinal cholesterogenesis in the rat. Incorporation of [1(14)-C] acetate into cholesterol by subcellular particles from the liver and the small intestine of rats with a biliary diversion and a duodenal perfusion of sodium taurocholate, taurochenodeoxycholate or taurodehydrocholate, was studied in vitro. In the liver, taurochenodeoxycholate prevented the increase of cholesterol synthesis induced by biliary drainage. Taurocholate had no action on cholesterol synthesis at any time, day or night. Intestinal synthesis of cholesterol was reduced by taurocholate and taurochenodeoxycholate but was not modified by taurodehydrocholate infusion.", "PMID": 846313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7136", "title": "Tissue lipid responses to 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid with different dietary fats.", "content": "Simultaneous administration of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid (HMG) for 4 weeks to rats fed 20% saturated fats prevented rise of serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids. Except phospholipids, other liver lipids were significantly decreased. HMG administration for 4 weeks along with atherogenic diet significantly decreased cholesterol and phospholipids of serum, liver, aorta, and heart. The phospholipids of epididymal fat and brain were also significantly lowered. The triglyceride levels in serum, liver, and epididymal fat were significantly decreased. The maximal hypolipidemic effect of HMG was observed in serum.", "contents": "Tissue lipid responses to 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid with different dietary fats. Simultaneous administration of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid (HMG) for 4 weeks to rats fed 20% saturated fats prevented rise of serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids. Except phospholipids, other liver lipids were significantly decreased. HMG administration for 4 weeks along with atherogenic diet significantly decreased cholesterol and phospholipids of serum, liver, aorta, and heart. The phospholipids of epididymal fat and brain were also significantly lowered. The triglyceride levels in serum, liver, and epididymal fat were significantly decreased. The maximal hypolipidemic effect of HMG was observed in serum.", "PMID": 846314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7137", "title": "Serum and liver lipid responses to 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid in rats on different carbohydrate diets.", "content": "Groups of male adult albino rats were administered 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid (HMG) intraperitoneally along with six diets differing only in the type of carbohydrate used. Groups not treated with HMG served as controls. HMG showed a significant cholesterol- and tri-glyceride-lowering effect in the whole serum, serum beta-lipoproteins, and liver of animals on all types of dietary carbohydrates. The effect was more marked in glucose, fructose, sucrose, and lactose. The phospholipid levels in whole serum, serum beta-lipoproteins, as well as in liver were also significantly lowered on all types of carbohydrates except dextrin and starch fed animals, where it had no effect on liver levels. The lipid-lowering effect of HMG seems to be independent of the type of carbohydrate in diet.", "contents": "Serum and liver lipid responses to 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid in rats on different carbohydrate diets. Groups of male adult albino rats were administered 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid (HMG) intraperitoneally along with six diets differing only in the type of carbohydrate used. Groups not treated with HMG served as controls. HMG showed a significant cholesterol- and tri-glyceride-lowering effect in the whole serum, serum beta-lipoproteins, and liver of animals on all types of dietary carbohydrates. The effect was more marked in glucose, fructose, sucrose, and lactose. The phospholipid levels in whole serum, serum beta-lipoproteins, as well as in liver were also significantly lowered on all types of carbohydrates except dextrin and starch fed animals, where it had no effect on liver levels. The lipid-lowering effect of HMG seems to be independent of the type of carbohydrate in diet.", "PMID": 846315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7138", "title": "Composition of novel triesters from the skin of the rhino mutant mouse.", "content": "Composition of two novel triesters, derived from the skin of the rhino mutant mouse, is described. Chemical and spectroscopic analysis of the products of pancreatic hydrolysis of the triesters showed that these are comprised predominantly of isomer I (92.7 mole %). The syntheses of two reference compounds, I-O-hexadecanoyl-2-[(14-hexadecanoyloxy)O-tetradecanoyl] 1,2-hexadecanediol (Ia) and 2-O-hexadecanoyl-1-[(14-hexadecanoyloxy)-O-tetradecanoyl]-1,2-hexadecanediol (IIa), corresponding in their structures to isomers I and II of the triester, wax have also been described.", "contents": "Composition of novel triesters from the skin of the rhino mutant mouse. Composition of two novel triesters, derived from the skin of the rhino mutant mouse, is described. Chemical and spectroscopic analysis of the products of pancreatic hydrolysis of the triesters showed that these are comprised predominantly of isomer I (92.7 mole %). The syntheses of two reference compounds, I-O-hexadecanoyl-2-[(14-hexadecanoyloxy)O-tetradecanoyl] 1,2-hexadecanediol (Ia) and 2-O-hexadecanoyl-1-[(14-hexadecanoyloxy)-O-tetradecanoyl]-1,2-hexadecanediol (IIa), corresponding in their structures to isomers I and II of the triester, wax have also been described.", "PMID": 846316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7139", "title": "Titration of sterol double bonds with dibromopyridine sulfate.", "content": "Cis and trans-22-dehydrocholesteryl acetates and cis and trans-22-cholesten-3beta-yl acetates were prepared and compared to delta22-phytosterylacetates by titration with dibromopyridine sulfate. The cholesterol derivatives absorbed close to the theoretical quantity of bromine (1 Br2 per double bond), whereas the delta22-C24-alkylated sterols consumed 0.14 to 0.23 Br2 in excess of the calculated values. This excess is attributed to the formation of additional unsaturation during bromination. delta7 and delta8(14)-sterols consume more than 2 and 3 moles Br2, respectively, which indicates that at least one or two new double bonds are formed in these molecules during the bromination step.", "contents": "Titration of sterol double bonds with dibromopyridine sulfate. Cis and trans-22-dehydrocholesteryl acetates and cis and trans-22-cholesten-3beta-yl acetates were prepared and compared to delta22-phytosterylacetates by titration with dibromopyridine sulfate. The cholesterol derivatives absorbed close to the theoretical quantity of bromine (1 Br2 per double bond), whereas the delta22-C24-alkylated sterols consumed 0.14 to 0.23 Br2 in excess of the calculated values. This excess is attributed to the formation of additional unsaturation during bromination. delta7 and delta8(14)-sterols consume more than 2 and 3 moles Br2, respectively, which indicates that at least one or two new double bonds are formed in these molecules during the bromination step.", "PMID": 846317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7140", "title": "Changes in rat heart phospholipid composition after rapeseed oil feeding.", "content": "The influence of long duration rapeseed oil feeding with high or low levels of erucic acid has been investigated on rat heart phospholipids. The rats treated for 20 wk with rapeseed oil containing 46.2% erucic acid showed a twofold increase in the sphingomyelin content of the heart. Treatment with primor rapeseed oil (3.7% erucic acid) for 20 wk did not modify phospholipid composition of rat heart. The fatty acid patterns of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine were slightly influenced by the high erucic rapeseed oil; eicosenoic acid was incorporated preferentially into position one, but erucic acid showed a random distribution in both. After high erucic rapeseed oil feeding, 22:1 was incorporated into cardiolipin (5.6%) and sphingomyelin (10.5%). The incorporation of 22:1 into sphingomyelin was associated with an increase of the percentage of 24:1 (14.6%) and a decrease of saturated long chain fatty acid (22:0, 24:0) percentages. Primor rapeseed oil caused a slight increase of 24:1 and a decrease of 22:0 and 24:0 in rat heart sphingomyelin. As cardiolipin is localized in the inner membrane of mitochondria and sphingomyelin in plasma and microsomal membranes, the acyl-moiety alterations of both phospholipids might be correlated to the pathological lesions of rat heart after a long duration of rapeseed oil feeding.", "contents": "Changes in rat heart phospholipid composition after rapeseed oil feeding. The influence of long duration rapeseed oil feeding with high or low levels of erucic acid has been investigated on rat heart phospholipids. The rats treated for 20 wk with rapeseed oil containing 46.2% erucic acid showed a twofold increase in the sphingomyelin content of the heart. Treatment with primor rapeseed oil (3.7% erucic acid) for 20 wk did not modify phospholipid composition of rat heart. The fatty acid patterns of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine were slightly influenced by the high erucic rapeseed oil; eicosenoic acid was incorporated preferentially into position one, but erucic acid showed a random distribution in both. After high erucic rapeseed oil feeding, 22:1 was incorporated into cardiolipin (5.6%) and sphingomyelin (10.5%). The incorporation of 22:1 into sphingomyelin was associated with an increase of the percentage of 24:1 (14.6%) and a decrease of saturated long chain fatty acid (22:0, 24:0) percentages. Primor rapeseed oil caused a slight increase of 24:1 and a decrease of 22:0 and 24:0 in rat heart sphingomyelin. As cardiolipin is localized in the inner membrane of mitochondria and sphingomyelin in plasma and microsomal membranes, the acyl-moiety alterations of both phospholipids might be correlated to the pathological lesions of rat heart after a long duration of rapeseed oil feeding.", "PMID": 846318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7141", "title": "Positional isomers of unsaturated fatty acids in rat liver lipids.", "content": "The fatty acids of liver lipids from rats raised on a fat free diet from the 30th to the 90th day after birth were analyzed with special regard to the detection of positional isomers of mono-, di-, tri-, and tetraenoic fatty acids. The methyl esters obtained after transesterification of total lipids were separated by argentation chromatography into five fractions: I saturated, II monoenoic, III dienoic, IV dienoic nonmethylene interrupted, V tri- and tetraenoic fatty acid esters. After hydroxylation of the double bonds with osmium tetroxide, the analysis of the poly-O-trimethylsilyl derivatives by gas liquid chromatography on S.C.O.T. columns combined with mass spectrometry revealed the presence of 19 monoenoic, 15 dienoic, and 9 trienoic as well as 3 tetraenoic fatty acid isomers including the normally occurring representatives of the (n-3), (n-6), (n-7), and (n-9) fatty acid families. The majority of the identified isomers can be coordinated to one of these families like 7-16:1; 11-20:1; 6,9-18:2; 8,11-20:2; 5,11-20:2; 5,8,11-20:3; 7,10,13-22:3 to the (n-9) family, 11-18:1; 13-20:1; 5,11-18:2; 7,13-20:2; 6,11-18:2; 6,9-16:2; 8,11-18:2; 10,13-20:2; 5,8,11-18:3; 7,10,13-20:3; 4,7,10,13-20:4 to the (n-7) family and 11,14-20:2; 5,11,14-20:3; 6,9,12-18:3; 8,11,14-20:3; 5,8,11,14-20:4; 7,10,13,16-22:4 to the (n-6) family. All these naturally occuring isomers can be placed into a network of desaturation and chain elongation steps which allows certain conclusions about the substrate specificity of the delta6-, delta5- and delta4-desaturase systems. The great number of isomers found in the (n-7) family indicates that the members of this family are actively metabolized in partial essential fatty acid deficiency.", "contents": "Positional isomers of unsaturated fatty acids in rat liver lipids. The fatty acids of liver lipids from rats raised on a fat free diet from the 30th to the 90th day after birth were analyzed with special regard to the detection of positional isomers of mono-, di-, tri-, and tetraenoic fatty acids. The methyl esters obtained after transesterification of total lipids were separated by argentation chromatography into five fractions: I saturated, II monoenoic, III dienoic, IV dienoic nonmethylene interrupted, V tri- and tetraenoic fatty acid esters. After hydroxylation of the double bonds with osmium tetroxide, the analysis of the poly-O-trimethylsilyl derivatives by gas liquid chromatography on S.C.O.T. columns combined with mass spectrometry revealed the presence of 19 monoenoic, 15 dienoic, and 9 trienoic as well as 3 tetraenoic fatty acid isomers including the normally occurring representatives of the (n-3), (n-6), (n-7), and (n-9) fatty acid families. The majority of the identified isomers can be coordinated to one of these families like 7-16:1; 11-20:1; 6,9-18:2; 8,11-20:2; 5,11-20:2; 5,8,11-20:3; 7,10,13-22:3 to the (n-9) family, 11-18:1; 13-20:1; 5,11-18:2; 7,13-20:2; 6,11-18:2; 6,9-16:2; 8,11-18:2; 10,13-20:2; 5,8,11-18:3; 7,10,13-20:3; 4,7,10,13-20:4 to the (n-7) family and 11,14-20:2; 5,11,14-20:3; 6,9,12-18:3; 8,11,14-20:3; 5,8,11,14-20:4; 7,10,13,16-22:4 to the (n-6) family. All these naturally occuring isomers can be placed into a network of desaturation and chain elongation steps which allows certain conclusions about the substrate specificity of the delta6-, delta5- and delta4-desaturase systems. The great number of isomers found in the (n-7) family indicates that the members of this family are actively metabolized in partial essential fatty acid deficiency.", "PMID": 846319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7142", "title": "Differential biosynthesis of molecular species of 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerols and phosphatidylcholines in cold and warm acclimated goldfish (Carassius auratus L.).", "content": "The initial incorporation of glycerol-3H into the molecular species of liver 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerols and phosphatidylcholines was studied in vivo using goldfish acclimated to 10 C and 30 C. A 1.5- and 2.2-fold higher proportion of the total radioactivity in the diacylglycerols from cold acclimated fish was found to be associated with the trienoic and pentaenoic species, respectively, when compared to warm acclimated fish. In the phosphatidylcholines, 1.9- and 1.3-fold greater percentages of the newly-incorporated radioactivity were found in tetraenoic and pentaenoic molecules, respectively, from cold relative to warm acclimated fish which suggests a preferential synthesis of these molecules relative to other molecular species in response to a lowering of environmental temperature. The present results indicate, therefore, that environmental temperature influences the complement of molecular species of diacylglycerols an phosphatidylcholines which fish produce by way of de novo biosynthesis in vivo.", "contents": "Differential biosynthesis of molecular species of 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerols and phosphatidylcholines in cold and warm acclimated goldfish (Carassius auratus L.). The initial incorporation of glycerol-3H into the molecular species of liver 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerols and phosphatidylcholines was studied in vivo using goldfish acclimated to 10 C and 30 C. A 1.5- and 2.2-fold higher proportion of the total radioactivity in the diacylglycerols from cold acclimated fish was found to be associated with the trienoic and pentaenoic species, respectively, when compared to warm acclimated fish. In the phosphatidylcholines, 1.9- and 1.3-fold greater percentages of the newly-incorporated radioactivity were found in tetraenoic and pentaenoic molecules, respectively, from cold relative to warm acclimated fish which suggests a preferential synthesis of these molecules relative to other molecular species in response to a lowering of environmental temperature. The present results indicate, therefore, that environmental temperature influences the complement of molecular species of diacylglycerols an phosphatidylcholines which fish produce by way of de novo biosynthesis in vivo.", "PMID": 846321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7143", "title": "Sterol composition and phytosterol utilization and metabolism in the milkweed bug.", "content": "Analysis of the sterols of the milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas) and dietary sunflowerseeds revealed that there is little, if any, conversion of dietary C28 OR C29 phytosterols to cholesterol in this phytophagous insect. The dietary sterols are apparently utilized with little alteration both during development to the adult stage and egg production, and cholesterol comprises less than 1% of the sterols in either adult males and females or in the eggs. The significance of these findings are discussed in light of the recent discovery that the C28-ecdysone, makisterone A, is the predominant molting hormone inthe embryonated egg of the milkweed bug.", "contents": "Sterol composition and phytosterol utilization and metabolism in the milkweed bug. Analysis of the sterols of the milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas) and dietary sunflowerseeds revealed that there is little, if any, conversion of dietary C28 OR C29 phytosterols to cholesterol in this phytophagous insect. The dietary sterols are apparently utilized with little alteration both during development to the adult stage and egg production, and cholesterol comprises less than 1% of the sterols in either adult males and females or in the eggs. The significance of these findings are discussed in light of the recent discovery that the C28-ecdysone, makisterone A, is the predominant molting hormone inthe embryonated egg of the milkweed bug.", "PMID": 846322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7144", "title": "Cystic fibrosis: a new outlook. 70 patients above 25 years of age.", "content": "We have presented a group of 70 patients over 25 years of age as of January 1, 1975, who were diagnosed as having cystic fibrosis (CF) at various ages from birth to 28 years. Some patients were diagnosed late in life in spite of classical symptoms and a characteristic history of the disease. Patients with CF present with a broad spectrum of symptoms which vary considerably in severity. This older age group represents approximately 10% of our current roster of patients with CF. This disease is no longer confined to early life and will continue to be seen with increasing frequency in older patients. Our experience with this disease indicates that a number of affected individuals can attain adulthood and find a useful place in society. The quality of life provided to these adults is illustrated in their intellectual, socioeconomic achievements and marital life. Our aim has been to recognize the disease as early in life as possible and to provide a comprehensive medical program which includes all aspects of health care.", "contents": "Cystic fibrosis: a new outlook. 70 patients above 25 years of age. We have presented a group of 70 patients over 25 years of age as of January 1, 1975, who were diagnosed as having cystic fibrosis (CF) at various ages from birth to 28 years. Some patients were diagnosed late in life in spite of classical symptoms and a characteristic history of the disease. Patients with CF present with a broad spectrum of symptoms which vary considerably in severity. This older age group represents approximately 10% of our current roster of patients with CF. This disease is no longer confined to early life and will continue to be seen with increasing frequency in older patients. Our experience with this disease indicates that a number of affected individuals can attain adulthood and find a useful place in society. The quality of life provided to these adults is illustrated in their intellectual, socioeconomic achievements and marital life. Our aim has been to recognize the disease as early in life as possible and to provide a comprehensive medical program which includes all aspects of health care.", "PMID": 846387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7145", "title": "The pseudothrombophlebitis syndrome.", "content": "Sixty-two patients with popliteal or calf synovial cysts defined by arthrography are presented, of whom 34 had the pseudothrombophlebitis (PTP) syndrome. While the clinical manifestations of PTP may closely mimic thrombophlebitis, including the presence of calf pain, swelling and warmth, and a positive Homans' sign, the helpful descriminating features include the presence of inflammatory joint disease (91%), concomitant pain and swelling of the knee (94%), a demonstrable knee effusion (91%) and the absence of deep venous tenderness or cord. Except for seven patients with large intact Baker's cysts, the PTP syndrome was associated with synovial cyst dissection (18 patients), rupture (5 patients), or both (4 patients). Of those with arthrographically demonstrated Baker's cysts, only 27 (44%) had a palpable mass in the popliteal fossa and another 4 (12%) a mass in the calf. Popliteal fossa pain was noted in 22 (35%). Thus, clinical features are far less sensitive than arthrography in the diagnoses of both synovial cysts and pseudothrombophlebitis. Among patients with rheumatoid arthritis there were no differences in the severity or duration of disease or the extra-articular features in patients with and without synovial custs or the PTP syndrome. The therapeutic implications of pseudothrombophlebitis are of major significance with respect to the avoidance of anti-coagulation and the prompt response to intra-articular corticosteroids. Possible mechanisms of synovial cyst formation and unusual presentations of synovial cysts are discussed, and the literature is reviewed.", "contents": "The pseudothrombophlebitis syndrome. Sixty-two patients with popliteal or calf synovial cysts defined by arthrography are presented, of whom 34 had the pseudothrombophlebitis (PTP) syndrome. While the clinical manifestations of PTP may closely mimic thrombophlebitis, including the presence of calf pain, swelling and warmth, and a positive Homans' sign, the helpful descriminating features include the presence of inflammatory joint disease (91%), concomitant pain and swelling of the knee (94%), a demonstrable knee effusion (91%) and the absence of deep venous tenderness or cord. Except for seven patients with large intact Baker's cysts, the PTP syndrome was associated with synovial cyst dissection (18 patients), rupture (5 patients), or both (4 patients). Of those with arthrographically demonstrated Baker's cysts, only 27 (44%) had a palpable mass in the popliteal fossa and another 4 (12%) a mass in the calf. Popliteal fossa pain was noted in 22 (35%). Thus, clinical features are far less sensitive than arthrography in the diagnoses of both synovial cysts and pseudothrombophlebitis. Among patients with rheumatoid arthritis there were no differences in the severity or duration of disease or the extra-articular features in patients with and without synovial custs or the PTP syndrome. The therapeutic implications of pseudothrombophlebitis are of major significance with respect to the avoidance of anti-coagulation and the prompt response to intra-articular corticosteroids. Possible mechanisms of synovial cyst formation and unusual presentations of synovial cysts are discussed, and the literature is reviewed.", "PMID": 846388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7146", "title": "The assessment of diaphragm function.", "content": "Paralysis or severe weakness of the diaphragm (the principal muscle of inspiration) is commonly associated with hypoventilation which may be profound during sleep, but the disorder is often unrecognized. The clinical sign of paradoxical (inward) movement of the abdominal wall during spontaneous inspiration in the supine posture may be overlooked, or the appearances at fluoroscopy may mislead, for it is not generally appreciated that descent of the diaphragm in early inspiration in these patients may be an entirely passive event. Measurement of transdiaphragmatic pressure is a simple, reliable and quantitative means of assessing diaphragm function, and will aid in the diagnosis of diaphragm paralysis which has important implications for clinical management.", "contents": "The assessment of diaphragm function. Paralysis or severe weakness of the diaphragm (the principal muscle of inspiration) is commonly associated with hypoventilation which may be profound during sleep, but the disorder is often unrecognized. The clinical sign of paradoxical (inward) movement of the abdominal wall during spontaneous inspiration in the supine posture may be overlooked, or the appearances at fluoroscopy may mislead, for it is not generally appreciated that descent of the diaphragm in early inspiration in these patients may be an entirely passive event. Measurement of transdiaphragmatic pressure is a simple, reliable and quantitative means of assessing diaphragm function, and will aid in the diagnosis of diaphragm paralysis which has important implications for clinical management.", "PMID": 846389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7147", "title": "Infections with Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (Herellea vaginicola): clinical and laboratory studies.", "content": "In a retrospective review of 53 patients, 58 episodes of infection due to Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var. anitratus (Herellea vaginicola) were studied. Although the organism is widely distributed in nature, it is of relatively low virulence since colonization is more frequently noted than infection and since most infections occur in patients subjected to the epidemiologic pressures common to nosocomial, gram-negative bacillary infection: prior antibiotic therapy; instrumentation and manipulation (e.g., endotracheal intubation, urinary bladder catheterization, arterial and venous cannulation); surgery; hospitalization, especially with residence in an intensive care unit; severe underlying disease, either systemic (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, malignancy) or localized to the infected area (e.g., prior bacterial or aspirational pneumonia, trauma). Pneumonia was the most common infection due to A. calcoaceticus, and occurred only in patients with a tracheostomy or endotracheal tube in place. In over half the 25 patients, more than one lobe was involved and bronchopneumonia was the usual roentgenographic appearance. Cavitation (2 patients) and empyema formation (3 patients) were uncommon. The severity of acinetobacter pneumonia is reflected in the high mortality rate (44% overall, with a 36% mortality rate due primarily to infection). Tracheobronchitis due to A. calcoaceticus was less severe than pneumonia since no patients died primarily as a result of the infection. Urinary tract infections occurred in five patients, none of whom were ill and none of whom died. Urinary bladder catheterization was thought to be responsible for infection in three patients, and in at least four of the five patients infection was restricted to the lower tract. Wound infections were noted in six patients who had undergone surgery and were related to the presence of foreign bodies in the operative site in five of the patients. Surgical debridement and/or drainage of the infected area was the primary therapeutic measure employed in most cases. Only one patient died and this was a result of noninfectious causes. Skin infection due to A. calcoaceticus was seen in two patients, one of whom exhibited fulminant, fatal cellulitis and septicemia in the setting of pancytopenia. All nine patients with acinetobacter septicemia had received antecedent antibiotic therapy, and in all cases intravenous catheters were in place at the time bacteremia occurred. Clinically, seven of the nine patients were in shock. The mortality rate was 44% overall, with a 22% mortality rate due to infection. Although septicemia was thought to be \"line-related\" in five of the nine patients, serious post-bacteremic complications developed in three patients: prosthetic valve endocarditis, suppurative thrombophlebitis and subhepatic abscess.", "contents": "Infections with Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (Herellea vaginicola): clinical and laboratory studies. In a retrospective review of 53 patients, 58 episodes of infection due to Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var. anitratus (Herellea vaginicola) were studied. Although the organism is widely distributed in nature, it is of relatively low virulence since colonization is more frequently noted than infection and since most infections occur in patients subjected to the epidemiologic pressures common to nosocomial, gram-negative bacillary infection: prior antibiotic therapy; instrumentation and manipulation (e.g., endotracheal intubation, urinary bladder catheterization, arterial and venous cannulation); surgery; hospitalization, especially with residence in an intensive care unit; severe underlying disease, either systemic (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, malignancy) or localized to the infected area (e.g., prior bacterial or aspirational pneumonia, trauma). Pneumonia was the most common infection due to A. calcoaceticus, and occurred only in patients with a tracheostomy or endotracheal tube in place. In over half the 25 patients, more than one lobe was involved and bronchopneumonia was the usual roentgenographic appearance. Cavitation (2 patients) and empyema formation (3 patients) were uncommon. The severity of acinetobacter pneumonia is reflected in the high mortality rate (44% overall, with a 36% mortality rate due primarily to infection). Tracheobronchitis due to A. calcoaceticus was less severe than pneumonia since no patients died primarily as a result of the infection. Urinary tract infections occurred in five patients, none of whom were ill and none of whom died. Urinary bladder catheterization was thought to be responsible for infection in three patients, and in at least four of the five patients infection was restricted to the lower tract. Wound infections were noted in six patients who had undergone surgery and were related to the presence of foreign bodies in the operative site in five of the patients. Surgical debridement and/or drainage of the infected area was the primary therapeutic measure employed in most cases. Only one patient died and this was a result of noninfectious causes. Skin infection due to A. calcoaceticus was seen in two patients, one of whom exhibited fulminant, fatal cellulitis and septicemia in the setting of pancytopenia. All nine patients with acinetobacter septicemia had received antecedent antibiotic therapy, and in all cases intravenous catheters were in place at the time bacteremia occurred. Clinically, seven of the nine patients were in shock. The mortality rate was 44% overall, with a 22% mortality rate due to infection. Although septicemia was thought to be \"line-related\" in five of the nine patients, serious post-bacteremic complications developed in three patients: prosthetic valve endocarditis, suppurative thrombophlebitis and subhepatic abscess.", "PMID": 846390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7148", "title": "Haemophilus parainfluenzae infective endocarditis.", "content": "Seven young to middle-aged patients with Haemophilus parainfluenzae endocarditis are reported. Three patients had underlying heart disease and three patients had recent events predisposing for endocarditis. The clinical presentation was subacute or acute and new pathologic murmurs were uncommon. Diagnosis was prolonged because of difficulties in isolating the organism. Routine subculturing of blood cultures to chocolate agar with incubation in CO2 is recommended. A prominent complication, occurring in six patients, was major arterial occlusion secondary to emboli. Antibiotic control of infection was difficult and best achieved by the concomitant administration of ampicillin and gentamicin. Killing curves proved useful in assessing antibiotic efficacy. There were two medical failures and one death in the series. It appears H. parainfluenzae endocarditis is characterized by distinctive clinical features, difficult in vitro isolation of the organism, and the necessity for combination antibiotic therapy.", "contents": "Haemophilus parainfluenzae infective endocarditis. Seven young to middle-aged patients with Haemophilus parainfluenzae endocarditis are reported. Three patients had underlying heart disease and three patients had recent events predisposing for endocarditis. The clinical presentation was subacute or acute and new pathologic murmurs were uncommon. Diagnosis was prolonged because of difficulties in isolating the organism. Routine subculturing of blood cultures to chocolate agar with incubation in CO2 is recommended. A prominent complication, occurring in six patients, was major arterial occlusion secondary to emboli. Antibiotic control of infection was difficult and best achieved by the concomitant administration of ampicillin and gentamicin. Killing curves proved useful in assessing antibiotic efficacy. There were two medical failures and one death in the series. It appears H. parainfluenzae endocarditis is characterized by distinctive clinical features, difficult in vitro isolation of the organism, and the necessity for combination antibiotic therapy.", "PMID": 846391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7149", "title": "Urinary excretion of carnitine in patients with hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism: augmentation by thyroid hormone.", "content": "Urinary excretion of carnitine and serum concentrations of carnitine, triglyceride, and free fatty acids were measured in 54 hyperthyroid and 13 hypothyroid patients, and the results were compared with those of normal subjects. In hyperthyroid patients urinary excretion of carnitine was highly increased above that of the control subjects. On adequate treatment with antithyroid drug, carnitine excretion was reduced to the normal range, and serum lipids changed in parallel. In contrast, carnitine excretion was markedly reduced in hypothyroid patients. After substitution therapy with thyroid hormones the excretion increased in these patients. This change was associated with a marked reduction of serum triglyceride. There was an inverse correlation between urinary excretion of carnitine and serum triglyceride concentration. Carnitine excretion was significantly correlated with serum thyroxine concentration in hyper- and hypothyroid patients. The results suggest that thyroid hormones play an important role in carnitine metabolism, which in turn influences serum triglyceride metabolism.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of carnitine in patients with hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism: augmentation by thyroid hormone. Urinary excretion of carnitine and serum concentrations of carnitine, triglyceride, and free fatty acids were measured in 54 hyperthyroid and 13 hypothyroid patients, and the results were compared with those of normal subjects. In hyperthyroid patients urinary excretion of carnitine was highly increased above that of the control subjects. On adequate treatment with antithyroid drug, carnitine excretion was reduced to the normal range, and serum lipids changed in parallel. In contrast, carnitine excretion was markedly reduced in hypothyroid patients. After substitution therapy with thyroid hormones the excretion increased in these patients. This change was associated with a marked reduction of serum triglyceride. There was an inverse correlation between urinary excretion of carnitine and serum triglyceride concentration. Carnitine excretion was significantly correlated with serum thyroxine concentration in hyper- and hypothyroid patients. The results suggest that thyroid hormones play an important role in carnitine metabolism, which in turn influences serum triglyceride metabolism.", "PMID": 846404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7150", "title": "Spontaneous activity and adipose cellularity in the genetically obese Zucker rat (fafa).", "content": "The development of spontaneous activity was studied in obese and lean Zucker rats. Rats were given access to activity wheels for 3 hr/day before weaning and for 24 hr/day after weaning. Zucker obese rats are less active than lean rats. This decreased activity occurs at weaning and follows the onset of hyperphagia and obesity. At 8 wk of age exercised lean and obese rats have less total fat and fewer adipocytes than their appropriate controls. Adipose cell size is decreased only in exercised lean rats. When rats are exercised until 8 wk of age and then confined until 6 mo of age, body weight and fat is elevated in these formerly active rats compared to control rats. Adipose cell number is permanently decreased only in formerly active lean rats. Exercise has no long-term effect in decreasing cell number in obese rats.", "contents": "Spontaneous activity and adipose cellularity in the genetically obese Zucker rat (fafa). The development of spontaneous activity was studied in obese and lean Zucker rats. Rats were given access to activity wheels for 3 hr/day before weaning and for 24 hr/day after weaning. Zucker obese rats are less active than lean rats. This decreased activity occurs at weaning and follows the onset of hyperphagia and obesity. At 8 wk of age exercised lean and obese rats have less total fat and fewer adipocytes than their appropriate controls. Adipose cell size is decreased only in exercised lean rats. When rats are exercised until 8 wk of age and then confined until 6 mo of age, body weight and fat is elevated in these formerly active rats compared to control rats. Adipose cell number is permanently decreased only in formerly active lean rats. Exercise has no long-term effect in decreasing cell number in obese rats.", "PMID": 846405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7151", "title": "Alpha-adrenergic control of growth hormone release during surgical stress in man.", "content": "The mechanisms involved in the initial release of growth hormone (GH) during cholecystectomy have been studied after the administration of phentolamine in saline and in isotonic glucose, and after the administration of 10% glucose. Infusion of these substances was started 10 min before and terminated 30 min after skin incision. The serum GH levels 30 min after skin incision in a nontreated control group were raised to 14.4 +/- 1.0 ng/ml. The alpha-adrenergic blockade by phentolamine (20 mg during 40 min) regardless of whether administered in saline or in isotonic glucose inhibited GH response to surgery (4.3 +/- 2.1 ng/ml, or 2.2 +/- 0.4 ng/ml). The administration of 10% glucose (40 g during 40 min) led to a diminished response in some, but not in all the patients (6.2 +/- 1.2 ng/ml). It is concluded that the alpha-adrenergic mechanism participates in GH response to surgery.", "contents": "Alpha-adrenergic control of growth hormone release during surgical stress in man. The mechanisms involved in the initial release of growth hormone (GH) during cholecystectomy have been studied after the administration of phentolamine in saline and in isotonic glucose, and after the administration of 10% glucose. Infusion of these substances was started 10 min before and terminated 30 min after skin incision. The serum GH levels 30 min after skin incision in a nontreated control group were raised to 14.4 +/- 1.0 ng/ml. The alpha-adrenergic blockade by phentolamine (20 mg during 40 min) regardless of whether administered in saline or in isotonic glucose inhibited GH response to surgery (4.3 +/- 2.1 ng/ml, or 2.2 +/- 0.4 ng/ml). The administration of 10% glucose (40 g during 40 min) led to a diminished response in some, but not in all the patients (6.2 +/- 1.2 ng/ml). It is concluded that the alpha-adrenergic mechanism participates in GH response to surgery.", "PMID": 846406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7152", "title": "\"Blow-in\" fracture of the orbit with partial visual loss and choroidal folds.", "content": "Choroidal fold formation caused by \"blow-in\" fracture of the orbit is described. Rapid and almost complete recovery of vision followed removal of the bone fragments compressing the globe. The findings in this case support the conclusions of recent animal experiments on the pathogenesis of choroidal folds. Congestion of the choroid and adhesions to Bruch's membrane are probably prerequisites for folds to form, and folds are aligned perpendicular to a force applied to the eye.", "contents": "\"Blow-in\" fracture of the orbit with partial visual loss and choroidal folds. Choroidal fold formation caused by \"blow-in\" fracture of the orbit is described. Rapid and almost complete recovery of vision followed removal of the bone fragments compressing the globe. The findings in this case support the conclusions of recent animal experiments on the pathogenesis of choroidal folds. Congestion of the choroid and adhesions to Bruch's membrane are probably prerequisites for folds to form, and folds are aligned perpendicular to a force applied to the eye.", "PMID": 846407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7153", "title": "Multilobular biliary cirrhosis of the liver associated with cystic fibrosis (mucoviscidosis).", "content": "A case (including autopsy findings) is reported of multilobular biliary cirrhosis with a strictly nodular liver developing in a 20-year-old male with cystic fibrosis (mucoviscidosis). The pathogenesis of biliary cirrhosis in cystic fibrosis is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Multilobular biliary cirrhosis of the liver associated with cystic fibrosis (mucoviscidosis). A case (including autopsy findings) is reported of multilobular biliary cirrhosis with a strictly nodular liver developing in a 20-year-old male with cystic fibrosis (mucoviscidosis). The pathogenesis of biliary cirrhosis in cystic fibrosis is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 846408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7154", "title": "The role of a coordinator of postgraduate studies.", "content": "I commenced duties as coordinator of Postgraduate Studies at the Royal Perth Hospital on January 1, 1975, and now give an account of what I believe were the problems which led to my appointment and continue by outlining my plan of action. I then express an opinion as to what sort of person should undertake such a role in postgraduate medical education and conclude by giving brief details of the performance expected from such a person.", "contents": "The role of a coordinator of postgraduate studies. I commenced duties as coordinator of Postgraduate Studies at the Royal Perth Hospital on January 1, 1975, and now give an account of what I believe were the problems which led to my appointment and continue by outlining my plan of action. I then express an opinion as to what sort of person should undertake such a role in postgraduate medical education and conclude by giving brief details of the performance expected from such a person.", "PMID": 846410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7155", "title": "A critical examination of the insertion of intravenous cannulae.", "content": "Insertion of intravenous cannulae initially constitutes a technical challenge to medical students and doctors alike, but mastery of the mechanics of insertion and the commonness of the procedure has often resulted in complacency with regards attention to asepsis. Attention is drawn to several fundamental areas of inadequacy.", "contents": "A critical examination of the insertion of intravenous cannulae. Insertion of intravenous cannulae initially constitutes a technical challenge to medical students and doctors alike, but mastery of the mechanics of insertion and the commonness of the procedure has often resulted in complacency with regards attention to asepsis. Attention is drawn to several fundamental areas of inadequacy.", "PMID": 846411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7156", "title": "Clonazepam in cranial neuralgias.", "content": "A study of 21 patients has shown that clonazepam is an effective drug in preventing attacks of pain in trigeminal neuralgia and Sluder's syndrome. It has also been shown that no side effects result from long-term prescription of this drug.", "contents": "Clonazepam in cranial neuralgias. A study of 21 patients has shown that clonazepam is an effective drug in preventing attacks of pain in trigeminal neuralgia and Sluder's syndrome. It has also been shown that no side effects result from long-term prescription of this drug.", "PMID": 846416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7157", "title": "Motor cycle helmets and facial injuries.", "content": "The design of motor cycle helmets has been changing over the years and at the present time there are two basic types in popular use: \"full-face\" and \"jet\" helmets. Both helmet types give good protection to the brain, but, one would think, different degrees of facial protection. A special study of traffic crashes has indicated that full-face helmets provide significantly greater protection against facial injury than do jet helmets. The study also indicated that the wearers of full-face helmets have no greater risk of involvement in road traffic crashes than do the wearers of jet helemts. It is suggested that the use of full-face helmets should be encouraged and consideration given to the revision of helmet standards to require the provision of facial protection.", "contents": "Motor cycle helmets and facial injuries. The design of motor cycle helmets has been changing over the years and at the present time there are two basic types in popular use: \"full-face\" and \"jet\" helmets. Both helmet types give good protection to the brain, but, one would think, different degrees of facial protection. A special study of traffic crashes has indicated that full-face helmets provide significantly greater protection against facial injury than do jet helmets. The study also indicated that the wearers of full-face helmets have no greater risk of involvement in road traffic crashes than do the wearers of jet helemts. It is suggested that the use of full-face helmets should be encouraged and consideration given to the revision of helmet standards to require the provision of facial protection.", "PMID": 846420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7158", "title": "Sudden death from ischaemic heart disease: a review of five hundred consecutive cases.", "content": "The history and autopsy findings in 500 cases of ischaemic heart death investigated by the Perth City Coroner were examined. Pathology evidence of myocardial infarction was present in 105 cases (21%) and of coronary thrombosis in 108 cases (21-6%). The only structural pathological abnormality leading directly to death was cardiac rupture with tamponade, which occurred in 25 cases (5%). Strenuous exercise was directly associated with the onset of fatal symptoms only rarely (in 7% of cases). These findings indicate that functional rather than structural abnormalities are the major cause of death in ischaemic heart attacks.", "contents": "Sudden death from ischaemic heart disease: a review of five hundred consecutive cases. The history and autopsy findings in 500 cases of ischaemic heart death investigated by the Perth City Coroner were examined. Pathology evidence of myocardial infarction was present in 105 cases (21%) and of coronary thrombosis in 108 cases (21-6%). The only structural pathological abnormality leading directly to death was cardiac rupture with tamponade, which occurred in 25 cases (5%). Strenuous exercise was directly associated with the onset of fatal symptoms only rarely (in 7% of cases). These findings indicate that functional rather than structural abnormalities are the major cause of death in ischaemic heart attacks.", "PMID": 846421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7159", "title": "Drowning and near-drowning in the Australian Capital Territory: a five-year total population study of immersion accidents.", "content": "A total population study of all serious immersion accidents is reported from the Australian Capital Territory. The annual immersion accident rate of 4-69 per 100,000 of the population at risk is low, and the fresh water fatality rate of 2-58 per 100,000 is very low. The annual fatality rate for childhood swimming pool accidents is 0-34 per 100,000 children (that is, under 16 years of age) at risk. Serious immersion accidents are not increasing in frequency, in striking contrast to the epidemic trends seen from other centres. Factors which might explain this are discussed.", "contents": "Drowning and near-drowning in the Australian Capital Territory: a five-year total population study of immersion accidents. A total population study of all serious immersion accidents is reported from the Australian Capital Territory. The annual immersion accident rate of 4-69 per 100,000 of the population at risk is low, and the fresh water fatality rate of 2-58 per 100,000 is very low. The annual fatality rate for childhood swimming pool accidents is 0-34 per 100,000 children (that is, under 16 years of age) at risk. Serious immersion accidents are not increasing in frequency, in striking contrast to the epidemic trends seen from other centres. Factors which might explain this are discussed.", "PMID": 846422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7160", "title": "Motor-car accidents during pregnancy.", "content": "Motor-car accidents in the State of Victoria in the years 1973 to 1975 inclusive resulted in five maternal and 27 fetal deaths. Severe maternal injury only occurred in women not wearing seat belts; however, fetal death may well have been due to seat belt injury in 14 subjects. The commonest genital tract injury was placental abruption.. However, uterine rupture was observed on three occasions and these cases are described in detail.", "contents": "Motor-car accidents during pregnancy. Motor-car accidents in the State of Victoria in the years 1973 to 1975 inclusive resulted in five maternal and 27 fetal deaths. Severe maternal injury only occurred in women not wearing seat belts; however, fetal death may well have been due to seat belt injury in 14 subjects. The commonest genital tract injury was placental abruption.. However, uterine rupture was observed on three occasions and these cases are described in detail.", "PMID": 846432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7161", "title": "The place of Dwyer anterior instrumentation in scoliosis.", "content": "The technique of Dwyer instrumentation and fusion has now become estabilished as having a definite place in the surgery of scoliosis. It is complementary to the Harrington technique of posterior instrumentation and fusion. The latter is especially suited to thoracic and double scoliotic curves, while the particular indication of the Dwyer method is the lumbar curve. Thoracolumbar curves maybe treated by either method, and paralytic curves are often best handled by a combination of the two. A significant element of kyphosis constitutes an absolute contraindication to the Dwyer procedure.", "contents": "The place of Dwyer anterior instrumentation in scoliosis. The technique of Dwyer instrumentation and fusion has now become estabilished as having a definite place in the surgery of scoliosis. It is complementary to the Harrington technique of posterior instrumentation and fusion. The latter is especially suited to thoracic and double scoliotic curves, while the particular indication of the Dwyer method is the lumbar curve. Thoracolumbar curves maybe treated by either method, and paralytic curves are often best handled by a combination of the two. A significant element of kyphosis constitutes an absolute contraindication to the Dwyer procedure.", "PMID": 846433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7162", "title": "Marihuana and driving hazards.", "content": "Recent research indicates that cannabis use is positively associated with the road toll. In controlled laboratory studies it has also been shown to adversely affect perception skills, coordination, braking time and other motor skills, mood, judgement, and so on. In driving studies (in both controlled areas and ordinary traffic) marihuana adversely affected driving safety. The literature on cannabis is diffused over international journals covering a wide range of specialities--this paper draws together the evidence from 22 scientifically valid reports. A report on a 1975 conference on drugs and driving is described.", "contents": "Marihuana and driving hazards. Recent research indicates that cannabis use is positively associated with the road toll. In controlled laboratory studies it has also been shown to adversely affect perception skills, coordination, braking time and other motor skills, mood, judgement, and so on. In driving studies (in both controlled areas and ordinary traffic) marihuana adversely affected driving safety. The literature on cannabis is diffused over international journals covering a wide range of specialities--this paper draws together the evidence from 22 scientifically valid reports. A report on a 1975 conference on drugs and driving is described.", "PMID": 846434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7163", "title": "Bathtub immersion accidents involving children.", "content": "A review of 19 consecutive serious bathtub immersion accidents (11 survivals, 8 fatalities) is presented. In all instances, consciousness was lost in the water. Unlike other childhood accidents which usually show a male predominance, the sexes are equally affected. The modal age is 11 months. Six separate causes of bath drownings and near-drownings have been identified, and in 14 of the 19 accidents, two or more causes were operating concurrently. Median estimated immersion time for survivals was four minutes, and five minutes for fatalities. The median depth of water was eight inches. An 'at risk' profile for home bathtub drownings is presented; this includes the youngest or second youngest child of a large family, a family of grade 4 to 7 sociooccupational status (congalton) and a family in which routine is temporarily broken.", "contents": "Bathtub immersion accidents involving children. A review of 19 consecutive serious bathtub immersion accidents (11 survivals, 8 fatalities) is presented. In all instances, consciousness was lost in the water. Unlike other childhood accidents which usually show a male predominance, the sexes are equally affected. The modal age is 11 months. Six separate causes of bath drownings and near-drownings have been identified, and in 14 of the 19 accidents, two or more causes were operating concurrently. Median estimated immersion time for survivals was four minutes, and five minutes for fatalities. The median depth of water was eight inches. An 'at risk' profile for home bathtub drownings is presented; this includes the youngest or second youngest child of a large family, a family of grade 4 to 7 sociooccupational status (congalton) and a family in which routine is temporarily broken.", "PMID": 846435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7164", "title": "A role of frusemide in resistant hypertension.", "content": "Five patients who were resistant to their antihypertensive drug therapy were admitted to hospital. Four had marked falls in blood pressure and an associated loss of weight. This fall in blood pressure was able to be repeated outside hospital by adding frusemide to their other drug therapy. Certain hypertensive patients become resistant to their antihypertensive therapy, owing to the accumulation of sodium. Thiazides may not have sufficient natriuretic properties to correct this accumulation. In these circumstances, frusemide may allow the hypertension to be controlled.", "contents": "A role of frusemide in resistant hypertension. Five patients who were resistant to their antihypertensive drug therapy were admitted to hospital. Four had marked falls in blood pressure and an associated loss of weight. This fall in blood pressure was able to be repeated outside hospital by adding frusemide to their other drug therapy. Certain hypertensive patients become resistant to their antihypertensive therapy, owing to the accumulation of sodium. Thiazides may not have sufficient natriuretic properties to correct this accumulation. In these circumstances, frusemide may allow the hypertension to be controlled.", "PMID": 846436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7165", "title": "[Clinical aspects of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas (author's transl)].", "content": "3 patients with a congenital pulmonary arteriovenous fistula are presented. The clinical signs of this condition are dependent on the size of the functional right to left shunt. The symptoms worsen with increasing arterial hypoxemia. Due to the hemodynamics of arteriovenous fistulas signs of cardiac hypertrophy are usually not seen on ECG of X-ray examination. However, in almost all cases pulmonary X-ray shadows are found. In addition, nearly 50% also have an hereditary hemorrhagic telangiektasis. The diagnosis must be verified in every case by cardiac catheterisation with angiography, since only exact anatomic data can give precise information on whether or not an operation is possible.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas (author's transl)]. 3 patients with a congenital pulmonary arteriovenous fistula are presented. The clinical signs of this condition are dependent on the size of the functional right to left shunt. The symptoms worsen with increasing arterial hypoxemia. Due to the hemodynamics of arteriovenous fistulas signs of cardiac hypertrophy are usually not seen on ECG of X-ray examination. However, in almost all cases pulmonary X-ray shadows are found. In addition, nearly 50% also have an hereditary hemorrhagic telangiektasis. The diagnosis must be verified in every case by cardiac catheterisation with angiography, since only exact anatomic data can give precise information on whether or not an operation is possible.", "PMID": 846441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7166", "title": "Increased DNA polymerase and ATP-dependent deoxyribonuclease activities following DNA damages in mycobacterium smegmatis.", "content": "Treatment of growing cultures of Mycobacterium smegmatis with alkylating agents (methyl methanesulphonate, ethyl methanesulphonate, nitrogen mustard, or mitomycin C) or with ultraviolet light resulted in enhanced specific activities of a DNA polymerase and of an ATP-dependent deoxyribonuclease. Similar results had previously been obtained with hydroxyurea and with iron limitation. The three of these treatments which were tested (methyl methanesulphonate, mitomycin C and hydroxyurea) produced strand breaks or alkali-labile regions in the DNA of this organism. The increased enzyme activities could be prevented by simultaneous treatment with inhibitors of protein synthesis. In contrast, treatment of the cultures with intercalating agents (ethidium bromide, acridine orange, or proflavine), 5-fluorouracil, caffeine, or nalidixic acid, inhibited DNA synthesis without increasing the enzyme activities. These treatments did not produce strand breaks in the DNA of this organism. The results support the hypothesis that, in M. smegmatis, damage to DNA induces increased synthesis of enzymes associated with DNA repair.", "contents": "Increased DNA polymerase and ATP-dependent deoxyribonuclease activities following DNA damages in mycobacterium smegmatis. Treatment of growing cultures of Mycobacterium smegmatis with alkylating agents (methyl methanesulphonate, ethyl methanesulphonate, nitrogen mustard, or mitomycin C) or with ultraviolet light resulted in enhanced specific activities of a DNA polymerase and of an ATP-dependent deoxyribonuclease. Similar results had previously been obtained with hydroxyurea and with iron limitation. The three of these treatments which were tested (methyl methanesulphonate, mitomycin C and hydroxyurea) produced strand breaks or alkali-labile regions in the DNA of this organism. The increased enzyme activities could be prevented by simultaneous treatment with inhibitors of protein synthesis. In contrast, treatment of the cultures with intercalating agents (ethidium bromide, acridine orange, or proflavine), 5-fluorouracil, caffeine, or nalidixic acid, inhibited DNA synthesis without increasing the enzyme activities. These treatments did not produce strand breaks in the DNA of this organism. The results support the hypothesis that, in M. smegmatis, damage to DNA induces increased synthesis of enzymes associated with DNA repair.", "PMID": 846485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7167", "title": "Study on cytological effects of carofur -- a new mutagen.", "content": "Chinese hamster cells (line V-79) and human leukocytes in vitro and mice of the CBA strain were treated with carofur (also called nifurprazinum), an antibacterial agent of pharmaceutical importance. At concentrations as low as 20 ppm, the in vitro treatments of cells of Chinese hamster and human lymphocytes expressed chromosome aberrations, almost exclusively of deletion type. This effect resembles that of fluorodeoxyuridine but may not necessarily reflect the same basic mechanism involved. When Chinese hamster cells were treated with 5 ppm or more of carofur for 24 hr, a 3-fold increase in the frequency of somatic sister chromatid exchanges was observed. An interesting phenomenon of \"centromeric association\" was observed in the bone marrow cells of mice treated with carofur, where the centromeres of the acrocentric chromosomes were oriented towards each other in groups of 2's or more.", "contents": "Study on cytological effects of carofur -- a new mutagen. Chinese hamster cells (line V-79) and human leukocytes in vitro and mice of the CBA strain were treated with carofur (also called nifurprazinum), an antibacterial agent of pharmaceutical importance. At concentrations as low as 20 ppm, the in vitro treatments of cells of Chinese hamster and human lymphocytes expressed chromosome aberrations, almost exclusively of deletion type. This effect resembles that of fluorodeoxyuridine but may not necessarily reflect the same basic mechanism involved. When Chinese hamster cells were treated with 5 ppm or more of carofur for 24 hr, a 3-fold increase in the frequency of somatic sister chromatid exchanges was observed. An interesting phenomenon of \"centromeric association\" was observed in the bone marrow cells of mice treated with carofur, where the centromeres of the acrocentric chromosomes were oriented towards each other in groups of 2's or more.", "PMID": 846486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7168", "title": "Chromosome aberrations and dominant lethality of mouse embryos after paternal treatment with triethylenemelamine.", "content": "Adult male mice were injected intraperitoneally with triethylenemelamine (TEM) at 0.3 mg/kg. These males were mated with untreated females twice a week during 24 days after the treatment. On day 3 of gestation, embryos were flushed out from uteri and examined cytologically as well as cytogenetically. A dominant-lethal test was conducted using the male treated in the same way. Paternal treatment of TEM caused developmental retardation of the embryos obtained from the matings on 20 post-injection days. These embryos frequently showed micronuclei in interphase cells and structural chromosome aberrations in methaphases. Most of these aberrations were chromosome types, such as breaks and exchanges, and premature chromosome condensations. The developmental retardation as well as the frequency of chromosome aberrations was most marked in the matings on post-injection day 13. Similarly, the highest dominant-lethal effect was shown in the group mated on post-injection days 11--13. It was concluded that TEM induces chromosome damage in the post-meiotic germ cells and then this damage in turn produces chromosome aberrations in the embryos, resulting in high incidence of dominant lethality.", "contents": "Chromosome aberrations and dominant lethality of mouse embryos after paternal treatment with triethylenemelamine. Adult male mice were injected intraperitoneally with triethylenemelamine (TEM) at 0.3 mg/kg. These males were mated with untreated females twice a week during 24 days after the treatment. On day 3 of gestation, embryos were flushed out from uteri and examined cytologically as well as cytogenetically. A dominant-lethal test was conducted using the male treated in the same way. Paternal treatment of TEM caused developmental retardation of the embryos obtained from the matings on 20 post-injection days. These embryos frequently showed micronuclei in interphase cells and structural chromosome aberrations in methaphases. Most of these aberrations were chromosome types, such as breaks and exchanges, and premature chromosome condensations. The developmental retardation as well as the frequency of chromosome aberrations was most marked in the matings on post-injection day 13. Similarly, the highest dominant-lethal effect was shown in the group mated on post-injection days 11--13. It was concluded that TEM induces chromosome damage in the post-meiotic germ cells and then this damage in turn produces chromosome aberrations in the embryos, resulting in high incidence of dominant lethality.", "PMID": 846487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7169", "title": "Non-random distribution of cyclophosphamide-induced chromosome breaks.", "content": "The mutagenic effect of Endoxan on human lymphocytes was studied both in vivo and in vitro by the QM banding technique following the usual Giemsa stain. Chromatid breaks and interchanges were observed after applications in vivo. Chromosome aberrations were not distributed at random, because of a significant increase in the number of breaks on chromosome 15. The breakpoints affected the weakly fluorescent region on the chromosomes more than the strongly fluorescent region.", "contents": "Non-random distribution of cyclophosphamide-induced chromosome breaks. The mutagenic effect of Endoxan on human lymphocytes was studied both in vivo and in vitro by the QM banding technique following the usual Giemsa stain. Chromatid breaks and interchanges were observed after applications in vivo. Chromosome aberrations were not distributed at random, because of a significant increase in the number of breaks on chromosome 15. The breakpoints affected the weakly fluorescent region on the chromosomes more than the strongly fluorescent region.", "PMID": 846488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7170", "title": "Repair of radiation-induced single-strand breaks in DNA of barley embryo.", "content": "Repair of single-strand breaks induced by gamma-irradiation was studied in barley embryos. Nuclei were isolated from embryos at specified times after initiation of water absorption under different temperature conditions. From the shift of the peak of DNA in alkaline sucrose gradient, it was observed that clear repair of induced breaks occurred in the irradiated embryo during 2 h after soaking. However, this type of repair was not observed after 5 h up to 16 h, because natural degradation of DNA also occurred in the non-irradiated embryos. The estimated mol. wt. of DNA from the non-irradiated dry embryo was 0.93 X 10(-8) daltons; on the other hand, it was decreased to 0.15 X 10(-8) daltons by 30 kR of gamma-irradiation. This decreased mol. wt. recovered to 0.52 X 10(-8) daltons (64% recovery) after 2 h soaking at 25 degrees C. The repair observed in this experiment was not dependent on the regular synthesis of macromolecules, especially DNA.", "contents": "Repair of radiation-induced single-strand breaks in DNA of barley embryo. Repair of single-strand breaks induced by gamma-irradiation was studied in barley embryos. Nuclei were isolated from embryos at specified times after initiation of water absorption under different temperature conditions. From the shift of the peak of DNA in alkaline sucrose gradient, it was observed that clear repair of induced breaks occurred in the irradiated embryo during 2 h after soaking. However, this type of repair was not observed after 5 h up to 16 h, because natural degradation of DNA also occurred in the non-irradiated embryos. The estimated mol. wt. of DNA from the non-irradiated dry embryo was 0.93 X 10(-8) daltons; on the other hand, it was decreased to 0.15 X 10(-8) daltons by 30 kR of gamma-irradiation. This decreased mol. wt. recovered to 0.52 X 10(-8) daltons (64% recovery) after 2 h soaking at 25 degrees C. The repair observed in this experiment was not dependent on the regular synthesis of macromolecules, especially DNA.", "PMID": 846490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7171", "title": "The effect of exposure rate on translocation induction in somatic and germ cells of the mouse (Mus musculus).", "content": "The effect of exposure rate on translocation induction in spermatogonia, scored as multivalents in descending spermatocytes and bone-marrow cells of the mouse (Mus musculus) was investigated 65--100 days after X-ray and gamma-ray exposures of 400 R. In the range of exposure rates studied there was a decreased in frequency in bone-marrow cells from 17.1% at 130 R/min to 4.6% at 0.0287 R/min. In spermatogonia the frequency dropped from 6.7% at 130 R/min to 1.9% at 0.0287 R/min. The data obtained for both tissues fitted a straight line when plotted against the logarithm of the exposure rate. The ratios between aberration frequencies in bone-marrow cells and spermatogonia, with a mean value of 2.74, were independent of exposure rate.", "contents": "The effect of exposure rate on translocation induction in somatic and germ cells of the mouse (Mus musculus). The effect of exposure rate on translocation induction in spermatogonia, scored as multivalents in descending spermatocytes and bone-marrow cells of the mouse (Mus musculus) was investigated 65--100 days after X-ray and gamma-ray exposures of 400 R. In the range of exposure rates studied there was a decreased in frequency in bone-marrow cells from 17.1% at 130 R/min to 4.6% at 0.0287 R/min. In spermatogonia the frequency dropped from 6.7% at 130 R/min to 1.9% at 0.0287 R/min. The data obtained for both tissues fitted a straight line when plotted against the logarithm of the exposure rate. The ratios between aberration frequencies in bone-marrow cells and spermatogonia, with a mean value of 2.74, were independent of exposure rate.", "PMID": 846491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7172", "title": "Influenza A infections in young children. Primary natural infection and protective efficacy of live-vaccine-induced or naturally acquired immunity.", "content": "To assess the impact of an influenza A/Port Chalmers infection on normal young children, we monitored 147 children during an epidemic; 121 were seronegative. There was a high attack rate (61 of 147), and a high rate of symptomatic disease (38 of 147), which resulted in frequent physician visits (25 of 38). Influenza accounted for 76 per cent of the sick-child visits during the two-month epidemic period. Young children undergoing primary influenza infection produced hemagglutination inhibition and antineuraminidase antibodies. Because of the immunologic responsiveness of young children, we examined the serologic correlates of protection. Ten children previously infected with influenza A/London and 16 who received live, attenuated A/Hong Kong ts-1[E] vaccine were protected against infection with the non-homologous A/Port Chalmers strain. The morbidity of influenza and ability of the young child to produce protective antibody should encourage evaluation of life, attenuated influenza vaccines in this age group.", "contents": "Influenza A infections in young children. Primary natural infection and protective efficacy of live-vaccine-induced or naturally acquired immunity. To assess the impact of an influenza A/Port Chalmers infection on normal young children, we monitored 147 children during an epidemic; 121 were seronegative. There was a high attack rate (61 of 147), and a high rate of symptomatic disease (38 of 147), which resulted in frequent physician visits (25 of 38). Influenza accounted for 76 per cent of the sick-child visits during the two-month epidemic period. Young children undergoing primary influenza infection produced hemagglutination inhibition and antineuraminidase antibodies. Because of the immunologic responsiveness of young children, we examined the serologic correlates of protection. Ten children previously infected with influenza A/London and 16 who received live, attenuated A/Hong Kong ts-1[E] vaccine were protected against infection with the non-homologous A/Port Chalmers strain. The morbidity of influenza and ability of the young child to produce protective antibody should encourage evaluation of life, attenuated influenza vaccines in this age group.", "PMID": 846492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7173", "title": "Real-time radionuclide cineangiography in the noninvasive evaluation of global and regional left ventricular function at rest and during exercise in patients with coronary-artery disease.", "content": "Although coronary angiography defines regions of potential ischemia in patients with coronary-artery disease, accurate assessment of the presence and functional importance of ischemia requires appraisal of regional and global left ventricular function during stress. To perform such assessment, we developed a noninvasive real-time radionuclide cineangiographic procedure permitting continuous monitoring and analysis of left ventricular function during exercise. In 11 patients with coronary disease who had normal regional and global ventricular function at rest, new regions of dysfunction developed during exercise (P less than 0.001), and in 10, global ejection fraction dropped 7 to 47 per cent. Fourteen age-matched normal subjects were studied; during exercise none had regional dysfunction, and each increased global ejection fraction (average increase, 23 +/- 3 per cent [+/-S.E.], P less than 0.001 as compared with patients with coronary disease). Radionuclide cineangiography during exercise permits accurate assessment of the presence and functional severity of ischemic heart disease.", "contents": "Real-time radionuclide cineangiography in the noninvasive evaluation of global and regional left ventricular function at rest and during exercise in patients with coronary-artery disease. Although coronary angiography defines regions of potential ischemia in patients with coronary-artery disease, accurate assessment of the presence and functional importance of ischemia requires appraisal of regional and global left ventricular function during stress. To perform such assessment, we developed a noninvasive real-time radionuclide cineangiographic procedure permitting continuous monitoring and analysis of left ventricular function during exercise. In 11 patients with coronary disease who had normal regional and global ventricular function at rest, new regions of dysfunction developed during exercise (P less than 0.001), and in 10, global ejection fraction dropped 7 to 47 per cent. Fourteen age-matched normal subjects were studied; during exercise none had regional dysfunction, and each increased global ejection fraction (average increase, 23 +/- 3 per cent [+/-S.E.], P less than 0.001 as compared with patients with coronary disease). Radionuclide cineangiography during exercise permits accurate assessment of the presence and functional severity of ischemic heart disease.", "PMID": 846493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7174", "title": "Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome association with HLA-Dw3.", "content": "Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome is associated with a serologically defined histocompatibility antigen of the HLA-B locus, HLA-B8. Another closely linked locus, HLA-D, determines lymphocyte-defined cell-surface antigens. In laboratory animals such antigens are closely linked to immune response genes. To determine whether Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome is primarily associated with an HLA-D antigent or with HLA-A and HLA-B antigens as well as HLA-Dw3, which is known to be in linkage disequilibrium with HLA-B8. We found the primary association of association of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome to be with HLA-Dw3, which we observed in 84 percent of patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome in the absence of rheumatoid arthritis as compared to 24 percent in controls (P less than 0.00001). The frequency of HLA-B8 and HLA-Dw3 in patients with both Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis did not differ from that in controls. Patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis comprise genetically distinct groups.", "contents": "Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome association with HLA-Dw3. Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome is associated with a serologically defined histocompatibility antigen of the HLA-B locus, HLA-B8. Another closely linked locus, HLA-D, determines lymphocyte-defined cell-surface antigens. In laboratory animals such antigens are closely linked to immune response genes. To determine whether Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome is primarily associated with an HLA-D antigent or with HLA-A and HLA-B antigens as well as HLA-Dw3, which is known to be in linkage disequilibrium with HLA-B8. We found the primary association of association of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome to be with HLA-Dw3, which we observed in 84 percent of patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome in the absence of rheumatoid arthritis as compared to 24 percent in controls (P less than 0.00001). The frequency of HLA-B8 and HLA-Dw3 in patients with both Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis did not differ from that in controls. Patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis comprise genetically distinct groups.", "PMID": 846509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7175", "title": "Favorable effects of hyaluronidase on electrocardiographic evidence of necrosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "To evaluate hyaluronidase's effect in reducing post-infarction myocardial necrosis, we randomized 91 patients with anterior infarction to control (45) or to hyaluronidase-treatment (46) groups. A 35-lead precordial electrocardiogram was recorded on admission and seven days later. Hyaluronidase was administered intravenously after the first electrocardiogram and every six hours for 48 hours. QRS-complex changes were analyzed to assess the drug's effect. Precordial sites with ST-segment elevation (larger than or equal to 0.15 mV) on the initial electrocardiogram that retained an R wave were considered vulnerable for the development of electrocardiographic signs of necrosis. The sum of R-wave voltages of vulnerable sites fell more in the control group than in the hyaluronidase group (70.9 +/- 3.6 per cent [+/- 1 S.E.M.] vs 54.2 +/- 5.0 per cent P less than 0.01). Q waves appeared in 59.3 +/- 4.9 per cent of the vulnerable sites in control versus 46.4 +/- 4.9 per cent in hyaluronidase-treated patients (P less than 0.05). Thus, hyaluronidase reduced the frequency of electrocardiographic signs of myocardial necrosis.", "contents": "Favorable effects of hyaluronidase on electrocardiographic evidence of necrosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction. To evaluate hyaluronidase's effect in reducing post-infarction myocardial necrosis, we randomized 91 patients with anterior infarction to control (45) or to hyaluronidase-treatment (46) groups. A 35-lead precordial electrocardiogram was recorded on admission and seven days later. Hyaluronidase was administered intravenously after the first electrocardiogram and every six hours for 48 hours. QRS-complex changes were analyzed to assess the drug's effect. Precordial sites with ST-segment elevation (larger than or equal to 0.15 mV) on the initial electrocardiogram that retained an R wave were considered vulnerable for the development of electrocardiographic signs of necrosis. The sum of R-wave voltages of vulnerable sites fell more in the control group than in the hyaluronidase group (70.9 +/- 3.6 per cent [+/- 1 S.E.M.] vs 54.2 +/- 5.0 per cent P less than 0.01). Q waves appeared in 59.3 +/- 4.9 per cent of the vulnerable sites in control versus 46.4 +/- 4.9 per cent in hyaluronidase-treated patients (P less than 0.05). Thus, hyaluronidase reduced the frequency of electrocardiographic signs of myocardial necrosis.", "PMID": 846510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7176", "title": "Psychiatry and society: a sociobiologic synthesis.", "content": "The very legitimacy of psychiatry as a medical speciality has been challenged by social-labelling theory: the hypothesis that psychiatric disorders are artifacts that result from assigning diagnostic labels to minor deviations in behavior and thus generating expectations that condemn the person to a career of patienthood. Close examination of the evidence demonstrats that, through improper care care retard recovery, psychiatric illness exists before the name assigned to it, and independently of theories about its genesis. In this respect, psychiatric illness does not differ from other medical problems. All human diseases reflect the outcome of an interaction between biology and social organization, with culture in a mediating role. Whatever the proximate cause of disease -- viral, genetic, metabolic or neoplastic -- the way in which society is organized affects prevalence, cause and outcome. The physician's task is to intervene to minimize distress and preserve adaptive capacity, when cure is not possible.", "contents": "Psychiatry and society: a sociobiologic synthesis. The very legitimacy of psychiatry as a medical speciality has been challenged by social-labelling theory: the hypothesis that psychiatric disorders are artifacts that result from assigning diagnostic labels to minor deviations in behavior and thus generating expectations that condemn the person to a career of patienthood. Close examination of the evidence demonstrats that, through improper care care retard recovery, psychiatric illness exists before the name assigned to it, and independently of theories about its genesis. In this respect, psychiatric illness does not differ from other medical problems. All human diseases reflect the outcome of an interaction between biology and social organization, with culture in a mediating role. Whatever the proximate cause of disease -- viral, genetic, metabolic or neoplastic -- the way in which society is organized affects prevalence, cause and outcome. The physician's task is to intervene to minimize distress and preserve adaptive capacity, when cure is not possible.", "PMID": 846511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7177", "title": "Hepatitis B outbreak traced to an oral surgeon.", "content": "Over a four-year period in a five-county area, 71 patients with clinical hepatitis B had dental work performed in the two to six months before their illness. Fifty-five cases were traced to a single oral surgeon. Seventy-nine per cent of these patients were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and most had no other recognized source of hepatitis. An investigation of the implicated dentist uncovered no gross inadequacies in instrument sterilization or general dental procedures; however, the dentist was found to be an asymptomatic carrier of HBsAg of the same subtype (ay) as nine of 11 of his patients who had hepatitis and whose serums were available for testing. Since no HBSAg was found in the dentist's saliva, urine or feces, and since he admitted to having frequent cuts on his fingers, it is possible that a \"hemoral\" transmission of HBs Ag produced hepatitis in his patients.", "contents": "Hepatitis B outbreak traced to an oral surgeon. Over a four-year period in a five-county area, 71 patients with clinical hepatitis B had dental work performed in the two to six months before their illness. Fifty-five cases were traced to a single oral surgeon. Seventy-nine per cent of these patients were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and most had no other recognized source of hepatitis. An investigation of the implicated dentist uncovered no gross inadequacies in instrument sterilization or general dental procedures; however, the dentist was found to be an asymptomatic carrier of HBsAg of the same subtype (ay) as nine of 11 of his patients who had hepatitis and whose serums were available for testing. Since no HBSAg was found in the dentist's saliva, urine or feces, and since he admitted to having frequent cuts on his fingers, it is possible that a \"hemoral\" transmission of HBs Ag produced hepatitis in his patients.", "PMID": 846541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7178", "title": "A co-operative study for the detection of the carrier state of classic hemophilia.", "content": "To determine the specificity and sensitivity of current technics for detecting carriers of classic hemophilia, three investigators simultaneously tested obligate carriers and noncarriers for immunologic and procoagulant factor VIII activity. Overall correct classification ranged from 72 per cent (36 of 50) to 94 per cent (47 of 50). The maximum accuracy obtained with the same linear-discriminant-function method on all data was 90 per cent (26 of 29) in detecting carriers without misclassifying normal persons as carriers (none of 21). Lowest accuracy by the same technic was 66 per cent (19 of 29) carrier detection while misclassifying 19 per cent (four of 21) normal persons. Precision of testing for both factor VII activity and antigen was high (standard deviations from 0.004 to 0.026 on a log scale). Differences between participants seemed related to laboratory technics rather than to statistical methods. The factor VIII activity/antigen measurement is a valid technic for detecting in the carrier state of hemophilia A.", "contents": "A co-operative study for the detection of the carrier state of classic hemophilia. To determine the specificity and sensitivity of current technics for detecting carriers of classic hemophilia, three investigators simultaneously tested obligate carriers and noncarriers for immunologic and procoagulant factor VIII activity. Overall correct classification ranged from 72 per cent (36 of 50) to 94 per cent (47 of 50). The maximum accuracy obtained with the same linear-discriminant-function method on all data was 90 per cent (26 of 29) in detecting carriers without misclassifying normal persons as carriers (none of 21). Lowest accuracy by the same technic was 66 per cent (19 of 29) carrier detection while misclassifying 19 per cent (four of 21) normal persons. Precision of testing for both factor VII activity and antigen was high (standard deviations from 0.004 to 0.026 on a log scale). Differences between participants seemed related to laboratory technics rather than to statistical methods. The factor VIII activity/antigen measurement is a valid technic for detecting in the carrier state of hemophilia A.", "PMID": 846542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7179", "title": "Visual lung-sound characterization by time-expanded wave-form analysis.", "content": "To characterize lung sounds objectively, we examined, by means of time-amplitude plots, selected tape recordings of auscultatory phenomena considered by six observers to be typical of those in a standard classification. Normal lung sounds could not consistently be visually distinguished from adventitious sounds at conventional chart recorder speeds of 100 mm per second or less, but the differentiation was easily achieved when the time scale of the plots was raised to 800 mm per second. When discontinuous sounds (rales, crackles or crepitations) were heard clinically, the time-expanded wave forms showed intermittent \"discontinuous\" deflections usually less than 10 msec in duration. When continuous sounds (rhonchi or wheezes) were heard, the deflections were usually more than 250 msec. Time-expanded wave form analysis provides reproducible visual displays that allow documentation of the differentiating features of lung sounds and enhances the diagnostic utility of the sounds.", "contents": "Visual lung-sound characterization by time-expanded wave-form analysis. To characterize lung sounds objectively, we examined, by means of time-amplitude plots, selected tape recordings of auscultatory phenomena considered by six observers to be typical of those in a standard classification. Normal lung sounds could not consistently be visually distinguished from adventitious sounds at conventional chart recorder speeds of 100 mm per second or less, but the differentiation was easily achieved when the time scale of the plots was raised to 800 mm per second. When discontinuous sounds (rales, crackles or crepitations) were heard clinically, the time-expanded wave forms showed intermittent \"discontinuous\" deflections usually less than 10 msec in duration. When continuous sounds (rhonchi or wheezes) were heard, the deflections were usually more than 250 msec. Time-expanded wave form analysis provides reproducible visual displays that allow documentation of the differentiating features of lung sounds and enhances the diagnostic utility of the sounds.", "PMID": 846543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7180", "title": "[Exploration of humoral immunity in aspergillosis: value of enzyme linked immuno-electro-diffusion assay].", "content": "In order to increase the sensitivity of the method of immunoelectrodiffusion (I.E.D.) and to isolate the class of immunoglobulins implicated or involved in the Aspergillose antigen-antibody reaction, we supplemented the I.E.D. by combining or incorporating it with an enzymatic technique. By this method the immune complexes precipitated are taken up by antibodies conjugated to one enzyme and specific to the immunoglobulins of each class. This constitutes the technique of E.L.I.E.D.A. (enzyme-linked-immuno-electro-diffusion assay). The sensitivity and the specificity of the proposed method would allow us to follow the qualitative evolution of the aspergillar antibodies and would lend support to further arguments on the evolutionary character of the inflammatory response.", "contents": "[Exploration of humoral immunity in aspergillosis: value of enzyme linked immuno-electro-diffusion assay]. In order to increase the sensitivity of the method of immunoelectrodiffusion (I.E.D.) and to isolate the class of immunoglobulins implicated or involved in the Aspergillose antigen-antibody reaction, we supplemented the I.E.D. by combining or incorporating it with an enzymatic technique. By this method the immune complexes precipitated are taken up by antibodies conjugated to one enzyme and specific to the immunoglobulins of each class. This constitutes the technique of E.L.I.E.D.A. (enzyme-linked-immuno-electro-diffusion assay). The sensitivity and the specificity of the proposed method would allow us to follow the qualitative evolution of the aspergillar antibodies and would lend support to further arguments on the evolutionary character of the inflammatory response.", "PMID": 846555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7181", "title": "Case report: miliary blastomycosis with cerebral involvement.", "content": "A patient was diagnosed as having labyrinthitis and an intracranial brain tumor. At the time a very fine nodularity to the bronchopulmonary markings was noted on the chest roentgenogram. Subsequent follow up examination revealed diffuse nodular densities throughout both lung fields having the appearance of a miliary distribution. Antituberculous therapy was begun empirically, but the patient expired within three weeks. At autopsy multiple granulomas were found in the cerebrum, cerebellum and meninges. By culture and histologic examination, these were determined to contain Blastomyces dermatitidis. The lungs contained numerous small granulomata almost to the exclusion of native pulmonary architecture. Lesions were also seen in spleen, lymph nodes and pancreas.", "contents": "Case report: miliary blastomycosis with cerebral involvement. A patient was diagnosed as having labyrinthitis and an intracranial brain tumor. At the time a very fine nodularity to the bronchopulmonary markings was noted on the chest roentgenogram. Subsequent follow up examination revealed diffuse nodular densities throughout both lung fields having the appearance of a miliary distribution. Antituberculous therapy was begun empirically, but the patient expired within three weeks. At autopsy multiple granulomas were found in the cerebrum, cerebellum and meninges. By culture and histologic examination, these were determined to contain Blastomyces dermatitidis. The lungs contained numerous small granulomata almost to the exclusion of native pulmonary architecture. Lesions were also seen in spleen, lymph nodes and pancreas.", "PMID": 846556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7182", "title": "Investigation on dimorphism of Blastomyces dermatitidis by agar-implantation method.", "content": "By the agar-implantation developed by the authors the process of conversion on Blastomyces dermatitidis from mycelial phase to yeast phase was observed. First of all slide cultures of the fungus were prepared at room temperature. Upon confirmation of good hyphal growth, a cover glass was removed and a part of medium was cut out in a square of about 3 mm a side. After mice were laparotomied, each agar block cut out was implanted in the peritoneal cavity of mouse. The mice implanted with the agar blocks were killed, two each, every day for 14 days, and thereafter at intervals of a week for 2 months. Therefore, the implanted agar blocks were all recovered. They were examined directly by a light microscope with histopathological and electron microscopic examinations carried out at the same time. Within the peritoneal cavity of mouse, the intercalary and terminal chlamydospores were formed from hyphae. These subsequently swelled to become yeastlike cells and proliferated thereafter by budding.", "contents": "Investigation on dimorphism of Blastomyces dermatitidis by agar-implantation method. By the agar-implantation developed by the authors the process of conversion on Blastomyces dermatitidis from mycelial phase to yeast phase was observed. First of all slide cultures of the fungus were prepared at room temperature. Upon confirmation of good hyphal growth, a cover glass was removed and a part of medium was cut out in a square of about 3 mm a side. After mice were laparotomied, each agar block cut out was implanted in the peritoneal cavity of mouse. The mice implanted with the agar blocks were killed, two each, every day for 14 days, and thereafter at intervals of a week for 2 months. Therefore, the implanted agar blocks were all recovered. They were examined directly by a light microscope with histopathological and electron microscopic examinations carried out at the same time. Within the peritoneal cavity of mouse, the intercalary and terminal chlamydospores were formed from hyphae. These subsequently swelled to become yeastlike cells and proliferated thereafter by budding.", "PMID": 846557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7183", "title": "Utilization of keratinophilic material by selected Trichophyton terrestre spaceflight phenotypes.", "content": "Phenotype strains of Trichophyton terrestre Durie & Frey produced variations in hyphal growth patterns and conidial production when subjected to human hair collected from a single source. The strains were grown from wild type conidia irradiated in space with selected wavelengths of ultraviolet light.", "contents": "Utilization of keratinophilic material by selected Trichophyton terrestre spaceflight phenotypes. Phenotype strains of Trichophyton terrestre Durie & Frey produced variations in hyphal growth patterns and conidial production when subjected to human hair collected from a single source. The strains were grown from wild type conidia irradiated in space with selected wavelengths of ultraviolet light.", "PMID": 846558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7184", "title": "Comparative study of the yield of T-2 toxic produced by Fusarium poae, F. sporotrichioides and F. sporotrichioides var. tricinctum strains from different sources.", "content": "Eleven strains of Fusarium poae and F. sporotrichioides from the U.S.S.R. and 7 strains of these species and one of F. sporotrichioides var. tricinctum from U.S.A. and France have been compared as to their capacity to yield T-2 toxin. The presence of this toxin was confirmed by thin layer chromatography, gas liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy. The strains which came from the U.S.S.R. and were originally involved in causing Alimentary Toxic Aleukia (ATA), produced several times more T-2 toxin than the others. We assume that the ability of the U.S.S.R. strains to produce much more T-toxin is due to the different ecological conditions under which they were first isolated. The remarkable maintenance of so high a level of toxin production over more than 30 years of culturing is worthy of note.", "contents": "Comparative study of the yield of T-2 toxic produced by Fusarium poae, F. sporotrichioides and F. sporotrichioides var. tricinctum strains from different sources. Eleven strains of Fusarium poae and F. sporotrichioides from the U.S.S.R. and 7 strains of these species and one of F. sporotrichioides var. tricinctum from U.S.A. and France have been compared as to their capacity to yield T-2 toxin. The presence of this toxin was confirmed by thin layer chromatography, gas liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy. The strains which came from the U.S.S.R. and were originally involved in causing Alimentary Toxic Aleukia (ATA), produced several times more T-2 toxin than the others. We assume that the ability of the U.S.S.R. strains to produce much more T-toxin is due to the different ecological conditions under which they were first isolated. The remarkable maintenance of so high a level of toxin production over more than 30 years of culturing is worthy of note.", "PMID": 846559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7185", "title": "[Effect of the kind of storage and culinary processing on vitamin C losses in vegetables and potatoes].", "content": "Studies on the effect of the kind of storage on the vitamin C losses in vegetables and potatoes showed that the losses were smallest after storage in a refrigerator and after long-time storage in clamps (from November to April). The losses of vitamin C that occur during boiling vegetables and potatoes are smallest if the material is added to the boiling water. Potatoes boiled in their skins showed smaller losses than peeled or quartered potatoes. Potato chips (pommes frites) lost less vitamin C during frying than potato rods. Considerable losses were observed in ready-to-eat dishes kept warm at 60 degrees C for 1 hour and then warmed up to 100 degrees C. The authors conclude that excessive vitamin C losses may be avoided in vegetables and potatoes by appropriate processing.", "contents": "[Effect of the kind of storage and culinary processing on vitamin C losses in vegetables and potatoes]. Studies on the effect of the kind of storage on the vitamin C losses in vegetables and potatoes showed that the losses were smallest after storage in a refrigerator and after long-time storage in clamps (from November to April). The losses of vitamin C that occur during boiling vegetables and potatoes are smallest if the material is added to the boiling water. Potatoes boiled in their skins showed smaller losses than peeled or quartered potatoes. Potato chips (pommes frites) lost less vitamin C during frying than potato rods. Considerable losses were observed in ready-to-eat dishes kept warm at 60 degrees C for 1 hour and then warmed up to 100 degrees C. The authors conclude that excessive vitamin C losses may be avoided in vegetables and potatoes by appropriate processing.", "PMID": 846560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7186", "title": "Isolation of amylolytic system of Aspergillus oryzae on DEAE amylum.", "content": "Studying isolation technique with DEAE amylum the method was found to be suitable for isolation of alpha-amylase. After determination of optimal conditions sorption curves were illustrated, from which the amount of DEAE amylum needed for 100% enzyme sorption from solutions of various activity and origin can be calculated. Preparation obtained shows high temperature stability and can be used in food industry and agriculture or after its elution in pharmacy. At the end of the paper laboratory isolation technique is described.", "contents": "Isolation of amylolytic system of Aspergillus oryzae on DEAE amylum. Studying isolation technique with DEAE amylum the method was found to be suitable for isolation of alpha-amylase. After determination of optimal conditions sorption curves were illustrated, from which the amount of DEAE amylum needed for 100% enzyme sorption from solutions of various activity and origin can be calculated. Preparation obtained shows high temperature stability and can be used in food industry and agriculture or after its elution in pharmacy. At the end of the paper laboratory isolation technique is described.", "PMID": 846561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7187", "title": "[Organoleptic study of a new dihydrochalcone artificial sweetener].", "content": "The compound CH-401-Na (1-[2-hydroxy-4-(3-sulphopropyloxy)phenyl]-3-[3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl]-propanone-1-Na) was studied. Its sweeting power in aqueous solution is 1000 (as compared to that of a 1% sucrose solution); the values for salts formed with 10 other cations range from 750 to 1150. In contrast to the sweet taste of sucrose, that of CH-401-Na is perceived not at the tip of the tongue but at the root of the tongue and at both sides of the oral cavity. It persists for a longer period than that of sucrose. This effect depends to some extent on the cation. The addition of inorganic salts accelerates the extinction of sweet taste. In lemonades, almost 90% of sucrose may be replaced by CH-401-salts. The taste of CH-401-Na is unpleasant in foods having a bitter taste (coffee, cola) and in low-moisture products.", "contents": "[Organoleptic study of a new dihydrochalcone artificial sweetener]. The compound CH-401-Na (1-[2-hydroxy-4-(3-sulphopropyloxy)phenyl]-3-[3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl]-propanone-1-Na) was studied. Its sweeting power in aqueous solution is 1000 (as compared to that of a 1% sucrose solution); the values for salts formed with 10 other cations range from 750 to 1150. In contrast to the sweet taste of sucrose, that of CH-401-Na is perceived not at the tip of the tongue but at the root of the tongue and at both sides of the oral cavity. It persists for a longer period than that of sucrose. This effect depends to some extent on the cation. The addition of inorganic salts accelerates the extinction of sweet taste. In lemonades, almost 90% of sucrose may be replaced by CH-401-salts. The taste of CH-401-Na is unpleasant in foods having a bitter taste (coffee, cola) and in low-moisture products.", "PMID": 846563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7188", "title": "[Nutritive-physiological study of sunflower seed protein isolate and spun sunflower seed protein-casein fibers].", "content": "Compared with defatted sunflower seeds, in sunflower seed globulin isolates the content of lysine and sulphur containing amino acids is decreased, the content of phenylalanine is increased. The content of the whole essential amino acids of sunflower seed globulin isolate in relation to casein is decreased. The value of the enzymatic invitro available amino acids of sunflower seed globulin is comparable with casein. The digestibility is good, the biological value is in relation to defatted sunflower seed lower. Apart from the lower content of sulphur-containing amino acids the amino acid composition of spun sunflower seed globulin/casein (I:I) fibers corresponds with the calculated value; in relation to sunflower seed globulin isolate the content of lysine and the whole essential amino acids of the spun protein fibers is increased. The enzymatic in-vitro-hydrolysis results altogether in a comparable availability of the amino acids between spun protein fibers and sunflower seed globulin isolates. The digestibility and the biological value of spun protein fibers corresponds with that of casein.", "contents": "[Nutritive-physiological study of sunflower seed protein isolate and spun sunflower seed protein-casein fibers]. Compared with defatted sunflower seeds, in sunflower seed globulin isolates the content of lysine and sulphur containing amino acids is decreased, the content of phenylalanine is increased. The content of the whole essential amino acids of sunflower seed globulin isolate in relation to casein is decreased. The value of the enzymatic invitro available amino acids of sunflower seed globulin is comparable with casein. The digestibility is good, the biological value is in relation to defatted sunflower seed lower. Apart from the lower content of sulphur-containing amino acids the amino acid composition of spun sunflower seed globulin/casein (I:I) fibers corresponds with the calculated value; in relation to sunflower seed globulin isolate the content of lysine and the whole essential amino acids of the spun protein fibers is increased. The enzymatic in-vitro-hydrolysis results altogether in a comparable availability of the amino acids between spun protein fibers and sunflower seed globulin isolates. The digestibility and the biological value of spun protein fibers corresponds with that of casein.", "PMID": 846564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7189", "title": "[Behavior of certain parameters of lipid and energy metabolism. IV. Regulation of lipid and energy metabolism in livers and race and mini pigs].", "content": "To characterize the lipid and the energy metabolism in the livers of genetically different types of pigs (land race pig and mini pig), the authors determined the activities of enzymes typical of and limiting these metabolic pathways. Furthermore, they measured the concentrations of typical metabolites and ascertained parameters that are of importance in energy metabolism. The concentrations of acetyl CoA and free fatty acids in the livers of mini pigs were significantly greater than those in the livers of land race pigs, whereas the cholesterol, glycerol, triglyceride and acetoacetate concentrations were reduced. The activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (E.C.1.1.1.49.), citrate synthase (E.C.4.1.3.7.) and ATP citrate lyase (E.C.4.1.3.8.) were lower in the livers of mini pigs than in the livers of land race pigs, whereas the activity of fatty acid synthase was higher. The concentrations of cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) were lower in the livers of mini pigs than in those of land race pigs. In land race pigs, the metabolic process seems, therefore, to be determined in favour of the degradation of free fatty acids and of the generation of energy. In mini pigs, lipogenesis in the liver appears to be the decisive metabolic pathway. The possibility of a higher coordinating control mechanism of the lipid and the energy metabolism is discussed.", "contents": "[Behavior of certain parameters of lipid and energy metabolism. IV. Regulation of lipid and energy metabolism in livers and race and mini pigs]. To characterize the lipid and the energy metabolism in the livers of genetically different types of pigs (land race pig and mini pig), the authors determined the activities of enzymes typical of and limiting these metabolic pathways. Furthermore, they measured the concentrations of typical metabolites and ascertained parameters that are of importance in energy metabolism. The concentrations of acetyl CoA and free fatty acids in the livers of mini pigs were significantly greater than those in the livers of land race pigs, whereas the cholesterol, glycerol, triglyceride and acetoacetate concentrations were reduced. The activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (E.C.1.1.1.49.), citrate synthase (E.C.4.1.3.7.) and ATP citrate lyase (E.C.4.1.3.8.) were lower in the livers of mini pigs than in the livers of land race pigs, whereas the activity of fatty acid synthase was higher. The concentrations of cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) were lower in the livers of mini pigs than in those of land race pigs. In land race pigs, the metabolic process seems, therefore, to be determined in favour of the degradation of free fatty acids and of the generation of energy. In mini pigs, lipogenesis in the liver appears to be the decisive metabolic pathway. The possibility of a higher coordinating control mechanism of the lipid and the energy metabolism is discussed.", "PMID": 846565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7190", "title": "Direct demonstration of beta-globin mRNA in homozygous Ferrara betaO-thalassaemia patients.", "content": "In cases of betaO-thalassaemia from Ferrara, Italy, the beta-globin gene in transcribed into mRNA but no protein is synthesised. For these cases there is no hybridisation data suggesting a globin gene structural mutation. This again demonstrates the diverse molecular events which may cause this prevalent hereditary disease.", "contents": "Direct demonstration of beta-globin mRNA in homozygous Ferrara betaO-thalassaemia patients. In cases of betaO-thalassaemia from Ferrara, Italy, the beta-globin gene in transcribed into mRNA but no protein is synthesised. For these cases there is no hybridisation data suggesting a globin gene structural mutation. This again demonstrates the diverse molecular events which may cause this prevalent hereditary disease.", "PMID": 846566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7191", "title": "Androgens in the anaemia of chronic renal failure.", "content": "Plasma levels of testosterone-like substances (TLS) were depressed in seven patients with chronic renal failure. Intramuscular testosterone (as Sustanon 250 once a week) elevated plasma TLS levels to above normal throughout the week with an initial high peak. Sublingual testosterone produced a high but brief peak in TLS. Results were similar in renal failure patients and normal controls. A controlled trial of weekly Sustanon 250 in 24 regular dialysis patients produced a significant increase in haemoglobin from 6.8 to 8.2 g/dl. Side effects were mainly mild and acceptable but one patient developed priapism and another a large haematoma. The discriminate use of androgens is recommended for anaemic male patients on regular haemodialysis.", "contents": "Androgens in the anaemia of chronic renal failure. Plasma levels of testosterone-like substances (TLS) were depressed in seven patients with chronic renal failure. Intramuscular testosterone (as Sustanon 250 once a week) elevated plasma TLS levels to above normal throughout the week with an initial high peak. Sublingual testosterone produced a high but brief peak in TLS. Results were similar in renal failure patients and normal controls. A controlled trial of weekly Sustanon 250 in 24 regular dialysis patients produced a significant increase in haemoglobin from 6.8 to 8.2 g/dl. Side effects were mainly mild and acceptable but one patient developed priapism and another a large haematoma. The discriminate use of androgens is recommended for anaemic male patients on regular haemodialysis.", "PMID": 846623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7192", "title": "Relationship between glomerular filtration rate and tubular reabsorption of sodium in patients with unilateral renal artery stenosis. The role of the renal prostaglandins.", "content": "In patients with renovascular hypertension, a significant decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and in renal plasma flow (RPF) in the stenotic kidney was accompanied by a significant homolateral decrease in extraction of PAH(EPAH) and in net tubular reabsorption of sodium (RNa). There was a highly significant correlation between differences in RNa and differences in either GFR or RPF, while no correlation between differences in RNa and in EPAH was noted. It is suggested that the nature of the relationship between GFR and RNa is essentially the same in unilateral renal artery stenosis in man, as in acute constriction of the renal artery or the aorta in the experimental animal.", "contents": "Relationship between glomerular filtration rate and tubular reabsorption of sodium in patients with unilateral renal artery stenosis. The role of the renal prostaglandins. In patients with renovascular hypertension, a significant decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and in renal plasma flow (RPF) in the stenotic kidney was accompanied by a significant homolateral decrease in extraction of PAH(EPAH) and in net tubular reabsorption of sodium (RNa). There was a highly significant correlation between differences in RNa and differences in either GFR or RPF, while no correlation between differences in RNa and in EPAH was noted. It is suggested that the nature of the relationship between GFR and RNa is essentially the same in unilateral renal artery stenosis in man, as in acute constriction of the renal artery or the aorta in the experimental animal.", "PMID": 846624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7193", "title": "Vitamin D-induced hypercalcemia in experimental renal failure.", "content": "Hypercalcemia was induced in 5/6 nephrectomized rats fed a low calcium diet by administering pharmacologic doses of vitamin D. The degree of hypercalcemia was greater in uremic rats than in sham-operated rats both of which were given vitamin D. Bone resorption was marked in both groups but differed in distribution. Increased osteoclasis in uremic rats was limited to diaphyseal cortical bone while metaphyseal trabeculae were relatively unaffected compared to sham-operated rats administered vitamin D. Ultrastructurally thyroid C cells were degranulated and in an active stage in both groups of rats receiving vitamin D. Urinary calcium excretion was greater in sham-operated rats given vitamin D than in uremic rats. The greater renal retention of calcium in uremic rats given vitamin D was felt to contribute to the development of hypercalcemia. These studies suggest that although trabecular bone was resistant to pharmacologic levels of vitamin D in renal failure, hypercalcemia developed due to selective resorption of cortical bone and impairment of renal calcium excretion.", "contents": "Vitamin D-induced hypercalcemia in experimental renal failure. Hypercalcemia was induced in 5/6 nephrectomized rats fed a low calcium diet by administering pharmacologic doses of vitamin D. The degree of hypercalcemia was greater in uremic rats than in sham-operated rats both of which were given vitamin D. Bone resorption was marked in both groups but differed in distribution. Increased osteoclasis in uremic rats was limited to diaphyseal cortical bone while metaphyseal trabeculae were relatively unaffected compared to sham-operated rats administered vitamin D. Ultrastructurally thyroid C cells were degranulated and in an active stage in both groups of rats receiving vitamin D. Urinary calcium excretion was greater in sham-operated rats given vitamin D than in uremic rats. The greater renal retention of calcium in uremic rats given vitamin D was felt to contribute to the development of hypercalcemia. These studies suggest that although trabecular bone was resistant to pharmacologic levels of vitamin D in renal failure, hypercalcemia developed due to selective resorption of cortical bone and impairment of renal calcium excretion.", "PMID": 846625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7194", "title": "Studies on the site of renal sodium loss in two patients with cystinosis. Effects of hydrochlorothiazide on tubular sodium reabsorptive mechanisms.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of hypotonic saline diuresis on two patients with cystinosis, trying to localize the site of renal sodium loss. At the same time, we have performed the same hypotonic saline infusion under hydrochlorothiazide administration. Results seem to prove the proximal tubular localization of the salt-wasting syndrome in cystinotic patients. On the other hand, these results suggest that hydrochlorothiazide effect can be related to the hypovolemia due to the distal tubular action of hydrochlorothiazide that could inhibit the 'third' natriuretic factor, thus increasing the proximal tubular sodium reabsorption.", "contents": "Studies on the site of renal sodium loss in two patients with cystinosis. Effects of hydrochlorothiazide on tubular sodium reabsorptive mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of hypotonic saline diuresis on two patients with cystinosis, trying to localize the site of renal sodium loss. At the same time, we have performed the same hypotonic saline infusion under hydrochlorothiazide administration. Results seem to prove the proximal tubular localization of the salt-wasting syndrome in cystinotic patients. On the other hand, these results suggest that hydrochlorothiazide effect can be related to the hypovolemia due to the distal tubular action of hydrochlorothiazide that could inhibit the 'third' natriuretic factor, thus increasing the proximal tubular sodium reabsorption.", "PMID": 846626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7195", "title": "High prevalence of pancreatic disease in chronic renal failure.", "content": "The prevalence of pancreatic disease was determined in 21 autopsied uremic patients who had died during the course of maintenance hemodialysis, as compared with 60 autopsied patients without kidney or pancreatic disease. Histologic criteria of pancreatic disease included. (1) duct ectasia; (2) periductal fibrosis; (3) ductular proliferation; (4) acinar ductalar metaplasia, and (5) interstitial inflammation or fibrosis. Significant pancreatic disease was present in 56% of the uremic patients and only 11.8% of the controls (p less than 0.01). Two uremic patients had abscesses in the tail of the pancreas. The clinical significance of the high prevalence of pancreatic pathologic alterations in uremia remains to be assessed.", "contents": "High prevalence of pancreatic disease in chronic renal failure. The prevalence of pancreatic disease was determined in 21 autopsied uremic patients who had died during the course of maintenance hemodialysis, as compared with 60 autopsied patients without kidney or pancreatic disease. Histologic criteria of pancreatic disease included. (1) duct ectasia; (2) periductal fibrosis; (3) ductular proliferation; (4) acinar ductalar metaplasia, and (5) interstitial inflammation or fibrosis. Significant pancreatic disease was present in 56% of the uremic patients and only 11.8% of the controls (p less than 0.01). Two uremic patients had abscesses in the tail of the pancreas. The clinical significance of the high prevalence of pancreatic pathologic alterations in uremia remains to be assessed.", "PMID": 846627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7196", "title": "The Lundia Mini-Minor: a disposable dialyzer for hemodialysis of very small patients.", "content": "We have in vitro and in vivo tested the new Gambro Lundia Mini-Minor pediatric dialyzer with the 17 micron membrane. By utilizing blood tubing sets of different volumes in conjunction with the Lundia Mini-Minor we feel that this dialyzer is well suited to use in pediatric patients weighing less than 16-23 kg. During the last 4 years, with the development of improved equipment and techniques, it has become increasingly easier to hemodialyze children and infants with end-stage and acute renal failure [1,2]. We have previously reported our experience with hemodialyzers designed especially for children and babies [1-5, 13, 14]. This report concerns our experience with a new disposable pediatric hemodialyzer, the Lundia Mini-Minor, which has been designed for the smaller pediatric patient weighing less than 16 kg.", "contents": "The Lundia Mini-Minor: a disposable dialyzer for hemodialysis of very small patients. We have in vitro and in vivo tested the new Gambro Lundia Mini-Minor pediatric dialyzer with the 17 micron membrane. By utilizing blood tubing sets of different volumes in conjunction with the Lundia Mini-Minor we feel that this dialyzer is well suited to use in pediatric patients weighing less than 16-23 kg. During the last 4 years, with the development of improved equipment and techniques, it has become increasingly easier to hemodialyze children and infants with end-stage and acute renal failure [1,2]. We have previously reported our experience with hemodialyzers designed especially for children and babies [1-5, 13, 14]. This report concerns our experience with a new disposable pediatric hemodialyzer, the Lundia Mini-Minor, which has been designed for the smaller pediatric patient weighing less than 16 kg.", "PMID": 846628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7197", "title": "Computed tomography in the postoperative care of neurosurgical patients.", "content": "By its ability to differentiate the densities of various intracranial tissues, computed tomography is an ideal tool to investigate the postoperative course and complications of neurosurgical patients. The most important immediate postoperative complications are intracerebral edema and epidural, subdural or intracerebral hematomas. The extent of surgical resection of neoplasms can also be studied easily by CT. The method of investigation and representative cases are described.", "contents": "Computed tomography in the postoperative care of neurosurgical patients. By its ability to differentiate the densities of various intracranial tissues, computed tomography is an ideal tool to investigate the postoperative course and complications of neurosurgical patients. The most important immediate postoperative complications are intracerebral edema and epidural, subdural or intracerebral hematomas. The extent of surgical resection of neoplasms can also be studied easily by CT. The method of investigation and representative cases are described.", "PMID": 846644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7198", "title": "Acute renal failure after cerebral arteriography in a diabetic patient.", "content": "A case of acute renal failure after cerebral arteriography with iodinated contrast material in a patient with diabetes and azotemic nephropathy is described. A review of the literature concerning acute renal failure after radiographic contrast material is included. The main risk factors reported in the literature appear to be the presence of diabetic nephropathy and the administration of fairly large doses of iodinated contrast material. Azotemic patients should be kept well hydrated and receive doses of less than 50 cc/m2 of body surface area when studied with such materials. Careful monitoring of urinary output and serum creatinine and ready access to dialytic therapy will aid in the detection and subsequent treatment of this problem.", "contents": "Acute renal failure after cerebral arteriography in a diabetic patient. A case of acute renal failure after cerebral arteriography with iodinated contrast material in a patient with diabetes and azotemic nephropathy is described. A review of the literature concerning acute renal failure after radiographic contrast material is included. The main risk factors reported in the literature appear to be the presence of diabetic nephropathy and the administration of fairly large doses of iodinated contrast material. Azotemic patients should be kept well hydrated and receive doses of less than 50 cc/m2 of body surface area when studied with such materials. Careful monitoring of urinary output and serum creatinine and ready access to dialytic therapy will aid in the detection and subsequent treatment of this problem.", "PMID": 846645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7199", "title": "Pattern of radioactivity in the CSF after intravenous injection of 99mTc.", "content": "It has been shown that intravenously injected pertechnetate enters to CSF space and also that a transport of pertechnetate ions to the blood occurs when injected into the ventricles. Activity curves obtained by repeated samplings of CSF after intravenous injection of pertechnetate appears to differ at different levels of the intraventricular pressure but also in patients with different types of intracranial pathology, i.e. in patients with ventricular dilatation due to hydrocephalus and due to cerebral atrophy.", "contents": "Pattern of radioactivity in the CSF after intravenous injection of 99mTc. It has been shown that intravenously injected pertechnetate enters to CSF space and also that a transport of pertechnetate ions to the blood occurs when injected into the ventricles. Activity curves obtained by repeated samplings of CSF after intravenous injection of pertechnetate appears to differ at different levels of the intraventricular pressure but also in patients with different types of intracranial pathology, i.e. in patients with ventricular dilatation due to hydrocephalus and due to cerebral atrophy.", "PMID": 846646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7200", "title": "Computed tomography in the diagnosis of cerebral abscess.", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) was performed 64 times on 22 patients with cerebral abcesses, using the 160 X 160 matrix EMI scanner. The diagnosis was based upon the demonstration of a localized low-attenuation area appearing, after the administration of contrast medium, as a high-attenuation annular rim ascribed to displaced and/or newly formed vessels, the so-called abscess membrane. CT is compared with the conventional diagnostic methods of neuroradiology. The differential diagnostic accuracy of CT is clearly superior to that of previous methods, including angiography, which, until now, we have considered the most accurate method.", "contents": "Computed tomography in the diagnosis of cerebral abscess. Computed tomography (CT) was performed 64 times on 22 patients with cerebral abcesses, using the 160 X 160 matrix EMI scanner. The diagnosis was based upon the demonstration of a localized low-attenuation area appearing, after the administration of contrast medium, as a high-attenuation annular rim ascribed to displaced and/or newly formed vessels, the so-called abscess membrane. CT is compared with the conventional diagnostic methods of neuroradiology. The differential diagnostic accuracy of CT is clearly superior to that of previous methods, including angiography, which, until now, we have considered the most accurate method.", "PMID": 846647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7201", "title": "Internal carotid artery blood flow during cerebral angiography.", "content": "A total of 13 contrast injections of Isopaque Cerebral (meglumine metrizoate) were made into the precerebral arteries or the aortic arch in 6 patients and the bilateral internal carotid artery blood flow monitored continuously using implanted electromagnetic blood flow probes. The most frequent causes of flow changes were found to be due to sudden changes in arterial blood pressure or ventilation which caused a simultaneous and generally identical flow pattern in the two arteries. In 4 patients a slight increase in flow in the artery receiving contrast medium was observed; the increase ranged from 10 to 20% above control level. In one patient the ICA receiving contrast medium showed an initial drop in blood flow to about 85% within 15 sec while the contralateral side showed an increase in flow to about 110%. This sequence was followed by a 6 minute period of slightly increased blood flow on the injection side while the other side showed a slight decrease. A discrepancy in carotid vasomotor response was seen after the injection of 50 ml of contrast medium into the aortic arch with filling of both carotids in the angiogram. Flow changes thought to reflect \"arterial spasm\" (increased vascular resistance) were observed during attempts to puncture the common carotid artery. The risks connected with this method are discussed. Repeat flow recordings throughout the 24 hours following angiography did not show flow changes attributable to the angiographic investigation.", "contents": "Internal carotid artery blood flow during cerebral angiography. A total of 13 contrast injections of Isopaque Cerebral (meglumine metrizoate) were made into the precerebral arteries or the aortic arch in 6 patients and the bilateral internal carotid artery blood flow monitored continuously using implanted electromagnetic blood flow probes. The most frequent causes of flow changes were found to be due to sudden changes in arterial blood pressure or ventilation which caused a simultaneous and generally identical flow pattern in the two arteries. In 4 patients a slight increase in flow in the artery receiving contrast medium was observed; the increase ranged from 10 to 20% above control level. In one patient the ICA receiving contrast medium showed an initial drop in blood flow to about 85% within 15 sec while the contralateral side showed an increase in flow to about 110%. This sequence was followed by a 6 minute period of slightly increased blood flow on the injection side while the other side showed a slight decrease. A discrepancy in carotid vasomotor response was seen after the injection of 50 ml of contrast medium into the aortic arch with filling of both carotids in the angiogram. Flow changes thought to reflect \"arterial spasm\" (increased vascular resistance) were observed during attempts to puncture the common carotid artery. The risks connected with this method are discussed. Repeat flow recordings throughout the 24 hours following angiography did not show flow changes attributable to the angiographic investigation.", "PMID": 846648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7202", "title": "Arteriography of the anterior communicating aneurysm.", "content": "Optimal projections for the delineation of anterior communicating aneurysms were investigated by means of model experiments and the results applied to 30 clinical cases. The oblique half-axial, the oblique orbital, the full axial, and the reverse oblique projections proved useful adjuncts to conventional projections in studying the anterior communicating aneurysm.", "contents": "Arteriography of the anterior communicating aneurysm. Optimal projections for the delineation of anterior communicating aneurysms were investigated by means of model experiments and the results applied to 30 clinical cases. The oblique half-axial, the oblique orbital, the full axial, and the reverse oblique projections proved useful adjuncts to conventional projections in studying the anterior communicating aneurysm.", "PMID": 846649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7203", "title": "[Changes in the angiographic pictures in Raynaud's disease following acupuncture treatment].", "content": "Angiograms obtained before and after acupuncture in a small series of patients with Raynaud's disease did not give positive evidence of its therapeutic effect. A marked vasodilatatory action was noted, however, suggesting that the technique can be usefully applied along with other forms of management.", "contents": "[Changes in the angiographic pictures in Raynaud's disease following acupuncture treatment]. Angiograms obtained before and after acupuncture in a small series of patients with Raynaud's disease did not give positive evidence of its therapeutic effect. A marked vasodilatatory action was noted, however, suggesting that the technique can be usefully applied along with other forms of management.", "PMID": 846670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7204", "title": "[Surgical analgesia by acupuncture. Studies of more than 500 cases].", "content": "This report was read to the National Congress of the Italian Anaesthesia Society in 1976. A personal series of acupuncture induced anaesthesia is presented and a number of general remarks are made regarding the application of the technique to various areas of surgery.", "contents": "[Surgical analgesia by acupuncture. Studies of more than 500 cases]. This report was read to the National Congress of the Italian Anaesthesia Society in 1976. A personal series of acupuncture induced anaesthesia is presented and a number of general remarks are made regarding the application of the technique to various areas of surgery.", "PMID": 846671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7205", "title": "[Acupuncture and psychiatry. Preliminary note].", "content": "Personal experience with acupuncture as a therapeutic technique in psychiatry is presented. Its effects on the patient and the taking of drugs are discussed. The results, like those reported by Chinese and other Italian workers, were encouraging and indicate that the technique may be more widely adopted in this field.", "contents": "[Acupuncture and psychiatry. Preliminary note]. Personal experience with acupuncture as a therapeutic technique in psychiatry is presented. Its effects on the patient and the taking of drugs are discussed. The results, like those reported by Chinese and other Italian workers, were encouraging and indicate that the technique may be more widely adopted in this field.", "PMID": 846672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7206", "title": "[Treatment of subacute and chronic rhinosinusitis].", "content": "Four personal clinical cases of paranasal sinus pathology are reported. The therapeutic technique and clinical course of this commonly observed otorhinolaryngological and general medicine condition are illustrated and a personal contribution made to its resolution.", "contents": "[Treatment of subacute and chronic rhinosinusitis]. Four personal clinical cases of paranasal sinus pathology are reported. The therapeutic technique and clinical course of this commonly observed otorhinolaryngological and general medicine condition are illustrated and a personal contribution made to its resolution.", "PMID": 846674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7207", "title": "[Complications of acupuncture: viral hepatitis].", "content": "Complications arising in association with acupuncture are frequently reported. Some are strictly technical, others--including viral hepatitis--are the result of hygienic problems. A statistical assessment of the frequency of HB antigen in out-patients treated during 1975 is reported.", "contents": "[Complications of acupuncture: viral hepatitis]. Complications arising in association with acupuncture are frequently reported. Some are strictly technical, others--including viral hepatitis--are the result of hygienic problems. A statistical assessment of the frequency of HB antigen in out-patients treated during 1975 is reported.", "PMID": 846675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7208", "title": "[Principles in the treatment of arthrosis of the cervical vertebrae].", "content": "Electromyographic variations by means of acupuncture. Electromyography is carried out in the treatment of severe arthrosis of the spinal column where radiology has shown a narrowing of the intervertebral spaces. Electromyography is also useful for determining the variations shown by the nerve during acupuncture.", "contents": "[Principles in the treatment of arthrosis of the cervical vertebrae]. Electromyographic variations by means of acupuncture. Electromyography is carried out in the treatment of severe arthrosis of the spinal column where radiology has shown a narrowing of the intervertebral spaces. Electromyography is also useful for determining the variations shown by the nerve during acupuncture.", "PMID": 846676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7209", "title": "[Antihypertensive effect of indapamide].", "content": "2.5 mg/day indapamide was administered to 16 hypertensive patients for 30 days. These was a gradual, significant reduction in systolic and diastolic pressure values with no significant changes in plasma and urinary electrolytes. The effect of the drug on ARP and renal performance was also examined. There were no alterations of other metabolic parameters. These data point to a safe and lasting hpotensive action on the part of indapamide.", "contents": "[Antihypertensive effect of indapamide]. 2.5 mg/day indapamide was administered to 16 hypertensive patients for 30 days. These was a gradual, significant reduction in systolic and diastolic pressure values with no significant changes in plasma and urinary electrolytes. The effect of the drug on ARP and renal performance was also examined. There were no alterations of other metabolic parameters. These data point to a safe and lasting hpotensive action on the part of indapamide.", "PMID": 846677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7210", "title": "[Post-traumatic pulmonary hematoma].", "content": "Pulmonary haematoma is relatively rare. Though on the increase as a consequence of a rise in the number of road accidents, it is not necessarily traumatic in origin. Three cases (two post-traumatic, out of 250 serious chest trauma cases examined) observed at the University of Turin chest and lung surgery centre over the last three years are presented. Data from the literature are also cited. A description is given of the typical radiological features: roundish opacity with distinct edges, homogeneous, in the site the pulmonary or subpleural ligament, slow involution. This picture may be sufficient for diagnosis when the history is not clear.", "contents": "[Post-traumatic pulmonary hematoma]. Pulmonary haematoma is relatively rare. Though on the increase as a consequence of a rise in the number of road accidents, it is not necessarily traumatic in origin. Three cases (two post-traumatic, out of 250 serious chest trauma cases examined) observed at the University of Turin chest and lung surgery centre over the last three years are presented. Data from the literature are also cited. A description is given of the typical radiological features: roundish opacity with distinct edges, homogeneous, in the site the pulmonary or subpleural ligament, slow involution. This picture may be sufficient for diagnosis when the history is not clear.", "PMID": 846678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7211", "title": "[Australia antigen and viral hepatitis. Clinico-statistical considerations].", "content": "204 cases of viral hepatitis, 192 related to the MS1 form and 12 to MS2, were studied for the presence of Au. antigen and possible relations between this and the course of the disease. The antigen was encountered in 12 cases of the first group (6.2%) and in 7 of the second (58.3%). The disease was more serious and developed more slowly in Au.-positive cases compared to negative cases, it was also observed that only after the disappearance of the antigen from the serum was clinical cure possible.", "contents": "[Australia antigen and viral hepatitis. Clinico-statistical considerations]. 204 cases of viral hepatitis, 192 related to the MS1 form and 12 to MS2, were studied for the presence of Au. antigen and possible relations between this and the course of the disease. The antigen was encountered in 12 cases of the first group (6.2%) and in 7 of the second (58.3%). The disease was more serious and developed more slowly in Au.-positive cases compared to negative cases, it was also observed that only after the disappearance of the antigen from the serum was clinical cure possible.", "PMID": 846679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7212", "title": "[Renal control of acid-base equilibrium during dyslipidemia].", "content": "Possible correlations between lipid metabolism and hydroelectrolytic and acid base balances were studied in pathological conditions. For this purpose 24 patients with essential dyslipidaemia without renal or hepatic disease, and 47 patients with varying disease conditions, 25 with profound alterations in the lipid balance, 22 with plasmatic lipid fractions completely normal, were studied. In cases of essential hyperlipidaemia, alongside the profound changes in the lipid complement, no significant alterations in plasma pH were observed; by contrast other cases frequently showed an upset acid base balance with or without changes in the lipid picture. Urinary determinations suggested different conclusions. The most important aspect was the observation in most cases of essential dyslipidaemia and in certain cases of secondary dyslipaemia, of paradoxical aciduria, namely aciduria of much greater extent than might have been expected on the basis of plasma pH value.", "contents": "[Renal control of acid-base equilibrium during dyslipidemia]. Possible correlations between lipid metabolism and hydroelectrolytic and acid base balances were studied in pathological conditions. For this purpose 24 patients with essential dyslipidaemia without renal or hepatic disease, and 47 patients with varying disease conditions, 25 with profound alterations in the lipid balance, 22 with plasmatic lipid fractions completely normal, were studied. In cases of essential hyperlipidaemia, alongside the profound changes in the lipid complement, no significant alterations in plasma pH were observed; by contrast other cases frequently showed an upset acid base balance with or without changes in the lipid picture. Urinary determinations suggested different conclusions. The most important aspect was the observation in most cases of essential dyslipidaemia and in certain cases of secondary dyslipaemia, of paradoxical aciduria, namely aciduria of much greater extent than might have been expected on the basis of plasma pH value.", "PMID": 846680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7213", "title": "[Relations between hypotensive effect and modifications of volemia and plasma renin activity in patients with essential hypertension treated using spironolactone].", "content": "The hypotensive effect of spironolactone and its relation to the changer in volaemia and renin activity induced by the drug were studied in 12 hospitalised patients with essential hypertension. After 4 weeks, arterial pressure was significantly decreased in direct relation to reductions in plasma volume in 9 subjects in both the erect and the recumbent position. These reductions were probably responsible for an increase in renin activity noted (sometimes at significant levels) in all subjects. It would appear that such increase does not impede the hypotensive effect of the drug. The hypotensive response was, in fact, less marked in only 3 patients, whose basal renin levels were themselves high.", "contents": "[Relations between hypotensive effect and modifications of volemia and plasma renin activity in patients with essential hypertension treated using spironolactone]. The hypotensive effect of spironolactone and its relation to the changer in volaemia and renin activity induced by the drug were studied in 12 hospitalised patients with essential hypertension. After 4 weeks, arterial pressure was significantly decreased in direct relation to reductions in plasma volume in 9 subjects in both the erect and the recumbent position. These reductions were probably responsible for an increase in renin activity noted (sometimes at significant levels) in all subjects. It would appear that such increase does not impede the hypotensive effect of the drug. The hypotensive response was, in fact, less marked in only 3 patients, whose basal renin levels were themselves high.", "PMID": 846681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7214", "title": "[Clinical and functional aspects of obstructive respiratory syndromes following administration of a single dose of salbutamol in aerosol form].", "content": "30 subjects suffering from obstructive type chronic bronchopneumopathies were treated with salbutamol, a new Beta2 stimulating bronchodilator, administered by aerosol in a single dose of 200 gamma. Clinically the bronchospasm resolved itself or was reduced in just a few minutes in more than 70% of cases. Functionally, the various spirometric parameters were followed up for six hours and showed that the drug is capable of reducing flow resistance in rapid, lasting fashion, thus improving airway conductivity and making lung ventilation more homogeneous. No cardiovascular alterations were encountered.", "contents": "[Clinical and functional aspects of obstructive respiratory syndromes following administration of a single dose of salbutamol in aerosol form]. 30 subjects suffering from obstructive type chronic bronchopneumopathies were treated with salbutamol, a new Beta2 stimulating bronchodilator, administered by aerosol in a single dose of 200 gamma. Clinically the bronchospasm resolved itself or was reduced in just a few minutes in more than 70% of cases. Functionally, the various spirometric parameters were followed up for six hours and showed that the drug is capable of reducing flow resistance in rapid, lasting fashion, thus improving airway conductivity and making lung ventilation more homogeneous. No cardiovascular alterations were encountered.", "PMID": 846682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7215", "title": "[Site of 1st appearance of pain in primary arthrosis. Clinico-statistical studies in a thermal bath environment].", "content": "An investigation of the first site of joint pain in 3,419 subjects with primary arthrosis is reported. In both sexes, the lumbar region was by far the most common, followed by the neck, the knee, and other joints; marked and significant differences between males and females were noted. While the data do not clearly show that the first pain site and the first site of involvement are the same, it is felt that this is a fairly constant occurrence. Since bearing joints are concerned in the lumbar region and a psychosomatic site in that of the neck--this, in fact, is twice as frequent in women as in men, this constancy serves to bring into discussion the primary and secondary nature of arthrosis, at least in a certain number of cases.", "contents": "[Site of 1st appearance of pain in primary arthrosis. Clinico-statistical studies in a thermal bath environment]. An investigation of the first site of joint pain in 3,419 subjects with primary arthrosis is reported. In both sexes, the lumbar region was by far the most common, followed by the neck, the knee, and other joints; marked and significant differences between males and females were noted. While the data do not clearly show that the first pain site and the first site of involvement are the same, it is felt that this is a fairly constant occurrence. Since bearing joints are concerned in the lumbar region and a psychosomatic site in that of the neck--this, in fact, is twice as frequent in women as in men, this constancy serves to bring into discussion the primary and secondary nature of arthrosis, at least in a certain number of cases.", "PMID": 846683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7216", "title": "[Pre- and postoperative treatment of pulmonary suppuration].", "content": "A group of patients presenting a pathology of pulmonary suppuration is examined and a type of basic treatment used for preparing such patients for surgery, not always indicated by suppuration, is presented. A number of clinical and functional parameters measured before and after such treatment are also examined. The therapy carried out personally in the immediate postoperative period and in the long term is illustrated.", "contents": "[Pre- and postoperative treatment of pulmonary suppuration]. A group of patients presenting a pathology of pulmonary suppuration is examined and a type of basic treatment used for preparing such patients for surgery, not always indicated by suppuration, is presented. A number of clinical and functional parameters measured before and after such treatment are also examined. The therapy carried out personally in the immediate postoperative period and in the long term is illustrated.", "PMID": 846685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7217", "title": "[Desferrioxamine in the diagnosis of hypo-, normo-, and hypersiderotic hyposideremia].", "content": "Evaluation of stored iron by means of DFOX-induced sideruria in 101 subjects with various degree of hyposideraemia with or without anaemia, is reported. Three groups were examined: 49 patients with chronic loss of blood and malabsorption and urinary iron values up to 1 mg/24hr; 43 with non-bleeding neoplasia, collagen disease, lymphoma, cirrhosis of the liver etc. and values of 1-2mg/24 hr; 9 with rheumatoid arthritis and cirrhosis of the liver and values over 2 mg/24 hr. The reasons why hyposideraemia may accompany incipient of frank tissue hypo-, normo- or hypersiderosis are discussed.", "contents": "[Desferrioxamine in the diagnosis of hypo-, normo-, and hypersiderotic hyposideremia]. Evaluation of stored iron by means of DFOX-induced sideruria in 101 subjects with various degree of hyposideraemia with or without anaemia, is reported. Three groups were examined: 49 patients with chronic loss of blood and malabsorption and urinary iron values up to 1 mg/24hr; 43 with non-bleeding neoplasia, collagen disease, lymphoma, cirrhosis of the liver etc. and values of 1-2mg/24 hr; 9 with rheumatoid arthritis and cirrhosis of the liver and values over 2 mg/24 hr. The reasons why hyposideraemia may accompany incipient of frank tissue hypo-, normo- or hypersiderosis are discussed.", "PMID": 846686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7218", "title": "[Experimental research on the artificially induced antibody immunity in the healthy man and in the patient with liver cirrhosis].", "content": "The ability to produce antibodies against strong (S. typhosa and S. paratyphi) and weak (tetanus toxide) antigens and the consequent changes in serum IgG's, IgA's, and IgM's were compared in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and healthy controls. A significantly higher response, especially to strong antigens, was noted in the cirrhotics, while their bone marrow contained an appreciably greater number of lymphocytes and plasma cells. Increased Ig production in cirrhosis is seen as the expression of general over-production of antibodies and hence devoid of any specific relation to its immune pathogenesis. The conclusion is drawn that the liver may be in some way responsible for the regulation of antibody synthesis and that this capability is \"disinhibted\" in cirrhosis.", "contents": "[Experimental research on the artificially induced antibody immunity in the healthy man and in the patient with liver cirrhosis]. The ability to produce antibodies against strong (S. typhosa and S. paratyphi) and weak (tetanus toxide) antigens and the consequent changes in serum IgG's, IgA's, and IgM's were compared in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and healthy controls. A significantly higher response, especially to strong antigens, was noted in the cirrhotics, while their bone marrow contained an appreciably greater number of lymphocytes and plasma cells. Increased Ig production in cirrhosis is seen as the expression of general over-production of antibodies and hence devoid of any specific relation to its immune pathogenesis. The conclusion is drawn that the liver may be in some way responsible for the regulation of antibody synthesis and that this capability is \"disinhibted\" in cirrhosis.", "PMID": 846687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7219", "title": "[A case of primary hyperparathyroidism sustained by parathyroid adenocarcinomatosis].", "content": "Primary hyperparathyroidism may at times be associated with carcinoma of the parathyroids. A personal case of primary hyperparathyroidism was operated on by total thyro-parathyroidectomy. The histological picture presented atypical cell patterns and infiltrations of the thyroid capsule, together with adenomatuous parathyroid formations suggesting the possibility of a malignant transformation of initially benign process. Given the benign clinical course, it is possible that when subjected to radical, timely measures, even atypical parathyroid processes may be cured completely.", "contents": "[A case of primary hyperparathyroidism sustained by parathyroid adenocarcinomatosis]. Primary hyperparathyroidism may at times be associated with carcinoma of the parathyroids. A personal case of primary hyperparathyroidism was operated on by total thyro-parathyroidectomy. The histological picture presented atypical cell patterns and infiltrations of the thyroid capsule, together with adenomatuous parathyroid formations suggesting the possibility of a malignant transformation of initially benign process. Given the benign clinical course, it is possible that when subjected to radical, timely measures, even atypical parathyroid processes may be cured completely.", "PMID": 846688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7220", "title": "[Solitary granuloma in ocular Toxocara-canis infection (Canine round worm)].", "content": "Two cases of Toxocara canis infection are reported. They presented a solitary granuloma at the posterior ocular pole. The eyes affected by parasites were practically blind. In the first case the condition was discovered accidentally on a pre-employment examination; in the second case, after a change of doctor - the previous diagnosis was toxoplasmosis. The latter mistake is very common in Toxocara infections. Our diagnoses were confirmed by Lamina's microprecipitation test. For treatment the Anthelminthinc 'Minzolum', or photocoagulation with steroid treatment can be used.", "contents": "[Solitary granuloma in ocular Toxocara-canis infection (Canine round worm)]. Two cases of Toxocara canis infection are reported. They presented a solitary granuloma at the posterior ocular pole. The eyes affected by parasites were practically blind. In the first case the condition was discovered accidentally on a pre-employment examination; in the second case, after a change of doctor - the previous diagnosis was toxoplasmosis. The latter mistake is very common in Toxocara infections. Our diagnoses were confirmed by Lamina's microprecipitation test. For treatment the Anthelminthinc 'Minzolum', or photocoagulation with steroid treatment can be used.", "PMID": 846694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7221", "title": "Larva migrans lentis.", "content": "A unique case of a larva migrans lentis in a 33-year-old female is presented. The intraocular larval (obviously Toxocara) affection was characterized in the first phase by the development of a peripheral chorioretinal granuloma and in the second phase by the finding of larva migrans in the lens. The lively larva appeared several times in the pupillary area under the anterior and posterior lens capsule and survived an intensive treatment by Mintezol.", "contents": "Larva migrans lentis. A unique case of a larva migrans lentis in a 33-year-old female is presented. The intraocular larval (obviously Toxocara) affection was characterized in the first phase by the development of a peripheral chorioretinal granuloma and in the second phase by the finding of larva migrans in the lens. The lively larva appeared several times in the pupillary area under the anterior and posterior lens capsule and survived an intensive treatment by Mintezol.", "PMID": 846695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7222", "title": "The Riley-Day syndrome. Familial dysautonomy, central autonomic dysfunction.", "content": "The Riley-Day syndrome is characterized by a dysfunction of the autonomous nervous system, sensory disturbances, neurological disorders, psychical anomalies and important ophthalmological symptoms, such as absence of tears, corneal anaesthesia, keratinized conjunctiva and cornea; myosis after instillation of methacholine. The diagnosis is based on the absence of fungiform papillae of the tongue and the absence of reaction after intradermic injection of histamine. The inheritance is autosomal recessive. The disease results probably from an enzymatic insufficiency.", "contents": "The Riley-Day syndrome. Familial dysautonomy, central autonomic dysfunction. The Riley-Day syndrome is characterized by a dysfunction of the autonomous nervous system, sensory disturbances, neurological disorders, psychical anomalies and important ophthalmological symptoms, such as absence of tears, corneal anaesthesia, keratinized conjunctiva and cornea; myosis after instillation of methacholine. The diagnosis is based on the absence of fungiform papillae of the tongue and the absence of reaction after intradermic injection of histamine. The inheritance is autosomal recessive. The disease results probably from an enzymatic insufficiency.", "PMID": 846696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7223", "title": "Histologic and electromyographic research on a case of recurrent alternating extrinsic paralysis. Possibility of former myopathic origin.", "content": "Electromyographic and histologic tests made on a case of recurrent alternating extrinsic paralysis would point toward a previous myopathic origin of the disorder.", "contents": "Histologic and electromyographic research on a case of recurrent alternating extrinsic paralysis. Possibility of former myopathic origin. Electromyographic and histologic tests made on a case of recurrent alternating extrinsic paralysis would point toward a previous myopathic origin of the disorder.", "PMID": 846697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7224", "title": "The development of intramedullary cavitation following spinal cord injury: an experimental pathological study.", "content": "It is concluded from this investigation that localised intramedullary cavitation will develop following non-disruptive spinal cord trauma if the magnitude of original trauma and resulting vascular damage is sufficient. Although an adhesive arachnoiditis also occurs with similar amounts of trauma, the initial vascular damage and subsequent reparative changes within the spinal cord appear to adequately explain the cavitation observed.", "contents": "The development of intramedullary cavitation following spinal cord injury: an experimental pathological study. It is concluded from this investigation that localised intramedullary cavitation will develop following non-disruptive spinal cord trauma if the magnitude of original trauma and resulting vascular damage is sufficient. Although an adhesive arachnoiditis also occurs with similar amounts of trauma, the initial vascular damage and subsequent reparative changes within the spinal cord appear to adequately explain the cavitation observed.", "PMID": 846751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7225", "title": "Acute central cervical spinal cord syndrome--aetiology, age incidence and relationship to the orthopaedic injury.", "content": "A series of 99 cases of acute central cervical spinal cord syndrome is reviewed. This represents 25% of all acute cervical spinal cord injuries (excluding stabs and gunshots), admitted to the Spinal Cord Injury Centre, Conradie Hospital during an 8-year period (November 1963 to December 1971). Aetiology, age incidence and relationship to injury is discussed.", "contents": "Acute central cervical spinal cord syndrome--aetiology, age incidence and relationship to the orthopaedic injury. A series of 99 cases of acute central cervical spinal cord syndrome is reviewed. This represents 25% of all acute cervical spinal cord injuries (excluding stabs and gunshots), admitted to the Spinal Cord Injury Centre, Conradie Hospital during an 8-year period (November 1963 to December 1971). Aetiology, age incidence and relationship to injury is discussed.", "PMID": 846752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7226", "title": "Results of rehabilitation in central cord syndromes.", "content": "Out of 180 cervical cord syndromes (traumatic, neoplastic and vascular) studied we examined the prognosis of rehabilitation in 31 central cord syndromes dating back from 6 months at the least or 6 years at the most.", "contents": "Results of rehabilitation in central cord syndromes. Out of 180 cervical cord syndromes (traumatic, neoplastic and vascular) studied we examined the prognosis of rehabilitation in 31 central cord syndromes dating back from 6 months at the least or 6 years at the most.", "PMID": 846753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7227", "title": "Survival in traumatic transverse myelitis.", "content": "Spinal cord injury resulting in paraplegia or tetraplegia has from time immemorial led to early death. Mortality figures as high as 80% over a few years have been noted. Following World War II as a consequence of the intensive care extended to these casualties, the mortality has been significantly diminished. The mortality has been studied on three occasions by the authors and two previous papers have been published, the first in 1961 and the second in 1968. The present paper is based on a mortality and longevity study which covers the period from 1 January 1945 to 30 November 1973, an interval of 29 years less one month. It deals with the mortality of spinal cord injured persons following treatment in Lyndhurst Lodge Hospital and reveals that there has been significant improvement over the period of study.", "contents": "Survival in traumatic transverse myelitis. Spinal cord injury resulting in paraplegia or tetraplegia has from time immemorial led to early death. Mortality figures as high as 80% over a few years have been noted. Following World War II as a consequence of the intensive care extended to these casualties, the mortality has been significantly diminished. The mortality has been studied on three occasions by the authors and two previous papers have been published, the first in 1961 and the second in 1968. The present paper is based on a mortality and longevity study which covers the period from 1 January 1945 to 30 November 1973, an interval of 29 years less one month. It deals with the mortality of spinal cord injured persons following treatment in Lyndhurst Lodge Hospital and reveals that there has been significant improvement over the period of study.", "PMID": 846754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7228", "title": "Electrodiagnosis in post-traumatic syringomyelia.", "content": "Development of a syrinx several years post spinal cord trauma is a well-known entity and described in a number of scientific communications. Each one describes the few cases encountered with the clinical presentations; many report results of myelography with positive or negative contrast media, operative procedures, and eventual outcome as well as discussions of autopsy material. It is believed by many investigators and clinicians that surgical intervention frequently stops the progression of the syrinx and sometimes even reverses the symptomatology. Early exact diagnosis is thus paramount. Electromyography if used judiciously, may be an important adjunct to proper diagnosis and prognosis. In a patient with previous spinal cord trauma, frequently even post-surgical procedures, the interpretation is often difficult. This paper discusses the electrodiagnostic findings in three patients with post-traumatic syrinx and compares them with electrodiagnostic changes observed in a spinal cord injury patient with increased symptomatology due to other causes and two patients with non-traumatic cervical syringomyelia.", "contents": "Electrodiagnosis in post-traumatic syringomyelia. Development of a syrinx several years post spinal cord trauma is a well-known entity and described in a number of scientific communications. Each one describes the few cases encountered with the clinical presentations; many report results of myelography with positive or negative contrast media, operative procedures, and eventual outcome as well as discussions of autopsy material. It is believed by many investigators and clinicians that surgical intervention frequently stops the progression of the syrinx and sometimes even reverses the symptomatology. Early exact diagnosis is thus paramount. Electromyography if used judiciously, may be an important adjunct to proper diagnosis and prognosis. In a patient with previous spinal cord trauma, frequently even post-surgical procedures, the interpretation is often difficult. This paper discusses the electrodiagnostic findings in three patients with post-traumatic syrinx and compares them with electrodiagnostic changes observed in a spinal cord injury patient with increased symptomatology due to other causes and two patients with non-traumatic cervical syringomyelia.", "PMID": 846755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7229", "title": "Cervical spinal cord injury without bony injury.", "content": "Cervical spinal cord injury without demonstrable bony injury occurred in 141 (37%) of 384 successive neck injuries admitted to the Sheffield Spinal Injuries Unit. The condition was common in patients in the older age-groups and there were 70% of the cases who were over the age of 50 years. The commonest cause was a fall. The patients presented with varying degrees of motor paralysis with the greatest deficits in the upper limbs and lesser deficits in the lower limbs. There was a dissociation of impairment of the sensory modalities and a loss of bladder and bowel control.", "contents": "Cervical spinal cord injury without bony injury. Cervical spinal cord injury without demonstrable bony injury occurred in 141 (37%) of 384 successive neck injuries admitted to the Sheffield Spinal Injuries Unit. The condition was common in patients in the older age-groups and there were 70% of the cases who were over the age of 50 years. The commonest cause was a fall. The patients presented with varying degrees of motor paralysis with the greatest deficits in the upper limbs and lesser deficits in the lower limbs. There was a dissociation of impairment of the sensory modalities and a loss of bladder and bowel control.", "PMID": 846756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7230", "title": "Paraplegia due to decompression sickness.", "content": "Eight patients with spinal cord lesions due to decompression sickness are described. The cord lesions were in the cervical cord in four cases and in the upper dorsal cord in the other four, seven patients had incomplete lesions, one had a complete lesion, all patients were spastic. The diving details and description of the onset of paralysis are given and possible pathological processes are discussed. Prophylaxis is by adequate use of decompression stops. The most satisfactory treatment is immediate recompression.", "contents": "Paraplegia due to decompression sickness. Eight patients with spinal cord lesions due to decompression sickness are described. The cord lesions were in the cervical cord in four cases and in the upper dorsal cord in the other four, seven patients had incomplete lesions, one had a complete lesion, all patients were spastic. The diving details and description of the onset of paralysis are given and possible pathological processes are discussed. Prophylaxis is by adequate use of decompression stops. The most satisfactory treatment is immediate recompression.", "PMID": 846757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7231", "title": "The enlarged epiglottis.", "content": "Three children are presented with radiologic evidence of epiglottic enlargement who did not have acute epiglottitis. The radiological and clinical differentiation of these entities (angioneurotic edema, foreign body, and chronic epiglottitis) are discussed.", "contents": "The enlarged epiglottis. Three children are presented with radiologic evidence of epiglottic enlargement who did not have acute epiglottitis. The radiological and clinical differentiation of these entities (angioneurotic edema, foreign body, and chronic epiglottitis) are discussed.", "PMID": 846759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7232", "title": "Bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature infants. A radiological and pathological correlation.", "content": "In a group of 70 premature and newborn infants, treated with artificial ventilation, 24.3% developed bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Only in a very few cases did the typical radiological stages, as described by Northway, succeed each other in a chronological order. It is impossible to differentiate BPD stage I or II from RDS stage III and IV without a knowledge of the clinical course and of the duration of artificial ventilation. The lower the gestational age, the more severe and earlier do the radiological and histological changes occur. The radiological differential diagnosis of BPD includes Wilson-Mikity-syndrome, congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasia, neonatal tuberculosis, cystic fibrosis and Hamman-Rich-syndrome.", "contents": "Bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature infants. A radiological and pathological correlation. In a group of 70 premature and newborn infants, treated with artificial ventilation, 24.3% developed bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Only in a very few cases did the typical radiological stages, as described by Northway, succeed each other in a chronological order. It is impossible to differentiate BPD stage I or II from RDS stage III and IV without a knowledge of the clinical course and of the duration of artificial ventilation. The lower the gestational age, the more severe and earlier do the radiological and histological changes occur. The radiological differential diagnosis of BPD includes Wilson-Mikity-syndrome, congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasia, neonatal tuberculosis, cystic fibrosis and Hamman-Rich-syndrome.", "PMID": 846760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7233", "title": "Angulation of the inferior vena cava-right atrial junction in children with repaired omphalocele.", "content": "Three children with repaired omphalocele underwent diagnostic cardiac catheterization. In addition to intracardiac shunts, each was found to have marked angulation at the junction of the inferior vena cava and the right atrium. After review of our autopsy material following omphalocele repair, it is suggested that the inferior vena cava - right atrial angulation is due to gradual abnormal fixation of this junction either in utero or related to the surgical repair. A change in current surgical therapy is NOT recommended. Angulation of the inferior vena cava - right atrial junction is potentially important because a) it may interfere with venous cardiac catheterization from \"below\", b) it poses a danger to inferior vena caval cannulation for cardio-pulmonary by-pass, and c) it may become obstructive with time producing portal hypertension.", "contents": "Angulation of the inferior vena cava-right atrial junction in children with repaired omphalocele. Three children with repaired omphalocele underwent diagnostic cardiac catheterization. In addition to intracardiac shunts, each was found to have marked angulation at the junction of the inferior vena cava and the right atrium. After review of our autopsy material following omphalocele repair, it is suggested that the inferior vena cava - right atrial angulation is due to gradual abnormal fixation of this junction either in utero or related to the surgical repair. A change in current surgical therapy is NOT recommended. Angulation of the inferior vena cava - right atrial junction is potentially important because a) it may interfere with venous cardiac catheterization from \"below\", b) it poses a danger to inferior vena caval cannulation for cardio-pulmonary by-pass, and c) it may become obstructive with time producing portal hypertension.", "PMID": 846761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7234", "title": "Anorexia nervosa - the paucity of radiologic findings in more than fifty patients.", "content": "Anorexia nervosa is a self-imposed progressive starvation based on a psychiatric disorder. More than fifty patients (mainly adolescent girls) have had extensive radiologic evaluation. The radiographic findings are an absence of subcutaneous fat, with reduced muscle mass; the gastrointestinal findings are limited to moderate non-obstructive dilatation of small bowel loops with minimal effect on transit. These findings reflect the cachexia and in no way are diagnostic of anorexia nervosa per se.", "contents": "Anorexia nervosa - the paucity of radiologic findings in more than fifty patients. Anorexia nervosa is a self-imposed progressive starvation based on a psychiatric disorder. More than fifty patients (mainly adolescent girls) have had extensive radiologic evaluation. The radiographic findings are an absence of subcutaneous fat, with reduced muscle mass; the gastrointestinal findings are limited to moderate non-obstructive dilatation of small bowel loops with minimal effect on transit. These findings reflect the cachexia and in no way are diagnostic of anorexia nervosa per se.", "PMID": 846762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7235", "title": "Stenosis of the colon.", "content": "Seven cases of colonic stenosis due to an infectious, parasitic or ischemic origin are reported. Particular emphasis is laid on the need for an early differential diagnosis from Hirschsprung's disease.", "contents": "Stenosis of the colon. Seven cases of colonic stenosis due to an infectious, parasitic or ischemic origin are reported. Particular emphasis is laid on the need for an early differential diagnosis from Hirschsprung's disease.", "PMID": 846763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7236", "title": "Blind ureteric buds.", "content": "Four cases of blind ureteric bud are presented. This unusual abnormality is the result of abortive development of a normal bud or, more frequently, of an accessory bud brought into being by abnormal or premature division of the primary bud. - The disputed relationship between this abnormality and congenital ureteral and vescical diverticula is discussed. It is felt that the embryogenetic and anatomopathological evidence justifies the inclusion of some of the latter within the more extensive term \"blind ureteric bud\".", "contents": "Blind ureteric buds. Four cases of blind ureteric bud are presented. This unusual abnormality is the result of abortive development of a normal bud or, more frequently, of an accessory bud brought into being by abnormal or premature division of the primary bud. - The disputed relationship between this abnormality and congenital ureteral and vescical diverticula is discussed. It is felt that the embryogenetic and anatomopathological evidence justifies the inclusion of some of the latter within the more extensive term \"blind ureteric bud\".", "PMID": 846765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7237", "title": "Intrarenal collateral circulation in the pediatric patient.", "content": "The presence of an intrarenal collateral circulation in pediatric patients with segmental renal artery stenosis has not been stressed. Three patients demonstrating these collateral pathways are presented. The anatomy, pathogenesis, angiographic features, differential diagnosis, and significance of intrarenal collaterals in infants and children are discussed.", "contents": "Intrarenal collateral circulation in the pediatric patient. The presence of an intrarenal collateral circulation in pediatric patients with segmental renal artery stenosis has not been stressed. Three patients demonstrating these collateral pathways are presented. The anatomy, pathogenesis, angiographic features, differential diagnosis, and significance of intrarenal collaterals in infants and children are discussed.", "PMID": 846764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7238", "title": "Pycnodysostosis with Heterozygous beta-thalassemia.", "content": "A 6-year follow-up of a Greek girl with pycnodysostosis associated with heterozygous beta-thalassemia is reported. Active rickets in infancy was superimposed on pycnodysostosis. In the family the autosomal recessive disease, pycnodysostosis, appeared in two of three siblings in combination with the autosomal dominant disease, thalassemia minor.", "contents": "Pycnodysostosis with Heterozygous beta-thalassemia. A 6-year follow-up of a Greek girl with pycnodysostosis associated with heterozygous beta-thalassemia is reported. Active rickets in infancy was superimposed on pycnodysostosis. In the family the autosomal recessive disease, pycnodysostosis, appeared in two of three siblings in combination with the autosomal dominant disease, thalassemia minor.", "PMID": 846766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7239", "title": "Orbital teratoma in the newborn. A case report.", "content": "A case of congenital orbital teratoma is presented with illustrations and discussion of typical radiographic features which may facilitate preoperative diagnosis and treatment.", "contents": "Orbital teratoma in the newborn. A case report. A case of congenital orbital teratoma is presented with illustrations and discussion of typical radiographic features which may facilitate preoperative diagnosis and treatment.", "PMID": 846767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7240", "title": "Malignant recurrent extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma in a child. A case report.", "content": "A 16 year old male with a four year history of recurrent pheochromocytoma develops multiple osseous lytic lesions in the skull, clavicle, ribs, and fibula all of an expansile, ill-defined appearance. These are biopsy proven metastatic sites. To our knowledge this is the first reported proven case of malignant extra-adrenal or adrenal pheochromocytoma with multiple bone metastases in a child.", "contents": "Malignant recurrent extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma in a child. A case report. A 16 year old male with a four year history of recurrent pheochromocytoma develops multiple osseous lytic lesions in the skull, clavicle, ribs, and fibula all of an expansile, ill-defined appearance. These are biopsy proven metastatic sites. To our knowledge this is the first reported proven case of malignant extra-adrenal or adrenal pheochromocytoma with multiple bone metastases in a child.", "PMID": 846768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7241", "title": "Spondylotic deformity of the lumbar spine and previous lumbar punctures.", "content": "Iatrogenic acute spondylytis with secondary bacterial meningeal infection following lumbar punctures was observed in an 11 month old Negro boy. The infection healed but led to a spondylotic deformity of the lumbar spine.", "contents": "Spondylotic deformity of the lumbar spine and previous lumbar punctures. Iatrogenic acute spondylytis with secondary bacterial meningeal infection following lumbar punctures was observed in an 11 month old Negro boy. The infection healed but led to a spondylotic deformity of the lumbar spine.", "PMID": 846769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7242", "title": "Effect of halothane on arterial hepatic flow as reflected at coeliac angiography.", "content": "During halothane anaesthesia the hepatic blood flow may be reduced. This effect interferes with the angiographic investigation of the liver and this is demonstrated by the case presented.", "contents": "Effect of halothane on arterial hepatic flow as reflected at coeliac angiography. During halothane anaesthesia the hepatic blood flow may be reduced. This effect interferes with the angiographic investigation of the liver and this is demonstrated by the case presented.", "PMID": 846770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7243", "title": "The epidemiology of bronchiolitis.", "content": "From the data presented a composite epidemiologic picture of bronchiolitis can be drawn. If one uses a large brush the picture would be that of a common, mild disease during the first 2 years of life, due primarily to RSV and occurring predominantly in males during the winter and spring months. If the drawing is examined more closely, however, a more complex picture is seen. Our data suggest that this syndrome is very common indeed if children are followed closely and examined carefully, but under these circumstances is quite mild. If more strict criteria, such as hospitalization, are applied for inclusion of patients with bronchiolitis a different age distribution is seen. Most children who become severely ill are under 6 months of age and in this group morbidity and mortality are high. Agents other than RSV cause bronchiolitis but in these instances the age occurrence and seasonal occurrence are different from those seen with RSV disease. The predominance of bronchiolitis in males is striking. Our day care center data suggest that mild bronchiolitis occurs with equal sex frequency. This would suggest that the reason more boys are carried to the pediatrician or hospitalized is because they get sicker. Further studies on this phenomenon are in progress. Finally, our data suggest that many bronchiolitis cases from whom no agents were isolated were due to RSV. There is, however, a segment of bronchiolitis cases that occurs in the young child during all seasons which suggests that the young bronchiole may react to a variety of stimuli. This poses a real problem for the investigator of bronchiolitis; hopefully meaningful answers will be available soon.", "contents": "The epidemiology of bronchiolitis. From the data presented a composite epidemiologic picture of bronchiolitis can be drawn. If one uses a large brush the picture would be that of a common, mild disease during the first 2 years of life, due primarily to RSV and occurring predominantly in males during the winter and spring months. If the drawing is examined more closely, however, a more complex picture is seen. Our data suggest that this syndrome is very common indeed if children are followed closely and examined carefully, but under these circumstances is quite mild. If more strict criteria, such as hospitalization, are applied for inclusion of patients with bronchiolitis a different age distribution is seen. Most children who become severely ill are under 6 months of age and in this group morbidity and mortality are high. Agents other than RSV cause bronchiolitis but in these instances the age occurrence and seasonal occurrence are different from those seen with RSV disease. The predominance of bronchiolitis in males is striking. Our day care center data suggest that mild bronchiolitis occurs with equal sex frequency. This would suggest that the reason more boys are carried to the pediatrician or hospitalized is because they get sicker. Further studies on this phenomenon are in progress. Finally, our data suggest that many bronchiolitis cases from whom no agents were isolated were due to RSV. There is, however, a segment of bronchiolitis cases that occurs in the young child during all seasons which suggests that the young bronchiole may react to a variety of stimuli. This poses a real problem for the investigator of bronchiolitis; hopefully meaningful answers will be available soon.", "PMID": 846774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7244", "title": "The immediate ventilatory response to added inspiratory elastic and resistive loads in preterm infants.", "content": "We measured the changes in tidal volume, duration of the various phases of the respiratory cycle, and peak nasal pressure during elastic and resistive loading in preterm infants. Values were calculated during the first loaded breath, when chemical drive was unchanged. Tidal volume decreased by equivalent percentages with resistive loads of 400, 900, and 2,400 cm H2O/liter/sec, and elastic loads of 330, 1,000, and 3,000 cm H2O/liter. Infinite load was also applied (nasal occlusion). Inspiratory duration (ti) was prolonged during resistive loading, as compared with elastic loading (P less than 0.05). Changes in expiratory duration (Te) were not different with both loads (P greater than 0.05). Total duration of the respiratory cycle (T), however, tended to increase in relation to control, more so with resistive loads. Peak nasal pressure was greater with resistive than with elastic loads ( less than 0.025). We suggest that (1) preterm infants, like adult subjects and other animal species, increase inspiratory duration with resistive loads as compared with elastic loads; (2) T of the first loaded breath tends to increase with progressively larger loads and, consequently, instantaneous frequency tends to decrease; and (3) if peak nasal pressure reflects tension developed by the respiratory muscles, then the latter does not offer the inhibitory information needed to terminate inspiration.", "contents": "The immediate ventilatory response to added inspiratory elastic and resistive loads in preterm infants. We measured the changes in tidal volume, duration of the various phases of the respiratory cycle, and peak nasal pressure during elastic and resistive loading in preterm infants. Values were calculated during the first loaded breath, when chemical drive was unchanged. Tidal volume decreased by equivalent percentages with resistive loads of 400, 900, and 2,400 cm H2O/liter/sec, and elastic loads of 330, 1,000, and 3,000 cm H2O/liter. Infinite load was also applied (nasal occlusion). Inspiratory duration (ti) was prolonged during resistive loading, as compared with elastic loading (P less than 0.05). Changes in expiratory duration (Te) were not different with both loads (P greater than 0.05). Total duration of the respiratory cycle (T), however, tended to increase in relation to control, more so with resistive loads. Peak nasal pressure was greater with resistive than with elastic loads ( less than 0.025). We suggest that (1) preterm infants, like adult subjects and other animal species, increase inspiratory duration with resistive loads as compared with elastic loads; (2) T of the first loaded breath tends to increase with progressively larger loads and, consequently, instantaneous frequency tends to decrease; and (3) if peak nasal pressure reflects tension developed by the respiratory muscles, then the latter does not offer the inhibitory information needed to terminate inspiration.", "PMID": 846780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7245", "title": "Induction of fetal rat enterokinase (enteropeptidase EC. 3.4.21.9) in utero by hydrocortisone and actinomycin D.", "content": "Enterokinase activity is first detected in the small intestine of the rat at the 20th day of gestation, whereas sucrase activity first appears in the 14th day of postnatal life. Intraperitoneal injection of hydrocortisone to pregnant rats before the normal appearance of enterokinase in fetuses causes the premature appearance of enterokinase (58 +/- 8 units), but not of sucrase activity. The addition of actinomycin D in the pregnant rat results in supermaximal stimulation of enterokinase activity (229 +/- 25 units). Sucrase activity is stimulated by hydrocortisone when given in the first 3 days of life (118 +/- 0.04 units). The maximal induction occurs 2 days before the normal appearance of the enzyme in untreated animals (7.3 +/- 12 units). The addition of actinomycin D diminished the effect of hydrocortisone on sucrase activity in the neonatal rat (1.4 +/- 2 units versus 1.8 +/- 0.4 units in 3-day-old rats). Thus, enterokinase and sucrase of the small intestine of the fetal and infant rat respond differently to combined hydrocortisone and actinomycin D. The response to hydrocortisone is age dependent and the maximal induction occurs before the time of the natural appearance of the enzymes. No effect is elicited after the normal appearance of enterokinase or sucrase. Glucocoticoids stimulate an early appearance of small intestinal enzymes only before the expected time of the natural development burst of activity. In both, sucrase and enterokinase, glucocorticoids have no effect after the enzymes are fully developed. New enzymes develop in clusters during the late fetal, neonatal, and late sucking periods. The effect of glucocorticoids on the \"maturation\" of the small intestine is limited to the induction of one phase only; i.e., only before the late fetal period is the precocious appearance of enterokinase possible. The induction of enterokinase activity can serve as an indicator for the early phase of maturation. Whereas the induction of sucrase activity can serve as a marker for late phase of maturation of the small intestine in the rat. The superinduction of enterokinase, but not of sucrase activity, by the addition of actinomycin D to glucocorticoids might be related to the different stability of the mRNA's of these enzymes.", "contents": "Induction of fetal rat enterokinase (enteropeptidase EC. 3.4.21.9) in utero by hydrocortisone and actinomycin D. Enterokinase activity is first detected in the small intestine of the rat at the 20th day of gestation, whereas sucrase activity first appears in the 14th day of postnatal life. Intraperitoneal injection of hydrocortisone to pregnant rats before the normal appearance of enterokinase in fetuses causes the premature appearance of enterokinase (58 +/- 8 units), but not of sucrase activity. The addition of actinomycin D in the pregnant rat results in supermaximal stimulation of enterokinase activity (229 +/- 25 units). Sucrase activity is stimulated by hydrocortisone when given in the first 3 days of life (118 +/- 0.04 units). The maximal induction occurs 2 days before the normal appearance of the enzyme in untreated animals (7.3 +/- 12 units). The addition of actinomycin D diminished the effect of hydrocortisone on sucrase activity in the neonatal rat (1.4 +/- 2 units versus 1.8 +/- 0.4 units in 3-day-old rats). Thus, enterokinase and sucrase of the small intestine of the fetal and infant rat respond differently to combined hydrocortisone and actinomycin D. The response to hydrocortisone is age dependent and the maximal induction occurs before the time of the natural appearance of the enzymes. No effect is elicited after the normal appearance of enterokinase or sucrase. Glucocoticoids stimulate an early appearance of small intestinal enzymes only before the expected time of the natural development burst of activity. In both, sucrase and enterokinase, glucocorticoids have no effect after the enzymes are fully developed. New enzymes develop in clusters during the late fetal, neonatal, and late sucking periods. The effect of glucocorticoids on the \"maturation\" of the small intestine is limited to the induction of one phase only; i.e., only before the late fetal period is the precocious appearance of enterokinase possible. The induction of enterokinase activity can serve as an indicator for the early phase of maturation. Whereas the induction of sucrase activity can serve as a marker for late phase of maturation of the small intestine in the rat. The superinduction of enterokinase, but not of sucrase activity, by the addition of actinomycin D to glucocorticoids might be related to the different stability of the mRNA's of these enzymes.", "PMID": 846781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7246", "title": "Alternative pathway of complement in sickle cell disease.", "content": "Thirty-one patients, 10 months to 20 years of age, were studied. A complement abnormality was not identified in sera from patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) by the methods employed in the present study. Concentrations of C3, factor B, total hemolytic activity (CH50), properdin, and C3b inactivator were similar in sera from patients and control subjects (Table 1 and Fig. 2). Although concentrations of C3b inactivator protein were below normal in a few patients, there was no evidence that these levels were low enough to alter the functions mediated by this protein. Initiation of the complement sequence via the alternative pathway by reaction with inulin was equal in patient and control sera when assessed by the activation of factor B, cleavage of C3 and the comsumption of hemolytic complement components (Table 1). Lysis of erythrocytes treated with reduced glutathione was similar in patient and control sera during alternative pathway activation (Fig. 3), indicating comparable formation of lytic complexes via this pathway. An abnormality of the alternative pathway was not detected when the serum from patients with sickle cell disease was reacted with inulin. Thus, this polysaccharide, although commonly empolyed to assess alternative pathway function, is not satisfactory for studying serum from these patients. In addition, activation of the alternative pathway by cobra venom factor was comparable with controls when assessed by the lysis of glutathione-treated erythrocytes.", "contents": "Alternative pathway of complement in sickle cell disease. Thirty-one patients, 10 months to 20 years of age, were studied. A complement abnormality was not identified in sera from patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) by the methods employed in the present study. Concentrations of C3, factor B, total hemolytic activity (CH50), properdin, and C3b inactivator were similar in sera from patients and control subjects (Table 1 and Fig. 2). Although concentrations of C3b inactivator protein were below normal in a few patients, there was no evidence that these levels were low enough to alter the functions mediated by this protein. Initiation of the complement sequence via the alternative pathway by reaction with inulin was equal in patient and control sera when assessed by the activation of factor B, cleavage of C3 and the comsumption of hemolytic complement components (Table 1). Lysis of erythrocytes treated with reduced glutathione was similar in patient and control sera during alternative pathway activation (Fig. 3), indicating comparable formation of lytic complexes via this pathway. An abnormality of the alternative pathway was not detected when the serum from patients with sickle cell disease was reacted with inulin. Thus, this polysaccharide, although commonly empolyed to assess alternative pathway function, is not satisfactory for studying serum from these patients. In addition, activation of the alternative pathway by cobra venom factor was comparable with controls when assessed by the lysis of glutathione-treated erythrocytes.", "PMID": 846782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7247", "title": "Pyrimidine metabolism during restorative brain growth after neonatal undernutrition in the rat.", "content": "Three litters of 20 Wistar rat pups each were maintained until age 6 days at which time only the 4 lightest and 4 heaviest pups from each litter were left with the mother until age 13 days. Three control litters of eight pups each were also maintained for 13 days. At that time, the undernourished light pups showed body weight, cerebellar weight, and cerebellar DNA, respectively, of 79.2%, 86.6%, and 90.4% compared with a \"combined control\" group consisting of control pups plus undernourished heavy pups which were statistically indistinguishable with regard to these three measurements. After the week of \"catch-up\" or restorative body and brain growth, activities of enzymes from metabolic pathways leading to pyrimidine and nucleic acid biosynthesis were measured in cerebella from all three groups (control, undernourished heavy, and undernourished light). The salvage pathway enzyme thymidine kinase (TK) and the inter-conversion pathway enzyme thymidylate synthetase (TS) in the undernourished light group showed significant elevations of 32% and 11%, respectively, above activity in the combined control group. The salvage pathway enzyme uridine kinase (UK) and the de novo pathway enzyme aspartate transcarbamylase were not significantly different in cerebella from these two groups. The significant elevation in TK and TS in undernourished pups suggest that these enzymes are critical for restorative brain growth. The significant elevation of TS indicates that the inter-conversion pathway converting available uridylate, a ribonucleotide, to thymidylate, a deoxyribonucleotide, is activated in order to augment DNA biosynthesis.", "contents": "Pyrimidine metabolism during restorative brain growth after neonatal undernutrition in the rat. Three litters of 20 Wistar rat pups each were maintained until age 6 days at which time only the 4 lightest and 4 heaviest pups from each litter were left with the mother until age 13 days. Three control litters of eight pups each were also maintained for 13 days. At that time, the undernourished light pups showed body weight, cerebellar weight, and cerebellar DNA, respectively, of 79.2%, 86.6%, and 90.4% compared with a \"combined control\" group consisting of control pups plus undernourished heavy pups which were statistically indistinguishable with regard to these three measurements. After the week of \"catch-up\" or restorative body and brain growth, activities of enzymes from metabolic pathways leading to pyrimidine and nucleic acid biosynthesis were measured in cerebella from all three groups (control, undernourished heavy, and undernourished light). The salvage pathway enzyme thymidine kinase (TK) and the inter-conversion pathway enzyme thymidylate synthetase (TS) in the undernourished light group showed significant elevations of 32% and 11%, respectively, above activity in the combined control group. The salvage pathway enzyme uridine kinase (UK) and the de novo pathway enzyme aspartate transcarbamylase were not significantly different in cerebella from these two groups. The significant elevation in TK and TS in undernourished pups suggest that these enzymes are critical for restorative brain growth. The significant elevation of TS indicates that the inter-conversion pathway converting available uridylate, a ribonucleotide, to thymidylate, a deoxyribonucleotide, is activated in order to augment DNA biosynthesis.", "PMID": 846783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7248", "title": "Effect of 4-pentenoate on rat liver ornithine transcarbamylase.", "content": "The effect of 4-pentenoate on rat liver ornithine transcarbamylase was studied. No effect was found. It is concluded that the effect of 4-pentenoic acid on ornithine transcarbamylase reported by others was probably due to technical errors. Available evidence indicates that 4-pentenoate inhibits ureagenesis by interfering with mitochondrial energy metabolism, which in turn impairs mitochondrial ornithine transport or depletes mitochondrial ATP, impairing carbamyl phosphate synthesis, or both.", "contents": "Effect of 4-pentenoate on rat liver ornithine transcarbamylase. The effect of 4-pentenoate on rat liver ornithine transcarbamylase was studied. No effect was found. It is concluded that the effect of 4-pentenoic acid on ornithine transcarbamylase reported by others was probably due to technical errors. Available evidence indicates that 4-pentenoate inhibits ureagenesis by interfering with mitochondrial energy metabolism, which in turn impairs mitochondrial ornithine transport or depletes mitochondrial ATP, impairing carbamyl phosphate synthesis, or both.", "PMID": 846784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7249", "title": "Studies on cystic fibrosis using isoelectric focusing. IV. Distinction between ciliary dyskinesia activity in cystic fibrosis and asthmatic sera and association of cystic fibrosis protein with the activity in cystic fibrosis serum.", "content": "The cystic fibrosis protein (CFP) and ciliary dyskinesia activities (CDA) in sera from CF homozygotes, heterozygote carriers, and individuals with bronchial asthma have been partially purified. Concurrently, the CDA's in sera from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) or bronchial asthma were shown to be different substances by ion-exchange or gel permeation chromatographic procedures. Sephadex G-200 chromatography indicated that the CF-CDA eluted with a protein fraction of molecular weight (MW) 68,000-150,000 and that the asthma CDA was found in a protein fraction of MV greater than 150,000. The two activities could also be separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Prior acidification of whole normal, CF homozygote, obligate heterozygote, or asthmatic sera to pH 3.7 using EDTA, followed by fractionation of Sephadex G-200 removed all the CDA's from fractions of highermolecular  weight and shifted the activities to a protein fraction of MW 1,100-13,700. This procedure afforded a 200-fold purification of the CDA's in sera from patients with asthma or CF. EDTA treatment, however, also generated a CDA in previously nonreactive normal sera. Subsequent fractionation of the various active G-200 fractions on Bio-Gel P10 allowed for the separation of three separate activities (Bio-Gel Fractions I, II-IV, and V). Fraction I was shown to represent the activity in sera from patients with asthma and was determined to be C3a (MW 9,000). Fraction I was also found in normal, CF, and carrier sera and therefore is not a specific CDA. Fraction II-IV is thought to represent a CF-specific CDA (MW 5,000) since it could not be demonstrated in either normal or asthmatic sera but was found in sera of obligate heterozygotes. Fraction III-IV also did not react with antisera to human C3a. Fraction V was generated from all serum types upon acidification of the serum with EDTA and is thought to be a nonspecific CDA. Bio-Gel P10 filtration of Sephadex G-200 fractions provided 823-fold and 650-fold purification of the asthmatic and CF CDA's, respectively. Concurrent analysis of column fractions for CDA's by bioassay and for CFP by electrofocusing showed CFP only in fractions that contained the CF-CDA. Combined analyses employing acid disc gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, and EDTA treatment of active CF-immunoglobulin (Ig) G and Sephadex G-200 column fractions, followed by Bio-Gel P10 chromatography, provided evidence that CFP was associated with the CF-CDA. It is unknown as yet whether CFP itself is responsible for the CF-CDA activity.", "contents": "Studies on cystic fibrosis using isoelectric focusing. IV. Distinction between ciliary dyskinesia activity in cystic fibrosis and asthmatic sera and association of cystic fibrosis protein with the activity in cystic fibrosis serum. The cystic fibrosis protein (CFP) and ciliary dyskinesia activities (CDA) in sera from CF homozygotes, heterozygote carriers, and individuals with bronchial asthma have been partially purified. Concurrently, the CDA's in sera from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) or bronchial asthma were shown to be different substances by ion-exchange or gel permeation chromatographic procedures. Sephadex G-200 chromatography indicated that the CF-CDA eluted with a protein fraction of molecular weight (MW) 68,000-150,000 and that the asthma CDA was found in a protein fraction of MV greater than 150,000. The two activities could also be separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Prior acidification of whole normal, CF homozygote, obligate heterozygote, or asthmatic sera to pH 3.7 using EDTA, followed by fractionation of Sephadex G-200 removed all the CDA's from fractions of highermolecular  weight and shifted the activities to a protein fraction of MW 1,100-13,700. This procedure afforded a 200-fold purification of the CDA's in sera from patients with asthma or CF. EDTA treatment, however, also generated a CDA in previously nonreactive normal sera. Subsequent fractionation of the various active G-200 fractions on Bio-Gel P10 allowed for the separation of three separate activities (Bio-Gel Fractions I, II-IV, and V). Fraction I was shown to represent the activity in sera from patients with asthma and was determined to be C3a (MW 9,000). Fraction I was also found in normal, CF, and carrier sera and therefore is not a specific CDA. Fraction II-IV is thought to represent a CF-specific CDA (MW 5,000) since it could not be demonstrated in either normal or asthmatic sera but was found in sera of obligate heterozygotes. Fraction III-IV also did not react with antisera to human C3a. Fraction V was generated from all serum types upon acidification of the serum with EDTA and is thought to be a nonspecific CDA. Bio-Gel P10 filtration of Sephadex G-200 fractions provided 823-fold and 650-fold purification of the asthmatic and CF CDA's, respectively. Concurrent analysis of column fractions for CDA's by bioassay and for CFP by electrofocusing showed CFP only in fractions that contained the CF-CDA. Combined analyses employing acid disc gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, and EDTA treatment of active CF-immunoglobulin (Ig) G and Sephadex G-200 column fractions, followed by Bio-Gel P10 chromatography, provided evidence that CFP was associated with the CF-CDA. It is unknown as yet whether CFP itself is responsible for the CF-CDA activity.", "PMID": 846785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7250", "title": "[Lateral transparietal cholangiography. Okuda's technic. Remarks apropos of 111 examinations].", "content": "The diagnosis of proctated jaundice is done in 50% of all cases by clinical examination; in 30% of all cases by peritoneoscopy; in the other 20% instrumental opacification of the biliary tract is required (before the laparotomy) in order to determine the site and the nature of the cholestasis. Among these instrumental devices, a transhepatic cholangiography with the Okuda needle allows biliary tract opacification in 98% of all cases if the obstacle is extra-hepatic and in 69% of all cases if the obstacle is intra-hepatic. This technique is easy to perform, without danger, and readily available to any physician. It should be performed after the peritoneoscopy and before the retrograde cholangiography.", "contents": "[Lateral transparietal cholangiography. Okuda's technic. Remarks apropos of 111 examinations]. The diagnosis of proctated jaundice is done in 50% of all cases by clinical examination; in 30% of all cases by peritoneoscopy; in the other 20% instrumental opacification of the biliary tract is required (before the laparotomy) in order to determine the site and the nature of the cholestasis. Among these instrumental devices, a transhepatic cholangiography with the Okuda needle allows biliary tract opacification in 98% of all cases if the obstacle is extra-hepatic and in 69% of all cases if the obstacle is intra-hepatic. This technique is easy to perform, without danger, and readily available to any physician. It should be performed after the peritoneoscopy and before the retrograde cholangiography.", "PMID": 846839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7251", "title": "[Fine-needle percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. 84 cases].", "content": "The authors report the results of 84 percutaneous transhepatic cholangiographies using a fine needle, describing the technique. Beyond the context of jaundice, failure of or inadequate opravenous cholangiography requires the use of other radiological techniques. By virtue of its simplicity, its usually good tolerance and its results, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography has a place of choice in these indications. Its value in comparison with other non-surgical methods of direct opacification of the biliary tract is discussed.", "contents": "[Fine-needle percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. 84 cases]. The authors report the results of 84 percutaneous transhepatic cholangiographies using a fine needle, describing the technique. Beyond the context of jaundice, failure of or inadequate opravenous cholangiography requires the use of other radiological techniques. By virtue of its simplicity, its usually good tolerance and its results, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography has a place of choice in these indications. Its value in comparison with other non-surgical methods of direct opacification of the biliary tract is discussed.", "PMID": 846840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7252", "title": "[Heat stroke with anuria, muscular disorders and early hypercalcemia].", "content": "A case is reported of heat stroke associating dehydration, anuria, muscle disorders and early hypercalcemia. All disorders disappeared within 48 hours with rehydration. Early hypercalcemia differs from late hypercalcemia reported at resumption of diuresis. Early hypercalcemia might result from blood concentration with hyperproteinemia and release of bone calcium under the action of PTH. Its prognosis is good, which is not the case of late hypercalcemia.", "contents": "[Heat stroke with anuria, muscular disorders and early hypercalcemia]. A case is reported of heat stroke associating dehydration, anuria, muscle disorders and early hypercalcemia. All disorders disappeared within 48 hours with rehydration. Early hypercalcemia differs from late hypercalcemia reported at resumption of diuresis. Early hypercalcemia might result from blood concentration with hyperproteinemia and release of bone calcium under the action of PTH. Its prognosis is good, which is not the case of late hypercalcemia.", "PMID": 846841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7253", "title": "[Nephrotoxicity of gentamicin. Conditions for the use of this antibiotic in the elderly and in the patient with renal insufficiency].", "content": "Reversible acute renal failure was observed in 13 patients after combined antibiotic therapy using gentamicin. High and prolonged doses were used in 7 patients whose initial renal function was normal, while 6 other patients with preceding chronic renal insufficiency received usual doses of gentamicin. Precipitating factors were: increasing age, previous renal impairment, and combined use of other antibiotics, mainly cefalotin (8 patients). The nephrotoxicity of gentamicin is poor but well established, and may be prevented by checking the initial renal function, adjusting the dosage subsequently, and monitoring the renal function and gentamicin serum levels during therapy.", "contents": "[Nephrotoxicity of gentamicin. Conditions for the use of this antibiotic in the elderly and in the patient with renal insufficiency]. Reversible acute renal failure was observed in 13 patients after combined antibiotic therapy using gentamicin. High and prolonged doses were used in 7 patients whose initial renal function was normal, while 6 other patients with preceding chronic renal insufficiency received usual doses of gentamicin. Precipitating factors were: increasing age, previous renal impairment, and combined use of other antibiotics, mainly cefalotin (8 patients). The nephrotoxicity of gentamicin is poor but well established, and may be prevented by checking the initial renal function, adjusting the dosage subsequently, and monitoring the renal function and gentamicin serum levels during therapy.", "PMID": 846852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7254", "title": "[Digital necroses of the upper limb. 86 cases].", "content": "The authors study 86 cases of ischaemic problems affecting the upper limb associated with digital necrosis. They emphasise the wide range of aetiologies encountered and discuss the relationship between this syndrome and the main forms of arterial disease, principally inflammatory, scleroderma appearing to be the dominant though not sole aetiology. The aetiological results are also studied in relation to the extent of the necrosis and the sex of the patient. These data are compared with those found in the literature.", "contents": "[Digital necroses of the upper limb. 86 cases]. The authors study 86 cases of ischaemic problems affecting the upper limb associated with digital necrosis. They emphasise the wide range of aetiologies encountered and discuss the relationship between this syndrome and the main forms of arterial disease, principally inflammatory, scleroderma appearing to be the dominant though not sole aetiology. The aetiological results are also studied in relation to the extent of the necrosis and the sex of the patient. These data are compared with those found in the literature.", "PMID": 846853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7255", "title": "[Breast cancer in man].", "content": "Mortality from carcinoma of the breast in man varied from 0.6 to 0.8 per 100,000 from 1950 to 1970. Over the same period the equivalent figures in women were 22 to 29 per 100,000. From 1955 to 1968, the Enqu\u00eate Permanente Cancer recorded 537 cases of carcinoma of the breast in men. 293 of which were seen before any treatment. This last group is described with respect to the age of the patient, the topography of the tumour, the histology, the tumor node metastasis and treatment. Survival rates were as follows: 39.2% at 5 years, 23.7% at 10 years and 16% at 20 years. The relative survival was 49% at 5 years, 37.5% at 10 years and 43.8% at 20 years. These results are identical to those published for numerically similar series. In this enquiry, a comparison between the results of carcinoma of the breast in men and women showed no difference.", "contents": "[Breast cancer in man]. Mortality from carcinoma of the breast in man varied from 0.6 to 0.8 per 100,000 from 1950 to 1970. Over the same period the equivalent figures in women were 22 to 29 per 100,000. From 1955 to 1968, the Enqu\u00eate Permanente Cancer recorded 537 cases of carcinoma of the breast in men. 293 of which were seen before any treatment. This last group is described with respect to the age of the patient, the topography of the tumour, the histology, the tumor node metastasis and treatment. Survival rates were as follows: 39.2% at 5 years, 23.7% at 10 years and 16% at 20 years. The relative survival was 49% at 5 years, 37.5% at 10 years and 43.8% at 20 years. These results are identical to those published for numerically similar series. In this enquiry, a comparison between the results of carcinoma of the breast in men and women showed no difference.", "PMID": 846856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7256", "title": "[Prognosis of visceral and osseous metastases of differentiated thyroid cancers. 24 cases].", "content": "Twenty four cases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma with distant metastases are analysed. Prolonged survival periods are possible. The best prognosis in papillary forms is stressed. Metastases fixing I131 progress more slowly, as a result of treatment with radioactive iodine but apparently also by virtue of the higher degree of differentiation of such metastases. One case of apparent cure of pulmonary metastasis after treatment with radioactive iodine is described. Surgery and external radiotherapy retain a place of choice in the treatment of metastases. In our experience, chemotherapy has been disappointing.", "contents": "[Prognosis of visceral and osseous metastases of differentiated thyroid cancers. 24 cases]. Twenty four cases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma with distant metastases are analysed. Prolonged survival periods are possible. The best prognosis in papillary forms is stressed. Metastases fixing I131 progress more slowly, as a result of treatment with radioactive iodine but apparently also by virtue of the higher degree of differentiation of such metastases. One case of apparent cure of pulmonary metastasis after treatment with radioactive iodine is described. Surgery and external radiotherapy retain a place of choice in the treatment of metastases. In our experience, chemotherapy has been disappointing.", "PMID": 846857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7257", "title": "[131I therapy in hyperthyroidism. Results of treatment from 1960-1974].", "content": "488 PATIENTS WITH Graves' disease were treated by 131Iodine between 1960 and 1974. 427 (87,5%) of these patients were reexamined several times (clinically, 131I-uptake, PB127I, T4 (CPB-A), T3-uptake, and since 1973 TRH-test). The 131I was given as an individually calculated single dose treatment, using 7 000 -- 10 000 rd before 1965 and 6 000 rd thereafter. Two thirds of the patients became euthyroid after a single 131I-dose. In 20% the treatment had to be repeated. These patients show evidently a different biological behaviour of their disease, since multiple treatments revealed a higher rate of failure (33--35%). There is no principal difference between the out-come after 131I-therapy and surgery concerning the rate of failure, respectively relapse (3--4%) and hypothyroidism. Early incidence of hypothyrodism is dose--dependent, as could be shown in patients treated with higher doses before 1965. The reduction of the irradiation dose to 6 000 rd was followed by a drop of hypothyroidism from 18% to 7%. The reasons of late incidence of hypothyroidism are discussed. The incidence of hypothroidism  was calculated by three different methods (over-all incidence, incidence within the observed interval after therapy, life-table method). All three methods revealed different results. This has to be taken into account comparing results after radioiodine as well as after surgery. Radioiodine therapy for hyperthyroidism offers a true alternative to surgery.", "contents": "[131I therapy in hyperthyroidism. Results of treatment from 1960-1974]. 488 PATIENTS WITH Graves' disease were treated by 131Iodine between 1960 and 1974. 427 (87,5%) of these patients were reexamined several times (clinically, 131I-uptake, PB127I, T4 (CPB-A), T3-uptake, and since 1973 TRH-test). The 131I was given as an individually calculated single dose treatment, using 7 000 -- 10 000 rd before 1965 and 6 000 rd thereafter. Two thirds of the patients became euthyroid after a single 131I-dose. In 20% the treatment had to be repeated. These patients show evidently a different biological behaviour of their disease, since multiple treatments revealed a higher rate of failure (33--35%). There is no principal difference between the out-come after 131I-therapy and surgery concerning the rate of failure, respectively relapse (3--4%) and hypothyroidism. Early incidence of hypothyrodism is dose--dependent, as could be shown in patients treated with higher doses before 1965. The reduction of the irradiation dose to 6 000 rd was followed by a drop of hypothyroidism from 18% to 7%. The reasons of late incidence of hypothyroidism are discussed. The incidence of hypothroidism  was calculated by three different methods (over-all incidence, incidence within the observed interval after therapy, life-table method). All three methods revealed different results. This has to be taken into account comparing results after radioiodine as well as after surgery. Radioiodine therapy for hyperthyroidism offers a true alternative to surgery.", "PMID": 846862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7258", "title": "The use of 81mKr gas for the measurement of absolute regional lung ventilation.", "content": "In this paper a new method of using 81mKr for the measurement of specific absolute regional lung ventilation is described. Experimental data suitable for the  calculation of quantitative regional ventilation are provided using an adequate respiratory system for 81mKr dosage and a scintillation gamma camera interfaced to a digital computer. A simple mathematical lung model for the inhalation of 81mKr is used to determine the specific ventilation and the parameters proportional to the ventilation for the whole lung and different lung regions in patients and in healthy subjects. The lung count rate for a given region correlated well with the ventilation of that region. Clinical examples are given and discussed.", "contents": "The use of 81mKr gas for the measurement of absolute regional lung ventilation. In this paper a new method of using 81mKr for the measurement of specific absolute regional lung ventilation is described. Experimental data suitable for the  calculation of quantitative regional ventilation are provided using an adequate respiratory system for 81mKr dosage and a scintillation gamma camera interfaced to a digital computer. A simple mathematical lung model for the inhalation of 81mKr is used to determine the specific ventilation and the parameters proportional to the ventilation for the whole lung and different lung regions in patients and in healthy subjects. The lung count rate for a given region correlated well with the ventilation of that region. Clinical examples are given and discussed.", "PMID": 846863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7259", "title": "[Relative uptake of 99mTc-diphosphate and its temporal change in bone diseases].", "content": "Quantitative regional measurements of the distribution of a bone seeking radiopharmaceutical is performed easily together with a bone scan using a scintillation camera. Comparative measurements of regional radioactivities yield a  ratio of relative uptake. The time change of such a relative uptake ratio is obtained by repeating the regional comparison measurements after a 4--8 weeks interval. The time change of the relative uptake ratio was found to be a clinically useful parameter in the follow-up of skeletal diseases. A decrease in the relative uptake ratio was found with healing fractures, with receding osteomyelitis and during radiation therapy of bone metastases; an  increase was observed with spreading metastases, developing osteomyelitis, developing pseudathrosis, and in the beginning of normal fracture healing.", "contents": "[Relative uptake of 99mTc-diphosphate and its temporal change in bone diseases]. Quantitative regional measurements of the distribution of a bone seeking radiopharmaceutical is performed easily together with a bone scan using a scintillation camera. Comparative measurements of regional radioactivities yield a  ratio of relative uptake. The time change of such a relative uptake ratio is obtained by repeating the regional comparison measurements after a 4--8 weeks interval. The time change of the relative uptake ratio was found to be a clinically useful parameter in the follow-up of skeletal diseases. A decrease in the relative uptake ratio was found with healing fractures, with receding osteomyelitis and during radiation therapy of bone metastases; an  increase was observed with spreading metastases, developing osteomyelitis, developing pseudathrosis, and in the beginning of normal fracture healing.", "PMID": 846864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7260", "title": "Basic studies of various 99mTc-labelled renal agents and clinical application of 99mTc-malate.", "content": "Various renal imaging agents that were reported in the past and a new agent, 99mTc-malate as well as99mTc-cystein acetazolamide complex were prepared using electrolysis and electrochemical methods. These were studied for their labelling efficiency. After animal experiments with selected 99mTc-compounds, 99mTc-malate proved to be sufficient for renal imaging with adequate concentration. 99mTc-malate differs from other renal imaging agents in the utilization of endogeneous metabolic product. The first half time of 99mTc-malate in humans is 17 minutes, on the average, and the urinary excretion  rate of 99mTc-malate is 36+/-6.05% in 1 hour after  intravenous administration, 44+/-3.41% in 2 hours and 50+/-5.62% in 3 hours. In our 40 clinical experiences of 99m-Tc-malate, most cases demonstrated quite clear renal images in the serial scintiphotos except cases whose serum creatinines were over 4.5 mg/dl.", "contents": "Basic studies of various 99mTc-labelled renal agents and clinical application of 99mTc-malate. Various renal imaging agents that were reported in the past and a new agent, 99mTc-malate as well as99mTc-cystein acetazolamide complex were prepared using electrolysis and electrochemical methods. These were studied for their labelling efficiency. After animal experiments with selected 99mTc-compounds, 99mTc-malate proved to be sufficient for renal imaging with adequate concentration. 99mTc-malate differs from other renal imaging agents in the utilization of endogeneous metabolic product. The first half time of 99mTc-malate in humans is 17 minutes, on the average, and the urinary excretion  rate of 99mTc-malate is 36+/-6.05% in 1 hour after  intravenous administration, 44+/-3.41% in 2 hours and 50+/-5.62% in 3 hours. In our 40 clinical experiences of 99m-Tc-malate, most cases demonstrated quite clear renal images in the serial scintiphotos except cases whose serum creatinines were over 4.5 mg/dl.", "PMID": 846865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7261", "title": "Purification of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase by hydrophobic and affinity chromatography.", "content": "UDP-glucose dehydrogenase was purified from an extract of calf liver acetone powder by sequential chromatography on norleucine-agarose, Type 2, agarose-hexane-AMP, and UDP-hexanolamine-Sepharose. The overall yield of the highly purified enzyme was 80% and the subunit molecular weight was 52,000.", "contents": "Purification of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase by hydrophobic and affinity chromatography. UDP-glucose dehydrogenase was purified from an extract of calf liver acetone powder by sequential chromatography on norleucine-agarose, Type 2, agarose-hexane-AMP, and UDP-hexanolamine-Sepharose. The overall yield of the highly purified enzyme was 80% and the subunit molecular weight was 52,000.", "PMID": 846962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7262", "title": "Rapid separation of cells at unit gravity.", "content": "An apparatus is described for the rapid separation of cells at unit gravity. The apparatus is filled with a discontinuous density gradient, followed by the sample and then an overlay. The sedimentation chamber is turned from a vertical to a horizontal position before sedimentation takes place in order, (a) to form a continuous gradient out of the discontinuous gradient and, (b) to reduce the time required for the separation. After the sedimentation is completed the chamber is returned to a vertical position and the gradient fractionated by hydrostatic pressure using a newly developed floating device. The usefulness of the method is illustrated by the separation of leukemia cells in different phases of the life cycle.", "contents": "Rapid separation of cells at unit gravity. An apparatus is described for the rapid separation of cells at unit gravity. The apparatus is filled with a discontinuous density gradient, followed by the sample and then an overlay. The sedimentation chamber is turned from a vertical to a horizontal position before sedimentation takes place in order, (a) to form a continuous gradient out of the discontinuous gradient and, (b) to reduce the time required for the separation. After the sedimentation is completed the chamber is returned to a vertical position and the gradient fractionated by hydrostatic pressure using a newly developed floating device. The usefulness of the method is illustrated by the separation of leukemia cells in different phases of the life cycle.", "PMID": 846963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7263", "title": "Affinity purification methods. V1. A novel and rapid isolation procedure for lysozymes.", "content": "Lysozymes from animal and plant sources have been purified on agarose derivatives containing a phenylacetyl ligand. While this adsorbent can also bind chymotrypsin, the use of imidazole permits separation of lysozymes from the protease. The phenylacetyl-agarose is a general affinity sorbent bearing a ligand of non-biochemical origin in contrast to those, for example, which use nucleotide cofactors. By careful selection of desorption conditions, different enzymes can be purified with the same sorbent. Results also suggest that binding of lysozymes to an affinity ligand does not require a leash structure between ligand and support matrix.", "contents": "Affinity purification methods. V1. A novel and rapid isolation procedure for lysozymes. Lysozymes from animal and plant sources have been purified on agarose derivatives containing a phenylacetyl ligand. While this adsorbent can also bind chymotrypsin, the use of imidazole permits separation of lysozymes from the protease. The phenylacetyl-agarose is a general affinity sorbent bearing a ligand of non-biochemical origin in contrast to those, for example, which use nucleotide cofactors. By careful selection of desorption conditions, different enzymes can be purified with the same sorbent. Results also suggest that binding of lysozymes to an affinity ligand does not require a leash structure between ligand and support matrix.", "PMID": 846964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7264", "title": "[Effect of transformed steroid compounds on the adrenal gland function].", "content": "A study was made of the effect of steroid compounds of the pregnan series containing delta5-3-oxy- or delta4-3-keto-group in the A ring, oxygen-containing substitutes in the D ring and a built up 20-ketolateral chain on the adrenal gland function and the corticosterone-receptor (type III) interaction. The adrenal gland function was assessed by the rate of the aldosterone and corticosterone secretion into the adrenal vein and by the adrenaline content in the tissue of the rat adrenal gland. Replacement of delta4-3-keto-group by delta5-3-oxy-group in the A ring changed in a number of cases both the direction and the action intensity of the preparations on the adrenal gland function. Among the compounds of the delta4-3-ketone series in which the oxygen-containing substitutes were absent in the lateral chain at CC22 and 16 alpha, 17 alpha-epoxyderivatives there were revealed steroids which stimulated aldosterone secretion. Compounds with the 3-keto-group in the A ring significantly decreased the corticosterone-receptor interaction, whereas introduction into the position 17 of the steroid molecule (with the 3-oxy-group) of the oxy-group, and into the position 16 of the OAc-group increased the corticosterone-receptor interaction significantly.", "contents": "[Effect of transformed steroid compounds on the adrenal gland function]. A study was made of the effect of steroid compounds of the pregnan series containing delta5-3-oxy- or delta4-3-keto-group in the A ring, oxygen-containing substitutes in the D ring and a built up 20-ketolateral chain on the adrenal gland function and the corticosterone-receptor (type III) interaction. The adrenal gland function was assessed by the rate of the aldosterone and corticosterone secretion into the adrenal vein and by the adrenaline content in the tissue of the rat adrenal gland. Replacement of delta4-3-keto-group by delta5-3-oxy-group in the A ring changed in a number of cases both the direction and the action intensity of the preparations on the adrenal gland function. Among the compounds of the delta4-3-ketone series in which the oxygen-containing substitutes were absent in the lateral chain at CC22 and 16 alpha, 17 alpha-epoxyderivatives there were revealed steroids which stimulated aldosterone secretion. Compounds with the 3-keto-group in the A ring significantly decreased the corticosterone-receptor interaction, whereas introduction into the position 17 of the steroid molecule (with the 3-oxy-group) of the oxy-group, and into the position 16 of the OAc-group increased the corticosterone-receptor interaction significantly.", "PMID": 846965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7265", "title": "[Shifts in the electrolyte and energy metabolism of rat myocardium in experimental hypercorticism].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on 612 albino male rats; a complex study was made in the myocardium of K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, water, creatinphosphate, inorganic phosphorus, adenylic system components. A study was made of the effect of exogenous hypercorticism created by the administration of prednisolone, hydrocortisone and DOCA on the cardiac metabolism. Potassium-sodium tissue homeostasis in the myocardium proved to be stable under these conditions. Glucocorticoid hypercorticism was characterized by a reduction of creatinphosphate and by the accumulation of inorganic phosphate. DOCA administration failed to be significantly reflected on the balance of the phosphate macroerg balance. Glucocorticosteroids caused an increase in the Mg2+ and a reduction of the Cl- level, whereas DOCA brings about an increase of Ca2+ and Cl- in the myocardium. Dosaged sharp physical load is accompanied by the K+ cumulation in the myocardium. In the case of 2-hour swimming this is combined with a \"stable\" condition of the energy processes. When swimming is continued up to 5 hours there occurs a distinct disturbance of the balance of disintegration and resynthesis of the phosphate macroergs in the cardiac muscle. Administration of the corticosteroids under study against this background produced no significant influence on the character of the shifts in the electrolyte-energy metabolism, and failed to prevent the normal course of the restorative processes in the myocardium at the immediate period after the exercises.", "contents": "[Shifts in the electrolyte and energy metabolism of rat myocardium in experimental hypercorticism]. Experiments were conducted on 612 albino male rats; a complex study was made in the myocardium of K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, water, creatinphosphate, inorganic phosphorus, adenylic system components. A study was made of the effect of exogenous hypercorticism created by the administration of prednisolone, hydrocortisone and DOCA on the cardiac metabolism. Potassium-sodium tissue homeostasis in the myocardium proved to be stable under these conditions. Glucocorticoid hypercorticism was characterized by a reduction of creatinphosphate and by the accumulation of inorganic phosphate. DOCA administration failed to be significantly reflected on the balance of the phosphate macroerg balance. Glucocorticosteroids caused an increase in the Mg2+ and a reduction of the Cl- level, whereas DOCA brings about an increase of Ca2+ and Cl- in the myocardium. Dosaged sharp physical load is accompanied by the K+ cumulation in the myocardium. In the case of 2-hour swimming this is combined with a \"stable\" condition of the energy processes. When swimming is continued up to 5 hours there occurs a distinct disturbance of the balance of disintegration and resynthesis of the phosphate macroergs in the cardiac muscle. Administration of the corticosteroids under study against this background produced no significant influence on the character of the shifts in the electrolyte-energy metabolism, and failed to prevent the normal course of the restorative processes in the myocardium at the immediate period after the exercises.", "PMID": 846966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7266", "title": "[Liver circulation under the effect in intestinal hormones in patients with diabetes mellitus].", "content": "The following significant disturbances of the blood flow were revealed in the liver of 104 patients suffering from diabetes mellitus as a result of rheographic studies: a reduction of the amplitude-frequency index, of the sphygmometric velocity and of its components--the rate of rapid and slow blood filling. The intestinal hormones--secretion and cholecystokinin-pancreosimin improved these indices. The duration of their effect (1.5 U/kg, intravenously) was not less than 20, and not less than 10 min, respectively.", "contents": "[Liver circulation under the effect in intestinal hormones in patients with diabetes mellitus]. The following significant disturbances of the blood flow were revealed in the liver of 104 patients suffering from diabetes mellitus as a result of rheographic studies: a reduction of the amplitude-frequency index, of the sphygmometric velocity and of its components--the rate of rapid and slow blood filling. The intestinal hormones--secretion and cholecystokinin-pancreosimin improved these indices. The duration of their effect (1.5 U/kg, intravenously) was not less than 20, and not less than 10 min, respectively.", "PMID": 846967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7267", "title": "[Blood serum proteins in bilaterally adrenalectomized rats].", "content": "Ten days after bilateral adrenalectomy rats displayed a disturbance of the protein-synthesizing function of the liver expressed in hypo- and dysproteinemia (a reduction of albumin and an increase of globulin level). Twenty days after the operation there was a tendency to normalization of the mentioned function, and in 90 days the protein-forming function of the liver became normal; in all probability this was caused by the transformation of the regulating function of the organism and by the direct regulation of this function of the liver by the hypothalamo-hypophysial system.", "contents": "[Blood serum proteins in bilaterally adrenalectomized rats]. Ten days after bilateral adrenalectomy rats displayed a disturbance of the protein-synthesizing function of the liver expressed in hypo- and dysproteinemia (a reduction of albumin and an increase of globulin level). Twenty days after the operation there was a tendency to normalization of the mentioned function, and in 90 days the protein-forming function of the liver became normal; in all probability this was caused by the transformation of the regulating function of the organism and by the direct regulation of this function of the liver by the hypothalamo-hypophysial system.", "PMID": 846968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7268", "title": "[New modification of surgical model of diabetes mellitus].", "content": "For the purpose of modelling diabetes mellitus and exclusion of the external secretory function of the pancreas the authors elaborated two variants of pancreato-duodenal resections which were performed in 21 dogs. Advantages of these operations (reduction of postoperative mortality, etc.) in comparison with pancreatectomy after Markovich, performed in 38 dogs, were revealed.", "contents": "[New modification of surgical model of diabetes mellitus]. For the purpose of modelling diabetes mellitus and exclusion of the external secretory function of the pancreas the authors elaborated two variants of pancreato-duodenal resections which were performed in 21 dogs. Advantages of these operations (reduction of postoperative mortality, etc.) in comparison with pancreatectomy after Markovich, performed in 38 dogs, were revealed.", "PMID": 846969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7269", "title": "[Study of lipid metabolism in pregnant women with diabetes mellitus and in women with physiological pregnancy].", "content": "Blood serum free fatty acid (FFA), triglyceride (TG), cholesterol and phospholipid content was studied during the 3 pregnancy trimeters in 247 pregnant women--139 suffering from diabetes mellitus without adiposity, and 108 healthy ones. As revealed the concentration of all the lipid fractions under study increased with the progress of physiological pregnancy. The FFA, cholesterol, and phospholipid levels failed to differ in the pregnant women suffering from diabetes mellitus at the stage of compensation from the corresponding indices in the group of healthy pregnant women at the same periods of pregnancy; as to the TG content--it remained increased in comparison with control group, although lower than in decompensated diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "[Study of lipid metabolism in pregnant women with diabetes mellitus and in women with physiological pregnancy]. Blood serum free fatty acid (FFA), triglyceride (TG), cholesterol and phospholipid content was studied during the 3 pregnancy trimeters in 247 pregnant women--139 suffering from diabetes mellitus without adiposity, and 108 healthy ones. As revealed the concentration of all the lipid fractions under study increased with the progress of physiological pregnancy. The FFA, cholesterol, and phospholipid levels failed to differ in the pregnant women suffering from diabetes mellitus at the stage of compensation from the corresponding indices in the group of healthy pregnant women at the same periods of pregnancy; as to the TG content--it remained increased in comparison with control group, although lower than in decompensated diabetes mellitus.", "PMID": 846970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7270", "title": "[Blood serum euglobulins in diabetes mellitus and diabetic microangiopathies].", "content": "A study of serum euglobulins carried out in 26 patients with diabetes mellitus and in 14 healthy persons permitted to detect definite differences between sick and healthy individuals. In the patients with diabetes mellitus (most distinctly in those with microangiopathies) the level of soluble and insoluble in the phosphate buffer euglobulins was greater than in the healthy persons. The microprecipitation reaction and immunoelectrophoresis with the monospecific immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM and IgG) more frequent and higher titers demonstrated IgA and IgG in diabetic patients. More pronounced heterogeneity (particularly distinct in the subfraction of euglobulins insoluble in the phosphate buffer) than in healthy individuals was revealed in the patients with diabetic microangiopathies by disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. The data obtained served as the basis for the search in the serum euglobulins of the patients with diabetes of compounds possibly possessing the antigenic properties, capable of producing antibodies and immune complexes, i.e. the immunological factors taking part in the vascular wall injury.", "contents": "[Blood serum euglobulins in diabetes mellitus and diabetic microangiopathies]. A study of serum euglobulins carried out in 26 patients with diabetes mellitus and in 14 healthy persons permitted to detect definite differences between sick and healthy individuals. In the patients with diabetes mellitus (most distinctly in those with microangiopathies) the level of soluble and insoluble in the phosphate buffer euglobulins was greater than in the healthy persons. The microprecipitation reaction and immunoelectrophoresis with the monospecific immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM and IgG) more frequent and higher titers demonstrated IgA and IgG in diabetic patients. More pronounced heterogeneity (particularly distinct in the subfraction of euglobulins insoluble in the phosphate buffer) than in healthy individuals was revealed in the patients with diabetic microangiopathies by disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. The data obtained served as the basis for the search in the serum euglobulins of the patients with diabetes of compounds possibly possessing the antigenic properties, capable of producing antibodies and immune complexes, i.e. the immunological factors taking part in the vascular wall injury.", "PMID": 846971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7271", "title": "[Microcirculation and blood coagulation in patients with diabetes mellitus undergoing antidiabetic therapy of different types].", "content": "A comparative study of the peculiarities of the course of diabetes and metabolic disturbances, and also of the indices of capillary permeability, biomicroscopy of the conjunctival vessels, platelet aggregation, coagulorgam and blood clot retraction was carried out in the group of patients treated with insulin and sacharreducing sulfanilamides. Marked derangements in the microcirculatory system concerning both the vascular wall proper and of the rheological properties of the blood were revealed. These derangements were more distinct in the patients over 45 years of age with prolonged affection and the presence of vascular complications but proved to be independent of the therapy carried out.", "contents": "[Microcirculation and blood coagulation in patients with diabetes mellitus undergoing antidiabetic therapy of different types]. A comparative study of the peculiarities of the course of diabetes and metabolic disturbances, and also of the indices of capillary permeability, biomicroscopy of the conjunctival vessels, platelet aggregation, coagulorgam and blood clot retraction was carried out in the group of patients treated with insulin and sacharreducing sulfanilamides. Marked derangements in the microcirculatory system concerning both the vascular wall proper and of the rheological properties of the blood were revealed. These derangements were more distinct in the patients over 45 years of age with prolonged affection and the presence of vascular complications but proved to be independent of the therapy carried out.", "PMID": 846972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7272", "title": "[Concentration of protein-bound iodine in blood plasma in thyrotoxicosis at the early postoperative period and the effect of neuroleptoanalgesia].", "content": "The concentration of thyroid hormones increased in the blood of patients the first 2 days after the toxic goiter resection; the degree of this elevation proved to depend directly on the severity of thyrotoxicosis. Application of neuroleptanalgesia prevented in mild and moderately severe thyrotoxicosis, and decreased in severe toxicosis an increase in the blood thyroid hormone level undesirable at the early postoperative period.", "contents": "[Concentration of protein-bound iodine in blood plasma in thyrotoxicosis at the early postoperative period and the effect of neuroleptoanalgesia]. The concentration of thyroid hormones increased in the blood of patients the first 2 days after the toxic goiter resection; the degree of this elevation proved to depend directly on the severity of thyrotoxicosis. Application of neuroleptanalgesia prevented in mild and moderately severe thyrotoxicosis, and decreased in severe toxicosis an increase in the blood thyroid hormone level undesirable at the early postoperative period.", "PMID": 846973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7273", "title": "[Myocardial contractility and hemodynamics in hypothyroidism].", "content": "The author determined the phasic structure of the systole of the left ventricle by the method of polycardiography and hemodynamics in 20 patients suffering from hypothyrodism. Blood plasma and erythrocyte electrolytes were examined at the same time. Patients with hypothyroidism displayed a phasic syndrome of hypodynamia and a marked correlation between the phase of the synchronous contraction, the period of ejection, the strength of contraction of the left ventricle and the electrolyte content. Sodium and magnesium produced the greatest influence on the phasic structure of the systole; potassium and calcium had a lesser effect. The heart stroke volume diminished; as to the cardiac index, expenditure of the energy of cardiac contractions directed to the maintenance of movement of 1 litre of the minute blood volume; the external work, and the peripheral vascular resistance displayed no significant change.", "contents": "[Myocardial contractility and hemodynamics in hypothyroidism]. The author determined the phasic structure of the systole of the left ventricle by the method of polycardiography and hemodynamics in 20 patients suffering from hypothyrodism. Blood plasma and erythrocyte electrolytes were examined at the same time. Patients with hypothyroidism displayed a phasic syndrome of hypodynamia and a marked correlation between the phase of the synchronous contraction, the period of ejection, the strength of contraction of the left ventricle and the electrolyte content. Sodium and magnesium produced the greatest influence on the phasic structure of the systole; potassium and calcium had a lesser effect. The heart stroke volume diminished; as to the cardiac index, expenditure of the energy of cardiac contractions directed to the maintenance of movement of 1 litre of the minute blood volume; the external work, and the peripheral vascular resistance displayed no significant change.", "PMID": 846974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7274", "title": "[Dynamics of changes in the indicators of electrolyte metabolism after surgical treatment of Cushing's syndrome].", "content": "The authors present the results of study of the state of the water-electrolyte metabolism at the early postoperative period in 58 patients suffering from Itsenko-Cushing's disease with consideration of the potassium deficiency correction. Potassium and sodium level was studied in the plasma and the erythrocytes. Besides, in 31 patients potassium and sodium content were examined in the muscular tissue obtained during the operation. Hypoglycemia was revealed in 48.2% of the cases, and hypernatriemia--in 19.0%. A reduction of potassium level in the erythrocytes was revealed in 50%, and a rise of sodium--in 52% of cases. The muscle tissue potassium level fell in parallel to the reduction of this electrolyte level in the erythrocytes. Disturbances of the electrolyte balance proved to be most pronounced at the early postoperative period in the patients given no potassium preparations. Separate use of potassium preparations, or (particularly) together with veroshpiron, prevented potassium deficiency at the early postoperative period.", "contents": "[Dynamics of changes in the indicators of electrolyte metabolism after surgical treatment of Cushing's syndrome]. The authors present the results of study of the state of the water-electrolyte metabolism at the early postoperative period in 58 patients suffering from Itsenko-Cushing's disease with consideration of the potassium deficiency correction. Potassium and sodium level was studied in the plasma and the erythrocytes. Besides, in 31 patients potassium and sodium content were examined in the muscular tissue obtained during the operation. Hypoglycemia was revealed in 48.2% of the cases, and hypernatriemia--in 19.0%. A reduction of potassium level in the erythrocytes was revealed in 50%, and a rise of sodium--in 52% of cases. The muscle tissue potassium level fell in parallel to the reduction of this electrolyte level in the erythrocytes. Disturbances of the electrolyte balance proved to be most pronounced at the early postoperative period in the patients given no potassium preparations. Separate use of potassium preparations, or (particularly) together with veroshpiron, prevented potassium deficiency at the early postoperative period.", "PMID": 846976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7275", "title": "[Changes in the mammary glands, adrenal glands and thyroid gland in young female rats after castration and administration of sex hormones and hydrocortisone].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on young female rats with the aid of morphological, morphometric and histochemical methods; a study was made of the adrenal glands, mammary and the thyroid glands under conditions of castration and administration of synestrol, progesterone, both sex hormones, hydrocortisone. Sex hormones proved to produce a fulminant growth of the glandular tree against the background of reduction of the functional activity of the thyroid gland and relatively high indices of the hormonal activity of the fasciculo-reticular zone of the adrenal glands. A harmonious development of the glandular tree of the mammary glands was noted only under the effect of a simultaneous administration of synesterol and progesteron. A shift in the hormonal balance in the direction of synestrol caused the appearance of pathological deviations in the mammary glands by the type of cystic mastopathy. Under conditions of castration hydrocortisone produced a moderate stimulating influence on the mammary glands only in case of a prolonged action.", "contents": "[Changes in the mammary glands, adrenal glands and thyroid gland in young female rats after castration and administration of sex hormones and hydrocortisone]. Experiments were conducted on young female rats with the aid of morphological, morphometric and histochemical methods; a study was made of the adrenal glands, mammary and the thyroid glands under conditions of castration and administration of synestrol, progesterone, both sex hormones, hydrocortisone. Sex hormones proved to produce a fulminant growth of the glandular tree against the background of reduction of the functional activity of the thyroid gland and relatively high indices of the hormonal activity of the fasciculo-reticular zone of the adrenal glands. A harmonious development of the glandular tree of the mammary glands was noted only under the effect of a simultaneous administration of synesterol and progesteron. A shift in the hormonal balance in the direction of synestrol caused the appearance of pathological deviations in the mammary glands by the type of cystic mastopathy. Under conditions of castration hydrocortisone produced a moderate stimulating influence on the mammary glands only in case of a prolonged action.", "PMID": 846979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7276", "title": "[Blood plasma content of thyroxine and thyrotropic hormone in Cushing's syndrome and juvenile dyspituitarism syndrome].", "content": "The radioimmune method was applied to determination of the thyrotropic hormone (TTH) and thyroxin (T4) in the plasma of 20 patients with Itsenko-Cushing's disease and 12 patients with the syndrome of pubertal-juvenile dyspituitrism. The plasma thyroxin level proved to be lowered in the patients with Itsenko-Cushing's disease (3.1 +/- 0.9 gamma%); it was normal in the patients with the syndrome of pubertal-juvenile dyspituitrism (7.8 +/- 0.9 gamma%). The plasma TTH content gradually decreased in Itsenko-Cushing's disease with the increased duration of the malady. The TTH test demonstrated that the plasma T4 level was much less elevated in 24 hours in Itsenko-Cushing's disease than in the patients with the syndrome of pubertal-juvenile dyspituitrism (by 28 and 86% of the initial level, respectively). The differences in the functional condition of the hypothalamus-hypophysis-thyroid gland system in Itsenko-Cushing's disease and in the pubertal-juvenile dyspituitrism pointed to the different pathogenesis of these diseases.", "contents": "[Blood plasma content of thyroxine and thyrotropic hormone in Cushing's syndrome and juvenile dyspituitarism syndrome]. The radioimmune method was applied to determination of the thyrotropic hormone (TTH) and thyroxin (T4) in the plasma of 20 patients with Itsenko-Cushing's disease and 12 patients with the syndrome of pubertal-juvenile dyspituitrism. The plasma thyroxin level proved to be lowered in the patients with Itsenko-Cushing's disease (3.1 +/- 0.9 gamma%); it was normal in the patients with the syndrome of pubertal-juvenile dyspituitrism (7.8 +/- 0.9 gamma%). The plasma TTH content gradually decreased in Itsenko-Cushing's disease with the increased duration of the malady. The TTH test demonstrated that the plasma T4 level was much less elevated in 24 hours in Itsenko-Cushing's disease than in the patients with the syndrome of pubertal-juvenile dyspituitrism (by 28 and 86% of the initial level, respectively). The differences in the functional condition of the hypothalamus-hypophysis-thyroid gland system in Itsenko-Cushing's disease and in the pubertal-juvenile dyspituitrism pointed to the different pathogenesis of these diseases.", "PMID": 846975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7277", "title": "[Sensitivity to insulin in children and adolescents with susceptibility to diabetes].", "content": "In examining insulin sensitivity in 109 children and adolescents with heredity aggravated by diabetes there was noted a high incidence of various changes up to insulin resistance. Determination of insulin sensitivity should be referred to the methods of the earliest detection of disturbances in the general system of carbohydrate metabolism regulation in persons with heredity aggravated by diabetes.", "contents": "[Sensitivity to insulin in children and adolescents with susceptibility to diabetes]. In examining insulin sensitivity in 109 children and adolescents with heredity aggravated by diabetes there was noted a high incidence of various changes up to insulin resistance. Determination of insulin sensitivity should be referred to the methods of the earliest detection of disturbances in the general system of carbohydrate metabolism regulation in persons with heredity aggravated by diabetes.", "PMID": 846980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7278", "title": "[Seasonal changes of corticosteroid content in practically healthy young persons under condition of monsoon climate of Khabarovsk].", "content": "In 195 apparently healthy young men, residents of Khabarovsk, a study was made of the contents of the sum total 11-OCS, corticosteroids--free and protein-bound, cortizol and corticosterone in the blood plasma, and 17-OCS in the urine, depending on the season of the year, climatic and weather factors. Seasonal changes of glucocorticoid function of the adrenal cortex with the maximal plasma hormone level during winter and their greatest urinary excretion during summer were found. An increase of free (biologically-active) corticosteroid fraction was recorded during bad weather at all the seasons.", "contents": "[Seasonal changes of corticosteroid content in practically healthy young persons under condition of monsoon climate of Khabarovsk]. In 195 apparently healthy young men, residents of Khabarovsk, a study was made of the contents of the sum total 11-OCS, corticosteroids--free and protein-bound, cortizol and corticosterone in the blood plasma, and 17-OCS in the urine, depending on the season of the year, climatic and weather factors. Seasonal changes of glucocorticoid function of the adrenal cortex with the maximal plasma hormone level during winter and their greatest urinary excretion during summer were found. An increase of free (biologically-active) corticosteroid fraction was recorded during bad weather at all the seasons.", "PMID": 846978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7279", "title": "[Effect of large doses of progesterone on pregnancy, lactation and morphology of the corpora lutea].", "content": "Cells of the corpora lutea of albino rats were examined histochemically after the administration of high perogesteron doses at various periods of pregnancy and lactation. Before the prepartum exogenous progesteron failed to influence the fetal development, during the prepartum--led to prolongation of the periods of pregnancy, and by the 25th day--to the intrauterine death of the fetuses in 100% of cases. Progesteron administration during the lactation increased the lactic acid function. Saturation of the organism with exogenous progesteron was accompanied by depression of the secretory activity of the lutein cells without any functional changes in the interstitial cells. Metabolic processes were disturbed in the lutein cells, this being expressed in the interruption of formation of the secretory vacuoles, reduction of the plate complex of Golgi function and a sharp depression of the lipid synthesis. Mitochondria are subject to disintegration. A comparative morphofunctional analysis of the corpus luteum cells under conditions of directed changed hormonal balance confirmed the concept on the separate production of progestins and estrogens by two types of the secretory cells.", "contents": "[Effect of large doses of progesterone on pregnancy, lactation and morphology of the corpora lutea]. Cells of the corpora lutea of albino rats were examined histochemically after the administration of high perogesteron doses at various periods of pregnancy and lactation. Before the prepartum exogenous progesteron failed to influence the fetal development, during the prepartum--led to prolongation of the periods of pregnancy, and by the 25th day--to the intrauterine death of the fetuses in 100% of cases. Progesteron administration during the lactation increased the lactic acid function. Saturation of the organism with exogenous progesteron was accompanied by depression of the secretory activity of the lutein cells without any functional changes in the interstitial cells. Metabolic processes were disturbed in the lutein cells, this being expressed in the interruption of formation of the secretory vacuoles, reduction of the plate complex of Golgi function and a sharp depression of the lipid synthesis. Mitochondria are subject to disintegration. A comparative morphofunctional analysis of the corpus luteum cells under conditions of directed changed hormonal balance confirmed the concept on the separate production of progestins and estrogens by two types of the secretory cells.", "PMID": 846981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7280", "title": "[Utilization of cortisol and corticosterone by the tissue in thermal burns].", "content": "Clinico-experimental studies were made of the level of cortizol and corticosterone in the tissue fluid of burn vesicles and the blood plasma flowing from the burned and intact body areas; the character and the extent of entrance into the tissues and utilization by them of these hormones was assessed. Along with the increase in the blood cortizol and corticosterone concentrations, and, particularly, in the exudate of the burn vesicles the burned humans and rabbits displayed a different dynamics of the changes in the hormone level in the biological media under study. In the patients and the experimental animals cortizol content in the burn exudate was several times greater than corticosterone concentration. Cortizol level in the edema fluid directly correlated with the degree of edema. It appeared that the burned tissues had a different capacity to the uptake and utilization of cortizol and corticosterone. Features of similarity and differences were noted in the dynamics of the hormonal shifts in the sick and experimental animals. In difference from the intact animals, in the burned rabbits the corticosterone type of the adrenal secretion changed to preponderantly cortizol one.", "contents": "[Utilization of cortisol and corticosterone by the tissue in thermal burns]. Clinico-experimental studies were made of the level of cortizol and corticosterone in the tissue fluid of burn vesicles and the blood plasma flowing from the burned and intact body areas; the character and the extent of entrance into the tissues and utilization by them of these hormones was assessed. Along with the increase in the blood cortizol and corticosterone concentrations, and, particularly, in the exudate of the burn vesicles the burned humans and rabbits displayed a different dynamics of the changes in the hormone level in the biological media under study. In the patients and the experimental animals cortizol content in the burn exudate was several times greater than corticosterone concentration. Cortizol level in the edema fluid directly correlated with the degree of edema. It appeared that the burned tissues had a different capacity to the uptake and utilization of cortizol and corticosterone. Features of similarity and differences were noted in the dynamics of the hormonal shifts in the sick and experimental animals. In difference from the intact animals, in the burned rabbits the corticosterone type of the adrenal secretion changed to preponderantly cortizol one.", "PMID": 846977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7281", "title": "[Multiple forms of 3-beta-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase of the adrenal glands of rats].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on Wistar rats. A study was made of the heterogeneity of 3beta-oxysteroiddehydrogenase (3beta-olDH) of the adrenal glands, the intracellular distribution of its multiple forms and the change of their activity in prolonged (for 3 months) keeping of the animals on a diet devoid of vitamin A. Four 3 beta-olDH fractions were revealed by the method of electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel in the rat adrenal glands. The principal activity of 3 beta-olDH (68%) was revealed in the endoplasmic reticulum, and only 14%--in the mitochondrial-lysosomal fraction. Hypovitamonsis A caused a reduction of the 3 beta-olDH activity of the adrenal glands, chiefly on account of the 3 beta-olDH-2 fraction.", "contents": "[Multiple forms of 3-beta-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase of the adrenal glands of rats]. Experiments were conducted on Wistar rats. A study was made of the heterogeneity of 3beta-oxysteroiddehydrogenase (3beta-olDH) of the adrenal glands, the intracellular distribution of its multiple forms and the change of their activity in prolonged (for 3 months) keeping of the animals on a diet devoid of vitamin A. Four 3 beta-olDH fractions were revealed by the method of electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel in the rat adrenal glands. The principal activity of 3 beta-olDH (68%) was revealed in the endoplasmic reticulum, and only 14%--in the mitochondrial-lysosomal fraction. Hypovitamonsis A caused a reduction of the 3 beta-olDH activity of the adrenal glands, chiefly on account of the 3 beta-olDH-2 fraction.", "PMID": 846983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7282", "title": "[Various physiological mechanisms of regulation of incorporation of H3-noradrenaline into the adrenal glands of rats].", "content": "It was revealed on the isolated adrenal glands of rats that an increase of noradrenaline-3H concentration in the incubation medium was accompanied by the elevation of the KM (Machaelis' constant) and Vmakc (V maximum) amine uptake parameters. A simultaneous elevation of the KM and Vmakc leads that the efficacy (E) of the uptake altered much less than the main parameters. The revealed dependency between the substrate concentration in the medium and the rate of noradrenaline uptake was apparently caused by the heterogeneity of the system reserving catecholamines in the medullary layer of the adrenal glands. It was shown that under the effect of phentholamine (2-5.10(-7) M) the alpha-adrenoceptor blockers, and propranolol (2-5.10(-7) M) the uptake of noradrenaline-3H by rat adrenal glands became activated. However, with the action of urea (5.10(-3)--1.10(-2) M) an activator of alpha-receptors, and of isopropylnoradrenaline (5.10(-7)--5.10(-6) M), and activator of beta-adrenocereceptors, the rate of noradrenaline-3H uptake was decreased. It is supposed that one of the ways of regulation of noradrenaline accumulation in the adrenal glands was connected with the heterogeneity of the reserving catecholamine system, and another one--with the changes in the functional condition of the adrenal gland cell adrenoceptors.", "contents": "[Various physiological mechanisms of regulation of incorporation of H3-noradrenaline into the adrenal glands of rats]. It was revealed on the isolated adrenal glands of rats that an increase of noradrenaline-3H concentration in the incubation medium was accompanied by the elevation of the KM (Machaelis' constant) and Vmakc (V maximum) amine uptake parameters. A simultaneous elevation of the KM and Vmakc leads that the efficacy (E) of the uptake altered much less than the main parameters. The revealed dependency between the substrate concentration in the medium and the rate of noradrenaline uptake was apparently caused by the heterogeneity of the system reserving catecholamines in the medullary layer of the adrenal glands. It was shown that under the effect of phentholamine (2-5.10(-7) M) the alpha-adrenoceptor blockers, and propranolol (2-5.10(-7) M) the uptake of noradrenaline-3H by rat adrenal glands became activated. However, with the action of urea (5.10(-3)--1.10(-2) M) an activator of alpha-receptors, and of isopropylnoradrenaline (5.10(-7)--5.10(-6) M), and activator of beta-adrenocereceptors, the rate of noradrenaline-3H uptake was decreased. It is supposed that one of the ways of regulation of noradrenaline accumulation in the adrenal glands was connected with the heterogeneity of the reserving catecholamine system, and another one--with the changes in the functional condition of the adrenal gland cell adrenoceptors.", "PMID": 846982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7283", "title": "Histamine receptors in the isolated rat stomach fundus and rabbit aortic strips.", "content": "The effects of histamine and 4-methylhistamine (a selective H2-agonist) were studied on the isolated rat stomach fundus and rabbit aortic strips superfused with Krebs' solution. The contraction induced by histamine was found to be mediated via mepyramine-sensitive H1, while the relaxation induced by the amine through metiamide-sensitive H2-receptors in both smooth muscles. Prior addition of metiamide to the superfusion medium caused an apparent dose-related potentiation in the response to histamine on the aortic strip but not on the stomach fundus strip. The relaxation produced by histamine on the aortic strip demonstrated when the muscle was pretreated with mepyramine and contracted by angiotensin II or serotonin. Metiamide competitively inhibited the relaxation induced by histamine but not by papaverine in both smooth muscles. 4-Methylhistamine produced only a relaxation in the rat stomach fundus which could be competitively inhibited by metiamide. This analog had no agonistic property in the aortic strip. From these results it was concluded that histamine H1-and H2-receptors are present in both smooth muscles. The predominant contractile effect of histamine is mediated through H1-receptors and the relaxing effect of the amine through H2-receptors.", "contents": "Histamine receptors in the isolated rat stomach fundus and rabbit aortic strips. The effects of histamine and 4-methylhistamine (a selective H2-agonist) were studied on the isolated rat stomach fundus and rabbit aortic strips superfused with Krebs' solution. The contraction induced by histamine was found to be mediated via mepyramine-sensitive H1, while the relaxation induced by the amine through metiamide-sensitive H2-receptors in both smooth muscles. Prior addition of metiamide to the superfusion medium caused an apparent dose-related potentiation in the response to histamine on the aortic strip but not on the stomach fundus strip. The relaxation produced by histamine on the aortic strip demonstrated when the muscle was pretreated with mepyramine and contracted by angiotensin II or serotonin. Metiamide competitively inhibited the relaxation induced by histamine but not by papaverine in both smooth muscles. 4-Methylhistamine produced only a relaxation in the rat stomach fundus which could be competitively inhibited by metiamide. This analog had no agonistic property in the aortic strip. From these results it was concluded that histamine H1-and H2-receptors are present in both smooth muscles. The predominant contractile effect of histamine is mediated through H1-receptors and the relaxing effect of the amine through H2-receptors.", "PMID": 847009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7284", "title": "Harmine action in rats with lymphostatic encephalopathy.", "content": "In rats with lymphostatic encephalopathy the duration of harmine tremor was lengthened, and the brain concentrations of harmine decreased more slowly than in sham-operated controls. The tremor began simultaneously in both rat groups at coinciding brain concentrations of harmine. In rats with lymphostatic encephalopathy harmine concentrations in brain at the termination of tremor lay in the same range as in sham-operated controls. The plasma concentrations of harmine were not changed by the disease. It is concluded that during lymphostatic encephalopathy the lymphatic drug elimination from brain is impaired whereas--at least for harmine--the blood-brain barrier functions as normal.", "contents": "Harmine action in rats with lymphostatic encephalopathy. In rats with lymphostatic encephalopathy the duration of harmine tremor was lengthened, and the brain concentrations of harmine decreased more slowly than in sham-operated controls. The tremor began simultaneously in both rat groups at coinciding brain concentrations of harmine. In rats with lymphostatic encephalopathy harmine concentrations in brain at the termination of tremor lay in the same range as in sham-operated controls. The plasma concentrations of harmine were not changed by the disease. It is concluded that during lymphostatic encephalopathy the lymphatic drug elimination from brain is impaired whereas--at least for harmine--the blood-brain barrier functions as normal.", "PMID": 847010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7285", "title": "The effect of prostaglandin E1 on central cholinergic mechanisms.", "content": "The influence of PGE1 and its precursor dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid on the central action of acetylcholine was studied. PGE, and dikomo-gamma-linolenic acid increased the depressive action of acetylcholine as evaluated with Lat's and thiopental sleeping time tests. PGE1 and its precursor diminished or eliminated the influence of acetylcholine on pentetrazol convulsions. Endogenous acetylcholine in excess inhibited hyperthermic effect of PGE1. The results show that PGE1 and its precursor may change the action of acetylcholine in the central nervous system.", "contents": "The effect of prostaglandin E1 on central cholinergic mechanisms. The influence of PGE1 and its precursor dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid on the central action of acetylcholine was studied. PGE, and dikomo-gamma-linolenic acid increased the depressive action of acetylcholine as evaluated with Lat's and thiopental sleeping time tests. PGE1 and its precursor diminished or eliminated the influence of acetylcholine on pentetrazol convulsions. Endogenous acetylcholine in excess inhibited hyperthermic effect of PGE1. The results show that PGE1 and its precursor may change the action of acetylcholine in the central nervous system.", "PMID": 847011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7286", "title": "Effects of adrenergic stimulation on the choledochoduodenal sphincter mechanism.", "content": "The object of this study was to access the effects of systemic bolus injections of epinephrine and of norepinephrine upon the sphincter at the choledochoduodenal junction in the cat and the dog. The bile duct was transected and the downstream segment was cannulated. Two methods were used to assess sphincteric activity. In method I the bile duct was perfused with Ringer's solution at a constant pressure and the flow rate of the solution was recorded. In method II the bile duct was perfused at a constant rate of flow and the terminal intraductal pressure was recorded. Intraduodenal pressure and respiratory movements were also recorded. There was a significant decrease in sphincteric activity following both epinephrine and norepinephrine administration in both cats and dogs, using both constant pressure and constant flow methods.", "contents": "Effects of adrenergic stimulation on the choledochoduodenal sphincter mechanism. The object of this study was to access the effects of systemic bolus injections of epinephrine and of norepinephrine upon the sphincter at the choledochoduodenal junction in the cat and the dog. The bile duct was transected and the downstream segment was cannulated. Two methods were used to assess sphincteric activity. In method I the bile duct was perfused with Ringer's solution at a constant pressure and the flow rate of the solution was recorded. In method II the bile duct was perfused at a constant rate of flow and the terminal intraductal pressure was recorded. Intraduodenal pressure and respiratory movements were also recorded. There was a significant decrease in sphincteric activity following both epinephrine and norepinephrine administration in both cats and dogs, using both constant pressure and constant flow methods.", "PMID": 847012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7287", "title": "Extraordinary cardiac effects of 16-epi-gitoxin in comparison to ouabain in cats and dogs.", "content": "The contractility and arrhythmogenic effects of 16-epi-gitoxin and ouabain were studied in dogs. ECG alteration-producing and lethal doses of both glycosides were determined in cats. 16-Epi-gitoxin was found to be a glycoside with rapid onset and short duration of action. In case of equal contractile increment ouabain caused a higher percentage of rhythm disturbances in dogs than 16-epi-gitoxin. This finding corresponds to that in cats, in which ECG changes (QRS complex prolongation) occurred after ouabain at a lower percentage of the lethal dose than after 16-epi-gitoxin. Apart from its slight arrhythmogenic effects, 16-epi-gitoxin may be compared with acetylstrophanthidin.", "contents": "Extraordinary cardiac effects of 16-epi-gitoxin in comparison to ouabain in cats and dogs. The contractility and arrhythmogenic effects of 16-epi-gitoxin and ouabain were studied in dogs. ECG alteration-producing and lethal doses of both glycosides were determined in cats. 16-Epi-gitoxin was found to be a glycoside with rapid onset and short duration of action. In case of equal contractile increment ouabain caused a higher percentage of rhythm disturbances in dogs than 16-epi-gitoxin. This finding corresponds to that in cats, in which ECG changes (QRS complex prolongation) occurred after ouabain at a lower percentage of the lethal dose than after 16-epi-gitoxin. Apart from its slight arrhythmogenic effects, 16-epi-gitoxin may be compared with acetylstrophanthidin.", "PMID": 847013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7288", "title": "Anti-inflammatory and antiproteolytic properties of substituted guanidines.", "content": "Ten N-(4-propoxyphenyl)-N'-(4-chlorophenethyl)-N\"-substituted guanidines were synthesized from the corresponding 1-(4-propoxyphenyl)-3-substituted thiocarbamides and evaluated for anti-inflammatory and antiproteolytic properties. All substituted guanidines (50 mg/kg) provided 1-31% protection against carrageenin-induced edema in rats. Hydrocortisone (10 mg/kg) and oxyphenbutazone (40 mg/kg), used as reference drugs, exhibited greater anti-inflammatory activity. All substituted guanidines (1 mM) possessed antiproteolytic activity. The degree of protection observed by these compounds against trypsin-induced hydrolysis of bovine serum albumin ranged from 12.9 to 52.0% while such a protection with sodium salicylate (1 mM), used as a reference drug, was 52%. In the present study, the antiproteolytic activity possessed by these compounds was found to bear no relationship with their anti-inflammatory property.", "contents": "Anti-inflammatory and antiproteolytic properties of substituted guanidines. Ten N-(4-propoxyphenyl)-N'-(4-chlorophenethyl)-N\"-substituted guanidines were synthesized from the corresponding 1-(4-propoxyphenyl)-3-substituted thiocarbamides and evaluated for anti-inflammatory and antiproteolytic properties. All substituted guanidines (50 mg/kg) provided 1-31% protection against carrageenin-induced edema in rats. Hydrocortisone (10 mg/kg) and oxyphenbutazone (40 mg/kg), used as reference drugs, exhibited greater anti-inflammatory activity. All substituted guanidines (1 mM) possessed antiproteolytic activity. The degree of protection observed by these compounds against trypsin-induced hydrolysis of bovine serum albumin ranged from 12.9 to 52.0% while such a protection with sodium salicylate (1 mM), used as a reference drug, was 52%. In the present study, the antiproteolytic activity possessed by these compounds was found to bear no relationship with their anti-inflammatory property.", "PMID": 847014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7289", "title": "Developing strategies for biofeedback. Applications in neurologically handicapped patients.", "content": "Strategies involving muscle biofeedback applications in the rehabilitation of neurologically handicapped patients are discussed. These include positioning of the limbs, initiating contractions, and controlling spasticity. Guidelines in the proper application of electrodes and biofeedback equipment are presented along with methods of documentation. The authors offer their training strategies as an initial guide and stress that uses of biofeedback need to be explored and documented.", "contents": "Developing strategies for biofeedback. Applications in neurologically handicapped patients. Strategies involving muscle biofeedback applications in the rehabilitation of neurologically handicapped patients are discussed. These include positioning of the limbs, initiating contractions, and controlling spasticity. Guidelines in the proper application of electrodes and biofeedback equipment are presented along with methods of documentation. The authors offer their training strategies as an initial guide and stress that uses of biofeedback need to be explored and documented.", "PMID": 847015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7290", "title": "Orbital expansion for anophthalmia and micro-orbitism.", "content": "In severe cases of microphthalmos or anophthalmos, the bony orbital cavity is often too small to allow one to create a satisfactory socket for a prosthesis. An omnidirectional expansion of the orbit, by osteotomies done in a step-like fashion, allows the creation of a larger bony cavity and improves the symmetry of the face. The risks of the craniotomy and of the mobilization of the free bone pieces are discussed.", "contents": "Orbital expansion for anophthalmia and micro-orbitism. In severe cases of microphthalmos or anophthalmos, the bony orbital cavity is often too small to allow one to create a satisfactory socket for a prosthesis. An omnidirectional expansion of the orbit, by osteotomies done in a step-like fashion, allows the creation of a larger bony cavity and improves the symmetry of the face. The risks of the craniotomy and of the mobilization of the free bone pieces are discussed.", "PMID": 847025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7291", "title": "Reduction mammaplasty by the inferior pedicle technique. An alternative to free nipple and areola grafting for severe macromastia or extreme ptosis.", "content": "Patients with massive macromastia, or severe ptosis, should be candidates for a reduction mammaplasty by the inferior pedicle transposition technique, instead of by free nipple and areola grafting. With the inferior pedicle technique the blood supply to the nipple and areola remains generous, coming from the entire width of the inframammary fold. By using a keyhole skin flap pattern, a conical breast shape is achieved when the medial and lateral skin flaps are brought together as a skin brassiere. The methods seems safe and simple, and the results have been satisfactory. An unexpected benefit has been the excellent postoperative sensation of the nipple, areola, and the skin of the breasts.", "contents": "Reduction mammaplasty by the inferior pedicle technique. An alternative to free nipple and areola grafting for severe macromastia or extreme ptosis. Patients with massive macromastia, or severe ptosis, should be candidates for a reduction mammaplasty by the inferior pedicle transposition technique, instead of by free nipple and areola grafting. With the inferior pedicle technique the blood supply to the nipple and areola remains generous, coming from the entire width of the inframammary fold. By using a keyhole skin flap pattern, a conical breast shape is achieved when the medial and lateral skin flaps are brought together as a skin brassiere. The methods seems safe and simple, and the results have been satisfactory. An unexpected benefit has been the excellent postoperative sensation of the nipple, areola, and the skin of the breasts.", "PMID": 847026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7292", "title": "Abdominoplasty assessed by survey, with emphasis on complications.", "content": "Some 958 surgeons replied to a survey designed to determine the complications of abdominoplasties. The results appear in this paper. We believe that the patient contemplating an abdominoplasty and the surgeon planning it should be aware of the unpleasant reality of these complications, which range from the annoying to the lethal. It is of some solace, however, that despite the inevitability of readily visible scars, nearly all of these patients are quite satisfied with their results.", "contents": "Abdominoplasty assessed by survey, with emphasis on complications. Some 958 surgeons replied to a survey designed to determine the complications of abdominoplasties. The results appear in this paper. We believe that the patient contemplating an abdominoplasty and the surgeon planning it should be aware of the unpleasant reality of these complications, which range from the annoying to the lethal. It is of some solace, however, that despite the inevitability of readily visible scars, nearly all of these patients are quite satisfied with their results.", "PMID": 847027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7293", "title": "The sphincter pharyngoplasty as a secondary procedure in cleft palates.", "content": "A method of pharyngoplasty based on the orticochea principle of using lateral pharyngeal flaps which contain the palaptopharyngeus muscle, is described. The results of this procedure, and its advantages over other methods, are presented.", "contents": "The sphincter pharyngoplasty as a secondary procedure in cleft palates. A method of pharyngoplasty based on the orticochea principle of using lateral pharyngeal flaps which contain the palaptopharyngeus muscle, is described. The results of this procedure, and its advantages over other methods, are presented.", "PMID": 847028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7294", "title": "A review of 324 rhytidectomies, emphasizing complications and patient dissatisfaction.", "content": "The results and complications after 324 rhytidectomies, done between 1962 and the middle of 1973, were reviewed. The major complications were hematoma, skin slough, and facial nerve damage. In addition, respch as numbness of portions of the face, loss of hair, bothersome scarring, and general dissatisfaction with the operation. In general, these latter were of more concern to them than the major complications.", "contents": "A review of 324 rhytidectomies, emphasizing complications and patient dissatisfaction. The results and complications after 324 rhytidectomies, done between 1962 and the middle of 1973, were reviewed. The major complications were hematoma, skin slough, and facial nerve damage. In addition, respch as numbness of portions of the face, loss of hair, bothersome scarring, and general dissatisfaction with the operation. In general, these latter were of more concern to them than the major complications.", "PMID": 847029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7295", "title": "The psychic consequences of a reduction mammaplasty.", "content": "We studied 8 consecutive patients who had reduction mammaplasties to determine their psychological reactions. All 8 experienced pleasure with the operative results and the improvement or disappearance of their physical symptoms. Most described a general increase in self-esteem. In 5 of the 8 patients, however, there were postoperative emotional disturbances directly related to the operation, lasting from 3 weeks to 8 months. None of these would have been noted by the plastic surgeon (JMG)hand this study not been in progress.", "contents": "The psychic consequences of a reduction mammaplasty. We studied 8 consecutive patients who had reduction mammaplasties to determine their psychological reactions. All 8 experienced pleasure with the operative results and the improvement or disappearance of their physical symptoms. Most described a general increase in self-esteem. In 5 of the 8 patients, however, there were postoperative emotional disturbances directly related to the operation, lasting from 3 weeks to 8 months. None of these would have been noted by the plastic surgeon (JMG)hand this study not been in progress.", "PMID": 847030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7296", "title": "When is there nipple involvement in carcinoma of the breast?", "content": "Two hundred cases of carcinoma of the breast were examined to determine the extent of nipple involvement. Carcinoma was present in 8 percent of the specimens. Fourteen of the 16 nipples which contained tumor were macroscopically abnormal in reappearance--being either ulcerated, retracted, or attached to an underlying indurated mass. Clinically normal niples are not likely to contain carcinoma. A frozen section across the nipple base should also be used as a safeguard if the nipple is to be used in reconstruction.", "contents": "When is there nipple involvement in carcinoma of the breast? Two hundred cases of carcinoma of the breast were examined to determine the extent of nipple involvement. Carcinoma was present in 8 percent of the specimens. Fourteen of the 16 nipples which contained tumor were macroscopically abnormal in reappearance--being either ulcerated, retracted, or attached to an underlying indurated mass. Clinically normal niples are not likely to contain carcinoma. A frozen section across the nipple base should also be used as a safeguard if the nipple is to be used in reconstruction.", "PMID": 847031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7297", "title": "Silicone implants for contour deformities of the trunk.", "content": "A follow-up study of 12 patients who had preformed silicone implants inserted for correction of body contour deformities (8 for pectus excavatum and 4 for soft-tissue deformities of the shoulder and pectoral region) has demonstrated the safety of this technique and its lack of significant early or late complications. No implants have been removed, and 10 of the 12 patients regarded the overall results as good or excellent.", "contents": "Silicone implants for contour deformities of the trunk. A follow-up study of 12 patients who had preformed silicone implants inserted for correction of body contour deformities (8 for pectus excavatum and 4 for soft-tissue deformities of the shoulder and pectoral region) has demonstrated the safety of this technique and its lack of significant early or late complications. No implants have been removed, and 10 of the 12 patients regarded the overall results as good or excellent.", "PMID": 847032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7298", "title": "Pterygoid dissections for extensive cancer. An old concept revisited.", "content": "We present a series of 14 consecutive patients who received radical en bloc resections of the pterygoid and subtemporal fossa. After a median follow-up of 20 months it appears that local control has been achieved in 10 of them (71 percent), certainly an encouraging result. The addition of postoperative radiation therapy has probably contributed to this local control, and immediate reconstruction with a deltopectoral flap has improved the postoperative appearance.", "contents": "Pterygoid dissections for extensive cancer. An old concept revisited. We present a series of 14 consecutive patients who received radical en bloc resections of the pterygoid and subtemporal fossa. After a median follow-up of 20 months it appears that local control has been achieved in 10 of them (71 percent), certainly an encouraging result. The addition of postoperative radiation therapy has probably contributed to this local control, and immediate reconstruction with a deltopectoral flap has improved the postoperative appearance.", "PMID": 847033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7299", "title": "Conservative management of the ulcerated diabetic foot.", "content": "Four cases are presented of the conservative treatment of the diabetic foot. Using the known principles of wound healing and of management of soft tissue infection, the obviously necrotic or infected tissue was debrided and the wounds were managed conservatively. The use of such debriding adjuncts as a pulsating jet lavage, topical antibacterials, and biological dressings, has controlled infections--so that the foot wounds could be closed then with sking grafts or local flaps. This resulted in the salvage of these feet, with maintenance of biped ambulation.", "contents": "Conservative management of the ulcerated diabetic foot. Four cases are presented of the conservative treatment of the diabetic foot. Using the known principles of wound healing and of management of soft tissue infection, the obviously necrotic or infected tissue was debrided and the wounds were managed conservatively. The use of such debriding adjuncts as a pulsating jet lavage, topical antibacterials, and biological dressings, has controlled infections--so that the foot wounds could be closed then with sking grafts or local flaps. This resulted in the salvage of these feet, with maintenance of biped ambulation.", "PMID": 847034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7300", "title": "Congenital claw-like fingers and toes. Case report of two siblings.", "content": "A report is given of two siblings with a congenital claw-like deformity of the fingers and toes, which is extremely rare. The deformity is similar to the claw of lower animals, and perhaps its cause is atavistic. The long-suppressed characteristic might have come to expression by interactions among the genes, perhaps influenced by some unknown environmental factors.", "contents": "Congenital claw-like fingers and toes. Case report of two siblings. A report is given of two siblings with a congenital claw-like deformity of the fingers and toes, which is extremely rare. The deformity is similar to the claw of lower animals, and perhaps its cause is atavistic. The long-suppressed characteristic might have come to expression by interactions among the genes, perhaps influenced by some unknown environmental factors.", "PMID": 847036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7301", "title": "Subcutaneous mastectomy for gigantomastia in an adolescent girl. Case report.", "content": "A 12-year-old patient with macromastia had 8,000 gm of breast tissue removed in a reduction mammaplasty. After a recurrence 14 months later, she had a subcutaneous mastectomy in which 2,000 gm more of breast tissue was removed from the breast and silicone prostheses were inserted. She has a good result, and we think this last operation should be used more often in these cases.", "contents": "Subcutaneous mastectomy for gigantomastia in an adolescent girl. Case report. A 12-year-old patient with macromastia had 8,000 gm of breast tissue removed in a reduction mammaplasty. After a recurrence 14 months later, she had a subcutaneous mastectomy in which 2,000 gm more of breast tissue was removed from the breast and silicone prostheses were inserted. She has a good result, and we think this last operation should be used more often in these cases.", "PMID": 847037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7302", "title": "Replantation of a completely amputated distal segment of a thumb. Case report.", "content": "An unusual case of replantation of a completely amputated distal segment of a thumb is presented. Although only one digital artery and one nerve were reanastomosed, but no vein was, the digit survived and it acquired good sensation and motor power.", "contents": "Replantation of a completely amputated distal segment of a thumb. Case report. An unusual case of replantation of a completely amputated distal segment of a thumb is presented. Although only one digital artery and one nerve were reanastomosed, but no vein was, the digit survived and it acquired good sensation and motor power.", "PMID": 847038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7303", "title": "Modification of the Dott-Dingman mouth gag.", "content": "In cleft palate patients with a protrucing premaxilla, retrusion or collapse, the abnormal alveolar arches require a mouth gag which can be fitted to the individual. This modification of the Dott-Dingman mouth gag allows maximum adjustability and exposure.", "contents": "Modification of the Dott-Dingman mouth gag. In cleft palate patients with a protrucing premaxilla, retrusion or collapse, the abnormal alveolar arches require a mouth gag which can be fitted to the individual. This modification of the Dott-Dingman mouth gag allows maximum adjustability and exposure.", "PMID": 847040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7304", "title": "[Schizophrenic and paranoid - bi- or trisection of endogenous psychoses].", "content": "The fundamental differences between the syndromes united under the term of schizophrenia are demonstrated. Attempts to reduce these syndromes to a common denominator of a nosological unit bearing the same designation have failed. Important arguments are advanced against the identification, widespread in practice, of the terms \"paranoid\" and \"schizophrenic\". It is pointed out that these two terms are incompatible to some extent. There is a fundamental difference between the nature of paranoia and the symptoms characteristic of schizophrenia (Dementia praecox). Paranoia is far more dependent on the personality than on the pathological process. A division into three aspects - schizophrenia, paranoid psychoses and MDP instead of the dichotomy schizophrenia/MDP, is proposed for a better theoretical and practical understanding in the field of endogeny. Further semantic arguments are advanced against the term \"schizophrenia\" indicating its iatrogenic effect.", "contents": "[Schizophrenic and paranoid - bi- or trisection of endogenous psychoses]. The fundamental differences between the syndromes united under the term of schizophrenia are demonstrated. Attempts to reduce these syndromes to a common denominator of a nosological unit bearing the same designation have failed. Important arguments are advanced against the identification, widespread in practice, of the terms \"paranoid\" and \"schizophrenic\". It is pointed out that these two terms are incompatible to some extent. There is a fundamental difference between the nature of paranoia and the symptoms characteristic of schizophrenia (Dementia praecox). Paranoia is far more dependent on the personality than on the pathological process. A division into three aspects - schizophrenia, paranoid psychoses and MDP instead of the dichotomy schizophrenia/MDP, is proposed for a better theoretical and practical understanding in the field of endogeny. Further semantic arguments are advanced against the term \"schizophrenia\" indicating its iatrogenic effect.", "PMID": 847041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7305", "title": "[Epidemiology and clinic for manic-depressive psychosis in People's Republic of Bulgaria].", "content": "The term Cyclophrenia substitute better for the term Manic-depressive Psychosis than the term Cyklothymia. Registered prevalence of Cyclophrenia in Bulgaria increase from 0,30% for 1960 to 0,74% for 1975, but there are some unregistered patients. The percentage of Cyclophrenia by resident patient rate in psychiatric hospitals increase from 5,54% for 1960 to 11,16% for 1975. Among 1741 cyclophrenic patients 55% have unipolar depression, 16% unipolar mania and 29% bipolar course. Mortality by Cyclophrenia is 1.5 more as in the general population. Cancer-diseases among our patients and their geneology occure more frequently than in control groups.", "contents": "[Epidemiology and clinic for manic-depressive psychosis in People's Republic of Bulgaria]. The term Cyclophrenia substitute better for the term Manic-depressive Psychosis than the term Cyklothymia. Registered prevalence of Cyclophrenia in Bulgaria increase from 0,30% for 1960 to 0,74% for 1975, but there are some unregistered patients. The percentage of Cyclophrenia by resident patient rate in psychiatric hospitals increase from 5,54% for 1960 to 11,16% for 1975. Among 1741 cyclophrenic patients 55% have unipolar depression, 16% unipolar mania and 29% bipolar course. Mortality by Cyclophrenia is 1.5 more as in the general population. Cancer-diseases among our patients and their geneology occure more frequently than in control groups.", "PMID": 847042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7306", "title": "[Group therapy in gerontopsychiatry, limits and possibilities].", "content": "The still insufficient accommodation given gerontopsychiatric patients and the resignation as regards therapy in most hospitals gave rise to systematic experiments over several years. This aimed at creating a therapeutic community by means of a psychagogic therapy for maintaining the mental and emotional alertness of patients in order to prevent loneliness. A description is given of problems which arose not only with patients but above all with the reeducation of nursing staff. Therapeutic activity in wards which have the character of a home reduces their \"para-position\" and makes work more attractive for all those involved.", "contents": "[Group therapy in gerontopsychiatry, limits and possibilities]. The still insufficient accommodation given gerontopsychiatric patients and the resignation as regards therapy in most hospitals gave rise to systematic experiments over several years. This aimed at creating a therapeutic community by means of a psychagogic therapy for maintaining the mental and emotional alertness of patients in order to prevent loneliness. A description is given of problems which arose not only with patients but above all with the reeducation of nursing staff. Therapeutic activity in wards which have the character of a home reduces their \"para-position\" and makes work more attractive for all those involved.", "PMID": 847043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7307", "title": "[Young suicide patients and emotional climate in family].", "content": "The examination deals with the emotional climate in the family and looks into the reasons for disturbances thereof, with special emphasis on the significant role of alcoholism and the relations between the parents. Reference is made to the frequency of disturbed familial relations in suicide attempts among young people, 109 children and adolescents under 16, and possible prophylaxis is dealt with.", "contents": "[Young suicide patients and emotional climate in family]. The examination deals with the emotional climate in the family and looks into the reasons for disturbances thereof, with special emphasis on the significant role of alcoholism and the relations between the parents. Reference is made to the frequency of disturbed familial relations in suicide attempts among young people, 109 children and adolescents under 16, and possible prophylaxis is dealt with.", "PMID": 847044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7308", "title": "[Symptomatology of schizophrenia in Libya].", "content": "The most frequent symptoms of schizophrenia in Lybia are described and compared with symptoms of schizophrenia in Great Britain. The phenomenon of pseudoneologisms is explained. It was found that symptoms of primary importance after K. Schneider are applicable only to a small part of schizophrenias and then almost only to schizophrenics of the Chado-Hamitic Negroid tribes.", "contents": "[Symptomatology of schizophrenia in Libya]. The most frequent symptoms of schizophrenia in Lybia are described and compared with symptoms of schizophrenia in Great Britain. The phenomenon of pseudoneologisms is explained. It was found that symptoms of primary importance after K. Schneider are applicable only to a small part of schizophrenias and then almost only to schizophrenics of the Chado-Hamitic Negroid tribes.", "PMID": 847045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7309", "title": "[Usefulness of shortened questionnaires for detection of accentuated personalities].", "content": "A survey is given of literature on the experience gained with the shortened questionnaire developed by Schmieschek for the registration of accentuated features of the personality acc. to Leonhard, information is given on the results of statistical tests of this procedure leading to a decrease in the numberof items. Factorial analysis confirmed the homogeneity of some hypothetic scales of features along the lines  of factorial validity, but the homogeneity of others appeared questionable. The shortened questionnaire therefore would not, at first sight, seem to be a reliable and valid measuring instrument for diagnosis in an individual case. Reference is made to further implications of possible diagnosis of accentuated features by means of questionnaires.", "contents": "[Usefulness of shortened questionnaires for detection of accentuated personalities]. A survey is given of literature on the experience gained with the shortened questionnaire developed by Schmieschek for the registration of accentuated features of the personality acc. to Leonhard, information is given on the results of statistical tests of this procedure leading to a decrease in the numberof items. Factorial analysis confirmed the homogeneity of some hypothetic scales of features along the lines  of factorial validity, but the homogeneity of others appeared questionable. The shortened questionnaire therefore would not, at first sight, seem to be a reliable and valid measuring instrument for diagnosis in an individual case. Reference is made to further implications of possible diagnosis of accentuated features by means of questionnaires.", "PMID": 847046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7310", "title": "[Etiology and classification of mental disorders from viewpoint of \"Universal genesis of psychoses\"].", "content": "The concept of a \"Universal genesis of psychoses\" has been worked on by the author for about 12 years. It is mostly biologically orientated and deals with the development, classification and therapy of psychotic syndromes in an unconventional manner. Prejudices which would only interfere with research have been avoided as far as possible, and new results e.g. of biochemistry have been included. A more purposeful treatment with psycho-pharmacological agents is aimed at. Special emphasis is laid on the negation of real demarcations between manic-depressive, cycloid and schizophrenic syndromes which are assumed to be caused by many factors, and on the fact that psychopathological basic symptoms are \"fundamental conditions\" principally characteristic of all psychotic syndromes in different constellations.", "contents": "[Etiology and classification of mental disorders from viewpoint of \"Universal genesis of psychoses\"]. The concept of a \"Universal genesis of psychoses\" has been worked on by the author for about 12 years. It is mostly biologically orientated and deals with the development, classification and therapy of psychotic syndromes in an unconventional manner. Prejudices which would only interfere with research have been avoided as far as possible, and new results e.g. of biochemistry have been included. A more purposeful treatment with psycho-pharmacological agents is aimed at. Special emphasis is laid on the negation of real demarcations between manic-depressive, cycloid and schizophrenic syndromes which are assumed to be caused by many factors, and on the fact that psychopathological basic symptoms are \"fundamental conditions\" principally characteristic of all psychotic syndromes in different constellations.", "PMID": 847047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7311", "title": "Urethral Syndrome in the female (\"irritable bladder\"): the expression of fantasies about the urogenital area.", "content": "The urethral syndrome is a frequently encountered psychosomatic disorder; it constitutes the main complaint of some 20% of all women who consult a urologist. After a brief survey of the history of this syndrome, the authors examine 55 case reports of women with the urethral syndrome. The authors particularly emphasize the significance of the manner in which patients describe their perceptions of the pain, which is a valuable diagnostic sign. A follow-up study of patients for 3 to 21 years after the first interview demonstrated the releative efficiency of the various forms of treatment. A discussion of the therapeutic possibilities and their limitations follows.", "contents": "Urethral Syndrome in the female (\"irritable bladder\"): the expression of fantasies about the urogenital area. The urethral syndrome is a frequently encountered psychosomatic disorder; it constitutes the main complaint of some 20% of all women who consult a urologist. After a brief survey of the history of this syndrome, the authors examine 55 case reports of women with the urethral syndrome. The authors particularly emphasize the significance of the manner in which patients describe their perceptions of the pain, which is a valuable diagnostic sign. A follow-up study of patients for 3 to 21 years after the first interview demonstrated the releative efficiency of the various forms of treatment. A discussion of the therapeutic possibilities and their limitations follows.", "PMID": 847074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7312", "title": "Operant control of alpha EEG and the effects of illumination and eye closure.", "content": "The effects of eyelid position (open or closed) and three levels of room illumination on operant control of alpha EEG were investigated utilizing a factorial design. After base-line levels were determined, subjects were given alpha-contingent feedback and instructed to increase and decrease alpha production during six successive 4-min intervals. In addition, a comparison was made between percent time and average amplitude as dependent measures. The percent time data indicated that eyes-open training facilitated alpha enhancement and suppression. However, this was not supported by the average amplitude data. Ambient illumination, regardless of the measure utilized, facilitated alpha training, particularly when the eyes were open. These results are related to previous research and theoretical issues.", "contents": "Operant control of alpha EEG and the effects of illumination and eye closure. The effects of eyelid position (open or closed) and three levels of room illumination on operant control of alpha EEG were investigated utilizing a factorial design. After base-line levels were determined, subjects were given alpha-contingent feedback and instructed to increase and decrease alpha production during six successive 4-min intervals. In addition, a comparison was made between percent time and average amplitude as dependent measures. The percent time data indicated that eyes-open training facilitated alpha enhancement and suppression. However, this was not supported by the average amplitude data. Ambient illumination, regardless of the measure utilized, facilitated alpha training, particularly when the eyes were open. These results are related to previous research and theoretical issues.", "PMID": 847075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7313", "title": "Effects of abstinence from tobacco smoking on physiological and psychological arousal levels in habitual smokers.", "content": "Effects of abstaining temporarily from tobacco smoking were studied in a group of habitual smokers during a 15-day period, during which they smoked normally for the forst 5 days, refrained from smoking the next 5 days, and smoked again during the last 5 days. Results were evaluated against values obtained in a nonabstaining group of smokers. Adrenaline and noradrenaline excretion decreased, skin temperature increased, and hand steadiness was improved when the subjects stopped smoking. Submaximal, physical work tests were performed once each period. No changes occurred in perceived exertion for abstainers during work, in spite of a reduced heart rate. There were only minor differences between abstaining and smoking subjects with regard to performance in the cognitive tests. Irritation, depression, lack of concentration, sleep disturbances, anxiety, tension, and restlessness were frequently reported as abstinence symptoms. The results indicate a decrease in arousal level during abstinence.", "contents": "Effects of abstinence from tobacco smoking on physiological and psychological arousal levels in habitual smokers. Effects of abstaining temporarily from tobacco smoking were studied in a group of habitual smokers during a 15-day period, during which they smoked normally for the forst 5 days, refrained from smoking the next 5 days, and smoked again during the last 5 days. Results were evaluated against values obtained in a nonabstaining group of smokers. Adrenaline and noradrenaline excretion decreased, skin temperature increased, and hand steadiness was improved when the subjects stopped smoking. Submaximal, physical work tests were performed once each period. No changes occurred in perceived exertion for abstainers during work, in spite of a reduced heart rate. There were only minor differences between abstaining and smoking subjects with regard to performance in the cognitive tests. Irritation, depression, lack of concentration, sleep disturbances, anxiety, tension, and restlessness were frequently reported as abstinence symptoms. The results indicate a decrease in arousal level during abstinence.", "PMID": 847076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7314", "title": "Panic-fear: a personality dimension related to intractability in asthma.", "content": "A 15-item MMPI scale has been developed that relates to the reported frequency of panic-fear symptoms on the Asthma Symptom Checklist (ASC). High scale scores describe fearful, emotionally labile individuals who profess to be more sensitive than others and unable or disinclined to persist in the face of difficulty. The relationship between the MMPI panic-fear scale and the ASC panic-fear symptoms is highly replicable and related to a crucial aspect of chronicity in asthma. High scoring asthmatic patients were prescribed more intensive discharge steroid regimens upon completion of residential treatment. This relationship was not mediated by available objective pulmonary function measurements used to index medical condition. Development of the MMPI panic-fear scale should enable further investigation of personality and behavioral aspects related to the perceived severity and intractability of other medical conditions and disabilities.", "contents": "Panic-fear: a personality dimension related to intractability in asthma. A 15-item MMPI scale has been developed that relates to the reported frequency of panic-fear symptoms on the Asthma Symptom Checklist (ASC). High scale scores describe fearful, emotionally labile individuals who profess to be more sensitive than others and unable or disinclined to persist in the face of difficulty. The relationship between the MMPI panic-fear scale and the ASC panic-fear symptoms is highly replicable and related to a crucial aspect of chronicity in asthma. High scoring asthmatic patients were prescribed more intensive discharge steroid regimens upon completion of residential treatment. This relationship was not mediated by available objective pulmonary function measurements used to index medical condition. Development of the MMPI panic-fear scale should enable further investigation of personality and behavioral aspects related to the perceived severity and intractability of other medical conditions and disabilities.", "PMID": 847078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7315", "title": "E.E.G. alpha feedback--a comparison of two control groups.", "content": "It is controversial whether or not veridical feedback is necessary to bring about increases in alpha activity in the feedback situation and has been suggested that the instructional variable may be a crucial determinant of outcome. In this experiment two groups of subjects were both given false feedback. One group was misled into believing that the feedback was contingent. Increases in alpha index occurred only in those subjects who believed that they were receiving contingent feedback, indicating that subjects knowledge and belief concerning the experiment were important in determining the outcome.", "contents": "E.E.G. alpha feedback--a comparison of two control groups. It is controversial whether or not veridical feedback is necessary to bring about increases in alpha activity in the feedback situation and has been suggested that the instructional variable may be a crucial determinant of outcome. In this experiment two groups of subjects were both given false feedback. One group was misled into believing that the feedback was contingent. Increases in alpha index occurred only in those subjects who believed that they were receiving contingent feedback, indicating that subjects knowledge and belief concerning the experiment were important in determining the outcome.", "PMID": 847077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7316", "title": "Locus of control and vasomotor response to sensory processing.", "content": "Heart rate and forearm blood flow responses were measured during experimental tasks requiring sensory intake, sensory rejection, and a mixture of the two behaviors. Subjects were 29 college students who had been categorized using Rotter's locus of control scale. Significant increases in both cardiovascular indices were seen in all three tasks; the responses were smaller, however, during sensory intake. Internals showed a differential response of forearm blood flow. In contrast, externals showed a similar vasodiatation across all tasks. The findings indicate that some of the variability in cariovascular response to sensory processing may be explained by individual differences in personality charcteristics related to subjects' perferred level of involvement in differing sensory processing behaviors.", "contents": "Locus of control and vasomotor response to sensory processing. Heart rate and forearm blood flow responses were measured during experimental tasks requiring sensory intake, sensory rejection, and a mixture of the two behaviors. Subjects were 29 college students who had been categorized using Rotter's locus of control scale. Significant increases in both cardiovascular indices were seen in all three tasks; the responses were smaller, however, during sensory intake. Internals showed a differential response of forearm blood flow. In contrast, externals showed a similar vasodiatation across all tasks. The findings indicate that some of the variability in cariovascular response to sensory processing may be explained by individual differences in personality charcteristics related to subjects' perferred level of involvement in differing sensory processing behaviors.", "PMID": 847079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7317", "title": "Depression and hypertension.", "content": "The study consisted of 1101 Caucasian, male outpatients, who were screened for depression and hypertension in order to test the hypothesis that there is a unique relationship between these two illnesses. Depression was assessed by the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) while diastolic blood pressure (BP) was accepted as the index of hypertension. Medical records were reviewed to determine whether the patient's clinical diagnoses would have an effect on any relationship between depression and hypertension. It was found that there was no correlation between elevated scores on the Zung SDS and diastolic BP. The diagnosis of anxiety, however, was significantly associated both with depression and hypertension.", "contents": "Depression and hypertension. The study consisted of 1101 Caucasian, male outpatients, who were screened for depression and hypertension in order to test the hypothesis that there is a unique relationship between these two illnesses. Depression was assessed by the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) while diastolic blood pressure (BP) was accepted as the index of hypertension. Medical records were reviewed to determine whether the patient's clinical diagnoses would have an effect on any relationship between depression and hypertension. It was found that there was no correlation between elevated scores on the Zung SDS and diastolic BP. The diagnosis of anxiety, however, was significantly associated both with depression and hypertension.", "PMID": 847080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7318", "title": "Stomach symptoms and up-down metaphors and gradients.", "content": "Previous work demonstrated a relationship in an ulcer patient between stomach pain during psychotherapy sessions and preoccupation with up-down themes. The generality of this phenomenon was investigated by determining in normal males the relationship of number of stomach symptoms to various up-down parameters. A significant positive correlation was found between stomach symptoms and the shifting of horizontal upward. Stomach positive correlation was found between stomach symptoms and the shifting of horizontal upward. Stomach symptoms were also significantly positively correlated with an up-down physiology index (hand minus foot temperature). Finally, a borderline positive correlation was found between stomach symptoms and relative awareness of the upper as compared to lower sectors of one's body. The data suggest that the occurrence of stomach symptoms is linked to up-down sets or gradients at perceptual, physiological, and perhaps body image levels.", "contents": "Stomach symptoms and up-down metaphors and gradients. Previous work demonstrated a relationship in an ulcer patient between stomach pain during psychotherapy sessions and preoccupation with up-down themes. The generality of this phenomenon was investigated by determining in normal males the relationship of number of stomach symptoms to various up-down parameters. A significant positive correlation was found between stomach symptoms and the shifting of horizontal upward. Stomach positive correlation was found between stomach symptoms and the shifting of horizontal upward. Stomach symptoms were also significantly positively correlated with an up-down physiology index (hand minus foot temperature). Finally, a borderline positive correlation was found between stomach symptoms and relative awareness of the upper as compared to lower sectors of one's body. The data suggest that the occurrence of stomach symptoms is linked to up-down sets or gradients at perceptual, physiological, and perhaps body image levels.", "PMID": 847084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7319", "title": "Sudden death in the laboratory rat: cardiac function, sensory, and experiental factors in swimming deaths.", "content": "Three reported charateristics of sudden death in the wild rat, (1) bradycardia, (2) decreased survival without whiskers, and (3) increased suvival with preexposure to the stressor, are demonstrated in the domestic rat. Differences in sudden death between wild and domestic rats are discussed as well as possible interpretations of the phenomenon.", "contents": "Sudden death in the laboratory rat: cardiac function, sensory, and experiental factors in swimming deaths. Three reported charateristics of sudden death in the wild rat, (1) bradycardia, (2) decreased survival without whiskers, and (3) increased suvival with preexposure to the stressor, are demonstrated in the domestic rat. Differences in sudden death between wild and domestic rats are discussed as well as possible interpretations of the phenomenon.", "PMID": 847083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7320", "title": "Plasma noradrenaline and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase during sexual activity.", "content": "Plasma noradrenaline (NA) concentrations and the activity of its synthetic enzyme, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), were determined during sexual activity in one male subject on three occasions. Blood was obtained through an intravenous catheter by means of a peristaltic pump and an automatic fraction collector. NA was significantly (P less than 0.001) related to stages of sexual arousal and erection quality. Maximal arousal and erection was accompanied by plasma NA concentration 100% to 1200% higher than basal levels. NA levels also increased significantly with upright posture and with emotional stress. DBH activity did not correlate closely with sexual arousal and erection.", "contents": "Plasma noradrenaline and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase during sexual activity. Plasma noradrenaline (NA) concentrations and the activity of its synthetic enzyme, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), were determined during sexual activity in one male subject on three occasions. Blood was obtained through an intravenous catheter by means of a peristaltic pump and an automatic fraction collector. NA was significantly (P less than 0.001) related to stages of sexual arousal and erection quality. Maximal arousal and erection was accompanied by plasma NA concentration 100% to 1200% higher than basal levels. NA levels also increased significantly with upright posture and with emotional stress. DBH activity did not correlate closely with sexual arousal and erection.", "PMID": 847081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7321", "title": "Chief complaints in a free walk-in clinic: a study of 3,009 consecutive patient visits.", "content": "Men under 20 and over 50 years of age used a free walk-in clinic of the Navy more than women of the same age. Women 20-50 years old used it more than men in this age group. This appears to be a result of the distribution of Navy health care facilities in the study area. Teenagers used the clinic as much as patients over 50. Sore throat, skin rash, abdominal pain, earache, and backache were the five most common complaints (302 per 1,000 patients.) These complaints and 19 other problems were responsible for 822 patient visits per 1,000 in a study of 2,272 consecutive new patient visits. Eighteen percent of all visits were return visits for a specific complaint. An analysis of complaints by body system showed that 21.9 percent were otolaryngological, 18.8 percent musculoskeletal, 12.5 per cent gastrointestinal, 9.7 percent dermatological, 8.7 percent cardiopulmonary, 7.8 percent genitourinary, 9.0 percent general (fatigue, nervousness, malaise, or weakness), and 11.6 percent other system (neurological, hematological, and miscellaneous). These data indicate that a physician's time might be used more efficiently in a walk-in setting and that training for such a clinic must be different from traditional training for such fields as internal medicine.", "contents": "Chief complaints in a free walk-in clinic: a study of 3,009 consecutive patient visits. Men under 20 and over 50 years of age used a free walk-in clinic of the Navy more than women of the same age. Women 20-50 years old used it more than men in this age group. This appears to be a result of the distribution of Navy health care facilities in the study area. Teenagers used the clinic as much as patients over 50. Sore throat, skin rash, abdominal pain, earache, and backache were the five most common complaints (302 per 1,000 patients.) These complaints and 19 other problems were responsible for 822 patient visits per 1,000 in a study of 2,272 consecutive new patient visits. Eighteen percent of all visits were return visits for a specific complaint. An analysis of complaints by body system showed that 21.9 percent were otolaryngological, 18.8 percent musculoskeletal, 12.5 per cent gastrointestinal, 9.7 percent dermatological, 8.7 percent cardiopulmonary, 7.8 percent genitourinary, 9.0 percent general (fatigue, nervousness, malaise, or weakness), and 11.6 percent other system (neurological, hematological, and miscellaneous). These data indicate that a physician's time might be used more efficiently in a walk-in setting and that training for such a clinic must be different from traditional training for such fields as internal medicine.", "PMID": 847087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7322", "title": "Nuclear medicine technology.", "content": "Combined liver-lung scanning has proven to be an extremely rapid and useful tool in the diagnosis and localisation of sub-phrenic abscess and differentiation of basal defects of the right lung. There is little discomfort to the patient who may be experiencing considerable chest pain. The patient spends less than 20 minutes in the nuclear medicine department. The results are quickly obtained, no complex mathematical analyses are needed, and the images are easily interpreted.", "contents": "Nuclear medicine technology. Combined liver-lung scanning has proven to be an extremely rapid and useful tool in the diagnosis and localisation of sub-phrenic abscess and differentiation of basal defects of the right lung. There is little discomfort to the patient who may be experiencing considerable chest pain. The patient spends less than 20 minutes in the nuclear medicine department. The results are quickly obtained, no complex mathematical analyses are needed, and the images are easily interpreted.", "PMID": 847110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7323", "title": "Renal growth.", "content": "Application of the renal growth chart may yield considerable information on longitudinal growth of normal and diseased kidneys. Its systematic use in following patients with urinary tract infection and vesicoureteral reflux is established, and application to other forms of renal disease in childhood may increase current knowledge of the natural history of these diseases.", "contents": "Renal growth. Application of the renal growth chart may yield considerable information on longitudinal growth of normal and diseased kidneys. Its systematic use in following patients with urinary tract infection and vesicoureteral reflux is established, and application to other forms of renal disease in childhood may increase current knowledge of the natural history of these diseases.", "PMID": 847111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7324", "title": "Pelviureteric obstruction in childhood.", "content": "Pelviureteric junction obstruction is a common cause of intra-abdominal mass in childhood. The diagnosis is usually apparent when the characteristic signs of obstruction are seen at intravenous urography. A voiding cystourethrogram should be performed to exclude vesicoureteral reflux as the underlying condition. Obstruction may be further assessed by a diuretic load or by pressure-flow studies.", "contents": "Pelviureteric obstruction in childhood. Pelviureteric junction obstruction is a common cause of intra-abdominal mass in childhood. The diagnosis is usually apparent when the characteristic signs of obstruction are seen at intravenous urography. A voiding cystourethrogram should be performed to exclude vesicoureteral reflux as the underlying condition. Obstruction may be further assessed by a diuretic load or by pressure-flow studies.", "PMID": 847112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7325", "title": "Evaluation and management of infants and children with neurogenic bladders.", "content": "The clinical management of infants and children with neurogenic bladder dysfunction relies heavily on radiologic studies to follow the status of the upper tracts. Radiology also plays a vital role in the evaluation of patients who are candidates for insertion of an artificial urinary sphincter, or reconstruction of their previously diverted urinary tracts.", "contents": "Evaluation and management of infants and children with neurogenic bladders. The clinical management of infants and children with neurogenic bladder dysfunction relies heavily on radiologic studies to follow the status of the upper tracts. Radiology also plays a vital role in the evaluation of patients who are candidates for insertion of an artificial urinary sphincter, or reconstruction of their previously diverted urinary tracts.", "PMID": 847113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7326", "title": "Exstrophy of the bladder.", "content": "Exstrophy of the bladder is the most common of a spectrum of related anomalies. The pelvic skeletal changes in all of these disorders vary in degree but are similar in type. The kidneys are urinary collecting systems are usually normal in patients with untreated exstrophy, and the \"hurley\" appearance of the lower ureters should be regarded as a physiologically normal variant.", "contents": "Exstrophy of the bladder. Exstrophy of the bladder is the most common of a spectrum of related anomalies. The pelvic skeletal changes in all of these disorders vary in degree but are similar in type. The kidneys are urinary collecting systems are usually normal in patients with untreated exstrophy, and the \"hurley\" appearance of the lower ureters should be regarded as a physiologically normal variant.", "PMID": 847114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7327", "title": "[Morphology of interstitial pneumonia (author's transl)].", "content": "The roentgenographic appearance of acute interstitialproliferative disease of the lung is described. This is based upon different single or combinated microscopic features: 1) Alveolitis -- 2) interstitial mesenchymal proliferation -- 3) tuberculous granulomas -- 4) lymphatic infiltrations. -- In the acute stage of the disease (in most cases with unknown etiology) steroid therapy shown rapid success. Early lung biopsy should be performed to establish the diagnosis and to avoid pulmonary fibrosis.", "contents": "[Morphology of interstitial pneumonia (author's transl)]. The roentgenographic appearance of acute interstitialproliferative disease of the lung is described. This is based upon different single or combinated microscopic features: 1) Alveolitis -- 2) interstitial mesenchymal proliferation -- 3) tuberculous granulomas -- 4) lymphatic infiltrations. -- In the acute stage of the disease (in most cases with unknown etiology) steroid therapy shown rapid success. Early lung biopsy should be performed to establish the diagnosis and to avoid pulmonary fibrosis.", "PMID": 847120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7328", "title": "Caution: speed ahead--rare earth imaging systems.", "content": "New faster imaging systems present intensified control problems in image quality. The rare eath imaging system can provide adequate resolution at a great reduction in patient dosage. Analysis of all factors involved in screen imaging is necessary to assure correct implementation of the rare earth system.", "contents": "Caution: speed ahead--rare earth imaging systems. New faster imaging systems present intensified control problems in image quality. The rare eath imaging system can provide adequate resolution at a great reduction in patient dosage. Analysis of all factors involved in screen imaging is necessary to assure correct implementation of the rare earth system.", "PMID": 847115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7329", "title": "[Roentgenographic pattern of interstitial pneumonia and allergic alveolitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Roentgenographic examination of the lungs permits diagnosis of inflammatory and allergic pulmonary disease with predominantly interstitial and less alveolar involvement in which pulmonary fibrosis may develop. Reaction of the sensitised lung to allergic exposure causes typical roentgenological patterns. Development of pulmonary fibrosis in interstitial lung disease can be prevented be early cortison therapy.", "contents": "[Roentgenographic pattern of interstitial pneumonia and allergic alveolitis (author's transl)]. Roentgenographic examination of the lungs permits diagnosis of inflammatory and allergic pulmonary disease with predominantly interstitial and less alveolar involvement in which pulmonary fibrosis may develop. Reaction of the sensitised lung to allergic exposure causes typical roentgenological patterns. Development of pulmonary fibrosis in interstitial lung disease can be prevented be early cortison therapy.", "PMID": 847121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7330", "title": "A systematic approach to continuing education for radiologic technologists.", "content": "As continuing education programs for radiologic technologists expand, it is important that needs be properly assessed and well-designed programs be developed. This reports on the step-by-step process of a regional medical education center to provide continuing education for technologists that would be most beneficial to them and indirectly to the patients they serve.", "contents": "A systematic approach to continuing education for radiologic technologists. As continuing education programs for radiologic technologists expand, it is important that needs be properly assessed and well-designed programs be developed. This reports on the step-by-step process of a regional medical education center to provide continuing education for technologists that would be most beneficial to them and indirectly to the patients they serve.", "PMID": 847116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7331", "title": "[Basic differentiation of granulomatosis and fibrosis in sarcoidosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Active pulmonary granulomatosis due to sarcoidosis in stage I is characterized on chest films by well-defined enlarged hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes. In stage II a involved lymph nodes decrease in size. Interstitial infiltration causes ill-defined broadening of vessels and bronchi. Focal infiltrates correspond to just detectable or nodular lung shadows of up to several centimeters in size. Active granulomatosis is demonstrated by Gallium-67-scans in lymph nodes as well as in areas of interstitial and focal pulmonary infiltrates. Following spontaneous or therapeutically induced regression of granulomatosis the abnormal uptake is not seen anymore. X-ray findings of fibrosis include partial shrinkage of pulmonary lobes or segments along with displacement of vessels and bronchi and (fibrous) adhesions of interlobar, parietal and mediastinal pleura. Honeycombed, occasionally bullous emphysema are the most reliable findings suggesting fibrosis. In addition to the fibrosis demonstrated on chest films, the Gallium-67-scan often shows progressive granulomatosis. So stage III disease is often (almost regularly) associated with stage II disease. Such cases still need further treatment.", "contents": "[Basic differentiation of granulomatosis and fibrosis in sarcoidosis (author's transl)]. Active pulmonary granulomatosis due to sarcoidosis in stage I is characterized on chest films by well-defined enlarged hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes. In stage II a involved lymph nodes decrease in size. Interstitial infiltration causes ill-defined broadening of vessels and bronchi. Focal infiltrates correspond to just detectable or nodular lung shadows of up to several centimeters in size. Active granulomatosis is demonstrated by Gallium-67-scans in lymph nodes as well as in areas of interstitial and focal pulmonary infiltrates. Following spontaneous or therapeutically induced regression of granulomatosis the abnormal uptake is not seen anymore. X-ray findings of fibrosis include partial shrinkage of pulmonary lobes or segments along with displacement of vessels and bronchi and (fibrous) adhesions of interlobar, parietal and mediastinal pleura. Honeycombed, occasionally bullous emphysema are the most reliable findings suggesting fibrosis. In addition to the fibrosis demonstrated on chest films, the Gallium-67-scan often shows progressive granulomatosis. So stage III disease is often (almost regularly) associated with stage II disease. Such cases still need further treatment.", "PMID": 847122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7332", "title": "Predicting registry results.", "content": "A statistical procedure is demonstrated that allows the instructor to predict registry grades with the use of a practice registry examination. The procedure is regression analysis and it is presented in statistical notation. By using the charts and equations presented, other instructors can predict registry grades from their own practice examinations.", "contents": "Predicting registry results. A statistical procedure is demonstrated that allows the instructor to predict registry grades with the use of a practice registry examination. The procedure is regression analysis and it is presented in statistical notation. By using the charts and equations presented, other instructors can predict registry grades from their own practice examinations.", "PMID": 847117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7333", "title": "[Lung and pleural involvement in collagen disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Frequency and type of pulmonary and pleural involvement in collagen disease (rheumatoid arthritis, progressive systemic scleroderma, polymyositis-dermatomyositis and lupus erythematodes are analysed on the basis of literature and of own cases with particular regard to the roentgenographic appearance.", "contents": "[Lung and pleural involvement in collagen disease (author's transl)]. Frequency and type of pulmonary and pleural involvement in collagen disease (rheumatoid arthritis, progressive systemic scleroderma, polymyositis-dermatomyositis and lupus erythematodes are analysed on the basis of literature and of own cases with particular regard to the roentgenographic appearance.", "PMID": 847123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7334", "title": "Diagnostic x-ray tube failure and prevention.", "content": "The radiologic technologist is educated in the composition and function of the x-ray tube. He also has the responsibility of tube protection. This paper describes common causes of tube failures and lists specific preventive measures that should be taken to prolong the life of the x-ray tube.", "contents": "Diagnostic x-ray tube failure and prevention. The radiologic technologist is educated in the composition and function of the x-ray tube. He also has the responsibility of tube protection. This paper describes common causes of tube failures and lists specific preventive measures that should be taken to prolong the life of the x-ray tube.", "PMID": 847118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7335", "title": "[Alterations of pulmonary vessels in congenital heart disease. A summarized differential diagnostic table (author's transl)].", "content": "Roentgen signs of congenital heart disease are demonstrated by plain p. a. chest films and kymograms. Diagnostic critieria are discussed which cause increased, decreased, or minimal altered pulmonary blood flow. This simple diagnostic method in combination with the clinical symptom of cyanosis allows differentiation of congenital heart disease prior to catheter examination.", "contents": "[Alterations of pulmonary vessels in congenital heart disease. A summarized differential diagnostic table (author's transl)]. Roentgen signs of congenital heart disease are demonstrated by plain p. a. chest films and kymograms. Diagnostic critieria are discussed which cause increased, decreased, or minimal altered pulmonary blood flow. This simple diagnostic method in combination with the clinical symptom of cyanosis allows differentiation of congenital heart disease prior to catheter examination.", "PMID": 847124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7336", "title": "A method of instructing in the affective domain.", "content": "As we continually strive to teach our students the increasingly sophisticated aspects of our profession, we must also be sure to include planned instruction for the development of their value system. Through the use of values clarification techniques, various strategies may be designed and inserted into the curriculum.", "contents": "A method of instructing in the affective domain. As we continually strive to teach our students the increasingly sophisticated aspects of our profession, we must also be sure to include planned instruction for the development of their value system. Through the use of values clarification techniques, various strategies may be designed and inserted into the curriculum.", "PMID": 847119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7337", "title": "[Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis and Goodpasture's syndrome -- radiological findings (author's transl)].", "content": "Description of roentgenographic changes in idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis and Goodpasture's syndrome. Diagnostic criteria for differentiation from alveolar edema are shown. Separation of disseminated alveolar infections without clinical information is not possible. The close relation to idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis and Goodpasture's syndrome is emphasized.", "contents": "[Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis and Goodpasture's syndrome -- radiological findings (author's transl)]. Description of roentgenographic changes in idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis and Goodpasture's syndrome. Diagnostic criteria for differentiation from alveolar edema are shown. Separation of disseminated alveolar infections without clinical information is not possible. The close relation to idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis and Goodpasture's syndrome is emphasized.", "PMID": 847125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7338", "title": "[Possibilities and limits in roentgenographic documentation of lung lesions particularly in pneumoconiosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Roentgenographic appearance of minimal pneumoconiosis has changed with reduction of dust exposure. This urges radiologists to reconsider the evaluation of follow-up chest films. The possibilities of high-kilovoltage technique offer standardized and possibly stabilized conditions. Information about technical exposure data, chest x-ray equipment, and the generator are mandatory for film reading.", "contents": "[Possibilities and limits in roentgenographic documentation of lung lesions particularly in pneumoconiosis (author's transl)]. Roentgenographic appearance of minimal pneumoconiosis has changed with reduction of dust exposure. This urges radiologists to reconsider the evaluation of follow-up chest films. The possibilities of high-kilovoltage technique offer standardized and possibly stabilized conditions. Information about technical exposure data, chest x-ray equipment, and the generator are mandatory for film reading.", "PMID": 847126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7339", "title": "[Roentgenologic diagnosis of agenesis of the gallbladder (author's transl)].", "content": "A 58-year-old female with a surgically confirmed agenesis of the gallbladder is resported. Infusion-cholegraphy revealed a bud-like bulging of the common hepatic duct with a diameter of 6 mm. Celiac arteriography did not demonstrate cystic arteries supplying the gallbladder. As combined malformations celiac arteriography revealed an accessory spleen and a small hamartoma of the liver.", "contents": "[Roentgenologic diagnosis of agenesis of the gallbladder (author's transl)]. A 58-year-old female with a surgically confirmed agenesis of the gallbladder is resported. Infusion-cholegraphy revealed a bud-like bulging of the common hepatic duct with a diameter of 6 mm. Celiac arteriography did not demonstrate cystic arteries supplying the gallbladder. As combined malformations celiac arteriography revealed an accessory spleen and a small hamartoma of the liver.", "PMID": 847128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7340", "title": "[Giant multifocal cavernous hemangioma of the liver with phleboliths (author's transl)].", "content": "A multifocal giant hemangioma of the liver with phleboliths is described. The value of the roentgen signs and the differential diagnosis are discussed and compared to those of the literature. The most valuable examinations are angiography and ultrasound.", "contents": "[Giant multifocal cavernous hemangioma of the liver with phleboliths (author's transl)]. A multifocal giant hemangioma of the liver with phleboliths is described. The value of the roentgen signs and the differential diagnosis are discussed and compared to those of the literature. The most valuable examinations are angiography and ultrasound.", "PMID": 847129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7341", "title": "The columnar-lined esophagus--analysis of 26 cases.", "content": "A review of 26 cases of columnar-lined (Barrett's) esophagus suggests that this lesion is more common than generally appreciated, usually arising consequent to reflux esophagitis. The radiologically detectable lesions frequently do not support the idea that Barrett's esophagus presents only with high esophageal ulcer and/or stricture. Hiatal hernia, gastroesophageal reflux, stricture, ulcers, and even minor mucosal abnormalities may be present alone or in combination, and may be variably located.", "contents": "The columnar-lined esophagus--analysis of 26 cases. A review of 26 cases of columnar-lined (Barrett's) esophagus suggests that this lesion is more common than generally appreciated, usually arising consequent to reflux esophagitis. The radiologically detectable lesions frequently do not support the idea that Barrett's esophagus presents only with high esophageal ulcer and/or stricture. Hiatal hernia, gastroesophageal reflux, stricture, ulcers, and even minor mucosal abnormalities may be present alone or in combination, and may be variably located.", "PMID": 847130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7342", "title": "The widened interspinous distance: a useful sign of anterior cervical dislocation in the supine frontal projection.", "content": "Anterior dislocation of the cervical spine may be detected reliably in the supine frontal projection by evaluating the cervical spinous processes. A widened interspinous distance (ISD) which measures more than one and one-half times the ISD above and more than one and one-half times the ISD below indicates the presence of an anterior cervical dislocation at the level of abnormal widening. Measurements of the interspinous distances from the C3-C4 interval through the C7-T1 interval in 500 patients with normal cervical spines and in 14 patients with documented anterior cervical dislocations revealed neither false positive nor false negative diagnoses by these criteria.", "contents": "The widened interspinous distance: a useful sign of anterior cervical dislocation in the supine frontal projection. Anterior dislocation of the cervical spine may be detected reliably in the supine frontal projection by evaluating the cervical spinous processes. A widened interspinous distance (ISD) which measures more than one and one-half times the ISD above and more than one and one-half times the ISD below indicates the presence of an anterior cervical dislocation at the level of abnormal widening. Measurements of the interspinous distances from the C3-C4 interval through the C7-T1 interval in 500 patients with normal cervical spines and in 14 patients with documented anterior cervical dislocations revealed neither false positive nor false negative diagnoses by these criteria.", "PMID": 847132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7343", "title": "Positive and negative contrast myelography in spinal trauma.", "content": "The myelograms of 60 acutely injured patients were reviewed. Positive contrast material (Pantopaque) was preferred in cervical and thoracic trauma manifesting bony deformity, in cervical trauma without bony deformity (in the prone position), in delineating the thoracic spinal cord in the frontal projection, and in lumbar spinal injuries. Negative contrast material (air) was preferred in cervical trauma without bony deformity, to delineate the thoracic spinal cord in the lateral projection and in chronic trauma to demonstrate cord atrophy. An experimental, water-soluble positive contrast material (Amipaque) may show the spinal cord advantageously in both the anteroposterior and lateral projections and may be more extensively used. A protocol has been devised, based on the analysis of the myelographic findings.", "contents": "Positive and negative contrast myelography in spinal trauma. The myelograms of 60 acutely injured patients were reviewed. Positive contrast material (Pantopaque) was preferred in cervical and thoracic trauma manifesting bony deformity, in cervical trauma without bony deformity (in the prone position), in delineating the thoracic spinal cord in the frontal projection, and in lumbar spinal injuries. Negative contrast material (air) was preferred in cervical trauma without bony deformity, to delineate the thoracic spinal cord in the lateral projection and in chronic trauma to demonstrate cord atrophy. An experimental, water-soluble positive contrast material (Amipaque) may show the spinal cord advantageously in both the anteroposterior and lateral projections and may be more extensively used. A protocol has been devised, based on the analysis of the myelographic findings.", "PMID": 847131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7344", "title": "Gallium-67 scanning in the differentiation of maxillary sinus carcinoma from chronic maxillary sinusitis.", "content": "Gallium-67 scans of 25 patients in whom the clinical symptoms and radiographic findings were suggestive of either maxillary sinus carcinoma or chronic sinusitis proved to be valuable in the differentiation between the two disease processes. Those patients with carcinoma had positive scans, while those with sinusitis had either negative or only weakly positive scans.", "contents": "Gallium-67 scanning in the differentiation of maxillary sinus carcinoma from chronic maxillary sinusitis. Gallium-67 scans of 25 patients in whom the clinical symptoms and radiographic findings were suggestive of either maxillary sinus carcinoma or chronic sinusitis proved to be valuable in the differentiation between the two disease processes. Those patients with carcinoma had positive scans, while those with sinusitis had either negative or only weakly positive scans.", "PMID": 847133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7345", "title": "Observations on the sequential use of 99mTc-phosphate complex and 67Ga imaging in osteomyelitis, cellulitis, and septic arthritis.", "content": "Sequential studies with 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate (99mTc-MDP) and 67Ga were performed in 40 patients to determine the role of each agent in evaluating osteomyelitis, cellulitis, and spetic arthritis. Apart from the value of 67Ga in distinguishing cellulitis from osteomyelitis, it is a good adjuvant to 99mTc-MDP imaging in chronic osteomyelitis to identify continuing or recurrent sepsis and localize the focus of infection more precisely.", "contents": "Observations on the sequential use of 99mTc-phosphate complex and 67Ga imaging in osteomyelitis, cellulitis, and septic arthritis. Sequential studies with 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate (99mTc-MDP) and 67Ga were performed in 40 patients to determine the role of each agent in evaluating osteomyelitis, cellulitis, and spetic arthritis. Apart from the value of 67Ga in distinguishing cellulitis from osteomyelitis, it is a good adjuvant to 99mTc-MDP imaging in chronic osteomyelitis to identify continuing or recurrent sepsis and localize the focus of infection more precisely.", "PMID": 847134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7346", "title": "The value of 67Ga scintigraphy in soft-tissue sarcoma and chondrosarcoma.", "content": "Forty-one 67Ga images were obtained for 33 patients with a diagnosis of soft-tissue sarcoma or chondrosarcoma. Tumor was detected in 27 cases of soft-tissue sarcoma; 25 (93%) of these were found on the Ga scans. The overall accuracy of scanning was 95.1%. All patients with positive scans had tumor present. In soft-tissue sarcoma patients the scan detected the tumor in 39 out of 45 sites. Ga scintigraphy was found to be useful in the initial evaluation and follow-up of these patients. If the Ga citrate scan is positive at multiple sites, the possibility of tumor being present is 100% with a false negative rate of 16%.", "contents": "The value of 67Ga scintigraphy in soft-tissue sarcoma and chondrosarcoma. Forty-one 67Ga images were obtained for 33 patients with a diagnosis of soft-tissue sarcoma or chondrosarcoma. Tumor was detected in 27 cases of soft-tissue sarcoma; 25 (93%) of these were found on the Ga scans. The overall accuracy of scanning was 95.1%. All patients with positive scans had tumor present. In soft-tissue sarcoma patients the scan detected the tumor in 39 out of 45 sites. Ga scintigraphy was found to be useful in the initial evaluation and follow-up of these patients. If the Ga citrate scan is positive at multiple sites, the possibility of tumor being present is 100% with a false negative rate of 16%.", "PMID": 847135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7347", "title": "Radioscintigraphy in the diagnosis of upper airway obstruction.", "content": "Radiological and scintigraphic patterns in patients with upper airway obstruction are discussed. In contrast to the multiple hot spots of radioaerosol in bronchial asthma, localized spots were demonstrated in the neck and mediastinum. The sites correspond to those of severe obstruction of upper airways confirmed by tomography and bronchography. Aerosol inhalation lung scintigraphy is recommended for the patient with wheezing and a normal chest radiograph when a localized obstruction is suspected.", "contents": "Radioscintigraphy in the diagnosis of upper airway obstruction. Radiological and scintigraphic patterns in patients with upper airway obstruction are discussed. In contrast to the multiple hot spots of radioaerosol in bronchial asthma, localized spots were demonstrated in the neck and mediastinum. The sites correspond to those of severe obstruction of upper airways confirmed by tomography and bronchography. Aerosol inhalation lung scintigraphy is recommended for the patient with wheezing and a normal chest radiograph when a localized obstruction is suspected.", "PMID": 847136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7348", "title": "Increased retroperitoneal fat: a sign of corticosteroid therapy.", "content": "Abdominal radiographs of 8 children treated with glucocorticoids showed large accumulations of retroperitoneal fat. Excessive retroperitoneal fat in a child is suggestive of corticosteroid therapy.", "contents": "Increased retroperitoneal fat: a sign of corticosteroid therapy. Abdominal radiographs of 8 children treated with glucocorticoids showed large accumulations of retroperitoneal fat. Excessive retroperitoneal fat in a child is suggestive of corticosteroid therapy.", "PMID": 847137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7349", "title": "Resorption of contrast material from the bladder during cystourethrography causing an excretory urogram.", "content": "A small amount of cystographic contrast material is resorbed regularly from the bladder into the blood stream during routine cystourethrography in children. If the agent remains in the bladder for a relatively long period of time, the amount of iodine absorbed may be large enough to produce an excretory urogram.", "contents": "Resorption of contrast material from the bladder during cystourethrography causing an excretory urogram. A small amount of cystographic contrast material is resorbed regularly from the bladder into the blood stream during routine cystourethrography in children. If the agent remains in the bladder for a relatively long period of time, the amount of iodine absorbed may be large enough to produce an excretory urogram.", "PMID": 847138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7350", "title": "Radiological findings in Yersinia ileitis.", "content": "Bacteriological and clinical studies of patients with acute retional ileitis indicate that numerous patients with this diagnosis have a benign ileitis of short duration, caused by Yersinia enterocolitica, whereas others develop chronic Crohn's disease. Yersinia ileitis has some clinical and radiological features in common with Crohn's disease, but the two conditions are basically separate. In Yersinia ileitis, three stages are apparent: (a) the nodular stage, lasting up to three weeks; (b) the edematous stage (4th-5th week); and (c) resolution, observed during the 5th-8th week. The radiological findings in 25 patients with Yersinia ileitis and their distinction from Crohn's disease are described.", "contents": "Radiological findings in Yersinia ileitis. Bacteriological and clinical studies of patients with acute retional ileitis indicate that numerous patients with this diagnosis have a benign ileitis of short duration, caused by Yersinia enterocolitica, whereas others develop chronic Crohn's disease. Yersinia ileitis has some clinical and radiological features in common with Crohn's disease, but the two conditions are basically separate. In Yersinia ileitis, three stages are apparent: (a) the nodular stage, lasting up to three weeks; (b) the edematous stage (4th-5th week); and (c) resolution, observed during the 5th-8th week. The radiological findings in 25 patients with Yersinia ileitis and their distinction from Crohn's disease are described.", "PMID": 847139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7351", "title": "Pilomatrixoma (calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe): radiographic features.", "content": "Pilomatrixomas (calcifying epitheliomas of Malherbe) are benign soft-tissue tumors that occur in the dermis or subcutaneous tissues; about 40% are found in children under 10 years of age. More than 80% have microscopic calcification and/or ossification. Although the incidence of radiographically visible calcification is not known, heavily calcified tumors have a distinctive radiographic appearance. The authors describe the radiographic and pathologic findings in 2 children with pilomatrixomas.", "contents": "Pilomatrixoma (calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe): radiographic features. Pilomatrixomas (calcifying epitheliomas of Malherbe) are benign soft-tissue tumors that occur in the dermis or subcutaneous tissues; about 40% are found in children under 10 years of age. More than 80% have microscopic calcification and/or ossification. Although the incidence of radiographically visible calcification is not known, heavily calcified tumors have a distinctive radiographic appearance. The authors describe the radiographic and pathologic findings in 2 children with pilomatrixomas.", "PMID": 847140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7352", "title": "Osteodysplastia (Melnick-Needles syndrome). Radiological quiz.", "content": "Postmortem examination of a child with osteodysplastia (Melnick-Needles syndrome) showed peculiar fibro-osseous tissue in the marrow cavity, with areas of bone constriction but no abnormality of endochondral ossification. Pectus excavatum and scalloping of the vertebral bodies were also present.", "contents": "Osteodysplastia (Melnick-Needles syndrome). Radiological quiz. Postmortem examination of a child with osteodysplastia (Melnick-Needles syndrome) showed peculiar fibro-osseous tissue in the marrow cavity, with areas of bone constriction but no abnormality of endochondral ossification. Pectus excavatum and scalloping of the vertebral bodies were also present.", "PMID": 847141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7353", "title": "Ultrasonic differentiation of right pleural effusion from subphrenic fluid on longitudinal scans of the right upper quadrant: importance of recognizing the diaphragm.", "content": "Care in identifying the diaphragm on longitudinal sonograms through the liver allows differentiation of subpulmonic effusions from subphrenic fluid collections.", "contents": "Ultrasonic differentiation of right pleural effusion from subphrenic fluid on longitudinal scans of the right upper quadrant: importance of recognizing the diaphragm. Care in identifying the diaphragm on longitudinal sonograms through the liver allows differentiation of subpulmonic effusions from subphrenic fluid collections.", "PMID": 847142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7354", "title": "Diagnosis of cor triatriatum by echocardiography.", "content": "The echocardiographic findings in a case of cor triatriatum are described. The diagnosis was suggested by a normal anterior mitral valve echo and a dense band of echoes posterior to the aortic root and within the body of the left atrium; it was documented at cardiac catheterization and proved surgically. Echocardiography is an important diagnostic aid in assessing pulmonary venous obstruction in children.", "contents": "Diagnosis of cor triatriatum by echocardiography. The echocardiographic findings in a case of cor triatriatum are described. The diagnosis was suggested by a normal anterior mitral valve echo and a dense band of echoes posterior to the aortic root and within the body of the left atrium; it was documented at cardiac catheterization and proved surgically. Echocardiography is an important diagnostic aid in assessing pulmonary venous obstruction in children.", "PMID": 847143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7355", "title": "Echocardiographic detection of pericardial effusion and pericardial thickening in malignant lymphoma.", "content": "Serial echocardiographic examinations of the heart were obtained for 13 patients undergoing irradiation for malignant lymphoma. Eleven of these had been shown to have mediastinal adenopathy; none had clinically detectable pericardial disease. The pericardial effusion which had been echocardiographically evident in 6 patients prior to treatment disappeared during or subsequent to the course of radiotherapy. Small asymptomatic effusions appeared in 5 patients during the follow-up period. Pericardial effusions, detected easily by echocardiography, occur more commonly than hed been previously thought in patients with malignant lymphoma.", "contents": "Echocardiographic detection of pericardial effusion and pericardial thickening in malignant lymphoma. Serial echocardiographic examinations of the heart were obtained for 13 patients undergoing irradiation for malignant lymphoma. Eleven of these had been shown to have mediastinal adenopathy; none had clinically detectable pericardial disease. The pericardial effusion which had been echocardiographically evident in 6 patients prior to treatment disappeared during or subsequent to the course of radiotherapy. Small asymptomatic effusions appeared in 5 patients during the follow-up period. Pericardial effusions, detected easily by echocardiography, occur more commonly than hed been previously thought in patients with malignant lymphoma.", "PMID": 847144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7356", "title": "The ultrasonic demonstration of inferior vena caval compression: a guide to pancreatic head enlargement with emphasis on neoplasm.", "content": "The ultrasonic demonstration of compression of the anterior (ventral) wall of the inferior vena cava by the pancreatic head was proved to be a reliable sign of neoplasm enlarging the pancreatic head in 10 patients. It would appear that this sign is less reliable and probably not as important diagnostically in patients with pancreatic head enlargement secondary to pancreatitis or pseudocyst. This sign must be constant and reproducible on longitudinal scans done with a single transducer pass in suspended inspiration. This sign was not seen in 50 patients who had no evidence of pancreatic disease.", "contents": "The ultrasonic demonstration of inferior vena caval compression: a guide to pancreatic head enlargement with emphasis on neoplasm. The ultrasonic demonstration of compression of the anterior (ventral) wall of the inferior vena cava by the pancreatic head was proved to be a reliable sign of neoplasm enlarging the pancreatic head in 10 patients. It would appear that this sign is less reliable and probably not as important diagnostically in patients with pancreatic head enlargement secondary to pancreatitis or pseudocyst. This sign must be constant and reproducible on longitudinal scans done with a single transducer pass in suspended inspiration. This sign was not seen in 50 patients who had no evidence of pancreatic disease.", "PMID": 847145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7357", "title": "Value of ultrasonography in the detection of retroperitoneal inflammatory masses.", "content": "The ultrasonographic and radiologic findings for 7 patients with retroperitoneal inflammatory processes are presented. Ultrasonographic findings were critical to the diagnosis in 6 of the 7 patients and allowed for rapid evaluation and the institution of successful therapy. The relative sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography is compared with conventional radiologic modalities. The application of diagnostic ultrasound to the problem of retroperitoneal inflammation is advocated.", "contents": "Value of ultrasonography in the detection of retroperitoneal inflammatory masses. The ultrasonographic and radiologic findings for 7 patients with retroperitoneal inflammatory processes are presented. Ultrasonographic findings were critical to the diagnosis in 6 of the 7 patients and allowed for rapid evaluation and the institution of successful therapy. The relative sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography is compared with conventional radiologic modalities. The application of diagnostic ultrasound to the problem of retroperitoneal inflammation is advocated.", "PMID": 847146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7358", "title": "Echographic demonstration of mobility of the dissecting flap of an aortic aneurysm.", "content": "Echographic findings are reported in a patient in whom the anterior dissecting flap shows an undulating movement. Cine angiograms show expansion of the false lumen.", "contents": "Echographic demonstration of mobility of the dissecting flap of an aortic aneurysm. Echographic findings are reported in a patient in whom the anterior dissecting flap shows an undulating movement. Cine angiograms show expansion of the false lumen.", "PMID": 847147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7359", "title": "Factors affecting survival in over 500 patients with stage II carcinoma of the cervix.", "content": "Charts were reviewed of 519 patients with stage II (League of Nations) carcinoma of the cervix to determine those factors in the history, work-up, and treatment which affected survival. Those factors which correlated with a significant decrease in five-year survival were abnormal admission blood urea nitrogen level or excretory urogram, a history of pelvic pain or weight loss over 10 kg (20 lbs.), or tumor extension to the endocervix or uterus. These factors, as well as the results of lymphangiography, should be included in the staging of carcinoma of the cervix.", "contents": "Factors affecting survival in over 500 patients with stage II carcinoma of the cervix. Charts were reviewed of 519 patients with stage II (League of Nations) carcinoma of the cervix to determine those factors in the history, work-up, and treatment which affected survival. Those factors which correlated with a significant decrease in five-year survival were abnormal admission blood urea nitrogen level or excretory urogram, a history of pelvic pain or weight loss over 10 kg (20 lbs.), or tumor extension to the endocervix or uterus. These factors, as well as the results of lymphangiography, should be included in the staging of carcinoma of the cervix.", "PMID": 847148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7360", "title": "Sensitization of mouse skin to X irradiation by moderate heating.", "content": "The combined effects of heat and x irradiation have been studied on mouse skin using skin reactions on the feet. The skin was heated for one hour by immersion in a water bath at temperatures ranging from 25.5-43.5 degrees C. When the x irradiation was in the middle of this heating period a thermal sensitization to the x-ray damage was observed. The effect increased with temperature above 39.5 degrees C and doubled the effectiveness of the x rays at 43.5 degrees C. When the heating and irradiation were not concurrent the timing and sequence of treatments were important. Heat before irradiation was more effective than heat after irradiation, particularly if the interval was three hours or greater.", "contents": "Sensitization of mouse skin to X irradiation by moderate heating. The combined effects of heat and x irradiation have been studied on mouse skin using skin reactions on the feet. The skin was heated for one hour by immersion in a water bath at temperatures ranging from 25.5-43.5 degrees C. When the x irradiation was in the middle of this heating period a thermal sensitization to the x-ray damage was observed. The effect increased with temperature above 39.5 degrees C and doubled the effectiveness of the x rays at 43.5 degrees C. When the heating and irradiation were not concurrent the timing and sequence of treatments were important. Heat before irradiation was more effective than heat after irradiation, particularly if the interval was three hours or greater.", "PMID": 847149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7361", "title": "Cytotoxic and radiosensitizing effects of 5-thio-D-glucose on hypoxic cells.", "content": "The effect of 5-thio-D-glucose on the viability and radiosensitivity of P815-X2 mouse mastocytoma cells was studied in vitro. By itself, this compound is specifically cytotoxic toward hypoxic cells; moreover, it sensitizes hypoxic cells to irradiation while it protects aerobic cells from radiation damage. These features, together with its low toxicity, suggest that 5- thio-D-glucose may be useful adjuvant to radiotherapy", "contents": "Cytotoxic and radiosensitizing effects of 5-thio-D-glucose on hypoxic cells. The effect of 5-thio-D-glucose on the viability and radiosensitivity of P815-X2 mouse mastocytoma cells was studied in vitro. By itself, this compound is specifically cytotoxic toward hypoxic cells; moreover, it sensitizes hypoxic cells to irradiation while it protects aerobic cells from radiation damage. These features, together with its low toxicity, suggest that 5- thio-D-glucose may be useful adjuvant to radiotherapy", "PMID": 847150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7362", "title": "New dimensions in computed tomography.", "content": "Total body CT scanning may be utilized as a means of treatment planning for radiation therapy. Computer reconstruction of coronal and sagittal views from CT cross-sectional slices was accomplished by taking each of the cross-sectional images and placing them together in the specific order in the sequence in which they were scanned to form a cube. Once the cube is built, retrieving in the sagittal and coronal views is readily achieved.", "contents": "New dimensions in computed tomography. Total body CT scanning may be utilized as a means of treatment planning for radiation therapy. Computer reconstruction of coronal and sagittal views from CT cross-sectional slices was accomplished by taking each of the cross-sectional images and placing them together in the specific order in the sequence in which they were scanned to form a cube. Once the cube is built, retrieving in the sagittal and coronal views is readily achieved.", "PMID": 847151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7363", "title": "Autoradiographic studies of distribution in the stomach of 99mTc-pertechnetate.", "content": "The histological and cytological distribution of 99mTc-pertechnetate in animal stomachs was studied by autoradiography. Unlike halogens, technetium is handled predominantly by the gastric surface mucosal cells. The parietal and chief cells have little or no role in the gastric secretion of Tc-pertechnetate.", "contents": "Autoradiographic studies of distribution in the stomach of 99mTc-pertechnetate. The histological and cytological distribution of 99mTc-pertechnetate in animal stomachs was studied by autoradiography. Unlike halogens, technetium is handled predominantly by the gastric surface mucosal cells. The parietal and chief cells have little or no role in the gastric secretion of Tc-pertechnetate.", "PMID": 847152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7364", "title": "Modification of the Phillips Cradle for visualization of the left main coronary artery and proximal left anterior descending branch.", "content": "The authors describe a simple, inexpensive modification of the Philips cradle to give improved visualization of the left main coronary artery, the proximal anterior descending artery (LAD), and the origins of proximal lateral ventricular branches of the LAD in the left and right anterior oblique hemiaxial projections.", "contents": "Modification of the Phillips Cradle for visualization of the left main coronary artery and proximal left anterior descending branch. The authors describe a simple, inexpensive modification of the Philips cradle to give improved visualization of the left main coronary artery, the proximal anterior descending artery (LAD), and the origins of proximal lateral ventricular branches of the LAD in the left and right anterior oblique hemiaxial projections.", "PMID": 847153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7365", "title": "Use of the air wedge in hemiaxial views of the proximal left coronary artery.", "content": "The authors describe a simple, inexpensive method of obtaining hemiaxial views of the proximal left coronary artery, using an inflated air wedge to support the patient at the appropriate angle.", "contents": "Use of the air wedge in hemiaxial views of the proximal left coronary artery. The authors describe a simple, inexpensive method of obtaining hemiaxial views of the proximal left coronary artery, using an inflated air wedge to support the patient at the appropriate angle.", "PMID": 847154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7366", "title": "Magnetic removal of foreign bodies from the upper gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "The authors describe a simple method of removing objects such as bobby pins and straight pins from the upper gastrointestinal tract. A small but strong magnet such as the one used in a magnetic potholder is inserted in a nasogastric tube and passed through the mouth and nasopharynx under fluoroscopic control until it makes contact with the foreign body. The entire procedure takes only about two minutes and requires no special endoscopic skill.", "contents": "Magnetic removal of foreign bodies from the upper gastrointestinal tract. The authors describe a simple method of removing objects such as bobby pins and straight pins from the upper gastrointestinal tract. A small but strong magnet such as the one used in a magnetic potholder is inserted in a nasogastric tube and passed through the mouth and nasopharynx under fluoroscopic control until it makes contact with the foreign body. The entire procedure takes only about two minutes and requires no special endoscopic skill.", "PMID": 847155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7367", "title": "The lateral view in selective renal angiography.", "content": "Use of the lateral view in selective renal angiography is helpful in differentiating cysts from tumors. The position of the cyst is better defined, facilitating aspiration if necessary, while in malignant masses this technique gives a better idea of the dimensions and vascularity of the tumor. Three illustrative cases are presented.", "contents": "The lateral view in selective renal angiography. Use of the lateral view in selective renal angiography is helpful in differentiating cysts from tumors. The position of the cyst is better defined, facilitating aspiration if necessary, while in malignant masses this technique gives a better idea of the dimensions and vascularity of the tumor. Three illustrative cases are presented.", "PMID": 847156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7368", "title": "Faster-flow enema equipment.", "content": "The author describes a new 127-mm (1/2-inch) bore disposable plastic enema system for administration of the viscous barium used in double-contrast colon examinations. The larger internal diameter permits simple, rapid instillation and drainage of the suspension. Faster flow in and out results in less discomfort to the patient, especially the old and handicapped, and also saves time for the patient, technician, and physician.", "contents": "Faster-flow enema equipment. The author describes a new 127-mm (1/2-inch) bore disposable plastic enema system for administration of the viscous barium used in double-contrast colon examinations. The larger internal diameter permits simple, rapid instillation and drainage of the suspension. Faster flow in and out results in less discomfort to the patient, especially the old and handicapped, and also saves time for the patient, technician, and physician.", "PMID": 847157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7369", "title": "A simple method of barium administration for double-contrast enemas.", "content": "The authors describe a simple and rapid method of administering the high-density barium used in double-contrast examinations of the colon. The use of 60-ml syringes permits better placement, control of the proper amount, and removal of excess barium from the rectum.", "contents": "A simple method of barium administration for double-contrast enemas. The authors describe a simple and rapid method of administering the high-density barium used in double-contrast examinations of the colon. The use of 60-ml syringes permits better placement, control of the proper amount, and removal of excess barium from the rectum.", "PMID": 847158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7370", "title": "Balloon occlusion of the renal artery using contrast material instead of air.", "content": "Occlusion of the ipsilateral renal artery prior to nephrectomy is facilitated by substituting contrast material for air in the balloon of the Swan-Ganz catheter. The higher specific gravity of the contrast medium causes the balloon to settle in the bloodstream instead of floating in it, permitting it to be carried rapidly into the renal artery.", "contents": "Balloon occlusion of the renal artery using contrast material instead of air. Occlusion of the ipsilateral renal artery prior to nephrectomy is facilitated by substituting contrast material for air in the balloon of the Swan-Ganz catheter. The higher specific gravity of the contrast medium causes the balloon to settle in the bloodstream instead of floating in it, permitting it to be carried rapidly into the renal artery.", "PMID": 847159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7371", "title": "Use of the Seldinger technique in sialography.", "content": "The authors describe a modified Seldinger Technique for sialography which is especially helpful in cannulization of the submandibular ducts. This procedure was successful in 2. of 30 patients tested.", "contents": "Use of the Seldinger technique in sialography. The authors describe a modified Seldinger Technique for sialography which is especially helpful in cannulization of the submandibular ducts. This procedure was successful in 2. of 30 patients tested.", "PMID": 847160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7372", "title": "Use of a 5 French catheter with multiple side holes in abdominal aortography.", "content": "The authors describe a simple technique of abdominal aortography using a 5 French catheter with multiple side holes. Bursting points for catheters of varying lengths and numbers of side holes are given.", "contents": "Use of a 5 French catheter with multiple side holes in abdominal aortography. The authors describe a simple technique of abdominal aortography using a 5 French catheter with multiple side holes. Bursting points for catheters of varying lengths and numbers of side holes are given.", "PMID": 847161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7373", "title": "Light sources as a means of reproducing patient positioning.", "content": "A simple method to insure the reproducibility of patient positioning is described. The system uses an adjustable frame fastened to the camera head and two light sources. The light sources project two circles of light on the patient. These reference points are marked on the patient's skin with a felt pen. If the patient moves or requires a follow-up study, these two reference points can be used to reposition the patient exactly. Comparison of the light-sources method with the persistence-scope method showed a significant improvement in accuracy with the former.", "contents": "Light sources as a means of reproducing patient positioning. A simple method to insure the reproducibility of patient positioning is described. The system uses an adjustable frame fastened to the camera head and two light sources. The light sources project two circles of light on the patient. These reference points are marked on the patient's skin with a felt pen. If the patient moves or requires a follow-up study, these two reference points can be used to reposition the patient exactly. Comparison of the light-sources method with the persistence-scope method showed a significant improvement in accuracy with the former.", "PMID": 847162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7374", "title": "Tomogram degradation due to eye shielding and collimation.", "content": "Phantom-image, line-pair resolution and anterior eye exposure have been measured to determine the optimum collimation and eye shielding for petrous temporal tomography. Small round collimation and 0.5-1.0-mm lead equivalent eye shields are recommended. This reduces eye exposure to 10% of the usual dose without changing line-pair resolution.", "contents": "Tomogram degradation due to eye shielding and collimation. Phantom-image, line-pair resolution and anterior eye exposure have been measured to determine the optimum collimation and eye shielding for petrous temporal tomography. Small round collimation and 0.5-1.0-mm lead equivalent eye shields are recommended. This reduces eye exposure to 10% of the usual dose without changing line-pair resolution.", "PMID": 847163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7375", "title": "Kidney cassettes for intraoperative radiography.", "content": "A miniature vacuum cassette, contoured to conform to the kidney, has been used successfully in the operating room to visualize intraparenchymal calculi fragments. A low-dose technique using a single-emulsion film and high-definition intensifying screens has been developed. A vacuum system assures good screen-film contact. The vacuum cassette can be sterilized and reused.", "contents": "Kidney cassettes for intraoperative radiography. A miniature vacuum cassette, contoured to conform to the kidney, has been used successfully in the operating room to visualize intraparenchymal calculi fragments. A low-dose technique using a single-emulsion film and high-definition intensifying screens has been developed. A vacuum system assures good screen-film contact. The vacuum cassette can be sterilized and reused.", "PMID": 847164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7376", "title": "Body computed tomography: a clinically important and efficacious radiologic procedure.", "content": "In the institutions represented by the authors, more than 7,500 body CT examinations have been performed. Body CT has been found to be particularly useful in solving specific problems, especially when other diagnostic procedures yield confusiing results. Radiologists and their collegues, and not governmental agencies and insurance companies, should define the experimental, research and clinical usefulness of computed tomography.", "contents": "Body computed tomography: a clinically important and efficacious radiologic procedure. In the institutions represented by the authors, more than 7,500 body CT examinations have been performed. Body CT has been found to be particularly useful in solving specific problems, especially when other diagnostic procedures yield confusiing results. Radiologists and their collegues, and not governmental agencies and insurance companies, should define the experimental, research and clinical usefulness of computed tomography.", "PMID": 847165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7377", "title": "Loculated pneumoperitoneum simulating gas in the bowel wall.", "content": "The radiographic appearance of intramural bowel gas can be simulated by extraserosal gas bubbles loculated within adhesions.", "contents": "Loculated pneumoperitoneum simulating gas in the bowel wall. The radiographic appearance of intramural bowel gas can be simulated by extraserosal gas bubbles loculated within adhesions.", "PMID": 847168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7378", "title": "Torsion of the wandering spleen seen as a migratory abdominal mass.", "content": "Torsion of the wandering spleen is an unusual cause of an acute abdomen, rarely diagnosed preoperatively. The authors describe a case which was suspected prior to surgery and confirmed by radionuclide imaging. Radiographic findings include an extrinsic mass on barium-enema examination and absence of the splenic shadow in the left upper quadrant.", "contents": "Torsion of the wandering spleen seen as a migratory abdominal mass. Torsion of the wandering spleen is an unusual cause of an acute abdomen, rarely diagnosed preoperatively. The authors describe a case which was suspected prior to surgery and confirmed by radionuclide imaging. Radiographic findings include an extrinsic mass on barium-enema examination and absence of the splenic shadow in the left upper quadrant.", "PMID": 847169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7379", "title": "Pancreatic pseudocyst of the mediastinum.", "content": "The mediassinum is a relatively uncommon site for a pancreatic pseudocyst. Two such cases are presented, along with a review of 14 additional cases from the English literature. In most cases the pseudocyst is located in the posterior mediastinum, with entry to the mediastinum via the aortic or esophageal hiatus. The most common presenting symptoms are chest or abdominal pain and dyspnea. Displacement of the esophagus and stomach anteriorly and to the left on the upper gastrointestinal series and an associated mediastinal mass are the most helpful radiographic manifestations.", "contents": "Pancreatic pseudocyst of the mediastinum. The mediassinum is a relatively uncommon site for a pancreatic pseudocyst. Two such cases are presented, along with a review of 14 additional cases from the English literature. In most cases the pseudocyst is located in the posterior mediastinum, with entry to the mediastinum via the aortic or esophageal hiatus. The most common presenting symptoms are chest or abdominal pain and dyspnea. Displacement of the esophagus and stomach anteriorly and to the left on the upper gastrointestinal series and an associated mediastinal mass are the most helpful radiographic manifestations.", "PMID": 847170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7380", "title": "Paradoxical embolism in morbidly obese persons.", "content": "Three cases of paradoxical embolism are reported in patients with morbid obesity. Early consideration of the possibility of paradoxical embolism allows the appropriate therapy to be instituted without delay. It appears that these patients are at increased risk for both pulmonary emboli and paradoxical emboli. The necessity of early diagnosis in the pathophysiology of paradoxical embolism is discussed.", "contents": "Paradoxical embolism in morbidly obese persons. Three cases of paradoxical embolism are reported in patients with morbid obesity. Early consideration of the possibility of paradoxical embolism allows the appropriate therapy to be instituted without delay. It appears that these patients are at increased risk for both pulmonary emboli and paradoxical emboli. The necessity of early diagnosis in the pathophysiology of paradoxical embolism is discussed.", "PMID": 847171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7381", "title": "Direct radiographic magnification for skeletal radiology. An assessment of image quality and clinical application.", "content": "Recent advances in technology have made radiographic magnification of the skeleton clinically feasible. A new electron gun micro-focal tube combined with new high-resolution recording systems were used to perform magnification radiography which was then compared with conventional contact radiography. Quantitative evaluation included measurements of speed, contrast, resolution, and noise. Qualitative evaluation included an analysis of 215 clinical cases in which both techniques were used. The superior image quality of direct radiographic magnification is confirmed and the clinical areas in which it proved most helpful are defined.", "contents": "Direct radiographic magnification for skeletal radiology. An assessment of image quality and clinical application. Recent advances in technology have made radiographic magnification of the skeleton clinically feasible. A new electron gun micro-focal tube combined with new high-resolution recording systems were used to perform magnification radiography which was then compared with conventional contact radiography. Quantitative evaluation included measurements of speed, contrast, resolution, and noise. Qualitative evaluation included an analysis of 215 clinical cases in which both techniques were used. The superior image quality of direct radiographic magnification is confirmed and the clinical areas in which it proved most helpful are defined.", "PMID": 847172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7382", "title": "Osteolysis of the clavicular tip associated with repeated minor trauma to the shoulder.", "content": "Osteolysis of the acromial end of the clavicle was seen in a 30-year-old man who had played a great deal of handball and softball, apparently as the result of repeated stress to the acromioclavicular articulation. Such osteolysis appears to be self-limited and requires no specific therapy other than rest of the affected area.", "contents": "Osteolysis of the clavicular tip associated with repeated minor trauma to the shoulder. Osteolysis of the acromial end of the clavicle was seen in a 30-year-old man who had played a great deal of handball and softball, apparently as the result of repeated stress to the acromioclavicular articulation. Such osteolysis appears to be self-limited and requires no specific therapy other than rest of the affected area.", "PMID": 847173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7383", "title": "The sesamoid bones of the hands and feet: participators in arthritis.", "content": "The sesamoids generally appear as small ovoid bones adjacent to articulations or at sites where tendons are angled about osseous surfaces. At either location they participate in joint afflictions, the pattern of abnormality being remarkably constant and predictable. Sesamoids may demonstrate osseous erosion in rheumatoid arthritis, bony proliferation or \"whiskering\" in rheumatoid variants, joint space narrowing and bony ankylosis in septic arthritis, and eburnation and osteophyte formation in osteoarthritis and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis. These changes become particularly important when they occur in the absence of significant adjacent articular disease. In these instances, recognition of sesamoid abnormalities allows accurate radiographic diagnosis.", "contents": "The sesamoid bones of the hands and feet: participators in arthritis. The sesamoids generally appear as small ovoid bones adjacent to articulations or at sites where tendons are angled about osseous surfaces. At either location they participate in joint afflictions, the pattern of abnormality being remarkably constant and predictable. Sesamoids may demonstrate osseous erosion in rheumatoid arthritis, bony proliferation or \"whiskering\" in rheumatoid variants, joint space narrowing and bony ankylosis in septic arthritis, and eburnation and osteophyte formation in osteoarthritis and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis. These changes become particularly important when they occur in the absence of significant adjacent articular disease. In these instances, recognition of sesamoid abnormalities allows accurate radiographic diagnosis.", "PMID": 847174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7384", "title": "Single view negative mode xeromammography: an approach to reduce radiation exposure in breast cancer screening.", "content": "With the increasing use of xeromammography in mass screening for breast cancer, the potential risk to women from repeated exposure to low energy ionizing radiation must be weighed against the benefit of early detection of breast cancer. Although xeromammography allows detection of 80-90% of breast cancers before metastases occur, the radiation hazard from repeated xeromammographic screening must be considered and attempts made to reduce radiation exposure. The dose from xeromammography can be reduced by greater than one half with the single mediolateral view, negative mode imaging technique. Moreover, no reduction of diagnostic accuracy of xeromammography in early detection of breast cancer was found with this technique.", "contents": "Single view negative mode xeromammography: an approach to reduce radiation exposure in breast cancer screening. With the increasing use of xeromammography in mass screening for breast cancer, the potential risk to women from repeated exposure to low energy ionizing radiation must be weighed against the benefit of early detection of breast cancer. Although xeromammography allows detection of 80-90% of breast cancers before metastases occur, the radiation hazard from repeated xeromammographic screening must be considered and attempts made to reduce radiation exposure. The dose from xeromammography can be reduced by greater than one half with the single mediolateral view, negative mode imaging technique. Moreover, no reduction of diagnostic accuracy of xeromammography in early detection of breast cancer was found with this technique.", "PMID": 847175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7385", "title": "Computed tomography of porencephaly and other cerebrospinal fluid-containing lesions.", "content": "The EMI head scanner was used to review a large number of cases of porencephaly; computed tomographic scanning was found to be the most satisfactory method of evaluating these lesions. The nuclide brain scan has not usually been of significant value for diagnosis, and although angiography and pneumoencephalography were used for correlation in some cases, the CT scan is often the only neuroradiological procedure necessary to achieve the correct diagnosis. Porencephalic areas usually have a well-defined border, have the density of cerebrospinal fluid, and do not change in density following the use of contrast medium enhancement.", "contents": "Computed tomography of porencephaly and other cerebrospinal fluid-containing lesions. The EMI head scanner was used to review a large number of cases of porencephaly; computed tomographic scanning was found to be the most satisfactory method of evaluating these lesions. The nuclide brain scan has not usually been of significant value for diagnosis, and although angiography and pneumoencephalography were used for correlation in some cases, the CT scan is often the only neuroradiological procedure necessary to achieve the correct diagnosis. Porencephalic areas usually have a well-defined border, have the density of cerebrospinal fluid, and do not change in density following the use of contrast medium enhancement.", "PMID": 847176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7386", "title": "Detection of subarachnoid blood clot and other thin, flat structures by computed tomography.", "content": "Eight cases of subarachnoid hemorrhages are reported to illustrate the ability of CT to demonstrate thin, flat collections of subarachnoid blood clots and the importance of CT in localization of the bleeding site, especially in cases of multiple aneurysms. The major factors in the detection of these lesions are discussed on the basis of partial volume phenomenon.", "contents": "Detection of subarachnoid blood clot and other thin, flat structures by computed tomography. Eight cases of subarachnoid hemorrhages are reported to illustrate the ability of CT to demonstrate thin, flat collections of subarachnoid blood clots and the importance of CT in localization of the bleeding site, especially in cases of multiple aneurysms. The major factors in the detection of these lesions are discussed on the basis of partial volume phenomenon.", "PMID": 847177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7387", "title": "Computed tomography in the evaluation of intracranial aneurysms and subarachnoid hemorrhage.", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) is a reliable technique for examining patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage and intracranial aneurysms. Extravasated blood is easily recognized and the location of the ruptured aneurysm may frequently be predicted by its distribution into the subarachnoid spaces and brain parenchyma. CT alleviates the need for repeat angiography while following the patient's clinical evolution since it clearly shows rebleed, edema follwoing vasospasm, and hydrocephalus.", "contents": "Computed tomography in the evaluation of intracranial aneurysms and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Computed tomography (CT) is a reliable technique for examining patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage and intracranial aneurysms. Extravasated blood is easily recognized and the location of the ruptured aneurysm may frequently be predicted by its distribution into the subarachnoid spaces and brain parenchyma. CT alleviates the need for repeat angiography while following the patient's clinical evolution since it clearly shows rebleed, edema follwoing vasospasm, and hydrocephalus.", "PMID": 847178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7388", "title": "Aperistalsis and esophagitis.", "content": "Aperistalsis of the esophagus was demonstrated in six patients with esophagitis. This was observed in reflux, caustic, and infectious esophagitis, and has occurred both as a transient phenomenon with no further sequelae, and as the initial manifestation of involvement in patients who subsequently suffered stricture. Based on biopsy and autopsy specimens in two cases, a possible mechanism of aperistalsis related to the damage to neurons in Auerbach's plexus is postulated. The presence of aperistalsis has been the first significant clue to esophageal inflammation in several cases.", "contents": "Aperistalsis and esophagitis. Aperistalsis of the esophagus was demonstrated in six patients with esophagitis. This was observed in reflux, caustic, and infectious esophagitis, and has occurred both as a transient phenomenon with no further sequelae, and as the initial manifestation of involvement in patients who subsequently suffered stricture. Based on biopsy and autopsy specimens in two cases, a possible mechanism of aperistalsis related to the damage to neurons in Auerbach's plexus is postulated. The presence of aperistalsis has been the first significant clue to esophageal inflammation in several cases.", "PMID": 847179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7389", "title": "Computed tomography in lead encephalopathy: a case report.", "content": "The computed tomographic findings in a patient with lead encephalopathy are described. The predominantly unilateral abnormalities and the clinical history were suggestive of a cerebral tumor.", "contents": "Computed tomography in lead encephalopathy: a case report. The computed tomographic findings in a patient with lead encephalopathy are described. The predominantly unilateral abnormalities and the clinical history were suggestive of a cerebral tumor.", "PMID": 847180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7390", "title": "Diagnosis of descending transtentorial herniation by cranial computed tomography.", "content": "Descending transtentorial herniartion (DTH) secondary to a supratentorial mass effect can be detected by CT. Early signs of uncal herniation include encroachment on the suprasellar cistern, displacement of the brain stem, enlargement of the ipsilateral crural subarachnoid space, and compression of the contralateral cerebral peduncle. Increasingly severe combined uncal and hippocampal DTH results in progressive obliteration of the suprasellar and interpeduncular cisterns, elongation or compression of the brain stem, and inferior or posterior displacement of the basilar artery.", "contents": "Diagnosis of descending transtentorial herniation by cranial computed tomography. Descending transtentorial herniartion (DTH) secondary to a supratentorial mass effect can be detected by CT. Early signs of uncal herniation include encroachment on the suprasellar cistern, displacement of the brain stem, enlargement of the ipsilateral crural subarachnoid space, and compression of the contralateral cerebral peduncle. Increasingly severe combined uncal and hippocampal DTH results in progressive obliteration of the suprasellar and interpeduncular cisterns, elongation or compression of the brain stem, and inferior or posterior displacement of the basilar artery.", "PMID": 847181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7391", "title": "Genetics and cancer of the gastrointestinal system. Annual oration in honor of Herbert M. Stauffer, M.D., 1914-1970.", "content": "Familial aggregations of tumors may occur in virtually all organ systems. The gastrointestinal tract is a frequent site for the development of cancers having an hereditary basis. Their recognition has important relevance to cancer control and prevention. In addition, detailed clinical and laboratory studies of inherited tumors may throw light upon the cause of the more common forms of gastrointestinal neoplasms. Radiologists must have a working knowledge of the genetic and diagnostic elements of each in order to fulfill their responsibilities to the patient, the patient's family and the referring physician.", "contents": "Genetics and cancer of the gastrointestinal system. Annual oration in honor of Herbert M. Stauffer, M.D., 1914-1970. Familial aggregations of tumors may occur in virtually all organ systems. The gastrointestinal tract is a frequent site for the development of cancers having an hereditary basis. Their recognition has important relevance to cancer control and prevention. In addition, detailed clinical and laboratory studies of inherited tumors may throw light upon the cause of the more common forms of gastrointestinal neoplasms. Radiologists must have a working knowledge of the genetic and diagnostic elements of each in order to fulfill their responsibilities to the patient, the patient's family and the referring physician.", "PMID": 847182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7392", "title": "Unilateral diffuse lung opacity; Differential diagnosis with emphasis on lymphangitic spread of cancer.", "content": "One hundred adults with unilateral diffuse lung opacity have been studied. Seventy cases involve the right lung. Lymphangitic cancer, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, aspiration, and radiation injury account for the majority of cases (90%). Unilateral pulmonary edema is usually right sided, and, frequently, the heart is not enlarged. Unilateral lymphangitic spread of cancer is usually right sided and most often due to a primary lesion in the involved lung. Occasionally a cancer outside the lung may spread unilaterally.", "contents": "Unilateral diffuse lung opacity; Differential diagnosis with emphasis on lymphangitic spread of cancer. One hundred adults with unilateral diffuse lung opacity have been studied. Seventy cases involve the right lung. Lymphangitic cancer, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, aspiration, and radiation injury account for the majority of cases (90%). Unilateral pulmonary edema is usually right sided, and, frequently, the heart is not enlarged. Unilateral lymphangitic spread of cancer is usually right sided and most often due to a primary lesion in the involved lung. Occasionally a cancer outside the lung may spread unilaterally.", "PMID": 847183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7393", "title": "The shifting granuloma: an internal marker of atelectasis.", "content": "Many patients carry internal markers of pulmonary parenchymal anatomy: calcified granulomas. When such granulomas are present, their movement is a direct sign of significant parenchymal collapse.", "contents": "The shifting granuloma: an internal marker of atelectasis. Many patients carry internal markers of pulmonary parenchymal anatomy: calcified granulomas. When such granulomas are present, their movement is a direct sign of significant parenchymal collapse.", "PMID": 847184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7394", "title": "Metastatic melanoma. Another cause of a solitary pulmonary nodule with an air bronchogram.", "content": "Distinct air bronchograms were seen in a solitary pulmonary nodule, a metastasis from a malignant melanoma of the scalp. Such a finding has been reported previously only in alveolar-cell carcinoma, pulmonary lymphoma, and pulmonary pseudolymphoma.", "contents": "Metastatic melanoma. Another cause of a solitary pulmonary nodule with an air bronchogram. Distinct air bronchograms were seen in a solitary pulmonary nodule, a metastasis from a malignant melanoma of the scalp. Such a finding has been reported previously only in alveolar-cell carcinoma, pulmonary lymphoma, and pulmonary pseudolymphoma.", "PMID": 847185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7395", "title": "An unusual manifestation of esophageal moniliasis. Report of two cases.", "content": "Most previous reports of esophageal moniliasis have described diffuse changes in the esophagus. The authors describe two cases involving a localized polypoid lesion in the esophagus in patients with Candida infection. The pathogenesis is discussed.", "contents": "An unusual manifestation of esophageal moniliasis. Report of two cases. Most previous reports of esophageal moniliasis have described diffuse changes in the esophagus. The authors describe two cases involving a localized polypoid lesion in the esophagus in patients with Candida infection. The pathogenesis is discussed.", "PMID": 847186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7396", "title": "Complete esophageal obstruction from cricopharyngeal achalasia.", "content": "A patient with complete esophageal obstruction from cricopharyngeal achalasia in whom adequate cricopharyngeal myotomy failed to alleviate the dysphagia is described. The importance of pre-operative radiological evaluation of patients with neurologically related dysphagia is discussed, specifically, the degree of obstruction, range of tongue movement, and presence of aspiration. These factors have a predictive value in assessing the benefits of planned cricopharyngeal myotomy.", "contents": "Complete esophageal obstruction from cricopharyngeal achalasia. A patient with complete esophageal obstruction from cricopharyngeal achalasia in whom adequate cricopharyngeal myotomy failed to alleviate the dysphagia is described. The importance of pre-operative radiological evaluation of patients with neurologically related dysphagia is discussed, specifically, the degree of obstruction, range of tongue movement, and presence of aspiration. These factors have a predictive value in assessing the benefits of planned cricopharyngeal myotomy.", "PMID": 847187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7397", "title": "The spectrum of radiographic features of aberrant pancreatic rests involving the stomach.", "content": "The radiographic features of 20 cases of pathologically confirmed heterotopic pancreatic rests involving the stomach were analyzed. Aberrant pancreatic tissue in the stomach produces a broader spectrum of radiographic findings than had been thought. The mass produced by the aberrant tissue is often larger and more sessile than usually anticipated, and may simulate a mural neoplasm or adenomatous polyp. While most cases occur in the distal antrum or prepyloric area, some occur in the more proximal portion of the antrum. Less than half of the cases in this series included the finding of a small central niche. When a niche was present, it was often large in relation to the mass, and simulated a gastric ulcer or ulcerating neoplasm.", "contents": "The spectrum of radiographic features of aberrant pancreatic rests involving the stomach. The radiographic features of 20 cases of pathologically confirmed heterotopic pancreatic rests involving the stomach were analyzed. Aberrant pancreatic tissue in the stomach produces a broader spectrum of radiographic findings than had been thought. The mass produced by the aberrant tissue is often larger and more sessile than usually anticipated, and may simulate a mural neoplasm or adenomatous polyp. While most cases occur in the distal antrum or prepyloric area, some occur in the more proximal portion of the antrum. Less than half of the cases in this series included the finding of a small central niche. When a niche was present, it was often large in relation to the mass, and simulated a gastric ulcer or ulcerating neoplasm.", "PMID": 847188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7398", "title": "Angiographic diagnosis of intrinsic duodenal inflammatory disease.", "content": "Duodenal tumors are rare but duodenal inflammatory disease occurs frequently. In most cases it can be accurately diagnosed without angiography but in the occasional case that presents a diagnostic problem, angiography is required. Seven cases of duodenal inflammatory disease are reviewed. Careful attention to the shape and direction of vascular displacement and to separate evaluation of pancreatic and duodenal arteries accurately distinguished duodenal from pancreatic disease. This distinction can significantly influence subsequent therapy.", "contents": "Angiographic diagnosis of intrinsic duodenal inflammatory disease. Duodenal tumors are rare but duodenal inflammatory disease occurs frequently. In most cases it can be accurately diagnosed without angiography but in the occasional case that presents a diagnostic problem, angiography is required. Seven cases of duodenal inflammatory disease are reviewed. Careful attention to the shape and direction of vascular displacement and to separate evaluation of pancreatic and duodenal arteries accurately distinguished duodenal from pancreatic disease. This distinction can significantly influence subsequent therapy.", "PMID": 847189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7399", "title": "Barium studies in small-bowel infarction. Radiological-pathological correlation.", "content": "Seven patients with proved small-bowel infarction were studied to determine whether the radiographic appearance of an ischemic segment is helpful in predicting the severity of the process, in particular the potential viability or nonviability of the affected bowel. It was found that the barium examination is useful in detecting small-bowel infarction in clinically obscure cases but is unreliable in predicting the depth of necrosis or potential viability of an ischemic segment. In addition, the longitudinal extent of ischemic damage was underestimated using the radiographic findings and there was poor correlation between the transit time of barium and the severity of bowel-wall damage.", "contents": "Barium studies in small-bowel infarction. Radiological-pathological correlation. Seven patients with proved small-bowel infarction were studied to determine whether the radiographic appearance of an ischemic segment is helpful in predicting the severity of the process, in particular the potential viability or nonviability of the affected bowel. It was found that the barium examination is useful in detecting small-bowel infarction in clinically obscure cases but is unreliable in predicting the depth of necrosis or potential viability of an ischemic segment. In addition, the longitudinal extent of ischemic damage was underestimated using the radiographic findings and there was poor correlation between the transit time of barium and the severity of bowel-wall damage.", "PMID": 847190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7400", "title": "The natural history of pneumatosis coli.", "content": "Four cases of primary pneumatosis coli which exhibit a changing pattern of severity and distribution including cure without therapy are described. No previous similar cases with radiographic correlation have been found by the author in the literature. The pathogenesis of pneumatosis coli is discussed and the literature is reviewed.", "contents": "The natural history of pneumatosis coli. Four cases of primary pneumatosis coli which exhibit a changing pattern of severity and distribution including cure without therapy are described. No previous similar cases with radiographic correlation have been found by the author in the literature. The pathogenesis of pneumatosis coli is discussed and the literature is reviewed.", "PMID": 847191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7401", "title": "The paradoxical halo sign in hepatic pseudotumor.", "content": "The \"halo sign\" in hepatic angiography is considered a reliable sign of an intrahepatic mass. A large retroperitoneal mass may present as an hepatic tumor clinically; two such cases are presented in which the halo sign was demonstrated by hepatic angiography. When this \"paradoxical\" halo sign is present, several factors contribute to the diagnosis of an extra-hepatic mass: (a) minimal stretching or displacement of the hepatic artery or portal vein; (b) lack of draping of the hepatic arteries around the mass; and (c) identification of abnormal vessels or a mass in an adjacent organ.", "contents": "The paradoxical halo sign in hepatic pseudotumor. The \"halo sign\" in hepatic angiography is considered a reliable sign of an intrahepatic mass. A large retroperitoneal mass may present as an hepatic tumor clinically; two such cases are presented in which the halo sign was demonstrated by hepatic angiography. When this \"paradoxical\" halo sign is present, several factors contribute to the diagnosis of an extra-hepatic mass: (a) minimal stretching or displacement of the hepatic artery or portal vein; (b) lack of draping of the hepatic arteries around the mass; and (c) identification of abnormal vessels or a mass in an adjacent organ.", "PMID": 847192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7402", "title": "Percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy of pancreatic and other abdominal masses.", "content": "Percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy of 18 patients with pancreatic masses, and 19 with other intra-abdominal tumors, showed it to be a safe, accurate procedure. A diagnostic biopsy yield was obtained in over 85% of the cases without clinical complications. Indications for fine needle biopsy are: (a) to avoid surgery by obtaining a histologic diagnosis; (b) to determine the staging of a neoplastic disease process; and (c) to facilitate treatment planning. The technique of \"skinny needle\" biopsy is discussed.", "contents": "Percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy of pancreatic and other abdominal masses. Percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy of 18 patients with pancreatic masses, and 19 with other intra-abdominal tumors, showed it to be a safe, accurate procedure. A diagnostic biopsy yield was obtained in over 85% of the cases without clinical complications. Indications for fine needle biopsy are: (a) to avoid surgery by obtaining a histologic diagnosis; (b) to determine the staging of a neoplastic disease process; and (c) to facilitate treatment planning. The technique of \"skinny needle\" biopsy is discussed.", "PMID": 847193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7403", "title": "The importance of temperature in angiography of the hand.", "content": "Angiograms of the hand of a normal volunteer taken at skin temperatures ranging from 22 to 33 degrees C revealed that visualization of the arteries was highly dependent on the temperature. Lower temperatures produced vasospasm beginning in the smaller vessels and proportionally involving medium-sized and major arteries. Moderate warming led to optimum filling and is recommended prior to angiography of the hand. Prior injection of contrast material caused no perceptible change in the filling or appearance of the arteries.", "contents": "The importance of temperature in angiography of the hand. Angiograms of the hand of a normal volunteer taken at skin temperatures ranging from 22 to 33 degrees C revealed that visualization of the arteries was highly dependent on the temperature. Lower temperatures produced vasospasm beginning in the smaller vessels and proportionally involving medium-sized and major arteries. Moderate warming led to optimum filling and is recommended prior to angiography of the hand. Prior injection of contrast material caused no perceptible change in the filling or appearance of the arteries.", "PMID": 847194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7404", "title": "Chondrolysis following slipped capital femoral epiphysis.", "content": "Chondrolysis of the hip following slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) is reviewed and 3 cases are presented. The roentgenographic findings and early symptoms may serve to warn the radiologist and clinician of the onset of chondrolysis. Chondrolysis without SCFE is rare. Unfortunately the etiology is not well understood, and often the clinical course cannot be altered.", "contents": "Chondrolysis following slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Chondrolysis of the hip following slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) is reviewed and 3 cases are presented. The roentgenographic findings and early symptoms may serve to warn the radiologist and clinician of the onset of chondrolysis. Chondrolysis without SCFE is rare. Unfortunately the etiology is not well understood, and often the clinical course cannot be altered.", "PMID": 847195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7405", "title": "Effect of evaporative surface cooling on thermographic assessment of burn depth.", "content": "Differences in surface temperature between evaporating and nonevaporating, partial- and full-thickness burn injuries were studied in 20 male, white guinea pigs. Evaporative cooling can disguise the temperature differential of the partial-thickness injury and lead to a false full-thickness diagnosis. A full-thickness burn with blister intact may retain enough heat to result in a false partial-thickness diagnosis. By the fourth postburn day, formation of a dry eschar may allow a surface temperature measurement without the complication of differential evaporation. For earlier use of thermographic information, evaporation effects must be accounted for or eliminated.", "contents": "Effect of evaporative surface cooling on thermographic assessment of burn depth. Differences in surface temperature between evaporating and nonevaporating, partial- and full-thickness burn injuries were studied in 20 male, white guinea pigs. Evaporative cooling can disguise the temperature differential of the partial-thickness injury and lead to a false full-thickness diagnosis. A full-thickness burn with blister intact may retain enough heat to result in a false partial-thickness diagnosis. By the fourth postburn day, formation of a dry eschar may allow a surface temperature measurement without the complication of differential evaporation. For earlier use of thermographic information, evaporation effects must be accounted for or eliminated.", "PMID": 847196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7406", "title": "Diatrizoate absorption from enemas in newborn puppies.", "content": "Serum iodine levels increased slightly 15 min. after Gastrografin enemas were given to 20 healthy neonatal puppies. The systemic dehydration which occurs in the neonate following an hypertonic enema primarily reflects an osmotic drawing of water into the bowel, although systemic absorption of diatrizoate through the intact gut wall enhances the alteration in serum osmolarity.", "contents": "Diatrizoate absorption from enemas in newborn puppies. Serum iodine levels increased slightly 15 min. after Gastrografin enemas were given to 20 healthy neonatal puppies. The systemic dehydration which occurs in the neonate following an hypertonic enema primarily reflects an osmotic drawing of water into the bowel, although systemic absorption of diatrizoate through the intact gut wall enhances the alteration in serum osmolarity.", "PMID": 847197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7407", "title": "Quantitative aspects of computed tomography of the blood and cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "Computed tomographic (CT) scans of fresh and coagulated blood in vitro as well as calcium and iron solutions demonstrate that the increased absorption seen in hematomas is primarily a reflection of hemoconcentration: calcium plays essentially no role in this increased absorption, while iron makes a minimal contribution. In vitro studies of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) indicate that CT scanning is insensitive to pathological elevations of CSF protein.", "contents": "Quantitative aspects of computed tomography of the blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Computed tomographic (CT) scans of fresh and coagulated blood in vitro as well as calcium and iron solutions demonstrate that the increased absorption seen in hematomas is primarily a reflection of hemoconcentration: calcium plays essentially no role in this increased absorption, while iron makes a minimal contribution. In vitro studies of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) indicate that CT scanning is insensitive to pathological elevations of CSF protein.", "PMID": 847198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7408", "title": "Evaluation of head trauma by computed tomography.", "content": "A wide spectrum of traumatic abnormalities has been demonstrated by computed tomography. CT findings in acute trauma range from cerebral edema and contusion to intracerebral or extracerebral hematoma, subarachnoid and intraventricular hemorrhage and varying combinations thereof. Late traumatic changes shown by CT include chronic subdural hygroma, post-traumatic infarct, and porencephaly and hydrocephalus. The latter findings are indistinguishable from changes resulting from degenerative or ischemic brain disease. Follow-up CT scanning elucidates the natural course of various traumatic lesions. Occasionally, it may uncover occult, delayed sequelae which can be remedied surgically before irreparable brain damage occurs.", "contents": "Evaluation of head trauma by computed tomography. A wide spectrum of traumatic abnormalities has been demonstrated by computed tomography. CT findings in acute trauma range from cerebral edema and contusion to intracerebral or extracerebral hematoma, subarachnoid and intraventricular hemorrhage and varying combinations thereof. Late traumatic changes shown by CT include chronic subdural hygroma, post-traumatic infarct, and porencephaly and hydrocephalus. The latter findings are indistinguishable from changes resulting from degenerative or ischemic brain disease. Follow-up CT scanning elucidates the natural course of various traumatic lesions. Occasionally, it may uncover occult, delayed sequelae which can be remedied surgically before irreparable brain damage occurs.", "PMID": 847199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7409", "title": "Computed tomography of spinal cord arteriovenous malformations.", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) of the spine after intravenous contrast enhancement has been used in 4 patients with arteriovenous malformation (AVM) of the spinal cord. The enlarged, contrast-filled vessels constituting the malformation are visualized on CT scans. There was good correspondence between CT and selective angiography. CT may be a useful screening and follow-up method for AVM of the spinal cord and a safe procedure for assessing the results of therapy.", "contents": "Computed tomography of spinal cord arteriovenous malformations. Computed tomography (CT) of the spine after intravenous contrast enhancement has been used in 4 patients with arteriovenous malformation (AVM) of the spinal cord. The enlarged, contrast-filled vessels constituting the malformation are visualized on CT scans. There was good correspondence between CT and selective angiography. CT may be a useful screening and follow-up method for AVM of the spinal cord and a safe procedure for assessing the results of therapy.", "PMID": 847200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7410", "title": "Early experience with the Varian Six Second body scanner in the diagnosis of hepatobiliary tract disease.", "content": "Thirty-four patients with liver disease were studied with a research model of the Varian Six Second body scanner. Useful information was gained in patients with a variety of hepatic disorders. This scanner permits resolution of normal hepatic parenchymal detail which has not been reported previously and has reduced the streak artifacts originating from high- and low-CT objects which have been a major source of image degradation with other units.", "contents": "Early experience with the Varian Six Second body scanner in the diagnosis of hepatobiliary tract disease. Thirty-four patients with liver disease were studied with a research model of the Varian Six Second body scanner. Useful information was gained in patients with a variety of hepatic disorders. This scanner permits resolution of normal hepatic parenchymal detail which has not been reported previously and has reduced the streak artifacts originating from high- and low-CT objects which have been a major source of image degradation with other units.", "PMID": 847201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7411", "title": "An off-line image processing system for digital display in computed tomography.", "content": "Early clinical application of an off-line image processing and analysis system for digital display in conjunction with computed tomography is described. The system consists of three operational subsystems: (a) a flexible disk for digital storage of absorption values in each of eight or more tomographic planes; (b) a high-speed interactive video system which displays the tomographic plane in correct geometry with the absorption values, which serve as the pictorial elements; and (c) a paper hard copy of the absorption values in a simulated gray-tone image of the tomographic plane in which the numerical values are the pictorial elements. Both the video and paper displays provide explicit numerical values of x-ray attenuation for each location on the tomographic plane in an image which combines analog and digital qualities.", "contents": "An off-line image processing system for digital display in computed tomography. Early clinical application of an off-line image processing and analysis system for digital display in conjunction with computed tomography is described. The system consists of three operational subsystems: (a) a flexible disk for digital storage of absorption values in each of eight or more tomographic planes; (b) a high-speed interactive video system which displays the tomographic plane in correct geometry with the absorption values, which serve as the pictorial elements; and (c) a paper hard copy of the absorption values in a simulated gray-tone image of the tomographic plane in which the numerical values are the pictorial elements. Both the video and paper displays provide explicit numerical values of x-ray attenuation for each location on the tomographic plane in an image which combines analog and digital qualities.", "PMID": 847202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7412", "title": "Visualization of the thyroid gland with computed tomography.", "content": "Computed tomography of the neck will demonstrate the thyroid gland particularly well after contrast enhancement. Lucent nodules within the thyroid can be demonstrated, but the attenuation numbers are not reliable enough to distinguish cystic from solid lesions with current techniques because of partial volume effects and motion artifacts.", "contents": "Visualization of the thyroid gland with computed tomography. Computed tomography of the neck will demonstrate the thyroid gland particularly well after contrast enhancement. Lucent nodules within the thyroid can be demonstrated, but the attenuation numbers are not reliable enough to distinguish cystic from solid lesions with current techniques because of partial volume effects and motion artifacts.", "PMID": 847203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7413", "title": "Normal ocular circulation and the effect of arterial occlusive disorders.", "content": "Arterial occlusive disease, either primary or secondary, may not only affect the appearance of the ophthalmic artery, posterior ciliary arteries, and choroid crescent, but may be reflected in the prolongation of the circulation time to the choroid crescent. Choroid circulation time determined in 80 normal carotid angiograms showed that a value greater than 4.5 sec. for a population under 30 years of age, and greater than 5.6 sec. for a population 30 years of age and older, is prolonged. One should view these studies with suspicion and search for intra-orbital, intracranial, or extracranial arterial occlusive disease.", "contents": "Normal ocular circulation and the effect of arterial occlusive disorders. Arterial occlusive disease, either primary or secondary, may not only affect the appearance of the ophthalmic artery, posterior ciliary arteries, and choroid crescent, but may be reflected in the prolongation of the circulation time to the choroid crescent. Choroid circulation time determined in 80 normal carotid angiograms showed that a value greater than 4.5 sec. for a population under 30 years of age, and greater than 5.6 sec. for a population 30 years of age and older, is prolonged. One should view these studies with suspicion and search for intra-orbital, intracranial, or extracranial arterial occlusive disease.", "PMID": 847204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7414", "title": "Prognosis in meningioma through evaluation of skull bone patterns.", "content": "Sixty-three cases of meningioma were selected for study. Radiologically, they were divided into blastic and cystic groups. Tumors producing more blastic patterns infrequently recurred, unlike those that contained a lytic factor. The cases were also analyzed in regard to histologic type, but no relationship was found between histologic type and recurrence.", "contents": "Prognosis in meningioma through evaluation of skull bone patterns. Sixty-three cases of meningioma were selected for study. Radiologically, they were divided into blastic and cystic groups. Tumors producing more blastic patterns infrequently recurred, unlike those that contained a lytic factor. The cases were also analyzed in regard to histologic type, but no relationship was found between histologic type and recurrence.", "PMID": 847205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7415", "title": "Double diastematomyelia.", "content": "Double diastematomyelia was diagnosed in a 23-year-old woman. The spurs occurred at T2 and L3. To the authors' knowledge, such a wide separation of double spurs has not been reported previously and the high position of the T2 spur is rare.", "contents": "Double diastematomyelia. Double diastematomyelia was diagnosed in a 23-year-old woman. The spurs occurred at T2 and L3. To the authors' knowledge, such a wide separation of double spurs has not been reported previously and the high position of the T2 spur is rare.", "PMID": 847206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7416", "title": "Comparative evaluation of 99mTc GH, 99mTcO4, and 99mTc DTPA as brain imaging agents.", "content": "The brain imaging properties of 99mTc glucoheptonate, 99mTc pertechnetate, and 99mTc DPTA are compared. Results demonstrate that optimum images are obtained at 90, 180, and 180 min., for 99mTc GH, 99mTc DTPA, and 99mTc perterchnetate, respectively. The former two images are not affected by prior bone imaging with 99mTc pyrophosphate, while 99mTc pertechnetate images are adversely affected. 99mTc glucoheptonate appears to be the superior agent for brain imaging, followed by 99mTc DTPA and 99mTc pertechnetate.", "contents": "Comparative evaluation of 99mTc GH, 99mTcO4, and 99mTc DTPA as brain imaging agents. The brain imaging properties of 99mTc glucoheptonate, 99mTc pertechnetate, and 99mTc DPTA are compared. Results demonstrate that optimum images are obtained at 90, 180, and 180 min., for 99mTc GH, 99mTc DTPA, and 99mTc perterchnetate, respectively. The former two images are not affected by prior bone imaging with 99mTc pyrophosphate, while 99mTc pertechnetate images are adversely affected. 99mTc glucoheptonate appears to be the superior agent for brain imaging, followed by 99mTc DTPA and 99mTc pertechnetate.", "PMID": 847207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7417", "title": "Cerebrovascular disease in childhood.", "content": "Cerebrovascular disease was reviewed in 92 suspected or proved pediatric cases. In addition to the classical adult patterns of the disease, a separate group of patterns occurs in children and infants who suffer a severe transient episode of cerebral hypoxemia. The patterns in the newborn are periventricular increase, laminar cortical necrosis, watershed infarct, rapidly clearing infarct, and diffuse increase. Bilateral extensive patterns correlate well with an ensuing generalized neurological deficit, and localized patterns with a focal deficit. The mixed and diffuse patterns were found to be the most common.", "contents": "Cerebrovascular disease in childhood. Cerebrovascular disease was reviewed in 92 suspected or proved pediatric cases. In addition to the classical adult patterns of the disease, a separate group of patterns occurs in children and infants who suffer a severe transient episode of cerebral hypoxemia. The patterns in the newborn are periventricular increase, laminar cortical necrosis, watershed infarct, rapidly clearing infarct, and diffuse increase. Bilateral extensive patterns correlate well with an ensuing generalized neurological deficit, and localized patterns with a focal deficit. The mixed and diffuse patterns were found to be the most common.", "PMID": 847208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7418", "title": "Incidental detection of a horseshoe kidney on radionuclide bone images.", "content": "An unusual configuration of radioactivity was seen within the abdomen on a routine anterior bone study. Retrograde pyelography confirmed the nuclear diagnosis of horseshoe kidney.", "contents": "Incidental detection of a horseshoe kidney on radionuclide bone images. An unusual configuration of radioactivity was seen within the abdomen on a routine anterior bone study. Retrograde pyelography confirmed the nuclear diagnosis of horseshoe kidney.", "PMID": 847209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7419", "title": "Brain scanning in unilateral and bilateral occlusion of the posterior cerebral arteries.", "content": "Nineteen patients with unequivocal angiographic evidence of unilateral or bilateral posterior cerebral artery occulsion were scanned during the acute phase of the stroke. In 12 of them an abnormal accumulation of radioactivity was apparent on the posterior view, but only 2 also exhibited abnormal uptake on the corresponding lateral view. The size, shape, and location of the uptake were rather constant and appeared to be almost independent of the site of occlusion and also of a collateral circulation by meningeal anastomoses. Pathological uptake was found with increasing frequency as occlusion occurred farther distally.", "contents": "Brain scanning in unilateral and bilateral occlusion of the posterior cerebral arteries. Nineteen patients with unequivocal angiographic evidence of unilateral or bilateral posterior cerebral artery occulsion were scanned during the acute phase of the stroke. In 12 of them an abnormal accumulation of radioactivity was apparent on the posterior view, but only 2 also exhibited abnormal uptake on the corresponding lateral view. The size, shape, and location of the uptake were rather constant and appeared to be almost independent of the site of occlusion and also of a collateral circulation by meningeal anastomoses. Pathological uptake was found with increasing frequency as occlusion occurred farther distally.", "PMID": 847210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7420", "title": "A real clinical indication for selective spleen scrintigraphy with 99mTc-labeled red blood cells.", "content": "Demonstration of the exact visceral situs in ambiguous conditions such as asplenic syndrome may be impossible with routine investigations. In our patient the correct diagnosis was made possible by selective spleen scintigraphy.", "contents": "A real clinical indication for selective spleen scrintigraphy with 99mTc-labeled red blood cells. Demonstration of the exact visceral situs in ambiguous conditions such as asplenic syndrome may be impossible with routine investigations. In our patient the correct diagnosis was made possible by selective spleen scintigraphy.", "PMID": 847211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7421", "title": "Mesodiverticular band.", "content": "The mesodiverticular band is an embryologic remnant of the vitelline circulation which carries the arterial supply to the Meckel's diverticulum. In the event of an error of involution, a patent or nonpatent arterial band persists and extends from the mesentery to the apex of the antimesenteric diverticulum. This creates a snare-like opening through which bowel loops may herinate and become obstruced. Clinical and radiological findings of acute, low, small-bowel obstruction are produced by this band.", "contents": "Mesodiverticular band. The mesodiverticular band is an embryologic remnant of the vitelline circulation which carries the arterial supply to the Meckel's diverticulum. In the event of an error of involution, a patent or nonpatent arterial band persists and extends from the mesentery to the apex of the antimesenteric diverticulum. This creates a snare-like opening through which bowel loops may herinate and become obstruced. Clinical and radiological findings of acute, low, small-bowel obstruction are produced by this band.", "PMID": 847212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7422", "title": "Prospective analysis of bone changes in treated childhood leukemia.", "content": "Serial knee radiographs were obtained from 58 children with leukemia. Leukemic bone changes were found in approximately half of those radiographed at the time of diagnosis but were consistently absent in children older than 10 years. The bone abnormalities persisted for as long as 10 months after treatment was started and did not occur or reappear at the time of relapse. Dense metaphyses simulating the appearance of lead poisoning developed in 20 of 58 patients during chemotherapy.", "contents": "Prospective analysis of bone changes in treated childhood leukemia. Serial knee radiographs were obtained from 58 children with leukemia. Leukemic bone changes were found in approximately half of those radiographed at the time of diagnosis but were consistently absent in children older than 10 years. The bone abnormalities persisted for as long as 10 months after treatment was started and did not occur or reappear at the time of relapse. Dense metaphyses simulating the appearance of lead poisoning developed in 20 of 58 patients during chemotherapy.", "PMID": 847213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7423", "title": "Congenital syphilis with syphilitic arthritis. Radiological quiz.", "content": "The authors report a case of congenital syphilis with involvement of a joint space and adjacent bony surfaces in a newborn infant. Although similar findings have been reported in older children, this appears to be the first such case in a newborn.", "contents": "Congenital syphilis with syphilitic arthritis. Radiological quiz. The authors report a case of congenital syphilis with involvement of a joint space and adjacent bony surfaces in a newborn infant. Although similar findings have been reported in older children, this appears to be the first such case in a newborn.", "PMID": 847214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7424", "title": "Ultrasonography of the normal pancreas. Success rate and criteria for normality.", "content": "Study of 135 ultrasonograms shows that it is possible to display the normal pancreas with 82% success. The pancreatic head ranges between 11 and 30/mm/in thickness, the isthmus 4-21 mm in thickness, and the corporeo-caudate area 24-32 mm in thickness. The pancreas may have a sausage, dumb-bell, or tadpole shape. Variance from these outlines and thicknesses should be considered pathological.", "contents": "Ultrasonography of the normal pancreas. Success rate and criteria for normality. Study of 135 ultrasonograms shows that it is possible to display the normal pancreas with 82% success. The pancreatic head ranges between 11 and 30/mm/in thickness, the isthmus 4-21 mm in thickness, and the corporeo-caudate area 24-32 mm in thickness. The pancreas may have a sausage, dumb-bell, or tadpole shape. Variance from these outlines and thicknesses should be considered pathological.", "PMID": 847215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7425", "title": "Ultrasonography in obstructive jaundice.", "content": "The usefulness of ultrasonography in the preliminary evaluation of obstructive jaundice is described in 35 consecutive patients with icterus. Diagnosis was substantiated by laparotomy, autopsy, or liver biopsy. In 23 patients with dilated bile ducts at ultrasonography, obstruction by tumor, stone, or stricture was proven operatively. Obstructive jaundice was differentiated from hepatocellular jaundice in 86% of cases; the site of obstruction was noted to be correct in 85%. The accuracy in the diagnosis of obstructive jaundice was 100% in patients with moderate or severe icterus.", "contents": "Ultrasonography in obstructive jaundice. The usefulness of ultrasonography in the preliminary evaluation of obstructive jaundice is described in 35 consecutive patients with icterus. Diagnosis was substantiated by laparotomy, autopsy, or liver biopsy. In 23 patients with dilated bile ducts at ultrasonography, obstruction by tumor, stone, or stricture was proven operatively. Obstructive jaundice was differentiated from hepatocellular jaundice in 86% of cases; the site of obstruction was noted to be correct in 85%. The accuracy in the diagnosis of obstructive jaundice was 100% in patients with moderate or severe icterus.", "PMID": 847216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7426", "title": "Echocardiography of double outlet right ventricle: new diagnostic criteria.", "content": "A thick band of muscular tissue interposed between the posterior aortic wall and the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve could be indentified on M-mode sweeps of 3 patients with double outlet right ventricle. A discrete subaortic crista supraventricularis, continuous with the anterior wall of the right ventricle, could also be identified. These signs are specific for double outlet right ventricle and are not present in other anomalies of the heart.", "contents": "Echocardiography of double outlet right ventricle: new diagnostic criteria. A thick band of muscular tissue interposed between the posterior aortic wall and the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve could be indentified on M-mode sweeps of 3 patients with double outlet right ventricle. A discrete subaortic crista supraventricularis, continuous with the anterior wall of the right ventricle, could also be identified. These signs are specific for double outlet right ventricle and are not present in other anomalies of the heart.", "PMID": 847217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7427", "title": "Radiation risks with diagnostic x-rays.", "content": "Calculations are presented which correlate the risk of carcinogenesis with various diagnostic radiological procedures. Even though \"worst case\" conditions are assumed, such as a linear non-threshold dose-response relationship, most of the radiographic procedures appeared to be quite conservative in terms of carcinogenic risk. This was not true, however, for mammography of younger women.", "contents": "Radiation risks with diagnostic x-rays. Calculations are presented which correlate the risk of carcinogenesis with various diagnostic radiological procedures. Even though \"worst case\" conditions are assumed, such as a linear non-threshold dose-response relationship, most of the radiographic procedures appeared to be quite conservative in terms of carcinogenic risk. This was not true, however, for mammography of younger women.", "PMID": 847218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7428", "title": "Physical, performance, and dosimetric characteristics of the delta-Scan 50 whole-body/brain scanner.", "content": "The delta-Scan 50 computed tomographic (CT) scanner has the ability to determine x-ray attenuation coefficients with a precision ranging from 0.3 to 2.6% depending upon such factors as patient size and scan diameter. Resolution is 20-80% greater than the pixel width, with values ranging from 1.2 to 2.1 mm. The collimating system determines certain characteristics of the image and affects the dose to the patient: doses for typical procedures are on the order of 1 rad, and gonadal doses are in the millirad range. Potential improvements are discussed.", "contents": "Physical, performance, and dosimetric characteristics of the delta-Scan 50 whole-body/brain scanner. The delta-Scan 50 computed tomographic (CT) scanner has the ability to determine x-ray attenuation coefficients with a precision ranging from 0.3 to 2.6% depending upon such factors as patient size and scan diameter. Resolution is 20-80% greater than the pixel width, with values ranging from 1.2 to 2.1 mm. The collimating system determines certain characteristics of the image and affects the dose to the patient: doses for typical procedures are on the order of 1 rad, and gonadal doses are in the millirad range. Potential improvements are discussed.", "PMID": 847219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7429", "title": "Hyperthermic effects on DNA repair mechanisms.", "content": "Studies have been carried out using neutral and alkaline sucrose density gradients to investigate the effect of 41 degree-43 degree C on the ability of Chinese hamster ovary cells to repair single (SSB) and double stranded DNA breaks (DSB) caused by exposure to ionizing radiation. The authors found that when hyperthermia exists prior to irradiation significant inhibition occurs. The data support the conclusion that unrepaired DNA damage may be lethal to the cell. Though no increase in radiation-induced DSB frequency was observed subsequent to hyperthermia, a 10-20% increase in SSB frequency was observed.", "contents": "Hyperthermic effects on DNA repair mechanisms. Studies have been carried out using neutral and alkaline sucrose density gradients to investigate the effect of 41 degree-43 degree C on the ability of Chinese hamster ovary cells to repair single (SSB) and double stranded DNA breaks (DSB) caused by exposure to ionizing radiation. The authors found that when hyperthermia exists prior to irradiation significant inhibition occurs. The data support the conclusion that unrepaired DNA damage may be lethal to the cell. Though no increase in radiation-induced DSB frequency was observed subsequent to hyperthermia, a 10-20% increase in SSB frequency was observed.", "PMID": 847220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7430", "title": "Thermal tolerance and repair of thermal damage by cultured cells.", "content": "Exposure of hamster cells to 42.5 degrees C for long periods leads to the development of thermal tolerance; the slope of the survival curve become shallower after about 3.5 to 4 hours. If two 4-hour exposures at 42.5 degrees C are separated by various periods of time, thermal tolerance is eliminated by 20 hours. Prolonged exposure at 42.5 degrees C offers considerable protection from subsequent treatments to acute hyperthermia at 45 degrees C indicate or in conditioned medium or balanced salt solution failed to reveal any evidence of repair of potentially lethal damage.", "contents": "Thermal tolerance and repair of thermal damage by cultured cells. Exposure of hamster cells to 42.5 degrees C for long periods leads to the development of thermal tolerance; the slope of the survival curve become shallower after about 3.5 to 4 hours. If two 4-hour exposures at 42.5 degrees C are separated by various periods of time, thermal tolerance is eliminated by 20 hours. Prolonged exposure at 42.5 degrees C offers considerable protection from subsequent treatments to acute hyperthermia at 45 degrees C indicate or in conditioned medium or balanced salt solution failed to reveal any evidence of repair of potentially lethal damage.", "PMID": 847221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7431", "title": "Aspiration biopsy of discrete pulmonary lesions using a new thin needle. Results in the first 100 cases.", "content": "The authors describe their initial experience with a new thin spinal-type needle for aspiration biopsy of the lung. One hundred patients with discrete pulmonary lesions were studied. Diagnosis was possible in 87% of cases, and no significant complications were encountered.", "contents": "Aspiration biopsy of discrete pulmonary lesions using a new thin needle. Results in the first 100 cases. The authors describe their initial experience with a new thin spinal-type needle for aspiration biopsy of the lung. One hundred patients with discrete pulmonary lesions were studied. Diagnosis was possible in 87% of cases, and no significant complications were encountered.", "PMID": 847222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7432", "title": "An aid to computerization of Heyman's afterloading system.", "content": "The authors describe a new type of dummy implant for use in the Heyman afterloading system. Inactive dummies with the same dimensions as the radioactive sources are loaded into the capsules before obtaining the orthogonal radiographs. The actual sources are not inserted until computer verification of satisfactory dose distribution has been obtained.", "contents": "An aid to computerization of Heyman's afterloading system. The authors describe a new type of dummy implant for use in the Heyman afterloading system. Inactive dummies with the same dimensions as the radioactive sources are loaded into the capsules before obtaining the orthogonal radiographs. The actual sources are not inserted until computer verification of satisfactory dose distribution has been obtained.", "PMID": 847223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7433", "title": "Does the \"missed\" radiographic diagnosis constitute malpractice?", "content": "Recent studies confirm that radiologists disagree as often as 50% of the time and that as many as 30% of pathological findings are \"missed.\" Legally, \"simple\" errors are not considered to constitute malpractice, but \"negligent\" errors are; yet there are no practical guidelines to help the courts or the medical profession distinguish between the two. A practical \"standard of radiological practice\" must be developed, possibly by the various radiological societies, so that the courts may more easily distinguish true negligence from \"simple\" errors. It is also suggested that review panels be organized to render a medical opinion as to whether or not they conform to standard radiological practice.", "contents": "Does the \"missed\" radiographic diagnosis constitute malpractice? Recent studies confirm that radiologists disagree as often as 50% of the time and that as many as 30% of pathological findings are \"missed.\" Legally, \"simple\" errors are not considered to constitute malpractice, but \"negligent\" errors are; yet there are no practical guidelines to help the courts or the medical profession distinguish between the two. A practical \"standard of radiological practice\" must be developed, possibly by the various radiological societies, so that the courts may more easily distinguish true negligence from \"simple\" errors. It is also suggested that review panels be organized to render a medical opinion as to whether or not they conform to standard radiological practice.", "PMID": 847224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7434", "title": "Electron capture gas chromatographic detection of thromboxane B2.", "content": "An electron capture gas chromatographic method is described for the detection of thromboxane B2. Thromboxane B2 is esterified with diazomethane, followed by treatment with pentafluorobenzylhydroxylamine hydrochloride and silylation with BSA. In pyridine, the free aldehyde form of the acetal ring is favored allowing rapid formation of a novel thromboxane B2 pentafluorobenzyloxime. The method has been applied to detect thromboxane B2 formation during aggregation of washed platelets. It must be emphasized that by ordinary analytical standards, the derivatization reproducibility from 50-375 nanograms is poor (+/- 11% - +/- 42%); however, the improved selectivity of the method and its ability to detect nanogram levels of thromboxane B2 make it a useful complement to commonly employed bioassay techniques.", "contents": "Electron capture gas chromatographic detection of thromboxane B2. An electron capture gas chromatographic method is described for the detection of thromboxane B2. Thromboxane B2 is esterified with diazomethane, followed by treatment with pentafluorobenzylhydroxylamine hydrochloride and silylation with BSA. In pyridine, the free aldehyde form of the acetal ring is favored allowing rapid formation of a novel thromboxane B2 pentafluorobenzyloxime. The method has been applied to detect thromboxane B2 formation during aggregation of washed platelets. It must be emphasized that by ordinary analytical standards, the derivatization reproducibility from 50-375 nanograms is poor (+/- 11% - +/- 42%); however, the improved selectivity of the method and its ability to detect nanogram levels of thromboxane B2 make it a useful complement to commonly employed bioassay techniques.", "PMID": 847227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7435", "title": "Analogs of endoperoxide precursors of prostaglandins: failure to affect body temperature when injected into primary and secondary central temperature controls.", "content": "It is known that central administration of prostaglandins of the E series has marked effects on body temperature. The purpose in the present experiments was to learn whether stable analogs of the cyclic endoperoxide precursors of PGE2, PGF2alpha and PGD2, injected into the primary temperature control in the preoptic/anterior (PO/AH) hypothalamic region and into a presumed secondary control in the medulla oblongata, can produce rises in body temperature similar to those caused by PGE2. Injection of the analogs U-44069 and U-46619 (1.0 and 2.0 microng) into the PO/AH region of the rat, where both PGE2 and PGE1 caused hyperthermia, had no effect on Tre. Likewise, injections into the medulla oblongata, in the region where PGE2 and PGE1 caused hypothermia, were ineffective in altering body temperature. That neurons important to the control of body temperature are selectively sensitive to PGE2 and not to analogs of prostaglandin precursors suggests that local cyclic endoperoxides can influence body temperature only through bioconversion to prostaglandin.", "contents": "Analogs of endoperoxide precursors of prostaglandins: failure to affect body temperature when injected into primary and secondary central temperature controls. It is known that central administration of prostaglandins of the E series has marked effects on body temperature. The purpose in the present experiments was to learn whether stable analogs of the cyclic endoperoxide precursors of PGE2, PGF2alpha and PGD2, injected into the primary temperature control in the preoptic/anterior (PO/AH) hypothalamic region and into a presumed secondary control in the medulla oblongata, can produce rises in body temperature similar to those caused by PGE2. Injection of the analogs U-44069 and U-46619 (1.0 and 2.0 microng) into the PO/AH region of the rat, where both PGE2 and PGE1 caused hyperthermia, had no effect on Tre. Likewise, injections into the medulla oblongata, in the region where PGE2 and PGE1 caused hypothermia, were ineffective in altering body temperature. That neurons important to the control of body temperature are selectively sensitive to PGE2 and not to analogs of prostaglandin precursors suggests that local cyclic endoperoxides can influence body temperature only through bioconversion to prostaglandin.", "PMID": 847228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7436", "title": "Ductus arteriosus responses to prostaglandin E1 at high and low oxygen concentrations.", "content": "It previously has been suggested that prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) relaxes the ductus arteriosus in a low but not in an elevated oxygen environment. However, in the experiments reported here PGE1 relaxed rings on fetal lamb ductus arteriosus in vitro at both low (14 to 20 torr) and high (680 to 720 torr) oxygen tensions. The threshold concentration for PGE1 was 10(-10) M in either PO2 and the ED50's of PGE1 relaxation in high and low oxygen were 8.5 +/- 3.4 x 10(-10) M and 5.5 +/- 0.7 x 10(-10) M respectively. The magnitude of the relaxation was greater for the oxygen contracted ductus arteriosus than for that exposed to low oxygen. It is suggested that earlier reports of the lack of response of the ductus arteriosus to PGE1 in a high oxygen environment following relaxation in a low oxygen environment may be related to loss of response of the ductus arteriosus to repeated doses of PGE1 rather than to differences in PO2. Prostaglandin E1 therefore may play a significant role in the regulation of ductus arteriosus tone in the elevated oxygen environment of the newborn as well as the low oxygen environment of the fetus.", "contents": "Ductus arteriosus responses to prostaglandin E1 at high and low oxygen concentrations. It previously has been suggested that prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) relaxes the ductus arteriosus in a low but not in an elevated oxygen environment. However, in the experiments reported here PGE1 relaxed rings on fetal lamb ductus arteriosus in vitro at both low (14 to 20 torr) and high (680 to 720 torr) oxygen tensions. The threshold concentration for PGE1 was 10(-10) M in either PO2 and the ED50's of PGE1 relaxation in high and low oxygen were 8.5 +/- 3.4 x 10(-10) M and 5.5 +/- 0.7 x 10(-10) M respectively. The magnitude of the relaxation was greater for the oxygen contracted ductus arteriosus than for that exposed to low oxygen. It is suggested that earlier reports of the lack of response of the ductus arteriosus to PGE1 in a high oxygen environment following relaxation in a low oxygen environment may be related to loss of response of the ductus arteriosus to repeated doses of PGE1 rather than to differences in PO2. Prostaglandin E1 therefore may play a significant role in the regulation of ductus arteriosus tone in the elevated oxygen environment of the newborn as well as the low oxygen environment of the fetus.", "PMID": 847229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7437", "title": "Biosynthesis of prostaglandin D2. 1. Formation of prostaglandin D2 by human platelets.", "content": "Formation of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) during the aggregation of platelets was determined, employing a specific bioassay. PGD2 was synthesized in human platelet rich plasma (PRP) in response to thrombin, collagen and epinephrine. Indomethacin pretreatment abolished the biosynthesis of PGD2. When thrombin treated PRP was incubated for different periods of time and denatured in the presence of SnCl2 to prevent the formation of PGD2 from endoperoxides during the extraction procedure, PGD2 formation was noted within the first minute of incubation and reached a peak level after 4 minutes. PGD2 from thrombin stimulated PRP was conclusively identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The formation of PGD2 during platelet aggregation could represent a mechanism of feedback inhibition of aggregation.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of prostaglandin D2. 1. Formation of prostaglandin D2 by human platelets. Formation of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) during the aggregation of platelets was determined, employing a specific bioassay. PGD2 was synthesized in human platelet rich plasma (PRP) in response to thrombin, collagen and epinephrine. Indomethacin pretreatment abolished the biosynthesis of PGD2. When thrombin treated PRP was incubated for different periods of time and denatured in the presence of SnCl2 to prevent the formation of PGD2 from endoperoxides during the extraction procedure, PGD2 formation was noted within the first minute of incubation and reached a peak level after 4 minutes. PGD2 from thrombin stimulated PRP was conclusively identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The formation of PGD2 during platelet aggregation could represent a mechanism of feedback inhibition of aggregation.", "PMID": 847230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7438", "title": "Effect of indomethacin on atropine-resistant transmission in rabbit and monkey urinary bladder: evidence for involvement of prostaglandins in transmission.", "content": "The effects of 2.9 x 10(-5)M atropine and 2.8 x 10(-6)M indomethacin on responses of rabbit and monkey detrusor muscle to transmural stimulation were investigated. Response to transmural stimulation were partially inhibited by atropine. Indomethacin caused further inhibition in the presence of atropine, but did not alter responses to acetylcholine. Prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha contracted rabbit and monkey detrusor. It is suggested that prostaglandins are liberated during stimulation of excitatory nerves to the rabbit and monkey detrusor, and contribute to the resultant contractile response.", "contents": "Effect of indomethacin on atropine-resistant transmission in rabbit and monkey urinary bladder: evidence for involvement of prostaglandins in transmission. The effects of 2.9 x 10(-5)M atropine and 2.8 x 10(-6)M indomethacin on responses of rabbit and monkey detrusor muscle to transmural stimulation were investigated. Response to transmural stimulation were partially inhibited by atropine. Indomethacin caused further inhibition in the presence of atropine, but did not alter responses to acetylcholine. Prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha contracted rabbit and monkey detrusor. It is suggested that prostaglandins are liberated during stimulation of excitatory nerves to the rabbit and monkey detrusor, and contribute to the resultant contractile response.", "PMID": 847231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7439", "title": "Bronchopulmonary and cardiovascular effects of prostaglandin D2 in the dog.", "content": "The effects of intravenously administered prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) on bronchopulmonary and cardiovascular functions were examined in the dog. PGD2 (0.03-1.0 microng/kg) was shown to be more active than PGF2alpha, a known bronchoconstrictor, in decreasing dynamic lung compliance, tidal volume, and expiratory airflow rate, as well as in elevating lung resistance. PGD2 demonstrated a potency approximately 4-6 times that of PGF2alpha on pulmonary mechanics. Atropine sulfate infusions reduced significantly the resistance and compliance responses to PGF2alpha, but only the resistance responses to PGD2, thereby suggesting that part of the bronchoconstrictor activities of these agents involved a cholinergic component. In another series of anesthetized dogs, PGD2 (0.1-10.0 microng/kg) increased pulmonary arterial pressure (comparable to PGF2alpha) and heart rate (greater than PGF2alpha, but less than PGE2), while concomitantly decreasing systemic arterial pressure in a dose-related manner (1/10 that of PGE2). Qualitatively similar alterations in cardiovascular parameters were obtained for PGD2 in conscious dogs. Therefore, potent biologic activity of PGD2 has been shown in the dog. No physiologic or pathologic role for PGD2 has yet been demonstrated, but nonetheless, since it is a naturally occurring PG derived from arachidonic acid, further studies are warranted.", "contents": "Bronchopulmonary and cardiovascular effects of prostaglandin D2 in the dog. The effects of intravenously administered prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) on bronchopulmonary and cardiovascular functions were examined in the dog. PGD2 (0.03-1.0 microng/kg) was shown to be more active than PGF2alpha, a known bronchoconstrictor, in decreasing dynamic lung compliance, tidal volume, and expiratory airflow rate, as well as in elevating lung resistance. PGD2 demonstrated a potency approximately 4-6 times that of PGF2alpha on pulmonary mechanics. Atropine sulfate infusions reduced significantly the resistance and compliance responses to PGF2alpha, but only the resistance responses to PGD2, thereby suggesting that part of the bronchoconstrictor activities of these agents involved a cholinergic component. In another series of anesthetized dogs, PGD2 (0.1-10.0 microng/kg) increased pulmonary arterial pressure (comparable to PGF2alpha) and heart rate (greater than PGF2alpha, but less than PGE2), while concomitantly decreasing systemic arterial pressure in a dose-related manner (1/10 that of PGE2). Qualitatively similar alterations in cardiovascular parameters were obtained for PGD2 in conscious dogs. Therefore, potent biologic activity of PGD2 has been shown in the dog. No physiologic or pathologic role for PGD2 has yet been demonstrated, but nonetheless, since it is a naturally occurring PG derived from arachidonic acid, further studies are warranted.", "PMID": 847232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7440", "title": "Examination of the filterability of oxygenated erythrocytes (containing normal, trait or sickle cell disease type hemoglobins) in the presence of L-epinephrine, D,L-isoproterenol or prostaglandins (PG) A1, A2, E1, E2, F1alpha or F2alpha.", "content": "These studies were directed toward determining effects of selected vasoactive compounds on oxygenated erythrocytes. Considering the major circulatory effects that small changes in blood flow might initiate in sickle cell anemia patients, erythrocytes from individuals with this disease and from one person with the trait condition were included. PGA1, PGE1, and PGE2 significantly increase filtration times in normal erythrocytes (AA-type hemoglobin) at 10(-11) M by this method. From studies of the effects of L-epinephrine, D,L-isoproterenol, PGA1, PGA2, PGE1, PGE2, PGF1alpha and PGF2alpha on red blood cell filterabilities, the following observations and conclusions appear to hold: (1) Erythrocytes from different individuals (or from the same individual at different times) vary greatly in responses to these compounds. Effects of vasoactive compounds upon red cell filterability may be positive, negligible or negative. Decreased filterability (positive effect) was seen more frequently than increased. (2) Effects are observed with all compounds on some erythrocyte preparation at every concentration tested (10(-5), 10(-7), 10(-9), 10(-11) M). (3) Where epinephrine showed significant positive effect, PGA2 and PGE2 did also when tested. The reverse was not always true. (4) For PGA and PGE analogs, the subscript 2 analogs affected filterability more frequently. (5) When significant average effects for a group of donors were produced by a given compound at a particular concentration, these effects were positive for the donors studied.", "contents": "Examination of the filterability of oxygenated erythrocytes (containing normal, trait or sickle cell disease type hemoglobins) in the presence of L-epinephrine, D,L-isoproterenol or prostaglandins (PG) A1, A2, E1, E2, F1alpha or F2alpha. These studies were directed toward determining effects of selected vasoactive compounds on oxygenated erythrocytes. Considering the major circulatory effects that small changes in blood flow might initiate in sickle cell anemia patients, erythrocytes from individuals with this disease and from one person with the trait condition were included. PGA1, PGE1, and PGE2 significantly increase filtration times in normal erythrocytes (AA-type hemoglobin) at 10(-11) M by this method. From studies of the effects of L-epinephrine, D,L-isoproterenol, PGA1, PGA2, PGE1, PGE2, PGF1alpha and PGF2alpha on red blood cell filterabilities, the following observations and conclusions appear to hold: (1) Erythrocytes from different individuals (or from the same individual at different times) vary greatly in responses to these compounds. Effects of vasoactive compounds upon red cell filterability may be positive, negligible or negative. Decreased filterability (positive effect) was seen more frequently than increased. (2) Effects are observed with all compounds on some erythrocyte preparation at every concentration tested (10(-5), 10(-7), 10(-9), 10(-11) M). (3) Where epinephrine showed significant positive effect, PGA2 and PGE2 did also when tested. The reverse was not always true. (4) For PGA and PGE analogs, the subscript 2 analogs affected filterability more frequently. (5) When significant average effects for a group of donors were produced by a given compound at a particular concentration, these effects were positive for the donors studied.", "PMID": 847233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7441", "title": "Prostaglandins E and F in uterine venous plasma in relation to peripheral plasma levels of progesterone and 20alpha-hydroxyprogesterone in the rat throughout pregnancy and parturition.", "content": "Prostaglandins E and F in uterine venous plasma and progesterone (P) and 20alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (20alpha-OH-P) in peripheral plasma were measured by radioimmunoassays throughout pregnancy and parturition in the rat. E Prostaglandins are low (approx. 2 ng/ml) and maintain a more or less constant level throughout most of the pregnancy except just before parturition when they rise to  3.8 ng/ml on day 20. F Prostaglandin levels are always higher than E prostaglandins and show distinct peaks around day 5 (5 ng/ml), day 11 (7 ng/ml), and before parturition (8.4 ng/ml). Progesterone levels are higher than 20alpha-OH-P levels throughout most of the pregnancy (day 6-20); however, during early pregnancy (day 1-5) and before parturition more 20alpha-OH-P than P is present in peripheral blood. The possible role of uterine venous prostaglandin levels in altering the 20alpha-OH-P/P ratio during pregnancy and parturition is discussed.", "contents": "Prostaglandins E and F in uterine venous plasma in relation to peripheral plasma levels of progesterone and 20alpha-hydroxyprogesterone in the rat throughout pregnancy and parturition. Prostaglandins E and F in uterine venous plasma and progesterone (P) and 20alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (20alpha-OH-P) in peripheral plasma were measured by radioimmunoassays throughout pregnancy and parturition in the rat. E Prostaglandins are low (approx. 2 ng/ml) and maintain a more or less constant level throughout most of the pregnancy except just before parturition when they rise to  3.8 ng/ml on day 20. F Prostaglandin levels are always higher than E prostaglandins and show distinct peaks around day 5 (5 ng/ml), day 11 (7 ng/ml), and before parturition (8.4 ng/ml). Progesterone levels are higher than 20alpha-OH-P levels throughout most of the pregnancy (day 6-20); however, during early pregnancy (day 1-5) and before parturition more 20alpha-OH-P than P is present in peripheral blood. The possible role of uterine venous prostaglandin levels in altering the 20alpha-OH-P/P ratio during pregnancy and parturition is discussed.", "PMID": 847234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7442", "title": "The effect of loperamide on prostaglandin induced diarrhoea in rat and man.", "content": "Loperamide, a new antidiarrhoeal compound, effectively antagonised prostaglandin induced diarrhoea in adult healthy male volunteers and in patients undergoing pregnancy termination with prostaglandins. This compound is effective in inhibiting prostaglandin induced fluid accumulation in the small intestine in rats. Loperamide also blocked smooth muscle stimulating action of prostaglandins, acetylcholine and histamine on gastrointestinal smooth muscle preparations from several laboratory animals.", "contents": "The effect of loperamide on prostaglandin induced diarrhoea in rat and man. Loperamide, a new antidiarrhoeal compound, effectively antagonised prostaglandin induced diarrhoea in adult healthy male volunteers and in patients undergoing pregnancy termination with prostaglandins. This compound is effective in inhibiting prostaglandin induced fluid accumulation in the small intestine in rats. Loperamide also blocked smooth muscle stimulating action of prostaglandins, acetylcholine and histamine on gastrointestinal smooth muscle preparations from several laboratory animals.", "PMID": 847235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7443", "title": "Cervical dilatation with 16,16 dimethyl PGE2 p-benzaldehyde semicarbazone ester prior to vacuum aspiration in first trimester nulliparae.", "content": "The efficacy of 16,16 dimethyl PGE2 p-benzaldehyde semicarbazone ester for cervical dilatation prior to evacuation of the uterus in 180 first trimester nulliparae has been studied. The drug was injected into the muscle of the cervix 3 hours before vacuum aspiration. In 143 patients (80%) the cervix had dilated adequately to enable evacuation of the uterus without mechanical dilatation. In the remaining 37 patients (20%) the cervix had dilated to 6 or 7 mm and additional mechanical dilatation could be performed easily in most of these patients. Side effects consisted of vomiting (11%), diarrhoea (7%), transient pyrexia and shivering (7%). There were no complications in any of the patients and no perforation of the uterus or damage to the cervix resulted during evacuation.", "contents": "Cervical dilatation with 16,16 dimethyl PGE2 p-benzaldehyde semicarbazone ester prior to vacuum aspiration in first trimester nulliparae. The efficacy of 16,16 dimethyl PGE2 p-benzaldehyde semicarbazone ester for cervical dilatation prior to evacuation of the uterus in 180 first trimester nulliparae has been studied. The drug was injected into the muscle of the cervix 3 hours before vacuum aspiration. In 143 patients (80%) the cervix had dilated adequately to enable evacuation of the uterus without mechanical dilatation. In the remaining 37 patients (20%) the cervix had dilated to 6 or 7 mm and additional mechanical dilatation could be performed easily in most of these patients. Side effects consisted of vomiting (11%), diarrhoea (7%), transient pyrexia and shivering (7%). There were no complications in any of the patients and no perforation of the uterus or damage to the cervix resulted during evacuation.", "PMID": 847236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7444", "title": "F prostaglandin levels in amniotic fluid in premature labour.", "content": "The concentration of prostaglandin F (PGF) in amniotic fluid was measured by radioimmunoassay in 27 patients admitted in premature labour. There was a strong correlation between PGF levels in amniotic fluid and both cervical dilatation (r = 0.81; P less than 0.001) and duration of labour (r = 0.79; P less than 0.001). Cervical dilatation greater than 7 cm was associated with levels exceeding 2000 pg/ml. When contractions were present for less than one hour, levels of PGF were below 50 pg/ml. Low levels of PGF were found in amniotic fluid from a separate group of three patients, of whom two had cervical incompetence. It is concluded that the onset of premature labour is not associated with elevated levels of PGF in amniotic fluid. During premature labour, concentrations rise to an extent comparable to that observed in labour at term.", "contents": "F prostaglandin levels in amniotic fluid in premature labour. The concentration of prostaglandin F (PGF) in amniotic fluid was measured by radioimmunoassay in 27 patients admitted in premature labour. There was a strong correlation between PGF levels in amniotic fluid and both cervical dilatation (r = 0.81; P less than 0.001) and duration of labour (r = 0.79; P less than 0.001). Cervical dilatation greater than 7 cm was associated with levels exceeding 2000 pg/ml. When contractions were present for less than one hour, levels of PGF were below 50 pg/ml. Low levels of PGF were found in amniotic fluid from a separate group of three patients, of whom two had cervical incompetence. It is concluded that the onset of premature labour is not associated with elevated levels of PGF in amniotic fluid. During premature labour, concentrations rise to an extent comparable to that observed in labour at term.", "PMID": 847237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7445", "title": "Cervico-vaginal injuries in cases of second trimester termination of pregnancy.", "content": "Midtrimester abortions were induced in 796 women by Hypertonic Saline and Prostaglandins. Intra-amniotic and Extra-amniotic routes were used for saline and Intra-amniotic, Extra-amniotic andaline and Intra-amniotic, Extra-amniotic and Intra-muscular routes were used for Prostaglandins. Seven patients had cervico-vaginal injuries. All were young nulliparous patients. None of them developed any signs and symptoms of shock. Five out of the seven injuries were posteriorly situated. The etio-pathology and preventive measures of such injuries are discussed here.", "contents": "Cervico-vaginal injuries in cases of second trimester termination of pregnancy. Midtrimester abortions were induced in 796 women by Hypertonic Saline and Prostaglandins. Intra-amniotic and Extra-amniotic routes were used for saline and Intra-amniotic, Extra-amniotic andaline and Intra-amniotic, Extra-amniotic and Intra-muscular routes were used for Prostaglandins. Seven patients had cervico-vaginal injuries. All were young nulliparous patients. None of them developed any signs and symptoms of shock. Five out of the seven injuries were posteriorly situated. The etio-pathology and preventive measures of such injuries are discussed here.", "PMID": 847238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7446", "title": "The anatomical basis for a possible counter current exchange mechanism in the human adnexa.", "content": "A counter current mechanism for exchange of prostaglandins between veins and arteries in the ovarian pedicle has earlier been demonstrated in the sheep. The existance of a corresponding vascular arrangement in the human ovarian pedicle has been doubted predominantly on basis of functional data which do not support a role of prostaglandins for human luteolysis. However, the present study demonstrates norphological evidence for a similar vascular anatomy in the human as in the sheep. In 43 human adnexa studied, tortuous arteries in close contact with veins were consistently found. Microscopical sections revealed thinning of the vein walls at contact areas. The possible functional significance of this finding is discussed.", "contents": "The anatomical basis for a possible counter current exchange mechanism in the human adnexa. A counter current mechanism for exchange of prostaglandins between veins and arteries in the ovarian pedicle has earlier been demonstrated in the sheep. The existance of a corresponding vascular arrangement in the human ovarian pedicle has been doubted predominantly on basis of functional data which do not support a role of prostaglandins for human luteolysis. However, the present study demonstrates norphological evidence for a similar vascular anatomy in the human as in the sheep. In 43 human adnexa studied, tortuous arteries in close contact with veins were consistently found. Microscopical sections revealed thinning of the vein walls at contact areas. The possible functional significance of this finding is discussed.", "PMID": 847239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7447", "title": "Effect of 15(s)15-methyl-PGF2alpha-methyl ester vaginal suppositories on circulating hormone levels in early pregnancy.", "content": "Intravaginal administration of 15-methyl-PGF2alpha-methyl ester in the form of suppositories terminated pregnancy in 70 percent of the cases whose last menstrual periods ranged from 35 to 56 days. The use of these suppositories in 49 patients, between 57 to 80 days of gestation, dilated the cervix by 10 mm or more, in one hundred percent of the cases. A decrease in circulating levels of estradiol-17beta and progesterone was observed following 15-methyl-PGF2alpha administration. The mean estradiol-17beta levels declined by about 55.9 percent at 9 hours whereas, the corresponding fall in progesterone was 32.7 percent. This was indicative of a direct action of 15-methyl-PGF2alpha on the corpus luteum. The vaginal use of 15-methyl-PGF2-alpha-methyl ester suppositories thus appears to be a promising method for the termination of early pregnancy and for pre-operative cervical dilatation. The termination of early pregnancy appears to be partly due to the luteolytic effect of 15-methyl-PGF2alpha besides stimulating uterine contractions.", "contents": "Effect of 15(s)15-methyl-PGF2alpha-methyl ester vaginal suppositories on circulating hormone levels in early pregnancy. Intravaginal administration of 15-methyl-PGF2alpha-methyl ester in the form of suppositories terminated pregnancy in 70 percent of the cases whose last menstrual periods ranged from 35 to 56 days. The use of these suppositories in 49 patients, between 57 to 80 days of gestation, dilated the cervix by 10 mm or more, in one hundred percent of the cases. A decrease in circulating levels of estradiol-17beta and progesterone was observed following 15-methyl-PGF2alpha administration. The mean estradiol-17beta levels declined by about 55.9 percent at 9 hours whereas, the corresponding fall in progesterone was 32.7 percent. This was indicative of a direct action of 15-methyl-PGF2alpha on the corpus luteum. The vaginal use of 15-methyl-PGF2-alpha-methyl ester suppositories thus appears to be a promising method for the termination of early pregnancy and for pre-operative cervical dilatation. The termination of early pregnancy appears to be partly due to the luteolytic effect of 15-methyl-PGF2alpha besides stimulating uterine contractions.", "PMID": 847240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7448", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of 15-keto-prostaglandin E2 in peripheral plasma after oral administration of prostaglandin E2 tablets used for induction of labour.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay of the 15-keto- metabolite of prostaglandin E2 has been developed. The details of the assay are described. Using unextracted plasma, serial measurements of 15-keto-PGE2 have been carried out every 15 minutes for 3 hours in 9 women ingesting 0.5 mg PGE2 oral tablets used for the induction of labour.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of 15-keto-prostaglandin E2 in peripheral plasma after oral administration of prostaglandin E2 tablets used for induction of labour. A radioimmunoassay of the 15-keto- metabolite of prostaglandin E2 has been developed. The details of the assay are described. Using unextracted plasma, serial measurements of 15-keto-PGE2 have been carried out every 15 minutes for 3 hours in 9 women ingesting 0.5 mg PGE2 oral tablets used for the induction of labour.", "PMID": 847241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7449", "title": "Prostaglandins and congeners XIII (1). The synthesis of dl-erythro-16-methoxyprostaglandins.", "content": "dl-Erythro-16-methoxy-PGE2, PGA2, PGF2alpha, 11-deoxy PGE1, and 11-deoxy PGF1alpha have been prepared via the cuprate conjugate addition procedure. These congeners are less potent than the parent prostaglandins as stimulators of isolated gerbil colon contractions and as bronchodilators in the guinea pig Konzett assay.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and congeners XIII (1). The synthesis of dl-erythro-16-methoxyprostaglandins. dl-Erythro-16-methoxy-PGE2, PGA2, PGF2alpha, 11-deoxy PGE1, and 11-deoxy PGF1alpha have been prepared via the cuprate conjugate addition procedure. These congeners are less potent than the parent prostaglandins as stimulators of isolated gerbil colon contractions and as bronchodilators in the guinea pig Konzett assay.", "PMID": 847242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7450", "title": "Prostaglandins lack a direct inhibitory action on electrolyte and water transport in the kidney and the erythrocyte.", "content": "The possibility of a direct effect of prostaglandins of the E, A, and F series upon renal electrolyte and water transport was assessed using in vitro preparations of rabbit cortical and medullary tubular suspensions as well as cortical renal slices from rat and guinea pig and medullary renal slices from rabbit. Net fluxes of Na, K, C1 and H2O between the intracellular compartment and the extracellular fluid were measured in the presence of PGE1, PGE2, PGA1, PGA2 and PGF2alpha in concentrations ranging from 1 X 10(-5) to 1 X 10(-10)M. No inhibitory action was observed with any of these prostaglandins and in fact a slight stimulation of Na transport was seen under some circumstances. We conclude that the natriuresis which follows in vivo administration of some prostaglandins is not the result of a direct inhibition of Na reabsorption at the contraluminal pump site and is most likely secondary to renal vasodilation. We also studied net and isotopic Na fluxes in human erythrocytes. Na transport was not affected by prostaglandins of the E, A or F series using both normal and high sodium erythrocytes. Our results emphasize the need for caution in extrapolating the effects of prostaglandins upon Na transport from one tissue to another since their actions appear to be tissue-specific.", "contents": "Prostaglandins lack a direct inhibitory action on electrolyte and water transport in the kidney and the erythrocyte. The possibility of a direct effect of prostaglandins of the E, A, and F series upon renal electrolyte and water transport was assessed using in vitro preparations of rabbit cortical and medullary tubular suspensions as well as cortical renal slices from rat and guinea pig and medullary renal slices from rabbit. Net fluxes of Na, K, C1 and H2O between the intracellular compartment and the extracellular fluid were measured in the presence of PGE1, PGE2, PGA1, PGA2 and PGF2alpha in concentrations ranging from 1 X 10(-5) to 1 X 10(-10)M. No inhibitory action was observed with any of these prostaglandins and in fact a slight stimulation of Na transport was seen under some circumstances. We conclude that the natriuresis which follows in vivo administration of some prostaglandins is not the result of a direct inhibition of Na reabsorption at the contraluminal pump site and is most likely secondary to renal vasodilation. We also studied net and isotopic Na fluxes in human erythrocytes. Na transport was not affected by prostaglandins of the E, A or F series using both normal and high sodium erythrocytes. Our results emphasize the need for caution in extrapolating the effects of prostaglandins upon Na transport from one tissue to another since their actions appear to be tissue-specific.", "PMID": 847243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7451", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of PGE and an approach to the specific measurement of PGE1.", "content": "A specific radioimmunoassay for prostaglandins of the E series is presented. Several refinements of the conventional procedures used for unknown sample preparation prior to assay are described. Validation of the method through recovery of labeled and unlabeled prostaglandin E from plasma indicates: 74% extraction efficiency, 80% chromatographic separation efficiency, and a 67% overall recovery figure for the complete assay. The development of an \"absorbed system\" approach for measuring one E prostaglandin (PGE1) without interference from the other E prostaglandin (PGE2) is also described. A preliminary study of rat tissue and male plasma samples measured by these assay systems is included. Alternate approaches to the development of a specific PGE1 assay, although less feasible in these authors' hands, are discussed.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of PGE and an approach to the specific measurement of PGE1. A specific radioimmunoassay for prostaglandins of the E series is presented. Several refinements of the conventional procedures used for unknown sample preparation prior to assay are described. Validation of the method through recovery of labeled and unlabeled prostaglandin E from plasma indicates: 74% extraction efficiency, 80% chromatographic separation efficiency, and a 67% overall recovery figure for the complete assay. The development of an \"absorbed system\" approach for measuring one E prostaglandin (PGE1) without interference from the other E prostaglandin (PGE2) is also described. A preliminary study of rat tissue and male plasma samples measured by these assay systems is included. Alternate approaches to the development of a specific PGE1 assay, although less feasible in these authors' hands, are discussed.", "PMID": 847244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7452", "title": "A radioimmunoassay for 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F2alpha with chromatography and internal recovery standard.", "content": "Antibodies to the 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto metabolite of prostaglandin F2alpha(PGF2alphaM) were raised in sheep using a bovine thyroglobulin conjugate of PGF2alphaM. Labeled 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin A2(PGA2M), 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin E2 (PGE2M) and PGF2alphaM were prepared from their corresponding high specific activity parent prostaglandins with swine kidney homogenate and purified using reverse phase liquid-liquid partition chromatography. A rapid method of column chromatography for use prior to radioimmunnoassay was developed. Mathematical corrections for the effect of recovery tracer on the logit/log transformation are presented with a new approach to expression of radioimmunoassay cross reactions allowing continuous expression of the variation of these cross reactions with displacement. These mathematical approaches are widely applicable to other radioimmunoassay systems and transformations. The assay was used for measurement in groups of human volunteers: males, females, women at delivery and paired venous umbilical cord bloods. A correlation between venous cord and maternal peripheral PGF2alphaM levels is demonstrated with a gradient from the cord plasma to maternal plasma.", "contents": "A radioimmunoassay for 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F2alpha with chromatography and internal recovery standard. Antibodies to the 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto metabolite of prostaglandin F2alpha(PGF2alphaM) were raised in sheep using a bovine thyroglobulin conjugate of PGF2alphaM. Labeled 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin A2(PGA2M), 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin E2 (PGE2M) and PGF2alphaM were prepared from their corresponding high specific activity parent prostaglandins with swine kidney homogenate and purified using reverse phase liquid-liquid partition chromatography. A rapid method of column chromatography for use prior to radioimmunnoassay was developed. Mathematical corrections for the effect of recovery tracer on the logit/log transformation are presented with a new approach to expression of radioimmunoassay cross reactions allowing continuous expression of the variation of these cross reactions with displacement. These mathematical approaches are widely applicable to other radioimmunoassay systems and transformations. The assay was used for measurement in groups of human volunteers: males, females, women at delivery and paired venous umbilical cord bloods. A correlation between venous cord and maternal peripheral PGF2alphaM levels is demonstrated with a gradient from the cord plasma to maternal plasma.", "PMID": 847245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7453", "title": "Differential separation of thromboxanes from prostaglandins by one and two-dimensional thin layer chromatography.", "content": "[14C]-labelled thromboxane B2 and hydroxy fatty acids were isolated using thin layer and gas chromatographic procedures from human platelets incubated with [1-14C]-arachidonic acid. A number of TLC solvent systems were evaluated for differential separation of thromboxanes and hydroxy fatty acids from prostaglandins E2, A2, D2 and F2alpha. Chromatographic properities in nine different solvent systems are tabulated. Two dimensional TLC procedures suitable for complete resolution of mixtures of these compounds on a single plate were developed. The systems were used to demonstrate conversion of [1-14C]-arachidonic acid to thromboxane B2 and prostaglandin E2 by human lung fibroblasts in tissue culture.", "contents": "Differential separation of thromboxanes from prostaglandins by one and two-dimensional thin layer chromatography. [14C]-labelled thromboxane B2 and hydroxy fatty acids were isolated using thin layer and gas chromatographic procedures from human platelets incubated with [1-14C]-arachidonic acid. A number of TLC solvent systems were evaluated for differential separation of thromboxanes and hydroxy fatty acids from prostaglandins E2, A2, D2 and F2alpha. Chromatographic properities in nine different solvent systems are tabulated. Two dimensional TLC procedures suitable for complete resolution of mixtures of these compounds on a single plate were developed. The systems were used to demonstrate conversion of [1-14C]-arachidonic acid to thromboxane B2 and prostaglandin E2 by human lung fibroblasts in tissue culture.", "PMID": 847246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7454", "title": "Symmetry in prostaglandins.", "content": "Observations of the agonist activity of prostaglandins on the guinea-pig ileum are analysed. The structure-activity relationships are interpreted in relation to the approximate diad axis of symmetry in the molecules. It is suggested that some receptors for prostaglandins may have a perfect diad axis of symmetry between identical protein subunits.", "contents": "Symmetry in prostaglandins. Observations of the agonist activity of prostaglandins on the guinea-pig ileum are analysed. The structure-activity relationships are interpreted in relation to the approximate diad axis of symmetry in the molecules. It is suggested that some receptors for prostaglandins may have a perfect diad axis of symmetry between identical protein subunits.", "PMID": 847247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7455", "title": "Suppression of the release of prostaglandin-like substances by hydrocortisone in vivo.", "content": "Muscular exercise of the dog's hind leg evokes the release of prostaglandin-like substances/PG-like substances/into femoral venous blood. The release of PG-like substances detected by the bioassay method was significantly greater in adrenalectomized as compared to normal dogs. To test the possibility that this difference may be related to the deficiency of adrenocortical secretion in adrenalectomized dogs, the effect of hydrocortisone/HC/and aldosterone/AS/upon the release of PG-like substances induced by muscular work of the dog's hind leg was investigated. The doses of HC and AS infused intravenously or intraarterially were close to the range of physiological secretion rate of these hormones. HC suppressed the release of PG-like material by 30 to 60%, whereas AS had no effect upon the rate and duration of the release. The rate of removal of exogenous PGE2 in the hind limb circulation was not influenced by HC, suggesting that the diminution of PG release by HC results from the suppression of PG generation rather than from the enhancement of degradation. It is suggested that PG-like substances may be related to the membrane-stabilizing properties of this hormone. The difference in the intensity of the release of PG-like substances between normal and adrenalectomized dogs suggests that, at least in some conditions, the release of endogenous PGs from tissues may be influenced by the state of adrenocortical activity.", "contents": "Suppression of the release of prostaglandin-like substances by hydrocortisone in vivo. Muscular exercise of the dog's hind leg evokes the release of prostaglandin-like substances/PG-like substances/into femoral venous blood. The release of PG-like substances detected by the bioassay method was significantly greater in adrenalectomized as compared to normal dogs. To test the possibility that this difference may be related to the deficiency of adrenocortical secretion in adrenalectomized dogs, the effect of hydrocortisone/HC/and aldosterone/AS/upon the release of PG-like substances induced by muscular work of the dog's hind leg was investigated. The doses of HC and AS infused intravenously or intraarterially were close to the range of physiological secretion rate of these hormones. HC suppressed the release of PG-like material by 30 to 60%, whereas AS had no effect upon the rate and duration of the release. The rate of removal of exogenous PGE2 in the hind limb circulation was not influenced by HC, suggesting that the diminution of PG release by HC results from the suppression of PG generation rather than from the enhancement of degradation. It is suggested that PG-like substances may be related to the membrane-stabilizing properties of this hormone. The difference in the intensity of the release of PG-like substances between normal and adrenalectomized dogs suggests that, at least in some conditions, the release of endogenous PGs from tissues may be influenced by the state of adrenocortical activity.", "PMID": 847248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7456", "title": "Prostaglandin F2alpha induced luteolysis, hypothermia, and abortions in beagle bitches.", "content": "Luteal phase plasma progesterone was radioimmunoassayed in samples collected before, during, and after a 72 hr treatment period during which Beagle bitches received repeated i.m. injections of prostaglandin F2alpha (n=17) or saline (n=3). PGF2alpha (20 ug/kg every 8 hr or 30 ug/kg every 12 hr) was administered to 7 pregnant and 8 nonpregnant bitches during the mid or late luteal phase of the cycle (Day 25-58) and to 2 nonpregnant bitches during the early luteal phase (Days 5 and 20). Progesterone was depressed from pretreatment levels (3-40 ng/ml) in each of the 15 bitches given PGF2alpha after Day 25 of the cycle. Mean progesterone (ng/ml plasma) at -24, 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72 and 96 hr from the initial PGF2alpha injection were 16.6, 15.6, 9.3, 5.1, 2.1, 1.5, 1.4, 1.1 and 1.1 (+/- 0.9, n=15). Thereafter, progesterone was nondetectable in the 8 nonpregnant bitches and in 4 pregnant bitches that aborted. Abortions occurred when progesterone was depressed to 0.6-1.4 ng/ml, 56-80 hr after starting PGF2alpha treatment on Days 33-53 of the cycle. Three pregnant bitches did not abort when progesterone was depressed to a mean low value of 2.1 ng/ml during PGF2alpha treatments begun on Day 31-40 of pregnancy. Progesterone in these bitches recovered to 5-10 ng/ml and was maintained until the normal prepartum decline. Since PGF2alpha can induce complete luteolysis it may be of use as an abortifacient in the bitch. A transient fall in rectal temperature occurred in each of 12 luteal phase bitches injected with PGF2alpha (20 ug/kg, i.m.). The hypothermia was detectable within 15 min, maximal at 45-60 min, and averaged 1.39 degrees similarly treated.  In six luteal phase bitches, plasma progesterone fell 20-45% within the 15 min required to observe a consistent decline in rectal temperature following PGF2alpha administratic effect and dependent on a fall in progesterone.", "contents": "Prostaglandin F2alpha induced luteolysis, hypothermia, and abortions in beagle bitches. Luteal phase plasma progesterone was radioimmunoassayed in samples collected before, during, and after a 72 hr treatment period during which Beagle bitches received repeated i.m. injections of prostaglandin F2alpha (n=17) or saline (n=3). PGF2alpha (20 ug/kg every 8 hr or 30 ug/kg every 12 hr) was administered to 7 pregnant and 8 nonpregnant bitches during the mid or late luteal phase of the cycle (Day 25-58) and to 2 nonpregnant bitches during the early luteal phase (Days 5 and 20). Progesterone was depressed from pretreatment levels (3-40 ng/ml) in each of the 15 bitches given PGF2alpha after Day 25 of the cycle. Mean progesterone (ng/ml plasma) at -24, 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72 and 96 hr from the initial PGF2alpha injection were 16.6, 15.6, 9.3, 5.1, 2.1, 1.5, 1.4, 1.1 and 1.1 (+/- 0.9, n=15). Thereafter, progesterone was nondetectable in the 8 nonpregnant bitches and in 4 pregnant bitches that aborted. Abortions occurred when progesterone was depressed to 0.6-1.4 ng/ml, 56-80 hr after starting PGF2alpha treatment on Days 33-53 of the cycle. Three pregnant bitches did not abort when progesterone was depressed to a mean low value of 2.1 ng/ml during PGF2alpha treatments begun on Day 31-40 of pregnancy. Progesterone in these bitches recovered to 5-10 ng/ml and was maintained until the normal prepartum decline. Since PGF2alpha can induce complete luteolysis it may be of use as an abortifacient in the bitch. A transient fall in rectal temperature occurred in each of 12 luteal phase bitches injected with PGF2alpha (20 ug/kg, i.m.). The hypothermia was detectable within 15 min, maximal at 45-60 min, and averaged 1.39 degrees similarly treated.  In six luteal phase bitches, plasma progesterone fell 20-45% within the 15 min required to observe a consistent decline in rectal temperature following PGF2alpha administratic effect and dependent on a fall in progesterone.", "PMID": 847249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7457", "title": "The effect of ritodrine on PgE levels in pregnant rabbit vena cava blood.", "content": "A chronic model was utilized in the rabbit to determine the effect of ritodrine hydrochloride infusions on pregnancy. Infusions were carried out for 6 hours in the unanesthetized, conscious animal between the 25 to 27 day of pregnancy. Pre and post infusion blood samples were drawn from a catheter lying at the lower inferior vena cava and analyzed for prostaglandin E and F, and progesterone. As compared to a control animal, there was a significant fall in prostaglandin E after 6 hour infusion of drug, but no change in prostaglandin F or progesterone was observed.", "contents": "The effect of ritodrine on PgE levels in pregnant rabbit vena cava blood. A chronic model was utilized in the rabbit to determine the effect of ritodrine hydrochloride infusions on pregnancy. Infusions were carried out for 6 hours in the unanesthetized, conscious animal between the 25 to 27 day of pregnancy. Pre and post infusion blood samples were drawn from a catheter lying at the lower inferior vena cava and analyzed for prostaglandin E and F, and progesterone. As compared to a control animal, there was a significant fall in prostaglandin E after 6 hour infusion of drug, but no change in prostaglandin F or progesterone was observed.", "PMID": 847251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7458", "title": "Effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine on the peripheral chemoreceptors in the rat.", "content": "5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), in the doses of 2-5 mug/kg injected into the carotid body area, produced a significant increase in the respiratory rate and carotid sinus nerve activity. Selective ablation of the ipsilateral carotid sinus nerve abolished the respiratory stimulation produced by the drug. On the other hand, the same doses of 5-HT injected into the ascending aorta did not produce stimulation of respiration when the carotid sinus nerves were sectioned. The activity of the aortic nerves did not increase after injecting the drug into the ascending aorta or at the root of the right subclavian artery. These results indicate that 5-HT stimulates the chemoreceptors in the carotid body of the rat. The lack of responses to the injections of the drug in the aortic or subclavian region was due to the absence of chemoreceptors in these regions of the rat.", "contents": "Effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine on the peripheral chemoreceptors in the rat. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), in the doses of 2-5 mug/kg injected into the carotid body area, produced a significant increase in the respiratory rate and carotid sinus nerve activity. Selective ablation of the ipsilateral carotid sinus nerve abolished the respiratory stimulation produced by the drug. On the other hand, the same doses of 5-HT injected into the ascending aorta did not produce stimulation of respiration when the carotid sinus nerves were sectioned. The activity of the aortic nerves did not increase after injecting the drug into the ascending aorta or at the root of the right subclavian artery. These results indicate that 5-HT stimulates the chemoreceptors in the carotid body of the rat. The lack of responses to the injections of the drug in the aortic or subclavian region was due to the absence of chemoreceptors in these regions of the rat.", "PMID": 847283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7459", "title": "In vitro and in vivo studies of extrapineal N-acetyltransferase of rat brain.", "content": "In a series of experiments, extrapineal rat brain N-acetyltransferase was further characterized and was demonstrated to have a similar pH optimum and similar activity to that of the low activity daytime pineal N-acetyltransferase. Experiments in vivo indicate that N-acetylation may be a possible alternative metabolic pathway for biogenic amines and that brain N-acetyltransferase activity may be regulated by a beta-adrenergic mechanism.", "contents": "In vitro and in vivo studies of extrapineal N-acetyltransferase of rat brain. In a series of experiments, extrapineal rat brain N-acetyltransferase was further characterized and was demonstrated to have a similar pH optimum and similar activity to that of the low activity daytime pineal N-acetyltransferase. Experiments in vivo indicate that N-acetylation may be a possible alternative metabolic pathway for biogenic amines and that brain N-acetyltransferase activity may be regulated by a beta-adrenergic mechanism.", "PMID": 847282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7460", "title": "Metabolism and probable active metabolite of alpha-l-acetylmethadol in rat.", "content": "alpha-l-Acetylmethadol is being currently evaluated as a substitute for methadone in the treatment of heroin addicts. The metabolites, isolated from urine, liver, and serum, were identified by gas-liquid chromatography. Methadone and its metabolites were found to be present in urine, liver and serum of rats treated with alpha-l-acetylmethadol. The presence of methadone was confirmed by gas-chromatography-mass spectometry. The purpose of this study was to determine whether alpha-l-acetylmethadol is metabolized to methadone, which might explain in part the longer duration of action of alpha-l-acetylmethadol.", "contents": "Metabolism and probable active metabolite of alpha-l-acetylmethadol in rat. alpha-l-Acetylmethadol is being currently evaluated as a substitute for methadone in the treatment of heroin addicts. The metabolites, isolated from urine, liver, and serum, were identified by gas-liquid chromatography. Methadone and its metabolites were found to be present in urine, liver and serum of rats treated with alpha-l-acetylmethadol. The presence of methadone was confirmed by gas-chromatography-mass spectometry. The purpose of this study was to determine whether alpha-l-acetylmethadol is metabolized to methadone, which might explain in part the longer duration of action of alpha-l-acetylmethadol.", "PMID": 847284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7461", "title": "Identification of glucuronides as in vivo liver conjugates of seven cannabinoids and some of their hydroxy and acid metabolites.", "content": "Glucuronide conjugates of cannabidiol (CBD), 7-hydroxy-CBD, propyl-CBD, cannabinol (CBN), 7-hydroxy-CBN, CBN-7-oic acid, propyl CBN and cannabichromene have been identified as major metabolites of CBD, CBN and their propyl homologues and of cannabichromene in mouse liver. Trace amounts of the glucuronide conjugates of delta1- and delta1(6)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) were also detected. Identification was made by combined gas-liquid chromatographic and mass spectrometric studies of the trimethylsilyl (TMS), d9-TMS and methyl ester-TMS derivatives of the glucuronides and the TMS derivatives of the product of the reduction of the metabolites with lithium aluminium deuteride.", "contents": "Identification of glucuronides as in vivo liver conjugates of seven cannabinoids and some of their hydroxy and acid metabolites. Glucuronide conjugates of cannabidiol (CBD), 7-hydroxy-CBD, propyl-CBD, cannabinol (CBN), 7-hydroxy-CBN, CBN-7-oic acid, propyl CBN and cannabichromene have been identified as major metabolites of CBD, CBN and their propyl homologues and of cannabichromene in mouse liver. Trace amounts of the glucuronide conjugates of delta1- and delta1(6)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) were also detected. Identification was made by combined gas-liquid chromatographic and mass spectrometric studies of the trimethylsilyl (TMS), d9-TMS and methyl ester-TMS derivatives of the glucuronides and the TMS derivatives of the product of the reduction of the metabolites with lithium aluminium deuteride.", "PMID": 847285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7462", "title": "Effects of fructose and other substances on ethanol and acetaldehyde metabolism in man.", "content": "The comparative effectiveness of oral administration of fructose, glucose sucrose and alanine has been investigated on the rates of blood alcohol clearance, and acetaldehyde removal in man. Oral administration of fructose was found to exert the most pronounced effect. It increased the rate of blood alcohol clearance by about 100%. Orally administered alanine was found to be least effective in increasing the rate of blood alcohol clearance after blood alcohol had reached peak levels, perhaps due that poor absorption of alanine. Fructose administration partially prevented the ethanol-mediated increase inlactate/pyruvate and beta-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate in the blood. Fructose exerted the most pronounced antiketogenic effect and the levels of circulating free fatty acids decreased in the 24-hour fasted patients upon administration of fructose with ethanol compared to ethanol alone. Oral administrations of fructose, glucose, sucrose or alanine did not significantly change the levels of acetaldehyde in the blood. Combined administration of fructose with ethanol resulted in an increase in the levels of blood sorbitol. The mechanism through which fructose exerts its stimulatory effect on the metabolism of ethanol in the liver has been discussed.", "contents": "Effects of fructose and other substances on ethanol and acetaldehyde metabolism in man. The comparative effectiveness of oral administration of fructose, glucose sucrose and alanine has been investigated on the rates of blood alcohol clearance, and acetaldehyde removal in man. Oral administration of fructose was found to exert the most pronounced effect. It increased the rate of blood alcohol clearance by about 100%. Orally administered alanine was found to be least effective in increasing the rate of blood alcohol clearance after blood alcohol had reached peak levels, perhaps due that poor absorption of alanine. Fructose administration partially prevented the ethanol-mediated increase inlactate/pyruvate and beta-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate in the blood. Fructose exerted the most pronounced antiketogenic effect and the levels of circulating free fatty acids decreased in the 24-hour fasted patients upon administration of fructose with ethanol compared to ethanol alone. Oral administrations of fructose, glucose, sucrose or alanine did not significantly change the levels of acetaldehyde in the blood. Combined administration of fructose with ethanol resulted in an increase in the levels of blood sorbitol. The mechanism through which fructose exerts its stimulatory effect on the metabolism of ethanol in the liver has been discussed.", "PMID": 847286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7463", "title": "Pathogenesis of duodenal ulcer. Gastric hyperacidity caused by propionitrile and cysteamine in rats.", "content": "Cysteamine and propionitrile, experimental duodenal ulcerogens, stimulated gastric acid secretion in the rat. Gastric acid secretion was measured by two separate methods, the conventional pylorus ligation technique and a non-invasive technique based on the pH dependent liberation of azure A from azuresin in the stomach with subsequent excretion of the liberated dye in the urine. Volume, acid concentration and acid content of gastric fluids aspirated immediately before the pylrous ligation were markedly increased 1,4 and 7 hours after a single dose of either cysteamine or propionitrile. Both acid concentration and acid output of gastric contents collected 30 minutes after pylorus ligation were also significantly elevated 1.5 hours after propionitrile and 4.5 hours after cysteamine. Significant increases in gastric acid secretion after these chemicals were also measured by the non-invasive technique which demonstrated a 4 to 6 fold increase in 24 hour urinary azure A output in rats injected with either propionitrile or cysteamine. Enhanced gastric acid output may play an important role in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulcer produced by propionitrile and cysteamine.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of duodenal ulcer. Gastric hyperacidity caused by propionitrile and cysteamine in rats. Cysteamine and propionitrile, experimental duodenal ulcerogens, stimulated gastric acid secretion in the rat. Gastric acid secretion was measured by two separate methods, the conventional pylorus ligation technique and a non-invasive technique based on the pH dependent liberation of azure A from azuresin in the stomach with subsequent excretion of the liberated dye in the urine. Volume, acid concentration and acid content of gastric fluids aspirated immediately before the pylrous ligation were markedly increased 1,4 and 7 hours after a single dose of either cysteamine or propionitrile. Both acid concentration and acid output of gastric contents collected 30 minutes after pylorus ligation were also significantly elevated 1.5 hours after propionitrile and 4.5 hours after cysteamine. Significant increases in gastric acid secretion after these chemicals were also measured by the non-invasive technique which demonstrated a 4 to 6 fold increase in 24 hour urinary azure A output in rats injected with either propionitrile or cysteamine. Enhanced gastric acid output may play an important role in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulcer produced by propionitrile and cysteamine.", "PMID": 847287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7464", "title": "The effects of anti-inflammatory agents on skin tumor initiation and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase.", "content": "The effects of various clinically used anti-inflammatory agents on mouse skin tumorigenesis and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) were investigated. Oxyphenbutazone, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent, inhibited 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) tumor initiation but was less effective than the steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, dexamethasone. Oxyphenbutazone was not found to induce AHH activity in mouse epidermis, whereas indomethacin and Seclazone had a slight inducing effect. When these agents were added directly to the in vitro AHH assay, they did not inhibit AHH activity. However, additional experiments have shown a decreased epidermally mediated covalent binding of MC to DNA in vitro when the epidermal homogenates were isolated from mice pretreated with either dexamethasone or oxyphenbutazone and MC at 3 or 12 hr before killing.", "contents": "The effects of anti-inflammatory agents on skin tumor initiation and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase. The effects of various clinically used anti-inflammatory agents on mouse skin tumorigenesis and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) were investigated. Oxyphenbutazone, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent, inhibited 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) tumor initiation but was less effective than the steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, dexamethasone. Oxyphenbutazone was not found to induce AHH activity in mouse epidermis, whereas indomethacin and Seclazone had a slight inducing effect. When these agents were added directly to the in vitro AHH assay, they did not inhibit AHH activity. However, additional experiments have shown a decreased epidermally mediated covalent binding of MC to DNA in vitro when the epidermal homogenates were isolated from mice pretreated with either dexamethasone or oxyphenbutazone and MC at 3 or 12 hr before killing.", "PMID": 847288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7465", "title": "Effects of alternating magnetic field (12 gauss) on transplanted neuroblastoma.", "content": "Exposure of A/J animals bearing transplanted neuroblastoma (C1300) to a 12 Gauss, 60Hz magnetic field for 16 days, starting 3 days post transplant resulted in - (a) early slowing of tumor growth, (b) more free red blood cells in the tumor areas and (c) a tendency to focal tumor cell destruction suggesting that a small alternating magnetic field may affect transplanted tumor growth.", "contents": "Effects of alternating magnetic field (12 gauss) on transplanted neuroblastoma. Exposure of A/J animals bearing transplanted neuroblastoma (C1300) to a 12 Gauss, 60Hz magnetic field for 16 days, starting 3 days post transplant resulted in - (a) early slowing of tumor growth, (b) more free red blood cells in the tumor areas and (c) a tendency to focal tumor cell destruction suggesting that a small alternating magnetic field may affect transplanted tumor growth.", "PMID": 847289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7466", "title": "Renal clearance of digoxin in young infants.", "content": "The renal clearance of digoxin and creatinine were measured in eleven infants, aged one to five months, with congenital heart disease and heart failure. The renal clearances of digoxin were low at one month of age (50 ml/min/1.73 m2) but increased progressively until the adult range was attained at about five months of age (130-150 ml/min/1.73 m2). At any given age, however, the renal clearance of digoxin was almost twice as great as the simultaneously determined creatinine clearance (mean ratio 1.73). This stands in marked contract to older subjects where creatinine and digoxin clearances are usually similar. These data explain (in part) the larger digoxin dosage requirement of infants.", "contents": "Renal clearance of digoxin in young infants. The renal clearance of digoxin and creatinine were measured in eleven infants, aged one to five months, with congenital heart disease and heart failure. The renal clearances of digoxin were low at one month of age (50 ml/min/1.73 m2) but increased progressively until the adult range was attained at about five months of age (130-150 ml/min/1.73 m2). At any given age, however, the renal clearance of digoxin was almost twice as great as the simultaneously determined creatinine clearance (mean ratio 1.73). This stands in marked contract to older subjects where creatinine and digoxin clearances are usually similar. These data explain (in part) the larger digoxin dosage requirement of infants.", "PMID": 847290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7467", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of peniobarbital in the cat and comparisons with the rabbit and man.", "content": "In eight experiments involving four cats, doses of 12.5 to 50 mg of sodium pentobarbital per kg of body weight were administered intravenously and pentobarbital plasma concentrations (from arterial blood) were measured as a function of time. Pharmacokinetic linearity was evidenced by a mean plasma clearance (C1p) of 1.81 ml/(kg x min), with a coefficient of variation of 16.6%, and a range of 1.51 to 2.36 for all experiments, and, a linear relationship between total area under the curve (AUC) and mg/kg dose in cat \"4 given doses of 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg. However, the apparent elimination half-life, (t1/2)beta' averaged 4.87 hr, with a coefficient of variation of 40.7%, and range of 1.80 to 7.52 in all experiments, and, in cat \"4 the half-life was the same, namely 7.5 hr following the two higher doses, but lower, namely 4.7 hr, after the lowest dose. There was also evidence of kinetic nonlinearity in the intial fall-off portions of some of the curves. Results are compared with literature data for both rabbits anamen. The order of plasma clearances in units of ml/(kg x min) were: rabbit greater than cat greater than man. For neither the rabbit nor the cat were there any significant correlations between calculated pharmacokinetic parameters and mg/kg doses using data from all animals studied; this also suggests kinetic linearity.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of peniobarbital in the cat and comparisons with the rabbit and man. In eight experiments involving four cats, doses of 12.5 to 50 mg of sodium pentobarbital per kg of body weight were administered intravenously and pentobarbital plasma concentrations (from arterial blood) were measured as a function of time. Pharmacokinetic linearity was evidenced by a mean plasma clearance (C1p) of 1.81 ml/(kg x min), with a coefficient of variation of 16.6%, and a range of 1.51 to 2.36 for all experiments, and, a linear relationship between total area under the curve (AUC) and mg/kg dose in cat \"4 given doses of 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg. However, the apparent elimination half-life, (t1/2)beta' averaged 4.87 hr, with a coefficient of variation of 40.7%, and range of 1.80 to 7.52 in all experiments, and, in cat \"4 the half-life was the same, namely 7.5 hr following the two higher doses, but lower, namely 4.7 hr, after the lowest dose. There was also evidence of kinetic nonlinearity in the intial fall-off portions of some of the curves. Results are compared with literature data for both rabbits anamen. The order of plasma clearances in units of ml/(kg x min) were: rabbit greater than cat greater than man. For neither the rabbit nor the cat were there any significant correlations between calculated pharmacokinetic parameters and mg/kg doses using data from all animals studied; this also suggests kinetic linearity.", "PMID": 847291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7468", "title": "Defluorination of methoxyflurane by a glutathione-dependent enzyme.", "content": "Partial purification from rat liver of an enzyme which catalyzes defluorination of methoxyflurane is described. Fractionation of liver homogenates by protamine sulfate and ammonium sulfate precipitation and by Sephadex G-100 chromatography results in a 10-fold purification with 53% recovery. The enzyme requires glutathione for activity, and other sulfhydrhyl compounds cannot be substituted. The enzyme appears to be a glutathione S-transferase, possibly one of several which have recently been characterized.", "contents": "Defluorination of methoxyflurane by a glutathione-dependent enzyme. Partial purification from rat liver of an enzyme which catalyzes defluorination of methoxyflurane is described. Fractionation of liver homogenates by protamine sulfate and ammonium sulfate precipitation and by Sephadex G-100 chromatography results in a 10-fold purification with 53% recovery. The enzyme requires glutathione for activity, and other sulfhydrhyl compounds cannot be substituted. The enzyme appears to be a glutathione S-transferase, possibly one of several which have recently been characterized.", "PMID": 847292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7469", "title": "In vitro studies of some chlorpromazine metabolites as potential N-methyltransferase inhibitors.", "content": "A series of chlorpromazine metabolites were tested as inhibitors of rabbit lung N-methyltransferase activity in vitro. The hydroxylated metabolites were found to be more effective with the 7,8 dioxy derivatives the most potent. Various chelating agents had no effect, suggesting that the inhibitory effects of the hydroxy metabolites were not due to divalent cation chelation.", "contents": "In vitro studies of some chlorpromazine metabolites as potential N-methyltransferase inhibitors. A series of chlorpromazine metabolites were tested as inhibitors of rabbit lung N-methyltransferase activity in vitro. The hydroxylated metabolites were found to be more effective with the 7,8 dioxy derivatives the most potent. Various chelating agents had no effect, suggesting that the inhibitory effects of the hydroxy metabolites were not due to divalent cation chelation.", "PMID": 847293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7470", "title": "Effects of spin labeled acetylcholine analogs on cholinergic receptors of the leech.", "content": "The spin labeled acetylcholine analog, SL-2, which is a potent, non-stimulating muscarinic antagonist on the isolated frog heart, is a potent agonist a low concentrations (3x10-5 M) and an antagonist at slightly higher concentrations (4.5x10-5 M) on the mixed cholinergic receptors of the leech. Ion the other hand, the spin labeled acetylcholine analog, SL-1, possesses no agonist activity while it retains the antagonist activity of SL-2. Furthermore, the spin labeled analog, SL-3, which causes hyperpolarization and a decrease in action potential frequency, exhibits neither agonist nor antagonist activity.", "contents": "Effects of spin labeled acetylcholine analogs on cholinergic receptors of the leech. The spin labeled acetylcholine analog, SL-2, which is a potent, non-stimulating muscarinic antagonist on the isolated frog heart, is a potent agonist a low concentrations (3x10-5 M) and an antagonist at slightly higher concentrations (4.5x10-5 M) on the mixed cholinergic receptors of the leech. Ion the other hand, the spin labeled acetylcholine analog, SL-1, possesses no agonist activity while it retains the antagonist activity of SL-2. Furthermore, the spin labeled analog, SL-3, which causes hyperpolarization and a decrease in action potential frequency, exhibits neither agonist nor antagonist activity.", "PMID": 847294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7471", "title": "Atropine-induced bradycardia in the guinea pig: dose-response.", "content": "The effect of atropine sulfate on the heart rate of the unanesthetized guinea pig was studied using a wide range of doses injected via a chronic jugular cannula; dose-response data are presented for the range of 5 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg. A long-lasting dose-dependent bradycardia was produced. This finding is in contrast to the clasically reported effect of atropine in man and dog: tachycardia sometimes preceded by a transient bradycardia. Thus, the guinea pig may be an excellent model for the study of parasympathomimetic, bradycardia-producing effects of atropine.", "contents": "Atropine-induced bradycardia in the guinea pig: dose-response. The effect of atropine sulfate on the heart rate of the unanesthetized guinea pig was studied using a wide range of doses injected via a chronic jugular cannula; dose-response data are presented for the range of 5 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg. A long-lasting dose-dependent bradycardia was produced. This finding is in contrast to the clasically reported effect of atropine in man and dog: tachycardia sometimes preceded by a transient bradycardia. Thus, the guinea pig may be an excellent model for the study of parasympathomimetic, bradycardia-producing effects of atropine.", "PMID": 847295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7472", "title": "Reversal of two manifestations of dopamine receptor supersensitivity by administration of L-dopa.", "content": "Rats treated chronically with dopamine receptor blockers were found to have an increase in striatal 3H-dopamine binding and adenylate cyclase activity as manifestations of receptor supersensitivity. Both the increase in binding and in adenylate cyclase activity were reversed by chronic 1-dopa treatment, presumably by increasing the supply of specific ligand (dopamine). The use of deliberate receptor sensitivity manipulation may be useful as a treatment for conditions involving disturbances in receptor sensitivity such as tardive dyskinesia and insulin resistant diabetes.", "contents": "Reversal of two manifestations of dopamine receptor supersensitivity by administration of L-dopa. Rats treated chronically with dopamine receptor blockers were found to have an increase in striatal 3H-dopamine binding and adenylate cyclase activity as manifestations of receptor supersensitivity. Both the increase in binding and in adenylate cyclase activity were reversed by chronic 1-dopa treatment, presumably by increasing the supply of specific ligand (dopamine). The use of deliberate receptor sensitivity manipulation may be useful as a treatment for conditions involving disturbances in receptor sensitivity such as tardive dyskinesia and insulin resistant diabetes.", "PMID": 847296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7473", "title": "The effects of some tobacco smoke constituents on foreign compound metabolism in the cat and the rat.", "content": "The effects of chronic nicotine administration on its own metabolism have been studied in the cat and the rat. Nicotine administration caused an increase in the in vitro metabolism in the liver of both species and in cat kidney. Cotinine production from nicotine was enhanced in both species by pretreatment with nicotine. The magnitude of the increase in enzyme activity was relatively small but of the same order as that produced, in the rat, by phenobarbital treatment. 3-methylcholanthrene pretreatment stimulated rat liver nicotine metabolism but was without effect on cotinine production. Chronic exposure of rats to relatively low levels of carbon monoxide inhibited the in vitro aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity but did not affect nicotine metabolism. The data are discussed in relation to the observed enzyme inductive effects of tobacco smoke.", "contents": "The effects of some tobacco smoke constituents on foreign compound metabolism in the cat and the rat. The effects of chronic nicotine administration on its own metabolism have been studied in the cat and the rat. Nicotine administration caused an increase in the in vitro metabolism in the liver of both species and in cat kidney. Cotinine production from nicotine was enhanced in both species by pretreatment with nicotine. The magnitude of the increase in enzyme activity was relatively small but of the same order as that produced, in the rat, by phenobarbital treatment. 3-methylcholanthrene pretreatment stimulated rat liver nicotine metabolism but was without effect on cotinine production. Chronic exposure of rats to relatively low levels of carbon monoxide inhibited the in vitro aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity but did not affect nicotine metabolism. The data are discussed in relation to the observed enzyme inductive effects of tobacco smoke.", "PMID": 847297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7474", "title": "Interaction of o, p'DDT with the estrogen-binding protein (EBP) in human mammary and uterine tumors.", "content": "The in vitro effect of o, p'DDT on the binding of 3H-estradiol-17beta (3H-E2) to the high affinity estrogen-binding protein(EBP) in cytosol derived from human mammary and uterine tumors was examined. o,p'DDT inhibited the binding of 3H-E2 to EBP in both breast and uterine tumors. Using Scatchard and Linweaver-Burk plot analyses, the inhibition by o,p'DDT of 3H-E2 binding to mammary tumors EBP appears to result from competition for the 8S moiety binding sites and not from deactivation of the binding sites. The KI for the inhibition by o,p.'DDT with EI binding was determined, yielding a value of 0.5 +/- 0.1 muM. The possible relevance of these findings to human population exposed to DDT derivatives is discussed.", "contents": "Interaction of o, p'DDT with the estrogen-binding protein (EBP) in human mammary and uterine tumors. The in vitro effect of o, p'DDT on the binding of 3H-estradiol-17beta (3H-E2) to the high affinity estrogen-binding protein(EBP) in cytosol derived from human mammary and uterine tumors was examined. o,p'DDT inhibited the binding of 3H-E2 to EBP in both breast and uterine tumors. Using Scatchard and Linweaver-Burk plot analyses, the inhibition by o,p'DDT of 3H-E2 binding to mammary tumors EBP appears to result from competition for the 8S moiety binding sites and not from deactivation of the binding sites. The KI for the inhibition by o,p.'DDT with EI binding was determined, yielding a value of 0.5 +/- 0.1 muM. The possible relevance of these findings to human population exposed to DDT derivatives is discussed.", "PMID": 847298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7475", "title": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) determination of tolmetin and its major metabolite in plasma.", "content": "A high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay was developed for the quantitative determination of tolmetin and its major metabolite in plasma. Determination of tolmetin was compared to a previously reported spectro-photometric assay method. The standard curves were evaluated statistically and daily standard curves were preferred over a pooled standard curve. The method was applied to samples of one subject's plasma containing both tolmetin and its major metabolite.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) determination of tolmetin and its major metabolite in plasma. A high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay was developed for the quantitative determination of tolmetin and its major metabolite in plasma. Determination of tolmetin was compared to a previously reported spectro-photometric assay method. The standard curves were evaluated statistically and daily standard curves were preferred over a pooled standard curve. The method was applied to samples of one subject's plasma containing both tolmetin and its major metabolite.", "PMID": 847299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7476", "title": "Effect of 2-fluorohistidine upon leukocytopoiesis in mice.", "content": "Administrationof L-2-fluorohistidine to mice produces a dose and time dependent leukopenia, hypocellularity with reduction in hematopoiesis in the spleen and bone marrow, and depletion of lymphocytes in the spleen, lymph nodes and cortex of the thymus. The LD50 is 250 mg/kg at five days. The effect on hematopoetic tissue is nearly as great at non-leathal \"therapeutic\" doses. Effects on circulating erythrocyte and reticulocyte levels and the deposition of hemosiderin in the spleen are minimal. At non-leathal doses the effects of this amino acid analog appear to be completely reversible after 6 to 10 days.A description of the toxicity, histopathology and a discussion of the possible mechanisms of action are presented.", "contents": "Effect of 2-fluorohistidine upon leukocytopoiesis in mice. Administrationof L-2-fluorohistidine to mice produces a dose and time dependent leukopenia, hypocellularity with reduction in hematopoiesis in the spleen and bone marrow, and depletion of lymphocytes in the spleen, lymph nodes and cortex of the thymus. The LD50 is 250 mg/kg at five days. The effect on hematopoetic tissue is nearly as great at non-leathal \"therapeutic\" doses. Effects on circulating erythrocyte and reticulocyte levels and the deposition of hemosiderin in the spleen are minimal. At non-leathal doses the effects of this amino acid analog appear to be completely reversible after 6 to 10 days.A description of the toxicity, histopathology and a discussion of the possible mechanisms of action are presented.", "PMID": 847300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7477", "title": "On the mechanism of hypocholesterolemic action of amphotericin B in rat.", "content": "The transient hypocholesterolemia phenomenon observed in rats, injected i.v. with amphotericin B (1.5 mg/kg/day) for three weeks, was investigated by in vitro [14C] acetate incorporation into the liver cholesterol. The incorporation of acetate in liver slices of treated animals increased more than two-fold (p less than 0.02) when compared with controls.When amphotericin B was added in vitro to liver slices of control rats, the incorporation of acetate into cholesterol decreased to about 65% of that observed with the corresponding controls (p less than 0.01). The results are consistent with the hypothesis that initially amphotericin B causes inhibition of de novo cholesterol synthesis resulting in hypocholesterolemia which disappears on continued treatment possibly due to compensatory increased rate of cholesterol biosynthesis.", "contents": "On the mechanism of hypocholesterolemic action of amphotericin B in rat. The transient hypocholesterolemia phenomenon observed in rats, injected i.v. with amphotericin B (1.5 mg/kg/day) for three weeks, was investigated by in vitro [14C] acetate incorporation into the liver cholesterol. The incorporation of acetate in liver slices of treated animals increased more than two-fold (p less than 0.02) when compared with controls.When amphotericin B was added in vitro to liver slices of control rats, the incorporation of acetate into cholesterol decreased to about 65% of that observed with the corresponding controls (p less than 0.01). The results are consistent with the hypothesis that initially amphotericin B causes inhibition of de novo cholesterol synthesis resulting in hypocholesterolemia which disappears on continued treatment possibly due to compensatory increased rate of cholesterol biosynthesis.", "PMID": 847301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7478", "title": "Correlation of creatinine levels in saliva and plasma in normal subjects and renal patients.", "content": "Whole saliva and serum creatinine levels were evaluated in three normal subjects and 12 patients with chronic renal failure receiving regular hemodialysis treatments. Ratios of the serum vs. saliva creatinine levels ranging from 4.5 to 30.0 were found. Repeated studies also revealed marked intra-subject variations in these ratios. We conclude that the monitoring of whole saliva creatinine levels is only of limited value in accurately predicting serum or plasma creatinine levels, despite its appeal of simplicity, convenience and non-invasiveness. Its value in the qualitative monitoring of renal function may, however, be useful.", "contents": "Correlation of creatinine levels in saliva and plasma in normal subjects and renal patients. Whole saliva and serum creatinine levels were evaluated in three normal subjects and 12 patients with chronic renal failure receiving regular hemodialysis treatments. Ratios of the serum vs. saliva creatinine levels ranging from 4.5 to 30.0 were found. Repeated studies also revealed marked intra-subject variations in these ratios. We conclude that the monitoring of whole saliva creatinine levels is only of limited value in accurately predicting serum or plasma creatinine levels, despite its appeal of simplicity, convenience and non-invasiveness. Its value in the qualitative monitoring of renal function may, however, be useful.", "PMID": 847302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7479", "title": "Resistance of the rabbit to dietary pyrrolizidine (Senecio) alkaloid.", "content": "Rabbits were fed Senecio jacobaea for 263 days. Total intake of the plant averaged 112.5% of initial body weight. No gross lesions, or changes in serum protein and albumin occurred. Microscopic changes in liver tissue were seen. Two rabbits injected with 150 mg Senecio pyrrolizidine alkaloid/kg body weight died in less than 24 hours. The resistance of the rabbit to chronic Senecio intoxication, but not to injected alkaloid, suggests that alkaloid absorption may be low in this species.", "contents": "Resistance of the rabbit to dietary pyrrolizidine (Senecio) alkaloid. Rabbits were fed Senecio jacobaea for 263 days. Total intake of the plant averaged 112.5% of initial body weight. No gross lesions, or changes in serum protein and albumin occurred. Microscopic changes in liver tissue were seen. Two rabbits injected with 150 mg Senecio pyrrolizidine alkaloid/kg body weight died in less than 24 hours. The resistance of the rabbit to chronic Senecio intoxication, but not to injected alkaloid, suggests that alkaloid absorption may be low in this species.", "PMID": 847303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7480", "title": "Amine releasing action of nicotine from rat hypothalamus in vitro.", "content": "Nicotine released 3H-radioactivity from rat hypothalamus labeled with 3H-metaraminol (3H-MA) in a concentration-related manner. The release was not blocked by hexamethonium (1.8 x 10(-5)M - 2.3 x 10(-3)m), tetrodotoxin (3 x 10(-7)M), lidocaine (6 x 10(-5)M or Ca++-free medium. Cocaine  (3 x 10(-5)M) blocked the releasing action of nicotine. Nicotine failed to release 3H-MA in tissue exposed to tyramine. It is concluded that the nicotine-induced release of 3H-MA is intracellular.", "contents": "Amine releasing action of nicotine from rat hypothalamus in vitro. Nicotine released 3H-radioactivity from rat hypothalamus labeled with 3H-metaraminol (3H-MA) in a concentration-related manner. The release was not blocked by hexamethonium (1.8 x 10(-5)M - 2.3 x 10(-3)m), tetrodotoxin (3 x 10(-7)M), lidocaine (6 x 10(-5)M or Ca++-free medium. Cocaine  (3 x 10(-5)M) blocked the releasing action of nicotine. Nicotine failed to release 3H-MA in tissue exposed to tyramine. It is concluded that the nicotine-induced release of 3H-MA is intracellular.", "PMID": 847304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7481", "title": "Reduced sulfhydryl groups of rat neurons, glial cells and neurofilaments.", "content": "Reactive thiol groups were measured in neurons glial cells and neurofilaments of rat central nervous system. Neurons displayed 27 nmol/mg prot. reactive SH-groups while the figures for glia and neurofilaments were 36.5 and 44 nmol, respectively. For comparison, brain and spinal cord homogenates contained 3.2 and 6.9 nmol/mg of prot. extractable free thiol residues.", "contents": "Reduced sulfhydryl groups of rat neurons, glial cells and neurofilaments. Reactive thiol groups were measured in neurons glial cells and neurofilaments of rat central nervous system. Neurons displayed 27 nmol/mg prot. reactive SH-groups while the figures for glia and neurofilaments were 36.5 and 44 nmol, respectively. For comparison, brain and spinal cord homogenates contained 3.2 and 6.9 nmol/mg of prot. extractable free thiol residues.", "PMID": 847306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7482", "title": "A computational model of pulmonary gas transport incorporating effective diffusion.", "content": "A computational model of gas transport in the lung is described which remedies many of the deficiencies of previous models, as listed by Chang and Farhi (1973), in that it allows for fluctuating lung dimensions, gas exchange, simultaneous convection and diffusion, and the enhanced effective diffusion that occurs when convective flow is also present. The results of calculations using the model are presented, showing the maximum effect of Taylor diffusion. The actual magnitude of Taylor diffusion, suitably modified to allow for the disturbed conditions within the lung, is considered in the light of recent experiments.", "contents": "A computational model of pulmonary gas transport incorporating effective diffusion. A computational model of gas transport in the lung is described which remedies many of the deficiencies of previous models, as listed by Chang and Farhi (1973), in that it allows for fluctuating lung dimensions, gas exchange, simultaneous convection and diffusion, and the enhanced effective diffusion that occurs when convective flow is also present. The results of calculations using the model are presented, showing the maximum effect of Taylor diffusion. The actual magnitude of Taylor diffusion, suitably modified to allow for the disturbed conditions within the lung, is considered in the light of recent experiments.", "PMID": 847307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7483", "title": "Intrapulmonary receptors in the Tegu lizard: I. Sensitivity to CO2.", "content": "Single unit vagal recordings from intrapulmonary receptors were obtained in decerebrate, paralyzed lizards both during pump ventilation and during unidirectional ventilation on the cannulated, sack-shaped lung. Two types of receptors were identified: (1) CO2-receptors, which increased their discharge frequency as intrapulmonary CO2 concentration decreased but were not sensitive to stretch of the lung. (2) Mechanoreceptors, which rapidly increased discharge frequency when the lung was stretched. These receptors' CO2 sensitivity varied. Lungs of lizards thus appeared to possess both CO2 receptors, which have functional characteristics similar to those in birds, and mechanoreceptors with properties similar to stretch receptors in mammals.", "contents": "Intrapulmonary receptors in the Tegu lizard: I. Sensitivity to CO2. Single unit vagal recordings from intrapulmonary receptors were obtained in decerebrate, paralyzed lizards both during pump ventilation and during unidirectional ventilation on the cannulated, sack-shaped lung. Two types of receptors were identified: (1) CO2-receptors, which increased their discharge frequency as intrapulmonary CO2 concentration decreased but were not sensitive to stretch of the lung. (2) Mechanoreceptors, which rapidly increased discharge frequency when the lung was stretched. These receptors' CO2 sensitivity varied. Lungs of lizards thus appeared to possess both CO2 receptors, which have functional characteristics similar to those in birds, and mechanoreceptors with properties similar to stretch receptors in mammals.", "PMID": 847308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7484", "title": "Intrapulmonary receptors in the Tegu lizard: II. Functional characteristics and localization;.", "content": "Intrapulmonary receptors identified in the Tegu lizard by single-unit vagal recording (Fedde et al., 1977) were subjected to a number of stimuli and localized within the lung. Some carbon dioxide receptors could follow periodic changes in intrapulmonary CO2 concentrations as rapidly as 1.3 Hz; No oxygen sensitivity was observed with this receptor type, and halothane markedly depressed the discharge frequency. In response to intravenously injected acetazolamide they increased their discharge frequency and became almost totally insensitive to CO2, suggesting molecular per se is not the direct controller of receptor discharge; These receptors show many of the functional characteristics described for those in the avian lung. Afferent activity from both CO2 and mechanoreceptors could be elicited by electrically stimulating the lung surface. The CO2 receptors appeared to be organized in a receptive field covering more than 1 cm2 of lung surface, multiple receptors being innervated by a single afferent fiber. Activity in afferent fibers from mechanoreceptors could be evoked from only one distinct spot on the lung surface. Conduction velocities of afferent fibers from CO2 receptors ranged from 1 to 3 m-sec-1; from mechanoreceptors, from 1.9 to 5.2 m-sec-1.", "contents": "Intrapulmonary receptors in the Tegu lizard: II. Functional characteristics and localization;. Intrapulmonary receptors identified in the Tegu lizard by single-unit vagal recording (Fedde et al., 1977) were subjected to a number of stimuli and localized within the lung. Some carbon dioxide receptors could follow periodic changes in intrapulmonary CO2 concentrations as rapidly as 1.3 Hz; No oxygen sensitivity was observed with this receptor type, and halothane markedly depressed the discharge frequency. In response to intravenously injected acetazolamide they increased their discharge frequency and became almost totally insensitive to CO2, suggesting molecular per se is not the direct controller of receptor discharge; These receptors show many of the functional characteristics described for those in the avian lung. Afferent activity from both CO2 and mechanoreceptors could be elicited by electrically stimulating the lung surface. The CO2 receptors appeared to be organized in a receptive field covering more than 1 cm2 of lung surface, multiple receptors being innervated by a single afferent fiber. Activity in afferent fibers from mechanoreceptors could be evoked from only one distinct spot on the lung surface. Conduction velocities of afferent fibers from CO2 receptors ranged from 1 to 3 m-sec-1; from mechanoreceptors, from 1.9 to 5.2 m-sec-1.", "PMID": 847309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7485", "title": "Response of avian intrapulmonary chemoreceptors to venous CO2 and ventilatory gas flow.", "content": "Avian intrapulmonary chemoreceptor activity is reduced by increasing airway PCO2 from 0 to 60 torr. Using extracellular electrodes, we recorded discharge of individual intrapulmonary chemoreceptor cell bodies in the left nodose ganglion of the rooster (Gallus domesticus) during unidirectional ventilation of the lungs. All receptors recorded were in the left lung. To vary pulmonary arterial PCO2 independently of ventilation, we ventilated the two lungs separately and supplied the left pulmonary circulation with systemic arterial blood. When the PCO2 in the pulmonary arterial blood was increased, discharge frequency decreased in all 21 receptors studied. Sensitivity to pulmonary arterial PCO2 was similar to sensitivity to airway PCO2. When PCO2 of ventilatory gas was lower than that of pulmonary arterial blood, discharge frequency of the receptor increased when pulmonary blood flow was stopped. Discharge frequency also increased when PCO2 at the receptor site was lowered by increased ventilatory gas flow. We conclude that intrapulmonary chemoreceptors respond to the delivery and removal of CO2 by blood and ventilatory gas. This suggests that the receptors are located within the respiratory gas exchange region of the lung. Because these receptors have a strong inhibitory effect on ventilation, they may serve to (1) adjust minute ventilation to the rate of metabolic CO2 production and (2) to regulate individual breath size.", "contents": "Response of avian intrapulmonary chemoreceptors to venous CO2 and ventilatory gas flow. Avian intrapulmonary chemoreceptor activity is reduced by increasing airway PCO2 from 0 to 60 torr. Using extracellular electrodes, we recorded discharge of individual intrapulmonary chemoreceptor cell bodies in the left nodose ganglion of the rooster (Gallus domesticus) during unidirectional ventilation of the lungs. All receptors recorded were in the left lung. To vary pulmonary arterial PCO2 independently of ventilation, we ventilated the two lungs separately and supplied the left pulmonary circulation with systemic arterial blood. When the PCO2 in the pulmonary arterial blood was increased, discharge frequency decreased in all 21 receptors studied. Sensitivity to pulmonary arterial PCO2 was similar to sensitivity to airway PCO2. When PCO2 of ventilatory gas was lower than that of pulmonary arterial blood, discharge frequency of the receptor increased when pulmonary blood flow was stopped. Discharge frequency also increased when PCO2 at the receptor site was lowered by increased ventilatory gas flow. We conclude that intrapulmonary chemoreceptors respond to the delivery and removal of CO2 by blood and ventilatory gas. This suggests that the receptors are located within the respiratory gas exchange region of the lung. Because these receptors have a strong inhibitory effect on ventilation, they may serve to (1) adjust minute ventilation to the rate of metabolic CO2 production and (2) to regulate individual breath size.", "PMID": 847310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7486", "title": "Ventilatory response of decorticate and decerebrate cats to hypoxia and CO2.", "content": "The steady state ventilatory response of normal, fully awake cats was studied under graded hypoxia (at PAO2 = 110, 55, 45 torr) with PACO2 controlled throughout at the resting, normoxic level and at +5 torr. Subsequently, either a mid-collicular decerebration or a decortication was performed, and the ventilatory studies were repeated. Respiratory frequency, tidal volume, and ventilation in the decerebrate state responded to hypoxia and hypercapnia in a manner indistinguishable from the control. The decorticate cats, however, exhibited an exaggerated response to hypoxia, principally the result of increased frequency. The negative hypoxic, hypercapnic interaction, characteristic of awake cats, was demonstrable in both the decerebrate and decorticate animals. The findings are interpreted as revealing coupled descending influences on the medullary respiratory centers in hypoxia--one that is facilitatory and originates in the diencephalon, and the other, inhibitory, from the cerebrum. The significance of this suprapontine system in normal hypoxic ventilatory control is discussed.", "contents": "Ventilatory response of decorticate and decerebrate cats to hypoxia and CO2. The steady state ventilatory response of normal, fully awake cats was studied under graded hypoxia (at PAO2 = 110, 55, 45 torr) with PACO2 controlled throughout at the resting, normoxic level and at +5 torr. Subsequently, either a mid-collicular decerebration or a decortication was performed, and the ventilatory studies were repeated. Respiratory frequency, tidal volume, and ventilation in the decerebrate state responded to hypoxia and hypercapnia in a manner indistinguishable from the control. The decorticate cats, however, exhibited an exaggerated response to hypoxia, principally the result of increased frequency. The negative hypoxic, hypercapnic interaction, characteristic of awake cats, was demonstrable in both the decerebrate and decorticate animals. The findings are interpreted as revealing coupled descending influences on the medullary respiratory centers in hypoxia--one that is facilitatory and originates in the diencephalon, and the other, inhibitory, from the cerebrum. The significance of this suprapontine system in normal hypoxic ventilatory control is discussed.", "PMID": 847311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7487", "title": "Innervation of stretch receptors in the extra-thoracic trachea.", "content": "We have studied the innervation of the stretch receptors in the extra-thoracic trachea by recording their unitary action potentials from the vagus nerve in the neck before and after blocking the nervous conduction in the recurrent laryngeal nerves (RLNs). On the left side all the receptors had their activity going through the ipsilateral RLN:78% of the stretch receptors had their fibres joining the RLN in the neck whilst the remaining receptors join this nerve within the thorax. These latter receptors were located mainly in the lower extra-thoracic trachea. On the right side only 45% of the receptors were found to follow the right RLN whilst the others reach the vagus nerve through a different pathway. These latter receptors were located in the lower part of the extra-thoracic trachea. Therefore sectioning both the RLNs would interrupt about 3/4 of the fibres coming from the extra-thoracic trachea if done just before their entrance into the main vagus nerves. When the section is done exclusively outside the thorax, at the level of the thoracic inlet, the de-afferentation would be about 60% of the total supply.", "contents": "Innervation of stretch receptors in the extra-thoracic trachea. We have studied the innervation of the stretch receptors in the extra-thoracic trachea by recording their unitary action potentials from the vagus nerve in the neck before and after blocking the nervous conduction in the recurrent laryngeal nerves (RLNs). On the left side all the receptors had their activity going through the ipsilateral RLN:78% of the stretch receptors had their fibres joining the RLN in the neck whilst the remaining receptors join this nerve within the thorax. These latter receptors were located mainly in the lower extra-thoracic trachea. On the right side only 45% of the receptors were found to follow the right RLN whilst the others reach the vagus nerve through a different pathway. These latter receptors were located in the lower part of the extra-thoracic trachea. Therefore sectioning both the RLNs would interrupt about 3/4 of the fibres coming from the extra-thoracic trachea if done just before their entrance into the main vagus nerves. When the section is done exclusively outside the thorax, at the level of the thoracic inlet, the de-afferentation would be about 60% of the total supply.", "PMID": 847312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7488", "title": "[Anterior angiomas of the spinal cord and their treatment].", "content": "For a long time surgical removal of intra-medullary angiomas was considered as impossible. Accurate localization of the lesion by spinal angiography, microsurgical techniques allow to overcome this surgical challenge. 15 cases of spinal arteriovenous malformations fed by the anterior spinal artery have been operated. Criterias for surgery and post-operative results are mainly dependant upon the neurological states and the anatomical type of the malformations (type I, II, III, IV), Total removal of the malformations was performed in 12 cases with post-operative control angiography in seven instances.", "contents": "[Anterior angiomas of the spinal cord and their treatment]. For a long time surgical removal of intra-medullary angiomas was considered as impossible. Accurate localization of the lesion by spinal angiography, microsurgical techniques allow to overcome this surgical challenge. 15 cases of spinal arteriovenous malformations fed by the anterior spinal artery have been operated. Criterias for surgery and post-operative results are mainly dependant upon the neurological states and the anatomical type of the malformations (type I, II, III, IV), Total removal of the malformations was performed in 12 cases with post-operative control angiography in seven instances.", "PMID": 847317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7489", "title": "[NEOLOGISMS AND MOTOR APHASIA. (Afferent pathology?)].", "content": "The authors describe a case of post-traumatic aphasia in a 39-year-old man. The linguistic disturbances were marked by the unusual association of oral expression consisting mainly of neologisms, normal comprehension and almost normal written expression. A physiological interpretation based on disturbance of treatment of the sensory afferent nerves from the bucco-phonator organs is suggested to account for the neologisms in this particular form of aphasia.", "contents": "[NEOLOGISMS AND MOTOR APHASIA. (Afferent pathology?)]. The authors describe a case of post-traumatic aphasia in a 39-year-old man. The linguistic disturbances were marked by the unusual association of oral expression consisting mainly of neologisms, normal comprehension and almost normal written expression. A physiological interpretation based on disturbance of treatment of the sensory afferent nerves from the bucco-phonator organs is suggested to account for the neologisms in this particular form of aphasia.", "PMID": 847318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7490", "title": "[Abnormal movements of patients with Parkinsonism treated with L-dopa and anomalies of dopamine metabolism].", "content": "The authors describe the results of biochemical analysis carried out on 28 patients with Parkinson's disease who had been treated by L-dopa. Twenty of them showed either no abnormal movements at all or very few, eight others had considerable dyskinesia. Biochemical analysis of the urinary degradation products of L-Dopa revealed the existence of a swing in the degradation of dopamine towards 4-O-methylate derivatives in dyskinetic patients (significant difference at .01). The results confirm those obtained in their initial analysis carried out in 1973. The authors express the view that abnormal movements while under L-Dopa treatment are dependent on two factors: one, the hypersensitivity of dopaminergic reception, the other, the greater or lesser preponderance of the COMT isozyme giving rise to 4-O-methylates;", "contents": "[Abnormal movements of patients with Parkinsonism treated with L-dopa and anomalies of dopamine metabolism]. The authors describe the results of biochemical analysis carried out on 28 patients with Parkinson's disease who had been treated by L-dopa. Twenty of them showed either no abnormal movements at all or very few, eight others had considerable dyskinesia. Biochemical analysis of the urinary degradation products of L-Dopa revealed the existence of a swing in the degradation of dopamine towards 4-O-methylate derivatives in dyskinetic patients (significant difference at .01). The results confirm those obtained in their initial analysis carried out in 1973. The authors express the view that abnormal movements while under L-Dopa treatment are dependent on two factors: one, the hypersensitivity of dopaminergic reception, the other, the greater or lesser preponderance of the COMT isozyme giving rise to 4-O-methylates;", "PMID": 847319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7491", "title": "Degenerative changes in the intervertebral discs of the lumbar spine and their sequelae.", "content": "Careful pathological examination of lumbar spines removed at autopsy has shown that degenerative changes are present in the intervertebral discs of all subjects by middle age. The degenerative changes are more marked and occur at an earlier age when evidence of vertical or posterior disc prolapse is also present. Degenerative changes in the discs are always accompanied by osteophyte formation on the margins of the vertebral bodies and remodelling changes in the apophyseal joints. There is a direct relationship between the degree of disc degeneration, marginal osteophyte formation on vertebral bodies, and apophyseal joint changes, which suggests that disc degeneration is the primary event leading to the clinical condition of 'degenerative spondylosis'.", "contents": "Degenerative changes in the intervertebral discs of the lumbar spine and their sequelae. Careful pathological examination of lumbar spines removed at autopsy has shown that degenerative changes are present in the intervertebral discs of all subjects by middle age. The degenerative changes are more marked and occur at an earlier age when evidence of vertical or posterior disc prolapse is also present. Degenerative changes in the discs are always accompanied by osteophyte formation on the margins of the vertebral bodies and remodelling changes in the apophyseal joints. There is a direct relationship between the degree of disc degeneration, marginal osteophyte formation on vertebral bodies, and apophyseal joint changes, which suggests that disc degeneration is the primary event leading to the clinical condition of 'degenerative spondylosis'.", "PMID": 847320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7492", "title": "Biochemical aspects of development and ageing of human lumbar intervertebral discs.", "content": "Nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus from individual normal discs of different ages have been separately examined, and the topographical distribution of constituents across the annulus fibrosus has been determined. Collagen content, including the molecular species, and proteoglycans have been estimated. Type I collagen was found in the outermost regions of the annulus and type II in the innermost, whereas the nucleus contained type II collagen. In older spines the collagen content of the annuli increased both outwards in the disc, and downwards along the spinal levels. Proteoglycan content was higher in the nucleus, and the proportion of keratan to chondroitin sulphate increased with age, as did the hyaluronate content. It is concluded that differences in mechanical function may be reflected by differences in chemical composition of the discs, and that mechanical failure could result from local variations in chemical composition.", "contents": "Biochemical aspects of development and ageing of human lumbar intervertebral discs. Nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus from individual normal discs of different ages have been separately examined, and the topographical distribution of constituents across the annulus fibrosus has been determined. Collagen content, including the molecular species, and proteoglycans have been estimated. Type I collagen was found in the outermost regions of the annulus and type II in the innermost, whereas the nucleus contained type II collagen. In older spines the collagen content of the annuli increased both outwards in the disc, and downwards along the spinal levels. Proteoglycan content was higher in the nucleus, and the proportion of keratan to chondroitin sulphate increased with age, as did the hyaluronate content. It is concluded that differences in mechanical function may be reflected by differences in chemical composition of the discs, and that mechanical failure could result from local variations in chemical composition.", "PMID": 847321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7493", "title": "Correlation between pseudospondylolisthesis and arthrosis of the hands.", "content": "Two groups of 25 patients, one with pseudospondylolisthesis (PSL) and the other without, have been compared in order to verify the impression that arthrosis of the hands occurs more frequently in those with PSL. The observed differences were significant, being especially marked in women in whom five or more hand joints were involved and increasing in frequency with age. No relation was found between PSL and either discarthrosis or being overweight. The presence of PSL can probably be included in the pattern of generalized osteoarthrosis described by Kellgren and Lawrence (1958).", "contents": "Correlation between pseudospondylolisthesis and arthrosis of the hands. Two groups of 25 patients, one with pseudospondylolisthesis (PSL) and the other without, have been compared in order to verify the impression that arthrosis of the hands occurs more frequently in those with PSL. The observed differences were significant, being especially marked in women in whom five or more hand joints were involved and increasing in frequency with age. No relation was found between PSL and either discarthrosis or being overweight. The presence of PSL can probably be included in the pattern of generalized osteoarthrosis described by Kellgren and Lawrence (1958).", "PMID": 847322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7494", "title": "[Evaluation of radiologic criteria in rheumatoid arthritis].", "content": "The authors compared the hand Xrays of 53 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (AR) with those of 53 control subjects matched for age and s. x. Each AR patient conformed to the New York clinical criteria. Assesment was carried out on Xrays of both hands, search being made for erosions, geodes, and joint narrowing, the severity being graduated from 0 to 4, according to data from the international Atlas of Radiology. The sensitivity, sepcificity and severity of each of these abnormalities was studied joint by joint (18 for the hand). Analysis of the results shows that study of all 18 joints in the hand is not useful; account may be taken only of the first three metacarpo-phalangeal joints, the carpo-metacarpal joints and the radio-carpal joint. The proximal interphalangeal joints, contrary to the most commonly held opinion, are more a source of errors than of diagnosis. Erosion is the most specific sign, especially if one is only considering the characteristic sites. With a specificity of the order of 98 per cent, this abnormality has sufficient weight to counteract the very low incidence of the disease in a population in comparison with degenerative disorders. Geodes should be studied more by their severity than by their frequency; this is high in the controls, which diminishes their specificity (45 for the wrist, 62 for the first carpo-metacarpal, and 75 for the first metacarpo-phalangeal joint). Joint narrowing is a difficult sign to read and its value is all at the radiocarpal and carpal joints.", "contents": "[Evaluation of radiologic criteria in rheumatoid arthritis]. The authors compared the hand Xrays of 53 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (AR) with those of 53 control subjects matched for age and s. x. Each AR patient conformed to the New York clinical criteria. Assesment was carried out on Xrays of both hands, search being made for erosions, geodes, and joint narrowing, the severity being graduated from 0 to 4, according to data from the international Atlas of Radiology. The sensitivity, sepcificity and severity of each of these abnormalities was studied joint by joint (18 for the hand). Analysis of the results shows that study of all 18 joints in the hand is not useful; account may be taken only of the first three metacarpo-phalangeal joints, the carpo-metacarpal joints and the radio-carpal joint. The proximal interphalangeal joints, contrary to the most commonly held opinion, are more a source of errors than of diagnosis. Erosion is the most specific sign, especially if one is only considering the characteristic sites. With a specificity of the order of 98 per cent, this abnormality has sufficient weight to counteract the very low incidence of the disease in a population in comparison with degenerative disorders. Geodes should be studied more by their severity than by their frequency; this is high in the controls, which diminishes their specificity (45 for the wrist, 62 for the first carpo-metacarpal, and 75 for the first metacarpo-phalangeal joint). Joint narrowing is a difficult sign to read and its value is all at the radiocarpal and carpal joints.", "PMID": 847360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7495", "title": "[Patellar imbalance and external rotary instability of the knee].", "content": "The importance of external hyperrotation and external rotary instability in patellar imbalance is examined. In view of the progressive nature of patellar imbalance and of the predominant part played by the muscular and capsulo-ligamentous elements in the stability of the extensor apparatus, the authors advocate an earlier and more radical surgical approach with a view to improving the patellar medialization forces (transplantation of the intermediate great muscle and retension of the lateral patellar retinaculum) as well as the elements of active internal rotation of the tibia (modified version of Slocum's operation and transfer of the internal third of the patellar tendon).", "contents": "[Patellar imbalance and external rotary instability of the knee]. The importance of external hyperrotation and external rotary instability in patellar imbalance is examined. In view of the progressive nature of patellar imbalance and of the predominant part played by the muscular and capsulo-ligamentous elements in the stability of the extensor apparatus, the authors advocate an earlier and more radical surgical approach with a view to improving the patellar medialization forces (transplantation of the intermediate great muscle and retension of the lateral patellar retinaculum) as well as the elements of active internal rotation of the tibia (modified version of Slocum's operation and transfer of the internal third of the patellar tendon).", "PMID": 847361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7496", "title": "[Hyperostosis of the iliac crest. Anatomo-radiologic features].", "content": "Anatomical and radiological features of two cases with hyperostosis of the iliac crest are related. They help to illustrate a brief discussion of the general prcal factors as well as general medical conditions (especially diabetes mellitus, for which careful clinical investigations should be performed when hyperostosis is discovered radiologically); 2) histological structure; 3) differentiation from osteophytes of osteoarthrosis.", "contents": "[Hyperostosis of the iliac crest. Anatomo-radiologic features]. Anatomical and radiological features of two cases with hyperostosis of the iliac crest are related. They help to illustrate a brief discussion of the general prcal factors as well as general medical conditions (especially diabetes mellitus, for which careful clinical investigations should be performed when hyperostosis is discovered radiologically); 2) histological structure; 3) differentiation from osteophytes of osteoarthrosis.", "PMID": 847362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7497", "title": "[Radiation lesions of the hip].", "content": "Irradiation lesions of the hip are much better known than they used to be, and problems diagnosis no longer arise. Study of these 49 cases of irradiation lesions of the hip shows that they occur in 1 to 36 per cent of patients irradiated for pelvic cancer. The rate of occurrence may be reduced by selection and improvement in the techniques of radiotherapy. The extent of the lesions is determined from the time that irradiation is stopped. The lesions appear after a delay of several months and develop progressively throughout their extent. This confer on them a false appearance of a progressive lesion. There are severe lesions, which seriously threaten ambulation. Trans-cervical fractures should be considered separately; these are usually isolated lesions, simple to treat and of good prognosis. Fractures of the acetabulum and necroses of the acetabular roof or of the femoral head, developing usually as paired lesions or in the context of an irradiation coxopathy, constitute another group, in which treatment by total prosthesis raises numerous technical problems. Total prosthesis has however given to these hips; in almost 2 cases out of 3, a function which is at present satisfactory but whose future is unknown. The abnormality high levels of infection and in particular loosening are related to the extent to which the lesions have progressed. Resection of these prosthesis in cases of failure is similar to resection of the head and neck, and has its place as a salvage operation since its allows mobility and pain relief to be obtained at the price of stability.", "contents": "[Radiation lesions of the hip]. Irradiation lesions of the hip are much better known than they used to be, and problems diagnosis no longer arise. Study of these 49 cases of irradiation lesions of the hip shows that they occur in 1 to 36 per cent of patients irradiated for pelvic cancer. The rate of occurrence may be reduced by selection and improvement in the techniques of radiotherapy. The extent of the lesions is determined from the time that irradiation is stopped. The lesions appear after a delay of several months and develop progressively throughout their extent. This confer on them a false appearance of a progressive lesion. There are severe lesions, which seriously threaten ambulation. Trans-cervical fractures should be considered separately; these are usually isolated lesions, simple to treat and of good prognosis. Fractures of the acetabulum and necroses of the acetabular roof or of the femoral head, developing usually as paired lesions or in the context of an irradiation coxopathy, constitute another group, in which treatment by total prosthesis raises numerous technical problems. Total prosthesis has however given to these hips; in almost 2 cases out of 3, a function which is at present satisfactory but whose future is unknown. The abnormality high levels of infection and in particular loosening are related to the extent to which the lesions have progressed. Resection of these prosthesis in cases of failure is similar to resection of the head and neck, and has its place as a salvage operation since its allows mobility and pain relief to be obtained at the price of stability.", "PMID": 847363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7498", "title": "[A test for acute hypocalcemia using swine and salmon calcitonin].", "content": "The production of acute hypocalcemia was investigated using either 80 U. MRC of salmon calcitonin or 160 1. mrc of pork calcitonin in 117 subjects (58 patients with Paget's disease, 22 with osteoporosis, 22 with Sudeck-Leriche algodystrophy and 15 control subjects). The results obtained with the two types of calcitonin did not differ. Induced acute hypocalcemia was more pronounced in patients with Paget's disease than in the other subjects studied. In patients with Paget's disease there were statistically significant correlations between the hypocalcemia produced and the initial levels of alkaline phosphatase and total 24 hours urinary hydroxyproline.", "contents": "[A test for acute hypocalcemia using swine and salmon calcitonin]. The production of acute hypocalcemia was investigated using either 80 U. MRC of salmon calcitonin or 160 1. mrc of pork calcitonin in 117 subjects (58 patients with Paget's disease, 22 with osteoporosis, 22 with Sudeck-Leriche algodystrophy and 15 control subjects). The results obtained with the two types of calcitonin did not differ. Induced acute hypocalcemia was more pronounced in patients with Paget's disease than in the other subjects studied. In patients with Paget's disease there were statistically significant correlations between the hypocalcemia produced and the initial levels of alkaline phosphatase and total 24 hours urinary hydroxyproline.", "PMID": 847364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7499", "title": "[Differential diagnosis betwen Gougerot-Sj\u00f6gren syndrome and sialadenosis using quantitative scintigraphy of the salivary glands].", "content": "The symptoms of both Gougerot-Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome and sialadenosis consist in a reduction of salive and tear production. Sialadenosis is either essential or secondary to the intake of certain drugs. As it is sometimes difficult to differentiate between the two diseases a new quantitative scintigraphic method is proposed, where the activity over the salivary glands is compared with a neutral zone. This method has been validated with control sialography and parotid biopsies and permits an easy differentiation between the two conditions.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis betwen Gougerot-Sj\u00f6gren syndrome and sialadenosis using quantitative scintigraphy of the salivary glands]. The symptoms of both Gougerot-Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome and sialadenosis consist in a reduction of salive and tear production. Sialadenosis is either essential or secondary to the intake of certain drugs. As it is sometimes difficult to differentiate between the two diseases a new quantitative scintigraphic method is proposed, where the activity over the salivary glands is compared with a neutral zone. This method has been validated with control sialography and parotid biopsies and permits an easy differentiation between the two conditions.", "PMID": 847365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7500", "title": "[Primary hyperparathyroidism. Our experience with 30 cases].", "content": "The authors analysed thirty cases of hyperparathyroidism seen between 1969 and 1975 at Centre Hospitalier Universitaire at Poitiers. They noted the similarity of their observations with those which have generally been made in this condition. The only peculiarities of this study were a low incidence of calculi and a particularly high incidence of chance discovery by routine blood calcium measurement. The diagnostic value of blood calcium levels and blood citrate levels is confirmed in the same way as the advantage of a quantitative bone biopsy even although a few false positives limit the specificty of the test.", "contents": "[Primary hyperparathyroidism. Our experience with 30 cases]. The authors analysed thirty cases of hyperparathyroidism seen between 1969 and 1975 at Centre Hospitalier Universitaire at Poitiers. They noted the similarity of their observations with those which have generally been made in this condition. The only peculiarities of this study were a low incidence of calculi and a particularly high incidence of chance discovery by routine blood calcium measurement. The diagnostic value of blood calcium levels and blood citrate levels is confirmed in the same way as the advantage of a quantitative bone biopsy even although a few false positives limit the specificty of the test.", "PMID": 847366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7501", "title": "Stimulation of anti-influenza serum antibody formation in the rat using bovine thymus polypeptide extract.", "content": "The authors show that a thymus polypeptide extract, TP1, prepared by them has the effedt of stimulating the formation of anti-influenza serum antibodies and do not show antigenic properties. The extract causes increase of serum lymphocytes. Electrophoretic analysis in polyacrylamide gel reveals a number of 11 fraction, while paper chromatography for amino acids, a number of 12 spots.", "contents": "Stimulation of anti-influenza serum antibody formation in the rat using bovine thymus polypeptide extract. The authors show that a thymus polypeptide extract, TP1, prepared by them has the effedt of stimulating the formation of anti-influenza serum antibodies and do not show antigenic properties. The extract causes increase of serum lymphocytes. Electrophoretic analysis in polyacrylamide gel reveals a number of 11 fraction, while paper chromatography for amino acids, a number of 12 spots.", "PMID": 847369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7502", "title": "L-proline loading for the assessment of pituitary GH reserve.", "content": "Intravenous insulin (0.1 U/kg body weight) and oral 1-proline (100 mg/kg body weight) tolerance tests were performed in 22 healthy and 30 short-statured children and adolescents and blood glucose, serum immunoreactive growth hormone (GH), immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and 1-proline were determined. The peak level of serum GH was significantly higher following insulin than after 1-proline. The proline loading correctly identified the normality of GH axis in 12 out of 22 controls and in 3 out of 7 normopituitary short-statured patients. The serum 1-proline levels consideration did not improve much the ability of 1-proline load to detect either the normal GH responsiveness or the pituitary insufficiency. The mechanism of GH stimulatory properties of 1-proline in some healthy subjects is not known.", "contents": "L-proline loading for the assessment of pituitary GH reserve. Intravenous insulin (0.1 U/kg body weight) and oral 1-proline (100 mg/kg body weight) tolerance tests were performed in 22 healthy and 30 short-statured children and adolescents and blood glucose, serum immunoreactive growth hormone (GH), immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and 1-proline were determined. The peak level of serum GH was significantly higher following insulin than after 1-proline. The proline loading correctly identified the normality of GH axis in 12 out of 22 controls and in 3 out of 7 normopituitary short-statured patients. The serum 1-proline levels consideration did not improve much the ability of 1-proline load to detect either the normal GH responsiveness or the pituitary insufficiency. The mechanism of GH stimulatory properties of 1-proline in some healthy subjects is not known.", "PMID": 847371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7503", "title": "Seasonal and circadian modifications in the RNA concentration in rat adrenals after swimming effort.", "content": "Variation of the adrenal RNA as a reaction to standard physical effort--30 min. of swimming daily for 5 successive days-was studied on adult male white Wistar rats in relation to the season and the hour at which the physical effort was made. The relationship between the seasonal variation and the adrenal adaptation response to swimming was followed up in the interval between March 1972 and December 1974; the circadian variation was examined at 0600, 1200, 1800 and 0000. 1. The circannual differentiation in the response to effort is expressed in the increase of the adrenal RNA concentration, statistically non-significant in spring, maximum in summer and statistically significant in autumn; in winter, the RNA concentration, by its significant decrease as against the controls, expresses an inversion of the adrenal response to effort. 2. Within a 24-hour period the increase in the adrenal RNA concentration under effort is maximum at 1800 and generally higher at night. The fundamental chronobiologic structure of the species seems to interfere significantly the adrenal adaptation to physical effort.", "contents": "Seasonal and circadian modifications in the RNA concentration in rat adrenals after swimming effort. Variation of the adrenal RNA as a reaction to standard physical effort--30 min. of swimming daily for 5 successive days-was studied on adult male white Wistar rats in relation to the season and the hour at which the physical effort was made. The relationship between the seasonal variation and the adrenal adaptation response to swimming was followed up in the interval between March 1972 and December 1974; the circadian variation was examined at 0600, 1200, 1800 and 0000. 1. The circannual differentiation in the response to effort is expressed in the increase of the adrenal RNA concentration, statistically non-significant in spring, maximum in summer and statistically significant in autumn; in winter, the RNA concentration, by its significant decrease as against the controls, expresses an inversion of the adrenal response to effort. 2. Within a 24-hour period the increase in the adrenal RNA concentration under effort is maximum at 1800 and generally higher at night. The fundamental chronobiologic structure of the species seems to interfere significantly the adrenal adaptation to physical effort.", "PMID": 847370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7504", "title": "Thyropathic endemic dystrophy in an area of the Arge\u015f Valley.", "content": "The authors carried out a clinical, chemical and medico-social study of an endemic focus in the Arge\u015f Valley. Iodine deficiency and partially water hardness constitute the main goitrogenic factors. Owing to the curative-prophylactic means, the goitre frequency substantially decreased in school children (from 98.5% in 1949 to 18.3% in 1969) and serious forms of the third degree did not occur in the last 14 years. A certain percentage of diffuse goitre still remains in school children besides the residual pathology before the iodized prophylaxis. In the period when the prophylaxis with KI (potassium iodine) troches was neglected, a slight increase of goitre frequency was found in the investigated groups.", "contents": "Thyropathic endemic dystrophy in an area of the Arge\u015f Valley. The authors carried out a clinical, chemical and medico-social study of an endemic focus in the Arge\u015f Valley. Iodine deficiency and partially water hardness constitute the main goitrogenic factors. Owing to the curative-prophylactic means, the goitre frequency substantially decreased in school children (from 98.5% in 1949 to 18.3% in 1969) and serious forms of the third degree did not occur in the last 14 years. A certain percentage of diffuse goitre still remains in school children besides the residual pathology before the iodized prophylaxis. In the period when the prophylaxis with KI (potassium iodine) troches was neglected, a slight increase of goitre frequency was found in the investigated groups.", "PMID": 847373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7505", "title": "Paneth cells in experimental amyloidosis.", "content": "The effect of experimental amyloidosis on the morphology of the Paneth cells of the mouse was investigated by using light and fluorescence microscopy. Amyloidosis was induced by daily subcutaneous casein injections for 4 weeks. It was found that the number of secretory granules of the Paneth cells increased in the jejunum, but remained normal in the duodenum. Small morphological alterations took place in the Paneth cells during the induction of amyloidosis, and occasionally the Paneth cells were totally lost. These changes suggest that the function of the Paneth cells of the jejunum may be partly inhibited during experimental amyloidosis.", "contents": "Paneth cells in experimental amyloidosis. The effect of experimental amyloidosis on the morphology of the Paneth cells of the mouse was investigated by using light and fluorescence microscopy. Amyloidosis was induced by daily subcutaneous casein injections for 4 weeks. It was found that the number of secretory granules of the Paneth cells increased in the jejunum, but remained normal in the duodenum. Small morphological alterations took place in the Paneth cells during the induction of amyloidosis, and occasionally the Paneth cells were totally lost. These changes suggest that the function of the Paneth cells of the jejunum may be partly inhibited during experimental amyloidosis.", "PMID": 847380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7506", "title": "Lysozyme in plasma and neutrophilic granulocytes in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.", "content": "The concentration of lysozyme in plasma (P) and in neutrophil leucocytes (N) was determined by a turbidimetric method in 32 patients with ulcerative colitis (U.C.), 11 patients with Crohn's disease (C.D.), 9 patients with haemorrhagic proctitis, and 39 healthy volunteers. In active U.C., P was significantly elevated (p less than 0.05), whereas C.D. showed normal values. Corresponding N was significantly reduced in active U.C. (p less than 0.05) but normal in C.D. In calculating the ratio N/P, highly significant lower values were found in active U.C. (p less than 0.001) compared to normal levels in C.D. The high P in active U.C. is presumed to reflect an accelerated destruction of neutrophil leucocytes as well as an intensified turnover rate. The reduced N is probably attributable to an inhibited synthesis. The findings suggest that lysozyme determinations are valuable in be differential diagnosis of active U.C. and C.D.", "contents": "Lysozyme in plasma and neutrophilic granulocytes in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. The concentration of lysozyme in plasma (P) and in neutrophil leucocytes (N) was determined by a turbidimetric method in 32 patients with ulcerative colitis (U.C.), 11 patients with Crohn's disease (C.D.), 9 patients with haemorrhagic proctitis, and 39 healthy volunteers. In active U.C., P was significantly elevated (p less than 0.05), whereas C.D. showed normal values. Corresponding N was significantly reduced in active U.C. (p less than 0.05) but normal in C.D. In calculating the ratio N/P, highly significant lower values were found in active U.C. (p less than 0.001) compared to normal levels in C.D. The high P in active U.C. is presumed to reflect an accelerated destruction of neutrophil leucocytes as well as an intensified turnover rate. The reduced N is probably attributable to an inhibited synthesis. The findings suggest that lysozyme determinations are valuable in be differential diagnosis of active U.C. and C.D.", "PMID": 847381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7507", "title": "The leucocyte chemotactic function in patients with ulcerative colitis.", "content": "The intermittent course of ulcerative colitis could hypothetically be be caused by fluctuations of the patients' natural systems of resistance. To evaluate this hypothesis the chemotactic function of leucocytes in ulcerative colitis patients has been investigated. The patient group comprised 59 patients, 24 men and 35 women. All activity stages were represented. The control group comprised 25 normal subjects, 10 men and 15 women. The chemotactic reaction was investigated in a double chamber with a cellulose-ester-micropore filter with a pore size of 3 mum as a diaphragm in which the migration takes place. The variable applied was the ratio between the number of cells 50 mum down in the filter and at the surface, calculated as a chemotactic Index. Casein was used as chemotactic agents. The corrected chemotactic was defined as the difference between stimulated and unstimulated Chemotactic Index. The chemotactic as well as the corrected chemotactic response of leucocytes from ulcerative colitis patients was significantly lower than in control subjects. The subgroup, active ulcerative colitis,showed the lowest corrected Chemotactic Index, whereas the unstimulated Control Index was significantly higher than in normal subjects. The results did not correlate with treatment. The investigation has shown that leucocytes in active ulcerative colitis cases have a high spontaneous mobility, whereas their chemotactic function after stimulation is significantly subnormal. Further investigation is needed to demonstrate whether this phenomenon plays a major role in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis.", "contents": "The leucocyte chemotactic function in patients with ulcerative colitis. The intermittent course of ulcerative colitis could hypothetically be be caused by fluctuations of the patients' natural systems of resistance. To evaluate this hypothesis the chemotactic function of leucocytes in ulcerative colitis patients has been investigated. The patient group comprised 59 patients, 24 men and 35 women. All activity stages were represented. The control group comprised 25 normal subjects, 10 men and 15 women. The chemotactic reaction was investigated in a double chamber with a cellulose-ester-micropore filter with a pore size of 3 mum as a diaphragm in which the migration takes place. The variable applied was the ratio between the number of cells 50 mum down in the filter and at the surface, calculated as a chemotactic Index. Casein was used as chemotactic agents. The corrected chemotactic was defined as the difference between stimulated and unstimulated Chemotactic Index. The chemotactic as well as the corrected chemotactic response of leucocytes from ulcerative colitis patients was significantly lower than in control subjects. The subgroup, active ulcerative colitis,showed the lowest corrected Chemotactic Index, whereas the unstimulated Control Index was significantly higher than in normal subjects. The results did not correlate with treatment. The investigation has shown that leucocytes in active ulcerative colitis cases have a high spontaneous mobility, whereas their chemotactic function after stimulation is significantly subnormal. Further investigation is needed to demonstrate whether this phenomenon plays a major role in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis.", "PMID": 847382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7508", "title": "A renin-like activity in the human hypophysis.", "content": "A renin-like enzyme was determined in the acetone-dried tissue of human pituitaries, in both the anterior and posterior pituitaries using Boucher micromethod. The mean pituitary concentration of the renin-like activity (RA) was equivalent to 60.4+/-7.1 (SEM) ng angiotensin II/g tissue protein/h. The possible functional relationship between the hypophyseal and the brain renin-like enzyme is discussed.", "contents": "A renin-like activity in the human hypophysis. A renin-like enzyme was determined in the acetone-dried tissue of human pituitaries, in both the anterior and posterior pituitaries using Boucher micromethod. The mean pituitary concentration of the renin-like activity (RA) was equivalent to 60.4+/-7.1 (SEM) ng angiotensin II/g tissue protein/h. The possible functional relationship between the hypophyseal and the brain renin-like enzyme is discussed.", "PMID": 847372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7509", "title": "The effect of cimetidine in meal-stimulated gastric functions measured with a new method.", "content": "A new method to measure gastric functions after meal-stimulation without infusion of bicarbonate into the stomach is presented. Six healthy volunteers were investigated after stimulation of the gastric functions with a 300-ml fluid test meal with and without cimetidine infusion. Cimetidine reduced the acid output substantially but had no effect on gastric emptying.", "contents": "The effect of cimetidine in meal-stimulated gastric functions measured with a new method. A new method to measure gastric functions after meal-stimulation without infusion of bicarbonate into the stomach is presented. Six healthy volunteers were investigated after stimulation of the gastric functions with a 300-ml fluid test meal with and without cimetidine infusion. Cimetidine reduced the acid output substantially but had no effect on gastric emptying.", "PMID": 847383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7510", "title": "Pancreatic extract and the intestinal uptake of vitamin B12. II. Inhibitory effect of trypsin and trypsinogen.", "content": "Pancreatic extract (PE) contained small-molecular, thermo-stable as well as macro-molecular, thermo-labile factors capable of reducing the uptake of 57CoB12 bound to rat intrinsic factor by perfused rat intestinal segments (p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.01). Neither non-radioactive vitamin B12 nor non-pacreatic protein reduced the 57CoB12-uptake (p greater than 0.5 and p greater than 0.1) Crystalline trypsin and trypsinogen, but not chymotrypsin, also inhibited the uptake (p less than 0.05, p less than 0.02 and p greater than 0.05). The tryptic inhibition was abolished by soybean trypsin inhibitor (p greater than 0.05).", "contents": "Pancreatic extract and the intestinal uptake of vitamin B12. II. Inhibitory effect of trypsin and trypsinogen. Pancreatic extract (PE) contained small-molecular, thermo-stable as well as macro-molecular, thermo-labile factors capable of reducing the uptake of 57CoB12 bound to rat intrinsic factor by perfused rat intestinal segments (p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.01). Neither non-radioactive vitamin B12 nor non-pacreatic protein reduced the 57CoB12-uptake (p greater than 0.5 and p greater than 0.1) Crystalline trypsin and trypsinogen, but not chymotrypsin, also inhibited the uptake (p less than 0.05, p less than 0.02 and p greater than 0.05). The tryptic inhibition was abolished by soybean trypsin inhibitor (p greater than 0.05).", "PMID": 847384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7511", "title": "Mortality from ulcerative colitis in Denmark 1960-1969.", "content": "The mortality from ulcerative colitis in Denmark, calculated on the basis of the mortality statistics, was 0.5/100,000/year for the period 1960-69. The total material consists of 110 females and 108 males with ulcerative colitis. The mortality showed a decreasing tendency during the study period, but the fall was not significant. The distribution of the deaths between rural and urban areas corresponded to the distribution of the general population. 93% of the deaths took place in hospital, the greater part in the surgical departments.", "contents": "Mortality from ulcerative colitis in Denmark 1960-1969. The mortality from ulcerative colitis in Denmark, calculated on the basis of the mortality statistics, was 0.5/100,000/year for the period 1960-69. The total material consists of 110 females and 108 males with ulcerative colitis. The mortality showed a decreasing tendency during the study period, but the fall was not significant. The distribution of the deaths between rural and urban areas corresponded to the distribution of the general population. 93% of the deaths took place in hospital, the greater part in the surgical departments.", "PMID": 847385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7512", "title": "Marital status and sexual adjustment after colectomy. Results in 178 patients operated on for ulcerative colitis.", "content": "The frequency of marriage and divorce did not differ from that of the general population. Female ileostomists married less often than females with ileorectal anastomosis (IRA) and had reduced fertility. Genital functional disturbance was not reported by the IRA males but occurred in 8 of 52 male ileostomists below 50. The coital activity, however, seemed undisturbed except for one married male. Dyspareunia was experienced by 8 of 15 IRA females aged 16-49 and intercourse triggered precipitancy in 2 of them. In a similar group of ileostomists only 5 of 50 had occasional dyspareunia. The coital practice and frequency in married patients did not seem to differ from a general population. Premarital activity seemed low in ileostomists of either sex. This as well as the low marriage rate in females may be ascribed to the psychological effects of a stoma and an appliance with contents.", "contents": "Marital status and sexual adjustment after colectomy. Results in 178 patients operated on for ulcerative colitis. The frequency of marriage and divorce did not differ from that of the general population. Female ileostomists married less often than females with ileorectal anastomosis (IRA) and had reduced fertility. Genital functional disturbance was not reported by the IRA males but occurred in 8 of 52 male ileostomists below 50. The coital activity, however, seemed undisturbed except for one married male. Dyspareunia was experienced by 8 of 15 IRA females aged 16-49 and intercourse triggered precipitancy in 2 of them. In a similar group of ileostomists only 5 of 50 had occasional dyspareunia. The coital practice and frequency in married patients did not seem to differ from a general population. Premarital activity seemed low in ileostomists of either sex. This as well as the low marriage rate in females may be ascribed to the psychological effects of a stoma and an appliance with contents.", "PMID": 847386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7513", "title": "Effect of glycochenodeoxycholic acid on unidirectional transepithelial fluxes of electrolytes in the perfused human ileum.", "content": "Perfusion studies of the terminal ileum were performed in healthy volunteers to define the influence of a dihydroxy bile acid, glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDC) 2.5 mmol/l, on the mechanisms of electrolyte transport. Net movements of water and electrolytes, bidirectional fluxes of sodium, potassium, and chloride, and the transmural electrical potential difference (PD) were measured simultaneously. The results supported the notion of an active mechanism for sodium and chloride transfer. GCDC evoked net secretion of water and electrolytes, and decreased the mucosa to serosa flux of chloride, There was a tendency that the latter also applied to sodium and potassium. During bile acid perfusion active secretion of chloride occurred. PD was 16 +/- 4 mV, lumen negative, and was not influenced by GCDC. In conclusion, we propose a model for the GCDC effect.", "contents": "Effect of glycochenodeoxycholic acid on unidirectional transepithelial fluxes of electrolytes in the perfused human ileum. Perfusion studies of the terminal ileum were performed in healthy volunteers to define the influence of a dihydroxy bile acid, glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDC) 2.5 mmol/l, on the mechanisms of electrolyte transport. Net movements of water and electrolytes, bidirectional fluxes of sodium, potassium, and chloride, and the transmural electrical potential difference (PD) were measured simultaneously. The results supported the notion of an active mechanism for sodium and chloride transfer. GCDC evoked net secretion of water and electrolytes, and decreased the mucosa to serosa flux of chloride, There was a tendency that the latter also applied to sodium and potassium. During bile acid perfusion active secretion of chloride occurred. PD was 16 +/- 4 mV, lumen negative, and was not influenced by GCDC. In conclusion, we propose a model for the GCDC effect.", "PMID": 847387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7514", "title": "Renal extraction of endogenous gastrin in patients with normal renal function.", "content": "Renal extraction of gastrin in patients with normal clearance of inulin and p-aminohippuric acid was assessed by gastrin radioimmunoassay. In 23 fasting patients there was no significant difference in arterial gastrin (37.7 pg/ml serum +/- 25.1 S.D.) and the renal vein gastrin (35.9 +/- 24.6), resulting in a renal extraction ratio for gastrin not significantly different from zero (p greater than 0.5). The results in three patients indicated no extraction of gastrin for two consecutive periods after a protein-rich meal.", "contents": "Renal extraction of endogenous gastrin in patients with normal renal function. Renal extraction of gastrin in patients with normal clearance of inulin and p-aminohippuric acid was assessed by gastrin radioimmunoassay. In 23 fasting patients there was no significant difference in arterial gastrin (37.7 pg/ml serum +/- 25.1 S.D.) and the renal vein gastrin (35.9 +/- 24.6), resulting in a renal extraction ratio for gastrin not significantly different from zero (p greater than 0.5). The results in three patients indicated no extraction of gastrin for two consecutive periods after a protein-rich meal.", "PMID": 847388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7515", "title": "Vagal gastric relaxation in the dog.", "content": "Experiments were performed on anaesthetized dogs. Vagotomy was followed by an increase of gastric tone. The phasic responses of gastric tone to efferent vagal electrical stimulation were not separable in these experiments as they are in cats. Oesophageal distension, however, produced a marked gastric relaxatory response, which, as in cats, was non-cholinergic and non-adrenergic but abolished by vagotomy. This response is suggested to be equivalent to physiological receptive relaxation of the stomach, occurring during food intake.", "contents": "Vagal gastric relaxation in the dog. Experiments were performed on anaesthetized dogs. Vagotomy was followed by an increase of gastric tone. The phasic responses of gastric tone to efferent vagal electrical stimulation were not separable in these experiments as they are in cats. Oesophageal distension, however, produced a marked gastric relaxatory response, which, as in cats, was non-cholinergic and non-adrenergic but abolished by vagotomy. This response is suggested to be equivalent to physiological receptive relaxation of the stomach, occurring during food intake.", "PMID": 847389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7516", "title": "Gastric relaxatory response to feeding before and after vagotomy.", "content": "Experiments were performed on 4 non-anaesthetized dogs with chronic gastric fistulae. Gastric tonus was studied by volume and inflow rate recording at low pressure heads. Gastric tonus was not affected by propranolol or phentolamine. It was markedly reduced by atropine, presumably by blocking excitatory cholinergic nervous activity. Guanethidine induced a marked increase of gastric tonus, presumably by inhibiting sympathetic modulating activity on intramural cholinergic ganglia. Feeding was accompanied by a marked gastric relaxation which was not blocked by any of the drugs mentioned. Vagotomy, however, entirely abolished the gastric relaxatory response to feeding. The findings suggest that gastric receptive relaxation accompanying feeding is mediated via specific relaxatory vagal nerve fibres, which are non-adrenergic and non-cholinergic.", "contents": "Gastric relaxatory response to feeding before and after vagotomy. Experiments were performed on 4 non-anaesthetized dogs with chronic gastric fistulae. Gastric tonus was studied by volume and inflow rate recording at low pressure heads. Gastric tonus was not affected by propranolol or phentolamine. It was markedly reduced by atropine, presumably by blocking excitatory cholinergic nervous activity. Guanethidine induced a marked increase of gastric tonus, presumably by inhibiting sympathetic modulating activity on intramural cholinergic ganglia. Feeding was accompanied by a marked gastric relaxation which was not blocked by any of the drugs mentioned. Vagotomy, however, entirely abolished the gastric relaxatory response to feeding. The findings suggest that gastric receptive relaxation accompanying feeding is mediated via specific relaxatory vagal nerve fibres, which are non-adrenergic and non-cholinergic.", "PMID": 847390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7517", "title": "Gastric relaxatory response to insulin before and after vagotomy.", "content": "Experiments were performed on 4 non-anaesthetized dogs with chronic gastric fistulae, Gastric tonus was studied by volume recording at low pressure head. 0.5 IE insulin/kg bodyweight intravenously was followed by an immediate gastric relaxation, obvious before any marked decrease of blood glucose or plasma potassium occurred, and furthermore not affected by administration of glucose or potassium. This initial relaxation was still present after vagotomy and might be due to transmembraneal metabolic changes upon insulin administration or to direct effect of insulin on gastric smooth smooth muscles. During hypoglycaemia, a second relaxatory phase occurred, and glucose given during this phase temporarily increased gastric tonus, indicating this relaxation to be due to hypoglycaemia. The hypoglycaemic relaxation was markedly reduced but not abolished by vagotomy, indicating also extravagal factors in this response.", "contents": "Gastric relaxatory response to insulin before and after vagotomy. Experiments were performed on 4 non-anaesthetized dogs with chronic gastric fistulae, Gastric tonus was studied by volume recording at low pressure head. 0.5 IE insulin/kg bodyweight intravenously was followed by an immediate gastric relaxation, obvious before any marked decrease of blood glucose or plasma potassium occurred, and furthermore not affected by administration of glucose or potassium. This initial relaxation was still present after vagotomy and might be due to transmembraneal metabolic changes upon insulin administration or to direct effect of insulin on gastric smooth smooth muscles. During hypoglycaemia, a second relaxatory phase occurred, and glucose given during this phase temporarily increased gastric tonus, indicating this relaxation to be due to hypoglycaemia. The hypoglycaemic relaxation was markedly reduced but not abolished by vagotomy, indicating also extravagal factors in this response.", "PMID": 847391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7518", "title": "The acid perfusion test. A study in patients with symptomatic hiatus hernia, and of the effect of a modified Belsey MK IV repair on the test.", "content": "Acid perfusion with 0.1 n HC1 (5 ml/min for max. 30 min) and simultaneous intragastric instillation of equimolar amounts of sodium bicarbonate were performed in 55 patients with sliding hiatus hernia and symptoms attributable to gastro-oesophageal reflux. Acid perfusion reproduced the patient's spontaneous symptoms, and was thus positive, in 44 per cent of the cases. A positive acid perfusion test means that the patient's spontaneous symptoms may be of oesophageal origin, whereas a negative test does not allow any conclusions. The acid perfusion test was likewise performed before and three months after a modified Belsey MK IV repair in 37 patients with hiatal hernia and symptoms indicating surgical repair. The operation was followed by a reduction in oesophageal acid sensitivity (p less than 0.01).", "contents": "The acid perfusion test. A study in patients with symptomatic hiatus hernia, and of the effect of a modified Belsey MK IV repair on the test. Acid perfusion with 0.1 n HC1 (5 ml/min for max. 30 min) and simultaneous intragastric instillation of equimolar amounts of sodium bicarbonate were performed in 55 patients with sliding hiatus hernia and symptoms attributable to gastro-oesophageal reflux. Acid perfusion reproduced the patient's spontaneous symptoms, and was thus positive, in 44 per cent of the cases. A positive acid perfusion test means that the patient's spontaneous symptoms may be of oesophageal origin, whereas a negative test does not allow any conclusions. The acid perfusion test was likewise performed before and three months after a modified Belsey MK IV repair in 37 patients with hiatal hernia and symptoms indicating surgical repair. The operation was followed by a reduction in oesophageal acid sensitivity (p less than 0.01).", "PMID": 847392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7519", "title": "Acetylsalicyclic acid and gastrointestinal propulsion in the rat.", "content": "The possible influence of moderate amounts of acetylsalicyclic acid (ASA) on gastric emptying, duodeno-gastric reflux and small bowel propulsion was studied in rats with permanent gastric and duodenal tubes. The ASA-containing or the control solution was introduced intra-gastrically half an hour before the simultaneous administration of differently labeled radioactive test meals into the stomach and the duodenum. ASA was given as 7.5 or 15.0 mM solution in 100 mM hydrochloric acid or in 100 mM sodium chloride. After 15 minutes the gastrointestinal propulsion was examined. No effect of the ASA treatment was noted. No increase in duodeno-gastric reflux was found in the ASA-treated animals.", "contents": "Acetylsalicyclic acid and gastrointestinal propulsion in the rat. The possible influence of moderate amounts of acetylsalicyclic acid (ASA) on gastric emptying, duodeno-gastric reflux and small bowel propulsion was studied in rats with permanent gastric and duodenal tubes. The ASA-containing or the control solution was introduced intra-gastrically half an hour before the simultaneous administration of differently labeled radioactive test meals into the stomach and the duodenum. ASA was given as 7.5 or 15.0 mM solution in 100 mM hydrochloric acid or in 100 mM sodium chloride. After 15 minutes the gastrointestinal propulsion was examined. No effect of the ASA treatment was noted. No increase in duodeno-gastric reflux was found in the ASA-treated animals.", "PMID": 847393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7520", "title": "In vitro responsiveness of human gastric carcinoma to pentagastrin.", "content": "The influence of pentagastrin on thymidine incorporation of five human gastric carcinomas was studied by an in vitro short-term cell suspension technique. Two of the five tumours reacted with stimulation of incorporation to the treatment. Five tumours of other aetiology did not react to similar treatment. The possibility of gastric carcinoma as a hormone-sensitive tumour is discussed.", "contents": "In vitro responsiveness of human gastric carcinoma to pentagastrin. The influence of pentagastrin on thymidine incorporation of five human gastric carcinomas was studied by an in vitro short-term cell suspension technique. Two of the five tumours reacted with stimulation of incorporation to the treatment. Five tumours of other aetiology did not react to similar treatment. The possibility of gastric carcinoma as a hormone-sensitive tumour is discussed.", "PMID": 847394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7521", "title": "Hepatitis, type B in haemophiliacs. Relation to the source of clotting factor concentrates.", "content": "36 children aged 3 to 18 years receiving substitution therapy for haemophilia during the period 1970 to 1976 were studied for infection with hepatitis B virus by assays for HBsAg, anti-HBs, and anti-HBc. Clinical hepatitis B occurred in 3 patients (8%) and serological evidence of infection was found in further 13 (36%). The occurrence of infection was associated with age but less so with the total amount of transfusion. Estimates of the risk of infection by clotting factor material of different origin indicated a figure of 1:53,000 I.U. for Danish volunteer donor preparations as well as for commercial products, the risk being apparently increased following the use of pooled blood donor material and non-Scandinavian products respectively.", "contents": "Hepatitis, type B in haemophiliacs. Relation to the source of clotting factor concentrates. 36 children aged 3 to 18 years receiving substitution therapy for haemophilia during the period 1970 to 1976 were studied for infection with hepatitis B virus by assays for HBsAg, anti-HBs, and anti-HBc. Clinical hepatitis B occurred in 3 patients (8%) and serological evidence of infection was found in further 13 (36%). The occurrence of infection was associated with age but less so with the total amount of transfusion. Estimates of the risk of infection by clotting factor material of different origin indicated a figure of 1:53,000 I.U. for Danish volunteer donor preparations as well as for commercial products, the risk being apparently increased following the use of pooled blood donor material and non-Scandinavian products respectively.", "PMID": 847395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7522", "title": "The effect of phospholipase C on rat blood platelets in vivo.", "content": "Rat blood platelets were treated with phospholipase C in vitro or phospholipase C was injected i.v. to rats. In both cases its effect on the functions of the platelets in vivo has been studied. No change was found in primary bleeding time or in platelet survival. Treatment with phospholipase C gave a moderate reduction of ADP-induced platelet aggregation in the pulmonary circulation whereas the aggregation induced by thrombin was unchanged. Iv. injection of phospholipase C caused a rapid, very moderate and transient increase of 51Cr-activity in the lungs without concomitant overt respiratory distress. A moderate increase in 51Cr-activity was noted in liver and kidney 24 and 48 h after injection of phospholipase C. This may be caused by a slightly increased leakage of 51Cr-labelled material from the platelets during exposure to phospholipase C.", "contents": "The effect of phospholipase C on rat blood platelets in vivo. Rat blood platelets were treated with phospholipase C in vitro or phospholipase C was injected i.v. to rats. In both cases its effect on the functions of the platelets in vivo has been studied. No change was found in primary bleeding time or in platelet survival. Treatment with phospholipase C gave a moderate reduction of ADP-induced platelet aggregation in the pulmonary circulation whereas the aggregation induced by thrombin was unchanged. Iv. injection of phospholipase C caused a rapid, very moderate and transient increase of 51Cr-activity in the lungs without concomitant overt respiratory distress. A moderate increase in 51Cr-activity was noted in liver and kidney 24 and 48 h after injection of phospholipase C. This may be caused by a slightly increased leakage of 51Cr-labelled material from the platelets during exposure to phospholipase C.", "PMID": 847396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7523", "title": "Extracorporeal perfusion treatment with immobilized L-asparaginase.", "content": "2 female patients with malignant melanoma were treated with L-asparaginase immobilized in an extra-corporeal perfusion chamber constructed by Hyd\u00e9n et al. The patients were treated for 80 h during 26 d and for 99 h during 36 d, respectively. L-asparaginase was immobilized by covalent bonds on the surfaces of the chamber. Perfusion resulted in an effective decrease down to less than 7 mmol/1 serum of the asparagine content. The patients withstood the treatments well without any signs of allergic reactions. Antibodies against L-asparaginase were not found. Analyses were continuously performed during the treatment with respect to electrolytes, enzymes and immunoglobulins. No abnormal variations could be found.", "contents": "Extracorporeal perfusion treatment with immobilized L-asparaginase. 2 female patients with malignant melanoma were treated with L-asparaginase immobilized in an extra-corporeal perfusion chamber constructed by Hyd\u00e9n et al. The patients were treated for 80 h during 26 d and for 99 h during 36 d, respectively. L-asparaginase was immobilized by covalent bonds on the surfaces of the chamber. Perfusion resulted in an effective decrease down to less than 7 mmol/1 serum of the asparagine content. The patients withstood the treatments well without any signs of allergic reactions. Antibodies against L-asparaginase were not found. Analyses were continuously performed during the treatment with respect to electrolytes, enzymes and immunoglobulins. No abnormal variations could be found.", "PMID": 847397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7524", "title": "The Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. Evidence for a lowered 5-hydroxytryptamine content in platelets of heterozygotes.", "content": "A Dutch kindred with the Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is described. We show for the first time evidence of a lowered platelet 5-hydroxytryptamine content in obligate heterozygotes. Platelet ATP and ADP levels and ATP/ADP ratio were normal in these patients. Platelet aggregation with ADP, collagen and adrenaline was within the normal range. In contrast to the homozygous HPS patients the heterozygotes are normally pigmented and none has diaphanous irides, nystagmus or a bleeding tendency. All homozygous HPS patients have the typical triad of oculocutaneous albinism, pigmented macrophages in the bone marrow and a bleeding disorder, based on a platelet dysfunction. The platelets showed the typical characteristics of a storage pool deficiency. Their platelet factor 3 availability was decreased and the aggregation patterns showed an absent second wave with ADP, adrenaline and absent collagen aggregation. Platelet ADP levels were strongly decreased in all homozygous HPS patients, whereas ATP was lowered only in 3 out of 6 HPS patients. The 5-hydroxytryptamine content of their platelets was very low (15-20% of normal).", "contents": "The Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. Evidence for a lowered 5-hydroxytryptamine content in platelets of heterozygotes. A Dutch kindred with the Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is described. We show for the first time evidence of a lowered platelet 5-hydroxytryptamine content in obligate heterozygotes. Platelet ATP and ADP levels and ATP/ADP ratio were normal in these patients. Platelet aggregation with ADP, collagen and adrenaline was within the normal range. In contrast to the homozygous HPS patients the heterozygotes are normally pigmented and none has diaphanous irides, nystagmus or a bleeding tendency. All homozygous HPS patients have the typical triad of oculocutaneous albinism, pigmented macrophages in the bone marrow and a bleeding disorder, based on a platelet dysfunction. The platelets showed the typical characteristics of a storage pool deficiency. Their platelet factor 3 availability was decreased and the aggregation patterns showed an absent second wave with ADP, adrenaline and absent collagen aggregation. Platelet ADP levels were strongly decreased in all homozygous HPS patients, whereas ATP was lowered only in 3 out of 6 HPS patients. The 5-hydroxytryptamine content of their platelets was very low (15-20% of normal).", "PMID": 847398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7525", "title": "The effect of HLA antibodies on platelet aggregation.", "content": "Twelve different HLA antisera, detecting antigens of both A and B series and the superspecificities w4 and w6, were tested for platelet-aggregating activity in 75 antiserum-platelet combinations. The correlation between the HLA specificities of the antisera and the aggregating effect on platelets carrying the corresponding antigens was significant (P = 0.011). Because the platelet aggregation test is being used for screening of circulating immune complexes, falsely positive reactions caused by HLA antibodies must be eliminated by adequate control experiments.", "contents": "The effect of HLA antibodies on platelet aggregation. Twelve different HLA antisera, detecting antigens of both A and B series and the superspecificities w4 and w6, were tested for platelet-aggregating activity in 75 antiserum-platelet combinations. The correlation between the HLA specificities of the antisera and the aggregating effect on platelets carrying the corresponding antigens was significant (P = 0.011). Because the platelet aggregation test is being used for screening of circulating immune complexes, falsely positive reactions caused by HLA antibodies must be eliminated by adequate control experiments.", "PMID": 847399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7526", "title": "Sequential antibody affinity chromatography of human leukocyte interferon.", "content": "Antibodies to crude leukocyte interferon (CIF) were bound to Sepharose 4B, and CIF was chromatographed. A relationship between recovered interferon and percentage binding of the antibodies to Sepharose 4B was observed. Highest recovery was obtained when only 50%-85% of th- antibodies were bound. When CIF was subjected to normal affinity chromatography, specific activity of 1-5 X 10(6) interferon units (IFU) (69/19B-units)/mg protein was obtained. When this purified preparation was further chromatographed on a column mainly directed against normal cellular proteins and then concentrated by normal affinity chromatography, a tenfold increase in 'direct' specific activity was obtained. It is suggested that the 'indirect' specific activity is about 2 X 10(8) IFU/mg protein.", "contents": "Sequential antibody affinity chromatography of human leukocyte interferon. Antibodies to crude leukocyte interferon (CIF) were bound to Sepharose 4B, and CIF was chromatographed. A relationship between recovered interferon and percentage binding of the antibodies to Sepharose 4B was observed. Highest recovery was obtained when only 50%-85% of th- antibodies were bound. When CIF was subjected to normal affinity chromatography, specific activity of 1-5 X 10(6) interferon units (IFU) (69/19B-units)/mg protein was obtained. When this purified preparation was further chromatographed on a column mainly directed against normal cellular proteins and then concentrated by normal affinity chromatography, a tenfold increase in 'direct' specific activity was obtained. It is suggested that the 'indirect' specific activity is about 2 X 10(8) IFU/mg protein.", "PMID": 847400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7527", "title": "Attenuation of canine nephrotoxic glomerulonephritis with an extracorporeal immunoadsorbent.", "content": "A novel immunoadsorbent is described in which soluble canine glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antigen was immobilized in collodion membranes adherent to small charcoal particles. As much as 80% of the added GBM antigen was retained in the collodion-charcoal. The binding of GBM antibody to immobilized GBM antigen in vitro and in vivo was demonstrated. For in vivo studies, an extracorporeal circulation system was established, and mongrel dogs were then injected intravenously with GBM collodion-charcoal for 4 h. Renal tissue was examined by fluorescence and light microscopy for the deposition of heterologous gamma globulin and glomerular inflammation before and after the extracorporeal procedure. Results showed less deposition of heterologous IgG and less inflammation in experimental dog kidneys than in control kidneys. There was no evidence of release of 131I-labeled GBM from the immunoadsorbent at the conclusion of perfusion experiments and no significant  biochemical or hematologic alterations. Finally, extracorporeal immunoadsorbent treatment was capable of attenuating the early heterologous phase of passive canine nephrotoxic nephritis and may have a potential role in the therapy of anti-GBM-mediated nephropathy.", "contents": "Attenuation of canine nephrotoxic glomerulonephritis with an extracorporeal immunoadsorbent. A novel immunoadsorbent is described in which soluble canine glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antigen was immobilized in collodion membranes adherent to small charcoal particles. As much as 80% of the added GBM antigen was retained in the collodion-charcoal. The binding of GBM antibody to immobilized GBM antigen in vitro and in vivo was demonstrated. For in vivo studies, an extracorporeal circulation system was established, and mongrel dogs were then injected intravenously with GBM collodion-charcoal for 4 h. Renal tissue was examined by fluorescence and light microscopy for the deposition of heterologous gamma globulin and glomerular inflammation before and after the extracorporeal procedure. Results showed less deposition of heterologous IgG and less inflammation in experimental dog kidneys than in control kidneys. There was no evidence of release of 131I-labeled GBM from the immunoadsorbent at the conclusion of perfusion experiments and no significant  biochemical or hematologic alterations. Finally, extracorporeal immunoadsorbent treatment was capable of attenuating the early heterologous phase of passive canine nephrotoxic nephritis and may have a potential role in the therapy of anti-GBM-mediated nephropathy.", "PMID": 847401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7528", "title": "Leukocyte migration agarose test for the assessment of human neutrophil chemotaxis. I. Effects of environmental factors on neutrophil migration under agarose.", "content": "To apply the leukocyte migration agarose test (LMAT) to the in vitro assessment of human neutrophil chemotaxis, effects of different culture conditions on neutrophil migration under agarose were studied. Presence of either serum or human serum albumin (HSA) in the culture medium was necessary for detectable neutrophil migration. HSA was preferred since heat-stabile chemotactic agents were found to be generated from fresh serum in the presence of agarose. Additional CO2 in the assay milieu could be replaced by decreasing the NaHCO3 concentration of the culture medium. Both the directed and the spontaneous migration rates of neutrophil leukocytes increased when the concentration of agarose was decreased. Area and distance of migration and cumulative cell count of migrated neutrophil leukocytes were suitable for quantitating the neutrophil migration rate.", "contents": "Leukocyte migration agarose test for the assessment of human neutrophil chemotaxis. I. Effects of environmental factors on neutrophil migration under agarose. To apply the leukocyte migration agarose test (LMAT) to the in vitro assessment of human neutrophil chemotaxis, effects of different culture conditions on neutrophil migration under agarose were studied. Presence of either serum or human serum albumin (HSA) in the culture medium was necessary for detectable neutrophil migration. HSA was preferred since heat-stabile chemotactic agents were found to be generated from fresh serum in the presence of agarose. Additional CO2 in the assay milieu could be replaced by decreasing the NaHCO3 concentration of the culture medium. Both the directed and the spontaneous migration rates of neutrophil leukocytes increased when the concentration of agarose was decreased. Area and distance of migration and cumulative cell count of migrated neutrophil leukocytes were suitable for quantitating the neutrophil migration rate.", "PMID": 847402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7529", "title": "Leukocyte migration agarose test for the assessment of human neutrophil chemotaxis. II. Variables in the attraction assay.", "content": "Optimal conditions for the attraction assay of human neutrophil leukocytes were studied, using the leukocyte migration agarose test (LMAT). Larger migration areas were obtained toward the attractant wells when they were filled with zymosan-activiated serum (ZAS) in advance than when both the attractant and the cells were added simultaneously. Chemotactic indices (CI; the ratio between the migration rate toward attractant and that toward the control substance) decreased when the number of applied neutrophil leukocytes increased, whereas migration differentials (MD; the difference between the migration rate toward attractant and that toward the control substance) were not markedly affected. Both the spontaneous and the directed migration rates, and CI and MD of neutrophil leukocytes obtained from the same donor on different days varied markedly. When tested repeatedly, however, the neutrophil leukocytes of different donors migrated on the average rather equally toward inactivated serum, as they also did toward ZAS, and the variation of the means of CI and MD was insignificant.", "contents": "Leukocyte migration agarose test for the assessment of human neutrophil chemotaxis. II. Variables in the attraction assay. Optimal conditions for the attraction assay of human neutrophil leukocytes were studied, using the leukocyte migration agarose test (LMAT). Larger migration areas were obtained toward the attractant wells when they were filled with zymosan-activiated serum (ZAS) in advance than when both the attractant and the cells were added simultaneously. Chemotactic indices (CI; the ratio between the migration rate toward attractant and that toward the control substance) decreased when the number of applied neutrophil leukocytes increased, whereas migration differentials (MD; the difference between the migration rate toward attractant and that toward the control substance) were not markedly affected. Both the spontaneous and the directed migration rates, and CI and MD of neutrophil leukocytes obtained from the same donor on different days varied markedly. When tested repeatedly, however, the neutrophil leukocytes of different donors migrated on the average rather equally toward inactivated serum, as they also did toward ZAS, and the variation of the means of CI and MD was insignificant.", "PMID": 847403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7530", "title": "The effect of chlorpromazine pretreatment on renal function and pathology in kidneys damaged by warm ischaemia.", "content": "The influence of chlorpromazine pretreatment on kidney function and survival after temporary occlusion of the renal artery was investigated. Three hours of clamping of the renal artery and contralateral nephrectomy was performed in a group of ten rabbits pretreated with 3.5 mg/kg chlorpromazine and compared with a previously published control group of untreated animals. Chlorpromazine pretreatment improved survival. The kidney function, estimated by serum-creatinine, showed an earlier onset of function and the surviving animals regained nearly normal function. Histological examination revealed mild to moderate ischaemic changes, whereas the control group showed more profound damages.", "contents": "The effect of chlorpromazine pretreatment on renal function and pathology in kidneys damaged by warm ischaemia. The influence of chlorpromazine pretreatment on kidney function and survival after temporary occlusion of the renal artery was investigated. Three hours of clamping of the renal artery and contralateral nephrectomy was performed in a group of ten rabbits pretreated with 3.5 mg/kg chlorpromazine and compared with a previously published control group of untreated animals. Chlorpromazine pretreatment improved survival. The kidney function, estimated by serum-creatinine, showed an earlier onset of function and the surviving animals regained nearly normal function. Histological examination revealed mild to moderate ischaemic changes, whereas the control group showed more profound damages.", "PMID": 847404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7531", "title": "The effect of chlorpromazine pretreatment on the vascular resistance in kidneys following warm ischaemia.", "content": "In studies of 45 rabbits pretreated by chlorpromazine, clamping of the renal artery was performed. Chlorpromazine 3.5 mg/kg was given intravenously 15 min before arterial clamping. The duration of the clamping period ranged from 0 to 180 min. After removal of the kidneys the influence of the pretreatment on the vascular resistance was examined in perfusion studies. Resistance patterns were measured during hypothermic perfusion. The results were compared with an identical group without pretreatment. The vascular resistance rose with the duration of clamping but was lower than in the control group. The maximal resistance attained after 60 min of clamping was approximately 50% lower. In another series of chlorpromazine pretreated animals clamping of the renal artery for 180 min was followed by reestablishment of the circulation for 24 and 48 hours. Perfusion studies were performed on kidneys after removal. The results were compared with a group without pretreatment. The vascular resistance was found to return to normal values more rapidly when the animals had been pretreated with chlorpromazine.", "contents": "The effect of chlorpromazine pretreatment on the vascular resistance in kidneys following warm ischaemia. In studies of 45 rabbits pretreated by chlorpromazine, clamping of the renal artery was performed. Chlorpromazine 3.5 mg/kg was given intravenously 15 min before arterial clamping. The duration of the clamping period ranged from 0 to 180 min. After removal of the kidneys the influence of the pretreatment on the vascular resistance was examined in perfusion studies. Resistance patterns were measured during hypothermic perfusion. The results were compared with an identical group without pretreatment. The vascular resistance rose with the duration of clamping but was lower than in the control group. The maximal resistance attained after 60 min of clamping was approximately 50% lower. In another series of chlorpromazine pretreated animals clamping of the renal artery for 180 min was followed by reestablishment of the circulation for 24 and 48 hours. Perfusion studies were performed on kidneys after removal. The results were compared with a group without pretreatment. The vascular resistance was found to return to normal values more rapidly when the animals had been pretreated with chlorpromazine.", "PMID": 847405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7532", "title": "Regional hypothermia in renal surgery for severe lithiasis.", "content": "An active approach to severe renal lithiasis is advocated, though operative procedures often require interruption of the blood supply. Te evaluate the effect of ischemia on the kidney the literature has been searched and we have reached the following conclusions. A warm ischemic time of more than 20 minutes causes a brief and transitory reduction in renal function. If ischemia exceeds 30-40 minutes many kidneys will not regain their previous function. If the kidney's temperature is lowered to about 15 degrees C, ischemia can be tolerated for up to 12 hours. A priori these time limits applicable to normal kidneys are to broad for use in diseased kidneys. Cooling of the kidney can be achieved by either perfusion-cooling or by external parenchymatous cooling. We describe a method using the latter system for stone removal in 14 patients with staghorn calculi or multiple stones. Preoperatively 9 patients (64%) had persistent urinary tract infection, whereas infection persisted in only 2 patients following the operation (14%). Complete stone removal was achieved in 13 patients (93%). Renal function evaluated by creatinine clearance and renography generally improved following operation. There were no deaths, but in 9 patients severe complications were seen (transient oliguria and septicemia). At follow-up investigation 1.5 years after operation renewed stone formation was found in 1 patient, while the incidence of urinary tract infection had increased to 3 patients (21%). It is concluded that extensive surgery for stone removal with the use of external parenchymatous cooling is worthwhile and promising in patients with staghorn calculi or multiple stones in the kidneys.", "contents": "Regional hypothermia in renal surgery for severe lithiasis. An active approach to severe renal lithiasis is advocated, though operative procedures often require interruption of the blood supply. Te evaluate the effect of ischemia on the kidney the literature has been searched and we have reached the following conclusions. A warm ischemic time of more than 20 minutes causes a brief and transitory reduction in renal function. If ischemia exceeds 30-40 minutes many kidneys will not regain their previous function. If the kidney's temperature is lowered to about 15 degrees C, ischemia can be tolerated for up to 12 hours. A priori these time limits applicable to normal kidneys are to broad for use in diseased kidneys. Cooling of the kidney can be achieved by either perfusion-cooling or by external parenchymatous cooling. We describe a method using the latter system for stone removal in 14 patients with staghorn calculi or multiple stones. Preoperatively 9 patients (64%) had persistent urinary tract infection, whereas infection persisted in only 2 patients following the operation (14%). Complete stone removal was achieved in 13 patients (93%). Renal function evaluated by creatinine clearance and renography generally improved following operation. There were no deaths, but in 9 patients severe complications were seen (transient oliguria and septicemia). At follow-up investigation 1.5 years after operation renewed stone formation was found in 1 patient, while the incidence of urinary tract infection had increased to 3 patients (21%). It is concluded that extensive surgery for stone removal with the use of external parenchymatous cooling is worthwhile and promising in patients with staghorn calculi or multiple stones in the kidneys.", "PMID": 847406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7533", "title": "Transurethral stone extraction with a vibrating basket catheter.", "content": "In a recent in vitro study, mechanical vibration was shown to facilitate, considerably, both the passing of a basket catheter beyond an artificial ureteral stone as well as the extraction of a calculus. Therefore, a device by which vibration can be transmitted to the basket of a modified stone extractor was developed for clinical application. The basket moves to and fro with an amplitude of 2-4 mm and a frequency of 40-60 Hz. An experimental follow-up study was performed in dogs to find out whether the vibration procedure as such induced injuries to the ureters. Modified stone extractors were passed up bilaterally into the ureters of 11 dogs. Vibration was applied in a standardized manner to one side, the other non-vibrated side served as a control. Postoperatively, 5 dogs were followed during 4-5 weeks with repeated urographies. Specimens of the ureters were examined microscopically when the dogs were sacrificed. No complications which could be ascribed to the vibration procedure as such were observed. The vibration technique was tried also in a pilot study comprising 14 patients with distal ureteral stones; in 9 patients, the stones were successfully extracted. Of the remaining 5 patients in whom the stone extraction failed, 3 passed the stone spontaneously and in 2 ureterolithotomies were performed. No complications were encountered.", "contents": "Transurethral stone extraction with a vibrating basket catheter. In a recent in vitro study, mechanical vibration was shown to facilitate, considerably, both the passing of a basket catheter beyond an artificial ureteral stone as well as the extraction of a calculus. Therefore, a device by which vibration can be transmitted to the basket of a modified stone extractor was developed for clinical application. The basket moves to and fro with an amplitude of 2-4 mm and a frequency of 40-60 Hz. An experimental follow-up study was performed in dogs to find out whether the vibration procedure as such induced injuries to the ureters. Modified stone extractors were passed up bilaterally into the ureters of 11 dogs. Vibration was applied in a standardized manner to one side, the other non-vibrated side served as a control. Postoperatively, 5 dogs were followed during 4-5 weeks with repeated urographies. Specimens of the ureters were examined microscopically when the dogs were sacrificed. No complications which could be ascribed to the vibration procedure as such were observed. The vibration technique was tried also in a pilot study comprising 14 patients with distal ureteral stones; in 9 patients, the stones were successfully extracted. Of the remaining 5 patients in whom the stone extraction failed, 3 passed the stone spontaneously and in 2 ureterolithotomies were performed. No complications were encountered.", "PMID": 847407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7534", "title": "Clinical experience with therapeutic arteriovenous fistulae.", "content": "Brescia-Cimino arterio-venous fistulae have been used as blood access for intermittent hemodialysis in 67 patients between 1972-74. The mean age of 32 men and 35 women was 48. Thirty-five patients were dialyzed through an external arterio-venous shunt for as long as 7 years before they received a fistula. Of 92 operations, 63 (68.5%) were successful. Ten patients (14.9%) never received a functioning fistula. The mean function time of 63 fistulae was 8.3 months. Twenty-two functioning fistulae eventually failed. In 11 cases no precipitating factor could be found. In six patients, septicemia coincided with infection at the fistula puncture site. Cardiac decompensation because of augmented venous return to the heart was not observed. Advantages and disadvantages with the Brescia-Cimino fistula are discussed and compared with the Quinton-Scribner shunt.", "contents": "Clinical experience with therapeutic arteriovenous fistulae. Brescia-Cimino arterio-venous fistulae have been used as blood access for intermittent hemodialysis in 67 patients between 1972-74. The mean age of 32 men and 35 women was 48. Thirty-five patients were dialyzed through an external arterio-venous shunt for as long as 7 years before they received a fistula. Of 92 operations, 63 (68.5%) were successful. Ten patients (14.9%) never received a functioning fistula. The mean function time of 63 fistulae was 8.3 months. Twenty-two functioning fistulae eventually failed. In 11 cases no precipitating factor could be found. In six patients, septicemia coincided with infection at the fistula puncture site. Cardiac decompensation because of augmented venous return to the heart was not observed. Advantages and disadvantages with the Brescia-Cimino fistula are discussed and compared with the Quinton-Scribner shunt.", "PMID": 847408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7535", "title": "Clinical evaluation of bone-densitometry in patients with final renal insufficiency operated for hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "Because of difficulties in evaluating bone mineral mass with conventional methods in patients with final renal insufficiency before and after parathyroidectomy, bone densitometry has been tried. During a three year period ten patients have been selected for surgery. The parathyroidectomy performed was total in nine patients and subtotal in one. Bone mineral mass was significantly lower preoperatively in the operated patients than in other patients on regular hemodialysis and also lower than in a normal material. In four of ten patients there was a transient decrease in bone mineral mass after parathyroidectomy. Thereafter there was a significant increase in five of ten patients and in the whole group of patients. Thus bone densitometry was found to be of value in following patients with renal insufficiency selected for parathyroidectomy.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of bone-densitometry in patients with final renal insufficiency operated for hyperparathyroidism. Because of difficulties in evaluating bone mineral mass with conventional methods in patients with final renal insufficiency before and after parathyroidectomy, bone densitometry has been tried. During a three year period ten patients have been selected for surgery. The parathyroidectomy performed was total in nine patients and subtotal in one. Bone mineral mass was significantly lower preoperatively in the operated patients than in other patients on regular hemodialysis and also lower than in a normal material. In four of ten patients there was a transient decrease in bone mineral mass after parathyroidectomy. Thereafter there was a significant increase in five of ten patients and in the whole group of patients. Thus bone densitometry was found to be of value in following patients with renal insufficiency selected for parathyroidectomy.", "PMID": 847409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7536", "title": "Effects on the urinary bladder and urethra of different pharmacological treatments. An in-vivo study in normal and parasympathetically denervated cats.", "content": "The difference in autonomic nerve functions in vivo between the neurologically normal and the long-term parasympathetically denervated feline bladder and urethra was studied. For this purpose the vesical and urethral responses to electrical hypogastric and pelvic nerve stimulations and to various autonomic stimulating agents were investigated into. The nature of these responses was explored by different blocking agents. In the normal feline bladder phenylephrine caused a contraction. Noradrenaline always resulted in a bladder relaxation which was changed into a contraction after beta-adrenergic blockade. In the parasympathetically denervated bladders noradrenaline caused in most cats a bladder contraction without previous beta-adrenergic blockade. In the normal bladders hypogastric nerve stimulation always evoked an initial contraction and a subsequent bladder relaxation. In the parasympathetically denervated bladders, however, a novel response of a sustained bladder contraction was achieved. This contraction was blocked by a ganglionic or an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, indicating that the reaction was mediated in preganglionic cholinergic fibres via postganglionic adrenergic neurons. The results indicat that parasympathetic denervation induces a change in the adrenergic receptor functions of the urinary bladder. Thus, in the neurologically normal bladder beta-adrenergic receptors mediating relaxation are in predominance while after long-term parasympathetic denervation alpha-adrenergic receptors mediating contraction dominate. No change in adrenergic receptor function was demonstrated in the urethra. alpha-Receptors mediating contraction were found to predominate both before and after parasympathetic denervation.", "contents": "Effects on the urinary bladder and urethra of different pharmacological treatments. An in-vivo study in normal and parasympathetically denervated cats. The difference in autonomic nerve functions in vivo between the neurologically normal and the long-term parasympathetically denervated feline bladder and urethra was studied. For this purpose the vesical and urethral responses to electrical hypogastric and pelvic nerve stimulations and to various autonomic stimulating agents were investigated into. The nature of these responses was explored by different blocking agents. In the normal feline bladder phenylephrine caused a contraction. Noradrenaline always resulted in a bladder relaxation which was changed into a contraction after beta-adrenergic blockade. In the parasympathetically denervated bladders noradrenaline caused in most cats a bladder contraction without previous beta-adrenergic blockade. In the normal bladders hypogastric nerve stimulation always evoked an initial contraction and a subsequent bladder relaxation. In the parasympathetically denervated bladders, however, a novel response of a sustained bladder contraction was achieved. This contraction was blocked by a ganglionic or an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, indicating that the reaction was mediated in preganglionic cholinergic fibres via postganglionic adrenergic neurons. The results indicat that parasympathetic denervation induces a change in the adrenergic receptor functions of the urinary bladder. Thus, in the neurologically normal bladder beta-adrenergic receptors mediating relaxation are in predominance while after long-term parasympathetic denervation alpha-adrenergic receptors mediating contraction dominate. No change in adrenergic receptor function was demonstrated in the urethra. alpha-Receptors mediating contraction were found to predominate both before and after parasympathetic denervation.", "PMID": 847410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7537", "title": "Urachal lesion associated with calculus formation causing intestinal obstruction. A case report.", "content": "This report presents the history of a 40-year-old man with intestinal obstruction due to intraperitoneal rupture of a urachal cyst with stone formation. This very rare disorder deserves attention in order to avoid delay in diagnosing the true cause to the abdominal disaster and furthermore to encourage radical surgical treatment of the urachal lesion.", "contents": "Urachal lesion associated with calculus formation causing intestinal obstruction. A case report. This report presents the history of a 40-year-old man with intestinal obstruction due to intraperitoneal rupture of a urachal cyst with stone formation. This very rare disorder deserves attention in order to avoid delay in diagnosing the true cause to the abdominal disaster and furthermore to encourage radical surgical treatment of the urachal lesion.", "PMID": 847412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7538", "title": "Multiple urothelial tumours with metastases to uterus and left ovary. A case report.", "content": "A female patient is described with multiple papillary transitional cell tumours involving left renal pelvis, left ureter, bladder and urethra with metastases to uterine cervix, uterine cavity and left ovary with cyst formation. The surgical management and possible explanations of the pathogenesis are discussed.", "contents": "Multiple urothelial tumours with metastases to uterus and left ovary. A case report. A female patient is described with multiple papillary transitional cell tumours involving left renal pelvis, left ureter, bladder and urethra with metastases to uterine cervix, uterine cavity and left ovary with cyst formation. The surgical management and possible explanations of the pathogenesis are discussed.", "PMID": 847413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7539", "title": "Carcinoma in situ of the renal pelvis. Case report.", "content": "A case of carcinoma in situ of the renal pelvis, diagnosed by exfoliative cytology from ureteral specimens and treated by nephroureterectomy, is reported. Urothelial carcinomas in situ are very rare in the renal pelvis, but an increasing number in the bladder have been diagnosed. Urinary cytology plays the most important role in the diagnosis of carcinoma in situ of the renal pelvis and may be used as a screening test of patients exposed to known carcinogens.", "contents": "Carcinoma in situ of the renal pelvis. Case report. A case of carcinoma in situ of the renal pelvis, diagnosed by exfoliative cytology from ureteral specimens and treated by nephroureterectomy, is reported. Urothelial carcinomas in situ are very rare in the renal pelvis, but an increasing number in the bladder have been diagnosed. Urinary cytology plays the most important role in the diagnosis of carcinoma in situ of the renal pelvis and may be used as a screening test of patients exposed to known carcinogens.", "PMID": 847414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7540", "title": "Horseshoe kidney and ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm.", "content": "Ruptured aortic abdominal aneurysm associated with horseshoe kidney is seldom encountered. The surgical procedure is complicated by the overlying kidney and the frequent occurrence of multiple aberrant renal arteries, which may arise from the aneurysmic part or from adjacent arteries. One case successfully treated surgically is reported. Renal function declined during the early postoperative period, but returned to preoperative values within three weeks, and remained at pre-rupture levels for the next three months.", "contents": "Horseshoe kidney and ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. Ruptured aortic abdominal aneurysm associated with horseshoe kidney is seldom encountered. The surgical procedure is complicated by the overlying kidney and the frequent occurrence of multiple aberrant renal arteries, which may arise from the aneurysmic part or from adjacent arteries. One case successfully treated surgically is reported. Renal function declined during the early postoperative period, but returned to preoperative values within three weeks, and remained at pre-rupture levels for the next three months.", "PMID": 847415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7541", "title": "Combined aortic and mitral valve replacement with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve prosthesis. Early and late results in 75 consecutive patients.", "content": "This study evaluates the early and late results of combined aortic and mitral valve replacement with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve prosthesis in 75 consecutive patients operated upon during a 6-year-period commencing October 1969. The Delrin disc model Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis was inserted in the first 20 patients and the pyrolytic carbon disc model in the remainder. The opening angle was increased from 50 degrees to 60 degress and the Teflon sewing ring was designed with two flanges in the pyrolytic carbon disc mitral model. The patient material was characterized by marked cardiomegaly, impaired physical working capacity, hypokinetic central circulation, pulmonary hypertension and a 59% incidence of atrial arrhythmias before operation. Surgery was performed during generalized hypothermia to 30 degrees C and selective coronary perfusion, and the mitral valve was always replaced first. There were no intra-operative deaths, although 7/75 patients (9%) died while in hospital. Twelve patients (16%) died in average 19 (2-59) months postoperatively. Thrombo-embolic complications, which were frequently associated with poor anticoagulation, occurred in 9 patients and were fatal in 4 cases, corresponding to an incidence per patient month of 0.005 and 0.002, respecitvely. This risk was not affected by the type of prosthesis. One patient required operative repair of an aortic paraprosthetic leakage. Clinical improvement was found in 88% of the long-term survivors. The maximal working capacity increased in average 41% over the pre-operative value (p less than 0.001) and cardiac enlargement diminished in average by 22% (p less than 0.001). The incidence of atrial arrhythmias decreased slightly to 48%. Haemolysis was mild and without clinical significance. The actuarial curve indicated a 75% survival rate 3 years after operation.", "contents": "Combined aortic and mitral valve replacement with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve prosthesis. Early and late results in 75 consecutive patients. This study evaluates the early and late results of combined aortic and mitral valve replacement with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve prosthesis in 75 consecutive patients operated upon during a 6-year-period commencing October 1969. The Delrin disc model Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis was inserted in the first 20 patients and the pyrolytic carbon disc model in the remainder. The opening angle was increased from 50 degrees to 60 degress and the Teflon sewing ring was designed with two flanges in the pyrolytic carbon disc mitral model. The patient material was characterized by marked cardiomegaly, impaired physical working capacity, hypokinetic central circulation, pulmonary hypertension and a 59% incidence of atrial arrhythmias before operation. Surgery was performed during generalized hypothermia to 30 degrees C and selective coronary perfusion, and the mitral valve was always replaced first. There were no intra-operative deaths, although 7/75 patients (9%) died while in hospital. Twelve patients (16%) died in average 19 (2-59) months postoperatively. Thrombo-embolic complications, which were frequently associated with poor anticoagulation, occurred in 9 patients and were fatal in 4 cases, corresponding to an incidence per patient month of 0.005 and 0.002, respecitvely. This risk was not affected by the type of prosthesis. One patient required operative repair of an aortic paraprosthetic leakage. Clinical improvement was found in 88% of the long-term survivors. The maximal working capacity increased in average 41% over the pre-operative value (p less than 0.001) and cardiac enlargement diminished in average by 22% (p less than 0.001). The incidence of atrial arrhythmias decreased slightly to 48%. Haemolysis was mild and without clinical significance. The actuarial curve indicated a 75% survival rate 3 years after operation.", "PMID": 847416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7542", "title": "Cardiac valve replacement with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis in young patients.", "content": "Between 1971 and 1974, 26 valve replacements with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve prosthesis were performed in 23 children between 4 and 16 years of age. Mitral valve replacement was carried out in 11 patients, aortic valve replacement in 9 and double replacement in the other 3 patients. Several of the patients presented associated lesions which were also corrected at the same intervention, One patient died during the postoperative period; the remaining 22 all showed significant clinical remission. No incidents of thromboembolism or complications of any other nature were observed during follow-up periods of 6 to 26 months. It is our belief that the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valve represents an improvement over other prostheses currently used for the surgical correction of valve disease in children.", "contents": "Cardiac valve replacement with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis in young patients. Between 1971 and 1974, 26 valve replacements with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve prosthesis were performed in 23 children between 4 and 16 years of age. Mitral valve replacement was carried out in 11 patients, aortic valve replacement in 9 and double replacement in the other 3 patients. Several of the patients presented associated lesions which were also corrected at the same intervention, One patient died during the postoperative period; the remaining 22 all showed significant clinical remission. No incidents of thromboembolism or complications of any other nature were observed during follow-up periods of 6 to 26 months. It is our belief that the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valve represents an improvement over other prostheses currently used for the surgical correction of valve disease in children.", "PMID": 847417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7543", "title": "Clinical and haemodynamic results following mitral valve replacement with the new Lillehei-Kaster pivoting disc valve prosthesis.", "content": "Thirty-four patients were re-examined 12-24 months after mitral valve replacement with the Lillehei-Kaster pivoting disc valve prosthesis. There was an improvement of the kinetics with a significant decrease in arteriovenous oxygen difference compared with oxygen consumption. Cardiac output and stroke volume remained abnormally low, not differing significantly from pre-operative values. Resting pulmonary wedge pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance decreased significantly after operation. Mean values for these parameters remained slightly above normal. Exercise produced a rise in pulmonary wedge pressure, which could be explained partly by a simultaneous deterioration of the left ventricular function, as indicated by high end-diastolic pressures, and partly by a degree of obstruction to the foreward flow at the mitral valve itself. The rise in pulmonary wedge pressures led in turn to increased pulmonary arterial pressure, the latter being aggravated in some patients by a rise in pulmonary vascular resistance. Cardiac output increased during exercise, but usually to a lesser extent than was anticipated from the increase in oxygen consumption. The changes in cardiac output during exercise were due to an increase in heart rate, while stroke volume remained unchanged. The mean diastolic pressure difference across the prosthesis was 8.6 mmHg at rest and 12.7 mmHg during exercise. Subjective improvement and reduction in heart volume, as noted in the present series, corroborated the benificial effect of the operative procedure. The valve were all competent, as judged by cin\u00e9angiography, except in a few patients, in whom a small valvular or paravalvular leakage was seen. No thrombo-embolic episodes were recorded during the follow-up period.", "contents": "Clinical and haemodynamic results following mitral valve replacement with the new Lillehei-Kaster pivoting disc valve prosthesis. Thirty-four patients were re-examined 12-24 months after mitral valve replacement with the Lillehei-Kaster pivoting disc valve prosthesis. There was an improvement of the kinetics with a significant decrease in arteriovenous oxygen difference compared with oxygen consumption. Cardiac output and stroke volume remained abnormally low, not differing significantly from pre-operative values. Resting pulmonary wedge pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance decreased significantly after operation. Mean values for these parameters remained slightly above normal. Exercise produced a rise in pulmonary wedge pressure, which could be explained partly by a simultaneous deterioration of the left ventricular function, as indicated by high end-diastolic pressures, and partly by a degree of obstruction to the foreward flow at the mitral valve itself. The rise in pulmonary wedge pressures led in turn to increased pulmonary arterial pressure, the latter being aggravated in some patients by a rise in pulmonary vascular resistance. Cardiac output increased during exercise, but usually to a lesser extent than was anticipated from the increase in oxygen consumption. The changes in cardiac output during exercise were due to an increase in heart rate, while stroke volume remained unchanged. The mean diastolic pressure difference across the prosthesis was 8.6 mmHg at rest and 12.7 mmHg during exercise. Subjective improvement and reduction in heart volume, as noted in the present series, corroborated the benificial effect of the operative procedure. The valve were all competent, as judged by cin\u00e9angiography, except in a few patients, in whom a small valvular or paravalvular leakage was seen. No thrombo-embolic episodes were recorded during the follow-up period.", "PMID": 847418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7544", "title": "Surgical treatment of aneurysms of the ascending aorta. With special reference to cystic medial necrosis of the aorta.", "content": "The clinical series comprised 14 patients with aneurysms of the ascending aorta. In the autopsy series, there were additionally 19 patients, who had died suddenly as a results of free perforation or dissection of the ascending aorta. In the clinical series, the cause of the aneurysmal formation was cystic medial necrosis in 10 patients, 8 of whom had severe aortic valve insufficiency. Twelve patients were operated on using extracorporeal circulation, Both the ascending aorta and aortic valve were replaced with prosthesis in 6 cases. Three patients underwent emergency surgery due to pericardial tamponade. All three died, despite a technically successful operation. One patient out of 9 electively operated upon died. A follow-up examination was carried out on the 5 surviving cystic medial necrosis patients. Aneurysms of the sinuses of Valsalva developed after supracoronary resection in 2 patients. The results showed that elective operations in the event of aneurysms of the ascending aorta can be carried out with an acceptably low mortality rate. However, after supracoronary resection, in cases of cystic medial necrosis, the risk of developing aneurysms of the proximal aortic remnant seems obvious. Therefore, in patients in whom the whole aortic root is involved, total removal of the ascending aorta and re-implantation of the coronary ostia into the prosthetic tube is preferable.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of aneurysms of the ascending aorta. With special reference to cystic medial necrosis of the aorta. The clinical series comprised 14 patients with aneurysms of the ascending aorta. In the autopsy series, there were additionally 19 patients, who had died suddenly as a results of free perforation or dissection of the ascending aorta. In the clinical series, the cause of the aneurysmal formation was cystic medial necrosis in 10 patients, 8 of whom had severe aortic valve insufficiency. Twelve patients were operated on using extracorporeal circulation, Both the ascending aorta and aortic valve were replaced with prosthesis in 6 cases. Three patients underwent emergency surgery due to pericardial tamponade. All three died, despite a technically successful operation. One patient out of 9 electively operated upon died. A follow-up examination was carried out on the 5 surviving cystic medial necrosis patients. Aneurysms of the sinuses of Valsalva developed after supracoronary resection in 2 patients. The results showed that elective operations in the event of aneurysms of the ascending aorta can be carried out with an acceptably low mortality rate. However, after supracoronary resection, in cases of cystic medial necrosis, the risk of developing aneurysms of the proximal aortic remnant seems obvious. Therefore, in patients in whom the whole aortic root is involved, total removal of the ascending aorta and re-implantation of the coronary ostia into the prosthetic tube is preferable.", "PMID": 847419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7545", "title": "Synthetic arterial grafts. I. General complications.", "content": "A retrospective study of 113 patients operated upon with synthetic arterial grafts was made. This report reviews our experience during the past 15 years as a basis for evaluation of complications of abdominal aortic surgery and investigation of methods for preventing some of the major complications of grafting procedures. The early mortality, within the first 10 postoperative days, is also discussed. The most usual complications were graft thrombosis and infection.", "contents": "Synthetic arterial grafts. I. General complications. A retrospective study of 113 patients operated upon with synthetic arterial grafts was made. This report reviews our experience during the past 15 years as a basis for evaluation of complications of abdominal aortic surgery and investigation of methods for preventing some of the major complications of grafting procedures. The early mortality, within the first 10 postoperative days, is also discussed. The most usual complications were graft thrombosis and infection.", "PMID": 847421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7546", "title": "Influence of Xantinoli nicotans (Complamin) and papaverine upon internal carotid artery blood flow after arterial reconstruction.", "content": "The effect of intravenous administration of 0.3 g of Xantinoli nicotans (Complamin) and 40 mg of papaverine on internal carotid artery (ICA) blood flow in 17 conscious, newly operated patients was studied with the aid of electromagnetic flowmetry. A flow probe was attached to the ICA after carotid reconstruction. Administration of Complamin resulted in a significant decrease in arterial mean pressure and a corresponding decrease in ICA flow. The arterial mean pressure also diminished after administration of papaverine, but the decrease was moderate and did not influence ICA flow. The results indicate that the cerebral vascular autoregulation may be impaired in the early postoperative period. Vasoactive substances, which cause decreased arterial pressure, also influence ICA flow and should be avoided in patients newly operated upon for occlusive disease of the carotid artery.", "contents": "Influence of Xantinoli nicotans (Complamin) and papaverine upon internal carotid artery blood flow after arterial reconstruction. The effect of intravenous administration of 0.3 g of Xantinoli nicotans (Complamin) and 40 mg of papaverine on internal carotid artery (ICA) blood flow in 17 conscious, newly operated patients was studied with the aid of electromagnetic flowmetry. A flow probe was attached to the ICA after carotid reconstruction. Administration of Complamin resulted in a significant decrease in arterial mean pressure and a corresponding decrease in ICA flow. The arterial mean pressure also diminished after administration of papaverine, but the decrease was moderate and did not influence ICA flow. The results indicate that the cerebral vascular autoregulation may be impaired in the early postoperative period. Vasoactive substances, which cause decreased arterial pressure, also influence ICA flow and should be avoided in patients newly operated upon for occlusive disease of the carotid artery.", "PMID": 847422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7547", "title": "The adhesiveness of blood platelets before, during and after cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "The influence of cardiopulmonary bypass on the adhesiveness of blood platelets, using both bubble (Bentley and Rygg-Kyvsgaard) and membrane (Land\u00e9-Edwards) oxygenators, was investigated. With both types of oxygenators, there was a considerable fall in platelet adhesiveness during cardiopulmonary bypass, particularly with the Rygg-Kyvsgaard apparatus. The adhesiveness increased 30 minutes after bypass, but it was still not restored to the initial value.", "contents": "The adhesiveness of blood platelets before, during and after cardiopulmonary bypass. The influence of cardiopulmonary bypass on the adhesiveness of blood platelets, using both bubble (Bentley and Rygg-Kyvsgaard) and membrane (Land\u00e9-Edwards) oxygenators, was investigated. With both types of oxygenators, there was a considerable fall in platelet adhesiveness during cardiopulmonary bypass, particularly with the Rygg-Kyvsgaard apparatus. The adhesiveness increased 30 minutes after bypass, but it was still not restored to the initial value.", "PMID": 847423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7548", "title": "Thymomas and thymic cysts.", "content": "During a period of 20 years, 19 patients with thymomas and 5 with thymic cysts were surgically treated at this clinic. Excluding one operative death, none of these patients had died of causes related to the tumour 7.4 years (average) after operation. Two patients had died of unrelated causes, and in one case a recurrent mediastinal tumour was observed 3.5 years postoperatively. Myasthenia gravis, present at the time of operation in 3 cases, had been alleviated in one case, remained unchanged in another and become aggravated in the third case. In addition, one patient had developed myasthenia 7 years after resection of thymoma. In one case, a preoperative tentative diagnosis of lupus erythematosus disseminatus had been confirmed. Infiltrative growth was mascroscopically observed in only 2 cases. One of these patients died of haemorrhage during the operation; the other patient was in good health 1.5 years after partial resection and subsequent irradiation of the tumour. Four patients received radiotherapy. In one of the 15 cases treated solely by operation, the tumour fell to pieces on resection; a recurrent mediastinal tumour (cf. above) was removed 3,5 years later.", "contents": "Thymomas and thymic cysts. During a period of 20 years, 19 patients with thymomas and 5 with thymic cysts were surgically treated at this clinic. Excluding one operative death, none of these patients had died of causes related to the tumour 7.4 years (average) after operation. Two patients had died of unrelated causes, and in one case a recurrent mediastinal tumour was observed 3.5 years postoperatively. Myasthenia gravis, present at the time of operation in 3 cases, had been alleviated in one case, remained unchanged in another and become aggravated in the third case. In addition, one patient had developed myasthenia 7 years after resection of thymoma. In one case, a preoperative tentative diagnosis of lupus erythematosus disseminatus had been confirmed. Infiltrative growth was mascroscopically observed in only 2 cases. One of these patients died of haemorrhage during the operation; the other patient was in good health 1.5 years after partial resection and subsequent irradiation of the tumour. Four patients received radiotherapy. In one of the 15 cases treated solely by operation, the tumour fell to pieces on resection; a recurrent mediastinal tumour (cf. above) was removed 3,5 years later.", "PMID": 847424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7549", "title": "The effect of dilatation in the treatment of benign oesophageal strictures.", "content": "Twenty-five years experience with dilatation as the only method of treatment of benign oesophageal strictures is presented. The incidence of complications and mortality rate are equal to those involved in extensive surgery, whereas the frequency of cure is substantially lower. We find bouginage indicated in elderly and debilitated patients, but this form of treatment as the sole measure should be avoided in the younger age groups thereby saving them from repeated hospitalization.", "contents": "The effect of dilatation in the treatment of benign oesophageal strictures. Twenty-five years experience with dilatation as the only method of treatment of benign oesophageal strictures is presented. The incidence of complications and mortality rate are equal to those involved in extensive surgery, whereas the frequency of cure is substantially lower. We find bouginage indicated in elderly and debilitated patients, but this form of treatment as the sole measure should be avoided in the younger age groups thereby saving them from repeated hospitalization.", "PMID": 847425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7550", "title": "Occupational health standards. An international comparison.", "content": "The background for establishing standards for toxic agents is reviewed, and the standards of 14 different countries, including Sweden, are compared with special reference to criteria and organizational aspects. The differences among countries in the numerical limit values for toxic substances are largely due to differences in definitions, biomedical criteria, technical feasibility and sociopolitical judgements.", "contents": "Occupational health standards. An international comparison. The background for establishing standards for toxic agents is reviewed, and the standards of 14 different countries, including Sweden, are compared with special reference to criteria and organizational aspects. The differences among countries in the numerical limit values for toxic substances are largely due to differences in definitions, biomedical criteria, technical feasibility and sociopolitical judgements.", "PMID": 847426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7551", "title": "Endurance limit of force in long-term intermittent static contractions.", "content": "The relationship between endurance time and the mean force of contraction was investigated in intermittent and sustained static contractions over a long period of time (60 min). For intermittent static contractions the endurance limit of the mean force of contraction was found to be 14.0%, and for sustained static contractions it was 7.9% of the maximal force of contraction. Weak subjects appear to have a higher endurance limit of force than strong subjects.", "contents": "Endurance limit of force in long-term intermittent static contractions. The relationship between endurance time and the mean force of contraction was investigated in intermittent and sustained static contractions over a long period of time (60 min). For intermittent static contractions the endurance limit of the mean force of contraction was found to be 14.0%, and for sustained static contractions it was 7.9% of the maximal force of contraction. Weak subjects appear to have a higher endurance limit of force than strong subjects.", "PMID": 847427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7552", "title": "Evaluation of chromium exposure based on a simplified method for urinary chromium determination.", "content": "The urine chromium levels for unexposed and chromium exposed persons were determined by a simplified method which is well suited for routine, large-scale use. A group of welders working on chromium alloyed steel were investigated. For these welders a high degree of correlation was found between the concentration of inhaled chromium and the chromium concentration in the urine immediately after work. At an exposure level of 0.05 mg/m3, measured as chromium, a urinary chromium concentration of approximately 40 microng/l was measured after work. This urinary chromium level is suggested as a guideline indicating the need for a thorough investigation of chromium exposure.", "contents": "Evaluation of chromium exposure based on a simplified method for urinary chromium determination. The urine chromium levels for unexposed and chromium exposed persons were determined by a simplified method which is well suited for routine, large-scale use. A group of welders working on chromium alloyed steel were investigated. For these welders a high degree of correlation was found between the concentration of inhaled chromium and the chromium concentration in the urine immediately after work. At an exposure level of 0.05 mg/m3, measured as chromium, a urinary chromium concentration of approximately 40 microng/l was measured after work. This urinary chromium level is suggested as a guideline indicating the need for a thorough investigation of chromium exposure.", "PMID": 847428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7553", "title": "Mercury in human amniotic fluid.", "content": "The levels of inorganic and organic mercury in human amniotic fluid were examined in 57 Japanese pregnant women with a gestational age of 4 months to term. Inorganic mercury was detected in all but two samples, while organic mercury was found in only 30 women. The level of inorganic mercury was higher than organic mercury. The highest levels of both inorganic and organic mercury were observed in the seventh month of gestation.", "contents": "Mercury in human amniotic fluid. The levels of inorganic and organic mercury in human amniotic fluid were examined in 57 Japanese pregnant women with a gestational age of 4 months to term. Inorganic mercury was detected in all but two samples, while organic mercury was found in only 30 women. The level of inorganic mercury was higher than organic mercury. The highest levels of both inorganic and organic mercury were observed in the seventh month of gestation.", "PMID": 847429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7554", "title": "Histochemical and electron microscopic observations on the myoneural junctions of rats with carbon disulfide induced polyneuropathy.", "content": "Myoneural junctions in the tibialis anterior muscle of rats with clinical signs of polyneuropathy induced with carbon disulfide were studied by light and electron microscopy. Histochemically demonstrable acetylcholinesterase (AChE; E.C. 3.1.1.7) activity was distributed similarly in the myoneural junctions of both the exposed and the control rats. In both groups intense enzyme activity was localized at the level of the post-synaptic membrane of the myoneural junction. The postsynaptic infoldings of the myoneural junctions of the exposed rats appeared normal. No enzyme activity was seen outside the zone of the myoneural junctions. The ultrastructure of the sub-sarcolemmal space, as well as the postsynaptic membranes of the myoneural junctions of the exposed animals, was normal. In the terminal axons signs of various degrees of degeneration were present, e.g., disappearance of the preterminal axoplasmic neurotubules, partial disappearance of synaptic vesicles, appearance of dense bodies, and even total disappearance or destruction of the terminal axons. Synaptic clefts were often widened with Schwann cell interposition. It thus seems that systemic carbon disulfide poisoning primarily alters the presynaptic structures of the myoneural junctions, while the postsynaptic side remains relatively intact, especially since the histochemical distribution of AChE in myoneural junctions was normal.", "contents": "Histochemical and electron microscopic observations on the myoneural junctions of rats with carbon disulfide induced polyneuropathy. Myoneural junctions in the tibialis anterior muscle of rats with clinical signs of polyneuropathy induced with carbon disulfide were studied by light and electron microscopy. Histochemically demonstrable acetylcholinesterase (AChE; E.C. 3.1.1.7) activity was distributed similarly in the myoneural junctions of both the exposed and the control rats. In both groups intense enzyme activity was localized at the level of the post-synaptic membrane of the myoneural junction. The postsynaptic infoldings of the myoneural junctions of the exposed rats appeared normal. No enzyme activity was seen outside the zone of the myoneural junctions. The ultrastructure of the sub-sarcolemmal space, as well as the postsynaptic membranes of the myoneural junctions of the exposed animals, was normal. In the terminal axons signs of various degrees of degeneration were present, e.g., disappearance of the preterminal axoplasmic neurotubules, partial disappearance of synaptic vesicles, appearance of dense bodies, and even total disappearance or destruction of the terminal axons. Synaptic clefts were often widened with Schwann cell interposition. It thus seems that systemic carbon disulfide poisoning primarily alters the presynaptic structures of the myoneural junctions, while the postsynaptic side remains relatively intact, especially since the histochemical distribution of AChE in myoneural junctions was normal.", "PMID": 847430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7555", "title": "A study on the distribution of methylchloroform and n-octane in the mouse during and after inhalation.", "content": "The distribution of methylchloroform and n-octane, respectively, in the blood, liver, kidney, and brain of mice was studied at different inspired air concentrations and after different exposure times. The air concentration varied between 10 and 10,000 ppm; and the exposure time, between 0.5 and 24 h. The resulting solvent concentrations in kidney and brain were about the same, but the liver concentrations were usually somewhat higher for both solvents. There was a linear dependence between inspired air concentration and tissue concentrations at fixed exposure times. A correlation between blood and organ concentrations was observed in animals exposed at different inhalation air concentrations but not in animals exposed only at one fixed concentration. The ratios between the concentrations of the solvents in the organs and blood were higher for n-octane than for methylchloroform. The ratios increased as the exposure concentration increased for all organs studied in the case of n-octane but only for the liver in the case of methylchloroform. When the exposure dose, i.e., inspired air concentration X time, was generated in different ways, a high concentration during a short exposure resulted in a ten times higher organ concentration than a low concentration during a long exposure. The liver, kidney, and brain concentrations generally did not differ more than twice between methylchloroform and n-octane after exposure of the same concentration and duration. The blood concentration, however, was much less in n-octane exposed animals than in methylchloroform exposed ones. A pharmacokinetic model with both uptake and elimination of the first order fitted the empirical data better for methylchloroform than a model with zero order uptake and first order elimination. Postexposure concentrations of methylchloroform were linear in a semilog graph. A one-compartment pharmacokinetic model was in accordance with the experimental data for methylchloroform. For n-octane, however, at least a two-compartment model must be assumed.", "contents": "A study on the distribution of methylchloroform and n-octane in the mouse during and after inhalation. The distribution of methylchloroform and n-octane, respectively, in the blood, liver, kidney, and brain of mice was studied at different inspired air concentrations and after different exposure times. The air concentration varied between 10 and 10,000 ppm; and the exposure time, between 0.5 and 24 h. The resulting solvent concentrations in kidney and brain were about the same, but the liver concentrations were usually somewhat higher for both solvents. There was a linear dependence between inspired air concentration and tissue concentrations at fixed exposure times. A correlation between blood and organ concentrations was observed in animals exposed at different inhalation air concentrations but not in animals exposed only at one fixed concentration. The ratios between the concentrations of the solvents in the organs and blood were higher for n-octane than for methylchloroform. The ratios increased as the exposure concentration increased for all organs studied in the case of n-octane but only for the liver in the case of methylchloroform. When the exposure dose, i.e., inspired air concentration X time, was generated in different ways, a high concentration during a short exposure resulted in a ten times higher organ concentration than a low concentration during a long exposure. The liver, kidney, and brain concentrations generally did not differ more than twice between methylchloroform and n-octane after exposure of the same concentration and duration. The blood concentration, however, was much less in n-octane exposed animals than in methylchloroform exposed ones. A pharmacokinetic model with both uptake and elimination of the first order fitted the empirical data better for methylchloroform than a model with zero order uptake and first order elimination. Postexposure concentrations of methylchloroform were linear in a semilog graph. A one-compartment pharmacokinetic model was in accordance with the experimental data for methylchloroform. For n-octane, however, at least a two-compartment model must be assumed.", "PMID": 847431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7556", "title": "[Eugenic significance of linkage between the gene loci for dystrophia myotonica (Steiner's disease) and ABH-secretor].", "content": "36 relatives of 2 patients with myotonic dystrophy (M.d.) were investigated during a field study. All were neurologically examined at home and their ABO blood groups and ABH-secretor phenotypes in parotid saliva were determined for linkage analyses. Additional investigations such as EMG or slit-lamp examinations were carried out by specialists in doubtful cases. Nine additional patients presenting with varying clinical manifestations of M.d. were found. In most of the secretor-positive individuals the corresponding genotypes could be identified as heterozygotes (Sese) through the segregation pattern of their first-degree relatives. In both families the allele for M.d. was linked to the dominant allele Se, the probability being greater than 99%. A recombination was observed in 1 patient of either family. This is, however, fairly consistent with the expected recombination fraction of 0.08. No further linkage information was obtained from determinations of the Lutheran blood groups carried out in family no. 1 only, since all individuals were of the most frequent type Lu (a-/b+). In 5 out of 8 matings between M.d. patients and healthy spouses the secretor genoypes were potentially informative for the estimation of risk of their children being affected or for prenatal diagnoses. The secretor analyses and special tests for the detection of preclinical cases (e.g. by slit-lamp) and their practical value for genetic counseling are discussed, especially with regard to the limitations, which derive partly from low probabilities in the predictions even in some of the so-called informative matings, and partly also from the recombinations to be expected.", "contents": "[Eugenic significance of linkage between the gene loci for dystrophia myotonica (Steiner's disease) and ABH-secretor]. 36 relatives of 2 patients with myotonic dystrophy (M.d.) were investigated during a field study. All were neurologically examined at home and their ABO blood groups and ABH-secretor phenotypes in parotid saliva were determined for linkage analyses. Additional investigations such as EMG or slit-lamp examinations were carried out by specialists in doubtful cases. Nine additional patients presenting with varying clinical manifestations of M.d. were found. In most of the secretor-positive individuals the corresponding genotypes could be identified as heterozygotes (Sese) through the segregation pattern of their first-degree relatives. In both families the allele for M.d. was linked to the dominant allele Se, the probability being greater than 99%. A recombination was observed in 1 patient of either family. This is, however, fairly consistent with the expected recombination fraction of 0.08. No further linkage information was obtained from determinations of the Lutheran blood groups carried out in family no. 1 only, since all individuals were of the most frequent type Lu (a-/b+). In 5 out of 8 matings between M.d. patients and healthy spouses the secretor genoypes were potentially informative for the estimation of risk of their children being affected or for prenatal diagnoses. The secretor analyses and special tests for the detection of preclinical cases (e.g. by slit-lamp) and their practical value for genetic counseling are discussed, especially with regard to the limitations, which derive partly from low probabilities in the predictions even in some of the so-called informative matings, and partly also from the recombinations to be expected.", "PMID": 847432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7557", "title": "[Criteria of brain death. Spinal reflexes in 45 personal studies].", "content": "In 45 patients without spontaneous breathing or cranial reflexes, and in whom blood pressure had to be supported, spinal reflexes were obtained in 60% and polysynaptic spinal reflexes in 33%. In all cases angiography showed cerebral circulatory arrest and/or repeated EEG recording gave an isoelectric line. The presence of spinal reflexes, appearing most frequently 6-36 h after death (which we defined as a sudden fall in blood pressure below 80 mm Hg with absence of spontaneous breathing) is not in contradiction with the assumption of brain death. 9 patients without signs of intoxication showed, in addition, a fall in body temperature below 34 degrees C. Such a fall in body temperature also in agreement with the diagnosis of brain death.", "contents": "[Criteria of brain death. Spinal reflexes in 45 personal studies]. In 45 patients without spontaneous breathing or cranial reflexes, and in whom blood pressure had to be supported, spinal reflexes were obtained in 60% and polysynaptic spinal reflexes in 33%. In all cases angiography showed cerebral circulatory arrest and/or repeated EEG recording gave an isoelectric line. The presence of spinal reflexes, appearing most frequently 6-36 h after death (which we defined as a sudden fall in blood pressure below 80 mm Hg with absence of spontaneous breathing) is not in contradiction with the assumption of brain death. 9 patients without signs of intoxication showed, in addition, a fall in body temperature below 34 degrees C. Such a fall in body temperature also in agreement with the diagnosis of brain death.", "PMID": 847433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7558", "title": "[Rhemuatismus nodosus. Relationship between joint findings and rheumaserology in chronic polyarthritis].", "content": "The clinical course and radiologic and serologic findings are reported in 37 subjects who, during the years 1954 to 1974, had rheumatoid nodules removed and examined histologically. The observations were classified into four groups according to a system similar to that of Steinbrocker. The histological findings were the same in all four groups. In 4 subjects the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis was established by the biopsy. In 5 additional patients the histologic examination confirmed the clinical diagnosis. Radiologically the joints of 5 adults were unremarkable while those of 14 subjects had developed slight or moderate changes, and in 18 patients advanced destruction or deformities or ankylosis were present. In instances of marked joint destruction the course  of the disease may, spontaneously or after appropriate treatment, become bland. 90% of our patients were seropositive and 10% seronegative. 9 subjects had temporarily low RF serum titers. Serologic data are of value for the differential diagnosis of joint diseases. They are not, however decisive.", "contents": "[Rhemuatismus nodosus. Relationship between joint findings and rheumaserology in chronic polyarthritis]. The clinical course and radiologic and serologic findings are reported in 37 subjects who, during the years 1954 to 1974, had rheumatoid nodules removed and examined histologically. The observations were classified into four groups according to a system similar to that of Steinbrocker. The histological findings were the same in all four groups. In 4 subjects the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis was established by the biopsy. In 5 additional patients the histologic examination confirmed the clinical diagnosis. Radiologically the joints of 5 adults were unremarkable while those of 14 subjects had developed slight or moderate changes, and in 18 patients advanced destruction or deformities or ankylosis were present. In instances of marked joint destruction the course  of the disease may, spontaneously or after appropriate treatment, become bland. 90% of our patients were seropositive and 10% seronegative. 9 subjects had temporarily low RF serum titers. Serologic data are of value for the differential diagnosis of joint diseases. They are not, however decisive.", "PMID": 847434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7559", "title": "[Fatal panmyelophthisis following 8-year-long abuse of appetite depressants].", "content": "A case of irreversible panmyelophthisis with fatal outcome in a 28-year-old patient is reported, following 8-year continuous abuse of anorectic drugs.", "contents": "[Fatal panmyelophthisis following 8-year-long abuse of appetite depressants]. A case of irreversible panmyelophthisis with fatal outcome in a 28-year-old patient is reported, following 8-year continuous abuse of anorectic drugs.", "PMID": 847435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7560", "title": "[Pneumoblastomas. Apropos of 2 cases].", "content": "Pulmonary blastomas, also referred to as embryonal carcinosarcomas or, in the past, embryomas, are rare tumors of which thirty cases have been described in English, German, and Italian publications. We present two typical pulmonary blastomas one in a 43-year-old man and the other in an infant of six months, the youngest case yet reported. Several arguments exist in favor of the embryonic origin of these neoplams: their histogenesis, their resemblance to nephroblastomas, their bifocal or multifocal presence in certain cases, and in about one third of all cases their discovery in patients under 20 years of age. Histologically the tumoral tissue contains two components: an epithelial component in which tubes resembiling fetal bronchi are found, and a loose mesenchymal component of an embryonic type containing various areas of differentiation. Although some tumors evolve slowly or have been known for years, most of the time the appearance of symptoms is soon followed by hematogenous dissemination and rapid demise. Our two patients died quickly: the infant from mediastinal compression with cardiorespiratory insufficiency, and the adult form metastatic dissemination.", "contents": "[Pneumoblastomas. Apropos of 2 cases]. Pulmonary blastomas, also referred to as embryonal carcinosarcomas or, in the past, embryomas, are rare tumors of which thirty cases have been described in English, German, and Italian publications. We present two typical pulmonary blastomas one in a 43-year-old man and the other in an infant of six months, the youngest case yet reported. Several arguments exist in favor of the embryonic origin of these neoplams: their histogenesis, their resemblance to nephroblastomas, their bifocal or multifocal presence in certain cases, and in about one third of all cases their discovery in patients under 20 years of age. Histologically the tumoral tissue contains two components: an epithelial component in which tubes resembiling fetal bronchi are found, and a loose mesenchymal component of an embryonic type containing various areas of differentiation. Although some tumors evolve slowly or have been known for years, most of the time the appearance of symptoms is soon followed by hematogenous dissemination and rapid demise. Our two patients died quickly: the infant from mediastinal compression with cardiorespiratory insufficiency, and the adult form metastatic dissemination.", "PMID": 847436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7561", "title": "[Hyperparathyroidism. Quantitative determination of specific skeletal changes in the radiography of the hand].", "content": "1. The extent to which skeletal involvement in hyperparathyroidism can be detected by X-ray remains an unsolved issue. The present investigation, aimed at resolving this problem, was carried out in 44 patients with primary (PHPT) and 57 subjects with secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) due to terminal renal insufficiency. For comparison, 49 age-matched controls were included in this series. Subperiostal resorption of the phalanges of the hand was considered pathognomonic and graded according to a semiquantitative system using a magnifying lens. The data were compared with the serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase values. 2. Pathological subperiostal resorption was detected in 38.5% of the PHPT and in 56% of the SHPT patients while the controls showed 4% (false) positive results. A highly significant correlation between the extent of bone resorption and alkaline phosphatase was found (PHPT: r=0.80, SHPT: r=0.71, p less than 0.001). No correlation of the X-ray findings to the serum calcium could be detected. Compared to the degree of skeletal involvement demonstrated by X-ray, the alkaline phosphatase was significantly lower in SHPT than in PHPT. In PHPT on the other hand, subperiostal resorption was prominent among female patients aged over 40 years, while no prevalence for sex and age was found in the SHPT group. 3. These results demonstrate that a clinically relevant degree of bone involvement in hyperparathyroidism may be easily and reliability assessed by evaluating X-rays of the hands by means of a magnifying lens. Increased bone resorption in hyperparathyroidism appears to be paralleled by an increase of osteoblastic activity as assessed by elevation of alkaline phosphatase. In SHPT due to chronic renal failure, however, a relative osteoblastic insufficiency seems to exist. In PHPT, the prevalence of subperiostal bone resorption in women aged over 40 years may be compatible with a skeletal protecting effect of intact ovarian function (estrogens).", "contents": "[Hyperparathyroidism. Quantitative determination of specific skeletal changes in the radiography of the hand]. 1. The extent to which skeletal involvement in hyperparathyroidism can be detected by X-ray remains an unsolved issue. The present investigation, aimed at resolving this problem, was carried out in 44 patients with primary (PHPT) and 57 subjects with secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) due to terminal renal insufficiency. For comparison, 49 age-matched controls were included in this series. Subperiostal resorption of the phalanges of the hand was considered pathognomonic and graded according to a semiquantitative system using a magnifying lens. The data were compared with the serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase values. 2. Pathological subperiostal resorption was detected in 38.5% of the PHPT and in 56% of the SHPT patients while the controls showed 4% (false) positive results. A highly significant correlation between the extent of bone resorption and alkaline phosphatase was found (PHPT: r=0.80, SHPT: r=0.71, p less than 0.001). No correlation of the X-ray findings to the serum calcium could be detected. Compared to the degree of skeletal involvement demonstrated by X-ray, the alkaline phosphatase was significantly lower in SHPT than in PHPT. In PHPT on the other hand, subperiostal resorption was prominent among female patients aged over 40 years, while no prevalence for sex and age was found in the SHPT group. 3. These results demonstrate that a clinically relevant degree of bone involvement in hyperparathyroidism may be easily and reliability assessed by evaluating X-rays of the hands by means of a magnifying lens. Increased bone resorption in hyperparathyroidism appears to be paralleled by an increase of osteoblastic activity as assessed by elevation of alkaline phosphatase. In SHPT due to chronic renal failure, however, a relative osteoblastic insufficiency seems to exist. In PHPT, the prevalence of subperiostal bone resorption in women aged over 40 years may be compatible with a skeletal protecting effect of intact ovarian function (estrogens).", "PMID": 847437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7562", "title": "[The multiple sclerosis patient as a driver].", "content": "From the course and manifestations of multiple sclerosis it can be expected that the persons affected will perform less well as drivers. Evaluation of the statistical material of the Institute for Forensic Medicine of the University of Zurich--35 multiple sclerosis patients compared to a healthy control group--confirms this assumption on the basis of the statistics of traffic offences and accidents. These patients cause significantly more accidents and--to a less significant extent--commit more offences. Special care and restraint is necessary in the issue of driving licences to multiple sclerosis patients. If the patient is allowed to keep his license, regular medical check-ups are required.", "contents": "[The multiple sclerosis patient as a driver]. From the course and manifestations of multiple sclerosis it can be expected that the persons affected will perform less well as drivers. Evaluation of the statistical material of the Institute for Forensic Medicine of the University of Zurich--35 multiple sclerosis patients compared to a healthy control group--confirms this assumption on the basis of the statistics of traffic offences and accidents. These patients cause significantly more accidents and--to a less significant extent--commit more offences. Special care and restraint is necessary in the issue of driving licences to multiple sclerosis patients. If the patient is allowed to keep his license, regular medical check-ups are required.", "PMID": 847438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7563", "title": "[Potassium chloride and non-specific ulcers in the small intestine].", "content": "Gut toxicity due to potassium chloride preparations is well known, but there is little information concerning side effects of the newer slow release preparations. Small bowel ulceration due to the new slow release formulation is described. As far as the authors are aware this is the first such case published in Switzerland.", "contents": "[Potassium chloride and non-specific ulcers in the small intestine]. Gut toxicity due to potassium chloride preparations is well known, but there is little information concerning side effects of the newer slow release preparations. Small bowel ulceration due to the new slow release formulation is described. As far as the authors are aware this is the first such case published in Switzerland.", "PMID": 847439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7564", "title": "[Malignant double tumor of the lung: endobronchial carcinosarcoma in the left and polypous squamous cell carcinoma in the right upper lobe].", "content": "According to MOORE, two types of carcinosarcoma in the lung may be distinguished: one with a peripheral and one with an endobronchial localization. The latter type is characterized by minimal local infiltration, absence of distant metastases and early symptomatology of bronchial obstruction. This report deals with the autopsy findings in a 67-year-old smoker in whom a typical endobronchial carcinosarcoma was found in the left upper lobe. In all the published cases, as well as in our patient, the epithelial part of the tumor was found to be a squamous cell carcinoma with varying grades of differentiation. On the other hand, the mesenchymal part has not been uniformly described. In the present case, it occurred as a spindle-cell shaped sarcoma. Morphologically, carcinosarcomas are to be distinguished from carcinomas associated with pseudosarcoma. Prognosis of successfully operated patients seems to be favourable. Survivals of up to 6 years without recurrence have been reported. In our patient the carcinosarcoma was associated with a polypoid squamous cell carcinoma in the right upper lobe. No other case with such a combination has been reported.", "contents": "[Malignant double tumor of the lung: endobronchial carcinosarcoma in the left and polypous squamous cell carcinoma in the right upper lobe]. According to MOORE, two types of carcinosarcoma in the lung may be distinguished: one with a peripheral and one with an endobronchial localization. The latter type is characterized by minimal local infiltration, absence of distant metastases and early symptomatology of bronchial obstruction. This report deals with the autopsy findings in a 67-year-old smoker in whom a typical endobronchial carcinosarcoma was found in the left upper lobe. In all the published cases, as well as in our patient, the epithelial part of the tumor was found to be a squamous cell carcinoma with varying grades of differentiation. On the other hand, the mesenchymal part has not been uniformly described. In the present case, it occurred as a spindle-cell shaped sarcoma. Morphologically, carcinosarcomas are to be distinguished from carcinomas associated with pseudosarcoma. Prognosis of successfully operated patients seems to be favourable. Survivals of up to 6 years without recurrence have been reported. In our patient the carcinosarcoma was associated with a polypoid squamous cell carcinoma in the right upper lobe. No other case with such a combination has been reported.", "PMID": 847440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7565", "title": "[Drivers license qualification for epileptics].", "content": "The question whether a person with epilepsy qualified for a driving licence must be examined from the point of view of the individual as well as that of the community. The general public should be protected against unduly high risks from epileptic drivers, whereas the patient has a right to live as normal a life as possible, which includes driving an automobile. Too rigid criteria for obtaining the license increase the number of persons who evade medical control and drive \"illegally\". To require physicians to report their epileptic patients to the authorities would be counterproductive; it would also destroy the personal confidence between physician and patient which is so essential for successful treatment. Epileptic persons endanger safety on the road only slightly: 0.1-0.3% of all traffic accidents are due to epileptic seizures. In contrast, abuse of alcohol plays a major role in 6-9% of all accidents, whereas 80-90% are attributable to evident mistakes by the driver. Epileptic patients under regular medical supervision who are licenced on grounds of approved criteria do not cause more accidents than the general population. A dangerous group are, however, those with mental alterations (organic or reactive) and particularly patients with aggressive and expansive-compensatory traits, as well as those driving without permission. Prognostic criteria as to the further course of the disease are paramount for the assessment of qualification for the licence. The following rules have proved their worth: 2 years freedom from seizures (with or without therapy), no abnormalities specific for epilepsy in the EEG, no serious mental changes, regular medical supervision and treatment mus be guaranteed. Departures from these rules should be confined to exceptional cases with the consent of a physician specialized in epileptology. The same holds for admission to higher categories of driving licence, the only practical eventuality being category D (lorries), and even this only in rare cases. It will scarcely ever be possibel to licence a person who has at some time had epilepsy for professional passanger transportation. The attitude of the physician who first sees the seizure patient is often decisive. It is important that he recognizes the problem, objectively informs his patient and from the very outset gives him realistic advice in order to avoid false decisions, particularly regarding his professional career.", "contents": "[Drivers license qualification for epileptics]. The question whether a person with epilepsy qualified for a driving licence must be examined from the point of view of the individual as well as that of the community. The general public should be protected against unduly high risks from epileptic drivers, whereas the patient has a right to live as normal a life as possible, which includes driving an automobile. Too rigid criteria for obtaining the license increase the number of persons who evade medical control and drive \"illegally\". To require physicians to report their epileptic patients to the authorities would be counterproductive; it would also destroy the personal confidence between physician and patient which is so essential for successful treatment. Epileptic persons endanger safety on the road only slightly: 0.1-0.3% of all traffic accidents are due to epileptic seizures. In contrast, abuse of alcohol plays a major role in 6-9% of all accidents, whereas 80-90% are attributable to evident mistakes by the driver. Epileptic patients under regular medical supervision who are licenced on grounds of approved criteria do not cause more accidents than the general population. A dangerous group are, however, those with mental alterations (organic or reactive) and particularly patients with aggressive and expansive-compensatory traits, as well as those driving without permission. Prognostic criteria as to the further course of the disease are paramount for the assessment of qualification for the licence. The following rules have proved their worth: 2 years freedom from seizures (with or without therapy), no abnormalities specific for epilepsy in the EEG, no serious mental changes, regular medical supervision and treatment mus be guaranteed. Departures from these rules should be confined to exceptional cases with the consent of a physician specialized in epileptology. The same holds for admission to higher categories of driving licence, the only practical eventuality being category D (lorries), and even this only in rare cases. It will scarcely ever be possibel to licence a person who has at some time had epilepsy for professional passanger transportation. The attitude of the physician who first sees the seizure patient is often decisive. It is important that he recognizes the problem, objectively informs his patient and from the very outset gives him realistic advice in order to avoid false decisions, particularly regarding his professional career.", "PMID": 847442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7566", "title": "[Increased closing volume in asymptomatic respiratory sarcoidosis].", "content": "In 21 patients with asymptomatic respiratory sarcoidosis, 11 with hilar lymph node enlargement (stage I) and 10 with both hilar and lung involvement (stage II), pulmonary function tests revealed that the closing volume was increased as compared with control values obtained from healthy individuals of the same age and smoking habits. The difference was statistically significant but more pronounced in stage II patients than in stage I patients. Other function tests were normal (VC, FEV1, MMF, RV, TLC, DLCOSB).", "contents": "[Increased closing volume in asymptomatic respiratory sarcoidosis]. In 21 patients with asymptomatic respiratory sarcoidosis, 11 with hilar lymph node enlargement (stage I) and 10 with both hilar and lung involvement (stage II), pulmonary function tests revealed that the closing volume was increased as compared with control values obtained from healthy individuals of the same age and smoking habits. The difference was statistically significant but more pronounced in stage II patients than in stage I patients. Other function tests were normal (VC, FEV1, MMF, RV, TLC, DLCOSB).", "PMID": 847443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7567", "title": "[Feminizing adrenal cortex carcinoma in a 66-year-old man].", "content": "Feminizing tumors of the adrenal cortex in man are very rare. The case is reported of a 66-year-old man who had a carcinoma of the right adrenal cortex which produced various steroid fractions. In the primary tumor and in the second reccurrence the estrogens were dominant. In electron microscopy the tumor cells are poorly differentiated. They may be attributed to the fasciculo-reticular layer and show no signs specific for their secretory activity. The patient died 2 1/2 years after onset of the disease. The case is discussed in the light of the pertinent literature.", "contents": "[Feminizing adrenal cortex carcinoma in a 66-year-old man]. Feminizing tumors of the adrenal cortex in man are very rare. The case is reported of a 66-year-old man who had a carcinoma of the right adrenal cortex which produced various steroid fractions. In the primary tumor and in the second reccurrence the estrogens were dominant. In electron microscopy the tumor cells are poorly differentiated. They may be attributed to the fasciculo-reticular layer and show no signs specific for their secretory activity. The patient died 2 1/2 years after onset of the disease. The case is discussed in the light of the pertinent literature.", "PMID": 847444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7568", "title": "[Exercise-induced muscular weakness, myalgia and contractures. II. Casuistic contribution].", "content": "Two sisters with exercise-induced myalgias, muscular weakness and contractures are reported. Neurologic and psychiatric findings were normal, nor did electromyography, serum enzymes and ischemic forearm exercise test reveal specific findings. Under the light microscope multiple muscle fibers contained small vacuoles which stained positive with Oil Red O. No further information resulted from histochemical examinations. In the more seriously affected patient morphometric analysis of electronmicrographs showed a tenfold increase of fat content in comparison to normal controls. Alterations in the enzymatic activities could be demonstrated in glycogenolysis, glycolysis and in fat metabolism, but there were no previously described enzyme defects such as phosphorylase deficiency, phosphofructokinase deficiency, phosphohexoisomerase inhibitor, carnitine or carnitine-palmityltransferase deficiency. Myopathy with lactic acidosis, prolonged muscular relaxation due to deficient reabsorption of sarcoplasmic calcium in the tubular system and dyskalemic paralysis can be ruled out on the basis of the clinical signs. This myopathy may be due to an as yet unknown metabolic disturbances.", "contents": "[Exercise-induced muscular weakness, myalgia and contractures. II. Casuistic contribution]. Two sisters with exercise-induced myalgias, muscular weakness and contractures are reported. Neurologic and psychiatric findings were normal, nor did electromyography, serum enzymes and ischemic forearm exercise test reveal specific findings. Under the light microscope multiple muscle fibers contained small vacuoles which stained positive with Oil Red O. No further information resulted from histochemical examinations. In the more seriously affected patient morphometric analysis of electronmicrographs showed a tenfold increase of fat content in comparison to normal controls. Alterations in the enzymatic activities could be demonstrated in glycogenolysis, glycolysis and in fat metabolism, but there were no previously described enzyme defects such as phosphorylase deficiency, phosphofructokinase deficiency, phosphohexoisomerase inhibitor, carnitine or carnitine-palmityltransferase deficiency. Myopathy with lactic acidosis, prolonged muscular relaxation due to deficient reabsorption of sarcoplasmic calcium in the tubular system and dyskalemic paralysis can be ruled out on the basis of the clinical signs. This myopathy may be due to an as yet unknown metabolic disturbances.", "PMID": 847445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7569", "title": "[The measurement of gastric emptying of solid food. Comparison of 2 solid phases by means of double isotope technic].", "content": "The suitability of a simple method of measuring the rate of gastric emptying of solids using 99mTc-marked filter paper pieces has been evaluated. In five healthy volunteers emptying of the filter paper pieces and of 198Au-tagged liver was measured simultaneously. In every proband the filter pieces left the stomach at a faster rate than the liver, but showed a linear emptying pattern in each experiment. Based on these observations and on recent results of other authors, a new concept of the gastric emptying of solids is presented. Within the framework of this model the use of the filter pieces in clinical studies to simulate a solid meal appears to be justified.", "contents": "[The measurement of gastric emptying of solid food. Comparison of 2 solid phases by means of double isotope technic]. The suitability of a simple method of measuring the rate of gastric emptying of solids using 99mTc-marked filter paper pieces has been evaluated. In five healthy volunteers emptying of the filter paper pieces and of 198Au-tagged liver was measured simultaneously. In every proband the filter pieces left the stomach at a faster rate than the liver, but showed a linear emptying pattern in each experiment. Based on these observations and on recent results of other authors, a new concept of the gastric emptying of solids is presented. Within the framework of this model the use of the filter pieces in clinical studies to simulate a solid meal appears to be justified.", "PMID": 847446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7570", "title": "[Juvenile diabetes, tapeto-retinal degeneration, neurogenic hearing disorder (Alstr\u00f6m syndrome), associated with congenital dyserythropoietic type III anemia].", "content": "The case is reported of a 32 year old female with diabetes mellitus, tapeto-retinal degeneration and neurogenous deafness combined with congenital dyserythropoietic anemia. The ophthalmological, otological, neurological and hematological findings are discussed and compared with those in the literature. Light microscopic and ultrastructural aspects of erythroblasts in congenital dyserythropoiesis of type III are shown. With the exception of the congenital dyserythropoietic anemia, the clinical findings cn be attributed to Alstr\u00f6m syndrome.", "contents": "[Juvenile diabetes, tapeto-retinal degeneration, neurogenic hearing disorder (Alstr\u00f6m syndrome), associated with congenital dyserythropoietic type III anemia]. The case is reported of a 32 year old female with diabetes mellitus, tapeto-retinal degeneration and neurogenous deafness combined with congenital dyserythropoietic anemia. The ophthalmological, otological, neurological and hematological findings are discussed and compared with those in the literature. Light microscopic and ultrastructural aspects of erythroblasts in congenital dyserythropoiesis of type III are shown. With the exception of the congenital dyserythropoietic anemia, the clinical findings cn be attributed to Alstr\u00f6m syndrome.", "PMID": 847447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7571", "title": "[Radioisotope diagnosis of brain death].", "content": "In the light of 6 examples the authors emphasize the value and reliability of radionuclide angiography in determining the absence of cerebral perfusion, i.e., brain death.", "contents": "[Radioisotope diagnosis of brain death]. In the light of 6 examples the authors emphasize the value and reliability of radionuclide angiography in determining the absence of cerebral perfusion, i.e., brain death.", "PMID": 847449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7572", "title": "[Treatment of Parkinson's disease with the combination drug L-carbidopa/L-dopa. Report on a 2 years study].", "content": "Forty patients have been treated with Sinemet (L-carbidopa/L-dopa) for a period of up to two years. The results are in agreement with those in the literature. In two-thirds of cases a good to very good improvement was obtained. The principal side effects were dyskinesia, hypotonia, and gastrointestinal and psychotic symptoms, though they seldom necessitated treatment interruption. L-carbidopa/L-dopa affords a real alternative therapy in the modern treatment of Parkinson's disease with L-dopa and a decarboxylase inhibitor. Generally the dosage range was up to a maximum of one tablet three times daily. Sinemet tablets are simple and convenient to handle for both doctor and patient. Dosage titration to therapeutic efficacy can be achieved in one week to ten days without complications, though we recommended a slower titration based on individual patient reaction and requirements.", "contents": "[Treatment of Parkinson's disease with the combination drug L-carbidopa/L-dopa. Report on a 2 years study]. Forty patients have been treated with Sinemet (L-carbidopa/L-dopa) for a period of up to two years. The results are in agreement with those in the literature. In two-thirds of cases a good to very good improvement was obtained. The principal side effects were dyskinesia, hypotonia, and gastrointestinal and psychotic symptoms, though they seldom necessitated treatment interruption. L-carbidopa/L-dopa affords a real alternative therapy in the modern treatment of Parkinson's disease with L-dopa and a decarboxylase inhibitor. Generally the dosage range was up to a maximum of one tablet three times daily. Sinemet tablets are simple and convenient to handle for both doctor and patient. Dosage titration to therapeutic efficacy can be achieved in one week to ten days without complications, though we recommended a slower titration based on individual patient reaction and requirements.", "PMID": 847450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7573", "title": "[Experiences with thrombocytopenia test in specific diagnosis of food hypersensitivity].", "content": "100 thrombocytopenia tests (TT) from 73 patients with suspected food allergies were critically examined to establish the value of this method compared with case history, skin tests and, where possible, with the RAST for determination of specific IgE antibodies. 85% of the tests most probably, or definitely, provided the correct result. 10% of the results were either false positives or false negatives, and 5% were inconclusive. A flare-up was observed after 18% of the tests. No positive TT for milk, as the most frequent allergen, was observed in a control group of 20 healthy persons. The thrombocytopenia test is a useful exposure test but should be regarded as a supplement to skin tests and other methods of allergy diagnosis.", "contents": "[Experiences with thrombocytopenia test in specific diagnosis of food hypersensitivity]. 100 thrombocytopenia tests (TT) from 73 patients with suspected food allergies were critically examined to establish the value of this method compared with case history, skin tests and, where possible, with the RAST for determination of specific IgE antibodies. 85% of the tests most probably, or definitely, provided the correct result. 10% of the results were either false positives or false negatives, and 5% were inconclusive. A flare-up was observed after 18% of the tests. No positive TT for milk, as the most frequent allergen, was observed in a control group of 20 healthy persons. The thrombocytopenia test is a useful exposure test but should be regarded as a supplement to skin tests and other methods of allergy diagnosis.", "PMID": 847452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7574", "title": "[Morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis. Results of 20 years of experience].", "content": "In this study the clinical data and treatment concept in 197 patients with cystic fibrosis, seen during the past 20 years at the University Children's Hospital of Berne (Switzerland), are presented. The results showed that during recent years the median age of survival, the mean age at death and the cumulative survival rates have improved. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that by forming groups of patients with similar age at diagnosis the cumulative survival rate declined in the group with early diagnosis much more markedly than in the group of patients with later diagnosis. Further evaluation of these data revealed that most patients of the former group had a more severe form of cystic fibrosis than the latter group. Since there are different patterns of severity in this disease, it will be necessary to develop staging for the purpose of statistical comparisons.", "contents": "[Morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis. Results of 20 years of experience]. In this study the clinical data and treatment concept in 197 patients with cystic fibrosis, seen during the past 20 years at the University Children's Hospital of Berne (Switzerland), are presented. The results showed that during recent years the median age of survival, the mean age at death and the cumulative survival rates have improved. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that by forming groups of patients with similar age at diagnosis the cumulative survival rate declined in the group with early diagnosis much more markedly than in the group of patients with later diagnosis. Further evaluation of these data revealed that most patients of the former group had a more severe form of cystic fibrosis than the latter group. Since there are different patterns of severity in this disease, it will be necessary to develop staging for the purpose of statistical comparisons.", "PMID": 847453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7575", "title": "[Lipomatosis of the ileocecal valve].", "content": "Lipomatosis of the ileocecal valve is a diffuse infiltration of the submucous coat with fat cells. This syndrome is discussed on the basis of a personal observation and a review of the literature. The characteristic endoscopic picture is the overgrown, yellowish lips of Bauhin's valve prolapsing into the cecum, reminiscent of a uterine cervix. Coloscopy with biopsy is therefore the method of choice in assuring proper diagnosis. On the other hand, radiology cannot recognize the disease with certainty. Generally treatment of this benign syndrome is only necessary in the event of disturbances. As a surgical procedure ileocecal resection is suggested.", "contents": "[Lipomatosis of the ileocecal valve]. Lipomatosis of the ileocecal valve is a diffuse infiltration of the submucous coat with fat cells. This syndrome is discussed on the basis of a personal observation and a review of the literature. The characteristic endoscopic picture is the overgrown, yellowish lips of Bauhin's valve prolapsing into the cecum, reminiscent of a uterine cervix. Coloscopy with biopsy is therefore the method of choice in assuring proper diagnosis. On the other hand, radiology cannot recognize the disease with certainty. Generally treatment of this benign syndrome is only necessary in the event of disturbances. As a surgical procedure ileocecal resection is suggested.", "PMID": 847454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7576", "title": "[Transvenous endomyocardial biopsy in the assessment of congestive cardiomyopathy].", "content": "Transvenous endomyocardial biopsy by the technique of CAVES and SHUMWAY was performed in 12 patients with the clinical, hemodynamic and angiographic findings of congestive cardiomyopathy (COCM). Coronary artery disease was ruled out by selective arteriography. Light and electron microscopic findings were correlated with a functional classification based on physical working capacity (PWC) and three left ventricular (LV) angiographic parameters (ejection fraction, end-diastolic volume, mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening). PWC and the LV volumetric indices (vi) were determined in 52 patients and allowed the following grouping: group 1 with normal PWC and borderline VI (subclinical COCM); group 2 with normal PWC and decreased VI; group 3 with reduced PWC and severely depressed VI. Endomyocardial biopsy was successful in 10 out of the 12 patients. The grade of myocardial damage was assessed by 10 different criteria of typical morphologic abnormality. The myocardial damage score correlated closely with functional impairment as present in the three groups. Immunological fixation tests with the biopsy specimens revealed no antigen-antibody complexes. (1) right ventricular endomyocardial samples adequate for morphologic examination are easily obtained by transvenous biopsy; (2) in COCM, functional impairment parallels the extent of morphologic abnormalities although assessments of cardiac function were essentially confined to the left ventricle, whereas the morphologic specimens were obtained from the right ventricle.", "contents": "[Transvenous endomyocardial biopsy in the assessment of congestive cardiomyopathy]. Transvenous endomyocardial biopsy by the technique of CAVES and SHUMWAY was performed in 12 patients with the clinical, hemodynamic and angiographic findings of congestive cardiomyopathy (COCM). Coronary artery disease was ruled out by selective arteriography. Light and electron microscopic findings were correlated with a functional classification based on physical working capacity (PWC) and three left ventricular (LV) angiographic parameters (ejection fraction, end-diastolic volume, mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening). PWC and the LV volumetric indices (vi) were determined in 52 patients and allowed the following grouping: group 1 with normal PWC and borderline VI (subclinical COCM); group 2 with normal PWC and decreased VI; group 3 with reduced PWC and severely depressed VI. Endomyocardial biopsy was successful in 10 out of the 12 patients. The grade of myocardial damage was assessed by 10 different criteria of typical morphologic abnormality. The myocardial damage score correlated closely with functional impairment as present in the three groups. Immunological fixation tests with the biopsy specimens revealed no antigen-antibody complexes. (1) right ventricular endomyocardial samples adequate for morphologic examination are easily obtained by transvenous biopsy; (2) in COCM, functional impairment parallels the extent of morphologic abnormalities although assessments of cardiac function were essentially confined to the left ventricle, whereas the morphologic specimens were obtained from the right ventricle.", "PMID": 847455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7577", "title": "[Side effects of nalidixic acid in a patient with severe renal failure. Clinical study and proposal of a pharmacokinetic model].", "content": "Side effects due to ingestion of nalidixic acid in a 46 year old patient with phenacetine-induced interstitial nephritis and severe renal failure are reported. This observation underlines the point that, besides the direct neurotoxic effect of nalidixic acid, disturbance of the acid-basic equilibrium could be seen in patients with renal failure in particular. A hypothetical pharmacokinetic model suggests that two metabolites of nalidixic acid could provide enough hydrogen ion to induce acidosis in cases of renal failure.", "contents": "[Side effects of nalidixic acid in a patient with severe renal failure. Clinical study and proposal of a pharmacokinetic model]. Side effects due to ingestion of nalidixic acid in a 46 year old patient with phenacetine-induced interstitial nephritis and severe renal failure are reported. This observation underlines the point that, besides the direct neurotoxic effect of nalidixic acid, disturbance of the acid-basic equilibrium could be seen in patients with renal failure in particular. A hypothetical pharmacokinetic model suggests that two metabolites of nalidixic acid could provide enough hydrogen ion to induce acidosis in cases of renal failure.", "PMID": 847456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7578", "title": "[Contribution of cases to the new classification of polyposis syndrome in the gastrointestinal tract].", "content": "In Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift 106, 894-897 (1976) an article was published on a kinship with hereditary \"minor adenomatous polyposis\" of the colon with a higher than expected incidence of carcinoma of the stomach. Evidence for a genetic relationship between this family (Sch.) and another branch with an isolated case (Sch. E.) of familial polyposis of the gastrointestinal tract was found. The patient Sch. E. is presented here. The polyposis of this patient is phenotypically identical with that found in the classical familial polyposis of the colon, but also exhibits features of \"minor adenomatous polyposis\". A systematic clinical-endoscopic examination of ten members of the patient's family produced no further cases of gastrointestinal polyposis of carcinomata. In the case of Sch. E., therefore, a spontaneous mutation is postulated. A new classification of the various types of colonic polyposis is suggested.", "contents": "[Contribution of cases to the new classification of polyposis syndrome in the gastrointestinal tract]. In Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift 106, 894-897 (1976) an article was published on a kinship with hereditary \"minor adenomatous polyposis\" of the colon with a higher than expected incidence of carcinoma of the stomach. Evidence for a genetic relationship between this family (Sch.) and another branch with an isolated case (Sch. E.) of familial polyposis of the gastrointestinal tract was found. The patient Sch. E. is presented here. The polyposis of this patient is phenotypically identical with that found in the classical familial polyposis of the colon, but also exhibits features of \"minor adenomatous polyposis\". A systematic clinical-endoscopic examination of ten members of the patient's family produced no further cases of gastrointestinal polyposis of carcinomata. In the case of Sch. E., therefore, a spontaneous mutation is postulated. A new classification of the various types of colonic polyposis is suggested.", "PMID": 847457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7579", "title": "The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine.", "content": "The dominant model of disease today is biomedical, and it leaves no room within tis framework for the social, psychological, and behavioral dimensions of illness. A biopsychosocial model is proposed that provides a blueprint for research, a framework for teaching, and a design for action in the real world of health care.", "contents": "The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine. The dominant model of disease today is biomedical, and it leaves no room within tis framework for the social, psychological, and behavioral dimensions of illness. A biopsychosocial model is proposed that provides a blueprint for research, a framework for teaching, and a design for action in the real world of health care.", "PMID": 847460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7580", "title": "Charon phages: safer derivatives of bacteriophage lambda for DNA cloning.", "content": "The Charon lambda bacteriophages have been developed as vectors for cloning. Their construction incorporates mutations that make them simple to use and also greatly increases their safety for the biological containment of cloned recombinant DNA. Three of the Charon vector phages, 3A, 4A, and 16A, have been certified for use as EK2 vector-host systems, when propagated in bulk in a special bacterial host, DP50SupF. We present here some of the data on which the safety of these systems was evaluated. DNA fragments ranging in size from 0 to 2.2 X 10(4) base pairs can be cloned in these EK2 Charon phages.", "contents": "Charon phages: safer derivatives of bacteriophage lambda for DNA cloning. The Charon lambda bacteriophages have been developed as vectors for cloning. Their construction incorporates mutations that make them simple to use and also greatly increases their safety for the biological containment of cloned recombinant DNA. Three of the Charon vector phages, 3A, 4A, and 16A, have been certified for use as EK2 vector-host systems, when propagated in bulk in a special bacterial host, DP50SupF. We present here some of the data on which the safety of these systems was evaluated. DNA fragments ranging in size from 0 to 2.2 X 10(4) base pairs can be cloned in these EK2 Charon phages.", "PMID": 847462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7581", "title": "Chemical synthesis of restriction enzyme recognition sites useful for cloning.", "content": "By a triester chemical synthesis method, three decameric DNA's have been made; these act as substrates for several restriction endonucleases, including Eco RI, Bam I, and Hind III. These homogenous decamers form duplexes that can be efficiently blunt-end ligated to themselves or to other DNA molecules by the action of T4 DNA ligase and thus are useful tools for molecular cloning experiments.", "contents": "Chemical synthesis of restriction enzyme recognition sites useful for cloning. By a triester chemical synthesis method, three decameric DNA's have been made; these act as substrates for several restriction endonucleases, including Eco RI, Bam I, and Hind III. These homogenous decamers form duplexes that can be efficiently blunt-end ligated to themselves or to other DNA molecules by the action of T4 DNA ligase and thus are useful tools for molecular cloning experiments.", "PMID": 847463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7582", "title": "Use of phage immunity in molecular cloning experiments.", "content": "Immunity to phage superinfection is a useful selective marker in molecular cloning experiments. Plasmids which have unique sites for several different restriction endonucleases and which specify immunity to bacteriophage are described.", "contents": "Use of phage immunity in molecular cloning experiments. Immunity to phage superinfection is a useful selective marker in molecular cloning experiments. Plasmids which have unique sites for several different restriction endonucleases and which specify immunity to bacteriophage are described.", "PMID": 847464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7583", "title": "Interspersion of short repetitive sequences studied in cloned sea urchin DNA fragments.", "content": "The length and spacing of repetitive sequence elements were studied in several cloned sea urchin DNA fragments. Sequence organization in these fragments was found to be of the short interspersed form expected for sea urchin DNA, and for one clone the evidence shows that nearby repeats do not belong to the same repetitive sequence family.", "contents": "Interspersion of short repetitive sequences studied in cloned sea urchin DNA fragments. The length and spacing of repetitive sequence elements were studied in several cloned sea urchin DNA fragments. Sequence organization in these fragments was found to be of the short interspersed form expected for sea urchin DNA, and for one clone the evidence shows that nearby repeats do not belong to the same repetitive sequence family.", "PMID": 847465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7584", "title": "Nucleotide sequences from a rabbit alpha globin gene inserted in a chimeric plasmid.", "content": "Rabbit alpha globin gene copies have been made, using reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase I, and cloned in bacterial plasmids. Plasmid pHb72 has been shown to contain the alpha gene sequence by restriction enzyme analysis and nucleotide sequencing studies, and therefore has been approved for propagation under P2 plus EK1 conditions by the National REcombinant DNA Committee.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequences from a rabbit alpha globin gene inserted in a chimeric plasmid. Rabbit alpha globin gene copies have been made, using reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase I, and cloned in bacterial plasmids. Plasmid pHb72 has been shown to contain the alpha gene sequence by restriction enzyme analysis and nucleotide sequencing studies, and therefore has been approved for propagation under P2 plus EK1 conditions by the National REcombinant DNA Committee.", "PMID": 847466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7585", "title": "Clones of individual repetitive sequences from sea urchin DNA constructed with synthetic Eco RI sites.", "content": "Interspersed repetitive sequences were isolated from sea urchin DNA by renaturing to low Cot followed by treatment with nuclease SI. Synthetic Eco RI sites were ligated onto the repetitive sequence elements, which were then inserted at the Eco RI site of plasmid RSF2124 and cloned. The repetitive sequences can be excised from the plasmid with Eco RI for further study.", "contents": "Clones of individual repetitive sequences from sea urchin DNA constructed with synthetic Eco RI sites. Interspersed repetitive sequences were isolated from sea urchin DNA by renaturing to low Cot followed by treatment with nuclease SI. Synthetic Eco RI sites were ligated onto the repetitive sequence elements, which were then inserted at the Eco RI site of plasmid RSF2124 and cloned. The repetitive sequences can be excised from the plasmid with Eco RI for further study.", "PMID": 847467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7586", "title": "Human globin messenger RNA: importance of cloning for structural analysis.", "content": "The sequence of most of the human beta globin messenger RNA and large sections of the alpha globin messenger RNA has been determined. Partly because of genetic polymorphism, it was necessary to clone globin complementary DNA in order to extend the analysis. Purified human fetal globin messenger RNA was isolated and used as a template by reverse transcriptase to produce duplex complementary DNA molecules. These molecules were linked in vitro to plasmid DNA by use of T4 ligase in the presence of Escherichia coli Pol 1. Several colonies transformed by these molecules have been shown to hybridize with labeled human globin complementary RNA.", "contents": "Human globin messenger RNA: importance of cloning for structural analysis. The sequence of most of the human beta globin messenger RNA and large sections of the alpha globin messenger RNA has been determined. Partly because of genetic polymorphism, it was necessary to clone globin complementary DNA in order to extend the analysis. Purified human fetal globin messenger RNA was isolated and used as a template by reverse transcriptase to produce duplex complementary DNA molecules. These molecules were linked in vitro to plasmid DNA by use of T4 ligase in the presence of Escherichia coli Pol 1. Several colonies transformed by these molecules have been shown to hybridize with labeled human globin complementary RNA.", "PMID": 847468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7587", "title": "Probability of establishing chimeric plasmids in natural populations of bacteria.", "content": "Formulas for estimating the probability that chimeric plasmids carried by disarmed hosts will become established in natural populations of bacteria are presented and their use illustrated with a series of realistic numerical examples. The implications of these a priori probability estimates for the problem of containment for recombinant DNA research is discussed.", "contents": "Probability of establishing chimeric plasmids in natural populations of bacteria. Formulas for estimating the probability that chimeric plasmids carried by disarmed hosts will become established in natural populations of bacteria are presented and their use illustrated with a series of realistic numerical examples. The implications of these a priori probability estimates for the problem of containment for recombinant DNA research is discussed.", "PMID": 847470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7588", "title": "Hepatic regeneration and erythropoietin production in the rat.", "content": "The regenerating liver produces erythropoietin in response to hypoxia. The amounts of erythropoietin produced in animals subjected to hepatectomy are significantly higher than those observed in sham-operated animals. Hepatic erythropoietin production appears to be dependent upon the stage of regeneration with the highest levels being produced during the period of greatest proliferation and increase in liver mass.", "contents": "Hepatic regeneration and erythropoietin production in the rat. The regenerating liver produces erythropoietin in response to hypoxia. The amounts of erythropoietin produced in animals subjected to hepatectomy are significantly higher than those observed in sham-operated animals. Hepatic erythropoietin production appears to be dependent upon the stage of regeneration with the highest levels being produced during the period of greatest proliferation and increase in liver mass.", "PMID": 847471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7589", "title": "Permeation of manganese, cadmium, zinc, and beryllium through calcium channels of an insect muscle membrane.", "content": "Larval muscle fibers of a beetle, Xylotrupes dichotomus, produce calcium spikes that are maintained when the fibers are bathed in saline solutions containing manganese, cadmium, zinc, or beryllium instead of calcium. This indicates that these cations permeate the calcium channels of the muscle fiber. By contrast, cobalt, nickel, and magnesium are nonpermeating and behave as competitive inhibitors of the permeation of the other divalent cations. Some of the permeating cations suppress delayed rectification.", "contents": "Permeation of manganese, cadmium, zinc, and beryllium through calcium channels of an insect muscle membrane. Larval muscle fibers of a beetle, Xylotrupes dichotomus, produce calcium spikes that are maintained when the fibers are bathed in saline solutions containing manganese, cadmium, zinc, or beryllium instead of calcium. This indicates that these cations permeate the calcium channels of the muscle fiber. By contrast, cobalt, nickel, and magnesium are nonpermeating and behave as competitive inhibitors of the permeation of the other divalent cations. Some of the permeating cations suppress delayed rectification.", "PMID": 847472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7590", "title": "Neoplastic and possibly related skin lesions in neotonic tiger salamanders from a sewage lagoon.", "content": "Tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) inhabiting a sewage sedimentation lagoon become neotenic, and approximately one-third develop neoplastic skin lesions including cancer. Circumstances suggest a chemical etiology for the neoplasms.", "contents": "Neoplastic and possibly related skin lesions in neotonic tiger salamanders from a sewage lagoon. Tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) inhabiting a sewage sedimentation lagoon become neotenic, and approximately one-third develop neoplastic skin lesions including cancer. Circumstances suggest a chemical etiology for the neoplasms.", "PMID": 847473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7591", "title": "The heart: a target organ for estradiol.", "content": "Autoradiographic studies of rat heart reveal that tritiated estradiol concentrates in cell nuclei of the myocardium of the atria and auricles, similar to the myometrium of the uterus. This suggests that estrogen has a direct effect on atrial myocytes through which its \"protective\" action may be mediated. Cardiac glycosides that are known to exert estrogen-like effects on classical estrogen target tissues, such as uterine muscle, endometrium, vagina, and mammary gland, probably act on atrial muscle through a genomic, steroid hormone-like mechanism of action.", "contents": "The heart: a target organ for estradiol. Autoradiographic studies of rat heart reveal that tritiated estradiol concentrates in cell nuclei of the myocardium of the atria and auricles, similar to the myometrium of the uterus. This suggests that estrogen has a direct effect on atrial myocytes through which its \"protective\" action may be mediated. Cardiac glycosides that are known to exert estrogen-like effects on classical estrogen target tissues, such as uterine muscle, endometrium, vagina, and mammary gland, probably act on atrial muscle through a genomic, steroid hormone-like mechanism of action.", "PMID": 847474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7592", "title": "Hypothalamic stimulation facilitates contralateral visual control of a learned response.", "content": "Rats that ate during hypothalamic stimulation were trained to press a lever for food only while receiving light signals from head-mounted lights. During stimulation, they pressed if the signal was visible to the eye contralateral to the electrode, but ignored the signal if it was visible only to the ipsilateral eye.", "contents": "Hypothalamic stimulation facilitates contralateral visual control of a learned response. Rats that ate during hypothalamic stimulation were trained to press a lever for food only while receiving light signals from head-mounted lights. During stimulation, they pressed if the signal was visible to the eye contralateral to the electrode, but ignored the signal if it was visible only to the ipsilateral eye.", "PMID": 847475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7593", "title": "Sea urchin recruitment patterns and implications of commercial fishing.", "content": "Coexisting sea urchins Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and S. franciscanus exhibit different recruitment patterns. Juveniles of the former species are found in a variety of habitats, whereas juveniles of the latter occur almost exclusively under the spine canopy of conspecific adults. The commercial harvest of S. franciscanus thus seems to affect nursery grounds as well as the reproductive potential of exploited populations.", "contents": "Sea urchin recruitment patterns and implications of commercial fishing. Coexisting sea urchins Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and S. franciscanus exhibit different recruitment patterns. Juveniles of the former species are found in a variety of habitats, whereas juveniles of the latter occur almost exclusively under the spine canopy of conspecific adults. The commercial harvest of S. franciscanus thus seems to affect nursery grounds as well as the reproductive potential of exploited populations.", "PMID": 847476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7594", "title": "Antischizophrenic drugs: chronic treatment elevates dopamine receptor binding in brain.", "content": "Chronic treatment of rats with the neuroleptic drugs haloperidol, fluphenazine, and reserpine elicits a 20 to 25% increase in striatal dopamine receptor binding assayed with [3H]haloperidol. This increase in receptor sites may account for behavioral supersensitivity to dopamine receptor stimulants in such animals and for tardive dyskinesia in patients treated with these drugs.", "contents": "Antischizophrenic drugs: chronic treatment elevates dopamine receptor binding in brain. Chronic treatment of rats with the neuroleptic drugs haloperidol, fluphenazine, and reserpine elicits a 20 to 25% increase in striatal dopamine receptor binding assayed with [3H]haloperidol. This increase in receptor sites may account for behavioral supersensitivity to dopamine receptor stimulants in such animals and for tardive dyskinesia in patients treated with these drugs.", "PMID": 847477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7595", "title": "Common bony densities mimicking chest disease.", "content": "Images of bony densities on routine chest radiographs may simulate intrathoracic disease processes. Such entities include images produced by normal anatomic structures, anatomic variants, and benign processes. Most commonly, chest disease was simulated by virtue of projection or poor visualization of the bony density in question on the routine chest radiograph. The true nature of the \"abnormal\" images produced was usually revealed by further roentgenographic evaluation using specialized radiographic technics or additional views.", "contents": "Common bony densities mimicking chest disease. Images of bony densities on routine chest radiographs may simulate intrathoracic disease processes. Such entities include images produced by normal anatomic structures, anatomic variants, and benign processes. Most commonly, chest disease was simulated by virtue of projection or poor visualization of the bony density in question on the routine chest radiograph. The true nature of the \"abnormal\" images produced was usually revealed by further roentgenographic evaluation using specialized radiographic technics or additional views.", "PMID": 847481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7596", "title": "Asymptomatic space-occupying lesions of the kidney: a programmed sequential approach and its impact on quality and cost of health care.", "content": "Sequential roentgenographic investigation of asymptomatic space-occupying lesions of the kidney is credited with establishing the diagnosis in 84.6% of 940 patients using only two examinations. Two thirds of all patients were diagnosed by relatively noninvasive technics such as infusion nephrotomogram, renal scintiscan, and the cyst puncture and aspiration test complex. Only for 2.3% was surgical exploration required to establish a diagnosis. The accuracy and confidence level of the diagnosis obtained by roentgenographic examinations (97%) compared well to that of surgical exploration (98%). Mortality and morbidity, however, were considerably reduced among patients examined according to the sequential roentgenographic protocol, as was the cost for diagnosis both in money and hospitalization time. The predominance of older patients in the group harboring asymptomatic space-occupying lesions of the kidney calls for an approach capable of establishing the diagnosis with acceptable confidence, but at a minimum cost in time, money, and complications. Our program of a systematized roentgenographic investigation of such lesions appears to provide a protocol capable of meeting these demands.", "contents": "Asymptomatic space-occupying lesions of the kidney: a programmed sequential approach and its impact on quality and cost of health care. Sequential roentgenographic investigation of asymptomatic space-occupying lesions of the kidney is credited with establishing the diagnosis in 84.6% of 940 patients using only two examinations. Two thirds of all patients were diagnosed by relatively noninvasive technics such as infusion nephrotomogram, renal scintiscan, and the cyst puncture and aspiration test complex. Only for 2.3% was surgical exploration required to establish a diagnosis. The accuracy and confidence level of the diagnosis obtained by roentgenographic examinations (97%) compared well to that of surgical exploration (98%). Mortality and morbidity, however, were considerably reduced among patients examined according to the sequential roentgenographic protocol, as was the cost for diagnosis both in money and hospitalization time. The predominance of older patients in the group harboring asymptomatic space-occupying lesions of the kidney calls for an approach capable of establishing the diagnosis with acceptable confidence, but at a minimum cost in time, money, and complications. Our program of a systematized roentgenographic investigation of such lesions appears to provide a protocol capable of meeting these demands.", "PMID": 847482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7597", "title": "Management of anterior intraocular opacities with the roto-extractor.", "content": "The roto-extractor was used in 32 cases of anterior segment membranes or opacities during an 18-month period. Of these, 27 eyes improved and five did not improve or became worse. Significant complications included retinal detachment, massive preretinal retraction, and recurrent hemorrhage which contributed to the visual loss in these patients.", "contents": "Management of anterior intraocular opacities with the roto-extractor. The roto-extractor was used in 32 cases of anterior segment membranes or opacities during an 18-month period. Of these, 27 eyes improved and five did not improve or became worse. Significant complications included retinal detachment, massive preretinal retraction, and recurrent hemorrhage which contributed to the visual loss in these patients.", "PMID": 847483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7598", "title": "Symptomatic inflammatory fibroid polyp of the small bowel: report of two cases with review of literature.", "content": "Two cases of symptomatic inflammatory fibroid polyps (IFP) of the small intestine are presented, and the 17 adequately described symptomatic IFP previously reported are reviewed. IFP of the small bowel are rare. Most patients present with intestinal obstruction and a few with chronic anemia. IFP have characteristic histologic features and are easily recognized if they are considered in differential diagnosis.", "contents": "Symptomatic inflammatory fibroid polyp of the small bowel: report of two cases with review of literature. Two cases of symptomatic inflammatory fibroid polyps (IFP) of the small intestine are presented, and the 17 adequately described symptomatic IFP previously reported are reviewed. IFP of the small bowel are rare. Most patients present with intestinal obstruction and a few with chronic anemia. IFP have characteristic histologic features and are easily recognized if they are considered in differential diagnosis.", "PMID": 847484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7599", "title": "Transbronchial lung biopsy using fiberoptic bronchoscope.", "content": "Transbronchial lung biopsy through the fiberoptic bronchoscope was done in 15 patients, and adequate pulmonary tissue was obtained in 14 (93.3%). A pathologic diagnosis was made in nine patients (64.3%), and through direct histologic examination of lung tissue in two patients certain disease entities were excluded, thus significantly influencing treatment. There was no significant hemorrhage and only one small pneumothorax occurred.", "contents": "Transbronchial lung biopsy using fiberoptic bronchoscope. Transbronchial lung biopsy through the fiberoptic bronchoscope was done in 15 patients, and adequate pulmonary tissue was obtained in 14 (93.3%). A pathologic diagnosis was made in nine patients (64.3%), and through direct histologic examination of lung tissue in two patients certain disease entities were excluded, thus significantly influencing treatment. There was no significant hemorrhage and only one small pneumothorax occurred.", "PMID": 847485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7600", "title": "Carpal tunnel syndrome: report of 430 operations.", "content": "Analyzed are data on 430 operations in 326 patients for median nerve compression at the wrist. Follow-up data from a patient self-evaluation questionnaire were available for 71% of patients. Incidence was highest in the fifth and sixth decades of life, and 65% of patients were female. For most patients, symptoms were worse at night or with excessive hand use or both. Self-evaluation questionnaires showed total relief of symptoms after operation in 51% of cases, 75% or greater improvement in 31%, and 50% or greater improvement in 10%. The dominant hand was more severely involved in two thirds of the patients and 78% of patients had occupations involving considerable use of their hands, suggesting that an occupational factor might be involved in the genesis or aggravation of median nerve compression.", "contents": "Carpal tunnel syndrome: report of 430 operations. Analyzed are data on 430 operations in 326 patients for median nerve compression at the wrist. Follow-up data from a patient self-evaluation questionnaire were available for 71% of patients. Incidence was highest in the fifth and sixth decades of life, and 65% of patients were female. For most patients, symptoms were worse at night or with excessive hand use or both. Self-evaluation questionnaires showed total relief of symptoms after operation in 51% of cases, 75% or greater improvement in 31%, and 50% or greater improvement in 10%. The dominant hand was more severely involved in two thirds of the patients and 78% of patients had occupations involving considerable use of their hands, suggesting that an occupational factor might be involved in the genesis or aggravation of median nerve compression.", "PMID": 847486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7601", "title": "Acute febrile illness associated with bilateral pulmonary infiltrates after irradiation in a patient with Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "An 18-year-old woman with stage IIIB Hodgkin's disease presented with minimal shortness of breath and progressed to fatal pulmonary insufficiency in five days. Biopsy and necropsy lung tissue specimens established the diagnosis of acute radiation pneumonitis. The diagnosis of radiation pneumonitis should be considered in the presence of a nonproductive cough, dyspnea, mixed interstitial and alveolar infiltrates on chest roentgenogram, negative cultures, and the characteristic findings on lung biopsy of macrophage accumulation and alveolar fibrin deposition in the face of minimal cellular infiltrate. A trial of steroid treatment may be warranted.", "contents": "Acute febrile illness associated with bilateral pulmonary infiltrates after irradiation in a patient with Hodgkin's disease. An 18-year-old woman with stage IIIB Hodgkin's disease presented with minimal shortness of breath and progressed to fatal pulmonary insufficiency in five days. Biopsy and necropsy lung tissue specimens established the diagnosis of acute radiation pneumonitis. The diagnosis of radiation pneumonitis should be considered in the presence of a nonproductive cough, dyspnea, mixed interstitial and alveolar infiltrates on chest roentgenogram, negative cultures, and the characteristic findings on lung biopsy of macrophage accumulation and alveolar fibrin deposition in the face of minimal cellular infiltrate. A trial of steroid treatment may be warranted.", "PMID": 847487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7602", "title": "Acute corneal injury by mustard gas.", "content": "Described is an acute ocular injury caused by mustard gas. The clinical course was similar to what has been established by laboratory research. Some of the histopathologic events have been discussed in theory since no tissue sample from this reported case was available for examination.", "contents": "Acute corneal injury by mustard gas. Described is an acute ocular injury caused by mustard gas. The clinical course was similar to what has been established by laboratory research. Some of the histopathologic events have been discussed in theory since no tissue sample from this reported case was available for examination.", "PMID": 847488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7603", "title": "Nasal hemangiopericytoma.", "content": "Nasal hemangiopericytoma is difficult to diagnose preoperatively or before examining a histologic specimen. It is a locally invasive tumor with an excellent five-year prognosis, but which requires lifetime follow-up. The patient reported was treated by aggressive local surgical treatment of the tumor followed by systemic therapy for multiple myeloma.", "contents": "Nasal hemangiopericytoma. Nasal hemangiopericytoma is difficult to diagnose preoperatively or before examining a histologic specimen. It is a locally invasive tumor with an excellent five-year prognosis, but which requires lifetime follow-up. The patient reported was treated by aggressive local surgical treatment of the tumor followed by systemic therapy for multiple myeloma.", "PMID": 847489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7604", "title": "Mesenteric venous thrombosis and oral contraceptives.", "content": "Reported is a case of mesenteric venous thrombosis occurring in a 46-year-old woman who had taken an oral contraceptive for six years. Seventeen cases of mesenteric venous thrombosis have been reported in young women taking oral contraceptives. An association between oral contraceptive agents and mesenteric venous thrombosis is suggested.", "contents": "Mesenteric venous thrombosis and oral contraceptives. Reported is a case of mesenteric venous thrombosis occurring in a 46-year-old woman who had taken an oral contraceptive for six years. Seventeen cases of mesenteric venous thrombosis have been reported in young women taking oral contraceptives. An association between oral contraceptive agents and mesenteric venous thrombosis is suggested.", "PMID": 847490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7605", "title": "Collision and interlocking of twins.", "content": "Breech/transverse presentation of twins is highly uncommon. However, this presentation is very likely to develop into a tru collision syndrome should the mother be allowed to labor. In cases of interlocked twins in which vaginal delivery is attempted, loss of the first twin is common. Our experience, and the experience of others cited in this report, indicates that early cesarean section can prevent such a disastrous outcome. Suspicion of a collision or interlocking syndrome should be aroused in any patient carrying twins in the breech/transverse position. Abdominal delivery should be accomplished before descent of the presenting twin.", "contents": "Collision and interlocking of twins. Breech/transverse presentation of twins is highly uncommon. However, this presentation is very likely to develop into a tru collision syndrome should the mother be allowed to labor. In cases of interlocked twins in which vaginal delivery is attempted, loss of the first twin is common. Our experience, and the experience of others cited in this report, indicates that early cesarean section can prevent such a disastrous outcome. Suspicion of a collision or interlocking syndrome should be aroused in any patient carrying twins in the breech/transverse position. Abdominal delivery should be accomplished before descent of the presenting twin.", "PMID": 847491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7606", "title": "Rapid karyotypic diagnosis of a case of trisomy 18 in the neonatal intensive care unit.", "content": "Recent modifications in the technic of bone marrow preparation for karyotypic analysis permit confirmation of chromosomal aneuploidy such as trisomy 13, 18, or 21 within two to four hours. The patient reported illustrates how the technic of bone marrow karyotyping may assist the pediatrician in treating an acutely ill newborn, in accurately counseling parents, and in selecting with them an appropriate course of management.", "contents": "Rapid karyotypic diagnosis of a case of trisomy 18 in the neonatal intensive care unit. Recent modifications in the technic of bone marrow preparation for karyotypic analysis permit confirmation of chromosomal aneuploidy such as trisomy 13, 18, or 21 within two to four hours. The patient reported illustrates how the technic of bone marrow karyotyping may assist the pediatrician in treating an acutely ill newborn, in accurately counseling parents, and in selecting with them an appropriate course of management.", "PMID": 847492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7607", "title": "Subacute staphylococcal meningitis secondary to postpartum endometritis.", "content": "A woman with Staphylococcus aureus meningitis following postpartum endometritis presented with lumbar backache and fever of several weeks' duration. Thick, green exudate was aspirated at lumbar puncture hours before death. Histologic examination demonstrated subacute inflammation of the meninges and chronic inflammation of the endometrium. Although rare, postpartum endometritis followed by low back pain and fever should alter the physician to the possibility of serious infection involving the central nervous system. Diagnosis and treatment at this early stage would be expected to decrease mortality.", "contents": "Subacute staphylococcal meningitis secondary to postpartum endometritis. A woman with Staphylococcus aureus meningitis following postpartum endometritis presented with lumbar backache and fever of several weeks' duration. Thick, green exudate was aspirated at lumbar puncture hours before death. Histologic examination demonstrated subacute inflammation of the meninges and chronic inflammation of the endometrium. Although rare, postpartum endometritis followed by low back pain and fever should alter the physician to the possibility of serious infection involving the central nervous system. Diagnosis and treatment at this early stage would be expected to decrease mortality.", "PMID": 847493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7608", "title": "Acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas in a 9-year-old child: case report with electron microscopic observations.", "content": "A case of acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas in a 9-year-old boy is presented, in which the diagnosis was established by electron microscopy. Treatment was by combination chemotherapy and the survival time was two years.", "contents": "Acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas in a 9-year-old child: case report with electron microscopic observations. A case of acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas in a 9-year-old boy is presented, in which the diagnosis was established by electron microscopy. Treatment was by combination chemotherapy and the survival time was two years.", "PMID": 847494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7609", "title": "Right-sided diaphragmatic hernia of delayed onset in the newborn infant.", "content": "Postnatal herniation of abdominal contents through a defect in the right leaf of the diaphragm is often difficult to diagnose. Two cases of this condition are presented and the use of pneumoperitoneum in assisting with the diagnosis is discussed.", "contents": "Right-sided diaphragmatic hernia of delayed onset in the newborn infant. Postnatal herniation of abdominal contents through a defect in the right leaf of the diaphragm is often difficult to diagnose. Two cases of this condition are presented and the use of pneumoperitoneum in assisting with the diagnosis is discussed.", "PMID": 847495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7610", "title": "Hemodialysis in treatment of acute chloral hydrate poisoning.", "content": "A young pregnant (32 weeks' gestation) woman with severe chloral hydrate intoxication was treated with hemodialysis. This resulted in dramatic improvement of her profound central nervous system depression, protracted ventricular arrhythmias, fetal distress, and resumption of spontaneous respiration. The blood concentration of trichloroethanol was measured hourly during the dialysis and its dialysance was calculated. This experience suggests that hemodialysis may be a useful adjunct in the treatment of severe chloral hydrate poisoning.", "contents": "Hemodialysis in treatment of acute chloral hydrate poisoning. A young pregnant (32 weeks' gestation) woman with severe chloral hydrate intoxication was treated with hemodialysis. This resulted in dramatic improvement of her profound central nervous system depression, protracted ventricular arrhythmias, fetal distress, and resumption of spontaneous respiration. The blood concentration of trichloroethanol was measured hourly during the dialysis and its dialysance was calculated. This experience suggests that hemodialysis may be a useful adjunct in the treatment of severe chloral hydrate poisoning.", "PMID": 847496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7611", "title": "Metastatic melanoma of the stomach: the endoscopic and roentgenographic findings and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of metastatic melanoma of the stomach is reported with illustrative endoscopic and radiographic findings. Metastatic melanoma of the stomach may present with vague gastrointestinal symptoms, abdominal pain, or gastrointestinal bleeding. A history of melanoma may not be readily obtainable. When gastrointestinal symptoms occur in a patient with known melanoma, gastric metastases should be considered. Polypoid or target lesions are frequently seen on barium x-ray study. Small bowel roentgenograms should be obtained. Endoscopy, cytologic study, brushing, and biopsy may yield the diagnosis. The prognosis is poor. Surgery should be performed only to relieve significant symptoms.", "contents": "Metastatic melanoma of the stomach: the endoscopic and roentgenographic findings and review of the literature. A case of metastatic melanoma of the stomach is reported with illustrative endoscopic and radiographic findings. Metastatic melanoma of the stomach may present with vague gastrointestinal symptoms, abdominal pain, or gastrointestinal bleeding. A history of melanoma may not be readily obtainable. When gastrointestinal symptoms occur in a patient with known melanoma, gastric metastases should be considered. Polypoid or target lesions are frequently seen on barium x-ray study. Small bowel roentgenograms should be obtained. Endoscopy, cytologic study, brushing, and biopsy may yield the diagnosis. The prognosis is poor. Surgery should be performed only to relieve significant symptoms.", "PMID": 847497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7612", "title": "Multiple leiomyosarcomas.", "content": "A 32-year-old woman underwent a conservative total excision of a leiomyosarcoma of the sigmoid mesocolon. During the subsequent six years she developed additional malignant and benign smooth muscle neoplasms in the soft tissues and uterus which were treated only by nonmutilating surgical excisions with an excellent result. Since we know of no proof to the contrary, we submit this case as an example for surgically excising adult soft tissue sarcomas in as conservative a manner as is sufficient to locally eradicate the disease. Adjunctive radiation or chemotherapy or both may prove to be beneficial.", "contents": "Multiple leiomyosarcomas. A 32-year-old woman underwent a conservative total excision of a leiomyosarcoma of the sigmoid mesocolon. During the subsequent six years she developed additional malignant and benign smooth muscle neoplasms in the soft tissues and uterus which were treated only by nonmutilating surgical excisions with an excellent result. Since we know of no proof to the contrary, we submit this case as an example for surgically excising adult soft tissue sarcomas in as conservative a manner as is sufficient to locally eradicate the disease. Adjunctive radiation or chemotherapy or both may prove to be beneficial.", "PMID": 847498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7613", "title": "Aspergillus infection in the Western Cape.", "content": "The inhalation of spores of Aspergillus may result in allergic, infective or saprophytic clinical reactions, depending on the immunological status of the host. Five cases of bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in asthmatics, 62 asthmatics with evidence of skin hypersensitivity to Aspergillus, but without bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 3 patients with Aspergillus pneumonia and 7 with aspergillomas diagnosed in the Western Cape during the last 18 months, are described. The characteristic features of each type of reaction to Aspergillus are reviewed. The importance of bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and the permanent damage it can produce when it goes unrecognized and untreated, are emphasized. It is hoped that this report will increase local awareness of this complication in asthmatics and thus favour early diagnosis and treatment.", "contents": "Aspergillus infection in the Western Cape. The inhalation of spores of Aspergillus may result in allergic, infective or saprophytic clinical reactions, depending on the immunological status of the host. Five cases of bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in asthmatics, 62 asthmatics with evidence of skin hypersensitivity to Aspergillus, but without bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 3 patients with Aspergillus pneumonia and 7 with aspergillomas diagnosed in the Western Cape during the last 18 months, are described. The characteristic features of each type of reaction to Aspergillus are reviewed. The importance of bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and the permanent damage it can produce when it goes unrecognized and untreated, are emphasized. It is hoped that this report will increase local awareness of this complication in asthmatics and thus favour early diagnosis and treatment.", "PMID": 847550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7614", "title": "Deafness in Black children is Southern Africa.", "content": "An aetiological survey of 499 deaf Black children in 3 schools in Southern Africa is reported. Specific genetic syndromes were identified in 21 children, of whom 13 had the Waardenburg syndrome. Inherited deafness without associated defects was diagnosed in further 32 children, and an indentifiable acquired cause was evident in 108 children (22%). No cause could be found in the remaining 338 children (68%), of whom 71 had various nonspecific congenital anomalies.", "contents": "Deafness in Black children is Southern Africa. An aetiological survey of 499 deaf Black children in 3 schools in Southern Africa is reported. Specific genetic syndromes were identified in 21 children, of whom 13 had the Waardenburg syndrome. Inherited deafness without associated defects was diagnosed in further 32 children, and an indentifiable acquired cause was evident in 108 children (22%). No cause could be found in the remaining 338 children (68%), of whom 71 had various nonspecific congenital anomalies.", "PMID": 847551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7615", "title": "Disseminated histoplasmosis associated with disseminated tuberculosis: a case report.", "content": "Disseminated histoplasmosis is reported in a 70-year-old White man. There was also evidence of a previous disseminated tuberculosis infection. This is the 9th reported case of disseminated histoplasmosis in the Republic of South Africa.", "contents": "Disseminated histoplasmosis associated with disseminated tuberculosis: a case report. Disseminated histoplasmosis is reported in a 70-year-old White man. There was also evidence of a previous disseminated tuberculosis infection. This is the 9th reported case of disseminated histoplasmosis in the Republic of South Africa.", "PMID": 847553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7616", "title": "A method for caecectomy in rats.", "content": "A technique for surgical removal of the caecum in young rats is described. Because the technique does not involve end-to-end ileocolonic anastomosis, it is much easier to perform than others described in the literature. The operation was successfully performed on 160 small rats which were afterwards used in nutritional experiments.", "contents": "A method for caecectomy in rats. A technique for surgical removal of the caecum in young rats is described. Because the technique does not involve end-to-end ileocolonic anastomosis, it is much easier to perform than others described in the literature. The operation was successfully performed on 160 small rats which were afterwards used in nutritional experiments.", "PMID": 847555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7617", "title": "Bacteriuria in Black diabetics.", "content": "Urine of 198 diabetics and 147 non-diabetics was examined for bacteriuria by means of the Uricult dip slide method. Prevalence of bacteriuria in diabetics (18,7%) was significantly higher than in the control group (7,6%). This increased prevalence in diabetics was due primarily to an exceedingly high prevalence in diabetic women (27%). There was no relation between bacteriuria and age, duration of diabetes, treatment for diabetes, quality of control of diabetes, symptoms of urinary tract infection or hypertension.", "contents": "Bacteriuria in Black diabetics. Urine of 198 diabetics and 147 non-diabetics was examined for bacteriuria by means of the Uricult dip slide method. Prevalence of bacteriuria in diabetics (18,7%) was significantly higher than in the control group (7,6%). This increased prevalence in diabetics was due primarily to an exceedingly high prevalence in diabetic women (27%). There was no relation between bacteriuria and age, duration of diabetes, treatment for diabetes, quality of control of diabetes, symptoms of urinary tract infection or hypertension.", "PMID": 847559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7618", "title": "Metabolism of 14C-labelled L-tryptophan, L-kynurenine and hydroxy-L-kynurenine in miners with scleroderma.", "content": "Six South African White miners were studied with the 2-g L-tryptophan load test and tracer doses of L-tryptophan-7a-14C, L-kynurenine-keto-14C and hydroxy-L-kynurenine-keto-14C. The breath 14CO2 and 14 urinary metabolities were measured. When they were compared with a previous study of American women with scleroderma, similar 14CO2 and tryptophan metabolite excretion patterns were observed in the data from the miners. The labelled quinolinic acid excretion was more significantly elevated in the South African miners' urine than in the urine of the American women. The data from both studies suggest that some patients with scleroderma have an altered step in the tryptophan metabolic pathway after hydroxy-anthranilic acid. What relationship exists between the induction of pulmonary silicosis and the subsequent development of scleroderma, requires additional human studies.", "contents": "Metabolism of 14C-labelled L-tryptophan, L-kynurenine and hydroxy-L-kynurenine in miners with scleroderma. Six South African White miners were studied with the 2-g L-tryptophan load test and tracer doses of L-tryptophan-7a-14C, L-kynurenine-keto-14C and hydroxy-L-kynurenine-keto-14C. The breath 14CO2 and 14 urinary metabolities were measured. When they were compared with a previous study of American women with scleroderma, similar 14CO2 and tryptophan metabolite excretion patterns were observed in the data from the miners. The labelled quinolinic acid excretion was more significantly elevated in the South African miners' urine than in the urine of the American women. The data from both studies suggest that some patients with scleroderma have an altered step in the tryptophan metabolic pathway after hydroxy-anthranilic acid. What relationship exists between the induction of pulmonary silicosis and the subsequent development of scleroderma, requires additional human studies.", "PMID": 847560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7619", "title": "The treatment of snakebite.", "content": "The author's experience in treating the victims of snakebite over the past 8 years, a careful evaluation of the antisera and drugs which can be used and information from the available literature are presented to provide a practical guide for the treatment of snakebite.", "contents": "The treatment of snakebite. The author's experience in treating the victims of snakebite over the past 8 years, a careful evaluation of the antisera and drugs which can be used and information from the available literature are presented to provide a practical guide for the treatment of snakebite.", "PMID": 847561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7620", "title": "The reproductive efficiency of the Xhosa.", "content": "Four sociogeographical groups of Xhosa were studied to show differences in their reproductive efficiencies. The rural groups showed increased perinatal, infant and over-all death rates compared with the urban groups. The highest death rate in all groups was during the infant period. The infant mortality was about 25% among the rural groups and 10% among the urban groups.", "contents": "The reproductive efficiency of the Xhosa. Four sociogeographical groups of Xhosa were studied to show differences in their reproductive efficiencies. The rural groups showed increased perinatal, infant and over-all death rates compared with the urban groups. The highest death rate in all groups was during the infant period. The infant mortality was about 25% among the rural groups and 10% among the urban groups.", "PMID": 847562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7621", "title": "Vitamin A in the treatment of menorrhagia.", "content": "Hypovitaminosis A was found to be an important cause of menorrhagia, and a statistically significant difference between the fasting serum vitamin A values of healthy controls and patients with menorrhagia was noted. Vitamin A is a co-factor of 3 beta-dehydrogenase in steroidogenesis and deficiencies of this vitamin may result in impaired enzyme activity. The level of endogenous 17 beta-oestradiol appears to be elevated with vitamin A therapy, and menorrhagia was alleviated in more than 92% of patients.", "contents": "Vitamin A in the treatment of menorrhagia. Hypovitaminosis A was found to be an important cause of menorrhagia, and a statistically significant difference between the fasting serum vitamin A values of healthy controls and patients with menorrhagia was noted. Vitamin A is a co-factor of 3 beta-dehydrogenase in steroidogenesis and deficiencies of this vitamin may result in impaired enzyme activity. The level of endogenous 17 beta-oestradiol appears to be elevated with vitamin A therapy, and menorrhagia was alleviated in more than 92% of patients.", "PMID": 847567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7622", "title": "A laboratory investigation into bilirubin binding in neonates.", "content": "The presence of free bilirubin the serum of 59 Black neonates was studied at the time of exchange transfusion with an electrophoretic technique. It was observed that 32 infants had detectable free bilirubin in their serum and that these infants had a significantly greater bilirubin/albumin ratio that infants without free serum bilirubin.", "contents": "A laboratory investigation into bilirubin binding in neonates. The presence of free bilirubin the serum of 59 Black neonates was studied at the time of exchange transfusion with an electrophoretic technique. It was observed that 32 infants had detectable free bilirubin in their serum and that these infants had a significantly greater bilirubin/albumin ratio that infants without free serum bilirubin.", "PMID": 847568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7623", "title": "Necrotizing enterocolitis in Black neonates.", "content": "Several years ago neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NNE) was commonly seen in an open ward for premature babies at Baragwanath Hospital, which was affected by recurrent outbreaks of gastro-enteritis and Salmonella infections. Since outbreaks of infection have been prevented, NNE has been uncommon, in spite of a high incidence of babies of low birth weight, many of who experience neonatal shock from anoxia and hypothermia, conditions considered as predisposing to NNE. The animal experimental work on the protective function of breast milk against NNE is discussed, and it is suggested that the low incidence of NNE at this hospital is due to the establishment of breast milk banks and the encouragement of breast feeding for all neonates.", "contents": "Necrotizing enterocolitis in Black neonates. Several years ago neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NNE) was commonly seen in an open ward for premature babies at Baragwanath Hospital, which was affected by recurrent outbreaks of gastro-enteritis and Salmonella infections. Since outbreaks of infection have been prevented, NNE has been uncommon, in spite of a high incidence of babies of low birth weight, many of who experience neonatal shock from anoxia and hypothermia, conditions considered as predisposing to NNE. The animal experimental work on the protective function of breast milk against NNE is discussed, and it is suggested that the low incidence of NNE at this hospital is due to the establishment of breast milk banks and the encouragement of breast feeding for all neonates.", "PMID": 847569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7624", "title": "Continuing education of health workers in rural areas.", "content": "The need for effective continuing educational programmes for all health workers in rural areas is discussed, with particular mention of the role of the doctor as a teacher. Various approaches to continuing education are elaborated.", "contents": "Continuing education of health workers in rural areas. The need for effective continuing educational programmes for all health workers in rural areas is discussed, with particular mention of the role of the doctor as a teacher. Various approaches to continuing education are elaborated.", "PMID": 847570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7625", "title": "Treatment of paraquat poisoning with the membrane oxygenator: a case report.", "content": "A fatal case of progressive pulmonary fibrosis in a 13-year-old boy, due to poisoning by the weed-killer paraquat, is described. Attempted treatments included extracorporeal circulation. The management is discussed in the light of the histological observations, and the pathophysiology of the condition.", "contents": "Treatment of paraquat poisoning with the membrane oxygenator: a case report. A fatal case of progressive pulmonary fibrosis in a 13-year-old boy, due to poisoning by the weed-killer paraquat, is described. Attempted treatments included extracorporeal circulation. The management is discussed in the light of the histological observations, and the pathophysiology of the condition.", "PMID": 847571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7626", "title": "Hepatotoxicity of paracetamol enhanced by ingestion of alcohol: report of two cases.", "content": "Two fatal cases of poisoning by paracetamol are described. Both patients were heavy imbibers of alcohol and both had swallowed less paracetamol that that generally regarded as a lethal dose. The biochemistry of paracetamol hepatotoxicity is outlined and the increased susceptibility of alcoholic patients to the hepatotoxic effects of paracetamol is remarked upon. Recent trends in the treatment of acute paracetamol poisoning are mentioned.", "contents": "Hepatotoxicity of paracetamol enhanced by ingestion of alcohol: report of two cases. Two fatal cases of poisoning by paracetamol are described. Both patients were heavy imbibers of alcohol and both had swallowed less paracetamol that that generally regarded as a lethal dose. The biochemistry of paracetamol hepatotoxicity is outlined and the increased susceptibility of alcoholic patients to the hepatotoxic effects of paracetamol is remarked upon. Recent trends in the treatment of acute paracetamol poisoning are mentioned.", "PMID": 847572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7627", "title": "Subclavian and axillary artery injuries.", "content": "Experience with 36 Black patients with disruption of the subclavian or axillary arteries is reported. The clinical presentation and operative approaches are described. The average time interval between injury and diagnosis of arterial injury was 10 days. Two case reports which illustrate the adverse consequences of delayed treatment are presented. Careful clinical assessment of penetrating injuries in the neck and shoulder region is necessary to exclude major arterial injury. Arch aortography is indicated if arterial injury is suspected.", "contents": "Subclavian and axillary artery injuries. Experience with 36 Black patients with disruption of the subclavian or axillary arteries is reported. The clinical presentation and operative approaches are described. The average time interval between injury and diagnosis of arterial injury was 10 days. Two case reports which illustrate the adverse consequences of delayed treatment are presented. Careful clinical assessment of penetrating injuries in the neck and shoulder region is necessary to exclude major arterial injury. Arch aortography is indicated if arterial injury is suspected.", "PMID": 847576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7628", "title": "Surgical treatment of chronic destructive pneumonia.", "content": "During an 8-year period 78 patients underwent operation for chronic destructive pneumonia (CDP) at Wentworth Hospital. The indications for operative treatment are described and the results of treatment presented. Of the 78 patients, 12 died during or after operation and 27 developed postoperative complications which required further surgical intervention. This high morbidity and mortality rate is contrasted with results achieved in the operative treatment of bronchiectasis and pulmonary tuberculosis. The complications are caused by haemorrhage and by pleural or pulmonary infection. Control of infective complication depends on the elucidation of the aetiology of CDP.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of chronic destructive pneumonia. During an 8-year period 78 patients underwent operation for chronic destructive pneumonia (CDP) at Wentworth Hospital. The indications for operative treatment are described and the results of treatment presented. Of the 78 patients, 12 died during or after operation and 27 developed postoperative complications which required further surgical intervention. This high morbidity and mortality rate is contrasted with results achieved in the operative treatment of bronchiectasis and pulmonary tuberculosis. The complications are caused by haemorrhage and by pleural or pulmonary infection. Control of infective complication depends on the elucidation of the aetiology of CDP.", "PMID": 847577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7629", "title": "Graduated internal dilatation in the treatment of fibromuscular dysplasia of the internal carotid artery.", "content": "A patient with transient ischaemic attacks due to fibromuscular dysplasia of the internal carotid artery is presented. Standard methods of vascular reconstruction may not be possible as the disease often involves the distal half or two-thirds of the extracranial internal carotid artery. For this reason the technique of graduated internal dilatation first described by Morris et al. was employed and showed satisfactory results on short-term follow-up.", "contents": "Graduated internal dilatation in the treatment of fibromuscular dysplasia of the internal carotid artery. A patient with transient ischaemic attacks due to fibromuscular dysplasia of the internal carotid artery is presented. Standard methods of vascular reconstruction may not be possible as the disease often involves the distal half or two-thirds of the extracranial internal carotid artery. For this reason the technique of graduated internal dilatation first described by Morris et al. was employed and showed satisfactory results on short-term follow-up.", "PMID": 847578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7630", "title": "The use of phenothiazines and tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of intractable pain.", "content": "The use of trifluoperazine and amitriptyline in the treatment of pain is described. Of 12 patients who were suffering chronic pain from various causes, 8 obtained a major degree of relief from the use of this combination of drugs.", "contents": "The use of phenothiazines and tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of intractable pain. The use of trifluoperazine and amitriptyline in the treatment of pain is described. Of 12 patients who were suffering chronic pain from various causes, 8 obtained a major degree of relief from the use of this combination of drugs.", "PMID": 847579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7631", "title": "Tuberculosis of the skull vault: a case report.", "content": "We describe a 3-year-old boy who had fluctuating swellings of the head and an infra-orbital sinus which were due to tuberculous osteitis. On radiological examination, the lesions may be found to be multifocal, and usually appear to be circumscribed and lytic. Definitive diagnosis depends, however, on bone biopsy.", "contents": "Tuberculosis of the skull vault: a case report. We describe a 3-year-old boy who had fluctuating swellings of the head and an infra-orbital sinus which were due to tuberculous osteitis. On radiological examination, the lesions may be found to be multifocal, and usually appear to be circumscribed and lytic. Definitive diagnosis depends, however, on bone biopsy.", "PMID": 847580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7632", "title": "Pneumoconiosis in non-mining industries on the Witwatersrand.", "content": "Two hundred and eighty-seven patients referred to the National Research Institute for Occupational Diseases with suspected pneumoconiosis are recorded. The patients are classified according to the type of dust to which they were exposed, and by occupation or industry. Radiological evidence of pneumoconiosis according to ILO/UICC classification is the only acceptable basis for compensation at present, and the number of patients so diagnosed is also given. None of these figures show the true distribution and incidence of pneumoconiosis as a form of occupational disease on the Witwatersrand. They only indicate the presence of pneumoconiosis not associated with mining and reflect a wide range of occupations.", "contents": "Pneumoconiosis in non-mining industries on the Witwatersrand. Two hundred and eighty-seven patients referred to the National Research Institute for Occupational Diseases with suspected pneumoconiosis are recorded. The patients are classified according to the type of dust to which they were exposed, and by occupation or industry. Radiological evidence of pneumoconiosis according to ILO/UICC classification is the only acceptable basis for compensation at present, and the number of patients so diagnosed is also given. None of these figures show the true distribution and incidence of pneumoconiosis as a form of occupational disease on the Witwatersrand. They only indicate the presence of pneumoconiosis not associated with mining and reflect a wide range of occupations.", "PMID": 847584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7633", "title": "Tests for completeness of vagotomy.", "content": "A battery of tests was applied to 60 patients at periods varying from 2 to 24 months after they had undergone truncal vagotomy (42 with pyloroplasty, 18 with gastro-enterostomy). The major comparison was between those with endoscopic evidence of recurrent duodenal ulcers, and those in whom endoscopy showed no abnormality. Tests which differentiated between the two groups to a statistically significant extent were those for increased acid concentration in the first hour after insulin and serum gastrin, which was lower in this group. Useful, but statistically not significant tests, in patients with no endoscopic evidence of recurrent ulcers, were a postoperative decrease in basal acid output and maximal acid output after pentagastrin or insulin. Symptoms, the combined pentagastrin-insulin test, the volume of acid secreted after insulin, and the acid concentration in the second hour after insulin stimulation were poor indicators for differentiating between patients with recurrent ulcers and those without ulcers. Almost as much information was obtained by the postoperative basal acid output alone as by the pentagastrin and insulin stimulatory tests.", "contents": "Tests for completeness of vagotomy. A battery of tests was applied to 60 patients at periods varying from 2 to 24 months after they had undergone truncal vagotomy (42 with pyloroplasty, 18 with gastro-enterostomy). The major comparison was between those with endoscopic evidence of recurrent duodenal ulcers, and those in whom endoscopy showed no abnormality. Tests which differentiated between the two groups to a statistically significant extent were those for increased acid concentration in the first hour after insulin and serum gastrin, which was lower in this group. Useful, but statistically not significant tests, in patients with no endoscopic evidence of recurrent ulcers, were a postoperative decrease in basal acid output and maximal acid output after pentagastrin or insulin. Symptoms, the combined pentagastrin-insulin test, the volume of acid secreted after insulin, and the acid concentration in the second hour after insulin stimulation were poor indicators for differentiating between patients with recurrent ulcers and those without ulcers. Almost as much information was obtained by the postoperative basal acid output alone as by the pentagastrin and insulin stimulatory tests.", "PMID": 847585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7634", "title": "Amniotic membranes as a biological dressing.", "content": "Amniotic membrane dressings were tested in the treatment of 30 patients. Fifteen of them had burns, 5 had chronic varicose ulcers, and 10 had decubitus ulcers or other open infected wounds. No effort was made to separate the chorion from the amnion. Dressings were changed every 48 hours, and treatment was, in some cases, partially ambulatory. Good results were obtained in the treatment of 2nd- and 3rd-degree burns and of other open, infected wounds, both in the preparation of the patients for autografting and in consequent treatment.", "contents": "Amniotic membranes as a biological dressing. Amniotic membrane dressings were tested in the treatment of 30 patients. Fifteen of them had burns, 5 had chronic varicose ulcers, and 10 had decubitus ulcers or other open infected wounds. No effort was made to separate the chorion from the amnion. Dressings were changed every 48 hours, and treatment was, in some cases, partially ambulatory. Good results were obtained in the treatment of 2nd- and 3rd-degree burns and of other open, infected wounds, both in the preparation of the patients for autografting and in consequent treatment.", "PMID": 847586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7635", "title": "Bone cement and antibiotics.", "content": "Antibiotics of various kinds were added to the powdered polymer of methylmethacrylate in a concentration of 1 g antibiotic/40 g cement, prior to the addition of the liquid monomer. Specimens were subjected to mechanical testing by loading them in direct compression on a 20-ton Instron Universal Testing Machine, and load deflection curves were recorded. It was found that the addition of antibiotics does have an effect on the mechanical strength of the cement--the loss was small, less than 10% for both the compressive strength and the elastic modulus, provided the antibiotic was in powder form. Liquid antibiotics resulted in a greater loss of the compressive strength of the mixtures, but specimens tended to be less porous. In vitro studies of the antibiotic properties of the mixtures demonstrated potent antibacterial activity in all the antibiotics tested, except chloramphenicol. Possible clinical applications are discussed. Further in vivo studies are needed before widespread clinical use can be advocated.", "contents": "Bone cement and antibiotics. Antibiotics of various kinds were added to the powdered polymer of methylmethacrylate in a concentration of 1 g antibiotic/40 g cement, prior to the addition of the liquid monomer. Specimens were subjected to mechanical testing by loading them in direct compression on a 20-ton Instron Universal Testing Machine, and load deflection curves were recorded. It was found that the addition of antibiotics does have an effect on the mechanical strength of the cement--the loss was small, less than 10% for both the compressive strength and the elastic modulus, provided the antibiotic was in powder form. Liquid antibiotics resulted in a greater loss of the compressive strength of the mixtures, but specimens tended to be less porous. In vitro studies of the antibiotic properties of the mixtures demonstrated potent antibacterial activity in all the antibiotics tested, except chloramphenicol. Possible clinical applications are discussed. Further in vivo studies are needed before widespread clinical use can be advocated.", "PMID": 847587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7636", "title": "Rhinosporidiosis: case reports.", "content": "Two cases of rhinosporidiosis are reported from Natal. Rhinosporidiosis is a benign fungal disease, usually of the nose and upper respiratory tract and closely resembles the common angiomatous nasal polyp.", "contents": "Rhinosporidiosis: case reports. Two cases of rhinosporidiosis are reported from Natal. Rhinosporidiosis is a benign fungal disease, usually of the nose and upper respiratory tract and closely resembles the common angiomatous nasal polyp.", "PMID": 847588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7637", "title": "Medicine at McMaster; an innovative programme for undergraduates.", "content": "An innovative programme in undergraduate medical education, developed at the McMaster Medical School in Hamilton, Canada, is described. A number of features distinguish the McMaster approach from the more traditional system. Among these is a firm commitment to well-defined goals which stress the need for comprehensive patient care and an awareness of changing patterns of health delivery. Emphasis is placed on the student as the focal point in the educational process and a flexible curriculum provides the medium through which all facets of this novel system can best find expression.", "contents": "Medicine at McMaster; an innovative programme for undergraduates. An innovative programme in undergraduate medical education, developed at the McMaster Medical School in Hamilton, Canada, is described. A number of features distinguish the McMaster approach from the more traditional system. Among these is a firm commitment to well-defined goals which stress the need for comprehensive patient care and an awareness of changing patterns of health delivery. Emphasis is placed on the student as the focal point in the educational process and a flexible curriculum provides the medium through which all facets of this novel system can best find expression.", "PMID": 847589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7638", "title": "OASDI (Old-Age and Survivors Insurance): fiscal basis and long-range cost projections.", "content": "A thorough understanding of the financing structure of social security is a prerequisite to serious discussion of the financial condition of the program. In examining this structure, it becomes clear that the most important test of the program's financial soundness is whether expected future income to the funds equals expected future expenditures. Short-range and long-range cost estimates indicate that this condition does not exist and that an actual deficit of 7.96 percent of taxable payroll, equivalent to $4.3 trillion, needs to be eliminated--half of it perhaps by stabilizing benefits at current levels in relation to preretirement earnings. In addition, an unfunded accrued liability of $3.1 trillion exists, although there is no indication that this liability needs to be funded.", "contents": "OASDI (Old-Age and Survivors Insurance): fiscal basis and long-range cost projections. A thorough understanding of the financing structure of social security is a prerequisite to serious discussion of the financial condition of the program. In examining this structure, it becomes clear that the most important test of the program's financial soundness is whether expected future income to the funds equals expected future expenditures. Short-range and long-range cost estimates indicate that this condition does not exist and that an actual deficit of 7.96 percent of taxable payroll, equivalent to $4.3 trillion, needs to be eliminated--half of it perhaps by stabilizing benefits at current levels in relation to preretirement earnings. In addition, an unfunded accrued liability of $3.1 trillion exists, although there is no indication that this liability needs to be funded.", "PMID": 847590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7639", "title": "Thirteenth valuation of the railroad retirement system.", "content": "The most recent valuation of the financial condition of the railroad retirement system reveals that an existing actuarial deficiency will become more pronounced over time unless corrective action is taken. After projecting the progress of the fund under present law and certain assumptions about the future, the Railroad Retirement Board has concluded that the present value of benefits can be maintained only if the tax rate--already considerably higher for employers than under the social security program--is raised. An immediate increase of 4.1 percent of taxable payroll is required to effect an actuarial balance. Alternatively, a rise of 2.6 percent would be sufficient to prolong the fund until the year 2001. If the present tax rate is not changed, the fund is projected to run out in 1986.", "contents": "Thirteenth valuation of the railroad retirement system. The most recent valuation of the financial condition of the railroad retirement system reveals that an existing actuarial deficiency will become more pronounced over time unless corrective action is taken. After projecting the progress of the fund under present law and certain assumptions about the future, the Railroad Retirement Board has concluded that the present value of benefits can be maintained only if the tax rate--already considerably higher for employers than under the social security program--is raised. An immediate increase of 4.1 percent of taxable payroll is required to effect an actuarial balance. Alternatively, a rise of 2.6 percent would be sufficient to prolong the fund until the year 2001. If the present tax rate is not changed, the fund is projected to run out in 1986.", "PMID": 847591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7640", "title": "State supplementation under SSI, 1975.", "content": "This article summarizes State supplementation activities under SSI for 1975. It discusses changes in the State programs that occurred during 1975 and presents some comparisons with data for 1974--the initial year of the SSI program. A slight shift occurred in the distribution of recipients by eligibility category for Federal and State supplementation from 1974 to 1975. During 1975 a few States changed from Federal administration to State administration of their mandatory supplementation programs while a few others initiated or expanded their optional supplementation programs. Several States also increased their supplements during the year.", "contents": "State supplementation under SSI, 1975. This article summarizes State supplementation activities under SSI for 1975. It discusses changes in the State programs that occurred during 1975 and presents some comparisons with data for 1974--the initial year of the SSI program. A slight shift occurred in the distribution of recipients by eligibility category for Federal and State supplementation from 1974 to 1975. During 1975 a few States changed from Federal administration to State administration of their mandatory supplementation programs while a few others initiated or expanded their optional supplementation programs. Several States also increased their supplements during the year.", "PMID": 847593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7641", "title": "Private industry health insurance plans: type of administration and insurer in 1974.", "content": "This report examines the major forms of administration of private health insurance plans. Plans are classified according to whether they are employer-only or joint worker-employer-operated and according to whether they are negotiated or not. A further focus of examination that often reflects industry patterns is whether the plans cover workers of a single employer or involve multi-employer arrangements. These classifications of administration and the method of insuring benefits are examined in terms of proportions of workers with specified plan characteristics and health benefits.", "contents": "Private industry health insurance plans: type of administration and insurer in 1974. This report examines the major forms of administration of private health insurance plans. Plans are classified according to whether they are employer-only or joint worker-employer-operated and according to whether they are negotiated or not. A further focus of examination that often reflects industry patterns is whether the plans cover workers of a single employer or involve multi-employer arrangements. These classifications of administration and the method of insuring benefits are examined in terms of proportions of workers with specified plan characteristics and health benefits.", "PMID": 847597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7642", "title": "Private industry health insurance plans: employment requirements for coverage in 1974.", "content": "In 1974, approximately 28.4 million active workers participating in almost 52,000 health plans on their jobs were covered by in-hospital health insurance benefits. A survey of these plans, conducted for the Social Security Administration by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, revealed that not all workers are automatically entitled to benefits on the first day they report for work. More than three-fifths had to fulfill at least one job-related requirement before their hospital coverage was effective. The extent and variety of employment requirements in private industry are discussed here along with data that show how plans that have such requirements differ from those that do not.", "contents": "Private industry health insurance plans: employment requirements for coverage in 1974. In 1974, approximately 28.4 million active workers participating in almost 52,000 health plans on their jobs were covered by in-hospital health insurance benefits. A survey of these plans, conducted for the Social Security Administration by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, revealed that not all workers are automatically entitled to benefits on the first day they report for work. More than three-fifths had to fulfill at least one job-related requirement before their hospital coverage was effective. The extent and variety of employment requirements in private industry are discussed here along with data that show how plans that have such requirements differ from those that do not.", "PMID": 847598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7643", "title": "Aged women OASDI beneficiaries: income and characteristics, 1971.", "content": "This article examines selected benefit characteristics--primary insurance amount, entitlement status, and actuarial reduction--of women aged 62 and over and the relationship between these characteristics and the receipt of income from other sources and the size of total income in 1971. Special attention is given to age variations in beneficiary and income factors and to the comparatively disadvantageous economic situation of the oldest cohorts of aged beneficiary women. A major conclusion is that the lower incomes of the oldest cohorts were largely due to the fact that OASDI cash benefits are not adjusted to reflect rising wage levels after retirement or to steady increases in the taxable maximum.", "contents": "Aged women OASDI beneficiaries: income and characteristics, 1971. This article examines selected benefit characteristics--primary insurance amount, entitlement status, and actuarial reduction--of women aged 62 and over and the relationship between these characteristics and the receipt of income from other sources and the size of total income in 1971. Special attention is given to age variations in beneficiary and income factors and to the comparatively disadvantageous economic situation of the oldest cohorts of aged beneficiary women. A major conclusion is that the lower incomes of the oldest cohorts were largely due to the fact that OASDI cash benefits are not adjusted to reflect rising wage levels after retirement or to steady increases in the taxable maximum.", "PMID": 847600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7644", "title": "Immediate changes in blood flow and oxygen metabolism of the cirrhotic liver following portacaval shunt operations.", "content": "In 15 patients with cirrhosis of the liver, the pressures in a systemic artery, in the inferior vena cava and the portal vein, flows in the portal vein and the hepatic artery, and oxygen content and acid-base balance in the arterial, portal and hepatic venous blood were studied during operation before and after the construction of an end-to-side portacaval shunt. Portal pressure decreased from 23 to 13 millimeters of mercury. Portal flow increased from 660 mililiters per minute to the liver to 1,300 milliliters per minute through the shunt. Hepatic arterial flow increased from 230 to 480 milliliters per minute, but this did not fully compensate for the loss of portal blood flow to the liver. Accordingly, total hepatic blood flow was reduced. There was also a decrease in the oxygen transport to the liver, but in spite of this, there was no change in the oxygen content in the hepatic vein nor any production of acid metabolites. Possible implications of these findings on the preoperative investigation of patients with portal hypertension are discussed.", "contents": "Immediate changes in blood flow and oxygen metabolism of the cirrhotic liver following portacaval shunt operations. In 15 patients with cirrhosis of the liver, the pressures in a systemic artery, in the inferior vena cava and the portal vein, flows in the portal vein and the hepatic artery, and oxygen content and acid-base balance in the arterial, portal and hepatic venous blood were studied during operation before and after the construction of an end-to-side portacaval shunt. Portal pressure decreased from 23 to 13 millimeters of mercury. Portal flow increased from 660 mililiters per minute to the liver to 1,300 milliliters per minute through the shunt. Hepatic arterial flow increased from 230 to 480 milliliters per minute, but this did not fully compensate for the loss of portal blood flow to the liver. Accordingly, total hepatic blood flow was reduced. There was also a decrease in the oxygen transport to the liver, but in spite of this, there was no change in the oxygen content in the hepatic vein nor any production of acid metabolites. Possible implications of these findings on the preoperative investigation of patients with portal hypertension are discussed.", "PMID": 847602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7645", "title": "Carcinoma of the cecum.", "content": "During the ten year period of this retrospective study, 66 of 1,451 patients with carcinoma of the colon and rectum had carcinoma of the cecum. The most frequent symptoms were nonspecific and caused by anemia which, in some instances, were treated without adequate investigation. The standard and most appropriate treatment for carcinoma of the cecum is a right hemicolectomy with ileotranversostomy and, when necessary and feasible, en bloc resection of involved parts of the abdominal wall. In the absence of nodal disease or distant metastases, extension to the abdominal wall does not adversely influence the prognosis. The surgeon must remain aware of the possibility of coexisting carcinoma of the cecum and appendicitis. Any patient with a mass or a persistent draining sinus after an appendectomy or drainage of an appendical abscess should be suspected of having carcinoma of the cecum. The over-all five year survival rate in this series is 33%, and if curative resections alone are considered, it is 44%, with an operative mortality of 3%. More recent evidence indicates that there has been a shortening of the delay in treatment, and we believe future studies will show an improvement in these figures.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the cecum. During the ten year period of this retrospective study, 66 of 1,451 patients with carcinoma of the colon and rectum had carcinoma of the cecum. The most frequent symptoms were nonspecific and caused by anemia which, in some instances, were treated without adequate investigation. The standard and most appropriate treatment for carcinoma of the cecum is a right hemicolectomy with ileotranversostomy and, when necessary and feasible, en bloc resection of involved parts of the abdominal wall. In the absence of nodal disease or distant metastases, extension to the abdominal wall does not adversely influence the prognosis. The surgeon must remain aware of the possibility of coexisting carcinoma of the cecum and appendicitis. Any patient with a mass or a persistent draining sinus after an appendectomy or drainage of an appendical abscess should be suspected of having carcinoma of the cecum. The over-all five year survival rate in this series is 33%, and if curative resections alone are considered, it is 44%, with an operative mortality of 3%. More recent evidence indicates that there has been a shortening of the delay in treatment, and we believe future studies will show an improvement in these figures.", "PMID": 847603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7646", "title": "Prognosis in well differentiated noninvasive carcinoma of the bladder based on chromosomal analysis.", "content": "In this series of 27 consecutive patients with well differentiated noninvasive carcinoma of the bladder, cytogenetic analysis repeatedly performed showed marker chromosomes in curative cytoscopic resections of 15 of the patients. In 14 of the 15 patients, recurrent carcinoma developed. Of the 12 patients without markers, one patient had a recurrence; the remaining 11 have been free of recurrence up to eight years after diagnosis. In this long term, although limited, experience with early carcinoma of the bladder, marker chromosomes have been a highly accurate prognostic aid.", "contents": "Prognosis in well differentiated noninvasive carcinoma of the bladder based on chromosomal analysis. In this series of 27 consecutive patients with well differentiated noninvasive carcinoma of the bladder, cytogenetic analysis repeatedly performed showed marker chromosomes in curative cytoscopic resections of 15 of the patients. In 14 of the 15 patients, recurrent carcinoma developed. Of the 12 patients without markers, one patient had a recurrence; the remaining 11 have been free of recurrence up to eight years after diagnosis. In this long term, although limited, experience with early carcinoma of the bladder, marker chromosomes have been a highly accurate prognostic aid.", "PMID": 847604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7647", "title": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation and refractory shock induced by splanchnic metabolic acidosis.", "content": "In eight dogs, acidosis was induced by the infusion of lactic acid into the superior mesenteric artery in a dose of 5.0 to 12.5 millimoles per kilogram during a 30 minute period. Four dogs out of five in which the lowest pH of arterial blood was lower than 7 developed a typical acute disseminated intravascular coagulation, accompanied by a sudden elevation of arterial and portal venous pressure. In these four dogs, refractory shock developed between 0.5 and five hours after lactic acid infusion. The other four without disseminated intravascular coagulation maintained a normal blood pressure and survived until sacrifice six hours after infusion. In two dogs, systemic infusion of 10 millimoles per kilogram was performed in the same interval as the former. Both died from cardiac failure without occurrence of disseminated intravascular coagulation before the infusion was completed. The dogs with disseminated intravascular coagulation revealed a marked deterioration of coagulative system  and generalized thrombi in the intestine, liver, lung and kidney. Minimal changes in these parameters were observed in the dogs without disseminated intravascular coagulation. The results suggest that the infusion of lactic acid into the superior mesenteric artery is a convenient model for the production of disseminated intravascular coagulation and resultant shock.", "contents": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation and refractory shock induced by splanchnic metabolic acidosis. In eight dogs, acidosis was induced by the infusion of lactic acid into the superior mesenteric artery in a dose of 5.0 to 12.5 millimoles per kilogram during a 30 minute period. Four dogs out of five in which the lowest pH of arterial blood was lower than 7 developed a typical acute disseminated intravascular coagulation, accompanied by a sudden elevation of arterial and portal venous pressure. In these four dogs, refractory shock developed between 0.5 and five hours after lactic acid infusion. The other four without disseminated intravascular coagulation maintained a normal blood pressure and survived until sacrifice six hours after infusion. In two dogs, systemic infusion of 10 millimoles per kilogram was performed in the same interval as the former. Both died from cardiac failure without occurrence of disseminated intravascular coagulation before the infusion was completed. The dogs with disseminated intravascular coagulation revealed a marked deterioration of coagulative system  and generalized thrombi in the intestine, liver, lung and kidney. Minimal changes in these parameters were observed in the dogs without disseminated intravascular coagulation. The results suggest that the infusion of lactic acid into the superior mesenteric artery is a convenient model for the production of disseminated intravascular coagulation and resultant shock.", "PMID": 847605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7648", "title": "The role of biliary scanning in the investigation of the surgically jaundiced patient.", "content": "The diagnostic accuracy of biliary scanning using 99mTc-pyridoxylideneglutamate has been determined in a series of 51 surgically jaundiced patients. This noninvasive technique was found to be safe, reliable and universally applicable in all instances of jaundice, regardless of the serum bilirubin value or prothrombin time. The results were found to compare favorably with those of other investigative procedures. It is suggested that the 99mTc-pyridoxylideneglutamate biliary scan is most advantageously carried out after clinical assessment and full biochemical evaluation of the patient. The scan result will indicate the next logical step in the management of the patient whether it be endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, biopsy of the liver or laparotomy.", "contents": "The role of biliary scanning in the investigation of the surgically jaundiced patient. The diagnostic accuracy of biliary scanning using 99mTc-pyridoxylideneglutamate has been determined in a series of 51 surgically jaundiced patients. This noninvasive technique was found to be safe, reliable and universally applicable in all instances of jaundice, regardless of the serum bilirubin value or prothrombin time. The results were found to compare favorably with those of other investigative procedures. It is suggested that the 99mTc-pyridoxylideneglutamate biliary scan is most advantageously carried out after clinical assessment and full biochemical evaluation of the patient. The scan result will indicate the next logical step in the management of the patient whether it be endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, biopsy of the liver or laparotomy.", "PMID": 847606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7649", "title": "Local blood flow characteristics of arteriovenous fistulas in the forearm for dialysis.", "content": "Local flow characteristics were studied in 21 patients with end-to-side cephalic vein to radial artery fistulas, constructed in the wrist for chronic hemodialysis. Intraoperative electromagnetic flow studies indicated a mean fistula flow of 242+/-72 milliliters per minute. Approximately two-thirds of the total fistula flow was derived from antegrade flow in the proximal part of the radial artery and one-third from retrograde flow in the distal part of the radial artery. Temporary occlusion of the distal part of the radial artery caused a 36% decrease in total fistula flow. Ten patients had an initial spasm of the radial artery which abated after 20 minutes. Calculations of a cross sectional area indicate that the size of the radial artery is more important than the size of the cephalic vein or the anastomosis in limiting total fistula flow. End of vein to side of artery anastomoses are preferred to end-to-end anastomoses because immediate retrograde flow in the distal part of the radial artery contributes significantly to total fistula flow.", "contents": "Local blood flow characteristics of arteriovenous fistulas in the forearm for dialysis. Local flow characteristics were studied in 21 patients with end-to-side cephalic vein to radial artery fistulas, constructed in the wrist for chronic hemodialysis. Intraoperative electromagnetic flow studies indicated a mean fistula flow of 242+/-72 milliliters per minute. Approximately two-thirds of the total fistula flow was derived from antegrade flow in the proximal part of the radial artery and one-third from retrograde flow in the distal part of the radial artery. Temporary occlusion of the distal part of the radial artery caused a 36% decrease in total fistula flow. Ten patients had an initial spasm of the radial artery which abated after 20 minutes. Calculations of a cross sectional area indicate that the size of the radial artery is more important than the size of the cephalic vein or the anastomosis in limiting total fistula flow. End of vein to side of artery anastomoses are preferred to end-to-end anastomoses because immediate retrograde flow in the distal part of the radial artery contributes significantly to total fistula flow.", "PMID": 847607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7650", "title": "Submucosal vagotomy of the canine gastric fundus.", "content": "Ethyl alcohol infiltration of the submucosa of canine denervated gastric pouches markedly reduced the gastric secretory responses to histamine and food without changing the histologic appearance. It is postulated that the ethyl alcohol destroyed the submucosal nerve plexus which regulates the parietal cells.", "contents": "Submucosal vagotomy of the canine gastric fundus. Ethyl alcohol infiltration of the submucosa of canine denervated gastric pouches markedly reduced the gastric secretory responses to histamine and food without changing the histologic appearance. It is postulated that the ethyl alcohol destroyed the submucosal nerve plexus which regulates the parietal cells.", "PMID": 847608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7651", "title": "Ths significance of metastases to the adrenal glands in adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum.", "content": "A study to determine the frequency of metastases to the adrenal glands following carcinoma of the colon and rectum was undertaken. Patients with, or without, adrenal spread were compared regarding age, sex, race and survival time. The over-all metastatic pattern was analyzed to determine its usefulness for predicting the presence of metastases to the adrenal glands. Autopsy reports and clinical records of patients with adrenal spread were reviewed regarding the extent of tumor involvement in the glands and possible adrenal insufficiency. Of 457 patients with adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum who underwent autopsy, 63 or 14% had metastasis to the adrenal glands. Of these, 29 had bilateral involvement. Patients with bilateral metastases had a lower median age than did those without adrenal spread. No correlation was found between adrenal metastatic status and sex or race. Although survival time was found to be shorter for patients with bilateral metastases of the adrenal glands, adrenal insufficiency did not seem to be the reason for this shorter survival time. In retrospect, however, the presence of adrenal insufficiency could not be ruled out in several of these patients. Eight sites were studied with regard to whether or not metastatic involvement in a specific site might indicate a higher risk for simultaneous metastases to the adrenal glands. It was found for all sites that, when involved, there was a higher frequency of metastases to the adrenals than if free of tumor. Metastases especially above the diaphragm indicated a considerable risk for adrenal involvement. Different sites were combined in groups and studied in the same way. It was found that the more sites involved, the higher the relative chance of metastases to the adrenals. It was suggested that the results presented may be useful in predicting the relative chance of adrenal metastases in patients with advanced carcinoma of the colon and rectum.", "contents": "Ths significance of metastases to the adrenal glands in adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum. A study to determine the frequency of metastases to the adrenal glands following carcinoma of the colon and rectum was undertaken. Patients with, or without, adrenal spread were compared regarding age, sex, race and survival time. The over-all metastatic pattern was analyzed to determine its usefulness for predicting the presence of metastases to the adrenal glands. Autopsy reports and clinical records of patients with adrenal spread were reviewed regarding the extent of tumor involvement in the glands and possible adrenal insufficiency. Of 457 patients with adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum who underwent autopsy, 63 or 14% had metastasis to the adrenal glands. Of these, 29 had bilateral involvement. Patients with bilateral metastases had a lower median age than did those without adrenal spread. No correlation was found between adrenal metastatic status and sex or race. Although survival time was found to be shorter for patients with bilateral metastases of the adrenal glands, adrenal insufficiency did not seem to be the reason for this shorter survival time. In retrospect, however, the presence of adrenal insufficiency could not be ruled out in several of these patients. Eight sites were studied with regard to whether or not metastatic involvement in a specific site might indicate a higher risk for simultaneous metastases to the adrenal glands. It was found for all sites that, when involved, there was a higher frequency of metastases to the adrenals than if free of tumor. Metastases especially above the diaphragm indicated a considerable risk for adrenal involvement. Different sites were combined in groups and studied in the same way. It was found that the more sites involved, the higher the relative chance of metastases to the adrenals. It was suggested that the results presented may be useful in predicting the relative chance of adrenal metastases in patients with advanced carcinoma of the colon and rectum.", "PMID": 847609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7652", "title": "Surgical considerations in the treatment of renovascular hypertension.", "content": "The most frequent causes of postoperative failure in operations for stenosis of the renal artery are technical errors, that is, incomplete correction of renal inflow or outflow, or both, and incorrect selection of patients with additional damage to the parenchyma of the kidney. Several new principles ensure a high degree of security in the correction of impaired renal blood flow: one field correction; partial ex situ repair; improvement of the renal run-off by mechanical dilatation of the arterial branches, and one session repair of contralateral renal artery or other intraabdominal vascular lesions. Total segmental occlusions of the main artery, with or without impending uremia, should no longer be considered as a routine indication for nephrectomy, particularly when residual renal function and contralateral blood supply to the post-occlusive kidney can be demonstrated. Surgical revascularization may offer remarkably good results and achieve normalization of renovascular hypertension and kidney function.", "contents": "Surgical considerations in the treatment of renovascular hypertension. The most frequent causes of postoperative failure in operations for stenosis of the renal artery are technical errors, that is, incomplete correction of renal inflow or outflow, or both, and incorrect selection of patients with additional damage to the parenchyma of the kidney. Several new principles ensure a high degree of security in the correction of impaired renal blood flow: one field correction; partial ex situ repair; improvement of the renal run-off by mechanical dilatation of the arterial branches, and one session repair of contralateral renal artery or other intraabdominal vascular lesions. Total segmental occlusions of the main artery, with or without impending uremia, should no longer be considered as a routine indication for nephrectomy, particularly when residual renal function and contralateral blood supply to the post-occlusive kidney can be demonstrated. Surgical revascularization may offer remarkably good results and achieve normalization of renovascular hypertension and kidney function.", "PMID": 847610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7653", "title": "Total hip replacement in disseminated neoplastic disease.", "content": "Between 1972 and 1975, 11 total hip replacements were performed on ten patients with advanced neoplastic disease. Eight of ten patients survived more than one year after total hip replacement. Eight of 11 hips were rated as having excellent or good functional results six months postoperatively. We suggest that total hip arthroplasty be considered an appropriate procedure in the operative management of patients with advanced neoplastic disease involving the hip.", "contents": "Total hip replacement in disseminated neoplastic disease. Between 1972 and 1975, 11 total hip replacements were performed on ten patients with advanced neoplastic disease. Eight of ten patients survived more than one year after total hip replacement. Eight of 11 hips were rated as having excellent or good functional results six months postoperatively. We suggest that total hip arthroplasty be considered an appropriate procedure in the operative management of patients with advanced neoplastic disease involving the hip.", "PMID": 847611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7654", "title": "Assessment and resection of carcinoma at the gastroesophageal junction.", "content": "In a five year retrospective study of 70 patients, the roentgenologic and surgical assessments of carcinoma at the gastroesophageal junction have been compared to the histologic findings of the resected specimens. Although the lesion was demonstrated roentgenologically in all patients, no reliable indication of its limits could be obtained, and spread was seriously underestimated by both preoperative barium studies and direct examination at operation. It is suggested that the lack of roentgenologic evidence may have encouraged an inadequate surgical approach and, thus, contributed to incomplete resection and the high immediate mortality. There is, at present, no satisfactory method by which spread can be defined, either before or at operation, and neither the preoperative barium studies nor his operative assessment should influence the surgeon to limit the resection.", "contents": "Assessment and resection of carcinoma at the gastroesophageal junction. In a five year retrospective study of 70 patients, the roentgenologic and surgical assessments of carcinoma at the gastroesophageal junction have been compared to the histologic findings of the resected specimens. Although the lesion was demonstrated roentgenologically in all patients, no reliable indication of its limits could be obtained, and spread was seriously underestimated by both preoperative barium studies and direct examination at operation. It is suggested that the lack of roentgenologic evidence may have encouraged an inadequate surgical approach and, thus, contributed to incomplete resection and the high immediate mortality. There is, at present, no satisfactory method by which spread can be defined, either before or at operation, and neither the preoperative barium studies nor his operative assessment should influence the surgeon to limit the resection.", "PMID": 847612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7655", "title": "Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury following thyroid operations.", "content": "Preoperative and postoperative laryngoscopy should be performed with thyroid operations. A prospective study of 121 thyroid operations from June 1970 to December 1974 was analyzed. There was a 4.2 per cent recurrent laryngeal nerve injury incidence in 217 nerves at risk, four of nine injuries being permanent. Of 217 superior laryngeal nerves at risk, 1.4% were injured, one of three permanently. Previous thyroid operations may place the laryngeal nerves at a greater risk. Transient edema of the laryngeal nerve in 13.4% of the patients was believed due to endotracheal intubation. There seemed to be no difference in the incidence of injury whether the nerves were seen or palpated. It is recommended that indirect laryngoscopy be performed in the course of evaluating thyroid disorders.", "contents": "Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury following thyroid operations. Preoperative and postoperative laryngoscopy should be performed with thyroid operations. A prospective study of 121 thyroid operations from June 1970 to December 1974 was analyzed. There was a 4.2 per cent recurrent laryngeal nerve injury incidence in 217 nerves at risk, four of nine injuries being permanent. Of 217 superior laryngeal nerves at risk, 1.4% were injured, one of three permanently. Previous thyroid operations may place the laryngeal nerves at a greater risk. Transient edema of the laryngeal nerve in 13.4% of the patients was believed due to endotracheal intubation. There seemed to be no difference in the incidence of injury whether the nerves were seen or palpated. It is recommended that indirect laryngoscopy be performed in the course of evaluating thyroid disorders.", "PMID": 847613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7656", "title": "A technique for isolation of ileostomy drainage during abdominal operations.", "content": "An abdominal operation performed upon a patient with an existing ileostomy carries an increased risk of postoperative infection due to the escape of ileal effluent from the stoma during the course of the operation. The bacteriologic sample of this effluent has been shown to contain high cocentrations of both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria qualitatively similar to that of the microflora of the colon. A nontraumatic technique for effective isolation of the effluent using Foley catheter occlusion between the balloon and the fascial ring has been devised.", "contents": "A technique for isolation of ileostomy drainage during abdominal operations. An abdominal operation performed upon a patient with an existing ileostomy carries an increased risk of postoperative infection due to the escape of ileal effluent from the stoma during the course of the operation. The bacteriologic sample of this effluent has been shown to contain high cocentrations of both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria qualitatively similar to that of the microflora of the colon. A nontraumatic technique for effective isolation of the effluent using Foley catheter occlusion between the balloon and the fascial ring has been devised.", "PMID": 847615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7657", "title": "External carotid-vertebral artery anastomosis for vertebrobasilar insufficiency.", "content": "Two patients with previous brain stem infarction and current symptoms of vascular insufficiency in the basilar circulation had evidence of vertebral artery occlusive disease. Angiography demonstrated ostial stenosis of the dominant right vertebral artery and retrograde flow down the left vertebral artery to the level of the transverse process of C2 in the first case and to the level of a severely stenosed origin in the second case. Carotid circulation was patent in both cases. The blood flow in the posterior circulation was patent in both cases. The blood flow in the posterior circulation was augumented by extracranial anastomosis of the external carotid artery to the vertebral artery in the foramen transversarium at the level of C1-2 by a lateral approach in Case 1 and at the level of C4-5 by an anterior approach in Case 2. Postoperative improvement in neurologic status occurred in both cases.", "contents": "External carotid-vertebral artery anastomosis for vertebrobasilar insufficiency. Two patients with previous brain stem infarction and current symptoms of vascular insufficiency in the basilar circulation had evidence of vertebral artery occlusive disease. Angiography demonstrated ostial stenosis of the dominant right vertebral artery and retrograde flow down the left vertebral artery to the level of the transverse process of C2 in the first case and to the level of a severely stenosed origin in the second case. Carotid circulation was patent in both cases. The blood flow in the posterior circulation was patent in both cases. The blood flow in the posterior circulation was augumented by extracranial anastomosis of the external carotid artery to the vertebral artery in the foramen transversarium at the level of C1-2 by a lateral approach in Case 1 and at the level of C4-5 by an anterior approach in Case 2. Postoperative improvement in neurologic status occurred in both cases.", "PMID": 847618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7658", "title": "Bovine hydrocephalus in North Dakota: a survey and morphologic study.", "content": "A survey of hydrocephalus in cattle in North Dakota in 1975 and 1976 included 26 proven cases falling into categories comparable to that seen in the human situation. The largest group was hydrocephalus secondary to aqueductal stenosis with the second largest group being hydranencephaly. Other groups included the Dandy-Walker malformation, porencephaly and a miscellaneous group having a variety of central nervous system malformations. All cases were sporadic with no evidence to suggest a genetic basis. The similarity suggests that calves could serve as a useful model for the human situation.", "contents": "Bovine hydrocephalus in North Dakota: a survey and morphologic study. A survey of hydrocephalus in cattle in North Dakota in 1975 and 1976 included 26 proven cases falling into categories comparable to that seen in the human situation. The largest group was hydrocephalus secondary to aqueductal stenosis with the second largest group being hydranencephaly. Other groups included the Dandy-Walker malformation, porencephaly and a miscellaneous group having a variety of central nervous system malformations. All cases were sporadic with no evidence to suggest a genetic basis. The similarity suggests that calves could serve as a useful model for the human situation.", "PMID": 847630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7659", "title": "The value of computerized tomography in the management of 1000 consecutive head injuries.", "content": "One thousand consecutive head injuries were evaluated in a 14-month period. Computerized tomography (CT) was performed in 316 patients and 200 (63%) were scanned within 72 hours of injury. Fifty-one percent of patients had abnormal scans. The yield of abnormal scans varied with the neurological state at the time of the scan: alert and normal neurologically, 13%; alert and focal deficit, 50%; impaired consciousness and no lateralizing findings, 35%; impaired consciousness and lateralizing findings, 85%; deep coma or posturing, 56%. Thirty-eight percent of patients had multiple lesions. Repeat scans were done in 103 patients, 52% developed new lesions or deterioration in known lesions, and 31% required subsequent surgery. Ten patients developed delayed onset subdural hygromas noted six to 46 days after injury. Two of eight operated patients improved markedly. The CT scan appearance of subdural lesions may be independent of the time from injury depending upon initial composition and rebleeding episodes.  Thus, subdural lesions should not be labeled \"acute,\" \"subacute,\" or \"chronic\" on the basis of CT morphology alone. Seven patients had subdural lesions with the same density as brain (isodense). Arteriography aided diagnosis in six patients. The CT scan readily shows what proportion of a parenchymal lesion is intracerebral hematoma, contusion, or edema, rather than nonspecific arteriographic mass effect, and allows precise surgical decisions. Eighteen of 40 patients (45%) with \"brain stem contusion\" harbored surgical lesions, including five cases of delayed subdural hygroma.", "contents": "The value of computerized tomography in the management of 1000 consecutive head injuries. One thousand consecutive head injuries were evaluated in a 14-month period. Computerized tomography (CT) was performed in 316 patients and 200 (63%) were scanned within 72 hours of injury. Fifty-one percent of patients had abnormal scans. The yield of abnormal scans varied with the neurological state at the time of the scan: alert and normal neurologically, 13%; alert and focal deficit, 50%; impaired consciousness and no lateralizing findings, 35%; impaired consciousness and lateralizing findings, 85%; deep coma or posturing, 56%. Thirty-eight percent of patients had multiple lesions. Repeat scans were done in 103 patients, 52% developed new lesions or deterioration in known lesions, and 31% required subsequent surgery. Ten patients developed delayed onset subdural hygromas noted six to 46 days after injury. Two of eight operated patients improved markedly. The CT scan appearance of subdural lesions may be independent of the time from injury depending upon initial composition and rebleeding episodes.  Thus, subdural lesions should not be labeled \"acute,\" \"subacute,\" or \"chronic\" on the basis of CT morphology alone. Seven patients had subdural lesions with the same density as brain (isodense). Arteriography aided diagnosis in six patients. The CT scan readily shows what proportion of a parenchymal lesion is intracerebral hematoma, contusion, or edema, rather than nonspecific arteriographic mass effect, and allows precise surgical decisions. Eighteen of 40 patients (45%) with \"brain stem contusion\" harbored surgical lesions, including five cases of delayed subdural hygroma.", "PMID": 847631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7660", "title": "Epidural hematoma with complete third nerve paralysis in an awake patient.", "content": "A young adolescent with a large epidural hematoma presented with a complete paralysis of the ipsilateral oculomotor nerve. Prior to evacuation of the clot, the patient was awake and alert, without radiological evidence of skull fracture. Atypical features of pediatric extradural hematoma are reviewed to aid in the recognition of the clinically complex and varied aspects of the treatable disease.", "contents": "Epidural hematoma with complete third nerve paralysis in an awake patient. A young adolescent with a large epidural hematoma presented with a complete paralysis of the ipsilateral oculomotor nerve. Prior to evacuation of the clot, the patient was awake and alert, without radiological evidence of skull fracture. Atypical features of pediatric extradural hematoma are reviewed to aid in the recognition of the clinically complex and varied aspects of the treatable disease.", "PMID": 847632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7661", "title": "Cerebral Ischemia during carotid endarterectomy with severe but reversible changes.", "content": "Electroencephalographic monitoring of a patient during carotid endarterectomy demonstrated severe ipsilateral voltage suppression with preservation of rhythms when the common carotid artery was clamped. Because the atheromatous plaque extended almost to the base of the skull, it was impossible to insert a shunt. Occlusion time was 19 minutes. After carotid flow was re-established, there was a rapid recovery of voltage. The patient awoke with a profound hemiparesis, but this cleared almost completely within a week. The EEG changes indicated severe ischemia, but, though function was transiently impaired, there was no apparent cerebral necrosis. This case represents the most severe yet reversible episode of ischemia during carotid clamping reported to date. Preservation of EEG rhythms, even in the face of voltage suppression, may have been a favorable sign.", "contents": "Cerebral Ischemia during carotid endarterectomy with severe but reversible changes. Electroencephalographic monitoring of a patient during carotid endarterectomy demonstrated severe ipsilateral voltage suppression with preservation of rhythms when the common carotid artery was clamped. Because the atheromatous plaque extended almost to the base of the skull, it was impossible to insert a shunt. Occlusion time was 19 minutes. After carotid flow was re-established, there was a rapid recovery of voltage. The patient awoke with a profound hemiparesis, but this cleared almost completely within a week. The EEG changes indicated severe ischemia, but, though function was transiently impaired, there was no apparent cerebral necrosis. This case represents the most severe yet reversible episode of ischemia during carotid clamping reported to date. Preservation of EEG rhythms, even in the face of voltage suppression, may have been a favorable sign.", "PMID": 847633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7662", "title": "Surgical treatment of intracranial hematoma and hydrocephalus in an infant with hemophilia A.", "content": "A seven-month0old hemophiliac infant developed intracerebral, subdural and intraventricular hematomas and hydrocephalus. Removal of hematomas and placement of ventriculoperitoneal shunt could be performed quite safely even in an infant under the cover of highly potent human antihemophilic factor concentrate. Computerized tomography is very useful for neurosurgical care of the hemophiliac patients as a noninvasive and atraumatic method of examination. Intracranial bleeding is listed as the most common cause of death among hemophiliacs. The literature of intracranial operations on the patients with hemophilia A is reviewed.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of intracranial hematoma and hydrocephalus in an infant with hemophilia A. A seven-month0old hemophiliac infant developed intracerebral, subdural and intraventricular hematomas and hydrocephalus. Removal of hematomas and placement of ventriculoperitoneal shunt could be performed quite safely even in an infant under the cover of highly potent human antihemophilic factor concentrate. Computerized tomography is very useful for neurosurgical care of the hemophiliac patients as a noninvasive and atraumatic method of examination. Intracranial bleeding is listed as the most common cause of death among hemophiliacs. The literature of intracranial operations on the patients with hemophilia A is reviewed.", "PMID": 847634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7663", "title": "Balloon occlusion of carotid-cavernous fistula: introduction of a new catheter.", "content": "The most widely used technique for treatment of a carotid-cavernous fistula involves embolization of the fistula with segmental occlusion of the internal carotid artery. An inflatable balloon capping a small flexible catheter becomes a controlled embolus when positioned within the internal carotid artery at the stoma of the fistula. A new double lumen catheter has been designed. Through one lumen the carotid circulation may be displayed, The second lumen allows inflation of the balloon through a self-sealing valve. In twelve patients, results were excellent in eight, fair in two, and poor in two patients intolerant of carotid occlusion.", "contents": "Balloon occlusion of carotid-cavernous fistula: introduction of a new catheter. The most widely used technique for treatment of a carotid-cavernous fistula involves embolization of the fistula with segmental occlusion of the internal carotid artery. An inflatable balloon capping a small flexible catheter becomes a controlled embolus when positioned within the internal carotid artery at the stoma of the fistula. A new double lumen catheter has been designed. Through one lumen the carotid circulation may be displayed, The second lumen allows inflation of the balloon through a self-sealing valve. In twelve patients, results were excellent in eight, fair in two, and poor in two patients intolerant of carotid occlusion.", "PMID": 847636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7664", "title": "Microsurgical removal of intramedullary spinal cord tumors.", "content": "Eleven cases of microsurgical removal of intramedullary spinal cord tumors are reported. Difficulties previously recorded with removal of astrocytomas were not encountered in five such tumors of this series. None of these patients was significantly worse and seven out of the eleven patients were improved following surgery. The effects of prior surgery and radiotherapy on the tumor and normal spinal cord are discussed in detail.", "contents": "Microsurgical removal of intramedullary spinal cord tumors. Eleven cases of microsurgical removal of intramedullary spinal cord tumors are reported. Difficulties previously recorded with removal of astrocytomas were not encountered in five such tumors of this series. None of these patients was significantly worse and seven out of the eleven patients were improved following surgery. The effects of prior surgery and radiotherapy on the tumor and normal spinal cord are discussed in detail.", "PMID": 847637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7665", "title": "The craniotubular bone modeling disorders: a neurosurgical introduction to rare skeletal dysplasias with cranial nerve compression.", "content": "The craniotubular bone modeling disorders are a group of skeletal dysplasias which involve predominantly the skull and long bones. The cranial involvement includes both external facial deformities and internal bony overgrowth about the cranial foramina and fissures. The latter commonly leads to cranial nerve compression, particularly of the optic nerve. Craniotomy and cranial nerve decompression can give substantial benefit to selected patients with these diseases but the severe bony abnormalities create technical problems which prevent surgery in some extreme cases. These disorders are genetically determined but the basic pathophysiologic mechanism has been delineated for only a few types and non-surgical treatment remains supportive.", "contents": "The craniotubular bone modeling disorders: a neurosurgical introduction to rare skeletal dysplasias with cranial nerve compression. The craniotubular bone modeling disorders are a group of skeletal dysplasias which involve predominantly the skull and long bones. The cranial involvement includes both external facial deformities and internal bony overgrowth about the cranial foramina and fissures. The latter commonly leads to cranial nerve compression, particularly of the optic nerve. Craniotomy and cranial nerve decompression can give substantial benefit to selected patients with these diseases but the severe bony abnormalities create technical problems which prevent surgery in some extreme cases. These disorders are genetically determined but the basic pathophysiologic mechanism has been delineated for only a few types and non-surgical treatment remains supportive.", "PMID": 847638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7666", "title": "Regional cerebral blood flow with intracranial mass lesions. Part I: Local alterations in cerebral blood flow.", "content": "Focal changes in the cat cerebral blood flow were studied by the technique of H2 polarography. Areas studied included the caudate nuclei, thalami and midbrain. A unilateral mass effect was created by inflation of an epidural balloon. A rapid decrease in regional cerebral blood flow was noted ipsilateral to the mass at very small balloon volumes. This was followed closely by contralateral supratentorial decrease in regional cerebral blood flow. The normal midbrain blood flow was found to be preserved until total decompensation (herniation) occurred.", "contents": "Regional cerebral blood flow with intracranial mass lesions. Part I: Local alterations in cerebral blood flow. Focal changes in the cat cerebral blood flow were studied by the technique of H2 polarography. Areas studied included the caudate nuclei, thalami and midbrain. A unilateral mass effect was created by inflation of an epidural balloon. A rapid decrease in regional cerebral blood flow was noted ipsilateral to the mass at very small balloon volumes. This was followed closely by contralateral supratentorial decrease in regional cerebral blood flow. The normal midbrain blood flow was found to be preserved until total decompensation (herniation) occurred.", "PMID": 847639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7667", "title": "Regional cerebral blood flow with intracranial mass lesions. Part II: Autoregulation in localized mass lesion.", "content": "Autoregulation of regional cerebral blood flow was evaluated in cats. In normal baseline situations autoregulation was invariably present. Concomitant to an enlarging mass, supratentorial loss of this protective mechanism was seen both ipsilateral and contralateral to the mass. There was relative preservation of midbrain autoregulation until very high balloon volumes were reached. There was no acute regulation upon balloon deflation.", "contents": "Regional cerebral blood flow with intracranial mass lesions. Part II: Autoregulation in localized mass lesion. Autoregulation of regional cerebral blood flow was evaluated in cats. In normal baseline situations autoregulation was invariably present. Concomitant to an enlarging mass, supratentorial loss of this protective mechanism was seen both ipsilateral and contralateral to the mass. There was relative preservation of midbrain autoregulation until very high balloon volumes were reached. There was no acute regulation upon balloon deflation.", "PMID": 847640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7668", "title": "Experimental intracranial aneurysms.", "content": "Methods and results of creation of an experimental intracranial aneurysm on the canine basilar artery using an autogenous vein graft are presented. Aneurysms were produced either on the wall of the basilar artery or at a lingual-basilar artery anastomosis site. Postoperative angiography revealed no success in the first group and 55% success in the second group, with better results occurring later in the series. Mortality was higher in the first group. Hemodynamic and technical factors are discussed and compared with earlier work on experimental aneurysms in the rat. Construction of an aneurysm at the site of a lingual-basilar artery anastomosis seems to provide a satisfactory model for biophysical and catheter embolization experimentation, although at present it is unsuitable for studies of acute subarachnoid hemorrhage.", "contents": "Experimental intracranial aneurysms. Methods and results of creation of an experimental intracranial aneurysm on the canine basilar artery using an autogenous vein graft are presented. Aneurysms were produced either on the wall of the basilar artery or at a lingual-basilar artery anastomosis site. Postoperative angiography revealed no success in the first group and 55% success in the second group, with better results occurring later in the series. Mortality was higher in the first group. Hemodynamic and technical factors are discussed and compared with earlier work on experimental aneurysms in the rat. Construction of an aneurysm at the site of a lingual-basilar artery anastomosis seems to provide a satisfactory model for biophysical and catheter embolization experimentation, although at present it is unsuitable for studies of acute subarachnoid hemorrhage.", "PMID": 847641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7669", "title": "Human cadaver femoral head homografts for anterior cervical spine fusions.", "content": "Cylindrical, dowel shaped human cadaver bone homografts from the heads of femurs were excised under sterile conditions. Forty-one of these grafts were stored at -80 degrees C and, on thawing, were used in performing anterior cervical spine fusions. Nineteen grafts were freeze-dried, stored at room temperature, reconstituted in saline and used in identical fashion. The use of these grafts, rather than those obtained from the ileum, offered several advantages. The grafts could be cut to a desired length of up to 2.5 cm and were composed of a very dense cancellous bone. Graft collapse and graft extrusion were not encountered.", "contents": "Human cadaver femoral head homografts for anterior cervical spine fusions. Cylindrical, dowel shaped human cadaver bone homografts from the heads of femurs were excised under sterile conditions. Forty-one of these grafts were stored at -80 degrees C and, on thawing, were used in performing anterior cervical spine fusions. Nineteen grafts were freeze-dried, stored at room temperature, reconstituted in saline and used in identical fashion. The use of these grafts, rather than those obtained from the ileum, offered several advantages. The grafts could be cut to a desired length of up to 2.5 cm and were composed of a very dense cancellous bone. Graft collapse and graft extrusion were not encountered.", "PMID": 847642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7670", "title": "Artery embolism of the upper limbs.", "content": "This report consists of an analysis of 256 consecutive patients with a total of 260 arterial emboli to the upper limbs treated in the Spasokukotsky Surgical Department of the Second Moscow Pirogov Medical Institute during the 35 year period from 1939 through 1974. Cardiac diseases were the causes of embolism in 92.58 percent of these patients. Mild ischemia of the limbs was revealed only in 33.82 percent of the patients. Severe ischemia accompanied by significant restriction or full absence of active movements in the joints of affected extremities was observed in 55.94 percent of the patients. Acute ischemia with a muscular edema and partial or total contracture was observed in 9.88 percent of the patients. Forty-seven patients were treated conservatively. Arteriectomy was performed in three patients. Embolectomy was carried out on 206 patients, 101 of whom were operated on by means of the approach outside the cubital fossa and 105 by means of the antecubital approach. The best results were obtained when embolectomy was performed with the use of the Fogarty catheter by means of the antecubital approach. This method achieved full restoration of circulation in 91.59 percent of our patients. The mortality rate was approximately equal in all groups of patients. The over-all hospital mortality rate was 21.1 percent. Recurrent embolism of cerebral and mesenteric arteries was the main cause of death. Fatal postischemic complications led to the death of two patients who were operated on with a total ischemic contracture of a limb. Autopsy revealed a pulmonary microembolism in one case and a myoglobinuric nephrosis in the other.", "contents": "Artery embolism of the upper limbs. This report consists of an analysis of 256 consecutive patients with a total of 260 arterial emboli to the upper limbs treated in the Spasokukotsky Surgical Department of the Second Moscow Pirogov Medical Institute during the 35 year period from 1939 through 1974. Cardiac diseases were the causes of embolism in 92.58 percent of these patients. Mild ischemia of the limbs was revealed only in 33.82 percent of the patients. Severe ischemia accompanied by significant restriction or full absence of active movements in the joints of affected extremities was observed in 55.94 percent of the patients. Acute ischemia with a muscular edema and partial or total contracture was observed in 9.88 percent of the patients. Forty-seven patients were treated conservatively. Arteriectomy was performed in three patients. Embolectomy was carried out on 206 patients, 101 of whom were operated on by means of the approach outside the cubital fossa and 105 by means of the antecubital approach. The best results were obtained when embolectomy was performed with the use of the Fogarty catheter by means of the antecubital approach. This method achieved full restoration of circulation in 91.59 percent of our patients. The mortality rate was approximately equal in all groups of patients. The over-all hospital mortality rate was 21.1 percent. Recurrent embolism of cerebral and mesenteric arteries was the main cause of death. Fatal postischemic complications led to the death of two patients who were operated on with a total ischemic contracture of a limb. Autopsy revealed a pulmonary microembolism in one case and a myoglobinuric nephrosis in the other.", "PMID": 847643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7671", "title": "The pulse-reappearance time: an index of over-all blood flow impairment in the ischemic extremity.", "content": "A simple test is described to evaluate limb blood supply. The technique utilizes the delayed reappearance of the volume pulse after transient arterial occlusion. As monitored from the toe by a mercury-in rubber gauge, pulse reappearance (PRT) was instantaneous (less than one second) and the 50 percent of control amplitude reappearance time (PRT/2) was 3.4 +/- 0.8 seconds in 22 control subjects. A significant delay of the PRT and especially of PRT/2 was found in 60 patients with angiographically documented ischemic disease of the lower extremities. The delay was correlated closely with the severity of the disease: the mean PRT/2 for single level arterial disease (aortoiliac, femoropopliteal, posterior tibial, or anterior tibial artery obstruction) was approximately 25 seconds, and the mean PRT/2 associated with multilevel occlusion was 71 seconds. Since the technique is very simple, it may be used as a quick  screening and follow-up procedure to detect the presence and over-all severity of peripheral arterial occlusive disease.", "contents": "The pulse-reappearance time: an index of over-all blood flow impairment in the ischemic extremity. A simple test is described to evaluate limb blood supply. The technique utilizes the delayed reappearance of the volume pulse after transient arterial occlusion. As monitored from the toe by a mercury-in rubber gauge, pulse reappearance (PRT) was instantaneous (less than one second) and the 50 percent of control amplitude reappearance time (PRT/2) was 3.4 +/- 0.8 seconds in 22 control subjects. A significant delay of the PRT and especially of PRT/2 was found in 60 patients with angiographically documented ischemic disease of the lower extremities. The delay was correlated closely with the severity of the disease: the mean PRT/2 for single level arterial disease (aortoiliac, femoropopliteal, posterior tibial, or anterior tibial artery obstruction) was approximately 25 seconds, and the mean PRT/2 associated with multilevel occlusion was 71 seconds. Since the technique is very simple, it may be used as a quick  screening and follow-up procedure to detect the presence and over-all severity of peripheral arterial occlusive disease.", "PMID": 847644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7672", "title": "Bile-fat relationships in gastric secretory inhibition and bile flow stimulation.", "content": "The effect of intraduodenal infusion of olive oil, bile, or a mixture of olive oil and bile on pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion, bile flow, and serum immunoreactive secretin levels was studied in dogs. Bile alone had no effect on gastric secretion, but the mixture of bile and olive oil induced prompt, statistically significant gastric secretory inhibition. Bile had the early choleretic effect that would be expected to result from the absorption of bile salts, whereas the bile--olive oil mixture brought about a delayed amd much greater increase in bile flow rates. None of the agents given intraduodenally produced a significant change in the serum secretin level. Intravenous pentagastrin infusion caused a significant increase in rate of bile flow.", "contents": "Bile-fat relationships in gastric secretory inhibition and bile flow stimulation. The effect of intraduodenal infusion of olive oil, bile, or a mixture of olive oil and bile on pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion, bile flow, and serum immunoreactive secretin levels was studied in dogs. Bile alone had no effect on gastric secretion, but the mixture of bile and olive oil induced prompt, statistically significant gastric secretory inhibition. Bile had the early choleretic effect that would be expected to result from the absorption of bile salts, whereas the bile--olive oil mixture brought about a delayed amd much greater increase in bile flow rates. None of the agents given intraduodenally produced a significant change in the serum secretin level. Intravenous pentagastrin infusion caused a significant increase in rate of bile flow.", "PMID": 847645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7673", "title": "Massive weight loss following jejunoileal bypass. I. Effects on pulmonary function.", "content": "Twelve morbidly obese patients had jejunoileal bypass surgery and serial detailed pulmonary function studies done over a one year period. Before operation they showed evidence of a decreased ventilation: perfusion ratio producing a \"shuntlike effect\" (Pao2 = 73, Paco2 = 37, pH = 7.44) while breathing room air (FIo2 = 0.209). They also had measurements consistent with pure restrictive lung disease. There was a highly significant improvement in the arterial oxygenation over the entire one year period and a significant loss of chest wall mass over the first 6 month period. The improved oxygenation most likely was due to a return of lung volumes toward normal and an improvement in the efficiency of the respiratory muscles.", "contents": "Massive weight loss following jejunoileal bypass. I. Effects on pulmonary function. Twelve morbidly obese patients had jejunoileal bypass surgery and serial detailed pulmonary function studies done over a one year period. Before operation they showed evidence of a decreased ventilation: perfusion ratio producing a \"shuntlike effect\" (Pao2 = 73, Paco2 = 37, pH = 7.44) while breathing room air (FIo2 = 0.209). They also had measurements consistent with pure restrictive lung disease. There was a highly significant improvement in the arterial oxygenation over the entire one year period and a significant loss of chest wall mass over the first 6 month period. The improved oxygenation most likely was due to a return of lung volumes toward normal and an improvement in the efficiency of the respiratory muscles.", "PMID": 847646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7674", "title": "Rate of disappearance of circulating endogenous gastrin in dogs.", "content": "In five awake mongrel dogs, endogenous gastrin was released by continuous irrigation of the antrum with acetylcholine. After 60 minutes of antral perfusion, the entire vascular supply of the antrum was suddenly and totally occluded, and serial samples of peripheral blood were taken for measurement of gastrin. The rate of disappearance of endogenous gastrin was caluclated by standard linear regression analysis; the calculated half-life of endogenous gastrin was 8.62 minutes. Analysis of the data suggests that the disappearance rate of endogenous gastrin could be explained by two distinct half-lives: one of 2.8 minutes (which is similar to the half-time in dogs of both 14- and 17 -amino acid gastrin), and another of 15.4 minutes (which is similar to the half-time of 34 -amino acid gastrin). Physiologically released gastrin is a mixture of three or more molecular forms of gastrin and the half-life of 8.62 minutes probably represents the disappearance half-time of this mixture.", "contents": "Rate of disappearance of circulating endogenous gastrin in dogs. In five awake mongrel dogs, endogenous gastrin was released by continuous irrigation of the antrum with acetylcholine. After 60 minutes of antral perfusion, the entire vascular supply of the antrum was suddenly and totally occluded, and serial samples of peripheral blood were taken for measurement of gastrin. The rate of disappearance of endogenous gastrin was caluclated by standard linear regression analysis; the calculated half-life of endogenous gastrin was 8.62 minutes. Analysis of the data suggests that the disappearance rate of endogenous gastrin could be explained by two distinct half-lives: one of 2.8 minutes (which is similar to the half-time in dogs of both 14- and 17 -amino acid gastrin), and another of 15.4 minutes (which is similar to the half-time of 34 -amino acid gastrin). Physiologically released gastrin is a mixture of three or more molecular forms of gastrin and the half-life of 8.62 minutes probably represents the disappearance half-time of this mixture.", "PMID": 847647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7675", "title": "Angiographic demonstration and transcatheter embolic control of post-traumatic intercostal arterial hemorrhage.", "content": "A new method for arresting uncontrollable intercostal hemorrhage is presented. It consists of selective transcatheter embolization of the bleeding artery, either by pieces of gel foam or autologous blood clots. In the patient presented in this paper, the hemorrhage was identified and successfully controlled by embolizing the bleeding artery. Thoracotomy was unnecessary, and there were no complications related to the procedure.", "contents": "Angiographic demonstration and transcatheter embolic control of post-traumatic intercostal arterial hemorrhage. A new method for arresting uncontrollable intercostal hemorrhage is presented. It consists of selective transcatheter embolization of the bleeding artery, either by pieces of gel foam or autologous blood clots. In the patient presented in this paper, the hemorrhage was identified and successfully controlled by embolizing the bleeding artery. Thoracotomy was unnecessary, and there were no complications related to the procedure.", "PMID": 847648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7676", "title": "Pulmonary sequestration in children: a twenty-five year experience.", "content": "Pulmonary sequestration occurs when some disturbance produces a cystic mass of nonfunctioning lung tissue which lacks normal communication with the tracheobronchial tree. In most cases the sequestered pulmonary tissue receives its blood supply from anomalous systemic vessels. This paper considers 15 children, 11 boys and four girls, ranging in age from one day to 14 years, with ten extralobar sequestrations and five intralobar pulmonary sequestrations. Although roentgenographic examination of the chest may suggest the diagnosis, conclusive diagnosis can only be obtained by arteriography and/or surgical exploration. Arteriography is strongly advocated in all cases, not only for its diagnostic value, but for its preoperative localization of the aberrant blood vessels that are the major technical concern to the surgeon.", "contents": "Pulmonary sequestration in children: a twenty-five year experience. Pulmonary sequestration occurs when some disturbance produces a cystic mass of nonfunctioning lung tissue which lacks normal communication with the tracheobronchial tree. In most cases the sequestered pulmonary tissue receives its blood supply from anomalous systemic vessels. This paper considers 15 children, 11 boys and four girls, ranging in age from one day to 14 years, with ten extralobar sequestrations and five intralobar pulmonary sequestrations. Although roentgenographic examination of the chest may suggest the diagnosis, conclusive diagnosis can only be obtained by arteriography and/or surgical exploration. Arteriography is strongly advocated in all cases, not only for its diagnostic value, but for its preoperative localization of the aberrant blood vessels that are the major technical concern to the surgeon.", "PMID": 847649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7677", "title": "The influence of biliary disease on the excretion of cefazolin in human bile.", "content": "Forty-five patients with varying biliary pathology were injected with one gram of intramuscular cefazolin sodium prior to surgery. Serum, gallbladder bile, and common duct bile levels were measured. The type of biliary disease did not influence serum levels (mean, 29 mug per milliliter) which reached a peak one hour after injection. Mean common duct bile levels were reduced from 52 mug per milliliter in nonjaundiced patients to 4 mug per milliliter in those with jaundice (p less than 0.001). Patients with radiologically functioning gallbladders had significantly higher mean gallbladder bile levels (21 mug per milliliter; p less than 0.005). Surprisingly, the mean gallbladder bile level in acute cholecystitis was 25 mug per milliliter. As the minimum inhibitory concentration of cefazolin for organisms commonly found in the bile is 0.5 to 6 mug per milliliter, we suggest that cefazolin sodium may be of value in the treatment of biliary disease, particularly acute cholecystitis.", "contents": "The influence of biliary disease on the excretion of cefazolin in human bile. Forty-five patients with varying biliary pathology were injected with one gram of intramuscular cefazolin sodium prior to surgery. Serum, gallbladder bile, and common duct bile levels were measured. The type of biliary disease did not influence serum levels (mean, 29 mug per milliliter) which reached a peak one hour after injection. Mean common duct bile levels were reduced from 52 mug per milliliter in nonjaundiced patients to 4 mug per milliliter in those with jaundice (p less than 0.001). Patients with radiologically functioning gallbladders had significantly higher mean gallbladder bile levels (21 mug per milliliter; p less than 0.005). Surprisingly, the mean gallbladder bile level in acute cholecystitis was 25 mug per milliliter. As the minimum inhibitory concentration of cefazolin for organisms commonly found in the bile is 0.5 to 6 mug per milliliter, we suggest that cefazolin sodium may be of value in the treatment of biliary disease, particularly acute cholecystitis.", "PMID": 847650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7678", "title": "Morphologic aspects of experimental esophageal lye strictures. II. Effect of steroid hormones, bougienage, and induced lathyrism on acute lye burns.", "content": "Among 77 dogs surviving standardized transmural esophageal lye injury for at least 2 weeks and as long as 12 weeks, 24 were untreated, 26 received corticosteroids and bougienage (S&B), and 27 received only the lathyrogen beta-aminoproprionitrile (BAPN). Stricture frequency was reduced markedly and significantly in the S&B and BAPN groups when compared to the controls (p less than 0,01). Strictures resulted from inward circumferential remodeling of all mural layers, not proliferating bulky scar tissue, and persistent ulceration was apparently not an influential factor in any group. The S&B dogs invariably showed reduction of the internal or mucosal length of the injured segment as compared to the outer length; these relations were quite variable in the other two groups so that mean internal shortening was significantly greater (p less than 0.01) in the S&B group. Marked mural thinning in the injured zone was present in all three groups but was most frequent in the BAPN-treated animals. The major conclusion is that BAPN-induced changes in the physical properties of reparative tissue can increase the ultimate caliber of an injured hollow viscus without resort to mechanical bougienage. In addition, the data suggest that wound contraction may play a role in stricture formation in this model.", "contents": "Morphologic aspects of experimental esophageal lye strictures. II. Effect of steroid hormones, bougienage, and induced lathyrism on acute lye burns. Among 77 dogs surviving standardized transmural esophageal lye injury for at least 2 weeks and as long as 12 weeks, 24 were untreated, 26 received corticosteroids and bougienage (S&B), and 27 received only the lathyrogen beta-aminoproprionitrile (BAPN). Stricture frequency was reduced markedly and significantly in the S&B and BAPN groups when compared to the controls (p less than 0,01). Strictures resulted from inward circumferential remodeling of all mural layers, not proliferating bulky scar tissue, and persistent ulceration was apparently not an influential factor in any group. The S&B dogs invariably showed reduction of the internal or mucosal length of the injured segment as compared to the outer length; these relations were quite variable in the other two groups so that mean internal shortening was significantly greater (p less than 0.01) in the S&B group. Marked mural thinning in the injured zone was present in all three groups but was most frequent in the BAPN-treated animals. The major conclusion is that BAPN-induced changes in the physical properties of reparative tissue can increase the ultimate caliber of an injured hollow viscus without resort to mechanical bougienage. In addition, the data suggest that wound contraction may play a role in stricture formation in this model.", "PMID": 847651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7679", "title": "B-scan ultrasound in the diagnosis of popliteal aneurysms.", "content": "Sonography gives a characteristic picture of popliteal aneurysms, with an easily demonstrable connection of the sonolucent aneurysmal sac with the popliteal artery. It is a good screening procedure for suspected aneurysms and for patients with popliteal pain, mass, or sudden distal ischemia. Three case reports of five popliteal aneurysms diagnosed by ultrasound are presented. A case of neurofibrosarcoma occurring in the popliteal fossa is shown for comparison.", "contents": "B-scan ultrasound in the diagnosis of popliteal aneurysms. Sonography gives a characteristic picture of popliteal aneurysms, with an easily demonstrable connection of the sonolucent aneurysmal sac with the popliteal artery. It is a good screening procedure for suspected aneurysms and for patients with popliteal pain, mass, or sudden distal ischemia. Three case reports of five popliteal aneurysms diagnosed by ultrasound are presented. A case of neurofibrosarcoma occurring in the popliteal fossa is shown for comparison.", "PMID": 847652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7680", "title": "Changes of upper gastrointestinal blood flow after hemorrhage in rabbits.", "content": "The effect of hemorrhage and blood transfusion on the regional blood flow of the upper gastrointestinal tract was measured with radioactive microspheres in a rabbit shock model. Fifteen minutes after hemorrhage, mucosal blood flow in the esophagus, corpus, and antrum and total blood flow in the duodenum decreased drastically. The persistent reduction of mucosal blood flow continued until 60 minutes after hemorrhage. In spite of these distribution patterns of mucosal blood flow during hemorrhage, no macroscopic change was seen in any part of the gastrointestinal mucosa. One hour after blood reinfusion, the mucosal blood flow in the corpus was increased markedly, and innumerable hemorrhagic erosions appeared in this region. It may be that the striking increase of mucosal blood flow due to blood transfusion caused bleeding from the disrupted mucosa of the corpus. At this time the impaired flow in the esophagus, antrum, and duodenum tended to be improved already. Six hours after blood reinfusion, the bleeding from the mucosal foci in the corpus ceased and the mucosal blood flow returned to almost normal. Thus the higher susceptibility of the corpus to hemorrhagic shock may be due to the greater degree of rapid increase of mucosal blood flow occurring in this portion alone after blood transfusion as well as to its higher vulnerability to ischemia in the hemorrhagic period. The flow patterns in the muscular layer almost paralleled those in the mucosal layer during hemorrhage and blood transfusion.", "contents": "Changes of upper gastrointestinal blood flow after hemorrhage in rabbits. The effect of hemorrhage and blood transfusion on the regional blood flow of the upper gastrointestinal tract was measured with radioactive microspheres in a rabbit shock model. Fifteen minutes after hemorrhage, mucosal blood flow in the esophagus, corpus, and antrum and total blood flow in the duodenum decreased drastically. The persistent reduction of mucosal blood flow continued until 60 minutes after hemorrhage. In spite of these distribution patterns of mucosal blood flow during hemorrhage, no macroscopic change was seen in any part of the gastrointestinal mucosa. One hour after blood reinfusion, the mucosal blood flow in the corpus was increased markedly, and innumerable hemorrhagic erosions appeared in this region. It may be that the striking increase of mucosal blood flow due to blood transfusion caused bleeding from the disrupted mucosa of the corpus. At this time the impaired flow in the esophagus, antrum, and duodenum tended to be improved already. Six hours after blood reinfusion, the bleeding from the mucosal foci in the corpus ceased and the mucosal blood flow returned to almost normal. Thus the higher susceptibility of the corpus to hemorrhagic shock may be due to the greater degree of rapid increase of mucosal blood flow occurring in this portion alone after blood transfusion as well as to its higher vulnerability to ischemia in the hemorrhagic period. The flow patterns in the muscular layer almost paralleled those in the mucosal layer during hemorrhage and blood transfusion.", "PMID": 847653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7681", "title": "Femoropopliteal bypass for limb salvage.", "content": "A total of 148 femoropopliteal bypass procedures followed for a minimum of 2 years yielded a patency rate of 61.9 percent among survivors. Diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking, quality of the outflow, or prior inflow procedures did not influence patency rate. Results were less satisfactory in women and when cloth grafts were used. The indications for femoropopliteal bypass require continuing careful assessment.", "contents": "Femoropopliteal bypass for limb salvage. A total of 148 femoropopliteal bypass procedures followed for a minimum of 2 years yielded a patency rate of 61.9 percent among survivors. Diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking, quality of the outflow, or prior inflow procedures did not influence patency rate. Results were less satisfactory in women and when cloth grafts were used. The indications for femoropopliteal bypass require continuing careful assessment.", "PMID": 847654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7682", "title": "Blood flow measurements in arteriovenous dialysis fistulas.", "content": "Blood flows were measured in 75 arteriovenous dialysis fistulas (AVF) at the time of fistula construction. End cephalic vein to side of radial artery AVF had a mean flow of 242 +/- 89 ml. per minute which was similar to bovine heterograft AVF that also originated from the radial artery (291 +/- 67 ml. per minute). AVF originating from the brachial artery had flow rates twice those originating from the radial artery (599 +/- 163 vs. 251 +/- 89 ml. per minute), respectively). Flow rates were similar for straight arm (641 +/- 111 ml. per minute), curved forearm (561 +/- 187 ml. per minute), and curved thigh (592 +/- 134 ml. per minute) bovine AVF. Initial blood flow through arteriovenous dialysis fistulas is too low to cause heart failure, except in patients with previously compromised cardiac function. In such patients AVF from the radial artery theoretically would be preferred over brachial or femoral artery AVF.", "contents": "Blood flow measurements in arteriovenous dialysis fistulas. Blood flows were measured in 75 arteriovenous dialysis fistulas (AVF) at the time of fistula construction. End cephalic vein to side of radial artery AVF had a mean flow of 242 +/- 89 ml. per minute which was similar to bovine heterograft AVF that also originated from the radial artery (291 +/- 67 ml. per minute). AVF originating from the brachial artery had flow rates twice those originating from the radial artery (599 +/- 163 vs. 251 +/- 89 ml. per minute), respectively). Flow rates were similar for straight arm (641 +/- 111 ml. per minute), curved forearm (561 +/- 187 ml. per minute), and curved thigh (592 +/- 134 ml. per minute) bovine AVF. Initial blood flow through arteriovenous dialysis fistulas is too low to cause heart failure, except in patients with previously compromised cardiac function. In such patients AVF from the radial artery theoretically would be preferred over brachial or femoral artery AVF.", "PMID": 847655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7683", "title": "Physiologic observations of the heart six months after ischemic normothermic cardioplegia.", "content": "The late effects of normothermic ischemic cardioplegia were studied in four experimental groups of dogs subjected to intervals of aortic cross-clamping during cardiopulmonary bypass. Groups which had zero, 20, 30, or 40 minutes of aortic cross-clamping, respectively, were studied 6 months later for cardiac performance and morphology. The immediate operative mortality rate of animals subjected to 40 minutes of ischemia was 65 percent, compared to 22 percent in controls. There were no late deaths in any group Compliance, histology, biochemical determination of deoxyribonucleic acid: ribonucleic acid, and Vmax determinations after cross-clamping revealed no differences between the experimental groups. Open chest isovolumetric contraction curves showed decreased experimental groups. Open chest isovolumetric contraction curves showed decreased function in the 40 minute ischemia group at the extreme levels of cardiac stress. These results suggest that under the conditions of this study normothermic cardiac ischemia of greater than 30 minutes in duration results in a high initial mortality rate (65 percent) and leads to compromise of cardiac function under stress in the late postoperative period.", "contents": "Physiologic observations of the heart six months after ischemic normothermic cardioplegia. The late effects of normothermic ischemic cardioplegia were studied in four experimental groups of dogs subjected to intervals of aortic cross-clamping during cardiopulmonary bypass. Groups which had zero, 20, 30, or 40 minutes of aortic cross-clamping, respectively, were studied 6 months later for cardiac performance and morphology. The immediate operative mortality rate of animals subjected to 40 minutes of ischemia was 65 percent, compared to 22 percent in controls. There were no late deaths in any group Compliance, histology, biochemical determination of deoxyribonucleic acid: ribonucleic acid, and Vmax determinations after cross-clamping revealed no differences between the experimental groups. Open chest isovolumetric contraction curves showed decreased experimental groups. Open chest isovolumetric contraction curves showed decreased function in the 40 minute ischemia group at the extreme levels of cardiac stress. These results suggest that under the conditions of this study normothermic cardiac ischemia of greater than 30 minutes in duration results in a high initial mortality rate (65 percent) and leads to compromise of cardiac function under stress in the late postoperative period.", "PMID": 847656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7684", "title": "Traumatic aortorenal vein fistula: repair using total circulatory arrest.", "content": "Fistulas between the abdominal aorta and renal vein are exceedingly rare. Diagnostic delays are not unusual. Correction can be extremely difficult because of anatomical distortion and size of the arterialized veins. A young woman with such a fistula following a gunshot wound is presented. Four years following injury, the fistula was repaired successfully during intentional arrest of the circulation for 7 minutes. This was accomplished with deep hypothermia and cardiopulmonary bypass. No serious problems occurred during the operation. The patient tolerated the procedure well and has been relieved of her symptoms completely. Most patients with traumatic or spontaneous arteriovenous fistulas can be managed safely and effectively by conventional operative techniques. In selected situations, the risk of total circulatory arrest and deep hypothermia may be less than the risk of uncontrollable bleeding inherent in conventional techniques. Suggested indications for use of total circulatory arrest in vascular surgery are (1) inability to achieve vascular control by more conventional means, (2) massive distention of regional veins as occurrs in well established fistulas of the trunk, (3) one or more prior corrective attempts with use of conventional techniques, and (4) anticipated anatomical distortion and/or multiple abnormal vascular communications. This technique is a valuable approach to the correction of otherwise inoperable cardiovascular lesions.", "contents": "Traumatic aortorenal vein fistula: repair using total circulatory arrest. Fistulas between the abdominal aorta and renal vein are exceedingly rare. Diagnostic delays are not unusual. Correction can be extremely difficult because of anatomical distortion and size of the arterialized veins. A young woman with such a fistula following a gunshot wound is presented. Four years following injury, the fistula was repaired successfully during intentional arrest of the circulation for 7 minutes. This was accomplished with deep hypothermia and cardiopulmonary bypass. No serious problems occurred during the operation. The patient tolerated the procedure well and has been relieved of her symptoms completely. Most patients with traumatic or spontaneous arteriovenous fistulas can be managed safely and effectively by conventional operative techniques. In selected situations, the risk of total circulatory arrest and deep hypothermia may be less than the risk of uncontrollable bleeding inherent in conventional techniques. Suggested indications for use of total circulatory arrest in vascular surgery are (1) inability to achieve vascular control by more conventional means, (2) massive distention of regional veins as occurrs in well established fistulas of the trunk, (3) one or more prior corrective attempts with use of conventional techniques, and (4) anticipated anatomical distortion and/or multiple abnormal vascular communications. This technique is a valuable approach to the correction of otherwise inoperable cardiovascular lesions.", "PMID": 847657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7685", "title": "Arterial microemboli and fibromuscular dysplasia of the external iliac arteries.", "content": "A patient who developed acute focal ischemic lesions confined to several toes on the feet is described. The ischemic lesion were typical to those seen in digital arterial microemboli. The source of the microemboli was apparently external iliac artery fibromuscular dysplasia. These lesions were subsequently resected and no subsequent lower extremity embolic events have appeared.", "contents": "Arterial microemboli and fibromuscular dysplasia of the external iliac arteries. A patient who developed acute focal ischemic lesions confined to several toes on the feet is described. The ischemic lesion were typical to those seen in digital arterial microemboli. The source of the microemboli was apparently external iliac artery fibromuscular dysplasia. These lesions were subsequently resected and no subsequent lower extremity embolic events have appeared.", "PMID": 847658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7686", "title": "Intrathoracic lipoma in a dog.", "content": "A seven year-old German Shepherd bitch had severe dyspnoea caused by a lipoma. The weight of this lipoma was approximately 4 kg, the total weight of the dog without this tumour being 20 kg. The lipoma was not attached to the body wall but to the mediastinum, so it must be concluded that it had its origin there. The dog expired because the lungs could not expand after the operation.", "contents": "Intrathoracic lipoma in a dog. A seven year-old German Shepherd bitch had severe dyspnoea caused by a lipoma. The weight of this lipoma was approximately 4 kg, the total weight of the dog without this tumour being 20 kg. The lipoma was not attached to the body wall but to the mediastinum, so it must be concluded that it had its origin there. The dog expired because the lungs could not expand after the operation.", "PMID": 847725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7687", "title": "[Studies for the presence of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in clinically normal pigs (author's transl)].", "content": "163 clinically normal slaughtered pigs were examined for the presence of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. The following results were obtained: Yersinia enterocolitica was isolated from the tonsils in twenty-two cases, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis being found to be present in the tonsils in seven cases, Yersinia enterolitica was isolated from the liver in one case and from the caecal contents in eight cases, and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis was isolated from the caecal contents in three cases. These bacteria were not isolated from the mesenteric lymph nodes and muscle tissues. All sixty samples of minced raw pork which were examined, were also negative for these micro-organisms. Almost all strains isolated were of the same serotypes as those isolated from man in the Netherlands. The findings did not suggest that ingestion of raw pork might involve a risk of human yersiniasis. It is doubted, however, whether the methods of isolation were sufficiently selective.", "contents": "[Studies for the presence of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in clinically normal pigs (author's transl)]. 163 clinically normal slaughtered pigs were examined for the presence of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. The following results were obtained: Yersinia enterocolitica was isolated from the tonsils in twenty-two cases, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis being found to be present in the tonsils in seven cases, Yersinia enterolitica was isolated from the liver in one case and from the caecal contents in eight cases, and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis was isolated from the caecal contents in three cases. These bacteria were not isolated from the mesenteric lymph nodes and muscle tissues. All sixty samples of minced raw pork which were examined, were also negative for these micro-organisms. Almost all strains isolated were of the same serotypes as those isolated from man in the Netherlands. The findings did not suggest that ingestion of raw pork might involve a risk of human yersiniasis. It is doubted, however, whether the methods of isolation were sufficiently selective.", "PMID": 847726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7688", "title": "[Field experinence of the molluscicide \"Frescon\" in the control of fascioliasis (author's transl)].", "content": "The effectiveness of the molluscicide N-tritylmorpholine (Frescon, Shell) in the control of fascioliasis was tested in various field conditions. The effect was not only measured by the study of populations of L. truncatula but its use in prevention was also determined by turning tracer lambs out to grass in treated and control field. The studies showed that Frescon applied at the recommended dose rate is a reliable agent, even in the prevention of acute outbreaks of fascioliasis. The preventive effect was found to be most marked on treatment in the spring (preferable to single treatment during the summer), which is  of  particular importance in view of the fact that infections may occur in the southern Netherlands during the early grazing season.", "contents": "[Field experinence of the molluscicide \"Frescon\" in the control of fascioliasis (author's transl)]. The effectiveness of the molluscicide N-tritylmorpholine (Frescon, Shell) in the control of fascioliasis was tested in various field conditions. The effect was not only measured by the study of populations of L. truncatula but its use in prevention was also determined by turning tracer lambs out to grass in treated and control field. The studies showed that Frescon applied at the recommended dose rate is a reliable agent, even in the prevention of acute outbreaks of fascioliasis. The preventive effect was found to be most marked on treatment in the spring (preferable to single treatment during the summer), which is  of  particular importance in view of the fact that infections may occur in the southern Netherlands during the early grazing season.", "PMID": 847727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7689", "title": "[Studies on hepatitis vaccines in geese (author's transl)].", "content": "Three passages of goose hepatitis virus of muscoy duck embryo cell cultures were used as a vaccine in geese. The offspring of birds inoculated with the thirty-second of fifty-fifth passage were found to be immune to experimental infection with virulent goose hepatitis virus. The fifty-fifth passage, inoculated intramuscularly, did not result in transmission of the virus, neither through the hatching egg nor by direct contact. The eight-seventh passage was non-pathogenic for susceptible day-old goslings and produced active and adequate immunity in these young birds.", "contents": "[Studies on hepatitis vaccines in geese (author's transl)]. Three passages of goose hepatitis virus of muscoy duck embryo cell cultures were used as a vaccine in geese. The offspring of birds inoculated with the thirty-second of fifty-fifth passage were found to be immune to experimental infection with virulent goose hepatitis virus. The fifty-fifth passage, inoculated intramuscularly, did not result in transmission of the virus, neither through the hatching egg nor by direct contact. The eight-seventh passage was non-pathogenic for susceptible day-old goslings and produced active and adequate immunity in these young birds.", "PMID": 847728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7690", "title": "[Radical surgery (amputation) or conservative treatment (drainage) in cases of septic pedal arthritis and navicular bursitis in cattle (author's transl)].", "content": "An observation was carried out with regard to forty-nine cows, which had been treated for a  purulent necrotizing arthritis as a complication of a rear leg. In seventeen cases the pedal joint was drained by means of track made by an electric fraise. In sixteen cases the claw was amputated under the coronet and in the remaining sixteen cases the claw was sawn off above the coronet, through the second phalanx. It emerged that from the seventeen drainage-cases nine patients were retained for several laction-periods. Thirty out of the thiry-two cows where a claw-amputation had been performed, were slaughtered within one year. If a cow is not to be retained for several years after treatment, a simple amputation above the coronet is to be recommended.", "contents": "[Radical surgery (amputation) or conservative treatment (drainage) in cases of septic pedal arthritis and navicular bursitis in cattle (author's transl)]. An observation was carried out with regard to forty-nine cows, which had been treated for a  purulent necrotizing arthritis as a complication of a rear leg. In seventeen cases the pedal joint was drained by means of track made by an electric fraise. In sixteen cases the claw was amputated under the coronet and in the remaining sixteen cases the claw was sawn off above the coronet, through the second phalanx. It emerged that from the seventeen drainage-cases nine patients were retained for several laction-periods. Thirty out of the thiry-two cows where a claw-amputation had been performed, were slaughtered within one year. If a cow is not to be retained for several years after treatment, a simple amputation above the coronet is to be recommended.", "PMID": 847729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7691", "title": "[Botulism in cattle in a loose housing following the use of litter from a broiler farm (author's transl)].", "content": "An outbreak of type C botulism in cattle is reported, which was caused by the fact that litter from a broiler farm, in which a large number of toxic carcases had been present, had been used as a bedding in the cubicles. There is evidence to suggest that there is a relationship with the large number of cases of type C botulism in waterfowl in the Netherlands in recent years.", "contents": "[Botulism in cattle in a loose housing following the use of litter from a broiler farm (author's transl)]. An outbreak of type C botulism in cattle is reported, which was caused by the fact that litter from a broiler farm, in which a large number of toxic carcases had been present, had been used as a bedding in the cubicles. There is evidence to suggest that there is a relationship with the large number of cases of type C botulism in waterfowl in the Netherlands in recent years.", "PMID": 847730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7692", "title": "[Disease and causes of death in birds (authors transl)].", "content": "In 1975, post-mortem studies were done on 745 birds. The findings are tabulated. The most important problems are evaluated. The most striking finding is the very large proportion (46.0 per cent) of birds which died from infectious disease caused either by bacteria, viruses, protozoa or parasites. Hygiene is stressed as a valuable preventive measure.", "contents": "[Disease and causes of death in birds (authors transl)]. In 1975, post-mortem studies were done on 745 birds. The findings are tabulated. The most important problems are evaluated. The most striking finding is the very large proportion (46.0 per cent) of birds which died from infectious disease caused either by bacteria, viruses, protozoa or parasites. Hygiene is stressed as a valuable preventive measure.", "PMID": 847732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7693", "title": "[Measures to be adopted in the prevention and treatment of atrophic rhinitis in piglets under field conditions (author's transl)].", "content": "The following measures designed for the prevention of Atrophic rhinitis (AR) were compared. (1) Adopting the all in - all out system in separate farrowing quarters. The variation in age between piglets in a single farrowing house was confined to one to two weeks. (2) Treating the piglets with a combined preparation of penicillin, chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline hydrochloride or sulphonamides on the third, sixth and twelfth days of life. (3) Administering immune sera to piglets. (4) Vaccinating sows and piglets with Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccine and piggery--specific Pasteurella multocida vaccine. The various forms of treatment had a beneficial effect  on the clinical picture in every case of Atrophic rhinitis. Moreover, the dosage of the antibiotic oxytetracycline hydrochloride as well as the titre of the immune serum were found to be factors in the prevention of AR. The pressure of infection with Bordetella bronchiseptica and/or Pasteurella multocida is a factor of major importance in the pathogenesis of clinically apparent AR in piglets under eight weeks. Maintaining infection at a low level is the main object in the control of AR. The more so as the knowledge available today does not make it possible to free piggeries from Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida.", "contents": "[Measures to be adopted in the prevention and treatment of atrophic rhinitis in piglets under field conditions (author's transl)]. The following measures designed for the prevention of Atrophic rhinitis (AR) were compared. (1) Adopting the all in - all out system in separate farrowing quarters. The variation in age between piglets in a single farrowing house was confined to one to two weeks. (2) Treating the piglets with a combined preparation of penicillin, chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline hydrochloride or sulphonamides on the third, sixth and twelfth days of life. (3) Administering immune sera to piglets. (4) Vaccinating sows and piglets with Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccine and piggery--specific Pasteurella multocida vaccine. The various forms of treatment had a beneficial effect  on the clinical picture in every case of Atrophic rhinitis. Moreover, the dosage of the antibiotic oxytetracycline hydrochloride as well as the titre of the immune serum were found to be factors in the prevention of AR. The pressure of infection with Bordetella bronchiseptica and/or Pasteurella multocida is a factor of major importance in the pathogenesis of clinically apparent AR in piglets under eight weeks. Maintaining infection at a low level is the main object in the control of AR. The more so as the knowledge available today does not make it possible to free piggeries from Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida.", "PMID": 847733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7694", "title": "Influence of salivary glands extirpation on procreation in rats.", "content": "The influence of extirpation of the submandibular and sublingual, parotid and all major salivary glands on pregnancy of rats was studied. The statistic analysis of the results indicated that there are statistically significant differences in the number of offsprings between before and after extirpation of the salivary glands. The parotidectomized female rats presented the smallest number of offsprings as compared with other groups and presented some progressive sterility after the gland extirpation.", "contents": "Influence of salivary glands extirpation on procreation in rats. The influence of extirpation of the submandibular and sublingual, parotid and all major salivary glands on pregnancy of rats was studied. The statistic analysis of the results indicated that there are statistically significant differences in the number of offsprings between before and after extirpation of the salivary glands. The parotidectomized female rats presented the smallest number of offsprings as compared with other groups and presented some progressive sterility after the gland extirpation.", "PMID": 847737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7695", "title": "Effect of spironolactone on urinary kallikrein excretion in patients with essential hypertension and in primary aldosteronism.", "content": "Urinary kallikrein excretion was measured before and after administration of spironolactone in 12 patients with essential hypertension (including 7 patients with low renin and 5 patients with normal renin) and 6 patients with primary aldosteronism. In low renin essential hypertension, two types of urinary kallikrein excretion were observed. In one type, urinary kallikrein decreased from 6.2+/-2.1 (S.E.) EU/day to 2.7+/-0.3 EU/day after the treatment. In another type, urinary kallikrein increased from 3.1+/-0.5 EU/day to 6.4+/-1.0 EU/day. In the former, plasma aldosteron showed high levels (12.3+/-2.1 ng/100 ml), while in the latter, it was normal (3.2+/-0.5 ng/100 ml). In normal renin essential hypertension, urinary kallikrein excretion did not alter after the treatment. In primary aldosteronism, urinary kallikrein showed moderate decrease after the spironolactone treatment from 8.5+/-1.6 EU/day to 4.2+/-1.6 EU/day. Spironolactone is said to compete directly with the effect of aldosterone at renal distal tubules. The present investigation suggests that urinary kalikrein excretion is related to the effective levels of aldosterone at renal distal tubules, and alteration of aldosterone levels mediates the release of kallikrein, and that there are different mechanisms in the renal handling of sodium and kallikrein in low renin essential hypertension, in normal renin essential hypertension, and in primary aldosteronism.", "contents": "Effect of spironolactone on urinary kallikrein excretion in patients with essential hypertension and in primary aldosteronism. Urinary kallikrein excretion was measured before and after administration of spironolactone in 12 patients with essential hypertension (including 7 patients with low renin and 5 patients with normal renin) and 6 patients with primary aldosteronism. In low renin essential hypertension, two types of urinary kallikrein excretion were observed. In one type, urinary kallikrein decreased from 6.2+/-2.1 (S.E.) EU/day to 2.7+/-0.3 EU/day after the treatment. In another type, urinary kallikrein increased from 3.1+/-0.5 EU/day to 6.4+/-1.0 EU/day. In the former, plasma aldosteron showed high levels (12.3+/-2.1 ng/100 ml), while in the latter, it was normal (3.2+/-0.5 ng/100 ml). In normal renin essential hypertension, urinary kallikrein excretion did not alter after the treatment. In primary aldosteronism, urinary kallikrein showed moderate decrease after the spironolactone treatment from 8.5+/-1.6 EU/day to 4.2+/-1.6 EU/day. Spironolactone is said to compete directly with the effect of aldosterone at renal distal tubules. The present investigation suggests that urinary kalikrein excretion is related to the effective levels of aldosterone at renal distal tubules, and alteration of aldosterone levels mediates the release of kallikrein, and that there are different mechanisms in the renal handling of sodium and kallikrein in low renin essential hypertension, in normal renin essential hypertension, and in primary aldosteronism.", "PMID": 847738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7696", "title": "A constant electrical activity of the renal pelvis correlated to ureteral peristalsis.", "content": "Using a bipolar macroelectrode, simultaneous recordings of both pelvic and ureteral electromyograms (EMG) were carried out in dogs. The recordings were performed at 3 stages of urine flow; oliguric, increasing and diuretic stages. The results showed that the interval of the pelvic discharge was constant while its speed of propagation was slower than that of the ureter (1.32 cm/sec and 2.12 cm/sec, respectively). At oliguric stage the interperstaltic interval in the ureter constituted a multiple of the pelvic discharge interval. Ureteral peristaltic rate reached that of the renal pelvis with increasing urine flow. These results are discussed in relation to a hypothesis of a renal pacemaker.", "contents": "A constant electrical activity of the renal pelvis correlated to ureteral peristalsis. Using a bipolar macroelectrode, simultaneous recordings of both pelvic and ureteral electromyograms (EMG) were carried out in dogs. The recordings were performed at 3 stages of urine flow; oliguric, increasing and diuretic stages. The results showed that the interval of the pelvic discharge was constant while its speed of propagation was slower than that of the ureter (1.32 cm/sec and 2.12 cm/sec, respectively). At oliguric stage the interperstaltic interval in the ureter constituted a multiple of the pelvic discharge interval. Ureteral peristaltic rate reached that of the renal pelvis with increasing urine flow. These results are discussed in relation to a hypothesis of a renal pacemaker.", "PMID": 847739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7697", "title": "Altered growth behavior and phenotypic expression of cells of mouse and hamster cell lines after treatment with polyanions.", "content": "Effect of polyanions on saturation density and production of viscous substance of cells of mouse and hamster cell lines was studied. Cell lines used were 3T6, HA-2 and HA-8 cells. Polyanions were dextran sulfate, (3,6-anhydro-4-o-beta-galactopyranosyl-2-D-galactopyranose-2,4'-bis (potassium/sodium sulfate) (1 leads to 3) polysaccharide (polygeenan) and dextran phosphate. Dextran sulfate reduced the saturation densities of cell lines. Growth of 3T6 cells was not significantly affected by dextran sulfate. Polygeenan and dextran phosphate could not decrease the saturation densities of all the cell lines tested. The production of viscous substance into medium from the treated cells increased after treatment with all polyanions with the exception of dextran phosphate of molecular weight 40,000. It was suggested that specific structure of polyanion might be necessary for the decrease of saturation density of cell lines. Furthermore, it appears that dextran sulfate decreases saturation density of cell line along with change of phenotypic expression of cells.", "contents": "Altered growth behavior and phenotypic expression of cells of mouse and hamster cell lines after treatment with polyanions. Effect of polyanions on saturation density and production of viscous substance of cells of mouse and hamster cell lines was studied. Cell lines used were 3T6, HA-2 and HA-8 cells. Polyanions were dextran sulfate, (3,6-anhydro-4-o-beta-galactopyranosyl-2-D-galactopyranose-2,4'-bis (potassium/sodium sulfate) (1 leads to 3) polysaccharide (polygeenan) and dextran phosphate. Dextran sulfate reduced the saturation densities of cell lines. Growth of 3T6 cells was not significantly affected by dextran sulfate. Polygeenan and dextran phosphate could not decrease the saturation densities of all the cell lines tested. The production of viscous substance into medium from the treated cells increased after treatment with all polyanions with the exception of dextran phosphate of molecular weight 40,000. It was suggested that specific structure of polyanion might be necessary for the decrease of saturation density of cell lines. Furthermore, it appears that dextran sulfate decreases saturation density of cell line along with change of phenotypic expression of cells.", "PMID": 847740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7698", "title": "Effects of pacing location on coronary circulation in dogs.", "content": "In 13 open chest dogs, the right atrium and various ventricular sites (i.e. the inflow and outflow tracts and apex of the right ventricle, apex and lateral wall of the left ventricle) were stimulated electrically at a given rate, ranging from 140 to 210 per min. Coronary circulation and cardiodynamics in response to ventricular pacing were compared with those to right atrial pacing at equivalent heart rate. Stimulation of the ventricle except lateral wall of the left ventricle produced no significant changes in coronary sinus blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption despite decreased blood pressure and cardiac output. The minor change of coronary sinus blood flow was related to the decrease in coronary vascular resistance. Oxygen content of coronary sinus blood decreased during ventricular pacing, while arterial oxygen saturation remained constant. The response of coronary circulation to ventricular pacing did not differ essentially at faster and slower heart rates. It was considered that when stimuli were applied to the ventricular surface, the relatively constant myocardial oxygen consumption in the presence of lowered cardiac performance was attributed to the asynchrony of fractionate contractions of the ventricular muscle.", "contents": "Effects of pacing location on coronary circulation in dogs. In 13 open chest dogs, the right atrium and various ventricular sites (i.e. the inflow and outflow tracts and apex of the right ventricle, apex and lateral wall of the left ventricle) were stimulated electrically at a given rate, ranging from 140 to 210 per min. Coronary circulation and cardiodynamics in response to ventricular pacing were compared with those to right atrial pacing at equivalent heart rate. Stimulation of the ventricle except lateral wall of the left ventricle produced no significant changes in coronary sinus blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption despite decreased blood pressure and cardiac output. The minor change of coronary sinus blood flow was related to the decrease in coronary vascular resistance. Oxygen content of coronary sinus blood decreased during ventricular pacing, while arterial oxygen saturation remained constant. The response of coronary circulation to ventricular pacing did not differ essentially at faster and slower heart rates. It was considered that when stimuli were applied to the ventricular surface, the relatively constant myocardial oxygen consumption in the presence of lowered cardiac performance was attributed to the asynchrony of fractionate contractions of the ventricular muscle.", "PMID": 847741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7699", "title": "Cell cycles in two cell lines of human bladder carcinoma.", "content": "Cell cycle analysis was performed on two established cell lines of human bladder transitional carcinoma, MGH-U1 and T24 cells. The cells were cultured on round cover slips for three days, autoradiograms were prepared after pulse-labeling with 3H-TdR and the fractions of labeled mitoses (FLM) were calculated every 2 hours through 36 hours. The FLM curves were analyzed by the empirical half-height level method as well as Mendelsohn-Takahashi's asymmetry method which is a global type of FLM analysis based on Takahashi's generalized model. The results did not show any distinct differences in the cell cycle parameters between MGH-U1 and T24 cell lines. A remarkable discrepancy, however, was observed between the cell cycle times analyzed by the asymmetry method and by the half-height level method. Although there is no evidence that the asymmetry method is biologically correct up to now, Mendelsohn and Takahashi tested this method repeatedly and mathematically proved that it had much less error than that of the traditional boundary method.", "contents": "Cell cycles in two cell lines of human bladder carcinoma. Cell cycle analysis was performed on two established cell lines of human bladder transitional carcinoma, MGH-U1 and T24 cells. The cells were cultured on round cover slips for three days, autoradiograms were prepared after pulse-labeling with 3H-TdR and the fractions of labeled mitoses (FLM) were calculated every 2 hours through 36 hours. The FLM curves were analyzed by the empirical half-height level method as well as Mendelsohn-Takahashi's asymmetry method which is a global type of FLM analysis based on Takahashi's generalized model. The results did not show any distinct differences in the cell cycle parameters between MGH-U1 and T24 cell lines. A remarkable discrepancy, however, was observed between the cell cycle times analyzed by the asymmetry method and by the half-height level method. Although there is no evidence that the asymmetry method is biologically correct up to now, Mendelsohn and Takahashi tested this method repeatedly and mathematically proved that it had much less error than that of the traditional boundary method.", "PMID": 847742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7700", "title": "Autoregulation of renal blood flow during ether, halothane and methoxyflurane anesthesia in dogs.", "content": "The effects of ether, halothane and methoxyflurane (0.5-1.5 MAC) on renal blood flow and its autoregulation were studied in 24 dogs. The left renal artery was perfused with the animals' own blood by a constant pressure perfusion system. The perfusion pressure ranged from 60 to 200 mmHg. Renal blood flow at the perfusion pressure of 100 mmHg was changed neither by ether nor by halothane, while it was decreased dose-dependently by methoxyflurane. At equipotent anesthetic concentrations the autoregulation of renal blood flow was only slightly impaired by ether, but significantly by halothane and methoxyflurane. Adenosine (100 mug/min) or calcium chloride (10 mg/min) which was infused directly into the renal artery resulted in a restoration of autoregulation impaired by MAC-1 of each anesthetic when perfusion pressure was raised stepwise from 100 to 200 mmHg, but no restoration was observed at low perfusion pressure below 100 mmHg. The results indicate that methoxyflurane exerts a direct constrictive effect on the renal vasculature. Adenosine and calcium may play a significant role on the response of the renal vasculature to raised perfusion pressure.", "contents": "Autoregulation of renal blood flow during ether, halothane and methoxyflurane anesthesia in dogs. The effects of ether, halothane and methoxyflurane (0.5-1.5 MAC) on renal blood flow and its autoregulation were studied in 24 dogs. The left renal artery was perfused with the animals' own blood by a constant pressure perfusion system. The perfusion pressure ranged from 60 to 200 mmHg. Renal blood flow at the perfusion pressure of 100 mmHg was changed neither by ether nor by halothane, while it was decreased dose-dependently by methoxyflurane. At equipotent anesthetic concentrations the autoregulation of renal blood flow was only slightly impaired by ether, but significantly by halothane and methoxyflurane. Adenosine (100 mug/min) or calcium chloride (10 mg/min) which was infused directly into the renal artery resulted in a restoration of autoregulation impaired by MAC-1 of each anesthetic when perfusion pressure was raised stepwise from 100 to 200 mmHg, but no restoration was observed at low perfusion pressure below 100 mmHg. The results indicate that methoxyflurane exerts a direct constrictive effect on the renal vasculature. Adenosine and calcium may play a significant role on the response of the renal vasculature to raised perfusion pressure.", "PMID": 847743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7701", "title": "Inherited chromosomal translocation in two families (t(4q-;13q+) and t(5q-; 13q+)).", "content": "Two families with reciprocal translocations, t(4q-; 13q+) and t(5q-; 13q+), are reported. Each proband carried multiple malformations resulting from the unbalanced segregation in two mothers of balanced carriers. The karyotype-phenotype relationship is discussed with reference to other previously reported cases of B/D translocation.", "contents": "Inherited chromosomal translocation in two families (t(4q-;13q+) and t(5q-; 13q+)). Two families with reciprocal translocations, t(4q-; 13q+) and t(5q-; 13q+), are reported. Each proband carried multiple malformations resulting from the unbalanced segregation in two mothers of balanced carriers. The karyotype-phenotype relationship is discussed with reference to other previously reported cases of B/D translocation.", "PMID": 847744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7702", "title": "Infantile type of homocystinuria with N5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase defect.", "content": "Two infants of homocystinuria with a defective activity of the N5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase in the liver, kidney, brain and/or leukocytes were reported. Contrary to four cases with similar biochemical defects reported up to date, the two cases of ours demonstrated peculiar clinical features characterized by an early onset in infancy, fits of apnea and seizures, downhill course with coma, and death within one year of life. Thus \"an infantile type\" of this disorder was advanced as a new clinical entity. Assay for the N5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase activity using peripheral leukocytes was established and might be useful for a diagnosis of this disorder and also for detection of heterozygotes.", "contents": "Infantile type of homocystinuria with N5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase defect. Two infants of homocystinuria with a defective activity of the N5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase in the liver, kidney, brain and/or leukocytes were reported. Contrary to four cases with similar biochemical defects reported up to date, the two cases of ours demonstrated peculiar clinical features characterized by an early onset in infancy, fits of apnea and seizures, downhill course with coma, and death within one year of life. Thus \"an infantile type\" of this disorder was advanced as a new clinical entity. Assay for the N5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase activity using peripheral leukocytes was established and might be useful for a diagnosis of this disorder and also for detection of heterozygotes.", "PMID": 847745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7703", "title": "Plasma C-peptide response to oral glucose in low insulin responders, subdiabetic, and diabetic subjects.", "content": "It is one of the characteristic features in diabetes mellitus that insulin response to glucose is low. Nine low insulin responders with normal glucose tolerance in whom prediabetes mellitus should be suspected were found to be included in 104 apparently healthy subjects (9%). A 100 g glucose tolerance test (GTT) was performed in nine apparently healthy subjects with a low insulin response and 11 healthy subjects with a normal insulin response. A 50 g GTT was performed in 15 normal subjects, 20 subdiabetics, 38 chemical diabetics and 17 mild diabetics. In all subjects C-peptide during GTT was estimated by the double antibody systems using a synthetic human C-peptide. Though C-peptide secretion from the beta cell of the pancreas seems to keep pace with insulin secretion, the peak of C-peptide was delayed in its appearance in the circulating blood, as compared with that of insulin. The pattern of plasma C-peptide during GTT in diabetics was identical with that of insulin. In the low insulin responders C-peptide response to glucose was observed to be lower like that of insulin than in the normal insulin responders. However, a molar ratio of C-peptide to insulin at 30 min during GTT in the former was higher than that in the latter.", "contents": "Plasma C-peptide response to oral glucose in low insulin responders, subdiabetic, and diabetic subjects. It is one of the characteristic features in diabetes mellitus that insulin response to glucose is low. Nine low insulin responders with normal glucose tolerance in whom prediabetes mellitus should be suspected were found to be included in 104 apparently healthy subjects (9%). A 100 g glucose tolerance test (GTT) was performed in nine apparently healthy subjects with a low insulin response and 11 healthy subjects with a normal insulin response. A 50 g GTT was performed in 15 normal subjects, 20 subdiabetics, 38 chemical diabetics and 17 mild diabetics. In all subjects C-peptide during GTT was estimated by the double antibody systems using a synthetic human C-peptide. Though C-peptide secretion from the beta cell of the pancreas seems to keep pace with insulin secretion, the peak of C-peptide was delayed in its appearance in the circulating blood, as compared with that of insulin. The pattern of plasma C-peptide during GTT in diabetics was identical with that of insulin. In the low insulin responders C-peptide response to glucose was observed to be lower like that of insulin than in the normal insulin responders. However, a molar ratio of C-peptide to insulin at 30 min during GTT in the former was higher than that in the latter.", "PMID": 847746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7704", "title": "Trigeminal artery and occlusive cerebrovascular disease.", "content": "Two patients with persistent trigeminal artery who had an ipsilateral cerebral stroke are presented. The relevant literature is reviewed. The significance of the trigeminal artery in occlusive cerebrovascular disease is discussed and it is concluded that the presence of a trigeminal artery in patients with occlusive cerebrovascular disease may not be of major protective value.", "contents": "Trigeminal artery and occlusive cerebrovascular disease. Two patients with persistent trigeminal artery who had an ipsilateral cerebral stroke are presented. The relevant literature is reviewed. The significance of the trigeminal artery in occlusive cerebrovascular disease is discussed and it is concluded that the presence of a trigeminal artery in patients with occlusive cerebrovascular disease may not be of major protective value.", "PMID": 847781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7705", "title": "Cerebral circulation after cardiac arrest. Microangiographic and protein tracer studies.", "content": "The effects of ventricular fibrillation and subsequent resuscitation on the microcirculation of the verebral cortex were studied with microangiographic and fluorescent protein tracer techniques. Immediately after revival, a transient period of impaired cerebral perfusion occurred before complete recovery from circulatory arrest was obtained. A circulatory arrest of longer than ten minutes, followed by four to six hours of resuscitation, caused defects of cortical capillary filling in both microangiography and Trypan blue fluorescence. This was considered to represent impairment of cortical perfusion, most likely due to edema. Cardiac arrest up to 12 minutes and subsequent resuscitation per se caused no blood-brain barrier damage. Minimal blood-brain barrier damage occurred in one dog following uncomplicated revival from a 14-minute arrest and in animals with prolonged hypertension post-resuscitation. Up to three consecutive carotid angiographies did not cause blood-brain barrier damage in the postischemic brain.", "contents": "Cerebral circulation after cardiac arrest. Microangiographic and protein tracer studies. The effects of ventricular fibrillation and subsequent resuscitation on the microcirculation of the verebral cortex were studied with microangiographic and fluorescent protein tracer techniques. Immediately after revival, a transient period of impaired cerebral perfusion occurred before complete recovery from circulatory arrest was obtained. A circulatory arrest of longer than ten minutes, followed by four to six hours of resuscitation, caused defects of cortical capillary filling in both microangiography and Trypan blue fluorescence. This was considered to represent impairment of cortical perfusion, most likely due to edema. Cardiac arrest up to 12 minutes and subsequent resuscitation per se caused no blood-brain barrier damage. Minimal blood-brain barrier damage occurred in one dog following uncomplicated revival from a 14-minute arrest and in animals with prolonged hypertension post-resuscitation. Up to three consecutive carotid angiographies did not cause blood-brain barrier damage in the postischemic brain.", "PMID": 847782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7706", "title": "Cerebral blood flow regulation. II. Vasodilator mechanisms.", "content": "Rapid vasicular resistance adjustments in the brain and in the circle of Willis have been continuously measured and enhanced by signal averaging methods. Naftidrofuryl, a drug chemically similar to local anesthetics and to beta adrenergic blocking agents, increases local CBF by reducing resistance in brain and in extracerebral supply arteries. It has also been reported to affect brain metabolism. Other similar drugs merit study for potential effects on CBF and brain metabolism which may be useful in treatment.", "contents": "Cerebral blood flow regulation. II. Vasodilator mechanisms. Rapid vasicular resistance adjustments in the brain and in the circle of Willis have been continuously measured and enhanced by signal averaging methods. Naftidrofuryl, a drug chemically similar to local anesthetics and to beta adrenergic blocking agents, increases local CBF by reducing resistance in brain and in extracerebral supply arteries. It has also been reported to affect brain metabolism. Other similar drugs merit study for potential effects on CBF and brain metabolism which may be useful in treatment.", "PMID": 847783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7707", "title": "Intracranial aneurysms and subarachnoid hemorrhage - report on a randomized treatment study. IV-A. regulated bed rest.", "content": "Three weeks of regulated bed rest was one of four treatments evaluated in the Cooperative Aneurysm Study. A total of 187 patients with a recently ruptured intracranial aneurysm had subarachnoid hemorrhage confirmed by lumbar puncture. A group of 124 patients were assigned to treatment within 7 days after the bleed, 49 between 8 and 21 days, and 14 between 22 days and 92 days. During the mean follow-up interval of 6.5 years, mortality was 55.1%. A proved rebleed was the cause of death in 34.2%, progressive deterioration from aneurysm rupture in 8.0%, and a suspected rebleed in 4.8%. A total of 47.1% died of causes related directly to the cerebral effects of the ruptured aneurysm.", "contents": "Intracranial aneurysms and subarachnoid hemorrhage - report on a randomized treatment study. IV-A. regulated bed rest. Three weeks of regulated bed rest was one of four treatments evaluated in the Cooperative Aneurysm Study. A total of 187 patients with a recently ruptured intracranial aneurysm had subarachnoid hemorrhage confirmed by lumbar puncture. A group of 124 patients were assigned to treatment within 7 days after the bleed, 49 between 8 and 21 days, and 14 between 22 days and 92 days. During the mean follow-up interval of 6.5 years, mortality was 55.1%. A proved rebleed was the cause of death in 34.2%, progressive deterioration from aneurysm rupture in 8.0%, and a suspected rebleed in 4.8%. A total of 47.1% died of causes related directly to the cerebral effects of the ruptured aneurysm.", "PMID": 847785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7708", "title": "Carotid ligation in gerbils. Influence of age, sex, and gonads.", "content": "The ill effects of carotid artery occlusion or ligation vary in man and experimental animals according to surgical techniques, environmental conditions, diet, stress, sex, age, strain of the animal, blood pressure, the state of cardiopulmonary system, and other diverse factors. Unilateral carotid artery ligation in most small laboratory animals is an innocuous procedure. The gerbil, a desert rat, has been found to be quite sensitive to unilateral carotid artery ligation. The present experiments were designed to study the influence of age, sex, and castration on end results of the unilateral carotid artery ligation in gerbils. It appears that the young animals prior to sexual maturity and the sexually mature female are more resistant than the sexually mature male. This difference is assumed to be due to the influence of the gonads on the blood flow of the brain.", "contents": "Carotid ligation in gerbils. Influence of age, sex, and gonads. The ill effects of carotid artery occlusion or ligation vary in man and experimental animals according to surgical techniques, environmental conditions, diet, stress, sex, age, strain of the animal, blood pressure, the state of cardiopulmonary system, and other diverse factors. Unilateral carotid artery ligation in most small laboratory animals is an innocuous procedure. The gerbil, a desert rat, has been found to be quite sensitive to unilateral carotid artery ligation. The present experiments were designed to study the influence of age, sex, and castration on end results of the unilateral carotid artery ligation in gerbils. It appears that the young animals prior to sexual maturity and the sexually mature female are more resistant than the sexually mature male. This difference is assumed to be due to the influence of the gonads on the blood flow of the brain.", "PMID": 847784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7709", "title": "Pleocytosis and elevation of prostaglandins F2a and E2 in cerebrospinal fluid following intracisternal injection of thrombin.", "content": "A marked pleocytosis and increase in the levels of prostaglandin F2a (PGF2a) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were noted in cerebrospinal fluid of dogs within two hours following the intracisternal injection of thrombin. Quantitation of the prostaglandins (PG's) was done by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy using deuterated PGF2a and PGE2 as internal standards. Whereas the levels of these prostaglandins were below the sensitivity of the method in control animals, a marked increase was noted following thrombin. PGF2a levels were 15-21 ng/ml and the PGE2 levels were 55-72 ng/ml. This concentration of the PG's is adequate to cause spasm of the cerebral vessels and could explain the spasm which occurs following the intracisternal injection of thrombin. These two effects, a pleocytosis and elevation of PG levels, may be specific to thrombin.", "contents": "Pleocytosis and elevation of prostaglandins F2a and E2 in cerebrospinal fluid following intracisternal injection of thrombin. A marked pleocytosis and increase in the levels of prostaglandin F2a (PGF2a) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were noted in cerebrospinal fluid of dogs within two hours following the intracisternal injection of thrombin. Quantitation of the prostaglandins (PG's) was done by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy using deuterated PGF2a and PGE2 as internal standards. Whereas the levels of these prostaglandins were below the sensitivity of the method in control animals, a marked increase was noted following thrombin. PGF2a levels were 15-21 ng/ml and the PGE2 levels were 55-72 ng/ml. This concentration of the PG's is adequate to cause spasm of the cerebral vessels and could explain the spasm which occurs following the intracisternal injection of thrombin. These two effects, a pleocytosis and elevation of PG levels, may be specific to thrombin.", "PMID": 847788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7710", "title": "Experimental model for systematic study of impaired microvascular reperfusion.", "content": "A technique is described for reliably producing quantifiable impairment of microvascular reperfusion of the brain after ischemia in dogs. The technique is derived from an analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid compression ischemia model as a Starling resistor. It is proposed that this model would be useful in systematic study of post-ischemic impairment of reperfusion.", "contents": "Experimental model for systematic study of impaired microvascular reperfusion. A technique is described for reliably producing quantifiable impairment of microvascular reperfusion of the brain after ischemia in dogs. The technique is derived from an analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid compression ischemia model as a Starling resistor. It is proposed that this model would be useful in systematic study of post-ischemic impairment of reperfusion.", "PMID": 847789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7711", "title": "Respiratory influence on the total and regional cerebral blood flow responses to intracranial hypertension.", "content": "The effect of respiration on the cerebrovascular response to elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) was studied in anesthetized dogs. Total and regional cerebral blood flows were measured using labelled microspheres. In spontaneously breathing dogs total and regional cerebral blood flows increased when cerebral perfusion pressure was reduced to 20 mm Hg. The increase in regional flows was greater in the infratentorial areas than in the supratentorial areas. The increase in cerebral flow in spontaneously breathing dogs was associated with the development of hypoxemia and respiratory acidosis secondary to depression of ventilation. Elevation in ICP while regulating PO2, PCO2, and pH by controlled ventilation resulted in decrease in the total and regional cerebral blood flows. The decrease in regional flows was greater in the supratentorial areas. Induction of respiratory acidosis during elevated ICP in the controlled ventilated dogs with a 5% CO2 in air gas mixture, reversed the decrease in cerebral flows. The results suggest that the increase in cerebral blood flow during elevated ICP in spontaneously breathing dogs is secondary to the development of hypoxemia and respiratory acidosis since cerebral vessels retain responsiveness to increased PaCO2 when the vessels are dilated due to elevated ICP. The results also indicate that the regional cerebrovascular response to elevated ICP is non-uniform.", "contents": "Respiratory influence on the total and regional cerebral blood flow responses to intracranial hypertension. The effect of respiration on the cerebrovascular response to elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) was studied in anesthetized dogs. Total and regional cerebral blood flows were measured using labelled microspheres. In spontaneously breathing dogs total and regional cerebral blood flows increased when cerebral perfusion pressure was reduced to 20 mm Hg. The increase in regional flows was greater in the infratentorial areas than in the supratentorial areas. The increase in cerebral flow in spontaneously breathing dogs was associated with the development of hypoxemia and respiratory acidosis secondary to depression of ventilation. Elevation in ICP while regulating PO2, PCO2, and pH by controlled ventilation resulted in decrease in the total and regional cerebral blood flows. The decrease in regional flows was greater in the supratentorial areas. Induction of respiratory acidosis during elevated ICP in the controlled ventilated dogs with a 5% CO2 in air gas mixture, reversed the decrease in cerebral flows. The results suggest that the increase in cerebral blood flow during elevated ICP in spontaneously breathing dogs is secondary to the development of hypoxemia and respiratory acidosis since cerebral vessels retain responsiveness to increased PaCO2 when the vessels are dilated due to elevated ICP. The results also indicate that the regional cerebrovascular response to elevated ICP is non-uniform.", "PMID": 847790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7712", "title": "Coagulopathy following experimental cerebral ischemia.", "content": "In adult normothermic cats cerebral blood flow was interrupted for 1 hour by clamping the innominate and subclavian arteries. Following ischemia the brains were recirculated with blood, and the coagulation system was investigated by measuring coagulation times and blood content of fibrinogen and platelets. Ischemia induced progressive consumption coagulopathy with an increase in coagulation times and a decrease of platelets and fibrinogen by more than 40%. Coagulopathy was accompanied by a respiratory distress syndrome with a significant increase in the alveolar-arterial carbon dioxide gradient from --3.3 to --13.5 mm Hg. A correlation was found between plasma fibrinogen concentration, cerebral blood flow and electrophysiological function, indicating that a relationship exists between the severity of postischemic coagulopathy and functional recovery following prolonged cerebral ischemia.", "contents": "Coagulopathy following experimental cerebral ischemia. In adult normothermic cats cerebral blood flow was interrupted for 1 hour by clamping the innominate and subclavian arteries. Following ischemia the brains were recirculated with blood, and the coagulation system was investigated by measuring coagulation times and blood content of fibrinogen and platelets. Ischemia induced progressive consumption coagulopathy with an increase in coagulation times and a decrease of platelets and fibrinogen by more than 40%. Coagulopathy was accompanied by a respiratory distress syndrome with a significant increase in the alveolar-arterial carbon dioxide gradient from --3.3 to --13.5 mm Hg. A correlation was found between plasma fibrinogen concentration, cerebral blood flow and electrophysiological function, indicating that a relationship exists between the severity of postischemic coagulopathy and functional recovery following prolonged cerebral ischemia.", "PMID": 847791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7713", "title": "Central nervous system angioendothelosis. A treatable multiple infarct dementia.", "content": "CNS neoplastic angioendothelosis is a treatable primary proliferative disorder of the endothelial cells of blood vessels characterized by a clinical neurological picture of multiple infarct dementia and an inordinate amount of local cerebral edema, so striking that it may simulate primary or metastatic central nervous system tumor. The malignant cells remain within the lumen of the vessels and rarely if ever metastasize or occur in peripheral blood. There is remarkable improvement in symptoms by treating with high dose steroids. Antimetabolites and irradiation are suggested means of additional treatment.", "contents": "Central nervous system angioendothelosis. A treatable multiple infarct dementia. CNS neoplastic angioendothelosis is a treatable primary proliferative disorder of the endothelial cells of blood vessels characterized by a clinical neurological picture of multiple infarct dementia and an inordinate amount of local cerebral edema, so striking that it may simulate primary or metastatic central nervous system tumor. The malignant cells remain within the lumen of the vessels and rarely if ever metastasize or occur in peripheral blood. There is remarkable improvement in symptoms by treating with high dose steroids. Antimetabolites and irradiation are suggested means of additional treatment.", "PMID": 847786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7714", "title": "Effects of high static pressures on human cerebral arteries in vitro.", "content": "Static elastic properties were obtained from pressure, volume, and length measurements of 34 isolated human cerebral arteries from 23 circles of Willis of patients aged 23-76 years. No significant difference in initial or final elastance was observed with age or branch in the circle of Willis. Twenty-four of the arteries from 18 circles of Willis were then subjected to transmural pressures of 200-300 mm Hg for periods of less than or equal to 5 minutes and the elastic properties restudied. In general, this had little effect on the arteries except for a significant increase in the initial radius for the less than or equal to 40 year age group. In the less than or equal to 40 year group, female arteries tended to show a greater increase in initial elastance than the males. Histological studies to look for elastin fragmentation in the intima were inconclusive.", "contents": "Effects of high static pressures on human cerebral arteries in vitro. Static elastic properties were obtained from pressure, volume, and length measurements of 34 isolated human cerebral arteries from 23 circles of Willis of patients aged 23-76 years. No significant difference in initial or final elastance was observed with age or branch in the circle of Willis. Twenty-four of the arteries from 18 circles of Willis were then subjected to transmural pressures of 200-300 mm Hg for periods of less than or equal to 5 minutes and the elastic properties restudied. In general, this had little effect on the arteries except for a significant increase in the initial radius for the less than or equal to 40 year age group. In the less than or equal to 40 year group, female arteries tended to show a greater increase in initial elastance than the males. Histological studies to look for elastin fragmentation in the intima were inconclusive.", "PMID": 847792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7715", "title": "Implanted device for middle cerebral artery occlusion in conscious cats.", "content": "A simple implantable device was applied to the left middle cerebral artery of adult cats. One week later the artery was occluded acutely while the animals were conscious. Forced circling and tonic deviation of the head and neck toward the left were noted within seconds of occlusion. A right hemiparesis developed one to two minutes later. Cerebral angiography confirmed the presence of the middle cerebral artery occlusion when the occluding stylet was inserted. Removal of the stylet resulted in reopening of the artery. Light microscopic examination of the brains revealed severe acute ischemic changes in a large left cortical and subcortical area. Partial loss of endothelial lining and thinning of the media were demonstrated in the compressed segment of the middle cerebral artery.", "contents": "Implanted device for middle cerebral artery occlusion in conscious cats. A simple implantable device was applied to the left middle cerebral artery of adult cats. One week later the artery was occluded acutely while the animals were conscious. Forced circling and tonic deviation of the head and neck toward the left were noted within seconds of occlusion. A right hemiparesis developed one to two minutes later. Cerebral angiography confirmed the presence of the middle cerebral artery occlusion when the occluding stylet was inserted. Removal of the stylet resulted in reopening of the artery. Light microscopic examination of the brains revealed severe acute ischemic changes in a large left cortical and subcortical area. Partial loss of endothelial lining and thinning of the media were demonstrated in the compressed segment of the middle cerebral artery.", "PMID": 847793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7716", "title": "Amaurosis fugax.", "content": "We reviewed 112 patients with amaurosis fugax to refine our indications for carotid angiography. Eighty patients had a carotid endarterectomy. Thiry-four patients with ipsilateral hemispheric transient ischemic attacks plus amaurosis fugax all had an operable carotid lesion. The presence or absence of a carotid bruit, a normal or abnormal ophthalmologic examination, or a normal or abnormal cerebrovascular Doppler examination did not predict which patients would or would not have an operable carotid lesion. All patients with amaurosis fugax being evaluated for an operable carotid stenosis require angiography.", "contents": "Amaurosis fugax. We reviewed 112 patients with amaurosis fugax to refine our indications for carotid angiography. Eighty patients had a carotid endarterectomy. Thiry-four patients with ipsilateral hemispheric transient ischemic attacks plus amaurosis fugax all had an operable carotid lesion. The presence or absence of a carotid bruit, a normal or abnormal ophthalmologic examination, or a normal or abnormal cerebrovascular Doppler examination did not predict which patients would or would not have an operable carotid lesion. All patients with amaurosis fugax being evaluated for an operable carotid stenosis require angiography.", "PMID": 847787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7717", "title": "Variations in mean cerebral blood flow under anesthesia at rest and during cortical activation.", "content": "More than one cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurement was performed on the same occasion in three groups of patients using the intracarotid 133Xenon technique. In the anesthetized group there was a highly significant reduction in CBF (mean = 24.3%) from the first to the second measurement. In those at rest under local anesthesia there was also a significant fall (mean 9.8%). The third group, who were stimulated during the second estimation, showed no change. A second CBF determination some time after beginning a study is recommended, especially in pharmacological studies, to provide a more reliable resting control, rather than the first value which represents flow in an \"activated\" brain which has not yet adapted fully to its new environment.", "contents": "Variations in mean cerebral blood flow under anesthesia at rest and during cortical activation. More than one cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurement was performed on the same occasion in three groups of patients using the intracarotid 133Xenon technique. In the anesthetized group there was a highly significant reduction in CBF (mean = 24.3%) from the first to the second measurement. In those at rest under local anesthesia there was also a significant fall (mean 9.8%). The third group, who were stimulated during the second estimation, showed no change. A second CBF determination some time after beginning a study is recommended, especially in pharmacological studies, to provide a more reliable resting control, rather than the first value which represents flow in an \"activated\" brain which has not yet adapted fully to its new environment.", "PMID": 847794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7718", "title": "The anterior communicating artery has significant branches.", "content": "The anterior communicating artery was studied with the operating microscope in 10 autopsy cases. This vessel was present in all cases with reduplication in three. Arterial diameter ranged from 0.8 to 2.3 mm, with lengths of 5 to 10 mm. Branches of the anterior communicating artery were found in every case (range 3-13, average 5.4). Most branches were small (50-250 mu), but at least one large branch (250-1000 mu) was invariably present. Small ventral branches ramified on the optic chiasm. Small and large dorsal branches distributed themselves to lamina terminalis, hypothalamus, parolfactory areas, columns of fornix, and corpus callosum. Injury to these vessels caused by aneurysmal rupture or surgical manipulation may lead to serious clinical deficits.", "contents": "The anterior communicating artery has significant branches. The anterior communicating artery was studied with the operating microscope in 10 autopsy cases. This vessel was present in all cases with reduplication in three. Arterial diameter ranged from 0.8 to 2.3 mm, with lengths of 5 to 10 mm. Branches of the anterior communicating artery were found in every case (range 3-13, average 5.4). Most branches were small (50-250 mu), but at least one large branch (250-1000 mu) was invariably present. Small ventral branches ramified on the optic chiasm. Small and large dorsal branches distributed themselves to lamina terminalis, hypothalamus, parolfactory areas, columns of fornix, and corpus callosum. Injury to these vessels caused by aneurysmal rupture or surgical manipulation may lead to serious clinical deficits.", "PMID": 847795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7719", "title": "How BRH, FCC, CPSC, FDA & OSHA regulations affect you.", "content": "United States Government regulations cover industrial, medical and consumer ultrasound products for the protection of those using the equipment. There are currently five government agencies which regulate permissible power, intensity and radiation field patterns; permissible frequency and power bands; safety standards for the protection of consumers using ultrasound devices; safety and design standards for diagnosis and therapy by physicians; and standards for the protection of workers in factories using ultrasonic equipment.", "contents": "How BRH, FCC, CPSC, FDA & OSHA regulations affect you. United States Government regulations cover industrial, medical and consumer ultrasound products for the protection of those using the equipment. There are currently five government agencies which regulate permissible power, intensity and radiation field patterns; permissible frequency and power bands; safety standards for the protection of consumers using ultrasound devices; safety and design standards for diagnosis and therapy by physicians; and standards for the protection of workers in factories using ultrasonic equipment.", "PMID": 847837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7720", "title": "Digital image focussing in the near field of a sampled acoustic aperture.", "content": "A study has been carried out to investigate digital techniques which can be used to form fully focussed acoustic images. An algebraic approach was used rather than a Fourier technique. Pulse-echo data was digitized from a 2.4 cm long, 32 element, 3 MHz linear array. Water bath tests have demonstrated azimuthal resolution close to beig diffraction limited throughout the field of view. Good images of tissue samples in-vitro have been obtained. Consideration of image sampling requirements and symmetry properties have led to the development of an efficient processing algorithm.", "contents": "Digital image focussing in the near field of a sampled acoustic aperture. A study has been carried out to investigate digital techniques which can be used to form fully focussed acoustic images. An algebraic approach was used rather than a Fourier technique. Pulse-echo data was digitized from a 2.4 cm long, 32 element, 3 MHz linear array. Water bath tests have demonstrated azimuthal resolution close to beig diffraction limited throughout the field of view. Good images of tissue samples in-vitro have been obtained. Consideration of image sampling requirements and symmetry properties have led to the development of an efficient processing algorithm.", "PMID": 847838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7721", "title": "Direct conversion of real-time two-dimensional echocardiographic images.", "content": "This paper describes an instrument which performs a direct conversion of real-time, two-dimensional echocardiographic images into standard television format. The convertor has been designed to display images on a television monitor and to store images on a videorecorder in standard video format. Design considerations and a block diagram are discussed as well as a method for real-time processing of images by means of such a convertor.", "contents": "Direct conversion of real-time two-dimensional echocardiographic images. This paper describes an instrument which performs a direct conversion of real-time, two-dimensional echocardiographic images into standard television format. The convertor has been designed to display images on a television monitor and to store images on a videorecorder in standard video format. Design considerations and a block diagram are discussed as well as a method for real-time processing of images by means of such a convertor.", "PMID": 847839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7722", "title": "[Transfemoral cannulation of the renal vessels. Diagnostic and therapeutic use in urology  (author's transl)].", "content": "Transfemoral cannulation of renal vessels with the Seldinger technique has been used as well as routine angiography in the following urologic indications. 1. Hypothermic in situ perfusion of the kidney in difficult surgical procedures on the renal parenchyma, e.g., multiple stones, stag-horn calculi, benign and malignant tumors in solitary, residual or functionally residual kidneys. The advantages of this method are sufficient time for surgery, no contamination of blood and therefore excellent view by means of complete ischemia and good long-term results of the renal function. 2. Embolization of inoperable renal tumors to reduce tumor growth and control bleeding. The material used for embolization was a modified preparation of homogenized autologous muscle tissue. 3.  Occlusion of the renal artery prior to tumor nephrectomy by a flow-guided balloon catheter in order to reduce the difficulty of the surgical produce, e.g., in massive carcinomatous infiltration of the hilus vessels. 4. Retrograde phlebography of the left internal spermatic vein in recurrent or persistent varicocele and in infertility with only insignificant or doubtful varicocele. The advantage compared with orthograde phlebography via plexus pampiniformis is the direct evidence that the venous reflux causes the varicocele. When the technique has been mastered transfemoral cannulation of the renal vessels can be used in routinely in the clinic Critical consideration of the indications, however, is necessary.", "contents": "[Transfemoral cannulation of the renal vessels. Diagnostic and therapeutic use in urology  (author's transl)]. Transfemoral cannulation of renal vessels with the Seldinger technique has been used as well as routine angiography in the following urologic indications. 1. Hypothermic in situ perfusion of the kidney in difficult surgical procedures on the renal parenchyma, e.g., multiple stones, stag-horn calculi, benign and malignant tumors in solitary, residual or functionally residual kidneys. The advantages of this method are sufficient time for surgery, no contamination of blood and therefore excellent view by means of complete ischemia and good long-term results of the renal function. 2. Embolization of inoperable renal tumors to reduce tumor growth and control bleeding. The material used for embolization was a modified preparation of homogenized autologous muscle tissue. 3.  Occlusion of the renal artery prior to tumor nephrectomy by a flow-guided balloon catheter in order to reduce the difficulty of the surgical produce, e.g., in massive carcinomatous infiltration of the hilus vessels. 4. Retrograde phlebography of the left internal spermatic vein in recurrent or persistent varicocele and in infertility with only insignificant or doubtful varicocele. The advantage compared with orthograde phlebography via plexus pampiniformis is the direct evidence that the venous reflux causes the varicocele. When the technique has been mastered transfemoral cannulation of the renal vessels can be used in routinely in the clinic Critical consideration of the indications, however, is necessary.", "PMID": 847852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7723", "title": "[Mobile kidney diagnosis by renography with a gamma camera (author's transl)].", "content": "There were 15 nephroptosis patients examined by renography with a gamma camera, which appears to be of value in demonstrating if the mobility of the kidney causes changes in urinary flow or in renal blood flow. By means of gamma camera renography, it seems possible to distinguish between cases where the nephroptosis is a casual finding and cases where it has pathogenic significance.", "contents": "[Mobile kidney diagnosis by renography with a gamma camera (author's transl)]. There were 15 nephroptosis patients examined by renography with a gamma camera, which appears to be of value in demonstrating if the mobility of the kidney causes changes in urinary flow or in renal blood flow. By means of gamma camera renography, it seems possible to distinguish between cases where the nephroptosis is a casual finding and cases where it has pathogenic significance.", "PMID": 847853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7724", "title": "[On a modification of the otis urethrotome (author's transl)].", "content": "A modification of the Otis urethrotome is presented and the technique of internal urethrotomy with this instrument is described. The instrument opens parallel, and the incision blade makes a cut in two directions possible. Special additional parts at the top of the instrument make the introduction easier. The unintentional stretching of the urethra by the extraction of a conical instrument is therefore avoided.", "contents": "[On a modification of the otis urethrotome (author's transl)]. A modification of the Otis urethrotome is presented and the technique of internal urethrotomy with this instrument is described. The instrument opens parallel, and the incision blade makes a cut in two directions possible. Special additional parts at the top of the instrument make the introduction easier. The unintentional stretching of the urethra by the extraction of a conical instrument is therefore avoided.", "PMID": 847854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7725", "title": "[Capacitive effects during transurethral resections with high-frequency currents (author's transl)].", "content": "The cutting probe of transurethral resection devices has to be fed through a line inside of the shaft. The capacitive high-frequency currents between this feeder and the shaft flow through the urethra and may cause destructive heat within the urethra if a metallic shaft is used. This paper shows that no danger is caused from these capacitive currents as long as the capacity between feeder and shaft is less than 120 pF.", "contents": "[Capacitive effects during transurethral resections with high-frequency currents (author's transl)]. The cutting probe of transurethral resection devices has to be fed through a line inside of the shaft. The capacitive high-frequency currents between this feeder and the shaft flow through the urethra and may cause destructive heat within the urethra if a metallic shaft is used. This paper shows that no danger is caused from these capacitive currents as long as the capacity between feeder and shaft is less than 120 pF.", "PMID": 847858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7726", "title": "[Renal arterial aneurysms--diffuse renal arterial ectasia. (Review and case histories) (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of renal arterial aneurysm or diffuse renal arterial dilatation are presented. Frequency, pathogenesis, clinical appearance, and prognosis of this disorder are discussed. Major complications include rupture or thrombosis of the renal artery, and hypertension due to renal ischemia; the latter is best diagnosed by renin determination in renal venous blood collected by selective catheterization.", "contents": "[Renal arterial aneurysms--diffuse renal arterial ectasia. (Review and case histories) (author's transl)]. Two cases of renal arterial aneurysm or diffuse renal arterial dilatation are presented. Frequency, pathogenesis, clinical appearance, and prognosis of this disorder are discussed. Major complications include rupture or thrombosis of the renal artery, and hypertension due to renal ischemia; the latter is best diagnosed by renin determination in renal venous blood collected by selective catheterization.", "PMID": 847859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7727", "title": "[The implantation of human kidney stones--a simple experimental model (author's transl)].", "content": "Human kidney stones of different chemical components were implanted into the renal pelvis of 15 mongrel dogs. In the first surgical intervention the ureter was ligated near the bladder. Eight days later a second laparotomy was performed. It was possible to implant concrements with a diameter of about 1 - 1.5 cm into the dilated pelvis. At the same time urinary stasis was removed by a neoureterostomy. This method offers a unique experimental model for the evaluation of problems involved in litholysis of human kidney stones by chemical and physical methods.", "contents": "[The implantation of human kidney stones--a simple experimental model (author's transl)]. Human kidney stones of different chemical components were implanted into the renal pelvis of 15 mongrel dogs. In the first surgical intervention the ureter was ligated near the bladder. Eight days later a second laparotomy was performed. It was possible to implant concrements with a diameter of about 1 - 1.5 cm into the dilated pelvis. At the same time urinary stasis was removed by a neoureterostomy. This method offers a unique experimental model for the evaluation of problems involved in litholysis of human kidney stones by chemical and physical methods.", "PMID": 847860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7728", "title": "[The distribution of antibiotics in extravascular renal tissue during experimental pyelonephritis of dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "For the success of an antibiotic therapy in pyelonephritis the concentration of antibiotics attainable in the kidney tissue is of extreme importance. Therefore in dogs, besides serum level and urin level a tissue level was defined after a single dose of gentamycin and cefazolin. While gentamycin is highly concentrated in the kidney, which is indeed more in a state of shock than health, Cefalozin is being excreted, after initially high values, excreted in a course approximately parallel to the blood level curve, within 5 h down to concentrations between 1 mcg/ml and 4 mcg/ml. The level of the tissue in the cortex of healthy kidneys and infected kidneys without additional damage by a ureter ligature averaged about 40% less than the serum level. The tissue level of kidneys infected by the additional damage of a ureter ligature and with signs of a pyelonephritis was extremely lower and reached occasionally hardly 20% of the serum level. Attention is also called  to the consequence of these results for the therapy of the pyelonephritis.", "contents": "[The distribution of antibiotics in extravascular renal tissue during experimental pyelonephritis of dogs (author's transl)]. For the success of an antibiotic therapy in pyelonephritis the concentration of antibiotics attainable in the kidney tissue is of extreme importance. Therefore in dogs, besides serum level and urin level a tissue level was defined after a single dose of gentamycin and cefazolin. While gentamycin is highly concentrated in the kidney, which is indeed more in a state of shock than health, Cefalozin is being excreted, after initially high values, excreted in a course approximately parallel to the blood level curve, within 5 h down to concentrations between 1 mcg/ml and 4 mcg/ml. The level of the tissue in the cortex of healthy kidneys and infected kidneys without additional damage by a ureter ligature averaged about 40% less than the serum level. The tissue level of kidneys infected by the additional damage of a ureter ligature and with signs of a pyelonephritis was extremely lower and reached occasionally hardly 20% of the serum level. Attention is also called  to the consequence of these results for the therapy of the pyelonephritis.", "PMID": 847861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7729", "title": "[Bilateral complete renal vein thrombosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A short review of the causes, the course, symptomatology, diagnostics, and therapy of thrombosis of the renal vein is presented. The author's own observation of a bilateral complete thrombosis of the renal vein as the consequence of an ascending phlebothrombosis of the lower leg and pelvic veins with occlusion of the inferior vena cava is described.", "contents": "[Bilateral complete renal vein thrombosis (author's transl)]. A short review of the causes, the course, symptomatology, diagnostics, and therapy of thrombosis of the renal vein is presented. The author's own observation of a bilateral complete thrombosis of the renal vein as the consequence of an ascending phlebothrombosis of the lower leg and pelvic veins with occlusion of the inferior vena cava is described.", "PMID": 847863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7730", "title": "[Urologic aspects of retroperitoneal hematoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Traumatic kidney injuries are the most frequent causes of retroperitoneal hematoma. The intensity of hematuria among other symptoms does not always correspond to the severity of the lesion. Apart from the i.v. urogram as the first screening test, angiography is the most important diagnostic criterion for the estimation of the degree of severity of the injury and in deciding whether or not surgery is necessary. Hemorrhage makes immediate surgery necessary in 10 - 20% of kidney ruptures. In contrast to the combined urohematoma, the simple hematoma is usually absorbed. Secondary complications make drainage or nephrectomy essential. The rupture of the venal vascular peduncle and ruptures of renal arterial aneurysms are seen seldom and are usually fatal. The mortality rate for urohematomas caused by rupture of the bladder/urethra increases, the longer corrective surgery is postponed. Clinically relevant retroperitoneal hematomas after kidney biopsies, operations on the renal parenchyma, and after vascular injuries resulting from angiography are relatively infrequent and require a specific therapy, according to the individual case.", "contents": "[Urologic aspects of retroperitoneal hematoma (author's transl)]. Traumatic kidney injuries are the most frequent causes of retroperitoneal hematoma. The intensity of hematuria among other symptoms does not always correspond to the severity of the lesion. Apart from the i.v. urogram as the first screening test, angiography is the most important diagnostic criterion for the estimation of the degree of severity of the injury and in deciding whether or not surgery is necessary. Hemorrhage makes immediate surgery necessary in 10 - 20% of kidney ruptures. In contrast to the combined urohematoma, the simple hematoma is usually absorbed. Secondary complications make drainage or nephrectomy essential. The rupture of the venal vascular peduncle and ruptures of renal arterial aneurysms are seen seldom and are usually fatal. The mortality rate for urohematomas caused by rupture of the bladder/urethra increases, the longer corrective surgery is postponed. Clinically relevant retroperitoneal hematomas after kidney biopsies, operations on the renal parenchyma, and after vascular injuries resulting from angiography are relatively infrequent and require a specific therapy, according to the individual case.", "PMID": 847864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7731", "title": "The isolation of Haemophilus somnus following sudden deaths in suckler calves in Scotland.", "content": "A blood or yeast dependent pleomorphic Gram-negative bacillus was isolated from the pneumonic lung of a suckled calf which died suddenly. The organism was biochemically similar to American strains of Haemophilus somnus and was shown to be serologically similar by rapid slide agglutination, tube agglutination and micro-complement fixation tests. The possible importance of this organism in disease syndromes in cattle in the United Kingdom is discussed.", "contents": "The isolation of Haemophilus somnus following sudden deaths in suckler calves in Scotland. A blood or yeast dependent pleomorphic Gram-negative bacillus was isolated from the pneumonic lung of a suckled calf which died suddenly. The organism was biochemically similar to American strains of Haemophilus somnus and was shown to be serologically similar by rapid slide agglutination, tube agglutination and micro-complement fixation tests. The possible importance of this organism in disease syndromes in cattle in the United Kingdom is discussed.", "PMID": 847871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7732", "title": "Osteochondrosis of the equine stifle.", "content": "Two cases of osteochondrosis are presented. Lesions involving the lateral trochlear ridge of the femur are demonstrated on conventional radiographs and double-contrast arthrograms. A radiographic suggestion of osteochondrosis lesions in the patella is noted. Post mortem examination of one case confirmed the presence of partially free cartilaginous flaps. Reference is made to familial tendency to osteochondrosis in man, dog, pig and horse. The significance of rapid growth rate in the pathogenesis of the condition is also discussed.", "contents": "Osteochondrosis of the equine stifle. Two cases of osteochondrosis are presented. Lesions involving the lateral trochlear ridge of the femur are demonstrated on conventional radiographs and double-contrast arthrograms. A radiographic suggestion of osteochondrosis lesions in the patella is noted. Post mortem examination of one case confirmed the presence of partially free cartilaginous flaps. Reference is made to familial tendency to osteochondrosis in man, dog, pig and horse. The significance of rapid growth rate in the pathogenesis of the condition is also discussed.", "PMID": 847872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7733", "title": "Skull malformation and cerebellar herniation in captive African lions.", "content": "Thickening of the cranial vault with a resulting cerebellar herniation is described in a series of litters of lion cubs, all with the same parents, one of whom was also very mildly affected. This animal, when mated to his daughter, also produced affected cubs. The aetiology of the condition is discussed and it is considered that vitamin A deficiency may have been less important than has been suggested by other authors.", "contents": "Skull malformation and cerebellar herniation in captive African lions. Thickening of the cranial vault with a resulting cerebellar herniation is described in a series of litters of lion cubs, all with the same parents, one of whom was also very mildly affected. This animal, when mated to his daughter, also produced affected cubs. The aetiology of the condition is discussed and it is considered that vitamin A deficiency may have been less important than has been suggested by other authors.", "PMID": 847879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7734", "title": "Coccidial infection in a cat colony.", "content": "The significance of coccidiosis in the cat is discussed and the clinical signs of infection are described. The occurrence of subclinical infection with Isospora felis in 49 of 58 cats in a colony is reported. Treatment with a 20% solution of sulphadimethoxine at a dose rate of 50 mg per kg bodyweight, administered in the food daily for 14 days, was successful in eradicating the infection. Sulphadimidine appeared to have no effect on the number of oocysts in the faeces of one cat. Ancillary hygienic measures included the use of disposable feeding and drinking utensils, frequent removal and destruction of faeces and scrubbing of sanitary trays and cages with hot 5% sodium carbonate solution.", "contents": "Coccidial infection in a cat colony. The significance of coccidiosis in the cat is discussed and the clinical signs of infection are described. The occurrence of subclinical infection with Isospora felis in 49 of 58 cats in a colony is reported. Treatment with a 20% solution of sulphadimethoxine at a dose rate of 50 mg per kg bodyweight, administered in the food daily for 14 days, was successful in eradicating the infection. Sulphadimidine appeared to have no effect on the number of oocysts in the faeces of one cat. Ancillary hygienic measures included the use of disposable feeding and drinking utensils, frequent removal and destruction of faeces and scrubbing of sanitary trays and cages with hot 5% sodium carbonate solution.", "PMID": 847880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7735", "title": "Echocardiographic findings in Marfan's syndrome.", "content": "Echocardiographic studies of 11 patients with Marfan's syndrome showed that in all adult patients aortic root diameters were larger than 35 mm (normal range 24 to 35, mean 30+/-2 mm). Prolapse of the mitral valve was present in seven of 11 patients. There was no relationship between the degree of aortic root enlargement and the presence of prolapse. However, in five of seven patients with prolapse there were premature ventricular contractions recorded during the echocardiogram or on a separate electrocardiogram. In four patients without prolapse, no premature atrial or ventricular contractions were seen.", "contents": "Echocardiographic findings in Marfan's syndrome. Echocardiographic studies of 11 patients with Marfan's syndrome showed that in all adult patients aortic root diameters were larger than 35 mm (normal range 24 to 35, mean 30+/-2 mm). Prolapse of the mitral valve was present in seven of 11 patients. There was no relationship between the degree of aortic root enlargement and the presence of prolapse. However, in five of seven patients with prolapse there were premature ventricular contractions recorded during the echocardiogram or on a separate electrocardiogram. In four patients without prolapse, no premature atrial or ventricular contractions were seen.", "PMID": 847981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7736", "title": "Maintenance hemodialysis in myeloma kidney disease.", "content": "Maintenance hemodialysis and chemotherapeutic agents were used in the treatment of seven patients with end-stage myeloma kidney disease. Results indicate that with the use of such therapy life can be prolonged substantially. It appears that patients with myeloma-with or without serious extrarenal complications-are suitable candidates for maintenance hemodialysis and should not be denied the treatment even in the face of systemic neoplasm.", "contents": "Maintenance hemodialysis in myeloma kidney disease. Maintenance hemodialysis and chemotherapeutic agents were used in the treatment of seven patients with end-stage myeloma kidney disease. Results indicate that with the use of such therapy life can be prolonged substantially. It appears that patients with myeloma-with or without serious extrarenal complications-are suitable candidates for maintenance hemodialysis and should not be denied the treatment even in the face of systemic neoplasm.", "PMID": 847982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7737", "title": "Adjuvant treatment of colorectal cancer.", "content": "Surgical operation remains the most effective method of treatment for patients with cancer of the large bowel. However, innovative surgical techniques have not improved survival rates for colorectal cancer in 25 years. Attempts at increasing survival with chemotherapy as an adjunct to surgical procedures remain inconclusive and controversial. Many adjuvant chemotherapy trials have failed to recognize those prognostic factors-such as nodal involvement, serosal penetration, vascular or perineural invasion, and microscopic invasion at margins of resection-that characterize certain patients at high risk for recurrent cancer. Failure to include only high risk patients in adjuvant chemotherapy is, in part, responsible for the lackluster performance to date. For rectal cancer, preoperative irradiation increases the chances of cure with surgical operation by reduction of pathologic staging, but it has not increased survival in patients with persistent nodal involvement. Immunotherapy is a possibly valuable method of treatment; however, it is clinically untested. An adjuvant immunotherapy protocol for high risk patients is described.", "contents": "Adjuvant treatment of colorectal cancer. Surgical operation remains the most effective method of treatment for patients with cancer of the large bowel. However, innovative surgical techniques have not improved survival rates for colorectal cancer in 25 years. Attempts at increasing survival with chemotherapy as an adjunct to surgical procedures remain inconclusive and controversial. Many adjuvant chemotherapy trials have failed to recognize those prognostic factors-such as nodal involvement, serosal penetration, vascular or perineural invasion, and microscopic invasion at margins of resection-that characterize certain patients at high risk for recurrent cancer. Failure to include only high risk patients in adjuvant chemotherapy is, in part, responsible for the lackluster performance to date. For rectal cancer, preoperative irradiation increases the chances of cure with surgical operation by reduction of pathologic staging, but it has not increased survival in patients with persistent nodal involvement. Immunotherapy is a possibly valuable method of treatment; however, it is clinically untested. An adjuvant immunotherapy protocol for high risk patients is described.", "PMID": 847983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7738", "title": "[Leg ulcer and allergic eczematous contact dermatitis incidence of contact allergies induced by topical therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "In the IInd Department of Dermatology, Vienna University, 200 patients (143 female, 57 male) suffering from leg ulcers due to chronic venous insufficiency underwent patch testing with routine allergens, vehicles and their ingredients, as well as topical antibiotics. 114 patients (57%) had contact allergy. Balsam of Peru heads the list of allergens with postive reactions in 22%, closely followed by oil/water emulsions such as Drointin (21%), Ultrasicc (20%) and Ung. emulsificans aqu. (15,5%). The causative agents in these preparations were emulsifiers on the one hand (Lanette O, E, N) and preservatives (parabens) on the other hand. In comparison, allergic reactions to water/oil emulsions were less common. The low index of sensitivity to local antibiotics was also surprising. The results of the present study, in accordance with other reports in the literature, underline the need (1) for full label diclosure of cosmetics and topically-applied drugs and (2) for patch-testing every patient suffering from leg ulcers of long duration.", "contents": "[Leg ulcer and allergic eczematous contact dermatitis incidence of contact allergies induced by topical therapy (author's transl)]. In the IInd Department of Dermatology, Vienna University, 200 patients (143 female, 57 male) suffering from leg ulcers due to chronic venous insufficiency underwent patch testing with routine allergens, vehicles and their ingredients, as well as topical antibiotics. 114 patients (57%) had contact allergy. Balsam of Peru heads the list of allergens with postive reactions in 22%, closely followed by oil/water emulsions such as Drointin (21%), Ultrasicc (20%) and Ung. emulsificans aqu. (15,5%). The causative agents in these preparations were emulsifiers on the one hand (Lanette O, E, N) and preservatives (parabens) on the other hand. In comparison, allergic reactions to water/oil emulsions were less common. The low index of sensitivity to local antibiotics was also surprising. The results of the present study, in accordance with other reports in the literature, underline the need (1) for full label diclosure of cosmetics and topically-applied drugs and (2) for patch-testing every patient suffering from leg ulcers of long duration.", "PMID": 848026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7739", "title": "[Photoallergy: results of photo patch testing in dermatological patients (author's transl)].", "content": "150 patients with light sensitivity of unknown aetiology were photo patch tested at the 2nd Department of Dermatology University of Vienna. 22 patients showed photoallergy. The identified photoallergens were mostly halogenated salicylanilides and other phenolic compounds. These substances are used as antimicrobials in soaps and cosmetics and as antimycotics in dermatological preparations. Four of the patients showed allergic contact photosensitivity to chlorpromazine. In two patients a new photoallergen has, perhaps, been discovered, namely a derivative of phthalic acid which is employed as fungicidal pesticide. The problems and consequences of photoallergy are discussed.", "contents": "[Photoallergy: results of photo patch testing in dermatological patients (author's transl)]. 150 patients with light sensitivity of unknown aetiology were photo patch tested at the 2nd Department of Dermatology University of Vienna. 22 patients showed photoallergy. The identified photoallergens were mostly halogenated salicylanilides and other phenolic compounds. These substances are used as antimicrobials in soaps and cosmetics and as antimycotics in dermatological preparations. Four of the patients showed allergic contact photosensitivity to chlorpromazine. In two patients a new photoallergen has, perhaps, been discovered, namely a derivative of phthalic acid which is employed as fungicidal pesticide. The problems and consequences of photoallergy are discussed.", "PMID": 848027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7740", "title": "Epoxidation of the stilbene double bond, a major pathway in aminostilbene metabolism.", "content": "1. The vicinal diol 1-(4-acetylamino)-phenyl-2-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol is shown to be a major metabolite of cis- and trans-4-dimethylaminostilbene in the rat. 2. The threo-diastereomeric diols were identified in urine with both the cis- and trans-aminostilbene. This is consistent with enzymic trans-opening of an epoxide intermediate only for the cis-stilbene. For the hydrolysis of the trans-stilbene epoxide alternative mechanisms are discussed. 3. A mercapturic acid isolated from urine is identical with the reaction product of 4-acetylaminostilbene epoxide and N-acetylcysteine. This provides additional evidence for an epoxide intermediate. 4. Oxidation of the intercyclic linkage occurs also in 4-dimethylaminobibenzyl, leading to 1-phenyl-2-(4-acetylamino)-phenyl-1-ethanol as a major urinary metabolite. 5. The syntheses of several reference compounds, including the epoxides and dihydrodiols of cis- and trans-4-acetylaminostilbene are described.", "contents": "Epoxidation of the stilbene double bond, a major pathway in aminostilbene metabolism. 1. The vicinal diol 1-(4-acetylamino)-phenyl-2-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol is shown to be a major metabolite of cis- and trans-4-dimethylaminostilbene in the rat. 2. The threo-diastereomeric diols were identified in urine with both the cis- and trans-aminostilbene. This is consistent with enzymic trans-opening of an epoxide intermediate only for the cis-stilbene. For the hydrolysis of the trans-stilbene epoxide alternative mechanisms are discussed. 3. A mercapturic acid isolated from urine is identical with the reaction product of 4-acetylaminostilbene epoxide and N-acetylcysteine. This provides additional evidence for an epoxide intermediate. 4. Oxidation of the intercyclic linkage occurs also in 4-dimethylaminobibenzyl, leading to 1-phenyl-2-(4-acetylamino)-phenyl-1-ethanol as a major urinary metabolite. 5. The syntheses of several reference compounds, including the epoxides and dihydrodiols of cis- and trans-4-acetylaminostilbene are described.", "PMID": 848044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7741", "title": "Microbial models of mammalian metabolism O-demethylations of papaverine.", "content": "1. Papaverine is converted to its 4'-, 6- and 7-desmethyl metabolites when incubated with hepatic microsomal preparations from phenobarbital-induced rats. The 7-desmethyl compound was predominantly formed in these studes. When incubated with guinea-pig microsomal preparations, papaverine was converted to its 6- and 4'-desmethyl metabolites in approximately equal amounts. 2. The O-demethylation of papaverine was studied with sixty micro-organisms. Ten organisms (including Aspergillus Cunninghamella and Streptomyces species) were found to actively metabolize this drug in a manner similar to that of mammals. 3. A strain of Aspergillus alliaceus was used to produce gram quantitites of the mammalian metabolite, 6-desmethylpapaverine. Preparative amounts of 4'-desmethylpapaverine, a major mammalian metabolite of papaverine in vivo, was produced with a strain of Cunninghamella echinulata.", "contents": "Microbial models of mammalian metabolism O-demethylations of papaverine. 1. Papaverine is converted to its 4'-, 6- and 7-desmethyl metabolites when incubated with hepatic microsomal preparations from phenobarbital-induced rats. The 7-desmethyl compound was predominantly formed in these studes. When incubated with guinea-pig microsomal preparations, papaverine was converted to its 6- and 4'-desmethyl metabolites in approximately equal amounts. 2. The O-demethylation of papaverine was studied with sixty micro-organisms. Ten organisms (including Aspergillus Cunninghamella and Streptomyces species) were found to actively metabolize this drug in a manner similar to that of mammals. 3. A strain of Aspergillus alliaceus was used to produce gram quantitites of the mammalian metabolite, 6-desmethylpapaverine. Preparative amounts of 4'-desmethylpapaverine, a major mammalian metabolite of papaverine in vivo, was produced with a strain of Cunninghamella echinulata.", "PMID": 848045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7742", "title": "The absorption, excretion and plasma protein binding of lofepramine in the rat, dog and man.", "content": "1. Lofepramine labelled with 3H in the dihydrodibenzazepine moiety and 14C in the chlorobenzene moiety was given orally to rats (20 mg/kg), dogs (3 mg/kg) and man (2 mg/kg).2. In dogs and man blood isotope levels were determined by combustion. In both species the 14C-levels were higher than the 3H-levels during the first 6 h after dosing. Later more 3H was found. 3. In all three species most of the 14C activity was rapidly excreted in the urine as the glycine conjugate of p-chlorobenzoic acid. 4. No significant species difference in the urinary excretion of 3H-labelled metabolites was found and the major metabolites were 2-hydroxydesmethylimi pramine, 2-hydroxyiminodibenzyl and desmethylimipramine. 5. Considerable amounts of desmethylimipramine were found in faeces of dog and man but not rat. This differnece is discussed. 6. By the ultrafiltration technique, lofepramine was found to be bound to plasma proteins of the rat, dog and man to an extent of 99%.", "contents": "The absorption, excretion and plasma protein binding of lofepramine in the rat, dog and man. 1. Lofepramine labelled with 3H in the dihydrodibenzazepine moiety and 14C in the chlorobenzene moiety was given orally to rats (20 mg/kg), dogs (3 mg/kg) and man (2 mg/kg).2. In dogs and man blood isotope levels were determined by combustion. In both species the 14C-levels were higher than the 3H-levels during the first 6 h after dosing. Later more 3H was found. 3. In all three species most of the 14C activity was rapidly excreted in the urine as the glycine conjugate of p-chlorobenzoic acid. 4. No significant species difference in the urinary excretion of 3H-labelled metabolites was found and the major metabolites were 2-hydroxydesmethylimi pramine, 2-hydroxyiminodibenzyl and desmethylimipramine. 5. Considerable amounts of desmethylimipramine were found in faeces of dog and man but not rat. This differnece is discussed. 6. By the ultrafiltration technique, lofepramine was found to be bound to plasma proteins of the rat, dog and man to an extent of 99%.", "PMID": 848046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7743", "title": "Inhibition of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine metabolism by disulfiram.", "content": "1. The effects of disulfiram on the metabolism of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine were studied in CDF rats. 2. Treatment with disulfiram causes enhanced elimination of azomethane in the expired air, inhibition of CO2 production, and decreased levels of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine metabolites in the urine. 3. These results suggest that disulfiram inhibits the N-oxidation of azomethane to azoxymethane, thus preventing further metabolism to the ultimate carcinogenic species, and provide an explanation for the observations that disulfiram inhibits 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced neoplasia of the large intestine.", "contents": "Inhibition of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine metabolism by disulfiram. 1. The effects of disulfiram on the metabolism of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine were studied in CDF rats. 2. Treatment with disulfiram causes enhanced elimination of azomethane in the expired air, inhibition of CO2 production, and decreased levels of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine metabolites in the urine. 3. These results suggest that disulfiram inhibits the N-oxidation of azomethane to azoxymethane, thus preventing further metabolism to the ultimate carcinogenic species, and provide an explanation for the observations that disulfiram inhibits 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced neoplasia of the large intestine.", "PMID": 848043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7744", "title": "Cartilage space width in slipped capital femoral epiphysis: the relationship to cartilage necrosis.", "content": "The radiolucent cartilage space of eighty-three patients with unilateral or bilateral slipped capital femoral epiphysis was measured by a standardized technique. In the majority of patients, whether unilateral or bilateral involvement, there was bilateral narrowing of the cartilage space. In the unaffected hip of unilaterally involved patients, there was a progressive narrowing as skeletal maturity was attained. A concomitant anatomical study of cadaver hips, removed at autopsy from adolescent patients, showed a progressive narrowing of the cartilage as the proximal femur matured. Black females showed most narrowing (minimum cartilage space width), had the narrowest final cartilage space widths, and took the longest to attain this final width. While other racial, sexual and therapeutic groups failed to demonstrate statistically significant differences, the general trend was for females, Blacks, and patients treated by osteotomy to have more joint space narrowing. However, rewidening occurred in most of these affected joint spaces, in contrast to the progressive linear decrease observed in unaffected hips and anatomical specimens. On the basis of this study, we feel that cartilage space narrowing may be anticipated in the post-operative period in most patients treated for slipped capital femoral epiphysis. This narrowing appears to improve with time. Narrowing of greater than one-half the original width, in association with pain and limitation of joint function, probably represents \"cartilage necrosis,\" or pathologic joint space narrowing. Unless the narrowing remains less than one-half to two-thirds of the initial cartilage space for more than twenty-four to thirty-six months, probably no specific surgical treatment should be undertaken, other than observation and protected weight bearing during any painful phase. Plotting the roentgenographic cartilage space width during the three month to thirty-six month phase may be useful in monitoring and predicting the outcome.", "contents": "Cartilage space width in slipped capital femoral epiphysis: the relationship to cartilage necrosis. The radiolucent cartilage space of eighty-three patients with unilateral or bilateral slipped capital femoral epiphysis was measured by a standardized technique. In the majority of patients, whether unilateral or bilateral involvement, there was bilateral narrowing of the cartilage space. In the unaffected hip of unilaterally involved patients, there was a progressive narrowing as skeletal maturity was attained. A concomitant anatomical study of cadaver hips, removed at autopsy from adolescent patients, showed a progressive narrowing of the cartilage as the proximal femur matured. Black females showed most narrowing (minimum cartilage space width), had the narrowest final cartilage space widths, and took the longest to attain this final width. While other racial, sexual and therapeutic groups failed to demonstrate statistically significant differences, the general trend was for females, Blacks, and patients treated by osteotomy to have more joint space narrowing. However, rewidening occurred in most of these affected joint spaces, in contrast to the progressive linear decrease observed in unaffected hips and anatomical specimens. On the basis of this study, we feel that cartilage space narrowing may be anticipated in the post-operative period in most patients treated for slipped capital femoral epiphysis. This narrowing appears to improve with time. Narrowing of greater than one-half the original width, in association with pain and limitation of joint function, probably represents \"cartilage necrosis,\" or pathologic joint space narrowing. Unless the narrowing remains less than one-half to two-thirds of the initial cartilage space for more than twenty-four to thirty-six months, probably no specific surgical treatment should be undertaken, other than observation and protected weight bearing during any painful phase. Plotting the roentgenographic cartilage space width during the three month to thirty-six month phase may be useful in monitoring and predicting the outcome.", "PMID": 848047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7745", "title": "The \"incubation period\" of subacute bacterial endocarditis.", "content": "In an attempt to gain information about the \"incubation period\" of subacute bacterial endocarditis, the literature was searched for case reports stating a specific interval between an event likely to cause bacteremia and the onset of symptoms. In 76 cases of streptococcal endocarditis for which this information was given, the median \"incubation period\" was one week. Symptoms began within two weeks in 64 of these cases (84%). Although there may be a bias toward reporting short incubation periods, it is concluded that the incubation period of subacute bacterial endocarditis is often shorter than is generally realized, and that procedures carried out more than two weeks before onset of symptoms are less likely to be causally related. In postcardiotomy cases, where timing of the bacteremia causing endocarditis is less easy to define, 27% of 122 cases of staphylococcal endocarditis developed within two weeks of surgery. This information is relevant to the planning and evaluation of prophylactic chemotherapy against bacterial endocarditis.", "contents": "The \"incubation period\" of subacute bacterial endocarditis. In an attempt to gain information about the \"incubation period\" of subacute bacterial endocarditis, the literature was searched for case reports stating a specific interval between an event likely to cause bacteremia and the onset of symptoms. In 76 cases of streptococcal endocarditis for which this information was given, the median \"incubation period\" was one week. Symptoms began within two weeks in 64 of these cases (84%). Although there may be a bias toward reporting short incubation periods, it is concluded that the incubation period of subacute bacterial endocarditis is often shorter than is generally realized, and that procedures carried out more than two weeks before onset of symptoms are less likely to be causally related. In postcardiotomy cases, where timing of the bacteremia causing endocarditis is less easy to define, 27% of 122 cases of staphylococcal endocarditis developed within two weeks of surgery. This information is relevant to the planning and evaluation of prophylactic chemotherapy against bacterial endocarditis.", "PMID": 848048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7746", "title": "Social Darwinism lives! (Should it?).", "content": "Sociobiology has made a resurgence in recent years, but has become enmeshed in political controversy. Indeed, much of the work in sociobiology has been used to justify repressive or racist measures. It is argued that the unfortunate alliance of some sociobiologists and politicians is a poor basis for discrediting the field itself; that a science of sociobiology is possible and, if we seek to know the nature of our social heritage (if any!), needs be vigorously pursued.", "contents": "Social Darwinism lives! (Should it?). Sociobiology has made a resurgence in recent years, but has become enmeshed in political controversy. Indeed, much of the work in sociobiology has been used to justify repressive or racist measures. It is argued that the unfortunate alliance of some sociobiologists and politicians is a poor basis for discrediting the field itself; that a science of sociobiology is possible and, if we seek to know the nature of our social heritage (if any!), needs be vigorously pursued.", "PMID": 848049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7747", "title": "The electrically induced thrombosis in the arteria femoralis of pig as a model for in-vivo studies.", "content": "Arterial thrombosis was experimentally induced in dwarf pigs by use of direct current, via an arterial electrode. The technique used for the experimental induction of thrombosis in pig is compared with that used in the dog. The effect of this experiment, which was performed under constant conditions, on some enzymes and some blood coagulation parameters is discussed.", "contents": "The electrically induced thrombosis in the arteria femoralis of pig as a model for in-vivo studies. Arterial thrombosis was experimentally induced in dwarf pigs by use of direct current, via an arterial electrode. The technique used for the experimental induction of thrombosis in pig is compared with that used in the dog. The effect of this experiment, which was performed under constant conditions, on some enzymes and some blood coagulation parameters is discussed.", "PMID": 848065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7748", "title": "[Medicinal reduction of mechanical hemolysis].", "content": "The mechanical resistance of erythrocytes after gas dispersion (oxygen, resp. mixed oxygen/carbon dioxide) and treatment in the hemoresistometer was studied on human conserved fresh blood under in-vitro conditions. Xylocitin (Lidocain) was tested as to memebrane stabilizing capability. It was found that test doses of about 5 mg and 40 mg per 100 ml of heparinized fresh blood result in an increased resistance of erythrocytes against mechanical trauma.", "contents": "[Medicinal reduction of mechanical hemolysis]. The mechanical resistance of erythrocytes after gas dispersion (oxygen, resp. mixed oxygen/carbon dioxide) and treatment in the hemoresistometer was studied on human conserved fresh blood under in-vitro conditions. Xylocitin (Lidocain) was tested as to memebrane stabilizing capability. It was found that test doses of about 5 mg and 40 mg per 100 ml of heparinized fresh blood result in an increased resistance of erythrocytes against mechanical trauma.", "PMID": 848066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7749", "title": "[Effect of bilateral and unilateral vagal stimulation of gastric acid production in the rat].", "content": "In experiments on rats the anterior or/and the posterior gastric vagus nerve were electrically stimulated. The extent and site of acid-producing gastric areas were demonstrated by help of Congo red. Unilateral stimulation resulted in enhanced acid secretion in a smaller area of gastric mucosa. The acid-secreting areas showed no different distribution at stimulation of the anterior or posterior vagus nerve.", "contents": "[Effect of bilateral and unilateral vagal stimulation of gastric acid production in the rat]. In experiments on rats the anterior or/and the posterior gastric vagus nerve were electrically stimulated. The extent and site of acid-producing gastric areas were demonstrated by help of Congo red. Unilateral stimulation resulted in enhanced acid secretion in a smaller area of gastric mucosa. The acid-secreting areas showed no different distribution at stimulation of the anterior or posterior vagus nerve.", "PMID": 848067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7750", "title": "[Electrometry of wound healing].", "content": "Methods, advantages, and disadvantages of electrometry on wounds are reported. The author's results were obtained from measurements by help of the DC-Milli-Pico-Meter MV 40 (VEB Pr\u00e4citronic Dresden) on 20 rats with model wounds during a 22-days period. A relation between average values of wound voltage and time of healing as well as the considerable ranging of the single values could be proved. Because of this ranging the use of the method on patients is questionable. Since the transfer of the results from animal experiments on the human yields problems for several reasons, a clinical checking of the method appears rational.", "contents": "[Electrometry of wound healing]. Methods, advantages, and disadvantages of electrometry on wounds are reported. The author's results were obtained from measurements by help of the DC-Milli-Pico-Meter MV 40 (VEB Pr\u00e4citronic Dresden) on 20 rats with model wounds during a 22-days period. A relation between average values of wound voltage and time of healing as well as the considerable ranging of the single values could be proved. Because of this ranging the use of the method on patients is questionable. Since the transfer of the results from animal experiments on the human yields problems for several reasons, a clinical checking of the method appears rational.", "PMID": 848069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7751", "title": "[Hypothermia and carbon monoxide poisoning].", "content": "The lethality of 187 patients with severe carbon monoxide intoxication was investigated in relation to body temperature. 22 per cent of the normothermic, but 36 per cent of hypothermic or hyperthermic patients did not survive the carbon monoxide poisoning. The lethality increases following enhancement of degree and duration of hypothermia. Pretreatment of rats with chlorpromazine producing a decrease of body temperature of 4 degree C induces a small reduction of toxicity after subcutaneous carbon monoxide injection. However, the CO-DL50 decreases from 17 to 11,5 mmol/kg following administration of the same dose of chlorpromazine after carbon monoxide injection. Changes in carboxyhemoglobin levels are consistent with alterations of CO toxicity. On the basis of these results, it appears that it is not advisable to maintain a spontaneous hypothermia during carbon monoxide intoxication.", "contents": "[Hypothermia and carbon monoxide poisoning]. The lethality of 187 patients with severe carbon monoxide intoxication was investigated in relation to body temperature. 22 per cent of the normothermic, but 36 per cent of hypothermic or hyperthermic patients did not survive the carbon monoxide poisoning. The lethality increases following enhancement of degree and duration of hypothermia. Pretreatment of rats with chlorpromazine producing a decrease of body temperature of 4 degree C induces a small reduction of toxicity after subcutaneous carbon monoxide injection. However, the CO-DL50 decreases from 17 to 11,5 mmol/kg following administration of the same dose of chlorpromazine after carbon monoxide injection. Changes in carboxyhemoglobin levels are consistent with alterations of CO toxicity. On the basis of these results, it appears that it is not advisable to maintain a spontaneous hypothermia during carbon monoxide intoxication.", "PMID": 848068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7752", "title": "[The overlooked stone of the biliary tract].", "content": "A report is given of current diagnosis and treatment of overlooked stones of the common bile duct, reviewing 81 patients seen in our hospital. Problems arise mainly in icteric and postoperatively critical patients. There is still not enough clinical experience in medical or endoscopic treatment in the disease. Therefore surgical procedures are still the treatment of choice although there is a higher mortality in relaparotomy than in first procedure.", "contents": "[The overlooked stone of the biliary tract]. A report is given of current diagnosis and treatment of overlooked stones of the common bile duct, reviewing 81 patients seen in our hospital. Problems arise mainly in icteric and postoperatively critical patients. There is still not enough clinical experience in medical or endoscopic treatment in the disease. Therefore surgical procedures are still the treatment of choice although there is a higher mortality in relaparotomy than in first procedure.", "PMID": 848070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7753", "title": "[Iatrogenic injuries of the human bile duct].", "content": "The problems of diagnosis and treatment of iatrogenic injuries to the extrahepatic biliary tract are discussed, reviewing 31 own cases. End-to-end anastomoses should only be performed in immediatly detected lesions. In cases of delayed diagnosis only biliodigestive anastomoses, e.g. hepaticojejunostomy, are indicated to avoid stenosis of the anastomosis. Injuries to the biliary tract can be reduced by early diagnosis of bilary diseases and correct intraoperative diagnostic means.", "contents": "[Iatrogenic injuries of the human bile duct]. The problems of diagnosis and treatment of iatrogenic injuries to the extrahepatic biliary tract are discussed, reviewing 31 own cases. End-to-end anastomoses should only be performed in immediatly detected lesions. In cases of delayed diagnosis only biliodigestive anastomoses, e.g. hepaticojejunostomy, are indicated to avoid stenosis of the anastomosis. Injuries to the biliary tract can be reduced by early diagnosis of bilary diseases and correct intraoperative diagnostic means.", "PMID": 848071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7754", "title": "[Chronic pancreatitis--the current state of surgical treatment].", "content": "The surgical therapy of chronic pancreatitis has been enriched by the progress of diagnostics in gastroenterology and radiology. This includes as well the definition of indication for surgery as the choice of the most suitable operative procedure. Thus today an individual surgery with regard to the morphological findings is possible by making allowance for the patients personality on the one hand and for the pathologic changes of the gland on the other. Long term follow-up studies of the last years have shown good results after pancreaticojejunostomies and particularly after pancreatic resections. In our twelve years-experience with chronic pancreatitis there is a preference for resection therapy too.", "contents": "[Chronic pancreatitis--the current state of surgical treatment]. The surgical therapy of chronic pancreatitis has been enriched by the progress of diagnostics in gastroenterology and radiology. This includes as well the definition of indication for surgery as the choice of the most suitable operative procedure. Thus today an individual surgery with regard to the morphological findings is possible by making allowance for the patients personality on the one hand and for the pathologic changes of the gland on the other. Long term follow-up studies of the last years have shown good results after pancreaticojejunostomies and particularly after pancreatic resections. In our twelve years-experience with chronic pancreatitis there is a preference for resection therapy too.", "PMID": 848072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7755", "title": "[Malignant obstructive jaundice. Current status of surgical therapy].", "content": "424 patients with malignant jaundice were treated from 1964 to 1976. 152 carcinomas of the extrahepatic biliary tract and 272 carcinomas of the duodenopancreatic region were reported. Initial symptoms of cancer of this region are often vague, so that physicians must employ a high index of suspicion if earlier diagnosis is to be effected. Most of the carcinomas of pancreas and the biliary tract are unresectable because of the early dissemination. The dismal of the malignant tumors of the biliary tract is unchanged during the last 50 years but survival rates are better in carcinoma of the duodeno-pancreatic region.", "contents": "[Malignant obstructive jaundice. Current status of surgical therapy]. 424 patients with malignant jaundice were treated from 1964 to 1976. 152 carcinomas of the extrahepatic biliary tract and 272 carcinomas of the duodenopancreatic region were reported. Initial symptoms of cancer of this region are often vague, so that physicians must employ a high index of suspicion if earlier diagnosis is to be effected. Most of the carcinomas of pancreas and the biliary tract are unresectable because of the early dissemination. The dismal of the malignant tumors of the biliary tract is unchanged during the last 50 years but survival rates are better in carcinoma of the duodeno-pancreatic region.", "PMID": 848073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7756", "title": "[Cystadenomas of the common bile duct as the cause of relapsing mechanical jaundice].", "content": "Two cases of benign tumors of the extrahepatic biliary ducts with relapsing jaundice are reported. In both cases operation with conservation of natural draining of bile could be performed. Benign tumors of the bile ducts should be taken into consideration, if relapsing jaundice is combined with negative cholangiography or is noticed long time after cholecystecomy of on gallbladder without gallstones. Primary origin of cystadenomas from the extra hepatic biliary ducts is demonstrated.", "contents": "[Cystadenomas of the common bile duct as the cause of relapsing mechanical jaundice]. Two cases of benign tumors of the extrahepatic biliary ducts with relapsing jaundice are reported. In both cases operation with conservation of natural draining of bile could be performed. Benign tumors of the bile ducts should be taken into consideration, if relapsing jaundice is combined with negative cholangiography or is noticed long time after cholecystecomy of on gallbladder without gallstones. Primary origin of cystadenomas from the extra hepatic biliary ducts is demonstrated.", "PMID": 848074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7757", "title": "[Risk of prematurity and reported bleeding in pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "The analysis of 5.139 cases from the prospective study \"Pregnancy and Childdevelopment\" (supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) showns that time and frequency of bleeding in pregnancy influence the risk of premature delivery. Every additional bleeding will increase the risk, especially if bleeding occurs in the second trimester. For example the risk of prematurity exceedes 25%, if bleeding occurs four times or more. After bleeding in early pregnancy the frequency of small for gestational age infants is not increased.", "contents": "[Risk of prematurity and reported bleeding in pregnancy (author's transl)]. The analysis of 5.139 cases from the prospective study \"Pregnancy and Childdevelopment\" (supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) showns that time and frequency of bleeding in pregnancy influence the risk of premature delivery. Every additional bleeding will increase the risk, especially if bleeding occurs in the second trimester. For example the risk of prematurity exceedes 25%, if bleeding occurs four times or more. After bleeding in early pregnancy the frequency of small for gestational age infants is not increased.", "PMID": 848075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7758", "title": "[The effect of Partusisten on the maternal and fetal metabolism, acid-base balance and blood gases intrapartum (author's transl)].", "content": "Following i.v. injection of 50 g of Partusisten into the mother there occurs, already within 5 min., a rise in the lactate concentration which reaches its peak after 25--30 min. After 25 min, a similar can be shown in the fetus. The fetal pO2 at this time has risen significantly to 2.1 mmHg, while the pCO2 has fallen by 3 mmHg. The increase in lactate concentration both in mother and fetus alters the acid base balance in both. pH is reduced and base deficit is raised, parallel in mother and fetus. The fetal acidosis is probably due to a lactate infusion from the mother.", "contents": "[The effect of Partusisten on the maternal and fetal metabolism, acid-base balance and blood gases intrapartum (author's transl)]. Following i.v. injection of 50 g of Partusisten into the mother there occurs, already within 5 min., a rise in the lactate concentration which reaches its peak after 25--30 min. After 25 min, a similar can be shown in the fetus. The fetal pO2 at this time has risen significantly to 2.1 mmHg, while the pCO2 has fallen by 3 mmHg. The increase in lactate concentration both in mother and fetus alters the acid base balance in both. pH is reduced and base deficit is raised, parallel in mother and fetus. The fetal acidosis is probably due to a lactate infusion from the mother.", "PMID": 848076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7759", "title": "[The development of children following intra-uterine transfusions in severe Rh-erythroblastosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The development of 18 children who had received 1--3 intra-uterine transfusions (IUT) because of severe Rh-erythroblatosis was followed over the first few years of life and finally checked when they were 2--6 years old. All of them were premature, 2 were born with hydrops, 1 with pre-hydrops. There were many other perinatal riskfactors (asphyxia, trouble with respiration, acidosis, severe anemia, hyperbilirubinemia). Examination (general and neurologic) was supplemented by EEG and psychologic testing )Kramer test, Vineland maturity scale, Denver development scales). No child showed signs of severe cerebral damage. 2 children had unequivocal pathologic signs (slight to medium spastic diplegia or hemipegia with corresponding focal findings in EEG). 3 further children showed minimal cerebral signs without disability. Development of intelligence was notably good throughout. Observations showed abnormal neurologi-signs more often during the first 2 years of life than later. Psychologic examinations, too, showed clear improvement with age. Results are satisfactory and confirm that IUT as a prenatal treatment with very severe Rh-Erythroblastosis is justified.", "contents": "[The development of children following intra-uterine transfusions in severe Rh-erythroblastosis (author's transl)]. The development of 18 children who had received 1--3 intra-uterine transfusions (IUT) because of severe Rh-erythroblatosis was followed over the first few years of life and finally checked when they were 2--6 years old. All of them were premature, 2 were born with hydrops, 1 with pre-hydrops. There were many other perinatal riskfactors (asphyxia, trouble with respiration, acidosis, severe anemia, hyperbilirubinemia). Examination (general and neurologic) was supplemented by EEG and psychologic testing )Kramer test, Vineland maturity scale, Denver development scales). No child showed signs of severe cerebral damage. 2 children had unequivocal pathologic signs (slight to medium spastic diplegia or hemipegia with corresponding focal findings in EEG). 3 further children showed minimal cerebral signs without disability. Development of intelligence was notably good throughout. Observations showed abnormal neurologi-signs more often during the first 2 years of life than later. Psychologic examinations, too, showed clear improvement with age. Results are satisfactory and confirm that IUT as a prenatal treatment with very severe Rh-Erythroblastosis is justified.", "PMID": 848077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7760", "title": "[The pattern of distribution of free amino acids in human amniotic fluid related to the duration of pregnancy. Part II: Changes in concentration in pathological pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "18 free amino acids from 196 specimens of amniotic fluid of pathological pregnancies between the 28th and 41st week of pregnancy were measured by gaschromatography. The concentrations of the amino acids in amniotic fluid in normal and pathological pregnancies were analysed by statistical methods. There were only minor differencies of concentration of free amino acids in the amniotic fluid between normal and pathological pregnancies with the exception of hydroxyproline. This was found in a significantly higher concentration in the amniotic fluid of the pathological group. Supposing that the materno-fetal as well as the feto-maternal amino acid exchange may be reduced by the placenta insufficiency, the significantly higher concentration of hydroxyproline in the amniotic fluid during pathological pregnancies may be caused higher fetal urine excretion of hydroxyproline into the amniotic fluid. The increase of hydroxyproline in the amniotic fluid of pathological pregnancies is probably an early diagnostic parameter of an impaired transplacental exchange -- placenta insufficiency.", "contents": "[The pattern of distribution of free amino acids in human amniotic fluid related to the duration of pregnancy. Part II: Changes in concentration in pathological pregnancy (author's transl)]. 18 free amino acids from 196 specimens of amniotic fluid of pathological pregnancies between the 28th and 41st week of pregnancy were measured by gaschromatography. The concentrations of the amino acids in amniotic fluid in normal and pathological pregnancies were analysed by statistical methods. There were only minor differencies of concentration of free amino acids in the amniotic fluid between normal and pathological pregnancies with the exception of hydroxyproline. This was found in a significantly higher concentration in the amniotic fluid of the pathological group. Supposing that the materno-fetal as well as the feto-maternal amino acid exchange may be reduced by the placenta insufficiency, the significantly higher concentration of hydroxyproline in the amniotic fluid during pathological pregnancies may be caused higher fetal urine excretion of hydroxyproline into the amniotic fluid. The increase of hydroxyproline in the amniotic fluid of pathological pregnancies is probably an early diagnostic parameter of an impaired transplacental exchange -- placenta insufficiency.", "PMID": 848078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7761", "title": "[Bilateral intrauterine torsion of the spermatic cord (case report) (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of bilateral intrauterine torsion of the spermatic cord is reported. The possibility of an intrauterin origin is given by observations in newborn infants. The head symptoms are scrotal swelling, flush and induration. Already a suspected torsion of the spermatic cord justifies immediate surgery as the germinative and interstitial cells are irreversibly damaged after very short time. The obstetrician is obliged to diagnose these pre- or perinatally originated torsions and to arrange immediate surgery.", "contents": "[Bilateral intrauterine torsion of the spermatic cord (case report) (author's transl)]. A case of bilateral intrauterine torsion of the spermatic cord is reported. The possibility of an intrauterin origin is given by observations in newborn infants. The head symptoms are scrotal swelling, flush and induration. Already a suspected torsion of the spermatic cord justifies immediate surgery as the germinative and interstitial cells are irreversibly damaged after very short time. The obstetrician is obliged to diagnose these pre- or perinatally originated torsions and to arrange immediate surgery.", "PMID": 848079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7762", "title": "Primary lymph node responses to mosquito bites.", "content": "Post-auricular lymph node responses and changes in fresh weight of thymus and spleen of hamsters and mice at 4 and 8 days after primary exposure of both ears to 20 bites by the mosquito Aedes aegypti were studied quantitatively. In both hosts lymph node changes characteristic of the development of cell-mediated immune responses and those which are believed to lead to antibody production occurred, with the emphasis on the latter phenomena. No reactions of thymus and spleen were observed. The responses recorded are considered to be immunologically specific. In hamsters, but not in mice, the responses related to humoral sensitization coincided in time to a large extent with those of the cell-mediated immune processes. The stronger humoral responses in mice were probably in the first place the result of the relatively higher dosages applied.", "contents": "Primary lymph node responses to mosquito bites. Post-auricular lymph node responses and changes in fresh weight of thymus and spleen of hamsters and mice at 4 and 8 days after primary exposure of both ears to 20 bites by the mosquito Aedes aegypti were studied quantitatively. In both hosts lymph node changes characteristic of the development of cell-mediated immune responses and those which are believed to lead to antibody production occurred, with the emphasis on the latter phenomena. No reactions of thymus and spleen were observed. The responses recorded are considered to be immunologically specific. In hamsters, but not in mice, the responses related to humoral sensitization coincided in time to a large extent with those of the cell-mediated immune processes. The stronger humoral responses in mice were probably in the first place the result of the relatively higher dosages applied.", "PMID": 848080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7763", "title": "[Culex pipiens fatigans: labeling of tissues of normal and infected (Plasmodium cathemerium) females after feeding on tritiated amino acids (author's transl)].", "content": "Normal and infected Culex females were fed 11 different amino acids. These substances were labeled with tritium and each was given separately in glucose solution. After the uptake the marker appears first in crop, cardia and midgut. Later on the other tissues get labeled more or less. It seems that the labeling follows a characteristic pattern for each amino acid. Essential amino acids are taken up intensively; for example leucine not only in the midgut epithelium but also in the ovary and the fat body. There is nearly no uptake of the non-essential amino acids alanine, glutamic acid and DOPA by the tissues of both groups of females. These amino acids are only seen in the midgut area and not in the other tissues. In infected mosquitos the uptake of the essential acid, phenylalanine, corresponds only to that of a non-essential amino acid.", "contents": "[Culex pipiens fatigans: labeling of tissues of normal and infected (Plasmodium cathemerium) females after feeding on tritiated amino acids (author's transl)]. Normal and infected Culex females were fed 11 different amino acids. These substances were labeled with tritium and each was given separately in glucose solution. After the uptake the marker appears first in crop, cardia and midgut. Later on the other tissues get labeled more or less. It seems that the labeling follows a characteristic pattern for each amino acid. Essential amino acids are taken up intensively; for example leucine not only in the midgut epithelium but also in the ovary and the fat body. There is nearly no uptake of the non-essential amino acids alanine, glutamic acid and DOPA by the tissues of both groups of females. These amino acids are only seen in the midgut area and not in the other tissues. In infected mosquitos the uptake of the essential acid, phenylalanine, corresponds only to that of a non-essential amino acid.", "PMID": 848081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7764", "title": "[Determination of the factors Gm(1,2,4,5,21) and Inv(1) in human secretions: saliva, sweat, nasal secretion and semen (author's transl)].", "content": "If there is enough stain material available Gm and InV factors can be proved to be present in semen. Contamination by nasal or vaginal secretions should be taken into account. Sweat, however, does not interfere with the determination. In saliva, InV but no Gm properties were demonstrable. Stamp glue reacts unspecifically with InV antiserum and could therefore be a source of error. The conclusive value of Gm and InV findings as evidence in court was derived from the phenotype frequencies obtained in blood samples of 400 unrelated persons.", "contents": "[Determination of the factors Gm(1,2,4,5,21) and Inv(1) in human secretions: saliva, sweat, nasal secretion and semen (author's transl)]. If there is enough stain material available Gm and InV factors can be proved to be present in semen. Contamination by nasal or vaginal secretions should be taken into account. Sweat, however, does not interfere with the determination. In saliva, InV but no Gm properties were demonstrable. Stamp glue reacts unspecifically with InV antiserum and could therefore be a source of error. The conclusive value of Gm and InV findings as evidence in court was derived from the phenotype frequencies obtained in blood samples of 400 unrelated persons.", "PMID": 848130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7765", "title": "Population genetics of glyoxalase I (E.C.4.4.1.5) in human erythrocytes.", "content": "1025 individuals from Southern Germany were examined. The gene frequencies for GLI1 are 0.4235 and for GLI2 0.5765. These frequencies are compared with those of other authors.", "contents": "Population genetics of glyoxalase I (E.C.4.4.1.5) in human erythrocytes. 1025 individuals from Southern Germany were examined. The gene frequencies for GLI1 are 0.4235 and for GLI2 0.5765. These frequencies are compared with those of other authors.", "PMID": 848131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7766", "title": "[Placenta-imbedded homoeotransplant and the protection of the foetus in the Austrian penal code (author's transl)].", "content": "Operations, in which a physician removes vital organs of a foetus in order to sustain other organs of the foetus (e. g. the kidneys) in the uterus for an indefinite period and let them work for the gravida, are in accordance with Austrian law if such surgical interventions are carried out within the first three months of pregnancy with the consent of the expectant mother and after previous consultation with a physician; also, if a termination of pregnancy is justified by one of the indications stipulated in Article 97 Paragraph 1 Item 2 of the Austrian Penal Code.", "contents": "[Placenta-imbedded homoeotransplant and the protection of the foetus in the Austrian penal code (author's transl)]. Operations, in which a physician removes vital organs of a foetus in order to sustain other organs of the foetus (e. g. the kidneys) in the uterus for an indefinite period and let them work for the gravida, are in accordance with Austrian law if such surgical interventions are carried out within the first three months of pregnancy with the consent of the expectant mother and after previous consultation with a physician; also, if a termination of pregnancy is justified by one of the indications stipulated in Article 97 Paragraph 1 Item 2 of the Austrian Penal Code.", "PMID": 848132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7767", "title": "[Concerning the development of brainstem injuries (author's transl)].", "content": "Since the etiology of traumatic brainstem lesions has not been completely clarified we tried to analyse this question from autopsy material with special consideration of the effects of rotational acceleration of the head resulting from an impact force. Seventeen cases without a skull fracture were investigated. We considered the tentorium as a suitable indicator for possible relative movements occuring between cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum as well as the brainstem since, because of its attachment to the skull, it follows all excursions of the skull directly and simultaneously. The brain, however, due to its inertia, remains stationary in the beginning so that injuries may occur on the structures mentioned. The results of the autopsies confirmed these assumptions, for both uni- and bilateral tears as well as hemorrhages in the tentorium cerebelli were found. Associated were subarchnoid hemorrhages over the upper vermis and thin layered hematomas between the tentorium and the cerebellum. In all cases the brainstems showed both microscopic and macroscopic hemorrhages of the isthmus cerebri and in some cases of the cerebral peduncles and the cerebellar brachia conjunctiva. These hemorrhages are attributed to shearing forces and tension arising from movements between tentorium and the surrounding brain components. The mechanical effects on the brainstem and its surrounding structures at various rotational accelerations of the head (along transversal, vertical and sagital axis) are discussed. The combination of brainstem lesions with injuries of the tentorium suggests that the brainstem injury was a primary result of the impact. Finally the possible significance of rotational acceleration for brainstem injuries caused by whiplash mechanism of the head in connection with improperly used automobile safety belts or inadequate headrests is discussed.", "contents": "[Concerning the development of brainstem injuries (author's transl)]. Since the etiology of traumatic brainstem lesions has not been completely clarified we tried to analyse this question from autopsy material with special consideration of the effects of rotational acceleration of the head resulting from an impact force. Seventeen cases without a skull fracture were investigated. We considered the tentorium as a suitable indicator for possible relative movements occuring between cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum as well as the brainstem since, because of its attachment to the skull, it follows all excursions of the skull directly and simultaneously. The brain, however, due to its inertia, remains stationary in the beginning so that injuries may occur on the structures mentioned. The results of the autopsies confirmed these assumptions, for both uni- and bilateral tears as well as hemorrhages in the tentorium cerebelli were found. Associated were subarchnoid hemorrhages over the upper vermis and thin layered hematomas between the tentorium and the cerebellum. In all cases the brainstems showed both microscopic and macroscopic hemorrhages of the isthmus cerebri and in some cases of the cerebral peduncles and the cerebellar brachia conjunctiva. These hemorrhages are attributed to shearing forces and tension arising from movements between tentorium and the surrounding brain components. The mechanical effects on the brainstem and its surrounding structures at various rotational accelerations of the head (along transversal, vertical and sagital axis) are discussed. The combination of brainstem lesions with injuries of the tentorium suggests that the brainstem injury was a primary result of the impact. Finally the possible significance of rotational acceleration for brainstem injuries caused by whiplash mechanism of the head in connection with improperly used automobile safety belts or inadequate headrests is discussed.", "PMID": 848133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7768", "title": "[Forensic applications of human skin spectral remission analysis employing a movable integrated sphere (author's transl)].", "content": "Spectral remission analysis has been known for long in the medical sciences [1,2,3] but has gained practical importance only in the last years due to the existence of modern techniques and components [4,5]. In this paper a method is presented which enlarges the range of applications of spectral remission and transmission analysis for wavelengths between 380 and 1100 nm considerably. This is achieved by a novel conception of the measuring instrumentation, the advantages of which are discussed and compared with the conventional technique. In detail these advantages are a) employment of a movable instead of a fixed detector (integrated sphere) b) illumination of standard and probe with radiation from a common source c) considerable increase of sensibility due to the use of selective lock-in amplifiers. As a demonstration of the proposed method results are given for 5 different probes of human skin.", "contents": "[Forensic applications of human skin spectral remission analysis employing a movable integrated sphere (author's transl)]. Spectral remission analysis has been known for long in the medical sciences [1,2,3] but has gained practical importance only in the last years due to the existence of modern techniques and components [4,5]. In this paper a method is presented which enlarges the range of applications of spectral remission and transmission analysis for wavelengths between 380 and 1100 nm considerably. This is achieved by a novel conception of the measuring instrumentation, the advantages of which are discussed and compared with the conventional technique. In detail these advantages are a) employment of a movable instead of a fixed detector (integrated sphere) b) illumination of standard and probe with radiation from a common source c) considerable increase of sensibility due to the use of selective lock-in amplifiers. As a demonstration of the proposed method results are given for 5 different probes of human skin.", "PMID": 848134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7769", "title": "[Sudden unexpected death in rare cervicooccipital dysplasia (author's transl)].", "content": "1. A case of sudden unexpected death due to rare cervicooccipital dysplasia is presented. 2. At postmortem examination of cases of sudden death without a definite cause of death the finding of a deformed base of the skull should suggest removal and mazeration of the upper cervical vertebral column for close scrutiny.", "contents": "[Sudden unexpected death in rare cervicooccipital dysplasia (author's transl)]. 1. A case of sudden unexpected death due to rare cervicooccipital dysplasia is presented. 2. At postmortem examination of cases of sudden death without a definite cause of death the finding of a deformed base of the skull should suggest removal and mazeration of the upper cervical vertebral column for close scrutiny.", "PMID": 848135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7770", "title": "[Combined carbon monoxide/cyanide intoxication due to combustion of plastic material (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of combines carbon monoxide and cyanide intoxication due to a fire in a living room is reported.", "contents": "[Combined carbon monoxide/cyanide intoxication due to combustion of plastic material (author's transl)]. A case of combines carbon monoxide and cyanide intoxication due to a fire in a living room is reported.", "PMID": 848136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7771", "title": "Bite-marks on battered children.", "content": "Instances of human bites are generally rare, although it does sometimes occur that people use their teeth as a means of attack of defence. When looking into cases of the ill-treatment of children we often find bite-marks in addition to other signs of abusement. Eleven cases from the Institute of Forensic Medicine at D\u00fcsseldorf University are presented out of a total of 48 cases of ill-treatment of children followed by death in which human bite-marks as well as other haematomas on the victims could be proved. In all cases the cause of death was a subdural haematoma. All but three of the offenders were female, and all were young and subject to excess stress so that the act could eventually be regarded as the result of a disintegration of emotional status. The combination of bite-marks with haematomas and other signs of ill-treatment support with sufficient certainty the conclusion that a criminal action of a third person is involved.", "contents": "Bite-marks on battered children. Instances of human bites are generally rare, although it does sometimes occur that people use their teeth as a means of attack of defence. When looking into cases of the ill-treatment of children we often find bite-marks in addition to other signs of abusement. Eleven cases from the Institute of Forensic Medicine at D\u00fcsseldorf University are presented out of a total of 48 cases of ill-treatment of children followed by death in which human bite-marks as well as other haematomas on the victims could be proved. In all cases the cause of death was a subdural haematoma. All but three of the offenders were female, and all were young and subject to excess stress so that the act could eventually be regarded as the result of a disintegration of emotional status. The combination of bite-marks with haematomas and other signs of ill-treatment support with sufficient certainty the conclusion that a criminal action of a third person is involved.", "PMID": 848137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7772", "title": "[Penicillamine-induced glomerulonephritis].", "content": "In 6 of 24 courses of a disease a nephrotic syndrome appeared under the application of penicillamine. An acute renal failure with exitus letalis developed under the penicillamine therapy of a scleroderma. In the treatment of a mercurial poisoning by penicillamine the nephrotic syndrome increased to a proteinuria of 50 g/24 hours which receded after discontinuation of the remedy. In one group of patients with chronic pyelonephritis could be demonstrated that penicillamine in a primarily damaged kidney must not lead to a secondary glomerular lesion. These findings led to the conclusion that in the appearance of a proteinuria under penicillamine a strong observation of the renal function is necessary, if a continution of the therapy is given from vital indication.", "contents": "[Penicillamine-induced glomerulonephritis]. In 6 of 24 courses of a disease a nephrotic syndrome appeared under the application of penicillamine. An acute renal failure with exitus letalis developed under the penicillamine therapy of a scleroderma. In the treatment of a mercurial poisoning by penicillamine the nephrotic syndrome increased to a proteinuria of 50 g/24 hours which receded after discontinuation of the remedy. In one group of patients with chronic pyelonephritis could be demonstrated that penicillamine in a primarily damaged kidney must not lead to a secondary glomerular lesion. These findings led to the conclusion that in the appearance of a proteinuria under penicillamine a strong observation of the renal function is necessary, if a continution of the therapy is given from vital indication.", "PMID": 848141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7773", "title": "[Tubular kidney dysfunction and its etiology in chronic pyelonephritis].", "content": "1. The renal dysfunction in the chronic compensated pyelonephritis means a selective decrease of the maximum osmotic concentration power, the ammonia secretion and the total secretion of hydrogen ions in the glomerular filtration rate, proximal reabsorption of the fluid of the tubule, excretion of osmotically free water and acidity of the urine which can be titrated. 2. The functional distrubances observed in chronic pyelonephritis do not as a whole differ from those disturbances in chronic compensated glomerulonephritis, but in the disease first mentioned there is in every case no decrease of the endogenic creatinine clearance and the maximum water diuresis. 3. The latent chronic pyelonephritis differs from the latent chronic glomerulonephritis by a normal endogenic creatinine clearance and maximum water diuresis and by a decrease of the ammonia and hydrogen ion secretion. These disturbances to a certain extent may be regarded as specific for the chronic pyelonephritis. In comparison with the chronic hypertonic pyelonephritis in the chronic hypertonic pyelonephritis the maximum water diuresis is normal and the titratable acidity is slightly increased. 4. The kind of renal dysfunctions can be of importance for the differential diagnosis between chronic glomerulonephritis and chronic pyelonephritis particularly in the latent forms of the two diseases.", "contents": "[Tubular kidney dysfunction and its etiology in chronic pyelonephritis]. 1. The renal dysfunction in the chronic compensated pyelonephritis means a selective decrease of the maximum osmotic concentration power, the ammonia secretion and the total secretion of hydrogen ions in the glomerular filtration rate, proximal reabsorption of the fluid of the tubule, excretion of osmotically free water and acidity of the urine which can be titrated. 2. The functional distrubances observed in chronic pyelonephritis do not as a whole differ from those disturbances in chronic compensated glomerulonephritis, but in the disease first mentioned there is in every case no decrease of the endogenic creatinine clearance and the maximum water diuresis. 3. The latent chronic pyelonephritis differs from the latent chronic glomerulonephritis by a normal endogenic creatinine clearance and maximum water diuresis and by a decrease of the ammonia and hydrogen ion secretion. These disturbances to a certain extent may be regarded as specific for the chronic pyelonephritis. In comparison with the chronic hypertonic pyelonephritis in the chronic hypertonic pyelonephritis the maximum water diuresis is normal and the titratable acidity is slightly increased. 4. The kind of renal dysfunctions can be of importance for the differential diagnosis between chronic glomerulonephritis and chronic pyelonephritis particularly in the latent forms of the two diseases.", "PMID": 848142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7774", "title": "[Diagnostic value of the 131 I-hippuran clearance in chronic pyelonephritis].", "content": "The authors report on their 9-year experience concerning the results of the determination of the effective plasma flow by means of the 131J-hippuran clearance in patients with chronic pyelonephritis. On account of the disagreements in literature it was our first task to establish the lower normal limit. Issuing form the parallel investigations with the classical PAH-clearance in 50 patients and in a control group of 71 patients with hearlhy kidneys 487 ml/min were taken into consideration as lower normal limit. The authors examine in 867 patients with chronic pyelonephritis whether it is possible to diagnose relatively early disturbances of the renal function in values of the hippuran clearance lower than 487. It was established that in 28.9% of these patients the ING was normal, in 45% the concentration power maintained and in 70% the rest nitrogen in the serum was not increased. These results allow the recommendation of a broader application of the hippuran clearance in patients with pyelonephritis, since by means of this method relatively earlier restrictions of the renal function can be established than by means of other functional tests (ING and Volhard's test).", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of the 131 I-hippuran clearance in chronic pyelonephritis]. The authors report on their 9-year experience concerning the results of the determination of the effective plasma flow by means of the 131J-hippuran clearance in patients with chronic pyelonephritis. On account of the disagreements in literature it was our first task to establish the lower normal limit. Issuing form the parallel investigations with the classical PAH-clearance in 50 patients and in a control group of 71 patients with hearlhy kidneys 487 ml/min were taken into consideration as lower normal limit. The authors examine in 867 patients with chronic pyelonephritis whether it is possible to diagnose relatively early disturbances of the renal function in values of the hippuran clearance lower than 487. It was established that in 28.9% of these patients the ING was normal, in 45% the concentration power maintained and in 70% the rest nitrogen in the serum was not increased. These results allow the recommendation of a broader application of the hippuran clearance in patients with pyelonephritis, since by means of this method relatively earlier restrictions of the renal function can be established than by means of other functional tests (ING and Volhard's test).", "PMID": 848143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7775", "title": "[Adenine nucleotide- and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate metabolism in human erythrocytes in chronic kidney insufficiency].", "content": "In 38 patients with chronic renal insufficiency of different degree of severity examinations of the stationary concentration of the adenine nucleotides in the erythrocytes were carried out. It was shown that in the red blood cells of uraemics a genuine increase of the concentration of these compounds occurs, in which case the adenosine triphosphate dominates absolutely as well as relatively. In individual cases erytho-cyctic ATP-values of more than 3 micron mol pro ml cells may be achieved. The increase of the ATP-concentration in the red blood cells correlates with the degree of severity of the renal insufficiency and the renal anaemia. The hyperphosphataemia occurring as a rule in renal insuficiency is of causal importance for the increase of ATP. By a consecutive increase of the intracellular phosphate level and by influence on different steps of enzymes (phosphofructokinase, aldolase, glycerin aldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase) and changed regulations it effected an activation of the glycolysis. The increase of the plasma adenine and plasma adenosine concentration plays apparantly an accessory role for the increase of the concentration of the adenine nucleotides existing in the erythrocytes. Together with an increased concentration of 2,3-diphosphogycerate (2,3-DPG) the increase of the ATP-level has an effect on the oxygen transport function function of haemoglobin in the sense of a facilitation of the O2-output. These processes explain the relative adaption of patients with chronic renal insufficiency to renal anaemias of partly high degree.", "contents": "[Adenine nucleotide- and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate metabolism in human erythrocytes in chronic kidney insufficiency]. In 38 patients with chronic renal insufficiency of different degree of severity examinations of the stationary concentration of the adenine nucleotides in the erythrocytes were carried out. It was shown that in the red blood cells of uraemics a genuine increase of the concentration of these compounds occurs, in which case the adenosine triphosphate dominates absolutely as well as relatively. In individual cases erytho-cyctic ATP-values of more than 3 micron mol pro ml cells may be achieved. The increase of the ATP-concentration in the red blood cells correlates with the degree of severity of the renal insufficiency and the renal anaemia. The hyperphosphataemia occurring as a rule in renal insuficiency is of causal importance for the increase of ATP. By a consecutive increase of the intracellular phosphate level and by influence on different steps of enzymes (phosphofructokinase, aldolase, glycerin aldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase) and changed regulations it effected an activation of the glycolysis. The increase of the plasma adenine and plasma adenosine concentration plays apparantly an accessory role for the increase of the concentration of the adenine nucleotides existing in the erythrocytes. Together with an increased concentration of 2,3-diphosphogycerate (2,3-DPG) the increase of the ATP-level has an effect on the oxygen transport function function of haemoglobin in the sense of a facilitation of the O2-output. These processes explain the relative adaption of patients with chronic renal insufficiency to renal anaemias of partly high degree.", "PMID": 848144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7776", "title": "[Importance of residual diuresis in patients with chronic pyelonephritis under constant dialysis treatment].", "content": "In 55% of 100 patients (54 with glomerulonephritis and 46 with pyelonephritis) who had been dialysed in the permanent dialysis treatment for more than one year the tactics of a dialysis per week was estabished at the beginining of the permanent dialysis treatment: in the diuresis of more than 1 litre a day with the residual glomerular filtration about 5 ml/min, in stabilised body-weight, in controllable hypertension and in the compensated clinical picture of renal insufficiency. The residual glomerular filtration can be presumed only in the optimally hydrated patients. The canulation of the subclavian vein has proved significant for the evaluation of optimum hydration.", "contents": "[Importance of residual diuresis in patients with chronic pyelonephritis under constant dialysis treatment]. In 55% of 100 patients (54 with glomerulonephritis and 46 with pyelonephritis) who had been dialysed in the permanent dialysis treatment for more than one year the tactics of a dialysis per week was estabished at the beginining of the permanent dialysis treatment: in the diuresis of more than 1 litre a day with the residual glomerular filtration about 5 ml/min, in stabilised body-weight, in controllable hypertension and in the compensated clinical picture of renal insufficiency. The residual glomerular filtration can be presumed only in the optimally hydrated patients. The canulation of the subclavian vein has proved significant for the evaluation of optimum hydration.", "PMID": 848145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7777", "title": "[Excretion of alanine aminopeptidase in the urine after administration of lysosomotrophic substances in patients with latent or florid pyelonephritis].", "content": "It is described a test for the presence of diffuse nephropathies which is based on the fact that after application 20 ml of the renal diatrizoate X-ray contrast medium Visotrast or of 500 ml of a 10% mannitol solution in patients with preexisting renal diseases appear reversible, diagnostically relevant increases of the alanine aminopeptidase excretion with the urine. In persons with healthy kidneys the excretion of enzymes changes insignificantly. The increased excretion of alanine aminopeptidase is also observed in patients with latent pyelonephritis and is traced back to the increased formation of an osmotic nephropathy in patients with preexisting nephropathies.", "contents": "[Excretion of alanine aminopeptidase in the urine after administration of lysosomotrophic substances in patients with latent or florid pyelonephritis]. It is described a test for the presence of diffuse nephropathies which is based on the fact that after application 20 ml of the renal diatrizoate X-ray contrast medium Visotrast or of 500 ml of a 10% mannitol solution in patients with preexisting renal diseases appear reversible, diagnostically relevant increases of the alanine aminopeptidase excretion with the urine. In persons with healthy kidneys the excretion of enzymes changes insignificantly. The increased excretion of alanine aminopeptidase is also observed in patients with latent pyelonephritis and is traced back to the increased formation of an osmotic nephropathy in patients with preexisting nephropathies.", "PMID": 848146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7778", "title": "[Ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Autopsy studies from two pathological institutes (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 67,930 autopsies 233 (0.3%) ruptured unoperated intracranial aneurysms were found. 105 aneurysms belonged to the anterior, 89 to the middle, and 29 to the posterior groups. The size, age and sex distribution of the aneurysms as well as the lesions due to their rupture were studied. The following complications were found (table 4): Massive subarachnoid haemorrhages (77%), intracerebral haematomas (61%), massive intraventricular haemorrhages (35%). Intracranial aneurysms were combined with polycystic degeneration of the kidneys in 8 patients. The pathomorphological findings were compared with the clinical diagnoses. The clinical diagnosis of a ruptured intracranial aneurysm was established in 13.9% of the patients only.", "contents": "[Ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Autopsy studies from two pathological institutes (author's transl)]. Among 67,930 autopsies 233 (0.3%) ruptured unoperated intracranial aneurysms were found. 105 aneurysms belonged to the anterior, 89 to the middle, and 29 to the posterior groups. The size, age and sex distribution of the aneurysms as well as the lesions due to their rupture were studied. The following complications were found (table 4): Massive subarachnoid haemorrhages (77%), intracerebral haematomas (61%), massive intraventricular haemorrhages (35%). Intracranial aneurysms were combined with polycystic degeneration of the kidneys in 8 patients. The pathomorphological findings were compared with the clinical diagnoses. The clinical diagnosis of a ruptured intracranial aneurysm was established in 13.9% of the patients only.", "PMID": 848165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7779", "title": "[Functioning carcinoma of the exocrinic pancreas. Case report and review of the literature (author's transl)].", "content": "The rare case of a 62 years old male with functioning carcinoma of the exocrinic pancreas, liver metastases, and subcutaneous fat necrosis is described. Only 22 relating cases were found in the literature. Referring to published observations the symptomatology of these pancreatic tumours is analysed. The panniculitis which is part of the symptoms corresponds to the Weber-Christian disease or erythema nodosum. It is supposed that lipase-secreting carcinomas of the pancreas occur more frequently than hitherto believed.", "contents": "[Functioning carcinoma of the exocrinic pancreas. Case report and review of the literature (author's transl)]. The rare case of a 62 years old male with functioning carcinoma of the exocrinic pancreas, liver metastases, and subcutaneous fat necrosis is described. Only 22 relating cases were found in the literature. Referring to published observations the symptomatology of these pancreatic tumours is analysed. The panniculitis which is part of the symptoms corresponds to the Weber-Christian disease or erythema nodosum. It is supposed that lipase-secreting carcinomas of the pancreas occur more frequently than hitherto believed.", "PMID": 848166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7780", "title": "[Nevus spilus. A histopathological study (author's transl)].", "content": "In the past, the nevus spilus was differently interpreted. Ito and Hamada, however, limited this term to a pigmented macule that had darker speckles within it. This newer definition is a useful one in clinical diagnostics. But histopathologically this lesion seems not to be an entity. A review of the literature and the present study suggest that it is in all probability a caf\u00e9-au-lait-nevus of neurofibromatosis-type. The darker spots are different in their histopathologic structures. They are nevus-cell-nevi, nevoid lentigines, epidermal pigmented macules or localized pigment disturbances with melaninincontinence following inflammatory prozesses.", "contents": "[Nevus spilus. A histopathological study (author's transl)]. In the past, the nevus spilus was differently interpreted. Ito and Hamada, however, limited this term to a pigmented macule that had darker speckles within it. This newer definition is a useful one in clinical diagnostics. But histopathologically this lesion seems not to be an entity. A review of the literature and the present study suggest that it is in all probability a caf\u00e9-au-lait-nevus of neurofibromatosis-type. The darker spots are different in their histopathologic structures. They are nevus-cell-nevi, nevoid lentigines, epidermal pigmented macules or localized pigment disturbances with melaninincontinence following inflammatory prozesses.", "PMID": 848167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7781", "title": "[Contribution to carcinosarcoma of the uterus (author's transl)].", "content": "The histogenesis of carcinosarcomas of the uterus is not clear yet. The different histologic structures of a collisions-tumor which is characterized by a secondary intermingling of sarcomatous and carcinomatous elements are described, and their etiolgy and pathogenesis are discussed.", "contents": "[Contribution to carcinosarcoma of the uterus (author's transl)]. The histogenesis of carcinosarcomas of the uterus is not clear yet. The different histologic structures of a collisions-tumor which is characterized by a secondary intermingling of sarcomatous and carcinomatous elements are described, and their etiolgy and pathogenesis are discussed.", "PMID": 848168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7782", "title": "[Enzyme patterns in connective tissue proliferations (author's transl)].", "content": "In a series of benign or semimalignant connective tissue proliferations (4 desmoids, 1 recurrence of a dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, 4 fibromas, 1 neurofibroma, 3 keloids, 3 Dupuytren's contractures) and a normal fascia for comparison the pattern of 18 enzymes from different metabolic pathways was investigated. It should be clarified whether alterations of the enzyme pattern wouldoccur, asthey are found in malignant tumours. The activity of most of the enzymes investigated increased about twofold in the latter of two extirpations (16 months interval) of a recurring desmoid. In the recurrence of a dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans and in a recurrance of a fibroma a remarkably high activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase was found. High activities of these enzymes are known to be characteristic of experimental tumours of animals and human malignant neoplasms. Therefore it is assumed that these differences from the normal patternof enzyme activity are related to recidivity and may be regarded as first signs of a deviation from benignity. Based on these results further studies haveto be done with the aim to find a biochemical tool for, evaluation and prognosis of the course of these diseases.", "contents": "[Enzyme patterns in connective tissue proliferations (author's transl)]. In a series of benign or semimalignant connective tissue proliferations (4 desmoids, 1 recurrence of a dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, 4 fibromas, 1 neurofibroma, 3 keloids, 3 Dupuytren's contractures) and a normal fascia for comparison the pattern of 18 enzymes from different metabolic pathways was investigated. It should be clarified whether alterations of the enzyme pattern wouldoccur, asthey are found in malignant tumours. The activity of most of the enzymes investigated increased about twofold in the latter of two extirpations (16 months interval) of a recurring desmoid. In the recurrence of a dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans and in a recurrance of a fibroma a remarkably high activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase was found. High activities of these enzymes are known to be characteristic of experimental tumours of animals and human malignant neoplasms. Therefore it is assumed that these differences from the normal patternof enzyme activity are related to recidivity and may be regarded as first signs of a deviation from benignity. Based on these results further studies haveto be done with the aim to find a biochemical tool for, evaluation and prognosis of the course of these diseases.", "PMID": 848169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7783", "title": "[Hairy cell leukemia (author's transl)].", "content": "2 cases of hairy cell leukemia are reported. The disease is important for pathologists, because the splenomegaly is the leading clinical sign and often a splenectomy is performed with infomation about the true disease. The morphology of the spleen with infiltration of pulp cords and filling of sinuses by monomorphous blasts, with moderate fibrosis and atrophy of the white pulp is not convincing, because the hairy-like processes of the toumor-cell cytoplasm are not seen by usual histological examination. Hemocytomorphology and -cytochemistry are essential diagnostic procedures.", "contents": "[Hairy cell leukemia (author's transl)]. 2 cases of hairy cell leukemia are reported. The disease is important for pathologists, because the splenomegaly is the leading clinical sign and often a splenectomy is performed with infomation about the true disease. The morphology of the spleen with infiltration of pulp cords and filling of sinuses by monomorphous blasts, with moderate fibrosis and atrophy of the white pulp is not convincing, because the hairy-like processes of the toumor-cell cytoplasm are not seen by usual histological examination. Hemocytomorphology and -cytochemistry are essential diagnostic procedures.", "PMID": 848170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7784", "title": "[Splenectomy findings in Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "32 splenectomy preparations were examinated. Splenic involvement in lymphogranulomatosis was found in 15 cases, mostly of the mixed type of disease. Morphological findings like first-localization of infiltrates, follicle-activation, and mesenchymal reaction are reported in detail. However, the valuation of the findings without knowing the pathogenesis of Hodgkin's disease seems to be to early at the present times.", "contents": "[Splenectomy findings in Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)]. 32 splenectomy preparations were examinated. Splenic involvement in lymphogranulomatosis was found in 15 cases, mostly of the mixed type of disease. Morphological findings like first-localization of infiltrates, follicle-activation, and mesenchymal reaction are reported in detail. However, the valuation of the findings without knowing the pathogenesis of Hodgkin's disease seems to be to early at the present times.", "PMID": 848171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7785", "title": "[Sarcoid-like lesions of the spleen in Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "In a systematic study of splenectomy preparations of 32 patients with Hodgkin's disease five cases of sarcoid-like lesions were detected. There was no lymphogranulompatosis of the spleen in two of these five cases. Frequency, localization, and pathogenesis of the sarcoid-like lesions are discussed. No statement is possible concerning the consequences of these granulomas as to clinical prognosis.", "contents": "[Sarcoid-like lesions of the spleen in Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)]. In a systematic study of splenectomy preparations of 32 patients with Hodgkin's disease five cases of sarcoid-like lesions were detected. There was no lymphogranulompatosis of the spleen in two of these five cases. Frequency, localization, and pathogenesis of the sarcoid-like lesions are discussed. No statement is possible concerning the consequences of these granulomas as to clinical prognosis.", "PMID": 848172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7786", "title": "[Morphometric investigations on lungs of children in perinatal period (author's transl)].", "content": "Morphometric indices were investigated by the method of Dunnill (1974a) on 4 lungs of intranatal stillborns and 4 lungs of preterm liveborns with hyaline membrane disease (HMD). The values of the air-tissue interface ranges for stillborns between 0,16 and 0,37 m2. The values for lungs with HMD lies between 0,09 and 0,17 m2 and therefore distinctly lower. Number of alveoli in the entire lung ranges for stillborns between 8.3 and 13.9 x 10(6). The values for lungs with HMD ranges between 0.6 and 3.9 x 10(6) and therefore distinctly lower, too.", "contents": "[Morphometric investigations on lungs of children in perinatal period (author's transl)]. Morphometric indices were investigated by the method of Dunnill (1974a) on 4 lungs of intranatal stillborns and 4 lungs of preterm liveborns with hyaline membrane disease (HMD). The values of the air-tissue interface ranges for stillborns between 0,16 and 0,37 m2. The values for lungs with HMD lies between 0,09 and 0,17 m2 and therefore distinctly lower. Number of alveoli in the entire lung ranges for stillborns between 8.3 and 13.9 x 10(6). The values for lungs with HMD ranges between 0.6 and 3.9 x 10(6) and therefore distinctly lower, too.", "PMID": 848173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7787", "title": "[A case of central core disease. Light microscopic and histochemical studies (author's transl)].", "content": "A sporadic case of central core disease in a 5 1/2-year-old girl is reported. Clinically, a retarded motor development existed, furthermore, a muscle weakness and hypotonia of the extremities and trunk, contractures of the hip- and knee-joint,and luxation of both hip-joints. Biopsy specimens are taken from both Mm. gastrocnemii. Muscle fibres show, by morphologic examination, 95 per cent cores, which are characteristic for this myopathy. A further abnormality is seen inthe histochemical preparations for phosphorylase, succinate dehydrogenase, NAD diaphorase tetrazolium reductase, myofibrillar ATPase as well as AS-reaction with and without diastase digestion. With these techniques the muscle fibres show an uniform reaction pattern in which the activities of the oxidative andglycolytic enzymes correspond to the type I fibres of healthy persons. The cores show a lack of a activity of the oxidative and glycolytic enzymes as well as are ATPase- and PAS-negative. By reason of this histochemical behaviour it is suggested that the cores are predominantly unstructured. The cause of this disease might be complex disturbances in the neuro-muscular system manifested in the fetal period.", "contents": "[A case of central core disease. Light microscopic and histochemical studies (author's transl)]. A sporadic case of central core disease in a 5 1/2-year-old girl is reported. Clinically, a retarded motor development existed, furthermore, a muscle weakness and hypotonia of the extremities and trunk, contractures of the hip- and knee-joint,and luxation of both hip-joints. Biopsy specimens are taken from both Mm. gastrocnemii. Muscle fibres show, by morphologic examination, 95 per cent cores, which are characteristic for this myopathy. A further abnormality is seen inthe histochemical preparations for phosphorylase, succinate dehydrogenase, NAD diaphorase tetrazolium reductase, myofibrillar ATPase as well as AS-reaction with and without diastase digestion. With these techniques the muscle fibres show an uniform reaction pattern in which the activities of the oxidative andglycolytic enzymes correspond to the type I fibres of healthy persons. The cores show a lack of a activity of the oxidative and glycolytic enzymes as well as are ATPase- and PAS-negative. By reason of this histochemical behaviour it is suggested that the cores are predominantly unstructured. The cause of this disease might be complex disturbances in the neuro-muscular system manifested in the fetal period.", "PMID": 848174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7788", "title": "[A case of central core disease. Electronmicroscopic studies (author's transl)].", "content": "A biopsy taken from the right m. gastrocnemius of a sporadic case of central core disease has been investigated by electronmicroscopy. Both longitudinal and cross sections show cores, which are partially in the centre and partially near the sarcolemma of the muscle fibres. These cores are more or less sharply delimited from the intact areas of the muscle fibres. A zone showing a severe destruction of the regularly fibrillar structure is observed in the centre of each core. This destruction zone is surrounded by a transition zone, in which a partial lesion of the fibrillar structure is found whereas the sarcomeric segmentation is preserved. The width of the interfibrillar sarcoplasm is reduced, frequently, however, mitochondria containing cristae of normal structure are observed. The cores are foundlimited by target fibres. Pathogenetically, the damages of z-lines are assumed to be dominant in the formation of the cores.", "contents": "[A case of central core disease. Electronmicroscopic studies (author's transl)]. A biopsy taken from the right m. gastrocnemius of a sporadic case of central core disease has been investigated by electronmicroscopy. Both longitudinal and cross sections show cores, which are partially in the centre and partially near the sarcolemma of the muscle fibres. These cores are more or less sharply delimited from the intact areas of the muscle fibres. A zone showing a severe destruction of the regularly fibrillar structure is observed in the centre of each core. This destruction zone is surrounded by a transition zone, in which a partial lesion of the fibrillar structure is found whereas the sarcomeric segmentation is preserved. The width of the interfibrillar sarcoplasm is reduced, frequently, however, mitochondria containing cristae of normal structure are observed. The cores are foundlimited by target fibres. Pathogenetically, the damages of z-lines are assumed to be dominant in the formation of the cores.", "PMID": 848175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7789", "title": "[Hepatic infestation in mucoviscidosis (author's transl)].", "content": "In 25 cases of autoptically proven mucoviscidosis 3 cases were detected with hepatic infestation.  In two cases there was a focal biliary fibrosis (one male baby of 3 months, one female baby of 8 months), the third case was a 7 1/2 years old boy with a multilobulary biliary cirrhosis. The morphologie picture of these lesions is described, and their frequency, etiology and pathogenesis are discussed. Secondary alterations of the liver are for more frequent in this disorder than real liver infestations of mucoviscidosis, possible implications of this fact are shortly mentioned, too.", "contents": "[Hepatic infestation in mucoviscidosis (author's transl)]. In 25 cases of autoptically proven mucoviscidosis 3 cases were detected with hepatic infestation.  In two cases there was a focal biliary fibrosis (one male baby of 3 months, one female baby of 8 months), the third case was a 7 1/2 years old boy with a multilobulary biliary cirrhosis. The morphologie picture of these lesions is described, and their frequency, etiology and pathogenesis are discussed. Secondary alterations of the liver are for more frequent in this disorder than real liver infestations of mucoviscidosis, possible implications of this fact are shortly mentioned, too.", "PMID": 848176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7790", "title": "[Brush-like skull and dystrophy of the brain in consequence of a complex malformation of the heart (author's transl)].", "content": "A report it given on a case of transposition of the arterial trunks accompaniedby septal defect, hypoplasia of the pulomonary trunk, and valvular pulmonary stenosisin a 5 1/2 years old male child. Further striking findings consisted in a partial brush-like skull and in a severe dystrophy of the brain.", "contents": "[Brush-like skull and dystrophy of the brain in consequence of a complex malformation of the heart (author's transl)]. A report it given on a case of transposition of the arterial trunks accompaniedby septal defect, hypoplasia of the pulomonary trunk, and valvular pulmonary stenosisin a 5 1/2 years old male child. Further striking findings consisted in a partial brush-like skull and in a severe dystrophy of the brain.", "PMID": 848177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7791", "title": "[Myocardial infarctions without stenosing artery selerosis of thrombosis ofthe coronary arteries (author's transl)].", "content": "At autopsies between 1951 and 1969, 246 of 2393 cases with myocardial infarctions and heart muscle scars showed no thrombi and no artery sclerosis to be worth mentioning. The 7 comprehensive morphologically investigated observations of a second case group were discovered in a prospective study from 1970 to 1973. This study included 255 cases with myocardial infarctions or heart muscle scars. Comparatively to the investigations with sclerosis of the coronary arteries, myocardial infarctions without occlusive coronary disease were stated more frequent in woman than in men. Furthermore, more young people were affected from these infarctions. In 3 of 7 cases without sclerosis or thrombosis of the coronary arteries the infarctions were located more frequent subendocardial that in these cases with coronary sclerosis or thrombosis. Respectively to the size the 246 infarctions of the first group, they did not differ from those taken in a respecting group of 2147 cardiac infarctions with stenosing processes of the coronary arteries. Infarctions without sclerosis or thrombosis of the coronary arteries were located more frequently in the ventricular septum and in the wall of the right ventricle. For these infarctions a coincidenceof several, separate not relevant factors in supposed to be the cause. Theinfarctions without stenosing processes of the coronary arteries occupy insome respects an exceptional position, but on principle they do not differ in the morphological findings from the other myocardial infarctions.", "contents": "[Myocardial infarctions without stenosing artery selerosis of thrombosis ofthe coronary arteries (author's transl)]. At autopsies between 1951 and 1969, 246 of 2393 cases with myocardial infarctions and heart muscle scars showed no thrombi and no artery sclerosis to be worth mentioning. The 7 comprehensive morphologically investigated observations of a second case group were discovered in a prospective study from 1970 to 1973. This study included 255 cases with myocardial infarctions or heart muscle scars. Comparatively to the investigations with sclerosis of the coronary arteries, myocardial infarctions without occlusive coronary disease were stated more frequent in woman than in men. Furthermore, more young people were affected from these infarctions. In 3 of 7 cases without sclerosis or thrombosis of the coronary arteries the infarctions were located more frequent subendocardial that in these cases with coronary sclerosis or thrombosis. Respectively to the size the 246 infarctions of the first group, they did not differ from those taken in a respecting group of 2147 cardiac infarctions with stenosing processes of the coronary arteries. Infarctions without sclerosis or thrombosis of the coronary arteries were located more frequently in the ventricular septum and in the wall of the right ventricle. For these infarctions a coincidenceof several, separate not relevant factors in supposed to be the cause. Theinfarctions without stenosing processes of the coronary arteries occupy insome respects an exceptional position, but on principle they do not differ in the morphological findings from the other myocardial infarctions.", "PMID": 848178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7792", "title": "[Electron microscopical findings in the sural nerve of twins with metachromatic leukodystrophy. An attempt to classify the findings according to distinctive phases of the disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Sural nerve biopsies taken from a pair of twins with metachromatic leukodystrophy were investigated by electron microscopy. The morphological findings showed distinct alterations. In the first twin the particularity was a large number of granules containing sulfatides. In the second twin, however, the main finding was a damage of myelin sheaths evidently caused by an excessive and morphologically as well as chemically defective myelin formation. According to the grading given by Ulrich the first case corresponds to the stadium one, in which a storage of sulfatides dominates, whereas case two showing a severe damage of myelin sheaths is characteristic of the second stadium of metachromatic leukodystrophy.", "contents": "[Electron microscopical findings in the sural nerve of twins with metachromatic leukodystrophy. An attempt to classify the findings according to distinctive phases of the disease (author's transl)]. Sural nerve biopsies taken from a pair of twins with metachromatic leukodystrophy were investigated by electron microscopy. The morphological findings showed distinct alterations. In the first twin the particularity was a large number of granules containing sulfatides. In the second twin, however, the main finding was a damage of myelin sheaths evidently caused by an excessive and morphologically as well as chemically defective myelin formation. According to the grading given by Ulrich the first case corresponds to the stadium one, in which a storage of sulfatides dominates, whereas case two showing a severe damage of myelin sheaths is characteristic of the second stadium of metachromatic leukodystrophy.", "PMID": 848179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7793", "title": "[The influence of prednisolut on the induction of neurogenic tumours in rats by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (author's transl)].", "content": "Repeated intraperitoneal injections of methylnitrosourea (MNU, 10 mg/kg b. w.) lead to tumours of the nervous system in 32 out of 44 hooded rats (72.7 per cent) and to extraneural growths in 38 animals (86.4 per cent). After combined application of MNU and intramuskular injections of prednisolute (0.56 mg/kg b. w.), in 11 out of 42 rats (26.2 per cent) tumours of the nervous system were found. In this group, there were extraneural tumours in 17 animals (40.5 per cent). The results were compared with findings of other authors obtained after combined application of chemical carcinogens and corticosteroid hormones.", "contents": "[The influence of prednisolut on the induction of neurogenic tumours in rats by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (author's transl)]. Repeated intraperitoneal injections of methylnitrosourea (MNU, 10 mg/kg b. w.) lead to tumours of the nervous system in 32 out of 44 hooded rats (72.7 per cent) and to extraneural growths in 38 animals (86.4 per cent). After combined application of MNU and intramuskular injections of prednisolute (0.56 mg/kg b. w.), in 11 out of 42 rats (26.2 per cent) tumours of the nervous system were found. In this group, there were extraneural tumours in 17 animals (40.5 per cent). The results were compared with findings of other authors obtained after combined application of chemical carcinogens and corticosteroid hormones.", "PMID": 848180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7794", "title": "[Malignant tumours of the female sex organs in the autopsy material (author's transl)].", "content": "1209 malignant tumours of the female genital organs were revealed by post-mortem examinations at the Pathological Institute of the Martin-Luther-University, Halle (GDR), in the years 1961 to 1970. They constitute 28.6 per cent of a total of 4232 malignomas including leukemias and other systemic lymphoreticular diseases that were found in females of all age groups during this period. The genital tumours were analysed concerning the localization, age distribution, size, histological classification, invasion of adjacent organs, frequency of metastases, and recurrencies, 729 (= 60.3%) of the tumours originated from the uterus, 399 (= 33.0%) from the ovaries. 95.2 per cent of all tumours were carcinomas and 65.9 per cent developed metastases. The highest frequency of metastases has been found in ovarian tumours (= 89.5%). This was mainly due to the frequency of peritoneal carcinomatosis in patients suffering from these malignomas. It is remarkable that 19.5 per cent of the genital tumours were misdiagnosed by the clinicians.", "contents": "[Malignant tumours of the female sex organs in the autopsy material (author's transl)]. 1209 malignant tumours of the female genital organs were revealed by post-mortem examinations at the Pathological Institute of the Martin-Luther-University, Halle (GDR), in the years 1961 to 1970. They constitute 28.6 per cent of a total of 4232 malignomas including leukemias and other systemic lymphoreticular diseases that were found in females of all age groups during this period. The genital tumours were analysed concerning the localization, age distribution, size, histological classification, invasion of adjacent organs, frequency of metastases, and recurrencies, 729 (= 60.3%) of the tumours originated from the uterus, 399 (= 33.0%) from the ovaries. 95.2 per cent of all tumours were carcinomas and 65.9 per cent developed metastases. The highest frequency of metastases has been found in ovarian tumours (= 89.5%). This was mainly due to the frequency of peritoneal carcinomatosis in patients suffering from these malignomas. It is remarkable that 19.5 per cent of the genital tumours were misdiagnosed by the clinicians.", "PMID": 848181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7795", "title": "[Injury of the R. profundus n. ulnaris (author's tranls)].", "content": "The loss of function of the R. profundus n. ulnaris results in a severe impairment of the function of the hand. The diagnosis of an isolated injury of this nerve having only motoric fibres is difficult and not always possible. The exact knowledge of the anatomic course should cause every physician taking care of wounds of the hand to think of a possible injury.", "contents": "[Injury of the R. profundus n. ulnaris (author's tranls)]. The loss of function of the R. profundus n. ulnaris results in a severe impairment of the function of the hand. The diagnosis of an isolated injury of this nerve having only motoric fibres is difficult and not always possible. The exact knowledge of the anatomic course should cause every physician taking care of wounds of the hand to think of a possible injury.", "PMID": 848182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7796", "title": "[Some remarks on the surgical treatment of osteoarticular tuberculosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Due to the improvement of chemotherapy some changes in the last 10 years took place concerning the indications of active surgical interventions. Special aspects of tuberculosis of the spine and joints are emphasized.", "contents": "[Some remarks on the surgical treatment of osteoarticular tuberculosis (author's transl)]. Due to the improvement of chemotherapy some changes in the last 10 years took place concerning the indications of active surgical interventions. Special aspects of tuberculosis of the spine and joints are emphasized.", "PMID": 848183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7797", "title": "[Results and complications of operated femoral fractures (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of an analysis of results gained from 153 operated femoral fractures the therapeutic possibilities under usual conditions in the majority of surgical departments are demonstrated. For the most part, the intramedullary nailing is made by the open method without drilling, sometimes with circular wiring, rarely urgently but some days later in a planned programme, after preparing the patient in an aseptic but rarely superaseptic theatre. 73.2% of the patients were controlled, 81.4% of them showing very good or good results. Disorders of vascularisation (2.6%), nail dislocations (1.96%), nail bending (3.26%), nail fractures (1.96%) andosteitis (3.26%) were analysed, timely reoperation for avoiding complications is recommended.", "contents": "[Results and complications of operated femoral fractures (author's transl)]. On the basis of an analysis of results gained from 153 operated femoral fractures the therapeutic possibilities under usual conditions in the majority of surgical departments are demonstrated. For the most part, the intramedullary nailing is made by the open method without drilling, sometimes with circular wiring, rarely urgently but some days later in a planned programme, after preparing the patient in an aseptic but rarely superaseptic theatre. 73.2% of the patients were controlled, 81.4% of them showing very good or good results. Disorders of vascularisation (2.6%), nail dislocations (1.96%), nail bending (3.26%), nail fractures (1.96%) andosteitis (3.26%) were analysed, timely reoperation for avoiding complications is recommended.", "PMID": 848184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7798", "title": "[Indication and first results of 110 partial- and total knee joint replacements (author's transl)].", "content": "First experiences in allo-arthroplastics of the knee with 82 Guepar- and 28 sledge protheses are reported. The primary indication was painful osteoarthritis. The most important complication was the recurrent dislocation of the patella with following osteoarthritis, secondary vascular and infected tissue lesions.", "contents": "[Indication and first results of 110 partial- and total knee joint replacements (author's transl)]. First experiences in allo-arthroplastics of the knee with 82 Guepar- and 28 sledge protheses are reported. The primary indication was painful osteoarthritis. The most important complication was the recurrent dislocation of the patella with following osteoarthritis, secondary vascular and infected tissue lesions.", "PMID": 848185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7799", "title": "[Treatment of fractures of paralyzed and partially paralyzed lower extremities (author's transl)].", "content": "The negative effects of fractures of paralyzed and partially paralyzed lower extremities are described. A good result to a certain extent restoring the condition from before the accident can only obtained by early osteosynthesis. Only the AO-method and intramedullary nailing should be applied for osteosynthesis.", "contents": "[Treatment of fractures of paralyzed and partially paralyzed lower extremities (author's transl)]. The negative effects of fractures of paralyzed and partially paralyzed lower extremities are described. A good result to a certain extent restoring the condition from before the accident can only obtained by early osteosynthesis. Only the AO-method and intramedullary nailing should be applied for osteosynthesis.", "PMID": 848186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7800", "title": "[Lingering fracture of the femoral neck-a rare overstrain-injury (author's transl)].", "content": "The author refers to 2 young patients with spontaneous fractures of the femoral neck. The fatigue fracture of the healthy neck of the femur is extremely rare. The clinical picture and general problems, as well as the diagnostic and therapeutic aspects are discussed.", "contents": "[Lingering fracture of the femoral neck-a rare overstrain-injury (author's transl)]. The author refers to 2 young patients with spontaneous fractures of the femoral neck. The fatigue fracture of the healthy neck of the femur is extremely rare. The clinical picture and general problems, as well as the diagnostic and therapeutic aspects are discussed.", "PMID": 848187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7801", "title": "[Gas and oedema producing infections--today still a challenge (author's transl)].", "content": "Clostridial infections, putrid infections with aerobic and anerobic growing germs, air forced into the tissue during the primary trauma and the formation of gas by contact of the wound with aluminium, H2O2 and gasoline may be causes for the formation of gas and oedema in the tissues. Only infections with Clostridia are gas gangrene. We must differentiate the clostridial cellulitis from the clostridial myositis. Bacterioscopy allows a rapid differentiation to be made between putrid and clostridial infection. Beside intensive care and antibiotics, putrid infections demand an early extensive incision, for gas gangrene the radical excision of the damaged tissue is required. The effect of hyperbaric oxygenation is still under discussion. It can never replace surgical treatment.", "contents": "[Gas and oedema producing infections--today still a challenge (author's transl)]. Clostridial infections, putrid infections with aerobic and anerobic growing germs, air forced into the tissue during the primary trauma and the formation of gas by contact of the wound with aluminium, H2O2 and gasoline may be causes for the formation of gas and oedema in the tissues. Only infections with Clostridia are gas gangrene. We must differentiate the clostridial cellulitis from the clostridial myositis. Bacterioscopy allows a rapid differentiation to be made between putrid and clostridial infection. Beside intensive care and antibiotics, putrid infections demand an early extensive incision, for gas gangrene the radical excision of the damaged tissue is required. The effect of hyperbaric oxygenation is still under discussion. It can never replace surgical treatment.", "PMID": 848188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7802", "title": "[Exploratory laparotomy and splenectomy in Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "In the diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease the histological investigation of the spleen, liver and abdominal lymph nodes in connection with exploratory laparotomy are necessary for staging and planning the therapy.", "contents": "[Exploratory laparotomy and splenectomy in Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)]. In the diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease the histological investigation of the spleen, liver and abdominal lymph nodes in connection with exploratory laparotomy are necessary for staging and planning the therapy.", "PMID": 848189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7803", "title": "[Colon carcinoma - duration of anamnesis and survival time (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to prove the hypothesis--short anamnesis; short survival time--the duration of the anamnesis and the period of survival of 230 patients with carcinoma of the colon were statistically mathematically and graphically investigated. No relationship in accordance with a rule was found between the duration of anamnesis and the time of survival. Curative surgery prolonged the period of survival significantly. The duration of the anamnesis depends on fortuitous factors and represents one of the stages of cancer. The delay after the first medical consultation is pointed out. It can be concluded that the resection of cancer in the early stage--early diagnosis--is for the survival decisive. The duration of the anamnesis is more important for the diagnosis than the surgical treatment and the prognosis.", "contents": "[Colon carcinoma - duration of anamnesis and survival time (author's transl)]. In order to prove the hypothesis--short anamnesis; short survival time--the duration of the anamnesis and the period of survival of 230 patients with carcinoma of the colon were statistically mathematically and graphically investigated. No relationship in accordance with a rule was found between the duration of anamnesis and the time of survival. Curative surgery prolonged the period of survival significantly. The duration of the anamnesis depends on fortuitous factors and represents one of the stages of cancer. The delay after the first medical consultation is pointed out. It can be concluded that the resection of cancer in the early stage--early diagnosis--is for the survival decisive. The duration of the anamnesis is more important for the diagnosis than the surgical treatment and the prognosis.", "PMID": 848190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7804", "title": "[Gastroenterostomy, indications--complications--reparation (author's transl)].", "content": "After presenting the indications of the gastroenterostomy in accordance with current valid pronciples, the early and late postoperative disturbances and their corrections are described. The main immediate complications is the gastric paralysis of the stomach and later the peptic jejunal ulcer. Conservative therapy as well as possible, surgical treatment, especially the degastroenterostomy with and without resection are mentioned.", "contents": "[Gastroenterostomy, indications--complications--reparation (author's transl)]. After presenting the indications of the gastroenterostomy in accordance with current valid pronciples, the early and late postoperative disturbances and their corrections are described. The main immediate complications is the gastric paralysis of the stomach and later the peptic jejunal ulcer. Conservative therapy as well as possible, surgical treatment, especially the degastroenterostomy with and without resection are mentioned.", "PMID": 848191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7805", "title": "[Malignant testicular tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "By means of the patients, treated from 1964 to 1974, we report on the results of treatment concerning malignant tumours of the testes. An exact histological classification for the selection of the therapy is important. The importance of early diagnosis is stressed. Nowadays retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy is part of the therapy for malignant teratomas of the testes. In bilateral retroperitioneal lymphadenectomy the loss of the potentia generandi is usual.", "contents": "[Malignant testicular tumours (author's transl)]. By means of the patients, treated from 1964 to 1974, we report on the results of treatment concerning malignant tumours of the testes. An exact histological classification for the selection of the therapy is important. The importance of early diagnosis is stressed. Nowadays retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy is part of the therapy for malignant teratomas of the testes. In bilateral retroperitioneal lymphadenectomy the loss of the potentia generandi is usual.", "PMID": 848192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7806", "title": "[Surgical mangement of erectile impotence with special reference to Small-Carrion penil prosthesis (author's transl)].", "content": "Due to increasing number of radical surgeries for malignant tumors of the pelvis the incidence of iatrogenically caused erectile impotence rises. Available surgical management comprises implantation of rigid penile prothesis or inflatable device. The authors prefer a rigid implant (Small-Carrion penile prothesis) on account of its simplicity and have been impressed with the results.", "contents": "[Surgical mangement of erectile impotence with special reference to Small-Carrion penil prosthesis (author's transl)]. Due to increasing number of radical surgeries for malignant tumors of the pelvis the incidence of iatrogenically caused erectile impotence rises. Available surgical management comprises implantation of rigid penile prothesis or inflatable device. The authors prefer a rigid implant (Small-Carrion penile prothesis) on account of its simplicity and have been impressed with the results.", "PMID": 848193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7807", "title": "[Primary resection in perforated gastric and duodenal ulcers (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1951 to 1975 due to perforation of gastric and duodenal ulcers 274 patients have been operated. 179 patients (65,2%) had primary resections of the stomach. The lethality of all patients with perforated gastric and duodenal ulcers was 15%, the lethality rate of primary resections of the perforated stomach amounts to 4,5%.", "contents": "[Primary resection in perforated gastric and duodenal ulcers (author's transl)]. From 1951 to 1975 due to perforation of gastric and duodenal ulcers 274 patients have been operated. 179 patients (65,2%) had primary resections of the stomach. The lethality of all patients with perforated gastric and duodenal ulcers was 15%, the lethality rate of primary resections of the perforated stomach amounts to 4,5%.", "PMID": 848196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7808", "title": "[Positive barotrauma of the stomach (author's transl)].", "content": "A 22-year-old sports diver had dived to a depth of 40 m in a Tyrolian mountain-lake and had to be taken to hospital because of an acute pneumoperitoneum. At the laparotomy a complete rupture of the stomach along the lesser curvature was found and closed operatively. This rupture of the stomach could have been caused only by an extension of the compressed breathing-air swallowed in the depth according to the change of hydrostatic pressure. Experimental examinations revealed that these rupture of the stomach will always be caused within the small curvature by an overpressure ranging between 96 mm and 145 mm Hg or a filling volume of1700 ml to 2200 ml respectively. Moreover,a cardia closing similar to a pressure valve and accompanied by radial ruptures of the mucosa could be observed, within the range of cardia, when the pressure in the stomach had rapidly increased.", "contents": "[Positive barotrauma of the stomach (author's transl)]. A 22-year-old sports diver had dived to a depth of 40 m in a Tyrolian mountain-lake and had to be taken to hospital because of an acute pneumoperitoneum. At the laparotomy a complete rupture of the stomach along the lesser curvature was found and closed operatively. This rupture of the stomach could have been caused only by an extension of the compressed breathing-air swallowed in the depth according to the change of hydrostatic pressure. Experimental examinations revealed that these rupture of the stomach will always be caused within the small curvature by an overpressure ranging between 96 mm and 145 mm Hg or a filling volume of1700 ml to 2200 ml respectively. Moreover,a cardia closing similar to a pressure valve and accompanied by radial ruptures of the mucosa could be observed, within the range of cardia, when the pressure in the stomach had rapidly increased.", "PMID": 848197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7809", "title": "[The postvagotomy syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The postvagotomy syndrome following the operative section of the vagus nerves is characterized by diarrhoea. The incidence of diarrhoea after truneal vagotomy is about 25%, after selective vagotomy 15% and after proximal selective vagotomy only 2%. The possible pathogenetic factors are accelerated passage through the gut, disturbed bile acid metabolism, the bacterical inflammation of the small intestine, and enterohormonal dysregulation. A cholongenetic diarrhoea is probable because after vagotomy the excretion of bile acids is increased and the diarrhoea is interrupted after administring cholestyramin, which absorbs the bile salts in the intestine. In addition the pathogenetic role of an impaired function of the ileocecal valve should be discussed.", "contents": "[The postvagotomy syndrome (author's transl)]. The postvagotomy syndrome following the operative section of the vagus nerves is characterized by diarrhoea. The incidence of diarrhoea after truneal vagotomy is about 25%, after selective vagotomy 15% and after proximal selective vagotomy only 2%. The possible pathogenetic factors are accelerated passage through the gut, disturbed bile acid metabolism, the bacterical inflammation of the small intestine, and enterohormonal dysregulation. A cholongenetic diarrhoea is probable because after vagotomy the excretion of bile acids is increased and the diarrhoea is interrupted after administring cholestyramin, which absorbs the bile salts in the intestine. In addition the pathogenetic role of an impaired function of the ileocecal valve should be discussed.", "PMID": 848198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7810", "title": "[Endometriosis of the small intestine].", "content": "The isolated endometriosis is a rare sickness whose existence is little thought of although it shows relative specific symptoms. With the aid of literature -- survey and according to personal experience on two patients suffering from isolated endometriosis of ileumregion, were clinical treatments carried out. Surgical and hormonal treatments as well as combination of both, have special indications for this kind of sickness.", "contents": "[Endometriosis of the small intestine]. The isolated endometriosis is a rare sickness whose existence is little thought of although it shows relative specific symptoms. With the aid of literature -- survey and according to personal experience on two patients suffering from isolated endometriosis of ileumregion, were clinical treatments carried out. Surgical and hormonal treatments as well as combination of both, have special indications for this kind of sickness.", "PMID": 848199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7811", "title": "[Modification of the rate of complications in the inflammatory adnexa process and pregnancy interruption].", "content": "On account of the case histories of the obstetrics and gynaecological klinic of the States Klinicum Berlin-Buch, the influencing of the complications rate by chronic adnex processes among the pregnant women who came for interruption, was examined. In 1974 and 1975 about 3118 interruptions with vacuum exhaustion and after-curettage, were carried out. During the stationary treatment, there were a total of 195 cases (6,2%) with complications, which later increased by 286 cases (19,1%), within 3 months after the interruption of their pregnancies. The complication's rates post interruption by patients with chronic recidive adnex-process are 27 cases (10,4%) only a little higher than those by the women with clear anamnesis (102 cases=8,2%). Therefore chronic adnex processes do not constitute contraindications for pregnancy interruptions.", "contents": "[Modification of the rate of complications in the inflammatory adnexa process and pregnancy interruption]. On account of the case histories of the obstetrics and gynaecological klinic of the States Klinicum Berlin-Buch, the influencing of the complications rate by chronic adnex processes among the pregnant women who came for interruption, was examined. In 1974 and 1975 about 3118 interruptions with vacuum exhaustion and after-curettage, were carried out. During the stationary treatment, there were a total of 195 cases (6,2%) with complications, which later increased by 286 cases (19,1%), within 3 months after the interruption of their pregnancies. The complication's rates post interruption by patients with chronic recidive adnex-process are 27 cases (10,4%) only a little higher than those by the women with clear anamnesis (102 cases=8,2%). Therefore chronic adnex processes do not constitute contraindications for pregnancy interruptions.", "PMID": 848200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7812", "title": "[Impulse cytophotometric studies in cytologically suspicious cervical smears].", "content": "187 women with cytologically suspicious cervical smears (Papanicolaou III to V) were investigated by 387 pulse cytophotometric (ICP) measurements. Within the Papanicolaou III group a significantly higher 4c-peak was seen in cases with only one ICP-investigation if we had histologically pathological findings (dysplasia, carcinoma) as contrastes with clinically and cytologically regressive cases. In repeated ICP-investigations we found in group Papanicolaou III (histol.: dysplasia, carcinoma) as well as in group Papanicolaou IV and V a significantly higher mean 4c-height than in only once investigated cases. Within a ICP-series the maximal 4c-height is most representative. The security of diagnosis is raising with repeating ICP-investigations. Here it is a valuable diagnostic aid especially in suspicious cases. All abnormal ICP-findings must be controlled for a long time, even with normal cytological smears. At last, the circumstances causing false negative ICP-results are discussed.", "contents": "[Impulse cytophotometric studies in cytologically suspicious cervical smears]. 187 women with cytologically suspicious cervical smears (Papanicolaou III to V) were investigated by 387 pulse cytophotometric (ICP) measurements. Within the Papanicolaou III group a significantly higher 4c-peak was seen in cases with only one ICP-investigation if we had histologically pathological findings (dysplasia, carcinoma) as contrastes with clinically and cytologically regressive cases. In repeated ICP-investigations we found in group Papanicolaou III (histol.: dysplasia, carcinoma) as well as in group Papanicolaou IV and V a significantly higher mean 4c-height than in only once investigated cases. Within a ICP-series the maximal 4c-height is most representative. The security of diagnosis is raising with repeating ICP-investigations. Here it is a valuable diagnostic aid especially in suspicious cases. All abnormal ICP-findings must be controlled for a long time, even with normal cytological smears. At last, the circumstances causing false negative ICP-results are discussed.", "PMID": 848203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7813", "title": "[Vaginal stump recurrence in carcinoma of the corpus uteri].", "content": "Among 403 women who had an operation for a cancer of the corpus uteri, and a subsequent radiation (3400 R HD) a total of 10 (2.48%) suffered from a recurrence of the cancer at the vaginal stump. For none of these ten women a 5-year-cure can be reported. To prevent a recurrence of the cancer at the vaginal stump, it is recommended that a vaginal collar should be removed during the operation. Moreover, an increased dose of  irradiation of the small pelvis (6000 R HD), a postoperative vaginal Caesium-137-filling, and a preoperative filling of the uterus with radiation carriers is recommended.", "contents": "[Vaginal stump recurrence in carcinoma of the corpus uteri]. Among 403 women who had an operation for a cancer of the corpus uteri, and a subsequent radiation (3400 R HD) a total of 10 (2.48%) suffered from a recurrence of the cancer at the vaginal stump. For none of these ten women a 5-year-cure can be reported. To prevent a recurrence of the cancer at the vaginal stump, it is recommended that a vaginal collar should be removed during the operation. Moreover, an increased dose of  irradiation of the small pelvis (6000 R HD), a postoperative vaginal Caesium-137-filling, and a preoperative filling of the uterus with radiation carriers is recommended.", "PMID": 848204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7814", "title": "[Perspectives of ultrasonic diagnosis for the localization of intrauterine pessaries. Ultrasonic presentation of various types of IUDs].", "content": "The authors report on their experiences with ultrasonic localization of several types of IUDs. The investigations were carried out with the ultrasonic equipment-B-scanning -- Vidoson S 635 (Siemens). The characteristics of the echosonic pictures of 6 IUDs (Szont\u00e1gh-IUD, Lippes-Loop, Gravigard, Alza-T, Copper-T, Antigon were studied. It could be stated that the IUDs can be well identified by ultrasonics. In cases of IUD in situ and early pregnancy the amnion and the IUD can be exactly localized.", "contents": "[Perspectives of ultrasonic diagnosis for the localization of intrauterine pessaries. Ultrasonic presentation of various types of IUDs]. The authors report on their experiences with ultrasonic localization of several types of IUDs. The investigations were carried out with the ultrasonic equipment-B-scanning -- Vidoson S 635 (Siemens). The characteristics of the echosonic pictures of 6 IUDs (Szont\u00e1gh-IUD, Lippes-Loop, Gravigard, Alza-T, Copper-T, Antigon were studied. It could be stated that the IUDs can be well identified by ultrasonics. In cases of IUD in situ and early pregnancy the amnion and the IUD can be exactly localized.", "PMID": 848205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7815", "title": "[Evaluation of phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus with the aid of lysostaphin (author's transl)].", "content": "The Staphylococcus aureus strains HV 1 and K 807 were lyzed by lysostaphin. S. epidermis E 1 and staphylococci extracted with guanidinium chloride were resistant to lysostaphin-induced lysis. In the phagocytosis of S. aureus lysostaphin proved to be most useful for the differentiation between engulfed and extracellular staphylococci, particularly those attached to the surface of the polymorphonuclear granulocytes. It enabled a better recognition of the phagocytized staphylococci and therefore a more precise analysis of the phagocytosis experiments. A further improvement in the evaluation of phagocytosis was possible by the use of radioisotope labelling of staphylococci. This technique in combination with lysostaphin, might be useful for large-scale phagocytosis studies.", "contents": "[Evaluation of phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus with the aid of lysostaphin (author's transl)]. The Staphylococcus aureus strains HV 1 and K 807 were lyzed by lysostaphin. S. epidermis E 1 and staphylococci extracted with guanidinium chloride were resistant to lysostaphin-induced lysis. In the phagocytosis of S. aureus lysostaphin proved to be most useful for the differentiation between engulfed and extracellular staphylococci, particularly those attached to the surface of the polymorphonuclear granulocytes. It enabled a better recognition of the phagocytized staphylococci and therefore a more precise analysis of the phagocytosis experiments. A further improvement in the evaluation of phagocytosis was possible by the use of radioisotope labelling of staphylococci. This technique in combination with lysostaphin, might be useful for large-scale phagocytosis studies.", "PMID": 848206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7816", "title": "[Demonstration and partial purification of staphylokinase (author's transl)].", "content": "In these studies the fibrinogen plate medium proved to be not sufficiently specific for the demonstration of staphylokinase (SAK). For this purpose we modified the azocasein-test by the addition of plasminogen. Protease, on the other hand, we measured without plasminogen. This enabled us to differentiate between the 2 enzymes. After precipitation with ZnCl2 from the culture supernatant of Staphylococcus aureus strain, V8, SAK could be prepurified by filtration on ultrogel AcA 44 (tab. 1, fig 1). A more than 100-fold increase in specific SAK-activity (in comparison to that in the culture supernatant) to 34.722 units/mg protein was achieved after 2 X isoelectric focusing between pH 3.5-10.0 and refocusing between pH 5.0-7.0 (fig 2). The partially purified SAK was free of protease, coagulase, beta- and delta-hemolysins. DNase, lipase and phosphatases, but it contained minor amounts of alpha-hemolysin. It revealed only 1 band in the SDS-polyacrylamide-gel-electro-phoresis and 1 precipitin-line in the double immunodiffusion test with an antiserum against the SAK preparation after ultrogelfiltration.", "contents": "[Demonstration and partial purification of staphylokinase (author's transl)]. In these studies the fibrinogen plate medium proved to be not sufficiently specific for the demonstration of staphylokinase (SAK). For this purpose we modified the azocasein-test by the addition of plasminogen. Protease, on the other hand, we measured without plasminogen. This enabled us to differentiate between the 2 enzymes. After precipitation with ZnCl2 from the culture supernatant of Staphylococcus aureus strain, V8, SAK could be prepurified by filtration on ultrogel AcA 44 (tab. 1, fig 1). A more than 100-fold increase in specific SAK-activity (in comparison to that in the culture supernatant) to 34.722 units/mg protein was achieved after 2 X isoelectric focusing between pH 3.5-10.0 and refocusing between pH 5.0-7.0 (fig 2). The partially purified SAK was free of protease, coagulase, beta- and delta-hemolysins. DNase, lipase and phosphatases, but it contained minor amounts of alpha-hemolysin. It revealed only 1 band in the SDS-polyacrylamide-gel-electro-phoresis and 1 precipitin-line in the double immunodiffusion test with an antiserum against the SAK preparation after ultrogelfiltration.", "PMID": 848207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7817", "title": "[Studies on the activation of complement by encapsulated and non-encapsulated staphylococci after their extraction with guanidinium chloride (author's transl)].", "content": "All demonstrable enzymes and toxins of encapsulated staphylococci (KS) were removed by extraction with guanidinium chloride. The capsules, however, remained apparently intact on the extracted (KS-Gu) staphylococci (fig. 1), as well as clumping factor and protein A. KS and KS-Gu failed to activate complement in the absence of specific antibodies. They showed neither immunadherence (table 1) nor agglutination by an antiserum against C3 (table 2). KS and KS-Gu had no significant chemotactic effects in vitro upon bovine granulocytes (fig. 2).", "contents": "[Studies on the activation of complement by encapsulated and non-encapsulated staphylococci after their extraction with guanidinium chloride (author's transl)]. All demonstrable enzymes and toxins of encapsulated staphylococci (KS) were removed by extraction with guanidinium chloride. The capsules, however, remained apparently intact on the extracted (KS-Gu) staphylococci (fig. 1), as well as clumping factor and protein A. KS and KS-Gu failed to activate complement in the absence of specific antibodies. They showed neither immunadherence (table 1) nor agglutination by an antiserum against C3 (table 2). KS and KS-Gu had no significant chemotactic effects in vitro upon bovine granulocytes (fig. 2).", "PMID": 848208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7818", "title": "Xylose lysine deoxycholate agar for the isolation of Salmonella and Shigella from clinical specimens.", "content": "Xylose lysine deoxycholate (XLD) agar was more efficient for the detection of Shigella sonnei than Salmonella-Shigella (SS) agar and Drigalski agar, XLD was slightly more efficient for the detection of Salmonellae by direct plating than SS agar. Xylose lysine deoxycholate agar is proposed as the second selective plating medium for Shigellae isolation. It is also a useful second selecting plating medium for the isolation of Salmonellae serotypes, which form non-characteristic colonies on Bismuth-Sulfite agar. Efficiency comparisons between 4 direct plating media and one enrichment medium were made during the period of 3 years by analysing 21793 fresh clinical stool specimens. In that time 1394 Salmonella and 519 Shigella strains were isolated.", "contents": "Xylose lysine deoxycholate agar for the isolation of Salmonella and Shigella from clinical specimens. Xylose lysine deoxycholate (XLD) agar was more efficient for the detection of Shigella sonnei than Salmonella-Shigella (SS) agar and Drigalski agar, XLD was slightly more efficient for the detection of Salmonellae by direct plating than SS agar. Xylose lysine deoxycholate agar is proposed as the second selective plating medium for Shigellae isolation. It is also a useful second selecting plating medium for the isolation of Salmonellae serotypes, which form non-characteristic colonies on Bismuth-Sulfite agar. Efficiency comparisons between 4 direct plating media and one enrichment medium were made during the period of 3 years by analysing 21793 fresh clinical stool specimens. In that time 1394 Salmonella and 519 Shigella strains were isolated.", "PMID": 848209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7819", "title": "Behaviour of Salmonellae non-pathogenic for mice. I. Neutralization of their toxicities by induced antiprotein antibodies.", "content": "Groups of mice hyperimmunized with proteins from Salmonella strains which are not pathogens for mice (S. typhi o901, S. typhi Ty2, S. blockley, S. newport) resisted inoculation with concentrations of homologous and related heterologous liver bacteria, which killed all the controls in 20-48 hrs. The toxicity of the Salmonella tested was about 100-1000 times lower than that of the pathogenic S. typhimurium and concentrations of 10(8) or 10(9) bacteria (according to the strains used) were necessary to kill all the controls. In contrast to the period of incubation (2-12 days) required for S. typhimurium to kill all the controls and eventually some of the immunized mice, too, the killing with the human pathogenic Salmonella took place within 20-48 hrs. The toxicity of the big concentrations of bacteria needed to kill the controls was apparently neutralized by the antiprotein antibodies induced in the immunized mice. In no group of mice resisting inoculations with 1 x 10(8) or 1 x 10(9) of the homologous or heterologous tested Salmonellae protection could be obtained against infection with 1LD100 (1 x 10(6) of S. typhimurium. These results underline the specificity of host-parasite relations in infection and minimize the role attributed to the cellular mechanism, which is insufficient for protection against an infection if the pathogen tested is not specific for the host in experiment. In contrast to events in mice protected against the infection with S. typhimurium, and its related \"in vivo\", S. paratyphi B and S. paratyphi C, the antibodies initially present in the sera of the mice immunized with proteins from the human pathogens were no longer found 25 days after the infections. Reinfections of some of the groups of the surviving mice did not result in protections.", "contents": "Behaviour of Salmonellae non-pathogenic for mice. I. Neutralization of their toxicities by induced antiprotein antibodies. Groups of mice hyperimmunized with proteins from Salmonella strains which are not pathogens for mice (S. typhi o901, S. typhi Ty2, S. blockley, S. newport) resisted inoculation with concentrations of homologous and related heterologous liver bacteria, which killed all the controls in 20-48 hrs. The toxicity of the Salmonella tested was about 100-1000 times lower than that of the pathogenic S. typhimurium and concentrations of 10(8) or 10(9) bacteria (according to the strains used) were necessary to kill all the controls. In contrast to the period of incubation (2-12 days) required for S. typhimurium to kill all the controls and eventually some of the immunized mice, too, the killing with the human pathogenic Salmonella took place within 20-48 hrs. The toxicity of the big concentrations of bacteria needed to kill the controls was apparently neutralized by the antiprotein antibodies induced in the immunized mice. In no group of mice resisting inoculations with 1 x 10(8) or 1 x 10(9) of the homologous or heterologous tested Salmonellae protection could be obtained against infection with 1LD100 (1 x 10(6) of S. typhimurium. These results underline the specificity of host-parasite relations in infection and minimize the role attributed to the cellular mechanism, which is insufficient for protection against an infection if the pathogen tested is not specific for the host in experiment. In contrast to events in mice protected against the infection with S. typhimurium, and its related \"in vivo\", S. paratyphi B and S. paratyphi C, the antibodies initially present in the sera of the mice immunized with proteins from the human pathogens were no longer found 25 days after the infections. Reinfections of some of the groups of the surviving mice did not result in protections.", "PMID": 848210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7820", "title": "Recent experiences with the Salmonella-O-1-phage in routine diagnostic work.", "content": "Sensitivity to the O-1-phage was tested on 5287 Salmonella strains isolated in the course of routine diagnostic work over the period 1971-1973. 3380 (99,2%) strains of the B group, 676 (97,8%) of the C group, 840 (98,8%) of the D group, and 195 (83,0%) of the E group strains were sensitive to the O-1-phage. 92 of the 5 287 strains belonged to other O-groups in the Kauffmann-White scheme; 91,3% of these were phage-positive. 5274 of the strains belonged to subgenus I and only 100 of them were not sensitive to the O-1-phage. A total of 13 strains belonged to subgenera II, III, and IV. The O-1-phage was considered to be suitable for the identification of Salmonella bacteria. It should, however, be observed that monophasic strains belonging to subgenus III and strains belonging to subgenus IV are usually not sensitive to the O-1-phage. Of the total number of strains, 98,0% were sensitive to the O-1-phage.", "contents": "Recent experiences with the Salmonella-O-1-phage in routine diagnostic work. Sensitivity to the O-1-phage was tested on 5287 Salmonella strains isolated in the course of routine diagnostic work over the period 1971-1973. 3380 (99,2%) strains of the B group, 676 (97,8%) of the C group, 840 (98,8%) of the D group, and 195 (83,0%) of the E group strains were sensitive to the O-1-phage. 92 of the 5 287 strains belonged to other O-groups in the Kauffmann-White scheme; 91,3% of these were phage-positive. 5274 of the strains belonged to subgenus I and only 100 of them were not sensitive to the O-1-phage. A total of 13 strains belonged to subgenera II, III, and IV. The O-1-phage was considered to be suitable for the identification of Salmonella bacteria. It should, however, be observed that monophasic strains belonging to subgenus III and strains belonging to subgenus IV are usually not sensitive to the O-1-phage. Of the total number of strains, 98,0% were sensitive to the O-1-phage.", "PMID": 848211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7821", "title": "[The development of antibiotics resistance among Salmonella bacteria of animal origin in the Federal Republic of Germany and Berlin (West). 5th communication: 1974 Annual report (author's transl)].", "content": "2713 salmonella strains having been isolated by veterinary laboratories in the Federal Republic of Germany including West Berlin in 1974 were tested for resistance to tetracyclines, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, gentamycin, furazolidone, nitrofurazone, and trimethoprim. 21.7% of the strains tested were resistant to one or several of the antibacterially effective substances examined. The proportion of the resistant strains amounted to 52% for S. typhimurium and 4.7% for S. typhimurium var. copenhagen, 16.8% for S. enteritidis, and 22.1% for S. panama, 85.1% of all resistant strains belonged to these types. Out of 589 resistant strains found, resistance determinants were present in 93.7% to tetracyclines, 34.6% to ampicillin, 32.4% to chloramphenicol, 25.3% to kanamycin, 3.4% to furazolidone, and 0.5% to nitrofurazone. 1 strain of S. typhimurium var. copenhagen had a transmissible determinant of resistance to trimethoprim. No strain was resistant to gentamycin. 93.4% of the strains transmitted resistance determinants to E. coli K-12. A transmission of resisance to furazolidone and nitrofurazone could not be demonstrated. The serotypes were exhibiting clear-cut differences in their resistances patterns.", "contents": "[The development of antibiotics resistance among Salmonella bacteria of animal origin in the Federal Republic of Germany and Berlin (West). 5th communication: 1974 Annual report (author's transl)]. 2713 salmonella strains having been isolated by veterinary laboratories in the Federal Republic of Germany including West Berlin in 1974 were tested for resistance to tetracyclines, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, gentamycin, furazolidone, nitrofurazone, and trimethoprim. 21.7% of the strains tested were resistant to one or several of the antibacterially effective substances examined. The proportion of the resistant strains amounted to 52% for S. typhimurium and 4.7% for S. typhimurium var. copenhagen, 16.8% for S. enteritidis, and 22.1% for S. panama, 85.1% of all resistant strains belonged to these types. Out of 589 resistant strains found, resistance determinants were present in 93.7% to tetracyclines, 34.6% to ampicillin, 32.4% to chloramphenicol, 25.3% to kanamycin, 3.4% to furazolidone, and 0.5% to nitrofurazone. 1 strain of S. typhimurium var. copenhagen had a transmissible determinant of resistance to trimethoprim. No strain was resistant to gentamycin. 93.4% of the strains transmitted resistance determinants to E. coli K-12. A transmission of resisance to furazolidone and nitrofurazone could not be demonstrated. The serotypes were exhibiting clear-cut differences in their resistances patterns.", "PMID": 848212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7822", "title": "[The development of antibiotics resistance among Salmonella bacteria of animal origin in the Federal Republic of Germany and Berlin (West). 6th communication: 1975 Annual report (author's transl)].", "content": "2563 salmonella strains having been isolated by veterinary laboratories in the Federal Republic of Germany including West Berlin in 1975 were tested for resistance to tetracyclines, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, gentamycin, furazolidone, nitrofurazone, and trimethoprim. 11.4% of the strains tested were resistant to one or several of the above mentioned substances. The proportion of the resistant strains amounted to 36.0% for S. typhimurium, and 4.3% for S. typhimurium var. copenhagen, as well as 70% for S. dublin. 79.4% of all resistant strains belonged to these types. For S. panama, the proportion of resistant strains decreased to 6.7%. Out of 291 resistant strains found, resistance determinants were present in 89.0% to tetracyclines, 47.0% to chloramphenicol, 28.5% to ampicillin, 24.1% to kanamycin, and 4.1% to furazolidone. Resistance determinants to gentamycin, nitro-furazone, and trimethoprim did not occur, 81.1% of the strains transmitted resistance determinants to E. coli K-12. A transmission of resistance to furazolidone could not be demonstrated. The different serotypes exhibited clear-cut differences in their resistance patterns.", "contents": "[The development of antibiotics resistance among Salmonella bacteria of animal origin in the Federal Republic of Germany and Berlin (West). 6th communication: 1975 Annual report (author's transl)]. 2563 salmonella strains having been isolated by veterinary laboratories in the Federal Republic of Germany including West Berlin in 1975 were tested for resistance to tetracyclines, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, gentamycin, furazolidone, nitrofurazone, and trimethoprim. 11.4% of the strains tested were resistant to one or several of the above mentioned substances. The proportion of the resistant strains amounted to 36.0% for S. typhimurium, and 4.3% for S. typhimurium var. copenhagen, as well as 70% for S. dublin. 79.4% of all resistant strains belonged to these types. For S. panama, the proportion of resistant strains decreased to 6.7%. Out of 291 resistant strains found, resistance determinants were present in 89.0% to tetracyclines, 47.0% to chloramphenicol, 28.5% to ampicillin, 24.1% to kanamycin, and 4.1% to furazolidone. Resistance determinants to gentamycin, nitro-furazone, and trimethoprim did not occur, 81.1% of the strains transmitted resistance determinants to E. coli K-12. A transmission of resistance to furazolidone could not be demonstrated. The different serotypes exhibited clear-cut differences in their resistance patterns.", "PMID": 848213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7823", "title": "[Influence of latent vitamin A deficiency of the mouse on the production of humoral antibodies against sheep erythrocytes and on the resistance against infection with Listeria monocytogenes (author's transl)].", "content": "Mice fed with a vitamin A free diet for several months did not develop signs of vitamin A deficiency. However, chemical analysis revealed a reduced content of vitamin A in the liver of such mice. The ability of these animals were latent vitamin A deficiency to produce antibodies against parenterally applicated sheep erythrocytes was not hampered. Similar numbers of antibody producing cells could be detected in the spleen of these mice compared with control animals. Resistance against intravenous infection with L. monocytogenes of these mice with latent vitamin A deficiency was not altered. The numbers of viable germs recovered from spleen and liver 2 days after infection were similar in both vitamin A deprived and normal mice.", "contents": "[Influence of latent vitamin A deficiency of the mouse on the production of humoral antibodies against sheep erythrocytes and on the resistance against infection with Listeria monocytogenes (author's transl)]. Mice fed with a vitamin A free diet for several months did not develop signs of vitamin A deficiency. However, chemical analysis revealed a reduced content of vitamin A in the liver of such mice. The ability of these animals were latent vitamin A deficiency to produce antibodies against parenterally applicated sheep erythrocytes was not hampered. Similar numbers of antibody producing cells could be detected in the spleen of these mice compared with control animals. Resistance against intravenous infection with L. monocytogenes of these mice with latent vitamin A deficiency was not altered. The numbers of viable germs recovered from spleen and liver 2 days after infection were similar in both vitamin A deprived and normal mice.", "PMID": 848214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7824", "title": "Factor analysis of Basovizza serogroup of \"Leptospira biflexa\".", "content": "Factor analysis is performed on serotypes of Basovizza serogroup of \"Leptospira biflexa\". The results show the arrangement of main factors typical for the members of this serogroup as well as the antigens common with serotypes of the heterologous serogroup. The existence of a main haptene-like factor is also hypothesized.", "contents": "Factor analysis of Basovizza serogroup of \"Leptospira biflexa\". Factor analysis is performed on serotypes of Basovizza serogroup of \"Leptospira biflexa\". The results show the arrangement of main factors typical for the members of this serogroup as well as the antigens common with serotypes of the heterologous serogroup. The existence of a main haptene-like factor is also hypothesized.", "PMID": 848215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7825", "title": "[Characterization of Acholeplasma Strains by Horizontal Polyacrylamide Flat Gel Electrophoresis (author's transl)].", "content": "Proteins extracted with phenol-acetic acid-water (2:1:0.5, w/v/v) from Acholeplasma laidlawii (PG 8), A. granularum (BTS-39), A. oculi (19L), A. modicum (PG 49), A. axanthum (S743) and the Acholeplasma strains C1 and C112 (which were isolated from aborted horse foetuses) were compared by electrophoresis in horizontal acidic polyacylamide flat gel using the electrophoresis equipment LKB Multiphor 2117. In this system the gels are not prepared in the electrophoresis chamber but between glas plates. For electrophoresis they are applied onto a special cooling plate. This makes it possible to produce a number of identical gels (from the same gel mixture and polymerized under the same conditions) what can be important for comparing investigations. The gels can be stored for more than 4 weeks in the refrigerator at +4 degrees C. Marked differences were observed between the electrophoretic patterns of each of the established species and the horse strains C1 and C112. The results are in agreement with those obtained in serological investigations in which the strains C1 and C112 were different from the established Acholeplasma species.", "contents": "[Characterization of Acholeplasma Strains by Horizontal Polyacrylamide Flat Gel Electrophoresis (author's transl)]. Proteins extracted with phenol-acetic acid-water (2:1:0.5, w/v/v) from Acholeplasma laidlawii (PG 8), A. granularum (BTS-39), A. oculi (19L), A. modicum (PG 49), A. axanthum (S743) and the Acholeplasma strains C1 and C112 (which were isolated from aborted horse foetuses) were compared by electrophoresis in horizontal acidic polyacylamide flat gel using the electrophoresis equipment LKB Multiphor 2117. In this system the gels are not prepared in the electrophoresis chamber but between glas plates. For electrophoresis they are applied onto a special cooling plate. This makes it possible to produce a number of identical gels (from the same gel mixture and polymerized under the same conditions) what can be important for comparing investigations. The gels can be stored for more than 4 weeks in the refrigerator at +4 degrees C. Marked differences were observed between the electrophoretic patterns of each of the established species and the horse strains C1 and C112. The results are in agreement with those obtained in serological investigations in which the strains C1 and C112 were different from the established Acholeplasma species.", "PMID": 848216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7826", "title": "[The Influence of the Permeability of the Cell Membrane on TMPD Oxydase Activity (author's transl)].", "content": "26 bacterial strains representing a variety of both Gram-negative and Gram-postive groups were investigated for their N,N,N',N'-Tetramethyl-1, 4-phenylendiamin (TMPD) oxidase activities and cytochrome contents. The oxidase activites of colonies were examined by dropping the reagent on agar surface colonies. Intact and sonicated cells were tested by recording the oxidation of the TMPD reagent at 546 nm after addition to the cell suspensions. Cytochromes were determined by recording the difference spectra (KBH4-reduced minus H2O2-oxidized) between 400nm and 630 nm. After sonication of intact cells of the \"oxidase negative\" Enterobacteriaceae except the Proteus strains, the Flavobacterium strains, Streptococcus faecalis, Xanthomonas phaseoli, and the Acinetobacter strains investigated oxidase activities were observed and the oxidase activities of the \"oxidase positive\" Bacillus and Micrococcus strains and Haemophilus influenzae were increases. These observations show that negative oxidase reactions exhibited by bacterial colonies may not only be due to the lack of the oxidizing enzyme system itself but also to impermeability of the cell membrane for the TMPD reagent. The TMPD oxidase activity could not be correlated to the cytochrome contents of the cells.", "contents": "[The Influence of the Permeability of the Cell Membrane on TMPD Oxydase Activity (author's transl)]. 26 bacterial strains representing a variety of both Gram-negative and Gram-postive groups were investigated for their N,N,N',N'-Tetramethyl-1, 4-phenylendiamin (TMPD) oxidase activities and cytochrome contents. The oxidase activites of colonies were examined by dropping the reagent on agar surface colonies. Intact and sonicated cells were tested by recording the oxidation of the TMPD reagent at 546 nm after addition to the cell suspensions. Cytochromes were determined by recording the difference spectra (KBH4-reduced minus H2O2-oxidized) between 400nm and 630 nm. After sonication of intact cells of the \"oxidase negative\" Enterobacteriaceae except the Proteus strains, the Flavobacterium strains, Streptococcus faecalis, Xanthomonas phaseoli, and the Acinetobacter strains investigated oxidase activities were observed and the oxidase activities of the \"oxidase positive\" Bacillus and Micrococcus strains and Haemophilus influenzae were increases. These observations show that negative oxidase reactions exhibited by bacterial colonies may not only be due to the lack of the oxidizing enzyme system itself but also to impermeability of the cell membrane for the TMPD reagent. The TMPD oxidase activity could not be correlated to the cytochrome contents of the cells.", "PMID": 848217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7827", "title": "[Susceptibility to Thiamphenicol and Chloramphenicol of Anaerobic Bacteria (author's transl)].", "content": "The in vitro susceptibility to thiamphenicol and chloramphenicol of 272 anaerobes, most of which were recent clinical isolated, was determined by broth dilution tests, With chloramphenicol, 133 anaerobic gram-negative non-sporing rods (48 Bacteroides fragilis, 13 B. thetaiotaomicron, 14 B. oralis, 16 Sphaerophorus varius etc.) had MIC values of 0.03 through 16 microng/ml. Very similar results (MIC, 0.06-16 microng/ml) were obtained with thiamphenicol. In concentrations of 4 microng/ml or less chloramphenicol inhibited 90.2% and thiamphenicol 78.95% of the strains. Strains with only moderate sensitivity to both antibiotics (MIC, 8 or 16 microng/ml) belonged to B. fragilis or other Bacteroides species. Members of the Fusobacterium and Sphaerophorus group were susceptible to less than or equal to 2 microng chloramphenicol/ml and less than or equal to 4 microng thiamphenicol/ml respectively. With both antibiotics, 102 strains of gram-positive non-sporing anaerobes (P. acnes, Peptostreptococcus spp., Peptococcus spp.) were susceptible to less than or equal to 8 microng/ml. Of 37 Clostridium isolates, 35 (belonging to C. perfringens, C. septicum, C. cadaveris etc.) were inhibited by concentrations of 8 microng/ml or less of chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol. Only one strain each of C. perfringens and Clostridium sp. had an MIC of 16 microng thiamphenicol/ml. Accordingly, resistance to thiamphenicol or chloramphenicol was not observed. A standardized monodisk agardiffusion test was performed on 40 Bacteroidaceae, 18 Peptococcaceae and 20 C, (P.) acnes strains. Only a poor correlation was observed between MIC and zone size for thiamphenicol and chloramphenicol. Therefore, inhibition zone diameter measurement cannot be regarded as a reliable method to detect chloramphenicol or thiamphenicol resistance in anaerobes. Thiamphenicol, which is virtually as active against anaerobes as chloramphenicol but lacks serious toxicity, may well play an important role in the therapy of various anaerobic infections.", "contents": "[Susceptibility to Thiamphenicol and Chloramphenicol of Anaerobic Bacteria (author's transl)]. The in vitro susceptibility to thiamphenicol and chloramphenicol of 272 anaerobes, most of which were recent clinical isolated, was determined by broth dilution tests, With chloramphenicol, 133 anaerobic gram-negative non-sporing rods (48 Bacteroides fragilis, 13 B. thetaiotaomicron, 14 B. oralis, 16 Sphaerophorus varius etc.) had MIC values of 0.03 through 16 microng/ml. Very similar results (MIC, 0.06-16 microng/ml) were obtained with thiamphenicol. In concentrations of 4 microng/ml or less chloramphenicol inhibited 90.2% and thiamphenicol 78.95% of the strains. Strains with only moderate sensitivity to both antibiotics (MIC, 8 or 16 microng/ml) belonged to B. fragilis or other Bacteroides species. Members of the Fusobacterium and Sphaerophorus group were susceptible to less than or equal to 2 microng chloramphenicol/ml and less than or equal to 4 microng thiamphenicol/ml respectively. With both antibiotics, 102 strains of gram-positive non-sporing anaerobes (P. acnes, Peptostreptococcus spp., Peptococcus spp.) were susceptible to less than or equal to 8 microng/ml. Of 37 Clostridium isolates, 35 (belonging to C. perfringens, C. septicum, C. cadaveris etc.) were inhibited by concentrations of 8 microng/ml or less of chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol. Only one strain each of C. perfringens and Clostridium sp. had an MIC of 16 microng thiamphenicol/ml. Accordingly, resistance to thiamphenicol or chloramphenicol was not observed. A standardized monodisk agardiffusion test was performed on 40 Bacteroidaceae, 18 Peptococcaceae and 20 C, (P.) acnes strains. Only a poor correlation was observed between MIC and zone size for thiamphenicol and chloramphenicol. Therefore, inhibition zone diameter measurement cannot be regarded as a reliable method to detect chloramphenicol or thiamphenicol resistance in anaerobes. Thiamphenicol, which is virtually as active against anaerobes as chloramphenicol but lacks serious toxicity, may well play an important role in the therapy of various anaerobic infections.", "PMID": 848218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7828", "title": "Thymidine Content in Commercially Prepared Media.", "content": "The thymidine content of a number of media now available commercially was determined, using Lactobacillus arabinosus ATCC 8014. The thymidine concentration in most liquid media was so high (greater than 0.01 microng/ml) that, without further treatment, these media could not be used for the testing of sulphonamides, trimethoprim or combinations thereof, more especially if bactericidal action was being investigated. Low and tolerable thymidine amounts were found in some agar media. Considerable variation was observed in the thymidine concentration in the same media produced by different manufacturers, as e.g; in Mueller Hinton Agar, as well as in different batches of one medium from the same manufacturer.", "contents": "Thymidine Content in Commercially Prepared Media. The thymidine content of a number of media now available commercially was determined, using Lactobacillus arabinosus ATCC 8014. The thymidine concentration in most liquid media was so high (greater than 0.01 microng/ml) that, without further treatment, these media could not be used for the testing of sulphonamides, trimethoprim or combinations thereof, more especially if bactericidal action was being investigated. Low and tolerable thymidine amounts were found in some agar media. Considerable variation was observed in the thymidine concentration in the same media produced by different manufacturers, as e.g; in Mueller Hinton Agar, as well as in different batches of one medium from the same manufacturer.", "PMID": 848219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7829", "title": "Ocular cryptococcosis - experimental and clinical observations.", "content": "During the previous studies, we could demonstrate that there are strains of Cryptococcus neoformans which after intraperitoneal inoculation, are capble of surviving only in the brain of mice without causing any apparent clinical symptom; only in about 4% of the animals the fatal involvement of the CNS occurred. The present investigations suggest that the selective involvement of eye, i.e., formation of intraocular cryptococcoma, with subsequent blindness is also possible under similar experimental conditions. It was observed that a short-lived uremia caused by intramuscular injection of 0.2 ml glycerine could enhance the rate of the selective involvement of the CNS including the eye. The uremia was controlled by the auxanographic method using STAIB's technique of serum-residual-nitrogen-auxanogram and employing the strain used for infecting the mice. These animal experiments are discussed in connection with a clinical case of intra-ocular cryptococcosis in which the only known basic disease was uremia of unknown orgin. The spontaneously healing cryptococcosis detected in this case after the treatment of uremia, has been discussed. Cases of ocular cryptococcosis described in the world literature have been also briefly discussed inconnection with our results. These microbiological observations will be supplemented by the histopathological findings to be published separately.", "contents": "Ocular cryptococcosis - experimental and clinical observations. During the previous studies, we could demonstrate that there are strains of Cryptococcus neoformans which after intraperitoneal inoculation, are capble of surviving only in the brain of mice without causing any apparent clinical symptom; only in about 4% of the animals the fatal involvement of the CNS occurred. The present investigations suggest that the selective involvement of eye, i.e., formation of intraocular cryptococcoma, with subsequent blindness is also possible under similar experimental conditions. It was observed that a short-lived uremia caused by intramuscular injection of 0.2 ml glycerine could enhance the rate of the selective involvement of the CNS including the eye. The uremia was controlled by the auxanographic method using STAIB's technique of serum-residual-nitrogen-auxanogram and employing the strain used for infecting the mice. These animal experiments are discussed in connection with a clinical case of intra-ocular cryptococcosis in which the only known basic disease was uremia of unknown orgin. The spontaneously healing cryptococcosis detected in this case after the treatment of uremia, has been discussed. Cases of ocular cryptococcosis described in the world literature have been also briefly discussed inconnection with our results. These microbiological observations will be supplemented by the histopathological findings to be published separately.", "PMID": 848220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7830", "title": "Kinetics of antibody mediated suppression of humoral immune response to Toxoplasma gondii at a cellular level.", "content": "The effect of passively transferred Toxoplasma gondii antiserum was examined at a cellular level by rosette forming cell response in NMRI mouse spleen. The initial number of responding rosette forming cells was decreased in antibody treated animals; However, their rate of proliferation in comparison to untreated group was not significantly affected. Almost similar response could be obtained by injecting low 5 x 10(4) Toxoplasma dose alone or a combination of passive antibody and higher antigen dose of 1 x 10(6) parasites.", "contents": "Kinetics of antibody mediated suppression of humoral immune response to Toxoplasma gondii at a cellular level. The effect of passively transferred Toxoplasma gondii antiserum was examined at a cellular level by rosette forming cell response in NMRI mouse spleen. The initial number of responding rosette forming cells was decreased in antibody treated animals; However, their rate of proliferation in comparison to untreated group was not significantly affected. Almost similar response could be obtained by injecting low 5 x 10(4) Toxoplasma dose alone or a combination of passive antibody and higher antigen dose of 1 x 10(6) parasites.", "PMID": 848221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7831", "title": "UDPglucuronic acid pyrophosphatase assay with the aid of alkaline phosphatase.", "content": "A simple and sensitive method has been described for the determination of UDPglucuronic acid pyrophosphatase activity. Pyrophosphatase-free alkaline phosphatase preparation is added to the reaction mixture in order to hydrolyze the phosphate esters (UMP and alpha-D-glucuronic acid 1-phosphate) produced by pyrophosphatase. The inorganic phosphate liberated is measured by a modification of Fiske and SubbaRow's method. The phosphatase coupled method is time saving, easy to perform and accurate. It can also be used for pyrophosphatase assays with other nucleotide substrates like UDPglucose, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, NAD+, NADH, NADP+ and NADPH.", "contents": "UDPglucuronic acid pyrophosphatase assay with the aid of alkaline phosphatase. A simple and sensitive method has been described for the determination of UDPglucuronic acid pyrophosphatase activity. Pyrophosphatase-free alkaline phosphatase preparation is added to the reaction mixture in order to hydrolyze the phosphate esters (UMP and alpha-D-glucuronic acid 1-phosphate) produced by pyrophosphatase. The inorganic phosphate liberated is measured by a modification of Fiske and SubbaRow's method. The phosphatase coupled method is time saving, easy to perform and accurate. It can also be used for pyrophosphatase assays with other nucleotide substrates like UDPglucose, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, NAD+, NADH, NADP+ and NADPH.", "PMID": 848223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7832", "title": "[Lumbar sympathectomy for occlusion of thesuperficial femoral artery (author's transl)].", "content": "Lumbar sympathectomy is a good procedure for occlusion of the superficial femoral artery provided collateral circulation be stimulated by walking, and of course provided this circulation be intact. This requires an aortography which is necessary to arrive at a good prognosis. Lumbar sympathectomy without a previous aortogram is meaningless: it would lead to the ignorance of short stenoses of the internal iliac or deep femoral arteries and misinterpretation of the efficiency of lumbar sympathectomy.", "contents": "[Lumbar sympathectomy for occlusion of thesuperficial femoral artery (author's transl)]. Lumbar sympathectomy is a good procedure for occlusion of the superficial femoral artery provided collateral circulation be stimulated by walking, and of course provided this circulation be intact. This requires an aortography which is necessary to arrive at a good prognosis. Lumbar sympathectomy without a previous aortogram is meaningless: it would lead to the ignorance of short stenoses of the internal iliac or deep femoral arteries and misinterpretation of the efficiency of lumbar sympathectomy.", "PMID": 848224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7833", "title": "[Present place of lumbar sympathectomy in arteritis of the lower limbs (author's transl)].", "content": "A study of 75 lumbar sympathectomy helped the authors in specifying the indications of this operation for arteritis of the lower limbs. Lumbar sympathectomy is based on precise anatomical facts : para-vertebral sympathetic chain is usual but a collateral chain must be searched if the latter appears too thin. Lumbar sympathectomy can be performed alone or in association with reconstructive procedures. It is used alone in old people for its antalgic and moderately functional effect in accordance with their level of activity. Also it is used alone in cases of gangrene localized or pending or in the absence of a runoff vasculature. It is associated to repair if one wants to improve an incompetent peripheral perfusion. The authors record 79% of favourable results of which 52% were maintained when lumbar sympathectomy was used alone. In patients where direct vascular surgery is added, favorable results account for 82% of which 78% long lasting.", "contents": "[Present place of lumbar sympathectomy in arteritis of the lower limbs (author's transl)]. A study of 75 lumbar sympathectomy helped the authors in specifying the indications of this operation for arteritis of the lower limbs. Lumbar sympathectomy is based on precise anatomical facts : para-vertebral sympathetic chain is usual but a collateral chain must be searched if the latter appears too thin. Lumbar sympathectomy can be performed alone or in association with reconstructive procedures. It is used alone in old people for its antalgic and moderately functional effect in accordance with their level of activity. Also it is used alone in cases of gangrene localized or pending or in the absence of a runoff vasculature. It is associated to repair if one wants to improve an incompetent peripheral perfusion. The authors record 79% of favourable results of which 52% were maintained when lumbar sympathectomy was used alone. In patients where direct vascular surgery is added, favorable results account for 82% of which 78% long lasting.", "PMID": 848225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7834", "title": "Indications and results of lumbar sympathectomy.", "content": "According to our experience the lumbar sympathectomy is not indicated for the treatment in clinical stage II. The best results for lumbar sympathectomy are to be expected in clinical stage III. We consider the protective sympathectomy combined with reconstructive arterial surgery indicate only in individual cases.", "contents": "Indications and results of lumbar sympathectomy. According to our experience the lumbar sympathectomy is not indicated for the treatment in clinical stage II. The best results for lumbar sympathectomy are to be expected in clinical stage III. We consider the protective sympathectomy combined with reconstructive arterial surgery indicate only in individual cases.", "PMID": 848227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7835", "title": "[The role of lumbar sympathectomy. Review of the cases performed between 1950 and 1955 (author's transl)].", "content": "This reviews 839 isolated lumbar sympathectomy performed between 1950 and 1975. The patients are stratified by decades and grouped in 3 periods : 1950 to 1959, 1960 to 1969 and 1970 to 1975. In the first period most patients were between 50 and 59 years old; in the last period most were between 60 and 69 years old. At this time direct vascular reconstruction had become more frequent. The approach described by Pearls was used exclusively in the last period. Isolated lumbar sympathectomy yields a symptomatic improvement. Best results are obtined in peripheral and isolated lesions.", "contents": "[The role of lumbar sympathectomy. Review of the cases performed between 1950 and 1955 (author's transl)]. This reviews 839 isolated lumbar sympathectomy performed between 1950 and 1975. The patients are stratified by decades and grouped in 3 periods : 1950 to 1959, 1960 to 1969 and 1970 to 1975. In the first period most patients were between 50 and 59 years old; in the last period most were between 60 and 69 years old. At this time direct vascular reconstruction had become more frequent. The approach described by Pearls was used exclusively in the last period. Isolated lumbar sympathectomy yields a symptomatic improvement. Best results are obtined in peripheral and isolated lesions.", "PMID": 848226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7836", "title": "[Influence of lumbar sympathectomy on the proportion of amputation (author's transl)].", "content": "One hundred and eighty-three lower limbs with arterial occlusion and stade II chronic ischemia were followed for 5 years. Two groups, comparable as to age, sex number and location of lesions were formed by prospective randomization. Ninety limbs were treated by lumbar sympathectomy and 93 were not operated. After 5 years there is no difference between the 2 groups as to mortality, cardiovascular morbidity, claudication or minor or major amputations.", "contents": "[Influence of lumbar sympathectomy on the proportion of amputation (author's transl)]. One hundred and eighty-three lower limbs with arterial occlusion and stade II chronic ischemia were followed for 5 years. Two groups, comparable as to age, sex number and location of lesions were formed by prospective randomization. Ninety limbs were treated by lumbar sympathectomy and 93 were not operated. After 5 years there is no difference between the 2 groups as to mortality, cardiovascular morbidity, claudication or minor or major amputations.", "PMID": 848228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7837", "title": "The lumbar sympathetic. Anatomy and surgical implications.", "content": "The ganglionated lumbar sympathetic chains lie on the lateral aspects of the bodies of the lumbar vertebrae and not more laterally as in the thorax where the chain lies in relation to the heads and necks of the ribs. Lumbar ganglia vary in number. They are best numbered according to the spinal nerve to which the particular ganglion sends its postganglionic fibers, but, at operation, the surgeon is unable to obtain this kind of information. It is customary to mark the extent of resection by the application of a dura clip to the proximal and distal ends of the trunk. Roentgenographic visualization later can approximate the level of resection in relation to the vertebrae. Anomalies can lead to unsuccessful denervation of the lower extremities. These include extraganglionic connecting sympathetic nerve trunks, intermediate ganglia, and cross-over fibers connecting the right and left lumbar sympathetic trunks usually at the level of the fourth and fifth lumbar segments, but anatomically sometimes as high as the third and second. Specific complications of lumbar sympathectomy include failure of adequate denervation, brief paralytic ileus, hyperidrosis in parts of the body which remain normally innervated, sexual dysfunction, and post-sympathectomy neuralgia.", "contents": "The lumbar sympathetic. Anatomy and surgical implications. The ganglionated lumbar sympathetic chains lie on the lateral aspects of the bodies of the lumbar vertebrae and not more laterally as in the thorax where the chain lies in relation to the heads and necks of the ribs. Lumbar ganglia vary in number. They are best numbered according to the spinal nerve to which the particular ganglion sends its postganglionic fibers, but, at operation, the surgeon is unable to obtain this kind of information. It is customary to mark the extent of resection by the application of a dura clip to the proximal and distal ends of the trunk. Roentgenographic visualization later can approximate the level of resection in relation to the vertebrae. Anomalies can lead to unsuccessful denervation of the lower extremities. These include extraganglionic connecting sympathetic nerve trunks, intermediate ganglia, and cross-over fibers connecting the right and left lumbar sympathetic trunks usually at the level of the fourth and fifth lumbar segments, but anatomically sometimes as high as the third and second. Specific complications of lumbar sympathectomy include failure of adequate denervation, brief paralytic ileus, hyperidrosis in parts of the body which remain normally innervated, sexual dysfunction, and post-sympathectomy neuralgia.", "PMID": 848230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7838", "title": "[Electron microscopic studies of lumbar sympathetic chains resected for arteritis of the lower limbs (author's transl)].", "content": "Eighteen lumbar sympathetic chains resected for lower limb arteritis are examined on electron microscopy. A comparative study of the nature of lesions is done for diabetics and non-diabetics. Development of vascular lesions, clearly accelerated in the diabetic does not coincide with neurological lesions. These are much more frequent in diabetics, which explains the increased failure rate of lumbar sympathectomy in this disease as the result of lumbar sympathectomy depends on the state of nervous tissue. Examination of the state of nervous tissue. Examination of this tissue could therefore help establish a surgical prognosis.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic studies of lumbar sympathetic chains resected for arteritis of the lower limbs (author's transl)]. Eighteen lumbar sympathetic chains resected for lower limb arteritis are examined on electron microscopy. A comparative study of the nature of lesions is done for diabetics and non-diabetics. Development of vascular lesions, clearly accelerated in the diabetic does not coincide with neurological lesions. These are much more frequent in diabetics, which explains the increased failure rate of lumbar sympathectomy in this disease as the result of lumbar sympathectomy depends on the state of nervous tissue. Examination of the state of nervous tissue. Examination of this tissue could therefore help establish a surgical prognosis.", "PMID": 848231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7839", "title": "[Experimental study of the sensitivity to catecholamines after lumbar sympathectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "To determine sensitivity to catecholamines after lumbar sympathectomy the authors first tested it in dogs : there was an increase in reactions to catecholamine beyond doubt after bilateral lumbar sympathectomy. In patients with arteritis they recorded, on a segment of the lower limb, a rheographic tracing with simultaneous modifications of the arterial blood pressure and electrocardiogram. These were studied after injection of adrenalin or noradrenalin in a dose of 5 to 7.5 mug (physiologic or stress level). Each of these tests were performed before and after lumbar sympathectomy.", "contents": "[Experimental study of the sensitivity to catecholamines after lumbar sympathectomy (author's transl)]. To determine sensitivity to catecholamines after lumbar sympathectomy the authors first tested it in dogs : there was an increase in reactions to catecholamine beyond doubt after bilateral lumbar sympathectomy. In patients with arteritis they recorded, on a segment of the lower limb, a rheographic tracing with simultaneous modifications of the arterial blood pressure and electrocardiogram. These were studied after injection of adrenalin or noradrenalin in a dose of 5 to 7.5 mug (physiologic or stress level). Each of these tests were performed before and after lumbar sympathectomy.", "PMID": 848232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7840", "title": "[Isotopic criteria for the assessment of the effects of lumbar sympathectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present a work intended to assess the effects of lumbar sympathectomy using radioactive microspheres. These contain 99mTe and are injected into the femoral artery. The distribution of radioactivity is then measured at the lower limb with a gamma camera linked to a computer. Seventeen patients were tested before and after lumbar sympathectomy. It appears from this short series that lumbar sympathectomy causes a redistribution of the radioactive material directed towards the extremities, mainly the feet.", "contents": "[Isotopic criteria for the assessment of the effects of lumbar sympathectomy (author's transl)]. The authors present a work intended to assess the effects of lumbar sympathectomy using radioactive microspheres. These contain 99mTe and are injected into the femoral artery. The distribution of radioactivity is then measured at the lower limb with a gamma camera linked to a computer. Seventeen patients were tested before and after lumbar sympathectomy. It appears from this short series that lumbar sympathectomy causes a redistribution of the radioactive material directed towards the extremities, mainly the feet.", "PMID": 848233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7841", "title": "[Evaluation of the results of lumbar sympathectomy with functional vascular tests. Statistical study (author's transl)].", "content": "A series of 100 unselected patients operated on for lumbar sympathectomy were studied by digit plethysmography, thest of hyperemia, rheography, measurement of segmental pressure and dynamic tests, treadmill and Strandness test. Statistical analysis of data showed that isolated lesions of atheroma yield the best result. Increase in walking perimeter and in blood flow (rheographic quotient) were the only parameters showing statistical change. Forecasting of the effect of lumbar sympathectomy by the hyperemia test of Hillestad was confirmed. Other forms of disease : diffuse lesions, lesions of arteries in the legs or due to diabetes were followed by very numerous failures. Lumbar sympathectomy is justified as an isolate procedure for femoral lesions, and associated to reconstructive aorto-iliac surgery whenever the distal runoff consists only of a deep femoral artery.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the results of lumbar sympathectomy with functional vascular tests. Statistical study (author's transl)]. A series of 100 unselected patients operated on for lumbar sympathectomy were studied by digit plethysmography, thest of hyperemia, rheography, measurement of segmental pressure and dynamic tests, treadmill and Strandness test. Statistical analysis of data showed that isolated lesions of atheroma yield the best result. Increase in walking perimeter and in blood flow (rheographic quotient) were the only parameters showing statistical change. Forecasting of the effect of lumbar sympathectomy by the hyperemia test of Hillestad was confirmed. Other forms of disease : diffuse lesions, lesions of arteries in the legs or due to diabetes were followed by very numerous failures. Lumbar sympathectomy is justified as an isolate procedure for femoral lesions, and associated to reconstructive aorto-iliac surgery whenever the distal runoff consists only of a deep femoral artery.", "PMID": 848235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7842", "title": "[Forecasting of the effects of lumbar sympathectomy by the radiothermometry with pentothal (author's transl)].", "content": "This test has been previously described and is used routinely by the authors since 1960. The method is based on the alternate arterial blood distribution between skin and muscle of a limb, depending on modifications in the vasomotor tone. Skin temperature, arteriography and progression speed of the contrast medium are measured simultaneously. The test shows the morphology of the arterial lesion. It measures vasomotor reserve by these parameters, especially the skin temperature, before and after administration of pentothal. Results are rated as good, average and poor. The authors have compared this test, performed before surgery, to the results of lumbar sympathectomy and found an excellent correlation. Late result of lumbar sympathectomy can thus be foreseen by means of this test provided no new organic lesion interferes with the hemodynamics of the limb.", "contents": "[Forecasting of the effects of lumbar sympathectomy by the radiothermometry with pentothal (author's transl)]. This test has been previously described and is used routinely by the authors since 1960. The method is based on the alternate arterial blood distribution between skin and muscle of a limb, depending on modifications in the vasomotor tone. Skin temperature, arteriography and progression speed of the contrast medium are measured simultaneously. The test shows the morphology of the arterial lesion. It measures vasomotor reserve by these parameters, especially the skin temperature, before and after administration of pentothal. Results are rated as good, average and poor. The authors have compared this test, performed before surgery, to the results of lumbar sympathectomy and found an excellent correlation. Late result of lumbar sympathectomy can thus be foreseen by means of this test provided no new organic lesion interferes with the hemodynamics of the limb.", "PMID": 848236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7843", "title": "[Interest of the local regional anesthesia in lumbar sympathectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors report 163 cases of lumbar sympathectomy they did under local anesthesia from 1968 to 1975. All were older--and poor risk patients. Approach was always lumbar with resection of distal part of the 12th rib. If good care is taken to do anesthesia infiltration of the five lower intercostal nerves and of the 1st and 2nd posterior lumbar nerves, anesthesia is quite good, and surgery easy and painless. The main advantages are:--easy excision of the first lumbar sympathetic node through this lumbar approach;--low lethality as far as authors consider almost no contra-indications;--very fast recovery of bowel movements;--immediate oral feeding which is important for diabetic patients;--no tracheal, bronchial or lung postoperative infestation or trouble. Patients have never had any trouble (convulsions) from lignocaine since gardenal is given in pre-anesthesia.", "contents": "[Interest of the local regional anesthesia in lumbar sympathectomy (author's transl)]. Authors report 163 cases of lumbar sympathectomy they did under local anesthesia from 1968 to 1975. All were older--and poor risk patients. Approach was always lumbar with resection of distal part of the 12th rib. If good care is taken to do anesthesia infiltration of the five lower intercostal nerves and of the 1st and 2nd posterior lumbar nerves, anesthesia is quite good, and surgery easy and painless. The main advantages are:--easy excision of the first lumbar sympathetic node through this lumbar approach;--low lethality as far as authors consider almost no contra-indications;--very fast recovery of bowel movements;--immediate oral feeding which is important for diabetic patients;--no tracheal, bronchial or lung postoperative infestation or trouble. Patients have never had any trouble (convulsions) from lignocaine since gardenal is given in pre-anesthesia.", "PMID": 848237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7844", "title": "Our experience in lumbar ganglionectomy. A critical comparison of the 1950-1965 and the 1966-1975 time spans.", "content": "The authors compare the figures for a sequence of lumbar ganglionectomy operations in 2 different time spans. They point to a reduction in lumbar ganglionectomy indications as related to the spreading of arterial reconstructive surgery. The follow-up review of the results has shown that th percent worsening rate in the second time span should be ascribed to a change in the kind of cases rather than to a modification in the nature of indications. The authors conclude by describing the role of lumbar ganglionectomy as fundamental in dysfunctional, inflammatory and peripheral degenerative forms, and supporting in reconstructive surgery operations on mixed atherosclerotic forms.", "contents": "Our experience in lumbar ganglionectomy. A critical comparison of the 1950-1965 and the 1966-1975 time spans. The authors compare the figures for a sequence of lumbar ganglionectomy operations in 2 different time spans. They point to a reduction in lumbar ganglionectomy indications as related to the spreading of arterial reconstructive surgery. The follow-up review of the results has shown that th percent worsening rate in the second time span should be ascribed to a change in the kind of cases rather than to a modification in the nature of indications. The authors conclude by describing the role of lumbar ganglionectomy as fundamental in dysfunctional, inflammatory and peripheral degenerative forms, and supporting in reconstructive surgery operations on mixed atherosclerotic forms.", "PMID": 848239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7845", "title": "Synthesis rates of fibrinogen and albumin in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "In four patients with rheumatoid arthritis synthesis rates of fibrinogen and albumin were studied with and 14C carbonate method described by Mc Farlane and Reeve. One of the patients was studied twice with and without steroid treatment. The following results were obtained: 1. There was no correlation between plasma fibrinogen levels and fibrinogen synthesis rates. Contrary to the results from turnover studies of labelled fibrinogen reported in the literature normal fibrinogen synthesis rates were found in the presence of elevated plasma fibrinogen levels in three of the five studies performed, corresponding to low fractional synthesis rates. Two patients showed elevated fibrinogen synthesis rates. In these patients the fractional synthesis rate was also well above normal. 2. Albumin synthesis rates were elvated in one patients treated with steroids and in one patient with very active arthritis. In the rest of the studies albumin synthesis was low. There was no correlation with fibrinogen synthesis rates.", "contents": "Synthesis rates of fibrinogen and albumin in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In four patients with rheumatoid arthritis synthesis rates of fibrinogen and albumin were studied with and 14C carbonate method described by Mc Farlane and Reeve. One of the patients was studied twice with and without steroid treatment. The following results were obtained: 1. There was no correlation between plasma fibrinogen levels and fibrinogen synthesis rates. Contrary to the results from turnover studies of labelled fibrinogen reported in the literature normal fibrinogen synthesis rates were found in the presence of elevated plasma fibrinogen levels in three of the five studies performed, corresponding to low fractional synthesis rates. Two patients showed elevated fibrinogen synthesis rates. In these patients the fractional synthesis rate was also well above normal. 2. Albumin synthesis rates were elvated in one patients treated with steroids and in one patient with very active arthritis. In the rest of the studies albumin synthesis was low. There was no correlation with fibrinogen synthesis rates.", "PMID": 848241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7846", "title": "Bile salts secretion in cirrhosis.", "content": "The bile salts secretion was studied in ten normal subjects and sixteen patients with alcoholic cirrhosis, in a basal period and during 60 minutes after Secretin injection. Total bile salts were measured by a modification of the enzymatic method of Iwata and Yamasaki and the individual bile salts were separated by silica gel thin-layer chromatography. During the 60 minutes after Secretin the mean concentration was 2.88 +/- 2.58 muM/ml in normals and 1.96 +/- 1.25 muM/ml in cirrhotics. The difference is not significant. During the first 20 minutes however the concentration was higher than 3 muM/ml in 8 out of 10 normals and lower than 2 muM/ml in 10 out 16 cirrhotics. The ratios of tri-to dihydroxy bile salts was similar in both groups. The ratios between bile salts conjugated with glycine and with taurine was higher in normals, and the ratio between free to conjugated bile salts was higher in cirrhotics. The lower concentration of total bile salts immediatly after Secretin, the higher proportion of taurin conjugates and of free bile salts could be important factors in the difficulties of fact digestion and absorption frequently found in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis.", "contents": "Bile salts secretion in cirrhosis. The bile salts secretion was studied in ten normal subjects and sixteen patients with alcoholic cirrhosis, in a basal period and during 60 minutes after Secretin injection. Total bile salts were measured by a modification of the enzymatic method of Iwata and Yamasaki and the individual bile salts were separated by silica gel thin-layer chromatography. During the 60 minutes after Secretin the mean concentration was 2.88 +/- 2.58 muM/ml in normals and 1.96 +/- 1.25 muM/ml in cirrhotics. The difference is not significant. During the first 20 minutes however the concentration was higher than 3 muM/ml in 8 out of 10 normals and lower than 2 muM/ml in 10 out 16 cirrhotics. The ratios of tri-to dihydroxy bile salts was similar in both groups. The ratios between bile salts conjugated with glycine and with taurine was higher in normals, and the ratio between free to conjugated bile salts was higher in cirrhotics. The lower concentration of total bile salts immediatly after Secretin, the higher proportion of taurin conjugates and of free bile salts could be important factors in the difficulties of fact digestion and absorption frequently found in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis.", "PMID": 848242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7847", "title": "The incidence of gallstones in Greece; an autopsy study.", "content": "In the fifty-year period, from 1925 to 1974,  6596 autopsies were performed at three departments of Pathology in Athens. The incidence of gallstones was 5.97% in the total material. The incidence in females was 8.86% and in males 4.52%, with a ratio 2:1. An increase of the incidence has been noticed since 1925. Under the presented data Greece could be included among the countries with an intermediate frequency of gallstones, but with a tendency to follow the Western countries pattern. The significance of the Greek standard of living and the dietary surveys on the gallstone formation, are briefly discussed.", "contents": "The incidence of gallstones in Greece; an autopsy study. In the fifty-year period, from 1925 to 1974,  6596 autopsies were performed at three departments of Pathology in Athens. The incidence of gallstones was 5.97% in the total material. The incidence in females was 8.86% and in males 4.52%, with a ratio 2:1. An increase of the incidence has been noticed since 1925. Under the presented data Greece could be included among the countries with an intermediate frequency of gallstones, but with a tendency to follow the Western countries pattern. The significance of the Greek standard of living and the dietary surveys on the gallstone formation, are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 848243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7848", "title": "False-positive liver scan caused by anomalous quadrate lobe and right portal branch.", "content": "A case of early cirrhosis exhibiting a discrete scan defect along the inferomedial margin of the liver near the hilum is described. Peritoneoscopy and percutaneous transhepatic portography disclosed that the quadrate lobe had a tongue like protrusion increasing activity below the hilum on the scan and a dilated right portal branch which divided near the superior mesenteric vein entered the liver at the porta hepatis.", "contents": "False-positive liver scan caused by anomalous quadrate lobe and right portal branch. A case of early cirrhosis exhibiting a discrete scan defect along the inferomedial margin of the liver near the hilum is described. Peritoneoscopy and percutaneous transhepatic portography disclosed that the quadrate lobe had a tongue like protrusion increasing activity below the hilum on the scan and a dilated right portal branch which divided near the superior mesenteric vein entered the liver at the porta hepatis.", "PMID": 848244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7849", "title": "Familial aggregation of peptic ulcers and ischaemic heart disease. Common etiologic factors?", "content": "A family with an unexpected aggregation of both ischaemic heart disease and peptic ulcers is presented. Possible mechanisms behind an association between the two diseases are discussed. It is suggested that, depending on the genetic susceptibility, similar environmental stimuli like preexisting \"stress\" could induce either ischaemic heart disease or peptic ulcer.", "contents": "Familial aggregation of peptic ulcers and ischaemic heart disease. Common etiologic factors? A family with an unexpected aggregation of both ischaemic heart disease and peptic ulcers is presented. Possible mechanisms behind an association between the two diseases are discussed. It is suggested that, depending on the genetic susceptibility, similar environmental stimuli like preexisting \"stress\" could induce either ischaemic heart disease or peptic ulcer.", "PMID": 848245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7850", "title": "Diagnostic value of endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography in biliodigestive anastomoses.", "content": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography performed in patients with bilodigestive anastomosis may furnish not only reliable radiograms revealing abnormal morphology of the two duct system but allows also endoscopic investigation of the stoma, which is often of equal diagnostic value in such patients. The size of the anastomosis is of crucial importance in such complications as cholangitis and secondary bile stone formation. In a significant portion of patients with biliodigestive anastomoses, i.e. in 75% of the present patient material, a morphologic abnormality could be demonstrated offering in many if not most cases the possibility of a surgical correction and eventual cure of the symptoms.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography in biliodigestive anastomoses. Endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography performed in patients with bilodigestive anastomosis may furnish not only reliable radiograms revealing abnormal morphology of the two duct system but allows also endoscopic investigation of the stoma, which is often of equal diagnostic value in such patients. The size of the anastomosis is of crucial importance in such complications as cholangitis and secondary bile stone formation. In a significant portion of patients with biliodigestive anastomoses, i.e. in 75% of the present patient material, a morphologic abnormality could be demonstrated offering in many if not most cases the possibility of a surgical correction and eventual cure of the symptoms.", "PMID": 848246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7851", "title": "The lysosomal hydrolases in acute experimental pancreatitis in dogs treated with glucagon.", "content": "In dogs with acute experimental pancreatitis (AEP) induced according to Elliotts method the total, free and latent activity of lysosomal hydrolases (acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase and cathepsins) in whole homogenates and some subfractions of pancreas were studied. The animals were divided into three groups of 6 dogs each: I. control healthy dogs. II. AEP-treated with glucagon (0.33 mg of glucagon in drop infusion 3 times every six hours). III. AEP without any drug treatment. In dogs treated with glucagon the significant decrease of relative free activity of all tested hydrolases (66-80%) in comparison with the group without any treatment (III/80-90%) was found. Moreover significant decrease of total catheptic activity (about 1/3) in the former group was demonstrated. Incubation of lysosomal enriched fraction taken from group II/in medium buffered to pH 5.0 caused decreasing release of catheptic activity (60% of total) in comparison with the group III (75%). The histochemical reaction for acid phosphatase according to Gomoris method in pancreatic acinar cells of dogs treated with glucagon was less intensive than reaction in untreated animals. These results indicate on the less impairment of pancreatic lysosomes in AEP treated with glucagon in comparison with that in untreated animals.", "contents": "The lysosomal hydrolases in acute experimental pancreatitis in dogs treated with glucagon. In dogs with acute experimental pancreatitis (AEP) induced according to Elliotts method the total, free and latent activity of lysosomal hydrolases (acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase and cathepsins) in whole homogenates and some subfractions of pancreas were studied. The animals were divided into three groups of 6 dogs each: I. control healthy dogs. II. AEP-treated with glucagon (0.33 mg of glucagon in drop infusion 3 times every six hours). III. AEP without any drug treatment. In dogs treated with glucagon the significant decrease of relative free activity of all tested hydrolases (66-80%) in comparison with the group without any treatment (III/80-90%) was found. Moreover significant decrease of total catheptic activity (about 1/3) in the former group was demonstrated. Incubation of lysosomal enriched fraction taken from group II/in medium buffered to pH 5.0 caused decreasing release of catheptic activity (60% of total) in comparison with the group III (75%). The histochemical reaction for acid phosphatase according to Gomoris method in pancreatic acinar cells of dogs treated with glucagon was less intensive than reaction in untreated animals. These results indicate on the less impairment of pancreatic lysosomes in AEP treated with glucagon in comparison with that in untreated animals.", "PMID": 848247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7852", "title": "Effect of lysine-acetylsalicylate on serum gastrin levels.", "content": "The effect on serum gastrin levels of lysin-acetylsalicylate (LAS), water soluble derivative of acetylsalicylic acid, was investigated in mice. Intragastrically administered LAS did not at all alter serum gastrin values while--when given via the intravenous route--LAS not earlier than at the very high dose of 450 mug/g caused a short-lived significant increase in serum gastrin. These results are in keeping with the view that salicylates do not owe their potential ulcerogenic properties to stimulation the gastrin-gastric secrection mechanism.", "contents": "Effect of lysine-acetylsalicylate on serum gastrin levels. The effect on serum gastrin levels of lysin-acetylsalicylate (LAS), water soluble derivative of acetylsalicylic acid, was investigated in mice. Intragastrically administered LAS did not at all alter serum gastrin values while--when given via the intravenous route--LAS not earlier than at the very high dose of 450 mug/g caused a short-lived significant increase in serum gastrin. These results are in keeping with the view that salicylates do not owe their potential ulcerogenic properties to stimulation the gastrin-gastric secrection mechanism.", "PMID": 848248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7853", "title": "The effect of vagotomy on hepatic regeneration in rats.", "content": "Liver regeneration was studied in rats that had undergone a bilateral cervical vagotomy. DNA synthesis, measured as the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA, AT 24 hr after partial hepatectomy was significantly reduced in vagotomized rats. Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity was significantly less at 4 hr after partial hepatectomy in vagotomized rats but was equal to controls at 8 and 24 hr. This data suggest that the liver parenchyma receives vagal innervation and that this innervation may play a role in the control of liver regeneration.", "contents": "The effect of vagotomy on hepatic regeneration in rats. Liver regeneration was studied in rats that had undergone a bilateral cervical vagotomy. DNA synthesis, measured as the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA, AT 24 hr after partial hepatectomy was significantly reduced in vagotomized rats. Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity was significantly less at 4 hr after partial hepatectomy in vagotomized rats but was equal to controls at 8 and 24 hr. This data suggest that the liver parenchyma receives vagal innervation and that this innervation may play a role in the control of liver regeneration.", "PMID": 848249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7854", "title": "The cardiovascular effects of neuroleptanaesthesia.", "content": "Oxygen uptake, cardiac output, stroke volume and arterial and central blood pressures were measured before and after induction of neuroleptanaesthesia in 27 subjects. Nine were elderly patients operated on for obliterative arteriosclerotic disease, and the other 18--nine elderly and nine younger patients--underwent operation for varicose veins. Cardiac output, stroke volume and systolic arterial blood pressure decreased significantly with a corresponding decrease in oxygen uptake. The changes were most pronounced in the patients with arteriosclerotic disease. The arterio-venous oxygen difference was unchanged in the arteriosclerotics and decreased in the other two groups. The central pressures remained unchanged in all groups. It is concluded that the cardiovascular changes induced by neuroleptanaesthesia are due to a decrease in oxygen uptake and not to myocardial depression.", "contents": "The cardiovascular effects of neuroleptanaesthesia. Oxygen uptake, cardiac output, stroke volume and arterial and central blood pressures were measured before and after induction of neuroleptanaesthesia in 27 subjects. Nine were elderly patients operated on for obliterative arteriosclerotic disease, and the other 18--nine elderly and nine younger patients--underwent operation for varicose veins. Cardiac output, stroke volume and systolic arterial blood pressure decreased significantly with a corresponding decrease in oxygen uptake. The changes were most pronounced in the patients with arteriosclerotic disease. The arterio-venous oxygen difference was unchanged in the arteriosclerotics and decreased in the other two groups. The central pressures remained unchanged in all groups. It is concluded that the cardiovascular changes induced by neuroleptanaesthesia are due to a decrease in oxygen uptake and not to myocardial depression.", "PMID": 848253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7855", "title": "Bupivacaine (Marcaine): an evaluation of its tissue and systemic toxicity in humans.", "content": "In countries other than the U.S.A., dosages of bupivacaine have been limited to 100 mg without epinephrine and 150 mg with epinephrine. A review of 7,688 regional block procedures employing bupivacaine in concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75%, and in dosages as high as 600 mg, indicated that such stringent restrictions: (1) are unwarranted, (2) make comparisons with other local anesthetic agents difficult, and (3) are in need of revision.", "contents": "Bupivacaine (Marcaine): an evaluation of its tissue and systemic toxicity in humans. In countries other than the U.S.A., dosages of bupivacaine have been limited to 100 mg without epinephrine and 150 mg with epinephrine. A review of 7,688 regional block procedures employing bupivacaine in concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75%, and in dosages as high as 600 mg, indicated that such stringent restrictions: (1) are unwarranted, (2) make comparisons with other local anesthetic agents difficult, and (3) are in need of revision.", "PMID": 848254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7856", "title": "[Lysosomes of blast cells in various cytochemical types of acute leukemia].", "content": "In 25 cases cytochemical types of acute leukemia were determined using the classification of Loeffler. Three cytochemical methods used were: p.a.S.-glycogen content, pox-peroxidase activity, and esterase activity determinatione. At the same time selective identification of lysosomes in perypheral blood blast cells was done using vital euchrisine staining and fluorescence microscopy. A correlation was observed between the cytochemical types of acute leukaemia and the lysosomal pattern. The fluorescence method of the identification of lysosomes is suggested for diagnosis of acute leukaemia.", "contents": "[Lysosomes of blast cells in various cytochemical types of acute leukemia]. In 25 cases cytochemical types of acute leukemia were determined using the classification of Loeffler. Three cytochemical methods used were: p.a.S.-glycogen content, pox-peroxidase activity, and esterase activity determinatione. At the same time selective identification of lysosomes in perypheral blood blast cells was done using vital euchrisine staining and fluorescence microscopy. A correlation was observed between the cytochemical types of acute leukaemia and the lysosomal pattern. The fluorescence method of the identification of lysosomes is suggested for diagnosis of acute leukaemia.", "PMID": 848251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7857", "title": "Hypoxia-induced vasoconstriction in isolated perfused lungs exposed to injectable or inhalation anesthetics.", "content": "Investigations during the last two decades have revealed a tendency to inpaired pulmonary gas exchange in patients during general anesthesia. In the awake state, arterial hypoxemia is counteracted by a mechanism which tends to normalize the ventilation/perfusion ratio of the lungs by way of a hypoxia-induced vasoconstriction in poorly ventilated areas. This results in a redistribution of perfusion to more adequately ventilated lung regions. Recent observations suggest, however, that this beneficial mechanism is blunted by some commonly used inhalation anesthetics. In the present study the effect of inhalation anesthetics and injectable anesthetics on the vasoconstrictor response to acute alveolar hypoxia have been compared in isolated blood-perfused rat lungs. The experiments showed that the response was unaffected by N2O and injectable anesthetics, while a reversible, dose-dependent damping effect was demonstrated for the volatile inhalation anesthetics, ether, halothane and methoxyflurance. The effect could be demonstrated at blood concentrations comparable to those used in clinical anesthesia, and it was not due to a general paralysis of the vascular smooth muscle. The findings might, at least in part, explain the occurrence of arterial hypoxemia during general inhalation anesthesia.", "contents": "Hypoxia-induced vasoconstriction in isolated perfused lungs exposed to injectable or inhalation anesthetics. Investigations during the last two decades have revealed a tendency to inpaired pulmonary gas exchange in patients during general anesthesia. In the awake state, arterial hypoxemia is counteracted by a mechanism which tends to normalize the ventilation/perfusion ratio of the lungs by way of a hypoxia-induced vasoconstriction in poorly ventilated areas. This results in a redistribution of perfusion to more adequately ventilated lung regions. Recent observations suggest, however, that this beneficial mechanism is blunted by some commonly used inhalation anesthetics. In the present study the effect of inhalation anesthetics and injectable anesthetics on the vasoconstrictor response to acute alveolar hypoxia have been compared in isolated blood-perfused rat lungs. The experiments showed that the response was unaffected by N2O and injectable anesthetics, while a reversible, dose-dependent damping effect was demonstrated for the volatile inhalation anesthetics, ether, halothane and methoxyflurance. The effect could be demonstrated at blood concentrations comparable to those used in clinical anesthesia, and it was not due to a general paralysis of the vascular smooth muscle. The findings might, at least in part, explain the occurrence of arterial hypoxemia during general inhalation anesthesia.", "PMID": 848256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7858", "title": "Blood flow in the rabbit tracheal mucosa under normal conditions and under the influence of tracheal intubation.", "content": "Isotope labelled microspheres were used to study the capillary blood perfusion of the rabbit tracheal mucosa. Under resting conditions the perfusion was about 0.3 ml/min - g (i.e. about 60% of the relative cerebral blood flow). Irritation of the tracheal mucosa by an endotracheal tube caused a steep rise in blood flow, tenfold or more. This was probably due to relaxation of the arterioles caused by a release of histamine-like substances. When an endotracheal tube is equipped with a small cuff (small resting diameter, low residual volume), the part of the mucosa in contact with the cuff, i.e. the mucosa covering the surface and edges of the cartilages, will be ischaemic at a cuff to tracheal wall pressure (C-T pressure) of greater than 30 millimeters of mercury. This abrupt ischaemia threshold contributes to the risk of deep mucosal damage with subsequent tracheal scarring, possibly proceeding to stenosis. Our present studies indicate that the ideal large cuff, with properties resembling those of an air cushion, will allow the major part of the arterial pressure to be propagated as far down as the capillaries. Under these conditions the cuff would permit some of the capillary blood perfusion of the tracheal mucosa covering the cartilages also at C-T pressures exceeding 30 mmHg. Although this investigation supports the concept that the ideal thin-walled large cuff interferes much less with the mucosal blood perfusion than the small cuff, we recommend that the cuff pressure be monitored and kept below 20 mmHg.", "contents": "Blood flow in the rabbit tracheal mucosa under normal conditions and under the influence of tracheal intubation. Isotope labelled microspheres were used to study the capillary blood perfusion of the rabbit tracheal mucosa. Under resting conditions the perfusion was about 0.3 ml/min - g (i.e. about 60% of the relative cerebral blood flow). Irritation of the tracheal mucosa by an endotracheal tube caused a steep rise in blood flow, tenfold or more. This was probably due to relaxation of the arterioles caused by a release of histamine-like substances. When an endotracheal tube is equipped with a small cuff (small resting diameter, low residual volume), the part of the mucosa in contact with the cuff, i.e. the mucosa covering the surface and edges of the cartilages, will be ischaemic at a cuff to tracheal wall pressure (C-T pressure) of greater than 30 millimeters of mercury. This abrupt ischaemia threshold contributes to the risk of deep mucosal damage with subsequent tracheal scarring, possibly proceeding to stenosis. Our present studies indicate that the ideal large cuff, with properties resembling those of an air cushion, will allow the major part of the arterial pressure to be propagated as far down as the capillaries. Under these conditions the cuff would permit some of the capillary blood perfusion of the tracheal mucosa covering the cartilages also at C-T pressures exceeding 30 mmHg. Although this investigation supports the concept that the ideal thin-walled large cuff interferes much less with the mucosal blood perfusion than the small cuff, we recommend that the cuff pressure be monitored and kept below 20 mmHg.", "PMID": 848257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7859", "title": "[Number and localization of Peyer's patches in the small intestine of the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)].", "content": "In the rabbit intestine Peyer's patches can easily be distinguished. They are found in the jejunum and ileum, but not in the duodenum. The highest number observed is seven. In most animals the first, i.e. proximally situated patch has a rather well-defined place in the beginning of the jejunum; similarly, the last, i.e. distally situated one mostly has its place in the end of the ileum. The demarcation of the three classical sections of the small intestine is discussed from a comparative viewpoint with special criticism as to what is called ileum in man.", "contents": "[Number and localization of Peyer's patches in the small intestine of the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)]. In the rabbit intestine Peyer's patches can easily be distinguished. They are found in the jejunum and ileum, but not in the duodenum. The highest number observed is seven. In most animals the first, i.e. proximally situated patch has a rather well-defined place in the beginning of the jejunum; similarly, the last, i.e. distally situated one mostly has its place in the end of the ileum. The demarcation of the three classical sections of the small intestine is discussed from a comparative viewpoint with special criticism as to what is called ileum in man.", "PMID": 848258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7860", "title": "Relationship between facial protrusion and tooth length in four strains of rats.", "content": "Total tooth length was measured in the first lower molar of two short-faced strains of rats (Sprague-Dawley and Buffalo) and two long-faced strains (BN and GRL). Tooth length was significantly longer in the long-faced than in the short-faced strains. The same correlation had previously been found in dogs, baboons and human populations, as well as in rats in which facial shortening was obtained experimentally by septum removal. The data suggest that the same mechanism is responsible for this relationship in all groups.", "contents": "Relationship between facial protrusion and tooth length in four strains of rats. Total tooth length was measured in the first lower molar of two short-faced strains of rats (Sprague-Dawley and Buffalo) and two long-faced strains (BN and GRL). Tooth length was significantly longer in the long-faced than in the short-faced strains. The same correlation had previously been found in dogs, baboons and human populations, as well as in rats in which facial shortening was obtained experimentally by septum removal. The data suggest that the same mechanism is responsible for this relationship in all groups.", "PMID": 848260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7861", "title": "[Angioarchitecture of the medulla oblongata in the guinea pig].", "content": "The angioarchitectonic regions in the medulla oblongata and the midbrain of 14 grown-up guinea pigs are discribed. According to direction and number of the supplying arteries, three sections are distinguished. The medial part is supplied worst. It contains the medial row of the nuclei of the cranial nerves. The more lateral parts have always double or treble supplies. They are distinguished by a high capillary density. Those parts are associated with the medullar nuclei of the cranial nerves.", "contents": "[Angioarchitecture of the medulla oblongata in the guinea pig]. The angioarchitectonic regions in the medulla oblongata and the midbrain of 14 grown-up guinea pigs are discribed. According to direction and number of the supplying arteries, three sections are distinguished. The medial part is supplied worst. It contains the medial row of the nuclei of the cranial nerves. The more lateral parts have always double or treble supplies. They are distinguished by a high capillary density. Those parts are associated with the medullar nuclei of the cranial nerves.", "PMID": 848261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7862", "title": "[The ependyma of the lateral ventricle in Acanthodactylus pardalis (Reptilia, Lacertidae)].", "content": "Within the lateral ventricles of the brain of Acanthodactylus pardalis, different zones of ependymal cells are recognizable through their fluctuating changes from one into the other. The frontal pole of  the hemisphere shows a rather homogeneous ependyma whose cells are laying together. Cell fibers are not visible. Farther caudally, the ventricular wall is subject to some alterations; there are more long-shaped cell nuclei. The ventricular sulci are areas of different ependymal structures. The sulcus terminalis represents a zone of dense-laying cells, whose nuclei possess in several regions more round or more elongated forms. An apical cytoplasmatic border and cilia are often clearly built out. The sulcus lateralis and the sulcus septo-archipallialis have a dense cell layer. The region below the medial cortex, near the sulcus septo-archipallialis, shows tanycytes with long basal fibers. The ependyma of the dorsal striatum shows dorsally as well as laterally, at the ventricle, areas with loosely arranged cells. The orientation of the cell nuclei to the ventricular surface is variable, especially at the ventricular wall of the septum and the opposite side of the striatum, where cell nuclei are to be found whose axis lays no more vertical but parallel to the ventricular surface.", "contents": "[The ependyma of the lateral ventricle in Acanthodactylus pardalis (Reptilia, Lacertidae)]. Within the lateral ventricles of the brain of Acanthodactylus pardalis, different zones of ependymal cells are recognizable through their fluctuating changes from one into the other. The frontal pole of  the hemisphere shows a rather homogeneous ependyma whose cells are laying together. Cell fibers are not visible. Farther caudally, the ventricular wall is subject to some alterations; there are more long-shaped cell nuclei. The ventricular sulci are areas of different ependymal structures. The sulcus terminalis represents a zone of dense-laying cells, whose nuclei possess in several regions more round or more elongated forms. An apical cytoplasmatic border and cilia are often clearly built out. The sulcus lateralis and the sulcus septo-archipallialis have a dense cell layer. The region below the medial cortex, near the sulcus septo-archipallialis, shows tanycytes with long basal fibers. The ependyma of the dorsal striatum shows dorsally as well as laterally, at the ventricle, areas with loosely arranged cells. The orientation of the cell nuclei to the ventricular surface is variable, especially at the ventricular wall of the septum and the opposite side of the striatum, where cell nuclei are to be found whose axis lays no more vertical but parallel to the ventricular surface.", "PMID": 848263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7863", "title": "Gross and microscopic anatomy of the biliary tract of the ferret.", "content": "The gross and microscopic anatomy of the biliary tract of the ferret was studied. The liver consisted of six separate lobes. The coronary ligament was not present. Histologically, it was very similar to that of man. The gall-bladder was present and was a pear-shaped sac. Its muscle coat was very thick and well developed. Hepatic ducts were multiple. Minor hepatic ducts formed three major ducts, the left, central and the right. A single common hepatic duct was not present. The cystic duct generally arose from the central duct. The bile duct was formed by the union of three major hepatic ducts. The pancrease consisted of two limbs, the left and the right. Each limb was drained by a duct which joined and formed a short main pancreatic duct. An accessory pancreatic duct extending from the duct of the left limb of the pancreas was usually present. The main pancreatic duct joined the bile duct nearly at right angles prior to the entry into the duodenum. Both ducts entered through the same osteum and coursed together. They ended in a common ampulla which opened into the major duodenal papilla situated at about 2.75 cm from the pylorus. The sphincter of Oddi was present and was very similar in disposition to that of man. The sphincter choledochus (of Boyden) was well developed. An accessory pancreatic duct was usually present. It opened into the duodenum at a minor papilla which was not prominent. The minor papilla was situated proximal and medial to the major papilla. Mast cells were not seen in the connective tissue sheaths of the liver, gall-bladder and pancreas.", "contents": "Gross and microscopic anatomy of the biliary tract of the ferret. The gross and microscopic anatomy of the biliary tract of the ferret was studied. The liver consisted of six separate lobes. The coronary ligament was not present. Histologically, it was very similar to that of man. The gall-bladder was present and was a pear-shaped sac. Its muscle coat was very thick and well developed. Hepatic ducts were multiple. Minor hepatic ducts formed three major ducts, the left, central and the right. A single common hepatic duct was not present. The cystic duct generally arose from the central duct. The bile duct was formed by the union of three major hepatic ducts. The pancrease consisted of two limbs, the left and the right. Each limb was drained by a duct which joined and formed a short main pancreatic duct. An accessory pancreatic duct extending from the duct of the left limb of the pancreas was usually present. The main pancreatic duct joined the bile duct nearly at right angles prior to the entry into the duodenum. Both ducts entered through the same osteum and coursed together. They ended in a common ampulla which opened into the major duodenal papilla situated at about 2.75 cm from the pylorus. The sphincter of Oddi was present and was very similar in disposition to that of man. The sphincter choledochus (of Boyden) was well developed. An accessory pancreatic duct was usually present. It opened into the duodenum at a minor papilla which was not prominent. The minor papilla was situated proximal and medial to the major papilla. Mast cells were not seen in the connective tissue sheaths of the liver, gall-bladder and pancreas.", "PMID": 848264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7864", "title": "Kinetics of luminal secretions in the female reproductive tract. Ultrastructural and physiological parameters.", "content": "The epithelium of the female reproductive tract undergoes cyclic morphologic alterations in cell shape, apical microvilli, ciliation, and secretion. These changes are hormone-dependent. The endometrial fluid is made of (a) components from the transudation of the blood serum and (b) protein, carbohydrate and other metabolites synthesized within the endometrial cells and discharged through the apical cell membrane. Endometrial cells have several mechanisms of transport processes across the plasma membrane. These processes regulate cellular volume, nutrition, excretion and communication along the surface of the cell as well as the intracellular and extracellular communication. The endometrial secretions play a major role in the capaciation of spermatozoa, and the nutrition of the blastocyst.", "contents": "Kinetics of luminal secretions in the female reproductive tract. Ultrastructural and physiological parameters. The epithelium of the female reproductive tract undergoes cyclic morphologic alterations in cell shape, apical microvilli, ciliation, and secretion. These changes are hormone-dependent. The endometrial fluid is made of (a) components from the transudation of the blood serum and (b) protein, carbohydrate and other metabolites synthesized within the endometrial cells and discharged through the apical cell membrane. Endometrial cells have several mechanisms of transport processes across the plasma membrane. These processes regulate cellular volume, nutrition, excretion and communication along the surface of the cell as well as the intracellular and extracellular communication. The endometrial secretions play a major role in the capaciation of spermatozoa, and the nutrition of the blastocyst.", "PMID": 848265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7865", "title": "Is the biomechanical principle of 'antagonistic compensation' valid also on the genetic level?", "content": "According to 'antagonistic compensation', appendicular bones rendered hypofunctional by surgical means, become shorter and more robust. In normal Buffalo rats, appendicular bones are short and very robust and in Fisher rats they are long and gracile. Total body constitution is robust in Buffalo rats and gracile in Fisher rats. In GRL rats, appendicular bones are short but body constitution is gracile and the robusticity of the appendicular bones is intermediate between Fischer and Buffalo rats. Thus, total body constitution and relative length of the appendicular bones determine their robusticity, shorter bones being more robust than longer bones. In other words, the relationship between bone length and robusticity is the same in experimentally produced antagonistic compensation and genetically determined normal condition of rats.", "contents": "Is the biomechanical principle of 'antagonistic compensation' valid also on the genetic level? According to 'antagonistic compensation', appendicular bones rendered hypofunctional by surgical means, become shorter and more robust. In normal Buffalo rats, appendicular bones are short and very robust and in Fisher rats they are long and gracile. Total body constitution is robust in Buffalo rats and gracile in Fisher rats. In GRL rats, appendicular bones are short but body constitution is gracile and the robusticity of the appendicular bones is intermediate between Fischer and Buffalo rats. Thus, total body constitution and relative length of the appendicular bones determine their robusticity, shorter bones being more robust than longer bones. In other words, the relationship between bone length and robusticity is the same in experimentally produced antagonistic compensation and genetically determined normal condition of rats.", "PMID": 848266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7866", "title": "Triamcinolone-induced wasting disease in young mice.", "content": "Young mice were treated for up to 8 weeks with daily graded doses of triamcinolone diacetate. The body weights of treated, placebo and nontreated animals were measured daily throughout the experimental period, calculated and analysed. By the first injections, significant decrease was noted in the body weight of all experimental mice regardless of their sex or initial bodyweight. The latter was followed by a so-called 'steady state' which longed for approximately 4 weeks. Marked deterioration and mortality also occurred but became severe from the fifth week of triamcinolone administration. Possible explanations for the above findings are discussed.", "contents": "Triamcinolone-induced wasting disease in young mice. Young mice were treated for up to 8 weeks with daily graded doses of triamcinolone diacetate. The body weights of treated, placebo and nontreated animals were measured daily throughout the experimental period, calculated and analysed. By the first injections, significant decrease was noted in the body weight of all experimental mice regardless of their sex or initial bodyweight. The latter was followed by a so-called 'steady state' which longed for approximately 4 weeks. Marked deterioration and mortality also occurred but became severe from the fifth week of triamcinolone administration. Possible explanations for the above findings are discussed.", "PMID": 848267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7867", "title": "Fine-structure study of the parathyroid in the gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus.", "content": "A fine-structure study of the parathyroid proper and adjacent tissues has been performed in the gerbils. The chief cells were observed in three phases of the secretory cycle. The resting chief cells contained prominent lipid droplets, mitochondria and an atrophied Golgi apparatus in a finely granular cytoplasm. The intermediate-phase chief cells were also rich in lipid but showed an organelle assembly which is much less developed than in the actively secreting cells. The active chief cells possessed a noncisternal rough endoplasmic reticulum, located often in close proximity of the mitochondria. A prominent Golgi apparatus, numerous pro-secretory granules and lysosomes are characteristic of the active cells. The significance of these morphological variations is discussed. Large mitochondria-rich cells, akin to oxyphil cells were observed in the tissue adjacent to the parathyroid proper.", "contents": "Fine-structure study of the parathyroid in the gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus. A fine-structure study of the parathyroid proper and adjacent tissues has been performed in the gerbils. The chief cells were observed in three phases of the secretory cycle. The resting chief cells contained prominent lipid droplets, mitochondria and an atrophied Golgi apparatus in a finely granular cytoplasm. The intermediate-phase chief cells were also rich in lipid but showed an organelle assembly which is much less developed than in the actively secreting cells. The active chief cells possessed a noncisternal rough endoplasmic reticulum, located often in close proximity of the mitochondria. A prominent Golgi apparatus, numerous pro-secretory granules and lysosomes are characteristic of the active cells. The significance of these morphological variations is discussed. Large mitochondria-rich cells, akin to oxyphil cells were observed in the tissue adjacent to the parathyroid proper.", "PMID": 848268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7868", "title": "Ultrastructure of the parathyroid glands in the chicks.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the parathyroid glands in 4-week-old white leghorn chicks has been examined. The gland consists of chief cells arranged in diffuse cords or solid masses. The chief cells vary in electron density. The rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum is invariably moderately to well developed and consists of cisternae arranged in well-ordered patterns or distributed randomly. The Golgi complex consists of cisternae arranged in concentric layers, smooth-surfaced and coated vesicles. Cisternae of the Golgi complex arranged in circular and tortuous profiles are also observed. The chief cells contain occasional membrane-limited secretory granules 150-350 nm in diameter and with contents which vary in electron density. Secretory granules are distributed randomly in the cytoplasm and along with the plasma membrane, Images of fusion of coated vesicles with the plasma membrane are sometimes observed. The cytoplasm also contains round- to rod-shaped mitochondria, lysosome-like structures and occasional lipid bodies. Dark cells with electron-dense cytoplasm and containing organelles in close proximity are also observed. Morphological evidence of synthetic and secretory activities in the chief cells suggests active parathyroid function in the rapidly growing chicks.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the parathyroid glands in the chicks. The ultrastructure of the parathyroid glands in 4-week-old white leghorn chicks has been examined. The gland consists of chief cells arranged in diffuse cords or solid masses. The chief cells vary in electron density. The rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum is invariably moderately to well developed and consists of cisternae arranged in well-ordered patterns or distributed randomly. The Golgi complex consists of cisternae arranged in concentric layers, smooth-surfaced and coated vesicles. Cisternae of the Golgi complex arranged in circular and tortuous profiles are also observed. The chief cells contain occasional membrane-limited secretory granules 150-350 nm in diameter and with contents which vary in electron density. Secretory granules are distributed randomly in the cytoplasm and along with the plasma membrane, Images of fusion of coated vesicles with the plasma membrane are sometimes observed. The cytoplasm also contains round- to rod-shaped mitochondria, lysosome-like structures and occasional lipid bodies. Dark cells with electron-dense cytoplasm and containing organelles in close proximity are also observed. Morphological evidence of synthetic and secretory activities in the chief cells suggests active parathyroid function in the rapidly growing chicks.", "PMID": 848269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7869", "title": "Ultrastructural maturation of the neurohypophysis of the rat.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the neural lobe of rats from birth up to the 340th day of life was studied. The distinguishing feature during the first week of post-natal life were axons consisting almost entirely of neurotubules, with only very few neurosecretory granules. Nerve endings contained scattered synaptic vesicles. Pituicytes had processes that were either thick or thin and long. The latter floated freely about an ample intercellular space. The intercellular space grew smaller during the following weeks. The neurosecretory granules increased in number, sometimes filling up the whole section of the axon. Dilated axons, from which the Herring bodies originate, began to appear, and the pituicytes also lost their thin processes. Between the 30th and 150th day of life, the neural lobe acquired the usual features of an adult gland. By the end of the first year, the connective tissue had developed greatly. The amount of axons containing lysosomes had increased. Furthermore, it can be said that the neurosecretory axon of the new-born rat is tubular and has no dilations. The neurosecretory granules are scarce. After the 21st day, the axonal dilations filled up with neurosecretory granules begin to grow, making the axon look like a string of beads.", "contents": "Ultrastructural maturation of the neurohypophysis of the rat. The ultrastructure of the neural lobe of rats from birth up to the 340th day of life was studied. The distinguishing feature during the first week of post-natal life were axons consisting almost entirely of neurotubules, with only very few neurosecretory granules. Nerve endings contained scattered synaptic vesicles. Pituicytes had processes that were either thick or thin and long. The latter floated freely about an ample intercellular space. The intercellular space grew smaller during the following weeks. The neurosecretory granules increased in number, sometimes filling up the whole section of the axon. Dilated axons, from which the Herring bodies originate, began to appear, and the pituicytes also lost their thin processes. Between the 30th and 150th day of life, the neural lobe acquired the usual features of an adult gland. By the end of the first year, the connective tissue had developed greatly. The amount of axons containing lysosomes had increased. Furthermore, it can be said that the neurosecretory axon of the new-born rat is tubular and has no dilations. The neurosecretory granules are scarce. After the 21st day, the axonal dilations filled up with neurosecretory granules begin to grow, making the axon look like a string of beads.", "PMID": 848270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7870", "title": "Ultrastructure of the human pharyngeal hypophysis.", "content": "Four types of secretory cells have been distinguished in the human pharyngeal hypophysis. Type I cells contain granules of about 70-90 nm in diameter; type II cells are the most numerous and are loaded with granules ranging in size between 100 and 200 nm. In type III cells the size of the granules ranges between 150 and 250 nm in diameter. Type IV cells contain the largest secretory granules (250-400 nm). In addition, there is a type of cell lacking secretory granules and which has been regarded as interstitial cell (type V). The different cell types are arranged in clusters which, in turn, are surrounded by numerous blood capillaries. A few nerve fibres have been observed within the gland. These fibres make synaptoid contacts with type II cells. The ultrastructural analysis of the human phayngeal hypophysis strongly suggests that this formation is an endocrine gland with distinct characteristics and with a functional role probably different from that of the sellar hypophysis.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the human pharyngeal hypophysis. Four types of secretory cells have been distinguished in the human pharyngeal hypophysis. Type I cells contain granules of about 70-90 nm in diameter; type II cells are the most numerous and are loaded with granules ranging in size between 100 and 200 nm. In type III cells the size of the granules ranges between 150 and 250 nm in diameter. Type IV cells contain the largest secretory granules (250-400 nm). In addition, there is a type of cell lacking secretory granules and which has been regarded as interstitial cell (type V). The different cell types are arranged in clusters which, in turn, are surrounded by numerous blood capillaries. A few nerve fibres have been observed within the gland. These fibres make synaptoid contacts with type II cells. The ultrastructural analysis of the human phayngeal hypophysis strongly suggests that this formation is an endocrine gland with distinct characteristics and with a functional role probably different from that of the sellar hypophysis.", "PMID": 848271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7871", "title": "The influence of the degree of maturation of donor tissue on the reconstruction of elastic cartilage by isolated chondrocytes.", "content": "Chondrocytes isolated from auricular cartilage of 1-, 14-, 28- and 56-day-old rabbits were injected intrasmuscularly as auto- or allogeneic transplants, and the development of the reconstructed cartilage was compared to that of intact tissue. Chondrocytes in cartilage of 1- and 14-day-old rabbits (younger group) were relatively uniform in size. During further development in situ (28 and 56 days) central cells increased considerably and many of them became binucleated. Cartilage reconstructed by chondrocytes from the younger group of animals displayed regular arrangement of cells, i.e. smaller cells at the periphery and larger in the centre. Transplantation of chondrocytes from 28 or 56-day-old rabbits (older group) led to the reconstruction of cartilage with irregular distribution of cells, i.e. some large cells were located at its periphery, while in the centre smaller and larger cells were intermingled in a haphazard manner. Elastic fibres were scanty and thin in cartilage of 1-day-old animals, but their number and size increased with time and they displayed a characteristic pattern. Formation and maturation of these fibres proceeded in cartilage reconstructed by chondrocytes from the younger gorup of animals similarly as in the intact tissue. Chondrocytes from the older group of rabbits reconstructed cartilage in which the number of elastic fibres was reduced and their arrangement appeared irregular.", "contents": "The influence of the degree of maturation of donor tissue on the reconstruction of elastic cartilage by isolated chondrocytes. Chondrocytes isolated from auricular cartilage of 1-, 14-, 28- and 56-day-old rabbits were injected intrasmuscularly as auto- or allogeneic transplants, and the development of the reconstructed cartilage was compared to that of intact tissue. Chondrocytes in cartilage of 1- and 14-day-old rabbits (younger group) were relatively uniform in size. During further development in situ (28 and 56 days) central cells increased considerably and many of them became binucleated. Cartilage reconstructed by chondrocytes from the younger group of animals displayed regular arrangement of cells, i.e. smaller cells at the periphery and larger in the centre. Transplantation of chondrocytes from 28 or 56-day-old rabbits (older group) led to the reconstruction of cartilage with irregular distribution of cells, i.e. some large cells were located at its periphery, while in the centre smaller and larger cells were intermingled in a haphazard manner. Elastic fibres were scanty and thin in cartilage of 1-day-old animals, but their number and size increased with time and they displayed a characteristic pattern. Formation and maturation of these fibres proceeded in cartilage reconstructed by chondrocytes from the younger gorup of animals similarly as in the intact tissue. Chondrocytes from the older group of rabbits reconstructed cartilage in which the number of elastic fibres was reduced and their arrangement appeared irregular.", "PMID": 848272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7872", "title": "Ocular myopathy (progressive external ophthalmoplegia) with neuropathic complications.", "content": "The condition known as Ocular Myopathy or Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia is reviewed. Three hundred and thirty-five published case reports have been analyzed and 13 personal cases are described. Histological and electron microscopical studies on one of our cases are reported. It is clear from these cases that, although in its simplest form the condition may consist merely of myopathic changes confined to the upper eyelids and external ocular muscles, myopathic changes may also occur in the muscles of the face, neck and proximal parts of the limbs. In addition, however, a variety of neurological disorders may also develop and degenerative lesions have been found in the peripheral nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and basal ganglia. Other associated conditions such as perceptive deafness, pigmentary retinal degeneration, cardiomyopathy and red cell abnormalities may also occur. There is thus a wide spectrum of syndromes, all based on a condition which is possibly a general metabolic disorder. Recent work has directed attention to mitochondrial abnormalities in the affected muscle fibers and other cells. A positive family history may be present and an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance seems likely.", "contents": "Ocular myopathy (progressive external ophthalmoplegia) with neuropathic complications. The condition known as Ocular Myopathy or Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia is reviewed. Three hundred and thirty-five published case reports have been analyzed and 13 personal cases are described. Histological and electron microscopical studies on one of our cases are reported. It is clear from these cases that, although in its simplest form the condition may consist merely of myopathic changes confined to the upper eyelids and external ocular muscles, myopathic changes may also occur in the muscles of the face, neck and proximal parts of the limbs. In addition, however, a variety of neurological disorders may also develop and degenerative lesions have been found in the peripheral nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and basal ganglia. Other associated conditions such as perceptive deafness, pigmentary retinal degeneration, cardiomyopathy and red cell abnormalities may also occur. There is thus a wide spectrum of syndromes, all based on a condition which is possibly a general metabolic disorder. Recent work has directed attention to mitochondrial abnormalities in the affected muscle fibers and other cells. A positive family history may be present and an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance seems likely.", "PMID": 848273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7873", "title": "Brain proteins in hepatic encephalopathy.", "content": "Brain proteins were analyzed in supra- and infratentorial structures of 6 patients dying from liver failure. An equal number of patients, lacking any evidence of liver disease or neurological disorder, served as controls. The results were related to regional light microscopic findings. Hepatic coma was associated with a marked reduction of soluble brain proteins, particularly in areas of grey matter. The protein loss is probably neuronal and may be secondary to abnormalities in glial function. Implications for the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy are discussed.", "contents": "Brain proteins in hepatic encephalopathy. Brain proteins were analyzed in supra- and infratentorial structures of 6 patients dying from liver failure. An equal number of patients, lacking any evidence of liver disease or neurological disorder, served as controls. The results were related to regional light microscopic findings. Hepatic coma was associated with a marked reduction of soluble brain proteins, particularly in areas of grey matter. The protein loss is probably neuronal and may be secondary to abnormalities in glial function. Implications for the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy are discussed.", "PMID": 848274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7874", "title": "Studies on epidemiological, clinical, and etiological aspects of ALS disease in Sardinia, Southern Italy.", "content": "This investigation was conducted to clarify the epidemiology of ALS disease in Sardinia. During the years 1965-1974, the average annual incidence was found to be 0.64/100,000 inhabitants. On prevalence day, October 24th, 1974, the prevalence rate was 1.56/100,000 inhabitants. A significant male predominance was found, the average annual incidence rates for men and women being 0.88 and 0.40, respectively. The peak in both sexes was reached between 60 and 69 years. ALS distribution in the study area was uniform but its occurrence was significantly higher among agricultural workers (5.28/100,000). ALS started on average at 56.58 years and its duration was 2.5 years, being significantly longer in patients under 40-years-old. The distribution of the various clinical forms was: 66 per cent conventional forms, 20 percent bulbar and 14 per cent pseudo-polyneuritic. In the bulbar type, a female predominance was found. About 96 percent of cases were sporadic and 4 per cent familial. Familial cases presented no difference from sporadic cases. Trauma was present in 10.5 percent of the cases and gastrointestinal disfunction in 13 per cent. This probably reflects some relationship between trauma and ALS, and between malnutrition and ALS. No combination of ALS, dementia and parkinsonism was observed. Dementia was associated with ALS in four cases and Parkinson's disease in one case, separately. The combination of other disease states with ALS in the present study may be simple coincidence.", "contents": "Studies on epidemiological, clinical, and etiological aspects of ALS disease in Sardinia, Southern Italy. This investigation was conducted to clarify the epidemiology of ALS disease in Sardinia. During the years 1965-1974, the average annual incidence was found to be 0.64/100,000 inhabitants. On prevalence day, October 24th, 1974, the prevalence rate was 1.56/100,000 inhabitants. A significant male predominance was found, the average annual incidence rates for men and women being 0.88 and 0.40, respectively. The peak in both sexes was reached between 60 and 69 years. ALS distribution in the study area was uniform but its occurrence was significantly higher among agricultural workers (5.28/100,000). ALS started on average at 56.58 years and its duration was 2.5 years, being significantly longer in patients under 40-years-old. The distribution of the various clinical forms was: 66 per cent conventional forms, 20 percent bulbar and 14 per cent pseudo-polyneuritic. In the bulbar type, a female predominance was found. About 96 percent of cases were sporadic and 4 per cent familial. Familial cases presented no difference from sporadic cases. Trauma was present in 10.5 percent of the cases and gastrointestinal disfunction in 13 per cent. This probably reflects some relationship between trauma and ALS, and between malnutrition and ALS. No combination of ALS, dementia and parkinsonism was observed. Dementia was associated with ALS in four cases and Parkinson's disease in one case, separately. The combination of other disease states with ALS in the present study may be simple coincidence.", "PMID": 848275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7875", "title": "Neuronal loss, neurofibrillary tangles and granulovacuolar degeneration in the hippocampus with ageing and dementia. A quantitative study.", "content": "The number of pyramidal neurones in the hippocampal cortex was determined in serially sectioned mesial temporal lobe from brains of 18 mentally normal people, as well as those of 8 demented patients with pathologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease. Normal ageing was accompanied by a gradual loss of neurones, whereas dements' brains showed a much more severe decrease, exceeding that of controls at any age. A high degree of negative exponential correlation was found between the density of neurones/mm3 of cortex and both the number of neurones with neurofibrillary degeneration and the number with granulovacular degeneration. The functional significance of the latter changes is thus probably greater than previously assumed, given the diminished population of surviving neurones in which these alterations appear. Both tangles and granulovacuoles demonstrated a stronger propensity for occurring in the posterior half of the hippocampus in demented patients' brains. This would not have been predicted from the relative distribution of neuronal loss in the two halves. The posterior portion of the hippocampus may be considerably more susceptible to the degenerative nerve cell changes prominent in dementia of the Alzheimer type.", "contents": "Neuronal loss, neurofibrillary tangles and granulovacuolar degeneration in the hippocampus with ageing and dementia. A quantitative study. The number of pyramidal neurones in the hippocampal cortex was determined in serially sectioned mesial temporal lobe from brains of 18 mentally normal people, as well as those of 8 demented patients with pathologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease. Normal ageing was accompanied by a gradual loss of neurones, whereas dements' brains showed a much more severe decrease, exceeding that of controls at any age. A high degree of negative exponential correlation was found between the density of neurones/mm3 of cortex and both the number of neurones with neurofibrillary degeneration and the number with granulovacular degeneration. The functional significance of the latter changes is thus probably greater than previously assumed, given the diminished population of surviving neurones in which these alterations appear. Both tangles and granulovacuoles demonstrated a stronger propensity for occurring in the posterior half of the hippocampus in demented patients' brains. This would not have been predicted from the relative distribution of neuronal loss in the two halves. The posterior portion of the hippocampus may be considerably more susceptible to the degenerative nerve cell changes prominent in dementia of the Alzheimer type.", "PMID": 848276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7876", "title": "[Morphological findings on the brain of rats after local freezing (author's transl)].", "content": "In continuation of our investigations of the wound healing process after cryonecrosis in the liver, kidney, spleen and stomach, the wound healing in the brain was studied under the same condition. Through a trepanation of about 3 mm diameter, the cortex of the parietal region of the cerebrum was frozen by a cryoprobe applied directly through the intact dura mater (-196degreesC/30s). The animals were killed at definite time intervals between 12 h and 21 days after freezing. Twelve hours after freezing, the necrosis of the brain cortex is complete. It extends wedgeshaped into the subcortical white matter. The central parts of the necrosis become colliquative and are demarcted by leucocytes. Two days after freezing, the necrotic area is almost totally invaded by leucocytes. Three days p.op. the brain wound is infiltrated by microglial cells, later on the mesenchymal cell proliferation extends to the meninges. There is new capillary formation and partially a wall like proliferation of the perivascular connective tissue cells. Ten days and later, an uni- or multiloculated pseudocyst develops, which can be considered as the final stage of the reparative wound healing of the cryonecrosis. Similar as in the other investigated organs (liver, kidneys, spleen) these investigations underline the rapid wound healing of the cryonecrosis in the brain. The advantages of cryosurgical manipulations with the well known good wound healing process of other organs, justifies therefore the short term tissue freezing on the cerebrum.", "contents": "[Morphological findings on the brain of rats after local freezing (author's transl)]. In continuation of our investigations of the wound healing process after cryonecrosis in the liver, kidney, spleen and stomach, the wound healing in the brain was studied under the same condition. Through a trepanation of about 3 mm diameter, the cortex of the parietal region of the cerebrum was frozen by a cryoprobe applied directly through the intact dura mater (-196degreesC/30s). The animals were killed at definite time intervals between 12 h and 21 days after freezing. Twelve hours after freezing, the necrosis of the brain cortex is complete. It extends wedgeshaped into the subcortical white matter. The central parts of the necrosis become colliquative and are demarcted by leucocytes. Two days after freezing, the necrotic area is almost totally invaded by leucocytes. Three days p.op. the brain wound is infiltrated by microglial cells, later on the mesenchymal cell proliferation extends to the meninges. There is new capillary formation and partially a wall like proliferation of the perivascular connective tissue cells. Ten days and later, an uni- or multiloculated pseudocyst develops, which can be considered as the final stage of the reparative wound healing of the cryonecrosis. Similar as in the other investigated organs (liver, kidneys, spleen) these investigations underline the rapid wound healing of the cryonecrosis in the brain. The advantages of cryosurgical manipulations with the well known good wound healing process of other organs, justifies therefore the short term tissue freezing on the cerebrum.", "PMID": 848277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7877", "title": "Increased vesicular transfer of horseradish peroxidase across cerebral endothelium, evoked by acute hypertension.", "content": "Acute hypertension in rats was produced by intravenous infusion of metaraminol bitartrate (Aramine). The permeability to intravenously injected horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was increased across the cerebral arterioles, capillaries and venules. From the basement membranes of the vessel walls the protein tracer moved into the extracellular spaces of the adjacent neuropil. No endothelial cell damage was observed. The tight junctions between endothelial cells were intact and prevented intercellular movement of peroxidase. Many HRP-labeled vesicles within the endothelial cells or connected with the luminal or abluminal surface, occurred in segments of the microvasculature. Otherwise the endothelium was unchanged. Diffuse uptake of HRP into the cytoplasm of neurons and glial cells was not observed. The alphablocker phentolamine (Regitin) was given to a group of rats simultaneously to Aramine. The increase in blood pressure was thus prevented; furthermore, the permeability remained as under normal conditions. The Aramine, Regitin and HRP did not significantly influence the pH, PO2 and pCO2 of the arterial blood. It is concluded that acute hypertension increases the vesicular transport of HRP across the endothelium of cerebral arterioles, venules and capillaries that normally occurs to a small extent only after intravenous injection of the tracer.", "contents": "Increased vesicular transfer of horseradish peroxidase across cerebral endothelium, evoked by acute hypertension. Acute hypertension in rats was produced by intravenous infusion of metaraminol bitartrate (Aramine). The permeability to intravenously injected horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was increased across the cerebral arterioles, capillaries and venules. From the basement membranes of the vessel walls the protein tracer moved into the extracellular spaces of the adjacent neuropil. No endothelial cell damage was observed. The tight junctions between endothelial cells were intact and prevented intercellular movement of peroxidase. Many HRP-labeled vesicles within the endothelial cells or connected with the luminal or abluminal surface, occurred in segments of the microvasculature. Otherwise the endothelium was unchanged. Diffuse uptake of HRP into the cytoplasm of neurons and glial cells was not observed. The alphablocker phentolamine (Regitin) was given to a group of rats simultaneously to Aramine. The increase in blood pressure was thus prevented; furthermore, the permeability remained as under normal conditions. The Aramine, Regitin and HRP did not significantly influence the pH, PO2 and pCO2 of the arterial blood. It is concluded that acute hypertension increases the vesicular transport of HRP across the endothelium of cerebral arterioles, venules and capillaries that normally occurs to a small extent only after intravenous injection of the tracer.", "PMID": 848278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7878", "title": "Regeneration of the node of Ranvier: a light and electron microscope study.", "content": "Regeneration of the node of Ranvier was investigated in the rat peroneal nerve 10-60 days after nerve crush, by light and electron microscopy. At 10 and 20 days after crush nodes of Ranvier were clearly identifiable by electron microscopy but had a relatively simple structure. At 40 days after crush however nodes were highly differentiated showing specialised features such as paranodal bulbs, nodal constriction of the axon, paranodal Schwann cell mitochondria, nodal Schwann cell microvilli, and nodal gap substance. By light microscopy some nodes were identifiable as early as 20 days after crush. At both 30 and 60 days after crush regenerated internodes were uniformly short (means of 275 micronm and 339 micronm respectively).", "contents": "Regeneration of the node of Ranvier: a light and electron microscope study. Regeneration of the node of Ranvier was investigated in the rat peroneal nerve 10-60 days after nerve crush, by light and electron microscopy. At 10 and 20 days after crush nodes of Ranvier were clearly identifiable by electron microscopy but had a relatively simple structure. At 40 days after crush however nodes were highly differentiated showing specialised features such as paranodal bulbs, nodal constriction of the axon, paranodal Schwann cell mitochondria, nodal Schwann cell microvilli, and nodal gap substance. By light microscopy some nodes were identifiable as early as 20 days after crush. At both 30 and 60 days after crush regenerated internodes were uniformly short (means of 275 micronm and 339 micronm respectively).", "PMID": 848279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7879", "title": "Neurologic complications of Hodgkin's disease. Choroid plexus involvement.", "content": "Involvement of the choroid plexus by lymphoma (Hodgkin) is a hitherto undescribed complication. We report herein the case of a 49-year-old man who developed, shortly before death, neurologic symptoms seemingly related to extensive involvement of choroid plexus and surrounding ventricular structures by lymphoma (Hodgkin's). There was also multifocal involvement of cranial nerves and spinal canal contents.", "contents": "Neurologic complications of Hodgkin's disease. Choroid plexus involvement. Involvement of the choroid plexus by lymphoma (Hodgkin) is a hitherto undescribed complication. We report herein the case of a 49-year-old man who developed, shortly before death, neurologic symptoms seemingly related to extensive involvement of choroid plexus and surrounding ventricular structures by lymphoma (Hodgkin's). There was also multifocal involvement of cranial nerves and spinal canal contents.", "PMID": 848280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7880", "title": "Ultrastructure of neurofibrillary tangles in progressive supranuclear palsy.", "content": "Ultrastructure of neurofibrillary tangles was investigated on the subcortical neurons of an autopsy case of progressive supranuclear palsy. The patient was a 64-year-old female and suffered from her illness for 9 years. Two kinds of ultrastructure were observed in the subcortical neurofibrillary tangles, i.e. that 150 A straight tubules and the 220 A twisted tubules. They appeared separately in each neuron and a transition between these two structures could not be remarked. Besides, a few particles with a paracrystalline hexagonal structure were observed in some subcortical neurons.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of neurofibrillary tangles in progressive supranuclear palsy. Ultrastructure of neurofibrillary tangles was investigated on the subcortical neurons of an autopsy case of progressive supranuclear palsy. The patient was a 64-year-old female and suffered from her illness for 9 years. Two kinds of ultrastructure were observed in the subcortical neurofibrillary tangles, i.e. that 150 A straight tubules and the 220 A twisted tubules. They appeared separately in each neuron and a transition between these two structures could not be remarked. Besides, a few particles with a paracrystalline hexagonal structure were observed in some subcortical neurons.", "PMID": 848281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7881", "title": "Ultrastructural and biochemical studies on ouabain-induced oedematous brain.", "content": "Ouabain, a specific inhibitor of active cation transport across cell membrane, was applied topically to brain surface of cats. The cerebral cortex to which 10(3) M ouabain was applied showed a spongy state, which was ultrastructurally revealed to be swelling of the neuronal cell processes, especially of dendrites. Astrocytes did not show swelling even in the most severely affected lesions. There was a marked increase in sodium with a slight increase of water in the cortex treated with 10(3) M ouabain. No evidence of increased vascular permeability was noted in the cortex, morphologically or biochemically. Electron microscopic cytochemistry to detect the sodium ion revealed that the increased sodium in the cortex accumulated in the swollen neuronal cell processes. It is speculated that neuronal rather than astocytic elements might be highly dependent upon active cation transport, and that intracellular oedema in the brain tissue responsible for impairment of active cation transport might be related primarily to neuronal elements.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and biochemical studies on ouabain-induced oedematous brain. Ouabain, a specific inhibitor of active cation transport across cell membrane, was applied topically to brain surface of cats. The cerebral cortex to which 10(3) M ouabain was applied showed a spongy state, which was ultrastructurally revealed to be swelling of the neuronal cell processes, especially of dendrites. Astrocytes did not show swelling even in the most severely affected lesions. There was a marked increase in sodium with a slight increase of water in the cortex treated with 10(3) M ouabain. No evidence of increased vascular permeability was noted in the cortex, morphologically or biochemically. Electron microscopic cytochemistry to detect the sodium ion revealed that the increased sodium in the cortex accumulated in the swollen neuronal cell processes. It is speculated that neuronal rather than astocytic elements might be highly dependent upon active cation transport, and that intracellular oedema in the brain tissue responsible for impairment of active cation transport might be related primarily to neuronal elements.", "PMID": 848282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7882", "title": "Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver. Possible influence of female reproductive steroids on the histological picture.", "content": "In a series of 18 patients with focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver characteristic histological changes were found in the lesion of 5 patients receiving female reproductive steroids, e.g, four women taking oral contraceptives for several years, and one man treated with synthetic estrogenic compound for carcinoma of the prostate. These lesions contained young, connective tissue septa with abundant proliferation of bile ducts, piecemeal necroses and lymphocytic infiltration. Much less or no activity, was found in the lesion of 11 women and 2 men without hormone treatment. Possible mechanisms for this activity are discussed, and it is proposed that focal nodular hyperplasia represents a congenital malformation, possibly a hamartoma, the liver cells of which may suffer from enzymatic defects, which may render them especially vulnerable to female sex hormones.", "contents": "Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver. Possible influence of female reproductive steroids on the histological picture. In a series of 18 patients with focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver characteristic histological changes were found in the lesion of 5 patients receiving female reproductive steroids, e.g, four women taking oral contraceptives for several years, and one man treated with synthetic estrogenic compound for carcinoma of the prostate. These lesions contained young, connective tissue septa with abundant proliferation of bile ducts, piecemeal necroses and lymphocytic infiltration. Much less or no activity, was found in the lesion of 11 women and 2 men without hormone treatment. Possible mechanisms for this activity are discussed, and it is proposed that focal nodular hyperplasia represents a congenital malformation, possibly a hamartoma, the liver cells of which may suffer from enzymatic defects, which may render them especially vulnerable to female sex hormones.", "PMID": 848283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7883", "title": "Morphometric and dynamic studies of bone changes in hyperthyroidism.", "content": "Bone biopsies were performed after tetracycline double-labelling by transfixing the right iliac crest in forty hyperthyroid patients. The bone changes in cortical and trabecular bone were determined by simple measurement and point counting on decalcified and undecalcified stained sections. A slight decrease in the amount of cancellous bone was found. The mean cortical width was normal. The amount of osteoid and the length of the osteoid seams were increased, whereas the mean width of osteoid seams was decreased. The cortical osteoclastic activity and porosity were markedly increased. The trabecular osteoclasic activity was moderately increased and the mean size of periosteocytic lacunae was slightly increased. The calcification rate in cancellous bone was increased as were the active calcification surfaces (tetracycline-labelled). The osteoclastic activity in cortical bone was positively correlated to the free thyroxine index and to the urinary calcium and phosphorus excretion. The findings indicate that the bone changes in hyperthyroidism are specific and that thyroid hormone(s) stimulates both bone formation and resorption followed by increased porosity in cortical bone and by mobilization of bone mineral.", "contents": "Morphometric and dynamic studies of bone changes in hyperthyroidism. Bone biopsies were performed after tetracycline double-labelling by transfixing the right iliac crest in forty hyperthyroid patients. The bone changes in cortical and trabecular bone were determined by simple measurement and point counting on decalcified and undecalcified stained sections. A slight decrease in the amount of cancellous bone was found. The mean cortical width was normal. The amount of osteoid and the length of the osteoid seams were increased, whereas the mean width of osteoid seams was decreased. The cortical osteoclastic activity and porosity were markedly increased. The trabecular osteoclasic activity was moderately increased and the mean size of periosteocytic lacunae was slightly increased. The calcification rate in cancellous bone was increased as were the active calcification surfaces (tetracycline-labelled). The osteoclastic activity in cortical bone was positively correlated to the free thyroxine index and to the urinary calcium and phosphorus excretion. The findings indicate that the bone changes in hyperthyroidism are specific and that thyroid hormone(s) stimulates both bone formation and resorption followed by increased porosity in cortical bone and by mobilization of bone mineral.", "PMID": 848285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7884", "title": "Immunohistochemical demonstration of lysozyme in the lymph nodes and Kveim reaction papules in sarcoidosis.", "content": "Lysozyme (LZM) was demonstrated by an immunoperoxidase method in some but not all epitheloid-cell granulomas, free macrophages and giant cells in the lymph nodes and Kveim reaction papules of patients with sarcoidosis. In inactive disease, LZM staining was weak or absent in fibrotic lymph nodes. The pattern of LZM staining in Kveim reaction papules was similar to that seen in the \"active\" sarcoid lymph nodes. The presence of LZM in sarcoid tissue explains the high concentration of serum LZM in patients with active sarcoidosis and the extent of LZM distribution in tissues is probably an index of disease activity.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical demonstration of lysozyme in the lymph nodes and Kveim reaction papules in sarcoidosis. Lysozyme (LZM) was demonstrated by an immunoperoxidase method in some but not all epitheloid-cell granulomas, free macrophages and giant cells in the lymph nodes and Kveim reaction papules of patients with sarcoidosis. In inactive disease, LZM staining was weak or absent in fibrotic lymph nodes. The pattern of LZM staining in Kveim reaction papules was similar to that seen in the \"active\" sarcoid lymph nodes. The presence of LZM in sarcoid tissue explains the high concentration of serum LZM in patients with active sarcoidosis and the extent of LZM distribution in tissues is probably an index of disease activity.", "PMID": 848286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7885", "title": "The fine structure of three-dimensional colonies of human glioma cells in agarose culture.", "content": "The fine structure of human glioma cells cultivated as three-dimensional colonies in agarose was investigated during exponential growth. The colonies did not show central degeneration, although they reached diameters of up to 600 mum. Large extra-cellular spaces extended throughout the colonies. The mean volumetric fraction of the spaces increased from about 20 per cent at the periphery up to nearly 40 per cent in the central regions. The quotient between nuclei and cytoplasm showed a slight decrease with depth. A proliferative gradient existed in the colonies, i.e. the mitotic index decreased almost exponentially with the distance from the surface. The distance at which the mitotic index changes by a factor of 2 was about 90 mum, corresponding to nearly five cell diameters. Cytoplasmic extensions, with a ruffling-like appearance, occurred both at the periphery and in the centre of the colonies but were larger and more frequent at the periphery. The fractions of mitochondria and vacuoles in the cytoplasm showed rather large local variations. However, the mean number of mitochondria decreased somewhat towards the centre and the number of vacuoles containing highly electron-absorbing substance increased in the most central regions.", "contents": "The fine structure of three-dimensional colonies of human glioma cells in agarose culture. The fine structure of human glioma cells cultivated as three-dimensional colonies in agarose was investigated during exponential growth. The colonies did not show central degeneration, although they reached diameters of up to 600 mum. Large extra-cellular spaces extended throughout the colonies. The mean volumetric fraction of the spaces increased from about 20 per cent at the periphery up to nearly 40 per cent in the central regions. The quotient between nuclei and cytoplasm showed a slight decrease with depth. A proliferative gradient existed in the colonies, i.e. the mitotic index decreased almost exponentially with the distance from the surface. The distance at which the mitotic index changes by a factor of 2 was about 90 mum, corresponding to nearly five cell diameters. Cytoplasmic extensions, with a ruffling-like appearance, occurred both at the periphery and in the centre of the colonies but were larger and more frequent at the periphery. The fractions of mitochondria and vacuoles in the cytoplasm showed rather large local variations. However, the mean number of mitochondria decreased somewhat towards the centre and the number of vacuoles containing highly electron-absorbing substance increased in the most central regions.", "PMID": 848287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7886", "title": "The incidence of the so-called acute selective necrosis of the granular layer of cerebellum in 1000 autopsied patients.", "content": "Acute selective necrosis of the granular layer of the cerebellum (NGL) was demonstrated in 264 patients out of a total of 1000 autopsies. The relatively high incidence of NGL was distributed evenly over the main groups of causes of death, and over all age groups, with the exception of children under the age of 10 years, in whom the incidence was lower. The lack of correlation between NGL and any particular disease makes it difficult to put forward a plausible explanation of the necrosis. In view of recent studies it is concluded that NGL develops after death.", "contents": "The incidence of the so-called acute selective necrosis of the granular layer of cerebellum in 1000 autopsied patients. Acute selective necrosis of the granular layer of the cerebellum (NGL) was demonstrated in 264 patients out of a total of 1000 autopsies. The relatively high incidence of NGL was distributed evenly over the main groups of causes of death, and over all age groups, with the exception of children under the age of 10 years, in whom the incidence was lower. The lack of correlation between NGL and any particular disease makes it difficult to put forward a plausible explanation of the necrosis. In view of recent studies it is concluded that NGL develops after death.", "PMID": 848288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7887", "title": "Transthoracic fine-needle aspiration biopsy. A histologically verified material.", "content": "A material consisting of 227 histological verified transthoracic fine-needle aspiration biopsies is presented. The result of the first biopsy attempt gave a diagnostic sensitivity with regards to malignancy of 77 per cent and a diagnostic specificity of 98 per cent. The method is recommended in cases where conventional preoperative diagnostic procedures fail to reveal the nature of the lung lesion.", "contents": "Transthoracic fine-needle aspiration biopsy. A histologically verified material. A material consisting of 227 histological verified transthoracic fine-needle aspiration biopsies is presented. The result of the first biopsy attempt gave a diagnostic sensitivity with regards to malignancy of 77 per cent and a diagnostic specificity of 98 per cent. The method is recommended in cases where conventional preoperative diagnostic procedures fail to reveal the nature of the lung lesion.", "PMID": 848289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7888", "title": "Aspiration biopsies from diagnostically difficult pulmonary lesions. A consecutive case material.", "content": "A consecutive material of 244 cases of transthoracic aspiration biopsies collected in a two year period is presented. The biopsy method concerning malignant tumour cells and suspected malignant tumour cells was 8.28 per cent, the specificity was 94.9 per cent. It is suggested that the biopsy method might be applied earlier in the sequence of preoperative diagnostic procedures.", "contents": "Aspiration biopsies from diagnostically difficult pulmonary lesions. A consecutive case material. A consecutive material of 244 cases of transthoracic aspiration biopsies collected in a two year period is presented. The biopsy method concerning malignant tumour cells and suspected malignant tumour cells was 8.28 per cent, the specificity was 94.9 per cent. It is suggested that the biopsy method might be applied earlier in the sequence of preoperative diagnostic procedures.", "PMID": 848290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7889", "title": "The diagnostic significance of intestinal metaplasia in endoscopic gastric biopsies.", "content": "The incidences of intestinal metaplasia in two groups of benign endoscopic biopsies taken from stomachs with malignant and benign lesions respectively were compared. 315 single biopsies were taken from stomachs with proven carcinoma, but outside the carcinomatous area. They were compared to 786 single biopsies taken from stomachs with proven benign lesions. Each single biopsy was placed in one of three groups: intestinal metaplasia absent, or making up less or more than 50 per cent of the epithelium in the biopsy. The results showed that single biopsies with intestinal metaplasia regardless of the extension of the metaplasia in the biopsy were found more often in stomachs with carcinoma than in stomachs with benign lesions but without any significant difference. If more than half of the benign biopsies taken during an examination demonstrated extensive grades of intestinal metaplasia a sligtly significant difference in favour of carcinomas was found.", "contents": "The diagnostic significance of intestinal metaplasia in endoscopic gastric biopsies. The incidences of intestinal metaplasia in two groups of benign endoscopic biopsies taken from stomachs with malignant and benign lesions respectively were compared. 315 single biopsies were taken from stomachs with proven carcinoma, but outside the carcinomatous area. They were compared to 786 single biopsies taken from stomachs with proven benign lesions. Each single biopsy was placed in one of three groups: intestinal metaplasia absent, or making up less or more than 50 per cent of the epithelium in the biopsy. The results showed that single biopsies with intestinal metaplasia regardless of the extension of the metaplasia in the biopsy were found more often in stomachs with carcinoma than in stomachs with benign lesions but without any significant difference. If more than half of the benign biopsies taken during an examination demonstrated extensive grades of intestinal metaplasia a sligtly significant difference in favour of carcinomas was found.", "PMID": 848291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7890", "title": "Occurrence of amyloidosis secondary to the induction of experimental hypertension in mice.", "content": "Following the induction of three different forms of experimental hypertension, deposits of amyloid were found in the spleens of 5-20 per cent of the mice late in the course of the hypertension, Amyloidosis was found in nude (with genetical aplasia of the thymus) as well as in haired (normal) mice. The highest frequency of amyloidosis was observed in mice with hypertension due to partial infarction of one kidney and contralateral nephrectomy. The hypertensive vascular disease, involving lesion of the vessels and of the organs supplied by the affected vessels, is believed, to represent a stimulus for the reticulo endothelial system (RES) with development of amyloidosis as a secondary event.", "contents": "Occurrence of amyloidosis secondary to the induction of experimental hypertension in mice. Following the induction of three different forms of experimental hypertension, deposits of amyloid were found in the spleens of 5-20 per cent of the mice late in the course of the hypertension, Amyloidosis was found in nude (with genetical aplasia of the thymus) as well as in haired (normal) mice. The highest frequency of amyloidosis was observed in mice with hypertension due to partial infarction of one kidney and contralateral nephrectomy. The hypertensive vascular disease, involving lesion of the vessels and of the organs supplied by the affected vessels, is believed, to represent a stimulus for the reticulo endothelial system (RES) with development of amyloidosis as a secondary event.", "PMID": 848292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7891", "title": "Effect of human leucocyte interferon on DNA synthesis in human psoriatic skin cultured in diffusion chambers.", "content": "Pieces of human psoriatic skin were cultured for five days in diffusion chambers implanted intraperitoneally in mice. Partially purified human leucocyte interferon was injected into the experimental animals daily during the culture period. Phosphate buffered saline and, in one experiment, also mock interferon were used as control materials. On the fifth day, incorporation of 3H-thymidine into the epidermal cells was studied autoradiographically. The results showed that human leucocyte interferon does not depress DNA synthesis in human psoriatic epidermal cells cultured by this method. In fact, DNA synthesis seemed to be stimulated in two of the three experiments but the effect was not statistically significant.", "contents": "Effect of human leucocyte interferon on DNA synthesis in human psoriatic skin cultured in diffusion chambers. Pieces of human psoriatic skin were cultured for five days in diffusion chambers implanted intraperitoneally in mice. Partially purified human leucocyte interferon was injected into the experimental animals daily during the culture period. Phosphate buffered saline and, in one experiment, also mock interferon were used as control materials. On the fifth day, incorporation of 3H-thymidine into the epidermal cells was studied autoradiographically. The results showed that human leucocyte interferon does not depress DNA synthesis in human psoriatic epidermal cells cultured by this method. In fact, DNA synthesis seemed to be stimulated in two of the three experiments but the effect was not statistically significant.", "PMID": 848293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7892", "title": "The effect of oxygen on peripheral airways.", "content": "In ten normal young subjects four alveolar O2-concentration levels ranging from about 7% to 95% were obtained by breathing different concentrations of oxygen in nitrogen at a constant alveolar CO2-concentration of about 5%. Maximum expiratory flows at 60% TLC were measured at each level and corrected for the influence of the expired gas density on flow. The corrected maximum flows were not significantly different, which is taken as evidence of no effect of oxygen on tone of peripheral bronchi.", "contents": "The effect of oxygen on peripheral airways. In ten normal young subjects four alveolar O2-concentration levels ranging from about 7% to 95% were obtained by breathing different concentrations of oxygen in nitrogen at a constant alveolar CO2-concentration of about 5%. Maximum expiratory flows at 60% TLC were measured at each level and corrected for the influence of the expired gas density on flow. The corrected maximum flows were not significantly different, which is taken as evidence of no effect of oxygen on tone of peripheral bronchi.", "PMID": 848302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7893", "title": "Renal hemodynamics in the perinatal period. A study in lambs.", "content": "The perinatal changes in renal hemodynamics have been studied in lambs. Eleven of the lambs were exteriorized, but maintained on placental circulation (fetal lambs). Eight of the lambs were delivered with cesarean section and studied immediately after clamping of the cord (newborn lambs). Nine lambs were delivered spontaneously and studied during the first 9 days of life. Renal blood flow (RBF) was determined by the microsphere method using a sample drawn from the iliac artery as the reference flow. The filtering capacity of the nephrons was evaluated after ferrocyanide injection and dissection of the nephrons. Total RBF did not seem to change much at birth but increased in relation to kidney weight during the first postnatal week. Clamping of the cord did, however, result in a change in intrarenal blood flow distribution, so that in the newborn lambs relatively more of the blood flow was perfusing the outer cortical region. During the first postnatal week there was a slight, but insignificant further relative increase in outer cortical blood flow. The relative increase in outer cortical blood flow at birth was accompanied by an increased frequency of filtering superficial nephrons from 22 to 77%. Practically all juxtamedullary nephrons were filtering before birth. Three days postnatally 98% of the superficial and 100% of the juxtamedullary nephrons were filtering.", "contents": "Renal hemodynamics in the perinatal period. A study in lambs. The perinatal changes in renal hemodynamics have been studied in lambs. Eleven of the lambs were exteriorized, but maintained on placental circulation (fetal lambs). Eight of the lambs were delivered with cesarean section and studied immediately after clamping of the cord (newborn lambs). Nine lambs were delivered spontaneously and studied during the first 9 days of life. Renal blood flow (RBF) was determined by the microsphere method using a sample drawn from the iliac artery as the reference flow. The filtering capacity of the nephrons was evaluated after ferrocyanide injection and dissection of the nephrons. Total RBF did not seem to change much at birth but increased in relation to kidney weight during the first postnatal week. Clamping of the cord did, however, result in a change in intrarenal blood flow distribution, so that in the newborn lambs relatively more of the blood flow was perfusing the outer cortical region. During the first postnatal week there was a slight, but insignificant further relative increase in outer cortical blood flow. The relative increase in outer cortical blood flow at birth was accompanied by an increased frequency of filtering superficial nephrons from 22 to 77%. Practically all juxtamedullary nephrons were filtering before birth. Three days postnatally 98% of the superficial and 100% of the juxtamedullary nephrons were filtering.", "PMID": 848303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7894", "title": "Vasodilator fibres to the tongue in the chorda tympani proper nerve.", "content": "Electrical stimulation of the chorda tympani proper nerve (CT) causes vasodilatation in the constant-flow perfused tongue. It has been suggested, as an explanation for this, that the vasodilatation is the result of antidromic impulses in sensory fibres of the CT. However, after degeneration of the efferent fibres in CT in the rat it was found that electrical stimulation of the CT caused no vasodilatation. Since, by all criteria available, the sensory fibres remained, the result indicates that antidromic impulses could not be the cause of the vasodiltation observed in tongues with intact nerve supply. Further, since there are no glands in the part of the tongue innervated by the CT and the circulation of the large salivary glands is separate from the tongue in the rat, it is concluded that the vasodilatation was not a secondary effect of glandular activity, but was caused by vasodilator fibres in the CT.", "contents": "Vasodilator fibres to the tongue in the chorda tympani proper nerve. Electrical stimulation of the chorda tympani proper nerve (CT) causes vasodilatation in the constant-flow perfused tongue. It has been suggested, as an explanation for this, that the vasodilatation is the result of antidromic impulses in sensory fibres of the CT. However, after degeneration of the efferent fibres in CT in the rat it was found that electrical stimulation of the CT caused no vasodilatation. Since, by all criteria available, the sensory fibres remained, the result indicates that antidromic impulses could not be the cause of the vasodiltation observed in tongues with intact nerve supply. Further, since there are no glands in the part of the tongue innervated by the CT and the circulation of the large salivary glands is separate from the tongue in the rat, it is concluded that the vasodilatation was not a secondary effect of glandular activity, but was caused by vasodilator fibres in the CT.", "PMID": 848304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7895", "title": "Blood pressure and heart rate regulating capacity of the carotid sinus during changes in blood volume distribution in man.", "content": "The influence of changes in blood volume distribution on the carotid baroreflex was studied in 18 subjects. Blood volume distribution was changed by varying the pressure around the lower body above and below ambient, thereby varying the amount of blood pooled in this region and exerting a secondary influence on the central blood volume. The carotid arterial stretch receptors were stimulated by varying the pressure in air-tight box enclosing the neck. To obtain a standardized carotid sinus stimulus (SCS) the pressure in the box was varied sinusoidally between - 10 and - 40 mmHg with a fixed freqency of 0.03 Hz. The effects on heart rate and blood pressure were assessed by harmonic analysis performed off-line on a digital computer. During lower body negative pressure of -40 mmHg (LBNP -40), i.e. during a procedure known to reduce the central blood volume, SCS induced an augmented effect on the blood pressure regulating capacity but not on the heart rate response. Expressing the blood pressure regulating capacity as peak-to-peak changes in systolic arterial pressure, the response during LBNP -40 mmHg was almost twice the control value. The opposite stimulus-lower body postive pressure-influenced the SCS-induced effects only slightly but on the average a minor reduction in both blood pressure and heart rate regulating capacity was found compared with the control condition, though the difference did not reach significant levels. The results support the hypothesis that changes in blood volume distribution modify the function of the carotid baroreflex, possibly via intrathoracic receptors sensitive to changes in central blood volume and/or central venous pressure.", "contents": "Blood pressure and heart rate regulating capacity of the carotid sinus during changes in blood volume distribution in man. The influence of changes in blood volume distribution on the carotid baroreflex was studied in 18 subjects. Blood volume distribution was changed by varying the pressure around the lower body above and below ambient, thereby varying the amount of blood pooled in this region and exerting a secondary influence on the central blood volume. The carotid arterial stretch receptors were stimulated by varying the pressure in air-tight box enclosing the neck. To obtain a standardized carotid sinus stimulus (SCS) the pressure in the box was varied sinusoidally between - 10 and - 40 mmHg with a fixed freqency of 0.03 Hz. The effects on heart rate and blood pressure were assessed by harmonic analysis performed off-line on a digital computer. During lower body negative pressure of -40 mmHg (LBNP -40), i.e. during a procedure known to reduce the central blood volume, SCS induced an augmented effect on the blood pressure regulating capacity but not on the heart rate response. Expressing the blood pressure regulating capacity as peak-to-peak changes in systolic arterial pressure, the response during LBNP -40 mmHg was almost twice the control value. The opposite stimulus-lower body postive pressure-influenced the SCS-induced effects only slightly but on the average a minor reduction in both blood pressure and heart rate regulating capacity was found compared with the control condition, though the difference did not reach significant levels. The results support the hypothesis that changes in blood volume distribution modify the function of the carotid baroreflex, possibly via intrathoracic receptors sensitive to changes in central blood volume and/or central venous pressure.", "PMID": 848305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7896", "title": "Effect of sodium pentobarbital on the apparent turnover of acetylcholine in different brain regions.", "content": "The turnover rate of acetylcholine(ACh)was measured in six different brain regions in the mouse following pulse injection of radioactive choline (Ch) and killing of the animals by microwave irradiation of the head (0.25 s, 5 kW). The time course of the change in 3H-ACh/3H-Ch ratio was linear 0-06 s in all brain regions after administration of 3H-Ch. Plots of the specific radioactivities (SA) of ACh and Ch versus time indicate a precursor-product relationship in all brain regions except the cerebellum both in control and sodium pentobarbital anesthesized animals. The turnover was highest in the striatum (55 nmol-g-1-min-1), while in the cortex and hippocampus this value was approximately half (27 and 21 nmol-g-1-min-1). In the midbrain and medulla oblongata the turnover rates were only 11 and 10 nmol-g-1-min-1. Sodium pentobarbital anesthesia reduced specifically the turnover in the cortex and hippocampus to about 60 to 70 percent.", "contents": "Effect of sodium pentobarbital on the apparent turnover of acetylcholine in different brain regions. The turnover rate of acetylcholine(ACh)was measured in six different brain regions in the mouse following pulse injection of radioactive choline (Ch) and killing of the animals by microwave irradiation of the head (0.25 s, 5 kW). The time course of the change in 3H-ACh/3H-Ch ratio was linear 0-06 s in all brain regions after administration of 3H-Ch. Plots of the specific radioactivities (SA) of ACh and Ch versus time indicate a precursor-product relationship in all brain regions except the cerebellum both in control and sodium pentobarbital anesthesized animals. The turnover was highest in the striatum (55 nmol-g-1-min-1), while in the cortex and hippocampus this value was approximately half (27 and 21 nmol-g-1-min-1). In the midbrain and medulla oblongata the turnover rates were only 11 and 10 nmol-g-1-min-1. Sodium pentobarbital anesthesia reduced specifically the turnover in the cortex and hippocampus to about 60 to 70 percent.", "PMID": 848306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7897", "title": "Adrenergic and Cholinergic Nerves of the Human Urethra and Urinary Bladder. A histochemical study.", "content": "The occurrence and distribution of adrenergic and acetylcholine esterase (AChE) positive nerves in the human urethra and urinary bladder were studied histochemically with the fluorescence method of Falck and Hillarp, and the copper thiocholine method of Koelle and Friedenwald. Both types of nerves were mainly confined to the layers of smooth muscle cells in the walls of the organs. In all parts of the urethra, there was a scanty supply of adrenergic nerves. Few adrenergic nerves were also found in the urinary bladder, except in the trigone area, where they were abundant. AChE-positive nerves were uniformly and richly distributed in the urinary bladder. Throughout the urethra the distribution of AChE-positive nerve fibres was uniform, but the number was clearly less than in the urinary bladder. No intrmurally located adrenergic or AChE-Positive ganglion cells could be demonstrated.", "contents": "Adrenergic and Cholinergic Nerves of the Human Urethra and Urinary Bladder. A histochemical study. The occurrence and distribution of adrenergic and acetylcholine esterase (AChE) positive nerves in the human urethra and urinary bladder were studied histochemically with the fluorescence method of Falck and Hillarp, and the copper thiocholine method of Koelle and Friedenwald. Both types of nerves were mainly confined to the layers of smooth muscle cells in the walls of the organs. In all parts of the urethra, there was a scanty supply of adrenergic nerves. Few adrenergic nerves were also found in the urinary bladder, except in the trigone area, where they were abundant. AChE-positive nerves were uniformly and richly distributed in the urinary bladder. Throughout the urethra the distribution of AChE-positive nerve fibres was uniform, but the number was clearly less than in the urinary bladder. No intrmurally located adrenergic or AChE-Positive ganglion cells could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 848307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7898", "title": "Slow action of Ca on myelinated nerve fibres of Xenopus laevis.", "content": "Single myelinated nerve fibres were isolated and the nodal currents were recorded with potential clamp technique. Rapid solution changes were performed by use of a recording chamber so shaped that it had a minimal dead space. A volume ten times larger than the dead space flowed past the node within about 20 ms. The half-time of the change in Na current (INa)amplitude associated with changes between solutions of different [Na]:s was 100-150 ms, whereas the half-time of the change in INa associated with changes between solutions of different [Ca]:s was 200-300 ms. The external [Ca] affects INa through its action on the Na permeability properties of the nodal membrane. The difference in rate of effect between changes in [Na] and [Ca] was also noticeable when simultaneous changes were performed. These findings are discussed with regard to the properties of the nodal gap.", "contents": "Slow action of Ca on myelinated nerve fibres of Xenopus laevis. Single myelinated nerve fibres were isolated and the nodal currents were recorded with potential clamp technique. Rapid solution changes were performed by use of a recording chamber so shaped that it had a minimal dead space. A volume ten times larger than the dead space flowed past the node within about 20 ms. The half-time of the change in Na current (INa)amplitude associated with changes between solutions of different [Na]:s was 100-150 ms, whereas the half-time of the change in INa associated with changes between solutions of different [Ca]:s was 200-300 ms. The external [Ca] affects INa through its action on the Na permeability properties of the nodal membrane. The difference in rate of effect between changes in [Na] and [Ca] was also noticeable when simultaneous changes were performed. These findings are discussed with regard to the properties of the nodal gap.", "PMID": 848308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7899", "title": "Quantitative evaluation of the blood-brain barrier capacity to form dopamine from circulating L-DOPA.", "content": "The ability of the blood-brain barrier to form dopamine from increasing doses of systemically administered L-DOPA has been studied in rats by a combination of chemical determination of dopamine, and histochemical and cytofluorometric measurements of L-DOPA and dopamine. The break-through of L-DOPA from the circulation into the brain parenchyma via the enzymatic blood-brain barrier was estimated by comparing the amount of newly formed dopamine in the caudate nucleus-putamen and in the cerebellum. The capillaries were found to efficiently trap L-DOPA in their walls, and an upper limit was reached (at an administered i.p. dose of 100 mg/kg of L-DOPA). It could be estimated that approximately 3% of the total dose of L-DOPA given was decarboxylated by the blood-brain barrier. The possible influence by the regional differences in perfusion of the two regions seen after administration of L-DOPA was ruled out in measurements of local cerebral blood flow using the 14C-ethanol technique.", "contents": "Quantitative evaluation of the blood-brain barrier capacity to form dopamine from circulating L-DOPA. The ability of the blood-brain barrier to form dopamine from increasing doses of systemically administered L-DOPA has been studied in rats by a combination of chemical determination of dopamine, and histochemical and cytofluorometric measurements of L-DOPA and dopamine. The break-through of L-DOPA from the circulation into the brain parenchyma via the enzymatic blood-brain barrier was estimated by comparing the amount of newly formed dopamine in the caudate nucleus-putamen and in the cerebellum. The capillaries were found to efficiently trap L-DOPA in their walls, and an upper limit was reached (at an administered i.p. dose of 100 mg/kg of L-DOPA). It could be estimated that approximately 3% of the total dose of L-DOPA given was decarboxylated by the blood-brain barrier. The possible influence by the regional differences in perfusion of the two regions seen after administration of L-DOPA was ruled out in measurements of local cerebral blood flow using the 14C-ethanol technique.", "PMID": 848309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7900", "title": "Is the existence of a forensic psychiatry justified? On forensic psychiatry in the Scandinavian countries.", "content": "In Scandinavia during the past decade forensic psychiatry has been the subject of discussions, which have occasionally reached the height of vehement attacks. Changes in penal laws have expressed a declining interest in the cooperation of psychiatrists in the evaluation and treatment of offenders. Scandinavian forensic psychiatrists, lawyers and criminologists have analyzed and discussed the present situation and have found that there is still a need and justification for forensic psychiatry. Higher priority, however, should be given to psychiatric contributions at the stage after disposition, at the post-trial level. The diagnostic activities at the pre-trial level should be limited to what is necessary for further dispositions. The development of forensic (penal) psychiatry and the trends with the individual Scandinavian countries differ considerably.", "contents": "Is the existence of a forensic psychiatry justified? On forensic psychiatry in the Scandinavian countries. In Scandinavia during the past decade forensic psychiatry has been the subject of discussions, which have occasionally reached the height of vehement attacks. Changes in penal laws have expressed a declining interest in the cooperation of psychiatrists in the evaluation and treatment of offenders. Scandinavian forensic psychiatrists, lawyers and criminologists have analyzed and discussed the present situation and have found that there is still a need and justification for forensic psychiatry. Higher priority, however, should be given to psychiatric contributions at the stage after disposition, at the post-trial level. The diagnostic activities at the pre-trial level should be limited to what is necessary for further dispositions. The development of forensic (penal) psychiatry and the trends with the individual Scandinavian countries differ considerably.", "PMID": 848330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7901", "title": "Present functions of forensic psychiatry in Scandinavia.", "content": "An attempt is made to give a description of the functions of forensic psychiatry in the Scandinavian countries, including some statistical information on activities and persons involved. Definitions are given. Organizational differences in preparing psychiatric reports to the court in the five countries are outlined, as are the ways in which psychiatrists participate at the post-trial level. Some problems and divergent trends are mentioned. It is concluded that a demand for psychiatric evaluation and treatment of offenders who are psychotic or moderately and more severely mentally retarded will continue to exist, whereas it seems unclear how psychiatrists should deal with the psychiatric problems of offenders with other mental abnormalities. Forensic psychiatric research should include analysis of the functions of this discipline (frequency studies, studies of content, organization and effect).", "contents": "Present functions of forensic psychiatry in Scandinavia. An attempt is made to give a description of the functions of forensic psychiatry in the Scandinavian countries, including some statistical information on activities and persons involved. Definitions are given. Organizational differences in preparing psychiatric reports to the court in the five countries are outlined, as are the ways in which psychiatrists participate at the post-trial level. Some problems and divergent trends are mentioned. It is concluded that a demand for psychiatric evaluation and treatment of offenders who are psychotic or moderately and more severely mentally retarded will continue to exist, whereas it seems unclear how psychiatrists should deal with the psychiatric problems of offenders with other mental abnormalities. Forensic psychiatric research should include analysis of the functions of this discipline (frequency studies, studies of content, organization and effect).", "PMID": 848331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7902", "title": "Present status of forensic psychiatry in Denmark.", "content": "In Denmark the desire for psychiatric cooperation within the juridical system has on the whole been on the decline during the past decades. This applies both to the writing of psychiatric reports to the court, and to the sanction system. Within civil forensic psychiatry, practice is almost unchanged and unchallenged, while the demand for one form of social forensic psychiatry has been drastically reduced with the literalization of abortion and sterilization laws. The present practice of penal forensic psychiatry is described. Remarks on the future organization and research are made.", "contents": "Present status of forensic psychiatry in Denmark. In Denmark the desire for psychiatric cooperation within the juridical system has on the whole been on the decline during the past decades. This applies both to the writing of psychiatric reports to the court, and to the sanction system. Within civil forensic psychiatry, practice is almost unchanged and unchallenged, while the demand for one form of social forensic psychiatry has been drastically reduced with the literalization of abortion and sterilization laws. The present practice of penal forensic psychiatry is described. Remarks on the future organization and research are made.", "PMID": 848332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7903", "title": "Present status of forensic psychiatry in Finland.", "content": "During the last 3 years the number of prisoners in Finland, has risen, being for the moment 105 per 100,000 inhabitants, one of the highest rates in Europe. This is dependent not only on the increase in criminality, but on the traditionally very severe scale of punishments applied. The penal institutions now have a 50% overloading. The actual situation of forensic and penal psychiatric work is characterized by overloaded services, long waiting lists and a generally irritated atmosphere.", "contents": "Present status of forensic psychiatry in Finland. During the last 3 years the number of prisoners in Finland, has risen, being for the moment 105 per 100,000 inhabitants, one of the highest rates in Europe. This is dependent not only on the increase in criminality, but on the traditionally very severe scale of punishments applied. The penal institutions now have a 50% overloading. The actual situation of forensic and penal psychiatric work is characterized by overloaded services, long waiting lists and a generally irritated atmosphere.", "PMID": 848333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7904", "title": "Present status of forensic psychiatry in Iceland.", "content": "This paper gives a brief survey of forensic psychiatry in Iceland at the present time. Because of few inhabitants and limited financial resources there are no special forensic psychiatric institutions in the country, nor any forensic psychiatrists; this kind of work is mainly carried our by general psychiatrists, but also to a certain extent by general practitioners, Formalities around compulsory admission and detention of mental patients, uncooperative and lacking insight, are briefly described. The psychiatric examination of probably mentally ill offenders is also accounted for. Such investigations are without doubt the main task of forensic psychiatry in Iceland to-day. Finally the main faults of forensic psychiatric services in Iceland and very limited educational facilities in this domain are referred to. Some future plans are also mentioned.", "contents": "Present status of forensic psychiatry in Iceland. This paper gives a brief survey of forensic psychiatry in Iceland at the present time. Because of few inhabitants and limited financial resources there are no special forensic psychiatric institutions in the country, nor any forensic psychiatrists; this kind of work is mainly carried our by general psychiatrists, but also to a certain extent by general practitioners, Formalities around compulsory admission and detention of mental patients, uncooperative and lacking insight, are briefly described. The psychiatric examination of probably mentally ill offenders is also accounted for. Such investigations are without doubt the main task of forensic psychiatry in Iceland to-day. Finally the main faults of forensic psychiatric services in Iceland and very limited educational facilities in this domain are referred to. Some future plans are also mentioned.", "PMID": 848334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7905", "title": "Present status of forensic psychiatry in Sweden.", "content": "A description is given of the use and functions of mental reports preceding the sentence. The problems-- mainly the long waiting times for observations, the concentration on diagnosis, and the forensic psychiatrist's isolation from treatment work - associated with the present system are pointed out. The article also contains a brief account of psychiatric treatment within the penal system, inside and outside prisons, and a description of the Uppsala Clinic for Forensic Psychiatry, where the patients during observation for mental reports are treated in accordance with the ideas of \"therapeutic community\". A report, with recommendations for reforms, can be expected at the beginning of 1977.", "contents": "Present status of forensic psychiatry in Sweden. A description is given of the use and functions of mental reports preceding the sentence. The problems-- mainly the long waiting times for observations, the concentration on diagnosis, and the forensic psychiatrist's isolation from treatment work - associated with the present system are pointed out. The article also contains a brief account of psychiatric treatment within the penal system, inside and outside prisons, and a description of the Uppsala Clinic for Forensic Psychiatry, where the patients during observation for mental reports are treated in accordance with the ideas of \"therapeutic community\". A report, with recommendations for reforms, can be expected at the beginning of 1977.", "PMID": 848336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7906", "title": "A case of familial heterosexual transvestism.", "content": "A brief review of the literature concerning familial transvestism is given. The case history of father-son heterosexual transvestism is presented. The son appears to have been ignorant of his father's transvestism. Early childhood experiences as an aetiological factor seem inadequate to explain the similarities of the two subjects' transvestite behaviour. It is suggested that constitutional factors play a part in the aetiology of heterosexual transvestism.", "contents": "A case of familial heterosexual transvestism. A brief review of the literature concerning familial transvestism is given. The case history of father-son heterosexual transvestism is presented. The son appears to have been ignorant of his father's transvestism. Early childhood experiences as an aetiological factor seem inadequate to explain the similarities of the two subjects' transvestite behaviour. It is suggested that constitutional factors play a part in the aetiology of heterosexual transvestism.", "PMID": 848337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7907", "title": "Evidence for polygenic inheritance in schizophrenia?", "content": "The frequency of psychotics among sibs of index cases with a functional psychosis was found by Odegaard (1972) to be positively associated with the number of psychotics in the parents' generation. Odegaard considered this correlation to be indicative of polygenic inheritance. However, an attempt at replicating this fascinating finding in a sample of schizophrenic families was not successful. Although this discrepancy in results might have been due to chance, the importance of the problem of the mode of inheritance induced a search for biases that might have obscured the comparison of the two samples. Unfortunately, the discrepancy remained unexplained, but certain structural and diagnostic differences were brought up and discussed. The very existence of such incongruities, together with the contrasting main results, seems to caution against definite genetic conclusions until further evidence is available.", "contents": "Evidence for polygenic inheritance in schizophrenia? The frequency of psychotics among sibs of index cases with a functional psychosis was found by Odegaard (1972) to be positively associated with the number of psychotics in the parents' generation. Odegaard considered this correlation to be indicative of polygenic inheritance. However, an attempt at replicating this fascinating finding in a sample of schizophrenic families was not successful. Although this discrepancy in results might have been due to chance, the importance of the problem of the mode of inheritance induced a search for biases that might have obscured the comparison of the two samples. Unfortunately, the discrepancy remained unexplained, but certain structural and diagnostic differences were brought up and discussed. The very existence of such incongruities, together with the contrasting main results, seems to caution against definite genetic conclusions until further evidence is available.", "PMID": 848338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7908", "title": "Lithium side effects in relation to dose and to levels and gradients of lithium in plasma.", "content": "The relation between lithium dose, lithium concentrations, and lithium gradients in plasma and the side effects tremor, nausea, abdominal pains, and loose bowels was studied in 19 subjects. Rapidly dissolving lithium carbonate tablets were used. Tremor was related to higher doses, to higher concentrations, and to higher gradients of lithium in plasma. Nausea was related to higher gradients. Abdominal pain and loose bowels showed no relation to doses, levels or gradients. Concentrations of lithium were dose-dependent, while gradients were relatively independent of dose.", "contents": "Lithium side effects in relation to dose and to levels and gradients of lithium in plasma. The relation between lithium dose, lithium concentrations, and lithium gradients in plasma and the side effects tremor, nausea, abdominal pains, and loose bowels was studied in 19 subjects. Rapidly dissolving lithium carbonate tablets were used. Tremor was related to higher doses, to higher concentrations, and to higher gradients of lithium in plasma. Nausea was related to higher gradients. Abdominal pain and loose bowels showed no relation to doses, levels or gradients. Concentrations of lithium were dose-dependent, while gradients were relatively independent of dose.", "PMID": 848339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7909", "title": "Dopaminergic function in two patients with catalepsy.", "content": "Apomorphine HC1 (2 mg subcutaneously), a dopamine receptor agonist, was administered to two schizophrenic patients with catalepsy. In one of these patients the clinical response to apomorphine was compared with that of sodium amytal and the growth hormone response apomorphine (0.75 mg subcutaneously) was compared with that of 25 control subjects. Apomorphine had no effect whereas sodium amytal caused rapid disappearance of catatonic symptoms including catalepsy. The peak growth hormone response to apomorphine was similar to that of controls. These data suggest that unlike experimental catalepsy in animals, catalepsy associated with schizophrenia may not be dependent on impaired dopaminergic function. Further case studies as well as the use of other dopamine receptor agonists are required before definite conclusions can be drawn.", "contents": "Dopaminergic function in two patients with catalepsy. Apomorphine HC1 (2 mg subcutaneously), a dopamine receptor agonist, was administered to two schizophrenic patients with catalepsy. In one of these patients the clinical response to apomorphine was compared with that of sodium amytal and the growth hormone response apomorphine (0.75 mg subcutaneously) was compared with that of 25 control subjects. Apomorphine had no effect whereas sodium amytal caused rapid disappearance of catatonic symptoms including catalepsy. The peak growth hormone response to apomorphine was similar to that of controls. These data suggest that unlike experimental catalepsy in animals, catalepsy associated with schizophrenia may not be dependent on impaired dopaminergic function. Further case studies as well as the use of other dopamine receptor agonists are required before definite conclusions can be drawn.", "PMID": 848340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7910", "title": "WAIS performances in antisocial personality (disorder).", "content": "In the present study, the WAIS performances of subjects with antisocial personality disorder were compared with the performances of controls, who had other personality disorders and had usually only occasional criminality. It appeared that in all subtests the age-scaled scores of the controls were higher than those of the subjects. Statistically significant differences emerged in subtests Information, Comprehension and Arithmetic of the Verbal Scale, and in the picture Completion subtest of the Performance Scale, as well as in the Verbal, Performance and Total IQ. In the light of these results, one fundamental feature in antisocial personality could be the lack of general interest and intellectual curiosity, which is probably associated with a poor ability to \"feel\" (inadequacy of feelings of pleasure) in those predisposed to antisocial personality.", "contents": "WAIS performances in antisocial personality (disorder). In the present study, the WAIS performances of subjects with antisocial personality disorder were compared with the performances of controls, who had other personality disorders and had usually only occasional criminality. It appeared that in all subtests the age-scaled scores of the controls were higher than those of the subjects. Statistically significant differences emerged in subtests Information, Comprehension and Arithmetic of the Verbal Scale, and in the picture Completion subtest of the Performance Scale, as well as in the Verbal, Performance and Total IQ. In the light of these results, one fundamental feature in antisocial personality could be the lack of general interest and intellectual curiosity, which is probably associated with a poor ability to \"feel\" (inadequacy of feelings of pleasure) in those predisposed to antisocial personality.", "PMID": 848341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7911", "title": "Season of birth of schizophrenics in Tokyo, Japan.", "content": "The monthly distribution of births of 7,960 schizophrenic patients in Tokyo born during the period of 1841-1950 was studied in comparison with that of a control population in Tokyo. A spring excess of schizophrenic births were found after 1901 as in previous studies in Western countries. Before 1900, however, there was no significant spring excess. The maximum excess of schizophrenic births occurred in May before 1900 and in April after 1901. The possibility of a shift in the seasonality of schizophrenic births was discussed.", "contents": "Season of birth of schizophrenics in Tokyo, Japan. The monthly distribution of births of 7,960 schizophrenic patients in Tokyo born during the period of 1841-1950 was studied in comparison with that of a control population in Tokyo. A spring excess of schizophrenic births were found after 1901 as in previous studies in Western countries. Before 1900, however, there was no significant spring excess. The maximum excess of schizophrenic births occurred in May before 1900 and in April after 1901. The possibility of a shift in the seasonality of schizophrenic births was discussed.", "PMID": 848342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7912", "title": "Reactive paranoid psychosis in a 47, XYY male.", "content": "A case of a reactive paranoid psychosis in a 47, XYY male is presented. It is suggested that reactive psychoses in double Y males would tend to be of paranoid type. Detailed case reports in future studies are desirable in order to evaluate the type of reactive psychosis in 47, XYY males.", "contents": "Reactive paranoid psychosis in a 47, XYY male. A case of a reactive paranoid psychosis in a 47, XYY male is presented. It is suggested that reactive psychoses in double Y males would tend to be of paranoid type. Detailed case reports in future studies are desirable in order to evaluate the type of reactive psychosis in 47, XYY males.", "PMID": 848343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7913", "title": "Prolonged induction of germfree bile acid pattern in conventional rats by antibiotics.", "content": "Male conventional rats have been treated for five days with benzylpenicillin, neomycin, kanamycin, erythromycin, bacitracintneomycin, succihylsulfathiazole or metronidazole. Total fecal bile acids were analyzed in samples collected during periods of three days during the pretreatment period and during the eight weeks following drug treatment. Metronidazole or succinylsulfathiazole had no or minor effects on the conventional bile acid pattern and the  \"bile acid index\" (ratio beta-muricholic acid/deoxycholic acid) remained low. Benzylpenicillin, neomycin or kanamycin induced a germfree bile acid pattern, i.e. increased the relative amounts of alpha-and beta-muricholic acid in feces and eliminated deoxycholic acid and hyodeoxycholic acid from feces. The high bile acid index was normalized within three weeks after termination of drug treatment but the excretion of alpha- and beta-muricholic acid was not normalized until a normal flora had been established by giving an enema with intestinal contents from intact, oncentional rats. Treatment with eythromycin or bacitracintineomycin also produced a germfree bile acid pattern. In these cases, the bile acid index was not back to normal until after five to eight weeks and the excretion of the muricholic acids was not normalized until an enema with intestinal bacteria had been given. It is suggested that these long-lasting effects of antibiotics on the metabolism of bile acids in the intestinal tract should be considered after short-term antibiotic therapy in humans.", "contents": "Prolonged induction of germfree bile acid pattern in conventional rats by antibiotics. Male conventional rats have been treated for five days with benzylpenicillin, neomycin, kanamycin, erythromycin, bacitracintneomycin, succihylsulfathiazole or metronidazole. Total fecal bile acids were analyzed in samples collected during periods of three days during the pretreatment period and during the eight weeks following drug treatment. Metronidazole or succinylsulfathiazole had no or minor effects on the conventional bile acid pattern and the  \"bile acid index\" (ratio beta-muricholic acid/deoxycholic acid) remained low. Benzylpenicillin, neomycin or kanamycin induced a germfree bile acid pattern, i.e. increased the relative amounts of alpha-and beta-muricholic acid in feces and eliminated deoxycholic acid and hyodeoxycholic acid from feces. The high bile acid index was normalized within three weeks after termination of drug treatment but the excretion of alpha- and beta-muricholic acid was not normalized until a normal flora had been established by giving an enema with intestinal contents from intact, oncentional rats. Treatment with eythromycin or bacitracintineomycin also produced a germfree bile acid pattern. In these cases, the bile acid index was not back to normal until after five to eight weeks and the excretion of the muricholic acids was not normalized until an enema with intestinal bacteria had been given. It is suggested that these long-lasting effects of antibiotics on the metabolism of bile acids in the intestinal tract should be considered after short-term antibiotic therapy in humans.", "PMID": 848350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7914", "title": "Studies on plasma lipid and phospholipid composition in pernicious anemia before and after specific treatment.", "content": "Patients with pernicious anemia (PA) have been compared with a reference group concerning the concentration of lipids in plasma before (34 cases) and after (15 cases) treatment with vitamin B12. The lipid parameters in plasma and in postheparin plasma have been measured before and after 6 hours' incubation at 37degree C before and after specific treatment. In a limited number of cases the lecithin: cholesterol acyl transfer (LCAT) rate has been determined. In relapse, the PA cases showed increased free fatty acid (FFA) and triglyceride (TG) concentrations but decreased concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), unesterified cholesterol (UC) and all examined phospholipid fractions. After treatment, FFA remained unchanged and TG decreased, while TC and possibly also UC and the phospholipid frations were in line with reference levels. After incubations, UC and phosphatidylcholine (PC) decreased and lysolecithin (LL) increased. FFA increased and TG  decreased. Incubation of postheparin plasma resulted in an augmented decrease in TG and PC and increase in FFA and LL, In relapse, the changes on incubation were less pronounced than after treatment. The LCAT was low but within the normal range before treatment in the six cases examined. After treatment, LCAT rates increased but were still normal in relation to the plasma lipid concentrations. The study showed a decreased net esterification of cholesterol and LL formation on incubation of plasma in PA cases in relapse. This finding might be explained by the low concentration of plasma substrates for the LCAT reaction and phospholipases. After treatment the concentration of lipid substrates was restored to normal, with subsequent normal LL formation and cholesterol esterification. The observations could also explain the frequent lack of stabilization of erythrocytes suspended in plasma of PA after incubation, resulting in virtually the same ESR after as before this procedure. Due to low LL formation following the insufficient substrate availability for LCAT and phospholipase, the previously reported critical level of the LL concentration is not reached and cannot achieve its normal reduction of the ESR.", "contents": "Studies on plasma lipid and phospholipid composition in pernicious anemia before and after specific treatment. Patients with pernicious anemia (PA) have been compared with a reference group concerning the concentration of lipids in plasma before (34 cases) and after (15 cases) treatment with vitamin B12. The lipid parameters in plasma and in postheparin plasma have been measured before and after 6 hours' incubation at 37degree C before and after specific treatment. In a limited number of cases the lecithin: cholesterol acyl transfer (LCAT) rate has been determined. In relapse, the PA cases showed increased free fatty acid (FFA) and triglyceride (TG) concentrations but decreased concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), unesterified cholesterol (UC) and all examined phospholipid fractions. After treatment, FFA remained unchanged and TG decreased, while TC and possibly also UC and the phospholipid frations were in line with reference levels. After incubations, UC and phosphatidylcholine (PC) decreased and lysolecithin (LL) increased. FFA increased and TG  decreased. Incubation of postheparin plasma resulted in an augmented decrease in TG and PC and increase in FFA and LL, In relapse, the changes on incubation were less pronounced than after treatment. The LCAT was low but within the normal range before treatment in the six cases examined. After treatment, LCAT rates increased but were still normal in relation to the plasma lipid concentrations. The study showed a decreased net esterification of cholesterol and LL formation on incubation of plasma in PA cases in relapse. This finding might be explained by the low concentration of plasma substrates for the LCAT reaction and phospholipases. After treatment the concentration of lipid substrates was restored to normal, with subsequent normal LL formation and cholesterol esterification. The observations could also explain the frequent lack of stabilization of erythrocytes suspended in plasma of PA after incubation, resulting in virtually the same ESR after as before this procedure. Due to low LL formation following the insufficient substrate availability for LCAT and phospholipase, the previously reported critical level of the LL concentration is not reached and cannot achieve its normal reduction of the ESR.", "PMID": 848351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7915", "title": "An eleven-year follow-up on 64 subjects with M-components.", "content": "In a medical health survey in 1964 of 6995 subjects, 64 persons with M-components were detected by serum electrophoresis. One had clearcut signs of myelomatosis and one had lymphatic leukemia. Eleven years later 27 persons had died. In the case with lymphatic leukemia the disease had changed after 6 years into a myelomatosis. One person died after 9 years from a malignant lymphoma. Among the 37 persons still alive there seemed to be no clustering of diseases. The whole series represents an observation time of 487 years. No more myelomas or lymphomas were detected. One M-component had disappeared.", "contents": "An eleven-year follow-up on 64 subjects with M-components. In a medical health survey in 1964 of 6995 subjects, 64 persons with M-components were detected by serum electrophoresis. One had clearcut signs of myelomatosis and one had lymphatic leukemia. Eleven years later 27 persons had died. In the case with lymphatic leukemia the disease had changed after 6 years into a myelomatosis. One person died after 9 years from a malignant lymphoma. Among the 37 persons still alive there seemed to be no clustering of diseases. The whole series represents an observation time of 487 years. No more myelomas or lymphomas were detected. One M-component had disappeared.", "PMID": 848352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7916", "title": "Different composition of the eosinophilic bone marrow pool in reactive eosinophilia and eosinophilic leukaemia.", "content": "The composition of the eosinophilic cell series in the bone marrow has been analysed in 10 patients with a pronounced reactive eosinophilia (RE) and in 2 with eosinophilic leukaemia (EL). An imparied differentiation of the eosinophils was found in the EL patients compared with the RE group. Thus the ratio of eosinophilic promyelocytestmyelocytes: segmented eosinophils was 9.2 and 9.1, respectively, in the patients with EL and 0.1--3.1 (average 1.3) in the RE patients. It is suggested that EL is characterized by an impaired differentiation of the eosinophilic bone marrow cells and that the recognition of this abnormality is of value in the diffential diagnosis between EL and RE.", "contents": "Different composition of the eosinophilic bone marrow pool in reactive eosinophilia and eosinophilic leukaemia. The composition of the eosinophilic cell series in the bone marrow has been analysed in 10 patients with a pronounced reactive eosinophilia (RE) and in 2 with eosinophilic leukaemia (EL). An imparied differentiation of the eosinophils was found in the EL patients compared with the RE group. Thus the ratio of eosinophilic promyelocytestmyelocytes: segmented eosinophils was 9.2 and 9.1, respectively, in the patients with EL and 0.1--3.1 (average 1.3) in the RE patients. It is suggested that EL is characterized by an impaired differentiation of the eosinophilic bone marrow cells and that the recognition of this abnormality is of value in the diffential diagnosis between EL and RE.", "PMID": 848353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7917", "title": "Studies on the Pelger anomaly in Iceland.", "content": "An Icelandic family, containing 15 members with Pelger anomally, is reported. Affected individuals in two branches of the family, living in the south-east and east of Iceland, have been traced to common ancestors born 200 years age. The results of scanning of blood films from approximately 20% of the population of Iceland suggest that the Pelger family described contains the only mutation of this kind in Icelanders.", "contents": "Studies on the Pelger anomaly in Iceland. An Icelandic family, containing 15 members with Pelger anomally, is reported. Affected individuals in two branches of the family, living in the south-east and east of Iceland, have been traced to common ancestors born 200 years age. The results of scanning of blood films from approximately 20% of the population of Iceland suggest that the Pelger family described contains the only mutation of this kind in Icelanders.", "PMID": 848354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7918", "title": "Studies on herediatary spherocytosis in Iceland.", "content": "Thirty members with typical hereditary spherocytosis (HS) and over 90 apparently unaffected members belonging to 12 families have been studied. Splenectomy has been performed on 22 HS patients. Of nine HS individuals, who had not undergone surgical treatment in 1957, four suffered from temporary severe anaemia, presumably due to aplastic crisis associated with influenza. One of them died, a male 18 years of age. Pedigree studies on one of the families indicate that the HS gene or genes have been transmitted through six generations over the past 200 years. Marked deficiency in the number of affected compared with the apparently unaffected members in the HS families is present. The most striking example of uneven genetic ratio is a sibship of 15 members investigated haematologically, with one suffering from typical HS. Much reduced penetration of the HS gene or the presence of the socalled \"mild form\" is upheld as the main explanation for the unevenness in the genetic ratio. However, families are also present in which abortions and death at an early age indicated that selection against the affected could also disturb the genetic ratio in HS families.", "contents": "Studies on herediatary spherocytosis in Iceland. Thirty members with typical hereditary spherocytosis (HS) and over 90 apparently unaffected members belonging to 12 families have been studied. Splenectomy has been performed on 22 HS patients. Of nine HS individuals, who had not undergone surgical treatment in 1957, four suffered from temporary severe anaemia, presumably due to aplastic crisis associated with influenza. One of them died, a male 18 years of age. Pedigree studies on one of the families indicate that the HS gene or genes have been transmitted through six generations over the past 200 years. Marked deficiency in the number of affected compared with the apparently unaffected members in the HS families is present. The most striking example of uneven genetic ratio is a sibship of 15 members investigated haematologically, with one suffering from typical HS. Much reduced penetration of the HS gene or the presence of the socalled \"mild form\" is upheld as the main explanation for the unevenness in the genetic ratio. However, families are also present in which abortions and death at an early age indicated that selection against the affected could also disturb the genetic ratio in HS families.", "PMID": 848355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7919", "title": "Leucocyte migration inhibitory activity of concanavalin-A-stimulated lymphocytes. In vivo and in vitro modifications with dipyridamole and acetylsalicylic acid.", "content": "Lymphocytes from 14 patients treated with a combination of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and dipyridamole (DIPY) showed a decreased ability to produce leucocyte migration inhibitory activity (LMIA) when stimulated with concanavalin-A (ConA). The combined treatment also produced a decrease of leucocyte response to a standard LMIA-containing culture supernatant. Treatment with only one of the two drugs did not cause detectable alteration of the lymphocyte response to Con-A or the leucocyte response to LMIA. In vitro, both DIPY and ASA were independently effective in decreasing the LMIA production of Con-A-stimulated lymphocytes and the leucocyte response to a standard LMIA-containing culture supernatant.", "contents": "Leucocyte migration inhibitory activity of concanavalin-A-stimulated lymphocytes. In vivo and in vitro modifications with dipyridamole and acetylsalicylic acid. Lymphocytes from 14 patients treated with a combination of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and dipyridamole (DIPY) showed a decreased ability to produce leucocyte migration inhibitory activity (LMIA) when stimulated with concanavalin-A (ConA). The combined treatment also produced a decrease of leucocyte response to a standard LMIA-containing culture supernatant. Treatment with only one of the two drugs did not cause detectable alteration of the lymphocyte response to Con-A or the leucocyte response to LMIA. In vitro, both DIPY and ASA were independently effective in decreasing the LMIA production of Con-A-stimulated lymphocytes and the leucocyte response to a standard LMIA-containing culture supernatant.", "PMID": 848356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7920", "title": "Treatment of progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma, PSS) with a new drug influencing connective tissue.", "content": "Cyclofenil is a new diphenyl ethylene derivative related to stilboestrol without oestrogenicity but with marked effects on connective tissue metabolism. The drug has been tested, in a daily dose of 200mg X3, in six patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) to analyze the expected beneficial effects on the PSS symptoms. The typical skin hardness, joint and muscle rigidity, and reduced breathing capacity were improved to varying dgrees. The only side-effect was a slight transient liver enzyme elevation in 1 out of 6 patients. A slight increase was found in urinary calcium and hydroxyproline excretion. In several cases serum calcium, cholesterol, triglyceride and in some cases the serum uric acid levels were decreased. The ANF titres diminished to varying degrees in 4 out of 6 patients. These results indicate that further detailed clinical and laboratory studies on the therapeutic potential of cyclofenil in PSS and other diseases affecting connective tissue seen to be justified.", "contents": "Treatment of progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma, PSS) with a new drug influencing connective tissue. Cyclofenil is a new diphenyl ethylene derivative related to stilboestrol without oestrogenicity but with marked effects on connective tissue metabolism. The drug has been tested, in a daily dose of 200mg X3, in six patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) to analyze the expected beneficial effects on the PSS symptoms. The typical skin hardness, joint and muscle rigidity, and reduced breathing capacity were improved to varying dgrees. The only side-effect was a slight transient liver enzyme elevation in 1 out of 6 patients. A slight increase was found in urinary calcium and hydroxyproline excretion. In several cases serum calcium, cholesterol, triglyceride and in some cases the serum uric acid levels were decreased. The ANF titres diminished to varying degrees in 4 out of 6 patients. These results indicate that further detailed clinical and laboratory studies on the therapeutic potential of cyclofenil in PSS and other diseases affecting connective tissue seen to be justified.", "PMID": 848357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7921", "title": "Giant-cell arteritis, temporal arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. A retrospective study of 63 patients.", "content": "The initial clinical symptoms, the course of the disease, and the effect of corticosteroid treatment have been analyzed in a retrospective study of 63 patients with temporal arteritis or polymyalgia rheumatica. The relationship between the physical examination of the temporal regions, the ophthalmological examination, and biopsy from the temporal artery with respect to the diagnostic value were examined. Histological examination of biopsy specimens from the temporal artery in 58 patients revealed arteritis in 46. Half of the patients had only local symptoms from the temporal regions; one fourth presented such symptoms as well as myalgias, and one fourth had myalgias only. Patients presenting local symptoms of temporal arteritis as well as of myalgias had always had myalgias as the initial symptom and developed local symptoms of temporal arteritis 1-24 months later. Permanent reduction of vision occurred in 20% of the patients. Symptoms of generalized arteritis were observed in several patients. The overlapping of the clinical symptoms, the positive biopsy findings in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica as the only local symptom and the identical reaction to corticosteroid treatment support the conception of temporal arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica as two manifestations of the same disease. The physical and the ophthalmological examinations were of limited diagnostic value. Positive biopsy findings were seen in 25 patients with noraml palpatory findings, and in 46 patients without eye symptoms the ophthalmoscopic examination revealed no signs of arteritis. If the first biopsy from the temporal artery is negative, biopsy from the contralateral temporal artery should be performed. Correctly timed corticosteroid treatment in adequate doses can prevent reduction of vision in giant-cell arteritis. The treatment is a long-term therapy, its average duration in the present study being more than two years.", "contents": "Giant-cell arteritis, temporal arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. A retrospective study of 63 patients. The initial clinical symptoms, the course of the disease, and the effect of corticosteroid treatment have been analyzed in a retrospective study of 63 patients with temporal arteritis or polymyalgia rheumatica. The relationship between the physical examination of the temporal regions, the ophthalmological examination, and biopsy from the temporal artery with respect to the diagnostic value were examined. Histological examination of biopsy specimens from the temporal artery in 58 patients revealed arteritis in 46. Half of the patients had only local symptoms from the temporal regions; one fourth presented such symptoms as well as myalgias, and one fourth had myalgias only. Patients presenting local symptoms of temporal arteritis as well as of myalgias had always had myalgias as the initial symptom and developed local symptoms of temporal arteritis 1-24 months later. Permanent reduction of vision occurred in 20% of the patients. Symptoms of generalized arteritis were observed in several patients. The overlapping of the clinical symptoms, the positive biopsy findings in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica as the only local symptom and the identical reaction to corticosteroid treatment support the conception of temporal arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica as two manifestations of the same disease. The physical and the ophthalmological examinations were of limited diagnostic value. Positive biopsy findings were seen in 25 patients with noraml palpatory findings, and in 46 patients without eye symptoms the ophthalmoscopic examination revealed no signs of arteritis. If the first biopsy from the temporal artery is negative, biopsy from the contralateral temporal artery should be performed. Correctly timed corticosteroid treatment in adequate doses can prevent reduction of vision in giant-cell arteritis. The treatment is a long-term therapy, its average duration in the present study being more than two years.", "PMID": 848358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7922", "title": "Evaluation of the sulphapyridine acetylator phenotyping test in healthy subjects and in patients with cardiac and renal diseases.", "content": "The acetylator phenotype of 35 healthy, drug-free volunteers and 21 patients with cardiac and/or renal disease has been assessed using oral sulphapyridine. Comparative evaluation of a simplified and a more selective method of sulphapyridine analysis was performed. Thirteen of the patients were also phenotyped by determination of plasma isoniazid half-life. 81% of the patients were slow acetylators, compared with only 51% of the volunteers. When phenotyping healthy, drug-free subjects the analytical procedure, involving a direct estimation of sulphapyridine in urine with the Bratton-Marshall procedure, was satisfactory. On the other hand, in patients receiving concomitant drug therapy the more selective analytical procedure was necessary in order to diminish the risk of methodological interference.", "contents": "Evaluation of the sulphapyridine acetylator phenotyping test in healthy subjects and in patients with cardiac and renal diseases. The acetylator phenotype of 35 healthy, drug-free volunteers and 21 patients with cardiac and/or renal disease has been assessed using oral sulphapyridine. Comparative evaluation of a simplified and a more selective method of sulphapyridine analysis was performed. Thirteen of the patients were also phenotyped by determination of plasma isoniazid half-life. 81% of the patients were slow acetylators, compared with only 51% of the volunteers. When phenotyping healthy, drug-free subjects the analytical procedure, involving a direct estimation of sulphapyridine in urine with the Bratton-Marshall procedure, was satisfactory. On the other hand, in patients receiving concomitant drug therapy the more selective analytical procedure was necessary in order to diminish the risk of methodological interference.", "PMID": 848360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7923", "title": "Spontaneous systemic lupus erythematosus and acelylator phenotype.", "content": "Fifteen patients with spontaneous systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have been phenotyped by determination of plasma isoniazid (INH) half-life. Seven patients had signs of renal insufficiency. Of the 15 patients, 13 were slow and only 2 rapid acetylators. No correlation was found between the plasma INH half-lives and the renal function. Thus, there is the same marked predominance of slow acetylators in patients with spontaneous SLE as in patients with the drug-induced SLE-like syndrome.", "contents": "Spontaneous systemic lupus erythematosus and acelylator phenotype. Fifteen patients with spontaneous systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have been phenotyped by determination of plasma isoniazid (INH) half-life. Seven patients had signs of renal insufficiency. Of the 15 patients, 13 were slow and only 2 rapid acetylators. No correlation was found between the plasma INH half-lives and the renal function. Thus, there is the same marked predominance of slow acetylators in patients with spontaneous SLE as in patients with the drug-induced SLE-like syndrome.", "PMID": 848361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7924", "title": "Cardaic arrhythmias in chloral hydrate poisoning.", "content": "In  three patients admitted to hospital after ingestion of an overdose of chloral hydrate, the ECG showed supreventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias. The possible mechanism for the arrhythmias may be an enhanced automaticity of supraventricular and ventricular pacemaker cells caused by metabolites of chloral hydrate. The ventricular arrhythmia responded to i.v. treatment with lignocaine in one patient, and to phenytoin in another in whom lignocaine failed to restore a normal sinus rhythm.", "contents": "Cardaic arrhythmias in chloral hydrate poisoning. In  three patients admitted to hospital after ingestion of an overdose of chloral hydrate, the ECG showed supreventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias. The possible mechanism for the arrhythmias may be an enhanced automaticity of supraventricular and ventricular pacemaker cells caused by metabolites of chloral hydrate. The ventricular arrhythmia responded to i.v. treatment with lignocaine in one patient, and to phenytoin in another in whom lignocaine failed to restore a normal sinus rhythm.", "PMID": 848362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7925", "title": "ECG recording in emergency home visits.", "content": "During the first half of 1974, 756 emergency home calls have been made by 6 doctors in the City of Oslo. A portable ECG instrument was available at all visits. The visits were unselected as regards complaints. ECG was recorded in 7% of all patients and in 19% of all patients over 60 years of age. The main indication for recording an ECG was chest pain (nearly 2/3 of all recordings). In only a small number of cases did the recording give a definite result as regards diagnosis of management of the case. However, a slight additional benefit was obtained with a majority of the ECG recordings, including what we defined as a phychotherapeutic benefit. The results of this study indicate that the value of a portable electrocardiograph is very limited for emergency home calls in a city.", "contents": "ECG recording in emergency home visits. During the first half of 1974, 756 emergency home calls have been made by 6 doctors in the City of Oslo. A portable ECG instrument was available at all visits. The visits were unselected as regards complaints. ECG was recorded in 7% of all patients and in 19% of all patients over 60 years of age. The main indication for recording an ECG was chest pain (nearly 2/3 of all recordings). In only a small number of cases did the recording give a definite result as regards diagnosis of management of the case. However, a slight additional benefit was obtained with a majority of the ECG recordings, including what we defined as a phychotherapeutic benefit. The results of this study indicate that the value of a portable electrocardiograph is very limited for emergency home calls in a city.", "PMID": 848363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7926", "title": "Pattern of acute drug poisoning in Oslo.", "content": "All 1742 admissions occasioned by acute drug poisoning to a medical ward in Oslo during the periods 1958--60, 1963--65, 1966--69 and 1970--73 have been reviewed. The number of admissions per annum in these periods was 99, 119, 128 and 144, respectively. Because the hospital situation and number of inhabitants in the city remained fairly constant from 1958 to 1973, the increasing figures were assumed to reflect a corresponding increase in the incidence of acute drug poisoning in Oslo. The incidence was estimated to be within the range of 1--2 per 1000 inhabitants per annum. No female predominance was noted except for the age group under 30 years. The occurrence of barbiturate poisonings decreased markedly during the peroids studied, whereas those due to non-barbiturate hypnotics, tranquillizers and tricyclic antidepressants showed a proportionate increase. Slightly less than one fourth of the females and half of the males had taken alcohol. More males (43%) than females (13%) also were alcoholics. A suicidal intention was, however, found more frequently among females (70%) than males (43%). The hospital mortality was approximately 1 %. No death was associated with tricyclic antidepressants, which in the last study period had been ingested by approximately 10% of all patients.", "contents": "Pattern of acute drug poisoning in Oslo. All 1742 admissions occasioned by acute drug poisoning to a medical ward in Oslo during the periods 1958--60, 1963--65, 1966--69 and 1970--73 have been reviewed. The number of admissions per annum in these periods was 99, 119, 128 and 144, respectively. Because the hospital situation and number of inhabitants in the city remained fairly constant from 1958 to 1973, the increasing figures were assumed to reflect a corresponding increase in the incidence of acute drug poisoning in Oslo. The incidence was estimated to be within the range of 1--2 per 1000 inhabitants per annum. No female predominance was noted except for the age group under 30 years. The occurrence of barbiturate poisonings decreased markedly during the peroids studied, whereas those due to non-barbiturate hypnotics, tranquillizers and tricyclic antidepressants showed a proportionate increase. Slightly less than one fourth of the females and half of the males had taken alcohol. More males (43%) than females (13%) also were alcoholics. A suicidal intention was, however, found more frequently among females (70%) than males (43%). The hospital mortality was approximately 1 %. No death was associated with tricyclic antidepressants, which in the last study period had been ingested by approximately 10% of all patients.", "PMID": 848364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7927", "title": "Myelofibrosis and rapid thrombocytolysis. A case report.", "content": "A 69-year-old woman was referred to our department because of moderate anemia and thrombocytopenia. On admission the spleen was slightly enlarged. On the basis of histological examination of biopsy specimens from spinal processes the diagnosis of myelofibrosis was made. The subsequent clinical course was progressively downhill. Although splenomegaly was of only moderate degree, severe anemia and thrombocytopenia supervened. Platelet mean life span was dramatically shortened (1.8 hours) and platelet production rate considerably increased (about 18xnormal). Neither corticosteroid therapy nor splenectomy alleviated the thrombocytopenia. Extremely large platelets, with diameters of up to 10 mum, were seen in the peripheral blood. The mean platelet diameter and percentage of megathrombocytes reached peak values about 2 weeks after splenectomy. It is suggested that the immunologic background of the rapid thrombocytolysis is similar to that which governs platelet destruction in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.", "contents": "Myelofibrosis and rapid thrombocytolysis. A case report. A 69-year-old woman was referred to our department because of moderate anemia and thrombocytopenia. On admission the spleen was slightly enlarged. On the basis of histological examination of biopsy specimens from spinal processes the diagnosis of myelofibrosis was made. The subsequent clinical course was progressively downhill. Although splenomegaly was of only moderate degree, severe anemia and thrombocytopenia supervened. Platelet mean life span was dramatically shortened (1.8 hours) and platelet production rate considerably increased (about 18xnormal). Neither corticosteroid therapy nor splenectomy alleviated the thrombocytopenia. Extremely large platelets, with diameters of up to 10 mum, were seen in the peripheral blood. The mean platelet diameter and percentage of megathrombocytes reached peak values about 2 weeks after splenectomy. It is suggested that the immunologic background of the rapid thrombocytolysis is similar to that which governs platelet destruction in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.", "PMID": 848365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7928", "title": "Disturbances in the blood-brain barrier and cerebral blood flow after rapid brain decompression in the cat.", "content": "The effect of sudden decompression of the brain on the blood-brain barrier and cerebral blood flow was studied in cats. The decompression experiments were performed on 9 cats which had been subjected to two hours of compression with an epidural balloon and on 10 cats subjected to four hours of balloon compression. In both experimental groups one could observe haemorrhages and disturbances in the blood-brain barrier in the cortex of the previously compressed hemisphere and in the basal nuclei. The extent of these changes depended on the duration of the epidural compression. At the same time, a decrease in cerebral blood flow, mainly in the brain cortex, was observed in both experimental groups.", "contents": "Disturbances in the blood-brain barrier and cerebral blood flow after rapid brain decompression in the cat. The effect of sudden decompression of the brain on the blood-brain barrier and cerebral blood flow was studied in cats. The decompression experiments were performed on 9 cats which had been subjected to two hours of compression with an epidural balloon and on 10 cats subjected to four hours of balloon compression. In both experimental groups one could observe haemorrhages and disturbances in the blood-brain barrier in the cortex of the previously compressed hemisphere and in the basal nuclei. The extent of these changes depended on the duration of the epidural compression. At the same time, a decrease in cerebral blood flow, mainly in the brain cortex, was observed in both experimental groups.", "PMID": 848366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7929", "title": "Treatment of intracranial hypertension. Analysis of 105 consecutive, continuous recordings of intracranial pressure.", "content": "One hundred and five consecutive recordings of intracranial pressure (ICP) in 95 patients over a three-year period, using a Scott cannula inserted through a burr hole or a twist drill hole into the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, represent the patient material for this report. The clinical diagnoses were head injury 32, intracranial tumour 31, aneurysm and arteriovenous malformation 18, brain swelling secondary to systemic disease 8, and brain swelling of unknown etiology 6. ICP exceeded 20 mm/Hg in 86 of the recordings (maximum 110 mm/Hg). Hypertonic mannitol was administered 73 times in 48 patients. ICP was reduced 10% or more (mean 52%) in all but three administrations. The effect of hyperventilation was tested in 50 trials in 34 patients. ICP was reduced 10% or more (mean 47%) in 34 trials. The mean time to maximum reduction of ICP was eight minutes, and ICP returned to control almost immediately after cessation of hyperventilation. Hypothermia was studied in 40 trials in 40 patients. ICP was reduced 10% or more (mean 51%) in half the patients. The infection rate was 6.3% in this four-hospital setting, but four of the six infections were in one hospital. If this hospital is excluded, the infection rate is 3.1%.", "contents": "Treatment of intracranial hypertension. Analysis of 105 consecutive, continuous recordings of intracranial pressure. One hundred and five consecutive recordings of intracranial pressure (ICP) in 95 patients over a three-year period, using a Scott cannula inserted through a burr hole or a twist drill hole into the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, represent the patient material for this report. The clinical diagnoses were head injury 32, intracranial tumour 31, aneurysm and arteriovenous malformation 18, brain swelling secondary to systemic disease 8, and brain swelling of unknown etiology 6. ICP exceeded 20 mm/Hg in 86 of the recordings (maximum 110 mm/Hg). Hypertonic mannitol was administered 73 times in 48 patients. ICP was reduced 10% or more (mean 52%) in all but three administrations. The effect of hyperventilation was tested in 50 trials in 34 patients. ICP was reduced 10% or more (mean 47%) in 34 trials. The mean time to maximum reduction of ICP was eight minutes, and ICP returned to control almost immediately after cessation of hyperventilation. Hypothermia was studied in 40 trials in 40 patients. ICP was reduced 10% or more (mean 51%) in half the patients. The infection rate was 6.3% in this four-hospital setting, but four of the six infections were in one hospital. If this hospital is excluded, the infection rate is 3.1%.", "PMID": 848367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7930", "title": "[A simple method for continuous measurement of CSF pressure (author's transl)].", "content": "We describe for the continuous recording of CSF pressure a method in which a polyethylene catheter is introduced into the subarachnoid space. The pressure is shown on a polygraph by means of a recording apparatus. The technique can be applied to patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage, ischaemic infarcts, supratentorial space occupying lesions, or communicating hydrocephalus. The accuracy and limitations of the technique are discussed.", "contents": "[A simple method for continuous measurement of CSF pressure (author's transl)]. We describe for the continuous recording of CSF pressure a method in which a polyethylene catheter is introduced into the subarachnoid space. The pressure is shown on a polygraph by means of a recording apparatus. The technique can be applied to patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage, ischaemic infarcts, supratentorial space occupying lesions, or communicating hydrocephalus. The accuracy and limitations of the technique are discussed.", "PMID": 848368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7931", "title": "Angiographic contribution to the problem of enlargement of cerebral arteriovenous malformations.", "content": "From a series of 325 cases of cerebral arteriovenous malformations, seven patients are reported presenting a change in size of the malformation in the course of several years. The enlargement of the malformation is documented by four vessel cerebral angiography, and haemodynamic and histopathological characteristics are discussed. Serial four vessel cerebral angiography is strongly indicated for accurate diagnosis, and radical excision of these malformations with the microtechnical method is advocated.", "contents": "Angiographic contribution to the problem of enlargement of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. From a series of 325 cases of cerebral arteriovenous malformations, seven patients are reported presenting a change in size of the malformation in the course of several years. The enlargement of the malformation is documented by four vessel cerebral angiography, and haemodynamic and histopathological characteristics are discussed. Serial four vessel cerebral angiography is strongly indicated for accurate diagnosis, and radical excision of these malformations with the microtechnical method is advocated.", "PMID": 848369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7932", "title": "[Contribution to the question of enlargement of cerebral arteriovenous angiomas (author's transl)].", "content": "The growth of a small arteriovenous angioma over a period of almost 18 years in a 20 year old patient has been proved by arteriography. This case is added to 29 cases previously published in the literature. The authors do not readily accept the theory of autochthonous growth, but prefer secondary or \"pseudo-growth\". In favour of this there are the following factors: 1. Not all arteriovenous angiomas observed over long periods show growth. 2. There are undoubted haemodynamic circulatory disturbances with turbulence, \"wind-pocket effects\", and abnormal shunts. 3. After complete removal of an angioma the cerebral circulation becomes normal and there is regression of the dilatation of the feeding and draining vessels.", "contents": "[Contribution to the question of enlargement of cerebral arteriovenous angiomas (author's transl)]. The growth of a small arteriovenous angioma over a period of almost 18 years in a 20 year old patient has been proved by arteriography. This case is added to 29 cases previously published in the literature. The authors do not readily accept the theory of autochthonous growth, but prefer secondary or \"pseudo-growth\". In favour of this there are the following factors: 1. Not all arteriovenous angiomas observed over long periods show growth. 2. There are undoubted haemodynamic circulatory disturbances with turbulence, \"wind-pocket effects\", and abnormal shunts. 3. After complete removal of an angioma the cerebral circulation becomes normal and there is regression of the dilatation of the feeding and draining vessels.", "PMID": 848370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7933", "title": "[Spontaneous intracerebellar haematoma in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Spontaneous cerebellar haemorrhage accounts for 10% of all intracranial spontaneous haematomas. It is a disease which principally affects patients over middle age, and it is rare in childhood. To twelve cases previously reported we now add a further three. Attention is drawn to the diagnostic difficulties and the values of echoencephalography, angiography, and computerized axial tomography in diagnosis and localisation of the condition. Prognosis can be good even in cases in poor condition of diagnosis and treatment are prompt.", "contents": "[Spontaneous intracerebellar haematoma in childhood (author's transl)]. Spontaneous cerebellar haemorrhage accounts for 10% of all intracranial spontaneous haematomas. It is a disease which principally affects patients over middle age, and it is rare in childhood. To twelve cases previously reported we now add a further three. Attention is drawn to the diagnostic difficulties and the values of echoencephalography, angiography, and computerized axial tomography in diagnosis and localisation of the condition. Prognosis can be good even in cases in poor condition of diagnosis and treatment are prompt.", "PMID": 848371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7934", "title": "[Biomechanics of the jaw apparatus in the horn-shark (Heterodontus portusjacksoni = Heterodontus philippi)].", "content": "The constructional morphology of the jaw apparatus in the horn-shark Heterodontus has been investigated. The origines and insertions of the jaw muscles have been delimited and the lines of action were determined. The individual muscles have been weighed, in order to get on the basis of their masses an estimate of the forces which are exerted by the components of the jaw musculature. The mandibular joints, the occlusion of the jaws, morphological details of the upper and lower jaws as well as the \"subodontium\" have been subject to macroscopic and microscopic study. The joint between palatoquadrate and mandibular consists of a medial and a lateral compartment. Only hinge movements are possible. If the jaws are closed, the contacts between upper and lower jaws are confined to the large crushing teeth of only one or two tooth families. The teeth are fixed to the jaw cartilage by ligamentous structures. Three layers can be discerned histologically: The uppermost layer, beneath the bases of the teeth, is composed of the fibrae interdentales and of the fibrae subbasales. By these, the individual teeth are firmly connected to form a continuous pavement. - The middle layer is characterised by the great number of cell nuclei. - The fibre system which constitutes the lowermost layer is arranged according to its function. The subdental layer of fibrous tissue grows faster than the one adjacent to the jaws. Thus a particular growth structure is formed. - Two constructive principles are realised: 1. The biting forces or \"loads\", applied to one or two teeth, are split and distributed on all teeth of the same family which are lingual of the loaded one. 2. As in the thecodont mammals, the compressive biting (= occlusal) force is transformed into a tensile force by the tooth-fixing apparatus and by the shapes of the jaws and this is sustained by fibrous structures. Magnitude and directions of the stresses which appear in the upper and lower jaw during biting are compared with stress patterns evoked in consoles and in beams of technical constructions. The moments of resistence have been calculated for 9 or 8 cross sections, respectively, through the upper and the lower jaw. The forms of both jaws are comparable to a beam of equal strength on two supports, namely, bitten object and joints; while the load is represented by the muscular force. Where the bending moments are at a maximum, opposite to the muscle insertions, a strong ligamentous reinforcement of the perichondrium extends parallel to the tooth rows and fades out towards the joint and towards the symphysis. The strength properties of cartilage and of collagenous fibres in the species under consideration have been measured. The lines of action of the jaw muscles intersect in the area where the moments of resistence reach their maximum. The largest crushing teeth are located in this same section, so that the muscles exert most force on the teeth, while the joint is exposed to only moderate compression.", "contents": "[Biomechanics of the jaw apparatus in the horn-shark (Heterodontus portusjacksoni = Heterodontus philippi)]. The constructional morphology of the jaw apparatus in the horn-shark Heterodontus has been investigated. The origines and insertions of the jaw muscles have been delimited and the lines of action were determined. The individual muscles have been weighed, in order to get on the basis of their masses an estimate of the forces which are exerted by the components of the jaw musculature. The mandibular joints, the occlusion of the jaws, morphological details of the upper and lower jaws as well as the \"subodontium\" have been subject to macroscopic and microscopic study. The joint between palatoquadrate and mandibular consists of a medial and a lateral compartment. Only hinge movements are possible. If the jaws are closed, the contacts between upper and lower jaws are confined to the large crushing teeth of only one or two tooth families. The teeth are fixed to the jaw cartilage by ligamentous structures. Three layers can be discerned histologically: The uppermost layer, beneath the bases of the teeth, is composed of the fibrae interdentales and of the fibrae subbasales. By these, the individual teeth are firmly connected to form a continuous pavement. - The middle layer is characterised by the great number of cell nuclei. - The fibre system which constitutes the lowermost layer is arranged according to its function. The subdental layer of fibrous tissue grows faster than the one adjacent to the jaws. Thus a particular growth structure is formed. - Two constructive principles are realised: 1. The biting forces or \"loads\", applied to one or two teeth, are split and distributed on all teeth of the same family which are lingual of the loaded one. 2. As in the thecodont mammals, the compressive biting (= occlusal) force is transformed into a tensile force by the tooth-fixing apparatus and by the shapes of the jaws and this is sustained by fibrous structures. Magnitude and directions of the stresses which appear in the upper and lower jaw during biting are compared with stress patterns evoked in consoles and in beams of technical constructions. The moments of resistence have been calculated for 9 or 8 cross sections, respectively, through the upper and the lower jaw. The forms of both jaws are comparable to a beam of equal strength on two supports, namely, bitten object and joints; while the load is represented by the muscular force. Where the bending moments are at a maximum, opposite to the muscle insertions, a strong ligamentous reinforcement of the perichondrium extends parallel to the tooth rows and fades out towards the joint and towards the symphysis. The strength properties of cartilage and of collagenous fibres in the species under consideration have been measured. The lines of action of the jaw muscles intersect in the area where the moments of resistence reach their maximum. The largest crushing teeth are located in this same section, so that the muscles exert most force on the teeth, while the joint is exposed to only moderate compression.", "PMID": 848378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7935", "title": "Temporary mechanical support of left ventricular failure following open heart surgery.", "content": "Patients coming to open heart surgery with advanced cardiac dysfunction may require mechanical cardiac support to avoid life-threatening low cardiac output in the postoperative period. 15 patients who could not be withdrawn from cardiopulmonary bypass because of low cardiac output were supported with a left heart bypass system (left atrium to ascending aorta). Ten were ultimately separated from the device, 6 were dismissed from the hospital and 4 remain well (the longest 2.6 years postoperative). A major asset of the device is that thoracic reentry is not required when support is discontinued.", "contents": "Temporary mechanical support of left ventricular failure following open heart surgery. Patients coming to open heart surgery with advanced cardiac dysfunction may require mechanical cardiac support to avoid life-threatening low cardiac output in the postoperative period. 15 patients who could not be withdrawn from cardiopulmonary bypass because of low cardiac output were supported with a left heart bypass system (left atrium to ascending aorta). Ten were ultimately separated from the device, 6 were dismissed from the hospital and 4 remain well (the longest 2.6 years postoperative). A major asset of the device is that thoracic reentry is not required when support is discontinued.", "PMID": 848381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7936", "title": "Angina with \"normal coronary arteries\". A misnomer.", "content": "Angina with \"normal coronary arteries\" might best be thought of as \"angina with coronary dysfunction\". It seems likely that this syndrome is due to inadequate regional myocardial perfusion with manifestations similar to those seen when ischemia results from occlusive coronary artery disease. The prognosis of the disorder is favorable, but occasional catastrophic events occur. It appears likely that maldistribution of perfusion results from dynamic changes affecting proximal, and perhaps distal coronary vessels, potentially mediated by vasoactive substances released from platelets precipitating or exacerbating coronary arterial spasm. Clarification of the pathogenesis of the syndrome should permit implementation of more effective therapy and prevention of the rare malignant sequelae of this disorder.", "contents": "Angina with \"normal coronary arteries\". A misnomer. Angina with \"normal coronary arteries\" might best be thought of as \"angina with coronary dysfunction\". It seems likely that this syndrome is due to inadequate regional myocardial perfusion with manifestations similar to those seen when ischemia results from occlusive coronary artery disease. The prognosis of the disorder is favorable, but occasional catastrophic events occur. It appears likely that maldistribution of perfusion results from dynamic changes affecting proximal, and perhaps distal coronary vessels, potentially mediated by vasoactive substances released from platelets precipitating or exacerbating coronary arterial spasm. Clarification of the pathogenesis of the syndrome should permit implementation of more effective therapy and prevention of the rare malignant sequelae of this disorder.", "PMID": 848383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7937", "title": "Automated data processing. An essential decision-making aid in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Automated data processing is playing an increasing role in evaluations of left ventricular function, infarct size, and ventricular dysrhythmia in patients with acute myocardial infarction. For example, radionuclide angiocardiography permits accurate, serial non-invasive assessments of ejection fraction and detection of ventricular wall motion abnormalities; estimation of infarct size from observed and projected plasma CPK changes facilitates evaluation of interventions designed to reduce ischemic injury; positron emission transaxial tomography (PETT) appears to offer prompt, objective, non-invasive determination of the extent of jeopardized myocardium; and automated analysis of rhythm characterizes relationships between infarction and ventricular dysrhythmia. These and related techniques are useful not only in patient management, but also as research tools. Thus, factors potentially responsible for early and late ventricular dysrhythmias may be delineated by objective characterization of large numbers of ectopic depolarizations; the mechanisms underlying early (malignant) and late ventricular dysrhythmias may be differentiated and clarified. These and other applications of automated data processing techniques should facilitate objective evaluation and development of more effective therapy and prove increasingly useful in the management of patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Automated data processing. An essential decision-making aid in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction. Automated data processing is playing an increasing role in evaluations of left ventricular function, infarct size, and ventricular dysrhythmia in patients with acute myocardial infarction. For example, radionuclide angiocardiography permits accurate, serial non-invasive assessments of ejection fraction and detection of ventricular wall motion abnormalities; estimation of infarct size from observed and projected plasma CPK changes facilitates evaluation of interventions designed to reduce ischemic injury; positron emission transaxial tomography (PETT) appears to offer prompt, objective, non-invasive determination of the extent of jeopardized myocardium; and automated analysis of rhythm characterizes relationships between infarction and ventricular dysrhythmia. These and related techniques are useful not only in patient management, but also as research tools. Thus, factors potentially responsible for early and late ventricular dysrhythmias may be delineated by objective characterization of large numbers of ectopic depolarizations; the mechanisms underlying early (malignant) and late ventricular dysrhythmias may be differentiated and clarified. These and other applications of automated data processing techniques should facilitate objective evaluation and development of more effective therapy and prove increasingly useful in the management of patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 848385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7938", "title": "Rat model for hereditary retinal degeneration.", "content": "The disorder in Wag/Rij rats is a spontaneous, bilateral retinal deneration. It is characterized by an early onset, slowly progressive degeneration of the photoreceptor cells leading to destruction of the retina. Degeneration affects both rod cells and cone cells, and to a lesser degree the cells in the inner nuclear layer. The remarkable alterations in the retinal pigment epithelium during the course of the disease suggest a profound change in metabolism and function of the pigment epithelium and implicate a possibility of interaction between the pigment epithelium and the photoreceptors. Since degenerated cells have also been observed in the inner nuclear layers, there is a possibility that Muller's cells are involved in the retinal degeneration. Controlled experiments have demonstrated that the disease is not induced by light damaging effects of the retina, and initial breeding experiments suggest that the disease is inheritable, probably as an autosomal dominant trait. The retinal degeneration in Wag/Rij rats is a new, unique system and it is a potentially very useful animal model of retinitis pigmentosa.", "contents": "Rat model for hereditary retinal degeneration. The disorder in Wag/Rij rats is a spontaneous, bilateral retinal deneration. It is characterized by an early onset, slowly progressive degeneration of the photoreceptor cells leading to destruction of the retina. Degeneration affects both rod cells and cone cells, and to a lesser degree the cells in the inner nuclear layer. The remarkable alterations in the retinal pigment epithelium during the course of the disease suggest a profound change in metabolism and function of the pigment epithelium and implicate a possibility of interaction between the pigment epithelium and the photoreceptors. Since degenerated cells have also been observed in the inner nuclear layers, there is a possibility that Muller's cells are involved in the retinal degeneration. Controlled experiments have demonstrated that the disease is not induced by light damaging effects of the retina, and initial breeding experiments suggest that the disease is inheritable, probably as an autosomal dominant trait. The retinal degeneration in Wag/Rij rats is a new, unique system and it is a potentially very useful animal model of retinitis pigmentosa.", "PMID": 848387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7939", "title": "A therapeutic trial of vitamin A in patients with pigmentary retinal degenerations: a negative study.", "content": "A prospective therapeutic trial was designed to test the hypothesis that measurable improvement of retinal functions might occur in some patients with pigmentary retinal degeneration when placed on high doses of solubilized vitamin A (Aquasol A, 50,000 I.U. per day by mouth for 28 days). After a standard ophthalmic history and examination pre-trial examinations consisting of visual acuity, visual fields, color vision tests, dark adaptations and cone thresholds were obtained on two separate occasions. Electroretinography was usually performed only once. Forty-seven patients were entered into the study of which 27 had typical retinitis pigmentosa. The patients showed no significant change in visual function from pre-trial results when tested after taking the vitamin A for 28 days. Post-trial electroretinography performed on 10 patients with recordable pre-trial electroretinograms showed no change. The 10 patients retested at six and 12 months after the trial showed no significant change in visual function.", "contents": "A therapeutic trial of vitamin A in patients with pigmentary retinal degenerations: a negative study. A prospective therapeutic trial was designed to test the hypothesis that measurable improvement of retinal functions might occur in some patients with pigmentary retinal degeneration when placed on high doses of solubilized vitamin A (Aquasol A, 50,000 I.U. per day by mouth for 28 days). After a standard ophthalmic history and examination pre-trial examinations consisting of visual acuity, visual fields, color vision tests, dark adaptations and cone thresholds were obtained on two separate occasions. Electroretinography was usually performed only once. Forty-seven patients were entered into the study of which 27 had typical retinitis pigmentosa. The patients showed no significant change in visual function from pre-trial results when tested after taking the vitamin A for 28 days. Post-trial electroretinography performed on 10 patients with recordable pre-trial electroretinograms showed no change. The 10 patients retested at six and 12 months after the trial showed no significant change in visual function.", "PMID": 848392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7940", "title": "Protection against photic damage in retinitis pigmentosa.", "content": "Experiments on photic damage to the retinas of rats with hereditary retinal dystrophy and some tentative clinical evidence on human patients suggest that, in human retinitis pigmentosa, one could try to protect the retina and especially the rods from bright light in an attempt to delay the retinal degeneration and to prolong the period of useful vision. Several theoretical criteria have been proposed for protection of RP patients from possible photic retinal damage. Observing these criteria, Adrian developed a brownish ophthalmic filter which absorbs the short wavelengths preferentially, thus protecting the rods primarily. Whether or not use of these filters will be efficacious has yet to be determined and will require careful experimentation and the accumulation of clinical experience. Several brown ophthalmic filters also have been tested against the criteria for a protective device. The NoIR Amber 7% plastic glasses satisfy these criteria quite well and thus can be considered as a substitute for the Adrian lens. The characteristics of the two types of filters are compared. Experience with different methods of protection may show whether it is better to attempt to delay degeneration of both retinas simultaneously by decreasing their illuminations with filters or to exclude light completely from one eye in an attempt to preserve it while the other eye degenerates in the usual course of the disease. In any event, given the present state of knowledge, it seems to be appropriate, especially in the early stages of the disease, to suggest that RP patients protect their retinas from excessive light.", "contents": "Protection against photic damage in retinitis pigmentosa. Experiments on photic damage to the retinas of rats with hereditary retinal dystrophy and some tentative clinical evidence on human patients suggest that, in human retinitis pigmentosa, one could try to protect the retina and especially the rods from bright light in an attempt to delay the retinal degeneration and to prolong the period of useful vision. Several theoretical criteria have been proposed for protection of RP patients from possible photic retinal damage. Observing these criteria, Adrian developed a brownish ophthalmic filter which absorbs the short wavelengths preferentially, thus protecting the rods primarily. Whether or not use of these filters will be efficacious has yet to be determined and will require careful experimentation and the accumulation of clinical experience. Several brown ophthalmic filters also have been tested against the criteria for a protective device. The NoIR Amber 7% plastic glasses satisfy these criteria quite well and thus can be considered as a substitute for the Adrian lens. The characteristics of the two types of filters are compared. Experience with different methods of protection may show whether it is better to attempt to delay degeneration of both retinas simultaneously by decreasing their illuminations with filters or to exclude light completely from one eye in an attempt to preserve it while the other eye degenerates in the usual course of the disease. In any event, given the present state of knowledge, it seems to be appropriate, especially in the early stages of the disease, to suggest that RP patients protect their retinas from excessive light.", "PMID": 848394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7941", "title": "Trace metals in a family with sex-linked retinitis pigmentosa.", "content": "Lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc levels were examined in RP patients, carriers, and controls in a family with sex-linked RP. The mean plasma copper concentration was significantly higher in the RP patients and carriers than in the controls. The mean plasma zinc concentration was significantly higher in the carriers than in the RP victims or controls. The mean plasma zinc/copper ratio was significantly lower in the RP victims than in the controls or carriers. These findings may help explain the onset of RP in some sex-linked carriers and may be of diagnostic value.", "contents": "Trace metals in a family with sex-linked retinitis pigmentosa. Lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc levels were examined in RP patients, carriers, and controls in a family with sex-linked RP. The mean plasma copper concentration was significantly higher in the RP patients and carriers than in the controls. The mean plasma zinc concentration was significantly higher in the carriers than in the RP victims or controls. The mean plasma zinc/copper ratio was significantly lower in the RP victims than in the controls or carriers. These findings may help explain the onset of RP in some sex-linked carriers and may be of diagnostic value.", "PMID": 848399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7942", "title": "Application of the zinc protoporphyrin (ZP) test as a monitor of occupational exposure to lead.", "content": "Zinc protoporphyrin, the predominant abnormal metabolite that appears in whole blood as a result of chronic lead absorption, can be assayed fluorometrically in diluted whole blood with great sensitivity. An extremely simple and rapid test for the effects of lead absorption is described that is based on this assay. Results of a field trial show a characteristic dose-response relationship between zinc protoporphyrin and lead, and indicate that this test should be seriously considered as a monitor for the effects of chronic lead adsorption.", "contents": "Application of the zinc protoporphyrin (ZP) test as a monitor of occupational exposure to lead. Zinc protoporphyrin, the predominant abnormal metabolite that appears in whole blood as a result of chronic lead absorption, can be assayed fluorometrically in diluted whole blood with great sensitivity. An extremely simple and rapid test for the effects of lead absorption is described that is based on this assay. Results of a field trial show a characteristic dose-response relationship between zinc protoporphyrin and lead, and indicate that this test should be seriously considered as a monitor for the effects of chronic lead adsorption.", "PMID": 848427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7943", "title": "A study of benzene exposure versus urinary phenol levels.", "content": "On the job benzene vapor exposures of less than 5 ppm were measured concurrent with the 24 hour collection of urine from 52 employees. Urinary phenol levels of the collective study group, measured as either concentration or weight, showed a positive statistically significant correlation with benzene exposure. However, due to variances in individual baseline phenaol levels, determination of benzene exposure at these low concentrations is relatively weak. Since baseline phenol concentrations exist over a range of values, adjustment for a single value of each individual's baseline did not improve correlation for the collective study group.", "contents": "A study of benzene exposure versus urinary phenol levels. On the job benzene vapor exposures of less than 5 ppm were measured concurrent with the 24 hour collection of urine from 52 employees. Urinary phenol levels of the collective study group, measured as either concentration or weight, showed a positive statistically significant correlation with benzene exposure. However, due to variances in individual baseline phenaol levels, determination of benzene exposure at these low concentrations is relatively weak. Since baseline phenol concentrations exist over a range of values, adjustment for a single value of each individual's baseline did not improve correlation for the collective study group.", "PMID": 848428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7944", "title": "Identification of stainless steel welding fume particulates in human lung and environmental samples using electron probe microanalysis.", "content": "Open lung biopsy specimens from two welders and air samples from their workplace environments were examined with the electron probe microanalyzer. X-ray analysis showed that the majority of particles found in the lung tissue from both workers and in the air samples to be composed of varying amounts of iron, chromium, manganese and nickel, the major components of some types of stainless steel. Based upon these analyses, it was concluded that the majority of the particles in both biopsy specimens were a result of the workplace environment.", "contents": "Identification of stainless steel welding fume particulates in human lung and environmental samples using electron probe microanalysis. Open lung biopsy specimens from two welders and air samples from their workplace environments were examined with the electron probe microanalyzer. X-ray analysis showed that the majority of particles found in the lung tissue from both workers and in the air samples to be composed of varying amounts of iron, chromium, manganese and nickel, the major components of some types of stainless steel. Based upon these analyses, it was concluded that the majority of the particles in both biopsy specimens were a result of the workplace environment.", "PMID": 848429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7945", "title": "Performance characteristics of the 10 mm cyclone respirable mass sampler: part I--monodisperse studies.", "content": "The 10 mm cyclone respirable mass sampler was evaluated to determine the flow rate which best matched the BMRC and the LASL-ACGIH criteria and to determine effects of pulsating flow, particle charge, mass loading and sampler orientation. Part 1, this paper, describes the work with monodisperse aerosol. The best match for BMRC was 1.4 lpm; for LASL, 1.7 lpm. The two separate criteria should be merged. The 10 mm cyclone is two separate criteria should be merged. The 10 mm cyclone is better for sampling logistics than the BMRC horizontal elutriator.", "contents": "Performance characteristics of the 10 mm cyclone respirable mass sampler: part I--monodisperse studies. The 10 mm cyclone respirable mass sampler was evaluated to determine the flow rate which best matched the BMRC and the LASL-ACGIH criteria and to determine effects of pulsating flow, particle charge, mass loading and sampler orientation. Part 1, this paper, describes the work with monodisperse aerosol. The best match for BMRC was 1.4 lpm; for LASL, 1.7 lpm. The two separate criteria should be merged. The 10 mm cyclone is two separate criteria should be merged. The 10 mm cyclone is better for sampling logistics than the BMRC horizontal elutriator.", "PMID": 848430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7946", "title": "Cardiac prostaglandin release during myocardial ischemia induced by atrial pacing in patients with coronary artery disease.", "content": "The relation between myocardial release of prostaglandin and myocardial ischemia was studied in 12 selected patients with multivessel coronary artery disease. These 12 were chosen for analysis because they experienced angina pectoris, ischemic electrocardiographic changes and decreased myocardial lactate uptake during atrial pacing. Simultaneous aortic and coronary sinus blood samples were obtained at rest, during angina and after recovery and were assayed for prostaglandins F, E and A with radioimmunoassay. Cardiac release of prostaglandin F was observed during angina in 11 of 12 patients. Aortic prostaglandin levels remained constant throught each study. During angina, the mean aortovenous difference (+/- standard error) was -0.30 +/- 0.04 ng/ml (P less than 0.001) for prostaglandin F and -0.10 +/- 0.03 ng/ml (Pless than 0.001) for prostaglandin E. There was no significant release of prostaglandin A. Blood samples were also drawn at subanginal heart rates in two patients. Prostaglandin F was released only during angina. In three control patients with a chest pain syndrome and normal coronary arteries, comparable atrial pacing produced no release of prostaglandin F, E or A. These results, together with the known vascular and metabolic actions of prostaglandins, suggest that these pharmacologically active compounds may also play a physiologic role in the cardiac response to ischemia in man.", "contents": "Cardiac prostaglandin release during myocardial ischemia induced by atrial pacing in patients with coronary artery disease. The relation between myocardial release of prostaglandin and myocardial ischemia was studied in 12 selected patients with multivessel coronary artery disease. These 12 were chosen for analysis because they experienced angina pectoris, ischemic electrocardiographic changes and decreased myocardial lactate uptake during atrial pacing. Simultaneous aortic and coronary sinus blood samples were obtained at rest, during angina and after recovery and were assayed for prostaglandins F, E and A with radioimmunoassay. Cardiac release of prostaglandin F was observed during angina in 11 of 12 patients. Aortic prostaglandin levels remained constant throught each study. During angina, the mean aortovenous difference (+/- standard error) was -0.30 +/- 0.04 ng/ml (P less than 0.001) for prostaglandin F and -0.10 +/- 0.03 ng/ml (Pless than 0.001) for prostaglandin E. There was no significant release of prostaglandin A. Blood samples were also drawn at subanginal heart rates in two patients. Prostaglandin F was released only during angina. In three control patients with a chest pain syndrome and normal coronary arteries, comparable atrial pacing produced no release of prostaglandin F, E or A. These results, together with the known vascular and metabolic actions of prostaglandins, suggest that these pharmacologically active compounds may also play a physiologic role in the cardiac response to ischemia in man.", "PMID": 848431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7947", "title": "Comparative study of cardiovascular function and ventricular premature complexes in smokers and nonsmokers during maximal treadmill exercise.", "content": "Maximal treadmill exercise tests were performed by 586 male members of the Indiana State Polic Force who were free of clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease. The study population was categorized into groups according to cigarette smoking experience and subgroups according to age and number of pack-years of exposure. There were 176 nonsmokers (30 percent), 268 current smokers (46 percent) and 142 former smokers who had abstained for at least 1 year (24 percent). No statistically significant differences were found in the prevalence of exercise-induced ventricular premature complexes when current smokers were compared with nonsmokers or former smokers either as a group or as subgroups classified by age. The duration of maximal exercise and the peak heart rate and systolic blood pressure during maximal exercise were compared for each group. The duration of maximal exercise was significantly shorter in smokers (P less than 0.001) and former smokers (P less than 0.005) than in nonsmokers. Maximal systolic blood pressure during exercise was greater in smokers than in nonsmokers (P less than 0.01) but did not differ significantly between nonsmokers and former smokers. Maximal heart rate during exercise was significantly lower in smokers (P less than 0.01) and former smokers (P less than 0.01) than in nonsmokers. In conclusion, there was a statistically significant difference in the duration of exercise and the maximal heart rate and systolic blood pressure attained during exercise between men who smoked and nonsmokers, but the prevalence of the exercise-induced ventricular premature complexes did not appear to be influenced by smoking habits.", "contents": "Comparative study of cardiovascular function and ventricular premature complexes in smokers and nonsmokers during maximal treadmill exercise. Maximal treadmill exercise tests were performed by 586 male members of the Indiana State Polic Force who were free of clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease. The study population was categorized into groups according to cigarette smoking experience and subgroups according to age and number of pack-years of exposure. There were 176 nonsmokers (30 percent), 268 current smokers (46 percent) and 142 former smokers who had abstained for at least 1 year (24 percent). No statistically significant differences were found in the prevalence of exercise-induced ventricular premature complexes when current smokers were compared with nonsmokers or former smokers either as a group or as subgroups classified by age. The duration of maximal exercise and the peak heart rate and systolic blood pressure during maximal exercise were compared for each group. The duration of maximal exercise was significantly shorter in smokers (P less than 0.001) and former smokers (P less than 0.005) than in nonsmokers. Maximal systolic blood pressure during exercise was greater in smokers than in nonsmokers (P less than 0.01) but did not differ significantly between nonsmokers and former smokers. Maximal heart rate during exercise was significantly lower in smokers (P less than 0.01) and former smokers (P less than 0.01) than in nonsmokers. In conclusion, there was a statistically significant difference in the duration of exercise and the maximal heart rate and systolic blood pressure attained during exercise between men who smoked and nonsmokers, but the prevalence of the exercise-induced ventricular premature complexes did not appear to be influenced by smoking habits.", "PMID": 848432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7948", "title": "Aortic stenosis: echocardiographic cusp separation and surgical description of aortic valve in 22 patients.", "content": "Diminished echocardiographic aortic cusp separation is used as one indicator of the severity of aortic stenosis. To test the validity of this index, 22 patients--12 (55 percent) with isolated aortic valve disease and 10 (45 percent) with aortic stenosis associated with mitral or coronary artery disease--underwent M mode echocardiographic examination before aortic valve replacement. Tracings of diagnostic quality were obtained without difficulty from all 22 patients. Cardiac catheterization was performed in 21 patients. Echocardiographic cusp separation was measured from the apparent mid-systolic orifice and from the outer periphery of the anterior cusp to the outer periphery of the posterior cusp (maximal peripheral cusp separation). Mid-systolic cusp separation varied in nearly every patient, depending on the angle of leaflet presentation to the ultrasonic beam. Maximal peripheral cusp separation measured 16 mm in 18 of 22 patients (82 percent); it indicated neither the severity of the aortic stenosis as documented with cardiac catheterization nor the mobility of the cusps seen at operation. The surgical and echocardiographic descriptions of leaflet and aortic root calcification were similar. In situ examination of aortic cusp separation indicated that diseased aortic valves are not comparable with normal valves or valves with uncomplicated congenital obstruction. The aortic leaflets were curled, fused, calcified and deformed from their natural state of coaptation. Abnormal thickening and limited or eccentric mobility of the aortic leaflets were useful indicators of the cause of valve disease, but cusp deformity secondary to aortic stenosis invalidated mid-systolic cusp separation and maximal peripheral cusp separation as indicators of the severity of aortic stenosis.", "contents": "Aortic stenosis: echocardiographic cusp separation and surgical description of aortic valve in 22 patients. Diminished echocardiographic aortic cusp separation is used as one indicator of the severity of aortic stenosis. To test the validity of this index, 22 patients--12 (55 percent) with isolated aortic valve disease and 10 (45 percent) with aortic stenosis associated with mitral or coronary artery disease--underwent M mode echocardiographic examination before aortic valve replacement. Tracings of diagnostic quality were obtained without difficulty from all 22 patients. Cardiac catheterization was performed in 21 patients. Echocardiographic cusp separation was measured from the apparent mid-systolic orifice and from the outer periphery of the anterior cusp to the outer periphery of the posterior cusp (maximal peripheral cusp separation). Mid-systolic cusp separation varied in nearly every patient, depending on the angle of leaflet presentation to the ultrasonic beam. Maximal peripheral cusp separation measured 16 mm in 18 of 22 patients (82 percent); it indicated neither the severity of the aortic stenosis as documented with cardiac catheterization nor the mobility of the cusps seen at operation. The surgical and echocardiographic descriptions of leaflet and aortic root calcification were similar. In situ examination of aortic cusp separation indicated that diseased aortic valves are not comparable with normal valves or valves with uncomplicated congenital obstruction. The aortic leaflets were curled, fused, calcified and deformed from their natural state of coaptation. Abnormal thickening and limited or eccentric mobility of the aortic leaflets were useful indicators of the cause of valve disease, but cusp deformity secondary to aortic stenosis invalidated mid-systolic cusp separation and maximal peripheral cusp separation as indicators of the severity of aortic stenosis.", "PMID": 848433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7949", "title": "Frequency and significance of coronary arterial dominance in isolated aortic stenosis.", "content": "Myocardial infarction during aortic valve replacement has previously been reported to result from obstruction of a branch of the left main coronary artery by the perfusion cannula. Patients with a dominant left coronary arterial system may be at greater risk. To assess the frequency and significance of a dominant left coronary arterial system the coronary angiograms of 75 consecutive patients more than 34 years of age with isolated aortic stenosis were studied and compared with those of a control group of 150 patients. Among the patients with aortic stenosis, 19 (25 percent) had left dominance, 9 (12 percent) a balanced circulation and 47 (63 percent) a dominant right coronary arterial system. Among control patients, 14 (9 percent) had left dominance 18 (12 percent) a balanced system and 118 (79 percent) right dominance. The increased prevalence of left dominance in patients with aortic stenosis was significant (P less than 0.005). Among patients with aortic stenosis, the left main coronary artery was shorter (P less than 0.01) in those with left dominance (6.2 +/- 1.3 mm [mean +/- standard error]) than in those with right dominance (9.9 +/- 0.7). Sixty-nine patients with aortic stenosis underwent aortic valve replacement. Perioperative myocardial infarction occurred in 4 of 15 (26.7 percent) of those with left dominance and in 4 of 54 (7.4 percent) of those with right dominance or a balanced circulation (P less than 0.05). Perioperative myocardial infarction occurred in all three patients with left dominance and obstructive coronary artery disease. The increased prevalence of a dominant left coronary arterial system in aortic stenosis suggests that this may be part of a developmental complex. Patients with left dominance have a shorter left main coronary artery than patients with right dominance. They also have an increased risk of perioperative myocardial infarction if there is associated obstructive coronary artery disease. Preoperative information about the coronary arterial anatomy and extent of coronary artery disease may be helpful in planning the use of coronary perfusion and other myocardial preservation techniques during surgery in order to reduce the incidence of myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Frequency and significance of coronary arterial dominance in isolated aortic stenosis. Myocardial infarction during aortic valve replacement has previously been reported to result from obstruction of a branch of the left main coronary artery by the perfusion cannula. Patients with a dominant left coronary arterial system may be at greater risk. To assess the frequency and significance of a dominant left coronary arterial system the coronary angiograms of 75 consecutive patients more than 34 years of age with isolated aortic stenosis were studied and compared with those of a control group of 150 patients. Among the patients with aortic stenosis, 19 (25 percent) had left dominance, 9 (12 percent) a balanced circulation and 47 (63 percent) a dominant right coronary arterial system. Among control patients, 14 (9 percent) had left dominance 18 (12 percent) a balanced system and 118 (79 percent) right dominance. The increased prevalence of left dominance in patients with aortic stenosis was significant (P less than 0.005). Among patients with aortic stenosis, the left main coronary artery was shorter (P less than 0.01) in those with left dominance (6.2 +/- 1.3 mm [mean +/- standard error]) than in those with right dominance (9.9 +/- 0.7). Sixty-nine patients with aortic stenosis underwent aortic valve replacement. Perioperative myocardial infarction occurred in 4 of 15 (26.7 percent) of those with left dominance and in 4 of 54 (7.4 percent) of those with right dominance or a balanced circulation (P less than 0.05). Perioperative myocardial infarction occurred in all three patients with left dominance and obstructive coronary artery disease. The increased prevalence of a dominant left coronary arterial system in aortic stenosis suggests that this may be part of a developmental complex. Patients with left dominance have a shorter left main coronary artery than patients with right dominance. They also have an increased risk of perioperative myocardial infarction if there is associated obstructive coronary artery disease. Preoperative information about the coronary arterial anatomy and extent of coronary artery disease may be helpful in planning the use of coronary perfusion and other myocardial preservation techniques during surgery in order to reduce the incidence of myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 848434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7950", "title": "Diagnosis of old inferior myocardial infarction by body surface isopotential mapping.", "content": "Body surface isopotential maps obtained from 28 patients with old inferior wall myocardial infarction were compared with maps from 120 normal subjects. The 12 lead electrocardiogram of 8 of the 28 patients (29 percent) with inferior wall infarction was normal or showed only nondiagnostic ST-T wave abnormalities at the time the isopotential maps were obtained. In all patients with inferior wall infarction the isopotential map showed a minimum (area of negative potentials) on the inferior or right thoracic surface during the early portions of the QRS complex. This finding was observed in patients with normal or nonspecific abnormalities in the 12 lead electrocardiogram as well as those with QRS abnormalities. By contrast, the minimum during the early QRS complex in normal subjects was located on the right upper back and shoulder region...", "contents": "Diagnosis of old inferior myocardial infarction by body surface isopotential mapping. Body surface isopotential maps obtained from 28 patients with old inferior wall myocardial infarction were compared with maps from 120 normal subjects. The 12 lead electrocardiogram of 8 of the 28 patients (29 percent) with inferior wall infarction was normal or showed only nondiagnostic ST-T wave abnormalities at the time the isopotential maps were obtained. In all patients with inferior wall infarction the isopotential map showed a minimum (area of negative potentials) on the inferior or right thoracic surface during the early portions of the QRS complex. This finding was observed in patients with normal or nonspecific abnormalities in the 12 lead electrocardiogram as well as those with QRS abnormalities. By contrast, the minimum during the early QRS complex in normal subjects was located on the right upper back and shoulder region...", "PMID": 848435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7951", "title": "Acute blood pressure elevation and ventricular fibrillation threshold during coronary occlusion and reperfusion in the dog.", "content": "The effect of acute elevation of arterial blood pressure on the ventricular fibrillation threshold was examined in 19 closed chest dogs anesthetized with chloralose during 10 minutes of occlusion followed by abrupt reperfusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Ventricular fibrillation threshold was determined using two methods of electrical testing: sequential R/T pulsing and the train of stimuli method. Blood pressure was increased with an intravenous injection of the alpha adrenergic stimulator phenylephrine. Acute hypertension significantly diminished the enhanced vulnerability associated with coronary occlusion. After denervation of the carotid sinus and aortic arch baroreceptors, elevation of blood pressure failed to affect vulnerability during occlusion. In both intact and denervated animals, the predisposition to ventricular fibrillation after reperfusion was unchanged by the increase in blood pressure. It is suggested that withdrawal of sympathetic tone mediated by the baroreceptor reflex is the basis for the protection against ventricular fibrillation resulting from elevation of blood pressure. The failure of acute hypertension to alter vulnerability during reperfusion suggests that the predisposition to ventricular fibrillation during reperfusion is due to mechanisms other than those operating during coronary occlusion.", "contents": "Acute blood pressure elevation and ventricular fibrillation threshold during coronary occlusion and reperfusion in the dog. The effect of acute elevation of arterial blood pressure on the ventricular fibrillation threshold was examined in 19 closed chest dogs anesthetized with chloralose during 10 minutes of occlusion followed by abrupt reperfusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Ventricular fibrillation threshold was determined using two methods of electrical testing: sequential R/T pulsing and the train of stimuli method. Blood pressure was increased with an intravenous injection of the alpha adrenergic stimulator phenylephrine. Acute hypertension significantly diminished the enhanced vulnerability associated with coronary occlusion. After denervation of the carotid sinus and aortic arch baroreceptors, elevation of blood pressure failed to affect vulnerability during occlusion. In both intact and denervated animals, the predisposition to ventricular fibrillation after reperfusion was unchanged by the increase in blood pressure. It is suggested that withdrawal of sympathetic tone mediated by the baroreceptor reflex is the basis for the protection against ventricular fibrillation resulting from elevation of blood pressure. The failure of acute hypertension to alter vulnerability during reperfusion suggests that the predisposition to ventricular fibrillation during reperfusion is due to mechanisms other than those operating during coronary occlusion.", "PMID": 848436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7952", "title": "Functional significance of coronary arterial stenoses assessed by regional changes in intramyocardial S-T segment voltage and myocardial gas tensions with atrial pacing.", "content": "Myocardial carbon dioxide tension and intramyocardial S-T segment voltage have previously been shown to provide useful quantitative indexes of the severity of regional myocardial ischemia. This study was designed to determine if (1) changes in intramyocardial S-T segment voltage and myocardial gas tensions, with the addition of atrial pacing, could be used to assess the functional significance of a coronary stenosis, and (2) if changes in S-T voltage recorded in intramyocardial electrodes proved a more sensitive indicator of ischemia than changes recorded in epicardial electrodes. In 12 open chest dogs, a variable constrictor and an electromagnetic flow probe were placed on the proximal left circumflex coronary artery. Myocardial carbon dioxide and oxygen tensions were recorded with mass spectrometry and unipolar intramyocardial S-T segment voltage with multicontact plunge electrodes. Intramyocardial S-T voltage and myocardial carbon dioxide tension showed parallel increases with atrial pacing in the presence of subcritical, critical and supercritical coronary stenoses. In the presence of a critical stenosis, S-T segment changes recorded in deepr myocardial layers were of greater magnitude than those recorded near the epicardial surface. These findings suggest that the severity of myocardial ischemia can be assessed by measuring intramyocardial S-T voltage or myocardial gas tensions at resting and paced heart rates. They also suggest that intramyocardial S-T voltage is a more sensitive indicator of the severity of pacing-induced myocardial ischemia than epicardial S-T changes. Application of this technique to patients undergoing coronary revascularization could allow intraoperative determination of the functional significance of questionable angiographic lesions and a more rational approach to the assignment of priorities to individual arteries when multiple bypasses are being considered.", "contents": "Functional significance of coronary arterial stenoses assessed by regional changes in intramyocardial S-T segment voltage and myocardial gas tensions with atrial pacing. Myocardial carbon dioxide tension and intramyocardial S-T segment voltage have previously been shown to provide useful quantitative indexes of the severity of regional myocardial ischemia. This study was designed to determine if (1) changes in intramyocardial S-T segment voltage and myocardial gas tensions, with the addition of atrial pacing, could be used to assess the functional significance of a coronary stenosis, and (2) if changes in S-T voltage recorded in intramyocardial electrodes proved a more sensitive indicator of ischemia than changes recorded in epicardial electrodes. In 12 open chest dogs, a variable constrictor and an electromagnetic flow probe were placed on the proximal left circumflex coronary artery. Myocardial carbon dioxide and oxygen tensions were recorded with mass spectrometry and unipolar intramyocardial S-T segment voltage with multicontact plunge electrodes. Intramyocardial S-T voltage and myocardial carbon dioxide tension showed parallel increases with atrial pacing in the presence of subcritical, critical and supercritical coronary stenoses. In the presence of a critical stenosis, S-T segment changes recorded in deepr myocardial layers were of greater magnitude than those recorded near the epicardial surface. These findings suggest that the severity of myocardial ischemia can be assessed by measuring intramyocardial S-T voltage or myocardial gas tensions at resting and paced heart rates. They also suggest that intramyocardial S-T voltage is a more sensitive indicator of the severity of pacing-induced myocardial ischemia than epicardial S-T changes. Application of this technique to patients undergoing coronary revascularization could allow intraoperative determination of the functional significance of questionable angiographic lesions and a more rational approach to the assignment of priorities to individual arteries when multiple bypasses are being considered.", "PMID": 848437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7953", "title": "Early changes in regional and global left ventricular function induced by graded reductions in regional coronary perfusion.", "content": "To determine the sequence of changes in segmental myocardial function, regional lactate metabolism and global left ventricular function induced by mild regional ischemia, blood flow in the left anterior descending coronary artery of 10 dogs was reduced by 10 percent decrements with use of a screw clamp. At each level of flow, segmental mechanical function and regional metabolism were assessed, the former with use of a mercury-in-Silastic length gauge and the latter with transmyocardial lactate balance measurements obtained with sampling from the anterior interventricular vein. Coronary arterial flow at the onset of regional lactate production was 48 +/- 4 percent (mean +/- standard error of the mean) of the control value. The onset of segmental mechanical dysfunction coincided with the onset of lactate production. Epicardial S-T segment abnormalities over the ischemic zone usually could not be detected until coronary flow was further reduced. After the onset of regional ischemia there was a linear correlation between coronary arterial flow and regional lactate production. At the onset of mild regional ischemia, defined as the onset of regional lactate production, no significant or directionally consistent changes were noted in standard measurements of global left ventricular performance, including heart rate, mean aortic pressure, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, cardiac output, stroke volume, stroke work and peak positive dP/dt (maximal rate of rise of pressure). However, peak negative dP/dt (maximal rate of pressure decrease) decreased from 99 +/- 2 to 89 +/- 3 percent of the control value (P less than 0.0005) coincident with the onset of ischemia. It is hypothesized that dyssynchronous wall motion in the ischemic zone during isometric relaxation accounts for this decrease in peak negative dP/dt.", "contents": "Early changes in regional and global left ventricular function induced by graded reductions in regional coronary perfusion. To determine the sequence of changes in segmental myocardial function, regional lactate metabolism and global left ventricular function induced by mild regional ischemia, blood flow in the left anterior descending coronary artery of 10 dogs was reduced by 10 percent decrements with use of a screw clamp. At each level of flow, segmental mechanical function and regional metabolism were assessed, the former with use of a mercury-in-Silastic length gauge and the latter with transmyocardial lactate balance measurements obtained with sampling from the anterior interventricular vein. Coronary arterial flow at the onset of regional lactate production was 48 +/- 4 percent (mean +/- standard error of the mean) of the control value. The onset of segmental mechanical dysfunction coincided with the onset of lactate production. Epicardial S-T segment abnormalities over the ischemic zone usually could not be detected until coronary flow was further reduced. After the onset of regional ischemia there was a linear correlation between coronary arterial flow and regional lactate production. At the onset of mild regional ischemia, defined as the onset of regional lactate production, no significant or directionally consistent changes were noted in standard measurements of global left ventricular performance, including heart rate, mean aortic pressure, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, cardiac output, stroke volume, stroke work and peak positive dP/dt (maximal rate of rise of pressure). However, peak negative dP/dt (maximal rate of pressure decrease) decreased from 99 +/- 2 to 89 +/- 3 percent of the control value (P less than 0.0005) coincident with the onset of ischemia. It is hypothesized that dyssynchronous wall motion in the ischemic zone during isometric relaxation accounts for this decrease in peak negative dP/dt.", "PMID": 848438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7954", "title": "Effect of drugs on conduction delay and incidence of ventricular arrhythmias induced by acute coronary occlusion in dogs.", "content": "The effects of various drugs on delayed activation of the ischemic myocardium and the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias were studied in 34 open-chest anesthetized dogs. The left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded for 6 minutes before and 42 minutes after administration of aprindine (2.85 mg/kg body weight), quinidine (8 mg/kg) and verapamil (0.2 mg/kg) and during infusion of isoproterenol (0.2 microng/min). The time intervals from the onset of the QRS complex to the major deflection of the bipolar electrograms recorded within the normal and ischemic zones were measured at cycle lengths of 500, 400 and 300 msec and were correlated with the development of ventricular arrhythmias. At a cycle length of 500 msec, aprindine increased by 19.5 msec the delay in activation time produced by coronary ligation alone (P less than 0.05), whereas verapamil reduced by 10 msec the extent of ischemia-induced conduction delay (P less than 0.05). The delay in activation time in the ischemic zone was not significantly altered by quinidine or isoproterenol. The incidence of ventricular arrhythmias was increased by aprindine (from 1 in 11 to 8 in 11 dogs), decresed by verapamil (from 3 in 7 to 0 in 7 dogs) and was not changes by quinidine or isoproterenol. Thus, delayed activation of the ischemic myocardium appears to play an important role in the genesis of early arrhythmias due to myocardial ischemia, and drugs that significantly depress conduction in the ischemic myocardium may predispose to the development of ventricular arrhythmia whereas those that improve conduction may be protective. Contrary to their effects on slow channel-dependent conduction, verapamil improved and isoproterenol worsened conduction during ischaemia.", "contents": "Effect of drugs on conduction delay and incidence of ventricular arrhythmias induced by acute coronary occlusion in dogs. The effects of various drugs on delayed activation of the ischemic myocardium and the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias were studied in 34 open-chest anesthetized dogs. The left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded for 6 minutes before and 42 minutes after administration of aprindine (2.85 mg/kg body weight), quinidine (8 mg/kg) and verapamil (0.2 mg/kg) and during infusion of isoproterenol (0.2 microng/min). The time intervals from the onset of the QRS complex to the major deflection of the bipolar electrograms recorded within the normal and ischemic zones were measured at cycle lengths of 500, 400 and 300 msec and were correlated with the development of ventricular arrhythmias. At a cycle length of 500 msec, aprindine increased by 19.5 msec the delay in activation time produced by coronary ligation alone (P less than 0.05), whereas verapamil reduced by 10 msec the extent of ischemia-induced conduction delay (P less than 0.05). The delay in activation time in the ischemic zone was not significantly altered by quinidine or isoproterenol. The incidence of ventricular arrhythmias was increased by aprindine (from 1 in 11 to 8 in 11 dogs), decresed by verapamil (from 3 in 7 to 0 in 7 dogs) and was not changes by quinidine or isoproterenol. Thus, delayed activation of the ischemic myocardium appears to play an important role in the genesis of early arrhythmias due to myocardial ischemia, and drugs that significantly depress conduction in the ischemic myocardium may predispose to the development of ventricular arrhythmia whereas those that improve conduction may be protective. Contrary to their effects on slow channel-dependent conduction, verapamil improved and isoproterenol worsened conduction during ischaemia.", "PMID": 848439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7955", "title": "Cardiac pacing in children and adolescents.", "content": "Nineteen patients aged 1 month to 18 years underwent implantation of a cardiac pacemaker and were followed up for up to 9 years (average duration of pacing 54 months). Complete heart block was present in 16 patients and sinus nodal dysfunction in 3. Heart block was presumably of congenital orgin in eight, secendary to cardiac surgery in seven and subsequent to cardiac catheterization in one. Sinus nodal dysfunction was of presumed congenital origin in one and occurred after cardiac surgery in two. Pacing was required because of syncopal attacks in eight patients, three of whom had congestive heart failure or low cardiac output on physiologic studies. It was required in four because of congestive heart failure, in two because of low cardiac output (one with a wide QRS complex), and in five for postoperative rhythm control. With return of sinus rhythm after 2 and 3 months, respectively, pacing was discontinued in two patients. One child was partially corrected disease died within 3 months, one died of wound breakdown and sepsis after 10 months of pacing and one died suddenly 4 years after implantation. All others have returned to normal activity; only one requires cardiac medication. The degree of emotional stability has been striking. Asynchronous and atrial synchronous pacing are of equal therapeutic value. The very small radiofrequency implanted receiver has been useful in younger children. The major problems have been caused by the large size and short longevity of the generators and the child's growth stressing the lead system. Transvenously implanted pacemakers have presented no greater management problems than those placed during thoracotomy.", "contents": "Cardiac pacing in children and adolescents. Nineteen patients aged 1 month to 18 years underwent implantation of a cardiac pacemaker and were followed up for up to 9 years (average duration of pacing 54 months). Complete heart block was present in 16 patients and sinus nodal dysfunction in 3. Heart block was presumably of congenital orgin in eight, secendary to cardiac surgery in seven and subsequent to cardiac catheterization in one. Sinus nodal dysfunction was of presumed congenital origin in one and occurred after cardiac surgery in two. Pacing was required because of syncopal attacks in eight patients, three of whom had congestive heart failure or low cardiac output on physiologic studies. It was required in four because of congestive heart failure, in two because of low cardiac output (one with a wide QRS complex), and in five for postoperative rhythm control. With return of sinus rhythm after 2 and 3 months, respectively, pacing was discontinued in two patients. One child was partially corrected disease died within 3 months, one died of wound breakdown and sepsis after 10 months of pacing and one died suddenly 4 years after implantation. All others have returned to normal activity; only one requires cardiac medication. The degree of emotional stability has been striking. Asynchronous and atrial synchronous pacing are of equal therapeutic value. The very small radiofrequency implanted receiver has been useful in younger children. The major problems have been caused by the large size and short longevity of the generators and the child's growth stressing the lead system. Transvenously implanted pacemakers have presented no greater management problems than those placed during thoracotomy.", "PMID": 848440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7956", "title": "Postoperative complete heart block in 64 children treated with and without cardiac pacing.", "content": "Between 1957 and 1973, a total of 64 children had complete heart block during intracardiac surgery were treated by one of three methods: (1) No pacemaker: Six of the 13 patients in this group had reversion to sinus rhythm. Seven patients continued to have complete heart block, and five of these died of Stokes-Adams episodes. Two patients continue to have complete heart block without pacemaker insertion. (2) Temporary pacemaker: Seventeen of 25 patients had reversion to sinus rhythm and the temporary pacemaker was removed; the other 8 continued to have complete heart block. Five of the eight died--three of Stokes-Adams episodes and two at the time of cardiac reoperation. Three remain asymptomatic without placement of a permanent pacemaker. Six died of postoperative complications unrelated to heart block or pacemaker implantation. None of the other 20 experienced Stokes-Adams attacks. There was one late death in this group. Although there are problems in using permanent pacemakers and electrode systems, in these patients with operatively induced complete heart block their use was associated with a low mortality rate.", "contents": "Postoperative complete heart block in 64 children treated with and without cardiac pacing. Between 1957 and 1973, a total of 64 children had complete heart block during intracardiac surgery were treated by one of three methods: (1) No pacemaker: Six of the 13 patients in this group had reversion to sinus rhythm. Seven patients continued to have complete heart block, and five of these died of Stokes-Adams episodes. Two patients continue to have complete heart block without pacemaker insertion. (2) Temporary pacemaker: Seventeen of 25 patients had reversion to sinus rhythm and the temporary pacemaker was removed; the other 8 continued to have complete heart block. Five of the eight died--three of Stokes-Adams episodes and two at the time of cardiac reoperation. Three remain asymptomatic without placement of a permanent pacemaker. Six died of postoperative complications unrelated to heart block or pacemaker implantation. None of the other 20 experienced Stokes-Adams attacks. There was one late death in this group. Although there are problems in using permanent pacemakers and electrode systems, in these patients with operatively induced complete heart block their use was associated with a low mortality rate.", "PMID": 848441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7957", "title": "Interruption of the aortic arch: preoperative and postoperative clinical, hemodynamic and angiographic features.", "content": "Interruption of the aortic arch, studied in 10 patients, was associated with a variety of other cardiac anomalies in 8 patients and was an isolated anomaly in 2. Clinical and angiographic evaluation in the former group revealed congestive heart failure and generalized cyanosis in early infancy, pulmonary and systemic arterial hypertension and a variety of intracardiac and aortic shunt. The two patients with an isolated anomaly had clinical and hemodyanmic features not dissimilar from those of severe coarctation but interruption of the aortic arch was demonstrated on aortography. Surgical treatment was successful in four of the eight infants with associated anomalies and in both children with the isolated defect. Postoperative angiography revealed several related complications and the status of the aortic reconstruction. Clinical angiographic recognition of this lesion is important because operative intervention has been successful in an increasing number of patients.", "contents": "Interruption of the aortic arch: preoperative and postoperative clinical, hemodynamic and angiographic features. Interruption of the aortic arch, studied in 10 patients, was associated with a variety of other cardiac anomalies in 8 patients and was an isolated anomaly in 2. Clinical and angiographic evaluation in the former group revealed congestive heart failure and generalized cyanosis in early infancy, pulmonary and systemic arterial hypertension and a variety of intracardiac and aortic shunt. The two patients with an isolated anomaly had clinical and hemodyanmic features not dissimilar from those of severe coarctation but interruption of the aortic arch was demonstrated on aortography. Surgical treatment was successful in four of the eight infants with associated anomalies and in both children with the isolated defect. Postoperative angiography revealed several related complications and the status of the aortic reconstruction. Clinical angiographic recognition of this lesion is important because operative intervention has been successful in an increasing number of patients.", "PMID": 848442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7958", "title": "Ventricular septal defect in interruption of aortic arch.", "content": "A necroscopy study of 34 patients with interruption of the aortic arch was carried out to characterize more fully the ventricular septal defect and the anatomic basis of subaortic obstruction. In 21 patients (61.8 percent) the site of interruption was between the left common carotid artery and the left subclavian artery; in 13 (38.2 percent) it was distal to the left subclavian artery; no case of interruption just distal to the innominate artery was found. A ventricular septal defect was present in all but two patients, both with large aortopulmonary fenestrations. All patients had visceroatrial situs solitus and D-ventricular loop. The great arteries were normally related in 33 patients and D-transposition was found in one patient. Twenty-one patients had a ventricular septal defect involving the conal septum. Conoventricular malalignment resulted in a typical subpulmonary ventricular defect. The malignant was characteristically in a leftward direction allowing for potential muscular narrowing of the left ventricular outflow tract. In some patients, the conal ventricular septal defect was characterized by a deficiency of a the conal septum without malalignment. In 4 of 21 patients with a ventricular septal defect involving the conal septum, the defect was immediately adjacent to the pulmonary.value. Typical infracristal membranous ventricular defects five patients), cushion defects (3 patients) and muscular defects (3 patients), were also found. The potential for subaortic narrowing was present in some of these patients as well. No relation between position of ventricular septal defect and type of arch interruption could be discerned. The presence or absence of subaortic obstruction was not predictive of a specific type of interruption. Similarly, although deformity of the aortic valve was not uncommon in this series, it was not associated with any specific type of interruption.", "contents": "Ventricular septal defect in interruption of aortic arch. A necroscopy study of 34 patients with interruption of the aortic arch was carried out to characterize more fully the ventricular septal defect and the anatomic basis of subaortic obstruction. In 21 patients (61.8 percent) the site of interruption was between the left common carotid artery and the left subclavian artery; in 13 (38.2 percent) it was distal to the left subclavian artery; no case of interruption just distal to the innominate artery was found. A ventricular septal defect was present in all but two patients, both with large aortopulmonary fenestrations. All patients had visceroatrial situs solitus and D-ventricular loop. The great arteries were normally related in 33 patients and D-transposition was found in one patient. Twenty-one patients had a ventricular septal defect involving the conal septum. Conoventricular malalignment resulted in a typical subpulmonary ventricular defect. The malignant was characteristically in a leftward direction allowing for potential muscular narrowing of the left ventricular outflow tract. In some patients, the conal ventricular septal defect was characterized by a deficiency of a the conal septum without malalignment. In 4 of 21 patients with a ventricular septal defect involving the conal septum, the defect was immediately adjacent to the pulmonary.value. Typical infracristal membranous ventricular defects five patients), cushion defects (3 patients) and muscular defects (3 patients), were also found. The potential for subaortic narrowing was present in some of these patients as well. No relation between position of ventricular septal defect and type of arch interruption could be discerned. The presence or absence of subaortic obstruction was not predictive of a specific type of interruption. Similarly, although deformity of the aortic valve was not uncommon in this series, it was not associated with any specific type of interruption.", "PMID": 848443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7959", "title": "Evaluation of a computerized arrhythmia alarm system.", "content": "A prospective study of a computerized arrhythmia alarm system was carried out in the coronary care unit during 200 patient hours of monitoring. The computer system was designed to activate an alarm on the development of rhythm and conduction disorders including asystole, ventricular tachycardia, atrial tachycardia, sinus tachtcardia, bradycardia, frequent premature ventricular beats, atrial fibrillation and bundle branch block. Study patients were simultaneously monitored by the computer system and a conventional analog heart rate alarm system. All alarms generated by the two systems were evaluated. Of 79 computer alarms, 42 (53 percent) were true positive alarms; during the same period there were 167 analog alarms of which only 13 (8 percent) were true positive alarms. In both systems, false positive alarms were primarily due to patient movement, but they occurred only 25 percent as often with the computer system as with the analog system. These results indicate that computerized arrhythmia monitoring systems offer significant advantages over conventional monitoring techniques.", "contents": "Evaluation of a computerized arrhythmia alarm system. A prospective study of a computerized arrhythmia alarm system was carried out in the coronary care unit during 200 patient hours of monitoring. The computer system was designed to activate an alarm on the development of rhythm and conduction disorders including asystole, ventricular tachycardia, atrial tachycardia, sinus tachtcardia, bradycardia, frequent premature ventricular beats, atrial fibrillation and bundle branch block. Study patients were simultaneously monitored by the computer system and a conventional analog heart rate alarm system. All alarms generated by the two systems were evaluated. Of 79 computer alarms, 42 (53 percent) were true positive alarms; during the same period there were 167 analog alarms of which only 13 (8 percent) were true positive alarms. In both systems, false positive alarms were primarily due to patient movement, but they occurred only 25 percent as often with the computer system as with the analog system. These results indicate that computerized arrhythmia monitoring systems offer significant advantages over conventional monitoring techniques.", "PMID": 848444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7960", "title": "Effects of dobutamine in patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "This study was designed to evaluate the effects of dobutamine, a new cardioselective beta adrenergic agonist, on cardiac performance and myocardial injury in patients with evolving myocardial infarction. Results in 16 patients given dobutamine (1 to 40 microng/kg per min for 24 hours) were compared with those in two groups of control patients: one of 16 patients matched for predicted infarct size, and the other of 16 patients matched for early ventricular dysrhythmia, analyzed by computer. Infarct size was predicted from plasma creatine kinase (CK) values during the first 7 hours after the initial elevation, before infusion of dobutamine. Overall observed infarct size was estimated from hourly CK values for 48 hours (including those before and after administration of dobutamine). In all patients technetium-99m (stannous) pyrophosphate scans were positive for myocardial infarction. Dobutamine increased cardiac output (assessed by thermodilution) from 4.9 +/- 0.37 (mean +/- standard error) to 6.0 +/- 0.38 liters/min (P less than 0.05) and decreased pulmonary arterial occlusive pressure from 21.5 +/- 2.7 to 16.7 +/- 1.6 mmHg (P less than 0.01) without significantly altering heart rate or systemic arterial blood pressure. The ratio of observed to predicted infarct size, the frequency of independently detected reinfarction or extension of infarction and the frequency of premature ventricular complexes were similar in control and treated patients. Thus administration of dobutamine in doses sufficient to improve ventricular performance after myocardial infarction does not exacerbate myocardial injury or ventricular dysrhythmia.", "contents": "Effects of dobutamine in patients with acute myocardial infarction. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of dobutamine, a new cardioselective beta adrenergic agonist, on cardiac performance and myocardial injury in patients with evolving myocardial infarction. Results in 16 patients given dobutamine (1 to 40 microng/kg per min for 24 hours) were compared with those in two groups of control patients: one of 16 patients matched for predicted infarct size, and the other of 16 patients matched for early ventricular dysrhythmia, analyzed by computer. Infarct size was predicted from plasma creatine kinase (CK) values during the first 7 hours after the initial elevation, before infusion of dobutamine. Overall observed infarct size was estimated from hourly CK values for 48 hours (including those before and after administration of dobutamine). In all patients technetium-99m (stannous) pyrophosphate scans were positive for myocardial infarction. Dobutamine increased cardiac output (assessed by thermodilution) from 4.9 +/- 0.37 (mean +/- standard error) to 6.0 +/- 0.38 liters/min (P less than 0.05) and decreased pulmonary arterial occlusive pressure from 21.5 +/- 2.7 to 16.7 +/- 1.6 mmHg (P less than 0.01) without significantly altering heart rate or systemic arterial blood pressure. The ratio of observed to predicted infarct size, the frequency of independently detected reinfarction or extension of infarction and the frequency of premature ventricular complexes were similar in control and treated patients. Thus administration of dobutamine in doses sufficient to improve ventricular performance after myocardial infarction does not exacerbate myocardial injury or ventricular dysrhythmia.", "PMID": 848445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7961", "title": "Platelet and fibrinogen survival in coronary atherosclerosis. Response to medical and surgical therapy.", "content": "Survival times of chromium-51 platelets and iodine-125 fibrinogen were determined in 58 men with documented coronary atherosclerosis. Compared with findings in a control group of 28 men of similar age, mean platelet survival time was selectively shortened (6.8 +/- 1.8 [standard deviation] days versus 9.0 +/- 1.0 days; P less than 0.0001) without a decrease in fibrinogen survival time. More than half of the patients (31 of 58) had a platelet survival time of less than 7.0 days (2 standard deviations from the mean survival time in control subjects). Mean platelet survival time improved toward normal in nine patients after coronary revascularization (preoperative 5.1 +/- 0.9 days, postoperative 7.1 +/- 1.5 days; P less 0.001) and in 13 patients after administration of dipyridamole and acetylsalicylate (4.8 +/- 0.5 days versus 7.0 +/- 0.8 days; P less than 0.001). We conclude that selective platelet consumption occurs in atherosclerotic coronary vessels of some patients and that medical or surgical intervention may inhibit this process.", "contents": "Platelet and fibrinogen survival in coronary atherosclerosis. Response to medical and surgical therapy. Survival times of chromium-51 platelets and iodine-125 fibrinogen were determined in 58 men with documented coronary atherosclerosis. Compared with findings in a control group of 28 men of similar age, mean platelet survival time was selectively shortened (6.8 +/- 1.8 [standard deviation] days versus 9.0 +/- 1.0 days; P less than 0.0001) without a decrease in fibrinogen survival time. More than half of the patients (31 of 58) had a platelet survival time of less than 7.0 days (2 standard deviations from the mean survival time in control subjects). Mean platelet survival time improved toward normal in nine patients after coronary revascularization (preoperative 5.1 +/- 0.9 days, postoperative 7.1 +/- 1.5 days; P less 0.001) and in 13 patients after administration of dipyridamole and acetylsalicylate (4.8 +/- 0.5 days versus 7.0 +/- 0.8 days; P less than 0.001). We conclude that selective platelet consumption occurs in atherosclerotic coronary vessels of some patients and that medical or surgical intervention may inhibit this process.", "PMID": 848446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7962", "title": "The human coronary microcirculation: an electron microscopic study.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the terminal vascular bed of human coronary arteries was studied in the myocardial tissue obtained at surgery from different locations in the heart in five patients. The following vessels were identified: (1) Arterioles; slender and prolonged endothelial cells, flat nuclei and two to three layers of smooth muscle cells. (2) Precapillary sphincters: short endothelial cells, large nuclei bulging into the lumen, close myoendothelial junctions and a single layer of circular smooth muscle. (3) Capillaries: composed of one or more slender endothelial cells. (4) Venules: flat endothelial cells and nuclei, no muscular layer, rich collagen tissue. The function of these structures is believed to be as follows: the arterioles are the smallest blood-distributing arteries in the heart. The precapillary sphincters control blood flow to the capillaries; pressor substances present in the blood are picked up by endothelial cells, pass rapidly through the myoendothelial junctions and cause contractions of the smooth circular muscle layer; the bulging nuclei of endothelial cells then passively obstruct the lumen almost completely. The main exchange of gases and nourishing substances takes place in the capillaries. We postulate that in some pathologic conditions, abnormal constriction of the sphincters may cause diminished flow and be the basis for some well defined or unclear ischemic events.", "contents": "The human coronary microcirculation: an electron microscopic study. The ultrastructure of the terminal vascular bed of human coronary arteries was studied in the myocardial tissue obtained at surgery from different locations in the heart in five patients. The following vessels were identified: (1) Arterioles; slender and prolonged endothelial cells, flat nuclei and two to three layers of smooth muscle cells. (2) Precapillary sphincters: short endothelial cells, large nuclei bulging into the lumen, close myoendothelial junctions and a single layer of circular smooth muscle. (3) Capillaries: composed of one or more slender endothelial cells. (4) Venules: flat endothelial cells and nuclei, no muscular layer, rich collagen tissue. The function of these structures is believed to be as follows: the arterioles are the smallest blood-distributing arteries in the heart. The precapillary sphincters control blood flow to the capillaries; pressor substances present in the blood are picked up by endothelial cells, pass rapidly through the myoendothelial junctions and cause contractions of the smooth circular muscle layer; the bulging nuclei of endothelial cells then passively obstruct the lumen almost completely. The main exchange of gases and nourishing substances takes place in the capillaries. We postulate that in some pathologic conditions, abnormal constriction of the sphincters may cause diminished flow and be the basis for some well defined or unclear ischemic events.", "PMID": 848447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7963", "title": "Aortic implantation of anomalous left coronary artery arising from pulmonary artery.", "content": "Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery is a rare and usually fatal congenital malformation. Most surgical attempts to correct this anomaly have been unsuccessful, particularly those in infants. Recently, four patients underwent reimplantation of an anomalous left coronary artery into the aorta; all four survived the operation and are asymptomatic. This technique of reimplantation of the aberrant vessel into the aorta appears to be prefereble to other methods of repair, especially since it can be applied in any patient with the anomaly regardless of age or size. Because of the poor prognosis for patients with anomalous left coronary artery, surgical intervention should be made as soon as the diagnosis is made.", "contents": "Aortic implantation of anomalous left coronary artery arising from pulmonary artery. Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery is a rare and usually fatal congenital malformation. Most surgical attempts to correct this anomaly have been unsuccessful, particularly those in infants. Recently, four patients underwent reimplantation of an anomalous left coronary artery into the aorta; all four survived the operation and are asymptomatic. This technique of reimplantation of the aberrant vessel into the aorta appears to be prefereble to other methods of repair, especially since it can be applied in any patient with the anomaly regardless of age or size. Because of the poor prognosis for patients with anomalous left coronary artery, surgical intervention should be made as soon as the diagnosis is made.", "PMID": 848448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7964", "title": "Formation and turnover of plasma membrane glycoproteins in kidney tubules of young rats and adult mice, as shown by radioautography after an injection of 3H-fucose.", "content": "The formation and turnover of the glycoproteins of the plasma membrane have been investigated by quantitative radioautography in the kidney tubules of young rats and adult mice killed at various time intervals after an intravenous injection of 3H-fucose. In young (40 g) rats killed five to ten minutes after the injection, radioautographs of distal tubule cells show that the Golgi apparatus contained about 85% of the cell label. By 30 hours, only 8% of the label remained in this organnele, whereas 67% was in the plasma membrane, indicating that most of the label had migrated from Golgi apparatus to this membrane. Similarly, in proximal tubule cells, about 82% of the label was initially in the Golgi apparatus, but less than 2% remained at 30 hours, at which time 78% was in the plasma membrane. In the latter cells, the apical tubules and vacuoles became heavily labeled before the apical microvilli did and, therefore, may be involved in the transit of label from the Golgi apparatus to the microvillous membrane. The results are interpreted to mean that, in kidney tubule cells, the Golgi apparatus is the site of a continuous incorporation of fucose into glycoproteins and that these migrate to the plasma membrane. In fully formed cells, such a conclusion would imply a continuous turnover of plasma membrane glycoproteins. However, in the rapidly growing kidney of young rats many new cells are added daily, the growth of which might involve net addition as well as turnover of glycoproteins. Accordingly, the experiment has been repeated in adult mice, in which the cells are assumed to be fully formed. Furthermore, since turnover implies eventual decrease of incorporated label, some of the animals have been killed at longer intervals, up to 27 days after injection. In these adult mice, as in young rats, prompt Golgi uptake and subsequent migration of label to the plasma membrane were observed in distal and proximal tubules cells. With time the label content of the plasma membrane decreased gradually, and by 27 days had virtually disappeared. From grain counts, it is concluded that the mean half-life of glycoproteins in the apical membrane of distal tubule cells is about two days, whereas in both the apical and basal membranes of proximal tubule cells, it is slightly over three days.", "contents": "Formation and turnover of plasma membrane glycoproteins in kidney tubules of young rats and adult mice, as shown by radioautography after an injection of 3H-fucose. The formation and turnover of the glycoproteins of the plasma membrane have been investigated by quantitative radioautography in the kidney tubules of young rats and adult mice killed at various time intervals after an intravenous injection of 3H-fucose. In young (40 g) rats killed five to ten minutes after the injection, radioautographs of distal tubule cells show that the Golgi apparatus contained about 85% of the cell label. By 30 hours, only 8% of the label remained in this organnele, whereas 67% was in the plasma membrane, indicating that most of the label had migrated from Golgi apparatus to this membrane. Similarly, in proximal tubule cells, about 82% of the label was initially in the Golgi apparatus, but less than 2% remained at 30 hours, at which time 78% was in the plasma membrane. In the latter cells, the apical tubules and vacuoles became heavily labeled before the apical microvilli did and, therefore, may be involved in the transit of label from the Golgi apparatus to the microvillous membrane. The results are interpreted to mean that, in kidney tubule cells, the Golgi apparatus is the site of a continuous incorporation of fucose into glycoproteins and that these migrate to the plasma membrane. In fully formed cells, such a conclusion would imply a continuous turnover of plasma membrane glycoproteins. However, in the rapidly growing kidney of young rats many new cells are added daily, the growth of which might involve net addition as well as turnover of glycoproteins. Accordingly, the experiment has been repeated in adult mice, in which the cells are assumed to be fully formed. Furthermore, since turnover implies eventual decrease of incorporated label, some of the animals have been killed at longer intervals, up to 27 days after injection. In these adult mice, as in young rats, prompt Golgi uptake and subsequent migration of label to the plasma membrane were observed in distal and proximal tubules cells. With time the label content of the plasma membrane decreased gradually, and by 27 days had virtually disappeared. From grain counts, it is concluded that the mean half-life of glycoproteins in the apical membrane of distal tubule cells is about two days, whereas in both the apical and basal membranes of proximal tubule cells, it is slightly over three days.", "PMID": 848452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7965", "title": "Freeze-fracture study of the carotid body.", "content": "Replicas of freeze-fractured rat carotid body chief (Type I) cells reveal the normal complement of cytoplasmic organelles. En face fractures of the chief cell plasmalemma exhibit occasional sites of fusion of the amine-containing vesicles which characterize the carotid body. The endothelial cells lining the capillary network of the carotid body display numerous pinocytotic vesicles often oriented in linear arrays, and occasional fenestrae. The endothelial cells are joined together by tight junctions which appear as grooves (B face) forming a continuous network over the membrane.", "contents": "Freeze-fracture study of the carotid body. Replicas of freeze-fractured rat carotid body chief (Type I) cells reveal the normal complement of cytoplasmic organelles. En face fractures of the chief cell plasmalemma exhibit occasional sites of fusion of the amine-containing vesicles which characterize the carotid body. The endothelial cells lining the capillary network of the carotid body display numerous pinocytotic vesicles often oriented in linear arrays, and occasional fenestrae. The endothelial cells are joined together by tight junctions which appear as grooves (B face) forming a continuous network over the membrane.", "PMID": 848453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7966", "title": "Phytochemical properties and hypotensive mechanism of extracts from Gardenia jasminoides seeds.", "content": "An improved extraction method was used to obtain hypotensive principles from seeds of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (Rubiaceae). The crude extract contained mainly glycosides and had minimal direct cardiac depressant effects. The hypotensive action was attributable to a reflex phenomenon, involving both the parasympathetic and the sympathetic vasomotor centers. It was shown that the hypotensive and bradycardiac properties of Gardenia extract were entirely abolished in a tropinized and vagotomized rats, but only partially attenuated in carotid sinus denervated rats, and that low cervical spinal transection in rats did not inhibit the hypotensive responses. Accordingly, the afferent limb of this cardiovascular reflex are consisted of both vagus nerves and baroreceptor afferents, whereas the vagi alone constituted the efferent limb.", "contents": "Phytochemical properties and hypotensive mechanism of extracts from Gardenia jasminoides seeds. An improved extraction method was used to obtain hypotensive principles from seeds of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (Rubiaceae). The crude extract contained mainly glycosides and had minimal direct cardiac depressant effects. The hypotensive action was attributable to a reflex phenomenon, involving both the parasympathetic and the sympathetic vasomotor centers. It was shown that the hypotensive and bradycardiac properties of Gardenia extract were entirely abolished in a tropinized and vagotomized rats, but only partially attenuated in carotid sinus denervated rats, and that low cervical spinal transection in rats did not inhibit the hypotensive responses. Accordingly, the afferent limb of this cardiovascular reflex are consisted of both vagus nerves and baroreceptor afferents, whereas the vagi alone constituted the efferent limb.", "PMID": 848455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7967", "title": "Therapeutic effect of acupuncture for chronic pain.", "content": "The purpose of this report concerned with the activities of the acupuncture clinic at UAB during the past 2 years and 3 months, is to objectively assess the role of acupuncture in the treatment of various pain disorders for which conventional pain relieving methods had failed to yield satisfactory results. In carefully analyzing the data provided by the patients through completed questionnaires, an attempt was made to look at the results obtained as unbiased as possible and to determine whether it is justified to continue the acupuncture activities at UAB or terminate them. From the data presented it appears that acupuncture helped in more than 50 percent of the patients by either completely or partially controlling the suffering from painful disorders. Patients helped by acupuncture received 8.55 treatments on the average, while patients not helped by acupuncture only received 4.75 treatments. There is little difference between the male and female patients as to the response to acupuncture. However, we noticed that the younger the patient and the shorter the duration of their problems, the better the response. Patients who had not had surgery to treat the pain syndrome responded better than those who had previous surgery. Patients with backache who had previously had laminectomy showed better response to acupuncture than the patients who had spinal fusion. It appears that good general health plays an important role in favorably responding to acupuncture treatment. It is apparent from this survey that acupuncture may be a valuable extension of a conventional pain clinic and an alternative in patients who are desperate in their desire to get relief from pain which they failed to obtain from other methods.", "contents": "Therapeutic effect of acupuncture for chronic pain. The purpose of this report concerned with the activities of the acupuncture clinic at UAB during the past 2 years and 3 months, is to objectively assess the role of acupuncture in the treatment of various pain disorders for which conventional pain relieving methods had failed to yield satisfactory results. In carefully analyzing the data provided by the patients through completed questionnaires, an attempt was made to look at the results obtained as unbiased as possible and to determine whether it is justified to continue the acupuncture activities at UAB or terminate them. From the data presented it appears that acupuncture helped in more than 50 percent of the patients by either completely or partially controlling the suffering from painful disorders. Patients helped by acupuncture received 8.55 treatments on the average, while patients not helped by acupuncture only received 4.75 treatments. There is little difference between the male and female patients as to the response to acupuncture. However, we noticed that the younger the patient and the shorter the duration of their problems, the better the response. Patients who had not had surgery to treat the pain syndrome responded better than those who had previous surgery. Patients with backache who had previously had laminectomy showed better response to acupuncture than the patients who had spinal fusion. It appears that good general health plays an important role in favorably responding to acupuncture treatment. It is apparent from this survey that acupuncture may be a valuable extension of a conventional pain clinic and an alternative in patients who are desperate in their desire to get relief from pain which they failed to obtain from other methods.", "PMID": 848456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7968", "title": "Lidocaine injection of auricular points in the treatment of insomnia.", "content": "By combining knowledge in modern medicine and traditional Chinese medicine, auricular points were selected for treatment of insomnia. Instead of the placement of needles, injection of small amounts of Lidocaine into these sites was employed. Fifteen out of 16 patients obtained substantial improvement and one patient received moderate improvement. The therapeutic effect was maintained three months after the end of the treatment series. The physiological and clinical implications of this study in terms of modern medicine and traditional Chinese medicine are also discussed.", "contents": "Lidocaine injection of auricular points in the treatment of insomnia. By combining knowledge in modern medicine and traditional Chinese medicine, auricular points were selected for treatment of insomnia. Instead of the placement of needles, injection of small amounts of Lidocaine into these sites was employed. Fifteen out of 16 patients obtained substantial improvement and one patient received moderate improvement. The therapeutic effect was maintained three months after the end of the treatment series. The physiological and clinical implications of this study in terms of modern medicine and traditional Chinese medicine are also discussed.", "PMID": 848457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7969", "title": "Treatment of cluster headache by acupuncture.", "content": "The case history of a thirty year-old woman with cluster headache is reported. After various methods of treatment had failed, she was treated by acupuncture.", "contents": "Treatment of cluster headache by acupuncture. The case history of a thirty year-old woman with cluster headache is reported. After various methods of treatment had failed, she was treated by acupuncture.", "PMID": 848459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7970", "title": "Acupuncture in two cases of peripheral nerve paralysis.", "content": "This is a report on a case of peripheral paralysis of the right side of the larynx. The patient was a 34 year-old male who became completely aphonic following a grippal infection. After 3 weeks of conventional treatment by a well-known specialist, he underwent acupuncture treatment. After 4 months the voice was again normal; however, the laryngoscopy showed a completely normal larynx only 7 months after the illness. The loci used and the reasons for their selection are discussed in detail. The second case was a 62 year-old male with facial paralysis. This patient underwent acupuncture treatment shortly after he was stricken. After 6 days distinct improvement was seen; he was completely healed after 2 months. The loci and the reasons for their selection are discussed. The cases are compared.", "contents": "Acupuncture in two cases of peripheral nerve paralysis. This is a report on a case of peripheral paralysis of the right side of the larynx. The patient was a 34 year-old male who became completely aphonic following a grippal infection. After 3 weeks of conventional treatment by a well-known specialist, he underwent acupuncture treatment. After 4 months the voice was again normal; however, the laryngoscopy showed a completely normal larynx only 7 months after the illness. The loci used and the reasons for their selection are discussed in detail. The second case was a 62 year-old male with facial paralysis. This patient underwent acupuncture treatment shortly after he was stricken. After 6 days distinct improvement was seen; he was completely healed after 2 months. The loci and the reasons for their selection are discussed. The cases are compared.", "PMID": 848460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7971", "title": "Infection in newborn siblings.", "content": "Two newborn siblings, one with meningitis and one with sepsis due to Listeria monocytogenes, were born to a healthy, 33-year-old woman. She had had a spontaneous abortion prior to the birth of these infants. In spite of negative cultures, persistence of this bacterium in the mother's genital tract and perinatal acquisition of infection is suspected.", "contents": "Infection in newborn siblings. Two newborn siblings, one with meningitis and one with sepsis due to Listeria monocytogenes, were born to a healthy, 33-year-old woman. She had had a spontaneous abortion prior to the birth of these infants. In spite of negative cultures, persistence of this bacterium in the mother's genital tract and perinatal acquisition of infection is suspected.", "PMID": 848461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7972", "title": "Regional planning of hospital facilities for children.", "content": "The quest for constraint of health care costs has combined with the quest for better distribution of specialized child health services to emphasize the need for facility planning that considers the needs and resources of an entire region. This article describes the guidelines derived through one such planning effort and the process through which they were derived. The process can, we believe, be replicated or modified for planning pediatric hospital facilities or other health care facilities in other regions of the country.", "contents": "Regional planning of hospital facilities for children. The quest for constraint of health care costs has combined with the quest for better distribution of specialized child health services to emphasize the need for facility planning that considers the needs and resources of an entire region. This article describes the guidelines derived through one such planning effort and the process through which they were derived. The process can, we believe, be replicated or modified for planning pediatric hospital facilities or other health care facilities in other regions of the country.", "PMID": 848462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7973", "title": "General revenue sharing funds for the health care of mothers and children.", "content": "In a study of the use of General Revenue Sharing (GRS) funds by the states and by cities of 100,000 and over in the United States for fiscal years 1973 and 1974, we found that few states and large cities allocated or requested GRS funds for Maternal and Child Health (MCH), Crippled Children (CC), and related services. One third of the states and cities reported suggestions for use of GRS funds for MCH, CC, and related services.", "contents": "General revenue sharing funds for the health care of mothers and children. In a study of the use of General Revenue Sharing (GRS) funds by the states and by cities of 100,000 and over in the United States for fiscal years 1973 and 1974, we found that few states and large cities allocated or requested GRS funds for Maternal and Child Health (MCH), Crippled Children (CC), and related services. One third of the states and cities reported suggestions for use of GRS funds for MCH, CC, and related services.", "PMID": 848463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7974", "title": "Quadriceps contracture as a result of multiple intramuscular injection.", "content": "Quadriceps contracture in children can result from multiple intramuscular injections. We describe here seven patients with this complication. These patients were unable to completely flex the involved knee. At surgery, extensive fibrosis of the quadriceps muscle was found. Lengthening of the scar and contracted muscle and tendon restored a good deal of flexion. If long-term antibiotic treatment is anticipated, the intravenous route should be employed if possible.", "contents": "Quadriceps contracture as a result of multiple intramuscular injection. Quadriceps contracture in children can result from multiple intramuscular injections. We describe here seven patients with this complication. These patients were unable to completely flex the involved knee. At surgery, extensive fibrosis of the quadriceps muscle was found. Lengthening of the scar and contracted muscle and tendon restored a good deal of flexion. If long-term antibiotic treatment is anticipated, the intravenous route should be employed if possible.", "PMID": 848464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7975", "title": "Pneumoperitoneum in the extremely low-birth-weight infant: successful nonoperative treatment.", "content": "Pneumoperitoneum without associated pulmonary air leak occurred in two extremely preterm, low-birth-weight infants. These infants were considered too critically ill to tolerate surgical exploration. Accordingly, they were treated medically and supportively, with excellent results.", "contents": "Pneumoperitoneum in the extremely low-birth-weight infant: successful nonoperative treatment. Pneumoperitoneum without associated pulmonary air leak occurred in two extremely preterm, low-birth-weight infants. These infants were considered too critically ill to tolerate surgical exploration. Accordingly, they were treated medically and supportively, with excellent results.", "PMID": 848465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7976", "title": "Defective neutrophil chemotactic responses in patients with recurrent episodes of otitis media and chronic diarrhea.", "content": "Fourteen patients who had repeated episodes of otitis media and diarrhea were evaluated to determine if a defect in the host defense mechanism could account for the unusual incidence of infection. Each of the patients with recurrent otitis media and diarrhea had a profound defect in neutrophil chemotactic responsiveness. The mean chemotactic index of the patients was 21 +/- 6, while that of 25 controls was 62 + 10. Other neutrophil functions, lymphocyte T-cell populations, immunoglobulins, and complement components were normal in the patients. Serum IgE levels were also normal. The presence of a defect in neutrophil chemotaxis in these patients with recurrent otitis media and chronic diarrhea suggests that the phagocyte may play an important role in protection of the mucosal surfaces of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.", "contents": "Defective neutrophil chemotactic responses in patients with recurrent episodes of otitis media and chronic diarrhea. Fourteen patients who had repeated episodes of otitis media and diarrhea were evaluated to determine if a defect in the host defense mechanism could account for the unusual incidence of infection. Each of the patients with recurrent otitis media and diarrhea had a profound defect in neutrophil chemotactic responsiveness. The mean chemotactic index of the patients was 21 +/- 6, while that of 25 controls was 62 + 10. Other neutrophil functions, lymphocyte T-cell populations, immunoglobulins, and complement components were normal in the patients. Serum IgE levels were also normal. The presence of a defect in neutrophil chemotaxis in these patients with recurrent otitis media and chronic diarrhea suggests that the phagocyte may play an important role in protection of the mucosal surfaces of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.", "PMID": 848466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7977", "title": "Oculocraniosomatic neuromuscular disease with hypoparathyroidism.", "content": "During a six-year period, an adolescent girl developed a polyglandular disease characterized by hypoparathyroidism, chemical diabetes, growth failure and pubertal delay, hypercholesterolemia, and hypomagnesemia. A slowly progressive neurological disorder occurred simultaneously, consisting of progressive external ophthalmoplegia, mitochondrial myopathy, ataxia, neural deafness, mental subnormality, atypical retinitis, corneal dystrophy, cataract, and increased protein level in the cerebrospinal fluid. An intracardiac conduction defect was also found. This disorder, the cause of which is uncertain, is termed oculocraniosomatic disease. Our patient is apparently unique in that there was an associated hypoparathyroidism.", "contents": "Oculocraniosomatic neuromuscular disease with hypoparathyroidism. During a six-year period, an adolescent girl developed a polyglandular disease characterized by hypoparathyroidism, chemical diabetes, growth failure and pubertal delay, hypercholesterolemia, and hypomagnesemia. A slowly progressive neurological disorder occurred simultaneously, consisting of progressive external ophthalmoplegia, mitochondrial myopathy, ataxia, neural deafness, mental subnormality, atypical retinitis, corneal dystrophy, cataract, and increased protein level in the cerebrospinal fluid. An intracardiac conduction defect was also found. This disorder, the cause of which is uncertain, is termed oculocraniosomatic disease. Our patient is apparently unique in that there was an associated hypoparathyroidism.", "PMID": 848467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7978", "title": "The Tromso heart study: risk factors for coronary heart disease related to the occurrence of myocardial infarction in first degree relatives.", "content": "In a population survey for risk factors associated with coronary heart disease among 6595 men aged 20-49 years of age, a family history of myocardial infarction (MI) was obtained by interview. A high degree of concurrence (78%) was found between the reported and confirmed diagnoses. Subjects who had evidence of a previous MI had a significantly higher frequency of first degree relatives with MI compared to healthy men of the same age. In subjects with first degree relatives of either sex suffering from MI before age 50, the mean serum cholesterol concentration was found to be slightly but not significantly elevated. However, when the relatives were females below age 50, the subjects had significantly elevated mean systolic blood pressure (0.05 greater than p greater than 0.01). The differences between subjects with a positive and negative family history of MI were surprisingly small. Correspondingly, there was no difference in the frequency of MI relatives in subjects belonging to the upper and lower quintiles of the serum cholesterol and blood pressure distribution. The slight elevations in serum cholesterol and blood pressure contribute only to a very small extent to the increased risk to subjects with a positive family history.", "contents": "The Tromso heart study: risk factors for coronary heart disease related to the occurrence of myocardial infarction in first degree relatives. In a population survey for risk factors associated with coronary heart disease among 6595 men aged 20-49 years of age, a family history of myocardial infarction (MI) was obtained by interview. A high degree of concurrence (78%) was found between the reported and confirmed diagnoses. Subjects who had evidence of a previous MI had a significantly higher frequency of first degree relatives with MI compared to healthy men of the same age. In subjects with first degree relatives of either sex suffering from MI before age 50, the mean serum cholesterol concentration was found to be slightly but not significantly elevated. However, when the relatives were females below age 50, the subjects had significantly elevated mean systolic blood pressure (0.05 greater than p greater than 0.01). The differences between subjects with a positive and negative family history of MI were surprisingly small. Correspondingly, there was no difference in the frequency of MI relatives in subjects belonging to the upper and lower quintiles of the serum cholesterol and blood pressure distribution. The slight elevations in serum cholesterol and blood pressure contribute only to a very small extent to the increased risk to subjects with a positive family history.", "PMID": 848473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7979", "title": "Work-energy level, personal characteristics, and fatal heart attack: a birth-cohort effect.", "content": "In a 22-year followup of 3686 San Francisco longshoremen, a cohort analysis assessed job activity and six personal characteristics in relation to 395 fatal heart attacks. Four cohorts aged 35-44, 45-54, 55-64, and 65-74 in 1951 were studied annually for job shifts affecting energy output and for sudden or delayed death from heart attack by age 75. All subjects underwent multiphasic screening for heavy cigarette smoking, higher blood pressure, history of prior heart disease, obesity, abnormal glucose metabolism, and higher blood cholesterol. The first three of these characteristics added risk of fatal heart attack. The amount of risk varied in the four cohorts. Higher energy output on the job reduced risk of fatal heart attack, especially sudden death, in the two younger cohorts, where less active workers were at threefold increased risk. Lack of this effect in the two older cohorts could imply real differences in their work habits, such as being less energetic in heavy jobs or more energetic in light jobs than the younger cohorts. Or, before the study began, early deaths may have winnowed susceptibles from the two older cohorts. Combined low-energy output, heavy smoking, and higher blood pressure increased risk by as much as 20-fold. By elimination of these adverse influences, this population might have had an 88% reduction in its rate of fatal heart attack during the 22 years.", "contents": "Work-energy level, personal characteristics, and fatal heart attack: a birth-cohort effect. In a 22-year followup of 3686 San Francisco longshoremen, a cohort analysis assessed job activity and six personal characteristics in relation to 395 fatal heart attacks. Four cohorts aged 35-44, 45-54, 55-64, and 65-74 in 1951 were studied annually for job shifts affecting energy output and for sudden or delayed death from heart attack by age 75. All subjects underwent multiphasic screening for heavy cigarette smoking, higher blood pressure, history of prior heart disease, obesity, abnormal glucose metabolism, and higher blood cholesterol. The first three of these characteristics added risk of fatal heart attack. The amount of risk varied in the four cohorts. Higher energy output on the job reduced risk of fatal heart attack, especially sudden death, in the two younger cohorts, where less active workers were at threefold increased risk. Lack of this effect in the two older cohorts could imply real differences in their work habits, such as being less energetic in heavy jobs or more energetic in light jobs than the younger cohorts. Or, before the study began, early deaths may have winnowed susceptibles from the two older cohorts. Combined low-energy output, heavy smoking, and higher blood pressure increased risk by as much as 20-fold. By elimination of these adverse influences, this population might have had an 88% reduction in its rate of fatal heart attack during the 22 years.", "PMID": 848474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7980", "title": "Effect of relative weight on familial blood pressure aggregations.", "content": "Because of recognized associations between body build and blood pressure in individuals, along with familial clustering of these variables, a study was undertaken to determine whether parent-child blood pressure resemblances reflect parent-child similarities in body build. Adolescents were selected to serve as propositi for the parental study from a large school population. To maximize the liklihood of demonstrating existing associations between blood pressure and the body build in family members, blood pressures and weight status of parents whose adolescent children had high blood pressures (Group I parents) were compared with similar observations in parents whose children had low blood pressures (Group II parents). Group III adolescent propositi were selected for high weight status but blood pressure below the mean for their sex group. Group I parents had higher blood pressures and body weight than did Group II parents, similar to the differences in the groups of children. Parents of Group III propositi had high body weight but blood pressure that was intermediate between the other two parent groups. Differences in Group I and III parental blood pressures, despite similar body weights, suggest that familial blood pressure resemblances cannot be solely attributed to familial similarities in body weight.", "contents": "Effect of relative weight on familial blood pressure aggregations. Because of recognized associations between body build and blood pressure in individuals, along with familial clustering of these variables, a study was undertaken to determine whether parent-child blood pressure resemblances reflect parent-child similarities in body build. Adolescents were selected to serve as propositi for the parental study from a large school population. To maximize the liklihood of demonstrating existing associations between blood pressure and the body build in family members, blood pressures and weight status of parents whose adolescent children had high blood pressures (Group I parents) were compared with similar observations in parents whose children had low blood pressures (Group II parents). Group III adolescent propositi were selected for high weight status but blood pressure below the mean for their sex group. Group I parents had higher blood pressures and body weight than did Group II parents, similar to the differences in the groups of children. Parents of Group III propositi had high body weight but blood pressure that was intermediate between the other two parent groups. Differences in Group I and III parental blood pressures, despite similar body weights, suggest that familial blood pressure resemblances cannot be solely attributed to familial similarities in body weight.", "PMID": 848475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7981", "title": "Variola minor in Braganca Paulista county, 1956: a trend-surface analysis.", "content": "Trend-surface analysis (TSA), a form of polynomial regression used in geology, ecology and geography, was applied to analysis of the spread of an epidemic of variola minor in a small Brazilian city. Cubic surfaces gave a generalized map of the space-time distribution of the epidemic, allowing those parts of the city to be identified where variola minor was spreading rapidly or slowly. The epidemic spread relatively quickly over the core area of the city, especially to the peripherally located household dwellings in a northeast to south-west direction. The dwellings of adults and pre-school children introducing the disease into their households broadly followed the overall pattern. School child introductory cases from a southern-located school yielded a saddle-shaped contour pattern, centered about the school; but this pattern was not repeated for the school serving the northern half of the city, which showed a ridge-shaped pattern dipping toward the west. Cubic surfaces for the influence of certain household and individual characteristics were investigated, but showed only week trends. The nearest match to the bowl-shaped overall pattern of introductory dates was provided by the vaccination level of the households. From this application, it appears that TSA permits the identification of regional trends in an objective manner and gives a quantitative measure of the importance of these regional trends in terms of the overall variation in the spatial pattern.", "contents": "Variola minor in Braganca Paulista county, 1956: a trend-surface analysis. Trend-surface analysis (TSA), a form of polynomial regression used in geology, ecology and geography, was applied to analysis of the spread of an epidemic of variola minor in a small Brazilian city. Cubic surfaces gave a generalized map of the space-time distribution of the epidemic, allowing those parts of the city to be identified where variola minor was spreading rapidly or slowly. The epidemic spread relatively quickly over the core area of the city, especially to the peripherally located household dwellings in a northeast to south-west direction. The dwellings of adults and pre-school children introducing the disease into their households broadly followed the overall pattern. School child introductory cases from a southern-located school yielded a saddle-shaped contour pattern, centered about the school; but this pattern was not repeated for the school serving the northern half of the city, which showed a ridge-shaped pattern dipping toward the west. Cubic surfaces for the influence of certain household and individual characteristics were investigated, but showed only week trends. The nearest match to the bowl-shaped overall pattern of introductory dates was provided by the vaccination level of the households. From this application, it appears that TSA permits the identification of regional trends in an objective manner and gives a quantitative measure of the importance of these regional trends in terms of the overall variation in the spatial pattern.", "PMID": 848476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7982", "title": "Estimation of the possible effect of interventive measures in the area of ischemic heart diseases by the attributable risk percentage.", "content": "In epidemiology the concepts of relative and attributable risk are used to describe the statistical association between the incidence of a disease and the presence of possible risk factors. If the association is due to a cause-effect relationship, the attributable risk can be considered as an estimate for the reduction in incidence as a consequences of intervention. In order to get unbiased estimates these risks must be standardized for the influence of confounding variables. From data of the Framingham Study these risks, standardized for the confounding influence of age, are estimated for three risk factors related to the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD)--hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and cigarette-smoking--both marginally and jointly. Under very optimistic assumptions a theoretical reduction in 12-year CHD incidence of a maximum of about 20% is estimated from the male Framingham sample by assumedly lowering systolic blood pressure and serum cholesterol. If only cigarette-smoking could be totally eliminated, the reduction is estimated at about 37%.", "contents": "Estimation of the possible effect of interventive measures in the area of ischemic heart diseases by the attributable risk percentage. In epidemiology the concepts of relative and attributable risk are used to describe the statistical association between the incidence of a disease and the presence of possible risk factors. If the association is due to a cause-effect relationship, the attributable risk can be considered as an estimate for the reduction in incidence as a consequences of intervention. In order to get unbiased estimates these risks must be standardized for the influence of confounding variables. From data of the Framingham Study these risks, standardized for the confounding influence of age, are estimated for three risk factors related to the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD)--hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and cigarette-smoking--both marginally and jointly. Under very optimistic assumptions a theoretical reduction in 12-year CHD incidence of a maximum of about 20% is estimated from the male Framingham sample by assumedly lowering systolic blood pressure and serum cholesterol. If only cigarette-smoking could be totally eliminated, the reduction is estimated at about 37%.", "PMID": 848477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7983", "title": "Evidence for lower susceptibility to multiple sclerosis in Japanese-Americans.", "content": "A search for cases of multiple sclerosis (MS) was carried out among the 120,066 Japanese-American residents and the 3,060,366 Caucasian residents native to state of residence in King and Pierce Counties, Washington, and Los Angeles County, California. Although 48 cases would have been expected among Japanese-Americans in both areas (on the basis of the prevalence among Caucasians in these two areas), only eight cases were found who were residents on prevalence day -- all were American-born residents of Los Angeles County. The age-, sex-adjusted prevalence of MS among Japanese-Americans in both areas was 5.9 per 100,000. The lower prevalence of multiple sclerosis among Japanese-Americans than among Caucasians has been interpreted as evidence of a lower susceptibility to factors causing multiple sclerosis.", "contents": "Evidence for lower susceptibility to multiple sclerosis in Japanese-Americans. A search for cases of multiple sclerosis (MS) was carried out among the 120,066 Japanese-American residents and the 3,060,366 Caucasian residents native to state of residence in King and Pierce Counties, Washington, and Los Angeles County, California. Although 48 cases would have been expected among Japanese-Americans in both areas (on the basis of the prevalence among Caucasians in these two areas), only eight cases were found who were residents on prevalence day -- all were American-born residents of Los Angeles County. The age-, sex-adjusted prevalence of MS among Japanese-Americans in both areas was 5.9 per 100,000. The lower prevalence of multiple sclerosis among Japanese-Americans than among Caucasians has been interpreted as evidence of a lower susceptibility to factors causing multiple sclerosis.", "PMID": 848479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7984", "title": "Alcohol consumption among white, black, or oriental men and women: Kaiser-Permanente multiphasic health examination data.", "content": "Alcohol consumption habits as recorded on health checkup questionnaires by 91,659 white, black, or Oriental men and women were studied. Substantial age, sex, and race differences in alcohol consumption were reported. Generally, men drank more than women, drinking was most prevalent among whites and least prevalent among Orientals, and the highest proportion of drinkers was found in the age decades 20-29 and 30-39 years. Consumption of 3+ drinks per day was most prevalent in the age decades 40-49 and 50-59. The proportion of nondrinkers diminished with increasing educational attainment. Alcohol use showed a strong positive assocaition with cigarette smoking, a weaker positive association with coffee use, and no relation to blood group within race. A complex relation was observed between alcohol use and adiposity, which differed for the various sex-race subgroups. It is concluded that age, sex, race, educational attainment, smoking, and adiposity are potentially significant confounders of studies of alcohol use and health.", "contents": "Alcohol consumption among white, black, or oriental men and women: Kaiser-Permanente multiphasic health examination data. Alcohol consumption habits as recorded on health checkup questionnaires by 91,659 white, black, or Oriental men and women were studied. Substantial age, sex, and race differences in alcohol consumption were reported. Generally, men drank more than women, drinking was most prevalent among whites and least prevalent among Orientals, and the highest proportion of drinkers was found in the age decades 20-29 and 30-39 years. Consumption of 3+ drinks per day was most prevalent in the age decades 40-49 and 50-59. The proportion of nondrinkers diminished with increasing educational attainment. Alcohol use showed a strong positive assocaition with cigarette smoking, a weaker positive association with coffee use, and no relation to blood group within race. A complex relation was observed between alcohol use and adiposity, which differed for the various sex-race subgroups. It is concluded that age, sex, race, educational attainment, smoking, and adiposity are potentially significant confounders of studies of alcohol use and health.", "PMID": 848480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7985", "title": "The relation between physical, psychological, and social morbidity in a suburban community.", "content": "Questionnaire scales of physical, psychological, and social morbidity were utilized to discover the relation between these indices in a representative Australian suburban sample of 863 adults aged 20-69 years. The physical and psychological morbidity of the sample was considerable and comparable to that revealed by other health surveys. There was a positive association between the occurrence of physical and psychological illness. The level of social isolation was low and in this residentially stable sample there was no association between social isolation and either physical or psychological morbidity.", "contents": "The relation between physical, psychological, and social morbidity in a suburban community. Questionnaire scales of physical, psychological, and social morbidity were utilized to discover the relation between these indices in a representative Australian suburban sample of 863 adults aged 20-69 years. The physical and psychological morbidity of the sample was considerable and comparable to that revealed by other health surveys. There was a positive association between the occurrence of physical and psychological illness. The level of social isolation was low and in this residentially stable sample there was no association between social isolation and either physical or psychological morbidity.", "PMID": 848481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7986", "title": "Giardiasis in Colorado: an epidemiologic study.", "content": "A one-year retrospective laboratory survey in Colorado revealed that 691 (3%) of 22,743 stool examinations for ova and parasites were positive for Giardia lamblia, a higher percentage than that reported from surveys outside of Colorado. The majority of infected residents who were surveyed had experienced an episode of chronic watery diarrhea (median duration 3.8 weeks) with bloating, flatulence, and weight loss (averaging 5.1 kg), and had responded to a course of metronidazole or quinacrine. A statewide telephone survey of 256 cases and matched controls identified: 1) and increased incidence of giardiasis in persons between the ages of 16 and 45, p less than .001, with males and females equally affected; and 2) a higher proportion of cases than controls who visited Colorado mountains (69% vs. 47%), camped out overnight (38% vs. 18%), and drank untreated mountain water (50% vs. 17%), p less than .001. Also identified was a correlation between the seasonal distribution of cases and degree of fecal contamination of mountain streams. These results indicated that  G. lamblia is endemic in Colorado and that drinking untreated mountain water is an important cause of endemic ifection.", "contents": "Giardiasis in Colorado: an epidemiologic study. A one-year retrospective laboratory survey in Colorado revealed that 691 (3%) of 22,743 stool examinations for ova and parasites were positive for Giardia lamblia, a higher percentage than that reported from surveys outside of Colorado. The majority of infected residents who were surveyed had experienced an episode of chronic watery diarrhea (median duration 3.8 weeks) with bloating, flatulence, and weight loss (averaging 5.1 kg), and had responded to a course of metronidazole or quinacrine. A statewide telephone survey of 256 cases and matched controls identified: 1) and increased incidence of giardiasis in persons between the ages of 16 and 45, p less than .001, with males and females equally affected; and 2) a higher proportion of cases than controls who visited Colorado mountains (69% vs. 47%), camped out overnight (38% vs. 18%), and drank untreated mountain water (50% vs. 17%), p less than .001. Also identified was a correlation between the seasonal distribution of cases and degree of fecal contamination of mountain streams. These results indicated that  G. lamblia is endemic in Colorado and that drinking untreated mountain water is an important cause of endemic ifection.", "PMID": 848482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7987", "title": "Cholera in Portugal, 1974.I. Modes of transmission.", "content": "In April-November 1974, Portugal had a cholera epidemic caused by Vibrio cholerae El Tor Inaba with 2467 bacteriologically confirmed hospitalized cases and 48 deaths. Most of the country was affected, with 17 of the 18 districts reporting cases. V. cholerae was isolated from 42 per cent of shellfish tested during the epidemic, and an epidemiologic study found that a history of consumption of raw or poorly cooked cockles was significantly more common among cholera patients than among paired controls. Water from a spring and a brand of commercially bottled water were also found to be vehicles of transmission of cholera. Although night soil was sometimes used on gardens, consumption of raw fruits and vegetables was not associated with illness.", "contents": "Cholera in Portugal, 1974.I. Modes of transmission. In April-November 1974, Portugal had a cholera epidemic caused by Vibrio cholerae El Tor Inaba with 2467 bacteriologically confirmed hospitalized cases and 48 deaths. Most of the country was affected, with 17 of the 18 districts reporting cases. V. cholerae was isolated from 42 per cent of shellfish tested during the epidemic, and an epidemiologic study found that a history of consumption of raw or poorly cooked cockles was significantly more common among cholera patients than among paired controls. Water from a spring and a brand of commercially bottled water were also found to be vehicles of transmission of cholera. Although night soil was sometimes used on gardens, consumption of raw fruits and vegetables was not associated with illness.", "PMID": 848483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7988", "title": "Cholera in Portugal, 1974. II. Transmission by bottled mineral water.", "content": "During a cholera epidemic, Vibrio cholerae was isolated from two springs which supplied mineral water to a spa and to a commercial water bottling plant. Epidemiologic investigation found that cholera attack rates were 10-fold greater among visitors to the spa than among non-visitors. A subsequent matched-pair case-control study which excluded persons who had visted the spa showed that a history of consumption of the bottled non-carbonated water was significantly more common among bacteriologically confirmed cholera cases than among paired controls.", "contents": "Cholera in Portugal, 1974. II. Transmission by bottled mineral water. During a cholera epidemic, Vibrio cholerae was isolated from two springs which supplied mineral water to a spa and to a commercial water bottling plant. Epidemiologic investigation found that cholera attack rates were 10-fold greater among visitors to the spa than among non-visitors. A subsequent matched-pair case-control study which excluded persons who had visted the spa showed that a history of consumption of the bottled non-carbonated water was significantly more common among bacteriologically confirmed cholera cases than among paired controls.", "PMID": 848484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7989", "title": "Cholera on Guam, 1974: epidemiologic findings and isolation of non-toxinogenic strains.", "content": "In August 1974, six cases of cholera occurred on Guam. The index case had severe diarrhea and metabolic acidosis and died from pneumonia on the ninth day of illness; the other five cases had only mild to moderate diarrhea. Fish caught in Agana Bay and home-preserved was found to be the vehicle most likely responsible for the cases. Vibrio cholerae, El Tor Ogawa, was isolated from two patients, the Guam sewerage system, and a river emptying into Agana Bay. V. cholerae, El Tor Inaba, was isolated from the sewerage system, three storm drains imptying into Agana Bay, and Agana Bay. The Ogawa and Inaba isolates differed in their sucrose fermentation and hemolysis reactions, phage type and ability to produce toxin. Although this was the first reported cholera outbreak on Guam, the isolation of differentV. cholerae strains suggested that multiple introductions of V. cholerae had occurred on the island.", "contents": "Cholera on Guam, 1974: epidemiologic findings and isolation of non-toxinogenic strains. In August 1974, six cases of cholera occurred on Guam. The index case had severe diarrhea and metabolic acidosis and died from pneumonia on the ninth day of illness; the other five cases had only mild to moderate diarrhea. Fish caught in Agana Bay and home-preserved was found to be the vehicle most likely responsible for the cases. Vibrio cholerae, El Tor Ogawa, was isolated from two patients, the Guam sewerage system, and a river emptying into Agana Bay. V. cholerae, El Tor Inaba, was isolated from the sewerage system, three storm drains imptying into Agana Bay, and Agana Bay. The Ogawa and Inaba isolates differed in their sucrose fermentation and hemolysis reactions, phage type and ability to produce toxin. Although this was the first reported cholera outbreak on Guam, the isolation of differentV. cholerae strains suggested that multiple introductions of V. cholerae had occurred on the island.", "PMID": 848485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7990", "title": "Determination of significant relative risks and optimal sampling procedures in prospective and retrospective comparative studies of various sizes.", "content": "Methods are given for determining the relative risks which it is possible to demonstrate as statistically significant with given probability in prospective and retrospective studies of a particular size. Also considered is the ratio of the sample sizes in the two groups being compared which will provide the most precise estimate of relative risk for a given total sample size.", "contents": "Determination of significant relative risks and optimal sampling procedures in prospective and retrospective comparative studies of various sizes. Methods are given for determining the relative risks which it is possible to demonstrate as statistically significant with given probability in prospective and retrospective studies of a particular size. Also considered is the ratio of the sample sizes in the two groups being compared which will provide the most precise estimate of relative risk for a given total sample size.", "PMID": 848486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7991", "title": "Inheritance of low erythrocyte catechol-o-methyltransferase activity in man.", "content": "Catechol-O-methyltransferase activity was measured in blood obtained from 373 randomly selected subjects aged 16-18, 262 consecutive adult blood donors, and 201 first-degree relatives of subjects with RBC COMT activity of less than 8 U. The distribution of RBC COMT activity in a randoly selected populations was apparently bimodal with a nadir at approximately 8 U. Of a randomly selected population, 23% had low RBC COMT activity (less than 8 U), Because of previous reports of a significant sibling-sibling correlation of RBC COMT activity and because of the presence of a subgroup of subjects with low enzyme activity, RBC COMT activity was measured in blood from first-degree relatives of probands with low erythrocyte enzyme activity in 48 families. The results of segregation analyses of the data were compatible with autosomal recessive inheritence of an allele for low RBC COMT activity. RBC COMT in blood samples from siblings of probands inthese families also showed an apparent biomodal distribution.", "contents": "Inheritance of low erythrocyte catechol-o-methyltransferase activity in man. Catechol-O-methyltransferase activity was measured in blood obtained from 373 randomly selected subjects aged 16-18, 262 consecutive adult blood donors, and 201 first-degree relatives of subjects with RBC COMT activity of less than 8 U. The distribution of RBC COMT activity in a randoly selected populations was apparently bimodal with a nadir at approximately 8 U. Of a randomly selected population, 23% had low RBC COMT activity (less than 8 U), Because of previous reports of a significant sibling-sibling correlation of RBC COMT activity and because of the presence of a subgroup of subjects with low enzyme activity, RBC COMT activity was measured in blood from first-degree relatives of probands with low erythrocyte enzyme activity in 48 families. The results of segregation analyses of the data were compatible with autosomal recessive inheritence of an allele for low RBC COMT activity. RBC COMT in blood samples from siblings of probands inthese families also showed an apparent biomodal distribution.", "PMID": 848488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7992", "title": "Mental retardation associated with \"balanced\" chromosome rearrangements.", "content": "Balanced chromosome rearrangements were found in seven of 455 retarded children vs. four of 1,679 nonretarded, psychiatric children (P less than .05). The combined incidence of non-Robertsonian balanced rearrangements from this and reported surveys of the mentally retarded was five times greater than that from newborn surveys, whereas Robertsonian translocations were not increased among the retarded. The combined data show an increase in de novo rather than familial rearrangements among the retarded; the increase in de novo rearrangements is specifically for non-Robertsonian translocation.", "contents": "Mental retardation associated with \"balanced\" chromosome rearrangements. Balanced chromosome rearrangements were found in seven of 455 retarded children vs. four of 1,679 nonretarded, psychiatric children (P less than .05). The combined incidence of non-Robertsonian balanced rearrangements from this and reported surveys of the mentally retarded was five times greater than that from newborn surveys, whereas Robertsonian translocations were not increased among the retarded. The combined data show an increase in de novo rather than familial rearrangements among the retarded; the increase in de novo rearrangements is specifically for non-Robertsonian translocation.", "PMID": 848489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7993", "title": "Electrophoretic abnormalities of lysosomal enzymes in mucolipidosis fibroblast lines.", "content": "Electrophoretic properties of eight lysosomal hydrolases and 36 nonlysosomal enzymes were investigated in cultured fibroblasts from children with the inherited storage disease mucolipidosis II (ML II); fibroblasts from a child with a related disorder, mucolipidosis III (ML III); and two obligate heterozygous cell lines from parents of a ML II child. Cell homogenates of ML II fibroblast lines showed altered mobilities for lysosomal beta-hexosaminidase, acid phosphatase2, and alpha-mannosidase and deficient activity for the esterase-A4 and lysosomal alpha-mannosidase-B electrophoretic phenotypes. Altered mobility was also detected for the nonlysosomal enzyme adenosine deaminase-d. Deficient activities of other lysosomal enzymes were observed as previously reported. In a single ML III fibroblast line, only beta-hexosaminidase showed an abnormal electrophoretic pattern suggesting a difference between these cells and ML II fibroblasts. Thirty-five nonlysosomal enzymes associated with other cellular organelles and metabolic pathways were electrophoretically normal in all mucolipidosis cell lines. Heterozygous ML II cells showed normal expression for all enzymes. Two major patterns of altered lysosomal enzymes and adenosine deaminase were demonstrated in ML II cell lines, suggesting that at least two genetic forms of this disorder may exist. Neuraminidase treatment of ML II homogenates converted altered forms of acid phosphatase2 and adenosine deaminase-d and in two ML II lines, recovered the previously undetected lysosomal alpha-mannosidase band. These results are consistent with the mucolipidosis defect(s) being associated with abnormal post-translatinal processing of multiple lysosomal enzymes and adenosine deaminase-d.", "contents": "Electrophoretic abnormalities of lysosomal enzymes in mucolipidosis fibroblast lines. Electrophoretic properties of eight lysosomal hydrolases and 36 nonlysosomal enzymes were investigated in cultured fibroblasts from children with the inherited storage disease mucolipidosis II (ML II); fibroblasts from a child with a related disorder, mucolipidosis III (ML III); and two obligate heterozygous cell lines from parents of a ML II child. Cell homogenates of ML II fibroblast lines showed altered mobilities for lysosomal beta-hexosaminidase, acid phosphatase2, and alpha-mannosidase and deficient activity for the esterase-A4 and lysosomal alpha-mannosidase-B electrophoretic phenotypes. Altered mobility was also detected for the nonlysosomal enzyme adenosine deaminase-d. Deficient activities of other lysosomal enzymes were observed as previously reported. In a single ML III fibroblast line, only beta-hexosaminidase showed an abnormal electrophoretic pattern suggesting a difference between these cells and ML II fibroblasts. Thirty-five nonlysosomal enzymes associated with other cellular organelles and metabolic pathways were electrophoretically normal in all mucolipidosis cell lines. Heterozygous ML II cells showed normal expression for all enzymes. Two major patterns of altered lysosomal enzymes and adenosine deaminase were demonstrated in ML II cell lines, suggesting that at least two genetic forms of this disorder may exist. Neuraminidase treatment of ML II homogenates converted altered forms of acid phosphatase2 and adenosine deaminase-d and in two ML II lines, recovered the previously undetected lysosomal alpha-mannosidase band. These results are consistent with the mucolipidosis defect(s) being associated with abnormal post-translatinal processing of multiple lysosomal enzymes and adenosine deaminase-d.", "PMID": 848490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7994", "title": "Population genetics in the province of Ferrara. II. Survival of children with Cooley's anemia.", "content": "The demographic data of children with Cooley's anemia seen at the thalassemia center in Ferrara were analyzed. Survival was studied as a function of several variables, the most interesting being the distance between birthplaces of the parents of affected children. This distance was considered an indicator of genetic distance, and therefore an indicator of residual hybridity of the children. The significant regression of survival on interparental distance might be interpreted as an indicator of increased survival due to residual hybridity. The significant correlation of survival with expected hybridity supports this interpretation.", "contents": "Population genetics in the province of Ferrara. II. Survival of children with Cooley's anemia. The demographic data of children with Cooley's anemia seen at the thalassemia center in Ferrara were analyzed. Survival was studied as a function of several variables, the most interesting being the distance between birthplaces of the parents of affected children. This distance was considered an indicator of genetic distance, and therefore an indicator of residual hybridity of the children. The significant regression of survival on interparental distance might be interpreted as an indicator of increased survival due to residual hybridity. The significant correlation of survival with expected hybridity supports this interpretation.", "PMID": 848491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7995", "title": "An improved turbidimetric method for plasma fibrinogen.", "content": "Our experience in the use of Ellis' and Stransky's turbidimetric technique for the determination of plasma fibrinogen is presented. We standardized the test using a plasma pool whose fibrinogen content was determined by a weighed clot technique. The turbidimetric-fibrinogen test is accurate, sensitive, specific, reproducible, convenient, and inexpensive. Correlations between the turbidimetric method and the weighed clot reference method was shown. The assay is sensitive to as little as 25 mg/dl plasma fibrinogen, and the results are not affected by samples with a high content of lipids, bilirubin, fibrin split products, lymphangiogram dye, or therapeutic levels of heparin. Day-to-day replicate determinations on a plasma pool yielded a coefficient of variation of 3.4 percent. Results from as many as 10 plasma samples can be obtained in 30 minutes (10-minutes working time). Reagent cost is less than one cent per test.", "contents": "An improved turbidimetric method for plasma fibrinogen. Our experience in the use of Ellis' and Stransky's turbidimetric technique for the determination of plasma fibrinogen is presented. We standardized the test using a plasma pool whose fibrinogen content was determined by a weighed clot technique. The turbidimetric-fibrinogen test is accurate, sensitive, specific, reproducible, convenient, and inexpensive. Correlations between the turbidimetric method and the weighed clot reference method was shown. The assay is sensitive to as little as 25 mg/dl plasma fibrinogen, and the results are not affected by samples with a high content of lipids, bilirubin, fibrin split products, lymphangiogram dye, or therapeutic levels of heparin. Day-to-day replicate determinations on a plasma pool yielded a coefficient of variation of 3.4 percent. Results from as many as 10 plasma samples can be obtained in 30 minutes (10-minutes working time). Reagent cost is less than one cent per test.", "PMID": 848496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7996", "title": "Pathogenesis and epidemiology of opportunistic mycotic infections: a review.", "content": "The pathogenesis, epidemiology, and ecology of pathogenic and opportunistic systemic infecting fungi are reviewed. The pathogenic fungi including the etiologic agents of histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, and paracoccidioidomycosis are limited geographically, can establish an infection in a normal host, and exhibit thermal dimorphism. In contrast, the opportunist fungi (Asperigillus sp., Candida sp., Cryptococcus sp., Mucor sp., and Rhizopus sp.) are widely distributed in nature, require altered host defenses for infection, and do not exhibit thermal dimorphism. Mechanisms of pathogenesis are also discussed.", "contents": "Pathogenesis and epidemiology of opportunistic mycotic infections: a review. The pathogenesis, epidemiology, and ecology of pathogenic and opportunistic systemic infecting fungi are reviewed. The pathogenic fungi including the etiologic agents of histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, and paracoccidioidomycosis are limited geographically, can establish an infection in a normal host, and exhibit thermal dimorphism. In contrast, the opportunist fungi (Asperigillus sp., Candida sp., Cryptococcus sp., Mucor sp., and Rhizopus sp.) are widely distributed in nature, require altered host defenses for infection, and do not exhibit thermal dimorphism. Mechanisms of pathogenesis are also discussed.", "PMID": 848497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7997", "title": "Nonparametric percentile estimate of clinical normal ranges.", "content": "In this study, the nonparametric percentile estimate (PE), a statistical procedure requiring no previous assumption regarding the distribution of the underlying population, was used to determine adult normal limits for fasting plasma glucose, serum alkaline phosphatase, and urine amylase. Comparisons to the gaussian distribution were performed with histograms, symmetry calculations, plots on probability paper, and the chi-square test. The nonparametric and traditional PEs agreed perfectly when the glucose data fit the gaussian and log-gaussian curves. The nonparametric PE varied from the gaussian PE but was identical to the log-gaussian PE when the alkaline phosphatase activities followed the log-gaussian form. It differed sharply from the gaussian PE and was similar to the log-gaussian PE when the amylase values did not follow either the gaussian or log-gaussian model. The non-parametric PE was as efficient as its gaussian theory competitors when the assumed distributions were correct and, in most instances, was more accurate when the assumed distributions were incorrect.", "contents": "Nonparametric percentile estimate of clinical normal ranges. In this study, the nonparametric percentile estimate (PE), a statistical procedure requiring no previous assumption regarding the distribution of the underlying population, was used to determine adult normal limits for fasting plasma glucose, serum alkaline phosphatase, and urine amylase. Comparisons to the gaussian distribution were performed with histograms, symmetry calculations, plots on probability paper, and the chi-square test. The nonparametric and traditional PEs agreed perfectly when the glucose data fit the gaussian and log-gaussian curves. The nonparametric PE varied from the gaussian PE but was identical to the log-gaussian PE when the alkaline phosphatase activities followed the log-gaussian form. It differed sharply from the gaussian PE and was similar to the log-gaussian PE when the amylase values did not follow either the gaussian or log-gaussian model. The non-parametric PE was as efficient as its gaussian theory competitors when the assumed distributions were correct and, in most instances, was more accurate when the assumed distributions were incorrect.", "PMID": 848498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7998", "title": "Factors affecting T3 and T4 proficiency testing.", "content": "Problem areas within a proficiency testing (PT) program are performance evaluation and sample stability. The different units used in the various T3 uptake methodologies make performance evaluation complex. To facilitate this evaluation, a normalization method for T3 uptake performance evaluation has been developed. Sample stability studies for T3 uptake indicate that, at room temperature, sample values increase after storage for about seven days. Room temperature sample stability studies for T4 using a competitive protein binding (CPB) method indicate that the apparent T4 content of pooled serum increases after about one week. Fatty acids are shown to be an interfering substance in the T4 CPB method as well as the T4 radioimmunoassay (RIA) method. This interference increases with a decrease in carbon chain length from C18 to C12 and with an increase in unsaturation of fatty acids. The B/B0 ration for arachidonic acid at a concentration of 0.48 micronMoles per tube is 17.4 in a CPB method and 87.1 in a radioimmunoassay method indicating that the greater effect is in the CPB method. The increase in T3 uptake values are probably also due to the interfering effect of fatty acids.", "contents": "Factors affecting T3 and T4 proficiency testing. Problem areas within a proficiency testing (PT) program are performance evaluation and sample stability. The different units used in the various T3 uptake methodologies make performance evaluation complex. To facilitate this evaluation, a normalization method for T3 uptake performance evaluation has been developed. Sample stability studies for T3 uptake indicate that, at room temperature, sample values increase after storage for about seven days. Room temperature sample stability studies for T4 using a competitive protein binding (CPB) method indicate that the apparent T4 content of pooled serum increases after about one week. Fatty acids are shown to be an interfering substance in the T4 CPB method as well as the T4 radioimmunoassay (RIA) method. This interference increases with a decrease in carbon chain length from C18 to C12 and with an increase in unsaturation of fatty acids. The B/B0 ration for arachidonic acid at a concentration of 0.48 micronMoles per tube is 17.4 in a CPB method and 87.1 in a radioimmunoassay method indicating that the greater effect is in the CPB method. The increase in T3 uptake values are probably also due to the interfering effect of fatty acids.", "PMID": 848501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_7999", "title": "Mycological culture media and its quality control.", "content": "The need for control of the quality of media used in the isolation and identification of fungi is an important aspect of the overall quality control of laboratory culture media; however, guidelines for such controls have not been available. In this paper, primary isolation media with and without appropriate drugs are suggested for use on a variety of specimens. Positive and negative quality control organisms that indicate clear-cut postiive and negative results on the fungal media to be tested are listed. Several alternative procedures for maintenance of fungi are discussed.", "contents": "Mycological culture media and its quality control. The need for control of the quality of media used in the isolation and identification of fungi is an important aspect of the overall quality control of laboratory culture media; however, guidelines for such controls have not been available. In this paper, primary isolation media with and without appropriate drugs are suggested for use on a variety of specimens. Positive and negative quality control organisms that indicate clear-cut postiive and negative results on the fungal media to be tested are listed. Several alternative procedures for maintenance of fungi are discussed.", "PMID": 848502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8000", "title": "Comparison of the classical ASO titer, a microtiter method and streptozyme.", "content": "The classical ASO titer method was compared to the microtiter method of Edwards and to Wampole's Streptozyme kit. With the microtiter method, an 88.9 percent agreement with the classical method was obtained. A 94 percent agreement was found with the Streptzyme kit when used as a screening method.", "contents": "Comparison of the classical ASO titer, a microtiter method and streptozyme. The classical ASO titer method was compared to the microtiter method of Edwards and to Wampole's Streptozyme kit. With the microtiter method, an 88.9 percent agreement with the classical method was obtained. A 94 percent agreement was found with the Streptzyme kit when used as a screening method.", "PMID": 848503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8001", "title": "A plea for consideration of ecological validity in the experimental psychology of mental retardation: a guest editorial.", "content": "The point was raised that, despite considerable experimental effort, laboratory research concerning learning, memory, and cognition, more generally, has not produced a very remarkable increase in our understanding of retarded behavior. Our principal contention in this paper is that the experimental psychology of mental retardation, while basically seeking causal relations between theoretical constructs and retarded behavior, is suffering from some metatheoretical and methodological shortcomings. These include, basically, a prevalent failure to consider the ecological aspects of the phenomenon of mental retardation. Implications of ecological validity are important with respect to the basis upon which subjects are selected for experimentation, the rationale underlying manipulation of independent variables, the choice of dependent variables, and the definition of the boundaries that limit generalizations. Some suggestions were offered for the purpose of guiding experimental research toward more meaningful and socially relevant goals.", "contents": "A plea for consideration of ecological validity in the experimental psychology of mental retardation: a guest editorial. The point was raised that, despite considerable experimental effort, laboratory research concerning learning, memory, and cognition, more generally, has not produced a very remarkable increase in our understanding of retarded behavior. Our principal contention in this paper is that the experimental psychology of mental retardation, while basically seeking causal relations between theoretical constructs and retarded behavior, is suffering from some metatheoretical and methodological shortcomings. These include, basically, a prevalent failure to consider the ecological aspects of the phenomenon of mental retardation. Implications of ecological validity are important with respect to the basis upon which subjects are selected for experimentation, the rationale underlying manipulation of independent variables, the choice of dependent variables, and the definition of the boundaries that limit generalizations. Some suggestions were offered for the purpose of guiding experimental research toward more meaningful and socially relevant goals.", "PMID": 848509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8002", "title": "Hyperuricosuria in the Fanconi syndrome.", "content": "A patient with asymptomatic adult Fanconi syndrome with glycosuria, amino-aciduria, hypophosphatemia, and renal tubular acidosis was found to have hypouricemia (serum uric acid, 1.5-1.8 mg/100 ml) secondary to increased renal clearance of urate (urate clearance/glomerular filtration rate, 32 per cent). Increased urate clearance in this patient with multiple reabsorptive defects probably represents diminished urate reabsorption. Consistent with this, the uricosuric response to probenecid was diminished. Reabsorption of filtered urate appeared to be intact. Inhibition of urate secretion with pyrazinamide completely suppressed the uricosuria in this patient, suggesting that increased urate clearance was due to either enhanced secretion or diminished reabsorption of secreted urate. There was no direct evidence for increased urate secretion. The response of urate excretion to pharmacologic inhibitors of tubular transport of urate differs in various clinical states associated with hyperuricosuria. The responses may reflect different mechanisms of hyperuricosuria.", "contents": "Hyperuricosuria in the Fanconi syndrome. A patient with asymptomatic adult Fanconi syndrome with glycosuria, amino-aciduria, hypophosphatemia, and renal tubular acidosis was found to have hypouricemia (serum uric acid, 1.5-1.8 mg/100 ml) secondary to increased renal clearance of urate (urate clearance/glomerular filtration rate, 32 per cent). Increased urate clearance in this patient with multiple reabsorptive defects probably represents diminished urate reabsorption. Consistent with this, the uricosuric response to probenecid was diminished. Reabsorption of filtered urate appeared to be intact. Inhibition of urate secretion with pyrazinamide completely suppressed the uricosuria in this patient, suggesting that increased urate clearance was due to either enhanced secretion or diminished reabsorption of secreted urate. There was no direct evidence for increased urate secretion. The response of urate excretion to pharmacologic inhibitors of tubular transport of urate differs in various clinical states associated with hyperuricosuria. The responses may reflect different mechanisms of hyperuricosuria.", "PMID": 848505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8003", "title": "Experimental evaluation of classroom environments: scheduling planned activities.", "content": "Scheduling of planned activities in a classroom for TMR adolescents was investigated. Ten classroom activities were scheduled in either a predictable (fixed) or unpredictable (random) order using an ABAB design. Relative to fixed scheduling, random scheduling resulted in significantly lower rates of activity completion and higher rates of disruptions. Lower rates of task completion also generalized to two unmanipulated activities. Activity completion and rate of disruptions, while generally inversely related, were significantly correlated for only 2 of 11 students. Students with lower levels of task completion under fixed scheduling showed the largest decrements in performance under random scheduling. Higher rates of disruptions under fixed scheduling were also associated with greater increments in disruptive behavior under random-scheduling conditions. Factors relating to the generality of these findings were discussed.", "contents": "Experimental evaluation of classroom environments: scheduling planned activities. Scheduling of planned activities in a classroom for TMR adolescents was investigated. Ten classroom activities were scheduled in either a predictable (fixed) or unpredictable (random) order using an ABAB design. Relative to fixed scheduling, random scheduling resulted in significantly lower rates of activity completion and higher rates of disruptions. Lower rates of task completion also generalized to two unmanipulated activities. Activity completion and rate of disruptions, while generally inversely related, were significantly correlated for only 2 of 11 students. Students with lower levels of task completion under fixed scheduling showed the largest decrements in performance under random scheduling. Higher rates of disruptions under fixed scheduling were also associated with greater increments in disruptive behavior under random-scheduling conditions. Factors relating to the generality of these findings were discussed.", "PMID": 848510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8004", "title": "Enterobacter hafnaie infection: report of two cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Two of 255 wounded soldiers developed nosocomial infection with Enterobacter hafniae. This species is rarely associated with urinary or gastrointestinal disease, and had not been heretofore reported in the setting of localized or bacteremic wound infection. Difficulties in nomenclature and identification have obviated accurate assessment of the importance of E. hafniae as a pathogen. Nevertheless, in view of the relative sensitivity of this species to antibiotics one should be careful to distinguish E. hafniae from other members of the genus Enterobacter.", "contents": "Enterobacter hafnaie infection: report of two cases and review of the literature. Two of 255 wounded soldiers developed nosocomial infection with Enterobacter hafniae. This species is rarely associated with urinary or gastrointestinal disease, and had not been heretofore reported in the setting of localized or bacteremic wound infection. Difficulties in nomenclature and identification have obviated accurate assessment of the importance of E. hafniae as a pathogen. Nevertheless, in view of the relative sensitivity of this species to antibiotics one should be careful to distinguish E. hafniae from other members of the genus Enterobacter.", "PMID": 848504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8005", "title": "Categorical encoding in short-term memory by retarded and nonretarded children.", "content": "The use of consonants and digits as encoding categories in short-term memory by 32 EMR children and 32 nonretarded children of the same CA was investigated. The task employed was a modification of the release from proactive inhibition technique similar to that used by Wickens, Born, and Allen (1963). Results indicated that digits and consonants are significant categories used for encoding in short-term memory by 10- to 12-year-old EMR and nonretarded children but that nonretarded children more effectively utilize consonant material as an encoding dimension than do CA-matched EMR children.", "contents": "Categorical encoding in short-term memory by retarded and nonretarded children. The use of consonants and digits as encoding categories in short-term memory by 32 EMR children and 32 nonretarded children of the same CA was investigated. The task employed was a modification of the release from proactive inhibition technique similar to that used by Wickens, Born, and Allen (1963). Results indicated that digits and consonants are significant categories used for encoding in short-term memory by 10- to 12-year-old EMR and nonretarded children but that nonretarded children more effectively utilize consonant material as an encoding dimension than do CA-matched EMR children.", "PMID": 848511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8006", "title": "Adaptive increase of respiratory enzymes in the mitochondria from cirrhotic livers of patients and rats, and its relationship to glucose tolerance.", "content": "Oxidative phosphorylation and respiratory enzyme concentrations of liver mitochondria and glucose tolerance were studied in 12 cirrhotic patients and CCl4-induced cirrhotic rats. The cirrhotic patients with normal or higher concentrations of cytochrome a(+a3) showed parabolic glucose tolerance test (GTT) patterns having return of blood glucose level somewhat toward normal within two hours and tolerated major operations well, while three patients with cytochrome a(+a3) concentrations less than 60 per cent of normal (0.81 +/- 0.02 (mean +/- SEM) X 10(-10) moles/mg protein) could not tolerate even minor operations. In CCl4-induced cirrhotic rats, cytochrome a(+a3) concentrations varied from 1.5 to 3.0 X 10(-10) moles/mg protein as compared with 1.8 +/- 0.1 of controls. In mitochondria with normal or higher concentrations of cytochrome a(+a3), the oxidative and phosphorylative activities per unit of cytochrome a(+a3) were negatively correlated with cytochrome a(+a3) concentrations. These rats tolerated partial hepatectomy well. However, in cirrhotic rats with subnormal cytochrome a(+a3) concentrations there was a high mortality following  hepatectomy. The former showed parabolic GTT patterns, while the latter showed nonparabolic GTT patterns.", "contents": "Adaptive increase of respiratory enzymes in the mitochondria from cirrhotic livers of patients and rats, and its relationship to glucose tolerance. Oxidative phosphorylation and respiratory enzyme concentrations of liver mitochondria and glucose tolerance were studied in 12 cirrhotic patients and CCl4-induced cirrhotic rats. The cirrhotic patients with normal or higher concentrations of cytochrome a(+a3) showed parabolic glucose tolerance test (GTT) patterns having return of blood glucose level somewhat toward normal within two hours and tolerated major operations well, while three patients with cytochrome a(+a3) concentrations less than 60 per cent of normal (0.81 +/- 0.02 (mean +/- SEM) X 10(-10) moles/mg protein) could not tolerate even minor operations. In CCl4-induced cirrhotic rats, cytochrome a(+a3) concentrations varied from 1.5 to 3.0 X 10(-10) moles/mg protein as compared with 1.8 +/- 0.1 of controls. In mitochondria with normal or higher concentrations of cytochrome a(+a3), the oxidative and phosphorylative activities per unit of cytochrome a(+a3) were negatively correlated with cytochrome a(+a3) concentrations. These rats tolerated partial hepatectomy well. However, in cirrhotic rats with subnormal cytochrome a(+a3) concentrations there was a high mortality following  hepatectomy. The former showed parabolic GTT patterns, while the latter showed nonparabolic GTT patterns.", "PMID": 848506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8007", "title": "Identifying profoundly mentally retarded subtypes as a means of institutional grouping.", "content": "While the profoundly mentally retarded social group is behaviorally heterogeneous, this knowledge appears to be of more theoretical than practical interest. The behavioral identification of functional profoundly retarded subtypes derived from ethological analysis may supply the structure necessary to utilize this behavioral variability. Institutional groupings based on dominant and subordinate subtypes may prove to be efficacious in increasing programming efficiency. A study of profoundly retarded persons' territoriality was discussed as it relates to new grouping procedures based on behaviorally identified subtypes. Implications with respect to the control of aggression, stereotypic activity, and behavior modification for functional subtypes were discussed.", "contents": "Identifying profoundly mentally retarded subtypes as a means of institutional grouping. While the profoundly mentally retarded social group is behaviorally heterogeneous, this knowledge appears to be of more theoretical than practical interest. The behavioral identification of functional profoundly retarded subtypes derived from ethological analysis may supply the structure necessary to utilize this behavioral variability. Institutional groupings based on dominant and subordinate subtypes may prove to be efficacious in increasing programming efficiency. A study of profoundly retarded persons' territoriality was discussed as it relates to new grouping procedures based on behaviorally identified subtypes. Implications with respect to the control of aggression, stereotypic activity, and behavior modification for functional subtypes were discussed.", "PMID": 848512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8008", "title": "Prediction of hearing sensitivity from acoustic reflexes in mentally retarded persons.", "content": "The ability of the sensitivity prediction from acoustic reflex (SPAR) technique to estimate hearing loss in mentally retarded subjects was investigated by comparing measured pure-tone thresholds determined through tangible-reinforcement operant-conditioning audiometry with predicted sensitivity from the SPAR procedure. Measurements were completed on a total of 32 retarded individuals having hearing levels ranging from normal to profound hearing loss. With minor exception, absences of the acoustic reflex were always accompanied by clearly abnormal tympanometry findings in the probe ear; therefore, the problem of unexplained absences of the reflex appeared to be minimal. Hearing loss never was present in those subjects for which SPAR predicted normal hearing, and the SPAR procedure never failed to detect an existing sensorineural hearing loss. On the other hand, there was some tendency for hearing loss to be predicted in normal-hearing subjects and for extent of hearing loss to be overestimated in subjects having a hearing loss.", "contents": "Prediction of hearing sensitivity from acoustic reflexes in mentally retarded persons. The ability of the sensitivity prediction from acoustic reflex (SPAR) technique to estimate hearing loss in mentally retarded subjects was investigated by comparing measured pure-tone thresholds determined through tangible-reinforcement operant-conditioning audiometry with predicted sensitivity from the SPAR procedure. Measurements were completed on a total of 32 retarded individuals having hearing levels ranging from normal to profound hearing loss. With minor exception, absences of the acoustic reflex were always accompanied by clearly abnormal tympanometry findings in the probe ear; therefore, the problem of unexplained absences of the reflex appeared to be minimal. Hearing loss never was present in those subjects for which SPAR predicted normal hearing, and the SPAR procedure never failed to detect an existing sensorineural hearing loss. On the other hand, there was some tendency for hearing loss to be predicted in normal-hearing subjects and for extent of hearing loss to be overestimated in subjects having a hearing loss.", "PMID": 848513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8009", "title": "The effect of hemodialysis on lung function, gas exchange, and response to carbon dioxide stimulation in chronic uremia.", "content": "Little is known of the effect of chronic hemodialysis on lung function. In six patients with chronic uremia, we performed pulmonary function tests, sampled arterial blood, and measured the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide inhalation before and after routine hemodialysis. Patients were in the seated position throughout the study period. Routine pulmonary function was normal in all but one patient; a restrictive ventilatory defect was seen in a patient with prior pleuropericarditis and this was independent of fluid status. All patients showed improvement after dialysis in maximum flow rate at 25 per cent vital capacity corrected for changes in vital capacity (V max 25% VC/VC) supporting reversible obstruction of small airways. Hypoxemia was not precipitated by dialysis and all patients showed a small improvement in alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient. Although resting hyperventilation was documented in these patients, the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide inhalation was not consistently enhanced before or after hemodialysis.", "contents": "The effect of hemodialysis on lung function, gas exchange, and response to carbon dioxide stimulation in chronic uremia. Little is known of the effect of chronic hemodialysis on lung function. In six patients with chronic uremia, we performed pulmonary function tests, sampled arterial blood, and measured the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide inhalation before and after routine hemodialysis. Patients were in the seated position throughout the study period. Routine pulmonary function was normal in all but one patient; a restrictive ventilatory defect was seen in a patient with prior pleuropericarditis and this was independent of fluid status. All patients showed improvement after dialysis in maximum flow rate at 25 per cent vital capacity corrected for changes in vital capacity (V max 25% VC/VC) supporting reversible obstruction of small airways. Hypoxemia was not precipitated by dialysis and all patients showed a small improvement in alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient. Although resting hyperventilation was documented in these patients, the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide inhalation was not consistently enhanced before or after hemodialysis.", "PMID": 848508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8010", "title": "Transfer of associative-clustering tendencies in borderline mentally retarded and nonretarded adolescents.", "content": "Twenty-four sixth graders, 24 seventh graders, and 24 special-education students with MAs roughly equivalent to the sixth graders were randomly assigned to the cells of a 3 (grade level) X 2 (list novelty) X 2 (list organization) factorial design. In the list-novelty condition, subjects were immediately transferred to either a same-categories or a new-categories list on the third and fourth trials. In the list-organization condition, subjects received the lists on the first two trials in either a random or blocked format. For all subjects, the last two trials were presented randomly and contained new words. The results of the analyses revealed that there was significant negative transfer over trial blocks for the same-categories transfer condition. In addition, the new-categories group clustered significantly more on the second than the first trial block. There was no significant interaction between subject and treatment factors, suggesting that the processes involved in recall were similar for nonretarded and borderline retarded subjects.", "contents": "Transfer of associative-clustering tendencies in borderline mentally retarded and nonretarded adolescents. Twenty-four sixth graders, 24 seventh graders, and 24 special-education students with MAs roughly equivalent to the sixth graders were randomly assigned to the cells of a 3 (grade level) X 2 (list novelty) X 2 (list organization) factorial design. In the list-novelty condition, subjects were immediately transferred to either a same-categories or a new-categories list on the third and fourth trials. In the list-organization condition, subjects received the lists on the first two trials in either a random or blocked format. For all subjects, the last two trials were presented randomly and contained new words. The results of the analyses revealed that there was significant negative transfer over trial blocks for the same-categories transfer condition. In addition, the new-categories group clustered significantly more on the second than the first trial block. There was no significant interaction between subject and treatment factors, suggesting that the processes involved in recall were similar for nonretarded and borderline retarded subjects.", "PMID": 848514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8011", "title": "Manipulation of stimulus features in vocational-skill training of severely retarded individuals.", "content": "Fifty-one severely retarded adults were taught a difficult visual discrimination in an assembly task by one of three training techniques: (a) adding and reducing large cue differences on the relevant-shape dimension; (b) adding and fading a redundant-color dimension; or (c) a combination of the two techniques. There were significant differences between training conditions in both trials- and errors-to-criterion performance. These were attributed to differential establishment of stimulus control in the first phase of training, with the combined procedure being the most effective, the color coding/fading next, and the relevant-dimension cue-disparity method the least powerful. These results demonstrated that substantial differences may exist in the efficacy of various vocational-skill training procedures involving manipulation of stimulus features.", "contents": "Manipulation of stimulus features in vocational-skill training of severely retarded individuals. Fifty-one severely retarded adults were taught a difficult visual discrimination in an assembly task by one of three training techniques: (a) adding and reducing large cue differences on the relevant-shape dimension; (b) adding and fading a redundant-color dimension; or (c) a combination of the two techniques. There were significant differences between training conditions in both trials- and errors-to-criterion performance. These were attributed to differential establishment of stimulus control in the first phase of training, with the combined procedure being the most effective, the color coding/fading next, and the relevant-dimension cue-disparity method the least powerful. These results demonstrated that substantial differences may exist in the efficacy of various vocational-skill training procedures involving manipulation of stimulus features.", "PMID": 848515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8012", "title": "Reaction time in retarded and nonretarded young adults: sequential effects and response organization.", "content": "Two types of sequential effects can occur in 2-choice reaction-time (RT) tasks. In an alternation effect, the RT for a response that differs from the previous response is faster than that for a response that is the same. In a repetition effect, the opposite is the case; i.e., the RT for a response that is the same as the previous response is faster than that for a different response. These effects were investigated in a comparison of retarded and nonretarded subjects in a 2-choice RT task. There were three conditions that differed in the degree of response organization required. For the retarded subjects, both a significant increase in the overall mean RT and a change from alternation to repetition effects were found with increasing degree of response organization. Neither result was found for the nonretarded subjects. For both groups there was a tendency for alternation effects to decrease and repetition effects to increase witwh decreasing intelligence. Overall, sequential effects were found to correlate more consistently than mean RT with both degree of response organization and intelligence.", "contents": "Reaction time in retarded and nonretarded young adults: sequential effects and response organization. Two types of sequential effects can occur in 2-choice reaction-time (RT) tasks. In an alternation effect, the RT for a response that differs from the previous response is faster than that for a response that is the same. In a repetition effect, the opposite is the case; i.e., the RT for a response that is the same as the previous response is faster than that for a different response. These effects were investigated in a comparison of retarded and nonretarded subjects in a 2-choice RT task. There were three conditions that differed in the degree of response organization required. For the retarded subjects, both a significant increase in the overall mean RT and a change from alternation to repetition effects were found with increasing degree of response organization. Neither result was found for the nonretarded subjects. For both groups there was a tendency for alternation effects to decrease and repetition effects to increase witwh decreasing intelligence. Overall, sequential effects were found to correlate more consistently than mean RT with both degree of response organization and intelligence.", "PMID": 848516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8013", "title": "Perceptual decentering in EMR and nonretarded children.", "content": "Perceptual decentering was examined in nonretarded children, EMR children equated for CA, and EMR children equated for MA. Perceptual decentering was measured by the number of part, whole, and integrated responses to a modification of the Picture Integration Test. MA peers (nonretarded and EMR children of equated MA) produced a significantly greater number of decentered (integrated) responses than did EMR children equated with the nonretarded children for CA. The results indicated that perceptual decentering is more fundamentally related to MA than to CA in EMR children.", "contents": "Perceptual decentering in EMR and nonretarded children. Perceptual decentering was examined in nonretarded children, EMR children equated for CA, and EMR children equated for MA. Perceptual decentering was measured by the number of part, whole, and integrated responses to a modification of the Picture Integration Test. MA peers (nonretarded and EMR children of equated MA) produced a significantly greater number of decentered (integrated) responses than did EMR children equated with the nonretarded children for CA. The results indicated that perceptual decentering is more fundamentally related to MA than to CA in EMR children.", "PMID": 848517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8014", "title": "Evaluation of paintings of nonretarded and retarded persons by judges with and without art training.", "content": "Correlations between creativity and intelligence are generally reported to be low. In the present investigation, we examined whether judges with and without art training (N = 40 for each group) would evalute the paintings of nonretarded and retarded persons differently. Five paintings each were obtained from 15 nonretarded persons, 11 moderately retarded persons, and 11 severely retarded persons. Judges who had art training did not differentially rate the art of nonretarded and retarded persons, but they gave significantly higher ratings than did non-art-trained judges to the paintings of retarded persons.", "contents": "Evaluation of paintings of nonretarded and retarded persons by judges with and without art training. Correlations between creativity and intelligence are generally reported to be low. In the present investigation, we examined whether judges with and without art training (N = 40 for each group) would evalute the paintings of nonretarded and retarded persons differently. Five paintings each were obtained from 15 nonretarded persons, 11 moderately retarded persons, and 11 severely retarded persons. Judges who had art training did not differentially rate the art of nonretarded and retarded persons, but they gave significantly higher ratings than did non-art-trained judges to the paintings of retarded persons.", "PMID": 848518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8015", "title": "Effects of instructional set and self-awareness on task performance of retarded female adults.", "content": "The effects of success, failure, and neutral instructional sets on the task performance of retarded female adults were studied under varying conditions of self-awareness. A significant Set X Self-Awareness interaction was found where subjects in the neutral-set condition under high-awareness assembled more pens than subjects under the medium- or low-awareness conditions. The results were discussed in light of the expectancy of failure hypothesis.", "contents": "Effects of instructional set and self-awareness on task performance of retarded female adults. The effects of success, failure, and neutral instructional sets on the task performance of retarded female adults were studied under varying conditions of self-awareness. A significant Set X Self-Awareness interaction was found where subjects in the neutral-set condition under high-awareness assembled more pens than subjects under the medium- or low-awareness conditions. The results were discussed in light of the expectancy of failure hypothesis.", "PMID": 848519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8016", "title": "Developmental analysis of outerdirectedness in noninstitutionalized EMR children.", "content": "Outerdirectedness has been found in nonretarded and institutionalized retarded children to be related inversely to cognitive level and directly to history of failure experiences. The developmental nature of outerdirectedness was investigated among noninstitutionalized EMR children using two independent measures of outerdirectedness. Forty subjects, comprising two MA levels, were given a block-design task that was equally difficult for both MA groups. Glancing from the task was found to be related inversely to MA. On a task in which subjects were scored for the amount of imitation of the experimenter's behavior, imitation was also found to be related inversely to MA. However, imitation and glancing were not correlated, suggesting that they may tap different aspects of outerdirectedness.", "contents": "Developmental analysis of outerdirectedness in noninstitutionalized EMR children. Outerdirectedness has been found in nonretarded and institutionalized retarded children to be related inversely to cognitive level and directly to history of failure experiences. The developmental nature of outerdirectedness was investigated among noninstitutionalized EMR children using two independent measures of outerdirectedness. Forty subjects, comprising two MA levels, were given a block-design task that was equally difficult for both MA groups. Glancing from the task was found to be related inversely to MA. On a task in which subjects were scored for the amount of imitation of the experimenter's behavior, imitation was also found to be related inversely to MA. However, imitation and glancing were not correlated, suggesting that they may tap different aspects of outerdirectedness.", "PMID": 848520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8017", "title": "Reproductive counseling in patients who have had a spontaneous abortion.", "content": "A detailed morphologic study was made of spontaneously aborted embryos and fetuses from 472 patients. These patients were followed through 638 subsequent pregnancies. The patients were divided into four groups, depending on their previous obstetric history. The outcome of the subsequent pregnancies was correlated with the previous obstetric history of the patient and the developmental status of the aborted specimen. Patients who had never had a live child in the previous obstetric history were identified as a high-risk group. Patients who had had live births and pregnancy loss previously were found to be at significant risk of a subsequent premature infant following the late abortion of a fetus.", "contents": "Reproductive counseling in patients who have had a spontaneous abortion. A detailed morphologic study was made of spontaneously aborted embryos and fetuses from 472 patients. These patients were followed through 638 subsequent pregnancies. The patients were divided into four groups, depending on their previous obstetric history. The outcome of the subsequent pregnancies was correlated with the previous obstetric history of the patient and the developmental status of the aborted specimen. Patients who had never had a live child in the previous obstetric history were identified as a high-risk group. Patients who had had live births and pregnancy loss previously were found to be at significant risk of a subsequent premature infant following the late abortion of a fetus.", "PMID": 848521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8018", "title": "Treatment of epithelial carcinoma of the ovary: operation, irradiation, and chemotherapy.", "content": "This paper presents an interim analysis of 279 patients with epithelial carcinoma of the ovary who were entered into a prospective study started in April, 1971. One hundred and three patients were available for analysis three years after diagnosis. Apart from the survival differences by stage and treatment method, this study has shown that the completeness of the initial pelvic operation, in Stages II and III, is of greater prognostic importance than the stage. The importance of the features of the pelvic disease which interfere with the removal of all pelvic organs led the authors to conclude that factors other than stage should be considered in prescribing postoperative treatment. To date, the disease-free survival trends in Stages IB, II, and asymptomatic Stage III show that physicians should place much greater emphasis on the initial operative features when they are seeking the most effective combination of irradiation and chemotherapy. Analysis of failures shows that upper abdominal irradiation is more effective than daily chlorambucil  in preventing progression of disease to that area. However, early evidence indicates that chlorambucil added to pelvic irradiation improves the control of pelvic disease. Improved methods of treatment have not yet been identified for early Stage I (IA) and advanced presentations (symptomatic Stages III and IV).", "contents": "Treatment of epithelial carcinoma of the ovary: operation, irradiation, and chemotherapy. This paper presents an interim analysis of 279 patients with epithelial carcinoma of the ovary who were entered into a prospective study started in April, 1971. One hundred and three patients were available for analysis three years after diagnosis. Apart from the survival differences by stage and treatment method, this study has shown that the completeness of the initial pelvic operation, in Stages II and III, is of greater prognostic importance than the stage. The importance of the features of the pelvic disease which interfere with the removal of all pelvic organs led the authors to conclude that factors other than stage should be considered in prescribing postoperative treatment. To date, the disease-free survival trends in Stages IB, II, and asymptomatic Stage III show that physicians should place much greater emphasis on the initial operative features when they are seeking the most effective combination of irradiation and chemotherapy. Analysis of failures shows that upper abdominal irradiation is more effective than daily chlorambucil  in preventing progression of disease to that area. However, early evidence indicates that chlorambucil added to pelvic irradiation improves the control of pelvic disease. Improved methods of treatment have not yet been identified for early Stage I (IA) and advanced presentations (symptomatic Stages III and IV).", "PMID": 848522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8019", "title": "The use of delayed primary wound closure in preventing wound infections.", "content": "Delayed primary wound closure was performed in 146 patients considered at risk of developing wound infection according to established criteria. These patients were matched individually for age, weight, diagnosis, and the use of prophylactic antibiotics with 146 patients undergoing immediate wound closure during the same time period. The matched pairs were subdivided into five categories depending on the indication for delayed closure; obesity, cancer, \"above and below\" procedure, infection, and opened bowel. In all categories the incidence of wound infection was significantly lower in the patients with delayed closure. The over-all infection rate was reduced from 23.3% in the control group to 2.1% in the study group. Hospital stay was unaffected. Delayed primary wound closure provides a safe, simple, effective means of reducing the incidence of wound infection.", "contents": "The use of delayed primary wound closure in preventing wound infections. Delayed primary wound closure was performed in 146 patients considered at risk of developing wound infection according to established criteria. These patients were matched individually for age, weight, diagnosis, and the use of prophylactic antibiotics with 146 patients undergoing immediate wound closure during the same time period. The matched pairs were subdivided into five categories depending on the indication for delayed closure; obesity, cancer, \"above and below\" procedure, infection, and opened bowel. In all categories the incidence of wound infection was significantly lower in the patients with delayed closure. The over-all infection rate was reduced from 23.3% in the control group to 2.1% in the study group. Hospital stay was unaffected. Delayed primary wound closure provides a safe, simple, effective means of reducing the incidence of wound infection.", "PMID": 848523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8020", "title": "Effect of elective induction of labor with prostaglandins F2alpha and E2 and oxytocin on uterine contraction and relaxation.", "content": "Prostaglandins F2alpha and E2 and oxytocin were used to induce labor in 101 patients at risks. The data show that the three drugs are efficient labor inducers. The success rate of induction is the highest in primiparous patients receiving oral prostaglandin E2. Uterine contractility patterns and base line are similar with all drugs. The relaxation phase of the uterine contraction is skewed consistently in each investigated labor. This suggests an unequal relaxation time for the uterine fibers. It is concluded that prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha and oxytocin are safe drugs for induction of labor if monitoring is used in order to avoid an overdose of the medication. The three drugs must be synergistic because of their identical action on the uterine muscle.", "contents": "Effect of elective induction of labor with prostaglandins F2alpha and E2 and oxytocin on uterine contraction and relaxation. Prostaglandins F2alpha and E2 and oxytocin were used to induce labor in 101 patients at risks. The data show that the three drugs are efficient labor inducers. The success rate of induction is the highest in primiparous patients receiving oral prostaglandin E2. Uterine contractility patterns and base line are similar with all drugs. The relaxation phase of the uterine contraction is skewed consistently in each investigated labor. This suggests an unequal relaxation time for the uterine fibers. It is concluded that prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha and oxytocin are safe drugs for induction of labor if monitoring is used in order to avoid an overdose of the medication. The three drugs must be synergistic because of their identical action on the uterine muscle.", "PMID": 848524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8021", "title": "Intrapartum fetal heart rate profiles with and without fetal asphyxia.", "content": "Fetal heart rate profiles for periods up to 12 hours prior to delivery have been reviewed in 515 patients with a fetus at risk. Mechanisms other than fetal asphyxia will cause fetal heart rate decelerations, and fetal asphyxia may in some instances develop in the absence of total or late decelerations. However, an increasing incidence of total decelerations and late decelerations and particularly a marked pattern of total decelerations and late decelerations are of value in the prediction of fetal asphyxia. Fetal heart rate deceleration patterns can predict the probability of fetal asphyxia at the time of initial intervention, while a progression of fetal heart rate deceleration patterns in the individual fetus can be of assistance in the subsequent scheduling of serial acid-base assessments during labor.", "contents": "Intrapartum fetal heart rate profiles with and without fetal asphyxia. Fetal heart rate profiles for periods up to 12 hours prior to delivery have been reviewed in 515 patients with a fetus at risk. Mechanisms other than fetal asphyxia will cause fetal heart rate decelerations, and fetal asphyxia may in some instances develop in the absence of total or late decelerations. However, an increasing incidence of total decelerations and late decelerations and particularly a marked pattern of total decelerations and late decelerations are of value in the prediction of fetal asphyxia. Fetal heart rate deceleration patterns can predict the probability of fetal asphyxia at the time of initial intervention, while a progression of fetal heart rate deceleration patterns in the individual fetus can be of assistance in the subsequent scheduling of serial acid-base assessments during labor.", "PMID": 848525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8022", "title": "Surgical management of carcinoma of the cervix.", "content": "Three hundred and fifty-two cases of carcinoma of the cervix which required some surgical procedure are reviewed. In Group I (primary treated), the lymph nodes were positive in 9% with Stage I and 45% with Staqe II disease. This group had an 88% five-year survival rate; patients with positive lymph nodes had a 60% two-year survival rate. One or more surgical complications occurred in 16.5% of patients treated for recurrent disease. The five-year survival rate in patients treated for recurrent disease was 35%. The Schauta-Amreich procedure is being used more commonly for poor-risk patients with recurrent disease confined to the cervix or with superficial vaginal involvement.", "contents": "Surgical management of carcinoma of the cervix. Three hundred and fifty-two cases of carcinoma of the cervix which required some surgical procedure are reviewed. In Group I (primary treated), the lymph nodes were positive in 9% with Stage I and 45% with Staqe II disease. This group had an 88% five-year survival rate; patients with positive lymph nodes had a 60% two-year survival rate. One or more surgical complications occurred in 16.5% of patients treated for recurrent disease. The five-year survival rate in patients treated for recurrent disease was 35%. The Schauta-Amreich procedure is being used more commonly for poor-risk patients with recurrent disease confined to the cervix or with superficial vaginal involvement.", "PMID": 848526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8023", "title": "Dexamethasone treatment of the guinea pig fetus: its effects on the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into deoxyribonucleic acid.", "content": "Pregnant guinea pigs of 50 to 53 days' gestation (term 63 days) were anesthetized with ether, and their fetuses were injected intramuscularly with 30 mg of dexamethasone or sterile saline. One week later, the fetuses were injected with 3H-thymidine intramuscularly under direct vision at laparotomy; after one hour, the incorporation of thymidine into deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA was analyzed in various fetal tissues. The relative labeling of DNA was significantly depressed in the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, and midbrain of the treated fetuses compared to their littermate controls. The relative labeling of the DNA of lungs, kidneys, heart, and adrenals was also significantly reduced. Increasing the dose of dexamethasone produced a progressive inhibition of the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA. A variable recovery from the inhibition became apparent by 14 days following exposure to dexamethasone. The evidence suggests that exposure of the fetus to dexamethasone may exert a potentially deleterious effect on fetal tissues.", "contents": "Dexamethasone treatment of the guinea pig fetus: its effects on the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into deoxyribonucleic acid. Pregnant guinea pigs of 50 to 53 days' gestation (term 63 days) were anesthetized with ether, and their fetuses were injected intramuscularly with 30 mg of dexamethasone or sterile saline. One week later, the fetuses were injected with 3H-thymidine intramuscularly under direct vision at laparotomy; after one hour, the incorporation of thymidine into deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA was analyzed in various fetal tissues. The relative labeling of DNA was significantly depressed in the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, and midbrain of the treated fetuses compared to their littermate controls. The relative labeling of the DNA of lungs, kidneys, heart, and adrenals was also significantly reduced. Increasing the dose of dexamethasone produced a progressive inhibition of the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA. A variable recovery from the inhibition became apparent by 14 days following exposure to dexamethasone. The evidence suggests that exposure of the fetus to dexamethasone may exert a potentially deleterious effect on fetal tissues.", "PMID": 848527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8024", "title": "Definition of sleep state in the newborn infant by heart rate analysis.", "content": "The relationship of heart rate variability to sleep state was examined in 9 term newborn infants at one to three days of age. Spectral density plots of rhythmic variations in heart rate during active sleep and quiet sleep were characteristic and always distinct from each other. Heart rate and heart rate variability were significantly higher during active sleep than during quiet sleep. It was always possible to identify quiet sleep and active sleep during sleep periods by inspecting spectral density plots of the variations in heart rate. Similar relationships between heart rate variability and sleep states may exist in utero. Spectral analysis of heart rate variations may provide an indirect measurement of fetal sleep states, and such measurements might become useful in assessing fetal brain maturity and fetal well-being.", "contents": "Definition of sleep state in the newborn infant by heart rate analysis. The relationship of heart rate variability to sleep state was examined in 9 term newborn infants at one to three days of age. Spectral density plots of rhythmic variations in heart rate during active sleep and quiet sleep were characteristic and always distinct from each other. Heart rate and heart rate variability were significantly higher during active sleep than during quiet sleep. It was always possible to identify quiet sleep and active sleep during sleep periods by inspecting spectral density plots of the variations in heart rate. Similar relationships between heart rate variability and sleep states may exist in utero. Spectral analysis of heart rate variations may provide an indirect measurement of fetal sleep states, and such measurements might become useful in assessing fetal brain maturity and fetal well-being.", "PMID": 848528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8025", "title": "Statistical analysis of first-trimester pregnancy terminations in an ambulatory surgical center.", "content": "From June, 1973, to December, 1974, 12,219 women requested elective termination of pregnancy at the Concord Medical Center, a private outpatient clinic in Chicago, Illinois. Suction curettage with local anesthesia was performed for 10,890 of the women; the remaining 1,329 (10.9%) women were rejected for the following reasons: not pregnant, 1.9%; estimated duration of pregnancy over 12 weeks, 7.3% medical reasons, 1.6%; and other reasons, 0.1%. For the aborted patients, the immediate complication rate was 6.9 per 1,000. Complication rates were directly associated with length of gestation (whether determined on the basis of the patient-reported last menstrual period (LMP) or on the basis of the physical examination) and with the experience of the physicians. This study adds further evidence that first-trimester termination of pregnancy by suction curettage, with local anesthesia, in a nonhospital setting is a safe procedure when high medical standards are maintained.", "contents": "Statistical analysis of first-trimester pregnancy terminations in an ambulatory surgical center. From June, 1973, to December, 1974, 12,219 women requested elective termination of pregnancy at the Concord Medical Center, a private outpatient clinic in Chicago, Illinois. Suction curettage with local anesthesia was performed for 10,890 of the women; the remaining 1,329 (10.9%) women were rejected for the following reasons: not pregnant, 1.9%; estimated duration of pregnancy over 12 weeks, 7.3% medical reasons, 1.6%; and other reasons, 0.1%. For the aborted patients, the immediate complication rate was 6.9 per 1,000. Complication rates were directly associated with length of gestation (whether determined on the basis of the patient-reported last menstrual period (LMP) or on the basis of the physical examination) and with the experience of the physicians. This study adds further evidence that first-trimester termination of pregnancy by suction curettage, with local anesthesia, in a nonhospital setting is a safe procedure when high medical standards are maintained.", "PMID": 848529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8026", "title": "Circulatory effects of magnesium sulfate in normotensive and renal hypertensive pregnant sheep.", "content": "We have studied the effects of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) administration in chronically instrumented normotensive and hypertensive pregnant sheep. Animals of 90 to 144 days' gestation were divided in two groups; those with normotensive arterial pressure and those in which renovascular hypertension had been produced. Our results show that bolus injection of 2 or 4 Gm. of MgSO4 caused a transient decrease in systolic and diastolic pressure which returned to control values within 5 to 10 minutes. The continuous infusion of MgSO4 in doses of 2 or 4 Gm. per hour produced a slight increase in uteroplacental blood flow but did not alter the blood pressure. Heart rate showed a slight increase. Because MgSO4 produced no significant hemodynamic changes, we feel that: (1) its use in obstetrics must be based on its anticonvulsant action and (2) MgSO4 in either normotensive or hypertensive patients is not associated with impairment of uteroplacental blood flow.", "contents": "Circulatory effects of magnesium sulfate in normotensive and renal hypertensive pregnant sheep. We have studied the effects of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) administration in chronically instrumented normotensive and hypertensive pregnant sheep. Animals of 90 to 144 days' gestation were divided in two groups; those with normotensive arterial pressure and those in which renovascular hypertension had been produced. Our results show that bolus injection of 2 or 4 Gm. of MgSO4 caused a transient decrease in systolic and diastolic pressure which returned to control values within 5 to 10 minutes. The continuous infusion of MgSO4 in doses of 2 or 4 Gm. per hour produced a slight increase in uteroplacental blood flow but did not alter the blood pressure. Heart rate showed a slight increase. Because MgSO4 produced no significant hemodynamic changes, we feel that: (1) its use in obstetrics must be based on its anticonvulsant action and (2) MgSO4 in either normotensive or hypertensive patients is not associated with impairment of uteroplacental blood flow.", "PMID": 848530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8027", "title": "Serum calcium concentrations in human pregnancy.", "content": "Total and ionic calcium concentrations were measured in maternal serum from nonpregnant (N=30), pregnant (N=137), and early puerperal (N=17) women. In this cross-sectional study, total calcium levels (measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry) exhibited the previously described pattern of a decline beginning in the first trimester and continuing until approximately 32 weeks, with a slight terminal rise from thence to term. Mean (+/-SD) values for the three trimesters were 4.80 (+/- 0.13), 4.56 (+/- 0.14), and 4.46 (+/-0.16) mEq. per liter, respectively, with all differences statistically significant. Ionic calcium levels (measured by calcium flow-through electrode) declined to a lesser (though still statistically significant) degree; mean (+/- S.D.) values for the three trimesters were 2.33 (+/-0.07), 2.28 (+/-0.08), and 2.24 (+/-0.06) mEq. per liter, respectively. Because of the differential rates of fall, the proportion of total calcium represented by the ionic component increased progressively during gestation. The results indicate that the major portion of the characteristic decline in maternal serum total calcium concentration with pregnancy reflects changes in the nonionized (albumin-bound) fraction while the ionic portion declines only slightly. The concentration of calcium ions in serum is maintained within a very narrow physiologic range throughout gestation.", "contents": "Serum calcium concentrations in human pregnancy. Total and ionic calcium concentrations were measured in maternal serum from nonpregnant (N=30), pregnant (N=137), and early puerperal (N=17) women. In this cross-sectional study, total calcium levels (measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry) exhibited the previously described pattern of a decline beginning in the first trimester and continuing until approximately 32 weeks, with a slight terminal rise from thence to term. Mean (+/-SD) values for the three trimesters were 4.80 (+/- 0.13), 4.56 (+/- 0.14), and 4.46 (+/-0.16) mEq. per liter, respectively, with all differences statistically significant. Ionic calcium levels (measured by calcium flow-through electrode) declined to a lesser (though still statistically significant) degree; mean (+/- S.D.) values for the three trimesters were 2.33 (+/-0.07), 2.28 (+/-0.08), and 2.24 (+/-0.06) mEq. per liter, respectively. Because of the differential rates of fall, the proportion of total calcium represented by the ionic component increased progressively during gestation. The results indicate that the major portion of the characteristic decline in maternal serum total calcium concentration with pregnancy reflects changes in the nonionized (albumin-bound) fraction while the ionic portion declines only slightly. The concentration of calcium ions in serum is maintained within a very narrow physiologic range throughout gestation.", "PMID": 848531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8028", "title": "The abortifacient and oxytocic effects of an intravaginal silicone rubber device containing a 0.5% concentration of 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha methyl ester.", "content": "Abortion was successfully induced by intravaginal insertion of a silicone rubber device impregnated with an 0.5% concentration of 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha methyl ester in 20 of 25 patients by prostaglandin alone and in an additional three patients by prostaglandin with a concomitant oxytocin infusion. The mean abortion time for the 23 successful abortions was 15.46 hours. Uterine activity was monitored in six patients and uterine response to the vaginal insertion of the prostaglandin-impregnated device was characterized by a gradual rise in amplitude of contractions and intrauterine baseline tonus accompanied by a rapid increase in the frequency of contractions. Induction of abortion by intravaginal administration of a silicone rubber device impregnated with prostaglandin eliminates the hazards associated with intra-amniotic instillation and offers the advantage of a single administration with the option of reversibility if a patient should be hypersensitive to the drug.", "contents": "The abortifacient and oxytocic effects of an intravaginal silicone rubber device containing a 0.5% concentration of 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha methyl ester. Abortion was successfully induced by intravaginal insertion of a silicone rubber device impregnated with an 0.5% concentration of 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha methyl ester in 20 of 25 patients by prostaglandin alone and in an additional three patients by prostaglandin with a concomitant oxytocin infusion. The mean abortion time for the 23 successful abortions was 15.46 hours. Uterine activity was monitored in six patients and uterine response to the vaginal insertion of the prostaglandin-impregnated device was characterized by a gradual rise in amplitude of contractions and intrauterine baseline tonus accompanied by a rapid increase in the frequency of contractions. Induction of abortion by intravaginal administration of a silicone rubber device impregnated with prostaglandin eliminates the hazards associated with intra-amniotic instillation and offers the advantage of a single administration with the option of reversibility if a patient should be hypersensitive to the drug.", "PMID": 848532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8029", "title": "Trial of intravenous therapy in women with low urinary estriol excretion.", "content": "Estriol excretion in pregnancy is favourably improved following administration of 25% dextrose to patients with persistently low estriol excretion. A double-blind controlled trial was undertaken in 60 patients to assess the efficacy of other regimens of infusion therapy with Hartmann's solution, aminofusin, 10% dextrose, or ritodrine in Hartmann's solution. Estriol excretion rose above the lower limit of normal in 69% of the patients treated. There was no significant difference in success rates between the four solutions studied when subjected to analyses of variance and covariance. Fetal and placental weights were directly related to estriol excretion. Influences of the various therapeutic regimens on metabolic acidosis have been considered and possible reasons for therapeutic success discussed.", "contents": "Trial of intravenous therapy in women with low urinary estriol excretion. Estriol excretion in pregnancy is favourably improved following administration of 25% dextrose to patients with persistently low estriol excretion. A double-blind controlled trial was undertaken in 60 patients to assess the efficacy of other regimens of infusion therapy with Hartmann's solution, aminofusin, 10% dextrose, or ritodrine in Hartmann's solution. Estriol excretion rose above the lower limit of normal in 69% of the patients treated. There was no significant difference in success rates between the four solutions studied when subjected to analyses of variance and covariance. Fetal and placental weights were directly related to estriol excretion. Influences of the various therapeutic regimens on metabolic acidosis have been considered and possible reasons for therapeutic success discussed.", "PMID": 848533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8030", "title": "Vitelliform lesions developing in normal fundi.", "content": "Two patients with Best's macular dystrophy, photographically documented, developed vitelliform lesions in previously normal or nearly normal fundi. The patients were studied prospectively because their brother had Best's disease. The first patient, a 6-year-old boy, had normal-appearing fundi in February 1974, but in October 1974 he had developed a vitelliform lesion in the left macula. His electro-oculogram (EOG) was severely abnormal in both eyes. His 12-year-old syster had an essentially normal fundus appearance and an abnormal EOG in both eyes in November 1971. In October 1975, she had an extramacular vitelliruptive lesion in the right eye and a typical Best's lesion in the left macula.", "contents": "Vitelliform lesions developing in normal fundi. Two patients with Best's macular dystrophy, photographically documented, developed vitelliform lesions in previously normal or nearly normal fundi. The patients were studied prospectively because their brother had Best's disease. The first patient, a 6-year-old boy, had normal-appearing fundi in February 1974, but in October 1974 he had developed a vitelliform lesion in the left macula. His electro-oculogram (EOG) was severely abnormal in both eyes. His 12-year-old syster had an essentially normal fundus appearance and an abnormal EOG in both eyes in November 1971. In October 1975, she had an extramacular vitelliruptive lesion in the right eye and a typical Best's lesion in the left macula.", "PMID": 848535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8031", "title": "Surgical repair of leaking blebs.", "content": "To repair a ruptured filtering bleb, we used the conjunctiva alone, or combined with its undissected Tenon's fascia, to cover the sclerostomy site. We used mattress sutures to thread the new flap into a vertical corneal groove anterior to the sclerostomy, creating a firm, nonretracting but still sufficiently \"porous\" cover that maintained filtration and resisted infection and perforation. Seven of eight cases of ruptured filtering blebs have been successfully repaired in this manner with the maintenance of adequate filtration.", "contents": "Surgical repair of leaking blebs. To repair a ruptured filtering bleb, we used the conjunctiva alone, or combined with its undissected Tenon's fascia, to cover the sclerostomy site. We used mattress sutures to thread the new flap into a vertical corneal groove anterior to the sclerostomy, creating a firm, nonretracting but still sufficiently \"porous\" cover that maintained filtration and resisted infection and perforation. Seven of eight cases of ruptured filtering blebs have been successfully repaired in this manner with the maintenance of adequate filtration.", "PMID": 848536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8032", "title": "Cataracts as an epidemiologic problem.", "content": "Cataracts are an enormous medical, financial, and social burden. At least 300,000 to 400,000 new, visually disabling cataracts occur yearly in the United States, and 5 to 10 million worldwide. Complications of modern surgical techniques alone probably result in at least 7,000 irreversibly blind eyes annulally in the United States, and a potential 100,000 to 200,000 worldwide. These figures must be refined through well-standardized prevalence surveys and careful monitoring of indications and results of surgery. Senile cataracts probably result from many, possibly compound, obscure causes. Race, altitude, dietary habits, and deranged carbohydrate metabolism are some that have been suggested. There is little basis for the common belief that senile cataracts are more prevalent, or mature more rapidly, in diabetics. Carefully conducted case control and long-term studies are needed to assess the importance of each of these factors and to identify additional ones. The rapid increase of intraocular lens implantation raises serious questions of safety and efficacy. Implantation increases the risk of corneal and macular edema, iritis, and reoperation for lens dislocation and membrane formation, while complicating the treatment of retinal detachments and retinovascular disease. They require controlled clinical evaluation.", "contents": "Cataracts as an epidemiologic problem. Cataracts are an enormous medical, financial, and social burden. At least 300,000 to 400,000 new, visually disabling cataracts occur yearly in the United States, and 5 to 10 million worldwide. Complications of modern surgical techniques alone probably result in at least 7,000 irreversibly blind eyes annulally in the United States, and a potential 100,000 to 200,000 worldwide. These figures must be refined through well-standardized prevalence surveys and careful monitoring of indications and results of surgery. Senile cataracts probably result from many, possibly compound, obscure causes. Race, altitude, dietary habits, and deranged carbohydrate metabolism are some that have been suggested. There is little basis for the common belief that senile cataracts are more prevalent, or mature more rapidly, in diabetics. Carefully conducted case control and long-term studies are needed to assess the importance of each of these factors and to identify additional ones. The rapid increase of intraocular lens implantation raises serious questions of safety and efficacy. Implantation increases the risk of corneal and macular edema, iritis, and reoperation for lens dislocation and membrane formation, while complicating the treatment of retinal detachments and retinovascular disease. They require controlled clinical evaluation.", "PMID": 848537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8033", "title": "Progressive bilateral essential iris atrophy.", "content": "Bilateral progressive essential iris atrophy, more advanced in one eye than in the other, occurred in a 24-year-old white man. Histopathologic examination of the iris from the eye with the more advanced iris atrophy disclosed no vascular abnormalities in that the vessels were patent and appeared normal except for accumulated perivascular connective tissue. Fluorescein angiographic examination of the fellow eye that was undergoing the earliest changes of iris atrophy failed to reveal any vascular abnormalities. However, tonographic examination indicated a markedly decreased outflow facility. There does not appear to be any vascular abnormality involved in the pathogenesis.", "contents": "Progressive bilateral essential iris atrophy. Bilateral progressive essential iris atrophy, more advanced in one eye than in the other, occurred in a 24-year-old white man. Histopathologic examination of the iris from the eye with the more advanced iris atrophy disclosed no vascular abnormalities in that the vessels were patent and appeared normal except for accumulated perivascular connective tissue. Fluorescein angiographic examination of the fellow eye that was undergoing the earliest changes of iris atrophy failed to reveal any vascular abnormalities. However, tonographic examination indicated a markedly decreased outflow facility. There does not appear to be any vascular abnormality involved in the pathogenesis.", "PMID": 848538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8034", "title": "The association of HLA-B7 and HLA-B12 antigens with cup/disk ratio, family history of glaucoma, and intraocular pressure.", "content": "The presence of either HLA-B7 or HLA-B12 antigens was associated with a higher prevalence of cup/disk ratios greater than 0.3 in the GG responders (intraocular pressure greater than 31 mm Hg after six weeks of topical dexamethasone 0.1%, four times daily) and in the combined NN-NG (intraocular pressure less than or equal to 31 mm Hg) groups. The presence of either antigen was associated with a higher prevalence of a family history of glaucoma in the GG group. N association was noted between the antigens and age, sex, race, or mean intraocular pressure in either of the groups studied.", "contents": "The association of HLA-B7 and HLA-B12 antigens with cup/disk ratio, family history of glaucoma, and intraocular pressure. The presence of either HLA-B7 or HLA-B12 antigens was associated with a higher prevalence of cup/disk ratios greater than 0.3 in the GG responders (intraocular pressure greater than 31 mm Hg after six weeks of topical dexamethasone 0.1%, four times daily) and in the combined NN-NG (intraocular pressure less than or equal to 31 mm Hg) groups. The presence of either antigen was associated with a higher prevalence of a family history of glaucoma in the GG group. N association was noted between the antigens and age, sex, race, or mean intraocular pressure in either of the groups studied.", "PMID": 848539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8035", "title": "External ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and areflexia complicating acute infectious polyneuritis.", "content": "A 13-year-old girl suddenly experienced ataxia, bilateral external ophthalmoplegia, and areflexia. She was previously healthy but several family members had had a flu-like illness. Cerebrospinal fluid punctures demonstrated a persistent lymphocytosis and protein elevation. Clinical improvement occurred in several months. These findings represent a variant of Guillain-Barr\u00e9-Strohl syndrome (infectious polyneuritis), a systemic illness rather than a primary ophthalmologic entity.", "contents": "External ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and areflexia complicating acute infectious polyneuritis. A 13-year-old girl suddenly experienced ataxia, bilateral external ophthalmoplegia, and areflexia. She was previously healthy but several family members had had a flu-like illness. Cerebrospinal fluid punctures demonstrated a persistent lymphocytosis and protein elevation. Clinical improvement occurred in several months. These findings represent a variant of Guillain-Barr\u00e9-Strohl syndrome (infectious polyneuritis), a systemic illness rather than a primary ophthalmologic entity.", "PMID": 848540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8036", "title": "Mitochondrial abnormalities in progressive external ophthalmoplegia.", "content": "Three cases of chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia demonstrated ragged-red fibers. Histochemical stains showed that the ragged-red fiber appearance was produced by abnormal mitochondria in the muscle. Electron microscopic studies demonstrated the ultrastructural origin of the intramitochondrial inclusions seen in ragged-red fibers. The associated abnormalities in lactic acid metabolism possibly represent an underlying generalized defect in metabolism. This evidence suggests that chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia is a diffuse disease of the mitochondria.", "contents": "Mitochondrial abnormalities in progressive external ophthalmoplegia. Three cases of chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia demonstrated ragged-red fibers. Histochemical stains showed that the ragged-red fiber appearance was produced by abnormal mitochondria in the muscle. Electron microscopic studies demonstrated the ultrastructural origin of the intramitochondrial inclusions seen in ragged-red fibers. The associated abnormalities in lactic acid metabolism possibly represent an underlying generalized defect in metabolism. This evidence suggests that chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia is a diffuse disease of the mitochondria.", "PMID": 848542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8037", "title": "Retinal degeneration without pigment alterations in progressive external ophthalmoplegia.", "content": "A 56-year-old black man had annular visual field defects and retinal electrophysiologic dysfunction with chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia and no pigmentary abnormalities in the fundus. Because the association of retinal disease with neurodegenerative states has generally been based on the observation of pigmentary changes, the patient's fields were erroneously interpreted as the nerve fiber bundle defects of glaucoma.", "contents": "Retinal degeneration without pigment alterations in progressive external ophthalmoplegia. A 56-year-old black man had annular visual field defects and retinal electrophysiologic dysfunction with chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia and no pigmentary abnormalities in the fundus. Because the association of retinal disease with neurodegenerative states has generally been based on the observation of pigmentary changes, the patient's fields were erroneously interpreted as the nerve fiber bundle defects of glaucoma.", "PMID": 848543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8038", "title": "Retinal phlebitis in the Irvine-Gass syndrome.", "content": "We reviewed the pathology records from January 1965 through July 1975 for aphakic eyes. After exclusion of unsuitable cases, ten eyes (nine patients) with cystoid macular edema and 142 eyes without cystoid macular edema were studied. Clinical ophthalmic records were available for five of the ten eyes with the Irvine-Gass syndrome. Histologic sections were examined, revealing a significant correlation between the Irvine-Gass syndrome and retinal phlebitis, which has not been reported previously, as well as cyclitis and vitritis. Anterior segment operative complications tended to be more prevalent in eyes with the Irvine-Gass syndrome than in those without the Irvine-Gass syndrome, although the assocation was not statistically significant (P less than .1). Retinal trypsin digestion showed the phlebitis to be distributed posteriorly within primary and secondary retinal veins, frequently occurring near points of bifurcation. The changes in permeability seen in the Irvine-Gass syndrome may be due to this retinal phlebitis and to a generalized inflammation-induced increase in capillary permeability. The case of the phlebitis is not known.", "contents": "Retinal phlebitis in the Irvine-Gass syndrome. We reviewed the pathology records from January 1965 through July 1975 for aphakic eyes. After exclusion of unsuitable cases, ten eyes (nine patients) with cystoid macular edema and 142 eyes without cystoid macular edema were studied. Clinical ophthalmic records were available for five of the ten eyes with the Irvine-Gass syndrome. Histologic sections were examined, revealing a significant correlation between the Irvine-Gass syndrome and retinal phlebitis, which has not been reported previously, as well as cyclitis and vitritis. Anterior segment operative complications tended to be more prevalent in eyes with the Irvine-Gass syndrome than in those without the Irvine-Gass syndrome, although the assocation was not statistically significant (P less than .1). Retinal trypsin digestion showed the phlebitis to be distributed posteriorly within primary and secondary retinal veins, frequently occurring near points of bifurcation. The changes in permeability seen in the Irvine-Gass syndrome may be due to this retinal phlebitis and to a generalized inflammation-induced increase in capillary permeability. The case of the phlebitis is not known.", "PMID": 848544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8039", "title": "Peripheral retinal neovascularization in sarcoidosis and sickle cell anemia.", "content": "A 30-year-old black woman with biopsy-proven sarcoidosis and sickle cell anemia had peripheral retinal neovascularization. Elevated fibrovascular proliferations and distal retinal ischemia with nonperfused ghost vessels passing through the area of neovascularization were found at the temporal periphery. No signs of intraocular inflammation were present. Both diseases occur in black patients and should always be considered in the presence of peripheral retinal neovascularization.", "contents": "Peripheral retinal neovascularization in sarcoidosis and sickle cell anemia. A 30-year-old black woman with biopsy-proven sarcoidosis and sickle cell anemia had peripheral retinal neovascularization. Elevated fibrovascular proliferations and distal retinal ischemia with nonperfused ghost vessels passing through the area of neovascularization were found at the temporal periphery. No signs of intraocular inflammation were present. Both diseases occur in black patients and should always be considered in the presence of peripheral retinal neovascularization.", "PMID": 848545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8040", "title": "Penetration of topically administered prednisolone acetate into the human aqueous humor.", "content": "A single standardized drop of 1.0% prednisolone acetate labeled with tritiated thymidine was administered topically to one eye of 58 patients shortly before elective cataract extraction. An aqueous humor sample was aspirated at varying intervals and its corticosteroid content was determined. Peak drug concentration in aqueous humor was 1.13 mug/ml, which occurred 30 to 45 minutes after instillation of the medication. Substantial quantitites of corticosteroid were found in the aqueous humor five minutes after drug administration. The area under the drug concentration in aqueous humor-vs-time curve (a measure of the drug's bioavailability in aqueous humor) was 88 mug min/ml, and its half-life in human aqueous humor was 28 minutes. None of these values were significantly different from the comparable values in rabbit eyes.", "contents": "Penetration of topically administered prednisolone acetate into the human aqueous humor. A single standardized drop of 1.0% prednisolone acetate labeled with tritiated thymidine was administered topically to one eye of 58 patients shortly before elective cataract extraction. An aqueous humor sample was aspirated at varying intervals and its corticosteroid content was determined. Peak drug concentration in aqueous humor was 1.13 mug/ml, which occurred 30 to 45 minutes after instillation of the medication. Substantial quantitites of corticosteroid were found in the aqueous humor five minutes after drug administration. The area under the drug concentration in aqueous humor-vs-time curve (a measure of the drug's bioavailability in aqueous humor) was 88 mug min/ml, and its half-life in human aqueous humor was 28 minutes. None of these values were significantly different from the comparable values in rabbit eyes.", "PMID": 848546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8041", "title": "Regional differences in ocular concentration of gentamicin after subconjunctival and retrobulbar injection in the rabbit.", "content": "We compared the penetration of radioactive carbon (14C) labeled-gentamicin into ocular tissues and fluids of albino rabbit eyes after subconjunctival (anterior subtenon's) and retrobulbar (posterior subtenon's) injections. In both normal and infected (Staphylococcus aureus endophthalmitis) eyes, higher levels of drug were produced with subconjunctival rather than with retrobullar admininistration in cornea, sclera, choroid and retina (as a unit), and iris; levels in the aqueous and vitreous humors of infected eyes were similar with the two routes of injection. Marked regional variations in the concentrations of gentamicin were noted in cornea, sclera, and choroid-retina after subconjunctival therapy. The pattern of these variations suggests that subconjunctival antibiotic penetrates the eye by direct diffusion. The low levels of drug after retrobulblar injection may be due to systemic absorption through the highly vascular orbital plexus of the rabbit.", "contents": "Regional differences in ocular concentration of gentamicin after subconjunctival and retrobulbar injection in the rabbit. We compared the penetration of radioactive carbon (14C) labeled-gentamicin into ocular tissues and fluids of albino rabbit eyes after subconjunctival (anterior subtenon's) and retrobulbar (posterior subtenon's) injections. In both normal and infected (Staphylococcus aureus endophthalmitis) eyes, higher levels of drug were produced with subconjunctival rather than with retrobullar admininistration in cornea, sclera, choroid and retina (as a unit), and iris; levels in the aqueous and vitreous humors of infected eyes were similar with the two routes of injection. Marked regional variations in the concentrations of gentamicin were noted in cornea, sclera, and choroid-retina after subconjunctival therapy. The pattern of these variations suggests that subconjunctival antibiotic penetrates the eye by direct diffusion. The low levels of drug after retrobulblar injection may be due to systemic absorption through the highly vascular orbital plexus of the rabbit.", "PMID": 848547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8042", "title": "Severe persistent inclusion conjunctivitis in a young child.", "content": "A 14-month-old girl had inclusion conjunctivitis although there had been no signs or symptoms that required medical attention in her first year. By 2 1/2 years of age, the child had extensive pannus and corneal scarring that severely reduced vision. The infection was caused by a genital strain of Chlamydia trachomatis, TRIC type E, that was probably acquired at birth. Although genitally transmitted chlamydial strains normally cause a self-limiting inclusion conjunctivitis in areas where trachoma is not endemic, this case illustrates that they may occasionally cause severe trachoma. Possibly local idoxuridine (IDU) treatment (administered to this patient before the correct diagnosis was made) contributed to the severity of this infection.", "contents": "Severe persistent inclusion conjunctivitis in a young child. A 14-month-old girl had inclusion conjunctivitis although there had been no signs or symptoms that required medical attention in her first year. By 2 1/2 years of age, the child had extensive pannus and corneal scarring that severely reduced vision. The infection was caused by a genital strain of Chlamydia trachomatis, TRIC type E, that was probably acquired at birth. Although genitally transmitted chlamydial strains normally cause a self-limiting inclusion conjunctivitis in areas where trachoma is not endemic, this case illustrates that they may occasionally cause severe trachoma. Possibly local idoxuridine (IDU) treatment (administered to this patient before the correct diagnosis was made) contributed to the severity of this infection.", "PMID": 848548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8043", "title": "Histamine in human tears.", "content": "Tear samples from 13 normal volunteers and nine patients with vernal conjunctivitis were assayed for histamine. Tears in both groups contained histamine. The normal subjects had values ranging from 2.2 to 36 ng/ml with a mean of 10.3 ng/ml. The vernal patients had histamine values ranging from 0 to 125 ng/ml with a mean of 3,.2 ng/ml. The presence of histamine in tears indicates a role for this important mediator in both the physiologic and immunologic processes of the external eye.", "contents": "Histamine in human tears. Tear samples from 13 normal volunteers and nine patients with vernal conjunctivitis were assayed for histamine. Tears in both groups contained histamine. The normal subjects had values ranging from 2.2 to 36 ng/ml with a mean of 10.3 ng/ml. The vernal patients had histamine values ranging from 0 to 125 ng/ml with a mean of 3,.2 ng/ml. The presence of histamine in tears indicates a role for this important mediator in both the physiologic and immunologic processes of the external eye.", "PMID": 848549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8044", "title": "An introduction to the proficiency examination.", "content": "The public's right to quality health care requires that health practitioners be competent to carry successfully the responsibilities of the positions they seek to fill, and that individuals seeking to practice must be evaluated as possessing the required expertise. The proficiency examination is used to judge the possession of such expertise. This article describes the proficiency examination, its characteristics, the basis upon which it is developed, and how it contributes to the assurance that practitioners are competent. Common misconceptions that practitioners may have about the proficiency examination are also discussed. The proficiency examination is defined as a criterion-referenced appraisal of the individual's possession of the performance knowledge and skill competencies required to execute the role responsibilities of the given practitioner generic position.", "contents": "An introduction to the proficiency examination. The public's right to quality health care requires that health practitioners be competent to carry successfully the responsibilities of the positions they seek to fill, and that individuals seeking to practice must be evaluated as possessing the required expertise. The proficiency examination is used to judge the possession of such expertise. This article describes the proficiency examination, its characteristics, the basis upon which it is developed, and how it contributes to the assurance that practitioners are competent. Common misconceptions that practitioners may have about the proficiency examination are also discussed. The proficiency examination is defined as a criterion-referenced appraisal of the individual's possession of the performance knowledge and skill competencies required to execute the role responsibilities of the given practitioner generic position.", "PMID": 848555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8045", "title": "Temporal adaptation: a conceptual framework for occupational therapy.", "content": "The concept of temporal adaptation was introduced into the field of occupational therapy early in its development; however, it has not been developed as part of the theoretical backing of the field. This paper re-introduces the theme and provides both a general prospective for the clinician in thinking about patients' temporal behavior and a preliminary framework for application. Temporal adaptation when applied in clinical practice should add a wider perspective to existing clinical interventions. It is proposed as a generically applicable theoretical perspective appropriate across all dysfunctional categories of patients. Two case histories are presented to demonstrate the application of the theoretical framework to intervention.", "contents": "Temporal adaptation: a conceptual framework for occupational therapy. The concept of temporal adaptation was introduced into the field of occupational therapy early in its development; however, it has not been developed as part of the theoretical backing of the field. This paper re-introduces the theme and provides both a general prospective for the clinician in thinking about patients' temporal behavior and a preliminary framework for application. Temporal adaptation when applied in clinical practice should add a wider perspective to existing clinical interventions. It is proposed as a generically applicable theoretical perspective appropriate across all dysfunctional categories of patients. Two case histories are presented to demonstrate the application of the theoretical framework to intervention.", "PMID": 848558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8046", "title": "Occupational role acquisition: a perspective on the chronically disabled.", "content": "Occupational therapists are aware that chronic disability restricts not only physical and mental skills, but also social skills and the resulting ability of the patient to function in society. The issue of quality of life for the chronically disabled requires assisting them in the acquisition of new, although not always remunerative, occupational roles. The occupational role defines daily activity and appropriation of time, as well as the contribution to society and societal worth. This article presents the sociological concepts of role, three critical points in conceptualization of the occupational role acquisition process, a model for evaluating and monitoring a patient's progress, and a case study.", "contents": "Occupational role acquisition: a perspective on the chronically disabled. Occupational therapists are aware that chronic disability restricts not only physical and mental skills, but also social skills and the resulting ability of the patient to function in society. The issue of quality of life for the chronically disabled requires assisting them in the acquisition of new, although not always remunerative, occupational roles. The occupational role defines daily activity and appropriation of time, as well as the contribution to society and societal worth. This article presents the sociological concepts of role, three critical points in conceptualization of the occupational role acquisition process, a model for evaluating and monitoring a patient's progress, and a case study.", "PMID": 848559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8047", "title": "Play: the arena for acquisition of rules for competent behavior.", "content": "Play is acknowledged as a critical, complex arena of learning. In play, individuals process information about their location in space, time, and personal relationships. One mechanism for organizing this information is the rule. This paper defines the rule as a symbol and its relationship to skilled action. With this perspective of rules, preliminary questions about play are posed. The occupational therapist can organize the observation of play based on the yield from these questions.", "contents": "Play: the arena for acquisition of rules for competent behavior. Play is acknowledged as a critical, complex arena of learning. In play, individuals process information about their location in space, time, and personal relationships. One mechanism for organizing this information is the rule. This paper defines the rule as a symbol and its relationship to skilled action. With this perspective of rules, preliminary questions about play are posed. The occupational therapist can organize the observation of play based on the yield from these questions.", "PMID": 848560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8048", "title": "A clinical perspective on motivation: pawn versus origin.", "content": "Occupational therapy is founded on the principle of \"actively engaging\" the patient in tasks of therapeutic benefit. This method of treatment necessitates matching a patient's needs with interests and abilities in an attempt to motivate the individual to perform. A lack of motivation is often the most difficult and most unsuccessfully overcome obstacle in the occupational therapy clinic. Classical drive-reduction theories of motivation prove inadequate for therapists to arrest and reverse the behavior of an unmotivated individual. This article offers the concept of personal causation as an alternative means of understanding human motivation. This notion is examined in two modes of behavior, namely pawm and origin, in an attempt to further the understanding of the complex process of self-initiated and self-guided behavior. Four perspectives are proposed for therapeutic intervention that will promote motivated behavior in patients. They include a consideration of the following factors: expectancies of success or failure, internal versus external orientation, belief in skill, and sense of efficacy.", "contents": "A clinical perspective on motivation: pawn versus origin. Occupational therapy is founded on the principle of \"actively engaging\" the patient in tasks of therapeutic benefit. This method of treatment necessitates matching a patient's needs with interests and abilities in an attempt to motivate the individual to perform. A lack of motivation is often the most difficult and most unsuccessfully overcome obstacle in the occupational therapy clinic. Classical drive-reduction theories of motivation prove inadequate for therapists to arrest and reverse the behavior of an unmotivated individual. This article offers the concept of personal causation as an alternative means of understanding human motivation. This notion is examined in two modes of behavior, namely pawm and origin, in an attempt to further the understanding of the complex process of self-initiated and self-guided behavior. Four perspectives are proposed for therapeutic intervention that will promote motivated behavior in patients. They include a consideration of the following factors: expectancies of success or failure, internal versus external orientation, belief in skill, and sense of efficacy.", "PMID": 848561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8049", "title": "Congenital defects of the upper lateral incisors (ULI): condition and measurements of the other teeth, measurements of the superior arch, head and face.", "content": "We surveyed a French male population for the incidence of missing or reduced upper lateral incisors (ULI). In 5,738 subjects, we observed an incidence of 1.59% with one or two reduced ULI (the other normal) and 1.90% with one or two missing ULI (the other normal or reduced), altogether, 3.49% affected subjects. Furthermore, 250 random controls were observed. Agenesis of other teeth is more frequent in propositi. Missing thir molars were 12.4% in controls, 24.0% in propositi with reduced ULI and 39.6% in propositi with two missing ULI. Furthermore, agenesis of incisors, canines and premolars ranges from 0.4% in controls to 1.3% in propositi having reduced ULI and 5.0% in propositi with two missing ULI. So, propositi with reduced ULI are intermediate between the controls and the propositi with missing ULI with respect to the freeuency of agenesis of other teeth. On the other hand, a different ranking is observed with respect to the teeth measurements: reduction of tooth size is more marked in propositi with reduced ULI than in propositi with missing ULI. The reduction mainly affects canines, incisors and to a lesser degree, premolars. Arch length and interpremolar diameters are smaller in propositi with missing ULI, compared with controls.", "contents": "Congenital defects of the upper lateral incisors (ULI): condition and measurements of the other teeth, measurements of the superior arch, head and face. We surveyed a French male population for the incidence of missing or reduced upper lateral incisors (ULI). In 5,738 subjects, we observed an incidence of 1.59% with one or two reduced ULI (the other normal) and 1.90% with one or two missing ULI (the other normal or reduced), altogether, 3.49% affected subjects. Furthermore, 250 random controls were observed. Agenesis of other teeth is more frequent in propositi. Missing thir molars were 12.4% in controls, 24.0% in propositi with reduced ULI and 39.6% in propositi with two missing ULI. Furthermore, agenesis of incisors, canines and premolars ranges from 0.4% in controls to 1.3% in propositi having reduced ULI and 5.0% in propositi with two missing ULI. So, propositi with reduced ULI are intermediate between the controls and the propositi with missing ULI with respect to the freeuency of agenesis of other teeth. On the other hand, a different ranking is observed with respect to the teeth measurements: reduction of tooth size is more marked in propositi with reduced ULI than in propositi with missing ULI. The reduction mainly affects canines, incisors and to a lesser degree, premolars. Arch length and interpremolar diameters are smaller in propositi with missing ULI, compared with controls.", "PMID": 848564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8050", "title": "Congenital defects of the upper lateral incisors: multivariate analysis of measurements of the other teeth, the superior arch, head and face.", "content": "The survey of a French male population allowed us to ascertain 75 propositi with one or two missing ULI, 59 propositi with one or two reduced ULI and 99 controls on whom measurements (mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters) of all of teeth of the superior arch are available. Principal Component Analysis gave a first estimated principal component highly correlated with each of the dental measurements of arch measurements. This size factor was eliminated by observing the plane of the second and third principal components. Strikingly different clusters of MD diameters or BL diameters were observed for the controls, the propositi missing one or two fo the ULI and the propositi with reduced ULI. For the controls, the arch length is correlated with the MD molar diameters and the MD incisor diameter, the arch width being isolated from the other measurements. For the propositi with missing ULI, among the dental measurements the MD and BL diameters cluster, the arch length is isolated as are the arch widths. For the propositi with reduced ULI, the rich length is closer to the dental measurements while the widths, especially the first one, are isolated. The best discriminant measurements are the diameters of the first premolars and the canine, the first arch width and the arch length. Among controls, the arch is narrowed and shorter for the propositi with absence and wider for the propositi with reduction. Teeth measurements are always smaller in propositi.", "contents": "Congenital defects of the upper lateral incisors: multivariate analysis of measurements of the other teeth, the superior arch, head and face. The survey of a French male population allowed us to ascertain 75 propositi with one or two missing ULI, 59 propositi with one or two reduced ULI and 99 controls on whom measurements (mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters) of all of teeth of the superior arch are available. Principal Component Analysis gave a first estimated principal component highly correlated with each of the dental measurements of arch measurements. This size factor was eliminated by observing the plane of the second and third principal components. Strikingly different clusters of MD diameters or BL diameters were observed for the controls, the propositi missing one or two fo the ULI and the propositi with reduced ULI. For the controls, the arch length is correlated with the MD molar diameters and the MD incisor diameter, the arch width being isolated from the other measurements. For the propositi with missing ULI, among the dental measurements the MD and BL diameters cluster, the arch length is isolated as are the arch widths. For the propositi with reduced ULI, the rich length is closer to the dental measurements while the widths, especially the first one, are isolated. The best discriminant measurements are the diameters of the first premolars and the canine, the first arch width and the arch length. Among controls, the arch is narrowed and shorter for the propositi with absence and wider for the propositi with reduction. Teeth measurements are always smaller in propositi.", "PMID": 848565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8051", "title": "Influence of maternal nutritional status on prenatal growth in a Peruvian urban population.", "content": "Anthropometric measurements were made on 4,952 mothers and their neonates from a Peruvian urban population. Based on age-specific percentiles, the mothers were separated into categories of short and tall stature, high and low fat, and high and low muscle. The study indicates that: (1) tall and short mothers characterized by similar subcutaneous fat and upper arm muscle area (whether high or low) had newborns with similar birth weight and recumbent length; (2) mothers characterized by high subcutaneous fat had heavier and fatter, but not longer, newborns than mothers with low subcutaneous fat; (3) mothers characterized by high upper arm muscle area had heavier, leaner and longer newborns than mothers with low upper arm muscle area; (4) mothers characterized by high muscle and high fat had heavier and longer newborns than mothers with high muscle and low fat; but (5) mothers characterized by high muscle and low fat had heavier and longer newborns than mothers with low muscle and high fat. Considering that subcutaneous fat and arm muscle area reflect calorie and protein reserves respectively, it is concluded that an increase in maternal calorie reserves results in increased infant fatness, but a lesser increase in linear growth. In contrast, an increase in maternal protein reserves does enhance both birth weight and prenatal linear growth.", "contents": "Influence of maternal nutritional status on prenatal growth in a Peruvian urban population. Anthropometric measurements were made on 4,952 mothers and their neonates from a Peruvian urban population. Based on age-specific percentiles, the mothers were separated into categories of short and tall stature, high and low fat, and high and low muscle. The study indicates that: (1) tall and short mothers characterized by similar subcutaneous fat and upper arm muscle area (whether high or low) had newborns with similar birth weight and recumbent length; (2) mothers characterized by high subcutaneous fat had heavier and fatter, but not longer, newborns than mothers with low subcutaneous fat; (3) mothers characterized by high upper arm muscle area had heavier, leaner and longer newborns than mothers with low upper arm muscle area; (4) mothers characterized by high muscle and high fat had heavier and longer newborns than mothers with high muscle and low fat; but (5) mothers characterized by high muscle and low fat had heavier and longer newborns than mothers with low muscle and high fat. Considering that subcutaneous fat and arm muscle area reflect calorie and protein reserves respectively, it is concluded that an increase in maternal calorie reserves results in increased infant fatness, but a lesser increase in linear growth. In contrast, an increase in maternal protein reserves does enhance both birth weight and prenatal linear growth.", "PMID": 848566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8052", "title": "Aging and secular change in adult stature in rural Colombia.", "content": "Age-associated changes in adult stature of a cross-sectional sample of 634 adults from rural Colombia were estimated by multiple regression of stature and age controlling for subischial length, and from equations predicting maximum attained stature from subischial length. From these analyses the estimated rate of loss in stature due to aging per se for men was 0.12 cm/yr, while for women it was 0.03 cm/yr. When corrected for aging, several secular trends in adult stature were evident, although none were statistically significant.", "contents": "Aging and secular change in adult stature in rural Colombia. Age-associated changes in adult stature of a cross-sectional sample of 634 adults from rural Colombia were estimated by multiple regression of stature and age controlling for subischial length, and from equations predicting maximum attained stature from subischial length. From these analyses the estimated rate of loss in stature due to aging per se for men was 0.12 cm/yr, while for women it was 0.03 cm/yr. When corrected for aging, several secular trends in adult stature were evident, although none were statistically significant.", "PMID": 848567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8053", "title": "Probable malignancy in a Sadlermiut Eskimo mandible.", "content": "The mandible of a Sadlermiut Eskimo woman, age at death 28 to 30 years, displays numerous well-formed formamina concentrated bilaterally around the mental foramina. Differential diagnosis identifies this lesion with highest probability as a metastatic cancerous lesion: of less likelihood are sarcoma, hyperparathyroidism, hemangioma, and osteomyelitis. The specimen deserves attention because identification of malignancy in paleopathological material is uncommon and difficult, and because malignancies in aboriginal Eskimo populations are reputed to have been rare or absent.", "contents": "Probable malignancy in a Sadlermiut Eskimo mandible. The mandible of a Sadlermiut Eskimo woman, age at death 28 to 30 years, displays numerous well-formed formamina concentrated bilaterally around the mental foramina. Differential diagnosis identifies this lesion with highest probability as a metastatic cancerous lesion: of less likelihood are sarcoma, hyperparathyroidism, hemangioma, and osteomyelitis. The specimen deserves attention because identification of malignancy in paleopathological material is uncommon and difficult, and because malignancies in aboriginal Eskimo populations are reputed to have been rare or absent.", "PMID": 848568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8054", "title": "The evolution of molar occlusion in the Cercopithecidae and early Catarrhines.", "content": "Those Eocene prosimians which are possible catarrhine ancestors have four blade-like crests on each lower molar. Each crest shears in sequence across two upper molar crests. Occluding crests are concavely curved to hold the foods being sheared. Each of two medial lower molar crests bordering the principal crushing surface shear past single upper molar crests at about the same time the lateral lower molar crests contact the second rank of upper molar crests. Grinding and crushing areas are restricted to hypoconid, trigonid, and protocone surfaces. Oligocene catarrhine molars have increased crushing-grinding capacities and maintained but modify their shearing. As the crushing surface of the protocone expands and a crushing hypocone is added, the \"second rank\" upper molar shearing crests are functionally reduced. At the same time medial crests are increasingly emphasized so that the total shearing capacity remains virtually unchanged. Marginal shearing blades are straight edged; leading edges of occluding blades are set at different angles to the occlusal plane so that blades contact at only one point at any given time. Early Primates have separate crushing basins surrounded by shearing blades. Catarrhines tend to link explanding crushing surfaces anteroposteriorly into a continuous surface between all molars. A cladistic analysis based on both new and previously recognized characters indicates that: 1. Apidium may be more closely related to Aegyptopithecus than to Parapithecus; 2. cercopithecids are derived from a Parapithecus-related stock; 3. Oreopithecus could equally well have come from an Apidium or Aegyptopithecus stock.", "contents": "The evolution of molar occlusion in the Cercopithecidae and early Catarrhines. Those Eocene prosimians which are possible catarrhine ancestors have four blade-like crests on each lower molar. Each crest shears in sequence across two upper molar crests. Occluding crests are concavely curved to hold the foods being sheared. Each of two medial lower molar crests bordering the principal crushing surface shear past single upper molar crests at about the same time the lateral lower molar crests contact the second rank of upper molar crests. Grinding and crushing areas are restricted to hypoconid, trigonid, and protocone surfaces. Oligocene catarrhine molars have increased crushing-grinding capacities and maintained but modify their shearing. As the crushing surface of the protocone expands and a crushing hypocone is added, the \"second rank\" upper molar shearing crests are functionally reduced. At the same time medial crests are increasingly emphasized so that the total shearing capacity remains virtually unchanged. Marginal shearing blades are straight edged; leading edges of occluding blades are set at different angles to the occlusal plane so that blades contact at only one point at any given time. Early Primates have separate crushing basins surrounded by shearing blades. Catarrhines tend to link explanding crushing surfaces anteroposteriorly into a continuous surface between all molars. A cladistic analysis based on both new and previously recognized characters indicates that: 1. Apidium may be more closely related to Aegyptopithecus than to Parapithecus; 2. cercopithecids are derived from a Parapithecus-related stock; 3. Oreopithecus could equally well have come from an Apidium or Aegyptopithecus stock.", "PMID": 848569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8055", "title": "Stress and the etiology of osteoarthritis.", "content": "Although degenerative joint disease is an old and exceedingly common problem, clinical investigators have not reached a consensus regarding the etiology of this disease. Comparative osteological analysis of the knee, hip, shoulder, and elbow joints of 789 individuals from four human skeletal populations (Black and White Americans, Pueblo Indians, and Alaskan Eskimos) indicates that age of onset, frequency, and location of degenerative changes are directly related to the nature and degree of environmentally associated stress, as reflected by the variable life styles of the populations sampled. Eskimos have the earliest onset and most severe involvement for all four joints studied, the right side is usually more affected than the left, and Blacks are more frequently involved than Whites in the knee, shoulder, and elbow. Functional stress, when constant and severe in nature, becomes the primary focus of degenerative disease, but other background contributing agents such as age, sex, and hormonal influence must not be ignored.", "contents": "Stress and the etiology of osteoarthritis. Although degenerative joint disease is an old and exceedingly common problem, clinical investigators have not reached a consensus regarding the etiology of this disease. Comparative osteological analysis of the knee, hip, shoulder, and elbow joints of 789 individuals from four human skeletal populations (Black and White Americans, Pueblo Indians, and Alaskan Eskimos) indicates that age of onset, frequency, and location of degenerative changes are directly related to the nature and degree of environmentally associated stress, as reflected by the variable life styles of the populations sampled. Eskimos have the earliest onset and most severe involvement for all four joints studied, the right side is usually more affected than the left, and Blacks are more frequently involved than Whites in the knee, shoulder, and elbow. Functional stress, when constant and severe in nature, becomes the primary focus of degenerative disease, but other background contributing agents such as age, sex, and hormonal influence must not be ignored.", "PMID": 848570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8056", "title": "Brief hospitalization: a two-year follow-up.", "content": "The author present two-year follow-up data of a controlled study of 175 newly admitted inpatients who lived with families, comparing the relative efficacy of brief hospitalization (with and without transitional day care) and standard hospitalization (with all patients offered outpatient aftercare). The long-term results confirm the preliminary finding that brief hospitalization is preferable to longer term hospitalization for most patients. Briefly hospitalized patients spent significantly less time as inpatients and showed less psychopathology and impairment in role functioning. In contrast to preliminary findings, the long-term results indicate that use of day care reduced the number of inpatient days.", "contents": "Brief hospitalization: a two-year follow-up. The author present two-year follow-up data of a controlled study of 175 newly admitted inpatients who lived with families, comparing the relative efficacy of brief hospitalization (with and without transitional day care) and standard hospitalization (with all patients offered outpatient aftercare). The long-term results confirm the preliminary finding that brief hospitalization is preferable to longer term hospitalization for most patients. Briefly hospitalized patients spent significantly less time as inpatients and showed less psychopathology and impairment in role functioning. In contrast to preliminary findings, the long-term results indicate that use of day care reduced the number of inpatient days.", "PMID": 848575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8057", "title": "Dangerousness, confidentiality, and the duty to warn.", "content": "The Tarasoff decision, by imposing on psychiatrists an obligation to warn the intended victim of threats made by a patient, but only under certain vaguely specified circumstances, may stampede psychiatrists into issuing such warnings to avoid possible legal liability no matter how remote the risk of harm may actually be. The authors suggest that the ill effects of such a reaction by psychiatrists--breach of confidentiality and the attendant erosion of trust and harm to the therapeutic alliance--can often be easily avoided by taking less drastic steps, some of which are illustrated by case presentations.", "contents": "Dangerousness, confidentiality, and the duty to warn. The Tarasoff decision, by imposing on psychiatrists an obligation to warn the intended victim of threats made by a patient, but only under certain vaguely specified circumstances, may stampede psychiatrists into issuing such warnings to avoid possible legal liability no matter how remote the risk of harm may actually be. The authors suggest that the ill effects of such a reaction by psychiatrists--breach of confidentiality and the attendant erosion of trust and harm to the therapeutic alliance--can often be easily avoided by taking less drastic steps, some of which are illustrated by case presentations.", "PMID": 848576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8058", "title": "Platelet monoamine oxidase activity in schizophrenic patients.", "content": "The authors studied platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in 29 schizophrenic inpatients and 26 schizophrenic outpatients during a 4-week double-blind trial of chlorpromazine with imipramine or thiothixene with placebo. The found that significantly more schizophrenic patients than normal control subjects had low platelet MAO activity after 4 weeks. Outpatients with low MAO activity were distinguished by increased behavioral activity and reduced social apathy. Inpatients with low MAO activity were distinguished by severity of illness and symptoms. Hallucinations were significantly more frequent among patients with low MAO activity. The authors suggest that platelet MAO activity might decline in some actively schizophrenic patients as part of the psychotic process.", "contents": "Platelet monoamine oxidase activity in schizophrenic patients. The authors studied platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in 29 schizophrenic inpatients and 26 schizophrenic outpatients during a 4-week double-blind trial of chlorpromazine with imipramine or thiothixene with placebo. The found that significantly more schizophrenic patients than normal control subjects had low platelet MAO activity after 4 weeks. Outpatients with low MAO activity were distinguished by increased behavioral activity and reduced social apathy. Inpatients with low MAO activity were distinguished by severity of illness and symptoms. Hallucinations were significantly more frequent among patients with low MAO activity. The authors suggest that platelet MAO activity might decline in some actively schizophrenic patients as part of the psychotic process.", "PMID": 848577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8059", "title": "Postsynaptic supersensitivity in schizophrenia.", "content": "In the context of the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia, the authors examined postsynaptic dopamine (DA) receptor sensitivity in schizophrenic patients by means of a neuroendocrine strategy using the DA receptor agonist apomorphine and growth hormone (GH) release as the measurable postsynaptic event. The activity of platelet adenylate cyclase, an enzyme intimately associated with catecholamine receptor activity, was also studied following stimulation by prostaglandin E1 (PGE1). Patients diagnosed as having acute schizophrenia had significantly higher GH responses and adenylate cyclase activity than normal control subjects and patients diagnosed as having chronic schizophrenia. Chronic schizophrenic patients with and without tardive dyskinesia showed GH responses slightly lower than but not significantly different from those of control groups.", "contents": "Postsynaptic supersensitivity in schizophrenia. In the context of the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia, the authors examined postsynaptic dopamine (DA) receptor sensitivity in schizophrenic patients by means of a neuroendocrine strategy using the DA receptor agonist apomorphine and growth hormone (GH) release as the measurable postsynaptic event. The activity of platelet adenylate cyclase, an enzyme intimately associated with catecholamine receptor activity, was also studied following stimulation by prostaglandin E1 (PGE1). Patients diagnosed as having acute schizophrenia had significantly higher GH responses and adenylate cyclase activity than normal control subjects and patients diagnosed as having chronic schizophrenia. Chronic schizophrenic patients with and without tardive dyskinesia showed GH responses slightly lower than but not significantly different from those of control groups.", "PMID": 848578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8060", "title": "Psychiatric consultation: concepts and controversies.", "content": "There are two major models of consultation in the field of psychiatry, differing in their goals, participants, settings, and methods. The psychiatric-therapeutic model entails provision of optimal care for the individual patient; the community mental health model involves provision of assistance to mental health caregivers. The author believes that to enhance the value of consultation the consultation should restrict his or her role to that for which he or she has been trained. Current social needs, coupled with a limited supply of consultants, suggest that psychiatric consultation should be provided within comprehensive health care systems. There is a pressing need to clarify the concepts of formulations concerning the criteria of outcome of psychiatric consultation so that evaluation of its effectiveness can be advanced.", "contents": "Psychiatric consultation: concepts and controversies. There are two major models of consultation in the field of psychiatry, differing in their goals, participants, settings, and methods. The psychiatric-therapeutic model entails provision of optimal care for the individual patient; the community mental health model involves provision of assistance to mental health caregivers. The author believes that to enhance the value of consultation the consultation should restrict his or her role to that for which he or she has been trained. Current social needs, coupled with a limited supply of consultants, suggest that psychiatric consultation should be provided within comprehensive health care systems. There is a pressing need to clarify the concepts of formulations concerning the criteria of outcome of psychiatric consultation so that evaluation of its effectiveness can be advanced.", "PMID": 848579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8061", "title": "Psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy: conceptual lenses.", "content": "Of the many difficulties in maintaining an integration of psychotherapeutic and pharmacotherapeutic treatment, one of the most important is \"the problem of bimodal relatedness\", that is, the distinction between relating to the patient as a diseased organ or object of study and as a disturbed person. The authors identify the forces that act to inappropriately emphasize one mode or the other and discuss major difficulties that arise because of failure to maintain a bimodal relatedness. In a setting of combined therapy, maintaining and safeguarding the optimal relationship of collaborative subject-subject relatedness can prevent the emergence of problem destructive to effective psychiatric treatment and research.", "contents": "Psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy: conceptual lenses. Of the many difficulties in maintaining an integration of psychotherapeutic and pharmacotherapeutic treatment, one of the most important is \"the problem of bimodal relatedness\", that is, the distinction between relating to the patient as a diseased organ or object of study and as a disturbed person. The authors identify the forces that act to inappropriately emphasize one mode or the other and discuss major difficulties that arise because of failure to maintain a bimodal relatedness. In a setting of combined therapy, maintaining and safeguarding the optimal relationship of collaborative subject-subject relatedness can prevent the emergence of problem destructive to effective psychiatric treatment and research.", "PMID": 848580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8062", "title": "Catecholamine metabolism during heroin use.", "content": "The authors examined urinary levels of catecholamines and metabolites during a 10-day period of heroin use in 9 subjects. Catecholamine and metabolite excretion increased over baseline values on the first day of heroin use, but markedly different patterns of change emerged later. In contrast to the significant increase in normetanephrine and decrease in metanephrine excretion in all 9 subjects during heroin use, only 4 subjects showed an increase in 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl glycol (MHPG) excretion. Moreover, it appeared that the increase in MHPG excretion in this subgroup began on the day before heroin administration, which suggests the possibility of an anticipatory or conditioned response.", "contents": "Catecholamine metabolism during heroin use. The authors examined urinary levels of catecholamines and metabolites during a 10-day period of heroin use in 9 subjects. Catecholamine and metabolite excretion increased over baseline values on the first day of heroin use, but markedly different patterns of change emerged later. In contrast to the significant increase in normetanephrine and decrease in metanephrine excretion in all 9 subjects during heroin use, only 4 subjects showed an increase in 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl glycol (MHPG) excretion. Moreover, it appeared that the increase in MHPG excretion in this subgroup began on the day before heroin administration, which suggests the possibility of an anticipatory or conditioned response.", "PMID": 848581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8063", "title": "Ten years of inpatient programs for alcoholic patients.", "content": "The author reviews the progress made during the past decade in making acute hospital facilities available to the alcoholic patient. He also describes the advances that have been made in the level of care provided by increasingly available detoxification centers. However, he finds that the needs of chronically and permanently disabled alcoholic individuals are still not being met by the mental health system.", "contents": "Ten years of inpatient programs for alcoholic patients. The author reviews the progress made during the past decade in making acute hospital facilities available to the alcoholic patient. He also describes the advances that have been made in the level of care provided by increasingly available detoxification centers. However, he finds that the needs of chronically and permanently disabled alcoholic individuals are still not being met by the mental health system.", "PMID": 848582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8064", "title": "Prognostic implications of various drinking patterns in psychiatric patients.", "content": "The authors examined the drinking patterns of 198 first admission nonalcoholic psychiatric patients to determine the relationship among drinking behavior, severity of pathology, and prognosis. Heavy drinking in the psychiatric sample was not associated with increased levels of pathology and poor prognosis. To the contrary, among these nonalcoholic patients the abstainers and occasional drinkers showed the most severe pathology and poorest prognosis of all drinking groups.", "contents": "Prognostic implications of various drinking patterns in psychiatric patients. The authors examined the drinking patterns of 198 first admission nonalcoholic psychiatric patients to determine the relationship among drinking behavior, severity of pathology, and prognosis. Heavy drinking in the psychiatric sample was not associated with increased levels of pathology and poor prognosis. To the contrary, among these nonalcoholic patients the abstainers and occasional drinkers showed the most severe pathology and poorest prognosis of all drinking groups.", "PMID": 848583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8065", "title": "Cognitive and interactive aspects of splitting.", "content": "The author discusses splitting, the segregation of multiple inner schemata of self and others, from the points of view of cognitive structure, cognitive process, anad interpersonal transaction. A case example illustrates how one borderline patient shifted fluidly during therapy among four isolated and sometimes incompatible representations of the doctor-patient relationship. The author concludes that therapists working with borderline patients must be aware of atypical transference patterns and may have to introduce, as a special nuance of therapy, work to stabilize patients' realistic self- and therapist images before offering interpretations.", "contents": "Cognitive and interactive aspects of splitting. The author discusses splitting, the segregation of multiple inner schemata of self and others, from the points of view of cognitive structure, cognitive process, anad interpersonal transaction. A case example illustrates how one borderline patient shifted fluidly during therapy among four isolated and sometimes incompatible representations of the doctor-patient relationship. The author concludes that therapists working with borderline patients must be aware of atypical transference patterns and may have to introduce, as a special nuance of therapy, work to stabilize patients' realistic self- and therapist images before offering interpretations.", "PMID": 848584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8066", "title": "Voluntary and involuntary treatment of aggressive patients.", "content": "The author describes his experiences in treating violent patients in group therapy. Problems include the divergent goals of therapist, patient, and society; the environmental limitations on incarcerated patients; countertransference issues; and magical expectations on the part of patients. Therapeutic goals must be somewhat limited with patients who are forced into therapy. It may be dangerous to \"open up\" such patients, especially when they face lengthy prison terms. The author suggests that distancing tactics be avoided with violent patients, who need to encounter another person who has dealt successfully with hatred, fear, and limitations.", "contents": "Voluntary and involuntary treatment of aggressive patients. The author describes his experiences in treating violent patients in group therapy. Problems include the divergent goals of therapist, patient, and society; the environmental limitations on incarcerated patients; countertransference issues; and magical expectations on the part of patients. Therapeutic goals must be somewhat limited with patients who are forced into therapy. It may be dangerous to \"open up\" such patients, especially when they face lengthy prison terms. The author suggests that distancing tactics be avoided with violent patients, who need to encounter another person who has dealt successfully with hatred, fear, and limitations.", "PMID": 848585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8067", "title": "Absorption rate, blood concentrations, and early response to oral chlordiazepoxide.", "content": "Ten healthy male volunteers received chlordiazepoxide (CDX) hydrochloride or matching placebo with Maalox or water in a four-way single-dose crossover trial. Coadministration of CDX with Maalox did not change the completeness of CDX absorption but significantly slowed its rate of absorption and the rate of desmethylchlordiazepoxide (DMCDX) appearance. Self-rating of feeling \"spacey\" at 1.0 and 2.5 hours were significantly increased over baseline for CDX taken with water but not with Maalox. Increases in \"spacey\" feelings at 1.0 hours were highly correlated with 0.5-hour but not with 1.0-hour blood levels. Similar findings were observed for self-ratings of \"thinking\" slowed down. Thus certain subjective effects of antianxiety agents after oral dosage may depend on the rate of drug absorption and may be attenuated or eliminated if the absorption rate is reduced.", "contents": "Absorption rate, blood concentrations, and early response to oral chlordiazepoxide. Ten healthy male volunteers received chlordiazepoxide (CDX) hydrochloride or matching placebo with Maalox or water in a four-way single-dose crossover trial. Coadministration of CDX with Maalox did not change the completeness of CDX absorption but significantly slowed its rate of absorption and the rate of desmethylchlordiazepoxide (DMCDX) appearance. Self-rating of feeling \"spacey\" at 1.0 and 2.5 hours were significantly increased over baseline for CDX taken with water but not with Maalox. Increases in \"spacey\" feelings at 1.0 hours were highly correlated with 0.5-hour but not with 1.0-hour blood levels. Similar findings were observed for self-ratings of \"thinking\" slowed down. Thus certain subjective effects of antianxiety agents after oral dosage may depend on the rate of drug absorption and may be attenuated or eliminated if the absorption rate is reduced.", "PMID": 848586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8068", "title": "Norepinephrine and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl glycol gradients in human cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "The presence of abnormal levels of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl glycol (MHPG) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of some patients with affective disorders may indicate abnormal norepinephrine metabolism in these patients. The authors evaluated the relationship between norepinephrine and MHPG in CSF and found that both are present in increasing levels as more CSF is removed from the lumbar puncture needle. Norepinephrine and MHPG are closely related, although norepinephrine levels are more variable within and between subjects. Both norepinephrine and MHPG levels in CSF should provide important information about norepinephrine metabolism in affective disorders.", "contents": "Norepinephrine and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl glycol gradients in human cerebrospinal fluid. The presence of abnormal levels of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl glycol (MHPG) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of some patients with affective disorders may indicate abnormal norepinephrine metabolism in these patients. The authors evaluated the relationship between norepinephrine and MHPG in CSF and found that both are present in increasing levels as more CSF is removed from the lumbar puncture needle. Norepinephrine and MHPG are closely related, although norepinephrine levels are more variable within and between subjects. Both norepinephrine and MHPG levels in CSF should provide important information about norepinephrine metabolism in affective disorders.", "PMID": 848588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8069", "title": "The psychological effects of isolation in protected environments.", "content": "The authors questioned the directors of 13 protected-environment installations on the psychological effects of protected environment treatment. Psychological problems reported included anxiety, depression, sleep disturbance, withdrawal, regression, and hallucinations. Children seemed to adapt better than adults to protected environments. Respondents recommended the use of preentry orientation, structured recreation programs, steps to prevent time disorientation, and psychological support for both patients and staff to minimize the psychological effects of treatment in protected environments.", "contents": "The psychological effects of isolation in protected environments. The authors questioned the directors of 13 protected-environment installations on the psychological effects of protected environment treatment. Psychological problems reported included anxiety, depression, sleep disturbance, withdrawal, regression, and hallucinations. Children seemed to adapt better than adults to protected environments. Respondents recommended the use of preentry orientation, structured recreation programs, steps to prevent time disorientation, and psychological support for both patients and staff to minimize the psychological effects of treatment in protected environments.", "PMID": 848587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8070", "title": "Consultation in the college setting.", "content": "The author discusses the relationship between patient care and consulting and the rapport that contact between college health service psychiatrists and other college personnel can engender. People in the college community learn how psychiatrists approach problems and what they can or cannot do. Psychiatrists learn how people in a college setting function and are thus better able to understand and help both patients and consultees.", "contents": "Consultation in the college setting. The author discusses the relationship between patient care and consulting and the rapport that contact between college health service psychiatrists and other college personnel can engender. People in the college community learn how psychiatrists approach problems and what they can or cannot do. Psychiatrists learn how people in a college setting function and are thus better able to understand and help both patients and consultees.", "PMID": 848589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8071", "title": "The reaction of the family system to rapid therapeutic change in one of its members.", "content": "The family system can accommodate itself only to a certain amount of change in one of its members without manifesting a need or reorganize itself. The family response to such a change in one of its members is documented via three case examples in patients who were in individual therapy.", "contents": "The reaction of the family system to rapid therapeutic change in one of its members. The family system can accommodate itself only to a certain amount of change in one of its members without manifesting a need or reorganize itself. The family response to such a change in one of its members is documented via three case examples in patients who were in individual therapy.", "PMID": 848605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8072", "title": "Male and female: the significance of values.", "content": "Women's personal values as well as societal values regarding them have been undergoing significant changes. This trend is supported by recent rapid technological advances reaching into home and working place, by the development of birth-control measures and of treatment for venereal diseases, and by women's easier access to education and careers.", "contents": "Male and female: the significance of values. Women's personal values as well as societal values regarding them have been undergoing significant changes. This trend is supported by recent rapid technological advances reaching into home and working place, by the development of birth-control measures and of treatment for venereal diseases, and by women's easier access to education and careers.", "PMID": 848606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8073", "title": "Medical and nonmedical models in clinical practice and training.", "content": "Dealing with the range of events encountered by mental health professionals requires both anatomic/physiologic and psychologic/behavioral viewpoints. These viewpoints belong to two different universes of discourse, and their languages are not mutually translatable. For responsible clinical practice, both medical and nonmedical models are necessary and neither model is sufficient.", "contents": "Medical and nonmedical models in clinical practice and training. Dealing with the range of events encountered by mental health professionals requires both anatomic/physiologic and psychologic/behavioral viewpoints. These viewpoints belong to two different universes of discourse, and their languages are not mutually translatable. For responsible clinical practice, both medical and nonmedical models are necessary and neither model is sufficient.", "PMID": 848607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8074", "title": "Psychotherapy with the dying patient.", "content": "This paper develops and describes encounters with dying patients and their families and looks for consesus of patterns and responses of possible help in confronting this situation. It offers positive suggestions for those providing care for dying patients but also acknowledges that only an intellectual grasp of the situation is not sufficient qualification for caring for the dying.", "contents": "Psychotherapy with the dying patient. This paper develops and describes encounters with dying patients and their families and looks for consesus of patterns and responses of possible help in confronting this situation. It offers positive suggestions for those providing care for dying patients but also acknowledges that only an intellectual grasp of the situation is not sufficient qualification for caring for the dying.", "PMID": 848608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8075", "title": "Management of mourning of a dead or dying parent.", "content": "A method for working through the mourning of the parent in psychoanalytic therapy is described. The method permits focusing on the patient's relationship to the imago as it manifests itself during the mouring. The internal shifting that results permits a reorganization of personality with far-reaching implications for adaptational change.", "contents": "Management of mourning of a dead or dying parent. A method for working through the mourning of the parent in psychoanalytic therapy is described. The method permits focusing on the patient's relationship to the imago as it manifests itself during the mouring. The internal shifting that results permits a reorganization of personality with far-reaching implications for adaptational change.", "PMID": 848609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8076", "title": "The theory and practice of psychiatry in India.", "content": "A comprehensive overview of the past and present state of psychiatry in India, as well as of its successes and limitations, is presented. The dregree of awareness and acceptance by different sectors of the Indian population is discussed. The influence of religious beliefs and cultural practices is taken into account. The report also deals with morbidity in patients with various emotional disorders.", "contents": "The theory and practice of psychiatry in India. A comprehensive overview of the past and present state of psychiatry in India, as well as of its successes and limitations, is presented. The dregree of awareness and acceptance by different sectors of the Indian population is discussed. The influence of religious beliefs and cultural practices is taken into account. The report also deals with morbidity in patients with various emotional disorders.", "PMID": 848610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8077", "title": "Sex differences in psychoanalytic treatment.", "content": "Sex sterotypes, clinical observations, and psychoanalytic theory of sex differences are presented. Stereotypes show differences in areas of inhibition and clinical observations, differences related to the phallic and genital phases in psychosexual development. Divergent analytical views on the sexual development of boys and girls are discussed.", "contents": "Sex differences in psychoanalytic treatment. Sex sterotypes, clinical observations, and psychoanalytic theory of sex differences are presented. Stereotypes show differences in areas of inhibition and clinical observations, differences related to the phallic and genital phases in psychosexual development. Divergent analytical views on the sexual development of boys and girls are discussed.", "PMID": 848611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8078", "title": "A one-year follow-up of two forms of brief psychotherapy.", "content": "How do patients who had brief behavior therapy evaluate change in themselves as compared to those who had brief psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy a year following termination of their treatment? Restults of the follow-up study reveal that over-all, patients rated themselves at one-year follow-up as improved over their status at three months after therapy but less so than at the time of termination of therapy. The form of therapy did not make a difference in the patients' evaluation of change.", "contents": "A one-year follow-up of two forms of brief psychotherapy. How do patients who had brief behavior therapy evaluate change in themselves as compared to those who had brief psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy a year following termination of their treatment? Restults of the follow-up study reveal that over-all, patients rated themselves at one-year follow-up as improved over their status at three months after therapy but less so than at the time of termination of therapy. The form of therapy did not make a difference in the patients' evaluation of change.", "PMID": 848612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8079", "title": "Emotions and psychotherapies.", "content": "Psychotherapy is seen as a series of congnitive-emotional interactions whose emotional impact on the patient serves as the principal reinforcement at certain phase of therapy. This paper examines techniques of interaction common to all psychotherapies, and their relative importance in various types of psychotherapy.", "contents": "Emotions and psychotherapies. Psychotherapy is seen as a series of congnitive-emotional interactions whose emotional impact on the patient serves as the principal reinforcement at certain phase of therapy. This paper examines techniques of interaction common to all psychotherapies, and their relative importance in various types of psychotherapy.", "PMID": 848613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8080", "title": "The impotent king: secondary impotence refractory to brief sex therapy.", "content": "Men with a grandiose self-concept may develop secondary impotence that does not respond to sex therapy. The impotence occurs in response to a more self-assertive stance taken by their wives. The more common form of impotence is also presented and contrasted with the \"impotent king\". Recommendations for treatment are made.", "contents": "The impotent king: secondary impotence refractory to brief sex therapy. Men with a grandiose self-concept may develop secondary impotence that does not respond to sex therapy. The impotence occurs in response to a more self-assertive stance taken by their wives. The more common form of impotence is also presented and contrasted with the \"impotent king\". Recommendations for treatment are made.", "PMID": 848614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8081", "title": "The uses of multiple causes of death data to clarify changing patterns of cirrhosis mortality in Massachusetts.", "content": "Evaluation of death rates from cirrhosis of the liver in Massachusetts since 1950 indicate a changing pattern suggestive of a substantial increase in the frequency with which cirrhosis is being recorded as the underlying cause of death. By comparing the relationship between the frequency with which cirrhosis is mentioned on the death certificate with its occurrence as the underlying cause of death, it would appear that the increase in death rate represents a real change. Additional evidence is presented to indicated that the increase is occuring in the urban center of the state. Males aged 40-49 and females aged 50-59 have shown the greatest changes. In spite of similar changes occuring on the national scene, the increase appears to be substantially greater in Massachusetts. The evaluation of multiple cause of death as mentioned on death certificates can allow for assessment of significant co-factors contributing to a fatal outcome in a disease like cirrhosis of the liver.", "contents": "The uses of multiple causes of death data to clarify changing patterns of cirrhosis mortality in Massachusetts. Evaluation of death rates from cirrhosis of the liver in Massachusetts since 1950 indicate a changing pattern suggestive of a substantial increase in the frequency with which cirrhosis is being recorded as the underlying cause of death. By comparing the relationship between the frequency with which cirrhosis is mentioned on the death certificate with its occurrence as the underlying cause of death, it would appear that the increase in death rate represents a real change. Additional evidence is presented to indicated that the increase is occuring in the urban center of the state. Males aged 40-49 and females aged 50-59 have shown the greatest changes. In spite of similar changes occuring on the national scene, the increase appears to be substantially greater in Massachusetts. The evaluation of multiple cause of death as mentioned on death certificates can allow for assessment of significant co-factors contributing to a fatal outcome in a disease like cirrhosis of the liver.", "PMID": 848616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8082", "title": "Patient outcome as a measure of quality of nursing home care.", "content": "One thousand males transferred from a general medical hospital into 40 community nursing homes were classified by their physicians as to expectations of outcome within six months and measured on physical functioning at the time of their transfer. They were followed up six months later and retested on functional status. Subjects were classified on follow-up as improved, the same deteriorated, or dead. They were also classified as discharged from the nursing home, still in the home, or readmitted to the hospital. Nursing homes were measured every six months on structural variables. Outcomes of the patients were related to the nursing home characteristics by multivariate analysis of variance, controlling for expected outcome, age, and diagnoses of cancer and chronic brain disease. Homes with more RN hours per patient were associated with patients being alive, improved, and discharged from the home. Better ratings on meal services were related to being alive and improved. A higher professional staff-to-patient ratio, better medical records, and more services were related to being discharged from the nursing home.", "contents": "Patient outcome as a measure of quality of nursing home care. One thousand males transferred from a general medical hospital into 40 community nursing homes were classified by their physicians as to expectations of outcome within six months and measured on physical functioning at the time of their transfer. They were followed up six months later and retested on functional status. Subjects were classified on follow-up as improved, the same deteriorated, or dead. They were also classified as discharged from the nursing home, still in the home, or readmitted to the hospital. Nursing homes were measured every six months on structural variables. Outcomes of the patients were related to the nursing home characteristics by multivariate analysis of variance, controlling for expected outcome, age, and diagnoses of cancer and chronic brain disease. Homes with more RN hours per patient were associated with patients being alive, improved, and discharged from the home. Better ratings on meal services were related to being alive and improved. A higher professional staff-to-patient ratio, better medical records, and more services were related to being discharged from the nursing home.", "PMID": 848617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8083", "title": "Motivational interventions in community hypertension screening.", "content": "To evaluate different techniques intended to motivate community residents to have their blood pressures taken, five inner-city target areas with comparable, predominantly Black, populations were selected. A sample of about 200 households in each of four areas were subjected to different motivational interventions; in one of these four areas, households were approached in a series of four sequential steps. The fifth target area served as a control. Findings establish that home visits by community members trained to take blood pressure measurements (BPMs) in the home produces much larger yields of new (previously unknown) hypertensives than more passive techniques such as invitational letters and gift offers. Prior informational letters, including letters specifying time of visit, do not affect refusals or increase the yield. More \"passive\" motivational techniques yield a higher proportion of previously known hypertensives than the more \"active\" outreach efforts.", "contents": "Motivational interventions in community hypertension screening. To evaluate different techniques intended to motivate community residents to have their blood pressures taken, five inner-city target areas with comparable, predominantly Black, populations were selected. A sample of about 200 households in each of four areas were subjected to different motivational interventions; in one of these four areas, households were approached in a series of four sequential steps. The fifth target area served as a control. Findings establish that home visits by community members trained to take blood pressure measurements (BPMs) in the home produces much larger yields of new (previously unknown) hypertensives than more passive techniques such as invitational letters and gift offers. Prior informational letters, including letters specifying time of visit, do not affect refusals or increase the yield. More \"passive\" motivational techniques yield a higher proportion of previously known hypertensives than the more \"active\" outreach efforts.", "PMID": 848618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8084", "title": "Tibial plateau topography.", "content": "A logical definition of the anatomy of the tibial surface, based on the shape of the tibial surface as measured in the laboratory, is presented. The relevance of these data to a better understanding of normal and pathological knee joint function is discussed. The thesis that the spine of the tibia is the major weight-bearing portion of the tibial surface can be supported by this contour study. The significance of the lateral plateau contour relative to the static stability of the joint contributed by joint apposition has been indicated. In addition, the path followed by the lateral femoral condyle during the \"screw home mechanism\" and caused by joint contour has been clearly demonstrated. We hope that this experimental evidence will establish itself as the basis for understanding the anatomy of the proximal tibial surface and that the nomenclature can be accepted to provide a common base for discussion of the tibial surface.", "contents": "Tibial plateau topography. A logical definition of the anatomy of the tibial surface, based on the shape of the tibial surface as measured in the laboratory, is presented. The relevance of these data to a better understanding of normal and pathological knee joint function is discussed. The thesis that the spine of the tibia is the major weight-bearing portion of the tibial surface can be supported by this contour study. The significance of the lateral plateau contour relative to the static stability of the joint contributed by joint apposition has been indicated. In addition, the path followed by the lateral femoral condyle during the \"screw home mechanism\" and caused by joint contour has been clearly demonstrated. We hope that this experimental evidence will establish itself as the basis for understanding the anatomy of the proximal tibial surface and that the nomenclature can be accepted to provide a common base for discussion of the tibial surface.", "PMID": 848631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8085", "title": "Popliteus tendon tenosynovitis.", "content": "This series of case suggests that the entity of tenosynovitis of the popliteus tendon is more common than once recognized. A high index of sucpicion and accurate palpation of the lateral aspect of the knee lead one to the diagnosis. Knowledge of this entity may prevent future misdiagnosis of tear of the lateral meniscus and unnecessary meniscectomy as experienced by Helfet, Holden, and myself. There is a definite correlation with activities requiring downhill walking or running. The runners invariably complained of the oneset of symptoms during downhill running rather than uphill running. Back packing enthusiastscomplained of no symptoms for several days after ascending into the mountains, only to experience the symptoms at the end of a long, rapid descent out of the mountains. The pathomechanics of this inflammation of the popliteus tendon is not fully understood. Preliminary analysis of gait movies suggests that in downhill running there is an increased vector to displace the weight-bearing femur forward on the relatively fixed tibia as the knee is increasingly flexed (Fig. 5). Previously mentioned EMG functional studies indicate that the popliteus muscle is active during this weight-bearing phase of gait and may act to retard the femur from forward displacement on the tibia in conjunction with the quadriceps. More specifically, it may help to retard the lateral femoral condyle from rotating forward off the lateral tibial plateau. Downhill running or walking therefore may cause increased stress on the popliteus muscle-tendon unit in an effort to decelerate the body weight against the altered angle of gravitational pull, with resultant tenosynovitis and symptoms. In this series there were no top flight competitive runners. The typical patient was a 31-year-old physician who was jogging 1 to 5 miles and decided to increase his pace and distance, particularly while jogging downhill. The average age of this series of patients (31 years) at the time of onset, coupled with the fact many of these persons were relatively sedentary until stressing the knee by increased activity, suggests that there will be an increasing number of these patients in the future as jogging and running are prescribed for cardiovascular system conditioning.", "contents": "Popliteus tendon tenosynovitis. This series of case suggests that the entity of tenosynovitis of the popliteus tendon is more common than once recognized. A high index of sucpicion and accurate palpation of the lateral aspect of the knee lead one to the diagnosis. Knowledge of this entity may prevent future misdiagnosis of tear of the lateral meniscus and unnecessary meniscectomy as experienced by Helfet, Holden, and myself. There is a definite correlation with activities requiring downhill walking or running. The runners invariably complained of the oneset of symptoms during downhill running rather than uphill running. Back packing enthusiastscomplained of no symptoms for several days after ascending into the mountains, only to experience the symptoms at the end of a long, rapid descent out of the mountains. The pathomechanics of this inflammation of the popliteus tendon is not fully understood. Preliminary analysis of gait movies suggests that in downhill running there is an increased vector to displace the weight-bearing femur forward on the relatively fixed tibia as the knee is increasingly flexed (Fig. 5). Previously mentioned EMG functional studies indicate that the popliteus muscle is active during this weight-bearing phase of gait and may act to retard the femur from forward displacement on the tibia in conjunction with the quadriceps. More specifically, it may help to retard the lateral femoral condyle from rotating forward off the lateral tibial plateau. Downhill running or walking therefore may cause increased stress on the popliteus muscle-tendon unit in an effort to decelerate the body weight against the altered angle of gravitational pull, with resultant tenosynovitis and symptoms. In this series there were no top flight competitive runners. The typical patient was a 31-year-old physician who was jogging 1 to 5 miles and decided to increase his pace and distance, particularly while jogging downhill. The average age of this series of patients (31 years) at the time of onset, coupled with the fact many of these persons were relatively sedentary until stressing the knee by increased activity, suggests that there will be an increasing number of these patients in the future as jogging and running are prescribed for cardiovascular system conditioning.", "PMID": 848633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8086", "title": "Mebendazole in the treatment of severe symptomatic trichuriasis in children.", "content": "Mebendazole (methyl-5-benzoylbenzimidazole-2-carbamate), a new broad spectrum anthelmintic, cured 26 (74% out of 35 children) with severe symptomatic trichuriasis. Repeat course of therapy were necessary in some cases. The nine treatment failures all showed large reductions (82-99%) in egg counts. Thus, an overall satisfactory response was obtained in terms of complete parasite eradication in 74%, relief of symptoms in all, and significant reduction in worm load in the failures. In the recommended dosage of 100 mg twice daily for 3 days mebendazole failed to achieve a cure rate of 95% to 100% reported in asymptomatic individuals and those with light infections of Trichuris trichiura. It is probable that measures to control diarrhea before administering mebendazole in an increased, extended, or repreated dosage schedule will achieve a higher cure rate. The drug was well tolerated and completely free from any toxic effects.", "contents": "Mebendazole in the treatment of severe symptomatic trichuriasis in children. Mebendazole (methyl-5-benzoylbenzimidazole-2-carbamate), a new broad spectrum anthelmintic, cured 26 (74% out of 35 children) with severe symptomatic trichuriasis. Repeat course of therapy were necessary in some cases. The nine treatment failures all showed large reductions (82-99%) in egg counts. Thus, an overall satisfactory response was obtained in terms of complete parasite eradication in 74%, relief of symptoms in all, and significant reduction in worm load in the failures. In the recommended dosage of 100 mg twice daily for 3 days mebendazole failed to achieve a cure rate of 95% to 100% reported in asymptomatic individuals and those with light infections of Trichuris trichiura. It is probable that measures to control diarrhea before administering mebendazole in an increased, extended, or repreated dosage schedule will achieve a higher cure rate. The drug was well tolerated and completely free from any toxic effects.", "PMID": 848642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8087", "title": "Tibial shaft fractures in skiing.", "content": "A prospective study of all tibial shaft fractures produced during a single ski season in a Northern Vermont area is presented. Very little previous work concerning skiing-induced tibial fractures was present in the literature. Younger, lighter, and less skilled skiers are more frequently so injured. Spiral fractures account for 41.9% and boot top fractures for 37.9% of the total. Spiral fractures occurred by an internal rotation mechanism just as frequently as by external rotation, and were observed more frequently in slower moving skiers who were using shorter skis and lower, softer boots. Associated fibular fractures were commonly not observed in children. Tibial fractures occurring in skiing are the result of relatively low energy trauma. The level and type of fracture had little effect on healing time. With rare exceptions these fractures heal satisfactorily with nonsurgical techniques.", "contents": "Tibial shaft fractures in skiing. A prospective study of all tibial shaft fractures produced during a single ski season in a Northern Vermont area is presented. Very little previous work concerning skiing-induced tibial fractures was present in the literature. Younger, lighter, and less skilled skiers are more frequently so injured. Spiral fractures account for 41.9% and boot top fractures for 37.9% of the total. Spiral fractures occurred by an internal rotation mechanism just as frequently as by external rotation, and were observed more frequently in slower moving skiers who were using shorter skis and lower, softer boots. Associated fibular fractures were commonly not observed in children. Tibial fractures occurring in skiing are the result of relatively low energy trauma. The level and type of fracture had little effect on healing time. With rare exceptions these fractures heal satisfactorily with nonsurgical techniques.", "PMID": 848636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8088", "title": "Transmammary passage of Strongyloides sp. larvae in the human host.", "content": "The prevalence of infection with Strongyloides fuelleborni and hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus), and the possible transmammary passage of these parasites, was studied in the people of a village in Bulap\u00e9, Zaire, Africa. Stool examinations revealed that 34% of 76 infants under 200 days of age were infected with S. fuelleborni and 8% were infected with hookworms. Infection rates in the general population were 44% for S. fuelleborni and 90% for hookworms. The examination of milk from nursing mothers revealed the presence of Strongyloides larvae in one case. The finding suggests that S. fuelleborni may be transmitted via the milk in humans.", "contents": "Transmammary passage of Strongyloides sp. larvae in the human host. The prevalence of infection with Strongyloides fuelleborni and hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus), and the possible transmammary passage of these parasites, was studied in the people of a village in Bulap\u00e9, Zaire, Africa. Stool examinations revealed that 34% of 76 infants under 200 days of age were infected with S. fuelleborni and 8% were infected with hookworms. Infection rates in the general population were 44% for S. fuelleborni and 90% for hookworms. The examination of milk from nursing mothers revealed the presence of Strongyloides larvae in one case. The finding suggests that S. fuelleborni may be transmitted via the milk in humans.", "PMID": 848643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8089", "title": "Arm wrestling fractures--a humerus twist.", "content": "Fractures of the humeral shaft in various throwing sports is a well recognized clinical entity. The specific etiology remains uncertain. Competitors engaged in Indian and/or wrist wrestling, a sport receiving increased interest, also are known to sustain humeral fractures. It is thought that these particular fractures are the result of bending moment, axial compression, and torsional forces applied to the humerus. The position of the arm during the match appears to be critical in determining the fracture pattern and location. Closed treatment was successful in all reported cases.", "contents": "Arm wrestling fractures--a humerus twist. Fractures of the humeral shaft in various throwing sports is a well recognized clinical entity. The specific etiology remains uncertain. Competitors engaged in Indian and/or wrist wrestling, a sport receiving increased interest, also are known to sustain humeral fractures. It is thought that these particular fractures are the result of bending moment, axial compression, and torsional forces applied to the humerus. The position of the arm during the match appears to be critical in determining the fracture pattern and location. Closed treatment was successful in all reported cases.", "PMID": 848638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8090", "title": "Evaluation of the effect of different methods of control of soil-transmitted helminths in Khuzestan, southwest Iran.", "content": "Three methods of control of soil-transmitted helminths, namely, sanitation, mass-treatment, and sanitation plus mass-treatment, were tried in 15 villages in Khuzestan, southwest Iran. Stool samples from the inhabitants of each village were examined both quantitatively and qualitatively just before starting each control method and again about 4 years later, except for the inhabitants of one village whose stools were re-examined 7 months after moving to a new settlement. Sanitation measures consisted of one latrine for each family and the provision of a sanitary water supply in each village. The drugs piperazine and bephenium hydroxynapthoate were administered alternately every 3 months. The reduction in rates of infection with Ascaris, hookworm, and Trichostrongylus spp., respectively, for the above mentioned methods were as follows: sanitation alone, 28%, 4% and 30%; mass-treatment alone, 84%, 73%, and 31%; sanitation plus mass-treatment, 79%, 69%, and 30% and in the newly constructed village, 76%, 21%, and 38%. In a control group corresponding reductions were 19%, 11%, and 31%. The percentage of egg reduction in persons still infected with these three parasites was, respectively, as follows: mass-treatment plus sanitation, 88%, 88%, and 53%; mass-treatment alone, 90%, 87%, and 37%; sanitation alone, 60%, 26%, and 0.6%; in the newly constructed village, 87%, 78%, and 39%; and in the control group, 29% increased 12%, and 24.5%. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Evaluation of the effect of different methods of control of soil-transmitted helminths in Khuzestan, southwest Iran. Three methods of control of soil-transmitted helminths, namely, sanitation, mass-treatment, and sanitation plus mass-treatment, were tried in 15 villages in Khuzestan, southwest Iran. Stool samples from the inhabitants of each village were examined both quantitatively and qualitatively just before starting each control method and again about 4 years later, except for the inhabitants of one village whose stools were re-examined 7 months after moving to a new settlement. Sanitation measures consisted of one latrine for each family and the provision of a sanitary water supply in each village. The drugs piperazine and bephenium hydroxynapthoate were administered alternately every 3 months. The reduction in rates of infection with Ascaris, hookworm, and Trichostrongylus spp., respectively, for the above mentioned methods were as follows: sanitation alone, 28%, 4% and 30%; mass-treatment alone, 84%, 73%, and 31%; sanitation plus mass-treatment, 79%, 69%, and 30% and in the newly constructed village, 76%, 21%, and 38%. In a control group corresponding reductions were 19%, 11%, and 31%. The percentage of egg reduction in persons still infected with these three parasites was, respectively, as follows: mass-treatment plus sanitation, 88%, 88%, and 53%; mass-treatment alone, 90%, 87%, and 37%; sanitation alone, 60%, 26%, and 0.6%; in the newly constructed village, 87%, 78%, and 39%; and in the control group, 29% increased 12%, and 24.5%. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 848644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8091", "title": "Field trials with oxamniquine in a Schistosomiasis mansoni-endemic area.", "content": "In Peri-Peri (Minas Gerais), an area endemic for Schistosoma mansoni, 591 inhabitants were examined. A coprological survey showed a prevalence of infection of 43.7%. After clinical examination 220 patients were distributed into three groups for treatment with oxamniquine; in Group 1, 19 children (2 to 15 years) were treated with a single oral dose of drug suspension around 20 mg/kg body weight; in Group 2, 47 children were treated orally with two 10 mg/kg doses with a 6- to 8-hour interval between them; in Group 3, 154 adults were treated with a single dose of about 15 mg/kg (capsules). The most frequent side effects were dizziness, drowsiness, and headache. No statistical difference in frequency of side effects was observed between Groups 1 and 2. Nevertheless, after treatment 32% of the patients in Group 1 complained of dizziness and 13% of headache, whereas in Group 2 the frequencies of these symptoms were 2% and 0%, respectively. Adults (Group 3) had a higher frequency of side effects, their chief complaints being dizziness and drowsiness. In Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively, 73.7%, 62.2%, and 82.4% of the patients were cured. Statistical analysis did not show any difference in cure rates between children in Groups 1 and 2; however a significance was found when compared with the cure rate observed in adults, showing the drug to be more active in the latter group. In 61.8% of the 40 patients not cured a decrease of over 90% in the number of S. mansoni eggs/g feces was observed. From the data above oxamniquine seems to be an effective schistosomicidal drug suitable for use in endemic areas, although further studies are still needed.", "contents": "Field trials with oxamniquine in a Schistosomiasis mansoni-endemic area. In Peri-Peri (Minas Gerais), an area endemic for Schistosoma mansoni, 591 inhabitants were examined. A coprological survey showed a prevalence of infection of 43.7%. After clinical examination 220 patients were distributed into three groups for treatment with oxamniquine; in Group 1, 19 children (2 to 15 years) were treated with a single oral dose of drug suspension around 20 mg/kg body weight; in Group 2, 47 children were treated orally with two 10 mg/kg doses with a 6- to 8-hour interval between them; in Group 3, 154 adults were treated with a single dose of about 15 mg/kg (capsules). The most frequent side effects were dizziness, drowsiness, and headache. No statistical difference in frequency of side effects was observed between Groups 1 and 2. Nevertheless, after treatment 32% of the patients in Group 1 complained of dizziness and 13% of headache, whereas in Group 2 the frequencies of these symptoms were 2% and 0%, respectively. Adults (Group 3) had a higher frequency of side effects, their chief complaints being dizziness and drowsiness. In Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively, 73.7%, 62.2%, and 82.4% of the patients were cured. Statistical analysis did not show any difference in cure rates between children in Groups 1 and 2; however a significance was found when compared with the cure rate observed in adults, showing the drug to be more active in the latter group. In 61.8% of the 40 patients not cured a decrease of over 90% in the number of S. mansoni eggs/g feces was observed. From the data above oxamniquine seems to be an effective schistosomicidal drug suitable for use in endemic areas, although further studies are still needed.", "PMID": 848645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8092", "title": "Comparative effects of hycanthone in Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum.", "content": "After in vitro hycanthone treatment followed by a 20-hour incubation in drug-free medium, Schistosoma mansoni were still resistant to labeling by a fluorescent analog of acetylcholine. S. japonicum, in contrast with the hycanthone sensitive species, showed prompt reversal of the blocking effects of hycanthone on fluorescent labeling. This finding suggests that differences in the reversibility of hycanthone may correlate with the usefulness of the drug in the therapy of schistosome infections by different species of parasites. Scanning electron microscopy has been used to demonstrate that hycanthone treatment causes degeneration of the integument of S. mansoni, but not S. japonicum, over a period of few days after in vivo exposure to hycanthone. The mechanism by which hycanthone causes this effect is not known.", "contents": "Comparative effects of hycanthone in Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum. After in vitro hycanthone treatment followed by a 20-hour incubation in drug-free medium, Schistosoma mansoni were still resistant to labeling by a fluorescent analog of acetylcholine. S. japonicum, in contrast with the hycanthone sensitive species, showed prompt reversal of the blocking effects of hycanthone on fluorescent labeling. This finding suggests that differences in the reversibility of hycanthone may correlate with the usefulness of the drug in the therapy of schistosome infections by different species of parasites. Scanning electron microscopy has been used to demonstrate that hycanthone treatment causes degeneration of the integument of S. mansoni, but not S. japonicum, over a period of few days after in vivo exposure to hycanthone. The mechanism by which hycanthone causes this effect is not known.", "PMID": 848646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8093", "title": "Coagulation factor XIIa (activated Hageman factor) inhibitor from adult Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "An inhibitory activity for the contact phase of the intrinsic coagulation pathway was demonstrated in an extract of adult Schistosoma mansoni. Inhibition is apparently specific for the enzymatic activation of Factor XI (pre-PTA) by Factor XIIa (activated Hageman factor). This phenomenon offers an explanation for the schistosomal evasive mechanism of the host contact hemostatic defense system.", "contents": "Coagulation factor XIIa (activated Hageman factor) inhibitor from adult Schistosoma mansoni. An inhibitory activity for the contact phase of the intrinsic coagulation pathway was demonstrated in an extract of adult Schistosoma mansoni. Inhibition is apparently specific for the enzymatic activation of Factor XI (pre-PTA) by Factor XIIa (activated Hageman factor). This phenomenon offers an explanation for the schistosomal evasive mechanism of the host contact hemostatic defense system.", "PMID": 848647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8094", "title": "Immunological studies in human schistosomiasis. II. Antibodies cytotoxic for Schistosoma mansoni schistosomules.", "content": "Complement dependent cytotoxic antibodies for Schistosoma mansoni schistosomules were studied in a Brazilian population. The sera of S. mansoni-infected patients gave a high percentage of cytotoxicity (63.4%) compared with sera from persons not infected (8.7%). The IgG class and the specificity of these cytotoxic antibodies are defined. The index of lethality appeared to be independent of the titers of other specific anti-S. mansoni antibodies. A statistical correlation was found between the index of lethality and both the severity of the disease and delayed hypersensitivity to S. mansoni antigen. The significance of cytotoxic antibodies in human schistosomiasis and their relevance to immunity in man are discussed.", "contents": "Immunological studies in human schistosomiasis. II. Antibodies cytotoxic for Schistosoma mansoni schistosomules. Complement dependent cytotoxic antibodies for Schistosoma mansoni schistosomules were studied in a Brazilian population. The sera of S. mansoni-infected patients gave a high percentage of cytotoxicity (63.4%) compared with sera from persons not infected (8.7%). The IgG class and the specificity of these cytotoxic antibodies are defined. The index of lethality appeared to be independent of the titers of other specific anti-S. mansoni antibodies. A statistical correlation was found between the index of lethality and both the severity of the disease and delayed hypersensitivity to S. mansoni antigen. The significance of cytotoxic antibodies in human schistosomiasis and their relevance to immunity in man are discussed.", "PMID": 848648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8095", "title": "Hydatid disease in New Zealand: an epidemiological study of transmission among Maoris.", "content": "An epidemiological study was designed to determine the factors placing the Maori people of New Zealand at an unusually high risk of infection with Echinococcus granulosus. Using stepwise multiple regression techniques, it was shown that the most important determinant of the incidence rate of human hydatid disease was the proportion of Maoris in the local population. It was found that the Maori system of land tenure, based on the Maori land laws led to the formation of many small fragmented properties under multiple ownership, decreasing the incentive of individual Maori farmers to improve their farming methods. In addition, long-standing behavioral patterns, such as an easy familiarity with working dogs and the feeding of dogs on raw offal, were practices that changed slowly, thus contributing to the maintenance of high E. granulosus prevalence in dogs owned by Maoris. Those cultural and behavioral factors, together with poor dog control, exposed all members of the rural Maori community to an increased risk of infection with E. granulosus, with the result that the incidence rate of hydatid disease for all age-groups and for both sexes was strikingly higher in Maoris than in non-Maoris.", "contents": "Hydatid disease in New Zealand: an epidemiological study of transmission among Maoris. An epidemiological study was designed to determine the factors placing the Maori people of New Zealand at an unusually high risk of infection with Echinococcus granulosus. Using stepwise multiple regression techniques, it was shown that the most important determinant of the incidence rate of human hydatid disease was the proportion of Maoris in the local population. It was found that the Maori system of land tenure, based on the Maori land laws led to the formation of many small fragmented properties under multiple ownership, decreasing the incentive of individual Maori farmers to improve their farming methods. In addition, long-standing behavioral patterns, such as an easy familiarity with working dogs and the feeding of dogs on raw offal, were practices that changed slowly, thus contributing to the maintenance of high E. granulosus prevalence in dogs owned by Maoris. Those cultural and behavioral factors, together with poor dog control, exposed all members of the rural Maori community to an increased risk of infection with E. granulosus, with the result that the incidence rate of hydatid disease for all age-groups and for both sexes was strikingly higher in Maoris than in non-Maoris.", "PMID": 848649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8096", "title": "Glomerular pathology in leprosy. An electron microscopic study.", "content": "Electron microscopic examination of renal biopsies from 19 patients with leprosy who had edema, proteinuria, or hematuria showed a proliferative glomerulonephritis in 12, amyloidosis in 2, and no lesion in 5. The proliferative glomerulonephritis was of different patterns: diffuse with or without exudation, focal, or mesangial. Subendothelial and/or subepithelial deposits were seen in five biopsies. Of the patients with glomerulonephritis, 3 had a reduced total serum complement level, 5 had erythema nodosum leprosum, 5 had evidence of recent streptococcal infection, and 2 had microfilariae in the peripheral blood. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Glomerular pathology in leprosy. An electron microscopic study. Electron microscopic examination of renal biopsies from 19 patients with leprosy who had edema, proteinuria, or hematuria showed a proliferative glomerulonephritis in 12, amyloidosis in 2, and no lesion in 5. The proliferative glomerulonephritis was of different patterns: diffuse with or without exudation, focal, or mesangial. Subendothelial and/or subepithelial deposits were seen in five biopsies. Of the patients with glomerulonephritis, 3 had a reduced total serum complement level, 5 had erythema nodosum leprosum, 5 had evidence of recent streptococcal infection, and 2 had microfilariae in the peripheral blood. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 848650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8097", "title": "Unisexual infections with Schistosoma haematobium in the white mouse.", "content": "In unisexual infections with an Iranian strain of Schistosoma haematobium in white mice, female worms matured normally and deposited eggs in the liver but these eggs did not contain miracidia. Both female and male worms grew to more than half the length of corresponding mated worms in bisexual infections, and males acquired the normal number of testes.", "contents": "Unisexual infections with Schistosoma haematobium in the white mouse. In unisexual infections with an Iranian strain of Schistosoma haematobium in white mice, female worms matured normally and deposited eggs in the liver but these eggs did not contain miracidia. Both female and male worms grew to more than half the length of corresponding mated worms in bisexual infections, and males acquired the normal number of testes.", "PMID": 848652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8098", "title": "Diagnostic laparotomy for fever or abdominal pain of unknown origin.", "content": "Diagnostic laparotomy performed on twenty-four patients with FUO and twenty-seven patients with obscure abdominal pain resulted in a positive yield of 87 and 82 per cent, respectively. No deaths occurred in either group and the complication rate was minimal. These findings indicate that it is appropriate to include laparotomy in the armamentarium for diagnosis of the cause of FUO and abdominal pain.", "contents": "Diagnostic laparotomy for fever or abdominal pain of unknown origin. Diagnostic laparotomy performed on twenty-four patients with FUO and twenty-seven patients with obscure abdominal pain resulted in a positive yield of 87 and 82 per cent, respectively. No deaths occurred in either group and the complication rate was minimal. These findings indicate that it is appropriate to include laparotomy in the armamentarium for diagnosis of the cause of FUO and abdominal pain.", "PMID": 848655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8099", "title": "Intramural hematoma of the gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "Two hundred sixty cases of intestinal intramural hematoma and subsequent bowel obstruction have been reported in the world literature. These cases have been evaluated and seventeen additional cases are reported. Multiple etiologic factors are presented, with trauma and anticoagulant therapy being the most common. Barium x-ray examination is the single most reliable diagnostic study. The mode of therapy for intramural hematoma depends upon thorough evaluation of the patient. Patients on anticoagulant therapy are best treated by observation and cessation of anticoagulants. Should the patient fail to improve or become worse, then surgery may become necessary. When trauma is a factor, prompt operative intervention is indicated.", "contents": "Intramural hematoma of the gastrointestinal tract. Two hundred sixty cases of intestinal intramural hematoma and subsequent bowel obstruction have been reported in the world literature. These cases have been evaluated and seventeen additional cases are reported. Multiple etiologic factors are presented, with trauma and anticoagulant therapy being the most common. Barium x-ray examination is the single most reliable diagnostic study. The mode of therapy for intramural hematoma depends upon thorough evaluation of the patient. Patients on anticoagulant therapy are best treated by observation and cessation of anticoagulants. Should the patient fail to improve or become worse, then surgery may become necessary. When trauma is a factor, prompt operative intervention is indicated.", "PMID": 848656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8100", "title": "Wound infection. Acute versus chronic cholecystitis.", "content": "Wound infection in 239 patients who underwent cholecystectomy were analyzed retrospectively. Seventeen per cent of the patients with acute cholecystitis had wound infection compared with 8.9 per cent of patients with chronic cholecystitis. Bacteriology of wound infections revealed Staphylococcus aureus in 76.4 per cent of the chronic cholecystitis group and in 12.5 per cent of the acute cholecystitis group. Wound infection in the acute cholecystitis group involved gram-negative rods predominantly. Organisms were isolated from bile culture in 71.4 per cent of acute cholecystitis patients compared with 59.6 per cent of chronic cholecystitis patients. Of patients with positive bile cultures 11.3 per cent had wound infections compared with 6.8 per cent of patients with negative bile cultures. The most common organisms isolated from bile cultures with resultant wound infections were S epidermis, S aureus, and Klebsiella sp. Wound infection after cholecystectomy for chronic cholecystitis arises from external sources and not contaminated bile. Antibiotic therapy should be directed accordingly.", "contents": "Wound infection. Acute versus chronic cholecystitis. Wound infection in 239 patients who underwent cholecystectomy were analyzed retrospectively. Seventeen per cent of the patients with acute cholecystitis had wound infection compared with 8.9 per cent of patients with chronic cholecystitis. Bacteriology of wound infections revealed Staphylococcus aureus in 76.4 per cent of the chronic cholecystitis group and in 12.5 per cent of the acute cholecystitis group. Wound infection in the acute cholecystitis group involved gram-negative rods predominantly. Organisms were isolated from bile culture in 71.4 per cent of acute cholecystitis patients compared with 59.6 per cent of chronic cholecystitis patients. Of patients with positive bile cultures 11.3 per cent had wound infections compared with 6.8 per cent of patients with negative bile cultures. The most common organisms isolated from bile cultures with resultant wound infections were S epidermis, S aureus, and Klebsiella sp. Wound infection after cholecystectomy for chronic cholecystitis arises from external sources and not contaminated bile. Antibiotic therapy should be directed accordingly.", "PMID": 848657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8101", "title": "Estimated median survival times of patients with colorectal cancer based on experience with 9,745 patients.", "content": "From the End Results Group file at the National Cancer Institute, 9,745 colorectal cancer patients diagnosed from 1965 through 1971 and classified as adenocarcinoma NOS were selected to evaluate the joint effect of various prognostic factors on MST. A technic was developed which enables a physician to estimate the MST for a patient with a given set of patient/disease characteristics. The results are also summarized in an appendix, allowing the physician to bypass the calculation and refer directly to the MST. These results will aid the physician in determining whether a patient is at sufficiently high risk to warrant adjuvant therapy. The survival experience of this broad historical group of patients with varying prognostic factors can also serve as a basis for comparison of results of studies on highly selected patients treated in various experimental ways.", "contents": "Estimated median survival times of patients with colorectal cancer based on experience with 9,745 patients. From the End Results Group file at the National Cancer Institute, 9,745 colorectal cancer patients diagnosed from 1965 through 1971 and classified as adenocarcinoma NOS were selected to evaluate the joint effect of various prognostic factors on MST. A technic was developed which enables a physician to estimate the MST for a patient with a given set of patient/disease characteristics. The results are also summarized in an appendix, allowing the physician to bypass the calculation and refer directly to the MST. These results will aid the physician in determining whether a patient is at sufficiently high risk to warrant adjuvant therapy. The survival experience of this broad historical group of patients with varying prognostic factors can also serve as a basis for comparison of results of studies on highly selected patients treated in various experimental ways.", "PMID": 848658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8102", "title": "Eelvated postoperative renal clearance of amylase without pancreatitis after cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "Two postoperative cardiopulmonary bypass patients who had pancreatitis within a two week period provided the impetus for pursuing this study. Amylase-creatinine clearance ratios (ACCR) were measured in a series of ten thoracic surgery patients: six coronary artery bypass patients with cardiopulmonary bypass (cardiac group), and four exploratory thoracotomy patients (pulmonary group). These ratios were obtained in the preoperative, recovery room, and postoperative periods. Comparisons were made among the following data: clinical history, pre- and postoperative medications, intraoperative vital signs, drugs, and anesthetics. The preoperative mean ACCR was 3.34 per cent. All cardiac patients had a significantly elevated ACCR in the recovery room with a mean of 17.36 per cent (p less than 0.05). The ACCR had returned to preoperative levels by the second postoperative day in five of six cases. There were no elevated ACCR levels in the pulmonary group. All patients were asymptomatic for pancreatitis. The intraoperative course of the cardiac patients involved four common factors, besides cardiopulmonary bypass, which were not present in the pulmonary group. These similarities included transfusion of citrated fresh whole blood activated by calcium chloride, hypotension treated with ephedrine, administration of mannitol, and intraoperative morphine analgesia. The mechanisms of increased amylase secretion by calcium chloride or ephedrine administration and transient sphincter of Oddi constriction by morphine or the alpha-adrenergic response of ephedrine are considered with the theoretical implications toward pancreatitis. The background and significance of the ACCR are also analyzed, especially in association with the osmotic diuresis of mannitol and a subsequent low urine creatinine level.", "contents": "Eelvated postoperative renal clearance of amylase without pancreatitis after cardiopulmonary bypass. Two postoperative cardiopulmonary bypass patients who had pancreatitis within a two week period provided the impetus for pursuing this study. Amylase-creatinine clearance ratios (ACCR) were measured in a series of ten thoracic surgery patients: six coronary artery bypass patients with cardiopulmonary bypass (cardiac group), and four exploratory thoracotomy patients (pulmonary group). These ratios were obtained in the preoperative, recovery room, and postoperative periods. Comparisons were made among the following data: clinical history, pre- and postoperative medications, intraoperative vital signs, drugs, and anesthetics. The preoperative mean ACCR was 3.34 per cent. All cardiac patients had a significantly elevated ACCR in the recovery room with a mean of 17.36 per cent (p less than 0.05). The ACCR had returned to preoperative levels by the second postoperative day in five of six cases. There were no elevated ACCR levels in the pulmonary group. All patients were asymptomatic for pancreatitis. The intraoperative course of the cardiac patients involved four common factors, besides cardiopulmonary bypass, which were not present in the pulmonary group. These similarities included transfusion of citrated fresh whole blood activated by calcium chloride, hypotension treated with ephedrine, administration of mannitol, and intraoperative morphine analgesia. The mechanisms of increased amylase secretion by calcium chloride or ephedrine administration and transient sphincter of Oddi constriction by morphine or the alpha-adrenergic response of ephedrine are considered with the theoretical implications toward pancreatitis. The background and significance of the ACCR are also analyzed, especially in association with the osmotic diuresis of mannitol and a subsequent low urine creatinine level.", "PMID": 848659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8103", "title": "Adaptive increase of respiratory enzymes in jaundiced patients.", "content": "A biochemical analysis of mitochondrial metabolism was made on biopsy specimens of fifteen jaundiced patients. In all but three jaundiced patients the phosphorylative activity based on mitochondrial protein was within normal limits or higher. In nine jaundiced patients the concentrations of cytochrome a(+a3), as representative of respiratory enzymes, increased to more than 1.0 x 10(-10) moles/mg protein, as compared with 0.81 of normal mitochondria, and the relative concentrations of cytochromes, flavoproteins and pyridine nucleotides in relation to cytochrome a(+a3) level remained unchanged. In such patients the phosphorylative activity per unit of cytochrome a(+a3) decreased to approximately 50 per cent of controls, whereas it was within normal limits or greater in jaundiced patients with cytochrome a(+a3) less than 1.0 x 10(-10) moles/mg protein. It is suggested that respiratory enzyme concentrations increase to compensate for the inhibited phosphorylative activity of respiratory assemblies and to maintain the energy balance in the liver in jaundiced patients.", "contents": "Adaptive increase of respiratory enzymes in jaundiced patients. A biochemical analysis of mitochondrial metabolism was made on biopsy specimens of fifteen jaundiced patients. In all but three jaundiced patients the phosphorylative activity based on mitochondrial protein was within normal limits or higher. In nine jaundiced patients the concentrations of cytochrome a(+a3), as representative of respiratory enzymes, increased to more than 1.0 x 10(-10) moles/mg protein, as compared with 0.81 of normal mitochondria, and the relative concentrations of cytochromes, flavoproteins and pyridine nucleotides in relation to cytochrome a(+a3) level remained unchanged. In such patients the phosphorylative activity per unit of cytochrome a(+a3) decreased to approximately 50 per cent of controls, whereas it was within normal limits or greater in jaundiced patients with cytochrome a(+a3) less than 1.0 x 10(-10) moles/mg protein. It is suggested that respiratory enzyme concentrations increase to compensate for the inhibited phosphorylative activity of respiratory assemblies and to maintain the energy balance in the liver in jaundiced patients.", "PMID": 848660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8104", "title": "Thyrotoxicosis and pregnancy. Use of preoperative propranolol for thyroidectomy.", "content": "Propranolol has been utilized safely and successfully in the preparation for thyroidectomy in four pregnant patients with thyrotoxicosis. No ill effects were noted in mothers or infants. No change in fetal heart function was noted while two mothers were receiving propranolol. The major advantage of propranolol over the thiourea drugs is the rapidity with which the patient can be prepared for operation. Preparation with beta blockage can be accomplished in five to ten days. This limited experience suggests that propranolol is probably the drug of choice for preparation of the gravid thyrotoxic patient for whom thyroidectomy is planned.", "contents": "Thyrotoxicosis and pregnancy. Use of preoperative propranolol for thyroidectomy. Propranolol has been utilized safely and successfully in the preparation for thyroidectomy in four pregnant patients with thyrotoxicosis. No ill effects were noted in mothers or infants. No change in fetal heart function was noted while two mothers were receiving propranolol. The major advantage of propranolol over the thiourea drugs is the rapidity with which the patient can be prepared for operation. Preparation with beta blockage can be accomplished in five to ten days. This limited experience suggests that propranolol is probably the drug of choice for preparation of the gravid thyrotoxic patient for whom thyroidectomy is planned.", "PMID": 848661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8105", "title": "Indications and guidelines for mammographic examinations.", "content": "The value of mammography in evaluating the asymptomatic patient has been clearly demonstrated by the HIP program, as well as the National Cancer Institute's breast demonstration projects. A one-third reduction in mortality from breast cancer in mammographically screened women has been substantiated. Nonetheless, questions concerning the long-term effects of repeated radiation exposure associated with mammography have been raised, and for this reason judicious selection of women is urged. In general, women who are asymptomatic or at high risk for breast carcinoma should be evaluated with a planned regimen. Mammographic guidelines and recommendations for attaining the greatest benefit at the lowest possible risk are suggested.", "contents": "Indications and guidelines for mammographic examinations. The value of mammography in evaluating the asymptomatic patient has been clearly demonstrated by the HIP program, as well as the National Cancer Institute's breast demonstration projects. A one-third reduction in mortality from breast cancer in mammographically screened women has been substantiated. Nonetheless, questions concerning the long-term effects of repeated radiation exposure associated with mammography have been raised, and for this reason judicious selection of women is urged. In general, women who are asymptomatic or at high risk for breast carcinoma should be evaluated with a planned regimen. Mammographic guidelines and recommendations for attaining the greatest benefit at the lowest possible risk are suggested.", "PMID": 848662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8106", "title": "Minor forefoot amputation in patients with low ankle pressure.", "content": "Ankle pressures were obtained using Doppler ultrasound in fifty-seven patients undergoing forefoot amputations. Contrary to other reports, no amputations healed with a pressure of less than 60 mm Hg.", "contents": "Minor forefoot amputation in patients with low ankle pressure. Ankle pressures were obtained using Doppler ultrasound in fifty-seven patients undergoing forefoot amputations. Contrary to other reports, no amputations healed with a pressure of less than 60 mm Hg.", "PMID": 848663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8107", "title": "Differentiation of acute hyperparathyroidism from severe hypercalcemia of malignancy.", "content": "Acute hyperparathyroidism should be distinguished from severe hypercalcemia of malignancy. In the former condition parathyroidectomy is often of vital importance; in the latter, the malignant neoplasm should be treated surgically or with radiation or cytostatics. The differential diagnosis is sometimes difficult because some patients with acute hyperparathyroidism have coexisting carcinoma elsewhere. Two patients subjected to parathyroidectomy because of severe hypercalcemia secondary to malignant neoplasms are described and compared with twelve similar cases from the literature. In patients with severe hypercalcemia medical treatment should always be tried first. If acute hyperparathyroidism cannot be excluded, subtotal parathyroidectomy should be performed after medical preparation.", "contents": "Differentiation of acute hyperparathyroidism from severe hypercalcemia of malignancy. Acute hyperparathyroidism should be distinguished from severe hypercalcemia of malignancy. In the former condition parathyroidectomy is often of vital importance; in the latter, the malignant neoplasm should be treated surgically or with radiation or cytostatics. The differential diagnosis is sometimes difficult because some patients with acute hyperparathyroidism have coexisting carcinoma elsewhere. Two patients subjected to parathyroidectomy because of severe hypercalcemia secondary to malignant neoplasms are described and compared with twelve similar cases from the literature. In patients with severe hypercalcemia medical treatment should always be tried first. If acute hyperparathyroidism cannot be excluded, subtotal parathyroidectomy should be performed after medical preparation.", "PMID": 848664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8108", "title": "Distribution of 5-fluorouracil to body tissues compared after intraluminal, intravenous, and intramural administration in gastrointestinal cancer.", "content": "The distribution of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) to various potential metastatic sites has been investigated in stomach and colorectal cancer patients, using intraluminal, intravenous, and intramural routes of administration at the time of surgery. The best overall concentrations of 5-FU in systemic blood, portal blood, liver, draining lymph nodes, tumor, and locally in the bowel wall was obtained after intramural injection. The intraluminal route of administration resulted in poor overall distribution of 5-FU. Intravenous administration tended to give levels between those obtained from intramural and intraluminal routes. There was no complication of 5-FU therapy. On the basis of this study we conclude that the intramural route is the most satisfactory for adjuvant administration of 5-FU with surgery. This might be expected to give better results than those obtained in clinical studies using intraluminal and intravenous routes. A controlled trial of 5-FU using the intramural route is indicated in gastric and colorectal cancer to demonstrate whether or not clinical benefit can be obtained.", "contents": "Distribution of 5-fluorouracil to body tissues compared after intraluminal, intravenous, and intramural administration in gastrointestinal cancer. The distribution of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) to various potential metastatic sites has been investigated in stomach and colorectal cancer patients, using intraluminal, intravenous, and intramural routes of administration at the time of surgery. The best overall concentrations of 5-FU in systemic blood, portal blood, liver, draining lymph nodes, tumor, and locally in the bowel wall was obtained after intramural injection. The intraluminal route of administration resulted in poor overall distribution of 5-FU. Intravenous administration tended to give levels between those obtained from intramural and intraluminal routes. There was no complication of 5-FU therapy. On the basis of this study we conclude that the intramural route is the most satisfactory for adjuvant administration of 5-FU with surgery. This might be expected to give better results than those obtained in clinical studies using intraluminal and intravenous routes. A controlled trial of 5-FU using the intramural route is indicated in gastric and colorectal cancer to demonstrate whether or not clinical benefit can be obtained.", "PMID": 848665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8109", "title": "The management of stenotic and obstructive lesions of the aortic arch branches.", "content": "The stenotic internal carotid can be managed in a variety of ways and number of tests can be utilized for assessing the collateral blood flow. Except in unusual situations, carotid thromboendarterectomy with or without a patch graft is generally employed. Although some surgeons use no protective shunt at all, or only upon specific indications, intraluminal shunting is utilized extensively. Our preference is to employ the customary Javid shunt technic except in unusual circumstances that suggest that added safety may be assured by shortening to a matter of seconds the period of interruption of carotid flow. In such cases, we believe the temporary axillary-internal carotid intraluminal shunt is of considerable value. Although mediastinal and thoracic procedures and bypass grafts delivering blood from the ascending aorta are not needed nearly as often as they were formerly, they are essential in certain cases. They yield excellent results and carry small risk. Carotid-subclavian grafts have proved quite valuable in restoring pulsatile flow to the subclavian and carotid systems. Our preference, however, because of technical simplicity, is the carotid-axillary bypass procedure. Subclavian-subclavian and axillary-axillary grafts have been employed successfully. When a carotid-axillary bypass is feasible, we would choose this method instead and reserve the others for unusual anatomic-pathologic situations.", "contents": "The management of stenotic and obstructive lesions of the aortic arch branches. The stenotic internal carotid can be managed in a variety of ways and number of tests can be utilized for assessing the collateral blood flow. Except in unusual situations, carotid thromboendarterectomy with or without a patch graft is generally employed. Although some surgeons use no protective shunt at all, or only upon specific indications, intraluminal shunting is utilized extensively. Our preference is to employ the customary Javid shunt technic except in unusual circumstances that suggest that added safety may be assured by shortening to a matter of seconds the period of interruption of carotid flow. In such cases, we believe the temporary axillary-internal carotid intraluminal shunt is of considerable value. Although mediastinal and thoracic procedures and bypass grafts delivering blood from the ascending aorta are not needed nearly as often as they were formerly, they are essential in certain cases. They yield excellent results and carry small risk. Carotid-subclavian grafts have proved quite valuable in restoring pulsatile flow to the subclavian and carotid systems. Our preference, however, because of technical simplicity, is the carotid-axillary bypass procedure. Subclavian-subclavian and axillary-axillary grafts have been employed successfully. When a carotid-axillary bypass is feasible, we would choose this method instead and reserve the others for unusual anatomic-pathologic situations.", "PMID": 848666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8110", "title": "Transverse colon volvulus associated with scleroderma.", "content": "An unusual case of volvulus of the transverse colon associated with scleroderma is presented. The morphologic changes in the large bowel due to progressive systemic sclerosis, resulting in pseudo-obstruction, are considered in the etiology and pathogenesis of colonic torsion.", "contents": "Transverse colon volvulus associated with scleroderma. An unusual case of volvulus of the transverse colon associated with scleroderma is presented. The morphologic changes in the large bowel due to progressive systemic sclerosis, resulting in pseudo-obstruction, are considered in the etiology and pathogenesis of colonic torsion.", "PMID": 848667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8111", "title": "Necrotizing enterocolitis after cardiac surgery: a local ischemic lesion?.", "content": "Necrotizing enterocolitis continues to be a perplexing problem in the newborn and, in particular, the premature. Its pathogenesis is controversial, although there are well established clinical risk factors. Three patients had necrotizing enterocolitis while under close clinical observation and monitoring, despite the fact that these patients were not at high risk for necrotizing enterocolitis. All three had necrotizing enterocolitis after hypothermia and total circulatory arrest--a complication which until now has not been reported. Because of the close monitoring, these patients provide a unique clinical setting which eliminates most of the etiologic factors that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis. The onset of necrotizing enterocolitis shortly after total circulatory arrest and the selective ischemic organ damage observed suggest local perfusion inadequacy. The authors postulate that splanchnic vasoconstriction as a result of marked sympathetic stimulation contributes to this local ischemia and subsequent necrotizing enterocolitis.", "contents": "Necrotizing enterocolitis after cardiac surgery: a local ischemic lesion?. Necrotizing enterocolitis continues to be a perplexing problem in the newborn and, in particular, the premature. Its pathogenesis is controversial, although there are well established clinical risk factors. Three patients had necrotizing enterocolitis while under close clinical observation and monitoring, despite the fact that these patients were not at high risk for necrotizing enterocolitis. All three had necrotizing enterocolitis after hypothermia and total circulatory arrest--a complication which until now has not been reported. Because of the close monitoring, these patients provide a unique clinical setting which eliminates most of the etiologic factors that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis. The onset of necrotizing enterocolitis shortly after total circulatory arrest and the selective ischemic organ damage observed suggest local perfusion inadequacy. The authors postulate that splanchnic vasoconstriction as a result of marked sympathetic stimulation contributes to this local ischemia and subsequent necrotizing enterocolitis.", "PMID": 848668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8112", "title": "Carcinoma on old frostbites.", "content": "Two cases of carcinoma developing on old frostbite scars of the heel are presented. A short review of the subject follows, stressing the rarity of these \"secondary\" tumors and their general context within the skin cancers and the tragic experience of Greece with frostbite in the campaign of 1940-1941.", "contents": "Carcinoma on old frostbites. Two cases of carcinoma developing on old frostbite scars of the heel are presented. A short review of the subject follows, stressing the rarity of these \"secondary\" tumors and their general context within the skin cancers and the tragic experience of Greece with frostbite in the campaign of 1940-1941.", "PMID": 848669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8113", "title": "Open abdomen liver biopsy by a modified one-second technic.", "content": "With the purpose of facilitating liver biopsy during upper abdominal procedures, an adaptation of the percutaneous one-second needle biopsy technic is proposed. A simple device, consisting of a three-way deviator, allows the utilization of the standard needles for percutaneous biopsy. The entire procedure requires from 10 to 30 seonds. Large caliber needles from 1.6 to 2.0 mm are recommended. Complications are practically nonexistent.", "contents": "Open abdomen liver biopsy by a modified one-second technic. With the purpose of facilitating liver biopsy during upper abdominal procedures, an adaptation of the percutaneous one-second needle biopsy technic is proposed. A simple device, consisting of a three-way deviator, allows the utilization of the standard needles for percutaneous biopsy. The entire procedure requires from 10 to 30 seonds. Large caliber needles from 1.6 to 2.0 mm are recommended. Complications are practically nonexistent.", "PMID": 848670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8114", "title": "An adjunct to mammoplasty: the pectoral muscle flap.", "content": "The pectoralis major muscle has overcome many of the complications of augmentation mammoplasty after subcutaneous mastectomy. It places the implant deep to prevent skin slough and irregularities in skin surface contour. The flap eliminates abnormal implant posture when the pectoralis major is contracted. The short (5 to 7 days) staging of the procedure allows sealing of the pocket from external innoculation of bacteria while preventing unretrievable skin and nipple shrinkage.", "contents": "An adjunct to mammoplasty: the pectoral muscle flap. The pectoralis major muscle has overcome many of the complications of augmentation mammoplasty after subcutaneous mastectomy. It places the implant deep to prevent skin slough and irregularities in skin surface contour. The flap eliminates abnormal implant posture when the pectoralis major is contracted. The short (5 to 7 days) staging of the procedure allows sealing of the pocket from external innoculation of bacteria while preventing unretrievable skin and nipple shrinkage.", "PMID": 848671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8115", "title": "Total gastrectomy with esophagojejunoduodenal anastomosis reestablishing duodenal circuit. A modified Roux-en-Y anastomosis.", "content": "A simple modified Roux-en-Y anastomosis--esophagojejunoduodenostomy with circuit duodenal loop (circuit Roux-en-Y anastomosis) after total gastrectomy--has been performed in ten consecutive patients without any operative death or complications. The simplicity and safety of this procedure may well be more worthwhile than other forms of alimentary tract reconstruction.", "contents": "Total gastrectomy with esophagojejunoduodenal anastomosis reestablishing duodenal circuit. A modified Roux-en-Y anastomosis. A simple modified Roux-en-Y anastomosis--esophagojejunoduodenostomy with circuit duodenal loop (circuit Roux-en-Y anastomosis) after total gastrectomy--has been performed in ten consecutive patients without any operative death or complications. The simplicity and safety of this procedure may well be more worthwhile than other forms of alimentary tract reconstruction.", "PMID": 848672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8116", "title": "A nonoperative approach to subcutaneous removal of stubborn sutures from wound granulomas.", "content": "A simple device for grasping, cutting, and extracting sutures from subcutaneous granulomas has been used in more than fifty patients. It is especially useful in removing sutures embedded deeply beneath the skin level in obese patients.", "contents": "A nonoperative approach to subcutaneous removal of stubborn sutures from wound granulomas. A simple device for grasping, cutting, and extracting sutures from subcutaneous granulomas has been used in more than fifty patients. It is especially useful in removing sutures embedded deeply beneath the skin level in obese patients.", "PMID": 848673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8117", "title": "\"Soft\" angled bulldog clamp for carotid control.", "content": "A bulldog vascular clamp was modified to reduce both weight and clamping force, and to permit easy use in the control of delicate vessels such as the internal carotid artery during carotid endarterectomy. The final instrument (Codman and Shurtleff, Inc, Randolph, MA) retains a simple design.", "contents": "\"Soft\" angled bulldog clamp for carotid control. A bulldog vascular clamp was modified to reduce both weight and clamping force, and to permit easy use in the control of delicate vessels such as the internal carotid artery during carotid endarterectomy. The final instrument (Codman and Shurtleff, Inc, Randolph, MA) retains a simple design.", "PMID": 848674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8118", "title": "Gastric cancer. Contemporary aspects.", "content": "Records of 403 patients with gastric cancer seen between 1957 and 1966 at the Lahey Clinic Foundation have been analyzed. While the operability rate was 94 per cent and the resectability rate was 58 per cent, the cure rate was only 11 per cent and was unchanged from the previous decade. Significant correlation occurs with location, clinical type, histologic type, size of tumor, and number of lymph node metastases. The surgical approach is aggressive in exploration and in treating extensive but resectable cancers but is conservative for the average cancers and does not include resection of spleen, omentum, pancreas, and total stomach if possible. The histologic differentiation into diffuse and intestinal varieties provides additional prognostic information as well as clues to the etiology of varieties of gastric cancer.", "contents": "Gastric cancer. Contemporary aspects. Records of 403 patients with gastric cancer seen between 1957 and 1966 at the Lahey Clinic Foundation have been analyzed. While the operability rate was 94 per cent and the resectability rate was 58 per cent, the cure rate was only 11 per cent and was unchanged from the previous decade. Significant correlation occurs with location, clinical type, histologic type, size of tumor, and number of lymph node metastases. The surgical approach is aggressive in exploration and in treating extensive but resectable cancers but is conservative for the average cancers and does not include resection of spleen, omentum, pancreas, and total stomach if possible. The histologic differentiation into diffuse and intestinal varieties provides additional prognostic information as well as clues to the etiology of varieties of gastric cancer.", "PMID": 848677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8119", "title": "Selection of patients with lymphedema for compression therapy.", "content": "Seventeen patients with lymphedema were treated with intermittent external pneumatic compression. Two patients with hemodynamically significant venous obstruction showed no response to therapy. The response of the remaining fifteen patients varied with the degree of subcutaneous tissue fibrosis. Xeroradiographic estimates of tissue compressibility provided valuable prognostic information. Intermittent external pneumatic compression is an effective nonsurgical method of treatment in patients selected by xeroradiography.", "contents": "Selection of patients with lymphedema for compression therapy. Seventeen patients with lymphedema were treated with intermittent external pneumatic compression. Two patients with hemodynamically significant venous obstruction showed no response to therapy. The response of the remaining fifteen patients varied with the degree of subcutaneous tissue fibrosis. Xeroradiographic estimates of tissue compressibility provided valuable prognostic information. Intermittent external pneumatic compression is an effective nonsurgical method of treatment in patients selected by xeroradiography.", "PMID": 848678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8120", "title": "Biplane translumbar aortography for evaluation of peripheral vascular disease.", "content": "Complete evaluation of the aortoiliac femoropopliteal system is necessary for the proper evaluation of lower extremity peripheal vascular ischemic disease. We have used a modified infrarenal translumbar approach since it is both safely and rapidly performed. An analysis of 212 consecutive cases (the last 182 with translumbar technic) revealed that 72 per cent of patients had significant atherosclerotic involvement of the aorta or one or more common or external iliac arteries, 43 per cent had significant bilateral involvement, and it was judged that retrograde femoral catheterization would have been difficult or impossible in 38 per cent. Biplane aortoiliac evaluation was added in our last seventy-nine studies. This provided additional diagnostic help in thirty-six of these cases and revealed an abnormality not otherwise visible in six of these patients. There were no serious complications in this series.", "contents": "Biplane translumbar aortography for evaluation of peripheral vascular disease. Complete evaluation of the aortoiliac femoropopliteal system is necessary for the proper evaluation of lower extremity peripheal vascular ischemic disease. We have used a modified infrarenal translumbar approach since it is both safely and rapidly performed. An analysis of 212 consecutive cases (the last 182 with translumbar technic) revealed that 72 per cent of patients had significant atherosclerotic involvement of the aorta or one or more common or external iliac arteries, 43 per cent had significant bilateral involvement, and it was judged that retrograde femoral catheterization would have been difficult or impossible in 38 per cent. Biplane aortoiliac evaluation was added in our last seventy-nine studies. This provided additional diagnostic help in thirty-six of these cases and revealed an abnormality not otherwise visible in six of these patients. There were no serious complications in this series.", "PMID": 848679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8121", "title": "Natural history of the leg amputee.", "content": "For 173 patients undergoing major leg amputations, the operative mortality was 13 per cent. The ratio of below-knee (BK) to above-knee (AK) amputations was approximately unity. Of the 150 patients who survived amputation, 93 were given prostheses. Amoung the latter group, 76 per cent of the unilateral AK amputees and 90 per cent of the unilateral BK amputees had a successful rehabilitation. For those patients who had to be converted from BK to AK unilateral amputations, 40 per cent experienced successful rehabilitation, and for those who had either bilateral BK or bilateral mixed amputations, 45 per cent were successful. The most common contraindications to granting prostheses were debility and dementia. The mean time interval from first amputation to latest observation was 3.5 years (range, 5 weeks to 13.5 years). At three years 49 per cent of the patients survived and at five years 31 per cent survived. Despite major impediments, satisfactory rehabilitation is accomplished frequently enough to justify optimism for a considerable number of geriatric amputees.", "contents": "Natural history of the leg amputee. For 173 patients undergoing major leg amputations, the operative mortality was 13 per cent. The ratio of below-knee (BK) to above-knee (AK) amputations was approximately unity. Of the 150 patients who survived amputation, 93 were given prostheses. Amoung the latter group, 76 per cent of the unilateral AK amputees and 90 per cent of the unilateral BK amputees had a successful rehabilitation. For those patients who had to be converted from BK to AK unilateral amputations, 40 per cent experienced successful rehabilitation, and for those who had either bilateral BK or bilateral mixed amputations, 45 per cent were successful. The most common contraindications to granting prostheses were debility and dementia. The mean time interval from first amputation to latest observation was 3.5 years (range, 5 weeks to 13.5 years). At three years 49 per cent of the patients survived and at five years 31 per cent survived. Despite major impediments, satisfactory rehabilitation is accomplished frequently enough to justify optimism for a considerable number of geriatric amputees.", "PMID": 848680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8122", "title": "Managment of thoracic empyema.", "content": "Over a ten year period, 102 patients with thoracic empyemata were treated at Boston City Hospital. Only three patients died from the pleural infection while twenty-six succumbed to the associated diseases. Priniciples of management include: (1) thoracentesis; (2) antibiotics; (3) closed-tube thoracostomy; (4) sinogram; (5) open drainage; (6) empyemectomy and decortication in selected patients; and (7) bronchoscopy and barium swallow when the etiology is uncertain.", "contents": "Managment of thoracic empyema. Over a ten year period, 102 patients with thoracic empyemata were treated at Boston City Hospital. Only three patients died from the pleural infection while twenty-six succumbed to the associated diseases. Priniciples of management include: (1) thoracentesis; (2) antibiotics; (3) closed-tube thoracostomy; (4) sinogram; (5) open drainage; (6) empyemectomy and decortication in selected patients; and (7) bronchoscopy and barium swallow when the etiology is uncertain.", "PMID": 848681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8123", "title": "Considerations that lower pancreatoduodenectomy mortality.", "content": "To aid in case selection for pancreatoduodencetomy and to gain information on the technical management of this operation and its complications, records of 279 patients who were treated for neoplasm or pancreatitis by this procedure between the years 1957 and 1975 were reviewed. The overall operative mortality was 12.5 per cent and was 10.7 per cent for the years 1969 throught 1974. The use of vagotomy did not prevent postoperative bleeding from the stomach, and the use of a stent did not make a statistically significant difference in morbidity or mortality. Postoperative hemorrhage is an ominous complication and is best treated conservatively until blood loss cannot be replaced. Preoperative serum bilirubin levels above 20 mg/100 ml indicate a two-stage operative procedure as does the presence of right upper quadrant sepsis. The resection of malignant disease of the duodenum and lower bile duct is followed by a high mortality and requires total pancreatectomy if a satisfactory pancreatojejunostomy cannot be constructed.", "contents": "Considerations that lower pancreatoduodenectomy mortality. To aid in case selection for pancreatoduodencetomy and to gain information on the technical management of this operation and its complications, records of 279 patients who were treated for neoplasm or pancreatitis by this procedure between the years 1957 and 1975 were reviewed. The overall operative mortality was 12.5 per cent and was 10.7 per cent for the years 1969 throught 1974. The use of vagotomy did not prevent postoperative bleeding from the stomach, and the use of a stent did not make a statistically significant difference in morbidity or mortality. Postoperative hemorrhage is an ominous complication and is best treated conservatively until blood loss cannot be replaced. Preoperative serum bilirubin levels above 20 mg/100 ml indicate a two-stage operative procedure as does the presence of right upper quadrant sepsis. The resection of malignant disease of the duodenum and lower bile duct is followed by a high mortality and requires total pancreatectomy if a satisfactory pancreatojejunostomy cannot be constructed.", "PMID": 848682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8124", "title": "Predictability of healing of ischemic leg ulcers by radioisotopic and Doppler ultrasonic examination.", "content": "In a prospective study of twenty-six patients with ischemic ulcerations of the lower extremity, the predictive reliability with regard to spontaneous wound healing of diabetes, pedal pulses, ankle blood pressure (ABP) as measured by doppler ultrasound, and \"leg ulcer scan\" as performed by the intra-arterial injection of radioactive albumin was evaluated. The results suggest that only the leg ulcer scan is significantly reliable in predicting the likelihood of spontaneous healing. The following format for the evaluation of the ischemic leg ulcer is therefore suggested: (1) If pedal pulses are present, a three week trial of conservative therapy is indicated before further evaluation. (2) If the doppler ABP is 50 mm Hg or less, the ulcer will not heal spontaneously. (3) Leg ulcer scan is indicated: (a) in the absence of pedal pulses if ABP is less than 50 mm Hg; (b) in the presence of pedal pulses if there is no evidence of spontaneous healing after three weeks of conservative therapy.", "contents": "Predictability of healing of ischemic leg ulcers by radioisotopic and Doppler ultrasonic examination. In a prospective study of twenty-six patients with ischemic ulcerations of the lower extremity, the predictive reliability with regard to spontaneous wound healing of diabetes, pedal pulses, ankle blood pressure (ABP) as measured by doppler ultrasound, and \"leg ulcer scan\" as performed by the intra-arterial injection of radioactive albumin was evaluated. The results suggest that only the leg ulcer scan is significantly reliable in predicting the likelihood of spontaneous healing. The following format for the evaluation of the ischemic leg ulcer is therefore suggested: (1) If pedal pulses are present, a three week trial of conservative therapy is indicated before further evaluation. (2) If the doppler ABP is 50 mm Hg or less, the ulcer will not heal spontaneously. (3) Leg ulcer scan is indicated: (a) in the absence of pedal pulses if ABP is less than 50 mm Hg; (b) in the presence of pedal pulses if there is no evidence of spontaneous healing after three weeks of conservative therapy.", "PMID": 848683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8125", "title": "The clinical effectiveness of selective portal shunts.", "content": "The use of four types of selective portal shunts designed to avoid postshunt encephalopathy has been reviewed. The incidence of hospital mortality and recurrent hemorrhage from varices among 187 reported cases have been comparable to standard portacaval shunts. The incidence of postshunt encephalopathy among 154 survivors with patent shunts followed from two to ninety-six months has averaged 8 per cent but with significant differences between the types of operation. The most effective has been the left gastric vein to vena cava shunt followed by the distal splenorenal shunt, the modified central splenorenal shunt, and the central splenorenal shunt, with success in avoiding encephalopathy in direct proportion to the number and size of postoperative collaterals between the persistently hypertensive portal system and the decompressed splenic system. The development of such collaterals inlong-term survivors, especially after the splenorenal shunts, may contribute to an incidence of late encephalopathy approaching that of nonoperative patients.", "contents": "The clinical effectiveness of selective portal shunts. The use of four types of selective portal shunts designed to avoid postshunt encephalopathy has been reviewed. The incidence of hospital mortality and recurrent hemorrhage from varices among 187 reported cases have been comparable to standard portacaval shunts. The incidence of postshunt encephalopathy among 154 survivors with patent shunts followed from two to ninety-six months has averaged 8 per cent but with significant differences between the types of operation. The most effective has been the left gastric vein to vena cava shunt followed by the distal splenorenal shunt, the modified central splenorenal shunt, and the central splenorenal shunt, with success in avoiding encephalopathy in direct proportion to the number and size of postoperative collaterals between the persistently hypertensive portal system and the decompressed splenic system. The development of such collaterals inlong-term survivors, especially after the splenorenal shunts, may contribute to an incidence of late encephalopathy approaching that of nonoperative patients.", "PMID": 848685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8126", "title": "Myocardial depression during sepsis.", "content": "The cardiac response to volume loading was evaluated in fifty severely septic patients. After a rapid infusion of albumin or whole blood the cardiac index (CI) and left ventricular stroke work  index (LVSWI) were recorded as the pulmonary arterial wedge pressure (PAWP) increased. Initial values of PAWP, CI, and LVSWI were similar in both the nineteen surviving and thirty-one nonsurviving patients. Surviving patients, however, demonstrated greater increases in CI and LVSWI as PAWP rose. Nearly half of both patient groups developed decreases in CI and LVSWI as the PAWP continued to increase. These downslopes occurred at relatively low PAWP and are taken as evidence of an abnormality of myocardial function in both survivors and nonsurvivors. The lower upslope of the performance curves in nonsurvivors indicates myocardial depression or a negative inotropic effect. Cardiac ischemia, acute respiratory failure, and high affinity red cells were found to diminish the cardiac response to volume loading, whereas hepatic and renal failure were associated with a good CI and LVSWI response.", "contents": "Myocardial depression during sepsis. The cardiac response to volume loading was evaluated in fifty severely septic patients. After a rapid infusion of albumin or whole blood the cardiac index (CI) and left ventricular stroke work  index (LVSWI) were recorded as the pulmonary arterial wedge pressure (PAWP) increased. Initial values of PAWP, CI, and LVSWI were similar in both the nineteen surviving and thirty-one nonsurviving patients. Surviving patients, however, demonstrated greater increases in CI and LVSWI as PAWP rose. Nearly half of both patient groups developed decreases in CI and LVSWI as the PAWP continued to increase. These downslopes occurred at relatively low PAWP and are taken as evidence of an abnormality of myocardial function in both survivors and nonsurvivors. The lower upslope of the performance curves in nonsurvivors indicates myocardial depression or a negative inotropic effect. Cardiac ischemia, acute respiratory failure, and high affinity red cells were found to diminish the cardiac response to volume loading, whereas hepatic and renal failure were associated with a good CI and LVSWI response.", "PMID": 848686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8127", "title": "Total blood washout and exchange. A valuable tool in acute hepatic coma and Reye's syndrome.", "content": "Total body washout (TBW) was accomplished thirteen times in twelve patients, with response in five and survival in three. TBW can be done without apparent harm to patients and is less laborious and more rapidly effective than repeated exchange transfusion. Early application of TBW in stage III to stage IV hepatic coma may increase survival and possibly prevent progression of metabolic derangements. Patients with stage III to IV Reye's syndrome probably should have TBW promptly, without time-consuming attempts at exchange transfusion. Based on our experience, further application of TBW is warranted in coma due to acute hepatic failure and stage III to IV Reye's syndrome.", "contents": "Total blood washout and exchange. A valuable tool in acute hepatic coma and Reye's syndrome. Total body washout (TBW) was accomplished thirteen times in twelve patients, with response in five and survival in three. TBW can be done without apparent harm to patients and is less laborious and more rapidly effective than repeated exchange transfusion. Early application of TBW in stage III to stage IV hepatic coma may increase survival and possibly prevent progression of metabolic derangements. Patients with stage III to IV Reye's syndrome probably should have TBW promptly, without time-consuming attempts at exchange transfusion. Based on our experience, further application of TBW is warranted in coma due to acute hepatic failure and stage III to IV Reye's syndrome.", "PMID": 848687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8128", "title": "Detection of hepatic metastases from cancer of the breast.", "content": "The liver scan and CEA assay were employed as a composite to increase the accuracy with which hepatic metastases from breast cancer may be detected. The number of false-positive interpretations was markedly reduced in this selected groups of patients. Other combinations of tests were examined and found less effective. In view of the potential benefits found in this study, it appears worthwhile to extend the principles applied here to other groups of patients at different stages of this disease and with other primary tumors.", "contents": "Detection of hepatic metastases from cancer of the breast. The liver scan and CEA assay were employed as a composite to increase the accuracy with which hepatic metastases from breast cancer may be detected. The number of false-positive interpretations was markedly reduced in this selected groups of patients. Other combinations of tests were examined and found less effective. In view of the potential benefits found in this study, it appears worthwhile to extend the principles applied here to other groups of patients at different stages of this disease and with other primary tumors.", "PMID": 848688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8129", "title": "The legal responsibility of the anaesthetist.", "content": "The various ways in which an anaesthetist may come into contact with the process of the criminal and civil law have been discussed. Some comparisons have been made between the English Law and that of other countries. The need for vigilance by professional bodies representing medical practitioners in monitoring and making representations about proposed new laws is emphasised.", "contents": "The legal responsibility of the anaesthetist. The various ways in which an anaesthetist may come into contact with the process of the criminal and civil law have been discussed. Some comparisons have been made between the English Law and that of other countries. The need for vigilance by professional bodies representing medical practitioners in monitoring and making representations about proposed new laws is emphasised.", "PMID": 848700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8130", "title": "Postoperative pulmonary function. A comparison of ventilation with nitrogen or nitrous oxide during anaesthesia.", "content": "Arterial blood-gases and lung volumes were measured in 48 patients before and after upper abdominal surgery. There was no significant difference between the results of 25 patients ventilated with oxygen and nitrogen during anaesthesia compared with a comparable group which received oxygen and nitrous oxide.", "contents": "Postoperative pulmonary function. A comparison of ventilation with nitrogen or nitrous oxide during anaesthesia. Arterial blood-gases and lung volumes were measured in 48 patients before and after upper abdominal surgery. There was no significant difference between the results of 25 patients ventilated with oxygen and nitrogen during anaesthesia compared with a comparable group which received oxygen and nitrous oxide.", "PMID": 848701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8131", "title": "Terminal gas-exhaust valve for a passive disposal system.", "content": "A one-way gas-exhaust valve for use in passive disposal systems is described. The valve is explosion-proof and it does not offer any resistance at gas flow rates of up to 30 litres/minute. The design of the valve minimises the influence of wind velocities on pressure fluctuation in the disposal system.", "contents": "Terminal gas-exhaust valve for a passive disposal system. A one-way gas-exhaust valve for use in passive disposal systems is described. The valve is explosion-proof and it does not offer any resistance at gas flow rates of up to 30 litres/minute. The design of the valve minimises the influence of wind velocities on pressure fluctuation in the disposal system.", "PMID": 848702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8132", "title": "A comparison of the antibacterial properties of six local analgesic agents.", "content": "The effect of six local analgesic drugs on bacterial growth is reported. Amethocaine proved to be the only effective antibacterial agent.", "contents": "A comparison of the antibacterial properties of six local analgesic agents. The effect of six local analgesic drugs on bacterial growth is reported. Amethocaine proved to be the only effective antibacterial agent.", "PMID": 848703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8133", "title": "Electrolytes in surgical patients: the effect of pre-operative starvation and environmental temperature.", "content": "Serum sodium, potassium and chloride values were measured before and after pre-operative starvation and after premedication in healthy subjects under going routine surgery, during both temperate and hot weather. No significant change in serum electrolytes occurred during temperate weather either after starvation or after premedication. In hot weather, when the subjects were sweating, a rise in serum electrolytes occurred, indicating fluid deficit of about 1-8 litres after a mean period of starvation of 11 hours; premedication with atropine and diazepam in these subjects was followed by a significant decrease in the serum electrolytes from the previous raised level after pre-operative starvation.", "contents": "Electrolytes in surgical patients: the effect of pre-operative starvation and environmental temperature. Serum sodium, potassium and chloride values were measured before and after pre-operative starvation and after premedication in healthy subjects under going routine surgery, during both temperate and hot weather. No significant change in serum electrolytes occurred during temperate weather either after starvation or after premedication. In hot weather, when the subjects were sweating, a rise in serum electrolytes occurred, indicating fluid deficit of about 1-8 litres after a mean period of starvation of 11 hours; premedication with atropine and diazepam in these subjects was followed by a significant decrease in the serum electrolytes from the previous raised level after pre-operative starvation.", "PMID": 848704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8134", "title": "Possible dangers of anaesthesia in patients receiving fenfluramine. Results of animal studies following a case of human cardiac arrest.", "content": "Following the report of the death of a patient concurrently taking fenfluramine, following routine general anaesthesia, a series of anaesthetised rabbits received injections of adrenaline or fenfluramine. There were abnormal electrocardiographic changes and phonocardiographic  evidence of altered heart activity in both groups, but the changes seen with fenfluramine were greater in number and less readily reversed with beta blockers and resuscitative drugs. This evidence may support an interaction between halothane and fenfluramine in man, and it is suggested that the latter drug be discontinued for a week prior to anaesthesia for elective surgery.", "contents": "Possible dangers of anaesthesia in patients receiving fenfluramine. Results of animal studies following a case of human cardiac arrest. Following the report of the death of a patient concurrently taking fenfluramine, following routine general anaesthesia, a series of anaesthetised rabbits received injections of adrenaline or fenfluramine. There were abnormal electrocardiographic changes and phonocardiographic  evidence of altered heart activity in both groups, but the changes seen with fenfluramine were greater in number and less readily reversed with beta blockers and resuscitative drugs. This evidence may support an interaction between halothane and fenfluramine in man, and it is suggested that the latter drug be discontinued for a week prior to anaesthesia for elective surgery.", "PMID": 848709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8135", "title": "Response to a Valsalva manoeuvre before and after epidural block.", "content": "In pregnant patients at term the cardiovascular response to a Valsalva manoeuvre has been evaluated in the lateral and supine positions, before and after epidural block (T8-S5). There was no difference in the pattern of response under these four conditions. After epidural block, there was a tendency to a greater degree of hypotension and a slower recovery. In labour such repeated hypotension could account for the increase in fetal acidosis when the second stage of labour is conducted in the supine position.", "contents": "Response to a Valsalva manoeuvre before and after epidural block. In pregnant patients at term the cardiovascular response to a Valsalva manoeuvre has been evaluated in the lateral and supine positions, before and after epidural block (T8-S5). There was no difference in the pattern of response under these four conditions. After epidural block, there was a tendency to a greater degree of hypotension and a slower recovery. In labour such repeated hypotension could account for the increase in fetal acidosis when the second stage of labour is conducted in the supine position.", "PMID": 848711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8136", "title": "The effects of prolonged naso-endotracheal intubation in children. A study in infants and young children after cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "The results of 458 prolonged nasotracheal intubations are described in 435 infants and young children up to 5 years of age after open heart surgery, in whom the upper airway was normal. No deaths occurred which could be attributed to the technique, and no tubes became obstructed. Sub-glottic stenosis did not occur when a loose-fitting endotracheal tube was used, and stridor after extubation was rare. If necessary, the technique can be used with safety for several weeks.", "contents": "The effects of prolonged naso-endotracheal intubation in children. A study in infants and young children after cardiopulmonary bypass. The results of 458 prolonged nasotracheal intubations are described in 435 infants and young children up to 5 years of age after open heart surgery, in whom the upper airway was normal. No deaths occurred which could be attributed to the technique, and no tubes became obstructed. Sub-glottic stenosis did not occur when a loose-fitting endotracheal tube was used, and stridor after extubation was rare. If necessary, the technique can be used with safety for several weeks.", "PMID": 848712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8137", "title": "Setting up in private practice. A guide for the newly appointed consultant.", "content": "If you are considering going into private practice under the present contract weigh up the cost, seek advice as to prospective earnings, join a partnership if you can, buy sound sensible equipment (second-hand if possible), insure for super-annuation and sickness benefits right away--it is both cheaper and safer. Agree a sensible NHS programme from the start using the advice of the BMA and the Association of Anaesthetists, and, when you are an established practitioner and a young colleague joins you, try to give him a helping hand and sound advice. The sine qua non of survival is co-operation.", "contents": "Setting up in private practice. A guide for the newly appointed consultant. If you are considering going into private practice under the present contract weigh up the cost, seek advice as to prospective earnings, join a partnership if you can, buy sound sensible equipment (second-hand if possible), insure for super-annuation and sickness benefits right away--it is both cheaper and safer. Agree a sensible NHS programme from the start using the advice of the BMA and the Association of Anaesthetists, and, when you are an established practitioner and a young colleague joins you, try to give him a helping hand and sound advice. The sine qua non of survival is co-operation.", "PMID": 848713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8138", "title": "Prolonged action of bupivacaine hydrochloride.", "content": "This paper describes a case of prolonged action of bupivacaine hydrochloride following supraclavicular brachial plexus block with complete recovery.", "contents": "Prolonged action of bupivacaine hydrochloride. This paper describes a case of prolonged action of bupivacaine hydrochloride following supraclavicular brachial plexus block with complete recovery.", "PMID": 848714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8139", "title": "An assessment of the TM3 gas differentiator.", "content": "The TM3 Gas differentiator, a simple device introduced to differentiate between nitrous oxide and oxygen, was found to be capable of positively distinguishing between these gases when only they were known to be present. The differentiator gave nearly equal responses to nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide. Cyclopropane, halothane, methoxyflurane, trichloroethylene and nitrogen all produced smaller responses on the differentiator's built-in meter. This apparatus has proved in use to be a practicable and simple method of checking the composition of gases emerging from pipelines.", "contents": "An assessment of the TM3 gas differentiator. The TM3 Gas differentiator, a simple device introduced to differentiate between nitrous oxide and oxygen, was found to be capable of positively distinguishing between these gases when only they were known to be present. The differentiator gave nearly equal responses to nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide. Cyclopropane, halothane, methoxyflurane, trichloroethylene and nitrogen all produced smaller responses on the differentiator's built-in meter. This apparatus has proved in use to be a practicable and simple method of checking the composition of gases emerging from pipelines.", "PMID": 848715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8140", "title": "Prevention of venous blood gas embolism with blood microfilters.", "content": "The efficacy of blood microfilters in removal of the gaseous emboli produced during the warming of blood for transfusion is demonstrated experimentally. It is suggested that when blood microfilters are used they should be placed distal to any blood warming device.", "contents": "Prevention of venous blood gas embolism with blood microfilters. The efficacy of blood microfilters in removal of the gaseous emboli produced during the warming of blood for transfusion is demonstrated experimentally. It is suggested that when blood microfilters are used they should be placed distal to any blood warming device.", "PMID": 848716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8141", "title": "Simple alarm for quadriplegic patients.", "content": "An electrical alarm which can be operated by the tongue of a quadraplegic patient by contact with an electrode on the chin is described.", "contents": "Simple alarm for quadriplegic patients. An electrical alarm which can be operated by the tongue of a quadraplegic patient by contact with an electrode on the chin is described.", "PMID": 848717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8142", "title": "Medical equipment for an accident team.", "content": "Equipment assembled for use by an accident team is described. The aim is to provide independent lightweight units that a medical practitioner can easily carry yet which will contain the essential items which he may need. A complete list of equipment is included. Compromise is inevitable which makes planning difficult particularly if action is seldom needed. Some schemes may need alternative equipment and individual preferences must also be taken into account.", "contents": "Medical equipment for an accident team. Equipment assembled for use by an accident team is described. The aim is to provide independent lightweight units that a medical practitioner can easily carry yet which will contain the essential items which he may need. A complete list of equipment is included. Compromise is inevitable which makes planning difficult particularly if action is seldom needed. Some schemes may need alternative equipment and individual preferences must also be taken into account.", "PMID": 848718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8143", "title": "Apparatus for emergency anaesthesia outside main hospitals.", "content": "The criteria which govern the design of anaesthetic equipment for emergency use away from a sophisticated operating theatre in a base hospital is discussed. A recently developed portable anaesthetic unit based on the air draw over principle and designed particularly for use with an obstetric flying squad is described and discussed.", "contents": "Apparatus for emergency anaesthesia outside main hospitals. The criteria which govern the design of anaesthetic equipment for emergency use away from a sophisticated operating theatre in a base hospital is discussed. A recently developed portable anaesthetic unit based on the air draw over principle and designed particularly for use with an obstetric flying squad is described and discussed.", "PMID": 848719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8144", "title": "Use of methohexitone, fentanyl and nitrous oxide for short surgical procedures.", "content": "An anaesthetic technique for unpremedicated patients undergoing minor surgery is described. After the administration of atropine and fentanyl, anaesthesia was induced with methohexitone and maintained with nitrous oxide supplemented when necessary by further small doses of methohexitone. This technique provided good operating conditions and was free from major complications. Recovery was rapid and pleasant.", "contents": "Use of methohexitone, fentanyl and nitrous oxide for short surgical procedures. An anaesthetic technique for unpremedicated patients undergoing minor surgery is described. After the administration of atropine and fentanyl, anaesthesia was induced with methohexitone and maintained with nitrous oxide supplemented when necessary by further small doses of methohexitone. This technique provided good operating conditions and was free from major complications. Recovery was rapid and pleasant.", "PMID": 848720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8145", "title": "Adiposity and the pharmacokinetics of halothane. The effect of adiposity on the maintenance of and recovery from halothane anaesthesia.", "content": "Thirty fit patients (15-70 years, 46-98 kg) undergoing body-surface operations were selected to include a wide range of adiposity (12-45% of total body weight estimated from measurements of skinfold thickness). They were anaesthetized with halothane and 70% N2O in O2. From measurements of total ventilation (ml min-1 kg-1) and of halothane concentrations in inspired (F1) end-tidal (FE') and 'mixed-spill' (FS) gases, the following parameters were calculated for 5-min intervals from 20 to 40 min after induction; the rate of uptake of halothane per percent inspired concentration (Vha1 ml min-1%-1) and the degree of equilibrium achieved with the inspired concentration, calculated as FE'/F1 expressed as a percentage. Multiple-regression analysis of the results for 19 patients, taking account of the effects of body fat, ventilation, age, and the blood-gas partition coefficient lambda of halothane for the individual patient, showed that Vha1 increased with adiposity (b=0-375, P=0-0019), and with ventilation (b=0-054, P=0-09) but decreased with increasing age (b=-0-258, P=0-006). The time intervals between the end of the anaesthetic and the achievement of four defined levels of recovery (response to painful stimulus obedience to a simple command, response to a question, orientation in time and space), were recorded. Multiple-regression analysis showed that recovery time increased with addiposity, duration of administration and end-tidal concentration at the end of the administration, and decreased with increasing age. All four effects were statistically non-significant at the first levels of recovery but all increased at the later levels and all eventually became significant.", "contents": "Adiposity and the pharmacokinetics of halothane. The effect of adiposity on the maintenance of and recovery from halothane anaesthesia. Thirty fit patients (15-70 years, 46-98 kg) undergoing body-surface operations were selected to include a wide range of adiposity (12-45% of total body weight estimated from measurements of skinfold thickness). They were anaesthetized with halothane and 70% N2O in O2. From measurements of total ventilation (ml min-1 kg-1) and of halothane concentrations in inspired (F1) end-tidal (FE') and 'mixed-spill' (FS) gases, the following parameters were calculated for 5-min intervals from 20 to 40 min after induction; the rate of uptake of halothane per percent inspired concentration (Vha1 ml min-1%-1) and the degree of equilibrium achieved with the inspired concentration, calculated as FE'/F1 expressed as a percentage. Multiple-regression analysis of the results for 19 patients, taking account of the effects of body fat, ventilation, age, and the blood-gas partition coefficient lambda of halothane for the individual patient, showed that Vha1 increased with adiposity (b=0-375, P=0-0019), and with ventilation (b=0-054, P=0-09) but decreased with increasing age (b=-0-258, P=0-006). The time intervals between the end of the anaesthetic and the achievement of four defined levels of recovery (response to painful stimulus obedience to a simple command, response to a question, orientation in time and space), were recorded. Multiple-regression analysis showed that recovery time increased with addiposity, duration of administration and end-tidal concentration at the end of the administration, and decreased with increasing age. All four effects were statistically non-significant at the first levels of recovery but all increased at the later levels and all eventually became significant.", "PMID": 848723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8146", "title": "Anaesthetists and the Common Market.", "content": "The Medical Directives of the E.E.C. are now in force. Those relating to basic registration and specialist registration in anaesthesia are considered. Problems arising from the implementation of these Directives are discussed together with their impact on British anaesthetists wishing to work in other E.E.C. States as well as on E.E.C. anaesthetists wishing to work here. Sources of further information are listed in the appendices.", "contents": "Anaesthetists and the Common Market. The Medical Directives of the E.E.C. are now in force. Those relating to basic registration and specialist registration in anaesthesia are considered. Problems arising from the implementation of these Directives are discussed together with their impact on British anaesthetists wishing to work in other E.E.C. States as well as on E.E.C. anaesthetists wishing to work here. Sources of further information are listed in the appendices.", "PMID": 848724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8147", "title": "Anaesthesia in the Guillian-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. A case report and recommendations.", "content": "A large proportion of patients with the Guillain Barr\u00e9 syndrome show signs of involvement of the autonomic nervous system beside the better known motor and sensory features of this disease. These patients present a substantial anaesthetic risk because of autonomic dysfunction. We present here an illustrative case in which the administration of a low subarachnoid block resulted in cardiac arrest and offer suggestions for the anaesthetic management of such cases.", "contents": "Anaesthesia in the Guillian-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. A case report and recommendations. A large proportion of patients with the Guillain Barr\u00e9 syndrome show signs of involvement of the autonomic nervous system beside the better known motor and sensory features of this disease. These patients present a substantial anaesthetic risk because of autonomic dysfunction. We present here an illustrative case in which the administration of a low subarachnoid block resulted in cardiac arrest and offer suggestions for the anaesthetic management of such cases.", "PMID": 848725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8148", "title": "Laryngeal oedema due to hereditary angioedema.", "content": "A case is reported in which a young man suffering from hereditary angioedema was admitted with severe airway obstruction due to groww pharyngeal and laryngeal oedema. Tracheostomy was necessary. The rationale of treatment with epsilon aminocaproic acid, tranexamic acid and fresh frozen plasma is discussed. The patient subsequently underwent dental extractions under general anaesthesia with tracheal intubation without complications.", "contents": "Laryngeal oedema due to hereditary angioedema. A case is reported in which a young man suffering from hereditary angioedema was admitted with severe airway obstruction due to groww pharyngeal and laryngeal oedema. Tracheostomy was necessary. The rationale of treatment with epsilon aminocaproic acid, tranexamic acid and fresh frozen plasma is discussed. The patient subsequently underwent dental extractions under general anaesthesia with tracheal intubation without complications.", "PMID": 848726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8149", "title": "Fatal anaphylactic reaction to tetracycline in the postoperative period.", "content": "A case of anaphylactic reaction in the form of acute cyanosis, hypotension with sudden and unexpected death of a patient in the post-operative period following the administration of tetracycline is described. There was no history of previous exposure to the drug.", "contents": "Fatal anaphylactic reaction to tetracycline in the postoperative period. A case of anaphylactic reaction in the form of acute cyanosis, hypotension with sudden and unexpected death of a patient in the post-operative period following the administration of tetracycline is described. There was no history of previous exposure to the drug.", "PMID": 848727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8150", "title": "Toxic methaemoglobinaemia. A case of acute nitrobenzene and aniline poisoning treated by exchange transfusion.", "content": "A case of severe toxic methaemoglobinaemia following ingestion of aniline and nitrobenzene is described. Important factors in treatment are discussed. These include, gastric lavage, the administration of methylene blue and exchange transfusion. The possibility of a late haemolytic reaction being a complication of methylene blue treatment is mentioned.", "contents": "Toxic methaemoglobinaemia. A case of acute nitrobenzene and aniline poisoning treated by exchange transfusion. A case of severe toxic methaemoglobinaemia following ingestion of aniline and nitrobenzene is described. Important factors in treatment are discussed. These include, gastric lavage, the administration of methylene blue and exchange transfusion. The possibility of a late haemolytic reaction being a complication of methylene blue treatment is mentioned.", "PMID": 848728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8151", "title": "Bilateral nasopharyngeal tubes for outpatient dental anaesthesia.", "content": "The successful use of nasopharyngeal intubation for minor dental outpatient surgery and conservation is described and discussed.", "contents": "Bilateral nasopharyngeal tubes for outpatient dental anaesthesia. The successful use of nasopharyngeal intubation for minor dental outpatient surgery and conservation is described and discussed.", "PMID": 848729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8152", "title": "The immediate care of acute renal failure.", "content": "This article does not attempt to answer all the questions which might arise with the immediate management of a patient with acute renal failure but an effort has been made to lay down some guidelines and discuss some of the points of controversy. It should be remembered that the management of acute renal failure is an exercise in intensive care and that maintenance of non uraemic homeostasis is but one part in the overall management of the patient.", "contents": "The immediate care of acute renal failure. This article does not attempt to answer all the questions which might arise with the immediate management of a patient with acute renal failure but an effort has been made to lay down some guidelines and discuss some of the points of controversy. It should be remembered that the management of acute renal failure is an exercise in intensive care and that maintenance of non uraemic homeostasis is but one part in the overall management of the patient.", "PMID": 848730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8153", "title": "Scientific and medical English.", "content": "Ten historical extracts are quoted to show that the problems of jargon and indifferent English in scientific and medical writings have been with us for a long time. One improvement is that criticisms printed in the correspondence columns of medical journals have become less abusive.", "contents": "Scientific and medical English. Ten historical extracts are quoted to show that the problems of jargon and indifferent English in scientific and medical writings have been with us for a long time. One improvement is that criticisms printed in the correspondence columns of medical journals have become less abusive.", "PMID": 848731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8154", "title": "Efferent arterioles in the cortex of the rat kidney.", "content": "Although a number of morphological studies have investigated the vascular system of the rat kidney, minimal data are available on the detailed anatomy of the efferent arterioles located throughout the cortex of the kidney. In the present study, the renal vascular system was filled with Microfil and the various efferent arteriole patterns were examined extensively. The efferent vessels of the entire cortex appear to form three major patterns which in turn divided the cortex into three separate regions: the outer, middle and inner cortex. The efferent arterioles of the outer cortex leave the glomerulus and run perpendicular to the kidney capsule. However, as the efferent arterioles ascend, they may show three variations in the way they branch: (1a) the efferent arteriole does not branch until directly beneath the capsule, (1b) the efferent vessel begins to divide into its major branches 100-200 mum below the surface of the kidney and (1c) the efferent vessel has only a short course before giving off many side branches. In the middle cortical area, the branches of the efferent arteriole run lateral to the glomerulus. However, the efferent arterioles of the inner cortex have a few branches which run lateral to the glomerulus while most of them descend into the medulla as vasa rectae. The unique morphological features of the efferent arterioles of the outer cortex are of particular interest in light of the functional data which suggests that the reabsorption of fluid by peritubular capillaries may indeed regulate the rate of net tubular sodium reabsorption.", "contents": "Efferent arterioles in the cortex of the rat kidney. Although a number of morphological studies have investigated the vascular system of the rat kidney, minimal data are available on the detailed anatomy of the efferent arterioles located throughout the cortex of the kidney. In the present study, the renal vascular system was filled with Microfil and the various efferent arteriole patterns were examined extensively. The efferent vessels of the entire cortex appear to form three major patterns which in turn divided the cortex into three separate regions: the outer, middle and inner cortex. The efferent arterioles of the outer cortex leave the glomerulus and run perpendicular to the kidney capsule. However, as the efferent arterioles ascend, they may show three variations in the way they branch: (1a) the efferent arteriole does not branch until directly beneath the capsule, (1b) the efferent vessel begins to divide into its major branches 100-200 mum below the surface of the kidney and (1c) the efferent vessel has only a short course before giving off many side branches. In the middle cortical area, the branches of the efferent arteriole run lateral to the glomerulus. However, the efferent arterioles of the inner cortex have a few branches which run lateral to the glomerulus while most of them descend into the medulla as vasa rectae. The unique morphological features of the efferent arterioles of the outer cortex are of particular interest in light of the functional data which suggests that the reabsorption of fluid by peritubular capillaries may indeed regulate the rate of net tubular sodium reabsorption.", "PMID": 848773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8155", "title": "Ultrastructure of the cat sublingual gland.", "content": "The sublingual gland of the cat consists primarily of branched secretory tubules that open into an abbreviated duct system. The simple epithelium that composes the secretory tubules consists of an admixture of mucous and serous cells, with the former predominating. Some secretory tubules are capped by a serous demilune. Regardless of position, almost all serous cells have prominent basal folds and border on at least one intercellular canaliculus as well as on the tubule lumen. Serous cells possess an extensive array of irregular, distended cisternae of rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum that frequently contain dense intracisternal granules. Serous granules are relatively few in number and rarely show evidence of substructure. Mucous cells, which lack basal folds, contain an apical mass of secretory material in the form of partially fused droplets. The duct system is somewhat less ordered than in most major salivary glands; secretory tubules empty into structures resembling intercalated ducts or may be in direct continuity with ducts intermediate in morphology between intercalated and excretory ducts. The absence of striated ducts noted in this study may be correlated with the high sodium content of cat sublingual saliva. The main excretory duct of the sublingual gland closely resembles that of the cat submandibular gland in terms of morphology, but exhibits little of the transport functions reported in the latter duct.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the cat sublingual gland. The sublingual gland of the cat consists primarily of branched secretory tubules that open into an abbreviated duct system. The simple epithelium that composes the secretory tubules consists of an admixture of mucous and serous cells, with the former predominating. Some secretory tubules are capped by a serous demilune. Regardless of position, almost all serous cells have prominent basal folds and border on at least one intercellular canaliculus as well as on the tubule lumen. Serous cells possess an extensive array of irregular, distended cisternae of rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum that frequently contain dense intracisternal granules. Serous granules are relatively few in number and rarely show evidence of substructure. Mucous cells, which lack basal folds, contain an apical mass of secretory material in the form of partially fused droplets. The duct system is somewhat less ordered than in most major salivary glands; secretory tubules empty into structures resembling intercalated ducts or may be in direct continuity with ducts intermediate in morphology between intercalated and excretory ducts. The absence of striated ducts noted in this study may be correlated with the high sodium content of cat sublingual saliva. The main excretory duct of the sublingual gland closely resembles that of the cat submandibular gland in terms of morphology, but exhibits little of the transport functions reported in the latter duct.", "PMID": 848774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8156", "title": "Integrated actions of masticatory muscles: simultaneous EMG from eight intramuscular electrodes.", "content": "In 29 normal persons with complete dental arches, the muscular activity of the temporalis, masseter, medical pterygoid, anterior belly of the digastric, mylohyoid and geniohyoid muscles was studied electromyographically with bipolar fine wire electrodes during various mandibular movements--both resisted and unresisted. Action potentials were recorded on FM magnetic tape and each experiment was also videotaped. Temporalis muscle was active during centric closing of the jaw with either contact of the teeth, or against resistance; during free lateral movements to the ipsilateral side, either against resistance or occlusal contact; during incisor gum chewing, molar gum chewing on ipsilateral or contralateral sides, during normal mastication; and during forceful centric occlusion. Activity occurred in the masseter and medial pterygoid muscles during the following movements; closing the jaw slowly either without occlusal contact or with occlusal contact and against resistance; free lateral movement to contralateral side, either against resistance or with occlusal contact; protraction of the jaw either without occlusal contact or with occlusal contact; swallowing either saliva or water; incisor gum chewing with either the ipsilateral or contralateral molars; normal mastication; and during forceful centric occlusion. Activity occurred in the digastric, mylohyoid and geniohyoid muscles during the following movements; opening of the jaw either slowly or maximally against resistance; closing the jaw against resistance; free lateral movement to ipsilateral and contralateral sides, either against resistance or with occlusal contact; protraction against resistance of the jaw either without or with occlusal contact; swallowing saliva and water; and protraction of the tongue. They work in antagonism (reciprocally) during gum chewing and normal mastication.", "contents": "Integrated actions of masticatory muscles: simultaneous EMG from eight intramuscular electrodes. In 29 normal persons with complete dental arches, the muscular activity of the temporalis, masseter, medical pterygoid, anterior belly of the digastric, mylohyoid and geniohyoid muscles was studied electromyographically with bipolar fine wire electrodes during various mandibular movements--both resisted and unresisted. Action potentials were recorded on FM magnetic tape and each experiment was also videotaped. Temporalis muscle was active during centric closing of the jaw with either contact of the teeth, or against resistance; during free lateral movements to the ipsilateral side, either against resistance or occlusal contact; during incisor gum chewing, molar gum chewing on ipsilateral or contralateral sides, during normal mastication; and during forceful centric occlusion. Activity occurred in the masseter and medial pterygoid muscles during the following movements; closing the jaw slowly either without occlusal contact or with occlusal contact and against resistance; free lateral movement to contralateral side, either against resistance or with occlusal contact; protraction of the jaw either without occlusal contact or with occlusal contact; swallowing either saliva or water; incisor gum chewing with either the ipsilateral or contralateral molars; normal mastication; and during forceful centric occlusion. Activity occurred in the digastric, mylohyoid and geniohyoid muscles during the following movements; opening of the jaw either slowly or maximally against resistance; closing the jaw against resistance; free lateral movement to ipsilateral and contralateral sides, either against resistance or with occlusal contact; protraction against resistance of the jaw either without or with occlusal contact; swallowing saliva and water; and protraction of the tongue. They work in antagonism (reciprocally) during gum chewing and normal mastication.", "PMID": 848775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8157", "title": "Ultrastructure of gallstones produced in mice fed a high cholesterol diet.", "content": "Mice fed a high cholesterol-cholic acid diet for two to six months develop gallstones; these were studied by transmission electron microscopy after glutaraldehyde-digitonin fixation. Examination of the contents of mouse gallbladders presents views of layered structures and surrounding amorphous material. We interpret these images of gallstones to suggest that they may arise by cohesion of material rich in cholesterol to form more ordered structures. Gallbladder contents of mice fed the diet for five to six months were found to contain occasional crystals and rectangular areas similar to those observed in thin sections of human gallstones (unpublished observations). Recent findings that human gallstones can be dissolved with chenodeoxycholic acid are discussed, with reference to their applicability to studies of gallstones in mice.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of gallstones produced in mice fed a high cholesterol diet. Mice fed a high cholesterol-cholic acid diet for two to six months develop gallstones; these were studied by transmission electron microscopy after glutaraldehyde-digitonin fixation. Examination of the contents of mouse gallbladders presents views of layered structures and surrounding amorphous material. We interpret these images of gallstones to suggest that they may arise by cohesion of material rich in cholesterol to form more ordered structures. Gallbladder contents of mice fed the diet for five to six months were found to contain occasional crystals and rectangular areas similar to those observed in thin sections of human gallstones (unpublished observations). Recent findings that human gallstones can be dissolved with chenodeoxycholic acid are discussed, with reference to their applicability to studies of gallstones in mice.", "PMID": 848776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8158", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of peroxidase in leukocytes of rat bone marrow and blood.", "content": "The differentiation of leukocytes in the bone marrow and blood of normal adult male rats was studied by electron microscopy and peroxidase cytochemistry. Tissue samples were fixed in glutaraldehyde, or paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde, and incubated in a peroxidase medium containing 3,3'-diaminobenzidine and H2O2 ad pH 7.6. Mature cells of blood were identified, and then the earlier stages of maturation in bone marrow were analyzed. In immature cells of four cell lines, neutrophils, monocytes, basophils, and eosinophils, peroxidase is synthesized and could be demonstrated in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), Golgi complex, and in cytoplasmic granules. Later in maturation, reaction product for peroxidase could not be found in RER or Golgi complex, indicating that peroxidase synthesis had ceased. In two cell lines, neutrophils and monocytes, peroxidase-negative granules were formed, and the mature cells contained two populations of cytochemically distinct granules. All granules of mature eosinophils were peroxidase-positive. In mature basophils, some granules were clearly peroxidase-positive; others displayed variable density, making interpretation uncertain. Mast cells were never seen in blood, but were abundant in bone marrow; peroxidase was never found in their granules by either electron microscopic cytochemistry or a variety of light microscopic methods. Hence, these cells differ from basophils, not only in morphology but also in the enzyme content of their granules.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of peroxidase in leukocytes of rat bone marrow and blood. The differentiation of leukocytes in the bone marrow and blood of normal adult male rats was studied by electron microscopy and peroxidase cytochemistry. Tissue samples were fixed in glutaraldehyde, or paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde, and incubated in a peroxidase medium containing 3,3'-diaminobenzidine and H2O2 ad pH 7.6. Mature cells of blood were identified, and then the earlier stages of maturation in bone marrow were analyzed. In immature cells of four cell lines, neutrophils, monocytes, basophils, and eosinophils, peroxidase is synthesized and could be demonstrated in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), Golgi complex, and in cytoplasmic granules. Later in maturation, reaction product for peroxidase could not be found in RER or Golgi complex, indicating that peroxidase synthesis had ceased. In two cell lines, neutrophils and monocytes, peroxidase-negative granules were formed, and the mature cells contained two populations of cytochemically distinct granules. All granules of mature eosinophils were peroxidase-positive. In mature basophils, some granules were clearly peroxidase-positive; others displayed variable density, making interpretation uncertain. Mast cells were never seen in blood, but were abundant in bone marrow; peroxidase was never found in their granules by either electron microscopic cytochemistry or a variety of light microscopic methods. Hence, these cells differ from basophils, not only in morphology but also in the enzyme content of their granules.", "PMID": 848777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8159", "title": "The influence of progestin and androgen on the fine structure of the male reproductive tract of the rat. I. General effects and observations on the testis.", "content": "The combination of a progestin and androgen has received attention as a possible male contraceptive. The progestin is thought to reduce gonadotropin release and suppress spermatogenesis, while the sex accessory organs and male characteristics are maintained by the simultaneous administration of testosterone. In the present study, the histology and ultrastructure of parts of the male reproductive tract of rats treated with medroxyprogesterone (Provera, Upjohn) (1 mg/100 g body weight/day) alone and combined with testosterone (15, 30, or 100 mug/100 g/day) were studied following treatment for up to 16 weeks. The testes and epididymides of rats administered Provera alone or Provera and testosterone weighed less than those of control rats. The weights of the accessory glands of rats treated with Provera were greatly reduced; it was possible to maintain them at approximately control levels by simultaneously administering sufficient testosterone (100 mug/100 g body weight/day). The fertility of some of the animals was tested by caging them with female rats, and none of the treated rats tested in this way was fertile. Similar microscopic alterations were present in the testes of animals administered Provera alone or Provera and different levels of testosterone. Spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and early spermatids were abundant in treated rats and did not show ultrastructural changes. However, many degenerating or necrotic spermatids of the cap phase (approximately stages 6-7) and later were present. Late spermatids of the acrosome and maturation phases were rare. Some necrotic spermatids were surrounded by Sertoli cells, and parts of spermatids lay within lysosome-lyke structures in the cytoplasm of Sertoli cells. Many large lipid droplets were also present in Sertoli cells of treated rats. Leydig cells were smaller in treated animals than in control rats. The results suggest that germ cells can develop up to cap phase spermatids but then undergo degeneration. These alterations in spermatogenesis may be responsible in large part for the antifertility effect of the progestin and androgen combination. Some rats were permitted to recover following the end of treatment. The microscopic appearance of the testis returned to normal within three to six weeks, although epididymal alterations persisted in some animals six weeks after the end of treatment. By 9 to 12 weeks after the end of treatment the reproductive organs had a normal microscopic appearance in all the rats studied.", "contents": "The influence of progestin and androgen on the fine structure of the male reproductive tract of the rat. I. General effects and observations on the testis. The combination of a progestin and androgen has received attention as a possible male contraceptive. The progestin is thought to reduce gonadotropin release and suppress spermatogenesis, while the sex accessory organs and male characteristics are maintained by the simultaneous administration of testosterone. In the present study, the histology and ultrastructure of parts of the male reproductive tract of rats treated with medroxyprogesterone (Provera, Upjohn) (1 mg/100 g body weight/day) alone and combined with testosterone (15, 30, or 100 mug/100 g/day) were studied following treatment for up to 16 weeks. The testes and epididymides of rats administered Provera alone or Provera and testosterone weighed less than those of control rats. The weights of the accessory glands of rats treated with Provera were greatly reduced; it was possible to maintain them at approximately control levels by simultaneously administering sufficient testosterone (100 mug/100 g body weight/day). The fertility of some of the animals was tested by caging them with female rats, and none of the treated rats tested in this way was fertile. Similar microscopic alterations were present in the testes of animals administered Provera alone or Provera and different levels of testosterone. Spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and early spermatids were abundant in treated rats and did not show ultrastructural changes. However, many degenerating or necrotic spermatids of the cap phase (approximately stages 6-7) and later were present. Late spermatids of the acrosome and maturation phases were rare. Some necrotic spermatids were surrounded by Sertoli cells, and parts of spermatids lay within lysosome-lyke structures in the cytoplasm of Sertoli cells. Many large lipid droplets were also present in Sertoli cells of treated rats. Leydig cells were smaller in treated animals than in control rats. The results suggest that germ cells can develop up to cap phase spermatids but then undergo degeneration. These alterations in spermatogenesis may be responsible in large part for the antifertility effect of the progestin and androgen combination. Some rats were permitted to recover following the end of treatment. The microscopic appearance of the testis returned to normal within three to six weeks, although epididymal alterations persisted in some animals six weeks after the end of treatment. By 9 to 12 weeks after the end of treatment the reproductive organs had a normal microscopic appearance in all the rats studied.", "PMID": 848778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8160", "title": "The influence of progestin and androgen on the fine structure of the male reproductive tract of the rat. II. Epididymis and sex accessory glands.", "content": "Young adult male rats were administered medroxyprogesterone (Provera, Upjohn) alone and in combination with testosterone,as has been done to inhibit male fertility. The histology and the fine structure of several segments of the epididymis, the ventral prostate, and the seminal vesicle were studied at intervals after treatment for up to 16 weeks. The epididymides of treated animals weighed less than those of control rats. Microscopic alterations in the epididymis were similar in rats treated with Provera alone and in those animals that received Provera and testosterone, but the changes varied with the segment of the epididymis. In the middle segment in the caput epididymidis, the normally abundant luminal sperm were absent but the epithelium retained its normal ultrastructural features. In the terminal segment in the cauda epididymidis, different changes were observed in the proximal and distal portions. In the proximal cauda epididymidis, the lumen was small, irregular in outline, and virtually devoid of sperm. The light cells of the epididymal epithelium in the proximal cauda contained extremely large numbers of dense bodies resembling lysosomes, which occupied most of the supranuclear and basal cytoplasm. In contrast, in the distal part of the cauda epididymidis, the epithelium had a normal appearance but the lumen was filled with debris, sperm, and spherical masses of cytoplasm that were apparently derived from germ cells. It is suggested that the clearing of the lumen of the proximal cauda epididymidis may reflect the greater activity of light cells of the epididymal epithelium in that region. Although alterations in spermatogenesis may be most important in the antifertility effect of progestin and androgen, these alterations in epididymal sperm and epithelium may also play a role. The weights of the prostate and seminal vesicles of rats treated with Provera (1 mg/100 g/day) were greatly reduced compared to those of control rats. Although there was considerable variation, in many specimens treated with Provera alone the epithelium of the prostate showed a change from a columnar to a cuboidal or squamous shape, and there was a reduction in the size and abundance of organelles involved in the formation of secretions. The microscopic structure of the seminal vesicle of rats treated with Provera was less severely affected than the prostate. Although the seminal vesicle epithelium of Provera-treated rats was generally not as tall as in control animals, the cells possessed parallel cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vacuoles, and an active-appearing Golgi apparatus, suggesting that they continued to be able to form secretions in the presence of Provera. The weights of the sex accessory glands were maintained at control levels by the administration of testosterone, 100 mug/100 g/day, along with the Provera. A normal fine structure was present in the epithelium of both the prostate and seminal vesicle of rats administered this amount of testosterone in addition to Provera...", "contents": "The influence of progestin and androgen on the fine structure of the male reproductive tract of the rat. II. Epididymis and sex accessory glands. Young adult male rats were administered medroxyprogesterone (Provera, Upjohn) alone and in combination with testosterone,as has been done to inhibit male fertility. The histology and the fine structure of several segments of the epididymis, the ventral prostate, and the seminal vesicle were studied at intervals after treatment for up to 16 weeks. The epididymides of treated animals weighed less than those of control rats. Microscopic alterations in the epididymis were similar in rats treated with Provera alone and in those animals that received Provera and testosterone, but the changes varied with the segment of the epididymis. In the middle segment in the caput epididymidis, the normally abundant luminal sperm were absent but the epithelium retained its normal ultrastructural features. In the terminal segment in the cauda epididymidis, different changes were observed in the proximal and distal portions. In the proximal cauda epididymidis, the lumen was small, irregular in outline, and virtually devoid of sperm. The light cells of the epididymal epithelium in the proximal cauda contained extremely large numbers of dense bodies resembling lysosomes, which occupied most of the supranuclear and basal cytoplasm. In contrast, in the distal part of the cauda epididymidis, the epithelium had a normal appearance but the lumen was filled with debris, sperm, and spherical masses of cytoplasm that were apparently derived from germ cells. It is suggested that the clearing of the lumen of the proximal cauda epididymidis may reflect the greater activity of light cells of the epididymal epithelium in that region. Although alterations in spermatogenesis may be most important in the antifertility effect of progestin and androgen, these alterations in epididymal sperm and epithelium may also play a role. The weights of the prostate and seminal vesicles of rats treated with Provera (1 mg/100 g/day) were greatly reduced compared to those of control rats. Although there was considerable variation, in many specimens treated with Provera alone the epithelium of the prostate showed a change from a columnar to a cuboidal or squamous shape, and there was a reduction in the size and abundance of organelles involved in the formation of secretions. The microscopic structure of the seminal vesicle of rats treated with Provera was less severely affected than the prostate. Although the seminal vesicle epithelium of Provera-treated rats was generally not as tall as in control animals, the cells possessed parallel cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vacuoles, and an active-appearing Golgi apparatus, suggesting that they continued to be able to form secretions in the presence of Provera. The weights of the sex accessory glands were maintained at control levels by the administration of testosterone, 100 mug/100 g/day, along with the Provera. A normal fine structure was present in the epithelium of both the prostate and seminal vesicle of rats administered this amount of testosterone in addition to Provera...", "PMID": 848779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8161", "title": "Preparation of biological tissues for electron microscopy by freeze-drying.", "content": "A dependable method for freeze-drying tissues for electron microscopy has been developed. Thin slices of fresh tissue were frozen by bringing them into direct contact with a polished copper bar at liquid nitrogen temperature. The tissue was transferred to a copper specimen block equipped with a thermocouple and heating circuit for accurate control of the environmental temperature of the tissue, and evacuated in a glass freeze-drier using clean high vacuum techniques for keeping the system free of hydrocarbons. The tissue was dried by increasing the temperature of the specimen block 10 degrees C each hour while monitoring the rate of water removal from the tissue with a partial pressure analyzer. The dry tissue was fixed with OsO4 vapor, vacuum embedded in a low viscosity epoxy resin, sectioned, stained, and viewed with the electron microscope. Tissue processed in this manner exhibits excellent morphological preservation at both cellular and organellar levels without prefixation or the use of cryoprotective agents. The results of the experiments using the partial pressure analyzer indicate that small blocks of tissue can be dried in a short time at low temperature.", "contents": "Preparation of biological tissues for electron microscopy by freeze-drying. A dependable method for freeze-drying tissues for electron microscopy has been developed. Thin slices of fresh tissue were frozen by bringing them into direct contact with a polished copper bar at liquid nitrogen temperature. The tissue was transferred to a copper specimen block equipped with a thermocouple and heating circuit for accurate control of the environmental temperature of the tissue, and evacuated in a glass freeze-drier using clean high vacuum techniques for keeping the system free of hydrocarbons. The tissue was dried by increasing the temperature of the specimen block 10 degrees C each hour while monitoring the rate of water removal from the tissue with a partial pressure analyzer. The dry tissue was fixed with OsO4 vapor, vacuum embedded in a low viscosity epoxy resin, sectioned, stained, and viewed with the electron microscope. Tissue processed in this manner exhibits excellent morphological preservation at both cellular and organellar levels without prefixation or the use of cryoprotective agents. The results of the experiments using the partial pressure analyzer indicate that small blocks of tissue can be dried in a short time at low temperature.", "PMID": 848780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8162", "title": "The thyroid gland of the woodchuck, Marmota monax: a morphological study of seasonal variations in the follicular cells.", "content": "The morphology of the thyroid gland of the woodchuck, Marmota monax, was studied during the four seasons of the year. In the spring the thyroid is extremely heterogenous in appearance. Some follicular cells appear quite active. They contain a well defined Golgi apparatus, abundant large colloid droplets and pseudopodia but few, if any, apical vesicles. Other less active cells have poorly defined rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and lack a well developed Golgi apparatus. They do not contain apical vesicles or colloid droplets. Summer thyroids have uniformly small follicles which are lined by high cuboidal cells containing numerous mitochondria, apical vesicles, abundant rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, and lipid droplets but few colloid droplets. There is extensive lateral and basal infolding of the cytoplasmic membranes in these cells. In the fall and winter the follicles are larger than in the summer and contain more colloid. Numerous heterogeneous dense bodies appear in the cytoplasm of the follicular cells in the fall and increase in number in the winter when there is an obvious sparsity of such glycoprotein synthetic organelles as Golgi apparatus and rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. These morphologic changes are compared with previous studies of thyroid structure and function in other animals and are correlated with the seasonal physiologic activities of the woodchuck.", "contents": "The thyroid gland of the woodchuck, Marmota monax: a morphological study of seasonal variations in the follicular cells. The morphology of the thyroid gland of the woodchuck, Marmota monax, was studied during the four seasons of the year. In the spring the thyroid is extremely heterogenous in appearance. Some follicular cells appear quite active. They contain a well defined Golgi apparatus, abundant large colloid droplets and pseudopodia but few, if any, apical vesicles. Other less active cells have poorly defined rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and lack a well developed Golgi apparatus. They do not contain apical vesicles or colloid droplets. Summer thyroids have uniformly small follicles which are lined by high cuboidal cells containing numerous mitochondria, apical vesicles, abundant rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, and lipid droplets but few colloid droplets. There is extensive lateral and basal infolding of the cytoplasmic membranes in these cells. In the fall and winter the follicles are larger than in the summer and contain more colloid. Numerous heterogeneous dense bodies appear in the cytoplasm of the follicular cells in the fall and increase in number in the winter when there is an obvious sparsity of such glycoprotein synthetic organelles as Golgi apparatus and rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. These morphologic changes are compared with previous studies of thyroid structure and function in other animals and are correlated with the seasonal physiologic activities of the woodchuck.", "PMID": 848781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8163", "title": "Reproductive strategy of winged and wingless morphs of the aphids Sitobion avenae and Metopolophium dirhodum.", "content": "The reproduction of apterous and alate morphs of the aphids Sitobion avenae and Metopolophium dirhodum is compared on the basis of fecundity in 5- and 10-day periods of adult life. Apterae of both species are consistently more fecund than alatae of comparable weight, producing about three more nymphs on average in any 5-day period. The reproductive differences are related to the number and quality of embryos at eclosion and to ovulation rates, both of which in turn appear to be linked to wing-muscle maintenance. These relationships between weight, embryos and reproduction may be used to predict a newly moulted adult aphid's fecundity, a method which may facilitate the assessment of resistance to aphids in new cereal varieties, by obviating lengthy recording of reproduction. The strategies by which alatae of these and other aphid species minimize the difference between their fecundity and that of apterae are discussed.", "contents": "Reproductive strategy of winged and wingless morphs of the aphids Sitobion avenae and Metopolophium dirhodum. The reproduction of apterous and alate morphs of the aphids Sitobion avenae and Metopolophium dirhodum is compared on the basis of fecundity in 5- and 10-day periods of adult life. Apterae of both species are consistently more fecund than alatae of comparable weight, producing about three more nymphs on average in any 5-day period. The reproductive differences are related to the number and quality of embryos at eclosion and to ovulation rates, both of which in turn appear to be linked to wing-muscle maintenance. These relationships between weight, embryos and reproduction may be used to predict a newly moulted adult aphid's fecundity, a method which may facilitate the assessment of resistance to aphids in new cereal varieties, by obviating lengthy recording of reproduction. The strategies by which alatae of these and other aphid species minimize the difference between their fecundity and that of apterae are discussed.", "PMID": 848782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8164", "title": "Oxygen therapy: appropriate use of nebulizers.", "content": "Control of the inspired O2 concentration requires both an appropriate O2 fraction from the nebulizer and an adequate flow of gas to the patient. We evaluated the O2 fraction and total flow of commercially available nebulizers operated under conditions commonly encountered in clinical use. Total gas flow O2 fraction, and back pressure were measured in 8 commercially available nebulizers. Measurements were made with no outlet tubing ,with 72 inches of dry corrugated plastic tubing, and with 72 inches of corrugated plastic tubing partially occluded with water. Nebulizers were studied individually ,and in parallel sets of 2 and 3, at both 40% and 70% O2 settings. Total flow was always lower and O2 fraction higher than that predicted by the manufacture under all experimental circumstances. As the outlet resistance of the nebulizers increased, the O2 fraction increased and the total flow decreased. The O2 fraction was, in addition, increased with the addition of each nebulizer in parallel. Currently available nebulizers have operating characteristics that do not permit the easy administration of accurate O2 therapy.", "contents": "Oxygen therapy: appropriate use of nebulizers. Control of the inspired O2 concentration requires both an appropriate O2 fraction from the nebulizer and an adequate flow of gas to the patient. We evaluated the O2 fraction and total flow of commercially available nebulizers operated under conditions commonly encountered in clinical use. Total gas flow O2 fraction, and back pressure were measured in 8 commercially available nebulizers. Measurements were made with no outlet tubing ,with 72 inches of dry corrugated plastic tubing, and with 72 inches of corrugated plastic tubing partially occluded with water. Nebulizers were studied individually ,and in parallel sets of 2 and 3, at both 40% and 70% O2 settings. Total flow was always lower and O2 fraction higher than that predicted by the manufacture under all experimental circumstances. As the outlet resistance of the nebulizers increased, the O2 fraction increased and the total flow decreased. The O2 fraction was, in addition, increased with the addition of each nebulizer in parallel. Currently available nebulizers have operating characteristics that do not permit the easy administration of accurate O2 therapy.", "PMID": 848789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8165", "title": "The effects of posture on venous admixture and respiratory dead space in health.", "content": "Alveolar-arterial PO2 difference ([A-a]PO2), venous admixture, and physiologic dead space were measured in 24 healthy men and women 23 to 72 years of age in the sitting and supine positions, breathing air, breathing O2, and breathing O2 in deep breaths. In the supine (but not the sitting) position, (A-a)PO2 and venous admixture, breathing both air and O2, were more highly correlated with the difference between closing volume and expiratory reserve volume than with age. The change in (A-a)PO2 and venous admixture from sitting to lying was related to the change in closing volume minus expiratory reserve volume, during both air and O2 breathing. These results confirm previous work on the contribution of gravity-dependent airway closure to the air-breathing venous admixture. They further indicate that the same mechanism is important when O2 is breathed, and it may account for most of the alveoli that close during O2 breathing because of critically low ventilation perfusion ratios. Physiologic dead space in the supine position may be predicted by subtracting 12.5% from the normal sitting value for the same tidal volume and respiratory frequency.", "contents": "The effects of posture on venous admixture and respiratory dead space in health. Alveolar-arterial PO2 difference ([A-a]PO2), venous admixture, and physiologic dead space were measured in 24 healthy men and women 23 to 72 years of age in the sitting and supine positions, breathing air, breathing O2, and breathing O2 in deep breaths. In the supine (but not the sitting) position, (A-a)PO2 and venous admixture, breathing both air and O2, were more highly correlated with the difference between closing volume and expiratory reserve volume than with age. The change in (A-a)PO2 and venous admixture from sitting to lying was related to the change in closing volume minus expiratory reserve volume, during both air and O2 breathing. These results confirm previous work on the contribution of gravity-dependent airway closure to the air-breathing venous admixture. They further indicate that the same mechanism is important when O2 is breathed, and it may account for most of the alveoli that close during O2 breathing because of critically low ventilation perfusion ratios. Physiologic dead space in the supine position may be predicted by subtracting 12.5% from the normal sitting value for the same tidal volume and respiratory frequency.", "PMID": 848790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8166", "title": "On line determination of lung volumes by plethysmography and digital computer.", "content": "This report describes a method of obtaining lung volumes on line with a minicomputer and whole body plethysmograph. The results of this approach were compared with standard methodology for a wide range of values and found to be in good agreement. This system can be readily implemented using standard hardware and laboratory techniques. Its advantages are its accuracy ,rapidity of data analysis, and retrieval; through the latter it allows for an assessment of such factors as variability of subject performance.", "contents": "On line determination of lung volumes by plethysmography and digital computer. This report describes a method of obtaining lung volumes on line with a minicomputer and whole body plethysmograph. The results of this approach were compared with standard methodology for a wide range of values and found to be in good agreement. This system can be readily implemented using standard hardware and laboratory techniques. Its advantages are its accuracy ,rapidity of data analysis, and retrieval; through the latter it allows for an assessment of such factors as variability of subject performance.", "PMID": 848791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8167", "title": "Penetration of inhaled pollen into the respiratory tract.", "content": "The pathophysiologic mechanisms of pollen-induced asthma have heretofore remained unclear, because pollen particles have generally been considered too large to penetrate into the lower respiratory tract. Such grains are therefore believed to be unable to induce an immunologic response in the lower respiratory tract. Nevertheless, experimental curves of particle penetration into the respiratory tract indicate that a small percentage of large-sized particles may penetrate into the peripheral areas of the lungs. Under the conditions of our study, a radioisotopic method using labeled pollen grains was not effective in detecting the very small number of grains expected to be found in the lung. We used another simpler and more effective method derived from techniques used by palynologists in the detection of pollen grains in sediments. According to our results, which showed pollen grains normally present in tracheobronchial secretions and in lung parenchyma, we can safely assume that inhaled pollen does penetrate into the distal lower respiratory tract. At present, we do not know the precise number of pollen grains necessary to trigger a response, and we do not know the behavior of these grains with regard to the mucous membranes of the small bronchi and the alveoli. It is important to determine whether these grains have an effect on these areas and whether a direct mechanism is involved in the genesis of pollen-induced asthma.", "contents": "Penetration of inhaled pollen into the respiratory tract. The pathophysiologic mechanisms of pollen-induced asthma have heretofore remained unclear, because pollen particles have generally been considered too large to penetrate into the lower respiratory tract. Such grains are therefore believed to be unable to induce an immunologic response in the lower respiratory tract. Nevertheless, experimental curves of particle penetration into the respiratory tract indicate that a small percentage of large-sized particles may penetrate into the peripheral areas of the lungs. Under the conditions of our study, a radioisotopic method using labeled pollen grains was not effective in detecting the very small number of grains expected to be found in the lung. We used another simpler and more effective method derived from techniques used by palynologists in the detection of pollen grains in sediments. According to our results, which showed pollen grains normally present in tracheobronchial secretions and in lung parenchyma, we can safely assume that inhaled pollen does penetrate into the distal lower respiratory tract. At present, we do not know the precise number of pollen grains necessary to trigger a response, and we do not know the behavior of these grains with regard to the mucous membranes of the small bronchi and the alveoli. It is important to determine whether these grains have an effect on these areas and whether a direct mechanism is involved in the genesis of pollen-induced asthma.", "PMID": 848792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8168", "title": "Diagnosis of asbestosis by transbronchial biopsy. A method to facilitate demonstration of ferruginous bodies.", "content": "The diagnosis of asbestos-associated pulmonary fibrosis was established in 3 patients by finding ferruginous bodies in transbronchial lung biopsies. Ferruginous bodies may be difficult to identify in histologic preparations when they are not oriented parallel to the plane of tissue section or when camouflaged by anthracotic pigment. We describe a simple method to enhance diagnostic sensitivity by digesting biopsy tissue and examining the filtered residue for ferruginous bodies.", "contents": "Diagnosis of asbestosis by transbronchial biopsy. A method to facilitate demonstration of ferruginous bodies. The diagnosis of asbestos-associated pulmonary fibrosis was established in 3 patients by finding ferruginous bodies in transbronchial lung biopsies. Ferruginous bodies may be difficult to identify in histologic preparations when they are not oriented parallel to the plane of tissue section or when camouflaged by anthracotic pigment. We describe a simple method to enhance diagnostic sensitivity by digesting biopsy tissue and examining the filtered residue for ferruginous bodies.", "PMID": 848793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8169", "title": "Cutaneous infection due to mycobacterium szulgai.", "content": "A patient on long term corticosteroid therapy for sarcoidosis developed a cutaneous infection due to Mycobacterium szulgai. No evidence of visceral infection with the organism was found during life or at autopsy. The spread of the infection to multiple skin sites probably occurred by autoinoculation.", "contents": "Cutaneous infection due to mycobacterium szulgai. A patient on long term corticosteroid therapy for sarcoidosis developed a cutaneous infection due to Mycobacterium szulgai. No evidence of visceral infection with the organism was found during life or at autopsy. The spread of the infection to multiple skin sites probably occurred by autoinoculation.", "PMID": 848794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8170", "title": "Deaths and complications associated with transbronchial lung biopsy.", "content": "A questionnaire requesting information about complications resulting from transbronchial lung biopsy was sent to 178 directors of respiratory disease training programs in the United States and Canada. Ninety-six questionnaires (54%) were returned, listing 5,450 transbronchial lung biopsy procedures. Thirteen deaths were directly or temporally related to the procedure. Nine patients died from hemorrhage. Eight of these patients had underlying diseases or were receiving drugs known to affect hemostasis. One also had pulmonary hypertension. One patient died from a tension pneumothorax that rapidly progressed more than two hours after the procedure. Analysis of the exact data, which were available for 2,628 procedures, indicated that pneumothorax, hemorrhage exceeding 50 ml, and death occurred in 5.5, 1.3, and 0.20% of procedures, respectively.", "contents": "Deaths and complications associated with transbronchial lung biopsy. A questionnaire requesting information about complications resulting from transbronchial lung biopsy was sent to 178 directors of respiratory disease training programs in the United States and Canada. Ninety-six questionnaires (54%) were returned, listing 5,450 transbronchial lung biopsy procedures. Thirteen deaths were directly or temporally related to the procedure. Nine patients died from hemorrhage. Eight of these patients had underlying diseases or were receiving drugs known to affect hemostasis. One also had pulmonary hypertension. One patient died from a tension pneumothorax that rapidly progressed more than two hours after the procedure. Analysis of the exact data, which were available for 2,628 procedures, indicated that pneumothorax, hemorrhage exceeding 50 ml, and death occurred in 5.5, 1.3, and 0.20% of procedures, respectively.", "PMID": 848796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8171", "title": "Rhabdomyolysis and shock after intravenous amphetamine administration.", "content": "Five patients who had injected intravenous (i.v.) phenmetrazine or methamphetamine developed marked prostration resembling septic shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, rhabdomyolysis with myoglobinuria, and azotemia. Soon after injection, four noted chills, fever, sweats, nausea, and abdominal cramps. Within hours, they developed vomiting, myalgias, paresthesias, headache, and orthostasis. Cardiorespiratory arrest, accelerated bleeding, and noncardiac pulmonary edema were observed in one patient. From 4 to 11 litres of saline were required in the first 24 h to maintain blood pressure and urine output, suggesting that shock resulted from massive loss of intravascular volume into necrotic muscle. Recognition of this syndrome and treatment by aggressive volume replacement led to the recovery of all five patients.", "contents": "Rhabdomyolysis and shock after intravenous amphetamine administration. Five patients who had injected intravenous (i.v.) phenmetrazine or methamphetamine developed marked prostration resembling septic shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, rhabdomyolysis with myoglobinuria, and azotemia. Soon after injection, four noted chills, fever, sweats, nausea, and abdominal cramps. Within hours, they developed vomiting, myalgias, paresthesias, headache, and orthostasis. Cardiorespiratory arrest, accelerated bleeding, and noncardiac pulmonary edema were observed in one patient. From 4 to 11 litres of saline were required in the first 24 h to maintain blood pressure and urine output, suggesting that shock resulted from massive loss of intravascular volume into necrotic muscle. Recognition of this syndrome and treatment by aggressive volume replacement led to the recovery of all five patients.", "PMID": 848798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8172", "title": "Hemodynamic improvement after oral hydralazine in left ventricular failure: a comparison with nitroprusside infusion in 16 patients.", "content": "Hydralazine was administered in a single oral dose of 50 to 100 mg in 16 patients with left ventricular failure due to cardiomyopathy. It produced sustained effects for at least 4 h characterized by a significant increase in cardiac output, a reduction in arterial and pulmonary arterial pressure, and a slight rise in heart rate. When compared to nitroprusside infusion in these same patients, hydralazine produced a similar reduction in systemic vascular resistance but a slightly greater increase in cardiac index (0.74 versus 0.95 litres/min-m2), with a lesser fall in mean arterial pressure (7.8 versus 13.6 mm Hg, P less than 0.01), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (4.2 versus 11.3 mm Hg, P less than 0.001), and pulmonary wedge pressure (5.5 versus 9.9 mm Hg, P less than 0.001). Forearm venous tone decreased and venous compliance increased during nitroprusside infusion, but they were unchanged after hydralazine therapy. These data suggest that hydralazine may be a useful agent in the treatment of chronic left ventricular failure.", "contents": "Hemodynamic improvement after oral hydralazine in left ventricular failure: a comparison with nitroprusside infusion in 16 patients. Hydralazine was administered in a single oral dose of 50 to 100 mg in 16 patients with left ventricular failure due to cardiomyopathy. It produced sustained effects for at least 4 h characterized by a significant increase in cardiac output, a reduction in arterial and pulmonary arterial pressure, and a slight rise in heart rate. When compared to nitroprusside infusion in these same patients, hydralazine produced a similar reduction in systemic vascular resistance but a slightly greater increase in cardiac index (0.74 versus 0.95 litres/min-m2), with a lesser fall in mean arterial pressure (7.8 versus 13.6 mm Hg, P less than 0.01), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (4.2 versus 11.3 mm Hg, P less than 0.001), and pulmonary wedge pressure (5.5 versus 9.9 mm Hg, P less than 0.001). Forearm venous tone decreased and venous compliance increased during nitroprusside infusion, but they were unchanged after hydralazine therapy. These data suggest that hydralazine may be a useful agent in the treatment of chronic left ventricular failure.", "PMID": 848799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8173", "title": "Pulmonary hypertension in the CREST syndrome variant of progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma).", "content": "Severe pulmonary hypertension without pulmonary fibrosis occurred in 10 patients with the CREST syndrome (calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, telangiectasia), reputedly a benign variant of progressive systemic sclerosis. Time from the initial symptom, Raynaud's phenomenon, to the recognition of pulmonary hypertension was as long as 40 years. Pulmonary hypertension and increased pulmonary vascular resistance was shown in all patients. Autopsy examination in three of six deaths attributable to pulmonary hypertension showed intimal proliferation with myxomatous change in the small- and medium-sized pulmonary arteries similar to changes in the digital arteries of patients with scleroderma and Raynaud's phenomenon, and interlobular renal arteries of those with \"scleroderma kidney.\" It is concluded that the CREST syndrome is not entirely benign but may be complicated, after a long clinical course, by progressive pulmonary vascular obliteration, pulmonary hypertension, and death in the absence of significant pulmonary fibrosis.", "contents": "Pulmonary hypertension in the CREST syndrome variant of progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Severe pulmonary hypertension without pulmonary fibrosis occurred in 10 patients with the CREST syndrome (calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, telangiectasia), reputedly a benign variant of progressive systemic sclerosis. Time from the initial symptom, Raynaud's phenomenon, to the recognition of pulmonary hypertension was as long as 40 years. Pulmonary hypertension and increased pulmonary vascular resistance was shown in all patients. Autopsy examination in three of six deaths attributable to pulmonary hypertension showed intimal proliferation with myxomatous change in the small- and medium-sized pulmonary arteries similar to changes in the digital arteries of patients with scleroderma and Raynaud's phenomenon, and interlobular renal arteries of those with \"scleroderma kidney.\" It is concluded that the CREST syndrome is not entirely benign but may be complicated, after a long clinical course, by progressive pulmonary vascular obliteration, pulmonary hypertension, and death in the absence of significant pulmonary fibrosis.", "PMID": 848800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8174", "title": "Intravenous theophylline therapy: nomogram guidelines.", "content": "We evolved a nomogram for guiding and standardizing intravenous theophylline therapy in hospitalized patients. It provides rapid calculation of a loading dose based on body weight and previous therapy and a maintenance infusion rate related to three categories of expected metabolic activity. The guidelines were prospectively used in the treatment of 72 patients, mainly in a respiratory care unit. The nomogram was successfully used to attain near-steady-state serum concentrations in the therapeutic range of 8 to 20 mg/litre in 72% of patients, with only two patients outside of the range of 5 to 25 mg/litre. These guidelines facilitate initial theophylline dosage in older patients with liver and cardiac disease and provide a rational basis for interpreting serum concentration measurements and adjustment of drug therapy.", "contents": "Intravenous theophylline therapy: nomogram guidelines. We evolved a nomogram for guiding and standardizing intravenous theophylline therapy in hospitalized patients. It provides rapid calculation of a loading dose based on body weight and previous therapy and a maintenance infusion rate related to three categories of expected metabolic activity. The guidelines were prospectively used in the treatment of 72 patients, mainly in a respiratory care unit. The nomogram was successfully used to attain near-steady-state serum concentrations in the therapeutic range of 8 to 20 mg/litre in 72% of patients, with only two patients outside of the range of 5 to 25 mg/litre. These guidelines facilitate initial theophylline dosage in older patients with liver and cardiac disease and provide a rational basis for interpreting serum concentration measurements and adjustment of drug therapy.", "PMID": 848801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8175", "title": "Clinical and immunologic criteria for the diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.", "content": "Clinical and immunologic characteristics are reported in a series of 20 patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis seen by physicians in one consulting service during a period of 9 years. Seventeen of these patients have been identified in the past 2 years, reflecting the increasing recognition of the entity. Fifteen of the 20 patients are believed to have proven diagnoses; the other five are strongly suspected. Asthma, pulmonary infiltrates, and eosinophilia are the usual presenting symptoms. Serum immunoglobulin E was markedly elevated in all patients, and serum immunoglobulin D was normal in four out of five patients sampled. Bronchograms were abnormal in all cases in which they could be done. Lymphocyte transformation may be present in some cases but is not a diagnostic feature. The average age at time of diagnosis was 25.5 years, and seven of the 15 proven patients were 20 or younger.", "contents": "Clinical and immunologic criteria for the diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Clinical and immunologic characteristics are reported in a series of 20 patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis seen by physicians in one consulting service during a period of 9 years. Seventeen of these patients have been identified in the past 2 years, reflecting the increasing recognition of the entity. Fifteen of the 20 patients are believed to have proven diagnoses; the other five are strongly suspected. Asthma, pulmonary infiltrates, and eosinophilia are the usual presenting symptoms. Serum immunoglobulin E was markedly elevated in all patients, and serum immunoglobulin D was normal in four out of five patients sampled. Bronchograms were abnormal in all cases in which they could be done. Lymphocyte transformation may be present in some cases but is not a diagnostic feature. The average age at time of diagnosis was 25.5 years, and seven of the 15 proven patients were 20 or younger.", "PMID": 848802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8176", "title": "Release of neutrophil chemotactic activity during immediate hypersensitivity reactions in humans.", "content": "Heat-stable, serum-derived chemotactic activity for neutrophils is shown in a human model of immunoglobulin E-mediated asthma. Twenty-six ragweed-sensitive subjects underwent bronchial provocation  challenge using ragweed and Mecholyl. Increased neutrophil chemotactic activity was found in serum tested from 5 to 30 min after a positive ragweed-inhalation challenge, but not after negative ragweed challenge. The appearance of neutrophil chemotactic activity did not reflect the effects of bronchospasm alone, because it was not found after bronchospastic responses to Mecholyl in the same subjects. There were no accompanying changes of serum complement activity, nor evidence of inhibition of the chemotactic activity by proir exposure to antisera to the third and fifth components of complement. Ultrafiltration of serum showed chemotactic activity contained in fractions of at least 50 000 daltons. This appears to be the first demonstration of neutrophil chemotactic activity liberated during experimentally induced immunoglobulin E-mediated asthma in humans.", "contents": "Release of neutrophil chemotactic activity during immediate hypersensitivity reactions in humans. Heat-stable, serum-derived chemotactic activity for neutrophils is shown in a human model of immunoglobulin E-mediated asthma. Twenty-six ragweed-sensitive subjects underwent bronchial provocation  challenge using ragweed and Mecholyl. Increased neutrophil chemotactic activity was found in serum tested from 5 to 30 min after a positive ragweed-inhalation challenge, but not after negative ragweed challenge. The appearance of neutrophil chemotactic activity did not reflect the effects of bronchospasm alone, because it was not found after bronchospastic responses to Mecholyl in the same subjects. There were no accompanying changes of serum complement activity, nor evidence of inhibition of the chemotactic activity by proir exposure to antisera to the third and fifth components of complement. Ultrafiltration of serum showed chemotactic activity contained in fractions of at least 50 000 daltons. This appears to be the first demonstration of neutrophil chemotactic activity liberated during experimentally induced immunoglobulin E-mediated asthma in humans.", "PMID": 848803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8177", "title": "Reversible hematologic sequelae of diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Seven patients with diabetes mellitus were hospitalized and their blood sugar concentrations regulated as a result of fasting blood sugar, sugar around meals, urinary sugar, and hemoglobin AIC assays. Erythrocyte half-life as measured by 51 Cr increased in all patients from a mean of 27 days to 31 days, while hemoglobin AIC levels decreased from a mean of 10.1% to 5.6%. Leukocyte adherence increased in all patients from a mean of 28% to 51%. Most striking were the changes observed in platelet function in response to epinephrine. The length of the secondary lag phase of platelet aggregation, after a stimulus with final concentration of 70 muM of epinephrine, increased from a mean of 19 seconds to 65 seconds. Studies in additional patients confirmed an inverse correlation between hemoglobin AIC concentration and the secondary lag phase (r = 0.87, P less than 0.001). These studies found that certain secondary sequelas of diabetes can be corrected by strict carbohydrate control and confirmed that hemoglobin AIC assays provide a useful means of showing the degree of control of glucose metabolism in diabetic patients.", "contents": "Reversible hematologic sequelae of diabetes mellitus. Seven patients with diabetes mellitus were hospitalized and their blood sugar concentrations regulated as a result of fasting blood sugar, sugar around meals, urinary sugar, and hemoglobin AIC assays. Erythrocyte half-life as measured by 51 Cr increased in all patients from a mean of 27 days to 31 days, while hemoglobin AIC levels decreased from a mean of 10.1% to 5.6%. Leukocyte adherence increased in all patients from a mean of 28% to 51%. Most striking were the changes observed in platelet function in response to epinephrine. The length of the secondary lag phase of platelet aggregation, after a stimulus with final concentration of 70 muM of epinephrine, increased from a mean of 19 seconds to 65 seconds. Studies in additional patients confirmed an inverse correlation between hemoglobin AIC concentration and the secondary lag phase (r = 0.87, P less than 0.001). These studies found that certain secondary sequelas of diabetes can be corrected by strict carbohydrate control and confirmed that hemoglobin AIC assays provide a useful means of showing the degree of control of glucose metabolism in diabetic patients.", "PMID": 848804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8178", "title": "Pericardial tumor of fibrosis mimicking pericardial effusion by echocardiography.", "content": "Echocardiograms of three patients with metastatic carcinoma or lymphoma showed a sonolucent space posterior to the left ventricular epicardium, as seen in pericardial effusion. However, at surgery or autopsy no pericardial fluid was found. Instead, the pericardium was infiltrated by neoplastic tissue or fibrosis. In view of this finding, we suggest caution in the interpretation of \"positive\" echocardiograms for pericardial effusion in patients with neoplastic disease, especially if pericardiocentesis is being considered.", "contents": "Pericardial tumor of fibrosis mimicking pericardial effusion by echocardiography. Echocardiograms of three patients with metastatic carcinoma or lymphoma showed a sonolucent space posterior to the left ventricular epicardium, as seen in pericardial effusion. However, at surgery or autopsy no pericardial fluid was found. Instead, the pericardium was infiltrated by neoplastic tissue or fibrosis. In view of this finding, we suggest caution in the interpretation of \"positive\" echocardiograms for pericardial effusion in patients with neoplastic disease, especially if pericardiocentesis is being considered.", "PMID": 848805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8179", "title": "Meglumine iodipamide (Cholografin) hepatotoxicity.", "content": "Two cases of meglumine iodipamide (Cholografin) hepatotoxicity were confirmed by liver biopsy. The hepatic lesion was centrilobular in location and resolved within a short period of time. Nausea and vomiting commonly reported after intravenous cholangiography may be clinical manifestations of this entity.", "contents": "Meglumine iodipamide (Cholografin) hepatotoxicity. Two cases of meglumine iodipamide (Cholografin) hepatotoxicity were confirmed by liver biopsy. The hepatic lesion was centrilobular in location and resolved within a short period of time. Nausea and vomiting commonly reported after intravenous cholangiography may be clinical manifestations of this entity.", "PMID": 848806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8180", "title": "Rabies: risk, management, prophylaxis, and immunization.", "content": "The management of persons who may have been exposed to rabies infection is important. An interpretation of both the risk of infection and the effectiveness of treatment is presented and a postexposure antirabies treatment guide included. These recommendations were established by the Public Health Service Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices and incorporate many current concepts of the World Health Organization Expert Committee on Rabies.", "contents": "Rabies: risk, management, prophylaxis, and immunization. The management of persons who may have been exposed to rabies infection is important. An interpretation of both the risk of infection and the effectiveness of treatment is presented and a postexposure antirabies treatment guide included. These recommendations were established by the Public Health Service Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices and incorporate many current concepts of the World Health Organization Expert Committee on Rabies.", "PMID": 848812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8181", "title": "A method for better physician-patient communication.", "content": "Dismissal interviews were recorded between 48 patients and their physicians. Each patient took home a cassette containing this interview. About 3 months later, the patients received a questionnaire designed to assess the acceptability and usefulness of this method of communication. Most patients proved to have ready access to a cassette player. Their responses were highly favorable: 91% thought they were helped to understand the physician's discussion; 75% found it helpful to have their spouse or relatives listen to the tape; 62% preferred the recording to a letter; and 86% of the patients believed that the taped interview improved their health care. Many studies record the inadequacy of communication by physicians to their patients. This technique of recording dismissal interviews may make a contribution to improving such communication.", "contents": "A method for better physician-patient communication. Dismissal interviews were recorded between 48 patients and their physicians. Each patient took home a cassette containing this interview. About 3 months later, the patients received a questionnaire designed to assess the acceptability and usefulness of this method of communication. Most patients proved to have ready access to a cassette player. Their responses were highly favorable: 91% thought they were helped to understand the physician's discussion; 75% found it helpful to have their spouse or relatives listen to the tape; 62% preferred the recording to a letter; and 86% of the patients believed that the taped interview improved their health care. Many studies record the inadequacy of communication by physicians to their patients. This technique of recording dismissal interviews may make a contribution to improving such communication.", "PMID": 848814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8182", "title": "Preservation of cochlear function after extensive labyrinthine destruction.", "content": "Four ears are presented with extensive destruction of the bony and membranous labyrinth with the loss of caloric function but with retention of hearing. Fourteen similar cases described previously in the literature are reviewed. Our cases are unique in that hearing was preserved after surgical removal of the disease in the inner ear itself. We are unaware of any previous well-documented reports showing such extensive destruction of the pars superior portion of the labyrinth with the preservation of hearing. Possible explanations and theoretical implications are discussed.", "contents": "Preservation of cochlear function after extensive labyrinthine destruction. Four ears are presented with extensive destruction of the bony and membranous labyrinth with the loss of caloric function but with retention of hearing. Fourteen similar cases described previously in the literature are reviewed. Our cases are unique in that hearing was preserved after surgical removal of the disease in the inner ear itself. We are unaware of any previous well-documented reports showing such extensive destruction of the pars superior portion of the labyrinth with the preservation of hearing. Possible explanations and theoretical implications are discussed.", "PMID": 848823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8183", "title": "Laryngeal spasm: a neurophysiologic redefinition.", "content": "Within the limits of standard neurophysiologic techniques, we have attempted to redefine laryngeal spasm as distinct from the glottic closure reflex. This distinction is based upon the observation that laryngeal spasm is solely mediated by the superior laryngeal nerve. Stimulation of other afferent nerves, capable of eliciting the glottic closure reflex, produces little adductor after-discharge activity that is characteristic of laryngeal spasm. In this regard, modification of output function from the adductor motoneuron aggregate by means of temporal and spatial summation of sensory input data has been described, and its characteristics further defined in response to varying ventilatory states and barbiturate levels.", "contents": "Laryngeal spasm: a neurophysiologic redefinition. Within the limits of standard neurophysiologic techniques, we have attempted to redefine laryngeal spasm as distinct from the glottic closure reflex. This distinction is based upon the observation that laryngeal spasm is solely mediated by the superior laryngeal nerve. Stimulation of other afferent nerves, capable of eliciting the glottic closure reflex, produces little adductor after-discharge activity that is characteristic of laryngeal spasm. In this regard, modification of output function from the adductor motoneuron aggregate by means of temporal and spatial summation of sensory input data has been described, and its characteristics further defined in response to varying ventilatory states and barbiturate levels.", "PMID": 848825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8184", "title": "Development of hearing loss in kanamycin treated chinchillas.", "content": "Behaviorally determined auditory thresholds of chinchillas were monitored before, during and after daily administration of kanamycin sulfate (200 mg/kg per day). Drug treatment was terminated as soon as a shift in high-frequency thresholds was observed. In surviving animals, hearing loss spread toward lower frequencies and stabilized after eight to nine days. The stable hearing loss was limited, on the average, to frequencies above 3 kHz. The magnitude of the loss was constant across frequencies and averaged about 40 dB. Virtually complete outer hair cell loss was seen in the basal portion of the cochleae of all surviving animals.", "contents": "Development of hearing loss in kanamycin treated chinchillas. Behaviorally determined auditory thresholds of chinchillas were monitored before, during and after daily administration of kanamycin sulfate (200 mg/kg per day). Drug treatment was terminated as soon as a shift in high-frequency thresholds was observed. In surviving animals, hearing loss spread toward lower frequencies and stabilized after eight to nine days. The stable hearing loss was limited, on the average, to frequencies above 3 kHz. The magnitude of the loss was constant across frequencies and averaged about 40 dB. Virtually complete outer hair cell loss was seen in the basal portion of the cochleae of all surviving animals.", "PMID": 848827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8185", "title": "Tracheobronchiomegaly: report of two cases with widely differing symptomatology.", "content": "Two cases of tracheobronchiomegaly are reported to call attention to this disease. Physicians must be mindful of this entity as another cause of recurring pneumonia which may be treatable. Various proposed etiologies for this syndrome are reviewed. The findings in and interpretation of our cases and those in the literature suggest that tracheobronchiomegaly is a congenital anomaly differing from others of the tracheobronchial tree because of its spectacular radiological appearance. The two following cases typify different presentations of this syndrome. One is largely asymptomatic; the other demonstrates super-infection of stagnant secretions, making the patient functionally bronchiectacic with progressive suppurative pulmonary destruction. The authors believe that aggressive management designed to mobilize airway secretions is indicated. There is usually no place for surgery in this disease beyond establishing the diagnosis.", "contents": "Tracheobronchiomegaly: report of two cases with widely differing symptomatology. Two cases of tracheobronchiomegaly are reported to call attention to this disease. Physicians must be mindful of this entity as another cause of recurring pneumonia which may be treatable. Various proposed etiologies for this syndrome are reviewed. The findings in and interpretation of our cases and those in the literature suggest that tracheobronchiomegaly is a congenital anomaly differing from others of the tracheobronchial tree because of its spectacular radiological appearance. The two following cases typify different presentations of this syndrome. One is largely asymptomatic; the other demonstrates super-infection of stagnant secretions, making the patient functionally bronchiectacic with progressive suppurative pulmonary destruction. The authors believe that aggressive management designed to mobilize airway secretions is indicated. There is usually no place for surgery in this disease beyond establishing the diagnosis.", "PMID": 848826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8186", "title": "Electrocochleography and recruitment.", "content": "Electrocochleography was performed in about 80 recruiting ears, including M\u00e9ni\u00e8re ears showing hearing loss due to asphyxia, noise trauma, or the use of ototoxic drugs. Criteria for recruitment detection on the basis of electrocochleography were investigated by means of the description of action potential waveforms, slopes of action potential input-output curves, and latency-intensity functions. The validity of two models for the mechanism of loudness recruitment is discussed in relation to data obtained from narrow-band response contributions to the compound action potential in response to tonebursts. A relationship was found between the shape of the AP input-output curve for toneburst stimulation and the shape of the response area, which favors the recruitment model recently proposed by Evans. This justifies use of the slope of the input-output curve as an indicator for the presence of loudness recruitment, and additional support is provided by the latency at near-threshold values. The AP waveform seems to have pure illustrative interest.", "contents": "Electrocochleography and recruitment. Electrocochleography was performed in about 80 recruiting ears, including M\u00e9ni\u00e8re ears showing hearing loss due to asphyxia, noise trauma, or the use of ototoxic drugs. Criteria for recruitment detection on the basis of electrocochleography were investigated by means of the description of action potential waveforms, slopes of action potential input-output curves, and latency-intensity functions. The validity of two models for the mechanism of loudness recruitment is discussed in relation to data obtained from narrow-band response contributions to the compound action potential in response to tonebursts. A relationship was found between the shape of the AP input-output curve for toneburst stimulation and the shape of the response area, which favors the recruitment model recently proposed by Evans. This justifies use of the slope of the input-output curve as an indicator for the presence of loudness recruitment, and additional support is provided by the latency at near-threshold values. The AP waveform seems to have pure illustrative interest.", "PMID": 848824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8187", "title": "In vivo observation of tracheal microcirculation in dogs.", "content": "Tracheal microcirculation was studied in six healthy anesthetized adult mongrel dogs. A transparent balloon was used to apply pressure to the tracheal mucosa during observation of the microcirculation. Pressures of microvascular occlusion were measured using an electrically callibrated silicone, envelope placed on the observation balloon. The different vessel sizes were measured and classified using the operating microscope. Capillary occlusion pressures ranged from 10 to 40 msurements of tracheal diameter were performed. Progressive local and generalized dilatation occurred. Capillary occlusion pressure was lower in the more dilated specimens. The lower than expected occlusion pressures are thought to be a result of the tracheal dilatation and may be related to the administration of drugs or other factors.", "contents": "In vivo observation of tracheal microcirculation in dogs. Tracheal microcirculation was studied in six healthy anesthetized adult mongrel dogs. A transparent balloon was used to apply pressure to the tracheal mucosa during observation of the microcirculation. Pressures of microvascular occlusion were measured using an electrically callibrated silicone, envelope placed on the observation balloon. The different vessel sizes were measured and classified using the operating microscope. Capillary occlusion pressures ranged from 10 to 40 msurements of tracheal diameter were performed. Progressive local and generalized dilatation occurred. Capillary occlusion pressure was lower in the more dilated specimens. The lower than expected occlusion pressures are thought to be a result of the tracheal dilatation and may be related to the administration of drugs or other factors.", "PMID": 848831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8188", "title": "Anaerobic bacteria in otitis media.", "content": "Anaerobic bacteria, Peptostrepotococcus intermedius and Propionibacterium acnes, were found in mixed culture specimens from four to ten tested cases of chronic secretory otitis media. These anaerobic bacteria were in a mixed infection flora with aerobic bacteria most often Staphylococcus epidermidis and Cornybacterium sp. which do not fit any established species. The findings of anaerobic bacteria in otitis media is consistent with the sporadic report of the involvement of anaerobic bacteria in otitis media in the literature since 1898.", "contents": "Anaerobic bacteria in otitis media. Anaerobic bacteria, Peptostrepotococcus intermedius and Propionibacterium acnes, were found in mixed culture specimens from four to ten tested cases of chronic secretory otitis media. These anaerobic bacteria were in a mixed infection flora with aerobic bacteria most often Staphylococcus epidermidis and Cornybacterium sp. which do not fit any established species. The findings of anaerobic bacteria in otitis media is consistent with the sporadic report of the involvement of anaerobic bacteria in otitis media in the literature since 1898.", "PMID": 848830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8189", "title": "Goblet cell population in the pathological middle ear and eustachian tube of children and adults.", "content": "On 64 temporal bones from slightly abnormal and pathological prematures and newborn infants, children, and adults, 35,000-40,000 counts of goblet cells were done in different parts of the Eustachian tube and middle ear. The goblet cells were present in all Eustachian tubes and middle ear areas. In ears previously exposed to infection the density was slightly increased in the tubal orifice and in most parts of the middle ear. In subacute and acute pathological actions, especially tubal occlusion, and chronic diseases, such as active chronic otitis and in secretory otitis media, the goblet-cell density is appreciably increased.", "contents": "Goblet cell population in the pathological middle ear and eustachian tube of children and adults. On 64 temporal bones from slightly abnormal and pathological prematures and newborn infants, children, and adults, 35,000-40,000 counts of goblet cells were done in different parts of the Eustachian tube and middle ear. The goblet cells were present in all Eustachian tubes and middle ear areas. In ears previously exposed to infection the density was slightly increased in the tubal orifice and in most parts of the middle ear. In subacute and acute pathological actions, especially tubal occlusion, and chronic diseases, such as active chronic otitis and in secretory otitis media, the goblet-cell density is appreciably increased.", "PMID": 848832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8190", "title": "Stapedial reflex decay in retrocochlear and cochlear lesions. Review of procedures and methods for conducting SRD tests.", "content": "The procedures for conducting and interpreting Stapedial Reflex Decay (SRD) are discussed. A modification of currently used procedures and interpretations in which testing is conducted at 750 and 1500 Hz as well as 500, 1000 and 2000 Hz is also discussed. Abnormal decay is defined as fatigue to half-life in less than 6.2 seconds. The SRD test patterns of 464 ears with cochlear lesions and 68 ears with retrocochlear lesions are presented and discussed. The findings are strongly supportive of SRD testing using the proposed procedures and interpretations.", "contents": "Stapedial reflex decay in retrocochlear and cochlear lesions. Review of procedures and methods for conducting SRD tests. The procedures for conducting and interpreting Stapedial Reflex Decay (SRD) are discussed. A modification of currently used procedures and interpretations in which testing is conducted at 750 and 1500 Hz as well as 500, 1000 and 2000 Hz is also discussed. Abnormal decay is defined as fatigue to half-life in less than 6.2 seconds. The SRD test patterns of 464 ears with cochlear lesions and 68 ears with retrocochlear lesions are presented and discussed. The findings are strongly supportive of SRD testing using the proposed procedures and interpretations.", "PMID": 848833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8191", "title": "Effect of click rate on the latency of auditory brain stem responses in humans.", "content": "Auditory brain stem responses are the far-field reflections of electrical activity originating in the auditory pathway in its course from the cochlea to cortex that can be recorded from scalp electrodes using computer averaging techniques. There are seven components in the initial 10 msec following a click signal which have been shown to have an orderly change in latency as a function of signal intensity. The results of this study show that click repetition rate can also significantly affect the response latency measure. Responses were measured in six normal hearing subjects at click rates of 10, 30, 50 and 100/sec and af four intensity levels (30, 40, 50, and 60 dB sensation level). The mean latency shift of component V was approximately 0.5 msec when the responses at 10 and 100/sec were compared. This is equivalent to a 15-20 dB decrease in signal intensity at the 10/sec click rate. An analysis of the time of occurrence of this shift using brief click trains at 100/sec showed the shift in latency to be complete by the fifth click. The latency shift was similar at the four signal levels tested. The latency shift was similar at the four signal levels tested. The latency shift of component V appeared to be a monaural and therefore a potentially peripheral process. The results are interpreted as an objective measure of adaptation in the human auditory system with implications for the measurement in disorders of hearing.", "contents": "Effect of click rate on the latency of auditory brain stem responses in humans. Auditory brain stem responses are the far-field reflections of electrical activity originating in the auditory pathway in its course from the cochlea to cortex that can be recorded from scalp electrodes using computer averaging techniques. There are seven components in the initial 10 msec following a click signal which have been shown to have an orderly change in latency as a function of signal intensity. The results of this study show that click repetition rate can also significantly affect the response latency measure. Responses were measured in six normal hearing subjects at click rates of 10, 30, 50 and 100/sec and af four intensity levels (30, 40, 50, and 60 dB sensation level). The mean latency shift of component V was approximately 0.5 msec when the responses at 10 and 100/sec were compared. This is equivalent to a 15-20 dB decrease in signal intensity at the 10/sec click rate. An analysis of the time of occurrence of this shift using brief click trains at 100/sec showed the shift in latency to be complete by the fifth click. The latency shift was similar at the four signal levels tested. The latency shift was similar at the four signal levels tested. The latency shift of component V appeared to be a monaural and therefore a potentially peripheral process. The results are interpreted as an objective measure of adaptation in the human auditory system with implications for the measurement in disorders of hearing.", "PMID": 848829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8192", "title": "Cochlear, brain stem, and cortical evoked responses in nonorganic hearing loss.", "content": "After complete but inconclusive audiometric evaluation, 30 suspected cases of nonorganic hearing loss (NOHL) were referred to this laboratory for a complete battery of electric response audiometry tests (recording of cochlear, brain stem and cortical evoked responses). The chief advantages of these tests lie in their ability to more objectively confirm the presence of NOHL and to elicit the true threshold of the subject. Such tests along with psychiatric evaluation, indicate that NOHL can be subdivided into categories, examples of which are presented and discussed: malingering or conscious simulation of deafness for obvious personal gain, and psychogenic deafness in which an emotional problem (e.g., combat stress, anxiety) is unconsciously converted into a hearing problem in an escape mechanism. The basis of NOHL in some cases may be a mixture of both conscious components (malingering) and unconscious components (psychogenic). Several cases of NOHL are really nonorganic overlays or exaggeration on a small to moderate organic hearing loss. The psychogenic hearing loss seen in soldiers with combat neurosis may have originally developed as a psychogenic exaggeration of a temporary threshold shift induced by the noise of battle. Thus objective electrophysiological hearing tests and psychiatric evaluation have contributed to a better understanding of NOHL.", "contents": "Cochlear, brain stem, and cortical evoked responses in nonorganic hearing loss. After complete but inconclusive audiometric evaluation, 30 suspected cases of nonorganic hearing loss (NOHL) were referred to this laboratory for a complete battery of electric response audiometry tests (recording of cochlear, brain stem and cortical evoked responses). The chief advantages of these tests lie in their ability to more objectively confirm the presence of NOHL and to elicit the true threshold of the subject. Such tests along with psychiatric evaluation, indicate that NOHL can be subdivided into categories, examples of which are presented and discussed: malingering or conscious simulation of deafness for obvious personal gain, and psychogenic deafness in which an emotional problem (e.g., combat stress, anxiety) is unconsciously converted into a hearing problem in an escape mechanism. The basis of NOHL in some cases may be a mixture of both conscious components (malingering) and unconscious components (psychogenic). Several cases of NOHL are really nonorganic overlays or exaggeration on a small to moderate organic hearing loss. The psychogenic hearing loss seen in soldiers with combat neurosis may have originally developed as a psychogenic exaggeration of a temporary threshold shift induced by the noise of battle. Thus objective electrophysiological hearing tests and psychiatric evaluation have contributed to a better understanding of NOHL.", "PMID": 848835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8193", "title": "Limitations of parotid scans.", "content": "In 1967, Gates and Work proposed techentium scanning as a diagnostic tool for salivary neoplasms. Since then, many publications have dealt with the results of scanning. The impression has been that it has certain diagnostic implications, especially in regard to the lesions which is radiopositive on the scan. A review of 29 salivary scans from the University of Iowa Hospitals was carried out, and the conclusion reached was that nuclear scanning using technetium gave little assurance of a specific histological entity in any individual case. Cases having both cold and hot nodules ran the gamut from benign and nonneoplastic to frankly malignant lesions. These cases are illustrated, and the conclusion is reached that salivary scanning at its present stage of development may only delay the proper diagnostic step of excisional (at least lateral lobectomy) biopsy for all nondiffuse parotid mass lesions.", "contents": "Limitations of parotid scans. In 1967, Gates and Work proposed techentium scanning as a diagnostic tool for salivary neoplasms. Since then, many publications have dealt with the results of scanning. The impression has been that it has certain diagnostic implications, especially in regard to the lesions which is radiopositive on the scan. A review of 29 salivary scans from the University of Iowa Hospitals was carried out, and the conclusion reached was that nuclear scanning using technetium gave little assurance of a specific histological entity in any individual case. Cases having both cold and hot nodules ran the gamut from benign and nonneoplastic to frankly malignant lesions. These cases are illustrated, and the conclusion is reached that salivary scanning at its present stage of development may only delay the proper diagnostic step of excisional (at least lateral lobectomy) biopsy for all nondiffuse parotid mass lesions.", "PMID": 848836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8194", "title": "Course of the peripheral gustatory nerves.", "content": "The multiple variations of the course of the gustatory nerves still considered possible are discussed. Recent investigations lead to the conclusion that there is only one path for the gustatory fibers for each gustatory area: 1) from the anterior part of the tongue via the tympanic cord and facial nerve to the medulla oblongata; 2) for the posterior part of the tongue in the IX cranial nerve; and 3) from the soft palate via the greater superficial petrosal nerve to the facial nerve. The trigeminal nerve carries no gustatory fibers to the brain.", "contents": "Course of the peripheral gustatory nerves. The multiple variations of the course of the gustatory nerves still considered possible are discussed. Recent investigations lead to the conclusion that there is only one path for the gustatory fibers for each gustatory area: 1) from the anterior part of the tongue via the tympanic cord and facial nerve to the medulla oblongata; 2) for the posterior part of the tongue in the IX cranial nerve; and 3) from the soft palate via the greater superficial petrosal nerve to the facial nerve. The trigeminal nerve carries no gustatory fibers to the brain.", "PMID": 848837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8195", "title": "Microclip application in tympanoplasty.", "content": "A new technique for attaching a tympanoplastic graft to its recipient bed is presented. One millimeter stainless steel \"microclips\" are used to hold the tympanic graft securely in position. Results and experience of microclip application in 404 cases are discussed.", "contents": "Microclip application in tympanoplasty. A new technique for attaching a tympanoplastic graft to its recipient bed is presented. One millimeter stainless steel \"microclips\" are used to hold the tympanic graft securely in position. Results and experience of microclip application in 404 cases are discussed.", "PMID": 848834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8196", "title": "The problems of recurrent gastro-jejunal ulcer.", "content": "Recurrent gastro-jejunal (stomal, anastomotic) ulcer after extensive Billroth II re-resection with or without vagotomy, is an uncommon but serious and difficult problem. Two illustrative cases are presented. Following a transthoracic vagotomy both patients remained symptom-free after 18 months and 3 years respectively. Transthoracic vagotomy performed as the sole procedure in selected cases of this type, offers definite advantages such as technical ease, low morbidity and mortality, and freedom from the sequelae of a minimal gastric remnant or a total gastrectomy.", "contents": "The problems of recurrent gastro-jejunal ulcer. Recurrent gastro-jejunal (stomal, anastomotic) ulcer after extensive Billroth II re-resection with or without vagotomy, is an uncommon but serious and difficult problem. Two illustrative cases are presented. Following a transthoracic vagotomy both patients remained symptom-free after 18 months and 3 years respectively. Transthoracic vagotomy performed as the sole procedure in selected cases of this type, offers definite advantages such as technical ease, low morbidity and mortality, and freedom from the sequelae of a minimal gastric remnant or a total gastrectomy.", "PMID": 848845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8197", "title": "Bronchial resection. Feasibility and surgical considerations in lung surgery.", "content": "Four patients who had bronchial resection for benign and malignant bronchial lesions are reported. The aims were to salvage as much as possible of functioning lung tissue, especially in patients with benign lesions. In all but the patient with a pulmonary carcinoma, the long-term airway result was excellent. Bronchoplastic procedures are suitable and recommended for patients with benign, localised intrabronchial lesions.", "contents": "Bronchial resection. Feasibility and surgical considerations in lung surgery. Four patients who had bronchial resection for benign and malignant bronchial lesions are reported. The aims were to salvage as much as possible of functioning lung tissue, especially in patients with benign lesions. In all but the patient with a pulmonary carcinoma, the long-term airway result was excellent. Bronchoplastic procedures are suitable and recommended for patients with benign, localised intrabronchial lesions.", "PMID": 848846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8198", "title": "Surgical treatment of cardiac myxoma. A case report.", "content": "A patient with a left atrial myxoma operated on successfully three years ago is reported. The symptomatology and diagnosis of the tumour and surgical considerations are briefly discussed, and the necessity of a long follow-up period is stressed.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of cardiac myxoma. A case report. A patient with a left atrial myxoma operated on successfully three years ago is reported. The symptomatology and diagnosis of the tumour and surgical considerations are briefly discussed, and the necessity of a long follow-up period is stressed.", "PMID": 848847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8199", "title": "Clinical appearance and treatment of malignant melanoma of the skin.", "content": "A report is presented on cases of malignant melanoma of the skin recorded in the Finnish Cancer Registry between 1963 and 1968. The material consisted of 693 cases where the diagnosis of melanoma was confirmed by reclassification of the histological specimens and/or by careful perusal of the hospital records. In females melanoma was most frequent on the lower extremities (43%). One half of the tumours of males were located on the trunk and two thirds of these where on the posterior side of the trunk. Most of the tumours were in stage I at the time of diagnosis (males 75%, females 80%). The mean duration of symptoms, was 4.0 months in males and 4.2 months in females. In stage I, the duration of symptoms was under four months in 40% of cases and in stage II in 37% of cases, whereas in stage III this figure was 68%. The most common symptoms were increase in size (46%) and bleeding from the tumour (11%). Only 28 patients were treated radically while \"wide\" excision was the most common surgical method (48%).", "contents": "Clinical appearance and treatment of malignant melanoma of the skin. A report is presented on cases of malignant melanoma of the skin recorded in the Finnish Cancer Registry between 1963 and 1968. The material consisted of 693 cases where the diagnosis of melanoma was confirmed by reclassification of the histological specimens and/or by careful perusal of the hospital records. In females melanoma was most frequent on the lower extremities (43%). One half of the tumours of males were located on the trunk and two thirds of these where on the posterior side of the trunk. Most of the tumours were in stage I at the time of diagnosis (males 75%, females 80%). The mean duration of symptoms, was 4.0 months in males and 4.2 months in females. In stage I, the duration of symptoms was under four months in 40% of cases and in stage II in 37% of cases, whereas in stage III this figure was 68%. The most common symptoms were increase in size (46%) and bleeding from the tumour (11%). Only 28 patients were treated radically while \"wide\" excision was the most common surgical method (48%).", "PMID": 848848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8200", "title": "Survival rates of patients with malignant melanoma of the skin.", "content": "This paper reports on cases of malignant melanoma of the skin diagnosed in Finland between 1963 and 1968. Sufficient data for estimating the survival was obtained in 691 cases. The ten-year relative survival rate for the entire series was 41% for males and 53% for females. This sex difference remained constant throughout the various divisions of the material. The ten-year relative survival rate of males with tumour in stage I was 52% and that of females 59%. The highest survival rate of stage I tumour in males was for the tumours of the lower extremities (77%) and in females for those in the head and neck (79%). The relative survival of patients with tumour of the trunk in stage I was lowest in both sexes (males 49%, females 45%). The ten-year relative survival rate of patients with a local recurrence was 33% in males and 27% in females. The relative ten-year survival rates of patients with superficial melanoma were 130% in males and 92% in females.", "contents": "Survival rates of patients with malignant melanoma of the skin. This paper reports on cases of malignant melanoma of the skin diagnosed in Finland between 1963 and 1968. Sufficient data for estimating the survival was obtained in 691 cases. The ten-year relative survival rate for the entire series was 41% for males and 53% for females. This sex difference remained constant throughout the various divisions of the material. The ten-year relative survival rate of males with tumour in stage I was 52% and that of females 59%. The highest survival rate of stage I tumour in males was for the tumours of the lower extremities (77%) and in females for those in the head and neck (79%). The relative survival of patients with tumour of the trunk in stage I was lowest in both sexes (males 49%, females 45%). The ten-year relative survival rate of patients with a local recurrence was 33% in males and 27% in females. The relative ten-year survival rates of patients with superficial melanoma were 130% in males and 92% in females.", "PMID": 848849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8201", "title": "The profunda femoris artery in reconstructive vascular surgery.", "content": "Thirty patients with 43 ischaemic limbs were treated by profundal revascularization. 10 patients had impending gangrene preoperatively; the limbs were saved in 8 cases, and four have not had postoperative claudication symptoms. None had postoperative rest pain. In 53% of the whole material the results were evaluated as excellent with no ischaemic symptoms, and in 30% as good with only slight claudication. Profundal revascularization is a valuable method of saving pregangrenous limbs in advanced arteriosclerosis and a worthwhile alternative to femoro-popliteal bypass in suitable cases.", "contents": "The profunda femoris artery in reconstructive vascular surgery. Thirty patients with 43 ischaemic limbs were treated by profundal revascularization. 10 patients had impending gangrene preoperatively; the limbs were saved in 8 cases, and four have not had postoperative claudication symptoms. None had postoperative rest pain. In 53% of the whole material the results were evaluated as excellent with no ischaemic symptoms, and in 30% as good with only slight claudication. Profundal revascularization is a valuable method of saving pregangrenous limbs in advanced arteriosclerosis and a worthwhile alternative to femoro-popliteal bypass in suitable cases.", "PMID": 848850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8202", "title": "Dumping following partial gastrectomy.", "content": "The incidence of dumping has varied from 1 to 75% in a number of reported series. The discrepancy probably depends mainly on different definitions of the dumping syndrome. In the present work, the clinical diagnostic index (CDI) first proposed by Sigstad in 1968, has been used in a follow-up study of 241 patients after gastric resection for ulcer disease. 86% of the patients were satisfied with the result of the operation. Dumping occurred daily in 14.1% and 19.5% had the symptoms occasionally. The differences in the frequency of dumping after BI and BII resection were not statistically significant, gastro-jejunal fixation (GJF) and the position of the anastomosis had no influence on the prognosis.", "contents": "Dumping following partial gastrectomy. The incidence of dumping has varied from 1 to 75% in a number of reported series. The discrepancy probably depends mainly on different definitions of the dumping syndrome. In the present work, the clinical diagnostic index (CDI) first proposed by Sigstad in 1968, has been used in a follow-up study of 241 patients after gastric resection for ulcer disease. 86% of the patients were satisfied with the result of the operation. Dumping occurred daily in 14.1% and 19.5% had the symptoms occasionally. The differences in the frequency of dumping after BI and BII resection were not statistically significant, gastro-jejunal fixation (GJF) and the position of the anastomosis had no influence on the prognosis.", "PMID": 848851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8203", "title": "Short term prognosis in sciatica. A prospective study of factors influencing the results with special reference to myelography.", "content": "334 Types of follow-up data were collected in 158 patients with sciatica. The following information was obtained: (a) in L4-L5 herniations, Achilles tendon reflex disturbance was not explained by S1 root compression, as visualized at this level on myelography, (b) a water-soluble myelogram was also reliable for extreme lateral herniations and only those herniations dislocated into the intervertebral root canal remained undiagnosed, (c) a positive neurological or myelographic diagnosis of herniation did not mean a better short-term prognosis. Operative removal of a large herniated mass gave the best chance of good recovery. The main indication for myelography is a guide to the surgeon for the correct operative level.", "contents": "Short term prognosis in sciatica. A prospective study of factors influencing the results with special reference to myelography. 334 Types of follow-up data were collected in 158 patients with sciatica. The following information was obtained: (a) in L4-L5 herniations, Achilles tendon reflex disturbance was not explained by S1 root compression, as visualized at this level on myelography, (b) a water-soluble myelogram was also reliable for extreme lateral herniations and only those herniations dislocated into the intervertebral root canal remained undiagnosed, (c) a positive neurological or myelographic diagnosis of herniation did not mean a better short-term prognosis. Operative removal of a large herniated mass gave the best chance of good recovery. The main indication for myelography is a guide to the surgeon for the correct operative level.", "PMID": 848852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8204", "title": "Amniotic fluid and serum lactic dehydrogenase in intrauterine death of the foetus.", "content": "Total lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in amniotic fluid was determined in 17 cases of intrauterine death of the foetus. All values were above the normal range. In 7 cases with known duration of foetal death the values of LDH tended to increase with the interval between foetal death and amniotic fluid sampling. Serum LDH was significantly higher in cases of foetal death compared to normal pregnancies.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid and serum lactic dehydrogenase in intrauterine death of the foetus. Total lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in amniotic fluid was determined in 17 cases of intrauterine death of the foetus. All values were above the normal range. In 7 cases with known duration of foetal death the values of LDH tended to increase with the interval between foetal death and amniotic fluid sampling. Serum LDH was significantly higher in cases of foetal death compared to normal pregnancies.", "PMID": 848853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8205", "title": "A clinical comparison of prostaglandin F2alpha and intra-amniotic saline for induction of midtrimester abortion.", "content": "The relative safety and effectiveness of hypertonic saline and intra-amniotic prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha), when used under clinical rather than research conditions, were evaluated for 100 patients aborted with a 20% saline solution, and 100 patients aborted with PGF2alpha (40 mg initially and an additional 20 mg if abortion had not occurred in 24 hours). While the overall risk of morbidity was similar for the two procedures, rates of incomplete abortion were higher with prostaglandin (51.0%) than with hypertonic saline (35.0%). The prostaglandin procedure, however, was associated with a significantly shorter median time from instillation to abortion of the fetus (25.3 versus 34.5 hours).", "contents": "A clinical comparison of prostaglandin F2alpha and intra-amniotic saline for induction of midtrimester abortion. The relative safety and effectiveness of hypertonic saline and intra-amniotic prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha), when used under clinical rather than research conditions, were evaluated for 100 patients aborted with a 20% saline solution, and 100 patients aborted with PGF2alpha (40 mg initially and an additional 20 mg if abortion had not occurred in 24 hours). While the overall risk of morbidity was similar for the two procedures, rates of incomplete abortion were higher with prostaglandin (51.0%) than with hypertonic saline (35.0%). The prostaglandin procedure, however, was associated with a significantly shorter median time from instillation to abortion of the fetus (25.3 versus 34.5 hours).", "PMID": 848854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8206", "title": "The use of ultrasonic echo technique in the diagnosis of developmental anomalies of the uterus.", "content": "In the course of the fusion of the M\u00fcllerian ducts various anomalies of the uterus may be observed depending on the length of the septum between them. These anomalies can be recognized by the \"B-scan\" ultrasonic echo technique. Anomalies in pregnancy and puerperium were diagnosed in five cases and all of them were confirmed by clinical examination. The ultrasonic echo technique was applied in cases where manual examination revealed a uterus differing in shape from normal, the patient had a breech presentation in her previous or present pregnancy; and the involution of the uterus was slow. All the patients were multiparas and had breech presentation in their previous pregnancies. In four of the present pregnancies breech presentation was established and in three cases pregnancy was terminated before the thirty-seventh week. The involution of the uterus in the puerperium was generally slow.", "contents": "The use of ultrasonic echo technique in the diagnosis of developmental anomalies of the uterus. In the course of the fusion of the M\u00fcllerian ducts various anomalies of the uterus may be observed depending on the length of the septum between them. These anomalies can be recognized by the \"B-scan\" ultrasonic echo technique. Anomalies in pregnancy and puerperium were diagnosed in five cases and all of them were confirmed by clinical examination. The ultrasonic echo technique was applied in cases where manual examination revealed a uterus differing in shape from normal, the patient had a breech presentation in her previous or present pregnancy; and the involution of the uterus was slow. All the patients were multiparas and had breech presentation in their previous pregnancies. In four of the present pregnancies breech presentation was established and in three cases pregnancy was terminated before the thirty-seventh week. The involution of the uterus in the puerperium was generally slow.", "PMID": 848855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8207", "title": "The distribution of subunit sizes of soluble proteins in human tissues.", "content": "1. The distribution of subunit sizes of soluble proteins in human tissues has been examined by the technique of gel filtration chromatography followed by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 2. Up to 101 different polypeptides were identified. These appear to represent primarily the substituent polypeptides of easily solubilized 'non-enzyme' proteins. 3. The subunit sizes ranged between 7000 and 270000 and the distribution was continuous unimodal and skewed. The mean size was estimated at 54 600+/-42 900. 4. The distribution of subunit sizes and the overall mean were found to be similar to those reported for easily solubilized human enzymes and other vertebrate proteins. These results suggest that the average structural gene coding such polypeptides consists of about 1400 base pairs.", "contents": "The distribution of subunit sizes of soluble proteins in human tissues. 1. The distribution of subunit sizes of soluble proteins in human tissues has been examined by the technique of gel filtration chromatography followed by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 2. Up to 101 different polypeptides were identified. These appear to represent primarily the substituent polypeptides of easily solubilized 'non-enzyme' proteins. 3. The subunit sizes ranged between 7000 and 270000 and the distribution was continuous unimodal and skewed. The mean size was estimated at 54 600+/-42 900. 4. The distribution of subunit sizes and the overall mean were found to be similar to those reported for easily solubilized human enzymes and other vertebrate proteins. These results suggest that the average structural gene coding such polypeptides consists of about 1400 base pairs.", "PMID": 848856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8208", "title": "Genetic variants of human erythrocyte glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase: new variants in West Africa characterized by column chromatography.", "content": "Five electrophoretically slow-moving genetic variants of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase are described: four are from Nigeria and one is from Togo. All variants have normal or moderately reduced activity, and they are not associated with adverse clinical or haematological manifestations. Three variants have been fully characterized and are different from all previously described ones. Two variants have been partially characterized and at least one of them is also probably new. The overall population incidence of sporadic variants of G6PD in the Nigerian population is 0-3%. In the course of this study a previously described ion-exchange chromatographic technique for the characterization of G6PD variants has been extensively evaluated. Data are given on ten different variants to demonstrate the high resolving power of this technique.", "contents": "Genetic variants of human erythrocyte glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase: new variants in West Africa characterized by column chromatography. Five electrophoretically slow-moving genetic variants of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase are described: four are from Nigeria and one is from Togo. All variants have normal or moderately reduced activity, and they are not associated with adverse clinical or haematological manifestations. Three variants have been fully characterized and are different from all previously described ones. Two variants have been partially characterized and at least one of them is also probably new. The overall population incidence of sporadic variants of G6PD in the Nigerian population is 0-3%. In the course of this study a previously described ion-exchange chromatographic technique for the characterization of G6PD variants has been extensively evaluated. Data are given on ten different variants to demonstrate the high resolving power of this technique.", "PMID": 848857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8209", "title": "A method for analysing fertility of heterozygotes for autosomal recessive disorders, with special reference to cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sachs disease and phenylketonuria.", "content": "Increased fertility of heterozygotes with respect to decreased foetal loss among offspring of heterozygotes has been proposed by several authors as a possible explanation for the high gene frequency of CF, TSD and PKU in certain populations. Studies comparing reproductive outcome of heterozygotes with reproductive performance in the general population or in special control groups have been done on several occasions. These studies, however, are known to be heavily biased, on the one side by the fact that ascertainment of heterozygotes through affected offspinrg will tend to underestimate the relative frequency of smaller families, and on the other side because of the inadequacy of census data for comparison and the biases inherent in selection of control families. Careful analysis of the biases involved provides suggestions for proper corrections. From this a method has been developed which offers a better approach to the study of heterozygote fertility in those autosomal recessive conditions which lack a test for direct heterozygote detection.", "contents": "A method for analysing fertility of heterozygotes for autosomal recessive disorders, with special reference to cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sachs disease and phenylketonuria. Increased fertility of heterozygotes with respect to decreased foetal loss among offspring of heterozygotes has been proposed by several authors as a possible explanation for the high gene frequency of CF, TSD and PKU in certain populations. Studies comparing reproductive outcome of heterozygotes with reproductive performance in the general population or in special control groups have been done on several occasions. These studies, however, are known to be heavily biased, on the one side by the fact that ascertainment of heterozygotes through affected offspinrg will tend to underestimate the relative frequency of smaller families, and on the other side because of the inadequacy of census data for comparison and the biases inherent in selection of control families. Careful analysis of the biases involved provides suggestions for proper corrections. From this a method has been developed which offers a better approach to the study of heterozygote fertility in those autosomal recessive conditions which lack a test for direct heterozygote detection.", "PMID": 848858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8210", "title": "The identical-twin transfusion syndrome: a source of error in estimating IQ resemblance and heritability.", "content": "Published studies show that among identical twins, lower birthweight is associated with lower adult intelligence. However, no such relation between birthweight and adult IQ exists among fraternal twins. A likely explanation for the association between birthweight and intelligence among identical twins is the identical twin transfusion syndrome which occurs only between some monochorionic identical twin pairs. The IQ scores from separated identical twins were reanalysed to explore the consequences of identical twin transfusion syndrome for IQ resemblance and heritability. Among 129 published cases of identical twin pairs reared apart, 76 pairs contained some birthweight information. The 76 pairs were separated into three classes: 23 pairs in which there was clear evidence of a substantial birthweight differences (indicating the probable existence of the identical twin transfusion syndrome), 27 pairs in which the information on birthweight was ambiguous (?), and 26 pairs in which there was clear evidence that the twins were similar in birthweight. The reanalyses showed: (1) birthweight differences are positively associated with IQ differences in the total sample of separated identical twins; (2) within the group of 23 twin pairs who showed large birthweight differences, there was a positive relation between birthweight differences and IQ differences; (3) when heritability of IQ is estimated for those twins who do not suffer large birthweight differences, the resemblance (and thus, h2/b) of the separated identical twins' IG is 0-95. Given that the average reliability of the individual IQ test is around 0-95, these data suggest that genetic factors and errors of measurement cause the individual differences in IQ among human beings. Because of the identical twin transfusion syndrome, previous studies of MZ twins have underestimated the effect of genetic factors on IQ. An analysis of the IQs for heavier and lighter birthweight twins suggests that the main effect of the identical twin transfusion syndrome is to lower the IQ of the lighter birthweight twin, rather than to raise the IQ of the more fortunate partner or to influence the IQ of both members. This reanalysis suggests that postnatal cultural and social environment produce little of the total phenotypic variation in IQ found in the normal population. In the future, investigators who use twin studies to estimated heritability must ascertain whether their identical twin pairs suffered from the identical twin transfusion syndrome. Accurate estimates of heritability can only be obtained using identical twins who do not suffer from placental circulation problems. Most likely, the identical twin transfusion syndrome produces anoxia and brain damage during early prenatal development in the smaller identical twin. The anoxia is caused by a lowering of the haemoglobin content of the smaller twin by 35% or more.", "contents": "The identical-twin transfusion syndrome: a source of error in estimating IQ resemblance and heritability. Published studies show that among identical twins, lower birthweight is associated with lower adult intelligence. However, no such relation between birthweight and adult IQ exists among fraternal twins. A likely explanation for the association between birthweight and intelligence among identical twins is the identical twin transfusion syndrome which occurs only between some monochorionic identical twin pairs. The IQ scores from separated identical twins were reanalysed to explore the consequences of identical twin transfusion syndrome for IQ resemblance and heritability. Among 129 published cases of identical twin pairs reared apart, 76 pairs contained some birthweight information. The 76 pairs were separated into three classes: 23 pairs in which there was clear evidence of a substantial birthweight differences (indicating the probable existence of the identical twin transfusion syndrome), 27 pairs in which the information on birthweight was ambiguous (?), and 26 pairs in which there was clear evidence that the twins were similar in birthweight. The reanalyses showed: (1) birthweight differences are positively associated with IQ differences in the total sample of separated identical twins; (2) within the group of 23 twin pairs who showed large birthweight differences, there was a positive relation between birthweight differences and IQ differences; (3) when heritability of IQ is estimated for those twins who do not suffer large birthweight differences, the resemblance (and thus, h2/b) of the separated identical twins' IG is 0-95. Given that the average reliability of the individual IQ test is around 0-95, these data suggest that genetic factors and errors of measurement cause the individual differences in IQ among human beings. Because of the identical twin transfusion syndrome, previous studies of MZ twins have underestimated the effect of genetic factors on IQ. An analysis of the IQs for heavier and lighter birthweight twins suggests that the main effect of the identical twin transfusion syndrome is to lower the IQ of the lighter birthweight twin, rather than to raise the IQ of the more fortunate partner or to influence the IQ of both members. This reanalysis suggests that postnatal cultural and social environment produce little of the total phenotypic variation in IQ found in the normal population. In the future, investigators who use twin studies to estimated heritability must ascertain whether their identical twin pairs suffered from the identical twin transfusion syndrome. Accurate estimates of heritability can only be obtained using identical twins who do not suffer from placental circulation problems. Most likely, the identical twin transfusion syndrome produces anoxia and brain damage during early prenatal development in the smaller identical twin. The anoxia is caused by a lowering of the haemoglobin content of the smaller twin by 35% or more.", "PMID": 848859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8211", "title": "Placentation and zygosity of twins in Northern Nigeria.", "content": "Details of placentation and zygosity are reported from a survey of 627 consecutive twin births at three hospitals in Northern Nigeria. Zygosity was determined by study of sex, red cell antigens (ABO, MNSs and Rh) and placental enzymes (PGM1, PGM2, PGM3 and Pep A). The proportion of DZ twins amongst the various ethnic groups in this part of Nigeria is intermediate between that found amongst Yorubas in Western Nigeria and populations in the U.S.A. and England.", "contents": "Placentation and zygosity of twins in Northern Nigeria. Details of placentation and zygosity are reported from a survey of 627 consecutive twin births at three hospitals in Northern Nigeria. Zygosity was determined by study of sex, red cell antigens (ABO, MNSs and Rh) and placental enzymes (PGM1, PGM2, PGM3 and Pep A). The proportion of DZ twins amongst the various ethnic groups in this part of Nigeria is intermediate between that found amongst Yorubas in Western Nigeria and populations in the U.S.A. and England.", "PMID": 848860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8212", "title": "The relationship between inbreeding, migration and population density in Norway.", "content": "An investigation of the present levels of inbreeding and the proportion of non-migrants (residents in municipality of birth) in rural districts of Norway reveals a relationship between these two characteristics. There is a steady upward trend from 0.39% first- and second-cousin marriages in municipalities with less than 50% non-migrants to 4.3% such consanguineous matings in municipalities where 85% or more of the inhabitants are non-migrants. There is also a significant negative correlation (rs=-0.86, N=18) between inbreeding and population density per square km by county in Norway. In rural districts of Norway maximum inbreeding is observed in sparsley populated areas with maximum proportion of non-migrants, and the ratio of second- to first-cousin marriages ranges between 3.4 and 4.1. A similar high ratio (3.7) is also encountered in densely populated trading and industrial municipalities and in the smaller towns, whereas the semi-urban municipalities and the larger towns have the lowest inbreeding recorded and also a low ratio (1.9). The lowest proportion of non-migrants (39.3%) is recorded in the semi-urban municipalities.", "contents": "The relationship between inbreeding, migration and population density in Norway. An investigation of the present levels of inbreeding and the proportion of non-migrants (residents in municipality of birth) in rural districts of Norway reveals a relationship between these two characteristics. There is a steady upward trend from 0.39% first- and second-cousin marriages in municipalities with less than 50% non-migrants to 4.3% such consanguineous matings in municipalities where 85% or more of the inhabitants are non-migrants. There is also a significant negative correlation (rs=-0.86, N=18) between inbreeding and population density per square km by county in Norway. In rural districts of Norway maximum inbreeding is observed in sparsley populated areas with maximum proportion of non-migrants, and the ratio of second- to first-cousin marriages ranges between 3.4 and 4.1. A similar high ratio (3.7) is also encountered in densely populated trading and industrial municipalities and in the smaller towns, whereas the semi-urban municipalities and the larger towns have the lowest inbreeding recorded and also a low ratio (1.9). The lowest proportion of non-migrants (39.3%) is recorded in the semi-urban municipalities.", "PMID": 848861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8213", "title": "Isolation by distance in human populations.", "content": "Mal\u00e9cot's theory of isolation by distance under 'continuous' migration is shown to fit acceptably to various human populations. Although it provides a less complete and reliable prediction of population structure than migration matrices, it is applicable to a greater range of structures and data.", "contents": "Isolation by distance in human populations. Mal\u00e9cot's theory of isolation by distance under 'continuous' migration is shown to fit acceptably to various human populations. Although it provides a less complete and reliable prediction of population structure than migration matrices, it is applicable to a greater range of structures and data.", "PMID": 848863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8214", "title": "[Cellular and humoral response to tumor antigens in the hamster].", "content": "Studies on the histological of the lympoid organs and the evolution of the immune response were done during the growth of a tumour induced by SV40 transformed cells. The immune response was characterized by a high level of circulating antibodies and presence in the thymus and spleen of lymphoid cells containing IgG with antibody function.", "contents": "[Cellular and humoral response to tumor antigens in the hamster]. Studies on the histological of the lympoid organs and the evolution of the immune response were done during the growth of a tumour induced by SV40 transformed cells. The immune response was characterized by a high level of circulating antibodies and presence in the thymus and spleen of lymphoid cells containing IgG with antibody function.", "PMID": 848865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8215", "title": "[IgG subclasses in malignant melanoma].", "content": "The 397 sera from 185 melanoma patients have been studied and classified in three groups according to the stage of disease. Our findings revealed an alteration of the level of IgG4 subclass which is related to the dissemination of disease. The percentage of abnormalities (either increased or decreased levels of IgG4) was more frequent in stage II and III (55% and 53% respectively) than in stage I (19%), The higher frequencies of high titers of IgG4 were essentially detected in advanced disease. The biological significance of the increase of IgG4 in melanoma remains obscure. It may be related to the development of facilitating antibodies of IgG4 subclass.", "contents": "[IgG subclasses in malignant melanoma]. The 397 sera from 185 melanoma patients have been studied and classified in three groups according to the stage of disease. Our findings revealed an alteration of the level of IgG4 subclass which is related to the dissemination of disease. The percentage of abnormalities (either increased or decreased levels of IgG4) was more frequent in stage II and III (55% and 53% respectively) than in stage I (19%), The higher frequencies of high titers of IgG4 were essentially detected in advanced disease. The biological significance of the increase of IgG4 in melanoma remains obscure. It may be related to the development of facilitating antibodies of IgG4 subclass.", "PMID": 848867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8216", "title": "[Host-tumour relationships and immediate hypersensitivity reactions].", "content": "When radiolabelled lymphoid cells and the extracellular dye Lissamine green were injected IV into C3H mice carrying non-necrotic methylcholanthrene-induced tumours, the tumour content of these agents was significantly lower than in other organs. The tumour content of these circulating blood components was significantly increased by the intratumoral (IT) induction of local passive anaphylactic reactions, and such reactions exerted an anti-tumour effect, and enhanced the therapeutic activity of IT BCG. No anti-tumour IgE antibody was detected in this model, but the tumour inhibited passive and active anaphylactic reactions in its host.", "contents": "[Host-tumour relationships and immediate hypersensitivity reactions]. When radiolabelled lymphoid cells and the extracellular dye Lissamine green were injected IV into C3H mice carrying non-necrotic methylcholanthrene-induced tumours, the tumour content of these agents was significantly lower than in other organs. The tumour content of these circulating blood components was significantly increased by the intratumoral (IT) induction of local passive anaphylactic reactions, and such reactions exerted an anti-tumour effect, and enhanced the therapeutic activity of IT BCG. No anti-tumour IgE antibody was detected in this model, but the tumour inhibited passive and active anaphylactic reactions in its host.", "PMID": 848868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8217", "title": "[Studies on tumour--associated immunoglobulins in human cancer].", "content": "Human sarcomas, carcinomas and brain tumours were assayed for the presence of immunoglobulins IgG. Among 16 tumours tested, 14 had detectable amount of IgG that could be released when incubated in culture conditions. Addition of iodoacetamide--a metabolic inhibitor--inhibited this \" uncoating process \". The uncoated cells rebound IgG if incubated subsequently with any of the cancer sera tested. However, when the autologous serum was present during the uncoating incubation, subsequent rebinding at 4 degree C of IgG from the same or other cancer sera was significantly decreased compared to alquots pre-incubated in other sera.", "contents": "[Studies on tumour--associated immunoglobulins in human cancer]. Human sarcomas, carcinomas and brain tumours were assayed for the presence of immunoglobulins IgG. Among 16 tumours tested, 14 had detectable amount of IgG that could be released when incubated in culture conditions. Addition of iodoacetamide--a metabolic inhibitor--inhibited this \" uncoating process \". The uncoated cells rebound IgG if incubated subsequently with any of the cancer sera tested. However, when the autologous serum was present during the uncoating incubation, subsequent rebinding at 4 degree C of IgG from the same or other cancer sera was significantly decreased compared to alquots pre-incubated in other sera.", "PMID": 848866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8218", "title": "[Nature of the MAF-producing cell].", "content": "Lymphocytes from allograft recipient mice, stimulated in vitro by the donor strain cells, release a mediator (the macrophage activating factor of MAF) which is able to render cytotoxic normal macrophages. This work investigates the origin and characteristics of the MAF-producing sensitized lymphocytes. The congenitally athymic Nude mice sensitive to anti-0-serum plus complement, resistent to treatment with corticosteroid hormones and dependent of the presence of the thymus in adult life.", "contents": "[Nature of the MAF-producing cell]. Lymphocytes from allograft recipient mice, stimulated in vitro by the donor strain cells, release a mediator (the macrophage activating factor of MAF) which is able to render cytotoxic normal macrophages. This work investigates the origin and characteristics of the MAF-producing sensitized lymphocytes. The congenitally athymic Nude mice sensitive to anti-0-serum plus complement, resistent to treatment with corticosteroid hormones and dependent of the presence of the thymus in adult life.", "PMID": 848870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8219", "title": "[Abnormal specificities of immune alloantisera].", "content": "Sera from repeatedly immunized with allogenic lymphocytes contain IgG that can be fixed by syngenic tumour cells. When compared to the specific anti-H-2 immune response, the paradoxical tumour reactivity is often very high, suggesting an active immunization process. Selective absorptions have demonstrated that the majority of these \"anomalous\" IgG are directed against membrane components of tumour cells. The nature of the detected tumour-associated determinants is not well elucidated: they are not found on normal embryonnic or adult tissue, but are highly expressed by all in vitro murine malignant cell lines thus far tested, and to a lesser extent by the corresponding in vitro maintained tumours.", "contents": "[Abnormal specificities of immune alloantisera]. Sera from repeatedly immunized with allogenic lymphocytes contain IgG that can be fixed by syngenic tumour cells. When compared to the specific anti-H-2 immune response, the paradoxical tumour reactivity is often very high, suggesting an active immunization process. Selective absorptions have demonstrated that the majority of these \"anomalous\" IgG are directed against membrane components of tumour cells. The nature of the detected tumour-associated determinants is not well elucidated: they are not found on normal embryonnic or adult tissue, but are highly expressed by all in vitro murine malignant cell lines thus far tested, and to a lesser extent by the corresponding in vitro maintained tumours.", "PMID": 848871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8220", "title": "[Antitoxoplasmic immunity on congenitally athymic nude mice].", "content": "Susceptibility to toxoplasmic infection was found to be the same in Nude mice (nu/nu) as in controls. Vaccination with avirlent toxoplasma (Beverley strains) confered an incomplete immunity to Nude mice: in 20 to 40% of cases, mortality was delayed as compared to unvaccinated control. Cellular (activation of macrophages) and humoral (circulating antibodies) immune responses were partially present in Nude mice.", "contents": "[Antitoxoplasmic immunity on congenitally athymic nude mice]. Susceptibility to toxoplasmic infection was found to be the same in Nude mice (nu/nu) as in controls. Vaccination with avirlent toxoplasma (Beverley strains) confered an incomplete immunity to Nude mice: in 20 to 40% of cases, mortality was delayed as compared to unvaccinated control. Cellular (activation of macrophages) and humoral (circulating antibodies) immune responses were partially present in Nude mice.", "PMID": 848869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8221", "title": "[Thermolability at 56 degrees C of mouse IgE antibodies].", "content": "The heat inactivation at 56 degrees C of mouse IgE antibodies, measured by their PCA activity, was studied in various experimental conditions. Mouse IgE antibodies are partially protected against heat inactivation when previously diluted in sodium chloride or in phosphate buffer media. The protection is better at a higher dilution and molarity (phosphate 1M) and at pH 7. Heat inactivation is increased by the presence of reducing, alkylating and denaturating agents. Heat lability depends upon the concentration of serum proteins in the medium and is increased in presence of immunoglobulins.", "contents": "[Thermolability at 56 degrees C of mouse IgE antibodies]. The heat inactivation at 56 degrees C of mouse IgE antibodies, measured by their PCA activity, was studied in various experimental conditions. Mouse IgE antibodies are partially protected against heat inactivation when previously diluted in sodium chloride or in phosphate buffer media. The protection is better at a higher dilution and molarity (phosphate 1M) and at pH 7. Heat inactivation is increased by the presence of reducing, alkylating and denaturating agents. Heat lability depends upon the concentration of serum proteins in the medium and is increased in presence of immunoglobulins.", "PMID": 848874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8222", "title": "[Enhancing antibodies and supressive cells in maternal anti-fetal immune reaction].", "content": "Some of the mechanisms of tolerance to the foetal allograft have been studied in vivo, both at cellular and humoral level. It has been shown that immunoglobulins, mostly IgG1, can be detected and eluted from the placenta of allogeneic and syngeneic pregnancies in a wide variety of combination (CBA, C57Ks A/Jax, Balb C, DBA2). These immunoglobulins, in the case of allogeneic pregnancy, bind to paternal thymocytes exclusively, demonstrating antibody activity toward paternal antigens. They promote (although partly \"non-specifically\") direct allogeneic mast cell degranulation. In vivo, eluates only from a C57Ks female X A/Jax male placenta exclusively induce a significant enhancement of SA1 (A/Jax, h-2a strain) tumor graft in C57Ks (H-2d) recipients. Intraperitoneal transfer of 1.0 to 1.7 X 10(7) spleen cells from C57Ks two weeks pregnant from A/Jax male does also promotes SA1 growth and survival. T and B enriched population, obtained by the nylon wool techniques, display similar activity. Further experiments are in progress to discard T cell contamination in the B enriched population and to study eventual macrophage involvement. Thus, two agents of the facilitation reaction--suppressor cells and enhancing antibodies--have been demonstrated in vivo during pregnacy, protecting the foetus against hazards of the rejection reaction, which is also demonstrates by other in vivo techniques in our laboratory.", "contents": "[Enhancing antibodies and supressive cells in maternal anti-fetal immune reaction]. Some of the mechanisms of tolerance to the foetal allograft have been studied in vivo, both at cellular and humoral level. It has been shown that immunoglobulins, mostly IgG1, can be detected and eluted from the placenta of allogeneic and syngeneic pregnancies in a wide variety of combination (CBA, C57Ks A/Jax, Balb C, DBA2). These immunoglobulins, in the case of allogeneic pregnancy, bind to paternal thymocytes exclusively, demonstrating antibody activity toward paternal antigens. They promote (although partly \"non-specifically\") direct allogeneic mast cell degranulation. In vivo, eluates only from a C57Ks female X A/Jax male placenta exclusively induce a significant enhancement of SA1 (A/Jax, h-2a strain) tumor graft in C57Ks (H-2d) recipients. Intraperitoneal transfer of 1.0 to 1.7 X 10(7) spleen cells from C57Ks two weeks pregnant from A/Jax male does also promotes SA1 growth and survival. T and B enriched population, obtained by the nylon wool techniques, display similar activity. Further experiments are in progress to discard T cell contamination in the B enriched population and to study eventual macrophage involvement. Thus, two agents of the facilitation reaction--suppressor cells and enhancing antibodies--have been demonstrated in vivo during pregnacy, protecting the foetus against hazards of the rejection reaction, which is also demonstrates by other in vivo techniques in our laboratory.", "PMID": 848875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8223", "title": "[Immunochemical and biological properties of goat immunoglobulin G].", "content": "Two subclasses of immunoglobulins G, the IgG1 and the IgG2, were isolated from goat serum and colostrum. The two subclasses are different in their physico-chemical and biological properties, but generally their properties resemble those of other immunoglobulins in bovidae.", "contents": "[Immunochemical and biological properties of goat immunoglobulin G]. Two subclasses of immunoglobulins G, the IgG1 and the IgG2, were isolated from goat serum and colostrum. The two subclasses are different in their physico-chemical and biological properties, but generally their properties resemble those of other immunoglobulins in bovidae.", "PMID": 848873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8224", "title": "[Purification and properties of thy1 antigens (author's transl)].", "content": "Thy1 antigens have been isolated from rat thymus and brain. The Thy1 molecules purified are membrane glycoproteins of molecular weight 25,000 containing 30% carbohydrate by weight. Brain and thymus glycoproteins have very similar amino-acid composition but different carbohydrate composition. All antigenic determinants associated with Thy1 are present on the purified molecules and are likely to be on the polypeptide backbone of the glycoprotein.", "contents": "[Purification and properties of thy1 antigens (author's transl)]. Thy1 antigens have been isolated from rat thymus and brain. The Thy1 molecules purified are membrane glycoproteins of molecular weight 25,000 containing 30% carbohydrate by weight. Brain and thymus glycoproteins have very similar amino-acid composition but different carbohydrate composition. All antigenic determinants associated with Thy1 are present on the purified molecules and are likely to be on the polypeptide backbone of the glycoprotein.", "PMID": 848876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8225", "title": "[Isolation and characterization of a retinal antigen inducing experimental autoimmune uveo-retinitis].", "content": "A soluble antigen was extracted from the retinas of different mammals and purified by isoelectric focusing in a sucrose density gradient-ampholine column (LKB, Sweden). The isoelectic point of the molecule is about 5.5, its molecular weight about 55,000 and its electrophoretic mobility with reference to albumin 0.7. The S antigen is revealed by one precipitin line in immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis with guinea pig immune sera against bovine or guinea pig retinas, and shows an identity reaction with S antigen from other species. The antigen, inoculated with complete Freund's adjuvant into the guinea pig foot pad, induces experimental uveo-retinitis.", "contents": "[Isolation and characterization of a retinal antigen inducing experimental autoimmune uveo-retinitis]. A soluble antigen was extracted from the retinas of different mammals and purified by isoelectric focusing in a sucrose density gradient-ampholine column (LKB, Sweden). The isoelectic point of the molecule is about 5.5, its molecular weight about 55,000 and its electrophoretic mobility with reference to albumin 0.7. The S antigen is revealed by one precipitin line in immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis with guinea pig immune sera against bovine or guinea pig retinas, and shows an identity reaction with S antigen from other species. The antigen, inoculated with complete Freund's adjuvant into the guinea pig foot pad, induces experimental uveo-retinitis.", "PMID": 848878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8226", "title": "[Experimental autoimmune uveo-retinitis (EAU): cellular immunity and humoral antibodies in the induction of ocular lesions and tolerance to retinal antigens].", "content": "EAU is induced in guinea pigs by one inoculation into the foot-pad of a retinal extract in complete Freund's adjuvant. The evolution of the antibodies (complement fixation) is compared with the \u00e9volution of the disease (intensity evaluated by frequent ophthalmological examinations). The successful passive transfer of the disease by local injections of immune serum and the demonstration by immunofluorescence of immune complexes in the ocular tissues are arguments for the role of humoral antibodies in the induction of the disease. EAUmay be inhibited by repeated subcutaneous or intradermal injections of the antigen, either before or after the onset of the inflammation. These injections depress the delayed hypersensitivity and increase the titre of complement fixing and passive anaphylactic antibodies.", "contents": "[Experimental autoimmune uveo-retinitis (EAU): cellular immunity and humoral antibodies in the induction of ocular lesions and tolerance to retinal antigens]. EAU is induced in guinea pigs by one inoculation into the foot-pad of a retinal extract in complete Freund's adjuvant. The evolution of the antibodies (complement fixation) is compared with the \u00e9volution of the disease (intensity evaluated by frequent ophthalmological examinations). The successful passive transfer of the disease by local injections of immune serum and the demonstration by immunofluorescence of immune complexes in the ocular tissues are arguments for the role of humoral antibodies in the induction of the disease. EAUmay be inhibited by repeated subcutaneous or intradermal injections of the antigen, either before or after the onset of the inflammation. These injections depress the delayed hypersensitivity and increase the titre of complement fixing and passive anaphylactic antibodies.", "PMID": 848879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8227", "title": "[Characteristics of intestinal immune response of rats infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis].", "content": "After infection of rats with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis the response was a synthesis of hemagglutinating antibodies in intestinal secretions, the activity of which is mainly due to IgA. When rats were infected with 83 larvae (which is the smallest immunizing dose), local antibodies were evidenced just after parasite localization had occurred in the gut, whereas serum antibodies were not detected before a challenge infection. Some of these local antibodies were directed against two types of worm antigen which can induce immunity: sevretory antigens and phosphorylcholine. These experiments a role for local antibodies in mechanism of worn expulsion.", "contents": "[Characteristics of intestinal immune response of rats infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis]. After infection of rats with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis the response was a synthesis of hemagglutinating antibodies in intestinal secretions, the activity of which is mainly due to IgA. When rats were infected with 83 larvae (which is the smallest immunizing dose), local antibodies were evidenced just after parasite localization had occurred in the gut, whereas serum antibodies were not detected before a challenge infection. Some of these local antibodies were directed against two types of worm antigen which can induce immunity: sevretory antigens and phosphorylcholine. These experiments a role for local antibodies in mechanism of worn expulsion.", "PMID": 848881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8228", "title": "[Antibody mediated adherence of rat peritoneal exudate cells to Trichinella spiralis larvae].", "content": "Washed peritoneal exudate cells from rats firmly adhere to Trichinella spiralis larvae in the presence of serum containing anti-Trichinella antibodies. This effect is observed when muscle larvae, cells and dilutions of antisera are incubated for 1 h at 37 degrees C.. No adherence takes place at 4 degrees. Whole serum or its gammaglobulin fraction are active and the effect is inhibited by the addition of Trichinella antigens. Complement is not essential since antiserum heated for 2 h at 56 degrees is active. Washed cells from infested animals do not adhere to the larvae in the absence of antiserum, but normal cells adhere to larvae previously incubated with antisera. It is suggested that the adherence phenomenon is due to the activation of cells by a complex of antigen and antibody formed on the surface of the larvae.", "contents": "[Antibody mediated adherence of rat peritoneal exudate cells to Trichinella spiralis larvae]. Washed peritoneal exudate cells from rats firmly adhere to Trichinella spiralis larvae in the presence of serum containing anti-Trichinella antibodies. This effect is observed when muscle larvae, cells and dilutions of antisera are incubated for 1 h at 37 degrees C.. No adherence takes place at 4 degrees. Whole serum or its gammaglobulin fraction are active and the effect is inhibited by the addition of Trichinella antigens. Complement is not essential since antiserum heated for 2 h at 56 degrees is active. Washed cells from infested animals do not adhere to the larvae in the absence of antiserum, but normal cells adhere to larvae previously incubated with antisera. It is suggested that the adherence phenomenon is due to the activation of cells by a complex of antigen and antibody formed on the surface of the larvae.", "PMID": 848880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8229", "title": "[Study of X antigen of Salmonella typhi responsible for the production of protective antibody towards chick embryo].", "content": "Laboratory animals are not sensitive to human S. typhi strain (O+ Vi+). But the chick embryo is very susceptible to infection by this strain. This property can be used to test protective activity of immuno sera. Several antigenic fractions have been prepared from Ty6S strain (0- Vi+) by washing methods. The \" outer layer \" of the bacteria is easily removed by NaCl 0,5 M. Injected in rabbits this preparation produces the synthesis of protective antibodies. The active antigen X is spun down with the Vi antigen. The relation of X antigen to Vi antigen is being studied.", "contents": "[Study of X antigen of Salmonella typhi responsible for the production of protective antibody towards chick embryo]. Laboratory animals are not sensitive to human S. typhi strain (O+ Vi+). But the chick embryo is very susceptible to infection by this strain. This property can be used to test protective activity of immuno sera. Several antigenic fractions have been prepared from Ty6S strain (0- Vi+) by washing methods. The \" outer layer \" of the bacteria is easily removed by NaCl 0,5 M. Injected in rabbits this preparation produces the synthesis of protective antibodies. The active antigen X is spun down with the Vi antigen. The relation of X antigen to Vi antigen is being studied.", "PMID": 848877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8230", "title": "[Induction of chemotaxis by soluble immune complexes].", "content": "These complexes, obtained either by adding antigen in excess to immune sera or by redissolving an immune precipitate with antigen, could in the presence of fresh serum stimulate PMN leucocytes to migrate. Complexes with a molecular composition Ab1Ag1 (ot C fixing) showed higher activity than complexes of larger size. The experiments suggest that they activate some sequence of the contact system of coagulation.", "contents": "[Induction of chemotaxis by soluble immune complexes]. These complexes, obtained either by adding antigen in excess to immune sera or by redissolving an immune precipitate with antigen, could in the presence of fresh serum stimulate PMN leucocytes to migrate. Complexes with a molecular composition Ab1Ag1 (ot C fixing) showed higher activity than complexes of larger size. The experiments suggest that they activate some sequence of the contact system of coagulation.", "PMID": 848882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8231", "title": "[Influence of levamisole on antibody production].", "content": "IgM and IgG anti-sheep red blood cells agglutinins were measured from dayy + 2 to day + 30 in SPF mice immunized with 108 SRC and treated with 2.5 or 25 mg LMS/dg. Untreated control mice produced high levels (1:8200) of IgM-antibodies from day + 4 to day + 20. Early, day + 4, IgG-agglutinins appeared together with IgM-antibodies in mice treated with 2.5 mg LMS/kg, whereas administration of 25 mg LMS/kg induced the synthesis of antibodies belonging only to the IgG class. Titres were significantly lower (1:512) in LMS-treated mice than in controls. The switch to IgG of antibody formation is another for the ability of LMS to stimulate T cell activities.", "contents": "[Influence of levamisole on antibody production]. IgM and IgG anti-sheep red blood cells agglutinins were measured from dayy + 2 to day + 30 in SPF mice immunized with 108 SRC and treated with 2.5 or 25 mg LMS/dg. Untreated control mice produced high levels (1:8200) of IgM-antibodies from day + 4 to day + 20. Early, day + 4, IgG-agglutinins appeared together with IgM-antibodies in mice treated with 2.5 mg LMS/kg, whereas administration of 25 mg LMS/kg induced the synthesis of antibodies belonging only to the IgG class. Titres were significantly lower (1:512) in LMS-treated mice than in controls. The switch to IgG of antibody formation is another for the ability of LMS to stimulate T cell activities.", "PMID": 848884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8232", "title": "[Isolation and partial characterization of (PAF) platelet-activating-factor].", "content": "Platelet-activating-factor is a new mediator of anaphylaxis released in numerous mammalian species from basophils and mastocytes by antigens, anti-IgE antiserum, ionophore A 23187, C3a, C5a and neutrophil cationic protein. It is probably a lyso-1-phosphatidylcholine, as evidenced by structural studies isomg phospholipases. It may explain the involvement of platelets in immunopathology.", "contents": "[Isolation and partial characterization of (PAF) platelet-activating-factor]. Platelet-activating-factor is a new mediator of anaphylaxis released in numerous mammalian species from basophils and mastocytes by antigens, anti-IgE antiserum, ionophore A 23187, C3a, C5a and neutrophil cationic protein. It is probably a lyso-1-phosphatidylcholine, as evidenced by structural studies isomg phospholipases. It may explain the involvement of platelets in immunopathology.", "PMID": 848883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8233", "title": "[Heterogeneity of the gastric intrinsic factor autoantibodies of types I and II].", "content": "Variable results were obtained in a study of the immunologic reaction of the intrinsic factor (IF)-autoantibodies (IFA) to the human, hog and rat IF antigens. Effectively, some IFA I were unable to block completely all the binding sites of B12 to IF. As to the IFA II, some did not show a total effectiveness in neutralizing the activity of IF in certain human gastric juices. In another study conducted on patients with pernicious anemia, the antibodies obtained from their sera reacted differently to the hog and rat IF; some reacted identically to homologous and heterologous IF others were less and even not effective on the heterologous IF. From these results it was suggested that, within the two main branches of IFA, there would be subdivided groups with selective effect on different antigenic sites of IF.", "contents": "[Heterogeneity of the gastric intrinsic factor autoantibodies of types I and II]. Variable results were obtained in a study of the immunologic reaction of the intrinsic factor (IF)-autoantibodies (IFA) to the human, hog and rat IF antigens. Effectively, some IFA I were unable to block completely all the binding sites of B12 to IF. As to the IFA II, some did not show a total effectiveness in neutralizing the activity of IF in certain human gastric juices. In another study conducted on patients with pernicious anemia, the antibodies obtained from their sera reacted differently to the hog and rat IF; some reacted identically to homologous and heterologous IF others were less and even not effective on the heterologous IF. From these results it was suggested that, within the two main branches of IFA, there would be subdivided groups with selective effect on different antigenic sites of IF.", "PMID": 848887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8234", "title": "[Suppressive cells induced by cyclophosphamide in the spleen of C3H mice].", "content": "The spleen cell population of C3H/He mice injected with a single sublethal dose of cyclophosphamide (CY) was analysed. An initial atrophy was followed by a considerable hypertrophy and a progressive return to normal. During the phase of spleen atrophy, both B and T cell compartments were depleted. During regeneration, the percentage of Ig+ cells increased rapidly, and at the peak of splenomegaly, the percentage of Ig+ cells was high while no Thy1-2+ cells were detectable. The peculiar points of histology were disappearance of normal T and B compartments, substituted by a layer of lymphoid cells. During the phase of splenectomegaly, the in vitro reactivity of spleen cells to the mitogens PHA and LPS was drastically decreased. Furthermore, the spleen cell population from CY treated mice contained suppressor cells, capable of inhibiting the in vitro reactivity of normal lymphocytes to these mitogens and the multiplication of tumour cells in culture. These cells were adherent, Ig+, Thy1-2- cells. They developed in CY treated T deprived mice. After velocity sedimentation the suppressive activity was detected in the 6 mm/h fraction.", "contents": "[Suppressive cells induced by cyclophosphamide in the spleen of C3H mice]. The spleen cell population of C3H/He mice injected with a single sublethal dose of cyclophosphamide (CY) was analysed. An initial atrophy was followed by a considerable hypertrophy and a progressive return to normal. During the phase of spleen atrophy, both B and T cell compartments were depleted. During regeneration, the percentage of Ig+ cells increased rapidly, and at the peak of splenomegaly, the percentage of Ig+ cells was high while no Thy1-2+ cells were detectable. The peculiar points of histology were disappearance of normal T and B compartments, substituted by a layer of lymphoid cells. During the phase of splenectomegaly, the in vitro reactivity of spleen cells to the mitogens PHA and LPS was drastically decreased. Furthermore, the spleen cell population from CY treated mice contained suppressor cells, capable of inhibiting the in vitro reactivity of normal lymphocytes to these mitogens and the multiplication of tumour cells in culture. These cells were adherent, Ig+, Thy1-2- cells. They developed in CY treated T deprived mice. After velocity sedimentation the suppressive activity was detected in the 6 mm/h fraction.", "PMID": 848886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8235", "title": "[PHA transformation of coelomocytes of Lubricus terrestris].", "content": "This transformation was studied at various concentrations of PHA and during different periods of incubation. The coelomocytes were separated into adhering and non-adhering cells. The adhering cells were separated into trypsin-sensitive and trypsin-resistant. Results have clearly shown (P less than or equal to 0.01) that the coelomocytes do transform to PHA. Only the trypsin-resistant adhering cells (5-10%) having a high phagocytic activity, were capable of inducing the transformation of  the non-adhering coelomocytes. None of these sub-populations of coelomocytes did transform alone. These results reinforce the existence in earthworms of a T-cell like function and perhaps receptors similar to those observed in higher vertebrates and confirm the cooperation of two cell types to achieve this activity.", "contents": "[PHA transformation of coelomocytes of Lubricus terrestris]. This transformation was studied at various concentrations of PHA and during different periods of incubation. The coelomocytes were separated into adhering and non-adhering cells. The adhering cells were separated into trypsin-sensitive and trypsin-resistant. Results have clearly shown (P less than or equal to 0.01) that the coelomocytes do transform to PHA. Only the trypsin-resistant adhering cells (5-10%) having a high phagocytic activity, were capable of inducing the transformation of  the non-adhering coelomocytes. None of these sub-populations of coelomocytes did transform alone. These results reinforce the existence in earthworms of a T-cell like function and perhaps receptors similar to those observed in higher vertebrates and confirm the cooperation of two cell types to achieve this activity.", "PMID": 848888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8236", "title": "[Autoimmunity and deficiency of cell-mediated immunity in primary myelofibrosis].", "content": "Untreated patients with primary myelofibrosis show (1) a high frequency of cutaneous anergy, (2) normal lymphocytosis with decreased level of E-rosette-forming cells in most patients, (3) normal lymphocyte reactivity to PHA and in MLR, and (4) a relative frequency of LE cells and anti-organ antibodies.", "contents": "[Autoimmunity and deficiency of cell-mediated immunity in primary myelofibrosis]. Untreated patients with primary myelofibrosis show (1) a high frequency of cutaneous anergy, (2) normal lymphocytosis with decreased level of E-rosette-forming cells in most patients, (3) normal lymphocyte reactivity to PHA and in MLR, and (4) a relative frequency of LE cells and anti-organ antibodies.", "PMID": 848889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8237", "title": "[The temporary immunodepression observed in trichinosis: is it related to acceptance of this parasite by its host?].", "content": "Swiss mice given 200 Trichinella larvae followed by a further 200 larvae 21 days later were found to be immune and did not show any immunodepression to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). When the challenge dose was given 56 days after the first infection, the pattern of infection was unaffected and an immunodepression to SRBC was observed. Therefore, the immunodepression in trichinellosis might be related to the migrating phase only.", "contents": "[The temporary immunodepression observed in trichinosis: is it related to acceptance of this parasite by its host?]. Swiss mice given 200 Trichinella larvae followed by a further 200 larvae 21 days later were found to be immune and did not show any immunodepression to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). When the challenge dose was given 56 days after the first infection, the pattern of infection was unaffected and an immunodepression to SRBC was observed. Therefore, the immunodepression in trichinellosis might be related to the migrating phase only.", "PMID": 848885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8238", "title": "[Genetic selection of mice for quantitative responsiveness of lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin].", "content": "A two-way selection was performed in mice according to the quantitative response of small lymphocytes to the mitogenic activity of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). The response of inguinal lymph node cells of each mouse to an optimal dose of PHA was measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation using a micro-plate method. Starting from four outbred mouse strains we mated on the one hand mice getting the best response and on the other hand mice getting the poorest response. A progressive separation of the two lines was observed. At the 7th generation a 3-fold difference was found between the two lines. A similar interline difference was observed when concanavalin A (ConA) was used as mitogen. The separation of the two lines was also evident when spleen cells or thymus cells were cultured with PHA or ConA.", "contents": "[Genetic selection of mice for quantitative responsiveness of lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin]. A two-way selection was performed in mice according to the quantitative response of small lymphocytes to the mitogenic activity of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). The response of inguinal lymph node cells of each mouse to an optimal dose of PHA was measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation using a micro-plate method. Starting from four outbred mouse strains we mated on the one hand mice getting the best response and on the other hand mice getting the poorest response. A progressive separation of the two lines was observed. At the 7th generation a 3-fold difference was found between the two lines. A similar interline difference was observed when concanavalin A (ConA) was used as mitogen. The separation of the two lines was also evident when spleen cells or thymus cells were cultured with PHA or ConA.", "PMID": 848890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8239", "title": "[Considerations on the origin of the diversity of immunoglobulins (author's transl)].", "content": "In spite of the numerous theories proposed to explain the origin of the diversity of immunoglobulins, none can define satisfactorily the nature of the generator of diversity and its mode of action. Even the concept of the variable and constant portions of immunoglobulin chains is no longer valid which opens up the question about the hypothetical existence of the V and C genes. Moreover, phylogenetic considerations strongly suggest that there is a fundamental difference in the mechanism of amino acid substitution for the immunoglobulins and for homologous proteins undergoing normal divergent evolution. A conceptionally and functionally simple mechanism, based on a variable translation of the immunoglobulin mRNA, has been suggested as the generator of diversity (Rev. canad. Biol., 1969, 28, 179). The criteria of this mechanism are (1) the presence of inosine in the mRNA and (2) the existence of a series of overmethylated tRNAs for the selective recognition of inosine-containing codons. Although the experimental proof for this mechanism is still lacking, it cannot be fortuitous that the lack of adenosine deaminase is associated with immune deficiency and that an increased tRNA methylase activity exists in plasmocytomas.", "contents": "[Considerations on the origin of the diversity of immunoglobulins (author's transl)]. In spite of the numerous theories proposed to explain the origin of the diversity of immunoglobulins, none can define satisfactorily the nature of the generator of diversity and its mode of action. Even the concept of the variable and constant portions of immunoglobulin chains is no longer valid which opens up the question about the hypothetical existence of the V and C genes. Moreover, phylogenetic considerations strongly suggest that there is a fundamental difference in the mechanism of amino acid substitution for the immunoglobulins and for homologous proteins undergoing normal divergent evolution. A conceptionally and functionally simple mechanism, based on a variable translation of the immunoglobulin mRNA, has been suggested as the generator of diversity (Rev. canad. Biol., 1969, 28, 179). The criteria of this mechanism are (1) the presence of inosine in the mRNA and (2) the existence of a series of overmethylated tRNAs for the selective recognition of inosine-containing codons. Although the experimental proof for this mechanism is still lacking, it cannot be fortuitous that the lack of adenosine deaminase is associated with immune deficiency and that an increased tRNA methylase activity exists in plasmocytomas.", "PMID": 848893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8240", "title": "[Non-specific polygenic regulation of antibody synthesis].", "content": "Four two-way genetic selections of outbred mice for the quantitative character \"agglutinin production\" to heterologous erythrocytes and flagellar or somatic antigens of Salmonella are briefly described. The principal genetic parameters regulating the quantitative antibody response are the following: 1) the character is polygenic; the number of independent loci is estimated between 7 and 16; 2) the heritability of the character (h2) is comprised between 0.17 and 0.21; 3) the maximal interline separation RT (4.8-7.8 log2) is reached after about 15 consecutive generations of selective breeding; (4) the rate of interline separation/generation RG is 0.32-0.48 log2. 5) The phenotypic variance V(P) of the foundation populations is due for 52%-63% to genetic factors V(G) and for 37%-48% to environmental factors V(E); 6) The effect of the selective breeding is essentially non-specific; it modifies the antibody responsiveness to many unrelated complex immunogens.", "contents": "[Non-specific polygenic regulation of antibody synthesis]. Four two-way genetic selections of outbred mice for the quantitative character \"agglutinin production\" to heterologous erythrocytes and flagellar or somatic antigens of Salmonella are briefly described. The principal genetic parameters regulating the quantitative antibody response are the following: 1) the character is polygenic; the number of independent loci is estimated between 7 and 16; 2) the heritability of the character (h2) is comprised between 0.17 and 0.21; 3) the maximal interline separation RT (4.8-7.8 log2) is reached after about 15 consecutive generations of selective breeding; (4) the rate of interline separation/generation RG is 0.32-0.48 log2. 5) The phenotypic variance V(P) of the foundation populations is due for 52%-63% to genetic factors V(G) and for 37%-48% to environmental factors V(E); 6) The effect of the selective breeding is essentially non-specific; it modifies the antibody responsiveness to many unrelated complex immunogens.", "PMID": 848896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8241", "title": "[Genetic analysis of the synthesis of IgE and hemagglutinating antibodies in high and low responder lines (HL and LL) of mice and their hybrids].", "content": "Immune responses depend upon the dose of antigen and the line of mice. Threshold doses of antigen are lower in HL, higher in LL and intermediate in hybrids. The responses obtained in F1, F2 and backcrosses demonstrate the genetic control of the interline difference. The correlation between IgE and hemagglutinating antibodies responses suggests a common genetic control for the synthesis of the two types of antibodies.", "contents": "[Genetic analysis of the synthesis of IgE and hemagglutinating antibodies in high and low responder lines (HL and LL) of mice and their hybrids]. Immune responses depend upon the dose of antigen and the line of mice. Threshold doses of antigen are lower in HL, higher in LL and intermediate in hybrids. The responses obtained in F1, F2 and backcrosses demonstrate the genetic control of the interline difference. The correlation between IgE and hemagglutinating antibodies responses suggests a common genetic control for the synthesis of the two types of antibodies.", "PMID": 848891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8242", "title": "[Multiple expressions of mouse peritoneal cell immune potential].", "content": "Peritoneal cells (PC) from unstimulated mice are able to form a high number of rosettes (RFC) (20 to 50%) with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) or bromelin treated isologous mouse red blood cells (MRBC(b)). In culture, this population develops a high number of plaque forming cells (PFC) against SRBC and MRBC(b) with a maximum at day 3-4, while the number of RFC decreases in such a way that the total number of RFC + PFC remains constant. The significance of such results is discussed. Evidence is provided, by the use of radioactive labelling, that IgM antibodies and different sub-classes of IgG are synthesized in vitro by PC during culture.", "contents": "[Multiple expressions of mouse peritoneal cell immune potential]. Peritoneal cells (PC) from unstimulated mice are able to form a high number of rosettes (RFC) (20 to 50%) with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) or bromelin treated isologous mouse red blood cells (MRBC(b)). In culture, this population develops a high number of plaque forming cells (PFC) against SRBC and MRBC(b) with a maximum at day 3-4, while the number of RFC decreases in such a way that the total number of RFC + PFC remains constant. The significance of such results is discussed. Evidence is provided, by the use of radioactive labelling, that IgM antibodies and different sub-classes of IgG are synthesized in vitro by PC during culture.", "PMID": 848892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8243", "title": "[Isolation and characterization of mitogens from Nocardia].", "content": "Two methods have been devised to isolate mitogens from Nocardia cells. (1) Lysozyme treatment of delipidated cells followed by fractionation of  the soluble extract leads to a mitogen devoid of cell wall constituents. (2) Cell disruption followed by differential centrifugations shows that two mitogenic structures are present: the cell wall and fragments of the cytoplasmic membrane. The active component of the cell wall is the peptidoglycan wherefrom soluble mitogenic fractions have been obtained using bacteriolytic enzymes other than lysozyme. An intact glycan moiety seems necessary for mitogenic activity.", "contents": "[Isolation and characterization of mitogens from Nocardia]. Two methods have been devised to isolate mitogens from Nocardia cells. (1) Lysozyme treatment of delipidated cells followed by fractionation of  the soluble extract leads to a mitogen devoid of cell wall constituents. (2) Cell disruption followed by differential centrifugations shows that two mitogenic structures are present: the cell wall and fragments of the cytoplasmic membrane. The active component of the cell wall is the peptidoglycan wherefrom soluble mitogenic fractions have been obtained using bacteriolytic enzymes other than lysozyme. An intact glycan moiety seems necessary for mitogenic activity.", "PMID": 848898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8244", "title": "[Evolution of the immune response against Micrococcus lysodeikticus].", "content": "The immune response of rabbits immunized with Micrococcus lysodeikticus freeze-dried bacteria was studied by following the variation of the affinity and the heterogeneity of the antibodies during immunization. Partial or complete amino acid sequences were determined on the isolated light and heavy chains, and comparative studies were initiated in litter mates. No relationship between the affinity and the restriction in heterogeneity was observed. Sequences are indistinguishable from those reported for antibodies of other specificities.", "contents": "[Evolution of the immune response against Micrococcus lysodeikticus]. The immune response of rabbits immunized with Micrococcus lysodeikticus freeze-dried bacteria was studied by following the variation of the affinity and the heterogeneity of the antibodies during immunization. Partial or complete amino acid sequences were determined on the isolated light and heavy chains, and comparative studies were initiated in litter mates. No relationship between the affinity and the restriction in heterogeneity was observed. Sequences are indistinguishable from those reported for antibodies of other specificities.", "PMID": 848894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8245", "title": "[Suppression of reaginic antibodies].", "content": "The primary as well as an ongoing IgE response to the haptens--2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) and benzylp\u00e9nicilloyl (BPO) determinants--were readily abrogated in an immunologically specific manner by the administration of conjugates consisting of the corresponding hapten coupled to the isologous, non-immunogenic murine gamma globulins (MgammaG), i. e., DNP8-MgammaG or BPO9-MgammaG. The epitope density of the DNPx-MgammaG and BPOx-MgammaG was shown to play a dominant role in determining whether or not these conjugates were tolerogenic. Using the adoptive transfer system in mice, it was demonstrated that this method of immunosuppression was not due to the formation of suppressor cells, but involved the elimination of hapten specific IgE-forming Bepsilon cells or the inactivation of these cells through the blockade of their antigen binding receptors. This method of suppression of anti-hapten IgE antibodies, by the use of conjugates of haptens with isologous gamma-globulins, proved also effective in rats and dogs.", "contents": "[Suppression of reaginic antibodies]. The primary as well as an ongoing IgE response to the haptens--2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) and benzylp\u00e9nicilloyl (BPO) determinants--were readily abrogated in an immunologically specific manner by the administration of conjugates consisting of the corresponding hapten coupled to the isologous, non-immunogenic murine gamma globulins (MgammaG), i. e., DNP8-MgammaG or BPO9-MgammaG. The epitope density of the DNPx-MgammaG and BPOx-MgammaG was shown to play a dominant role in determining whether or not these conjugates were tolerogenic. Using the adoptive transfer system in mice, it was demonstrated that this method of immunosuppression was not due to the formation of suppressor cells, but involved the elimination of hapten specific IgE-forming Bepsilon cells or the inactivation of these cells through the blockade of their antigen binding receptors. This method of suppression of anti-hapten IgE antibodies, by the use of conjugates of haptens with isologous gamma-globulins, proved also effective in rats and dogs.", "PMID": 848899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8246", "title": "The nature of the K cell and the role of antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) in the rejection of tumours.", "content": "Antibody dependent lymphocytotoxicity has been characterized in cytolytic, cytostatic and microcytotoxicity assay. A \" null \" K cell was found in all assays and has been identified as a non phagocytic, non adherent, intermediate sized cell of lymphoid-like morphology with Mg++-independent C' receptors, lacking both T and B lymphocyte membrane antigens. In addition, recent reports suggest that a subpopulation of T cells is active in both cytolytic and microcytotoxicity assays, acting through an IgM mediating molecule. Cytolysis of tumours in a 51Cr-release assay has been demonstrated with both heterologous and allogenic antisera with varying sensitivity depending on certain membrane characteristics of different tumour lines. Cytolysis of tumours coated with syngeneic tumour specific antiserum was not demonstrated despite the presence of an equivalent amount of antibody on the tumour membrane. However, K-cell mediated cytostasis measured by the inhibition of incorporation of 125I-IUdR can be demonstrated with heterologous, allogeneic and syngeneic antisera.", "contents": "The nature of the K cell and the role of antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) in the rejection of tumours. Antibody dependent lymphocytotoxicity has been characterized in cytolytic, cytostatic and microcytotoxicity assay. A \" null \" K cell was found in all assays and has been identified as a non phagocytic, non adherent, intermediate sized cell of lymphoid-like morphology with Mg++-independent C' receptors, lacking both T and B lymphocyte membrane antigens. In addition, recent reports suggest that a subpopulation of T cells is active in both cytolytic and microcytotoxicity assays, acting through an IgM mediating molecule. Cytolysis of tumours in a 51Cr-release assay has been demonstrated with both heterologous and allogenic antisera with varying sensitivity depending on certain membrane characteristics of different tumour lines. Cytolysis of tumours coated with syngeneic tumour specific antiserum was not demonstrated despite the presence of an equivalent amount of antibody on the tumour membrane. However, K-cell mediated cytostasis measured by the inhibition of incorporation of 125I-IUdR can be demonstrated with heterologous, allogeneic and syngeneic antisera.", "PMID": 848900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8247", "title": "[Comparative study of the effect of aeration conditions on the biosynthesis of oxytetracycline by an actinomyces rimosus culture and of lincomycin by an Actinomyces roesolus culture].", "content": "The effect of aeration conditions on growth of the oxytetracycline- and lincomycin-producing organisms and antibiotic biosynthesis was studied. It was shown that the lincomycin-producing organism respiration rate was much higher and required better aeration condition-than the oxytetracycline-producing organism. The highest respiration rate of the young myces lium was observed in the growth phase. During the period of the antibiotic biosynthesis the rate of oxygen consumption somewhat decreased though remained sufficiently high. Decreased productivity of the mycelium at the end of the process was accompanied by a drop in the respiration rate. The lack of oxgen lowered the mycelium productivity with respect to the antibiotic formation to a much much greater extent than the culture growth rate. The limiting of the antibiotic biosynthesis process by the lack of dissolved oxygen was accompanied by changes in the culture metabolism evident from production of organic acids: ketoacids and volatile acids by Act. rimosus and volatile and lactic acids by Act. roseolus.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the effect of aeration conditions on the biosynthesis of oxytetracycline by an actinomyces rimosus culture and of lincomycin by an Actinomyces roesolus culture]. The effect of aeration conditions on growth of the oxytetracycline- and lincomycin-producing organisms and antibiotic biosynthesis was studied. It was shown that the lincomycin-producing organism respiration rate was much higher and required better aeration condition-than the oxytetracycline-producing organism. The highest respiration rate of the young myces lium was observed in the growth phase. During the period of the antibiotic biosynthesis the rate of oxygen consumption somewhat decreased though remained sufficiently high. Decreased productivity of the mycelium at the end of the process was accompanied by a drop in the respiration rate. The lack of oxgen lowered the mycelium productivity with respect to the antibiotic formation to a much much greater extent than the culture growth rate. The limiting of the antibiotic biosynthesis process by the lack of dissolved oxygen was accompanied by changes in the culture metabolism evident from production of organic acids: ketoacids and volatile acids by Act. rimosus and volatile and lactic acids by Act. roseolus.", "PMID": 848912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8248", "title": "[Impairment of immune response in parasitic infections].", "content": "Parasite escape mechanisms may depend upon factors intrinsic to parasites (host antigen uptake, antigenic variation) and upon partial failure of host's immune mechanisms. Impairment of immune response in parasitic infections, analysed and discussed from literature (138 references), is characterized by a high prevalence of autoantibodies and the common observation of immunosuppression in human parasitic infections as well as in experimental models. The high prevalence of autoantibodies accompanying increased levels of immunoglobulins contrasts with the low prevalence of autoimmune diseases in parasitic endemic areas. Evidence for cell mediated autoimmune process has rarely been reported. This might be related to an impairment of T-helper cell function and to the direct role, on B cells, of mitogens from parasite origin. Immunosuppression has been described in many human parasitic infections and in numerous experimental models. The defect in host's immune response is expressed by an impairment of both humoral and cell mediated immune responses to various heterologous antigens, and increased susceptibility to tumorigenesis, prolonged survival of skin allografts and an increased susceptibility to bacterial or viral infections. Various mechanisms of immunosuppression have been described, including failure of macrophage function or release of soluble immunosuppressive factors by parasites. The authors report some of their recent experiments in experimental schistosomiasis, which have allowed the characterization of such factors. Parasites appear in general to play a role in the regulation of the immune response that they have themselves evoked.", "contents": "[Impairment of immune response in parasitic infections]. Parasite escape mechanisms may depend upon factors intrinsic to parasites (host antigen uptake, antigenic variation) and upon partial failure of host's immune mechanisms. Impairment of immune response in parasitic infections, analysed and discussed from literature (138 references), is characterized by a high prevalence of autoantibodies and the common observation of immunosuppression in human parasitic infections as well as in experimental models. The high prevalence of autoantibodies accompanying increased levels of immunoglobulins contrasts with the low prevalence of autoimmune diseases in parasitic endemic areas. Evidence for cell mediated autoimmune process has rarely been reported. This might be related to an impairment of T-helper cell function and to the direct role, on B cells, of mitogens from parasite origin. Immunosuppression has been described in many human parasitic infections and in numerous experimental models. The defect in host's immune response is expressed by an impairment of both humoral and cell mediated immune responses to various heterologous antigens, and increased susceptibility to tumorigenesis, prolonged survival of skin allografts and an increased susceptibility to bacterial or viral infections. Various mechanisms of immunosuppression have been described, including failure of macrophage function or release of soluble immunosuppressive factors by parasites. The authors report some of their recent experiments in experimental schistosomiasis, which have allowed the characterization of such factors. Parasites appear in general to play a role in the regulation of the immune response that they have themselves evoked.", "PMID": 848904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8249", "title": "[Effect of cobalt on the growth of a Micromonospora purpurea var.  violacea 1935 culture and on the biosynthesis  of gentamincin].", "content": "The effect of cobalt on growth of Micromonospora purpurea var. violacea 1935 and biosynthess of gentamicin in complex soy-bean meal or \"synthetic\" gelatin medium was studied. In optimal concentrations cobalt increased the activity level of the culture fluid almost 6 times in both media having practically no effect on the amount of the mycelium formed. Addition of cobalt to the medium resulted in retardation of the organism growth and consumption of the nutrients. Stimulation of gentamicin biosynthesis by cobalt was inversely proportional to the time of the trace element addition. The cobalt effect depended on the aeration conditions, inorganic phosphorus level in the medium and physiological condition of the mycelium.", "contents": "[Effect of cobalt on the growth of a Micromonospora purpurea var.  violacea 1935 culture and on the biosynthesis  of gentamincin]. The effect of cobalt on growth of Micromonospora purpurea var. violacea 1935 and biosynthess of gentamicin in complex soy-bean meal or \"synthetic\" gelatin medium was studied. In optimal concentrations cobalt increased the activity level of the culture fluid almost 6 times in both media having practically no effect on the amount of the mycelium formed. Addition of cobalt to the medium resulted in retardation of the organism growth and consumption of the nutrients. Stimulation of gentamicin biosynthesis by cobalt was inversely proportional to the time of the trace element addition. The cobalt effect depended on the aeration conditions, inorganic phosphorus level in the medium and physiological condition of the mycelium.", "PMID": 848914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8250", "title": "[Immunosuppressive factors released by Schistosoma mansoni].", "content": "Immunosuppressive factors were evidenced in cell-free supernatant of S. mansoni schistosomes culture and incubation products of the parasite. Both parasitic materials decreased tritiated thymidine and leucine uptake in normal spleen cells from CBA mouse and Fischer rats and in peripheral human blood lymphocytes stimulated either by non specific mitogens (PHA, ConA, or LPS) or by allogeneic cells. The suppressive factor(s) was (were) heat-resistant, dialyzable and of molecular weight 500-1,000. The inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation was not due to cytotoxic or cytostatic activity on lymphoid cells, nor did the parasitic reagents interfere with the binding of fluorescein-labelled ConA. The suppressive activity was also demonstrated in the serum from rats infected for 4 weeks by S. mansoni and in the dialyzable fraction of it. This suggests the release by the parasite in vitro as well as in vivo of inhibitory factor(s) decreasing lymphocyte proliferation and brings therefore a new light on the machanism of immune deficiency in parasitic infections.", "contents": "[Immunosuppressive factors released by Schistosoma mansoni]. Immunosuppressive factors were evidenced in cell-free supernatant of S. mansoni schistosomes culture and incubation products of the parasite. Both parasitic materials decreased tritiated thymidine and leucine uptake in normal spleen cells from CBA mouse and Fischer rats and in peripheral human blood lymphocytes stimulated either by non specific mitogens (PHA, ConA, or LPS) or by allogeneic cells. The suppressive factor(s) was (were) heat-resistant, dialyzable and of molecular weight 500-1,000. The inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation was not due to cytotoxic or cytostatic activity on lymphoid cells, nor did the parasitic reagents interfere with the binding of fluorescein-labelled ConA. The suppressive activity was also demonstrated in the serum from rats infected for 4 weeks by S. mansoni and in the dialyzable fraction of it. This suggests the release by the parasite in vitro as well as in vivo of inhibitory factor(s) decreasing lymphocyte proliferation and brings therefore a new light on the machanism of immune deficiency in parasitic infections.", "PMID": 848905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8251", "title": "[Further study of the patterns of penicillin active transport in the kidney tubules of rabbits in vitro and in vivo].", "content": "A number of inhibitors of benzylpenicillin active transport in surviving sections of the abbit kidney cortex has been found for the first time. The capacity for such transport was shown with respect to all natural and semisynthetic penicillins tested. The section accumulation method was recommended for the use in screening new penicillins with prolonged action. Absence of corelation between the value of the section/medium concentration gradient and the index of penicillin kidney clearance was registered. It was shown that the binding level of penicillins by blood serum proteins did not define the rate of their excretion with the urine in rabbits.", "contents": "[Further study of the patterns of penicillin active transport in the kidney tubules of rabbits in vitro and in vivo]. A number of inhibitors of benzylpenicillin active transport in surviving sections of the abbit kidney cortex has been found for the first time. The capacity for such transport was shown with respect to all natural and semisynthetic penicillins tested. The section accumulation method was recommended for the use in screening new penicillins with prolonged action. Absence of corelation between the value of the section/medium concentration gradient and the index of penicillin kidney clearance was registered. It was shown that the binding level of penicillins by blood serum proteins did not define the rate of their excretion with the urine in rabbits.", "PMID": 848915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8252", "title": "[Multiple sclerosis: a multi-specific immune deficiency disease].", "content": "New immunological data (Brit. med. J., 1976, 1, 183-186) lead us to a fundamental reconsideration of the immunopathological concept of multiple sclerosis (MS). The increased incidence of the infection rate during childhood, the low humoral and cell-mediated immune responses towards many bacterial and viral antigens and the presence of these specific immune deficiencies in a group of doubtful MS cases being at the first bout of the disease, led us to consider MS as a multi-specific immune deficiency disease, possibly having its origin in the genes controlling the immune response to these specific antigens. We now consider MS as being the end result of multi-specific immune deficiencies, which would explain the increased incidence of tonsillectomies, appendicectomies and repeated infections during childhood and the presence of numerous small inflammatory and pyrexic processes, often benign, but susceptible to cause in the target tissue--the central nervous tissue--the demyelinization process which could well be not specific at all. This new optic opens the way to the use of different immunotherapy regimens including transfer factor or whole lymphokines, and stimulation of the immune response with immunological adjuvants rather than immunosuppressive agents used during recent years (like steroids, ACTH) which have an antiinflammatory as well as an immunosuppressive function.", "contents": "[Multiple sclerosis: a multi-specific immune deficiency disease]. New immunological data (Brit. med. J., 1976, 1, 183-186) lead us to a fundamental reconsideration of the immunopathological concept of multiple sclerosis (MS). The increased incidence of the infection rate during childhood, the low humoral and cell-mediated immune responses towards many bacterial and viral antigens and the presence of these specific immune deficiencies in a group of doubtful MS cases being at the first bout of the disease, led us to consider MS as a multi-specific immune deficiency disease, possibly having its origin in the genes controlling the immune response to these specific antigens. We now consider MS as being the end result of multi-specific immune deficiencies, which would explain the increased incidence of tonsillectomies, appendicectomies and repeated infections during childhood and the presence of numerous small inflammatory and pyrexic processes, often benign, but susceptible to cause in the target tissue--the central nervous tissue--the demyelinization process which could well be not specific at all. This new optic opens the way to the use of different immunotherapy regimens including transfer factor or whole lymphokines, and stimulation of the immune response with immunological adjuvants rather than immunosuppressive agents used during recent years (like steroids, ACTH) which have an antiinflammatory as well as an immunosuppressive function.", "PMID": 848902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8253", "title": "[Deacylating activity of sera as a cause for the ineffectiveness of the treatment of experimental plaque in white mice with benzylpenicillin].", "content": "It was shown that serum of albino mice infected with plague microbe cells inactivated benzylpenicillin. Such deacetylating activity reached its peak by the 3rd day and after that decreased reaching by the 5th--7th day the level registered in non-infected animal and being apparently of non-specific character. Ampicillin proved to be 2 times more resistant to the effect of serum acylase as compared to benzylpenicillin. It was supposed that the ability of serum of infected animals to inactivate benzylpenicillin by splitting off phenylace acid was the cause of ineffective treatment of experimental plague of albino mice with comparatively low doses of the drug.", "contents": "[Deacylating activity of sera as a cause for the ineffectiveness of the treatment of experimental plaque in white mice with benzylpenicillin]. It was shown that serum of albino mice infected with plague microbe cells inactivated benzylpenicillin. Such deacetylating activity reached its peak by the 3rd day and after that decreased reaching by the 5th--7th day the level registered in non-infected animal and being apparently of non-specific character. Ampicillin proved to be 2 times more resistant to the effect of serum acylase as compared to benzylpenicillin. It was supposed that the ability of serum of infected animals to inactivate benzylpenicillin by splitting off phenylace acid was the cause of ineffective treatment of experimental plague of albino mice with comparatively low doses of the drug.", "PMID": 848916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8254", "title": "[Contribution of immuno-hematology in understanding autoimmune phenomena].", "content": "Acquired hemolytic anemia (AHA) can be considered under four aspects: 1) The nature and specificity of involved autoantibodies correspond to weakly differentiated structures of high frequency but normal human blood group antigens. 2) The pathologic role of autoantibody can be experimentally demonstrated by parallel measures of the specific red cell survival. 3) In certain cases of AHA--secondary to infections (Mycoplasma pneumoniae, infectious mononucleosis) or drugs (methyl dopa), or related to tumours (dermoid ovarian cyste, ovary teratoma) or tissue damages (haemorragic rectocolitis)--the relation between a clinical precise circumstance and the production of autoantibody can actually be demonstrated. 4) In idiopathic AHA, in addition to various autoantibodies, an immunological disorder is observed, including the production of allo- and heteroantibodies and, in 50% of the cases, a global deficit in immunoglobulin. 5) On these bases, the nature of autoimmunity is discussed. If specific modifications can explain secondary AHA, they can hardly account for idiopathic AHA. Cellular non-specific anomalies should be considered.", "contents": "[Contribution of immuno-hematology in understanding autoimmune phenomena]. Acquired hemolytic anemia (AHA) can be considered under four aspects: 1) The nature and specificity of involved autoantibodies correspond to weakly differentiated structures of high frequency but normal human blood group antigens. 2) The pathologic role of autoantibody can be experimentally demonstrated by parallel measures of the specific red cell survival. 3) In certain cases of AHA--secondary to infections (Mycoplasma pneumoniae, infectious mononucleosis) or drugs (methyl dopa), or related to tumours (dermoid ovarian cyste, ovary teratoma) or tissue damages (haemorragic rectocolitis)--the relation between a clinical precise circumstance and the production of autoantibody can actually be demonstrated. 4) In idiopathic AHA, in addition to various autoantibodies, an immunological disorder is observed, including the production of allo- and heteroantibodies and, in 50% of the cases, a global deficit in immunoglobulin. 5) On these bases, the nature of autoimmunity is discussed. If specific modifications can explain secondary AHA, they can hardly account for idiopathic AHA. Cellular non-specific anomalies should be considered.", "PMID": 848901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8255", "title": "[Responsible agents and mechanisms of direct allogeneic anaphylactic degranulation].", "content": "Because mast cells from inbred mice possess both H-2 Ag and Fe receptors they can be degranulated by anaphylactic allo-Ab (DAAD). Beside IgG1, IgE allo-Ab were shown to exist and to be able to achieve DAAD. So far, to be the target of DAAD, an Ag must be present on the mast cell membrane and presumably not linked to the Fe receptor. The mechanism of DAAD involves very likely a double interaction of the Ab (by its two reactive ends) with the mast cell membrane.", "contents": "[Responsible agents and mechanisms of direct allogeneic anaphylactic degranulation]. Because mast cells from inbred mice possess both H-2 Ag and Fe receptors they can be degranulated by anaphylactic allo-Ab (DAAD). Beside IgG1, IgE allo-Ab were shown to exist and to be able to achieve DAAD. So far, to be the target of DAAD, an Ag must be present on the mast cell membrane and presumably not linked to the Fe receptor. The mechanism of DAAD involves very likely a double interaction of the Ab (by its two reactive ends) with the mast cell membrane.", "PMID": 848907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8256", "title": "[Effect of a polysaccharide-contaning preparation from El Tor vibrions on the phagocytic activity of leukocytes and on the lysozyme titer].", "content": "The dynamics of changes in some indices of the natural immunity of mice treated with EL-Tor vibrio preparations in doses of 50 and 500 gemma/mouse was studied. The blood for analysis was taken from the mice 24 hours, 3, 7 and 10 days after the preparation administration. The results of the study showed that administration of the polysaccharide-containing preparations from El-Tor vibrios in doses of 50 and 500 gemma/mouse was accompanied by some shifts in the regulatory mechanisms: suppression of the serum lysozyme activity on the 1st and 3rd days and its stimulation on the 7th and 10th days. The percentage of phagocytosis and its completeness increased. The indices of phagocytosis and its completeness by the respective periods decreased.", "contents": "[Effect of a polysaccharide-contaning preparation from El Tor vibrions on the phagocytic activity of leukocytes and on the lysozyme titer]. The dynamics of changes in some indices of the natural immunity of mice treated with EL-Tor vibrio preparations in doses of 50 and 500 gemma/mouse was studied. The blood for analysis was taken from the mice 24 hours, 3, 7 and 10 days after the preparation administration. The results of the study showed that administration of the polysaccharide-containing preparations from El-Tor vibrios in doses of 50 and 500 gemma/mouse was accompanied by some shifts in the regulatory mechanisms: suppression of the serum lysozyme activity on the 1st and 3rd days and its stimulation on the 7th and 10th days. The percentage of phagocytosis and its completeness increased. The indices of phagocytosis and its completeness by the respective periods decreased.", "PMID": 848918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8257", "title": "[Biochemical changes in the kidney cells of dogs after the intravenous administration of deoxycholate sodium (the nephrotoxic action of amphotericin B)].", "content": "The effect of sodium desoxycholate on the plasmic membranes and chromatin of the dog kidney cells after its intravenous administration to the animals in a dose of 1.2 mg/kg equal to the content of sodium desoxycholate in the therapeutic preparation of amphotericin B once a day for 8 days was studied. It was shown that sodium desoxycholate did not induce any detactable shifts in the protein composition of the plasmic membranes. At the same time administration of sodium desoxycholate was accompanied by disorders in the fractions of the membrane-bound and free chromatin of the dog kidneys. It was found that sodium desoxycholate promoted binding of chromatin to the nuclear membrane, changed the chemical composition of the both fractions studied and damaged the spectrum of the histones  of free chromatin. An analogous character of the effect on the above subcellular structures of the kidney tissue was observed with the used of amphotericin B. However, the level of the effect of the antibiotic complex with sodium desoxycholate on the above structures was more significant than that of sodium desoxycholate used alone. The data obtained were indicative of sodium desoxycholate toxicity in vivo and promoted elucidatio  of the cause of amphotericin B toxic effect on microbial cells.", "contents": "[Biochemical changes in the kidney cells of dogs after the intravenous administration of deoxycholate sodium (the nephrotoxic action of amphotericin B)]. The effect of sodium desoxycholate on the plasmic membranes and chromatin of the dog kidney cells after its intravenous administration to the animals in a dose of 1.2 mg/kg equal to the content of sodium desoxycholate in the therapeutic preparation of amphotericin B once a day for 8 days was studied. It was shown that sodium desoxycholate did not induce any detactable shifts in the protein composition of the plasmic membranes. At the same time administration of sodium desoxycholate was accompanied by disorders in the fractions of the membrane-bound and free chromatin of the dog kidneys. It was found that sodium desoxycholate promoted binding of chromatin to the nuclear membrane, changed the chemical composition of the both fractions studied and damaged the spectrum of the histones  of free chromatin. An analogous character of the effect on the above subcellular structures of the kidney tissue was observed with the used of amphotericin B. However, the level of the effect of the antibiotic complex with sodium desoxycholate on the above structures was more significant than that of sodium desoxycholate used alone. The data obtained were indicative of sodium desoxycholate toxicity in vivo and promoted elucidatio  of the cause of amphotericin B toxic effect on microbial cells.", "PMID": 848917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8258", "title": "[Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD): in vitro enhancement of bactericidal activity of CGD phagocytes by rifampicin].", "content": "In a series of 29 experiments on CGD patients, we have studied the in vitro bactericidal capacity of normal and CGD phagocytes against penicillin, streptomycin and rifampicin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. The bactericidal activity of phagogyte preparations was tested at different intervals during a 21 hour incubation. The CGD-phagocyte bactericidy peaks after 90 min when penicillin is used; in contrast, a significant enhancement of the bactericidal activity is noted with rifampicin and best noted after 21 hours of incubation. To elucidate the mode of action of this antibiotic, a rifampicin resistant S. aureus was used in a series of experiments; The results  point to a mixt type of action: antimicrobial and metabolic.", "contents": "[Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD): in vitro enhancement of bactericidal activity of CGD phagocytes by rifampicin]. In a series of 29 experiments on CGD patients, we have studied the in vitro bactericidal capacity of normal and CGD phagocytes against penicillin, streptomycin and rifampicin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. The bactericidal activity of phagogyte preparations was tested at different intervals during a 21 hour incubation. The CGD-phagocyte bactericidy peaks after 90 min when penicillin is used; in contrast, a significant enhancement of the bactericidal activity is noted with rifampicin and best noted after 21 hours of incubation. To elucidate the mode of action of this antibiotic, a rifampicin resistant S. aureus was used in a series of experiments; The results  point to a mixt type of action: antimicrobial and metabolic.", "PMID": 848909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8259", "title": "[Action of cycloheximide on RNA synthesis and the formation of structures in the Venezuelan equine encephalomelitis virus].", "content": "The studies showed that the effect of cycloheximide on reproduction of the virus of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) depended on the time of the antibiotic administration. When the antibiotic was added 3--5 hours after the inoculation (after formation of the virus RNA-polymerase), accumulation of virus RNA and 60--100 S virus structures was observed in the cells, while virus nucleotides and infection virus did not practically form. The 60--100 S structures included the cell proteins. They were resistant to EDTA and their swimming density in cesium chloride was 1.3--1.4 gm/cm3, it was characteristic of RNA of a non-ribosomic nature. According to these properties 60--100 S structures may be classified as belonging to the \"hybrid\" RNA analogous to the RNA complexes of VEE virus with the cell proteins. Probably addition of cycloheximide provided conditions in the infected cells for increase of the \"hybrid\", structural pool since the synthesis of the structural virus proteins was suppressed.", "contents": "[Action of cycloheximide on RNA synthesis and the formation of structures in the Venezuelan equine encephalomelitis virus]. The studies showed that the effect of cycloheximide on reproduction of the virus of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) depended on the time of the antibiotic administration. When the antibiotic was added 3--5 hours after the inoculation (after formation of the virus RNA-polymerase), accumulation of virus RNA and 60--100 S virus structures was observed in the cells, while virus nucleotides and infection virus did not practically form. The 60--100 S structures included the cell proteins. They were resistant to EDTA and their swimming density in cesium chloride was 1.3--1.4 gm/cm3, it was characteristic of RNA of a non-ribosomic nature. According to these properties 60--100 S structures may be classified as belonging to the \"hybrid\" RNA analogous to the RNA complexes of VEE virus with the cell proteins. Probably addition of cycloheximide provided conditions in the infected cells for increase of the \"hybrid\", structural pool since the synthesis of the structural virus proteins was suppressed.", "PMID": 848919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8260", "title": "[Non-specific responses of C3H/He low responder mice to LPS and to TCA-extracted endotoxin].", "content": "In vitro and in vivo host reponses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and various immunostimulants were compared in C3h low-and highresponder mice, their F1, F2 and backcross hybrids. In contrast to the responsiveness of a congeneic high responder subline, LPS is unable to stimulate thymidine incorporation by splenocytes of the low-responder subline and to protect these mice against an unrelated bacterial infection, Moreover, although endotoxin extracted by trichloroacetic acid was mitogenic in these low-responder mice, it was still unable to increase their resistance against an infectious challenge; in addition, the LD50 of both endotoxin preparations was about 3,500 fold greater than in the high-responder mice. For this latter assay, mice were adrenaloctomized since it is well established that mouse's susceptibility to LPS is dramatically enhanced in the absence of glucocorticoids. Inheritance of susceptibility to lethal effect of endotoxin and of LPS-induced non-specific resistance to infection was also tested in both sublines, their hybrids and backcross progeny. The present findings are consistent with the hypothesis that these LPS host-responses may be determined by a single autosomal dominant gene.", "contents": "[Non-specific responses of C3H/He low responder mice to LPS and to TCA-extracted endotoxin]. In vitro and in vivo host reponses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and various immunostimulants were compared in C3h low-and highresponder mice, their F1, F2 and backcross hybrids. In contrast to the responsiveness of a congeneic high responder subline, LPS is unable to stimulate thymidine incorporation by splenocytes of the low-responder subline and to protect these mice against an unrelated bacterial infection, Moreover, although endotoxin extracted by trichloroacetic acid was mitogenic in these low-responder mice, it was still unable to increase their resistance against an infectious challenge; in addition, the LD50 of both endotoxin preparations was about 3,500 fold greater than in the high-responder mice. For this latter assay, mice were adrenaloctomized since it is well established that mouse's susceptibility to LPS is dramatically enhanced in the absence of glucocorticoids. Inheritance of susceptibility to lethal effect of endotoxin and of LPS-induced non-specific resistance to infection was also tested in both sublines, their hybrids and backcross progeny. The present findings are consistent with the hypothesis that these LPS host-responses may be determined by a single autosomal dominant gene.", "PMID": 848908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8261", "title": "[Impairment of humoral immunity in aging].", "content": "1) Aging is associated with a hypergammaglobulinemia consistng of an increase in the serum IgG and IgA, plus a reduction in the IgM. This is associated with an increase of the B lymphocyte circulating pool, and an increase of the ratio IgG-B cells; 2) There is a reduction of the serum concentration of natural isoagglutinins. 3) The secondary IgG response against diphteria toxin (DT) is similar in 15 young and 15 old subjects. 4) There is a reduction of the IgE response against DT in old subjects.", "contents": "[Impairment of humoral immunity in aging]. 1) Aging is associated with a hypergammaglobulinemia consistng of an increase in the serum IgG and IgA, plus a reduction in the IgM. This is associated with an increase of the B lymphocyte circulating pool, and an increase of the ratio IgG-B cells; 2) There is a reduction of the serum concentration of natural isoagglutinins. 3) The secondary IgG response against diphteria toxin (DT) is similar in 15 young and 15 old subjects. 4) There is a reduction of the IgE response against DT in old subjects.", "PMID": 848911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8262", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in single and repeated administration to patients with inflammatory processes in the lungs of nontuberculotic etiology].", "content": "Rifampicin is a broad spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic of the group of rifampicins. It is active against both grampositive and gramnegative organisms and mycobacteria. The studies on the pharmacokinetics of rifampicin showed that the drug was well absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract. After a single administration of rifampicin in a dose of 150 mg its maximum concentration in the blood was registered in an hour. This concentration was preserved at the therapeutic level for 5 hours. Practically no accumulation of rifampicin was observed in its use in a dose of 150 mg 4 times a day for 5 days. Perspectivity of rifampicin use in the treatment of patients with inflammatory processes in the lungs of non-tuberculosis etiology was shown.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in single and repeated administration to patients with inflammatory processes in the lungs of nontuberculotic etiology]. Rifampicin is a broad spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic of the group of rifampicins. It is active against both grampositive and gramnegative organisms and mycobacteria. The studies on the pharmacokinetics of rifampicin showed that the drug was well absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract. After a single administration of rifampicin in a dose of 150 mg its maximum concentration in the blood was registered in an hour. This concentration was preserved at the therapeutic level for 5 hours. Practically no accumulation of rifampicin was observed in its use in a dose of 150 mg 4 times a day for 5 days. Perspectivity of rifampicin use in the treatment of patients with inflammatory processes in the lungs of non-tuberculosis etiology was shown.", "PMID": 848920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8263", "title": "[Role of C1 subcomponents in platelet aggregation induced by aggregated IgG].", "content": "Studies have been performed with platelets using C1 haemolytic assays and platelet aggregation induced by anti-C1q, anti-C1s and aggregated IgG in the presence of C1 subcomponents C1q, C1r and C1s. C1q was removed by EDTA or modified by collagenase from human platelets while after the same treatment C1s remained bound to the platelets. EDTA-treated platelets were no longer aggregated by aggregated IgG. The addition of C1q restored the reactivity of the platelets to aggregated IgG while the addition of C1s or C1s was without effect. Furthermore, the addition of C1r or C1s to C1q inhibited the action of C1q in platelet aggregation induced by IgG. The possible association between the different C1 subcomponents and human platelets is discussed.", "contents": "[Role of C1 subcomponents in platelet aggregation induced by aggregated IgG]. Studies have been performed with platelets using C1 haemolytic assays and platelet aggregation induced by anti-C1q, anti-C1s and aggregated IgG in the presence of C1 subcomponents C1q, C1r and C1s. C1q was removed by EDTA or modified by collagenase from human platelets while after the same treatment C1s remained bound to the platelets. EDTA-treated platelets were no longer aggregated by aggregated IgG. The addition of C1q restored the reactivity of the platelets to aggregated IgG while the addition of C1s or C1s was without effect. Furthermore, the addition of C1r or C1s to C1q inhibited the action of C1q in platelet aggregation induced by IgG. The possible association between the different C1 subcomponents and human platelets is discussed.", "PMID": 848910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8264", "title": "Emergence of gentamicin-resistant Klebsiella in a general hospital.", "content": "Gentamicin had been in use in a general hospital for over 7 years before any gentamicin-resistant Klebsiella were observed. In 1974 and 1975, nine different gentamicin-resistant serobiotypes of Klebsiella were isolated from 35 patients. The first strain to appear had R-factor-mediated gentamicin resistance, and it infected 19 patients during a period of almost 2 years, spreading largely by case-to-case infection in patients with urinary catheters. It appeared to lose the capacity to transfer its gentamicin resistance after it had infected five of the patients. We had previously isolated on the same ward a gentamicin-susceptible Klebsiella of identical type, and it was found to be capable of acquiring an R-factor for gentamicin resistance. All of the other types of gentamicin-resistant Klebsiella infected few patients and did not persist in the hospital; four of them had R-factor-mediated resistance to gentamicin and all four, as did the original strain, cotransferred kanamycin, neomycin, and tobramycin resistance. Every gentamicin-resistant Klebsiella was susceptible to amikacin and netilmicin.", "contents": "Emergence of gentamicin-resistant Klebsiella in a general hospital. Gentamicin had been in use in a general hospital for over 7 years before any gentamicin-resistant Klebsiella were observed. In 1974 and 1975, nine different gentamicin-resistant serobiotypes of Klebsiella were isolated from 35 patients. The first strain to appear had R-factor-mediated gentamicin resistance, and it infected 19 patients during a period of almost 2 years, spreading largely by case-to-case infection in patients with urinary catheters. It appeared to lose the capacity to transfer its gentamicin resistance after it had infected five of the patients. We had previously isolated on the same ward a gentamicin-susceptible Klebsiella of identical type, and it was found to be capable of acquiring an R-factor for gentamicin resistance. All of the other types of gentamicin-resistant Klebsiella infected few patients and did not persist in the hospital; four of them had R-factor-mediated resistance to gentamicin and all four, as did the original strain, cotransferred kanamycin, neomycin, and tobramycin resistance. Every gentamicin-resistant Klebsiella was susceptible to amikacin and netilmicin.", "PMID": 848921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8265", "title": "Drug resistance and R plasmids in Salmonella typhi isolated in Korea.", "content": "A total of 949 strains of Salmonella typhi isolated in Korea from 1968 to 1975 were tested for drug resistance and distribution of R plasmids. Resistance was mostly restricted to streptomycin (SM) and sulfisomidine (SA), singly or in combination, at a low degree. A small number of strains (1.5%) were resistant to four or more drugs: chloramphenicol (CM), tetracycline (TC), SM, SA, ampicillin (AP), and kanamycin (KM). No strain was resistant to nalidixic acid or to a 1:20 mixture of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. Nor was there any strain singly resistant to CM, TC, AP, or KM. Transfer experiments of multiple-drug resistance to Escherichia coli ML1410 showed that all the strains resistant to four or more drugs carried R plasmids, whereas those weakly resistant to three or less drugs did not. The quadruply resistant strains carried one R plasmid determining CM, TC, SM, and SA resistance, and sextuply resistant ones carried two plasmids, one determining CM, TC, SM, and SA resistance and the other determining AP and KM resistance. One strain carrying a plasmid determining AP and KM resistance was also found. The transfer frequency of CM, TC, SM, and SA resistance was much higher than that of AP and KM resistance. The resistance of S. typhi was more efficiently transferred to E. coli at 25 degrees C than at 37 degrees C.", "contents": "Drug resistance and R plasmids in Salmonella typhi isolated in Korea. A total of 949 strains of Salmonella typhi isolated in Korea from 1968 to 1975 were tested for drug resistance and distribution of R plasmids. Resistance was mostly restricted to streptomycin (SM) and sulfisomidine (SA), singly or in combination, at a low degree. A small number of strains (1.5%) were resistant to four or more drugs: chloramphenicol (CM), tetracycline (TC), SM, SA, ampicillin (AP), and kanamycin (KM). No strain was resistant to nalidixic acid or to a 1:20 mixture of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. Nor was there any strain singly resistant to CM, TC, AP, or KM. Transfer experiments of multiple-drug resistance to Escherichia coli ML1410 showed that all the strains resistant to four or more drugs carried R plasmids, whereas those weakly resistant to three or less drugs did not. The quadruply resistant strains carried one R plasmid determining CM, TC, SM, and SA resistance, and sextuply resistant ones carried two plasmids, one determining CM, TC, SM, and SA resistance and the other determining AP and KM resistance. One strain carrying a plasmid determining AP and KM resistance was also found. The transfer frequency of CM, TC, SM, and SA resistance was much higher than that of AP and KM resistance. The resistance of S. typhi was more efficiently transferred to E. coli at 25 degrees C than at 37 degrees C.", "PMID": 848922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8266", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of amikacin during hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of amikacin were examined in six bilaterally nephrectomized patients undergoing hemodialysis and in four patients with a minimal residual renal function undergoing peritoneal dialysis. The mean elimination half-life before the dialysis was 86.5 h in the anephric patients and 44.3 h in the patients with minimal residual kidney function. The results from the anephric patients suggest that some extrarenal elimination of amikacin may occur. The mean volume of distribution was about 25% of the total body weight. This is in accordance with values reported from subjects with normal renal function. During hemodialysis the half-life decreased to less than 10% (5.6 h) of the pretreatment value. The effectiveness of peritoneal dialysis was less as the half-life decreased to only about 30% (17.9 h) of the pretreatment value. During the dialyses a significant correlation between the half-life of amikacin and the decrease in blood urea and serum creatinine was demonstrated. The pharmacokinetic data were used to make dosage regimen recommendations for the treatment of patients undergoing intermittent hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of amikacin during hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. The pharmacokinetics of amikacin were examined in six bilaterally nephrectomized patients undergoing hemodialysis and in four patients with a minimal residual renal function undergoing peritoneal dialysis. The mean elimination half-life before the dialysis was 86.5 h in the anephric patients and 44.3 h in the patients with minimal residual kidney function. The results from the anephric patients suggest that some extrarenal elimination of amikacin may occur. The mean volume of distribution was about 25% of the total body weight. This is in accordance with values reported from subjects with normal renal function. During hemodialysis the half-life decreased to less than 10% (5.6 h) of the pretreatment value. The effectiveness of peritoneal dialysis was less as the half-life decreased to only about 30% (17.9 h) of the pretreatment value. During the dialyses a significant correlation between the half-life of amikacin and the decrease in blood urea and serum creatinine was demonstrated. The pharmacokinetic data were used to make dosage regimen recommendations for the treatment of patients undergoing intermittent hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis.", "PMID": 848923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8267", "title": "Microdilution transfer plate technique for determining in vitro synergy of antimicrobial agents.", "content": "A microdilution transfer plate technique for determining in vitro synergy of antimicrobial agents is described. Combinations of gentamicin-nalidixic acid against Proteus mirabilis and rifampin-amphotericin B against Candida albicans are used as examples to demonstrate the technique. Results correlate with published data obtained by conventional methods. The technique is effective for evaluating the in vitro effects of antimicrobial agent combinations against both bacteria and fungi. The technique enables one to produce a checkerboard gradient in a fast, convenient, and reproducible way; results are easily visualized.", "contents": "Microdilution transfer plate technique for determining in vitro synergy of antimicrobial agents. A microdilution transfer plate technique for determining in vitro synergy of antimicrobial agents is described. Combinations of gentamicin-nalidixic acid against Proteus mirabilis and rifampin-amphotericin B against Candida albicans are used as examples to demonstrate the technique. Results correlate with published data obtained by conventional methods. The technique is effective for evaluating the in vitro effects of antimicrobial agent combinations against both bacteria and fungi. The technique enables one to produce a checkerboard gradient in a fast, convenient, and reproducible way; results are easily visualized.", "PMID": 848924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8268", "title": "Effects of purines and pyrimidines on the fungistatic activity of 5-fluorocytosine in Aspergillus species.", "content": "The ability of some exogenously supplied purines, pyrimidines, and their nucleosides to antagonize the in vitro fungistatic activity of 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) in Aspergillus species was examined. All compounds tested except thymidine were capable of altering the minimal inhibitory concentration of 5-FC for seven strains of aspergilli tested. In most instances, there was a reciprocal correlation between the ability of a compound to antagonize the fungistatic activity of 5-FC and the quantity of 5-FC taken up by cells in the presence of the compound over a 72-h period.", "contents": "Effects of purines and pyrimidines on the fungistatic activity of 5-fluorocytosine in Aspergillus species. The ability of some exogenously supplied purines, pyrimidines, and their nucleosides to antagonize the in vitro fungistatic activity of 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) in Aspergillus species was examined. All compounds tested except thymidine were capable of altering the minimal inhibitory concentration of 5-FC for seven strains of aspergilli tested. In most instances, there was a reciprocal correlation between the ability of a compound to antagonize the fungistatic activity of 5-FC and the quantity of 5-FC taken up by cells in the presence of the compound over a 72-h period.", "PMID": 848925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8269", "title": "Prevention of 5-fluorouracil-caused growth inhibition in Sordaria fimicola.", "content": "Growth (dry weight accumulation) of Sordaria fimicola in standing liquid culture (sucrose-nitrate-salts-vitamins) is inhibited by the presence of 5 muM 5-fluorouracil in the medium. This inhibition is completely prevented by uracil, deoxyuridine, and 5-bromouracil, partly prevented (40 to 90% of growth observed without 5-fluorouracil) by uridine, thymidine, and 5-bromodeoxyuridine, and slightly prevented by trifluorothymine, cytosine, cytidine, deoxycytidine, and 5-methylcytosine (all at 0.5 to 1 mM). Thymidine and thymine riboside were without any apparent effect. Growth is also inhibited by 0.2 mM 6-azauracil, and this inhibition was completely prevented by uracil and uridine, partly prevented by deoxyuridine, 5-bromouracil, cytidine, and 5-methylcytosine, and slightly prevented by thymine, thymidine, 5-bromodeoxyuridine, cytosine, and deoxycytidine. The data suggest that the observed inhibition of growth by 5-fluorouracil is due to inhibition of both ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. The data also allow inferences concerning pyrimidine interconversions in S. fimicola; i.e., thymine can be anabolized to thymidylic acid without first being demethylated, although demethylation appears to occur also.", "contents": "Prevention of 5-fluorouracil-caused growth inhibition in Sordaria fimicola. Growth (dry weight accumulation) of Sordaria fimicola in standing liquid culture (sucrose-nitrate-salts-vitamins) is inhibited by the presence of 5 muM 5-fluorouracil in the medium. This inhibition is completely prevented by uracil, deoxyuridine, and 5-bromouracil, partly prevented (40 to 90% of growth observed without 5-fluorouracil) by uridine, thymidine, and 5-bromodeoxyuridine, and slightly prevented by trifluorothymine, cytosine, cytidine, deoxycytidine, and 5-methylcytosine (all at 0.5 to 1 mM). Thymidine and thymine riboside were without any apparent effect. Growth is also inhibited by 0.2 mM 6-azauracil, and this inhibition was completely prevented by uracil and uridine, partly prevented by deoxyuridine, 5-bromouracil, cytidine, and 5-methylcytosine, and slightly prevented by thymine, thymidine, 5-bromodeoxyuridine, cytosine, and deoxycytidine. The data suggest that the observed inhibition of growth by 5-fluorouracil is due to inhibition of both ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. The data also allow inferences concerning pyrimidine interconversions in S. fimicola; i.e., thymine can be anabolized to thymidylic acid without first being demethylated, although demethylation appears to occur also.", "PMID": 848926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8270", "title": "Antimicrobial prophylaxis for catheter-associated bacteriuria.", "content": "We evaluated short-term systemic antimicrobial prophylaxis for catheter-associated bacteriuria in women undergoing elective gynecological operations in a prospective, controlled, double-masked study. Nine of 100 placebo-treated patients acquired bacteriuria during catheterization compared with 3 of 96 of the drug-treated group. However, at the time of hospital discharge, clean-voided urine specimens were positive as frequently in the drug-treated group (8 of 82 patients cultured) as in the placebo group (8 of 75 patients cultured). No difference in febrile morbidity due to bacteriuria was noted between the prophylaxis and placebo groups. The incidence of catheter-associated bacteriuria may be reduced by antimicrobial prophylaxis. However, because the protective effect is transient and is associated with the selection of resistant organisms, prophylaxis is not indicated for patients at low risk for acquired bacteriuria and in whom the sequelae of catheter-associated infections are infrequent.", "contents": "Antimicrobial prophylaxis for catheter-associated bacteriuria. We evaluated short-term systemic antimicrobial prophylaxis for catheter-associated bacteriuria in women undergoing elective gynecological operations in a prospective, controlled, double-masked study. Nine of 100 placebo-treated patients acquired bacteriuria during catheterization compared with 3 of 96 of the drug-treated group. However, at the time of hospital discharge, clean-voided urine specimens were positive as frequently in the drug-treated group (8 of 82 patients cultured) as in the placebo group (8 of 75 patients cultured). No difference in febrile morbidity due to bacteriuria was noted between the prophylaxis and placebo groups. The incidence of catheter-associated bacteriuria may be reduced by antimicrobial prophylaxis. However, because the protective effect is transient and is associated with the selection of resistant organisms, prophylaxis is not indicated for patients at low risk for acquired bacteriuria and in whom the sequelae of catheter-associated infections are infrequent.", "PMID": 848927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8271", "title": "Bone marrow toxicity associated with 5-fluorocytosine therapy.", "content": "Bone marrow toxicity occurred in 4 of 15 patients treated with 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) for serious fungal infections. The development of marrow toxicity appeared to be related to serum 5-FC levels of 125 mug/ml or greater. In three patients, accumulation of toxic levels of 5-FC was related to diminished renal function. One patient with acute renal failure and prolonged high levels of 5-FC developed marrow aplasia and died of bacterial sepsis. Three patients experienced leukopenia, which was readily reversed when the dosage of 5-FC was decreased and the serum concentration was lowered. With careful monitoring of serum 5-FC concentration and renal function, the dose-related toxic effects of 5-FC on the marrow can be avoided.", "contents": "Bone marrow toxicity associated with 5-fluorocytosine therapy. Bone marrow toxicity occurred in 4 of 15 patients treated with 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) for serious fungal infections. The development of marrow toxicity appeared to be related to serum 5-FC levels of 125 mug/ml or greater. In three patients, accumulation of toxic levels of 5-FC was related to diminished renal function. One patient with acute renal failure and prolonged high levels of 5-FC developed marrow aplasia and died of bacterial sepsis. Three patients experienced leukopenia, which was readily reversed when the dosage of 5-FC was decreased and the serum concentration was lowered. With careful monitoring of serum 5-FC concentration and renal function, the dose-related toxic effects of 5-FC on the marrow can be avoided.", "PMID": 848928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8272", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of cefamandole in patients with renal failure.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of cefamandole were studied in four patients with stable renal failure, two patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis, and four patients undergoing hemodialysis. Peak concentrations of cefamandole in serum were achieved 1 to 2 h after intramuscular injection in the patients with stable renal impairment, and the concentrations declined slowly, with half-life values of 12.3 to 18 h. Cefamandole was removed only very slowly by peritoneal dialysis. Hemodialysis was more efficient in removing cefamandole, with serum half-life values ranging from 3.8 to 7.9 h. The mean apparent volume of distribution of cefamandole in these 10 patients was 21.92 liters, or 31% of the body weight.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of cefamandole in patients with renal failure. The pharmacokinetics of cefamandole were studied in four patients with stable renal failure, two patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis, and four patients undergoing hemodialysis. Peak concentrations of cefamandole in serum were achieved 1 to 2 h after intramuscular injection in the patients with stable renal impairment, and the concentrations declined slowly, with half-life values of 12.3 to 18 h. Cefamandole was removed only very slowly by peritoneal dialysis. Hemodialysis was more efficient in removing cefamandole, with serum half-life values ranging from 3.8 to 7.9 h. The mean apparent volume of distribution of cefamandole in these 10 patients was 21.92 liters, or 31% of the body weight.", "PMID": 848929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8273", "title": "Changes in superhelical density of closed circular deoxyribonucleic acid by intercalation of anti-R-plasmid drugs and primaquine.", "content": "The following compounds, which possess anti-R-plasmid activity (Hahn and Ciak, 1976) in decreasing order, were shown by viscometric titration to change systematically the superhelical density of closed circular PM2 deoxyribonucleic acid in the manner of intercalators: ethidium bromide, quinacrine, acridine orange, quinine, chlorpromazine, chloroquine, and methylene blue. The same effect was caused by the antimalarial drug primaquine, which has not been tested for antiplasmid activity.", "contents": "Changes in superhelical density of closed circular deoxyribonucleic acid by intercalation of anti-R-plasmid drugs and primaquine. The following compounds, which possess anti-R-plasmid activity (Hahn and Ciak, 1976) in decreasing order, were shown by viscometric titration to change systematically the superhelical density of closed circular PM2 deoxyribonucleic acid in the manner of intercalators: ethidium bromide, quinacrine, acridine orange, quinine, chlorpromazine, chloroquine, and methylene blue. The same effect was caused by the antimalarial drug primaquine, which has not been tested for antiplasmid activity.", "PMID": 848930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8274", "title": "In vitro activity of ticarcillin against anaerobic bacteria compared with that of carbenicillin and penicillin.", "content": "A total of 334 clinical anaerobic isolates were tested in an anaerobic glove box by the agar dilution technique for susceptibility to clinically achievable levels of ticarcillin, carbenicillin, and penicillin. Thirty-two micrograms or less of penicillin per milliliter inhibited 91% of all strains, whereas 100 mug of carbenicillin and ticarcillin per ml inhibited 95 and 98%, respectively. A total of 82% (85 strains) of Bacteroides were inhibited by penicillin, and 93 and 96% were inhibited by carbenicillin and ticarcillin, respectively. Thirteen (24%) of 55 strains of Bacteroides fragilis tested were resistant to 32 mug of penicillin per ml, and 6 (11%) and 3 (5%) were resistant to 100 mug of carbenicillin and ticarcillin per ml, respectively. Within the therapeutic range, ticarcillin was the most effective of the three penicillins tested against B. fragilis subsp. fragilis.", "contents": "In vitro activity of ticarcillin against anaerobic bacteria compared with that of carbenicillin and penicillin. A total of 334 clinical anaerobic isolates were tested in an anaerobic glove box by the agar dilution technique for susceptibility to clinically achievable levels of ticarcillin, carbenicillin, and penicillin. Thirty-two micrograms or less of penicillin per milliliter inhibited 91% of all strains, whereas 100 mug of carbenicillin and ticarcillin per ml inhibited 95 and 98%, respectively. A total of 82% (85 strains) of Bacteroides were inhibited by penicillin, and 93 and 96% were inhibited by carbenicillin and ticarcillin, respectively. Thirteen (24%) of 55 strains of Bacteroides fragilis tested were resistant to 32 mug of penicillin per ml, and 6 (11%) and 3 (5%) were resistant to 100 mug of carbenicillin and ticarcillin per ml, respectively. Within the therapeutic range, ticarcillin was the most effective of the three penicillins tested against B. fragilis subsp. fragilis.", "PMID": 848931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8275", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of cefamandole in patients with normal and impaired renal function.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of cefamandole, a new cephalosporin, were investigated in 23 patients with urinary tract infections and normal or varying degrees of impairment of renal function. A daily dose of 1.5 to 3.0 g administered intramuscularly was tolerated well and resulted in very high urine concentrations. The pharmacokinetics of the antibiotic were compared with isotopically labeled [(131)I]hippurate and [(125)I]iothalamate, which were used for determination of effective renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate, respectively. It was shown that cefamandole was excreted by glomerular filtration as well as by active tubular secretion. Probenecid inhibited the tubular secretion of cefamandole. The serum half-life of cefamandole in patients with normal renal function was approximately 1.5 h and increased in patients along with increasing impairment of renal function. Our studies indicate that a dosage regimen of 1 g of cefamandole every 8 h in patients with normal renal function results in urine concentrations sufficiently high for treatment of most common urinary tract infections. In patients with impaired renal function, the dosage interval should be increased or the dosage lowered according to the serum creatinine values.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of cefamandole in patients with normal and impaired renal function. The pharmacokinetics of cefamandole, a new cephalosporin, were investigated in 23 patients with urinary tract infections and normal or varying degrees of impairment of renal function. A daily dose of 1.5 to 3.0 g administered intramuscularly was tolerated well and resulted in very high urine concentrations. The pharmacokinetics of the antibiotic were compared with isotopically labeled [(131)I]hippurate and [(125)I]iothalamate, which were used for determination of effective renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate, respectively. It was shown that cefamandole was excreted by glomerular filtration as well as by active tubular secretion. Probenecid inhibited the tubular secretion of cefamandole. The serum half-life of cefamandole in patients with normal renal function was approximately 1.5 h and increased in patients along with increasing impairment of renal function. Our studies indicate that a dosage regimen of 1 g of cefamandole every 8 h in patients with normal renal function results in urine concentrations sufficiently high for treatment of most common urinary tract infections. In patients with impaired renal function, the dosage interval should be increased or the dosage lowered according to the serum creatinine values.", "PMID": 848932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8276", "title": "Simple, direct broth-disk method for antibiotic susceptibility testing of Ureaplasma urealyticum.", "content": "A simple, direct broth-disk test, utilizing urine sediment as the inoculum and impregnated paper disks as the source of antibiotic, was developed and used to test the susceptibility of 54 isolates of Ureaplasma urealyticum (T-strain mycoplasmas) to minocycline, doxycycline, demeclocycline, tetracycline, and erythromycin. The concentration of each antibiotic was calculated to approximate the attainable blood level. Resistance or susceptibility to each antibiotic was determined by growth, indicated by a color change of the medium in each tube, comparable to that of a control culture without antibiotic. Of the 54 T-mycoplasmas tested, 46 (85.2%) were inhibited by 1 mug of minocycline per ml, 45 (83.3%) were inhibited by 1 mug of doxycycline per ml, 38 (72.2%) were inhibited by 1 mug of demeclocycline per ml, 18 (33.3%) were inhibited by 1 mug of tetracycline per ml, and only 2 (3.7%) were inhibited by 3 mug of erythromycin per ml. Seven (13%) of the 54 T-mycoplasmas tested were resistant to all five antibiotics. There was good correlation between results obtained by this direct broth-disk method and minimal inhibitory concentrations obtained by the direct broth dilution method.", "contents": "Simple, direct broth-disk method for antibiotic susceptibility testing of Ureaplasma urealyticum. A simple, direct broth-disk test, utilizing urine sediment as the inoculum and impregnated paper disks as the source of antibiotic, was developed and used to test the susceptibility of 54 isolates of Ureaplasma urealyticum (T-strain mycoplasmas) to minocycline, doxycycline, demeclocycline, tetracycline, and erythromycin. The concentration of each antibiotic was calculated to approximate the attainable blood level. Resistance or susceptibility to each antibiotic was determined by growth, indicated by a color change of the medium in each tube, comparable to that of a control culture without antibiotic. Of the 54 T-mycoplasmas tested, 46 (85.2%) were inhibited by 1 mug of minocycline per ml, 45 (83.3%) were inhibited by 1 mug of doxycycline per ml, 38 (72.2%) were inhibited by 1 mug of demeclocycline per ml, 18 (33.3%) were inhibited by 1 mug of tetracycline per ml, and only 2 (3.7%) were inhibited by 3 mug of erythromycin per ml. Seven (13%) of the 54 T-mycoplasmas tested were resistant to all five antibiotics. There was good correlation between results obtained by this direct broth-disk method and minimal inhibitory concentrations obtained by the direct broth dilution method.", "PMID": 848933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8277", "title": "Evaluation of the performance parameters of a prediluted, quantitative antibiotic susceptibility test device.", "content": "A multiwelled plastic strip containing prediluted antibiotics was tested. Antibiotics available at the time of testing included ampicillin, penicillin, methicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, and minocycline. The effects of inoculum size, inoculum volume, temperature, and time of incubation were determined. A limited clinical evaluation using laboratory strains of selected bacteria proved this product to be a rapid, economical, and reliable method for the determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration of antibiotics.", "contents": "Evaluation of the performance parameters of a prediluted, quantitative antibiotic susceptibility test device. A multiwelled plastic strip containing prediluted antibiotics was tested. Antibiotics available at the time of testing included ampicillin, penicillin, methicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, and minocycline. The effects of inoculum size, inoculum volume, temperature, and time of incubation were determined. A limited clinical evaluation using laboratory strains of selected bacteria proved this product to be a rapid, economical, and reliable method for the determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration of antibiotics.", "PMID": 848934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8278", "title": "Amphotericin B susceptibility testing of yeasts with a bactec radiometric system.", "content": "The effect of amphotericin B on CO(2) production was studied using a Bactec 225. A radiometric procedure for yeast susceptibility testing that requires 3 h of incubation was developed. A total of 48 yeast isolates was tested in this system and the results were correlated to tube dilution studies. The drug concentration causing at least a 44% decrease in CO(2) production correlated to the tube dilution minimal inhibitory concentration in 85% of isolates tested and was within one tube dilution of the minimal inhibitory concentration in over 95% of yeasts tested.", "contents": "Amphotericin B susceptibility testing of yeasts with a bactec radiometric system. The effect of amphotericin B on CO(2) production was studied using a Bactec 225. A radiometric procedure for yeast susceptibility testing that requires 3 h of incubation was developed. A total of 48 yeast isolates was tested in this system and the results were correlated to tube dilution studies. The drug concentration causing at least a 44% decrease in CO(2) production correlated to the tube dilution minimal inhibitory concentration in 85% of isolates tested and was within one tube dilution of the minimal inhibitory concentration in over 95% of yeasts tested.", "PMID": 848935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8279", "title": "Development of a chemically defined medium for the synthesis of actinomycin D by Streptomyces parvulus.", "content": "A chemically defined medium, consisting of d-fructose, l-glutamic acid, l-histidine, K(2)HPO(4), MgSO(4).7H(2)O, ZnSO(4).7H(2)O, CaCl(2).2H(2)O, FeSO(4).7H(2)O, CoCl(2).6H(2)O, and deionized water, was developed for synthesis of high yields (500 to 600 mug/ml) of actinomycin D by Streptomyces parvulus. Under these nutritional conditions, growth and actinomycin formation did not follow a typical trophophase-idiophase pattern. The amino acids appeared to have a sparing action on the utilization of d-fructose which was slowly and incompletely metabolized during mycelium development and antibiotic production. A significant repression of actinomycin synthesis by S. parvulus was observed when d-glucose (0.01 to 0.25%) was added to the culture medium. The repression was not due to a decline in the pH of the medium during glucose catabolism.", "contents": "Development of a chemically defined medium for the synthesis of actinomycin D by Streptomyces parvulus. A chemically defined medium, consisting of d-fructose, l-glutamic acid, l-histidine, K(2)HPO(4), MgSO(4).7H(2)O, ZnSO(4).7H(2)O, CaCl(2).2H(2)O, FeSO(4).7H(2)O, CoCl(2).6H(2)O, and deionized water, was developed for synthesis of high yields (500 to 600 mug/ml) of actinomycin D by Streptomyces parvulus. Under these nutritional conditions, growth and actinomycin formation did not follow a typical trophophase-idiophase pattern. The amino acids appeared to have a sparing action on the utilization of d-fructose which was slowly and incompletely metabolized during mycelium development and antibiotic production. A significant repression of actinomycin synthesis by S. parvulus was observed when d-glucose (0.01 to 0.25%) was added to the culture medium. The repression was not due to a decline in the pH of the medium during glucose catabolism.", "PMID": 848936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8280", "title": "Combined antiviral effects of interferon, adenine, arabinoside, hypoxanthine arabinoside, and adenine arabinoside-5'-monophosphate in human fibroblast cultures.", "content": "Adenine arabinoside and human interferon are currently being evaluated in clinical trials against herpes- and poxvirus infections. Interferon production is also a normal antiviral response. It is therefore important to examine the combined actions of interferon and antiviral arabinosides for possible synergy or antagonism. We have examined the antiviral activities of human fibroblast interferon, adenine arabinoside, hypoxanthine arabinoside, and adenine arabinoside 5'-monophosphate individually, using plaque inhibition of vaccinia and herpes simplex type 2 viruses in human skin fibroblast cultures. By combining doses of interferon and arabinosides that, acting alone, give intermediate degrees of plaque inhibition, we were able to compare the combined antiviral activity with that calculated from the activity of each inhibitor alone, assuming that the activities are statistically independent. Our results show that the plaque-inhibitory activities of interferon and the arabinosides tested are statistically independent. The results also show that the arabinosides do not destabilize the antiviral state previously induced by interferon, and that interferon pretreatment does not interfere with subsequent arabinoside action in infected cells. We have also found that arabinosides do not affect the induction of interferon synthesis by either Newcastle disease virus or double-stranded ribonucleic acid, and are not themselves interferon inducers.", "contents": "Combined antiviral effects of interferon, adenine, arabinoside, hypoxanthine arabinoside, and adenine arabinoside-5'-monophosphate in human fibroblast cultures. Adenine arabinoside and human interferon are currently being evaluated in clinical trials against herpes- and poxvirus infections. Interferon production is also a normal antiviral response. It is therefore important to examine the combined actions of interferon and antiviral arabinosides for possible synergy or antagonism. We have examined the antiviral activities of human fibroblast interferon, adenine arabinoside, hypoxanthine arabinoside, and adenine arabinoside 5'-monophosphate individually, using plaque inhibition of vaccinia and herpes simplex type 2 viruses in human skin fibroblast cultures. By combining doses of interferon and arabinosides that, acting alone, give intermediate degrees of plaque inhibition, we were able to compare the combined antiviral activity with that calculated from the activity of each inhibitor alone, assuming that the activities are statistically independent. Our results show that the plaque-inhibitory activities of interferon and the arabinosides tested are statistically independent. The results also show that the arabinosides do not destabilize the antiviral state previously induced by interferon, and that interferon pretreatment does not interfere with subsequent arabinoside action in infected cells. We have also found that arabinosides do not affect the induction of interferon synthesis by either Newcastle disease virus or double-stranded ribonucleic acid, and are not themselves interferon inducers.", "PMID": 848937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8281", "title": "Lethal and mutagenic effects of 5-iodouracil on bacteriophage T4td8rII.", "content": "Evidence was obtained which indicates that the lethal effect of 5-iodouracil (IUra) on bacteriophage T4 is not due to a mutagenic process. T4td8rII (thymine requiring, rapid lysis) double mutants were constructed. Reversion of T4td8rII to r(+) was measured. First, reversion by growth in the presence of the structural analogues chlorouracil (ClUra) and bromouracil (BrUra) did not correlate with their relative lethal effects (for mutagenesis: IUra </= ClUra </= BrUra; for lethality: ClUra < BrUra < IUra). Second, reversion frequencies of T4td8rII in infected cells increased linearly with time of growth in the presence of IUra, whereas the frequency of lethality was constant with time. Third, reversion frequencies increased markedly at low levels of IUra substitution, whereas lethal effects were apparent only with extensive IUra substitution. Fourth, the reversion frequency of the nonviable fraction of IUra-substituted T4td8rII (as examined by multiplicity reactivation) did not differ significantly from that of the viable IUra-substituted T4td8 fraction. If mutagenesis caused lethality, then the nonviable T4td8rII fraction should accumulate mutations and have a higher reversion frequency.", "contents": "Lethal and mutagenic effects of 5-iodouracil on bacteriophage T4td8rII. Evidence was obtained which indicates that the lethal effect of 5-iodouracil (IUra) on bacteriophage T4 is not due to a mutagenic process. T4td8rII (thymine requiring, rapid lysis) double mutants were constructed. Reversion of T4td8rII to r(+) was measured. First, reversion by growth in the presence of the structural analogues chlorouracil (ClUra) and bromouracil (BrUra) did not correlate with their relative lethal effects (for mutagenesis: IUra </= ClUra </= BrUra; for lethality: ClUra < BrUra < IUra). Second, reversion frequencies of T4td8rII in infected cells increased linearly with time of growth in the presence of IUra, whereas the frequency of lethality was constant with time. Third, reversion frequencies increased markedly at low levels of IUra substitution, whereas lethal effects were apparent only with extensive IUra substitution. Fourth, the reversion frequency of the nonviable fraction of IUra-substituted T4td8rII (as examined by multiplicity reactivation) did not differ significantly from that of the viable IUra-substituted T4td8 fraction. If mutagenesis caused lethality, then the nonviable T4td8rII fraction should accumulate mutations and have a higher reversion frequency.", "PMID": 848938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8282", "title": "Cefadroxil, a new broad-spectrum cephalosporin.", "content": "Cefadroxil is a new semisynthetic cephalosporin with a broad antibacterial spectrum and a high chemotherapeutic potential when administered orally. The inhibitory activity of this compound was similar to that of cephalexin and cephradine when tested against 602 clinical isolates on Mueller-Hinton medium. In the oral treatment of experimental infections of mice, cefadroxil was more effective than cephalexin against Streptococcus pyogenes, and comparably effective against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and several gram-negative species. Administered orally to mice, at doses ranging from 25 to 100 mg/kg, cefadroxil attained peak concentrations in the blood similar to those of cephalexin. At a dose of 200 mg/kg, however, higher peak levels were noted with cefadroxil than with cephalexin. In regard to other properties which were investigated, the behavior of cefadroxil compared favorably to that of cephalexin.", "contents": "Cefadroxil, a new broad-spectrum cephalosporin. Cefadroxil is a new semisynthetic cephalosporin with a broad antibacterial spectrum and a high chemotherapeutic potential when administered orally. The inhibitory activity of this compound was similar to that of cephalexin and cephradine when tested against 602 clinical isolates on Mueller-Hinton medium. In the oral treatment of experimental infections of mice, cefadroxil was more effective than cephalexin against Streptococcus pyogenes, and comparably effective against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and several gram-negative species. Administered orally to mice, at doses ranging from 25 to 100 mg/kg, cefadroxil attained peak concentrations in the blood similar to those of cephalexin. At a dose of 200 mg/kg, however, higher peak levels were noted with cefadroxil than with cephalexin. In regard to other properties which were investigated, the behavior of cefadroxil compared favorably to that of cephalexin.", "PMID": 848939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8283", "title": "Comparative human oral clinical pharmacology of cefadroxil, cephalexin, and cephradine.", "content": "At equivalent oral doses, cefadroxil has a longer serum half-life, slower urinary excretion rate, greater area under the serum level versus time curve than cephalexin or cephradine, and peak serum concentrations that are 75 to 80% those of cephalexin. The calculated, apparent in vivo volume of distribution of cefadroxil is greater than that of cephalexin. These properties infer greater persistence of cefadroxil in serum and urine and more prolonged in vivo bacterial exposure to cefadroxil than to cephalexin or cephradine. Neither cefadroxil nor cephalexin demonstrates drug accumulation on repeated administration. The serum levels achieved by cefadroxil are unaffected by food. The pharmacokinetic properties of cefadroxil are supportive of the development of clinical efficacy data which could indicate that cefadroxil could be administered at 12-h intervals.", "contents": "Comparative human oral clinical pharmacology of cefadroxil, cephalexin, and cephradine. At equivalent oral doses, cefadroxil has a longer serum half-life, slower urinary excretion rate, greater area under the serum level versus time curve than cephalexin or cephradine, and peak serum concentrations that are 75 to 80% those of cephalexin. The calculated, apparent in vivo volume of distribution of cefadroxil is greater than that of cephalexin. These properties infer greater persistence of cefadroxil in serum and urine and more prolonged in vivo bacterial exposure to cefadroxil than to cephalexin or cephradine. Neither cefadroxil nor cephalexin demonstrates drug accumulation on repeated administration. The serum levels achieved by cefadroxil are unaffected by food. The pharmacokinetic properties of cefadroxil are supportive of the development of clinical efficacy data which could indicate that cefadroxil could be administered at 12-h intervals.", "PMID": 848940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8284", "title": "Hemagglutination inhibition assay for gentamicin.", "content": "A rapid and simple hemagglutination inhibition test for measuring gentamicin concentrations in serum has been developed. Correlation coefficients for this assay with the radioimmunoassay and microbiological assay were r = 710 and r = 0.864, respectively. Measurements of gentamicin levels in serum by the three methods showed no statistically significant differences. The hemagglutination inhibition assay is fast, reliable, and relatively inexpensive, and should prove valuable for laboratory use.", "contents": "Hemagglutination inhibition assay for gentamicin. A rapid and simple hemagglutination inhibition test for measuring gentamicin concentrations in serum has been developed. Correlation coefficients for this assay with the radioimmunoassay and microbiological assay were r = 710 and r = 0.864, respectively. Measurements of gentamicin levels in serum by the three methods showed no statistically significant differences. The hemagglutination inhibition assay is fast, reliable, and relatively inexpensive, and should prove valuable for laboratory use.", "PMID": 848941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8285", "title": "In vitro activity of netilmicin.", "content": "The activity of netilmicin against a variety of bacteria was similar to that of gentamicin, sisomicin, and tobramycin, but it was less active than these three drugs against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Synergy with penicillin G against enterococci was demonstrated.", "contents": "In vitro activity of netilmicin. The activity of netilmicin against a variety of bacteria was similar to that of gentamicin, sisomicin, and tobramycin, but it was less active than these three drugs against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Synergy with penicillin G against enterococci was demonstrated.", "PMID": 848942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8286", "title": "Bioassay for miconazole.", "content": "A radial diffusion bioassay for miconazole, which employs Candida stellatoidea as the indicator organism, is described. Results from three patients treated with the drug are presented.", "contents": "Bioassay for miconazole. A radial diffusion bioassay for miconazole, which employs Candida stellatoidea as the indicator organism, is described. Results from three patients treated with the drug are presented.", "PMID": 848943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8287", "title": "Antimicrobial activity of cefamandole against Salmonella typhi.", "content": "A patient with Salmonella typhi bacteremia was sucessfully treated with cefamandole, a new cephalosporin derivative. Infection has not recurred during 6 months of follow-up observation. Minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum bactericidal concentrations of cefamandole, cephalothin, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol were compared against 26 strains of S. typhi. All the strains were susceptible to cefamandole in vitro. Seven of the strains were resistant to chloramphenicol, and another seven were resistant to both chloramphenicol and ampicillin. Cefamandole appears to warrant further clinical trial for the treatment of typhoid fever.", "contents": "Antimicrobial activity of cefamandole against Salmonella typhi. A patient with Salmonella typhi bacteremia was sucessfully treated with cefamandole, a new cephalosporin derivative. Infection has not recurred during 6 months of follow-up observation. Minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum bactericidal concentrations of cefamandole, cephalothin, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol were compared against 26 strains of S. typhi. All the strains were susceptible to cefamandole in vitro. Seven of the strains were resistant to chloramphenicol, and another seven were resistant to both chloramphenicol and ampicillin. Cefamandole appears to warrant further clinical trial for the treatment of typhoid fever.", "PMID": 848944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8288", "title": "Fatty acid fingerprints of Streptococcus mutans NCTC 10832 grown at various temperatures.", "content": "Fatty acid fingerprints were determined gas chromatographically for Strepcococcus mutans NCTC 1082 which had been grown in batch brain heart infusion at a series of nine temperatures ranging from 29.0 to 40.0 degrees C. The major acids at all temperatures were n-palmitic and octadecenoic acids. Other acids detected at all temperatures included n-myristic, palmitoleic, n-stearic, and eicosenoic acids. An increase in temperature resulted in a decrease in the proportion of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids, indicating the importance of accurate temperature control in such gas-liquid chromatographic, chemotaxonomic studies.", "contents": "Fatty acid fingerprints of Streptococcus mutans NCTC 10832 grown at various temperatures. Fatty acid fingerprints were determined gas chromatographically for Strepcococcus mutans NCTC 1082 which had been grown in batch brain heart infusion at a series of nine temperatures ranging from 29.0 to 40.0 degrees C. The major acids at all temperatures were n-palmitic and octadecenoic acids. Other acids detected at all temperatures included n-myristic, palmitoleic, n-stearic, and eicosenoic acids. An increase in temperature resulted in a decrease in the proportion of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids, indicating the importance of accurate temperature control in such gas-liquid chromatographic, chemotaxonomic studies.", "PMID": 848945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8289", "title": "Improved enumeration of Streptomyces spp. on a starch casein salt medium.", "content": "Well-formed Streptomyces colonies were counted more rapidly when a starch casein medium containing antibiotics was supplemented with either magnesium chloride or additional sodium chloride.", "contents": "Improved enumeration of Streptomyces spp. on a starch casein salt medium. Well-formed Streptomyces colonies were counted more rapidly when a starch casein medium containing antibiotics was supplemented with either magnesium chloride or additional sodium chloride.", "PMID": 848946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8290", "title": "Lipid accumulation in an oleaginous yeast (Candida 107) growing on glucose in single-stage continuous culture.", "content": "Lipid accumulation of Candida 107, grown at dilution rates from 0.03 to the maximum of 0.21/h, with carbon, nitrogen, phosphate, and magnesium limitations in a chemostat, was maximal at about 40% (wt/wt) with nitrogen-limited medium at a dilution rate of 0.06/h, giving an efficiency of substrate conversion of 22 g of lipid per g of glucose consumed. At higher dilution rates the lipid content decreased. With carbon-limited growth, the highest lipid content (14%, wt/wt) was at the maximum dilution rate. High lipid contents also occurred with phosphate + nitrogen as double limitations of growth, with the lipid content of the yeast (about 35%, wt/wt) continuing to be near maximum at dilution rates also near maximum (0.17/h), thus giving the highest specific rate of lipid formation of any growth conditions (0.59 g of lipid/g of yeast per h). However, the efficiency of substrate utilization was only 5.2 g of lipid formed per 100 g of glucose consumed. The composition of the fatty acyl residues within the lipid remained constant over many weeks if the steady-state conditions remained unchanged. With carbon-limited growth, the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids markedly decreased as the dilution rate was increased, but with nitrogen limitation the reverse trend was seen. In all cases, linoleic and oleic acids were the principal fatty acyl residues affected, and their relative proportions always varied in opposite directions. When magnesium was a limiting nutrient, there was a considerable increase in the proportion of myristic acid produced within the lipid. Neutral lipids (predominantly triglycerides) varied from 66 to 92% of the total lipid from carbon- and nitrogen-limited growth; phospholipids (varying from 2 to 25%) were highest in nitrogen-limited growth. The fatty acyl residues within each lipid fraction showed the same variations with changing growth rates.", "contents": "Lipid accumulation in an oleaginous yeast (Candida 107) growing on glucose in single-stage continuous culture. Lipid accumulation of Candida 107, grown at dilution rates from 0.03 to the maximum of 0.21/h, with carbon, nitrogen, phosphate, and magnesium limitations in a chemostat, was maximal at about 40% (wt/wt) with nitrogen-limited medium at a dilution rate of 0.06/h, giving an efficiency of substrate conversion of 22 g of lipid per g of glucose consumed. At higher dilution rates the lipid content decreased. With carbon-limited growth, the highest lipid content (14%, wt/wt) was at the maximum dilution rate. High lipid contents also occurred with phosphate + nitrogen as double limitations of growth, with the lipid content of the yeast (about 35%, wt/wt) continuing to be near maximum at dilution rates also near maximum (0.17/h), thus giving the highest specific rate of lipid formation of any growth conditions (0.59 g of lipid/g of yeast per h). However, the efficiency of substrate utilization was only 5.2 g of lipid formed per 100 g of glucose consumed. The composition of the fatty acyl residues within the lipid remained constant over many weeks if the steady-state conditions remained unchanged. With carbon-limited growth, the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids markedly decreased as the dilution rate was increased, but with nitrogen limitation the reverse trend was seen. In all cases, linoleic and oleic acids were the principal fatty acyl residues affected, and their relative proportions always varied in opposite directions. When magnesium was a limiting nutrient, there was a considerable increase in the proportion of myristic acid produced within the lipid. Neutral lipids (predominantly triglycerides) varied from 66 to 92% of the total lipid from carbon- and nitrogen-limited growth; phospholipids (varying from 2 to 25%) were highest in nitrogen-limited growth. The fatty acyl residues within each lipid fraction showed the same variations with changing growth rates.", "PMID": 848947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8291", "title": "Procedures involving lipid media for detection of bacterial contamination in breweries.", "content": "The liquid equivalent of universal beer agar, designated universal beer liquid medium, and its beer-free equivalent, universal liquid medium (UL), were equally effective in demonstrating bacterial contamination in 120 of 200 samples from different stages of commercial brewing process. Growth of the contaminants after 3 days was consistently more luxuriant in the UL medium. A yeast-water substrate medium failed to reveal many contaminants detected with UL in 392 samples from three breweries and revealed only a few not detected with UL. The use of UL and a lactose-peptone medium, with microscope examination of the media for bacterial growth, permitted detection of 93% of the known contaminants compared to 87%, detected with UL alone; this combination or universal beer liquid medium plus lactose-peptone medium can therefore be recommended for the detection of bacterial contaminants in brewery samples. Bacterial contamination of pitching yeasts appeared to be a particular problem in the breweries investigated.", "contents": "Procedures involving lipid media for detection of bacterial contamination in breweries. The liquid equivalent of universal beer agar, designated universal beer liquid medium, and its beer-free equivalent, universal liquid medium (UL), were equally effective in demonstrating bacterial contamination in 120 of 200 samples from different stages of commercial brewing process. Growth of the contaminants after 3 days was consistently more luxuriant in the UL medium. A yeast-water substrate medium failed to reveal many contaminants detected with UL in 392 samples from three breweries and revealed only a few not detected with UL. The use of UL and a lactose-peptone medium, with microscope examination of the media for bacterial growth, permitted detection of 93% of the known contaminants compared to 87%, detected with UL alone; this combination or universal beer liquid medium plus lactose-peptone medium can therefore be recommended for the detection of bacterial contaminants in brewery samples. Bacterial contamination of pitching yeasts appeared to be a particular problem in the breweries investigated.", "PMID": 848948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8292", "title": "Study of conditions of production of roquefortine and other metabolites of Penicillin roqueforti.", "content": "Experiments to determine optimum yields of roquefortine, isofumigaclavine A, and PR toxin, metabolites from Penicillum roqueforti Thom, were performed. Four strains, isolated from blue cheese, and five liquid media were evaluated, although not all permutations were studied. Sucrose (15%)-yeast extract (2%) was the medium chosen for time-course studies at 25 and 15 degrees C using one favorable strain. At 25 degrees C, maximum estimated yields of roquefortine were about 100 mg/liter in the mycelium by 16 days, and no subsequent degradation of this alkaloid was observed. On the other hand, production of PR toxin in the medium peaked at 770 mg/liter at 21 days. At 15 degrees C, yields of roquefortine and PR toxin after 49 days were 60 to 70% of the maximum yields obtained at 25 degrees C. However, about three times more isofumigaclavine A (up to 11 mg/liter) was formed in the mycelium at 15 degrees C than at 25 degrees C. All four strains of P. roqueforti procedure both roquefortine and PR toxin on the sucrose-yeast extract medium at 25 degrees C; isofumigaclavine A was detected in all but one strain grown on this medium.", "contents": "Study of conditions of production of roquefortine and other metabolites of Penicillin roqueforti. Experiments to determine optimum yields of roquefortine, isofumigaclavine A, and PR toxin, metabolites from Penicillum roqueforti Thom, were performed. Four strains, isolated from blue cheese, and five liquid media were evaluated, although not all permutations were studied. Sucrose (15%)-yeast extract (2%) was the medium chosen for time-course studies at 25 and 15 degrees C using one favorable strain. At 25 degrees C, maximum estimated yields of roquefortine were about 100 mg/liter in the mycelium by 16 days, and no subsequent degradation of this alkaloid was observed. On the other hand, production of PR toxin in the medium peaked at 770 mg/liter at 21 days. At 15 degrees C, yields of roquefortine and PR toxin after 49 days were 60 to 70% of the maximum yields obtained at 25 degrees C. However, about three times more isofumigaclavine A (up to 11 mg/liter) was formed in the mycelium at 15 degrees C than at 25 degrees C. All four strains of P. roqueforti procedure both roquefortine and PR toxin on the sucrose-yeast extract medium at 25 degrees C; isofumigaclavine A was detected in all but one strain grown on this medium.", "PMID": 848949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8293", "title": "Lead inhibition of enzyme synthesis in soil.", "content": "Addition of 2 mg of Pb2+/g of soil concident with or after amendment with starch or maltose resulted in 75 and 50% decreases in net synthesis of amylase and alpha-glucosidase, respectively. Invertase synthesis in sucrose-amended soil was transiently reduced after Pb2+ addition. Amylase activity was several times less sensitive to Pb2+ inhibition than was enzyme synthesis. In most cases, the rate of enzyme synthesis returned to control (Pb2+) values 24 to 48 h after the addition of Pb. The decrease in amylase synthesis was paralleled by a decrease in the number of Pb-sensitive, amylase-producing bacteria, whereas recovery of synthesis was associated with an increase in the number of amylase-producing bacteria. The degree of inhibition of enzyme synthesis was related to the quantity of Pb added and to the specific form of lead. PbSO4 decreased amylase synthesis at concentrations of 10.2 mg of Pb2+/g of soil or more, whereas PbO did not inhibit amylase synthesis at 13 mg of Pb2+/g of soil. Lead acetate, PbCl2, and PbS reduced amylase synthesis at total Pb2+ concentrations of 0.45 mg of Pb2+/g of soil or higher. The results indicated that lead is a potent but somewhat selective inhibitor of enzyme synthesis in soil, and that highly insoluble lead compounds, such as PbS, may be potent modifiers of soil biological activity.", "contents": "Lead inhibition of enzyme synthesis in soil. Addition of 2 mg of Pb2+/g of soil concident with or after amendment with starch or maltose resulted in 75 and 50% decreases in net synthesis of amylase and alpha-glucosidase, respectively. Invertase synthesis in sucrose-amended soil was transiently reduced after Pb2+ addition. Amylase activity was several times less sensitive to Pb2+ inhibition than was enzyme synthesis. In most cases, the rate of enzyme synthesis returned to control (Pb2+) values 24 to 48 h after the addition of Pb. The decrease in amylase synthesis was paralleled by a decrease in the number of Pb-sensitive, amylase-producing bacteria, whereas recovery of synthesis was associated with an increase in the number of amylase-producing bacteria. The degree of inhibition of enzyme synthesis was related to the quantity of Pb added and to the specific form of lead. PbSO4 decreased amylase synthesis at concentrations of 10.2 mg of Pb2+/g of soil or more, whereas PbO did not inhibit amylase synthesis at 13 mg of Pb2+/g of soil. Lead acetate, PbCl2, and PbS reduced amylase synthesis at total Pb2+ concentrations of 0.45 mg of Pb2+/g of soil or higher. The results indicated that lead is a potent but somewhat selective inhibitor of enzyme synthesis in soil, and that highly insoluble lead compounds, such as PbS, may be potent modifiers of soil biological activity.", "PMID": 848950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8294", "title": "Effect of sulfate on carbon and electron flow during microbial methanogenesis in freshwater sediments.", "content": "The effect of sulfate on methane production in Lake Mendota sediments was investigated to clarify the mechanism of sulfate inhibition of methanogenesis. Methanogenesis was shown to be inhibited by the addition of as little as 0.2 mM sulfate. Sulfate inhibition was reversed by the addition of either H2 or acetate. Methane evolved when inhibition was reversed by H2 additions was derived from 14CO2. Conversely, when acetate was added to overcome sulfate inhibition, the evolved methane was derived from [2-14C]acetate. A competition for available H2 and acetate was proposed as the mechanism by which sulfate inhibited methanogenesis. Acetate was shown to be metabolized even in the absence of methanogenic activity. In the presence of sulfate, the methyl position of acetate was converted to CO2. The addition of sulfate to sediments did not result in the accumulation of significant amounts of sulfide in the pore water. Sulfate additions did not inhibit methanogenesis unless greater than 100 mug of free sulfide per ml was present in the pore water. These results indicate that carbon and electron flow are altered when sulfate is added to sediments. Sulfate-reducing organisms appear to assume the role of methanogenic bacteria in sulfate-containing sediments by utilizing methanogenic precursors.", "contents": "Effect of sulfate on carbon and electron flow during microbial methanogenesis in freshwater sediments. The effect of sulfate on methane production in Lake Mendota sediments was investigated to clarify the mechanism of sulfate inhibition of methanogenesis. Methanogenesis was shown to be inhibited by the addition of as little as 0.2 mM sulfate. Sulfate inhibition was reversed by the addition of either H2 or acetate. Methane evolved when inhibition was reversed by H2 additions was derived from 14CO2. Conversely, when acetate was added to overcome sulfate inhibition, the evolved methane was derived from [2-14C]acetate. A competition for available H2 and acetate was proposed as the mechanism by which sulfate inhibited methanogenesis. Acetate was shown to be metabolized even in the absence of methanogenic activity. In the presence of sulfate, the methyl position of acetate was converted to CO2. The addition of sulfate to sediments did not result in the accumulation of significant amounts of sulfide in the pore water. Sulfate additions did not inhibit methanogenesis unless greater than 100 mug of free sulfide per ml was present in the pore water. These results indicate that carbon and electron flow are altered when sulfate is added to sediments. Sulfate-reducing organisms appear to assume the role of methanogenic bacteria in sulfate-containing sediments by utilizing methanogenic precursors.", "PMID": 848951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8295", "title": "Influence of hydrostatic pressure on the effects of the heavy metal cations of manganese, copper, cobalt, and nickel on the growth of three deep-sea bacterial isolates.", "content": "Increases hydrostatic pressure varied the 72-h growth yield of three bacterial isolates from the deep sea in the presence of heavy metal cations of Mn, Cu, Co, and Ni, depending on the bacterial isolate, the metal cation and its concentration, and the level of hydrostatic pressure. Above atmospheric, hydrostatic pressure was found to have one of the following four effects on the response of culture growth to a heavy metal cation. (i) It could be without effect; (ii) it could enhance inhibition by a metal cation; (iii) it could increase the 72-h growth yield by a metal cation; or (iv) it could protect against a growth inhibitory effect noted at a lower pressure. Possible reasons for these varied responses are discussed.", "contents": "Influence of hydrostatic pressure on the effects of the heavy metal cations of manganese, copper, cobalt, and nickel on the growth of three deep-sea bacterial isolates. Increases hydrostatic pressure varied the 72-h growth yield of three bacterial isolates from the deep sea in the presence of heavy metal cations of Mn, Cu, Co, and Ni, depending on the bacterial isolate, the metal cation and its concentration, and the level of hydrostatic pressure. Above atmospheric, hydrostatic pressure was found to have one of the following four effects on the response of culture growth to a heavy metal cation. (i) It could be without effect; (ii) it could enhance inhibition by a metal cation; (iii) it could increase the 72-h growth yield by a metal cation; or (iv) it could protect against a growth inhibitory effect noted at a lower pressure. Possible reasons for these varied responses are discussed.", "PMID": 848952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8296", "title": "Fermentation of cellulose and cellobiose by Clostridium thermocellum in the absence of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum.", "content": "The fermentation of cellulose and cellobiose by Clostridium thermocellum monocultures and C. thermocellum/Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum cocultures was studied. All cultures were grown under anaerobic conditions in batch culture at 60 degrees C. When grown on cellulose, the coculture exhibited a shorter lag before initiation and growth and celluloysis than did the monoculture. Cellulase activity appeared earlier in the coculture than in the monoculture; however, after growth had ceased, cellulase activity was greater in the monoculture. Monocultures produced primarily ethanol, acetic acid, H2 and CO2. Cocultures produced more H2 and acetic acid and less ethanol than did the monoculture. In the coculture, conversion of H2 to methane was usually complete, and most of the methane produced was derived from CO2 reduction rather than from acetate conversion. Agents of fermentation stoppage were found to be low pH and high concentrations of ethanol in the monoculture and low pH in the coculture. Fermentation of cellobiose was more rapid than that of cellulose. In cellobiose medium, the methanogen caused only slight changes in the fermentation balance of the Clostridium, and free H2 was produced.", "contents": "Fermentation of cellulose and cellobiose by Clostridium thermocellum in the absence of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. The fermentation of cellulose and cellobiose by Clostridium thermocellum monocultures and C. thermocellum/Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum cocultures was studied. All cultures were grown under anaerobic conditions in batch culture at 60 degrees C. When grown on cellulose, the coculture exhibited a shorter lag before initiation and growth and celluloysis than did the monoculture. Cellulase activity appeared earlier in the coculture than in the monoculture; however, after growth had ceased, cellulase activity was greater in the monoculture. Monocultures produced primarily ethanol, acetic acid, H2 and CO2. Cocultures produced more H2 and acetic acid and less ethanol than did the monoculture. In the coculture, conversion of H2 to methane was usually complete, and most of the methane produced was derived from CO2 reduction rather than from acetate conversion. Agents of fermentation stoppage were found to be low pH and high concentrations of ethanol in the monoculture and low pH in the coculture. Fermentation of cellobiose was more rapid than that of cellulose. In cellobiose medium, the methanogen caused only slight changes in the fermentation balance of the Clostridium, and free H2 was produced.", "PMID": 848953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8297", "title": "Fermentation of mucin and plant polysaccharides by strains of Bacteroides from the human colon.", "content": "Ten Bacteroides species found in the human colon were surveyed for their ability to ferment mucins and plant polysaccharides (\"dietary fiber\"). A number of strains fermented mucopolysaccharides (heparin, hyaluronate, and chondroitin sulfate) and ovomucoid. Only 3 of the 188 strains tested fermented beef submaxillary mucin, and none fermented porcine gastric mucin. Many of the Bacteroides strains tested were also able to ferment a variety of plant polysaccharides, including amylose, dextran, pectin, gum tragacanth, gum guar, larch arabinogalactan, alginate, and laminarin. Some plant polysaccharides such as gum arabic, gum karaya, gum ghatti and fucoidan, were not utilized by any of the strains tested. The ability to utilize mucins and plant polysaccharides varied considerably among the Bacteroides species tested.", "contents": "Fermentation of mucin and plant polysaccharides by strains of Bacteroides from the human colon. Ten Bacteroides species found in the human colon were surveyed for their ability to ferment mucins and plant polysaccharides (\"dietary fiber\"). A number of strains fermented mucopolysaccharides (heparin, hyaluronate, and chondroitin sulfate) and ovomucoid. Only 3 of the 188 strains tested fermented beef submaxillary mucin, and none fermented porcine gastric mucin. Many of the Bacteroides strains tested were also able to ferment a variety of plant polysaccharides, including amylose, dextran, pectin, gum tragacanth, gum guar, larch arabinogalactan, alginate, and laminarin. Some plant polysaccharides such as gum arabic, gum karaya, gum ghatti and fucoidan, were not utilized by any of the strains tested. The ability to utilize mucins and plant polysaccharides varied considerably among the Bacteroides species tested.", "PMID": 848954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8298", "title": "Variations in the microbial log reduction curves of irradiated cod fillets, shrimp, and their respective homogenates.", "content": "When cod (Gadus morhua morhua) and headless white shrimp (Penaeus setiferus) were gamma irradiated with a series of low-ionizing radiation doses, a \"shoulder(s)\" was observed in the graph (log microbial counts versus dose) in the approximate range of 25 to 75 krads. When the microbiological survivors were differentiated into total counts, proteolytic and pseudomonad-type bacteria, it was observed that the pseudomonad-type bacteria were rapidly destroyed by 25 krads and that proteolytic bacteria were destroyed at a faster rate than the rest of the microorganisms. When cod fillets and shrimp were compared with their respective homogenates and irradiated at doses of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 100, 150, 200, and 300 krads, the homogenates did not exhibit the characteristic shoulders. A further experiment was designed to test surface versus uniform dispersion of microorganisms on/in gelatin disks subjects to low doses of irradiation. Differences were found that may explain the observed differences between solid food materials such as fish fillets and shrimp and their homogenates.", "contents": "Variations in the microbial log reduction curves of irradiated cod fillets, shrimp, and their respective homogenates. When cod (Gadus morhua morhua) and headless white shrimp (Penaeus setiferus) were gamma irradiated with a series of low-ionizing radiation doses, a \"shoulder(s)\" was observed in the graph (log microbial counts versus dose) in the approximate range of 25 to 75 krads. When the microbiological survivors were differentiated into total counts, proteolytic and pseudomonad-type bacteria, it was observed that the pseudomonad-type bacteria were rapidly destroyed by 25 krads and that proteolytic bacteria were destroyed at a faster rate than the rest of the microorganisms. When cod fillets and shrimp were compared with their respective homogenates and irradiated at doses of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 100, 150, 200, and 300 krads, the homogenates did not exhibit the characteristic shoulders. A further experiment was designed to test surface versus uniform dispersion of microorganisms on/in gelatin disks subjects to low doses of irradiation. Differences were found that may explain the observed differences between solid food materials such as fish fillets and shrimp and their homogenates.", "PMID": 848955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8299", "title": "Isolation and identification of xanthomegnin, viomellein, rubrosulphin, and viopurpurin as metabolites of penicillium viridicatum.", "content": "Four of the metabolites of Penicillium viridicatum 66-68-2 grown on rice cultures were isolated and identified as xanthomegnin, viomellein, rubrosulphin, and viopurpurin. Melting points, elemental analysis, and infrared, ultraviolet, and field desorption and electron impact mass spectra of the isolated compounds were consistent with values reported in the literature for these compounds. In addition, diacetate and triacetate derivatives were prepared, and the chemical and physical analyses of the derivatives were also consistent with literature data. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and thin-layer chromatography were also used for the additional identification of selected compounds.", "contents": "Isolation and identification of xanthomegnin, viomellein, rubrosulphin, and viopurpurin as metabolites of penicillium viridicatum. Four of the metabolites of Penicillium viridicatum 66-68-2 grown on rice cultures were isolated and identified as xanthomegnin, viomellein, rubrosulphin, and viopurpurin. Melting points, elemental analysis, and infrared, ultraviolet, and field desorption and electron impact mass spectra of the isolated compounds were consistent with values reported in the literature for these compounds. In addition, diacetate and triacetate derivatives were prepared, and the chemical and physical analyses of the derivatives were also consistent with literature data. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and thin-layer chromatography were also used for the additional identification of selected compounds.", "PMID": 848956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8300", "title": "Microbiological profiles of the Viking spacecraft.", "content": "Planetary quarantine requirements associated with the launch of two Viking spacecraft necessitated microbiological assessment during assembly and testing at Cape Canaveral and the Kennedy Space Center. Samples were collected from selected surface of the Viking Lander Capsules (VLC), Orbiters, (VO), and Shrouds at predetermined intervals during assembly and testing. Approximately 7,000 samples were assayed. Levels of bacterial spores per square meter on the VLC-1 and VLC-2 were 1.6 x 10(2) and 9.7 x 10(1), respectively, prior to dry-heat sterilization. The ranges of aerobic mesophilic microorganisms detected on the VO-1 and VO-2 at various sampling events were 4.2 x 10(2) to 4.3 x 10(3) and 2.3 x 10(2) to 8.9 x 10(3)/m2, respectively. Approximately 1,300 colonies were picked from culture plates, identified, lypholipized, and stored for future reference. About 75% of all isolates were microorganisms considered indigenous to humans; the remaining isolates were associated with soil and dust in the environment. The percentage of microorganisms of human origin was consistent with results obtained with previous automated spacecraft but slightly lower than those observed for manned (Apollo) spacecraft.", "contents": "Microbiological profiles of the Viking spacecraft. Planetary quarantine requirements associated with the launch of two Viking spacecraft necessitated microbiological assessment during assembly and testing at Cape Canaveral and the Kennedy Space Center. Samples were collected from selected surface of the Viking Lander Capsules (VLC), Orbiters, (VO), and Shrouds at predetermined intervals during assembly and testing. Approximately 7,000 samples were assayed. Levels of bacterial spores per square meter on the VLC-1 and VLC-2 were 1.6 x 10(2) and 9.7 x 10(1), respectively, prior to dry-heat sterilization. The ranges of aerobic mesophilic microorganisms detected on the VO-1 and VO-2 at various sampling events were 4.2 x 10(2) to 4.3 x 10(3) and 2.3 x 10(2) to 8.9 x 10(3)/m2, respectively. Approximately 1,300 colonies were picked from culture plates, identified, lypholipized, and stored for future reference. About 75% of all isolates were microorganisms considered indigenous to humans; the remaining isolates were associated with soil and dust in the environment. The percentage of microorganisms of human origin was consistent with results obtained with previous automated spacecraft but slightly lower than those observed for manned (Apollo) spacecraft.", "PMID": 848957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8301", "title": "Nitrogen-fixing Enterobacter agglomerans isolated from guts of wood-eating termites.", "content": "Two strains of facultatively anaerobic, N2-fixing bacteria were isolated from guts of Coptotermes formosanus and identified as Enterobacter agglomerans. The deoxyribonucleic acid base composition of isolates was 52.6 and 53.1 mol% guanine plus cytosine. Both isolates and a known strain of E. agglomerans carried out a mixed acid type of glucose fermentation. N2 fixation by E. agglomerans was inhibited by O2; consequently, N2 served as an N source only for cells growing anaerobically in media lacking a major source of combined N. However, peptone, NH4Cl, or KNO3 served as an N source under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions. It was estimated that 2 x 10(2) cells of E. agglomerans were present per termite gut. This value was 100-fold lower than expected, based on N2 fixation, low recoveries of E. agglomerans may be related to the marked decrease in N2 fixation rates observed when intact termites or their extracted guts were manipulated for the isolation of bacteria. It was concluded that the N2-fixing activity of E. agglomerans may be important to the N economy of C. formosanus.", "contents": "Nitrogen-fixing Enterobacter agglomerans isolated from guts of wood-eating termites. Two strains of facultatively anaerobic, N2-fixing bacteria were isolated from guts of Coptotermes formosanus and identified as Enterobacter agglomerans. The deoxyribonucleic acid base composition of isolates was 52.6 and 53.1 mol% guanine plus cytosine. Both isolates and a known strain of E. agglomerans carried out a mixed acid type of glucose fermentation. N2 fixation by E. agglomerans was inhibited by O2; consequently, N2 served as an N source only for cells growing anaerobically in media lacking a major source of combined N. However, peptone, NH4Cl, or KNO3 served as an N source under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions. It was estimated that 2 x 10(2) cells of E. agglomerans were present per termite gut. This value was 100-fold lower than expected, based on N2 fixation, low recoveries of E. agglomerans may be related to the marked decrease in N2 fixation rates observed when intact termites or their extracted guts were manipulated for the isolation of bacteria. It was concluded that the N2-fixing activity of E. agglomerans may be important to the N economy of C. formosanus.", "PMID": 848958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8302", "title": "In situ morphology of the gut microbiota of wood-eating termites [Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) and Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki].", "content": "Light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to examine the in situ morphology of the gut microbiota of Reticulitermes flavipes and Caoptotermes formosanus. Laboratory-maintained termites were used and, for R. flavipes, specimens were also prepared immediately after collection from a natural infestation. The latter endeavor enabled a study of different castes and developmental stages of R. flavipes and revealed differences in the microbiota of field versus laboratory specimens. The termite paunch microbiota consisted of an abundance of morphologically diverse bacteria and protozoa. Thirteen bacterial morphotypes in the paunch were described in detail: seven were observed only in R. flavipes, three were observed only in C. formosanus, and three were common to both termite species. The paunch epithelium was densely colonized by bacteria, many of which possessed holdfast elements that secured them tightly to this tissue and to other bacterial cells. Besides bacteria, the protozoan Pyrsonympha vertens adhered to the paunch epithelium of R. flavipes by means of an attachment organelle. Cuplike indentations were present on the paunch epithelial surface and were sites of bacterial aggregation. Ultrastructural features of cups suggested their involvement in ion absorption. In addition to the paunch, the midgut was also colonized by bacteria that were situated between epithelial microvilli. Results suggest that bacteria are an integral part of the gut ecosystem.", "contents": "In situ morphology of the gut microbiota of wood-eating termites [Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) and Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki]. Light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to examine the in situ morphology of the gut microbiota of Reticulitermes flavipes and Caoptotermes formosanus. Laboratory-maintained termites were used and, for R. flavipes, specimens were also prepared immediately after collection from a natural infestation. The latter endeavor enabled a study of different castes and developmental stages of R. flavipes and revealed differences in the microbiota of field versus laboratory specimens. The termite paunch microbiota consisted of an abundance of morphologically diverse bacteria and protozoa. Thirteen bacterial morphotypes in the paunch were described in detail: seven were observed only in R. flavipes, three were observed only in C. formosanus, and three were common to both termite species. The paunch epithelium was densely colonized by bacteria, many of which possessed holdfast elements that secured them tightly to this tissue and to other bacterial cells. Besides bacteria, the protozoan Pyrsonympha vertens adhered to the paunch epithelium of R. flavipes by means of an attachment organelle. Cuplike indentations were present on the paunch epithelial surface and were sites of bacterial aggregation. Ultrastructural features of cups suggested their involvement in ion absorption. In addition to the paunch, the midgut was also colonized by bacteria that were situated between epithelial microvilli. Results suggest that bacteria are an integral part of the gut ecosystem.", "PMID": 848959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8303", "title": "Reduction of sulfur by spirillum 5175 and syntrophism with Chlorobium.", "content": "A small spirillum, designated 5175, was isolated from an anaerobic enrichment culture for Desulfuromonas in which the major medium constituents were acetate and elemental sulfur. The organisms grew only under anaerobic or microaerophilic conditions. Elemental sulfur was formed anaerobically in a malate-sulfide medium, and cell densities of 10(8) cells/ml were obtained. Hydrogen and formate were actively oxidized as substrates for growth under anaerobic conditions; S0, S032-, or S2O32-, but not SO42-, served as electron acceptors and were stoichiometrically reduced to sulfide. Malate or fumarate likewise served as electron acceptors and were reduced to succinate. Nutritional requirements were simple, no vitamins or amino acids being required. For growth in inorganic media when carbon dioxide was the only carbon source, the addition of acetate was required as a source of cell carbon. The organism is gram negative. Cells had a diameter of 0.5 mum and a wavelength of 5.0 mum. Cell suspensions exhibited an absorption spectrum indicative  of a cytochrome with peaks in the reduced form at 552, 523, and 416 nm. Well growing syntrophic cultures with Chlorobium were established with formate as the substrate.", "contents": "Reduction of sulfur by spirillum 5175 and syntrophism with Chlorobium. A small spirillum, designated 5175, was isolated from an anaerobic enrichment culture for Desulfuromonas in which the major medium constituents were acetate and elemental sulfur. The organisms grew only under anaerobic or microaerophilic conditions. Elemental sulfur was formed anaerobically in a malate-sulfide medium, and cell densities of 10(8) cells/ml were obtained. Hydrogen and formate were actively oxidized as substrates for growth under anaerobic conditions; S0, S032-, or S2O32-, but not SO42-, served as electron acceptors and were stoichiometrically reduced to sulfide. Malate or fumarate likewise served as electron acceptors and were reduced to succinate. Nutritional requirements were simple, no vitamins or amino acids being required. For growth in inorganic media when carbon dioxide was the only carbon source, the addition of acetate was required as a source of cell carbon. The organism is gram negative. Cells had a diameter of 0.5 mum and a wavelength of 5.0 mum. Cell suspensions exhibited an absorption spectrum indicative  of a cytochrome with peaks in the reduced form at 552, 523, and 416 nm. Well growing syntrophic cultures with Chlorobium were established with formate as the substrate.", "PMID": 848960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8304", "title": "Bacterial oxidation of polythionates: determination of tetrathionate with an ion-selective electrode.", "content": "A commercially available ion-selective electrode for nitrate was used to continuously monitor tetrathionate oxidation by Thiobacillus dentrificans. The  electrode was much more sensitive to tetrathionate than to nitrate. The same electrode could also be used for the determination of trithionate.", "contents": "Bacterial oxidation of polythionates: determination of tetrathionate with an ion-selective electrode. A commercially available ion-selective electrode for nitrate was used to continuously monitor tetrathionate oxidation by Thiobacillus dentrificans. The  electrode was much more sensitive to tetrathionate than to nitrate. The same electrode could also be used for the determination of trithionate.", "PMID": 848962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8305", "title": "Leakage of cellular material from Thiobacillus ferrooxidans in the presence of organic acids.", "content": "Thiobacillus ferroodixans cells released varying amounts of iron, phosphate, sugar, ribonucleic acid, deoxyribonucleic acid, and substances that absorbed light at both 260 and 280 nm, when exposed to 10(-2) to 10(-1) M concentrations of these organic acids: propionic, butyric, valeric, hexanoic, and oxalacetic. These acids also retarded iron oxidation by the cells. Electron microscope observation of cells after exposure to the organic acids showed varying degrees of cell envelope disruption, suggesting that the mode of inhibition of autotrophic iron oxidation in the cell involves interference with the function of the cell envelope, possibly the cell membrane.", "contents": "Leakage of cellular material from Thiobacillus ferrooxidans in the presence of organic acids. Thiobacillus ferroodixans cells released varying amounts of iron, phosphate, sugar, ribonucleic acid, deoxyribonucleic acid, and substances that absorbed light at both 260 and 280 nm, when exposed to 10(-2) to 10(-1) M concentrations of these organic acids: propionic, butyric, valeric, hexanoic, and oxalacetic. These acids also retarded iron oxidation by the cells. Electron microscope observation of cells after exposure to the organic acids showed varying degrees of cell envelope disruption, suggesting that the mode of inhibition of autotrophic iron oxidation in the cell involves interference with the function of the cell envelope, possibly the cell membrane.", "PMID": 848961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8306", "title": "Plating medium for differentiation Salmonella arizonae from other salmonellae.", "content": "A differential plating medium developed for isolation of Salmonella arizonae produces a uniform reaction for both lactose-negative and -positive S. arizonae and differentiates S. arizonae from other salmonellae.", "contents": "Plating medium for differentiation Salmonella arizonae from other salmonellae. A differential plating medium developed for isolation of Salmonella arizonae produces a uniform reaction for both lactose-negative and -positive S. arizonae and differentiates S. arizonae from other salmonellae.", "PMID": 848963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8307", "title": "One hundred and nineteen patients with gastrointestinal fistulas.", "content": "One hundred and nineteen patients with gastrointestinal fistulas were treated in the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, in the period from January 1960 to January 1970. None of these patients was hyperalimented. The mortality in this seris amounted to 15%; 78.2% of the patients had their fistulas closed. These results are correlated with primary disease, etiology, fistula output, fistula location, type of treatment, malnutrition, electrolyte disturbances and sepsis. In the discussion it is concluded that treatment based on sound surgical principles acquired in the past decades, with the support of modern techniques of intensive patient care, should considerably diminish mortality and improve closure rate.", "contents": "One hundred and nineteen patients with gastrointestinal fistulas. One hundred and nineteen patients with gastrointestinal fistulas were treated in the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, in the period from January 1960 to January 1970. None of these patients was hyperalimented. The mortality in this seris amounted to 15%; 78.2% of the patients had their fistulas closed. These results are correlated with primary disease, etiology, fistula output, fistula location, type of treatment, malnutrition, electrolyte disturbances and sepsis. In the discussion it is concluded that treatment based on sound surgical principles acquired in the past decades, with the support of modern techniques of intensive patient care, should considerably diminish mortality and improve closure rate.", "PMID": 848964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8308", "title": "Lobular carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "Lobular carcinoma of the breast, both the in situ and the infiltrating type, is discussed on the basis of three observations. Mammography may be useful, although if often leads to the diagnosis of mastopathy. In cases of in situ lobular carcinoma, ablation of the breast constitutes an adequate therapy. The adequacy of subcutaneous removal of the mammary parenchyma is doubtful. In infiltrating lobular carcinoma, radical mastectomy by Halsted's or Patey's method is the treatment of choice. In view of the frequent bilaterality of the condition, an ample elective biopsy of the identical quadrant of the contralateral breast should be performed in every case.", "contents": "Lobular carcinoma of the breast. Lobular carcinoma of the breast, both the in situ and the infiltrating type, is discussed on the basis of three observations. Mammography may be useful, although if often leads to the diagnosis of mastopathy. In cases of in situ lobular carcinoma, ablation of the breast constitutes an adequate therapy. The adequacy of subcutaneous removal of the mammary parenchyma is doubtful. In infiltrating lobular carcinoma, radical mastectomy by Halsted's or Patey's method is the treatment of choice. In view of the frequent bilaterality of the condition, an ample elective biopsy of the identical quadrant of the contralateral breast should be performed in every case.", "PMID": 848965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8309", "title": "Results of surgical treatment of rupture of the Achilles tendon with use of the plantaris tendon.", "content": "During the period from January 1968 to June 1974, 21 patients were subjected to surgical repair of a ruptured Achilles tendon in the Eindhoven Deaconess Hospital. In 19 of them, the plantaris tendon was used as autogenous suturing material. Followup examination revealed 'excellent' or 'good' results in 19 cases. In one case, the result was classified as 'bad' because of a fistula still present at the time of the follow-up, although functionally the patient was not handicapped. In view of the above, we regard the technique with use of the plantaris tendon for reconstruction of the ruptured Achilles tendon as reliable and worthy of recommendation.", "contents": "Results of surgical treatment of rupture of the Achilles tendon with use of the plantaris tendon. During the period from January 1968 to June 1974, 21 patients were subjected to surgical repair of a ruptured Achilles tendon in the Eindhoven Deaconess Hospital. In 19 of them, the plantaris tendon was used as autogenous suturing material. Followup examination revealed 'excellent' or 'good' results in 19 cases. In one case, the result was classified as 'bad' because of a fistula still present at the time of the follow-up, although functionally the patient was not handicapped. In view of the above, we regard the technique with use of the plantaris tendon for reconstruction of the ruptured Achilles tendon as reliable and worthy of recommendation.", "PMID": 848966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8310", "title": "First results obtained with an epicardial screw-in electrode.", "content": "A description is given of the introduction of an epicardial screw-in electrode (Medtronic, model 6917) by the infrasternal approach in 22 patients with severe cardiac conduction disorders. Special attention is given to the surgical technique, the electrode and the measurement of the threshold value. Comparison of the various techniques of pacemarker implantation leads to the conclusion that this method of treatment offers many advantages.", "contents": "First results obtained with an epicardial screw-in electrode. A description is given of the introduction of an epicardial screw-in electrode (Medtronic, model 6917) by the infrasternal approach in 22 patients with severe cardiac conduction disorders. Special attention is given to the surgical technique, the electrode and the measurement of the threshold value. Comparison of the various techniques of pacemarker implantation leads to the conclusion that this method of treatment offers many advantages.", "PMID": 848967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8311", "title": "Treatment of intussusception in children operative treatment versus hydrostatic reduction.", "content": "Intestinal intussusception is a serious abdominal emergency in infancy and childhood, with a high mortality-rate if not diagnosed and treated early. Since the management of intussusception in children is still controversial, the pro's and con's for barium enema reduction and for surgical treatment are discussed. The results of our own series of 19 patients primarily treated by barium-enema reduction compare favourably with a previous series of 14 patients treated by primary surgery.", "contents": "Treatment of intussusception in children operative treatment versus hydrostatic reduction. Intestinal intussusception is a serious abdominal emergency in infancy and childhood, with a high mortality-rate if not diagnosed and treated early. Since the management of intussusception in children is still controversial, the pro's and con's for barium enema reduction and for surgical treatment are discussed. The results of our own series of 19 patients primarily treated by barium-enema reduction compare favourably with a previous series of 14 patients treated by primary surgery.", "PMID": 848968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8312", "title": "Zinc correction of defective chemotaxis in acrodermatitis enteropathica.", "content": "Three patients with acrodermatitis enteropathica (AE), a disorder of zinc metabolism, demonstrated a zinc-responsive defect in chemotaxis of neutrophils and monocytes. Monocyte chemotaxis was depressed during a controlled period of zinc deficiency and increased to normal values after administration of oral zinc sulfate supplements that was sufficient to restore normal plasma zinc levels. In the only patient in whom neutrophils were also studied, a similar defect in chemotaxis of neutrophils was corrected by administration of zinc sulfate supplements. Preincubation of defective cells in vitro with zinc sulfate increased chemotaxis in an almost linear dose-response relationship. These findings suggest an important role for zinc in neutrophil and monocyte chemotaxis and demonstrate a correctable immune defect in AE.", "contents": "Zinc correction of defective chemotaxis in acrodermatitis enteropathica. Three patients with acrodermatitis enteropathica (AE), a disorder of zinc metabolism, demonstrated a zinc-responsive defect in chemotaxis of neutrophils and monocytes. Monocyte chemotaxis was depressed during a controlled period of zinc deficiency and increased to normal values after administration of oral zinc sulfate supplements that was sufficient to restore normal plasma zinc levels. In the only patient in whom neutrophils were also studied, a similar defect in chemotaxis of neutrophils was corrected by administration of zinc sulfate supplements. Preincubation of defective cells in vitro with zinc sulfate increased chemotaxis in an almost linear dose-response relationship. These findings suggest an important role for zinc in neutrophil and monocyte chemotaxis and demonstrate a correctable immune defect in AE.", "PMID": 848970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8313", "title": "Transient acantholytic dermatosis: a reevaluation.", "content": "Transient acantholytic dermatosis is a self-limited, primary acantholytic disease that occurs predominantly in persons over 50 years old. The primary lesions, discrete papules and papulovesicles, are distributed mainly on the chest, back, and thighs and may be intensely pruritic. The disease lasts less than three months in the majority of patients, but occasionally may go on for two or three years. Four distinct histologic patterns are present in the biopsy specimens, namely, Darier-like in which there is focal acantholysis and dyskeratosis overlying suprabasilar clefts; pemphigus vulgaris-like, in which there are a few acantholytic cells above discrete suprabasal clefts having a mostly intact overlying epidermis; Hailey-Hailey-like, in which there are numerous acantholytic cells overlying suprabasilar clefts; and, finally, spongiotic, in which a few acantholytic cells are present within, or contiguous with, spongiotic foci. Some cases show a predominance of one pattern, but more frequently two or more of these patterns can be found in a single biopsy specimen.", "contents": "Transient acantholytic dermatosis: a reevaluation. Transient acantholytic dermatosis is a self-limited, primary acantholytic disease that occurs predominantly in persons over 50 years old. The primary lesions, discrete papules and papulovesicles, are distributed mainly on the chest, back, and thighs and may be intensely pruritic. The disease lasts less than three months in the majority of patients, but occasionally may go on for two or three years. Four distinct histologic patterns are present in the biopsy specimens, namely, Darier-like in which there is focal acantholysis and dyskeratosis overlying suprabasilar clefts; pemphigus vulgaris-like, in which there are a few acantholytic cells above discrete suprabasal clefts having a mostly intact overlying epidermis; Hailey-Hailey-like, in which there are numerous acantholytic cells overlying suprabasilar clefts; and, finally, spongiotic, in which a few acantholytic cells are present within, or contiguous with, spongiotic foci. Some cases show a predominance of one pattern, but more frequently two or more of these patterns can be found in a single biopsy specimen.", "PMID": 848971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8314", "title": "Curettage-electrodesiccation treatment of basal cell carcinomas.", "content": "Cure rates after treatment of basal cell carcinomas with curettage-electrodesiccation were compared among three groups: group A, 597 lesions treated in the Skin and Cancer Unit in 1958 to 1962; group B, 91 lesions treated in the Skin and Cancer Unit in 1970; and group C, 210 lesions treated in private practice in 1962 to 1973. The following were the five-year cumulative recurrence rates: group A, 18.8%; group B, 9.6%; and group C, 5.7%. In all three groups, there were high recurrence rates for tumors treated on the nose, paranasal areas, and forehead. Few complications occurred after curettage-electrodesiccation with the exception of hypertrophic scars. The cosmetic results following curettage-electrodesication improved with time. Curettage-electrodesiccation, when performed by experienced physicians, is a very useful modality for the treatment of basal cell carcinomas, with cure rates of over 90%, satisfactory cosmetic results, and few significant complications.", "contents": "Curettage-electrodesiccation treatment of basal cell carcinomas. Cure rates after treatment of basal cell carcinomas with curettage-electrodesiccation were compared among three groups: group A, 597 lesions treated in the Skin and Cancer Unit in 1958 to 1962; group B, 91 lesions treated in the Skin and Cancer Unit in 1970; and group C, 210 lesions treated in private practice in 1962 to 1973. The following were the five-year cumulative recurrence rates: group A, 18.8%; group B, 9.6%; and group C, 5.7%. In all three groups, there were high recurrence rates for tumors treated on the nose, paranasal areas, and forehead. Few complications occurred after curettage-electrodesiccation with the exception of hypertrophic scars. The cosmetic results following curettage-electrodesication improved with time. Curettage-electrodesiccation, when performed by experienced physicians, is a very useful modality for the treatment of basal cell carcinomas, with cure rates of over 90%, satisfactory cosmetic results, and few significant complications.", "PMID": 848972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8315", "title": "Host-defense mechanisms in hidradenitis suppurativa.", "content": "Host-defense mechanisms were studied in seven patients with active hidradenitis suppurativa (HS). Granulocyte phagocytic function was measured by ingestion of Staphylococcus aureus labeled with radioactive carbon 14 and intracellular killing was determined by bactericidal pour plate method. Chemotaxis was measured by radioactive counting of sodium chromate Cr 51 granulocytes migrating in modified Boyden chambers. Granulocyte adherence was estimated in vitro by filtering blood samples through nylon fiber columns. Cell-mediated immunity was measured by intradermal delayed hypersensitivity responses to Candida, mumps. streptokinase/streptodornase, and purified protein derivative antigens. No abnormality was demonstrated in any granulocyte or cell-mediated immune function tests. Moreover, all patients had normal immunoglobulin levels and elevated total hemolytic complement. Therefore, we conclude that HS is a localized chronic infection of apocrine glands without a generalized defect in host defense.", "contents": "Host-defense mechanisms in hidradenitis suppurativa. Host-defense mechanisms were studied in seven patients with active hidradenitis suppurativa (HS). Granulocyte phagocytic function was measured by ingestion of Staphylococcus aureus labeled with radioactive carbon 14 and intracellular killing was determined by bactericidal pour plate method. Chemotaxis was measured by radioactive counting of sodium chromate Cr 51 granulocytes migrating in modified Boyden chambers. Granulocyte adherence was estimated in vitro by filtering blood samples through nylon fiber columns. Cell-mediated immunity was measured by intradermal delayed hypersensitivity responses to Candida, mumps. streptokinase/streptodornase, and purified protein derivative antigens. No abnormality was demonstrated in any granulocyte or cell-mediated immune function tests. Moreover, all patients had normal immunoglobulin levels and elevated total hemolytic complement. Therefore, we conclude that HS is a localized chronic infection of apocrine glands without a generalized defect in host defense.", "PMID": 848973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8316", "title": "Topical chemotherapy and immunotherapy of mycosis fungoides: intermediate-term results.", "content": "A group of 220 patients with mycosis fungoides (MF) and other lymphomatous diseases was treated with sustained topical applications of dilute aqueous solutions of mechlorethamine hydrochloride for intervals ranging in excess of seven years. Response to treatment, immunologic responsiveness, and subsequent course and survival were inversely related to magnitude of disease at time of starting treatment. Relapses were common and in most instances were related to failure to maintenance of topical therapy rather than to drug resistance. In selected patients topical therapy with an analog of mechlorethamine (nor-mechlorethamine) and with topical immunogenic agents provided additional improvement.", "contents": "Topical chemotherapy and immunotherapy of mycosis fungoides: intermediate-term results. A group of 220 patients with mycosis fungoides (MF) and other lymphomatous diseases was treated with sustained topical applications of dilute aqueous solutions of mechlorethamine hydrochloride for intervals ranging in excess of seven years. Response to treatment, immunologic responsiveness, and subsequent course and survival were inversely related to magnitude of disease at time of starting treatment. Relapses were common and in most instances were related to failure to maintenance of topical therapy rather than to drug resistance. In selected patients topical therapy with an analog of mechlorethamine (nor-mechlorethamine) and with topical immunogenic agents provided additional improvement.", "PMID": 848974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8317", "title": "Thrombocythemia as a cause of erythermalgia.", "content": "Erythermalgia is a distinctive clinical entity characterized by local redness, warmth, and burning pain in the distal portions of the extremities. In this study, erythemalgia was observed in two patients with myeloproliferative disease. A new theory suggesting abnormally rapid platelet aggregation as a cause of erythermalgia was advanced. The following evidence is presented: (1) histologic evidence of thrombi occluding the arterioles and probably composed of platelet aggregates; (2) reversal of the clinical findings with platelet aggregating drugs, such as heparin sodium and acetylsalicyclic acid; (3) disappearance of the erythemalgia with the adequate control of the myeloproliferative disease.", "contents": "Thrombocythemia as a cause of erythermalgia. Erythermalgia is a distinctive clinical entity characterized by local redness, warmth, and burning pain in the distal portions of the extremities. In this study, erythemalgia was observed in two patients with myeloproliferative disease. A new theory suggesting abnormally rapid platelet aggregation as a cause of erythermalgia was advanced. The following evidence is presented: (1) histologic evidence of thrombi occluding the arterioles and probably composed of platelet aggregates; (2) reversal of the clinical findings with platelet aggregating drugs, such as heparin sodium and acetylsalicyclic acid; (3) disappearance of the erythemalgia with the adequate control of the myeloproliferative disease.", "PMID": 848975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8318", "title": "Hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with diffuse eccrine poromatosis.", "content": "Eccrine poromatosis (EP) of remarkable severity has been observed in a patient with hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED), a member of the kindred originally described by Clouston. Neither the EP nor its association with HED has been previously reported.", "contents": "Hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with diffuse eccrine poromatosis. Eccrine poromatosis (EP) of remarkable severity has been observed in a patient with hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED), a member of the kindred originally described by Clouston. Neither the EP nor its association with HED has been previously reported.", "PMID": 848976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8319", "title": "Phenytoin-induced pseudolymphoma syndrome: an immunologic study.", "content": "In vitro and in vivo immunologic studies were performed on a 28-year-old woman with phenytoin sodium-induced pseudolymphoma syndrome. During the acute phase of the syndrome, the patient appeared immunologically depressed. Six months after resolution of lymphadenopathy, repeat studies demonstrated a return to immunologic competence. In vitro studies of the patient's lymphocytes when incubated with phenytoin failed to indicate a delayed hypersensitivity reaction to the drug; These findings suggest that the patient developed a clinical lymphatic proliferation at a time when she was immunologically depressed. This may result in an increased chance of a mutant malignant clone developing at a time when the immunosurveillance system is impaired and explains why a rare patient with this syndrome may develop a frank malignant lymphoma.", "contents": "Phenytoin-induced pseudolymphoma syndrome: an immunologic study. In vitro and in vivo immunologic studies were performed on a 28-year-old woman with phenytoin sodium-induced pseudolymphoma syndrome. During the acute phase of the syndrome, the patient appeared immunologically depressed. Six months after resolution of lymphadenopathy, repeat studies demonstrated a return to immunologic competence. In vitro studies of the patient's lymphocytes when incubated with phenytoin failed to indicate a delayed hypersensitivity reaction to the drug; These findings suggest that the patient developed a clinical lymphatic proliferation at a time when she was immunologically depressed. This may result in an increased chance of a mutant malignant clone developing at a time when the immunosurveillance system is impaired and explains why a rare patient with this syndrome may develop a frank malignant lymphoma.", "PMID": 848977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8320", "title": "Unilateral nevoid telangiectasia: three new cases and the role of estrogen.", "content": "Over a period of one month three patients attending a women's outpatient clinic at a general hospital were observed to have unilateral telangiectatic lesions. To our knowledge, only 12 cases of unilateral nevoid telangiectasia have been previously reported; this report would bring to 15 the number of cases of this syndrome. The temportal aspect of the onset of the lesions among these patients strongly supports the role of estrogen in the appearance of unilateral nevoid telangiectasia.", "contents": "Unilateral nevoid telangiectasia: three new cases and the role of estrogen. Over a period of one month three patients attending a women's outpatient clinic at a general hospital were observed to have unilateral telangiectatic lesions. To our knowledge, only 12 cases of unilateral nevoid telangiectasia have been previously reported; this report would bring to 15 the number of cases of this syndrome. The temportal aspect of the onset of the lesions among these patients strongly supports the role of estrogen in the appearance of unilateral nevoid telangiectasia.", "PMID": 848978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8321", "title": "Secondary syphilis presenting as a pruritic dermatosis.", "content": "Three patients had secondary syphilis with severely pruritic skin lesions. This presentation contradicts several modern medical texts in which the lesions of secondary syphilis are described as nonpruitic.", "contents": "Secondary syphilis presenting as a pruritic dermatosis. Three patients had secondary syphilis with severely pruritic skin lesions. This presentation contradicts several modern medical texts in which the lesions of secondary syphilis are described as nonpruitic.", "PMID": 848979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8322", "title": "Giant melanosomes in multiple lentigines syndrome.", "content": "Biopsy specimens of normal skin and lentigines from an 82-year-old man with multiple lentigines syndrome were examined with light and electron microscopes. Giant melanosomes were found in dermal melanophages, melanocytes, and keratinocytes in all epidermal layers. Morphologic characteristics of these melanosomes are described, and other conditions in which they have been found are discussed.", "contents": "Giant melanosomes in multiple lentigines syndrome. Biopsy specimens of normal skin and lentigines from an 82-year-old man with multiple lentigines syndrome were examined with light and electron microscopes. Giant melanosomes were found in dermal melanophages, melanocytes, and keratinocytes in all epidermal layers. Morphologic characteristics of these melanosomes are described, and other conditions in which they have been found are discussed.", "PMID": 848980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8323", "title": "Depressed immune function in epidermodysplasia verruciformis.", "content": "Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) is a rare disease characterized by the early onset and unremitting progression of wart-like lesions and frequent association of cutaneous carcinomas. We report two siblings with EV. Immunologic study of both patients demonstrated normal immunoglobulin levels, normal numbers of T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes, but markedly depressed in vitro blastogenic reactivity to mitogens and antigens. Cutaneous anergy to a variety of common skin test antigens was noted. These observations may reflect an inherited abnormality in immune function, or the depressed immune function may result from the viral infection of EV.", "contents": "Depressed immune function in epidermodysplasia verruciformis. Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) is a rare disease characterized by the early onset and unremitting progression of wart-like lesions and frequent association of cutaneous carcinomas. We report two siblings with EV. Immunologic study of both patients demonstrated normal immunoglobulin levels, normal numbers of T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes, but markedly depressed in vitro blastogenic reactivity to mitogens and antigens. Cutaneous anergy to a variety of common skin test antigens was noted. These observations may reflect an inherited abnormality in immune function, or the depressed immune function may result from the viral infection of EV.", "PMID": 848981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8324", "title": "Eruptive vellus hair cysts.", "content": "Two children had a hyperpigmented monomorphous papular eruption of several years' duration. Biopsy specimens demonstrated cysts in the middle dermis that contained multiple fragmented vellus hair shafts. The eruption in one child involuted spontaneously. The cause of these lesions is obscure. The term eruptive vellus hair cysts is proposed for this entity.", "contents": "Eruptive vellus hair cysts. Two children had a hyperpigmented monomorphous papular eruption of several years' duration. Biopsy specimens demonstrated cysts in the middle dermis that contained multiple fragmented vellus hair shafts. The eruption in one child involuted spontaneously. The cause of these lesions is obscure. The term eruptive vellus hair cysts is proposed for this entity.", "PMID": 848982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8325", "title": "Laser treatment of extensive mixed cavernous and port-wine stains.", "content": "An extensive, disfiguring mixed nodular cavernous and port-wine stain of the face of an adult who had psoriasis and diabetes was treated with ruby and argon lasers for a period of seven years with substantial cosmetic improvement. There was no deep scarring, secondary granuloma telangiectatic reactions, or chronic radiation changes. Prolonged treatments were necessary because of the small size of the laser emission impact areas.", "contents": "Laser treatment of extensive mixed cavernous and port-wine stains. An extensive, disfiguring mixed nodular cavernous and port-wine stain of the face of an adult who had psoriasis and diabetes was treated with ruby and argon lasers for a period of seven years with substantial cosmetic improvement. There was no deep scarring, secondary granuloma telangiectatic reactions, or chronic radiation changes. Prolonged treatments were necessary because of the small size of the laser emission impact areas.", "PMID": 848983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8326", "title": "Clinical and biochemical assessment of a modified evaporated milk for infant feeding.", "content": "A clinical and biochemical evaluation has been made of a new milk formula, Modified Carnation milk (MCM), based on cows' milk but with the mineral content and concentration of caloric nutrients altered to make it correspond more closely to human milk. MCM produced higher plasma calcium and magnesium concentrations in 6-day-old infants than those produced by unmodified evaporated and dried milks, achieving concentrations closer to those of breast milk. Plasma free amino acid concentrations in MCM-fed infants are nearer breast-fed values than those in unmodified milk-fed infants where higher individual plasma amino acid concentrations persist during the first 3 months. MCM-fed infants had low plasma urea concentrations and lower urine osmolalities at 6 days, 3 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months than infants fed on the evaporated and dried milks, and similar plasma urea and urine osmolalities to those of breast-fed infants. MCM is likely to be superior to unmodified evaporated and dried milks in preventing convulsions of the hypocalcaemic/hypomagnesaemic/hyperphosphataemic type, and seems less likely to cause hypertonic dehydration. MCM is easily prepared, readily accepted by babies, and appears to be nutritionally adequate for the feeding of term infants.", "contents": "Clinical and biochemical assessment of a modified evaporated milk for infant feeding. A clinical and biochemical evaluation has been made of a new milk formula, Modified Carnation milk (MCM), based on cows' milk but with the mineral content and concentration of caloric nutrients altered to make it correspond more closely to human milk. MCM produced higher plasma calcium and magnesium concentrations in 6-day-old infants than those produced by unmodified evaporated and dried milks, achieving concentrations closer to those of breast milk. Plasma free amino acid concentrations in MCM-fed infants are nearer breast-fed values than those in unmodified milk-fed infants where higher individual plasma amino acid concentrations persist during the first 3 months. MCM-fed infants had low plasma urea concentrations and lower urine osmolalities at 6 days, 3 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months than infants fed on the evaporated and dried milks, and similar plasma urea and urine osmolalities to those of breast-fed infants. MCM is likely to be superior to unmodified evaporated and dried milks in preventing convulsions of the hypocalcaemic/hypomagnesaemic/hyperphosphataemic type, and seems less likely to cause hypertonic dehydration. MCM is easily prepared, readily accepted by babies, and appears to be nutritionally adequate for the feeding of term infants.", "PMID": 848994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8327", "title": "Neurological sequelae in children surviving mechanical ventilation in the neonatal period.", "content": "The incidence of mental defect, visual and hearing disability, major neurological handicap, and such minor neurological handicap as can be detected on examination at 2--9 years without formal intelligence testing, is presented among survivors of neonatal mechanical ventilation at Hammersmith Hospital between the years 1966--1973 inclusive. 77(21%) of 367 children survived, over three-quarters of them being born elsewhere. 3 died before the age of 6 months, 2 suddenly and unexpectedly at home, the third accidentally. 1 child was lost to follow up. 11 (15%) of the remaining 73 children had neurological sequelae as defined. In two-thirds this was moderate to severe. Spastic diplegia may no longer be the commonest form of cerebral palsy among those of low birthweight, particularly those surviving severe neonatal illness.", "contents": "Neurological sequelae in children surviving mechanical ventilation in the neonatal period. The incidence of mental defect, visual and hearing disability, major neurological handicap, and such minor neurological handicap as can be detected on examination at 2--9 years without formal intelligence testing, is presented among survivors of neonatal mechanical ventilation at Hammersmith Hospital between the years 1966--1973 inclusive. 77(21%) of 367 children survived, over three-quarters of them being born elsewhere. 3 died before the age of 6 months, 2 suddenly and unexpectedly at home, the third accidentally. 1 child was lost to follow up. 11 (15%) of the remaining 73 children had neurological sequelae as defined. In two-thirds this was moderate to severe. Spastic diplegia may no longer be the commonest form of cerebral palsy among those of low birthweight, particularly those surviving severe neonatal illness.", "PMID": 848995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8328", "title": "Timing of intraventricular haemorrhage.", "content": "The detection of the onset of intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) during life is a necessary preliminary to understanding the cause of this condition. In 10 infants of very low birthweight treated with serial transfusions of adult blood the proportions of transfused cells circulating after each transfusion were compared with the proportion of transfused cells found in the intraventricular clot at necropsy. This allowed the timing of IVH to be restricted retrospectively to the period between consecutive blood transfusions. In addition, the proportional changes of transfused cells produced by infusion of a known red cell mass allow changes in the babies' original red cell mass to be followed during life. A fall in this value occurred in 8 infants dying with IVH and was taken to indicate haemorrhage. Comparison of the two methods in 9 infants suggested that, while in some cases intraventricular bleeding occurs rapidly, in others it takes place over a period of time. The interval between birth and the onset of haemorrhage was directly proportional to the gestational age of the infant.", "contents": "Timing of intraventricular haemorrhage. The detection of the onset of intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) during life is a necessary preliminary to understanding the cause of this condition. In 10 infants of very low birthweight treated with serial transfusions of adult blood the proportions of transfused cells circulating after each transfusion were compared with the proportion of transfused cells found in the intraventricular clot at necropsy. This allowed the timing of IVH to be restricted retrospectively to the period between consecutive blood transfusions. In addition, the proportional changes of transfused cells produced by infusion of a known red cell mass allow changes in the babies' original red cell mass to be followed during life. A fall in this value occurred in 8 infants dying with IVH and was taken to indicate haemorrhage. Comparison of the two methods in 9 infants suggested that, while in some cases intraventricular bleeding occurs rapidly, in others it takes place over a period of time. The interval between birth and the onset of haemorrhage was directly proportional to the gestational age of the infant.", "PMID": 848996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8329", "title": "Role of routine investigations in children presenting with their first febrile convulsion.", "content": "To assess the role of routine investigations in children presenting with their first febrile convulsion, the results of investigations carried out in 328 children over a 2-year period were reviewed. Lumber puncture was performed in 96% of cases and resulted in the detection of 4 cases of unsuspected meningitis, one of which was bacterial. 2 children had normal lumbar punctures on admission but developed meningococcal meningitis within 48 hours. Sugar, calcium, urea, and electrolyte estimations, and blood counts were commonly performed but were unhelpful. We suggest that lumbar puncture in those children presenting with their first febrile convulsion under the age of 18 months is the only useful routine investigation.", "contents": "Role of routine investigations in children presenting with their first febrile convulsion. To assess the role of routine investigations in children presenting with their first febrile convulsion, the results of investigations carried out in 328 children over a 2-year period were reviewed. Lumber puncture was performed in 96% of cases and resulted in the detection of 4 cases of unsuspected meningitis, one of which was bacterial. 2 children had normal lumbar punctures on admission but developed meningococcal meningitis within 48 hours. Sugar, calcium, urea, and electrolyte estimations, and blood counts were commonly performed but were unhelpful. We suggest that lumbar puncture in those children presenting with their first febrile convulsion under the age of 18 months is the only useful routine investigation.", "PMID": 848997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8330", "title": "Aetiology of idiopathic growth hormone deficiency in England and Wales.", "content": "Information on height, sex, age, and condition of mothers' pregnancy and labour was obtained on all first- and second-degree relatives of 140 cases of idiopathic growth hormone deficiency (GHD). Less detailed information was available for 68 further cases, the two samples together constituting all cases from England and Wales treated under the Medical Research Council Clinical Trial of Human Growth Hormone up till 1974. Compared with the Perinatal Mortality survey of 1958, idiopathic GHD cases showed a significantly greater incidence of breech births (13-7%), of forceps deliveries especially in multiparae (5-6%), and of reported early vaginal bleeding (7-1%). The incidences of breech and forceps were both higher in cases with multiple pituitary hormone deficiency than in cases of 'isolated' GHD. The frequency of either breech or forceps was 43% in multiple and 20% in 'isolated' GHD. Heights of fathers and sibs of affected cases averaged the 50th centile; those of mothers the 35th centile. The ratio of boys to girls affected was 3-8. There were 4 families with more than one member affected; 4-5% of the brothers of probands were themselves affected, 2% of fathers and 1-5% of both sisters and mothers. In the world literature the sex ratio averages about 2-9 with little difference between series; the frequency of breech delivery averages 21% with large differences (2% to 50%) between series. A table of relative risks is given from which a screening procedure may be constructed; following 1% of selected births would give 10% of cases, and 20% of births 50% of cases. We propose a multifactorial aetiology for GHD which brings it into line with malformations such as anencephaly, cleft lip and palate, and pyloric stenosis. An underlying liability to the disease is postulated, continuously distributed in the population and depending on both polygenic and environmental factors among which sex and birth trauma are important. The disease becomes manifest when the liability value reaches a fixed threshold. On this assumption, heritability of idopathic GHD is approximately the same as that of coeliac disease, pyloric stenosis, and patent ductus.", "contents": "Aetiology of idiopathic growth hormone deficiency in England and Wales. Information on height, sex, age, and condition of mothers' pregnancy and labour was obtained on all first- and second-degree relatives of 140 cases of idiopathic growth hormone deficiency (GHD). Less detailed information was available for 68 further cases, the two samples together constituting all cases from England and Wales treated under the Medical Research Council Clinical Trial of Human Growth Hormone up till 1974. Compared with the Perinatal Mortality survey of 1958, idiopathic GHD cases showed a significantly greater incidence of breech births (13-7%), of forceps deliveries especially in multiparae (5-6%), and of reported early vaginal bleeding (7-1%). The incidences of breech and forceps were both higher in cases with multiple pituitary hormone deficiency than in cases of 'isolated' GHD. The frequency of either breech or forceps was 43% in multiple and 20% in 'isolated' GHD. Heights of fathers and sibs of affected cases averaged the 50th centile; those of mothers the 35th centile. The ratio of boys to girls affected was 3-8. There were 4 families with more than one member affected; 4-5% of the brothers of probands were themselves affected, 2% of fathers and 1-5% of both sisters and mothers. In the world literature the sex ratio averages about 2-9 with little difference between series; the frequency of breech delivery averages 21% with large differences (2% to 50%) between series. A table of relative risks is given from which a screening procedure may be constructed; following 1% of selected births would give 10% of cases, and 20% of births 50% of cases. We propose a multifactorial aetiology for GHD which brings it into line with malformations such as anencephaly, cleft lip and palate, and pyloric stenosis. An underlying liability to the disease is postulated, continuously distributed in the population and depending on both polygenic and environmental factors among which sex and birth trauma are important. The disease becomes manifest when the liability value reaches a fixed threshold. On this assumption, heritability of idopathic GHD is approximately the same as that of coeliac disease, pyloric stenosis, and patent ductus.", "PMID": 848998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8331", "title": "Long-term management of abetalipoproteinaemia. Possible role for vitamin E.", "content": "Eight patients with abetalipoproteinaemia have been followed for 3-4 to 15-8 years. Management included dietary fat restriction and supplements of the fat-solublevitamins A, E, and K. In the 3 oldest patients serial studies of retinal and neurological function suggest that treatment with large doses of oral vitamin E may have delayed the development or progression of the neurological and retinal lesions.", "contents": "Long-term management of abetalipoproteinaemia. Possible role for vitamin E. Eight patients with abetalipoproteinaemia have been followed for 3-4 to 15-8 years. Management included dietary fat restriction and supplements of the fat-solublevitamins A, E, and K. In the 3 oldest patients serial studies of retinal and neurological function suggest that treatment with large doses of oral vitamin E may have delayed the development or progression of the neurological and retinal lesions.", "PMID": 848999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8332", "title": "Outcome in congenital stridor (laryngomalacia).", "content": "Twenty-one children who had been diagnosed as having laryngomalacia by direct laryngoscopy in infancy were reviewed 7 to 12 years later. The natural history of the disease is documented. A wide variation in the time of onset and duration of the stridor was found and there was a high incidence of feeding difficulties. A previously reported association with mental retardation or cerebral palsy is not confirmed. 4 out of the 21 children had early speech problems.", "contents": "Outcome in congenital stridor (laryngomalacia). Twenty-one children who had been diagnosed as having laryngomalacia by direct laryngoscopy in infancy were reviewed 7 to 12 years later. The natural history of the disease is documented. A wide variation in the time of onset and duration of the stridor was found and there was a high incidence of feeding difficulties. A previously reported association with mental retardation or cerebral palsy is not confirmed. 4 out of the 21 children had early speech problems.", "PMID": 849000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8333", "title": "Assessment of total body fat in infancy from skinfold thickness measurements.", "content": "A formula is given, allowing a value for total body fat to be calculated from skinfold thickness measurements at two sites (subscapular and triceps), in conjunction with nine body dimensions. For newborn infants total body fat so calculated accorded satisfactorily with published data from cadaver analyses. The formula has been tentatively applied to infants up to the age of 40 weeks, and to preterm infants. The difference between the growth of male and female infants was analysed in a series of 27 normal infants; the greater growth of musculoskeletal tissue in the male contrasted with the relatively greater growth of fat tissue in the female.", "contents": "Assessment of total body fat in infancy from skinfold thickness measurements. A formula is given, allowing a value for total body fat to be calculated from skinfold thickness measurements at two sites (subscapular and triceps), in conjunction with nine body dimensions. For newborn infants total body fat so calculated accorded satisfactorily with published data from cadaver analyses. The formula has been tentatively applied to infants up to the age of 40 weeks, and to preterm infants. The difference between the growth of male and female infants was analysed in a series of 27 normal infants; the greater growth of musculoskeletal tissue in the male contrasted with the relatively greater growth of fat tissue in the female.", "PMID": 849001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8334", "title": "Oral treatment of subacute bacterial endocarditis in children.", "content": "Fourteen episodes of subacute bacterial endocarditis in 11 children were successfully treated with antibiotics, which in 13 cases were given largely by mouth. It is suggested that oral treatment of bacterial endocarditis should be considered for children who are only moderately but not severely ill, and who have sensitive organisms.", "contents": "Oral treatment of subacute bacterial endocarditis in children. Fourteen episodes of subacute bacterial endocarditis in 11 children were successfully treated with antibiotics, which in 13 cases were given largely by mouth. It is suggested that oral treatment of bacterial endocarditis should be considered for children who are only moderately but not severely ill, and who have sensitive organisms.", "PMID": 849003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8335", "title": "Duodenal bacterial flora in early stages of transient monosaccharide intolerance in infants.", "content": "The aerobic and anaerobic bacterial flora of the duodenum were studied in 10 infants with transient monosaccharide intolerance. 5 infants had protracted diarrhoea after an episode of acute gastroenteritis and 5 had acute gastroenteritis. The duration of monosaccharide intolerance ranged from 1 to 20 days. Serial intubations were performed on 8 infants. In 5 of 8 cases the bacterial flora were of a normal type at the first intubation at 0--4 days after the onset of monosaccharide intolerance. In 4 of those 5 patients there was an increase in bacterial count a few days later and anaerobes appeared. These findings are not consistent with the suggestion that monosaccharide intolerance is caused by abnormal bacteria in the upper small bowel.", "contents": "Duodenal bacterial flora in early stages of transient monosaccharide intolerance in infants. The aerobic and anaerobic bacterial flora of the duodenum were studied in 10 infants with transient monosaccharide intolerance. 5 infants had protracted diarrhoea after an episode of acute gastroenteritis and 5 had acute gastroenteritis. The duration of monosaccharide intolerance ranged from 1 to 20 days. Serial intubations were performed on 8 infants. In 5 of 8 cases the bacterial flora were of a normal type at the first intubation at 0--4 days after the onset of monosaccharide intolerance. In 4 of those 5 patients there was an increase in bacterial count a few days later and anaerobes appeared. These findings are not consistent with the suggestion that monosaccharide intolerance is caused by abnormal bacteria in the upper small bowel.", "PMID": 849002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8336", "title": "Neonatal hypocalcaemia after intrauterine exposure to anticonvulsant drugs.", "content": "Two cases are reported of prolonged hypocalcaemia with tetany in infants born at term, whose mothers had been treated with phenytoin and phenobarbitone in high doses. Both infants presented with jitteriness and tetany in the first and second weeks of life, and in both the hypocalcaemia was resistant to therapy over a longer period. An effect on the fetal vitamin D metabolism by phenytoin and phenobarbitone, resulting in defective bone mineralization and neonatal hypocalcaemia is suggested.", "contents": "Neonatal hypocalcaemia after intrauterine exposure to anticonvulsant drugs. Two cases are reported of prolonged hypocalcaemia with tetany in infants born at term, whose mothers had been treated with phenytoin and phenobarbitone in high doses. Both infants presented with jitteriness and tetany in the first and second weeks of life, and in both the hypocalcaemia was resistant to therapy over a longer period. An effect on the fetal vitamin D metabolism by phenytoin and phenobarbitone, resulting in defective bone mineralization and neonatal hypocalcaemia is suggested.", "PMID": 849004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8337", "title": "Pure oestrogen-secreting feminizing adrenocortical adenoma.", "content": "A 6-year-old boy presented with gynaecomastia. There was no clinical or biochemical evidence of excessive androgenic or glucorticoid activity, but urinary oestrogen levels were raised. An adrenocortical adenoma, demonstrated by x-ray, was surgically removed. Oestrogen levels fell immediately. 3 years later the boy shows complete regression of the gynaecomastia and no signs of recurrence.", "contents": "Pure oestrogen-secreting feminizing adrenocortical adenoma. A 6-year-old boy presented with gynaecomastia. There was no clinical or biochemical evidence of excessive androgenic or glucorticoid activity, but urinary oestrogen levels were raised. An adrenocortical adenoma, demonstrated by x-ray, was surgically removed. Oestrogen levels fell immediately. 3 years later the boy shows complete regression of the gynaecomastia and no signs of recurrence.", "PMID": 849005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8338", "title": "Host preference and trypanosome infection rates of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood in the Republic of Zambia.", "content": "Examination of data on the host preference and trypanosome infection rates of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood in Central Zambia showed a marked preference for suids (62%); bovids (17%), 'other mammals' (14%), primates (4%), reptiles (3%) and birds (less than 1%) accounted for the remaining feeds. Trypanosome infection rates in G. m. morsitans were very low (0-3-66%), with higher rates in males; only vivax-type trypanosomes were encountered. The heterogeneity of monthly and seasonal infection rates was not significant; the highest rate was recorded in the hot dry season. There was a significant correlation between age and infection rates (P less than 0-01). A regression of monthly male infection rates and monthly mean temperature showed a significant correlation (P less than 0-05). Possible reasons for the low infection rates are discussed.", "contents": "Host preference and trypanosome infection rates of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood in the Republic of Zambia. Examination of data on the host preference and trypanosome infection rates of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood in Central Zambia showed a marked preference for suids (62%); bovids (17%), 'other mammals' (14%), primates (4%), reptiles (3%) and birds (less than 1%) accounted for the remaining feeds. Trypanosome infection rates in G. m. morsitans were very low (0-3-66%), with higher rates in males; only vivax-type trypanosomes were encountered. The heterogeneity of monthly and seasonal infection rates was not significant; the highest rate was recorded in the hot dry season. There was a significant correlation between age and infection rates (P less than 0-01). A regression of monthly male infection rates and monthly mean temperature showed a significant correlation (P less than 0-05). Possible reasons for the low infection rates are discussed.", "PMID": 849014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8339", "title": "Cigarette smoke in enclosed public facilities.", "content": "A portable carbon monoxide detector (catalytic electrode) was used to record carbon monoxide concentrations in enclosed public facilities, including night clubs, bars, restaurants, stores, hospitals, and public transit vehicles. The highest concentrations of carbon monoxide were found in night clubs, where evening indoor readings averaged 13.4 ppm, which was 4.1 +/- 1.5 ppm higher than outdoor readings. In one poorly ventilated establishment, values ranged from 20 to 40 ppm, with substantial gradients around the room. Adequate ventilation and screening of restaurant employees for ischemic heart disease should prevent problems from cigarette-induced build-up of carbon monoxide. Unfortunately, much lower concentrations of other constituents of smoke cause symptoms and changes of pulmonary function in the nonsmoker. If carbon monoxide is used as an indicator of cigarette smoke accumulation, concentrations should not exceed ambient readings by more than 5 ppm.", "contents": "Cigarette smoke in enclosed public facilities. A portable carbon monoxide detector (catalytic electrode) was used to record carbon monoxide concentrations in enclosed public facilities, including night clubs, bars, restaurants, stores, hospitals, and public transit vehicles. The highest concentrations of carbon monoxide were found in night clubs, where evening indoor readings averaged 13.4 ppm, which was 4.1 +/- 1.5 ppm higher than outdoor readings. In one poorly ventilated establishment, values ranged from 20 to 40 ppm, with substantial gradients around the room. Adequate ventilation and screening of restaurant employees for ischemic heart disease should prevent problems from cigarette-induced build-up of carbon monoxide. Unfortunately, much lower concentrations of other constituents of smoke cause symptoms and changes of pulmonary function in the nonsmoker. If carbon monoxide is used as an indicator of cigarette smoke accumulation, concentrations should not exceed ambient readings by more than 5 ppm.", "PMID": 849010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8340", "title": "Long term variations in trypanosome infection rates in highly infected tsetse flies on a cattle route in south-western Nigeria.", "content": "One thousand, nine hundred and ninety-seven male and 1988 female Glossina morsitans submorsitans were dissected at Ogbomosho, on a trade cattle route in south-western Nigeria, from June 1970 to August 1973. Of male flies, 1307 (65-45%) were infected by Trypanosoma vivax trypanosomes, 66 (3-31%) by the subgenus Nannomonas (congolense group) and three (0.15%) by the subgenus Trypanozoon (brucei group). Of flies, 1236 (62-17%) had T. vivax infections, 80 (4-02%) had infections of the subgenus Nannomonas and two (0.10%) had infections of the subgenus Trypanozoon, The great majority of T. vivax infections were mature, while a high proportion (10% in males and 22% in females) of infections of the subgenus Nannomonas were immature. No infection with the subgenus Trypanozoon was found after October 1971. Overall infection rates, for male and female flies respectively, rose from 77% and 80% in June 1970 to peak values of 91% ad 90% in April and June 1971 and thereafter declined to lowest values of 37% and 43% in 1973. The incidence of T. vivax infections was the major component of the rises and falls in overall infection rate. During the period of peak infection rates (April-June 1971), all female flies over about 40 days old were infected. It was assumed that all these had T. vivax infections; some also had subgenus Nannomonas infections and one also had an infection of the subgenus Trypanozoon. Of 72 specimens of G. tachinoides dissected at Ogbomosho from June 1970 to August 1972, 20 (27-8%) were infected by trypanosomes, 19 with T. vivax and one with immature subgenus Nannomonas. In this species, also, infection rate was related to the age of the fly. Of 43 specimens of G. m. submorsitans dissected at Ilorin, north of Ogbomosho on the same cattle route, in February 1975, seven (16-3%) had T. vivax infections. One of two specimens of G. tachinoides dissected here at the same time had an immature infection of the subgenus Nannomonas. In G. m. submorsitans, variations in age structure of the population did not account for the temporal fluctuations in infection rates. It appeared that since 1970 events further north, especially tsetse eradication and the natural decline of tsetse populations (due probably to drought) reduced the trypanosomiasis risk to cattle proceeding southwards. The declining infection rates at Ogbomosho, after 1971, reflected this.", "contents": "Long term variations in trypanosome infection rates in highly infected tsetse flies on a cattle route in south-western Nigeria. One thousand, nine hundred and ninety-seven male and 1988 female Glossina morsitans submorsitans were dissected at Ogbomosho, on a trade cattle route in south-western Nigeria, from June 1970 to August 1973. Of male flies, 1307 (65-45%) were infected by Trypanosoma vivax trypanosomes, 66 (3-31%) by the subgenus Nannomonas (congolense group) and three (0.15%) by the subgenus Trypanozoon (brucei group). Of flies, 1236 (62-17%) had T. vivax infections, 80 (4-02%) had infections of the subgenus Nannomonas and two (0.10%) had infections of the subgenus Trypanozoon, The great majority of T. vivax infections were mature, while a high proportion (10% in males and 22% in females) of infections of the subgenus Nannomonas were immature. No infection with the subgenus Trypanozoon was found after October 1971. Overall infection rates, for male and female flies respectively, rose from 77% and 80% in June 1970 to peak values of 91% ad 90% in April and June 1971 and thereafter declined to lowest values of 37% and 43% in 1973. The incidence of T. vivax infections was the major component of the rises and falls in overall infection rate. During the period of peak infection rates (April-June 1971), all female flies over about 40 days old were infected. It was assumed that all these had T. vivax infections; some also had subgenus Nannomonas infections and one also had an infection of the subgenus Trypanozoon. Of 72 specimens of G. tachinoides dissected at Ogbomosho from June 1970 to August 1972, 20 (27-8%) were infected by trypanosomes, 19 with T. vivax and one with immature subgenus Nannomonas. In this species, also, infection rate was related to the age of the fly. Of 43 specimens of G. m. submorsitans dissected at Ilorin, north of Ogbomosho on the same cattle route, in February 1975, seven (16-3%) had T. vivax infections. One of two specimens of G. tachinoides dissected here at the same time had an immature infection of the subgenus Nannomonas. In G. m. submorsitans, variations in age structure of the population did not account for the temporal fluctuations in infection rates. It appeared that since 1970 events further north, especially tsetse eradication and the natural decline of tsetse populations (due probably to drought) reduced the trypanosomiasis risk to cattle proceeding southwards. The declining infection rates at Ogbomosho, after 1971, reflected this.", "PMID": 849015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8341", "title": "Lung clearance of 4-micron particles coated with silver, carbon, or beryllium.", "content": "Lung clearance in rabbits during the first week after inhalation of 4-micron teflon particles tagged with chromium-51 and coated with silver, carbon, or beryllium was studied by external measurements of the radioactivity in the lungs. Ten rabbits were exposed to silver- and carbon-coated particles on two separate occasions within 3 weeks. Clearances of the two types of particles were quite similar. Clearance in eight other rabbits that had inhaled silver-coated particles was quite similar to clearance in eight rabbits that had inhaled beryllium-coated particles. The result is regarded as evidence that alveolar macrophages do not play an active role in removing intact particles from the lung the first week after inhalation.", "contents": "Lung clearance of 4-micron particles coated with silver, carbon, or beryllium. Lung clearance in rabbits during the first week after inhalation of 4-micron teflon particles tagged with chromium-51 and coated with silver, carbon, or beryllium was studied by external measurements of the radioactivity in the lungs. Ten rabbits were exposed to silver- and carbon-coated particles on two separate occasions within 3 weeks. Clearances of the two types of particles were quite similar. Clearance in eight other rabbits that had inhaled silver-coated particles was quite similar to clearance in eight rabbits that had inhaled beryllium-coated particles. The result is regarded as evidence that alveolar macrophages do not play an active role in removing intact particles from the lung the first week after inhalation.", "PMID": 849011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8342", "title": "The pattern of parasitic infection in human gut at the Specialist Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria.", "content": "In a survey of 6213 persons conducted between January 1973 to December 1974, at the Specialist Hospital, Benin City, the most common helminths were Necator americanus (16.8%), Ascaris lumbricoides (19l5%) and Trichuris trichiur (5-9%). Dicrocoelium hospes (0-06%) was also recorded and this may become an important liver parasite of man in Nigeria. Its snail vectors are believed to be species of Limicolaria and Achatina which are widely dispersed in Nigeria. Entamoeba coli and E. histolytica showed peaks during the \"fly seasons\", indicating that the housefly, as well as water, may be an important source of contamination. Trichomonas hominis showed peaks in the rainy seasons, and this suggests that in Benin City transmission is chiefly via contaminated domestic water-supply. The incidence of A. lumbricoides and N. americanus was high throughout the rainy and dry seasons, indicating poor disposal of human excreta and a continuous pattern of infection. The type of food and method of cooking prevented or reduced the incidence of Taenia solium, T. saginata, Diphyllobothrium latum and Fasciola gigantica.", "contents": "The pattern of parasitic infection in human gut at the Specialist Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria. In a survey of 6213 persons conducted between January 1973 to December 1974, at the Specialist Hospital, Benin City, the most common helminths were Necator americanus (16.8%), Ascaris lumbricoides (19l5%) and Trichuris trichiur (5-9%). Dicrocoelium hospes (0-06%) was also recorded and this may become an important liver parasite of man in Nigeria. Its snail vectors are believed to be species of Limicolaria and Achatina which are widely dispersed in Nigeria. Entamoeba coli and E. histolytica showed peaks during the \"fly seasons\", indicating that the housefly, as well as water, may be an important source of contamination. Trichomonas hominis showed peaks in the rainy seasons, and this suggests that in Benin City transmission is chiefly via contaminated domestic water-supply. The incidence of A. lumbricoides and N. americanus was high throughout the rainy and dry seasons, indicating poor disposal of human excreta and a continuous pattern of infection. The type of food and method of cooking prevented or reduced the incidence of Taenia solium, T. saginata, Diphyllobothrium latum and Fasciola gigantica.", "PMID": 849017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8343", "title": "Schistosoma haematobium in a Gambian community. I. The intensity and prevalence of infection.", "content": "The intensity and prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium infection has been measured in a community in the laterite plateau area of the McCarthy Island Division, The Gambia. The prevalence reaches 100% by the age of 10 years and counts of over 1000 ova in 10 ml of noon urine are common. During the second and third decade prevalence and intensity of infection decline and the mean egg output of a cohort falls by approximately 50% every three years. In subjects aged over 30 sex differences in exposure to infection and egg output suggest the possible effect of protective immunity.", "contents": "Schistosoma haematobium in a Gambian community. I. The intensity and prevalence of infection. The intensity and prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium infection has been measured in a community in the laterite plateau area of the McCarthy Island Division, The Gambia. The prevalence reaches 100% by the age of 10 years and counts of over 1000 ova in 10 ml of noon urine are common. During the second and third decade prevalence and intensity of infection decline and the mean egg output of a cohort falls by approximately 50% every three years. In subjects aged over 30 sex differences in exposure to infection and egg output suggest the possible effect of protective immunity.", "PMID": 849018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8344", "title": "Housing, hygiene, and health; a study in old residential areas in Copenhagen.", "content": "The effect of 109 social, medical, housing, and hygienic factors on morbidity of 2,096 individuals was studied in 881 apartments in Copenhagen. \"Thriving\" (satisfaction), followed by \"housing standard\" and \"personal hygiene,\" turned out to be the most prominent predictor for health. \"Thriving of parents\" was also important for the health of children. Excluding \"thriving\" in the analyses, \"housing standard\" and \"personal hygiene\" or components of these group factors were the important predictors for the health of the population studied, except for children below 3 years of age. For the health of these, the number of rooms used for sleeping purposes was the best predictor. The only other parameter found to influence the morbidities investigated was the total yearly income of the family, which was found to be a secondary predictor for adult morbidity during the last month of the investigation (March 1973). The analyses applies were Pearson correlation, AID-program, factor and multiple regression analyses.", "contents": "Housing, hygiene, and health; a study in old residential areas in Copenhagen. The effect of 109 social, medical, housing, and hygienic factors on morbidity of 2,096 individuals was studied in 881 apartments in Copenhagen. \"Thriving\" (satisfaction), followed by \"housing standard\" and \"personal hygiene,\" turned out to be the most prominent predictor for health. \"Thriving of parents\" was also important for the health of children. Excluding \"thriving\" in the analyses, \"housing standard\" and \"personal hygiene\" or components of these group factors were the important predictors for the health of the population studied, except for children below 3 years of age. For the health of these, the number of rooms used for sleeping purposes was the best predictor. The only other parameter found to influence the morbidities investigated was the total yearly income of the family, which was found to be a secondary predictor for adult morbidity during the last month of the investigation (March 1973). The analyses applies were Pearson correlation, AID-program, factor and multiple regression analyses.", "PMID": 849013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8345", "title": "Comparison of the sensory irritation response in mice to chlorine and hydrogen chloride.", "content": "Groups of male Swiss-Webster mice were exposed to concentrations of chlorine varying from 0.7 to 38.4 ppm and to concentrations of hydrogen chloride varying from 40 to 943 ppm. The total exposure time to both gases was 10 minutes. Dose-response curves were plotted for both chlorine and hydrogen chloride, using the percentage decrease in respiratory rate during each exposure as the response reflecting sensory irritation of the upper respiratory tract. The results showed chlorine to be 33.0 times more irritating than hydrogen chloride, with 95% confidence limits of 18.6 and 57.1. Guidelines for obtaining a range of acceptable threshold limit values (TLV) based on sensory irritation of the upper respiratory tract are discussed. It was concluded that the current TLV of 1 ppm for chlorine is the upper acceptable limit, and that the established TLV of 5 ppm for hydrogen chloride lies at the lower limit of the predicted range. The mechanism of chlorine's and hydrogen chloride's sensory irritation may be explained by their reaction with various functional groups in the membranes of the trigeminal nerve endings lining the nasal mucosa.", "contents": "Comparison of the sensory irritation response in mice to chlorine and hydrogen chloride. Groups of male Swiss-Webster mice were exposed to concentrations of chlorine varying from 0.7 to 38.4 ppm and to concentrations of hydrogen chloride varying from 40 to 943 ppm. The total exposure time to both gases was 10 minutes. Dose-response curves were plotted for both chlorine and hydrogen chloride, using the percentage decrease in respiratory rate during each exposure as the response reflecting sensory irritation of the upper respiratory tract. The results showed chlorine to be 33.0 times more irritating than hydrogen chloride, with 95% confidence limits of 18.6 and 57.1. Guidelines for obtaining a range of acceptable threshold limit values (TLV) based on sensory irritation of the upper respiratory tract are discussed. It was concluded that the current TLV of 1 ppm for chlorine is the upper acceptable limit, and that the established TLV of 5 ppm for hydrogen chloride lies at the lower limit of the predicted range. The mechanism of chlorine's and hydrogen chloride's sensory irritation may be explained by their reaction with various functional groups in the membranes of the trigeminal nerve endings lining the nasal mucosa.", "PMID": 849012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8346", "title": "Schistosoma haematobium in a Gambian community. II. Impaired cell-mediated immunity and other immunological abnormalities.", "content": "A decreased response rate in delayed hypersensitivity reactions was found in a population heavily infected with Schistosoma haematobium. Laboratory studies showed a depressed response of lymphocytes to PHA in infected subjects. Together these findings suggest the presence of a defect in cell-mediated immunity in some infected subjects. IgG and IgM levels were increased and the prevalence of rheumatoid factor was greater in the infected population. The possibility of non-specific changes in the control of the immune system in schistosome infections and the relation of the present findings to the increased prevalence of lymphoproliferative tumours in infected subjects are discussed.", "contents": "Schistosoma haematobium in a Gambian community. II. Impaired cell-mediated immunity and other immunological abnormalities. A decreased response rate in delayed hypersensitivity reactions was found in a population heavily infected with Schistosoma haematobium. Laboratory studies showed a depressed response of lymphocytes to PHA in infected subjects. Together these findings suggest the presence of a defect in cell-mediated immunity in some infected subjects. IgG and IgM levels were increased and the prevalence of rheumatoid factor was greater in the infected population. The possibility of non-specific changes in the control of the immune system in schistosome infections and the relation of the present findings to the increased prevalence of lymphoproliferative tumours in infected subjects are discussed.", "PMID": 849019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8347", "title": "Field trial of metrifonate in the treatment and prevention of schistosomiasis infection in man.", "content": "A field trial was set up to test the prophylactic properties of the organophosphorous drug metrifonate (Bilarcil Bayer AG). Subjects were rural African children living in an area of Rhodesia where Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni are highly endemic. The trial was conducted in three stages, a preliminary period of therapy followed by two six-month periods of prophylaxis. Parasitological and haematological tests were carried out monthly and major assessments (including clinical examinations) were carried out prior to the start of the trial and at the end of each of the three stages. Drug was given to the appropriate groups at a dose rate of 7-5 mg/kg once per fortnight for three doses during the therapy stage and four-weekly during the prophylaxis stage. Results with S. haematobium were very good. A 60% cure-rate was observed six weeks aection was obtained in those children continuing to receive the drug as a prophylactic, even during the season of highest transmission; intensities of infection in those who became infected were very low. Infection rates in the treated but unprotected group rose steadily from 40% at week 11 to 95% at week 70. There was a sigificant effect upon the intensity of S. mansoni infections only when pre- and post-trial data were  compared. Apart from the anticipated (and previously reported) depression of plasma cholinesterase values no side effects were recorded. Drug tolerance and acceptibility were very high. It is likely that the costs of a year's protection against S. Haematobium using metrifonate will be significantly lower than protection by molluscicidal techniques or single courses of treatment with established drugs.", "contents": "Field trial of metrifonate in the treatment and prevention of schistosomiasis infection in man. A field trial was set up to test the prophylactic properties of the organophosphorous drug metrifonate (Bilarcil Bayer AG). Subjects were rural African children living in an area of Rhodesia where Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni are highly endemic. The trial was conducted in three stages, a preliminary period of therapy followed by two six-month periods of prophylaxis. Parasitological and haematological tests were carried out monthly and major assessments (including clinical examinations) were carried out prior to the start of the trial and at the end of each of the three stages. Drug was given to the appropriate groups at a dose rate of 7-5 mg/kg once per fortnight for three doses during the therapy stage and four-weekly during the prophylaxis stage. Results with S. haematobium were very good. A 60% cure-rate was observed six weeks aection was obtained in those children continuing to receive the drug as a prophylactic, even during the season of highest transmission; intensities of infection in those who became infected were very low. Infection rates in the treated but unprotected group rose steadily from 40% at week 11 to 95% at week 70. There was a sigificant effect upon the intensity of S. mansoni infections only when pre- and post-trial data were  compared. Apart from the anticipated (and previously reported) depression of plasma cholinesterase values no side effects were recorded. Drug tolerance and acceptibility were very high. It is likely that the costs of a year's protection against S. Haematobium using metrifonate will be significantly lower than protection by molluscicidal techniques or single courses of treatment with established drugs.", "PMID": 849020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8348", "title": "Preliminary trials against Biomphalaria glabrata of a new molluscicide formulation: geletin granules containing Bayluscide wettable powder.", "content": "Tests were conducted with gelatin granules containing Bayluscide (niclosamide) w.p., 23-3% w/w a.i. Granules rendered a simulated field habitat (banana drain) lethal to Biomphalaria glabrata for 40 days when applied at a rate calculated to give 5 mg/1 in the water. At this dose, Bayluscide e.c. was effective for 8-12 days. Granules exposed to various combinations of natural or simulated tropical climatic factors for up to 56 days gave variable kills of snails, apparently unrelated to the factors tested. The rate at which the molluscicide was released from the granules was affected by climatic factors: high temperatures and low humidities slowed the rate, probably by hardening the granules; rainfall and high humidities accelerated the rate, probably by softening or disintegrating the granules. There was no apparent loss of molluscicidal activity in granules exposed for 56 days to various combinations of climatic factors. The results suggest that this formulation may be applied during droughts to temporary habitats when these are dry and accessible. The molluscicide would then be released at the unpredictable start of the next wet season and kill any snails which survive the drought by aestivation.", "contents": "Preliminary trials against Biomphalaria glabrata of a new molluscicide formulation: geletin granules containing Bayluscide wettable powder. Tests were conducted with gelatin granules containing Bayluscide (niclosamide) w.p., 23-3% w/w a.i. Granules rendered a simulated field habitat (banana drain) lethal to Biomphalaria glabrata for 40 days when applied at a rate calculated to give 5 mg/1 in the water. At this dose, Bayluscide e.c. was effective for 8-12 days. Granules exposed to various combinations of natural or simulated tropical climatic factors for up to 56 days gave variable kills of snails, apparently unrelated to the factors tested. The rate at which the molluscicide was released from the granules was affected by climatic factors: high temperatures and low humidities slowed the rate, probably by hardening the granules; rainfall and high humidities accelerated the rate, probably by softening or disintegrating the granules. There was no apparent loss of molluscicidal activity in granules exposed for 56 days to various combinations of climatic factors. The results suggest that this formulation may be applied during droughts to temporary habitats when these are dry and accessible. The molluscicide would then be released at the unpredictable start of the next wet season and kill any snails which survive the drought by aestivation.", "PMID": 849021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8349", "title": "The susceptibility of Marisa cornuarietis, a predator of schistosome bearing snails, to N-tritylmorpholine.", "content": "Introduction of the ampullariid snail, Marisa cornuarietis (L.), into water treated with molluscicides, in order to secure the success of chemical control of schistosome host snails, is promising. Adult Marisa can be introduced only two days after treating water of pH less than or equal to 7-9 with N-tritylmorpholine (= FresconR Shell) at a concentration of 0-03 ppm. There is considerable variation in the susceptibility of different strains: the LT50 in a concentration of 0-03 ppm Frescon at 25 degrees C was about 27-3 hours for a Puerto Rican and 44-6 hours for a Floridan strain, both 52 weeks old. At sexual maturity, i.e. approximately 18 weeks at 25 degrees C, the LT50 for the Floridan strain was approximately 31-8 hours; experiments with a hybrid stock of the two strains had an LT50 of 30-0 hours. Younger snails were significantly more susceptible to the molluscicide, and eggs were approximately four times more resistant than adults; this agrees with findings by previous authors for other snail species. In the case of the accidental uncontrolled spread of Marisa to cultivated areas it is suggested that a concentration of 0-03 Frescon is applied for at least four days.", "contents": "The susceptibility of Marisa cornuarietis, a predator of schistosome bearing snails, to N-tritylmorpholine. Introduction of the ampullariid snail, Marisa cornuarietis (L.), into water treated with molluscicides, in order to secure the success of chemical control of schistosome host snails, is promising. Adult Marisa can be introduced only two days after treating water of pH less than or equal to 7-9 with N-tritylmorpholine (= FresconR Shell) at a concentration of 0-03 ppm. There is considerable variation in the susceptibility of different strains: the LT50 in a concentration of 0-03 ppm Frescon at 25 degrees C was about 27-3 hours for a Puerto Rican and 44-6 hours for a Floridan strain, both 52 weeks old. At sexual maturity, i.e. approximately 18 weeks at 25 degrees C, the LT50 for the Floridan strain was approximately 31-8 hours; experiments with a hybrid stock of the two strains had an LT50 of 30-0 hours. Younger snails were significantly more susceptible to the molluscicide, and eggs were approximately four times more resistant than adults; this agrees with findings by previous authors for other snail species. In the case of the accidental uncontrolled spread of Marisa to cultivated areas it is suggested that a concentration of 0-03 Frescon is applied for at least four days.", "PMID": 849022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8350", "title": "Tricuspid atresia: corrective operation without a bioprosthetic valve.", "content": "A case of successful correction of type IB tricuspid atresia is described in which the patient's own normal pulmonary valve was used in its natural location. Morphological features of tricuspid atresia suggest that use of the in situ pulmonary valve is possible in most patients with normally related great arteries. Elimination of the requirement for valved conduits and bioprosthetic valves may eventually permit corrective operation in the very young child.", "contents": "Tricuspid atresia: corrective operation without a bioprosthetic valve. A case of successful correction of type IB tricuspid atresia is described in which the patient's own normal pulmonary valve was used in its natural location. Morphological features of tricuspid atresia suggest that use of the in situ pulmonary valve is possible in most patients with normally related great arteries. Elimination of the requirement for valved conduits and bioprosthetic valves may eventually permit corrective operation in the very young child.", "PMID": 849024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8351", "title": "Automated identification of cardiac conduction tissue in L-TGV and Ebstein's anomaly.", "content": "The specialized cardiac conduction tissue was identified quickly and easily at operation in 2 patients with corrected transposition (L-TGV) and 1 with Ebstein's anomaly. In each of the former cases the tissue was located along the upper rim of the VSD, beneath the pulmonary outflow tract; in neither patient was there a disturbance in cardiac rhythm as a result of operation. In the patient with Ebstein's anomaly the bundle of His descended onto the ventricular septum more directly than was anticipated. There was only a transitory disturbance in atrioventricular conduction following tricuspid valve replacement. Accurate identification of the cardiac conduction tissue is a prerequisite to the safe repair of certain forms of complex congenital heart disease.", "contents": "Automated identification of cardiac conduction tissue in L-TGV and Ebstein's anomaly. The specialized cardiac conduction tissue was identified quickly and easily at operation in 2 patients with corrected transposition (L-TGV) and 1 with Ebstein's anomaly. In each of the former cases the tissue was located along the upper rim of the VSD, beneath the pulmonary outflow tract; in neither patient was there a disturbance in cardiac rhythm as a result of operation. In the patient with Ebstein's anomaly the bundle of His descended onto the ventricular septum more directly than was anticipated. There was only a transitory disturbance in atrioventricular conduction following tricuspid valve replacement. Accurate identification of the cardiac conduction tissue is a prerequisite to the safe repair of certain forms of complex congenital heart disease.", "PMID": 849025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8352", "title": "Surgical treatment of right ventricular aneurysm: an uncommon procedure.", "content": "Most ventricular aneurysms result from transmural myocardial infarction and are located in the left ventricle. Right ventricular aneurysms are unusual, and their origin at times is obscure. A patient with two discrete right ventricular aneurysms is reported. The literature on operative excision of right ventricular aneurysms is reviewed, and the various etiological factors are discussed.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of right ventricular aneurysm: an uncommon procedure. Most ventricular aneurysms result from transmural myocardial infarction and are located in the left ventricle. Right ventricular aneurysms are unusual, and their origin at times is obscure. A patient with two discrete right ventricular aneurysms is reported. The literature on operative excision of right ventricular aneurysms is reviewed, and the various etiological factors are discussed.", "PMID": 849026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8353", "title": "Traumatic hemopericardium and chronic constrictive pericarditis.", "content": "Chronic constrictive pericarditis following traumatic hemopericardium has been reported in recent years, but it has not been reproduced experimentally in dogs. The present study attempted to produce posttraumatic constrictive pericarditis in 34 experimental animals. Hemopericardium by means of trauma to the epicardium or pericardium was produced by a sharp instrument or by the injection of autologous blood inside the pericardial sac. All animals were killed at intervals between 3 and 31 months. The animals in which hemopericardium was induced by injecting blood into the pericardial cavity showed no changes. The hemopericardium was completely resolved without noticeable residual trace. Animals having hemopericardium as a result of trauma evidenced a well-developed constrictive pericarditis that was documented clinically, hemodynamically, and histologically. These experimental findings indicate that chronic constrictive pericarditis may well be due to traumatic hemopericardium rather than to specific infection.", "contents": "Traumatic hemopericardium and chronic constrictive pericarditis. Chronic constrictive pericarditis following traumatic hemopericardium has been reported in recent years, but it has not been reproduced experimentally in dogs. The present study attempted to produce posttraumatic constrictive pericarditis in 34 experimental animals. Hemopericardium by means of trauma to the epicardium or pericardium was produced by a sharp instrument or by the injection of autologous blood inside the pericardial sac. All animals were killed at intervals between 3 and 31 months. The animals in which hemopericardium was induced by injecting blood into the pericardial cavity showed no changes. The hemopericardium was completely resolved without noticeable residual trace. Animals having hemopericardium as a result of trauma evidenced a well-developed constrictive pericarditis that was documented clinically, hemodynamically, and histologically. These experimental findings indicate that chronic constrictive pericarditis may well be due to traumatic hemopericardium rather than to specific infection.", "PMID": 849027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8354", "title": "Flow velocity of cardiac lymph and contractility of the heart: an experimental study.", "content": "The flow velocity of cardiac lymph in various abnormal conditions of the heart and in control situations was studied experimentally in dogs. The time needed for the cardiac lymph node to become stained after injection of contrast medium into the muscle layer of the left ventricular apex was measured as an indicator in determining flow velocity of cardiac lymph. Left ventricular contractility was studied simultaneously. The hypoxic dogs had a short staining time with a vigorous cardiac beat. (Short staining time means accelerated lymph flow through the heart). The hearts in which the coronary sinus was ligated revealed the shortest staining time with an insignificant contractile change. The exsanguinating dogs had a long staining time with reduced contractility. The dogs with ventricular fibrillation had the longest staining time. When the heart rate was fixed by pacing, the staining time reflected contractile change. The contractile force of the heart plays an important role in the flow velocity of cardiac lymph.", "contents": "Flow velocity of cardiac lymph and contractility of the heart: an experimental study. The flow velocity of cardiac lymph in various abnormal conditions of the heart and in control situations was studied experimentally in dogs. The time needed for the cardiac lymph node to become stained after injection of contrast medium into the muscle layer of the left ventricular apex was measured as an indicator in determining flow velocity of cardiac lymph. Left ventricular contractility was studied simultaneously. The hypoxic dogs had a short staining time with a vigorous cardiac beat. (Short staining time means accelerated lymph flow through the heart). The hearts in which the coronary sinus was ligated revealed the shortest staining time with an insignificant contractile change. The exsanguinating dogs had a long staining time with reduced contractility. The dogs with ventricular fibrillation had the longest staining time. When the heart rate was fixed by pacing, the staining time reflected contractile change. The contractile force of the heart plays an important role in the flow velocity of cardiac lymph.", "PMID": 849028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8355", "title": "Topical cardiac hypothermia and phrenic nerve injury.", "content": "The relationship between ice-chip cardioplegia and impaired left diaphragmatic function was evaluated in dogs. Direct or indirect contact of the phrenic nerve with crushed ice for 30 or 60 minutes resulted in phrenic paralysis for 6 to 28 days, with responsiveness returning from 7 to 62 days later. Microscopical examination of injured nerves revealed injury to the myelin sheath and preservation of axons. Paralysis of the left diaphragm after topical cardiac hypothermia may be secondary to cold injury of the phrenic nerve, which is reversible.", "contents": "Topical cardiac hypothermia and phrenic nerve injury. The relationship between ice-chip cardioplegia and impaired left diaphragmatic function was evaluated in dogs. Direct or indirect contact of the phrenic nerve with crushed ice for 30 or 60 minutes resulted in phrenic paralysis for 6 to 28 days, with responsiveness returning from 7 to 62 days later. Microscopical examination of injured nerves revealed injury to the myelin sheath and preservation of axons. Paralysis of the left diaphragm after topical cardiac hypothermia may be secondary to cold injury of the phrenic nerve, which is reversible.", "PMID": 849029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8356", "title": "Electroencephalographic and neurological correlates of deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest in infants.", "content": "At present there is much interest in the use of surface-induced deep hypothermia with circulatory arrest in infants undergoing an open-heart procedure for repair of congenital defects. This paper presents our experience with infants who have been monitored by preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative electroencephalograms as well as by preoperative and postoperative neurological assessments. Our results indicate that young infants tolerate deep hypothermia with circulatory arrest quite well, and we therefore continue to advocate use of this procedure in operations for congenital cardiac disease.", "contents": "Electroencephalographic and neurological correlates of deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest in infants. At present there is much interest in the use of surface-induced deep hypothermia with circulatory arrest in infants undergoing an open-heart procedure for repair of congenital defects. This paper presents our experience with infants who have been monitored by preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative electroencephalograms as well as by preoperative and postoperative neurological assessments. Our results indicate that young infants tolerate deep hypothermia with circulatory arrest quite well, and we therefore continue to advocate use of this procedure in operations for congenital cardiac disease.", "PMID": 849030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8357", "title": "Valvotomy in young patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis.", "content": "Twenty-nine patients younger than 18 years of age with mitral stenosis were operated upon in the Osaka University Hospital. Five patients who underwent operation in the early period of this study died postoperatively. Follow-up study was made in 20 of the surviving patients for a period of 6 to 20 years. Three died during the follow-up period. Twelve of the survivors were in NYHA Functional Class I, 4 were in Class II, and 1 was in Class III. Reactivation of rheumatic disease did not occur after mitral valvotomy.", "contents": "Valvotomy in young patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis. Twenty-nine patients younger than 18 years of age with mitral stenosis were operated upon in the Osaka University Hospital. Five patients who underwent operation in the early period of this study died postoperatively. Follow-up study was made in 20 of the surviving patients for a period of 6 to 20 years. Three died during the follow-up period. Twelve of the survivors were in NYHA Functional Class I, 4 were in Class II, and 1 was in Class III. Reactivation of rheumatic disease did not occur after mitral valvotomy.", "PMID": 849031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8358", "title": "Tetralogy of Fallot with a single pulmonary artery: operative repair.", "content": "Surgical repair was performed on 8 patients with tetralogy of Fallot and congenital or acquired absence of the left pulmonary artery. Prior palliative systemic-pulmonary artery shunts had been performed in the 5 patients with acquired absence of the pulmonary artery, and in none was repair of the damaged pulmonary artery possible. A valve-containing conduit (Hancock) was used in each patient to prevent pulmonary valvular regurgitation during the early postoperative period. All patients survived operation and have exhibited marked symptomatic and hemodynamic improvement. This contrasts with the poor results of corrective operation previously reported in patients in this diagnostic category. We believe that the present improved results are due in large part to the valved conduit, and we therefore recommend its use during repair in children or adults with tetralogy and a single pulmonary artery.", "contents": "Tetralogy of Fallot with a single pulmonary artery: operative repair. Surgical repair was performed on 8 patients with tetralogy of Fallot and congenital or acquired absence of the left pulmonary artery. Prior palliative systemic-pulmonary artery shunts had been performed in the 5 patients with acquired absence of the pulmonary artery, and in none was repair of the damaged pulmonary artery possible. A valve-containing conduit (Hancock) was used in each patient to prevent pulmonary valvular regurgitation during the early postoperative period. All patients survived operation and have exhibited marked symptomatic and hemodynamic improvement. This contrasts with the poor results of corrective operation previously reported in patients in this diagnostic category. We believe that the present improved results are due in large part to the valved conduit, and we therefore recommend its use during repair in children or adults with tetralogy and a single pulmonary artery.", "PMID": 849032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8359", "title": "Posttraumatic empyema.", "content": "This is a report of the experience gained from treating 18 patients with posttraumatic empyema during a 36-month period. The objectives of treatment were twofold: complete reexpansion of the lung, and evacuation of infected foreign material from the pleural space. The techniques of achieving these objectives were tube thoracostomy initially, followed by early thoracotomy if necessary.", "contents": "Posttraumatic empyema. This is a report of the experience gained from treating 18 patients with posttraumatic empyema during a 36-month period. The objectives of treatment were twofold: complete reexpansion of the lung, and evacuation of infected foreign material from the pleural space. The techniques of achieving these objectives were tube thoracostomy initially, followed by early thoracotomy if necessary.", "PMID": 849033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8360", "title": "Needle suction of the aorta for left heart decompression during aortic cross-clamping.", "content": "Needle aspiration of the aorta is a simple, effective, and safe method of left heart decompression when the aorta is cross-clamped during coronary artery operations. This technique avoids cardiac incisions, and air embolism does not occur. We have used this technique in more than 300 patients without complications.", "contents": "Needle suction of the aorta for left heart decompression during aortic cross-clamping. Needle aspiration of the aorta is a simple, effective, and safe method of left heart decompression when the aorta is cross-clamped during coronary artery operations. This technique avoids cardiac incisions, and air embolism does not occur. We have used this technique in more than 300 patients without complications.", "PMID": 849034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8361", "title": "A method of enlarging the distal transverse arch in infants with hypoplasia and coarctation of the aorta.", "content": "Immediate operation in infants suffering from severe congestive heart failure and coarctation of the aorta associated with hypoplasia of the distal transverse aortic arch often poses a difficult technical problem. Frequently the anastomosis between the hypoplastic arch and the descending thoracic aorta fails to relieve the gradient across the hypoplastic segment appreciably. A technique of enlarging the lumen of the distal arch and thereby further lowering the gradient has been found effective and is presented.", "contents": "A method of enlarging the distal transverse arch in infants with hypoplasia and coarctation of the aorta. Immediate operation in infants suffering from severe congestive heart failure and coarctation of the aorta associated with hypoplasia of the distal transverse aortic arch often poses a difficult technical problem. Frequently the anastomosis between the hypoplastic arch and the descending thoracic aorta fails to relieve the gradient across the hypoplastic segment appreciably. A technique of enlarging the lumen of the distal arch and thereby further lowering the gradient has been found effective and is presented.", "PMID": 849035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8362", "title": "A new wire-supported shunt for carotid endarterectomy.", "content": "An intraarterial shunt for cerebral protection during carotid endarterectomy is described. It combines the features of the U-shaped shunt of Hallin and the straight shunt of Sundt, and incorporates a side-arm that can be used for perfusion, irrigation, and intraarterial pressure. The shunt is a molded Silastic tube with wire coils at each end to prevent collapse, and its funicular collar and rim obviate sudden expulsion. Its use allows endarterectomy to be performed in a deliberate manner, permitting careful attention to prevention of an intimal flap and unhurried repair of the arteriotomy.", "contents": "A new wire-supported shunt for carotid endarterectomy. An intraarterial shunt for cerebral protection during carotid endarterectomy is described. It combines the features of the U-shaped shunt of Hallin and the straight shunt of Sundt, and incorporates a side-arm that can be used for perfusion, irrigation, and intraarterial pressure. The shunt is a molded Silastic tube with wire coils at each end to prevent collapse, and its funicular collar and rim obviate sudden expulsion. Its use allows endarterectomy to be performed in a deliberate manner, permitting careful attention to prevention of an intimal flap and unhurried repair of the arteriotomy.", "PMID": 849036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8363", "title": "Correction of anomalous subdiaphragmatic inferior vena caval drainage of the right pulmonary veins (scimitar syndrome).", "content": "Correction of anomalous infradiaphragmatic inferior vena caval drainage of the right pulmonary veins can be repaired under conventional cardiopulmonary bypass by placing a circumferential tape below the diaphragm between the hepatic veins and the scimitar vein entrance. During repair, creation of an atrial septal defect in the distorted septal-left atrial junction of scimitar syndrome is facilitated by first incising the anteromedial aspect of the fossa ovalis to better delineate the optimal posterolateral margin. A case history illustrates the technique.", "contents": "Correction of anomalous subdiaphragmatic inferior vena caval drainage of the right pulmonary veins (scimitar syndrome). Correction of anomalous infradiaphragmatic inferior vena caval drainage of the right pulmonary veins can be repaired under conventional cardiopulmonary bypass by placing a circumferential tape below the diaphragm between the hepatic veins and the scimitar vein entrance. During repair, creation of an atrial septal defect in the distorted septal-left atrial junction of scimitar syndrome is facilitated by first incising the anteromedial aspect of the fossa ovalis to better delineate the optimal posterolateral margin. A case history illustrates the technique.", "PMID": 849037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8364", "title": "Horizontal interventricular septum in congenital heart disease: surgical considerations.", "content": "A patient with complex congenital heart disease associated with a horizontal interventricular septum is described. In addition the ventricles were inverted, both great vessels arose from the left-sided right ventricle in the dextrotransposed position, and he had a ventricular septal defect of the type usually seen in endocardial cushion defect. Correction was performed using a Rastelli type procedure with good hemodynamic results.", "contents": "Horizontal interventricular septum in congenital heart disease: surgical considerations. A patient with complex congenital heart disease associated with a horizontal interventricular septum is described. In addition the ventricles were inverted, both great vessels arose from the left-sided right ventricle in the dextrotransposed position, and he had a ventricular septal defect of the type usually seen in endocardial cushion defect. Correction was performed using a Rastelli type procedure with good hemodynamic results.", "PMID": 849038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8365", "title": "Counterpulsation catheter fracture: an unexpected hazard.", "content": "This paper presents a previously unrecognized hazard associated with intraaortic balloon pumping: fracture of the catheter due to chemical damage by acetone at the time of removal. Common hospital chemicals such as acetone, ether, and Vi-Drape spray may damage the catheter. Contact between these agents and polyurethane intraaortic balloon catheters should be avoided during dressing changes or repreparation of a sterile operative field. Isopropyl alcohol, Betadine, benzoin, and Cidex do not damage the catheter.", "contents": "Counterpulsation catheter fracture: an unexpected hazard. This paper presents a previously unrecognized hazard associated with intraaortic balloon pumping: fracture of the catheter due to chemical damage by acetone at the time of removal. Common hospital chemicals such as acetone, ether, and Vi-Drape spray may damage the catheter. Contact between these agents and polyurethane intraaortic balloon catheters should be avoided during dressing changes or repreparation of a sterile operative field. Isopropyl alcohol, Betadine, benzoin, and Cidex do not damage the catheter.", "PMID": 849039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8366", "title": "The performance of the Braunwald-Cutter aortic prosthetic valve.", "content": "Four hundred seventy-five patients underwent aortic valve replacement with the Braunwald-Cutter ball-valve prosthesis at two institutions. The early (30-day) hospital mortality was 4.7% for those with isolated aortic valve replacement and 6.9% for the entire group. For the former, 5-year actuarial survival of the hospital survivors was 72 +/- 5.7%; for the latter group it was 71 +/- 4.4%. Eleven patients (5 since the date of follow-up inquiry) have suffered poppet escape, 9 of whom died. The actuarial incidence of known poppet escape is 4 +/- 2.6% at 47 months; when the 5 patients suffering poppet escape since the date of follow-up inquiry are included, with certain assumptions, the incidence is 3.7 +/- 1.14%. The projected probability of poppet escape using all 11 patients is 12.2% at 5 years; the 70% confidence bands of projected probability of poppet escape separate from those of the risk of re-replacement at 61 months. This and other analyses indicate that in general, patients with the Braunwald-Cutter aortic prosthesis should have it replaced 4 1/2 to 5 years after its insertion.", "contents": "The performance of the Braunwald-Cutter aortic prosthetic valve. Four hundred seventy-five patients underwent aortic valve replacement with the Braunwald-Cutter ball-valve prosthesis at two institutions. The early (30-day) hospital mortality was 4.7% for those with isolated aortic valve replacement and 6.9% for the entire group. For the former, 5-year actuarial survival of the hospital survivors was 72 +/- 5.7%; for the latter group it was 71 +/- 4.4%. Eleven patients (5 since the date of follow-up inquiry) have suffered poppet escape, 9 of whom died. The actuarial incidence of known poppet escape is 4 +/- 2.6% at 47 months; when the 5 patients suffering poppet escape since the date of follow-up inquiry are included, with certain assumptions, the incidence is 3.7 +/- 1.14%. The projected probability of poppet escape using all 11 patients is 12.2% at 5 years; the 70% confidence bands of projected probability of poppet escape separate from those of the risk of re-replacement at 61 months. This and other analyses indicate that in general, patients with the Braunwald-Cutter aortic prosthesis should have it replaced 4 1/2 to 5 years after its insertion.", "PMID": 849041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8367", "title": "The early risk of re-replacement of aortic valves.", "content": "One hundred two patients underwent re-replacement of the aortic valve, 95 having a first reoperation, 6 a second, and 1 a third. The early (30-day) mortality among the 81 patients undergoing an elective first reoperation was 3.7% (with 70% confidence limits of 1.63% and 7.32%). Fourteen patients undergoing their first reoperation did so urgently, and 6 (42.9%) died early postoperatively. Technical problems during reoperation were uncommon. Fifteen of the 102 patients underwent reoperation because of infection in or around the device; 2 (13.3%) died early postoperatively, and at least 3 more died within nine months of operation. These data, with their 70% confidence limits, are useful in arriving at a decision for or against reoperation in individual patients.", "contents": "The early risk of re-replacement of aortic valves. One hundred two patients underwent re-replacement of the aortic valve, 95 having a first reoperation, 6 a second, and 1 a third. The early (30-day) mortality among the 81 patients undergoing an elective first reoperation was 3.7% (with 70% confidence limits of 1.63% and 7.32%). Fourteen patients undergoing their first reoperation did so urgently, and 6 (42.9%) died early postoperatively. Technical problems during reoperation were uncommon. Fifteen of the 102 patients underwent reoperation because of infection in or around the device; 2 (13.3%) died early postoperatively, and at least 3 more died within nine months of operation. These data, with their 70% confidence limits, are useful in arriving at a decision for or against reoperation in individual patients.", "PMID": 849042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8368", "title": "Thromboembolic phenomena in patients with prosthetic aortic valves who did not receive anticoagulants.", "content": "Seventy-two patients with Starr-Edwards aortic prostheses of the 2300 series were followed for 1 to 73 months (average, 22 months) without receiving anticoagulants. Nine patients had clinical evidence of an embolic episode (12.5%). One of these patients died, and 5 were left with a significant residual neurological deficit. Two other patients had hemiparesis but recovered fully. Only 1 episode could be considered minor. The reported lower incidence of thromboembolism in patients receiving this prosthesis with adequate anticoagulation has now led us to reverse our previous position and recommend anticoagulation for patients receiving Starr-Edwards aortic prostheses.", "contents": "Thromboembolic phenomena in patients with prosthetic aortic valves who did not receive anticoagulants. Seventy-two patients with Starr-Edwards aortic prostheses of the 2300 series were followed for 1 to 73 months (average, 22 months) without receiving anticoagulants. Nine patients had clinical evidence of an embolic episode (12.5%). One of these patients died, and 5 were left with a significant residual neurological deficit. Two other patients had hemiparesis but recovered fully. Only 1 episode could be considered minor. The reported lower incidence of thromboembolism in patients receiving this prosthesis with adequate anticoagulation has now led us to reverse our previous position and recommend anticoagulation for patients receiving Starr-Edwards aortic prostheses.", "PMID": 849043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8369", "title": "Triple-valve replacement: an analysis of eight years' experience.", "content": "The total experience with combined aortic, mitral, and tricuspid valve replacement in 38 patients during an eight-year period ending in December, 1974, is reviewed. The hospital mortality was 23.7% (9 patients) and was influenced by the preoperative New York Heart Association Functional Class: 18%(5 of 28 patients) in Class III and 40%(4 of 10) in Class IV. Intraoperative myocardial injury was the other important factor affecting hospital mortality. The majority of late deaths were related to cardiac causes. The five-year survival was 53% (20 patients) for the entire group and 62% (17 patients) for the Class III patients. At latest follow-up (mean, 44 months), 22 (76%) of the hospital survivors had improved by at least one functional class. It appears that surgical intervention before patients reach Class IV status should give better early and long-term results. Our current indications for tricuspid valve replacement as opposed to repair are presented.", "contents": "Triple-valve replacement: an analysis of eight years' experience. The total experience with combined aortic, mitral, and tricuspid valve replacement in 38 patients during an eight-year period ending in December, 1974, is reviewed. The hospital mortality was 23.7% (9 patients) and was influenced by the preoperative New York Heart Association Functional Class: 18%(5 of 28 patients) in Class III and 40%(4 of 10) in Class IV. Intraoperative myocardial injury was the other important factor affecting hospital mortality. The majority of late deaths were related to cardiac causes. The five-year survival was 53% (20 patients) for the entire group and 62% (17 patients) for the Class III patients. At latest follow-up (mean, 44 months), 22 (76%) of the hospital survivors had improved by at least one functional class. It appears that surgical intervention before patients reach Class IV status should give better early and long-term results. Our current indications for tricuspid valve replacement as opposed to repair are presented.", "PMID": 849044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8370", "title": "Cardiac valve prostheses, anticoagulation, and pregnancy.", "content": "A series is presented of 7 women who underwent cardiac valve replacement and who ultimately became pregnant. The only infant death was that of a premature baby whose mother received oral anticoagulants until delivery. The remaining 6 babies were normal and survived. One mother died suddenly on the fourth postpartum day and was found to have a periprosthetic clot on postmortem examination. Although a certain risk exists for the fetus whose mother receives oral anticoagulants since they cross the placental barrier, this risk is far lower that that for the mother who does not receive anticoagulation. From a prospective point of view, it would appear preferable to use prostheses such as the porcine heterograft that do not necessitate the administration of anticoagulants.", "contents": "Cardiac valve prostheses, anticoagulation, and pregnancy. A series is presented of 7 women who underwent cardiac valve replacement and who ultimately became pregnant. The only infant death was that of a premature baby whose mother received oral anticoagulants until delivery. The remaining 6 babies were normal and survived. One mother died suddenly on the fourth postpartum day and was found to have a periprosthetic clot on postmortem examination. Although a certain risk exists for the fetus whose mother receives oral anticoagulants since they cross the placental barrier, this risk is far lower that that for the mother who does not receive anticoagulation. From a prospective point of view, it would appear preferable to use prostheses such as the porcine heterograft that do not necessitate the administration of anticoagulants.", "PMID": 849045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8371", "title": "Transcervical thymectomy with the aid of mediastinoscopy for myasthenia gravis: eight years' experience.", "content": "Fifty-eight patients with myasthenia gravis, including 12 children, underwent thymectomy. Eleven of them (19%) had total stable remission and 42 (72%) showed clinical improvement and were able to reduce their anticholinesterase medication. These two groups combined comprised 53 patients (91%). There was no operative or postoperative mortality. Histopathological examination of the resected thymuses revealed a tumor (benign thymoma) in 4 patients (7%), thymitis in 36(62%), and no pathological changes in 18(31%). Patients with few or no germinal centers tended to achieve remission more rapidly than those with numerous germinal centers.", "contents": "Transcervical thymectomy with the aid of mediastinoscopy for myasthenia gravis: eight years' experience. Fifty-eight patients with myasthenia gravis, including 12 children, underwent thymectomy. Eleven of them (19%) had total stable remission and 42 (72%) showed clinical improvement and were able to reduce their anticholinesterase medication. These two groups combined comprised 53 patients (91%). There was no operative or postoperative mortality. Histopathological examination of the resected thymuses revealed a tumor (benign thymoma) in 4 patients (7%), thymitis in 36(62%), and no pathological changes in 18(31%). Patients with few or no germinal centers tended to achieve remission more rapidly than those with numerous germinal centers.", "PMID": 849046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8372", "title": "Contemporary management of myasthenia gravis: the clinical role of thymectomy.", "content": "Thirty-six patients with myasthenia gravis have been evaluated and treated over the past five years. Eleven patients had ocular myasthenia gravis and responded well to anticholinesterase medications. Twenty-five patients had generalized myasthenia gravis, and 22 of them were initially treated with anticholinesterase medications; 18(82%) failed to improve or to maintain an initial improvement on medication, and 14 of these 18 patients underwent thymectomy. In addition, 3 patients underwent thymectomy as part of their initial treatment during the later part of this study. All thymectomies were performed through a median sternotomy. All 17 patients manifested sustained improvement as judged by a gain in strength and decrease in medications. Thymectomy is beneficial in the treatment of myasthenia gravis, and it is most efficacious when performed early in the course of the disease.", "contents": "Contemporary management of myasthenia gravis: the clinical role of thymectomy. Thirty-six patients with myasthenia gravis have been evaluated and treated over the past five years. Eleven patients had ocular myasthenia gravis and responded well to anticholinesterase medications. Twenty-five patients had generalized myasthenia gravis, and 22 of them were initially treated with anticholinesterase medications; 18(82%) failed to improve or to maintain an initial improvement on medication, and 14 of these 18 patients underwent thymectomy. In addition, 3 patients underwent thymectomy as part of their initial treatment during the later part of this study. All thymectomies were performed through a median sternotomy. All 17 patients manifested sustained improvement as judged by a gain in strength and decrease in medications. Thymectomy is beneficial in the treatment of myasthenia gravis, and it is most efficacious when performed early in the course of the disease.", "PMID": 849047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8373", "title": "Prosthesis for correction of single ventricle.", "content": "A prosthetic right ventricular conduit that may be applicable in repair of the single ventricle anomaly is reported. The final conduit evolved from a series of animal experiments, which are described.", "contents": "Prosthesis for correction of single ventricle. A prosthetic right ventricular conduit that may be applicable in repair of the single ventricle anomaly is reported. The final conduit evolved from a series of animal experiments, which are described.", "PMID": 849048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8374", "title": "The hemodynamic effects of dopamine following cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "The hemodynamic effects of dopamine were studied in 19 patients following intracardiac operation or myocardial revascularization using extracorporeal circulation. The heart rate, mean blood pressure, central venous pressure, left atrial and pulmonary artery pressures, cardiac output, and urine output were recorded before and at the end of one-hour infusions of dopamine at 5, 10, and 15 mug/kg/min. Infusion of 5 mug/kg/min of dopamine resulted in the highest gain in cardiac output and stroke work without an increase in myocardial oxygen consumption, as evidenced by lack of significant rise in heart rate. In addition, this dosage was not accompanied by an increase in pulmonary or systemic vascular resistance, nor were other untoward effects observed after administration of 5 mug/kg/min of dopamine.", "contents": "The hemodynamic effects of dopamine following cardiopulmonary bypass. The hemodynamic effects of dopamine were studied in 19 patients following intracardiac operation or myocardial revascularization using extracorporeal circulation. The heart rate, mean blood pressure, central venous pressure, left atrial and pulmonary artery pressures, cardiac output, and urine output were recorded before and at the end of one-hour infusions of dopamine at 5, 10, and 15 mug/kg/min. Infusion of 5 mug/kg/min of dopamine resulted in the highest gain in cardiac output and stroke work without an increase in myocardial oxygen consumption, as evidenced by lack of significant rise in heart rate. In addition, this dosage was not accompanied by an increase in pulmonary or systemic vascular resistance, nor were other untoward effects observed after administration of 5 mug/kg/min of dopamine.", "PMID": 849049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8375", "title": "Repair of pectus excavatum in children under 3 years of age: a twelve-year experience.", "content": "From 1964 to 1975, 50 children under 36 months of age had operative repair of severely deforming pectus excavatum. No child died or suffered a serious complication from the operation. Most young children needing early repair of progressive pectus excavatum can be identified by 18 months of age. Forty-five patients in this series (90%) have had a totally satisfactory cosmetic and anatomical result on one- to twelve-year follow-up. Early repair of marked pectus excavatum in young children is safe and is efficacious in providing a suitable body contour.", "contents": "Repair of pectus excavatum in children under 3 years of age: a twelve-year experience. From 1964 to 1975, 50 children under 36 months of age had operative repair of severely deforming pectus excavatum. No child died or suffered a serious complication from the operation. Most young children needing early repair of progressive pectus excavatum can be identified by 18 months of age. Forty-five patients in this series (90%) have had a totally satisfactory cosmetic and anatomical result on one- to twelve-year follow-up. Early repair of marked pectus excavatum in young children is safe and is efficacious in providing a suitable body contour.", "PMID": 849050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8376", "title": "Open-heart surgery in Jehovah's Witnesses: experience in a Canadian hospital.", "content": "Jehovah's Witnesses have religious belief precluding the use of blood. Few centers have attempted open-heart surgery bound by such strictures; as a result, availability of therapy for such patients has been limited. Many groups that have extensive experience with hemodilution for cardiopulmonary bypass have noted that these procedures can often be done with little or no use of blood. Our experience with 21 adult patients is presented in this paper.", "contents": "Open-heart surgery in Jehovah's Witnesses: experience in a Canadian hospital. Jehovah's Witnesses have religious belief precluding the use of blood. Few centers have attempted open-heart surgery bound by such strictures; as a result, availability of therapy for such patients has been limited. Many groups that have extensive experience with hemodilution for cardiopulmonary bypass have noted that these procedures can often be done with little or no use of blood. Our experience with 21 adult patients is presented in this paper.", "PMID": 849051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8377", "title": "Hemolysis due to chemical contamination of clinical perfusion apparatus.", "content": "A chemical contaminant found on the interior surface of the extracorporeal apparatus manufactured by the William Harvey Corporation was believed to have caused severe hematuria in 2 children. The biological activity of the contaminant was tested by mixing 50 ml of whole blood in contaminated cardiotomies; after 5 minutes of exposure lysis of one-sixth of the red blood cells was found. This hemolytic agent was concluded to be bisphenol A dissolved in an organic solvent, but the mechanism of contamination was never found.", "contents": "Hemolysis due to chemical contamination of clinical perfusion apparatus. A chemical contaminant found on the interior surface of the extracorporeal apparatus manufactured by the William Harvey Corporation was believed to have caused severe hematuria in 2 children. The biological activity of the contaminant was tested by mixing 50 ml of whole blood in contaminated cardiotomies; after 5 minutes of exposure lysis of one-sixth of the red blood cells was found. This hemolytic agent was concluded to be bisphenol A dissolved in an organic solvent, but the mechanism of contamination was never found.", "PMID": 849052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8378", "title": "Universal cardiac valve holder.", "content": "A valve holder has been designed to facilitate the insertion of porcine cardiac valves. This holder allows a return to the operative technique established with the earlier generation of mechanical cardiac valves.", "contents": "Universal cardiac valve holder. A valve holder has been designed to facilitate the insertion of porcine cardiac valves. This holder allows a return to the operative technique established with the earlier generation of mechanical cardiac valves.", "PMID": 849053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8379", "title": "Subannular mitral prosthesis in aortic position.", "content": "Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley subannular mitral prostheses have been used in the aortic position in 36 patients with calcific aortic annulus. We believe that the flange in the sewing ring of these prostheses offers added protection against perivalvular leakage; over an 18-month period there have been no instances of periprosthetic leakage in these patients.", "contents": "Subannular mitral prosthesis in aortic position. Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley subannular mitral prostheses have been used in the aortic position in 36 patients with calcific aortic annulus. We believe that the flange in the sewing ring of these prostheses offers added protection against perivalvular leakage; over an 18-month period there have been no instances of periprosthetic leakage in these patients.", "PMID": 849054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8380", "title": "Congenital left aortic sinus-left ventricle fistula and review of aortocardiac fistulas.", "content": "A fistula from the left aortic sinus to the left ventricle is reported that was successfully repaired using cardiopulmonary bypass. In addition, 175 cases of fistula to the heart from the aortic sinuses published in the English literature from 1839 through 1972 were studied, with particular emphasis on the 126 patients who underwent operative repair. The major cause of the fistulas (76%) was found to be rupture of a congenital aortic sinus aneurysm, usually during the third or fourth decade of life. The remainder of these fistulas to the heart consisted of simply a tract in an otherwise normal sinus. Ventricular septal defect was the most common associated defect and, when present, was nearly always related to a fistula arising from the right aortic sinus. Repair was successful in 86% of the 126 operated patients. The principles of operative treatment of these fistulas are reviewed.", "contents": "Congenital left aortic sinus-left ventricle fistula and review of aortocardiac fistulas. A fistula from the left aortic sinus to the left ventricle is reported that was successfully repaired using cardiopulmonary bypass. In addition, 175 cases of fistula to the heart from the aortic sinuses published in the English literature from 1839 through 1972 were studied, with particular emphasis on the 126 patients who underwent operative repair. The major cause of the fistulas (76%) was found to be rupture of a congenital aortic sinus aneurysm, usually during the third or fourth decade of life. The remainder of these fistulas to the heart consisted of simply a tract in an otherwise normal sinus. Ventricular septal defect was the most common associated defect and, when present, was nearly always related to a fistula arising from the right aortic sinus. Repair was successful in 86% of the 126 operated patients. The principles of operative treatment of these fistulas are reviewed.", "PMID": 849055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8381", "title": "Some effects of pentazocine and cyclazocine on the isolated guinea-pig atria.", "content": "Experiments carried out on spontaneously beating and electrically driven guinea-pig atria, have shown that pentazocine and cyclazocine when used in equal concentrations induce a reduction in rate and contraction amplitude. An initial positive inotropic response always precedes with a negative deflection in electrically driven atria. Atropine and nalorphine do not antagonize the drug-induced reduction in rate and contractility. Practolol does not influence either the initial positive or the negative inotropic effects of pentazocine. An apparent tachyphylaxis to the pentazocine-induced positive inotropic response is observed even after the first exposure when the same concentration of pentazocine is tested on the same preparation. Increasing the Ca++ concentration in the medium antagonizes the negative inotropic and chronotropic effects of adenosine and acetylcholine. It is concluded that the negative inotropic effects of the tested drugs may be due to an interference with the Ca++ balance within the atrial cells and/or a direct nonspecific effect on the cell membrane.", "contents": "Some effects of pentazocine and cyclazocine on the isolated guinea-pig atria. Experiments carried out on spontaneously beating and electrically driven guinea-pig atria, have shown that pentazocine and cyclazocine when used in equal concentrations induce a reduction in rate and contraction amplitude. An initial positive inotropic response always precedes with a negative deflection in electrically driven atria. Atropine and nalorphine do not antagonize the drug-induced reduction in rate and contractility. Practolol does not influence either the initial positive or the negative inotropic effects of pentazocine. An apparent tachyphylaxis to the pentazocine-induced positive inotropic response is observed even after the first exposure when the same concentration of pentazocine is tested on the same preparation. Increasing the Ca++ concentration in the medium antagonizes the negative inotropic and chronotropic effects of adenosine and acetylcholine. It is concluded that the negative inotropic effects of the tested drugs may be due to an interference with the Ca++ balance within the atrial cells and/or a direct nonspecific effect on the cell membrane.", "PMID": 849058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8382", "title": "Procaine-induced positive chronotropic and inotropic responses of the isolated, blood-perfused dog atrium.", "content": "In the isolated, blood-perfused canine atrium preparations, procaine given into the cannulated sinus node artery induced frequently significantly positive chronotropic and inotropic effects at a dose level of 30-1000 microng. Above a dose of 100 microng, initially brief negative chronotropic and inotropic effects were usually observed. Procaine-induced negative effects were not blocked by an adequate dose level of atropine. Procaine-induced positive effects were inhibited by treatment with propranolol but not modified by tetrodotoxin or desmethylimipramine. Procaine suppressed acetylcholine-induced negative chronotropic and inotropic effects. On the other hand, procaine did not block norepinephrine-induced positive inotropic and chronotropic effects. From these results, it is concluded that procaine may have sympathomimetic and atropine-like properties.", "contents": "Procaine-induced positive chronotropic and inotropic responses of the isolated, blood-perfused dog atrium. In the isolated, blood-perfused canine atrium preparations, procaine given into the cannulated sinus node artery induced frequently significantly positive chronotropic and inotropic effects at a dose level of 30-1000 microng. Above a dose of 100 microng, initially brief negative chronotropic and inotropic effects were usually observed. Procaine-induced negative effects were not blocked by an adequate dose level of atropine. Procaine-induced positive effects were inhibited by treatment with propranolol but not modified by tetrodotoxin or desmethylimipramine. Procaine suppressed acetylcholine-induced negative chronotropic and inotropic effects. On the other hand, procaine did not block norepinephrine-induced positive inotropic and chronotropic effects. From these results, it is concluded that procaine may have sympathomimetic and atropine-like properties.", "PMID": 849057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8383", "title": "Cardiovascular pharmacology of bepridil (1[3 isobutoxy 2 (benzylphenyl) amino] propyl pyrrolidine hydrochloride) a new potential anti-anginal compound.", "content": "In dogs intravenous bepridil (2.5 mg/kg) increased coronary sinus blood flow and PVO2. Arterial pressure was briefly lowered, and heart rate was slowed in animals with intact or denervated hearts, or after propranolol administration. Ventricular inotropism was reduced at higher doses. Bepridil (5 mg/kg i.v.) showed a partial antagonist activity on isoprenaline cardiovascular effects (or cardiac sympathetic stimulation effects) i.e. tachycardia, increase in left dP/dt max. and diastolic hypotension. The antitachycardia activity was particularly pronounced. It was found to be non-competitive. It was also found to be non-specific since glucagon, theophylline- and papaverine-induced tachycardia were also reduced. The continuous infusion of high doses of bepridil did not cause any disturbance in atrio-ventricular or intraventricular conduction. In rats, after 50 mg/kg/day p.o., bepridil did not alter myocardial noradrenaline levels.", "contents": "Cardiovascular pharmacology of bepridil (1[3 isobutoxy 2 (benzylphenyl) amino] propyl pyrrolidine hydrochloride) a new potential anti-anginal compound. In dogs intravenous bepridil (2.5 mg/kg) increased coronary sinus blood flow and PVO2. Arterial pressure was briefly lowered, and heart rate was slowed in animals with intact or denervated hearts, or after propranolol administration. Ventricular inotropism was reduced at higher doses. Bepridil (5 mg/kg i.v.) showed a partial antagonist activity on isoprenaline cardiovascular effects (or cardiac sympathetic stimulation effects) i.e. tachycardia, increase in left dP/dt max. and diastolic hypotension. The antitachycardia activity was particularly pronounced. It was found to be non-competitive. It was also found to be non-specific since glucagon, theophylline- and papaverine-induced tachycardia were also reduced. The continuous infusion of high doses of bepridil did not cause any disturbance in atrio-ventricular or intraventricular conduction. In rats, after 50 mg/kg/day p.o., bepridil did not alter myocardial noradrenaline levels.", "PMID": 849059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8384", "title": "Further studies on the action of ultraviolet light on vascular smooth muscle: effect of partial irreversible receptor blockade.", "content": "Isolated rabbit thoracic aorta which is pharmacologically contracted will relax when exposed to ultraviolet light. The relaxation is reversible in that the tension is restored when the light source is removed. The purpose of this investigation was to study further the phenomenon of photorelaxation on vascular smooth muscle. Restoration kinetics were examined for two cases: 1) norepinephrine alone 2) norepinephrine plus phenoxylbenzamine. The photo-induced relaxation in the presence of the irreversible blocker phenoxybenzamine produced a more rapid restoration than the photo-induced relaxation in strips contracted with norepinephrine alone. Angiotensin, which is not blocked by phenoxybenzamine, produced no change in the restoration characteristics of a perturbation on the angiotensin-induced contractions. Strips treated with glycerin, a process which removes storage sites for Ca++, are responsive to exogenous administration of Ca++ but demonstrate no photorelaxation. These results lend supportive evidence to the hypothesis that ultraviolet radiation interferes with the drug-receptor complex.", "contents": "Further studies on the action of ultraviolet light on vascular smooth muscle: effect of partial irreversible receptor blockade. Isolated rabbit thoracic aorta which is pharmacologically contracted will relax when exposed to ultraviolet light. The relaxation is reversible in that the tension is restored when the light source is removed. The purpose of this investigation was to study further the phenomenon of photorelaxation on vascular smooth muscle. Restoration kinetics were examined for two cases: 1) norepinephrine alone 2) norepinephrine plus phenoxylbenzamine. The photo-induced relaxation in the presence of the irreversible blocker phenoxybenzamine produced a more rapid restoration than the photo-induced relaxation in strips contracted with norepinephrine alone. Angiotensin, which is not blocked by phenoxybenzamine, produced no change in the restoration characteristics of a perturbation on the angiotensin-induced contractions. Strips treated with glycerin, a process which removes storage sites for Ca++, are responsive to exogenous administration of Ca++ but demonstrate no photorelaxation. These results lend supportive evidence to the hypothesis that ultraviolet radiation interferes with the drug-receptor complex.", "PMID": 849060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8385", "title": "Effects of probenecid on methotrexate exchange between the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "In rabbits anesthetized with urethane, only a small fraction of 3H-methotrexate administered by an i.v. infusion reached an artificial cerebrospinal fluid solution perfused through the cerebroventricular system. This movement was not altered significantly by probenecid administered either i.v. or in the perfusing artificial cerebrospinal fluid. When the 3H-methotrexate was perfused through the cerebroventricular system, one third of the amount normally lost during the perfusion was retained when probenecid was also added to the solution. Therefore, at least a portion of the apparent blood-brain barrier that exists for methotrexate is due to removal from the cerebrospinal fluid by a process that can be inhibited by probenecid.", "contents": "Effects of probenecid on methotrexate exchange between the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid. In rabbits anesthetized with urethane, only a small fraction of 3H-methotrexate administered by an i.v. infusion reached an artificial cerebrospinal fluid solution perfused through the cerebroventricular system. This movement was not altered significantly by probenecid administered either i.v. or in the perfusing artificial cerebrospinal fluid. When the 3H-methotrexate was perfused through the cerebroventricular system, one third of the amount normally lost during the perfusion was retained when probenecid was also added to the solution. Therefore, at least a portion of the apparent blood-brain barrier that exists for methotrexate is due to removal from the cerebrospinal fluid by a process that can be inhibited by probenecid.", "PMID": 849061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8386", "title": "The action of serotonin on basal gastric secretion in the conscious rat after intraventricular and intraperitoneal administration.", "content": "In unanesthetized rats with chronic gastric fistulas the effect of various doses of 5-HT and atropine given intraperitoneally (i.p.) or into the lateral cerebral ventricle (i.c.) on basal gastric secretion was investigated. 5-HT given i.e. reduced HCl secretion more strongly than by the i.p. route. Atropine reduced gastric secretion equally after i.p. or i.e. administration. 5-HT given i.p. or i.c. produced a weaker inhibitory effect on basal gastric acid secretion than atropine. The stronger antisecretory action of 5-HT after i.c. than after i.p. administration indicates that the amine directly depresses the vegetative brain centers responsible for the basal secretory activity of the gastric mucosa.", "contents": "The action of serotonin on basal gastric secretion in the conscious rat after intraventricular and intraperitoneal administration. In unanesthetized rats with chronic gastric fistulas the effect of various doses of 5-HT and atropine given intraperitoneally (i.p.) or into the lateral cerebral ventricle (i.c.) on basal gastric secretion was investigated. 5-HT given i.e. reduced HCl secretion more strongly than by the i.p. route. Atropine reduced gastric secretion equally after i.p. or i.e. administration. 5-HT given i.p. or i.c. produced a weaker inhibitory effect on basal gastric acid secretion than atropine. The stronger antisecretory action of 5-HT after i.c. than after i.p. administration indicates that the amine directly depresses the vegetative brain centers responsible for the basal secretory activity of the gastric mucosa.", "PMID": 849062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8387", "title": "Regional acetylcholine content in mouse brain after morphine tablet implantation.", "content": "Implantation of a 75 mg morphine tablet in mice caused a significant decrease in the body weight and hypothermia. After 3 days, the concentration of acetylcholine decreased in all brain regions with the exception of the cerebellum. A significant decrease in acetylcholine content was observed in the midbrain, corpus striatum and the cerebral cortex 3 days after implantation. It is postulated that the decrease in Ach content is due to an increased release of acetylcholine as a result of development of tolerance to morphine.", "contents": "Regional acetylcholine content in mouse brain after morphine tablet implantation. Implantation of a 75 mg morphine tablet in mice caused a significant decrease in the body weight and hypothermia. After 3 days, the concentration of acetylcholine decreased in all brain regions with the exception of the cerebellum. A significant decrease in acetylcholine content was observed in the midbrain, corpus striatum and the cerebral cortex 3 days after implantation. It is postulated that the decrease in Ach content is due to an increased release of acetylcholine as a result of development of tolerance to morphine.", "PMID": 849063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8388", "title": "Subacute imipramine: changes in single dose pharmacokinetics in rats.", "content": "Imipramine (10 mg/kg, p.o.) administered to male Wistar rats (133-178 g) twice daily for 3 weeks more than halved the control rate of body weight gain. A bile fistula was inserted after this period and 14C-imipramine (10 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered 14-18 hr after the final scheduled dose. Biliary excretion of radioactivity during the subsequent 50 min was decreased to 16% of control. Higher levels of gastrointestinal radioactivity (mainly in the stomach lumen) indicated a slower imipramine absorption rate in the subacute group. Liver metabolite ratios revealed that the treatment group had decreased rates of 2-hydroxylation and 10-hydroxylation, but not demethylation, of imipramine. After incubation of the 25-50 min bile sample with glusulase, bile-to-liver ratios of metabolites indicated a lower entry rate of imipramine, desmethylimipramine and 2-hydroxydesmethylimipramine, but not of 2-hydroxyimipramine or 10-hydroxyimipramine, into bile of the subacute imipramine group.", "contents": "Subacute imipramine: changes in single dose pharmacokinetics in rats. Imipramine (10 mg/kg, p.o.) administered to male Wistar rats (133-178 g) twice daily for 3 weeks more than halved the control rate of body weight gain. A bile fistula was inserted after this period and 14C-imipramine (10 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered 14-18 hr after the final scheduled dose. Biliary excretion of radioactivity during the subsequent 50 min was decreased to 16% of control. Higher levels of gastrointestinal radioactivity (mainly in the stomach lumen) indicated a slower imipramine absorption rate in the subacute group. Liver metabolite ratios revealed that the treatment group had decreased rates of 2-hydroxylation and 10-hydroxylation, but not demethylation, of imipramine. After incubation of the 25-50 min bile sample with glusulase, bile-to-liver ratios of metabolites indicated a lower entry rate of imipramine, desmethylimipramine and 2-hydroxydesmethylimipramine, but not of 2-hydroxyimipramine or 10-hydroxyimipramine, into bile of the subacute imipramine group.", "PMID": 849064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8389", "title": "Tryptamine: bimodal actions on the EEG and behavior of rabbits.", "content": "EEG tracings from conscious restrained rabbits were analyzed by inspection and amplitude integration (electrogenesis). Intravenously, tryptamine in doses of 0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg increased electrogenesis, whereas 1 mg/kg initially decreased and subsequently increased electrogenesis. Higher doses (3, 6 and 12 mg/kg) always caused an immediate and dose-dependent decrease in electrogenesis. Neither atropine nor reserpine pretreatment prevented this decrease, whereas chlorpromazine and methysergide abolished it. Intravenous infusions of tryptamine at 1 mg/kg/min caused a nonsignificant increase in electrogenesis but 2 and 4 mg/kg/min infusions caused a sustained decrease. These results show that tryptamine has a biphasic effect on the cortical EEG: low doses enhance synchrony while high doses alert the EEG. Moreover, analysis of the behavioral, EEG and peripheral effects of tryptamine indicate that different sites of action account for the multiple responses observed. Chlorpromazine and methysergide selectively inhibit the exictatory responses.", "contents": "Tryptamine: bimodal actions on the EEG and behavior of rabbits. EEG tracings from conscious restrained rabbits were analyzed by inspection and amplitude integration (electrogenesis). Intravenously, tryptamine in doses of 0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg increased electrogenesis, whereas 1 mg/kg initially decreased and subsequently increased electrogenesis. Higher doses (3, 6 and 12 mg/kg) always caused an immediate and dose-dependent decrease in electrogenesis. Neither atropine nor reserpine pretreatment prevented this decrease, whereas chlorpromazine and methysergide abolished it. Intravenous infusions of tryptamine at 1 mg/kg/min caused a nonsignificant increase in electrogenesis but 2 and 4 mg/kg/min infusions caused a sustained decrease. These results show that tryptamine has a biphasic effect on the cortical EEG: low doses enhance synchrony while high doses alert the EEG. Moreover, analysis of the behavioral, EEG and peripheral effects of tryptamine indicate that different sites of action account for the multiple responses observed. Chlorpromazine and methysergide selectively inhibit the exictatory responses.", "PMID": 849065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8390", "title": "Comparative diuretic activity of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, cannabinol and hydrochlorothiazide in the rat.", "content": "Orally administered delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) produced a dose-dependent increase in urine output in hydrated rats similar in mg/kg potency and magnitude of effect to hydrochlorothiazide (HCT). Whereas HCT promoted marked excretion of Na+, K+ and Cl- and an increase in the urinary Na+/K+ at all diuretic doses (1.25-20.0 mg/kg), THC had only a slight effect on Na+ and K+ excretion but not Cl- even after the highest dose tested (20.0 mg/kg). Hypophysectomy and adrenalectomy abolished the diuretic effect of THC, thus suggesting both central and peripheral sites of action for the diuretic effect of THC. Tolerance to the effect on urine output by THC developed after 15 days of repeated dosing, while urine output and electrolyte excretion remained significantly elevated after 25 days of HCT administration.", "contents": "Comparative diuretic activity of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, cannabinol and hydrochlorothiazide in the rat. Orally administered delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) produced a dose-dependent increase in urine output in hydrated rats similar in mg/kg potency and magnitude of effect to hydrochlorothiazide (HCT). Whereas HCT promoted marked excretion of Na+, K+ and Cl- and an increase in the urinary Na+/K+ at all diuretic doses (1.25-20.0 mg/kg), THC had only a slight effect on Na+ and K+ excretion but not Cl- even after the highest dose tested (20.0 mg/kg). Hypophysectomy and adrenalectomy abolished the diuretic effect of THC, thus suggesting both central and peripheral sites of action for the diuretic effect of THC. Tolerance to the effect on urine output by THC developed after 15 days of repeated dosing, while urine output and electrolyte excretion remained significantly elevated after 25 days of HCT administration.", "PMID": 849066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8391", "title": "Pentobarbital, diazepam and bemegride: their effects on open-field behavior in the gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus).", "content": "Open-field activity was measured in female mongolian gerbils treated with pentobarbital, P-barb. (15 and 20 mg/kg) or diazepam, DZP (2,4 and 8 mb/kg), either when given singly or in combination with the analeptic bemegride, BMG (20 and 40 mg/kg). The results indicated that the addition of BMG normalized certain behaviors of the gerbils treated with P-barb. and DZP. The median effective doses of BMG in inducing convulsion and death respectively were 12.0 mg/kg and 22.5 mg/kg. A mutual antagonism is apparent since no animal died after treatment with the drug combinations and seizure activity was also very much reduced.", "contents": "Pentobarbital, diazepam and bemegride: their effects on open-field behavior in the gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). Open-field activity was measured in female mongolian gerbils treated with pentobarbital, P-barb. (15 and 20 mg/kg) or diazepam, DZP (2,4 and 8 mb/kg), either when given singly or in combination with the analeptic bemegride, BMG (20 and 40 mg/kg). The results indicated that the addition of BMG normalized certain behaviors of the gerbils treated with P-barb. and DZP. The median effective doses of BMG in inducing convulsion and death respectively were 12.0 mg/kg and 22.5 mg/kg. A mutual antagonism is apparent since no animal died after treatment with the drug combinations and seizure activity was also very much reduced.", "PMID": 849067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8392", "title": "An alternative model for non-competitive antagonism.", "content": "An antagonist acting on its own receptor leading to a gradual decrease in the affinity between an agonistic drug and its own but different receptor, is a metaffinoid antagonist. The presently published models for metaffinoid antagonism predict a parallel shift in the concentration-effect curves of the agonist by the metaffinoid antagonist, due to a gradual change in the affinity between the agonist and its receptor. An alternative model is proposed where the presence of an antagonist changes the affinity of only a fraction of the agonistic receptors, leading, in contrast to the presently published model to: a) non-parallel shifts in concentration-effect curves and b) metaffinoid antagonistic curves that look like the curves obtained in metactoid antagonism. Experimental support for the alternative model is found in the interaction between various beta-adrenergic agonists and serotonin in the guinea-pig tracheal chain and rat stomach fundus strip preparations.", "contents": "An alternative model for non-competitive antagonism. An antagonist acting on its own receptor leading to a gradual decrease in the affinity between an agonistic drug and its own but different receptor, is a metaffinoid antagonist. The presently published models for metaffinoid antagonism predict a parallel shift in the concentration-effect curves of the agonist by the metaffinoid antagonist, due to a gradual change in the affinity between the agonist and its receptor. An alternative model is proposed where the presence of an antagonist changes the affinity of only a fraction of the agonistic receptors, leading, in contrast to the presently published model to: a) non-parallel shifts in concentration-effect curves and b) metaffinoid antagonistic curves that look like the curves obtained in metactoid antagonism. Experimental support for the alternative model is found in the interaction between various beta-adrenergic agonists and serotonin in the guinea-pig tracheal chain and rat stomach fundus strip preparations.", "PMID": 849068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8393", "title": "The desensitizing interaction of hexafluorenium with the cholinergic receptor in the diaphragm of the rat.", "content": "1. The interaction of hexafluorenium with acetylcholine, carbachol and suxamethonium with regard to the depolarization of the end-plate of rat diaphragm was studied. The depolarization was measured with the moving meniscus technique of Fatt. The competitive antagonist d-tubocurarine was included in the studies. 2. Hexafluorenium inhibited acetylcholinesterase in the end-plate. 3. The receptors in the end-plate were desensitized by carbachol and suxamethonium. Hexafluorenium enhanced the desensitization by suxamethonium. d-Tubocurarine had no direct influence on desensitization 4. The desensitization of the receptors in rat diaphragm is compatible with a cyclic model of desensitization. 5. The desensitizing interaction of hexafluorenium with the receptors may explain the non-competitive antagonism with depolarizing drugs with regard to the depolarization of the end-plate and the synergism with these drugs with regard to the paralysis of the indirectly stimulated muscle reported earlier. 6. The affinities of carbachol, suxamethonium and d-tubocurarine to the sensitive receptors are 4.9, 5.2 and 6.8, respectively.", "contents": "The desensitizing interaction of hexafluorenium with the cholinergic receptor in the diaphragm of the rat. 1. The interaction of hexafluorenium with acetylcholine, carbachol and suxamethonium with regard to the depolarization of the end-plate of rat diaphragm was studied. The depolarization was measured with the moving meniscus technique of Fatt. The competitive antagonist d-tubocurarine was included in the studies. 2. Hexafluorenium inhibited acetylcholinesterase in the end-plate. 3. The receptors in the end-plate were desensitized by carbachol and suxamethonium. Hexafluorenium enhanced the desensitization by suxamethonium. d-Tubocurarine had no direct influence on desensitization 4. The desensitization of the receptors in rat diaphragm is compatible with a cyclic model of desensitization. 5. The desensitizing interaction of hexafluorenium with the receptors may explain the non-competitive antagonism with depolarizing drugs with regard to the depolarization of the end-plate and the synergism with these drugs with regard to the paralysis of the indirectly stimulated muscle reported earlier. 6. The affinities of carbachol, suxamethonium and d-tubocurarine to the sensitive receptors are 4.9, 5.2 and 6.8, respectively.", "PMID": 849069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8394", "title": "Interactions of narcotics and their antagonists with human serum esterase. VI: The behavior of 14-hydroxylated morphine derivatives.", "content": "Study of the interaction of 14-hydroxylated morphines and morphinans with human serum esterase revealed behavior similar to that of other morphine derivates as shown by similar acceleratory efficacies and affinity constants. However, 14-hydroxydihydro-6-morphinones showed anomalously low apparent affinities and anomalously high apparent efficacies, while at the same time seemingly interfering with the attachment of another drug to the enzyme. These anomalies are satisfactorily explained by assuming a second receptor site for which only the hydroxyketones have affinity and which interacts with the receptor site common to all opiates and opiate antagonists. Equations derived from this assumption allow to determine the parameters of the interactions of drugs with both receptor sites.", "contents": "Interactions of narcotics and their antagonists with human serum esterase. VI: The behavior of 14-hydroxylated morphine derivatives. Study of the interaction of 14-hydroxylated morphines and morphinans with human serum esterase revealed behavior similar to that of other morphine derivates as shown by similar acceleratory efficacies and affinity constants. However, 14-hydroxydihydro-6-morphinones showed anomalously low apparent affinities and anomalously high apparent efficacies, while at the same time seemingly interfering with the attachment of another drug to the enzyme. These anomalies are satisfactorily explained by assuming a second receptor site for which only the hydroxyketones have affinity and which interacts with the receptor site common to all opiates and opiate antagonists. Equations derived from this assumption allow to determine the parameters of the interactions of drugs with both receptor sites.", "PMID": 849070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8395", "title": "The effects of drugs and denervation on removal and accumulation of adrenaline in the perfused hind-limb of the dog.", "content": "Removal of adrenaline by the perfused hind-limb of the dog, as well as its accumulation in the femoral artery and saphenous vein, were studied. Saturation of accumulation occurred at the dose level of 1.5 microng/kg.min-1, whereas removal was not saturated at the dose of 4.5 microng/kg.min-1. Removal of adrenaline was significantly reduced by pretreatment with cortexone, cocaine, phenoxybenzamine and reserpine or by surgical denervation of the limb; enzymatic inhibition by iproniazid or U-0521 had no significant effect on removal. Denervation, reserpine and cortex-one blocked the accumulation of adrenaline, whereas U-0521 was the only drug to increase accumulation of adrenaline. The blood vessels perfused have shown a high capacity of removal of adrenaline from the circulating blood, and thus may play an important role in termination of action of both exogenous and adrenal adrenaline.", "contents": "The effects of drugs and denervation on removal and accumulation of adrenaline in the perfused hind-limb of the dog. Removal of adrenaline by the perfused hind-limb of the dog, as well as its accumulation in the femoral artery and saphenous vein, were studied. Saturation of accumulation occurred at the dose level of 1.5 microng/kg.min-1, whereas removal was not saturated at the dose of 4.5 microng/kg.min-1. Removal of adrenaline was significantly reduced by pretreatment with cortexone, cocaine, phenoxybenzamine and reserpine or by surgical denervation of the limb; enzymatic inhibition by iproniazid or U-0521 had no significant effect on removal. Denervation, reserpine and cortex-one blocked the accumulation of adrenaline, whereas U-0521 was the only drug to increase accumulation of adrenaline. The blood vessels perfused have shown a high capacity of removal of adrenaline from the circulating blood, and thus may play an important role in termination of action of both exogenous and adrenal adrenaline.", "PMID": 849071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8396", "title": "Interference by fenfluramine with the storage of 14C-5-hydroxytryptamine in rat platelets.", "content": "(+)Fenfluramine decreases the 14C-5HT stored in rat platelets both in in vitro and in in vivo systems, indicating a release of the amine. The effect of (+) fenfluramine in vitro increases by increasing the concentration of the drug, the time of incubation with platelets and the temperature. It is not accompanied by loss of lactate dehydrogenase thus excluding an unspecific damage to the platelet membrane induced by the drug. In addition it is not inhibited either by inhibitors of the uptake of 5HT (chlorimipramine, Lilly 110140) or by inhibitors of the platelet 'release reaction' (acetylsalicylic acid) or by an excess of cold 5HT in the incubation medium. The effect of (+) fenfluramine in vivo is dose-dependent and increases gradually up at least 18 hr after i.p. drug's administration. It is significantly inhibited in rats pretreated by either chlorimipramine or Lilly 110140, but not by acetylsalicyclic acid. In analogy with the effect of (+) fenfluramine on rat brain 5HT, it is suggested that this drug could enter platelets by utilizing the 5HT uptake mechanism, at least in vivo.", "contents": "Interference by fenfluramine with the storage of 14C-5-hydroxytryptamine in rat platelets. (+)Fenfluramine decreases the 14C-5HT stored in rat platelets both in in vitro and in in vivo systems, indicating a release of the amine. The effect of (+) fenfluramine in vitro increases by increasing the concentration of the drug, the time of incubation with platelets and the temperature. It is not accompanied by loss of lactate dehydrogenase thus excluding an unspecific damage to the platelet membrane induced by the drug. In addition it is not inhibited either by inhibitors of the uptake of 5HT (chlorimipramine, Lilly 110140) or by inhibitors of the platelet 'release reaction' (acetylsalicylic acid) or by an excess of cold 5HT in the incubation medium. The effect of (+) fenfluramine in vivo is dose-dependent and increases gradually up at least 18 hr after i.p. drug's administration. It is significantly inhibited in rats pretreated by either chlorimipramine or Lilly 110140, but not by acetylsalicyclic acid. In analogy with the effect of (+) fenfluramine on rat brain 5HT, it is suggested that this drug could enter platelets by utilizing the 5HT uptake mechanism, at least in vivo.", "PMID": 849072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8397", "title": "The effects of indomethacin on the tone and spontaneous activity of the human small intestine in vitro.", "content": "The effects of indomethacin on the tone and spontaneous activity of muscle strips from the human terminal ileum were studied. On the longitudinal muscle layer indomethacin caused a loss of tone and a decrease in spontaneous activity. If the drug was added at the beginning of the experiment then the characteristic increase in tone was not observed. On the circular muscle layer indomethacin either initiated or markedly increased spontaneous activity of the muscle strips. Evidence from the in vitro experiments suggests that prostaglandins may be involved in the maintenance of tone of longitudinal muscle and suppression of spontaneous activity in circular muscle from the human terminal ileum.", "contents": "The effects of indomethacin on the tone and spontaneous activity of the human small intestine in vitro. The effects of indomethacin on the tone and spontaneous activity of muscle strips from the human terminal ileum were studied. On the longitudinal muscle layer indomethacin caused a loss of tone and a decrease in spontaneous activity. If the drug was added at the beginning of the experiment then the characteristic increase in tone was not observed. On the circular muscle layer indomethacin either initiated or markedly increased spontaneous activity of the muscle strips. Evidence from the in vitro experiments suggests that prostaglandins may be involved in the maintenance of tone of longitudinal muscle and suppression of spontaneous activity in circular muscle from the human terminal ileum.", "PMID": 849073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8398", "title": "Some pharmacological studies on the cardiotonic effects of furanosteroidal glycosides.", "content": "Cardiotonic effects and cardiotoxicities of three furanosteroidal glycosides were compared with those of standard cardiac glycosides (digitoxin, gitoxin, etc.). Furanosteroidal glycosides showed positive inotropic effects in both isolated guinea-pig atria and rabbit hearts. The positive inotropic effect of 17beta-(3-furyl)-5beta,14beta-androstane-3beta,14,16beta-triol-3-bisdigitoxoside(FGBD) corresponded to that of digitoxin in isolated guinea-pig atria and frog hearts. Intravenous and oral administration of FGBD and 17beta-(3-furyl)-5beta,14beta-androstane-3beta,14,16beta-triol-3-tridigitoxoside(FGTD) in higher doses induced cardiac arrest after vomiting, bradycardia, ventricular rhythm, and ventricular fibrillation in pigeons and cats. Comparison of lethal doses between intravenous and oral administration of cardiac glycosides in pigeons and cats suggested that gastrointestinal absorption of FGBD and FGTD is inferior to that of digitoxin but superior to that of gitoxigenin bisdigitoxoside and gitoxin. Cardiotonic effects of furanosteroidal glycosides were confirmed in isolated guinea-pig, rabbit and frog hearts.", "contents": "Some pharmacological studies on the cardiotonic effects of furanosteroidal glycosides. Cardiotonic effects and cardiotoxicities of three furanosteroidal glycosides were compared with those of standard cardiac glycosides (digitoxin, gitoxin, etc.). Furanosteroidal glycosides showed positive inotropic effects in both isolated guinea-pig atria and rabbit hearts. The positive inotropic effect of 17beta-(3-furyl)-5beta,14beta-androstane-3beta,14,16beta-triol-3-bisdigitoxoside(FGBD) corresponded to that of digitoxin in isolated guinea-pig atria and frog hearts. Intravenous and oral administration of FGBD and 17beta-(3-furyl)-5beta,14beta-androstane-3beta,14,16beta-triol-3-tridigitoxoside(FGTD) in higher doses induced cardiac arrest after vomiting, bradycardia, ventricular rhythm, and ventricular fibrillation in pigeons and cats. Comparison of lethal doses between intravenous and oral administration of cardiac glycosides in pigeons and cats suggested that gastrointestinal absorption of FGBD and FGTD is inferior to that of digitoxin but superior to that of gitoxigenin bisdigitoxoside and gitoxin. Cardiotonic effects of furanosteroidal glycosides were confirmed in isolated guinea-pig, rabbit and frog hearts.", "PMID": 849074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8399", "title": "Interaction of quinidine and propranolol in experimental cardiac arrhythmias in the dog.", "content": "Quinidine, propranolol and their combination were studied in atrial fibrillation induced by the topical application of acetylcholine or aconitine, injury-stimulation-induced atrial flutter and ventricular ectopic tachycardia produced by coronary occlusion in the dog. The effect of combination of quinidine and propranolol was significantly greater than that of the individual drug in atrial arrhythmias but not in ventricular arrhythmias. The study provides experimental support for the combined clinical use of quinidine and propranolol in the treatment of atrial arrhythmias.", "contents": "Interaction of quinidine and propranolol in experimental cardiac arrhythmias in the dog. Quinidine, propranolol and their combination were studied in atrial fibrillation induced by the topical application of acetylcholine or aconitine, injury-stimulation-induced atrial flutter and ventricular ectopic tachycardia produced by coronary occlusion in the dog. The effect of combination of quinidine and propranolol was significantly greater than that of the individual drug in atrial arrhythmias but not in ventricular arrhythmias. The study provides experimental support for the combined clinical use of quinidine and propranolol in the treatment of atrial arrhythmias.", "PMID": 849075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8400", "title": "Effects of reticular stimulation, d-amphetamine and scopolamine on acetylcholine release from the hippocampus of brainstem transected cats.", "content": "The effects of i.v. and topical scopolamine and i.v. d-amphetamine were determined on spontaneous release of acetylcholine (ACh) from the dorsal hippocampus of the cat. Animals were prepared under halothane anesthesia with a brainstem transection and either intact or transected fornices. Subsequently, they were placed on room air. ACh was bioassayed using the leech muscle preparation. The amount of spontaneous ACh release varied markedly with each animal with a range of 10 to 21.5 ng/cm2/10 min. There was no mean difference in ACh release between midpontine pretrigeminal and midcollicular brainstem transections. Stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation with 300 H/e every sec for 9 sec produced a 28% increase in ACh release from the hippocampus in midpontine pretrigeminal brainstem transected preparations. After section of both fornices, spontaneous ACh release was not altered, although the increased release due to reticular formation stimulation was prevented. d-Amphetamine, in doses of 2.5 mg/kg given i.v., also produced an increase in ACh release from the hippocampus in midpontine pretrigeminal brainstem transected preparations. The d-amphetamine increase in ACh release from the hippocampus was also prevented when both fornices were cut. In contrast, scopolamine in doses of 0.75 mg/kg i.v. increased ACh release in midpontine pretrigeminal brainstem transected cats, either with intact or cut fornices. Topical application of scopolamine (1 microng/ml) to the hippocampus (with or without cut fornices) caused an increase in hippocampal ACh release. It is concluded that the spontaneous or evoked release of ACh from the cat hippocampus provides additional evidence for its role as a neurotransmitter.", "contents": "Effects of reticular stimulation, d-amphetamine and scopolamine on acetylcholine release from the hippocampus of brainstem transected cats. The effects of i.v. and topical scopolamine and i.v. d-amphetamine were determined on spontaneous release of acetylcholine (ACh) from the dorsal hippocampus of the cat. Animals were prepared under halothane anesthesia with a brainstem transection and either intact or transected fornices. Subsequently, they were placed on room air. ACh was bioassayed using the leech muscle preparation. The amount of spontaneous ACh release varied markedly with each animal with a range of 10 to 21.5 ng/cm2/10 min. There was no mean difference in ACh release between midpontine pretrigeminal and midcollicular brainstem transections. Stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation with 300 H/e every sec for 9 sec produced a 28% increase in ACh release from the hippocampus in midpontine pretrigeminal brainstem transected preparations. After section of both fornices, spontaneous ACh release was not altered, although the increased release due to reticular formation stimulation was prevented. d-Amphetamine, in doses of 2.5 mg/kg given i.v., also produced an increase in ACh release from the hippocampus in midpontine pretrigeminal brainstem transected preparations. The d-amphetamine increase in ACh release from the hippocampus was also prevented when both fornices were cut. In contrast, scopolamine in doses of 0.75 mg/kg i.v. increased ACh release in midpontine pretrigeminal brainstem transected cats, either with intact or cut fornices. Topical application of scopolamine (1 microng/ml) to the hippocampus (with or without cut fornices) caused an increase in hippocampal ACh release. It is concluded that the spontaneous or evoked release of ACh from the cat hippocampus provides additional evidence for its role as a neurotransmitter.", "PMID": 849076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8401", "title": "Effects of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, adrenolytic compounds, pimozide and other neuroleptics, on the narcotic cue.", "content": "Using a two-lever food-reinforced operant procedure, rats (n=11) were trained to discriminate the narcotic analgesic fentanyl (0.04 mg/kg, s.c.) from saline. In rats so trained, alpha methyl-p-tyrosine (150 mg/kg, i.p.) was found not to affect the discriminability of fentanyl. Pretreatment (s.c.) with either adrenolytic compounds (10 mg/kg aceperone, 40 mg/kg dibenamine, 10 mg/kg phenoxybenzamine, 20 mg/kg propranolol) or sedative neuroleptics (0.63 mg/kg azaperone, 1.25 mg/kg chlorpromazine, 10 mg/kg pipamperone) likewise failed to attenuate the narcotic cue. Pimozide (0.63 mg/kg) and, to some extent, spiperone (0.04 mg/kg) reduced the percentage of responding on the selected lever, and pimozide antagonized drug lever selection in some animals. The results suggest that specific neuroleptics (e.g. pimozide) may affect the subjective effects induced by narcotics in humans.", "contents": "Effects of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, adrenolytic compounds, pimozide and other neuroleptics, on the narcotic cue. Using a two-lever food-reinforced operant procedure, rats (n=11) were trained to discriminate the narcotic analgesic fentanyl (0.04 mg/kg, s.c.) from saline. In rats so trained, alpha methyl-p-tyrosine (150 mg/kg, i.p.) was found not to affect the discriminability of fentanyl. Pretreatment (s.c.) with either adrenolytic compounds (10 mg/kg aceperone, 40 mg/kg dibenamine, 10 mg/kg phenoxybenzamine, 20 mg/kg propranolol) or sedative neuroleptics (0.63 mg/kg azaperone, 1.25 mg/kg chlorpromazine, 10 mg/kg pipamperone) likewise failed to attenuate the narcotic cue. Pimozide (0.63 mg/kg) and, to some extent, spiperone (0.04 mg/kg) reduced the percentage of responding on the selected lever, and pimozide antagonized drug lever selection in some animals. The results suggest that specific neuroleptics (e.g. pimozide) may affect the subjective effects induced by narcotics in humans.", "PMID": 849077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8402", "title": "Neurochemical properties of 3,3-dimethyl-1-[3-(methylamino) propyl]-1-phenylindan HCl (LU 3-049) and selected tricyclic antidepressants.", "content": "Lu 3-049 was compared to certain antidepressants on biogenic amine metabolism. Like desipramine, Lu 3-049 was found to possess potent and selective inhibitory effects on norepinephrine uptake. In rat brain and mouse heart, both agents were found to be considerably more potent than imipramine and chlorimipramine. Unlike the latter, Lu 3-049 and desipramine possessed weak inhibitory effects on serotonin uptake in brain or spleen. Brain norepinephrine levels were unaltered following single or repeated doses of either agent. Desipramine caused a marked increase in norepinephrine turnover; Lu 3-049 caused no change or a slight decrease in turnover. Lu 3-049 had neither inhibitory effects on monoamineoxidase activity in brain or liver nor affected norepinephrine release from brain slices. Presumptive of inhibition of amphetamine metabolism, and in decreasing order of potency, iprindole, desipramine and Lu 3-049 elevated brain levels of amphetamine. Thus, Lu 3-049 shares some but not all of the biochemical properties of tricyclic antidepressants.", "contents": "Neurochemical properties of 3,3-dimethyl-1-[3-(methylamino) propyl]-1-phenylindan HCl (LU 3-049) and selected tricyclic antidepressants. Lu 3-049 was compared to certain antidepressants on biogenic amine metabolism. Like desipramine, Lu 3-049 was found to possess potent and selective inhibitory effects on norepinephrine uptake. In rat brain and mouse heart, both agents were found to be considerably more potent than imipramine and chlorimipramine. Unlike the latter, Lu 3-049 and desipramine possessed weak inhibitory effects on serotonin uptake in brain or spleen. Brain norepinephrine levels were unaltered following single or repeated doses of either agent. Desipramine caused a marked increase in norepinephrine turnover; Lu 3-049 caused no change or a slight decrease in turnover. Lu 3-049 had neither inhibitory effects on monoamineoxidase activity in brain or liver nor affected norepinephrine release from brain slices. Presumptive of inhibition of amphetamine metabolism, and in decreasing order of potency, iprindole, desipramine and Lu 3-049 elevated brain levels of amphetamine. Thus, Lu 3-049 shares some but not all of the biochemical properties of tricyclic antidepressants.", "PMID": 849078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8403", "title": "Determination of lead III Q waves significance. Utility of deep inspiration.", "content": "The relative clinical significance of lead III Q waves and the effect of inspiration has received added impetus after the finding that Q waves have predictive value for coronary artery disease and asynergy. We studied the effect of deep inspiration on Q waves in leads III and aVF in 31 patients and correlated it with the findings at cardiac catheterization. We found that phasic respiration can alter Q-wave duration significantly in leads III and aVF, regardless of the presence or absence of significant associated coronary artery disease and asynergy, and is therefore of no clinical value in this regard.", "contents": "Determination of lead III Q waves significance. Utility of deep inspiration. The relative clinical significance of lead III Q waves and the effect of inspiration has received added impetus after the finding that Q waves have predictive value for coronary artery disease and asynergy. We studied the effect of deep inspiration on Q waves in leads III and aVF in 31 patients and correlated it with the findings at cardiac catheterization. We found that phasic respiration can alter Q-wave duration significantly in leads III and aVF, regardless of the presence or absence of significant associated coronary artery disease and asynergy, and is therefore of no clinical value in this regard.", "PMID": 849082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8404", "title": "Tonometry screening on the medical service.", "content": "Screening for glaucoma by Schiotz tonometry was carried out for two years on a general medical service. Of the 61% of patients who were over the age of 45 years, 5.5% had pressures equal to or greater than 21 mm Hg and were referred for ophthalmologic evaluation; 44% of those referred were diagnosed as having glaucoma or suspected glaucoma. The overall prevalence of glaucoma in patients on the general medical inpatient service was 3.3%. Because of the high prevalence of glaucoma in the population surveyed, the low incidence of side-effects of tonometry, the small amount of time required to perform tonometry, and the relatively high percentage of glaucoma patients found by routine tonometry used regularly, the present experience supports the view that Schiotz tonometry is a useful procedure for the internist to perform.", "contents": "Tonometry screening on the medical service. Screening for glaucoma by Schiotz tonometry was carried out for two years on a general medical service. Of the 61% of patients who were over the age of 45 years, 5.5% had pressures equal to or greater than 21 mm Hg and were referred for ophthalmologic evaluation; 44% of those referred were diagnosed as having glaucoma or suspected glaucoma. The overall prevalence of glaucoma in patients on the general medical inpatient service was 3.3%. Because of the high prevalence of glaucoma in the population surveyed, the low incidence of side-effects of tonometry, the small amount of time required to perform tonometry, and the relatively high percentage of glaucoma patients found by routine tonometry used regularly, the present experience supports the view that Schiotz tonometry is a useful procedure for the internist to perform.", "PMID": 849083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8405", "title": "Metastatic pulmonary calcification in primary hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "Metastic pulmonary calcification (MPC) developed in a patient with primary hyperparathyroidism. Renal function was only minimally impaired (creatine clearance of 65 ml/min) the day prior to appearance of the lung infiltrate, but deteriorated (creatinine clearance of 14 ml/min) concomitantly with the appearance of MPC. Lung imaging with 99mTc bone-scanning agents helps differentiate MPC from other problems with similar clinical and roentgenographic findings, thus allowing prompt therapy.", "contents": "Metastatic pulmonary calcification in primary hyperparathyroidism. Metastic pulmonary calcification (MPC) developed in a patient with primary hyperparathyroidism. Renal function was only minimally impaired (creatine clearance of 65 ml/min) the day prior to appearance of the lung infiltrate, but deteriorated (creatinine clearance of 14 ml/min) concomitantly with the appearance of MPC. Lung imaging with 99mTc bone-scanning agents helps differentiate MPC from other problems with similar clinical and roentgenographic findings, thus allowing prompt therapy.", "PMID": 849084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8406", "title": "RBC transfusions in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.", "content": "Frozen-thawed, deglycerolized RBCs can be substituted for saline-washed RBCs for transfusion of patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). The effect of transfusion is to decrease bone marrow production of RBCS, which results in a decreased percentage of complement-sensitive erythrocytes. In the presence of small numbers of complement-sensitive erythrocytes, major vascular surgery can be performed without hemolytic problems. This study suggests that the percentage of complement-sensitive RBCs, as well as the complement sensitivity of these cells, influence the severity of hemolysis in persons with PNH.", "contents": "RBC transfusions in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Frozen-thawed, deglycerolized RBCs can be substituted for saline-washed RBCs for transfusion of patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). The effect of transfusion is to decrease bone marrow production of RBCS, which results in a decreased percentage of complement-sensitive erythrocytes. In the presence of small numbers of complement-sensitive erythrocytes, major vascular surgery can be performed without hemolytic problems. This study suggests that the percentage of complement-sensitive RBCs, as well as the complement sensitivity of these cells, influence the severity of hemolysis in persons with PNH.", "PMID": 849085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8407", "title": "Surface fixation as a rapid test for diagnosis of toxoplasmosis.", "content": "Surface fixation is a rapid and simple method for the detection of antigen-antibody reactions. It has been used as an epidemiologic and diagnostic criterium for brucellosis, typhus and typhoid fever and recently found to be an encouraging test for amebiasis. Data concerning its application in toxoplasmosis has been considered a justified addition to the more complicated procedures used for the diagnosis of this infection, which has become a world-wide problem. It may thus be used as a screening test, as well as a simplified method of titration of postive sera.", "contents": "Surface fixation as a rapid test for diagnosis of toxoplasmosis. Surface fixation is a rapid and simple method for the detection of antigen-antibody reactions. It has been used as an epidemiologic and diagnostic criterium for brucellosis, typhus and typhoid fever and recently found to be an encouraging test for amebiasis. Data concerning its application in toxoplasmosis has been considered a justified addition to the more complicated procedures used for the diagnosis of this infection, which has become a world-wide problem. It may thus be used as a screening test, as well as a simplified method of titration of postive sera.", "PMID": 849092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8408", "title": "[Chromosome analysis in professional subjects exposed to lead contamination].", "content": "Chromosomes were analyzed in cultured lymphocytes of 44 male workers from a lead oxide factory, and from a control group of 15 nonexposed individuals. Lead concentration in blood ranged from 30 to 75 mug/100 ml in exposed subjects and from 15 to 35 mug/10 ml in controls. Length of exposure to lead ranged from one month to 11 years eight months. In subjects occupationally exposed to lead, a significant increase in chromatid and chromosome aberrations was found. The frequency of such findings parallels exposure time to lead.", "contents": "[Chromosome analysis in professional subjects exposed to lead contamination]. Chromosomes were analyzed in cultured lymphocytes of 44 male workers from a lead oxide factory, and from a control group of 15 nonexposed individuals. Lead concentration in blood ranged from 30 to 75 mug/100 ml in exposed subjects and from 15 to 35 mug/10 ml in controls. Length of exposure to lead ranged from one month to 11 years eight months. In subjects occupationally exposed to lead, a significant increase in chromatid and chromosome aberrations was found. The frequency of such findings parallels exposure time to lead.", "PMID": 849093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8409", "title": "[Hemodialysis with low sodium concentration in hypertensive uremic children].", "content": "In three hypertensive uremic children in whom hypertension was not controlled by sodium-free diet, ultrafiltration and hypotensive drugs, a total of twenty low sodium concentration hemodialyses were carried out. In all patients there was insignificant sodium excretion in urine and diastolic blood pressure diminished 10 to 20 mm Hg; two patients showed also reduction of systolic blood pressure. No important changes were seen in the serum concentrations of sodium, calcium and glucose. In one patient improvement of his retin lesions, as well as radiological reduction of heart size were observed. In other two cases, cardio-respiratory symptoms associated with hypertension disappeared. In all but two of them hypotensive drugs were withdrawn; in the other one dose was reduced. With low sodium concentration hemodialysis, sodium extraction was higher than that obtained when using the conventional dialysis solution. Interchangeable sodium decreased in all patients.", "contents": "[Hemodialysis with low sodium concentration in hypertensive uremic children]. In three hypertensive uremic children in whom hypertension was not controlled by sodium-free diet, ultrafiltration and hypotensive drugs, a total of twenty low sodium concentration hemodialyses were carried out. In all patients there was insignificant sodium excretion in urine and diastolic blood pressure diminished 10 to 20 mm Hg; two patients showed also reduction of systolic blood pressure. No important changes were seen in the serum concentrations of sodium, calcium and glucose. In one patient improvement of his retin lesions, as well as radiological reduction of heart size were observed. In other two cases, cardio-respiratory symptoms associated with hypertension disappeared. In all but two of them hypotensive drugs were withdrawn; in the other one dose was reduced. With low sodium concentration hemodialysis, sodium extraction was higher than that obtained when using the conventional dialysis solution. Interchangeable sodium decreased in all patients.", "PMID": 849094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8410", "title": "[Comparison of the antitrypsin activity levels in serum of normal subjects and cancer patients].", "content": "Antitrypsin activity was studied in 62 sera of patients with cancer and in healthy volunteers. In 68% of the former there was diminished the activity of the trypsin inhibitor. Arbitarily 100 was established as the mean value for normal sera; the mean value found for cancer population was 83.62+/-27.05 (P less than 0.05).", "contents": "[Comparison of the antitrypsin activity levels in serum of normal subjects and cancer patients]. Antitrypsin activity was studied in 62 sera of patients with cancer and in healthy volunteers. In 68% of the former there was diminished the activity of the trypsin inhibitor. Arbitarily 100 was established as the mean value for normal sera; the mean value found for cancer population was 83.62+/-27.05 (P less than 0.05).", "PMID": 849095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8411", "title": "[Physiology of the ovary. VI. Anovulatory menstruation].", "content": "In 65 patients with menstrual cycle alterations--in it's length and/or amount of bleeding--estradiol-progesterone relationship was studied. The plasma levels of these hormones were correlated with basal temperature, length of menstrual cycle and histologic study of endometrium. The patient- were grouped as follows: I excessive menstrual bleeding; II short menstrual cycles; III long menstrual cycles; IV increment of bleeding period and, V uterine hemorrhage. All patients had an anovulatory menstrual cycle; peripheral concentration of progeseterone was less than 6 ng/ml and mean concentration of estradiol was not statistically higher than that found in normal patients (83+/-23 pg/ml). Based upon these findings, it is postulated that the term of hyperestrogenism or excessive estrogen production should not be used when referring to these menstrual cycle alterations.", "contents": "[Physiology of the ovary. VI. Anovulatory menstruation]. In 65 patients with menstrual cycle alterations--in it's length and/or amount of bleeding--estradiol-progesterone relationship was studied. The plasma levels of these hormones were correlated with basal temperature, length of menstrual cycle and histologic study of endometrium. The patient- were grouped as follows: I excessive menstrual bleeding; II short menstrual cycles; III long menstrual cycles; IV increment of bleeding period and, V uterine hemorrhage. All patients had an anovulatory menstrual cycle; peripheral concentration of progeseterone was less than 6 ng/ml and mean concentration of estradiol was not statistically higher than that found in normal patients (83+/-23 pg/ml). Based upon these findings, it is postulated that the term of hyperestrogenism or excessive estrogen production should not be used when referring to these menstrual cycle alterations.", "PMID": 849096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8412", "title": "[Gonadotropin reserve in anorexia nervosa].", "content": "Four patients with anorexia nervosa were studied. All patients in the acute stage of the illness had low serum luteinizing hormone (LH) levels which were unresponsive to clomiphene. The four women showed almost no LH response on a single iv injection of 100 mug LH-RH; however, the FSH response was similar to that of normal eumenorrheic women. When the patients had regained weight the LH levels were normal, and they responded normally to LH-RH. These results seem to suggest that impaired hypothalamic function is the cause of gonadotropin deficiency in most patients with anorexia nervosa.", "contents": "[Gonadotropin reserve in anorexia nervosa]. Four patients with anorexia nervosa were studied. All patients in the acute stage of the illness had low serum luteinizing hormone (LH) levels which were unresponsive to clomiphene. The four women showed almost no LH response on a single iv injection of 100 mug LH-RH; however, the FSH response was similar to that of normal eumenorrheic women. When the patients had regained weight the LH levels were normal, and they responded normally to LH-RH. These results seem to suggest that impaired hypothalamic function is the cause of gonadotropin deficiency in most patients with anorexia nervosa.", "PMID": 849097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8413", "title": "Localization of alpha-Galactomannan on the surface of Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells by scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "Galactomannan was localized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy on the cells and cell walls of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The markers were prepared from colloidal gold granules labelled with an alpha-galactopyranosyl-binding lectin isolated from the seeds of Bandeiraea simplicifolia. Part or all of this alpha-galactomannan was present in the outer layer of the cell wall and was uniformly distributed even on the fission scars.", "contents": "Localization of alpha-Galactomannan on the surface of Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells by scanning electron microscopy. Galactomannan was localized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy on the cells and cell walls of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The markers were prepared from colloidal gold granules labelled with an alpha-galactopyranosyl-binding lectin isolated from the seeds of Bandeiraea simplicifolia. Part or all of this alpha-galactomannan was present in the outer layer of the cell wall and was uniformly distributed even on the fission scars.", "PMID": 849098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8414", "title": "Assimilatory nitrate reductase from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus.", "content": "A soluble nitrate reductase from the bacterium Acinetobacter calcoaceticus grown on nitrate has been characterized. The reduction of nitrate to nitrite is mediated by an enzyme of 96000 molecular weight that can use as electron donors either viologen dyes chemically reduced with dithionite or enzymatically reduced with NAD(P)H, through specific diaphorases which utilize viologens as electron acceptors. Nitrate reductase activity is molybdenumdependent as shown by tungstate antagonistic experiments and is sensitive to--SH reagents and metal chelators such as KCN. The enzyme synthesis is repressed by ammonia. Moreover, nitrate reductase activity undergoes a quick inactivation either by dithionite and temperature or by dithionite in the presence of small amounts of nitrate. Cyanate prevents this inactivating process and can restore the activity once the inactivation had occurred, thus suggesting that an interconversion mechanism may participate in the regulation of Acinetobacter nitrate reductase.", "contents": "Assimilatory nitrate reductase from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. A soluble nitrate reductase from the bacterium Acinetobacter calcoaceticus grown on nitrate has been characterized. The reduction of nitrate to nitrite is mediated by an enzyme of 96000 molecular weight that can use as electron donors either viologen dyes chemically reduced with dithionite or enzymatically reduced with NAD(P)H, through specific diaphorases which utilize viologens as electron acceptors. Nitrate reductase activity is molybdenumdependent as shown by tungstate antagonistic experiments and is sensitive to--SH reagents and metal chelators such as KCN. The enzyme synthesis is repressed by ammonia. Moreover, nitrate reductase activity undergoes a quick inactivation either by dithionite and temperature or by dithionite in the presence of small amounts of nitrate. Cyanate prevents this inactivating process and can restore the activity once the inactivation had occurred, thus suggesting that an interconversion mechanism may participate in the regulation of Acinetobacter nitrate reductase.", "PMID": 849099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8415", "title": "[Utilization of trimethylammonium-compounds by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (author's transl)].", "content": "The utilization of carnitine and carnitine derivatives (O-acylcarnitines, carnitine carboxylderivatives) and structure-related trimethylammonium-compounds (betaines and nitrogen-bases) by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus was studied by means of the control of growth and the quantitative detection of metabolites. The strain grew only on L-carnitine, L-O-acylcarnitines, and gamma-butyrobetaine as the sole carbon sources. The utilization of these compounds and the growth correlated with the cleavage of the C-N bond and thereby with the formation of trimethylamin. D-Carnitine was metabolized, if an additional carbon source, like L-carnitine, was present in the incubation mixture, or if the bacteria were preincubated with L- or DL-carnitine, but no growth was observed on D-carnitine as the sole carbon source. The bacteria oxidized choline to glycinebetaine in the presence of additional carbon sources, glycinebetaine itself was not assimilated. With regard to the catabolism of quaternary nitrogen compounds Acinetobacter calcoaceticus shows a different pathway in comparison with other bacterial species metabolizing carnitine.", "contents": "[Utilization of trimethylammonium-compounds by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (author's transl)]. The utilization of carnitine and carnitine derivatives (O-acylcarnitines, carnitine carboxylderivatives) and structure-related trimethylammonium-compounds (betaines and nitrogen-bases) by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus was studied by means of the control of growth and the quantitative detection of metabolites. The strain grew only on L-carnitine, L-O-acylcarnitines, and gamma-butyrobetaine as the sole carbon sources. The utilization of these compounds and the growth correlated with the cleavage of the C-N bond and thereby with the formation of trimethylamin. D-Carnitine was metabolized, if an additional carbon source, like L-carnitine, was present in the incubation mixture, or if the bacteria were preincubated with L- or DL-carnitine, but no growth was observed on D-carnitine as the sole carbon source. The bacteria oxidized choline to glycinebetaine in the presence of additional carbon sources, glycinebetaine itself was not assimilated. With regard to the catabolism of quaternary nitrogen compounds Acinetobacter calcoaceticus shows a different pathway in comparison with other bacterial species metabolizing carnitine.", "PMID": 849100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8416", "title": "The mitochondrial complex in Cryptophyceae.", "content": "The unitary nature of the mitochondrion and the characteristic flattened finger-like morphology of the cristae were demonstrated in the Cryptophyceae. Hemiselmis rufescens contained an unbranched vermiform mitochondrion in contrast to the variously branched complex. comprising an interconnected peripheral and central reticulum, in Chroomonas sp. and strains of Cryptomonas. The systematic value of the shape and distribution of the mitochondria in the examined genera was suggested.", "contents": "The mitochondrial complex in Cryptophyceae. The unitary nature of the mitochondrion and the characteristic flattened finger-like morphology of the cristae were demonstrated in the Cryptophyceae. Hemiselmis rufescens contained an unbranched vermiform mitochondrion in contrast to the variously branched complex. comprising an interconnected peripheral and central reticulum, in Chroomonas sp. and strains of Cryptomonas. The systematic value of the shape and distribution of the mitochondria in the examined genera was suggested.", "PMID": 849101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8417", "title": "[Contribution to the experimental haemophilus infection (haemophilus parahemolyticus, haemophilus parasuis) in specific pathogen-free piglets. 1. microbiology, experimental arrangement, results].", "content": "Experimental infections were applied to specific pathogen free (SPF) piglets and store pigs, using five haemophilus (H.) parahaemolyticus and two H.-parasuis strains. Different germs counts and modes of application were chosen for each of the animals involved (intratracheal, intranasal, and subcutaneous routes). Clinical and pathologico-anatomic changes typical of haemorrhagic-necrotising pleuropneumonia were obtained from all germ counts and methods of application. Only one of the test animals could be successfully infected to exhibit manifestations of pneumonia or serositis when H. parasuis was used. The high pathogenicity of H. parahaemolyticus, as recorded from the above experiments, was in agreement with the growing incidence of that haemophilosis recordable for some time from pig stock.", "contents": "[Contribution to the experimental haemophilus infection (haemophilus parahemolyticus, haemophilus parasuis) in specific pathogen-free piglets. 1. microbiology, experimental arrangement, results]. Experimental infections were applied to specific pathogen free (SPF) piglets and store pigs, using five haemophilus (H.) parahaemolyticus and two H.-parasuis strains. Different germs counts and modes of application were chosen for each of the animals involved (intratracheal, intranasal, and subcutaneous routes). Clinical and pathologico-anatomic changes typical of haemorrhagic-necrotising pleuropneumonia were obtained from all germ counts and methods of application. Only one of the test animals could be successfully infected to exhibit manifestations of pneumonia or serositis when H. parasuis was used. The high pathogenicity of H. parahaemolyticus, as recorded from the above experiments, was in agreement with the growing incidence of that haemophilosis recordable for some time from pig stock.", "PMID": 849102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8418", "title": "[Characterization of the lipopolysaccharides of various Pasteurella multocida strains].", "content": "The occurrence of monosacharides, glucosamine, galactosamine, L-glycero-D-mannoheptose, D-glycero-D-mannoheptose, glucose, and galactose in the lipopolysaccharides of Pasteurella multocida is likely to support subdivision into four chemical types which, however, are not equivalent with serotypes.", "contents": "[Characterization of the lipopolysaccharides of various Pasteurella multocida strains]. The occurrence of monosacharides, glucosamine, galactosamine, L-glycero-D-mannoheptose, D-glycero-D-mannoheptose, glucose, and galactose in the lipopolysaccharides of Pasteurella multocida is likely to support subdivision into four chemical types which, however, are not equivalent with serotypes.", "PMID": 849103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8419", "title": "[Problems in the use of radioactively marked bacteria in animal experiments. 1. Labeling of Pasteurella multocida, Pasteurella haemolytica and Salmonella dublin with eH, 14C, 32P, 59Fe, 99mTc, 125J1].", "content": "Several methods are suggested by which to use the radionuclides 3H, 14C, 32P, 59Fe, 99mTc, and 125J for labelling or doublelabelling of Pasteurella multocida, Pasteurella haemolytica, and Salmonella dublin, with particular reference being made to labelling ofr animal experiments. Suitable radioactive substrates for internal labelling in chemically defined or partially defined nutritive media include 3H-thymin, 3H-thymidine, 14C-glucose, 14C-mannose, 14C-aspartic acid, as well as 3H-uracil, 3H-uridine, 3H-orotic acid, 14C-orotic acid, 59Fe-III-citrate or chloride, and Na2H32PO4. The choise of the nuclide and substrate should by governed by the problem at hand.", "contents": "[Problems in the use of radioactively marked bacteria in animal experiments. 1. Labeling of Pasteurella multocida, Pasteurella haemolytica and Salmonella dublin with eH, 14C, 32P, 59Fe, 99mTc, 125J1]. Several methods are suggested by which to use the radionuclides 3H, 14C, 32P, 59Fe, 99mTc, and 125J for labelling or doublelabelling of Pasteurella multocida, Pasteurella haemolytica, and Salmonella dublin, with particular reference being made to labelling ofr animal experiments. Suitable radioactive substrates for internal labelling in chemically defined or partially defined nutritive media include 3H-thymin, 3H-thymidine, 14C-glucose, 14C-mannose, 14C-aspartic acid, as well as 3H-uracil, 3H-uridine, 3H-orotic acid, 14C-orotic acid, 59Fe-III-citrate or chloride, and Na2H32PO4. The choise of the nuclide and substrate should by governed by the problem at hand.", "PMID": 849104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8420", "title": "[Intestinal absorption of colostrum components--a review].", "content": "Reference is made to the importance of maternal antibody to immunological protection of the newborn. For the majority of newborn domestic animals evidence has been produced to the effect that the intestine can absorb intact antibody from foremilk. Discussed in this context are the time limitation of that capability and its possible causes, such as enzymatic degradation of immunoglobulins in the intestinal lumen or epithelial cells, disappearance of the capability of epithelial cells for intracellular intake of macromolecules or for transport of incorporated molecules into the circulation, and the replacement of epithelium by non-absorptive border cells. Possibilities to control antibody absorption are suggested.", "contents": "[Intestinal absorption of colostrum components--a review]. Reference is made to the importance of maternal antibody to immunological protection of the newborn. For the majority of newborn domestic animals evidence has been produced to the effect that the intestine can absorb intact antibody from foremilk. Discussed in this context are the time limitation of that capability and its possible causes, such as enzymatic degradation of immunoglobulins in the intestinal lumen or epithelial cells, disappearance of the capability of epithelial cells for intracellular intake of macromolecules or for transport of incorporated molecules into the circulation, and the replacement of epithelium by non-absorptive border cells. Possibilities to control antibody absorption are suggested.", "PMID": 849106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8421", "title": "[The reaction of calves to parenteral administration of cyclopheosphamide].", "content": "One single injection of 50 mg/kg live weight cyclophosphamide or more to calves was followed by a latency of few days after which pneumonia or enteritis developed and caused death within one or two weeks. Cyclophosphamide application led to pronounced changes in the white blood count characterised, at the beginning, by rise of neutrophilic granulocytes and decline of lymphocates. Primary rise of granulocytes then was followed by almost complete disappearance of them. In those calves that survived the parameters of the white blood count were not restoredto normal until several weeks had elapsed. While an injection of 30 mg/kgcyclophosphamide usually was tolerated without any visible clinical reaction, it was also accompanied by the above pronounced changes in the white blood count. The activity of the reticulohistiocytary system, as recordable by means of ink and bacterial clearance, was not markedly affected by one single injection of 30mg/kg or 40 mg/kg cyclophosphamide. Calves with cyclophosphamide treatment exhibited unambigous humoral immune response, yet somewhat delayed or reduced in comparison to controls. While one single intravenous injectionof 30 mg/kg cyclophosphamide alone failed to trigger any clinical disease, it proved to be capable of rendering calves more susceptible to pneumonia pathogens. It, therefore, might be suitable for supporting experimental infection and thus facilitating the study of enzootic pneumonia of calf which usually is difficult to reproduce.", "contents": "[The reaction of calves to parenteral administration of cyclopheosphamide]. One single injection of 50 mg/kg live weight cyclophosphamide or more to calves was followed by a latency of few days after which pneumonia or enteritis developed and caused death within one or two weeks. Cyclophosphamide application led to pronounced changes in the white blood count characterised, at the beginning, by rise of neutrophilic granulocytes and decline of lymphocates. Primary rise of granulocytes then was followed by almost complete disappearance of them. In those calves that survived the parameters of the white blood count were not restoredto normal until several weeks had elapsed. While an injection of 30 mg/kgcyclophosphamide usually was tolerated without any visible clinical reaction, it was also accompanied by the above pronounced changes in the white blood count. The activity of the reticulohistiocytary system, as recordable by means of ink and bacterial clearance, was not markedly affected by one single injection of 30mg/kg or 40 mg/kg cyclophosphamide. Calves with cyclophosphamide treatment exhibited unambigous humoral immune response, yet somewhat delayed or reduced in comparison to controls. While one single intravenous injectionof 30 mg/kg cyclophosphamide alone failed to trigger any clinical disease, it proved to be capable of rendering calves more susceptible to pneumonia pathogens. It, therefore, might be suitable for supporting experimental infection and thus facilitating the study of enzootic pneumonia of calf which usually is difficult to reproduce.", "PMID": 849105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8422", "title": "[Studies on calf salmonellosis. 3. Preclinical evaluation of a Smd. Salmonella dublin live vaccine].", "content": "Results of preclinical assay, preparation and conservation of a S.-dublin live vaccine based on streptomycin dependent mutants and for oral application are demonstrated and discussed in detail. The used oral vaccine is very good tolerated by calves and results in stable immunity after administration of a daily dose of 5 x 10(10) bis 1 x 10(11) living Smd.-mutants for 10 consecutive days. Complete immunity developes in calves within a period of two weeks after the last antigen administration and persists up to the age of 5 to 6 months. Conserving the vaccine at low temperatures (-15 degrees C) the number of living organism is far-reaching preserved in the first 5 months after preparation. After thawing the vaccine is to be used within a period of 3 days. With respect to the preparation of the live vaccine on semisynthetic nutritiv media some informations are given concerning the improvement of bacterial yield.", "contents": "[Studies on calf salmonellosis. 3. Preclinical evaluation of a Smd. Salmonella dublin live vaccine]. Results of preclinical assay, preparation and conservation of a S.-dublin live vaccine based on streptomycin dependent mutants and for oral application are demonstrated and discussed in detail. The used oral vaccine is very good tolerated by calves and results in stable immunity after administration of a daily dose of 5 x 10(10) bis 1 x 10(11) living Smd.-mutants for 10 consecutive days. Complete immunity developes in calves within a period of two weeks after the last antigen administration and persists up to the age of 5 to 6 months. Conserving the vaccine at low temperatures (-15 degrees C) the number of living organism is far-reaching preserved in the first 5 months after preparation. After thawing the vaccine is to be used within a period of 3 days. With respect to the preparation of the live vaccine on semisynthetic nutritiv media some informations are given concerning the improvement of bacterial yield.", "PMID": 849107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8423", "title": "[Studies on calf salmonellosis. 4. Oral and parenteral immunization with live (Smd) and killed antigens].", "content": "Reported are results obtained from studies into oral and parenteral immunisation of calf. The approaches had included the use of live (Smd) or dead antigen from Salmonella (S.) dublin and a combination of the two immunisation methods. Live antigen (Smd) was superior to thermally activated dead antigen, when the oral route was used to prevent S.-dublin injection of calves. The above findings were supported by results from analogous studies in which S. typhimurium and S. dublin or live antigen (Smd) or dead antigen, made of the two, had been applied to mice. (One single subcutaneous) parenteral administration did hardly reveal any difference in favour of live vaccine (Smd). Parenteral administration of live or dead antigen proved to be less effective than repeated oral immunisation, particularly when live vaccine (Smd) was used. Immunity not less than up to six months of age against S. dublin wild strain infection can be provided for young calves by oral immunisation, with Smd vaccine (5. 1010 to 1. 1011 live germs/d) being given on ten consecutive days. Calves orally immunised with live antigen (ten repetitive applications of Smd mutants) are likely to develop an antibody titre (H-agglutinins) against S. dublin. Parenteral boostering,using live antigen, has been accompanied by sensitisation due to oral live antigen administration as well as by dose dependence, as was seen from the bactericidal values. Sensitisation was established from orally immunised calves up to three months old (typical booster reaction). Some of it was attributabale to confrontation with wild strains of Salmonella. The H-agglutinin titres of animals aged threemonths in a calf herd with salmonelloses in which all animals had been orally Smd-immunised were close to those recorded from calves in stocks with no salmonellosis occurrence. Under the conditions of oral immunisation, there had obviously been no action of the wild strain which might have triggered intensive antibody formation.", "contents": "[Studies on calf salmonellosis. 4. Oral and parenteral immunization with live (Smd) and killed antigens]. Reported are results obtained from studies into oral and parenteral immunisation of calf. The approaches had included the use of live (Smd) or dead antigen from Salmonella (S.) dublin and a combination of the two immunisation methods. Live antigen (Smd) was superior to thermally activated dead antigen, when the oral route was used to prevent S.-dublin injection of calves. The above findings were supported by results from analogous studies in which S. typhimurium and S. dublin or live antigen (Smd) or dead antigen, made of the two, had been applied to mice. (One single subcutaneous) parenteral administration did hardly reveal any difference in favour of live vaccine (Smd). Parenteral administration of live or dead antigen proved to be less effective than repeated oral immunisation, particularly when live vaccine (Smd) was used. Immunity not less than up to six months of age against S. dublin wild strain infection can be provided for young calves by oral immunisation, with Smd vaccine (5. 1010 to 1. 1011 live germs/d) being given on ten consecutive days. Calves orally immunised with live antigen (ten repetitive applications of Smd mutants) are likely to develop an antibody titre (H-agglutinins) against S. dublin. Parenteral boostering,using live antigen, has been accompanied by sensitisation due to oral live antigen administration as well as by dose dependence, as was seen from the bactericidal values. Sensitisation was established from orally immunised calves up to three months old (typical booster reaction). Some of it was attributabale to confrontation with wild strains of Salmonella. The H-agglutinin titres of animals aged threemonths in a calf herd with salmonelloses in which all animals had been orally Smd-immunised were close to those recorded from calves in stocks with no salmonellosis occurrence. Under the conditions of oral immunisation, there had obviously been no action of the wild strain which might have triggered intensive antibody formation.", "PMID": 849108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8424", "title": "The impact of community mental health centers on the utilization of services.", "content": "The impact of community mental health centers on the utilization of psychiatric services in Monroe County, New York, was evaluated by means of data from the Monroe County Psychiatric Case Register. The catchment areas that received centers served as their own controls. In addition, yearly utilization rates were compared for areas that obtained centers with those remaining centerless. Utilization rates increased markedly in catchment areas with centers, while the percentage of patients seen at the Rochester Psychiatric Center decreased from all catchment areas. Community mental health centers increased the utilization rates of the poor, children, and young adults, while the treatment needs of patient subgroups such as alcoholics, drug addicts, and the elderly were last to be addressed. The data do not evaluate issues such as the character, quality, and effectiveness of care.", "contents": "The impact of community mental health centers on the utilization of services. The impact of community mental health centers on the utilization of psychiatric services in Monroe County, New York, was evaluated by means of data from the Monroe County Psychiatric Case Register. The catchment areas that received centers served as their own controls. In addition, yearly utilization rates were compared for areas that obtained centers with those remaining centerless. Utilization rates increased markedly in catchment areas with centers, while the percentage of patients seen at the Rochester Psychiatric Center decreased from all catchment areas. Community mental health centers increased the utilization rates of the poor, children, and young adults, while the treatment needs of patient subgroups such as alcoholics, drug addicts, and the elderly were last to be addressed. The data do not evaluate issues such as the character, quality, and effectiveness of care.", "PMID": 849109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8425", "title": "Decision to admit. Criteria for admission and readmission to a Veterans Administration hospital.", "content": "Factors related to the decision to hospitalize applicants for psychiatric treatment at a Veterans Administration hospital were explored. For a three-week period, decision makers completed questionnaires following interviews with applicants. It was found that 79% of applicants were \"revolving door\" patients. These patients were much less likely to be married, and more likely to be homeless and diagnosed as schizophrenic, than patients without previous hospitalizations. A small number of patients were admitted because of characteristics of their illness regardless of their social situations. Patients were not hospitalized on the basis of social or nonpsychiatric criteria alone. A large number were admitted because of a combination of factors, some social in nature and others related to their psychopathology. A social process taking place in the screening interview appeared to have some influence in the decision to admit.", "contents": "Decision to admit. Criteria for admission and readmission to a Veterans Administration hospital. Factors related to the decision to hospitalize applicants for psychiatric treatment at a Veterans Administration hospital were explored. For a three-week period, decision makers completed questionnaires following interviews with applicants. It was found that 79% of applicants were \"revolving door\" patients. These patients were much less likely to be married, and more likely to be homeless and diagnosed as schizophrenic, than patients without previous hospitalizations. A small number of patients were admitted because of characteristics of their illness regardless of their social situations. Patients were not hospitalized on the basis of social or nonpsychiatric criteria alone. A large number were admitted because of a combination of factors, some social in nature and others related to their psychopathology. A social process taking place in the screening interview appeared to have some influence in the decision to admit.", "PMID": 849110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8426", "title": "On the classification of families. A progress report.", "content": "A review of the literature over the last 20 years on family classification is presented with an aim toward integration of existing approaches. Family schemas are organized into the following groups: (1) style of adaptation, (2) developmental family stage, (3) initial problem or diagnosis of the identified patient, (4) family theme or dimension, and (5) types of marital relationship. Six family types are presented based on a descriptive comparison of the schemas as grouped above, and implications for clinical course and prognosis are summarized. A multidimensional as opposed to a typological model for family classification is suggested.", "contents": "On the classification of families. A progress report. A review of the literature over the last 20 years on family classification is presented with an aim toward integration of existing approaches. Family schemas are organized into the following groups: (1) style of adaptation, (2) developmental family stage, (3) initial problem or diagnosis of the identified patient, (4) family theme or dimension, and (5) types of marital relationship. Six family types are presented based on a descriptive comparison of the schemas as grouped above, and implications for clinical course and prognosis are summarized. A multidimensional as opposed to a typological model for family classification is suggested.", "PMID": 849111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8427", "title": "The lithium librarian. An international index.", "content": "Lithium salts are being widely used for treatment and prophylaxis of bipolar affective disorder (manic-depressive psychosis) and are under investigation in more than 30 other illnesses. The relevant literature has grown from 43 articles published between 1949 and 1964 to nearly 4,000 today. A computer-based lithium librarian program has been developed that provides an up-to-date registry of all lithium references, rapid search capability, constant availability, and easy transferability to identical computer systems located on three continents. References provided by the system are more complete, more rapidly available, and less costly than references obtained from other bibliographic services. This specific response to the rapidly expanding lithium literature provides a model for comprehensive aquisition and searching of other specialized subjects areas needed by clinicians and researchers.", "contents": "The lithium librarian. An international index. Lithium salts are being widely used for treatment and prophylaxis of bipolar affective disorder (manic-depressive psychosis) and are under investigation in more than 30 other illnesses. The relevant literature has grown from 43 articles published between 1949 and 1964 to nearly 4,000 today. A computer-based lithium librarian program has been developed that provides an up-to-date registry of all lithium references, rapid search capability, constant availability, and easy transferability to identical computer systems located on three continents. References provided by the system are more complete, more rapidly available, and less costly than references obtained from other bibliographic services. This specific response to the rapidly expanding lithium literature provides a model for comprehensive aquisition and searching of other specialized subjects areas needed by clinicians and researchers.", "PMID": 849112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8428", "title": "Diazepam effect on reflex activity in patients with complete spinal lesions and in those with other causes of spasticity.", "content": "The effects of diazepam on reflex pathways in patients having complete spinal lesions and in patients having incomplete lesions of the spinal cord or multiple sclerosis are compared to determine whether diazepam has an action at spinal level. The drug produced no significant alteration in the excitability of the monosynaptic arc in the patients with complete spinal lesions. In contrast, in the group with incomplete spinal lesions or multiple sclerosis, diazepam reduced the excitability of the monosynaptic arc. This action did not appear to result from a reduction in fusimotor drive. Diazepam also reduced the tonic vibration reflex in this group. It is postulated that these effects may be due to a supraspinal action of the drug.", "contents": "Diazepam effect on reflex activity in patients with complete spinal lesions and in those with other causes of spasticity. The effects of diazepam on reflex pathways in patients having complete spinal lesions and in patients having incomplete lesions of the spinal cord or multiple sclerosis are compared to determine whether diazepam has an action at spinal level. The drug produced no significant alteration in the excitability of the monosynaptic arc in the patients with complete spinal lesions. In contrast, in the group with incomplete spinal lesions or multiple sclerosis, diazepam reduced the excitability of the monosynaptic arc. This action did not appear to result from a reduction in fusimotor drive. Diazepam also reduced the tonic vibration reflex in this group. It is postulated that these effects may be due to a supraspinal action of the drug.", "PMID": 849128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8429", "title": "General anesthesia use in phenol intramuscular neurolysis in young children with spasticity.", "content": "This study reviews a nearly three-year experience of intramuscular neurolysis in children with spasticity. Thirteen children aged 3 to 11 years received general anesthesia during 16 procedures. Ten were cerebral palsy patients, one a congenital hydrocephalic, one a familial spastic paraplegic, and one a brain-injured child. Types of preoperative medications, induction and maintenance anesthetic agents are described, with indications for the particular choices of each type of drug. The principal and side effects of these agents during and after the 16 procedures are summarized. A combination of agents such as chloral hydrate; atropine if endotracheal intubation is necessary; pentothal, halothane, or cyclopropane for induction, and halothane-nitrous oxide for maintenance is our current choice of drugs to produce a light surgical plane of anesthesia. Advantages and disadvantages of the operating room method are considered. An overnight hospital stay was sufficient for all but two children, who required an additional evening of observation as the result of anesthetic side effects. No major complications were encountered in any of these elective procedures. The presence of a pediatric anesthesiologist during the procedure is perhaps to most reassuring aspect of the operating room-general anesthesia method.", "contents": "General anesthesia use in phenol intramuscular neurolysis in young children with spasticity. This study reviews a nearly three-year experience of intramuscular neurolysis in children with spasticity. Thirteen children aged 3 to 11 years received general anesthesia during 16 procedures. Ten were cerebral palsy patients, one a congenital hydrocephalic, one a familial spastic paraplegic, and one a brain-injured child. Types of preoperative medications, induction and maintenance anesthetic agents are described, with indications for the particular choices of each type of drug. The principal and side effects of these agents during and after the 16 procedures are summarized. A combination of agents such as chloral hydrate; atropine if endotracheal intubation is necessary; pentothal, halothane, or cyclopropane for induction, and halothane-nitrous oxide for maintenance is our current choice of drugs to produce a light surgical plane of anesthesia. Advantages and disadvantages of the operating room method are considered. An overnight hospital stay was sufficient for all but two children, who required an additional evening of observation as the result of anesthetic side effects. No major complications were encountered in any of these elective procedures. The presence of a pediatric anesthesiologist during the procedure is perhaps to most reassuring aspect of the operating room-general anesthesia method.", "PMID": 849129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8430", "title": "Amitriptyline in severely depressed spinal cord-injured patients: rapidity of response.", "content": "Nine severely depressed spinal cord-injured patients, six quadriplegic and three paraplegis, required psychiatric consultations and were treated with amitriptyline, with particular attention to the speed of response. The degree of depression was rated by using an Emergency Depression Rating Scale for Plegic Patients designed by one of the authors. All the study patients were initially rated as severely depressed, and within 72 hours their rating scores rose to the upper level of mild depression. These findings contrast with the accepted and widely reported phenomenon that in physically intact depressed patients, a positive response to tricyclic antidepressants is seen only after a 14- to 21-day interval. Several possible explanations of these findings are given, yet further in-depth explorations into the effects of tricyclic antidepressant medication on neurologically damaged patients are needed.", "contents": "Amitriptyline in severely depressed spinal cord-injured patients: rapidity of response. Nine severely depressed spinal cord-injured patients, six quadriplegic and three paraplegis, required psychiatric consultations and were treated with amitriptyline, with particular attention to the speed of response. The degree of depression was rated by using an Emergency Depression Rating Scale for Plegic Patients designed by one of the authors. All the study patients were initially rated as severely depressed, and within 72 hours their rating scores rose to the upper level of mild depression. These findings contrast with the accepted and widely reported phenomenon that in physically intact depressed patients, a positive response to tricyclic antidepressants is seen only after a 14- to 21-day interval. Several possible explanations of these findings are given, yet further in-depth explorations into the effects of tricyclic antidepressant medication on neurologically damaged patients are needed.", "PMID": 849130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8431", "title": "Voice controlled wheelchair.", "content": "A voice recognition and control system for use by quadriplegics and other severely physically disabled individuals in controlling a wheelchair has been developed and tested. Several wheelchair compatible features are included in the design--low power consumption (approximately 20 watts), small size (10\"x11\"x14\"), low weight (approximately 22 lb), and no need for wheelchair modification (existing joystick control cable plugs directly into this system). The current system uses an eight word vocabulary (e.g., \"forward,\" \"slower,\" \"right,\") and a feedback control system to maintain the chair speed and direction. A recognition rate of more than 90% has been attained in laboratory tests with experienced speakers. Future system improvements are planned to increase the recognition rate and practical utility of the chair. The results of laboratory tests with normal and quadriplegic subjects indicate that voice commands are potentially a useful and practical means of wheelchair control. The effects of environmental noise are investigated and found to be minimally deleterious.", "contents": "Voice controlled wheelchair. A voice recognition and control system for use by quadriplegics and other severely physically disabled individuals in controlling a wheelchair has been developed and tested. Several wheelchair compatible features are included in the design--low power consumption (approximately 20 watts), small size (10\"x11\"x14\"), low weight (approximately 22 lb), and no need for wheelchair modification (existing joystick control cable plugs directly into this system). The current system uses an eight word vocabulary (e.g., \"forward,\" \"slower,\" \"right,\") and a feedback control system to maintain the chair speed and direction. A recognition rate of more than 90% has been attained in laboratory tests with experienced speakers. Future system improvements are planned to increase the recognition rate and practical utility of the chair. The results of laboratory tests with normal and quadriplegic subjects indicate that voice commands are potentially a useful and practical means of wheelchair control. The effects of environmental noise are investigated and found to be minimally deleterious.", "PMID": 849131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8432", "title": "Infantile Erb's palsy (Smellie's palsy).", "content": "Our experience with 32 infants seen with Erb's palsy, of whom 11 were followed as long as 18 years, suggests two management axioms. First, it is probably harmful to the infant to use airplane splints. Seocnd, passive stretching of the tight scapulohumeral adductors and passive normal range of motion exercises to shoulder and elbow will usually give a successful outcome in this obstetrical complication. Finally, even though the shoulder muscles regain their strenght, the \"Erb engram\" may remain as a mark of Erb's palsy.", "contents": "Infantile Erb's palsy (Smellie's palsy). Our experience with 32 infants seen with Erb's palsy, of whom 11 were followed as long as 18 years, suggests two management axioms. First, it is probably harmful to the infant to use airplane splints. Seocnd, passive stretching of the tight scapulohumeral adductors and passive normal range of motion exercises to shoulder and elbow will usually give a successful outcome in this obstetrical complication. Finally, even though the shoulder muscles regain their strenght, the \"Erb engram\" may remain as a mark of Erb's palsy.", "PMID": 849132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8433", "title": "Sex, politics, and personality: a multidimensional study of college students.", "content": "Two-hundred undergraduate students (100 males, 100 females matched on age and school year) in university dormitories were administered measures of sexual attitude and behavior, individual differences in stimulation seeking, personality, and political orientation (liberal-conservative). Factor analysis using the Harris interpretation strategy was applied to the data. Clear sexuality factors, with generally little contribution of the personality and political-orientation variables, were obtained.", "contents": "Sex, politics, and personality: a multidimensional study of college students. Two-hundred undergraduate students (100 males, 100 females matched on age and school year) in university dormitories were administered measures of sexual attitude and behavior, individual differences in stimulation seeking, personality, and political orientation (liberal-conservative). Factor analysis using the Harris interpretation strategy was applied to the data. Clear sexuality factors, with generally little contribution of the personality and political-orientation variables, were obtained.", "PMID": 849136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8434", "title": "Sexual arousal in women: a comparison of cognitive and physiological responses by continuous measurement.", "content": "Six sexually normal women were exposed to a wide variety of erotic video tapes while vaginal, groin, and breast vasocongestion measures were tkane. The women indicated their level of sexual arousal while viewing the tapes by positioning a lever device along a calibrated scale. The results indicated highly significant positive correlations among the cognitive and physiological measures for five out of six individual subjects, although the pooled group data failed to show significance. The methodology described in this research shows promise as a diagnostic and research tool.", "contents": "Sexual arousal in women: a comparison of cognitive and physiological responses by continuous measurement. Six sexually normal women were exposed to a wide variety of erotic video tapes while vaginal, groin, and breast vasocongestion measures were tkane. The women indicated their level of sexual arousal while viewing the tapes by positioning a lever device along a calibrated scale. The results indicated highly significant positive correlations among the cognitive and physiological measures for five out of six individual subjects, although the pooled group data failed to show significance. The methodology described in this research shows promise as a diagnostic and research tool.", "PMID": 849137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8435", "title": "Variability of stimulus effect in the course of phallometric testing.", "content": "To study the serial effect in phallometric experiments, several sexual stimuli (film scenes) were presented in different orders to 56 subjects in four groups. All stimuli were presented at a relatively constant basal level of penile volume after the subjects' engagement in a nonsexual cognitive task. Serial effects occurred. At the beginning of the session, the magnitude of penile response did not depend on the content of sexual stimuli, the second stimulus eliciting a higher effect than the first. The differential effect of stimuli occurred only when they were shown in the third or fourth position. Finally, it was demonstrated that the effect of the stimulus depends to some extent on the effect of the preceding stimulus.", "contents": "Variability of stimulus effect in the course of phallometric testing. To study the serial effect in phallometric experiments, several sexual stimuli (film scenes) were presented in different orders to 56 subjects in four groups. All stimuli were presented at a relatively constant basal level of penile volume after the subjects' engagement in a nonsexual cognitive task. Serial effects occurred. At the beginning of the session, the magnitude of penile response did not depend on the content of sexual stimuli, the second stimulus eliciting a higher effect than the first. The differential effect of stimuli occurred only when they were shown in the third or fourth position. Finally, it was demonstrated that the effect of the stimulus depends to some extent on the effect of the preceding stimulus.", "PMID": 849138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8436", "title": "The clinical profile of male transsexuals living as females vs. those living as males.", "content": "The clinical profiles of five male groups were compared: transsexuals who live as females (FEM), those who live as males (MAL), homosexual patients (HOP), homosexual controls (HOC), and heterosexual controls (CON). The MAL group showed psychotic features on the MMPI and a greater frequency of suicide attempts than the other groups. Their sexual behavior was incongruous in that they have substantial sexual contact with men but less often desired sexual contact with men. They also less often desired to handle the penis of an adult man or to kiss him on the lips. They were more likely to find handling another's penis disgusting. However, they showed considerable involvement of their penis in sex relations with men. The FEM group, in contrast, had MMPI profiles suggestive of character disorders and tended to engage in antisocial behavior. Both MAL and FEM groups were similar in MMPI and 16 PF \"femininity.\" The HOP group showed overall similarity to MAL but was not as pathological. The HOC and CON groups were similar in being normal but their sexual behavior differed, as expected. The paradoxical behavior of MAL is discussed as well as the parallel of the FEM group's behavior to that of criminals.", "contents": "The clinical profile of male transsexuals living as females vs. those living as males. The clinical profiles of five male groups were compared: transsexuals who live as females (FEM), those who live as males (MAL), homosexual patients (HOP), homosexual controls (HOC), and heterosexual controls (CON). The MAL group showed psychotic features on the MMPI and a greater frequency of suicide attempts than the other groups. Their sexual behavior was incongruous in that they have substantial sexual contact with men but less often desired sexual contact with men. They also less often desired to handle the penis of an adult man or to kiss him on the lips. They were more likely to find handling another's penis disgusting. However, they showed considerable involvement of their penis in sex relations with men. The FEM group, in contrast, had MMPI profiles suggestive of character disorders and tended to engage in antisocial behavior. Both MAL and FEM groups were similar in MMPI and 16 PF \"femininity.\" The HOP group showed overall similarity to MAL but was not as pathological. The HOC and CON groups were similar in being normal but their sexual behavior differed, as expected. The paradoxical behavior of MAL is discussed as well as the parallel of the FEM group's behavior to that of criminals.", "PMID": 849139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8437", "title": "Medical sex education: allowing attitude alteration.", "content": "Medical sex education courses throughout the United States are quite variable in design, strategy, format, and goals. This article reviews the findings of the published studies, and examines the effect of medical sex education on both students' sexual attitudes toward self and others and students' attitudes toward women. This study used a simple pre- and postcourse measuring design with a matched sampling technique. Data derived from 41 matched subjects support the effectiveness of the medical sex education course in altering students' attitudes by increasing their tolerance of others' sexual behavior and fantasy, as well as influencing their own tolerance of their own sexual fantasies. Little to no effect on students' own sexual behavior was noted. The data replicate the attitudinal effects of a medical sex education course conducted with a markedly different regional population and a different course format. A most striking finding is that following a medical sex education course, students are noted to be less dogmatic in nonsexual opinion, as measured by the Rokeach Dogmatism Scale.", "contents": "Medical sex education: allowing attitude alteration. Medical sex education courses throughout the United States are quite variable in design, strategy, format, and goals. This article reviews the findings of the published studies, and examines the effect of medical sex education on both students' sexual attitudes toward self and others and students' attitudes toward women. This study used a simple pre- and postcourse measuring design with a matched sampling technique. Data derived from 41 matched subjects support the effectiveness of the medical sex education course in altering students' attitudes by increasing their tolerance of others' sexual behavior and fantasy, as well as influencing their own tolerance of their own sexual fantasies. Little to no effect on students' own sexual behavior was noted. The data replicate the attitudinal effects of a medical sex education course conducted with a markedly different regional population and a different course format. A most striking finding is that following a medical sex education course, students are noted to be less dogmatic in nonsexual opinion, as measured by the Rokeach Dogmatism Scale.", "PMID": 849140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8438", "title": "Childhood indicators of male homosexuality.", "content": "Questionnaires were administered to 206 male homosexuals and 78 male heterosexuals. The most important aspects of the questionnaire dealt with six \"childhood indicators\" of later adult homosexuality: (1) interest in dolls, (2) cross-dressing, (3) preference for company of girls rather than boys in childhood games, (4) preference for company of older women rather than older men, (5) being regarded by other boys as a sissy, (6) sexual interest in other boys rather than girls in childhood sex play. Significant differences were found between homosexuals and heterosexuals with respect to all six indicators. Moreover, it was found that the stronger one's homosexual orientation the greater was the number of childhood indicators. It is concluded that there are behavioral aspects related to one's sexual orientation which may begin to emerge early in childhood.", "contents": "Childhood indicators of male homosexuality. Questionnaires were administered to 206 male homosexuals and 78 male heterosexuals. The most important aspects of the questionnaire dealt with six \"childhood indicators\" of later adult homosexuality: (1) interest in dolls, (2) cross-dressing, (3) preference for company of girls rather than boys in childhood games, (4) preference for company of older women rather than older men, (5) being regarded by other boys as a sissy, (6) sexual interest in other boys rather than girls in childhood sex play. Significant differences were found between homosexuals and heterosexuals with respect to all six indicators. Moreover, it was found that the stronger one's homosexual orientation the greater was the number of childhood indicators. It is concluded that there are behavioral aspects related to one's sexual orientation which may begin to emerge early in childhood.", "PMID": 849142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8439", "title": "Hyperparathyroidism due to single gland enlargement: prospective postoperative study.", "content": "Subtotal parathyroidectomy in all patients with primary hyperparathyroidism has been proposed by several authors. Their data suggest that hyperparathyroidism may recur in up to 30% of patients treated by a conservative operation. This recurrence is attributed to chief-cell hyperplasia as the pathology in one third to one half of all patients. A conservative operation was performed on 198 hyperparathyroid patients with a single enlarged parathyroid gland between 1968 and 1970. Mild elevation of the serum calcium level was noted in two patients three months after operation. Normal serum calcium values were noted each time they were measured in the remaining patients. The present study does not support subtotal parathyroidectomy in all patients with hyperparathyroidism.", "contents": "Hyperparathyroidism due to single gland enlargement: prospective postoperative study. Subtotal parathyroidectomy in all patients with primary hyperparathyroidism has been proposed by several authors. Their data suggest that hyperparathyroidism may recur in up to 30% of patients treated by a conservative operation. This recurrence is attributed to chief-cell hyperplasia as the pathology in one third to one half of all patients. A conservative operation was performed on 198 hyperparathyroid patients with a single enlarged parathyroid gland between 1968 and 1970. Mild elevation of the serum calcium level was noted in two patients three months after operation. Normal serum calcium values were noted each time they were measured in the remaining patients. The present study does not support subtotal parathyroidectomy in all patients with hyperparathyroidism.", "PMID": 849143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8440", "title": "Parathyroid autotransplantation.", "content": "Autotransplantation of the parathyroid to the forearm has been performed in eight patients following total or subtotal parathyroidectomy. The mass of gland implanted was approximately one half that used in other series. Bilateral simultaneous parathormone levels drawn at three months after autografting several higher levels in the autografted arm in every patient examined. Replacement calcium and vitamin D therapy were withdrawn from two patients within eight months after transplant, and it is anticipated that all patients will be off maintenance at 12 months. Electron and light microscopy of grafted tissue has revealed viable glands with intracellular secretory granules, many mitochondria, and little fat. Indications for autotransplantation include patients with refractory renal osteodystrophy, reoperations for primary hyperparathyroidism, and extensive extirpative cancer surgery of the head and neck.", "contents": "Parathyroid autotransplantation. Autotransplantation of the parathyroid to the forearm has been performed in eight patients following total or subtotal parathyroidectomy. The mass of gland implanted was approximately one half that used in other series. Bilateral simultaneous parathormone levels drawn at three months after autografting several higher levels in the autografted arm in every patient examined. Replacement calcium and vitamin D therapy were withdrawn from two patients within eight months after transplant, and it is anticipated that all patients will be off maintenance at 12 months. Electron and light microscopy of grafted tissue has revealed viable glands with intracellular secretory granules, many mitochondria, and little fat. Indications for autotransplantation include patients with refractory renal osteodystrophy, reoperations for primary hyperparathyroidism, and extensive extirpative cancer surgery of the head and neck.", "PMID": 849144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8441", "title": "Thyroid disease following irradiation for benign conditions.", "content": "One hundred twenty-five patients with a history of prior irradiation to the head and neck region for benign disease underwent thyroidectomies between 1967 and 1976 at Evanston Hospital. One hundred twenty-four had a palpable abnormality. Forty-two had carcinoma, and nine of these had nodal metastases. Palpation was found to be more accurate than thyroid isotope scan in finding carcinoma within an abnormal gland. Some form of irradiation thyroiditis was found in one half of the resected specimens.", "contents": "Thyroid disease following irradiation for benign conditions. One hundred twenty-five patients with a history of prior irradiation to the head and neck region for benign disease underwent thyroidectomies between 1967 and 1976 at Evanston Hospital. One hundred twenty-four had a palpable abnormality. Forty-two had carcinoma, and nine of these had nodal metastases. Palpation was found to be more accurate than thyroid isotope scan in finding carcinoma within an abnormal gland. Some form of irradiation thyroiditis was found in one half of the resected specimens.", "PMID": 849145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8442", "title": "Limb-preserving vascular surgery for malignant tumors of the lower extremity.", "content": "Monobloc soft-part resections have been carried out with excision of segments of the illac and femoral vessels in seven patients with cancer in the lower extremity. Amputation would have been necessary otherwise. Ischemic loss of the extremity did not occur. In four of the earlier patients, vascular reconstruction was not performed, and postoperative lymphedema was a major complication. In the recently treated three patients, complete reconstitution of the circulation by simultaneous arterial and venous grafting permitted smooth postoperative recovery and absence of notable edema. Creation of a distal arteriovenous fistula appears essential to maintain venous patency. Six of the seven patients are alive at six months, 1, 3, 4, 7, and 18 years, respectively. One patient died of pulmonary metastases at three years after operation. Two patients developed local recurrences requiring limb disarticulation, both in the earlier group in which excision and grafting of both artery and vein was not done. It is concluded that excision and simultaneous reconstruction of major blood vessels can extend the scope of soft-part resections for cancer of the extremities, offering opportunities for preservation of limbs that would otherwise require amputation for control of disease.", "contents": "Limb-preserving vascular surgery for malignant tumors of the lower extremity. Monobloc soft-part resections have been carried out with excision of segments of the illac and femoral vessels in seven patients with cancer in the lower extremity. Amputation would have been necessary otherwise. Ischemic loss of the extremity did not occur. In four of the earlier patients, vascular reconstruction was not performed, and postoperative lymphedema was a major complication. In the recently treated three patients, complete reconstitution of the circulation by simultaneous arterial and venous grafting permitted smooth postoperative recovery and absence of notable edema. Creation of a distal arteriovenous fistula appears essential to maintain venous patency. Six of the seven patients are alive at six months, 1, 3, 4, 7, and 18 years, respectively. One patient died of pulmonary metastases at three years after operation. Two patients developed local recurrences requiring limb disarticulation, both in the earlier group in which excision and grafting of both artery and vein was not done. It is concluded that excision and simultaneous reconstruction of major blood vessels can extend the scope of soft-part resections for cancer of the extremities, offering opportunities for preservation of limbs that would otherwise require amputation for control of disease.", "PMID": 849146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8443", "title": "Translumbar aortography: a study of its safety and usefulness.", "content": "We reviewed that clinical courses of 14,550 patients in whom translumbar aortography was performed. The principal aim of the survey was to determine the incidence of major and fatal complications attributable to this diagnostic study, as an index of its safety. We found that in this group, seven major (0.05%) and two fatal (0.014%) complications occurred. The corresponding incidences for transfemoral catheter aortography reported in the literature were found to be 1.34% and 0.06%, respectively. Translumbar aortography, when performed under the proper indications and appropriate conditions, has a degree of safety equal to or greater than that of transfemoral catheter aortography, and its diagnostic reliability within its technical scope is high.", "contents": "Translumbar aortography: a study of its safety and usefulness. We reviewed that clinical courses of 14,550 patients in whom translumbar aortography was performed. The principal aim of the survey was to determine the incidence of major and fatal complications attributable to this diagnostic study, as an index of its safety. We found that in this group, seven major (0.05%) and two fatal (0.014%) complications occurred. The corresponding incidences for transfemoral catheter aortography reported in the literature were found to be 1.34% and 0.06%, respectively. Translumbar aortography, when performed under the proper indications and appropriate conditions, has a degree of safety equal to or greater than that of transfemoral catheter aortography, and its diagnostic reliability within its technical scope is high.", "PMID": 849147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8444", "title": "Renal artery dissections.", "content": "Renal artery dissections encountered in 15 patients, aged 3 to 75 years, were categorized as to pathogenesis (blunt abdominal trauma, catheter injury, and spontaneous). Blunt traumatic dissections (seven patients) were characterized by hypertension, gross hematuria, and pain. Catheter-induced dissections (four patients) were asymptomatic, although two exhibited accelerated hypertension. Spontaneous dissections (four patients) were all associated with preexistent arterial disease. Symptoms in these patients were uncommon, despite accelerated hypertension in three cases. Intravenous pyelography lacked specific diagnostic value for renal artery dissections. Early arteriographic examination proved essential in diagnosis and surgical treatment. Criteria for operative intervention included existence of technically correctable dissections causing (1) hemodynamically significant occlusions of the main or major segmental renal arteries, (2) documented renovascular hypertension, or (3) significant deterioration of renal function.", "contents": "Renal artery dissections. Renal artery dissections encountered in 15 patients, aged 3 to 75 years, were categorized as to pathogenesis (blunt abdominal trauma, catheter injury, and spontaneous). Blunt traumatic dissections (seven patients) were characterized by hypertension, gross hematuria, and pain. Catheter-induced dissections (four patients) were asymptomatic, although two exhibited accelerated hypertension. Spontaneous dissections (four patients) were all associated with preexistent arterial disease. Symptoms in these patients were uncommon, despite accelerated hypertension in three cases. Intravenous pyelography lacked specific diagnostic value for renal artery dissections. Early arteriographic examination proved essential in diagnosis and surgical treatment. Criteria for operative intervention included existence of technically correctable dissections causing (1) hemodynamically significant occlusions of the main or major segmental renal arteries, (2) documented renovascular hypertension, or (3) significant deterioration of renal function.", "PMID": 849148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8445", "title": "A second look at delayed splenic rupture.", "content": "From 1968 to 1976, 314 patients were treated by splenectomy for blunt splenic injuries. Three hundred four of these were operated on within 24 hours. All had typical splenic lacerations with intraperitoneal bleeding from the time of injury. This was true also of seven of the ten operated on after 24 hours. In only three of this late group was the evidence in favor of possible delayed rupture of a subcapsular hematoma. These data support our conclusion that delayed rupture is an unusual sequel to blunt splenic trauma, and that most patients thought to have delayed rupture of the spleen have, instead, delayed recognition of splenic rupture.", "contents": "A second look at delayed splenic rupture. From 1968 to 1976, 314 patients were treated by splenectomy for blunt splenic injuries. Three hundred four of these were operated on within 24 hours. All had typical splenic lacerations with intraperitoneal bleeding from the time of injury. This was true also of seven of the ten operated on after 24 hours. In only three of this late group was the evidence in favor of possible delayed rupture of a subcapsular hematoma. These data support our conclusion that delayed rupture is an unusual sequel to blunt splenic trauma, and that most patients thought to have delayed rupture of the spleen have, instead, delayed recognition of splenic rupture.", "PMID": 849149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8446", "title": "Postoperative treatment of patients after liver resection for trauma: a follow-up study.", "content": "In the last ten years, 89 hepatic resections were performed for trauma. Thirty-three patients survived and were followed up for one month to seven years: 15 patients had right lobectomy, nine left lobectomy, and nine left lateral segmentectomy. Complications were primarily pulmonary. All patients had transient derangement of liver function tests, but only three patients had liver dysfunction. Long-term follow-up showed no ill effects from the liver resection. Important postoperative treatment includes (1) adequate dependent drainage, (2) maintenance of blood volume, (3) intravenous albumin and glucose, (4) adequate nutritional support, and (5) selective use of intravenous glucagon.", "contents": "Postoperative treatment of patients after liver resection for trauma: a follow-up study. In the last ten years, 89 hepatic resections were performed for trauma. Thirty-three patients survived and were followed up for one month to seven years: 15 patients had right lobectomy, nine left lobectomy, and nine left lateral segmentectomy. Complications were primarily pulmonary. All patients had transient derangement of liver function tests, but only three patients had liver dysfunction. Long-term follow-up showed no ill effects from the liver resection. Important postoperative treatment includes (1) adequate dependent drainage, (2) maintenance of blood volume, (3) intravenous albumin and glucose, (4) adequate nutritional support, and (5) selective use of intravenous glucagon.", "PMID": 849150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8447", "title": "Absence of pancreatic duct dilation in chronic pancreatitis: surgical significance.", "content": "Of 22 patients treated surgically for intractable pain from chronic alcoholic pancreatitis, eight did not show notable dilation of the main pancreatic duct by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), operative pancreatography, and/or operative and microscopical studies of the pancreas after subtotal pancreatectomy. In all patients, far advanced parenchymal pancreatitis was evident at operation and by microscopical study of the removed portion of the pancreas. These findings indicate that the basic problem in a considerable number of patients with symptomatic alcoholic chronic pancreatitis is not related primarily to obstruction with dilation of the major pancreatic duct, but to intrinsic changes in the parenchymal pancreas. The preoperative use of ERCP and individualization of operative procedures with a preference for subtotal or partial pancreatectomy for symptomatic chronic alcoholic pancreatitis are supported.", "contents": "Absence of pancreatic duct dilation in chronic pancreatitis: surgical significance. Of 22 patients treated surgically for intractable pain from chronic alcoholic pancreatitis, eight did not show notable dilation of the main pancreatic duct by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), operative pancreatography, and/or operative and microscopical studies of the pancreas after subtotal pancreatectomy. In all patients, far advanced parenchymal pancreatitis was evident at operation and by microscopical study of the removed portion of the pancreas. These findings indicate that the basic problem in a considerable number of patients with symptomatic alcoholic chronic pancreatitis is not related primarily to obstruction with dilation of the major pancreatic duct, but to intrinsic changes in the parenchymal pancreas. The preoperative use of ERCP and individualization of operative procedures with a preference for subtotal or partial pancreatectomy for symptomatic chronic alcoholic pancreatitis are supported.", "PMID": 849151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8448", "title": "Starch peritonitis and its prevention.", "content": "Commercially available surgical gloves contain a derivative of cornstarch and peritonitis induced by particles of starch shed from gloves can be a serious complication of abdominal surgery. Five documented and two suspected cases of this condition are known to have occurred at this institution during a recent 12-month period, when 4,965 intra-abdominal procedures were performed. Clinical features included fever, migratory abdominal pain, and ileus. Treatment with corticosteroids proved effective. Studies of the effectiveness of operating room precautions used to eliminate starch contamination indicated that these precautions do not eliminate the problem completely. Preliminary experience with the use of sodium bicarbonate as a substitute for cornstarch derivatives to \"lubricate\" surgical gloves has proved promising in eliminating the hazard of starch peritonitis.", "contents": "Starch peritonitis and its prevention. Commercially available surgical gloves contain a derivative of cornstarch and peritonitis induced by particles of starch shed from gloves can be a serious complication of abdominal surgery. Five documented and two suspected cases of this condition are known to have occurred at this institution during a recent 12-month period, when 4,965 intra-abdominal procedures were performed. Clinical features included fever, migratory abdominal pain, and ileus. Treatment with corticosteroids proved effective. Studies of the effectiveness of operating room precautions used to eliminate starch contamination indicated that these precautions do not eliminate the problem completely. Preliminary experience with the use of sodium bicarbonate as a substitute for cornstarch derivatives to \"lubricate\" surgical gloves has proved promising in eliminating the hazard of starch peritonitis.", "PMID": 849152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8449", "title": "Soft-tissue fluid determination by dichromatic absorptiometry.", "content": "Dichromatic absorptiometry (DA) in a noninvasive method for individually determining the amount of lipid, bone mineral, and protein and water present in a mixture by differential attenuation of radiation beams emitted from a dual photon source. The physics involved permit these components to be determined extremely accurately and precisely. The present study investigated the ability of DA limb scans to measure changes in total body water produced in dogs and in patients. Dichromatic absorptiometry was determined to be a valid method of measuring changes in total body water content as reflected by limb fluid content changes. Precision was limited by the accuracy in positioning the limb for repeated scanning. Dichromatic absorptiometry has the potential of becoming a clinically useful instrument for measuring fluid content changes in limbs produced either by changes in total body water content or by conditions causing limb edema.", "contents": "Soft-tissue fluid determination by dichromatic absorptiometry. Dichromatic absorptiometry (DA) in a noninvasive method for individually determining the amount of lipid, bone mineral, and protein and water present in a mixture by differential attenuation of radiation beams emitted from a dual photon source. The physics involved permit these components to be determined extremely accurately and precisely. The present study investigated the ability of DA limb scans to measure changes in total body water produced in dogs and in patients. Dichromatic absorptiometry was determined to be a valid method of measuring changes in total body water content as reflected by limb fluid content changes. Precision was limited by the accuracy in positioning the limb for repeated scanning. Dichromatic absorptiometry has the potential of becoming a clinically useful instrument for measuring fluid content changes in limbs produced either by changes in total body water content or by conditions causing limb edema.", "PMID": 849153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8450", "title": "Mechanism of inappropriate polyuria in septic patients.", "content": "Inappropriate polyuria leading to hypovolemia and hypotension occurs frequently in severely septic patients. It's etiology was studied in three patients with polyuria and systolic hypotension. Glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow were measured by the standard renal clearance techniques. Renal blood flow distribution to the outer cortex, inner cortex-outer medulla, and the inner medulla were measured by radioactive xenon. The glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, and renal blood flow distribution were normal. Polyuria does not result from a maldistribution of renal blood flow. Antidiuretic hormone did not alter the polyuric syndrome. These data suggest that sepsis produces a blockade at either the distal tubule or the collecting duct, thereby preventing salt and water conservation. This blockade may be due to either a toxin or a toxic metabolic breakdown product of sepsis.", "contents": "Mechanism of inappropriate polyuria in septic patients. Inappropriate polyuria leading to hypovolemia and hypotension occurs frequently in severely septic patients. It's etiology was studied in three patients with polyuria and systolic hypotension. Glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow were measured by the standard renal clearance techniques. Renal blood flow distribution to the outer cortex, inner cortex-outer medulla, and the inner medulla were measured by radioactive xenon. The glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, and renal blood flow distribution were normal. Polyuria does not result from a maldistribution of renal blood flow. Antidiuretic hormone did not alter the polyuric syndrome. These data suggest that sepsis produces a blockade at either the distal tubule or the collecting duct, thereby preventing salt and water conservation. This blockade may be due to either a toxin or a toxic metabolic breakdown product of sepsis.", "PMID": 849154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8451", "title": "Pulmonary resections in children: problems and precautions.", "content": "Forty-eight pulmonary resections were performed in 45 children. The principal indications for operation were bronchiectasis, congenital cysts, and lobar emphysema. Nine complications occurred in five children. There were three deaths, a mortality of 6.7%. While resection can be performed safely in most children, a high-risk group is identified as those with severe congenital cardiopulmonary disease complicated by chronic or recurrent infection.", "contents": "Pulmonary resections in children: problems and precautions. Forty-eight pulmonary resections were performed in 45 children. The principal indications for operation were bronchiectasis, congenital cysts, and lobar emphysema. Nine complications occurred in five children. There were three deaths, a mortality of 6.7%. While resection can be performed safely in most children, a high-risk group is identified as those with severe congenital cardiopulmonary disease complicated by chronic or recurrent infection.", "PMID": 849155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8452", "title": "Barrett esophagus.", "content": "Barrett esophagus is the term describing the presence of an abnormal columnar epithelium in a portion of the esophagus. We have treated 19 patients within the past three years, representing almost 20% of all our esophageal experience; This one pathologic entity has presented as several different clinical pictures: benign stricture, peptic ulceration of the esophagus, intractable esophagitis, and malignancy. One half the patients were under 50 years old, and most were male. The benign lesions have responded well to surgical therapy. There has been an unusually high incidence of malignancy-26.3%. The reasons for the infrequent diagnosis of Barrett esophagus are confusion with \"short esophagus\" and failure to biopsy the proper site.", "contents": "Barrett esophagus. Barrett esophagus is the term describing the presence of an abnormal columnar epithelium in a portion of the esophagus. We have treated 19 patients within the past three years, representing almost 20% of all our esophageal experience; This one pathologic entity has presented as several different clinical pictures: benign stricture, peptic ulceration of the esophagus, intractable esophagitis, and malignancy. One half the patients were under 50 years old, and most were male. The benign lesions have responded well to surgical therapy. There has been an unusually high incidence of malignancy-26.3%. The reasons for the infrequent diagnosis of Barrett esophagus are confusion with \"short esophagus\" and failure to biopsy the proper site.", "PMID": 849156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8453", "title": "Treatment of corrosive burns of the esophagus.", "content": "Forty patients with caustic ingestion have been treated between 1955 and 1975. Strong alkali was the corrosive in 95%, and 80% were under 10 years old. Early esophageal stricture developed in 18 patients four weeks after lye ingestion. Among these, esophageal bougienge restored an adequate lumen in two patients with short, soft annular strictures, and right colon interposition was used for esophageal subsitution in ten who had long, dense strictures. We recommend early diagnostic esophagoscopy, to the uppermost level of burn injury only, to determine the presence and severity of the esophageal injury. If esophagoscopy reveals esophageal burn injury, corticosteroid and antibiotic therapy are continued. If no burn injury is visualized, the patient is spared unnecessary treatment. Long, dense strictures unresponsive to bougienage place the patient at risk from instrumental perforation, and these patients should undergo colon interposition through  a substernal extrapleural tunnel.", "contents": "Treatment of corrosive burns of the esophagus. Forty patients with caustic ingestion have been treated between 1955 and 1975. Strong alkali was the corrosive in 95%, and 80% were under 10 years old. Early esophageal stricture developed in 18 patients four weeks after lye ingestion. Among these, esophageal bougienge restored an adequate lumen in two patients with short, soft annular strictures, and right colon interposition was used for esophageal subsitution in ten who had long, dense strictures. We recommend early diagnostic esophagoscopy, to the uppermost level of burn injury only, to determine the presence and severity of the esophageal injury. If esophagoscopy reveals esophageal burn injury, corticosteroid and antibiotic therapy are continued. If no burn injury is visualized, the patient is spared unnecessary treatment. Long, dense strictures unresponsive to bougienage place the patient at risk from instrumental perforation, and these patients should undergo colon interposition through  a substernal extrapleural tunnel.", "PMID": 849157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8454", "title": "The ileal stoma and protal hypertension: an uncommon site of variceal bleeding.", "content": "Patients who have chronic ulcerative colitis coexisting with liver disease and portal hypertension may suffer hemorrhagic parastomal varices after proctocolectomy and ileostomy. Large portal systemic collateral vessels between the superior mesenteric venous tributaries and the abdominal wall can be demonstrated by portal venography. Hemorrhage occurs from the mucocutaneous junction, a vulnerable point in this collateral circuit. Management by major and minor stomal revisions has been unsuccessful. Three patients who have bled from stomal and from esophagogastric varices were treated with portasystemic shunts. None of the three has had recurrent bleeding or postshunt encephalopathy during the 19 to 27 months after these operations.", "contents": "The ileal stoma and protal hypertension: an uncommon site of variceal bleeding. Patients who have chronic ulcerative colitis coexisting with liver disease and portal hypertension may suffer hemorrhagic parastomal varices after proctocolectomy and ileostomy. Large portal systemic collateral vessels between the superior mesenteric venous tributaries and the abdominal wall can be demonstrated by portal venography. Hemorrhage occurs from the mucocutaneous junction, a vulnerable point in this collateral circuit. Management by major and minor stomal revisions has been unsuccessful. Three patients who have bled from stomal and from esophagogastric varices were treated with portasystemic shunts. None of the three has had recurrent bleeding or postshunt encephalopathy during the 19 to 27 months after these operations.", "PMID": 849158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8455", "title": "Bowel obstruction and the long tube stent.", "content": "Fifty-eight cases of intestinal obstruction requiring operative intervention were reviewed. Enterolysis alone as the treatment for bowel obstruction as a result of adhesions appears to be as good or better than the long tube stent. Patients treated with enterolysis alone had a shorter period of postoperative ileus, a shorter hospital confinement following operation, and fewer recurrent obstructions. These patients also had a longer interval between episodes of reobstruction than did those treated with an intraluminal long tube stent.", "contents": "Bowel obstruction and the long tube stent. Fifty-eight cases of intestinal obstruction requiring operative intervention were reviewed. Enterolysis alone as the treatment for bowel obstruction as a result of adhesions appears to be as good or better than the long tube stent. Patients treated with enterolysis alone had a shorter period of postoperative ileus, a shorter hospital confinement following operation, and fewer recurrent obstructions. These patients also had a longer interval between episodes of reobstruction than did those treated with an intraluminal long tube stent.", "PMID": 849159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8456", "title": "Colonoscopic decompression of massive nonobstructive cecal dilation.", "content": "During the past three years, six patients with massive nonobstructive cecal dilation were treated by the surgical endoscopy service at the University of Michigan Medical Center. Case reports are presented on the five patients for whom decompression of the colon distention using the flexible fiberoptic colonoscope was successful. The sixth patient for whom nonoperative decompression was unsuccessful died following tube cecostomy. Colonoscopy, in our hands, has been a safe and effective method of nonoperatively decompressing the dilated cecum in seriously ill patients with a variety of severe associated conditions.", "contents": "Colonoscopic decompression of massive nonobstructive cecal dilation. During the past three years, six patients with massive nonobstructive cecal dilation were treated by the surgical endoscopy service at the University of Michigan Medical Center. Case reports are presented on the five patients for whom decompression of the colon distention using the flexible fiberoptic colonoscope was successful. The sixth patient for whom nonoperative decompression was unsuccessful died following tube cecostomy. Colonoscopy, in our hands, has been a safe and effective method of nonoperatively decompressing the dilated cecum in seriously ill patients with a variety of severe associated conditions.", "PMID": 849160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8457", "title": "Total proctocolectomy and ileostomy: procedure of choice for acute toxic megacolon.", "content": "Of 42 critically ill patients with toxic megacolon, 31 required emergency surgery, and 11 were treated without operation. Of the 11 patients treated by medical measures alone, there  were two deaths (18%): one early, secondary to undiagnosed colonic perforation, and one late death from recurrent ulcerative colitis. Nine of ten survivors (90%) experienced continued morbidity, and five (50%) required subsequent elective surgery. Thirty-one patients required emergency operation for failure of medical treatment (19), colonic perforation (ten), and uncontrolled hemorrhage (two). Early and late morbidity was 74% (two-thirds occurring after subtotal colectomy and ileostomy). Surgical mortality was 19% (8% over the last ten years).", "contents": "Total proctocolectomy and ileostomy: procedure of choice for acute toxic megacolon. Of 42 critically ill patients with toxic megacolon, 31 required emergency surgery, and 11 were treated without operation. Of the 11 patients treated by medical measures alone, there  were two deaths (18%): one early, secondary to undiagnosed colonic perforation, and one late death from recurrent ulcerative colitis. Nine of ten survivors (90%) experienced continued morbidity, and five (50%) required subsequent elective surgery. Thirty-one patients required emergency operation for failure of medical treatment (19), colonic perforation (ten), and uncontrolled hemorrhage (two). Early and late morbidity was 74% (two-thirds occurring after subtotal colectomy and ileostomy). Surgical mortality was 19% (8% over the last ten years).", "PMID": 849161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8458", "title": "Carcinoma obstructing the left side of the colon.", "content": "The clinical course, operative treatment, and results of 129 patients with carcinoma obstructing the left side of the colon were reviewed. There were 64 cases of incomplete obstruction, all secondary to primary adenocarcinoma of the colon. Sixty-five patients had complete obstruction; 37 of these had primary adenocarcinoma of the colon, and the rest, cancer from other primary sites, largely the genitourinary tract. The operations involving colostomy only or colostomy as part of a staged resection resulted in high operative mortality and low long-term survival, in addition to a high rate of postoperative sepsis. Results of operations involving primary resection of obstructing tumor were superior in all the above factors studied.", "contents": "Carcinoma obstructing the left side of the colon. The clinical course, operative treatment, and results of 129 patients with carcinoma obstructing the left side of the colon were reviewed. There were 64 cases of incomplete obstruction, all secondary to primary adenocarcinoma of the colon. Sixty-five patients had complete obstruction; 37 of these had primary adenocarcinoma of the colon, and the rest, cancer from other primary sites, largely the genitourinary tract. The operations involving colostomy only or colostomy as part of a staged resection resulted in high operative mortality and low long-term survival, in addition to a high rate of postoperative sepsis. Results of operations involving primary resection of obstructing tumor were superior in all the above factors studied.", "PMID": 849162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8459", "title": "Stromal invasion of cancer in pedunculated adenomatous colorectal polyps: significance for surgical management.", "content": "Fifty-three patients were treated for pedunculated adenomatous polyps that contained foci of invasive cancer confined to the stroma. This entity is a stage of malignant involvement intermediate between in situ carcinoma and frank infiltrative cancer that invades the muscularis mucosae. Metastases to regional lymphatics were not observed. Local removal of such lesions without regional lymphadenectomy is adequate treatment.", "contents": "Stromal invasion of cancer in pedunculated adenomatous colorectal polyps: significance for surgical management. Fifty-three patients were treated for pedunculated adenomatous polyps that contained foci of invasive cancer confined to the stroma. This entity is a stage of malignant involvement intermediate between in situ carcinoma and frank infiltrative cancer that invades the muscularis mucosae. Metastases to regional lymphatics were not observed. Local removal of such lesions without regional lymphadenectomy is adequate treatment.", "PMID": 849163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8460", "title": "The value of the barium enema in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis.", "content": "Contrary to popular belief, the barium enema is a safe diagnostic tool in the management of acute appendicitis. This is a survey of our experience over three years with 489 cases of suspected acute appendicitis. Two hundred eighteen barium enema examinations were done. The barium enema has a high degree of pathological correlation (97.14%). It has reduced negative surgical exploration in women between 11 and 40 years of age. This group traditionally represents the greatest diagnostic challenge in appendicitis. As a result, our  negative  exploration rate has been reduced to a figure below the average for this disease. We recommend its performance in all patients who pose a diagnostic dilemma.", "contents": "The value of the barium enema in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Contrary to popular belief, the barium enema is a safe diagnostic tool in the management of acute appendicitis. This is a survey of our experience over three years with 489 cases of suspected acute appendicitis. Two hundred eighteen barium enema examinations were done. The barium enema has a high degree of pathological correlation (97.14%). It has reduced negative surgical exploration in women between 11 and 40 years of age. This group traditionally represents the greatest diagnostic challenge in appendicitis. As a result, our  negative  exploration rate has been reduced to a figure below the average for this disease. We recommend its performance in all patients who pose a diagnostic dilemma.", "PMID": 849164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8461", "title": "An alternative to hemorrhoidectomy.", "content": "This report presents a retrospective review of 670 patients who underwent 3,208 rubber band ligations for internal hemorrhoids. Complications after banding were limited to pain and bleeding. Mild to moderate discomfort occurred in 32 patients (4.8%), while pain severe enough to limit activity occurred in only four patients (0.6%). Slight bleeding was noted in 19 patients (3%), and was severe in nine (1%). Of the latter, only two required hospitalization and cautery, while the remainder subsided on bedrest at home. Banding is discussed in comparison to sclero-therapy, anal dilation and cryohemorrhoidectomy, as well as operative hemorrhoidectomy, and is found to offer not only safety, but major advantages with regard to comfort, convenience, and cost.", "contents": "An alternative to hemorrhoidectomy. This report presents a retrospective review of 670 patients who underwent 3,208 rubber band ligations for internal hemorrhoids. Complications after banding were limited to pain and bleeding. Mild to moderate discomfort occurred in 32 patients (4.8%), while pain severe enough to limit activity occurred in only four patients (0.6%). Slight bleeding was noted in 19 patients (3%), and was severe in nine (1%). Of the latter, only two required hospitalization and cautery, while the remainder subsided on bedrest at home. Banding is discussed in comparison to sclero-therapy, anal dilation and cryohemorrhoidectomy, as well as operative hemorrhoidectomy, and is found to offer not only safety, but major advantages with regard to comfort, convenience, and cost.", "PMID": 849165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8462", "title": "[Protein and amino acid metabolism in laying hens receiving N-15 labeled casein. 6. Patterns of N-15 incorporation into the N fraction and amino acids of the follicles and residual ovaries].", "content": "4 experimental hens were fed labelled casein as sole protein source for a period of 6 days. The dietary nitrogen contained a 15N excess of 0.69 atom%. Hens 1 and 2 were slaughtered 2 days and hens 3 and 4 four days after receiving the last 15N' dose. 10 follicles with diameters more than 6 mm were investigated for their content of N, for the TCE-soluble portion of N (TCE=trichloracetic acid) and for the content of different amino acids in protein. The corresponding 15N' data were established and the same analyses were carried out with the residual ovaries. The mean proportion of the TCE soluble N fraction in the total amount of N was 90% in the follicles and 88% in the residual ovaries. The content of certain kinds of amino acids in follicular protein depends on the degree of maturity of the follicles. There were differences in the percentage composition of amino acids between the follicles and residual ovaries. The mean percentage of lysine contained in follicular protein was 7,2%, that in the residual ovaries 7,9%. Corresponding data for arginine were 6,9% and 7,9%, those for glutamic acid 11,5% and 13,8%, for glycine 3,1% and 5,7%, for alanine 5,0% and 6,1%, for methionine 2,8% and 1,7% and for cystine 3,7% and 2,4%. Less than half of the 15N' atom % and less than half of the percentage of 15N' in the total amount of N and of the amount of amino acids in both the follicles and the residual ovaries were found in the hens killed 144 hrs after the last 15N dose than in the hens slaughtered 48 hrs after the last 15N intake. The atom % of 15N' in the N contained in the amino acids serine, threonine, glutamic acid, proline and leucine decreased with the process of ageing of the follicles. On an average, 88% of the total quantity of 15N' contained in the follicle samples were found as amino acid N, while in the residual ovaries 90% were found.", "contents": "[Protein and amino acid metabolism in laying hens receiving N-15 labeled casein. 6. Patterns of N-15 incorporation into the N fraction and amino acids of the follicles and residual ovaries]. 4 experimental hens were fed labelled casein as sole protein source for a period of 6 days. The dietary nitrogen contained a 15N excess of 0.69 atom%. Hens 1 and 2 were slaughtered 2 days and hens 3 and 4 four days after receiving the last 15N' dose. 10 follicles with diameters more than 6 mm were investigated for their content of N, for the TCE-soluble portion of N (TCE=trichloracetic acid) and for the content of different amino acids in protein. The corresponding 15N' data were established and the same analyses were carried out with the residual ovaries. The mean proportion of the TCE soluble N fraction in the total amount of N was 90% in the follicles and 88% in the residual ovaries. The content of certain kinds of amino acids in follicular protein depends on the degree of maturity of the follicles. There were differences in the percentage composition of amino acids between the follicles and residual ovaries. The mean percentage of lysine contained in follicular protein was 7,2%, that in the residual ovaries 7,9%. Corresponding data for arginine were 6,9% and 7,9%, those for glutamic acid 11,5% and 13,8%, for glycine 3,1% and 5,7%, for alanine 5,0% and 6,1%, for methionine 2,8% and 1,7% and for cystine 3,7% and 2,4%. Less than half of the 15N' atom % and less than half of the percentage of 15N' in the total amount of N and of the amount of amino acids in both the follicles and the residual ovaries were found in the hens killed 144 hrs after the last 15N dose than in the hens slaughtered 48 hrs after the last 15N intake. The atom % of 15N' in the N contained in the amino acids serine, threonine, glutamic acid, proline and leucine decreased with the process of ageing of the follicles. On an average, 88% of the total quantity of 15N' contained in the follicle samples were found as amino acid N, while in the residual ovaries 90% were found.", "PMID": 849166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8463", "title": "[Protein and amino acid metabolism in laying hens receiving N-15 labeled casein. 7. Incorporation and distribution of labeled nitrogen into egg fractions].", "content": "Four colostomated hybrid laying hens were fed, for 6 days, a semisynthetic ration containing 15N labelled casein as sole protein source. Within this period, the hens laid 13 eggs which were fractionated into egg yolk, egg white and egg shell. The N content of these egg fractions was established. A TCE soluble and TCE precipitable fraction (TCE=trichloroacetic acid) were obtained from the fractions of egg yolk and egg white. Additionally, an analysis was made of the set of amino acids contained in the crude protein of the egg yolk, egg white and egg membrane (lysine, histidine and arginine only). The excess 15N atom% (15N') was established in the crude protein, in the nitrogen from the TCE soluble and TCE precipitable fractions and in the N from 17 amino acids of the egg yold and egg white. In the egg membrane fraction the 15N' atom% was determined as percentage of the total amount of N and of the amount of N contained in the basic amino acids. Essential differences between the 3 egg fractions were noticed with regard to the process of initial incorporation of labelled N and the intensity of this process after the onset of 15N application. 15N' was detected in the egg shell as early as 4 hrs after administration of the 15N' dose. Heavy nitrogen was found to be contained in the egg white of eggs that were laid on the 2nd day of experiment. The level of 15N' atom% in the egg white increased essentially during the following days of experiment; the 15N'quantities in the egg white were considerably higher than those in the egg yolk. Similar results were obtained for the process of 15N incorporation into the 17 amino acids. It is assumed that differences between the 3 fractions as observed in the level of labelling and in the pattern of 15N' incorporation are accounted for by the different sites and different times of protein synthesis for the different egg proteins.", "contents": "[Protein and amino acid metabolism in laying hens receiving N-15 labeled casein. 7. Incorporation and distribution of labeled nitrogen into egg fractions]. Four colostomated hybrid laying hens were fed, for 6 days, a semisynthetic ration containing 15N labelled casein as sole protein source. Within this period, the hens laid 13 eggs which were fractionated into egg yolk, egg white and egg shell. The N content of these egg fractions was established. A TCE soluble and TCE precipitable fraction (TCE=trichloroacetic acid) were obtained from the fractions of egg yolk and egg white. Additionally, an analysis was made of the set of amino acids contained in the crude protein of the egg yolk, egg white and egg membrane (lysine, histidine and arginine only). The excess 15N atom% (15N') was established in the crude protein, in the nitrogen from the TCE soluble and TCE precipitable fractions and in the N from 17 amino acids of the egg yold and egg white. In the egg membrane fraction the 15N' atom% was determined as percentage of the total amount of N and of the amount of N contained in the basic amino acids. Essential differences between the 3 egg fractions were noticed with regard to the process of initial incorporation of labelled N and the intensity of this process after the onset of 15N application. 15N' was detected in the egg shell as early as 4 hrs after administration of the 15N' dose. Heavy nitrogen was found to be contained in the egg white of eggs that were laid on the 2nd day of experiment. The level of 15N' atom% in the egg white increased essentially during the following days of experiment; the 15N'quantities in the egg white were considerably higher than those in the egg yolk. Similar results were obtained for the process of 15N incorporation into the 17 amino acids. It is assumed that differences between the 3 fractions as observed in the level of labelling and in the pattern of 15N' incorporation are accounted for by the different sites and different times of protein synthesis for the different egg proteins.", "PMID": 849167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8464", "title": "Standardized a-scan echographic diagnosis of choroidal malignant melanomas.", "content": "Standardized A-scan echography (ultrasonography) is rapidly assuming its appropriate role as a primary diagnostic tool in ophthalmology. Its ability to display \"tissue texture\" can be used by the experienced examiner to establish a reliable tissue diagnosis in a high percentage of lesions. The most important intraocular neoplasm is the choroidal malignant melanoma, and a diagnostic accuracy in excess of 95% has been reported by Ossoinig et al. This smaller series of proven choroidal malignant melanomas diagnosed preoperatively by standardized A-scan confirms the reliability of this noninvasive technique.", "contents": "Standardized a-scan echographic diagnosis of choroidal malignant melanomas. Standardized A-scan echography (ultrasonography) is rapidly assuming its appropriate role as a primary diagnostic tool in ophthalmology. Its ability to display \"tissue texture\" can be used by the experienced examiner to establish a reliable tissue diagnosis in a high percentage of lesions. The most important intraocular neoplasm is the choroidal malignant melanoma, and a diagnostic accuracy in excess of 95% has been reported by Ossoinig et al. This smaller series of proven choroidal malignant melanomas diagnosed preoperatively by standardized A-scan confirms the reliability of this noninvasive technique.", "PMID": 849182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8465", "title": "Family history in primary open-angle glaucoma.", "content": "A family history of glaucoma was found in 50% of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and 43% of patients with ocular hypertension (OH). Positive family history was twice as prevalent in those with OH and either HLA-B7 or B12 antigens than in OH with neither antigen (P less than .01). Although POAG occurred equally in men and women, the prevalence of a positive family history of glaucoma on the maternal side of the family in POAG patients was six to seven times greater than on the paternal side (P less than .0005). However, in patients with OH, but no glaucomatous field loss, there was no difference in prevalence of maternal and paternal family history. Even in OH with HLA-B7 or B12 antigens, there was no predominance of maternal family history. The implication that offspring were more likely to develop POAG when their mother's side of the family rather than their father's side had the disease has provided an additional potentially useful risk factor in patients with OH. In addition, it has raised interesting questions as to possible maternal cytoplasmic factors in the transmission and pathogenesis of POAG.", "contents": "Family history in primary open-angle glaucoma. A family history of glaucoma was found in 50% of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and 43% of patients with ocular hypertension (OH). Positive family history was twice as prevalent in those with OH and either HLA-B7 or B12 antigens than in OH with neither antigen (P less than .01). Although POAG occurred equally in men and women, the prevalence of a positive family history of glaucoma on the maternal side of the family in POAG patients was six to seven times greater than on the paternal side (P less than .0005). However, in patients with OH, but no glaucomatous field loss, there was no difference in prevalence of maternal and paternal family history. Even in OH with HLA-B7 or B12 antigens, there was no predominance of maternal family history. The implication that offspring were more likely to develop POAG when their mother's side of the family rather than their father's side had the disease has provided an additional potentially useful risk factor in patients with OH. In addition, it has raised interesting questions as to possible maternal cytoplasmic factors in the transmission and pathogenesis of POAG.", "PMID": 849183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8466", "title": "Bilateral choroidal melanomas. Case report and incidence.", "content": "A 55-year-old woman had bilateral choroidal melanoma. To our knowledge, this is the second reported case in the United States. To calculate the incidence of bilateral cases, we determined the incidence of unilateral choroidal and ciliary body melanomas among the white population in Iowa. We also studied the incidence of these melanomas by different age and sex groups. One of 2,500 whites will develop a choroidal melanoma during his or her lifetime. Based on these values and those of life expectancy in patients harboring a choroidal melanoma, we calculated the risks of developing a second primary melanoma in the other eye. In a population of 50 million whites, 1 person will develop a bilateral choroidal melanoma during his or her lifetime. In other words, a bilateral case is expected to occur once every 18 years in the United States.", "contents": "Bilateral choroidal melanomas. Case report and incidence. A 55-year-old woman had bilateral choroidal melanoma. To our knowledge, this is the second reported case in the United States. To calculate the incidence of bilateral cases, we determined the incidence of unilateral choroidal and ciliary body melanomas among the white population in Iowa. We also studied the incidence of these melanomas by different age and sex groups. One of 2,500 whites will develop a choroidal melanoma during his or her lifetime. Based on these values and those of life expectancy in patients harboring a choroidal melanoma, we calculated the risks of developing a second primary melanoma in the other eye. In a population of 50 million whites, 1 person will develop a bilateral choroidal melanoma during his or her lifetime. In other words, a bilateral case is expected to occur once every 18 years in the United States.", "PMID": 849184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8467", "title": "Squamous cell carcinoma developing in an orbital cyst.", "content": "A squamous cell carcinoma developed in the wall of an orbital cyst in a 53-year-old man. There was a vague history of previous injury, which was probably of no significance, and there was no evidence of any dermal elements in the cyst wall. The case appears to be unique because it most probably had its origin in a congenital epidermoid cyst.", "contents": "Squamous cell carcinoma developing in an orbital cyst. A squamous cell carcinoma developed in the wall of an orbital cyst in a 53-year-old man. There was a vague history of previous injury, which was probably of no significance, and there was no evidence of any dermal elements in the cyst wall. The case appears to be unique because it most probably had its origin in a congenital epidermoid cyst.", "PMID": 849185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8468", "title": "Sympathetic uveitis following glaucoma surgery.", "content": "We had two cases of sympathetic uveitis after filtering procedures were performed on blind, painful eyes. A review of the literature shows that it is not the type of antiglaucoma operation that has to be incriminated in precipitating sympathetic uveitis, but the condition of the eye undergoing a filtering procedure. The risk is much higher when the glaucoma is absolute. There is much danger in operating on blind, painful eyes.", "contents": "Sympathetic uveitis following glaucoma surgery. We had two cases of sympathetic uveitis after filtering procedures were performed on blind, painful eyes. A review of the literature shows that it is not the type of antiglaucoma operation that has to be incriminated in precipitating sympathetic uveitis, but the condition of the eye undergoing a filtering procedure. The risk is much higher when the glaucoma is absolute. There is much danger in operating on blind, painful eyes.", "PMID": 849186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8469", "title": "Multiple myeloma. Orbital involvement in a youth.", "content": "Orbital involvement by multiple myeloma is rare and affects older individuals usually. The youngest reported patient in a recent series that cites a median age of 56 years is 30 years of age. The present case involves a 19-year-old pregnant black female subject who complained initially of diplopia and whose presenting sign was proptosis. An extensive medical work-up and electron microscopic study were necessary to establish the diagnosis.", "contents": "Multiple myeloma. Orbital involvement in a youth. Orbital involvement by multiple myeloma is rare and affects older individuals usually. The youngest reported patient in a recent series that cites a median age of 56 years is 30 years of age. The present case involves a 19-year-old pregnant black female subject who complained initially of diplopia and whose presenting sign was proptosis. An extensive medical work-up and electron microscopic study were necessary to establish the diagnosis.", "PMID": 849187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8470", "title": "Mycosis fungoides. Intraocular and central nervous system involvement.", "content": "A 58-year-old man with mycosis fungoides was treated with chemotherapeutic agents and radiation for the recurrent cutaneous form of this disease. Five years after the onset, he developed blurring of vision, neurologic signs, and then lapsed into coma. Chemotherapy and radiation treatment resulted in improvement of the ocular and systemic picture. Within three months, however, the patient's vision deteriorated and swelling of both optic discs, along with retinal and vitreous infiltrates, was noted. Local radiation of the eyes was followed by improvement of the ocular changes. Five months later the patient died. Results of a histologic examination of the eyes showed extensive involvement of the retina and vitreous by tumor cells. The CNS was remarkably free of tumor cells and it was assumed that the radiation and chemotherapy were responsible for this.", "contents": "Mycosis fungoides. Intraocular and central nervous system involvement. A 58-year-old man with mycosis fungoides was treated with chemotherapeutic agents and radiation for the recurrent cutaneous form of this disease. Five years after the onset, he developed blurring of vision, neurologic signs, and then lapsed into coma. Chemotherapy and radiation treatment resulted in improvement of the ocular and systemic picture. Within three months, however, the patient's vision deteriorated and swelling of both optic discs, along with retinal and vitreous infiltrates, was noted. Local radiation of the eyes was followed by improvement of the ocular changes. Five months later the patient died. Results of a histologic examination of the eyes showed extensive involvement of the retina and vitreous by tumor cells. The CNS was remarkably free of tumor cells and it was assumed that the radiation and chemotherapy were responsible for this.", "PMID": 849188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8471", "title": "Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. A cause of visual loss.", "content": "A patient had been treated for chronic lymphocytic leukemia for five years before developing visual blurring as the manifestation of occipital lobe lesions of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). The disease is caused by an infection of the CNS oligodendrocytes by a papovavirus, whose replication is facilitated by an impairment of the host's cell-mediated immunologic system. The multiplying virus destroys the oligodendrocytes and causes extensive demyelination of the white matter of the brain. Antiviral agents, such as cytarabine, may be beneficial in treating patients with PML.", "contents": "Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. A cause of visual loss. A patient had been treated for chronic lymphocytic leukemia for five years before developing visual blurring as the manifestation of occipital lobe lesions of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). The disease is caused by an infection of the CNS oligodendrocytes by a papovavirus, whose replication is facilitated by an impairment of the host's cell-mediated immunologic system. The multiplying virus destroys the oligodendrocytes and causes extensive demyelination of the white matter of the brain. Antiviral agents, such as cytarabine, may be beneficial in treating patients with PML.", "PMID": 849189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8472", "title": "The moving fluid field in ophthalmic surgery.", "content": "A microscope mounted dripper and a cottonold wick for removal of excess fluid provide a moving fluid field for anterior segment microsurgery. The advantages of the moving fluid field include protection of the corneal epithelium, a field cleaned of debris and blood, and optimum visualization of the anterior segment.", "contents": "The moving fluid field in ophthalmic surgery. A microscope mounted dripper and a cottonold wick for removal of excess fluid provide a moving fluid field for anterior segment microsurgery. The advantages of the moving fluid field include protection of the corneal epithelium, a field cleaned of debris and blood, and optimum visualization of the anterior segment.", "PMID": 849190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8473", "title": "Quantitative analysis of the Callender classification of uveal melanoma cells.", "content": "Six experienced ophthalmic pathologists independently classified 90 uveal melanoma cells according to the Callender classification. They frequently disagreed among themselves, but at least four of the six agreed on the classification of 77 cells. In an effort to delineate those cytologic features that are most useful in the application of Callender classification, 12 factors were evaluated for each of these cells. Multivariate analysis (MVA) proved that six factors (chromatin clumping, minimum nuclear diameter, nucleolar diameter, chromatin margination, maximum nuclear diameter, and abundant cytoplasm) were useful for determining the cell type selected by the majority of pathologists, although some cells could not be sharply classified. It was concluded that uveal melanoma cells occupy a continuous cytologic spectrum, from benign-appearing spindle A cells to very malignant-appearing epithelioid cells.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of the Callender classification of uveal melanoma cells. Six experienced ophthalmic pathologists independently classified 90 uveal melanoma cells according to the Callender classification. They frequently disagreed among themselves, but at least four of the six agreed on the classification of 77 cells. In an effort to delineate those cytologic features that are most useful in the application of Callender classification, 12 factors were evaluated for each of these cells. Multivariate analysis (MVA) proved that six factors (chromatin clumping, minimum nuclear diameter, nucleolar diameter, chromatin margination, maximum nuclear diameter, and abundant cytoplasm) were useful for determining the cell type selected by the majority of pathologists, although some cells could not be sharply classified. It was concluded that uveal melanoma cells occupy a continuous cytologic spectrum, from benign-appearing spindle A cells to very malignant-appearing epithelioid cells.", "PMID": 849191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8474", "title": "Evaluation of metastatic cancer to the eye. Carcinoembryonic antigen and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase.", "content": "Plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GTP) were studied in 24 patients with cancer metastatic to the uveal tract. Eighty-three percent demonstrated elevated CEA levels, while only 36% (49 of 135 patients) with primary uveal melanoma showed elevated levels. While none of the uveal melanoma patients had a CEA value greater than 10 ng/ml, 58% (14) of the patients with metastatic tumors to the uvea had values greater than 10 ng/ml. Forty-six percent (11) of patients with metastatic tumors to the uvea demonstrated elevated GTP levels that correlated with documentation of liver metastases. Ninety-two percent of the patients with metastatic cancer to the uvea had either an elevated CEA or GTP level. When used together, plasma CEA and GTP levels appear to be helpful in differentiating metastatic tumors to the uvea from primary uveal melanomas. These assays also appear to be useful in determining tumor burden and concurrent hepatic involvement in patients with metastatic tumors to the uvea.", "contents": "Evaluation of metastatic cancer to the eye. Carcinoembryonic antigen and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase. Plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GTP) were studied in 24 patients with cancer metastatic to the uveal tract. Eighty-three percent demonstrated elevated CEA levels, while only 36% (49 of 135 patients) with primary uveal melanoma showed elevated levels. While none of the uveal melanoma patients had a CEA value greater than 10 ng/ml, 58% (14) of the patients with metastatic tumors to the uvea had values greater than 10 ng/ml. Forty-six percent (11) of patients with metastatic tumors to the uvea demonstrated elevated GTP levels that correlated with documentation of liver metastases. Ninety-two percent of the patients with metastatic cancer to the uvea had either an elevated CEA or GTP level. When used together, plasma CEA and GTP levels appear to be helpful in differentiating metastatic tumors to the uvea from primary uveal melanomas. These assays also appear to be useful in determining tumor burden and concurrent hepatic involvement in patients with metastatic tumors to the uvea.", "PMID": 849192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8475", "title": "An arteriotonograph. A new instrument for measuring the pressure in the ophthalmic artery.", "content": "A new piece of equipment was developed that records the intraocular pressure at the time of biomicroscopically observed collapse of the central retinal artery on the optic disc. A special contact lens with a properly adjusted pressure-sensitive probe allows exact observation of the optic disc and manual compression of the eye, whereas the foot-plate of the probe perceives the intraocular pressure through the applanated peripheral cornea.", "contents": "An arteriotonograph. A new instrument for measuring the pressure in the ophthalmic artery. A new piece of equipment was developed that records the intraocular pressure at the time of biomicroscopically observed collapse of the central retinal artery on the optic disc. A special contact lens with a properly adjusted pressure-sensitive probe allows exact observation of the optic disc and manual compression of the eye, whereas the foot-plate of the probe perceives the intraocular pressure through the applanated peripheral cornea.", "PMID": 849193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8476", "title": "Acoustic tumor detection with brain stem electric response audiometry.", "content": "Tumors that press on the audiotry nerve can cause a latency increase that is detectable from the scalp by electric response audiometry (BERA). The response delay is best seen by comparing the Jewett wave V, or P5, latencies for the two ears. This interaural latency difference is normally less than 0.2 msec, but was 0.4 msec or greater for 35 acoustic tumor cases and for seven of ten other temporal bone tumors. Acoustic tumor size can be estimated from the amount of latency delay.", "contents": "Acoustic tumor detection with brain stem electric response audiometry. Tumors that press on the audiotry nerve can cause a latency increase that is detectable from the scalp by electric response audiometry (BERA). The response delay is best seen by comparing the Jewett wave V, or P5, latencies for the two ears. This interaural latency difference is normally less than 0.2 msec, but was 0.4 msec or greater for 35 acoustic tumor cases and for seven of ten other temporal bone tumors. Acoustic tumor size can be estimated from the amount of latency delay.", "PMID": 849194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8477", "title": "Application of binaural beat phenomenon with aphasic patients.", "content": "We investigated whether six aphasics and six normal subjects could binaurally fuse two slightly differing frequencies of constant amplitude. The aphasics were subdivided into two groups: (1) two men who had had mild cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs) during the past 15 months; (2) four men who had had severe CVAs during the last 15 months. Two tones of different frequency levels but equal in intensity were presented dichotically to the subjects at 40 dB sensation level. All subjects had normal hearing at 500 Hz (0 to 25 dB). All six normal subjects and the two aphasics who had had mild CVAs could hear the binaural beats. The four aphasics who had had severe CVAs could not hear them. A 2 X 2 design resulting from this study was compared using chi2 test with Yates correction and was found to be significantly different (P less than .05). Two theories are presented to explain these findings: the \"depression theory\" and the \"temporal time-sequencing theory.\" Therapeutic implications are also discussed relative to cerebral and/or brain stem involvement in the fusion of binaural stimuli.", "contents": "Application of binaural beat phenomenon with aphasic patients. We investigated whether six aphasics and six normal subjects could binaurally fuse two slightly differing frequencies of constant amplitude. The aphasics were subdivided into two groups: (1) two men who had had mild cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs) during the past 15 months; (2) four men who had had severe CVAs during the last 15 months. Two tones of different frequency levels but equal in intensity were presented dichotically to the subjects at 40 dB sensation level. All subjects had normal hearing at 500 Hz (0 to 25 dB). All six normal subjects and the two aphasics who had had mild CVAs could hear the binaural beats. The four aphasics who had had severe CVAs could not hear them. A 2 X 2 design resulting from this study was compared using chi2 test with Yates correction and was found to be significantly different (P less than .05). Two theories are presented to explain these findings: the \"depression theory\" and the \"temporal time-sequencing theory.\" Therapeutic implications are also discussed relative to cerebral and/or brain stem involvement in the fusion of binaural stimuli.", "PMID": 849195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8478", "title": "En bloc ethmoidectomy and medial maxillectomy.", "content": "A method is described which enables the surgeon to gain necessary visual access for en bloc removal of certain tumors of the nasoethmoid area. A \"medial maxillectomy\" has been performed on ten patients, three of whom underwent combined craniofacial surgery for extensive neoplasms. The procedure is especially suitable for those tumors in which piecemeal or \"shelling out\" techniques are not desirable, and in which one desires to preserve the eye, palate, and facial appearance.", "contents": "En bloc ethmoidectomy and medial maxillectomy. A method is described which enables the surgeon to gain necessary visual access for en bloc removal of certain tumors of the nasoethmoid area. A \"medial maxillectomy\" has been performed on ten patients, three of whom underwent combined craniofacial surgery for extensive neoplasms. The procedure is especially suitable for those tumors in which piecemeal or \"shelling out\" techniques are not desirable, and in which one desires to preserve the eye, palate, and facial appearance.", "PMID": 849196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8479", "title": "Hearing aid gain-setting performance of experienced users.", "content": "This study explores the ability of 30 experienced hearing aid users to reliably reset the gain of their hearing aids in a clinical sound field. The level of the sound-field stimulus was derived from an aided most comfortable level (MCL), which reflected a \"real-life\" aided gain setting. The results indicated that these subjects were able to perform all tasks with a high degree of reliability, as measured by sound field speech reception thresholds (SRT'S) AND Br\u00fcel and Kjaer acoustic analysis. Average aided operational levels for SRT and MCL were also obtained for this group.", "contents": "Hearing aid gain-setting performance of experienced users. This study explores the ability of 30 experienced hearing aid users to reliably reset the gain of their hearing aids in a clinical sound field. The level of the sound-field stimulus was derived from an aided most comfortable level (MCL), which reflected a \"real-life\" aided gain setting. The results indicated that these subjects were able to perform all tasks with a high degree of reliability, as measured by sound field speech reception thresholds (SRT'S) AND Br\u00fcel and Kjaer acoustic analysis. Average aided operational levels for SRT and MCL were also obtained for this group.", "PMID": 849197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8480", "title": "Surgical treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue: factors influencing survival.", "content": "One hundred fifty patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue (anterior two thirds) treated initially by surgery alone were analyzed and factors influencing survival were evaluated. Thirteen patients who died without evidence of disease in less than five years were excluded, leaving 137 determinate cases for review. The overall survival was 67.9%. The presence or absence of cervical node metastases appeared to be the most important determining factor in this series. The size of the primary lesion in itself did not play a substantial role in local control. However, overall survival was affected because the larger the primary lesion the higher the incidence of cervical metastases, and therefore, the lower the survival. It is concluded that partial glossectomy is effective treatment for control of localized disease (92.7%). Since cervical node metastases lowered the survival figures to 31%, it appears that more aggressive prophylactic treatment in the form of neck dissection or radiotherapy is indicated for lesions larger than 2 cm.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue: factors influencing survival. One hundred fifty patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue (anterior two thirds) treated initially by surgery alone were analyzed and factors influencing survival were evaluated. Thirteen patients who died without evidence of disease in less than five years were excluded, leaving 137 determinate cases for review. The overall survival was 67.9%. The presence or absence of cervical node metastases appeared to be the most important determining factor in this series. The size of the primary lesion in itself did not play a substantial role in local control. However, overall survival was affected because the larger the primary lesion the higher the incidence of cervical metastases, and therefore, the lower the survival. It is concluded that partial glossectomy is effective treatment for control of localized disease (92.7%). Since cervical node metastases lowered the survival figures to 31%, it appears that more aggressive prophylactic treatment in the form of neck dissection or radiotherapy is indicated for lesions larger than 2 cm.", "PMID": 849198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8481", "title": "Diagnostic speech audiometry.", "content": "The scope of speech audiometry can be expanded to provide useful diagnostic information. Comparison of performance vs intensity (Pl) functions for both phonemically balanced (PB) words and synthetic sentence identification (SSl) yields pattersn useful in differentiating among peripheral and central sites of auditory disorder.", "contents": "Diagnostic speech audiometry. The scope of speech audiometry can be expanded to provide useful diagnostic information. Comparison of performance vs intensity (Pl) functions for both phonemically balanced (PB) words and synthetic sentence identification (SSl) yields pattersn useful in differentiating among peripheral and central sites of auditory disorder.", "PMID": 849199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8482", "title": "Ventilation in secretory otitis media: effects on middle ear volume and eustachian tube function.", "content": "Conductive hearing loss due to secretory otitis media is the commonest form of hearing loss in children. Eustachian tube dysfunction is often implicated as the most important factor in the origin and course of the disease. It is well known that myringotomy, aspiration of fluid from within the middle ear, and ventilation with any one of several types of tubes will restore hearing and mobility of the tympanic membrane in the vast majority of patients. The effects of these procedures on Eustacian tube function and on middle ear and mastoid volumes, particularly on a long-term basis, have not been clearly delineated. Thirty-six children (72 ears) with secretory otitis media were studied. During the course of the disease, fluid was aspirated from the middle ear and Silastic ventilation tubes were inserted. Hearing levels, tympanogram type, middle ear volume, and Eustachian tube function were determined before and after operation. After myringotomy, aspiration of fluid, and ventilation, we found that (1) middle ear volume progressively increased during a period of three to eight months after operation; (2) Eustachian tube function remained abnormal while ventilation tubes were in place, and (3) hearing was restored to normal levels.", "contents": "Ventilation in secretory otitis media: effects on middle ear volume and eustachian tube function. Conductive hearing loss due to secretory otitis media is the commonest form of hearing loss in children. Eustachian tube dysfunction is often implicated as the most important factor in the origin and course of the disease. It is well known that myringotomy, aspiration of fluid from within the middle ear, and ventilation with any one of several types of tubes will restore hearing and mobility of the tympanic membrane in the vast majority of patients. The effects of these procedures on Eustacian tube function and on middle ear and mastoid volumes, particularly on a long-term basis, have not been clearly delineated. Thirty-six children (72 ears) with secretory otitis media were studied. During the course of the disease, fluid was aspirated from the middle ear and Silastic ventilation tubes were inserted. Hearing levels, tympanogram type, middle ear volume, and Eustachian tube function were determined before and after operation. After myringotomy, aspiration of fluid, and ventilation, we found that (1) middle ear volume progressively increased during a period of three to eight months after operation; (2) Eustachian tube function remained abnormal while ventilation tubes were in place, and (3) hearing was restored to normal levels.", "PMID": 849200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8483", "title": "Saccular mucocele and laryngeal cancer.", "content": "Saccular mucoceles are a definite entity and probably occur more frequently than is supposed. Confusion with internal laryngoceles is possibly due to lack of understanding of basic anatomy and physiology. A 49-year-old man had a saccular mucocele that was possibly associated with laryngeal cancer, although a definitive diagnosis was only made two years later. The laryngectomy specimen was serially sectioned and showed an internal laryngocele on the side that was not operated one. This patient remains alive and well four years after excision of a T4 carcinoma, although a unilateral radical neck dissection was performed two years ago.", "contents": "Saccular mucocele and laryngeal cancer. Saccular mucoceles are a definite entity and probably occur more frequently than is supposed. Confusion with internal laryngoceles is possibly due to lack of understanding of basic anatomy and physiology. A 49-year-old man had a saccular mucocele that was possibly associated with laryngeal cancer, although a definitive diagnosis was only made two years later. The laryngectomy specimen was serially sectioned and showed an internal laryngocele on the side that was not operated one. This patient remains alive and well four years after excision of a T4 carcinoma, although a unilateral radical neck dissection was performed two years ago.", "PMID": 849201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8484", "title": "The effects of sedation on the impedance test battery.", "content": "Fifteen adults, hospitalized for fiberoptic endoscopy studies, were tested under two conditions using impedance audiometry. The first series of tests was conducted prior to the fiberoptic studies and sedation; the second immediately following examination, approximately 20 minutes after sedation with diazepam (Valium) and meperidine (Demerol) hydrochloride. Sedation with diazepam and meperidine failed to have a significant effect on tympanometry, static compliance, or differential loudness. These drugs were therefore considered effective sedatives for conducting impedance studies on difficult-to-test patients. This procedure is not recommended as a routine procedure and should be done only as a last resort.", "contents": "The effects of sedation on the impedance test battery. Fifteen adults, hospitalized for fiberoptic endoscopy studies, were tested under two conditions using impedance audiometry. The first series of tests was conducted prior to the fiberoptic studies and sedation; the second immediately following examination, approximately 20 minutes after sedation with diazepam (Valium) and meperidine (Demerol) hydrochloride. Sedation with diazepam and meperidine failed to have a significant effect on tympanometry, static compliance, or differential loudness. These drugs were therefore considered effective sedatives for conducting impedance studies on difficult-to-test patients. This procedure is not recommended as a routine procedure and should be done only as a last resort.", "PMID": 849202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8485", "title": "Bone conduction speech discrimination: an indication of cochlear function in the immediate postoperative period.", "content": "We illustrate that the apparent sensorineural audiometric changes immediately following stapedectomy are not indicative of a true sensorineural type hearing loss. The cochlear changes evident by postoperative pure-tone and air conduction speech discrimination audiometric tests are not reflective of the true cochlear reserve when the procedure of bone conduction speech discrimination is used. We report 25 consecutive stapedectomy cases in which most of the one-week postoperative audiograms of stapedectomized ears revealed a mid- and high-frequency sensorineural pure-tone loss and a drop in the standard speech discrimination scores. The decrease in speech discrimination, however, was not verified when using the bone-speech discrimination test, using maximum masking in the opposite ear.", "contents": "Bone conduction speech discrimination: an indication of cochlear function in the immediate postoperative period. We illustrate that the apparent sensorineural audiometric changes immediately following stapedectomy are not indicative of a true sensorineural type hearing loss. The cochlear changes evident by postoperative pure-tone and air conduction speech discrimination audiometric tests are not reflective of the true cochlear reserve when the procedure of bone conduction speech discrimination is used. We report 25 consecutive stapedectomy cases in which most of the one-week postoperative audiograms of stapedectomized ears revealed a mid- and high-frequency sensorineural pure-tone loss and a drop in the standard speech discrimination scores. The decrease in speech discrimination, however, was not verified when using the bone-speech discrimination test, using maximum masking in the opposite ear.", "PMID": 849203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8486", "title": "Fracture of the frontal sinus in children.", "content": "Two juvenile patients, ages 5 and 8, had traumatic fractures of the frontal sinus that included involvement of the nasal-frontal ducts and posterior tables. Principles of management are discussed and the techniques for the operative procedures described. While rare in occurrence in children, it is felt that traumatic involvement of the nasal-frontal ducts or posterior tables of the frontal sinus requires an osteoplastic flap--fat obliteration of the frontal sinus cavity in order to preclude subsequent mucocele development or mucosal ingrowth into the anterior fossa.", "contents": "Fracture of the frontal sinus in children. Two juvenile patients, ages 5 and 8, had traumatic fractures of the frontal sinus that included involvement of the nasal-frontal ducts and posterior tables. Principles of management are discussed and the techniques for the operative procedures described. While rare in occurrence in children, it is felt that traumatic involvement of the nasal-frontal ducts or posterior tables of the frontal sinus requires an osteoplastic flap--fat obliteration of the frontal sinus cavity in order to preclude subsequent mucocele development or mucosal ingrowth into the anterior fossa.", "PMID": 849204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8487", "title": "Pleomorphic adenoma of the epiglottis: report of a case.", "content": "We describe the clinical and pathologic aspects of an unusual case of pleomorphic adenoma of the epiglottis. A 69-year-old man had impaired speech and a \"lumpy sensation\" in the throat. Following clinical evaluation and a diagnostic biopsy, the tumor was totally excised with excellent results. Pleomorphic adenoma of the larynx is most uncommon. To our knowledge, no report describing the clinical and pathologic features of this entity in the epiglottis or larynx has been previously reported. This is the only example of an epiglottic pleomorphic adenoma among 391 cases seen at Presbyterian-University Hospital and the Eye and Ear Hospital of Pittsburgh during a 21-year period.", "contents": "Pleomorphic adenoma of the epiglottis: report of a case. We describe the clinical and pathologic aspects of an unusual case of pleomorphic adenoma of the epiglottis. A 69-year-old man had impaired speech and a \"lumpy sensation\" in the throat. Following clinical evaluation and a diagnostic biopsy, the tumor was totally excised with excellent results. Pleomorphic adenoma of the larynx is most uncommon. To our knowledge, no report describing the clinical and pathologic features of this entity in the epiglottis or larynx has been previously reported. This is the only example of an epiglottic pleomorphic adenoma among 391 cases seen at Presbyterian-University Hospital and the Eye and Ear Hospital of Pittsburgh during a 21-year period.", "PMID": 849205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8488", "title": "Simulation of a hearing loss at long versus short test tones.", "content": "At long test tones, a hearing loss (abrupt drop at 3 kHz) is simulated in good approximation by presenting a continuous masking noise of appropriate spectral distribution to a normal ear. When shortening the test tones, the increase in threshold is systematically smaller for the impaired ear than for the ear with simulated hearing loss, showing normal temporal integration. Comparing threshold curves at long versus short test tones, for the hearing loss simulation only an upward shift is found. For the impaired ear, however, the magnitude of the hearing loss apparently increases with increasing test tone duration; moreover, the spectral characteristic of the hearing loss is quite different at long versus short test tones.", "contents": "Simulation of a hearing loss at long versus short test tones. At long test tones, a hearing loss (abrupt drop at 3 kHz) is simulated in good approximation by presenting a continuous masking noise of appropriate spectral distribution to a normal ear. When shortening the test tones, the increase in threshold is systematically smaller for the impaired ear than for the ear with simulated hearing loss, showing normal temporal integration. Comparing threshold curves at long versus short test tones, for the hearing loss simulation only an upward shift is found. For the impaired ear, however, the magnitude of the hearing loss apparently increases with increasing test tone duration; moreover, the spectral characteristic of the hearing loss is quite different at long versus short test tones.", "PMID": 849206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8489", "title": "The epizootiology of bovine ephemeral fever in Australia and Papua-New Guinea.", "content": "The epizootiology of ephemeral fever in Australia from its first recognition until 1968 was reviewed. Since 1968, ephemeral fever often in a silent form has been shown to be enzootic in northern Australia, by the use of sentinel cattle. The major epizootics which occured in 1970-1971, 1972-1974 and 1974-1975 are described. These epizootics were characterised by an apparently rapid movement of disease in a general north-south direction in summer months. Ephemeral fever antibody was detected in 11% of 1009 domesticated and feral water buffaloes.", "contents": "The epizootiology of bovine ephemeral fever in Australia and Papua-New Guinea. The epizootiology of ephemeral fever in Australia from its first recognition until 1968 was reviewed. Since 1968, ephemeral fever often in a silent form has been shown to be enzootic in northern Australia, by the use of sentinel cattle. The major epizootics which occured in 1970-1971, 1972-1974 and 1974-1975 are described. These epizootics were characterised by an apparently rapid movement of disease in a general north-south direction in summer months. Ephemeral fever antibody was detected in 11% of 1009 domesticated and feral water buffaloes.", "PMID": 849213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8490", "title": "Adaptive speech audiometry and speech discrimination space in hearing-impaired subjects.", "content": "Phonemic discrimination difficulties in a small group of patients with sensorineural hearing loss have been mapped using a new form of speech audiometry which is au automated, adaptive, audio-visual system, using a binary forced-choice response mode. Phonemic confusion patterns have been displayed in directed graph form and the cases presented here have been chosen to illustrate the potentialities of the test method for obtaining detailed information on the fine structure of speech reception in these patients.", "contents": "Adaptive speech audiometry and speech discrimination space in hearing-impaired subjects. Phonemic discrimination difficulties in a small group of patients with sensorineural hearing loss have been mapped using a new form of speech audiometry which is au automated, adaptive, audio-visual system, using a binary forced-choice response mode. Phonemic confusion patterns have been displayed in directed graph form and the cases presented here have been chosen to illustrate the potentialities of the test method for obtaining detailed information on the fine structure of speech reception in these patients.", "PMID": 849207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8491", "title": "Longitudinal Study of hearing loss in childhood. Relationship between hearing impairment, poor learning and family background.", "content": "Of the Dutch school population 0.1% suffer from a hearing loss which makes it necessary for them to attend a special school. This permanent, binaural hearing impairment is of a moderate to severe degree (degrees II and III) and adversely affects the child's linguistic skills and school performance. Of the pupils attending ordinary schools 4-5% suffer from a hearing loss which, according to the Dutch audiologist Huizing, lies on the borderline of a slight to moderate hearing impairment (degrees I and II). This loss is characterised by its temporary nature, the fact that it is monaural in 71% of the cases and that there is no evidence for its clearly affecting the learning process. The risk of hearing impairment is predominantly determined by the child's family background.", "contents": "Longitudinal Study of hearing loss in childhood. Relationship between hearing impairment, poor learning and family background. Of the Dutch school population 0.1% suffer from a hearing loss which makes it necessary for them to attend a special school. This permanent, binaural hearing impairment is of a moderate to severe degree (degrees II and III) and adversely affects the child's linguistic skills and school performance. Of the pupils attending ordinary schools 4-5% suffer from a hearing loss which, according to the Dutch audiologist Huizing, lies on the borderline of a slight to moderate hearing impairment (degrees I and II). This loss is characterised by its temporary nature, the fact that it is monaural in 71% of the cases and that there is no evidence for its clearly affecting the learning process. The risk of hearing impairment is predominantly determined by the child's family background.", "PMID": 849208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8492", "title": "The occurrence of the intestinal fluke Sphaeridiotrema globulus in domestic ducks in New South Wales.", "content": "A mortality in muscovy ducklings caused by infection with the intestinal fluke, S. globulus, is described. The disease was characterised by depression, anorexia, wasting, diarrhoea and high mortality. The major pathological lesions were associated with the attachment sites of the flukes and consisted of severe enteritis with ulceration, principally affecting the jejunum, but also involving the duodenum and ileum. Experimental infections were produced in ducklings by oral administration of either G. austrialis infected with S. globulus metacercariae or S. globulus metacercariae or S. globulus metacercariae. The small, dextral, operculate snail G. australis was identified as the intermediate host and G. australis and an unidentified planorbid as transport hosts. L. tomentosa was also able to be a transport host. The epidemiology of the outbreak and aspects of acquired resistance are presented.", "contents": "The occurrence of the intestinal fluke Sphaeridiotrema globulus in domestic ducks in New South Wales. A mortality in muscovy ducklings caused by infection with the intestinal fluke, S. globulus, is described. The disease was characterised by depression, anorexia, wasting, diarrhoea and high mortality. The major pathological lesions were associated with the attachment sites of the flukes and consisted of severe enteritis with ulceration, principally affecting the jejunum, but also involving the duodenum and ileum. Experimental infections were produced in ducklings by oral administration of either G. austrialis infected with S. globulus metacercariae or S. globulus metacercariae or S. globulus metacercariae. The small, dextral, operculate snail G. australis was identified as the intermediate host and G. australis and an unidentified planorbid as transport hosts. L. tomentosa was also able to be a transport host. The epidemiology of the outbreak and aspects of acquired resistance are presented.", "PMID": 849214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8493", "title": "Presbyacusis, hearing aids and aging.", "content": "This paper considers the factors of presbyacusis and age-related psychological changes in older adults in terms of their effects on the use or potential use of hearing aids as a means of improving aural communication. Data are presented on the prevalence of hearing impairment and the extent of hearing aid use in aging listeners. Four major classes of presbyacusis are described (sensory, neural, metabolic, and cochlear conduvtive) and a hearing aid prognosis is made for each type of disorder. It is shown that aging produces deficits in pure-tone thresholds, the speech reception threshold, and speech discrimination, but not all losses can be 'corrected' with a hearing aid. Binaural (stereophonic) devices are psychoacoustically superior to monaural devices; however, behavioral and personality changes in older patients often create problems of adaptation to the binaural aid. These changes may also affect the fitting of an aid and the patient's ability to learn to use it. Some practical suggestions are offered on the evaluation of hearing aids and it is emphasized that adequate orientation and counseling are typically required if hearing aid treatment is to be successful in presbyacusis.", "contents": "Presbyacusis, hearing aids and aging. This paper considers the factors of presbyacusis and age-related psychological changes in older adults in terms of their effects on the use or potential use of hearing aids as a means of improving aural communication. Data are presented on the prevalence of hearing impairment and the extent of hearing aid use in aging listeners. Four major classes of presbyacusis are described (sensory, neural, metabolic, and cochlear conduvtive) and a hearing aid prognosis is made for each type of disorder. It is shown that aging produces deficits in pure-tone thresholds, the speech reception threshold, and speech discrimination, but not all losses can be 'corrected' with a hearing aid. Binaural (stereophonic) devices are psychoacoustically superior to monaural devices; however, behavioral and personality changes in older patients often create problems of adaptation to the binaural aid. These changes may also affect the fitting of an aid and the patient's ability to learn to use it. Some practical suggestions are offered on the evaluation of hearing aids and it is emphasized that adequate orientation and counseling are typically required if hearing aid treatment is to be successful in presbyacusis.", "PMID": 849209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8494", "title": "Immunogenicity of Australian lentogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus.", "content": "Seven-week-old chickens vaccinated oronasally with V4 and CT strains of Australian lentogenic strains of NDV were immune to intramuscular challenge with Herts 33 and Texas GB strains of virulent NDV. Vaccination of 1- and 3-week-old chickens with V4 strain by oronasal, conjunctival and drinking water routes using various doses of virus demonstrated that chickens were immune to oronasal challenge with Fontana 1083 strain of virulent NDV except where low doses of vaccine virus were administered. One 6- and 36-week-old chickens vaccinated oronasally with CT strain of virus remained immune to oronasal challenge with Fontana 1083 strain for 9 weeks after vaccination. Immunity was waning at 16 weeks after a single vaccination with CT strain.", "contents": "Immunogenicity of Australian lentogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus. Seven-week-old chickens vaccinated oronasally with V4 and CT strains of Australian lentogenic strains of NDV were immune to intramuscular challenge with Herts 33 and Texas GB strains of virulent NDV. Vaccination of 1- and 3-week-old chickens with V4 strain by oronasal, conjunctival and drinking water routes using various doses of virus demonstrated that chickens were immune to oronasal challenge with Fontana 1083 strain of virulent NDV except where low doses of vaccine virus were administered. One 6- and 36-week-old chickens vaccinated oronasally with CT strain of virus remained immune to oronasal challenge with Fontana 1083 strain for 9 weeks after vaccination. Immunity was waning at 16 weeks after a single vaccination with CT strain.", "PMID": 849215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8495", "title": "Polioencephalomalacia of sheep and cattle.", "content": "Polioencephalomalacia was confirmed histologically in Western Australia in sheep from 100 farms and cattle from 14 farms during the period 1965 to 1974. The condition affected sheep and cattle in good physical condition of all ages, throughout the year. Mortality rates in sheep flocks ranged from less than 1% to in excess of 10% and occurred under a number of management systems.", "contents": "Polioencephalomalacia of sheep and cattle. Polioencephalomalacia was confirmed histologically in Western Australia in sheep from 100 farms and cattle from 14 farms during the period 1965 to 1974. The condition affected sheep and cattle in good physical condition of all ages, throughout the year. Mortality rates in sheep flocks ranged from less than 1% to in excess of 10% and occurred under a number of management systems.", "PMID": 849216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8496", "title": "Paralysis of calves by the tick, Ixodes Holocyclus.", "content": "Adult female Ixodes holocyclus were collected from the field at Fig Tree Pocket, a Brisbane suburb, at Tamborine Mountain, Queensland and at Lismore, New South Wales, in November 1974. Females were also reared from engorged nymphs collected off bandicoots from Tamborine Mountain July 1974 and 1975. In November 1974 unexposed 2-3 week old British breed calves, weighing between 26 and 46 kg were infested with 2,4,8 or 10 ticks. Neither 2 nor 4 females per calf caused paralysis. A challenge of 8 to 10 females induced paralysis 6 to 9 days after infestation by which time most ticks had engorged. There was little difference between ticks from different geographic localities. The site of attachment had no influence on tick toxicity. In September 1975, 2-3 week old British breed and Sahiwal x Jersey calves were infested with female ticks which had moulted 2-4 weeks prior to infestation. All but one calf with 10 ticks and all calves with 4 ticks became paralysed 8 to 13 days after infestation. At the time of paralysis only 1 of the 86 ticks had engorged and the remainder were small (30 to 50 mg). The greater toxicity of the latter ticks may have been due to the different treatment of ticks prior to infestation or to variations in the production of toxin associated with slow feeding. Four of 7 paralysed calves were saved using canine antitick serum.", "contents": "Paralysis of calves by the tick, Ixodes Holocyclus. Adult female Ixodes holocyclus were collected from the field at Fig Tree Pocket, a Brisbane suburb, at Tamborine Mountain, Queensland and at Lismore, New South Wales, in November 1974. Females were also reared from engorged nymphs collected off bandicoots from Tamborine Mountain July 1974 and 1975. In November 1974 unexposed 2-3 week old British breed calves, weighing between 26 and 46 kg were infested with 2,4,8 or 10 ticks. Neither 2 nor 4 females per calf caused paralysis. A challenge of 8 to 10 females induced paralysis 6 to 9 days after infestation by which time most ticks had engorged. There was little difference between ticks from different geographic localities. The site of attachment had no influence on tick toxicity. In September 1975, 2-3 week old British breed and Sahiwal x Jersey calves were infested with female ticks which had moulted 2-4 weeks prior to infestation. All but one calf with 10 ticks and all calves with 4 ticks became paralysed 8 to 13 days after infestation. At the time of paralysis only 1 of the 86 ticks had engorged and the remainder were small (30 to 50 mg). The greater toxicity of the latter ticks may have been due to the different treatment of ticks prior to infestation or to variations in the production of toxin associated with slow feeding. Four of 7 paralysed calves were saved using canine antitick serum.", "PMID": 849217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8497", "title": "Threshold and suprathreshold temporal integration function in normal and cochlear-impaired subjects.", "content": "Auditory and acoustic reflex threshold temporal integration slopes were obtained for 20 normally hearing and 20 cochlear-impaired subjects. For both groups, the results at auditory threshold are similar to findings reported by other investigators. For the normally hearing subjects, suprathreshold slopes approximated those obtained at auditory threshold. The sensorineural group, however, demonstrated steeper slopes at suprathreshold levels than at auditory threshold. Therefore, at suprathreshold levels there were no significant differences between the slopes of the two groups. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Threshold and suprathreshold temporal integration function in normal and cochlear-impaired subjects. Auditory and acoustic reflex threshold temporal integration slopes were obtained for 20 normally hearing and 20 cochlear-impaired subjects. For both groups, the results at auditory threshold are similar to findings reported by other investigators. For the normally hearing subjects, suprathreshold slopes approximated those obtained at auditory threshold. The sensorineural group, however, demonstrated steeper slopes at suprathreshold levels than at auditory threshold. Therefore, at suprathreshold levels there were no significant differences between the slopes of the two groups. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 849211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8498", "title": "Chromosomal location of soluble glutamic-pyruvic transaminase-1 (Gpt-1) in the mouse.", "content": "Three alleles at the Gpt-1 (glutamic-pyruvic transaminase-1) locus in the mouse, as identified by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate, and their distribution among inbred mouse strains and wild stocks are described. The Gpt-1 locus was shown to control the soluble form of the enzyme. Three-point linkage analysis established th location of Gpt-1 on chromosome 15 between uw and bt. In addition, a new staining procedure is described that allows the visualization of GPT activity on gels by the deposition of formazan. This is an improvement over previous methods that produced bands of nonfluorescence against a fluorescent background.", "contents": "Chromosomal location of soluble glutamic-pyruvic transaminase-1 (Gpt-1) in the mouse. Three alleles at the Gpt-1 (glutamic-pyruvic transaminase-1) locus in the mouse, as identified by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate, and their distribution among inbred mouse strains and wild stocks are described. The Gpt-1 locus was shown to control the soluble form of the enzyme. Three-point linkage analysis established th location of Gpt-1 on chromosome 15 between uw and bt. In addition, a new staining procedure is described that allows the visualization of GPT activity on gels by the deposition of formazan. This is an improvement over previous methods that produced bands of nonfluorescence against a fluorescent background.", "PMID": 849243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8499", "title": "Experiments with beta-chain variants of the hemoglobin of Mus musculus.", "content": "Starch gel electrophoretic and ultracentrifuge methods failed to demonstrate any differences between the hemoglobins of mice of the Shanghai and HBBP/Cag strains and crosses among these strains. The apparent identity of these hemoglobins is thought to stem from the contribution of Asian mice to the British mouse fancy from which the laboratory strains have Hbb-p in part descend. Maleate buffer of pH 7 or above can be used to prevent the formation of disulfide-bridged dimers of mouse hemoblobins. However, the minor electrophoretic bands of Hbb-p and Hbb-d react with approximately twice as much maleate as the major bands of each of these hemoglobins, although the minor bands like the major contain only one free cysteine group per beta chain. This can be explained by the alkylation of the epsilon-amino of lysine residue beta76, but some evidence for the alkylation of histidine in the minor band of Hbb-p is also presented.", "contents": "Experiments with beta-chain variants of the hemoglobin of Mus musculus. Starch gel electrophoretic and ultracentrifuge methods failed to demonstrate any differences between the hemoglobins of mice of the Shanghai and HBBP/Cag strains and crosses among these strains. The apparent identity of these hemoglobins is thought to stem from the contribution of Asian mice to the British mouse fancy from which the laboratory strains have Hbb-p in part descend. Maleate buffer of pH 7 or above can be used to prevent the formation of disulfide-bridged dimers of mouse hemoblobins. However, the minor electrophoretic bands of Hbb-p and Hbb-d react with approximately twice as much maleate as the major bands of each of these hemoglobins, although the minor bands like the major contain only one free cysteine group per beta chain. This can be explained by the alkylation of the epsilon-amino of lysine residue beta76, but some evidence for the alkylation of histidine in the minor band of Hbb-p is also presented.", "PMID": 849244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8500", "title": "Inheritance in mice of the membrane anchor protein egasyn: the Eg locus determines egasyn levels.", "content": "Previous studies have suggested that the binding of mouse flucuronidase to endoplasmic reticulum membrane is stabilized by the membrane protein egasyn. Using a radioimmunoassay for egasyn, we have now examined the inheritance of egasyn levels in mice. Mice of the inbred strain C57BL/6J, which have normal levels of microsomal glucuronidase, contained 56 +/- 10 mug egasyn per gram of liver. Mice of the inbred strain YBR, which carry the Eg0 mutation resulting in the absence of microsomal glucuronidase, did not contain detectable levels of egasyn. The F1 progeny of these two strains contained intermediate levels of egasyn, 25 +/- 4 mug egasyn per gram of liver. Progeny from the backcross of these F1 animals to YBR were distributed equally into two discrete phenotypic classes. One class lacked both egasyn and microsomal glucuronidase, while the other class contained 25 +/- 3 mug egasyn per gram of liver and contained normal levels of microsomal glucuronidase. Thus egasyn levels are determined by the Eg locus and show additive inheritance. These results suggest that the Eg gene codes for egasyn and that it is the inability to produce egasyn that results in a deficiency of microsomal glucuronidase in the Eg0 mutant.", "contents": "Inheritance in mice of the membrane anchor protein egasyn: the Eg locus determines egasyn levels. Previous studies have suggested that the binding of mouse flucuronidase to endoplasmic reticulum membrane is stabilized by the membrane protein egasyn. Using a radioimmunoassay for egasyn, we have now examined the inheritance of egasyn levels in mice. Mice of the inbred strain C57BL/6J, which have normal levels of microsomal glucuronidase, contained 56 +/- 10 mug egasyn per gram of liver. Mice of the inbred strain YBR, which carry the Eg0 mutation resulting in the absence of microsomal glucuronidase, did not contain detectable levels of egasyn. The F1 progeny of these two strains contained intermediate levels of egasyn, 25 +/- 4 mug egasyn per gram of liver. Progeny from the backcross of these F1 animals to YBR were distributed equally into two discrete phenotypic classes. One class lacked both egasyn and microsomal glucuronidase, while the other class contained 25 +/- 3 mug egasyn per gram of liver and contained normal levels of microsomal glucuronidase. Thus egasyn levels are determined by the Eg locus and show additive inheritance. These results suggest that the Eg gene codes for egasyn and that it is the inability to produce egasyn that results in a deficiency of microsomal glucuronidase in the Eg0 mutant.", "PMID": 849245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8501", "title": "Relationship between enzyme heterozygosity and quaternary structure.", "content": "The need for proteins to maintain particular quarternary structures constrains variability in amino acid sequence. Monomeric enzymes are then expected to be more variable than dimeric forms, which in turn are expected to be more variable than tetrameric forms. These predictions are confirmed by analysis of available data on enzyme variation. Theories relating enzyme heterozygosity to metabolic function are discussed in the light of these findings.", "contents": "Relationship between enzyme heterozygosity and quaternary structure. The need for proteins to maintain particular quarternary structures constrains variability in amino acid sequence. Monomeric enzymes are then expected to be more variable than dimeric forms, which in turn are expected to be more variable than tetrameric forms. These predictions are confirmed by analysis of available data on enzyme variation. Theories relating enzyme heterozygosity to metabolic function are discussed in the light of these findings.", "PMID": 849246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8502", "title": "Allelic expression in intergeneric fox hybrids (Alopex lagopus x Vulpes vulpes). II. Erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in Artic and silver foxes: purification and properties.", "content": "The functional properties of purified glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) from the erythrocytes of Artic foxes (Alopex lagopus) and silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were investigated. It was found that pH optima for G6P D range from 8.15 to 8.25 in Arctic foxes and from 10.2 to 10.4 in silver foxes. For G6P, the estimated Km values were 74 X 10(-6) M (at pH 8.2) and 166 X 10(-6) M (at pH 10.2) in Artic foxes and 58 X 10(-6) M (at pH 10.2) and 40 X 10(-6) M (at pH 8.2) in silver foxes. The Km values for NADP were estimated as 62 X 10(-6) M (at pH 8.2) and 86 X 10(-6) M (at pH 10.2) in the Artic foxes and 15 X 10(-6) M (at pH 10.2) and 12 X 10(-6) M (at pH 8.2) in the silver foxes. It was found that Mg2+ ions exert a significant activating effect on G6P D in the Arctic fox and do not affect appreciably its activity in the silver fox. The experimental data indicate that slight differences in the electrophoretic mobility of G6P D are associated with considerable functional differences in this enzyme between the two fox species.", "contents": "Allelic expression in intergeneric fox hybrids (Alopex lagopus x Vulpes vulpes). II. Erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in Artic and silver foxes: purification and properties. The functional properties of purified glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) from the erythrocytes of Artic foxes (Alopex lagopus) and silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were investigated. It was found that pH optima for G6P D range from 8.15 to 8.25 in Arctic foxes and from 10.2 to 10.4 in silver foxes. For G6P, the estimated Km values were 74 X 10(-6) M (at pH 8.2) and 166 X 10(-6) M (at pH 10.2) in Artic foxes and 58 X 10(-6) M (at pH 10.2) and 40 X 10(-6) M (at pH 8.2) in silver foxes. The Km values for NADP were estimated as 62 X 10(-6) M (at pH 8.2) and 86 X 10(-6) M (at pH 10.2) in the Artic foxes and 15 X 10(-6) M (at pH 10.2) and 12 X 10(-6) M (at pH 8.2) in the silver foxes. It was found that Mg2+ ions exert a significant activating effect on G6P D in the Arctic fox and do not affect appreciably its activity in the silver fox. The experimental data indicate that slight differences in the electrophoretic mobility of G6P D are associated with considerable functional differences in this enzyme between the two fox species.", "PMID": 849247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8503", "title": "Gene-dependent flavonoid glucosyltransferase in maize.", "content": "A direct relationship between a specific gene and a specific enzyme involved in flavonoid biosynthesis is reported for the gene Bz and uridine diphosphoglucose: quercetin glucosyltransferase in maize pollin, seedlings, and seeds. Ratios are presented for specific activities of the glucosyltransferase from pollen, seed, and seedling tissues homozygous and heterozygous for Bz and homozygous for bz.", "contents": "Gene-dependent flavonoid glucosyltransferase in maize. A direct relationship between a specific gene and a specific enzyme involved in flavonoid biosynthesis is reported for the gene Bz and uridine diphosphoglucose: quercetin glucosyltransferase in maize pollin, seedlings, and seeds. Ratios are presented for specific activities of the glucosyltransferase from pollen, seed, and seedling tissues homozygous and heterozygous for Bz and homozygous for bz.", "PMID": 849249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8504", "title": "Biochemical genetics of Chinese hamster cell mutants with deviant purine metabolism. VI. Enzymatic studies of two mutants unable to convert inosinic acid to adenylic acid.", "content": "Ade-H and ade-I are two auxotrophic mutants of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells which specifically require adenine as the purine source to grow. The enzymatic defects of these mutants were examined in cell-free extracts. It was found that ade-H did not have any detectable adenylosuccinate synthetase activity and ade-I was defective in the adenylosuccinate lyase enzyme. The relevance of adenine-requiring mutants to the study of the regulation of purine metabolism in mammalian cells is discussed.", "contents": "Biochemical genetics of Chinese hamster cell mutants with deviant purine metabolism. VI. Enzymatic studies of two mutants unable to convert inosinic acid to adenylic acid. Ade-H and ade-I are two auxotrophic mutants of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells which specifically require adenine as the purine source to grow. The enzymatic defects of these mutants were examined in cell-free extracts. It was found that ade-H did not have any detectable adenylosuccinate synthetase activity and ade-I was defective in the adenylosuccinate lyase enzyme. The relevance of adenine-requiring mutants to the study of the regulation of purine metabolism in mammalian cells is discussed.", "PMID": 849250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8505", "title": "A gene apparently determining the extent of sialylation of lysosomal alpha-mannosidase in mouse liver.", "content": "Organ-specific electrophoretic heterogeneity of lysosomal alpha-mannosidase has been observed within individual strains of inbred mice. Polymorphism between C57BL/6J and CBA/J for liver lysosomal alpha-mannosidase is determined by a single genetic locus on chromosome 5 and appears to be the result of differences in sialylation of the lysosomal enzyme. Two different patterns of expression of development of the liver electrophoretic forms have been observed.", "contents": "A gene apparently determining the extent of sialylation of lysosomal alpha-mannosidase in mouse liver. Organ-specific electrophoretic heterogeneity of lysosomal alpha-mannosidase has been observed within individual strains of inbred mice. Polymorphism between C57BL/6J and CBA/J for liver lysosomal alpha-mannosidase is determined by a single genetic locus on chromosome 5 and appears to be the result of differences in sialylation of the lysosomal enzyme. Two different patterns of expression of development of the liver electrophoretic forms have been observed.", "PMID": 849251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8506", "title": "Location of chromosomal control of GA-induced enzyme release by distal half-grains of wheat.", "content": "The three enzymes, alpha-amylase, peroxidase, and acid phosphatase, are among those released by the aleurone of bread wheat, Triticum aestivum, as a direct response to gibberellins (GA) from the embryo during germination. Aneuploid genotypes are used to investigate the chromosomal location, nature, and extent of genetic control of the release of these enzymes in endosperms after induction by exogenous GA. Ditelosomics demonstrate the effect of removal of known chromosome arms, and tetrasomics show the effect of duplication of chromosome pairs. Quantitative analysis demonstrates complex control systems over and above those previously found using zymogram techniques. For alpha-amylase, chromosome arms with net promoter effects and chromosomes with net inhibitor effects were found. These effects were not chromosome-dosage responsive, unlike the promoter-inhibitor system found for acid phosphatase control. Peroxidase levels in the endosperms were generally high in both types of aneuploids. With one exception, all chromosomes showing involvement as ditelosomics showed a similar effect as tetrasomics, indicating that in the euploid a balanced state restricting, rather than promoting, peroxidase levels existed.", "contents": "Location of chromosomal control of GA-induced enzyme release by distal half-grains of wheat. The three enzymes, alpha-amylase, peroxidase, and acid phosphatase, are among those released by the aleurone of bread wheat, Triticum aestivum, as a direct response to gibberellins (GA) from the embryo during germination. Aneuploid genotypes are used to investigate the chromosomal location, nature, and extent of genetic control of the release of these enzymes in endosperms after induction by exogenous GA. Ditelosomics demonstrate the effect of removal of known chromosome arms, and tetrasomics show the effect of duplication of chromosome pairs. Quantitative analysis demonstrates complex control systems over and above those previously found using zymogram techniques. For alpha-amylase, chromosome arms with net promoter effects and chromosomes with net inhibitor effects were found. These effects were not chromosome-dosage responsive, unlike the promoter-inhibitor system found for acid phosphatase control. Peroxidase levels in the endosperms were generally high in both types of aneuploids. With one exception, all chromosomes showing involvement as ditelosomics showed a similar effect as tetrasomics, indicating that in the euploid a balanced state restricting, rather than promoting, peroxidase levels existed.", "PMID": 849252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8507", "title": "Inheritance of amylases in blood serum of cattle.", "content": "Serum amylase variants are demonstrated by means of starch gel and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Phenotypes, allele frequencies, and segregation data for Am1 and Am2 in the cattle breed Deutsche Schwarzbunte are given. Demonstration of Am2 amylases was better in polyacrylamide gels and more isoenzymes were identified than in starch gels. The variants of Am1 amylases found in STAGE could not be reproduced in PAGE by means of the described methods. Both enzyme systems seem to be profoundly different in their molecular constitution and action. For the animals, these differences could be of advantage in the adaption to external influences.", "contents": "Inheritance of amylases in blood serum of cattle. Serum amylase variants are demonstrated by means of starch gel and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Phenotypes, allele frequencies, and segregation data for Am1 and Am2 in the cattle breed Deutsche Schwarzbunte are given. Demonstration of Am2 amylases was better in polyacrylamide gels and more isoenzymes were identified than in starch gels. The variants of Am1 amylases found in STAGE could not be reproduced in PAGE by means of the described methods. Both enzyme systems seem to be profoundly different in their molecular constitution and action. For the animals, these differences could be of advantage in the adaption to external influences.", "PMID": 849253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8508", "title": "Effect of a coat color locus on kidney lysosomal glycosidases in the house mouse.", "content": "Activities of three lysosomal glycosidases, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, and N-acetyl-beta-hexosaminidase, have been shown to differ in bf/bf and bf/+ mice. Thus bf/bf mice usually have much higher activities of these enzymes in their kidney cells than bf/+ animals. There seem, however, to be some exceptions to this general pattern, especially for galactosidase of females from the C57BL/6J strain. A likely interpretation of the difference is that the bf locus has pleiotropic effects. An alternative explanation, less likely, is that a gene closely linked to bf is involved. There is also a differential response to dihydrotestosterone in different groups of mice reflected in activity changes of the three enzymes.", "contents": "Effect of a coat color locus on kidney lysosomal glycosidases in the house mouse. Activities of three lysosomal glycosidases, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, and N-acetyl-beta-hexosaminidase, have been shown to differ in bf/bf and bf/+ mice. Thus bf/bf mice usually have much higher activities of these enzymes in their kidney cells than bf/+ animals. There seem, however, to be some exceptions to this general pattern, especially for galactosidase of females from the C57BL/6J strain. A likely interpretation of the difference is that the bf locus has pleiotropic effects. An alternative explanation, less likely, is that a gene closely linked to bf is involved. There is also a differential response to dihydrotestosterone in different groups of mice reflected in activity changes of the three enzymes.", "PMID": 849254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8509", "title": "Electrophoresis of human l-glutamate dehydrogenase: tissue distribution and preliminary population survey.", "content": "A method for the starch gel electrophoresis of human L-glutamate dehydrogenase (GLUD) is described, as is the tissue distribution of GLUD detected by this method. Extracts of livers from 200 Whites were analyzed without demonstration of an electrophoretic variant. The molecular size was estimated to be 330,000 and the isoelectric point pH 4.83.", "contents": "Electrophoresis of human l-glutamate dehydrogenase: tissue distribution and preliminary population survey. A method for the starch gel electrophoresis of human L-glutamate dehydrogenase (GLUD) is described, as is the tissue distribution of GLUD detected by this method. Extracts of livers from 200 Whites were analyzed without demonstration of an electrophoretic variant. The molecular size was estimated to be 330,000 and the isoelectric point pH 4.83.", "PMID": 849255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8510", "title": "Salivary peroxidase (SAPX): genetic modification and relationship to the proline-rich (Pr) and acidic (Pa) proteins.", "content": "There is genetic polymorphism of the peroxidase of human saliva, but not of leukocytes. The phenotypes are determined by autosomal inheritance, the phenotype of fast mobility (SAPX 1) being determined by homozygosity for a recessive gene (SAPX1) and the phenotypes of slow mobility (SAPX 2 and SAPX 3) being determined by two different genes, SAPX2 and SAPX3, with completely dominant expression at the same locus. The phenotypes are modified by varying degrees of endogenous proteolysis. The SAPX 2 and SAPX 3 types appear to be genetically controlled modifications of SAPX 1 rather than different primary gene products, because of their completely dominant inheritance, their larger molecular size compared to SAPX 1, and their dissociation with 2-mercaptoethanol to give SAPX 1. The acidic protein type Pa 1 is always found in association with SAPX 2, and an uncommon variant type Pa 2 is associated with SAPX 3. The most likely hypothesis is that the genes Pa1 and Pa2 produce products which modify the SAPX 1 type. When the Pa type is Pa 0, the SAPX phenotype is SAPX 1. Since 2-mercaptoethanol can dissociate the Pa 1 protein into a probable monomeric form, and can dissociate SAPX 2 and SAPX 3 to give SAPX 1, it is probable that Pa 1 and Pa 2 monomers complex with SAPX 1 through disulfide bonds to give SAPX 2 or SAPX 3 types. The frequencies of the genes determining the SAPX types are the same as those for Pa: SAPX1 and Pa0 = 0.787, SAPX2 and Pa1 = 0.208, SAPX3 and Pa2 = 0.005.", "contents": "Salivary peroxidase (SAPX): genetic modification and relationship to the proline-rich (Pr) and acidic (Pa) proteins. There is genetic polymorphism of the peroxidase of human saliva, but not of leukocytes. The phenotypes are determined by autosomal inheritance, the phenotype of fast mobility (SAPX 1) being determined by homozygosity for a recessive gene (SAPX1) and the phenotypes of slow mobility (SAPX 2 and SAPX 3) being determined by two different genes, SAPX2 and SAPX3, with completely dominant expression at the same locus. The phenotypes are modified by varying degrees of endogenous proteolysis. The SAPX 2 and SAPX 3 types appear to be genetically controlled modifications of SAPX 1 rather than different primary gene products, because of their completely dominant inheritance, their larger molecular size compared to SAPX 1, and their dissociation with 2-mercaptoethanol to give SAPX 1. The acidic protein type Pa 1 is always found in association with SAPX 2, and an uncommon variant type Pa 2 is associated with SAPX 3. The most likely hypothesis is that the genes Pa1 and Pa2 produce products which modify the SAPX 1 type. When the Pa type is Pa 0, the SAPX phenotype is SAPX 1. Since 2-mercaptoethanol can dissociate the Pa 1 protein into a probable monomeric form, and can dissociate SAPX 2 and SAPX 3 to give SAPX 1, it is probable that Pa 1 and Pa 2 monomers complex with SAPX 1 through disulfide bonds to give SAPX 2 or SAPX 3 types. The frequencies of the genes determining the SAPX types are the same as those for Pa: SAPX1 and Pa0 = 0.787, SAPX2 and Pa1 = 0.208, SAPX3 and Pa2 = 0.005.", "PMID": 849256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8511", "title": "Bile salts of the lungfishes Lepidosiren, Neoceratodus and Protopterus and those of the coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae Smith.", "content": "1. Bile salts of the coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae Smith (five specimens) and of the three living genera of lungfish (Dipnoi) were examined as completely as possible and compared. 2. The small 'bile acid' fractions include no more than traces of well-known C27 or C24 acids (free or conjugated) and the functioning bile salts must be regarded as alcohol sulphates. 3. Comparison of the alcohols suggest that (a) Latimeria stands biochemically outside the animal group which includes the Dipnoi, (b) Protopterus and Lepidosiren are more closely related to one another than either is to Neoceratodus, (c) all four primitive osteiychtheans have some amphibian affinities, (d) there are affinities between Latimeria and Dipnoi and ostariophysan families (especially Cyprinidae and Catostomidae) and (e) there are biochemical links between Dipnoi and lampreys.", "contents": "Bile salts of the lungfishes Lepidosiren, Neoceratodus and Protopterus and those of the coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae Smith. 1. Bile salts of the coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae Smith (five specimens) and of the three living genera of lungfish (Dipnoi) were examined as completely as possible and compared. 2. The small 'bile acid' fractions include no more than traces of well-known C27 or C24 acids (free or conjugated) and the functioning bile salts must be regarded as alcohol sulphates. 3. Comparison of the alcohols suggest that (a) Latimeria stands biochemically outside the animal group which includes the Dipnoi, (b) Protopterus and Lepidosiren are more closely related to one another than either is to Neoceratodus, (c) all four primitive osteiychtheans have some amphibian affinities, (d) there are affinities between Latimeria and Dipnoi and ostariophysan families (especially Cyprinidae and Catostomidae) and (e) there are biochemical links between Dipnoi and lampreys.", "PMID": 849257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8512", "title": "Mechanism of anticholinesterase activities of cardiotoxin, protamine and polylysine.", "content": "Cardiotoxin, protamine and polylysine are potent inhibitors of various cholinesterases. CaCl2 and MgCl2 overcome the inhibition. The order of addition of the inhibitor and the protecting agent (MgCl2) influences the final degree of the inhibition observed. These findings suggest that cardiotoxin, protamine and polylysine inhibit cholinesterases by the ionic binding of their basic groups with the anionic sites of cholinesterase molecules.", "contents": "Mechanism of anticholinesterase activities of cardiotoxin, protamine and polylysine. Cardiotoxin, protamine and polylysine are potent inhibitors of various cholinesterases. CaCl2 and MgCl2 overcome the inhibition. The order of addition of the inhibitor and the protecting agent (MgCl2) influences the final degree of the inhibition observed. These findings suggest that cardiotoxin, protamine and polylysine inhibit cholinesterases by the ionic binding of their basic groups with the anionic sites of cholinesterase molecules.", "PMID": 849258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8513", "title": "Biospecific-elution chromatography with 'imphilytes' as stationary phases.", "content": "Six out of seven enzymes tested (four of them nicotinamide nucleotide-dependent dehydrogenases) showed differences in chromatographic behaviour in the presence and absence of their biospecific ligands, when chromatographed on immobilized amphipathic ampholytes ('imphilytes') as stationary phases. Some enzymes were adsorbed more tightly, others less tightly, in the presence of ligands. These results have implications for enzyme purification in general, and for some types of affinity chromatography in particular.", "contents": "Biospecific-elution chromatography with 'imphilytes' as stationary phases. Six out of seven enzymes tested (four of them nicotinamide nucleotide-dependent dehydrogenases) showed differences in chromatographic behaviour in the presence and absence of their biospecific ligands, when chromatographed on immobilized amphipathic ampholytes ('imphilytes') as stationary phases. Some enzymes were adsorbed more tightly, others less tightly, in the presence of ligands. These results have implications for enzyme purification in general, and for some types of affinity chromatography in particular.", "PMID": 849259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8514", "title": "Amino acid sequence of the N-terminal forty-two amino acid residues of the C chain of subcomponent C1q of the first component of human complement.", "content": "1. The sequence of the N-terminal 42 amino acid residues and the identity of residue 45 of the C chain of subcomponent C1q were established by the use of the automatic protein sequencer. 2. A comparison of the amino acid sequences of the A and C chains of subcomponent C1q shows that they are identical at 18 positions out of the first 45. However, 12 of the amino acid residues in the positions of identity are glycine residues occurring in the repeating triplet sequence Gly-X-Y. 3. Position 36 in the C chain was found to be alanine, which was unexpected since the residue in this position would have to be glycine if the repeating triplet sequence Gly-X-Y were to extend, uniformly, throughout the entire length of the C-chain collagen-like region. This break in the repeating triplet sequence would prevent residue 36 in the C chain from taking part in collagen-like triple-helix formation. 4. The sequence information presented here therefore indicates that there should be a break, or distortion, located approximately half-way along each of the six collagen-like triple-helical regions proposed to be present in subcomponent C1q [Reid & Porter (1976) Biochem. J. 155, 19-23] and this is consistent with what is seen in electron micrographs of intact and pepsin-digested subcomponent C1q.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of the N-terminal forty-two amino acid residues of the C chain of subcomponent C1q of the first component of human complement. 1. The sequence of the N-terminal 42 amino acid residues and the identity of residue 45 of the C chain of subcomponent C1q were established by the use of the automatic protein sequencer. 2. A comparison of the amino acid sequences of the A and C chains of subcomponent C1q shows that they are identical at 18 positions out of the first 45. However, 12 of the amino acid residues in the positions of identity are glycine residues occurring in the repeating triplet sequence Gly-X-Y. 3. Position 36 in the C chain was found to be alanine, which was unexpected since the residue in this position would have to be glycine if the repeating triplet sequence Gly-X-Y were to extend, uniformly, throughout the entire length of the C-chain collagen-like region. This break in the repeating triplet sequence would prevent residue 36 in the C chain from taking part in collagen-like triple-helix formation. 4. The sequence information presented here therefore indicates that there should be a break, or distortion, located approximately half-way along each of the six collagen-like triple-helical regions proposed to be present in subcomponent C1q [Reid & Porter (1976) Biochem. J. 155, 19-23] and this is consistent with what is seen in electron micrographs of intact and pepsin-digested subcomponent C1q.", "PMID": 849260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8515", "title": "Multiple enzyme purifications from muscle extracts by using affinity-elution-chromatographic procedures.", "content": "1. Starting with (NH4)2SO4 fractions of muscle extracts, procedures for purifying four to six separate enzymes from each fraction by using affinity-elution-chromatographic techniques are described. 2. Schemes for purifying 12 separate enzymes from rabbit muscle, and eight from chicken muscle extracts, are included. In nearly all cases the overall procedure involves three steps: the initial (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, the ion-exchange chromatography with affinity elution of the enzyme, and gel filtration. The specific activities of the enzymes so purified are comparable with the highest values in the literature. 3. The five schemes described include illustrations of affinity elution of the separate enzymes at different pH values, at different ionic strengths and in combination with conventional gradient elution. They also include stepwise adsorption on columns at different pH values. 4. Separation of two electrophoretically differing forms of phosphoglycerate kinase was achieved by gradient affinity elution from CM-cellulose. The lower-pI form was eluted by a lower concentration of substrate than the higher-pI form.", "contents": "Multiple enzyme purifications from muscle extracts by using affinity-elution-chromatographic procedures. 1. Starting with (NH4)2SO4 fractions of muscle extracts, procedures for purifying four to six separate enzymes from each fraction by using affinity-elution-chromatographic techniques are described. 2. Schemes for purifying 12 separate enzymes from rabbit muscle, and eight from chicken muscle extracts, are included. In nearly all cases the overall procedure involves three steps: the initial (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, the ion-exchange chromatography with affinity elution of the enzyme, and gel filtration. The specific activities of the enzymes so purified are comparable with the highest values in the literature. 3. The five schemes described include illustrations of affinity elution of the separate enzymes at different pH values, at different ionic strengths and in combination with conventional gradient elution. They also include stepwise adsorption on columns at different pH values. 4. Separation of two electrophoretically differing forms of phosphoglycerate kinase was achieved by gradient affinity elution from CM-cellulose. The lower-pI form was eluted by a lower concentration of substrate than the higher-pI form.", "PMID": 849261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8516", "title": "Properties of the multiple forms of the soluble 17alpha-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase of rabbit liver.", "content": "The six forms of the 17alpha-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase purified from rabbit liver cytosol have very similar physical properties. The molecular weights of all the enzymes were within 3% of the average mol.wt of 39 600. Only one of the six enzymes showed a significant difference in amino acid composition. All but one form of the 17alpha-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenases exhibited greater activities towards the androgen, epitestosterone, than towards oestrogen substrates. With oestrogen substrates one enzyme displayed a high specificity towards the substrate oestradiol-17alpha 3-glucuronide. This high activity was lost if the glucuronic acid moiety was removed or replaced by glucose or galacturonic acid. The other enzyme forms had approximately equal activity toward oestradiol-17alpha and its glucuronide or glucoside derivative. However, substitution of galacturonic acid at C-3 of oestradiol-17alpha substantially decreased the activity of all but one enzyme form.", "contents": "Properties of the multiple forms of the soluble 17alpha-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase of rabbit liver. The six forms of the 17alpha-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase purified from rabbit liver cytosol have very similar physical properties. The molecular weights of all the enzymes were within 3% of the average mol.wt of 39 600. Only one of the six enzymes showed a significant difference in amino acid composition. All but one form of the 17alpha-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenases exhibited greater activities towards the androgen, epitestosterone, than towards oestrogen substrates. With oestrogen substrates one enzyme displayed a high specificity towards the substrate oestradiol-17alpha 3-glucuronide. This high activity was lost if the glucuronic acid moiety was removed or replaced by glucose or galacturonic acid. The other enzyme forms had approximately equal activity toward oestradiol-17alpha and its glucuronide or glucoside derivative. However, substitution of galacturonic acid at C-3 of oestradiol-17alpha substantially decreased the activity of all but one enzyme form.", "PMID": 849262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8517", "title": "Structural investigation of loose connective tissue by using a series of dextran fractions as non-interacting macromolecular probes.", "content": "The ability of the uncharged open-coil dextran molecules to penetrate tissue space, without coil-shape change, was utilized to probe (by partitioning experiments) the structural arrangement of the collagen-fibre network and the proteoglycan system. Hyaluronidase digests most of the proteoglycans away and enables the respective contributions to the exclusion volume to be evaluated by using a series of different-molecular-weight dextrans. It appears that the major part of the exclusion volume is due to the collagen-fibril as a rod and the dextran coil as an impenetrable sphere. The additional exclusion due to the proteoglycans could be accounted for by a set of points (regions of high proteoglycan-segment density) over which the dextran coild cannot pass. These points are an average of 50 nm apart and are indicative of local extensive entanglement of high-molecular-weight proteoglycans with each other. Reasons are given why these entanglements could not act as cross-links in long-term elastic loading of the tissue.", "contents": "Structural investigation of loose connective tissue by using a series of dextran fractions as non-interacting macromolecular probes. The ability of the uncharged open-coil dextran molecules to penetrate tissue space, without coil-shape change, was utilized to probe (by partitioning experiments) the structural arrangement of the collagen-fibre network and the proteoglycan system. Hyaluronidase digests most of the proteoglycans away and enables the respective contributions to the exclusion volume to be evaluated by using a series of different-molecular-weight dextrans. It appears that the major part of the exclusion volume is due to the collagen-fibril as a rod and the dextran coil as an impenetrable sphere. The additional exclusion due to the proteoglycans could be accounted for by a set of points (regions of high proteoglycan-segment density) over which the dextran coild cannot pass. These points are an average of 50 nm apart and are indicative of local extensive entanglement of high-molecular-weight proteoglycans with each other. Reasons are given why these entanglements could not act as cross-links in long-term elastic loading of the tissue.", "PMID": 849263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8518", "title": "Improved non-parametric statistical methods for the estimation of Michaelis-Menten kinetic parameters by the direct linear plot.", "content": "The theoretical basis for the direct linear plot [Eisenthal & Cornish-Bowden (1974) Biochem. J. 139, 715-720], a non-parametric statistical method for the analysis of data-fitting the Michaelis-Menten equation, was reinvestigated in order to accommodate additional experimental designs and to provide estimates of precision more directly comparable with those obtained by parametric statistical methods. Methods are given for calculating upper and lower confidence limits for the estimated parameters, for accommodating replicate measurements and for comparing the results of two separate experiments. Factors that influence the proper design of experiments are discussed.", "contents": "Improved non-parametric statistical methods for the estimation of Michaelis-Menten kinetic parameters by the direct linear plot. The theoretical basis for the direct linear plot [Eisenthal & Cornish-Bowden (1974) Biochem. J. 139, 715-720], a non-parametric statistical method for the analysis of data-fitting the Michaelis-Menten equation, was reinvestigated in order to accommodate additional experimental designs and to provide estimates of precision more directly comparable with those obtained by parametric statistical methods. Methods are given for calculating upper and lower confidence limits for the estimated parameters, for accommodating replicate measurements and for comparing the results of two separate experiments. Factors that influence the proper design of experiments are discussed.", "PMID": 849264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8519", "title": "Partial purification and properties of Halobacterium cutirubrum L-alanine dehydrogenase.", "content": "1. Halobacterium cutirubrum L-alanine dehydrogenase was purified approx. 100-fold. 2. It has a mol. wt. of 72 500, about one-third that of two well-studied alanine dehydrogenases from non-halophiles. 3. The activity of the enzyme increases with temperature up to 70 degrees C, but the protein itself is not thermostable. 4. In the reductive amination reaction, the enzyme is fully active in the presence of high concentrations of K+, Na+ or NH4+ and partially active with Cs+ or Li+, but for oxidative deamination it has an absolute requirement for K+.", "contents": "Partial purification and properties of Halobacterium cutirubrum L-alanine dehydrogenase. 1. Halobacterium cutirubrum L-alanine dehydrogenase was purified approx. 100-fold. 2. It has a mol. wt. of 72 500, about one-third that of two well-studied alanine dehydrogenases from non-halophiles. 3. The activity of the enzyme increases with temperature up to 70 degrees C, but the protein itself is not thermostable. 4. In the reductive amination reaction, the enzyme is fully active in the presence of high concentrations of K+, Na+ or NH4+ and partially active with Cs+ or Li+, but for oxidative deamination it has an absolute requirement for K+.", "PMID": 849265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8520", "title": "The phosphorylation sites of troponin T from white skeletal muscle and the effects of interaction with troponin C on their phosphorylation by phosphorylase kinase.", "content": "1. The phosphorylation of troponin T from rabbit white sketetal muscle is catalysed by phosphorylase kinase, but not at a significant rate by bovine 3':5'-cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. 2. The amino acid sequences adjacent to the three major phosphorylation sites of troponin T were determined. 3. The serine in the N-terminal peptide (Asx,SerP, Glx)Glu-Val-Glu, is that phosphorylated (SerP, phosphoserine) when the troponin complex is isolated. 4. The other two sites of phosphorylation are located in the sequence Ala-Leu-(Ser, SerP)-Met-Gly-Ala-Asn-Tyr(Ser,SerP)Tyr. 5. When troponin T is phosphorylated in the presence of troponin C, the extent of phosphorylation at each site is considerably decreased. 6. CNBr fragments of troponin T are also phosphorylated by phosphorylase kinase, but the rate of phosphorylation at each site in the CNBr fragments is considerably slower than in the native protein. 7. From these studies it is suggested that troponin C interacts with troponin T in the region containing the two closely situated phosphorylation sites.", "contents": "The phosphorylation sites of troponin T from white skeletal muscle and the effects of interaction with troponin C on their phosphorylation by phosphorylase kinase. 1. The phosphorylation of troponin T from rabbit white sketetal muscle is catalysed by phosphorylase kinase, but not at a significant rate by bovine 3':5'-cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. 2. The amino acid sequences adjacent to the three major phosphorylation sites of troponin T were determined. 3. The serine in the N-terminal peptide (Asx,SerP, Glx)Glu-Val-Glu, is that phosphorylated (SerP, phosphoserine) when the troponin complex is isolated. 4. The other two sites of phosphorylation are located in the sequence Ala-Leu-(Ser, SerP)-Met-Gly-Ala-Asn-Tyr(Ser,SerP)Tyr. 5. When troponin T is phosphorylated in the presence of troponin C, the extent of phosphorylation at each site is considerably decreased. 6. CNBr fragments of troponin T are also phosphorylated by phosphorylase kinase, but the rate of phosphorylation at each site in the CNBr fragments is considerably slower than in the native protein. 7. From these studies it is suggested that troponin C interacts with troponin T in the region containing the two closely situated phosphorylation sites.", "PMID": 849266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8521", "title": "Interaction of difluoro-oxaloacetate with aspartate transaminase.", "content": "Diffluoro-oxaloacetate behaves as a competitive inhibitor of 2-oxoglutarate and as an uncompetitive inhibitor with respect to aspartate in steady-state kinetic experiments with cytoplasmic aspartate transaminase. In the presence of high concentrations of aspartate transaminase, difluoro-oxaloacetate is slowly transaminated to difluoro-aspartate, suggesting its use as a kinetic probe to study the reactions of the aminic form of the enzyme.", "contents": "Interaction of difluoro-oxaloacetate with aspartate transaminase. Diffluoro-oxaloacetate behaves as a competitive inhibitor of 2-oxoglutarate and as an uncompetitive inhibitor with respect to aspartate in steady-state kinetic experiments with cytoplasmic aspartate transaminase. In the presence of high concentrations of aspartate transaminase, difluoro-oxaloacetate is slowly transaminated to difluoro-aspartate, suggesting its use as a kinetic probe to study the reactions of the aminic form of the enzyme.", "PMID": 849267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8522", "title": "The proteins in the Z line of insect flight muscle.", "content": "Z discs were isolated from Lethocerus flight muscle by removing the contractile proteins from myofibrils with a solution of high ionic strength. The protein composition of the Z discs was analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis; the major proteins were alpha-actinin, actin and tropomyosin. Z lines were selectively removed from intact myofibrils by digestion with crude lipase and chymotrypsin, but not by purified lipase.", "contents": "The proteins in the Z line of insect flight muscle. Z discs were isolated from Lethocerus flight muscle by removing the contractile proteins from myofibrils with a solution of high ionic strength. The protein composition of the Z discs was analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis; the major proteins were alpha-actinin, actin and tropomyosin. Z lines were selectively removed from intact myofibrils by digestion with crude lipase and chymotrypsin, but not by purified lipase.", "PMID": 849268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8523", "title": "The isolation of minimally degraded hyaluronate from rat skin.", "content": "Hyaluronate was isolated quantitatively from fresh rat skin by homogenization in an Edebo [J. Biochem. Microbiol. Technol. Eng. 2, (1960) 453-479] press, extraction with buffered saline, selective elution from DEAE-cellulose, and gel chromatography on Sephadex G-200. Traces of a protein contaminant remained.", "contents": "The isolation of minimally degraded hyaluronate from rat skin. Hyaluronate was isolated quantitatively from fresh rat skin by homogenization in an Edebo [J. Biochem. Microbiol. Technol. Eng. 2, (1960) 453-479] press, extraction with buffered saline, selective elution from DEAE-cellulose, and gel chromatography on Sephadex G-200. Traces of a protein contaminant remained.", "PMID": 849269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8524", "title": "Molar absorption coefficients of porphyrin esters in chloroform determined by copper titration.", "content": "Chromatographically pure porphyrin esters free from metalloporphyrins were titrated with Cu2+ to determine the molar amount of porphyrin present. The end point of the titration was defined by a t.l.c. method detecting traces of metal-free porphyrin ester in admxture to its copper complex. From spectrometric measurement at the Soret maximum and the molar amounts found by the titration, epsilonM was calculated for proto-, copro-, penta-, hexa- and hepta-carboxylic and uro-porphyrin permethyl esters. The values for uroporphyrin showed perfect agreement with those of previous workers, whereas those for coproporphyrin were about 5% lower and those for protoporphyrin more than 20% lower. The implications of the findings are discussed. Determinations of epsilonM of some higher esters (ethyl to pentyl) and some partial methyl esters with one carboxyl group free are also presented.", "contents": "Molar absorption coefficients of porphyrin esters in chloroform determined by copper titration. Chromatographically pure porphyrin esters free from metalloporphyrins were titrated with Cu2+ to determine the molar amount of porphyrin present. The end point of the titration was defined by a t.l.c. method detecting traces of metal-free porphyrin ester in admxture to its copper complex. From spectrometric measurement at the Soret maximum and the molar amounts found by the titration, epsilonM was calculated for proto-, copro-, penta-, hexa- and hepta-carboxylic and uro-porphyrin permethyl esters. The values for uroporphyrin showed perfect agreement with those of previous workers, whereas those for coproporphyrin were about 5% lower and those for protoporphyrin more than 20% lower. The implications of the findings are discussed. Determinations of epsilonM of some higher esters (ethyl to pentyl) and some partial methyl esters with one carboxyl group free are also presented.", "PMID": 849270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8525", "title": "Mechanism of \"L\"-type pyruvate kinase from rabbit liver. Evidence against phosphoenzyme formation.", "content": "The \"L\"-type pyruvate kinase from rabbit liver does not catalyse exchange between phosphoenol[1-14C]pyruvate and pyruvate at either pH 8.5 or 6.2. Spectrophotometric experiments at pH 8.5 and 6;2 and gel-filtration experiments with [32P]phosphoenolpyruvate at pH 8,5 also fail to demonstrate phosphoenzyme formation. It is concluded that it is very unlikely that the enzyme has a phosphoenzyme mechanism.", "contents": "Mechanism of \"L\"-type pyruvate kinase from rabbit liver. Evidence against phosphoenzyme formation. The \"L\"-type pyruvate kinase from rabbit liver does not catalyse exchange between phosphoenol[1-14C]pyruvate and pyruvate at either pH 8.5 or 6.2. Spectrophotometric experiments at pH 8.5 and 6;2 and gel-filtration experiments with [32P]phosphoenolpyruvate at pH 8,5 also fail to demonstrate phosphoenzyme formation. It is concluded that it is very unlikely that the enzyme has a phosphoenzyme mechanism.", "PMID": 849271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8526", "title": "Factors influencing the activity of ornithine aminotransferase in isolated rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "1. The characteristics of ornithine catabolism by the aminotransferase pathway in isolated mitochondria were determined. 2. Ornithine synthesis from glutamate and glutamate gamma-semialdehyde produced by the oxidation of proline was studied. No ornithine was formed in the absence of rotenone. 3. The mechanism of ornithine transport was reinvestigated, and the existence of an ornithine+/H+ exchange system postulated. 4. The kinetics of ornithine transport, ornithine catabolism in intact mitochondria and ornithine aminotransferase activity in solubilized mitochondria were compared. It is concluded that ornithine aminotransferase activity in liver mitochondria is rate-limited by the transport of ornithine across the mitochondrial membrane, and that this enzyme is involved primarily in ornithine degradation rather than ornithine synthesis.", "contents": "Factors influencing the activity of ornithine aminotransferase in isolated rat liver mitochondria. 1. The characteristics of ornithine catabolism by the aminotransferase pathway in isolated mitochondria were determined. 2. Ornithine synthesis from glutamate and glutamate gamma-semialdehyde produced by the oxidation of proline was studied. No ornithine was formed in the absence of rotenone. 3. The mechanism of ornithine transport was reinvestigated, and the existence of an ornithine+/H+ exchange system postulated. 4. The kinetics of ornithine transport, ornithine catabolism in intact mitochondria and ornithine aminotransferase activity in solubilized mitochondria were compared. It is concluded that ornithine aminotransferase activity in liver mitochondria is rate-limited by the transport of ornithine across the mitochondrial membrane, and that this enzyme is involved primarily in ornithine degradation rather than ornithine synthesis.", "PMID": 849273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8527", "title": "Polyamines and their biosynthetic decarboxylases in various tissues of the young rat during recovery from undernutrition.", "content": "1. Weanling male and female rats were undernourished for 4 weeks and then rehabilitated by allowing ad libitum feeding. 2. During rehabilitation polyamine-biosynthetic enzymes were examined in the liver, spleen and quadriceps and gastrocnemius muscles. 3. During the first few hours of rehabilitiation there was a marked increase in liver weight, accompanied by a very marked increase in ornithine decarboxylase activity. Increases in the activity of this enzyme in other tissues did not occur until between 2 and 7 days of rehabilitation, at which time there were further increases in enzyme activity in the liver. 4. S-Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity also showed marked fluctuations in activity in all the tissues examined. 5. Hepatic putrescine and spermidine concentrations also varied during rehabilitation, but permine concentration remained relatively constant. Both spermine and spermidine were at normal concentrations in the liver from the 10th days of rehabilitation onwards. 6. In all of the tissues examined there were marked sex differences in the parameters studied, particularly in splenic and muscular ornithine decarboxylase activity. 7. In the tissues of the male rats, changes in polyamine synthesis paralled changes in nucleic acid and protein synthesis.", "contents": "Polyamines and their biosynthetic decarboxylases in various tissues of the young rat during recovery from undernutrition. 1. Weanling male and female rats were undernourished for 4 weeks and then rehabilitated by allowing ad libitum feeding. 2. During rehabilitation polyamine-biosynthetic enzymes were examined in the liver, spleen and quadriceps and gastrocnemius muscles. 3. During the first few hours of rehabilitiation there was a marked increase in liver weight, accompanied by a very marked increase in ornithine decarboxylase activity. Increases in the activity of this enzyme in other tissues did not occur until between 2 and 7 days of rehabilitation, at which time there were further increases in enzyme activity in the liver. 4. S-Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity also showed marked fluctuations in activity in all the tissues examined. 5. Hepatic putrescine and spermidine concentrations also varied during rehabilitation, but permine concentration remained relatively constant. Both spermine and spermidine were at normal concentrations in the liver from the 10th days of rehabilitation onwards. 6. In all of the tissues examined there were marked sex differences in the parameters studied, particularly in splenic and muscular ornithine decarboxylase activity. 7. In the tissues of the male rats, changes in polyamine synthesis paralled changes in nucleic acid and protein synthesis.", "PMID": 849272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8528", "title": "Studies on the biosynthesis, assembly and secretion of vitellogenin, an oestrogen-induced multicomponent protein.", "content": "1. The process by which the egg-yolk protein precursor vitellogenin is biosynthesized, assembled and secreted by Xenopus laevis (South African clawed toad) liver was studied. It was previously shown in other laboratories that vitellogenin contains the two egg-yolk proteins lipovitellin (mol.wt. 140 000) and phosvitin (mol.wt. 35 000). 2. Evidence is presented which shows that Xenopus liver microsomal fractions synthesize precursors of vitellogenin. These precursors were solubilized from the membranes with detergent and analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. This analysis indicated that there is only one precursor polypeptide, and this has mol.wt. approx. 200 000 +/- 20 000. This demonstrates that the egg-yolk proteins are translated as part of this larger polypeptide. 3. Experiments also demonstrate the existence of a microsomal proteinase which is able to cleave the precursor into smaller fragments. The nature of these fragments provided some indirect evidence that phosvitin and lipovitellin light chains are situated together within the precursor molecule. 4. These precursor data fit in well with structural studies on serum vitellogenin, since it has been shown that the latter protein consists of two identical subunits each with a mobility on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gels identical with that shown by the microsomal precursor. This indicates that both the intracellular precursor and subunit of vitellogenin have similar (but not necessarily identical) molecular weights. 5. It was also shown that trypsin or chymotrypsin can cleave the serum vitellogenin into leucine- and serine-rich fragments which resemble lipovitellin and phosvitin respectively. Attention is, however, drawn to the fact that the serine-rich fragment is not identical with phosvitin, since it contains eight times more leucine than that expected for the authentic phosvitin molecule [Penning (1976) Ph.D. Thesis, University of Southampton].", "contents": "Studies on the biosynthesis, assembly and secretion of vitellogenin, an oestrogen-induced multicomponent protein. 1. The process by which the egg-yolk protein precursor vitellogenin is biosynthesized, assembled and secreted by Xenopus laevis (South African clawed toad) liver was studied. It was previously shown in other laboratories that vitellogenin contains the two egg-yolk proteins lipovitellin (mol.wt. 140 000) and phosvitin (mol.wt. 35 000). 2. Evidence is presented which shows that Xenopus liver microsomal fractions synthesize precursors of vitellogenin. These precursors were solubilized from the membranes with detergent and analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. This analysis indicated that there is only one precursor polypeptide, and this has mol.wt. approx. 200 000 +/- 20 000. This demonstrates that the egg-yolk proteins are translated as part of this larger polypeptide. 3. Experiments also demonstrate the existence of a microsomal proteinase which is able to cleave the precursor into smaller fragments. The nature of these fragments provided some indirect evidence that phosvitin and lipovitellin light chains are situated together within the precursor molecule. 4. These precursor data fit in well with structural studies on serum vitellogenin, since it has been shown that the latter protein consists of two identical subunits each with a mobility on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gels identical with that shown by the microsomal precursor. This indicates that both the intracellular precursor and subunit of vitellogenin have similar (but not necessarily identical) molecular weights. 5. It was also shown that trypsin or chymotrypsin can cleave the serum vitellogenin into leucine- and serine-rich fragments which resemble lipovitellin and phosvitin respectively. Attention is, however, drawn to the fact that the serine-rich fragment is not identical with phosvitin, since it contains eight times more leucine than that expected for the authentic phosvitin molecule [Penning (1976) Ph.D. Thesis, University of Southampton].", "PMID": 849274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8529", "title": "Age-related changes in protein turnover and ribonucleic acid of the diaphragm muscle of normal and dystrophic hamsters.", "content": "Diaphragm muscles of dystrophic hamsters were found to be larger than those of control animals at two of three ages studied. The additional growth of these afflicted muscles correlated with large increases in protein synthesis and concentrations of RNA. Protein breakdown was also increased in the dystrophic muscles, but to a smaller extent than synthesis.", "contents": "Age-related changes in protein turnover and ribonucleic acid of the diaphragm muscle of normal and dystrophic hamsters. Diaphragm muscles of dystrophic hamsters were found to be larger than those of control animals at two of three ages studied. The additional growth of these afflicted muscles correlated with large increases in protein synthesis and concentrations of RNA. Protein breakdown was also increased in the dystrophic muscles, but to a smaller extent than synthesis.", "PMID": 849275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8530", "title": "The phosphorylation of an acidic protein of the large ribosomal subunit of Krebs II ascites cells.", "content": "The ribosomes of Krebs II ascites cells contain an acidic protein, apparently analogous to proteins L7/12 of Escherichia coli. When ascites cells were incubated with [32P]Pi, this protein became labelled, indicating that it is a phosphoprotein.", "contents": "The phosphorylation of an acidic protein of the large ribosomal subunit of Krebs II ascites cells. The ribosomes of Krebs II ascites cells contain an acidic protein, apparently analogous to proteins L7/12 of Escherichia coli. When ascites cells were incubated with [32P]Pi, this protein became labelled, indicating that it is a phosphoprotein.", "PMID": 849276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8531", "title": "The turnover of hamster fibroblast lysosomal beta-D-glucuronidase.", "content": "The half-life of hamster fibroblast beta-D-glucuronidase (EC 3.2.1.31) was estimated to be 4-5 days by measuring the decay with time of the radioactivity in beta-D-glucuronidase isolated from cells grown in the presence of 14C-labelled amino acids. A new affinity-chromatographic procedure for the purification of beta-D-glucuronidase is described.", "contents": "The turnover of hamster fibroblast lysosomal beta-D-glucuronidase. The half-life of hamster fibroblast beta-D-glucuronidase (EC 3.2.1.31) was estimated to be 4-5 days by measuring the decay with time of the radioactivity in beta-D-glucuronidase isolated from cells grown in the presence of 14C-labelled amino acids. A new affinity-chromatographic procedure for the purification of beta-D-glucuronidase is described.", "PMID": 849277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8532", "title": "The effects of inhibition of gluconeogenesis in suckling newborn rats.", "content": "Inhibition of gluconeogenesis with 3-mercaptopicolinate in suckling newborn rats caused a fall in blood [glucose], but no change in their high plasma [free fatty acid] and blood [ketone bodies]. Active gluconeogenesis seems to be more important than sparing of glucose by high concentrations of fat-derived substrates for the maintenance of normal blood [glucose] in suckling newborn rats.", "contents": "The effects of inhibition of gluconeogenesis in suckling newborn rats. Inhibition of gluconeogenesis with 3-mercaptopicolinate in suckling newborn rats caused a fall in blood [glucose], but no change in their high plasma [free fatty acid] and blood [ketone bodies]. Active gluconeogenesis seems to be more important than sparing of glucose by high concentrations of fat-derived substrates for the maintenance of normal blood [glucose] in suckling newborn rats.", "PMID": 849278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8533", "title": "Inhibition of haem synthesis caused by cobalt in rat liver. Evidence for two different sites of action.", "content": "Cobalt inhibits liver haem synthesis in vivo by acting at least two different sites in the biosynthetic pathway: (1) synthesis of 5-aminolaevulinate and (2) conversion of 5-amino-laevulinate into haem. The first effect is largely, if not entirely, due to inhibition of the activity of 5-aminolaevulinate synthase, rather than to inhibition of the formation of the enzyme. The second effect results from diversion of 5-aminolaevulinate into an unidentified liver pool with solubility properties similar to those of cobalt protoporphyrin.", "contents": "Inhibition of haem synthesis caused by cobalt in rat liver. Evidence for two different sites of action. Cobalt inhibits liver haem synthesis in vivo by acting at least two different sites in the biosynthetic pathway: (1) synthesis of 5-aminolaevulinate and (2) conversion of 5-amino-laevulinate into haem. The first effect is largely, if not entirely, due to inhibition of the activity of 5-aminolaevulinate synthase, rather than to inhibition of the formation of the enzyme. The second effect results from diversion of 5-aminolaevulinate into an unidentified liver pool with solubility properties similar to those of cobalt protoporphyrin.", "PMID": 849279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8534", "title": "Substrate specificity of amino acid transport in sheep erythrocytes.", "content": "The specificity of amino acid transport in normal (high-glutathione) sheep erythrocytes was investigated by studying the interaction of various neutral and dibasic amino acids in both competition and exchange experiments. Apparent Ki values were obtained for amino acids as inhibitors of L-alanine influx. Amino acids previously found to be transported by high-glutathione cells at fast rates (L-cysteine, L-alpha-amino-n-butyrate) were the most effective inhibitors. D-Alanine and D-alpha-amino-n-butyrate were without effect. Of the remaining amino acids studied, only L-norvaline, L-valine, L-norleucine, L-serine and L-2,4-diamino-n-butyrate significantly inhibited L-alanine uptake. L-Alanine efflux from pre-loaded cells was markedly stimulated by extracellular L-alanine. Those amino acids that inhibited L-alanine influx also stimulated L-alanine efflux. In addition, D-alanine, D-alpha-amino-n-biutyrate, L-threonine, L-asparagine, L-alpha, beta-diaminoproprionate, L-ornithine, L-lysine and S-2-aminoethyl-L-cysteine also significantly stimulated L-alanine efflux. L-Lysine uptake was inhibited by L-alanine but not by D-alanine, and the inhibitory potency of L-alanine was not influenced by the replacement of Na+ in the incubation medium with choline. L-Lysine efflux from pre-loaded cells was stimulated by L-alanine but not by D-alanine. It is concluded that these cells possess a highly selective stero-specific amino acid-transport system. Although the optimum substrates are small neutral amino acids, this system also has a significant affinity for dibasic amino acids.", "contents": "Substrate specificity of amino acid transport in sheep erythrocytes. The specificity of amino acid transport in normal (high-glutathione) sheep erythrocytes was investigated by studying the interaction of various neutral and dibasic amino acids in both competition and exchange experiments. Apparent Ki values were obtained for amino acids as inhibitors of L-alanine influx. Amino acids previously found to be transported by high-glutathione cells at fast rates (L-cysteine, L-alpha-amino-n-butyrate) were the most effective inhibitors. D-Alanine and D-alpha-amino-n-butyrate were without effect. Of the remaining amino acids studied, only L-norvaline, L-valine, L-norleucine, L-serine and L-2,4-diamino-n-butyrate significantly inhibited L-alanine uptake. L-Alanine efflux from pre-loaded cells was markedly stimulated by extracellular L-alanine. Those amino acids that inhibited L-alanine influx also stimulated L-alanine efflux. In addition, D-alanine, D-alpha-amino-n-biutyrate, L-threonine, L-asparagine, L-alpha, beta-diaminoproprionate, L-ornithine, L-lysine and S-2-aminoethyl-L-cysteine also significantly stimulated L-alanine efflux. L-Lysine uptake was inhibited by L-alanine but not by D-alanine, and the inhibitory potency of L-alanine was not influenced by the replacement of Na+ in the incubation medium with choline. L-Lysine efflux from pre-loaded cells was stimulated by L-alanine but not by D-alanine. It is concluded that these cells possess a highly selective stero-specific amino acid-transport system. Although the optimum substrates are small neutral amino acids, this system also has a significant affinity for dibasic amino acids.", "PMID": 849280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8535", "title": "Deoxyribonucleic acid and polyamine synthesis in rat ventral prostrate. Effects of age of the intact rat and androgen stimulation of the castrated rat with testosterone, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone and 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol.", "content": "The relationship between polyamine synthesis, growth and secretion in vivo was examined in ventral prostates from: (a) intact rats aged 3-60 weeks; (b) animals castrated for 7 days before injection with 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (17 beta-hydroxy-5-alpha-androstan-3-one), testosterone and 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol for up to 10 days; (c) rats injected with the 3 beta, 17 beta-diol immediately after castration. Ornithine decarboxylase activity and the concentrations of putrescine, spermidine and spermine were measured. DNA-synthetic activity was monitored by measuring [125I]iododoxyuridine incorporation. An enhanced spermidine/spermine molar ratio reflected increased activity of the prostate. The ratio was higher (greater than 2) in prostates from sexually immature animals, than in the intact adult (1.5), suggesting that the ratio was indicative of the proliferative activity of the tissue. However, in the androgen-stimulated castrated rat, enhanced spermidine/spermine ratios tended to correlate with hypertrophy and secretion. In both sets of experiments there was a linear relationship between protein and spermidine content. High spermidine/spermine molar ratios were the consequence of a relatively low rate of accumulation of spermine relative to spermidine and protein. The relationship between polyamine synthesis and DNA-synthetic activity was investigated in cultured prostate. A combination of insulin (3 mug/ml) and testosterone (0.1 muM caused a stimulatory response in the incorporation of [125I]iododeoxyuridine and in cell division, despite a depleted polyamine content and low ornithine decarboxylase activity in the cultured tissue.", "contents": "Deoxyribonucleic acid and polyamine synthesis in rat ventral prostrate. Effects of age of the intact rat and androgen stimulation of the castrated rat with testosterone, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone and 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol. The relationship between polyamine synthesis, growth and secretion in vivo was examined in ventral prostates from: (a) intact rats aged 3-60 weeks; (b) animals castrated for 7 days before injection with 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (17 beta-hydroxy-5-alpha-androstan-3-one), testosterone and 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol for up to 10 days; (c) rats injected with the 3 beta, 17 beta-diol immediately after castration. Ornithine decarboxylase activity and the concentrations of putrescine, spermidine and spermine were measured. DNA-synthetic activity was monitored by measuring [125I]iododoxyuridine incorporation. An enhanced spermidine/spermine molar ratio reflected increased activity of the prostate. The ratio was higher (greater than 2) in prostates from sexually immature animals, than in the intact adult (1.5), suggesting that the ratio was indicative of the proliferative activity of the tissue. However, in the androgen-stimulated castrated rat, enhanced spermidine/spermine ratios tended to correlate with hypertrophy and secretion. In both sets of experiments there was a linear relationship between protein and spermidine content. High spermidine/spermine molar ratios were the consequence of a relatively low rate of accumulation of spermine relative to spermidine and protein. The relationship between polyamine synthesis and DNA-synthetic activity was investigated in cultured prostate. A combination of insulin (3 mug/ml) and testosterone (0.1 muM caused a stimulatory response in the incorporation of [125I]iododeoxyuridine and in cell division, despite a depleted polyamine content and low ornithine decarboxylase activity in the cultured tissue.", "PMID": 849281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8536", "title": "The effect of beta-D-xylosides on chondroitin sulphate biosynthesis in embryonic chicken cartilage in the absence of protein synthesis inhibitors.", "content": "Incorporation of [35S]]sulphate, [3H]glucose and [3H]serine into glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans of embryonic-chicken sternum was measured in vitro in incubation medium containing 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-xyloside or p-nitrophenyl beta-D-xyloside at low concentrations, and in the absence of inhibitors of protein synthesis. Incorporation of sulphate was decreased by 80% in incubations in which 1mM-4-methylumbelliferyl beta-xyloside or  2.5 mM-p-nitrophenyl beta-xyloside was present; under these conditions, serum factors stimulated incorporation to only a small extent. When the concentration of the xyloside was decreased tenfold, incorporation of sulphate was inhibited by 60-70%, but when normal human serum or L-3,3',5-tri-iodothyronine or both were also added to the incubation medium, incorporation was markedly stimulated. Experiments in which [35S]sulphate and [3H]glucose were incorporated simultaneously, and enzymic analysis of glycosaminoglycans formed in such experiments, indicated that chondroitin sulphate formed in the presence of 0.1 mM-4-methylumbelliferyl beta-xyloside contained 30-40% less sulphate than did chondrotin sulphate synthesized in the absence of xylosides. Similar experiments, with [3H]serine instead of [3H]glucose, suggested also a 20-30% decrease in chain length of the chondroitin sulphate; this was confirmed by direct gel filtration of labelled glycosaminoglycans on a calibrated column. Incorporation of [3H]glucose or [3H]serine was stimulated by serum and tri-iodothyronine in parallel with incorporation of sulphate. The changes seen in the total chondroitin sulphate were mirrored in the major proteoglycan fraction, purified by isopycnic centrifugation of salt-extracted proteoglycans. The labelling pattern of chondroitin sulphate from this proteoglycan indicated that decreased sulphation of chondroitin sulphate was largely due to the inferior ability of short polysaccharide chains to accept sulphate, with some direct interference with transfer of sulphate to all chains. The results also suggested that the action of serum factors on synthesis of proteochondroitin sulphate is exercised at the level of either protein synthesis or transport to the sites of initiation of polysaccharide synthesis.", "contents": "The effect of beta-D-xylosides on chondroitin sulphate biosynthesis in embryonic chicken cartilage in the absence of protein synthesis inhibitors. Incorporation of [35S]]sulphate, [3H]glucose and [3H]serine into glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans of embryonic-chicken sternum was measured in vitro in incubation medium containing 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-xyloside or p-nitrophenyl beta-D-xyloside at low concentrations, and in the absence of inhibitors of protein synthesis. Incorporation of sulphate was decreased by 80% in incubations in which 1mM-4-methylumbelliferyl beta-xyloside or  2.5 mM-p-nitrophenyl beta-xyloside was present; under these conditions, serum factors stimulated incorporation to only a small extent. When the concentration of the xyloside was decreased tenfold, incorporation of sulphate was inhibited by 60-70%, but when normal human serum or L-3,3',5-tri-iodothyronine or both were also added to the incubation medium, incorporation was markedly stimulated. Experiments in which [35S]sulphate and [3H]glucose were incorporated simultaneously, and enzymic analysis of glycosaminoglycans formed in such experiments, indicated that chondroitin sulphate formed in the presence of 0.1 mM-4-methylumbelliferyl beta-xyloside contained 30-40% less sulphate than did chondrotin sulphate synthesized in the absence of xylosides. Similar experiments, with [3H]serine instead of [3H]glucose, suggested also a 20-30% decrease in chain length of the chondroitin sulphate; this was confirmed by direct gel filtration of labelled glycosaminoglycans on a calibrated column. Incorporation of [3H]glucose or [3H]serine was stimulated by serum and tri-iodothyronine in parallel with incorporation of sulphate. The changes seen in the total chondroitin sulphate were mirrored in the major proteoglycan fraction, purified by isopycnic centrifugation of salt-extracted proteoglycans. The labelling pattern of chondroitin sulphate from this proteoglycan indicated that decreased sulphation of chondroitin sulphate was largely due to the inferior ability of short polysaccharide chains to accept sulphate, with some direct interference with transfer of sulphate to all chains. The results also suggested that the action of serum factors on synthesis of proteochondroitin sulphate is exercised at the level of either protein synthesis or transport to the sites of initiation of polysaccharide synthesis.", "PMID": 849282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8537", "title": "Modification of erythrocyte membranes by a purified phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (Staphylococcus aureus).", "content": "A phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C from Staphylococcus aureus was purified by a three-step procedure. The specific activity of the purified enzyme was approx. 6000 times that of the culture supernatant, with an overall recovery of approx. 10%. Estimation of the molecular weight by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and by gel filtration gave values of 33000 and 20000 respectively. A thiol group appears to be necessary for the activity of the enzyme. The purified enzyme had no detectable delta-haemolytic activity and was unable to hydrolyse S. aureus phospholipids. Phosphatidyl-inositol in erythrocyte 'ghosts' was readily hydrolysed by the purified phospholipase C. However, in contrast with our previous preliminary observations, phosphatidylinositol in intact erythrocytes was not significantly hydrolysed. These results suggest that at least 75-80% of the phosphatidylinositol is located at the inner leaflet of the membrane.", "contents": "Modification of erythrocyte membranes by a purified phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (Staphylococcus aureus). A phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C from Staphylococcus aureus was purified by a three-step procedure. The specific activity of the purified enzyme was approx. 6000 times that of the culture supernatant, with an overall recovery of approx. 10%. Estimation of the molecular weight by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and by gel filtration gave values of 33000 and 20000 respectively. A thiol group appears to be necessary for the activity of the enzyme. The purified enzyme had no detectable delta-haemolytic activity and was unable to hydrolyse S. aureus phospholipids. Phosphatidyl-inositol in erythrocyte 'ghosts' was readily hydrolysed by the purified phospholipase C. However, in contrast with our previous preliminary observations, phosphatidylinositol in intact erythrocytes was not significantly hydrolysed. These results suggest that at least 75-80% of the phosphatidylinositol is located at the inner leaflet of the membrane.", "PMID": 849283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8538", "title": "Labelling studies in vivo on the metabolism of the acyl and glycerol moieties of the glycerolipids in the developing maize leaf.", "content": "1. When [2-3H]glycerol was supplied to developing maize-leaf laminae, label entered 3-sn-phosphatidycholine at a linear rate essentially from zero time, whereas other lipids were labelled at accelerating rates. On transfer of laminae from [3H]glycerol to unlabelled glycerol, radioactivity was rapidly lost from 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine and accumulated in other lipids, principally monogalactosyl diacyglycerol. 2. Degradation of these lipids showed that 3H was present only in the glycerol moiety of the lipids. 3. In double-labelling pulse-chase experiments with [14C]acetate, which labelled essentially only fatty acids and [3H]glycerol similar amounts of 14C and 3H radioactivity were lost from 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine and accumulated by monogalactosyl diacylglycerol. 4. The different molecular species of both lipids isolated from laminae during a double-labelled pulse-chase study were separated by argentation t.l.c., and the changes in the amount of radioactivity and the 14C/3H ratio in different species were compared. The greatest loss of radioactivity during the period in unlabelled substrates occurred from the 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine species containing oleate and from the dilinoleate species, and radioactivity accumulated by monogalactosyl diacyglycerol was mainly in the dilinolenate species. However, despite the considerable change in the radioactivity in these species during the chase, the 14C/3H ratio in each of them remained relatively unchanged. 5. It is proposed that 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine in the developing leaf may serve as a donor or linoleate-containing diacyl-glycerols which are incorporated into other lipids, principally monogalactosyl diacylglycerol.", "contents": "Labelling studies in vivo on the metabolism of the acyl and glycerol moieties of the glycerolipids in the developing maize leaf. 1. When [2-3H]glycerol was supplied to developing maize-leaf laminae, label entered 3-sn-phosphatidycholine at a linear rate essentially from zero time, whereas other lipids were labelled at accelerating rates. On transfer of laminae from [3H]glycerol to unlabelled glycerol, radioactivity was rapidly lost from 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine and accumulated in other lipids, principally monogalactosyl diacyglycerol. 2. Degradation of these lipids showed that 3H was present only in the glycerol moiety of the lipids. 3. In double-labelling pulse-chase experiments with [14C]acetate, which labelled essentially only fatty acids and [3H]glycerol similar amounts of 14C and 3H radioactivity were lost from 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine and accumulated by monogalactosyl diacylglycerol. 4. The different molecular species of both lipids isolated from laminae during a double-labelled pulse-chase study were separated by argentation t.l.c., and the changes in the amount of radioactivity and the 14C/3H ratio in different species were compared. The greatest loss of radioactivity during the period in unlabelled substrates occurred from the 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine species containing oleate and from the dilinoleate species, and radioactivity accumulated by monogalactosyl diacyglycerol was mainly in the dilinolenate species. However, despite the considerable change in the radioactivity in these species during the chase, the 14C/3H ratio in each of them remained relatively unchanged. 5. It is proposed that 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine in the developing leaf may serve as a donor or linoleate-containing diacyl-glycerols which are incorporated into other lipids, principally monogalactosyl diacylglycerol.", "PMID": 849284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8539", "title": "The formation of menaquinone-4 (vitamin K) and its oxide in some marine invertebrates.", "content": "Three echinoderms, a crustacean, a mollusc and a coelenterate were injected with either [2-14C]mevalonate and unlabelled menadione (2-methyl-1,4-naphthaquinone) or 2-[14C]methyl-1,4-naphthaquinone. In each case the label was incorporated into menaquinone-4.[2-14C]Mevalonate was incorporated into menaquinone-4 in the crab (Carcinus maenas) only in the presence of menadione, the organism presumably being unable to synthesize the naphthaquinone nucleus. The starfish Asterias rubens and C. maenas incorporated the label into a compound which was identified chromatographically as 2,3-epoxymenaquinone-4. The significance of menaquinone-4 and these animals is discussed.", "contents": "The formation of menaquinone-4 (vitamin K) and its oxide in some marine invertebrates. Three echinoderms, a crustacean, a mollusc and a coelenterate were injected with either [2-14C]mevalonate and unlabelled menadione (2-methyl-1,4-naphthaquinone) or 2-[14C]methyl-1,4-naphthaquinone. In each case the label was incorporated into menaquinone-4.[2-14C]Mevalonate was incorporated into menaquinone-4 in the crab (Carcinus maenas) only in the presence of menadione, the organism presumably being unable to synthesize the naphthaquinone nucleus. The starfish Asterias rubens and C. maenas incorporated the label into a compound which was identified chromatographically as 2,3-epoxymenaquinone-4. The significance of menaquinone-4 and these animals is discussed.", "PMID": 849285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8540", "title": "Intramitochondrial localization of the 4-aminobutyrate-2-oxoglutarate transaminase from ox brain.", "content": "In order to determne the intramitochondrial location of 4-aminobutyrate transaminase, mitochondria were prepared from ox brain and freed from myelin and synaptosomes by using conventional density-gradient-centrifugation techniques, and the purity was checked electron-microscopically. Inner and outer membranes and matrix were prepared from the mitochondria by large-amplitude swelling and subsequent density-grient centrifugation. The fractions were characterized by using both electron microscopy and different marker enzymes. From the specific activity of the 4-aminobutyrate transaminase in the submitochondrial fractions it was concluded that this enzyme is associated with the innter mitochondrial membrane.", "contents": "Intramitochondrial localization of the 4-aminobutyrate-2-oxoglutarate transaminase from ox brain. In order to determne the intramitochondrial location of 4-aminobutyrate transaminase, mitochondria were prepared from ox brain and freed from myelin and synaptosomes by using conventional density-gradient-centrifugation techniques, and the purity was checked electron-microscopically. Inner and outer membranes and matrix were prepared from the mitochondria by large-amplitude swelling and subsequent density-grient centrifugation. The fractions were characterized by using both electron microscopy and different marker enzymes. From the specific activity of the 4-aminobutyrate transaminase in the submitochondrial fractions it was concluded that this enzyme is associated with the innter mitochondrial membrane.", "PMID": 849286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8541", "title": "Measurement of the absolute rates of cholesterol biosynthesis in isolated rat liver cells.", "content": "Triparanol [2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-diethylaminoethoxyphenyl)-1-p-tolylethanol] at a concentration of 2 micronm has no effect on the overall conversion of [2=14C]acetate into C27 sterols by isolated liver cells. In the presence of triparanol, however, the formation of radioactive cholesterol is inhibited by 85-90% and the balance of radioactivity appears in the C27 sterol desmosterol (cholesta-5,24-dien-3beta-ol). The very small weights of desmosterol which accumulate under these conditions were, as a routine, quantitatively converted into the heptafluorobutyrate 3-enol ester of cholesta-4,24-dien-3-one. This derivative has a high electron-capturing capability, a property that enables extremely small quantities (less than 0.25pmol) of the material to be accurately measured by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. Measurements of the mass and specific radioactivity of the newly biosynthesized desmosterol formed in the presence of triparanol provides an accurate assessment of the amount of cholesterol that would be synthesized by the liver cells in the absence of the drug.", "contents": "Measurement of the absolute rates of cholesterol biosynthesis in isolated rat liver cells. Triparanol [2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-diethylaminoethoxyphenyl)-1-p-tolylethanol] at a concentration of 2 micronm has no effect on the overall conversion of [2=14C]acetate into C27 sterols by isolated liver cells. In the presence of triparanol, however, the formation of radioactive cholesterol is inhibited by 85-90% and the balance of radioactivity appears in the C27 sterol desmosterol (cholesta-5,24-dien-3beta-ol). The very small weights of desmosterol which accumulate under these conditions were, as a routine, quantitatively converted into the heptafluorobutyrate 3-enol ester of cholesta-4,24-dien-3-one. This derivative has a high electron-capturing capability, a property that enables extremely small quantities (less than 0.25pmol) of the material to be accurately measured by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. Measurements of the mass and specific radioactivity of the newly biosynthesized desmosterol formed in the presence of triparanol provides an accurate assessment of the amount of cholesterol that would be synthesized by the liver cells in the absence of the drug.", "PMID": 849287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8542", "title": "Comparative study of nuclear binding sites for oestradiol in rat testicular and uterine tissue. Determination of low amounts of specific binding site by an [3H] oestradiol-exchange method.", "content": "1. An [3H]oestradiol-exchange method was developed for the determination of oestradiol-receptor complexes in the nuclear fraction of immature rat testicular tissue. This method permits the determination of nuclear oestradiol-receptor sites in the presence of a relatively large amount of non-specific oestradiol binding present in testicular nuclei. After incubation of nuclei for 60min at 20 degrees C in the presence of [3H]oestradiol with or without a 1000-fold excess of non-radioactive diethylstilboestrol, specific binding can be determined quantitatively in the KCl-extractabe fraction, which contains 40% of the total receptor population. 2. The amount of receptor-bound steroid present in the 0.4m-KCl extract of testicular neclei remained constant during incubation at 20 degrees C. For uterine nuclei incubated with [3H]oestradiol at 37 degrees C a shift of specifically bound [3H]oestradiol occurred from the KCl-soluble fraction to the KCl-insoluble fraction. 3. In intact rat testis, about 20% of the total receptor concentration was present in its nuclear form. Hypophysectomy 5 days before measurement resulted in a twofold decrease in the amount of receptor, which was present mainly in the cytosol. After injection of choriogonadotropin to intact animals, the total receptor concentration increased threefold. 4. This nuclear exchange method might be useful for determination of occupied specific receptor sites in tissues with relatively low contents of specific receptors.", "contents": "Comparative study of nuclear binding sites for oestradiol in rat testicular and uterine tissue. Determination of low amounts of specific binding site by an [3H] oestradiol-exchange method. 1. An [3H]oestradiol-exchange method was developed for the determination of oestradiol-receptor complexes in the nuclear fraction of immature rat testicular tissue. This method permits the determination of nuclear oestradiol-receptor sites in the presence of a relatively large amount of non-specific oestradiol binding present in testicular nuclei. After incubation of nuclei for 60min at 20 degrees C in the presence of [3H]oestradiol with or without a 1000-fold excess of non-radioactive diethylstilboestrol, specific binding can be determined quantitatively in the KCl-extractabe fraction, which contains 40% of the total receptor population. 2. The amount of receptor-bound steroid present in the 0.4m-KCl extract of testicular neclei remained constant during incubation at 20 degrees C. For uterine nuclei incubated with [3H]oestradiol at 37 degrees C a shift of specifically bound [3H]oestradiol occurred from the KCl-soluble fraction to the KCl-insoluble fraction. 3. In intact rat testis, about 20% of the total receptor concentration was present in its nuclear form. Hypophysectomy 5 days before measurement resulted in a twofold decrease in the amount of receptor, which was present mainly in the cytosol. After injection of choriogonadotropin to intact animals, the total receptor concentration increased threefold. 4. This nuclear exchange method might be useful for determination of occupied specific receptor sites in tissues with relatively low contents of specific receptors.", "PMID": 849288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8543", "title": "Specific protein synthesis in isolated rat testis leydig cells. Influence of luteinizing hormone and cycloheximide.", "content": "The effect of luteinizing hormone (luteotropin) and cycloheximide on specific protein synthesis in rat testis Leydig cells has been investigated. Proteins were labelled with either I114C]leucine, [3H]leucine or [35S]methionine during incubation with Leydig-cell suspensions in vitro. Total protein was extracted from the cells and separated by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. No detectable increase in the synthesis of specific proteins could be observed after incubation of Leydig cells with luteinizing hormone for up to 1 h. However, after a 2h incubation period, an increase in [35S]methionine incorporation was observed in a protein with an apparent mol.wt. of 21000 (referred to as 'protein 21\"). When, after labelling of this protein with [35S]-methionine, Leydig cells were incubated for another 30min with cycloheximide, no decrease in radioactivity of this protein band was observed, indicating that it does not have a short half-life. However, another protein band was detected, which after incubation with cycloheximide disappeared rapidly, the reaction following first-order kinetics, with a half-life of about 11 min. This protein, with an apparent mol.wt. of 33000 (referred to as \"protein 33\"), was found to be located in the particulate fraction of the Leydig cell, and could not be demonstrated in other rat testis-cell types or blood cells. No effect of luteinizing hormone on molecular weight, subcellular localization or half-life of protein 33 was observed. A possible role for protein 33 and protein 21 in the mechanism of action of luteinizing hormone on testosterone production of Leydig cells is discussed.", "contents": "Specific protein synthesis in isolated rat testis leydig cells. Influence of luteinizing hormone and cycloheximide. The effect of luteinizing hormone (luteotropin) and cycloheximide on specific protein synthesis in rat testis Leydig cells has been investigated. Proteins were labelled with either I114C]leucine, [3H]leucine or [35S]methionine during incubation with Leydig-cell suspensions in vitro. Total protein was extracted from the cells and separated by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. No detectable increase in the synthesis of specific proteins could be observed after incubation of Leydig cells with luteinizing hormone for up to 1 h. However, after a 2h incubation period, an increase in [35S]methionine incorporation was observed in a protein with an apparent mol.wt. of 21000 (referred to as 'protein 21\"). When, after labelling of this protein with [35S]-methionine, Leydig cells were incubated for another 30min with cycloheximide, no decrease in radioactivity of this protein band was observed, indicating that it does not have a short half-life. However, another protein band was detected, which after incubation with cycloheximide disappeared rapidly, the reaction following first-order kinetics, with a half-life of about 11 min. This protein, with an apparent mol.wt. of 33000 (referred to as \"protein 33\"), was found to be located in the particulate fraction of the Leydig cell, and could not be demonstrated in other rat testis-cell types or blood cells. No effect of luteinizing hormone on molecular weight, subcellular localization or half-life of protein 33 was observed. A possible role for protein 33 and protein 21 in the mechanism of action of luteinizing hormone on testosterone production of Leydig cells is discussed.", "PMID": 849289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8544", "title": "Microbiological degradation of bile acids, further degradation of a cholic acid metabolite containing the hexahydroindane nucleus by Corynebacterium equi.", "content": "1. The further degradation of a cholic acid (I) metabolite, (4R)-4-[4alpha-(2-carboxyethyl)-3aalpha-hexahydro-7abeta-methyl-5-oxoindan-1beta-yl]valeric acid (IIa), by Corynebacterium equi was investigated. This organism effected ring-opening and gave (4R)-4-[2alpha-(2-carboxyethyl)-3beta-(3-carboxypropionyl)-2beta-methylcyclopent-1beta-yl]valeric acid (VI). The new metabolite was isolated as its trimethyl ester and identified by partical synthesis. It was not utilized by C. equi. 2. (4R)-4[4alpha-(2-Carboxyethyl)-3aalpha-decahydro-8abeta-methyl5-oxa-6-oxoazulen-1beta-yl]valeric acid (IVa), which is a hypothetical initial oxidation product in the above degradation, was not converted by C. equi into the expected metabolite (VI), but into 3 - [2beta - [(2S) - tetrahydro - 5 - oxofur - 2 - yl] - 1beta - methyl - 5 - oxocyclopent - 1alpha - yl]-propionic acid (VIII), the structure of which was established by partial synthesis. 3. Both the possible precursors of the metabolite (VI), an isomer of the epsilon-lactone (IVa), the gamma-lactone (XIa), and the open form of these lactones, the hydroxytricarboxylic acid (V), were also not utilized by C. equi. 4. Under some incubation conditions, C. equi also converted compound (IIa) and 3-(3aalpha-hexahydro-7abeta-methyl-1,5-dioxoindan-4alpha-yl)propionic acid (IIb) into 5-methyl-4-oxo-octane-1,8-dioic acid (III), (4R)-4-(2,3,4,6,6abeta,7,8,9,9aalpha,9bbeta-decahydro-6abeta-methyl-3-oxo-1H-cyclopenta[f]quinolin-7beta-yl)valeric acid (VII) and probably a monohydroxy derivative of compound (IIa) and compound (III), respectively. 5. The possibility that an initial step in the degradation of compound (IIa) by C. equi is oxygenation of the Baeyer-Villiger type, yielding compound (IVa), is discussed. Metabolic pathways of compound (IIa) to compounds (III), (VI), (VII) and (VIII) are also considered.", "contents": "Microbiological degradation of bile acids, further degradation of a cholic acid metabolite containing the hexahydroindane nucleus by Corynebacterium equi. 1. The further degradation of a cholic acid (I) metabolite, (4R)-4-[4alpha-(2-carboxyethyl)-3aalpha-hexahydro-7abeta-methyl-5-oxoindan-1beta-yl]valeric acid (IIa), by Corynebacterium equi was investigated. This organism effected ring-opening and gave (4R)-4-[2alpha-(2-carboxyethyl)-3beta-(3-carboxypropionyl)-2beta-methylcyclopent-1beta-yl]valeric acid (VI). The new metabolite was isolated as its trimethyl ester and identified by partical synthesis. It was not utilized by C. equi. 2. (4R)-4[4alpha-(2-Carboxyethyl)-3aalpha-decahydro-8abeta-methyl5-oxa-6-oxoazulen-1beta-yl]valeric acid (IVa), which is a hypothetical initial oxidation product in the above degradation, was not converted by C. equi into the expected metabolite (VI), but into 3 - [2beta - [(2S) - tetrahydro - 5 - oxofur - 2 - yl] - 1beta - methyl - 5 - oxocyclopent - 1alpha - yl]-propionic acid (VIII), the structure of which was established by partial synthesis. 3. Both the possible precursors of the metabolite (VI), an isomer of the epsilon-lactone (IVa), the gamma-lactone (XIa), and the open form of these lactones, the hydroxytricarboxylic acid (V), were also not utilized by C. equi. 4. Under some incubation conditions, C. equi also converted compound (IIa) and 3-(3aalpha-hexahydro-7abeta-methyl-1,5-dioxoindan-4alpha-yl)propionic acid (IIb) into 5-methyl-4-oxo-octane-1,8-dioic acid (III), (4R)-4-(2,3,4,6,6abeta,7,8,9,9aalpha,9bbeta-decahydro-6abeta-methyl-3-oxo-1H-cyclopenta[f]quinolin-7beta-yl)valeric acid (VII) and probably a monohydroxy derivative of compound (IIa) and compound (III), respectively. 5. The possibility that an initial step in the degradation of compound (IIa) by C. equi is oxygenation of the Baeyer-Villiger type, yielding compound (IVa), is discussed. Metabolic pathways of compound (IIa) to compounds (III), (VI), (VII) and (VIII) are also considered.", "PMID": 849290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8545", "title": "The release of alanine by rat diaphragm muscle in vitro.", "content": "Alanine release by rat diaphragm muscle in vitro is stimulated by glutamate, valine, leucine and glucose. The stimulation by glutamate and valine (but not leucine) is inhibited by 3-mercaptopicolinate. These results suggest a metabolic route involving phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase which directs amino acid carbon skeletons towards pyruvate synthesis for alanine formation.", "contents": "The release of alanine by rat diaphragm muscle in vitro. Alanine release by rat diaphragm muscle in vitro is stimulated by glutamate, valine, leucine and glucose. The stimulation by glutamate and valine (but not leucine) is inhibited by 3-mercaptopicolinate. These results suggest a metabolic route involving phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase which directs amino acid carbon skeletons towards pyruvate synthesis for alanine formation.", "PMID": 849291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8546", "title": "Re-evaluation of amino-oxyacetate as an inhibitor.", "content": "Data are provided which indicate that pyruvate and/or acetaldehyde can reverse the inhibition of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase by amino-oxyacetate. It was shown that acetaldehyde could reverse the inhibition of gluconeogenesis from alanine and that pyruvate could reverse the inhibition of urea synthesis by amino-oxyacetate.", "contents": "Re-evaluation of amino-oxyacetate as an inhibitor. Data are provided which indicate that pyruvate and/or acetaldehyde can reverse the inhibition of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase by amino-oxyacetate. It was shown that acetaldehyde could reverse the inhibition of gluconeogenesis from alanine and that pyruvate could reverse the inhibition of urea synthesis by amino-oxyacetate.", "PMID": 849292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8547", "title": "Long-chain acyl-coenzyme A synthetase activity of spinach chloroplasts is concentrated in the envelope.", "content": "Purified chloroplasts were disrupted and then fractionated by discontinuous sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation. Envelopes contained long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase at a specific activity 80 times the activity in the lamellae or the stroma. Acetyl-CoA synthetase was concentrated in the stroma, and chlorophyll was confined to the lamellae membranes. Phospholipase D was not detected in any fraction.", "contents": "Long-chain acyl-coenzyme A synthetase activity of spinach chloroplasts is concentrated in the envelope. Purified chloroplasts were disrupted and then fractionated by discontinuous sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation. Envelopes contained long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase at a specific activity 80 times the activity in the lamellae or the stroma. Acetyl-CoA synthetase was concentrated in the stroma, and chlorophyll was confined to the lamellae membranes. Phospholipase D was not detected in any fraction.", "PMID": 849293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8548", "title": "Lipoprotein lipase activity at onset of development of white adipose tissue in newborn rats.", "content": "The low triacylglycerol concentration in inguinal tissue of newborn rats did not change during the first 6h after birth, despite the relatively high lipoprotein lipase activity in the tissue. Subsequently triacylglycerol concentration and enzyme activity rose in parallel. The results show that lipoprotein lipase activity was present in the tissue before fat accumulation.", "contents": "Lipoprotein lipase activity at onset of development of white adipose tissue in newborn rats. The low triacylglycerol concentration in inguinal tissue of newborn rats did not change during the first 6h after birth, despite the relatively high lipoprotein lipase activity in the tissue. Subsequently triacylglycerol concentration and enzyme activity rose in parallel. The results show that lipoprotein lipase activity was present in the tissue before fat accumulation.", "PMID": 849294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8549", "title": "Changes in protein kinase activity in rat testes during development.", "content": "Protein kinase activity in rat testes remained fairly constant from day 16 1/2 of embryonic life up to 10 days after birth. At the 21st postnatal day a nadir of activity was observed, and after an increase at 35 days of age a decrease in activity at 60 days was seen. The enzyme reached maximal specific activity in the testes of 90-day-old rats.", "contents": "Changes in protein kinase activity in rat testes during development. Protein kinase activity in rat testes remained fairly constant from day 16 1/2 of embryonic life up to 10 days after birth. At the 21st postnatal day a nadir of activity was observed, and after an increase at 35 days of age a decrease in activity at 60 days was seen. The enzyme reached maximal specific activity in the testes of 90-day-old rats.", "PMID": 849295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8550", "title": "Prenatal induction of sucrase activity in rat jejunum.", "content": "Daily application of cortisone acetate (10mg/100g body wt.) or L-tri-iodothyronine (20 microng/100g body wt.) to female rats in the last (third) week of pregnancy elicits a precocious appearance of jejunal sucrase in their foetuses.", "contents": "Prenatal induction of sucrase activity in rat jejunum. Daily application of cortisone acetate (10mg/100g body wt.) or L-tri-iodothyronine (20 microng/100g body wt.) to female rats in the last (third) week of pregnancy elicits a precocious appearance of jejunal sucrase in their foetuses.", "PMID": 849296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8551", "title": "Correlation between levels of breakdown products of C3, C4, and properdin factor B in synovial fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Synovial fluids from 31 patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 23 patients with seronegative RA had significantly increased levels of breakdown products to C3, C4, and properdin factor B when compared to patients with osteoarthritis (OA) (P less than 0.01). The same patients exhibited a considerable overlap of native C3, C4, and properdin factor B levels when their results were compared with those of OA patients. The parallel increase of C3d, C4d, and Ba levels in patients with RA suggests an activation of the complement system rather than a nonspecific enzymatic breakdown in synovial fluids.", "contents": "Correlation between levels of breakdown products of C3, C4, and properdin factor B in synovial fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Synovial fluids from 31 patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 23 patients with seronegative RA had significantly increased levels of breakdown products to C3, C4, and properdin factor B when compared to patients with osteoarthritis (OA) (P less than 0.01). The same patients exhibited a considerable overlap of native C3, C4, and properdin factor B levels when their results were compared with those of OA patients. The parallel increase of C3d, C4d, and Ba levels in patients with RA suggests an activation of the complement system rather than a nonspecific enzymatic breakdown in synovial fluids.", "PMID": 849359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8552", "title": "Intracellular collagen fibers at the pannus-cartilage junction in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Sections of the pannus-articular cartilage junction from a patient with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were prepared for electron microscopy. Cells at this interface contained membrane-bound collagen fibrils, apparently in various stages of digestion. Previous studies have demonstrated intracellular collagen fibrils at sites of very active and rapid collagen resorption. It is suggested that at certain times in certain patients with RA, phagocytosis of cartilage collagen fragments and subsequent intracellular digestion may serve as a supplemental pathway to extracellular collagen degradation.", "contents": "Intracellular collagen fibers at the pannus-cartilage junction in rheumatoid arthritis. Sections of the pannus-articular cartilage junction from a patient with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were prepared for electron microscopy. Cells at this interface contained membrane-bound collagen fibrils, apparently in various stages of digestion. Previous studies have demonstrated intracellular collagen fibrils at sites of very active and rapid collagen resorption. It is suggested that at certain times in certain patients with RA, phagocytosis of cartilage collagen fragments and subsequent intracellular digestion may serve as a supplemental pathway to extracellular collagen degradation.", "PMID": 849360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8553", "title": "D-penicillamine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Forty-four patients with definite or classic rheumatoid arthritis and failure to tolerate or respond to gold therapy were treated with D-penicillamine on a so-called go-slow, go-low regime. Seventeen patients tolerated the drug and had a 3-13 month follow-up assessment; 8 were markedly improved, 6 moderately or slightly improved, and 3 unimproved. Penicillamine had to be discontinued in 9 patients because of toxic side effects.", "contents": "D-penicillamine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Forty-four patients with definite or classic rheumatoid arthritis and failure to tolerate or respond to gold therapy were treated with D-penicillamine on a so-called go-slow, go-low regime. Seventeen patients tolerated the drug and had a 3-13 month follow-up assessment; 8 were markedly improved, 6 moderately or slightly improved, and 3 unimproved. Penicillamine had to be discontinued in 9 patients because of toxic side effects.", "PMID": 849361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8554", "title": "Activators and inhibitors of fibrinolysis in rheumatoid and nonrheumatoid synovial membranes. A histochemical study.", "content": "Histochemical studies of rheumatoid and nonrheumatoid synovial membranes revealed lowered fibrinolytic activity at sites of chronic inflammatory infiltrates and deposits of fibrin-like material (FLM). Inhibition of fibrinolysis occcurred over these areas and was always inversely related to the fibrinolytic activity. Hence the low fibrinolytic activity of these chronically inflamed tissues seems to result from the presence of inhibitors of fibrinolysis. Such inhibitors in FLM deposits may be responsible for the prolonged persistence of these deposits in the rheumatoid joint.", "contents": "Activators and inhibitors of fibrinolysis in rheumatoid and nonrheumatoid synovial membranes. A histochemical study. Histochemical studies of rheumatoid and nonrheumatoid synovial membranes revealed lowered fibrinolytic activity at sites of chronic inflammatory infiltrates and deposits of fibrin-like material (FLM). Inhibition of fibrinolysis occcurred over these areas and was always inversely related to the fibrinolytic activity. Hence the low fibrinolytic activity of these chronically inflamed tissues seems to result from the presence of inhibitors of fibrinolysis. Such inhibitors in FLM deposits may be responsible for the prolonged persistence of these deposits in the rheumatoid joint.", "PMID": 849362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8555", "title": "Enhancement of in vitro immunoglobulin synthesis of rheumatoid lymphocytes by aggregated human gamma globulin.", "content": "In vitro immunoglobullin synthesis by lymphocytes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was enhanced by the addition of heat-aggregated human IgG. Stimulation occurred in the presence of fresh seropositive autologous plasma and was abolished by heat inactivation. By contrast, no significant stimulation was induced in lymphocytes from patients with miscellaneous arthritides and normal subjects cultured in the presence of either fresh autologous plasma or fresh normal AB serum. Although stimulation of RA lymphocytes did not occur in the presence of fresh AB serum, it did when purified IgM rheumatoid factor was added to this serum. These results suggest that immune complexes formed between aggregated IgG and rheumatoid factor in the presence of complement stimulate immunoglobulin synthesis in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with RA.", "contents": "Enhancement of in vitro immunoglobulin synthesis of rheumatoid lymphocytes by aggregated human gamma globulin. In vitro immunoglobullin synthesis by lymphocytes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was enhanced by the addition of heat-aggregated human IgG. Stimulation occurred in the presence of fresh seropositive autologous plasma and was abolished by heat inactivation. By contrast, no significant stimulation was induced in lymphocytes from patients with miscellaneous arthritides and normal subjects cultured in the presence of either fresh autologous plasma or fresh normal AB serum. Although stimulation of RA lymphocytes did not occur in the presence of fresh AB serum, it did when purified IgM rheumatoid factor was added to this serum. These results suggest that immune complexes formed between aggregated IgG and rheumatoid factor in the presence of complement stimulate immunoglobulin synthesis in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with RA.", "PMID": 849363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8556", "title": "Hyaluronic acid production by irradiated human synovial fibroblasts.", "content": "Radioactive particles as well as X-irradiation from an external source have been used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. In order to  clarify effects of ionizing irradiation on synovial cells, radioactive gold (198Au) and yttrium (90Y) were added to fibroblast cultures derived from human synovial membranes. Other cultures were irradiated by a Picker X-ray machine. Fibroblast growth and hyaluronic acid production were measured. Radioactive gold and yttrium particles induced a significant increase of hyaluronic acid synthesis rate (pg/cell/day) and inhibited fibroblast growth. Fibroblasts continued to overproduce hyaluronic acid and to show growth inhibition 3 weeds after irradiation with radioactive gold. Hydrocortisone inhibited hyaluronic acid overproduction induced by radioactive gold. Overproduction of hyaluronic acid induced by the X-ray machine was inhibited by hydrocortisone, actinomycin-D, and cycloheximide. Fibroblasts derived from normal and rheumatoid patients responded similarly to ionizing irradiation.", "contents": "Hyaluronic acid production by irradiated human synovial fibroblasts. Radioactive particles as well as X-irradiation from an external source have been used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. In order to  clarify effects of ionizing irradiation on synovial cells, radioactive gold (198Au) and yttrium (90Y) were added to fibroblast cultures derived from human synovial membranes. Other cultures were irradiated by a Picker X-ray machine. Fibroblast growth and hyaluronic acid production were measured. Radioactive gold and yttrium particles induced a significant increase of hyaluronic acid synthesis rate (pg/cell/day) and inhibited fibroblast growth. Fibroblasts continued to overproduce hyaluronic acid and to show growth inhibition 3 weeds after irradiation with radioactive gold. Hydrocortisone inhibited hyaluronic acid overproduction induced by radioactive gold. Overproduction of hyaluronic acid induced by the X-ray machine was inhibited by hydrocortisone, actinomycin-D, and cycloheximide. Fibroblasts derived from normal and rheumatoid patients responded similarly to ionizing irradiation.", "PMID": 849364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8557", "title": "Differences in the collagen types synthesized by lapine articular chondrocytes in spinner and monolayer culture.", "content": "In five different secondary monolayer cultures of rabbit articular chondrocytes, 72-89% of the the collagen synthesized was Type 1, as determined by alpha chain separation and CNBr-cleavage peptide analysis. When sister cells were transferred to spinner bottles after primary monolayer culture growth, 88% of the collagen formed in four separate experiments was Type II. A reversion to Type I collagen synthesis occurred when the spinner-cultured cells were returned to monolayer flasks. The change in the species of collagen depended on the suspension condition and not on the low Ca2+ content (0.33 mM) of the spinner medium. These findings parallel the switch to phenotypic glycosaminoglycan synthesis that also occurs when monolayer-cultured cells are transferred to spinner bottles. Whether this phenomenon arises through a genetic control mechanism rather than environmental selection for particular cohorts of cells has not yet been determined.", "contents": "Differences in the collagen types synthesized by lapine articular chondrocytes in spinner and monolayer culture. In five different secondary monolayer cultures of rabbit articular chondrocytes, 72-89% of the the collagen synthesized was Type 1, as determined by alpha chain separation and CNBr-cleavage peptide analysis. When sister cells were transferred to spinner bottles after primary monolayer culture growth, 88% of the collagen formed in four separate experiments was Type II. A reversion to Type I collagen synthesis occurred when the spinner-cultured cells were returned to monolayer flasks. The change in the species of collagen depended on the suspension condition and not on the low Ca2+ content (0.33 mM) of the spinner medium. These findings parallel the switch to phenotypic glycosaminoglycan synthesis that also occurs when monolayer-cultured cells are transferred to spinner bottles. Whether this phenomenon arises through a genetic control mechanism rather than environmental selection for particular cohorts of cells has not yet been determined.", "PMID": 849365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8558", "title": "Tendon calcifications in chondrocalcinosis. A clinical, radiologic, histologic, and crystallographic study.", "content": "Fine linear extraarticular calcium deposits were found in X-rays of 7 of 52 patients with articular chondrocalcinosis (ACC). Seven Achilles tendons, seven quadriceps tendons, and one plantar fascia were affected. In a control group of comparable age and sex, without ACC but with generalized osteoarthritis, no calcifications were found in the tendons. On a biopsy specimen of Achilles tendon with such calcium deposits, X-ray diffraction showed that they had the characteristics of calcium pyrophosphate dilhydrate. Isolated small foci of crystals were observed on some segments of tendon bundles. The presence of fine linear calcifications on X-rays of the Achilles or quadriceps tendons may be a useful aid in the radiologic diagnosis of so-called articular chondrocalcinosis.", "contents": "Tendon calcifications in chondrocalcinosis. A clinical, radiologic, histologic, and crystallographic study. Fine linear extraarticular calcium deposits were found in X-rays of 7 of 52 patients with articular chondrocalcinosis (ACC). Seven Achilles tendons, seven quadriceps tendons, and one plantar fascia were affected. In a control group of comparable age and sex, without ACC but with generalized osteoarthritis, no calcifications were found in the tendons. On a biopsy specimen of Achilles tendon with such calcium deposits, X-ray diffraction showed that they had the characteristics of calcium pyrophosphate dilhydrate. Isolated small foci of crystals were observed on some segments of tendon bundles. The presence of fine linear calcifications on X-rays of the Achilles or quadriceps tendons may be a useful aid in the radiologic diagnosis of so-called articular chondrocalcinosis.", "PMID": 849366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8559", "title": "Synovial chondromatosis affecting the temporomandibular joint. Case report and literature review.", "content": "A case of synovial chondromatosis affecting the temporomandibular joint is reported and the literature is reviewed. Chondromatosis occurs most frequently in this joint in middle-aged women, and it presents with pain and tenderness over the joint. Radiologically, the condition is detected by widening of the joint space with variable presence of radiodense loose bodies. Pathologically, the loose bodies in the case presented were demonstrated arise from cartilaginous metaplasia of the synovial lining. The stimulus for synovial chondrometaplasia at this site is unknown.", "contents": "Synovial chondromatosis affecting the temporomandibular joint. Case report and literature review. A case of synovial chondromatosis affecting the temporomandibular joint is reported and the literature is reviewed. Chondromatosis occurs most frequently in this joint in middle-aged women, and it presents with pain and tenderness over the joint. Radiologically, the condition is detected by widening of the joint space with variable presence of radiodense loose bodies. Pathologically, the loose bodies in the case presented were demonstrated arise from cartilaginous metaplasia of the synovial lining. The stimulus for synovial chondrometaplasia at this site is unknown.", "PMID": 849367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8560", "title": "Chronic arthropathy associated with rubella vaccination.", "content": "Eleven children suffered recurrent ipisodes of knee stiffness (\"catcher's crouch syndrome\") after receiving HPV-77DK12 rubella vaccine. One was evaluated by arthroscopy and the synovium was found to be hypertrophied posteriorly and to protude in folds into the intercondylar notch and lateral joint space. Culture for rubella virus was unsuccessful. The author's observations provide evidence that \"catcher's crouch syndrome\" is a synovial disease and that chronic joint disease can be a sequela of rubella immunization.", "contents": "Chronic arthropathy associated with rubella vaccination. Eleven children suffered recurrent ipisodes of knee stiffness (\"catcher's crouch syndrome\") after receiving HPV-77DK12 rubella vaccine. One was evaluated by arthroscopy and the synovium was found to be hypertrophied posteriorly and to protude in folds into the intercondylar notch and lateral joint space. Culture for rubella virus was unsuccessful. The author's observations provide evidence that \"catcher's crouch syndrome\" is a synovial disease and that chronic joint disease can be a sequela of rubella immunization.", "PMID": 849368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8561", "title": "Spontaneous rupture of the liver. An unusual complication of SLE.", "content": "A patient with systemic lupus erythematosus developed an acute surgical abdomen secondary to spontaneous rupture of the liver and died. Postmortem examination revealed an arteritis of the liver, pancreas, adrenal gland, skeletal muscle, and spleen. It appeared that an arteritis of the liver produced areas of infarction that ruptured and caused the clinical findings.", "contents": "Spontaneous rupture of the liver. An unusual complication of SLE. A patient with systemic lupus erythematosus developed an acute surgical abdomen secondary to spontaneous rupture of the liver and died. Postmortem examination revealed an arteritis of the liver, pancreas, adrenal gland, skeletal muscle, and spleen. It appeared that an arteritis of the liver produced areas of infarction that ruptured and caused the clinical findings.", "PMID": 849369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8562", "title": "The university rheumatic disease clinic: provider and patient receptions of cost.", "content": "A medical school based rheumatic disease clinic provides patient services and educational activities and conducts clinical research. The patient population and routes of access to one such clinic are described, and the effect of direct and indirect costs influencing patient compliance are analyzed. It was found that the program cost of such a facility greatly exceeds the administrative cost. Alternatives to such high-cost facilitities are considered.", "contents": "The university rheumatic disease clinic: provider and patient receptions of cost. A medical school based rheumatic disease clinic provides patient services and educational activities and conducts clinical research. The patient population and routes of access to one such clinic are described, and the effect of direct and indirect costs influencing patient compliance are analyzed. It was found that the program cost of such a facility greatly exceeds the administrative cost. Alternatives to such high-cost facilitities are considered.", "PMID": 849370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8563", "title": "Effect of serum and liver extracts from hypercholesterolemic rats on the synthesis of collagen by isolated aortas and cultured aortic smooth muscle cells.", "content": "Rats were made hypercholesterolemic by feeding them a high-cholesterol, olive oil diet for one week. The effect of sera and 35,000 X g supernatants of liver homogenates on collagen synthesis was studied in isolated aortas, cultured arterial smooth muscle cells and the same cells in suspension. Compared to the preparations from normal rats, the liver preparations from hyperlipidemic rats stimulated collagen synthesis in both isolated aortas and cultured smooth muscle cells by about 25%. In these test systems hyperlipidemic serum was without effect but when added to smooth muscle cells incubated in suspension, produced a significant increase in the amount of collagen secreted. Hyperlipidemic serum caused an increase of about 50% in the incorporation of [3H]-thymidine by cultured smooth muscle cells.", "contents": "Effect of serum and liver extracts from hypercholesterolemic rats on the synthesis of collagen by isolated aortas and cultured aortic smooth muscle cells. Rats were made hypercholesterolemic by feeding them a high-cholesterol, olive oil diet for one week. The effect of sera and 35,000 X g supernatants of liver homogenates on collagen synthesis was studied in isolated aortas, cultured arterial smooth muscle cells and the same cells in suspension. Compared to the preparations from normal rats, the liver preparations from hyperlipidemic rats stimulated collagen synthesis in both isolated aortas and cultured smooth muscle cells by about 25%. In these test systems hyperlipidemic serum was without effect but when added to smooth muscle cells incubated in suspension, produced a significant increase in the amount of collagen secreted. Hyperlipidemic serum caused an increase of about 50% in the incorporation of [3H]-thymidine by cultured smooth muscle cells.", "PMID": 849373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8564", "title": "Histogenetic differences between parent and daughter vessels of human coronary arteries.", "content": "The age-dependent changes of the parent vessels of human coronary arteries are characterized by a very early appearance and very intense development, as well as by a rapid association of degenerative processes. In contrast, the age-dependent changes of the daughter vessels of human coronary arteries are characterized by a very late occurrence and very slow development, as well as by the lack of associated degenerative processes. This histogenetic difference between parent and daughter vessels was not observed in other organ arteries. The two different histogenetic areas of the coronary tree appeared separated by a boundary constantly found at the level of the branching area, in a point where longitudinal muscle columns of the parent vessel criss-cross proximate to the branch orifice and describe half a spiral round it. No particular wall changes were observed when an epicardial branch became an intramyocardial one.", "contents": "Histogenetic differences between parent and daughter vessels of human coronary arteries. The age-dependent changes of the parent vessels of human coronary arteries are characterized by a very early appearance and very intense development, as well as by a rapid association of degenerative processes. In contrast, the age-dependent changes of the daughter vessels of human coronary arteries are characterized by a very late occurrence and very slow development, as well as by the lack of associated degenerative processes. This histogenetic difference between parent and daughter vessels was not observed in other organ arteries. The two different histogenetic areas of the coronary tree appeared separated by a boundary constantly found at the level of the branching area, in a point where longitudinal muscle columns of the parent vessel criss-cross proximate to the branch orifice and describe half a spiral round it. No particular wall changes were observed when an epicardial branch became an intramyocardial one.", "PMID": 849374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8565", "title": "Tissue storage and control of cholesterol metabolism in man on high cholesterol diets.", "content": "The possibility of accumulation of tissue cholesterol in human beings submitted to high cholesterol feeding was investigated in liver biopsies and through fecal sterol balance studies. Feeding to 10 individuals 3.1 to 3.4 g/day of cholesterol for 3 weeks raised the mean serum level from 293 to 349 mg/100 ml, namely 19%, whereas the liver cholesterol content was 417 mg/100 g of wet weight. In 10 control cases eating 0.1--0.4 g/day of cholesterol serum cholesterol remained stable throughout the experimental period and the liver cholesterol content was 256 mg/100 g. Difference of liver colesterol level between the two groups was 62%. In 7 patients submitted to two periods of balance investigation on a cholesterol-free synthetic formula diet respectively prior to (PI) and after (PIII) eating the high cholesterol solid food from 4 to 15 weeks (PII), fecal steroid excretion in PIII exceeded PI in 3 patients. Such data are a direct evidence for the existence of an efficient system to release acutely stored cholesterol. In one patient bile acid excretion accounted for the difference between PIII and PI.", "contents": "Tissue storage and control of cholesterol metabolism in man on high cholesterol diets. The possibility of accumulation of tissue cholesterol in human beings submitted to high cholesterol feeding was investigated in liver biopsies and through fecal sterol balance studies. Feeding to 10 individuals 3.1 to 3.4 g/day of cholesterol for 3 weeks raised the mean serum level from 293 to 349 mg/100 ml, namely 19%, whereas the liver cholesterol content was 417 mg/100 g of wet weight. In 10 control cases eating 0.1--0.4 g/day of cholesterol serum cholesterol remained stable throughout the experimental period and the liver cholesterol content was 256 mg/100 g. Difference of liver colesterol level between the two groups was 62%. In 7 patients submitted to two periods of balance investigation on a cholesterol-free synthetic formula diet respectively prior to (PI) and after (PIII) eating the high cholesterol solid food from 4 to 15 weeks (PII), fecal steroid excretion in PIII exceeded PI in 3 patients. Such data are a direct evidence for the existence of an efficient system to release acutely stored cholesterol. In one patient bile acid excretion accounted for the difference between PIII and PI.", "PMID": 849375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8566", "title": "Dynamic mechanical properties of atherosclerotic aorta. A correlation between the cholesterol ester content and the viscoelastic properties of atherosclerotic aorta.", "content": "The effect of cholesterol and cholesterol ester content of aortas on the dynamic mechanical properties of these tissues was studied in rabbits during development of atherosclerosis. The disease was induced by feeding a 1.5% cholesterol diet for six weeks. At two week intervals, an equal number of control and experimental animals were sacrificed and their aortas were collected. After grading the aortas for lesions, one-half of each aorta was used for the determination of cholesterol and cholesterol ester content while the other half was used for the determination of viscoelastic properties. The viscoelastic properties were determined in both the longitudinal and the tangentail direction of the aortas. The results showed that cholesterol feeding had no effect on the longitudinal dynamic Young's modulus of the aortas. On the other hand, the tangential dynamic Young's modulus of the aortas was found to be very much influenced by the cholesterol diet. After the first two weeks of cholesterol feeding, the tangential dynamic Young's modulus was found to be increased markedly with time. At the end of the 6-week period, the average value of the tangential Young's moduli was 4.0 X 10(6) dynes/cm2 in the cholesterol-fed group while in the control group it remained 2.7 X 10(6) dynes/cm2. This increase in the tangential Young's moduli showed a remarkable correlation with the increase in the cholesterol ester content of the aortas. The cholesterol est content of aortas, like the tangential Young's modulus, remained unaffected during the first two weeks of cholesterol feeding. But after the first two weeks, a rapid increase in the cholesterol ester content was observed which coincided with an almost identical increase in the tangential Young's modulus values. It is concluded that during the early stages of atherosclerosis, the cholesterol ester content of aortas exerts a significant influence on the tangential dynamic Young's modulus of aortas. The serum levels of cholesterol and cholesterol ester, although increased steadily with the cholesterol feeding, did not show any direct correlation with the viscoelastic properties of the aortas.", "contents": "Dynamic mechanical properties of atherosclerotic aorta. A correlation between the cholesterol ester content and the viscoelastic properties of atherosclerotic aorta. The effect of cholesterol and cholesterol ester content of aortas on the dynamic mechanical properties of these tissues was studied in rabbits during development of atherosclerosis. The disease was induced by feeding a 1.5% cholesterol diet for six weeks. At two week intervals, an equal number of control and experimental animals were sacrificed and their aortas were collected. After grading the aortas for lesions, one-half of each aorta was used for the determination of cholesterol and cholesterol ester content while the other half was used for the determination of viscoelastic properties. The viscoelastic properties were determined in both the longitudinal and the tangentail direction of the aortas. The results showed that cholesterol feeding had no effect on the longitudinal dynamic Young's modulus of the aortas. On the other hand, the tangential dynamic Young's modulus of the aortas was found to be very much influenced by the cholesterol diet. After the first two weeks of cholesterol feeding, the tangential dynamic Young's modulus was found to be increased markedly with time. At the end of the 6-week period, the average value of the tangential Young's moduli was 4.0 X 10(6) dynes/cm2 in the cholesterol-fed group while in the control group it remained 2.7 X 10(6) dynes/cm2. This increase in the tangential Young's moduli showed a remarkable correlation with the increase in the cholesterol ester content of the aortas. The cholesterol est content of aortas, like the tangential Young's modulus, remained unaffected during the first two weeks of cholesterol feeding. But after the first two weeks, a rapid increase in the cholesterol ester content was observed which coincided with an almost identical increase in the tangential Young's modulus values. It is concluded that during the early stages of atherosclerosis, the cholesterol ester content of aortas exerts a significant influence on the tangential dynamic Young's modulus of aortas. The serum levels of cholesterol and cholesterol ester, although increased steadily with the cholesterol feeding, did not show any direct correlation with the viscoelastic properties of the aortas.", "PMID": 849376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8567", "title": "The effect of cholestyramine on the faecal excretion of bile acids and neutral steroids in familial hypercholesterolaemia.", "content": "The faecal excretion of total bile acids was measured in two normal subjects and in seven patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia (four heterozygotes and three homozygotes) in the untreated state and during treatment with near-maximal doses of cholestyramine. There were no significant differences between the three groups. The increase in bile-acid excretion in response to cholestyramine was as great in the homozygotes as in the normal subjects. It is concluded that familial hypercholesterolaemia is not generally due to an inherited defect in the mechanisms for catabolizing cholesterol to bile acids.", "contents": "The effect of cholestyramine on the faecal excretion of bile acids and neutral steroids in familial hypercholesterolaemia. The faecal excretion of total bile acids was measured in two normal subjects and in seven patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia (four heterozygotes and three homozygotes) in the untreated state and during treatment with near-maximal doses of cholestyramine. There were no significant differences between the three groups. The increase in bile-acid excretion in response to cholestyramine was as great in the homozygotes as in the normal subjects. It is concluded that familial hypercholesterolaemia is not generally due to an inherited defect in the mechanisms for catabolizing cholesterol to bile acids.", "PMID": 849377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8568", "title": "A factor in yogurt which lowers cholesteremia in man.", "content": "Large dietary intakes of yogurt are found to lower cholestermia in man. This effect is associated with a reduction of incorporation of radioacetate into serum cholesterol. The effect appears slowly and persists after intake of the yogurt stops suggesting that the mechanism involves the synthesis of a regulatory protein rather than an allosteric effect. The effective agent is postulated to be hydroxymethyl glutarate which inhibits the regulatory enzyme hydroxymethyl glutaryl CoA reductase (EC 1.1.1.3.4).", "contents": "A factor in yogurt which lowers cholesteremia in man. Large dietary intakes of yogurt are found to lower cholestermia in man. This effect is associated with a reduction of incorporation of radioacetate into serum cholesterol. The effect appears slowly and persists after intake of the yogurt stops suggesting that the mechanism involves the synthesis of a regulatory protein rather than an allosteric effect. The effective agent is postulated to be hydroxymethyl glutarate which inhibits the regulatory enzyme hydroxymethyl glutaryl CoA reductase (EC 1.1.1.3.4).", "PMID": 849378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8569", "title": "Enhanced synthesis and accumulation of collagen in cholesterol-aggravated pigeon atherosclerosis.", "content": "Atherosclerotic segments of pigeon aorta synthesized collagen at four times the rate found in normal aorta (Athero = 2071 +/- 1339 ng/g/h; Control = 497 +/- 192 ng/g/h; P less than 0.025). Similar results were obtained when synthesis was expressed per mg DNA. Elevation in collagen synthesis was relatively specific, collagen accounting for 4% of total protein synthesis in lesion-free aorta and 11.5% in atherosclerotic aorta. Substantial increases in total collagen were observed in atherosclerotic aortas (Athero = 9.9 +/- 3.1 mg/aorta; Control = 6.0 +/- 1.3 mg/aorta; P less than 0.05). Ultrastructural studies revealed the accumulation of large amounts of dense fibrillar collagen in the sub-endothelial region of the plaque. Plaque cells contained multiple vacuoles, an extensive rought endoplasmic reticulum and many mitochondria, suggesting active protein synthesis. It is concluded that increased collagen biosynthesis and deposition is an important metabolic derangement in lipid-rich atherosclerotic lesions whihc promotes their gradual conversion to fibrous plaques.", "contents": "Enhanced synthesis and accumulation of collagen in cholesterol-aggravated pigeon atherosclerosis. Atherosclerotic segments of pigeon aorta synthesized collagen at four times the rate found in normal aorta (Athero = 2071 +/- 1339 ng/g/h; Control = 497 +/- 192 ng/g/h; P less than 0.025). Similar results were obtained when synthesis was expressed per mg DNA. Elevation in collagen synthesis was relatively specific, collagen accounting for 4% of total protein synthesis in lesion-free aorta and 11.5% in atherosclerotic aorta. Substantial increases in total collagen were observed in atherosclerotic aortas (Athero = 9.9 +/- 3.1 mg/aorta; Control = 6.0 +/- 1.3 mg/aorta; P less than 0.05). Ultrastructural studies revealed the accumulation of large amounts of dense fibrillar collagen in the sub-endothelial region of the plaque. Plaque cells contained multiple vacuoles, an extensive rought endoplasmic reticulum and many mitochondria, suggesting active protein synthesis. It is concluded that increased collagen biosynthesis and deposition is an important metabolic derangement in lipid-rich atherosclerotic lesions whihc promotes their gradual conversion to fibrous plaques.", "PMID": 849379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8570", "title": "Tissue lipoprotein lipase in the hyperthyroid rat. Effect of growth and aging.", "content": "The hydrolysis of lipoprotein triglycerides is catalyzed by lipoprotein lipase (LPL), an enzyme found in many tissues. We have examined tissue LPL activity (LPLA) in rats with experimentally-induced hyperthyroidism. In younger, lighter rats, hyperthyroidism was accompanied by a decrease in LPL in adipose tissue whereas heart and diaphragm muscle LPL activities were increased. These changes are consistent with the hypothesis that the hypercatabolism and increased beta-adrenergic activity of hyperthyroidism result in characteristic changes in tissue LPLA. In older, heavier hyperthyroid animals, however, adipose tissue LPLA was increased and heart and diaphragmatic LPLA were similar to control activities. Propranolol feeding abolished the thyroxine-induced increase in adipose tissue LPLA. In euthyroid animals of similar size the response of muscle LPLA to short-term starvation was also attenuated. These changes in tissue LPLA may provide a mechanism for shunting triglyceride fatty acids away from adipose tissue for utilization by muscle in the hyperthyroid state. During growth and aging, these adaptations are modified.", "contents": "Tissue lipoprotein lipase in the hyperthyroid rat. Effect of growth and aging. The hydrolysis of lipoprotein triglycerides is catalyzed by lipoprotein lipase (LPL), an enzyme found in many tissues. We have examined tissue LPL activity (LPLA) in rats with experimentally-induced hyperthyroidism. In younger, lighter rats, hyperthyroidism was accompanied by a decrease in LPL in adipose tissue whereas heart and diaphragm muscle LPL activities were increased. These changes are consistent with the hypothesis that the hypercatabolism and increased beta-adrenergic activity of hyperthyroidism result in characteristic changes in tissue LPLA. In older, heavier hyperthyroid animals, however, adipose tissue LPLA was increased and heart and diaphragmatic LPLA were similar to control activities. Propranolol feeding abolished the thyroxine-induced increase in adipose tissue LPLA. In euthyroid animals of similar size the response of muscle LPLA to short-term starvation was also attenuated. These changes in tissue LPLA may provide a mechanism for shunting triglyceride fatty acids away from adipose tissue for utilization by muscle in the hyperthyroid state. During growth and aging, these adaptations are modified.", "PMID": 849380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8571", "title": "A factor in milk which influences cholestermia in rats.", "content": "Rats fed cholesterol show an adaptive response over several weeks with lowering of the initial rise of choleseremia to near normal levels. This reducation of cholesteremia is augmented by including milk powder in the diet. A similar effect is obtained by feeding 0.1% beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaric acid (HMG) in the diet. The evidence suggests that milk powder contains HMG.", "contents": "A factor in milk which influences cholestermia in rats. Rats fed cholesterol show an adaptive response over several weeks with lowering of the initial rise of choleseremia to near normal levels. This reducation of cholesteremia is augmented by including milk powder in the diet. A similar effect is obtained by feeding 0.1% beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaric acid (HMG) in the diet. The evidence suggests that milk powder contains HMG.", "PMID": 849381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8572", "title": "Endomyocardial fibrosis and eosinophilia.", "content": "Absolute eosinophil counts were assessed in 15 African patients with proven endomyocardial fibrosis. Though the mean eosinophil count in patients with endomyocardial fibrosis was higher compared with the normals reported from Kampala (1-13 vs 0.72X10(9)/1), the absolute range was comparable. A high percentage of patients with endomyocardial fibrosis had malarial parasites, high malarial antibody titres, hookworms, or strongyloides, but the correlation of eosinophilia to various parasitic infections was poor. Both eosinophilia and parasitic infections are common in the tropics and they effect patients with endomyocardial fibrosis no more than the population at large. Other aetiological factors, genetic, environmental, and immunological, are felt to be important in the causation of endomyocardial fibrosis in Uganda and evidence for this is reviewed. Though there is a similarity in pathological features, African endomyocardial fibrosis is a distinct entity from L\u00f6ffler's endocarditis and cardiac lesions seen in eosinophilic leukaemia or reactive eosinophilia. There is no hard evidence to suggest that African endomyocardial fibrosis is a variant of L\u00f6ffler's endocarditis caused by parasitic infections via eosinophilia.", "contents": "Endomyocardial fibrosis and eosinophilia. Absolute eosinophil counts were assessed in 15 African patients with proven endomyocardial fibrosis. Though the mean eosinophil count in patients with endomyocardial fibrosis was higher compared with the normals reported from Kampala (1-13 vs 0.72X10(9)/1), the absolute range was comparable. A high percentage of patients with endomyocardial fibrosis had malarial parasites, high malarial antibody titres, hookworms, or strongyloides, but the correlation of eosinophilia to various parasitic infections was poor. Both eosinophilia and parasitic infections are common in the tropics and they effect patients with endomyocardial fibrosis no more than the population at large. Other aetiological factors, genetic, environmental, and immunological, are felt to be important in the causation of endomyocardial fibrosis in Uganda and evidence for this is reviewed. Though there is a similarity in pathological features, African endomyocardial fibrosis is a distinct entity from L\u00f6ffler's endocarditis and cardiac lesions seen in eosinophilic leukaemia or reactive eosinophilia. There is no hard evidence to suggest that African endomyocardial fibrosis is a variant of L\u00f6ffler's endocarditis caused by parasitic infections via eosinophilia.", "PMID": 849383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8573", "title": "A study of systolic time intervals during uninterrupted exercise.", "content": "A method has been developed for obtaining measurements of the systolic time intervals during uninterrupted graded exercise in the upright position on a bicycle ergometer. The method has been applied to 112 subjects divided into 4 groups: two of normal subjects below and above the age of 40, respectively (mean ages 30 and 48 years), and two of patients (mean ages for each about 50 years), both with coronary insufficiency, but one without and the other with abnormality of left ventricular function as shown by ventriculography. The measurements obtained yield linear relations between total electromechanical systole (QS2) and heart rate, between pre-ejection period (PEP) and RR interval for each subject. The average standard deviation about the regression is less than 6 ms for all three regression lines; the average correlation coefficient is greater than 0-93. The younger group of normal subjects have a significantly shorter PEP compared to the older group. Indices have been derived which separate the patient groups from each other and from the normal subjects. Using these indices 86 per cent of all the subjects were correctly classified according to the group to which they belonged. It is concluded that measurements of STI during uninterrupted exercise offer valuable information in the assessment of cardiac patients.", "contents": "A study of systolic time intervals during uninterrupted exercise. A method has been developed for obtaining measurements of the systolic time intervals during uninterrupted graded exercise in the upright position on a bicycle ergometer. The method has been applied to 112 subjects divided into 4 groups: two of normal subjects below and above the age of 40, respectively (mean ages 30 and 48 years), and two of patients (mean ages for each about 50 years), both with coronary insufficiency, but one without and the other with abnormality of left ventricular function as shown by ventriculography. The measurements obtained yield linear relations between total electromechanical systole (QS2) and heart rate, between pre-ejection period (PEP) and RR interval for each subject. The average standard deviation about the regression is less than 6 ms for all three regression lines; the average correlation coefficient is greater than 0-93. The younger group of normal subjects have a significantly shorter PEP compared to the older group. Indices have been derived which separate the patient groups from each other and from the normal subjects. Using these indices 86 per cent of all the subjects were correctly classified according to the group to which they belonged. It is concluded that measurements of STI during uninterrupted exercise offer valuable information in the assessment of cardiac patients.", "PMID": 849384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8574", "title": "Changes in systolic time intervals during treatment of diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The cardiovascular response to the control of diabetes by sulphonylurea drugs has been investigated using systolic time intervals in a group of 19 diabetics. Before treatment a significantly greater heart rate and shortening of QS2 interval and left ventricular ejection time index were encountered among the more hyperglycaemic diabetic patients requiring drug therapy while all diabetics had a reduction of pre-ejection period index. There was a gradual return of resting heart rate and systolic time intervals to control values along with the fall in plasma sugar concentration during treatment. A likely explanation of the findings is that uncontrolled diabetics, particularly those more severely affected, are subjected to an increased adrenergic stimulus to the cardiovascular system which disappears with therapy. There is no evidence of positive inotropic action of sulphonylurea drugs in this study.", "contents": "Changes in systolic time intervals during treatment of diabetes mellitus. The cardiovascular response to the control of diabetes by sulphonylurea drugs has been investigated using systolic time intervals in a group of 19 diabetics. Before treatment a significantly greater heart rate and shortening of QS2 interval and left ventricular ejection time index were encountered among the more hyperglycaemic diabetic patients requiring drug therapy while all diabetics had a reduction of pre-ejection period index. There was a gradual return of resting heart rate and systolic time intervals to control values along with the fall in plasma sugar concentration during treatment. A likely explanation of the findings is that uncontrolled diabetics, particularly those more severely affected, are subjected to an increased adrenergic stimulus to the cardiovascular system which disappears with therapy. There is no evidence of positive inotropic action of sulphonylurea drugs in this study.", "PMID": 849385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8575", "title": "Echocardiographic evaluation of left-to-right shunt in ventricular septal defect and persistent ductus arteriosus.", "content": "Forty-five patients with either a ventricular septal defect or a persistent ductus arteriosus were assessed by echocardiography and cardiac catheterisation. Left atrial dimension was expressed either as a function of the body surface area (LAD cm per m2 BSA), or as a multiple of the aortic root dimension (LAD/AR), and was compared with the shunt size as determined by oximetry. A highly significant (P less than 0-001) regression relation was found for the group as a whole. A significant relation also existed for each individual group: ventricular septal defect, ventricular septal defect with pulmonary hypertension, and persistent ductus arteriosus. Regression equations were derived for the whole group. The value of echocardiography is in separating large from small shunts and in adding a dimension to the follow-up of the individual patient.", "contents": "Echocardiographic evaluation of left-to-right shunt in ventricular septal defect and persistent ductus arteriosus. Forty-five patients with either a ventricular septal defect or a persistent ductus arteriosus were assessed by echocardiography and cardiac catheterisation. Left atrial dimension was expressed either as a function of the body surface area (LAD cm per m2 BSA), or as a multiple of the aortic root dimension (LAD/AR), and was compared with the shunt size as determined by oximetry. A highly significant (P less than 0-001) regression relation was found for the group as a whole. A significant relation also existed for each individual group: ventricular septal defect, ventricular septal defect with pulmonary hypertension, and persistent ductus arteriosus. Regression equations were derived for the whole group. The value of echocardiography is in separating large from small shunts and in adding a dimension to the follow-up of the individual patient.", "PMID": 849386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8576", "title": "Echocardiographic diagnosis of primitive ventricle with two atrioventricular valves.", "content": "Anatomical studies have shown that the pathognomonic feature of primitive ventricle is absence of that portion of the interventricular septum which interposes between the atrioventricular valves. The relation of this posterior septum to the atrioventricular valves is such that echocardiography should be a particularly suitable technique for showing its presence or absence. When a posterior septum is present, it is seen on an echocardiogram as a double echo between the two atrioventricular valves. It presence limits posterior movement of the septal cusp of the anterior atrioventricular valve. Absence of the posterior septum should, therefore, be seen echocardiographically as more than mere absence of the double septal echo. It should be possible to show unusual posterior excursion of the \"septal\" cusp of the anterior atrioventricular valve and apposition of the \"septal\" cusps of the atrioventricular valves during diastole. In most instances it should also be possible to demonstrate that the posterior great artery is in continuity with both atrioventricular valves. We have shown these echocardiographic features in 26 patients. The diagnosis of primitive ventricle has been confirmed at necropsy or at operation in 4 patients. In the other 22 patients in angiographic data are compatible with a diagnosis of primitive ventricle. Demonstration of these positive features at echocardiography is, therefore, of considerable value in the initial diagnosis of primitive ventricle and in particular its differentiation from other congenital malformations.", "contents": "Echocardiographic diagnosis of primitive ventricle with two atrioventricular valves. Anatomical studies have shown that the pathognomonic feature of primitive ventricle is absence of that portion of the interventricular septum which interposes between the atrioventricular valves. The relation of this posterior septum to the atrioventricular valves is such that echocardiography should be a particularly suitable technique for showing its presence or absence. When a posterior septum is present, it is seen on an echocardiogram as a double echo between the two atrioventricular valves. It presence limits posterior movement of the septal cusp of the anterior atrioventricular valve. Absence of the posterior septum should, therefore, be seen echocardiographically as more than mere absence of the double septal echo. It should be possible to show unusual posterior excursion of the \"septal\" cusp of the anterior atrioventricular valve and apposition of the \"septal\" cusps of the atrioventricular valves during diastole. In most instances it should also be possible to demonstrate that the posterior great artery is in continuity with both atrioventricular valves. We have shown these echocardiographic features in 26 patients. The diagnosis of primitive ventricle has been confirmed at necropsy or at operation in 4 patients. In the other 22 patients in angiographic data are compatible with a diagnosis of primitive ventricle. Demonstration of these positive features at echocardiography is, therefore, of considerable value in the initial diagnosis of primitive ventricle and in particular its differentiation from other congenital malformations.", "PMID": 849387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8577", "title": "Natural history of the ventricular septal defect in tricuspid atresia and its surgical implications.", "content": "We have previously reported isolated cases of anatomical and functional closure of ventricular septal defects in tricuspid atresia. To study this phenomenon further, clinical, angiographic, and pathological findings in 20 consecutive cases of tricuspid atresia were reviewed. Sixteen cases were found to have normally related great arteries (type I) and 4 had transposition (type II). In 6 of these patients there was evidence of closure of a ventricular septal defect; in 3 this was complete and in the other 3, partial. Five of these ventricular septal defect closures occurred in type I patients and one among type II. Increasing cyanosis and polycythaemia and/or disappearance of a previously heard murmur were observed in all patients; these signs are more conspicuous in complete closure than in partial. The incidence of closure of ventricular septal defect in tricuspid atresia is 38 per cent and approximates to the incidence of spontaneous closure of isolated ventricular septal defects. Progressive muscular \"encroachment\" of the margins of ventricular septal defects with subsequent fibrosis and covering by endocardial proliferation is the most likely mechanism of closure in tricuspid atresia. The factors initiating the closure of ventricular septal defect remain unknown, but because of its occurrence in patients both with and without previous shunt operations, it is reasonable to assume that closure of ventricular septal defect in tricuspid atresia is not initiated or accelerated by these surgical shunts. Recent developments in surgical technique permit total surgical correction of tricuspid atresia at least in a physiological sense, but these operations can be successfully performed only in older children (over 8 years). Thus, palliation is essential in younger patients until they reach the age for total correction. A Blalock-Taussig shunt is recommended in preference to a Glenn anastomosis because the latter may leave the left pulmonary circuit without blood supply if the ventricular septal defect closes. In type II cases, a large and non-restrictive ventricular septal defect is essential for survival of the patient after the Fontan operation. For this reason, the size of the ventricular septal defect should be evaluated before and at the time of surgical correction. If the ventricular septal defect is small in a type II case, resection of the ventricular septum or a complete bypass of the ventricular septal defect and right ventricle is necessary at the time of the Fontan operation.", "contents": "Natural history of the ventricular septal defect in tricuspid atresia and its surgical implications. We have previously reported isolated cases of anatomical and functional closure of ventricular septal defects in tricuspid atresia. To study this phenomenon further, clinical, angiographic, and pathological findings in 20 consecutive cases of tricuspid atresia were reviewed. Sixteen cases were found to have normally related great arteries (type I) and 4 had transposition (type II). In 6 of these patients there was evidence of closure of a ventricular septal defect; in 3 this was complete and in the other 3, partial. Five of these ventricular septal defect closures occurred in type I patients and one among type II. Increasing cyanosis and polycythaemia and/or disappearance of a previously heard murmur were observed in all patients; these signs are more conspicuous in complete closure than in partial. The incidence of closure of ventricular septal defect in tricuspid atresia is 38 per cent and approximates to the incidence of spontaneous closure of isolated ventricular septal defects. Progressive muscular \"encroachment\" of the margins of ventricular septal defects with subsequent fibrosis and covering by endocardial proliferation is the most likely mechanism of closure in tricuspid atresia. The factors initiating the closure of ventricular septal defect remain unknown, but because of its occurrence in patients both with and without previous shunt operations, it is reasonable to assume that closure of ventricular septal defect in tricuspid atresia is not initiated or accelerated by these surgical shunts. Recent developments in surgical technique permit total surgical correction of tricuspid atresia at least in a physiological sense, but these operations can be successfully performed only in older children (over 8 years). Thus, palliation is essential in younger patients until they reach the age for total correction. A Blalock-Taussig shunt is recommended in preference to a Glenn anastomosis because the latter may leave the left pulmonary circuit without blood supply if the ventricular septal defect closes. In type II cases, a large and non-restrictive ventricular septal defect is essential for survival of the patient after the Fontan operation. For this reason, the size of the ventricular septal defect should be evaluated before and at the time of surgical correction. If the ventricular septal defect is small in a type II case, resection of the ventricular septum or a complete bypass of the ventricular septal defect and right ventricle is necessary at the time of the Fontan operation.", "PMID": 849388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8578", "title": "Coronary artery occlusion and alcohol intake.", "content": "A group of over 900 patients who underwent coronary arteriography were asked about their alcohol intake. The patients who were abstainers or consumed less than an equivalent of 180 ml absolute alcohol per week had higher coronary artery occlusion scores than the group consuming more than that amount, though the latter group smoked more and had higher plasma triglyceride levels.", "contents": "Coronary artery occlusion and alcohol intake. A group of over 900 patients who underwent coronary arteriography were asked about their alcohol intake. The patients who were abstainers or consumed less than an equivalent of 180 ml absolute alcohol per week had higher coronary artery occlusion scores than the group consuming more than that amount, though the latter group smoked more and had higher plasma triglyceride levels.", "PMID": 849389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8579", "title": "Rheumatic aortic stenosis in young patients presenting with combined aortic and mitral stenosis.", "content": "This report describes 30 patients under the age of 30 years with rheumatic aortic stenosis, presenting with combined aortic and mitral stenosis. Three patients had additional tricuspid stenosis. Twenty-eight patients gave a history of rheumatic polyarthritis. The diagnosis was confirmed by right and left heart catheterisation in all. The murmur of aortic stenosis was not initially present in 8 out of 10 patients in congestive heart failure. Aortic valve calcification was not seen. Cineangiography showed a tricuspid aortic valve in all, unlike congenital aortic stenosis. A unique feature of this group was the raised pulmonary vascular resistance in 87 per cent of the patients. The present study shows that patients in India developing aortic stenosis after rheumatic fever do so early in the natural history of the disease.", "contents": "Rheumatic aortic stenosis in young patients presenting with combined aortic and mitral stenosis. This report describes 30 patients under the age of 30 years with rheumatic aortic stenosis, presenting with combined aortic and mitral stenosis. Three patients had additional tricuspid stenosis. Twenty-eight patients gave a history of rheumatic polyarthritis. The diagnosis was confirmed by right and left heart catheterisation in all. The murmur of aortic stenosis was not initially present in 8 out of 10 patients in congestive heart failure. Aortic valve calcification was not seen. Cineangiography showed a tricuspid aortic valve in all, unlike congenital aortic stenosis. A unique feature of this group was the raised pulmonary vascular resistance in 87 per cent of the patients. The present study shows that patients in India developing aortic stenosis after rheumatic fever do so early in the natural history of the disease.", "PMID": 849390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8580", "title": "Left juxtaposition of the auricles with l-position of the aorta. Report of 6 cases.", "content": "Six hearts are described in which juxtaposition of the auricles to the left of the great arteries (left juxtaposition) was associated with l-postion of the aorta. Atrial anatomy was abnormal but constant; the os of the right auricle occupied the expected site of the atrial septum, producing posterior and inferior desplacement of this structure. This is of importance since the os could be mistaken for a defect of the atrial septum, while the displacement of actual defects is of significance to any intended catheterisation procedure including atrial septostomy. Five of the hearts showed atrioventricular concordance while the other specimen was an example of primitive ventricle with a right-sided outlet chamber. The ventriculoarterial connection in this latter case was normal, with l-malposition (anatomically corrected malposition). Ventriculoarterial connections in the other hearts were transposition in 3, single aortic trunk with pulmonary atresia in 1, and an intermediate between double outlet right ventricle and transposition in the other. These cases confirm the observation that juxtaposition of the auricles is associated with severe cyanotic congenital heart disease.", "contents": "Left juxtaposition of the auricles with l-position of the aorta. Report of 6 cases. Six hearts are described in which juxtaposition of the auricles to the left of the great arteries (left juxtaposition) was associated with l-postion of the aorta. Atrial anatomy was abnormal but constant; the os of the right auricle occupied the expected site of the atrial septum, producing posterior and inferior desplacement of this structure. This is of importance since the os could be mistaken for a defect of the atrial septum, while the displacement of actual defects is of significance to any intended catheterisation procedure including atrial septostomy. Five of the hearts showed atrioventricular concordance while the other specimen was an example of primitive ventricle with a right-sided outlet chamber. The ventriculoarterial connection in this latter case was normal, with l-malposition (anatomically corrected malposition). Ventriculoarterial connections in the other hearts were transposition in 3, single aortic trunk with pulmonary atresia in 1, and an intermediate between double outlet right ventricle and transposition in the other. These cases confirm the observation that juxtaposition of the auricles is associated with severe cyanotic congenital heart disease.", "PMID": 849391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8581", "title": "Clinical and electrophysiological effects of intravenous quinidine in man.", "content": "Quinidine gluconate (total dose 4-4 to 9-1 mg/kg) was infused intravenously over 22 minutes in 20 patients with either frequent premature ventricular contractions or supraventricular arrhythmias, 16 of whom had bundle-branch block. Therapeutic plasma quinidine levels (3 to 7 mg/l) were achieved in 15. Heart rate, atrioventricular nodal, and infranodal conduction times did not change significantly. The QRS duration increased significantly from 128+/-30 to 134+/-29 ms at peak plasma quinidine levels (P less than 0.01). Mild hypotension occurred during infusion in most patients. Two patients had a severe but transient toxic response characterised by hypotension, nausea, vomiting, and diaphoresis. Atrioventricular dissociation with escape His bundle or fascicular rhythm occurred in 1 patient with sinus bradycardia. Bundle-branch block does not contraindicate administration of quinidine. Quinidine gluconate administered intravenously (0-3 to 0-4 mg/kg per min) is frequently associated with hypotenstion and should be used only in an intensive care setting and with careful monitoring of blood pressure.", "contents": "Clinical and electrophysiological effects of intravenous quinidine in man. Quinidine gluconate (total dose 4-4 to 9-1 mg/kg) was infused intravenously over 22 minutes in 20 patients with either frequent premature ventricular contractions or supraventricular arrhythmias, 16 of whom had bundle-branch block. Therapeutic plasma quinidine levels (3 to 7 mg/l) were achieved in 15. Heart rate, atrioventricular nodal, and infranodal conduction times did not change significantly. The QRS duration increased significantly from 128+/-30 to 134+/-29 ms at peak plasma quinidine levels (P less than 0.01). Mild hypotension occurred during infusion in most patients. Two patients had a severe but transient toxic response characterised by hypotension, nausea, vomiting, and diaphoresis. Atrioventricular dissociation with escape His bundle or fascicular rhythm occurred in 1 patient with sinus bradycardia. Bundle-branch block does not contraindicate administration of quinidine. Quinidine gluconate administered intravenously (0-3 to 0-4 mg/kg per min) is frequently associated with hypotenstion and should be used only in an intensive care setting and with careful monitoring of blood pressure.", "PMID": 849392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8582", "title": "Effect of positive acceleration (+gz) on electrocardiogram of subjects with vasoregulatory abnormality.", "content": "ST-T wave changes in the electrocardiogram detected during routine examination and aggravated by erect posture, hyperventilation, and exercise in apparently healthy young individuals have been termed vasoregulatory abnormalities. No evidence of ischaemic heart disease has been found in such subjects. Ten young healthy air crew with vasoregulatory abnormalities were subjected to maximal exercise on treadmill and procedure repeated after 120 mg propranolol daily for 3 days. After one week, they were subjected to a stress of positive acceleration (+gz) in a human centrifuge at 2-5 g and 3-5 g for 15 seconds each at a constant rate of rise of 0-1 g/s and the electrocardiogram was monitored during and in the post-acceleration phase. The procedure was repeated after propranolol 120 mg daily for 3 days. The stress of positive acceleration resulted in pronounced prominence of P waves and inversion of T waves (as has been reported in normal subjects) with minimal ST depression in the electrocardiogram. ST segment depression during exercise, at heart rates corresponding to those achieved during peak centrifuge runs, was significantly more pronounced. The ST, P, and T wave changes were returned to normal after propranolol. It is concluded that minimal ST segment depression after stress of positive acceleration as compared with conspicuous ST segment depression during exercise at corresponding heart rates, and their normalisation after propranolol, rules out ischaemia as an aetiological factor in subjects with vasoregulatory abnormalities.", "contents": "Effect of positive acceleration (+gz) on electrocardiogram of subjects with vasoregulatory abnormality. ST-T wave changes in the electrocardiogram detected during routine examination and aggravated by erect posture, hyperventilation, and exercise in apparently healthy young individuals have been termed vasoregulatory abnormalities. No evidence of ischaemic heart disease has been found in such subjects. Ten young healthy air crew with vasoregulatory abnormalities were subjected to maximal exercise on treadmill and procedure repeated after 120 mg propranolol daily for 3 days. After one week, they were subjected to a stress of positive acceleration (+gz) in a human centrifuge at 2-5 g and 3-5 g for 15 seconds each at a constant rate of rise of 0-1 g/s and the electrocardiogram was monitored during and in the post-acceleration phase. The procedure was repeated after propranolol 120 mg daily for 3 days. The stress of positive acceleration resulted in pronounced prominence of P waves and inversion of T waves (as has been reported in normal subjects) with minimal ST depression in the electrocardiogram. ST segment depression during exercise, at heart rates corresponding to those achieved during peak centrifuge runs, was significantly more pronounced. The ST, P, and T wave changes were returned to normal after propranolol. It is concluded that minimal ST segment depression after stress of positive acceleration as compared with conspicuous ST segment depression during exercise at corresponding heart rates, and their normalisation after propranolol, rules out ischaemia as an aetiological factor in subjects with vasoregulatory abnormalities.", "PMID": 849393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8583", "title": "Right-sided endocarditis involving both tricuspid and pulmonary valves in a patient with ventricular septal defect.", "content": "A patient with alpha-haemolytic streptococcus endocarditis on a ventricular septal defect is described. The disease spread to involve both tricuspid and pulmonary valves which were largely destroyed. The patient developed severe right heart failure with pronounced rise in right atrial pressure. This led to right-to-left shunting through the foramen ovale with systemic embolization. She was successfully treated by operative closure of the defects and double right-sided valve replacement.", "contents": "Right-sided endocarditis involving both tricuspid and pulmonary valves in a patient with ventricular septal defect. A patient with alpha-haemolytic streptococcus endocarditis on a ventricular septal defect is described. The disease spread to involve both tricuspid and pulmonary valves which were largely destroyed. The patient developed severe right heart failure with pronounced rise in right atrial pressure. This led to right-to-left shunting through the foramen ovale with systemic embolization. She was successfully treated by operative closure of the defects and double right-sided valve replacement.", "PMID": 849394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8584", "title": "Pulmonary embolisation of retained transvenous pacemaker electrode.", "content": "When removal of an endocardial pacemaker electrode became necessary in a patient with congestive myocardiopathy, it proved to be incarcerated. Therefore, a portion of it had to be left in site after cutting the external end of the pacing catheter. During follow-up examinations the electrode was seen to migrate in the large veins and finally was found embolized into a pulmonary artery. While there have been publications on the migration of retained pacemaker electrodes before, to our knowledge this represents the first case reported with pulmonary embolization of the migrating fragment.", "contents": "Pulmonary embolisation of retained transvenous pacemaker electrode. When removal of an endocardial pacemaker electrode became necessary in a patient with congestive myocardiopathy, it proved to be incarcerated. Therefore, a portion of it had to be left in site after cutting the external end of the pacing catheter. During follow-up examinations the electrode was seen to migrate in the large veins and finally was found embolized into a pulmonary artery. While there have been publications on the migration of retained pacemaker electrodes before, to our knowledge this represents the first case reported with pulmonary embolization of the migrating fragment.", "PMID": 849395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8585", "title": "Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Circus movement tachycardia dependent on procainamide.", "content": "A patient with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome was disabled by rapid ventricular rates during atrial arrhythmia and by periods of asystole. Circus tachycardia was induced by atrial stimulation only after the administration of procainamide. Nevertheless, treatment with this drug controlled the ventricular rate and spontaneous circus tachycardia did not occur.", "contents": "Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Circus movement tachycardia dependent on procainamide. A patient with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome was disabled by rapid ventricular rates during atrial arrhythmia and by periods of asystole. Circus tachycardia was induced by atrial stimulation only after the administration of procainamide. Nevertheless, treatment with this drug controlled the ventricular rate and spontaneous circus tachycardia did not occur.", "PMID": 849396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8586", "title": "Whole-body albumin mass and distribution in rats fed on low-protein diets.", "content": "1. From 5 weeks of age, control and experimental rats were given diets containing 210 and 31 g protein/kg respectively, and killed for analysis at 0, 2, 5, 8, 12 and 20 d after the start of the experiment. At these times estimates were made of plasma albumin concentration, plasma volume and total vascular and extravascular albumin mass. 2. Plasma albumin concentrations were significantly lower in the experimental animals when compared to controls at 8, 12 and 20 d but plasma volumes (ml/kg body-weight) tended to be greater in the former animals. Total vascular albumin mass (g/kg body-weight) was significantly less in experimental animals compared to controls at 8 and 20 d, but was significantly reduced below values at 0 d only at 20 d. 3. extravascular albumin mass (g/kg body-weight) was significantly lower in experimental animals in comparison with controls at 2, 5, 8, 12 and 20 d and significantly reduced below values at 0 d at 5, 8, 12, and 20 d. 4. Whole-body albumin mass was significantly reduced at 5, 8, 12 and 20 d when compared both with controls killed at the same time and animals killed at 0 d. Measurement of the ratio, extravascular albumin mass: vascular albumin mass indicated a significant redistribution of whole-body albumin mass at 5 and 20 d and mean values for this ratio were always lower in experimental animals than in controls. 5. It was concluded that measurement of plasma albumin concentration does not indicate the true extent of whole-body albumin losses in protein deficiency since total vascular albumin mass is, to some extent, maintained at the expense of extravascular albumin mass.", "contents": "Whole-body albumin mass and distribution in rats fed on low-protein diets. 1. From 5 weeks of age, control and experimental rats were given diets containing 210 and 31 g protein/kg respectively, and killed for analysis at 0, 2, 5, 8, 12 and 20 d after the start of the experiment. At these times estimates were made of plasma albumin concentration, plasma volume and total vascular and extravascular albumin mass. 2. Plasma albumin concentrations were significantly lower in the experimental animals when compared to controls at 8, 12 and 20 d but plasma volumes (ml/kg body-weight) tended to be greater in the former animals. Total vascular albumin mass (g/kg body-weight) was significantly less in experimental animals compared to controls at 8 and 20 d, but was significantly reduced below values at 0 d only at 20 d. 3. extravascular albumin mass (g/kg body-weight) was significantly lower in experimental animals in comparison with controls at 2, 5, 8, 12 and 20 d and significantly reduced below values at 0 d at 5, 8, 12, and 20 d. 4. Whole-body albumin mass was significantly reduced at 5, 8, 12 and 20 d when compared both with controls killed at the same time and animals killed at 0 d. Measurement of the ratio, extravascular albumin mass: vascular albumin mass indicated a significant redistribution of whole-body albumin mass at 5 and 20 d and mean values for this ratio were always lower in experimental animals than in controls. 5. It was concluded that measurement of plasma albumin concentration does not indicate the true extent of whole-body albumin losses in protein deficiency since total vascular albumin mass is, to some extent, maintained at the expense of extravascular albumin mass.", "PMID": 849399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8587", "title": "The effect of feeding magnesium-enriched diets on the quality of the albumen of stored eggs.", "content": "1. Pullets were given from 1-d-old diets containing 1-6, 4-1, 8-1 and 12-0 g Mg/kg. Only small effects of these diets on live weight, food consumption, egg number, egg weights or egg-shell thickness were observed except at the highest level (12-0 Mg/kg) which caused diarrhoea and an appreciable lowering of the live weight of growing pullets. A further group was given from point-of-lay a diet containing 9-3 g Mg/kg. 2. Eggs laid on 3 consecutive days from each of eighteen hens were collected at intervals of 3 weeks until the birds were 68-5 weeks old. Eggs laid on the 3rd day were used to determine the initial proportion of thick egg-white present and also the concentration of Mg, Ca, Na and K in the thick egg-white. Eggs laid on the 1st and 2nd days were stored at 20 degrees for 20 d to establish the proportion of thick egg-white remaining after storage. 3. With the unsupplemented diet the proportion of residual thick egg-white after storage of eggs for 20 d at 20 degrees was 306, 161 and 305 mg/g total egg-white when the hens were 26-5, 53-5 and 68-5 weeks of age respectively. When the diet containing 9-3 g Mg/kg was given, the proportion of thick egg-white after storage remained approximately 400 mg/g throughout the period of the trial. 4. The mean Mg concentration in the thick egg-white of eggs laid by hens given unsupplemented diets was 5-77 mM. The addition of extra Mg to the diet increased the content of Mg in the thick egg-white, for example when the diet contained 9-3 g Mg/kg the mean concentration rose to 7-69 mM.", "contents": "The effect of feeding magnesium-enriched diets on the quality of the albumen of stored eggs. 1. Pullets were given from 1-d-old diets containing 1-6, 4-1, 8-1 and 12-0 g Mg/kg. Only small effects of these diets on live weight, food consumption, egg number, egg weights or egg-shell thickness were observed except at the highest level (12-0 Mg/kg) which caused diarrhoea and an appreciable lowering of the live weight of growing pullets. A further group was given from point-of-lay a diet containing 9-3 g Mg/kg. 2. Eggs laid on 3 consecutive days from each of eighteen hens were collected at intervals of 3 weeks until the birds were 68-5 weeks old. Eggs laid on the 3rd day were used to determine the initial proportion of thick egg-white present and also the concentration of Mg, Ca, Na and K in the thick egg-white. Eggs laid on the 1st and 2nd days were stored at 20 degrees for 20 d to establish the proportion of thick egg-white remaining after storage. 3. With the unsupplemented diet the proportion of residual thick egg-white after storage of eggs for 20 d at 20 degrees was 306, 161 and 305 mg/g total egg-white when the hens were 26-5, 53-5 and 68-5 weeks of age respectively. When the diet containing 9-3 g Mg/kg was given, the proportion of thick egg-white after storage remained approximately 400 mg/g throughout the period of the trial. 4. The mean Mg concentration in the thick egg-white of eggs laid by hens given unsupplemented diets was 5-77 mM. The addition of extra Mg to the diet increased the content of Mg in the thick egg-white, for example when the diet contained 9-3 g Mg/kg the mean concentration rose to 7-69 mM.", "PMID": 849400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8588", "title": "Intravenous infusion of glucose and insulin in relation to milk secretion in the sow.", "content": "1. A comparison was made of the composition of milk from front and rear tetas in four sows. There were small and not significant differences in fat, protein and lactose contents, and in the fatty-acid composition of the milk fat with the exception of the 18:3 acid where the difference was also small but significant. 2. The effects of intravenous infusions of glucose and insulin in lactating sows on milk secretion and blood composition were investigated in two sows. 3. Intravenous infusion of glucose had no effect on blood plasma glucose concentration but increased the yields of lactose, protein and water. 4. Intravenous infusion of insulin depressed plasma glucose concentration and the yields of lactose and water. The yield of protein was unaffected. 5. It is concluded that differences between the non-ruminant (the sow) and the ruminant in the responses in milk secretion to glucose infusion may be related to differences in the sensitivity to insulin of mammary tissue.", "contents": "Intravenous infusion of glucose and insulin in relation to milk secretion in the sow. 1. A comparison was made of the composition of milk from front and rear tetas in four sows. There were small and not significant differences in fat, protein and lactose contents, and in the fatty-acid composition of the milk fat with the exception of the 18:3 acid where the difference was also small but significant. 2. The effects of intravenous infusions of glucose and insulin in lactating sows on milk secretion and blood composition were investigated in two sows. 3. Intravenous infusion of glucose had no effect on blood plasma glucose concentration but increased the yields of lactose, protein and water. 4. Intravenous infusion of insulin depressed plasma glucose concentration and the yields of lactose and water. The yield of protein was unaffected. 5. It is concluded that differences between the non-ruminant (the sow) and the ruminant in the responses in milk secretion to glucose infusion may be related to differences in the sensitivity to insulin of mammary tissue.", "PMID": 849401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8589", "title": "Some effects of variation in carbohydrate and nitrogen intakes on the chemical composition of mixed rumen bacteria from young steers.", "content": "1. Samples of rumen digesta were taken at different times after giving calves various dried forage or hay and cereal diets and mixed bacteria were separated. 2. For calves receiving dried forage only, the carbohydrate content of mixed bacteria varied with time after feeding, reaching a maximum of approximately 140 g/kg dry matter (DM) after 0-5-1h, decreasing to about 60 g/kg DM after 4 h. 3. Replacement of part of the dried forage with glucose to give a similar metabolizable energy intake but approximately half as much nitrogen, produced a similar pattern of change with time after feeding but resulted in a markedly increased maximum bacterial carbohydrate content (approximately 230 g/kg DM). Addition of urea to this diet reduced the bacterial accumulation of carbohydrate to approximately the same level as was found in samples from calves receiving forage only diets. For the forage diets the carbohydrate content fell to 60-100 g/kg DM 4 h after feeding. For the hay and cereal diet the value was 170 g/kg DM at this time. 4. Changes in bacterial carbohydrate content were largely a result of changes in storage polysaccharide (alpha-dextran) content. 5. Crude protein (N X 6-25) and ash contents of mixed bacteria decreased after feeding with all-forage diets, but returned to approximately fasting levels within 4 h. At this time samples from calves receiving dried forage and glucose diets contained less CP and more ash (approximately 450 and 220 g/kg DM respectively) than those from calves given diets of dried forage only (approximately 525 and 180 g/kg DM respectively). 6. CP, total carbohydrate and ash content of mixed rumen bacteria contributed approximately 0-80 g/g DM. 7. Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphate accounted for approximately 0-50 g/g bacterial ash.", "contents": "Some effects of variation in carbohydrate and nitrogen intakes on the chemical composition of mixed rumen bacteria from young steers. 1. Samples of rumen digesta were taken at different times after giving calves various dried forage or hay and cereal diets and mixed bacteria were separated. 2. For calves receiving dried forage only, the carbohydrate content of mixed bacteria varied with time after feeding, reaching a maximum of approximately 140 g/kg dry matter (DM) after 0-5-1h, decreasing to about 60 g/kg DM after 4 h. 3. Replacement of part of the dried forage with glucose to give a similar metabolizable energy intake but approximately half as much nitrogen, produced a similar pattern of change with time after feeding but resulted in a markedly increased maximum bacterial carbohydrate content (approximately 230 g/kg DM). Addition of urea to this diet reduced the bacterial accumulation of carbohydrate to approximately the same level as was found in samples from calves receiving forage only diets. For the forage diets the carbohydrate content fell to 60-100 g/kg DM 4 h after feeding. For the hay and cereal diet the value was 170 g/kg DM at this time. 4. Changes in bacterial carbohydrate content were largely a result of changes in storage polysaccharide (alpha-dextran) content. 5. Crude protein (N X 6-25) and ash contents of mixed bacteria decreased after feeding with all-forage diets, but returned to approximately fasting levels within 4 h. At this time samples from calves receiving dried forage and glucose diets contained less CP and more ash (approximately 450 and 220 g/kg DM respectively) than those from calves given diets of dried forage only (approximately 525 and 180 g/kg DM respectively). 6. CP, total carbohydrate and ash content of mixed rumen bacteria contributed approximately 0-80 g/g DM. 7. Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphate accounted for approximately 0-50 g/g bacterial ash.", "PMID": 849402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8590", "title": "Methionine sulphoxide as a source of sulphur-containing amino acids for the young rat.", "content": "1. Young male rats were used in five experiments to study the utilization for growth of methionine sulphoxide, and the relationship between the sulphoxide content in the diet and the level of microbiologically determined methionine activity in blood or blood plasma. In one nitrogen-balance experiment methionine and methionine sulphoxide were compared as supplements to a casein diet and a fish-meal diet. 2. Methionine sulphoxide was poorly utilized for growth when testd as the sole sulphur amino acid in an amino acid diet. Substitution of one-third of the sulphoxide with cystine improved utilization so that it approached that of methionine. 3. Methionine alone and in combination with methionine sulphoxide were added to a soya-bean-meal diet. The sulphoxide showed no adverse effect on growth. 4. Fish meal in which methionine had been oxidized to methionine sulphoxide was tested alone and in combinations with unoxidized fish meal. Only when the oxidized meal was given alone was there an appreciable effect on growth. The fish meal used were low in cystine. 5. Whereas both methionine and methionine sulphoxide improved the N balance when a casein diet was given, there was no effect when a fish-meal diet was given. 6. There was a linear relationship between methionine sulphoxide content in the amino acid diets and the methionine activity in the blood plasma. Methionine sulphoxide added to a soya-bean-meal diet or present in oxidized fish meal gave a curvilinear relationship, and the observed activities were lower than with the amino acid diets. Methionine activity in blood could not be used as an indicator of moderate amounts of methionine sulphoxide in protein-containing diets.", "contents": "Methionine sulphoxide as a source of sulphur-containing amino acids for the young rat. 1. Young male rats were used in five experiments to study the utilization for growth of methionine sulphoxide, and the relationship between the sulphoxide content in the diet and the level of microbiologically determined methionine activity in blood or blood plasma. In one nitrogen-balance experiment methionine and methionine sulphoxide were compared as supplements to a casein diet and a fish-meal diet. 2. Methionine sulphoxide was poorly utilized for growth when testd as the sole sulphur amino acid in an amino acid diet. Substitution of one-third of the sulphoxide with cystine improved utilization so that it approached that of methionine. 3. Methionine alone and in combination with methionine sulphoxide were added to a soya-bean-meal diet. The sulphoxide showed no adverse effect on growth. 4. Fish meal in which methionine had been oxidized to methionine sulphoxide was tested alone and in combinations with unoxidized fish meal. Only when the oxidized meal was given alone was there an appreciable effect on growth. The fish meal used were low in cystine. 5. Whereas both methionine and methionine sulphoxide improved the N balance when a casein diet was given, there was no effect when a fish-meal diet was given. 6. There was a linear relationship between methionine sulphoxide content in the amino acid diets and the methionine activity in the blood plasma. Methionine sulphoxide added to a soya-bean-meal diet or present in oxidized fish meal gave a curvilinear relationship, and the observed activities were lower than with the amino acid diets. Methionine activity in blood could not be used as an indicator of moderate amounts of methionine sulphoxide in protein-containing diets.", "PMID": 849403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8591", "title": "Polyadenylic-polyxanthylic-polyuridylic acid triple helix.", "content": "Poly(xanthylic acid) [X)n] abolished the ability of (A)n-(U)n to induce interferon in \"superinduced\" (actinomycin D and cycloheximide) primary rabbit kidney cells. Under the same conditions, (X)n had a relatively minor effect on the interferon inducing capacity of (I)n-(C)n. Evidence based on mixing curves, melting profiles, pancreatic ribonuclease resistance and sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation pointed to the conclusion that the following three reactions occur depending on stoichiometry: (1) 2(A)n-(U)n + (X)n leads to (A)n-2(U)n + (A)n-(X)n; (2) (A)n-(U)n + (X)n leads to (A)n-(U)n-(X)n; (3) (A)n-(U)n + 2(X)n + (X)n-(U)n. The second reaction represents the formation of a new triple helix which can also be formed according to the following reactions: (X)n-(U)n + (A)n leads to (A)n-(X)n-(U)n; (A)n-(X)n + (U)n leads to (A)n-(X)n-(U)n.", "contents": "Polyadenylic-polyxanthylic-polyuridylic acid triple helix. Poly(xanthylic acid) [X)n] abolished the ability of (A)n-(U)n to induce interferon in \"superinduced\" (actinomycin D and cycloheximide) primary rabbit kidney cells. Under the same conditions, (X)n had a relatively minor effect on the interferon inducing capacity of (I)n-(C)n. Evidence based on mixing curves, melting profiles, pancreatic ribonuclease resistance and sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation pointed to the conclusion that the following three reactions occur depending on stoichiometry: (1) 2(A)n-(U)n + (X)n leads to (A)n-2(U)n + (A)n-(X)n; (2) (A)n-(U)n + (X)n leads to (A)n-(U)n-(X)n; (3) (A)n-(U)n + 2(X)n + (X)n-(U)n. The second reaction represents the formation of a new triple helix which can also be formed according to the following reactions: (X)n-(U)n + (A)n leads to (A)n-(X)n-(U)n; (A)n-(X)n + (U)n leads to (A)n-(X)n-(U)n.", "PMID": 849404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8592", "title": "Sequence analysis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides by mass spectrometry. 1. Dinucleoside monophosphates.", "content": "The base components of underivatized oligodeoxynucleotides can be determined qualitatively by mass-spectral analysis at the nanogram level. The thermal and electron-impact conditions of the spectrometer allow the cleavage of the phosphodiester bonds of the oligonucleotide chain, resulting in fragments (I), whose mass identifies the base, and other fragments (II), which contain the purine or pyrimidine base plus portions of the deoxyribose and the phosphate moieties. A study of 16 dinucleoside monophosphates indicates that the relative intensities of the m/e values of the type II fragments are significantly and reproducibly different for sequence isomers. From the complex spectra of dinucleoside monophosphates, specific ions for each mono-nucleotide residue have been selected which reveal the location (5' or 3' terminus) of the bases in the dinucleoside monophosphate. These ions appear in spectra of deoxyribonucleic acid fragments as well as in model compounds. A simple computer program has been devised which utilizes ion ratio values to determine sequence. The method is applicable to oligonucleotides of longer length.", "contents": "Sequence analysis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides by mass spectrometry. 1. Dinucleoside monophosphates. The base components of underivatized oligodeoxynucleotides can be determined qualitatively by mass-spectral analysis at the nanogram level. The thermal and electron-impact conditions of the spectrometer allow the cleavage of the phosphodiester bonds of the oligonucleotide chain, resulting in fragments (I), whose mass identifies the base, and other fragments (II), which contain the purine or pyrimidine base plus portions of the deoxyribose and the phosphate moieties. A study of 16 dinucleoside monophosphates indicates that the relative intensities of the m/e values of the type II fragments are significantly and reproducibly different for sequence isomers. From the complex spectra of dinucleoside monophosphates, specific ions for each mono-nucleotide residue have been selected which reveal the location (5' or 3' terminus) of the bases in the dinucleoside monophosphate. These ions appear in spectra of deoxyribonucleic acid fragments as well as in model compounds. A simple computer program has been devised which utilizes ion ratio values to determine sequence. The method is applicable to oligonucleotides of longer length.", "PMID": 849405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8593", "title": "Sequence analysis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides by mass spectrometry. 2. Application of computerized pattern recognition to sequence determination of di-, tri-, and tetranucleotides.", "content": "A novel strategy for the sequence analysis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides has been devised which is based upon the analysis of intact underivatized oligonucleotides by mass spectrometry followed by interpretation of the mass-spectral data by computerized pattern-recognition techniques. The pyrolytic and electron-impact conditions of the mass spectrometer permit the cleavage of oligonucleotides of varying chain length and composition, yielding reproducible fragmentations and characteristic m/e values which can be used to reveal purine and/or pyrimidine base sequence information. The selection of optimum features (which are the ratios of peak heights of specific ions, or the linear combination of such ratios) has been done by an interactive feature selection method employing multidimensional k nearest-neighbor analysis and two-dimensional feature-space plots (nonlinear mappings) of the mass-spectral data. Features have been found which allow 100% classification accuracy in predicting the 5' and 3' terminus of all of the dinucleotides commonly found in DNA. Other specific features have been found which indicate adjacent nucleotides within a tetranucleotide. Knowledge of the adjacent nucleotide pairs present, in conjunction with the information as to the 3' or 5' position of the residues in each pair, permits the reconstruction of the sequence of the tetranucleotide.", "contents": "Sequence analysis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides by mass spectrometry. 2. Application of computerized pattern recognition to sequence determination of di-, tri-, and tetranucleotides. A novel strategy for the sequence analysis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides has been devised which is based upon the analysis of intact underivatized oligonucleotides by mass spectrometry followed by interpretation of the mass-spectral data by computerized pattern-recognition techniques. The pyrolytic and electron-impact conditions of the mass spectrometer permit the cleavage of oligonucleotides of varying chain length and composition, yielding reproducible fragmentations and characteristic m/e values which can be used to reveal purine and/or pyrimidine base sequence information. The selection of optimum features (which are the ratios of peak heights of specific ions, or the linear combination of such ratios) has been done by an interactive feature selection method employing multidimensional k nearest-neighbor analysis and two-dimensional feature-space plots (nonlinear mappings) of the mass-spectral data. Features have been found which allow 100% classification accuracy in predicting the 5' and 3' terminus of all of the dinucleotides commonly found in DNA. Other specific features have been found which indicate adjacent nucleotides within a tetranucleotide. Knowledge of the adjacent nucleotide pairs present, in conjunction with the information as to the 3' or 5' position of the residues in each pair, permits the reconstruction of the sequence of the tetranucleotide.", "PMID": 849406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8594", "title": "Synthesis and characterization of new psoralen derivatives with superior photoreactivity with DNA and RNA.", "content": "The synthesis of five new psoralen derivatives is described. Three of these, 4'-hydroxymethyl-4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen, 4'-methoxymethyl-4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen, and 4'-aminomethyl-4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen hydrochloride, and characterized with respect to their photoreactivity with DNA and RNA. They are found to be greatly superior to 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen and 8-methoxypsoralen, the two commonly used psoralens, in their abilities to saturate the photoreactive sites on DNA and RNA without repeated addition of reagent. A simplified mechanism for the photoreaction of psoralens with nucleic acids is presented and provides a basis for understanding the superior properties of these compounds. The compounds have superior reactivity not only with isolated DNA and RNA but also in viruses and in cells. Psoralens are shown for the first time to cross-link RNA double helices.", "contents": "Synthesis and characterization of new psoralen derivatives with superior photoreactivity with DNA and RNA. The synthesis of five new psoralen derivatives is described. Three of these, 4'-hydroxymethyl-4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen, 4'-methoxymethyl-4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen, and 4'-aminomethyl-4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen hydrochloride, and characterized with respect to their photoreactivity with DNA and RNA. They are found to be greatly superior to 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen and 8-methoxypsoralen, the two commonly used psoralens, in their abilities to saturate the photoreactive sites on DNA and RNA without repeated addition of reagent. A simplified mechanism for the photoreaction of psoralens with nucleic acids is presented and provides a basis for understanding the superior properties of these compounds. The compounds have superior reactivity not only with isolated DNA and RNA but also in viruses and in cells. Psoralens are shown for the first time to cross-link RNA double helices.", "PMID": 849407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8595", "title": "Glutamine active site of formylglycinamide ribonucleotide amidotransferase. 2. Amino acid sequence of labeled peptides.", "content": "The purification and characterization of two related peptides making up the glutamine binding site of formylglycinamide ribonucleotide amidotransferase from chicken liver have been presented. An amino acid residue(s) involved in binding glutamine to the enzyme was selectively labeled with [14C]iodoacetate. The labeled enzyme was reduced, carboxymethylated, and degraded by trypsin to a large radioactive peptide that yielded on acid hydrolysis only cysteine as a radioactive carboxymethylated derivative. The tryptic peptide was further digested with a protease from Streptomyces griseus. Two radioactive fractions (I and II) were obtained by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25. Furthermore, two 14C-containing peptides have been isolated from fraction I by the aid of ion exchange chromatography on AG 1-X2, AG 50W-X2 and DEAE-cellulose. Upon acid hydrolysis both peptides yielded only carboxymethylcysteine (CMCys), cystine, glycine, valine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid. The partial sequences of the amino residues in these peptides, which are located at the glutamine binding site, have been established by the dansyl-Edman method. The sequences of amino acids of peptides a and b are Gly-Val-Cys([14C]CM)-Asp-Asx-Cys(CM)-Glx...and Gly-Val-Cys([14C]CM)-Asx-Asx..., respectively. The two peptides are undoubtedly derived from the same segment of the original protein.", "contents": "Glutamine active site of formylglycinamide ribonucleotide amidotransferase. 2. Amino acid sequence of labeled peptides. The purification and characterization of two related peptides making up the glutamine binding site of formylglycinamide ribonucleotide amidotransferase from chicken liver have been presented. An amino acid residue(s) involved in binding glutamine to the enzyme was selectively labeled with [14C]iodoacetate. The labeled enzyme was reduced, carboxymethylated, and degraded by trypsin to a large radioactive peptide that yielded on acid hydrolysis only cysteine as a radioactive carboxymethylated derivative. The tryptic peptide was further digested with a protease from Streptomyces griseus. Two radioactive fractions (I and II) were obtained by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25. Furthermore, two 14C-containing peptides have been isolated from fraction I by the aid of ion exchange chromatography on AG 1-X2, AG 50W-X2 and DEAE-cellulose. Upon acid hydrolysis both peptides yielded only carboxymethylcysteine (CMCys), cystine, glycine, valine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid. The partial sequences of the amino residues in these peptides, which are located at the glutamine binding site, have been established by the dansyl-Edman method. The sequences of amino acids of peptides a and b are Gly-Val-Cys([14C]CM)-Asp-Asx-Cys(CM)-Glx...and Gly-Val-Cys([14C]CM)-Asx-Asx..., respectively. The two peptides are undoubtedly derived from the same segment of the original protein.", "PMID": 849408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8596", "title": "Stereochemistry of methylene transfer involving 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate.", "content": "The stereochemistry of the transfer catalyzed by rabbit liver serine transhydroxymethylase (EC 2.1.2.1) of the prochiral hydroxymethyl group from serine to tetrahydrofolate to form 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate was studied. Initial kinetic studies on labeled 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate showed that nonenzymatic racemization of the prochiral methylene center was buffer dependent and was slow under the conditions employed. Specifically tritiated (3R)- and (3S)-serines were employed to study the transfer reaction. Reactions were carried out under various conditions and the stereochemistry of the methylene carbon of the 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate produced was determined. The enzyme was shown to be partially stereospecific for this transfer reaction, proceeding with a loss of about 50% of the stereochemical purity of the transferred carbon center. Possible mechanistic interpretations of this finding are discussed.", "contents": "Stereochemistry of methylene transfer involving 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate. The stereochemistry of the transfer catalyzed by rabbit liver serine transhydroxymethylase (EC 2.1.2.1) of the prochiral hydroxymethyl group from serine to tetrahydrofolate to form 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate was studied. Initial kinetic studies on labeled 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate showed that nonenzymatic racemization of the prochiral methylene center was buffer dependent and was slow under the conditions employed. Specifically tritiated (3R)- and (3S)-serines were employed to study the transfer reaction. Reactions were carried out under various conditions and the stereochemistry of the methylene carbon of the 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate produced was determined. The enzyme was shown to be partially stereospecific for this transfer reaction, proceeding with a loss of about 50% of the stereochemical purity of the transferred carbon center. Possible mechanistic interpretations of this finding are discussed.", "PMID": 849409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8597", "title": "Mandelate racemase from Pseudomonas putida. Absence of detectable intermolecular proton transfer accompanying racemization.", "content": "An equimolar mixture of DL-[alpha-2H]- and DL-[alpha-13C]mandelate, when incubated with mandelate racemase (EC 5.1.2.2), shows conversion of singly labeled mandelate to unlabeled mandelate, due to solvent exchange of the alpha proton, while the level of doubly labeled mandelate remains at a constant low level. Similarly, an equimolar mixture of unlabeled and DL-[alpha-2H,alpha-13C]mandelate, when incubated with the enzyme, shows conversion of doubly labeled mandelate to singly labeled mandelate, due to solvent exchange, while the level of unlabeled mandelate remains constant at 50%. Incubation of an equimolar mixture of DL-[alpha-3H]mandelate and DL-rho-chloromandelate. These results indicate that mandelate racemase does not catalyze an intermolecular proton transfer to achieve racemization. These data are necessary, but not sufficient, results to indicate that mandelate racemase operates via a one-acceptor mechanism, in which the proton abstracted from one stereochemical face of a substrate molecule is returned to the opposite face of the same carbon of the substrate molecule.", "contents": "Mandelate racemase from Pseudomonas putida. Absence of detectable intermolecular proton transfer accompanying racemization. An equimolar mixture of DL-[alpha-2H]- and DL-[alpha-13C]mandelate, when incubated with mandelate racemase (EC 5.1.2.2), shows conversion of singly labeled mandelate to unlabeled mandelate, due to solvent exchange of the alpha proton, while the level of doubly labeled mandelate remains at a constant low level. Similarly, an equimolar mixture of unlabeled and DL-[alpha-2H,alpha-13C]mandelate, when incubated with the enzyme, shows conversion of doubly labeled mandelate to singly labeled mandelate, due to solvent exchange, while the level of unlabeled mandelate remains constant at 50%. Incubation of an equimolar mixture of DL-[alpha-3H]mandelate and DL-rho-chloromandelate. These results indicate that mandelate racemase does not catalyze an intermolecular proton transfer to achieve racemization. These data are necessary, but not sufficient, results to indicate that mandelate racemase operates via a one-acceptor mechanism, in which the proton abstracted from one stereochemical face of a substrate molecule is returned to the opposite face of the same carbon of the substrate molecule.", "PMID": 849410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8598", "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance and chemical modification studies of bovine erythrocyte superoxide dismutase: evidence for zinc-promoted organization of the active site structure.", "content": "Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of the exchangeable protons, tentatively assigned as histidine resonances, of bovine erythrocyte superoxide dismutase in H2O has been found to be a powerful method to study the active site of the enzyme. This technique has been employed in conjunction with chemical modification of the histidine residues using diethylpyrocarbonate (DEP) to show that zinc alone organizes the active site structure. All eight histidines per subunit of apoenzyme react with DEP. The accessibility of these residues to solvent is borne out by the broad, featureless NMR spectrum of the apoprotein. In the holoenzyme only His-19, which is exposed to solvent, can be modified with DEP. The reduced holoenzyme shows a well-resolved NMR spectrum compared with the oxidized form in which the lines are broadened by the paramagnetic copper ion. A spectrum very similar to that of the reduced enzyme is generated by addition of one zinc ion per subunit of apoprotein showing that zinc alone restores much of the native structure. This interpretation is supported by the fact that addition of up to 1 mol of zinc per subunit statistically reduces the number of histidine residues that can be modified by DEP until, at Zn: apoprotein ratios greater than or equal to 1, only His-19 reacts. The NMR spectrum of the apo plus 2 Zn2+ protein has additional structure that is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Nuclear magnetic resonance and chemical modification studies of bovine erythrocyte superoxide dismutase: evidence for zinc-promoted organization of the active site structure. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of the exchangeable protons, tentatively assigned as histidine resonances, of bovine erythrocyte superoxide dismutase in H2O has been found to be a powerful method to study the active site of the enzyme. This technique has been employed in conjunction with chemical modification of the histidine residues using diethylpyrocarbonate (DEP) to show that zinc alone organizes the active site structure. All eight histidines per subunit of apoenzyme react with DEP. The accessibility of these residues to solvent is borne out by the broad, featureless NMR spectrum of the apoprotein. In the holoenzyme only His-19, which is exposed to solvent, can be modified with DEP. The reduced holoenzyme shows a well-resolved NMR spectrum compared with the oxidized form in which the lines are broadened by the paramagnetic copper ion. A spectrum very similar to that of the reduced enzyme is generated by addition of one zinc ion per subunit of apoprotein showing that zinc alone restores much of the native structure. This interpretation is supported by the fact that addition of up to 1 mol of zinc per subunit statistically reduces the number of histidine residues that can be modified by DEP until, at Zn: apoprotein ratios greater than or equal to 1, only His-19 reacts. The NMR spectrum of the apo plus 2 Zn2+ protein has additional structure that is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 849411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8599", "title": "Comparison of the base-sequence complexities of polysomal and nuclear RNAs in growing Friend erythroleukemia cells.", "content": "The base-sequence complexities of polysomal poly(A)+ RNA, nuclear poly(A)+ RNA, and total nuclear RNA from Friend erythroleukemia cells in logarithmic phase of growth were determined by measuring the proportion of labeled unique mouse DNA sequences which formed hybrids when incubated with a vast excess of each RNA. It was estimated that the RNAs had been transcribed from 1.8, 7.6, and 8.3%, respectively, of the haploid mouse genome. Although these estimates for polysomal and nuclear poly(A)+ RNAs were 2.5 times greater than those previously determined by analysis of the kinetics of the hybridization reactions between the RNAs and the cDNAs transcribed from them, they confirmed that the base-sequence complexity of nuclear poly(A)+ RNA in these cells is at least four times greater than that of polysomal poly(A)+ RNA.", "contents": "Comparison of the base-sequence complexities of polysomal and nuclear RNAs in growing Friend erythroleukemia cells. The base-sequence complexities of polysomal poly(A)+ RNA, nuclear poly(A)+ RNA, and total nuclear RNA from Friend erythroleukemia cells in logarithmic phase of growth were determined by measuring the proportion of labeled unique mouse DNA sequences which formed hybrids when incubated with a vast excess of each RNA. It was estimated that the RNAs had been transcribed from 1.8, 7.6, and 8.3%, respectively, of the haploid mouse genome. Although these estimates for polysomal and nuclear poly(A)+ RNAs were 2.5 times greater than those previously determined by analysis of the kinetics of the hybridization reactions between the RNAs and the cDNAs transcribed from them, they confirmed that the base-sequence complexity of nuclear poly(A)+ RNA in these cells is at least four times greater than that of polysomal poly(A)+ RNA.", "PMID": 849413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8600", "title": "Conformation of aromatic-substituted dinucleoside monophosphates: an extension of the base-displacement theory of carcinogenesis.", "content": "The conformations of 12 dinucleoside monophosphates containing N4-phenylcytidine (CPh) or N4(beta-naphthyl)cytidine (CbetaN) residues have been studied, using circular dichroic spectroscopy. The following compounds had aqueous spectra resembling their parent compounds, which lacked the modifying aromatic substituent: CPhpU, CbetaNpU, UpCPh, UpCbetaN, CPhpG, CbetaNpG, GpCPh, and CPhpA. The spectra of GpCbetaN and ApCbetaN were almost the reverse of the unmodified compounds, while CbetaNpA and ApCPh were intermediary in character. When the spectra were run in methanol, all major differences between the modified and unmodified compounds disappeared. This result suggested that the differences observed in aqueous solution were the result of stacking interactions between the aromatic ring and a neighboring purine. When the aromatic ring was naphthalene, the modified cytidine occupied the 3'-terminal position, and, when the purine was adenine, the effect was enhanced. These conclusions were supported by a consideration of chemical shifts in the 1H NMR spectra of ApCbetaN, and GpCbetaN, as compared to those of the unmodified compounds and CbetaNpG. A study of molecular models of ApCbetaN and GpCbetaN revealed a unique conformation in which the purine rotates to a syn position, in order to allow a close stacking interaction with the naphthalene ring. No such conformation is available for CbetaNpA and CbetaNpG, and the best partial stacking interaction occurs in a conformation with the purine in the anti conformation. The base-displacement theory of carcinogenesis (Levine, A. F., Fink, L. M., Weinstein, I. B., and Grunberger, D. (1974), Cancer Res. 34, 319) describes the conformational change resulting from the attachment of a bulky aromatic residue at the 8 position of guanine in RNA or DNA, and attributes biological importance to the event. The changes that occur upon substitution of the amino group of cytosine differ in detail from the above, but would be expected to produce similar biological results. Base-displacement effects need not be limited, therefore, to a particular substitution position in a nucleic acid.", "contents": "Conformation of aromatic-substituted dinucleoside monophosphates: an extension of the base-displacement theory of carcinogenesis. The conformations of 12 dinucleoside monophosphates containing N4-phenylcytidine (CPh) or N4(beta-naphthyl)cytidine (CbetaN) residues have been studied, using circular dichroic spectroscopy. The following compounds had aqueous spectra resembling their parent compounds, which lacked the modifying aromatic substituent: CPhpU, CbetaNpU, UpCPh, UpCbetaN, CPhpG, CbetaNpG, GpCPh, and CPhpA. The spectra of GpCbetaN and ApCbetaN were almost the reverse of the unmodified compounds, while CbetaNpA and ApCPh were intermediary in character. When the spectra were run in methanol, all major differences between the modified and unmodified compounds disappeared. This result suggested that the differences observed in aqueous solution were the result of stacking interactions between the aromatic ring and a neighboring purine. When the aromatic ring was naphthalene, the modified cytidine occupied the 3'-terminal position, and, when the purine was adenine, the effect was enhanced. These conclusions were supported by a consideration of chemical shifts in the 1H NMR spectra of ApCbetaN, and GpCbetaN, as compared to those of the unmodified compounds and CbetaNpG. A study of molecular models of ApCbetaN and GpCbetaN revealed a unique conformation in which the purine rotates to a syn position, in order to allow a close stacking interaction with the naphthalene ring. No such conformation is available for CbetaNpA and CbetaNpG, and the best partial stacking interaction occurs in a conformation with the purine in the anti conformation. The base-displacement theory of carcinogenesis (Levine, A. F., Fink, L. M., Weinstein, I. B., and Grunberger, D. (1974), Cancer Res. 34, 319) describes the conformational change resulting from the attachment of a bulky aromatic residue at the 8 position of guanine in RNA or DNA, and attributes biological importance to the event. The changes that occur upon substitution of the amino group of cytosine differ in detail from the above, but would be expected to produce similar biological results. Base-displacement effects need not be limited, therefore, to a particular substitution position in a nucleic acid.", "PMID": 849414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8601", "title": "Histones H2a, H2b, H3, and H4 are present in equimolar amounts in chick erythroblasts.", "content": "A quantitative labeling method for stoichiometric analysis has been applied to an investigation of the histone composition of chick erythroblast chromatin. The necessity of long fractionation procedures and the dangers of preferential extraction and staining are eliminated through the use of this simple procedure which involves the direct analysis of nuclear proteins on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels. Only a knowledge of the amino acid compositions of the histones is required. H2a, H2b, H3, and H4 are found to be present in nearly equimolar quantities.", "contents": "Histones H2a, H2b, H3, and H4 are present in equimolar amounts in chick erythroblasts. A quantitative labeling method for stoichiometric analysis has been applied to an investigation of the histone composition of chick erythroblast chromatin. The necessity of long fractionation procedures and the dangers of preferential extraction and staining are eliminated through the use of this simple procedure which involves the direct analysis of nuclear proteins on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels. Only a knowledge of the amino acid compositions of the histones is required. H2a, H2b, H3, and H4 are found to be present in nearly equimolar quantities.", "PMID": 849415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8602", "title": "Synthesis and function of 9,12,15-octadecatrien-6-ynoic acid in the moss ceratodon purpureus.", "content": "Biosynthesis of all-cis-9,12,15-octadecatrien-6-ynoic acid in the moss, Ceratodon purpureus, was studied using protonemata cultures with labeled 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic (linolenic) and 6,9,12,15-octadecatetraenoic acids as substrates. Both acids were efficiently converted into the acetylenic and into 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acids. Accordingly, the introduction of a triple bond in position 6 of linolenic acid involves formation of a double bond as a discrete step. Acetylenic acid triglycerides are reserve lipids in the moss. Under suitable growth conditions the acetylenic acids are catabolized and partly reused via acetate for de novo synthesis of fatty acids. They are not used for more direct syntheses of the common polyunsaturated fatty acids.", "contents": "Synthesis and function of 9,12,15-octadecatrien-6-ynoic acid in the moss ceratodon purpureus. Biosynthesis of all-cis-9,12,15-octadecatrien-6-ynoic acid in the moss, Ceratodon purpureus, was studied using protonemata cultures with labeled 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic (linolenic) and 6,9,12,15-octadecatetraenoic acids as substrates. Both acids were efficiently converted into the acetylenic and into 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acids. Accordingly, the introduction of a triple bond in position 6 of linolenic acid involves formation of a double bond as a discrete step. Acetylenic acid triglycerides are reserve lipids in the moss. Under suitable growth conditions the acetylenic acids are catabolized and partly reused via acetate for de novo synthesis of fatty acids. They are not used for more direct syntheses of the common polyunsaturated fatty acids.", "PMID": 849416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8603", "title": "Transferrin receptor of the rabbit reticulocyte.", "content": "A Triton X-100 solubilized macromolecular complex of transferrin and a membrane constituent can be isolated by gel chromatography from rabbit reticulocytes previously incubated with 125I-labeled transferrin. The apparent molecular weight of this complex is close to that of ferritin, or about 445 000. On sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis the complex displays two glycoprotein subunits, of molecular weights 176 000 and 95 000 in addition to transferrin. A transferrin-binding fraction with a molecular weight near 400 000, containing these subunits, can also be identified in membranes of nonincubated reticulocytes. The corresponding membrane fraction from mature erythrocytes, which have lost transferrin-binding activity, displays both protein subunits, but the 176 000 molecular weight component fails to give a PAS stain for carbohydrate. Treatment of reticulocytes with Pronase, which destroys the ability of the cells to form specific complexes with transferrin, degrades both components. We believe these results are consistent with the hypothesis that the primary transferrin receptor of the rabbit reticulocyte is a glycoprotein of molecular weight in the range 350 000-400 000, comprised of a combination of two subunits with molecular weights 176 000 and 95 000, respectively. Transferrin-binding activity appears to depend on the carbohydrate moiety of the 176 000 subunit.", "contents": "Transferrin receptor of the rabbit reticulocyte. A Triton X-100 solubilized macromolecular complex of transferrin and a membrane constituent can be isolated by gel chromatography from rabbit reticulocytes previously incubated with 125I-labeled transferrin. The apparent molecular weight of this complex is close to that of ferritin, or about 445 000. On sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis the complex displays two glycoprotein subunits, of molecular weights 176 000 and 95 000 in addition to transferrin. A transferrin-binding fraction with a molecular weight near 400 000, containing these subunits, can also be identified in membranes of nonincubated reticulocytes. The corresponding membrane fraction from mature erythrocytes, which have lost transferrin-binding activity, displays both protein subunits, but the 176 000 molecular weight component fails to give a PAS stain for carbohydrate. Treatment of reticulocytes with Pronase, which destroys the ability of the cells to form specific complexes with transferrin, degrades both components. We believe these results are consistent with the hypothesis that the primary transferrin receptor of the rabbit reticulocyte is a glycoprotein of molecular weight in the range 350 000-400 000, comprised of a combination of two subunits with molecular weights 176 000 and 95 000, respectively. Transferrin-binding activity appears to depend on the carbohydrate moiety of the 176 000 subunit.", "PMID": 849417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8604", "title": "Photoinduced size change of membrane vesicles from bovine retinal rod outer segment.", "content": "Quasielastic light-scattering measurements were made on isolated, osmotically swollen, bovine rod outer segment (ROS) disk membranes in aqueous Ficoll. The translational diffusion coefficients determined were (1.66 +/- 0.21) X 10(-9) and (2.31 +/- 0.14) X 10(-9) cm2/s at 25 degrees C for the unbleached and bleached membranes in 5% Ficoll, respectively, yielding the Stokes radii of 0.53 +/- 0.07 micronm for the former and 0.38 +/- 0.02 micronm for the latter. This photoinduced size decrease, which corresponds to a 60% decrease in the intravesicular volume, is far more pronounced than thos reported by others for ROS fragments.", "contents": "Photoinduced size change of membrane vesicles from bovine retinal rod outer segment. Quasielastic light-scattering measurements were made on isolated, osmotically swollen, bovine rod outer segment (ROS) disk membranes in aqueous Ficoll. The translational diffusion coefficients determined were (1.66 +/- 0.21) X 10(-9) and (2.31 +/- 0.14) X 10(-9) cm2/s at 25 degrees C for the unbleached and bleached membranes in 5% Ficoll, respectively, yielding the Stokes radii of 0.53 +/- 0.07 micronm for the former and 0.38 +/- 0.02 micronm for the latter. This photoinduced size decrease, which corresponds to a 60% decrease in the intravesicular volume, is far more pronounced than thos reported by others for ROS fragments.", "PMID": 849418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8605", "title": "Effect of lysolecithin on the structure and permeability of lecithin bilayer vesicles.", "content": "In order to elucidate the role of lysolecithin in membranes, we have examined the effect of lysolecithin on the structure and permeability of lecithin bilayer membranes. Small L-alpha-dimyristoyllecithin (DML) vesicles with myristoyllysolecithin (MLL) incorporated as well as small L-alpha-dipalmitoyllecithin (DPL) vesicles with palmitoyllysolecithin (PLL) were studied by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods at temperatures both above and below the alpha-gel in equilibrium liquid crystalline phase transition temperature (Tc) and as a function of the concentration of the incorporated lysolecithin. Europium (III) ion was used as a probe to measure the permeability of the vesicular bilayer membrane. At temperatures below Tc, these vesicles were found to be extremely permeable to europium (III) ions. The ion translocation was found to be too fast to be measured by the NMR method under these conditions. However, above the phase transition temperature the ionic permeability decreases to a rate which could be conveniently monitored, and the permeability was shown to increase with temperature and lysolecithin concentration. Analysis of the lysolecithin concentration dependence suggests the formation of ion channels within the lipid bilayer involving four lysolecithin molecules. The data below Tc suggest a phase separation below the phase transition temperature of the host lipid, leading to the formation of patches of lysolecithin molecules within the lecithin matrix. These lysolecithin clusters are presumably long-lived under these conditions and are sufficiently structurally perturbed or disordered to serve as channels for rapid ion permeation.", "contents": "Effect of lysolecithin on the structure and permeability of lecithin bilayer vesicles. In order to elucidate the role of lysolecithin in membranes, we have examined the effect of lysolecithin on the structure and permeability of lecithin bilayer membranes. Small L-alpha-dimyristoyllecithin (DML) vesicles with myristoyllysolecithin (MLL) incorporated as well as small L-alpha-dipalmitoyllecithin (DPL) vesicles with palmitoyllysolecithin (PLL) were studied by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods at temperatures both above and below the alpha-gel in equilibrium liquid crystalline phase transition temperature (Tc) and as a function of the concentration of the incorporated lysolecithin. Europium (III) ion was used as a probe to measure the permeability of the vesicular bilayer membrane. At temperatures below Tc, these vesicles were found to be extremely permeable to europium (III) ions. The ion translocation was found to be too fast to be measured by the NMR method under these conditions. However, above the phase transition temperature the ionic permeability decreases to a rate which could be conveniently monitored, and the permeability was shown to increase with temperature and lysolecithin concentration. Analysis of the lysolecithin concentration dependence suggests the formation of ion channels within the lipid bilayer involving four lysolecithin molecules. The data below Tc suggest a phase separation below the phase transition temperature of the host lipid, leading to the formation of patches of lysolecithin molecules within the lecithin matrix. These lysolecithin clusters are presumably long-lived under these conditions and are sufficiently structurally perturbed or disordered to serve as channels for rapid ion permeation.", "PMID": 849419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8606", "title": "Oxidative titrations of reduced cytochrome aa3: anisotropic extinction behavior observed in the heme alpha-band region.", "content": "Direct chemical titrations of reduced, purified cytochrome aa3 were monitored at 604 nm. Anaerobic oxidation by potassium ferricyanide or 1,1'-bis(hydroxymethyl)-ferricinium ion was compared with the natural substrate, molecular oxygen. The four electrons from reduced cytochrome aa3 were donated to one oxygen molecule, resulting in a linear titration with only fully oxidized or fully reduced enzyme molecules present. Unlike the linear or sigmoidal titrations which resulted from various reductive titrations reported previously, pronounced hyperbolic curves were obtained with the chemical oxidants. The midpoint potential values exhibited by the four metal centers of cytochrome aa3 were determined by computer simulation of the titration curves. A high potential pair of components (heme a = 340 mV, Cu = 340 mV) and a low potential pair (heme a = 220 mV, Cu = 240 mV) were observed, consistent with literature values. Unique to these equilibrium studies was a split in the heme a extinction coefficients at 604 nm. The low potential heme a component contributed 80-85% to the total absorbance change. A polarographic assay was used to verify that the integrity of cytochrome aa3 remained intact during equilibrium titrations spanning several hours. These experimental results indicate that simple chemical reversibility does not exist for cytochrome aa3 under anaerobic conditions.", "contents": "Oxidative titrations of reduced cytochrome aa3: anisotropic extinction behavior observed in the heme alpha-band region. Direct chemical titrations of reduced, purified cytochrome aa3 were monitored at 604 nm. Anaerobic oxidation by potassium ferricyanide or 1,1'-bis(hydroxymethyl)-ferricinium ion was compared with the natural substrate, molecular oxygen. The four electrons from reduced cytochrome aa3 were donated to one oxygen molecule, resulting in a linear titration with only fully oxidized or fully reduced enzyme molecules present. Unlike the linear or sigmoidal titrations which resulted from various reductive titrations reported previously, pronounced hyperbolic curves were obtained with the chemical oxidants. The midpoint potential values exhibited by the four metal centers of cytochrome aa3 were determined by computer simulation of the titration curves. A high potential pair of components (heme a = 340 mV, Cu = 340 mV) and a low potential pair (heme a = 220 mV, Cu = 240 mV) were observed, consistent with literature values. Unique to these equilibrium studies was a split in the heme a extinction coefficients at 604 nm. The low potential heme a component contributed 80-85% to the total absorbance change. A polarographic assay was used to verify that the integrity of cytochrome aa3 remained intact during equilibrium titrations spanning several hours. These experimental results indicate that simple chemical reversibility does not exist for cytochrome aa3 under anaerobic conditions.", "PMID": 849420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8607", "title": "An endonuclease from calf liver specific for apurinic sites in DNA.", "content": "An endonuclease specific for apurinic sites in double-stranded DNA has been partially purified from calf liver extracts. The enzyme has a pH optimum of 9.5, is only slightly stimulated by low concentrations of Mg2+, and has a molecular weight of 28 000. Inhibitors of the endonuclease include Ca2+, EDTA, p-HOHgBzO, NaCl, and tRNA. The enzyme introduces single- and double-stranded breaks in depurinated DNA. High concentrations of the enzyme preparation degrade untreated single-stranded DNA, but not ultraviolet (UV) irradiated DNA or DNA treated with methylmethanesulfonate or 7-bromomethyl-12-methylbenz[a]-anthracene. Enzymatic incisions produce 3'-hydroxyl and 5'-phosphate end groups. Some of the properties of the calf liver apurinic endonuclease differ from those of a similar endonuclease obtained from calf thymus by S. Ljungquist and T. Lindahl [(1974), J. Biol. Chem. 249, 1530] and in this laboratory. The data suggest that these are isozymes.", "contents": "An endonuclease from calf liver specific for apurinic sites in DNA. An endonuclease specific for apurinic sites in double-stranded DNA has been partially purified from calf liver extracts. The enzyme has a pH optimum of 9.5, is only slightly stimulated by low concentrations of Mg2+, and has a molecular weight of 28 000. Inhibitors of the endonuclease include Ca2+, EDTA, p-HOHgBzO, NaCl, and tRNA. The enzyme introduces single- and double-stranded breaks in depurinated DNA. High concentrations of the enzyme preparation degrade untreated single-stranded DNA, but not ultraviolet (UV) irradiated DNA or DNA treated with methylmethanesulfonate or 7-bromomethyl-12-methylbenz[a]-anthracene. Enzymatic incisions produce 3'-hydroxyl and 5'-phosphate end groups. Some of the properties of the calf liver apurinic endonuclease differ from those of a similar endonuclease obtained from calf thymus by S. Ljungquist and T. Lindahl [(1974), J. Biol. Chem. 249, 1530] and in this laboratory. The data suggest that these are isozymes.", "PMID": 849421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8608", "title": "Resolution of ribonucleic acids by Sepharose 4B column chromatography.", "content": "Ribonucleic acids were resolved by molecular sieve chromatography on columns of Sepharose 4B. The elution positions of messenger ribonucleic acids were determined by detection of polyadenosine tracts and by support of protein synthesis in a messenger-dependent cell-free system. The elution position of other ribonucleic acid species from the Sepharose 4B was determined by formamide-sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Resolution of ribonucleic acids by this column was not dependent on molecular weight but rather on other properties such as secondary structure or the presence of poly(adenylic acid). The elution profiles of ribonucleic acids on cross-linked Sepharose 4B differed markely from those on conventional Sepharose and appeared to depend on molecular size alone. There was diminished resolution of high molecular weight ribonucleic acids on such columns.", "contents": "Resolution of ribonucleic acids by Sepharose 4B column chromatography. Ribonucleic acids were resolved by molecular sieve chromatography on columns of Sepharose 4B. The elution positions of messenger ribonucleic acids were determined by detection of polyadenosine tracts and by support of protein synthesis in a messenger-dependent cell-free system. The elution position of other ribonucleic acid species from the Sepharose 4B was determined by formamide-sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Resolution of ribonucleic acids by this column was not dependent on molecular weight but rather on other properties such as secondary structure or the presence of poly(adenylic acid). The elution profiles of ribonucleic acids on cross-linked Sepharose 4B differed markely from those on conventional Sepharose and appeared to depend on molecular size alone. There was diminished resolution of high molecular weight ribonucleic acids on such columns.", "PMID": 849422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8609", "title": "Identification and isolation of protamine messenger ribonucleoprotein particles from rainbow trout testis.", "content": "Treatment of rainbow trout testis polyribosomes with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid released polyadenylated protamine messenger RNA in the form of a ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) particle. This mRNP particle which sedimented at 12-14 S could be identified by hybridization to [3H]poly(U) and was partially purified by two successive sucrose gradient sedimentations. When RNA was extracted from the mRNP particle and used as a template in the wheat germ cell-free protein synthesizing system the sole product of translation was protamine. Of this RNA, 30% contained poly(A) sequences and was shown to comigrate with polyadenylated protamine messenger RNA during polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. When the proteins of the mRNP particle were examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the two prominent polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of 73 000 and 29 000 appeared reproducibly. Treatment of trout testis polyribosomes with puromycin in the presence of 0.5 M KCl released a smaller (8-10S) mRNP particle which was similarly shown to contain protamine messenger RNA. Trout testis postribosomal supernatant fraction possessed 16-18S mRNP particles containing polyadenylated RNA which cosedimented with protamine messenger RNA when the particles were dissociated with sodium dodecyl sulfate.", "contents": "Identification and isolation of protamine messenger ribonucleoprotein particles from rainbow trout testis. Treatment of rainbow trout testis polyribosomes with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid released polyadenylated protamine messenger RNA in the form of a ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) particle. This mRNP particle which sedimented at 12-14 S could be identified by hybridization to [3H]poly(U) and was partially purified by two successive sucrose gradient sedimentations. When RNA was extracted from the mRNP particle and used as a template in the wheat germ cell-free protein synthesizing system the sole product of translation was protamine. Of this RNA, 30% contained poly(A) sequences and was shown to comigrate with polyadenylated protamine messenger RNA during polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. When the proteins of the mRNP particle were examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the two prominent polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of 73 000 and 29 000 appeared reproducibly. Treatment of trout testis polyribosomes with puromycin in the presence of 0.5 M KCl released a smaller (8-10S) mRNP particle which was similarly shown to contain protamine messenger RNA. Trout testis postribosomal supernatant fraction possessed 16-18S mRNP particles containing polyadenylated RNA which cosedimented with protamine messenger RNA when the particles were dissociated with sodium dodecyl sulfate.", "PMID": 849423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8610", "title": "Crystallographic studies of protein denaturation and renaturation. 2. Sodium dodecyl sulfate induced structural changes in triclinic lysozyme.", "content": "Cross-linked triclinic lysozyme was denatured with sodium dodecyl sulfate. Removal of the denaturant resulted in a refolding of the protein to a conformation similar to but not identical with the native one. Three-dimensional x-ray diffraction data out to 3.2-A resolution were collected for two states in the refolding pathway, and appropriately weighted electron density difference maps were constructed. An analysis of these maps reveals that a sodium dodecyl sulfate molecule is trapped in the interior of the protein, and results in a separation of regions of the polypeptide chain. Our results are discussed in terms of current models for protein folding.", "contents": "Crystallographic studies of protein denaturation and renaturation. 2. Sodium dodecyl sulfate induced structural changes in triclinic lysozyme. Cross-linked triclinic lysozyme was denatured with sodium dodecyl sulfate. Removal of the denaturant resulted in a refolding of the protein to a conformation similar to but not identical with the native one. Three-dimensional x-ray diffraction data out to 3.2-A resolution were collected for two states in the refolding pathway, and appropriately weighted electron density difference maps were constructed. An analysis of these maps reveals that a sodium dodecyl sulfate molecule is trapped in the interior of the protein, and results in a separation of regions of the polypeptide chain. Our results are discussed in terms of current models for protein folding.", "PMID": 849424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8611", "title": "Selective covalent binding of methionyl-containing peptides and proteins to water insoluble polymeric reagent and their regeneration.", "content": "A polymeric reagent of the type P approximately NHCOCH2Cl (where P is Bio-Gel P-100) was prepared. This polymer covalently bound peptides and proteins specifically at methionine residues under acidic conditions in the presence of a small amount of sodium iodide. Treatment of the polymer-peptide conjugate with 2-mercaptoethanol resulted in essentially complete removal of the peptide with regeneration of intact methionyl residues. In an alternative way, the polymer was suspended for 2 h in boiling water. This treatment resulted in the conversion of the bound methionyl residues to homoserine residues and cleavage and liberation of the bound peptides. The polymeric reagent was successfully applied to the separation of methionyl peptides from peptide mixtures and for specific covalent binding of enzymes and biologically active proteins via their exposed methionyl residues, with the retention of their biological activity.", "contents": "Selective covalent binding of methionyl-containing peptides and proteins to water insoluble polymeric reagent and their regeneration. A polymeric reagent of the type P approximately NHCOCH2Cl (where P is Bio-Gel P-100) was prepared. This polymer covalently bound peptides and proteins specifically at methionine residues under acidic conditions in the presence of a small amount of sodium iodide. Treatment of the polymer-peptide conjugate with 2-mercaptoethanol resulted in essentially complete removal of the peptide with regeneration of intact methionyl residues. In an alternative way, the polymer was suspended for 2 h in boiling water. This treatment resulted in the conversion of the bound methionyl residues to homoserine residues and cleavage and liberation of the bound peptides. The polymeric reagent was successfully applied to the separation of methionyl peptides from peptide mixtures and for specific covalent binding of enzymes and biologically active proteins via their exposed methionyl residues, with the retention of their biological activity.", "PMID": 849425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8612", "title": "Proton nuclear magnetic resonance studies of hemoglobin M Milwaukee and their implications concerning the mechanism of cooperative oxygenation of hemoglobin.", "content": "Hemoglobin M Milwaukee (beta67E11 Val leads to Glu) is a naturally occurring valency hybrid containing two permanently oxidized hemes on the beta chains. In this mutant, the two abnormal beta chains cannot combine with ligands whereas the two alpha chains are normal and can combine with oxygen with a Hill coefficient varying from 1.1 to 1.3 [Udem et al. (1970), J Mol. Biol. 48, 489]. High-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 250 MHz has been used to investigate the exchangeable, ring-current shifted, ferrous and ferric hyperfine shifted resonances of Hb M Milwaukee in the absence and presence of organic phosphates. The alpha-heme environment, as manifested by the ring-current shifted resonances in the liganded form as well as the ferrous hyperfine shifted resonances in unliganded form, and subunit interactions, as manifested by the exchangeable resonances, are similar in Hb M Milwaukee to those in normal adult human hemoglobin. Organic phosphates can partially or completely inhibit the structural transformation which normally accompanies the binding of oxygen or carbon monoxide to Hb M Milwaukee. Upon stepwise addition of oxygen to deoxy Hb M Milwaukee, the hyperfine shifted resonance spectra of ferric beta chains show features which cannot be attributed to either fully deoxy or oxy species. However, the spectra for partially oxygenated Hb M Milwaukee can be described as an appropriately weighted average of the spectra of sero, singly, and doubly oxygenated species. The ferric hyperfine shifted resonance spectrum of the singly oxygenated intermediate has been calculated by a method employing least-squares analysis of the spectra of partially oxygenated Hb M Milwaukee at several values of oxygen saturation. The spectrum of this intermediate exhibits features which cannot be accounted for by a two-structure model. The present results are consistent with a sequential model for the oxygenation of this mutant hemoglobin. In view of the similarities between normal adult hemoglobin and Hb M Milwaukee, it is suggested that a two-state concerted allosteric model does not provide an adequate description of the structure-function relationship in normal adult hemoglobin.", "contents": "Proton nuclear magnetic resonance studies of hemoglobin M Milwaukee and their implications concerning the mechanism of cooperative oxygenation of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin M Milwaukee (beta67E11 Val leads to Glu) is a naturally occurring valency hybrid containing two permanently oxidized hemes on the beta chains. In this mutant, the two abnormal beta chains cannot combine with ligands whereas the two alpha chains are normal and can combine with oxygen with a Hill coefficient varying from 1.1 to 1.3 [Udem et al. (1970), J Mol. Biol. 48, 489]. High-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 250 MHz has been used to investigate the exchangeable, ring-current shifted, ferrous and ferric hyperfine shifted resonances of Hb M Milwaukee in the absence and presence of organic phosphates. The alpha-heme environment, as manifested by the ring-current shifted resonances in the liganded form as well as the ferrous hyperfine shifted resonances in unliganded form, and subunit interactions, as manifested by the exchangeable resonances, are similar in Hb M Milwaukee to those in normal adult human hemoglobin. Organic phosphates can partially or completely inhibit the structural transformation which normally accompanies the binding of oxygen or carbon monoxide to Hb M Milwaukee. Upon stepwise addition of oxygen to deoxy Hb M Milwaukee, the hyperfine shifted resonance spectra of ferric beta chains show features which cannot be attributed to either fully deoxy or oxy species. However, the spectra for partially oxygenated Hb M Milwaukee can be described as an appropriately weighted average of the spectra of sero, singly, and doubly oxygenated species. The ferric hyperfine shifted resonance spectrum of the singly oxygenated intermediate has been calculated by a method employing least-squares analysis of the spectra of partially oxygenated Hb M Milwaukee at several values of oxygen saturation. The spectrum of this intermediate exhibits features which cannot be accounted for by a two-structure model. The present results are consistent with a sequential model for the oxygenation of this mutant hemoglobin. In view of the similarities between normal adult hemoglobin and Hb M Milwaukee, it is suggested that a two-state concerted allosteric model does not provide an adequate description of the structure-function relationship in normal adult hemoglobin.", "PMID": 849426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8613", "title": "Excision of 7-bromomethylbenz[a]anthracene--DNA adducts in replicating mammalian cells.", "content": "The excision of 7-bromomethylbenz[a]anthracene--DNA adducts was studied in two cell lines (HeLa S-3 and Chinese hamster V-79379A). In both cell lines, carcinogen-modified adenine residues were excised more readily than the modified guanine residues and the percentage of the total products excised decreased after treatment with higher concentrations of carcinogen. At the highest concentrations used in the Chinese hamster cells, neither DNA synthesis nor excision was detected. The lowest concentration used for these cells permitted almost 100% survival and all the DNA was replicated in a 30-h interval even though 50% of the initial damage was still present. The two- to threefold lower sensitivity of the Chinese hamster cells (compared with the Hela cells) to the carcinogen is attributed to this capacity for replication of DNA on a damaged template since the two cell lines' capacities for excision of the chemical damage were found to be comparable.", "contents": "Excision of 7-bromomethylbenz[a]anthracene--DNA adducts in replicating mammalian cells. The excision of 7-bromomethylbenz[a]anthracene--DNA adducts was studied in two cell lines (HeLa S-3 and Chinese hamster V-79379A). In both cell lines, carcinogen-modified adenine residues were excised more readily than the modified guanine residues and the percentage of the total products excised decreased after treatment with higher concentrations of carcinogen. At the highest concentrations used in the Chinese hamster cells, neither DNA synthesis nor excision was detected. The lowest concentration used for these cells permitted almost 100% survival and all the DNA was replicated in a 30-h interval even though 50% of the initial damage was still present. The two- to threefold lower sensitivity of the Chinese hamster cells (compared with the Hela cells) to the carcinogen is attributed to this capacity for replication of DNA on a damaged template since the two cell lines' capacities for excision of the chemical damage were found to be comparable.", "PMID": 849427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8614", "title": "Dissociation of the 7S-nerve growth factor complex in solution.", "content": "Sedimentation and gel-filtration studies of mouse submandibular gland 7S-nerve growth factor (NGF) reveal that this complex dissociates to yield its components at concentrations much higher than those required to exhibit biological activity. Results further indicate that the alpha and gamma protein c omponents of the 7S-NGF complex probably play no role in its biological activity when tested in vitro. The dissociation behavior of 7S-NGF is quite different from the properties of very dilute solutions of the NGF secreted by mouse L cells and of that present in fresh, unpurified submandibular gland homogenates, since both of these proteins display high molecular weights at concentrations where 7s-NGF is fully dissociated. Thus, it could be that 7S-NGF is not the form in which NGF exists in the mouse submandibular gland.", "contents": "Dissociation of the 7S-nerve growth factor complex in solution. Sedimentation and gel-filtration studies of mouse submandibular gland 7S-nerve growth factor (NGF) reveal that this complex dissociates to yield its components at concentrations much higher than those required to exhibit biological activity. Results further indicate that the alpha and gamma protein c omponents of the 7S-NGF complex probably play no role in its biological activity when tested in vitro. The dissociation behavior of 7S-NGF is quite different from the properties of very dilute solutions of the NGF secreted by mouse L cells and of that present in fresh, unpurified submandibular gland homogenates, since both of these proteins display high molecular weights at concentrations where 7s-NGF is fully dissociated. Thus, it could be that 7S-NGF is not the form in which NGF exists in the mouse submandibular gland.", "PMID": 849428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8615", "title": "Intensity effects on the fluorescence of in vivo chlorophyll.", "content": "A technique for measuring relative quantum yields of fluorescence with a picosecond streak camera is described. We show that Chlorella pyrenoidosa exhibit an intensity dependent quantum yield when irradiated with single picosecond light pulses. This effect also occurs under conditions that inhibit the activity of the reaction centres, which can therefore be excluded as the cause. When a pulse train (pulse separation 6.9 ns) was used, the quantum yield was further reduced by the light absorbed from previous pulses, which indicates the formation of a quenching species having a relatively long lifetime. Absolute quantum yields calculated from the fluorescence decay show that single excitation pulses of 3 - 10(13) photons/cm2 give results comparable to those obtained by very low intensity methods.", "contents": "Intensity effects on the fluorescence of in vivo chlorophyll. A technique for measuring relative quantum yields of fluorescence with a picosecond streak camera is described. We show that Chlorella pyrenoidosa exhibit an intensity dependent quantum yield when irradiated with single picosecond light pulses. This effect also occurs under conditions that inhibit the activity of the reaction centres, which can therefore be excluded as the cause. When a pulse train (pulse separation 6.9 ns) was used, the quantum yield was further reduced by the light absorbed from previous pulses, which indicates the formation of a quenching species having a relatively long lifetime. Absolute quantum yields calculated from the fluorescence decay show that single excitation pulses of 3 - 10(13) photons/cm2 give results comparable to those obtained by very low intensity methods.", "PMID": 849429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8616", "title": "The effect of dihydroxyacetone phosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate on O2 evolution and on the levels of ATP, ADP and Pi in isolated intact chloroplasts.", "content": "Addition of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (2.5 mM) or 3-phosphoglycerate (2.5 mM) to a suspension of isolated intact chloroplasts, which contains Pi only in low concentrations (0.2 mM) leads to a competitive inhibition of Pi uptake in the light. In consequence, the ATP/ADP ratio is strongly decreased. The rate of O2 evolution is also reduced under these conditions, but the degree of inhibition is much higher after addition of dihydroxyacetone phosphate than after addition of 3-phosphoglycerate. Therefore, besides the competitive inhibition of Pi uptake, additional effects of dihydroxyacetone phosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate on O2 evolution and CO2 fixation of isolated intact chloroplasts must occur, which are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of dihydroxyacetone phosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate on O2 evolution and on the levels of ATP, ADP and Pi in isolated intact chloroplasts. Addition of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (2.5 mM) or 3-phosphoglycerate (2.5 mM) to a suspension of isolated intact chloroplasts, which contains Pi only in low concentrations (0.2 mM) leads to a competitive inhibition of Pi uptake in the light. In consequence, the ATP/ADP ratio is strongly decreased. The rate of O2 evolution is also reduced under these conditions, but the degree of inhibition is much higher after addition of dihydroxyacetone phosphate than after addition of 3-phosphoglycerate. Therefore, besides the competitive inhibition of Pi uptake, additional effects of dihydroxyacetone phosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate on O2 evolution and CO2 fixation of isolated intact chloroplasts must occur, which are discussed.", "PMID": 849430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8617", "title": "Picosecond laser study of fluorescence lifetimes in spinach chloroplast photosytem I and photosystem II preparations.", "content": "Fractions enriched in either Photosystem I or Photosystem II have been prepared from chloroplasts with digitonin. A more detailed analysis of the decay kinetics of fluorescence excited by a picosecond laser pulse has been possible compared to experiments with unfractionated systems. The Photosystem I fractions show a very short component (less than or equal to 100 ps) at room temperature which is apparently independent of pulse intensity over the range of photon densities used (5 - 10(13)--1 - 10(16) photons cm-2). The Photosystem II fraction has a short initial lifetime at room temperature which is strongly intensity-dependent approaching 500 ps at low photon densities, but decreasing to close to 150 ps at the highest photon densities. All of these room temperature decays appear to be non-exponential, and may possibly be fitted by at t1/2 expression, expected from a random diffusion of excitations via F\u00f6rster energy transfer. On cooling to 77K, lifetimes of both Photosystem I and Photosytem II increase, the lengthening with Photosystem I being more striking. The Photosystem I decays become intensity dependent like the Photosystem II, and at the lowest photon densities decays which are more nearly exponential within the experimental error give initial lifetimes of about 2 ns. The non-exponential decays seen at high photon densities appear to fit a t1/2 expression.", "contents": "Picosecond laser study of fluorescence lifetimes in spinach chloroplast photosytem I and photosystem II preparations. Fractions enriched in either Photosystem I or Photosystem II have been prepared from chloroplasts with digitonin. A more detailed analysis of the decay kinetics of fluorescence excited by a picosecond laser pulse has been possible compared to experiments with unfractionated systems. The Photosystem I fractions show a very short component (less than or equal to 100 ps) at room temperature which is apparently independent of pulse intensity over the range of photon densities used (5 - 10(13)--1 - 10(16) photons cm-2). The Photosystem II fraction has a short initial lifetime at room temperature which is strongly intensity-dependent approaching 500 ps at low photon densities, but decreasing to close to 150 ps at the highest photon densities. All of these room temperature decays appear to be non-exponential, and may possibly be fitted by at t1/2 expression, expected from a random diffusion of excitations via F\u00f6rster energy transfer. On cooling to 77K, lifetimes of both Photosystem I and Photosytem II increase, the lengthening with Photosystem I being more striking. The Photosystem I decays become intensity dependent like the Photosystem II, and at the lowest photon densities decays which are more nearly exponential within the experimental error give initial lifetimes of about 2 ns. The non-exponential decays seen at high photon densities appear to fit a t1/2 expression.", "PMID": 849431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8618", "title": "The role of plastoquinone and beta-carotene in the primary reaction of plant photosystem II.", "content": "Extraction of Triton Photosystem II chloroplast fragments with 0.2% methanol in hexane for 3 h results in the removal of 90 to 95% of the plastoquinone in the original preparation. The extracted fragments (chlorophyll:plastoquinone ratio, 900: 1) showed no P-680 photooxidation at 15 K after a single laser flash. The extracted fragments also showed no light-induced C-550 absorbance change at 77 K. Reconstitution of the primary reaction of Photosystem II, as evidenced by restoration of low-temperature photooxidation of P-680, could be obtained by the addition of plastoquinone A but not by the addition of beta-carotene. The addition of beta-carotene plus plastoquinone A restored the C-550 absorbance change. These results indicate that plastoquinone functions as the primary electron acceptor of Photosystem II and that beta-carotene does not play a direct role in the primary photochemistry but is required for the C-550 absorbance change.", "contents": "The role of plastoquinone and beta-carotene in the primary reaction of plant photosystem II. Extraction of Triton Photosystem II chloroplast fragments with 0.2% methanol in hexane for 3 h results in the removal of 90 to 95% of the plastoquinone in the original preparation. The extracted fragments (chlorophyll:plastoquinone ratio, 900: 1) showed no P-680 photooxidation at 15 K after a single laser flash. The extracted fragments also showed no light-induced C-550 absorbance change at 77 K. Reconstitution of the primary reaction of Photosystem II, as evidenced by restoration of low-temperature photooxidation of P-680, could be obtained by the addition of plastoquinone A but not by the addition of beta-carotene. The addition of beta-carotene plus plastoquinone A restored the C-550 absorbance change. These results indicate that plastoquinone functions as the primary electron acceptor of Photosystem II and that beta-carotene does not play a direct role in the primary photochemistry but is required for the C-550 absorbance change.", "PMID": 849432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8619", "title": "Formation of electrical field accompanying temperature jump in isolated spinach chloroplasts.", "content": "Temperature-jump-induced absorbance changes of spinach chloroplasts in the dark were studied. After the temperature rise, a fast absorbance decrease and a succeeding slow absorbance increase were observed at the wavelength of 515 nm. The spectrum of the fast phase had positive maxima (increase in absorbance) at 430, 470 and 673 nm and a negative maxima (decrease in absorbance) at 525 nm. Permeant ions, tetraphenylboron-, tetraphenylarsonium+, and tetraphenylphosphonium+, decreased the extent of the fast absorbance change and increased the rate of slow recovery. Additions of inorganic potassium salts had a similar effect. Valinomycin, added in the presence of potassium ion, also increased the rate of slow recovery. These ions and ionophore had a parallel effect also on the recovery of flash-induced 515-nm absorbance change in chloroplasts. Electroneutral nigerericin did not affect the temperature-jump-induced absorbanc change. These results suggest the formation of electrical field across the thylakoid membrane in the dark accompanying the temperature rise. A possible involvement of the movement of water molecules (thermo-osmosis) in the observed absorbance changes is also discussed.", "contents": "Formation of electrical field accompanying temperature jump in isolated spinach chloroplasts. Temperature-jump-induced absorbance changes of spinach chloroplasts in the dark were studied. After the temperature rise, a fast absorbance decrease and a succeeding slow absorbance increase were observed at the wavelength of 515 nm. The spectrum of the fast phase had positive maxima (increase in absorbance) at 430, 470 and 673 nm and a negative maxima (decrease in absorbance) at 525 nm. Permeant ions, tetraphenylboron-, tetraphenylarsonium+, and tetraphenylphosphonium+, decreased the extent of the fast absorbance change and increased the rate of slow recovery. Additions of inorganic potassium salts had a similar effect. Valinomycin, added in the presence of potassium ion, also increased the rate of slow recovery. These ions and ionophore had a parallel effect also on the recovery of flash-induced 515-nm absorbance change in chloroplasts. Electroneutral nigerericin did not affect the temperature-jump-induced absorbanc change. These results suggest the formation of electrical field across the thylakoid membrane in the dark accompanying the temperature rise. A possible involvement of the movement of water molecules (thermo-osmosis) in the observed absorbance changes is also discussed.", "PMID": 849433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8620", "title": "Electron transport between plastoquinone and chlorophyll Ai in chloroplasts. II. Reaction kinetics and the function of plastocyanin in situ.", "content": "The light-induced reaction kinetics of electron carriers between the two light reactions were studied in spinach chloroplasts. 1. The difference spectrum of the absorbance changes of plastocyanin in situ was separated from superimposing absorbance changes by flash titration described in the preceding paper (Haehnel, W. (1973) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 305, 618-631). Relative amounts of 2 : 1 electron equivalents were observed for plastocyanin and chlorophyll a1 (P-700). 2. A balance of the electron equivalents released from reduced plastoquinone and simultaneously accepted by oxidized plastocyanin, cytochrome f and chlorophyll a1 indicated a quantitative electron transfer. Additional electron carriers between plastoquinone and light reaction I can be excluded with an accuracy of about +/-0.3 electron equivalents per light reaction II. 3. The time course of the absorbance changes of plastocyanin was measured at 584 nm with negligible interference with other absorbance changes. The reduction kinetics show an initial lag followed by a rise with a half time of about 20 ms. The redox states of plastocyanin and chlorophyll a1 during this reduction via the rate-limiting step between the light reactions and during oxidation by weak far-red light suggest a true equilibrium constant of about 20. 4. The simultaneous oxidation and reduction kinetics of plastoquinone, cytochrome f, plastocyanin and chlorophyll a1 induced by two successive groups of saturating flashes after far-red illumination were measured. The oxidation kinetics of plastocyanin and the simultaneous reduction kinetics of chlorophyll a1 after the single flashes indicate a quantitative electron transfer with a half time of 200 mus. 5. The fast reduction of chlorophyll a1 by plastocyanin showed no effect of the inhibitors 3-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea and 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone or of reduced phenazine methosulfate. But it was completed inhibited after KCN incubation. 6. The oxidation kinetics of cytochrome f were reinvestigated with high time resolution from the difference of absorbance changes at 554 minus 540 nm to minimize the disturbing interference with other absorbance changes. Absorbance changes measured 554 nm alone do not reflect kinetics of cytochrome f. The half time of the oxidation was faster than 40 microns. 7. The observed reaction kinetics gave evidence for a function of cytochrome f between plastoquinone and chlorophyll a1 in parallel to plastocyanin. In addition, they indicate that the greater portion of linear electron transport passes plastocyanin. The complex interaction between cytochrome f and chlorophyll a1 is discussed.", "contents": "Electron transport between plastoquinone and chlorophyll Ai in chloroplasts. II. Reaction kinetics and the function of plastocyanin in situ. The light-induced reaction kinetics of electron carriers between the two light reactions were studied in spinach chloroplasts. 1. The difference spectrum of the absorbance changes of plastocyanin in situ was separated from superimposing absorbance changes by flash titration described in the preceding paper (Haehnel, W. (1973) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 305, 618-631). Relative amounts of 2 : 1 electron equivalents were observed for plastocyanin and chlorophyll a1 (P-700). 2. A balance of the electron equivalents released from reduced plastoquinone and simultaneously accepted by oxidized plastocyanin, cytochrome f and chlorophyll a1 indicated a quantitative electron transfer. Additional electron carriers between plastoquinone and light reaction I can be excluded with an accuracy of about +/-0.3 electron equivalents per light reaction II. 3. The time course of the absorbance changes of plastocyanin was measured at 584 nm with negligible interference with other absorbance changes. The reduction kinetics show an initial lag followed by a rise with a half time of about 20 ms. The redox states of plastocyanin and chlorophyll a1 during this reduction via the rate-limiting step between the light reactions and during oxidation by weak far-red light suggest a true equilibrium constant of about 20. 4. The simultaneous oxidation and reduction kinetics of plastoquinone, cytochrome f, plastocyanin and chlorophyll a1 induced by two successive groups of saturating flashes after far-red illumination were measured. The oxidation kinetics of plastocyanin and the simultaneous reduction kinetics of chlorophyll a1 after the single flashes indicate a quantitative electron transfer with a half time of 200 mus. 5. The fast reduction of chlorophyll a1 by plastocyanin showed no effect of the inhibitors 3-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea and 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone or of reduced phenazine methosulfate. But it was completed inhibited after KCN incubation. 6. The oxidation kinetics of cytochrome f were reinvestigated with high time resolution from the difference of absorbance changes at 554 minus 540 nm to minimize the disturbing interference with other absorbance changes. Absorbance changes measured 554 nm alone do not reflect kinetics of cytochrome f. The half time of the oxidation was faster than 40 microns. 7. The observed reaction kinetics gave evidence for a function of cytochrome f between plastoquinone and chlorophyll a1 in parallel to plastocyanin. In addition, they indicate that the greater portion of linear electron transport passes plastocyanin. The complex interaction between cytochrome f and chlorophyll a1 is discussed.", "PMID": 849434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8621", "title": "The kinetic behavior of P-700 during the induction of photosynthesis in algae.", "content": "The kinetics of P-700 were examined spectrophotometrically during the induction of photosynthesis in algae. A pronounced oscillation was observed in the redox level of P-700 upon illumination of dark-adapted cells. The dark adaptation required approximately 1 min. The oscillation may be described as an initial rapid oxidation reaching a peak at approx. 50 ms followed by complete reduction of the pool of P-700. A subsequent slower oxidation resulted in attainment of the final state around 1 s. The main features of the oscillation were qualitatively the same in a wide variety of algae. The modulation in redox level of P-700 required high intensity activation of both photosystems and was eliminated by pre-illumination of the cells with weak short wavelength light but not by longer wavelengths absorbed primarily by Photosystem I. We propose that the P-700 modulation is directly related to the fast redox changes in Photosystem II which occur during the induction of photosynthesis. Cells incubated with methyl viologen did not show the P-700 oscillation confirming the suggestion previously advanced that exhaustion of Photosystem I acceptor and kinetic limitations in the carbon reduction cycle partially control the fast phase of photosynthetic induction.", "contents": "The kinetic behavior of P-700 during the induction of photosynthesis in algae. The kinetics of P-700 were examined spectrophotometrically during the induction of photosynthesis in algae. A pronounced oscillation was observed in the redox level of P-700 upon illumination of dark-adapted cells. The dark adaptation required approximately 1 min. The oscillation may be described as an initial rapid oxidation reaching a peak at approx. 50 ms followed by complete reduction of the pool of P-700. A subsequent slower oxidation resulted in attainment of the final state around 1 s. The main features of the oscillation were qualitatively the same in a wide variety of algae. The modulation in redox level of P-700 required high intensity activation of both photosystems and was eliminated by pre-illumination of the cells with weak short wavelength light but not by longer wavelengths absorbed primarily by Photosystem I. We propose that the P-700 modulation is directly related to the fast redox changes in Photosystem II which occur during the induction of photosynthesis. Cells incubated with methyl viologen did not show the P-700 oscillation confirming the suggestion previously advanced that exhaustion of Photosystem I acceptor and kinetic limitations in the carbon reduction cycle partially control the fast phase of photosynthetic induction.", "PMID": 849435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8622", "title": "Appearance and composition of chlorophyll-protein complexes I and II during chloroplast membrane biogenesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardi y-1.", "content": "The chlorophyll-protein complexes I and II have been isolated and anlyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis during greening and degreening of Chlamydomonas reinhardi y-1. At all stages of membrane formation, the complexes, when present, have a constant composition. Chlorophyll-protein complex I consists of a major polypeptide(s) of molecular weight 64,000 synthesized in the chloroplast, to which about 29 chlorophyll a molecules are bound. The complex is not detected when other polypeptides of chloroplastic origin, related to both Photosystem I and Photosystem II activities, are not synthesized. However, Photosystem I activity can develop in membranes in which chlorophyll-protein complex I is not detectable. Chlorophyll-protein complex II consists of two polypeptides of cytoplasmic origin, molecular weights 24,000 and 22,000, which bind 12 chlorophylls (a and b). The chlorophyll-protein complex II can be detected in membranes in which the development of photosystem II activity is prevented. Clipping of a Mr = 2000 fragment(s) from the Mr = 22,000 polypeptide following trypsin digestion of membranes, does not affect the complex. The detection of the complexes is possible only in membranes in which the simultaneous synthesis of both the chlorophyll and the corresponding polypeptides occurs. The 28,000 dalton polypeptide, reported to be present in the chlorophyll-protein complex II, comigrates with the complex but apparently is not part of the complex itself. The apparent molecular weight of the chlorophyll-protein complexes I and II are 88,000 and 28,000, respectively. The minimal true value for complex I is 89,000 or 154,000 and for complex II is 56,000.", "contents": "Appearance and composition of chlorophyll-protein complexes I and II during chloroplast membrane biogenesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardi y-1. The chlorophyll-protein complexes I and II have been isolated and anlyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis during greening and degreening of Chlamydomonas reinhardi y-1. At all stages of membrane formation, the complexes, when present, have a constant composition. Chlorophyll-protein complex I consists of a major polypeptide(s) of molecular weight 64,000 synthesized in the chloroplast, to which about 29 chlorophyll a molecules are bound. The complex is not detected when other polypeptides of chloroplastic origin, related to both Photosystem I and Photosystem II activities, are not synthesized. However, Photosystem I activity can develop in membranes in which chlorophyll-protein complex I is not detectable. Chlorophyll-protein complex II consists of two polypeptides of cytoplasmic origin, molecular weights 24,000 and 22,000, which bind 12 chlorophylls (a and b). The chlorophyll-protein complex II can be detected in membranes in which the development of photosystem II activity is prevented. Clipping of a Mr = 2000 fragment(s) from the Mr = 22,000 polypeptide following trypsin digestion of membranes, does not affect the complex. The detection of the complexes is possible only in membranes in which the simultaneous synthesis of both the chlorophyll and the corresponding polypeptides occurs. The 28,000 dalton polypeptide, reported to be present in the chlorophyll-protein complex II, comigrates with the complex but apparently is not part of the complex itself. The apparent molecular weight of the chlorophyll-protein complexes I and II are 88,000 and 28,000, respectively. The minimal true value for complex I is 89,000 or 154,000 and for complex II is 56,000.", "PMID": 849436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8623", "title": "Chloroplast membrane sidedness. Location of plastocyanin determined by chemical modifiers.", "content": "Intact grana and stroma membranes (outer membrane absent) and detergent or sonication disrupted thylakoid membranes were treated with the hydrophilic covalent chemical modifiers [35S]diazonium benzene sulfonic acid ([35S]DABS) and [14C]glycine ethylester plus 1-cyclohexyl-3-(2-morpholinoethyl)-carbodiimide metho-p-toluenesulfonate (CDIS). Plastocyanin was purified using column chromatography followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the incorporation of [35S]DABS and [14C]glycine ethylester into plastocyanin was determined by slicing the gels and counting the radioactivity in the plastocyanin band. Plastocyanin isolated from thylakoids disrupted prior to chemical modification binds two to four times as much of either modifier than the plastocyanin isolated from intact chloroplasts. This ratio is five to ten times lower than the ratio expected for a component buried behind the permeability barrier of a membrane. The data suggest that plastocyanin is partially exposed at the external surface of the thylakoid membrane rather than being completely buried in, or behind, the lipo-protein membrane.", "contents": "Chloroplast membrane sidedness. Location of plastocyanin determined by chemical modifiers. Intact grana and stroma membranes (outer membrane absent) and detergent or sonication disrupted thylakoid membranes were treated with the hydrophilic covalent chemical modifiers [35S]diazonium benzene sulfonic acid ([35S]DABS) and [14C]glycine ethylester plus 1-cyclohexyl-3-(2-morpholinoethyl)-carbodiimide metho-p-toluenesulfonate (CDIS). Plastocyanin was purified using column chromatography followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the incorporation of [35S]DABS and [14C]glycine ethylester into plastocyanin was determined by slicing the gels and counting the radioactivity in the plastocyanin band. Plastocyanin isolated from thylakoids disrupted prior to chemical modification binds two to four times as much of either modifier than the plastocyanin isolated from intact chloroplasts. This ratio is five to ten times lower than the ratio expected for a component buried behind the permeability barrier of a membrane. The data suggest that plastocyanin is partially exposed at the external surface of the thylakoid membrane rather than being completely buried in, or behind, the lipo-protein membrane.", "PMID": 849437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8624", "title": "Polarization of fluorescence from single skinned glycerinated rabbit psoas fibers in rigor and relaxation.", "content": "Single skinned glycerinated muscle fibers were labelled with the fluorescent dye N-(iodoacetylamino)-1-naphthylamine-5-sulfonic acid (1,5-IAEDANS). The heavy chain of myosin (EC 3.6.1.3) was labelled predominantly when the reaction was carried out in relaxation at 0 degrees C. Mechanical properties of skinned fibers were little affected by labelling with the fluorophore. Rigor tension developed upon transferring native or labelled skinned fibers from relaxing to rigor solutions lacking Ca2+ was very small but could be enhanced by progressively incresing Ca2 concentration; the rigor tension decreased with increasing sarcomer length. Polarization of fluorescence of skinned fibers reacted with 1,5-IAEDANS was measured along the line of excitation as well as at 90 degrees to it. The mean values of parallel and perpendicular components of polarization of labelled fibers measured at 0 degrees were close to the values obtained for native fibers irrigated with 1,5-IAEDANS-labelled heavy meromyosin fiber \"ghosts\" irrigated with labelled heavy meromyosin, and oriented bundles of myofibrils reacted with the same fluorophore. Skinned fibers stretched above the rest length and then irrigated with 1,5-IAEDANS-labelled heavy meromyosin gave rise to polarized fluorescence close to the values theoretically predicted for an assembly of helically arranged fluorophores. Using 90 degrees detecttion system a satisfactory fit to the theory could be obtained from single fibers labelled with 1,5-IAEDANS and measured in rigor. The angle between the fiber axis and the direction of the emission dipole of 1,5-IAEDANS attached to subfragment-1 was estimated to be near 40 degrees.", "contents": "Polarization of fluorescence from single skinned glycerinated rabbit psoas fibers in rigor and relaxation. Single skinned glycerinated muscle fibers were labelled with the fluorescent dye N-(iodoacetylamino)-1-naphthylamine-5-sulfonic acid (1,5-IAEDANS). The heavy chain of myosin (EC 3.6.1.3) was labelled predominantly when the reaction was carried out in relaxation at 0 degrees C. Mechanical properties of skinned fibers were little affected by labelling with the fluorophore. Rigor tension developed upon transferring native or labelled skinned fibers from relaxing to rigor solutions lacking Ca2+ was very small but could be enhanced by progressively incresing Ca2 concentration; the rigor tension decreased with increasing sarcomer length. Polarization of fluorescence of skinned fibers reacted with 1,5-IAEDANS was measured along the line of excitation as well as at 90 degrees to it. The mean values of parallel and perpendicular components of polarization of labelled fibers measured at 0 degrees were close to the values obtained for native fibers irrigated with 1,5-IAEDANS-labelled heavy meromyosin fiber \"ghosts\" irrigated with labelled heavy meromyosin, and oriented bundles of myofibrils reacted with the same fluorophore. Skinned fibers stretched above the rest length and then irrigated with 1,5-IAEDANS-labelled heavy meromyosin gave rise to polarized fluorescence close to the values theoretically predicted for an assembly of helically arranged fluorophores. Using 90 degrees detecttion system a satisfactory fit to the theory could be obtained from single fibers labelled with 1,5-IAEDANS and measured in rigor. The angle between the fiber axis and the direction of the emission dipole of 1,5-IAEDANS attached to subfragment-1 was estimated to be near 40 degrees.", "PMID": 849438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8625", "title": "Uncoupling of mitochondrial respiration by ADP.", "content": "Even when oxidative phosphorylation is blocked completely by addition of high concentrations of oligomycin plus aurovertin, the addition of ADP to a suspension of mitochondria containing a high concentration of ATP inside the mitochondria induces a stimulation of respiration and oxidation of nicotinamide nucleotide. It is concluded that transport of ADP into mitochondria with a high endogenous ATP/ADP ratio requires energy.", "contents": "Uncoupling of mitochondrial respiration by ADP. Even when oxidative phosphorylation is blocked completely by addition of high concentrations of oligomycin plus aurovertin, the addition of ADP to a suspension of mitochondria containing a high concentration of ATP inside the mitochondria induces a stimulation of respiration and oxidation of nicotinamide nucleotide. It is concluded that transport of ADP into mitochondria with a high endogenous ATP/ADP ratio requires energy.", "PMID": 849439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8626", "title": "The interaction of polyxanthylic acid with polyadenylic acid.", "content": "The stoichiometry of interaction between polyxanthylic acid (poly(X)) and polyadenylic acid (poly(A)) was investigated by construction of mixing curves as a function of wavelength. Wavelengths were found which exhibited a break at 48-50 mol % poly(A) or two breaks, one at 48-50 mol % poly(A) and the other at 33-30 mol % poly(A). The melting profile (in 0.1 M salt) of the 50 mol % poly(A) mixture was monophasic (Tm=83 degrees C) at all wavelengths but that of the 33 mol % poly(A) mixture was biphasic showing a transition at Tm=40 degrees C and another at Tm=83 degrees C. Construction of a mixing curve between poly(A) and poly(X) at a temperature of 52 degrees C gave rise to plots which showed only one break (at 49--50 mol % poly(A)) at all wavelengths. Thus, while (at 20 degrees C in 0.1 M salt, pH 7) both poly(A)-poly(X) and poly(A)-2 poly(X) form at their respective stoichiometric end-points, the triplex poly(A)-2 poly(X), upon melting undergoes a disproportionation reaction resulting in the loss of one poly(X) strand and the formation of the poly(A)-poly(X) duplex.", "contents": "The interaction of polyxanthylic acid with polyadenylic acid. The stoichiometry of interaction between polyxanthylic acid (poly(X)) and polyadenylic acid (poly(A)) was investigated by construction of mixing curves as a function of wavelength. Wavelengths were found which exhibited a break at 48-50 mol % poly(A) or two breaks, one at 48-50 mol % poly(A) and the other at 33-30 mol % poly(A). The melting profile (in 0.1 M salt) of the 50 mol % poly(A) mixture was monophasic (Tm=83 degrees C) at all wavelengths but that of the 33 mol % poly(A) mixture was biphasic showing a transition at Tm=40 degrees C and another at Tm=83 degrees C. Construction of a mixing curve between poly(A) and poly(X) at a temperature of 52 degrees C gave rise to plots which showed only one break (at 49--50 mol % poly(A)) at all wavelengths. Thus, while (at 20 degrees C in 0.1 M salt, pH 7) both poly(A)-poly(X) and poly(A)-2 poly(X) form at their respective stoichiometric end-points, the triplex poly(A)-2 poly(X), upon melting undergoes a disproportionation reaction resulting in the loss of one poly(X) strand and the formation of the poly(A)-poly(X) duplex.", "PMID": 849440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8627", "title": "Peptidyl transferase activity in wheat germ ribosomes. Effect of some antibiotics.", "content": "The formation of N-acetyl-leucyl-puromycin in a \"fragment reaction\" catalyzed by 80 S ribosomes from wheat germ was characterized. The reaction product was identified by high-voltage electrophoresis. The fragment reaction is inhibited by sparsomycin, blasticidin S, gougerotin and to a lesser degree by amicetin and tetracycline. Formation of an acLeu-pentanucleotide-ribosomes complex was strongly stimulated by sparsomycin.", "contents": "Peptidyl transferase activity in wheat germ ribosomes. Effect of some antibiotics. The formation of N-acetyl-leucyl-puromycin in a \"fragment reaction\" catalyzed by 80 S ribosomes from wheat germ was characterized. The reaction product was identified by high-voltage electrophoresis. The fragment reaction is inhibited by sparsomycin, blasticidin S, gougerotin and to a lesser degree by amicetin and tetracycline. Formation of an acLeu-pentanucleotide-ribosomes complex was strongly stimulated by sparsomycin.", "PMID": 849441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8628", "title": "Developmental study of the structure of sea urchin embryo and sperm chromatin using micrococcal nuclease.", "content": "Sea urchin embryo chromatin is hydrolyzed by micrococcal nuclease into a series of oligomers which are multiples of a monomer (repeating unit) containing 220 +/- 22 nucleotide pairs of DNA which accumulates during the initial phase of the digestion. Although the size of the chromatin monomers remains the same throughout early development, from the morula through the pluteus stage of embryogenesis, the rate and extent of solubilization of chromatin DNA by micrococcal nuclease decrease as development proceeds. Sea urchin spermchromatin is hydrolyzed by micrococcal nuclease into a series of oligomes which are multiples of a monomer containing 260 +/- 26 nucleotide pairs of DNA which accumulates during the initial phase of the digestion. Analysis of the sizes of oligomers which result form micrococcal nuclease digestion of mouse liver, sea urchin embryo, and sea urchin sperm chromatin in situ, suggests that the oligomers are nearly exact multiples of the respective monomers. These results are discussed in relation to those studies which have shown that the histone complement of the sea urchin embryo and sperm changes during development.", "contents": "Developmental study of the structure of sea urchin embryo and sperm chromatin using micrococcal nuclease. Sea urchin embryo chromatin is hydrolyzed by micrococcal nuclease into a series of oligomers which are multiples of a monomer (repeating unit) containing 220 +/- 22 nucleotide pairs of DNA which accumulates during the initial phase of the digestion. Although the size of the chromatin monomers remains the same throughout early development, from the morula through the pluteus stage of embryogenesis, the rate and extent of solubilization of chromatin DNA by micrococcal nuclease decrease as development proceeds. Sea urchin spermchromatin is hydrolyzed by micrococcal nuclease into a series of oligomes which are multiples of a monomer containing 260 +/- 26 nucleotide pairs of DNA which accumulates during the initial phase of the digestion. Analysis of the sizes of oligomers which result form micrococcal nuclease digestion of mouse liver, sea urchin embryo, and sea urchin sperm chromatin in situ, suggests that the oligomers are nearly exact multiples of the respective monomers. These results are discussed in relation to those studies which have shown that the histone complement of the sea urchin embryo and sperm changes during development.", "PMID": 849442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8629", "title": "Inhibition of DNA synthesis by cycloheximide and blasticidin-S is independent of their effect on protein synthesis.", "content": "The effects of cycloheximide and related glutarimide antibiotics on DNA synthesis in Achlya bisexualis Coker and A. Couch were compared to those of other protein synthesis inhibitors, puromycin, p-fluorophenylalanine and blasticidin-S. The inhibitors had no significant effects on intrahyphal pool sizes of dTTP, dCTP, ATP, UTP and CTP, nor on the specific activity of the dTTP pool labelled by [3H] thymidine. DNA was the sole acid-insoluble product of [3H]-thymidine incorporation. Cycloheximide, isocycloheximide, streptimidone and blasticidin-S inhibited DNA synthesis rapidly and completely and anhydrocycloheximide was less effective. Cycloheximide acetate, puromycin and p-fluorophenylalanine did not inhibit DNA synthesis. It is concluded that the effects of the several glutarimide antibiotics and of blasticidin-S on DNA synthesis were independent of their effects on protein synthesis.", "contents": "Inhibition of DNA synthesis by cycloheximide and blasticidin-S is independent of their effect on protein synthesis. The effects of cycloheximide and related glutarimide antibiotics on DNA synthesis in Achlya bisexualis Coker and A. Couch were compared to those of other protein synthesis inhibitors, puromycin, p-fluorophenylalanine and blasticidin-S. The inhibitors had no significant effects on intrahyphal pool sizes of dTTP, dCTP, ATP, UTP and CTP, nor on the specific activity of the dTTP pool labelled by [3H] thymidine. DNA was the sole acid-insoluble product of [3H]-thymidine incorporation. Cycloheximide, isocycloheximide, streptimidone and blasticidin-S inhibited DNA synthesis rapidly and completely and anhydrocycloheximide was less effective. Cycloheximide acetate, puromycin and p-fluorophenylalanine did not inhibit DNA synthesis. It is concluded that the effects of the several glutarimide antibiotics and of blasticidin-S on DNA synthesis were independent of their effects on protein synthesis.", "PMID": 849443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8630", "title": "The torsional potential for phosphate diesters. The effect of geometry optimization in CNDO and ab initio molecular orbital calculations.", "content": "CNDO and ab initio calculations on the dimethyl phosphate monoanion demonstrate that geometry optimization can dramatically alter the relative energies of the conformational isomers of the phosphate ester. Thus, with geometry optimization (particularly of the diester RO-P-OR bond angle) the energy differences between the gauche-gauche, gauche-trans, and trans-trans conformations is less than 1 kcal/mol rather than approximately 7 kcal/mol previously reported. A torsional energy map for the two ester torsional angles which includes ester bond angle optimization is presented. Ab initio (STO-3G level) and CNDO calculations confirm the strong coupling of the diester RO-P-OR bond angle to the torsional conformation.", "contents": "The torsional potential for phosphate diesters. The effect of geometry optimization in CNDO and ab initio molecular orbital calculations. CNDO and ab initio calculations on the dimethyl phosphate monoanion demonstrate that geometry optimization can dramatically alter the relative energies of the conformational isomers of the phosphate ester. Thus, with geometry optimization (particularly of the diester RO-P-OR bond angle) the energy differences between the gauche-gauche, gauche-trans, and trans-trans conformations is less than 1 kcal/mol rather than approximately 7 kcal/mol previously reported. A torsional energy map for the two ester torsional angles which includes ester bond angle optimization is presented. Ab initio (STO-3G level) and CNDO calculations confirm the strong coupling of the diester RO-P-OR bond angle to the torsional conformation.", "PMID": 849444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8631", "title": "DNA polymerase from mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria. III. Lack of fidelity in the replication of synthetic polydeoxyribonucleotides by DNA polymerase from Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus stearothermophilus.", "content": "1. DNA polymerase from the mesophile Bacillus licheniformis and the thermophile Bacillus stearothermophilus has been used to study the replication of poly(dA-dT)-poly(dA-dT) and poly(dC)-poly(dG) templates at 37, 45, and 55 degrees C. 2. Incorporation of non-complementary deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (misincorporation) occurred with both enzymes and both templates. Non-specific incorporation (de novo polynucleotide synthesis, random attachment to existing strands, and tritium exchange of nucleotides) accounted for, at most, a small fraction of the total observed misincorporation. The error rates at 37 degrees C for the complete system were as follows:: B. licheniformis: dATP, 1/61; dCTP, 1/830; dGTP, 1/360; dTTP, 1/65; B. stearothermophilus: dATP, 1/68; dCTP, 1/1430; dGTP, 1/440; dTTP, 1/67. For both organisms, the error rate for dCTP and dGTP was independent of incubation temperature; the error rate for dATP and dTTP was 5-50-fold greater than that for dCTP or dGTP and increased significantly from 37 to 55 degrees C. 3. The ratio of dATP to dTTP incorporation with the poly(dA-dT)-poly-(dA-dT) template was independent of temperature and close to unity. The ratio of dCTP to dGTP incorporation with the poly(dC)-poly(dG) template decreased from approx. 0.2 to 0.05 for the mesophile and from approx. 0.06 to 0.03 for the thermophile as the temperature increased from 37 to 55 degrees C.", "contents": "DNA polymerase from mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria. III. Lack of fidelity in the replication of synthetic polydeoxyribonucleotides by DNA polymerase from Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus stearothermophilus. 1. DNA polymerase from the mesophile Bacillus licheniformis and the thermophile Bacillus stearothermophilus has been used to study the replication of poly(dA-dT)-poly(dA-dT) and poly(dC)-poly(dG) templates at 37, 45, and 55 degrees C. 2. Incorporation of non-complementary deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (misincorporation) occurred with both enzymes and both templates. Non-specific incorporation (de novo polynucleotide synthesis, random attachment to existing strands, and tritium exchange of nucleotides) accounted for, at most, a small fraction of the total observed misincorporation. The error rates at 37 degrees C for the complete system were as follows:: B. licheniformis: dATP, 1/61; dCTP, 1/830; dGTP, 1/360; dTTP, 1/65; B. stearothermophilus: dATP, 1/68; dCTP, 1/1430; dGTP, 1/440; dTTP, 1/67. For both organisms, the error rate for dCTP and dGTP was independent of incubation temperature; the error rate for dATP and dTTP was 5-50-fold greater than that for dCTP or dGTP and increased significantly from 37 to 55 degrees C. 3. The ratio of dATP to dTTP incorporation with the poly(dA-dT)-poly-(dA-dT) template was independent of temperature and close to unity. The ratio of dCTP to dGTP incorporation with the poly(dC)-poly(dG) template decreased from approx. 0.2 to 0.05 for the mesophile and from approx. 0.06 to 0.03 for the thermophile as the temperature increased from 37 to 55 degrees C.", "PMID": 849445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8632", "title": "Characterization of a DNA polymerase associated with an endogenous DNA-synthesizing complex isolated from human lymphoid cells.", "content": "We have shown that a membrane fraction prepared from isolated human lymphoid nuclei contains endogenous DNA-synthesizing activity which is sensitive to RNAase. We have isolated a DNA polymerase from this fraction and partially purified it to what we estimate as about 10 000-fold. Its chromatographic behavior, template specificity, sedimentation constant, pH optimum, and sensitivity to N-ethylmaleimide suggest that the activity resembles but is not identical to DNA polymerase gamma (formerly called R-DNA polymerase). The membrane fraction also contains a minor activity which is due to polymerase beta, the low molecular weight (3.5 S) nuclear enzyme.", "contents": "Characterization of a DNA polymerase associated with an endogenous DNA-synthesizing complex isolated from human lymphoid cells. We have shown that a membrane fraction prepared from isolated human lymphoid nuclei contains endogenous DNA-synthesizing activity which is sensitive to RNAase. We have isolated a DNA polymerase from this fraction and partially purified it to what we estimate as about 10 000-fold. Its chromatographic behavior, template specificity, sedimentation constant, pH optimum, and sensitivity to N-ethylmaleimide suggest that the activity resembles but is not identical to DNA polymerase gamma (formerly called R-DNA polymerase). The membrane fraction also contains a minor activity which is due to polymerase beta, the low molecular weight (3.5 S) nuclear enzyme.", "PMID": 849446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8633", "title": "Fluorescence of actinomycin D and its DNA complex.", "content": "In order to show that naturally occurring actinomycin D can be used as a fluorescent cytochemical probe, the fluorescence spectra of 50 micronM solution of actinomycin D in several solvents and in its DNA complex are reported. The excitation spectra of both bands observed are compared to the absorption spectrum, and the fluorescence quantum yields is estimated to be 0.65-10(-4), taking rhodamine B as a reference. Strong solvent-induced spectrum modifications are evidenced, interpreted as a solvent shell reorientation about the molecule chromophore in the excited state. The changes in the fluorescence spectrum of actinomycin due to an interaction with DNA (marked blue shift and decreased quantum yield) cannot be interpreted as a solvent effect; they express the properties of the DNA-chromophore eta-complex involving an orbital overlapping of actinomycin and guanine in DNA.", "contents": "Fluorescence of actinomycin D and its DNA complex. In order to show that naturally occurring actinomycin D can be used as a fluorescent cytochemical probe, the fluorescence spectra of 50 micronM solution of actinomycin D in several solvents and in its DNA complex are reported. The excitation spectra of both bands observed are compared to the absorption spectrum, and the fluorescence quantum yields is estimated to be 0.65-10(-4), taking rhodamine B as a reference. Strong solvent-induced spectrum modifications are evidenced, interpreted as a solvent shell reorientation about the molecule chromophore in the excited state. The changes in the fluorescence spectrum of actinomycin due to an interaction with DNA (marked blue shift and decreased quantum yield) cannot be interpreted as a solvent effect; they express the properties of the DNA-chromophore eta-complex involving an orbital overlapping of actinomycin and guanine in DNA.", "PMID": 849447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8634", "title": "Isolation of A-T-rich fragments from calf thymus DNA using the phenol method.", "content": "The action of phenol on the products of partial digestion of calf thymus DNA by K2 DNAase causes a loss of 3--5% of the material passing into the phenol phase. This part of DNA can be regained in the aqueous phase by lowering both the temperature and the ionic strength. Among oligonucleotides up to 7 monomers in length, those which are soluble in phenol do not contain guanine residues. Phenol-soluble DNA fragments of the molecular weight of an order of 2000--50,000 appeared to be composed mainly of adenosine phosphate. They also contain some thymine and only traces of guanine and cytosine. Some longer A-T-rich fragments, even up to 5-10(6) daltons, were repeatedly found in the phenol phase, but their base composition has not been determined yet. The method presented here was found very convenient for the isolation of relatively large A-T-rich DNA fragments. The property of DNA or its fragments to dissolve in phenol seems to be dependent on an adequate primary structure, probably similar to that of poly (dA-dT).", "contents": "Isolation of A-T-rich fragments from calf thymus DNA using the phenol method. The action of phenol on the products of partial digestion of calf thymus DNA by K2 DNAase causes a loss of 3--5% of the material passing into the phenol phase. This part of DNA can be regained in the aqueous phase by lowering both the temperature and the ionic strength. Among oligonucleotides up to 7 monomers in length, those which are soluble in phenol do not contain guanine residues. Phenol-soluble DNA fragments of the molecular weight of an order of 2000--50,000 appeared to be composed mainly of adenosine phosphate. They also contain some thymine and only traces of guanine and cytosine. Some longer A-T-rich fragments, even up to 5-10(6) daltons, were repeatedly found in the phenol phase, but their base composition has not been determined yet. The method presented here was found very convenient for the isolation of relatively large A-T-rich DNA fragments. The property of DNA or its fragments to dissolve in phenol seems to be dependent on an adequate primary structure, probably similar to that of poly (dA-dT).", "PMID": 849448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8635", "title": "Characteristics of the insulin stimulation of DNA, RNA and protein metabolism in cultured human mammary carcinoma cells.", "content": "In a mammary gland cell line (MCF-7) of human origin, insulin stimulated the rates of RNA, DNA and protein biosynthesis. These effects were observed with concentrations of insulin ranging from 10(-6) M to 10(-10) M. Enhanced rates of [3H]leucine incorporation into protein and [3H]uridine incorporation into RNA were observed within 1 h after exposing the cells to insulin. In contrast, a stimulatory effect of insulin on the rate of [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA was only detectable following a 12--16 h incubation with insulin. Insulin also enhanced the rate of uptake of [3H]leucine, [3H]uridine, and [3H]thymidine into the MCF-7 cells. Finally, incubation with insulin increased the total amount of DNA, RNA and protein in these cells.", "contents": "Characteristics of the insulin stimulation of DNA, RNA and protein metabolism in cultured human mammary carcinoma cells. In a mammary gland cell line (MCF-7) of human origin, insulin stimulated the rates of RNA, DNA and protein biosynthesis. These effects were observed with concentrations of insulin ranging from 10(-6) M to 10(-10) M. Enhanced rates of [3H]leucine incorporation into protein and [3H]uridine incorporation into RNA were observed within 1 h after exposing the cells to insulin. In contrast, a stimulatory effect of insulin on the rate of [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA was only detectable following a 12--16 h incubation with insulin. Insulin also enhanced the rate of uptake of [3H]leucine, [3H]uridine, and [3H]thymidine into the MCF-7 cells. Finally, incubation with insulin increased the total amount of DNA, RNA and protein in these cells.", "PMID": 849449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8636", "title": "Age-related changes of accuracy and efficiency of protein synthesis machinery in rat.", "content": "The accuracy and the efficiency of the protein synthesis machinery has been measured by the variability of the [3H]leucine/[14C]phenylalanine ratio in a cell-free protein synthesis system, poly(U) directed, and with the same criteria by binding aminoacyl tRNA-ribosome complexes with poly(U). Using these two methods, we have observed the aging of rats to be characterized by an increase of 3H/14C ratios according to the \"general error theory\". The results obtained are discussed in relation to the redundancy and rectification of the genes involved in the protein synthesis machinery formation.", "contents": "Age-related changes of accuracy and efficiency of protein synthesis machinery in rat. The accuracy and the efficiency of the protein synthesis machinery has been measured by the variability of the [3H]leucine/[14C]phenylalanine ratio in a cell-free protein synthesis system, poly(U) directed, and with the same criteria by binding aminoacyl tRNA-ribosome complexes with poly(U). Using these two methods, we have observed the aging of rats to be characterized by an increase of 3H/14C ratios according to the \"general error theory\". The results obtained are discussed in relation to the redundancy and rectification of the genes involved in the protein synthesis machinery formation.", "PMID": 849450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8637", "title": "Haemoglobin J Guantanamo (alpha 2 beta 2 128 (H6) Ala replaced by Asp). A new fast unstable haemoglobin found in a Cuban family.", "content": "Haemoglobin J Guantanamo (alpha 2 beta 2 128 (H6) Ala replaced by Asp) was found during a screening from abnormal haemoglobins in three members of a Cuban family, of negro ancestry. The substitution in this variant is located at the alpha 1 beta 1 contact. This explains the slight instability and the mild haemolytic anaemia and morphological abnormalities found in the carriers of this variant. The instability of haemoglobin J Guantanamo indicates that the presence of Asp at the position beta-128 (H6) weakens the alpha 1 beta 1 contact.", "contents": "Haemoglobin J Guantanamo (alpha 2 beta 2 128 (H6) Ala replaced by Asp). A new fast unstable haemoglobin found in a Cuban family. Haemoglobin J Guantanamo (alpha 2 beta 2 128 (H6) Ala replaced by Asp) was found during a screening from abnormal haemoglobins in three members of a Cuban family, of negro ancestry. The substitution in this variant is located at the alpha 1 beta 1 contact. This explains the slight instability and the mild haemolytic anaemia and morphological abnormalities found in the carriers of this variant. The instability of haemoglobin J Guantanamo indicates that the presence of Asp at the position beta-128 (H6) weakens the alpha 1 beta 1 contact.", "PMID": 849451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8638", "title": "A spectrophotometric study of the reaction of boro-hydride with trinitrophenyl derivatives of amino acids and proteins.", "content": "The absorption spectra of trinitrophenyl derivatives of poly(L-lysine) and L-asparaginase undergo irreversible changes in the presence of KBH4. The spectra of trinitrophenyl derivatives of N-acetyl-L-lysine and N-acetyl-L-cysteine are also affected by the addition of the reducing agent. A broad absorption band with a maximum at 426 nm appears in the presence of low concentrations of borohydride with a concomitant decrease in absorbance of the 346 nm band which is characteristic of 1-substituted 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl compounds. In the presence of higher concentrations of KBH4 the long wavelength band becomes less broad as the maximum is shifted to 410 nm and the 346 nm band completely disappears. Similar spectral changes were observed in the presence of Na2SO3 although these were reversible upon removal of the sulfite by dialysis. Based on the spectral similarities with sulfite and hydroxide adducts, we suggest that the 426 nm maximum represents a 1:1 adduct formed between the trinitrophenyl moiety and a hydride ion while the band at 410 nm is assigned to the 1:2 adduct.", "contents": "A spectrophotometric study of the reaction of boro-hydride with trinitrophenyl derivatives of amino acids and proteins. The absorption spectra of trinitrophenyl derivatives of poly(L-lysine) and L-asparaginase undergo irreversible changes in the presence of KBH4. The spectra of trinitrophenyl derivatives of N-acetyl-L-lysine and N-acetyl-L-cysteine are also affected by the addition of the reducing agent. A broad absorption band with a maximum at 426 nm appears in the presence of low concentrations of borohydride with a concomitant decrease in absorbance of the 346 nm band which is characteristic of 1-substituted 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl compounds. In the presence of higher concentrations of KBH4 the long wavelength band becomes less broad as the maximum is shifted to 410 nm and the 346 nm band completely disappears. Similar spectral changes were observed in the presence of Na2SO3 although these were reversible upon removal of the sulfite by dialysis. Based on the spectral similarities with sulfite and hydroxide adducts, we suggest that the 426 nm maximum represents a 1:1 adduct formed between the trinitrophenyl moiety and a hydride ion while the band at 410 nm is assigned to the 1:2 adduct.", "PMID": 849452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8639", "title": "Circular dichroism of glycopeptide fractions from alpha1-acid glycoprotein, thyroglobulin, and ovalbumin.", "content": "Using sequential pronase digestions, glycopeptide fractions were prepared from human alpha1-acid glycoprotein, hen egg ovalbumin, and bovine thyroglobulin, two types of glycopeptides being obtained from the latter. The fractions were characterized on the basis of hexose, hexosamine, sialic acid, and peptide content. The glycopeptide fraction from alpha1-acid glycoprotein is complex (i.e., the carbohydrate moiety contains mannose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, and sailic acid), as is one of the glycopeptide fractions from thyroglobulin (type I). The glycopeptide fraction from ovalbumin and the type II glycopeptide fractions from thyroglobulin are simple (i.e., the carbohydrate moiety contains only mannose and N-acetylglucosamine). The circular dichroic spectra of the two complex glycopeptide fractions and the ovalbumin glycopeptide fraction were similar and were characterized by a negative extremum between 207.5 nm and 211 nm with magnitudes in the range of --6400 deg-cm2-dmol-1 to --7200 deg-cm2-dmol-1 (referred to the molar concentration of N-acetylated sugars). The thyroglubulin type II glycopeptide fraction exhibited a circular dichroic spectrum with an extremum of --29 200 deg-cm2-dmol-1 at 205 nm. Removal of sialic acid from the complex glycopeptide fractions greatly increased the (negative) magnitude of ellipticity at the extremum. The circular dichroic spectra of the complex of glycopeptide fractions were reasonably additive using the spectra of monomeric sialic acid and the asialo-derivatives. This demonstrates that the contributions of sialic acid to the circular dichroic spectrum are nearly additive. The implications of this observation are that covalent attachment of these terminal residues to the oligosaccharides does not lead to strong interactions with other chromophores nor to positioning in particularly asymmetric environment. In contrast, the magnitudes of the observed ellipticity extrema in the circular dichroic spectra of the asialo-derivatives, in which N-acetylglucosamine is the major chromophore, are much greater than can be accounted for on the basis of monomeric contributions (i.e., free N-acetylglucosamine). This finding shows that the optical activity of N-acetyl-glucosamine is greatly influenced by the formation of the carbohydrate core in glycoproteins and suggests the possible formation of secondary structure in the carbohydrate moiety.", "contents": "Circular dichroism of glycopeptide fractions from alpha1-acid glycoprotein, thyroglobulin, and ovalbumin. Using sequential pronase digestions, glycopeptide fractions were prepared from human alpha1-acid glycoprotein, hen egg ovalbumin, and bovine thyroglobulin, two types of glycopeptides being obtained from the latter. The fractions were characterized on the basis of hexose, hexosamine, sialic acid, and peptide content. The glycopeptide fraction from alpha1-acid glycoprotein is complex (i.e., the carbohydrate moiety contains mannose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, and sailic acid), as is one of the glycopeptide fractions from thyroglobulin (type I). The glycopeptide fraction from ovalbumin and the type II glycopeptide fractions from thyroglobulin are simple (i.e., the carbohydrate moiety contains only mannose and N-acetylglucosamine). The circular dichroic spectra of the two complex glycopeptide fractions and the ovalbumin glycopeptide fraction were similar and were characterized by a negative extremum between 207.5 nm and 211 nm with magnitudes in the range of --6400 deg-cm2-dmol-1 to --7200 deg-cm2-dmol-1 (referred to the molar concentration of N-acetylated sugars). The thyroglubulin type II glycopeptide fraction exhibited a circular dichroic spectrum with an extremum of --29 200 deg-cm2-dmol-1 at 205 nm. Removal of sialic acid from the complex glycopeptide fractions greatly increased the (negative) magnitude of ellipticity at the extremum. The circular dichroic spectra of the complex of glycopeptide fractions were reasonably additive using the spectra of monomeric sialic acid and the asialo-derivatives. This demonstrates that the contributions of sialic acid to the circular dichroic spectrum are nearly additive. The implications of this observation are that covalent attachment of these terminal residues to the oligosaccharides does not lead to strong interactions with other chromophores nor to positioning in particularly asymmetric environment. In contrast, the magnitudes of the observed ellipticity extrema in the circular dichroic spectra of the asialo-derivatives, in which N-acetylglucosamine is the major chromophore, are much greater than can be accounted for on the basis of monomeric contributions (i.e., free N-acetylglucosamine). This finding shows that the optical activity of N-acetyl-glucosamine is greatly influenced by the formation of the carbohydrate core in glycoproteins and suggests the possible formation of secondary structure in the carbohydrate moiety.", "PMID": 849453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8640", "title": "Hemoglobin Pontoise alpha63 Ala replaced by Asp(E12). A new fast moving variant.", "content": "The present report describes structural and functional studies of a new hemoglobin variant, Hb J Pontoise. This abnormal hemoglobin was discovered in a 36 year old Spanish man. The substitution of alpha63 (E12) Ala replaced by Asp is situated at an external site and appears to have no influence on the function of the hemoglobin. Nevertheless, it presents some instability in vitro, as demonstrated by the isopropanol test. This instability could partially explain the low percentage of the abnormal hemoglobin in the hemolysate (12%), since its rate of synthesis was normal.", "contents": "Hemoglobin Pontoise alpha63 Ala replaced by Asp(E12). A new fast moving variant. The present report describes structural and functional studies of a new hemoglobin variant, Hb J Pontoise. This abnormal hemoglobin was discovered in a 36 year old Spanish man. The substitution of alpha63 (E12) Ala replaced by Asp is situated at an external site and appears to have no influence on the function of the hemoglobin. Nevertheless, it presents some instability in vitro, as demonstrated by the isopropanol test. This instability could partially explain the low percentage of the abnormal hemoglobin in the hemolysate (12%), since its rate of synthesis was normal.", "PMID": 849454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8641", "title": "Staining of proteins after isoelectric focusing in gels by new procedures.", "content": "Four procedures are described for staining of protein bands after isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels. In one procedure, Coomassie Brilliant Blue R 250 is used whereas in the others the G 250 form is used in an aqueous solution of perchloric acid. By using isoelectric focusing and the new staining procedures it is possible to detect less than 0.2 microng of many proteins. One of the procedures is especially rapid, allowing detection of proteins without destaining. Procedures for preservation of the protein patterns and determination of proteins by scanning in a densitometer are also described.", "contents": "Staining of proteins after isoelectric focusing in gels by new procedures. Four procedures are described for staining of protein bands after isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels. In one procedure, Coomassie Brilliant Blue R 250 is used whereas in the others the G 250 form is used in an aqueous solution of perchloric acid. By using isoelectric focusing and the new staining procedures it is possible to detect less than 0.2 microng of many proteins. One of the procedures is especially rapid, allowing detection of proteins without destaining. Procedures for preservation of the protein patterns and determination of proteins by scanning in a densitometer are also described.", "PMID": 849455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8642", "title": "Purification and characterization of a basic protein from the stratum corneum of mammalian epidermis.", "content": "A basic protein has been isolated and purified from the stratum corneum of newborn rat epidermis. This protein is referred to as stratum corneum basic protein. It was purified by ion-exchange chromatography on DE-52 and CM-52 cellulose. The protein has a molecular weight of 50 000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. It is composed of one polypeptide chain and contains no detectable carbohydrate. The protein has an isoelectric point in the range of pH 9-10, but decomposes during isoelectric focusing giving rise to a polypeptide of less than 10 000 daltons. Amino acid analysis reveals high quantities of glutamic acid, glycine, serine, arginine and relatively high levels of histidine, with these five amino acids composing 74% of the total residues. The amino acid analysis is very similar to histidine-containing keratohyalin proteins isolated from the granular layer of epidermis by several investigators. The stratum corneum basic protein differs from fibrous proteins isolated from the same cell layer with respect to net charge, amino acid composition, and molecular weight. The protein does not react with antibody to the fibrous protein. The basic protein has properties which are consistent with its possible function as a stratum corneum interfilamentous matrix protein.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of a basic protein from the stratum corneum of mammalian epidermis. A basic protein has been isolated and purified from the stratum corneum of newborn rat epidermis. This protein is referred to as stratum corneum basic protein. It was purified by ion-exchange chromatography on DE-52 and CM-52 cellulose. The protein has a molecular weight of 50 000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. It is composed of one polypeptide chain and contains no detectable carbohydrate. The protein has an isoelectric point in the range of pH 9-10, but decomposes during isoelectric focusing giving rise to a polypeptide of less than 10 000 daltons. Amino acid analysis reveals high quantities of glutamic acid, glycine, serine, arginine and relatively high levels of histidine, with these five amino acids composing 74% of the total residues. The amino acid analysis is very similar to histidine-containing keratohyalin proteins isolated from the granular layer of epidermis by several investigators. The stratum corneum basic protein differs from fibrous proteins isolated from the same cell layer with respect to net charge, amino acid composition, and molecular weight. The protein does not react with antibody to the fibrous protein. The basic protein has properties which are consistent with its possible function as a stratum corneum interfilamentous matrix protein.", "PMID": 849456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8643", "title": "Labeling of a major fibroblast surface protein (fibronectin) catalyzed by blood coagulation factor XIIa.", "content": "Incubation of cultured human fibroblasts with blood coagulation factor XIIIa (plasma transglutaminase, fibrinoligase) and the fluorescent primary amine, N-(5-aminopentyl)-5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonamide, resulted in fluorescent labeling of three cellular polypeptides. The molecular weights of the labeled polypeptides, estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate after reduction, were: greater than 1.2-10(6), 2.2-10(5), and 1.3-10(5). The labeled 2.2-10(5) dalton polypeptide was susceptible to mild trypsinization and not present in cultures of SV-40 transformed fibroblasts, indicating that it is the subunit of cell-surface fibronectin and identical with the external transformation-sensitive polypeptide of similar molecular weight described by others. Upon coelectrophoresis, the labeled 2.2-10(5) dalton polypeptide migrated slightly behind the subunit of plasma fibronectin (cold-insoluble globulin), indicating that the immunologically cross-reactive forms of fibronectin in human plasma and cultured human fibroblasts differ slightly in molecular weight. The identities of the labeled greater than 1.2-10(6) and 1.3-10(5) dalton polypeptides are not known. The XIIa-reactive glutamine residues of fibroblast cell-surface proteins are potential sites for intermolecular cross-linking (by xi-(gamma-glutamyl)lysyl linkages) to other proteins of connective tissue.", "contents": "Labeling of a major fibroblast surface protein (fibronectin) catalyzed by blood coagulation factor XIIa. Incubation of cultured human fibroblasts with blood coagulation factor XIIIa (plasma transglutaminase, fibrinoligase) and the fluorescent primary amine, N-(5-aminopentyl)-5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonamide, resulted in fluorescent labeling of three cellular polypeptides. The molecular weights of the labeled polypeptides, estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate after reduction, were: greater than 1.2-10(6), 2.2-10(5), and 1.3-10(5). The labeled 2.2-10(5) dalton polypeptide was susceptible to mild trypsinization and not present in cultures of SV-40 transformed fibroblasts, indicating that it is the subunit of cell-surface fibronectin and identical with the external transformation-sensitive polypeptide of similar molecular weight described by others. Upon coelectrophoresis, the labeled 2.2-10(5) dalton polypeptide migrated slightly behind the subunit of plasma fibronectin (cold-insoluble globulin), indicating that the immunologically cross-reactive forms of fibronectin in human plasma and cultured human fibroblasts differ slightly in molecular weight. The identities of the labeled greater than 1.2-10(6) and 1.3-10(5) dalton polypeptides are not known. The XIIa-reactive glutamine residues of fibroblast cell-surface proteins are potential sites for intermolecular cross-linking (by xi-(gamma-glutamyl)lysyl linkages) to other proteins of connective tissue.", "PMID": 849457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8644", "title": "Copper-thionein from fetal bovine liver.", "content": "It was of interest to examine whether or not a low molecular weight copper-rich metal-thionein was present in biological species which received no metal pretreatment at all. From bovine fetal liver an 8 Cu 2 Zn-thionein having a molecular weight of 11 500 was successfully isolated. 16% of the total copper present in the whole liver were recovered in this protein. During the isolation process anaerobic conditions had to be maintained to avoid uncontrolled oxidation leading to polymeric species and the loss of most of the copper. The similarity of both the present copper-thionein and the polymeric neonatal type mitochondrocuprein was shown. A comparison of different copper-thioneins containing variable amounts of copper was possible when xiCu from 280 nm to longer wavelength was determined. With respect to the ultraviolet properties there were no detectable differences between copper-thioneins prepared either in vivo or in vitro and the fetal copper-thionein. Furthermore, the positions of the Cotton effects as deduced from circular dichroism measurements were rather similar although the magnitude of the observed Cotton extrema was less pronounced and sometimes the signs were reversed. X-ray photoelectron spectrometric studies revealed a Cu(2p3/2) binding energy value of 932.9 eV. Unlike the S(2p1/2,3/2) value near 162 eV using Cu-thioneins from chicken liver or yeast the higher S(20p1/2,3/2) binding energy of 163.0 eV employing fetal Cu-thionein was attributed to partial oxidation of the protein moiety and/or a particular chemical environment. The second S(2p1/2,3/2) peak was assigned to the copper catalyzed oxidation of sulphur via OH to yield RSO-3. In the X-ray photoelectron spectrum of the apoprotein one homogeneous S(2p1/2,3/2) band at 163.7 eV was seen attributable to RSSR.", "contents": "Copper-thionein from fetal bovine liver. It was of interest to examine whether or not a low molecular weight copper-rich metal-thionein was present in biological species which received no metal pretreatment at all. From bovine fetal liver an 8 Cu 2 Zn-thionein having a molecular weight of 11 500 was successfully isolated. 16% of the total copper present in the whole liver were recovered in this protein. During the isolation process anaerobic conditions had to be maintained to avoid uncontrolled oxidation leading to polymeric species and the loss of most of the copper. The similarity of both the present copper-thionein and the polymeric neonatal type mitochondrocuprein was shown. A comparison of different copper-thioneins containing variable amounts of copper was possible when xiCu from 280 nm to longer wavelength was determined. With respect to the ultraviolet properties there were no detectable differences between copper-thioneins prepared either in vivo or in vitro and the fetal copper-thionein. Furthermore, the positions of the Cotton effects as deduced from circular dichroism measurements were rather similar although the magnitude of the observed Cotton extrema was less pronounced and sometimes the signs were reversed. X-ray photoelectron spectrometric studies revealed a Cu(2p3/2) binding energy value of 932.9 eV. Unlike the S(2p1/2,3/2) value near 162 eV using Cu-thioneins from chicken liver or yeast the higher S(20p1/2,3/2) binding energy of 163.0 eV employing fetal Cu-thionein was attributed to partial oxidation of the protein moiety and/or a particular chemical environment. The second S(2p1/2,3/2) peak was assigned to the copper catalyzed oxidation of sulphur via OH to yield RSO-3. In the X-ray photoelectron spectrum of the apoprotein one homogeneous S(2p1/2,3/2) band at 163.7 eV was seen attributable to RSSR.", "PMID": 849458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8645", "title": "The myoglobin of the killer whale (Orcinus orca).", "content": "Whereas the myoglobin of the dolphin surprisingly resembles that of the sperm whale more than that of the porpoise, the myoglobin of a killer whale does not show this feature. It differs from the myoglobins of the dolphin in 6, of the porpoise in 8, and of the sperm whale in 14 positions. The residues in which the cetaceans differ are localised in one particular area of the molecule.", "contents": "The myoglobin of the killer whale (Orcinus orca). Whereas the myoglobin of the dolphin surprisingly resembles that of the sperm whale more than that of the porpoise, the myoglobin of a killer whale does not show this feature. It differs from the myoglobins of the dolphin in 6, of the porpoise in 8, and of the sperm whale in 14 positions. The residues in which the cetaceans differ are localised in one particular area of the molecule.", "PMID": 849459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8646", "title": "Reactions of polyfunctional amino acids with N,N'-carbonyldiimidazole in aqueous solution--oligopeptide formation.", "content": "1. Serine reacts with N,N'-carbonyldiimidazole in aqueous solution at 0 degrees C to yield Nalpha-[imidazolyl-(1)-carbonyl]-L-serine. This compound slowly transforms to L-2-oxo-oxazolidine-5-carboxylic acid. We found that L-2-oxo-oxazolidine-5-carboxylic acid was stable to hydrolysis under a variety of conditions and did not oligomerize to yield peptides. Threonine was found to react in an analogous manner with N,N'-carbonyldiimidazole, yielding Nalpha-[imidazolyl-(1)-carbonyl]-L-threonine and L-(+)-trans-5-methyl-2-oxo-oxazolidine-5-carboxylic acid. 2. Histidine reacts with N,N'-carbonyldimidazole in aqueous solution at 0 degrees C to yield a variety of histidine-containing intermidiates. These slowly transform to give 7-carboxy-imidazole-[1,5cotetrahydropyrimidin-5-one in up to 90% yield. 3. The polymerization of 7-carboxy-imidazo-[1,5c]-tetrahydropyrimidin-5-one in imidazole buffer at 30 degrees gives excellent yields of oligohistidines.", "contents": "Reactions of polyfunctional amino acids with N,N'-carbonyldiimidazole in aqueous solution--oligopeptide formation. 1. Serine reacts with N,N'-carbonyldiimidazole in aqueous solution at 0 degrees C to yield Nalpha-[imidazolyl-(1)-carbonyl]-L-serine. This compound slowly transforms to L-2-oxo-oxazolidine-5-carboxylic acid. We found that L-2-oxo-oxazolidine-5-carboxylic acid was stable to hydrolysis under a variety of conditions and did not oligomerize to yield peptides. Threonine was found to react in an analogous manner with N,N'-carbonyldiimidazole, yielding Nalpha-[imidazolyl-(1)-carbonyl]-L-threonine and L-(+)-trans-5-methyl-2-oxo-oxazolidine-5-carboxylic acid. 2. Histidine reacts with N,N'-carbonyldimidazole in aqueous solution at 0 degrees C to yield a variety of histidine-containing intermidiates. These slowly transform to give 7-carboxy-imidazole-[1,5cotetrahydropyrimidin-5-one in up to 90% yield. 3. The polymerization of 7-carboxy-imidazo-[1,5c]-tetrahydropyrimidin-5-one in imidazole buffer at 30 degrees gives excellent yields of oligohistidines.", "PMID": 849460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8647", "title": "Isolation and properties of prophospholipase A2 and phospholipase A2 from horse pancreas and horse pancreatic juice.", "content": "Two phospholipases A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) with different isoelectric points have been isolated from horse pancreas in high yield (880 mg/kg tissue). From pancreatic juice the more acidic species was isolated as the sole phospholipase A2. Upon tryptic activation the zymogens release a hepta- and pentapeptide, respectively from the N-terminal part of the protein giving rise to the formation of one single enzyme with a specific activity higher than that of pancreatic phospholipases A2 from other mammalian species. Horse phospholipase A2 differs from the porcine and bovine enzymes with respect to amino acid composition and kinetic properties. The sequence of the first 41 amino acid residues at the N-terminus has been determined by automatic Edman degradation.", "contents": "Isolation and properties of prophospholipase A2 and phospholipase A2 from horse pancreas and horse pancreatic juice. Two phospholipases A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) with different isoelectric points have been isolated from horse pancreas in high yield (880 mg/kg tissue). From pancreatic juice the more acidic species was isolated as the sole phospholipase A2. Upon tryptic activation the zymogens release a hepta- and pentapeptide, respectively from the N-terminal part of the protein giving rise to the formation of one single enzyme with a specific activity higher than that of pancreatic phospholipases A2 from other mammalian species. Horse phospholipase A2 differs from the porcine and bovine enzymes with respect to amino acid composition and kinetic properties. The sequence of the first 41 amino acid residues at the N-terminus has been determined by automatic Edman degradation.", "PMID": 849461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8648", "title": "Isolation of myocardial depressant factor from plasma of dogs in hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "Starting with 31 of plasma from dogs in hemorrhagic shock, we have purified the myocardial depressant factor and found that the activity is separate from salts and free amino acids. Moreover, the myocardial depressant factor is present in shock plasma in concentrations of about 1 nmol/ml of plasma. The depressant factor exists as multiple chromatographic forms. The best characterized forms are the anionic forms. A preliminary amino acid composition of the anionic forms has been obtained. These findings should allow more rapid processing of plasma containing high myocardial depressant factor activity to separate the factor and to completely identify this small peptide of great physiologic interest.", "contents": "Isolation of myocardial depressant factor from plasma of dogs in hemorrhagic shock. Starting with 31 of plasma from dogs in hemorrhagic shock, we have purified the myocardial depressant factor and found that the activity is separate from salts and free amino acids. Moreover, the myocardial depressant factor is present in shock plasma in concentrations of about 1 nmol/ml of plasma. The depressant factor exists as multiple chromatographic forms. The best characterized forms are the anionic forms. A preliminary amino acid composition of the anionic forms has been obtained. These findings should allow more rapid processing of plasma containing high myocardial depressant factor activity to separate the factor and to completely identify this small peptide of great physiologic interest.", "PMID": 849462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8649", "title": "Occurrence of tryptophan in the enzymically active site of diphtheria toxin fragment A.", "content": "Tryptophan residues of diphtheria toxin fragment A have been modified by 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide. Fragment A loses its ability to inactivate ADP-ribosylation of the elongation factor 2, as a function of the number of residues modified. Modification of one tryptophan residue provides a dramatic loss of enzymic activity suggesting the presence of one essential residue of this type in fragment A. Examination of fingerprint maps of chymotryptic peptides of fragment A after reaction with 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide allows us to identify this tryptophan residue at position 153 of the amino acid sequence. ORD and CD experiments joined to immunochemical studies seem to exclude the possibility that the observed decrease in the enzymic activity may be attributed to a conformational change. Finally, results of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide-binding measurements suggest that tryptophan 153 would be concerned with the elongation factor 2 binding site or with the catalytic site itself.", "contents": "Occurrence of tryptophan in the enzymically active site of diphtheria toxin fragment A. Tryptophan residues of diphtheria toxin fragment A have been modified by 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide. Fragment A loses its ability to inactivate ADP-ribosylation of the elongation factor 2, as a function of the number of residues modified. Modification of one tryptophan residue provides a dramatic loss of enzymic activity suggesting the presence of one essential residue of this type in fragment A. Examination of fingerprint maps of chymotryptic peptides of fragment A after reaction with 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide allows us to identify this tryptophan residue at position 153 of the amino acid sequence. ORD and CD experiments joined to immunochemical studies seem to exclude the possibility that the observed decrease in the enzymic activity may be attributed to a conformational change. Finally, results of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide-binding measurements suggest that tryptophan 153 would be concerned with the elongation factor 2 binding site or with the catalytic site itself.", "PMID": 849463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8650", "title": "N- and C-terminal amino acids of purified alpha-actinin.", "content": "Highly purified bovine cardiac alpha-actinin is obtained by successive chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and hydroxyapatite of a crude fraction obtained by salting out low ionic strength extracts of bovine cardiac muscle between 0 and 30% ammonium sulfate saturation. Hydroxyapatite chromatography removes a 43 000-dalton polypeptide chain that is difficult to remove by successive DEAE-cellulose columns. Removal of all 43 000-dalton material by hydroxyapatite chromatography is accompanied by disappearance of a very small 9 to 10 S boundary in analytical ultracentrifuge diagrams of DEAE-cellulose-purified 6.2S alpha-actinin. Approximately 95% of the protein in DEAE-cellulose and hydroxyapatite-purified alpha-actinin is the 100 000-dalton alpha-actinin polypeptide as estimated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Purified bovine cardiac, porcine skeletal, chicken gizzard, and chicken breast alpha-actinins all contain leucine as the C-terminal amino acid of both polypeptide chains in the alpha-actinin molecule. Bovine cardiac and porcine skeletal alpha-actinins contain arginine as the amino acid penultimate to C-terminal leucine. None of the four different alpha-actinins studied had a N-terminal amino group available for reaction with dansyl chloride, but all four alpha-actinins contained 1.6 to 1.8 acetate residues per molecule (200 000 daltons) of alpha-actinin. It seems likely that the N-terminal amino groups of both polypeptide chains in these four alpha-actinins are acetylated. A peptide having the composition N-Ac-Asp2-Glu4 was isolated from a proteolytic digest of bovine cardiac alpha-actinin. alpha-Actinin seems to be a conserved protein molecule found in many different motile systems.", "contents": "N- and C-terminal amino acids of purified alpha-actinin. Highly purified bovine cardiac alpha-actinin is obtained by successive chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and hydroxyapatite of a crude fraction obtained by salting out low ionic strength extracts of bovine cardiac muscle between 0 and 30% ammonium sulfate saturation. Hydroxyapatite chromatography removes a 43 000-dalton polypeptide chain that is difficult to remove by successive DEAE-cellulose columns. Removal of all 43 000-dalton material by hydroxyapatite chromatography is accompanied by disappearance of a very small 9 to 10 S boundary in analytical ultracentrifuge diagrams of DEAE-cellulose-purified 6.2S alpha-actinin. Approximately 95% of the protein in DEAE-cellulose and hydroxyapatite-purified alpha-actinin is the 100 000-dalton alpha-actinin polypeptide as estimated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Purified bovine cardiac, porcine skeletal, chicken gizzard, and chicken breast alpha-actinins all contain leucine as the C-terminal amino acid of both polypeptide chains in the alpha-actinin molecule. Bovine cardiac and porcine skeletal alpha-actinins contain arginine as the amino acid penultimate to C-terminal leucine. None of the four different alpha-actinins studied had a N-terminal amino group available for reaction with dansyl chloride, but all four alpha-actinins contained 1.6 to 1.8 acetate residues per molecule (200 000 daltons) of alpha-actinin. It seems likely that the N-terminal amino groups of both polypeptide chains in these four alpha-actinins are acetylated. A peptide having the composition N-Ac-Asp2-Glu4 was isolated from a proteolytic digest of bovine cardiac alpha-actinin. alpha-Actinin seems to be a conserved protein molecule found in many different motile systems.", "PMID": 849464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8651", "title": "Evaluation of secondary structure predictions in proteins.", "content": "Data of 33 proteins are used to compare four methods which predict secondary structure from the amino acid sequence. The prediction of alpha-helices according to the histogram method of Argos et al. (Argos, P., Schwarz, J. and Schwarz, J. (1976) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 439, 261-273) is on the average as reliable as the statistical method of Nagano (Nagano, K. (1973) J. Mol. Biol. 75, 401-420). Both methods predict helices more accurately than the stereo-chemical method of Lim (Lim, V.I. (1974) J. Mol. Biol. 88, 873-894). The method of Nagano yields the best prediction of beta-structure, while the beta-structure predictions of Lim and Argos et al. are not significantly different. The results of the alpha-helix and beta-structure predictions according to the statistical mechanical method of Tanaka and Scheraga (Tanaka, S. and Scheraga, H.A. (1976) Macromolecules 9, 168-182) are inferior to those obtained by the other three methods. For the prediction of turns, no significant difference between the methods of Nagano (Nagano, K. (1974) J. Mol. Biol. 84, 337-372) and Argos et al. was found.", "contents": "Evaluation of secondary structure predictions in proteins. Data of 33 proteins are used to compare four methods which predict secondary structure from the amino acid sequence. The prediction of alpha-helices according to the histogram method of Argos et al. (Argos, P., Schwarz, J. and Schwarz, J. (1976) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 439, 261-273) is on the average as reliable as the statistical method of Nagano (Nagano, K. (1973) J. Mol. Biol. 75, 401-420). Both methods predict helices more accurately than the stereo-chemical method of Lim (Lim, V.I. (1974) J. Mol. Biol. 88, 873-894). The method of Nagano yields the best prediction of beta-structure, while the beta-structure predictions of Lim and Argos et al. are not significantly different. The results of the alpha-helix and beta-structure predictions according to the statistical mechanical method of Tanaka and Scheraga (Tanaka, S. and Scheraga, H.A. (1976) Macromolecules 9, 168-182) are inferior to those obtained by the other three methods. For the prediction of turns, no significant difference between the methods of Nagano (Nagano, K. (1974) J. Mol. Biol. 84, 337-372) and Argos et al. was found.", "PMID": 849465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8652", "title": "The temperature-dependent dissociation of spectrin.", "content": "Spectrin, isolated from both human and bovine erythrocyte membranes, was found to exist predominantly as a tetramer of 960 000 daltons when prepared at 4 degrees C, but as a dimer of 480 000 daltons when prepared at 37 degrees C. The purified tetramer from both species could be dissociated to dimers by low ionic strength incubation at 37 degrees C.", "contents": "The temperature-dependent dissociation of spectrin. Spectrin, isolated from both human and bovine erythrocyte membranes, was found to exist predominantly as a tetramer of 960 000 daltons when prepared at 4 degrees C, but as a dimer of 480 000 daltons when prepared at 37 degrees C. The purified tetramer from both species could be dissociated to dimers by low ionic strength incubation at 37 degrees C.", "PMID": 849466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8653", "title": "The importance of protein structure and conformation in the preparation of phospholipase-free cardiotoxin from snake venom.", "content": "Hydrophobic interactions of cobra venom phospholipase A2 (Mr 13 400) in saline with Sephadex gels and its stability towards denaturation in 6 M guanidine-hydrochloride precluded the use of these solvents to remove traces (approx. 0.2%, w/w) of phospholipase A2 from cardiotoxin (Mr 6800) by gel chromatography. Phospholipase-free (less than 0.001%, w/w) cardiotoxin could, however, be obtained by gel chromatography in 8 M urea or 80 mM phenylalanine. Stokes radius and circular dichroism measurements showed that the hydrophobic retardation of phospholipase A2 was abolished but that the hydrodynamic size and conformation of neither protein was affected, thereby facilitating separation.", "contents": "The importance of protein structure and conformation in the preparation of phospholipase-free cardiotoxin from snake venom. Hydrophobic interactions of cobra venom phospholipase A2 (Mr 13 400) in saline with Sephadex gels and its stability towards denaturation in 6 M guanidine-hydrochloride precluded the use of these solvents to remove traces (approx. 0.2%, w/w) of phospholipase A2 from cardiotoxin (Mr 6800) by gel chromatography. Phospholipase-free (less than 0.001%, w/w) cardiotoxin could, however, be obtained by gel chromatography in 8 M urea or 80 mM phenylalanine. Stokes radius and circular dichroism measurements showed that the hydrophobic retardation of phospholipase A2 was abolished but that the hydrodynamic size and conformation of neither protein was affected, thereby facilitating separation.", "PMID": 849467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8654", "title": "Primary structures of cardiotoxin analogues II and IV from the venom of Naja jaja atra.", "content": "Cardiotoxin analogues II and IV were isolated from the venom of Naja naja atra by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 followed by CM-cellulose chromatography. The venom contains at least four cardiotoxin analogues that account for about 54% of the weight of the lyophilized crude venom. These four cardiotoxin analogues, named cardiotoxin analogues I, II, III, and IV, show strong cytotoxicity to Yoshida sarcoma cells but the lethal toxicity is one-order less. These toxins contain 60 amino acid residues in a single peptide chain. Cardiotoxin analogue IV differs from cardiotoxin analogue II only by the presence of arginine in place of a leucine residue at position 1. A comparison of the amino acid sequences of these toxins with that of cobrotoxin, a neurotoxin containing 62 amino acid residues obtained from the same snake venom, shows that about 20 amino acid residues, including 8 half cystine residues, are identical, assuming 3 residues deletion and 2 residues insertion in the cardiotoxin molecule.", "contents": "Primary structures of cardiotoxin analogues II and IV from the venom of Naja jaja atra. Cardiotoxin analogues II and IV were isolated from the venom of Naja naja atra by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 followed by CM-cellulose chromatography. The venom contains at least four cardiotoxin analogues that account for about 54% of the weight of the lyophilized crude venom. These four cardiotoxin analogues, named cardiotoxin analogues I, II, III, and IV, show strong cytotoxicity to Yoshida sarcoma cells but the lethal toxicity is one-order less. These toxins contain 60 amino acid residues in a single peptide chain. Cardiotoxin analogue IV differs from cardiotoxin analogue II only by the presence of arginine in place of a leucine residue at position 1. A comparison of the amino acid sequences of these toxins with that of cobrotoxin, a neurotoxin containing 62 amino acid residues obtained from the same snake venom, shows that about 20 amino acid residues, including 8 half cystine residues, are identical, assuming 3 residues deletion and 2 residues insertion in the cardiotoxin molecule.", "PMID": 849468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8655", "title": "Structural features of rat cardiac ferritins.", "content": "Ferritin extracted from rat heart containes two species separable by gel electrophoresis. These were purified and examined for structural characteristics. As in gel electrophoresis, cardiac ferritin preparations yielded only two bands on isoelectric focusing in gels, with pI values of 4.6 and 4.8. After separation by preparative electrophoresis, the two species were found to have a different amino acid composition from each another and from liver ferritin. Similarly, peptide maps showed several components not found in liver ferritin. On dissociation and electrophoresis with sodium dodecyl sulfate, heart ferritins were found to contain subunits of the same sizes as in other rat ferritins but also some larger components. Since cardiac ferritins have apparent molecular weights greater than those of other ferritins, it is concluded they probably contain more subunits, and possibly some of larger size not present in ferritins of other tissues.", "contents": "Structural features of rat cardiac ferritins. Ferritin extracted from rat heart containes two species separable by gel electrophoresis. These were purified and examined for structural characteristics. As in gel electrophoresis, cardiac ferritin preparations yielded only two bands on isoelectric focusing in gels, with pI values of 4.6 and 4.8. After separation by preparative electrophoresis, the two species were found to have a different amino acid composition from each another and from liver ferritin. Similarly, peptide maps showed several components not found in liver ferritin. On dissociation and electrophoresis with sodium dodecyl sulfate, heart ferritins were found to contain subunits of the same sizes as in other rat ferritins but also some larger components. Since cardiac ferritins have apparent molecular weights greater than those of other ferritins, it is concluded they probably contain more subunits, and possibly some of larger size not present in ferritins of other tissues.", "PMID": 849469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8656", "title": "Isolation and characterization of rat alpha-lactalbumin: a glycoprotein.", "content": "alpha-Lactalbumin was purified to homogeneity from rat milk. Rat alpha-lactalbumin, in contrast to other alpha-lactalbumins, is a glycoprotein and exhibits an abnormally high molecular weight when obtained by gel filtration or electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The molecular weight by sedimentation equilibrium is 15 400 +/- 5% and of the reduced and alkylated protein is 16 000 when determined by thin-layer chromatography in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride. At least, three major charge forms, all containing carbohydrate and active in the lactose synthetase reaction were demonstrated. The amino acid composition reveals a high proline content which is reflected in a low alpha-helical content.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of rat alpha-lactalbumin: a glycoprotein. alpha-Lactalbumin was purified to homogeneity from rat milk. Rat alpha-lactalbumin, in contrast to other alpha-lactalbumins, is a glycoprotein and exhibits an abnormally high molecular weight when obtained by gel filtration or electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The molecular weight by sedimentation equilibrium is 15 400 +/- 5% and of the reduced and alkylated protein is 16 000 when determined by thin-layer chromatography in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride. At least, three major charge forms, all containing carbohydrate and active in the lactose synthetase reaction were demonstrated. The amino acid composition reveals a high proline content which is reflected in a low alpha-helical content.", "PMID": 849470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8657", "title": "Purification and some physicochemical properties of bovine kappa-casein.", "content": "1. A description is given of the fractionation of kappa-casein on DEAE-cellulose using a pH gradient. With this method an improved separation of the kappa-casein components with a higher negative charge is obtained. 2. It is shown that at least one of the kappa-casein fractions has a second phosphate ester group. The heterogeneity of kappa-casein therefore is not exclusively caused by a varying N-acetylneuraminic acid content. 3. Ultracentrifuge experiments and exclusion gel chromatography show that the purified kappa-casein fraction having the lowest electrophoretic mobility exhibits a monomer-polymer association equilibrium. The free energy of association per mol monomer in 0.2 M NaCl is approximately --36 kJ-mol-1.", "contents": "Purification and some physicochemical properties of bovine kappa-casein. 1. A description is given of the fractionation of kappa-casein on DEAE-cellulose using a pH gradient. With this method an improved separation of the kappa-casein components with a higher negative charge is obtained. 2. It is shown that at least one of the kappa-casein fractions has a second phosphate ester group. The heterogeneity of kappa-casein therefore is not exclusively caused by a varying N-acetylneuraminic acid content. 3. Ultracentrifuge experiments and exclusion gel chromatography show that the purified kappa-casein fraction having the lowest electrophoretic mobility exhibits a monomer-polymer association equilibrium. The free energy of association per mol monomer in 0.2 M NaCl is approximately --36 kJ-mol-1.", "PMID": 849471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8658", "title": "Effect of acute ethanolic intoxication on the neuraminidase activity of rat liver Golgi apparatus.", "content": "Neuraminidase and galactosyltransferase were investigated in total Golgi appartus and in the three fractions of increasing densities (GF1, GF2, and GF3) isolated from the microsomal fraction of rat liver homogenates by flotation in a discontinuous sucrose density gradient (Ehrenreich, J.H., Bergeron, J.J.M., Siekevitz, P. and Palade, G.E. (1973) J. Cell Biol. 59, 45-72). About 50% decreases in neuraminidase content (units/g liver) and specific activity (units/mg protein) were observed in total Golgi as well as in the three fractions isolated at 45 min, 90 min, 180 min and 16 h after administration of a single oral dose of 50% aqueous ethanol (0.6 g/100 g body weight). Colchicine administration (introperitoneal injection, 0.5 mg/100 g body weight) caused a similar loss of neuraminidase activity; however, the effect of ethanol plus colchicine was not additive. Golgi galactosyltransferase, on the other hand, experienced marked increases of activity following ethanol administration but, unlike the results reported by others (Gang, H., Lieber, C.S. and Rubin, E. (1973) Nat. New Biol. 243, 123-125), significant increases in total activity and specific activity were already quite evident at 90 min after ethanol ingestion. In contrast with the decreased values observed in Golgi, the total particle-bound neuraminidase was significantly elevated following ethanol administration. Ultrastructural studies revealed increased lysosomal content and detachment of polysomes from the rough endoplasmic reticulum. A model, which takes into account these enzymological and ultrastructural findings and their biological significance, is proposed.", "contents": "Effect of acute ethanolic intoxication on the neuraminidase activity of rat liver Golgi apparatus. Neuraminidase and galactosyltransferase were investigated in total Golgi appartus and in the three fractions of increasing densities (GF1, GF2, and GF3) isolated from the microsomal fraction of rat liver homogenates by flotation in a discontinuous sucrose density gradient (Ehrenreich, J.H., Bergeron, J.J.M., Siekevitz, P. and Palade, G.E. (1973) J. Cell Biol. 59, 45-72). About 50% decreases in neuraminidase content (units/g liver) and specific activity (units/mg protein) were observed in total Golgi as well as in the three fractions isolated at 45 min, 90 min, 180 min and 16 h after administration of a single oral dose of 50% aqueous ethanol (0.6 g/100 g body weight). Colchicine administration (introperitoneal injection, 0.5 mg/100 g body weight) caused a similar loss of neuraminidase activity; however, the effect of ethanol plus colchicine was not additive. Golgi galactosyltransferase, on the other hand, experienced marked increases of activity following ethanol administration but, unlike the results reported by others (Gang, H., Lieber, C.S. and Rubin, E. (1973) Nat. New Biol. 243, 123-125), significant increases in total activity and specific activity were already quite evident at 90 min after ethanol ingestion. In contrast with the decreased values observed in Golgi, the total particle-bound neuraminidase was significantly elevated following ethanol administration. Ultrastructural studies revealed increased lysosomal content and detachment of polysomes from the rough endoplasmic reticulum. A model, which takes into account these enzymological and ultrastructural findings and their biological significance, is proposed.", "PMID": 849472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8659", "title": "Enzyme activities in the sheep placenta during the last three months of pregnancy.", "content": "In order to assess the extent to which metabolism within the sheep placenta may influence the transfer of metabolites between mother and foetus at different stages of gestation the activities of enzymes concerned with some aspects of carbohydrate, amino acid and keton body metabolism were determined in placental cotyledons resected from ewes during the last three months of pregnancy. The activities of pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40), lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27), malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37), ATP citrate (pro-3S)-lyase (EC 4.1.3.8), citrate (si)-synthase (EC 4.1.3.7), acetyl-CoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1.1), acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.9) and 3-keto acid CoA-transferase (EC 2.8.3.5) per gram wet weight cotyledon do not change during the period studied. The activities of alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2), aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1), isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+) (EC 1.1.1.42), ornithine-oxoacid aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.13) and 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.30) show an increase in activity between the third and fourth months of pregnancy whilst the activities of arginase (EC 3.5.3.1) and possibly pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1) show an increase in activity between the fourth and final months of pregnancy. Ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17) activity declines to one tenth of its activity during this later period. The absence of detectable activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (EC 4.1.1.32) and ornithine carbamoyltransferase (EC 2.1.3.3) indicate that gluconeogenesis and urea synthesis from ammonia do not occur in the sheep placenta. It appears that the ability of the placenta to metabolise several substrates is achieved by the time the placenta reaches its maximum size at approximately 90 days.", "contents": "Enzyme activities in the sheep placenta during the last three months of pregnancy. In order to assess the extent to which metabolism within the sheep placenta may influence the transfer of metabolites between mother and foetus at different stages of gestation the activities of enzymes concerned with some aspects of carbohydrate, amino acid and keton body metabolism were determined in placental cotyledons resected from ewes during the last three months of pregnancy. The activities of pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40), lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27), malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37), ATP citrate (pro-3S)-lyase (EC 4.1.3.8), citrate (si)-synthase (EC 4.1.3.7), acetyl-CoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1.1), acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.9) and 3-keto acid CoA-transferase (EC 2.8.3.5) per gram wet weight cotyledon do not change during the period studied. The activities of alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2), aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1), isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+) (EC 1.1.1.42), ornithine-oxoacid aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.13) and 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.30) show an increase in activity between the third and fourth months of pregnancy whilst the activities of arginase (EC 3.5.3.1) and possibly pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1) show an increase in activity between the fourth and final months of pregnancy. Ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17) activity declines to one tenth of its activity during this later period. The absence of detectable activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (EC 4.1.1.32) and ornithine carbamoyltransferase (EC 2.1.3.3) indicate that gluconeogenesis and urea synthesis from ammonia do not occur in the sheep placenta. It appears that the ability of the placenta to metabolise several substrates is achieved by the time the placenta reaches its maximum size at approximately 90 days.", "PMID": 849473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8660", "title": "Analysis of the carbon-13 and proton NMR spectra of bovine chromaffin granules.", "content": "Natural abundance carbon-13 and proton NMR spectra of bovine chromaffin granules have been obtained and analyzed using computer simulation techniques. High resolution spectra show the presence of a fluid aqueous phase containing epinephrine, ATP and a random coil protein. The protein spectrum contains unusually intense resonances due to glutamic acid and proline and has been simulated satisfactorily using the known amino acid composition of chromogranin A. The lipid phase of chromaffin granules gives rise to intense, but very broad, resonances in the carbon-13 spectrum. Protons in the lipid phase are also observable as a very rapid component of the proton-free induction decay (T2 approximately equal to 15 microns). Linewidths of the carbon-13 spectra have been used to set upper limits on rotational correlation times and on the motional anisotropy in the aqueous phase. These limits show that the aqueous phase is a simple solution (not a gel) that is isotropic over regions much larger than solute dimensions. No gel transition is observed between -3 and 25 degrees C. The carbon-13 spectra are definitely inconsistent with a lipoprotein matrix model and chromaffin granules previously proposed by Helle and Serck-Hanssen ((1975) Mol. Cell, Biochem. 6, 127-146). Relative carbon-13 intensities of ATP and epinephrine are not consistent with the known 1 : 4 mol ratio of these components. This fact suggests that epinephrine and ATP are not directly complexed in intact chromaffin granules.", "contents": "Analysis of the carbon-13 and proton NMR spectra of bovine chromaffin granules. Natural abundance carbon-13 and proton NMR spectra of bovine chromaffin granules have been obtained and analyzed using computer simulation techniques. High resolution spectra show the presence of a fluid aqueous phase containing epinephrine, ATP and a random coil protein. The protein spectrum contains unusually intense resonances due to glutamic acid and proline and has been simulated satisfactorily using the known amino acid composition of chromogranin A. The lipid phase of chromaffin granules gives rise to intense, but very broad, resonances in the carbon-13 spectrum. Protons in the lipid phase are also observable as a very rapid component of the proton-free induction decay (T2 approximately equal to 15 microns). Linewidths of the carbon-13 spectra have been used to set upper limits on rotational correlation times and on the motional anisotropy in the aqueous phase. These limits show that the aqueous phase is a simple solution (not a gel) that is isotropic over regions much larger than solute dimensions. No gel transition is observed between -3 and 25 degrees C. The carbon-13 spectra are definitely inconsistent with a lipoprotein matrix model and chromaffin granules previously proposed by Helle and Serck-Hanssen ((1975) Mol. Cell, Biochem. 6, 127-146). Relative carbon-13 intensities of ATP and epinephrine are not consistent with the known 1 : 4 mol ratio of these components. This fact suggests that epinephrine and ATP are not directly complexed in intact chromaffin granules.", "PMID": 849474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8661", "title": "Comparative studies of water sorption of hyaline cartilage.", "content": "Vapor phase, water sorption isotherms were obtained for specimens of bovine, sturgeon and shark cartilage and for membranes composed of collagen and various proportions of cartilage proteoglycan. The data were interpreted in the light of an elementary model for swelling of gels which regards equilibrium swelling a resultant of a balance between contractile forces of an elastic matrix and expansive forces, principally osmotic in nature. Swelling ratios for bovine and sturgeon cartilage compared at the same water vapor pressure are nearly identical, whereas the swelling ratios for shark cartilage are elevated. These high values are due principally to a higher ratio of glycosaminoglycan to collagen but also reflect a higher salt and urea content and possibly also a different type of collagen fibril network.", "contents": "Comparative studies of water sorption of hyaline cartilage. Vapor phase, water sorption isotherms were obtained for specimens of bovine, sturgeon and shark cartilage and for membranes composed of collagen and various proportions of cartilage proteoglycan. The data were interpreted in the light of an elementary model for swelling of gels which regards equilibrium swelling a resultant of a balance between contractile forces of an elastic matrix and expansive forces, principally osmotic in nature. Swelling ratios for bovine and sturgeon cartilage compared at the same water vapor pressure are nearly identical, whereas the swelling ratios for shark cartilage are elevated. These high values are due principally to a higher ratio of glycosaminoglycan to collagen but also reflect a higher salt and urea content and possibly also a different type of collagen fibril network.", "PMID": 849475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8662", "title": "Kinetic analysis of the binding of immunoglobulins IgG1 and IgG2 to bovine mammary cells.", "content": "Previous reports were confirmed that specific binding sites exist on bovine mammary cells near parturition presumably involved in the transfer of immunoglobulins IgG1 and IgG2 across the mammary gland at the time of colostrum formation. Determination of the kinetic parameters of these binding sites using 125I-labeled IgG1 and IgG2 immunoglobulins indicated the presence of sites with association constants (Ka) of about 5 - 10(8)--10 - 10(8)M-1 for both subclasses during normal lactation with about 9000 and 3000 sites per cell for each, respectively. The number of IgG1 sites tended to increase as the time of parturition approached. In addition, a new group of sites numbering about 5000 per cell with very strong binding for IgG1 (Ka about 45 - 10(8)M-1) appeared on the cells about a week before parturition. The numbers and affinity of the IgG1 and IgG2 binding sites bear a relationship to the approximate 7 : 1 ratio of these immunglobulin subclasses found in colostrum and normal milk and to the time of maximum colostrum formation. The results support the premise that a highly selective transport mechanism exists in the bovine mammary epithelial cell for the transfer of IgG1 and IgG2 immunoglobulins from blood to the lacteal secretions.", "contents": "Kinetic analysis of the binding of immunoglobulins IgG1 and IgG2 to bovine mammary cells. Previous reports were confirmed that specific binding sites exist on bovine mammary cells near parturition presumably involved in the transfer of immunoglobulins IgG1 and IgG2 across the mammary gland at the time of colostrum formation. Determination of the kinetic parameters of these binding sites using 125I-labeled IgG1 and IgG2 immunoglobulins indicated the presence of sites with association constants (Ka) of about 5 - 10(8)--10 - 10(8)M-1 for both subclasses during normal lactation with about 9000 and 3000 sites per cell for each, respectively. The number of IgG1 sites tended to increase as the time of parturition approached. In addition, a new group of sites numbering about 5000 per cell with very strong binding for IgG1 (Ka about 45 - 10(8)M-1) appeared on the cells about a week before parturition. The numbers and affinity of the IgG1 and IgG2 binding sites bear a relationship to the approximate 7 : 1 ratio of these immunglobulin subclasses found in colostrum and normal milk and to the time of maximum colostrum formation. The results support the premise that a highly selective transport mechanism exists in the bovine mammary epithelial cell for the transfer of IgG1 and IgG2 immunoglobulins from blood to the lacteal secretions.", "PMID": 849476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8663", "title": "Leakage of sucrose from phosphatidylcholine liposomes induced by interaction with serum albumin.", "content": "Liposomes composed of rat-liver phosphatidylcholine rapidly lose entrapped sucrose when incubated in presence of blood or of solutions of bovine serum albumin. The phenomenon can not be ascribed to phospholipase A activity, since no such activity towards phosphatidylcholine substrates could be detected in various albumin preparations. Upon gel filtration on Sepharose 4B or Sephadex G-100 of incubated mixtures of radioactive liposomes and albumin, association of phosphatidylcholine with the albumin could be demonstrated. No measurable quantities of protein were found associated with liposomes. The albumin-associated phosphatidylcholine is hydrolyzed by pancreatic phospholipase A more slowly than free liposomal phosphatidylcholine, indicating a non-lamellar orientation of the associated phospholipid. The binding of phosphatidylcholine to albumin proceeds at a slow rate: increase of the amount of phosphatidylcholine bound continues over a period of several hours reaching a maximum at approx. 1 mol of phosphatidylcholine per mol of albumin. The process is reversible as indicated by transfer of albumin-associated radioactive phosphatidylcholine to unlabeled liposomes. The association between albumin and phosphatidylcholine is believed to be of the same type as described recently by Jonas (Jonas, A. (1976) Biochim. Biophy. Acta 427, 325-336). The consequences of these observations are discussed with respect to the use of liposomes as carriers to introduce substances into cells.", "contents": "Leakage of sucrose from phosphatidylcholine liposomes induced by interaction with serum albumin. Liposomes composed of rat-liver phosphatidylcholine rapidly lose entrapped sucrose when incubated in presence of blood or of solutions of bovine serum albumin. The phenomenon can not be ascribed to phospholipase A activity, since no such activity towards phosphatidylcholine substrates could be detected in various albumin preparations. Upon gel filtration on Sepharose 4B or Sephadex G-100 of incubated mixtures of radioactive liposomes and albumin, association of phosphatidylcholine with the albumin could be demonstrated. No measurable quantities of protein were found associated with liposomes. The albumin-associated phosphatidylcholine is hydrolyzed by pancreatic phospholipase A more slowly than free liposomal phosphatidylcholine, indicating a non-lamellar orientation of the associated phospholipid. The binding of phosphatidylcholine to albumin proceeds at a slow rate: increase of the amount of phosphatidylcholine bound continues over a period of several hours reaching a maximum at approx. 1 mol of phosphatidylcholine per mol of albumin. The process is reversible as indicated by transfer of albumin-associated radioactive phosphatidylcholine to unlabeled liposomes. The association between albumin and phosphatidylcholine is believed to be of the same type as described recently by Jonas (Jonas, A. (1976) Biochim. Biophy. Acta 427, 325-336). The consequences of these observations are discussed with respect to the use of liposomes as carriers to introduce substances into cells.", "PMID": 849477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8664", "title": "The influence of dietary selenium and vitamin E on glutathione peroxidase and glutathione in the rat.", "content": "The effect of dietary selenium (Se) and vitamin E supplementation on tissue reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase activity has been studied in the rat. Increasing Se intake by 0.4 ppm gave significantly higher enzyme levels in all tissues studied, an effect not influenced by vitamin E intake. Further increasing Se to 4 ppm gave higher enzyme levels in red blood cells only, while in liver there was a significant decrease in enzyme activity probably reflecting Se hepatotoxicity. In the absence of Se supplements increasing dietary vitamin E to 100 mg/kg diet significantly increased enzyme activity but this effect was modified by simultaneous Se supplementation. Se intake had no effect on GSH levels. Rats on a high vitamin E intake 500 mg/kg had a significantly higher tissue GSH level. Dietary Se had a sparing effect on vitamin E, rats supplemented with Se having significantly raised plasma vitamin E levels. These results confirm the role of selenium in glutathione peroxidase and also show that vitamin E influences the activity of the enzyme.", "contents": "The influence of dietary selenium and vitamin E on glutathione peroxidase and glutathione in the rat. The effect of dietary selenium (Se) and vitamin E supplementation on tissue reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase activity has been studied in the rat. Increasing Se intake by 0.4 ppm gave significantly higher enzyme levels in all tissues studied, an effect not influenced by vitamin E intake. Further increasing Se to 4 ppm gave higher enzyme levels in red blood cells only, while in liver there was a significant decrease in enzyme activity probably reflecting Se hepatotoxicity. In the absence of Se supplements increasing dietary vitamin E to 100 mg/kg diet significantly increased enzyme activity but this effect was modified by simultaneous Se supplementation. Se intake had no effect on GSH levels. Rats on a high vitamin E intake 500 mg/kg had a significantly higher tissue GSH level. Dietary Se had a sparing effect on vitamin E, rats supplemented with Se having significantly raised plasma vitamin E levels. These results confirm the role of selenium in glutathione peroxidase and also show that vitamin E influences the activity of the enzyme.", "PMID": 849478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8665", "title": "Effect of methionine on the metabolism of formate and histidine by rats fed folate/vitamin B-12-methionine-deficient diet.", "content": "The metabolism of formate and histidine were compared in rats and in perfused livers of rats on diets deficient in vitamin B-12, methionine, and folic acid. Excretion of formate and formiminoglutamic acid, and the oxidation of [2-14C]histidine and [14C]formate to 14CO2 were measured. Liver folate levels decreased to 40% of normal on the vitamin B-12- and methionine-deficient diets but the rate of oxidation of histidine to CO2 in the whole animal decreased to 15% of normal. This indicated a reduction in the metabolic activity of the liver folates in vitamin B-12deficiency. Comparison of formate and histidine catabolism in folic acid deficiency showed that the oxidation of histine was decreased to 5% of normal but formate oxidation was decreased to only 30% of normal. This indicates that 25% of formate oxidation normally proceeds by a non-folate-dependent pathway.", "contents": "Effect of methionine on the metabolism of formate and histidine by rats fed folate/vitamin B-12-methionine-deficient diet. The metabolism of formate and histidine were compared in rats and in perfused livers of rats on diets deficient in vitamin B-12, methionine, and folic acid. Excretion of formate and formiminoglutamic acid, and the oxidation of [2-14C]histidine and [14C]formate to 14CO2 were measured. Liver folate levels decreased to 40% of normal on the vitamin B-12- and methionine-deficient diets but the rate of oxidation of histidine to CO2 in the whole animal decreased to 15% of normal. This indicated a reduction in the metabolic activity of the liver folates in vitamin B-12deficiency. Comparison of formate and histidine catabolism in folic acid deficiency showed that the oxidation of histine was decreased to 5% of normal but formate oxidation was decreased to only 30% of normal. This indicates that 25% of formate oxidation normally proceeds by a non-folate-dependent pathway.", "PMID": 849479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8666", "title": "Identification of glutamate chain lengths of endogenous folylpoly-gamma-glutamates in rat tissues.", "content": "A simplified procedure for the determination of the glutamate chain lengths of endogenous tissue folate is described. Natural pteroylpoly-gamma-glutamates in tissue extracts, irrespective of their one-carbon moiety, were converted by a reductive cleavage procedure to a homologous series of p-aminobenzoylpoly-gamma-glutamates, differing only in glutamate chain length. Desalting and concentration of the extracts were achieved by absorbing the derivatives on active charcoal followed by their elution with ethanol:ammonia. Aminobenzoylpolyglutamates were separated by DEAD-cellulose chromatography and quantitated by a colorimetric procedure for primary aromatic amines. The major endogenous folates in rat liver and kidney were pteroylpentaglutamate derivatives with smaller amounts of pteroyltetra- and hexaglutamate.", "contents": "Identification of glutamate chain lengths of endogenous folylpoly-gamma-glutamates in rat tissues. A simplified procedure for the determination of the glutamate chain lengths of endogenous tissue folate is described. Natural pteroylpoly-gamma-glutamates in tissue extracts, irrespective of their one-carbon moiety, were converted by a reductive cleavage procedure to a homologous series of p-aminobenzoylpoly-gamma-glutamates, differing only in glutamate chain length. Desalting and concentration of the extracts were achieved by absorbing the derivatives on active charcoal followed by their elution with ethanol:ammonia. Aminobenzoylpolyglutamates were separated by DEAD-cellulose chromatography and quantitated by a colorimetric procedure for primary aromatic amines. The major endogenous folates in rat liver and kidney were pteroylpentaglutamate derivatives with smaller amounts of pteroyltetra- and hexaglutamate.", "PMID": 849480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8667", "title": "Uptake and metabolism of [3H]folate by normal and by vitamin B-12- and methionine-deficient rats.", "content": "The uptake of an injected dose of [3H]folic acid and its metabolism to pteroylpoly-gamma-glutamate forms by the livers and kidneys of vitamin B-12- and methionine-deficient and -supplemented rats were investigated. The initial hepatic uptake of the labeled folate dose was the same in deficient and supplemented animals, demonstrating no involvement of vitamin B-12 or methionine in folate transport. At longer time periods, a decreased hepatic net uptake of labeled folate was observed in the deficient animals compared to supplemented animals, and this was directly correlated with the decreased ability of the deficient animals to synthesize pteroylpolyglutamates. The absolute rate of loss of labeled pteroylmonoglutamate from liver was the same in deficient and supplemented animals. These data are best explained by a modification of the 'methyl trap' hypothesis for the interrelationship of vitamin B-12 and folate metabolism. Vitamin B-12 deficiency can lead to lowered levels of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate:homocysteine methyltransferase, creating a functional folate deficiency by 'trapping' an increased proportion of folate as the methyl derivative. In addition, as methyltetrahydrofolate is a poor substrate for folylpoly-gamma-glutamate synthetase, there is a decreased synthesis of pteroylpolyglutamates, the forms of the vitamin that are preferentially retained by tissues. This results in decreased tissue folate levels under conditions of vitamin B-12 deficiency. Vitamin B-12 and methionine deficiency had no significant effect on the distribution of endogenous pteroylpolyglutamates in rat liver and kidney, although total endogenous folate in rat liver was reduced by about 60%. The distribution of labeled pteroylpolyglutamates in rat liver and kidney 48 h after the tracer dose of [3H]folate closely resembled the endogenous distribution in these tissues.", "contents": "Uptake and metabolism of [3H]folate by normal and by vitamin B-12- and methionine-deficient rats. The uptake of an injected dose of [3H]folic acid and its metabolism to pteroylpoly-gamma-glutamate forms by the livers and kidneys of vitamin B-12- and methionine-deficient and -supplemented rats were investigated. The initial hepatic uptake of the labeled folate dose was the same in deficient and supplemented animals, demonstrating no involvement of vitamin B-12 or methionine in folate transport. At longer time periods, a decreased hepatic net uptake of labeled folate was observed in the deficient animals compared to supplemented animals, and this was directly correlated with the decreased ability of the deficient animals to synthesize pteroylpolyglutamates. The absolute rate of loss of labeled pteroylmonoglutamate from liver was the same in deficient and supplemented animals. These data are best explained by a modification of the 'methyl trap' hypothesis for the interrelationship of vitamin B-12 and folate metabolism. Vitamin B-12 deficiency can lead to lowered levels of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate:homocysteine methyltransferase, creating a functional folate deficiency by 'trapping' an increased proportion of folate as the methyl derivative. In addition, as methyltetrahydrofolate is a poor substrate for folylpoly-gamma-glutamate synthetase, there is a decreased synthesis of pteroylpolyglutamates, the forms of the vitamin that are preferentially retained by tissues. This results in decreased tissue folate levels under conditions of vitamin B-12 deficiency. Vitamin B-12 and methionine deficiency had no significant effect on the distribution of endogenous pteroylpolyglutamates in rat liver and kidney, although total endogenous folate in rat liver was reduced by about 60%. The distribution of labeled pteroylpolyglutamates in rat liver and kidney 48 h after the tracer dose of [3H]folate closely resembled the endogenous distribution in these tissues.", "PMID": 849481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8668", "title": "Molecular mobilities of soluble components in the aqueous phase of chromaffin granules.", "content": "NMR relaxation times have been used to characterize molecular motion and intermolecular complexes in the aqueous phase of bovine chromaffin granules. Partially relaxed 13C and proton spectra have been obtained at 3 and 25 degrees C. T1 measurements of five protonated carbons on epinephrine (C2, C5, C6, CHOH and NCH3) give a correlation time of 0.15 (10(-9)) s at 25 degrees C for the catechol ring and methine carbon, while the effective correlation time for the NCH3 group is somewhat shorter due to its internal degree of rotational freedom. Resonances of protonated carbons on the soluble protein chromogranin give very similar correlation times: 0.20 (10(-9)) s for the peptide alpha-carbon and 0.2 (10(-9)) s for the methylene sidechain carbons of glutamic acid. The correlation time (tauR) of ATP was not measured directly using 13C T1 data due to the weakness of its spectrum, but its reorientation appears to be substantially slower than that of epinephrine or chromogranin. This conclusion is based on three observations: (1) the qualitative temperature dependence of T1 for H2 and H8 on the adenine ring places tauR for ATP to the right of the T1 minimum, or tauR greater than or equal to 1.0 (10(-9)) s; (2) 13C-resonances of ATP have anomalously low amplitudes compared with epinephrine resonances, a fact that is readily explained only if ATP undergoes substantially slower reorientation; and (3) a comparison of the T1 data of H8 in chromaffin granules and in a dilute aqueous solution, where tauR for ATP can be measured directly indicates that tauR approximately 1.0 (10(-9)) s at 25 degrees C in the granules. The relaxation data are consistent with the concept of a storage complex based on electrostatic interactions between a polyion (chromogranin) and its counterions (ATP and epinephrine), in which ATP cross-links cationic sidechains of the protein.", "contents": "Molecular mobilities of soluble components in the aqueous phase of chromaffin granules. NMR relaxation times have been used to characterize molecular motion and intermolecular complexes in the aqueous phase of bovine chromaffin granules. Partially relaxed 13C and proton spectra have been obtained at 3 and 25 degrees C. T1 measurements of five protonated carbons on epinephrine (C2, C5, C6, CHOH and NCH3) give a correlation time of 0.15 (10(-9)) s at 25 degrees C for the catechol ring and methine carbon, while the effective correlation time for the NCH3 group is somewhat shorter due to its internal degree of rotational freedom. Resonances of protonated carbons on the soluble protein chromogranin give very similar correlation times: 0.20 (10(-9)) s for the peptide alpha-carbon and 0.2 (10(-9)) s for the methylene sidechain carbons of glutamic acid. The correlation time (tauR) of ATP was not measured directly using 13C T1 data due to the weakness of its spectrum, but its reorientation appears to be substantially slower than that of epinephrine or chromogranin. This conclusion is based on three observations: (1) the qualitative temperature dependence of T1 for H2 and H8 on the adenine ring places tauR for ATP to the right of the T1 minimum, or tauR greater than or equal to 1.0 (10(-9)) s; (2) 13C-resonances of ATP have anomalously low amplitudes compared with epinephrine resonances, a fact that is readily explained only if ATP undergoes substantially slower reorientation; and (3) a comparison of the T1 data of H8 in chromaffin granules and in a dilute aqueous solution, where tauR for ATP can be measured directly indicates that tauR approximately 1.0 (10(-9)) s at 25 degrees C in the granules. The relaxation data are consistent with the concept of a storage complex based on electrostatic interactions between a polyion (chromogranin) and its counterions (ATP and epinephrine), in which ATP cross-links cationic sidechains of the protein.", "PMID": 849482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8669", "title": "Sex difference in distribution and iron responsiveness of the two ferritins of rat cardiac and skeletal muscle.", "content": "The presence of two electrophoretically and structurally distinguishable forms of ferritin (\"fast\" and \"slow\") in cardiac and skeletal muscle (diaphragm) of the rat was confirmed. Although the total amount of cardiac ferritin showed no difference in concentration in male and female rats, the distribution between the fast and slow species was markedly different in the two sexes, the fast form predominating in the cardiac muscle and diaphragm of the female. In agreement with this, the rates of synthesis and of degradation of the fast species were greater in the female, while the opposite obtained for the male. Iron administration stimulated synthesis of each ferritin species in the cardiac muscle and diaphragm of both sexes. Induction of cardiac connective tissue hypertrophy with isoproterenol inverted the ratio of slow to fast ferritin in female rats, while iron administration along with isoproterenol restored this to normal. It is concluded that the metabolism of ferritin in cardiac and skeletal muscle is sensitive both to sexual status and to iron administration.", "contents": "Sex difference in distribution and iron responsiveness of the two ferritins of rat cardiac and skeletal muscle. The presence of two electrophoretically and structurally distinguishable forms of ferritin (\"fast\" and \"slow\") in cardiac and skeletal muscle (diaphragm) of the rat was confirmed. Although the total amount of cardiac ferritin showed no difference in concentration in male and female rats, the distribution between the fast and slow species was markedly different in the two sexes, the fast form predominating in the cardiac muscle and diaphragm of the female. In agreement with this, the rates of synthesis and of degradation of the fast species were greater in the female, while the opposite obtained for the male. Iron administration stimulated synthesis of each ferritin species in the cardiac muscle and diaphragm of both sexes. Induction of cardiac connective tissue hypertrophy with isoproterenol inverted the ratio of slow to fast ferritin in female rats, while iron administration along with isoproterenol restored this to normal. It is concluded that the metabolism of ferritin in cardiac and skeletal muscle is sensitive both to sexual status and to iron administration.", "PMID": 849483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8670", "title": "The aggregation of basic polypeptide residues bound to heparin.", "content": "The molecular basis for heparin interactions with proteins has been explored with L-lysine copolymer : heparin complexes, measuring the conformational change and charge neutralization which accompany the complexation, using optical methods. Previous studies had shown that the basic homopolypeptides (poly-L-lysine, poly-L-arginine) assume alpha-helical conformation upon interaction with numerous glycosaminoglycans (including heparin). Thus, the unique specificity for heparin in the anticoagulation system (which involves two or more lysine residues on the antithrombin molecule) is not paralleled by the findings with the basic homopolymers. Results with mixed polypeptides, poly(lysine : tyrosine, 1 : 1) and poly(lysine : phenylalanine, 1.4 : 1), show that these protein models assume different conformational forms upon complexation with heparin, the former shows a poly-L-lysine-like beta-structure circular dichroism spectrum and the latter an alpha-helical structure. The change in circular dichroism spectra increases with the addition of heparin until the ratio of positive to negative charge is about one. Dye-binding studies of the two copolymer systems reveal that the charged groups of both reactants are largely blocked in the polypeptide complexes at a calculated charge ratio equal to one. The data indicate that heparin interaction with the cationic polypeptides causes them to assume either the alpha-helical or beta-structure depending upon the nature of the neighboring uncharged amino acid and its proclivity for alpha-helix or beta-structure.", "contents": "The aggregation of basic polypeptide residues bound to heparin. The molecular basis for heparin interactions with proteins has been explored with L-lysine copolymer : heparin complexes, measuring the conformational change and charge neutralization which accompany the complexation, using optical methods. Previous studies had shown that the basic homopolypeptides (poly-L-lysine, poly-L-arginine) assume alpha-helical conformation upon interaction with numerous glycosaminoglycans (including heparin). Thus, the unique specificity for heparin in the anticoagulation system (which involves two or more lysine residues on the antithrombin molecule) is not paralleled by the findings with the basic homopolymers. Results with mixed polypeptides, poly(lysine : tyrosine, 1 : 1) and poly(lysine : phenylalanine, 1.4 : 1), show that these protein models assume different conformational forms upon complexation with heparin, the former shows a poly-L-lysine-like beta-structure circular dichroism spectrum and the latter an alpha-helical structure. The change in circular dichroism spectra increases with the addition of heparin until the ratio of positive to negative charge is about one. Dye-binding studies of the two copolymer systems reveal that the charged groups of both reactants are largely blocked in the polypeptide complexes at a calculated charge ratio equal to one. The data indicate that heparin interaction with the cationic polypeptides causes them to assume either the alpha-helical or beta-structure depending upon the nature of the neighboring uncharged amino acid and its proclivity for alpha-helix or beta-structure.", "PMID": 849484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8671", "title": "Possible evidence for the existence of a growth hormone fragment in porcine pituitary.", "content": "In an attempt to search for growth hormone fragments in the pituitary, a radioimmunoassay was developed for a 55 residue S-amino-ethylated CNBr fragment (fragment B) of porcine growth hormone corresponding to residues 126-180 of human growth hormone. The assay was sensitive to 50 pg of fragment B whereas displacement of 125I-labelled fragment B by procine growth hormone required a 10(3) M excess and was non-parallel. In a homogolous porcine growth hormone radioimmunoassay, fragment B was non-reactive. Gel filtration of an extract of porcine pituitary on Sephadex G-75 revealed three peaks of fragment B immunoreactivity: peak I (29% of total immunoreactivity) eluted in the void volume, peak II (49%) eluted in the position of growth hormone, and peak III (12%) was more retarded than fragment B. Nearly all of the growth hormone immunoreactivity eluted as a single peak in the position of 125I-labelled porcine growth hormone. The dilution curve of peak III but not of peaks I or II was parallel to that of fragment B. The results indicate the existence within porcine pituitary of material cross-reactive with a portion of the growth hormone molecule, possible representing a growth hormone fragment.", "contents": "Possible evidence for the existence of a growth hormone fragment in porcine pituitary. In an attempt to search for growth hormone fragments in the pituitary, a radioimmunoassay was developed for a 55 residue S-amino-ethylated CNBr fragment (fragment B) of porcine growth hormone corresponding to residues 126-180 of human growth hormone. The assay was sensitive to 50 pg of fragment B whereas displacement of 125I-labelled fragment B by procine growth hormone required a 10(3) M excess and was non-parallel. In a homogolous porcine growth hormone radioimmunoassay, fragment B was non-reactive. Gel filtration of an extract of porcine pituitary on Sephadex G-75 revealed three peaks of fragment B immunoreactivity: peak I (29% of total immunoreactivity) eluted in the void volume, peak II (49%) eluted in the position of growth hormone, and peak III (12%) was more retarded than fragment B. Nearly all of the growth hormone immunoreactivity eluted as a single peak in the position of 125I-labelled porcine growth hormone. The dilution curve of peak III but not of peaks I or II was parallel to that of fragment B. The results indicate the existence within porcine pituitary of material cross-reactive with a portion of the growth hormone molecule, possible representing a growth hormone fragment.", "PMID": 849485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8672", "title": "Correlation of relaxation time with water content in muscle and brain tissues.", "content": "Proton T1 of water in muscle and brain tissues was studied as a function of water content at 25 degrees C and 5, 30, and 100 MHz. Muscle samples were bathed in modified Krebs solutions that have the same ionic strength but different osmolarity in order to change the water content. At all three frequencies their 1/T1 extrapolated to the same value of 0.6 S-1 for zero dry weight, indicating that T1 for the majority of water molecules in normal muscle and brain is frequency-independent. Dehydrated muscle, homogenized brain tissue suspended in modified Krebs solution and dehydrated brain tissue provide samples with wide ranges of water content. Their T1 values at all three frequencies can be well accounted for by a simple equation derived from the two-state model.", "contents": "Correlation of relaxation time with water content in muscle and brain tissues. Proton T1 of water in muscle and brain tissues was studied as a function of water content at 25 degrees C and 5, 30, and 100 MHz. Muscle samples were bathed in modified Krebs solutions that have the same ionic strength but different osmolarity in order to change the water content. At all three frequencies their 1/T1 extrapolated to the same value of 0.6 S-1 for zero dry weight, indicating that T1 for the majority of water molecules in normal muscle and brain is frequency-independent. Dehydrated muscle, homogenized brain tissue suspended in modified Krebs solution and dehydrated brain tissue provide samples with wide ranges of water content. Their T1 values at all three frequencies can be well accounted for by a simple equation derived from the two-state model.", "PMID": 849486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8673", "title": "[Analysis of electrophysiologic characteristics of the frog atrial trabecular membrane by ionic currents at a fixed potential].", "content": "The membrane of frog auricle trabecula was studied by the method of potential fixation. On the basis of the records of ionic currents zyro-isoclines of approximative differential equations of the 2nd order, describing the membrane studied, were plotted. The mathematical model of this membrane was analysed with the help of qualitative methods of the oscillation theory. The analysis has shown that the following phenomena which have not been observed experimentally should take place in the membrane of frog auricle trabecula: 1. absence of the minimum gradient and accomodation growth of thresholds; 2. absence of anode-disconnecting excitation; 3. coincidence of the current of repeated responses with that of the rheobase; 4. uneven depolarization.", "contents": "[Analysis of electrophysiologic characteristics of the frog atrial trabecular membrane by ionic currents at a fixed potential]. The membrane of frog auricle trabecula was studied by the method of potential fixation. On the basis of the records of ionic currents zyro-isoclines of approximative differential equations of the 2nd order, describing the membrane studied, were plotted. The mathematical model of this membrane was analysed with the help of qualitative methods of the oscillation theory. The analysis has shown that the following phenomena which have not been observed experimentally should take place in the membrane of frog auricle trabecula: 1. absence of the minimum gradient and accomodation growth of thresholds; 2. absence of anode-disconnecting excitation; 3. coincidence of the current of repeated responses with that of the rheobase; 4. uneven depolarization.", "PMID": 849487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8674", "title": "[Intercellular coupling in the sinus node of the rabbit heart].", "content": "Passive electrical properties of SA node region of rabbit's heart were studied. Electrotonic anisotropism was characteristic of the entire SA node; anisotropism decreased moving from crista terminalis to interatrial septum. The input resistance, RBX, was the largest in the region of true pacemakers and decreased moving to the perinodal region. Analysis of the results yielded specific resistance values for contacts and electrogenic membrane of 3 Ohms-cm3 and 10(4) Ohms-cm2 respectively.", "contents": "[Intercellular coupling in the sinus node of the rabbit heart]. Passive electrical properties of SA node region of rabbit's heart were studied. Electrotonic anisotropism was characteristic of the entire SA node; anisotropism decreased moving from crista terminalis to interatrial septum. The input resistance, RBX, was the largest in the region of true pacemakers and decreased moving to the perinodal region. Analysis of the results yielded specific resistance values for contacts and electrogenic membrane of 3 Ohms-cm3 and 10(4) Ohms-cm2 respectively.", "PMID": 849488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8675", "title": "[Instability and propagation of waves of excitation in a model of a catalytic reaction. III. Non-trivial regimes of propagation of excitation].", "content": "The regime of excitation propagation in a uniform model of an active medium is studied within the parameters where the initial concentrated system is a trigger one. In a distributed system propagation trigger waves as well as impulses can propagate. A means for initiating such impulses is suggested, an unstationary regime of their imitation is investigated by calculations. Piece-linear solutions obtained analytically are shown to be a good approximation for stationary regimes.", "contents": "[Instability and propagation of waves of excitation in a model of a catalytic reaction. III. Non-trivial regimes of propagation of excitation]. The regime of excitation propagation in a uniform model of an active medium is studied within the parameters where the initial concentrated system is a trigger one. In a distributed system propagation trigger waves as well as impulses can propagate. A means for initiating such impulses is suggested, an unstationary regime of their imitation is investigated by calculations. Piece-linear solutions obtained analytically are shown to be a good approximation for stationary regimes.", "PMID": 849489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8676", "title": "[Analysis of spatial frequency characteristics of complex receptive fields].", "content": "The difference fB2-fB1=deltaf and ratio fB2/fB1=R of the bandwidth boundary frequencies fB1, fB2 of spatial frequency characteristic of complex receptive field depends on the size of RF and spatial structure of excitatory and inhibitory zones. deltaf and r are independent of the weighting functions of excitatory and inhibitory zones. The theoretical value of r is similar to data which was obtained in psychophysical and physiologycal experiments. The dependence of contrast sensitivity on spatial frequency can be explained by dependence of the envelope of weighting functions of exitatory (inhibitory) zones on the spatial frequency.", "contents": "[Analysis of spatial frequency characteristics of complex receptive fields]. The difference fB2-fB1=deltaf and ratio fB2/fB1=R of the bandwidth boundary frequencies fB1, fB2 of spatial frequency characteristic of complex receptive field depends on the size of RF and spatial structure of excitatory and inhibitory zones. deltaf and r are independent of the weighting functions of excitatory and inhibitory zones. The theoretical value of r is similar to data which was obtained in psychophysical and physiologycal experiments. The dependence of contrast sensitivity on spatial frequency can be explained by dependence of the envelope of weighting functions of exitatory (inhibitory) zones on the spatial frequency.", "PMID": 849490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8677", "title": "[Model studies of lateral inhibition as a mechanism of detecting motion. I. Analytic consideration of direct inhibition].", "content": "Physiological studies show that lateral inhibition is involved in movement detection and suggest that an essential role in this process is played by such factors as an initial delay of inhibition, final velocity of propagation and its gradual reduction as the inhibition mediator is disintegrated--\"memory\" of inhibition. A mathematical model of dynamic lateral inhibition is proposed to check up this suggestion and to determine the role of each of these factors. An analytical investigation of the direct inhibition model confirms the participation of these factors in the separation of the reaction to movement. It is found that the delay of inhibition and the final velocity of its propagation are the factors, which favour movement separation and do not impose restrictions on special characteristics of inhibition providing for the fulfilment of the known functions of stationary lateral inhibition. Restrictions appear in the case when movement separation is determined by the delay and \"memory\" of inhibition.", "contents": "[Model studies of lateral inhibition as a mechanism of detecting motion. I. Analytic consideration of direct inhibition]. Physiological studies show that lateral inhibition is involved in movement detection and suggest that an essential role in this process is played by such factors as an initial delay of inhibition, final velocity of propagation and its gradual reduction as the inhibition mediator is disintegrated--\"memory\" of inhibition. A mathematical model of dynamic lateral inhibition is proposed to check up this suggestion and to determine the role of each of these factors. An analytical investigation of the direct inhibition model confirms the participation of these factors in the separation of the reaction to movement. It is found that the delay of inhibition and the final velocity of its propagation are the factors, which favour movement separation and do not impose restrictions on special characteristics of inhibition providing for the fulfilment of the known functions of stationary lateral inhibition. Restrictions appear in the case when movement separation is determined by the delay and \"memory\" of inhibition.", "PMID": 849492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8678", "title": "[Model of the system for stabilizing the frequency of the echosignal of the Rhinolophus locator].", "content": "Physical analysis of anatomic, physiological and behavioural data pertaining to the work of Rhinolophidae echolocator is carried out, results of spectral analysis of its probing impulse are analysed. On this basis the working mechanism of sound emitting apparatus is proposed. A phenomenological model of the frequency stabilization system of the signal reflected from a located object is constructed. This stabilization is carried out by the compensation of Doppler shift of the echo frequency by a change of the generated impulse frequency. Due to the application of a differential method the model provides for potential accuracy of tuning, and its work does not depend on the value of a reflected signal and its sufficiently small changes which is in agreement with the experiments.", "contents": "[Model of the system for stabilizing the frequency of the echosignal of the Rhinolophus locator]. Physical analysis of anatomic, physiological and behavioural data pertaining to the work of Rhinolophidae echolocator is carried out, results of spectral analysis of its probing impulse are analysed. On this basis the working mechanism of sound emitting apparatus is proposed. A phenomenological model of the frequency stabilization system of the signal reflected from a located object is constructed. This stabilization is carried out by the compensation of Doppler shift of the echo frequency by a change of the generated impulse frequency. Due to the application of a differential method the model provides for potential accuracy of tuning, and its work does not depend on the value of a reflected signal and its sufficiently small changes which is in agreement with the experiments.", "PMID": 849493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8679", "title": "[Energy relationships in the human cutaneous system under conditions of single, residual and reverse masking].", "content": "Studies were carried out by electron-mechanic adequatometer permitting to obtain two shifted in time air stimuli. According to the curves of pressure duration thershold energies were determined theoretically for the stimuli of various durations; energy-duration curves were plotted. The adequatometric analysis of the curves made it possible to determine: 1. qualitative and quantitative similarity of energetic regularities of simultaneous residual and reverse masking; 2. the masking interval value during the residual masking; 3 critical time of discovering the threshold stimulus during the reverse masking.", "contents": "[Energy relationships in the human cutaneous system under conditions of single, residual and reverse masking]. Studies were carried out by electron-mechanic adequatometer permitting to obtain two shifted in time air stimuli. According to the curves of pressure duration thershold energies were determined theoretically for the stimuli of various durations; energy-duration curves were plotted. The adequatometric analysis of the curves made it possible to determine: 1. qualitative and quantitative similarity of energetic regularities of simultaneous residual and reverse masking; 2. the masking interval value during the residual masking; 3 critical time of discovering the threshold stimulus during the reverse masking.", "PMID": 849495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8680", "title": "[Structure of the spectrum of dolphin communication signals].", "content": "Dynamics of changes in the thin structure of the spectrum of dolphin communication signals is studied using Furie algorythm of fast transformation. Computer analysis of whistle signals allows to obtain quantitative evaluations of spectral characteristics and shows that coding of information in dolphin communication signals may be carried out by controling of signal harmony power and multiplicative modulation of frequencies of the basic tone and harmony.", "contents": "[Structure of the spectrum of dolphin communication signals]. Dynamics of changes in the thin structure of the spectrum of dolphin communication signals is studied using Furie algorythm of fast transformation. Computer analysis of whistle signals allows to obtain quantitative evaluations of spectral characteristics and shows that coding of information in dolphin communication signals may be carried out by controling of signal harmony power and multiplicative modulation of frequencies of the basic tone and harmony.", "PMID": 849496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8681", "title": "[Component breakdown of the absorption and fluorescence spectra of green bacteria].", "content": "The total number, band widths, absorption and fluorescense peak positions of bacteriochlorophyll forms in green bacteria were identifyed using computer curve analysis, Stepanov's relation and low temperature derivative spectroscopy. The identified pigment forms are the following (the lower index--absorption peak position, the upper--fluorescence peak position) (see article). The energy of the O-O transitions in the row of native forms of bacteriochlorophyll enumerated above changes for a constant equal to 80 cm-1. It is believed that the bacteriochlorophyll aggregate in the reaction center complex of green bacteria consists of 7 molecules.", "contents": "[Component breakdown of the absorption and fluorescence spectra of green bacteria]. The total number, band widths, absorption and fluorescense peak positions of bacteriochlorophyll forms in green bacteria were identifyed using computer curve analysis, Stepanov's relation and low temperature derivative spectroscopy. The identified pigment forms are the following (the lower index--absorption peak position, the upper--fluorescence peak position) (see article). The energy of the O-O transitions in the row of native forms of bacteriochlorophyll enumerated above changes for a constant equal to 80 cm-1. It is believed that the bacteriochlorophyll aggregate in the reaction center complex of green bacteria consists of 7 molecules.", "PMID": 849502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8682", "title": "[Spatial-frequency characteristics of the receptive fields of cat visual cortex with different rates of stimulus movement].", "content": "Velocity ranges exist for complex and simple receptive fields of cat's visual cortex. In these ranges there is a narrow band frequency tuning. In these velocity ranges the location of the maximum on frequency characteristics is constant and does not depend on the velocity of stimulating lattice movement. An increase of the movement velocity brings about a reduction of the reaction value of the receptive fields and a disappearance of the narrow band tuning expressed in the optimal velocity range.", "contents": "[Spatial-frequency characteristics of the receptive fields of cat visual cortex with different rates of stimulus movement]. Velocity ranges exist for complex and simple receptive fields of cat's visual cortex. In these ranges there is a narrow band frequency tuning. In these velocity ranges the location of the maximum on frequency characteristics is constant and does not depend on the velocity of stimulating lattice movement. An increase of the movement velocity brings about a reduction of the reaction value of the receptive fields and a disappearance of the narrow band tuning expressed in the optimal velocity range.", "PMID": 849503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8683", "title": "[Thermodynamic properties of biopolymers in spiral and coiled states in the 4--400 degree K temperature interval].", "content": "Possibilities of the adiabatic calorimetry methods in the studies of the biopolymer conformational properties in the wide temperature range including helium temperatures are considered. The low temperature peculiarities of the heat capacity difference for the biopolymers being in helical and coiled states are found. It was shown, that in the presence of biomacromolecules the water in the ice-water phase transition region suffers gradual over the temperature phase transition \"order-disorder\". It was found, that thermodynamic properties of the linear fibrillar structures over the wide temperature range (including helium temperatures) are essentially defined by the state of molecule solvent built-in the biopolymer helical structure. New data on the interaction mechanisms of dissolved salt ions with the biomacromolecules in the native and denaturated states have been obtained. It is shown that the existence of different fractions of bound water with biopolymer is a fact. A conclusion was made that it is necessary to take into account the data on the thermodynamic properties of biomacromolecules and the water bound to them at low temperatures in order to described completely the conformational properties of biomacromolecules.", "contents": "[Thermodynamic properties of biopolymers in spiral and coiled states in the 4--400 degree K temperature interval]. Possibilities of the adiabatic calorimetry methods in the studies of the biopolymer conformational properties in the wide temperature range including helium temperatures are considered. The low temperature peculiarities of the heat capacity difference for the biopolymers being in helical and coiled states are found. It was shown, that in the presence of biomacromolecules the water in the ice-water phase transition region suffers gradual over the temperature phase transition \"order-disorder\". It was found, that thermodynamic properties of the linear fibrillar structures over the wide temperature range (including helium temperatures) are essentially defined by the state of molecule solvent built-in the biopolymer helical structure. New data on the interaction mechanisms of dissolved salt ions with the biomacromolecules in the native and denaturated states have been obtained. It is shown that the existence of different fractions of bound water with biopolymer is a fact. A conclusion was made that it is necessary to take into account the data on the thermodynamic properties of biomacromolecules and the water bound to them at low temperatures in order to described completely the conformational properties of biomacromolecules.", "PMID": 849505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8684", "title": "[Activity of lateral reticular nucleus neurons during scratching].", "content": "The activity of neurones of the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) was recorded in thalamic cats immobilized with Flaxedil during \"fictitious scratching\", that is during rhythmical activity of motoneurones typical of normal scratching. The LRN neurones exhibited a distinct modulation of their discharge related to the rhythmical activity of motoneurones in spite of the absence of the rhythmical afferent inflow. The pattern of modulation was identical both in normal and in \"fictitious\" scratching. Therefore, the spino-reticulo-cerebellar path transmits information about the activity of the spinal motor centres.", "contents": "[Activity of lateral reticular nucleus neurons during scratching]. The activity of neurones of the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) was recorded in thalamic cats immobilized with Flaxedil during \"fictitious scratching\", that is during rhythmical activity of motoneurones typical of normal scratching. The LRN neurones exhibited a distinct modulation of their discharge related to the rhythmical activity of motoneurones in spite of the absence of the rhythmical afferent inflow. The pattern of modulation was identical both in normal and in \"fictitious\" scratching. Therefore, the spino-reticulo-cerebellar path transmits information about the activity of the spinal motor centres.", "PMID": 849504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8685", "title": "[Study by the proton magnetic resonance method of complex formation between nucleosides and compounds modeling amino acid residues of proteins in dimethyl sulfoxide].", "content": "Proton magnetic resonance was used to investigate in dimethyl-sulfoxide specificity of complex formation between nucleosides and a number of substances modelling of carboxyl, guanidine and amide side chain residues of aminoacids. It was observed downfield chemical shift of NH2 group of guanosine and disappearence. NH groups resonance for all nucleosides containing its in heterocycle in complex with carboxyl group. The next selectivity of interaction of nucleosides with carboxyl was observed: Ino greater than Guo greater than Urd ==Thd greater than Ado==Cyd. Obtained data indicates formation specific hydrogen bonds between carboxyl group and NH2 group of guanine and more strong hydrogen bonds with NH groups of all bases. In the case of guanidine group there are more weaker interaction and for amide group complex is not observed at all.", "contents": "[Study by the proton magnetic resonance method of complex formation between nucleosides and compounds modeling amino acid residues of proteins in dimethyl sulfoxide]. Proton magnetic resonance was used to investigate in dimethyl-sulfoxide specificity of complex formation between nucleosides and a number of substances modelling of carboxyl, guanidine and amide side chain residues of aminoacids. It was observed downfield chemical shift of NH2 group of guanosine and disappearence. NH groups resonance for all nucleosides containing its in heterocycle in complex with carboxyl group. The next selectivity of interaction of nucleosides with carboxyl was observed: Ino greater than Guo greater than Urd ==Thd greater than Ado==Cyd. Obtained data indicates formation specific hydrogen bonds between carboxyl group and NH2 group of guanine and more strong hydrogen bonds with NH groups of all bases. In the case of guanidine group there are more weaker interaction and for amide group complex is not observed at all.", "PMID": 849506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8686", "title": "[Structure of histone fragments and their models. I. Structural features of N-terminal oligopeptides of histone H4].", "content": "Circular dichroism (CD) and infrared spectroscopy (IRS) studies of aqueous solutions of fourth N-terminal peptides of histone H4 with different chain length were carried out under various conditions. It was shown that all studied peptides had conformation of extended left-handed helix as well as poly-1-proline II at the acidic and neutral pH, in moderate ionic strength (0,15), in 80% ethanol, 0,2 M sodium dodecylsulphate, in 8 M urea and 5 M guanidinum hydrochloride. This conformation was changed by raising temperature, under transition to the range of basic pH and in the concentrated solutions of CaCl2 (5M).", "contents": "[Structure of histone fragments and their models. I. Structural features of N-terminal oligopeptides of histone H4]. Circular dichroism (CD) and infrared spectroscopy (IRS) studies of aqueous solutions of fourth N-terminal peptides of histone H4 with different chain length were carried out under various conditions. It was shown that all studied peptides had conformation of extended left-handed helix as well as poly-1-proline II at the acidic and neutral pH, in moderate ionic strength (0,15), in 80% ethanol, 0,2 M sodium dodecylsulphate, in 8 M urea and 5 M guanidinum hydrochloride. This conformation was changed by raising temperature, under transition to the range of basic pH and in the concentrated solutions of CaCl2 (5M).", "PMID": 849507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8687", "title": "[Effect of the nature of a monovalent counterion on the secondary structure of DNA is aqueous solutions].", "content": "Doxyribonucleates (DNMe) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) were prepared by the ion-exchange method from Na+-salt from chicken erythrocyte DNA (DNS). (Here Me+ means Rb+, CS+, Na+, or NH4+). It was found that in aqueous solutions of DNMe in which the concentration of nucleic phosphorus was 8-10(5) mole/1 and the supporting electrolyte contained as an impurity only, the secondary structure of DNA was partly restored. This was confirmed by low values of the atomic extinction coefficient (epsilon260(p) = 6800 1/mole-cm and by high values of the hyperchromicity coefficients (1-28). The melting temperatures, as well as the width of the melting transition calculated from the melting curves, did not depend on the nature of Me+. Abnormally high melting temperatures for aqueous solutions of DNMe were noted. It was shown that the DNS - DNA transition was accompanied by spectrum changes that are typical of the denaturation process.", "contents": "[Effect of the nature of a monovalent counterion on the secondary structure of DNA is aqueous solutions]. Doxyribonucleates (DNMe) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) were prepared by the ion-exchange method from Na+-salt from chicken erythrocyte DNA (DNS). (Here Me+ means Rb+, CS+, Na+, or NH4+). It was found that in aqueous solutions of DNMe in which the concentration of nucleic phosphorus was 8-10(5) mole/1 and the supporting electrolyte contained as an impurity only, the secondary structure of DNA was partly restored. This was confirmed by low values of the atomic extinction coefficient (epsilon260(p) = 6800 1/mole-cm and by high values of the hyperchromicity coefficients (1-28). The melting temperatures, as well as the width of the melting transition calculated from the melting curves, did not depend on the nature of Me+. Abnormally high melting temperatures for aqueous solutions of DNMe were noted. It was shown that the DNS - DNA transition was accompanied by spectrum changes that are typical of the denaturation process.", "PMID": 849508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8688", "title": "[Dimeric mechanism of the work of nigericin in bilayer lipid membranes].", "content": "The electric properties of the bilayer lethitin membranes have been studied in the presense of the antibiotic nigericin. When the antibiotic concentration is about 10(-6) M the condactivity of the BLM is increased upto 10(-7) ohm-1cm-2. The potassium ion concentration gradient gives rise to a transmembrane potential of the order of 40 mV per 10--fold concentration gradient with the side of the higher potassium concentration negative. The transmembrane potential produced by the hydrogen ion  gradient is a function of the potassium ion concentration which is equal on both sides of the membrane. In order to account for the experimental results obtained, a theoretical approach has been developed based on the assumption that charge is transported across the membrane by nigericin dimers.", "contents": "[Dimeric mechanism of the work of nigericin in bilayer lipid membranes]. The electric properties of the bilayer lethitin membranes have been studied in the presense of the antibiotic nigericin. When the antibiotic concentration is about 10(-6) M the condactivity of the BLM is increased upto 10(-7) ohm-1cm-2. The potassium ion concentration gradient gives rise to a transmembrane potential of the order of 40 mV per 10--fold concentration gradient with the side of the higher potassium concentration negative. The transmembrane potential produced by the hydrogen ion  gradient is a function of the potassium ion concentration which is equal on both sides of the membrane. In order to account for the experimental results obtained, a theoretical approach has been developed based on the assumption that charge is transported across the membrane by nigericin dimers.", "PMID": 849510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8689", "title": "Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography using the \"Chiba\" needle--80 cases.", "content": "Using the Chiba needle for percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, bile ducts have been visualized radiographically in 80% of 80 patients with cholestatic jaundice. The success rate was 94.4% in the 54 patients with dilated bile ducts due to an extrahepatic bilary obstruction, and 50% of the 20 patients with undilated ducts. Four patients developed ascending cholangitis with septicaemia on the same day as the procedure, and early surgery after visualization of obstructed bile ducts is recommended.  The technique was successful in three of five patients with sclerosing cholangitis. Percutaneous cholangiography using the Chiba needle is a convenient method of opacifying the biliary system in patients with severe large bile duct obstruction.", "contents": "Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography using the \"Chiba\" needle--80 cases. Using the Chiba needle for percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, bile ducts have been visualized radiographically in 80% of 80 patients with cholestatic jaundice. The success rate was 94.4% in the 54 patients with dilated bile ducts due to an extrahepatic bilary obstruction, and 50% of the 20 patients with undilated ducts. Four patients developed ascending cholangitis with septicaemia on the same day as the procedure, and early surgery after visualization of obstructed bile ducts is recommended.  The technique was successful in three of five patients with sclerosing cholangitis. Percutaneous cholangiography using the Chiba needle is a convenient method of opacifying the biliary system in patients with severe large bile duct obstruction.", "PMID": 849517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8690", "title": "[Induction of fluorescence of a single chloroplast in an entire cell of the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis].", "content": "The fluorescense induction time-course of a single chloroplast in an intact cell of the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis has a line structure, which could not be observed in a suspension because of the superposition of the emissions of many cells. The time-course of the induction includes 12 well separated parts in the time range from several milliseconds to several minutes. Parameters of the fine structure depends on the physiological state of the cell, intensity and wave-length of the exciting light.", "contents": "[Induction of fluorescence of a single chloroplast in an entire cell of the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis]. The fluorescense induction time-course of a single chloroplast in an intact cell of the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis has a line structure, which could not be observed in a suspension because of the superposition of the emissions of many cells. The time-course of the induction includes 12 well separated parts in the time range from several milliseconds to several minutes. Parameters of the fine structure depends on the physiological state of the cell, intensity and wave-length of the exciting light.", "PMID": 849511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8691", "title": "Bone thinning in frontal mucocele.", "content": "Sixteen cases of frontal mucocele are reviewed. Bone thinning leading to destruction of the sinus floor was shown to be a feature. It usually affects the superomedial margin of the orbital roof first, due to pressure on the area where the sinus wall is thinnest. Demonstrable thinning of either anterior or posterior sinus walls--a cardinal sign of frontal mucocele, is best shown by means of underpenetrated lateral radiographs. All other conventional radiographic signs of frontal mucocele, including lucency of the affected sinus, were found to be non-specific. The presence of an osteoma in a site likely to obstruct the frontonasal duct is a valuable adjunct to diagnosis.", "contents": "Bone thinning in frontal mucocele. Sixteen cases of frontal mucocele are reviewed. Bone thinning leading to destruction of the sinus floor was shown to be a feature. It usually affects the superomedial margin of the orbital roof first, due to pressure on the area where the sinus wall is thinnest. Demonstrable thinning of either anterior or posterior sinus walls--a cardinal sign of frontal mucocele, is best shown by means of underpenetrated lateral radiographs. All other conventional radiographic signs of frontal mucocele, including lucency of the affected sinus, were found to be non-specific. The presence of an osteoma in a site likely to obstruct the frontonasal duct is a valuable adjunct to diagnosis.", "PMID": 849518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8692", "title": "[Kinetics of the reaction between hemoglobin and carbon monoxide. III. Existence of conformationally unequal Hb molecules during the process of CO binding and dissociation].", "content": "The experimental data concerning CO binding to Hb in linear kinetic experiments were compared with theoretical results obtained earlier for several models. The results indicate that during the processes of CO binding and dissociation there appears Hb and HbCO molecules in out-or equilibrium conformational states. The dissociation effective rate constants for these HbCO molecules, formed from Hb molecules in equilibrium conformational state are kdiss greater than or equal to 5.5 s-1. At the same time, the equilibrium HbCO complexes after conformational relaxation have much smaller values of kdiss near to the well known literature values, i.e. 0.015 s-1.", "contents": "[Kinetics of the reaction between hemoglobin and carbon monoxide. III. Existence of conformationally unequal Hb molecules during the process of CO binding and dissociation]. The experimental data concerning CO binding to Hb in linear kinetic experiments were compared with theoretical results obtained earlier for several models. The results indicate that during the processes of CO binding and dissociation there appears Hb and HbCO molecules in out-or equilibrium conformational states. The dissociation effective rate constants for these HbCO molecules, formed from Hb molecules in equilibrium conformational state are kdiss greater than or equal to 5.5 s-1. At the same time, the equilibrium HbCO complexes after conformational relaxation have much smaller values of kdiss near to the well known literature values, i.e. 0.015 s-1.", "PMID": 849513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8693", "title": "Origin of the right vertebral artery from the right common carotid artery: angiographic demonstration of three cases.", "content": "Three cases are presented in which the right vertebral artery originates from the right common cartoid artery. The literature is reviewed and the significance of this anomally is discussed. It is suggested that this anomally occurs more commonly than indicated by previous reports.", "contents": "Origin of the right vertebral artery from the right common carotid artery: angiographic demonstration of three cases. Three cases are presented in which the right vertebral artery originates from the right common cartoid artery. The literature is reviewed and the significance of this anomally is discussed. It is suggested that this anomally occurs more commonly than indicated by previous reports.", "PMID": 849519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8694", "title": "[Effect of the ionic composition of the environment on the intracellular potential of the alga Acetabularia].", "content": "Concentration of K+-, Na+-, Mg++-, Ca++-, Cl-ions defined in Acetabularia crenulata cell was the same as that of Acetabularia mediterranea, both were cultivated under the same conditions. At the variations of the ionic composition of the external medium it has been shown that the potential of Acetabularia (A.) cell depends on K+-, Cl-ions and alga A. can accumulate K+- Cl-ions and lose Na+, Mg++ ones when there is a deficiency of these ions in the medium. Na+-, Mg++-ions participation in the generation of the rest potential of Alga A. is insignificant. K+- ion is able to change the ionic permeability of the membrane. There is a possibility of the existance of essential H+-, -OH-, or HCO3- ions flux in A. cell.", "contents": "[Effect of the ionic composition of the environment on the intracellular potential of the alga Acetabularia]. Concentration of K+-, Na+-, Mg++-, Ca++-, Cl-ions defined in Acetabularia crenulata cell was the same as that of Acetabularia mediterranea, both were cultivated under the same conditions. At the variations of the ionic composition of the external medium it has been shown that the potential of Acetabularia (A.) cell depends on K+-, Cl-ions and alga A. can accumulate K+- Cl-ions and lose Na+, Mg++ ones when there is a deficiency of these ions in the medium. Na+-, Mg++-ions participation in the generation of the rest potential of Alga A. is insignificant. K+- ion is able to change the ionic permeability of the membrane. There is a possibility of the existance of essential H+-, -OH-, or HCO3- ions flux in A. cell.", "PMID": 849514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8695", "title": "Medical imaging by NMR.", "content": "Application of the new nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method of fast scan proton imaging is described. Cross sectional proton scans of a human finger in vivo are measured and reveal considerable anatomical detail, particularly of the soft tissue regions. Imaging of tumour tissue is also briefly discussed.", "contents": "Medical imaging by NMR. Application of the new nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method of fast scan proton imaging is described. Cross sectional proton scans of a human finger in vivo are measured and reveal considerable anatomical detail, particularly of the soft tissue regions. Imaging of tumour tissue is also briefly discussed.", "PMID": 849520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8696", "title": "Immunological studies in patients with malignant melanoma of the uvea.", "content": "Antibodies directed against different components of ocular melanoma cells were identified by indirect immunofluorescence in the sera of 12 patients with histologically proven malignant melanoma of the uvea. Antibodies reacing with autologous surface membrane antigens were found only in the sera of the 5 patients with the smallest tumors. The sera from most of the patients with small, large, or extraocular tumor contained antibodies directed against autologous cytoplasmic components while about one-half of the tests for antibodies reacting with allogeneic cytoplasmic antigens were positive. The incidence of positive tests with cytoplasmic antigens, in 67 patients with clinically diagnosed benign uveal nevi and 56 other individuals not showing evidence of proliferative lesions of uveal melanocytes, was 25%.", "contents": "Immunological studies in patients with malignant melanoma of the uvea. Antibodies directed against different components of ocular melanoma cells were identified by indirect immunofluorescence in the sera of 12 patients with histologically proven malignant melanoma of the uvea. Antibodies reacing with autologous surface membrane antigens were found only in the sera of the 5 patients with the smallest tumors. The sera from most of the patients with small, large, or extraocular tumor contained antibodies directed against autologous cytoplasmic components while about one-half of the tests for antibodies reacting with allogeneic cytoplasmic antigens were positive. The incidence of positive tests with cytoplasmic antigens, in 67 patients with clinically diagnosed benign uveal nevi and 56 other individuals not showing evidence of proliferative lesions of uveal melanocytes, was 25%.", "PMID": 849536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8697", "title": "The effects of ocusert pilocarpine on anterior chamber depth, visual acuity and intraocular pressure in man.", "content": "The duration of intraocular pressure reduction by Ocusert Pilocarpine was found to be 10 days for P20 and 12 days for P40. Ocusert Pilocarpine reduced visual acuity and anterior chamber depth less than the aqueous pilocarpine drops.", "contents": "The effects of ocusert pilocarpine on anterior chamber depth, visual acuity and intraocular pressure in man. The duration of intraocular pressure reduction by Ocusert Pilocarpine was found to be 10 days for P20 and 12 days for P40. Ocusert Pilocarpine reduced visual acuity and anterior chamber depth less than the aqueous pilocarpine drops.", "PMID": 849537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8698", "title": "A clinical study of the autorefractor, an antomatic refracting device.", "content": "Four hundred eyes were examined with the Autorefractor, an automatic refracting machine, and the results compared with those found by standard techniques of clinical refraction with and without cycloplegia. Agreement was good for spherical power, cylindrical power and spherical equivalents, but less so for cylinder axes.", "contents": "A clinical study of the autorefractor, an antomatic refracting device. Four hundred eyes were examined with the Autorefractor, an automatic refracting machine, and the results compared with those found by standard techniques of clinical refraction with and without cycloplegia. Agreement was good for spherical power, cylindrical power and spherical equivalents, but less so for cylinder axes.", "PMID": 849538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8699", "title": "Results after vitrectomy in trauma.", "content": "We report the results of vitrectomy in 15 consecutive cases of ocular trauma operated on during one year. The cases are divided into three groups according to whether the main damage involved the anterior, posterior, or anterior segments. Of the 15 cases two thirds had a successful outcome. A penetrating injury and total retinal detachment with massive preretinal retraction were two features associated with poor results.", "contents": "Results after vitrectomy in trauma. We report the results of vitrectomy in 15 consecutive cases of ocular trauma operated on during one year. The cases are divided into three groups according to whether the main damage involved the anterior, posterior, or anterior segments. Of the 15 cases two thirds had a successful outcome. A penetrating injury and total retinal detachment with massive preretinal retraction were two features associated with poor results.", "PMID": 849539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8700", "title": "Pars plana vitrectomy.", "content": "Sixty-four consecutive pars plana vitrectomies were performed with the Douvas roto-extractor for anterior and posterior vitreous opacities. Eighty-four per cent of the anterior segment vitrectomy patients obtained improvement in visual acuity after surgery. Only 60% of the posterior segment patients obtained improvement in visual acuity, while only 45% of the eyes with active proliferative diabetic retinopathy had improved vision.", "contents": "Pars plana vitrectomy. Sixty-four consecutive pars plana vitrectomies were performed with the Douvas roto-extractor for anterior and posterior vitreous opacities. Eighty-four per cent of the anterior segment vitrectomy patients obtained improvement in visual acuity after surgery. Only 60% of the posterior segment patients obtained improvement in visual acuity, while only 45% of the eyes with active proliferative diabetic retinopathy had improved vision.", "PMID": 849540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8701", "title": "[Corneal response to 'off' in the intact rabbit eye].", "content": "The corneal electrical responses of the retina to light OFF are described in this report. The results reveal that high intensities of stimulation evoke an OFF response containing a positive wave. Since this wave was resistant to Sodium aspartate it is concluded that it arises from the receptor level. Negative wave are of double origin a) a negative potential evoked with low light intensities which is resistant to Sodium aspartate b) a second negative wave which is sensitive to the latter drug and thus arises from the internal layers of the retina. It is concluded that, because of the absence of a prominent b wave, the OFF responses permit a more sensitive evaluation of retinal electrophysiology.", "contents": "[Corneal response to 'off' in the intact rabbit eye]. The corneal electrical responses of the retina to light OFF are described in this report. The results reveal that high intensities of stimulation evoke an OFF response containing a positive wave. Since this wave was resistant to Sodium aspartate it is concluded that it arises from the receptor level. Negative wave are of double origin a) a negative potential evoked with low light intensities which is resistant to Sodium aspartate b) a second negative wave which is sensitive to the latter drug and thus arises from the internal layers of the retina. It is concluded that, because of the absence of a prominent b wave, the OFF responses permit a more sensitive evaluation of retinal electrophysiology.", "PMID": 849541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8702", "title": "Orbital meningoencephalocele in a healthy adult.", "content": "A 28-year-old white female had a two month history of a slightly painful right eye without proptosis. A radiolucent area was noted in the roof of the right orbit. Orbital exploration demonstrated brown friable tissue without any communication to the cranium. Microscopic examination revealed brain tissue, glial cells and fibrous tissue compatible with dura.", "contents": "Orbital meningoencephalocele in a healthy adult. A 28-year-old white female had a two month history of a slightly painful right eye without proptosis. A radiolucent area was noted in the roof of the right orbit. Orbital exploration demonstrated brown friable tissue without any communication to the cranium. Microscopic examination revealed brain tissue, glial cells and fibrous tissue compatible with dura.", "PMID": 849542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8703", "title": "Symposium on diarrhea. 1. Definition and mechanisms of diarrhea.", "content": "Diarrhea, an increase in frequency of evacuation and in water content of the stool, is the result of three categories of mechanism--solute malabsorption, secretion of fluid and motility disturbance. Before diarrhea is considered an abnormal condition, any alteration in stool frequency and content must be related to an individual person's normal bowel habit and to norms for the population, but more than three bowel movements or the passage of liquid stools exceeding 300 g daily should, in general, be considered abnormal. A useful way of understanding the mechanism of diarrhea is to become familiar with the normal functions of the bowel in regard to water and electrolyte absorption and motility, and then to relate these functions to solute malabsorption, fluid secretion and motility disturbance.", "contents": "Symposium on diarrhea. 1. Definition and mechanisms of diarrhea. Diarrhea, an increase in frequency of evacuation and in water content of the stool, is the result of three categories of mechanism--solute malabsorption, secretion of fluid and motility disturbance. Before diarrhea is considered an abnormal condition, any alteration in stool frequency and content must be related to an individual person's normal bowel habit and to norms for the population, but more than three bowel movements or the passage of liquid stools exceeding 300 g daily should, in general, be considered abnormal. A useful way of understanding the mechanism of diarrhea is to become familiar with the normal functions of the bowel in regard to water and electrolyte absorption and motility, and then to relate these functions to solute malabsorption, fluid secretion and motility disturbance.", "PMID": 849553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8704", "title": "Symposium on diarrhea. 2. Clinical diagnosis of the causes of diarrhea.", "content": "Elucidation of the cause of diarrhea is facilitated by considering which of three principal determinants are of relevance in a particular case. These determinants relate to the onset (whether diarrhea is acute or chronic), to infection or an absence ofinfection and to the presence in the stool of blood or mucus, or both. Diagnosis is also facilitated by taking an accurate and full history, conducting a physical examination, performing sigmoidoscopy and, with proper care, attempting a therapeutic diagnosis. Findings from investigations should then enable one to arrive at a diagnosis. The diagnosis can be reached in an orderly fashion by classifying the types of diarrhea into eight categories: with respect to the acute or chronic onset a case of diarrhea may be noninfectious, without blood or mucus in the stool; noninfectious, with blood or mucus, or both; infectious, without blood or mucus; and infectious, with blood or mucus in the stool.", "contents": "Symposium on diarrhea. 2. Clinical diagnosis of the causes of diarrhea. Elucidation of the cause of diarrhea is facilitated by considering which of three principal determinants are of relevance in a particular case. These determinants relate to the onset (whether diarrhea is acute or chronic), to infection or an absence ofinfection and to the presence in the stool of blood or mucus, or both. Diagnosis is also facilitated by taking an accurate and full history, conducting a physical examination, performing sigmoidoscopy and, with proper care, attempting a therapeutic diagnosis. Findings from investigations should then enable one to arrive at a diagnosis. The diagnosis can be reached in an orderly fashion by classifying the types of diarrhea into eight categories: with respect to the acute or chronic onset a case of diarrhea may be noninfectious, without blood or mucus in the stool; noninfectious, with blood or mucus, or both; infectious, without blood or mucus; and infectious, with blood or mucus in the stool.", "PMID": 849554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8705", "title": "Symposium on diarrhea. 4. Diarrhea in the irritable colon syndrome.", "content": "The irritable colon syndrome comprises two predominant symptom patterns -- \"spastic colon\" with pain and constipation, and painless \"nervous diarrhea\". The two patterns frequently overlap. Low intake of dietary fibre is common to patients in both groups. Diagnosis of the irritable colon as a cause of diarrhea requires the characteristic symptom pattern and exclusion of organic disease. Management is based on common sense, careful reassurance of the patient, detailed explanation of the symptom pattern and explicit dietary advice. Increasing fibre in the diet is of prime importance in most patients.", "contents": "Symposium on diarrhea. 4. Diarrhea in the irritable colon syndrome. The irritable colon syndrome comprises two predominant symptom patterns -- \"spastic colon\" with pain and constipation, and painless \"nervous diarrhea\". The two patterns frequently overlap. Low intake of dietary fibre is common to patients in both groups. Diagnosis of the irritable colon as a cause of diarrhea requires the characteristic symptom pattern and exclusion of organic disease. Management is based on common sense, careful reassurance of the patient, detailed explanation of the symptom pattern and explicit dietary advice. Increasing fibre in the diet is of prime importance in most patients.", "PMID": 849555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8706", "title": "Symposium on diarrhea. 5. Postoperative diarrhea.", "content": "Under normal circumstances many physiologic mechanisms prevent diarrhea. The most important are the normal processes of gastric emptying, digestion and absorption, the functioning of the ileocecal valve and elimination of bacteria from the small bowel. A surgical procedure may disrupt any of these mechanisms or may unmask a previously asymptomatic disorder that now requires appropriate treatment. Treatment of diarrhea related to surgery may be directed toward the diarrhea itself with such agents as tranquilizers and opiates but if these are not soon effective any disrupted functions must be analysed and specific measures taken to correct or compensate for these disruptions. The most useful measures in appropriate cases are the prevention of the dumping syndrome and the administration of pancreatic enzymes, cholestyramine, hydrophilic stool thickeners and broad-spectrum antibiotics. These measures may be ineffective or inadequate and surgical revision may be necessary.", "contents": "Symposium on diarrhea. 5. Postoperative diarrhea. Under normal circumstances many physiologic mechanisms prevent diarrhea. The most important are the normal processes of gastric emptying, digestion and absorption, the functioning of the ileocecal valve and elimination of bacteria from the small bowel. A surgical procedure may disrupt any of these mechanisms or may unmask a previously asymptomatic disorder that now requires appropriate treatment. Treatment of diarrhea related to surgery may be directed toward the diarrhea itself with such agents as tranquilizers and opiates but if these are not soon effective any disrupted functions must be analysed and specific measures taken to correct or compensate for these disruptions. The most useful measures in appropriate cases are the prevention of the dumping syndrome and the administration of pancreatic enzymes, cholestyramine, hydrophilic stool thickeners and broad-spectrum antibiotics. These measures may be ineffective or inadequate and surgical revision may be necessary.", "PMID": 849556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8707", "title": "Symposium on diarrhea. 6. Infectious diarrhea.", "content": "Diarrhea may be primarily infectious in origin. Causes can be conveniently classified according to the etiologic agent, which may be viral, chlamydial, bacterial, protozoal, helminthic or fungal. The most common type of infectious diarrhea in Canada is viral. Bacterial infection, particularly staphylococcal and salmonellal, also is relatively common.", "contents": "Symposium on diarrhea. 6. Infectious diarrhea. Diarrhea may be primarily infectious in origin. Causes can be conveniently classified according to the etiologic agent, which may be viral, chlamydial, bacterial, protozoal, helminthic or fungal. The most common type of infectious diarrhea in Canada is viral. Bacterial infection, particularly staphylococcal and salmonellal, also is relatively common.", "PMID": 849557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8708", "title": "Difference in the distribution of e antigen among different ethnic groups in a population of blood donors.", "content": "Sensitive techniques were used to detect e antigen and the corresponding antibody (anti-e) among 368 voluntary blood donors positive for hepatitis B surface antigen in the Montreal area and 310 people living in close contact with them. Neither e nor anti-e was found in the absence of markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Among the blood donors e antigen was detected in 23 and anti-e in 313, and 32 were negative for both markers. Of the 368 blood donors 330 were of French origin and 38 from other ethnic groups. The 23 e-positive subjects were unequally distributed among the ethnic groups: only 14 (4.2%) were recruited among the French group while 9 (23.7%) were recruited among other ethnic groups (P less than 0.001). This differences among ethnic groups might be related to the vertical or horizontal mode of dissemination of HBV infection.", "contents": "Difference in the distribution of e antigen among different ethnic groups in a population of blood donors. Sensitive techniques were used to detect e antigen and the corresponding antibody (anti-e) among 368 voluntary blood donors positive for hepatitis B surface antigen in the Montreal area and 310 people living in close contact with them. Neither e nor anti-e was found in the absence of markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Among the blood donors e antigen was detected in 23 and anti-e in 313, and 32 were negative for both markers. Of the 368 blood donors 330 were of French origin and 38 from other ethnic groups. The 23 e-positive subjects were unequally distributed among the ethnic groups: only 14 (4.2%) were recruited among the French group while 9 (23.7%) were recruited among other ethnic groups (P less than 0.001). This differences among ethnic groups might be related to the vertical or horizontal mode of dissemination of HBV infection.", "PMID": 849558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8709", "title": "Typhoid outbreak in Kingston, Ont: experience with high-dose oral ampicillin.", "content": "Twenty-four children contracted typhoid fever at a summer camp near Kingston, Ont. Six were treated with chloramphenicol alone and 15 with high doses of ampicillin (300 mg/kg-d) by mouth. Ampicillin in this dosage was well tolerated except in three children in whom severe urticarial rashes developed and two who had significant diarrhea. However, high-dose oral ampicillin therapy had no advantage over that with lower doses or over chloramphenicol as judged by the rate of defervescence after the start of treatment, the rate of clinical relapse and the frequency of excretion of Salmonella typhi during convalescence.", "contents": "Typhoid outbreak in Kingston, Ont: experience with high-dose oral ampicillin. Twenty-four children contracted typhoid fever at a summer camp near Kingston, Ont. Six were treated with chloramphenicol alone and 15 with high doses of ampicillin (300 mg/kg-d) by mouth. Ampicillin in this dosage was well tolerated except in three children in whom severe urticarial rashes developed and two who had significant diarrhea. However, high-dose oral ampicillin therapy had no advantage over that with lower doses or over chloramphenicol as judged by the rate of defervescence after the start of treatment, the rate of clinical relapse and the frequency of excretion of Salmonella typhi during convalescence.", "PMID": 849559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8710", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen: 3 years' experience in a cancer clinic.", "content": "Long-term studies on multiple plasma samples of 988 patients with carcinoma of entodermal origin indicate that, especially for patients with colorectal cancer, repeatedly elevated or rising carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) values are a sign of poor prognosis when found preoperatively, postoperatively or during chemotherapy. Persistently elevated CEA values in postoperative patients apparently free of disease are a useful marker for early detection of recurrence or metastases. Normal CEA values are of little or no prognostic value.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen: 3 years' experience in a cancer clinic. Long-term studies on multiple plasma samples of 988 patients with carcinoma of entodermal origin indicate that, especially for patients with colorectal cancer, repeatedly elevated or rising carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) values are a sign of poor prognosis when found preoperatively, postoperatively or during chemotherapy. Persistently elevated CEA values in postoperative patients apparently free of disease are a useful marker for early detection of recurrence or metastases. Normal CEA values are of little or no prognostic value.", "PMID": 849560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8711", "title": "Further experience in conjoint psychotherapy of marital pairs.", "content": "Conjoint therapy of marital partners is a technique that lends itself to the counseling efforts of health professionals. Its growing use has, however, brought with it seemingly inevitable pitfalls, such as inadequate assessment of individual needs and psychopathology, overzealous application and disregard of certain contraindications, management problems and goal definition that may be unclear to patients or more related to the therapist's personality than to an objective view of the marriage dynamics. Despite the difficulties and pitfalls of this relatively new field, conjoint therapy can be the treatment of choice when the primary difficulties are related to the inability to cope in the marital situation, even though functioning in other social roles is adequate.", "contents": "Further experience in conjoint psychotherapy of marital pairs. Conjoint therapy of marital partners is a technique that lends itself to the counseling efforts of health professionals. Its growing use has, however, brought with it seemingly inevitable pitfalls, such as inadequate assessment of individual needs and psychopathology, overzealous application and disregard of certain contraindications, management problems and goal definition that may be unclear to patients or more related to the therapist's personality than to an objective view of the marriage dynamics. Despite the difficulties and pitfalls of this relatively new field, conjoint therapy can be the treatment of choice when the primary difficulties are related to the inability to cope in the marital situation, even though functioning in other social roles is adequate.", "PMID": 849561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8712", "title": "Do risk factor interventions prevent or reverse arteriosclerosis?", "content": "We have attempted to summarize the current controversies regarding risk factors and preventive measures for control of arteriosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Recognizing that the genesis and development of the disease process are extremely complex and the basic knowledge is limited, it is not likely that conclusive answers to questions will be forthcoming soon which will provide more effective preventive or therapeutic measures. It might be desirable to institute educational and control program aimed at curtailing, at a young age, known AS risk factors such as heavy smoking, particularly if the family history indicates severe risk. Few will question the normal approaches to the treatment of complications of coronary heart disease by control of hypertension, elevated cholesterol, and smoking. However, great caution must be exercised when trying to institute large scale modifications in prevailing life patterns, particularly when based on indefinite risk factor studies and in the face of potentially profound and frequently unknown consequences. The unknowns of atherosclerotic heart disease risk factors, coupled with uncertainties and even doubts about protracted and expensive population studies, lead us to propose an emphasis on alternate selective approaches. We strongly believe that fundamental to progress in the field of arteriosclerosis is an amplification of preventive research efforts with stronger attention focused upon influencing the atherosclerotic processes within the arterial wall. But, more immediately, we urge systematic gathering and careful evaluation of patient data in particular population subsets which exhibit and accelerated mode of arteriosclerosis. Comparative studies of patients, particularly twins, families, and ethnic populations with redilection to early or accelerated arteriosclerosis may be extremely rewarding. Our repeated review of the enormous literature suggests that worldwide collaboration is needed to perfect more meaningful protocols as well as to correlate and critically evaluate existing data provided by population studies of this insidious disease process which represents an evermounting burden to society.", "contents": "Do risk factor interventions prevent or reverse arteriosclerosis? We have attempted to summarize the current controversies regarding risk factors and preventive measures for control of arteriosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Recognizing that the genesis and development of the disease process are extremely complex and the basic knowledge is limited, it is not likely that conclusive answers to questions will be forthcoming soon which will provide more effective preventive or therapeutic measures. It might be desirable to institute educational and control program aimed at curtailing, at a young age, known AS risk factors such as heavy smoking, particularly if the family history indicates severe risk. Few will question the normal approaches to the treatment of complications of coronary heart disease by control of hypertension, elevated cholesterol, and smoking. However, great caution must be exercised when trying to institute large scale modifications in prevailing life patterns, particularly when based on indefinite risk factor studies and in the face of potentially profound and frequently unknown consequences. The unknowns of atherosclerotic heart disease risk factors, coupled with uncertainties and even doubts about protracted and expensive population studies, lead us to propose an emphasis on alternate selective approaches. We strongly believe that fundamental to progress in the field of arteriosclerosis is an amplification of preventive research efforts with stronger attention focused upon influencing the atherosclerotic processes within the arterial wall. But, more immediately, we urge systematic gathering and careful evaluation of patient data in particular population subsets which exhibit and accelerated mode of arteriosclerosis. Comparative studies of patients, particularly twins, families, and ethnic populations with redilection to early or accelerated arteriosclerosis may be extremely rewarding. Our repeated review of the enormous literature suggests that worldwide collaboration is needed to perfect more meaningful protocols as well as to correlate and critically evaluate existing data provided by population studies of this insidious disease process which represents an evermounting burden to society.", "PMID": 849583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8713", "title": "What is the role of invasive monitoring procedures in the management of the critically ill?", "content": "In summary, therefore, to effectively apply invasive methods and beneficially use data derived from these procedures, it is essential that physicians have an understanding of the pathophysiology of ischemic heart disease and power failure, and of other situations in cardiology including the management of the complex problems of the critically ill from a variety of causes. There should be an experience and proficiency in the techniques from the optimal application and use of invasive methods including direct arterial puncture and recording of arterial blood pressure, and the use of the Swan-Ganz catheter systems. This must be reinforced by continuous educational experiences and updating with the newer techiniques as they become available. All personnel concerned must have a knowledge of and respect for the complications inherent in any invasive procedure, particularly involving the vascular system. In addition, they must have the ability to translate the relative hemodynamic measurements into meaningful diagnostic and therapeutic decisions. Under these circumstances, invasive methods have a major and valuable role to play in the management of all forms of critical illness.", "contents": "What is the role of invasive monitoring procedures in the management of the critically ill? In summary, therefore, to effectively apply invasive methods and beneficially use data derived from these procedures, it is essential that physicians have an understanding of the pathophysiology of ischemic heart disease and power failure, and of other situations in cardiology including the management of the complex problems of the critically ill from a variety of causes. There should be an experience and proficiency in the techniques from the optimal application and use of invasive methods including direct arterial puncture and recording of arterial blood pressure, and the use of the Swan-Ganz catheter systems. This must be reinforced by continuous educational experiences and updating with the newer techiniques as they become available. All personnel concerned must have a knowledge of and respect for the complications inherent in any invasive procedure, particularly involving the vascular system. In addition, they must have the ability to translate the relative hemodynamic measurements into meaningful diagnostic and therapeutic decisions. Under these circumstances, invasive methods have a major and valuable role to play in the management of all forms of critical illness.", "PMID": 849584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8714", "title": "Antithrombotic agents are indicated in the therapy of acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Although there is no statistical proof of the efficacy of coumarin drugs in the therapy of acute myocardial infarction, the numbers of patients at risk from thromboembolism are sufficiently great and the favorable clinical and pathologic impressions are sufficiently strong that, conversely, the possibility of benefit cannot be excluded. This delicate balance is indeed a Hobson's Choice. In this therapeutic dilemma, we would interpret one acceptable course in regard to the use of anticoagulants among patients with acute myocardial infarction as follows: all patients with proved acute myocardial infarction should be treated with anticoagulants while hospitalized unless there are relative or absolute contraindications to the therapy or deficiencies in laboratory facilities. Patients with questionable infarcts should be treated with anticoagulants only until the diagnosis is established or rejected. If the latter occurs, the administration of the drug should be discontinued. When, in a patient suspected of having an acute myocardial infarction, there is reason to believe that the pain may be due to pericarditis, dissecting aneurysm, or gastrointestinal abnormalities, anticoagulant therapy should be withheld until this is resolved.", "contents": "Antithrombotic agents are indicated in the therapy of acute myocardial infarction. Although there is no statistical proof of the efficacy of coumarin drugs in the therapy of acute myocardial infarction, the numbers of patients at risk from thromboembolism are sufficiently great and the favorable clinical and pathologic impressions are sufficiently strong that, conversely, the possibility of benefit cannot be excluded. This delicate balance is indeed a Hobson's Choice. In this therapeutic dilemma, we would interpret one acceptable course in regard to the use of anticoagulants among patients with acute myocardial infarction as follows: all patients with proved acute myocardial infarction should be treated with anticoagulants while hospitalized unless there are relative or absolute contraindications to the therapy or deficiencies in laboratory facilities. Patients with questionable infarcts should be treated with anticoagulants only until the diagnosis is established or rejected. If the latter occurs, the administration of the drug should be discontinued. When, in a patient suspected of having an acute myocardial infarction, there is reason to believe that the pain may be due to pericarditis, dissecting aneurysm, or gastrointestinal abnormalities, anticoagulant therapy should be withheld until this is resolved.", "PMID": 849587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8715", "title": "Clinical judgement is not sufficient for the management of conduction defects (indications for diagnostic electrophysiologic studies).", "content": "Although analysis of the surface electrocardiograms is usually sufficient in the diagnosis and management of patients with cardiac arrhythmias, electrophysiologic studies can improve diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic decisions. Indications for electrophysiologic studies appear to include the following: (1) asymptomatic patients with chronic second degree AV block, both type I and type II with or without bundle branch block; (2) asymptomatic patients with complete AV block; (3) symptomatic patients with bundle branch block and 1:1 AV conduction; (4) patients with bundle branch block complicating acute myocardial infarction; (5) patients with electrocardiograms suggesting pseudo AV block; (6) symptomatic patients with sinus bradycardia, in whom the causal relationship is not clear enough to justify pacing therapy; (7) patients with frequent, troublesome paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia; (8) patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and frequent paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia; (9) patients with recurrent paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia; (10) patients with syncope or severe dizziness in whom the causal mechanism is not defined.", "contents": "Clinical judgement is not sufficient for the management of conduction defects (indications for diagnostic electrophysiologic studies). Although analysis of the surface electrocardiograms is usually sufficient in the diagnosis and management of patients with cardiac arrhythmias, electrophysiologic studies can improve diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic decisions. Indications for electrophysiologic studies appear to include the following: (1) asymptomatic patients with chronic second degree AV block, both type I and type II with or without bundle branch block; (2) asymptomatic patients with complete AV block; (3) symptomatic patients with bundle branch block and 1:1 AV conduction; (4) patients with bundle branch block complicating acute myocardial infarction; (5) patients with electrocardiograms suggesting pseudo AV block; (6) symptomatic patients with sinus bradycardia, in whom the causal relationship is not clear enough to justify pacing therapy; (7) patients with frequent, troublesome paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia; (8) patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and frequent paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia; (9) patients with recurrent paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia; (10) patients with syncope or severe dizziness in whom the causal mechanism is not defined.", "PMID": 849590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8716", "title": "Should valvular replacement be reserved for symptomatic valvular heart disease?", "content": "Valvular replacement should generally be reserved for patients with valvular heart disease who are symptomatic. With the exception of an occasional case of tight aortic stenosis, morbidity and mortality are less in the asymptomatic patient managed medically versus surgically with prosthetic valve replacement. Therefore, patients with valvular lesions are best managed without prosthetic valve surgery until less than ordinary exertion makes the patient clearly symptomatic. At this point, significant hemodynamic impairment at rest is present, and the prognosis is worse if the patient is managed medically rather than surgically. Until then, however, one should not operate on an asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic patient with valvular heart disease, particularly when the surgical procedure can be expected to require valve replacement.", "contents": "Should valvular replacement be reserved for symptomatic valvular heart disease? Valvular replacement should generally be reserved for patients with valvular heart disease who are symptomatic. With the exception of an occasional case of tight aortic stenosis, morbidity and mortality are less in the asymptomatic patient managed medically versus surgically with prosthetic valve replacement. Therefore, patients with valvular lesions are best managed without prosthetic valve surgery until less than ordinary exertion makes the patient clearly symptomatic. At this point, significant hemodynamic impairment at rest is present, and the prognosis is worse if the patient is managed medically rather than surgically. Until then, however, one should not operate on an asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic patient with valvular heart disease, particularly when the surgical procedure can be expected to require valve replacement.", "PMID": 849595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8717", "title": "Lymphocytosis induced by polyanions in rats.", "content": "More than twenty different polymers, mostly polyanions, were tested in rats for their ability to mobilize lymphocytes into the peripheral blood within 2--3 h. The various polyanions differed in basic structure, in side-chain (size and type), in molecular weight and configuration and in amount and type of anionic charge along the molecule. Neutral polymers and a polycation were also tested for comparison. Some of the polyanions were found to be very effective, others less so and some completely ineffective. Some were also toxic. The basic polymer to which the others were compared was polymethacrylic acid (PMAA), an already recognized mobilizing agent. The best agents were the heparinoids, sulphated polyanions, and the best of these, causing a 3--4-fold increase, were dextran sulphate and polyvinyl sulphuric acid (PVSA). Heparin, although the strongest anticoagulant, was the weakest mobilizer. Some factors that appear capable of modifying mobilization to varying degrees were molecular weight, size and configuration, sulphate content and mode of administration. In the case of PVSA, the smaller molecular weight substance gave a more prolonged lymphocytosis in blood. The high molecular weight substance gave a peak after 2 h, slightly earlier than with PMAA (2--3 h). The administration of protamine chloride to the rat (i.v.) caused an immediate reversal of mobilization, following a course to control values which was essentially identical to the normal decline, only earlier. Dextran sulphate of low molecular weight seems to be the polyanion of choice in subsequent mobilization experiments dealing with determination of the specific mononuclear cell type being mobilized. The single factor that all mobilizing polyanions have in common is a negative molecular charge. It is not yet known exactly how this charge induces the mobilization of mononuclear cells, nor what causes the variability in effectiveness among polyanions.", "contents": "Lymphocytosis induced by polyanions in rats. More than twenty different polymers, mostly polyanions, were tested in rats for their ability to mobilize lymphocytes into the peripheral blood within 2--3 h. The various polyanions differed in basic structure, in side-chain (size and type), in molecular weight and configuration and in amount and type of anionic charge along the molecule. Neutral polymers and a polycation were also tested for comparison. Some of the polyanions were found to be very effective, others less so and some completely ineffective. Some were also toxic. The basic polymer to which the others were compared was polymethacrylic acid (PMAA), an already recognized mobilizing agent. The best agents were the heparinoids, sulphated polyanions, and the best of these, causing a 3--4-fold increase, were dextran sulphate and polyvinyl sulphuric acid (PVSA). Heparin, although the strongest anticoagulant, was the weakest mobilizer. Some factors that appear capable of modifying mobilization to varying degrees were molecular weight, size and configuration, sulphate content and mode of administration. In the case of PVSA, the smaller molecular weight substance gave a more prolonged lymphocytosis in blood. The high molecular weight substance gave a peak after 2 h, slightly earlier than with PMAA (2--3 h). The administration of protamine chloride to the rat (i.v.) caused an immediate reversal of mobilization, following a course to control values which was essentially identical to the normal decline, only earlier. Dextran sulphate of low molecular weight seems to be the polyanion of choice in subsequent mobilization experiments dealing with determination of the specific mononuclear cell type being mobilized. The single factor that all mobilizing polyanions have in common is a negative molecular charge. It is not yet known exactly how this charge induces the mobilization of mononuclear cells, nor what causes the variability in effectiveness among polyanions.", "PMID": 849619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8718", "title": "Methylation of DNA in rat liver and intestine by dimethylnitrosamine and N-methylnitrosourea.", "content": "A chromatographic procedure for improved separation of deoxyribonucleosides and methylated deoxyribonucleosides is described. DNA was isolated from liver and small intestine of rats treated with [14C]dimethylnitrosamine ([14C]DMN) or N-[3H]methyl-N-nitrosourea ([3H]MNU), and the purified DNA was hydrolyzed enzymatically. The deoxyribonucleosides were chromatographed on an Aminex A-6 cation exchange column at 37 degrees C with 0.4 M ammonium formate, pH 4.5, as eluant. In addition to showing the presence of the expected alkylated products, N7-methyldeoxyguanosine (determined as N7-methylguanine) and O6-methyldeoxyguanosine, several other minor methylated products were found in liver and intestinal DNA of rats treated with DMN or MNU. Two of these products are believed to be N3-methylthymidine and O4-methylthymidine.", "contents": "Methylation of DNA in rat liver and intestine by dimethylnitrosamine and N-methylnitrosourea. A chromatographic procedure for improved separation of deoxyribonucleosides and methylated deoxyribonucleosides is described. DNA was isolated from liver and small intestine of rats treated with [14C]dimethylnitrosamine ([14C]DMN) or N-[3H]methyl-N-nitrosourea ([3H]MNU), and the purified DNA was hydrolyzed enzymatically. The deoxyribonucleosides were chromatographed on an Aminex A-6 cation exchange column at 37 degrees C with 0.4 M ammonium formate, pH 4.5, as eluant. In addition to showing the presence of the expected alkylated products, N7-methyldeoxyguanosine (determined as N7-methylguanine) and O6-methyldeoxyguanosine, several other minor methylated products were found in liver and intestinal DNA of rats treated with DMN or MNU. Two of these products are believed to be N3-methylthymidine and O4-methylthymidine.", "PMID": 849620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8719", "title": "Interactions between selenium and methylmercury in rat brain.", "content": "The interaction of selenium with methylmercury was investigated in brain of animals labeled with 75SeO2-3 and CH3203Hg+. Brains were fractionated into subcellular components and the cytosol was further fractionated by chromatography on Sephadex G-150 and G-200. The main result of these studies was evidence suggesting a shift of 75Se from the cytosol to the mitochondrial fraction in brain when CH3Hg+ was given. Concurrent equmolar (10 micronmoles/kg) selenite injections increased the uptake of Hg but did not alter 203Hg distribution in brain. Changing the dose of CH3Hg+ from 1 to 38 micronmoles/kg had little effect of Hg uptake (% of dose per g). Gel filtrations on Sephadex G-150 and G-200 revealed that 203Hg in cytosol followed a pattern more closely related to protein (A280) than to 75Se, although a considerable portion of both isotopes eluted with proteins in the void vulume. Assays of whole brain homogenates revealed a slight reduction in glutathione peroxidase activity in CH3Hg+-treated rats which was not seen when equimolar selenite was injected with the CH3Hg+", "contents": "Interactions between selenium and methylmercury in rat brain. The interaction of selenium with methylmercury was investigated in brain of animals labeled with 75SeO2-3 and CH3203Hg+. Brains were fractionated into subcellular components and the cytosol was further fractionated by chromatography on Sephadex G-150 and G-200. The main result of these studies was evidence suggesting a shift of 75Se from the cytosol to the mitochondrial fraction in brain when CH3Hg+ was given. Concurrent equmolar (10 micronmoles/kg) selenite injections increased the uptake of Hg but did not alter 203Hg distribution in brain. Changing the dose of CH3Hg+ from 1 to 38 micronmoles/kg had little effect of Hg uptake (% of dose per g). Gel filtrations on Sephadex G-150 and G-200 revealed that 203Hg in cytosol followed a pattern more closely related to protein (A280) than to 75Se, although a considerable portion of both isotopes eluted with proteins in the void vulume. Assays of whole brain homogenates revealed a slight reduction in glutathione peroxidase activity in CH3Hg+-treated rats which was not seen when equimolar selenite was injected with the CH3Hg+", "PMID": 849621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8720", "title": "Excretion of pyrrolic metabolites in the bile of rats given the pyrrolizidine alkaloid retrorsine or the bis-N-ethylcarbamate of synthanecine A.", "content": "(1) A comparison has been made in male rats between the biliary excretion of pyrrolic metabolites from the pyrrolizidine alkaloid retrorsine and a synthetic analogue 1-methyl-2,3-pyrroline-bis-N-ethyl-carbamate (Synthanecine A bis-N-ethylcarbamate). (2) When bile duct-cannulated rats were given retrorsine (40 mg/kg) and the bile collected at 1 h intervals, the relative concentration of pyrrolic metabolites was greatest in the first 1 h sample and was negligibly small by 7 h after dosing. By 7 h, about 25% of the dose had been excreted as pyrrolic metabolites. (3) In rats given [3H]synthanecine A bis-N-ethylcarbamate (40 mg/kg), the amounts of radioactivity and the relative levels of pyrrolic metabolites in the bile were greatest in the first 0.5 h sample and became negligibly small by 4 h after dosing. Within this time, about 25% of the dose had been excreted as [3H]radioactivity in the bile only about 5% as pyrrolic metabolites. (4) When rats were given [3H]2,3-bishydroxymethyl-1-methyl pyrrole (10 mg/kg), a proposed pyrrolic metabolite of synthanecine A bis-N-ethylcarbamate, about 17% of the dose was excreted for as [3H]radioactivity in the bile but only about 3% could be accounted for as pyrrolic metabolites. (5) Thin-layer chromatography of bile from rats given [3H]2,3-bishydroxy-methyl-1-methylpyrrole or [3H]synthanecine A bis-N-ethylcarbamate showed little redioactivity or Ehrlich-positive pyrrolic metabolites with an RF value corresponding to that of 2,3-bishydroxymethyl-1-methylpyrrole. A large proportion of the radioactivity label and most of the Ehrlich positive pyrrolic metabolites were associated with highly polar derivatives at the origin of the TLC plate. (6) It was concluded that biliary excretion plays an important role in the disposal of metabolites from both retrorsine and synthanecine A bis-N-ethyl-carbamate though not for the parent compounds. The expected hydroxy-methyl pyrrolic metabolites undergo further modification to more polar derivatives. In the case of retrorsine, these retained their abilities to react with Ehrlich reagent, while with pyrrolic metabolites from synthanecine A bis-N-ethylcarbamate, substatial conversion to Ehrlich negative derivatives occurred. (7) When bile of rats given [3H]synthanecine A bis-N-ethylcarbamate was injected intraduodenally into recipient animals, reabsorbtion of the radioactive label accounted for less than 4% of the dose given to the donor animals, indicating the enterohepatic circulation is probably only of minor importance influencing the elimination of these compounds.", "contents": "Excretion of pyrrolic metabolites in the bile of rats given the pyrrolizidine alkaloid retrorsine or the bis-N-ethylcarbamate of synthanecine A. (1) A comparison has been made in male rats between the biliary excretion of pyrrolic metabolites from the pyrrolizidine alkaloid retrorsine and a synthetic analogue 1-methyl-2,3-pyrroline-bis-N-ethyl-carbamate (Synthanecine A bis-N-ethylcarbamate). (2) When bile duct-cannulated rats were given retrorsine (40 mg/kg) and the bile collected at 1 h intervals, the relative concentration of pyrrolic metabolites was greatest in the first 1 h sample and was negligibly small by 7 h after dosing. By 7 h, about 25% of the dose had been excreted as pyrrolic metabolites. (3) In rats given [3H]synthanecine A bis-N-ethylcarbamate (40 mg/kg), the amounts of radioactivity and the relative levels of pyrrolic metabolites in the bile were greatest in the first 0.5 h sample and became negligibly small by 4 h after dosing. Within this time, about 25% of the dose had been excreted as [3H]radioactivity in the bile only about 5% as pyrrolic metabolites. (4) When rats were given [3H]2,3-bishydroxymethyl-1-methyl pyrrole (10 mg/kg), a proposed pyrrolic metabolite of synthanecine A bis-N-ethylcarbamate, about 17% of the dose was excreted for as [3H]radioactivity in the bile but only about 3% could be accounted for as pyrrolic metabolites. (5) Thin-layer chromatography of bile from rats given [3H]2,3-bishydroxy-methyl-1-methylpyrrole or [3H]synthanecine A bis-N-ethylcarbamate showed little redioactivity or Ehrlich-positive pyrrolic metabolites with an RF value corresponding to that of 2,3-bishydroxymethyl-1-methylpyrrole. A large proportion of the radioactivity label and most of the Ehrlich positive pyrrolic metabolites were associated with highly polar derivatives at the origin of the TLC plate. (6) It was concluded that biliary excretion plays an important role in the disposal of metabolites from both retrorsine and synthanecine A bis-N-ethyl-carbamate though not for the parent compounds. The expected hydroxy-methyl pyrrolic metabolites undergo further modification to more polar derivatives. In the case of retrorsine, these retained their abilities to react with Ehrlich reagent, while with pyrrolic metabolites from synthanecine A bis-N-ethylcarbamate, substatial conversion to Ehrlich negative derivatives occurred. (7) When bile of rats given [3H]synthanecine A bis-N-ethylcarbamate was injected intraduodenally into recipient animals, reabsorbtion of the radioactive label accounted for less than 4% of the dose given to the donor animals, indicating the enterohepatic circulation is probably only of minor importance influencing the elimination of these compounds.", "PMID": 849622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8721", "title": "Alkylating esters. X. The reaction of some aziridine alkylating agents with methionine and S-methyl cysteine.", "content": "Two biologically active aziridine ring-containing compounds, N,N-ethylene urethane (I) and N,N-ethylene urea (II), have been shown to react with methionine in dilute phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) at 37 degree C. Degradative procedures indicate that the aziridine ring effectively alylates the thio ether group of methionine and other thio ether-containing amino acids to produce sulphonium salts (V). By using [35S]methionine, the sulphonium salts have been shown to be quite stable under physiological conditions (t1/2 7--9 days) hydrolysing to convert the methionine residue to homoserine. It is proposed that similar alkylations of methionyl residues in vivo by aziridine-alkylating agents may explain the complex, and al yet unknwn, metabolic fate of the aziridine ring and could also be a factor contributing to the diverse effects that these agents have on living cells.", "contents": "Alkylating esters. X. The reaction of some aziridine alkylating agents with methionine and S-methyl cysteine. Two biologically active aziridine ring-containing compounds, N,N-ethylene urethane (I) and N,N-ethylene urea (II), have been shown to react with methionine in dilute phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) at 37 degree C. Degradative procedures indicate that the aziridine ring effectively alylates the thio ether group of methionine and other thio ether-containing amino acids to produce sulphonium salts (V). By using [35S]methionine, the sulphonium salts have been shown to be quite stable under physiological conditions (t1/2 7--9 days) hydrolysing to convert the methionine residue to homoserine. It is proposed that similar alkylations of methionyl residues in vivo by aziridine-alkylating agents may explain the complex, and al yet unknwn, metabolic fate of the aziridine ring and could also be a factor contributing to the diverse effects that these agents have on living cells.", "PMID": 849623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8722", "title": "Reaction of cis and trans isomers of platinum(II) diamminedichloride with purine, adensine and its derivatives in dilute solutions.", "content": "Reactions of the cytostatic and antitumour agent, cis-platinum(II) diamminedichloride, and its trans isomer with purine, adenine and its N-9 derivatives were followed spectrophotometrically in dilute aqueous solutions. While the cis isomer formed with all compounds studied complexes with the metal-to-ligand ratios ML, ML2 and M2L, it was found that the trans isomer did not form the complexes ML2 with adenosine and AMP. The values of dissociation constants, reaction rate constants and activation energies of the reactions of the cis and trans isomers with purine, adenine, and its derivatives were in most cases comparable. Lower stability was exhibited only by the complexes of trans-platinum(II) diamminedichloride (trans-Pt(II)) with AMP as well as by its complexes M2L with adenine and adenosine. The ability of cis-platinum(II) diamminedichloride (cis-Pt(II)) to react with two adenine residues can explain the greater tendency of the cis isomer to form intrastrand cross-links in nucleic acids as compared with the trans isomer.", "contents": "Reaction of cis and trans isomers of platinum(II) diamminedichloride with purine, adensine and its derivatives in dilute solutions. Reactions of the cytostatic and antitumour agent, cis-platinum(II) diamminedichloride, and its trans isomer with purine, adenine and its N-9 derivatives were followed spectrophotometrically in dilute aqueous solutions. While the cis isomer formed with all compounds studied complexes with the metal-to-ligand ratios ML, ML2 and M2L, it was found that the trans isomer did not form the complexes ML2 with adenosine and AMP. The values of dissociation constants, reaction rate constants and activation energies of the reactions of the cis and trans isomers with purine, adenine, and its derivatives were in most cases comparable. Lower stability was exhibited only by the complexes of trans-platinum(II) diamminedichloride (trans-Pt(II)) with AMP as well as by its complexes M2L with adenine and adenosine. The ability of cis-platinum(II) diamminedichloride (cis-Pt(II)) to react with two adenine residues can explain the greater tendency of the cis isomer to form intrastrand cross-links in nucleic acids as compared with the trans isomer.", "PMID": 849624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8723", "title": "Cytotoxicity and DNA damage to mammalian cells by nitrofurans.", "content": "Nitrofurazone, nitrofurantoin, furazolidone, furaltadone and N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl] formamide (FANFT) were toxic to cultured mouse L cells. The extent of toxocity and the rate of reduction of nitrofurazone increased markedly as the oxygen content of the incubation medium was lowered. The toxic effect of nitrofurans was decreased by addition of serum and was much greater in phosphate-buffered saline containing glucose (PSG) than in medium. Damage to L cell DNA by nitrofurans increased as the oxygen concentration decreased from 21% to 0%. The concentration of nitrofurazone and duration of exposure also determined the number of DNA single-strand breaks. It is suggested that toxicity and DNA damage may result from the actions of toxic intermediates in the metabolic reduction of nitrofurans.", "contents": "Cytotoxicity and DNA damage to mammalian cells by nitrofurans. Nitrofurazone, nitrofurantoin, furazolidone, furaltadone and N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl] formamide (FANFT) were toxic to cultured mouse L cells. The extent of toxocity and the rate of reduction of nitrofurazone increased markedly as the oxygen content of the incubation medium was lowered. The toxic effect of nitrofurans was decreased by addition of serum and was much greater in phosphate-buffered saline containing glucose (PSG) than in medium. Damage to L cell DNA by nitrofurans increased as the oxygen concentration decreased from 21% to 0%. The concentration of nitrofurazone and duration of exposure also determined the number of DNA single-strand breaks. It is suggested that toxicity and DNA damage may result from the actions of toxic intermediates in the metabolic reduction of nitrofurans.", "PMID": 849625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8724", "title": "Re-entrant ventricular arrhythmias in the late myocardial infarction period. 1. Conduction characteristics in the infarction zone.", "content": "Dogs 3-7 days following ligation of the anterior descending coronary artery representing a remarkably stable model for re-entrant ventricular arrhythmias (RVA) and allowed detailed electrophysiologic studies of the re-entrant mechanism. In these dogs, we could regularly illustrate the presence of continuous electrical activity originating from the infarction zone (IZ) and bridging the diastolic interval between the initiating and re-entrant beats as well as between consecutive re-entrant beats. Conduction in the IZ was highly complex, with multiple potentially re-entrant pathways, functionally dissociated areas, and areas of localized ventricular fibrillation. Conduction disorders in ischemic myocardium were consistently tachycardia-dependent with the spontaneous onset of RVA specifically associated with a Wenckebach-like conduction pattern in a potentially re-entrant pathway. Both manifest and concealed re-entry, as well as re-entrant beats with regular extrasystolic grouping, constant or variable coupling, uniform multiform and bidirectional QRS configurations, were related to characteristic conduction patterns in the IZ. In summary, the study provides the first direct in vivo evidence of ventricular re-entry and demonstrates propensity for RVA and sudden death in the late myocardial infarction period.", "contents": "Re-entrant ventricular arrhythmias in the late myocardial infarction period. 1. Conduction characteristics in the infarction zone. Dogs 3-7 days following ligation of the anterior descending coronary artery representing a remarkably stable model for re-entrant ventricular arrhythmias (RVA) and allowed detailed electrophysiologic studies of the re-entrant mechanism. In these dogs, we could regularly illustrate the presence of continuous electrical activity originating from the infarction zone (IZ) and bridging the diastolic interval between the initiating and re-entrant beats as well as between consecutive re-entrant beats. Conduction in the IZ was highly complex, with multiple potentially re-entrant pathways, functionally dissociated areas, and areas of localized ventricular fibrillation. Conduction disorders in ischemic myocardium were consistently tachycardia-dependent with the spontaneous onset of RVA specifically associated with a Wenckebach-like conduction pattern in a potentially re-entrant pathway. Both manifest and concealed re-entry, as well as re-entrant beats with regular extrasystolic grouping, constant or variable coupling, uniform multiform and bidirectional QRS configurations, were related to characteristic conduction patterns in the IZ. In summary, the study provides the first direct in vivo evidence of ventricular re-entry and demonstrates propensity for RVA and sudden death in the late myocardial infarction period.", "PMID": 849629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8725", "title": "Re-entrant ventricular arrhythmias in the late myocardial infarction period. 2. Patterns of initiation and termination of re-entry.", "content": "The electrophysiologic mechanisms for the initiation and termination of re-entrant ventricular arrhythmias (RVA) were critically analyzed in dogs 3-7 days following ligation of the anterior descending coronary artery, utilizing direct recordings of the re-entrant pathway (RP) from the epicardial surface of the infarction zone. Re-entry could occur during a regular cardiac rhythm if the heart rate is within the narrow critical range during which conduction in a potentially RP exhibits a Wenckebach-like (W) pattern with a beat-to-beat increment of conduction delay until the activation waveform is sufficiently delayed to re-excite normal myocardium. If a regular cardiac rhythm is associated with limited conduction delay in a potentially RP, premature beats within a critical range of coupling intervals could result in sufficient conduction delay to induce re-entry. Re-entrant ventricular arrhythmias may be unmasked on abrupt termination of a critical fast rate of cardiac pacing only if pacing was terminated during those beats of a W pattern associated with marked conduction delay in a RP. RVA could be ended by one or more properly timed premature beats that would pre-excite part of the RP. An electrophysiologic mechanism for R-on-T and its relationship to onset of ventricular fibrillation was shown, based on markedly delayed RP conduction of the beat prior to the one apparently coupled to the premature beat.", "contents": "Re-entrant ventricular arrhythmias in the late myocardial infarction period. 2. Patterns of initiation and termination of re-entry. The electrophysiologic mechanisms for the initiation and termination of re-entrant ventricular arrhythmias (RVA) were critically analyzed in dogs 3-7 days following ligation of the anterior descending coronary artery, utilizing direct recordings of the re-entrant pathway (RP) from the epicardial surface of the infarction zone. Re-entry could occur during a regular cardiac rhythm if the heart rate is within the narrow critical range during which conduction in a potentially RP exhibits a Wenckebach-like (W) pattern with a beat-to-beat increment of conduction delay until the activation waveform is sufficiently delayed to re-excite normal myocardium. If a regular cardiac rhythm is associated with limited conduction delay in a potentially RP, premature beats within a critical range of coupling intervals could result in sufficient conduction delay to induce re-entry. Re-entrant ventricular arrhythmias may be unmasked on abrupt termination of a critical fast rate of cardiac pacing only if pacing was terminated during those beats of a W pattern associated with marked conduction delay in a RP. RVA could be ended by one or more properly timed premature beats that would pre-excite part of the RP. An electrophysiologic mechanism for R-on-T and its relationship to onset of ventricular fibrillation was shown, based on markedly delayed RP conduction of the beat prior to the one apparently coupled to the premature beat.", "PMID": 849630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8726", "title": "Evaluation of precordial orthogonal vectorcardiographic lead ST-segment magnitude in the assessment of myocardial ischemic injury.", "content": "Relationship has been established between epicardial ST-segment elevation, considered a reliable estimate of ischemic injury in experimental myocardial damage, and ST changes by multiple-lead precordial electrocardiography. However, 35-lead precordial mapping is time-consuming and suitable only for anterior infarctions. An alternate, more rapid method for recording ST segments is an external 3-lead orthogonal vectorcardiographic (VCG) system which also can assess the entire ventricle. Accordingly, validity of VCG ST magnitude was evaluated by direct comparison with changes in epicardial ST magnitude (EST) induced by occlusion of major coronary arteries, reperfusion, and pharmacologic interventions in 15 closed-chest dogs. A total of 404 data points (average 27/dog), 20 epicardial grid and 3 Frank XYZ leds each, demonstrated close correlation (least squares linear regression) between VCG ST and EST changes (r = 0.921 +/- 0.02 SEM). These data document the accuracy of precordial VCG ST in noninvasive assessment of ischemic injury in various areas of myocardium and its practicality for clinical application.", "contents": "Evaluation of precordial orthogonal vectorcardiographic lead ST-segment magnitude in the assessment of myocardial ischemic injury. Relationship has been established between epicardial ST-segment elevation, considered a reliable estimate of ischemic injury in experimental myocardial damage, and ST changes by multiple-lead precordial electrocardiography. However, 35-lead precordial mapping is time-consuming and suitable only for anterior infarctions. An alternate, more rapid method for recording ST segments is an external 3-lead orthogonal vectorcardiographic (VCG) system which also can assess the entire ventricle. Accordingly, validity of VCG ST magnitude was evaluated by direct comparison with changes in epicardial ST magnitude (EST) induced by occlusion of major coronary arteries, reperfusion, and pharmacologic interventions in 15 closed-chest dogs. A total of 404 data points (average 27/dog), 20 epicardial grid and 3 Frank XYZ leds each, demonstrated close correlation (least squares linear regression) between VCG ST and EST changes (r = 0.921 +/- 0.02 SEM). These data document the accuracy of precordial VCG ST in noninvasive assessment of ischemic injury in various areas of myocardium and its practicality for clinical application.", "PMID": 849631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8727", "title": "The effect of exercise training on heart rate during coitus in the post myocardial infarction patient.", "content": "The effect of interval exercise training on the peak coital heart rate in post myocardial infarction patients was studied. Sixteen men (ages 46-54) underwent a 16-week bicycle ergometer training program 12 to 15 weeks following their first myocardial infarction. Portable ECG tape recorders were used to record the ECG during coitus twice before and twice after the training program. The maximum minute oxygen consumption (VO2max) was measured in each subject during bicycle ergometer ECG examinations before and after the training program. A control group of six post myocardial infarction patients who were not trained was evaluated in the same manner. The exercise-trained group had an average increase in VO2max of 11.5%(2.7 to 3.0 L/min) and an average decrease in peak coital heart rate of 5.5%(127/min to 120/min). The control group demonstrated a 2% increase in VO2max and no significant change in peak coital heart rate. The increase in aerobic capacity (VO2max) and the consequent reduction in peak coital heart rate in our trained group suggests the potential value of exercise training in improving sexual function in the patient with angina during coitus.", "contents": "The effect of exercise training on heart rate during coitus in the post myocardial infarction patient. The effect of interval exercise training on the peak coital heart rate in post myocardial infarction patients was studied. Sixteen men (ages 46-54) underwent a 16-week bicycle ergometer training program 12 to 15 weeks following their first myocardial infarction. Portable ECG tape recorders were used to record the ECG during coitus twice before and twice after the training program. The maximum minute oxygen consumption (VO2max) was measured in each subject during bicycle ergometer ECG examinations before and after the training program. A control group of six post myocardial infarction patients who were not trained was evaluated in the same manner. The exercise-trained group had an average increase in VO2max of 11.5%(2.7 to 3.0 L/min) and an average decrease in peak coital heart rate of 5.5%(127/min to 120/min). The control group demonstrated a 2% increase in VO2max and no significant change in peak coital heart rate. The increase in aerobic capacity (VO2max) and the consequent reduction in peak coital heart rate in our trained group suggests the potential value of exercise training in improving sexual function in the patient with angina during coitus.", "PMID": 849632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8728", "title": "Correlation of mean pulmonary artery wedge pressure, left atrial dimention, and PTF-V1 in patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "The mean pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP), left atrial dimension (LAD) by echocardiography, and PTF-V1 in the electrocardiogram were correlated with each other in 16 patients with acute myocardial infarction in the control period and after therapeutic intervention with either Dextran or furosemide and/or nitroprusside. No significant correlation was found between a normal control PAWP and the LAD. An increased control PAWP correlated well with an increased LAD (r = 0.98). No significant correlation was found between the LAD and the PAWP whether normal or elevated after therapeutic intervention. No significant correlation was found between the PAWP whether normal or elevated and the PTF-V1. No significant correlation was found between the LAD and the PTF-V1. We conclude in acute myocardial infarction 1) the PTF-V1 is not useful in assessing PAWP before or after therapeutic intervention, 2) the LAD correlates poorly with a normal control PAWP but correlates well with an elevated control PAWP, and 3) the LAD cannot be used to assess PAWP after therapeutic intervention.", "contents": "Correlation of mean pulmonary artery wedge pressure, left atrial dimention, and PTF-V1 in patients with acute myocardial infarction. The mean pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP), left atrial dimension (LAD) by echocardiography, and PTF-V1 in the electrocardiogram were correlated with each other in 16 patients with acute myocardial infarction in the control period and after therapeutic intervention with either Dextran or furosemide and/or nitroprusside. No significant correlation was found between a normal control PAWP and the LAD. An increased control PAWP correlated well with an increased LAD (r = 0.98). No significant correlation was found between the LAD and the PAWP whether normal or elevated after therapeutic intervention. No significant correlation was found between the PAWP whether normal or elevated and the PTF-V1. No significant correlation was found between the LAD and the PTF-V1. We conclude in acute myocardial infarction 1) the PTF-V1 is not useful in assessing PAWP before or after therapeutic intervention, 2) the LAD correlates poorly with a normal control PAWP but correlates well with an elevated control PAWP, and 3) the LAD cannot be used to assess PAWP after therapeutic intervention.", "PMID": 849633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8729", "title": "Effect of angina on the left ventricular diastolic pressure-volume relationship.", "content": "The increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure associated with myocardial ischemia was studied in 19 patients at cardiac catheterization. Single plane left ventriculograms were performed using high fedelity micromanometer tipped catheters before and immediately following rapid atrial pacing. Left ventricular diastolic properties were evaluated by constructing diastolic pressure-volume curves from the simultaneous pressure and volume data. In seven control patients, there was no significant change in left ventricular hemodynamics or the diastolic pressure-volume curve after atrial pacing. Twelve patients with significant coronary artery disease developed angina during pacing and had an increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (18 +/- 2 mm Hg, control, vs 30 +/- 2 mm Hg, angina, P less than .01) in the immediate post-pacing period. In these patients, the post-pacing ejection fraction was modestly decreased (0.63 +/- 0.03, control, vs 0.57 +/- 0.03, angina P less than 0.01), and left ventricular volumes at end systole (59 +/- 8 cc, control, vs 74 +/- 9 cc, angina, P less than 0.0125) were increased. The post-pacing diastolic pressure-volume curves in all 12 patients were shifted upward as compared with control so that for any given diastolic volume, pressure was higher during angina. The data indicate that the increased left ventricular diastolic pressure during myocardial ischemia is the result of both impaired left ventricular systolic performance and altered left ventricular diastolic properties.", "contents": "Effect of angina on the left ventricular diastolic pressure-volume relationship. The increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure associated with myocardial ischemia was studied in 19 patients at cardiac catheterization. Single plane left ventriculograms were performed using high fedelity micromanometer tipped catheters before and immediately following rapid atrial pacing. Left ventricular diastolic properties were evaluated by constructing diastolic pressure-volume curves from the simultaneous pressure and volume data. In seven control patients, there was no significant change in left ventricular hemodynamics or the diastolic pressure-volume curve after atrial pacing. Twelve patients with significant coronary artery disease developed angina during pacing and had an increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (18 +/- 2 mm Hg, control, vs 30 +/- 2 mm Hg, angina, P less than .01) in the immediate post-pacing period. In these patients, the post-pacing ejection fraction was modestly decreased (0.63 +/- 0.03, control, vs 0.57 +/- 0.03, angina P less than 0.01), and left ventricular volumes at end systole (59 +/- 8 cc, control, vs 74 +/- 9 cc, angina, P less than 0.0125) were increased. The post-pacing diastolic pressure-volume curves in all 12 patients were shifted upward as compared with control so that for any given diastolic volume, pressure was higher during angina. The data indicate that the increased left ventricular diastolic pressure during myocardial ischemia is the result of both impaired left ventricular systolic performance and altered left ventricular diastolic properties.", "PMID": 849634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8730", "title": "Cross-sectional echocardiographic assessment of the severity of aortic stenosis in children.", "content": "Real-time, cross-sectional echocardiographic studies of the aortic valve were performed in 28 children with congenital valvular aortic stenosis and in 22 normal subjects. The presence of a stenotic valve was indicated by increase in echo production, abnormal motion pattern, and abnormal systolic position of the valve leaflets. Comparison of the maximum aortic cusp separation (MACS) to calculated aortic valve area yielded an r of 0.91. MACS was then expressed as a percentage of aortic root diameter (AOD) to correct for patient size. In normals MACS averaged 72.7% (range 63-92%) of AOD. With mile aortic stenosis MACS averaged 53.1% of AOD (range 42-62%) (P less than 0.001 vs normal). With moderate and severe aortic stenosis MACS averaged 29.9% of AOD (range 20-35%) (P less than 0.001 vs mild AS). Comparing the ratio MACS/AOD to peak systolic gradient yielded an r of 0.88. Further comparing this ratio to calculated aortic valve area yielded an r of 0.80. Cross-sectional echocardiography can detect the presence of aortic stenosis in children and, by comparing the ratio MACS/AOD, can provide information concerning the severity of the stenotic lesion.", "contents": "Cross-sectional echocardiographic assessment of the severity of aortic stenosis in children. Real-time, cross-sectional echocardiographic studies of the aortic valve were performed in 28 children with congenital valvular aortic stenosis and in 22 normal subjects. The presence of a stenotic valve was indicated by increase in echo production, abnormal motion pattern, and abnormal systolic position of the valve leaflets. Comparison of the maximum aortic cusp separation (MACS) to calculated aortic valve area yielded an r of 0.91. MACS was then expressed as a percentage of aortic root diameter (AOD) to correct for patient size. In normals MACS averaged 72.7% (range 63-92%) of AOD. With mile aortic stenosis MACS averaged 53.1% of AOD (range 42-62%) (P less than 0.001 vs normal). With moderate and severe aortic stenosis MACS averaged 29.9% of AOD (range 20-35%) (P less than 0.001 vs mild AS). Comparing the ratio MACS/AOD to peak systolic gradient yielded an r of 0.88. Further comparing this ratio to calculated aortic valve area yielded an r of 0.80. Cross-sectional echocardiography can detect the presence of aortic stenosis in children and, by comparing the ratio MACS/AOD, can provide information concerning the severity of the stenotic lesion.", "PMID": 849635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8731", "title": "Natriuretic response to saline infusion in normotensive and hypertensive man. The role of renin suppression in exaggerated natriuresis.", "content": "Previous studies have reported an exaggerated natriuresis in hypertensive man; however, a systematic appraisal of this response in various forms of hypertension has not been made. We measured fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) during a four hour intravenous infusion of 2 liters normal saline in 162 normal subjects and 120 hypertensives. Of these, 13 had primary aldosteronism (ALDO), 19 high renin (HRH), 30 low renin (LRH), and 57 normal renin (NRH) essential hypertension. FENa for normals (1.42%), NRH (1.57%), and HRH (1.46%) was similar. That for LRH (2.56%) and ALDO (4.18%) was elevated compared to the other three subgroups (P less than 0.001). Although the four hour FENa during saline infusion was associated with mean atrterial blood pressure (MABP) within the entire hypertensive population (r = 0.51), when the subgroups of the hypertensive patients were considered separately no association between FENa and MABP was identified. Moreover, the MABP of subjects with HRH was greater (P less than 0.05) than in those with NRH, although the FENa of the two subgroups was similar. Patients with ALDO and LRH have a greater natriuretic response to a salt load than do other subgroups of essential hypertension or normal subjects. The exaggerated natriuresis appears to be a feature of hypertension with renin suppression. The degree of exaggerated natriuresis in not solely a function of an elevated mean arterial blood pressure.", "contents": "Natriuretic response to saline infusion in normotensive and hypertensive man. The role of renin suppression in exaggerated natriuresis. Previous studies have reported an exaggerated natriuresis in hypertensive man; however, a systematic appraisal of this response in various forms of hypertension has not been made. We measured fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) during a four hour intravenous infusion of 2 liters normal saline in 162 normal subjects and 120 hypertensives. Of these, 13 had primary aldosteronism (ALDO), 19 high renin (HRH), 30 low renin (LRH), and 57 normal renin (NRH) essential hypertension. FENa for normals (1.42%), NRH (1.57%), and HRH (1.46%) was similar. That for LRH (2.56%) and ALDO (4.18%) was elevated compared to the other three subgroups (P less than 0.001). Although the four hour FENa during saline infusion was associated with mean atrterial blood pressure (MABP) within the entire hypertensive population (r = 0.51), when the subgroups of the hypertensive patients were considered separately no association between FENa and MABP was identified. Moreover, the MABP of subjects with HRH was greater (P less than 0.05) than in those with NRH, although the FENa of the two subgroups was similar. Patients with ALDO and LRH have a greater natriuretic response to a salt load than do other subgroups of essential hypertension or normal subjects. The exaggerated natriuresis appears to be a feature of hypertension with renin suppression. The degree of exaggerated natriuresis in not solely a function of an elevated mean arterial blood pressure.", "PMID": 849636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8732", "title": "Cryodynamic hand angiography in the diagnosis and management of Raynaud's syndrome.", "content": "Cryodynamic hand angiography (CHA) with angiograms done before, just after, and during rewarming following hand immersion in ice water was performed in 39 patients with Raynaud's syndrome and eight volunteers without it. The normal response to cold stimulus was angiographically evident as mild, transient digital arterial constriction. Most of the patients with Raynaud's syndrome, in addition to organic obstructive disease, exhibited basal vasoconstriction and exaggerated persisting cryogenic vasospasm of the hand arteries. Similar angiographic studies done in 32 cases two days after the selective intra-arterial administration of reserpine revealed no differences in normal subjects but substantially decreased vasospasm in patients with Raynaud's syndrome. CHA with postreserpine studies was found to be diagnostically useful in Raynaud's syndrome, revealing the degree of organic arterial disease and functional vasospasm. In addition, correlation of postreserpine studies with observed clinical responses to long-term vasodilator drug therapy indicated that CHA has a good chance to predict the probable outcome of such therapy in Raynaud's syndrome.", "contents": "Cryodynamic hand angiography in the diagnosis and management of Raynaud's syndrome. Cryodynamic hand angiography (CHA) with angiograms done before, just after, and during rewarming following hand immersion in ice water was performed in 39 patients with Raynaud's syndrome and eight volunteers without it. The normal response to cold stimulus was angiographically evident as mild, transient digital arterial constriction. Most of the patients with Raynaud's syndrome, in addition to organic obstructive disease, exhibited basal vasoconstriction and exaggerated persisting cryogenic vasospasm of the hand arteries. Similar angiographic studies done in 32 cases two days after the selective intra-arterial administration of reserpine revealed no differences in normal subjects but substantially decreased vasospasm in patients with Raynaud's syndrome. CHA with postreserpine studies was found to be diagnostically useful in Raynaud's syndrome, revealing the degree of organic arterial disease and functional vasospasm. In addition, correlation of postreserpine studies with observed clinical responses to long-term vasodilator drug therapy indicated that CHA has a good chance to predict the probable outcome of such therapy in Raynaud's syndrome.", "PMID": 849637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8733", "title": "Rupture of ventricular septum or papillary muscle complicating myocardial infarction.", "content": "Ninety-eight specimens with rupture of some portion of the left ventricle complicating acute myocardial infarction from atherosclerotic coronary disease were studied. In 90, a single structure (so-called isolated rupture) had ruptured as follows: free wall of left ventricle, 52 cases; ventricular septum, 18 cases; a papillary muscle, 20 cases. In eight cases, two structures had ruptured, the most common combination being rupture of ventricular septum and left ventricular wal. Inferolateral location of underlying infarction was the common situation in ruptured papillary muscle, while anteroseptal myocardial infarction was more common in rupture of the ventricular septum. Transmural infarction underlay each case of ruptured ventricular septum, while in ruptured papillary muscle 11 of 20 cases showed subendocardial infarction. There was no association between the type of papillary muscle rupture and the type of infarct. Clinically, collapse of the circulation was common in cases of ruptured ventricular septum and ruptured papillary muscle. Death within one week after rupture was usual when the papillary muscle was involved totally or when the ventricular septum was involved. With partial rupture of a papillary muscle, longer survival (months) was observed in two of ten cases.", "contents": "Rupture of ventricular septum or papillary muscle complicating myocardial infarction. Ninety-eight specimens with rupture of some portion of the left ventricle complicating acute myocardial infarction from atherosclerotic coronary disease were studied. In 90, a single structure (so-called isolated rupture) had ruptured as follows: free wall of left ventricle, 52 cases; ventricular septum, 18 cases; a papillary muscle, 20 cases. In eight cases, two structures had ruptured, the most common combination being rupture of ventricular septum and left ventricular wal. Inferolateral location of underlying infarction was the common situation in ruptured papillary muscle, while anteroseptal myocardial infarction was more common in rupture of the ventricular septum. Transmural infarction underlay each case of ruptured ventricular septum, while in ruptured papillary muscle 11 of 20 cases showed subendocardial infarction. There was no association between the type of papillary muscle rupture and the type of infarct. Clinically, collapse of the circulation was common in cases of ruptured ventricular septum and ruptured papillary muscle. Death within one week after rupture was usual when the papillary muscle was involved totally or when the ventricular septum was involved. With partial rupture of a papillary muscle, longer survival (months) was observed in two of ten cases.", "PMID": 849638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8734", "title": "Network of immune-neuroendocrine interactions.", "content": "In order to bring the self-regulated immune system into conformity with other body systems its functioning within the context of an immune-neuroendocrine network is proposed. This hypothesis is based on the existence of afferent--efferent pathways between immune and neuroendocrine structures. Major endocrine responses occur as a consequence of antigenic stimulation and changes in the electrical activity of the hypothalamus also take place; both of these alterations are temporally related to the immune response itself. This endocrine response has meaningful implications for immunoregulation and for immunospecificity. During ontogeny, there is also evidence for the operations of a complex network between the endocrine and immune system, a bidirectional interrelationship that may well affect each developmental stage of both functions. As sequels the functioning of the immune system and the outcome of this interrelation could be decisive in lymphoid cell homeostasis, self-tolerance, and could also have significant implications for pathology.", "contents": "Network of immune-neuroendocrine interactions. In order to bring the self-regulated immune system into conformity with other body systems its functioning within the context of an immune-neuroendocrine network is proposed. This hypothesis is based on the existence of afferent--efferent pathways between immune and neuroendocrine structures. Major endocrine responses occur as a consequence of antigenic stimulation and changes in the electrical activity of the hypothalamus also take place; both of these alterations are temporally related to the immune response itself. This endocrine response has meaningful implications for immunoregulation and for immunospecificity. During ontogeny, there is also evidence for the operations of a complex network between the endocrine and immune system, a bidirectional interrelationship that may well affect each developmental stage of both functions. As sequels the functioning of the immune system and the outcome of this interrelation could be decisive in lymphoid cell homeostasis, self-tolerance, and could also have significant implications for pathology.", "PMID": 849642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8735", "title": "Serum effects of mitogenic reactivity in subjects with systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma. Technical considerations and lack of correlation with anti-lymphocyte antibodies.", "content": "Methodological problems which affect the assessment of humoral effects on mitogenic reactivity include: (1) the source and concentration of serum used to support cell cultures; (2) the day to-day variability of inhibitory effects and (3) the specific activity of [3H]thymidine added to the culture. These problems were alleviated by addition of half concentration (7-5%) of pooled normal human serum to all cultures, the intoruction of anti-lymphocyte serum as a suitable internal control for monitoring the suppressability of lymphocytes and a reduction of specific activity of the [3H]thymidine to 1-3 C2/mM. Inhibitory factors were loosely bound to the lymphocyte surface and eluted off after incubation at 37 degrees C for 1 hr. Cells from twenty-five subjects and paired controls were cultured simultaneously in medium containing either 15% normal human serum (NHS) or 7-5% patient and 7-5% NHS. The cells were stimulated with various dilutions of phytohaemagglutinin, Con A or pokeweed mitogen. Lupus serums suppressed the reactivity of autologous lymphocytes to PHA and pokeweed mitogen. Serums from subjects with RA and scleroderma did not significantly inhibit blastogenesis of autologous lymphocytes. One-half of the lupus serums significantly inhibited the reactivity of homologous lymphocytes to two of three mitogens. Only one of eight scleroderma serums and none of twelve RA serums and none of twelve RA serums had this effect. All patients serums were examined for antilymphocyte antibodies by microcytotoxicity and immunofluorescent techniques. These antibodies were usually found in SLE, and were often observed in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis but not scleroderma. A firm relationship between serum suppressors of lymphocyte blastogenesis and anti-lymphocyte antibodies was not found.", "contents": "Serum effects of mitogenic reactivity in subjects with systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma. Technical considerations and lack of correlation with anti-lymphocyte antibodies. Methodological problems which affect the assessment of humoral effects on mitogenic reactivity include: (1) the source and concentration of serum used to support cell cultures; (2) the day to-day variability of inhibitory effects and (3) the specific activity of [3H]thymidine added to the culture. These problems were alleviated by addition of half concentration (7-5%) of pooled normal human serum to all cultures, the intoruction of anti-lymphocyte serum as a suitable internal control for monitoring the suppressability of lymphocytes and a reduction of specific activity of the [3H]thymidine to 1-3 C2/mM. Inhibitory factors were loosely bound to the lymphocyte surface and eluted off after incubation at 37 degrees C for 1 hr. Cells from twenty-five subjects and paired controls were cultured simultaneously in medium containing either 15% normal human serum (NHS) or 7-5% patient and 7-5% NHS. The cells were stimulated with various dilutions of phytohaemagglutinin, Con A or pokeweed mitogen. Lupus serums suppressed the reactivity of autologous lymphocytes to PHA and pokeweed mitogen. Serums from subjects with RA and scleroderma did not significantly inhibit blastogenesis of autologous lymphocytes. One-half of the lupus serums significantly inhibited the reactivity of homologous lymphocytes to two of three mitogens. Only one of eight scleroderma serums and none of twelve RA serums and none of twelve RA serums had this effect. All patients serums were examined for antilymphocyte antibodies by microcytotoxicity and immunofluorescent techniques. These antibodies were usually found in SLE, and were often observed in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis but not scleroderma. A firm relationship between serum suppressors of lymphocyte blastogenesis and anti-lymphocyte antibodies was not found.", "PMID": 849643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8736", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity in amyloidosis secondary to lepromatous leprosy.", "content": "Cell-mediated immunity in lepromatous leprosy patients with and without amyloidosis has been studied. Amyloidosis occurred mostly in patients with a history of recurrent erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) reactions. For this reason, two control groups of leprosy patients were included, one having a history of recurrent ENL and the other little or no ENL. The lack of responsiveness to lepromin in vivo and in vitro, characteristic of lepromatous leprosy, was not altered by the presence of amyloidosis or a history of ENL. No significant difference between the patient groups was observed in the response to PPD in vitro, but skin reactivity to PPD was significantly lower in the patients with amyloidosis than in those without amyloidosis. In contrast, the PHA responses of patients with amyloidosis were significantly higher than those of control patients without a history of ENL, but not significantly different from those of control patients with a history of recurrent ENL. Lepromatous leprosy patients who develop amyloidosis thus appear to belong to a group, susceptible to repeated attacks of ENL, whose PHA responses are higher than those of other lepromatous leprosy patients. The lower skin reactivity to PPD observed in the amyloid group may reflect a general impairment in delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity in amyloidosis secondary to lepromatous leprosy. Cell-mediated immunity in lepromatous leprosy patients with and without amyloidosis has been studied. Amyloidosis occurred mostly in patients with a history of recurrent erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) reactions. For this reason, two control groups of leprosy patients were included, one having a history of recurrent ENL and the other little or no ENL. The lack of responsiveness to lepromin in vivo and in vitro, characteristic of lepromatous leprosy, was not altered by the presence of amyloidosis or a history of ENL. No significant difference between the patient groups was observed in the response to PPD in vitro, but skin reactivity to PPD was significantly lower in the patients with amyloidosis than in those without amyloidosis. In contrast, the PHA responses of patients with amyloidosis were significantly higher than those of control patients without a history of ENL, but not significantly different from those of control patients with a history of recurrent ENL. Lepromatous leprosy patients who develop amyloidosis thus appear to belong to a group, susceptible to repeated attacks of ENL, whose PHA responses are higher than those of other lepromatous leprosy patients. The lower skin reactivity to PPD observed in the amyloid group may reflect a general impairment in delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity.", "PMID": 849644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8737", "title": "PPD and mitogen responsiveness of lymphocytes from patients with atopic dermatitis.", "content": "Lymphocytes from twenty-five patients with atopic dermatitis were investigated for their in vitro reactivity to stimulation with tuberculin (PPD), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM). The response to a low dose of Con A was increased, and the reactivity in unstimulated cultures tended to be lower than similar cultures from the control group. Addition of inactivated autologous plasma to the cultures had an inhibitory effect, when the plasma came from patients with high levels of IgE. The patients' in vitro reactivity to PPD in a leucocyte migration test was equal to that found in normal persons and no effect was observed after addition of autologous serum. The mean percentage of E rosette forming cells was significantly reduced in patients with high levels of IgE. The number of EAC rosette forming cells was within normal range. It is hypothesized that the observations could reflect the existence of suppressor mechanisms in patients where the immune system is strongly stimulated.", "contents": "PPD and mitogen responsiveness of lymphocytes from patients with atopic dermatitis. Lymphocytes from twenty-five patients with atopic dermatitis were investigated for their in vitro reactivity to stimulation with tuberculin (PPD), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM). The response to a low dose of Con A was increased, and the reactivity in unstimulated cultures tended to be lower than similar cultures from the control group. Addition of inactivated autologous plasma to the cultures had an inhibitory effect, when the plasma came from patients with high levels of IgE. The patients' in vitro reactivity to PPD in a leucocyte migration test was equal to that found in normal persons and no effect was observed after addition of autologous serum. The mean percentage of E rosette forming cells was significantly reduced in patients with high levels of IgE. The number of EAC rosette forming cells was within normal range. It is hypothesized that the observations could reflect the existence of suppressor mechanisms in patients where the immune system is strongly stimulated.", "PMID": 849645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8738", "title": "Inhibition of human lymphocyte stimulation by steroid hormones: cytokinetic mechanisms.", "content": "The steroid hormones estradiol, progesterone and testosterone, in addition to cortisol, inhibited stimulation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and Con A. This effect upon lymphocyte transformation was assayed by three methods: quantitation of [3H]thymidine incorporation into acid precipitable material, microscopic assessment of blastic transformation and determination of the labelling index. Addition of steroid hormones at the initiation of culture resulted in a marked inhibition in all three parameters, which was observed with lower concentrations of cortisol than the other hormones. The inhibition was not attributable to cell death and could be partially reversed by removing hormones from the incubation medium after culture for 48-72 hr. Late addition of steroid hormones, 52 hr after addition of mitogen and 18 hr prior to pulse-labelling with [3H]thymidine, also resulted in reduced [3H]thymidine incorporation, accompanied by a nearly 50% reduction in the labelling indices and only a minimal decrease in the per cent transformed cells. Inhibition of lympohcyte stimulation by steroid hormones operates by the following cytokinetic mechanisms: (1) suppressed recruitment of cells from G3 to G1 phase of the cell cycle, as indicated by the diminished per cent blasts; (2) inhibition of progression from G1 phase into S phase, as evidenced by the reduced ratio [labelling index/blasts]; and, in the case of estradiol and progesterone, (3) reduced rate of DNA replication or altered intracellular [3H]thymidine specific activity as shown by the decreased ([3H]thymidine incorporation/labelling index) ratio. Late addition of steroid hormones to stimulated cultures reduced the per cent of cells in S phase, but did not revert previously transformed cycling lymphocytes to the G3 state.", "contents": "Inhibition of human lymphocyte stimulation by steroid hormones: cytokinetic mechanisms. The steroid hormones estradiol, progesterone and testosterone, in addition to cortisol, inhibited stimulation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and Con A. This effect upon lymphocyte transformation was assayed by three methods: quantitation of [3H]thymidine incorporation into acid precipitable material, microscopic assessment of blastic transformation and determination of the labelling index. Addition of steroid hormones at the initiation of culture resulted in a marked inhibition in all three parameters, which was observed with lower concentrations of cortisol than the other hormones. The inhibition was not attributable to cell death and could be partially reversed by removing hormones from the incubation medium after culture for 48-72 hr. Late addition of steroid hormones, 52 hr after addition of mitogen and 18 hr prior to pulse-labelling with [3H]thymidine, also resulted in reduced [3H]thymidine incorporation, accompanied by a nearly 50% reduction in the labelling indices and only a minimal decrease in the per cent transformed cells. Inhibition of lympohcyte stimulation by steroid hormones operates by the following cytokinetic mechanisms: (1) suppressed recruitment of cells from G3 to G1 phase of the cell cycle, as indicated by the diminished per cent blasts; (2) inhibition of progression from G1 phase into S phase, as evidenced by the reduced ratio [labelling index/blasts]; and, in the case of estradiol and progesterone, (3) reduced rate of DNA replication or altered intracellular [3H]thymidine specific activity as shown by the decreased ([3H]thymidine incorporation/labelling index) ratio. Late addition of steroid hormones to stimulated cultures reduced the per cent of cells in S phase, but did not revert previously transformed cycling lymphocytes to the G3 state.", "PMID": 849646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8739", "title": "A second case of human C3b inhibitor (KAF) deficiency.", "content": "The second case of C3b inhibitor deficiency is described in an 11-year-old girl who presented with recurrent attacks of meningitis, in between which she was well. Her serum showed all of the complement component changes noted in the first described case, although showing only a relatively slight defect in its ability to opsonize bacteria for phagocytosis and killing by polymorphonuclear leucocytes. This correlated with the patient's freedom from other infections.", "contents": "A second case of human C3b inhibitor (KAF) deficiency. The second case of C3b inhibitor deficiency is described in an 11-year-old girl who presented with recurrent attacks of meningitis, in between which she was well. Her serum showed all of the complement component changes noted in the first described case, although showing only a relatively slight defect in its ability to opsonize bacteria for phagocytosis and killing by polymorphonuclear leucocytes. This correlated with the patient's freedom from other infections.", "PMID": 849647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8740", "title": "The cold activation of the classical complement pathway: The cause of the differences between plasma and serum complement in liver cirrhosis.", "content": "The mechanism responsible for making the differences between plasma and serum complement (CH50) was studied on eight patients with hepatitis-B(s) antigen negative alcoholic liver cirrhosis. CH50 and C4 activities of the sera of all patients were equal to those of the corresponding EDTA-plasma, when sera wre separated after clotting the blood at 37 degrees C. CH50 and C4 activities of the sera, prepared at 21 degrees C or 4 degrees C, from four of eight patients were very low. When serum from one of these four patients was added to normal human serum, C4 activity of the serum mixture markedly decreased at 4 degrees C but not at 37 degrees C. The inactivation of C4 was prevented by adding EDTA or heparin to the serum mixture. These results indicated that very low complement in the sera, prepared at 21 degrees C or 4 degrees C, of the four cases were due to the cold activation of the classical complement pathway.", "contents": "The cold activation of the classical complement pathway: The cause of the differences between plasma and serum complement in liver cirrhosis. The mechanism responsible for making the differences between plasma and serum complement (CH50) was studied on eight patients with hepatitis-B(s) antigen negative alcoholic liver cirrhosis. CH50 and C4 activities of the sera of all patients were equal to those of the corresponding EDTA-plasma, when sera wre separated after clotting the blood at 37 degrees C. CH50 and C4 activities of the sera, prepared at 21 degrees C or 4 degrees C, from four of eight patients were very low. When serum from one of these four patients was added to normal human serum, C4 activity of the serum mixture markedly decreased at 4 degrees C but not at 37 degrees C. The inactivation of C4 was prevented by adding EDTA or heparin to the serum mixture. These results indicated that very low complement in the sera, prepared at 21 degrees C or 4 degrees C, of the four cases were due to the cold activation of the classical complement pathway.", "PMID": 849648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8741", "title": "HLA in eczema and hay fever.", "content": "The presumed HLA haplotype A1:B8 was more frequent and the combination of A3 and B7 was less frequent in allergic subjects presenting with eczema, than in those presenting with hayfever. A1:B8 was most frequent (36%) in eczema complicated by asthma and/or hay fever, and least frequent (5%) in hay fever alone, considerably above and below the frequency in the general population (17%).", "contents": "HLA in eczema and hay fever. The presumed HLA haplotype A1:B8 was more frequent and the combination of A3 and B7 was less frequent in allergic subjects presenting with eczema, than in those presenting with hayfever. A1:B8 was most frequent (36%) in eczema complicated by asthma and/or hay fever, and least frequent (5%) in hay fever alone, considerably above and below the frequency in the general population (17%).", "PMID": 849649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8742", "title": "Studies on HLA antigens and cellular and humoral autoimmune phenomena in patients with myasthenia gravis.", "content": "The HLA phenotype of fifty-four patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) was compared to that of 600 controls. When male and female patients were compared separately with the control group, HLA-B12 was increased in MG males (P less than 0-023) and HLA-A1, B8 in MG females (P less than 0-023). In addition, HLA-A1, B8 was correlated with the early onset type of MG and with a more severe clinical course (Osserman scale IIb-III) in female patients. Cell-mediated immune responses were studied in a twenty-one hospitalized MG patients. Specific cell-mediated immunity to highly purified muscle proteins was investigated using the two-step-leucocyte migration agarose test and general cell-mediated immunity was studied by determining the cutaneous response to four extrinsic antigens. Cellular immune activity to muscle antigens occurred in fourteen out of twenty-one patients (67%) with MG and with one exception, in none of the controls. There was no significant difference in the LIF inducing ability of the different muscle antigens. A statistically significant correlation between HLA-A1 and B8 and either cell-mediated immune reactivity to muscle antigens or humoral autoimmune phenomena or clinical parameters was not found. Only a trend toward an association between HLA-A1 and B8 and a cell-mediated immune response to muscle antigens could be demonstrated. Positive delayed skin reactions to extrinsic antigens were observed with the same frequency as in healthy blood donors.", "contents": "Studies on HLA antigens and cellular and humoral autoimmune phenomena in patients with myasthenia gravis. The HLA phenotype of fifty-four patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) was compared to that of 600 controls. When male and female patients were compared separately with the control group, HLA-B12 was increased in MG males (P less than 0-023) and HLA-A1, B8 in MG females (P less than 0-023). In addition, HLA-A1, B8 was correlated with the early onset type of MG and with a more severe clinical course (Osserman scale IIb-III) in female patients. Cell-mediated immune responses were studied in a twenty-one hospitalized MG patients. Specific cell-mediated immunity to highly purified muscle proteins was investigated using the two-step-leucocyte migration agarose test and general cell-mediated immunity was studied by determining the cutaneous response to four extrinsic antigens. Cellular immune activity to muscle antigens occurred in fourteen out of twenty-one patients (67%) with MG and with one exception, in none of the controls. There was no significant difference in the LIF inducing ability of the different muscle antigens. A statistically significant correlation between HLA-A1 and B8 and either cell-mediated immune reactivity to muscle antigens or humoral autoimmune phenomena or clinical parameters was not found. Only a trend toward an association between HLA-A1 and B8 and a cell-mediated immune response to muscle antigens could be demonstrated. Positive delayed skin reactions to extrinsic antigens were observed with the same frequency as in healthy blood donors.", "PMID": 849650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8743", "title": "Macrophage responses to mouldy hay dust, Micropolyspora faeni and zymosan, activators of complement by the alternative pathway.", "content": "Mouse peritoneal macrophages in culture exposed to mouldy hay dust, Micropolyspora faeni or glycopeptide or protein/glycoprotein fractions from this organism show marked biochemical changes. For comparison the interaction of cultured macrophages with zymosan has been investigated. All these agents induce the release of hydrolytic enzymes from macrophages, even in the absence of serum in the medium. The release is time- and dose-dependent and is not associated with loss of the cytoplasmic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase or any other sign of cell death. The parallelism between the capacity of these agents to activate the complement system via the alternative pathway and to induce inflammatory responses in vivo and selective lysosomal enzyme secretion from cultures of macrophages is discussed. The in vitro phenomena seen with mouldy hay dust, M. faeni, the protein/glycoprotein and the glycopeptide derived from it, may be relevant to understanding the role of mononuclear phagocytes in the disease farmer's lung and other inflammatory reactions.", "contents": "Macrophage responses to mouldy hay dust, Micropolyspora faeni and zymosan, activators of complement by the alternative pathway. Mouse peritoneal macrophages in culture exposed to mouldy hay dust, Micropolyspora faeni or glycopeptide or protein/glycoprotein fractions from this organism show marked biochemical changes. For comparison the interaction of cultured macrophages with zymosan has been investigated. All these agents induce the release of hydrolytic enzymes from macrophages, even in the absence of serum in the medium. The release is time- and dose-dependent and is not associated with loss of the cytoplasmic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase or any other sign of cell death. The parallelism between the capacity of these agents to activate the complement system via the alternative pathway and to induce inflammatory responses in vivo and selective lysosomal enzyme secretion from cultures of macrophages is discussed. The in vitro phenomena seen with mouldy hay dust, M. faeni, the protein/glycoprotein and the glycopeptide derived from it, may be relevant to understanding the role of mononuclear phagocytes in the disease farmer's lung and other inflammatory reactions.", "PMID": 849651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8744", "title": "Peripheral blood leucocytes in thyrotoxicosis (Graves' disease) as studied by conventional light microscopy.", "content": "Peripheral blood leucocyte counts in 104 thyrotoxic (Graves' disease) patients were compared with those in 107 normal subjects of similar age and sex. The thyrotoxic patients had a significant leucopenia with an absolute and relative neutropenia. They also had a relative lymphocytosis but the absolute lymphocyte count was within normal limits. The relative and absolute monocyte counts were normal.", "contents": "Peripheral blood leucocytes in thyrotoxicosis (Graves' disease) as studied by conventional light microscopy. Peripheral blood leucocyte counts in 104 thyrotoxic (Graves' disease) patients were compared with those in 107 normal subjects of similar age and sex. The thyrotoxic patients had a significant leucopenia with an absolute and relative neutropenia. They also had a relative lymphocytosis but the absolute lymphocyte count was within normal limits. The relative and absolute monocyte counts were normal.", "PMID": 849652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8745", "title": "C4 in glomerular lesions of NZB/NZW mice.", "content": "Antisera to human C4 can discriminate circulating Ss protein (C4) levels in mice. Since there has been no information on early complement components (C1, C4, C2) in the renal lesions of B/W mice, we applied the indirect immunofluorescence technique to post-mortem sections of kidney from B/W female mice with advanced renal disease. C4 was present in fifteen of the sixteen specimens, usually in a distribution similar to that of IgG or C3. Specificity was demonstrated by differential absorptions with high-Ss serum from C57BL/6 male mice and low-Ss serum from C3H/HeJ female mice. High-Ss-absorbed antiserum did not stain, while low-Ss-absorbed antibody retained much of its activity. This finding parallels the demonstration of early complement components in lesions of clinical lupus nephritis, and is consistent with classic complement pathway activation in B/W disease.", "contents": "C4 in glomerular lesions of NZB/NZW mice. Antisera to human C4 can discriminate circulating Ss protein (C4) levels in mice. Since there has been no information on early complement components (C1, C4, C2) in the renal lesions of B/W mice, we applied the indirect immunofluorescence technique to post-mortem sections of kidney from B/W female mice with advanced renal disease. C4 was present in fifteen of the sixteen specimens, usually in a distribution similar to that of IgG or C3. Specificity was demonstrated by differential absorptions with high-Ss serum from C57BL/6 male mice and low-Ss serum from C3H/HeJ female mice. High-Ss-absorbed antiserum did not stain, while low-Ss-absorbed antibody retained much of its activity. This finding parallels the demonstration of early complement components in lesions of clinical lupus nephritis, and is consistent with classic complement pathway activation in B/W disease.", "PMID": 849653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8746", "title": "HLA antigens in sarcoidosis.", "content": "The HLA antigens were identified in sixty-five patients with sarcoidosis, comprising forty-five with uveitis, twelve with erythema nodosum and eight with arthritis. In the group with arthritis, B8 was present in seven of eight (P = 0-0016) and the haplotype 1,8 in five of eight (P = 0-0053). A1 was present in 44% with uveitis (P = 0-04). There was no other significant disturbance of antigen frequencies in uveitis or in erythema nodosum, but it was noteworthy that B27 was present in only two patients with uveitis.", "contents": "HLA antigens in sarcoidosis. The HLA antigens were identified in sixty-five patients with sarcoidosis, comprising forty-five with uveitis, twelve with erythema nodosum and eight with arthritis. In the group with arthritis, B8 was present in seven of eight (P = 0-0016) and the haplotype 1,8 in five of eight (P = 0-0053). A1 was present in 44% with uveitis (P = 0-04). There was no other significant disturbance of antigen frequencies in uveitis or in erythema nodosum, but it was noteworthy that B27 was present in only two patients with uveitis.", "PMID": 849654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8747", "title": "The spectrum of human tuberculosis.", "content": "Clinical, morphological and immunological studies of human tuberculosis have enabled the spectrum of the disease to be determined. We have investigated the cell-mediated immune responses by means of skin tests and leucocyte migration inhibition to PPD, and the humoral immune responses by means of immunodiffusion and haemagglutination tests. Patients with tuberculosis can be classified into two polar groups--reactive (RR) and unreactive (UU), the former showing good cell-mediated immunity and little or no antibody formation and the latter poor cellular responses and exuberant antibody production. The intermediate forms show characteristics of the neighbouring polar groups. The existence of a spectrum of immune response in tuberculosis, which has long been suspected, is now demonstrated.", "contents": "The spectrum of human tuberculosis. Clinical, morphological and immunological studies of human tuberculosis have enabled the spectrum of the disease to be determined. We have investigated the cell-mediated immune responses by means of skin tests and leucocyte migration inhibition to PPD, and the humoral immune responses by means of immunodiffusion and haemagglutination tests. Patients with tuberculosis can be classified into two polar groups--reactive (RR) and unreactive (UU), the former showing good cell-mediated immunity and little or no antibody formation and the latter poor cellular responses and exuberant antibody production. The intermediate forms show characteristics of the neighbouring polar groups. The existence of a spectrum of immune response in tuberculosis, which has long been suspected, is now demonstrated.", "PMID": 849655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8748", "title": "Evidence for immunological cross-reactivity between smooth and skeletal muscle.", "content": "In 1965 Johnson, Holborow & Glynn showed that some patients with chronic liver disease have antibodies which react with smooth muscle by indirect immunofluorescence. This work was rapidly confirmed and it was soon showed that the same serum may also react with renal glomeruli and other tissue components. Reactions with skeletal muscle were not demonstrated. In 1960 Strauss and co-workers deomonstrated that patients with myasthenia gravis may have antibodies which react with skeletal muscle. Subsequent work has suggested that these antibodies are specific for skeletal as opposed to smooth muscle. More recently smooth muscles antibodies (SMA) have been shown to react with a wide range of tissues and cells including neoplastic cells (Gabbiani et al,, 1973; Holborow et al., 1975). Throughout this work it has been assumed that such reactivity is due to the presence of smooth muscle contractile proteins. This conclusion was further supported by the demonstration that animals immunized with smooth muscle contractile proteins developed antibodies which produce similar patterns to those found with the naturally occurring antismooth muscle antibodies (Trenchev, Sneyd & Holborow, 1974). From these studies it appeared that there was very little if any cross reactivity between smooth and skeletal muscle, although Bray (1974) pointed to the need to re-examine this conclusion. In the course of screening human sera for autoantibodies we have been impressed by the occasional occurrence of sera which gave both smooth and skeletal muscle staining patterns. In this report we describe selected sera which react with antigens which appear specific for either smooth or striated muscle, and additional sera which react with antigens which appear common to both smooth and striated muscle. Immunization of rabbits with skeletal muscle contractile protein has provided further evidence for such cross reactivity,", "contents": "Evidence for immunological cross-reactivity between smooth and skeletal muscle. In 1965 Johnson, Holborow & Glynn showed that some patients with chronic liver disease have antibodies which react with smooth muscle by indirect immunofluorescence. This work was rapidly confirmed and it was soon showed that the same serum may also react with renal glomeruli and other tissue components. Reactions with skeletal muscle were not demonstrated. In 1960 Strauss and co-workers deomonstrated that patients with myasthenia gravis may have antibodies which react with skeletal muscle. Subsequent work has suggested that these antibodies are specific for skeletal as opposed to smooth muscle. More recently smooth muscles antibodies (SMA) have been shown to react with a wide range of tissues and cells including neoplastic cells (Gabbiani et al,, 1973; Holborow et al., 1975). Throughout this work it has been assumed that such reactivity is due to the presence of smooth muscle contractile proteins. This conclusion was further supported by the demonstration that animals immunized with smooth muscle contractile proteins developed antibodies which produce similar patterns to those found with the naturally occurring antismooth muscle antibodies (Trenchev, Sneyd & Holborow, 1974). From these studies it appeared that there was very little if any cross reactivity between smooth and skeletal muscle, although Bray (1974) pointed to the need to re-examine this conclusion. In the course of screening human sera for autoantibodies we have been impressed by the occasional occurrence of sera which gave both smooth and skeletal muscle staining patterns. In this report we describe selected sera which react with antigens which appear specific for either smooth or striated muscle, and additional sera which react with antigens which appear common to both smooth and striated muscle. Immunization of rabbits with skeletal muscle contractile protein has provided further evidence for such cross reactivity,", "PMID": 849656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8749", "title": "Fixation of human anti-actin autoantibodies on skeletal muscle fibres.", "content": "Sera from five patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis containing smooth muscle autoantibodies were tested by means of indirect immunofluorescence for their binding to isolated rabbit skeletal muscle myofibrils. In all cases, the immunofluorescent staining was sharply localized to I bands. After incubation of these sera with skeletal muscle troponin-torpomyosin complex, purified troponin or purified tropomyosin, no changes in immunofluorescent staining of myofibrils were noted. However, the staining was abolished after incubation of the sera with skeletal muscle actin. In double immunodiffusion experiments, a single precipitation line was obtained after diffusion of the sera against crude or purified actin. It is concluded that, at least for the sera examined, smooth muscle autoantibodies are anti-actin autoantibodies. The high titre of such autoantibodies and their availability in clinical immunology laboratories make them a useful tool to study actin distribution in muscular and non-muscular cells.", "contents": "Fixation of human anti-actin autoantibodies on skeletal muscle fibres. Sera from five patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis containing smooth muscle autoantibodies were tested by means of indirect immunofluorescence for their binding to isolated rabbit skeletal muscle myofibrils. In all cases, the immunofluorescent staining was sharply localized to I bands. After incubation of these sera with skeletal muscle troponin-torpomyosin complex, purified troponin or purified tropomyosin, no changes in immunofluorescent staining of myofibrils were noted. However, the staining was abolished after incubation of the sera with skeletal muscle actin. In double immunodiffusion experiments, a single precipitation line was obtained after diffusion of the sera against crude or purified actin. It is concluded that, at least for the sera examined, smooth muscle autoantibodies are anti-actin autoantibodies. The high titre of such autoantibodies and their availability in clinical immunology laboratories make them a useful tool to study actin distribution in muscular and non-muscular cells.", "PMID": 849657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8750", "title": "Restoration of \"normal\" membrane function in CLL cells by patients' serum.", "content": "Direct labelling of cell surface protein with 125I has enabled measurements to be made of lymphocyte membrane turnover. In CLL cells this is evidently much retarded in comparison with normal lymphocytes and it was thought that slow replacement of cell surface proteins might be responsible both for lack of membrane mobility and poor immunological responses. Serum from CLL patients has been found to enhance viability of the leukaemic cells in culture and the interaction of these serum factors with the CLL cell membrane gives rise to rapid replacement of surface proteins. Thus the rate of membrane turnover in vivo would be comparable with that of normal lymphocytes. Lack of cell-surface mobility and poor membrane biosynthesis can not be held responsible for poor immunological activity in vivo and it is suggested that autoimmune antibodies binding to the surface of CLL cells may spatially inhibit activation by ligands.", "contents": "Restoration of \"normal\" membrane function in CLL cells by patients' serum. Direct labelling of cell surface protein with 125I has enabled measurements to be made of lymphocyte membrane turnover. In CLL cells this is evidently much retarded in comparison with normal lymphocytes and it was thought that slow replacement of cell surface proteins might be responsible both for lack of membrane mobility and poor immunological responses. Serum from CLL patients has been found to enhance viability of the leukaemic cells in culture and the interaction of these serum factors with the CLL cell membrane gives rise to rapid replacement of surface proteins. Thus the rate of membrane turnover in vivo would be comparable with that of normal lymphocytes. Lack of cell-surface mobility and poor membrane biosynthesis can not be held responsible for poor immunological activity in vivo and it is suggested that autoimmune antibodies binding to the surface of CLL cells may spatially inhibit activation by ligands.", "PMID": 849658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8751", "title": "A comparative study of the microcirculation in the guinea-pig thymus, lymph nodes and Peyer's patches.", "content": "The circulatory patterns in three lymphoid tissues were compared macro- and microscopically. Indian ink or a viscous silicone rubber compound were used as contrast materials and serial 75 micronm sections examined. The findings were checked with the benzidine stain for red blood corpuscles in uninjected tissues. Thymic lobules showed a \"through circulation\"--capillaries penetrating the cortex from within outwards and draining into surface veins, comparable with the circulation in liver lobules. By contrast, lymph nodes and Peyer's patches showed a looped capillary distribution. The outer thymic cortex and primary follicles in lymph nodes contained the maximum capillary density, correlating with the highest mitotic index of thymocytes and lymphocytes in the respective tissues. The lowest vascular density in the thymus was in the medulla, particularly in Hassall's corpuscles, in secondary follicles of lympho nodes and Peyer's patches, which correlates with the storage capacity of antigens and antibodies at those sites. Postcapillary venules in lymph nodes and Peyer's patches showed a characteristic pattern with Indian ink. These venules were absent from the thymus.", "contents": "A comparative study of the microcirculation in the guinea-pig thymus, lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. The circulatory patterns in three lymphoid tissues were compared macro- and microscopically. Indian ink or a viscous silicone rubber compound were used as contrast materials and serial 75 micronm sections examined. The findings were checked with the benzidine stain for red blood corpuscles in uninjected tissues. Thymic lobules showed a \"through circulation\"--capillaries penetrating the cortex from within outwards and draining into surface veins, comparable with the circulation in liver lobules. By contrast, lymph nodes and Peyer's patches showed a looped capillary distribution. The outer thymic cortex and primary follicles in lymph nodes contained the maximum capillary density, correlating with the highest mitotic index of thymocytes and lymphocytes in the respective tissues. The lowest vascular density in the thymus was in the medulla, particularly in Hassall's corpuscles, in secondary follicles of lympho nodes and Peyer's patches, which correlates with the storage capacity of antigens and antibodies at those sites. Postcapillary venules in lymph nodes and Peyer's patches showed a characteristic pattern with Indian ink. These venules were absent from the thymus.", "PMID": 849659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8752", "title": "School: child advocate or adversary?", "content": "Pediatricians who see many children with learning problems are likely to encounter situations caused by school misunderstandings. This essay includes examples of frightening labeling of children, direct cruelty at school, confused academic goals, and administrative bungling. Some possible remedies and practical suggestions are presented.", "contents": "School: child advocate or adversary? Pediatricians who see many children with learning problems are likely to encounter situations caused by school misunderstandings. This essay includes examples of frightening labeling of children, direct cruelty at school, confused academic goals, and administrative bungling. Some possible remedies and practical suggestions are presented.", "PMID": 849664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8753", "title": "Orbital involvement in acute sinusitis. Lessons from 24 childhood patients.", "content": "The possibility of acute bacterial sinusitis should be considered in any child with sudden swelling about the orbit. Management is determined by the stage of the disease as well as by the sinus predominantly involved. Extraocular movements and proptosis are the best guidelines for therapy. When there is no proptosis and extraocular mobility is normal, conservative therapy with intravenous antibiotics and nasal decongestants is usually effective. When ocular mobility is impaired or proptosis develops, intranasal or external surgical drainage are usually required. Of 24 patients summarized in this paper, the ethmoid was the predominantly involved sinus in 12, the frontal in 7, the maxillary in 5. Only 4 of the 12 with predominant ethmoiditis required surgery. All 7 were predominant frontal involvement needed surgical drainage.", "contents": "Orbital involvement in acute sinusitis. Lessons from 24 childhood patients. The possibility of acute bacterial sinusitis should be considered in any child with sudden swelling about the orbit. Management is determined by the stage of the disease as well as by the sinus predominantly involved. Extraocular movements and proptosis are the best guidelines for therapy. When there is no proptosis and extraocular mobility is normal, conservative therapy with intravenous antibiotics and nasal decongestants is usually effective. When ocular mobility is impaired or proptosis develops, intranasal or external surgical drainage are usually required. Of 24 patients summarized in this paper, the ethmoid was the predominantly involved sinus in 12, the frontal in 7, the maxillary in 5. Only 4 of the 12 with predominant ethmoiditis required surgery. All 7 were predominant frontal involvement needed surgical drainage.", "PMID": 849665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8754", "title": "Efficacy and acceptability of different dosage schedules of clonidine.", "content": "In 12 hospitalized patients with hypertension, clonidine 3 times a day led to better control of blood pressure than did the same total dose administered once daily. Compared to the uniform control of blood pressure on divided dose regimen, the single daily 8 P.M. dose led to wider fluctuations and inadequate control 18 hr after dosing. However, 10 of the 12 patients preferred the single daily dose at 8:00 P.M. to the divided dose regimen because of no drowsiness during the day. In 2 patients administration of clonidine twice daily resulted in better control of blood pressure than that during the single or thrice-daily dose regimens. Since there appeared to be a correlation between the dose and the duration of adequate blood pressure control, administration of clonidine twice a day with a larger dose at bedtime and a smaller dose before noon could limit unwanted drowsiness and combine the convenience of less frequent dosing with superior blood pressure control.", "contents": "Efficacy and acceptability of different dosage schedules of clonidine. In 12 hospitalized patients with hypertension, clonidine 3 times a day led to better control of blood pressure than did the same total dose administered once daily. Compared to the uniform control of blood pressure on divided dose regimen, the single daily 8 P.M. dose led to wider fluctuations and inadequate control 18 hr after dosing. However, 10 of the 12 patients preferred the single daily dose at 8:00 P.M. to the divided dose regimen because of no drowsiness during the day. In 2 patients administration of clonidine twice daily resulted in better control of blood pressure than that during the single or thrice-daily dose regimens. Since there appeared to be a correlation between the dose and the duration of adequate blood pressure control, administration of clonidine twice a day with a larger dose at bedtime and a smaller dose before noon could limit unwanted drowsiness and combine the convenience of less frequent dosing with superior blood pressure control.", "PMID": 849670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8755", "title": "Studies on digitalis. X. Digitoxin metabolites in human myocardium and relationship between myocardial and serum concentrations of digitoxin in patients on maintenance treatment.", "content": "The levels of digitoxin and cardioactive metabolites were measured in 42 atrial biopsies with a 86Rb method modified for analysis of myocardial samples. The mean value was 91.0 ng/gm wet weight (SD 54.4). Myocardial and serum concentrations were compared in 23 patients; there was no significant correlation. The ratio of total drug concentration in myocardium and serum ranged from 1 to 38 with a mean value of 5.4. Calculated from the free drug concentrations, the mean myocardial serum ratio was 200, which reflects the high affinity of digitoxin and cardioactive metabolites to the myocardium. The metabolic pattern of cardioactive and inactive metabolites (conjugates with glucuronic and sulfuric acid) was studied in autopsy samples from left ventricular myocardium from 7 patients. Significant differences between the myocardial and serum patterns of cardioactive and inactive metabolites were demonstrated. The myocardium contained less unchanged digitoxin (25.7%) and more hydrolyzed (55.4%) and conjugated (54.1%) metabolites than serum (57.6%, 31.0%, and 33.1%, respectively). Hydroxylated metabolites in myocardium (15.8%) were not significantly changed compared to serum (10.0%).", "contents": "Studies on digitalis. X. Digitoxin metabolites in human myocardium and relationship between myocardial and serum concentrations of digitoxin in patients on maintenance treatment. The levels of digitoxin and cardioactive metabolites were measured in 42 atrial biopsies with a 86Rb method modified for analysis of myocardial samples. The mean value was 91.0 ng/gm wet weight (SD 54.4). Myocardial and serum concentrations were compared in 23 patients; there was no significant correlation. The ratio of total drug concentration in myocardium and serum ranged from 1 to 38 with a mean value of 5.4. Calculated from the free drug concentrations, the mean myocardial serum ratio was 200, which reflects the high affinity of digitoxin and cardioactive metabolites to the myocardium. The metabolic pattern of cardioactive and inactive metabolites (conjugates with glucuronic and sulfuric acid) was studied in autopsy samples from left ventricular myocardium from 7 patients. Significant differences between the myocardial and serum patterns of cardioactive and inactive metabolites were demonstrated. The myocardium contained less unchanged digitoxin (25.7%) and more hydrolyzed (55.4%) and conjugated (54.1%) metabolites than serum (57.6%, 31.0%, and 33.1%, respectively). Hydroxylated metabolites in myocardium (15.8%) were not significantly changed compared to serum (10.0%).", "PMID": 849671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8756", "title": "Naloxone-precipitated withdrawal: a method for rapid induction onto naltrexone.", "content": "We examined naloxone-precipitated withdrawal as a means for rapid opiate detoxification and induction onto naltrexone. In 29 patients dependent on methadone (5 to 20 mg/day), abstinence was precipitated by an injection of naloxone. Repeated injections of naloxone were given subsequently until symptoms of abstinence were no longer induced. Successive injections induced less intense withdrawal assessed by vital signs and ratings on abstinence scales. The most rapid procedure consisted of 1.2 mg naxolone every 30 min for 3 to 6 hr, for 3 to 6 hr, followed by hourly increasing doses of naltrexone. This procedure allowed transition from opiate dependence to naltrexone maintenance (50 to 100 mg/day) within 48 hr. The results are consistent with assumptions that antagonists actively displace opiates from receptor sites.", "contents": "Naloxone-precipitated withdrawal: a method for rapid induction onto naltrexone. We examined naloxone-precipitated withdrawal as a means for rapid opiate detoxification and induction onto naltrexone. In 29 patients dependent on methadone (5 to 20 mg/day), abstinence was precipitated by an injection of naloxone. Repeated injections of naloxone were given subsequently until symptoms of abstinence were no longer induced. Successive injections induced less intense withdrawal assessed by vital signs and ratings on abstinence scales. The most rapid procedure consisted of 1.2 mg naxolone every 30 min for 3 to 6 hr, for 3 to 6 hr, followed by hourly increasing doses of naltrexone. This procedure allowed transition from opiate dependence to naltrexone maintenance (50 to 100 mg/day) within 48 hr. The results are consistent with assumptions that antagonists actively displace opiates from receptor sites.", "PMID": 849672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8757", "title": "Prolactin and psychophysiologic measures after single doses of thioridazine.", "content": "Six normal men ingested thioridazine, high and low doses, and placebo on three occasions. Their plasma and urinary thioridazine and mesoridazine plus sulforidazine were measured over 5 hr, together with their plasma prolactin, and a battery of psychophysiologic variables. Drowsiness and EEG changes correlated highly with rise in prolactin, but not with drug plasma concentrations. Finger tremor increased, and some psychologic tests were impaired by thioridazine; other psychologic tests, the auditory-evoked response, and palmar skin conductance were unaffected and showed no relationship to drug or prolactin levels. This suggests that plasma prolactin may be a useful indicator of some aspects of the individual's response to a psychotropic drug, and possibly a better guide to the selection of a suitable drug and its appropriate dose in clinical practice than the measurement of plasma concentrations of the drug itself.", "contents": "Prolactin and psychophysiologic measures after single doses of thioridazine. Six normal men ingested thioridazine, high and low doses, and placebo on three occasions. Their plasma and urinary thioridazine and mesoridazine plus sulforidazine were measured over 5 hr, together with their plasma prolactin, and a battery of psychophysiologic variables. Drowsiness and EEG changes correlated highly with rise in prolactin, but not with drug plasma concentrations. Finger tremor increased, and some psychologic tests were impaired by thioridazine; other psychologic tests, the auditory-evoked response, and palmar skin conductance were unaffected and showed no relationship to drug or prolactin levels. This suggests that plasma prolactin may be a useful indicator of some aspects of the individual's response to a psychotropic drug, and possibly a better guide to the selection of a suitable drug and its appropriate dose in clinical practice than the measurement of plasma concentrations of the drug itself.", "PMID": 849673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8758", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of chlorpromazine after single and chronic dosage.", "content": "Plasma concentrations of chlorpromazine and its sulfoxide were measured after single intramuscular, single oral, and multiple oral doses of chlorpromazine. In four out of nine patients, intramuscular doses gave stable chlorpromazine plasma levels which were maintained for 12 hr or longer. Chlorpromazine sulfoxide was found in plasma from all patients after oral doses but not after intramuscular doses, which indicates that sulfoxidation took place presystemically. The biologic availability of single oral doses relative to single intramuscular doses ranged from 10 to 69%, and was on average 32%. After 33 days of oral dosing, the plasma levels of chlorpromazine were on average 37% lower than might have been predicted from the single oral dose curves. This was not due to decreased biologic t 1/2 of chlorpromazine, but apparently to a decrease in the biologic availability by oral administration, possibly by increased presystemic metabolism.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of chlorpromazine after single and chronic dosage. Plasma concentrations of chlorpromazine and its sulfoxide were measured after single intramuscular, single oral, and multiple oral doses of chlorpromazine. In four out of nine patients, intramuscular doses gave stable chlorpromazine plasma levels which were maintained for 12 hr or longer. Chlorpromazine sulfoxide was found in plasma from all patients after oral doses but not after intramuscular doses, which indicates that sulfoxidation took place presystemically. The biologic availability of single oral doses relative to single intramuscular doses ranged from 10 to 69%, and was on average 32%. After 33 days of oral dosing, the plasma levels of chlorpromazine were on average 37% lower than might have been predicted from the single oral dose curves. This was not due to decreased biologic t 1/2 of chlorpromazine, but apparently to a decrease in the biologic availability by oral administration, possibly by increased presystemic metabolism.", "PMID": 849674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8759", "title": "Effect of long-term lithium administration on renal phosphorus handling.", "content": "Renal phosphorus handling was evaluated in 12 lithium carbonate-treated psychiatric patients. Serum phosphorus was normal and serum lithium values were within the therapeutic range in all subjects. Serum calcium concentrations measured in 6 of the patients were found to be within the normal range; in the same patients serum parathyroid hormone levels were normal in 4 and slightly elevated in 2. Phosphorus clearance (14 +/- 3 [se] ml/min) and tubular reabsorption of phosphorus (88 +/- 2%) during oral sodium bicarbonate loading were not significantly different from those in 10 healthy control subjects. In a subgroup of 5 patients and 5 control subjects, phosphorus excretion did not increase after bicarbonate loading. In these subjects, phosphorus excretion rates after bicarbonate loading were not different. Although experimental studies suggest that lithium inhibits renal cortical adenylate cyclase stimulation by parathyroid hormone, our data did not indicate any striking effect of long-term lithium administration on serum calcium and serum phosphorus or on renal phosphorus handling.", "contents": "Effect of long-term lithium administration on renal phosphorus handling. Renal phosphorus handling was evaluated in 12 lithium carbonate-treated psychiatric patients. Serum phosphorus was normal and serum lithium values were within the therapeutic range in all subjects. Serum calcium concentrations measured in 6 of the patients were found to be within the normal range; in the same patients serum parathyroid hormone levels were normal in 4 and slightly elevated in 2. Phosphorus clearance (14 +/- 3 [se] ml/min) and tubular reabsorption of phosphorus (88 +/- 2%) during oral sodium bicarbonate loading were not significantly different from those in 10 healthy control subjects. In a subgroup of 5 patients and 5 control subjects, phosphorus excretion did not increase after bicarbonate loading. In these subjects, phosphorus excretion rates after bicarbonate loading were not different. Although experimental studies suggest that lithium inhibits renal cortical adenylate cyclase stimulation by parathyroid hormone, our data did not indicate any striking effect of long-term lithium administration on serum calcium and serum phosphorus or on renal phosphorus handling.", "PMID": 849675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8760", "title": "Cigarette smoking and plasma nortriptyline levels.", "content": "Cigarette smoking was found to have no effect on the steady-state plasma levels of nortriptyline in a group of 22 smokers and 31 nonsmokers. Smokers achieved a mean steady-state nortriptyline concentration of 191.2 +/- 141.3 ng/ml; nonsmokers had a level of 169.3 +/- 92.4 ng/ml. Age, sex, and number of cigarettes smoked had no effect on the plasma concentrations achieved.", "contents": "Cigarette smoking and plasma nortriptyline levels. Cigarette smoking was found to have no effect on the steady-state plasma levels of nortriptyline in a group of 22 smokers and 31 nonsmokers. Smokers achieved a mean steady-state nortriptyline concentration of 191.2 +/- 141.3 ng/ml; nonsmokers had a level of 169.3 +/- 92.4 ng/ml. Age, sex, and number of cigarettes smoked had no effect on the plasma concentrations achieved.", "PMID": 849676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8761", "title": "Variations in the bioavailability of thiazinamium methylsulfate.", "content": "Bioavailability after oral administration of the anticholinergic drug thiazinamium methylsulfate (Multergan), a phenothiazine derivative with a quaternary ammonium group in the molecule, has been studied in patients and volunteers by measuring the drug concentrations in plasma or the excretion of the parent drug in urine. The relative bioavailability as compared to intramuscular injection seems to be of the order of 10%. Much more of the drug is absorbed, however, but is metabolized during the first liver passage. Moreover, there seems to be a substantial interindividual variation in the bioavailability of the drug. Studies in a group of eight volunteers showed that there is also a substantial intraindividual variation, but its magnitude is smaller than that of the interindividual variation.", "contents": "Variations in the bioavailability of thiazinamium methylsulfate. Bioavailability after oral administration of the anticholinergic drug thiazinamium methylsulfate (Multergan), a phenothiazine derivative with a quaternary ammonium group in the molecule, has been studied in patients and volunteers by measuring the drug concentrations in plasma or the excretion of the parent drug in urine. The relative bioavailability as compared to intramuscular injection seems to be of the order of 10%. Much more of the drug is absorbed, however, but is metabolized during the first liver passage. Moreover, there seems to be a substantial interindividual variation in the bioavailability of the drug. Studies in a group of eight volunteers showed that there is also a substantial intraindividual variation, but its magnitude is smaller than that of the interindividual variation.", "PMID": 849677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8762", "title": "Influence of rifampicin on drug metabolism: differences between hexobarbital and antipyrine.", "content": "Six healthy volunteers were treated with 1,200 mg of rifampicin daily for 8 days. Before and immediately afterward each received indocyanine green, hexobarbital, galactose, and antipyrine by intravenous infusion on 3 consecutive days. The plasma concentrations of the drugs were determined several times after infusion. The average elimination half-life of hexobarbital had decreased from 407 to 171 min and its metabolic clearance had increased almost threefold. In contrast, the average elimination half-life of antipyrine was virtually the same on both occasions (6.9 and 7.2 hr) and there was no change in metabolic clearance. In a tuberculous patient treated with rifampicin the antipyrine elimination rate was unaffected. Rifampicin did not influence indocyanine green clearance or galactose elimination capacity. Serum gamma glutamyl transferase was not affected but urinary D-glucaric acid excretion was increased during rifampicin treatment. The experiment with hexobarbital was repeated after 2 weeks in all subjects; half-lives and clearance values had returned to near control values. It appears that rifampicin is a selective inducer of oxidative drug metabolism in man.", "contents": "Influence of rifampicin on drug metabolism: differences between hexobarbital and antipyrine. Six healthy volunteers were treated with 1,200 mg of rifampicin daily for 8 days. Before and immediately afterward each received indocyanine green, hexobarbital, galactose, and antipyrine by intravenous infusion on 3 consecutive days. The plasma concentrations of the drugs were determined several times after infusion. The average elimination half-life of hexobarbital had decreased from 407 to 171 min and its metabolic clearance had increased almost threefold. In contrast, the average elimination half-life of antipyrine was virtually the same on both occasions (6.9 and 7.2 hr) and there was no change in metabolic clearance. In a tuberculous patient treated with rifampicin the antipyrine elimination rate was unaffected. Rifampicin did not influence indocyanine green clearance or galactose elimination capacity. Serum gamma glutamyl transferase was not affected but urinary D-glucaric acid excretion was increased during rifampicin treatment. The experiment with hexobarbital was repeated after 2 weeks in all subjects; half-lives and clearance values had returned to near control values. It appears that rifampicin is a selective inducer of oxidative drug metabolism in man.", "PMID": 849678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8763", "title": "A computer program for fitting multimodal probability density functions.", "content": "A FORTRAN IV program is described, which may be run interactively with tutorial assistance or in batch and which allows a user to selectively fit any of seven probability density functions (p.d.f.'s) or a combination of the p.d.f.'s to a unimodal or multimodal histogram of empirical data. A \"best-fit\", uni- or multimodal p.d.f., which may be obtained by a method of nonlinear least squares or a generated p.d.f. may be displayed on a Tektronix 4010 terminal as a continuous curve against the background of a bar, square wave, symbol or point-plot histogram. The following, supportive statistical information is also displayed: (1) Kolmogorov-Smirnov probability of goodness of fit, (2) mean square error, (3) correlation coefficient, and (4) parameter estimates. The resident driver program and six overlayable segments have been implemented on a Digital Equipment Corporation LAB-11 minicomputer (PDP-11/20).", "contents": "A computer program for fitting multimodal probability density functions. A FORTRAN IV program is described, which may be run interactively with tutorial assistance or in batch and which allows a user to selectively fit any of seven probability density functions (p.d.f.'s) or a combination of the p.d.f.'s to a unimodal or multimodal histogram of empirical data. A \"best-fit\", uni- or multimodal p.d.f., which may be obtained by a method of nonlinear least squares or a generated p.d.f. may be displayed on a Tektronix 4010 terminal as a continuous curve against the background of a bar, square wave, symbol or point-plot histogram. The following, supportive statistical information is also displayed: (1) Kolmogorov-Smirnov probability of goodness of fit, (2) mean square error, (3) correlation coefficient, and (4) parameter estimates. The resident driver program and six overlayable segments have been implemented on a Digital Equipment Corporation LAB-11 minicomputer (PDP-11/20).", "PMID": 849679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8764", "title": "A computer program for the analysis of controllability, observability and structural identifiability of biological compartmental systems.", "content": "A computer program to check structural identifiability of biological compartmental systems, that is the priori possibility of estamating all unknown system parameters through a multi input-multi output tracer experiment is presented. The procedure, as based only on the adopted compartmental structure and the chosen input-output experiment, is independent of the numerical values of the parameters: therefore the program can be usefully employed before parameter estimation algorithms, to assure that all the unknown parameters evidenced in the model can be estimated from the experimental data. After a short review on compartmental models, controllability observability and structural identifiability are defined and techniques to check them are provided. The digital computer implementation of the whole procedure is discussed in detail. Some typical program runs regarding the application to biological systems are given.", "contents": "A computer program for the analysis of controllability, observability and structural identifiability of biological compartmental systems. A computer program to check structural identifiability of biological compartmental systems, that is the priori possibility of estamating all unknown system parameters through a multi input-multi output tracer experiment is presented. The procedure, as based only on the adopted compartmental structure and the chosen input-output experiment, is independent of the numerical values of the parameters: therefore the program can be usefully employed before parameter estimation algorithms, to assure that all the unknown parameters evidenced in the model can be estimated from the experimental data. After a short review on compartmental models, controllability observability and structural identifiability are defined and techniques to check them are provided. The digital computer implementation of the whole procedure is discussed in detail. Some typical program runs regarding the application to biological systems are given.", "PMID": 849680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8765", "title": "A computer program for the on-line computation of cardiac output from thermodilution curves.", "content": "An accurate, rapid calculation of Cardiac Output is of great importance during the treatment of critically ill patients. This paper describes a complete, self-contained mini-computer system, based on a Data General NOVA 1220 which can accurately sample data and compute the results in about 30 sec. The system uses the thermodilution method with a Swan-Ganz catheter to collect data and a weighted least-squares technique to compute the results.", "contents": "A computer program for the on-line computation of cardiac output from thermodilution curves. An accurate, rapid calculation of Cardiac Output is of great importance during the treatment of critically ill patients. This paper describes a complete, self-contained mini-computer system, based on a Data General NOVA 1220 which can accurately sample data and compute the results in about 30 sec. The system uses the thermodilution method with a Swan-Ganz catheter to collect data and a weighted least-squares technique to compute the results.", "PMID": 849681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8766", "title": "Application of a programmable calculator in data fitting according to one and two compartment open models in clinical pharmacokinetics.", "content": "The plasma or blood concentration profiles are fitted by single or two compartment open models using log-linear regression analyses. For two compartment models, \"feathering\" is performed at 95% equilibration time obtained from raw pharmacokinetic data. The equations have been programmed onto a Texas Instrument SR 52 pocket calculator and recorded on 8.5 X 1.7 cm magnetic strips, facilitating drug dosage regimen calculations through individual patient titrations in a clinical setting.", "contents": "Application of a programmable calculator in data fitting according to one and two compartment open models in clinical pharmacokinetics. The plasma or blood concentration profiles are fitted by single or two compartment open models using log-linear regression analyses. For two compartment models, \"feathering\" is performed at 95% equilibration time obtained from raw pharmacokinetic data. The equations have been programmed onto a Texas Instrument SR 52 pocket calculator and recorded on 8.5 X 1.7 cm magnetic strips, facilitating drug dosage regimen calculations through individual patient titrations in a clinical setting.", "PMID": 849682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8767", "title": "Description of DIANA 2.", "content": "DIANA 2 is an improved version of a Fortran program DIANA for the analysis of electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation patterns by a sum of Gaussian-like distributions. This description may serve as manual for the use of the program DIANA 2.", "contents": "Description of DIANA 2. DIANA 2 is an improved version of a Fortran program DIANA for the analysis of electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation patterns by a sum of Gaussian-like distributions. This description may serve as manual for the use of the program DIANA 2.", "PMID": 849683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8768", "title": "Use of a PDP-12 computer for an on-line analysis of TC-chromatograms by a scanning system.", "content": "A software system, Chromscan, has been developed on a PDP-12 computer for quantitative analysis of TC-chromatograms and correlated problems in an on-line scanning system. The program controls a one- or two-dimensional scanning process of either a microscope stage or a modified TC-chromatogram photometer (Zeiss) storing the data on tape. The results can be obtained directly or in an off-line calculation by different Focal-12 programs. For spot evaluations a two-dimensional scan is performed with an aperture. The area of spots is measured and the integrated values of absorbed or remitted light represent the amount of separated substances. For line-scans slits are used. The pherogram is displayed on the scope to keep for baseline corrections peak-integration and some other handling under operators control.", "contents": "Use of a PDP-12 computer for an on-line analysis of TC-chromatograms by a scanning system. A software system, Chromscan, has been developed on a PDP-12 computer for quantitative analysis of TC-chromatograms and correlated problems in an on-line scanning system. The program controls a one- or two-dimensional scanning process of either a microscope stage or a modified TC-chromatogram photometer (Zeiss) storing the data on tape. The results can be obtained directly or in an off-line calculation by different Focal-12 programs. For spot evaluations a two-dimensional scan is performed with an aperture. The area of spots is measured and the integrated values of absorbed or remitted light represent the amount of separated substances. For line-scans slits are used. The pherogram is displayed on the scope to keep for baseline corrections peak-integration and some other handling under operators control.", "PMID": 849684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8769", "title": "Hemorrhoidectomy--how I do it: current views in Britain.", "content": "It is clear that there is no uniform treatment for hemorrhoids in Britain. Indeed, there is often considerable debate about the merits and disadvantages of the various methods available. It would seem that a more scientific way of assessing the management of patients is needed so that the various therapeutic measures may be properly evaluated, comparing like with like. It may then be possible to tailor the treatment for each individual more accurately, in order to confer the maximum benefit.", "contents": "Hemorrhoidectomy--how I do it: current views in Britain. It is clear that there is no uniform treatment for hemorrhoids in Britain. Indeed, there is often considerable debate about the merits and disadvantages of the various methods available. It would seem that a more scientific way of assessing the management of patients is needed so that the various therapeutic measures may be properly evaluated, comparing like with like. It may then be possible to tailor the treatment for each individual more accurately, in order to confer the maximum benefit.", "PMID": 849686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8770", "title": "Hemorrhoidectomy--how I do it: results of 444 cryorectal surgical operations.", "content": "Based on a three-year personal experience with a large number of patients, cryorectal surgery is a reliable and valuable alternative to excision for the removal of all types of hemorrhoids and most other concomitant pathologic conditions found in 44% of these patients. Excellent results should be anticipated, and complications are minimal. No contraindication has yet been detected.", "contents": "Hemorrhoidectomy--how I do it: results of 444 cryorectal surgical operations. Based on a three-year personal experience with a large number of patients, cryorectal surgery is a reliable and valuable alternative to excision for the removal of all types of hemorrhoids and most other concomitant pathologic conditions found in 44% of these patients. Excellent results should be anticipated, and complications are minimal. No contraindication has yet been detected.", "PMID": 849688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8771", "title": "Ileostomy complications requiring revision: Lahey clinic experience, 1964-1973.", "content": "From 1964 to 1973, 50 patients who initially underwent ileostomy for inflammatory bowel disease at the Lahey Clinic required 84 revisions. The commonest reason for revision was stenosis. Fistula, prolapse, and retraction followed in order of frequency. Patients with Crohn's disease seemed to have a higher incidence of revision, but this was not statistically significant. Other reasons for revision were analyzed, and recommendations for treatment were discussed. Retrospective study revealed that 50% of ileostomy revisions were performed for probably preventable complications.", "contents": "Ileostomy complications requiring revision: Lahey clinic experience, 1964-1973. From 1964 to 1973, 50 patients who initially underwent ileostomy for inflammatory bowel disease at the Lahey Clinic required 84 revisions. The commonest reason for revision was stenosis. Fistula, prolapse, and retraction followed in order of frequency. Patients with Crohn's disease seemed to have a higher incidence of revision, but this was not statistically significant. Other reasons for revision were analyzed, and recommendations for treatment were discussed. Retrospective study revealed that 50% of ileostomy revisions were performed for probably preventable complications.", "PMID": 849690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8772", "title": "Combined treatment with BCG and chemotherapy for metastatic gastrointestinal cancer.", "content": "The survival of patients who have cancers of the gastrointestinal tract is poor even after surgical resection of all gross disease. In an initial consecutive series of patients with metastatic or recurrent cancers, an attempt to improve survival with combined nonspecific immunostimulation by the intraperitoneal administration of BCG followed by oral BCG cycled with chemotherapy was studied. The results suggested that a population of patients with gastric and colonic cancers showed improved survival with this treatment. A randomized trial of combined chemoimmunotherapy versus chemotherapy alone was begun on November 1, 1974, for all cancers of the stomach and pancreas and all colorectal cancers beyond stage C by Dukes' classification. The initial results with patients entered by December 31, 1975, and followed until March 1, 1976, are reported.", "contents": "Combined treatment with BCG and chemotherapy for metastatic gastrointestinal cancer. The survival of patients who have cancers of the gastrointestinal tract is poor even after surgical resection of all gross disease. In an initial consecutive series of patients with metastatic or recurrent cancers, an attempt to improve survival with combined nonspecific immunostimulation by the intraperitoneal administration of BCG followed by oral BCG cycled with chemotherapy was studied. The results suggested that a population of patients with gastric and colonic cancers showed improved survival with this treatment. A randomized trial of combined chemoimmunotherapy versus chemotherapy alone was begun on November 1, 1974, for all cancers of the stomach and pancreas and all colorectal cancers beyond stage C by Dukes' classification. The initial results with patients entered by December 31, 1975, and followed until March 1, 1976, are reported.", "PMID": 849691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8773", "title": "Umbilical colostomy: a better intestinal stoma.", "content": "This study was undertaken to evaluate our experience with umbilical colostomy. There were 101 cases available for review. Four patients had major complications that necessitated reoperation, an incidence of 3.9%. One patient was operated on for necrosis of the stoma, one for retraction, and two for periostomal evisceration of omentum and small bowel. Three patients had minor strictures requiring digital dilatation, and one needed minor revision under local anesthesia. No patient had a peristomal hernia or prolapse, making this a distinctly better colostomy than the conventional left-lower-quadrant colostomy. The ease and comfort in the care of this colostomy were evident during follow-up visits. We feel that this procedure has all the advantages of a conventional matured colostomy and has extra advantages of easy accessibility and absence of peristomal hernias and prolapse. For any elderly patient who needs a permanent colostomy, umbilical location of the stoma offers distinct advantages.", "contents": "Umbilical colostomy: a better intestinal stoma. This study was undertaken to evaluate our experience with umbilical colostomy. There were 101 cases available for review. Four patients had major complications that necessitated reoperation, an incidence of 3.9%. One patient was operated on for necrosis of the stoma, one for retraction, and two for periostomal evisceration of omentum and small bowel. Three patients had minor strictures requiring digital dilatation, and one needed minor revision under local anesthesia. No patient had a peristomal hernia or prolapse, making this a distinctly better colostomy than the conventional left-lower-quadrant colostomy. The ease and comfort in the care of this colostomy were evident during follow-up visits. We feel that this procedure has all the advantages of a conventional matured colostomy and has extra advantages of easy accessibility and absence of peristomal hernias and prolapse. For any elderly patient who needs a permanent colostomy, umbilical location of the stoma offers distinct advantages.", "PMID": 849692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8774", "title": "The localization of rectosigmoidal tumors or biopsy sites by methylene blue marking.", "content": "Methylene blue marking of small tumors, biopsy sites, or any tumor in an obese patient is a simple, safe and direct method for accurate identification and resection of rectosigmoidal lesions.", "contents": "The localization of rectosigmoidal tumors or biopsy sites by methylene blue marking. Methylene blue marking of small tumors, biopsy sites, or any tumor in an obese patient is a simple, safe and direct method for accurate identification and resection of rectosigmoidal lesions.", "PMID": 849693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8775", "title": "Spontaneous ischemic colitis.", "content": "Eighteen cases of spontaneous ischemic colitis are reviewed. The diagnosis was established according to the following criteria: 1) clinical background, 2) clinical characteristics, 3) morphologic characteristics, and 4) clinical and morphologic course. The last three constituted the diagnostic criteria. The cases were divided into mild-to-moderate, moderate-to-severe, and gangrenous categories. Although data on clinical background did not establish the diagnosis of spontaneous ischemic colitis, they were essential in strict diagnosis. Patients who had histories of Crohn's disease, chronic ulcerative colitis, and recent antibiotic administration were excluded from consideration. Appropriate stool examinations obtained in all of the mild-to-moderate and all except two of the moderate-to-severe cases excluded colitis due to pathogenic bacterial organisms or parasites. Spontaneous ischemic colitis generally occurs in older individuals; the average age in our patients was 60 years. Twelve of the 18 patients had at least some evidence of major cardiovascular disease.", "contents": "Spontaneous ischemic colitis. Eighteen cases of spontaneous ischemic colitis are reviewed. The diagnosis was established according to the following criteria: 1) clinical background, 2) clinical characteristics, 3) morphologic characteristics, and 4) clinical and morphologic course. The last three constituted the diagnostic criteria. The cases were divided into mild-to-moderate, moderate-to-severe, and gangrenous categories. Although data on clinical background did not establish the diagnosis of spontaneous ischemic colitis, they were essential in strict diagnosis. Patients who had histories of Crohn's disease, chronic ulcerative colitis, and recent antibiotic administration were excluded from consideration. Appropriate stool examinations obtained in all of the mild-to-moderate and all except two of the moderate-to-severe cases excluded colitis due to pathogenic bacterial organisms or parasites. Spontaneous ischemic colitis generally occurs in older individuals; the average age in our patients was 60 years. Twelve of the 18 patients had at least some evidence of major cardiovascular disease.", "PMID": 849694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8776", "title": "Epidermoid carcinoma of the anorectum: review of 31 cases.", "content": "Thirty-one cases of epidermoid carcinoma found in 106 cases of carcinoma of the rectum and anal canal are reviewed. Clinical presentation and management are presented. Probable factors in the greater than usual incidence of epidermoid carcinomas of the anorectum are discussed. Indications for radiation therapy, local excision, and abdominoperineal and inguinal block dissection are presented.", "contents": "Epidermoid carcinoma of the anorectum: review of 31 cases. Thirty-one cases of epidermoid carcinoma found in 106 cases of carcinoma of the rectum and anal canal are reviewed. Clinical presentation and management are presented. Probable factors in the greater than usual incidence of epidermoid carcinomas of the anorectum are discussed. Indications for radiation therapy, local excision, and abdominoperineal and inguinal block dissection are presented.", "PMID": 849695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8777", "title": "Radiographic and clinical sequelae of the duodenocolic anatomic relationship: two cases of Crohn's disease with fistulization to the duodenum.", "content": "The posterior surface of the proximal transverse colon and the anterior surface of the descending duodenum are intimately related. The clinical importance of this apposition is re-emphasized with presentation of two cases which had the uncommon phenomenon of benign duodenocolic fistula. These two rare cases of duodenocolic fistulas secondary to Crohn's disease are added to the literature. It is also suggested that in some cases, duodenal mucosal alterations with adjacent Crohn's disease of the colon might be the result of reactive inflammatory changes, and do not necessarily indicate continuous extension of the granulomatous disease.", "contents": "Radiographic and clinical sequelae of the duodenocolic anatomic relationship: two cases of Crohn's disease with fistulization to the duodenum. The posterior surface of the proximal transverse colon and the anterior surface of the descending duodenum are intimately related. The clinical importance of this apposition is re-emphasized with presentation of two cases which had the uncommon phenomenon of benign duodenocolic fistula. These two rare cases of duodenocolic fistulas secondary to Crohn's disease are added to the literature. It is also suggested that in some cases, duodenal mucosal alterations with adjacent Crohn's disease of the colon might be the result of reactive inflammatory changes, and do not necessarily indicate continuous extension of the granulomatous disease.", "PMID": 849697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8778", "title": "Unsuspected perforated adenocarcinoma of the appendix as a second colonic neoplasm: report of a case.", "content": "The case of a patient who had an unsuspected perforated adenocarcinoma of the appendix discovered during operation for a sigmoid carcinoma is presented. The problems in diagnosing carcinoma of the appendix are discussed and the literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Unsuspected perforated adenocarcinoma of the appendix as a second colonic neoplasm: report of a case. The case of a patient who had an unsuspected perforated adenocarcinoma of the appendix discovered during operation for a sigmoid carcinoma is presented. The problems in diagnosing carcinoma of the appendix are discussed and the literature is reviewed.", "PMID": 849698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8779", "title": "Characteristics of drug abusers in an adolescent in-patient psychiatric facility.", "content": "Characteristics related to the abuse of drugs in 143 adolescents who had been institutionalized in an inpatient psychiatric facility were investigated. A factor analysis generated the following clusters: (1) multiple drug usage, (2) male narcotics procurement, (3) drug history, (4) prognostic index, (5) family drug usage, (6) entrepreneurial procurement of drugs, and (7) social procurement of drugs. Results also indicated that our patients are coming to us at increasingly younger ages and that patients admitted in 1969 appear more seriously involved in drug abuse than those admitted before or after this time.", "contents": "Characteristics of drug abusers in an adolescent in-patient psychiatric facility. Characteristics related to the abuse of drugs in 143 adolescents who had been institutionalized in an inpatient psychiatric facility were investigated. A factor analysis generated the following clusters: (1) multiple drug usage, (2) male narcotics procurement, (3) drug history, (4) prognostic index, (5) family drug usage, (6) entrepreneurial procurement of drugs, and (7) social procurement of drugs. Results also indicated that our patients are coming to us at increasingly younger ages and that patients admitted in 1969 appear more seriously involved in drug abuse than those admitted before or after this time.", "PMID": 849702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8780", "title": "Hypokalemic vacuolar myopathy of chronic alcoholism. A histological and histochemical study.", "content": "Recent reports have emphasized the occurrence of a myopathy in chronic alcoholism associated with hypokalemia. This report of hypokalemic myopathy in a chronic alcoholic, emphasizes the primary myopathic nature of the condition and attributes it to a possible non-specific effect of the hypokalemia on skeletal muscle. It is pointed out, that histological and histochemical changes of muscle in this type of myopathy are indistinguishable from other types of hypokalemic myopathies like periodic paralysis. It is conjectured that in alcoholic myopathy, the underlying disorder might be related to a primary disturbance of potassium metabolism, though in most cases, serum potassium is normal. It is likely that studies aimed at studying total body potassium content and turnover in alcoholic myopathy would help in understanding its pathogenesis and possible relationship to disturbed potassium metabolism.", "contents": "Hypokalemic vacuolar myopathy of chronic alcoholism. A histological and histochemical study. Recent reports have emphasized the occurrence of a myopathy in chronic alcoholism associated with hypokalemia. This report of hypokalemic myopathy in a chronic alcoholic, emphasizes the primary myopathic nature of the condition and attributes it to a possible non-specific effect of the hypokalemia on skeletal muscle. It is pointed out, that histological and histochemical changes of muscle in this type of myopathy are indistinguishable from other types of hypokalemic myopathies like periodic paralysis. It is conjectured that in alcoholic myopathy, the underlying disorder might be related to a primary disturbance of potassium metabolism, though in most cases, serum potassium is normal. It is likely that studies aimed at studying total body potassium content and turnover in alcoholic myopathy would help in understanding its pathogenesis and possible relationship to disturbed potassium metabolism.", "PMID": 849704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8781", "title": "Pure word deafness. (Auditory verbal agnosia).", "content": "The selective inability to comprehend the spoken word, in the absence of aphasia or defective or defective hearing, is defined as pure word deafness (auditory verbal agnosia). Reported cases of this rare disorder have suggested the site of involvement to be strategically placed, interrupting fibers from left and right primary auditory receptive areas which project to Wernicke's are in the dominant hemisphere. Our patient is a 44-year-old male who suffered from an uncertain illness complicated by fever, jaundice and generalized seizures seven years previously. Following an apparent convulsion, the patient was noted to be unable to understand spoken language without loss of ability to recognize and respond to sounds or marked impairment of speech or reading. The evidence suggested bilateral cerebral hemisphere disease more marked on the right. The abrupt onset without progression is consistent with a vascular or ischemic etiology. Conclusions about the nature of the lesion and areas involved must await further studies and ultimately tissue examination.", "contents": "Pure word deafness. (Auditory verbal agnosia). The selective inability to comprehend the spoken word, in the absence of aphasia or defective or defective hearing, is defined as pure word deafness (auditory verbal agnosia). Reported cases of this rare disorder have suggested the site of involvement to be strategically placed, interrupting fibers from left and right primary auditory receptive areas which project to Wernicke's are in the dominant hemisphere. Our patient is a 44-year-old male who suffered from an uncertain illness complicated by fever, jaundice and generalized seizures seven years previously. Following an apparent convulsion, the patient was noted to be unable to understand spoken language without loss of ability to recognize and respond to sounds or marked impairment of speech or reading. The evidence suggested bilateral cerebral hemisphere disease more marked on the right. The abrupt onset without progression is consistent with a vascular or ischemic etiology. Conclusions about the nature of the lesion and areas involved must await further studies and ultimately tissue examination.", "PMID": 849705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8782", "title": "[Sodium nitroprusside in the treatment of left-sided heart failure in acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "27 patients (8 women, 19 men) aged 39-79 (mean 61) years with acute transmural mycoardial infarction and limitation of left ventricular function were treated in the acute stage for 24-72 (mean 55) hours with intravenous infusions of sodium nitroprusside in concentrations of 10-200 microng/min. Haemodynamic measurements before and 12 hours after onset of treatment showed a significant reduction in mean arterial pressure by 19%, in end-diastolic pressure in the pulmonary artery by 33% and in the total peripheral resistance by 32%, whereas stroke volume and cardiac index rose by 12% and 17%, respectively. The percentage improvement was most marked in those patients most severely affected. The mortality rate of cardiogenic shock was reduced to 25%. In a control group with haemodynamically similar left ventricular failure the mortality rate was 55%. However, the total mortality was nearly unchanged as the number of sudden unexpected deaths after the fourth day rose from 23 to 50%. Further investigations will show how these sudden deaths, mainly due to arrhythmias, can be prevented.", "contents": "[Sodium nitroprusside in the treatment of left-sided heart failure in acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. 27 patients (8 women, 19 men) aged 39-79 (mean 61) years with acute transmural mycoardial infarction and limitation of left ventricular function were treated in the acute stage for 24-72 (mean 55) hours with intravenous infusions of sodium nitroprusside in concentrations of 10-200 microng/min. Haemodynamic measurements before and 12 hours after onset of treatment showed a significant reduction in mean arterial pressure by 19%, in end-diastolic pressure in the pulmonary artery by 33% and in the total peripheral resistance by 32%, whereas stroke volume and cardiac index rose by 12% and 17%, respectively. The percentage improvement was most marked in those patients most severely affected. The mortality rate of cardiogenic shock was reduced to 25%. In a control group with haemodynamically similar left ventricular failure the mortality rate was 55%. However, the total mortality was nearly unchanged as the number of sudden unexpected deaths after the fourth day rose from 23 to 50%. Further investigations will show how these sudden deaths, mainly due to arrhythmias, can be prevented.", "PMID": 849708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8783", "title": "[Functional assessment of coronary-artery stenosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Left-ventricular angiography was performed in 28 patients after measuring ascending aortic and left ventricular pressures and during isometric exercise (hand grip, 0.3-0.4 kg/cm2 for 3 min). In 13 patients coronary blood flow was measured at rest and during hand-grip exercise by means of the argon method. Eight patients without heart disease served as controls. In 14 patients with coronary heart disease abnormal left-ventricular kinetics, demonstrated already at rest, got worse during hand-grip exercise. In five patients with normal left-ventricular angiograms at rest hypokinesia and dyskinesia occurred during isometric exercise. The coronary artery supplying the abnormal ventricular wall had a 50-75% decrease in diameter. One patients with isolated 25% stenosis had normal left-ventricular kinetics both at rest and on hand-grip exercise. In all patients coronary blood flow rose by 60-90% during isometric exercise. It iducing a significant rise in myocardial oxygen demand and increased coronary blood flow.", "contents": "[Functional assessment of coronary-artery stenosis (author's transl)]. Left-ventricular angiography was performed in 28 patients after measuring ascending aortic and left ventricular pressures and during isometric exercise (hand grip, 0.3-0.4 kg/cm2 for 3 min). In 13 patients coronary blood flow was measured at rest and during hand-grip exercise by means of the argon method. Eight patients without heart disease served as controls. In 14 patients with coronary heart disease abnormal left-ventricular kinetics, demonstrated already at rest, got worse during hand-grip exercise. In five patients with normal left-ventricular angiograms at rest hypokinesia and dyskinesia occurred during isometric exercise. The coronary artery supplying the abnormal ventricular wall had a 50-75% decrease in diameter. One patients with isolated 25% stenosis had normal left-ventricular kinetics both at rest and on hand-grip exercise. In all patients coronary blood flow rose by 60-90% during isometric exercise. It iducing a significant rise in myocardial oxygen demand and increased coronary blood flow.", "PMID": 849709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8784", "title": "[Pericarditis after acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "909 patients were treated between 1970 and 1975 in an intensive-care unit for acute myocardial infarction. 91 (10%) had associated pericarditis. In these patients the clinical course was characterised by a significantly high incidence of haemodynamically severe complications such as left and right heart failure and cardiogenic shock, as well as rhythm and conduction disturbances. High grade atrioventricular block, intraventricular conduction disturbances, ectopic and tachycardic supraventricular arrhythmias and ventricular ectopic rhythms occurred much more frequently in patients with infarct-pericarditis than in those without it. The occurrence of pericarditis indicates an extensive infarction and thus a worse prognosis. The hospital mortality of pericarditis was significantly higher (61%) than in the remaining 818 patients without it (24.4%). Anticoagulation did not increase the risk of haemopericardium.", "contents": "[Pericarditis after acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. 909 patients were treated between 1970 and 1975 in an intensive-care unit for acute myocardial infarction. 91 (10%) had associated pericarditis. In these patients the clinical course was characterised by a significantly high incidence of haemodynamically severe complications such as left and right heart failure and cardiogenic shock, as well as rhythm and conduction disturbances. High grade atrioventricular block, intraventricular conduction disturbances, ectopic and tachycardic supraventricular arrhythmias and ventricular ectopic rhythms occurred much more frequently in patients with infarct-pericarditis than in those without it. The occurrence of pericarditis indicates an extensive infarction and thus a worse prognosis. The hospital mortality of pericarditis was significantly higher (61%) than in the remaining 818 patients without it (24.4%). Anticoagulation did not increase the risk of haemopericardium.", "PMID": 849710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8785", "title": "[Treatment of arterial hypertension with sotalol, a beta-blocker (author's transl)].", "content": "Plasma concentrations and the effect of sotalol, a beta blocker, on arterial blood pressure and other haemodynamic variables (determined by echocardiography) were measured in 15 patients with arterial hypertension of different severity, after acute administration and during long-term treatment for 3 to 16 months. Sotalol absorption was relatively constant, the correlation coefficient between plasma concentrations and administered dose being r=0.67. The biological half-life was about eight hours, The effects of the drug on blood pressure, heart rate and other haemodynamic variables were small after acute administration. But in ten patients blood pressure returned to normal during chronic treatment with sotalol alone, while in five others it was necessary to combine sotalol with a diuretic and dihydralazine. These results show that sotalol is suitable for long-term treatment of arterial hypertension.", "contents": "[Treatment of arterial hypertension with sotalol, a beta-blocker (author's transl)]. Plasma concentrations and the effect of sotalol, a beta blocker, on arterial blood pressure and other haemodynamic variables (determined by echocardiography) were measured in 15 patients with arterial hypertension of different severity, after acute administration and during long-term treatment for 3 to 16 months. Sotalol absorption was relatively constant, the correlation coefficient between plasma concentrations and administered dose being r=0.67. The biological half-life was about eight hours, The effects of the drug on blood pressure, heart rate and other haemodynamic variables were small after acute administration. But in ten patients blood pressure returned to normal during chronic treatment with sotalol alone, while in five others it was necessary to combine sotalol with a diuretic and dihydralazine. These results show that sotalol is suitable for long-term treatment of arterial hypertension.", "PMID": 849711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8786", "title": "A comparative study of antiestrogen action: temporal patterns of antagonism of estrogen stimulated uterine growth and effects on estrogen receptor levels.", "content": "Studies were undertaken to ascertain the effects of structural modification of two well-known antiestrogens (CI-628 and U-11,100A) on their estrogenic and antiestrogenic potencies and temporal patterns of effectiveness in the immature rat uterus. Changes in the chemical structures of these anti-estrogens produce compounds with markedly different affinities for the uterine estrogen receptor as measured in an in vitro cell-free cytosol system; binding affinities relative to estradiol (100%) are: CI-628, 4%; CI-680, 34%; 94X1127 (94X),222%; U-11,100A (UA), 6%; and U-23,469 (U-23), 0.1%. Although all five antiestrogens (daily injections of 50 microng over three days) appear equally effective in stimulating 72 h uterine weight when given alone, or in blocking the estradiol-stimulated weight increase when given with estradiol, marked differences in their potencies are noted when the effects of the compounds are monitored beyond 24 h following a single injection. The compounds CI-628, CI-680 and UA (50 microng sc in saline), which have a methylated hydroxyl group (at the site analogous to the steroid position 3), show a prolonged maintenance of elevated levels of nuclear receptor (beyond 48 h) and elevated uterine weight (until 72 h); this correlates with a prolonged period of depressed cytoplasmic receptor levels (beyond 48 h) and prolonged uterine insensitivity to estrogen (beyond 36 h as monitored by 3 h wet weight response). In contrast, a single injection of 50 microng of 94X (having a free hydroxyl group) or U-23 (with a side chain and central ring different from UA) maintained nuclear receptor levels elevated for only 12 h (94X) or 36 h (U-23) and uterine weights declined after 36-48 h; cytoplasmic receptor levels remained depressed for only 12 h (94X) or 24 h (U-23) and then returned to control levels or above by 36 h. These latter compounds likewise evoked the shortest period of uterine insensitivity to estrogen (ineffective as antagonists by 36 h). Comparative studies with these five compounds indicate that they are effective as estrogen antagonists only so long as they maintain cytoplasmic receptor levels low, and that the magnitude of the responsiveness to estradiol after antiestrogen correlates with the extent of reappearance of cytoplasmic receptor. Thus, chemical modifications of antiestrogen structure have significant effects on their temporal patterns of effectiveness as estrogens and as estrogen antagonists.", "contents": "A comparative study of antiestrogen action: temporal patterns of antagonism of estrogen stimulated uterine growth and effects on estrogen receptor levels. Studies were undertaken to ascertain the effects of structural modification of two well-known antiestrogens (CI-628 and U-11,100A) on their estrogenic and antiestrogenic potencies and temporal patterns of effectiveness in the immature rat uterus. Changes in the chemical structures of these anti-estrogens produce compounds with markedly different affinities for the uterine estrogen receptor as measured in an in vitro cell-free cytosol system; binding affinities relative to estradiol (100%) are: CI-628, 4%; CI-680, 34%; 94X1127 (94X),222%; U-11,100A (UA), 6%; and U-23,469 (U-23), 0.1%. Although all five antiestrogens (daily injections of 50 microng over three days) appear equally effective in stimulating 72 h uterine weight when given alone, or in blocking the estradiol-stimulated weight increase when given with estradiol, marked differences in their potencies are noted when the effects of the compounds are monitored beyond 24 h following a single injection. The compounds CI-628, CI-680 and UA (50 microng sc in saline), which have a methylated hydroxyl group (at the site analogous to the steroid position 3), show a prolonged maintenance of elevated levels of nuclear receptor (beyond 48 h) and elevated uterine weight (until 72 h); this correlates with a prolonged period of depressed cytoplasmic receptor levels (beyond 48 h) and prolonged uterine insensitivity to estrogen (beyond 36 h as monitored by 3 h wet weight response). In contrast, a single injection of 50 microng of 94X (having a free hydroxyl group) or U-23 (with a side chain and central ring different from UA) maintained nuclear receptor levels elevated for only 12 h (94X) or 36 h (U-23) and uterine weights declined after 36-48 h; cytoplasmic receptor levels remained depressed for only 12 h (94X) or 24 h (U-23) and then returned to control levels or above by 36 h. These latter compounds likewise evoked the shortest period of uterine insensitivity to estrogen (ineffective as antagonists by 36 h). Comparative studies with these five compounds indicate that they are effective as estrogen antagonists only so long as they maintain cytoplasmic receptor levels low, and that the magnitude of the responsiveness to estradiol after antiestrogen correlates with the extent of reappearance of cytoplasmic receptor. Thus, chemical modifications of antiestrogen structure have significant effects on their temporal patterns of effectiveness as estrogens and as estrogen antagonists.", "PMID": 849721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8787", "title": "Fundamental differences in the action of estrogens and antiestrogens on the uterus: comparison between compounds with similar duration of action.", "content": "In order to understand differences in the mechanism of action of estrogens and antiestrogens, it is essential to make comparisons between compounds with similar duration of action. Hence, in these studies, we compare the action of a long-acting estrogen (17alpha-ethinyl estriol-3-cyclopentyl ether, EE3CPE) and a long-acting antiestrogen (U-11,100AUA) on the immature rat uterus and analyze different dosage regimens (single and multiple injections) in studying the effects of these compounds on the uterine estrogen receptor and on uterine growth and sensitivity to estradiol. During the first 24 h, UA (50 microng) and EE3CPE (5 microng) evoke remarkably similar receptor distribution patterns and uterine wet weight increase; however, pronounced differences are seen with long-term, multiple injection regimens (every 12 or 24 h for 72 h). Such treatment with UA results in maintenance of high nuclear receptor levels and very low cytoplasmic receptor levels (ca. 10% of total), but no further increase in uterine weight, DNA or protein content, or total receptor content beyond 24-48 h. In contrast, multiple injections of EE3CPE produce not only a prolonged nuclear retention of receptor, but a progressive increase in total receptor content in the tissue and 35-50% of total receptor is cytoplasmic; uterine weight and DNA and protein content also continue to increase markedly above the 24 h level, and responsiveness to estradiol is maintained. However, regardless of whether the uterus continues to grow (as the EE3CPE) or stops growing after 24-48 h (as with UA), the receptor content on a cell basis is similar. Hence, uterine responsiveness to estradiol and continued uterine growth appear not to be related to the total content of receptor per cell, but rather are correlated with the cytoplasmic receptor level within the cell. As there is a continuous translocation of cytoplasmic receptor to the necleus in the growing uterus, the antagonistic action of antiestrogens appears to derive from their ability to effect a marked perturbation in the subcellular distribution of receptor, whereby very little of receptor (ca. 10%) is cytoplasmic, and further estrogen receptor accumulation (most likely synthesis) is blocked.", "contents": "Fundamental differences in the action of estrogens and antiestrogens on the uterus: comparison between compounds with similar duration of action. In order to understand differences in the mechanism of action of estrogens and antiestrogens, it is essential to make comparisons between compounds with similar duration of action. Hence, in these studies, we compare the action of a long-acting estrogen (17alpha-ethinyl estriol-3-cyclopentyl ether, EE3CPE) and a long-acting antiestrogen (U-11,100AUA) on the immature rat uterus and analyze different dosage regimens (single and multiple injections) in studying the effects of these compounds on the uterine estrogen receptor and on uterine growth and sensitivity to estradiol. During the first 24 h, UA (50 microng) and EE3CPE (5 microng) evoke remarkably similar receptor distribution patterns and uterine wet weight increase; however, pronounced differences are seen with long-term, multiple injection regimens (every 12 or 24 h for 72 h). Such treatment with UA results in maintenance of high nuclear receptor levels and very low cytoplasmic receptor levels (ca. 10% of total), but no further increase in uterine weight, DNA or protein content, or total receptor content beyond 24-48 h. In contrast, multiple injections of EE3CPE produce not only a prolonged nuclear retention of receptor, but a progressive increase in total receptor content in the tissue and 35-50% of total receptor is cytoplasmic; uterine weight and DNA and protein content also continue to increase markedly above the 24 h level, and responsiveness to estradiol is maintained. However, regardless of whether the uterus continues to grow (as the EE3CPE) or stops growing after 24-48 h (as with UA), the receptor content on a cell basis is similar. Hence, uterine responsiveness to estradiol and continued uterine growth appear not to be related to the total content of receptor per cell, but rather are correlated with the cytoplasmic receptor level within the cell. As there is a continuous translocation of cytoplasmic receptor to the necleus in the growing uterus, the antagonistic action of antiestrogens appears to derive from their ability to effect a marked perturbation in the subcellular distribution of receptor, whereby very little of receptor (ca. 10%) is cytoplasmic, and further estrogen receptor accumulation (most likely synthesis) is blocked.", "PMID": 849722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8788", "title": "Metabolism of radioiodinated salmon calcitonin in rats.", "content": "Synthetic salmon calcitonin (CT) was iodinated by an electrolytic method. The iodinated hormone retained full biological activity as determined in both an in vivo and in vitro bioassay. The metabolism of this hormone was studied in rats of two different ages, 24 days and 8 months old. Two types of uptake were observed: Rapid accumulation followed by rapid loss or degradation, as represented by the liver, and sustained accumulation with slow degradation, as represented by the kidney and bone. The liver accumulated a large fraction of the dose in 1 minute. Most of this was degraded or gone by 10 min and nearly all by 30 min. The kidney was a primary target organ in terms of concentrating the hormone. Nearly 50% of the initially accumulated CT, however, remained undegraded 60 min post-injection. The bone, to a lesser extent, concentrated the hormone where 70% remained undegraded 60 min post-injection. The bone accumulated significantly less CT while the kidney and liver accumulated more in 8-month-old rats compared to 24-day-old rats. This suggests that the relative ineffectiveness of CT in older animals as a hypocalcemic agent may be due in part to the inability of the bone to accumulate available hormone.", "contents": "Metabolism of radioiodinated salmon calcitonin in rats. Synthetic salmon calcitonin (CT) was iodinated by an electrolytic method. The iodinated hormone retained full biological activity as determined in both an in vivo and in vitro bioassay. The metabolism of this hormone was studied in rats of two different ages, 24 days and 8 months old. Two types of uptake were observed: Rapid accumulation followed by rapid loss or degradation, as represented by the liver, and sustained accumulation with slow degradation, as represented by the kidney and bone. The liver accumulated a large fraction of the dose in 1 minute. Most of this was degraded or gone by 10 min and nearly all by 30 min. The kidney was a primary target organ in terms of concentrating the hormone. Nearly 50% of the initially accumulated CT, however, remained undegraded 60 min post-injection. The bone, to a lesser extent, concentrated the hormone where 70% remained undegraded 60 min post-injection. The bone accumulated significantly less CT while the kidney and liver accumulated more in 8-month-old rats compared to 24-day-old rats. This suggests that the relative ineffectiveness of CT in older animals as a hypocalcemic agent may be due in part to the inability of the bone to accumulate available hormone.", "PMID": 849723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8789", "title": "Effect of somatostatin on neurotensin-induced glucagon release and hyperglycemia.", "content": "Administration of neurotensin to dogs resulted in rises in circulating blood glucose, glucagon and insulin levels, the rise in glucagon being more pronounced than that in insulin. Infusion of somatostatin along with neurotensin suppressed glucagon and insulin responses to neurotensin and prevented the rise in blood glucose levels. These results suggest that the hyperglycemia seen after neurotensin is due to neurotensin stimulation of glucagon release over insulin release.", "contents": "Effect of somatostatin on neurotensin-induced glucagon release and hyperglycemia. Administration of neurotensin to dogs resulted in rises in circulating blood glucose, glucagon and insulin levels, the rise in glucagon being more pronounced than that in insulin. Infusion of somatostatin along with neurotensin suppressed glucagon and insulin responses to neurotensin and prevented the rise in blood glucose levels. These results suggest that the hyperglycemia seen after neurotensin is due to neurotensin stimulation of glucagon release over insulin release.", "PMID": 849724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8790", "title": "Isoproterenol stimulation of heme synthesis in cultures of human fetal liver from early gestation.", "content": "The role of isoproterenol in the synthesis of heme associated with hemoglobin has been studied in primary cultures of human fetal liver. This drug (10-10M) stimulated the incorporation of 59Fe into heme associated with hemoglobin in cell cultures of livers obtained from human fetuses 8 to 10 weeks gestation but was inactive in cell cultures prepared from livers of older fetuses. Isoproterenol has its optimal activity at a much earlier time in gestation than that previously reported for testosterone or erythropoietin. The interpretation of these results is that there is present a cell population in human fetal liver early in gestation with the appropriate isoproterenol-receptors and capable of erythroid differentiation after exposure to the drug.", "contents": "Isoproterenol stimulation of heme synthesis in cultures of human fetal liver from early gestation. The role of isoproterenol in the synthesis of heme associated with hemoglobin has been studied in primary cultures of human fetal liver. This drug (10-10M) stimulated the incorporation of 59Fe into heme associated with hemoglobin in cell cultures of livers obtained from human fetuses 8 to 10 weeks gestation but was inactive in cell cultures prepared from livers of older fetuses. Isoproterenol has its optimal activity at a much earlier time in gestation than that previously reported for testosterone or erythropoietin. The interpretation of these results is that there is present a cell population in human fetal liver early in gestation with the appropriate isoproterenol-receptors and capable of erythroid differentiation after exposure to the drug.", "PMID": 849725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8791", "title": "Estrogen regulation of follicle stimulating hormone in cell cultures of sheep pituitaries.", "content": "Cell cultures of ovine pituitaries were maintained for up to 3 weeks. A specific double antibody radioimmunoassay was used to measure FSH in the media and cells. The rate of FSH synthesis increased in the cultures during the first 4-6 days to a level of approximately 50 ng/day/106 cells, generally remained constant for 2 weeks and then decreased. The FSH produced in vitro migrated similarly to highly purified ovine FSH on P-60 polyacrylamide gel filtration columns and had a biological potency essentially identical to that of the highly purified FSH standard. Addition of 17beta-estradiol (E2) at 10-9M on days 2 or 6 incubation decreased FSH synthesis greater than 95% within 30 h. Time-course analysis revealed that the effect of E2 can be observed as early as 6 h after treatment. FSH synthesis resumed after removal of E2 and reached control levels within 6 days. The lowest effective dose of E2 was 10-11M; E2 at 5 X 10-11M maintained FSH production at approximately 50% of the control levels. Diethylstilbestrol was as active estriol was 1/10th as active and 17alpha-estradiol was 1/100th as active as E2. Progesterone (P), 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione (5alphaDHP), 20alpha-hydroxy-pregn-4-en-3-one(20alpha-OHP), testosterone, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone and corticosterone had no effect on FSH levels. These findings suggest that estrogen is capable of playing a major role in FSH synthesis and release by action directly at the pituitary level.", "contents": "Estrogen regulation of follicle stimulating hormone in cell cultures of sheep pituitaries. Cell cultures of ovine pituitaries were maintained for up to 3 weeks. A specific double antibody radioimmunoassay was used to measure FSH in the media and cells. The rate of FSH synthesis increased in the cultures during the first 4-6 days to a level of approximately 50 ng/day/106 cells, generally remained constant for 2 weeks and then decreased. The FSH produced in vitro migrated similarly to highly purified ovine FSH on P-60 polyacrylamide gel filtration columns and had a biological potency essentially identical to that of the highly purified FSH standard. Addition of 17beta-estradiol (E2) at 10-9M on days 2 or 6 incubation decreased FSH synthesis greater than 95% within 30 h. Time-course analysis revealed that the effect of E2 can be observed as early as 6 h after treatment. FSH synthesis resumed after removal of E2 and reached control levels within 6 days. The lowest effective dose of E2 was 10-11M; E2 at 5 X 10-11M maintained FSH production at approximately 50% of the control levels. Diethylstilbestrol was as active estriol was 1/10th as active and 17alpha-estradiol was 1/100th as active as E2. Progesterone (P), 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione (5alphaDHP), 20alpha-hydroxy-pregn-4-en-3-one(20alpha-OHP), testosterone, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone and corticosterone had no effect on FSH levels. These findings suggest that estrogen is capable of playing a major role in FSH synthesis and release by action directly at the pituitary level.", "PMID": 849726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8792", "title": "Isolation, radioimmunoassay and physiologic secretion of rat neurophysins.", "content": "Rat posterior pituitaries were extracted in acid and total rat neurophysins were isolated. Preparative disc gel electrophoresis separated the total neurophysins into three main peptides of differing electrophoretic mobility. Antisera raised in rabbits recognized a common antigenic site in the three peptides and identical radioimmunoassay standard curves were obtained with each of the isolated rat neurophysins. A homologous rat neurophysin radioimmunoassay was utilized to measure neurophysin in samples of unextracted rat plasma. Basal neurophysin levels, 3.7 +/- 0.2 ng/ml (mean +/- SEM), did not differ in samples collected by decapitation, carotid artery cannulation, or tail vein bleeding. Water-loading caused a significant reduction in neurophysin, 2.8 +/- 0.1 ng/ml, while hypertonic saline and dehydration caused a significant elevation, 10.4 +/- 2.1 and 8.0 +/- 1.4 ng/ml, respectively. A step-wise decrease in blood volume caused a step-wise increase in plasma neurophysin concentrations which returned to baseline with reinfusion of the withdrawn blood. A second hemorrhage caused an even greater release of neurophysin indicating large neurophysin reserve in the pituitary. In periodic tail vein samples over 23 days of pregnancy a rise in plasma neurophysin was found from day 14 continuing to parturition with a peak value of greater than 13 ng/ml by day 21. Two days postpartum the value was 4.6 +/- 0.3 ng/ml. With this homologous assay, the basal levels of plasma neurophysin are lower and the stimulated values higher than with previously reported heterologous assays. Therefore, the relative change with physiologic maneuvers is distinctly increased.", "contents": "Isolation, radioimmunoassay and physiologic secretion of rat neurophysins. Rat posterior pituitaries were extracted in acid and total rat neurophysins were isolated. Preparative disc gel electrophoresis separated the total neurophysins into three main peptides of differing electrophoretic mobility. Antisera raised in rabbits recognized a common antigenic site in the three peptides and identical radioimmunoassay standard curves were obtained with each of the isolated rat neurophysins. A homologous rat neurophysin radioimmunoassay was utilized to measure neurophysin in samples of unextracted rat plasma. Basal neurophysin levels, 3.7 +/- 0.2 ng/ml (mean +/- SEM), did not differ in samples collected by decapitation, carotid artery cannulation, or tail vein bleeding. Water-loading caused a significant reduction in neurophysin, 2.8 +/- 0.1 ng/ml, while hypertonic saline and dehydration caused a significant elevation, 10.4 +/- 2.1 and 8.0 +/- 1.4 ng/ml, respectively. A step-wise decrease in blood volume caused a step-wise increase in plasma neurophysin concentrations which returned to baseline with reinfusion of the withdrawn blood. A second hemorrhage caused an even greater release of neurophysin indicating large neurophysin reserve in the pituitary. In periodic tail vein samples over 23 days of pregnancy a rise in plasma neurophysin was found from day 14 continuing to parturition with a peak value of greater than 13 ng/ml by day 21. Two days postpartum the value was 4.6 +/- 0.3 ng/ml. With this homologous assay, the basal levels of plasma neurophysin are lower and the stimulated values higher than with previously reported heterologous assays. Therefore, the relative change with physiologic maneuvers is distinctly increased.", "PMID": 849727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8793", "title": "The relation between the age of the corpus luteum (CL) and the luteolytic effect of an LH-antiserum (LH-AS): comparison of hysterectomized pseudopregnant rats with intact pregnant rats for their response to LH-AS treatment at four stages of CL activity.", "content": "At one of four stages during the period of corpus luteum (CL) activity (day 9, day 12, day 15, or day 18) groups of hysterectomized pseudopregnant (PSP) rats and of intact pregnant (PRG) rats were compared for the effect of a single sc injection of an antiserum to LH (LH-AS) on progesterone secretion. Groups of control rats were injected sc with normal horse serum (NHS) at these same stages, and in all rats, the progesterone level in jugular blood serum was measured by RIA on the day of treatment and 24 and 72 h after treatment. Among the PRG rats, the controls' progesterone levels rose to a peak on day 15, and then slowly declined. LH-AS on day 9 induced abortion and a rapid, drastic and permanent fall in the progesterone level in all rats. On day 12, it induced a similar fall in progesterone, and abortion, in 4 of 10 rats; in the 6 which remained pregnant, a much less severe fall occurred 24 h after treatment, and by 72 h the level had returned to close to the initial one. On days 15 or 18, LH-AS induced neither abortion nor a significant change in the progesterone level from that seen in the controls. Among the PSP rats, the controls' progesterone levels tended to fall progressively after day 9; the average length of diestrus was about 21 days. At each of the four stages the LH-AS induced a rapid, drastic and permanent fall in the progesterone level. Early termination of the diestrus was easily discernible in the groups injected on days 9 or 12, but was obscured in the other groups because of the similarity in length of the expected remaining diestrus and the duration of the neutralizing effect of the LH-AS on LH in the circulation. The PSP rats' CL, thus, once they become dependent on LH (about day 9), remain so to the end of PSP. The PRG rats' CL seem to lose this dependency after day 12, but the possibility could not be eliminated that the dependency may shift from LH to a placental LH-like hormone.", "contents": "The relation between the age of the corpus luteum (CL) and the luteolytic effect of an LH-antiserum (LH-AS): comparison of hysterectomized pseudopregnant rats with intact pregnant rats for their response to LH-AS treatment at four stages of CL activity. At one of four stages during the period of corpus luteum (CL) activity (day 9, day 12, day 15, or day 18) groups of hysterectomized pseudopregnant (PSP) rats and of intact pregnant (PRG) rats were compared for the effect of a single sc injection of an antiserum to LH (LH-AS) on progesterone secretion. Groups of control rats were injected sc with normal horse serum (NHS) at these same stages, and in all rats, the progesterone level in jugular blood serum was measured by RIA on the day of treatment and 24 and 72 h after treatment. Among the PRG rats, the controls' progesterone levels rose to a peak on day 15, and then slowly declined. LH-AS on day 9 induced abortion and a rapid, drastic and permanent fall in the progesterone level in all rats. On day 12, it induced a similar fall in progesterone, and abortion, in 4 of 10 rats; in the 6 which remained pregnant, a much less severe fall occurred 24 h after treatment, and by 72 h the level had returned to close to the initial one. On days 15 or 18, LH-AS induced neither abortion nor a significant change in the progesterone level from that seen in the controls. Among the PSP rats, the controls' progesterone levels tended to fall progressively after day 9; the average length of diestrus was about 21 days. At each of the four stages the LH-AS induced a rapid, drastic and permanent fall in the progesterone level. Early termination of the diestrus was easily discernible in the groups injected on days 9 or 12, but was obscured in the other groups because of the similarity in length of the expected remaining diestrus and the duration of the neutralizing effect of the LH-AS on LH in the circulation. The PSP rats' CL, thus, once they become dependent on LH (about day 9), remain so to the end of PSP. The PRG rats' CL seem to lose this dependency after day 12, but the possibility could not be eliminated that the dependency may shift from LH to a placental LH-like hormone.", "PMID": 849728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8794", "title": "Correlation between the biological and immunological activities of growth hormone circulating in rats bearing MtTW15 tumors.", "content": "Growth hormone-like activity was demonstrated in diluted plasma of rats bearing the GH-secreting tumor, MtTW15, using an in vitro bioassay. The bioassay used depends upon the ability of GH in vitro to stimulate the uptake of 3-0-methyl glucose (3-OMG) into the isolated diaphragm of the hypophysectomized rat. It was found that the effect of the diluted plasma on this system was qualitatively like that of rat pituitary GH. Theophylline, a drug which blocks the action of GH on 3-OMG uptake by the diaphragm but has no effect on the actions of insulin or somatomedin on this process, completely abolished the stimulatory action of the plasma on the transport of the sugar. Furthermore, antibodies against rat pituitary GH (ArGH) completely abolished the biological activity of the diluted plasma. When plasma was diluted to give specific concentrations of rat GH (rGH), as determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA), the plasma produced responses in the 3-OMG assay equivalent to those obtained with similar concentrations of pituitary rGH. A good correlation was also observed between the concentration of rGH in the plasma of tumor-bearing rats measured by RIA and by an in vivo bioassay in which the effects were determined of injections of diluted plasma into hypophysectomized rats on the subsequent incorporation of [3H]thymidine into costal cartilage. This in vivo biological activity was abolished by incubation of the plasma with ArGH prior to its injection into the test animals. Thus, these studies indicate that in rats bearing the MtTW15 tumor there is a good correlation between the biological and immunological activities of the rGH circulating the bloodstream.", "contents": "Correlation between the biological and immunological activities of growth hormone circulating in rats bearing MtTW15 tumors. Growth hormone-like activity was demonstrated in diluted plasma of rats bearing the GH-secreting tumor, MtTW15, using an in vitro bioassay. The bioassay used depends upon the ability of GH in vitro to stimulate the uptake of 3-0-methyl glucose (3-OMG) into the isolated diaphragm of the hypophysectomized rat. It was found that the effect of the diluted plasma on this system was qualitatively like that of rat pituitary GH. Theophylline, a drug which blocks the action of GH on 3-OMG uptake by the diaphragm but has no effect on the actions of insulin or somatomedin on this process, completely abolished the stimulatory action of the plasma on the transport of the sugar. Furthermore, antibodies against rat pituitary GH (ArGH) completely abolished the biological activity of the diluted plasma. When plasma was diluted to give specific concentrations of rat GH (rGH), as determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA), the plasma produced responses in the 3-OMG assay equivalent to those obtained with similar concentrations of pituitary rGH. A good correlation was also observed between the concentration of rGH in the plasma of tumor-bearing rats measured by RIA and by an in vivo bioassay in which the effects were determined of injections of diluted plasma into hypophysectomized rats on the subsequent incorporation of [3H]thymidine into costal cartilage. This in vivo biological activity was abolished by incubation of the plasma with ArGH prior to its injection into the test animals. Thus, these studies indicate that in rats bearing the MtTW15 tumor there is a good correlation between the biological and immunological activities of the rGH circulating the bloodstream.", "PMID": 849729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8795", "title": "Effects of fasting and refeeding of insulin receptors and glucose metabolism in rat adipocytes.", "content": "To investigate the mechanism of insulin insensitivity during fasting and hyperresponsiveness to insulin after refeeding, insulin binding, 2-deoxyglucose uptake and glucose oxidation were measured in adipocytes from three groups of rats: control, 48 h fasted, and 48 h refed after 48 h fasting. In 48 h fasted rats, fat cell diameters were decreased to five-sixths of that of the controls and plasma insulin levels were decrease to less than half of the controls; however, after 48 h refeeding, these parameters were restored to normal. In adipocytes from fasted rats, insulin binding was increased but insulin-stimulated 2-deoxyglucose uptake glucose oxidation were significantly decreased as compared to that of the controls. In adipocytes of refed rats, insulin bindings was slightly increased as compared to the controls, accompanied by a slightly decreased 2-deoxyglucose uptake and completely restored glucose oxidation. Conclusions from these studies are that both disorders in coupling of insulin-receptor complexes to glucose transport systems and intracellular glucose metabolism play major roles in the insulin insensitivity of adipocytes from fasted rats, whereas, in adipocytes from refed rats, intracellular glucose metabolism, rather than glucose transport, is mainly involved in restoring insulin sensitivity.", "contents": "Effects of fasting and refeeding of insulin receptors and glucose metabolism in rat adipocytes. To investigate the mechanism of insulin insensitivity during fasting and hyperresponsiveness to insulin after refeeding, insulin binding, 2-deoxyglucose uptake and glucose oxidation were measured in adipocytes from three groups of rats: control, 48 h fasted, and 48 h refed after 48 h fasting. In 48 h fasted rats, fat cell diameters were decreased to five-sixths of that of the controls and plasma insulin levels were decrease to less than half of the controls; however, after 48 h refeeding, these parameters were restored to normal. In adipocytes from fasted rats, insulin binding was increased but insulin-stimulated 2-deoxyglucose uptake glucose oxidation were significantly decreased as compared to that of the controls. In adipocytes of refed rats, insulin bindings was slightly increased as compared to the controls, accompanied by a slightly decreased 2-deoxyglucose uptake and completely restored glucose oxidation. Conclusions from these studies are that both disorders in coupling of insulin-receptor complexes to glucose transport systems and intracellular glucose metabolism play major roles in the insulin insensitivity of adipocytes from fasted rats, whereas, in adipocytes from refed rats, intracellular glucose metabolism, rather than glucose transport, is mainly involved in restoring insulin sensitivity.", "PMID": 849730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8796", "title": "Recovery of prolactin from acetone-dried human pituitary glands.", "content": "An improved method is described for the purification of prolactin from the same batch of acetone-dried pituitary glands which is used for the isolation of other anterior pituitary hormones. The residue obtained after the extraction of the glycoprotein fraction from the pituitary acetone powder was extracted for growth hormone. The supernatant after the precipitation of growth hormone at 50% ethanol concentration was adjusted to 85% in ethanol. To the supernatant obtained from that step an equal volume of acetone was added to precipitate the 'PRL fraction.' This fraction was further purified by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and isoelectric focussing. A yield of 23 mg prolactin, 37 U/mg, was obtained per 1000 g pituitary acetone powder.", "contents": "Recovery of prolactin from acetone-dried human pituitary glands. An improved method is described for the purification of prolactin from the same batch of acetone-dried pituitary glands which is used for the isolation of other anterior pituitary hormones. The residue obtained after the extraction of the glycoprotein fraction from the pituitary acetone powder was extracted for growth hormone. The supernatant after the precipitation of growth hormone at 50% ethanol concentration was adjusted to 85% in ethanol. To the supernatant obtained from that step an equal volume of acetone was added to precipitate the 'PRL fraction.' This fraction was further purified by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and isoelectric focussing. A yield of 23 mg prolactin, 37 U/mg, was obtained per 1000 g pituitary acetone powder.", "PMID": 849731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8797", "title": "Placental steriodogenesis in the rat: comparison of normal and giant placentae.", "content": "Placental hypertrophy was induced in pregnant rats by daily treatment with estrone (0.5 microng) and progesterone (4 mg) from day 3 through 19 combined with ovariectomy on day 12 of pregnancy. The ratio of basal zone to whole placenta was 47% by weight in these enlarged placentae on day 20 of pregnancy but only 34% in normal placentae. In each case, the basal zone tissue was homogenized and the 10,000 x g supernatant fraction was used for in vitro incubation with [7alpha-3H]pregnenolone as the added substrate. The normal placental tissue synthesized more progesterone and testosterone but less androstenedione and 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione than the giant placentae. Utilization of the pregnenolone substrate by the giant placentae was subnormal. Addition of 200 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in vitro to normal basal zone placentae sharply increased the production of progesterone, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione and 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione. The giant placentage failed to respond to hCG. Thus, steroid-induced hypertrophied placentae in rats do not participate in a compensatory mechanism for steroid hormone production toward pregnancy maintenance.", "contents": "Placental steriodogenesis in the rat: comparison of normal and giant placentae. Placental hypertrophy was induced in pregnant rats by daily treatment with estrone (0.5 microng) and progesterone (4 mg) from day 3 through 19 combined with ovariectomy on day 12 of pregnancy. The ratio of basal zone to whole placenta was 47% by weight in these enlarged placentae on day 20 of pregnancy but only 34% in normal placentae. In each case, the basal zone tissue was homogenized and the 10,000 x g supernatant fraction was used for in vitro incubation with [7alpha-3H]pregnenolone as the added substrate. The normal placental tissue synthesized more progesterone and testosterone but less androstenedione and 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione than the giant placentae. Utilization of the pregnenolone substrate by the giant placentae was subnormal. Addition of 200 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in vitro to normal basal zone placentae sharply increased the production of progesterone, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione and 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione. The giant placentage failed to respond to hCG. Thus, steroid-induced hypertrophied placentae in rats do not participate in a compensatory mechanism for steroid hormone production toward pregnancy maintenance.", "PMID": 849732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8798", "title": "Studies on the mechanism by which thyroid hormones enhance alpha-lactalbumin activity in explants from mouse mammary glands.", "content": "Addition of 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine to cultures of mammary gland explants in serumfree medium containing insulin, hydrocortisone and prolactin results in a 3 to 5-fold increase in the activity of the milk-protein alpha-lactalbumin over that seen in the presence of the latter three hormones alone. The thyroid hormone does not act by substituting for any of the other hormones. It need not be present throughout the culture period but can act if added along with prolactin after insulin and hydrocortisone have induced formation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Delayed addition of the thyroid hormone also results in further stimulation of cells already responding maximally to insulin, hydrocortisone and prolactin. These effects of triiodothyronine are not blocked by progesterone at 1 microng per ml. They are, however, blocked by the addition of inhibitors of RNA (actinomycin D) or protein (cycloheximide or puromycin) synthesis, suggesting that the thyroid hormone increases the synthesis of the alpha-lactalbumin molecule itself. The thyroid hormone appears to act by altering the responsiveness of the mammary gland explants to prolactin, but not to insulin or hydrocortisone. In the presence of 10-9M triiodothyronine, enhanced alpha-lactalbumin activity is consistently obtained at prolactin concentrations as low as 4.5 x 10(-12)M whereas, in the absence of the thyroid hormone, ten times more prolactin (4.5 x 10(-11)M) is needed to obtain an increase in alpha-lactalbumin activity.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism by which thyroid hormones enhance alpha-lactalbumin activity in explants from mouse mammary glands. Addition of 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine to cultures of mammary gland explants in serumfree medium containing insulin, hydrocortisone and prolactin results in a 3 to 5-fold increase in the activity of the milk-protein alpha-lactalbumin over that seen in the presence of the latter three hormones alone. The thyroid hormone does not act by substituting for any of the other hormones. It need not be present throughout the culture period but can act if added along with prolactin after insulin and hydrocortisone have induced formation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Delayed addition of the thyroid hormone also results in further stimulation of cells already responding maximally to insulin, hydrocortisone and prolactin. These effects of triiodothyronine are not blocked by progesterone at 1 microng per ml. They are, however, blocked by the addition of inhibitors of RNA (actinomycin D) or protein (cycloheximide or puromycin) synthesis, suggesting that the thyroid hormone increases the synthesis of the alpha-lactalbumin molecule itself. The thyroid hormone appears to act by altering the responsiveness of the mammary gland explants to prolactin, but not to insulin or hydrocortisone. In the presence of 10-9M triiodothyronine, enhanced alpha-lactalbumin activity is consistently obtained at prolactin concentrations as low as 4.5 x 10(-12)M whereas, in the absence of the thyroid hormone, ten times more prolactin (4.5 x 10(-11)M) is needed to obtain an increase in alpha-lactalbumin activity.", "PMID": 849733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8799", "title": "A new method for the assessment of thyroxine metabolism in the rat.", "content": "A new method for assessing thyroxine (T4) metabolism in the rat has been devised and the results that it yields have been compared to those obtained by other methods for assessing peripheral T4 metabolism. The new method uses a simple analysis of the kinetics of exogenous T4 metabolism in rats chronically treated with daily injections of exogenous labeled T4 to determine T4 clearance rates via both fecal and deiodinative pathways. Fecal clearance rates of endogenously labeled hormone measured in rats brought into approximate 125I/127I specific activity equilibrium by administration of iodide of know specific activity in the drinking water were nearly the same as those determined with this new method. Furthermore, total T4 clearance rate determined with the new method agreed well with that measured by the standard single injected technique utilizing radioactive T4. These results indicate that quantitation of the clearance rate of endogenous T4 via not only the fecal, but also the deiodinative, pathway for T4 disposal can be achieved with this new method. In rats made hyperthyroid with exogenous T4, clearance rates of T4 via both deiodinative and fecal pathways were markedly increased. This result supports the concept that hyperthyroidism increases the activity of the tissue mechanisms for metabolizing T4.", "contents": "A new method for the assessment of thyroxine metabolism in the rat. A new method for assessing thyroxine (T4) metabolism in the rat has been devised and the results that it yields have been compared to those obtained by other methods for assessing peripheral T4 metabolism. The new method uses a simple analysis of the kinetics of exogenous T4 metabolism in rats chronically treated with daily injections of exogenous labeled T4 to determine T4 clearance rates via both fecal and deiodinative pathways. Fecal clearance rates of endogenously labeled hormone measured in rats brought into approximate 125I/127I specific activity equilibrium by administration of iodide of know specific activity in the drinking water were nearly the same as those determined with this new method. Furthermore, total T4 clearance rate determined with the new method agreed well with that measured by the standard single injected technique utilizing radioactive T4. These results indicate that quantitation of the clearance rate of endogenous T4 via not only the fecal, but also the deiodinative, pathway for T4 disposal can be achieved with this new method. In rats made hyperthyroid with exogenous T4, clearance rates of T4 via both deiodinative and fecal pathways were markedly increased. This result supports the concept that hyperthyroidism increases the activity of the tissue mechanisms for metabolizing T4.", "PMID": 849734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8800", "title": "The effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid on prolactin and gonadotropin secretion in the unanesthetized rat.", "content": "The effects of the intraventricular injection of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on pituitary secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and prolactin (PRL) were examined in Na-pentobarbital (PB)-anesthetized and unanesthetized male rats. GABA (5 or 10 millimicronmol) injected into the lateral ventricle of PB anesthetized rats resulted in significant elevations in plasma concentrations of LH and PRL. When administered via a lateral ventricle cannula to unanesthetized rats, GABA (1, 5, or 10 millimicronmol) caused a significant increase in plasma PRL levels but had no effect on plasm LH concentrations. Plasma FSH was uninfluenced by GABA in all animals studied. The data indicate that PB anesthesia can alter the hypothalamic pituitary axis to a possible neurotransmitter agent.", "contents": "The effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid on prolactin and gonadotropin secretion in the unanesthetized rat. The effects of the intraventricular injection of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on pituitary secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and prolactin (PRL) were examined in Na-pentobarbital (PB)-anesthetized and unanesthetized male rats. GABA (5 or 10 millimicronmol) injected into the lateral ventricle of PB anesthetized rats resulted in significant elevations in plasma concentrations of LH and PRL. When administered via a lateral ventricle cannula to unanesthetized rats, GABA (1, 5, or 10 millimicronmol) caused a significant increase in plasma PRL levels but had no effect on plasm LH concentrations. Plasma FSH was uninfluenced by GABA in all animals studied. The data indicate that PB anesthesia can alter the hypothalamic pituitary axis to a possible neurotransmitter agent.", "PMID": 849735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8801", "title": "Rise of plasma corticosterone concentrations in rats immediately before and after birth and in fetal rats after the ligation of maternal uterine blood vessels or of the umbilical cord.", "content": "Just before normal vaginal delivery the plasma corticosterone concentration (PCC) in fetal rats increased markedly compared with that on day 22 of gestation. The PCC was elevated 2 h after birth and then declined until 12 h after birth, when it approached the level found on day 22 of gestation. Similarly, in premature newborn rats obtained by cesarean delivery on days 21 and 22 of gestation, the PCC increased 2 to 4 h after delivery and then declined. The PCC in 22-day-old fetal rats, 30 min after ligation of the maternal blood vessels running along a uterine horn, rose markedly compared with that in fetuses in the contralateral intact horn. A similar increase in PCC was not observed in either decapitated or encephalectomized fetuses, but observed in fetuses whose umbilical cords were ligated. The rise in fetal PCC after ligation of uterine blood vessels and of umbilical cords was considerably higher than that observed after various stresses reported by other investigators and also higher than that found 60 min after maternal adrenalectomy. The rise in PCC just before and just after birth and after the ligation should not be considered as the result of stress, parturition or ligation, but may be a result of the response to other factors.", "contents": "Rise of plasma corticosterone concentrations in rats immediately before and after birth and in fetal rats after the ligation of maternal uterine blood vessels or of the umbilical cord. Just before normal vaginal delivery the plasma corticosterone concentration (PCC) in fetal rats increased markedly compared with that on day 22 of gestation. The PCC was elevated 2 h after birth and then declined until 12 h after birth, when it approached the level found on day 22 of gestation. Similarly, in premature newborn rats obtained by cesarean delivery on days 21 and 22 of gestation, the PCC increased 2 to 4 h after delivery and then declined. The PCC in 22-day-old fetal rats, 30 min after ligation of the maternal blood vessels running along a uterine horn, rose markedly compared with that in fetuses in the contralateral intact horn. A similar increase in PCC was not observed in either decapitated or encephalectomized fetuses, but observed in fetuses whose umbilical cords were ligated. The rise in fetal PCC after ligation of uterine blood vessels and of umbilical cords was considerably higher than that observed after various stresses reported by other investigators and also higher than that found 60 min after maternal adrenalectomy. The rise in PCC just before and just after birth and after the ligation should not be considered as the result of stress, parturition or ligation, but may be a result of the response to other factors.", "PMID": 849736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8802", "title": "Characterization of abnormal thyroglobulin in a transplantable rat thyroid tumor.", "content": "The solube iodoproteins in a transplantable rat throid tumor (Wollman Line 1-8) were studied after in vivo labeling with 125 I and were partially purified by affinity chromatography on anti-thyroglobulin-AGAROSE. A major fraction ('Peak A') was excluded from gels of large pore size, but had a low sedimentation rate (approximately8S) and did not appear to contain aggregates. It had a high density (approximately1.4) which was possibly due to a high content of carbohydrate, since treatment with a crude glycosidase mixture lowered the density to approximately1.3. A second fraction ('Peak B') had a similar sedimentation coefficient (6-9S) but penetrated the same gels and had a lower density (approximately 1.3). Both proteins formed soluble complexes with antibodies against normal rat thyroglobulin, and had other properties somewhat similar to those of thyroglobulin. After hydrolysis, mono- and diiodotyrosine were the only iodoamino acids liberated. These iodoproteins appears to represent abnormal forms of thyroglobulin synthesized by the tumor.", "contents": "Characterization of abnormal thyroglobulin in a transplantable rat thyroid tumor. The solube iodoproteins in a transplantable rat throid tumor (Wollman Line 1-8) were studied after in vivo labeling with 125 I and were partially purified by affinity chromatography on anti-thyroglobulin-AGAROSE. A major fraction ('Peak A') was excluded from gels of large pore size, but had a low sedimentation rate (approximately8S) and did not appear to contain aggregates. It had a high density (approximately1.4) which was possibly due to a high content of carbohydrate, since treatment with a crude glycosidase mixture lowered the density to approximately1.3. A second fraction ('Peak B') had a similar sedimentation coefficient (6-9S) but penetrated the same gels and had a lower density (approximately 1.3). Both proteins formed soluble complexes with antibodies against normal rat thyroglobulin, and had other properties somewhat similar to those of thyroglobulin. After hydrolysis, mono- and diiodotyrosine were the only iodoamino acids liberated. These iodoproteins appears to represent abnormal forms of thyroglobulin synthesized by the tumor.", "PMID": 849737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8803", "title": "Regulation of the cell cycle by diethylstilbestrol and progesterone in cultured endometrial cells.", "content": "Cultures of primary explanted rabbit endometrium epithelial cells were found to be a mixture of dividing or cycling (20%) and non-dividing or GO (80%) cells. The addition of diethylstilbestrol had the effect of switching most of the GO cells into the cell cycle and to shorten the length of the cell cycle through a shortening of G1 and S. Progesterone had the opposite effects.", "contents": "Regulation of the cell cycle by diethylstilbestrol and progesterone in cultured endometrial cells. Cultures of primary explanted rabbit endometrium epithelial cells were found to be a mixture of dividing or cycling (20%) and non-dividing or GO (80%) cells. The addition of diethylstilbestrol had the effect of switching most of the GO cells into the cell cycle and to shorten the length of the cell cycle through a shortening of G1 and S. Progesterone had the opposite effects.", "PMID": 849738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8804", "title": "Plasma testosterone during pregnancy in the mouse.", "content": "Levels of plasma testosterone (T) were studied throughout pregnancy and on the day of parturition in selected strains of mice. A dramatic midpregnancy increase in androgen occurred in both strains examined (peak on day 9). A second increase in plasma T was found during the latter half of gestation (days 14-17), at which time plasma estradiol levels were elevated.", "contents": "Plasma testosterone during pregnancy in the mouse. Levels of plasma testosterone (T) were studied throughout pregnancy and on the day of parturition in selected strains of mice. A dramatic midpregnancy increase in androgen occurred in both strains examined (peak on day 9). A second increase in plasma T was found during the latter half of gestation (days 14-17), at which time plasma estradiol levels were elevated.", "PMID": 849739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8805", "title": "Amino-acid sequences of heme-linked, histidine-containing peptides of five peroxidases from horseradish and turnip.", "content": "In a previous paper we have characterized five plant peroxidases, P1, P2, P3 and P7 of turnip and horseradish isoperoxidase C by peptide mapping studies, and only found two highly homologous sequences present in all. Both contained histidine. The findings supported previous suggestions of two histidine sequences nearthe peroxidase heme prostetic group. In the present paper we present the amino acid sequences around the histidine residues of all four turnip peroxidases, i. e. of 25 residues around the histidine proximal to heme, and 34 residues around the probably distally located histidine, and compare them with the histidine-containing sequences of the complete amino acid sequence of horseradish isoperoxidase C. Substitutions of residues are rare close to these histidines, but more abundant with greater distances. The probably distal sequences of P1, P2, P3, and horseradish peroxidase C all contain two histidine residues, at positions 40 and 42. In P7, however, residue 40 is phenylalanine, a substitution presumably important to its abnormal physio-chemical and enzymic properties. Gel filtration profiles of tryptic digests of the turnip isoperoxidases confirm their previous classification into a P1, and P3 group and a distinct P7 enzyme, but further prove the presence of several sites of carbohydrate attachment in P1, P2 and P3 peroxidases, like in horeseradish peroxidase C which has eight sites. P7 has one such site.", "contents": "Amino-acid sequences of heme-linked, histidine-containing peptides of five peroxidases from horseradish and turnip. In a previous paper we have characterized five plant peroxidases, P1, P2, P3 and P7 of turnip and horseradish isoperoxidase C by peptide mapping studies, and only found two highly homologous sequences present in all. Both contained histidine. The findings supported previous suggestions of two histidine sequences nearthe peroxidase heme prostetic group. In the present paper we present the amino acid sequences around the histidine residues of all four turnip peroxidases, i. e. of 25 residues around the histidine proximal to heme, and 34 residues around the probably distally located histidine, and compare them with the histidine-containing sequences of the complete amino acid sequence of horseradish isoperoxidase C. Substitutions of residues are rare close to these histidines, but more abundant with greater distances. The probably distal sequences of P1, P2, P3, and horseradish peroxidase C all contain two histidine residues, at positions 40 and 42. In P7, however, residue 40 is phenylalanine, a substitution presumably important to its abnormal physio-chemical and enzymic properties. Gel filtration profiles of tryptic digests of the turnip isoperoxidases confirm their previous classification into a P1, and P3 group and a distinct P7 enzyme, but further prove the presence of several sites of carbohydrate attachment in P1, P2 and P3 peroxidases, like in horeseradish peroxidase C which has eight sites. P7 has one such site.", "PMID": 849740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8806", "title": "The trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors in chick pears (Cicer arietinum L). The relationships among the six isoinhibitors.", "content": "The six isoinhibitors of trypsin and chymotrypsin which were previously purified from a crude extract of chick peas were further studied with the intention of establishing the relationships among them.  Exposure of each fraction to active, matrix-bound trypsin resulted in a decrease of the specific inhibitory activities towards trypsin of fractions P-1, P-3 and P-5 while those of P-4 and P-6 were increased. Each of these fractions was separated into several sub-fractions after chromatography on a DEAE-Sephadex A-25 column under conditions identical to those used previously for their purification. The elution positions, specific inhibitory activities towards trypsin and electrophoretic patterns in polyacrylamide gels of the various sub-fractions were determined...", "contents": "The trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors in chick pears (Cicer arietinum L). The relationships among the six isoinhibitors. The six isoinhibitors of trypsin and chymotrypsin which were previously purified from a crude extract of chick peas were further studied with the intention of establishing the relationships among them.  Exposure of each fraction to active, matrix-bound trypsin resulted in a decrease of the specific inhibitory activities towards trypsin of fractions P-1, P-3 and P-5 while those of P-4 and P-6 were increased. Each of these fractions was separated into several sub-fractions after chromatography on a DEAE-Sephadex A-25 column under conditions identical to those used previously for their purification. The elution positions, specific inhibitory activities towards trypsin and electrophoretic patterns in polyacrylamide gels of the various sub-fractions were determined...", "PMID": 849741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8807", "title": "A polyvalent proteinase inhibitor from horse-blood-leucocyte cytosol. Isolation, purification and some molecular parameters.", "content": "Cytosol of horse blood polymorphonuclear leucocytes contains an inhibitor active against neutral proteinases from the granules of these cells and against chymotrypsin, elastases I and II from pig pancreas, but not against trypsin. A method has been elaborated to isolate and purify this inhibitor by means of salting out with ammonium sulphate (45---70% saturation), followed by chromatography and rechromatography on a column of DEAE-Sephadex A-50. The preparation obtained is homogeneous during polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of 0.1% sodium dodecylsulphate after reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol. It is a thermolabile protein soluble at its isoelectric point (pH 5.38) and having a molecular weight of 35200 but aggregating in solutions of low ionic strength and irreversibly precipitating during dialysis at pH 4.0. The results obtained show the similarity of this inhibitor isolated from horse blood leucocyte cytosol to other inhibitors isolated from human or pig blood leucocytes.", "contents": "A polyvalent proteinase inhibitor from horse-blood-leucocyte cytosol. Isolation, purification and some molecular parameters. Cytosol of horse blood polymorphonuclear leucocytes contains an inhibitor active against neutral proteinases from the granules of these cells and against chymotrypsin, elastases I and II from pig pancreas, but not against trypsin. A method has been elaborated to isolate and purify this inhibitor by means of salting out with ammonium sulphate (45---70% saturation), followed by chromatography and rechromatography on a column of DEAE-Sephadex A-50. The preparation obtained is homogeneous during polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of 0.1% sodium dodecylsulphate after reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol. It is a thermolabile protein soluble at its isoelectric point (pH 5.38) and having a molecular weight of 35200 but aggregating in solutions of low ionic strength and irreversibly precipitating during dialysis at pH 4.0. The results obtained show the similarity of this inhibitor isolated from horse blood leucocyte cytosol to other inhibitors isolated from human or pig blood leucocytes.", "PMID": 849742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8808", "title": "Structure and synthesis of a lipid-containing bacteriophage. Effects of lipids containing cis or trans fatty acids on the reconstitution of bacteriophage PM2.", "content": "Infectious PM2 virus paticles could be reconstituted in vitro from a mixture of nucleocapsid, phospholipids containing cis fatty acids, and proteins I and II. The presence or absence of acyl phosphatidylglycerol, a minor lipid component of thevirion, did not affect the reconstitution of infectious particles, even though it was incorporated into the particles when present. When phosphatidylglycerol was completely replaced by acyl phosphatidylglycerol in the reconstitution mixture, no infections particles were formed. Lipids containing either cis or trans fatty acids were also used for reconstitution in vitro of the lipid-containing bacteriophage PM2. Regardless of the ratio of phosphatidlyglycerol to phospatidylethanolamine in the reconstitution mixture, infectious particles were formed and had almost the same phospholipid composition when lipids containing cis-palmitoleic acid were used; no infectious particles were obtained when lipids containing trans-palmitoleic acid were used. In the latter case, virus-like particles were, however, formed. Reconstituted particles containing cis fatty acids were infectious when tested on wild type Pseudomonas BAL-31 as well as on the unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph grown in the presence of either cis or trans-palmitoleic acid. Reconstituted particles containing trans fatty acids were not infectious on any of these cells. When trans fatty acids as well as cis fatty acids were present in the reconstitution mixture, then there was a lower yield of infectious particles. Particles with either cis or trans fatty acids had all four viral proteins and adsorbed to BAL-31 host cells in a specific manner.", "contents": "Structure and synthesis of a lipid-containing bacteriophage. Effects of lipids containing cis or trans fatty acids on the reconstitution of bacteriophage PM2. Infectious PM2 virus paticles could be reconstituted in vitro from a mixture of nucleocapsid, phospholipids containing cis fatty acids, and proteins I and II. The presence or absence of acyl phosphatidylglycerol, a minor lipid component of thevirion, did not affect the reconstitution of infectious particles, even though it was incorporated into the particles when present. When phosphatidylglycerol was completely replaced by acyl phosphatidylglycerol in the reconstitution mixture, no infections particles were formed. Lipids containing either cis or trans fatty acids were also used for reconstitution in vitro of the lipid-containing bacteriophage PM2. Regardless of the ratio of phosphatidlyglycerol to phospatidylethanolamine in the reconstitution mixture, infectious particles were formed and had almost the same phospholipid composition when lipids containing cis-palmitoleic acid were used; no infectious particles were obtained when lipids containing trans-palmitoleic acid were used. In the latter case, virus-like particles were, however, formed. Reconstituted particles containing cis fatty acids were infectious when tested on wild type Pseudomonas BAL-31 as well as on the unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph grown in the presence of either cis or trans-palmitoleic acid. Reconstituted particles containing trans fatty acids were not infectious on any of these cells. When trans fatty acids as well as cis fatty acids were present in the reconstitution mixture, then there was a lower yield of infectious particles. Particles with either cis or trans fatty acids had all four viral proteins and adsorbed to BAL-31 host cells in a specific manner.", "PMID": 849743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8809", "title": "DNA polymerases from intracisternal A-type particles on the mouse plasmacytoma MPC 11.", "content": "Intracisternal A particles from mouse plasma cell tumors were isolated from microsomal vesiclels by detergent treatment and separated in linear sucrose gradients. Four peaks of DNA polymerase activities banding at densities of 1.30, 1.24, 1.20--1.22 and 1.13 g/cm3 were observed assaying on poly(rA).oligo(dT). Solubolized DNA polymerases of the 1.30 g/cm3...", "contents": "DNA polymerases from intracisternal A-type particles on the mouse plasmacytoma MPC 11. Intracisternal A particles from mouse plasma cell tumors were isolated from microsomal vesiclels by detergent treatment and separated in linear sucrose gradients. Four peaks of DNA polymerase activities banding at densities of 1.30, 1.24, 1.20--1.22 and 1.13 g/cm3 were observed assaying on poly(rA).oligo(dT). Solubolized DNA polymerases of the 1.30 g/cm3...", "PMID": 849744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8810", "title": "Multiple forms of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase I from immature chick liver. Selective effect of 17beta-estradiol.", "content": "1. We found that a single injection of 17beta-estradiol into immature chicks resulted within 24 h in a 2-fold increase of the transcripitional capacity of liver nuclei which involved both endogenous RNA polymerase I and II actvities. Similarly, RNA polymerase activity I of purified nucleoli was also doubled. 2. During purification of RNA polymerase I from controls and treated chicks the difference in activity was almost completely lost. 3. RNA polymerase I could be resolved into two forms, IA and IB, on CM-Spehadex. Form IA increased and form IB decreased after estrogen treatment while the sum of the two remained constant. Form IA sedimented more slowly than form IB in glycerol gradients and was predominant in purified nucleoli. 4. These observations suggest that there may be an equilibrium between the two forms of RNA polymerase I which may change in order to produce the translational shift-up which occurs after estrogen treatment.", "contents": "Multiple forms of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase I from immature chick liver. Selective effect of 17beta-estradiol. 1. We found that a single injection of 17beta-estradiol into immature chicks resulted within 24 h in a 2-fold increase of the transcripitional capacity of liver nuclei which involved both endogenous RNA polymerase I and II actvities. Similarly, RNA polymerase activity I of purified nucleoli was also doubled. 2. During purification of RNA polymerase I from controls and treated chicks the difference in activity was almost completely lost. 3. RNA polymerase I could be resolved into two forms, IA and IB, on CM-Spehadex. Form IA increased and form IB decreased after estrogen treatment while the sum of the two remained constant. Form IA sedimented more slowly than form IB in glycerol gradients and was predominant in purified nucleoli. 4. These observations suggest that there may be an equilibrium between the two forms of RNA polymerase I which may change in order to produce the translational shift-up which occurs after estrogen treatment.", "PMID": 849745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8811", "title": "Membrane-dependent cleavage of the human placental lactogen precursor to its native form in ascites cell-free extracts.", "content": "Messenger RNA derived from term placenta directs the synthesis of a precursor to human placental lactogen (prelactogen, molecular weight 25000) in an ascites cell-free system containing ribosome free supernatant and preincubated purified ribosomes. The processing of prelactogen to native lactogen (molecular weight 22200) was only observed when a microsomal membrane preparation was added prior to the synthesis of complete protein, i.e. before release. Placental mRNA directed the synthesis of prelactogen in asystem containing free polysomes, whereas in a comparable system containing membrane-bound polysomes both prelactogen and lactogen were synthesized. The prelactogen synthesized in the latter system could be cleaved by the addition of membranes at the start of incubation. Preprotein cleavage activity was inhibited 100% by 0.04% Tritonx-100, while protein synthesis was inhibited only about 30%. Using Triton to block cleavage specifically at intervals after mRNA and membrane additions, it was determined that the overall cleavage reaction required about 15 min. When the ascites system was incubated with charged initiator [35S]methionyl-tRNAfMet prelactogen was formed. The labeled prelactogen was processed when membranes were added after 60 min of incubation. The results indicate that prelactogen is the primary gene product, and cleavage activity is apparently associated only with the membrane-bound ribosomal fraction of the cell.", "contents": "Membrane-dependent cleavage of the human placental lactogen precursor to its native form in ascites cell-free extracts. Messenger RNA derived from term placenta directs the synthesis of a precursor to human placental lactogen (prelactogen, molecular weight 25000) in an ascites cell-free system containing ribosome free supernatant and preincubated purified ribosomes. The processing of prelactogen to native lactogen (molecular weight 22200) was only observed when a microsomal membrane preparation was added prior to the synthesis of complete protein, i.e. before release. Placental mRNA directed the synthesis of prelactogen in asystem containing free polysomes, whereas in a comparable system containing membrane-bound polysomes both prelactogen and lactogen were synthesized. The prelactogen synthesized in the latter system could be cleaved by the addition of membranes at the start of incubation. Preprotein cleavage activity was inhibited 100% by 0.04% Tritonx-100, while protein synthesis was inhibited only about 30%. Using Triton to block cleavage specifically at intervals after mRNA and membrane additions, it was determined that the overall cleavage reaction required about 15 min. When the ascites system was incubated with charged initiator [35S]methionyl-tRNAfMet prelactogen was formed. The labeled prelactogen was processed when membranes were added after 60 min of incubation. The results indicate that prelactogen is the primary gene product, and cleavage activity is apparently associated only with the membrane-bound ribosomal fraction of the cell.", "PMID": 849746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8812", "title": "Specificity profiles of the membrane-bound gamma-D-glutamyl-(L)meso-diaminopimelateendopeptidase and LD-carboxypeptidase from Bacillus sphaericus 9602.", "content": "Immunological studies on the carboxypeptidase Y mutant prel-1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed the origin of mutation in the structural gene of carboxypeptidase Y. The absence of carboxypeptidase Y has no effect on growth, even after drastic changes of growth conditions...", "contents": "Specificity profiles of the membrane-bound gamma-D-glutamyl-(L)meso-diaminopimelateendopeptidase and LD-carboxypeptidase from Bacillus sphaericus 9602. Immunological studies on the carboxypeptidase Y mutant prel-1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed the origin of mutation in the structural gene of carboxypeptidase Y. The absence of carboxypeptidase Y has no effect on growth, even after drastic changes of growth conditions...", "PMID": 849747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8813", "title": "Secondary and conformational specificities of trypsin and chymotrypsin.", "content": "Specific and non-specific trypsin substrates of known structure have been examined for common features. This analysis suggests that trypsin has a specificity for a particular conformation near the scissile bond which I denote as a conformational specificity. This conformation is a bent left-handed helix at the third and fourth (P3 and P4) amino acid positions toward the amino terminus from the scissile bond which I denote as a conformational specificity. This conformation is a bent left-handed show a high frequency of proline and glycine at these positions consistent with the left-handed helical conformation. This apparent secondary specificity for a particular substrate residue other than that at the primary position is not related to the nature of the residues at the third and fourth positions. Rather, these residues determine the bend of left-handed helix which has the effect of exposing main chain hydrogen-bonding groups of the substrate peptide chain to hydrogen-bonding groups on the enzyme. Thus, the secondary specificity of trypsin is not sequence-specific, but is for peptide main chain in the third and fourth positions and is determined by the tertiary structure of the substrate. This hypothesis for conformational and secondary specificity in trypsin can be extended to chymotrypsin. It also provides a means for the regulation of certain processes in vivo catalyzed by other proteases.", "contents": "Secondary and conformational specificities of trypsin and chymotrypsin. Specific and non-specific trypsin substrates of known structure have been examined for common features. This analysis suggests that trypsin has a specificity for a particular conformation near the scissile bond which I denote as a conformational specificity. This conformation is a bent left-handed helix at the third and fourth (P3 and P4) amino acid positions toward the amino terminus from the scissile bond which I denote as a conformational specificity. This conformation is a bent left-handed show a high frequency of proline and glycine at these positions consistent with the left-handed helical conformation. This apparent secondary specificity for a particular substrate residue other than that at the primary position is not related to the nature of the residues at the third and fourth positions. Rather, these residues determine the bend of left-handed helix which has the effect of exposing main chain hydrogen-bonding groups of the substrate peptide chain to hydrogen-bonding groups on the enzyme. Thus, the secondary specificity of trypsin is not sequence-specific, but is for peptide main chain in the third and fourth positions and is determined by the tertiary structure of the substrate. This hypothesis for conformational and secondary specificity in trypsin can be extended to chymotrypsin. It also provides a means for the regulation of certain processes in vivo catalyzed by other proteases.", "PMID": 849748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8814", "title": "[Methionyl-tRNA synthetase from wheat embryo: dissociation into subunits (author's transl)].", "content": "Wheat -embryo methionyl-tRNA synthetase is a dimeric protein of beta2 structure. When highly diluted, it loses the capacity to catalyze ATP-[32P]PPi exchange and to aminoacylate tRNAMet: at low enzymatic concentrations the rates of formation of[32P]ATP and [14C]methionyl-tRNAMet are lower than those predicatedby extrapolating the rates determined at higher enzyme concentrations. The difference between observed and expected rates becomes greater with decreasing enzyme concentration. Filtration of purified, dilute enzyme preparations on Sephadex G-200 results in the separation of dimer and monomer fractions. The proportion of monomer present increases with increasing pre-incubation times before the assay and demonstrates an equilibrium between active dimers and being shifted towards the production of monomers. Datapreviously gathered for Escherichia coli prolyl-tRNA synthetase and for bovine-pancreatic tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase, coupled with the present results, suggests that the dissociation of dimeric synthetases may be a general phenomenon in eukaryotes as well as in prokaryotes. The number of sub-units and the dissociation constant were obtained at equilibrium, according to relations adapted to the case of oligomeric enzymes (KD congruent to 13 nM at 25 degrees C and pH 7.5). Rate constants were determined by kinetic studies of the attainment of equilibrium. The rate constant k1 for monomolecular dissociation was determined to be 1.85- 10-3 s-1 and k2 for the bimolecular association to be 0.145 - 106 M-1 s-1. The KD calculated from k1 and k2 was coherent with the experimentally determined value, at equilibrium. The sub-unit interactions, which involve only a small quantity of energy (delta G degree congruent to + 11 kcal mol-1; +45 kJ mol-1) at 25 degrees C, depend on the ionic environment of the medium and the presence of substrates. Alkaline pH favors monomer production, while the presence of methionine, (Mg-ATP)2- and tRNAMet protect the synthetase from dissociation. 2-mercaptoethanol and dithioerythritol prevent only slightly the loss of activity. Bovine serum albumin, however, protects the enzyme from dissociation under dilute conditions.", "contents": "[Methionyl-tRNA synthetase from wheat embryo: dissociation into subunits (author's transl)]. Wheat -embryo methionyl-tRNA synthetase is a dimeric protein of beta2 structure. When highly diluted, it loses the capacity to catalyze ATP-[32P]PPi exchange and to aminoacylate tRNAMet: at low enzymatic concentrations the rates of formation of[32P]ATP and [14C]methionyl-tRNAMet are lower than those predicatedby extrapolating the rates determined at higher enzyme concentrations. The difference between observed and expected rates becomes greater with decreasing enzyme concentration. Filtration of purified, dilute enzyme preparations on Sephadex G-200 results in the separation of dimer and monomer fractions. The proportion of monomer present increases with increasing pre-incubation times before the assay and demonstrates an equilibrium between active dimers and being shifted towards the production of monomers. Datapreviously gathered for Escherichia coli prolyl-tRNA synthetase and for bovine-pancreatic tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase, coupled with the present results, suggests that the dissociation of dimeric synthetases may be a general phenomenon in eukaryotes as well as in prokaryotes. The number of sub-units and the dissociation constant were obtained at equilibrium, according to relations adapted to the case of oligomeric enzymes (KD congruent to 13 nM at 25 degrees C and pH 7.5). Rate constants were determined by kinetic studies of the attainment of equilibrium. The rate constant k1 for monomolecular dissociation was determined to be 1.85- 10-3 s-1 and k2 for the bimolecular association to be 0.145 - 106 M-1 s-1. The KD calculated from k1 and k2 was coherent with the experimentally determined value, at equilibrium. The sub-unit interactions, which involve only a small quantity of energy (delta G degree congruent to + 11 kcal mol-1; +45 kJ mol-1) at 25 degrees C, depend on the ionic environment of the medium and the presence of substrates. Alkaline pH favors monomer production, while the presence of methionine, (Mg-ATP)2- and tRNAMet protect the synthetase from dissociation. 2-mercaptoethanol and dithioerythritol prevent only slightly the loss of activity. Bovine serum albumin, however, protects the enzyme from dissociation under dilute conditions.", "PMID": 849749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8815", "title": "[Induction of malformations by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) (author's transl))].", "content": "After observing multiple malformations in a stillborn infant whose mother was in contact with MNU during pregnancy, the inhalation of evaporated MNU solution or diazomethane was regarded as a possible cause. An attempt was made to reproduce the same conditions in experiments with rats. The experiments were carried out with 46 pregnant rats yielding 370 fetuses. With the aid of an atomizer a solution of 50 mg MNU was atomized in a container of 12 liters. In each test up to 3 rats were exposed for 30 min (group A1). In other groups (B1--3) rats placed into the same container breathed diazomethane which was produced by dropping NaOH on MNU. During this experiment, rats were apathetic and their respiration was accelerated. In group C1--9, MNU was injected intraveneously or intraperitoneally. Animals which had no contact neither with complete MNU nor with its decomposition products served as control (group D1). Rats were killed at the 21st day of pregnancy. After laparotomy, fetuses were weighed and fixed in Bouin's solution or in ethanol. Fetuses were examined macroscopically. Afterwards the head and the trunk were dissected. In a number of cases the skeleton was stained with alizarin red S. Malformations that affected the skeleton and the central nervous system could be found only in those experiments in which rats were exposed to the complete teratogenic agent. By means of external inspection microcephalia, micrognathia, cleft palate, micromelia, syn- and polydactylia, lordosis and skoliosis of the spinal column as well as deviations of the extremities were observed. Above this, by bone preparation by alizarin red S malformations of the skull (micrognathia, aplasia of the zygomatic bone) hypoplasia and deformations of the clavicula, scapula, ribs as well as of bones of the extremities were found. MNU led to complex malformations in the central nervous system comprising microencephalia, hydrocephalus as well as defects of the septum pellucidum and the corpus callosum. Frequency and spectrum of malformations depended on the dosage and the age of pregnancy. As the embryotoxic activity was relatively low at day 13 and as malformations were observed in all cases, this day proved to be most effective one. In contrast to the application of MNU, after inhalation of diazomethane malformations did not occur. However, as a toxic effect a significant increase in dead fetuses and a reduction of the body weight was registered. After inhalation of atomized MNU solution, neither malformations nor toxic injuries could be observed. The experiments do not support the hypothesis, that anomalies found in the stillborn infant are caused by mother's contact with MNU. As demonstrated, in most cases it is very difficult to prove any interrelationship between a chemical agent and the occurrence of malformations in man. Therefore, similar observations should be published even if the connection cannot be ascertained exactly, for only by an accumulation of related cases a positive correlation can be verified.", "contents": "[Induction of malformations by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) (author's transl))]. After observing multiple malformations in a stillborn infant whose mother was in contact with MNU during pregnancy, the inhalation of evaporated MNU solution or diazomethane was regarded as a possible cause. An attempt was made to reproduce the same conditions in experiments with rats. The experiments were carried out with 46 pregnant rats yielding 370 fetuses. With the aid of an atomizer a solution of 50 mg MNU was atomized in a container of 12 liters. In each test up to 3 rats were exposed for 30 min (group A1). In other groups (B1--3) rats placed into the same container breathed diazomethane which was produced by dropping NaOH on MNU. During this experiment, rats were apathetic and their respiration was accelerated. In group C1--9, MNU was injected intraveneously or intraperitoneally. Animals which had no contact neither with complete MNU nor with its decomposition products served as control (group D1). Rats were killed at the 21st day of pregnancy. After laparotomy, fetuses were weighed and fixed in Bouin's solution or in ethanol. Fetuses were examined macroscopically. Afterwards the head and the trunk were dissected. In a number of cases the skeleton was stained with alizarin red S. Malformations that affected the skeleton and the central nervous system could be found only in those experiments in which rats were exposed to the complete teratogenic agent. By means of external inspection microcephalia, micrognathia, cleft palate, micromelia, syn- and polydactylia, lordosis and skoliosis of the spinal column as well as deviations of the extremities were observed. Above this, by bone preparation by alizarin red S malformations of the skull (micrognathia, aplasia of the zygomatic bone) hypoplasia and deformations of the clavicula, scapula, ribs as well as of bones of the extremities were found. MNU led to complex malformations in the central nervous system comprising microencephalia, hydrocephalus as well as defects of the septum pellucidum and the corpus callosum. Frequency and spectrum of malformations depended on the dosage and the age of pregnancy. As the embryotoxic activity was relatively low at day 13 and as malformations were observed in all cases, this day proved to be most effective one. In contrast to the application of MNU, after inhalation of diazomethane malformations did not occur. However, as a toxic effect a significant increase in dead fetuses and a reduction of the body weight was registered. After inhalation of atomized MNU solution, neither malformations nor toxic injuries could be observed. The experiments do not support the hypothesis, that anomalies found in the stillborn infant are caused by mother's contact with MNU. As demonstrated, in most cases it is very difficult to prove any interrelationship between a chemical agent and the occurrence of malformations in man. Therefore, similar observations should be published even if the connection cannot be ascertained exactly, for only by an accumulation of related cases a positive correlation can be verified.", "PMID": 849770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8816", "title": "[Electron microscopic investigations on early stages of experimental heart tumours in rats (author's transl)].", "content": "The views on the histogenesis of experimental heart tumours in rats are controversal. Up to now electron microscopic investigations on early tumour stages are lacking. In this study ultrastructural findings of 4 early stages of heart neoplasms in the left ventricle of BD-IX rats are reported. Material and methods. BD-IX rats received repeated intravenous injections of methylnitrosourea in a dosage of 20 mg/kg body weight. After averagely 9 months the animals were killed by ether anesthesia. Sections of the heart were fixed in solution according to Karlsson and Schultz (1965). In order to discover early stages of tumours light microscopic examinations were carried out on heart sections. Afterwards the small tumour-containing tissue samples were postfixed in 1% OsO4, embedded in durcupan, and double contrasted with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. Results. Light microscopy (semithin sections): Beneath an endothelium-like cell layer an area of parallel to each other arranged spindle-shaped tumour cells with usually hyperchromatic nuclei was found. Some cells were larger and contained pale nuclei. Electron microscopy: The spindle-shaped neoplastic cells with irregular nuclei are loosely arranged. Most of the cells were surrounded by a basement membrane. In the extracellular space abundant thin cell processes and collagen fibers were demonstrable. The tumours contained characteristic bundles of cell processes as well as single processes which enveloped a virtual point of the space. Some large and widely undifferentiated tumour cells had stump-like thick processes. In the area of trabecular muscle neoplastic cells of an apparently mesenchymal origin were present. The ultrastructural findings are discussed regarding the histogenesis of the small heart tumours in the rats. They probably developed from neoplastic Schwann cells but an additional mesenchymal component seems to be engaged. Further studies are necessary to clarify the significance of both components and their relations in the experimental heart tumours.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic investigations on early stages of experimental heart tumours in rats (author's transl)]. The views on the histogenesis of experimental heart tumours in rats are controversal. Up to now electron microscopic investigations on early tumour stages are lacking. In this study ultrastructural findings of 4 early stages of heart neoplasms in the left ventricle of BD-IX rats are reported. Material and methods. BD-IX rats received repeated intravenous injections of methylnitrosourea in a dosage of 20 mg/kg body weight. After averagely 9 months the animals were killed by ether anesthesia. Sections of the heart were fixed in solution according to Karlsson and Schultz (1965). In order to discover early stages of tumours light microscopic examinations were carried out on heart sections. Afterwards the small tumour-containing tissue samples were postfixed in 1% OsO4, embedded in durcupan, and double contrasted with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. Results. Light microscopy (semithin sections): Beneath an endothelium-like cell layer an area of parallel to each other arranged spindle-shaped tumour cells with usually hyperchromatic nuclei was found. Some cells were larger and contained pale nuclei. Electron microscopy: The spindle-shaped neoplastic cells with irregular nuclei are loosely arranged. Most of the cells were surrounded by a basement membrane. In the extracellular space abundant thin cell processes and collagen fibers were demonstrable. The tumours contained characteristic bundles of cell processes as well as single processes which enveloped a virtual point of the space. Some large and widely undifferentiated tumour cells had stump-like thick processes. In the area of trabecular muscle neoplastic cells of an apparently mesenchymal origin were present. The ultrastructural findings are discussed regarding the histogenesis of the small heart tumours in the rats. They probably developed from neoplastic Schwann cells but an additional mesenchymal component seems to be engaged. Further studies are necessary to clarify the significance of both components and their relations in the experimental heart tumours.", "PMID": 849771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8817", "title": "Morphology of diethylnitrosamine-induced lung tumours in Dzungarian dwarf hamsters.", "content": "After transplacental application of 30 mg/kg b.w. diethylnitrosamine 16 out of 21 Dzungarian dwarf hamsters developed lung tumours. The histological picture of these tumours is described. The neoplasms are classified as papillary, tubular, or alveolar adenomas or adenocarcinomas, respectively. Different histological architectures occur in one and the same animal or even in different parts of the same tumour. The neoplasms derive from outgrowths of the epithelium of small bronchioles. The significance of the Dzungarian dwarf hamster as a suitable tool for transplacental and postnatal cancer research is discussed.", "contents": "Morphology of diethylnitrosamine-induced lung tumours in Dzungarian dwarf hamsters. After transplacental application of 30 mg/kg b.w. diethylnitrosamine 16 out of 21 Dzungarian dwarf hamsters developed lung tumours. The histological picture of these tumours is described. The neoplasms are classified as papillary, tubular, or alveolar adenomas or adenocarcinomas, respectively. Different histological architectures occur in one and the same animal or even in different parts of the same tumour. The neoplasms derive from outgrowths of the epithelium of small bronchioles. The significance of the Dzungarian dwarf hamster as a suitable tool for transplacental and postnatal cancer research is discussed.", "PMID": 849772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8818", "title": "[Experimental studies on disseminated intravascular coagulation (author's transl)].", "content": "Generalized disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) was produced in rats by thrombin infusion (550 NIH U thrombin/kg/h). Changes in the clotting system and morphological alterations were studied with consideration to early lesions. Furthermore, the influence of the antifibrinolytic agent Pamba and the fibrinolytic enzyme ocrase on DIC are studied. Microthrombi and degenerative alterations are increased in parenchymatous organs after thrombin infusion with Pamba is applied, they are decreased when ocrase is given. Alterations are most prominent in the lungs revealing the appearance of a \"shock lung\". Semiquantitative morphological examinations of lung, liver, kidney and adrenal glands were performed by counting microthrombi. There are marked differences between the test groups.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on disseminated intravascular coagulation (author's transl)]. Generalized disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) was produced in rats by thrombin infusion (550 NIH U thrombin/kg/h). Changes in the clotting system and morphological alterations were studied with consideration to early lesions. Furthermore, the influence of the antifibrinolytic agent Pamba and the fibrinolytic enzyme ocrase on DIC are studied. Microthrombi and degenerative alterations are increased in parenchymatous organs after thrombin infusion with Pamba is applied, they are decreased when ocrase is given. Alterations are most prominent in the lungs revealing the appearance of a \"shock lung\". Semiquantitative morphological examinations of lung, liver, kidney and adrenal glands were performed by counting microthrombi. There are marked differences between the test groups.", "PMID": 849773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8819", "title": "[Action of chlorphentermine on the hydrolysis of phosphatidyl choline by phospholipase A2 (author's transl)].", "content": "The anorectic drug chlorphentermine (Chlph) has been reported to cause lipoidosis-like cellular alterations in many organs, especially in lungs. A weak inflammation has been observed during the first week of daily application. After that time a pronounced foam cell production with many lamellated inclusion bodies in the cell occurs. It has been supposed that this action is caused by an inhibition of phospholipid-degradation due to an association between the drug and phospholipids. To substantiate this mechanism an in vitro study a bout the action of Chlph on the hydrolysis of phosphytidyl choline (PC) by phospholipase A2 (bee venom) was undertaken. Pur PC was obtained by column chromatography of egg lecithin. PC was used in two physical states. Handshaken liposomes are used as a model of the lamellated inclusion bodies of drug- induced phospholipidosis. The kinetic analysis was carried out on single bilayered liposomes obtained by injection of an ethanolic PC-solution into 0.16 M KCl. Purified bee venom was used as enzyme source. Usually the drug was added before the initiation of the enzyme reaction. In some cases Chlph was added after starting the hydrolysis by phospholipase for a detailed characterization of the type of interaction between Chlph and PC. The velocity of the enzyme reaction was measured by pH- stat titration and was expressed as mM H+-release per min. Two phases of Chlph-action are observed. A time limited stimulation of hydrolysis occurs immediatly after addition of the drug. The enzyme reaction is inhibited after the disappearence of this activation. This inhibition is independent of the physical state of the substrate and is very pronounced at equimolar mixtures of Chlph and PC (88 per cent inhibition in handshaken liposomes; 78 per cent inhibition in single bilayered liposomes). At inhibitor concentrations below 10 mol per cent the hydrolysis is not affected. By kinetic analysis it was found that the inhibitory action is due to an association between the inhibitor and the substrate. The Lineweaver-Burk- and Dixon-replots show a series of curves characteristic for this type of interaction (concave shape; no common intersections, situated in the 2nd quadrant). The intermediate stimulation of the substrate hydrolysis occurs only during the reaction of Chlph with PC. This is concluded from the following observations: The duration of activation is proportional to the inhibitor concentration as well as to the substrate concentration, i.e. it is proportional to the concentration of both reactants. The activation does not occur if the enzyme reaction is started some time after mixing inhibitor and substrate, i.e. after finishing the reaction. The results are discussed in relation to the in vivo action of Chlph.", "contents": "[Action of chlorphentermine on the hydrolysis of phosphatidyl choline by phospholipase A2 (author's transl)]. The anorectic drug chlorphentermine (Chlph) has been reported to cause lipoidosis-like cellular alterations in many organs, especially in lungs. A weak inflammation has been observed during the first week of daily application. After that time a pronounced foam cell production with many lamellated inclusion bodies in the cell occurs. It has been supposed that this action is caused by an inhibition of phospholipid-degradation due to an association between the drug and phospholipids. To substantiate this mechanism an in vitro study a bout the action of Chlph on the hydrolysis of phosphytidyl choline (PC) by phospholipase A2 (bee venom) was undertaken. Pur PC was obtained by column chromatography of egg lecithin. PC was used in two physical states. Handshaken liposomes are used as a model of the lamellated inclusion bodies of drug- induced phospholipidosis. The kinetic analysis was carried out on single bilayered liposomes obtained by injection of an ethanolic PC-solution into 0.16 M KCl. Purified bee venom was used as enzyme source. Usually the drug was added before the initiation of the enzyme reaction. In some cases Chlph was added after starting the hydrolysis by phospholipase for a detailed characterization of the type of interaction between Chlph and PC. The velocity of the enzyme reaction was measured by pH- stat titration and was expressed as mM H+-release per min. Two phases of Chlph-action are observed. A time limited stimulation of hydrolysis occurs immediatly after addition of the drug. The enzyme reaction is inhibited after the disappearence of this activation. This inhibition is independent of the physical state of the substrate and is very pronounced at equimolar mixtures of Chlph and PC (88 per cent inhibition in handshaken liposomes; 78 per cent inhibition in single bilayered liposomes). At inhibitor concentrations below 10 mol per cent the hydrolysis is not affected. By kinetic analysis it was found that the inhibitory action is due to an association between the inhibitor and the substrate. The Lineweaver-Burk- and Dixon-replots show a series of curves characteristic for this type of interaction (concave shape; no common intersections, situated in the 2nd quadrant). The intermediate stimulation of the substrate hydrolysis occurs only during the reaction of Chlph with PC. This is concluded from the following observations: The duration of activation is proportional to the inhibitor concentration as well as to the substrate concentration, i.e. it is proportional to the concentration of both reactants. The activation does not occur if the enzyme reaction is started some time after mixing inhibitor and substrate, i.e. after finishing the reaction. The results are discussed in relation to the in vivo action of Chlph.", "PMID": 849774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8820", "title": "[Lack of a cancerogenic effect after application of amines and amides together with nitrite in rabbits (author's transl)].", "content": "Young rabbits of both sexes received the following nitrosable compounds and sodium nitrite: Group 1:13 animals received 0.1 per cent methylurea in food and 0.1 per cent NaNO2 in drinking water. Two control groups of 6 rabbits were applied NaNO2 or methylurea, respectively. Duration of application 100 days. Group2: 20 animals received 0.2 per cent dimethylbenzylamine in drinking water and 0.15 per cent NaNO2 in food for 100 days. 10 control animals got only 0.2 per cent dimethylbenzylamine. Group 3: 20 rabbits were fed with 0.2 per cent diethylaminohydrochloride and 0.2 per cent NaNO2 added to the food. 10 controls received only 0.2 per cent of the amine. Duration of feeding 63 days.", "contents": "[Lack of a cancerogenic effect after application of amines and amides together with nitrite in rabbits (author's transl)]. Young rabbits of both sexes received the following nitrosable compounds and sodium nitrite: Group 1:13 animals received 0.1 per cent methylurea in food and 0.1 per cent NaNO2 in drinking water. Two control groups of 6 rabbits were applied NaNO2 or methylurea, respectively. Duration of application 100 days. Group2: 20 animals received 0.2 per cent dimethylbenzylamine in drinking water and 0.15 per cent NaNO2 in food for 100 days. 10 control animals got only 0.2 per cent dimethylbenzylamine. Group 3: 20 rabbits were fed with 0.2 per cent diethylaminohydrochloride and 0.2 per cent NaNO2 added to the food. 10 controls received only 0.2 per cent of the amine. Duration of feeding 63 days.", "PMID": 849775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8821", "title": "Effect of ethanol on stimulus-induced insulin secretion and glucose tolerance. A study of mechanisms.", "content": "The effect of ethanol on stimulus-induced insulin secretion was studied, and possible mechanisms were examined in fasting unanesthetized and unrestrained rats with indwelling jugular and aortic catheters. Glucose (150 mg.) or tolbutamide (10 mg.) was given rapidly, i.v., one hour after  agavage of ethanol or saline (control). Acutely, ethanol treatment caused marked inhibition of glucose-induced insulin secretion and impaired glucose disappearance rate. Tolbutamide-induced insulin secretion was also significantly inhibited, and decline in glucose was significantly less in ethanol-treated rats. In response to ethanol, serum calcium concentration significantly declined for two hours. In another study, an ethanol metabolite, acetate (0.4 micronmole/min.) or vehicle (control) was infused for 60 minutes prior to 150 mg. glucose pulse. Acetate priming significantly potentiated glucose-induced insulin secretion and also improved glucose tolerance. It is proposed that (1) ethanol in vivo acutely induces hypocalcemia, which inhibits glucose- and tolbutamide-induced insulin secretion--which, in turn, causes glucose intolerance and prevents tolbutamide-induced hypoglycemia. (2)Acetate might be the actual petentiating influence on glucose-induced insulin secretion observed several hours after ethanol treatment.", "contents": "Effect of ethanol on stimulus-induced insulin secretion and glucose tolerance. A study of mechanisms. The effect of ethanol on stimulus-induced insulin secretion was studied, and possible mechanisms were examined in fasting unanesthetized and unrestrained rats with indwelling jugular and aortic catheters. Glucose (150 mg.) or tolbutamide (10 mg.) was given rapidly, i.v., one hour after  agavage of ethanol or saline (control). Acutely, ethanol treatment caused marked inhibition of glucose-induced insulin secretion and impaired glucose disappearance rate. Tolbutamide-induced insulin secretion was also significantly inhibited, and decline in glucose was significantly less in ethanol-treated rats. In response to ethanol, serum calcium concentration significantly declined for two hours. In another study, an ethanol metabolite, acetate (0.4 micronmole/min.) or vehicle (control) was infused for 60 minutes prior to 150 mg. glucose pulse. Acetate priming significantly potentiated glucose-induced insulin secretion and also improved glucose tolerance. It is proposed that (1) ethanol in vivo acutely induces hypocalcemia, which inhibits glucose- and tolbutamide-induced insulin secretion--which, in turn, causes glucose intolerance and prevents tolbutamide-induced hypoglycemia. (2)Acetate might be the actual petentiating influence on glucose-induced insulin secretion observed several hours after ethanol treatment.", "PMID": 849808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8822", "title": "Abnormalities in proliferation and protein synthesis in skin fibroblast cultures from patients with diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Several aspects of in-vitro cell growth and protein synthesis were assessed in cultures of skin fibroblasts from subjects with juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus (JODM) or adult-onset diabetes mellitus (AODM) and from age-matched nondiabetic controls (C). There was an inverse correlation between increasing age and both the log-phase doubling rate and saturation density at confluence in C fibroblasts. JODM and AODM cells had a reduction in both indices of cell population growth in comparison with age-matched C fibroblasts. Fibroblasts grown in the presence of 0.3 micronM hydrocortisone were stimulated to grow more rapidly and to a greater saturation density. Stimulation of cell division by hydrocortisone accentuated the abnormalities in growth of JODM and AODM fibroblasts. Total protein and collagen synthesis was measured whtn the fibroblasts had grown to confluency in medium with or without hydrocorticone. Hydrocorticone did not produce a significant change in total protein and collagen synthesis per cell by C fibroblasts. Fibroblasts from AODM had a 180 per cent increase in total protein and collagen synthesis in the presence of hydrocortisone. In contrast, total protein and collagen synthesis decreased 40 per cent in fibroblasts from JODM when grown in the hydrocortisone medium. These studies indicate that skin fibroblast cultures from patients with diabetes exhibit abnormalities in cell proliferation. Furthermore, hydrocortisone appears to unmask diffeerences in protein synthesis that distinguish JODM and AODM fibroblasts in culture.", "contents": "Abnormalities in proliferation and protein synthesis in skin fibroblast cultures from patients with diabetes mellitus. Several aspects of in-vitro cell growth and protein synthesis were assessed in cultures of skin fibroblasts from subjects with juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus (JODM) or adult-onset diabetes mellitus (AODM) and from age-matched nondiabetic controls (C). There was an inverse correlation between increasing age and both the log-phase doubling rate and saturation density at confluence in C fibroblasts. JODM and AODM cells had a reduction in both indices of cell population growth in comparison with age-matched C fibroblasts. Fibroblasts grown in the presence of 0.3 micronM hydrocortisone were stimulated to grow more rapidly and to a greater saturation density. Stimulation of cell division by hydrocortisone accentuated the abnormalities in growth of JODM and AODM fibroblasts. Total protein and collagen synthesis was measured whtn the fibroblasts had grown to confluency in medium with or without hydrocorticone. Hydrocorticone did not produce a significant change in total protein and collagen synthesis per cell by C fibroblasts. Fibroblasts from AODM had a 180 per cent increase in total protein and collagen synthesis in the presence of hydrocortisone. In contrast, total protein and collagen synthesis decreased 40 per cent in fibroblasts from JODM when grown in the hydrocortisone medium. These studies indicate that skin fibroblast cultures from patients with diabetes exhibit abnormalities in cell proliferation. Furthermore, hydrocortisone appears to unmask diffeerences in protein synthesis that distinguish JODM and AODM fibroblasts in culture.", "PMID": 849809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8823", "title": "Use of dexamethasone in treatment of insulin lipoatrophy.", "content": "To treat insulin lipoatrophy, small amounts of dexamethasone (4 micrograms/unit) were added to insulin injections in nine patients. Six cases showed significant improvement of dexamethasone-treated sites over that of control sites in six months. With the continued use of dexamethasone-containing insulin, they remained mostly free of atrophic areas during the follow-up period of over two years. Our experience suggests the usefulness of this therapy.", "contents": "Use of dexamethasone in treatment of insulin lipoatrophy. To treat insulin lipoatrophy, small amounts of dexamethasone (4 micrograms/unit) were added to insulin injections in nine patients. Six cases showed significant improvement of dexamethasone-treated sites over that of control sites in six months. With the continued use of dexamethasone-containing insulin, they remained mostly free of atrophic areas during the follow-up period of over two years. Our experience suggests the usefulness of this therapy.", "PMID": 849810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8824", "title": "Glucagon secretion induced by natural and artificial amino acids in the perfused rat pancreas.", "content": "The glucagon-secreting potency of 22 amino acids was investigated in the rat isolated perfused pancreas. Arginine and the structurally related amino acids were the most potent A2-cell stimulators that induced a biphasic and sustained glucagon release. Dose-response curver were different for L(+) and D(+)arginine, and the suppressor effect of glucose on the response to L(+) arginine was not detected in the presence of D(+) arginine or homoarginine. Citrulline was the only exception among the arginine-related amino acids; it displayed neither stimulatory nor inhibitory potency on glucagon release. The A2-cell response to D(+) amino acids and artificial analogues of arginine is a strong case for the theory of amino acid receptors' triggering the release of the hormone before (or in the absence of) further metabolism. The prominent rank of arginine and ornithine amont stimulatory amino acids and some other physiologic evidence suggest that A2-cell may play a regulatory role in the metabolsm of ammonia by the liver.", "contents": "Glucagon secretion induced by natural and artificial amino acids in the perfused rat pancreas. The glucagon-secreting potency of 22 amino acids was investigated in the rat isolated perfused pancreas. Arginine and the structurally related amino acids were the most potent A2-cell stimulators that induced a biphasic and sustained glucagon release. Dose-response curver were different for L(+) and D(+)arginine, and the suppressor effect of glucose on the response to L(+) arginine was not detected in the presence of D(+) arginine or homoarginine. Citrulline was the only exception among the arginine-related amino acids; it displayed neither stimulatory nor inhibitory potency on glucagon release. The A2-cell response to D(+) amino acids and artificial analogues of arginine is a strong case for the theory of amino acid receptors' triggering the release of the hormone before (or in the absence of) further metabolism. The prominent rank of arginine and ornithine amont stimulatory amino acids and some other physiologic evidence suggest that A2-cell may play a regulatory role in the metabolsm of ammonia by the liver.", "PMID": 849811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8825", "title": "The effect of chronic oral antidiabetic therapy on insulin and glucagon responses to a meal.", "content": "Nineteen maturity-onset diabetic patients receiving oral hypoglycemic therapy in a university diabetes clinic completed a study to assess the efficacy of the oral agents and to determine their effects on pancreatic islet hormone secretion. All patients were receiving sulfonylureas, and seven were also receiving phenformin. The subjects were studied as outpatients in the clinic setting on four different occasions with collections of a baseline blood sample before a standard breakfast and a second sampling two hours postprandially, twice while on their prescribed medication and twice after having been withdrawn from the medication. The values obtained during the two studies on the two studies off medications were reproducible for each subject. Analysis of the results by paired differences revealed that mean 24-hour urine glucose values deteriorated significantly (p less than 0.005) after oral antidiabetic therapy was withdrawn; similarly, mean plasma glucose values, both at baseline and two hours postprandially, rose significantly (p less than 0.001) when subjects were off medication. Baseline serum insulin values were not changed, but postprandial levels were significantly higher on oral agents (p less than 0.005). Plasma immunoreactive glucagon was significantly lower both at baseline (p less than 0.02) and postprandially (p less than 0.005) when the subjects were on their antidiabetic medications. During the trial off medication, 16 patients became symptomatic, with three of these developing symptoms severe enough to require hospitalization. It is apparent from this study that oral hypoglycemic medications can play a role in controlling symptoms in maturity-onset diabetic patients and that the beneficial effect of these agents on hyperglycemia may, in part, be explained by their stimulation of endogenous insulin secretion and partial suppression of endogenous glucagon.", "contents": "The effect of chronic oral antidiabetic therapy on insulin and glucagon responses to a meal. Nineteen maturity-onset diabetic patients receiving oral hypoglycemic therapy in a university diabetes clinic completed a study to assess the efficacy of the oral agents and to determine their effects on pancreatic islet hormone secretion. All patients were receiving sulfonylureas, and seven were also receiving phenformin. The subjects were studied as outpatients in the clinic setting on four different occasions with collections of a baseline blood sample before a standard breakfast and a second sampling two hours postprandially, twice while on their prescribed medication and twice after having been withdrawn from the medication. The values obtained during the two studies on the two studies off medications were reproducible for each subject. Analysis of the results by paired differences revealed that mean 24-hour urine glucose values deteriorated significantly (p less than 0.005) after oral antidiabetic therapy was withdrawn; similarly, mean plasma glucose values, both at baseline and two hours postprandially, rose significantly (p less than 0.001) when subjects were off medication. Baseline serum insulin values were not changed, but postprandial levels were significantly higher on oral agents (p less than 0.005). Plasma immunoreactive glucagon was significantly lower both at baseline (p less than 0.02) and postprandially (p less than 0.005) when the subjects were on their antidiabetic medications. During the trial off medication, 16 patients became symptomatic, with three of these developing symptoms severe enough to require hospitalization. It is apparent from this study that oral hypoglycemic medications can play a role in controlling symptoms in maturity-onset diabetic patients and that the beneficial effect of these agents on hyperglycemia may, in part, be explained by their stimulation of endogenous insulin secretion and partial suppression of endogenous glucagon.", "PMID": 849812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8826", "title": "Gastric and duodenal ulcer healing under placebo treatment.", "content": "The healing time relation of 30 gastric and 15 duodenal ulcers was assessed by repeated endoscopic measurements of ulcer size on days 1, 21, and 42 of a 6-week period, during which a selected population of patients was being treated as outpatients on an inert placebo. Antacids in small amounts were only given in case of ulcer pain. There was evidence for a linear relationship between the absolute initial ulcer size and its reduction with the time in incompletely healed ulcers of both types. Their percentage reduction from the original size was 71% after 3 weeks in gastric and 83% in duodenal ulcers; 82% after 6 weeks in gastric and 83% in duodenal ulcers. The healing time course for both types of ulcers appeared to follow an exponential function. The calculated half-life was 1.7 weeks for gastric and 1.9 weeks for duodenal ulcers. The number of healed duodenal ulcers observed at the 3-week examination was significantly greater than that of healed gastric ulcers (P = 0.05). It is concluded that repeated measurements of the ulcer size before complete ulcer healing contribute to a optimal characterization of the healing time course. The calculated half-life of less than 2 weeks makes shorter control intervals reasonable for both types of ulcers. The ulcer half-life appears to be a more accurate criterion of the healing process than that of complete healing.", "contents": "Gastric and duodenal ulcer healing under placebo treatment. The healing time relation of 30 gastric and 15 duodenal ulcers was assessed by repeated endoscopic measurements of ulcer size on days 1, 21, and 42 of a 6-week period, during which a selected population of patients was being treated as outpatients on an inert placebo. Antacids in small amounts were only given in case of ulcer pain. There was evidence for a linear relationship between the absolute initial ulcer size and its reduction with the time in incompletely healed ulcers of both types. Their percentage reduction from the original size was 71% after 3 weeks in gastric and 83% in duodenal ulcers; 82% after 6 weeks in gastric and 83% in duodenal ulcers. The healing time course for both types of ulcers appeared to follow an exponential function. The calculated half-life was 1.7 weeks for gastric and 1.9 weeks for duodenal ulcers. The number of healed duodenal ulcers observed at the 3-week examination was significantly greater than that of healed gastric ulcers (P = 0.05). It is concluded that repeated measurements of the ulcer size before complete ulcer healing contribute to a optimal characterization of the healing time course. The calculated half-life of less than 2 weeks makes shorter control intervals reasonable for both types of ulcers. The ulcer half-life appears to be a more accurate criterion of the healing process than that of complete healing.", "PMID": 849813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8827", "title": "Effect of betazole on serum group I pepsinogen levels: relationship to gastric acid output in unoperated and postoperative patients.", "content": "A significant association has previously been found between a betazole-induced decrease in serum group I pepsinogen (PG I) levels and a low peak acid output (PAO) in symptomatic patients with vagotomy and gastric resection or a drainage procedure. This study compares the effect of betazole on serum PG I levels and gastric acid output in 245 unoperated patients (115 duodenal ulcer, 25 prepyloric ulcer, 32 gastric ulcer, 73 nonulcer) and in 73 symptomatic postoperative patients (15 subtotal gastric resection, 28 vagotomy and gastric resection, 30 vagotomy and drainage). A negative serum PGI response (2-hr serum PG I level less than 92% of basal) occurred in 10 (4.1% of the unoperated patients and in 31 (42.5%) of the postoperative patients. Seven (70%) of the former and 29 (93.5%) of the latter patients had a PAO of less than 10 mEq per hr, indicating that a negative serum PG I response is associated with a low PAO in both unoperated and postoperative patients. The PAO was greater than 10 mEq per hr in 93.1% of the 277 patients with a 2-hr serum PG I level of more than 92% of basal. Additional studies revealed that neither aspiration of gastric juice nor perfusion of the stomach with acid altered the serum PG I response. This suggests that topical acid does not modulate the effect of betazole on serum PG I levels. Finally, a negative serum PG I response has been shown to be paradoxical, in that gastric pepsin levels have been found to increase over basal concurrently with the decrease in serum PG I levels.", "contents": "Effect of betazole on serum group I pepsinogen levels: relationship to gastric acid output in unoperated and postoperative patients. A significant association has previously been found between a betazole-induced decrease in serum group I pepsinogen (PG I) levels and a low peak acid output (PAO) in symptomatic patients with vagotomy and gastric resection or a drainage procedure. This study compares the effect of betazole on serum PG I levels and gastric acid output in 245 unoperated patients (115 duodenal ulcer, 25 prepyloric ulcer, 32 gastric ulcer, 73 nonulcer) and in 73 symptomatic postoperative patients (15 subtotal gastric resection, 28 vagotomy and gastric resection, 30 vagotomy and drainage). A negative serum PGI response (2-hr serum PG I level less than 92% of basal) occurred in 10 (4.1% of the unoperated patients and in 31 (42.5%) of the postoperative patients. Seven (70%) of the former and 29 (93.5%) of the latter patients had a PAO of less than 10 mEq per hr, indicating that a negative serum PG I response is associated with a low PAO in both unoperated and postoperative patients. The PAO was greater than 10 mEq per hr in 93.1% of the 277 patients with a 2-hr serum PG I level of more than 92% of basal. Additional studies revealed that neither aspiration of gastric juice nor perfusion of the stomach with acid altered the serum PG I response. This suggests that topical acid does not modulate the effect of betazole on serum PG I levels. Finally, a negative serum PG I response has been shown to be paradoxical, in that gastric pepsin levels have been found to increase over basal concurrently with the decrease in serum PG I levels.", "PMID": 849814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8828", "title": "Effect of bisacodyl on the structure and function of rodent and human intestine.", "content": "The effect of bisacodyl on intestinal structure and function was investigated. Net water transport was measured under steady state conditions in vivo during single pass infusions of rodent and of human intestinal segments. Each segment served as its own control. Bisacodyl inhibited water absorption in rat jejunum, ileum, and colon. The degree of inhibition was linearly related to the logarithm of the bisacodyl concentration over the range of 0.05 to 2.0 mg per 100 ml. In human jejunal segments, bisacodyl, 1 mg per 100 ml, caused net water secretion. Bisacodyl, 5 mg every 6 hr, increased ileostomy output by 15% when it was fed to 5 patients with established ileostomies. By light microscopy, bisacodyl, 2 mg per 100 ml, erased cytoplasmic and nuclear detail within surface absorptive cells of rat intestine. By electron microscopy, the involved cells contained sparse and abnormal cytoplasmic organelles and nuclei which were deficient in chromatin. These results suggest that the laxative effect of bisacodyl is related to its ability to inhibit intestinal water absorption. Reduced absorption may be secondary to changes in surface absorptive cells.", "contents": "Effect of bisacodyl on the structure and function of rodent and human intestine. The effect of bisacodyl on intestinal structure and function was investigated. Net water transport was measured under steady state conditions in vivo during single pass infusions of rodent and of human intestinal segments. Each segment served as its own control. Bisacodyl inhibited water absorption in rat jejunum, ileum, and colon. The degree of inhibition was linearly related to the logarithm of the bisacodyl concentration over the range of 0.05 to 2.0 mg per 100 ml. In human jejunal segments, bisacodyl, 1 mg per 100 ml, caused net water secretion. Bisacodyl, 5 mg every 6 hr, increased ileostomy output by 15% when it was fed to 5 patients with established ileostomies. By light microscopy, bisacodyl, 2 mg per 100 ml, erased cytoplasmic and nuclear detail within surface absorptive cells of rat intestine. By electron microscopy, the involved cells contained sparse and abnormal cytoplasmic organelles and nuclei which were deficient in chromatin. These results suggest that the laxative effect of bisacodyl is related to its ability to inhibit intestinal water absorption. Reduced absorption may be secondary to changes in surface absorptive cells.", "PMID": 849815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8829", "title": "Cell loss from normal and stressed gastric mucosae of the rat. An ultrastructural analysis.", "content": "The gastric mucosa is characterized by high rates of surface epithelial cell (SEC) loss. Exposure to acute stressors results in an increase in the incidence of SEC loss. However, little is known about the detachment of SEC from the epithelial sheet. We have used scanning and transmission electron microscopy to study mechanisms of SEC loss from the gastric mucosae of normal, fasted rats and of rats exposed to acute stressors. In fasted control animals SEC loss occurred primarily via extrusion of individual interfoveolar cells and only rarely by degeneration in situ. Each extruding cell was surrounded by a rosette-like configuration of adjacent, encroaching SEC. Mucosal integrity is maintained. Short term exposure to acute stressors results in an increase in the incidence of extrusive cell loss. Continued exposure to stressors also increases the incidence of degeneration in situ of isolated SEC or groups of SEC. Extrusion provides a mechanism for the necessary removal of gastric SEC. Acute stress may override or exhaust the extrusive mode, producing, via ischemia or surface diffusion of cytotoxic agents, SEC degeneration in situ and breaks in the mucosal barrier.", "contents": "Cell loss from normal and stressed gastric mucosae of the rat. An ultrastructural analysis. The gastric mucosa is characterized by high rates of surface epithelial cell (SEC) loss. Exposure to acute stressors results in an increase in the incidence of SEC loss. However, little is known about the detachment of SEC from the epithelial sheet. We have used scanning and transmission electron microscopy to study mechanisms of SEC loss from the gastric mucosae of normal, fasted rats and of rats exposed to acute stressors. In fasted control animals SEC loss occurred primarily via extrusion of individual interfoveolar cells and only rarely by degeneration in situ. Each extruding cell was surrounded by a rosette-like configuration of adjacent, encroaching SEC. Mucosal integrity is maintained. Short term exposure to acute stressors results in an increase in the incidence of extrusive cell loss. Continued exposure to stressors also increases the incidence of degeneration in situ of isolated SEC or groups of SEC. Extrusion provides a mechanism for the necessary removal of gastric SEC. Acute stress may override or exhaust the extrusive mode, producing, via ischemia or surface diffusion of cytotoxic agents, SEC degeneration in situ and breaks in the mucosal barrier.", "PMID": 849816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8830", "title": "Pharmacological analysis of the effects of metoclopramide on the guinea pig isolated stomach.", "content": "A pharmacological analysis has been made of the effects of metoclopramide on the contractile activity of isolated longitudinal muscle strips prepared from the guinea pig stomach. Metoclopramide produced up to 3-fold increases in the amplitude of the spontaneous contractions exhibited by such a preparation. This phenomenon was antagonized by hyoscine but not by tetrodotoxin nor by hexamethonium. The contractile response to transmural stimulation was also enhanced by metoclopramide, as was the response to extrinsic acetylcholine. Neural inhibitory systems were not affected by metoclopramide. The apparent sensitization to extrinsic acetylcholine was, however, prevented by tetrodotoxin and hexamethonium, implying that this effect depends upon ganglionic stimulation by acetylcholine. These results suggest that metoclopramide may act by increasing the amount of acetylcholine released at the postgangionic cholinergic nerve ending.", "contents": "Pharmacological analysis of the effects of metoclopramide on the guinea pig isolated stomach. A pharmacological analysis has been made of the effects of metoclopramide on the contractile activity of isolated longitudinal muscle strips prepared from the guinea pig stomach. Metoclopramide produced up to 3-fold increases in the amplitude of the spontaneous contractions exhibited by such a preparation. This phenomenon was antagonized by hyoscine but not by tetrodotoxin nor by hexamethonium. The contractile response to transmural stimulation was also enhanced by metoclopramide, as was the response to extrinsic acetylcholine. Neural inhibitory systems were not affected by metoclopramide. The apparent sensitization to extrinsic acetylcholine was, however, prevented by tetrodotoxin and hexamethonium, implying that this effect depends upon ganglionic stimulation by acetylcholine. These results suggest that metoclopramide may act by increasing the amount of acetylcholine released at the postgangionic cholinergic nerve ending.", "PMID": 849817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8831", "title": "Humoral regulation of vitamin B12 absorption by pregnant mouse small intestine.", "content": "In vivo experiments in which pregnant mice were fed an oral dose of 40 ng of [57Co]B12 demonstrated that there was a progressive increase in B12 absorption in the 3rd week of pregnancy. The absorptive mechanism resembled that in nonpregnant animals on the grounds that the mechanism was saturable, and presumably intrinsic factor (IF) dependent, and that it was localized to the ileum. In vitro studies of IF-57Co B12 binding to ileal homogenates confirmed the requirement for IF. Studies in late pregnancy showed that IF-[57Co]B12 binding to ileal homogenates, expressed as nanograms of IF-[57Co]B12 bound per milligram of protein, was twice that of nonpregnant animals. When ileal homogenates were prepared from mice on days 20 to 21 of gestation, IF-[57Co]B12 binding fell to nonpregnant levels within 2 to 4 hr of hysterectomy. Hourly injections of serum from mice in late pregnancy, or from a female at the 37th week of gestation, maintained IF-B12 binding at levels reached during pregnancy, whereas nonpregnant serum was ineffective.", "contents": "Humoral regulation of vitamin B12 absorption by pregnant mouse small intestine. In vivo experiments in which pregnant mice were fed an oral dose of 40 ng of [57Co]B12 demonstrated that there was a progressive increase in B12 absorption in the 3rd week of pregnancy. The absorptive mechanism resembled that in nonpregnant animals on the grounds that the mechanism was saturable, and presumably intrinsic factor (IF) dependent, and that it was localized to the ileum. In vitro studies of IF-57Co B12 binding to ileal homogenates confirmed the requirement for IF. Studies in late pregnancy showed that IF-[57Co]B12 binding to ileal homogenates, expressed as nanograms of IF-[57Co]B12 bound per milligram of protein, was twice that of nonpregnant animals. When ileal homogenates were prepared from mice on days 20 to 21 of gestation, IF-[57Co]B12 binding fell to nonpregnant levels within 2 to 4 hr of hysterectomy. Hourly injections of serum from mice in late pregnancy, or from a female at the 37th week of gestation, maintained IF-B12 binding at levels reached during pregnancy, whereas nonpregnant serum was ineffective.", "PMID": 849818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8832", "title": "Compensatory postresectional hyperplasia and starvation atrophy in small bowel: dissociation from endogenous gastrin levels.", "content": "Because exogenous gastrin has been implicated as a tropic hormone for mucosal cells of the intestinal tract and as a regulator of mucosal growth, we studied the effects on the gut of endogenous 23-fold variations of serum gastrin produced by various gastric operations. These were pyloroplasty, vagotomy and pyloroplasty, antrectomy, and fundectomy. After jejunal resection, RNA content, DNA content, incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA, crypt depth, and villus height in midgut and ileum were independent of gastrin levels. Loss of RNA and DNA during starvation was not prevented by high endogenous concentrations of serum gastrin, and DNA specific activity was not affected. Tropic effects distal to the duodenum produced by exogenous gastrin and pentagastrin may be results of supranormal levels.", "contents": "Compensatory postresectional hyperplasia and starvation atrophy in small bowel: dissociation from endogenous gastrin levels. Because exogenous gastrin has been implicated as a tropic hormone for mucosal cells of the intestinal tract and as a regulator of mucosal growth, we studied the effects on the gut of endogenous 23-fold variations of serum gastrin produced by various gastric operations. These were pyloroplasty, vagotomy and pyloroplasty, antrectomy, and fundectomy. After jejunal resection, RNA content, DNA content, incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA, crypt depth, and villus height in midgut and ileum were independent of gastrin levels. Loss of RNA and DNA during starvation was not prevented by high endogenous concentrations of serum gastrin, and DNA specific activity was not affected. Tropic effects distal to the duodenum produced by exogenous gastrin and pentagastrin may be results of supranormal levels.", "PMID": 849819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8833", "title": "Influence of experimental bypass on cellular kinetics and maturation of small intestinal epithelium in the rat.", "content": "The effect of experimental bypass on the intestinal epithelium of the rat was investigated from 2 to 360 days after creating a Thiry-Vella fistula. Within 7 to 14 days the number of cells per villus column and, to a lesser degree, the number of cells per crypt column decreased and subsequently these values remained constant up to 1 year. Radioautography did not show any changes in the percentage of labelled cells per crypt column, after incorporation of [3H]thymidine. In addition, the relative size of the proliferative cell compartment in the crypt, the number of crypts per unit length of small intestine and the crypt-villus ratio remained unchanged. Scintillation counting of isolated crypts from the Thiry-Vella fistulas showed that the number of cells per crypt was markedly reduced. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the three-dimensional size of the villi was also reduced. The activities of nonspecific esterases and neutral alpha-glucosidase remained unchanged in crypt cells and were above control values in villus cells. The development of these biochemical characteristics of the villus cells seems to be independent of the luminal contents. It was concluded that deprivation of food passage and gastric, pancreatic, and liver secretions from a small intestinal segment primarily causes a reduction in the number of cells per crypt, which leads to a lower cell production. In turn, this is responsible for the reduction of the functional villus cell compartment.", "contents": "Influence of experimental bypass on cellular kinetics and maturation of small intestinal epithelium in the rat. The effect of experimental bypass on the intestinal epithelium of the rat was investigated from 2 to 360 days after creating a Thiry-Vella fistula. Within 7 to 14 days the number of cells per villus column and, to a lesser degree, the number of cells per crypt column decreased and subsequently these values remained constant up to 1 year. Radioautography did not show any changes in the percentage of labelled cells per crypt column, after incorporation of [3H]thymidine. In addition, the relative size of the proliferative cell compartment in the crypt, the number of crypts per unit length of small intestine and the crypt-villus ratio remained unchanged. Scintillation counting of isolated crypts from the Thiry-Vella fistulas showed that the number of cells per crypt was markedly reduced. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the three-dimensional size of the villi was also reduced. The activities of nonspecific esterases and neutral alpha-glucosidase remained unchanged in crypt cells and were above control values in villus cells. The development of these biochemical characteristics of the villus cells seems to be independent of the luminal contents. It was concluded that deprivation of food passage and gastric, pancreatic, and liver secretions from a small intestinal segment primarily causes a reduction in the number of cells per crypt, which leads to a lower cell production. In turn, this is responsible for the reduction of the functional villus cell compartment.", "PMID": 849820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8834", "title": "Prednisone for chronic active liver disease: pharmacokinetics, including conversion to prednisolone.", "content": "To determine the effect of impaired liver function on conversion of prednisone to prednisolone, and to investigate the relationship of this to responses to treatment with prednisone, we measured serum prednisone and prednisolone by radioimmunoassay after 10 mg of prednisone was given by vein to 10 healthy volunteers, 6 untreated patients with severe chronic active liver disease (CALD), 10 patients with prednisone-induced remission of CALD, and 3 patients with CALD deteriorating despite treatment with prednisone. Prednisone disappearance was comparable in all groups and substantial values for serum prednisolone appeared in all groups within 0.3 hr. Minor differences between the groups included lower than normal serum prednisolone in severe CALD and treatment failure; a higher percentage of nonprotein bound prednisolone in such patients; and an association between earlier treatment with prednisone and an increased disappearance rate of prednisolone. We conclude that no major defect of prednisone metabolism occurs in CALD and that failure of this condition to respond to therapy with prednisone is caused by other factors.", "contents": "Prednisone for chronic active liver disease: pharmacokinetics, including conversion to prednisolone. To determine the effect of impaired liver function on conversion of prednisone to prednisolone, and to investigate the relationship of this to responses to treatment with prednisone, we measured serum prednisone and prednisolone by radioimmunoassay after 10 mg of prednisone was given by vein to 10 healthy volunteers, 6 untreated patients with severe chronic active liver disease (CALD), 10 patients with prednisone-induced remission of CALD, and 3 patients with CALD deteriorating despite treatment with prednisone. Prednisone disappearance was comparable in all groups and substantial values for serum prednisolone appeared in all groups within 0.3 hr. Minor differences between the groups included lower than normal serum prednisolone in severe CALD and treatment failure; a higher percentage of nonprotein bound prednisolone in such patients; and an association between earlier treatment with prednisone and an increased disappearance rate of prednisolone. We conclude that no major defect of prednisone metabolism occurs in CALD and that failure of this condition to respond to therapy with prednisone is caused by other factors.", "PMID": 849821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8835", "title": "Intracellular electrolyte abnormalities in fulminant hepatic failure.", "content": "The sodium, potassium, and water content of peripheral blood leukocytes was determined in 30 patients with fulminant hepatic failure. Although values for potassium were reduced, statistically significant increases were found in sodium and water content. Serial studies showed that, with recovery of liver function, the leukocyte sodium content fell initially to below normal, with values subsequently returning to the normal range some weeks later. Leukocyte sodium content was inversely correlated to the plasma sodium concentration, suggesting that a shift of sodium into the intracellular compartment might contribute toward the hyponatremia that was found in many patients.", "contents": "Intracellular electrolyte abnormalities in fulminant hepatic failure. The sodium, potassium, and water content of peripheral blood leukocytes was determined in 30 patients with fulminant hepatic failure. Although values for potassium were reduced, statistically significant increases were found in sodium and water content. Serial studies showed that, with recovery of liver function, the leukocyte sodium content fell initially to below normal, with values subsequently returning to the normal range some weeks later. Leukocyte sodium content was inversely correlated to the plasma sodium concentration, suggesting that a shift of sodium into the intracellular compartment might contribute toward the hyponatremia that was found in many patients.", "PMID": 849822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8836", "title": "Induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes after brief administration of rifampicin in man.", "content": "The inducing effect of rifampicin (600 mg per day) on the hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing system has been studied in 7 patients with normal liver after 6 days of oral administration. Using the plasma disappearance rate of antipyrine (15 mg per kg of body weight) as an index of liver microsomal metabolism, a significant decrease in the half-life of antipyrine has been observed: 11.7 +/- (1 sd) 4.7 hr before treatment as compared to 6.9 +/- 2.3 hr on the 7th day. Concomitantly, the half-life of rifampicin was 5.3 +/- 2.1 and 2.7 +/- 0.8 hr on the 1st and 7th day, respectively. These results demonstrate that rifampicin administration for only 6 days leads to the induction of the microsomal mixed function oxidase system in liver. These data are in agreement with the recent hypothesis that rifampicin may play a role in the hepatotoxicity of isoniazid by enhancing its microsomal transformation to a toxic metabolite.", "contents": "Induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes after brief administration of rifampicin in man. The inducing effect of rifampicin (600 mg per day) on the hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing system has been studied in 7 patients with normal liver after 6 days of oral administration. Using the plasma disappearance rate of antipyrine (15 mg per kg of body weight) as an index of liver microsomal metabolism, a significant decrease in the half-life of antipyrine has been observed: 11.7 +/- (1 sd) 4.7 hr before treatment as compared to 6.9 +/- 2.3 hr on the 7th day. Concomitantly, the half-life of rifampicin was 5.3 +/- 2.1 and 2.7 +/- 0.8 hr on the 1st and 7th day, respectively. These results demonstrate that rifampicin administration for only 6 days leads to the induction of the microsomal mixed function oxidase system in liver. These data are in agreement with the recent hypothesis that rifampicin may play a role in the hepatotoxicity of isoniazid by enhancing its microsomal transformation to a toxic metabolite.", "PMID": 849823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8837", "title": "Dietary cholesterol affects chenodeoxycholic acid action on biliary lipids.", "content": "Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDC) decreases biliary saturation and dissolves gallstones in one-half of the treated patients. Dietary cholesterol also affects biliary lipids and is a possible factor explaining unsuccessful CDC therapy. The aim of this investigation was to study the effect of high and low dietary cholesterol on the CDC-induced decrease of biliary saturation and activity of hepatic hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoAR). Seventy two hamsters in six groups were fed for 1 month one of three diets: 0.8 mg of cholesterol per g of food, 2.4 mg of cholesterol per g, or cholesterol-free. On each diet hamsters received no CDC or CDC 30 mg per kg per day. When animals were killed, biliary lipids were determined and the activity of hepatic HMG-CoAR was assayed. CDC administration decreased the saturation index (SI)(P less than 0.01) in hamsters on the high cholesterol and standard diets but not on the cholesterol-free diet. The SI in CDC-treated hamsters on the high cholesterol (0.78 +/- 0.03) and cholesterol-free (0.68 +/- 0.02) diets were greater (P less than 0.02) than in CDC-treated hamsters on the standard diet (0.48 +/- 0.03). CDC decreased (P less than 0.01) HMG-CoA reductase activity on each diet. In comparison to HMG-CoAR activity (190 +/- 7.6 pmoles per mg per min) in CDC-treated hamsters on the standard diet, the activity in CDC-treated hamsters on the high cholesterol diet (176 +/- 5.8 pmoles per mg per min) was decreased ( less than 0.05), whereas the activity on the cholesterol-free diet (495 +/- 11.5 pmoles per mg per min) was greater (P less than 0.01). It is concluded that: (1) dietary cholesterol is necessary for optimum CDC inhibition of HMG-CoAR; (2) high cholesterol and cholesterol-free diets prevent maximum CDC decrease of the biliary saturation index; (3) dietary cholesterol alterations may therefore be one cause of the failure of CDC dissolution of gallstones.", "contents": "Dietary cholesterol affects chenodeoxycholic acid action on biliary lipids. Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDC) decreases biliary saturation and dissolves gallstones in one-half of the treated patients. Dietary cholesterol also affects biliary lipids and is a possible factor explaining unsuccessful CDC therapy. The aim of this investigation was to study the effect of high and low dietary cholesterol on the CDC-induced decrease of biliary saturation and activity of hepatic hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoAR). Seventy two hamsters in six groups were fed for 1 month one of three diets: 0.8 mg of cholesterol per g of food, 2.4 mg of cholesterol per g, or cholesterol-free. On each diet hamsters received no CDC or CDC 30 mg per kg per day. When animals were killed, biliary lipids were determined and the activity of hepatic HMG-CoAR was assayed. CDC administration decreased the saturation index (SI)(P less than 0.01) in hamsters on the high cholesterol and standard diets but not on the cholesterol-free diet. The SI in CDC-treated hamsters on the high cholesterol (0.78 +/- 0.03) and cholesterol-free (0.68 +/- 0.02) diets were greater (P less than 0.02) than in CDC-treated hamsters on the standard diet (0.48 +/- 0.03). CDC decreased (P less than 0.01) HMG-CoA reductase activity on each diet. In comparison to HMG-CoAR activity (190 +/- 7.6 pmoles per mg per min) in CDC-treated hamsters on the standard diet, the activity in CDC-treated hamsters on the high cholesterol diet (176 +/- 5.8 pmoles per mg per min) was decreased ( less than 0.05), whereas the activity on the cholesterol-free diet (495 +/- 11.5 pmoles per mg per min) was greater (P less than 0.01). It is concluded that: (1) dietary cholesterol is necessary for optimum CDC inhibition of HMG-CoAR; (2) high cholesterol and cholesterol-free diets prevent maximum CDC decrease of the biliary saturation index; (3) dietary cholesterol alterations may therefore be one cause of the failure of CDC dissolution of gallstones.", "PMID": 849824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8838", "title": "Portal hypertension and esophageal varices in hemangiomatosis of the spleen.", "content": "Bleeding esophageal varices and severe portal hypertension developed in a patient with capillary hemangiomatosis of the spleen. No signs of cirrhosis were found at postmortem examination, and preoperative celiac angiography suggested an intrasplenic shunt as the cause of the high portal pressure. Although a very rare condition, this possibility should be considered in the differential diagnosis of esophageal varices.", "contents": "Portal hypertension and esophageal varices in hemangiomatosis of the spleen. Bleeding esophageal varices and severe portal hypertension developed in a patient with capillary hemangiomatosis of the spleen. No signs of cirrhosis were found at postmortem examination, and preoperative celiac angiography suggested an intrasplenic shunt as the cause of the high portal pressure. Although a very rare condition, this possibility should be considered in the differential diagnosis of esophageal varices.", "PMID": 849825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8839", "title": "Usefulness of rectal biopsy in inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "With careful \"standardized\" technique and proper handling, rectal biopsies can be useful diagnostic and therapeutic adjuncts in the initial evaluation and then long term observation of patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease.", "contents": "Usefulness of rectal biopsy in inflammatory bowel disease. With careful \"standardized\" technique and proper handling, rectal biopsies can be useful diagnostic and therapeutic adjuncts in the initial evaluation and then long term observation of patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease.", "PMID": 849826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8840", "title": "The development in very young children of tacit knowledge concerning visual perception.", "content": "The purpose of this study of early social-cognitive development was to assess the very young child's behaviorally expressed knowledge of people's visual-attentional acts and abilities. Boys and girls (N = 60) 1, 1 1/2, 2, 2 1/2, and 3 years of age were tested in their homes with their mother's help. Three sorts of tasks were used: 1. Percept production. The child's task was to produce a visual percept in the other. Examples include pointing to objects (\"productive pointing\") and a wide variety of object-showing problems. 2. Percept deprivation. The opposite, exemplified by a variety of object-hiding problems. 3. Percept diagnosis. The child's task was to determine what the other was already visually attending to, either by looking where his or her finger was pointed (\"receptive pointing\") or where his eyes were directed. It was found that the majority of 1-year-olds produced and comprehended pointing, and would sometimes hold out a toy to show it, but did little else. The 3-year-olds were at ceiling on virtually all tasks. At 1 1/2 years, children usually showed a picture by holding it flat so that both they and the other could see it. Jrom 2 on, they usually turned it toward the other in the adult fashion. Very few children of any age showed egocentrically--i.e., orienting the picture so only they could see it. By age 2, the children solved what were presumably novel showing problems for them: e.g., successfully showing to another a picture pasted on the inside bottom of a hollow cube. Hiding ability emerged later than showing ability but seemed well established by age 3. The role of the other's eyes in seeing appeared to be quite well understood at least by age 2-2 1/2. As examples, children of this age took the other's hands away from her or his eyes before trying to show her something, and could usually tell where she was looking from her eye orientation alone. These age trends presumably reflect important developments in the area of social interaction and communication, as well as with respect to cognition about percepts.", "contents": "The development in very young children of tacit knowledge concerning visual perception. The purpose of this study of early social-cognitive development was to assess the very young child's behaviorally expressed knowledge of people's visual-attentional acts and abilities. Boys and girls (N = 60) 1, 1 1/2, 2, 2 1/2, and 3 years of age were tested in their homes with their mother's help. Three sorts of tasks were used: 1. Percept production. The child's task was to produce a visual percept in the other. Examples include pointing to objects (\"productive pointing\") and a wide variety of object-showing problems. 2. Percept deprivation. The opposite, exemplified by a variety of object-hiding problems. 3. Percept diagnosis. The child's task was to determine what the other was already visually attending to, either by looking where his or her finger was pointed (\"receptive pointing\") or where his eyes were directed. It was found that the majority of 1-year-olds produced and comprehended pointing, and would sometimes hold out a toy to show it, but did little else. The 3-year-olds were at ceiling on virtually all tasks. At 1 1/2 years, children usually showed a picture by holding it flat so that both they and the other could see it. Jrom 2 on, they usually turned it toward the other in the adult fashion. Very few children of any age showed egocentrically--i.e., orienting the picture so only they could see it. By age 2, the children solved what were presumably novel showing problems for them: e.g., successfully showing to another a picture pasted on the inside bottom of a hollow cube. Hiding ability emerged later than showing ability but seemed well established by age 3. The role of the other's eyes in seeing appeared to be quite well understood at least by age 2-2 1/2. As examples, children of this age took the other's hands away from her or his eyes before trying to show her something, and could usually tell where she was looking from her eye orientation alone. These age trends presumably reflect important developments in the area of social interaction and communication, as well as with respect to cognition about percepts.", "PMID": 849832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8841", "title": "Psychological changes accompanying pregnancy and motherhood.", "content": "This study was an attempt to investigate some of the psychological changes that occur during first pregnancy and the early postpartum months. The major theoretical assumption was that pregnancy and early motherhood may be viewed as a series of developmental tasks, and that the way in which these are coped with will be predictive of adaptation to the maternal role. The aims of the study were (a) to identify the affective changes that occur in women during first pregnancy and to assess the extent to which pregnancy and motherhood are experienced as a period of psychological crisis; (b) to trace the development of maternal feeling; and (c) to assess the extent to which characteristics measured early in pregnancy are predictive of attitudes and adjustment to later stages of pregnancy and the degree to which these factors are themselves predictive of adaptation to parenthood. The sample consisted of 19 white, middle class primigravidas, with an age range of 22-33 years. Only women who had no previous gynecological or psychiatric difficulties and who were currently living with their husbands were accepted as Ss. Each woman was interviewed at each trimester of pregnancy, on the third postpartum day, and at 2 months postpartum. A follow up questionnaire was mailed at 7 months postpartum, The data obtained were derived from ratings of extensive interview schedules and a number of personality measures. Results indicated that although emotional upheaval and rapid change were characteristic of pregnancy, for some women a growing sense of adulthood, of fulfillment, and integration of a new maturational stage clearly co-existed with the emotional disequilibrium. Analysis of the interrelationship among characteristics shown in early pregnancy, adjustment to the pregnancy overall, and adaptation to parenthood indicated that the degree of personality integration achieved by early pregnancy was predictive of the extent to which psychological growth was experienced throughout pregnancy and early parenthood.", "contents": "Psychological changes accompanying pregnancy and motherhood. This study was an attempt to investigate some of the psychological changes that occur during first pregnancy and the early postpartum months. The major theoretical assumption was that pregnancy and early motherhood may be viewed as a series of developmental tasks, and that the way in which these are coped with will be predictive of adaptation to the maternal role. The aims of the study were (a) to identify the affective changes that occur in women during first pregnancy and to assess the extent to which pregnancy and motherhood are experienced as a period of psychological crisis; (b) to trace the development of maternal feeling; and (c) to assess the extent to which characteristics measured early in pregnancy are predictive of attitudes and adjustment to later stages of pregnancy and the degree to which these factors are themselves predictive of adaptation to parenthood. The sample consisted of 19 white, middle class primigravidas, with an age range of 22-33 years. Only women who had no previous gynecological or psychiatric difficulties and who were currently living with their husbands were accepted as Ss. Each woman was interviewed at each trimester of pregnancy, on the third postpartum day, and at 2 months postpartum. A follow up questionnaire was mailed at 7 months postpartum, The data obtained were derived from ratings of extensive interview schedules and a number of personality measures. Results indicated that although emotional upheaval and rapid change were characteristic of pregnancy, for some women a growing sense of adulthood, of fulfillment, and integration of a new maturational stage clearly co-existed with the emotional disequilibrium. Analysis of the interrelationship among characteristics shown in early pregnancy, adjustment to the pregnancy overall, and adaptation to parenthood indicated that the degree of personality integration achieved by early pregnancy was predictive of the extent to which psychological growth was experienced throughout pregnancy and early parenthood.", "PMID": 849833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8842", "title": "[Principles of the therapy of osteoporosis. 1. Definition, classification, diagnosis].", "content": "More and more the treatment of osteoporotic changes of the skeleton becomes a topic of discussion of an emotional nature. Whatever reasons may exist, it can be taken for granted that a considerable interest can be found in the pertinent problems coming up, and that a difference of opinion exist on some issues. However, certain principles should not be disputed, since nowadays there is hardly any doubt as to their validity. To represent these and to compare them with the methods of treatment of an osteoporosis discussed today is the purpose of this information. This first part contains definition, classification and diagnosis.", "contents": "[Principles of the therapy of osteoporosis. 1. Definition, classification, diagnosis]. More and more the treatment of osteoporotic changes of the skeleton becomes a topic of discussion of an emotional nature. Whatever reasons may exist, it can be taken for granted that a considerable interest can be found in the pertinent problems coming up, and that a difference of opinion exist on some issues. However, certain principles should not be disputed, since nowadays there is hardly any doubt as to their validity. To represent these and to compare them with the methods of treatment of an osteoporosis discussed today is the purpose of this information. This first part contains definition, classification and diagnosis.", "PMID": 849849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8843", "title": "[Mondor's disease].", "content": "Mondor's disease is described on the basis of 4 patients of our hospital. The typical finding is a subcuttaneous cord of about 5 min in diameter along the chest wall. The lenght varies from 10 to 40 cm. There is no significant preference of one sex. Often there are no symptoms like pain or tension of the skin. The clinical and histological examinations show in most cases a thrombosed vein at the junction of the subcutaneous tissue. Treatment does not result in a significant change of the natural course. Our study confirms, that Mondor's disease is benign and does not connote systemic disease or cancer.", "contents": "[Mondor's disease]. Mondor's disease is described on the basis of 4 patients of our hospital. The typical finding is a subcuttaneous cord of about 5 min in diameter along the chest wall. The lenght varies from 10 to 40 cm. There is no significant preference of one sex. Often there are no symptoms like pain or tension of the skin. The clinical and histological examinations show in most cases a thrombosed vein at the junction of the subcutaneous tissue. Treatment does not result in a significant change of the natural course. Our study confirms, that Mondor's disease is benign and does not connote systemic disease or cancer.", "PMID": 849850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8844", "title": "[Epididymitis and fertility. Treatment results in acute unspecific epididymitis].", "content": "Spermiograms of 46 patients were examined 8 days, 4 weeks, 3 months, 6 months and 1 year after acute unilateral non-specific epididymitis. The treatment consisted in 24 cases besides antibiotic treatment with doxycycline in local infiltrations of the spermatic cord with 1% Scandicain solution. Primarily there was found an inhibiting effect on spermatogenesis. In more than 2/3 of the cases a varying oligoasthenospermia was shown 8 days after beginning of the infection. In the further course this disturbance of fertility improves; if local infiltration of the spermatic cord with 1% Scandicain solution is performed, the improvement is more evident. Still, there remain about 20% of the cases in which the fertility disturbance is so severe, that sterility results. One year after the beginning of the infection spermagglutinating antibodies could be shown only in 1 case. The seminal fluid fructose was controlled over 1 year following the beginning of infection and found to be normal in all cases.", "contents": "[Epididymitis and fertility. Treatment results in acute unspecific epididymitis]. Spermiograms of 46 patients were examined 8 days, 4 weeks, 3 months, 6 months and 1 year after acute unilateral non-specific epididymitis. The treatment consisted in 24 cases besides antibiotic treatment with doxycycline in local infiltrations of the spermatic cord with 1% Scandicain solution. Primarily there was found an inhibiting effect on spermatogenesis. In more than 2/3 of the cases a varying oligoasthenospermia was shown 8 days after beginning of the infection. In the further course this disturbance of fertility improves; if local infiltration of the spermatic cord with 1% Scandicain solution is performed, the improvement is more evident. Still, there remain about 20% of the cases in which the fertility disturbance is so severe, that sterility results. One year after the beginning of the infection spermagglutinating antibodies could be shown only in 1 case. The seminal fluid fructose was controlled over 1 year following the beginning of infection and found to be normal in all cases.", "PMID": 849851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8845", "title": "[Pathogenetic concept of experimental mycoplasma arthritis].", "content": "Biochemical studies of rats with mycoplasma arthritis revealed new findings in pathogenesis and pathophysiology. Mycoplasma infection which resembles rheumatoid arthritis, leads to an inhibition of the DNA-repair. We were able to proof this enzyme--kinetically and autoradiographically. We also observed for the first time the occurrence of DNA-antibodies in this type of arthritis. It is possible that there is a relation between inhibition of DNA-repair and the occurrence of DNA-antibodies. Thus mycoplasma infection seems to influence DNA-metabolism. There are interesting parallels concerning DNA-antibodies and DNA-repair between experimental mycoplasma arthritis and human systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "[Pathogenetic concept of experimental mycoplasma arthritis]. Biochemical studies of rats with mycoplasma arthritis revealed new findings in pathogenesis and pathophysiology. Mycoplasma infection which resembles rheumatoid arthritis, leads to an inhibition of the DNA-repair. We were able to proof this enzyme--kinetically and autoradiographically. We also observed for the first time the occurrence of DNA-antibodies in this type of arthritis. It is possible that there is a relation between inhibition of DNA-repair and the occurrence of DNA-antibodies. Thus mycoplasma infection seems to influence DNA-metabolism. There are interesting parallels concerning DNA-antibodies and DNA-repair between experimental mycoplasma arthritis and human systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 849853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8846", "title": "[Care of the hemodialysis patients by the family physician].", "content": "Cooperation between the family physician and the kidney-center begins with the recognition of a renal disease and pre-dialysis treatment. Our patients usually are sent for the preparation of an arterio-venous shunt operation (Cimino or modifications) when serum creatinin levels amount to 8 to 10 mg/100 ml. Peripheral veins on both forearms should be reserved for these procedures early in the course of renal disease and vascular punctures should be avoided. Dialysis treatment is performed either at the kidney-center, at one of our partner-centers, at the central self-care facility operating under the care and supervision of the kidney-center or as home-dialysis-treatment. Each patients continues to receive technical and medical services of the center. Central self-care dialysis as well as home-dialysis are organized by the Kuratorium for Heimdialyse e.V. in this area. This organization also provides an on-cell-service of technicians. Nurses and physicians take regular rotations to staff the dialysis- and the self-care-units. The family physician takes care of the hemodialysis patinet in cooperation with the hospital. In case of medical problems the patient is transferred to the kidney-center. The patient must be well instructued on problems and complications which might occur during hemodialysis, either due to the basic disease or in connexion with hemodialysis. In some cases of complications patients must be admitted to the center without delay. Emergency situations usually can be avoided as technical standard of dialysis equipment and standard of training of patients or their parners is high. Medications, such as phosphate binders (aluminium hydroxide), iron vitamins and allopurinol are provided if necessary. Patients are advised to limit intake of fluids and potassium containing foods. The sodium intake depends on blood pressure-values. In case of hypertension there will be salt restriction, in case of hypotension the salt intake is increased. Chronic intermittent hemodialysis treatment can result in successful rehabilitation. Further improvement concerning personal and medical problems can only be expected from kidney transplantation.", "contents": "[Care of the hemodialysis patients by the family physician]. Cooperation between the family physician and the kidney-center begins with the recognition of a renal disease and pre-dialysis treatment. Our patients usually are sent for the preparation of an arterio-venous shunt operation (Cimino or modifications) when serum creatinin levels amount to 8 to 10 mg/100 ml. Peripheral veins on both forearms should be reserved for these procedures early in the course of renal disease and vascular punctures should be avoided. Dialysis treatment is performed either at the kidney-center, at one of our partner-centers, at the central self-care facility operating under the care and supervision of the kidney-center or as home-dialysis-treatment. Each patients continues to receive technical and medical services of the center. Central self-care dialysis as well as home-dialysis are organized by the Kuratorium for Heimdialyse e.V. in this area. This organization also provides an on-cell-service of technicians. Nurses and physicians take regular rotations to staff the dialysis- and the self-care-units. The family physician takes care of the hemodialysis patinet in cooperation with the hospital. In case of medical problems the patient is transferred to the kidney-center. The patient must be well instructued on problems and complications which might occur during hemodialysis, either due to the basic disease or in connexion with hemodialysis. In some cases of complications patients must be admitted to the center without delay. Emergency situations usually can be avoided as technical standard of dialysis equipment and standard of training of patients or their parners is high. Medications, such as phosphate binders (aluminium hydroxide), iron vitamins and allopurinol are provided if necessary. Patients are advised to limit intake of fluids and potassium containing foods. The sodium intake depends on blood pressure-values. In case of hypertension there will be salt restriction, in case of hypotension the salt intake is increased. Chronic intermittent hemodialysis treatment can result in successful rehabilitation. Further improvement concerning personal and medical problems can only be expected from kidney transplantation.", "PMID": 849854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8847", "title": "[Hemolytic components of anemia in patients with long-term hemodialysis].", "content": "Hemolysis was investigated in 12 patients on chronic dialysis. A hemolytic component was evaluated by estimation of free hemoglobin concentration, elevated activity of red cell enzymes as well as by reduction of red cell life span to 2/3 of normal. Only in one case where the patient suffered also from familial hemolytic jaundice, splenectomy was necessary.", "contents": "[Hemolytic components of anemia in patients with long-term hemodialysis]. Hemolysis was investigated in 12 patients on chronic dialysis. A hemolytic component was evaluated by estimation of free hemoglobin concentration, elevated activity of red cell enzymes as well as by reduction of red cell life span to 2/3 of normal. Only in one case where the patient suffered also from familial hemolytic jaundice, splenectomy was necessary.", "PMID": 849855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8848", "title": "[Day-care mother--a successful model of child rearing?].", "content": "The scientific reports published so far on the project \"day care mothering\" do not allow to draw scientific conclusions, whether this educational model can achieve nearly equal results as family education. The author critisises, that such a clame is made. It seems necessary, to pay more importance to the function of the mother for her children, to give the children a sound emotional basis for their future development.", "contents": "[Day-care mother--a successful model of child rearing?]. The scientific reports published so far on the project \"day care mothering\" do not allow to draw scientific conclusions, whether this educational model can achieve nearly equal results as family education. The author critisises, that such a clame is made. It seems necessary, to pay more importance to the function of the mother for her children, to give the children a sound emotional basis for their future development.", "PMID": 849856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8849", "title": "[Nutrition of premature infants with human milk and Milupa Meb].", "content": "In 45 prematures and small for date-infants weighing more than 1750 g a special formula (Meb) was compared with pooled human milk. Weight gain during feeding human milk occurred more slow that during feeding special formula. This may be due to the different protein- and mineral-intake, while the amounts of calories were similar. Differences of blood-glucose, total bilirubin, beta-cholesterol and of one protein-fraction (alpha-2-globulin) could be statistically as certained. No difference resulted in hemoglobin, red blood cell count, hematocrit, total cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, beta-lipoproteins, transferrin, and protein-electrophoresis. All parameters together suggest, that this special formula for low-birth-weight infants can be used in nutrition of these newborns.", "contents": "[Nutrition of premature infants with human milk and Milupa Meb]. In 45 prematures and small for date-infants weighing more than 1750 g a special formula (Meb) was compared with pooled human milk. Weight gain during feeding human milk occurred more slow that during feeding special formula. This may be due to the different protein- and mineral-intake, while the amounts of calories were similar. Differences of blood-glucose, total bilirubin, beta-cholesterol and of one protein-fraction (alpha-2-globulin) could be statistically as certained. No difference resulted in hemoglobin, red blood cell count, hematocrit, total cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, beta-lipoproteins, transferrin, and protein-electrophoresis. All parameters together suggest, that this special formula for low-birth-weight infants can be used in nutrition of these newborns.", "PMID": 849857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8850", "title": "[Diagnostic and therapeutic problems of the stress ulcer].", "content": "Several examples show the five pathogenetic patterns of stress-ulcer induction. Own clinical experiences with 60 cases of stress-ulcers from 1973 to 1974 are described. Our studies on the effect of Vit. A und STH on stress-ulcera are compared with those of other authors and are critically discussed. The different excretion patterns of the group I and group II pepsinogens are pointed out. Difficulties exist not only from here but also from the unknown correlation between serum and urine pepsinogens as far as the attempt is concerned, to work out a pattern to diagnose stress-ulcera before they become clinically manifest.", "contents": "[Diagnostic and therapeutic problems of the stress ulcer]. Several examples show the five pathogenetic patterns of stress-ulcer induction. Own clinical experiences with 60 cases of stress-ulcers from 1973 to 1974 are described. Our studies on the effect of Vit. A und STH on stress-ulcera are compared with those of other authors and are critically discussed. The different excretion patterns of the group I and group II pepsinogens are pointed out. Difficulties exist not only from here but also from the unknown correlation between serum and urine pepsinogens as far as the attempt is concerned, to work out a pattern to diagnose stress-ulcera before they become clinically manifest.", "PMID": 849858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8851", "title": "[Cardiac survival time under the influence of carbochromen: Studies and results].", "content": "In rabbits carbocromen was tested to influence heart tolerance to hypoxic conditions. The time between onset of asphyxia (induced by succinylcholin) and ECG silence was recorded. Carbocromen increased this time period by about 60 p c(p less than 0.001). It is discussed whether this effect is due to newly discovered metabolic changes or to the well known coronary vasodilation, both experimentally demonstrated for carbocromen.", "contents": "[Cardiac survival time under the influence of carbochromen: Studies and results]. In rabbits carbocromen was tested to influence heart tolerance to hypoxic conditions. The time between onset of asphyxia (induced by succinylcholin) and ECG silence was recorded. Carbocromen increased this time period by about 60 p c(p less than 0.001). It is discussed whether this effect is due to newly discovered metabolic changes or to the well known coronary vasodilation, both experimentally demonstrated for carbocromen.", "PMID": 849859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8852", "title": "Ontogeny of mitogenic responsiveness to PHA and sheep erythrocytes and lymphokine production in foetal guinea-pigs.", "content": "Pre-culture of spleen cells for 24 h before addition of activator greatly improved the mitogenic response to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). Spleen cells were separated into plastic-adherent and non-adherent populations and in some experiments purified further to 'macrophages' and 'lymphocytes' respectively. A critical mixture of lymphocytes and macrophages (10:1) gave twice the mitogenic response of lymphocytes alone to PHA and SRBC in cultures of foetal, juvenile and adult guinea-pig spleen cells. Vigorous mitogenic responses to PHA and SRBC were found at 36 days of gestation. The mitogenic response increased from 46-56 days of gestation to above adult level. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) obtained by the Westphal method was a superior mitogen to LPS extracted by the Boivin technique. Plaque-forming cells (PFC) could not be induced in vitro at any age even with the addition of LPS. Evidence was obtained for mitogenic and blastogenic lymphokines produced by lymphocytes activated with PHA or produced by lymphocytes activated with PHA or SRBC (but not LPS). These lymphokines were produced by activated splenic lymphocytes of a 40-day-old foetus; older animals showed no evidence for a quantitative increase in lymphokine production. The onset and maturation of mitogenic responsiveness in the guinea-pig and human foetus is compared by age-equivalence.", "contents": "Ontogeny of mitogenic responsiveness to PHA and sheep erythrocytes and lymphokine production in foetal guinea-pigs. Pre-culture of spleen cells for 24 h before addition of activator greatly improved the mitogenic response to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). Spleen cells were separated into plastic-adherent and non-adherent populations and in some experiments purified further to 'macrophages' and 'lymphocytes' respectively. A critical mixture of lymphocytes and macrophages (10:1) gave twice the mitogenic response of lymphocytes alone to PHA and SRBC in cultures of foetal, juvenile and adult guinea-pig spleen cells. Vigorous mitogenic responses to PHA and SRBC were found at 36 days of gestation. The mitogenic response increased from 46-56 days of gestation to above adult level. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) obtained by the Westphal method was a superior mitogen to LPS extracted by the Boivin technique. Plaque-forming cells (PFC) could not be induced in vitro at any age even with the addition of LPS. Evidence was obtained for mitogenic and blastogenic lymphokines produced by lymphocytes activated with PHA or produced by lymphocytes activated with PHA or SRBC (but not LPS). These lymphokines were produced by activated splenic lymphocytes of a 40-day-old foetus; older animals showed no evidence for a quantitative increase in lymphokine production. The onset and maturation of mitogenic responsiveness in the guinea-pig and human foetus is compared by age-equivalence.", "PMID": 849876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8853", "title": "Biphasic pattern of activation of the reticuloendothelial system by anaerobic coryneforms in mice.", "content": "Macrophage activation as measured by increased rates of clearance of carbon was explored in five inbred and two outbred strains of mice pretreated with anaerobic coryneform bacilli. Constant differences were found according to strain from DBA (lowest response) to Sha-Sha (highest response). The investigation was continued with mice of CBA strain which also provided highly reproducible and high-level responses. In this strain activation occurred in two phases: an early activation which reached maximum levels at 2 days and attributable to a lipid component of the bacteria, and a late phase reaching maximum at 14 days which appeared to coincide with greatly increased weight of the liver and spleen, due to infiltration by mononuclear cells. Evidence is provided that the early phase of macrophage activation is due to a lipid extract from the anaerobic coryneforms with chemotactic activity.", "contents": "Biphasic pattern of activation of the reticuloendothelial system by anaerobic coryneforms in mice. Macrophage activation as measured by increased rates of clearance of carbon was explored in five inbred and two outbred strains of mice pretreated with anaerobic coryneform bacilli. Constant differences were found according to strain from DBA (lowest response) to Sha-Sha (highest response). The investigation was continued with mice of CBA strain which also provided highly reproducible and high-level responses. In this strain activation occurred in two phases: an early activation which reached maximum levels at 2 days and attributable to a lipid component of the bacteria, and a late phase reaching maximum at 14 days which appeared to coincide with greatly increased weight of the liver and spleen, due to infiltration by mononuclear cells. Evidence is provided that the early phase of macrophage activation is due to a lipid extract from the anaerobic coryneforms with chemotactic activity.", "PMID": 849877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8854", "title": "Lymphocyte surface membrane changes in dividing cells and following regidification with mitogens.", "content": "Iodination of surface membrane protein has allowed the dynamics of lymphocyte surface membrane protein to be examined. A comparison has been made between the rate of membrane turnover in fresh peripheral blood lymphocytes and lymphocytes in other states. When receptor redistribution is inhibited with high concentrations of mitogens, 'rigidification' of the membrane occurs and protein turnover is very much reduced. Loss of surface membrane protein is also much slower in lymphocytes which have been stimulated with mitogens and are undergoing active DNA synthesis. It is thought that these observations may relate to immunological inactivity and may have implications for pathological unresponsiveness.", "contents": "Lymphocyte surface membrane changes in dividing cells and following regidification with mitogens. Iodination of surface membrane protein has allowed the dynamics of lymphocyte surface membrane protein to be examined. A comparison has been made between the rate of membrane turnover in fresh peripheral blood lymphocytes and lymphocytes in other states. When receptor redistribution is inhibited with high concentrations of mitogens, 'rigidification' of the membrane occurs and protein turnover is very much reduced. Loss of surface membrane protein is also much slower in lymphocytes which have been stimulated with mitogens and are undergoing active DNA synthesis. It is thought that these observations may relate to immunological inactivity and may have implications for pathological unresponsiveness.", "PMID": 849878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8855", "title": "The binding constants of IgM rheumatoid factors and their univalent fragments for native and aggregated human IgG;.", "content": "IgM rheumatoid factors (RF) were isolated from the sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and a serologically active Fabmicron RF fragment prepared by papain digestion. A radioimmunoassay was developed for the determination of interaction of 19S IgM RF and Fabmicron RF with human 7S IgG, heat-aggregated IgG, rabbit 7S IgG, and human pFc'. RF isolated under neutral conditions had a very low binding constant for human 7S IgG (of the order of 10(2) to 10(3) 1 mole-1) and a considerably higher value (ca. 10(5)) for the aggregated protein and monomeric rabbit IgG. RF obtained under acid conditions which dissociate the complexes with endogenous Ig, had a higher avidity for human IgG monomer as expected and also a comparable reactivity with rabbit IgG. Monovalent Fabmicron fragments of 'acid' RF had closely similar affinities for 7S and aggregated IgG suggesting that the enhanced binding with the aggregated protein is essentially dependent on its multivalency rather than the exposure of a new determinant lacking in the native molecule.", "contents": "The binding constants of IgM rheumatoid factors and their univalent fragments for native and aggregated human IgG;. IgM rheumatoid factors (RF) were isolated from the sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and a serologically active Fabmicron RF fragment prepared by papain digestion. A radioimmunoassay was developed for the determination of interaction of 19S IgM RF and Fabmicron RF with human 7S IgG, heat-aggregated IgG, rabbit 7S IgG, and human pFc'. RF isolated under neutral conditions had a very low binding constant for human 7S IgG (of the order of 10(2) to 10(3) 1 mole-1) and a considerably higher value (ca. 10(5)) for the aggregated protein and monomeric rabbit IgG. RF obtained under acid conditions which dissociate the complexes with endogenous Ig, had a higher avidity for human IgG monomer as expected and also a comparable reactivity with rabbit IgG. Monovalent Fabmicron fragments of 'acid' RF had closely similar affinities for 7S and aggregated IgG suggesting that the enhanced binding with the aggregated protein is essentially dependent on its multivalency rather than the exposure of a new determinant lacking in the native molecule.", "PMID": 849879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8856", "title": "Metabolism of exogenous single stranded DNA in normal and NZB/W mice.", "content": "Metabolism of ss-DNA in Swiss Webster mice and NZB/W mice was studied. The delay in intra-hepatic catabolism of ssDNA in old NZB/W female mice seems to correlate with the presence of increased anti-DNA antibodies; similar to effects produced in Swiss Webster mice that have been pretreated with a small dose of carbon black. Neither impairment in the phagocytic ability nor a decrease in DNase activity are found in the mice who are relatively unable to metabolize ssDNA. These observations are discussed in relation to possible pathogenesis in NZB/W mice.", "contents": "Metabolism of exogenous single stranded DNA in normal and NZB/W mice. Metabolism of ss-DNA in Swiss Webster mice and NZB/W mice was studied. The delay in intra-hepatic catabolism of ssDNA in old NZB/W female mice seems to correlate with the presence of increased anti-DNA antibodies; similar to effects produced in Swiss Webster mice that have been pretreated with a small dose of carbon black. Neither impairment in the phagocytic ability nor a decrease in DNase activity are found in the mice who are relatively unable to metabolize ssDNA. These observations are discussed in relation to possible pathogenesis in NZB/W mice.", "PMID": 849880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8857", "title": "Ferritin and ovalbumin binding blood lymphoid cells in fetal sheep.", "content": "Lymphoid cells from blood of fetal sheep between 70 and 140 days of gestational age were examined for surface immunoglobulin (sIg) and for surface binding of horse spleen ferritin FITC and ovalbumin FITC. Fetuses of all ages had cells which bound ferritin or ovalbumin, the proportion of these cells in the lymphocyte preparations from blood decreasing with increasing age of the fetus. A similar decline in the proportion of sIg cells with age was found. The simultaneous occurrence of fetal lymphoid cells binding ferritin or ovalbumin is discussed in relation to the sIg population and to the property of the sheep fetus to respond sequentially to different antigens by the production of antibody.", "contents": "Ferritin and ovalbumin binding blood lymphoid cells in fetal sheep. Lymphoid cells from blood of fetal sheep between 70 and 140 days of gestational age were examined for surface immunoglobulin (sIg) and for surface binding of horse spleen ferritin FITC and ovalbumin FITC. Fetuses of all ages had cells which bound ferritin or ovalbumin, the proportion of these cells in the lymphocyte preparations from blood decreasing with increasing age of the fetus. A similar decline in the proportion of sIg cells with age was found. The simultaneous occurrence of fetal lymphoid cells binding ferritin or ovalbumin is discussed in relation to the sIg population and to the property of the sheep fetus to respond sequentially to different antigens by the production of antibody.", "PMID": 849881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8858", "title": "A retrospective study of probable glucocorticoid-induced hepatopathy in dogs.", "content": "Hepatopathy associated with glucocorticoid therapy or with naturally occurring hyperadrenocorticism was detected retrospectively in hepatic biopsy specimens from 22 of 60 dogs, by histologic review. The hepatopathy was characterized by centrilobular vacuolization, perivacuolar glycogen accumulation within hepatocytes, and focal centrilobular necrosis. The predominant clinical findings were hepatomegaly, increased serum enzyme activity associated with hepatic disease, and increased bromsulphalein retention. The hepatopathy appeared to be reversible.", "contents": "A retrospective study of probable glucocorticoid-induced hepatopathy in dogs. Hepatopathy associated with glucocorticoid therapy or with naturally occurring hyperadrenocorticism was detected retrospectively in hepatic biopsy specimens from 22 of 60 dogs, by histologic review. The hepatopathy was characterized by centrilobular vacuolization, perivacuolar glycogen accumulation within hepatocytes, and focal centrilobular necrosis. The predominant clinical findings were hepatomegaly, increased serum enzyme activity associated with hepatic disease, and increased bromsulphalein retention. The hepatopathy appeared to be reversible.", "PMID": 849910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8859", "title": "Ophthalmic nodular fasciitis in the dog.", "content": "Ophthalmic nodular fasciitis in 5 dogs was often manifested as subconjunctival masses of variable growth rate. Each mass was raised, pink, and hyperemic. Five masses involved the bulbar conjunctiva, and 2 masses involved the eyelids. Local excision of each mass successfully resolved the condition.", "contents": "Ophthalmic nodular fasciitis in the dog. Ophthalmic nodular fasciitis in 5 dogs was often manifested as subconjunctival masses of variable growth rate. Each mass was raised, pink, and hyperemic. Five masses involved the bulbar conjunctiva, and 2 masses involved the eyelids. Local excision of each mass successfully resolved the condition.", "PMID": 849911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8860", "title": "Metabolic products of microoorganisms. 163. Desferritriacetylfusigen, an antibiotic from Aspergillus deflectus.", "content": "Aspergillus deflectus CBS 109.55 when grown on an iron-free medium produces several antibiotics; one of these was isolated and identified as desferritriacetylfusigen. It inhibits the growth of bacteria, whereas yeasts and fungi are not or only weakly affected.", "contents": "Metabolic products of microoorganisms. 163. Desferritriacetylfusigen, an antibiotic from Aspergillus deflectus. Aspergillus deflectus CBS 109.55 when grown on an iron-free medium produces several antibiotics; one of these was isolated and identified as desferritriacetylfusigen. It inhibits the growth of bacteria, whereas yeasts and fungi are not or only weakly affected.", "PMID": 849914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8861", "title": "Nucleosides. CVI. Syntheses of 1-N-methyl-5-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)uracil (1-N-methyl-phi-uridine) and its identity with a metabolite elaborated by Streptomyces platensis var. clarensis.", "content": "Very recently, 1-N-methyl-psi-uridine was isolated from the culture filtrate of Streptomyces platensis var. clarensis along with an antibacterial and antiviral antibiotic, U-44590. We achieved chemical syntheses of 1-N-methyl-psi-uridine by selective methylation of psi-uridine in two different routes and established the identity of the synthetic nucleoside with the natural product.", "contents": "Nucleosides. CVI. Syntheses of 1-N-methyl-5-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)uracil (1-N-methyl-phi-uridine) and its identity with a metabolite elaborated by Streptomyces platensis var. clarensis. Very recently, 1-N-methyl-psi-uridine was isolated from the culture filtrate of Streptomyces platensis var. clarensis along with an antibacterial and antiviral antibiotic, U-44590. We achieved chemical syntheses of 1-N-methyl-psi-uridine by selective methylation of psi-uridine in two different routes and established the identity of the synthetic nucleoside with the natural product.", "PMID": 849915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8862", "title": "Polyene antibiotics. VIII. The structure of rimocidin.", "content": "A structure is assigned to the tetraene antibiotic rimocidin, based in part on 13C NMR spectroscopy and field desorption mass spectrometry. The structure assigned revises a structure proposed in 1966 which was anomalous in relation to those of other polyene antibiotics.", "contents": "Polyene antibiotics. VIII. The structure of rimocidin. A structure is assigned to the tetraene antibiotic rimocidin, based in part on 13C NMR spectroscopy and field desorption mass spectrometry. The structure assigned revises a structure proposed in 1966 which was anomalous in relation to those of other polyene antibiotics.", "PMID": 849916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8863", "title": "Metabolism of putrescine in the central nervous system.", "content": "The metabolism of putrescine in rat brain was studied systematically by the intraventricular injection of radioactive diamine. Putrescine injected into the brain was metabolized mainly to polyamines, spermidine, and spermine. A small portion of the radioactivity of putrescine was incorporated into gamma-glutamylputrescine, putreanine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and homocarnosine. Comparison of the specific radioactivities of gamma-aminobutyric acid and homocarnosine after the injection of radioactive putrescine with those after the injection of radioactive glutamic acid indicated that there may be a metabolic pool of gamma-aminobutyric acid (putrescine-gamma-aminobutyric acid system) which is different from the glutamic acid-gamma-aminobutyric acid system and which is effectively used for synthesis of the dipeptide.", "contents": "Metabolism of putrescine in the central nervous system. The metabolism of putrescine in rat brain was studied systematically by the intraventricular injection of radioactive diamine. Putrescine injected into the brain was metabolized mainly to polyamines, spermidine, and spermine. A small portion of the radioactivity of putrescine was incorporated into gamma-glutamylputrescine, putreanine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and homocarnosine. Comparison of the specific radioactivities of gamma-aminobutyric acid and homocarnosine after the injection of radioactive putrescine with those after the injection of radioactive glutamic acid indicated that there may be a metabolic pool of gamma-aminobutyric acid (putrescine-gamma-aminobutyric acid system) which is different from the glutamic acid-gamma-aminobutyric acid system and which is effectively used for synthesis of the dipeptide.", "PMID": 849922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8864", "title": "Effect of cycloheximide on the synthesis and processing of 5S RNA in HeLa cells.", "content": "The synthesis and incorporation into ribosomes of 5S RNA were investigated under conditions of protein synthesis inhibition by cycloheximide. Within 1 h after addition of cycloheximide to the culture medium, the synthesis of 5S RNA in HeLa cells, as measured by the pulse labeling of total 5S RNA, was inhibited by 25-30 per cent, but the degree of inhibition did not further increase for several hours. The synthesis of 4S RNA was less markedly inhibited, especially at earlier time periods. Although the appearance of labeled 5S RNA in cytoplasmic ribosomoes after chase was inhibited by approximately 60% or more this presumably reflects the inhibition of 60S ribosomal subunit formation by cycloheximide. Some utilization of preformed 5S RNA for new ribosomes was suggested after resumption of protein synthesis. In confirmation of the results of Kumar and Wu (1), a low dose of actinomycin D inhibited the appearance of 28S RNA in the cytoplasm rather specifically, whereas cycloheximide showed an apparently opposite differential effect.", "contents": "Effect of cycloheximide on the synthesis and processing of 5S RNA in HeLa cells. The synthesis and incorporation into ribosomes of 5S RNA were investigated under conditions of protein synthesis inhibition by cycloheximide. Within 1 h after addition of cycloheximide to the culture medium, the synthesis of 5S RNA in HeLa cells, as measured by the pulse labeling of total 5S RNA, was inhibited by 25-30 per cent, but the degree of inhibition did not further increase for several hours. The synthesis of 4S RNA was less markedly inhibited, especially at earlier time periods. Although the appearance of labeled 5S RNA in cytoplasmic ribosomoes after chase was inhibited by approximately 60% or more this presumably reflects the inhibition of 60S ribosomal subunit formation by cycloheximide. Some utilization of preformed 5S RNA for new ribosomes was suggested after resumption of protein synthesis. In confirmation of the results of Kumar and Wu (1), a low dose of actinomycin D inhibited the appearance of 28S RNA in the cytoplasm rather specifically, whereas cycloheximide showed an apparently opposite differential effect.", "PMID": 849923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8865", "title": "Location of the iron-sulfur cluster in Spirulina platensis ferredoxin by x-ray analysis.", "content": "A chlorplast-type ferredoxin containing two non-heme iron and two labile sulfur atoms per molecule was prepared from Spirulina platensis. The protein crystallized in the orthorhombic system with cell dimension a=62.32, b=28.51, and c=108.09A. The space group is C222, and one asymmetric unit contains one molecule. The electron density maps at 5A and 3.5A resolutions were synthesized utilizing the best phase angles calculated by the single isomorphous method coupled with the anomalous dispersion method. The difference Fourier synthesis with the anomalous scattering difference of the native data showed the location of the iron atoms clearly. Comparing the location of the iron atoms with the best phase angle electron density map, it was concluded that the active center of the present molecule is close to the surface of the molecule.", "contents": "Location of the iron-sulfur cluster in Spirulina platensis ferredoxin by x-ray analysis. A chlorplast-type ferredoxin containing two non-heme iron and two labile sulfur atoms per molecule was prepared from Spirulina platensis. The protein crystallized in the orthorhombic system with cell dimension a=62.32, b=28.51, and c=108.09A. The space group is C222, and one asymmetric unit contains one molecule. The electron density maps at 5A and 3.5A resolutions were synthesized utilizing the best phase angles calculated by the single isomorphous method coupled with the anomalous dispersion method. The difference Fourier synthesis with the anomalous scattering difference of the native data showed the location of the iron atoms clearly. Comparing the location of the iron atoms with the best phase angle electron density map, it was concluded that the active center of the present molecule is close to the surface of the molecule.", "PMID": 849924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8866", "title": "Nanosecond time-dependent fluorescence depolarization of diphenylhexatriene in dimyristoyllecithin vesicles and the determination of \"microviscosity\".", "content": "The nanosecond time dependence of the fluorescence depolarization of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene in L-alpha-dimyristoyllecithin vesicles was determined at temperatures above and below the midpoint of the gel-liquid crystalline transition. In neither case could the decay of the total fluorescent emission or the decay of the emission anisotropy be described adequately in terms of single exponential decay laws. At the lower temperature, the emission anisotropy did not approach zero in the time window available for measurement, a finding which may indicate that the range over which rotation of the probe can freely occur is restricted. The results are discussed in relation to the concept of microviscosity of bilayer membranes.", "contents": "Nanosecond time-dependent fluorescence depolarization of diphenylhexatriene in dimyristoyllecithin vesicles and the determination of \"microviscosity\". The nanosecond time dependence of the fluorescence depolarization of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene in L-alpha-dimyristoyllecithin vesicles was determined at temperatures above and below the midpoint of the gel-liquid crystalline transition. In neither case could the decay of the total fluorescent emission or the decay of the emission anisotropy be described adequately in terms of single exponential decay laws. At the lower temperature, the emission anisotropy did not approach zero in the time window available for measurement, a finding which may indicate that the range over which rotation of the probe can freely occur is restricted. The results are discussed in relation to the concept of microviscosity of bilayer membranes.", "PMID": 849925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8867", "title": "Active transport of 5-hydroxytryptamine by plasma membrane vesicles isolated from human blood platelets.", "content": "Plasma membrane vesicles isolated from human platelets accumulate 5-hydroxytryptamine when an electrical potential (interior negative) or an Na+ gradient (out greater than in) is imposed across the vesicle membrane. Kinetic studies reveal a Km of 0.5 micronM for the transport process. Uptake is inhibited strongly by tricyclic antidepressants and by ionophores such as gramicidin which catalyze transmembrane exchange of Na+ for K+. Transport is absolutely dependent upon external Na+ and Cl- and is only mildly, if at all, inhibited by reserpine, cinanserin, ouabain, or arsenate. Experiments are presented which suggest that a single positive charge crosses the vesicle membrane with each molecule of 5-hydroxytryptamine. The results provide direct evidence for Na+-coupled active 5-hydroxytryptamine transport by the platelet plasma membrane.", "contents": "Active transport of 5-hydroxytryptamine by plasma membrane vesicles isolated from human blood platelets. Plasma membrane vesicles isolated from human platelets accumulate 5-hydroxytryptamine when an electrical potential (interior negative) or an Na+ gradient (out greater than in) is imposed across the vesicle membrane. Kinetic studies reveal a Km of 0.5 micronM for the transport process. Uptake is inhibited strongly by tricyclic antidepressants and by ionophores such as gramicidin which catalyze transmembrane exchange of Na+ for K+. Transport is absolutely dependent upon external Na+ and Cl- and is only mildly, if at all, inhibited by reserpine, cinanserin, ouabain, or arsenate. Experiments are presented which suggest that a single positive charge crosses the vesicle membrane with each molecule of 5-hydroxytryptamine. The results provide direct evidence for Na+-coupled active 5-hydroxytryptamine transport by the platelet plasma membrane.", "PMID": 849926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8868", "title": "Preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic purification of human alpha- and beta-globin messenger RNAs.", "content": "Previous studies have reported the use of globin chain-specific complementary DNAs to quantitate the amount of human globin mRNA and human globin genes in normal and abnormal cells. In order to obtain larger amounts and more purified globin mRNAs as templates for these experiments, preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in formamide has been used to separate alpha- and beta-globin mRNA from polyadenylate containing RNA of human reticulocytes. Fifty to one hundred-fifty micrograms of RNA can be applied to the preparative gel and the recovery of the globin mRNA is about 50%. The isolated alpha- and beta-globin mRNAs were assayed in a wheat germ cell-free system, and the alpha- and beta-globin synthesized quantitated by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. The purified alpha- and beta-globin mRNAs direct globin synthesis which is more than 90% either alpha- or beta-globin, respectively. The cDNAs prepared using each of the isolated mRNAs as template are also shown to be specific for alpha- or beta-mRNA sequences. The gel electrophoresis technique used permits the relatively large scale isolation of alpha- or beta-globin mRNAs from human cells.", "contents": "Preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic purification of human alpha- and beta-globin messenger RNAs. Previous studies have reported the use of globin chain-specific complementary DNAs to quantitate the amount of human globin mRNA and human globin genes in normal and abnormal cells. In order to obtain larger amounts and more purified globin mRNAs as templates for these experiments, preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in formamide has been used to separate alpha- and beta-globin mRNA from polyadenylate containing RNA of human reticulocytes. Fifty to one hundred-fifty micrograms of RNA can be applied to the preparative gel and the recovery of the globin mRNA is about 50%. The isolated alpha- and beta-globin mRNAs were assayed in a wheat germ cell-free system, and the alpha- and beta-globin synthesized quantitated by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. The purified alpha- and beta-globin mRNAs direct globin synthesis which is more than 90% either alpha- or beta-globin, respectively. The cDNAs prepared using each of the isolated mRNAs as template are also shown to be specific for alpha- or beta-mRNA sequences. The gel electrophoresis technique used permits the relatively large scale isolation of alpha- or beta-globin mRNAs from human cells.", "PMID": 849927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8869", "title": "5-O-beta-D-Galactofuranosyl-containing exocellular glycopeptide of Penicillium charlesii. Incorporation of mannose from GPD-D-mannose into glycopeptide.", "content": "Three-day-old Penicillium charlesii mycelia were broken with Al2O3 in a buffered system and the membranes were separated on a linear gradient of sucrose concentrations. The most active guanosine 5'-(alpha-D-mannopyranosyl pyrophosphate):glycopeptide mannopyranosyltransferase (GPD-D-mannose mannosyltransferase) was found in two unresolved membrane fractions ( p congruent to 1.1 g/cm3). This preparation incorporated [14C]mannose from GDP-D-[14C]mannose both into endogenous acceptors and added peptidophosphogalactomannan. Mannosyltransferase activity is optimum at pH 7.0 in 0.05 M Tris/maleate buffer, and 17 mM Mn2+. Replacement of Mn2+ with Fe2+, Mg2, Co2+, Ca2+ or Ni2+ greatly reduced the mannosyltransferase activity. [14C]Mannose incorporation from GDP-D-[14C]mannose into acceptors is linearly dependent on enzyme concentration. Mannosyl incorporation into peptidophosphogalactomannan is linear for 3 h and continues for at least an additional 4 h. In contrast, the rate of mannosyl incorporation into endogenous acceptor(s) decreases after 60 min and there is no incorporation after 2 h. A series of possible acceptors related to peptidophosphogalactomannan were tested and it was found that treatment of peptidophosphogalactomannan with 0.01 N HCl at 100 degrees did not appreciably decrease the effectiveness of the acceptor even though this treatment removes the galactofuranosyl residues. In contrast, treatment of peptidophosphogalactomannan with 0.5 N NaOH rendered the products nearly incapable of accepting mannosyl residues from GDP-D-mannose. Derivation of peptidophosphogalactomannan with 2,4-dinitrobenzene also decreased its effectiveness as a mannosyl acceptor. [14C]Mannose from GDP-D-[14C]mannose was incorporated into both the oligosaccharide and phosphogalactomannan regions of peptidophosphogalactomannan. Treatment of the [14C]peptidophosphogalactomannan product, with 0.4 N NaOH released [14C]mannosyl-containing residues which eluted in the mannobiose and polysaccharide fractions from BIo-Gel P2. Approximately 90% of the 14C was in mannobiose. The [14C]mannose was shown to be transferred to the mannosyl-(seryl/threonyl) region of the acceptor. Acetolysis of [14C]peptidophosphogalactomannan resulted in the isolation of [14C]mannose, [14C]mannobiose, and [14C]polysaccharide. Small quantities of 14C were obtained in mannotriose and mannotetraose. The time course of [14C]mannose incorporation into the oligosaccharide region of peptidophosphogalactomannan showed a continual increase over a 4-h interval. In contrast, there was no major increase after 1 h in [14C]mannose incorporated into the polysaccharide region. The enzyme catalyzing incorporation of mannose into the polysaccharide region of peptidophosphogalactomannan was solubilized by treatment of the membranes with Triton X-100.", "contents": "5-O-beta-D-Galactofuranosyl-containing exocellular glycopeptide of Penicillium charlesii. Incorporation of mannose from GPD-D-mannose into glycopeptide. Three-day-old Penicillium charlesii mycelia were broken with Al2O3 in a buffered system and the membranes were separated on a linear gradient of sucrose concentrations. The most active guanosine 5'-(alpha-D-mannopyranosyl pyrophosphate):glycopeptide mannopyranosyltransferase (GPD-D-mannose mannosyltransferase) was found in two unresolved membrane fractions ( p congruent to 1.1 g/cm3). This preparation incorporated [14C]mannose from GDP-D-[14C]mannose both into endogenous acceptors and added peptidophosphogalactomannan. Mannosyltransferase activity is optimum at pH 7.0 in 0.05 M Tris/maleate buffer, and 17 mM Mn2+. Replacement of Mn2+ with Fe2+, Mg2, Co2+, Ca2+ or Ni2+ greatly reduced the mannosyltransferase activity. [14C]Mannose incorporation from GDP-D-[14C]mannose into acceptors is linearly dependent on enzyme concentration. Mannosyl incorporation into peptidophosphogalactomannan is linear for 3 h and continues for at least an additional 4 h. In contrast, the rate of mannosyl incorporation into endogenous acceptor(s) decreases after 60 min and there is no incorporation after 2 h. A series of possible acceptors related to peptidophosphogalactomannan were tested and it was found that treatment of peptidophosphogalactomannan with 0.01 N HCl at 100 degrees did not appreciably decrease the effectiveness of the acceptor even though this treatment removes the galactofuranosyl residues. In contrast, treatment of peptidophosphogalactomannan with 0.5 N NaOH rendered the products nearly incapable of accepting mannosyl residues from GDP-D-mannose. Derivation of peptidophosphogalactomannan with 2,4-dinitrobenzene also decreased its effectiveness as a mannosyl acceptor. [14C]Mannose from GDP-D-[14C]mannose was incorporated into both the oligosaccharide and phosphogalactomannan regions of peptidophosphogalactomannan. Treatment of the [14C]peptidophosphogalactomannan product, with 0.4 N NaOH released [14C]mannosyl-containing residues which eluted in the mannobiose and polysaccharide fractions from BIo-Gel P2. Approximately 90% of the 14C was in mannobiose. The [14C]mannose was shown to be transferred to the mannosyl-(seryl/threonyl) region of the acceptor. Acetolysis of [14C]peptidophosphogalactomannan resulted in the isolation of [14C]mannose, [14C]mannobiose, and [14C]polysaccharide. Small quantities of 14C were obtained in mannotriose and mannotetraose. The time course of [14C]mannose incorporation into the oligosaccharide region of peptidophosphogalactomannan showed a continual increase over a 4-h interval. In contrast, there was no major increase after 1 h in [14C]mannose incorporated into the polysaccharide region. The enzyme catalyzing incorporation of mannose into the polysaccharide region of peptidophosphogalactomannan was solubilized by treatment of the membranes with Triton X-100.", "PMID": 849928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8870", "title": "Glucosyltransferase activity in calf pancreas microsomes. Formation of dolichyl D[14C]glucosyl phosphate and 14C-labeled lipid-linked oligosaccharides from UDP-D-[14C]glucose.", "content": "Calf pancreas microsomes incorporated radioactively labeled D-glucose from UDP-D-glucose into products extracted with chloroform/methanol (2:1, v/v), chloroform/methanol/water (10:102.5, v/v), and into the residual precipitate, with a pH optimum in Tris/maleate buffer of about 5.3. The chloroform/methanol extract contained a single 14C-labeled acidic product, which was identified as dolichyl beta-D-glucosyl phosphate. It was stable to mild alkali, yielded D-[14C]glucose upon mild acid hydrolysis, and a 14C-labeled compound with the chromatographic mobility of 1,6-anhydro-beta-D-glucopyranosyl upon hot alkali treatment. The [14C]glucolipid had the same chromatographic mobility as dolichyl beta-D-[14C]mannosyl phosphate, and its formation was stimulated by exogenous dolichyl phosphate. The chloroform/methanol/water extract contained radioactive lipid-bound oligosaccharides which were retained on DEAE-cellulose more strongly than dolichyl D-[14C]glucosyl phosphate. They were stable to mild alkali, but labile to acid and hot alkali. Acid treatment yielded a D-glucose-labeled oligosaccharide fraction which was shown by gel filtration to be slightly larger than most of the D-mannose-labeled oligosaccharides. About 80% of the radioactive D-glucose residues could be removed with alpha-glucosidase, but not with beta-glucosidase. Pancreatic dolichyl beta-D-[14C]glucosyl phosphate incubated with calf pancreas microsomes served as direct donor of D-glucosyl residues to lipid-bound oligosaccharides and to the precipitate. These oligosaccharides had the same size as those labeled from UDP-D-[14C]glucose, and the D-[14C]glucose residues could also be removed with alpha-glucosidase.", "contents": "Glucosyltransferase activity in calf pancreas microsomes. Formation of dolichyl D[14C]glucosyl phosphate and 14C-labeled lipid-linked oligosaccharides from UDP-D-[14C]glucose. Calf pancreas microsomes incorporated radioactively labeled D-glucose from UDP-D-glucose into products extracted with chloroform/methanol (2:1, v/v), chloroform/methanol/water (10:102.5, v/v), and into the residual precipitate, with a pH optimum in Tris/maleate buffer of about 5.3. The chloroform/methanol extract contained a single 14C-labeled acidic product, which was identified as dolichyl beta-D-glucosyl phosphate. It was stable to mild alkali, yielded D-[14C]glucose upon mild acid hydrolysis, and a 14C-labeled compound with the chromatographic mobility of 1,6-anhydro-beta-D-glucopyranosyl upon hot alkali treatment. The [14C]glucolipid had the same chromatographic mobility as dolichyl beta-D-[14C]mannosyl phosphate, and its formation was stimulated by exogenous dolichyl phosphate. The chloroform/methanol/water extract contained radioactive lipid-bound oligosaccharides which were retained on DEAE-cellulose more strongly than dolichyl D-[14C]glucosyl phosphate. They were stable to mild alkali, but labile to acid and hot alkali. Acid treatment yielded a D-glucose-labeled oligosaccharide fraction which was shown by gel filtration to be slightly larger than most of the D-mannose-labeled oligosaccharides. About 80% of the radioactive D-glucose residues could be removed with alpha-glucosidase, but not with beta-glucosidase. Pancreatic dolichyl beta-D-[14C]glucosyl phosphate incubated with calf pancreas microsomes served as direct donor of D-glucosyl residues to lipid-bound oligosaccharides and to the precipitate. These oligosaccharides had the same size as those labeled from UDP-D-[14C]glucose, and the D-[14C]glucose residues could also be removed with alpha-glucosidase.", "PMID": 849929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8871", "title": "Fluorescent substrate for nascent peptidoglycan synthesis. Uridine diphosphate-N-acetylmuramyl-(Nepsilon-5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl)pentapeptide.", "content": "The synthesis of UDP-MurNAc-Ala-DGlu-Lys[Nepsilon-dimethylaminonaphthalene sulfonyl (Dns)]-DAla-DAla provides a method for the specific introduction of a fluorescent reporter group into the membrane environment of nascent peptidoglycan synthesis. To assess the degree of perturbation of this environment caused by the introduction of the dansyl substituent, this nucleotide was compared with UDP-MurNAc-Ala-DGlu-Lys-DAla-DAla in the reaction catalyzed by phospho-MurNAc-pentapeptide translocase (UDP-MurNAc-Ala-gammaDGlu-Lys-DAla-DAla:undecaprenyl phosphate phospho-MurNA-C-pentapeptide transferase) and in the membrane-associated synthesis of nascent peptidoglycan. Phospho-MurNAc-pentapeptide translocase in membrane fragments from Staphylococcus aureus Copenhagen catalyzed the transfer of phospho-MurNAc-Ala-DGlu-Lys(Nepsilon-Dns)-DAla-DAla to undecaprenyl phosphate with a Vmax/Km of 3.8 and a Vmax of 1.6 times the values for UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide. In the exchange reaction catalyzed by the translocase, the Rmax/Km and Rmax for the dansylated substrate were 1.8 and 0.78 times the respective values for the reference nucleotide. The equilibrium constant for the transfer reaction utilizing UDP-MurNAc-(Nepsilon-Dns)pentapeptide was 5.9 +/- 0.13 compared to 1.1 +/- 0.02 for UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide. With respect to the proposed reaction model (Pless, D. D., and Neuhaus, F. C. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 1568-1576), the increase in Keq is consistent with a decrease in the affinity of undecaprenyl diphosphate-MurNAc-Ala-DGlu-Lys(Nepsilon-Dns)-DAla-DAla for the translocase. The fluorescence emission maximum of the phospho-MurNAc-(Nepsilon-Dns)pentapeptide moiety of UDP-MurNAc-(Nepsilon-Dns)pentapeptide was blue-shifted from 525 to 495 nm upon transfer from UMP to undecaprenyl phosphate with a 6-fold increase in quantum yield. These spectral changes provided a sensitive and continuous assay for the formation of undecaprenyl diphosphate-MurNAc-Ala-DGlu-Lys(Nepsilon-Dans)-DAla-DAla. The nascent peptidoglycan synthesizing system from Gaffkya homari utilized the dansylated nucleotide with a Vmax/Km of 0.05 and a Vmax of 0.10 times the values for UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide. These results demonstrate that phospho-MurNAc-Ala-DGlu-Lys(Nepsilon-Dns)-DAla-DAla linked to the undecaprenyl phosphate will serve as a precursor for the synthesis of nascent peptidoglycan and that the dansyl moiety will report on the membrane environment it experiences during this synthesis.", "contents": "Fluorescent substrate for nascent peptidoglycan synthesis. Uridine diphosphate-N-acetylmuramyl-(Nepsilon-5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl)pentapeptide. The synthesis of UDP-MurNAc-Ala-DGlu-Lys[Nepsilon-dimethylaminonaphthalene sulfonyl (Dns)]-DAla-DAla provides a method for the specific introduction of a fluorescent reporter group into the membrane environment of nascent peptidoglycan synthesis. To assess the degree of perturbation of this environment caused by the introduction of the dansyl substituent, this nucleotide was compared with UDP-MurNAc-Ala-DGlu-Lys-DAla-DAla in the reaction catalyzed by phospho-MurNAc-pentapeptide translocase (UDP-MurNAc-Ala-gammaDGlu-Lys-DAla-DAla:undecaprenyl phosphate phospho-MurNA-C-pentapeptide transferase) and in the membrane-associated synthesis of nascent peptidoglycan. Phospho-MurNAc-pentapeptide translocase in membrane fragments from Staphylococcus aureus Copenhagen catalyzed the transfer of phospho-MurNAc-Ala-DGlu-Lys(Nepsilon-Dns)-DAla-DAla to undecaprenyl phosphate with a Vmax/Km of 3.8 and a Vmax of 1.6 times the values for UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide. In the exchange reaction catalyzed by the translocase, the Rmax/Km and Rmax for the dansylated substrate were 1.8 and 0.78 times the respective values for the reference nucleotide. The equilibrium constant for the transfer reaction utilizing UDP-MurNAc-(Nepsilon-Dns)pentapeptide was 5.9 +/- 0.13 compared to 1.1 +/- 0.02 for UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide. With respect to the proposed reaction model (Pless, D. D., and Neuhaus, F. C. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 1568-1576), the increase in Keq is consistent with a decrease in the affinity of undecaprenyl diphosphate-MurNAc-Ala-DGlu-Lys(Nepsilon-Dns)-DAla-DAla for the translocase. The fluorescence emission maximum of the phospho-MurNAc-(Nepsilon-Dns)pentapeptide moiety of UDP-MurNAc-(Nepsilon-Dns)pentapeptide was blue-shifted from 525 to 495 nm upon transfer from UMP to undecaprenyl phosphate with a 6-fold increase in quantum yield. These spectral changes provided a sensitive and continuous assay for the formation of undecaprenyl diphosphate-MurNAc-Ala-DGlu-Lys(Nepsilon-Dans)-DAla-DAla. The nascent peptidoglycan synthesizing system from Gaffkya homari utilized the dansylated nucleotide with a Vmax/Km of 0.05 and a Vmax of 0.10 times the values for UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide. These results demonstrate that phospho-MurNAc-Ala-DGlu-Lys(Nepsilon-Dns)-DAla-DAla linked to the undecaprenyl phosphate will serve as a precursor for the synthesis of nascent peptidoglycan and that the dansyl moiety will report on the membrane environment it experiences during this synthesis.", "PMID": 849930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8872", "title": "Oxygen equilibrium curve of normal human blood and its evaluation by Adair's equation.", "content": "Oxygen equilibrium curves of fresh, normal human blood have been measured by new methods which allow the control of pH, pCO2, and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and which yield higher accuracy at the extremes of saturation than was possible previously. The curve determined by these techniques lies slightly to the right of the standard curve of Roughton et al. (Roughton, F.J.W., Deland, E.C., Kernohan, J.C., and Severinghaus, J.W. (1972) in Oxygen Affinity of Hemoglobin and Red Cell Acid Base Status (Astrup, P., and R\u00f8rth, M., eds) pp. 73-83, Academic Press, New York). The greatest difference is at low oxygen saturation, probably owing to the fact that the latter data were obtained under conditions which would lead to depletion of cellular 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. The range of p50 (oxygen pressure at half-saturation) values for four normal subjects was 28.3 mm Hg to 29.0 mm Hg. Adair's stepwise oxygenation scheme has been used to analyze the curves with the result that a1 = 0.1514 X 10(-1) (+/- 10%) mm-1; a2 = 0.9723 X 10(-3) (+/- 8%) mm-2; a3 = 0.1703 X 10(-3) (+/- 50%) mm-3; a4 = 0.1671 X 10(-5) (+/- 2%) mm-4 for the best of four data sets. Because these constants are very sensitive to changes in the shape of the oxygenation curve, this analysis is much more useful than p50 measurements in the investigation of the various allosteric effectors of the function of hemoglobin within the red cell.", "contents": "Oxygen equilibrium curve of normal human blood and its evaluation by Adair's equation. Oxygen equilibrium curves of fresh, normal human blood have been measured by new methods which allow the control of pH, pCO2, and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and which yield higher accuracy at the extremes of saturation than was possible previously. The curve determined by these techniques lies slightly to the right of the standard curve of Roughton et al. (Roughton, F.J.W., Deland, E.C., Kernohan, J.C., and Severinghaus, J.W. (1972) in Oxygen Affinity of Hemoglobin and Red Cell Acid Base Status (Astrup, P., and R\u00f8rth, M., eds) pp. 73-83, Academic Press, New York). The greatest difference is at low oxygen saturation, probably owing to the fact that the latter data were obtained under conditions which would lead to depletion of cellular 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. The range of p50 (oxygen pressure at half-saturation) values for four normal subjects was 28.3 mm Hg to 29.0 mm Hg. Adair's stepwise oxygenation scheme has been used to analyze the curves with the result that a1 = 0.1514 X 10(-1) (+/- 10%) mm-1; a2 = 0.9723 X 10(-3) (+/- 8%) mm-2; a3 = 0.1703 X 10(-3) (+/- 50%) mm-3; a4 = 0.1671 X 10(-5) (+/- 2%) mm-4 for the best of four data sets. Because these constants are very sensitive to changes in the shape of the oxygenation curve, this analysis is much more useful than p50 measurements in the investigation of the various allosteric effectors of the function of hemoglobin within the red cell.", "PMID": 849931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8873", "title": "Enzymatic properties of beta-D-galactoside alpha2 leads to 6 sialytransferase from bovine colostrum.", "content": "The substrate specificity and kinetic properties of a pure sialyltransferase from bovine colostrum have been examined. The transferase appears to incorporate sialic acid into the sequence, NeuAcalpha2 leads to 6Galbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAc, which is commonly found in glycoproteins. It has a strict substrate specificity for CMP-NeuAc and forms only the alpha2 leads to 6 sialyl linkage with beta-D-galactosides. N-Acetyllactosamine (Galbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAc) and asialo-glycoproteins containing the N-acetyllactosaminyl linkage at the nonreducing ends of the oligosaccharides prosthetic groups are the best acceptor substrates. Isomers of N-acetyllactosamine with beta1 leads to 3 or beta1 leads to 6 glycosidic linkages are less than 1% as effective as acceptor substates as the beta1 leads to 4-linked isomer. Lactose (Galbeta1 leads to 4Glc) is also a poor acceptor, indicating the importance of the 2-acetamido group in the N-acetylglucosaminyl residues. The unnatural substrate beta-methyl-L-arabinopyrano-side, a five-carbon analog of beta-methyl-D-galactoside which contains no 6-hydroxyl, also acts as a poor acceptor of the transferase and the sialylated product has been partially characterized. Kinetic properties of the enzyme in the presence and absence of inhibitors suggest that the transferase has an equilibrium random order mechanism.", "contents": "Enzymatic properties of beta-D-galactoside alpha2 leads to 6 sialytransferase from bovine colostrum. The substrate specificity and kinetic properties of a pure sialyltransferase from bovine colostrum have been examined. The transferase appears to incorporate sialic acid into the sequence, NeuAcalpha2 leads to 6Galbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAc, which is commonly found in glycoproteins. It has a strict substrate specificity for CMP-NeuAc and forms only the alpha2 leads to 6 sialyl linkage with beta-D-galactosides. N-Acetyllactosamine (Galbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAc) and asialo-glycoproteins containing the N-acetyllactosaminyl linkage at the nonreducing ends of the oligosaccharides prosthetic groups are the best acceptor substrates. Isomers of N-acetyllactosamine with beta1 leads to 3 or beta1 leads to 6 glycosidic linkages are less than 1% as effective as acceptor substates as the beta1 leads to 4-linked isomer. Lactose (Galbeta1 leads to 4Glc) is also a poor acceptor, indicating the importance of the 2-acetamido group in the N-acetylglucosaminyl residues. The unnatural substrate beta-methyl-L-arabinopyrano-side, a five-carbon analog of beta-methyl-D-galactoside which contains no 6-hydroxyl, also acts as a poor acceptor of the transferase and the sialylated product has been partially characterized. Kinetic properties of the enzyme in the presence and absence of inhibitors suggest that the transferase has an equilibrium random order mechanism.", "PMID": 849933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8874", "title": "Purification of a sialyltransferase from bovine colostrum by affinity chromatography on CDP-agarose.", "content": "CDP-hexanolamine agarose was used as an affinity adsorbent to purify a CMP-N-acetylneuraminate: beta-D-galactosyl-glycoprotein N-acetylneuraminyltransferase (EC 2.4.99.1) from bovine colostrum. Upon binding of the enzyme to the adsorbent, elution is achieved either nonspecifically, with 0.5 to 1.0 M sodium chloride, or specifically, with CDP. A highly purified sialyltransferase is obtained with a specific activity  440,000 times that of whole colostrum. Fractionation of the purified enzyme by gel filtration gives two species with different molecular weights but equal specific activities toward asialo-alpha1-acid glycoprotein (26.0 to 28.0 micronmol/min/mg of enzyme). The molecular weights of these two forms are about 56,000 and 43,000 as judged by sodium doedcyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis, sedimentation equilibrium, and gel filtration. The catalytic properties of both forms have been examined (Paulson, J. C., Rearick, J. I., and Hill, R. L. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 2363-2371). It is concluded that the lower molecular weight form may be a partially degraded species of the enzyme of higher molecular weight.", "contents": "Purification of a sialyltransferase from bovine colostrum by affinity chromatography on CDP-agarose. CDP-hexanolamine agarose was used as an affinity adsorbent to purify a CMP-N-acetylneuraminate: beta-D-galactosyl-glycoprotein N-acetylneuraminyltransferase (EC 2.4.99.1) from bovine colostrum. Upon binding of the enzyme to the adsorbent, elution is achieved either nonspecifically, with 0.5 to 1.0 M sodium chloride, or specifically, with CDP. A highly purified sialyltransferase is obtained with a specific activity  440,000 times that of whole colostrum. Fractionation of the purified enzyme by gel filtration gives two species with different molecular weights but equal specific activities toward asialo-alpha1-acid glycoprotein (26.0 to 28.0 micronmol/min/mg of enzyme). The molecular weights of these two forms are about 56,000 and 43,000 as judged by sodium doedcyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis, sedimentation equilibrium, and gel filtration. The catalytic properties of both forms have been examined (Paulson, J. C., Rearick, J. I., and Hill, R. L. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 2363-2371). It is concluded that the lower molecular weight form may be a partially degraded species of the enzyme of higher molecular weight.", "PMID": 849932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8875", "title": "Preparation and properties of immobilized rubredoxin.", "content": "Rubredoxin, one of the three protein components of the epoxidation/hydroxylation system of Pseudomonas oleovorans was immobilized by attachment to CNBr-activated agarose (Sepharose 4B). Since this represents the first reported example of the preparation of a water-insoluble derivative of an enzyme of this type, the electron transfer and physical properties of the conjugate were examined in order to allow comparison with those of the soluble enzyme. Immobilized rubredoxin exhibits all of the major spectral properties of the soluble enzyme above 300 nm, but some distortion in the 280 nm abosrbance band was observed. The immobilized enzyme accepts electrons from dithionite or form NADPH in the presence of spinach ferredoxin-NADP reductase, and upon reduction the visible absorbance is bleached. Immobilized rubredoxin mediates the reduction of cytochrome c in the presence of NADPH and spinach reductase, although it is less efficient in this role than soluble rubredoxin. The oxidation-reduction potential of immobilized rubredoxin was determined and found to be similar to that of the soluble enzyme. In the presence of 2.5 m guanidine HCL, the immobilized enzyme is considerably more stable than soluble rubredoxin toward denaturation. After anaerobic reduction, iron was readily removed from immobilized rubredoxin by washing in 0.5 m Tris base, PH 9.5 containing 0.07 M mercaptoethanol, and the resulting immobilized apoenzyme could then be reconstituted to give back a conjugate with the original iron content, as judged from its absorbance at 497 NM. Reptition of the entire reduction-dissociation-reconstitution cycle gave the same results as were obtained after the initial reconstitution.", "contents": "Preparation and properties of immobilized rubredoxin. Rubredoxin, one of the three protein components of the epoxidation/hydroxylation system of Pseudomonas oleovorans was immobilized by attachment to CNBr-activated agarose (Sepharose 4B). Since this represents the first reported example of the preparation of a water-insoluble derivative of an enzyme of this type, the electron transfer and physical properties of the conjugate were examined in order to allow comparison with those of the soluble enzyme. Immobilized rubredoxin exhibits all of the major spectral properties of the soluble enzyme above 300 nm, but some distortion in the 280 nm abosrbance band was observed. The immobilized enzyme accepts electrons from dithionite or form NADPH in the presence of spinach ferredoxin-NADP reductase, and upon reduction the visible absorbance is bleached. Immobilized rubredoxin mediates the reduction of cytochrome c in the presence of NADPH and spinach reductase, although it is less efficient in this role than soluble rubredoxin. The oxidation-reduction potential of immobilized rubredoxin was determined and found to be similar to that of the soluble enzyme. In the presence of 2.5 m guanidine HCL, the immobilized enzyme is considerably more stable than soluble rubredoxin toward denaturation. After anaerobic reduction, iron was readily removed from immobilized rubredoxin by washing in 0.5 m Tris base, PH 9.5 containing 0.07 M mercaptoethanol, and the resulting immobilized apoenzyme could then be reconstituted to give back a conjugate with the original iron content, as judged from its absorbance at 497 NM. Reptition of the entire reduction-dissociation-reconstitution cycle gave the same results as were obtained after the initial reconstitution.", "PMID": 849934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8876", "title": "Action of intrinsic sialidase of rat brain synaptic membranes on membrane sialolipid and sialoprotein components in situ.", "content": "The sialo compounds in the synaptosomal membranes of young rat brain were specifically labeled in vivo by the intracranial injection of radioactive N-acetylmannosamine. More than 95% of the incorporated label was found in glycosidically bound sialic acid. Specific activities of sialic acid in the synaptic membrane gangliosides G71 (monosialo), GD1a (disialo), and GT1 (trisialo) were similar; labeling in GD1b (disialo) was consistently somewhat higher. The highest specific activity of rat brain sialidase was evenly distributed between \"small myelin fragment\" and synaptosomal membrane fractions, and ouabain-sensitive (Na+, K+)-ATPase also was concentrated in the latter fraction. The greatest amount of bound sialic acid was found in these subcellular fractions having the highest sialidase activity. A microsomal fraction was discovered to contain a small amount of bound sialic acid with a very high degree of radioactive labeling, but no sialidase. Release of sialic acid from the relatively intact membrane preparations by intrinsic membrane-bound sialidase occurred in two recognizable stages. There was a rapid initial release, complete within 30 min, of approximately equal amounts of lipid- and protein-bound sialic acid, corresponding to roughly half of the enzymatically releasable protein-boudn, and somewhat less than one-third of the lipid-bound, sialic acid. The remainder of the membrane sialidase-susceptible sialic acid was released in a second, slower stage. The intrinsic sialidase released 16 +/- 1% of the total sialoprotein and 31 +/- 1% of the total sialolipid sialic acid. Approximately the same amount of sialic acid is releasable from membrane sialolipid by the action of exogenous Vibrio sialidase; almost twice as much is releasable from sialoglycoprotein by this enzyme as compared with the intrinsic membrane sialidase. Each of the various membrane gangliosides appeared to be equally available to the action of the membrane sialidase. The results of this study indicate that both glycolipid- and glycoprotein-bound sialic acid in the synaptic membrane are releasable in situ by the action of the intrinsic synaptic membrane sialidase, and they suggest that this enzyme may act to modulate the physical properties of the membrane. In addition to influencing the rate of hydrolysis of endogenous membrane sialo compounds by intrinsic sialidase, pH had an effect on availability of protein-bound sialic acid. At acid pH, lipid- and protein-bound sialic acid were similarly available, but near neutral pH, gangliosides appeared to be attacked preferentially.", "contents": "Action of intrinsic sialidase of rat brain synaptic membranes on membrane sialolipid and sialoprotein components in situ. The sialo compounds in the synaptosomal membranes of young rat brain were specifically labeled in vivo by the intracranial injection of radioactive N-acetylmannosamine. More than 95% of the incorporated label was found in glycosidically bound sialic acid. Specific activities of sialic acid in the synaptic membrane gangliosides G71 (monosialo), GD1a (disialo), and GT1 (trisialo) were similar; labeling in GD1b (disialo) was consistently somewhat higher. The highest specific activity of rat brain sialidase was evenly distributed between \"small myelin fragment\" and synaptosomal membrane fractions, and ouabain-sensitive (Na+, K+)-ATPase also was concentrated in the latter fraction. The greatest amount of bound sialic acid was found in these subcellular fractions having the highest sialidase activity. A microsomal fraction was discovered to contain a small amount of bound sialic acid with a very high degree of radioactive labeling, but no sialidase. Release of sialic acid from the relatively intact membrane preparations by intrinsic membrane-bound sialidase occurred in two recognizable stages. There was a rapid initial release, complete within 30 min, of approximately equal amounts of lipid- and protein-bound sialic acid, corresponding to roughly half of the enzymatically releasable protein-boudn, and somewhat less than one-third of the lipid-bound, sialic acid. The remainder of the membrane sialidase-susceptible sialic acid was released in a second, slower stage. The intrinsic sialidase released 16 +/- 1% of the total sialoprotein and 31 +/- 1% of the total sialolipid sialic acid. Approximately the same amount of sialic acid is releasable from membrane sialolipid by the action of exogenous Vibrio sialidase; almost twice as much is releasable from sialoglycoprotein by this enzyme as compared with the intrinsic membrane sialidase. Each of the various membrane gangliosides appeared to be equally available to the action of the membrane sialidase. The results of this study indicate that both glycolipid- and glycoprotein-bound sialic acid in the synaptic membrane are releasable in situ by the action of the intrinsic synaptic membrane sialidase, and they suggest that this enzyme may act to modulate the physical properties of the membrane. In addition to influencing the rate of hydrolysis of endogenous membrane sialo compounds by intrinsic sialidase, pH had an effect on availability of protein-bound sialic acid. At acid pH, lipid- and protein-bound sialic acid were similarly available, but near neutral pH, gangliosides appeared to be attacked preferentially.", "PMID": 849935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8877", "title": "Biosynthesis of lipid-linked oligosaccharides in cotton fibers. Stimulation by lipids from pig liver.", "content": "An acidic lipid fraction isolated from pig liver (Forsee, W. T. & Elbein, A.D. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73, 2574-2578) stimulated the incorporation of mannose from GDP-[14C]mannose into lipid-linked oligosaccharides using a particulate enzyme fraction from maturing cotton bolls. This lipid fraction did not stimulate mannose incorporation into the mannosylphosphorylpolyprenol. The 14C-oligosaccharides, formed in the presence or absence of the pig liver \"acceptor\" lipid, were released from the lipid-linked oligosaccharides by mild acid hydrolysis and were isolated by paper chromatography. Both sets of 14C-oligosaccharides had similar mobilities suggesting that they were qualitatively similar, except that those formed in the presence of \"acceptor\" lipid had much more radioactivity. The individual oligosaccharides were purified on a calibrated column of Sephadex G-25 and were then subjected to various treatments to obtain information about their structures. The molecular weights of the larger oligosaccharides ranged from about L1210 to 1720 indicating they probably contained from 6 to 10 sugar residues. Strong acid hydrolysis of the oligosaccharide with a molecular weight of 1350, followed by reduction with NaB3H4, gave a ratio of [3H]hexitol to [3H]hexosaminitol that was compatible with the molecular weight (about 5:2). However, the hexitol fraction contained small amounts of [3H]glucitol in addition to [3H]mannitol. Thus, this oligosaccharide may contain small amounts of glucose in addition to mannose and GlcNAc. When the smaller oligosaccharides (i.e. those having 5 or 6 sugars) were treated with alpha-mannosidase, essentially of all the 14C was released as mannose, but only 30 to 50% of the radioactivity could be released from the larger oligosaccharides by this enzyme. Acetolysis of the oligosaccharide with a molecular weight of 1720 released the radioactivity as mannobiose and mannotriose suggesting that these oligosaccharides contain di- and trisaccharide branches linked to the main chain in 1 leads to 6 linkages.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of lipid-linked oligosaccharides in cotton fibers. Stimulation by lipids from pig liver. An acidic lipid fraction isolated from pig liver (Forsee, W. T. & Elbein, A.D. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73, 2574-2578) stimulated the incorporation of mannose from GDP-[14C]mannose into lipid-linked oligosaccharides using a particulate enzyme fraction from maturing cotton bolls. This lipid fraction did not stimulate mannose incorporation into the mannosylphosphorylpolyprenol. The 14C-oligosaccharides, formed in the presence or absence of the pig liver \"acceptor\" lipid, were released from the lipid-linked oligosaccharides by mild acid hydrolysis and were isolated by paper chromatography. Both sets of 14C-oligosaccharides had similar mobilities suggesting that they were qualitatively similar, except that those formed in the presence of \"acceptor\" lipid had much more radioactivity. The individual oligosaccharides were purified on a calibrated column of Sephadex G-25 and were then subjected to various treatments to obtain information about their structures. The molecular weights of the larger oligosaccharides ranged from about L1210 to 1720 indicating they probably contained from 6 to 10 sugar residues. Strong acid hydrolysis of the oligosaccharide with a molecular weight of 1350, followed by reduction with NaB3H4, gave a ratio of [3H]hexitol to [3H]hexosaminitol that was compatible with the molecular weight (about 5:2). However, the hexitol fraction contained small amounts of [3H]glucitol in addition to [3H]mannitol. Thus, this oligosaccharide may contain small amounts of glucose in addition to mannose and GlcNAc. When the smaller oligosaccharides (i.e. those having 5 or 6 sugars) were treated with alpha-mannosidase, essentially of all the 14C was released as mannose, but only 30 to 50% of the radioactivity could be released from the larger oligosaccharides by this enzyme. Acetolysis of the oligosaccharide with a molecular weight of 1720 released the radioactivity as mannobiose and mannotriose suggesting that these oligosaccharides contain di- and trisaccharide branches linked to the main chain in 1 leads to 6 linkages.", "PMID": 849936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8878", "title": "Thermodynamics of Ca2+ binding to troponin-C.", "content": "Troponin-C (TnC) from rabbit skeletal muscle contains two high affinity Ca2+ binding sites (sites 1 and 2) that bind Mg2+ competitively (Ca2+-Mg2+ sites) and two Ca2+ binding sites (sites 3 and 4) of lower affinity that do not bind Mg2+ (Ca2+-specific sites). The free energy (deltaG0i), enthalpy (delta H0i) and entropy (deltaS0i) of binding Ca2+ to each of the four sites (i = 1 to 4) on TnC have been evaluated from microcalorimetry and equilibrium dialysis. The enthalpy of Ca2+ binding to each site was identical (-7.7 kcal mol-1); the entropy of Ca2+ binding to sites 1 and 2 was deltaS01,2 approximately equal to 14.7 e.u. whereas delta S03.4 approximately equal to 8.0 e.u. The positive entropy associated with Ca2+ binding to sites 1 and 2 is probably due to displacement of water produced by the alpha-helix formation, known to accompany the binding of Ca2+ to the Ca2+-Mg2+ sites. Thus, Ca2+ binding to the Ca2+-Mg2+ sites is driven by both enthalpy and entropy and the lower Ca2+ affinity for sites 3 and 4 is reflected in the lower entropy of Ca2+-binding. The entropy associated with Ca2+ binding to sites 3 and 4 suggests that some change in protein conformation is occurring upon binding of Ca2+ to these sites.", "contents": "Thermodynamics of Ca2+ binding to troponin-C. Troponin-C (TnC) from rabbit skeletal muscle contains two high affinity Ca2+ binding sites (sites 1 and 2) that bind Mg2+ competitively (Ca2+-Mg2+ sites) and two Ca2+ binding sites (sites 3 and 4) of lower affinity that do not bind Mg2+ (Ca2+-specific sites). The free energy (deltaG0i), enthalpy (delta H0i) and entropy (deltaS0i) of binding Ca2+ to each of the four sites (i = 1 to 4) on TnC have been evaluated from microcalorimetry and equilibrium dialysis. The enthalpy of Ca2+ binding to each site was identical (-7.7 kcal mol-1); the entropy of Ca2+ binding to sites 1 and 2 was deltaS01,2 approximately equal to 14.7 e.u. whereas delta S03.4 approximately equal to 8.0 e.u. The positive entropy associated with Ca2+ binding to sites 1 and 2 is probably due to displacement of water produced by the alpha-helix formation, known to accompany the binding of Ca2+ to the Ca2+-Mg2+ sites. Thus, Ca2+ binding to the Ca2+-Mg2+ sites is driven by both enthalpy and entropy and the lower Ca2+ affinity for sites 3 and 4 is reflected in the lower entropy of Ca2+-binding. The entropy associated with Ca2+ binding to sites 3 and 4 suggests that some change in protein conformation is occurring upon binding of Ca2+ to these sites.", "PMID": 849937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8879", "title": "Congenital dislocation of the hip. The relationship of premanipulation traction and age to avascular necrosis of the femoral head.", "content": "A retrospective study involving 276 patients with 319 congenitally dislocated hips was undertaken to assess whether premanipulation fraction prevents avascular necrosis. Roentgenographic criteria were utilized and only cases of frank dislocation unassociated with other disorders were included. It was found that in a child less than one year old, premanipulation traction of twenty-one days or more substantially reduces the incidence of avascular necrosis. For the child more than a year old, however, the prognosis is not as good, even if premanipulation traction is prescribed for twenty-one days or more. We found a 14 per cent incidence of avascular necrosis in children less than three months old and suggest that the cartilaginous femoral head prior to the appearance of the ossific nucleus is particularly vulnerable to vascular injury.", "contents": "Congenital dislocation of the hip. The relationship of premanipulation traction and age to avascular necrosis of the femoral head. A retrospective study involving 276 patients with 319 congenitally dislocated hips was undertaken to assess whether premanipulation fraction prevents avascular necrosis. Roentgenographic criteria were utilized and only cases of frank dislocation unassociated with other disorders were included. It was found that in a child less than one year old, premanipulation traction of twenty-one days or more substantially reduces the incidence of avascular necrosis. For the child more than a year old, however, the prognosis is not as good, even if premanipulation traction is prescribed for twenty-one days or more. We found a 14 per cent incidence of avascular necrosis in children less than three months old and suggest that the cartilaginous femoral head prior to the appearance of the ossific nucleus is particularly vulnerable to vascular injury.", "PMID": 849939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8880", "title": "Wrist arthrodesis in paralyzed arms of children.", "content": "A new technique for fusion of the wrist in children six years old and older is described. An iliac graft is sandwiched in a coronal split in the radius and carpal bones. Thirty-four children, most of them suffering residual paralysis from poliomyelitis, were treated with this method. It was successful in thirty-two patients, and these children had improved function of the extremity. They were followed to maturity; shortening of the forearm averaged 4.1 centimeters.", "contents": "Wrist arthrodesis in paralyzed arms of children. A new technique for fusion of the wrist in children six years old and older is described. An iliac graft is sandwiched in a coronal split in the radius and carpal bones. Thirty-four children, most of them suffering residual paralysis from poliomyelitis, were treated with this method. It was successful in thirty-two patients, and these children had improved function of the extremity. They were followed to maturity; shortening of the forearm averaged 4.1 centimeters.", "PMID": 849940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8881", "title": "Early arthrodesis for a flail shoulder in young children.", "content": "In seven children, five to nine years old, with a flail shoulder and a functional hand and elbow, arthrodesis of the shoulder in 80 to 90 degrees of abduction was performed by denuding the humeral head and glenoid of cartilage and fixing the humerus to the glenoid with Steinmann pins first inserted in the humerus in a proximal-distal direction and then driven in the reverse direction into the glenoid. Postoperatively each limb was immobilized in a spica cast, the pins were removed after a month, and the cast was removed after ten to twelve weeks when union was evident. All seven fusions united and function was much improved. When these children were followed to adult life there was only a small loss in humeral length and no change in position of the fused shoulder. Early arthrodesis is advocated in the treatment of a flail shoulder in children.", "contents": "Early arthrodesis for a flail shoulder in young children. In seven children, five to nine years old, with a flail shoulder and a functional hand and elbow, arthrodesis of the shoulder in 80 to 90 degrees of abduction was performed by denuding the humeral head and glenoid of cartilage and fixing the humerus to the glenoid with Steinmann pins first inserted in the humerus in a proximal-distal direction and then driven in the reverse direction into the glenoid. Postoperatively each limb was immobilized in a spica cast, the pins were removed after a month, and the cast was removed after ten to twelve weeks when union was evident. All seven fusions united and function was much improved. When these children were followed to adult life there was only a small loss in humeral length and no change in position of the fused shoulder. Early arthrodesis is advocated in the treatment of a flail shoulder in children.", "PMID": 849941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8882", "title": "Instability of the subtalar joint. Diagnosis by stress tomography in three cases.", "content": "Lateral instability in the subtalar joint was documented by a method of stress tomography in three patients. The subtalar inversion angle averaged 38 degrees +/- S.D. 6 degrees in asymptomatic feet and 57 degrees +/- S.D. 5 degrees in those with unstable subtalar joints . Review of the literature suggests that as many as 10 per cent of patients having the Watson-Jones procedure for abnormal talar tilt also have instability in the subtalar joint. It is felt that the subtalar joint should be evaluated in patients seen with the clinical symptom of lateral instability.", "contents": "Instability of the subtalar joint. Diagnosis by stress tomography in three cases. Lateral instability in the subtalar joint was documented by a method of stress tomography in three patients. The subtalar inversion angle averaged 38 degrees +/- S.D. 6 degrees in asymptomatic feet and 57 degrees +/- S.D. 5 degrees in those with unstable subtalar joints . Review of the literature suggests that as many as 10 per cent of patients having the Watson-Jones procedure for abnormal talar tilt also have instability in the subtalar joint. It is felt that the subtalar joint should be evaluated in patients seen with the clinical symptom of lateral instability.", "PMID": 849942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8883", "title": "Ewing's sarcoma -- functional effects of radiation therapy.", "content": "Long-term morbidity was assessed in fifty-five patients with Ewing's sarcoma who survived two years or longer. Primary site, radiation dosage, and age of the patient all had an important bearing on the end result. Guidelines for treatment of the primary tumor were developed. Patients with upper-extremity lesions were generally best treated by radiotherapy. Young children and some of the older patients with lesions in the lower extremity were generally best treated by primary amputation, depending on the site of the lesion.", "contents": "Ewing's sarcoma -- functional effects of radiation therapy. Long-term morbidity was assessed in fifty-five patients with Ewing's sarcoma who survived two years or longer. Primary site, radiation dosage, and age of the patient all had an important bearing on the end result. Guidelines for treatment of the primary tumor were developed. Patients with upper-extremity lesions were generally best treated by radiotherapy. Young children and some of the older patients with lesions in the lower extremity were generally best treated by primary amputation, depending on the site of the lesion.", "PMID": 849943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8884", "title": "Cervical orthoses. A study comparing their effectiveness in restricting cervical motion in normal subjects.", "content": "The effectiveness of five cervical orthoses in restricting cervical motion was evaluated quantitatively in normal subjects using roentgenograms and overhead photographs made at the extremes of three planes of motion, while the effectiveness of the halo with a plastic body-vest was studied in seven patients with cervical fractures or local fusions. Flexion and extension were measured at each cervical intervertebral joint and combined cervical motion was measured for rotation and lateral bending. The best conventional braces restricted only 45 per cent of flexion-extension at the atlanto-axial joint; the halo restricted 75 per cent. The conventional braces were more effective in the middle and lower portions of the cervical spine. The results may prove to be useful guidelines for the selection of an appropriate orthosis to control motion in different planes and at different levels of the spine.", "contents": "Cervical orthoses. A study comparing their effectiveness in restricting cervical motion in normal subjects. The effectiveness of five cervical orthoses in restricting cervical motion was evaluated quantitatively in normal subjects using roentgenograms and overhead photographs made at the extremes of three planes of motion, while the effectiveness of the halo with a plastic body-vest was studied in seven patients with cervical fractures or local fusions. Flexion and extension were measured at each cervical intervertebral joint and combined cervical motion was measured for rotation and lateral bending. The best conventional braces restricted only 45 per cent of flexion-extension at the atlanto-axial joint; the halo restricted 75 per cent. The conventional braces were more effective in the middle and lower portions of the cervical spine. The results may prove to be useful guidelines for the selection of an appropriate orthosis to control motion in different planes and at different levels of the spine.", "PMID": 849944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8885", "title": "Ipsilateral hip and knee replacements as a single surgical procedure.", "content": "A total of thirteen surgical procedures were performed on eight patients, all of whom had a history of rheumatoid arthritis. Five patients had bilateral hip and knee replacements and three patients had ipsilateral hip and knee replacements for a total of twenty-six joint replacements. Ambulatory status for all patients was significantly improved and all patients subjectively reported a great reduction in pain postoperatively. Complications included two transient peroneal-nerve palsies in the same patient from which she recovered spontaneously, and one questionable pulmonary embolus which resolved with heparin therapy. The relative advantages of this type of procedure and the indications for and against surgery are discussed.", "contents": "Ipsilateral hip and knee replacements as a single surgical procedure. A total of thirteen surgical procedures were performed on eight patients, all of whom had a history of rheumatoid arthritis. Five patients had bilateral hip and knee replacements and three patients had ipsilateral hip and knee replacements for a total of twenty-six joint replacements. Ambulatory status for all patients was significantly improved and all patients subjectively reported a great reduction in pain postoperatively. Complications included two transient peroneal-nerve palsies in the same patient from which she recovered spontaneously, and one questionable pulmonary embolus which resolved with heparin therapy. The relative advantages of this type of procedure and the indications for and against surgery are discussed.", "PMID": 849945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8886", "title": "A longitudinal study of the radiolucent line at the bone-cement interface following total joint-replacement procedures.", "content": "After 100 consecutive total hip arthroplasties, a radiolucent line at the bone-cement interface as seen on serial roentgenograms was on the acetabular side in fifty-nine hips and on the femoral side, in three. Similarly, after seventy-five consecutive non-hinged knee-replacement arthroplasties, a radiolucent line was found at the bone-cement interface beneath the polyethylene component more frequently in knees in which the more constrained geometric implant was used (forty-two of fity-nine) than in knees in which the less constrained polycentric and modular prostheses were used (three of sixteen). The presence of a lucent line at the bone-cement interface in these joints did not signify looseness or failure of the arthroplasty.", "contents": "A longitudinal study of the radiolucent line at the bone-cement interface following total joint-replacement procedures. After 100 consecutive total hip arthroplasties, a radiolucent line at the bone-cement interface as seen on serial roentgenograms was on the acetabular side in fifty-nine hips and on the femoral side, in three. Similarly, after seventy-five consecutive non-hinged knee-replacement arthroplasties, a radiolucent line was found at the bone-cement interface beneath the polyethylene component more frequently in knees in which the more constrained geometric implant was used (forty-two of fity-nine) than in knees in which the less constrained polycentric and modular prostheses were used (three of sixteen). The presence of a lucent line at the bone-cement interface in these joints did not signify looseness or failure of the arthroplasty.", "PMID": 849946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8887", "title": "Fractures of the scapula. An analysis of forty cases and a review of the literature.", "content": "In forty patients treated at The University of Texas Medical Branch Hospitals for fifty-two fractures of forty-one scapulae from 1961 through 1973, most of the fractures were the result of vehicular accidents. The thirty-eight fractures involving only the body, neck, or spine of thirty scapulae (without involvement of the acromion, glenoid, or coracoid process) were successfully treated with a sling and early active motion. Three other fractures involving body were associated with three fractures involving the glenoid. The eleven fractures of the acromiom, glenoid, or coracoid process resulted in loss of motion in ten of the eleven shoulders. For fractures of this type we now recommend immobilization in 60 degrees of abduction, 25 degrees of flexion, and 25 degrees of external rotation, with early active abduction exercises. Open reduction is rarely indicated, only when there is disruption of the glenohumeral joint.", "contents": "Fractures of the scapula. An analysis of forty cases and a review of the literature. In forty patients treated at The University of Texas Medical Branch Hospitals for fifty-two fractures of forty-one scapulae from 1961 through 1973, most of the fractures were the result of vehicular accidents. The thirty-eight fractures involving only the body, neck, or spine of thirty scapulae (without involvement of the acromion, glenoid, or coracoid process) were successfully treated with a sling and early active motion. Three other fractures involving body were associated with three fractures involving the glenoid. The eleven fractures of the acromiom, glenoid, or coracoid process resulted in loss of motion in ten of the eleven shoulders. For fractures of this type we now recommend immobilization in 60 degrees of abduction, 25 degrees of flexion, and 25 degrees of external rotation, with early active abduction exercises. Open reduction is rarely indicated, only when there is disruption of the glenohumeral joint.", "PMID": 849947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8888", "title": "Flexible (silicone) implant arthroplasty of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb.", "content": "Forty-four thumbs in thirty-four patients with rheumatoid arthritis were treated with a flexible implant arthroplasty of the metacarpophalangeal joint. After follow-ups ranging from two to six and a half years the results were rated good to excellent in forty-two thumbs since they were not painful, had an increased arc of motion of the metacarpophalangeal joint in a more functional range, and were more effective in the activities of daily living. The results in this series indicated that careful reconstruction of the extensor apparatus is essential, as well as stabilization of the interphalangeal joint either by arthrodesis or by tenodesis if there is a hyperextension deformity. Of the six patients who had a fusion of the metacarpophalangeal joint in one thumb and an arthroplasty in the other, five preferred the arthroplasty because the joint was stable and also had a useful arc of motion, while one noted no difference between the two thumbs.", "contents": "Flexible (silicone) implant arthroplasty of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb. Forty-four thumbs in thirty-four patients with rheumatoid arthritis were treated with a flexible implant arthroplasty of the metacarpophalangeal joint. After follow-ups ranging from two to six and a half years the results were rated good to excellent in forty-two thumbs since they were not painful, had an increased arc of motion of the metacarpophalangeal joint in a more functional range, and were more effective in the activities of daily living. The results in this series indicated that careful reconstruction of the extensor apparatus is essential, as well as stabilization of the interphalangeal joint either by arthrodesis or by tenodesis if there is a hyperextension deformity. Of the six patients who had a fusion of the metacarpophalangeal joint in one thumb and an arthroplasty in the other, five preferred the arthroplasty because the joint was stable and also had a useful arc of motion, while one noted no difference between the two thumbs.", "PMID": 849948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8889", "title": "Fracture healing in rat femora as affected by functional weight-bearing.", "content": "Femoral fractures were created in rats to determine whether there were differences in healing under conditions of immobilization and under conditions of immediate weight-bearing. Histological and roentgenographic differences were present by the second week after fracture and differences in mechanical properties were also present. These differences became progressively greater during the next three weeks. Functional weight-bearing was found to accelerate the rate of fracture healing and to improve significantly the strength of the healing bone.", "contents": "Fracture healing in rat femora as affected by functional weight-bearing. Femoral fractures were created in rats to determine whether there were differences in healing under conditions of immobilization and under conditions of immediate weight-bearing. Histological and roentgenographic differences were present by the second week after fracture and differences in mechanical properties were also present. These differences became progressively greater during the next three weeks. Functional weight-bearing was found to accelerate the rate of fracture healing and to improve significantly the strength of the healing bone.", "PMID": 849949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8890", "title": "The effect of fixation with intramedullary rods and plates on fracture-site blood flow and bone remodeling in dogs.", "content": "Of fifty-seven adult dogs in which standard bilateral mid-ulnar fractures were produced, thirty-four had one side fixed with either a tight-fitting intramedullary Steinmann pin or a four-hole plate while the other side was not fixed, and twenty-three had a plate on one side and an intramedullary rod on the other. The blood flow at the fracture site, as determined by 85Sr clearance, was significantly less on the rod-fixed side than on the plate-fixed side at fourteen and ninety days, while the total ulnar blood flow was significantly higher on the rod-fixed than on the platefixed side at one and fourteen days but was the same on both sides thereafter. When the plate-fixed and rod-fixed fracture sites in the same dog were compared with respect to periosteal and endosteal bone formation as determined by tetracycline labeling anc microradiography, bone formation, like the blood flow, was greater in the callus of the ulnae fixed by plates. However, at ninety days, when healing had advanced to a point when the extent of union could be judged clinically, union had occurred in both ulnae of six of the seven dogs with both types of fixation studied at this time and was delayed in both ulnae of the remaining dog.", "contents": "The effect of fixation with intramedullary rods and plates on fracture-site blood flow and bone remodeling in dogs. Of fifty-seven adult dogs in which standard bilateral mid-ulnar fractures were produced, thirty-four had one side fixed with either a tight-fitting intramedullary Steinmann pin or a four-hole plate while the other side was not fixed, and twenty-three had a plate on one side and an intramedullary rod on the other. The blood flow at the fracture site, as determined by 85Sr clearance, was significantly less on the rod-fixed side than on the plate-fixed side at fourteen and ninety days, while the total ulnar blood flow was significantly higher on the rod-fixed than on the platefixed side at one and fourteen days but was the same on both sides thereafter. When the plate-fixed and rod-fixed fracture sites in the same dog were compared with respect to periosteal and endosteal bone formation as determined by tetracycline labeling anc microradiography, bone formation, like the blood flow, was greater in the callus of the ulnae fixed by plates. However, at ninety days, when healing had advanced to a point when the extent of union could be judged clinically, union had occurred in both ulnae of six of the seven dogs with both types of fixation studied at this time and was delayed in both ulnae of the remaining dog.", "PMID": 849950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8891", "title": "Roentgenographic search for avascular necrosis of the head of the femur in alcoholics and normal adults.", "content": "Roentgenograms of 1,410 hips from 705 alcoholics were compared with those of 200 hips from 100 controls for changes consistent with non-traumatic (idiopathic) necrosis of the femoral head according to the findings diagnostic of necrosis of bone that were outlined by the Decompression Sickness Panel of the British Medical Research Council. Abnormalities were found in 45.3 per cent of the alcoholics and 49 per cent of the controls. None of the findings showed any statistical difference between the controls and the alcoholics. It was concluded that the roentgenographic findings used were not valid in detecting the early or subtle changes of necrosis of the femoral head and that the changes found in both groups are common and probably non-specific.", "contents": "Roentgenographic search for avascular necrosis of the head of the femur in alcoholics and normal adults. Roentgenograms of 1,410 hips from 705 alcoholics were compared with those of 200 hips from 100 controls for changes consistent with non-traumatic (idiopathic) necrosis of the femoral head according to the findings diagnostic of necrosis of bone that were outlined by the Decompression Sickness Panel of the British Medical Research Council. Abnormalities were found in 45.3 per cent of the alcoholics and 49 per cent of the controls. None of the findings showed any statistical difference between the controls and the alcoholics. It was concluded that the roentgenographic findings used were not valid in detecting the early or subtle changes of necrosis of the femoral head and that the changes found in both groups are common and probably non-specific.", "PMID": 849951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8892", "title": "Tensile strength of wire-reinforced bone cement and twisted stainless-steel wire.", "content": "To assess the tensile strength of wire-reinforced bone cement as used for posterior spine fusion, standardized bone-cement specimens reinforced with stainless steel and Vitallium wires 0.5 and one millimeter in diameter were tested in tension. The results showed that tensile strength of bone cement was increased significantly by reinforcing it with metal wires, the increase in strength being proportional to the number of wires used. Even after failure of the cement, the reinforcing wires still carried an appreciable amount of load, thus avoiding the catastrophic failure of the cement alone. Specimens reinforced with Vitallium wires in general failed at higher loads than specimens reinforced with similar stainless-steel wires. Pull-out studies showed that a hook or a loop at the embedded end of straight wires significantly increased the load necessary to pull the wires out. The tensile strength of twisted stainless-steel wire composed of two 0.5-millimeter strands increased with the number of turns up to about eight turns per inch (2.54 centimeters) and then decreased.", "contents": "Tensile strength of wire-reinforced bone cement and twisted stainless-steel wire. To assess the tensile strength of wire-reinforced bone cement as used for posterior spine fusion, standardized bone-cement specimens reinforced with stainless steel and Vitallium wires 0.5 and one millimeter in diameter were tested in tension. The results showed that tensile strength of bone cement was increased significantly by reinforcing it with metal wires, the increase in strength being proportional to the number of wires used. Even after failure of the cement, the reinforcing wires still carried an appreciable amount of load, thus avoiding the catastrophic failure of the cement alone. Specimens reinforced with Vitallium wires in general failed at higher loads than specimens reinforced with similar stainless-steel wires. Pull-out studies showed that a hook or a loop at the embedded end of straight wires significantly increased the load necessary to pull the wires out. The tensile strength of twisted stainless-steel wire composed of two 0.5-millimeter strands increased with the number of turns up to about eight turns per inch (2.54 centimeters) and then decreased.", "PMID": 849961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8893", "title": "[By pass of the femoro-popliteal axis by autogenous saphenous graft. 100 by passes with a follow up between 1 and 5 years (author's transl)].", "content": "Venous by pass of the femoro-popliteal axis is very useful in certain special indications. A study of 100 by pass operations with a follow up between 1 and 5 years showed the indications and technic. A study of secondary worsening and comparison between three attitudes: abstinence, restoratives reoperations and preventive reoperations showed the superiority of routine detection of asymptomatic lesions and their preventive treatment. In cases of thrombosis of the bypass, a study of the general condition will permit one to choose between abstinence and a complex treatment including successively thrombolysis and then surgical removal of the cause of the thrombosis.", "contents": "[By pass of the femoro-popliteal axis by autogenous saphenous graft. 100 by passes with a follow up between 1 and 5 years (author's transl)]. Venous by pass of the femoro-popliteal axis is very useful in certain special indications. A study of 100 by pass operations with a follow up between 1 and 5 years showed the indications and technic. A study of secondary worsening and comparison between three attitudes: abstinence, restoratives reoperations and preventive reoperations showed the superiority of routine detection of asymptomatic lesions and their preventive treatment. In cases of thrombosis of the bypass, a study of the general condition will permit one to choose between abstinence and a complex treatment including successively thrombolysis and then surgical removal of the cause of the thrombosis.", "PMID": 849963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8894", "title": "[Reflux into the pancreatic duct during peroperative biliary radiomanometry. Report of 200 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have observed 200 cases of reflux into the pancreatic duct out of 2,500 biliary operations with radiomanometry. Out of the 200 cases, 109 were functional, i.e. due to a common duct with or without an ampoule of Vater, or due to duodenal stockage whether there was a common duct or not. They had no therapeutic consequence. 38 were organic due to an obstruction (impacted gall stone, or odditis which favours reflux) and needed sphincterotomy especially when the pancreatic duct was dilated. In 53 cases, no organic or anatomical explanation was found. Reflux occurring at physiological pressures is more likely to be functional. The degree of reflux does not always depend on the increase in perfusion pressure. The time of the reflux depends partly on its nature. Early reflux is found mainly in cases of obstruction. Reflux secondary to passage into the duodenum is mainly found in functional reflux with stockage. Wirsung's duct is dilated in more than 75% of cases with obstruction and in only 3 cases out of 20 with functional reflux. Reflux into Santorini's duct is 3 times more common when there is papillary obstruction.", "contents": "[Reflux into the pancreatic duct during peroperative biliary radiomanometry. Report of 200 cases (author's transl)]. The authors have observed 200 cases of reflux into the pancreatic duct out of 2,500 biliary operations with radiomanometry. Out of the 200 cases, 109 were functional, i.e. due to a common duct with or without an ampoule of Vater, or due to duodenal stockage whether there was a common duct or not. They had no therapeutic consequence. 38 were organic due to an obstruction (impacted gall stone, or odditis which favours reflux) and needed sphincterotomy especially when the pancreatic duct was dilated. In 53 cases, no organic or anatomical explanation was found. Reflux occurring at physiological pressures is more likely to be functional. The degree of reflux does not always depend on the increase in perfusion pressure. The time of the reflux depends partly on its nature. Early reflux is found mainly in cases of obstruction. Reflux secondary to passage into the duodenum is mainly found in functional reflux with stockage. Wirsung's duct is dilated in more than 75% of cases with obstruction and in only 3 cases out of 20 with functional reflux. Reflux into Santorini's duct is 3 times more common when there is papillary obstruction.", "PMID": 849964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8895", "title": "[Treatment of the post-thrombotic syndrome: modification of May's femoral by-pass (author's transl)].", "content": "During May's femoral by-pass, one should avoid by sapheno-popliteal anastomosis, obstruction of the femoral vein damaged by the post-thrombotic syndrome. After the early work of Kunlin, arterio-venous fistulas are often found in reconstructive venous surgery. By making a transverse end-to-side anastomosis between the main peripheral saphenous vein and the posterior tibial artery behind the internal malleolus, one may obtain a protective effect on the sapheno-popliteal anastomosis, increasing the blood flow towards the main saphenous vein across the perforating veins down to the deep leg veins. The protective effect of the arterio-venous fistula seems to be of interest during inactivity of the muscular pump of the calf (postoperative phase and during rest at night).", "contents": "[Treatment of the post-thrombotic syndrome: modification of May's femoral by-pass (author's transl)]. During May's femoral by-pass, one should avoid by sapheno-popliteal anastomosis, obstruction of the femoral vein damaged by the post-thrombotic syndrome. After the early work of Kunlin, arterio-venous fistulas are often found in reconstructive venous surgery. By making a transverse end-to-side anastomosis between the main peripheral saphenous vein and the posterior tibial artery behind the internal malleolus, one may obtain a protective effect on the sapheno-popliteal anastomosis, increasing the blood flow towards the main saphenous vein across the perforating veins down to the deep leg veins. The protective effect of the arterio-venous fistula seems to be of interest during inactivity of the muscular pump of the calf (postoperative phase and during rest at night).", "PMID": 849965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8896", "title": "[Interest and limits of arteriography in one case of abdomino-pelvic trauma (author's transl)].", "content": "Hepatic and pelvic arteriography were carried out in one case of trauma of the liver and pelvis. Initial hepatic arteriography did not give more information than per-operative cholangiography. Secondary hepatic arteriography suggests the presence of lesions which, in fact, do not exist. Pelvic arteriography permitted us to localise on one obturator artery, the origin of a voluminous retroperitoneal hematoma. We were able to stop the hemorrhage by embolisation and this facilitated surgical removal of the hematoma.", "contents": "[Interest and limits of arteriography in one case of abdomino-pelvic trauma (author's transl)]. Hepatic and pelvic arteriography were carried out in one case of trauma of the liver and pelvis. Initial hepatic arteriography did not give more information than per-operative cholangiography. Secondary hepatic arteriography suggests the presence of lesions which, in fact, do not exist. Pelvic arteriography permitted us to localise on one obturator artery, the origin of a voluminous retroperitoneal hematoma. We were able to stop the hemorrhage by embolisation and this facilitated surgical removal of the hematoma.", "PMID": 849966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8897", "title": "[Rational use of antibiotics in digestive surgery].", "content": "The abusive and inappropriate use of antibiotics in digestive surgery has led to the selection of multi-resistant strains responsible for sometimes dramatic infective complications. The study of the normal digestive flora under pathological conditions, knowledge of the mechanisms of resistance, led us to propose the use of antibiotics with circumspection, depending on the germ isolated and the probable efficacy of the drugs. Prophylactic antibiotic therapy is only justified with regard to gram positive anaerobic bacteria or, in exceptional cases, where the risk seems high and may irremediably compromise the surgical procedure. Curative antibiotic therapy, after treatment of the infective focus, is often sufficient but depends on the bacteria: Whether anaerobic, staphylococci of Gram negative bacilli, with regard to which one should use narrow spectrum single antibiotics.", "contents": "[Rational use of antibiotics in digestive surgery]. The abusive and inappropriate use of antibiotics in digestive surgery has led to the selection of multi-resistant strains responsible for sometimes dramatic infective complications. The study of the normal digestive flora under pathological conditions, knowledge of the mechanisms of resistance, led us to propose the use of antibiotics with circumspection, depending on the germ isolated and the probable efficacy of the drugs. Prophylactic antibiotic therapy is only justified with regard to gram positive anaerobic bacteria or, in exceptional cases, where the risk seems high and may irremediably compromise the surgical procedure. Curative antibiotic therapy, after treatment of the infective focus, is often sufficient but depends on the bacteria: Whether anaerobic, staphylococci of Gram negative bacilli, with regard to which one should use narrow spectrum single antibiotics.", "PMID": 849967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8898", "title": "[Resistance and biological tolerance of six \"inert\" parietal protheses. Experimental and critical study (author's transl)].", "content": "Six different materials (3 mesh and 3 cloth) commonly used for the repair of abdominal wall hernias were evaluated in rats. 490 animals, distributed among four experimental groups, were implanted with one of the different prostheses through musculature and peritoneum. Serial macroscopic and bacteriological investigations were done. Using an original device, bursting strength of the wound was determined in all groups at intervals. Histological criteria were used to characterize the resistance of the wound and the tolerance of the host to foreign material. Statistical analysis of the results demonstrated that: 1) after the 15th post-operative day, the resistance of the wound was similar for each material tested; 2) during this early period mesh materials exhibited more resistance to bursting pressures than cloth materials; 3) the incorporation of mesh material was constant whereas encystment or extrusion was always observed after implantation of cloth material; 4) no infection occurred with mesh material but significant bacteria were found in 18 p. 100 of cloth material implantations; 5) the extent of the cellular reaction, the enumeration of giant, inflammatory cells and fibroblasts showed superiority of mesh material; 6) the ratio of fibroblasts/inflammatory cells reflected closely the mechanical resistance and tolerance of the foreign material.", "contents": "[Resistance and biological tolerance of six \"inert\" parietal protheses. Experimental and critical study (author's transl)]. Six different materials (3 mesh and 3 cloth) commonly used for the repair of abdominal wall hernias were evaluated in rats. 490 animals, distributed among four experimental groups, were implanted with one of the different prostheses through musculature and peritoneum. Serial macroscopic and bacteriological investigations were done. Using an original device, bursting strength of the wound was determined in all groups at intervals. Histological criteria were used to characterize the resistance of the wound and the tolerance of the host to foreign material. Statistical analysis of the results demonstrated that: 1) after the 15th post-operative day, the resistance of the wound was similar for each material tested; 2) during this early period mesh materials exhibited more resistance to bursting pressures than cloth materials; 3) the incorporation of mesh material was constant whereas encystment or extrusion was always observed after implantation of cloth material; 4) no infection occurred with mesh material but significant bacteria were found in 18 p. 100 of cloth material implantations; 5) the extent of the cellular reaction, the enumeration of giant, inflammatory cells and fibroblasts showed superiority of mesh material; 6) the ratio of fibroblasts/inflammatory cells reflected closely the mechanical resistance and tolerance of the foreign material.", "PMID": 849968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8899", "title": "Trace analysis of diethylstilbestrol [DES] in animal chow by parallel high-speed liquid chromatography, electron-capture gas chromatography, and radioassays.", "content": "An analytical method is described for determining residues of the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) in animal chow at levels as low as 1 ppb. A methanol extract of the chow is subjected to a 3-step cleanup procedure including a Sephadex LH-20 column, liquid-liquid partitioning at pH 14 and 10.2, and a silica gel column. Residues of DES in the cleaned-up extract are analyzed directly by high-speed liquid chromatography or derivatized to pentafluoropropionyl-DES and assayed by electron-capture gas chromatography. Tests with 14C-DES were used to develop and validate the procedure. Ancillary data concerning extraction efficiencies of various solvents, comparisons of various derivatizing reagents, rates of trans-cis isomerization in two solvents, P-values of DES in various solvent-systems and thin-layer chromatographic behavior i", "contents": "Trace analysis of diethylstilbestrol [DES] in animal chow by parallel high-speed liquid chromatography, electron-capture gas chromatography, and radioassays. An analytical method is described for determining residues of the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) in animal chow at levels as low as 1 ppb. A methanol extract of the chow is subjected to a 3-step cleanup procedure including a Sephadex LH-20 column, liquid-liquid partitioning at pH 14 and 10.2, and a silica gel column. Residues of DES in the cleaned-up extract are analyzed directly by high-speed liquid chromatography or derivatized to pentafluoropropionyl-DES and assayed by electron-capture gas chromatography. Tests with 14C-DES were used to develop and validate the procedure. Ancillary data concerning extraction efficiencies of various solvents, comparisons of various derivatizing reagents, rates of trans-cis isomerization in two solvents, P-values of DES in various solvent-systems and thin-layer chromatographic behavior i", "PMID": 849969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8900", "title": "Separation of aza-arenes by high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "Fast, efficient liquid chromatographic separations of aza-arenes were obtained using both, reversed-phase, and adsorbent packings. Aza-arenes with 2-5 rings are separated within 20 minutes. Sample recovery is quantitative and permits subsequent uv and fluorescence spectrophotometric identifications. The detection limit for most aza-arenes was 1 ng with a 254-nm uv detector. An application to an air pollution problem demonstrates the usefulness of this approach.", "contents": "Separation of aza-arenes by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Fast, efficient liquid chromatographic separations of aza-arenes were obtained using both, reversed-phase, and adsorbent packings. Aza-arenes with 2-5 rings are separated within 20 minutes. Sample recovery is quantitative and permits subsequent uv and fluorescence spectrophotometric identifications. The detection limit for most aza-arenes was 1 ng with a 254-nm uv detector. An application to an air pollution problem demonstrates the usefulness of this approach.", "PMID": 849970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8901", "title": "Selective osmoreceptor dysfunction in the syndrome of chronic hypernatremia.", "content": "A patient with the syndrome of chronic hypernatremia (serum Na+: mean = 154, range 139-184 mEq/l, n = 30) and hypodipsia due to a hypothalamic injury was studied to evaluate osmolar and baroreceptor control of arginine vasopressin (AVP) secretion. Resting plasma AVP levels measured by radioimmunoassay were inappropriately low for the degree of plasma hyperosmolality: range = less than 0.5-2.1 pg/ml, n = 10, with corresponding levels of plasma osmolality (P osM) greater than 300 m osmol/kg, suggesting either direct damage to the AVP synthesis and storage area or impaired afferent osmoreceptor function. Direct pituitary damage seemed unlikely, since anterior pituitary function was normal by standard testing. The existence of adequate neurohypophyseal stores of AVP was demonstrated by baroreceptor stimulation with the hypotensive agent trimethaphan (Arfonad): plasma AVP rising to 50.0 pg/ml during transient hypotension (BP = 70/0). Osmoreceptor function was evaluated during acute water loading followed by hypertonic saline infusion. During hypertonic saline infusion plasma AVP levels correlated with P osM (R = .87, P less than .01, n = 8), suggesting some residual osmotic regulation of AVP release. The osmotic threshold for AVP release (the x-axis intercept of the plasma AVP-P osM regression line) was not higher than normal. However, the AVP levels throughout this study remained markedly subnormal for the degree of plasma hyperosmolality (maximum plasma AVP = 1.9 PG/ML when P os M = 327 M OSMOL/KG). Since a substantial amount of AVP was released with baroreceptor stimulation, the inadequate rise in plasma AVP level with hyperosmolality indicates that afferent input from the osmoreceptor/thirst area of the hypothalamus is selectively impaired in this patient. These findings directly demonstrate a dissociation of osmoreceptor function from the AVP secretory apparatus in man.", "contents": "Selective osmoreceptor dysfunction in the syndrome of chronic hypernatremia. A patient with the syndrome of chronic hypernatremia (serum Na+: mean = 154, range 139-184 mEq/l, n = 30) and hypodipsia due to a hypothalamic injury was studied to evaluate osmolar and baroreceptor control of arginine vasopressin (AVP) secretion. Resting plasma AVP levels measured by radioimmunoassay were inappropriately low for the degree of plasma hyperosmolality: range = less than 0.5-2.1 pg/ml, n = 10, with corresponding levels of plasma osmolality (P osM) greater than 300 m osmol/kg, suggesting either direct damage to the AVP synthesis and storage area or impaired afferent osmoreceptor function. Direct pituitary damage seemed unlikely, since anterior pituitary function was normal by standard testing. The existence of adequate neurohypophyseal stores of AVP was demonstrated by baroreceptor stimulation with the hypotensive agent trimethaphan (Arfonad): plasma AVP rising to 50.0 pg/ml during transient hypotension (BP = 70/0). Osmoreceptor function was evaluated during acute water loading followed by hypertonic saline infusion. During hypertonic saline infusion plasma AVP levels correlated with P osM (R = .87, P less than .01, n = 8), suggesting some residual osmotic regulation of AVP release. The osmotic threshold for AVP release (the x-axis intercept of the plasma AVP-P osM regression line) was not higher than normal. However, the AVP levels throughout this study remained markedly subnormal for the degree of plasma hyperosmolality (maximum plasma AVP = 1.9 PG/ML when P os M = 327 M OSMOL/KG). Since a substantial amount of AVP was released with baroreceptor stimulation, the inadequate rise in plasma AVP level with hyperosmolality indicates that afferent input from the osmoreceptor/thirst area of the hypothalamus is selectively impaired in this patient. These findings directly demonstrate a dissociation of osmoreceptor function from the AVP secretory apparatus in man.", "PMID": 849975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8902", "title": "Plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels in patients receiving anticonvulsant drugs.", "content": "Recent evidence has linked altered plasma vitamin D metabolite levels to the reported occurrence of hypocalcemia and other metabolic abnormalities in patients receiving anticonvulsant drugs. We have measured plasma levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-(OH)D) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-(OH)2D) in institutionalized patients on diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin) and/or phenobarbital therapy. Values were compared with those obtained in institutionalized patients receiving no drugs and with normal ambulatory subjects. Although plasma 25-(OH)D levels were lower in the patients on drugs, a deficiency of 1,25-(OH)2D, the tissue active metabolite of vitamin D, was not present. These results indicate that in patients taking anticonvulsant drugs, the serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone (PTH) abnormalities are not caused by a defective formation of 1,25-(OH)2D.", "contents": "Plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels in patients receiving anticonvulsant drugs. Recent evidence has linked altered plasma vitamin D metabolite levels to the reported occurrence of hypocalcemia and other metabolic abnormalities in patients receiving anticonvulsant drugs. We have measured plasma levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-(OH)D) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-(OH)2D) in institutionalized patients on diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin) and/or phenobarbital therapy. Values were compared with those obtained in institutionalized patients receiving no drugs and with normal ambulatory subjects. Although plasma 25-(OH)D levels were lower in the patients on drugs, a deficiency of 1,25-(OH)2D, the tissue active metabolite of vitamin D, was not present. These results indicate that in patients taking anticonvulsant drugs, the serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone (PTH) abnormalities are not caused by a defective formation of 1,25-(OH)2D.", "PMID": 849976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8903", "title": "Catecholamine excretion in \"idiopathic\" edema: decreased dopamine excretion, a pathogenic factor?", "content": "In 16 women with idiopathic edema, urinary dopamine excretion was decreased when compared to control women (146 +/- 13 SE ng/ml/m2 vs. 212 +/- 32, P less than 0.05 in the supine position and 140 +/- 9 vs. 199 +/- 20, P less than 0.005 combined values of supine and recumbent positions) and was also lower when pooled values for urinary dopamine excretions both before and after furosemide were compared in idiopathic edema patients and in control subjects (270 +/- 30 ng/ml vs. 480 +/- 70, P less than 0.05). These patients have lower basal sodium excretions, decreased tubular rejection fractions of sodium in the upright position and lower urinary sodium excretions following furosemide administration. The urinary sodium and dopamine excretions before and following furosemide are positively correlated in control (P less than 0.05), idiopathic edema patients (P less than 0.02) and in both groups combined (P less than 0.005). Idiopathic edema patients have normal urinary noradrenaline and adrenaline excretions but, as previously observed, elevated: 1) plasma renin activity while either recumbent or upright, and 2) plasma aldosterone concentrations while upright. These results suggest that a decrease in urinary dopamine, a catecholamine recently recognized to have natriuretic action, possibly reflects a suppression of the renal dopaminergic system and may contribute to the excessive sodium retention in idiopathic edema either directly or indirectly through the renin-aldosterone system.", "contents": "Catecholamine excretion in \"idiopathic\" edema: decreased dopamine excretion, a pathogenic factor? In 16 women with idiopathic edema, urinary dopamine excretion was decreased when compared to control women (146 +/- 13 SE ng/ml/m2 vs. 212 +/- 32, P less than 0.05 in the supine position and 140 +/- 9 vs. 199 +/- 20, P less than 0.005 combined values of supine and recumbent positions) and was also lower when pooled values for urinary dopamine excretions both before and after furosemide were compared in idiopathic edema patients and in control subjects (270 +/- 30 ng/ml vs. 480 +/- 70, P less than 0.05). These patients have lower basal sodium excretions, decreased tubular rejection fractions of sodium in the upright position and lower urinary sodium excretions following furosemide administration. The urinary sodium and dopamine excretions before and following furosemide are positively correlated in control (P less than 0.05), idiopathic edema patients (P less than 0.02) and in both groups combined (P less than 0.005). Idiopathic edema patients have normal urinary noradrenaline and adrenaline excretions but, as previously observed, elevated: 1) plasma renin activity while either recumbent or upright, and 2) plasma aldosterone concentrations while upright. These results suggest that a decrease in urinary dopamine, a catecholamine recently recognized to have natriuretic action, possibly reflects a suppression of the renal dopaminergic system and may contribute to the excessive sodium retention in idiopathic edema either directly or indirectly through the renin-aldosterone system.", "PMID": 849977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8904", "title": "Studies in the biotransformation of cortisol to the cortoic acids in man. II. The central role of tetrahydrocortisol and tetrahydrocortisone as intermediates.", "content": "The possible role of THF and THE as intermediates in the biotransformation of cortisol to the cortoic acids was studied by giving 3H-THF + 14C-cortisol tracers and 3H-THE + 14C cortisol tracers to two subjects each, measuring the 3H/14C isotope ratios of the urinary cortoic acid metabolites and relating these ratios to the dose ratio. Isotope ratios substantially higher than the dose ratio indicate that the tetrahydro compound is a better precursor than cortisol, and isotope ratios that are essentially identical to that of urinary THF or THE, respectively, indicate that the tetrahydro compound may be an obligatory intermediate in the cortisol leads to cortoic acids pathway. The isotope ratio data in these studies clearly establish that THF was a preferential precurosor of the 11 beta-hydroxy cortoic acids (cortolic and beta-cortolic) and THE was a preferential precursor of the 11-ketone cortoic acids (cortolonic and beta-cortolonic). Furthermore, the data strongly suggest that THF and THE may be obligatory intermediates in cortoic acid formation.", "contents": "Studies in the biotransformation of cortisol to the cortoic acids in man. II. The central role of tetrahydrocortisol and tetrahydrocortisone as intermediates. The possible role of THF and THE as intermediates in the biotransformation of cortisol to the cortoic acids was studied by giving 3H-THF + 14C-cortisol tracers and 3H-THE + 14C cortisol tracers to two subjects each, measuring the 3H/14C isotope ratios of the urinary cortoic acid metabolites and relating these ratios to the dose ratio. Isotope ratios substantially higher than the dose ratio indicate that the tetrahydro compound is a better precursor than cortisol, and isotope ratios that are essentially identical to that of urinary THF or THE, respectively, indicate that the tetrahydro compound may be an obligatory intermediate in the cortisol leads to cortoic acids pathway. The isotope ratio data in these studies clearly establish that THF was a preferential precurosor of the 11 beta-hydroxy cortoic acids (cortolic and beta-cortolic) and THE was a preferential precursor of the 11-ketone cortoic acids (cortolonic and beta-cortolonic). Furthermore, the data strongly suggest that THF and THE may be obligatory intermediates in cortoic acid formation.", "PMID": 849978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8905", "title": "Inhibition of intestinal glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) secretion by somatostatin in man.", "content": "This work was undertaken to investigate the effect of somatostatin on intestinal glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) secretion in man. In normal subjects GLI release is slightly stimulated by oral glucose while this sugar evokes a much greater GLI response in gastrectomized patients. Therefore, our study was performed in a group of such patients (N = 6). As expected, in the control experiments glucose ingestion elicited a clear-cut elevation of GLI plasma levels as measured with two antisera, 78J and R-8 (maximal peaks: 340% and 150% above basal values, respectively). Somatostatin infusion did not modify fasting GLI concentrations but completely abolished GLI response to glucose. Termination of the infusion was followed by a rebound of circulating GLI. The well-known suppressor effect of somatostatin on glucagon and insulin secretion was also detected. Finally, during somatostatin infusion the initial elevation of blood sugar after oral glucose, in the absence of insulin response, appeared considerably delayed. Our data demonstrate that somatostatin behaves as a potent inhibitory agent of GLI secretion in man. A retarding effect of somatostatin on glucose absorption is also compatible with our results.", "contents": "Inhibition of intestinal glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) secretion by somatostatin in man. This work was undertaken to investigate the effect of somatostatin on intestinal glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) secretion in man. In normal subjects GLI release is slightly stimulated by oral glucose while this sugar evokes a much greater GLI response in gastrectomized patients. Therefore, our study was performed in a group of such patients (N = 6). As expected, in the control experiments glucose ingestion elicited a clear-cut elevation of GLI plasma levels as measured with two antisera, 78J and R-8 (maximal peaks: 340% and 150% above basal values, respectively). Somatostatin infusion did not modify fasting GLI concentrations but completely abolished GLI response to glucose. Termination of the infusion was followed by a rebound of circulating GLI. The well-known suppressor effect of somatostatin on glucagon and insulin secretion was also detected. Finally, during somatostatin infusion the initial elevation of blood sugar after oral glucose, in the absence of insulin response, appeared considerably delayed. Our data demonstrate that somatostatin behaves as a potent inhibitory agent of GLI secretion in man. A retarding effect of somatostatin on glucose absorption is also compatible with our results.", "PMID": 849979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8906", "title": "Localization of estrogen synthetase in the chorionic villus fraction after homogenization of human term placenta.", "content": "In previous investigations of human placental estrogen synthetase (aromatase), activity was found in the microsomal and mitochondrial fractions after homogenization and subcellular fractionation of placental tissue in isotonic sucrose. We report here that the majority of the placental aromatase sediments in a much heavier particulate fraction than the microsomal or mitochondrial fractions. After low speed centrifugation of the placental homogenate, only about 20% of the homogenate aromatase activity was measured in the supernatant, the precursor of the microsomal and mitochondrial fractions. Even after extensive homogenization in high speed shearing-type blenders and tight-fitting glass homogenizers the majority of the placental aromatase (more than 70%) consistently sedimented at very low centrifugal forces (100 x g ro 10 min) independent of whether the suspending medium contained up to 1.2M sucrose, or IM NaCl, or 50% glycerol. By selectively separating components of the low speed pellet via a sieving procedure or manual dissection of placental tissue, we found that the majority of the enzyme activity is associated with placental chorionic villus fragments. Several extensively washed preparations of villus fragments with aromatase specific activities similar to that found in placental microsomes were synthesis in the villus aromatase fraction was determined to be 1beta,2beta-H removal which is identical with that by placental microsomes and human ovaries. Evidence for the presence of cytochrome P-450 in the villus fraction was obtained by measuring the carbon monoxide-dithionite difference spectrum.", "contents": "Localization of estrogen synthetase in the chorionic villus fraction after homogenization of human term placenta. In previous investigations of human placental estrogen synthetase (aromatase), activity was found in the microsomal and mitochondrial fractions after homogenization and subcellular fractionation of placental tissue in isotonic sucrose. We report here that the majority of the placental aromatase sediments in a much heavier particulate fraction than the microsomal or mitochondrial fractions. After low speed centrifugation of the placental homogenate, only about 20% of the homogenate aromatase activity was measured in the supernatant, the precursor of the microsomal and mitochondrial fractions. Even after extensive homogenization in high speed shearing-type blenders and tight-fitting glass homogenizers the majority of the placental aromatase (more than 70%) consistently sedimented at very low centrifugal forces (100 x g ro 10 min) independent of whether the suspending medium contained up to 1.2M sucrose, or IM NaCl, or 50% glycerol. By selectively separating components of the low speed pellet via a sieving procedure or manual dissection of placental tissue, we found that the majority of the enzyme activity is associated with placental chorionic villus fragments. Several extensively washed preparations of villus fragments with aromatase specific activities similar to that found in placental microsomes were synthesis in the villus aromatase fraction was determined to be 1beta,2beta-H removal which is identical with that by placental microsomes and human ovaries. Evidence for the presence of cytochrome P-450 in the villus fraction was obtained by measuring the carbon monoxide-dithionite difference spectrum.", "PMID": 849980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8907", "title": "The metabolic response to moderate exercise in diabetic man receiving intravenous and subcutaneous insulin.", "content": "The responses to moderate exercise of circulating energy fuels and endocrine pancreatic hormones were examined in insulin-dependent diabetics receiving insulin either sc or by continuous iv infusion. Eight subjects received one-third of their usual daily insulin doses sc in the thigh 1 h prior to exercise. Seven subjects exercised during infusion (iv) of insulin at 8-20 mU\"min, started 12-14 h earlier. Exercise was on a bicycle ergometer for 45 min at 50% maximum oxygen consumption. The diabetics receiving sc insulin showed a sharp decline in glycemia from elevated resting levels (227 +/- 16 mg/dl), in contrast to the control subjects whose glycemia did not change. The control subjects insulin (IRI) fell, and glucagon (IRG) remained unchanged. In the sc-insulin diabetics, exercise induced a further rise in IRG from elevated levels (296 +/- 76 pg/ml). Resting lactate, pyruvate and alanine were normal and increased as in controls. Though FFA, glycerol and ketone body levels were normal at rest, FFA failed to rise with exercise as in the controls and glycerol and ketone body increments were smaller. RQ increased and remained elevated in contrast to the later fall in controls during exercise. These results are consistent with selective insulin deficiency at rest, and increased insulin effect during exercise. This resulted in greater carbohydrate utilization during exercise, but without the normal shift back toward utilization of fat-derived fuels with continuation of exercise. Diabetics receiving insulin by infusion showed no glycemic change with exercise. Exercise caused greater increases in lactate and pyruvate levels (4-fold), although alanine levels increased only during recovery. The significantly elevated resting FFA levels showed a rise which was sustained at higher than control values during recovery; glycerol and ketone body increments also tended to be greater than in controls. Intravenous insulin sustained euglycemia in exercise, obviating the fall in glycemia with sc insulin. The responses of other metabolite levels were abnormal, and consistent with a subtle degree of underinsulinization.", "contents": "The metabolic response to moderate exercise in diabetic man receiving intravenous and subcutaneous insulin. The responses to moderate exercise of circulating energy fuels and endocrine pancreatic hormones were examined in insulin-dependent diabetics receiving insulin either sc or by continuous iv infusion. Eight subjects received one-third of their usual daily insulin doses sc in the thigh 1 h prior to exercise. Seven subjects exercised during infusion (iv) of insulin at 8-20 mU\"min, started 12-14 h earlier. Exercise was on a bicycle ergometer for 45 min at 50% maximum oxygen consumption. The diabetics receiving sc insulin showed a sharp decline in glycemia from elevated resting levels (227 +/- 16 mg/dl), in contrast to the control subjects whose glycemia did not change. The control subjects insulin (IRI) fell, and glucagon (IRG) remained unchanged. In the sc-insulin diabetics, exercise induced a further rise in IRG from elevated levels (296 +/- 76 pg/ml). Resting lactate, pyruvate and alanine were normal and increased as in controls. Though FFA, glycerol and ketone body levels were normal at rest, FFA failed to rise with exercise as in the controls and glycerol and ketone body increments were smaller. RQ increased and remained elevated in contrast to the later fall in controls during exercise. These results are consistent with selective insulin deficiency at rest, and increased insulin effect during exercise. This resulted in greater carbohydrate utilization during exercise, but without the normal shift back toward utilization of fat-derived fuels with continuation of exercise. Diabetics receiving insulin by infusion showed no glycemic change with exercise. Exercise caused greater increases in lactate and pyruvate levels (4-fold), although alanine levels increased only during recovery. The significantly elevated resting FFA levels showed a rise which was sustained at higher than control values during recovery; glycerol and ketone body increments also tended to be greater than in controls. Intravenous insulin sustained euglycemia in exercise, obviating the fall in glycemia with sc insulin. The responses of other metabolite levels were abnormal, and consistent with a subtle degree of underinsulinization.", "PMID": 849981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8908", "title": "Hormonal evaluation of the intrauterine progesterone contraceptive system.", "content": "Nine women were studied for one menstrual cycle prior to the insertion of an intrauterine progesterone contraceptive system (IPCS) delivering 65 microng progesterone/day into the uterus and again at 1 month after its insertion. Eight of these women were again studied between 6-8 months after the insertion of the IPCS. Luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol-17beta, progesterone, prolactin and relaxin were measured in each plasma sample. The data from each study were combined according to the day of the LH peak. Ovulation occurred in all the cycles studied in spite of an elevation in plasma estradiol-17beta and a depression of prolactin and relaxin immunoactivities at the 6-8  month follow up. Menstruations noted at the 6-8 month of use occurred while levels of estradiol-17beta and progesterone were elevated.", "contents": "Hormonal evaluation of the intrauterine progesterone contraceptive system. Nine women were studied for one menstrual cycle prior to the insertion of an intrauterine progesterone contraceptive system (IPCS) delivering 65 microng progesterone/day into the uterus and again at 1 month after its insertion. Eight of these women were again studied between 6-8 months after the insertion of the IPCS. Luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol-17beta, progesterone, prolactin and relaxin were measured in each plasma sample. The data from each study were combined according to the day of the LH peak. Ovulation occurred in all the cycles studied in spite of an elevation in plasma estradiol-17beta and a depression of prolactin and relaxin immunoactivities at the 6-8  month follow up. Menstruations noted at the 6-8 month of use occurred while levels of estradiol-17beta and progesterone were elevated.", "PMID": 849982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8909", "title": "Extrathyroidal conversion of thyroxine to 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse-T3) and to 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) in humans.", "content": "In order to estimate the relative magnitude of the two alternative pathways of monodeiodination of thyroxine (T4) in adult humans, the metabolic clearance rates (MCR) and production rates (PR) of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse-T3,rT3) and of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) were determined in six euthyroid control subjects (C) and in five hypothyroid patients (H) receiving L-T4 as replacement therapy (0.15-0.3 mg/day). MCR was computed by a non-compartmental method of analysis from the plasma disappearance of 125I rT3 and 131I T3 during 72 h following simultaneous injection of tracers. PR was calculated from MCR and the serum concentration of rT3 and T3, respectively, determined by radioimmunoassay. In the H subjects, rT3 MCR averaged 97.1 +/- 12.8 (SD) 1/day and rT3 PR, 34.3 +/- 12.8 microng/day; T3 MCR was 28.7 +/- 6.1 1/day and T3 PR, 20.3 +/- 6.6 microng/day (all corrected to 70 kg body weight). These results were not significantly different from those in the control group; rT3 MCR 104 +/- 24 1/day, rT3 PR 33.0 +/- 9.2 microng/day; T3 MCR 24.0 +/- 5.9, T3 PR 24.2 +/- 4.1. The proportionof total triiodothyronine (rT3 averaged 62% in H patients and was similar (57%) in the C group. The results obtained in the H subjects indicate that the production of rT3 is a major route of T4 metabolism, equal to or exceeding that of T3. From the close agreement between the mean values for rT3 PR in the C and H groups it is concluded that most, if not all of the rT3 produced in normal humans is derived by extrathyroidal conversion from T4.", "contents": "Extrathyroidal conversion of thyroxine to 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse-T3) and to 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) in humans. In order to estimate the relative magnitude of the two alternative pathways of monodeiodination of thyroxine (T4) in adult humans, the metabolic clearance rates (MCR) and production rates (PR) of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse-T3,rT3) and of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) were determined in six euthyroid control subjects (C) and in five hypothyroid patients (H) receiving L-T4 as replacement therapy (0.15-0.3 mg/day). MCR was computed by a non-compartmental method of analysis from the plasma disappearance of 125I rT3 and 131I T3 during 72 h following simultaneous injection of tracers. PR was calculated from MCR and the serum concentration of rT3 and T3, respectively, determined by radioimmunoassay. In the H subjects, rT3 MCR averaged 97.1 +/- 12.8 (SD) 1/day and rT3 PR, 34.3 +/- 12.8 microng/day; T3 MCR was 28.7 +/- 6.1 1/day and T3 PR, 20.3 +/- 6.6 microng/day (all corrected to 70 kg body weight). These results were not significantly different from those in the control group; rT3 MCR 104 +/- 24 1/day, rT3 PR 33.0 +/- 9.2 microng/day; T3 MCR 24.0 +/- 5.9, T3 PR 24.2 +/- 4.1. The proportionof total triiodothyronine (rT3 averaged 62% in H patients and was similar (57%) in the C group. The results obtained in the H subjects indicate that the production of rT3 is a major route of T4 metabolism, equal to or exceeding that of T3. From the close agreement between the mean values for rT3 PR in the C and H groups it is concluded that most, if not all of the rT3 produced in normal humans is derived by extrathyroidal conversion from T4.", "PMID": 849983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8910", "title": "The effects of temperature and plasma cortisol on distribution of aldosterone between plasma and red blood cells: influence on metabolic clearance rate and on hepatic and renal extraction of aldosterone.", "content": "Aldosterone enters red blood cells (RBC) to a greater extent at 37 C than at lower temperatures. The ratio of 3H-aldosterone concentration in RBC to that in plasma increases from 0.2 at 4 C to 0.7 at 37 C when cortisol concentration is low. Increasing plasma cortisol increases the RBC/plasma aldosterone ratio. When plasma transcortin (CBG) is saturated with cortisol, the RBC/plasma ratio of 3H-aldosterone approaches 0.93, the ratio observed in RBC incubated in 4% albumin solution. The effects of plasma cortisol and temperature on the RBC/plasma ratio reflect an affinity of aldosterone for plasma CBG greater than the affinity for plasma albumin or RBC. Hepatic extraction averages 92% of plasma and RBC aldosterone. Neither hepatic extraction nor renal extraction (less than or equal to 20%) is significantly altered by changing plasma cortisol concentration. Whole blood MCR of aldosterone is unaffected by redistribution of aldosterone from plasma to RBC when plasma cortisol increases, but both plasma cortisol and the temperature at which blood is separated affect the RBC/plasma ratio of 3H-aldosterone and thus change the calculated plasma MCR. The RBC transport of aldosterone, and its dependence on temperature and plasma cortisol, must be taken into account in the evaluation of plasma aldosterone concentration.", "contents": "The effects of temperature and plasma cortisol on distribution of aldosterone between plasma and red blood cells: influence on metabolic clearance rate and on hepatic and renal extraction of aldosterone. Aldosterone enters red blood cells (RBC) to a greater extent at 37 C than at lower temperatures. The ratio of 3H-aldosterone concentration in RBC to that in plasma increases from 0.2 at 4 C to 0.7 at 37 C when cortisol concentration is low. Increasing plasma cortisol increases the RBC/plasma aldosterone ratio. When plasma transcortin (CBG) is saturated with cortisol, the RBC/plasma ratio of 3H-aldosterone approaches 0.93, the ratio observed in RBC incubated in 4% albumin solution. The effects of plasma cortisol and temperature on the RBC/plasma ratio reflect an affinity of aldosterone for plasma CBG greater than the affinity for plasma albumin or RBC. Hepatic extraction averages 92% of plasma and RBC aldosterone. Neither hepatic extraction nor renal extraction (less than or equal to 20%) is significantly altered by changing plasma cortisol concentration. Whole blood MCR of aldosterone is unaffected by redistribution of aldosterone from plasma to RBC when plasma cortisol increases, but both plasma cortisol and the temperature at which blood is separated affect the RBC/plasma ratio of 3H-aldosterone and thus change the calculated plasma MCR. The RBC transport of aldosterone, and its dependence on temperature and plasma cortisol, must be taken into account in the evaluation of plasma aldosterone concentration.", "PMID": 849984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8911", "title": "Action of metergoline in suppressing prolactin release induced by mechanical breast emptying.", "content": "Ten women were studied during the first post-partum week. Mechanical breast emptying with a breast pump for 30 min induced a marked increase in plasma prolactin (PRL) reaching a maximum 30 min after the beginning of stimulation. In all patients oral administration of the antiserotonin agent metergoline, 8 mg daily for two days, completely blocked any PRL secretion induced by breast stimulation. These results confirm the inhibitory effect of metergoline on PRL release.", "contents": "Action of metergoline in suppressing prolactin release induced by mechanical breast emptying. Ten women were studied during the first post-partum week. Mechanical breast emptying with a breast pump for 30 min induced a marked increase in plasma prolactin (PRL) reaching a maximum 30 min after the beginning of stimulation. In all patients oral administration of the antiserotonin agent metergoline, 8 mg daily for two days, completely blocked any PRL secretion induced by breast stimulation. These results confirm the inhibitory effect of metergoline on PRL release.", "PMID": 849985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8912", "title": "Effect of methysergide and pimozide on apomorphine-induced growth hormone secretion in men.", "content": "The dopamine receptor agonist, apomorphine HCl (0.75 mg sc) increased serum growth hormone (GH) concentrations in each of 6 subjects. This increase was not inhibited by pretreatment with the serotonin antagonist, methysergide, but was completely abolished in the 4 individuals pretreated with pimozide, a selective dopamine receptor blocking agent. These results provide further evidence that apomorphine-induced GH secretion is mediated by a dopaminergic mechanism and is independent of a serotonergic mechanism.", "contents": "Effect of methysergide and pimozide on apomorphine-induced growth hormone secretion in men. The dopamine receptor agonist, apomorphine HCl (0.75 mg sc) increased serum growth hormone (GH) concentrations in each of 6 subjects. This increase was not inhibited by pretreatment with the serotonin antagonist, methysergide, but was completely abolished in the 4 individuals pretreated with pimozide, a selective dopamine receptor blocking agent. These results provide further evidence that apomorphine-induced GH secretion is mediated by a dopaminergic mechanism and is independent of a serotonergic mechanism.", "PMID": 849986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8913", "title": "Inadequate corpus luteal function in women with benign breast diseases.", "content": "The corpus luteum function of 109 patients with benign breast disease was appreciated by way of plasma progesterone and estradiol determinations during the luteal phase. These patients had ovulatory cycles according to a biphasic basal body temperature curve; blood samples for plasma progesterone and estradiol estimation were collected between the first and the last day of the thermal plateau following the thermal nadir. Results obtained were compared to those observed in 50 normal ovulatory women. In the patients' group, the mean daily levels for progesterone ranged from 3.5 +/- 0.4 (SE) ng/ml to 8.1 +/- 3.8 (SE) ng/ml according to day of blood collection. These values are significantly different from the corresponding daily values observed in normal women. No significant difference was observed concerning plasma estradiol between patients and normal women. These findings indicate that women with benign breast disease have an inadequate corpus luteum function which may be secondary to an ovulation disorder. Pathophysiological implications resulting from this observation are discussed.", "contents": "Inadequate corpus luteal function in women with benign breast diseases. The corpus luteum function of 109 patients with benign breast disease was appreciated by way of plasma progesterone and estradiol determinations during the luteal phase. These patients had ovulatory cycles according to a biphasic basal body temperature curve; blood samples for plasma progesterone and estradiol estimation were collected between the first and the last day of the thermal plateau following the thermal nadir. Results obtained were compared to those observed in 50 normal ovulatory women. In the patients' group, the mean daily levels for progesterone ranged from 3.5 +/- 0.4 (SE) ng/ml to 8.1 +/- 3.8 (SE) ng/ml according to day of blood collection. These values are significantly different from the corresponding daily values observed in normal women. No significant difference was observed concerning plasma estradiol between patients and normal women. These findings indicate that women with benign breast disease have an inadequate corpus luteum function which may be secondary to an ovulation disorder. Pathophysiological implications resulting from this observation are discussed.", "PMID": 849987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8914", "title": "Transient fall and subsequent return of high aldosterone secretion by adrenal adenoma during continued dexamethasone administration.", "content": "Plasma aldosterone concentration was consistently decreased by 50% or more in 6 patients with aldosterone-producing adenoma on the first day of dexamethasone administration, only to rise subsequently with continued use of dexamethasone while plasma cortisol concentration remained suppressed. The secondary rise in plasma aldosterone was not related to measured changes in known stimuli of aldosterone secretion. It is probable that the observations result from intrinsic alteration of aldosterone synthesis in the adenoma during prolonged ACTH suppression.", "contents": "Transient fall and subsequent return of high aldosterone secretion by adrenal adenoma during continued dexamethasone administration. Plasma aldosterone concentration was consistently decreased by 50% or more in 6 patients with aldosterone-producing adenoma on the first day of dexamethasone administration, only to rise subsequently with continued use of dexamethasone while plasma cortisol concentration remained suppressed. The secondary rise in plasma aldosterone was not related to measured changes in known stimuli of aldosterone secretion. It is probable that the observations result from intrinsic alteration of aldosterone synthesis in the adenoma during prolonged ACTH suppression.", "PMID": 849988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8915", "title": "Overnight gonadotropin excretion in normal females.", "content": "FSH and LH in acetone precipitates of timed overnight urine collections were measured by radioimmunoassay. FSH and LH urinary excretion extrapolated to 24 h was determined in 140 normal girls 3-16 years. Timed overnight urines were collected throughout a menstrual cycle from 3 normal adult women. FSH and LH progressively increased with age from 2.0 +/- 0.5 (FSH) and 2.0 +/- 0.4 (LH) IU/24 h for the 3--4 yr age group to 8.1 +/- 1.8 (FSH) and 11.5 +/- 3.8 (LH) IU/24 h for the 15--16 yr age group. Mean FSH and LH excretion for succeeding age groups (3--4, 5--6, 7--8, 9--10, 11--12, 13--14 and 15--16 years) increased significantly for the 5--6, 9--10 and 11--12 year age groups. Mean LH but not FSH excretion increased significantly for the 13--14 year age group. FSH and LH excretion increased progressively with stage of sexual development. In the 3 girls with established menstrual cycles. FSH (43.6 +/- 5.0 IU/24 h) and LH (113.7 +/- 7.8 IU/24 h) peaks occurred on the same day. Luteal phase excretion of FSH and LH was significantly lower than follicular phase excretion. Timed overnight urine collection allows integration of several hours of FSH and LH excretion.", "contents": "Overnight gonadotropin excretion in normal females. FSH and LH in acetone precipitates of timed overnight urine collections were measured by radioimmunoassay. FSH and LH urinary excretion extrapolated to 24 h was determined in 140 normal girls 3-16 years. Timed overnight urines were collected throughout a menstrual cycle from 3 normal adult women. FSH and LH progressively increased with age from 2.0 +/- 0.5 (FSH) and 2.0 +/- 0.4 (LH) IU/24 h for the 3--4 yr age group to 8.1 +/- 1.8 (FSH) and 11.5 +/- 3.8 (LH) IU/24 h for the 15--16 yr age group. Mean FSH and LH excretion for succeeding age groups (3--4, 5--6, 7--8, 9--10, 11--12, 13--14 and 15--16 years) increased significantly for the 5--6, 9--10 and 11--12 year age groups. Mean LH but not FSH excretion increased significantly for the 13--14 year age group. FSH and LH excretion increased progressively with stage of sexual development. In the 3 girls with established menstrual cycles. FSH (43.6 +/- 5.0 IU/24 h) and LH (113.7 +/- 7.8 IU/24 h) peaks occurred on the same day. Luteal phase excretion of FSH and LH was significantly lower than follicular phase excretion. Timed overnight urine collection allows integration of several hours of FSH and LH excretion.", "PMID": 849989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8916", "title": "Irradiation of the head. Immediate effect on growth hormone secretion in children.", "content": "Plasma growth hormone (GH) was determined in samples obtained hourly from 1000 h to 0700 h before, and after a 3 week course of \"prophylactic\" cranial irradiation, in ten leukemic children who had no clinical or laboratory evidence of central nervous system involvement. The mean per hour value of GH prior to irradiation (4.1 +/- 2.4 ng/ml) was similar to that of  7 endocrinologically normal children (4.09 +/- 2.4 ng/ml), a finding strongly suggesting normal pituitary function prior to irradiation. Following irradiation GH levels at each hour were, in general, lower than before. The difference is statistically significant at 0100 h. The peak GH responses were lower following than preceeding irradiation (p less than 0.02). The findings suggest an immediate suppressive effect of irradiadiation on the apparently normal hypothalamic pituitary axis in children.", "contents": "Irradiation of the head. Immediate effect on growth hormone secretion in children. Plasma growth hormone (GH) was determined in samples obtained hourly from 1000 h to 0700 h before, and after a 3 week course of \"prophylactic\" cranial irradiation, in ten leukemic children who had no clinical or laboratory evidence of central nervous system involvement. The mean per hour value of GH prior to irradiation (4.1 +/- 2.4 ng/ml) was similar to that of  7 endocrinologically normal children (4.09 +/- 2.4 ng/ml), a finding strongly suggesting normal pituitary function prior to irradiation. Following irradiation GH levels at each hour were, in general, lower than before. The difference is statistically significant at 0100 h. The peak GH responses were lower following than preceeding irradiation (p less than 0.02). The findings suggest an immediate suppressive effect of irradiadiation on the apparently normal hypothalamic pituitary axis in children.", "PMID": 849990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8917", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of pancreatic polypeptide in human pancreas.", "content": "Human pancreatic polypeptide (HPP) was localized in surgically obtained human pancreas by immunocytochemical electron microscopy. HPP was localized to the secretory granules of cells distinct from the alpha, beta, or delta cells of endocrine islets. The PP cells in 10 patients surveyed were most frequently located in the periphery of the islets. Immunolocalization distinguishes a fifth endocrine cell type in human islets which distinct ultrastructurally by its smaller granule diameter and lack of PP immunoreactivity.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of pancreatic polypeptide in human pancreas. Human pancreatic polypeptide (HPP) was localized in surgically obtained human pancreas by immunocytochemical electron microscopy. HPP was localized to the secretory granules of cells distinct from the alpha, beta, or delta cells of endocrine islets. The PP cells in 10 patients surveyed were most frequently located in the periphery of the islets. Immunolocalization distinguishes a fifth endocrine cell type in human islets which distinct ultrastructurally by its smaller granule diameter and lack of PP immunoreactivity.", "PMID": 849991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8918", "title": "An abnormality in steroid reductive metabolism in a hypertensive syndrome.", "content": "Studies in a juvenile hypertensive syndrome associated with suppressed plasma renin activity and hypokalemic alkalosis failed to reveal overproduction of aldosterone or any other known steroid. There was however an abnormal increase in the fraction of unconjugated urinary steroids. Analysis of this fraction following the administration of labeled cortisol revealed that it was largely composed of dihydro metabolites reduced either at 4,5 or at C-20 and that the 4,5-dihydro fraction contained an abnormal increase in 5alpha- relative to 5beta-metabolites. There was, however, no absolute defect in the complete reduction of ring A to form tetrahydro derivatives. These findings, together with observations by Marver and Edelman that 5alpha-dihydrocortisol may be an effective mineralcorticoid, suggest the possibility of an etiologic relationship between the metabolic abnormality and the patient's hypertensive disorder.", "contents": "An abnormality in steroid reductive metabolism in a hypertensive syndrome. Studies in a juvenile hypertensive syndrome associated with suppressed plasma renin activity and hypokalemic alkalosis failed to reveal overproduction of aldosterone or any other known steroid. There was however an abnormal increase in the fraction of unconjugated urinary steroids. Analysis of this fraction following the administration of labeled cortisol revealed that it was largely composed of dihydro metabolites reduced either at 4,5 or at C-20 and that the 4,5-dihydro fraction contained an abnormal increase in 5alpha- relative to 5beta-metabolites. There was, however, no absolute defect in the complete reduction of ring A to form tetrahydro derivatives. These findings, together with observations by Marver and Edelman that 5alpha-dihydrocortisol may be an effective mineralcorticoid, suggest the possibility of an etiologic relationship between the metabolic abnormality and the patient's hypertensive disorder.", "PMID": 849992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8919", "title": "Normal insulin binding to cultured fibroblasts from patients with lipoatrophic diabetes.", "content": "Confluent fibroblasts were assayed for insulin binding to determine whether there was an inherent abnormality in receptor function to explain the insulin resistance of lipoatrophic diabetes (LD). Cells from three patients and four controls were compared for confluent density, receptor saturation, specific and non-specific binding and the concentration of unlabelled hormone producing 50% competition for binding with labelled ligand. Cells from patients with LD did not differ significantly in any of these characteristics from the controls. These findings indicate that there is not a basic defect in insulin receptors of LD patients. A secondary disruption of binding, e.g. by a circulating factor, remains possible.", "contents": "Normal insulin binding to cultured fibroblasts from patients with lipoatrophic diabetes. Confluent fibroblasts were assayed for insulin binding to determine whether there was an inherent abnormality in receptor function to explain the insulin resistance of lipoatrophic diabetes (LD). Cells from three patients and four controls were compared for confluent density, receptor saturation, specific and non-specific binding and the concentration of unlabelled hormone producing 50% competition for binding with labelled ligand. Cells from patients with LD did not differ significantly in any of these characteristics from the controls. These findings indicate that there is not a basic defect in insulin receptors of LD patients. A secondary disruption of binding, e.g. by a circulating factor, remains possible.", "PMID": 849993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8920", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of alcohol following single low doses to fasted and nonfasted subjects.", "content": "The absorption and elimination characteristics of alcohol have been studied in healthy fasted and nonfasted human volunteers using low single doses. In non-fasted subjects, carbohydrate reduced overall alcohol bioavailability by about 96 percent, compared to 90 per cent for fat and 75 per cent for protein. Inhibition of absorption in nonfasted subjects appeared to be due to less alcohol being available for absorption rather than a reduced absorption rate. Serum alcohol levels in fasted subjects were interpreted in terms of both first-order and zero-order absorption followed by first-order elimination. Of the two proposed models, that utilizing zero-order absorption provided a marginally better fit to observed data.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of alcohol following single low doses to fasted and nonfasted subjects. The absorption and elimination characteristics of alcohol have been studied in healthy fasted and nonfasted human volunteers using low single doses. In non-fasted subjects, carbohydrate reduced overall alcohol bioavailability by about 96 percent, compared to 90 per cent for fat and 75 per cent for protein. Inhibition of absorption in nonfasted subjects appeared to be due to less alcohol being available for absorption rather than a reduced absorption rate. Serum alcohol levels in fasted subjects were interpreted in terms of both first-order and zero-order absorption followed by first-order elimination. Of the two proposed models, that utilizing zero-order absorption provided a marginally better fit to observed data.", "PMID": 849994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8921", "title": "Antihypertensive and renin angiotensin effects of metolazone with and without propranolol.", "content": "Renin angiotensin system parameters and blood pressure (B.P.) were followed monthly in patients with essential hypertension on metolazone, 5 mg daily for three months and with added propranolol, 40 to 160 mg, for the subsequent three months. On metolazone alone at three months, sitting B.P. declined from 166/108 +/- 14/11 mm Hg to 145/98 +/- 14/9 mm Hg (P less than 0.005). Plasma renin activity (PRA) increased from 3.9 +/- ng/ml/hr to 10.4 +/- 8.6 ng/ml/hr (P less than 0.005); plasma angiotensinogen did not change. Venous blood angiotensin I and II levels (pg/ml) rose initially but returned toward control values. A significant decline in plasma renin substrate reactivity (PRSr) in index occurred. Propranolol addition caused further lowering of only systolic B.P. and predominantly in the standing position, more marked at one month (40 mg) than at three months (160 mg). No significant further changes were observed in any of the measured parameters of renin angiotensin system, except for a rise in PRSr index concomitant with B.P. elevation at three months. Metolazone-induced changes in B.P. showed significant correlations at three months with changes in PRSr index. It is concluded that during chronic metolazone administration, the overall activity of the renin angiotensin system was diminished or unchanged. Propranolol did not inhibit metolazone stimulated PRA but did cause further decline in B.P. in the first two months, unrelated to renin angiotensin system.", "contents": "Antihypertensive and renin angiotensin effects of metolazone with and without propranolol. Renin angiotensin system parameters and blood pressure (B.P.) were followed monthly in patients with essential hypertension on metolazone, 5 mg daily for three months and with added propranolol, 40 to 160 mg, for the subsequent three months. On metolazone alone at three months, sitting B.P. declined from 166/108 +/- 14/11 mm Hg to 145/98 +/- 14/9 mm Hg (P less than 0.005). Plasma renin activity (PRA) increased from 3.9 +/- ng/ml/hr to 10.4 +/- 8.6 ng/ml/hr (P less than 0.005); plasma angiotensinogen did not change. Venous blood angiotensin I and II levels (pg/ml) rose initially but returned toward control values. A significant decline in plasma renin substrate reactivity (PRSr) in index occurred. Propranolol addition caused further lowering of only systolic B.P. and predominantly in the standing position, more marked at one month (40 mg) than at three months (160 mg). No significant further changes were observed in any of the measured parameters of renin angiotensin system, except for a rise in PRSr index concomitant with B.P. elevation at three months. Metolazone-induced changes in B.P. showed significant correlations at three months with changes in PRSr index. It is concluded that during chronic metolazone administration, the overall activity of the renin angiotensin system was diminished or unchanged. Propranolol did not inhibit metolazone stimulated PRA but did cause further decline in B.P. in the first two months, unrelated to renin angiotensin system.", "PMID": 849995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8922", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of cefazolin in patients with renal failure; special reference to hemodialysis.", "content": "The pharmacokinetic constants of cefazolin were determined comparatively in ten normal subjects, 12 patients with renal failure, and ten patients on repeated hemodialysis. Significant correlations could be established between the creatinine clearance values and the overall elimination rate constants (Ke), serum half-lives (T 1/2), plasmatic areas (Ftot), urinary recoveries (uo-6 hr), and renal clearances of the antibiotic (Cr). The pharmacokinetic changes produced by extrarenal removal were also studied. On the basis of the obtained results, a dosage schedule adjusted to renal status was proposed.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of cefazolin in patients with renal failure; special reference to hemodialysis. The pharmacokinetic constants of cefazolin were determined comparatively in ten normal subjects, 12 patients with renal failure, and ten patients on repeated hemodialysis. Significant correlations could be established between the creatinine clearance values and the overall elimination rate constants (Ke), serum half-lives (T 1/2), plasmatic areas (Ftot), urinary recoveries (uo-6 hr), and renal clearances of the antibiotic (Cr). The pharmacokinetic changes produced by extrarenal removal were also studied. On the basis of the obtained results, a dosage schedule adjusted to renal status was proposed.", "PMID": 849996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8923", "title": "Bioavailability of a sustained-release dyphylline formulation.", "content": "The bioavailability of dyphylline from sustained-release tablets, studied in seven normal subjects given a single dose of the drug, was 67.8 per cent of that from conventional tablets. In three subjects given 40 mg/kg dyphylline as sustained-release tablets every 8 hours for four days, serum dyphylline concentrations were maintained above 7.88 microng/ml once steady state was achieved. No adverse effects were noted, though in one subject peak serum dyphylline concentrations reached 30 microng/ml after multiple doses.", "contents": "Bioavailability of a sustained-release dyphylline formulation. The bioavailability of dyphylline from sustained-release tablets, studied in seven normal subjects given a single dose of the drug, was 67.8 per cent of that from conventional tablets. In three subjects given 40 mg/kg dyphylline as sustained-release tablets every 8 hours for four days, serum dyphylline concentrations were maintained above 7.88 microng/ml once steady state was achieved. No adverse effects were noted, though in one subject peak serum dyphylline concentrations reached 30 microng/ml after multiple doses.", "PMID": 849997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8924", "title": "Long-term diuretic therapy with metolazone of renal failure and the nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "The effects of the new diuretic metolazone were studied in ten patients with chronic renal insufficiency and ten with nephrotic syndrome. Patients were maintained on metolazone for up to 44 months. Beneficial effects of treatment included loss of edema and improved control of blood pressure. The natriuretic effect of metolazone facilitated the use of sodium bicarbonate to treat acidosis in several patients. Concurrent administration of metolazone and furosemide produced a dramatic diuresis in one patient resistant to either diuretic alone. Adverse effects of metolazone therapy were those characteristic of other effective diuretics, Including serum electrolyte losses and hyperuricemia. Initial treatment produced small increases in serum creatinine among patients with renal insufficiency, suggesting that GFR was decreased secondary to diuresis-induced volume depletion. The study demonstrates that metolazone is both safe and effective over long periods of time.", "contents": "Long-term diuretic therapy with metolazone of renal failure and the nephrotic syndrome. The effects of the new diuretic metolazone were studied in ten patients with chronic renal insufficiency and ten with nephrotic syndrome. Patients were maintained on metolazone for up to 44 months. Beneficial effects of treatment included loss of edema and improved control of blood pressure. The natriuretic effect of metolazone facilitated the use of sodium bicarbonate to treat acidosis in several patients. Concurrent administration of metolazone and furosemide produced a dramatic diuresis in one patient resistant to either diuretic alone. Adverse effects of metolazone therapy were those characteristic of other effective diuretics, Including serum electrolyte losses and hyperuricemia. Initial treatment produced small increases in serum creatinine among patients with renal insufficiency, suggesting that GFR was decreased secondary to diuresis-induced volume depletion. The study demonstrates that metolazone is both safe and effective over long periods of time.", "PMID": 849998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8925", "title": "Anti-keyhole limpet hemocyanin antibody in normal unsensitized individuals.", "content": "Antibody to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) has been detected in normal unimmunized subjects by means of a sensitive micropassive hemagglutination technique. Prior sensitization was not detected by either skin testing or lymphocyte transformation. After immunization with KLH there was no correlation between the level of this antibody and subsequently acquired skin test reactivity and lymphocyte transformation.", "contents": "Anti-keyhole limpet hemocyanin antibody in normal unsensitized individuals. Antibody to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) has been detected in normal unimmunized subjects by means of a sensitive micropassive hemagglutination technique. Prior sensitization was not detected by either skin testing or lymphocyte transformation. After immunization with KLH there was no correlation between the level of this antibody and subsequently acquired skin test reactivity and lymphocyte transformation.", "PMID": 850020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8926", "title": "Ultrastructural identification of mast cells obtained from human bronchial lumens.", "content": "We have investigated the morphology of mast cells in human bronchial lavage fluid. Under light microscopy, these cells were seen to contain discrete metachromatically positive granules that were indistinguishable from those present in mast cells and basophils from other sources. With electron microscopy, the bronchial mast cells were shown to be mononucleated and to contain granules which primarily consisted of particulate materials. Complex structures such as scrolls and crystalloids were also found in the granules. In order to delineate the relationship between bronchial mast cells and mast cells from other anatomic sites, we studied the ultrastructure of tissue mast cells from bronchial, lung parenchymal, and bone marrow biopsy specimens, and that of basophils from peripheral blood. There were similarities as well as differences in these cells from different sources--in their size, shape, lobes of nuclei, nuclear chromatin distribution, and structure of special, presumably histamine-containing, cytoplasmic granules. Based on the electron microscopic data, we believe the intralumenal cells previously described in human beings can be classified as mast cells. The presence of viable, immunoreactive mast cells in the lumen of bronchi may have a significance in relation to respiratory allergic reactions, especially the immediate-type respiratory response.", "contents": "Ultrastructural identification of mast cells obtained from human bronchial lumens. We have investigated the morphology of mast cells in human bronchial lavage fluid. Under light microscopy, these cells were seen to contain discrete metachromatically positive granules that were indistinguishable from those present in mast cells and basophils from other sources. With electron microscopy, the bronchial mast cells were shown to be mononucleated and to contain granules which primarily consisted of particulate materials. Complex structures such as scrolls and crystalloids were also found in the granules. In order to delineate the relationship between bronchial mast cells and mast cells from other anatomic sites, we studied the ultrastructure of tissue mast cells from bronchial, lung parenchymal, and bone marrow biopsy specimens, and that of basophils from peripheral blood. There were similarities as well as differences in these cells from different sources--in their size, shape, lobes of nuclei, nuclear chromatin distribution, and structure of special, presumably histamine-containing, cytoplasmic granules. Based on the electron microscopic data, we believe the intralumenal cells previously described in human beings can be classified as mast cells. The presence of viable, immunoreactive mast cells in the lumen of bronchi may have a significance in relation to respiratory allergic reactions, especially the immediate-type respiratory response.", "PMID": 850021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8927", "title": "Quantitative requirements for C3 to induce Forssman systemic shock and cutaneous hemorrhagic vasculitis in guinea pigs.", "content": "The requirements of complement (C) to induce systemic and cutaneous Forssman reactions were studied in inbred DHC-BA and Hartley strain guinea pigs. After intravenous injection of Forssman antibody, fatal systemic shock was associated with a marked drop in CH50, C4, and C3 and a lesser decrease in C5 hemolytic activity. Platelet counts and leukocyte counts dropped as well. With the use of the purified low molecular weight factor from cobra venom (CVF) to deplete C3, guinea pigs with less than 1% intravascular C3 were protected from lethal shock. Approximately 1% to 3% C3 activity is required for Forssman cutaneous vasculitis. These results confirm earlier studies that classical complement pathway activation occurs in Forssman shock and demonstrate the exquisite biologic efficiency of C3 in provoking the shock syndrome.", "contents": "Quantitative requirements for C3 to induce Forssman systemic shock and cutaneous hemorrhagic vasculitis in guinea pigs. The requirements of complement (C) to induce systemic and cutaneous Forssman reactions were studied in inbred DHC-BA and Hartley strain guinea pigs. After intravenous injection of Forssman antibody, fatal systemic shock was associated with a marked drop in CH50, C4, and C3 and a lesser decrease in C5 hemolytic activity. Platelet counts and leukocyte counts dropped as well. With the use of the purified low molecular weight factor from cobra venom (CVF) to deplete C3, guinea pigs with less than 1% intravascular C3 were protected from lethal shock. Approximately 1% to 3% C3 activity is required for Forssman cutaneous vasculitis. These results confirm earlier studies that classical complement pathway activation occurs in Forssman shock and demonstrate the exquisite biologic efficiency of C3 in provoking the shock syndrome.", "PMID": 850022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8928", "title": "Melittin: an allergen of honeybee venom.", "content": "The presence of serum IgE antibodies to melittin was tested by the radioallergosorbent test (RAST). Melittin, the principal protein of honeybee venom, was isolated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 and covalently bound to cyanogen bromide-activated microcrystalline cellulose. The melittin preparation was homogenous by immunoelectrophoresis with the use of rabbit antiserum to whole honeybee venom and by polyacrylamide electrophoresis in gels containing 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate. Elevated serum IgE antibodies to melittin (three times greater than binding by normal sera) were found in 7 of 24 honeybee venom-sensitive persons and in 5 of 20 nonsensitive beekeepers. In one venom-sensitive patient a particularly high titer of IgE antibody was found. The reaction between solid-phase melittin and IgE antibody could be inhibited by fluid-phase melittin but not by phospholipase A (PLA). Similarly, the reaction of IgE antibody with solid-phase PLA was inhibited by PLA but not by melittin. In passive transfer skin tests with the sensitive patient's serum, positive wheal-and-flare reactions were obtained in 3 nonallergic recipients following melittin challenge; appropriate controls were negative. These results indicate that melittin is an allergen in some honeybee venom-sensitive patients and in an occasional patient melittin may be a major allergen.", "contents": "Melittin: an allergen of honeybee venom. The presence of serum IgE antibodies to melittin was tested by the radioallergosorbent test (RAST). Melittin, the principal protein of honeybee venom, was isolated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 and covalently bound to cyanogen bromide-activated microcrystalline cellulose. The melittin preparation was homogenous by immunoelectrophoresis with the use of rabbit antiserum to whole honeybee venom and by polyacrylamide electrophoresis in gels containing 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate. Elevated serum IgE antibodies to melittin (three times greater than binding by normal sera) were found in 7 of 24 honeybee venom-sensitive persons and in 5 of 20 nonsensitive beekeepers. In one venom-sensitive patient a particularly high titer of IgE antibody was found. The reaction between solid-phase melittin and IgE antibody could be inhibited by fluid-phase melittin but not by phospholipase A (PLA). Similarly, the reaction of IgE antibody with solid-phase PLA was inhibited by PLA but not by melittin. In passive transfer skin tests with the sensitive patient's serum, positive wheal-and-flare reactions were obtained in 3 nonallergic recipients following melittin challenge; appropriate controls were negative. These results indicate that melittin is an allergen in some honeybee venom-sensitive patients and in an occasional patient melittin may be a major allergen.", "PMID": 850023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8929", "title": "A simple method for keeping allergenic extracts at a temperature near 4 degrees C during in-office use for skin testing and immunotherapy.", "content": "A method is needed for keeping ragweed pollen aqueous allergenic extracts at a temperature near 4 degrees C while they are in use for skin testing and immunotherapy in order to prevent deterioration in potency from warming. A polystyrene foam icebox is described which can be cooled with sacks of coolant which have been reduced to a temperature of - 17 degrees C in the freezing compartment of a standard refrigerator. Both icebox and coolant can be readily obtained from standard commercial sources and are inexpensive. When sufficient adequately cooled coolant is properly employed, this icebox will maintain the temperatures of allergenic extracts in the desirable range of 2 degrees to 4 degrees C while they are in use for skin testing and immunotherapy.", "contents": "A simple method for keeping allergenic extracts at a temperature near 4 degrees C during in-office use for skin testing and immunotherapy. A method is needed for keeping ragweed pollen aqueous allergenic extracts at a temperature near 4 degrees C while they are in use for skin testing and immunotherapy in order to prevent deterioration in potency from warming. A polystyrene foam icebox is described which can be cooled with sacks of coolant which have been reduced to a temperature of - 17 degrees C in the freezing compartment of a standard refrigerator. Both icebox and coolant can be readily obtained from standard commercial sources and are inexpensive. When sufficient adequately cooled coolant is properly employed, this icebox will maintain the temperatures of allergenic extracts in the desirable range of 2 degrees to 4 degrees C while they are in use for skin testing and immunotherapy.", "PMID": 850024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8930", "title": "Function and histology of testes from aged coturnix maintained on different photoperiods.", "content": "The prolonged effects of short, medium, and long photoperiods on longevity, cloacal gland size and function, and the testicular morphology of the aged coturnix were studied. In all testes, the effects of aging were characterized histologically by decreased tubular sperm concentration, increased abnormal sperm and cellular debris, as well as dislodgement of maturing sperm from Sertoli cells. However, testicular abnormality in the long photoperiod quail was more pronounced than in the short photoperiod quail whose testes were judged to be morpholoigcally in better condition, thus indicating an aging-photoperiod relationship. Aging had little or no effect on the cloacal gland function, although its size similar to the testicular histology, was affected by different photoperiods. Cloacal gland size and function can indicate sexual potency, but not necessarily the reproductive capabilities of aged coturnix. Also, an increased incidence of cataract formation was recorded in aged coturnix, unrelated to photoperiods.", "contents": "Function and histology of testes from aged coturnix maintained on different photoperiods. The prolonged effects of short, medium, and long photoperiods on longevity, cloacal gland size and function, and the testicular morphology of the aged coturnix were studied. In all testes, the effects of aging were characterized histologically by decreased tubular sperm concentration, increased abnormal sperm and cellular debris, as well as dislodgement of maturing sperm from Sertoli cells. However, testicular abnormality in the long photoperiod quail was more pronounced than in the short photoperiod quail whose testes were judged to be morpholoigcally in better condition, thus indicating an aging-photoperiod relationship. Aging had little or no effect on the cloacal gland function, although its size similar to the testicular histology, was affected by different photoperiods. Cloacal gland size and function can indicate sexual potency, but not necessarily the reproductive capabilities of aged coturnix. Also, an increased incidence of cataract formation was recorded in aged coturnix, unrelated to photoperiods.", "PMID": 850054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8931", "title": "Physiological characteristics of a champion runner: age 77.", "content": "A world champion distance runner, age 77, was evaluated in various anthropometric, pulmonary, hematological, and cardiorespiratory measures. The subject held 14 recognized world records in track and distance running for competitors aged 74, 75, and 76 years and had 11 records pending for the 77-year-age category. He was the 1975 National AAU Master's class IV-b champion in the 400, 800, 1500, 5000 and 15,000 meter races. The results of the physiological measures taken exceeded those of a more sedentary population of comparable age, were similar to reported values for other Master athletes, and approached the standards noted for much younger runners. The largest age-related decrements were observed in measures of maximal heart rate, maximal pulmonary ventilation, and maximal oxygen consumption. The general reduction in aerobic power was attributed to a combination of pulmonary, circulatory, and metabolic factors in addition to training consideration.", "contents": "Physiological characteristics of a champion runner: age 77. A world champion distance runner, age 77, was evaluated in various anthropometric, pulmonary, hematological, and cardiorespiratory measures. The subject held 14 recognized world records in track and distance running for competitors aged 74, 75, and 76 years and had 11 records pending for the 77-year-age category. He was the 1975 National AAU Master's class IV-b champion in the 400, 800, 1500, 5000 and 15,000 meter races. The results of the physiological measures taken exceeded those of a more sedentary population of comparable age, were similar to reported values for other Master athletes, and approached the standards noted for much younger runners. The largest age-related decrements were observed in measures of maximal heart rate, maximal pulmonary ventilation, and maximal oxygen consumption. The general reduction in aerobic power was attributed to a combination of pulmonary, circulatory, and metabolic factors in addition to training consideration.", "PMID": 850055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8932", "title": "Patterns of menopause: a study of certain medical and physiological variables among Caucasian and Japanese women living in Hawaii.", "content": "Comparisons were made between menopausal women and nonmenopausal controls among Caucasians and Japanese living in Honolulu, to investigate the extent of physical changes and clinical symptoms associated with menopause. The analysis was conducted using the multiphasic screening records of 170 menopausal cases and 162 nonmenopausal controls in Caucasians, and of 159 menopausal women and 187 nonmenopausal controls in Japanese. Discriminant function analysis was employed with relevant anthropometric, medical, and physiological variables. After adjusting for the linear and non-linear effects of age, only surgery and medication were retained as significant discriminant variables. Discriminant functions for Caucasian and Japanese groups were not found to be significantly heterogeneous. With regard to the discrimination of the menopausal and nonmenopausal groups, the data suggested that, while no clinical conditions other than those attributable to the effects of aging were significantly associated with the menopausal state, medication and surgical procedures for female disorders were significantly related to menopause.", "contents": "Patterns of menopause: a study of certain medical and physiological variables among Caucasian and Japanese women living in Hawaii. Comparisons were made between menopausal women and nonmenopausal controls among Caucasians and Japanese living in Honolulu, to investigate the extent of physical changes and clinical symptoms associated with menopause. The analysis was conducted using the multiphasic screening records of 170 menopausal cases and 162 nonmenopausal controls in Caucasians, and of 159 menopausal women and 187 nonmenopausal controls in Japanese. Discriminant function analysis was employed with relevant anthropometric, medical, and physiological variables. After adjusting for the linear and non-linear effects of age, only surgery and medication were retained as significant discriminant variables. Discriminant functions for Caucasian and Japanese groups were not found to be significantly heterogeneous. With regard to the discrimination of the menopausal and nonmenopausal groups, the data suggested that, while no clinical conditions other than those attributable to the effects of aging were significantly associated with the menopausal state, medication and surgical procedures for female disorders were significantly related to menopause.", "PMID": 850056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8933", "title": "Lithium treatment in the elderly. I. Clinical usage.", "content": "Clinical use of lithium salts in manic states in the elderly is reviewed. Special problems with toxicity are discussed. A dose titration method that has been safely used for 10 years is presented and illustrated with case material. Lower blood levels than usually advised are recommended.", "contents": "Lithium treatment in the elderly. I. Clinical usage. Clinical use of lithium salts in manic states in the elderly is reviewed. Special problems with toxicity are discussed. A dose titration method that has been safely used for 10 years is presented and illustrated with case material. Lower blood levels than usually advised are recommended.", "PMID": 850057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8934", "title": "Sociological and social-psychological correlates of anomia among a random sample of aged.", "content": "In this investigation the distribution of responses on an anomia index (Srole's anomia scale) was examined for a national probability sample of the elderly. Step-wise multiple regression procedures were used to determine the relative importance of the independent variables in explaining the variation of anomia. Of the zero-order correlations, the \"sociological\" variables, e.g., education, work status, occupational prestige, and yearly income, were the strongest correlates of anomia. The social psychological variables, viz., various attitudinal and perceptual phenomena, also exhibited reasonably strong correlations. Those variables labeled \"activity/organizational,\" e.g., various indices of social engagement, revealed the lowest correlations. In step-wise regression analysis six statistically significant explanatory variables were, in descending order: (1) a judgement of one's relative financial standing, (2) city size, (3) race, (4) work status, (5) education, and (6) occupational prestige.", "contents": "Sociological and social-psychological correlates of anomia among a random sample of aged. In this investigation the distribution of responses on an anomia index (Srole's anomia scale) was examined for a national probability sample of the elderly. Step-wise multiple regression procedures were used to determine the relative importance of the independent variables in explaining the variation of anomia. Of the zero-order correlations, the \"sociological\" variables, e.g., education, work status, occupational prestige, and yearly income, were the strongest correlates of anomia. The social psychological variables, viz., various attitudinal and perceptual phenomena, also exhibited reasonably strong correlations. Those variables labeled \"activity/organizational,\" e.g., various indices of social engagement, revealed the lowest correlations. In step-wise regression analysis six statistically significant explanatory variables were, in descending order: (1) a judgement of one's relative financial standing, (2) city size, (3) race, (4) work status, (5) education, and (6) occupational prestige.", "PMID": 850058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8935", "title": "Change in life satisfaction: a longitudinal study of persons aged 46-70.", "content": "Longitudinal analyses were performed on changes in life satisfaction among a sample of 378 community residents, aged 46-70. There were no significant changes in the mean life satisfaction scores for any age-sex cohort and no significant differences between the sexes, although there were some individual changes. Life satisfaction at the end of a 4-year-period was significantly related to initial levels of self-rated health, social actiivty, and sexual enjoyment. Attempts to predict residual change in life satisfaction by initial levels or by changes in these variables were largely unsuccessful.", "contents": "Change in life satisfaction: a longitudinal study of persons aged 46-70. Longitudinal analyses were performed on changes in life satisfaction among a sample of 378 community residents, aged 46-70. There were no significant changes in the mean life satisfaction scores for any age-sex cohort and no significant differences between the sexes, although there were some individual changes. Life satisfaction at the end of a 4-year-period was significantly related to initial levels of self-rated health, social actiivty, and sexual enjoyment. Attempts to predict residual change in life satisfaction by initial levels or by changes in these variables were largely unsuccessful.", "PMID": 850059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8936", "title": "Relationship of siblings to the elderly person's feelings and concerns.", "content": "This study investigated the feelings and concerns of 64 elderly persons, as revealed by a projective instrument, in relation to number of sex of siblings. Partilal correlations, with effects of age, education, and occupation removed, were computed separately for each sex. The number and proportion of female siblings were found to have a greater influence than male siblings on the elderly's feelings and concerns. For men, sisters appeared to be emotionally supportive, while for women sisters appeared to be more challenging, as indicated by greater social concerns.", "contents": "Relationship of siblings to the elderly person's feelings and concerns. This study investigated the feelings and concerns of 64 elderly persons, as revealed by a projective instrument, in relation to number of sex of siblings. Partilal correlations, with effects of age, education, and occupation removed, were computed separately for each sex. The number and proportion of female siblings were found to have a greater influence than male siblings on the elderly's feelings and concerns. For men, sisters appeared to be emotionally supportive, while for women sisters appeared to be more challenging, as indicated by greater social concerns.", "PMID": 850060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8937", "title": "Relocation of the aged: a review and theoretical analysis.", "content": "The literature on the relocation of the aged is examined and the findings are presented within a framework of three types of moves--institution to institution, home to institution, and home to home--with each type having a voluntary and involuntary component. A theoretical model is proposed to explain the often contradictory results reported in this literature. In brief, it is argued that an individuals' response to relocation is largely determined by (a) the perceived predictability and controllability of the events surrounding a move and (b) differences in controllability between pre- and post-relocation environments. The validity of this model is tested by examining existing research and suggestions for future research are made.", "contents": "Relocation of the aged: a review and theoretical analysis. The literature on the relocation of the aged is examined and the findings are presented within a framework of three types of moves--institution to institution, home to institution, and home to home--with each type having a voluntary and involuntary component. A theoretical model is proposed to explain the often contradictory results reported in this literature. In brief, it is argued that an individuals' response to relocation is largely determined by (a) the perceived predictability and controllability of the events surrounding a move and (b) differences in controllability between pre- and post-relocation environments. The validity of this model is tested by examining existing research and suggestions for future research are made.", "PMID": 850061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8938", "title": "Interpersonal skill training with institutionalized elderly patients.", "content": "A behavioral program to train elderly nursing home patients in interpersonal skills was systematically developed and evaluated. Data obtained from intensive interviews with patients, staff, and professionals were used to construct a training program and self-report and behavioral measures for assessing the program's effectiveness. Twenty-five patients were randomly assigned to the training program or to one of two control condotions. On a behavioral measure of responses to situations that had been included in training, the Skill Training program was superior to the control conditions. However, learning failed to generalize to novel situations. Directions for future skill training research are discussed.", "contents": "Interpersonal skill training with institutionalized elderly patients. A behavioral program to train elderly nursing home patients in interpersonal skills was systematically developed and evaluated. Data obtained from intensive interviews with patients, staff, and professionals were used to construct a training program and self-report and behavioral measures for assessing the program's effectiveness. Twenty-five patients were randomly assigned to the training program or to one of two control condotions. On a behavioral measure of responses to situations that had been included in training, the Skill Training program was superior to the control conditions. However, learning failed to generalize to novel situations. Directions for future skill training research are discussed.", "PMID": 850063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8939", "title": "Foster placement for the older psychiatric patient.", "content": "The effect of age on foster care outcome was examined for 572 male psychiatric patients referred for foster care from five VA hospitals. Subjects were assigned randomly to preparation (experimentals) or continued inpatient care (controls.) Research staff collected  data on social functioning, mood, activity, and adjustment. Only 79 (14%) were 60 years or older. Compared with younger patients, those 60 and over were more likely to be diagnosed as having chronic brain disease and less likely to be diagnosed as have schizophrenia. About 70% of the younger and older experimentals were placed into foster care. Alcoholics and persons with more hospitalizations were significantly less likely to be placed. Patients in foster care changed significantly compared with hospitalized controls by having less social dysfunction and better adjustment. Older subjects improved as a result of being seen in the hospital prior to placement but were not different from younger subjects in how they responded to the foster home. The study suggests that foster care is an appropriate and underutilized resource for elderly psychiatric patients.", "contents": "Foster placement for the older psychiatric patient. The effect of age on foster care outcome was examined for 572 male psychiatric patients referred for foster care from five VA hospitals. Subjects were assigned randomly to preparation (experimentals) or continued inpatient care (controls.) Research staff collected  data on social functioning, mood, activity, and adjustment. Only 79 (14%) were 60 years or older. Compared with younger patients, those 60 and over were more likely to be diagnosed as having chronic brain disease and less likely to be diagnosed as have schizophrenia. About 70% of the younger and older experimentals were placed into foster care. Alcoholics and persons with more hospitalizations were significantly less likely to be placed. Patients in foster care changed significantly compared with hospitalized controls by having less social dysfunction and better adjustment. Older subjects improved as a result of being seen in the hospital prior to placement but were not different from younger subjects in how they responded to the foster home. The study suggests that foster care is an appropriate and underutilized resource for elderly psychiatric patients.", "PMID": 850062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8940", "title": "Recall of specific suppression: co-dominance of suppression after primary or secondary antigen stimulation.", "content": "Mouse spleen cells primed in vivo with beta-galactosidase (GZ), and cultured in vitro with trinitrophenyl beta-galactosidase (TNP-GZ), make a very poor anti-TNP response compared to cultures of normal spleen cells. The lack of response is caused by active suppression as indicated by cell mixture experiments. At 2-months following priming, while the helper effect predominates, suppression can be recalled by rechallenge of the mice with GZ. Both primary suppression (after a single injection) and secondary suppression (after two injections) reduce the response of normal or carrier-primed helper cells at equivalent cell ratios in mixture experiments. Both kinds of suppression are carrier specific, slectively suppress high avidity antibody production, and require cell division to suppress the response of normal cells. The only difference between primary and secondary suppression is that primary suppression is obliterated in cultures which are not challenged with antigen until 24 hr after cultures are established. Secondary suppression is still observed when cultures receive TNP-GZ at 24 hr. Suppression appears to be an early component of both primary and secondary responses. The regulatory function of such suppression may be the delay of antibody secretion.", "contents": "Recall of specific suppression: co-dominance of suppression after primary or secondary antigen stimulation. Mouse spleen cells primed in vivo with beta-galactosidase (GZ), and cultured in vitro with trinitrophenyl beta-galactosidase (TNP-GZ), make a very poor anti-TNP response compared to cultures of normal spleen cells. The lack of response is caused by active suppression as indicated by cell mixture experiments. At 2-months following priming, while the helper effect predominates, suppression can be recalled by rechallenge of the mice with GZ. Both primary suppression (after a single injection) and secondary suppression (after two injections) reduce the response of normal or carrier-primed helper cells at equivalent cell ratios in mixture experiments. Both kinds of suppression are carrier specific, slectively suppress high avidity antibody production, and require cell division to suppress the response of normal cells. The only difference between primary and secondary suppression is that primary suppression is obliterated in cultures which are not challenged with antigen until 24 hr after cultures are established. Secondary suppression is still observed when cultures receive TNP-GZ at 24 hr. Suppression appears to be an early component of both primary and secondary responses. The regulatory function of such suppression may be the delay of antibody secretion.", "PMID": 850064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8941", "title": "Membrane transport by murine lymphocytes. II. The appearance of thymidine transport in cells from concanavalin A-stimulated mice.", "content": "We have investigated membrane transport of thymidine and adenosine by bulk murine nonadherent spleen cells from animals treated with the lectin concanavalin A. Separation of cells from radioactive medium was achieved by means of the oil microfuge technique which permits incubation periods as short as 4 sec. We were able to distinguish between the membrane-linked function of transport and uptake which includes subsequent accumulation and metabolism of the transport solute. Previously we reported that cells derived from untreated mice could not be shown to translocate thymidine in a carrier-mediated fashion. In contrast, cells from concanavalin A-treated mice showed two membrane transport systems for thymidine, a high affinity system (Km = 160 micronM) and one with low affinity (Km = 4 mM). The transport of thymidine conformed to the usual criteria for membrane carrier-linked function: increased uptake with time, substrate saturability and chemical specificity. In contrast to thymidine uptake, the transport of adenosine by cells from lectin-treated mice was similar to that shown by cells from untreated animals. Thus a specific membrane-linked activity is altered differentially in the course of mitogen-effected lymphocyte stimulation. We have found that determination of DNA synthesis by the standard method gave values which were as much as 700% too high, since the counts obtained by direct precipitation with TCA of cells incubated with radio-labeled thymidine exceed the cell-associated radiolabel obtained by the rapid sampling technique. With lectin-stimulated cells, the discrepancy observed was up to three times greater. Hence the validity of the standard assay for blastogenesis must be viewed with caution.", "contents": "Membrane transport by murine lymphocytes. II. The appearance of thymidine transport in cells from concanavalin A-stimulated mice. We have investigated membrane transport of thymidine and adenosine by bulk murine nonadherent spleen cells from animals treated with the lectin concanavalin A. Separation of cells from radioactive medium was achieved by means of the oil microfuge technique which permits incubation periods as short as 4 sec. We were able to distinguish between the membrane-linked function of transport and uptake which includes subsequent accumulation and metabolism of the transport solute. Previously we reported that cells derived from untreated mice could not be shown to translocate thymidine in a carrier-mediated fashion. In contrast, cells from concanavalin A-treated mice showed two membrane transport systems for thymidine, a high affinity system (Km = 160 micronM) and one with low affinity (Km = 4 mM). The transport of thymidine conformed to the usual criteria for membrane carrier-linked function: increased uptake with time, substrate saturability and chemical specificity. In contrast to thymidine uptake, the transport of adenosine by cells from lectin-treated mice was similar to that shown by cells from untreated animals. Thus a specific membrane-linked activity is altered differentially in the course of mitogen-effected lymphocyte stimulation. We have found that determination of DNA synthesis by the standard method gave values which were as much as 700% too high, since the counts obtained by direct precipitation with TCA of cells incubated with radio-labeled thymidine exceed the cell-associated radiolabel obtained by the rapid sampling technique. With lectin-stimulated cells, the discrepancy observed was up to three times greater. Hence the validity of the standard assay for blastogenesis must be viewed with caution.", "PMID": 850065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8942", "title": "The biologic activity of affinity cross-linked oligomers of rabbit immunogloblin G as tested by antigody-dependent cell-mediated cytolysis (ADCC).", "content": "The abilities of normal spleen cells and macrophage-like and lymphocyte-like tumor cells to serve as effectors in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytolytic (ADCC) reactions were examined. It was observed that those cells which contained Fc receptors on their surfaces were effective mediators of ADCC whereas those not bearing Fc receptors were inactive. Oligomers of IgG were able to inhibit the ADCC reaction and, with the macrophage line, inhibition and binding closely paralleled each other. With the lymphocyte lines, a large degree of inhibition of ADCC occurred when only small amounts of oligomers were bound; with normal spleen cells inhibition occurred in the same range of oligomer concentrations required to inhibit the tumor-mediated ADCC reactions. The data suggest that the interaction between antibody-coated erythrocytes and effector cells is unexpectedly weak.", "contents": "The biologic activity of affinity cross-linked oligomers of rabbit immunogloblin G as tested by antigody-dependent cell-mediated cytolysis (ADCC). The abilities of normal spleen cells and macrophage-like and lymphocyte-like tumor cells to serve as effectors in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytolytic (ADCC) reactions were examined. It was observed that those cells which contained Fc receptors on their surfaces were effective mediators of ADCC whereas those not bearing Fc receptors were inactive. Oligomers of IgG were able to inhibit the ADCC reaction and, with the macrophage line, inhibition and binding closely paralleled each other. With the lymphocyte lines, a large degree of inhibition of ADCC occurred when only small amounts of oligomers were bound; with normal spleen cells inhibition occurred in the same range of oligomer concentrations required to inhibit the tumor-mediated ADCC reactions. The data suggest that the interaction between antibody-coated erythrocytes and effector cells is unexpectedly weak.", "PMID": 850066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8943", "title": "The role of an activatable esterase in immune-dependent phagocytosis by human neutrophils.", "content": "Diisopropylphosphofluridate, cyclohexyl alkylphosphonofluoridates, and cyclohexyl phenylalkylphosphonofluoridates, which are potent, irreversible inactivators of serine esterases, inhibit the phagocytosis of opsonized sheep erythrocytes by human neutrophils. Two types of inhibition were observed: a) 'cell-dependent' inhibition, which is determined by measuring the ingestion of neutrophils pre treated with the esterase inhibitors and washed; and b) 'phagocytosis-dependent' inhibition, which is due to the presence of the inhibitors during phagocytosis. With the cyclohexyl alkylphosphonofluoridates, phagocytosis-dependent inhibition was always greater than cell-dependent inhibition. Cell-dependent inhibition was irreversible and dependent on the duration of the incubation of neutrophils with inhibitor. Both types of inhibition were dependent on the concentration of the inhibitor. Poorly or non-phosphorylating analogues of the cyclohexyl alkylphosphonofluoridates of DFP were not inhibitory; nor did fluoride, the hydrolysis product of these inhibitors, inhibit ingestion under either condition. In addition, neither method of treating the neutrophils resulted in a decrease in neutrophil viability. Furthermore, pretreating the EAC1423 with the inhibitors did not decrease ingestion. We conclude that cell-dependent inhibition is due to the inactivation of an esterase required for phagocytosis which is in or on the neutrophil in an active form, and thus is susceptible to inhibition by the esterase inactivators before contact of the neutrophil with the phagocytic stimulus. Phagocytosis-dependent inhibition is interpreted as being due to inactivation of an esterase required for phagocytosis which is normally in an inactive precursor proesterase form that is activated by the interaction of the neutrophil with the phagocytic stimulus. The distinctly different inhibition profiles of the active and activatable esterases indicate that they are two different activities.", "contents": "The role of an activatable esterase in immune-dependent phagocytosis by human neutrophils. Diisopropylphosphofluridate, cyclohexyl alkylphosphonofluoridates, and cyclohexyl phenylalkylphosphonofluoridates, which are potent, irreversible inactivators of serine esterases, inhibit the phagocytosis of opsonized sheep erythrocytes by human neutrophils. Two types of inhibition were observed: a) 'cell-dependent' inhibition, which is determined by measuring the ingestion of neutrophils pre treated with the esterase inhibitors and washed; and b) 'phagocytosis-dependent' inhibition, which is due to the presence of the inhibitors during phagocytosis. With the cyclohexyl alkylphosphonofluoridates, phagocytosis-dependent inhibition was always greater than cell-dependent inhibition. Cell-dependent inhibition was irreversible and dependent on the duration of the incubation of neutrophils with inhibitor. Both types of inhibition were dependent on the concentration of the inhibitor. Poorly or non-phosphorylating analogues of the cyclohexyl alkylphosphonofluoridates of DFP were not inhibitory; nor did fluoride, the hydrolysis product of these inhibitors, inhibit ingestion under either condition. In addition, neither method of treating the neutrophils resulted in a decrease in neutrophil viability. Furthermore, pretreating the EAC1423 with the inhibitors did not decrease ingestion. We conclude that cell-dependent inhibition is due to the inactivation of an esterase required for phagocytosis which is in or on the neutrophil in an active form, and thus is susceptible to inhibition by the esterase inactivators before contact of the neutrophil with the phagocytic stimulus. Phagocytosis-dependent inhibition is interpreted as being due to inactivation of an esterase required for phagocytosis which is normally in an inactive precursor proesterase form that is activated by the interaction of the neutrophil with the phagocytic stimulus. The distinctly different inhibition profiles of the active and activatable esterases indicate that they are two different activities.", "PMID": 850067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8944", "title": "Hypogammaglobulinemia in experimental myeloma: the role of suppressor factors from mononuclear phagocytes.", "content": "We have investigated the pathogenesis of the polyclonal hypogammaglobulinemia associated with BALB/c plasmacytomas TEPC-183 and SPQC-11 to gain insight into the hypogammaglobulinemia observed in human myeloma. With pokeweed mitogen-driven IgM biosynthesis by mouse splenocytes as the indicator system for suppression, we found that a protein extract of asscites cells obtained from these tumor-bearing animals could suppress immunoglobulin production, whereas like extracts from a non-suppressing plasmacytoma, modified RPC-5, caused no suppression in vitro. Extracts of tumor ascites depleted of mononuclear phagocytes by iron carbonyl treatment showed little suppressor activity. The active extract was not cytotoxic and contained no mycoplasma or common murine viruses. Furthermore, the active suppressor factor appears to be a low m.w. protein that is not affected by treatment with ribonuclease. These results and others are consistent with the idea that the hypogammaglobulinemia of myeloma is due to the formation of immunoregulatory macrophage-like cells which synthesize a suppressor substance.", "contents": "Hypogammaglobulinemia in experimental myeloma: the role of suppressor factors from mononuclear phagocytes. We have investigated the pathogenesis of the polyclonal hypogammaglobulinemia associated with BALB/c plasmacytomas TEPC-183 and SPQC-11 to gain insight into the hypogammaglobulinemia observed in human myeloma. With pokeweed mitogen-driven IgM biosynthesis by mouse splenocytes as the indicator system for suppression, we found that a protein extract of asscites cells obtained from these tumor-bearing animals could suppress immunoglobulin production, whereas like extracts from a non-suppressing plasmacytoma, modified RPC-5, caused no suppression in vitro. Extracts of tumor ascites depleted of mononuclear phagocytes by iron carbonyl treatment showed little suppressor activity. The active extract was not cytotoxic and contained no mycoplasma or common murine viruses. Furthermore, the active suppressor factor appears to be a low m.w. protein that is not affected by treatment with ribonuclease. These results and others are consistent with the idea that the hypogammaglobulinemia of myeloma is due to the formation of immunoregulatory macrophage-like cells which synthesize a suppressor substance.", "PMID": 850068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8945", "title": "Isolation and enumeration of peripheral blood monocytes.", "content": "Monocytes were isolated by counterflow contrifugation from human peripheral mononuclear cells obtained from whole blood by the Ficoll-Hypaque technique. Examination of volume spectra of the monocytes showed a bimodal distribution with peaks at 330 and 370 micron3. The upper peak contained 61.4 +/- 3.3% of the total monocyte population, whereas the remainder were in the lower peak which overlaps the lymphocyte spectrum. The purity of the monocyte preparations from six normal adult donors, identified by peroxisomes observed by electron microscopy, was 90.4 +/- 1.6%.", "contents": "Isolation and enumeration of peripheral blood monocytes. Monocytes were isolated by counterflow contrifugation from human peripheral mononuclear cells obtained from whole blood by the Ficoll-Hypaque technique. Examination of volume spectra of the monocytes showed a bimodal distribution with peaks at 330 and 370 micron3. The upper peak contained 61.4 +/- 3.3% of the total monocyte population, whereas the remainder were in the lower peak which overlaps the lymphocyte spectrum. The purity of the monocyte preparations from six normal adult donors, identified by peroxisomes observed by electron microscopy, was 90.4 +/- 1.6%.", "PMID": 850069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8946", "title": "The reactions of antibodies to paragloboside (lacto-N-neotetraosyl ceramide) with human erythrocytes and lymphocytes.", "content": "Paragloboside (lacto-N-neotetraosyl ceramide) is a biosynthetic precursor of the ABH and P1 blood group glycosphingolipids and of one class of gangliosides. This study concerns the specificity of rabbit anti-paragloboside antibodies, andtheir reactions with human erythrocytes and lymphocytes. Lacto-N-neotetraose was approximately 10 times as effective as lacto-N-tetraose in inhibiting complement fixation by purified IgG antibodies to paragloboside. The purified antibodies cross-reacted weakly with lactosyl ceramide, asialo GM1, and lacto-N-neotetraosyl polylysine. The purified IgG and IgM antibodies exhibited weak hemagglutinating activity which was enhanced by treatment of erythrocytes with papain or neuraminidase. In contrast to a macroglobulin described by Tsai et al. (J. Immunol. 117:717, 1976), which also binds paragloboside and lacto-N-neotetraose, anti-paragloboside antibodies reacted equally well with normal adult, O1, and umbilical cord erythrocytes. The IgG antibodies to paragloboside reacted with about 60% of B lymphocytes of peripheral blood and 5 to 10% of T cells. The relationship between antibodies to paragloboside and other lectins and antibodies directed against beta-galactosyl groups, including anti-T (Thomsen-Friedenreich) antibodies, is discussed.", "contents": "The reactions of antibodies to paragloboside (lacto-N-neotetraosyl ceramide) with human erythrocytes and lymphocytes. Paragloboside (lacto-N-neotetraosyl ceramide) is a biosynthetic precursor of the ABH and P1 blood group glycosphingolipids and of one class of gangliosides. This study concerns the specificity of rabbit anti-paragloboside antibodies, andtheir reactions with human erythrocytes and lymphocytes. Lacto-N-neotetraose was approximately 10 times as effective as lacto-N-tetraose in inhibiting complement fixation by purified IgG antibodies to paragloboside. The purified antibodies cross-reacted weakly with lactosyl ceramide, asialo GM1, and lacto-N-neotetraosyl polylysine. The purified IgG and IgM antibodies exhibited weak hemagglutinating activity which was enhanced by treatment of erythrocytes with papain or neuraminidase. In contrast to a macroglobulin described by Tsai et al. (J. Immunol. 117:717, 1976), which also binds paragloboside and lacto-N-neotetraose, anti-paragloboside antibodies reacted equally well with normal adult, O1, and umbilical cord erythrocytes. The IgG antibodies to paragloboside reacted with about 60% of B lymphocytes of peripheral blood and 5 to 10% of T cells. The relationship between antibodies to paragloboside and other lectins and antibodies directed against beta-galactosyl groups, including anti-T (Thomsen-Friedenreich) antibodies, is discussed.", "PMID": 850070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8947", "title": "Use of bovine conglutinin for the assay of immune complexes.", "content": "We have used purified bovine conglutinin to develop a solid state radioimmune assay for immune complexes. Employing aggregated human IgG incubated with fresh normal human serum (complement) as a model for immune complexes, we have shown that our conglutinin assay is sensitive and highly specific for immune complexes that have fixed complement. The assay preferentially detects large complexes, is minimally influenced by monomeric IgG, and can be inhibited by high ionic strength, calcium chelation, and acetamido sugars. In addition, we have surveyed several hundred clinical sera from patients with various immunopathologic disorders and find evidence of immune complexes in some.", "contents": "Use of bovine conglutinin for the assay of immune complexes. We have used purified bovine conglutinin to develop a solid state radioimmune assay for immune complexes. Employing aggregated human IgG incubated with fresh normal human serum (complement) as a model for immune complexes, we have shown that our conglutinin assay is sensitive and highly specific for immune complexes that have fixed complement. The assay preferentially detects large complexes, is minimally influenced by monomeric IgG, and can be inhibited by high ionic strength, calcium chelation, and acetamido sugars. In addition, we have surveyed several hundred clinical sera from patients with various immunopathologic disorders and find evidence of immune complexes in some.", "PMID": 850071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8948", "title": "Effect of cytochalasin B on human lymphocyte responses to mitogens: time and concentration dependence.", "content": "Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were exposed to various concentrations of concanavalin A (Con A) and cytochalasin B (CB). Low concentrations of CB (0.5 to 2.0 microng/ml) augmented, whereas high concentrations of CB (greater than 2.0 microng/ml) inhibited the mitogenic response to Con A when Con A and CB were added at the initiation of culture. Augmented responses could also be found by adding normally inhibitory high concentrations of CB after 72 to 96 hr incubation with Con A. Preincubation of the cells with CB 5 min to 4 hr before adding Con A also resulted in potentiation of the mitogenic response. CB did not increase spontaneous transformation and worked as well in various solvents (dimethyl sulfoxide, acetone, and ethanol). The effect was totally reversible by removing CB before adding Con A. CB had no effect on 3H-Con A binding to cells. The potentiating effect of CB was still evident after removal of CB, Con A, or both from cultrues that had been simultaneously exposed to Con A and CB for at least 2 days. CB augmented the response of human lymphocytes to Con A-adsorbed, x-rayed autologous lymphocytes. In the presence of optimal concentrations of CB, x-ray-damaged cells respond better to Con A; the response to suboptimal and supraoptimal concentrations of Con A is better, and the response with delayed addition of alpha-methyl-D-mannoside is better. CB also potentiates the response of human lymphocytes to pokeweed mitogen and phytohemagglutinin. Direct observation of cells in culture demonstrated the development of huge clusters of cells during mitogenic responses to Con A in the absence of CB. Circumstances which inhibited the mitogenic response to Con A totally prevented the development of cellular aggregates (prolonged incubation with high concentrations of CB). Each of the conditions which augmented the mitogenic response to Con A was accompanied by the formation of multiple small, relatively uniform cellular aggregates. These observations suggest that CB affects cell-cell interaction possibly by affecting distribution of Con A on the cell surface, by affecting cell sruface net negative charge, or by increasing the response to chemotactic stimuli. CB may be acting in some manner to enable certain nonresponsive cells to respond to a mitogenic stimulus, although an increase in the response of individual cells cannot be ruled out.", "contents": "Effect of cytochalasin B on human lymphocyte responses to mitogens: time and concentration dependence. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were exposed to various concentrations of concanavalin A (Con A) and cytochalasin B (CB). Low concentrations of CB (0.5 to 2.0 microng/ml) augmented, whereas high concentrations of CB (greater than 2.0 microng/ml) inhibited the mitogenic response to Con A when Con A and CB were added at the initiation of culture. Augmented responses could also be found by adding normally inhibitory high concentrations of CB after 72 to 96 hr incubation with Con A. Preincubation of the cells with CB 5 min to 4 hr before adding Con A also resulted in potentiation of the mitogenic response. CB did not increase spontaneous transformation and worked as well in various solvents (dimethyl sulfoxide, acetone, and ethanol). The effect was totally reversible by removing CB before adding Con A. CB had no effect on 3H-Con A binding to cells. The potentiating effect of CB was still evident after removal of CB, Con A, or both from cultrues that had been simultaneously exposed to Con A and CB for at least 2 days. CB augmented the response of human lymphocytes to Con A-adsorbed, x-rayed autologous lymphocytes. In the presence of optimal concentrations of CB, x-ray-damaged cells respond better to Con A; the response to suboptimal and supraoptimal concentrations of Con A is better, and the response with delayed addition of alpha-methyl-D-mannoside is better. CB also potentiates the response of human lymphocytes to pokeweed mitogen and phytohemagglutinin. Direct observation of cells in culture demonstrated the development of huge clusters of cells during mitogenic responses to Con A in the absence of CB. Circumstances which inhibited the mitogenic response to Con A totally prevented the development of cellular aggregates (prolonged incubation with high concentrations of CB). Each of the conditions which augmented the mitogenic response to Con A was accompanied by the formation of multiple small, relatively uniform cellular aggregates. These observations suggest that CB affects cell-cell interaction possibly by affecting distribution of Con A on the cell surface, by affecting cell sruface net negative charge, or by increasing the response to chemotactic stimuli. CB may be acting in some manner to enable certain nonresponsive cells to respond to a mitogenic stimulus, although an increase in the response of individual cells cannot be ruled out.", "PMID": 850072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8949", "title": "Interferon production in lymphocyte cultures after rubella infection in humans.", "content": "When stimulated with rubella virus irradiated with ultraviolet light, cultures of lymphocytes from individuals immune to rubella responded with production of 12-14 times more interferon than did cultures of lymphocytes from individuals susceptible to rubella. This property may be retained throughout life, since it was seen in individuals who had had rubella in their recent and remote pasts. Peak levels of interferon were detected six days after stimulation of lymphocytes with rubella virus antigen. In contrast, phytohemagglutinin induced production of interferon equally well in cultures of lymphocytes from persons immune and persons susceptible to rubella, with levels peaking three days after stimulation. Since there was a positive correlation among titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody to rubella virus, incorporation of [14C]thymidine, and production of interferon after stimulation of lymphocyte cultures by rubella virus, interferon synthesis may be considered to be another measurable parameter of cell-mediated immunity in rubella.", "contents": "Interferon production in lymphocyte cultures after rubella infection in humans. When stimulated with rubella virus irradiated with ultraviolet light, cultures of lymphocytes from individuals immune to rubella responded with production of 12-14 times more interferon than did cultures of lymphocytes from individuals susceptible to rubella. This property may be retained throughout life, since it was seen in individuals who had had rubella in their recent and remote pasts. Peak levels of interferon were detected six days after stimulation of lymphocytes with rubella virus antigen. In contrast, phytohemagglutinin induced production of interferon equally well in cultures of lymphocytes from persons immune and persons susceptible to rubella, with levels peaking three days after stimulation. Since there was a positive correlation among titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody to rubella virus, incorporation of [14C]thymidine, and production of interferon after stimulation of lymphocyte cultures by rubella virus, interferon synthesis may be considered to be another measurable parameter of cell-mediated immunity in rubella.", "PMID": 850076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8950", "title": "Influenza B-associated Reye's syndrome: incidence in Michigan and potential for prevention.", "content": "Prospective surveillance for Reye's syndrome in Michigan revealed the occurrence of 46 cases between December 15, 1973 and June 1, 1974. In an attempt to determine the incidence of influenza B-associated Reye's syndrome, a randomized point-prevalence survey of 1,041 schoolchildren was done in a county in Michigan where there had been simultaneous outbreaks of influenza B and Reye's syndrome. Of the children tested, 20% had titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody to influenza virus B/Hong Kong/5/72 of greater than or equal 1:20. Based upon this countywide survey, the incidence of Reye's syndrome following influenza B was estimated as between 30.8 and 57.8 cases of Reye's syndrome per 100,000 cases of influenza B. A detailed epidemiologic investigation of the patients who developed Reye's syndrome indicated that the syndrome occurred four times more frequently in children living in rural areas than in children in the urban areas of the state. These studies indicate that, in addition to antecedent viral infections such as influenza B, factor(s) that are most likely extrinsic or environmental also play a role in the pathogenesis of Reye's syndrome.", "contents": "Influenza B-associated Reye's syndrome: incidence in Michigan and potential for prevention. Prospective surveillance for Reye's syndrome in Michigan revealed the occurrence of 46 cases between December 15, 1973 and June 1, 1974. In an attempt to determine the incidence of influenza B-associated Reye's syndrome, a randomized point-prevalence survey of 1,041 schoolchildren was done in a county in Michigan where there had been simultaneous outbreaks of influenza B and Reye's syndrome. Of the children tested, 20% had titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody to influenza virus B/Hong Kong/5/72 of greater than or equal 1:20. Based upon this countywide survey, the incidence of Reye's syndrome following influenza B was estimated as between 30.8 and 57.8 cases of Reye's syndrome per 100,000 cases of influenza B. A detailed epidemiologic investigation of the patients who developed Reye's syndrome indicated that the syndrome occurred four times more frequently in children living in rural areas than in children in the urban areas of the state. These studies indicate that, in addition to antecedent viral infections such as influenza B, factor(s) that are most likely extrinsic or environmental also play a role in the pathogenesis of Reye's syndrome.", "PMID": 850077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8951", "title": "Toxoplasmosis and the host-parasite relationship in murine schistosomiasis mansoni.", "content": "Infection with Toxoplasma gondii has been shown to suppress markedly the in vitro splenic lymphocyte response to nonspecific mitogens and the in vivo antibody response to sheep red blood cells. The effect of toxoplasmosis on an in vivo cell-mediated response, granuloma formation around Schistosoma mansoni eggs, was examined in the present study. The granulomas were markedly suppressed from two to 20 weeks after infection with T. gondii. In subsequent experiments the effect of toxoplasmosis-induced immunosuppression on the development of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis was evaluated. Mice with the combined infections had markedly smaller hepatic granulomas and lower mean portal pressures than those infected with S. mansoni alone. Although the prevalence of esophageal varices in the mice with schistosomiasis alone was 60%, there was no visible collateral circulation in the animals with both infections.", "contents": "Toxoplasmosis and the host-parasite relationship in murine schistosomiasis mansoni. Infection with Toxoplasma gondii has been shown to suppress markedly the in vitro splenic lymphocyte response to nonspecific mitogens and the in vivo antibody response to sheep red blood cells. The effect of toxoplasmosis on an in vivo cell-mediated response, granuloma formation around Schistosoma mansoni eggs, was examined in the present study. The granulomas were markedly suppressed from two to 20 weeks after infection with T. gondii. In subsequent experiments the effect of toxoplasmosis-induced immunosuppression on the development of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis was evaluated. Mice with the combined infections had markedly smaller hepatic granulomas and lower mean portal pressures than those infected with S. mansoni alone. Although the prevalence of esophageal varices in the mice with schistosomiasis alone was 60%, there was no visible collateral circulation in the animals with both infections.", "PMID": 850078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8952", "title": "Quantitation of amphotericin B with use of high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "A chemical method for determination of concentrations of amphotericin B in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is described. After extraction with methanol, the antibiotic was separated by reverse-phase, high-pressure liquid chromatography and quantitated by absorption at 405 nm. The lower limit of detection of this assay was 0.02 microng/ml. Relative standard deviations of less than 3.6% were noted for multiple determinations of sera containing 0.20 and 1.00 microng of amphotericin B/ml. No interfering peaks were found in extracts of serum or CSF from normal humans or in extracts of serum from patients treated with other drugs and antimicrobial agents, including 5-fluorocytosine. Comparison of the method with microbiological assays showed correlation coefficients of 0.90 and 0.83 for serum and CSF determinations, respectively. This chemical assay is very rapid (less than 30 min), sensitive, accurate, and specific and appears to be suitable for routine clinical use.", "contents": "Quantitation of amphotericin B with use of high-pressure liquid chromatography. A chemical method for determination of concentrations of amphotericin B in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is described. After extraction with methanol, the antibiotic was separated by reverse-phase, high-pressure liquid chromatography and quantitated by absorption at 405 nm. The lower limit of detection of this assay was 0.02 microng/ml. Relative standard deviations of less than 3.6% were noted for multiple determinations of sera containing 0.20 and 1.00 microng of amphotericin B/ml. No interfering peaks were found in extracts of serum or CSF from normal humans or in extracts of serum from patients treated with other drugs and antimicrobial agents, including 5-fluorocytosine. Comparison of the method with microbiological assays showed correlation coefficients of 0.90 and 0.83 for serum and CSF determinations, respectively. This chemical assay is very rapid (less than 30 min), sensitive, accurate, and specific and appears to be suitable for routine clinical use.", "PMID": 850079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8953", "title": "Dose-response relationship after immunization of volunteers with a new, surface-antigen-adsorbed influenza virus vaccine.", "content": "Volunteers (15 per group) were given inoculations of various doses (5-400 international units [IU]) of surface-antigen-adsorbed influenza virus A/Port Chalmers/73 vaccine; this vaccine was prepared from purified virus hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens and adsorbed to alhydrogel. The titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) and neuraminidase-inhibiting antibodies in serum after immunization showed a clear dose-response relationship. Thus, for volunteers given 400, 100, 25, or 5.0 IU of vaccine, the titers of HAI antibody in serum increased 174-, 32-, 12-, and eightfold, respectively. A similar dose response was observed for production of local neutralizing antibody. Immunization with A/Port Chalmers/73 virus vaccine also induced serum HAI antibody to influenza viruses A/Scotland/74, A/England/72, and A/Hong Kong/68; the increase in titers of antibody to these viruses corresponded directly to the degree of cross-reactivity between the virus tested and the vaccine virus. Four weeks after immunization, all volunteers were challenged with attenuated WRL-105 influenza virus. Evidence of viral infection was found in one, two, and two volunteers in each group of 15 subjects previously immunized with 400, 100, and 25 IU of vaccine, respectively; in six of the 15 volunteers given 5.0 IU of vaccine; and in 10 of 15 control subjects. The results suggest that equivalent immunity was induced in volunteers given greater than or equal to 25 IU of vaccine.", "contents": "Dose-response relationship after immunization of volunteers with a new, surface-antigen-adsorbed influenza virus vaccine. Volunteers (15 per group) were given inoculations of various doses (5-400 international units [IU]) of surface-antigen-adsorbed influenza virus A/Port Chalmers/73 vaccine; this vaccine was prepared from purified virus hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens and adsorbed to alhydrogel. The titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) and neuraminidase-inhibiting antibodies in serum after immunization showed a clear dose-response relationship. Thus, for volunteers given 400, 100, 25, or 5.0 IU of vaccine, the titers of HAI antibody in serum increased 174-, 32-, 12-, and eightfold, respectively. A similar dose response was observed for production of local neutralizing antibody. Immunization with A/Port Chalmers/73 virus vaccine also induced serum HAI antibody to influenza viruses A/Scotland/74, A/England/72, and A/Hong Kong/68; the increase in titers of antibody to these viruses corresponded directly to the degree of cross-reactivity between the virus tested and the vaccine virus. Four weeks after immunization, all volunteers were challenged with attenuated WRL-105 influenza virus. Evidence of viral infection was found in one, two, and two volunteers in each group of 15 subjects previously immunized with 400, 100, and 25 IU of vaccine, respectively; in six of the 15 volunteers given 5.0 IU of vaccine; and in 10 of 15 control subjects. The results suggest that equivalent immunity was induced in volunteers given greater than or equal to 25 IU of vaccine.", "PMID": 850080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8954", "title": "Diarrhea associated with clindamycin and ampicillin therapy: preliminary results of a cooperative study.", "content": "Patients treated with clindamycin were monitored for development of diarrhea and colitis in a cooperative study at three hospitals in Edmonton, Toronto, and Winnipeg, Canada. Ampicillin-treated patients were matched with clindamycin-treated patients. Diarrhea occurred in 62 (18%) of 343 clindamycin-treated patients compared with 16 (5%) of 315 ampicillin-treated patients (P less than 0.001). Among the three hospitals, the rate of diarrhea associated with clindamycin therapy ranged from 10% to 23% compared with 0 to 10% for ampicillin therapy. The only identified risk factor in the development of diarrhea was increased age; clindamycin-associated diarrhea occurred in 18 (46%) of 39 patients greater than or equal to 60 years old. No correlation was observed between the risk of diarrhea and the duration of treatment, total dosage of drug, route of administration, or type of underlying disease. Pseudomembranous colitis was diagnosed in seven (2%) of 343 patients treated with clindamycin and in one (0.3%) of 315 patients treated with ampicillin.", "contents": "Diarrhea associated with clindamycin and ampicillin therapy: preliminary results of a cooperative study. Patients treated with clindamycin were monitored for development of diarrhea and colitis in a cooperative study at three hospitals in Edmonton, Toronto, and Winnipeg, Canada. Ampicillin-treated patients were matched with clindamycin-treated patients. Diarrhea occurred in 62 (18%) of 343 clindamycin-treated patients compared with 16 (5%) of 315 ampicillin-treated patients (P less than 0.001). Among the three hospitals, the rate of diarrhea associated with clindamycin therapy ranged from 10% to 23% compared with 0 to 10% for ampicillin therapy. The only identified risk factor in the development of diarrhea was increased age; clindamycin-associated diarrhea occurred in 18 (46%) of 39 patients greater than or equal to 60 years old. No correlation was observed between the risk of diarrhea and the duration of treatment, total dosage of drug, route of administration, or type of underlying disease. Pseudomembranous colitis was diagnosed in seven (2%) of 343 patients treated with clindamycin and in one (0.3%) of 315 patients treated with ampicillin.", "PMID": 850083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8955", "title": "Gastrointestinal side effects of clindamycin and ampicillin therapy.", "content": "Hospitalized patients who received clindamycin or ampicillin were evaluated for gastrointestinal side effects for a period of up to six weeks after therapy was discontinued. Of 104 patients receiving clindamycin therapy, 31 (29.8%) developed diarrhea, and two (1.9%) developed pseudomembranous colitis (PMC). Of 138 patients receiving ampicillin, 24 (17.3%) developed diarrhea, and one (0.7%) developed PMC. Diarrhea persisting for three days or more was noted in 13 (12.5%) of the patients receiving clindamycin and in seven (5.1%) of those receiving ampicillin. The tendency to develop diarrhea was positively correlated with serious illness, abdominal or pelvic sepsis, and total dosage of clindamycin. Examination of stools from a patient with PMC that was associated with clindamycin therapy showed a decrease in the number of anaerobic bacteria from the numbers found in stool cultures of normal controls. Those patients who did not develop diarrhea also had fewer anaerobic bacteria and coliform organisms. Lymphocytes from the patient with PMC were hyporeactive to phytohemagglutinin and hyperreactive to clindamycin.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal side effects of clindamycin and ampicillin therapy. Hospitalized patients who received clindamycin or ampicillin were evaluated for gastrointestinal side effects for a period of up to six weeks after therapy was discontinued. Of 104 patients receiving clindamycin therapy, 31 (29.8%) developed diarrhea, and two (1.9%) developed pseudomembranous colitis (PMC). Of 138 patients receiving ampicillin, 24 (17.3%) developed diarrhea, and one (0.7%) developed PMC. Diarrhea persisting for three days or more was noted in 13 (12.5%) of the patients receiving clindamycin and in seven (5.1%) of those receiving ampicillin. The tendency to develop diarrhea was positively correlated with serious illness, abdominal or pelvic sepsis, and total dosage of clindamycin. Examination of stools from a patient with PMC that was associated with clindamycin therapy showed a decrease in the number of anaerobic bacteria from the numbers found in stool cultures of normal controls. Those patients who did not develop diarrhea also had fewer anaerobic bacteria and coliform organisms. Lymphocytes from the patient with PMC were hyporeactive to phytohemagglutinin and hyperreactive to clindamycin.", "PMID": 850084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8956", "title": "Incidence of diarrhea and colitis associated with clindamycin therapy.", "content": "A retrospective and prospective study was made of side effects in 200 patients who received clindamycin over a 15-month period. The incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms in this group of patients was 21.5%; of diarrhea, 13.5%; and of colitis, 2.5%. Factors associated with an increased incidence of diarrhea were older age and parenteral route of administration. Simultaneous use of other antibiotics, particularly aminoglycosides, and increased total dosage of clindamycin did not increase the incidence of diarrhea. The gastrointestinal side effects were usually self-limited if the drug was promptly discontinued and fluid support was provided.", "contents": "Incidence of diarrhea and colitis associated with clindamycin therapy. A retrospective and prospective study was made of side effects in 200 patients who received clindamycin over a 15-month period. The incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms in this group of patients was 21.5%; of diarrhea, 13.5%; and of colitis, 2.5%. Factors associated with an increased incidence of diarrhea were older age and parenteral route of administration. Simultaneous use of other antibiotics, particularly aminoglycosides, and increased total dosage of clindamycin did not increase the incidence of diarrhea. The gastrointestinal side effects were usually self-limited if the drug was promptly discontinued and fluid support was provided.", "PMID": 850085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8957", "title": "Experimental infections with anaerobic bacteria in mice.", "content": "Experimental anaerobic infections in mice are reviewed with a description of a model of pure Bacteroides fragilis infection. In this experimental situation, B. fragilis produces large subcutaneous abscesses in the groins of mice that can be diagnosed without autopsy. This infection was treated effectively with clindamycin in doses that produced levels of drug in blood similar to those attainable in humans.", "contents": "Experimental infections with anaerobic bacteria in mice. Experimental anaerobic infections in mice are reviewed with a description of a model of pure Bacteroides fragilis infection. In this experimental situation, B. fragilis produces large subcutaneous abscesses in the groins of mice that can be diagnosed without autopsy. This infection was treated effectively with clindamycin in doses that produced levels of drug in blood similar to those attainable in humans.", "PMID": 850086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8958", "title": "Comparison of clindamycin and chloramphenicol in treatment of serious infections of the female genital tract.", "content": "A study was performed of 102 obstetric-gynecologic patients who were thought to have sepsis or a pelvic abscess. Fifty-three of these women received chloramphenicol and 49 received clindamycin. In addition, all patients received penicillin or a similar antibiotic and an aminoglycoside. Similar clinical results were observed with the two treatment regimens. In eight of the 49 patients who received clindamycin and in three of 52 patients who received chloramphenicol, use of the drug was discontinued because of side effects. These combinations of antibiotics did not eliminate the necessity for major operative drainage, which was required in 40 patients. Resistant organisms were recovered from only two patients. Although sepsis and shock were most frequently associated with gram-negative aerobic bacteremia, they occurred in two patients in whom only anaerobes were recovered from blood cultures. Because the clinical results with the two regimens were equivalent, a decision to use either clindamycin or chloramphenicol should be based on the individual physician's assessment of the toxicity of these agents.", "contents": "Comparison of clindamycin and chloramphenicol in treatment of serious infections of the female genital tract. A study was performed of 102 obstetric-gynecologic patients who were thought to have sepsis or a pelvic abscess. Fifty-three of these women received chloramphenicol and 49 received clindamycin. In addition, all patients received penicillin or a similar antibiotic and an aminoglycoside. Similar clinical results were observed with the two treatment regimens. In eight of the 49 patients who received clindamycin and in three of 52 patients who received chloramphenicol, use of the drug was discontinued because of side effects. These combinations of antibiotics did not eliminate the necessity for major operative drainage, which was required in 40 patients. Resistant organisms were recovered from only two patients. Although sepsis and shock were most frequently associated with gram-negative aerobic bacteremia, they occurred in two patients in whom only anaerobes were recovered from blood cultures. Because the clinical results with the two regimens were equivalent, a decision to use either clindamycin or chloramphenicol should be based on the individual physician's assessment of the toxicity of these agents.", "PMID": 850088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8959", "title": "Techniques for anaerobic susceptibility testing.", "content": "Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antimicrobial agents for anaerobic bacteria can be determined by agar dilution and broth dilution (including microdilution) techniques. If MICs are not determined routinely, the disk broth or category methods are recommended for routine use. The Bauer-Kirby disk diffusion method and its interpretative standards should not be used for anaerobes.", "contents": "Techniques for anaerobic susceptibility testing. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antimicrobial agents for anaerobic bacteria can be determined by agar dilution and broth dilution (including microdilution) techniques. If MICs are not determined routinely, the disk broth or category methods are recommended for routine use. The Bauer-Kirby disk diffusion method and its interpretative standards should not be used for anaerobes.", "PMID": 850089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8960", "title": "Clindamycin and Carbenicillin in treatment of patients with intraabdominal and female genital tract infections.", "content": "Clindamycin alone and with an aminoglycoside or carbenicillin alone and with an aminoglycoside were used in therapy for 173 patients with intraabdominal or genital tract infections. Excellent or good results were obtained in 115 of 131 patients treated with clindamycin and 33 of 42 patients treated with carbenicillin. Few serious side effects were observed in patients who received either drug. The data indicate that clindamycin is an effective drug in these conditions and suggest that carbenicillin may be equally effective.", "contents": "Clindamycin and Carbenicillin in treatment of patients with intraabdominal and female genital tract infections. Clindamycin alone and with an aminoglycoside or carbenicillin alone and with an aminoglycoside were used in therapy for 173 patients with intraabdominal or genital tract infections. Excellent or good results were obtained in 115 of 131 patients treated with clindamycin and 33 of 42 patients treated with carbenicillin. Few serious side effects were observed in patients who received either drug. The data indicate that clindamycin is an effective drug in these conditions and suggest that carbenicillin may be equally effective.", "PMID": 850090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8961", "title": "In vitro activity and clinical efficacy of clindamycin in the treatment of infections due to anaerobic bacteria.", "content": "Clindamycin, rosamicin, josamycin, and metronidazole had similar inhibitory activity against 29 clinical isolates of Bacteroides fragilis, i.e., 100% of strains were inhibited by 0.8 microng of metronidazole or josamycin/ml and 100% by 1.6 microng of clindamycin or rosamicin/ml. Metronidazole was bactericidal against 97% of the isolates, and clindamycin or rosamicin (in concentrations of 1.6 microng/ml) was bactericidal against 80%. Erythromycin and josamicin were the least bactericidal agents in vitro. Thirty-two patients with pleuropulmonary and intraabdominal or pelvic infections caused by anaerobic bacteria were treated with clindamycin. Cure was achieved in 27 patients. In another group of 37 patients treated with parenteral clindamycin, diarrhea developed in 30% and was significantly more common in those patients with abdominal or pelvic infection. Only one patient developed pseudomembranous colitis. These observations suggest that clindamycin is an excellent and relatively safe antibiotic for treatment of infections caused by anaerobes when combined with surgery or with other antibiotics selected for activity against aerobic gram-negative bacilli.", "contents": "In vitro activity and clinical efficacy of clindamycin in the treatment of infections due to anaerobic bacteria. Clindamycin, rosamicin, josamycin, and metronidazole had similar inhibitory activity against 29 clinical isolates of Bacteroides fragilis, i.e., 100% of strains were inhibited by 0.8 microng of metronidazole or josamycin/ml and 100% by 1.6 microng of clindamycin or rosamicin/ml. Metronidazole was bactericidal against 97% of the isolates, and clindamycin or rosamicin (in concentrations of 1.6 microng/ml) was bactericidal against 80%. Erythromycin and josamicin were the least bactericidal agents in vitro. Thirty-two patients with pleuropulmonary and intraabdominal or pelvic infections caused by anaerobic bacteria were treated with clindamycin. Cure was achieved in 27 patients. In another group of 37 patients treated with parenteral clindamycin, diarrhea developed in 30% and was significantly more common in those patients with abdominal or pelvic infection. Only one patient developed pseudomembranous colitis. These observations suggest that clindamycin is an excellent and relatively safe antibiotic for treatment of infections caused by anaerobes when combined with surgery or with other antibiotics selected for activity against aerobic gram-negative bacilli.", "PMID": 850091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8962", "title": "Evaluation of clindamycin and other antibiotics in the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections of the lung.", "content": "Fifty patients who had pneumonia, lung abscess, or empyema, and whose specimens had a fetid odor, were presumed to be suffering from anerobic lung infection and were treated with clindamycin either orally (33 patients) or parenterally (17). Forty-six patients showed marked improvement or recovered; two also underwent lung resection, and thoracotomy was performed in 10. There were three outright treatment failures, and superinfection occurred in one patient. A review of the literature suggests that clindamycin and penicillin (in substantial dosage) are equally effective in treatment of anaerobic lung infection. Transtracheal aspiration is not deemed necessary if the patient is expectorating fetid sputum.", "contents": "Evaluation of clindamycin and other antibiotics in the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections of the lung. Fifty patients who had pneumonia, lung abscess, or empyema, and whose specimens had a fetid odor, were presumed to be suffering from anerobic lung infection and were treated with clindamycin either orally (33 patients) or parenterally (17). Forty-six patients showed marked improvement or recovered; two also underwent lung resection, and thoracotomy was performed in 10. There were three outright treatment failures, and superinfection occurred in one patient. A review of the literature suggests that clindamycin and penicillin (in substantial dosage) are equally effective in treatment of anaerobic lung infection. Transtracheal aspiration is not deemed necessary if the patient is expectorating fetid sputum.", "PMID": 850092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8963", "title": "Clindamycin for treatment of sepsis caused by decubitus ulcers.", "content": "Bacteremia was documented in 19 (76%) of 24 patients with sepsis caused solely by decubitus ulcers, persisted in all but two, and was polymicrobial in 10 (42%). Obligate anaerobes were isolated from 12 patients (63%) and included Bacteroides fragilis in 11 (58%). Aerobes, primarily Proteus (21%) and Staphylococcus (16%), were isolated in nine patients (47%). Therapy was judged appropriate when the microbial isolates were susceptible in vitro to the antibiotic used. Nineteen patients received clindamycin plus gentamicin, which was considered appropriate for all but one patient. Four patients received cephalothin plus kanamycin, which was inappropriate for three patients. One patient received appropriate treatment with methicillin, gentamicin, and chloramphenicol. Patients who received appropriate antibiotics and had surgical intervention had the lowest mortality rate (14%); in those treated with appropriate antibiotics but without surgical intervention, the incidence of death was 67% (P less than 0.05). Patients who received inappropriate antibiotics, whether or not there was surgical intervention, had a 75% mortality rate (P less than 0.05). Surgical debridement and antibiotic therapy effective against aerobic as well as anaerobic bacteria are important factors in the treatment of sepsis caused by decubitus ulcers.", "contents": "Clindamycin for treatment of sepsis caused by decubitus ulcers. Bacteremia was documented in 19 (76%) of 24 patients with sepsis caused solely by decubitus ulcers, persisted in all but two, and was polymicrobial in 10 (42%). Obligate anaerobes were isolated from 12 patients (63%) and included Bacteroides fragilis in 11 (58%). Aerobes, primarily Proteus (21%) and Staphylococcus (16%), were isolated in nine patients (47%). Therapy was judged appropriate when the microbial isolates were susceptible in vitro to the antibiotic used. Nineteen patients received clindamycin plus gentamicin, which was considered appropriate for all but one patient. Four patients received cephalothin plus kanamycin, which was inappropriate for three patients. One patient received appropriate treatment with methicillin, gentamicin, and chloramphenicol. Patients who received appropriate antibiotics and had surgical intervention had the lowest mortality rate (14%); in those treated with appropriate antibiotics but without surgical intervention, the incidence of death was 67% (P less than 0.05). Patients who received inappropriate antibiotics, whether or not there was surgical intervention, had a 75% mortality rate (P less than 0.05). Surgical debridement and antibiotic therapy effective against aerobic as well as anaerobic bacteria are important factors in the treatment of sepsis caused by decubitus ulcers.", "PMID": 850093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8964", "title": "Bacteremia due to Bacteroidacceae: a review of 92 cases.", "content": "The clinical courses of 92 patients who had bacteremia due to Bacteroidaceae were reviewed. The overall mortality rate was 21% (19 patients). There was no significant difference between mortality rates when patients were grouped by anticipated clinical course of underlying disease (nonfatal, ultimately fatal, and rapidly fatal) and when they were grouped by type of antibacterial therapy (appropriate, including clindamycin, chloramphenicol, lincomycin, and carbenicillin; or inappropriate, signifying no antibiotic treatment or treatment with antibiotics other than the four listed above). However, there was a correlation between recovery of the patient and portal of entry of the infectious agent; patients whose source of infection was the gastrointestinal tract had a mortality rate of 29% (17 of 58 patients), whereas there were no deaths among the 26 women whose presumed source of bacteremia was the genital tract. Increasing age appeared to be an important factor as well; 17 of 19 deaths occurred in patients who were older than 40 years. There was no significant difference between the mortality rate of patients who were treated with clindamycin (15%, eight of 52 patients) and that of patients who were treated with chloramphenicol (44%, four of nine).", "contents": "Bacteremia due to Bacteroidacceae: a review of 92 cases. The clinical courses of 92 patients who had bacteremia due to Bacteroidaceae were reviewed. The overall mortality rate was 21% (19 patients). There was no significant difference between mortality rates when patients were grouped by anticipated clinical course of underlying disease (nonfatal, ultimately fatal, and rapidly fatal) and when they were grouped by type of antibacterial therapy (appropriate, including clindamycin, chloramphenicol, lincomycin, and carbenicillin; or inappropriate, signifying no antibiotic treatment or treatment with antibiotics other than the four listed above). However, there was a correlation between recovery of the patient and portal of entry of the infectious agent; patients whose source of infection was the gastrointestinal tract had a mortality rate of 29% (17 of 58 patients), whereas there were no deaths among the 26 women whose presumed source of bacteremia was the genital tract. Increasing age appeared to be an important factor as well; 17 of 19 deaths occurred in patients who were older than 40 years. There was no significant difference between the mortality rate of patients who were treated with clindamycin (15%, eight of 52 patients) and that of patients who were treated with chloramphenicol (44%, four of nine).", "PMID": 850094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8965", "title": "In vitro susceptibility of anaerobes: comparison of clindamycin and other antimicrobial agents.", "content": "The in vitro activity of clindamycin against anaerobic bacteria was compared with that of other antimicrobial agents. Clindamycin remained effective against most anaerobic bacteria found in infections, although resistance to the drug was found in certain groups, such as Peptococcus and Clostridium species.", "contents": "In vitro susceptibility of anaerobes: comparison of clindamycin and other antimicrobial agents. The in vitro activity of clindamycin against anaerobic bacteria was compared with that of other antimicrobial agents. Clindamycin remained effective against most anaerobic bacteria found in infections, although resistance to the drug was found in certain groups, such as Peptococcus and Clostridium species.", "PMID": 850095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8966", "title": "Empiric treatment with clindamycin and gentamicin of suspected sepsis due to anaerobic and aerobic bacteria.", "content": "Clindamycin and gentamicin were used in combination to treat 107 patients empirically for suspected aerobic-anaerobic sepsis. All patients were seriously ill and required initiation of treatment before results of cultures could be obtained. Infections included intraabdominal sepsis, hospital-acquired aspiration pneumonia, and soft tissue infections. Exudate cultured from 65 patients showed that the prediction of a mixed aerobic-anaerobic flora was correct in 46 patients (71%). Isolates from exudate included Escherichia coli, Bacteroides fragilis, clostridia, peptostreptococci, Proteus species, Klebsiella species, and Staphylococcus aureus. In 29 patients with bacteremia, the most frequent blood culture isolate was B. fragilis. Analysis of response to treatment showed that 92 patients were cured, five could not be evaluated adequately, and 10 failed to respond to therapy. Therapeutic failure primarily resulted from overwhelming sepsis, despite susceptibility of the pathogens to prescribed antibiotics.", "contents": "Empiric treatment with clindamycin and gentamicin of suspected sepsis due to anaerobic and aerobic bacteria. Clindamycin and gentamicin were used in combination to treat 107 patients empirically for suspected aerobic-anaerobic sepsis. All patients were seriously ill and required initiation of treatment before results of cultures could be obtained. Infections included intraabdominal sepsis, hospital-acquired aspiration pneumonia, and soft tissue infections. Exudate cultured from 65 patients showed that the prediction of a mixed aerobic-anaerobic flora was correct in 46 patients (71%). Isolates from exudate included Escherichia coli, Bacteroides fragilis, clostridia, peptostreptococci, Proteus species, Klebsiella species, and Staphylococcus aureus. In 29 patients with bacteremia, the most frequent blood culture isolate was B. fragilis. Analysis of response to treatment showed that 92 patients were cured, five could not be evaluated adequately, and 10 failed to respond to therapy. Therapeutic failure primarily resulted from overwhelming sepsis, despite susceptibility of the pathogens to prescribed antibiotics.", "PMID": 850096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8967", "title": "Clinical study of gastrointestinal complications associated with clindamycin therapy.", "content": "The incidence of and factors associated with diarrhea were evaluated in 1,000 patients receiving clindamycin. Diarrhea occurred in 6.6% of the patients, and of the many parameters evaluated, a significant association with diarrhea was found only for age (higher incidence in patients older than 20 years), sex (higher incidence in females), and route of administration (higher incidence with oral than with parenteral administration). It is of interest that we were unable to find a positive correlation between dose of drug or duration of therapy and diarrhea. Diarrhea began within 48 hr of start of clindamycin therapy in 52.3% of the patients and within five days of therapy in 75.3%. Nineteen patients developed diarrhea after they had stopped receiving the drug. Duration of diarrhea varied considerably, with a mean of 11.4 days and a range of one to 120 days.", "contents": "Clinical study of gastrointestinal complications associated with clindamycin therapy. The incidence of and factors associated with diarrhea were evaluated in 1,000 patients receiving clindamycin. Diarrhea occurred in 6.6% of the patients, and of the many parameters evaluated, a significant association with diarrhea was found only for age (higher incidence in patients older than 20 years), sex (higher incidence in females), and route of administration (higher incidence with oral than with parenteral administration). It is of interest that we were unable to find a positive correlation between dose of drug or duration of therapy and diarrhea. Diarrhea began within 48 hr of start of clindamycin therapy in 52.3% of the patients and within five days of therapy in 75.3%. Nineteen patients developed diarrhea after they had stopped receiving the drug. Duration of diarrhea varied considerably, with a mean of 11.4 days and a range of one to 120 days.", "PMID": 850097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8968", "title": "An evaluation of per-scalar cochlear electrode implantation techniques. An histopathological study in cats.", "content": "This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of infection and trauma on the organ of Corti and spiral ganglion cells following per-scalar cochlear electrode implantations in cats. The results showed that the incidence of infection with a per-scalar electrode inserted through an opening made directly into the apical and middle turns is low, provided the procedure is carried out aseptically with an antibiotic cover. Trauma could also be kept to a minimum by inserting the electrode into the scala tympani, taking care to insert the electrode without applying force, and ensuring that the first insertion is the only one. Furthermore, the tip of the electrode should be blunt, and its diameter smaller than the width of the scala tympani. It was noted that damage to the organ of Corti, and loss of spiral ganglion cells only occurred as a local phenomenon, and its extent was related to the severity of the damage to the Reissner's and basilar membranes. The insertion of an electrode through the round window and along the scala tympani was not free of risk, as infection which led to a marked loss of spiral ganglion cells occurred, particularly in the basal turn. On the other hand when the size of the electrode was small in relation to the cross sectional area of the scala tympani, and it was not inserted far along the length of the basal turn, the evidence of trauma was minimal. Tissue reaction to the teflon-coated platinum electrode was also not observed.", "contents": "An evaluation of per-scalar cochlear electrode implantation techniques. An histopathological study in cats. This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of infection and trauma on the organ of Corti and spiral ganglion cells following per-scalar cochlear electrode implantations in cats. The results showed that the incidence of infection with a per-scalar electrode inserted through an opening made directly into the apical and middle turns is low, provided the procedure is carried out aseptically with an antibiotic cover. Trauma could also be kept to a minimum by inserting the electrode into the scala tympani, taking care to insert the electrode without applying force, and ensuring that the first insertion is the only one. Furthermore, the tip of the electrode should be blunt, and its diameter smaller than the width of the scala tympani. It was noted that damage to the organ of Corti, and loss of spiral ganglion cells only occurred as a local phenomenon, and its extent was related to the severity of the damage to the Reissner's and basilar membranes. The insertion of an electrode through the round window and along the scala tympani was not free of risk, as infection which led to a marked loss of spiral ganglion cells occurred, particularly in the basal turn. On the other hand when the size of the electrode was small in relation to the cross sectional area of the scala tympani, and it was not inserted far along the length of the basal turn, the evidence of trauma was minimal. Tissue reaction to the teflon-coated platinum electrode was also not observed.", "PMID": 850098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8969", "title": "Surgical treatment of nasophrayngeal craniopharyngioma. Radical removal by the transpalatal approach.", "content": "A case of infrasellar craniopharyngioma in a 14-year-old girl who was subjected to radical operation by a transpalatal approach is reported.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of nasophrayngeal craniopharyngioma. Radical removal by the transpalatal approach. A case of infrasellar craniopharyngioma in a 14-year-old girl who was subjected to radical operation by a transpalatal approach is reported.", "PMID": 850102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8970", "title": "Bilateral Vidian neurectomy--indications and results.", "content": "Indications and results of 125 Vidian neurectomies done in 64 patients have been presented. The indications were grouped as: Rhinorrhoea (37.5%), Nasal Polyposis (3.12%); Headaches and Faceaches (45.32%); and Bronchial Asthma (14-06%). Four initial Vidian neurectomies were done unilaterally and produced only partial relief in symptoms. Bilateral Vidian neurectomy relieved completely all the rhinorrhoea cases, all the nasal polyposis cases, 79-3% of headache and faceache cases and 55-5% of bronchial asthma cases.", "contents": "Bilateral Vidian neurectomy--indications and results. Indications and results of 125 Vidian neurectomies done in 64 patients have been presented. The indications were grouped as: Rhinorrhoea (37.5%), Nasal Polyposis (3.12%); Headaches and Faceaches (45.32%); and Bronchial Asthma (14-06%). Four initial Vidian neurectomies were done unilaterally and produced only partial relief in symptoms. Bilateral Vidian neurectomy relieved completely all the rhinorrhoea cases, all the nasal polyposis cases, 79-3% of headache and faceache cases and 55-5% of bronchial asthma cases.", "PMID": 850103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8971", "title": "Extramedullary plasmacytoma of the head and neck, parotid and submandibular salivary glands.", "content": "Twenty-two cases of extramedullary plasmacytomas (EMP) were diagnosed in the Birmingham region during 1962-1973. Five cases of EMP of the head and neck are discussed, including cases involving the parotid and submandibular salivary glands. Comparative data on incidence, age, sex, and survival is presented. A multidisciplinary approach is important for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. It is mandatory to carry out investigations to exclude multiple myeloma. Radiotherapy is the treatment of choice; clinical, radiological and pathological evidence are cited. However, a residuum may be left after an initial response to radiotherapy which may require surgical removal. Chemotherapy has a place in multiple site lesions. A proportion of cases proceed to multiple myeloma after a variable period of time and thus follow-up should be life-long.", "contents": "Extramedullary plasmacytoma of the head and neck, parotid and submandibular salivary glands. Twenty-two cases of extramedullary plasmacytomas (EMP) were diagnosed in the Birmingham region during 1962-1973. Five cases of EMP of the head and neck are discussed, including cases involving the parotid and submandibular salivary glands. Comparative data on incidence, age, sex, and survival is presented. A multidisciplinary approach is important for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. It is mandatory to carry out investigations to exclude multiple myeloma. Radiotherapy is the treatment of choice; clinical, radiological and pathological evidence are cited. However, a residuum may be left after an initial response to radiotherapy which may require surgical removal. Chemotherapy has a place in multiple site lesions. A proportion of cases proceed to multiple myeloma after a variable period of time and thus follow-up should be life-long.", "PMID": 850104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8972", "title": "An unusual foreign body (tooth) in the tongue.", "content": "This unusual foreign body in the tongue of a 45-year-old lady must be unique. The most interesting feature of the present case was that the patient had sustained a gun-shot injury about five months earlier leading to traumatic extraction of the first left lower molar tooth and its impaction into the tongue. The patient herself was not aware of it and she attended the hospital complaining only of a simple swelling of tongue.", "contents": "An unusual foreign body (tooth) in the tongue. This unusual foreign body in the tongue of a 45-year-old lady must be unique. The most interesting feature of the present case was that the patient had sustained a gun-shot injury about five months earlier leading to traumatic extraction of the first left lower molar tooth and its impaction into the tongue. The patient herself was not aware of it and she attended the hospital complaining only of a simple swelling of tongue.", "PMID": 850106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8973", "title": "Oesophageal involvement in epidermolysis bullosa.", "content": "Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica causing oesophageal stricture in two males of a family of 4 siblings--2 females and 2 males, and whose parents are not related, is reported. The stricture was treated with repeated dilatations and oral prednisolone on and off with complete success. A brief comment is also made with regards to the pathology and management of this condition.", "contents": "Oesophageal involvement in epidermolysis bullosa. Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica causing oesophageal stricture in two males of a family of 4 siblings--2 females and 2 males, and whose parents are not related, is reported. The stricture was treated with repeated dilatations and oral prednisolone on and off with complete success. A brief comment is also made with regards to the pathology and management of this condition.", "PMID": 850107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8974", "title": "Urea transport in the dogfish kidney.", "content": "There is increasing evidence that urea movement across many epithelia involves more than passive diffusion. Of particular interest is the observation that urea transport across the erythrocyte membrane and across the vasopressin-stimulated urinary bladder of the toad occurs by facilitated diffusion, and can be selectively inhibited by phloretin and chromate. These inhibitory agents have been employed in studies of renal urea reabsorption by the spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias. Both agents inhibit urea reabsorption; the effect of chromate is of particular interest, since it blocks urea reabsorption to a proportionately greater extent than sodium reabsorption, and does so irreversibly.", "contents": "Urea transport in the dogfish kidney. There is increasing evidence that urea movement across many epithelia involves more than passive diffusion. Of particular interest is the observation that urea transport across the erythrocyte membrane and across the vasopressin-stimulated urinary bladder of the toad occurs by facilitated diffusion, and can be selectively inhibited by phloretin and chromate. These inhibitory agents have been employed in studies of renal urea reabsorption by the spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias. Both agents inhibit urea reabsorption; the effect of chromate is of particular interest, since it blocks urea reabsorption to a proportionately greater extent than sodium reabsorption, and does so irreversibly.", "PMID": 850113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8975", "title": "Microtubules in the \"chloride cell\" of the gill and disruptive effects of colchicine on the salt balance of the sea water adapted Mugil capito.", "content": "Electron-microscopic examination of the gill of the grey mullet, Mugil capito adapted to sea water, reveals the presence of numerous microtubules in the apical region of the mitochondria-rich cells. No microtubules are found in other types of epithelial cell. Exposure of the fish to colchicine  (10(-4)M) for four hours induces a 20% increase of plasma Na and Cl. Colchicine leaves the water permeability of the gill unchanged but Cl and Na exchange fluxes are inhibited by 30-50% and the gill potential pattern is altered. Salt gain replaces salt excretion across the gill. The K dependent Na and Cl efflux components, independent of the gill potential shift produced by K, are totally inhibited by colchicine. Exposure to lumicolchicine is not followed by a significant change of these Na and Cl efflux-components and potential pattern. The possibility that microtubules intervene in the salt excretion process across the chloride cells is discussed.", "contents": "Microtubules in the \"chloride cell\" of the gill and disruptive effects of colchicine on the salt balance of the sea water adapted Mugil capito. Electron-microscopic examination of the gill of the grey mullet, Mugil capito adapted to sea water, reveals the presence of numerous microtubules in the apical region of the mitochondria-rich cells. No microtubules are found in other types of epithelial cell. Exposure of the fish to colchicine  (10(-4)M) for four hours induces a 20% increase of plasma Na and Cl. Colchicine leaves the water permeability of the gill unchanged but Cl and Na exchange fluxes are inhibited by 30-50% and the gill potential pattern is altered. Salt gain replaces salt excretion across the gill. The K dependent Na and Cl efflux components, independent of the gill potential shift produced by K, are totally inhibited by colchicine. Exposure to lumicolchicine is not followed by a significant change of these Na and Cl efflux-components and potential pattern. The possibility that microtubules intervene in the salt excretion process across the chloride cells is discussed.", "PMID": 850114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8976", "title": "Volume regulation by flounder red blood cells: the role of the membrane potential.", "content": "The nucleated red blood cells of the Winter Flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus demonstrate a volume regulatory response subsequent to osmotic perturbation. The net water movements associated with response are secondary to net inorganic cation flux. The increased net cation fluxes occur in response to increased cation permeability (Pcation). While ionic strength and cell volume do not appear to be the stimulus for the volume regulatory response i.e. increased Pcation, changes in the cell membrane potential (Vm), as calculated from the chloride distribution ratio, do appear to result in increased Pcation. These studies demonstrate that manipulations leading to membrane hyperpolarization result in net loss of cellular K and water. In contrast treatments which depolarize Vm lead to cellular uptake of Na, K, Cl and water.", "contents": "Volume regulation by flounder red blood cells: the role of the membrane potential. The nucleated red blood cells of the Winter Flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus demonstrate a volume regulatory response subsequent to osmotic perturbation. The net water movements associated with response are secondary to net inorganic cation flux. The increased net cation fluxes occur in response to increased cation permeability (Pcation). While ionic strength and cell volume do not appear to be the stimulus for the volume regulatory response i.e. increased Pcation, changes in the cell membrane potential (Vm), as calculated from the chloride distribution ratio, do appear to result in increased Pcation. These studies demonstrate that manipulations leading to membrane hyperpolarization result in net loss of cellular K and water. In contrast treatments which depolarize Vm lead to cellular uptake of Na, K, Cl and water.", "PMID": 850115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8977", "title": "Killifish opercular skin: a flat epithelium with a high density of chloride cells.", "content": "In teleosts the head region, particularly the gills, plays the key role in osmoregulatory NaCl transport, presumably by mechanisms located in the chloride cell. As interest has focused on specific mechanisms of chloride cell function, two classical preparations, the intact fish and the isolated, perfused gill, have continued to serve as the only available model systems. However, both of these preparations have severe limitations, e.g., as they are not flat sheets, they cannot be studied readily under the ideal thermodynamic conditions achieved with the short-circuit current technique. The present sutdy describes the histology and ultrastructure of a particular area of skin in the head region of both killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) and sea raven (Hemitripterus americanus). This skin lies on the inside of the operculum and possesses a flat epithelium containing chloride cells. In the present study the identity of the chloride cell in this epithelium was definitively established with the electron microscope. Although the opercular epithelium from the marine sea raven contains few chloride cells, that from the euryhaline killifish adapted to pond water, 100%-, and 200% artificial seawater is predominately chloride cells. Significantly, the teleost gill has never been reported to contain more than 10% chloride cells. Thus the opercular skin of the killifish can serve as a model to study the adaptive role of chloride cells in euryhaline teleosts. A separate electrophysiological study has deminstrated that the short-circuit current technique can be applied to this skin.", "contents": "Killifish opercular skin: a flat epithelium with a high density of chloride cells. In teleosts the head region, particularly the gills, plays the key role in osmoregulatory NaCl transport, presumably by mechanisms located in the chloride cell. As interest has focused on specific mechanisms of chloride cell function, two classical preparations, the intact fish and the isolated, perfused gill, have continued to serve as the only available model systems. However, both of these preparations have severe limitations, e.g., as they are not flat sheets, they cannot be studied readily under the ideal thermodynamic conditions achieved with the short-circuit current technique. The present sutdy describes the histology and ultrastructure of a particular area of skin in the head region of both killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) and sea raven (Hemitripterus americanus). This skin lies on the inside of the operculum and possesses a flat epithelium containing chloride cells. In the present study the identity of the chloride cell in this epithelium was definitively established with the electron microscope. Although the opercular epithelium from the marine sea raven contains few chloride cells, that from the euryhaline killifish adapted to pond water, 100%-, and 200% artificial seawater is predominately chloride cells. Significantly, the teleost gill has never been reported to contain more than 10% chloride cells. Thus the opercular skin of the killifish can serve as a model to study the adaptive role of chloride cells in euryhaline teleosts. A separate electrophysiological study has deminstrated that the short-circuit current technique can be applied to this skin.", "PMID": 850116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8978", "title": "Interdependence of Active Na+ and Cl- transport by the isolated urinary bladder of the teleost, Pseudopleuronectes americanus.", "content": "The relationship between transepithelial Na+ and Cl- active transport from the mucosal toward the serosal surface was studied by ion substitution experiments in the isolated, perfused urinary bladder of the winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus. The tissue behaves as a simple ohmic resistance of about 1000 ohm-cm2 which was not significantly changed by perfusion of the lumen (mucosal surface) with Na-free or Cl-free solutions. Trans-epithelial electrical potential difference and short-circuit current were reversed (mucosa positive to negative) by Cl-free perfusion but unaltered by Na-free medium. Short-circuit current did not agree with isotopically measured net Na+ and Cl- flux in either control or ion-substituted medium. Cl-free perfusion depressed net Na+ flux more than 50% and a similar effect was seen on net Cl- flux upon Na-free perfusion. A kinetic analysis of the relationship of Na+ or Cl- flux to the concentration of Na+ or Cl- in the perfusate in the presence and absence of Cl- or Na+, respectively, indicated that Cl-free medium acted as a non-competitive inhibitor of Na+ transport, and the effect of Na-free medium on Cl- transport could be interpreted similarly. This inter-dependence of Na+ and Cl- transport was taken as an indication of co-transport of these two ions. Amiloride (10(-4) M) seemed to inhibit a component of Na flux distinct from the Cl-dependent flux. It had no effect on Cl- transport.", "contents": "Interdependence of Active Na+ and Cl- transport by the isolated urinary bladder of the teleost, Pseudopleuronectes americanus. The relationship between transepithelial Na+ and Cl- active transport from the mucosal toward the serosal surface was studied by ion substitution experiments in the isolated, perfused urinary bladder of the winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus. The tissue behaves as a simple ohmic resistance of about 1000 ohm-cm2 which was not significantly changed by perfusion of the lumen (mucosal surface) with Na-free or Cl-free solutions. Trans-epithelial electrical potential difference and short-circuit current were reversed (mucosa positive to negative) by Cl-free perfusion but unaltered by Na-free medium. Short-circuit current did not agree with isotopically measured net Na+ and Cl- flux in either control or ion-substituted medium. Cl-free perfusion depressed net Na+ flux more than 50% and a similar effect was seen on net Cl- flux upon Na-free perfusion. A kinetic analysis of the relationship of Na+ or Cl- flux to the concentration of Na+ or Cl- in the perfusate in the presence and absence of Cl- or Na+, respectively, indicated that Cl-free medium acted as a non-competitive inhibitor of Na+ transport, and the effect of Na-free medium on Cl- transport could be interpreted similarly. This inter-dependence of Na+ and Cl- transport was taken as an indication of co-transport of these two ions. Amiloride (10(-4) M) seemed to inhibit a component of Na flux distinct from the Cl-dependent flux. It had no effect on Cl- transport.", "PMID": 850117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8979", "title": "The phlorizin effect on the transport of sugars at the antiluminal face of teased flounder tubules.", "content": "The effect of phlorizin on the uptake of sugars by teased renal tubules of the flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) and slices of rabbit kidney cortex was investigated: 1. Increasing concentrations (0.05-0.5 mM) of phlorizin inhibited the uptake of D-glucose at the antiluminal face of the tubular cells by affecting primarily the cellular levels of glucose phosphates, whereas the levels of free glucose remained constant. This result suggests the possibility that the actual transport step is associated with sugar phosphorylation. 2. As opposed to the high affinity of phlorizin for the Na+-dependent active transport system for methyl-alpha-D-glucoside in flounder and rabbit kidney, the carrier shared by glucose, 2-deoxyglucose and mannose at the antiluminal face of tubular cells displays a low affinity for the inhibitor. It is suggested that glucose and its C2-analogs enter the renal tubular cells at the antiluminal face by a phosphorylating pathway which has a low affinity for phlorizin, and mix readily with the metabolic pool. This transport pathway serves the nutritional requirements of the cells.", "contents": "The phlorizin effect on the transport of sugars at the antiluminal face of teased flounder tubules. The effect of phlorizin on the uptake of sugars by teased renal tubules of the flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) and slices of rabbit kidney cortex was investigated: 1. Increasing concentrations (0.05-0.5 mM) of phlorizin inhibited the uptake of D-glucose at the antiluminal face of the tubular cells by affecting primarily the cellular levels of glucose phosphates, whereas the levels of free glucose remained constant. This result suggests the possibility that the actual transport step is associated with sugar phosphorylation. 2. As opposed to the high affinity of phlorizin for the Na+-dependent active transport system for methyl-alpha-D-glucoside in flounder and rabbit kidney, the carrier shared by glucose, 2-deoxyglucose and mannose at the antiluminal face of tubular cells displays a low affinity for the inhibitor. It is suggested that glucose and its C2-analogs enter the renal tubular cells at the antiluminal face by a phosphorylating pathway which has a low affinity for phlorizin, and mix readily with the metabolic pool. This transport pathway serves the nutritional requirements of the cells.", "PMID": 850118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8980", "title": "Molecular aspects of chloride cell formation in Oncorhynchus. II. Isolation and characterization of gill transfer RNA's during active salt secretion.", "content": "The transfer ribonucleic acids (tRNAs) from gill filaments of coho salmon, Oncorynchus kisutch, have been isolated and were separated into individual species of acceptor tRNAs by reversed-phase column chromotography. Crude tRNAs isolated from gill filaments undergoing active salt excretion were acrylated with 14C-amino acids and combined with tRNAs acylated with 3H-amino acids, but obtained from non-secreting filaments. The radioactively labeled tRNA mixture was cochromatographed and the results showed significant differences in the elution profiles of tRNAasp and tRNAtyr. These elution profiles may reflect the differentiation of the chloride cell population that is found within the gill epithelium.", "contents": "Molecular aspects of chloride cell formation in Oncorhynchus. II. Isolation and characterization of gill transfer RNA's during active salt secretion. The transfer ribonucleic acids (tRNAs) from gill filaments of coho salmon, Oncorynchus kisutch, have been isolated and were separated into individual species of acceptor tRNAs by reversed-phase column chromotography. Crude tRNAs isolated from gill filaments undergoing active salt excretion were acrylated with 14C-amino acids and combined with tRNAs acylated with 3H-amino acids, but obtained from non-secreting filaments. The radioactively labeled tRNA mixture was cochromatographed and the results showed significant differences in the elution profiles of tRNAasp and tRNAtyr. These elution profiles may reflect the differentiation of the chloride cell population that is found within the gill epithelium.", "PMID": 850119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8981", "title": "Renal tubule ion transport and collecting duct function in the elasmobranch little skate, Raja erinacea.", "content": "Renal micropuncture and microdissection techniques with ultramicro fluid analysis have been applied to evaluate single nephron function in the skate, Raja erinacea. We have divided the skate nephron into three proximal tubular segments (PTS I-III), three distal coilings (DC I-III), and a countercurrent loop system located between the proximal segments and the distal coilings. The collecting duct is the principal site of urinary dilution. Following exposure of the fish to 75% seawater for about 24 hours, the sodium concentration difference between the end collecting duct lumen and plasma is decreased sufficiently to account for the urinary dilution. The principal site for magnesium, phosphate and sulphate secretion appears to be PTS II. This segment is located on the ventral surface of the kidney. PTS II is also the main nephron site for reabsorption of sodium and chloride in excess of water.", "contents": "Renal tubule ion transport and collecting duct function in the elasmobranch little skate, Raja erinacea. Renal micropuncture and microdissection techniques with ultramicro fluid analysis have been applied to evaluate single nephron function in the skate, Raja erinacea. We have divided the skate nephron into three proximal tubular segments (PTS I-III), three distal coilings (DC I-III), and a countercurrent loop system located between the proximal segments and the distal coilings. The collecting duct is the principal site of urinary dilution. Following exposure of the fish to 75% seawater for about 24 hours, the sodium concentration difference between the end collecting duct lumen and plasma is decreased sufficiently to account for the urinary dilution. The principal site for magnesium, phosphate and sulphate secretion appears to be PTS II. This segment is located on the ventral surface of the kidney. PTS II is also the main nephron site for reabsorption of sodium and chloride in excess of water.", "PMID": 850120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8982", "title": "Volume regulation of muscle fibres in the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus.", "content": "Cell volume regulation has been observed in vitro in many tissues. In the killifish it was studied in vivo during transfer from SW to FW and from FW to SW. It was found that the cell water content in acclimated fish varies inversely with the osmolality of the medium. During transfer from SW to FW the plasma osmolality decreased. Cell swelling was prevented through net loss of solutes from the cells. The solutes lost were not potassium or sodium and are presumed to be organic solutes. Dund no significant increase in cell solute content could be found during eight hours. During prolonged acclimation cell water content returns to a higher value.", "contents": "Volume regulation of muscle fibres in the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus. Cell volume regulation has been observed in vitro in many tissues. In the killifish it was studied in vivo during transfer from SW to FW and from FW to SW. It was found that the cell water content in acclimated fish varies inversely with the osmolality of the medium. During transfer from SW to FW the plasma osmolality decreased. Cell swelling was prevented through net loss of solutes from the cells. The solutes lost were not potassium or sodium and are presumed to be organic solutes. Dund no significant increase in cell solute content could be found during eight hours. During prolonged acclimation cell water content returns to a higher value.", "PMID": 850121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8983", "title": "Cytological changes in chloride cells following altered ionic media.", "content": "The rock-eel, Pholis, and guppy, Lebistes, adapted to fresh or saltwater were exposed to low concentrations of unnatural ions or transport inhibitors including thiocyanate, potassium and ouabain, which caused cytological alterations in the chloride cells of the gills. Some of the other substances used caused generalized damage to intracellular membranes. Highly ordered geometric arrays of the tubular reticulum were produced under certain conditions. The conditions of the experiments suggest that the tubular reticulum plays a role in ionic segragation and that the normal configuration of the reticulum is dependent on the ionic composition of the intracellular milieu.", "contents": "Cytological changes in chloride cells following altered ionic media. The rock-eel, Pholis, and guppy, Lebistes, adapted to fresh or saltwater were exposed to low concentrations of unnatural ions or transport inhibitors including thiocyanate, potassium and ouabain, which caused cytological alterations in the chloride cells of the gills. Some of the other substances used caused generalized damage to intracellular membranes. Highly ordered geometric arrays of the tubular reticulum were produced under certain conditions. The conditions of the experiments suggest that the tubular reticulum plays a role in ionic segragation and that the normal configuration of the reticulum is dependent on the ionic composition of the intracellular milieu.", "PMID": 850122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8984", "title": "Free amino acids in tissues of the skate Raja erinacea and the stingray Dasyatis sabina: effects of environmental dilution.", "content": "Concentrations of individual free amino acids were determined in various tissues of the skate (Raja erinacea) and the stingray (Dasyatis sabina), and the relationship of cellular free amino acid concentrations to intracellular osmoregulation was investigated by adapting these elasmobranchs to half-strength seawater. Each tissue characteristically had high levels of certain specific amino acids. Skate sing muscle contained high concentrations of sarcosine and beta-alanine, skate heart had high concentrations of taurine, and skate erythrocytes had high levels of taurine and beta-alanine. Amino acid levels in skate plasma were very low. High concentrations of aturine and glutamate were found in stingray brain. Adaptation of skates and stingrays to half-strength seawater was accompanied by significant decreases in concentrations of the major free amino acids in skate wing muscle and erythrocytes and in stingray brain, but not in skate heart. The data suggest that in these elasmobranchs certain specific free amino acids are selectively involved in intracellular osmoregulatory mechanisms.", "contents": "Free amino acids in tissues of the skate Raja erinacea and the stingray Dasyatis sabina: effects of environmental dilution. Concentrations of individual free amino acids were determined in various tissues of the skate (Raja erinacea) and the stingray (Dasyatis sabina), and the relationship of cellular free amino acid concentrations to intracellular osmoregulation was investigated by adapting these elasmobranchs to half-strength seawater. Each tissue characteristically had high levels of certain specific amino acids. Skate sing muscle contained high concentrations of sarcosine and beta-alanine, skate heart had high concentrations of taurine, and skate erythrocytes had high levels of taurine and beta-alanine. Amino acid levels in skate plasma were very low. High concentrations of aturine and glutamate were found in stingray brain. Adaptation of skates and stingrays to half-strength seawater was accompanied by significant decreases in concentrations of the major free amino acids in skate wing muscle and erythrocytes and in stingray brain, but not in skate heart. The data suggest that in these elasmobranchs certain specific free amino acids are selectively involved in intracellular osmoregulatory mechanisms.", "PMID": 850123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8985", "title": "Interaction of azathioprine and glutathione in the liver of the rat.", "content": "Azathioprine was administered to rats in order to study its interaction with glutathione in vivo. Glutathione levels were measured sequentially in liver, red blood cells, kidney and small intestine after i.p. injections of azathioprine (6.25-100 micronmol/100 g b.wt.). Five minutes after drug administration, dose-related selective depletion of hepatic glutathione up to 50% of control was observed. By 60 minutes 80% depletion of hepatic glutathione was observed. Red cell glutathione depletion was also observed but lagged behind hepatic changes. Five minutes after azathioprine administrations, no change in red cell glutathione was seen with all doses of azathioprine, but a dose-related increase in plasma 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine was observed. At all azathioprine doses and at all time intervals after drug administration, the hepatic contribution to total glutathione consumption predominated. No change in glutathione levels in kidney or small intestine was observed after azathioprine. Thus, the liver plays a major role in the metabolism of azathioprine through the interaction of the drug with glutathione.", "contents": "Interaction of azathioprine and glutathione in the liver of the rat. Azathioprine was administered to rats in order to study its interaction with glutathione in vivo. Glutathione levels were measured sequentially in liver, red blood cells, kidney and small intestine after i.p. injections of azathioprine (6.25-100 micronmol/100 g b.wt.). Five minutes after drug administration, dose-related selective depletion of hepatic glutathione up to 50% of control was observed. By 60 minutes 80% depletion of hepatic glutathione was observed. Red cell glutathione depletion was also observed but lagged behind hepatic changes. Five minutes after azathioprine administrations, no change in red cell glutathione was seen with all doses of azathioprine, but a dose-related increase in plasma 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine was observed. At all azathioprine doses and at all time intervals after drug administration, the hepatic contribution to total glutathione consumption predominated. No change in glutathione levels in kidney or small intestine was observed after azathioprine. Thus, the liver plays a major role in the metabolism of azathioprine through the interaction of the drug with glutathione.", "PMID": 850124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8986", "title": "The metabolism of d-, l- and dl-methadone in the isolated perfused rat liver.", "content": "Five-milligram doses of d-, l- and dl-methadone were added to the perfusate of the isolated perfused rat liver and the disposition of each compound was monitored over a period of 120 minutes. There was an initial rapid decline in concentration of each drug in the perfusate, with approximately 70% disappearing in the first 10 minutes of the perfusion. Thereafter, the rate of decline of each compound slowed and the apparent half-life was about 100 minutes. In experiments with d- l- and dl-methadone the mean hepatic extraction from the perfusate at 10 minutes was 72, 66 and 69%, respectively. A comparison of the rate of disappearance of the d- and the l-isomers from the perfusate showed that the concentration of the d-isomer at each sampling time was lower than the concentration of the l-isomer and this concentration ratio ranged between 68 and 79%. A study of the disposition of dl-methadone in the isolated perfused liver indicated that the initial rapid decline of the drug in the perfusate in the first 10 minutes was caused primarily by the uptake of the unchanged drug into the liver. Thereafter, the concentration of methadone in the perfusate and liver declined slowly with time and was paralleled by an increase in the concentration of the primary mono-N-demethylated metabolite, which appeared in the liver, perfusate and bile. Smaller quantities of more polar metabolites, including hydroxylated compounds and conjugates, were also present in the liver and bile. Addition of SKF 525-A retarded the rate of decline of methadone from the perfusate and pretreatment of the rat with phenobarbital increased the rate of biotransformation of methadone in the isolated perfused liver.", "contents": "The metabolism of d-, l- and dl-methadone in the isolated perfused rat liver. Five-milligram doses of d-, l- and dl-methadone were added to the perfusate of the isolated perfused rat liver and the disposition of each compound was monitored over a period of 120 minutes. There was an initial rapid decline in concentration of each drug in the perfusate, with approximately 70% disappearing in the first 10 minutes of the perfusion. Thereafter, the rate of decline of each compound slowed and the apparent half-life was about 100 minutes. In experiments with d- l- and dl-methadone the mean hepatic extraction from the perfusate at 10 minutes was 72, 66 and 69%, respectively. A comparison of the rate of disappearance of the d- and the l-isomers from the perfusate showed that the concentration of the d-isomer at each sampling time was lower than the concentration of the l-isomer and this concentration ratio ranged between 68 and 79%. A study of the disposition of dl-methadone in the isolated perfused liver indicated that the initial rapid decline of the drug in the perfusate in the first 10 minutes was caused primarily by the uptake of the unchanged drug into the liver. Thereafter, the concentration of methadone in the perfusate and liver declined slowly with time and was paralleled by an increase in the concentration of the primary mono-N-demethylated metabolite, which appeared in the liver, perfusate and bile. Smaller quantities of more polar metabolites, including hydroxylated compounds and conjugates, were also present in the liver and bile. Addition of SKF 525-A retarded the rate of decline of methadone from the perfusate and pretreatment of the rat with phenobarbital increased the rate of biotransformation of methadone in the isolated perfused liver.", "PMID": 850125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8987", "title": "Flunixin meglumine: a non-narcotic analgesic.", "content": "The N-methyl-d-glucamine salt of flunixin (flunixin meglumine) is a potent non-narcotic analgesic agent after parenteral administration in mice, rats and monkeys. It is significantly more potent than pentazocine, meperidine and codeine in the rat yeast paw test after subcutaneous administration in saline. Activity on intramuscular administration is comparable to that after subcutaneous administration and is enhanced when dissolved in buffered saline as compared to nonbuffered saline. In addition, flunixin meglumine also had oral activity and differs from indomethacin in having more analgesic activity per unit of anti-inflammatory activity. In mice, flunixin meglumine is equipotent to pentazocine and more potent than meperidine and codeine in the abdominal constriction test. In primates, flunixin meglumine at 10 mg/kg i.m., produced a degree of analgesic efficacy comparable to that of a clinically effective dose of morphine (0.3 mg/kg). In contrast to codeine, tolerance to the analgesic action of flunixin meglumine was not observed. Furthermore, flunixin meglumine retained its activity in rats made tolerant to codeine. Unlike narcotics, the analgesic effect of flunixin meglumine is not antagonized by naloxone after acute administration in rats. These results indicate that flunixin meglumine is a parenterally and orally effective analgesic in animals and is unlikely to have narcotic or drug dependence liability.", "contents": "Flunixin meglumine: a non-narcotic analgesic. The N-methyl-d-glucamine salt of flunixin (flunixin meglumine) is a potent non-narcotic analgesic agent after parenteral administration in mice, rats and monkeys. It is significantly more potent than pentazocine, meperidine and codeine in the rat yeast paw test after subcutaneous administration in saline. Activity on intramuscular administration is comparable to that after subcutaneous administration and is enhanced when dissolved in buffered saline as compared to nonbuffered saline. In addition, flunixin meglumine also had oral activity and differs from indomethacin in having more analgesic activity per unit of anti-inflammatory activity. In mice, flunixin meglumine is equipotent to pentazocine and more potent than meperidine and codeine in the abdominal constriction test. In primates, flunixin meglumine at 10 mg/kg i.m., produced a degree of analgesic efficacy comparable to that of a clinically effective dose of morphine (0.3 mg/kg). In contrast to codeine, tolerance to the analgesic action of flunixin meglumine was not observed. Furthermore, flunixin meglumine retained its activity in rats made tolerant to codeine. Unlike narcotics, the analgesic effect of flunixin meglumine is not antagonized by naloxone after acute administration in rats. These results indicate that flunixin meglumine is a parenterally and orally effective analgesic in animals and is unlikely to have narcotic or drug dependence liability.", "PMID": 850126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8988", "title": "Is 2-dimethylaminoethanol (deanol) indeed a precursor of brain acetylcholine? A gas chromatographic evaluation.", "content": "Acute administration of deanol-p-acetamidobenzoate (Deaner; deanol) has been reported to elevate brain choline (CH) and acetylcholine (ACh) levels. We have developed a specific and sensitive gas chromatographic assay to measure deanol levels in tissue and have applied this assay to our studies of the effect of acute deanol administration on deanol, ACh and Ch levels in rodent brains. Details of the method are described in this text. This procedure is quantitative and yields reproducible results over a wide range of deanol concentrations (0.30-200 nmol). Seven endogenous and pharmacological parameters have been studied using this procedure. In control rodent brain, liver, heart, lung and plasma, we detected no free endogenous deanol (less than 1 nmol/g). After deanol administration, we were able to detect deanol in tissue and have attempted to determine a relationship between these levels and values of ACh in the same tissue. Regardless of deanol pretreatment time (1-30 minutes) or doses (33.3-3000 mg/kg i.p.) used, we detected no increase in mouse whole brain ACh levels. Likewise, there was no detectable elevation in ACh levels in rat whole brain, cortex, striatum or hippocampus after a 15-minute pretreatment with 550 mg/kg of deanol (i.p.). The only elevation in ACh levels which we detected occurred selectively in the striatum of mice pretreated with a massive dose (900 mg/kg i.p.) of deanol for 30 minutes. This selective increase in striatal ACh levels oculd not, however, be related to levels of deanol in the striatum because there was no greater accumulation of deanol in the striatum than in other brain areas tested or in whole brain. These data do not confirm the results of other investigators who reported elevations in whole brain or striatal ACh levels after acute administration of lower doses of deanol. The data emphasize the need for further investigation into the mode of action of deanol and question its suggested role as an immediate precursor of ACh synthesis in the central nervous system.", "contents": "Is 2-dimethylaminoethanol (deanol) indeed a precursor of brain acetylcholine? A gas chromatographic evaluation. Acute administration of deanol-p-acetamidobenzoate (Deaner; deanol) has been reported to elevate brain choline (CH) and acetylcholine (ACh) levels. We have developed a specific and sensitive gas chromatographic assay to measure deanol levels in tissue and have applied this assay to our studies of the effect of acute deanol administration on deanol, ACh and Ch levels in rodent brains. Details of the method are described in this text. This procedure is quantitative and yields reproducible results over a wide range of deanol concentrations (0.30-200 nmol). Seven endogenous and pharmacological parameters have been studied using this procedure. In control rodent brain, liver, heart, lung and plasma, we detected no free endogenous deanol (less than 1 nmol/g). After deanol administration, we were able to detect deanol in tissue and have attempted to determine a relationship between these levels and values of ACh in the same tissue. Regardless of deanol pretreatment time (1-30 minutes) or doses (33.3-3000 mg/kg i.p.) used, we detected no increase in mouse whole brain ACh levels. Likewise, there was no detectable elevation in ACh levels in rat whole brain, cortex, striatum or hippocampus after a 15-minute pretreatment with 550 mg/kg of deanol (i.p.). The only elevation in ACh levels which we detected occurred selectively in the striatum of mice pretreated with a massive dose (900 mg/kg i.p.) of deanol for 30 minutes. This selective increase in striatal ACh levels oculd not, however, be related to levels of deanol in the striatum because there was no greater accumulation of deanol in the striatum than in other brain areas tested or in whole brain. These data do not confirm the results of other investigators who reported elevations in whole brain or striatal ACh levels after acute administration of lower doses of deanol. The data emphasize the need for further investigation into the mode of action of deanol and question its suggested role as an immediate precursor of ACh synthesis in the central nervous system.", "PMID": 850128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8989", "title": "Involvement of cholinergic presynaptic receptors of nicotinic and muscarinic types in the control of the spontaneous release of dopamine from striatal dopaminergic terminals in the rat.", "content": "Rat striatal slices (two) were superfused continuously with L-3,5-3H tyrosine and 3H-dopamine (3H-DA) release was estimated in serial fractions of superfusates. The spontaneous release of 3H-DA was reduced by about 50% when slices were superfused with a calcium-free medium containing ethylene glycol bis (beta-aminoethyl ether)- N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) (10(-4) M) or with a medium containg tetrodotoxin (5 x 10(-7) M). These effects were not related to a change in 3H-DA synthesis since the rate of L-3,5-3H tyrosine hydroxylation, as measured by 3H-H2O formation was not significantly reduced. Acetylcholine (ACh) (10(-5) M) stimulated the release of 3H-DA (about 100%). This effect was abolished in the absence of calcium; it was partially blocked by pempidine (10(-5) M), atropine (10(-6) M) or scopolamine (10(-5), 10(-6) M). Oxotremorine (10(-5) M) enhanced 3H-DA release but to a lesser extent (60%) than ACh (10(-5) M); its action was completely blocked by atropine (10(-6) M) and unaffected by pempidine (10(-5) M). The ACh- (10(-5) M) and oxotremorine- (10(-5) M) stimulatine effects on 3H-DA spontaneous release were still detected in slices superfused in the presence of tetrodotoxin (5 x 10(-7) M). In the presence of the neurotoxin, the effect of ACh (10(-5) M) was significantly reduced by pempidine (10(-5) M) and the effect of oxotremorine (10(-5) M) was blocked by atropine (10(-6) M). These results suggest the presence of cholinergic presynaptic receptors of the nicotinic and muscarinic types on striatal dopaminergic terminals.", "contents": "Involvement of cholinergic presynaptic receptors of nicotinic and muscarinic types in the control of the spontaneous release of dopamine from striatal dopaminergic terminals in the rat. Rat striatal slices (two) were superfused continuously with L-3,5-3H tyrosine and 3H-dopamine (3H-DA) release was estimated in serial fractions of superfusates. The spontaneous release of 3H-DA was reduced by about 50% when slices were superfused with a calcium-free medium containing ethylene glycol bis (beta-aminoethyl ether)- N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) (10(-4) M) or with a medium containg tetrodotoxin (5 x 10(-7) M). These effects were not related to a change in 3H-DA synthesis since the rate of L-3,5-3H tyrosine hydroxylation, as measured by 3H-H2O formation was not significantly reduced. Acetylcholine (ACh) (10(-5) M) stimulated the release of 3H-DA (about 100%). This effect was abolished in the absence of calcium; it was partially blocked by pempidine (10(-5) M), atropine (10(-6) M) or scopolamine (10(-5), 10(-6) M). Oxotremorine (10(-5) M) enhanced 3H-DA release but to a lesser extent (60%) than ACh (10(-5) M); its action was completely blocked by atropine (10(-6) M) and unaffected by pempidine (10(-5) M). The ACh- (10(-5) M) and oxotremorine- (10(-5) M) stimulatine effects on 3H-DA spontaneous release were still detected in slices superfused in the presence of tetrodotoxin (5 x 10(-7) M). In the presence of the neurotoxin, the effect of ACh (10(-5) M) was significantly reduced by pempidine (10(-5) M) and the effect of oxotremorine (10(-5) M) was blocked by atropine (10(-6) M). These results suggest the presence of cholinergic presynaptic receptors of the nicotinic and muscarinic types on striatal dopaminergic terminals.", "PMID": 850127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8990", "title": "Anticonvulsant activity of phenobarbital and phenytoin in combination.", "content": "The anticonvulsant properties of phenobarbital and phenytoin given individually or in various combinations were determined by the maximal electroshock seizure test in rats 2 hours after subcutaneous administration. Drug concentrations in brain and plasma obtained immediately after maximal electroshock seizure were measured by gas-liquid chromatography. Total brain anticonvulsant drug concentrations required to abolish the hindlimb extensor component of maximal electroshock seizure were similar when these drugs were employed singly or in combinations. The median effective brain concentrations (EC50) were: phenobarbital, 12.2 micronmol/kg; phenytoin 12.3 micronmol/kg; and phenobarbital plus phenytoin, 14.8 micronmol/kg. Brain/plasma concentration ratios of these drugs were not affected by concomitant administration of the other agent: phenobarbital alone, 0.73; phenobarbital in the presence of phenytoin 0.77; phenytoin, 1.21; and phenytoin in the presence of phenobarbital, 1.22. Brain and plasma concentrations of phenytoin relative to the dose employed were significantly higher (P less than .001) when phenobarbital was administered concurrently than when phenytoin was given alone. This resulted in an apparent potentiation of anticonvulsant activity at 2 hours when these drugs were administered simultaneously. The anticonvulsant activity of the two combinations could be accounted for by the sum of the concentrations of the individual drugs in brain.", "contents": "Anticonvulsant activity of phenobarbital and phenytoin in combination. The anticonvulsant properties of phenobarbital and phenytoin given individually or in various combinations were determined by the maximal electroshock seizure test in rats 2 hours after subcutaneous administration. Drug concentrations in brain and plasma obtained immediately after maximal electroshock seizure were measured by gas-liquid chromatography. Total brain anticonvulsant drug concentrations required to abolish the hindlimb extensor component of maximal electroshock seizure were similar when these drugs were employed singly or in combinations. The median effective brain concentrations (EC50) were: phenobarbital, 12.2 micronmol/kg; phenytoin 12.3 micronmol/kg; and phenobarbital plus phenytoin, 14.8 micronmol/kg. Brain/plasma concentration ratios of these drugs were not affected by concomitant administration of the other agent: phenobarbital alone, 0.73; phenobarbital in the presence of phenytoin 0.77; phenytoin, 1.21; and phenytoin in the presence of phenobarbital, 1.22. Brain and plasma concentrations of phenytoin relative to the dose employed were significantly higher (P less than .001) when phenobarbital was administered concurrently than when phenytoin was given alone. This resulted in an apparent potentiation of anticonvulsant activity at 2 hours when these drugs were administered simultaneously. The anticonvulsant activity of the two combinations could be accounted for by the sum of the concentrations of the individual drugs in brain.", "PMID": 850129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8991", "title": "Influence of prostaglandin precursors and synthesis inhibitors in vascular bed perfused without a pump.", "content": "The present investigation was coducted to examine the role of endogenous prostaglandin (PG) on blood flow and arenergic responses in the paw vasculature perfused without a pump. The PG precursors, arachidonic acid and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, given i.a. caused only small increments in paw blood flow which were much less than that caused by PGE2 and PGE1. The i.a. administration of the PG synthesis inhibitors, indomethacin, meclofenamate and naproxen, caused a decrease in paw blood flow and increase in vascular resistance, whereas eicosa-5,8,11,14-tetraynoic acid had no significant effect. Vasoconstrictor responses evoked by norepinerphrine were unaffected after administration of indomethacin or eicosa-5,8,11,14-tetraynoic acid, whereas slight potentiation of the response to sympathetic nerve stimulation was obtained after indomethacin. These results suggest that in the cutaneous vascular bed of the paw, endogenous PG decreases the vascular resitance, but plays only a minor adrenergic modulating role, and then only on the response to adrenergic nerve stimulation.", "contents": "Influence of prostaglandin precursors and synthesis inhibitors in vascular bed perfused without a pump. The present investigation was coducted to examine the role of endogenous prostaglandin (PG) on blood flow and arenergic responses in the paw vasculature perfused without a pump. The PG precursors, arachidonic acid and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, given i.a. caused only small increments in paw blood flow which were much less than that caused by PGE2 and PGE1. The i.a. administration of the PG synthesis inhibitors, indomethacin, meclofenamate and naproxen, caused a decrease in paw blood flow and increase in vascular resistance, whereas eicosa-5,8,11,14-tetraynoic acid had no significant effect. Vasoconstrictor responses evoked by norepinerphrine were unaffected after administration of indomethacin or eicosa-5,8,11,14-tetraynoic acid, whereas slight potentiation of the response to sympathetic nerve stimulation was obtained after indomethacin. These results suggest that in the cutaneous vascular bed of the paw, endogenous PG decreases the vascular resitance, but plays only a minor adrenergic modulating role, and then only on the response to adrenergic nerve stimulation.", "PMID": 850130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8992", "title": "Prostaglandins and the renin-angiotensin system in canine endotoxemia.", "content": "Adminstration of endotoxin to dogs caused a rapid initial decline in blood pressure followed by a transient recovery preceding death. Plasma renin activity was elevated 5 minutes after endotoxin administration and continued to rise throughout the course of shock. Indomethacin given 60 minutes after endotoxin caused an elevation of blood pressure and a 50% decrease in plasma renin activity. Pretreatment with indomethacin markedly attenuated both the hemodynamic changes and the rise in plasma renin activity caused by endotoxin administration. Prostaglandin (PG) E-like material was observed in renal venous blood 30 minutes after endotoxin administration and was abolished by indomethacin. In addtion, a non-PG substance was found in dialysate from both arterial and renal venous blood within 5 minutes of endotoxin administration, Renal and mesenteric angiograms were taken at various stages of shock. Endotoxin administration caused a substantial increase in the diameter of intrarenal arterial branches which was temporally associated with the appearance of PGE-like material in the renal venous effluent. The mesenteric arteries were initially and transiently constricted by endotoxin and then were markedly and chronically dilated. Indomethacin simultaneously abolished renal PG and decreased renal and mesenteric arterial diameter.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and the renin-angiotensin system in canine endotoxemia. Adminstration of endotoxin to dogs caused a rapid initial decline in blood pressure followed by a transient recovery preceding death. Plasma renin activity was elevated 5 minutes after endotoxin administration and continued to rise throughout the course of shock. Indomethacin given 60 minutes after endotoxin caused an elevation of blood pressure and a 50% decrease in plasma renin activity. Pretreatment with indomethacin markedly attenuated both the hemodynamic changes and the rise in plasma renin activity caused by endotoxin administration. Prostaglandin (PG) E-like material was observed in renal venous blood 30 minutes after endotoxin administration and was abolished by indomethacin. In addtion, a non-PG substance was found in dialysate from both arterial and renal venous blood within 5 minutes of endotoxin administration, Renal and mesenteric angiograms were taken at various stages of shock. Endotoxin administration caused a substantial increase in the diameter of intrarenal arterial branches which was temporally associated with the appearance of PGE-like material in the renal venous effluent. The mesenteric arteries were initially and transiently constricted by endotoxin and then were markedly and chronically dilated. Indomethacin simultaneously abolished renal PG and decreased renal and mesenteric arterial diameter.", "PMID": 850131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8993", "title": "Modulation of phagocytosis by and lysosomal enzyme secretion from guinea-pig neutrophils: effect of nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agents and prostaglindins.", "content": "Guinea-pig neutrophils released lysosome granule-associated beta-glucuronidase, but not cytoplasmic lactate dehydrogenase during cell contact with and phagocytosis of serum-treated zymosan particles. Naproxen, chloroquine and indomethacin inhibited particle uptake by and lysosomal enzyme secretion from neutrophils incubated with zymosan in Krebs-Ringer phosphate medium, pH 7.4, at 37 degrees C. Acetylsalicyclic acid, fenoprofen and ibuprofen were inactive. Prostaglandins (PG) E1, E2, A1, A2, B1 and B2 reduced particle ingestion by and discharge of lysosomal enzymes from neutrophils. PGF2alpha accelerated lysosomal enzyme release, had no effect on phagocytosis at high concentrations and inhibited both processes at low concentrations.. PGF1alpha was inactive. In the presence of cytochalasin B, an agent which inhibits phagocytosis while havine no effect on selective lysosomal enzyme secretion, naproxen, chloroquine and indomethacin, continued to inhibit the discharge of beta-glucuronidase from neutrophils. PGE1, PGE2, PGA1, PGA2, PGB1 and PGB2 reduced lysosomal enzyme release from cytochalasin B-treated neutrophils. PGF2alpha accelerated at high and inhibited at low concentrations the selective secretion of beta-glucuronidase from cytochalasin B-treated neutrophils. PGF1alpha was again inactive. These studies indicated that guinea-pig neutrophils are capable of a selective release of lysosomal enzymes (beta-glucuronidase) during ingestion of serum-treated zymosan particles and that certain anti-inflammatory drugs and prostaglansins may function as modulators of the phagocytic release of lysosomal enzymes from neutrophils.", "contents": "Modulation of phagocytosis by and lysosomal enzyme secretion from guinea-pig neutrophils: effect of nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agents and prostaglindins. Guinea-pig neutrophils released lysosome granule-associated beta-glucuronidase, but not cytoplasmic lactate dehydrogenase during cell contact with and phagocytosis of serum-treated zymosan particles. Naproxen, chloroquine and indomethacin inhibited particle uptake by and lysosomal enzyme secretion from neutrophils incubated with zymosan in Krebs-Ringer phosphate medium, pH 7.4, at 37 degrees C. Acetylsalicyclic acid, fenoprofen and ibuprofen were inactive. Prostaglandins (PG) E1, E2, A1, A2, B1 and B2 reduced particle ingestion by and discharge of lysosomal enzymes from neutrophils. PGF2alpha accelerated lysosomal enzyme release, had no effect on phagocytosis at high concentrations and inhibited both processes at low concentrations.. PGF1alpha was inactive. In the presence of cytochalasin B, an agent which inhibits phagocytosis while havine no effect on selective lysosomal enzyme secretion, naproxen, chloroquine and indomethacin, continued to inhibit the discharge of beta-glucuronidase from neutrophils. PGE1, PGE2, PGA1, PGA2, PGB1 and PGB2 reduced lysosomal enzyme release from cytochalasin B-treated neutrophils. PGF2alpha accelerated at high and inhibited at low concentrations the selective secretion of beta-glucuronidase from cytochalasin B-treated neutrophils. PGF1alpha was again inactive. These studies indicated that guinea-pig neutrophils are capable of a selective release of lysosomal enzymes (beta-glucuronidase) during ingestion of serum-treated zymosan particles and that certain anti-inflammatory drugs and prostaglansins may function as modulators of the phagocytic release of lysosomal enzymes from neutrophils.", "PMID": 850132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8994", "title": "Adjuvant polyarthritis I: incorporation of quantitative measurements of humoral and cellular immune response.", "content": "A modified model of adjuvant arthritis is described that permits simultaneous quantitative measurement of the humoral and the cellular immune response to a secondary immunogen (el4 cells) in the arthritic rat. Application of the new model system to mechanism studies is illustrated with cyclophosphamide. The drug is shown to suppress adjuvant arthritis by a combined anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive action.", "contents": "Adjuvant polyarthritis I: incorporation of quantitative measurements of humoral and cellular immune response. A modified model of adjuvant arthritis is described that permits simultaneous quantitative measurement of the humoral and the cellular immune response to a secondary immunogen (el4 cells) in the arthritic rat. Application of the new model system to mechanism studies is illustrated with cyclophosphamide. The drug is shown to suppress adjuvant arthritis by a combined anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive action.", "PMID": 850133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8995", "title": "Modulation of brain tryptophan hydroxylase activity by brain tryptophan content.", "content": "Although hydroxylation of tryptophan (TP) is considered to be the rate-limiting step in serotonin synthesis, the mechanism whereby tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) participates in the regulation of serotonin synthesis is still in question. Since the brain TP concentration is probably near the Km for tryptophan hydroxylase, changes in brain TP content could affect the rate of its hydroxylation. However, it has not been established whether in vivo the activity of TPH and TP in several brain nuclei and other regions of rat brain after treatments known to lower brain TP levels. Chlorimipramine, loading with neutral amino acids and a TP-deficient diet decreased the TP content of some, but not all, brain regions studied. Whenever TP decrease withe TP  injections. Several brain nuclei accumulate TP at different rates after a TP load. These data suggest possible mechanisms for regulation of serotonin synthesis in the face of fluctuating plasma levels of TP.", "contents": "Modulation of brain tryptophan hydroxylase activity by brain tryptophan content. Although hydroxylation of tryptophan (TP) is considered to be the rate-limiting step in serotonin synthesis, the mechanism whereby tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) participates in the regulation of serotonin synthesis is still in question. Since the brain TP concentration is probably near the Km for tryptophan hydroxylase, changes in brain TP content could affect the rate of its hydroxylation. However, it has not been established whether in vivo the activity of TPH and TP in several brain nuclei and other regions of rat brain after treatments known to lower brain TP levels. Chlorimipramine, loading with neutral amino acids and a TP-deficient diet decreased the TP content of some, but not all, brain regions studied. Whenever TP decrease withe TP  injections. Several brain nuclei accumulate TP at different rates after a TP load. These data suggest possible mechanisms for regulation of serotonin synthesis in the face of fluctuating plasma levels of TP.", "PMID": 850134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8996", "title": "Pharmacological evaluation of new calcium antagonists: 2-substituted 3-dimethylamino-5,6-methylenedioxyindenes.", "content": "Calcium antagonists are valuable pharmacological tools for the study of stimulussecretion and excitation-contraction coupling mechanisms. Two 2-substituted 3-dimethylamino-5,6-methylenedioxyindene hydrochlorides were tested for antagonism of the spasmogenic action of various agonists on isolated smooth muscle preparations. The 2-n-propyl and 2-n-butyl aminoindenes (5 X 10(-5) to 10(-4) M) blocked the spasmogenic action on the estrogen-treated rat uterus of prostaglandin E2 (10(-7) M), prostaglandin F2alpha tromethamine salt (10(-7) M), oxytocin (10(-3) U/ml), barium chloride (BaCl2-2H2O; 2.2 X 10(-4) M), acetylcholine chloride (10(-6) M) and ergonovine maleate (7.5 X 10(-4) M); they also blocked the contractile effect on the ileum of acetylcholine chloride (10(-6) M; rat) and histamine hydrochloride (10(-6) M; guinea pig). In further experiments on rat uterus using the agonists acetylcholine chloride (10(-6) M; which presumably acts by increasing influx of extracellular calcium into cells) and barium chloride (2.2 X 10(-4) M; which presumably contracts smooth muscle by releasing intracellular calcium), a progressive increase in extracellular calcium concentration (from 9 X 10(-4) to 7.2 X 10(-3) M CaCl2-2H2O) was paralleled by progressive reversal of the blockade produced by both 2-substituted aminoindene antagonists. In studies on the perfused bovine adrenal medulla, the 2-n-propyl aminoindene (10(-4) M) completely blocked the calcium-dependent catecholamine secretion evoked by 0.1 and 3.3 mM carbachol, without affecting the calcium-independent catecholamine secretion evoked by 33 mM acetaldehyde. These findings suggest that the aminoindene antagonists interfere with the action of calcium and that in smooth muscle the antagonism is at an intracellular site involved in excitation-contraction coupling.", "contents": "Pharmacological evaluation of new calcium antagonists: 2-substituted 3-dimethylamino-5,6-methylenedioxyindenes. Calcium antagonists are valuable pharmacological tools for the study of stimulussecretion and excitation-contraction coupling mechanisms. Two 2-substituted 3-dimethylamino-5,6-methylenedioxyindene hydrochlorides were tested for antagonism of the spasmogenic action of various agonists on isolated smooth muscle preparations. The 2-n-propyl and 2-n-butyl aminoindenes (5 X 10(-5) to 10(-4) M) blocked the spasmogenic action on the estrogen-treated rat uterus of prostaglandin E2 (10(-7) M), prostaglandin F2alpha tromethamine salt (10(-7) M), oxytocin (10(-3) U/ml), barium chloride (BaCl2-2H2O; 2.2 X 10(-4) M), acetylcholine chloride (10(-6) M) and ergonovine maleate (7.5 X 10(-4) M); they also blocked the contractile effect on the ileum of acetylcholine chloride (10(-6) M; rat) and histamine hydrochloride (10(-6) M; guinea pig). In further experiments on rat uterus using the agonists acetylcholine chloride (10(-6) M; which presumably acts by increasing influx of extracellular calcium into cells) and barium chloride (2.2 X 10(-4) M; which presumably contracts smooth muscle by releasing intracellular calcium), a progressive increase in extracellular calcium concentration (from 9 X 10(-4) to 7.2 X 10(-3) M CaCl2-2H2O) was paralleled by progressive reversal of the blockade produced by both 2-substituted aminoindene antagonists. In studies on the perfused bovine adrenal medulla, the 2-n-propyl aminoindene (10(-4) M) completely blocked the calcium-dependent catecholamine secretion evoked by 0.1 and 3.3 mM carbachol, without affecting the calcium-independent catecholamine secretion evoked by 33 mM acetaldehyde. These findings suggest that the aminoindene antagonists interfere with the action of calcium and that in smooth muscle the antagonism is at an intracellular site involved in excitation-contraction coupling.", "PMID": 850135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8997", "title": "Effects of diazepam on the biliary excretion of diphenylhydantoin in the rat.", "content": "Studies were performed to examine the effects of diazepam (DZP) on the biliary excretion of diphenylhydantoin (DPH, phenytoin) in the rat. One-hour pretreatment with DZP (150 mg/kg i.p. or 10 mg/kg i.v.) markedly suppressed the rates as well as the cumulative amounts of radioactivity excreted in bile after administration of 14C-DPH (70, 35 or 10 mg/kg i.v.). No changes in bile flow were apparent and the decreases in biliary excretion were not accompanied by increases in the urinary elimination of the drug or its metabolites. Disappearance of DPH from plasma and tissue were also reduced, and at 4 and 6 hours after DPH administration higher plasma and tissue concentrations were encountered in the DZP-treated group. The possible mechanisms by which DZP pretreatment altered the biliary excretion and the tissue distribution of DPH were examined; studies in vitro were correlated with the in vivo findings. DPH hepatic uptake and storage were apparently unaffected by DZP treatment, but liver/bile concentration ratios were suppressed. However, a direct competition between the two drugs for biliary transport was not evident. Further studies showed that liver microsomes from rats treated with DZP metabolized DPH in vitro less effectively than those from control rats. The metabolism of DPH was more markedly inhibited by the direct addition of DZP to the incubation mixtures in concentrations greater than 0.05 mM. Therefore, it appears that the effect of DZP on the metabolism of DPH is responsible for most of the observed effect although other mechanisms, including a direct effect on hepatocyte function, cannot be completely ruled out.", "contents": "Effects of diazepam on the biliary excretion of diphenylhydantoin in the rat. Studies were performed to examine the effects of diazepam (DZP) on the biliary excretion of diphenylhydantoin (DPH, phenytoin) in the rat. One-hour pretreatment with DZP (150 mg/kg i.p. or 10 mg/kg i.v.) markedly suppressed the rates as well as the cumulative amounts of radioactivity excreted in bile after administration of 14C-DPH (70, 35 or 10 mg/kg i.v.). No changes in bile flow were apparent and the decreases in biliary excretion were not accompanied by increases in the urinary elimination of the drug or its metabolites. Disappearance of DPH from plasma and tissue were also reduced, and at 4 and 6 hours after DPH administration higher plasma and tissue concentrations were encountered in the DZP-treated group. The possible mechanisms by which DZP pretreatment altered the biliary excretion and the tissue distribution of DPH were examined; studies in vitro were correlated with the in vivo findings. DPH hepatic uptake and storage were apparently unaffected by DZP treatment, but liver/bile concentration ratios were suppressed. However, a direct competition between the two drugs for biliary transport was not evident. Further studies showed that liver microsomes from rats treated with DZP metabolized DPH in vitro less effectively than those from control rats. The metabolism of DPH was more markedly inhibited by the direct addition of DZP to the incubation mixtures in concentrations greater than 0.05 mM. Therefore, it appears that the effect of DZP on the metabolism of DPH is responsible for most of the observed effect although other mechanisms, including a direct effect on hepatocyte function, cannot be completely ruled out.", "PMID": 850136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8998", "title": "Mechanism of ketamine block of nerve conduction.", "content": "The node of action of ketamine on the nerve membrane has been studied in intact and internally perfused squid giant axons at 10-12 degrees C. Voltage clamp techniques have been employed to measure the maximal values of peak transient and steady-state conductances as an index of activity and to measure the apparent reversal potential for peak transient current. When applied externally to intact axons, kketamine decreased the resting membrane potential, suppressed steady-state conductances and slightly decreased theleakage conductance, although the last effect was not statistically significant. Peak transient conductance was not appreciably affected. However, when the drug was applied internally, both peak transient and steady-state conductances were suppressed. Ketamine applied externally either to intact axons or to internally perfused axons with internal flow temporarily suspended shifted the apparent reversalpotential for peak transient current towards hyperpolarization. The shift was estimated to be 28.5 mV for 200 micronM ketamine. Wahing the intact axons with drug-free sea water shifted the reversal potential further towards membrane hyperploarization. However, internal washing quickly returned the reversal potential to near control value. The change in resting sodium influx caused by external exposure to ketamine was also measured by using radioactive sodium in external sea water at 10 degrees C. Ketamine (200 micronM) changed the resting sodium influx from (28.9 +/- 5.6) x 10(-12 mol/cm2-sec to (41.8 +/- 5.6) x 10(-12 mol/cm2-sec (mean +/- S.E.M.). The data presented in this paper strongly suggest that the shift in the reversal potential for peak current caused by ketamine is due partly to sodium ion accumulation inside the nerve and partly to the increase in the PR/PNa ratio during peak current. These changes would have a profound narcotic effect on the electrical activity of nerve fibers and nerve endings in the brain during ketamine anesthesia.", "contents": "Mechanism of ketamine block of nerve conduction. The node of action of ketamine on the nerve membrane has been studied in intact and internally perfused squid giant axons at 10-12 degrees C. Voltage clamp techniques have been employed to measure the maximal values of peak transient and steady-state conductances as an index of activity and to measure the apparent reversal potential for peak transient current. When applied externally to intact axons, kketamine decreased the resting membrane potential, suppressed steady-state conductances and slightly decreased theleakage conductance, although the last effect was not statistically significant. Peak transient conductance was not appreciably affected. However, when the drug was applied internally, both peak transient and steady-state conductances were suppressed. Ketamine applied externally either to intact axons or to internally perfused axons with internal flow temporarily suspended shifted the apparent reversalpotential for peak transient current towards hyperpolarization. The shift was estimated to be 28.5 mV for 200 micronM ketamine. Wahing the intact axons with drug-free sea water shifted the reversal potential further towards membrane hyperploarization. However, internal washing quickly returned the reversal potential to near control value. The change in resting sodium influx caused by external exposure to ketamine was also measured by using radioactive sodium in external sea water at 10 degrees C. Ketamine (200 micronM) changed the resting sodium influx from (28.9 +/- 5.6) x 10(-12 mol/cm2-sec to (41.8 +/- 5.6) x 10(-12 mol/cm2-sec (mean +/- S.E.M.). The data presented in this paper strongly suggest that the shift in the reversal potential for peak current caused by ketamine is due partly to sodium ion accumulation inside the nerve and partly to the increase in the PR/PNa ratio during peak current. These changes would have a profound narcotic effect on the electrical activity of nerve fibers and nerve endings in the brain during ketamine anesthesia.", "PMID": 850137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_8999", "title": "Effect of lidocaine and methyl lidocaine on cardiac conduction.", "content": "The effects of lidocaine and methyl lidocaine on cardiac conduction were studied using His bundle recordings from isolated blood perfused dog hearts. The input and output characteristic of the atrioventricular (AV) node can be described as consisting of three components, namely, minimal conduction time, fatigue, and the effect of prematurity (deltaCT). Lidocaine (2.5-10.0 mg/kg) increased minimal conduction time but not fatigue.  Methyl lidocaine (1.25-5.0 mg/kg) increased both. A dose of 5 mg/kg or less of either drug caused a nonparallel shift of the deltaCT curve to the right. High doses of lidocaine (10 mg/kg) cause deltaCT to become rate-dependent. Lidocaine slowed atrial conduction only slightly. Atrial block prevented the observation of the effect of methyl lidocaine in doses higher than 5.0 mg/kg. Both drugs showed greater effect on atrial conduction at fast heart rate. Lidocaine did not affect ventricular conduction time at slow heart rates and had only minimal effects at fast heart rates. Methyl lidocaine increased ventricular conduction time at all heart rates. The results of this study indicate that lidocaine and methyl lidocaine have entirely different spectra of activity on cardiac conduction, in that their effect on AV nodal conduction do not differ greatly whereas the quaternary analog has a much stronger depressant effect on atrial and ventricular conduction.", "contents": "Effect of lidocaine and methyl lidocaine on cardiac conduction. The effects of lidocaine and methyl lidocaine on cardiac conduction were studied using His bundle recordings from isolated blood perfused dog hearts. The input and output characteristic of the atrioventricular (AV) node can be described as consisting of three components, namely, minimal conduction time, fatigue, and the effect of prematurity (deltaCT). Lidocaine (2.5-10.0 mg/kg) increased minimal conduction time but not fatigue.  Methyl lidocaine (1.25-5.0 mg/kg) increased both. A dose of 5 mg/kg or less of either drug caused a nonparallel shift of the deltaCT curve to the right. High doses of lidocaine (10 mg/kg) cause deltaCT to become rate-dependent. Lidocaine slowed atrial conduction only slightly. Atrial block prevented the observation of the effect of methyl lidocaine in doses higher than 5.0 mg/kg. Both drugs showed greater effect on atrial conduction at fast heart rate. Lidocaine did not affect ventricular conduction time at slow heart rates and had only minimal effects at fast heart rates. Methyl lidocaine increased ventricular conduction time at all heart rates. The results of this study indicate that lidocaine and methyl lidocaine have entirely different spectra of activity on cardiac conduction, in that their effect on AV nodal conduction do not differ greatly whereas the quaternary analog has a much stronger depressant effect on atrial and ventricular conduction.", "PMID": 850138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9000", "title": "Inhibition of norepinephrine uptake by phenoxybenzamine and desmethylimipramine in the isolated guinea-pig atrium.", "content": "The effects of phenoxybenzamine (PBZ) and desmethylimipramine (DMI) on 3H-norepinephrine uptake by sympathetic nerve terminals of isolated guinea-pig left atrium has been investigated in the absence and in the presence of norepinephrine, tyramine, cocaine and isoproterenol, used as protecting agents. PBZ blocked the uptake of 3H-norepinephrine by 50% at a concentration of 3 micronM. For DMI the ID50 was approximately 0.33 micronM. These doses were used for all subsequent protection experiments. When incubation with PBZ was carried out in the presence of tyramine (574 micronM) the blocking effects of PBZ were completely reversed. In contrast, tyramine was unable to protect against 3H-norepinephrine uptake blockade elicited by DMI. Norepinephrine (20 micronM) or cocaine (29 micronM) afforded no protection against DMI-induced 3H-norepinephrine uptake blockade, but both agents significantly protected against blockade of PBZ. Isoproterenol (40 micronM) was unable to protect against 3H-norepinephrine uptake blockade evoked either by PBZ or DMI. The results provide strong evidence for a different site and/or mechanism of action of PBZ and DMI on the norepinephrine uptake system at adrenergic nerve terminals.", "contents": "Inhibition of norepinephrine uptake by phenoxybenzamine and desmethylimipramine in the isolated guinea-pig atrium. The effects of phenoxybenzamine (PBZ) and desmethylimipramine (DMI) on 3H-norepinephrine uptake by sympathetic nerve terminals of isolated guinea-pig left atrium has been investigated in the absence and in the presence of norepinephrine, tyramine, cocaine and isoproterenol, used as protecting agents. PBZ blocked the uptake of 3H-norepinephrine by 50% at a concentration of 3 micronM. For DMI the ID50 was approximately 0.33 micronM. These doses were used for all subsequent protection experiments. When incubation with PBZ was carried out in the presence of tyramine (574 micronM) the blocking effects of PBZ were completely reversed. In contrast, tyramine was unable to protect against 3H-norepinephrine uptake blockade elicited by DMI. Norepinephrine (20 micronM) or cocaine (29 micronM) afforded no protection against DMI-induced 3H-norepinephrine uptake blockade, but both agents significantly protected against blockade of PBZ. Isoproterenol (40 micronM) was unable to protect against 3H-norepinephrine uptake blockade evoked either by PBZ or DMI. The results provide strong evidence for a different site and/or mechanism of action of PBZ and DMI on the norepinephrine uptake system at adrenergic nerve terminals.", "PMID": 850139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9001", "title": "Role of depolarization in acetylcholine-induced contractions of dog trachealis muscle.", "content": "The effects of acetylcholine (ACh) and K+ on tension and membrane potential were studied in order to determine the role of electromechanical and pharmacomechanical coupling in ACh-induced contractions of dog trachealis muscle. Potassium causes sustained contractions of the muscle via membrane depolarization, which appears to be related in a linear manner to the log of the external K+ concentration. From the K+ experiments a curve relating membrane potential and tension was obtained. The resting membrane potential of the trachealis is -30 +/- 1 mV. At a dose of 10(-7) M ACh the membrane is depolarized to about -55 mV and then at 10(-6) M ACh there is more depolarization to about -40 mV. At higher doses of drug there is no further change in membrane potential. The relationship between the dose of ACh and tension is much different. Contraction begins at 10(-7) M ACh but does not saturate until a dose of 10(-3) M is reached. The data were interpreted by using the relationship between EM and tension from the K+ experiments and the ACh dose-response curves as follows. At 10(-7) M ACh only pharmacomechanical coupling is involved in the contraction. At higher drug doses both pharmaco- and electromechanical coupling are involved, but pharmacomechanical coupling appears to play a much greater role. The maximal contribution of electromechanical coupling is approximately 30% of the contraction and this occurs at 10(-6) M ACh.", "contents": "Role of depolarization in acetylcholine-induced contractions of dog trachealis muscle. The effects of acetylcholine (ACh) and K+ on tension and membrane potential were studied in order to determine the role of electromechanical and pharmacomechanical coupling in ACh-induced contractions of dog trachealis muscle. Potassium causes sustained contractions of the muscle via membrane depolarization, which appears to be related in a linear manner to the log of the external K+ concentration. From the K+ experiments a curve relating membrane potential and tension was obtained. The resting membrane potential of the trachealis is -30 +/- 1 mV. At a dose of 10(-7) M ACh the membrane is depolarized to about -55 mV and then at 10(-6) M ACh there is more depolarization to about -40 mV. At higher doses of drug there is no further change in membrane potential. The relationship between the dose of ACh and tension is much different. Contraction begins at 10(-7) M ACh but does not saturate until a dose of 10(-3) M is reached. The data were interpreted by using the relationship between EM and tension from the K+ experiments and the ACh dose-response curves as follows. At 10(-7) M ACh only pharmacomechanical coupling is involved in the contraction. At higher drug doses both pharmaco- and electromechanical coupling are involved, but pharmacomechanical coupling appears to play a much greater role. The maximal contribution of electromechanical coupling is approximately 30% of the contraction and this occurs at 10(-6) M ACh.", "PMID": 850140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9002", "title": "Uptake of uric acid by separated renal tubules of the rabbit. II. Effects of drugs.", "content": "The effect of various drugs on the rate of uptake of uric acid by separated renal tubules of the rabbit was investigated. Determinations were made of 150 values and slopes of the inhibition curves. The most potent inhibitor of uric acid uptake was sulfinpyrazone, with an 150 of 0.02 mM. Calcium ipodate and benzbromarone were also potent inhibitors. Uricosuric drugs, with the exception of benzbromarone, had shallow inhibition slopes. Diuretic drugs had steep inhibition slopes. More than one mechanism of action is probably involved in the inhibition of uric acid uptake in separated renal tubules by drugs.", "contents": "Uptake of uric acid by separated renal tubules of the rabbit. II. Effects of drugs. The effect of various drugs on the rate of uptake of uric acid by separated renal tubules of the rabbit was investigated. Determinations were made of 150 values and slopes of the inhibition curves. The most potent inhibitor of uric acid uptake was sulfinpyrazone, with an 150 of 0.02 mM. Calcium ipodate and benzbromarone were also potent inhibitors. Uricosuric drugs, with the exception of benzbromarone, had shallow inhibition slopes. Diuretic drugs had steep inhibition slopes. More than one mechanism of action is probably involved in the inhibition of uric acid uptake in separated renal tubules by drugs.", "PMID": 850142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9003", "title": "Potassium release from the rat submaxillary gland in vitro. III. Effects of pretreatment with reserpine.", "content": "The release of K+ from submaxillary gland slices of rats pretreated with reserpine was compared in vitro with that from control slices in paired experiments involving stimulation with catecholamines and with cholinergic secretagogues. The slices were incubated at 37 degrees C in enriched Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate medium gassed with a 95% O2-5% CO2 mixture, in the presence and in the absence of ouabain, Ca++, substrates and specific antagonists. The results indicate that: 1) slices from the treated animals had a similar extent of basal (unstimulated) net K+ release but a significantly higher extent of stimulated net K+ release than control slices; 2) in the presence of ouabain, slices from control and treated animals had similar extents of K+ efflux during basal and stimulated conditions; 3) removal of glucose from the medium resulted in an increased net K+ release from both types of slices, but removal of both glucose and the purines further increased net K+ release from control slices but not from those of treated animals; 4) blockade of receptors 2 minutes after stimulation resulted in a slower rate of K+ reuptake in the slices from treated animals when alpha receptors were blocked with phenolamine but not when cholinergic receptors were blocked with atropine; 5) removal of Ca++ from the medium inhibited the response to norepinephrine and to carbachol, but subsequent addition of Ca++ resulted in a higher extent of net K+ release form the slices of treated animals after norepinephrine, but not carbachol stimulation; 6) there was a 2.57-fold shift to the left and a 3.47-fold shift to the left in the dose-response curve to norepinephrine and carbachol, respectively, after pretreatment with reserpine. It is concluded that reserpine pretreatment: 1) alters the ability of the salivary cells to recover the extruded K+ and 2) induces supersensitivity to secretagogues which is most likely related to changes in the physiological state of the salivary cells.", "contents": "Potassium release from the rat submaxillary gland in vitro. III. Effects of pretreatment with reserpine. The release of K+ from submaxillary gland slices of rats pretreated with reserpine was compared in vitro with that from control slices in paired experiments involving stimulation with catecholamines and with cholinergic secretagogues. The slices were incubated at 37 degrees C in enriched Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate medium gassed with a 95% O2-5% CO2 mixture, in the presence and in the absence of ouabain, Ca++, substrates and specific antagonists. The results indicate that: 1) slices from the treated animals had a similar extent of basal (unstimulated) net K+ release but a significantly higher extent of stimulated net K+ release than control slices; 2) in the presence of ouabain, slices from control and treated animals had similar extents of K+ efflux during basal and stimulated conditions; 3) removal of glucose from the medium resulted in an increased net K+ release from both types of slices, but removal of both glucose and the purines further increased net K+ release from control slices but not from those of treated animals; 4) blockade of receptors 2 minutes after stimulation resulted in a slower rate of K+ reuptake in the slices from treated animals when alpha receptors were blocked with phenolamine but not when cholinergic receptors were blocked with atropine; 5) removal of Ca++ from the medium inhibited the response to norepinephrine and to carbachol, but subsequent addition of Ca++ resulted in a higher extent of net K+ release form the slices of treated animals after norepinephrine, but not carbachol stimulation; 6) there was a 2.57-fold shift to the left and a 3.47-fold shift to the left in the dose-response curve to norepinephrine and carbachol, respectively, after pretreatment with reserpine. It is concluded that reserpine pretreatment: 1) alters the ability of the salivary cells to recover the extruded K+ and 2) induces supersensitivity to secretagogues which is most likely related to changes in the physiological state of the salivary cells.", "PMID": 850141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9004", "title": "Effect of acetazolamide and parathyroid hormone on HCO3 and PO4 excretion.", "content": "It has been recently demonstrated that parathyroid hormone (PTH) inhibits renal cortical carbonic anhydrase. Based on this in vitro study, it was suggested that PTH depresses proximal reabsorption of phosphate and bicarbonate reabsorption in vivo by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase. To test this hypothesis, we measured bicarbonate and phosphate excretion in four groups of dogs. Group I received PTH for 2 hours; group II received acetazolamide for 2 hours; group III received PTH for 2 hours and acetazolamide in the 2nd hour; and in group IV, acetazolamide was given for 2 hours with PTH ADDED IN THE 2ND HOUR. Acetazolamide administration resulted in maximal bicarbonate excretion in the 1st hour and maximal phosphate excretion in the 2nd hour. Addition of acetazolamide to animals receiving PTH or addition of PTH to animals receiving acetazolamide resulted in additional increases in bicarbonate and phosphate excretion. These data demonstrate that PTH induces bicarbonate and phosphate excretion regardless of whether carbonic anhydrase is intact or nearly 100% inhibited by acetazolamide. These data do not support the hypothesis that PTH inhibits bicarbonate and phosphate reabsorption by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase.", "contents": "Effect of acetazolamide and parathyroid hormone on HCO3 and PO4 excretion. It has been recently demonstrated that parathyroid hormone (PTH) inhibits renal cortical carbonic anhydrase. Based on this in vitro study, it was suggested that PTH depresses proximal reabsorption of phosphate and bicarbonate reabsorption in vivo by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase. To test this hypothesis, we measured bicarbonate and phosphate excretion in four groups of dogs. Group I received PTH for 2 hours; group II received acetazolamide for 2 hours; group III received PTH for 2 hours and acetazolamide in the 2nd hour; and in group IV, acetazolamide was given for 2 hours with PTH ADDED IN THE 2ND HOUR. Acetazolamide administration resulted in maximal bicarbonate excretion in the 1st hour and maximal phosphate excretion in the 2nd hour. Addition of acetazolamide to animals receiving PTH or addition of PTH to animals receiving acetazolamide resulted in additional increases in bicarbonate and phosphate excretion. These data demonstrate that PTH induces bicarbonate and phosphate excretion regardless of whether carbonic anhydrase is intact or nearly 100% inhibited by acetazolamide. These data do not support the hypothesis that PTH inhibits bicarbonate and phosphate reabsorption by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase.", "PMID": 850143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9005", "title": "Study of the sites and mechanisms of action of bumetanide in man.", "content": "Acute clearance studies were performed in normal subjects to establish the site(s) and mechanism of action of the new diuretic agent, bumetanide (3-n-butylamino-4-phenoxy-5-sulfamylbenzoic acid), in the human kidney. When the drug was administered during water diuresis, solute-free water formation was unchanged associated with a peak increment in fractional sodium excretion of approximately 15% of filtered load. However, studies performed in hydropenic subjects demonstrated a virtual abolition of free water reabsorption. The diuretic caused a mild phosphaturia which did not appear to be related to alterations in parathyroid hormone. Furthermore, whereas net hydrogen ion excretion and urinary pH were unchanged, the excretion of ammonium ion, titratable acidity and bicarbonate all increased mildly. Taken together, the data suggest that the primary site of action of bumetanide is the medullary portion of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, but that in addition, bumetanide inhibits the transport of sodium in the proximal nephron. Despite the fact that the drug is a sulfonamide derivative, its proximal activity seems unrelated to a carbonic anhydrase inhibitory effect. More likely the agent interferes with proximal reabsorption by impairing sodium-phosphate linked transport.", "contents": "Study of the sites and mechanisms of action of bumetanide in man. Acute clearance studies were performed in normal subjects to establish the site(s) and mechanism of action of the new diuretic agent, bumetanide (3-n-butylamino-4-phenoxy-5-sulfamylbenzoic acid), in the human kidney. When the drug was administered during water diuresis, solute-free water formation was unchanged associated with a peak increment in fractional sodium excretion of approximately 15% of filtered load. However, studies performed in hydropenic subjects demonstrated a virtual abolition of free water reabsorption. The diuretic caused a mild phosphaturia which did not appear to be related to alterations in parathyroid hormone. Furthermore, whereas net hydrogen ion excretion and urinary pH were unchanged, the excretion of ammonium ion, titratable acidity and bicarbonate all increased mildly. Taken together, the data suggest that the primary site of action of bumetanide is the medullary portion of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, but that in addition, bumetanide inhibits the transport of sodium in the proximal nephron. Despite the fact that the drug is a sulfonamide derivative, its proximal activity seems unrelated to a carbonic anhydrase inhibitory effect. More likely the agent interferes with proximal reabsorption by impairing sodium-phosphate linked transport.", "PMID": 850144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9006", "title": "Cannabidiol--antiepileptic drug comparisons and interactions in experimentally induced seizures in rats.", "content": "A comparison of the anticonvulsant and neurotoxic effects of cannabidiol (CBD), delta 9tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol and antiepileptic drugs (phenytoin, phenobarbital, carbamazepine, chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam, ethosuximide and trimethadione) was made in rats. Median effective potencies (ED 50 values) for maximal electroshock, audiogenic seizures and TD50 values for a rotor rod neurotoxicity test were calculated. Additionally, the interactive effects of CBD and the antiepileptic drugs against maximal electroshock and audiogenic seizures were studied. Each drug was given orally at peak effect time. CBD was an effective and relatively potent anticonvulsant in both maximal electroshock and audiogenic seizure tests. The anticonvulsant potency of phenytoin was significantly increased when combined with phenobarbital, CBD and phenobarbital plus CBD. Additionally, CBD reliably reduced the anticonvulsant potencies of chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam, trimethadione and ethosuximide. These data indicate that CBD is an effective anticonvulsant with a specificity more comparable to drugs clinically effective in major than minor seizures. Furthermore, it appears that CBD enhances the anticonvulsant effects of the former and reduces the effects of the latter types of antiepileptic drugs.", "contents": "Cannabidiol--antiepileptic drug comparisons and interactions in experimentally induced seizures in rats. A comparison of the anticonvulsant and neurotoxic effects of cannabidiol (CBD), delta 9tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol and antiepileptic drugs (phenytoin, phenobarbital, carbamazepine, chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam, ethosuximide and trimethadione) was made in rats. Median effective potencies (ED 50 values) for maximal electroshock, audiogenic seizures and TD50 values for a rotor rod neurotoxicity test were calculated. Additionally, the interactive effects of CBD and the antiepileptic drugs against maximal electroshock and audiogenic seizures were studied. Each drug was given orally at peak effect time. CBD was an effective and relatively potent anticonvulsant in both maximal electroshock and audiogenic seizure tests. The anticonvulsant potency of phenytoin was significantly increased when combined with phenobarbital, CBD and phenobarbital plus CBD. Additionally, CBD reliably reduced the anticonvulsant potencies of chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam, trimethadione and ethosuximide. These data indicate that CBD is an effective anticonvulsant with a specificity more comparable to drugs clinically effective in major than minor seizures. Furthermore, it appears that CBD enhances the anticonvulsant effects of the former and reduces the effects of the latter types of antiepileptic drugs.", "PMID": 850145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9007", "title": "Narcotics and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axix: acute effects on luteinizing hormone, testosterone and androgen-dependent systems.", "content": "The effects of narcotics on several aspects of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis were examined in the male rat. Our results indicate that a large number of narcotics acutely depress serum luteinizing hormone levels and that these reduced gonadotropin levels lead to a subsequent fall (1-2 hours later) in serum testosterone levels. The luteinizing hormone-depleting effect of the narcotics appears to represent a specific narcotic action since the (-)-isomers of the narcotics were much more effective than the ()-isomers, naloxone antagonized their effects and tolerance rapidly developed. Further, our studies indicate that the impairment of the functional and structural integrity of the secondary sex organs produced by chronic narcotic administration is not due to a direct effect of these drugs since they have no effect on the uptake of subcellular distribution of testosterone in the secondary sex organs or on the androgen-dependent accumulation of myo-inositol. Consequently, it appears that the testosterone depletion produced by the narcotics is solely responsible for their adverse effect on the secondary sex organs. The results of these studies suggest that the effects of the narcotics on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis are confined to either the hypthalamus or the pituitary gland.", "contents": "Narcotics and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axix: acute effects on luteinizing hormone, testosterone and androgen-dependent systems. The effects of narcotics on several aspects of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis were examined in the male rat. Our results indicate that a large number of narcotics acutely depress serum luteinizing hormone levels and that these reduced gonadotropin levels lead to a subsequent fall (1-2 hours later) in serum testosterone levels. The luteinizing hormone-depleting effect of the narcotics appears to represent a specific narcotic action since the (-)-isomers of the narcotics were much more effective than the ()-isomers, naloxone antagonized their effects and tolerance rapidly developed. Further, our studies indicate that the impairment of the functional and structural integrity of the secondary sex organs produced by chronic narcotic administration is not due to a direct effect of these drugs since they have no effect on the uptake of subcellular distribution of testosterone in the secondary sex organs or on the androgen-dependent accumulation of myo-inositol. Consequently, it appears that the testosterone depletion produced by the narcotics is solely responsible for their adverse effect on the secondary sex organs. The results of these studies suggest that the effects of the narcotics on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis are confined to either the hypthalamus or the pituitary gland.", "PMID": 850146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9008", "title": "Identification of the biologically active form of sulindac.", "content": "In five animal species, the only quantitatively significant biotransformations undergone by cis-5-fluoro-2-methyl-1-[p-(methylsulfinyl) benzylidene]indene-3-acetic acid (sulindac) are oxidation of its sulfinyl substituent to sulfone, and reduction to sulfide. The former metabolite is eliminated unchanged and elicits no pharmacological response. The sulfide, on the other hand, is readily reoxidized in vivo to sulindac. In each of seven in vivo models of inflammation, sulfide administered as such is more active than sulindac. The inference that the activity of sulindac might be attributed in whole or in part to the sulfide was tested directly by comparison of responses with concentrations of each reduction oxidation species in appropriate biological fluids. Regression analyses of circulation levels of sunlindac and sulfide vs. inhibition of rat paw edema, and of their levels in synovial fluid vs. response in the dog knee joint assay, show highly significant correlations only for sulfide. Sulindac thus appears to be a \"latentiated\" or \"pro-drug,\" oral dosage with chich may circumvent the gastrointestinal side effects commonly associated with nonsteriod anti-inflammatory agents.", "contents": "Identification of the biologically active form of sulindac. In five animal species, the only quantitatively significant biotransformations undergone by cis-5-fluoro-2-methyl-1-[p-(methylsulfinyl) benzylidene]indene-3-acetic acid (sulindac) are oxidation of its sulfinyl substituent to sulfone, and reduction to sulfide. The former metabolite is eliminated unchanged and elicits no pharmacological response. The sulfide, on the other hand, is readily reoxidized in vivo to sulindac. In each of seven in vivo models of inflammation, sulfide administered as such is more active than sulindac. The inference that the activity of sulindac might be attributed in whole or in part to the sulfide was tested directly by comparison of responses with concentrations of each reduction oxidation species in appropriate biological fluids. Regression analyses of circulation levels of sunlindac and sulfide vs. inhibition of rat paw edema, and of their levels in synovial fluid vs. response in the dog knee joint assay, show highly significant correlations only for sulfide. Sulindac thus appears to be a \"latentiated\" or \"pro-drug,\" oral dosage with chich may circumvent the gastrointestinal side effects commonly associated with nonsteriod anti-inflammatory agents.", "PMID": 850147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9009", "title": "Responsiveness to various dipsogenic stimuli in rats treated chronically with norethynodrel, ethinyl estradiol and both combined.", "content": "Administration of the estrogen, ethinyl estradiol (36 microng/kg/day), alone, and in combination with the progestogen, norethynodrel (165 microng/kg/day), significantly attenuated the dipsogenic response characteristically induced by acute s.c. administration of the beta adrenergic agonist, dl-iosproterenol (50 microng/kg). Attenuation was apparent within 1 week of steroid treatment, and remained during the 4 weeks of testing. After 16 weeks of steroid treatment, the drinking response to acute i.p. administration of renin (2 and 4 Goldblatt units/rat) was tested. The groups receiving ethinyl estradiol alone, and in combination with norethynodrel, but not norethynodrel alone, showed a reduced water intake compared with untreated controls. Drinking induced by administration of hypertonic saline (1% of body weight of 1 M NaCl solution, i.p.) was also reduced in rats treated with the estrogenic, but not the progestational, agent. However, estrogen treatment did not affect drinking after a 24-hour period of dehydration. Although the reduced dipsogenic response to isoproterenol observed in estrogen-treated rats may reflect a reduced renin secretion, drinking could not be induced in these animals by administration of renin. In addition, the reduced dipsogenic response to hypertonic NaCl loading suggests that estrogens may inhibit thirst mechanisms centrally. Dehydration, which combines hypovolemic and osmotic thirst situmul was, however, sufficient to overcome the reduced dipsogenic responsiveness of estrogen-treated rats.", "contents": "Responsiveness to various dipsogenic stimuli in rats treated chronically with norethynodrel, ethinyl estradiol and both combined. Administration of the estrogen, ethinyl estradiol (36 microng/kg/day), alone, and in combination with the progestogen, norethynodrel (165 microng/kg/day), significantly attenuated the dipsogenic response characteristically induced by acute s.c. administration of the beta adrenergic agonist, dl-iosproterenol (50 microng/kg). Attenuation was apparent within 1 week of steroid treatment, and remained during the 4 weeks of testing. After 16 weeks of steroid treatment, the drinking response to acute i.p. administration of renin (2 and 4 Goldblatt units/rat) was tested. The groups receiving ethinyl estradiol alone, and in combination with norethynodrel, but not norethynodrel alone, showed a reduced water intake compared with untreated controls. Drinking induced by administration of hypertonic saline (1% of body weight of 1 M NaCl solution, i.p.) was also reduced in rats treated with the estrogenic, but not the progestational, agent. However, estrogen treatment did not affect drinking after a 24-hour period of dehydration. Although the reduced dipsogenic response to isoproterenol observed in estrogen-treated rats may reflect a reduced renin secretion, drinking could not be induced in these animals by administration of renin. In addition, the reduced dipsogenic response to hypertonic NaCl loading suggests that estrogens may inhibit thirst mechanisms centrally. Dehydration, which combines hypovolemic and osmotic thirst situmul was, however, sufficient to overcome the reduced dipsogenic responsiveness of estrogen-treated rats.", "PMID": 850148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9010", "title": "Lithium: modification of behavioral activity and brain biogenic amines in developing hyperthyroid rats.", "content": "Daily treatment of neonatal rats with 1-triiodothyronine for 30 days increased locomotor activity as well as the synthesis and presumably, release of brain norepinephrine, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine. Whereas administration of lithium carbonate (60 mg/kg) to normal rats for 10 days, beginning from the 20th day of age, produced no significant effect, this antimanic drug significantly decreased the observed increase in spontaneous locomotor activity in l-triiodothyronine-treated rats. Lithium treatment in normal rats increased the activity of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase, but produced no significant effect on the endogenous levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in several discrete brain regions examined. Lithium, enhanced deamination of catecholamines as evidenced by increased level of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and monoamine oxidase activity in normal rats. The activity of catechol o-methyltransferase was decreased to 82 and 59% in midbrain and crebral cortex of normal rats, respectively. Furthermore, chronic treatment with lithium increased endogenous levels of tryptophan, tryptophan hydroxylase, 5-hydroxytryptamine and its metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, in normal animals. In contrast to the effects seen in normal rats, admininstration of lithium in l-triiodothyronine-treated animals significantly decreased tyrosine hydroxylase as well as dopamine and its metabolite, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, suggesting that this antimanic drug reduced the synthesis and turnover of dopamine. However, the steady-state levels of norepinephrine were raised in hypothalamus, pons-medulla, midbrain and striatum of lithium-treated hyperthyroid rats. As seen in normal animals, lithium in l-triidothyronine-treated rats increased trytophan, tryptophan hydroxylase and 5-hydroxytryptamine levels, but decreased the concentration of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. The results show that the suppressed behavioral activity seen in lithium-treated hyperthyroid rats may be associated with decreased synthesis of norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain. Finally, the effects exerted by lithium on the brain catecholamine metabolizing system of young hyperthyroid rats were not similar to those seen in normal rats of the corresponding age group.", "contents": "Lithium: modification of behavioral activity and brain biogenic amines in developing hyperthyroid rats. Daily treatment of neonatal rats with 1-triiodothyronine for 30 days increased locomotor activity as well as the synthesis and presumably, release of brain norepinephrine, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine. Whereas administration of lithium carbonate (60 mg/kg) to normal rats for 10 days, beginning from the 20th day of age, produced no significant effect, this antimanic drug significantly decreased the observed increase in spontaneous locomotor activity in l-triiodothyronine-treated rats. Lithium treatment in normal rats increased the activity of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase, but produced no significant effect on the endogenous levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in several discrete brain regions examined. Lithium, enhanced deamination of catecholamines as evidenced by increased level of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and monoamine oxidase activity in normal rats. The activity of catechol o-methyltransferase was decreased to 82 and 59% in midbrain and crebral cortex of normal rats, respectively. Furthermore, chronic treatment with lithium increased endogenous levels of tryptophan, tryptophan hydroxylase, 5-hydroxytryptamine and its metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, in normal animals. In contrast to the effects seen in normal rats, admininstration of lithium in l-triiodothyronine-treated animals significantly decreased tyrosine hydroxylase as well as dopamine and its metabolite, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, suggesting that this antimanic drug reduced the synthesis and turnover of dopamine. However, the steady-state levels of norepinephrine were raised in hypothalamus, pons-medulla, midbrain and striatum of lithium-treated hyperthyroid rats. As seen in normal animals, lithium in l-triidothyronine-treated rats increased trytophan, tryptophan hydroxylase and 5-hydroxytryptamine levels, but decreased the concentration of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. The results show that the suppressed behavioral activity seen in lithium-treated hyperthyroid rats may be associated with decreased synthesis of norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain. Finally, the effects exerted by lithium on the brain catecholamine metabolizing system of young hyperthyroid rats were not similar to those seen in normal rats of the corresponding age group.", "PMID": 850149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9011", "title": "Tension in mechanically disrupted mammalian cardiac cells: effects of magnesium adenosine triphosphate.", "content": "1. Maximum and submaximum Ca-activated tension in mechanically disrupted rat ventricular fibres was examined in solutions containing 30 micron, 100 micron and 4 mM-MgATP and either 50 micron or 1 mM ionized Mg. 2. In the absence of added Ca, significant amounts of base-line tension (up to 50% of maximum) develop in solutions containing less than 30 micron-MgATP. This effect is Mg-dependent; more tension is produced with 50 micron-Mg than with 1 mM. 3. Increasing the MgATP concentration shifts the pCa-% maximum tension relationship in the direction of increasing Ca required for activation. At 50 micron-Mg the pCa which produces 50% maximum tension is 5-8, 5-3 and 5-5 for the 30 micron, 100 micron and 4 mM-MgATP solutions. The effect of MgATP on position is relatively independent of the Mg concentration. 4. The steepness of the pCa-% maximum tension curve increases as MgATP is elevated to the millimolar range. The Hill coefficients for the different MgATP curves at 50 micron-Mg are 1-1, 1-3 and 3-0. This change in steepness accounts for the slightly lower Ca concentration needed for half-maximum tension as the MgATP concentration is increased to millimolar levels. Raising the Mg concentration to 1 mM greatly diminishes the effect of MgATP on the slope of the pCa-tension relationship. 5. The maximum tnesion a fibre bundle can produce decreases as the amount of MgATP is raised from micromolar to millimolar levels. For 50 muM-Mg, maximum tension drops about 35% as MgATP is raised from 30 micronM to 4 mM. For any concentraiton of MgATP, maximum tension is higher at 1 mM-Mg than at 50 micron-Mg. 6. Existing theories of interaction between myosin heads and the thin filament are sufficient to account for the effects of MgATP on the position of the pCa-tension curves and on maximum tension. The effects on slope are less satisfactorily explained.", "contents": "Tension in mechanically disrupted mammalian cardiac cells: effects of magnesium adenosine triphosphate. 1. Maximum and submaximum Ca-activated tension in mechanically disrupted rat ventricular fibres was examined in solutions containing 30 micron, 100 micron and 4 mM-MgATP and either 50 micron or 1 mM ionized Mg. 2. In the absence of added Ca, significant amounts of base-line tension (up to 50% of maximum) develop in solutions containing less than 30 micron-MgATP. This effect is Mg-dependent; more tension is produced with 50 micron-Mg than with 1 mM. 3. Increasing the MgATP concentration shifts the pCa-% maximum tension relationship in the direction of increasing Ca required for activation. At 50 micron-Mg the pCa which produces 50% maximum tension is 5-8, 5-3 and 5-5 for the 30 micron, 100 micron and 4 mM-MgATP solutions. The effect of MgATP on position is relatively independent of the Mg concentration. 4. The steepness of the pCa-% maximum tension curve increases as MgATP is elevated to the millimolar range. The Hill coefficients for the different MgATP curves at 50 micron-Mg are 1-1, 1-3 and 3-0. This change in steepness accounts for the slightly lower Ca concentration needed for half-maximum tension as the MgATP concentration is increased to millimolar levels. Raising the Mg concentration to 1 mM greatly diminishes the effect of MgATP on the slope of the pCa-tension relationship. 5. The maximum tnesion a fibre bundle can produce decreases as the amount of MgATP is raised from micromolar to millimolar levels. For 50 muM-Mg, maximum tension drops about 35% as MgATP is raised from 30 micronM to 4 mM. For any concentraiton of MgATP, maximum tension is higher at 1 mM-Mg than at 50 micron-Mg. 6. Existing theories of interaction between myosin heads and the thin filament are sufficient to account for the effects of MgATP on the position of the pCa-tension curves and on maximum tension. The effects on slope are less satisfactorily explained.", "PMID": 850150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9012", "title": "Effects of cytochalasin B and dimethylsulphoxide on isosmotic fluid transport by rabbit gall-bladder in vitro.", "content": "1. Net fluid transport rate, transepithelial ohmic resistance and potential difference (p.d.), and unidirectional fluxes of Na+ were measured in rabbit gall-bladder preparations in vitro exposed on both sides to Ringer solutions of identical electrolyte composition. 2. Bilateral application of 1% dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), the solvent for cytochalasin B, rapidly and reversibly depressed net fluid transport rate by 15% and increased the lumen positive p.d. by 1-5-2-0 mV. Resistance did not change significantly. These effects of DMSO were shown to be non-specific osmotic effects. 3. Cytochalasin B (10(-5)M) applied bilaterally caused: (a) a progressive inhibition of net fluid transfer rate to 40-50% of its control value within 60 min; the effect was partly reversible within 60 min and independent of the substrates glucose, glutamate and pyruvate; (b) a progressive depression of the mucosal-to-serosal Na+ flux within the first 30 min with no further change in the flux during the following 30 min of exposure to cytochalasin B; the effect was partly reversible within 70 min; (c) a rapid but moderate increase in the passive serosal-to-mucosal Na+ flux, which continued to increase gradually during the entire 60 min period of exposure to cytochalasin B; the effect was completely reversible within 70 min; (d) a prompt drop in ohmic resistance (30%) and p.d. (40%) with no further changes in these parameters during the following 60 min of exposure to cytochalasin B. The effect on resistance was partly reversible within 90 min; the effect on p.d. was completely reversible within 30 min. 4. The results are interpreted to indicate an early inhibitory action of cytochalasin B on the active transcellular pump mechanism and to suggest a cytochalasin B-mediated progressive increase in cell membrane permeability to sodium resulting ultimately in a highly leaky epithelium. The results are compatible with the concept that a mechanochemical process is involved in isosmotic transcellular transport of fluid across low-resistance epithelia.", "contents": "Effects of cytochalasin B and dimethylsulphoxide on isosmotic fluid transport by rabbit gall-bladder in vitro. 1. Net fluid transport rate, transepithelial ohmic resistance and potential difference (p.d.), and unidirectional fluxes of Na+ were measured in rabbit gall-bladder preparations in vitro exposed on both sides to Ringer solutions of identical electrolyte composition. 2. Bilateral application of 1% dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), the solvent for cytochalasin B, rapidly and reversibly depressed net fluid transport rate by 15% and increased the lumen positive p.d. by 1-5-2-0 mV. Resistance did not change significantly. These effects of DMSO were shown to be non-specific osmotic effects. 3. Cytochalasin B (10(-5)M) applied bilaterally caused: (a) a progressive inhibition of net fluid transfer rate to 40-50% of its control value within 60 min; the effect was partly reversible within 60 min and independent of the substrates glucose, glutamate and pyruvate; (b) a progressive depression of the mucosal-to-serosal Na+ flux within the first 30 min with no further change in the flux during the following 30 min of exposure to cytochalasin B; the effect was partly reversible within 70 min; (c) a rapid but moderate increase in the passive serosal-to-mucosal Na+ flux, which continued to increase gradually during the entire 60 min period of exposure to cytochalasin B; the effect was completely reversible within 70 min; (d) a prompt drop in ohmic resistance (30%) and p.d. (40%) with no further changes in these parameters during the following 60 min of exposure to cytochalasin B. The effect on resistance was partly reversible within 90 min; the effect on p.d. was completely reversible within 30 min. 4. The results are interpreted to indicate an early inhibitory action of cytochalasin B on the active transcellular pump mechanism and to suggest a cytochalasin B-mediated progressive increase in cell membrane permeability to sodium resulting ultimately in a highly leaky epithelium. The results are compatible with the concept that a mechanochemical process is involved in isosmotic transcellular transport of fluid across low-resistance epithelia.", "PMID": 850153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9013", "title": "The orderly recruitment of motor units of the masseter and temporal muscles during voluntary isometric contraction in man.", "content": "1. The contractile properties of the motor units of the masseter and temporal muscles of human subjects were studied during voluntary isometric contractions, using a method previously employed to examine units of a small hand muscle. 2. Over the range of forces studied (0-6 kg), the units of both muscles were recruited in an orderly fashion, with a nearly linear relationship between the voluntary force at which units were recruited and their measured twitch tensions. 3. The range of contraction times (25-90 msec) was similar to that observed for the hand muscle. In some subjects it seemed that small units, recruited at low forces, exhibited shorter contraction times.", "contents": "The orderly recruitment of motor units of the masseter and temporal muscles during voluntary isometric contraction in man. 1. The contractile properties of the motor units of the masseter and temporal muscles of human subjects were studied during voluntary isometric contractions, using a method previously employed to examine units of a small hand muscle. 2. Over the range of forces studied (0-6 kg), the units of both muscles were recruited in an orderly fashion, with a nearly linear relationship between the voluntary force at which units were recruited and their measured twitch tensions. 3. The range of contraction times (25-90 msec) was similar to that observed for the hand muscle. In some subjects it seemed that small units, recruited at low forces, exhibited shorter contraction times.", "PMID": 850157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9014", "title": "Reaction of intact spinal motoneurones to partial denervation of the muscle.", "content": "1. The properties of soleus motoneurones of the cat were examined with intracellular electrodes about 3 weeks after partial denervation of the soleus muscle. Soleus motoneurones whose axons had been left intact were distinguished from those whose axons had been sectioned by the presence or absence of muscle contraction in response to intracellular stimulation of each motoneurone. 2. The average twitch tension of motor units evoked by intracellular stimulation of intact soleus motoneurones after partial denervation of the muscle was not significantly different from that observed in control, unoperated cats. Therefore, it was assumed that the majority of intact motoneurones had not been subject to injuries in their axons upon partial denervation. 3. Soleus motoneurones whose axons had been sectioned showed a significant increase in overshoot of action potentials and a significant decrease in resting membrane potential, in axonal conduction velocity and in the duration of after-hyperpolarization. 4. Soleus motoneurones whose axons had been left intact also showed a significantly shorter after-hyperpolarization than that seen in control, unoperated cats. Other electrophysiological properties of the intact soleus motoneurones were indistinguishable from those observed in unoperated animals. 5. The decrease of the duration of after-hyperpolarization in intact soleus motoneurones was greater in highly denervated preparations than in moderately denervated preparations. 6. The decrease of the duration of after-hyperpolarization in intact soleus motoneurones was associated with a decrease in contraction times of the innervated muscle fibres, the former preceding the latter by one to two weeks. 7. It is concluded that motoneurone properties can be modified without injury to their axons and that alterations in the properties of intact motoneurones depend upon the degree of partial denervation of the muscle. The possible signal for alterations of motoneurone properties is discussed. 8. It is also concluded that the contractile properties of muscle fibres can be modified without cross-union of the nerves. It is suggested that the contractile properties of muscle fibres may be linked to the duration of after-hyperpolarization or to some mechanism related to this factor in the innervating motoneurones.", "contents": "Reaction of intact spinal motoneurones to partial denervation of the muscle. 1. The properties of soleus motoneurones of the cat were examined with intracellular electrodes about 3 weeks after partial denervation of the soleus muscle. Soleus motoneurones whose axons had been left intact were distinguished from those whose axons had been sectioned by the presence or absence of muscle contraction in response to intracellular stimulation of each motoneurone. 2. The average twitch tension of motor units evoked by intracellular stimulation of intact soleus motoneurones after partial denervation of the muscle was not significantly different from that observed in control, unoperated cats. Therefore, it was assumed that the majority of intact motoneurones had not been subject to injuries in their axons upon partial denervation. 3. Soleus motoneurones whose axons had been sectioned showed a significant increase in overshoot of action potentials and a significant decrease in resting membrane potential, in axonal conduction velocity and in the duration of after-hyperpolarization. 4. Soleus motoneurones whose axons had been left intact also showed a significantly shorter after-hyperpolarization than that seen in control, unoperated cats. Other electrophysiological properties of the intact soleus motoneurones were indistinguishable from those observed in unoperated animals. 5. The decrease of the duration of after-hyperpolarization in intact soleus motoneurones was greater in highly denervated preparations than in moderately denervated preparations. 6. The decrease of the duration of after-hyperpolarization in intact soleus motoneurones was associated with a decrease in contraction times of the innervated muscle fibres, the former preceding the latter by one to two weeks. 7. It is concluded that motoneurone properties can be modified without injury to their axons and that alterations in the properties of intact motoneurones depend upon the degree of partial denervation of the muscle. The possible signal for alterations of motoneurone properties is discussed. 8. It is also concluded that the contractile properties of muscle fibres can be modified without cross-union of the nerves. It is suggested that the contractile properties of muscle fibres may be linked to the duration of after-hyperpolarization or to some mechanism related to this factor in the innervating motoneurones.", "PMID": 850159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9015", "title": "Reduction of potassium permeability by chloride substitution in cardiac cells.", "content": "1. The efflux of radioactive K and Cl ions was measured in cow Purkinje fibres and ventricular preparations of cow, cat and frog. The effect of K and Cl was studied by changing the extracellular K concentration between zero and 54 mM, and by substituting Cl ions by acetylglycinate, isethionate, benzenesulphonate, propionate and nitrate. 2. In the absence of Cl the rate coefficient for 42K efflux showed a pronounced fall, which was more pronounced the higher the K concentration. This effect was not related to the change in membrane potential. The rate coefficient for 42K efflux increased in the presence of higher extracellular K concentrations. 3. 36Cl efflux increased in the presence of reduced as well as increased extracellular K concentrations. 4. The calculated permeability coefficient for K (PK) was maximal at 5-4 mM-K, decreased slightly at higher K concentrations, but fell markedly in K-free solutions, (to about 1/5 of the value in 5-4 mM-K). In Cl-free medium PK reduced to 0-67 of the value in the Cl medium, irrespective of the K concentration. 5. The calculated PCl was greater in K-free and 16-2 mM-K than in 5-4 mM-K. 6. The ratio PK/PCl showed important changes as a function of extracellular K concentration: the value was 5 in 5-4 mM-K and fell to 2 and 0-5 respectively in 16-2 and K-free solutions. 7. The results suggest that part of the changes in membrane resistance measured by electrical methods in Cl-free media is due to a simultaneous decrease in K conductance.", "contents": "Reduction of potassium permeability by chloride substitution in cardiac cells. 1. The efflux of radioactive K and Cl ions was measured in cow Purkinje fibres and ventricular preparations of cow, cat and frog. The effect of K and Cl was studied by changing the extracellular K concentration between zero and 54 mM, and by substituting Cl ions by acetylglycinate, isethionate, benzenesulphonate, propionate and nitrate. 2. In the absence of Cl the rate coefficient for 42K efflux showed a pronounced fall, which was more pronounced the higher the K concentration. This effect was not related to the change in membrane potential. The rate coefficient for 42K efflux increased in the presence of higher extracellular K concentrations. 3. 36Cl efflux increased in the presence of reduced as well as increased extracellular K concentrations. 4. The calculated permeability coefficient for K (PK) was maximal at 5-4 mM-K, decreased slightly at higher K concentrations, but fell markedly in K-free solutions, (to about 1/5 of the value in 5-4 mM-K). In Cl-free medium PK reduced to 0-67 of the value in the Cl medium, irrespective of the K concentration. 5. The calculated PCl was greater in K-free and 16-2 mM-K than in 5-4 mM-K. 6. The ratio PK/PCl showed important changes as a function of extracellular K concentration: the value was 5 in 5-4 mM-K and fell to 2 and 0-5 respectively in 16-2 and K-free solutions. 7. The results suggest that part of the changes in membrane resistance measured by electrical methods in Cl-free media is due to a simultaneous decrease in K conductance.", "PMID": 850161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9016", "title": "The effect of insulin on the transport of sodium and potassium in rat soleus muscle.", "content": "1. The action of insulin on the transport and the distribution of Na and K has been studied in rat soleus muscles incubated at 30 degrees C in glucose-free Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer. 2. Measurements of the uptake and the wash-out of 22Na indicate that the muscles contain an intracellular pool of Na available for transport which is confined to the water space not available to sucrose. Ouabain (10(-4)-10(-3)M) inhibited 22Na efflux by 69% (0-287 micronmole/g tissue wet weight per minute) and 42K-influx by 40% (0-196 micronmole/g tissue wet weight per minute). When all extracellular Na was replaced by Li, both 22Na-efflux adn 42K-influx were inhibited to about the same extent and ouabain produced very little further inhibition. 2,4-dinitrophenol decreased the ouabain-resistant component of 22Na-efflux by 39%. 3. Insulin (from 0-1 to 100 mu./ml.) increased the rate coefficient of 22Na-efflux by from 11 to 46% within 15 min. In the presence of ouabain (10(-3)M), the same relative increase was obtained, indicating that the hormone stimulates the glycoside-sensitive and the glycoside-insensitive Na transport to a similar extent. The effect of insulin on 22Na-efflux was not abolished by tetracaine (0-5 X 10(-3)M), phlorizin (0-5 X 10(-2)M) or by the substitution of Na, K, Mg or Ca. In the presence of 2,4-dinitrophenol (0-5 X 10(-4)M) or at temperatures below 15 degrees C, the hormone produced no detectable change in 22Na-efflux. 4. Insulin increased 42K-influx from 0-525 to 0-664 mumole/g tissue wet weight per minute. This effect was entirely blocked by ouabain but not by tetracaine. Insulin produced a 14% transient decrease in 42K-efflux. 5. The continued exposure to insulin led to a new steady state, in which the intracellular Na pool was decreased from around 10 to around 5 mumole/g tissue wet weight and the K content increased by an equivalent amount. In the presence of ouabain or at low extracellular concentrations of K, insulin increased the rate of 22Na-influx by around 35%. This effect was blocked by 2,4-dinitrophenol but not be tetracaine. 6. It is concluded that insulin stimulates the active coupled transport of Na and K, possibly by increasing the relative Na-affinity of the system mediating this process.", "contents": "The effect of insulin on the transport of sodium and potassium in rat soleus muscle. 1. The action of insulin on the transport and the distribution of Na and K has been studied in rat soleus muscles incubated at 30 degrees C in glucose-free Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer. 2. Measurements of the uptake and the wash-out of 22Na indicate that the muscles contain an intracellular pool of Na available for transport which is confined to the water space not available to sucrose. Ouabain (10(-4)-10(-3)M) inhibited 22Na efflux by 69% (0-287 micronmole/g tissue wet weight per minute) and 42K-influx by 40% (0-196 micronmole/g tissue wet weight per minute). When all extracellular Na was replaced by Li, both 22Na-efflux adn 42K-influx were inhibited to about the same extent and ouabain produced very little further inhibition. 2,4-dinitrophenol decreased the ouabain-resistant component of 22Na-efflux by 39%. 3. Insulin (from 0-1 to 100 mu./ml.) increased the rate coefficient of 22Na-efflux by from 11 to 46% within 15 min. In the presence of ouabain (10(-3)M), the same relative increase was obtained, indicating that the hormone stimulates the glycoside-sensitive and the glycoside-insensitive Na transport to a similar extent. The effect of insulin on 22Na-efflux was not abolished by tetracaine (0-5 X 10(-3)M), phlorizin (0-5 X 10(-2)M) or by the substitution of Na, K, Mg or Ca. In the presence of 2,4-dinitrophenol (0-5 X 10(-4)M) or at temperatures below 15 degrees C, the hormone produced no detectable change in 22Na-efflux. 4. Insulin increased 42K-influx from 0-525 to 0-664 mumole/g tissue wet weight per minute. This effect was entirely blocked by ouabain but not by tetracaine. Insulin produced a 14% transient decrease in 42K-efflux. 5. The continued exposure to insulin led to a new steady state, in which the intracellular Na pool was decreased from around 10 to around 5 mumole/g tissue wet weight and the K content increased by an equivalent amount. In the presence of ouabain or at low extracellular concentrations of K, insulin increased the rate of 22Na-influx by around 35%. This effect was blocked by 2,4-dinitrophenol but not be tetracaine. 6. It is concluded that insulin stimulates the active coupled transport of Na and K, possibly by increasing the relative Na-affinity of the system mediating this process.", "PMID": 850160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9017", "title": "The electrical properties and active ion transport across the urinary bladder of the urodele, Amphiuma means.", "content": "1. The electrical properties and the active transport processes of the isolated urinary bladder of the urodele, Amphiuma means, were studied by mounting this tissue as a flat sheet between two halves of a lucite chamber. The mean transepithelial potential difference was 70-2 +/- 2-3 mV (serosa positive), the mean short-circuit current was 10-9 +/- 0-5 micrionA/mg of dry weight and the mean transepithelial d.c. resistance was 6540 +/- 374 omega mg of dry weight. 2. The short-circuit current (Isc) accounted for 92% of the net 22Na+ flux from the mucosa to the serosa. The difference resulted from a transport of 36Cl- in the same direction as sodium. 3. The active sodium transport exhibited typical saturation kinetics, having a Km of 15-4 m-equiv/l. and approaching zero order at 60-70 m-equiv/l. The transepithelial potential difference increased linearly with the log of the mucosal sodium concentration at a rate of 50-3 mV per tenfold concentration change. 4. In the absence of the major anions (HCO3- and Cl-) from the bathing solutions, the electrical properties and the sodium influx decreased to less than 40% of their control values. The presence of only one of these two anions in the serosal bathing solution was sufficient to maintain these parameters. 5. Amiloride (10(-5)M) and ouabain (10(-6)M) inhibited the sodium transport 97% and 85% respectively. Amphotericin B (10(-6)M) stimulated the sodium transport 47%. Furosemide (10(-3)M) inhibited the chloride transport 43%. The sodium transport was insensitive to the action of two enurohypophyseal peptides tested, lysine-vasotocin and pitocin.", "contents": "The electrical properties and active ion transport across the urinary bladder of the urodele, Amphiuma means. 1. The electrical properties and the active transport processes of the isolated urinary bladder of the urodele, Amphiuma means, were studied by mounting this tissue as a flat sheet between two halves of a lucite chamber. The mean transepithelial potential difference was 70-2 +/- 2-3 mV (serosa positive), the mean short-circuit current was 10-9 +/- 0-5 micrionA/mg of dry weight and the mean transepithelial d.c. resistance was 6540 +/- 374 omega mg of dry weight. 2. The short-circuit current (Isc) accounted for 92% of the net 22Na+ flux from the mucosa to the serosa. The difference resulted from a transport of 36Cl- in the same direction as sodium. 3. The active sodium transport exhibited typical saturation kinetics, having a Km of 15-4 m-equiv/l. and approaching zero order at 60-70 m-equiv/l. The transepithelial potential difference increased linearly with the log of the mucosal sodium concentration at a rate of 50-3 mV per tenfold concentration change. 4. In the absence of the major anions (HCO3- and Cl-) from the bathing solutions, the electrical properties and the sodium influx decreased to less than 40% of their control values. The presence of only one of these two anions in the serosal bathing solution was sufficient to maintain these parameters. 5. Amiloride (10(-5)M) and ouabain (10(-6)M) inhibited the sodium transport 97% and 85% respectively. Amphotericin B (10(-6)M) stimulated the sodium transport 47%. Furosemide (10(-3)M) inhibited the chloride transport 43%. The sodium transport was insensitive to the action of two enurohypophyseal peptides tested, lysine-vasotocin and pitocin.", "PMID": 850164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9018", "title": "Metabolic energy dependence of glucose, water and sodium absorption in the presence and absence of 'downhill' sodium gradients across isolated rat small intestine.", "content": "1. Absorption of glucose and water was studied in isolated perfused rat small intestine with arterial infusion under normal conditions and with a 'downhill' sodium gradient across the mucosa. 2. The effects of metabolic inhibitors, iodoacetate phenformin and dinitrophenol, on absorption were determined in the presence of normal and 'downhill' sodium gradients. 3. Glucose absorption was inhibited by each inhibitor, and the inhibition was independent of the direction of the sodium gradient. 4. Net sodium flux across the mucosa was also inhibited under 'downhill' sodium gradient conditions. 5. The simultaneous and parallel inhibition of both glucose and sodium transport is consistent with, but does not prove, the sodium gradient theory.", "contents": "Metabolic energy dependence of glucose, water and sodium absorption in the presence and absence of 'downhill' sodium gradients across isolated rat small intestine. 1. Absorption of glucose and water was studied in isolated perfused rat small intestine with arterial infusion under normal conditions and with a 'downhill' sodium gradient across the mucosa. 2. The effects of metabolic inhibitors, iodoacetate phenformin and dinitrophenol, on absorption were determined in the presence of normal and 'downhill' sodium gradients. 3. Glucose absorption was inhibited by each inhibitor, and the inhibition was independent of the direction of the sodium gradient. 4. Net sodium flux across the mucosa was also inhibited under 'downhill' sodium gradient conditions. 5. The simultaneous and parallel inhibition of both glucose and sodium transport is consistent with, but does not prove, the sodium gradient theory.", "PMID": 850166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9019", "title": "Comparison of the critical periods for monocular and directional deprivation in cats.", "content": "1. Earlier experiments rearing kittens with one eye closed and reversing the closure after a certain age, or rearing kittens in a rotating drum and reversing the direction after a certain age, suggest that the critical periods for ocular dominance and directional sensitivity may differ. Since these results were obtained by different investigators in different laboratories, we have made a direct comparison of the two types of visual deprivation. 2. Four pairs of litter-mate kittens (matched in weight) were reared. One animal in each pair was monocularly deprived with subsequent eye reversal; the other animal was directionally deprived with reversal of drum direction. All reversals took place at age 5 weeks. Both kittens in a given pair were either 'left first' (left eye open first or left direction first) or both were right first. One died prematurely. 3. Recordings were made from the visual cortex at some age after 4 months. Some recordings were made in the left cortex and some in the right. In all cases of monocular deprivation, the majority of cells were driven by the eye that was open last (i.e. open after 5 weeks of age). In all cases of directional deprivation, the majority of the cells preferred movement in the first direction of exposure (i.e. the direction before 5 weeks of age). 4. We conclude that the critical period for directional deprivation terminates earlier than the critical period for monocular deprivation.", "contents": "Comparison of the critical periods for monocular and directional deprivation in cats. 1. Earlier experiments rearing kittens with one eye closed and reversing the closure after a certain age, or rearing kittens in a rotating drum and reversing the direction after a certain age, suggest that the critical periods for ocular dominance and directional sensitivity may differ. Since these results were obtained by different investigators in different laboratories, we have made a direct comparison of the two types of visual deprivation. 2. Four pairs of litter-mate kittens (matched in weight) were reared. One animal in each pair was monocularly deprived with subsequent eye reversal; the other animal was directionally deprived with reversal of drum direction. All reversals took place at age 5 weeks. Both kittens in a given pair were either 'left first' (left eye open first or left direction first) or both were right first. One died prematurely. 3. Recordings were made from the visual cortex at some age after 4 months. Some recordings were made in the left cortex and some in the right. In all cases of monocular deprivation, the majority of cells were driven by the eye that was open last (i.e. open after 5 weeks of age). In all cases of directional deprivation, the majority of the cells preferred movement in the first direction of exposure (i.e. the direction before 5 weeks of age). 4. We conclude that the critical period for directional deprivation terminates earlier than the critical period for monocular deprivation.", "PMID": 850168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9020", "title": "Microcalorimetric determination of energy expenditure due to active sodium-potassium transport in the soleus muscle and brown adipose tissue of the rat.", "content": "1. The resting heat production rate (E) of soleus muscles from young rats and brown adipose tissue from adult rats was measured by means of a perfusable heat flux microcalorimeter in the absence and presence of ouabain. In the soleus muscle, the acute response of E to ouabain was compared with the ouabain-suppressible components of 22Na-efflux and 42K-influx. 2. In standard Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer, ouabain (10(-3)M) induced an immediate but transient decrease in E of around 5%. Both in muscle and adipose tissue this was followed by a progressive rise in heat production rate. 3. When the medium was enriched with Mg (10 mM), ouabain produced a sustained decrease in E of the same magnitude as in the standard medium and the secondary rise was less marked or abolished. Under these conditions, in the soleus muscle, ouabain inhibited E by 5% (i.e. by 1-76 +/- 0-22 mcal.g wet wt.-1.min-1), 22Na-efflux by 58% (0-187 +/- 0-013 micronmole. g wet wt.-1.min-1) and 42K-influx by 34% (0-132 +/- 0-028 micronmole. g wet wt.-1.min-1). 4. When the muscles were loaded with Na by pre-incubation in K-free Mg-enriched medium, the addition of K (3mM) induced an immediate ouabain-suppressible increase in E of 2-98 +/- 0-33 mcal. g wet wt.-1.min-1 and a concomitant stimulation of 22Na-efflux of 0-388 +/- 0-136 micronmole. g wet wt.-1.min-1. 5. Maximum Na/ATP ratios for the active Na-K transport process were computed, with no assumption as to the in vivo free energy of ATP hydrolysis. These were 2-1, 1-9 and 2-3 under the conditions described in paragraphs (2), (3) and (4) respectively. 6. The calculated reversible thermodynamic work associated with active Na-K transport corresponded to 34% of the measured ouabain-induced decrease in E. On the premise that the maximum efficiency of the cellular energy conservation processes is 65%, this estimate indicates that the minimum energetic efficiency of ATP utilization by the active Na-K transport process in mammalian muscle is 52%.", "contents": "Microcalorimetric determination of energy expenditure due to active sodium-potassium transport in the soleus muscle and brown adipose tissue of the rat. 1. The resting heat production rate (E) of soleus muscles from young rats and brown adipose tissue from adult rats was measured by means of a perfusable heat flux microcalorimeter in the absence and presence of ouabain. In the soleus muscle, the acute response of E to ouabain was compared with the ouabain-suppressible components of 22Na-efflux and 42K-influx. 2. In standard Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer, ouabain (10(-3)M) induced an immediate but transient decrease in E of around 5%. Both in muscle and adipose tissue this was followed by a progressive rise in heat production rate. 3. When the medium was enriched with Mg (10 mM), ouabain produced a sustained decrease in E of the same magnitude as in the standard medium and the secondary rise was less marked or abolished. Under these conditions, in the soleus muscle, ouabain inhibited E by 5% (i.e. by 1-76 +/- 0-22 mcal.g wet wt.-1.min-1), 22Na-efflux by 58% (0-187 +/- 0-013 micronmole. g wet wt.-1.min-1) and 42K-influx by 34% (0-132 +/- 0-028 micronmole. g wet wt.-1.min-1). 4. When the muscles were loaded with Na by pre-incubation in K-free Mg-enriched medium, the addition of K (3mM) induced an immediate ouabain-suppressible increase in E of 2-98 +/- 0-33 mcal. g wet wt.-1.min-1 and a concomitant stimulation of 22Na-efflux of 0-388 +/- 0-136 micronmole. g wet wt.-1.min-1. 5. Maximum Na/ATP ratios for the active Na-K transport process were computed, with no assumption as to the in vivo free energy of ATP hydrolysis. These were 2-1, 1-9 and 2-3 under the conditions described in paragraphs (2), (3) and (4) respectively. 6. The calculated reversible thermodynamic work associated with active Na-K transport corresponded to 34% of the measured ouabain-induced decrease in E. On the premise that the maximum efficiency of the cellular energy conservation processes is 65%, this estimate indicates that the minimum energetic efficiency of ATP utilization by the active Na-K transport process in mammalian muscle is 52%.", "PMID": 850182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9021", "title": "Effects of applied currents on turtle cones in darkness and during the photoresponse.", "content": "1. The voltage changes, produced by pulses of current of various intensities and polarities into turtle cones, were examined both in darkness and during the photoresponse. 2. Depolarizing pulses of current produced voltage deflexions which, during the photoresponse, were increased to a greater extent than those produced by pulses of current of the same intensity and opposite polarity. 3. Voltage-current relationships were measured both in darkness and during illumination. During illumination they display a non-linear behaviour, the curve being steeper for positive than for negative currents. 4. These non-linearities are greatly attenuated following exposure of the retina to a solution containing 5 mM-CoCl2 which is known to block synaptic transmission. The effects of CoCl2 are readily reversible when the retina is returned to normal conditions. 5. By comparing the effects produced by pulses of current injected into individual cones with those observed in horizontal cells following stimulation with a radial current, it is observed that the non-linear behaviour of the cone membrane during the photoresponse can be, at least in part, accounted for by events occurring in post-synaptic elements (i.e. horizontal cells).", "contents": "Effects of applied currents on turtle cones in darkness and during the photoresponse. 1. The voltage changes, produced by pulses of current of various intensities and polarities into turtle cones, were examined both in darkness and during the photoresponse. 2. Depolarizing pulses of current produced voltage deflexions which, during the photoresponse, were increased to a greater extent than those produced by pulses of current of the same intensity and opposite polarity. 3. Voltage-current relationships were measured both in darkness and during illumination. During illumination they display a non-linear behaviour, the curve being steeper for positive than for negative currents. 4. These non-linearities are greatly attenuated following exposure of the retina to a solution containing 5 mM-CoCl2 which is known to block synaptic transmission. The effects of CoCl2 are readily reversible when the retina is returned to normal conditions. 5. By comparing the effects produced by pulses of current injected into individual cones with those observed in horizontal cells following stimulation with a radial current, it is observed that the non-linear behaviour of the cone membrane during the photoresponse can be, at least in part, accounted for by events occurring in post-synaptic elements (i.e. horizontal cells).", "PMID": 850195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9022", "title": "The release of vasopressin by nicotine: further studies on its site of action.", "content": "1. In cats anaesthetized with chloralose the release of vasopressin in response to nicotine injections was examined. This release was measured by assaying the hormone in samples of venous blood. 2. Nicotine injections were given by three different routes, namely intravertebral, intracarotid and intravenous. The first two represent close arterial routes to the medulla and to the hypothalamus, respectively, the effects of which could be compared to those following intravenous, i.e. systemic, administration. 3. Nicotine was found to increase vasopressin secretion by all three routes of administration. The potency of intracarotid injections was found to be no greater than that of intravenous injections, in sharp contrast to intravertebral injections, which were 4-5 times more potent. 4. In terms of vascular effects, intracarotid and intravenous injections of nicotine were found to increase blood pressure, whereas intravertebral injections of low doses of nicotine were always followed by a fall in blood pressure. Higher doses of intravertebral nicotine produce mixed results, pressor or depressor, in different animals. 5. The vasodepressor effect of intravertebral nicotine was part of a cardiovascular response which included a lowering of total peripheral resistance and of stroke work, whereas the cardiac output, the heart rate and the stroke volume remained essentially unchanged. 6. These results clearly indicate that a medullary area, which has been previously described, is the most sensitive site for the vasopressin releasing action of nicotine and that systemic administration of the drug induces vasopressin secretion by virtue of its action on the medulla, rather than directly on the supraoptic nucleus. 7. The results also indicate that the vasodepressor effect which follows the application of nicotine on the medulla is chiefly due to vasodilator effects on systemic blood vessels, with practically no action on cardiac function. The significance of these results is discussed.", "contents": "The release of vasopressin by nicotine: further studies on its site of action. 1. In cats anaesthetized with chloralose the release of vasopressin in response to nicotine injections was examined. This release was measured by assaying the hormone in samples of venous blood. 2. Nicotine injections were given by three different routes, namely intravertebral, intracarotid and intravenous. The first two represent close arterial routes to the medulla and to the hypothalamus, respectively, the effects of which could be compared to those following intravenous, i.e. systemic, administration. 3. Nicotine was found to increase vasopressin secretion by all three routes of administration. The potency of intracarotid injections was found to be no greater than that of intravenous injections, in sharp contrast to intravertebral injections, which were 4-5 times more potent. 4. In terms of vascular effects, intracarotid and intravenous injections of nicotine were found to increase blood pressure, whereas intravertebral injections of low doses of nicotine were always followed by a fall in blood pressure. Higher doses of intravertebral nicotine produce mixed results, pressor or depressor, in different animals. 5. The vasodepressor effect of intravertebral nicotine was part of a cardiovascular response which included a lowering of total peripheral resistance and of stroke work, whereas the cardiac output, the heart rate and the stroke volume remained essentially unchanged. 6. These results clearly indicate that a medullary area, which has been previously described, is the most sensitive site for the vasopressin releasing action of nicotine and that systemic administration of the drug induces vasopressin secretion by virtue of its action on the medulla, rather than directly on the supraoptic nucleus. 7. The results also indicate that the vasodepressor effect which follows the application of nicotine on the medulla is chiefly due to vasodilator effects on systemic blood vessels, with practically no action on cardiac function. The significance of these results is discussed.", "PMID": 850196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9023", "title": "Excitatory responses of neurones in rat bulbar reticular formation to bulbar raphe stimulation and to iontophoretically applied 5-hydroxytryptamine, and their blockade by LSD 25.", "content": "1. The micro-iontophoretic technique has been used to study the responses of single neurones in the bulbar reticular formation to 5-hydroxytryptamine and to noradrenaline, ACh or glutamate, and to compare these with the responses to electrical stimulation in or near the bulbar raphe nuclei. 2. In the bulbar reticular formation, most neurones were excited by 5-hydroxytryptamine; forty-three of fifty-one neurones excited by 5-hydroxytryptamine were also excited by stimulation in nucleus raphe magnus, nucleus raphe pallidus or nucleus raphe obscurus. Most of these stimulation-induced excitations were of long latency: LSD reduced six of seven of these excitations tested, while 5-hydroxytryptamine excitations were blocked on all seven. 3. In contrast, stimulation of areas adjacent to the raphe nuclei excited only fifteen of forty-six neurones excited by 5-hydroxytryptamine. Most of these stimulation effects were of short latency and none of the three tested were reduced by LSD, although 5-hydroxytryptamine excitations were blocked. 4. The relationship of the long-latency excitatory effects of stimulation with the position of the stimulating electrode in the raphe nuclei indicates that these effects are probably mediated via the raphe neurones and this is supported by the correlation of the effects of raphe stimulation with the effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine applied iontophoretically and by the ability of LSD to block both effects. 5. The results provide a physiological basis for the excitatory effects of iontophoretically applied 5-hydroxytryptamine in the bulbar reticular formation.", "contents": "Excitatory responses of neurones in rat bulbar reticular formation to bulbar raphe stimulation and to iontophoretically applied 5-hydroxytryptamine, and their blockade by LSD 25. 1. The micro-iontophoretic technique has been used to study the responses of single neurones in the bulbar reticular formation to 5-hydroxytryptamine and to noradrenaline, ACh or glutamate, and to compare these with the responses to electrical stimulation in or near the bulbar raphe nuclei. 2. In the bulbar reticular formation, most neurones were excited by 5-hydroxytryptamine; forty-three of fifty-one neurones excited by 5-hydroxytryptamine were also excited by stimulation in nucleus raphe magnus, nucleus raphe pallidus or nucleus raphe obscurus. Most of these stimulation-induced excitations were of long latency: LSD reduced six of seven of these excitations tested, while 5-hydroxytryptamine excitations were blocked on all seven. 3. In contrast, stimulation of areas adjacent to the raphe nuclei excited only fifteen of forty-six neurones excited by 5-hydroxytryptamine. Most of these stimulation effects were of short latency and none of the three tested were reduced by LSD, although 5-hydroxytryptamine excitations were blocked. 4. The relationship of the long-latency excitatory effects of stimulation with the position of the stimulating electrode in the raphe nuclei indicates that these effects are probably mediated via the raphe neurones and this is supported by the correlation of the effects of raphe stimulation with the effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine applied iontophoretically and by the ability of LSD to block both effects. 5. The results provide a physiological basis for the excitatory effects of iontophoretically applied 5-hydroxytryptamine in the bulbar reticular formation.", "PMID": 850197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9024", "title": "Axon-collateral activation by dorsal spinocerebellar tract fibres of group I relay cells of nucleus Z in the cat medulla oblongata.", "content": "1. The problem whether the group I hind limb cerebral tract and the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT) have common spinal axons has been investigated in the present study. 2. Thirty-two cells located in the nucleus Z of the cat medulla oblongata and activated by spinal fibres in the dorsolateral fascicle were selected for the study. 3. Extracellular recording from these neurones demonstrated that most of them were monosynaptically linked to spinal fibres excited by ipsilateral hind limb group I muscle afferents. The cells exhibited a restricted spatial convergence and had a limited excitatory convergence from group II muscle and from skin afferents. 4. Antidromic activation from the contralateral thalamus showed that they were bulbothalamic relay cells. 5. Cerebellar surface or depth stimulation activated 88% of the twenty-six cells tested at a short latency. With a collision technique it was demonstrated that twelve out of twenty-three (52%) of these group I relay neurones were activated by axon-collaterals of the DSCT. 6. 43% of the cells activated from the cerebellum, but not proven to be linked to the DSCT, could, nevertheless, have been excited by DSCT axon-collaterals, if it is assumed that different fibres converging with excitation on the group I relay cells were activated in the collision test.", "contents": "Axon-collateral activation by dorsal spinocerebellar tract fibres of group I relay cells of nucleus Z in the cat medulla oblongata. 1. The problem whether the group I hind limb cerebral tract and the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT) have common spinal axons has been investigated in the present study. 2. Thirty-two cells located in the nucleus Z of the cat medulla oblongata and activated by spinal fibres in the dorsolateral fascicle were selected for the study. 3. Extracellular recording from these neurones demonstrated that most of them were monosynaptically linked to spinal fibres excited by ipsilateral hind limb group I muscle afferents. The cells exhibited a restricted spatial convergence and had a limited excitatory convergence from group II muscle and from skin afferents. 4. Antidromic activation from the contralateral thalamus showed that they were bulbothalamic relay cells. 5. Cerebellar surface or depth stimulation activated 88% of the twenty-six cells tested at a short latency. With a collision technique it was demonstrated that twelve out of twenty-three (52%) of these group I relay neurones were activated by axon-collaterals of the DSCT. 6. 43% of the cells activated from the cerebellum, but not proven to be linked to the DSCT, could, nevertheless, have been excited by DSCT axon-collaterals, if it is assumed that different fibres converging with excitation on the group I relay cells were activated in the collision test.", "PMID": 850198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9025", "title": "Input from ipsilateral proprio- and exteroceptive hind limb afferents to nucleus Z of the cat medulla oblongata.", "content": "1. Extracellular recordings have been made from proprio- and exteroceptive neurones in nucleus Z of the cat medulla oblongata. 2. Seventeen non-relay cells were excited by ipsilateral hind limb group I muscle afferents. Their functional were similar to those of the corresponding relay cells (Johansson & Silfvenius, 1977), i.e. activation by axon-collaterals of dorsolateral fascicle (DLF) fibres was observed, indicative of an input from the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT) to these neurones. The non-relay cells differed, however, from the relay cells in that a larger proportion of them were disynaptically connected to the spinal fibres. It is suggested that the non-relay cells by inhibition modulate the group I relay transmission in nucleus Z. 3. Fifteen cells were excited by ipsilateral hind limb low threshold skin afferents with their spinal fibres at the first cervical segment located either in the DLF or in the dorsal column (DC). Evidence for a cutaneous hind limb bulbothalamic path independent of that of the DC and of the spinocervicolemniscal path is presented. 4. Six cells were activated by ipsilateral hind limb joint afferents at low threshold. At the C1 level the spinal fibres were located either in the DLF or in the DC. No joint activated relay-cells were encountered. Axon-collateral activation of DLF-linked joint cells was observed during cerebellar stimulation, indicating that segmental DSCT cells mediated the joint input to nucleus Z. 5. The topographical organization within nucleus Z and its input relation to the DSCT is discussed.", "contents": "Input from ipsilateral proprio- and exteroceptive hind limb afferents to nucleus Z of the cat medulla oblongata. 1. Extracellular recordings have been made from proprio- and exteroceptive neurones in nucleus Z of the cat medulla oblongata. 2. Seventeen non-relay cells were excited by ipsilateral hind limb group I muscle afferents. Their functional were similar to those of the corresponding relay cells (Johansson & Silfvenius, 1977), i.e. activation by axon-collaterals of dorsolateral fascicle (DLF) fibres was observed, indicative of an input from the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT) to these neurones. The non-relay cells differed, however, from the relay cells in that a larger proportion of them were disynaptically connected to the spinal fibres. It is suggested that the non-relay cells by inhibition modulate the group I relay transmission in nucleus Z. 3. Fifteen cells were excited by ipsilateral hind limb low threshold skin afferents with their spinal fibres at the first cervical segment located either in the DLF or in the dorsal column (DC). Evidence for a cutaneous hind limb bulbothalamic path independent of that of the DC and of the spinocervicolemniscal path is presented. 4. Six cells were activated by ipsilateral hind limb joint afferents at low threshold. At the C1 level the spinal fibres were located either in the DLF or in the DC. No joint activated relay-cells were encountered. Axon-collateral activation of DLF-linked joint cells was observed during cerebellar stimulation, indicating that segmental DSCT cells mediated the joint input to nucleus Z. 5. The topographical organization within nucleus Z and its input relation to the DSCT is discussed.", "PMID": 850199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9026", "title": "Fractionation studies on the absorption of labelled immunoglobulin G by the gut of young rats.", "content": "1. Centrifugation in density gradients was used to study the fragments produced during intraluminal and intracellular digestion, after the injection of 125I-labelled immunoglobulin G (IgG) into different regions of the small intestine of 14 to 15-day-old (pre-closure) and 24-day-old (post-closure/ rats. 2. After injection into the proximal small intestine and into the ileum of pre-closure animals, the bulk of the radioactivity recorded for gut washes and gut homogenates was located at 4S-7S. The serum from animals which had received injections into the proximal small intestine had high radioactivity and one peak at 7S; the serum from animals which had received injections into the ileum had low radioactivity and no activity in the 7S region. 3. After injection into the proximal small intestine of post-closure animals, the bulk of the radioactivity recorded for gut wash samples was located at 3-5S--5S. Gut homogenates had peak activity at 2-5S--4S. Thus large molecular weight products can be absorbed by the proximal enterocytes of post-closure rats and degraded. The sera of these animals had low radioactivity. 4. After injection into the distal small intestine of post-closure animals, the bulk of the radioactivity recorded for gut wash and gut homogenate samples was located at 4S-7S and in this respect the radioactivity plots resembled those for (2) above. Serum radioactivity was low. 5. The effect of precipitation with trichloroacetic acid and incubation with specific antiserum upon the radioactivity of gut washes, gut homogenates and serum samples was recorded. 6. The relevance of these findings to studies on the transmission of protein by the rat small intestine is discussed.", "contents": "Fractionation studies on the absorption of labelled immunoglobulin G by the gut of young rats. 1. Centrifugation in density gradients was used to study the fragments produced during intraluminal and intracellular digestion, after the injection of 125I-labelled immunoglobulin G (IgG) into different regions of the small intestine of 14 to 15-day-old (pre-closure) and 24-day-old (post-closure/ rats. 2. After injection into the proximal small intestine and into the ileum of pre-closure animals, the bulk of the radioactivity recorded for gut washes and gut homogenates was located at 4S-7S. The serum from animals which had received injections into the proximal small intestine had high radioactivity and one peak at 7S; the serum from animals which had received injections into the ileum had low radioactivity and no activity in the 7S region. 3. After injection into the proximal small intestine of post-closure animals, the bulk of the radioactivity recorded for gut wash samples was located at 3-5S--5S. Gut homogenates had peak activity at 2-5S--4S. Thus large molecular weight products can be absorbed by the proximal enterocytes of post-closure rats and degraded. The sera of these animals had low radioactivity. 4. After injection into the distal small intestine of post-closure animals, the bulk of the radioactivity recorded for gut wash and gut homogenate samples was located at 4S-7S and in this respect the radioactivity plots resembled those for (2) above. Serum radioactivity was low. 5. The effect of precipitation with trichloroacetic acid and incubation with specific antiserum upon the radioactivity of gut washes, gut homogenates and serum samples was recorded. 6. The relevance of these findings to studies on the transmission of protein by the rat small intestine is discussed.", "PMID": 850201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9027", "title": "Connexions from large, ipsilateral hind limb muscle and skin afferents to the rostral main cuneate nucleus and to the nucleus X region in the cat.", "content": "1. Evidence is presented for an input from ipsilateral hind limb group I muscle afferents and low threshold cutaneous afferents, to cells in the rostral division of the main cuneate nucleus (rMCN) and in the region of the descending vestibular nucleus and the nucleus X of Brodal & Pompeiano (1957a), the (DV-X). 2. Thirteen group I-rMCN cells were recorded from. The functional properties of these cells were similar to those of nueleus Z (Landgren & Silfvenius, 1971; Johansson & Silfvenius, 1977a, b). The cells were monosynaptically linked to spinal dorsolateral fascicle (DLF) fibres. Nine cells projected to the contralateral thalamus, i.e. a second group I hind limb bulbothalamic tract is described. Ten cells were synaptically activated from the ipsilateral cerebellum from the anterior projection zone of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT). Axon-collateral activation by DSCT fibres was established for two of these cells. They were both bulbothalamic relay cells. For the remaining eight cells, activated from the cerebellum, this was not proven. These cells could, however, either be linked to DSCT fibres or to short axon-collaterals of a cell body of unknown location. A projection from the rMCN to the cerebellum is described and agrees with recent anatomical findings. Two cells were not excited from the cerebellum. 3. Four rMCN cells were activated by cutaneous afferents with their secondary axons in the DLF. Suggestive evidence for a bulbothalamic cutaneous hind limb path via the rMCN is presented. Two cells were activated from the cerebellum, presumably via axon-collaterals of nonsegmental cells. 4. Eight group I-DV-X cells were recorded from. They were monosynaptically linked to spinal DLF fibres and resembled functionally the nucleus Z and rMCN cells when stimulated from the periphery. Two cells projected to the contralateral thalamus, and two others were synaptically excited. Seven cells were activated from the ipsilateral cerebellum. Two of them projected to the cerebellum, and three were synapitcally activated by axon-collaterals of an undefined non-segmental cell. 5. Two DV-X cells which were activated by cutaneous afferents possibly had their spinal fibres deep in the dorsal column. Both were activated from the cerebellum, one by collaterals of a spinal axon. The functional organization of the three juxtaposed medullary nuclei, Z, rMCN and DV-X is discussed.", "contents": "Connexions from large, ipsilateral hind limb muscle and skin afferents to the rostral main cuneate nucleus and to the nucleus X region in the cat. 1. Evidence is presented for an input from ipsilateral hind limb group I muscle afferents and low threshold cutaneous afferents, to cells in the rostral division of the main cuneate nucleus (rMCN) and in the region of the descending vestibular nucleus and the nucleus X of Brodal & Pompeiano (1957a), the (DV-X). 2. Thirteen group I-rMCN cells were recorded from. The functional properties of these cells were similar to those of nueleus Z (Landgren & Silfvenius, 1971; Johansson & Silfvenius, 1977a, b). The cells were monosynaptically linked to spinal dorsolateral fascicle (DLF) fibres. Nine cells projected to the contralateral thalamus, i.e. a second group I hind limb bulbothalamic tract is described. Ten cells were synaptically activated from the ipsilateral cerebellum from the anterior projection zone of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT). Axon-collateral activation by DSCT fibres was established for two of these cells. They were both bulbothalamic relay cells. For the remaining eight cells, activated from the cerebellum, this was not proven. These cells could, however, either be linked to DSCT fibres or to short axon-collaterals of a cell body of unknown location. A projection from the rMCN to the cerebellum is described and agrees with recent anatomical findings. Two cells were not excited from the cerebellum. 3. Four rMCN cells were activated by cutaneous afferents with their secondary axons in the DLF. Suggestive evidence for a bulbothalamic cutaneous hind limb path via the rMCN is presented. Two cells were activated from the cerebellum, presumably via axon-collaterals of nonsegmental cells. 4. Eight group I-DV-X cells were recorded from. They were monosynaptically linked to spinal DLF fibres and resembled functionally the nucleus Z and rMCN cells when stimulated from the periphery. Two cells projected to the contralateral thalamus, and two others were synaptically excited. Seven cells were activated from the ipsilateral cerebellum. Two of them projected to the cerebellum, and three were synapitcally activated by axon-collaterals of an undefined non-segmental cell. 5. Two DV-X cells which were activated by cutaneous afferents possibly had their spinal fibres deep in the dorsal column. Both were activated from the cerebellum, one by collaterals of a spinal axon. The functional organization of the three juxtaposed medullary nuclei, Z, rMCN and DV-X is discussed.", "PMID": 850200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9028", "title": "Cellular and extracellular dehydration, and angiotensin as stimuli to drinking in the common iguana Iguana iguana.", "content": "1. After water deprivation, the iguana promptly drank slightly more than enough water to restore the body fluids to isotonicity even under conditions of hypervolaemia. 2. In response to systemic injections of hypertonic solutions of NaCl and sucrose, the iguana drank and retained enough water to dilute the injected load to isotonicity irrespective of whether water was offered immediately or after 3 hr, and irrespective of whether the solute was administered I.V. or I.P. 3. Hypertonic solutions to glucose, urea, sorbitol and KCl caused little drinking. 4. The long latencies to drinking after hypertonic loads, which were not dependent on the nature of the solute, the route of administration or the dosage, were shown not to be a result of slow distribution of the solute throughout the body fluids. 5. Clearance of injected solutes via renal and extra-renal (nasal salt gland) routes was negligible during the 6 hr experimental period. 6. Measurements of plasma [Na], haematocrit, osmotic pressure and inulin space showed that the iguana drank, in response to cellular dehydration, enough water to restore the intracellular fluid volume to normal. 7. We conclude that, in response to substances which dehydrate cells, the iguana regulates its body osmolality precisely and efficiently provided it is able to do so by drinking. In this respect the responses of the iguana are similar to those of the nephrectomized rat since, in the short term, both rely exclusively on drinking to restore cellular water to normal. 8. The iguana also drinks in response to extracellular dehydration produced by hyperoncotic peritoneal dialysis, and in response to I.P. angiotensin II.", "contents": "Cellular and extracellular dehydration, and angiotensin as stimuli to drinking in the common iguana Iguana iguana. 1. After water deprivation, the iguana promptly drank slightly more than enough water to restore the body fluids to isotonicity even under conditions of hypervolaemia. 2. In response to systemic injections of hypertonic solutions of NaCl and sucrose, the iguana drank and retained enough water to dilute the injected load to isotonicity irrespective of whether water was offered immediately or after 3 hr, and irrespective of whether the solute was administered I.V. or I.P. 3. Hypertonic solutions to glucose, urea, sorbitol and KCl caused little drinking. 4. The long latencies to drinking after hypertonic loads, which were not dependent on the nature of the solute, the route of administration or the dosage, were shown not to be a result of slow distribution of the solute throughout the body fluids. 5. Clearance of injected solutes via renal and extra-renal (nasal salt gland) routes was negligible during the 6 hr experimental period. 6. Measurements of plasma [Na], haematocrit, osmotic pressure and inulin space showed that the iguana drank, in response to cellular dehydration, enough water to restore the intracellular fluid volume to normal. 7. We conclude that, in response to substances which dehydrate cells, the iguana regulates its body osmolality precisely and efficiently provided it is able to do so by drinking. In this respect the responses of the iguana are similar to those of the nephrectomized rat since, in the short term, both rely exclusively on drinking to restore cellular water to normal. 8. The iguana also drinks in response to extracellular dehydration produced by hyperoncotic peritoneal dialysis, and in response to I.P. angiotensin II.", "PMID": 850202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9029", "title": "Three pharmacologically distinct potassium channels in molluscan neurones.", "content": "1. Potassium currents were studied under voltage-clamp conditions in nerve cell bodies of the nudibranch Tritonia diomedia. 2. Potassium currents could be separated into three distinct components on the basis of their sensitivity to 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), tetraethyl-ammonium (TEA) and to Co2+ and Mn2+ ions. 3. A transient potassium current, similar to the fast outward current described by Connor & Stevens (1971b) and Neher (1971), was blocked by externally applied 4-AP but was much less sensitive to TEA or to Co2+ or Mn2+. A single 4-AP ion binds each receptor with an apparent dissociation constant of 1-5 X 10(-3) M. 4-AP decreases the rates of activation and inactivation and reduces the maximum conductance of transient current channels. 4. Delayed outward current was not effected by 4-AP at concentrations which blocked the transient current, but it could be divided into two components by external application of TEA and Co2+ or Mn2+. 5. A voltage-dependent component of delayed current, termed K-current, was blocked by TEA. Each K-current receptor binds a single TEA ion with an apparent dissociation constant of 8 X 10(-3) M. Co2+ and Mn2+ have little or no effect on K-current. 6. A second component of delayed outward current, termed C-current, depends on Ca2+ entry for its activation. It is similar to the Ca2+ dependent potassium current reported by Meech & Stranden (1975) in Helix cells. C-current is essentially blocked by 30 mM external Co2+ or Mn2+. It is little affected by TEA, however, being reduced by about 20% at a TEA concentration of 100 mM. 7. It is concluded that three sets of potassium selective channels contribute to the outward current and that these channels can be separated pharmacologically.", "contents": "Three pharmacologically distinct potassium channels in molluscan neurones. 1. Potassium currents were studied under voltage-clamp conditions in nerve cell bodies of the nudibranch Tritonia diomedia. 2. Potassium currents could be separated into three distinct components on the basis of their sensitivity to 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), tetraethyl-ammonium (TEA) and to Co2+ and Mn2+ ions. 3. A transient potassium current, similar to the fast outward current described by Connor & Stevens (1971b) and Neher (1971), was blocked by externally applied 4-AP but was much less sensitive to TEA or to Co2+ or Mn2+. A single 4-AP ion binds each receptor with an apparent dissociation constant of 1-5 X 10(-3) M. 4-AP decreases the rates of activation and inactivation and reduces the maximum conductance of transient current channels. 4. Delayed outward current was not effected by 4-AP at concentrations which blocked the transient current, but it could be divided into two components by external application of TEA and Co2+ or Mn2+. 5. A voltage-dependent component of delayed current, termed K-current, was blocked by TEA. Each K-current receptor binds a single TEA ion with an apparent dissociation constant of 8 X 10(-3) M. Co2+ and Mn2+ have little or no effect on K-current. 6. A second component of delayed outward current, termed C-current, depends on Ca2+ entry for its activation. It is similar to the Ca2+ dependent potassium current reported by Meech & Stranden (1975) in Helix cells. C-current is essentially blocked by 30 mM external Co2+ or Mn2+. It is little affected by TEA, however, being reduced by about 20% at a TEA concentration of 100 mM. 7. It is concluded that three sets of potassium selective channels contribute to the outward current and that these channels can be separated pharmacologically.", "PMID": 850203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9030", "title": "Utilization of blood-borne and intramuscular substrates during continuous and intermittent exercise in man.", "content": "1. Substrate utilization in the legs during bicycle exercise was studied in five subjects when performing intermittent intense exercise (15 sec work--15 sec rest) as well as continuous exercise during 60 min, with an almost identical average power output and oxygen uptake in both situations. 2. Muscle biopsies were obtained from vastus lateralis at rest, during, and after exercise in order to determine intramuscular lipid and carbohydrate utilization. The contribution from blood-borne substrates to total oxidative metabolism was determined by arterial-femoral venous (a-fv) differences for oxygen, FFA, glucose, and lactate and leg blood flow. 3. Intermittent and continuous exercise revealed a similar glycogen depletion and the intramuscular lactate accumulation was rather small. A similar uptake of blood-borne substrate (FFA, glucose) was found in both situations whereas a release of lactate only was observed in intermittent exercise. 4. ATP and CP levels oscillated between work and rest periods in intermittent exercise but were not resynthesized to resting levels at the end of the rest periods. The mainly aerobic energy release during each work period in intermittent exercise is partly caused by myoglobin functioning as an oxygen store; this factor was calculated to be more important than ATP and CP or lactate level oscillations. 5. The metabolic response to intermittent exercise was found to be similar to that found in continuous exercise with approximately the same average power output and oxygen uptake. This indicates that some factor in the intermediary metabolism, for instance citrate, functions as a regulator retarding glycolysis and favouring lipid utilization and an aerobic energy release in intermittent exercise.", "contents": "Utilization of blood-borne and intramuscular substrates during continuous and intermittent exercise in man. 1. Substrate utilization in the legs during bicycle exercise was studied in five subjects when performing intermittent intense exercise (15 sec work--15 sec rest) as well as continuous exercise during 60 min, with an almost identical average power output and oxygen uptake in both situations. 2. Muscle biopsies were obtained from vastus lateralis at rest, during, and after exercise in order to determine intramuscular lipid and carbohydrate utilization. The contribution from blood-borne substrates to total oxidative metabolism was determined by arterial-femoral venous (a-fv) differences for oxygen, FFA, glucose, and lactate and leg blood flow. 3. Intermittent and continuous exercise revealed a similar glycogen depletion and the intramuscular lactate accumulation was rather small. A similar uptake of blood-borne substrate (FFA, glucose) was found in both situations whereas a release of lactate only was observed in intermittent exercise. 4. ATP and CP levels oscillated between work and rest periods in intermittent exercise but were not resynthesized to resting levels at the end of the rest periods. The mainly aerobic energy release during each work period in intermittent exercise is partly caused by myoglobin functioning as an oxygen store; this factor was calculated to be more important than ATP and CP or lactate level oscillations. 5. The metabolic response to intermittent exercise was found to be similar to that found in continuous exercise with approximately the same average power output and oxygen uptake. This indicates that some factor in the intermediary metabolism, for instance citrate, functions as a regulator retarding glycolysis and favouring lipid utilization and an aerobic energy release in intermittent exercise.", "PMID": 850204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9031", "title": "The sensory mechanism of servo action in human muscle.", "content": "1. Anaesthesia of the thumb suppresses servo action in the long flexor of the thumb during movements of the terminal phalanx. 2. It needs a greater subjective effort to flex an anaesthetized thumb than a normal one. 3. Anaesthesia of other digits is without effect on the thumb flexor. 4. In an anaesthetic thumb without servo responses the changes in force exerted when a mechanical perturbation is applied which are due purely to the passive mechanical properties of the muscle can be measured. Subtraction of these gives the active components of servo action in the normal thumb and thus an estimate of the mechanical gain of the servo. 5. Giving the subject a visual tracking task can partially restore servo action when the thumb is anaesthetic. 6. After some years subjects become resistant to the effect of peripheral anaesthesia. 7. Peripheral anaesthesia has no detectable effect on servo responses in the long flexor of the great toe, in infraspinatus or in pectoralis major. Servo action in these muscles is presumably based predominantly on muscle receptors. 8. Tendon jerks are not apparently influenced by peripheral anaesthesia. 9. The Discussion considers the possibility that, for the thumb, muscle afferents co-operate with a somatic and a visual input in a servo loop via the cerebral cortex.", "contents": "The sensory mechanism of servo action in human muscle. 1. Anaesthesia of the thumb suppresses servo action in the long flexor of the thumb during movements of the terminal phalanx. 2. It needs a greater subjective effort to flex an anaesthetized thumb than a normal one. 3. Anaesthesia of other digits is without effect on the thumb flexor. 4. In an anaesthetic thumb without servo responses the changes in force exerted when a mechanical perturbation is applied which are due purely to the passive mechanical properties of the muscle can be measured. Subtraction of these gives the active components of servo action in the normal thumb and thus an estimate of the mechanical gain of the servo. 5. Giving the subject a visual tracking task can partially restore servo action when the thumb is anaesthetic. 6. After some years subjects become resistant to the effect of peripheral anaesthesia. 7. Peripheral anaesthesia has no detectable effect on servo responses in the long flexor of the great toe, in infraspinatus or in pectoralis major. Servo action in these muscles is presumably based predominantly on muscle receptors. 8. Tendon jerks are not apparently influenced by peripheral anaesthesia. 9. The Discussion considers the possibility that, for the thumb, muscle afferents co-operate with a somatic and a visual input in a servo loop via the cerebral cortex.", "PMID": 850205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9032", "title": "The sensitization of high threshold mechanoreceptors with myelinated axons by repeated heating.", "content": "1. Seventy high threshold mechanoreceptor units (HTMs) with myelinated axons were isolated from the sural nerves of cats and rabbits. Thirteen cat and forty-two rabbit HTMs were testec by controlled, repeated heating of the skin of the foot or lower leg to noxious levels. 2. Many of the units (77% in the cat and 40% in the rabbit) fired to heating. Only six (11%) of these fired to the first brief heating to 50-55 degrees C. The rest required 2-6 heat trials before responding. 3. Heat responding units always became more sensitive with repeated heat stimulation but their mechanical sensitivity showed no comparable changes when heat sensitization occurred. 4. If these results are applicable to man, they suggest that HTMs play little role in generating the first pain that follows skin heating but that they may be involved in the increased sensitivity to heat pain (hyperalgesia) shown by skin previously injured by heating.", "contents": "The sensitization of high threshold mechanoreceptors with myelinated axons by repeated heating. 1. Seventy high threshold mechanoreceptor units (HTMs) with myelinated axons were isolated from the sural nerves of cats and rabbits. Thirteen cat and forty-two rabbit HTMs were testec by controlled, repeated heating of the skin of the foot or lower leg to noxious levels. 2. Many of the units (77% in the cat and 40% in the rabbit) fired to heating. Only six (11%) of these fired to the first brief heating to 50-55 degrees C. The rest required 2-6 heat trials before responding. 3. Heat responding units always became more sensitive with repeated heat stimulation but their mechanical sensitivity showed no comparable changes when heat sensitization occurred. 4. If these results are applicable to man, they suggest that HTMs play little role in generating the first pain that follows skin heating but that they may be involved in the increased sensitivity to heat pain (hyperalgesia) shown by skin previously injured by heating.", "PMID": 850207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9033", "title": "The permeability of the skin of a neotenous urodele amphibian, the mudpuppy Necturus maculosus.", "content": "1. The permeability of the isolated skin of a neotenous urodele amphibian, the mudpuppy Necturus maculosus, to Na, Cl, urea and water was measured. 2. Unidirectional transcutaneous flux measurements and the action of ouabain and amiloride, showed that there was normally no active Cl or Na transport, nor a Cl/Cl exchange diffusion process. 3. Amphotericin B initiated a transcutaneous potential difference and short-circuit current, which could be inhibited by ouabain. 4. The short-circuit current was nearly equivalent to the net Na Transport and this was also inhibited by ouabain. 5. A transcutaneous active Na transport mechanism thus appears to be incipient in the mudpuppy but is limited by a low permeability of the outer barrier of the cells. 6. Vasotocin increased the skin's diffusion permeability for water but had no effect on the influx of Na or urea. 7. The function of Necturus skin is in several respects unique compared to that of other amphibians.", "contents": "The permeability of the skin of a neotenous urodele amphibian, the mudpuppy Necturus maculosus. 1. The permeability of the isolated skin of a neotenous urodele amphibian, the mudpuppy Necturus maculosus, to Na, Cl, urea and water was measured. 2. Unidirectional transcutaneous flux measurements and the action of ouabain and amiloride, showed that there was normally no active Cl or Na transport, nor a Cl/Cl exchange diffusion process. 3. Amphotericin B initiated a transcutaneous potential difference and short-circuit current, which could be inhibited by ouabain. 4. The short-circuit current was nearly equivalent to the net Na Transport and this was also inhibited by ouabain. 5. A transcutaneous active Na transport mechanism thus appears to be incipient in the mudpuppy but is limited by a low permeability of the outer barrier of the cells. 6. Vasotocin increased the skin's diffusion permeability for water but had no effect on the influx of Na or urea. 7. The function of Necturus skin is in several respects unique compared to that of other amphibians.", "PMID": 850206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9034", "title": "Inhibition of the intracellular release of calcium by Dantrolene in barnacle giant muscle fibres.", "content": "1. Ca movements in resting and in activated single giant muscle fibres of the barnacle were analysed before and after exposure to Dantrolene Na, a synthetic hydantoin derivative. 2. In fibres micro-injected with the photoprotein aequorin, the resting rate of light emission (resting glow) reversibly decreased upon exposure to Dantrolene. Similar results were obtained if the fibre had first been equilibrated in a O Ca-1 mM-EGTA medium. 3. The influx of 45Ca into resting muscle fibres was not modified by 35 micronM Dantrolene which also failed to significantly reduce the influx of 45Ca into muscle fibres which had been depolarized by exposure to external solutions in which K+ had been increased to 60 or 200 mM. 4. In fibres micro-injected with 45Ca, the calcium efflux was reversibly decreased by Dantrolene. This effect was still observed in O Ca medium and in O Ca-ONa medium. A possible effect of Dantrolene on the Na-Ca exchange process at the outer membrane was excluded by showing that when the direction of the Ca2+ movement was inverted in aequorin-loaded fibres by the sudden removal of Na+ from the external medium, a marked increase in the resting glow was recorded which was not affected by exposure to Dantrolene. 5. It is argued that the reduction of Ca2+ efflux by Dantrolene does not result from any direct inhibitory effect on the metabolically driven Ca pump at the outer membrane, but that it is rather related to the reduction of the concentration of myoplasmic Ca2+ which is indeed demonstrated by the reduced resting glow. This in turn is thought to result from a shift in the balance between Ca2+ movements into and out of the intracellular storage sites, and namely the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). 6. The Ca2+ transient in aequorin-loaded fibres and the force of the isometric contraction elicited by imposed membrane depolarizations were markedly reduced by Dantrolene. The electrochemical threshold for eliciting intracellular Ca2+ release was not significantly modified. The linear relation between membrane depolarization and Ca2+ transient became less steep. The process of sequestration of myoplasmic Ca2+ back into SR was not significantly affected by Dantrolene which appeared to inhibit rather selectively the Ca2+ release from SR into the cytosol.", "contents": "Inhibition of the intracellular release of calcium by Dantrolene in barnacle giant muscle fibres. 1. Ca movements in resting and in activated single giant muscle fibres of the barnacle were analysed before and after exposure to Dantrolene Na, a synthetic hydantoin derivative. 2. In fibres micro-injected with the photoprotein aequorin, the resting rate of light emission (resting glow) reversibly decreased upon exposure to Dantrolene. Similar results were obtained if the fibre had first been equilibrated in a O Ca-1 mM-EGTA medium. 3. The influx of 45Ca into resting muscle fibres was not modified by 35 micronM Dantrolene which also failed to significantly reduce the influx of 45Ca into muscle fibres which had been depolarized by exposure to external solutions in which K+ had been increased to 60 or 200 mM. 4. In fibres micro-injected with 45Ca, the calcium efflux was reversibly decreased by Dantrolene. This effect was still observed in O Ca medium and in O Ca-ONa medium. A possible effect of Dantrolene on the Na-Ca exchange process at the outer membrane was excluded by showing that when the direction of the Ca2+ movement was inverted in aequorin-loaded fibres by the sudden removal of Na+ from the external medium, a marked increase in the resting glow was recorded which was not affected by exposure to Dantrolene. 5. It is argued that the reduction of Ca2+ efflux by Dantrolene does not result from any direct inhibitory effect on the metabolically driven Ca pump at the outer membrane, but that it is rather related to the reduction of the concentration of myoplasmic Ca2+ which is indeed demonstrated by the reduced resting glow. This in turn is thought to result from a shift in the balance between Ca2+ movements into and out of the intracellular storage sites, and namely the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). 6. The Ca2+ transient in aequorin-loaded fibres and the force of the isometric contraction elicited by imposed membrane depolarizations were markedly reduced by Dantrolene. The electrochemical threshold for eliciting intracellular Ca2+ release was not significantly modified. The linear relation between membrane depolarization and Ca2+ transient became less steep. The process of sequestration of myoplasmic Ca2+ back into SR was not significantly affected by Dantrolene which appeared to inhibit rather selectively the Ca2+ release from SR into the cytosol.", "PMID": 850208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9035", "title": "Plasma concentrations of ethynyl oestradiol and norethindrone after oral administration to women.", "content": "Plasma concentrations of ethynyl oestradiol and norethindrone in women were measured by radioimmunoassays after oral administration of 50 microng and 1000 microng respectively. The maximum values were obtained 1 h after administration. The calculated half-life was 6 1/2 h for ethynyl oestradiol and 7 h for norethindrone. At most 2-3% of the administered dose was present in the plasma at 1 h and had decreased to about 0-5% by 24 h.", "contents": "Plasma concentrations of ethynyl oestradiol and norethindrone after oral administration to women. Plasma concentrations of ethynyl oestradiol and norethindrone in women were measured by radioimmunoassays after oral administration of 50 microng and 1000 microng respectively. The maximum values were obtained 1 h after administration. The calculated half-life was 6 1/2 h for ethynyl oestradiol and 7 h for norethindrone. At most 2-3% of the administered dose was present in the plasma at 1 h and had decreased to about 0-5% by 24 h.", "PMID": 850209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9036", "title": "Adrenergic activity of the oviduct of the domestic fowl.", "content": "The adrenergic activity of the domestic hen was investigated. Administration of noradrenaline to laying hens at dose levels of 3-5, 7-0, and 14-0 microng/kg produced an increase in the magnal pressure, and a simultaneous decrease in the uterine pressure. Similar doses given to ovariectomized hens caused an inhibition of activity in both segments. Strips of tissues from the vagina and the uterovaginal junction of laying hens were exposed in vitro to noradrenaline at concentrations of 1-5 x 10(-6) and 2.9 x 10(-6) M. The vaginal strips reacted with a sharp increase in tension, while the uterovaginal preparations showed a more gradual and prolonged response. It is suggested that the beta inhibitory activity of the uterus and the alpha excitatory activity of the rest of the oviduct are involved in the regulation of ovum transport.", "contents": "Adrenergic activity of the oviduct of the domestic fowl. The adrenergic activity of the domestic hen was investigated. Administration of noradrenaline to laying hens at dose levels of 3-5, 7-0, and 14-0 microng/kg produced an increase in the magnal pressure, and a simultaneous decrease in the uterine pressure. Similar doses given to ovariectomized hens caused an inhibition of activity in both segments. Strips of tissues from the vagina and the uterovaginal junction of laying hens were exposed in vitro to noradrenaline at concentrations of 1-5 x 10(-6) and 2.9 x 10(-6) M. The vaginal strips reacted with a sharp increase in tension, while the uterovaginal preparations showed a more gradual and prolonged response. It is suggested that the beta inhibitory activity of the uterus and the alpha excitatory activity of the rest of the oviduct are involved in the regulation of ovum transport.", "PMID": 850210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9037", "title": "Serum corticosterone concentrations in reproductively mature and inhibited deermice (Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii).", "content": "Serum corticosterone concentrations were measured to see if there was any correlation between adrenal activity and reproductive inhibition. Males and females from two growing and one stable (asymptotic) population had significantly smaller reproductive organs (seminal vesicles, testes, uteri, ovaries) than controls. The weights of the adrenal glands of population mice were smaller, often significantly so, than those of controls, but the mean serum corticosterone concentrations were higher than those of control mice for the two growing populations and significantly higher for the asymptotic population. These data suggest that adrenal function may be associated with the reproductively inhibited condition, but not in a direct or dose-response fashion and that adrenal hyperfunction in this species may not be reflected by adrenal hypertrophy.", "contents": "Serum corticosterone concentrations in reproductively mature and inhibited deermice (Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii). Serum corticosterone concentrations were measured to see if there was any correlation between adrenal activity and reproductive inhibition. Males and females from two growing and one stable (asymptotic) population had significantly smaller reproductive organs (seminal vesicles, testes, uteri, ovaries) than controls. The weights of the adrenal glands of population mice were smaller, often significantly so, than those of controls, but the mean serum corticosterone concentrations were higher than those of control mice for the two growing populations and significantly higher for the asymptotic population. These data suggest that adrenal function may be associated with the reproductively inhibited condition, but not in a direct or dose-response fashion and that adrenal hyperfunction in this species may not be reflected by adrenal hypertrophy.", "PMID": 850211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9038", "title": "Accumulation of steroids in rabbit preimplantation blastocysts.", "content": "The concentrations of progesterone, androstenedione, testosterone, oestrone and oestradiol were measured by radioimmunoassay in blastocysts and uterine fluid flushings collected from rabbits 110 to 159 h post coitum (p.c.). None of the blastocysts or uterine flushings contained detectable levels of androstenedione, testosterone or oestrone. All uterine flushings contained large amounts of progesterone and some of the flushings also contained oestradiol. A small amount of progesterone (approximately 7-5 pg/blastocyst) was first detectable in some blastocysts at 135 h p.c.; progesterone levels/blastocyst then increased progressively, reaching levels of about 122-158 pg/blastocyst at 159 h p.c. Micropuncture of blastocysts at 159 h p.c. indicated that greater than or equal to 90% of the progesterone in the embryo was in the blastocoelic fluid. Blastocysts from rabbit uterine horns containing oestradiol also contained oestradiol but those in which oestradiol was detected were never observed in uteri lacking the hormone. It is inferred that rabbit blastocysts accumulate both progesterone and oestradiol from uterine fluid.", "contents": "Accumulation of steroids in rabbit preimplantation blastocysts. The concentrations of progesterone, androstenedione, testosterone, oestrone and oestradiol were measured by radioimmunoassay in blastocysts and uterine fluid flushings collected from rabbits 110 to 159 h post coitum (p.c.). None of the blastocysts or uterine flushings contained detectable levels of androstenedione, testosterone or oestrone. All uterine flushings contained large amounts of progesterone and some of the flushings also contained oestradiol. A small amount of progesterone (approximately 7-5 pg/blastocyst) was first detectable in some blastocysts at 135 h p.c.; progesterone levels/blastocyst then increased progressively, reaching levels of about 122-158 pg/blastocyst at 159 h p.c. Micropuncture of blastocysts at 159 h p.c. indicated that greater than or equal to 90% of the progesterone in the embryo was in the blastocoelic fluid. Blastocysts from rabbit uterine horns containing oestradiol also contained oestradiol but those in which oestradiol was detected were never observed in uteri lacking the hormone. It is inferred that rabbit blastocysts accumulate both progesterone and oestradiol from uterine fluid.", "PMID": 850212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9039", "title": "The effect of RMI 12, 936 synthetic antiprogestional steroid, on ovarian steroidogenesis in the rat.", "content": "A series of physiochemical investigations confirmed that the product of chemical and enzymatic isomerization of RMI 12,936 was 7alpha-methyltestosterone. The total activity per pair of ovaries of delta5 3-ketosteroid isomerase in vitro was unchanges by RMI 12,936 pretreatment or by advancing pregnancy, significant changes in ovarian weight being accompanied by reciprocal changes in enzyme activity/mg tissue. The initial rate of isomerization of RMI 12,936 was approximately five times greater than the corresponding rate of delta5-progesterone isomerization at equal substrate concentrations. It is concluded that RMI 12,936 does not inhibit progesterone biosynthesis by alteration of delta5 3-ketosteroid isomerase activity, but that it may do so by acting as an alternative substrate for this enzyme.", "contents": "The effect of RMI 12, 936 synthetic antiprogestional steroid, on ovarian steroidogenesis in the rat. A series of physiochemical investigations confirmed that the product of chemical and enzymatic isomerization of RMI 12,936 was 7alpha-methyltestosterone. The total activity per pair of ovaries of delta5 3-ketosteroid isomerase in vitro was unchanges by RMI 12,936 pretreatment or by advancing pregnancy, significant changes in ovarian weight being accompanied by reciprocal changes in enzyme activity/mg tissue. The initial rate of isomerization of RMI 12,936 was approximately five times greater than the corresponding rate of delta5-progesterone isomerization at equal substrate concentrations. It is concluded that RMI 12,936 does not inhibit progesterone biosynthesis by alteration of delta5 3-ketosteroid isomerase activity, but that it may do so by acting as an alternative substrate for this enzyme.", "PMID": 850213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9040", "title": "Some effects of cyproterone and cyproterone acetate on the reproductive physiology of the male rat.", "content": "Male rats were treated with 5 or 20 mg cyproterone acetate/kg/day or 20 mg cyproterone/rat/day for 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 weeks. There was some reduction in fertility with both compounds, the maximum effect occurring after 5 weeks with the higher dose of cyproterone acetate and after 2 weeks with cyproterone. A significant increase in testosterone levels was found after treatment with the high dose of cyproterone acetate by 1 week and with cyproterone by 2 weeks. Dose-dependent atrophy of the seminal vesicles occurred after treatment with cyproterone acetate; with cyproterone atrophy occurred at 1 and 2 weeks but approximated to control values at 3, 4 and 5 weeks. Epididymal weights were reduced with the high dose of cyproterone acetate but the low dose had little effect. Reduction in the weight of the testes was only observed after 5 weeks of treatment with the high dose of cyproterone acetate. Since plasma testosterone levels were not depressed below normal values, accessory sex organ regression evidently resulted from the local antiandrogenic action of the drugs. There was some indication of interference with the secretory and absorptive activity of the lining cells of the epididymis but in general treatment with either steroid caused only relatively small and variable changes in the composition of epididymal plasma.", "contents": "Some effects of cyproterone and cyproterone acetate on the reproductive physiology of the male rat. Male rats were treated with 5 or 20 mg cyproterone acetate/kg/day or 20 mg cyproterone/rat/day for 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 weeks. There was some reduction in fertility with both compounds, the maximum effect occurring after 5 weeks with the higher dose of cyproterone acetate and after 2 weeks with cyproterone. A significant increase in testosterone levels was found after treatment with the high dose of cyproterone acetate by 1 week and with cyproterone by 2 weeks. Dose-dependent atrophy of the seminal vesicles occurred after treatment with cyproterone acetate; with cyproterone atrophy occurred at 1 and 2 weeks but approximated to control values at 3, 4 and 5 weeks. Epididymal weights were reduced with the high dose of cyproterone acetate but the low dose had little effect. Reduction in the weight of the testes was only observed after 5 weeks of treatment with the high dose of cyproterone acetate. Since plasma testosterone levels were not depressed below normal values, accessory sex organ regression evidently resulted from the local antiandrogenic action of the drugs. There was some indication of interference with the secretory and absorptive activity of the lining cells of the epididymis but in general treatment with either steroid caused only relatively small and variable changes in the composition of epididymal plasma.", "PMID": 850214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9041", "title": "Characteristics of semen collected from the cauda epididymis of conscious rams.", "content": "A technique which permits collection of the total output of spermatozoa and fluid from the cauda epididymidis of conscious rams is described. The volume of epididymal semen collected varied in an approximately inverse proportions with the frequency of collection, but there was little variation in the concentration of spermatozoa. Chemical analyses showed that cell-free cauda epididymidis fluid contained lactic acid at various concentrations, only traces of glucose but relatively high amounts of phospholipid, pregenenolone, androgen-binding protein and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5alpha-DHT). Testicular spermatozoa maintained their metabolic activity and cellular integrity when stored in cauda epididymidis fluid in vitro at low temperature. After exposure to cauda epididymidis fluid for 14 days, testicular spermatozoa were predominantly glycolytic in their mode of glucose dissimilation and in this respect they resembled ejaculated spermatozoa.", "contents": "Characteristics of semen collected from the cauda epididymis of conscious rams. A technique which permits collection of the total output of spermatozoa and fluid from the cauda epididymidis of conscious rams is described. The volume of epididymal semen collected varied in an approximately inverse proportions with the frequency of collection, but there was little variation in the concentration of spermatozoa. Chemical analyses showed that cell-free cauda epididymidis fluid contained lactic acid at various concentrations, only traces of glucose but relatively high amounts of phospholipid, pregenenolone, androgen-binding protein and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5alpha-DHT). Testicular spermatozoa maintained their metabolic activity and cellular integrity when stored in cauda epididymidis fluid in vitro at low temperature. After exposure to cauda epididymidis fluid for 14 days, testicular spermatozoa were predominantly glycolytic in their mode of glucose dissimilation and in this respect they resembled ejaculated spermatozoa.", "PMID": 850215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9042", "title": "Activity of 3beta-hydroxyteroid dehydrogenase in the postovulatory follicle of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).", "content": "The activity of delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD) in the postovulatory follicle (POF) of the domestic hen was studied; it declined rapidly during the first 15 h after ovulation and then fell gradually until 52 h when there was no detectable activity. Comparison of 3beta-HSD and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities in the theca and granulosa cells indicated that the changes in enzymatic activity can be attributed to the thecal component; the enzyme activity in granulosa cells was stable up to 35 h after ovulation. The results appear consistent with the hypothesis that the POF is a source of steroid hormones.", "contents": "Activity of 3beta-hydroxyteroid dehydrogenase in the postovulatory follicle of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). The activity of delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD) in the postovulatory follicle (POF) of the domestic hen was studied; it declined rapidly during the first 15 h after ovulation and then fell gradually until 52 h when there was no detectable activity. Comparison of 3beta-HSD and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities in the theca and granulosa cells indicated that the changes in enzymatic activity can be attributed to the thecal component; the enzyme activity in granulosa cells was stable up to 35 h after ovulation. The results appear consistent with the hypothesis that the POF is a source of steroid hormones.", "PMID": 850216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9043", "title": "The production of chorionic somatomammotrophin in sheep.", "content": "The production of ovine chorionic somatomammotrophin (OCS) was demonstrated in the trophoblast from Days 16-17 of pregnancy. Concentrations in the placenta rose slowly until about Day 100 when there was a rapid increase to reach 70 +/- 5 microng prolactin equivalent/g fresh placental tissue and 15 +/- 2 mg/placenta on Day 120. After Day 140, the concentrations decreased. It is suggested that OCS may be luteotrophic and have an effect on fetal growth.", "contents": "The production of chorionic somatomammotrophin in sheep. The production of ovine chorionic somatomammotrophin (OCS) was demonstrated in the trophoblast from Days 16-17 of pregnancy. Concentrations in the placenta rose slowly until about Day 100 when there was a rapid increase to reach 70 +/- 5 microng prolactin equivalent/g fresh placental tissue and 15 +/- 2 mg/placenta on Day 120. After Day 140, the concentrations decreased. It is suggested that OCS may be luteotrophic and have an effect on fetal growth.", "PMID": 850217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9044", "title": "The influence of season of lambing and lactation on reproductive activity and plasma LH concentrations in Merino ewes.", "content": "Groups of Merino ewes which were lactating for 40 days (Group I) or had had their lambs removed at birth (Group II) after lambing in the winter (June) or spring (November) were fed on a high plane of nutrition. Ovarian inspections were carried out at 15 and 30 days after lambing and plasma LH levels were measured at 6-h intervals for 20-30 days. First ovulation was earlier in ewes lambing in the winter (16-6 days, range 11-26) than in the spring (24-7 days, range 15-30) but there was no difference in the number of ewes ovulating. LH levels were higher in winter-lambing ewes (2-79 +/- 3-4 ng/ml) than in those lambing in the spring (1-78 +/- 0-23 ng/ml). LH peaks were usually associated with an ovulation in spring lambing ewes but were not consistently so in the others. More ewes ovulated in Group II (72%) than in Group I (40%) but the mean time of first ovulation was similar. In the winter-lambing ewes the mean daily LH concentration was 2-40 +/- 0-32 ng/ml in Group I and 3-18 +/- 0-31 ng/ml in Group II but there were no differences between the spring-lambing ewes, (I, 1-75 +/- 0-20 ng/ml; II, 1-80 +/- 0-26 ng/ml). There were more elevations in LH levels in Group II ewes (64%) than in Group I ewes (43-8%). After lambing the LH levels increased slowly, indicating a gradual recovery of pituitary function.", "contents": "The influence of season of lambing and lactation on reproductive activity and plasma LH concentrations in Merino ewes. Groups of Merino ewes which were lactating for 40 days (Group I) or had had their lambs removed at birth (Group II) after lambing in the winter (June) or spring (November) were fed on a high plane of nutrition. Ovarian inspections were carried out at 15 and 30 days after lambing and plasma LH levels were measured at 6-h intervals for 20-30 days. First ovulation was earlier in ewes lambing in the winter (16-6 days, range 11-26) than in the spring (24-7 days, range 15-30) but there was no difference in the number of ewes ovulating. LH levels were higher in winter-lambing ewes (2-79 +/- 3-4 ng/ml) than in those lambing in the spring (1-78 +/- 0-23 ng/ml). LH peaks were usually associated with an ovulation in spring lambing ewes but were not consistently so in the others. More ewes ovulated in Group II (72%) than in Group I (40%) but the mean time of first ovulation was similar. In the winter-lambing ewes the mean daily LH concentration was 2-40 +/- 0-32 ng/ml in Group I and 3-18 +/- 0-31 ng/ml in Group II but there were no differences between the spring-lambing ewes, (I, 1-75 +/- 0-20 ng/ml; II, 1-80 +/- 0-26 ng/ml). There were more elevations in LH levels in Group II ewes (64%) than in Group I ewes (43-8%). After lambing the LH levels increased slowly, indicating a gradual recovery of pituitary function.", "PMID": 850218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9045", "title": "Functional maturation of the epididymis in the rat.", "content": "Weight, histological and biochemical changes in the rat epididymis were investigated during prepubertal, pubertal and postpubertal periods. The phase of most rapid growth of the epididymis commenced at 21 days and extended to 60 days of age; this period corresponded closely to the onset of androgen production at 3 weeks and stabilization of the leydig cell number at 60 days. Histological differentiation in the caput epididymis started before sperm entry and was complete in the cauda only several days after the spermatozoa had appeared. The presence of appreciable quantities of glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC) and sialic acid in the epididymis of 21-day-old rats suggested inherent secretory ability of the epididymal epithelium. The concentrations of GPC, sialic acid, phospholipids and glycogen in the epididymis gradually increased with age, but each came under the influence of androgen at a different age. There was no evidence to suggest that the presence of spermatozoa has a stimulatory effect on the epididymis. Maximal secretory activity of the epididymis became established only by 90 days of age.", "contents": "Functional maturation of the epididymis in the rat. Weight, histological and biochemical changes in the rat epididymis were investigated during prepubertal, pubertal and postpubertal periods. The phase of most rapid growth of the epididymis commenced at 21 days and extended to 60 days of age; this period corresponded closely to the onset of androgen production at 3 weeks and stabilization of the leydig cell number at 60 days. Histological differentiation in the caput epididymis started before sperm entry and was complete in the cauda only several days after the spermatozoa had appeared. The presence of appreciable quantities of glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC) and sialic acid in the epididymis of 21-day-old rats suggested inherent secretory ability of the epididymal epithelium. The concentrations of GPC, sialic acid, phospholipids and glycogen in the epididymis gradually increased with age, but each came under the influence of androgen at a different age. There was no evidence to suggest that the presence of spermatozoa has a stimulatory effect on the epididymis. Maximal secretory activity of the epididymis became established only by 90 days of age.", "PMID": 850219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9046", "title": "Histological changes in the cervix of the rabbit after coitus.", "content": "The histology of the rabbit ectocervix was investigated by light, transmission and scanning electron microscopy before and after insemination. The cervix became oedematous and heterophil polymorphs invaded the portio vaginalis within 30 min of mating or artificial insemination of whole semen, but not after insemination with sperm-free seminal plasma or mating with a vasectomized buck.", "contents": "Histological changes in the cervix of the rabbit after coitus. The histology of the rabbit ectocervix was investigated by light, transmission and scanning electron microscopy before and after insemination. The cervix became oedematous and heterophil polymorphs invaded the portio vaginalis within 30 min of mating or artificial insemination of whole semen, but not after insemination with sperm-free seminal plasma or mating with a vasectomized buck.", "PMID": 850220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9047", "title": "Plasma concentration of LH and testosterone in castrated rams treated with testosterone or testosterone propionate.", "content": "After injection of castrated rams with 600 mg testosterone or testosterone propionate, plasma LH levels were biphasic, with significant decreases at 6-10 and 96 h after treatment. These results support the suggestion that testosterone acts at the hypothalamo-pituitary level by two different mechanisms.", "contents": "Plasma concentration of LH and testosterone in castrated rams treated with testosterone or testosterone propionate. After injection of castrated rams with 600 mg testosterone or testosterone propionate, plasma LH levels were biphasic, with significant decreases at 6-10 and 96 h after treatment. These results support the suggestion that testosterone acts at the hypothalamo-pituitary level by two different mechanisms.", "PMID": 850222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9048", "title": "Response of the Mongolian gerbil uterus to oestradiol-17beta at various times after ovariectomy.", "content": "Treatment of ovariectomized gerbils with 2 microng oestradiol-17beta/day for 3 days resulted in decreasing alkaline phosphatase activity in the uterus at 15 days, 30 days 3 months and 18 months. Relative uterine weight decreased at 3 months but increased at 18 months.", "contents": "Response of the Mongolian gerbil uterus to oestradiol-17beta at various times after ovariectomy. Treatment of ovariectomized gerbils with 2 microng oestradiol-17beta/day for 3 days resulted in decreasing alkaline phosphatase activity in the uterus at 15 days, 30 days 3 months and 18 months. Relative uterine weight decreased at 3 months but increased at 18 months.", "PMID": 850223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9049", "title": "The constant ratio of the zinc content of boar spermatozoa of 4 degrees C and room temperature.", "content": "The ratio of the zinc content of boar spermatozoa obtained from semen cooled to 4 degrees C for 30 min to that of the original room temperature control (20-26 degrees C) was constant at 2-28 +/- 0-16 in 22 samples of fresh whole semen from 12 animals. The same ratio occurred when zinc (0 to 0.6 mM in citrate buffer) was added to semen or washed spermatozoa. The increase is dependent only on the initial sperm zinc content at room temperature.", "contents": "The constant ratio of the zinc content of boar spermatozoa of 4 degrees C and room temperature. The ratio of the zinc content of boar spermatozoa obtained from semen cooled to 4 degrees C for 30 min to that of the original room temperature control (20-26 degrees C) was constant at 2-28 +/- 0-16 in 22 samples of fresh whole semen from 12 animals. The same ratio occurred when zinc (0 to 0.6 mM in citrate buffer) was added to semen or washed spermatozoa. The increase is dependent only on the initial sperm zinc content at room temperature.", "PMID": 850227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9050", "title": "Degradation of phagocytosed spermatozoa by mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro.", "content": "Mouse peritoneal macrophages were cultured in vitro in the presence of autologous spermatozoa. The spermatozoa were found to be phagocytosed and degraded, with accumulation of pigment in the cytoplasm, during the first 5 days.", "contents": "Degradation of phagocytosed spermatozoa by mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro. Mouse peritoneal macrophages were cultured in vitro in the presence of autologous spermatozoa. The spermatozoa were found to be phagocytosed and degraded, with accumulation of pigment in the cytoplasm, during the first 5 days.", "PMID": 850231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9051", "title": "A statistical-heuristic methods for automated selection of drugs for screening.", "content": "A statistical-heuristic method for selecting drugs for animal screening is developed with molecular structure features as predictors of biological activity. The method is intended to work on large amounts of data over varied structures. A trial of this method on a small data set allows some comparison with more sophisticated pattern recognition methods. Problems connected with interdependence among structure predictors are critical in this method and schemes to eliminate redundancy are reviewed. Alternate sets of structure predictors are considered. The discussion here outlines directions to be taken in the near future.", "contents": "A statistical-heuristic methods for automated selection of drugs for screening. A statistical-heuristic method for selecting drugs for animal screening is developed with molecular structure features as predictors of biological activity. The method is intended to work on large amounts of data over varied structures. A trial of this method on a small data set allows some comparison with more sophisticated pattern recognition methods. Problems connected with interdependence among structure predictors are critical in this method and schemes to eliminate redundancy are reviewed. Alternate sets of structure predictors are considered. The discussion here outlines directions to be taken in the near future.", "PMID": 850232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9052", "title": "Combined high oxytocic with negligible antidiuretic and pressor activities in multisubstituted oxytocins.", "content": "Oxytocin analogues which combine high oxytocic activities with negligible antidiuretic and pressor activities have been studied. [4-Threonine,7-glycine]oxytocin, [1-(L-2-hydroxy-3-mercaptopropionic acid),4-threonine,7-glycine]oxytocin, and [1-(L-2-hydroxy-3-mercaptopropionic acid)]oxytocin were found to possess the following specific biological activities respectively: rat uterotonic, 270 +/- 10, 337 +/- 23, 1542 +/- 0.4; rat antidiuretic, 0.002 +/- 0.0008, 0.048 +/- 0.005, 40.3 +/- 2.4. The results are analyzed from a conformation-activity viewpoint in a continued attempt to evaluate the scope and limitations of this approach in comparison to structure-activity studies.", "contents": "Combined high oxytocic with negligible antidiuretic and pressor activities in multisubstituted oxytocins. Oxytocin analogues which combine high oxytocic activities with negligible antidiuretic and pressor activities have been studied. [4-Threonine,7-glycine]oxytocin, [1-(L-2-hydroxy-3-mercaptopropionic acid),4-threonine,7-glycine]oxytocin, and [1-(L-2-hydroxy-3-mercaptopropionic acid)]oxytocin were found to possess the following specific biological activities respectively: rat uterotonic, 270 +/- 10, 337 +/- 23, 1542 +/- 0.4; rat antidiuretic, 0.002 +/- 0.0008, 0.048 +/- 0.005, 40.3 +/- 2.4. The results are analyzed from a conformation-activity viewpoint in a continued attempt to evaluate the scope and limitations of this approach in comparison to structure-activity studies.", "PMID": 850233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9053", "title": "Pharmacological effects of introducing a double bond into a binding site of oxytocin. Analogues with L-3,4-dehydroproline in position 7.", "content": "The side chain of the proline residue in position 7 of oxytocin has been proposed as a binding site of the hormone for the uterotonic receptor. This is the first in a series of studies in which the possibility is explored that amino acid residues located at such sites and bearing unsaturated side chains may contribute more strongly to binding than neutral, aliphatic side chains. To test this hypothesis [7-(L-3,4-dehydroproline)]oxytocin, [1-beta-mecaptopropionic acid,7-(L-3,4-dehydroproline)]oxytocin, and [1-L-alpha-hydroxy-beta-mercaptopropionic acid,7-(L-3,4-dehydroproline)]oxytocin were prepared by the solid-phase technique of peptide synthesis. Some of the pharmacological properties of the analogues were determined, and the following specific activities, respectively, were found: rat uterotinic, 1071 +/- 59, 1066 +/- 95, 880 +/- 180; avian vasodepressor, 548 +/- 10, 1008 +/- 42, 1295 +/- 62; rat antidiuretic 5.9 +/- 0.2, 23.3 +/- 1.1, 76.7 +/- 2.3. All analogues possess a lower rat pressor activity than ocytocin. Compared to oxytocin, [7-(L-3,4,-dehydroproline)]oxytocin exhibits a parallel displacement of the cumulative uterotonic log dose vs. response curve toward lower concentration (pD2 = 9.26 vs. 8.63) but elicits the same maximum response. These data would seem to support the hypothesis that the introduction of unsatuation into binding element of a peptide hormone can enhance the affinity of the hormone for some of its receptors and thereby its selectivity.", "contents": "Pharmacological effects of introducing a double bond into a binding site of oxytocin. Analogues with L-3,4-dehydroproline in position 7. The side chain of the proline residue in position 7 of oxytocin has been proposed as a binding site of the hormone for the uterotonic receptor. This is the first in a series of studies in which the possibility is explored that amino acid residues located at such sites and bearing unsaturated side chains may contribute more strongly to binding than neutral, aliphatic side chains. To test this hypothesis [7-(L-3,4-dehydroproline)]oxytocin, [1-beta-mecaptopropionic acid,7-(L-3,4-dehydroproline)]oxytocin, and [1-L-alpha-hydroxy-beta-mercaptopropionic acid,7-(L-3,4-dehydroproline)]oxytocin were prepared by the solid-phase technique of peptide synthesis. Some of the pharmacological properties of the analogues were determined, and the following specific activities, respectively, were found: rat uterotinic, 1071 +/- 59, 1066 +/- 95, 880 +/- 180; avian vasodepressor, 548 +/- 10, 1008 +/- 42, 1295 +/- 62; rat antidiuretic 5.9 +/- 0.2, 23.3 +/- 1.1, 76.7 +/- 2.3. All analogues possess a lower rat pressor activity than ocytocin. Compared to oxytocin, [7-(L-3,4,-dehydroproline)]oxytocin exhibits a parallel displacement of the cumulative uterotonic log dose vs. response curve toward lower concentration (pD2 = 9.26 vs. 8.63) but elicits the same maximum response. These data would seem to support the hypothesis that the introduction of unsatuation into binding element of a peptide hormone can enhance the affinity of the hormone for some of its receptors and thereby its selectivity.", "PMID": 850234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9054", "title": "Polyamine biosynthesis in rat prostate. Substrate and inhibitor properties of 7-deaza analogues of decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine and 5'-methylthioadenosine.", "content": "The 7-deaza analogue of 5'-methylthioadenosine, a nucleoside end product in polyamine biosynthesis, has been synthesized. This analogue has been shown to competitively inhibit the hydrolytic cleavage of the purine-ribose bond in methylthioadenosine with Ki congruent to Km. In addition, the 7-deaza analogue of decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine, a cofactor in the biosynthesis of both spermidine and spermine, has been synthesized. This analogue has been shown to act as a substrate in the reaction catalyzed by spermidine synthase, in which severe substrate inhibition by both the normal nucleoside substrate and the 7-deaza analogue is observed. These results are discussed in terms of possible end product regulation of polyamine biosynthesis and the possible substitution of the nucleoside antibiotic, tubercidin, for adenosine in reactions involving S-adenosylmethionine and its metabolites.", "contents": "Polyamine biosynthesis in rat prostate. Substrate and inhibitor properties of 7-deaza analogues of decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine and 5'-methylthioadenosine. The 7-deaza analogue of 5'-methylthioadenosine, a nucleoside end product in polyamine biosynthesis, has been synthesized. This analogue has been shown to competitively inhibit the hydrolytic cleavage of the purine-ribose bond in methylthioadenosine with Ki congruent to Km. In addition, the 7-deaza analogue of decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine, a cofactor in the biosynthesis of both spermidine and spermine, has been synthesized. This analogue has been shown to act as a substrate in the reaction catalyzed by spermidine synthase, in which severe substrate inhibition by both the normal nucleoside substrate and the 7-deaza analogue is observed. These results are discussed in terms of possible end product regulation of polyamine biosynthesis and the possible substitution of the nucleoside antibiotic, tubercidin, for adenosine in reactions involving S-adenosylmethionine and its metabolites.", "PMID": 850235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9055", "title": "Inhibition of histidine decarboxylase. Derivatives of histidine.", "content": "Twenty-eight derivatives of histidine were tested as inhibitors of histidine decarboxylase from rat stomach. Potent inhibition was observed with the methyl ester of L-histidine (1) which had a Ki = 1.8 X 10(-6) M. Substitution on 1 at various positions resulted in a decrease or complete loss of inhibition. Substituent requirements for inhibition of histidine decarboxylase are discussed. A simple disposable apparatus for the radiometric assay of histidine decarboxylase is described.", "contents": "Inhibition of histidine decarboxylase. Derivatives of histidine. Twenty-eight derivatives of histidine were tested as inhibitors of histidine decarboxylase from rat stomach. Potent inhibition was observed with the methyl ester of L-histidine (1) which had a Ki = 1.8 X 10(-6) M. Substitution on 1 at various positions resulted in a decrease or complete loss of inhibition. Substituent requirements for inhibition of histidine decarboxylase are discussed. A simple disposable apparatus for the radiometric assay of histidine decarboxylase is described.", "PMID": 850236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9056", "title": "Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of bestatin analogues, inhibitors of aminopeptidase B.", "content": "Stereoisomers and analogues of bestatin, [(2S,3R)-3-amino-2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutanoyl]-L-leucine, were synthesized and tested for aminopeptidase B and leucine aminopeptidase inhibiting activity. Among the eight stereoisomers, the 2S stereoisomers exhibited strong activity. In a series of compounds in which the L-leucine residue of bestatin was substituted with other amino acids, only the one containing isoleucine showed more activity than bestatin. Norleucine, norvaline, methionine, valine, serine, glutamine, phenylalanine, glutamic acid, proline, and lysine analogues gave, in that order, decreasing activity. Alkyl and phenyl sub stitution for the benzyl group of bestatin decreased the activity markedly. p-Methyl-, p-chloro-, and p-nitrobestatins showed greater activity than bestatin.", "contents": "Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of bestatin analogues, inhibitors of aminopeptidase B. Stereoisomers and analogues of bestatin, [(2S,3R)-3-amino-2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutanoyl]-L-leucine, were synthesized and tested for aminopeptidase B and leucine aminopeptidase inhibiting activity. Among the eight stereoisomers, the 2S stereoisomers exhibited strong activity. In a series of compounds in which the L-leucine residue of bestatin was substituted with other amino acids, only the one containing isoleucine showed more activity than bestatin. Norleucine, norvaline, methionine, valine, serine, glutamine, phenylalanine, glutamic acid, proline, and lysine analogues gave, in that order, decreasing activity. Alkyl and phenyl sub stitution for the benzyl group of bestatin decreased the activity markedly. p-Methyl-, p-chloro-, and p-nitrobestatins showed greater activity than bestatin.", "PMID": 850237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9057", "title": "Potential antitumor agents. 22. Latentiated congeners of the 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfonanilides.", "content": "N1-Acyl derivatives of the tumor inhibitory 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfonanilide agents act as prodrugs undergoing deacylation to liberate the core agents on incubation with pH 7.5 buffer or mouse blood. Against L1210 tumor implanted remotely from the drug administration site, lower acyl derivatives often provide enhanced effects over that obtained with nonacylated precursor alone. In certain homologous series of acyl derivatives, toxicity first increased with increasing lipophilic character, until greater than that of the core agent alone, and then at higher lipophilic levels decreased. Tumor inhibitory properties of the acyl derivatives in such series appeared inversely related to their toxicity. Several 3-(3,3-dialkyl-1-triazeno)acridine-substituted congeners provided excellent L1210 activity. Contrasting with most other tumor-active triazenes, one alkyl group need not be a methyl group of antileukemic activity to be observed. 3-Methyl-3-propyl-1-triazene and 3,3-diethyl-1-trazene analogues had comparable lipophilic-hydrophilic balance, toxicity, and antileukemic effectiveness; usual metabolic activation of the triazene N-methyl group may make little contribution to antitumor properties in the examples presented. Prepared as a nonalkylated triazene analogue, a 3-azidoacridine congener had high L1210 activity.", "contents": "Potential antitumor agents. 22. Latentiated congeners of the 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfonanilides. N1-Acyl derivatives of the tumor inhibitory 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfonanilide agents act as prodrugs undergoing deacylation to liberate the core agents on incubation with pH 7.5 buffer or mouse blood. Against L1210 tumor implanted remotely from the drug administration site, lower acyl derivatives often provide enhanced effects over that obtained with nonacylated precursor alone. In certain homologous series of acyl derivatives, toxicity first increased with increasing lipophilic character, until greater than that of the core agent alone, and then at higher lipophilic levels decreased. Tumor inhibitory properties of the acyl derivatives in such series appeared inversely related to their toxicity. Several 3-(3,3-dialkyl-1-triazeno)acridine-substituted congeners provided excellent L1210 activity. Contrasting with most other tumor-active triazenes, one alkyl group need not be a methyl group of antileukemic activity to be observed. 3-Methyl-3-propyl-1-triazene and 3,3-diethyl-1-trazene analogues had comparable lipophilic-hydrophilic balance, toxicity, and antileukemic effectiveness; usual metabolic activation of the triazene N-methyl group may make little contribution to antitumor properties in the examples presented. Prepared as a nonalkylated triazene analogue, a 3-azidoacridine congener had high L1210 activity.", "PMID": 850238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9058", "title": "Experimental antiulcer drugs. 1. Indole-1-alkanamides and pyrrole-1-alkanamides.", "content": "The synthesis and gastric antisecretory activity of a series of indole-1-alkanamides and pyrrole-1-alkanamides are presented. A marked elevation of the pH of the gastric secretions of the rat was observed after oral administration of 100 mg/kg of 2,3-dimethylindole-1-acetamide (2), -1-propionamide (8), and -1-butyramide (13). Replacement of either methyl group by a hydrogen atom or an ethyl radical resulted in greatly diminished activity. In the acetamide and propionamide series the 3-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl (14 and 15) derivatives exhibited activity but only when administered by the subcutaneous route. 2,3-Dimethylindole (18) was active and 2,3,4,5-tetramethylpyrrole-1-acetamide was moderately active. A number of the activ compounds were tested in the mouse mydriasis test for anticholinergic activity and found to be inactive. They were also found to be inactive in blocking histamine-induced acid secretion in the dog.", "contents": "Experimental antiulcer drugs. 1. Indole-1-alkanamides and pyrrole-1-alkanamides. The synthesis and gastric antisecretory activity of a series of indole-1-alkanamides and pyrrole-1-alkanamides are presented. A marked elevation of the pH of the gastric secretions of the rat was observed after oral administration of 100 mg/kg of 2,3-dimethylindole-1-acetamide (2), -1-propionamide (8), and -1-butyramide (13). Replacement of either methyl group by a hydrogen atom or an ethyl radical resulted in greatly diminished activity. In the acetamide and propionamide series the 3-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl (14 and 15) derivatives exhibited activity but only when administered by the subcutaneous route. 2,3-Dimethylindole (18) was active and 2,3,4,5-tetramethylpyrrole-1-acetamide was moderately active. A number of the activ compounds were tested in the mouse mydriasis test for anticholinergic activity and found to be inactive. They were also found to be inactive in blocking histamine-induced acid secretion in the dog.", "PMID": 850239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9059", "title": "Synthesis, antifertility activity, and protein binding affinity of 7(8 leads to 11 alpha)abeo steroids.", "content": "A series of 7(8 leads to 11 alpha)abeo steroids was synthesized by a modification of the previously described total synthesis of this class of compounds and evaluated for biological activity. In general, there was a marked reduction in the relative binding affinities of these compounds for the rabbit uterus estrogen and progestin receptor proteins. None of the compounds which were subjected to uterotropic, antiuterotropic, postcoital, progestational, antiprogestational, or antiandrogenic assays showed any significant activity.", "contents": "Synthesis, antifertility activity, and protein binding affinity of 7(8 leads to 11 alpha)abeo steroids. A series of 7(8 leads to 11 alpha)abeo steroids was synthesized by a modification of the previously described total synthesis of this class of compounds and evaluated for biological activity. In general, there was a marked reduction in the relative binding affinities of these compounds for the rabbit uterus estrogen and progestin receptor proteins. None of the compounds which were subjected to uterotropic, antiuterotropic, postcoital, progestational, antiprogestational, or antiandrogenic assays showed any significant activity.", "PMID": 850240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9060", "title": "Total syntheses of (+/-)-1-carbacefoxitin and -cefamandole and (+/-)-1-oxacefamandole.", "content": "The total syntheses of the (+/-)-1-carba analogues of cefoxitin (11), 7 alpha-methoxydeacetylcephalothin (5) and cefamandole (31) and the (+/-)-1-oxa analogue of cefamandole (43) are described. Their bioactivity spectra against 14 typical organisms are similar to those of their natural 1-thia counterparts, with the 1-carba compounds somewhat less active and the 1-oxa compound more active than the natural ones.", "contents": "Total syntheses of (+/-)-1-carbacefoxitin and -cefamandole and (+/-)-1-oxacefamandole. The total syntheses of the (+/-)-1-carba analogues of cefoxitin (11), 7 alpha-methoxydeacetylcephalothin (5) and cefamandole (31) and the (+/-)-1-oxa analogue of cefamandole (43) are described. Their bioactivity spectra against 14 typical organisms are similar to those of their natural 1-thia counterparts, with the 1-carba compounds somewhat less active and the 1-oxa compound more active than the natural ones.", "PMID": 850241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9061", "title": "Mercapto heterocyclic carboxylic acids, analogues of 3-mercaptopicolinic acid.", "content": "3-Mercaptopicolinic acid (3-MPA), a potent hypoglycemic agent in fasted rats, provided the impetus for substituting this compound with a 5-mercapto group (1), a 6-carboxyl group (2), and a 5-mercapto and 6-carboxyl group (3) and for replacing the pyridine ring with other heterocycles: quinoline (4), thiazole (5), pyrazine (6), isoquinoline (7), and indole (8). The methyl sulfoxide (9) and sulfone (10) of 3-MPA were also prepared. The new compounds 1-10, with the exception of 8, did not lower blood glucose levels in 48-h fasted rats. 8 was toxic at doses which were hypoglycemic.", "contents": "Mercapto heterocyclic carboxylic acids, analogues of 3-mercaptopicolinic acid. 3-Mercaptopicolinic acid (3-MPA), a potent hypoglycemic agent in fasted rats, provided the impetus for substituting this compound with a 5-mercapto group (1), a 6-carboxyl group (2), and a 5-mercapto and 6-carboxyl group (3) and for replacing the pyridine ring with other heterocycles: quinoline (4), thiazole (5), pyrazine (6), isoquinoline (7), and indole (8). The methyl sulfoxide (9) and sulfone (10) of 3-MPA were also prepared. The new compounds 1-10, with the exception of 8, did not lower blood glucose levels in 48-h fasted rats. 8 was toxic at doses which were hypoglycemic.", "PMID": 850242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9062", "title": "Isolation and identificaton of an in vivo reaction product of 6-hydroxydopamine.", "content": "The product of oxidized 6-OHDA and GSH reacted in vitro has been identified by a variety of chemical and physical methods to be 2,4,5-trihydroxy-6-S-(glutathionyl)phenethylamine. Its chemical properties show it easily undergoes a variety of oxidative condensations and polymerization. Its oxidized form, the p-quinone, can be identified in small quantities in rat brain and mouse brain 1-3 h after 6-OHDA injection. This is believed to be the first report of a chemically identified species resulting from the in vivo interaction of 6-OHDA with CNS tissue.", "contents": "Isolation and identificaton of an in vivo reaction product of 6-hydroxydopamine. The product of oxidized 6-OHDA and GSH reacted in vitro has been identified by a variety of chemical and physical methods to be 2,4,5-trihydroxy-6-S-(glutathionyl)phenethylamine. Its chemical properties show it easily undergoes a variety of oxidative condensations and polymerization. Its oxidized form, the p-quinone, can be identified in small quantities in rat brain and mouse brain 1-3 h after 6-OHDA injection. This is believed to be the first report of a chemically identified species resulting from the in vivo interaction of 6-OHDA with CNS tissue.", "PMID": 850243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9063", "title": "Quinazolines as inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase. 4. Classical analogues of folic and isofolic acids.", "content": "A series of classical quinazoline analogues of folic and isofolic acids was evaluated for inhibitory activity against the dihydrofolate reductases from rat liver and from Streptococcus faecium. Included in this group were the known active antitumor agents methasquin and chlorasquin as well as methotrexate. Two new compounds, N10-formyl-5,8-deazaaminopterin and N10-formyl-5,8-deazafolic acid, were synthesized specifically for this study. The latter displayed modest activity against L1210 leukemia in mice.", "contents": "Quinazolines as inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase. 4. Classical analogues of folic and isofolic acids. A series of classical quinazoline analogues of folic and isofolic acids was evaluated for inhibitory activity against the dihydrofolate reductases from rat liver and from Streptococcus faecium. Included in this group were the known active antitumor agents methasquin and chlorasquin as well as methotrexate. Two new compounds, N10-formyl-5,8-deazaaminopterin and N10-formyl-5,8-deazafolic acid, were synthesized specifically for this study. The latter displayed modest activity against L1210 leukemia in mice.", "PMID": 850245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9064", "title": "Hydantoins as antitumor agents.", "content": "A series of 27 hydantoins was prepared and tested as antitumor agents. These were variously substituted in the 5 position but with special emphasis on the substituents (chloro, acetyl, chloroacetyl, and methyl) in the 1 and/or 3 positions. The most active compound was 5,5-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-dichlorohydantoin with a T/C value of 190% against P-388 lymphocytic leukemia in mice.", "contents": "Hydantoins as antitumor agents. A series of 27 hydantoins was prepared and tested as antitumor agents. These were variously substituted in the 5 position but with special emphasis on the substituents (chloro, acetyl, chloroacetyl, and methyl) in the 1 and/or 3 positions. The most active compound was 5,5-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-dichlorohydantoin with a T/C value of 190% against P-388 lymphocytic leukemia in mice.", "PMID": 850246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9065", "title": "Antiinflammatory activity of isomeric phenylnaphthaleneacetic acids.", "content": "The isomeric phenylnaphthaleneacetic acids were prepared and tested for antiinflammatory activity by the anti-UV-erythema method. High potency was exhibited by 4- and 5-phenyl-1-naphthaleneacetic acid and 5- and 6-phenyl-2-naphthaleneacetic acid. The results are discussed in terms of a hypothetical receptor site.", "contents": "Antiinflammatory activity of isomeric phenylnaphthaleneacetic acids. The isomeric phenylnaphthaleneacetic acids were prepared and tested for antiinflammatory activity by the anti-UV-erythema method. High potency was exhibited by 4- and 5-phenyl-1-naphthaleneacetic acid and 5- and 6-phenyl-2-naphthaleneacetic acid. The results are discussed in terms of a hypothetical receptor site.", "PMID": 850248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9066", "title": "In vitro metabolism of a new 4-hydroxycoumarin anticoagulant. Structure of an unusual metabolite.", "content": "The metabolism of clocoumarol, 3-[1-[P-(2-chlorethyl)phenyl]butyl]-4-hydroxycoumarin, by rat liver microsomes was investigated. The chemical structure of the main metabolite is 6-[1-hydroxy-2-oxo-3-[p-(2-chloro", "contents": "In vitro metabolism of a new 4-hydroxycoumarin anticoagulant. Structure of an unusual metabolite. The metabolism of clocoumarol, 3-[1-[P-(2-chlorethyl)phenyl]butyl]-4-hydroxycoumarin, by rat liver microsomes was investigated. The chemical structure of the main metabolite is 6-[1-hydroxy-2-oxo-3-[p-(2-chloro", "PMID": 850251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9067", "title": "Synthesis of spiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),4'-piperidines] as potential central nervous system agents. 2. Compounds containing a heteroatom attached to nitrogen.", "content": "The synthesis and antitetrabenazine activity of a series of N-heteroatom derivatives of 3-phenylspiro[isobenzofuran-1,4'-piperidines] are reported. Optimal antitetrabenazine activity is associated with compounds containing a sterically unhindered, basic nitrogen. Hydroxylamines 6, 11, 12, and 13 possess the most significant activity with ED50's of 1.4, 3.5, 4.7, and 4.0, respectively.", "contents": "Synthesis of spiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),4'-piperidines] as potential central nervous system agents. 2. Compounds containing a heteroatom attached to nitrogen. The synthesis and antitetrabenazine activity of a series of N-heteroatom derivatives of 3-phenylspiro[isobenzofuran-1,4'-piperidines] are reported. Optimal antitetrabenazine activity is associated with compounds containing a sterically unhindered, basic nitrogen. Hydroxylamines 6, 11, 12, and 13 possess the most significant activity with ED50's of 1.4, 3.5, 4.7, and 4.0, respectively.", "PMID": 850252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9068", "title": "Programs and positions available to U.S. medical students through NIRMP, 1976.", "content": "An analysis of programs and positions in the first year of graduate medical education regarded as acceptable by U.S. medical students suggests that the ratio for all positions is about one per graduate and even less in primary care programs. Since approximately 95 percent of positions are now in institutions affiliated with academic health centers, these medical-school-hospital complexes should be supported to increase positions in primary care programs in order to accommodate the two-thirds of U.S. graduates who want to begin their graduate medical education in these disciplines.", "contents": "Programs and positions available to U.S. medical students through NIRMP, 1976. An analysis of programs and positions in the first year of graduate medical education regarded as acceptable by U.S. medical students suggests that the ratio for all positions is about one per graduate and even less in primary care programs. Since approximately 95 percent of positions are now in institutions affiliated with academic health centers, these medical-school-hospital complexes should be supported to increase positions in primary care programs in order to accommodate the two-thirds of U.S. graduates who want to begin their graduate medical education in these disciplines.", "PMID": 850253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9069", "title": "A computer-assisted admissions process.", "content": "A computer-assisted admissions process has been implemented at the Ohio State University College of Medicine to systematize the procedures for managing a greatly increased volume of applications. The historical development, continuing research efforts, and computer support system for the process are discussed. This system has served well over a five-year period of development, implementation, and regular use. The system has increased security against loss of records and has enhanced the orderly consideration of individual cases. It continues to provide ongoing support to the College of Medicine admissions process.", "contents": "A computer-assisted admissions process. A computer-assisted admissions process has been implemented at the Ohio State University College of Medicine to systematize the procedures for managing a greatly increased volume of applications. The historical development, continuing research efforts, and computer support system for the process are discussed. This system has served well over a five-year period of development, implementation, and regular use. The system has increased security against loss of records and has enhanced the orderly consideration of individual cases. It continues to provide ongoing support to the College of Medicine admissions process.", "PMID": 850254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9070", "title": "A preparatory course for medical students who lack a conventional academic background.", "content": "McMaster University School of Medicine admits students who may not have had an extensive education in physics, chemistry, and biology. For several years a short preliminary course was offered to those students. The course has since been discontinued, and its objectives have been incorporated into the M.D. program. This approach has been taken in an attempt to conform to the educational policy of the program. However, since the course was seen to be highly successful and, therefore, may be of use to others, its objectives and teaching methods are described.", "contents": "A preparatory course for medical students who lack a conventional academic background. McMaster University School of Medicine admits students who may not have had an extensive education in physics, chemistry, and biology. For several years a short preliminary course was offered to those students. The course has since been discontinued, and its objectives have been incorporated into the M.D. program. This approach has been taken in an attempt to conform to the educational policy of the program. However, since the course was seen to be highly successful and, therefore, may be of use to others, its objectives and teaching methods are described.", "PMID": 850255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9071", "title": "A special tutorial for minority medical students: an account of a year's experience.", "content": "A small number of minority medical students were referred for a year-long tutorial to improve their problem-solving skills and to assist them in retaking failed basic science courses. Both the operation of the tutorial and attemtps to reconstruct what had gone wrong the previous year brought attention to the crucial importance of affective factors in the students' learning efforts. It proved to be possible to elucidate some of the dynamics whereby affective reactions apparently enter into instructor-student interactions and are significantly involved in the process of adjusting to medical school. Following the tutorial, which dealt with issues of trust and self-esteem as well as with cognitive problems, the students all had a successful year and were able to rejoin the main stream of students entering clinical training. It was concluded that cognitive problems of medical students experiencing academic difficulty may not be resolvable without dealing with affective considerations. Recommendations are given for dealing with affective issues.", "contents": "A special tutorial for minority medical students: an account of a year's experience. A small number of minority medical students were referred for a year-long tutorial to improve their problem-solving skills and to assist them in retaking failed basic science courses. Both the operation of the tutorial and attemtps to reconstruct what had gone wrong the previous year brought attention to the crucial importance of affective factors in the students' learning efforts. It proved to be possible to elucidate some of the dynamics whereby affective reactions apparently enter into instructor-student interactions and are significantly involved in the process of adjusting to medical school. Following the tutorial, which dealt with issues of trust and self-esteem as well as with cognitive problems, the students all had a successful year and were able to rejoin the main stream of students entering clinical training. It was concluded that cognitive problems of medical students experiencing academic difficulty may not be resolvable without dealing with affective considerations. Recommendations are given for dealing with affective issues.", "PMID": 850256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9072", "title": "The independent study program at the University of Wisconsin Medical School.", "content": "A program for 30 additional medical students for the first two years of the University of Wisconsin Medical School curriculum has been developed, and two groups of students have advanced to the clinical years. Design included providing modules of course materials to students and utilizing faculty predominantly in the developmental and managerial role. Preliminary results are based on student and faculty opinion of the program in categories of faculty acceptance, faculty-student interaction, certifying examinations, student attitudes, material developed, and course objectives. The course has been accepted as a continuing part of the medical school curriculum and provides a more flexible track for some students. There has been no significant difference in performance on Part I of the examination of the National Board of Medical Examiners for the first two groups. The concepts of individualized medical education have strengthened the basic science and core curriculum of the medical school.", "contents": "The independent study program at the University of Wisconsin Medical School. A program for 30 additional medical students for the first two years of the University of Wisconsin Medical School curriculum has been developed, and two groups of students have advanced to the clinical years. Design included providing modules of course materials to students and utilizing faculty predominantly in the developmental and managerial role. Preliminary results are based on student and faculty opinion of the program in categories of faculty acceptance, faculty-student interaction, certifying examinations, student attitudes, material developed, and course objectives. The course has been accepted as a continuing part of the medical school curriculum and provides a more flexible track for some students. There has been no significant difference in performance on Part I of the examination of the National Board of Medical Examiners for the first two groups. The concepts of individualized medical education have strengthened the basic science and core curriculum of the medical school.", "PMID": 850257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9073", "title": "Transport and demand of oxygen in severe burns.", "content": "The balance equation or oxygen-conservation equation in which oxygen consumption is equal to cardiac output times the maximal oxygen binding capacity times the oxygen saturation difference between arterial and mixed venous blood shows the three factors by which the oxygen supply to the tissues can be regulated according to the need. The release of oxygen to the tissues is regulated directly through the venous oxygen tension and indirectly through cardiac output, the 2,3-DPG system, and erythropoietin. Of these indirect regulation mechanisms, cardiac output has the most rapid response and erythropoietin the slowest. As the pool of oxygen in the tissues is comparatively small, the transport and the demand of oxygen under normal conditions are approximately equal over a longer period of time. The tissue oxygen tension (Fig. 21) is thus directly a result of the flows (Fig. 21), solid lines) and indirectly a result of the regulation mechanisms (Fig. 21, broken lines). Hypermetabolism, weight loss, and severe protein wasting characterize the metabolic response to thermal injury. The increased adrenergic activity following severe burns signifies a shift of flow of body substrate from storage to utilization and an increase in energy requirements. The greater the stress, the greater the response. All systems operate at maximal or near maximal levels. The critically injured patients have an accelerated glucose turnover and increased nitrogen loss; the main source of catabolized protein seems to be from skeletal muscle. The metabolic wheel has a tremendous speed. It is thus essential to feed the patient. Energy support with heat supply and nutrition must equal energy demand to avoid weight loss. Most important is to avoid loss of \"lean body tissue.\" No hypermetabolism was found in burned patients when the patients themselves controlled the heat supply from infrared heaters. The metabolic rate corrected for rectal temperature was independent of the total body surface burned. The energy expenditure of patients with burns was studied during the daily treatment routine and showed that it is important to avoid hypovolemia, underhydration, pain, fear, and anxiety, all of which increase the metabolic demands. To prevent hypermetabolism, infrared radiation is a practical way of distributing energy from the environment to the patient. Weight loss can be essentially prevented as energy support equals energy demand (Fig. 20). Furthermore, the method has the advantages that many patients can be treated individually, the method is inexpensive, and the ambient air temperature can be kept normal. From the results of the present investigation, it may be concluded that in patients with burns treated with infrared heaters the energy intake can be predicted in an appropriate way from the calculated basal metabolism, the rectal temperature, and the activity of the patient. The effect of storage of blood on oxygen, proton, and carbon dioxide transport is mainly mediated over the concentration of 2,3-DPG...", "contents": "Transport and demand of oxygen in severe burns. The balance equation or oxygen-conservation equation in which oxygen consumption is equal to cardiac output times the maximal oxygen binding capacity times the oxygen saturation difference between arterial and mixed venous blood shows the three factors by which the oxygen supply to the tissues can be regulated according to the need. The release of oxygen to the tissues is regulated directly through the venous oxygen tension and indirectly through cardiac output, the 2,3-DPG system, and erythropoietin. Of these indirect regulation mechanisms, cardiac output has the most rapid response and erythropoietin the slowest. As the pool of oxygen in the tissues is comparatively small, the transport and the demand of oxygen under normal conditions are approximately equal over a longer period of time. The tissue oxygen tension (Fig. 21) is thus directly a result of the flows (Fig. 21), solid lines) and indirectly a result of the regulation mechanisms (Fig. 21, broken lines). Hypermetabolism, weight loss, and severe protein wasting characterize the metabolic response to thermal injury. The increased adrenergic activity following severe burns signifies a shift of flow of body substrate from storage to utilization and an increase in energy requirements. The greater the stress, the greater the response. All systems operate at maximal or near maximal levels. The critically injured patients have an accelerated glucose turnover and increased nitrogen loss; the main source of catabolized protein seems to be from skeletal muscle. The metabolic wheel has a tremendous speed. It is thus essential to feed the patient. Energy support with heat supply and nutrition must equal energy demand to avoid weight loss. Most important is to avoid loss of \"lean body tissue.\" No hypermetabolism was found in burned patients when the patients themselves controlled the heat supply from infrared heaters. The metabolic rate corrected for rectal temperature was independent of the total body surface burned. The energy expenditure of patients with burns was studied during the daily treatment routine and showed that it is important to avoid hypovolemia, underhydration, pain, fear, and anxiety, all of which increase the metabolic demands. To prevent hypermetabolism, infrared radiation is a practical way of distributing energy from the environment to the patient. Weight loss can be essentially prevented as energy support equals energy demand (Fig. 20). Furthermore, the method has the advantages that many patients can be treated individually, the method is inexpensive, and the ambient air temperature can be kept normal. From the results of the present investigation, it may be concluded that in patients with burns treated with infrared heaters the energy intake can be predicted in an appropriate way from the calculated basal metabolism, the rectal temperature, and the activity of the patient. The effect of storage of blood on oxygen, proton, and carbon dioxide transport is mainly mediated over the concentration of 2,3-DPG...", "PMID": 850271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9074", "title": "Ruptured thoracic aorta due to blunt trauma.", "content": "Thirty-six ruptured thoracic aortas have been diagnosed in a total of 3,500 patients seen at the Maryland Institute for Emergency Medicine in the past 5 years. To our knowledge, no ruptured thoracic aortas have gone undetected. A new method of performing portable chest radiography has been developed which we feel clarifies the diagnosis of mediastinal hematomas and which allows us to determine which patients will undergo aortography. The reported survival rate of 75% is felt to be due to the rapidity with which these patients are brought to the hospital and use of a carefully planned protocol which permits early diagnosis and treatment. These results are due to the combined efforts of the Maryland State Police Helicopter System, the traumatologists, anesthesiologists, nurses, paramedics, radiologists, and thoracic surgeons working together as a completely integrated team.", "contents": "Ruptured thoracic aorta due to blunt trauma. Thirty-six ruptured thoracic aortas have been diagnosed in a total of 3,500 patients seen at the Maryland Institute for Emergency Medicine in the past 5 years. To our knowledge, no ruptured thoracic aortas have gone undetected. A new method of performing portable chest radiography has been developed which we feel clarifies the diagnosis of mediastinal hematomas and which allows us to determine which patients will undergo aortography. The reported survival rate of 75% is felt to be due to the rapidity with which these patients are brought to the hospital and use of a carefully planned protocol which permits early diagnosis and treatment. These results are due to the combined efforts of the Maryland State Police Helicopter System, the traumatologists, anesthesiologists, nurses, paramedics, radiologists, and thoracic surgeons working together as a completely integrated team.", "PMID": 850272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9075", "title": "Systemic corticosteroid therapy for high-pressure injection injuries of the hand.", "content": "Two cases of high-pressure injection injuries of the hand have benefited from early administration of high doses of systemic corticosteroids. The pathophysiology of these injuries relates to: 1) Local mechanical tissue destruction from the injection; 2) Deleterious tissue responses to the injectant; and 3) Sequelae of secondary bacterial infection. Steroids have been shown experimentally to play a beneficial role in the second group of factors without increasing the incidence of secondary infection. The rapid favorable response to steroids demonstrated in the two reported cases suggests further use and investigation of this treatment modality is warranted.", "contents": "Systemic corticosteroid therapy for high-pressure injection injuries of the hand. Two cases of high-pressure injection injuries of the hand have benefited from early administration of high doses of systemic corticosteroids. The pathophysiology of these injuries relates to: 1) Local mechanical tissue destruction from the injection; 2) Deleterious tissue responses to the injectant; and 3) Sequelae of secondary bacterial infection. Steroids have been shown experimentally to play a beneficial role in the second group of factors without increasing the incidence of secondary infection. The rapid favorable response to steroids demonstrated in the two reported cases suggests further use and investigation of this treatment modality is warranted.", "PMID": 850273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9076", "title": "Biophysics of rotary mower and snowblower injuries of the hand: high vs. low velocity \"missile\" injury.", "content": "We have shown a basic biophysical difference between clinically similar hand injuries and suggest that some rotary lawn mower injuries more closely resemble high-velocity missile injuries. A treatment protocol is suggested.", "contents": "Biophysics of rotary mower and snowblower injuries of the hand: high vs. low velocity \"missile\" injury. We have shown a basic biophysical difference between clinically similar hand injuries and suggest that some rotary lawn mower injuries more closely resemble high-velocity missile injuries. A treatment protocol is suggested.", "PMID": 850274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9077", "title": "Fractures of long bones in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.", "content": "The dangers of bed-confininf procedures in children with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy should be recognized, and their fractures treated so as to encourage continued independent ambulation as long as feasible.", "contents": "Fractures of long bones in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The dangers of bed-confininf procedures in children with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy should be recognized, and their fractures treated so as to encourage continued independent ambulation as long as feasible.", "PMID": 850276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9078", "title": "Tibial shaft fractures treated with intramedullary nailing.", "content": "A series of 132 patients with 139 tibial shaft fractures treated with intramedullary nailing is presented. Nailing was performed either primarily or secondarily and reaming was performed in most cases. A rigid fixation was secured in most patients. At followup of 124 patients the results were good or fair in 96% (107 had good results, 12 had fair results). Only one patient had a lasting poor result, while 4 patients had uneventful healing and ultimately good result after renailing.", "contents": "Tibial shaft fractures treated with intramedullary nailing. A series of 132 patients with 139 tibial shaft fractures treated with intramedullary nailing is presented. Nailing was performed either primarily or secondarily and reaming was performed in most cases. A rigid fixation was secured in most patients. At followup of 124 patients the results were good or fair in 96% (107 had good results, 12 had fair results). Only one patient had a lasting poor result, while 4 patients had uneventful healing and ultimately good result after renailing.", "PMID": 850277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9079", "title": "Stainless steel mesh-acrylic cranioplasty.", "content": "Twenty-four steel mesh-acrylic plates have been used for repair of skull defects in 1970-73. Three plates had to be removed due to complications, two due to infection and one due to an allergic reaction. The plate is easy to mould, strong, and light. The cosmetic results are excellent.", "contents": "Stainless steel mesh-acrylic cranioplasty. Twenty-four steel mesh-acrylic plates have been used for repair of skull defects in 1970-73. Three plates had to be removed due to complications, two due to infection and one due to an allergic reaction. The plate is easy to mould, strong, and light. The cosmetic results are excellent.", "PMID": 850278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9080", "title": "Post-traumatic venticular septal defect, mitral insufficiency, and multiple coronary cameral fistulas.", "content": "A patient who developed severe congestive heart failure subsequent to a stab wound of the heart is described. He was demonstrated to have a ventricular septal defect, mitral regurgitation, and two coronary-cameral fistulas. He underwent successful operative correction.", "contents": "Post-traumatic venticular septal defect, mitral insufficiency, and multiple coronary cameral fistulas. A patient who developed severe congestive heart failure subsequent to a stab wound of the heart is described. He was demonstrated to have a ventricular septal defect, mitral regurgitation, and two coronary-cameral fistulas. He underwent successful operative correction.", "PMID": 850279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9081", "title": "Pneumoperitoneum associated with pneumothorax: a surgical dilemma in the post-traumatic patient.", "content": "Two patients with pneumoperitoneum associated with post-traumatic pneumothorax are described. The role of artificial respiration in the production of pneumoperitoneum is descussed. This association presents a curious diagnostic dilemma. If the diagnosis of perforated hollow viscus can be eliminated with considerable certainty, then conservative management with careful observation and monitoring may avoid unnecessary surgery, so long as other causes of pneumoperitoneum have been ruled out.", "contents": "Pneumoperitoneum associated with pneumothorax: a surgical dilemma in the post-traumatic patient. Two patients with pneumoperitoneum associated with post-traumatic pneumothorax are described. The role of artificial respiration in the production of pneumoperitoneum is descussed. This association presents a curious diagnostic dilemma. If the diagnosis of perforated hollow viscus can be eliminated with considerable certainty, then conservative management with careful observation and monitoring may avoid unnecessary surgery, so long as other causes of pneumoperitoneum have been ruled out.", "PMID": 850280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9082", "title": "Traumatic amputation of the finger with complete avulsion of flexor profundus tendon.", "content": "A case of traumatic amputation of the left third finger at the proximal interphalangeal joint is presented. The injury was associated with complete avulsion of the flexor profundus tendon from the forearm. The possible mechanism of injury is discussed.", "contents": "Traumatic amputation of the finger with complete avulsion of flexor profundus tendon. A case of traumatic amputation of the left third finger at the proximal interphalangeal joint is presented. The injury was associated with complete avulsion of the flexor profundus tendon from the forearm. The possible mechanism of injury is discussed.", "PMID": 850281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9083", "title": "An uncommon fracture dislocation of the radius.", "content": "Two cases of fracture of the proximal third of the radius, one with anterolateral, and one with posterior dislocation of the radial head are described. In both the ulna remained intact. To the best of our knowledge, only one other similar case had been reported.", "contents": "An uncommon fracture dislocation of the radius. Two cases of fracture of the proximal third of the radius, one with anterolateral, and one with posterior dislocation of the radial head are described. In both the ulna remained intact. To the best of our knowledge, only one other similar case had been reported.", "PMID": 850282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9084", "title": "Dissecting hematoma of the internal carotid artery following chiropractic cervical manipulation.", "content": "A patient with a dissecting hematoma of the internal carotid artery following chiropractic neck manipulation is described. This injury, apparently previously unreported in the literature, is thought to be caused by trauma to the artery by rotatory movement of the neck and pressure against the artery by the transverse process of C-2.", "contents": "Dissecting hematoma of the internal carotid artery following chiropractic cervical manipulation. A patient with a dissecting hematoma of the internal carotid artery following chiropractic neck manipulation is described. This injury, apparently previously unreported in the literature, is thought to be caused by trauma to the artery by rotatory movement of the neck and pressure against the artery by the transverse process of C-2.", "PMID": 850283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9085", "title": "Clinical use of tissue pressure measurements: a case report.", "content": "This report presents a patient in whom measurement of intracompartmental pressures objectively supported the need for fasciotomy. Method of measurement, technique of using the opposite extremity as a control, and normal tissue pressure of 14--19cm H2O are also discussed.", "contents": "Clinical use of tissue pressure measurements: a case report. This report presents a patient in whom measurement of intracompartmental pressures objectively supported the need for fasciotomy. Method of measurement, technique of using the opposite extremity as a control, and normal tissue pressure of 14--19cm H2O are also discussed.", "PMID": 850284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9086", "title": "Symptomatic giardiasis in Sudanese adults and its treatment with tinidazole.", "content": "The main symptoms of infection with Giardia intestinalis in 33 Sudanese adults were abdominal pain, flatulence and diarrhoea. Other symptoms were offensive stools, loss of weight, milk intolerance, mucoid stools, nausea and vomiting. Tinidazole given orally as 150 mg. twice daily dose for seven days or as a single 1,000 mg. dose, eradicated the infection in 32 out of the 33 patients. This parasitological cure was obtained in all 21 patients who received the seven day course and in 11 out of 12 patients who were given the single dose. All symptoms disappeared in 16 out of the 32 patients and in the remaining half improvement was marked particularly as regards the three main symptoms of the disease. The single dose gave no side effects but nausea, headache, skin rash and worsening of abdominal pain and diarrhoea occurred in some patients who received the seven day treatment course.", "contents": "Symptomatic giardiasis in Sudanese adults and its treatment with tinidazole. The main symptoms of infection with Giardia intestinalis in 33 Sudanese adults were abdominal pain, flatulence and diarrhoea. Other symptoms were offensive stools, loss of weight, milk intolerance, mucoid stools, nausea and vomiting. Tinidazole given orally as 150 mg. twice daily dose for seven days or as a single 1,000 mg. dose, eradicated the infection in 32 out of the 33 patients. This parasitological cure was obtained in all 21 patients who received the seven day course and in 11 out of 12 patients who were given the single dose. All symptoms disappeared in 16 out of the 32 patients and in the remaining half improvement was marked particularly as regards the three main symptoms of the disease. The single dose gave no side effects but nausea, headache, skin rash and worsening of abdominal pain and diarrhoea occurred in some patients who received the seven day treatment course.", "PMID": 850286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9087", "title": "Salmonellosis complicating schistosomiasis in the Sudan.", "content": "Salmonella typhi or Paratyphi A was isolated from the blood in 16 out of 21 Suanese patients who had prolonged fever of one of 10 months' duration and hepatesplenic schistosomiasis. Most patients had severe anaemia. The serum alkaline phosphatase was raised in 16 patients. Bilharzial lesions were demonstrated in the liver biopsies of 10 patients. Three patients had in addition the nephrotic syndrome and moderate proteinuria was present in nine other patients. Changes of proliferative glomerulonephritis were noted in the renal biopsies of two patients with the nephrotic syndrome. Treatment with chloramphenicol cured the salmonella infection in all patients, reversed the raised alkaline phosphatase and the proteinuria, and led to a marked reduction in the size of the hepatosplenomegaly.", "contents": "Salmonellosis complicating schistosomiasis in the Sudan. Salmonella typhi or Paratyphi A was isolated from the blood in 16 out of 21 Suanese patients who had prolonged fever of one of 10 months' duration and hepatesplenic schistosomiasis. Most patients had severe anaemia. The serum alkaline phosphatase was raised in 16 patients. Bilharzial lesions were demonstrated in the liver biopsies of 10 patients. Three patients had in addition the nephrotic syndrome and moderate proteinuria was present in nine other patients. Changes of proliferative glomerulonephritis were noted in the renal biopsies of two patients with the nephrotic syndrome. Treatment with chloramphenicol cured the salmonella infection in all patients, reversed the raised alkaline phosphatase and the proteinuria, and led to a marked reduction in the size of the hepatosplenomegaly.", "PMID": 850287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9088", "title": "Electron microscopy of late adenovirus type 2 mRNA hybridized to double-stranded viral DNA.", "content": "R loops were generated with late adenovirus type 2 (Ad2) mRNA in double-stranded viral DNA, and visualized by electron microscopy. Unpaired DNA sequences in Ad2:Ad2+ND4 heteroduplex DNA served as a visual marker for the orientation of R loops with respect to the conventional DNA map. The most abundant classes of late Ad2 mRNA observed by this technique hybridized, in order of R-loop frequency, with midpoints near posit1ons 0.57, 0.88, 0.77, and 0.40 to 0.50 of the DNA map. The R loop at position 0.57, 0.88, 0.77, and 0.40 containing the hexon gene; the one at position 0.88 corresponded to a region containing the fiber gene. The relative frequencies of these two R loops paralleled those of the encoded gene products. The mRNA sizes, calculated from those of the respective R loops, were slightly larger than needed to code for these polypeptides. Using the R-loop technique, two locations at which adjacent mRNA's hybridized to different strands were accurately mapped at positions 0.61 and 0.91 of the DNA. The map positions of late Ad2 mRNA correlated well to published RNA and protein maps.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of late adenovirus type 2 mRNA hybridized to double-stranded viral DNA. R loops were generated with late adenovirus type 2 (Ad2) mRNA in double-stranded viral DNA, and visualized by electron microscopy. Unpaired DNA sequences in Ad2:Ad2+ND4 heteroduplex DNA served as a visual marker for the orientation of R loops with respect to the conventional DNA map. The most abundant classes of late Ad2 mRNA observed by this technique hybridized, in order of R-loop frequency, with midpoints near posit1ons 0.57, 0.88, 0.77, and 0.40 to 0.50 of the DNA map. The R loop at position 0.57, 0.88, 0.77, and 0.40 containing the hexon gene; the one at position 0.88 corresponded to a region containing the fiber gene. The relative frequencies of these two R loops paralleled those of the encoded gene products. The mRNA sizes, calculated from those of the respective R loops, were slightly larger than needed to code for these polypeptides. Using the R-loop technique, two locations at which adjacent mRNA's hybridized to different strands were accurately mapped at positions 0.61 and 0.91 of the DNA. The map positions of late Ad2 mRNA correlated well to published RNA and protein maps.", "PMID": 850302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9089", "title": "Early gene expression of adenovirus type 2: R-loop mapping of mRNA and time course of viral DNA, mRNA, and protein synthesis.", "content": "Adenovirus type 2 DNA was hybridized to early mRNA isolated from the cytoplasm of infected cells prior to the initiation of viral DNA synthesis. Resulting R loops were visualized in the electron microscope, and their positions were oriented with the help of DNA fragments generated by digestion with the restriction endonuclease BamHI. Early RNA was found to map (in order of relative R-loop frequency) with midpoints near positions 0.95, 0.80, 0.03, 0.65, and 0.09 on the conventional adenovirus map. The time of appearance of individual viral mRNA's was compared to the time course of viral protein and DNA synthesis. We present a refined map of adenovirus gene functions which is based on results documented in this and the accompanying study by Meyer et al. (1977), as well as on data published by other laboratories.", "contents": "Early gene expression of adenovirus type 2: R-loop mapping of mRNA and time course of viral DNA, mRNA, and protein synthesis. Adenovirus type 2 DNA was hybridized to early mRNA isolated from the cytoplasm of infected cells prior to the initiation of viral DNA synthesis. Resulting R loops were visualized in the electron microscope, and their positions were oriented with the help of DNA fragments generated by digestion with the restriction endonuclease BamHI. Early RNA was found to map (in order of relative R-loop frequency) with midpoints near positions 0.95, 0.80, 0.03, 0.65, and 0.09 on the conventional adenovirus map. The time of appearance of individual viral mRNA's was compared to the time course of viral protein and DNA synthesis. We present a refined map of adenovirus gene functions which is based on results documented in this and the accompanying study by Meyer et al. (1977), as well as on data published by other laboratories.", "PMID": 850303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9090", "title": "Circular forms of Uukuniemi virion RNA: an electron microscopic study.", "content": "Because the ribonucleoprotein forms of the segments of the Uukuniemi virus genome have previously been characterized as circular, we examined the isolated RNAs by electron microscopy under conditions of increasing denaturation. After spreading under moderately denaturing conditions (50 or 60% formamide), 50 to 70% of the molecules were circular. Increasing the formamide concentration to 70 and 85% decreased the number of circular forms, and only linear forms were observed after incubation of the RNA at 60 degrees C for 15 min in 99% formamide. When spread from 4 M urea-80% formamide--another condition known to denature RNA--only 5 to 30% circular molecules were observed. Pretreatment of the RNA with 0.5 M glyoxal at 37 degrees C for 15 min prior to spreading from 50% formamide gave less than 5% cirucular forms. Length measurement of the molecules showed that they were not significantly degraded by any of the methods employed. The circular molecules were destroyed by treatment with pancreatic RNase, but were unaffected by DNase or proteinase K treatment. After complete denaturation of the RNA, the circles could be reformed under reannealing conditions. We conclude that the three size classes of RNA that comprise the Uukuniemi virus genome are circular molecules probably maintained in that form by base pairing between inverted complementary sequences at the 3' and 5' ends of linear molecules.", "contents": "Circular forms of Uukuniemi virion RNA: an electron microscopic study. Because the ribonucleoprotein forms of the segments of the Uukuniemi virus genome have previously been characterized as circular, we examined the isolated RNAs by electron microscopy under conditions of increasing denaturation. After spreading under moderately denaturing conditions (50 or 60% formamide), 50 to 70% of the molecules were circular. Increasing the formamide concentration to 70 and 85% decreased the number of circular forms, and only linear forms were observed after incubation of the RNA at 60 degrees C for 15 min in 99% formamide. When spread from 4 M urea-80% formamide--another condition known to denature RNA--only 5 to 30% circular molecules were observed. Pretreatment of the RNA with 0.5 M glyoxal at 37 degrees C for 15 min prior to spreading from 50% formamide gave less than 5% cirucular forms. Length measurement of the molecules showed that they were not significantly degraded by any of the methods employed. The circular molecules were destroyed by treatment with pancreatic RNase, but were unaffected by DNase or proteinase K treatment. After complete denaturation of the RNA, the circles could be reformed under reannealing conditions. We conclude that the three size classes of RNA that comprise the Uukuniemi virus genome are circular molecules probably maintained in that form by base pairing between inverted complementary sequences at the 3' and 5' ends of linear molecules.", "PMID": 850304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9091", "title": "Characterization of a temperature-sensitive mutant of human adenovirus type 7.", "content": "The properties of a naturally occurring temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant of human adenovirus type 7 (Ad7) were studied. Mutant Ad7 (19), or E46-, was the nonhybrid adenovirus component derived from the defective simian virus 40 (SV40)-Ad7 hybrid (PARA). Growth of the mutant was restricted at 40.5 degrees C, and the ratios of virus yields in KB cells at 40.5 and 33 degrees C were 10(-2) to 10(-3). Viral DNA synthesis and the synthesis of adenovirus-specific antigens (tumor, capsid, hexon, and penton antigens) appeared normal at the restrictive temperature. The assembly of virus particles was aberrant, as determined by thin-section of infected cells. The infectivity of mutant virions was heat labile at 50 degrees C, suggesting a ts defect in a structural component of the viron. Analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of [35S]methionine-labeled polypeptides synthesized in mutant-infected cells suggested that at least the major virion polypeptides were synthesized at the restrictive temperature. A lack of inhibition of host protein synthesis late in mutant infections, as compared with wild-type (WT) infections at both the permissive and nonpermissive temperatures, made quantitation of infected-cell polypeptides difficult. Analysis of the assembly of capsomeres from cytoplasmic extracts of infected cells on sucrose gradients and by non-dissociating polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggested that hexon capsomeres were made at 40.5 degrees C. The hexon capsomeres made by the mutant at either 33 or 40.5 degrees C displayed a decreased migration in the non-dissociating gels compared with the WT hexon capsomeres. The molecular weights of the mutant and WT hexon polypeptides were identical. These results suggest that the ts lesion of this group B human Ad7 mutant may be reflected in altered hexons. The mutant Ad7 interfered with the replication of adenovirus types 2 and 21 at the elevated temperature.", "contents": "Characterization of a temperature-sensitive mutant of human adenovirus type 7. The properties of a naturally occurring temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant of human adenovirus type 7 (Ad7) were studied. Mutant Ad7 (19), or E46-, was the nonhybrid adenovirus component derived from the defective simian virus 40 (SV40)-Ad7 hybrid (PARA). Growth of the mutant was restricted at 40.5 degrees C, and the ratios of virus yields in KB cells at 40.5 and 33 degrees C were 10(-2) to 10(-3). Viral DNA synthesis and the synthesis of adenovirus-specific antigens (tumor, capsid, hexon, and penton antigens) appeared normal at the restrictive temperature. The assembly of virus particles was aberrant, as determined by thin-section of infected cells. The infectivity of mutant virions was heat labile at 50 degrees C, suggesting a ts defect in a structural component of the viron. Analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of [35S]methionine-labeled polypeptides synthesized in mutant-infected cells suggested that at least the major virion polypeptides were synthesized at the restrictive temperature. A lack of inhibition of host protein synthesis late in mutant infections, as compared with wild-type (WT) infections at both the permissive and nonpermissive temperatures, made quantitation of infected-cell polypeptides difficult. Analysis of the assembly of capsomeres from cytoplasmic extracts of infected cells on sucrose gradients and by non-dissociating polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggested that hexon capsomeres were made at 40.5 degrees C. The hexon capsomeres made by the mutant at either 33 or 40.5 degrees C displayed a decreased migration in the non-dissociating gels compared with the WT hexon capsomeres. The molecular weights of the mutant and WT hexon polypeptides were identical. These results suggest that the ts lesion of this group B human Ad7 mutant may be reflected in altered hexons. The mutant Ad7 interfered with the replication of adenovirus types 2 and 21 at the elevated temperature.", "PMID": 850305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9092", "title": "P1 and P3 proteins of influenza virus are required for complementary RNA synthesis.", "content": "Members of two temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant groups of influenza A/WSN virus defective in complementary RNA synthesis were analyzed with respect to the identity of their defective genes. RNA analysis of recombinants having a ts+ phenotype derived from the mutants and HK virus permitted the identification of RNA 1 and RNA 2 as the single defective gene in mutant groups I and III, respectively. Based on knowledge obtained by mapping the WSN virus genome, it then was possible to determine that biologically functional P3 protein (coded for by RNA 1) and P1 protein (RNA 2) are required for complementary RNA synthesis of influenza virus.", "contents": "P1 and P3 proteins of influenza virus are required for complementary RNA synthesis. Members of two temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant groups of influenza A/WSN virus defective in complementary RNA synthesis were analyzed with respect to the identity of their defective genes. RNA analysis of recombinants having a ts+ phenotype derived from the mutants and HK virus permitted the identification of RNA 1 and RNA 2 as the single defective gene in mutant groups I and III, respectively. Based on knowledge obtained by mapping the WSN virus genome, it then was possible to determine that biologically functional P3 protein (coded for by RNA 1) and P1 protein (RNA 2) are required for complementary RNA synthesis of influenza virus.", "PMID": 850306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9093", "title": "Identification of the defective genes in three mutant groups of influenza virus.", "content": "Seven complementation-recombination groups of temperature-sensitive (ts) influenza WSN virus mutants have been previously isolated. Recently two of these groups (IV and VI) were shown to possess defects in the neuraminidase and the hemagglutinin gene, respectively, and two groups (I and III) were reported to have defects in the P3 and P1 proteins which are required for complementary RNA synthesis. In this communication we report on the defects in the remaining three mutant groups. Wild-type (ts+) recombinants derived from ts mutants and different non-ts influenza viruses were analyzed on RNA polyacrylamide gels. This technique permitted the identification of the P2 protein, the nucleoprotein, and the M protein as the defective gene products in mutant groups II, V, and VII, respectively. Based on the physiological behavior of mutants in groups II and V, it appears that P2 protein and nucleoprotein are required for virion RNA synthesis during influenza virus replication.", "contents": "Identification of the defective genes in three mutant groups of influenza virus. Seven complementation-recombination groups of temperature-sensitive (ts) influenza WSN virus mutants have been previously isolated. Recently two of these groups (IV and VI) were shown to possess defects in the neuraminidase and the hemagglutinin gene, respectively, and two groups (I and III) were reported to have defects in the P3 and P1 proteins which are required for complementary RNA synthesis. In this communication we report on the defects in the remaining three mutant groups. Wild-type (ts+) recombinants derived from ts mutants and different non-ts influenza viruses were analyzed on RNA polyacrylamide gels. This technique permitted the identification of the P2 protein, the nucleoprotein, and the M protein as the defective gene products in mutant groups II, V, and VII, respectively. Based on the physiological behavior of mutants in groups II and V, it appears that P2 protein and nucleoprotein are required for virion RNA synthesis during influenza virus replication.", "PMID": 850307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9094", "title": "Biochemical studies on a reovirus-like agent (rotovirus) from lambs.", "content": "Ten polypeptides were detected in double-capsid lamb rotavirus; four of these appeared to be associated with the outer capsid. Lamb rotavirus RNA, which consisted of 11 or 12 segments, differed from pig rotavirus RNA in the electrophoretic mibility of one of the genome segments.", "contents": "Biochemical studies on a reovirus-like agent (rotovirus) from lambs. Ten polypeptides were detected in double-capsid lamb rotavirus; four of these appeared to be associated with the outer capsid. Lamb rotavirus RNA, which consisted of 11 or 12 segments, differed from pig rotavirus RNA in the electrophoretic mibility of one of the genome segments.", "PMID": 850308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9095", "title": "Proteins of hepatitis B surface antigen: amino acid compositions of the major polypeptides.", "content": "The major polypeptides isolated from two different preparations of hepatitis B surface antigen/adw were analyzed for their amino acid compositions. The results indicated a high degree of compositional relatedness between the P-1 (23,000, molecular weight) and P-2 (29,500, molecular weight) polypeptides for each of the two preparations. A considerable proportion of the major P-1 and P-2 polypeptides may be composed of a common structure. No amino sugars were detected in the preparations of isolated polypeptides.", "contents": "Proteins of hepatitis B surface antigen: amino acid compositions of the major polypeptides. The major polypeptides isolated from two different preparations of hepatitis B surface antigen/adw were analyzed for their amino acid compositions. The results indicated a high degree of compositional relatedness between the P-1 (23,000, molecular weight) and P-2 (29,500, molecular weight) polypeptides for each of the two preparations. A considerable proportion of the major P-1 and P-2 polypeptides may be composed of a common structure. No amino sugars were detected in the preparations of isolated polypeptides.", "PMID": 850309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9096", "title": "RNase activity in human interferon preparations.", "content": "The level of RNase activity in human interferon preparations was examined. Although sequential purification of interferon resulted in nearly a 300-fold increase in specific activity, RNase-specific activity remained more or less constant. The implications of this finding for the analyses of the mode of action of interferon are discussed.", "contents": "RNase activity in human interferon preparations. The level of RNase activity in human interferon preparations was examined. Although sequential purification of interferon resulted in nearly a 300-fold increase in specific activity, RNase-specific activity remained more or less constant. The implications of this finding for the analyses of the mode of action of interferon are discussed.", "PMID": 850310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9097", "title": "99mtechnetium penicillamine: a renal cortical scanning agent.", "content": "99mTechnetium penicillamine, a renal cortical imaging agent, can be used to provide a rapid, safe and non-invasive assessment of renal morphology and the renal vascular supply. Since this agent is not excreted significantly during the imaging procedure cortical scans of high quality can be obtained without image deterioration owing to a superimposed collecting system. These scans, which are clearly superior in anatomical detail to earlier scans using 131I hippuran, can be obtained along with the 131I hippuran renogram when the patient comes to the nuclear medicine department. Herein we demonstrate the anatomical detail it is now possible to achieve by presenting the cortical renal scans and accompanying radiograms from 5 patients with different renal pathology.", "contents": "99mtechnetium penicillamine: a renal cortical scanning agent. 99mTechnetium penicillamine, a renal cortical imaging agent, can be used to provide a rapid, safe and non-invasive assessment of renal morphology and the renal vascular supply. Since this agent is not excreted significantly during the imaging procedure cortical scans of high quality can be obtained without image deterioration owing to a superimposed collecting system. These scans, which are clearly superior in anatomical detail to earlier scans using 131I hippuran, can be obtained along with the 131I hippuran renogram when the patient comes to the nuclear medicine department. Herein we demonstrate the anatomical detail it is now possible to achieve by presenting the cortical renal scans and accompanying radiograms from 5 patients with different renal pathology.", "PMID": 850312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9098", "title": "Renal malacoplakia.", "content": "Malacoplakia often is considered a benign disease. Our recent experience with renal parenchymal malacoplakia and a review of the literature have revealed the clinical and pathologic features as well as the prognosis of this renal disease. Upper urinary tract malacoplakia is neither benign nor self-limited, and bilateral renal parenchymal involvement has been uniformly fatal.", "contents": "Renal malacoplakia. Malacoplakia often is considered a benign disease. Our recent experience with renal parenchymal malacoplakia and a review of the literature have revealed the clinical and pathologic features as well as the prognosis of this renal disease. Upper urinary tract malacoplakia is neither benign nor self-limited, and bilateral renal parenchymal involvement has been uniformly fatal.", "PMID": 850314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9099", "title": "Hormones in renal cancer.", "content": "Plasma renin, erythropoietin and chorionic gonadotropin levels were evaluated in 57 patients with renal adenocarcinoma. Renin elevation, found in 37 per cent, was unrelated to blood pressure levels but was associated with high grade, high stage lesions of mixed histologic cell type and predicted a poor prognosis. Erythropoietin was raised in 63 per cent of patients and was more sensitive than renin in indicating the presence of renal adenocarcinoma. However, it was less specific and did not correlate directly with tumor grade, stage, histologic type, prognosis or hematocrit and hemoglobin levels. None of the patients had elevated chorionic gonadotropin levels. Therefore, we believe that renin and erythropoietin determinations may be of value as biochemical tumor markers in renal adenocarcinoma.", "contents": "Hormones in renal cancer. Plasma renin, erythropoietin and chorionic gonadotropin levels were evaluated in 57 patients with renal adenocarcinoma. Renin elevation, found in 37 per cent, was unrelated to blood pressure levels but was associated with high grade, high stage lesions of mixed histologic cell type and predicted a poor prognosis. Erythropoietin was raised in 63 per cent of patients and was more sensitive than renin in indicating the presence of renal adenocarcinoma. However, it was less specific and did not correlate directly with tumor grade, stage, histologic type, prognosis or hematocrit and hemoglobin levels. None of the patients had elevated chorionic gonadotropin levels. Therefore, we believe that renin and erythropoietin determinations may be of value as biochemical tumor markers in renal adenocarcinoma.", "PMID": 850315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9100", "title": "Extrarenal manifestations of renal cell carcinoma.", "content": "Renal cell adenocarcinoma can be one of the great masqueraders in medicine. More common extrarenal manifestations of renal cell carcinoma include fever, anemia and gastrointestinal symptoms. Other rarer systemic symptoms are caused by amyloidosis, neuromyopathy and tumor thrombus. Humoral manifestations include polycythemia, hypercalcemia, galactorrhea and Cushing's syndrome. Metastatic disease commonly presents as the initial symptom.", "contents": "Extrarenal manifestations of renal cell carcinoma. Renal cell adenocarcinoma can be one of the great masqueraders in medicine. More common extrarenal manifestations of renal cell carcinoma include fever, anemia and gastrointestinal symptoms. Other rarer systemic symptoms are caused by amyloidosis, neuromyopathy and tumor thrombus. Humoral manifestations include polycythemia, hypercalcemia, galactorrhea and Cushing's syndrome. Metastatic disease commonly presents as the initial symptom.", "PMID": 850316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9101", "title": "Reflux as a cause of end stage kidney disease: report of 32 cases.", "content": "Of 32 patients with end stage renal failure secondary to bilateral, primary, low pressure reflux 10 had sterile reflux and 22 had reflux associated with recurrent urinary tract infection. These cases clearly document a potential terminal phase in the natural history of reflux. In addition, the study indicates the absolute necessity of early diagnosis and surgical correction of severe reflux, regardless of whether the reflux is sterile or associated with infection, and before chemical evidence of renal functional impairment.", "contents": "Reflux as a cause of end stage kidney disease: report of 32 cases. Of 32 patients with end stage renal failure secondary to bilateral, primary, low pressure reflux 10 had sterile reflux and 22 had reflux associated with recurrent urinary tract infection. These cases clearly document a potential terminal phase in the natural history of reflux. In addition, the study indicates the absolute necessity of early diagnosis and surgical correction of severe reflux, regardless of whether the reflux is sterile or associated with infection, and before chemical evidence of renal functional impairment.", "PMID": 850317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9102", "title": "Duplication of the male urethra.", "content": "Our experience with 4 male subjects with accessory urethras is reported. The anatomic types, clinical presentations and treatment modalities of urethral duplication are discussed. Our scrutiny of all cases reviewed in the literature led us to classify patients into 3 types, depending upon the anatomic and embryologic features. Type 1 is a complete accessory urethra arising from a separate or confluent opening within the bladder and extending to an external orifice. Type 2 includes accessory urethras that arise from the primary urethra and may or may not extend to a distal orifice. Type 3 is the most unusual anomaly, in which 1 of the duplicated urethras arises from the bladder or proximal urethra and opens onto the perineum.", "contents": "Duplication of the male urethra. Our experience with 4 male subjects with accessory urethras is reported. The anatomic types, clinical presentations and treatment modalities of urethral duplication are discussed. Our scrutiny of all cases reviewed in the literature led us to classify patients into 3 types, depending upon the anatomic and embryologic features. Type 1 is a complete accessory urethra arising from a separate or confluent opening within the bladder and extending to an external orifice. Type 2 includes accessory urethras that arise from the primary urethra and may or may not extend to a distal orifice. Type 3 is the most unusual anomaly, in which 1 of the duplicated urethras arises from the bladder or proximal urethra and opens onto the perineum.", "PMID": 850318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9103", "title": "Estramustine phosphate: a specific chemotherapeutic agent?.", "content": "Estramustine phosphate is a nitrogen mustard derivative of estradiol that has been advocated for the treatment of prostatic cancer. The compound was designed with the hope that the estrogen moiety would direct the alkylating moiety to estrogen-dependent malignancies, where the alkylating moiety would be released specifically. Preclinical and clinical data are reviewed to determine to what extent that challenging concept is fulfilled. In addition, we have examined critically the efficacy of this drug for the treatment of prostatic cancer. From available data it appears that there is no evidence that the alkylating moiety of estramustine phosphate is specifically freed in estrogen-dependent tissues. Estramustine phosphate appears to be an active compound with acceptable toxicity in prostatic cancer. However, further clinical trials must be undertaken to clarify the future role of estramustine phosphate in the treatment of prostatic cancer.", "contents": "Estramustine phosphate: a specific chemotherapeutic agent?. Estramustine phosphate is a nitrogen mustard derivative of estradiol that has been advocated for the treatment of prostatic cancer. The compound was designed with the hope that the estrogen moiety would direct the alkylating moiety to estrogen-dependent malignancies, where the alkylating moiety would be released specifically. Preclinical and clinical data are reviewed to determine to what extent that challenging concept is fulfilled. In addition, we have examined critically the efficacy of this drug for the treatment of prostatic cancer. From available data it appears that there is no evidence that the alkylating moiety of estramustine phosphate is specifically freed in estrogen-dependent tissues. Estramustine phosphate appears to be an active compound with acceptable toxicity in prostatic cancer. However, further clinical trials must be undertaken to clarify the future role of estramustine phosphate in the treatment of prostatic cancer.", "PMID": 850319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9104", "title": "Multiple drug chemotherapy regimen for patients with hormonally-unresponsive carcinoma of the prostate: a preliminary report.", "content": "Of 25 patients with estrogen-unresponsive prostatic adenocarcinoma submitted to multi-drug chemotherapy 6 had partial objective regression, 12 had objectively stable disease and 7 had progressive disease. The survival rates in the 3 groups were 63, 52 and 40 weeks, respectively.", "contents": "Multiple drug chemotherapy regimen for patients with hormonally-unresponsive carcinoma of the prostate: a preliminary report. Of 25 patients with estrogen-unresponsive prostatic adenocarcinoma submitted to multi-drug chemotherapy 6 had partial objective regression, 12 had objectively stable disease and 7 had progressive disease. The survival rates in the 3 groups were 63, 52 and 40 weeks, respectively.", "PMID": 850320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9105", "title": "Pathological semen and anatomical abnormalities of the genital tract in human male subjects exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero.", "content": "The in utero effects of diethylstilbestrol on the human male genital tract are reported in our followup study of male offspring of mothers treated with diethylstilbestrol. Anatomical and functional abnormalities were significantly greater in male patients exposed to diethylstilbestrol compared to male controls whose mothers were all participants in a prospective, randomized double-blind study on the effects of diethylstilbestrol on pregnancy at our hospital during the early 1950s. Epididymal cysts, hypotrophic testes and capsular induration of the testes were among the more common genital lesions found in more than 25 per cent of 159 male patients exposed to diethylstilbestrol compared to a 6.8 per cent incidence in 161 male controls. Spermatozoal analysis revealed severe pathological changes (Eliasson score more than 10) in 32 per cent of 31 patients exposed to diethylstilbestrol and 0 per cent of 20 male controls. Abnormal findings on physical examination combined with severe sperm abnormalities (Eliasson score more than 10) were found in 23 per cent of the male patients exposed to diethylstilbestrol versus none of the male controls. Cytologic examinations revealed no malignant cells from urine samples before and after prostatic massage or ejaculation, prostatic fluids and aspirates from epididymal cysts.", "contents": "Pathological semen and anatomical abnormalities of the genital tract in human male subjects exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero. The in utero effects of diethylstilbestrol on the human male genital tract are reported in our followup study of male offspring of mothers treated with diethylstilbestrol. Anatomical and functional abnormalities were significantly greater in male patients exposed to diethylstilbestrol compared to male controls whose mothers were all participants in a prospective, randomized double-blind study on the effects of diethylstilbestrol on pregnancy at our hospital during the early 1950s. Epididymal cysts, hypotrophic testes and capsular induration of the testes were among the more common genital lesions found in more than 25 per cent of 159 male patients exposed to diethylstilbestrol compared to a 6.8 per cent incidence in 161 male controls. Spermatozoal analysis revealed severe pathological changes (Eliasson score more than 10) in 32 per cent of 31 patients exposed to diethylstilbestrol and 0 per cent of 20 male controls. Abnormal findings on physical examination combined with severe sperm abnormalities (Eliasson score more than 10) were found in 23 per cent of the male patients exposed to diethylstilbestrol versus none of the male controls. Cytologic examinations revealed no malignant cells from urine samples before and after prostatic massage or ejaculation, prostatic fluids and aspirates from epididymal cysts.", "PMID": 850321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9106", "title": "The phentolamine test in neurogenic bladder dysfunction.", "content": "In an attempt to improve the selection of patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction likely to benefit from phenoxybenzamine therapy, the effect of intravenous phentolamine (Regitine) on the urinary flow rate was determined in normal and abnormal subjects. A nomogram relating mean flow rate to volume voided was constructed to aid in the interpretation of results. In 16 patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction it was found that a response of more than 0.8 nomogram units indicates a likelihood of clinical improvement with phenoxybenzamine therapy. The clinical applications of this test are discussed.", "contents": "The phentolamine test in neurogenic bladder dysfunction. In an attempt to improve the selection of patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction likely to benefit from phenoxybenzamine therapy, the effect of intravenous phentolamine (Regitine) on the urinary flow rate was determined in normal and abnormal subjects. A nomogram relating mean flow rate to volume voided was constructed to aid in the interpretation of results. In 16 patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction it was found that a response of more than 0.8 nomogram units indicates a likelihood of clinical improvement with phenoxybenzamine therapy. The clinical applications of this test are discussed.", "PMID": 850322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9107", "title": "A 25-year prospective mortality study in the spinal cord injured patient: comparison with the long-term living paraplegic.", "content": "Herein we combine 2 studies: a 25-year prospective followup on 270 spinal cord injury patients and a more than 20-year (average 24.2 years) evaluation of 175 paraplegics. The mortality rate was 49 per cent after 25 years, with renal disease as the major cause of death (43 per cent). Vascular deaths were just as prevalent during the last 5 years of spinal cord life. There are probably several reasons why some patients have long-term survival (more than 20 years), including patient motivation (better followup), less vascular problems, less chronic decubitus and a higher percentage of lower motor neuron lesions. Patients with lower motor neuron lesions had the best bladder status associated with less upper tract deterioration.", "contents": "A 25-year prospective mortality study in the spinal cord injured patient: comparison with the long-term living paraplegic. Herein we combine 2 studies: a 25-year prospective followup on 270 spinal cord injury patients and a more than 20-year (average 24.2 years) evaluation of 175 paraplegics. The mortality rate was 49 per cent after 25 years, with renal disease as the major cause of death (43 per cent). Vascular deaths were just as prevalent during the last 5 years of spinal cord life. There are probably several reasons why some patients have long-term survival (more than 20 years), including patient motivation (better followup), less vascular problems, less chronic decubitus and a higher percentage of lower motor neuron lesions. Patients with lower motor neuron lesions had the best bladder status associated with less upper tract deterioration.", "PMID": 850323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9108", "title": "Anteromedian external urethral sphincterotomy: technique, rationale and complications.", "content": "Experiences are presented with bilateral (3 and 9 o'clock incisions) and anteromedian (12 o'clock incision) external urethral sphincterotomy in 84 patients with neuropathic vesicourethral dysfunctions. Hemorrhage and loss of reflexogenic erections have been notably absent in 31 patients who underwent anteromedian sphincterotomy. The rationale is discussed for the preference of anteromedian over bilateral sphincterotomy based on postoperative complications. The postoperative, radiologically aided cystosphincterometric and electromyographic studies during micturition indicated the adequacy of the surgical procedures, satisfying the urodynamic criteria, although dyssynergic myolectric activity of the periurethral striated muscle continued to exist.", "contents": "Anteromedian external urethral sphincterotomy: technique, rationale and complications. Experiences are presented with bilateral (3 and 9 o'clock incisions) and anteromedian (12 o'clock incision) external urethral sphincterotomy in 84 patients with neuropathic vesicourethral dysfunctions. Hemorrhage and loss of reflexogenic erections have been notably absent in 31 patients who underwent anteromedian sphincterotomy. The rationale is discussed for the preference of anteromedian over bilateral sphincterotomy based on postoperative complications. The postoperative, radiologically aided cystosphincterometric and electromyographic studies during micturition indicated the adequacy of the surgical procedures, satisfying the urodynamic criteria, although dyssynergic myolectric activity of the periurethral striated muscle continued to exist.", "PMID": 850324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9109", "title": "Functional contribution of autonomic innervation to urethral striated sphincter: studies with parasympathomimetic, parasympatholytic and alpha-adrenergic blocking agents in spinal cord injury and control male subjects.", "content": "Mechanisms underlying urethral pressure changes at the external sphincter region after administration of neuropharmacologic agents were investigated with cystosphincterometric studies and electromyography of the external urethral sphincter in adult patients with spinal cord injury and control male subjects. Bethanechol chloride, propantheline or phentolamine were administered to 37 spinal cord injury men and 3 normal controls. After cystectomy 3 additional spinal cord injury patients were subjected to bethanechol studies. The results of these studies suggested that the pressure changes in the external sphincter zone were caused predominantly by the concurrent changes produced in the detrusor and/or the smooth muscle components of the proximal urethra and of the external sphincter zone.", "contents": "Functional contribution of autonomic innervation to urethral striated sphincter: studies with parasympathomimetic, parasympatholytic and alpha-adrenergic blocking agents in spinal cord injury and control male subjects. Mechanisms underlying urethral pressure changes at the external sphincter region after administration of neuropharmacologic agents were investigated with cystosphincterometric studies and electromyography of the external urethral sphincter in adult patients with spinal cord injury and control male subjects. Bethanechol chloride, propantheline or phentolamine were administered to 37 spinal cord injury men and 3 normal controls. After cystectomy 3 additional spinal cord injury patients were subjected to bethanechol studies. The results of these studies suggested that the pressure changes in the external sphincter zone were caused predominantly by the concurrent changes produced in the detrusor and/or the smooth muscle components of the proximal urethra and of the external sphincter zone.", "PMID": 850325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9110", "title": "Deep hypothermia.", "content": "Early correction of congenital cardiac defects has been facilitated by the use of deep hypothermia and cardiocirculatory arrest. The technique currently used by us consists of surface cooling to 24 degrees C, total hemodilution, cardiopulmonary bypass to 20 degrees C and complete cardiocirculatory arrest. Rewarming is achieved with a pump oxygenator. In over 266 small children, 67% of whom were in the first year of life, lesions corrected included transposition of the great arteries (TGA)(43%), ventricular septal defect (16%), tetralogy of Fallot (16%), and total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (5%). Early primary correction with deep hypothermia has a risk that is comparable to or better than staged repair.", "contents": "Deep hypothermia. Early correction of congenital cardiac defects has been facilitated by the use of deep hypothermia and cardiocirculatory arrest. The technique currently used by us consists of surface cooling to 24 degrees C, total hemodilution, cardiopulmonary bypass to 20 degrees C and complete cardiocirculatory arrest. Rewarming is achieved with a pump oxygenator. In over 266 small children, 67% of whom were in the first year of life, lesions corrected included transposition of the great arteries (TGA)(43%), ventricular septal defect (16%), tetralogy of Fallot (16%), and total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (5%). Early primary correction with deep hypothermia has a risk that is comparable to or better than staged repair.", "PMID": 850333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9111", "title": "Surgical treatment of patients with transposition of the great arteries.", "content": "The prognosis of infants born with transposition of the great arteries has greatly improved in the last ten years. Some principles of diagnosis and treatment are generally accepted. However, considerable uncertainty still exists about the optimal age for elective Mustard operation, and about the details of surgical technique that would minimize the incidence of obstructive complications and post-operative dysrhythmias. These problems are discussed in the light of the surgical technique used in our unit since 1973 (143 Mustard operations) and our recent electrophysiological studies performed during the various phases of the Mustard operation.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of patients with transposition of the great arteries. The prognosis of infants born with transposition of the great arteries has greatly improved in the last ten years. Some principles of diagnosis and treatment are generally accepted. However, considerable uncertainty still exists about the optimal age for elective Mustard operation, and about the details of surgical technique that would minimize the incidence of obstructive complications and post-operative dysrhythmias. These problems are discussed in the light of the surgical technique used in our unit since 1973 (143 Mustard operations) and our recent electrophysiological studies performed during the various phases of the Mustard operation.", "PMID": 850335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9112", "title": "[Clinical report of a conservative management in treating acute vitreous haemorrhage (author's transl)].", "content": "In the first hours after a vitreous haemorrhage dense enough to obscure the retina, the blood is usually confined to the posthyaloid space in an aqueous phase. Binocular occlusion and elevation provides sufficient immobilization of the eyes in 9 out of 10 patients for the blood cells to settle to the bottom of the space and make the retina available for examination and repair. Is this not done, blood will eventually enter the vitreous gel through holes that develop in the posterior hyaloid membrane. Blood in the gel does not settle and requires months to clear.", "contents": "[Clinical report of a conservative management in treating acute vitreous haemorrhage (author's transl)]. In the first hours after a vitreous haemorrhage dense enough to obscure the retina, the blood is usually confined to the posthyaloid space in an aqueous phase. Binocular occlusion and elevation provides sufficient immobilization of the eyes in 9 out of 10 patients for the blood cells to settle to the bottom of the space and make the retina available for examination and repair. Is this not done, blood will eventually enter the vitreous gel through holes that develop in the posterior hyaloid membrane. Blood in the gel does not settle and requires months to clear.", "PMID": 850339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9113", "title": "[The effect of filtering operations (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of filtering operations on 133 eyes was investigated by fluorescence photography after intracameral injection of fluorescein. The following drainage mechanisms could be found: 1. the transconjunctival route, 2. the diffuse resorption through degenerated veins, 3. bulkflow through lymphatic vessels, 4. bulkflow through atypic aqueous veins, 5. outflow through normal aqueous veins. A filtering bleb develops, if the transconjunctival route and the diffuse resorption is predominent. Newly incorporated veins and lymphatic vessels enable the drainage of the aqueous humour without a visible bleb. Most important for the formation of these vessels is the surgical technique. Therefore it is not only necessary to cover the fistula with a scleral flap but also to gain a physiological intraocular pressure immediately after the operation. If the tension is too low in most cases a filtering bleb will form. If it is at a physiological level (i.c. above the episcleral vein pressure) new vessels can develop and drain the aqueous humour by bulkflow from the scleral fistula and that means a good pressure regulating effect without a filtering bleb.", "contents": "[The effect of filtering operations (author's transl)]. The effect of filtering operations on 133 eyes was investigated by fluorescence photography after intracameral injection of fluorescein. The following drainage mechanisms could be found: 1. the transconjunctival route, 2. the diffuse resorption through degenerated veins, 3. bulkflow through lymphatic vessels, 4. bulkflow through atypic aqueous veins, 5. outflow through normal aqueous veins. A filtering bleb develops, if the transconjunctival route and the diffuse resorption is predominent. Newly incorporated veins and lymphatic vessels enable the drainage of the aqueous humour without a visible bleb. Most important for the formation of these vessels is the surgical technique. Therefore it is not only necessary to cover the fistula with a scleral flap but also to gain a physiological intraocular pressure immediately after the operation. If the tension is too low in most cases a filtering bleb will form. If it is at a physiological level (i.c. above the episcleral vein pressure) new vessels can develop and drain the aqueous humour by bulkflow from the scleral fistula and that means a good pressure regulating effect without a filtering bleb.", "PMID": 850340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9114", "title": "[On the therapy of tractional retinal detachment without hole formation (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe 6 cases of tractional retinal detachment without hole formation--five as a result of intraocular metal splinter injuries and the sixth after scleral perforation following windshield injury which was overlooked. Splinter extraction was performed twice through the perforation and three times though the pars plana from the ouside. The time between the injury and appearance of the retinal detachment varied between four months and nine years. In every case there was a diffuse falt detachment without obvious tent formation. Reattachment was successful in five cases by release of the traction from the outside by cerclage with folding of the point of traction in the vitreous body and diathermy with drainage of the subretinal effusion. This method described gives relief only when vitreous strands traverse the whole bulbus crosswise. The follow-up period is up to the present three months to a year.", "contents": "[On the therapy of tractional retinal detachment without hole formation (author's transl)]. The authors describe 6 cases of tractional retinal detachment without hole formation--five as a result of intraocular metal splinter injuries and the sixth after scleral perforation following windshield injury which was overlooked. Splinter extraction was performed twice through the perforation and three times though the pars plana from the ouside. The time between the injury and appearance of the retinal detachment varied between four months and nine years. In every case there was a diffuse falt detachment without obvious tent formation. Reattachment was successful in five cases by release of the traction from the outside by cerclage with folding of the point of traction in the vitreous body and diathermy with drainage of the subretinal effusion. This method described gives relief only when vitreous strands traverse the whole bulbus crosswise. The follow-up period is up to the present three months to a year.", "PMID": 850341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9115", "title": "[Results of operative treatment in chronic glaucoma with marked visual-field defects (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors analysed the cases of 13 patients, operated upon for chronic glaucoma with marked visual-field defects. The visual field was examined with a Zeiss spherical perimeter. The field area was calculated in cm2 by planimetric method before the operation and then some months after it, and the obtained results were compared. Special attention was paid to vascular disturbances. In most patients with regular vascular system, post-operative examination had revealed an increase of the visual field. The best results were obtained in patients with medium-size defects: in these cases the increase in the visual field amounted to ca. 33%. The authors recommended proceeding to operative treatment in glaucoma patients without delay whenever there are defects in the visual field, even when they are very pronounced.", "contents": "[Results of operative treatment in chronic glaucoma with marked visual-field defects (author's transl)]. The authors analysed the cases of 13 patients, operated upon for chronic glaucoma with marked visual-field defects. The visual field was examined with a Zeiss spherical perimeter. The field area was calculated in cm2 by planimetric method before the operation and then some months after it, and the obtained results were compared. Special attention was paid to vascular disturbances. In most patients with regular vascular system, post-operative examination had revealed an increase of the visual field. The best results were obtained in patients with medium-size defects: in these cases the increase in the visual field amounted to ca. 33%. The authors recommended proceeding to operative treatment in glaucoma patients without delay whenever there are defects in the visual field, even when they are very pronounced.", "PMID": 850342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9116", "title": "[Star-like cataract in a diabetic child (author's transl)].", "content": "In a 14-year-old diabetic boy a star-like cataract was observed after the first insulin treatment. This cataract later disappeared again.", "contents": "[Star-like cataract in a diabetic child (author's transl)]. In a 14-year-old diabetic boy a star-like cataract was observed after the first insulin treatment. This cataract later disappeared again.", "PMID": 850344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9117", "title": "[Treatment of spastic entropion by cautery (author's transl)].", "content": "Ziegler's cautery is our operation of choice for the treatment of most cases of spastic entropion. The advantage of this technic is the fact that the procedure is very efficient with regard to function and cosmetic effect and takes very little time.", "contents": "[Treatment of spastic entropion by cautery (author's transl)]. Ziegler's cautery is our operation of choice for the treatment of most cases of spastic entropion. The advantage of this technic is the fact that the procedure is very efficient with regard to function and cosmetic effect and takes very little time.", "PMID": 850343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9118", "title": "[Assessment of eye damage for private accident. Part III. Assessment of bilateral eye damage (author's transl)].", "content": "In continuation of part I and II (Klin. Mbl. Augenheik. 169 [1976] 647, 774) of this essay deals with eye damage afflicting both eyes (caused by an accident or pre-existing lesion) regarding the approbiate disablement benefit. In these cases the degree of disablement should be set between 30 and 70%.", "contents": "[Assessment of eye damage for private accident. Part III. Assessment of bilateral eye damage (author's transl)]. In continuation of part I and II (Klin. Mbl. Augenheik. 169 [1976] 647, 774) of this essay deals with eye damage afflicting both eyes (caused by an accident or pre-existing lesion) regarding the approbiate disablement benefit. In these cases the degree of disablement should be set between 30 and 70%.", "PMID": 850346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9119", "title": "[Experience with a new slit lamp concept (author's transl)].", "content": "Since the development of the first slit lamp by A. Gullstrand in 1911 this instrument is an indispensible part of our diagnostic repertoire. Nevertheless it was not until almost 40 years later that the slit lamp could be able to be used for the examination of the fundus as a result of the development of the Goldmann 3-mirror contact glass. Because of the increasing importance of antiretinal detachment prophylaxis the slit lamp examination also of the rear end of the eye its becoming more and more important because of its good stereoscopy, the excellent illumination and the high magnification. A newly developed slit-lamp apparatus fulfils these special requisites which have firstly been demanded recently. This apparatus is easy and comfortable to use, which makes easier above all the contact glass examination. Technical factors, possibilities of application and experience with this slit-lamp are discussed.", "contents": "[Experience with a new slit lamp concept (author's transl)]. Since the development of the first slit lamp by A. Gullstrand in 1911 this instrument is an indispensible part of our diagnostic repertoire. Nevertheless it was not until almost 40 years later that the slit lamp could be able to be used for the examination of the fundus as a result of the development of the Goldmann 3-mirror contact glass. Because of the increasing importance of antiretinal detachment prophylaxis the slit lamp examination also of the rear end of the eye its becoming more and more important because of its good stereoscopy, the excellent illumination and the high magnification. A newly developed slit-lamp apparatus fulfils these special requisites which have firstly been demanded recently. This apparatus is easy and comfortable to use, which makes easier above all the contact glass examination. Technical factors, possibilities of application and experience with this slit-lamp are discussed.", "PMID": 850347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9120", "title": "[Fluorescein photography with polaroid film (author's transl)].", "content": "There are no difficulties in performing documentation of fluorescein pictures by slit lamp polaroid photography. This suitable method is recommended for control of corneal lesions in fitting contact lenses, and in special cases of fluorescein angiography.", "contents": "[Fluorescein photography with polaroid film (author's transl)]. There are no difficulties in performing documentation of fluorescein pictures by slit lamp polaroid photography. This suitable method is recommended for control of corneal lesions in fitting contact lenses, and in special cases of fluorescein angiography.", "PMID": 850348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9121", "title": "[Clinical experience with the O'Malley LOG2 photocoagulator (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical experience with a combination of the Clinitex photocoagulator and the Sadamel auxiliary apparatus (Fankhauser and Lotmar) is reported. This equipment proved to be very suitable for the photocoagulation therapy of degenerative and vascular processes and appeared to be only slightly inferior to the Zeiss apparatus. The coagulation at the posterior pole of the eyeball, within the distribution area of the temporal vessels, was somewhat more difficult than with the Zeiss apparatus: the longer coagulation times which are involved when smaller coagulation fields are used require more skill and experience. With coagulation outside the distribution area of the temporal vessels, on the other hand, no differences were observed in comparison with the Zeiss equipment. The Clinitex-Sadamel combination provides a practical apparatus for the photocoagulation therapy of retinal and choroidal disorders. In this combination the use of the O'Malley coagulator was extended to include photocoagulation, also through the three-reflector contact glass.", "contents": "[Clinical experience with the O'Malley LOG2 photocoagulator (author's transl)]. Clinical experience with a combination of the Clinitex photocoagulator and the Sadamel auxiliary apparatus (Fankhauser and Lotmar) is reported. This equipment proved to be very suitable for the photocoagulation therapy of degenerative and vascular processes and appeared to be only slightly inferior to the Zeiss apparatus. The coagulation at the posterior pole of the eyeball, within the distribution area of the temporal vessels, was somewhat more difficult than with the Zeiss apparatus: the longer coagulation times which are involved when smaller coagulation fields are used require more skill and experience. With coagulation outside the distribution area of the temporal vessels, on the other hand, no differences were observed in comparison with the Zeiss equipment. The Clinitex-Sadamel combination provides a practical apparatus for the photocoagulation therapy of retinal and choroidal disorders. In this combination the use of the O'Malley coagulator was extended to include photocoagulation, also through the three-reflector contact glass.", "PMID": 850349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9122", "title": "[A new apparatus for testing binocular vision (author's transl)].", "content": "The Optometer can be used in a binocular manner if the loupe-lens is replaced by a concave mirror of appropriate size and form. The concave mirror or the plane mirror connected to it can be partially transparent. With an appropriate arrangement of these elements the test field can be seen in free space. The image can be adjusted from infinity to 35 cm by displacement of the test object. Choice of the test object makes possible testing the stereoscopic vision under natural conditions. Other test objects can be used to test further functions of the eyes-monocular, binocular or separately.", "contents": "[A new apparatus for testing binocular vision (author's transl)]. The Optometer can be used in a binocular manner if the loupe-lens is replaced by a concave mirror of appropriate size and form. The concave mirror or the plane mirror connected to it can be partially transparent. With an appropriate arrangement of these elements the test field can be seen in free space. The image can be adjusted from infinity to 35 cm by displacement of the test object. Choice of the test object makes possible testing the stereoscopic vision under natural conditions. Other test objects can be used to test further functions of the eyes-monocular, binocular or separately.", "PMID": 850350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9123", "title": "[Treatment results with isoglaucon eye drops in sympatheticotone patients with early appearing primary glaucoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The sympatholytic substance Clonidin (Isoglaucon) that lowers the intraocular pressure as well as the general blood pressure was tested on a small but homogenous group of patients. This group consisted of 11 middle aged male patients with wide angle glaucoma, elevated blood pressure and sympathicotonia. The intraocular pressure was well controlled in 9 of these, and sufficiently lowered in the remaining two. At the same time the general blood pressure was consistently lowered to some extent and the sympathicotonia improved.", "contents": "[Treatment results with isoglaucon eye drops in sympatheticotone patients with early appearing primary glaucoma (author's transl)]. The sympatholytic substance Clonidin (Isoglaucon) that lowers the intraocular pressure as well as the general blood pressure was tested on a small but homogenous group of patients. This group consisted of 11 middle aged male patients with wide angle glaucoma, elevated blood pressure and sympathicotonia. The intraocular pressure was well controlled in 9 of these, and sufficiently lowered in the remaining two. At the same time the general blood pressure was consistently lowered to some extent and the sympathicotonia improved.", "PMID": 850351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9124", "title": "[Combined A- and B-scan echography of the eye (author's transl)].", "content": "The combined use of A- and B-scan echography gives far better diagnostic results than either one used alone. Both methods have their advantages and disadvantages and each complements the other. A-scan echography provides more information about the structure of a lesion. B-scan is better in demonstrating the topography of a lesion. For A-scan echography the standardized unit 7200 MA Kretz-Technik is used; for B-scan the practical Bronson-Turner contact B-scan be used. Opaque media are the main indications for echography of the globe. However, echography is also indicated in the presence of clear media for the differential diagnosis of solid lesions.", "contents": "[Combined A- and B-scan echography of the eye (author's transl)]. The combined use of A- and B-scan echography gives far better diagnostic results than either one used alone. Both methods have their advantages and disadvantages and each complements the other. A-scan echography provides more information about the structure of a lesion. B-scan is better in demonstrating the topography of a lesion. For A-scan echography the standardized unit 7200 MA Kretz-Technik is used; for B-scan the practical Bronson-Turner contact B-scan be used. Opaque media are the main indications for echography of the globe. However, echography is also indicated in the presence of clear media for the differential diagnosis of solid lesions.", "PMID": 850352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9125", "title": "[Necrotizing hypersensitivity-angiitis Zeek with ocular involvement (author's transl)].", "content": "A clinical and pathological report is given of a case of necrotizing angiitis Zeek. This rare condition is related to polyarteriitis nodosa, but has an acute course and involves the small vessels. The histology of ocular complications has not been observed up to now. Clinically it appeared as a severe panuveitis and hemorrhagic retinitis. Histologically the vessels of the retina, the choroid, the sclera and the optic nerve show inflammatory signs similar to those of the viscera and the brain. The literature concerning the ocular involvement due to necrotizing angiitis is reviewed and compared with the present case.", "contents": "[Necrotizing hypersensitivity-angiitis Zeek with ocular involvement (author's transl)]. A clinical and pathological report is given of a case of necrotizing angiitis Zeek. This rare condition is related to polyarteriitis nodosa, but has an acute course and involves the small vessels. The histology of ocular complications has not been observed up to now. Clinically it appeared as a severe panuveitis and hemorrhagic retinitis. Histologically the vessels of the retina, the choroid, the sclera and the optic nerve show inflammatory signs similar to those of the viscera and the brain. The literature concerning the ocular involvement due to necrotizing angiitis is reviewed and compared with the present case.", "PMID": 850353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9126", "title": "[Acute intraocular Toxocara canis infection, similar clinical picture of juxtapapillar chorioretinitis (author's transl)].", "content": "A case report is given on acute intraocular Toxocara canis infection. A complete clinical development from the beginning of infection until healing without defect is described. Therapy was Vibramycin (Doxycyclin), Durenat, Prednisolon.", "contents": "[Acute intraocular Toxocara canis infection, similar clinical picture of juxtapapillar chorioretinitis (author's transl)]. A case report is given on acute intraocular Toxocara canis infection. A complete clinical development from the beginning of infection until healing without defect is described. Therapy was Vibramycin (Doxycyclin), Durenat, Prednisolon.", "PMID": 850354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9127", "title": "[Hypernephroma and choroidal metastasis: case report and angiographic findings (author's transl)].", "content": "The rare occurrence of metastasis to the posterior segments of the eye by a hypernephroma is described. Based on fluorescein-angiographic findings the possibilities of differential diagnosis of choroidal tumors are discussed. The distinction on the one hand between different metastatic choroidal tumors and on the other hand between primary and secondary choroidal tumors does not seem possible.", "contents": "[Hypernephroma and choroidal metastasis: case report and angiographic findings (author's transl)]. The rare occurrence of metastasis to the posterior segments of the eye by a hypernephroma is described. Based on fluorescein-angiographic findings the possibilities of differential diagnosis of choroidal tumors are discussed. The distinction on the one hand between different metastatic choroidal tumors and on the other hand between primary and secondary choroidal tumors does not seem possible.", "PMID": 850355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9128", "title": "[Recent aspects in the pathomechanism of glaucoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The NEFA-content of the blood serum increases in cases of acute glaucoma. The Cortisol content of the plasma of glaucomatous persons is above 20 microng% and the free cortisol-content of the plasma shows an increase in glaucoma cases. Macrofibrils can be observed by electron microscopic observation of acute glaucoma cases. The combination of diabetes and glaucoma appears more and more frequently. The pseudoglaucomatous excavation has a vasogenic origin. The use of contraceptives may provoke glaucoma.", "contents": "[Recent aspects in the pathomechanism of glaucoma (author's transl)]. The NEFA-content of the blood serum increases in cases of acute glaucoma. The Cortisol content of the plasma of glaucomatous persons is above 20 microng% and the free cortisol-content of the plasma shows an increase in glaucoma cases. Macrofibrils can be observed by electron microscopic observation of acute glaucoma cases. The combination of diabetes and glaucoma appears more and more frequently. The pseudoglaucomatous excavation has a vasogenic origin. The use of contraceptives may provoke glaucoma.", "PMID": 850356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9129", "title": "[A schematic fundus completing Gullstrand's schematic eye (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on the anatomical section of an emmetropic eye a spherical or circular fundus is developed by application of a mathematical-statistical method resulting in an optimal approach to the anatomy. The same method is applied to a fundus which is derived by mere computation exclusively from the data of the schematic eye. The results of both methods coincide remarkably well. In this way a schematic fundus is defined as circle with 11.6 mm radius. Its center has a distance of 12.8 mm from the anterior corneal vertex. The applicability of this fundus is discussed.", "contents": "[A schematic fundus completing Gullstrand's schematic eye (author's transl)]. Based on the anatomical section of an emmetropic eye a spherical or circular fundus is developed by application of a mathematical-statistical method resulting in an optimal approach to the anatomy. The same method is applied to a fundus which is derived by mere computation exclusively from the data of the schematic eye. The results of both methods coincide remarkably well. In this way a schematic fundus is defined as circle with 11.6 mm radius. Its center has a distance of 12.8 mm from the anterior corneal vertex. The applicability of this fundus is discussed.", "PMID": 850357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9130", "title": "[A comparative study of the difference in the evolution of refraction in the two eyes in patients with convergent strabismus (author's transl)].", "content": "In 329 cases of concomitant convergent strabismus, the alterations of refraction in the two eyes were compared over periods ranging from 10 to 30 years. In the group with unilateral strabismus (245 cases), a significant difference between the two eyes was observed. The change of refraction, if any, in the non-fixing eye (emmetropization or myopization) clearly lagged behind that in the fixing eye. This difference was particularly pronounced in the cases showing myopization. In the group with equivalent function of both eyes--alternating strabismus and cases with complete normalization, including functional normalization--a total of 84 cases, any emmetropization or myopization was found to run practically parallel in the two eyes. This shows that it is true of refraction, also that the genetically determined evolutive pattern may be modified by a functional abnormality.", "contents": "[A comparative study of the difference in the evolution of refraction in the two eyes in patients with convergent strabismus (author's transl)]. In 329 cases of concomitant convergent strabismus, the alterations of refraction in the two eyes were compared over periods ranging from 10 to 30 years. In the group with unilateral strabismus (245 cases), a significant difference between the two eyes was observed. The change of refraction, if any, in the non-fixing eye (emmetropization or myopization) clearly lagged behind that in the fixing eye. This difference was particularly pronounced in the cases showing myopization. In the group with equivalent function of both eyes--alternating strabismus and cases with complete normalization, including functional normalization--a total of 84 cases, any emmetropization or myopization was found to run practically parallel in the two eyes. This shows that it is true of refraction, also that the genetically determined evolutive pattern may be modified by a functional abnormality.", "PMID": 850358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9131", "title": "[Development of refraction and visual acuity of squinting children (author's transl)].", "content": "The refraction and visual acuity rates of 170 children from the age of 2 to the age of 7 suffering from squint were recorded and analysed. On the basis of our investigation we could not prove the process of emmetropisation during the growth of the eyes of squinting children in this age group. That means that the process of emmetropisation of squinting children takes place slower and later than with non-squinting children and is apparently stabilized at an age between 8 and 12 years. On the other hand--the increase of visual acuity of the normal eyes of squinting children is--as a rule-completed at the age of 5, like that of non squinting children.", "contents": "[Development of refraction and visual acuity of squinting children (author's transl)]. The refraction and visual acuity rates of 170 children from the age of 2 to the age of 7 suffering from squint were recorded and analysed. On the basis of our investigation we could not prove the process of emmetropisation during the growth of the eyes of squinting children in this age group. That means that the process of emmetropisation of squinting children takes place slower and later than with non-squinting children and is apparently stabilized at an age between 8 and 12 years. On the other hand--the increase of visual acuity of the normal eyes of squinting children is--as a rule-completed at the age of 5, like that of non squinting children.", "PMID": 850359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9132", "title": "[Exogenous keratitis due to chromomycosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The author presents a case of exogenous, retrocorneal, limbal infiltration due to chromomycosis, following cataractextraction. Since the etiology of this keratitis was not recognized at the beginning, steroids were applied causing an exacerbation of the keratitis with hypopyoniritis. A perforating, excentric keratoplasty was performed, yielding material for the histological diagnosis, and for the identification of the responsible agent. The cultural and morphological properties were typical of those of a dematiaceous fungus, a chromomycosis. In vitro studies demonstrated this fungus to be less sensitive to 5-fluorcytosin and clotrimazole, and to be less resistant to natamycin, mystatin and amphotericin-B, paving the road for an effective conservative therapy following surgery.", "contents": "[Exogenous keratitis due to chromomycosis (author's transl)]. The author presents a case of exogenous, retrocorneal, limbal infiltration due to chromomycosis, following cataractextraction. Since the etiology of this keratitis was not recognized at the beginning, steroids were applied causing an exacerbation of the keratitis with hypopyoniritis. A perforating, excentric keratoplasty was performed, yielding material for the histological diagnosis, and for the identification of the responsible agent. The cultural and morphological properties were typical of those of a dematiaceous fungus, a chromomycosis. In vitro studies demonstrated this fungus to be less sensitive to 5-fluorcytosin and clotrimazole, and to be less resistant to natamycin, mystatin and amphotericin-B, paving the road for an effective conservative therapy following surgery.", "PMID": 850360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9133", "title": "[Prematurity and retinal detachment (author's transl)].", "content": "Cases of retinal detachment due to retinopathy of prematurity are presented. 1. There are cases of total retinal detachment without a complete retrolental fibroplasia. 2. Very typical are cases with a dragged disc and mascular ectopy due to preretinal strands in the temporal periphery, the symptoms of an earlier retinopathy of prematurity. By traction these temporal alterations can cause a retinal detachment, the distortion of the retinal vessels can heavily increase after surgical reattachment of the retina. 3. There are cases of juvenile myopes without further signs of a retinopathy of prematurity. A retinal detachment may occur, due to round holes.", "contents": "[Prematurity and retinal detachment (author's transl)]. Cases of retinal detachment due to retinopathy of prematurity are presented. 1. There are cases of total retinal detachment without a complete retrolental fibroplasia. 2. Very typical are cases with a dragged disc and mascular ectopy due to preretinal strands in the temporal periphery, the symptoms of an earlier retinopathy of prematurity. By traction these temporal alterations can cause a retinal detachment, the distortion of the retinal vessels can heavily increase after surgical reattachment of the retina. 3. There are cases of juvenile myopes without further signs of a retinopathy of prematurity. A retinal detachment may occur, due to round holes.", "PMID": 850361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9134", "title": "[Results of the clinical examination of the cosmonauts after a 63-day flight].", "content": "The cosmonauts P. I. Klimuk and V.I. Sevastyanov during their 63-day flight showed functional changes that were identical to those they demonstrated during their shorterterm flights. During the long-term mission they adapted to the weightless state better than previously. Post-flight medical examinations revealed no pathologies. The following functional changes were found: general asthenization and signs of vegetative-vascular intolerance, sensory-motor and stato-kinetic disorders, moderate muscular dystrophy of lower extremities, slight inhibition of erythropoiesis. P.I. Klimuk displayed vestibular disturbances postflight. Both cosmonauts recovered without any complications.", "contents": "[Results of the clinical examination of the cosmonauts after a 63-day flight]. The cosmonauts P. I. Klimuk and V.I. Sevastyanov during their 63-day flight showed functional changes that were identical to those they demonstrated during their shorterterm flights. During the long-term mission they adapted to the weightless state better than previously. Post-flight medical examinations revealed no pathologies. The following functional changes were found: general asthenization and signs of vegetative-vascular intolerance, sensory-motor and stato-kinetic disorders, moderate muscular dystrophy of lower extremities, slight inhibition of erythropoiesis. P.I. Klimuk displayed vestibular disturbances postflight. Both cosmonauts recovered without any complications.", "PMID": 850363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9135", "title": "[Change in the hemodynamics and phase structure of the cardiac cycle in the crew of the 2d \"Saliut-4\" expedition].", "content": "Medical examinations of the Salyut-4 crewmembers included bicycle ergometry tests. During the tests the heart rate and the time intervals of the left ventricle were measured. On the 46th flight day the arterial pressure, cardiac output and peripheral resistance were also determined. In the course of the 63-day flight responses to the 5 min workload of 2100-2200 kgm did not differ essentially from the preflight level, and did not increase with the flight time. Circulation changes noted in zero-g and upon return to I g were similar and can be accounted for by a reduction of the circulating blood volume. Inflight during the first minutes after the workload more marked changes in the cardiac output and cycle were detected. This can be attributed to a relatively stronger effect of blood pooling in working muscles on the venous return of the blood. On the 3rd postflight day the arterial pressure and the velocity of the aortal propagation of the pulse wave were higher.", "contents": "[Change in the hemodynamics and phase structure of the cardiac cycle in the crew of the 2d \"Saliut-4\" expedition]. Medical examinations of the Salyut-4 crewmembers included bicycle ergometry tests. During the tests the heart rate and the time intervals of the left ventricle were measured. On the 46th flight day the arterial pressure, cardiac output and peripheral resistance were also determined. In the course of the 63-day flight responses to the 5 min workload of 2100-2200 kgm did not differ essentially from the preflight level, and did not increase with the flight time. Circulation changes noted in zero-g and upon return to I g were similar and can be accounted for by a reduction of the circulating blood volume. Inflight during the first minutes after the workload more marked changes in the cardiac output and cycle were detected. This can be attributed to a relatively stronger effect of blood pooling in working muscles on the venous return of the blood. On the 3rd postflight day the arterial pressure and the velocity of the aortal propagation of the pulse wave were higher.", "PMID": 850365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9136", "title": "[Electrocardiographic examination of the crew of the 2d \"Saliut-4\" expedition].", "content": "The inflight electrocardiograms in 12 leads of the cosmonauts P.I. Klimuk and V.I. Sevastyanov showed a trend towards a decrease of the atrio-ventricular and an increase of the intraventricular conduction as well as a decrease of the T voltage. These changes seemed to be adaptive and developed as a result of the positional changes of the heart. Metabolic changes in the myocardium should not be, however, ruled out.", "contents": "[Electrocardiographic examination of the crew of the 2d \"Saliut-4\" expedition]. The inflight electrocardiograms in 12 leads of the cosmonauts P.I. Klimuk and V.I. Sevastyanov showed a trend towards a decrease of the atrio-ventricular and an increase of the intraventricular conduction as well as a decrease of the T voltage. These changes seemed to be adaptive and developed as a result of the positional changes of the heart. Metabolic changes in the myocardium should not be, however, ruled out.", "PMID": 850364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9137", "title": "[Prediction and analysis of pulse frequency in cosmonauts by the method of extrapolation modelling in the class of differential equations].", "content": "The paper discusses the use of the methods of the theory of automatic control and identification for predicting and analyzing the cardiovascular function of crewmembers in long-duration space missions. On the basis of the inflight heart rate data models characterizing the cardiovascular function can be built. The models have the form of linear differential equations of the second order and are used to calculate values of the heart rate. With respect to the parameters of the equations, the characteristics of the quality and specificity of the cardiovascular regulation inflight are determined. The paper describes the practical application of the above methods to predict and analyze the cardiovascular function of the crewmembers of the Soviet Salyut-1 and Salyut-4 and US Skylab-3 space stations.", "contents": "[Prediction and analysis of pulse frequency in cosmonauts by the method of extrapolation modelling in the class of differential equations]. The paper discusses the use of the methods of the theory of automatic control and identification for predicting and analyzing the cardiovascular function of crewmembers in long-duration space missions. On the basis of the inflight heart rate data models characterizing the cardiovascular function can be built. The models have the form of linear differential equations of the second order and are used to calculate values of the heart rate. With respect to the parameters of the equations, the characteristics of the quality and specificity of the cardiovascular regulation inflight are determined. The paper describes the practical application of the above methods to predict and analyze the cardiovascular function of the crewmembers of the Soviet Salyut-1 and Salyut-4 and US Skylab-3 space stations.", "PMID": 850368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9138", "title": "[Results of a study of metabolic processes in members of the crew of the 2d expedition of the \"Sliut-4\" orbital station].", "content": "A detailed biochemical analysis of the venous blood and daily urine samples of the crewmembers of the Salyut-4 second expedition after their 63-day space flight showed metabolic changes as compared with the preflight level. The changes were more marked immediately postflight. On the 7th postflight day most parameters studied tended to return to the preflight values. This study did not demonstrate any adverse biochemical changes that may prevent long-duration manned space flights.", "contents": "[Results of a study of metabolic processes in members of the crew of the 2d expedition of the \"Sliut-4\" orbital station]. A detailed biochemical analysis of the venous blood and daily urine samples of the crewmembers of the Salyut-4 second expedition after their 63-day space flight showed metabolic changes as compared with the preflight level. The changes were more marked immediately postflight. On the 7th postflight day most parameters studied tended to return to the preflight values. This study did not demonstrate any adverse biochemical changes that may prevent long-duration manned space flights.", "PMID": 850369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9139", "title": "[Effect of a 22-day space flight on the lymphoid organs of rats].", "content": "The effect of a 22-day space flight on lymph organs of rats was studied. The exposure produced hypoplasia of lymph organs and reduced the weight of the spleen and the thymus to the greatest extent. It was shown histologically, morphometrically and cytologically that hypoplasia of the spleen was associated with the decreased number of lymphocytes and erythrocytes whereas hypoplasia of the thymus and lymph nodes was related to the diminished number of lymphocytes. Changes in the lymph organs of flight rats were reversible. The structure of lymph organs restored by the 27th postflight day. The paper discussed pathogenetic mechanisms of the changes in the lymph organs of rats due to space flight effects and compares the data with the postflight medical examination of cosmonauts.", "contents": "[Effect of a 22-day space flight on the lymphoid organs of rats]. The effect of a 22-day space flight on lymph organs of rats was studied. The exposure produced hypoplasia of lymph organs and reduced the weight of the spleen and the thymus to the greatest extent. It was shown histologically, morphometrically and cytologically that hypoplasia of the spleen was associated with the decreased number of lymphocytes and erythrocytes whereas hypoplasia of the thymus and lymph nodes was related to the diminished number of lymphocytes. Changes in the lymph organs of flight rats were reversible. The structure of lymph organs restored by the 27th postflight day. The paper discussed pathogenetic mechanisms of the changes in the lymph organs of rats due to space flight effects and compares the data with the postflight medical examination of cosmonauts.", "PMID": 850370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9140", "title": "[Dynamics of the venous circulation in the cosmonauts of the 2d \"Saliut-4\" expedition].", "content": "During the first month of the orbital flight the cosmonauts showed an increase in the blood pressure and filling in the jugular veins whereas during the second month they exhibited a decrease in these parameters below the preflight level. Throughout the mission the pressure in the pulmonary artery remained slightly increased. The time of contractions of the right heart changed. The changes in the blood pressure and filling in the jugular veins can be explained by blood pooling there and subsequent extravasation of blood into the abdominal cavity.", "contents": "[Dynamics of the venous circulation in the cosmonauts of the 2d \"Saliut-4\" expedition]. During the first month of the orbital flight the cosmonauts showed an increase in the blood pressure and filling in the jugular veins whereas during the second month they exhibited a decrease in these parameters below the preflight level. Throughout the mission the pressure in the pulmonary artery remained slightly increased. The time of contractions of the right heart changed. The changes in the blood pressure and filling in the jugular veins can be explained by blood pooling there and subsequent extravasation of blood into the abdominal cavity.", "PMID": 850366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9141", "title": "Pancreatectomy in a teleost fish, Anguilla rostrata (American eel).", "content": "A technique for pancreatectomy was described for the American eel. In this fish, the operation was not followed by the typical signs of diabetes mellitus. Histodensitometric determination of liver glycogen showed no major differences between operated controls and pancreatectomized eels. The absence of a specific hyperglycemia, previously reported with the hexokinase method, was confirmed with the glucose oxidase technique; however, the more specific hexokinase method gave consistently lower values. Breakdown of adipose tissue and hyperlipemia were absent.", "contents": "Pancreatectomy in a teleost fish, Anguilla rostrata (American eel). A technique for pancreatectomy was described for the American eel. In this fish, the operation was not followed by the typical signs of diabetes mellitus. Histodensitometric determination of liver glycogen showed no major differences between operated controls and pancreatectomized eels. The absence of a specific hyperglycemia, previously reported with the hexokinase method, was confirmed with the glucose oxidase technique; however, the more specific hexokinase method gave consistently lower values. Breakdown of adipose tissue and hyperlipemia were absent.", "PMID": 850378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9142", "title": "[Rheographic study of the human cardiovascular system during a many-day exposure to high pressure].", "content": "A rheographic study of the cardiovascular system in a N2-O2 atmosphere at 5 ata showed significant changes in the regulation of the leg vascular tone of most test subjects at rest. The study did not reveal marked changes in the pulsed blood inflow to the brain and lungs at rest. After moderate and especially after heavy work changes in the blood inflow were more pronounced in the hyperbaric atmosphere than at 1 ata. During the exposure an increase in the vascular tone of the systemic and pulmonary circulation was noted.", "contents": "[Rheographic study of the human cardiovascular system during a many-day exposure to high pressure]. A rheographic study of the cardiovascular system in a N2-O2 atmosphere at 5 ata showed significant changes in the regulation of the leg vascular tone of most test subjects at rest. The study did not reveal marked changes in the pulsed blood inflow to the brain and lungs at rest. After moderate and especially after heavy work changes in the blood inflow were more pronounced in the hyperbaric atmosphere than at 1 ata. During the exposure an increase in the vascular tone of the systemic and pulmonary circulation was noted.", "PMID": 850371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9143", "title": "[Evaluation of the effectiveness of electrostimulation of the muscles in preventing disorders related to prolonged limited motor activity in man].", "content": "The purpose of the experiments was to evaluate electrostimulation and physical exercises as countermeasures against the adverse effects of diminished motor activity of man in space flight. Electrostimulation of muscles increased their strength and tolerance to static loads, prevented their atrophy; it did not, however, prevent the cardiovascular system deconditioning. Physical exercises used in combination with muscle electrostimulation maintained the cardiovascular system conditioning.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the effectiveness of electrostimulation of the muscles in preventing disorders related to prolonged limited motor activity in man]. The purpose of the experiments was to evaluate electrostimulation and physical exercises as countermeasures against the adverse effects of diminished motor activity of man in space flight. Electrostimulation of muscles increased their strength and tolerance to static loads, prevented their atrophy; it did not, however, prevent the cardiovascular system deconditioning. Physical exercises used in combination with muscle electrostimulation maintained the cardiovascular system conditioning.", "PMID": 850372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9144", "title": "[Experimental evaluation of the relationship between lesser circulation engorgement, the state of water-salt metabolism and the orthostatic reactions in man].", "content": "In 12 series of short-term (4.5 hour) experiments the exposures that influenced the blood distribution relative to the long axis of the body (postural changes, lower body excessive pressure, lower body negative pressure, axial loads) were studied. A close correlation between the blood flow in lung capillaries, water losses and orthostatic responses was established. The correlation was dysproportional when LBEP or LBNP was applied in certain postures. This may be attributed to the effect of these exposures on vessel compliance.", "contents": "[Experimental evaluation of the relationship between lesser circulation engorgement, the state of water-salt metabolism and the orthostatic reactions in man]. In 12 series of short-term (4.5 hour) experiments the exposures that influenced the blood distribution relative to the long axis of the body (postural changes, lower body excessive pressure, lower body negative pressure, axial loads) were studied. A close correlation between the blood flow in lung capillaries, water losses and orthostatic responses was established. The correlation was dysproportional when LBEP or LBNP was applied in certain postures. This may be attributed to the effect of these exposures on vessel compliance.", "PMID": 850373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9145", "title": "[Study of the mechanical activity of the skeletal muscles of dogs in vivo].", "content": "Mechanical activity of gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles of dogs at different locomotion patterns was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by the method of dynamomyography. Quantitative correlations between the strength parameters and electric activity of the muscles were studied. In walking and running the above muscles showed different types of contractions. This may be related to their morphological, anatomical and topographic features. The data obtained can be used to evaluate the state of skeletal muscles in different experimental models of a diminished motor activity.", "contents": "[Study of the mechanical activity of the skeletal muscles of dogs in vivo]. Mechanical activity of gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles of dogs at different locomotion patterns was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by the method of dynamomyography. Quantitative correlations between the strength parameters and electric activity of the muscles were studied. In walking and running the above muscles showed different types of contractions. This may be related to their morphological, anatomical and topographic features. The data obtained can be used to evaluate the state of skeletal muscles in different experimental models of a diminished motor activity.", "PMID": 850374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9146", "title": "The parasitic ecology of the rodent mite, Myobia musculi. IV. Life cycle.", "content": "The life cycle of Myobia musculi was determined by daily examination (under anesthesia) of experimentally infested mice. It was found that the larval period lasted 10 days followed by a 5-day nymphal period. Adult forms were seen on the 16th day. Adults produced fertile eggs within 24 hours of their appearance and eggs hatched in 7 days. Thus, the life cycle was completed in 23 days. Application of this information for a successful treatment regimen was discussed. Any treatment which does not kill embryonated eggs must be repeated subsequent to hatching of the eggs but prior to oviposition of fertile eggs by newly hatched females.", "contents": "The parasitic ecology of the rodent mite, Myobia musculi. IV. Life cycle. The life cycle of Myobia musculi was determined by daily examination (under anesthesia) of experimentally infested mice. It was found that the larval period lasted 10 days followed by a 5-day nymphal period. Adult forms were seen on the 16th day. Adults produced fertile eggs within 24 hours of their appearance and eggs hatched in 7 days. Thus, the life cycle was completed in 23 days. Application of this information for a successful treatment regimen was discussed. Any treatment which does not kill embryonated eggs must be repeated subsequent to hatching of the eggs but prior to oviposition of fertile eggs by newly hatched females.", "PMID": 850386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9147", "title": "Hematopoiesis in hereditarily athymic mice.", "content": "Hematopoiesis was studied in hereditarily athymic (nude) mice and athymic mice given congeneic thymus cells. Athymic and reconstituted mice had mild anemia which resulted from both hypoplasia of the bone marrow erythrocytic series and decreased iron incorporation in erythroid precursors. Untreated nude mice had hypoplastic marrows due to decrease of both erythrocytic and lymphocytic precursors. The latter was associated with a marked peripheral lymphopenia. Transplantation of thymocytes caused the number of bone marrow and peripheral lymphocytes to return to normal whereas the granulocytic series decreased. Mice reconstituted with thymocytes had marked neutrophilia, eosinophila, and monocytosis compared with either normal or athymic siblings. The number of granulocytic colonies produced by bone marrow cells in agar was very similar in normal and athymic mice with neutrophilia, thus reflecting a normal functioning granulocytic series in a marrow with decreased lymphocytic and erythrocytic cells. The transplantation of thymocytes into athymic mice had no effect on the number of colonies produced by bone marrow cells and the number of spleen colony forming units. It was postulated that maturation of the additional thymocytes permits them to interact with the few endogenous thymocyte precursors present in the nude mice for promotion of bone marrow erythrocytic and lymphocytic proliferations. Alternatively, mature thymocytes may produce factors that were responsible for the effect on lymphoid and erythroid cells.", "contents": "Hematopoiesis in hereditarily athymic mice. Hematopoiesis was studied in hereditarily athymic (nude) mice and athymic mice given congeneic thymus cells. Athymic and reconstituted mice had mild anemia which resulted from both hypoplasia of the bone marrow erythrocytic series and decreased iron incorporation in erythroid precursors. Untreated nude mice had hypoplastic marrows due to decrease of both erythrocytic and lymphocytic precursors. The latter was associated with a marked peripheral lymphopenia. Transplantation of thymocytes caused the number of bone marrow and peripheral lymphocytes to return to normal whereas the granulocytic series decreased. Mice reconstituted with thymocytes had marked neutrophilia, eosinophila, and monocytosis compared with either normal or athymic siblings. The number of granulocytic colonies produced by bone marrow cells in agar was very similar in normal and athymic mice with neutrophilia, thus reflecting a normal functioning granulocytic series in a marrow with decreased lymphocytic and erythrocytic cells. The transplantation of thymocytes into athymic mice had no effect on the number of colonies produced by bone marrow cells and the number of spleen colony forming units. It was postulated that maturation of the additional thymocytes permits them to interact with the few endogenous thymocyte precursors present in the nude mice for promotion of bone marrow erythrocytic and lymphocytic proliferations. Alternatively, mature thymocytes may produce factors that were responsible for the effect on lymphoid and erythroid cells.", "PMID": 850387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9148", "title": "Uptake of colostral immunoglobulins by the suckling rat.", "content": "The sequential appearance of immunoglobulins was studied in serum samples from rats during the suckling period. At birth both IgG1 and IgG2 were present, but IgM was not detected until the 7th day and IgA until the 17th day. No intestinal transmission of intact homologous IgA was demonstrable after oral administration of radiolabelled preparations (125I) of either serum or colostral IgA to suckling rats. When 125I labelled IgG 2a+b rat immunoglobulins were given orally there was a selective transport of the slower moving subclass from the gut into the serum. The rat appeared to differ from several other species in which some intestinal absorption of passively transferred IgA by the newborn has been demonstrated. It was suggested that retention of colostral and milk IgA in the intestine may serve to enhance local defense mechanisms in the newborn rat.", "contents": "Uptake of colostral immunoglobulins by the suckling rat. The sequential appearance of immunoglobulins was studied in serum samples from rats during the suckling period. At birth both IgG1 and IgG2 were present, but IgM was not detected until the 7th day and IgA until the 17th day. No intestinal transmission of intact homologous IgA was demonstrable after oral administration of radiolabelled preparations (125I) of either serum or colostral IgA to suckling rats. When 125I labelled IgG 2a+b rat immunoglobulins were given orally there was a selective transport of the slower moving subclass from the gut into the serum. The rat appeared to differ from several other species in which some intestinal absorption of passively transferred IgA by the newborn has been demonstrated. It was suggested that retention of colostral and milk IgA in the intestine may serve to enhance local defense mechanisms in the newborn rat.", "PMID": 850388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9149", "title": "Effect of cage size on patterns of activity and health of beagle dogs.", "content": "Thirty-two male beagle dogs were assigned at random, 16 to standard size cages (30 X 30 X 30 inches) and 16 to large cages (90 X 30 X 30 inches) for a period of 13 weeks, and then were \"crossed-over\" for an additional period of 13 weeks. The dogs were observed daily and weighed weekly. Electrocardiographic and ophthalmologic examinations were made once and hematologic and biochemical measurements were made twice during the control period and at monthly intervals during the study. Photographs were taken of each dog every 60 seconds, 7 days a week, for about 8.5 hours each day. The film was processed and analyzed for the acf standing sitting, lying, or sleeping. In addition, dogs in the large cages were scored for the region (front, middle, or back) occupied. No statistically significant differences were found between dogs in the standard or large cages with respect to weight gain, percent of time standing, and percent of time sleeping. Statistically significant (p less than 0.05) differences were found for percent of time sitting (standard cages 12.7%; large cages 9.4%) and percent of time lying (standard cages 6.6%; large cages 8.3%); however, the differences were not large enough to be of any practical concern. Transient patterns of response over 13-week periods of the study were essentially the same (statistically verified) for dogs in either size cage. Also statistical results showed that there was no significant carryover (residual) effect associated with any of the parameters measured. No beneficial or adverse effects were noted that could be related to the size of the two cages. The size of the standard cage appeared adequate for laboratory beagle dogs and no advantage was found when the dogs were in larger cages with respect to behavior, patterns of activity, or health.", "contents": "Effect of cage size on patterns of activity and health of beagle dogs. Thirty-two male beagle dogs were assigned at random, 16 to standard size cages (30 X 30 X 30 inches) and 16 to large cages (90 X 30 X 30 inches) for a period of 13 weeks, and then were \"crossed-over\" for an additional period of 13 weeks. The dogs were observed daily and weighed weekly. Electrocardiographic and ophthalmologic examinations were made once and hematologic and biochemical measurements were made twice during the control period and at monthly intervals during the study. Photographs were taken of each dog every 60 seconds, 7 days a week, for about 8.5 hours each day. The film was processed and analyzed for the acf standing sitting, lying, or sleeping. In addition, dogs in the large cages were scored for the region (front, middle, or back) occupied. No statistically significant differences were found between dogs in the standard or large cages with respect to weight gain, percent of time standing, and percent of time sleeping. Statistically significant (p less than 0.05) differences were found for percent of time sitting (standard cages 12.7%; large cages 9.4%) and percent of time lying (standard cages 6.6%; large cages 8.3%); however, the differences were not large enough to be of any practical concern. Transient patterns of response over 13-week periods of the study were essentially the same (statistically verified) for dogs in either size cage. Also statistical results showed that there was no significant carryover (residual) effect associated with any of the parameters measured. No beneficial or adverse effects were noted that could be related to the size of the two cages. The size of the standard cage appeared adequate for laboratory beagle dogs and no advantage was found when the dogs were in larger cages with respect to behavior, patterns of activity, or health.", "PMID": 850389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9150", "title": "Cardiovascular and respiratory responses to ketamine hydrochloride in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "Catheters were placed in the left ventricle and pulmonary artery of 12 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Heart rate, left ventricular systolic pressure, pulmonary arterial systolic and diastolic pressure, and respiratory rate were measured before and 5, 15, and 30 minutes after intramuscular injection of the monkeys with ketamine HCl (10 mg/kg). Heart rate, systolic pressure in the left ventricle, and respiratory rate decreased significantly. No significant changes occurred in the pulmonary arterial pressure.", "contents": "Cardiovascular and respiratory responses to ketamine hydrochloride in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Catheters were placed in the left ventricle and pulmonary artery of 12 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Heart rate, left ventricular systolic pressure, pulmonary arterial systolic and diastolic pressure, and respiratory rate were measured before and 5, 15, and 30 minutes after intramuscular injection of the monkeys with ketamine HCl (10 mg/kg). Heart rate, systolic pressure in the left ventricle, and respiratory rate decreased significantly. No significant changes occurred in the pulmonary arterial pressure.", "PMID": 850390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9151", "title": "Restrainer and cell for dermal dosing of small laboratory animals.", "content": "A versatile small animal restrainer and glass dermal dosing cell were designed for use in metabolism studies of dermally applied chemicals. Through use of the restrainer it was possible to apply a chemical to the skin of an unanesthetized rat and leave it there for hours or days without contact between the application site and the restrainer. The dermal dosing cell, when affixed to the skin of a restrained rat, formed a non-occlusive covering for the dermally applied dose and prevented contamination of excretion products by flaking of the applied dose or by desquamation of dosing site skin.", "contents": "Restrainer and cell for dermal dosing of small laboratory animals. A versatile small animal restrainer and glass dermal dosing cell were designed for use in metabolism studies of dermally applied chemicals. Through use of the restrainer it was possible to apply a chemical to the skin of an unanesthetized rat and leave it there for hours or days without contact between the application site and the restrainer. The dermal dosing cell, when affixed to the skin of a restrained rat, formed a non-occlusive covering for the dermally applied dose and prevented contamination of excretion products by flaking of the applied dose or by desquamation of dosing site skin.", "PMID": 850391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9152", "title": "Effects of prolonged high temperature on testicular development and fertility in the male rat.", "content": "High temperatures for more than 2 days in a large rat production colony resulted in the death of one-third of the animals. The temperature in the room was as high as 89 degrees F (31.6 degrees C) and it is estimated that temperatures in individual cages reached 100 degrees F (37.7 degrees C). In addition to the deaths, 25% of the surviving males, 4-66 days of age at the time of exposure to the high temperature, were found after 18 days, to have irreversible bilateral testicular atrophy. These animals were sterile whereas survivors with normal testes bred successfully.", "contents": "Effects of prolonged high temperature on testicular development and fertility in the male rat. High temperatures for more than 2 days in a large rat production colony resulted in the death of one-third of the animals. The temperature in the room was as high as 89 degrees F (31.6 degrees C) and it is estimated that temperatures in individual cages reached 100 degrees F (37.7 degrees C). In addition to the deaths, 25% of the surviving males, 4-66 days of age at the time of exposure to the high temperature, were found after 18 days, to have irreversible bilateral testicular atrophy. These animals were sterile whereas survivors with normal testes bred successfully.", "PMID": 850392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9153", "title": "Some guidelines for collection and reporting of nonhuman primate growth data.", "content": "Some basic guidelines were offered to aid researches in planning and implementing the collection and reporting of data on growth and development of nonhuman primates. Weight and linear dimensions are the most frequently used measures of growth, and asseous and dental development are the most useful indicators of general bodily maturity. Estimates of sexual development can be made from general bodily maturity but more accurate assessments are based on the appearance of certain secondary sex characters. The most useful growth data are obtained from repeated, regularly scheduled examinations of the same individual. Standard procedures for measuring the external body utilize certain specific measuring points and measurements. Serial radiographs are also extremely valuable. When reporting data, age of subjects should be given in years and decimals. Means and other measures of central tendency and variability should be reported separately for each species, subspecies, and sex.", "contents": "Some guidelines for collection and reporting of nonhuman primate growth data. Some basic guidelines were offered to aid researches in planning and implementing the collection and reporting of data on growth and development of nonhuman primates. Weight and linear dimensions are the most frequently used measures of growth, and asseous and dental development are the most useful indicators of general bodily maturity. Estimates of sexual development can be made from general bodily maturity but more accurate assessments are based on the appearance of certain secondary sex characters. The most useful growth data are obtained from repeated, regularly scheduled examinations of the same individual. Standard procedures for measuring the external body utilize certain specific measuring points and measurements. Serial radiographs are also extremely valuable. When reporting data, age of subjects should be given in years and decimals. Means and other measures of central tendency and variability should be reported separately for each species, subspecies, and sex.", "PMID": 850393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9154", "title": "Pregnancy diagnosis in the orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) using the subhuman primate pregnancy test kit.", "content": "A determination was made of the gestational interval over which the Subhuman Primate Pregnancy Test, a hemagglutination inhibition test for urinary chorionic gonadotropin, accurately indicated conception and the continuation of pregnancy in an orangutan (Pongo pygmaseus). The initial positive diagnostic test response occurred about 8 months before parturition and positive responses continued throughout gestation. A test made one day after parturition was positive indicative of some residual urinary chorionic gonadotropin. Tests made 3 days after parturition and later were negative.", "contents": "Pregnancy diagnosis in the orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) using the subhuman primate pregnancy test kit. A determination was made of the gestational interval over which the Subhuman Primate Pregnancy Test, a hemagglutination inhibition test for urinary chorionic gonadotropin, accurately indicated conception and the continuation of pregnancy in an orangutan (Pongo pygmaseus). The initial positive diagnostic test response occurred about 8 months before parturition and positive responses continued throughout gestation. A test made one day after parturition was positive indicative of some residual urinary chorionic gonadotropin. Tests made 3 days after parturition and later were negative.", "PMID": 850394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9155", "title": "Multiorgan scans for staging lung cancer. Correlation with clinical evaluation.", "content": "One hundred consecutive patients with findings suggestive of resectable bronchogenic carcinoma were studied prospectively to determine if routine liver, brain, and bone scans (multiorgan scans) detected metastases which were not suggested by a history, physical examination, and serum chemistries. Multiorgan scans were compared with clinical evaluations in 52 patients found to have operable bronchogenic carcinoma. There was a discordance between scans and clinical evaluations in 25/153 scans (16 per cent). Two of the 22 negative scans in patients with abnormal clinical findings were false negative. Sixteen of the 17 positive scans in patients with normal clinical findings were false positive. One of the 131 scans done in patients with no evidence of metastases on clinical evaluation was true positive. These data indicate that the routine use of multiorgan scans in the initial staging of potentially resectable bronchogenic carcinoma is not justified.", "contents": "Multiorgan scans for staging lung cancer. Correlation with clinical evaluation. One hundred consecutive patients with findings suggestive of resectable bronchogenic carcinoma were studied prospectively to determine if routine liver, brain, and bone scans (multiorgan scans) detected metastases which were not suggested by a history, physical examination, and serum chemistries. Multiorgan scans were compared with clinical evaluations in 52 patients found to have operable bronchogenic carcinoma. There was a discordance between scans and clinical evaluations in 25/153 scans (16 per cent). Two of the 22 negative scans in patients with abnormal clinical findings were false negative. Sixteen of the 17 positive scans in patients with normal clinical findings were false positive. One of the 131 scans done in patients with no evidence of metastases on clinical evaluation was true positive. These data indicate that the routine use of multiorgan scans in the initial staging of potentially resectable bronchogenic carcinoma is not justified.", "PMID": 850423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9156", "title": "Effects of open-heart surgery on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.", "content": "The concentrations of blood glucose, serum insulin, free fatty acids, and triglycerides were examined preoperatively, during anesthesia, during extracorporeal circulation, and during the following 3 postoperative days in 29 patients. The patients were divided into three groups according to the duration of extracorporeal circulation and the use of hypothermia: short perfusion group (SPG, bypass time shorter than 60 minutes, 15 patients), long perfusion group in normothermia (LPGN, bypass time longer than 60 minutes, 8 patients), and long perfusion group in hypothermia (LPGH, temperature during bypass below 33 degrees C., 6 patients). In all three groups, the concentrations of free fatty acids and blood glucose rose significantly because of anesthesia (p less than 0.001). After cardiopulmonary bypass, the concentrations of free fatty acids diminished significantly. The blood glucose remained at high level until the second postoperative day and was significantly higher in the LPG than in the SPG (p less than 0.05). The serum insulin level remained low during anesthesia and extracorporeal circulation in the SPG and LPGH but rose during the postoperative period; the maximal values were recorded on the first postoperative day. There were no significant differences between the groups with regard to serum insulin during the study. These changes and their metabolic background are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of open-heart surgery on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. The concentrations of blood glucose, serum insulin, free fatty acids, and triglycerides were examined preoperatively, during anesthesia, during extracorporeal circulation, and during the following 3 postoperative days in 29 patients. The patients were divided into three groups according to the duration of extracorporeal circulation and the use of hypothermia: short perfusion group (SPG, bypass time shorter than 60 minutes, 15 patients), long perfusion group in normothermia (LPGN, bypass time longer than 60 minutes, 8 patients), and long perfusion group in hypothermia (LPGH, temperature during bypass below 33 degrees C., 6 patients). In all three groups, the concentrations of free fatty acids and blood glucose rose significantly because of anesthesia (p less than 0.001). After cardiopulmonary bypass, the concentrations of free fatty acids diminished significantly. The blood glucose remained at high level until the second postoperative day and was significantly higher in the LPG than in the SPG (p less than 0.05). The serum insulin level remained low during anesthesia and extracorporeal circulation in the SPG and LPGH but rose during the postoperative period; the maximal values were recorded on the first postoperative day. There were no significant differences between the groups with regard to serum insulin during the study. These changes and their metabolic background are discussed.", "PMID": 850424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9157", "title": "Direct evaluation of mitral valve function during surgery following conservative procedures.", "content": "A method is described whereby mitral valve function can be tested during cardiopulmonary bypass under physiological conditions. This method avoids the risk of systemic air embolism during testing and can be used even in the presence of aortic regurgitation. Monitoring left ventricular pressure simultaneously with aortic root pressure prevents any overdistention of the left ventricle. This method has been in use at Guy's Hospital since 1970 and has been satisfactory and safe.", "contents": "Direct evaluation of mitral valve function during surgery following conservative procedures. A method is described whereby mitral valve function can be tested during cardiopulmonary bypass under physiological conditions. This method avoids the risk of systemic air embolism during testing and can be used even in the presence of aortic regurgitation. Monitoring left ventricular pressure simultaneously with aortic root pressure prevents any overdistention of the left ventricle. This method has been in use at Guy's Hospital since 1970 and has been satisfactory and safe.", "PMID": 850425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9158", "title": "Coronary steal by internal mammary graft with subclavian stenosis.", "content": "The internal mammary artery was used for 66 of 312 grafts in 100 patients. One vessel was not used because of damage, but in no other case was any reason found for witholding the internal mammary graft. Brachial pulsation and blood pressure were normal and the sectioned mammary artery bled more than 50 ml. per minute, but subclavian bruits were not routinely sought. In other series there has been a 0.5 to 2 per cent incidence of subclavian stenosis in subjects requiring coronary grafts. A case is presented in which subclavian stenosis was mild and undetected. The lesion caused a reversal of flow in the mammary shunt when the purse-string suture around cannula was tied and protamine and vasodilators were given. The patient died--the only death in the series. Had coronary artery steal been suspected, it could easily have been recognized and corrected, and the patient's survival assured. Awareness of its possibility and careful clinical screening of patients, with subclavian arteriograms whenever doubt exists, should reduce the risk. Distally based mammary grafts may invite this complication, and nondirectional flowmeters make its recognition less easy.", "contents": "Coronary steal by internal mammary graft with subclavian stenosis. The internal mammary artery was used for 66 of 312 grafts in 100 patients. One vessel was not used because of damage, but in no other case was any reason found for witholding the internal mammary graft. Brachial pulsation and blood pressure were normal and the sectioned mammary artery bled more than 50 ml. per minute, but subclavian bruits were not routinely sought. In other series there has been a 0.5 to 2 per cent incidence of subclavian stenosis in subjects requiring coronary grafts. A case is presented in which subclavian stenosis was mild and undetected. The lesion caused a reversal of flow in the mammary shunt when the purse-string suture around cannula was tied and protamine and vasodilators were given. The patient died--the only death in the series. Had coronary artery steal been suspected, it could easily have been recognized and corrected, and the patient's survival assured. Awareness of its possibility and careful clinical screening of patients, with subclavian arteriograms whenever doubt exists, should reduce the risk. Distally based mammary grafts may invite this complication, and nondirectional flowmeters make its recognition less easy.", "PMID": 850426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9159", "title": "Simple d-transposition of the great arteries. Results of early balloon septotomy followed by two-stage surgical correction.", "content": "The follow-up of 44 patients with simple d-transposition of the great arteries is presented. All had balloon atrial septotomy shortly after birth. If an operation was needed at or before one year of age, atrial septectomy was carried out. Correction was done between the ages of 19 and 64 months. Of the 44 patients, 34 (77 per cent) are living and doing well (27 after the Mustard procedure), 3 (7 per cent) are lost to follow-up, and 7 (16 per cent) are dead. Death was due to technical problems during initial catheterization and balloon septotomy in 2 patients, occurred after septectomy in one (3 per cent), and after the Mustard procedure in one (4 per cent). There was one sudden inexplicable death in a 1 1/2-month-old patient, and 2 patients died with pulmonary vascular obstructive disease. Because of the relatively low over-all mortality and morbidity and the low surgical mortality rate for both palliation and correction, we believe that two-stage surgical correction of transposition of the great arteries is preferable to early one-stage correction in the infant.", "contents": "Simple d-transposition of the great arteries. Results of early balloon septotomy followed by two-stage surgical correction. The follow-up of 44 patients with simple d-transposition of the great arteries is presented. All had balloon atrial septotomy shortly after birth. If an operation was needed at or before one year of age, atrial septectomy was carried out. Correction was done between the ages of 19 and 64 months. Of the 44 patients, 34 (77 per cent) are living and doing well (27 after the Mustard procedure), 3 (7 per cent) are lost to follow-up, and 7 (16 per cent) are dead. Death was due to technical problems during initial catheterization and balloon septotomy in 2 patients, occurred after septectomy in one (3 per cent), and after the Mustard procedure in one (4 per cent). There was one sudden inexplicable death in a 1 1/2-month-old patient, and 2 patients died with pulmonary vascular obstructive disease. Because of the relatively low over-all mortality and morbidity and the low surgical mortality rate for both palliation and correction, we believe that two-stage surgical correction of transposition of the great arteries is preferable to early one-stage correction in the infant.", "PMID": 850427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9160", "title": "Intraoperative hemodynamic evaluation of the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc aortic valve.", "content": "Intraoperative cardiac output and aortic and left ventricular pressures were measured simultaneously in 15 consecutive patients before and after aortic valve replacement (AVR) with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve. The predominant lesion in these patients was aortic stenosis. The following hemodynamic indices were calculated: aortic valve area (AVA), determined by Gorlin's formula, effective orifice area, and effective area index. Their applicability as hemodynamic criteria of the immediate hemodynamic performance of the replaced valve is discussed. By every criterion, AVR greatly improved the hemodynamic performance. The effective area index seemed more suitable than the other indices for the intraoperative hemodynamic evaluation of the replaced aortic valve.", "contents": "Intraoperative hemodynamic evaluation of the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc aortic valve. Intraoperative cardiac output and aortic and left ventricular pressures were measured simultaneously in 15 consecutive patients before and after aortic valve replacement (AVR) with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve. The predominant lesion in these patients was aortic stenosis. The following hemodynamic indices were calculated: aortic valve area (AVA), determined by Gorlin's formula, effective orifice area, and effective area index. Their applicability as hemodynamic criteria of the immediate hemodynamic performance of the replaced valve is discussed. By every criterion, AVR greatly improved the hemodynamic performance. The effective area index seemed more suitable than the other indices for the intraoperative hemodynamic evaluation of the replaced aortic valve.", "PMID": 850428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9161", "title": "Isolated idiopathic chylopericardium.", "content": "The case history of a young asymptomatic patient with primary chylous pericardium is reported. On the basis of this case and those reported in the literature, we suggest that diagnosis should be established by echocardiograms, cardiac angiograms, and pericardiocentesis. Lymphangiograms are useful for the detection of the underlying abnormality of the lymph vessels. Pericardiectomy together with thoracic duct ligation are suggested as the preferred treatment. We propose that generalized lymphatic abnormality is the underlying mechanism of this entity. This lymphatic abnormality could be associated with impaired cellular immunity, although no such impairment was found in our patient.", "contents": "Isolated idiopathic chylopericardium. The case history of a young asymptomatic patient with primary chylous pericardium is reported. On the basis of this case and those reported in the literature, we suggest that diagnosis should be established by echocardiograms, cardiac angiograms, and pericardiocentesis. Lymphangiograms are useful for the detection of the underlying abnormality of the lymph vessels. Pericardiectomy together with thoracic duct ligation are suggested as the preferred treatment. We propose that generalized lymphatic abnormality is the underlying mechanism of this entity. This lymphatic abnormality could be associated with impaired cellular immunity, although no such impairment was found in our patient.", "PMID": 850429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9162", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of controlled degrees of coronary artery stenosis in short-term and long-term studies in dogs.", "content": "Coronary and aortic blood flow, aortic and distal coronary blood pressure were measured with electromagnetic flowmeters and pressure gauges in 15 anesthetized dogs with the chest left open. Increasing degrees of known, fixed, partial coronary artery obstruction were applied with concentric plastic cylinders 3 mm. in length and with varying internal diameters. Because these plastic cylinders are radiolucent and can also be permanently implanted, postoperative arteriograms were taken to evaluate the degree of stenosis produced. At necropsy the degree of obstruction was checked by ligating and removing the narrowed vessel and examining a histologic section of a stenosed portion. The reactive hyperemic response to a 20 second complete occlusion was recorded with amounts of obstruction varying from 10 to 90 per cent. The reactive hyperemia began to decrease with an average of 36 +/- 10 per cent stenosis. A pressure gradient of 10 mm. Hg across the obstruction occurred with an average of 57 +/- 8 per cent stenosis. The reactive hyperemic response was abolished with an average of 75 +/- 6 per cent stenosis, and with greater degrees of stenosis the total flow began to decrease below control levels. The phasic coronary flow pattern was also altered with increasing amounts of fixed partial obstruction. As the per cent of stenosis was increased, the ratio of diastolic to systolic coronary flow decreased. When reactive hyperemia was abolished, very little diastolic-to-systolic variation remained.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of controlled degrees of coronary artery stenosis in short-term and long-term studies in dogs. Coronary and aortic blood flow, aortic and distal coronary blood pressure were measured with electromagnetic flowmeters and pressure gauges in 15 anesthetized dogs with the chest left open. Increasing degrees of known, fixed, partial coronary artery obstruction were applied with concentric plastic cylinders 3 mm. in length and with varying internal diameters. Because these plastic cylinders are radiolucent and can also be permanently implanted, postoperative arteriograms were taken to evaluate the degree of stenosis produced. At necropsy the degree of obstruction was checked by ligating and removing the narrowed vessel and examining a histologic section of a stenosed portion. The reactive hyperemic response to a 20 second complete occlusion was recorded with amounts of obstruction varying from 10 to 90 per cent. The reactive hyperemia began to decrease with an average of 36 +/- 10 per cent stenosis. A pressure gradient of 10 mm. Hg across the obstruction occurred with an average of 57 +/- 8 per cent stenosis. The reactive hyperemic response was abolished with an average of 75 +/- 6 per cent stenosis, and with greater degrees of stenosis the total flow began to decrease below control levels. The phasic coronary flow pattern was also altered with increasing amounts of fixed partial obstruction. As the per cent of stenosis was increased, the ratio of diastolic to systolic coronary flow decreased. When reactive hyperemia was abolished, very little diastolic-to-systolic variation remained.", "PMID": 850430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9163", "title": "Post-traumatic intracardiac shunts. Report of two cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Intracardiac shunts consequent to penetrating thoracic injury have been reported in 94 patients. Two additional cases are reported emphasizing the frequently complex anatomic abnormalities, the variability in clinical course, and the favorable outcome of repair. From a review of the literature, it is apparent that most such lesions should be corrected, since patients are at a continual risk of symptomatic cardiac dysfunction and repair offers an excellent prognosis with minimal morbidity.", "contents": "Post-traumatic intracardiac shunts. Report of two cases and review of the literature. Intracardiac shunts consequent to penetrating thoracic injury have been reported in 94 patients. Two additional cases are reported emphasizing the frequently complex anatomic abnormalities, the variability in clinical course, and the favorable outcome of repair. From a review of the literature, it is apparent that most such lesions should be corrected, since patients are at a continual risk of symptomatic cardiac dysfunction and repair offers an excellent prognosis with minimal morbidity.", "PMID": 850431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9164", "title": "Single coronary artery with a fistula to the main pulmonary artery in a patient with tetralogy of Fallot.", "content": "The presence of a single coronary artery arising in the anterior cusp and terminating in a large fistula to the main pulmonary artery was noted during the preoperative evaluation of a patient with tetralogy of Fallot. Recognition of this rare association dictated the use of a valved conduit to avoid injury to the left anterior descending coronary as it crossed the right ventricular outflow tract and permitted abolition of intracardiac shunting by ligation of the fistula. It is postulated that the increasing arterial saturation noted in this patient prior to intracardiac repair may have been related in part to progressive augmentation in flow through the coronary fistula to the main pulmonary artery.", "contents": "Single coronary artery with a fistula to the main pulmonary artery in a patient with tetralogy of Fallot. The presence of a single coronary artery arising in the anterior cusp and terminating in a large fistula to the main pulmonary artery was noted during the preoperative evaluation of a patient with tetralogy of Fallot. Recognition of this rare association dictated the use of a valved conduit to avoid injury to the left anterior descending coronary as it crossed the right ventricular outflow tract and permitted abolition of intracardiac shunting by ligation of the fistula. It is postulated that the increasing arterial saturation noted in this patient prior to intracardiac repair may have been related in part to progressive augmentation in flow through the coronary fistula to the main pulmonary artery.", "PMID": 850432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9165", "title": "Prognosis of patients after open mitral commissurotomy. Actuarial analysis of late results in 100 patients.", "content": "The continuing controversy between proponents of open and closed commissurotomy might be clarified by analysis of late follow-up with modern actuarial techniques that provide a true perspective of patient risk. We have used open mitral commissurotomy exclusively for 15 years in 100 patients. There was one operative death from pancreatitis and one late death from cancer; the actuarially projected survival rate (+/- the standard error) at 10 years is 97 per cent (+/- 2). Thirteen patients had preoperative emboli, 6 of whom were in sinus rhythm and 7 in atrial fibrillation. Two patients had postoperative emboli, both in sinus rhythm. The actuarial chance of remaining free of embolism at 10 years is 97 per cent (+/- 2). Sixteen patients required reoperation on the mitral valve for functional deterioration. The remaining survivors were in Class I or II when last seen. The actuarial chance of not requiring a reoperation after 5 years is 91 per cent (+/- 4) and at 10 years, 38 per cent(+/- 16). Results in different centers are difficult to compare for many reasons, but imprecise statistical methods further obscure such comparisons. The use of actuarial techniques may help to define the role of open mitral commissurotomy.", "contents": "Prognosis of patients after open mitral commissurotomy. Actuarial analysis of late results in 100 patients. The continuing controversy between proponents of open and closed commissurotomy might be clarified by analysis of late follow-up with modern actuarial techniques that provide a true perspective of patient risk. We have used open mitral commissurotomy exclusively for 15 years in 100 patients. There was one operative death from pancreatitis and one late death from cancer; the actuarially projected survival rate (+/- the standard error) at 10 years is 97 per cent (+/- 2). Thirteen patients had preoperative emboli, 6 of whom were in sinus rhythm and 7 in atrial fibrillation. Two patients had postoperative emboli, both in sinus rhythm. The actuarial chance of remaining free of embolism at 10 years is 97 per cent (+/- 2). Sixteen patients required reoperation on the mitral valve for functional deterioration. The remaining survivors were in Class I or II when last seen. The actuarial chance of not requiring a reoperation after 5 years is 91 per cent (+/- 4) and at 10 years, 38 per cent(+/- 16). Results in different centers are difficult to compare for many reasons, but imprecise statistical methods further obscure such comparisons. The use of actuarial techniques may help to define the role of open mitral commissurotomy.", "PMID": 850433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9166", "title": "Myocardial ischemia during cardiopulmonary bypass. The hazards of ventricular fibrillation in the presence of a critical coronary stenosis.", "content": "The effect of a critical coronary artery stenosis on myocardial blood flow and metabolism in the fibrillating heart was assessed by placing 10 dogs on cardiopulmonary bypass, venting the ventricle, inducing ventricular fibrillation, and applying critical stenosis to the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). Endocardial and epicardial blood flows were measured by the radioactive microsphere technique prior to the application of the stenosis and after one hour and 2 hours of fibrillation. Intramyocardial oxygen tension (PO2) and carbon dioxide tension (PCO2) were continuously monitored in the LAD-supplied myocardium by a mass spectrometer probe inserted at midmyocardial depth. Selective arterial-coronary venous lactate differences were determined at control, one hour, and 2 hours. At the end of the 2 hour period, vital dye injection defined the distribution of the LAD. Endocardial flow to the myocardium of the stenosed LAD was reduced by 50 per cent after one hour and by 70 per cent after 2 hours (p less than 0.05). Epicardial flow fell 40 per cent after one hour and 50 per cent after 2 hours (p less than 0.05). Endocardial and epicardial flow in the distribution of the unstenosed circumflex coronary artery remained unchanged. Changes in myocardial PO2 and PCO2 in the LAD-supplied myocardium indicated the development of severe ischemia in all 10 dogs and suggested myocardial infarction in 5. There was a conversion from lactate extraction to lactate production during the 2 hour period of ventricular fibrillation. From this study, it is concluded that the myocardium distal to a critical stenosis suffers a progressive reduction in flow during ventricular fibrillation which does not occur in regions supplied by unstenosed coronary arteries. Thus prolonged fibrillation in the presence of a flow-limiting coronary stenosis may play a role in the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction during coronary bypass surgery.", "contents": "Myocardial ischemia during cardiopulmonary bypass. The hazards of ventricular fibrillation in the presence of a critical coronary stenosis. The effect of a critical coronary artery stenosis on myocardial blood flow and metabolism in the fibrillating heart was assessed by placing 10 dogs on cardiopulmonary bypass, venting the ventricle, inducing ventricular fibrillation, and applying critical stenosis to the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). Endocardial and epicardial blood flows were measured by the radioactive microsphere technique prior to the application of the stenosis and after one hour and 2 hours of fibrillation. Intramyocardial oxygen tension (PO2) and carbon dioxide tension (PCO2) were continuously monitored in the LAD-supplied myocardium by a mass spectrometer probe inserted at midmyocardial depth. Selective arterial-coronary venous lactate differences were determined at control, one hour, and 2 hours. At the end of the 2 hour period, vital dye injection defined the distribution of the LAD. Endocardial flow to the myocardium of the stenosed LAD was reduced by 50 per cent after one hour and by 70 per cent after 2 hours (p less than 0.05). Epicardial flow fell 40 per cent after one hour and 50 per cent after 2 hours (p less than 0.05). Endocardial and epicardial flow in the distribution of the unstenosed circumflex coronary artery remained unchanged. Changes in myocardial PO2 and PCO2 in the LAD-supplied myocardium indicated the development of severe ischemia in all 10 dogs and suggested myocardial infarction in 5. There was a conversion from lactate extraction to lactate production during the 2 hour period of ventricular fibrillation. From this study, it is concluded that the myocardium distal to a critical stenosis suffers a progressive reduction in flow during ventricular fibrillation which does not occur in regions supplied by unstenosed coronary arteries. Thus prolonged fibrillation in the presence of a flow-limiting coronary stenosis may play a role in the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction during coronary bypass surgery.", "PMID": 850434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9167", "title": "Hemodynamic responses to dopamine infusion at controlled normal and low cardiac output states in the anesthetized dog.", "content": "In order to isolate the renal and pulmonary vascular effects of dopamine, we employed a dog preparation utilizing fixed venous return in order to control cardiac output at either a normal or low flow state. Dopamine infusion was carried out at doses of 8 and 16 microng/Kg./min. Heart rate, mean systemic arterial pressure, mean pulmonary artery pressure, and renal blood flow were measured. Changes in mean systemic arterial pressure, mean pulmonary artery pressure, and renal blood flow were not significant at either doses of dopamine. There was a dose-related increase in heart rate, most significant with a dose of 16 microng/Kg./min. and low cardiac output. No evidence was found to substantiate the existence of a specific dopaminergic receptor in the renal vasculature when cardiac output was controlled.", "contents": "Hemodynamic responses to dopamine infusion at controlled normal and low cardiac output states in the anesthetized dog. In order to isolate the renal and pulmonary vascular effects of dopamine, we employed a dog preparation utilizing fixed venous return in order to control cardiac output at either a normal or low flow state. Dopamine infusion was carried out at doses of 8 and 16 microng/Kg./min. Heart rate, mean systemic arterial pressure, mean pulmonary artery pressure, and renal blood flow were measured. Changes in mean systemic arterial pressure, mean pulmonary artery pressure, and renal blood flow were not significant at either doses of dopamine. There was a dose-related increase in heart rate, most significant with a dose of 16 microng/Kg./min. and low cardiac output. No evidence was found to substantiate the existence of a specific dopaminergic receptor in the renal vasculature when cardiac output was controlled.", "PMID": 850435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9168", "title": "Early operative intervention for complications of acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Cardiac operations were performed on 21 patients for treatment of complications of acute myocardial infarction unresponsive to vigorous drug therapy. There were six hospital deaths (28.5 per cent) and 15 survivors 3 to 50 months postoperatively. Fourteen of the 15 survivors are asymptomatic (Class I N.Y.H.A.); one patient remains in Class III. The average time from infarction to operation was 7 days;  operative mortality rate was unrelated to the time from infarction to operation. Five of six deaths were in patients with preoperative cardiogenic shock who were not supported by an external cardiac assistance device. The two survivors of cardiogenic shock, treated preoperatively with the intraaortic balloon pump (IABP), are now asymptomatic. Early operative intervention is recommended to decrease the mortality rate in patients with complications of acute myocardial infarction unresponsive to conventional medical therapy. Preoperative treatment with the IABP is advised for the patient in cardiogenic shock.", "contents": "Early operative intervention for complications of acute myocardial infarction. Cardiac operations were performed on 21 patients for treatment of complications of acute myocardial infarction unresponsive to vigorous drug therapy. There were six hospital deaths (28.5 per cent) and 15 survivors 3 to 50 months postoperatively. Fourteen of the 15 survivors are asymptomatic (Class I N.Y.H.A.); one patient remains in Class III. The average time from infarction to operation was 7 days;  operative mortality rate was unrelated to the time from infarction to operation. Five of six deaths were in patients with preoperative cardiogenic shock who were not supported by an external cardiac assistance device. The two survivors of cardiogenic shock, treated preoperatively with the intraaortic balloon pump (IABP), are now asymptomatic. Early operative intervention is recommended to decrease the mortality rate in patients with complications of acute myocardial infarction unresponsive to conventional medical therapy. Preoperative treatment with the IABP is advised for the patient in cardiogenic shock.", "PMID": 850436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9169", "title": "Effect of perfusate temperature on myocardial protection from ischemia.", "content": "During reperfusion, functional and metabolic recovery of the isolated working rat heart from one hour of ischemia was best in hearts selectively cooled at the onset of the ischemic interval by perfusion with 5 to 10 ml. of 10 degrees C. or 15 degrees C. Krebs-Henseleit buffer. Hearts similarly perfused at 4 degrees C., 20 degrees C. recovered significantly less well or not at all. Immediately after the hour of ischemia and prior to reperfusion, the absolute levels of glycogen and high-energy phosphates were best in the hearts perfused at 4 degrees C. However, metabolic function was best preserved in those perfused at 10 degrees C. and 15 degrees C., as evidenced by rapid recovery of high-energy phosphates and glycogen to control levels compared to metabolic deterioration in the 4 degrees C. group.", "contents": "Effect of perfusate temperature on myocardial protection from ischemia. During reperfusion, functional and metabolic recovery of the isolated working rat heart from one hour of ischemia was best in hearts selectively cooled at the onset of the ischemic interval by perfusion with 5 to 10 ml. of 10 degrees C. or 15 degrees C. Krebs-Henseleit buffer. Hearts similarly perfused at 4 degrees C., 20 degrees C. recovered significantly less well or not at all. Immediately after the hour of ischemia and prior to reperfusion, the absolute levels of glycogen and high-energy phosphates were best in the hearts perfused at 4 degrees C. However, metabolic function was best preserved in those perfused at 10 degrees C. and 15 degrees C., as evidenced by rapid recovery of high-energy phosphates and glycogen to control levels compared to metabolic deterioration in the 4 degrees C. group.", "PMID": 850437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9170", "title": "Percutaneous aspiration biopsy of nodular lung lesions.", "content": "Over a 24 month period, 39 patients with nodular lung leasions suspected of being malignant on chest x-ray study underwent transthoracic needle aspiration biopsy. An accuracy rate of nearly 100 per cent was obtained in 34 of the lesions subsequently proved to be malignant. Achieving these results requires very close cooperation between the departments of radiology, cardiology, and cytopathology.", "contents": "Percutaneous aspiration biopsy of nodular lung lesions. Over a 24 month period, 39 patients with nodular lung leasions suspected of being malignant on chest x-ray study underwent transthoracic needle aspiration biopsy. An accuracy rate of nearly 100 per cent was obtained in 34 of the lesions subsequently proved to be malignant. Achieving these results requires very close cooperation between the departments of radiology, cardiology, and cytopathology.", "PMID": 850439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9171", "title": "Monitoring of intraoperative heparinization and blood loss following cardiopulmonary bypass surgery.", "content": "Two protocols of heparin management during cardiopulmonary bypass were compared to assess the role of the activated clotting time (ACT) in relation to postoperative blood loss. The study was divided into two groups: Group I, the control group, in which 3 mg. of heparin per kilogram was given as the initial dose and maintained at a dose of 1.5 mg. per kilogram every 45 minutes during cardiopulmonary bypass, and Group II, in which the initail dose of heparin was 2 mg. per kilogram and additional dosage were based upon the ACT. We found a striking decrease in postoperative blood loss as well as a decrease in the amount of heparin administered during cardiopulmonary during cardiopulmonary bypass in Group II patients. In addition, less protamine was required to neutralize the heparin in the second group after bypass. Thus, when patients are given too much heparin, as in our control group, the effectiveness of protamine is decreased. We would like to stress the value of the ACT in controlling heparin administration as well as postoperative blood loss in cardiopulmonary bypass surgery.", "contents": "Monitoring of intraoperative heparinization and blood loss following cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Two protocols of heparin management during cardiopulmonary bypass were compared to assess the role of the activated clotting time (ACT) in relation to postoperative blood loss. The study was divided into two groups: Group I, the control group, in which 3 mg. of heparin per kilogram was given as the initial dose and maintained at a dose of 1.5 mg. per kilogram every 45 minutes during cardiopulmonary bypass, and Group II, in which the initail dose of heparin was 2 mg. per kilogram and additional dosage were based upon the ACT. We found a striking decrease in postoperative blood loss as well as a decrease in the amount of heparin administered during cardiopulmonary during cardiopulmonary bypass in Group II patients. In addition, less protamine was required to neutralize the heparin in the second group after bypass. Thus, when patients are given too much heparin, as in our control group, the effectiveness of protamine is decreased. We would like to stress the value of the ACT in controlling heparin administration as well as postoperative blood loss in cardiopulmonary bypass surgery.", "PMID": 850438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9172", "title": "Melanoma of the head and neck.", "content": "A retrospective review from 1935 to 1962 of 772 melanomas involving the head and neck seen at the Pack Medical Foundation (PMF) is presented with the main emphasis of 660 cutaneous and mucosal melanomas. Clark's levels for pathologic invasion are presented and correlated to 289 cases with 19 percent in Level II and 81 percent deeply invasive at Level III, IV, and V. The face was the most commom location with the cheek alone accounting for 22.3 percent of all the cases. The male to female ratio was 1.5 to 1 with 76 percent of the cases being equally distributed among the fourth through the seventh decades. 55.9 percent were local disease, Stage I, with 33.5 percent, Stage II, and 10.6 percent, Stage III or distal disease. The five-year or greater absolute cure rate in positive nodal disease was 12.6 percent. Elective versus no elective neck dissection in Stage IA disease demonstrated a five-year or greater absolute cure rate of 55 percent as compared to 38.5 percent. Distal metastases occurred in 30 percent of cases with elective neck dissection but in 70 percent of those cases with therapeutic neck dissection. The absolute five-year or greater cure rate was able to be analyzed in 556 cases. The rate was 25.6 percent for the mucosal and cutaneous lesions combined; an 8 percent rate for mucosal alone and 27.8 percent for cutaneous melanoma. The five-year or greater absolute cure rate for those cases treated totally at PMF was 35.4 percent.", "contents": "Melanoma of the head and neck. A retrospective review from 1935 to 1962 of 772 melanomas involving the head and neck seen at the Pack Medical Foundation (PMF) is presented with the main emphasis of 660 cutaneous and mucosal melanomas. Clark's levels for pathologic invasion are presented and correlated to 289 cases with 19 percent in Level II and 81 percent deeply invasive at Level III, IV, and V. The face was the most commom location with the cheek alone accounting for 22.3 percent of all the cases. The male to female ratio was 1.5 to 1 with 76 percent of the cases being equally distributed among the fourth through the seventh decades. 55.9 percent were local disease, Stage I, with 33.5 percent, Stage II, and 10.6 percent, Stage III or distal disease. The five-year or greater absolute cure rate in positive nodal disease was 12.6 percent. Elective versus no elective neck dissection in Stage IA disease demonstrated a five-year or greater absolute cure rate of 55 percent as compared to 38.5 percent. Distal metastases occurred in 30 percent of cases with elective neck dissection but in 70 percent of those cases with therapeutic neck dissection. The absolute five-year or greater cure rate was able to be analyzed in 556 cases. The rate was 25.6 percent for the mucosal and cutaneous lesions combined; an 8 percent rate for mucosal alone and 27.8 percent for cutaneous melanoma. The five-year or greater absolute cure rate for those cases treated totally at PMF was 35.4 percent.", "PMID": 850450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9173", "title": "Malignant neoplasms of the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses: (a retrospective study).", "content": "This study presents a retrospective look at 115 patients evaluated here from 1957 to 1974. In this series, 57 percent were males and 43 percent females, 84 percent were Caucasian and 16 percent Negro. Lesions confined to or originating in the antrum made up 67 percent while nonantral lesions were 33 percent. Mean age at diagnosis was 59.1 years. Smoking and drinking history did not appear to be contributory. Antral lesions were retrospectively staged according to Sisson's TNM classification. Sixteen tumor types were involved, with the most common being epidermoid. Diagnosis was most often made by intranasal or Caldwell-Luc biopsy. Most frequent symptoms, as well as earliest symptoms, were nasal obstruction, localized pain, and epistaxis. Average duration of symptoms was 6.4 months. Therapy was generally in the form of radiotherapy alone, preoperative radiotherapy and surgery, surgery and postoperative radiotherapy, or surgery alone. Local recurrences occurred in 44 percent of antral lesions and 50 percent of non-antral lesions. Regional (cervical) nodal metastases developed in 25 percent of antral lesions and 11 percent of non-antral lesions. Distant metastases developed in 30 percent of antral cases and 35 percent of non-antral cases. Five-year survival was 32 percent (35 percent determinate) for the total group. The more advanced the staging of the antral lesions, the worse the prognosis. Best survival figures were in the areas of preoperative radiotherapy and surgery at 38 percent (43 percent) and surgery alone at 56 percent (59 percent).", "contents": "Malignant neoplasms of the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses: (a retrospective study). This study presents a retrospective look at 115 patients evaluated here from 1957 to 1974. In this series, 57 percent were males and 43 percent females, 84 percent were Caucasian and 16 percent Negro. Lesions confined to or originating in the antrum made up 67 percent while nonantral lesions were 33 percent. Mean age at diagnosis was 59.1 years. Smoking and drinking history did not appear to be contributory. Antral lesions were retrospectively staged according to Sisson's TNM classification. Sixteen tumor types were involved, with the most common being epidermoid. Diagnosis was most often made by intranasal or Caldwell-Luc biopsy. Most frequent symptoms, as well as earliest symptoms, were nasal obstruction, localized pain, and epistaxis. Average duration of symptoms was 6.4 months. Therapy was generally in the form of radiotherapy alone, preoperative radiotherapy and surgery, surgery and postoperative radiotherapy, or surgery alone. Local recurrences occurred in 44 percent of antral lesions and 50 percent of non-antral lesions. Regional (cervical) nodal metastases developed in 25 percent of antral lesions and 11 percent of non-antral lesions. Distant metastases developed in 30 percent of antral cases and 35 percent of non-antral cases. Five-year survival was 32 percent (35 percent determinate) for the total group. The more advanced the staging of the antral lesions, the worse the prognosis. Best survival figures were in the areas of preoperative radiotherapy and surgery at 38 percent (43 percent) and surgery alone at 56 percent (59 percent).", "PMID": 850451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9174", "title": "The medical and surgical approach in management of the unilateral opacified antrum.", "content": "The approach to the diagnosis and treatment of the patient with the unilateral opacified maxillary antrum presents a challenging problem. A total of 55 patients have been completely followed over a six-year period. Medical management, immediate, and delayed surgical intervention are discussed over a broad array of cases. Approximately one-half of those cases not requiring immediate surgical intervention recovered on medical management alone. The requirements for eventual surgical intervention and the results are discussed in the remaining cases.", "contents": "The medical and surgical approach in management of the unilateral opacified antrum. The approach to the diagnosis and treatment of the patient with the unilateral opacified maxillary antrum presents a challenging problem. A total of 55 patients have been completely followed over a six-year period. Medical management, immediate, and delayed surgical intervention are discussed over a broad array of cases. Approximately one-half of those cases not requiring immediate surgical intervention recovered on medical management alone. The requirements for eventual surgical intervention and the results are discussed in the remaining cases.", "PMID": 850452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9175", "title": "Mediastinal dissection--1976: indications and newer techniques.", "content": "Head and neck neoplasms may invade the mediastinum by direct extension or metastases to the tracheoesophageal or jugulo-subclavian lymph nodes. The clavicles and manubrium are a barrier to adequate resection in this type of disease. In 1962, the senior author reported six mediastinal dissections for stomal recurrences after laryngectomy. Later techniques for staging the removal of manubrium and clavicles and preparing the regional flaps were devised to avoid major complications arising from operating in this area which usually had prior treatment with radiation and/or surgery. Over 60 transsternal radical neck dissections have been performed in the past 20 years. We have in the past evaluated the morbidity and survivals in stomal cases and present here our revised indications and techniques.", "contents": "Mediastinal dissection--1976: indications and newer techniques. Head and neck neoplasms may invade the mediastinum by direct extension or metastases to the tracheoesophageal or jugulo-subclavian lymph nodes. The clavicles and manubrium are a barrier to adequate resection in this type of disease. In 1962, the senior author reported six mediastinal dissections for stomal recurrences after laryngectomy. Later techniques for staging the removal of manubrium and clavicles and preparing the regional flaps were devised to avoid major complications arising from operating in this area which usually had prior treatment with radiation and/or surgery. Over 60 transsternal radical neck dissections have been performed in the past 20 years. We have in the past evaluated the morbidity and survivals in stomal cases and present here our revised indications and techniques.", "PMID": 850453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9176", "title": "The applied anatomy of thyroglossal tract remnants.", "content": "Recurrences after surgery for thyroglossal cysts and fistulas were common until, in 1920, Sistrunk described his technique for removing the whole thyroglossal tract. Since that time there has been considerable argument concerning the exact path taken by the tract particularly in relation to the hyoid bone. In an attempt to elucidate this problem, studies have been made of embryos at varying stages of development, of serially step-sectioned adult larynges and of surgical specimens. These studies suggest that the thyroglossal tract occupies a constant and embryologically predictable position in relation to the hyoid bone and they support the rationale of Sistrunk's procedure.", "contents": "The applied anatomy of thyroglossal tract remnants. Recurrences after surgery for thyroglossal cysts and fistulas were common until, in 1920, Sistrunk described his technique for removing the whole thyroglossal tract. Since that time there has been considerable argument concerning the exact path taken by the tract particularly in relation to the hyoid bone. In an attempt to elucidate this problem, studies have been made of embryos at varying stages of development, of serially step-sectioned adult larynges and of surgical specimens. These studies suggest that the thyroglossal tract occupies a constant and embryologically predictable position in relation to the hyoid bone and they support the rationale of Sistrunk's procedure.", "PMID": 850454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9177", "title": "Seventy-six cases of presumed sudden hearing loss occurring in 1973: prognosis and incidence.", "content": "A sudden hearing loss (SHL) research clinic to which 30 members of an ENT Society refer patients, accumulates information about incidence, prognosis, recovery patterns, and treatment of SHL. The diagnostic protocol includes laboratory, audiometric, and radiologic studies; patients are followed for a minimum of 10 months. Among 76 patients seen in 1973, the diagnosis of idiopathic SHL was retained in 52; more specific diagnoses were established in 24. The incidence of SHL in the general population is estimated at 10.7 cases per 100,000. Although the therapeutic protocol was individualized, all patients with idiopathic SHL were advised to restrict dietary sodium, to discontinue use of stimulants, and were given instructions regarding activity. Twenty-six patients received prednisone. Results indicate that prednisone may have a beneficial effect when administered before the 10th day of SHL. Increasing age, hypertension, diabetes, and severe vertigo were found to be poor prognostic indicators. Outcome was significantly better in patients seen early in the course of their illness than in those seen later. Possible etiologic factors include vascular dysfunction and inflammatory response. Further studies of controlled series are needed to establish standards for diagnosis of SHL and its recovery pattern.", "contents": "Seventy-six cases of presumed sudden hearing loss occurring in 1973: prognosis and incidence. A sudden hearing loss (SHL) research clinic to which 30 members of an ENT Society refer patients, accumulates information about incidence, prognosis, recovery patterns, and treatment of SHL. The diagnostic protocol includes laboratory, audiometric, and radiologic studies; patients are followed for a minimum of 10 months. Among 76 patients seen in 1973, the diagnosis of idiopathic SHL was retained in 52; more specific diagnoses were established in 24. The incidence of SHL in the general population is estimated at 10.7 cases per 100,000. Although the therapeutic protocol was individualized, all patients with idiopathic SHL were advised to restrict dietary sodium, to discontinue use of stimulants, and were given instructions regarding activity. Twenty-six patients received prednisone. Results indicate that prednisone may have a beneficial effect when administered before the 10th day of SHL. Increasing age, hypertension, diabetes, and severe vertigo were found to be poor prognostic indicators. Outcome was significantly better in patients seen early in the course of their illness than in those seen later. Possible etiologic factors include vascular dysfunction and inflammatory response. Further studies of controlled series are needed to establish standards for diagnosis of SHL and its recovery pattern.", "PMID": 850455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9178", "title": "Leukocyte antigens and disease: III. Association of HLA-B8 and HLA-BW 15 with insulin-dependent diabetes in three different population groups.", "content": "The distribution of 20 HLA antigens in 382 diabetic and 184 control subjects of white, Mexican-American, and black ancestry was studied. In all three populations, the incidence of antigens BB and BW15 was higher in the insulin-dependent diabetics than in the controls. The differences fell short of statistical significance when corrections were made for the number of antigens studied. When the results of previous studies were combined with our own, there was a highly significant association of insulin-dependent diabetes and the antigens BB and BW15 in the white population. It seems highly likely that this association would also hold true for the Mexican-American and the black diabetics if a sufficient number of patients were studied.", "contents": "Leukocyte antigens and disease: III. Association of HLA-B8 and HLA-BW 15 with insulin-dependent diabetes in three different population groups. The distribution of 20 HLA antigens in 382 diabetic and 184 control subjects of white, Mexican-American, and black ancestry was studied. In all three populations, the incidence of antigens BB and BW15 was higher in the insulin-dependent diabetics than in the controls. The differences fell short of statistical significance when corrections were made for the number of antigens studied. When the results of previous studies were combined with our own, there was a highly significant association of insulin-dependent diabetes and the antigens BB and BW15 in the white population. It seems highly likely that this association would also hold true for the Mexican-American and the black diabetics if a sufficient number of patients were studied.", "PMID": 850480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9179", "title": "The effects of prolonged fasting on plasma triglyceride kinetics in man.", "content": "Studies were undertaken to examine triglyceride turnover in obese humans on isocaloric balanced diets and during prolonged (3-5 wk) fasting. The data were related to plasma concentrations of insulin (IRI), glucagon (IRG), and free fatty acids (FFA) and to blood ketone concentrations. The triglyceride turnover rates were also related to the plasma triglyceride concentration. This relationship was the same in the obese on isocaloric balanced diets as that we have previously observed in lean humans on similar diets. The relationship between triglyceride turnover and concentration changed during prolonged fasting in a way that suggested that triglyceride removal was impaired. This viewpoint is consistent with the known effects of fasting on adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity. In another group of fasted obese, refed with a hypocaloric diet, the relationship returned toward normal. In addition to the impaired triglyceride removal, prolonged fasting resulted in a decrease in triglyceride production. This decrease occurred despite an increase in plasma FFA. After 3-5 wk of fasting the IRI was about 50% of the initial value, while the IRG was the same as the initial value. While triglyceride production fell during fasting, the blood ketone concentration rose. Others have seen similar changes in ketones and triglycerides in livers perfused with medium in which the ratio of insulin to glucagon fell. The rate of triglyceride production was not related to body weight. However, regardless of nutritional state, it was positively related to the basal plasma insulin levels. These data indicate that, in man as in animal preparations, insulin may regulate hepatic triglyceride production.", "contents": "The effects of prolonged fasting on plasma triglyceride kinetics in man. Studies were undertaken to examine triglyceride turnover in obese humans on isocaloric balanced diets and during prolonged (3-5 wk) fasting. The data were related to plasma concentrations of insulin (IRI), glucagon (IRG), and free fatty acids (FFA) and to blood ketone concentrations. The triglyceride turnover rates were also related to the plasma triglyceride concentration. This relationship was the same in the obese on isocaloric balanced diets as that we have previously observed in lean humans on similar diets. The relationship between triglyceride turnover and concentration changed during prolonged fasting in a way that suggested that triglyceride removal was impaired. This viewpoint is consistent with the known effects of fasting on adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity. In another group of fasted obese, refed with a hypocaloric diet, the relationship returned toward normal. In addition to the impaired triglyceride removal, prolonged fasting resulted in a decrease in triglyceride production. This decrease occurred despite an increase in plasma FFA. After 3-5 wk of fasting the IRI was about 50% of the initial value, while the IRG was the same as the initial value. While triglyceride production fell during fasting, the blood ketone concentration rose. Others have seen similar changes in ketones and triglycerides in livers perfused with medium in which the ratio of insulin to glucagon fell. The rate of triglyceride production was not related to body weight. However, regardless of nutritional state, it was positively related to the basal plasma insulin levels. These data indicate that, in man as in animal preparations, insulin may regulate hepatic triglyceride production.", "PMID": 850481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9180", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid glycine in nonketotic hyperglycinemic: effect of treatment with sodium benzoate and a ventricular shunt.", "content": "In three infants with nonketotic hyperglycinemia, glycine was increased three-to fourfold in plasma, 13- to 28-fold in lumbar spinal fluid, and was higher yet in ventricular fluid. Oral sodium benzoate lowered cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glycine by greater than 40%, but did not change the abnormal plasma: CSF ratio. An adult control, made hyperglycinemic with oral glycine, had a normal plasma: CSF ratio. Treatment of one patient with sodium benzoate from birth did not prevent mental retardation; the degree of brain stem depression was a function of CSF glycine in another patient. The persistance of glycine elevation in CSF, although therapy maintained normal concentration in plasma, appears to be caused by overproduction in brain and limitation of the high-capacity lumbar spinal reabsorptive mechanism. Treatment through lowering of CNS glycine by use of a ventricular shunt was explored.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid glycine in nonketotic hyperglycinemic: effect of treatment with sodium benzoate and a ventricular shunt. In three infants with nonketotic hyperglycinemia, glycine was increased three-to fourfold in plasma, 13- to 28-fold in lumbar spinal fluid, and was higher yet in ventricular fluid. Oral sodium benzoate lowered cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glycine by greater than 40%, but did not change the abnormal plasma: CSF ratio. An adult control, made hyperglycinemic with oral glycine, had a normal plasma: CSF ratio. Treatment of one patient with sodium benzoate from birth did not prevent mental retardation; the degree of brain stem depression was a function of CSF glycine in another patient. The persistance of glycine elevation in CSF, although therapy maintained normal concentration in plasma, appears to be caused by overproduction in brain and limitation of the high-capacity lumbar spinal reabsorptive mechanism. Treatment through lowering of CNS glycine by use of a ventricular shunt was explored.", "PMID": 850482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9181", "title": "Acute effects of bovine growth hormone on renal calcium and phosphate excretion.", "content": "To evaluate the acute effects of bovine growth hormone upon renal hemodynamics and urinary electrolyte excretion, clearance studies were performed in intact and thyroparathyroidectomized dogs, receiving either vehicle alone or bovine growth hormone. Growth hormone had no effect when compared to controls upon glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow, or clearance of sodium, calcium, and phosphate either in the presence or absence of parathyroid hormone. It is concluded that acute changes in circulating growth hormone levels do not play an important role in calcium and phosphate homeostasis. The data suggest that previously described antiphosphaturic and hypercalciuric actions of growth hormone are not due to direct acute renal tubular effects but may be the result of indirect effects of chronic growth hormone administration.", "contents": "Acute effects of bovine growth hormone on renal calcium and phosphate excretion. To evaluate the acute effects of bovine growth hormone upon renal hemodynamics and urinary electrolyte excretion, clearance studies were performed in intact and thyroparathyroidectomized dogs, receiving either vehicle alone or bovine growth hormone. Growth hormone had no effect when compared to controls upon glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow, or clearance of sodium, calcium, and phosphate either in the presence or absence of parathyroid hormone. It is concluded that acute changes in circulating growth hormone levels do not play an important role in calcium and phosphate homeostasis. The data suggest that previously described antiphosphaturic and hypercalciuric actions of growth hormone are not due to direct acute renal tubular effects but may be the result of indirect effects of chronic growth hormone administration.", "PMID": 850483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9182", "title": "Urinary excretion of methylarginine in human disease.", "content": "Methylated amino acids are excreted in urine upon degradation of some tissue proteins. The urinary excretion ratios of NG,N'G-dimethylarginine (syn-DMA) and NG,NG-dimethylarginine (unsym-DMA) were studied in healthy adults and in patients with various diseases. The normal ratio of sym- to unsym-DMA in urine was 0.98 and ranged from 0.71 to 1.33; ratios were not significantly different in multiple sclerosis, cerebrovascular accident, cancer, and systemic lupus erythematosus. However, patients with liver, disease, including chronic active hepatitis, were found on average to have a significantly altered ratio of 0.79, range 0.49-1.30, owing to an increase in the excretion of unsym-DMA. Hence measurements of the urinary excretion of dimethylarginine could become a useful aid in assessing recovery of liver cells in patients with chronic liver disease.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of methylarginine in human disease. Methylated amino acids are excreted in urine upon degradation of some tissue proteins. The urinary excretion ratios of NG,N'G-dimethylarginine (syn-DMA) and NG,NG-dimethylarginine (unsym-DMA) were studied in healthy adults and in patients with various diseases. The normal ratio of sym- to unsym-DMA in urine was 0.98 and ranged from 0.71 to 1.33; ratios were not significantly different in multiple sclerosis, cerebrovascular accident, cancer, and systemic lupus erythematosus. However, patients with liver, disease, including chronic active hepatitis, were found on average to have a significantly altered ratio of 0.79, range 0.49-1.30, owing to an increase in the excretion of unsym-DMA. Hence measurements of the urinary excretion of dimethylarginine could become a useful aid in assessing recovery of liver cells in patients with chronic liver disease.", "PMID": 850484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9183", "title": "Incidence of antibiotic-related diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis: a prospective study of lincomycin, clindamycin and ampicillin.", "content": "An existing intensive drug monitoring system was used to study the occurrence of pseudomembranous colitis and diarrhoea in 100 patients treated with lincomycin and clindamycin. In order to give perspective to the results an equal number of matched patients treated with ampicillin were also studied. The incidences of diarrhoea in both groups were similar (11% in the lincomycin-clindamycin group and 8% in the ampicillin group). One patient developed pseudomembranous colitis associated with two prolonged courses of lincomycin therapy. The results suggest that the risks associated with the use of lincomycin are acceptable if the drug is given for the approved specific indications.", "contents": "Incidence of antibiotic-related diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis: a prospective study of lincomycin, clindamycin and ampicillin. An existing intensive drug monitoring system was used to study the occurrence of pseudomembranous colitis and diarrhoea in 100 patients treated with lincomycin and clindamycin. In order to give perspective to the results an equal number of matched patients treated with ampicillin were also studied. The incidences of diarrhoea in both groups were similar (11% in the lincomycin-clindamycin group and 8% in the ampicillin group). One patient developed pseudomembranous colitis associated with two prolonged courses of lincomycin therapy. The results suggest that the risks associated with the use of lincomycin are acceptable if the drug is given for the approved specific indications.", "PMID": 850493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9184", "title": "The nature of the problem in a Sydney suburban population.", "content": "The importance of trauma as a cause of disability and death in a suburban population has been documented. Nearly 10% of all hospital admissions and 50% of all casualty attendances at major hospitals in a city region were due to accidents. It was shown that the majority of injuries are due to sporting, work-related and domestic accidents and not to traffic accidents. It is believed that attention should be directed toward the identification of more detailed causes of domestic, sport and work accidents, to the education of the public and authorities concerned with these hazards and to the application of preventive measures involving the concept of \"engineering out\".", "contents": "The nature of the problem in a Sydney suburban population. The importance of trauma as a cause of disability and death in a suburban population has been documented. Nearly 10% of all hospital admissions and 50% of all casualty attendances at major hospitals in a city region were due to accidents. It was shown that the majority of injuries are due to sporting, work-related and domestic accidents and not to traffic accidents. It is believed that attention should be directed toward the identification of more detailed causes of domestic, sport and work accidents, to the education of the public and authorities concerned with these hazards and to the application of preventive measures involving the concept of \"engineering out\".", "PMID": 850494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9185", "title": "Gait rehabilitation for an arm amputee.", "content": "This report is concerned with a male motor bike rider who was injured in a collision with a semi-trailer in June 1974. As a result of his injuries he had his right arm amputated, his right knee restricted, and his right foot partially amputated and pinned. This article presents the subsequent management of the patient which was aimed at achieving an acceptable foot and preventing further breakdown in other body linkages. The design of appliances and treatment were carried out by the physiotherapist, the chiropodist, and the bioengineer.", "contents": "Gait rehabilitation for an arm amputee. This report is concerned with a male motor bike rider who was injured in a collision with a semi-trailer in June 1974. As a result of his injuries he had his right arm amputated, his right knee restricted, and his right foot partially amputated and pinned. This article presents the subsequent management of the patient which was aimed at achieving an acceptable foot and preventing further breakdown in other body linkages. The design of appliances and treatment were carried out by the physiotherapist, the chiropodist, and the bioengineer.", "PMID": 850495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9186", "title": "An unusual complication of corticosteroid therapy for sarcoidosis.", "content": "This report describes the rapid development of an amoebic liver abscess in a patient receiving prednisone by mouth for hypercalcaemia associated with sarcoidosis. The diagnosis and treatment of amoebiasis in this setting are discussed.", "contents": "An unusual complication of corticosteroid therapy for sarcoidosis. This report describes the rapid development of an amoebic liver abscess in a patient receiving prednisone by mouth for hypercalcaemia associated with sarcoidosis. The diagnosis and treatment of amoebiasis in this setting are discussed.", "PMID": 850496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9187", "title": "Some considerations concerning institutional placement of retarded children.", "content": "The question whether retarded children should be institutionalized is discussed in the light of how, on the one hand, children can be successfully cared for at home and, more extensively, the serious problems that often arise at home. Institutions are not seen as the dreaded places they are often believed to be, and the frequent advantages to the retarded children of institutional care are discussed.", "contents": "Some considerations concerning institutional placement of retarded children. The question whether retarded children should be institutionalized is discussed in the light of how, on the one hand, children can be successfully cared for at home and, more extensively, the serious problems that often arise at home. Institutions are not seen as the dreaded places they are often believed to be, and the frequent advantages to the retarded children of institutional care are discussed.", "PMID": 850497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9188", "title": "Dysprosium-159 for transmission imaging and bone mineral analysis.", "content": "The suitability of the intense Kalpha x rays of terbium emitted in the electron-capture decay of 159Dy for use in transmission imaging and bone mineral analysis is investigated. It is found that this radionuclide offers all the advantages of radiations from 210 Pb and none of the disadvantages inherent in the use of the latter. Yields of the Kalpha and Kbeta x rays of terbium and the 58-keV gamma rays emitted in 159 Dy decay are determined using a high-resolution Si(Li) photon spectrometer. Attenuation coefficients for these photons in gadolinium (critical) absorber are measured in a narrow-beam geometry. For Tb Kbeta x rays, whose average energy is only about 0.4 keV above the K edge or Gd, our experimental attenuation coefficient is about 10% less than the theoretical value given by Storm and Israel. Transmission images of regular and irregular bones obtained using 159Dy are presented.", "contents": "Dysprosium-159 for transmission imaging and bone mineral analysis. The suitability of the intense Kalpha x rays of terbium emitted in the electron-capture decay of 159Dy for use in transmission imaging and bone mineral analysis is investigated. It is found that this radionuclide offers all the advantages of radiations from 210 Pb and none of the disadvantages inherent in the use of the latter. Yields of the Kalpha and Kbeta x rays of terbium and the 58-keV gamma rays emitted in 159 Dy decay are determined using a high-resolution Si(Li) photon spectrometer. Attenuation coefficients for these photons in gadolinium (critical) absorber are measured in a narrow-beam geometry. For Tb Kbeta x rays, whose average energy is only about 0.4 keV above the K edge or Gd, our experimental attenuation coefficient is about 10% less than the theoretical value given by Storm and Israel. Transmission images of regular and irregular bones obtained using 159Dy are presented.", "PMID": 850506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9189", "title": "Experimental tests of proton beam localization.", "content": "The depth of penetration of heavy charged-particle therapy beams is sensitive to the density of tissues traversed. Maximum depth of dose contours will vary appreciably as the beam passes through bone, muscle, lung, and air or gas. Calculations suggest that beam activation of the short-lived positron-emitting isotope 15O in vivo will permit localization of proton therapy beams with resonable detected-event density and dose. Preliminary tests of this method indicate that the beam can be located at depth with a typical dose of 15 rad, using a large field-of-view positron camera on-ling. This technique is also applicable to other heavy charged-particle beams, negative pions, and heavy ions.", "contents": "Experimental tests of proton beam localization. The depth of penetration of heavy charged-particle therapy beams is sensitive to the density of tissues traversed. Maximum depth of dose contours will vary appreciably as the beam passes through bone, muscle, lung, and air or gas. Calculations suggest that beam activation of the short-lived positron-emitting isotope 15O in vivo will permit localization of proton therapy beams with resonable detected-event density and dose. Preliminary tests of this method indicate that the beam can be located at depth with a typical dose of 15 rad, using a large field-of-view positron camera on-ling. This technique is also applicable to other heavy charged-particle beams, negative pions, and heavy ions.", "PMID": 850507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9190", "title": "Scattered radiation from a neutron collimator.", "content": "Fast-neutron beams are being employed in radiotherapy trials and associated radiobiology studies at numerous centers in the U.S., Europe, and Japan. Since collimated beams of various sizes and shapes are employed, it is desirable to know the composition of the scattered radiation component contributed by the collimator. A simple method is shown for deducing the field composition in terms of a three-component model, from measurements made with three ionization chambers (tissue-equivalent, graphite, and magnesium). The dose contributed by the scattered radiation in the present example was found to be predominantly due to fast neutrons indistinguishable from those in the primary spectrum (from 35-MeV D+ on Be). This method may prove useful for measurements in phantoms as well.", "contents": "Scattered radiation from a neutron collimator. Fast-neutron beams are being employed in radiotherapy trials and associated radiobiology studies at numerous centers in the U.S., Europe, and Japan. Since collimated beams of various sizes and shapes are employed, it is desirable to know the composition of the scattered radiation component contributed by the collimator. A simple method is shown for deducing the field composition in terms of a three-component model, from measurements made with three ionization chambers (tissue-equivalent, graphite, and magnesium). The dose contributed by the scattered radiation in the present example was found to be predominantly due to fast neutrons indistinguishable from those in the primary spectrum (from 35-MeV D+ on Be). This method may prove useful for measurements in phantoms as well.", "PMID": 850508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9191", "title": "Response of tissue-equivalent ionization chamber to 15-MeV neutrons.", "content": "The calibration (in rad/nC) of an air-filled tissue-equivalent ionization chamber for neutrons of 15-MeV average energy was determined by measuring absolute fluences and calculating the kerma per unit fluence. The neutron calibration determined from the gamma-ray calibration and application of the Bragg-Gray relation was found to be 4% higher than that based on the fluence measurement. Additional data were taken to obtain calibration factors with tissue-equivalent gas; the same difference betwen the two methods was observed.", "contents": "Response of tissue-equivalent ionization chamber to 15-MeV neutrons. The calibration (in rad/nC) of an air-filled tissue-equivalent ionization chamber for neutrons of 15-MeV average energy was determined by measuring absolute fluences and calculating the kerma per unit fluence. The neutron calibration determined from the gamma-ray calibration and application of the Bragg-Gray relation was found to be 4% higher than that based on the fluence measurement. Additional data were taken to obtain calibration factors with tissue-equivalent gas; the same difference betwen the two methods was observed.", "PMID": 850510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9192", "title": "Changes in histologic and biochemical indexes of bone turnover after bilateral nephrectomy in patients on hemodialysis. Evidence for a possible role of endogenous calcitonin.", "content": "We studied the effects of bilateral nephrectomy on bone metabolism in 27 patients on maintenance hemodialysis. After nephrectomy plasma alkaline phosphatase fell rapidly in 10 patients whose preoperative plasma levels had been higher than normal. This fall was associated with a transient decrease in osteoblast counts of iliac-bone biopsies. A fall in plasma phosphate and a rise in plasma immunoreactive calcitonin also occurred, but calcium and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone levels did not change. Alkaline phosphatase levels remained unchanged in a control group of 17 patients on dialysis who had undergone an operation other than nephrectomy. In 26 nonsurgical patients on dialysis, immunoreactive calcitonin was inversely related to osteoblast counts. Rises in immunoreactive calcitonin may be partly responsible for the transient decreases in bone turnover after bilateral nephrectomy. Low levels of endogenous calcitonin may allow an increase in bone turnover in chronic renal failure.", "contents": "Changes in histologic and biochemical indexes of bone turnover after bilateral nephrectomy in patients on hemodialysis. Evidence for a possible role of endogenous calcitonin. We studied the effects of bilateral nephrectomy on bone metabolism in 27 patients on maintenance hemodialysis. After nephrectomy plasma alkaline phosphatase fell rapidly in 10 patients whose preoperative plasma levels had been higher than normal. This fall was associated with a transient decrease in osteoblast counts of iliac-bone biopsies. A fall in plasma phosphate and a rise in plasma immunoreactive calcitonin also occurred, but calcium and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone levels did not change. Alkaline phosphatase levels remained unchanged in a control group of 17 patients on dialysis who had undergone an operation other than nephrectomy. In 26 nonsurgical patients on dialysis, immunoreactive calcitonin was inversely related to osteoblast counts. Rises in immunoreactive calcitonin may be partly responsible for the transient decreases in bone turnover after bilateral nephrectomy. Low levels of endogenous calcitonin may allow an increase in bone turnover in chronic renal failure.", "PMID": 850517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9193", "title": "Erythropoiesis in familial erythrocytosis.", "content": "We found primary erythrocytosis in two male siblings with hematologically normal parents. To clarify the abnormalities in erythropoiesis, we studied erythropoietin production in the older sibling as well as in vivo and in vitro responses of bone marrow to various stimuli. His erythropoietin excretion after a 1000-ml phlebotomy increased by 0 to 11 units per day. In liquid-suspension culture, erythropoiesis was prominently augmented by erythropoietin and unstimulated erythropoiesis was greater and more prolonged than normal. Numbers of erythroid colonies rose in methylcellulose culture without exogenous erythropoietin, and cloning increased with added erythropoietin. Anti-erythropoietin antibody substantially decreased erythropoiesis in vitro. Increased bone-marrow erythropoiesis was also demonstrated in murine diffusion chambers. The principal abnormality in this familial erythrocytosis appears to be a greatly expanded erythropoietic precursor pool that is responsive to erythropoietin in vitro and in vivo. This abnormality is analogous to the functional erythropoietic defect in typical polycythemia vera.", "contents": "Erythropoiesis in familial erythrocytosis. We found primary erythrocytosis in two male siblings with hematologically normal parents. To clarify the abnormalities in erythropoiesis, we studied erythropoietin production in the older sibling as well as in vivo and in vitro responses of bone marrow to various stimuli. His erythropoietin excretion after a 1000-ml phlebotomy increased by 0 to 11 units per day. In liquid-suspension culture, erythropoiesis was prominently augmented by erythropoietin and unstimulated erythropoiesis was greater and more prolonged than normal. Numbers of erythroid colonies rose in methylcellulose culture without exogenous erythropoietin, and cloning increased with added erythropoietin. Anti-erythropoietin antibody substantially decreased erythropoiesis in vitro. Increased bone-marrow erythropoiesis was also demonstrated in murine diffusion chambers. The principal abnormality in this familial erythrocytosis appears to be a greatly expanded erythropoietic precursor pool that is responsive to erythropoietin in vitro and in vivo. This abnormality is analogous to the functional erythropoietic defect in typical polycythemia vera.", "PMID": 850518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9194", "title": "Magnetic enhancement of electron dose distribution in a phantom.", "content": "We have measured the effect of a 10-kG magnetic field on the dose distribution of electrons in a polystyrene phantom. Isodensity plots and depth-dose curves are presented for 22- and 28-MeV electron beams with and without the magnetic field applied. The measurements show that magnetic fields as low as 10 kG can produce a substantial modification of the absorbed dose distribution. When compared with the zero-magnetic-field distribution of the same energy, the magnetic field significantly improves the Dmax- surface dose ratio and increases the fall off in dose past the Dmax region.", "contents": "Magnetic enhancement of electron dose distribution in a phantom. We have measured the effect of a 10-kG magnetic field on the dose distribution of electrons in a polystyrene phantom. Isodensity plots and depth-dose curves are presented for 22- and 28-MeV electron beams with and without the magnetic field applied. The measurements show that magnetic fields as low as 10 kG can produce a substantial modification of the absorbed dose distribution. When compared with the zero-magnetic-field distribution of the same energy, the magnetic field significantly improves the Dmax- surface dose ratio and increases the fall off in dose past the Dmax region.", "PMID": 850509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9195", "title": "Fast Fourier digital quantum mottle analysis with application to rare earth intensifying screen systems.", "content": "The advent of fast Fourier techniques has greatly facilitated the digital analysis of noise power spectra (Wiener spectra) by circumventing the need for the autocorrelation function. We are now able to Fourier analyze film data at about the same rate the microdensitometer-computer system can collect it (1000 points/sec). The new technique has been applied to the analysis of the quantum mottle of several rare earth intensifying screen systems confirming earlier estimates from our pilot studies that such screens are capable of reducing exposure by a factor of about 2 with imaging parameters comparable to those of conventional calcium tungstate systems.", "contents": "Fast Fourier digital quantum mottle analysis with application to rare earth intensifying screen systems. The advent of fast Fourier techniques has greatly facilitated the digital analysis of noise power spectra (Wiener spectra) by circumventing the need for the autocorrelation function. We are now able to Fourier analyze film data at about the same rate the microdensitometer-computer system can collect it (1000 points/sec). The new technique has been applied to the analysis of the quantum mottle of several rare earth intensifying screen systems confirming earlier estimates from our pilot studies that such screens are capable of reducing exposure by a factor of about 2 with imaging parameters comparable to those of conventional calcium tungstate systems.", "PMID": 850512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9196", "title": "Decision analysis to evaluate lymphangiography in the management of patients with Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "We used decision analysis to explore the role of lymphangiography for staging Hodgkin's disease. Factors included were status of the patient before the test, accuracy and mortality of lymphangiography, mortality of laparotomy and effectiveness of selected treatment. We analyzed hypothetical cases with varying probabilities being in Stages I+II, III and IV to determine the population in which indication for laparotomy would depend upon results of lymphangiography. Calculations made for asymptomatic patients revealed that the diagnostic usefulness of lymphangiography is restricted to patients either with a relatively low probability of Stage IV or with a very high probability of Stage IV disease. This population is further restricted as false-positive and false-negative results of lymphangiography increase.", "contents": "Decision analysis to evaluate lymphangiography in the management of patients with Hodgkin's disease. We used decision analysis to explore the role of lymphangiography for staging Hodgkin's disease. Factors included were status of the patient before the test, accuracy and mortality of lymphangiography, mortality of laparotomy and effectiveness of selected treatment. We analyzed hypothetical cases with varying probabilities being in Stages I+II, III and IV to determine the population in which indication for laparotomy would depend upon results of lymphangiography. Calculations made for asymptomatic patients revealed that the diagnostic usefulness of lymphangiography is restricted to patients either with a relatively low probability of Stage IV or with a very high probability of Stage IV disease. This population is further restricted as false-positive and false-negative results of lymphangiography increase.", "PMID": 850519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9197", "title": "Sample mass determination using Compton- and total scattered excitation radiation for energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescent analysis of trace elements in soft tissue specimens.", "content": "Compton profiles and total scattered intensities have been measured to determine the total sample mass, analyzed by an x-ray probe energy-dispersive analyzer. Under photon excitation, fluorescent x rays are emitted from the trace elements in a biological matrix. From incident radiation, the number of photons which are Commpton and elastically scattered by low-atomic-number elements is directly proportional to the total specimen mass. Tissue specimen masses have been measured from Compton intensities using Zr Kalpha and Ma Kalpha excitation x rays and mass calibration standards based upon carbon scattering. This procedure has been extended to include lower-energy excitation radiation, such as Cu, where the resolution of an energy-dispersion system requires that the total scattered intensity be used to determine the sample mass. Trace element weight-fraction concentrations are determined from this scheme with precisions of 1% in 2%, relying only upon information contained in the energy-dispersive x-ray spectrum. By adjusting for the difference between tissue and corbon scattering the accuracy of the elemental weight-fraction concentrations is brought to within 10% of elemental concentrations measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy, for samples weighing up to 25 mg. In the case of heavier samples, absorption corrections are necessary to achieve this accuracy.", "contents": "Sample mass determination using Compton- and total scattered excitation radiation for energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescent analysis of trace elements in soft tissue specimens. Compton profiles and total scattered intensities have been measured to determine the total sample mass, analyzed by an x-ray probe energy-dispersive analyzer. Under photon excitation, fluorescent x rays are emitted from the trace elements in a biological matrix. From incident radiation, the number of photons which are Commpton and elastically scattered by low-atomic-number elements is directly proportional to the total specimen mass. Tissue specimen masses have been measured from Compton intensities using Zr Kalpha and Ma Kalpha excitation x rays and mass calibration standards based upon carbon scattering. This procedure has been extended to include lower-energy excitation radiation, such as Cu, where the resolution of an energy-dispersion system requires that the total scattered intensity be used to determine the sample mass. Trace element weight-fraction concentrations are determined from this scheme with precisions of 1% in 2%, relying only upon information contained in the energy-dispersive x-ray spectrum. By adjusting for the difference between tissue and corbon scattering the accuracy of the elemental weight-fraction concentrations is brought to within 10% of elemental concentrations measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy, for samples weighing up to 25 mg. In the case of heavier samples, absorption corrections are necessary to achieve this accuracy.", "PMID": 850514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9198", "title": "Comparison of convolution and ray-tracing methods for computing small blood vessel images in angiography.", "content": "Two methods for computing x-ray images of small blood vessels in angiography are presently available, namely, convolution and ray tracing. The convolution method, which is simpler and more powerful than the ray-tracing method, is based on the assumption that blood vessel imaging is isoplantic, whereas ray tracing is considered to provide correct images. In this study, the approximation error (difference between two images, normalized by the maximum value) due to nonisoplanatic imaging was determined by computation of blood vessel images according to both methods. The approximation error for geometric conditions normally encountered in angiography was less than 0.01. It is concluded that an approximation error of this magnitude is negligible and that the convolution method can be applied instead of the ray-tracing method for the computation of images of small blood vessels.", "contents": "Comparison of convolution and ray-tracing methods for computing small blood vessel images in angiography. Two methods for computing x-ray images of small blood vessels in angiography are presently available, namely, convolution and ray tracing. The convolution method, which is simpler and more powerful than the ray-tracing method, is based on the assumption that blood vessel imaging is isoplantic, whereas ray tracing is considered to provide correct images. In this study, the approximation error (difference between two images, normalized by the maximum value) due to nonisoplanatic imaging was determined by computation of blood vessel images according to both methods. The approximation error for geometric conditions normally encountered in angiography was less than 0.01. It is concluded that an approximation error of this magnitude is negligible and that the convolution method can be applied instead of the ray-tracing method for the computation of images of small blood vessels.", "PMID": 850511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9199", "title": "Modulation transfer function of the EMI CT head scanner.", "content": "The two-dimensional modulation transfer function [MTF(vx, vy)] has been determined for the EMI CT head scanner by measuring the point spread function (PSF) in different locations in the field of view. This PSF was obtained by scanning a fine wire supported perpendicular to the tomographic slice. Based on these MTFs, the resolving power of the EMI scanner was found to be 3.1 line pairs/cm. Our results also verify the symmetry of the system response and the uniformity of the system resolution.", "contents": "Modulation transfer function of the EMI CT head scanner. The two-dimensional modulation transfer function [MTF(vx, vy)] has been determined for the EMI CT head scanner by measuring the point spread function (PSF) in different locations in the field of view. This PSF was obtained by scanning a fine wire supported perpendicular to the tomographic slice. Based on these MTFs, the resolving power of the EMI scanner was found to be 3.1 line pairs/cm. Our results also verify the symmetry of the system response and the uniformity of the system resolution.", "PMID": 850513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9200", "title": "The toxicity of the non-ionic watersoluble contrast medium metrizamide (Amipaque) in selective vertebral angiography. An experimental study in rabbits.", "content": "Selective left vertebral angiography was carried out in 21 rabbits comparing the toxic effects of meglumine iothalamate (Conray meglumine), meglumine metrizoate (Isopaque Cerebral) and metrizamide (Amipaque). The iodine concentration for all 3 media was 280 mg/ml. General convulsions were seen in many of the animals with all 3 media. The convulsions occurred at higher doses and were milder with metrizamide than with the 2 other contrast agents. Bradycardia was also seen with all 3 media and there was no statistical significant difference between them in this respect. The mortality was approximately 50% with both meglumine iothalamate and meglumine metrizoate, while no animals died following angiography metrizamide.", "contents": "The toxicity of the non-ionic watersoluble contrast medium metrizamide (Amipaque) in selective vertebral angiography. An experimental study in rabbits. Selective left vertebral angiography was carried out in 21 rabbits comparing the toxic effects of meglumine iothalamate (Conray meglumine), meglumine metrizoate (Isopaque Cerebral) and metrizamide (Amipaque). The iodine concentration for all 3 media was 280 mg/ml. General convulsions were seen in many of the animals with all 3 media. The convulsions occurred at higher doses and were milder with metrizamide than with the 2 other contrast agents. Bradycardia was also seen with all 3 media and there was no statistical significant difference between them in this respect. The mortality was approximately 50% with both meglumine iothalamate and meglumine metrizoate, while no animals died following angiography metrizamide.", "PMID": 850536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9201", "title": "Experimental evaluation of watersoluble contrast media for myelography.", "content": "An experimental method for testing contrast media for myelography was developed and used to compare three watersoluble contrast media, iocarmate meglumine, iothalamate meglumine and metrizamide after suboccipital myelography in 120 rabbits. A further 71 rabbits served as controls. Iocarmate and iothalamate caused vigorous convulsions; metrizamide did not. Examination of the CSF revealed an acute pleocytosis after installation of the contrast media and after cisternal puncture with injection of hypertonic saline. Histological examination of the spinal cord, nerve roots and meninges revealed pathological changes in 1 or 32 unoperatec controls (3%). Leucocyte infiltrations were found in the meninges, nerve roots and spinal cord of about 20% of the animals after myelography, after cisternal puncture without injection or with injection of hypertonic saline. There were no significant quantitative differences between the experimental groups. Degenerative changes were seen only after myelography. No meningeal fibrosis was demonstrated. An abnormal leucocyte count in the primary CSF influenced the incidence of histological changes, indicating that only rabbits with CSF cell counts within normal limits should be used in future experiments.", "contents": "Experimental evaluation of watersoluble contrast media for myelography. An experimental method for testing contrast media for myelography was developed and used to compare three watersoluble contrast media, iocarmate meglumine, iothalamate meglumine and metrizamide after suboccipital myelography in 120 rabbits. A further 71 rabbits served as controls. Iocarmate and iothalamate caused vigorous convulsions; metrizamide did not. Examination of the CSF revealed an acute pleocytosis after installation of the contrast media and after cisternal puncture with injection of hypertonic saline. Histological examination of the spinal cord, nerve roots and meninges revealed pathological changes in 1 or 32 unoperatec controls (3%). Leucocyte infiltrations were found in the meninges, nerve roots and spinal cord of about 20% of the animals after myelography, after cisternal puncture without injection or with injection of hypertonic saline. There were no significant quantitative differences between the experimental groups. Degenerative changes were seen only after myelography. No meningeal fibrosis was demonstrated. An abnormal leucocyte count in the primary CSF influenced the incidence of histological changes, indicating that only rabbits with CSF cell counts within normal limits should be used in future experiments.", "PMID": 850537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9202", "title": "Fenestration of the middle cerebral artery.", "content": "Three cases of angiographically demonstrated fenestration of the middle cerebral artery are reported. The incidence of demonstration of fenestration of the middle cerebral artery by angiography is 0.26%. Its clinical significance is discussed briefly.", "contents": "Fenestration of the middle cerebral artery. Three cases of angiographically demonstrated fenestration of the middle cerebral artery are reported. The incidence of demonstration of fenestration of the middle cerebral artery by angiography is 0.26%. Its clinical significance is discussed briefly.", "PMID": 850538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9203", "title": "Early filling of veins in the parietal region.", "content": "The early filling of the parietal veins is not always pathognomonic for a lesion in this region. The parietal region is probably an area of special sensitivity where we can recognize circulatory disorders even if the primary pathology is located elsewhere.", "contents": "Early filling of veins in the parietal region. The early filling of the parietal veins is not always pathognomonic for a lesion in this region. The parietal region is probably an area of special sensitivity where we can recognize circulatory disorders even if the primary pathology is located elsewhere.", "PMID": 850539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9204", "title": "Computerized tomography and encephalography.", "content": "This preliminary paper compares encephalography and computed tomography as regards the duration of the examinations, the technical difficulties and their diagnostic values. Some examples are reported to demonstrate the complementary importance of the two techniques.", "contents": "Computerized tomography and encephalography. This preliminary paper compares encephalography and computed tomography as regards the duration of the examinations, the technical difficulties and their diagnostic values. Some examples are reported to demonstrate the complementary importance of the two techniques.", "PMID": 850540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9205", "title": "Computer tomography for lesions of the craniovertebral region.", "content": "The images obtained by computed tomography constitute a new and interesting approach to lesions of the craniovertebral region. The criteria of basilar invagination must be systematically checked in routine examination. The main interest of CT scanning is the simultaneous view of the bony structures as well as the central nervous system in a completely innocuous way.", "contents": "Computer tomography for lesions of the craniovertebral region. The images obtained by computed tomography constitute a new and interesting approach to lesions of the craniovertebral region. The criteria of basilar invagination must be systematically checked in routine examination. The main interest of CT scanning is the simultaneous view of the bony structures as well as the central nervous system in a completely innocuous way.", "PMID": 850541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9206", "title": "[Spontaneous bilio-biliary fistulae. Experience in 18 cases].", "content": "Six cholecyst-hepatic, nine cholecyst-hepatic-choledochic, and three cholecyst-choledochic spontaneous fistulae were observed in subjects (89% females) aged 28-76 (average 52) yr, forming 0.9% of a series of bile duct operands. Lithiasis is seen as the origin of these forms. A large calculus wedged in the gallbladder basis leads, due to decubitus, to symphysis between the basis and the main bile duct. Later, infection results in necrosis of the walls and gives rise to the fistula. The symptoms are not pathognomonic. Clinical diagnosis is virtually impossible and the condition is usually an unexpected surgical discovery. The only sound management consists of elimination of the fistula and calculus and reestablishment of free bilio-enteric transit. Anterograde cholecystectomy (including section of the organ in nearly every case) may or may not be accompanied by papillotomy. The fistulae is sutured or a bilio-enteric diversion is provided. Personal experience suggests that Y-diversion to the jejunal loop according to Roux is preferable to choledocho- or hepatico-duodenostomy. Very good results are usually obtained and mortality is low at 5-9%.", "contents": "[Spontaneous bilio-biliary fistulae. Experience in 18 cases]. Six cholecyst-hepatic, nine cholecyst-hepatic-choledochic, and three cholecyst-choledochic spontaneous fistulae were observed in subjects (89% females) aged 28-76 (average 52) yr, forming 0.9% of a series of bile duct operands. Lithiasis is seen as the origin of these forms. A large calculus wedged in the gallbladder basis leads, due to decubitus, to symphysis between the basis and the main bile duct. Later, infection results in necrosis of the walls and gives rise to the fistula. The symptoms are not pathognomonic. Clinical diagnosis is virtually impossible and the condition is usually an unexpected surgical discovery. The only sound management consists of elimination of the fistula and calculus and reestablishment of free bilio-enteric transit. Anterograde cholecystectomy (including section of the organ in nearly every case) may or may not be accompanied by papillotomy. The fistulae is sutured or a bilio-enteric diversion is provided. Personal experience suggests that Y-diversion to the jejunal loop according to Roux is preferable to choledocho- or hepatico-duodenostomy. Very good results are usually obtained and mortality is low at 5-9%.", "PMID": 850542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9207", "title": "[Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in the adult. Presentation of 4 cases].", "content": "4 cases of hypertrophic stenosis of the pylorus, an infrequent benign  disease often associated with gastro-duodenal lesions and characterized by narrowing and lengthening of the channel owing to hypertrophy-hyperplasia of the circular muscular fibres, are reported. Aetiopathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy, namely always gastric resection, are discussed.", "contents": "[Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in the adult. Presentation of 4 cases]. 4 cases of hypertrophic stenosis of the pylorus, an infrequent benign  disease often associated with gastro-duodenal lesions and characterized by narrowing and lengthening of the channel owing to hypertrophy-hyperplasia of the circular muscular fibres, are reported. Aetiopathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy, namely always gastric resection, are discussed.", "PMID": 850543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9208", "title": "[Intestinal complications during a course of vascular reconstructive surgery. Case reports].", "content": "Twenty-one cases of gastro-enteric complications during aorto-iliac-femoral reconstructive surgery carried out from 1965 to 1973 in the Department of Surgery of University in Milan are studied. Causes, frequence, clinical data and medical and surgical procedures are discussed.", "contents": "[Intestinal complications during a course of vascular reconstructive surgery. Case reports]. Twenty-one cases of gastro-enteric complications during aorto-iliac-femoral reconstructive surgery carried out from 1965 to 1973 in the Department of Surgery of University in Milan are studied. Causes, frequence, clinical data and medical and surgical procedures are discussed.", "PMID": 850544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9209", "title": "[Our experience in the surgical therapy of recurrent varicose veins].", "content": "After outlining the advances made by surgical technique in the radical treatment of varices veins of the lower extremities, the causes of recurrences are attributed to inadequate operating technique, an error of indication or to treatment of so-called arterial varices of Pratt. Personal experience with 435 operations for varices of the lower extremities carried out from 1971 to the present is reported. 33 cases of relapses or incomplete outcome were observed. The operating report on the occasion of the 2nd intervention showed persistence of the bulb of the internal saphenous vein with all or some of the collateral branches in 22 cases. In 4 cases the recurrence was due to failure to treat insufficiency of the external saphenous vein, and in the remaining 7 cases the cause was insufficient treatment of the communicating veins of the leg.", "contents": "[Our experience in the surgical therapy of recurrent varicose veins]. After outlining the advances made by surgical technique in the radical treatment of varices veins of the lower extremities, the causes of recurrences are attributed to inadequate operating technique, an error of indication or to treatment of so-called arterial varices of Pratt. Personal experience with 435 operations for varices of the lower extremities carried out from 1971 to the present is reported. 33 cases of relapses or incomplete outcome were observed. The operating report on the occasion of the 2nd intervention showed persistence of the bulb of the internal saphenous vein with all or some of the collateral branches in 22 cases. In 4 cases the recurrence was due to failure to treat insufficiency of the external saphenous vein, and in the remaining 7 cases the cause was insufficient treatment of the communicating veins of the leg.", "PMID": 850545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9210", "title": "[Hypothesis on the embryologic moment in arising of the cystic dilatation of the choledodochus].", "content": "It is felt that congenital cystic dilatation of the common bile duct and duodenal stenosis with annular pancreas begin at the same moment during embryonal life in the light of an observation of these deformities in a sibship.", "contents": "[Hypothesis on the embryologic moment in arising of the cystic dilatation of the choledodochus]. It is felt that congenital cystic dilatation of the common bile duct and duodenal stenosis with annular pancreas begin at the same moment during embryonal life in the light of an observation of these deformities in a sibship.", "PMID": 850546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9211", "title": "[Trans-sheath laparotomy of the rectus muscle in appendectomy].", "content": "Reference to personal experience covering 2035 appendicectomies is referred to in an account of the technique of transvaginal laparotomy of the rectus muscle. Here the sheath of the rectus and the peritoneum are incised at different levels and in different directions. The outside border of the sheath is not touched and the muscle is displaced medially, without section or displacement of the muscle fibres. If required, the operation can be extended upwards or downwards into a pararectal incision without departing from the context of the sheath. The technique is easy and gives ample vision. Closure is simple, rapid and cosmetically satisfying. The resulting solidity of the wall means that laparocele does not occur.", "contents": "[Trans-sheath laparotomy of the rectus muscle in appendectomy]. Reference to personal experience covering 2035 appendicectomies is referred to in an account of the technique of transvaginal laparotomy of the rectus muscle. Here the sheath of the rectus and the peritoneum are incised at different levels and in different directions. The outside border of the sheath is not touched and the muscle is displaced medially, without section or displacement of the muscle fibres. If required, the operation can be extended upwards or downwards into a pararectal incision without departing from the context of the sheath. The technique is easy and gives ample vision. Closure is simple, rapid and cosmetically satisfying. The resulting solidity of the wall means that laparocele does not occur.", "PMID": 850547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9212", "title": "[Osteopetrosis (Albers-Sch\u00f6nberg disease). I. Clinico-radiological and pathogenetic aspects].", "content": "An account is given of recent clinical and radiological findings with respect to Albers-Sch\u00f6nberg disease. Reference is made to its hereditary transmission modality and clinical picture (skeletal lesions and haematological distress), and to its radiological aspects. Suggestions are made with respect to the aetiopathogenesis of disease. Stress is laid on the as yet undefined mechanism of \"genotypical condensing dysplasia\". The relation between osteopetrosis and thyrocalcitonin is discussed, though no definite conclusions could be drawn from the hormone levels determined in a personal series.", "contents": "[Osteopetrosis (Albers-Sch\u00f6nberg disease). I. Clinico-radiological and pathogenetic aspects]. An account is given of recent clinical and radiological findings with respect to Albers-Sch\u00f6nberg disease. Reference is made to its hereditary transmission modality and clinical picture (skeletal lesions and haematological distress), and to its radiological aspects. Suggestions are made with respect to the aetiopathogenesis of disease. Stress is laid on the as yet undefined mechanism of \"genotypical condensing dysplasia\". The relation between osteopetrosis and thyrocalcitonin is discussed, though no definite conclusions could be drawn from the hormone levels determined in a personal series.", "PMID": 850548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9213", "title": "[Osteopetrosis ( Albers-Sch\u00f6nberg disease ). II. Personal contribution].", "content": "Five cases of marble bones in two families living near Brescia are presented. Case 1 (42-yr-old female) was a typical malignant form with deep and extensive eburnation, many pathological fractures, concomitant osteitis and the formation of many fistulae, massive spleen enlargement and infarct, and marked anaemia with clear signs of extra-medullary haemopoiesis. The patient died 5 yr after her first admission. Two of her brothers had had an identical, fatal form. Case 4 (28-yr-old male) was much the same: virtually general osteosclerosis despite the difference in age, marked spleen enlargement, a history of fractures, serious anaemia and extramedullary haemopoiesis. Benign pictures were seen in cases 2 and 3 (73- and 68-yr-old females). In case 5 (25-yr-old male), typical bone condensation was the only significant pathological sign. It is suggested that this, too, may be seen as a \"benign\" form.", "contents": "[Osteopetrosis ( Albers-Sch\u00f6nberg disease ). II. Personal contribution]. Five cases of marble bones in two families living near Brescia are presented. Case 1 (42-yr-old female) was a typical malignant form with deep and extensive eburnation, many pathological fractures, concomitant osteitis and the formation of many fistulae, massive spleen enlargement and infarct, and marked anaemia with clear signs of extra-medullary haemopoiesis. The patient died 5 yr after her first admission. Two of her brothers had had an identical, fatal form. Case 4 (28-yr-old male) was much the same: virtually general osteosclerosis despite the difference in age, marked spleen enlargement, a history of fractures, serious anaemia and extramedullary haemopoiesis. Benign pictures were seen in cases 2 and 3 (73- and 68-yr-old females). In case 5 (25-yr-old male), typical bone condensation was the only significant pathological sign. It is suggested that this, too, may be seen as a \"benign\" form.", "PMID": 850549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9214", "title": "[Epidemiological study on chronic bronchitis with special reference to various occupational environments in a sample of the population from the town of Pistoia].", "content": "The results of an epidemiological study of chronic bronchitis are examined with particular regard to the influence of occupational environment on the disease. The damaging effect of organic and inorganic dusts, because of the irritation they cause and the possibility of allergic sensitization, is pointed out. The importance of smoking in the onset and development of chronic bronchitis is also stressed.", "contents": "[Epidemiological study on chronic bronchitis with special reference to various occupational environments in a sample of the population from the town of Pistoia]. The results of an epidemiological study of chronic bronchitis are examined with particular regard to the influence of occupational environment on the disease. The damaging effect of organic and inorganic dusts, because of the irritation they cause and the possibility of allergic sensitization, is pointed out. The importance of smoking in the onset and development of chronic bronchitis is also stressed.", "PMID": 850550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9215", "title": "[New aspects of the relation between work and pulmonary tuberculosis].", "content": "Two new aspects of the relation between work and T.B. are considered: T.B. secondary to psychologically stressing work, and as the result of contagion due to the presence of subjects with poorly marked T.B. symptoms in the work environment. Notes on preventive medicine are offered in the light of a personal series.", "contents": "[New aspects of the relation between work and pulmonary tuberculosis]. Two new aspects of the relation between work and T.B. are considered: T.B. secondary to psychologically stressing work, and as the result of contagion due to the presence of subjects with poorly marked T.B. symptoms in the work environment. Notes on preventive medicine are offered in the light of a personal series.", "PMID": 850551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9216", "title": "[Analysis of membrane proteins in pernicious anemia and various primary and secondary erythropathies].", "content": "A study of membrane proteins in pernicious anaemia and other haemolitic and anhaemolytic erythropathies is reported. Cellulose acetate and acrylamide gel electrophoresis was carried out and acid, neutral and basic amino acid contents were determined. Relatively specific alterations were noted. Chromatographic analysis of the amino acids suggested that in pernicious anaemia, as in other conditions, structural changes take place in the red cell membrane, though these may be confined to certain sectors. A constant alteration related to the concomitance or otherwise of erythrocyte hyperhaemolysis, however, could not be discerned.", "contents": "[Analysis of membrane proteins in pernicious anemia and various primary and secondary erythropathies]. A study of membrane proteins in pernicious anaemia and other haemolitic and anhaemolytic erythropathies is reported. Cellulose acetate and acrylamide gel electrophoresis was carried out and acid, neutral and basic amino acid contents were determined. Relatively specific alterations were noted. Chromatographic analysis of the amino acids suggested that in pernicious anaemia, as in other conditions, structural changes take place in the red cell membrane, though these may be confined to certain sectors. A constant alteration related to the concomitance or otherwise of erythrocyte hyperhaemolysis, however, could not be discerned.", "PMID": 850552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9217", "title": "The effect of fetal monitoring on the incidence of cesarean section.", "content": "To determine whether routine fetal monitoring inevitably increases the cesarean section rate, we studied the pertinent literature and analyzed the cesarean sections performed at Evanston Hospital during the last 8 years. Many authors have found a slight to moderate increase in cesarean section rates, whereas others have found no change or a decrease. At Evanston Hospital, the primary cesarean section rate has increased from 2.6% in 1968-1969 to 6.9% in 1974-1975. Only 19.2% of this increase is due to increased fetal distress; the magnitude of the increase is due to changes in other factors, notably, breech deliveries (29.5% of the increase) and \"dystocia\" (60.2% of the increase). The incidence of cesarean section is controlled by several complex variables, only one of which is fetal monitoring. To describe the fetal monitors as the cause of the increased cesarean section rate is to ignore these other equally profound changes in obstetric technic and philosophy.", "contents": "The effect of fetal monitoring on the incidence of cesarean section. To determine whether routine fetal monitoring inevitably increases the cesarean section rate, we studied the pertinent literature and analyzed the cesarean sections performed at Evanston Hospital during the last 8 years. Many authors have found a slight to moderate increase in cesarean section rates, whereas others have found no change or a decrease. At Evanston Hospital, the primary cesarean section rate has increased from 2.6% in 1968-1969 to 6.9% in 1974-1975. Only 19.2% of this increase is due to increased fetal distress; the magnitude of the increase is due to changes in other factors, notably, breech deliveries (29.5% of the increase) and \"dystocia\" (60.2% of the increase). The incidence of cesarean section is controlled by several complex variables, only one of which is fetal monitoring. To describe the fetal monitors as the cause of the increased cesarean section rate is to ignore these other equally profound changes in obstetric technic and philosophy.", "PMID": 850561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9218", "title": "Pregnancy complicated by clinical diabetes mellitus. A study of 600 pregnancies.", "content": "In a consecutive series of 600 pregnancies (618 infants) in 300 clinically diabetic patients, treated in Dublin, Ireland, the maternal mortality was 0 and the loss of viable infants was 9.5%. Therapeutic abortion and sterilization were not practiced. The cesarean section rate was 23%. The major causes of perinatal loss were hyaline membrane disease and congenital malformations. Recent routine estimation of the L/S ratio in amniotic fluid led to a reduced incidence of respiratory distress syndrome and a consequent improvement in perinatal mortality. At a very early stage in pregnancy diabetic patients should be referred to a center in which physician, obstetrician, nurse, and pediatrician operate as a team. Strict control of diabetes is essential.", "contents": "Pregnancy complicated by clinical diabetes mellitus. A study of 600 pregnancies. In a consecutive series of 600 pregnancies (618 infants) in 300 clinically diabetic patients, treated in Dublin, Ireland, the maternal mortality was 0 and the loss of viable infants was 9.5%. Therapeutic abortion and sterilization were not practiced. The cesarean section rate was 23%. The major causes of perinatal loss were hyaline membrane disease and congenital malformations. Recent routine estimation of the L/S ratio in amniotic fluid led to a reduced incidence of respiratory distress syndrome and a consequent improvement in perinatal mortality. At a very early stage in pregnancy diabetic patients should be referred to a center in which physician, obstetrician, nurse, and pediatrician operate as a team. Strict control of diabetes is essential.", "PMID": 850562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9219", "title": "Early labor initiation with oral PGE2 after premature rupture of the membranes at term.", "content": "Two groups of healthy women at term, who were not in labor 3 hours after premature rupture of the membranes, were studied. In one group labor induction with oral prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was begun 3 hours after rupture, and in the other group intravenous oxytocin induction was begun 12 hours after rupture. PGE2 was successful in initiating active labor in 88% of women treated. Of the women who were observed for 12 hours, one-half began labor spontaneously during that time. Women in whom labor was induced with PGE2 given 3 hours after rupture of the membranes had a shorter interval of rupture to delivery, a lower cesarean section rate, and shorter postpartum hospitalization. Although significant bradycardia did not occur in fetuses of those women given PGE2, 10% of infants whose mothers were receiving oxytocin were delivered by cesarean section for this reason. It is concluded that oral PGE2 is safe and effective for induction of labor in women with premature membrane rupture. The benefits, to both mother and fetus, of a shorter latent period are discussed.", "contents": "Early labor initiation with oral PGE2 after premature rupture of the membranes at term. Two groups of healthy women at term, who were not in labor 3 hours after premature rupture of the membranes, were studied. In one group labor induction with oral prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was begun 3 hours after rupture, and in the other group intravenous oxytocin induction was begun 12 hours after rupture. PGE2 was successful in initiating active labor in 88% of women treated. Of the women who were observed for 12 hours, one-half began labor spontaneously during that time. Women in whom labor was induced with PGE2 given 3 hours after rupture of the membranes had a shorter interval of rupture to delivery, a lower cesarean section rate, and shorter postpartum hospitalization. Although significant bradycardia did not occur in fetuses of those women given PGE2, 10% of infants whose mothers were receiving oxytocin were delivered by cesarean section for this reason. It is concluded that oral PGE2 is safe and effective for induction of labor in women with premature membrane rupture. The benefits, to both mother and fetus, of a shorter latent period are discussed.", "PMID": 850563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9220", "title": "Fetal lung maturation. III. The amniotic fluid cortisol/cortisone ratio in preterm human delivery and the risk of respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "Cortisol and cortisone have been measured in amniotic fluid samples obtained within 24 hours of deliver of 50 premature infants. When expressed as cortisol/cortisone ratios, the ratio tends to rise with advancing gestational age, although statistical significance is not attained. Both cortisol concentration and the cortisol/cortisone ratio are significantly lower in the amniotic fluid of infants who develop respiratory distress syndrome than in those with mature lung function (cortisol ratio: 19.2 +/- 10.3 ng/ml vs 26.1 +/- 9.4, P less than .02; cortisol/cortisone ratio: 1.2 +/- 0.6 vs 2.0 +/- 0.8, P less than .001). These findings also hold in the subgroup of infants less than 32 weeks' gestation but not in those infants at or beyond the 32nd week. The amniotic fluid cortisone concentration is significantly lower in infants born after spontaneous labor beginning with rupture of the membranes as opposed to after contractions or bleeding (13.2 +/- 3.6 ng/ml vs 16.3 +/- 6.1, P less than .05), although the cortisol concentrations and the cortisol/cortisone ratios are not significantly different.", "contents": "Fetal lung maturation. III. The amniotic fluid cortisol/cortisone ratio in preterm human delivery and the risk of respiratory distress syndrome. Cortisol and cortisone have been measured in amniotic fluid samples obtained within 24 hours of deliver of 50 premature infants. When expressed as cortisol/cortisone ratios, the ratio tends to rise with advancing gestational age, although statistical significance is not attained. Both cortisol concentration and the cortisol/cortisone ratio are significantly lower in the amniotic fluid of infants who develop respiratory distress syndrome than in those with mature lung function (cortisol ratio: 19.2 +/- 10.3 ng/ml vs 26.1 +/- 9.4, P less than .02; cortisol/cortisone ratio: 1.2 +/- 0.6 vs 2.0 +/- 0.8, P less than .001). These findings also hold in the subgroup of infants less than 32 weeks' gestation but not in those infants at or beyond the 32nd week. The amniotic fluid cortisone concentration is significantly lower in infants born after spontaneous labor beginning with rupture of the membranes as opposed to after contractions or bleeding (13.2 +/- 3.6 ng/ml vs 16.3 +/- 6.1, P less than .05), although the cortisol concentrations and the cortisol/cortisone ratios are not significantly different.", "PMID": 850564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9221", "title": "Sinusoidal fetal heart rate pattern and severe fetal anemia.", "content": "This report describes a case of a sinusoidal fetal heart rate (FHR) pattern encountered in a fetus at 34 weeks' gestation during antepartum fetal stress testing because of maternal hypertension. Delivery of the fetus was accomplished, and the newborn was found to be severely anemic and hypotensive due to a massive fetomaternal transfusion. Some pathophysiologic mechanisms are suggested, and the clinical significance of this finding is discussed.", "contents": "Sinusoidal fetal heart rate pattern and severe fetal anemia. This report describes a case of a sinusoidal fetal heart rate (FHR) pattern encountered in a fetus at 34 weeks' gestation during antepartum fetal stress testing because of maternal hypertension. Delivery of the fetus was accomplished, and the newborn was found to be severely anemic and hypotensive due to a massive fetomaternal transfusion. Some pathophysiologic mechanisms are suggested, and the clinical significance of this finding is discussed.", "PMID": 850565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9222", "title": "Divergent biparietal diameter growth rates in twin pregnancies.", "content": "Twenty-eight twin pregnancies were monitored by serial ultrasonic cephalometry from 30 or 31 weeks' gestation. The rates of growth of the individual twins as determined by biparietal diameters were similar in 11 cases (39%) and divergent in 17 (61%). When the rates of growth were divergent, the lesser rate was always below the mean for singleton pregnancies, and the incidence of small-for-gestational-age babies was 18 of 34 (53%). It was apparent that the greater the difference in biparietal diameters within the 2 weeks preceding delivery, the higher the risk of a small-for-gestation-age baby being delivered. No comment could be made on the growth rate prior to 28 weeks except that at diagnosis there was little or no difference in biparietal diameters.", "contents": "Divergent biparietal diameter growth rates in twin pregnancies. Twenty-eight twin pregnancies were monitored by serial ultrasonic cephalometry from 30 or 31 weeks' gestation. The rates of growth of the individual twins as determined by biparietal diameters were similar in 11 cases (39%) and divergent in 17 (61%). When the rates of growth were divergent, the lesser rate was always below the mean for singleton pregnancies, and the incidence of small-for-gestational-age babies was 18 of 34 (53%). It was apparent that the greater the difference in biparietal diameters within the 2 weeks preceding delivery, the higher the risk of a small-for-gestation-age baby being delivered. No comment could be made on the growth rate prior to 28 weeks except that at diagnosis there was little or no difference in biparietal diameters.", "PMID": 850566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9223", "title": "Hormonal studies in pregnancy. III. Unconjugated esterone and estradiol in mother and fetus at delivery in IUGR.", "content": "The levels of unconjugated estrone and estradiol in maternal vein serum during labor, in cord artery serum, and in cord vein serum were measured in normal pregnancy and in pregnancy complicated by intrauterine growth retardation. The mean level of unconjugated estrone and estradiol in maternal vein serum was significantly lower in the group with intrauterine growth retardation than in the normal patients (P less than 0.001 and 0.025, respectively). The mean unconjugated estrone and estradiol level in the cord vein was lower only in the most severely growth retarded subgroup. There was no difference seen in the cord artery values between the groups.", "contents": "Hormonal studies in pregnancy. III. Unconjugated esterone and estradiol in mother and fetus at delivery in IUGR. The levels of unconjugated estrone and estradiol in maternal vein serum during labor, in cord artery serum, and in cord vein serum were measured in normal pregnancy and in pregnancy complicated by intrauterine growth retardation. The mean level of unconjugated estrone and estradiol in maternal vein serum was significantly lower in the group with intrauterine growth retardation than in the normal patients (P less than 0.001 and 0.025, respectively). The mean unconjugated estrone and estradiol level in the cord vein was lower only in the most severely growth retarded subgroup. There was no difference seen in the cord artery values between the groups.", "PMID": 850567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9224", "title": "Clinical aspects of the polycystic ovary syndrome.", "content": "One hundred and one patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCO) were treated during an 11-year interval. Sixty-seven cases were classified as typical PCO with enlarged ovaries of probable ovarian origin (Type I) and 34 as atypical PCO of probable adrenal origin (Type II). Fifty-five patients were treated for anovulatory infertility with clomiphene citrate or other endocrine therapy as indicated. There was a 91% ovulatory response and 51% conception rate from therapy in cases of Type I PCO. In Type II PCO, adrenal suppressive therapy resulted in a 55% ovulatory response. Our data support the concept that anovulation of ovarian origin as seen in PCO Type I responds to clomiphene therapy, while anovulation secondary to adrenal hyperandrogenization should be treated by adrenal suppressive therapy.", "contents": "Clinical aspects of the polycystic ovary syndrome. One hundred and one patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCO) were treated during an 11-year interval. Sixty-seven cases were classified as typical PCO with enlarged ovaries of probable ovarian origin (Type I) and 34 as atypical PCO of probable adrenal origin (Type II). Fifty-five patients were treated for anovulatory infertility with clomiphene citrate or other endocrine therapy as indicated. There was a 91% ovulatory response and 51% conception rate from therapy in cases of Type I PCO. In Type II PCO, adrenal suppressive therapy resulted in a 55% ovulatory response. Our data support the concept that anovulation of ovarian origin as seen in PCO Type I responds to clomiphene therapy, while anovulation secondary to adrenal hyperandrogenization should be treated by adrenal suppressive therapy.", "PMID": 850568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9225", "title": "Maternal mortality due to ectopic pregnancy. A review of 102 deaths.", "content": "Ectopic pregnancy represents an increasing proportion of direct maternal deaths which has reached 10%. Between 1950 and 1974 there were 102 deaths from early ectopic pregnancy reviewed by the Michigan Maternal Mortality Committee. These cases were analyzed by status on admission and compared to a control series treated at a medical center. Patients with ectopic pregnancy were older than women delivering live infants. There were no differences in age, gravidity, or parity between the study patients and controls. The study patients were slightly further advanced in pregnancy. Pain was the major presenting symptom. Marked delays occurred between first symptom, first consultation, and diagnosis. Seventy-five percent of the deaths were considered preventable. Hemorrhage was the leading cause of death. The estimated mortality of ectopic pregnancy is between 2 and 4/1000.", "contents": "Maternal mortality due to ectopic pregnancy. A review of 102 deaths. Ectopic pregnancy represents an increasing proportion of direct maternal deaths which has reached 10%. Between 1950 and 1974 there were 102 deaths from early ectopic pregnancy reviewed by the Michigan Maternal Mortality Committee. These cases were analyzed by status on admission and compared to a control series treated at a medical center. Patients with ectopic pregnancy were older than women delivering live infants. There were no differences in age, gravidity, or parity between the study patients and controls. The study patients were slightly further advanced in pregnancy. Pain was the major presenting symptom. Marked delays occurred between first symptom, first consultation, and diagnosis. Seventy-five percent of the deaths were considered preventable. Hemorrhage was the leading cause of death. The estimated mortality of ectopic pregnancy is between 2 and 4/1000.", "PMID": 850569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9226", "title": "Conservative surgery for endometriosis in the infertile couple.", "content": "Sixty-five infertile patients with moderate or severe endometriosis were treated with conservative surgery. Acosta's classification was used to demonstrate the extent of disease. In 48 women whose partners were normally fertile, 65% conceived, and in 17 whose partners were deficient, 35% achieved pregnancy. The extent of disease, age at the time of surgery, and length of infertility prior to surgery appeared to be significant factors. To intelligently give a prognosis prior to surgery and to achieve maximum pregnancy yield from the surgery, it is important to perform conservative surgery for endometriosis within the context of a complete infertility evaluation.", "contents": "Conservative surgery for endometriosis in the infertile couple. Sixty-five infertile patients with moderate or severe endometriosis were treated with conservative surgery. Acosta's classification was used to demonstrate the extent of disease. In 48 women whose partners were normally fertile, 65% conceived, and in 17 whose partners were deficient, 35% achieved pregnancy. The extent of disease, age at the time of surgery, and length of infertility prior to surgery appeared to be significant factors. To intelligently give a prognosis prior to surgery and to achieve maximum pregnancy yield from the surgery, it is important to perform conservative surgery for endometriosis within the context of a complete infertility evaluation.", "PMID": 850570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9227", "title": "Vaginal hysterectomy in obese women.", "content": "The influenced of obesity in vaginal hysterectomy was examined by comparing the characteristics and outcome in 108 patients who weighed 200 pounds or more with matched controls weighing less than 200 pounds. Obese and nonobese subjects were similar in age and surgical indications, though overweight patients, who averaged nearly 60% above standard weight for height and age, were more likely to have hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Both operating time and operative blood loss were greater in obese patients, presumably because of more frequent employment of vaginal repair in this group. However, obese and nonobese patients did not differ significantly with respect to mortality (none in either group), postoperative febrile morbidity (62 and 56%, respectively), or postoperative hospitalization in excess of 12 days (19 and 16%, respectively). Thus, obesity does not seem to impose additional risks in vaginal hysterectomy, in contrast to abdominal hysterectomy in which the increased morbidity relates to wound infection.", "contents": "Vaginal hysterectomy in obese women. The influenced of obesity in vaginal hysterectomy was examined by comparing the characteristics and outcome in 108 patients who weighed 200 pounds or more with matched controls weighing less than 200 pounds. Obese and nonobese subjects were similar in age and surgical indications, though overweight patients, who averaged nearly 60% above standard weight for height and age, were more likely to have hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Both operating time and operative blood loss were greater in obese patients, presumably because of more frequent employment of vaginal repair in this group. However, obese and nonobese patients did not differ significantly with respect to mortality (none in either group), postoperative febrile morbidity (62 and 56%, respectively), or postoperative hospitalization in excess of 12 days (19 and 16%, respectively). Thus, obesity does not seem to impose additional risks in vaginal hysterectomy, in contrast to abdominal hysterectomy in which the increased morbidity relates to wound infection.", "PMID": 850571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9228", "title": "Reducing the hospital stay following vaginal hysterectomy.", "content": "A rapidly increasing waiting list in a new National Health service district general hospital made it necessary to explore measures to reduce the length of hospital stay of gynecologic inpatients without lowering the standards of medical care. Three years of experience with patients undergoing vaginal hysterectomy after January 1972 is described. During this time, 290 vaginal hysterectomies were performed and combined with pelvic floor repair in 194 cases. The average hospital stay for such patients was 12.7 days in 1971 before this study was commenced; since then this has been reduced progressively to 7.2 days with a corresponding increase in the number of such operations carried out annually. The effects of routine chemoprophylaxis and a modified technic of vault closure are discussed.", "contents": "Reducing the hospital stay following vaginal hysterectomy. A rapidly increasing waiting list in a new National Health service district general hospital made it necessary to explore measures to reduce the length of hospital stay of gynecologic inpatients without lowering the standards of medical care. Three years of experience with patients undergoing vaginal hysterectomy after January 1972 is described. During this time, 290 vaginal hysterectomies were performed and combined with pelvic floor repair in 194 cases. The average hospital stay for such patients was 12.7 days in 1971 before this study was commenced; since then this has been reduced progressively to 7.2 days with a corresponding increase in the number of such operations carried out annually. The effects of routine chemoprophylaxis and a modified technic of vault closure are discussed.", "PMID": 850572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9229", "title": "The false negative smear. II. The trapping effect of collecting instruments.", "content": "One hundred and sixty-six conventional instruments of cell sampling used in gynecologic cytology were investigated after collecting tumor cells and normal squamous cells in vitro. Histologic preparations as well as scanning electronmicroscopic observations of wooden spatulas and cotton swab applicators revealed that despite smearing the material onto a slide, a large number of tumor cells remained trapped in the frames of such instruments. Five percent of the smears obtained showed no tumor cells. Similar results were obtained in preliminary observations in gynecologic patients having cervical atypias. The possibility was entertained that wooden spatulas and cotton swabs may be a source of some of the false negative results in gynecologic cytology.", "contents": "The false negative smear. II. The trapping effect of collecting instruments. One hundred and sixty-six conventional instruments of cell sampling used in gynecologic cytology were investigated after collecting tumor cells and normal squamous cells in vitro. Histologic preparations as well as scanning electronmicroscopic observations of wooden spatulas and cotton swab applicators revealed that despite smearing the material onto a slide, a large number of tumor cells remained trapped in the frames of such instruments. Five percent of the smears obtained showed no tumor cells. Similar results were obtained in preliminary observations in gynecologic patients having cervical atypias. The possibility was entertained that wooden spatulas and cotton swabs may be a source of some of the false negative results in gynecologic cytology.", "PMID": 850573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9230", "title": "Evaluation of abnormal cervical cytology.", "content": "The results from cytologic, colposcopic, and histologic studies in 376 patients are analyzed and compared to previous reports. Cytologic results correlated within 1 degree of the histologic diagnosis in only 67% of cases. Colposcopic impression correlated with the final histologic diagnosis in 78% of cases. Directed biopsies were exceedingly accurate (99.3%) when the entire transformation zone was visualized. When the entire zone was not visualized, 7 cases of invasive carcinoma were discovered among 59 cone biopsies. It is concluded that cytology should be used only as a screening tool and colposcopy as a directional aid in obtaining biopsies and defining the need for endocervical curettage. When the entire zone is visualized, directed biopsies are dependable and cone biopsies may be avoided. When the upper zone is not visualized and the endocervical canal is involved by significant dysplasia or carcinoma in situ as diagnosed by directed biopsies and/or endocervical curettage, cone biopsy is mandatory prior to definite therapy.", "contents": "Evaluation of abnormal cervical cytology. The results from cytologic, colposcopic, and histologic studies in 376 patients are analyzed and compared to previous reports. Cytologic results correlated within 1 degree of the histologic diagnosis in only 67% of cases. Colposcopic impression correlated with the final histologic diagnosis in 78% of cases. Directed biopsies were exceedingly accurate (99.3%) when the entire transformation zone was visualized. When the entire zone was not visualized, 7 cases of invasive carcinoma were discovered among 59 cone biopsies. It is concluded that cytology should be used only as a screening tool and colposcopy as a directional aid in obtaining biopsies and defining the need for endocervical curettage. When the entire zone is visualized, directed biopsies are dependable and cone biopsies may be avoided. When the upper zone is not visualized and the endocervical canal is involved by significant dysplasia or carcinoma in situ as diagnosed by directed biopsies and/or endocervical curettage, cone biopsy is mandatory prior to definite therapy.", "PMID": 850574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9231", "title": "The prevalence of cervicitis, reserve cell hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia, and cervical dysplasia in Jewish women.", "content": "The prevalence of cervicitis, reserve cell hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia, and dysplasia was studied in Jewish women and compared to that reported elsewhere in non-Jewish populations. The study was based on a histologic review of 250 women whose cervices were clinically either normal or presented with minor changes, and of 50 cases of squamous cell carcinoma. The findings indicate that the prevalence of the above-mentioned histologic features in the 2 groups of Jewish women is similar to that observed in comparable groups of non-Jews. It thus appears that in a majority of Jewish women the histologic spectrum leading to cervical cancer unexplicably stops at the dysplastic stage. On the other hand, the results of this study may possibly cast doubt on the well-documented evidence establishing dysplasia as a pre-cancerous lesion. For further elucidation of these problems cytologic studies in matched Jewish and non-Jewish populations will be carried out.", "contents": "The prevalence of cervicitis, reserve cell hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia, and cervical dysplasia in Jewish women. The prevalence of cervicitis, reserve cell hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia, and dysplasia was studied in Jewish women and compared to that reported elsewhere in non-Jewish populations. The study was based on a histologic review of 250 women whose cervices were clinically either normal or presented with minor changes, and of 50 cases of squamous cell carcinoma. The findings indicate that the prevalence of the above-mentioned histologic features in the 2 groups of Jewish women is similar to that observed in comparable groups of non-Jews. It thus appears that in a majority of Jewish women the histologic spectrum leading to cervical cancer unexplicably stops at the dysplastic stage. On the other hand, the results of this study may possibly cast doubt on the well-documented evidence establishing dysplasia as a pre-cancerous lesion. For further elucidation of these problems cytologic studies in matched Jewish and non-Jewish populations will be carried out.", "PMID": 850575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9232", "title": "Pelvic lymphadenectomy in women with carcinoma of the clitoris.", "content": "Thirty-three women with carcinoma of the clitoris underwent surgical therapy, and 12% subsequently developed pelvic recurrence. However, none of the 18 patients without initial evidence of inguinal node metastases developed a pelvic recurrence. Of the 15 women with initial evidence of inguinal node metastases, 26.6% developed pelvic recurrence. It is, therefore, concluded that the addition of the routine use of pelvic lymphadenectomy to radical vulvectomy and bilateral inguinal lymphadenectomy in women with carcinoma of the clitoris is not warranted and that only those patients with histologically proven inguinal node metastases should undergo pelvic lymphadenectomy. If pelvic node metastases are documented, it is suggested that such patients receive postoperative pelvic irradiation.", "contents": "Pelvic lymphadenectomy in women with carcinoma of the clitoris. Thirty-three women with carcinoma of the clitoris underwent surgical therapy, and 12% subsequently developed pelvic recurrence. However, none of the 18 patients without initial evidence of inguinal node metastases developed a pelvic recurrence. Of the 15 women with initial evidence of inguinal node metastases, 26.6% developed pelvic recurrence. It is, therefore, concluded that the addition of the routine use of pelvic lymphadenectomy to radical vulvectomy and bilateral inguinal lymphadenectomy in women with carcinoma of the clitoris is not warranted and that only those patients with histologically proven inguinal node metastases should undergo pelvic lymphadenectomy. If pelvic node metastases are documented, it is suggested that such patients receive postoperative pelvic irradiation.", "PMID": 850576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9233", "title": "Invasive adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix.", "content": "A series of 33 infiltrative adenocarcinomas of the uterine cervix treated during the period from 1965 to 1970 is assessed and compared with a previous series from this institution and with series reported in the literature. The findings indicate that adenocarcinomas constitute and increasing proportion of cervical carcinomas and in this series make up 9.6% of all cervical carcinomas as compared with a previous figure of 5.5%. Five patients in the series were 32 years of age or less, and all had been receiving oral contraceptives for varying periods of time prior to the diagnosis of carcinomas. Radical surgery or irradiation treatment followed by extrafascial conservative hysterectomy in appropriate cases may offer increased survival for operable stages of adenocarcinoma, particularly in the presence of bulky lesions.", "contents": "Invasive adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix. A series of 33 infiltrative adenocarcinomas of the uterine cervix treated during the period from 1965 to 1970 is assessed and compared with a previous series from this institution and with series reported in the literature. The findings indicate that adenocarcinomas constitute and increasing proportion of cervical carcinomas and in this series make up 9.6% of all cervical carcinomas as compared with a previous figure of 5.5%. Five patients in the series were 32 years of age or less, and all had been receiving oral contraceptives for varying periods of time prior to the diagnosis of carcinomas. Radical surgery or irradiation treatment followed by extrafascial conservative hysterectomy in appropriate cases may offer increased survival for operable stages of adenocarcinoma, particularly in the presence of bulky lesions.", "PMID": 850577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9234", "title": "Stage II endometrial adenocarcinoma. Memorial Hospital for Cancer, 1949-1965.", "content": "Of 617 patients receiving initial therapy for endometrial adenocarcinoma from 1949 to 1965, 90 patients were retrospectively assigned to Stage II (FIGO) by reviewing preoperative, operative, and pathologic findings. In 66 patients (73%) the cervical spread of endometrial cancer was occult and detected only microscopically in the hysterectomy specimen, whereas in the other 24 (27%) it was detected clinically prior to surgery. The survival rate for patients with occult cervical involvement was better (61%) than in those patients with gross cervical spread of tumor (48%), but the difference was not statistically significant. When the surgical specimen revealed that the only spread was to the cervix, those having only occult spread had a better 5-year corrected survival rate (89%) than those with grossly detectable spread (57%). Spread of tumor beyond the uterus occurred in over one-third of the patients with each kind of cervical spread. Study of lymphadenectomy specimens in 31 patients revealed a similar incidence of lymph node metastases for both groups: 25% in those with grossly detectable spread and 21% in those with occult spread. Only 1 of the 7 patients with positive pelvic lymph nodes had clinically positive paraaortic nodes in addition to the positive pelvic nodes. Thus, only 1 of the 31 patients having the stnadard pelvic lymph node dissection was found to have paraaortic metastasis, as it was routine to sample only clinically positive paraaortic lymph nodes. These data suggest that in Stage II endometrial adenocarcinoma both gross and occult cervical involvement have a relatively bad prognosis and require aggressive therapy.", "contents": "Stage II endometrial adenocarcinoma. Memorial Hospital for Cancer, 1949-1965. Of 617 patients receiving initial therapy for endometrial adenocarcinoma from 1949 to 1965, 90 patients were retrospectively assigned to Stage II (FIGO) by reviewing preoperative, operative, and pathologic findings. In 66 patients (73%) the cervical spread of endometrial cancer was occult and detected only microscopically in the hysterectomy specimen, whereas in the other 24 (27%) it was detected clinically prior to surgery. The survival rate for patients with occult cervical involvement was better (61%) than in those patients with gross cervical spread of tumor (48%), but the difference was not statistically significant. When the surgical specimen revealed that the only spread was to the cervix, those having only occult spread had a better 5-year corrected survival rate (89%) than those with grossly detectable spread (57%). Spread of tumor beyond the uterus occurred in over one-third of the patients with each kind of cervical spread. Study of lymphadenectomy specimens in 31 patients revealed a similar incidence of lymph node metastases for both groups: 25% in those with grossly detectable spread and 21% in those with occult spread. Only 1 of the 7 patients with positive pelvic lymph nodes had clinically positive paraaortic nodes in addition to the positive pelvic nodes. Thus, only 1 of the 31 patients having the stnadard pelvic lymph node dissection was found to have paraaortic metastasis, as it was routine to sample only clinically positive paraaortic lymph nodes. These data suggest that in Stage II endometrial adenocarcinoma both gross and occult cervical involvement have a relatively bad prognosis and require aggressive therapy.", "PMID": 850578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9235", "title": "Single agent vs combination chemotherapy in the treatment of ovarian cancer.", "content": "One hundred and eight patients with Stage III or IV epithelial ovarian cancers were randomly allocated to treatment with either melphalan or the combination of Actinomycin-D, 5-fluorouracil, and cyclophosphamide (ACFUCY). Those patients receiving the ACFUCY combination had a higher objective response rate and a statistically significantly lower progression rate. The ACFUCY combination gave a higher incidence of severe toxicity.", "contents": "Single agent vs combination chemotherapy in the treatment of ovarian cancer. One hundred and eight patients with Stage III or IV epithelial ovarian cancers were randomly allocated to treatment with either melphalan or the combination of Actinomycin-D, 5-fluorouracil, and cyclophosphamide (ACFUCY). Those patients receiving the ACFUCY combination had a higher objective response rate and a statistically significantly lower progression rate. The ACFUCY combination gave a higher incidence of severe toxicity.", "PMID": 850579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9236", "title": "Midtrimester abortion by intraamniotic prostaglandin F2alpha. Safer than saline?", "content": "Published reports disagree on the risks of intraamniotic prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) for midtrimester abortion. To evaluate the safety and efficacy of intraamniotic PGF2alpha, we compared 1241 PGF2alpha and 10,013 saline abortions performed during the 13th to the 24th menstrual week. The results were reported in the Joint Program for the Study of Abortion/CDC, a multicenter prospective study. PGF2alpha abortions required less time (P less than .001) but had higher rates of major complications (P less than .01), antibiotic and operative treatment of complications (P less than .001), and readmission to a hospital (P less than .001). These findings challenge the current contention that PGF2alpha is safer than saline as an abortifacient.", "contents": "Midtrimester abortion by intraamniotic prostaglandin F2alpha. Safer than saline? Published reports disagree on the risks of intraamniotic prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) for midtrimester abortion. To evaluate the safety and efficacy of intraamniotic PGF2alpha, we compared 1241 PGF2alpha and 10,013 saline abortions performed during the 13th to the 24th menstrual week. The results were reported in the Joint Program for the Study of Abortion/CDC, a multicenter prospective study. PGF2alpha abortions required less time (P less than .001) but had higher rates of major complications (P less than .01), antibiotic and operative treatment of complications (P less than .001), and readmission to a hospital (P less than .001). These findings challenge the current contention that PGF2alpha is safer than saline as an abortifacient.", "PMID": 850580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9237", "title": "Basal cell epithelioma of the vulva.", "content": "A case of basal cell epithelioma of the vulva is reported. Basal cell epitheliomata of the vulva are less rare than commonly thought. They are easily misdiagnosed and the proper treatment may thus be delayed.", "contents": "Basal cell epithelioma of the vulva. A case of basal cell epithelioma of the vulva is reported. Basal cell epitheliomata of the vulva are less rare than commonly thought. They are easily misdiagnosed and the proper treatment may thus be delayed.", "PMID": 850581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9238", "title": "Early pregnancy on the diaphragm with endometriosis.", "content": "The source of hemorrhage in a young woman who required emergency laparotomy for intraabdominal bleeding was found to be a very early primary pregnancy implanted on the undersurface of the right diaphragm, far behind the dome of the liver. Immediately adjacent to this lesion were three tiny foci of endometriosis. This coincidence suggests that the site of nidation may have been a focus of ectopic endometrium rather than peritoneum.", "contents": "Early pregnancy on the diaphragm with endometriosis. The source of hemorrhage in a young woman who required emergency laparotomy for intraabdominal bleeding was found to be a very early primary pregnancy implanted on the undersurface of the right diaphragm, far behind the dome of the liver. Immediately adjacent to this lesion were three tiny foci of endometriosis. This coincidence suggests that the site of nidation may have been a focus of ectopic endometrium rather than peritoneum.", "PMID": 850582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9239", "title": "Passage of mannitol from mother to amniotic fluid and fetus.", "content": "Ten pregnant women and three pregnant sheep received mannitol intravenously. The results show that during late pregnancy this substance appears in amniotic fluid, and when the fetus is alive, its concentration increases with time, reaching values which are higher than those simultaneously obtained in maternal plasma. The experiments performed in sheep show that in fetal urine the concentration of mannitol reached values 10 to 20 times higher than those found in fetal plasma. This supports the hypothesis that the fetal kidney has an important role in the transference of this type of substance from the mother to the amniotic fluid.", "contents": "Passage of mannitol from mother to amniotic fluid and fetus. Ten pregnant women and three pregnant sheep received mannitol intravenously. The results show that during late pregnancy this substance appears in amniotic fluid, and when the fetus is alive, its concentration increases with time, reaching values which are higher than those simultaneously obtained in maternal plasma. The experiments performed in sheep show that in fetal urine the concentration of mannitol reached values 10 to 20 times higher than those found in fetal plasma. This supports the hypothesis that the fetal kidney has an important role in the transference of this type of substance from the mother to the amniotic fluid.", "PMID": 850583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9240", "title": "Epidemiologic studies of measles, measles vaccine, and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.", "content": "Histories obtained in 350 of 375 clinically cofirmed cases of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) reported to a national registry showed that 292 patients had measles and 58 had no history of measles. Forty of the latter patients received live, attenuated measles virus vaccine. In patients with a history of measles, measles illness occurred before age 2 years in 46%, and a mean of 7.0 years before onset of SSPE. In contrast, there was no relationship of SSPE with age at vaccination in 35 of the 40 patients historically associated with measles vaccine, and SSPE occurred a mean of 3.3 years after vaccination. Based on estimated national measles morbidity data and national measles vaccine distribution data, the risk of SSPE following measles vaccination (0.5 to 1.1 cases/106) appears to be less than the risk following measles (5.2 to 9.7 cases/106). Because live measles vaccine is highly effective in preventing measles illness and a high proportion of children in the United States have received measles vaccine, these data are consistent with the observed downward trend in SSPE incidence since 1969.", "contents": "Epidemiologic studies of measles, measles vaccine, and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Histories obtained in 350 of 375 clinically cofirmed cases of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) reported to a national registry showed that 292 patients had measles and 58 had no history of measles. Forty of the latter patients received live, attenuated measles virus vaccine. In patients with a history of measles, measles illness occurred before age 2 years in 46%, and a mean of 7.0 years before onset of SSPE. In contrast, there was no relationship of SSPE with age at vaccination in 35 of the 40 patients historically associated with measles vaccine, and SSPE occurred a mean of 3.3 years after vaccination. Based on estimated national measles morbidity data and national measles vaccine distribution data, the risk of SSPE following measles vaccination (0.5 to 1.1 cases/106) appears to be less than the risk following measles (5.2 to 9.7 cases/106). Because live measles vaccine is highly effective in preventing measles illness and a high proportion of children in the United States have received measles vaccine, these data are consistent with the observed downward trend in SSPE incidence since 1969.", "PMID": 850592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9241", "title": "Osteoid osteoma in children and young adults.", "content": "Osteoid osteoma is a relatively common benign tumor of bone which occurs most often in adolescents and young adults. The pattern of the pain with its characteristic response to aspirin and the roentgenographic findings make the clinical diagnosis easy and virtually certain. An example is presented to help the pediatrician become familiar with the tumor and its diagnosis.", "contents": "Osteoid osteoma in children and young adults. Osteoid osteoma is a relatively common benign tumor of bone which occurs most often in adolescents and young adults. The pattern of the pain with its characteristic response to aspirin and the roentgenographic findings make the clinical diagnosis easy and virtually certain. An example is presented to help the pediatrician become familiar with the tumor and its diagnosis.", "PMID": 850593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9242", "title": "Frequency and etiology of gross hematuria in a general pediatric setting.", "content": "Since the frequency of gross hematuria in general, unselected, pediatric outpatient settings has not been reported, we reviewed all patients with this symptom or sign at a pediatric emergency walk-in clinic during 24 consecutive months. Of a total of 128,395 patient visits, gross hematuria was proven in 158 (1.3/1,000 visits). Fifty-six percent of all patients had readily apparent causes for their gross hematuria. Twenty-six percent of all hematuric patients had documented urinary tract infections, but only 9% had apparent glomerular disease.", "contents": "Frequency and etiology of gross hematuria in a general pediatric setting. Since the frequency of gross hematuria in general, unselected, pediatric outpatient settings has not been reported, we reviewed all patients with this symptom or sign at a pediatric emergency walk-in clinic during 24 consecutive months. Of a total of 128,395 patient visits, gross hematuria was proven in 158 (1.3/1,000 visits). Fifty-six percent of all patients had readily apparent causes for their gross hematuria. Twenty-six percent of all hematuric patients had documented urinary tract infections, but only 9% had apparent glomerular disease.", "PMID": 850596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9243", "title": "The early childhood development of 17 boys with sex chromosome anomalies: a prospective study.", "content": "Seventeen boys with sex chromosome anomalies were identified at birth and followed up developmentally for two to five years. The 17 included 12 boys with 47,XXY, four with 47,XYY, and one with 46,XY/XXY mosaicism. None had major disabilities in physical, intellectual, or emotional growth. Some of the boys with 47,XXY were characterized as tall, inactive, poorly organized in motor functions, placid, and delayed in language; two of the four with 47,XYY were impulsive at 1 year of age. These deviations from normal were relatively mild; the boys were not found to be at high risk for grossly abnormal development in the early years.", "contents": "The early childhood development of 17 boys with sex chromosome anomalies: a prospective study. Seventeen boys with sex chromosome anomalies were identified at birth and followed up developmentally for two to five years. The 17 included 12 boys with 47,XXY, four with 47,XYY, and one with 46,XY/XXY mosaicism. None had major disabilities in physical, intellectual, or emotional growth. Some of the boys with 47,XXY were characterized as tall, inactive, poorly organized in motor functions, placid, and delayed in language; two of the four with 47,XYY were impulsive at 1 year of age. These deviations from normal were relatively mild; the boys were not found to be at high risk for grossly abnormal development in the early years.", "PMID": 850597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9244", "title": "Blood volume changes in patients with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Simultaneous red blood cell (RBC) and plasma volume determinations were obtained in 16 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and moderately severe pulmonary involvement. Hypervolemia with an increase in both RBC and plasma volumes was observed. Changes in blood volume were marked when values were indexed by weight but less significant when indexed by height. Decreasing systemic arterial oxygen saturation was associated with a progressive increase in RBC mass, hematocrit value, and hemoglobin level and a decrease in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. RBC and total blood volumes were highest in patients with cor pulmonale and congestive heart failure. However, the compensatory polycythemic response in patients with CF was inadequate when compared with the response to hypoxemia in patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease. The insufficient oxygen-carrying capacity may compromise tissue oxygen delivery and necessitate treatment.", "contents": "Blood volume changes in patients with cystic fibrosis. Simultaneous red blood cell (RBC) and plasma volume determinations were obtained in 16 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and moderately severe pulmonary involvement. Hypervolemia with an increase in both RBC and plasma volumes was observed. Changes in blood volume were marked when values were indexed by weight but less significant when indexed by height. Decreasing systemic arterial oxygen saturation was associated with a progressive increase in RBC mass, hematocrit value, and hemoglobin level and a decrease in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. RBC and total blood volumes were highest in patients with cor pulmonale and congestive heart failure. However, the compensatory polycythemic response in patients with CF was inadequate when compared with the response to hypoxemia in patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease. The insufficient oxygen-carrying capacity may compromise tissue oxygen delivery and necessitate treatment.", "PMID": 850598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9245", "title": "Prolonged continuous monitoring of intracranial pressure in severe Reye's syndrome.", "content": "Evidence from both clinical and pathological investigations suggests that increased intracranial pressure (ICP) is a significant factor in the mortality of patients with Reye's syndrome. This, coupled with a critical review of our previous 22 patients, which failed to document the efficacy of exchange transfusion, led us to include continous ventricular pressure monitoring in the supportive care of children with Reye's syndrome. To date, three children, ages 3 to 5 years, have been managed with continuous ICP monitoring. All had stage IV coma by both clinical and electroencephalographic criteria. Peak blood ammonia concentrations were 1,036, 316, and 56micronug/100 ml; all had elevations of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase level, prothrombin time, and creatine phosphokinase level as well. Rapid, unprediatble increases in ICP occurred for many days in all children. Therapeutic measures most successful in controlling ICP were the intravenous administration of mannitol and hyperventilation. Elevations in ICP occurred despite serum osmolality as high as 418 mOsm and following oral administration of glycerol. Rapid increases in ICP also resulted from routine manipulation of the patients (e.g., postural drainage). Exchange transfusion, used in two of the three patients, increased ICP in one child and had no effect in the other. All three children have achieved complete recovery and are doing well 6 months after their illness. Our experience with these children suggests that vigorous supportive therapy, including careful monitoring of ICP, should be used as a basis of comparison when evaluating claims of specific treatment in Reye's syndrome.", "contents": "Prolonged continuous monitoring of intracranial pressure in severe Reye's syndrome. Evidence from both clinical and pathological investigations suggests that increased intracranial pressure (ICP) is a significant factor in the mortality of patients with Reye's syndrome. This, coupled with a critical review of our previous 22 patients, which failed to document the efficacy of exchange transfusion, led us to include continous ventricular pressure monitoring in the supportive care of children with Reye's syndrome. To date, three children, ages 3 to 5 years, have been managed with continuous ICP monitoring. All had stage IV coma by both clinical and electroencephalographic criteria. Peak blood ammonia concentrations were 1,036, 316, and 56micronug/100 ml; all had elevations of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase level, prothrombin time, and creatine phosphokinase level as well. Rapid, unprediatble increases in ICP occurred for many days in all children. Therapeutic measures most successful in controlling ICP were the intravenous administration of mannitol and hyperventilation. Elevations in ICP occurred despite serum osmolality as high as 418 mOsm and following oral administration of glycerol. Rapid increases in ICP also resulted from routine manipulation of the patients (e.g., postural drainage). Exchange transfusion, used in two of the three patients, increased ICP in one child and had no effect in the other. All three children have achieved complete recovery and are doing well 6 months after their illness. Our experience with these children suggests that vigorous supportive therapy, including careful monitoring of ICP, should be used as a basis of comparison when evaluating claims of specific treatment in Reye's syndrome.", "PMID": 850599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9246", "title": "Intracranial pressure: monitoring and normalization therapy in children.", "content": "The clinical course of 42 children with intracranial pressure monitoring was reviewed. Intracranial hypertension was documented in a variety of diagnostic categories. Therapy was titrated to maintain a baseline intracranial pressure of less than 15 torr (mm Hg), and to decrease the frequency of spontaneous and reactive pressure waves. Ventricular drainage, controlled hyperventilation, intravenous glycerol osmotherapy, therapeutic hypothermia, and barbiturate loading were employed as needed to achieve those goals. Survival was significantly related to average and peak intracranial pressure levels and to the degree of serum hyperosmolality that developed during therapy.", "contents": "Intracranial pressure: monitoring and normalization therapy in children. The clinical course of 42 children with intracranial pressure monitoring was reviewed. Intracranial hypertension was documented in a variety of diagnostic categories. Therapy was titrated to maintain a baseline intracranial pressure of less than 15 torr (mm Hg), and to decrease the frequency of spontaneous and reactive pressure waves. Ventricular drainage, controlled hyperventilation, intravenous glycerol osmotherapy, therapeutic hypothermia, and barbiturate loading were employed as needed to achieve those goals. Survival was significantly related to average and peak intracranial pressure levels and to the degree of serum hyperosmolality that developed during therapy.", "PMID": 850600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9247", "title": "Gram-negative cerebrospinal fluid shunt-associated infections.", "content": "Twenty hydrocephalic children with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunts over an 11-year period were seen with Gram-negative central nervous system (CNS) infections. Seventeen infections were with single organisms and three were mixed. Sixteen of 20 (80%) of the infections occurred within five months of shunt surgery. Complete shunt removal or replacement in a new site plus systemic and intraventricular antibiotics resulted in a 100% (9/9) cure rate. Systemic and intraventricular antibiotics alone or in combination with incomplete shunt removal generally were unsuccessful. Significant morbidity and mortality were associated with these infections. Of the 18 patients with follow-up data, seven (39%) died with the infection, four (22%) sustained definite CNS damage, three (17%) were retarded after infection but their preinfection status was unknown, and only four (22%) patients escaped without definite sequela. Early recognition and appropriate therapy, hopefully, will improve the current bleak prognosis", "contents": "Gram-negative cerebrospinal fluid shunt-associated infections. Twenty hydrocephalic children with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunts over an 11-year period were seen with Gram-negative central nervous system (CNS) infections. Seventeen infections were with single organisms and three were mixed. Sixteen of 20 (80%) of the infections occurred within five months of shunt surgery. Complete shunt removal or replacement in a new site plus systemic and intraventricular antibiotics resulted in a 100% (9/9) cure rate. Systemic and intraventricular antibiotics alone or in combination with incomplete shunt removal generally were unsuccessful. Significant morbidity and mortality were associated with these infections. Of the 18 patients with follow-up data, seven (39%) died with the infection, four (22%) sustained definite CNS damage, three (17%) were retarded after infection but their preinfection status was unknown, and only four (22%) patients escaped without definite sequela. Early recognition and appropriate therapy, hopefully, will improve the current bleak prognosis", "PMID": 850601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9248", "title": "Postnatal head shrinkage in small infants.", "content": "The front-occipital circumference, frontooccipital and biparietal diameters, degree of suture overriding and weight were measured daily during the first week of life in 50 infants of birth weight under 2,000 gm. In a second similar group of 21 infants, fronto-occipital circumference, weight, and sodium balance were measured daily during the first week of life. Head volumes were estimated from the circumference and diameters of the head. The parameters of head size and derived volumes changed maximally and significantly in the direction of intracranial shrinkage around 3 days of age. The degree of shrinkage was significantly correlated (P less than .005) with the degree of weight and cumulative sodium losses, and decreasing gestational age. We postulate that postnatal head shrinkage results from shift of sodium and water outward from the intracranial cavity as a transient phenomenon during the first week of life. The significance of head shrinkage is discussed.", "contents": "Postnatal head shrinkage in small infants. The front-occipital circumference, frontooccipital and biparietal diameters, degree of suture overriding and weight were measured daily during the first week of life in 50 infants of birth weight under 2,000 gm. In a second similar group of 21 infants, fronto-occipital circumference, weight, and sodium balance were measured daily during the first week of life. Head volumes were estimated from the circumference and diameters of the head. The parameters of head size and derived volumes changed maximally and significantly in the direction of intracranial shrinkage around 3 days of age. The degree of shrinkage was significantly correlated (P less than .005) with the degree of weight and cumulative sodium losses, and decreasing gestational age. We postulate that postnatal head shrinkage results from shift of sodium and water outward from the intracranial cavity as a transient phenomenon during the first week of life. The significance of head shrinkage is discussed.", "PMID": 850602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9249", "title": "Erythromycin prophylaxis for pertussis.", "content": "A neonate admitted to the newborn nursery was found to have bacteriologically proven Bordetella pertussis whooping cough, and two of seven infants exposed to this child became infected. Erythromycin administration to the seven infants apparently prevented further infection as well as the appearance of clinical disease in the two infected infants. This limited experience supports previous reports of the efficacy of erythromycin in preventing B. pertussis infection and disease in susceptible children.", "contents": "Erythromycin prophylaxis for pertussis. A neonate admitted to the newborn nursery was found to have bacteriologically proven Bordetella pertussis whooping cough, and two of seven infants exposed to this child became infected. Erythromycin administration to the seven infants apparently prevented further infection as well as the appearance of clinical disease in the two infected infants. This limited experience supports previous reports of the efficacy of erythromycin in preventing B. pertussis infection and disease in susceptible children.", "PMID": 850603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9250", "title": "Cholestyramine therapy and intestinal obstruction in infants.", "content": "Two infants are reported who developed partial intestinal obstruction following cholestyramine therapy for intrahepatic cholestatic syndromes. The hazards of this potential side effect of cholestyramine therapy are emphasized.", "contents": "Cholestyramine therapy and intestinal obstruction in infants. Two infants are reported who developed partial intestinal obstruction following cholestyramine therapy for intrahepatic cholestatic syndromes. The hazards of this potential side effect of cholestyramine therapy are emphasized.", "PMID": 850604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9251", "title": "[Radiological exploration of the Budd-Chiari syndrome. Study of 13 cases].", "content": "Using 13 cases of Budd-Chiari syndrome, the authors describe their method of radiological investigation in order to reach a positive and sometimes aetiological diagnosis. Hepatic venous thrombosis can be confirmed only on the basis of findings at hepatic phlebography. Cavography, which precedes retrograde catheterisation of the hepatic veins, provides only presumptive evidence and sometimes reveals total thrombosis of the inferior vena cava. Coeliac and superior mesenteric, or even hyperselective hepatic arteriography, is of great value if there is inversion of the portal flow. Otherwise it only leads to a suspicion of the diagnosis, and makes it possible to determine the state of the portal trunk and to seek an aetiology.", "contents": "[Radiological exploration of the Budd-Chiari syndrome. Study of 13 cases]. Using 13 cases of Budd-Chiari syndrome, the authors describe their method of radiological investigation in order to reach a positive and sometimes aetiological diagnosis. Hepatic venous thrombosis can be confirmed only on the basis of findings at hepatic phlebography. Cavography, which precedes retrograde catheterisation of the hepatic veins, provides only presumptive evidence and sometimes reveals total thrombosis of the inferior vena cava. Coeliac and superior mesenteric, or even hyperselective hepatic arteriography, is of great value if there is inversion of the portal flow. Otherwise it only leads to a suspicion of the diagnosis, and makes it possible to determine the state of the portal trunk and to seek an aetiology.", "PMID": 850615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9252", "title": "[Digestive origin of Campylobacter septicemias].", "content": "Whilst the animal origin fo human Campylobacteriosis is generally accepted, its epidemiology remains ill understood. Animal contact prior to a Campylobacter septicaemia is only rarely found. The frequent occurrence of episodes of diarrhoea immediately prior to the onset has led to a suspicion of a digestive portal of entry. Our aim is to provide incontrovertible proof of this hypothesis, reporting the results of systematic stool examinations for Campylobacter in the stools as well as 5 new cases of septicaemia.", "contents": "[Digestive origin of Campylobacter septicemias]. Whilst the animal origin fo human Campylobacteriosis is generally accepted, its epidemiology remains ill understood. Animal contact prior to a Campylobacter septicaemia is only rarely found. The frequent occurrence of episodes of diarrhoea immediately prior to the onset has led to a suspicion of a digestive portal of entry. Our aim is to provide incontrovertible proof of this hypothesis, reporting the results of systematic stool examinations for Campylobacter in the stools as well as 5 new cases of septicaemia.", "PMID": 850616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9253", "title": "[Primary dissecting aneurysm of the renal artery with hypertension].", "content": "Dissecting aneurysms of the renal artery are the most common site of peripheral dissections without aortic involvement. The problems posed by this condition are analysed in the light of a personal cases and 52 in the literature. The onset in a young man of sudden loin pain followed shortly after by hypertension is suggestive of obstruction of a renal artery. The diagnosis can be confirmed only by arteriography, if the findings are sufficiently clearcut, which is not invariably the case. Surgical treatment gives good results and our own case clearly indicates the immediate and definitive relief of hypertension by nephrectomy. However the decision regarding surgery must take into account the possibility of recurrent peripheral lesions and of the possible reversibility of hypertension under the influence of medical treatment.", "contents": "[Primary dissecting aneurysm of the renal artery with hypertension]. Dissecting aneurysms of the renal artery are the most common site of peripheral dissections without aortic involvement. The problems posed by this condition are analysed in the light of a personal cases and 52 in the literature. The onset in a young man of sudden loin pain followed shortly after by hypertension is suggestive of obstruction of a renal artery. The diagnosis can be confirmed only by arteriography, if the findings are sufficiently clearcut, which is not invariably the case. Surgical treatment gives good results and our own case clearly indicates the immediate and definitive relief of hypertension by nephrectomy. However the decision regarding surgery must take into account the possibility of recurrent peripheral lesions and of the possible reversibility of hypertension under the influence of medical treatment.", "PMID": 850617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9254", "title": "[Periodic oscillating respiration outside of comatous stages].", "content": "A periodic oscillating breathing was observed in 11 subjects during study of their pulmonary function. All these patients were male and more than 50 years old. A cardiovascular disease was clinically evident in eight of them. Arterial hypoxemia was found in five subjects and a light hypocapnia in three. Analysis of oscillating rhythms first, revealed unexistence of ventilatory pauses between periods of deep breaths in some subjects and secondly, showed existence of permanent or discontinuous periodic rhythms. Breath by breath changes in ventilation were essentially induced by oscillations in tidal volume. Discontinuous oscillating breathing appeared after forced maximal inspiration and this periodic rhythm was frequently associated with sights. This periodic breathing began or persisted under progressive hypoxia but disappeared under normobaric hyperoxia. These data are discussed in terms of changes in the ventilatory control system and in central regulation of breathing patterns.", "contents": "[Periodic oscillating respiration outside of comatous stages]. A periodic oscillating breathing was observed in 11 subjects during study of their pulmonary function. All these patients were male and more than 50 years old. A cardiovascular disease was clinically evident in eight of them. Arterial hypoxemia was found in five subjects and a light hypocapnia in three. Analysis of oscillating rhythms first, revealed unexistence of ventilatory pauses between periods of deep breaths in some subjects and secondly, showed existence of permanent or discontinuous periodic rhythms. Breath by breath changes in ventilation were essentially induced by oscillations in tidal volume. Discontinuous oscillating breathing appeared after forced maximal inspiration and this periodic rhythm was frequently associated with sights. This periodic breathing began or persisted under progressive hypoxia but disappeared under normobaric hyperoxia. These data are discussed in terms of changes in the ventilatory control system and in central regulation of breathing patterns.", "PMID": 850621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9255", "title": "[Is it possible to treat uremia by hemofiltration? Initial clinical results obtained with a poly-acrylo-nytril membrane].", "content": "Following to work of Quellhorst, the authors used an RP6 haemodialyser as an ultrafilter and exchanged 20 litres of plasma ultrafiltrate against 18 to 20 litres of physiological solution during 200 sessions of 4 to 5 hours in 5 patients with uraemia, over a period of 3 to 10 months. The technique is simple and tolerance excellent. The possibility of a new approach to the treatment of uraemia without dialysate makes a large clinical trial worthwhile.", "contents": "[Is it possible to treat uremia by hemofiltration? Initial clinical results obtained with a poly-acrylo-nytril membrane]. Following to work of Quellhorst, the authors used an RP6 haemodialyser as an ultrafilter and exchanged 20 litres of plasma ultrafiltrate against 18 to 20 litres of physiological solution during 200 sessions of 4 to 5 hours in 5 patients with uraemia, over a period of 3 to 10 months. The technique is simple and tolerance excellent. The possibility of a new approach to the treatment of uraemia without dialysate makes a large clinical trial worthwhile.", "PMID": 850622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9256", "title": "[Idiopathic cyclic edema: disorders in water elimination accentuated by orthostasis].", "content": "Forty patients suffering from idiopathic oedema were studied. The disturbance in water excretion is characterised by a delay in excretion of a water load (20 ml/kg body weight), an inability to decrease urinary osmolarity below 137 mOsm/1 standing (normal: 60 mOsm +/- 25) and an inability to increase free water clearance: 2.36 +/- 2 ml/mn/1. 73 m2 (normal value: 6.8 ml/mn/1.73 m2) in the upright position. This problem of water excretion related to orthostasis defines and characterises the syndrome, the clinical picture of which is well known. The disturbance suggest a fault in the regulation of anti-diuretic hormone whilst the aldosteronism often described would seem to be inconstant and secondary to diuretic therapy too often prescribed without supervision.", "contents": "[Idiopathic cyclic edema: disorders in water elimination accentuated by orthostasis]. Forty patients suffering from idiopathic oedema were studied. The disturbance in water excretion is characterised by a delay in excretion of a water load (20 ml/kg body weight), an inability to decrease urinary osmolarity below 137 mOsm/1 standing (normal: 60 mOsm +/- 25) and an inability to increase free water clearance: 2.36 +/- 2 ml/mn/1. 73 m2 (normal value: 6.8 ml/mn/1.73 m2) in the upright position. This problem of water excretion related to orthostasis defines and characterises the syndrome, the clinical picture of which is well known. The disturbance suggest a fault in the regulation of anti-diuretic hormone whilst the aldosteronism often described would seem to be inconstant and secondary to diuretic therapy too often prescribed without supervision.", "PMID": 850623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9257", "title": "[Coronary insufficiency in the female: possible effect of menopause].", "content": "A population of 239 women suffering from chronic coronary disease was divided into two groups according to whether or not they had sustained a myocardial infarction. For the 226 post-menopausal women, the type of menopause (natural or artificial) and their age at its onset were determined, together with the age of onset of the infarction or angina, and possible correlations with other risk factors in atherosclerosis. Whilst the average age at the time of artificial menopause was markedly less than that of natural menopause, the age of onset of coronary complications was comparable regardless of the type of menopause, this applying to both groups. Contrary to a classically accepted opinion, early menopause would not appear to favourise the premature development of atherosclerotic coronary problems, and, in addition, would not appear to affect other coronary \"risk factors\".", "contents": "[Coronary insufficiency in the female: possible effect of menopause]. A population of 239 women suffering from chronic coronary disease was divided into two groups according to whether or not they had sustained a myocardial infarction. For the 226 post-menopausal women, the type of menopause (natural or artificial) and their age at its onset were determined, together with the age of onset of the infarction or angina, and possible correlations with other risk factors in atherosclerosis. Whilst the average age at the time of artificial menopause was markedly less than that of natural menopause, the age of onset of coronary complications was comparable regardless of the type of menopause, this applying to both groups. Contrary to a classically accepted opinion, early menopause would not appear to favourise the premature development of atherosclerotic coronary problems, and, in addition, would not appear to affect other coronary \"risk factors\".", "PMID": 850624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9258", "title": "Sedative drug surveys in coma: how reliable are they?", "content": "Routine blood tests of comatose patients for drugs that depress the CNS are highly desirable, but techniques of analysis are not well standardized and the results do not correlate well with clinical condition. Determining the role of sedative drugs in coma requires a high degree of suspicion and sound clinical judgment.", "contents": "Sedative drug surveys in coma: how reliable are they? Routine blood tests of comatose patients for drugs that depress the CNS are highly desirable, but techniques of analysis are not well standardized and the results do not correlate well with clinical condition. Determining the role of sedative drugs in coma requires a high degree of suspicion and sound clinical judgment.", "PMID": 850658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9259", "title": "Family planning and the primary care physician.", "content": "Family planning has become an important issue in modern life. The physician must be prepared to advise patients on the advantages and risks of both old and new methods and to determine which method is most acceptable and will therefore be most effective.", "contents": "Family planning and the primary care physician. Family planning has become an important issue in modern life. The physician must be prepared to advise patients on the advantages and risks of both old and new methods and to determine which method is most acceptable and will therefore be most effective.", "PMID": 850664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9260", "title": "Toward a Biocommunications Network.", "content": "Development and implementation of the Biocommunications Network in the Memphis region have relied on sharing of resources among hospital libraries. Implied in this system is the recognition that all health care professionals have a right of access to health sciences libraries.", "contents": "Toward a Biocommunications Network. Development and implementation of the Biocommunications Network in the Memphis region have relied on sharing of resources among hospital libraries. Implied in this system is the recognition that all health care professionals have a right of access to health sciences libraries.", "PMID": 850665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9261", "title": "Management of tuberculosis: altered role of the primary care physician.", "content": "Increasing incidence of tuberculosis is being reported in some areas, even though greater precision in diagnosis and greater reliability in treatment have been achieved within recent years than were previously possible. The Mantoux test is a convenient office procedure that should be done more often. Patients with active tuberculosis can now be treated on an outpatient basis with little morbidity or social or economic disruption.", "contents": "Management of tuberculosis: altered role of the primary care physician. Increasing incidence of tuberculosis is being reported in some areas, even though greater precision in diagnosis and greater reliability in treatment have been achieved within recent years than were previously possible. The Mantoux test is a convenient office procedure that should be done more often. Patients with active tuberculosis can now be treated on an outpatient basis with little morbidity or social or economic disruption.", "PMID": 850669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9262", "title": "Thyroid nodules--benign or malignant? 1. Diagnosis.", "content": "Radioisotope scanning is an invaluable aid in determining whether a palpable thyroid nodule is benign or malignant. In many cases, however, precise diagnosis is impossible without needle biopsy or surgical exploration.", "contents": "Thyroid nodules--benign or malignant? 1. Diagnosis. Radioisotope scanning is an invaluable aid in determining whether a palpable thyroid nodule is benign or malignant. In many cases, however, precise diagnosis is impossible without needle biopsy or surgical exploration.", "PMID": 850670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9263", "title": "Thyroid nodules--benign or malignant? 2. Management.", "content": "On radioisotope scanning, thyroid nodules present one of five characteristic patterns. A \"cold\" nodule is most likely to be malignant and often necessitates surgery and functional ablation. However, any nodule that is growing and insuppressible probably should be removed.", "contents": "Thyroid nodules--benign or malignant? 2. Management. On radioisotope scanning, thyroid nodules present one of five characteristic patterns. A \"cold\" nodule is most likely to be malignant and often necessitates surgery and functional ablation. However, any nodule that is growing and insuppressible probably should be removed.", "PMID": 850671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9264", "title": "Effects on hypothalamic and telencephalic NE and 5-HT of tegmental knife cuts that produce hyperphagia or hyperdipsia in the rat.", "content": "Knife cuts in the coronal plane through various aspects of the midbrain tegmentum produced hyperphagia, hyperdipsia, or no effect on ingestive behavior. All of the cuts significantly depleted NE and 5-HT from hypothalamus and forebrain. The brains of hyperphagic or hyperdipsic animals did not differ from those of normophagic and normodipsic animals with respect to hypothalamic NE or 5-HT or telencephalic NE. Both hyperphagic and hyperdipsic animals had significantly lower concentrations of 5-HT in forebrain than rats which sustained similar cuts in the tegmentum which did not affect ingestive behavior.", "contents": "Effects on hypothalamic and telencephalic NE and 5-HT of tegmental knife cuts that produce hyperphagia or hyperdipsia in the rat. Knife cuts in the coronal plane through various aspects of the midbrain tegmentum produced hyperphagia, hyperdipsia, or no effect on ingestive behavior. All of the cuts significantly depleted NE and 5-HT from hypothalamus and forebrain. The brains of hyperphagic or hyperdipsic animals did not differ from those of normophagic and normodipsic animals with respect to hypothalamic NE or 5-HT or telencephalic NE. Both hyperphagic and hyperdipsic animals had significantly lower concentrations of 5-HT in forebrain than rats which sustained similar cuts in the tegmentum which did not affect ingestive behavior.", "PMID": 850684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9265", "title": "Shock induced ethanol consumption in rats.", "content": "Two experiments are presented which describe the temporal and volumetric changes in ethanol consumption by rats exposed to recurring schedules of inescapable random shock. The animals in Experiment 1, which had a choice between ethanol and water, increased their voluntary ethanol consumption immediately after the shock schedule. The postshock changes occurred with both 5% and 10% V/V ethanol, were specific to the presence of shock and were not reflected by measures of total daily ethanol intake. Experiment 2 exposed rats to extended 22 hr stress sessions, during which each animal had four simultaneous fluid choices available: water, saccharin 0.1% W/V, ethanol 5% V/V, and ethanol 10% V/V. Temporal intake patterns for both 5% and 10% ethanol showed pronounced peaks for the interval immediately following the shock schedule. A shift of intake from 5% to 10% ethanol was also demonstrated with increasing time under shock, while saccharin and water intake decreased. The results are interpreted as a relationship between voluntary ethanol intake and escape from the consequences of stress.", "contents": "Shock induced ethanol consumption in rats. Two experiments are presented which describe the temporal and volumetric changes in ethanol consumption by rats exposed to recurring schedules of inescapable random shock. The animals in Experiment 1, which had a choice between ethanol and water, increased their voluntary ethanol consumption immediately after the shock schedule. The postshock changes occurred with both 5% and 10% V/V ethanol, were specific to the presence of shock and were not reflected by measures of total daily ethanol intake. Experiment 2 exposed rats to extended 22 hr stress sessions, during which each animal had four simultaneous fluid choices available: water, saccharin 0.1% W/V, ethanol 5% V/V, and ethanol 10% V/V. Temporal intake patterns for both 5% and 10% ethanol showed pronounced peaks for the interval immediately following the shock schedule. A shift of intake from 5% to 10% ethanol was also demonstrated with increasing time under shock, while saccharin and water intake decreased. The results are interpreted as a relationship between voluntary ethanol intake and escape from the consequences of stress.", "PMID": 850685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9266", "title": "Interactions between delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and phencyclidine hydrochloride in rats.", "content": "delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC; 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 mg/kg, PO) impaired avoidance and rotarod performance, and caused bradycardia and hypothermia. Phencyclidine (PCP; 1.25, 2.5, 5.0 mg/kg, IP) impaired avoidance and rotarod performance and caused a marked increase in photocell activity. When combined, the depressant properties of each drug were enhanced and the stimulation of photocell activity cg/kg THC and its interactions with PCP followed subacute treatment for six days, whereas many of the effects of PCP were enhanced after subacute treatment with a dose of 2.5 mg/kg. Open-field behavior was affected by each drug alone and in combination in a similar way as photocell activity, but the depression caused by their interaction was greater; both drugs caused an increase in urination. Response rates on an FR-10 schedule of food reinforcement were decreased by 2.5 mg/kg PCP, but not by 5.0 mg/kg THC; the combination caused greater response suppression than either drug alone. The functional interactions between THC and PCP were not related to changes in the concentrations of 14C or 3H in plasma or brain derived from 14C-delta9-THC and 3H-PCP, respectively.", "contents": "Interactions between delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and phencyclidine hydrochloride in rats. delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC; 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 mg/kg, PO) impaired avoidance and rotarod performance, and caused bradycardia and hypothermia. Phencyclidine (PCP; 1.25, 2.5, 5.0 mg/kg, IP) impaired avoidance and rotarod performance and caused a marked increase in photocell activity. When combined, the depressant properties of each drug were enhanced and the stimulation of photocell activity cg/kg THC and its interactions with PCP followed subacute treatment for six days, whereas many of the effects of PCP were enhanced after subacute treatment with a dose of 2.5 mg/kg. Open-field behavior was affected by each drug alone and in combination in a similar way as photocell activity, but the depression caused by their interaction was greater; both drugs caused an increase in urination. Response rates on an FR-10 schedule of food reinforcement were decreased by 2.5 mg/kg PCP, but not by 5.0 mg/kg THC; the combination caused greater response suppression than either drug alone. The functional interactions between THC and PCP were not related to changes in the concentrations of 14C or 3H in plasma or brain derived from 14C-delta9-THC and 3H-PCP, respectively.", "PMID": 850686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9267", "title": "A method for sleep depriving rats.", "content": "A method is described for sleep depriving up to 12 rats at a time by placing them in two large rotating cylinders. EEG data, previously unavailable for rats treated in this manner, show that total sleep time was significantly reduced from 47.0% to 3.8% of a 24-hr period. There was no selective reduction of REM or non-REM sleep.", "contents": "A method for sleep depriving rats. A method is described for sleep depriving up to 12 rats at a time by placing them in two large rotating cylinders. EEG data, previously unavailable for rats treated in this manner, show that total sleep time was significantly reduced from 47.0% to 3.8% of a 24-hr period. There was no selective reduction of REM or non-REM sleep.", "PMID": 850687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9268", "title": "A logic circuit for identifying and reinforcing operant response durations.", "content": "A simple circuit useful for the study of response duration and timing response in operant behavior in rats was described. Important features of the circuit include: a logic function to identify respondings with the preregistered duration, elimination of the premature reinforcement by the feeder operation during lever-pressing behavior, reinforcement after the complete release of the lever, simple design and inexpensive construction. Experimental results with and without the present circuit were also given.", "contents": "A logic circuit for identifying and reinforcing operant response durations. A simple circuit useful for the study of response duration and timing response in operant behavior in rats was described. Important features of the circuit include: a logic function to identify respondings with the preregistered duration, elimination of the premature reinforcement by the feeder operation during lever-pressing behavior, reinforcement after the complete release of the lever, simple design and inexpensive construction. Experimental results with and without the present circuit were also given.", "PMID": 850688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9269", "title": "Effects of central norepinephrine depletion on the initiation and maintenance of maternal behavior in the rat.", "content": "The catecholaminergic neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), was used to test the hypothesis that increased transmission across selected noradrenergic synapses is involved in the initiation of maternal behavior. Specifically, 6-OHDA was infused intraventricularly either two days before parturition or four days after parturition. Control animals were infused with the vehicle alone. Among prepartum animals, NE depletion of more than 30% of control levels interfered with the initiation of maternal behavior. Among lactating animals, similar degrees of NE depletion had no significant effect on the maintenance of maternal behavior. Thus, NE appears to be involved in the initiation of maternal behavior, but not in the maintenance of the behavior once that behavior is established.", "contents": "Effects of central norepinephrine depletion on the initiation and maintenance of maternal behavior in the rat. The catecholaminergic neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), was used to test the hypothesis that increased transmission across selected noradrenergic synapses is involved in the initiation of maternal behavior. Specifically, 6-OHDA was infused intraventricularly either two days before parturition or four days after parturition. Control animals were infused with the vehicle alone. Among prepartum animals, NE depletion of more than 30% of control levels interfered with the initiation of maternal behavior. Among lactating animals, similar degrees of NE depletion had no significant effect on the maintenance of maternal behavior. Thus, NE appears to be involved in the initiation of maternal behavior, but not in the maintenance of the behavior once that behavior is established.", "PMID": 850689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9270", "title": "Influences of genotype and sex on behavioral tolerance to nicotine in mice.", "content": "Spontaneous motor activity in a Y-maze was measured in DBA/2Ibg and C57BL/6Ibg mice which had received nicotine or saline injections three times a day for two, four or seven days. Both genotype and sex influenced the development of tolerance to nocotine's effects on spontaneous motor activity, with DBA males requiring the longest exposure to nicotine and C57 males requiring the shortest drug exposure for tolerance development. DBA and C57 females developed behavioral tolerance equally after two days of pretreatment, but the C57 females showed a greater degree of tolerance after seven days of injections than did the DBA females. The development of behavioral tolerance in DBA males after four days of nicotine pretreatment was associated with the development of behavioral tolerance in DBA males after four days of nicotine pretreatment was associated with the development of drug dispositional tolerance, with minimal evidence for a change in nervous system sensitivity. Drug dispositional tolerance in DBA females, C57 males and C57 females, however, did not seem to affect spontaneous motor activity.", "contents": "Influences of genotype and sex on behavioral tolerance to nicotine in mice. Spontaneous motor activity in a Y-maze was measured in DBA/2Ibg and C57BL/6Ibg mice which had received nicotine or saline injections three times a day for two, four or seven days. Both genotype and sex influenced the development of tolerance to nocotine's effects on spontaneous motor activity, with DBA males requiring the longest exposure to nicotine and C57 males requiring the shortest drug exposure for tolerance development. DBA and C57 females developed behavioral tolerance equally after two days of pretreatment, but the C57 females showed a greater degree of tolerance after seven days of injections than did the DBA females. The development of behavioral tolerance in DBA males after four days of nicotine pretreatment was associated with the development of behavioral tolerance in DBA males after four days of nicotine pretreatment was associated with the development of drug dispositional tolerance, with minimal evidence for a change in nervous system sensitivity. Drug dispositional tolerance in DBA females, C57 males and C57 females, however, did not seem to affect spontaneous motor activity.", "PMID": 850690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9271", "title": "Effects of marihuana on reaction time and short-term memory in human volunteers.", "content": "Twenty-seven adult male marihuana smokers volunteered to participate in a hospital research ward study for a 31-day period. Following five days of baseline acclimatization, subjects could purchase and smoke marihuana cigarettes on a free choice basis for a period of 21 consecutive days. The marihuana smoking period was followed by a concluding five-day baseline. Measurements of simple reaction time, choice reaction time and short-term memory were carried out during the entire study. Analysis of variance revealed no statistically significant differences between control and marihuana performance; however, a correlational analysis showed that individual subject performances on all three tasks were significantly correlated from test session to test session during control conditions but not during marihuana smoking conditions. Findings are discussed in relation to attentional and motivational factors associated with performance on the three tasks.", "contents": "Effects of marihuana on reaction time and short-term memory in human volunteers. Twenty-seven adult male marihuana smokers volunteered to participate in a hospital research ward study for a 31-day period. Following five days of baseline acclimatization, subjects could purchase and smoke marihuana cigarettes on a free choice basis for a period of 21 consecutive days. The marihuana smoking period was followed by a concluding five-day baseline. Measurements of simple reaction time, choice reaction time and short-term memory were carried out during the entire study. Analysis of variance revealed no statistically significant differences between control and marihuana performance; however, a correlational analysis showed that individual subject performances on all three tasks were significantly correlated from test session to test session during control conditions but not during marihuana smoking conditions. Findings are discussed in relation to attentional and motivational factors associated with performance on the three tasks.", "PMID": 850691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9272", "title": "Taste aversion disruption by drug pretreatment: dissociative and drug-specific effects.", "content": "Disruption of taste aversion learning following the administration of the same drug prior to and during conditioning (intra-agent disruption) was shown to be greater than disruption following the administration of one drug prior to conditioning and another during conditioning (inter-agent disruption). Comparable dosages of ethanol and lithium chloride served as unconditioned stimuli. Inter-agent disruptions are attributed to a dissociation of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli, while intra-agent disruptions are attributed to both a dissociative effect and drug-specific effects. Intra-agent disruption was correlated with an independent measure of tolerance, suggesting tolerance constitutes at least a portion of the drug-specific effects.", "contents": "Taste aversion disruption by drug pretreatment: dissociative and drug-specific effects. Disruption of taste aversion learning following the administration of the same drug prior to and during conditioning (intra-agent disruption) was shown to be greater than disruption following the administration of one drug prior to conditioning and another during conditioning (inter-agent disruption). Comparable dosages of ethanol and lithium chloride served as unconditioned stimuli. Inter-agent disruptions are attributed to a dissociation of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli, while intra-agent disruptions are attributed to both a dissociative effect and drug-specific effects. Intra-agent disruption was correlated with an independent measure of tolerance, suggesting tolerance constitutes at least a portion of the drug-specific effects.", "PMID": 850692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9273", "title": "Studies on the functional morphology and ecology of the atyid prawns of Dominica.", "content": "Six species of atyid prawns, representing five genera, occur in streams on the West Indian island of Dominica (figures 1-6). The ecology and habits of each are described and the relation of features of gross morphology to ways of life noted. Xiphocaris elongata, the most primitive living atyid, is a lightly built prawn whose adult habits are related to life in quiet pools in streams. An agile species and an excellent swimmer, it picks up individual small food particles with specialized chelipeds (figures 18 and 19) that differ from those of all other atyids and manipulates them with mouthparts (figure 77) which, while highly complex, are more primitive than those described for any other member of the family. Atya innocous and A. scabra, representing perhaps the most specialized atyid genus, are very similar in gross morphology and are robustly built ambulatory species. A. innocous is common in a variety of situations: A. scabra is rare and has been found only in fast-flowing water. Both have chelipeds whose three distal segments are extremely specialized (figure 36) and whose propus and dactylus are armed with an exceedingly complex array of long, slender bristles. These can be used either as brushes for collecting finely particulate detritus (figures 58-60) or as filtering fans (figures 68 and 69) which, held passively in flowing water, extract suspended particles. The Atyidae is unique among the Malacostraca in having representatives that filter passively by means of the chelipeds. The bristles (figure 40) are extended (figure 49), not by muscles, of which there are none in the distal parts of the propus and none anywhere in the dactylus, but by hydraulic forces. The return of the bristles to rest is by means of a cuticular spring. Some of the bristles of A. innocous are armed distally with minute denticles (figures 41 and 42) that facilitate scraping and sweeping: no such are present in A. scabra. The difference is related to the relative importance of scraping in the two species: A. innocous scrapes frequently, A. scabra seldom. Finely particulate food is transferred and manipulated by the extremely complex oral machinery (figure 78). One of the most elaborate parts of this is a teaselling device in which components of the maxillae and first maxillipeds participate (figures 80 and 81). The feeding mechanism is described. Morphologically and functionally Micratya poeyi can be regarded as a miniature version of Atya. It can both sweep and filter. Potimirim glabra is rare in Dominica and its habits but little known. Morphologically it is similar to, but more primitive than, Micratya. Its cheliped bristles are clearly specialized for sweeping and show few signs of being used for passive filtration. Jonga serrei occupies a separate and well-defined niche in the quieter parts of streams. For this it shows many morphological specializations and lacks such attributes as stout claws and robust walking legs that are the hallmark of its relatives living in fast-flowing waters.", "contents": "Studies on the functional morphology and ecology of the atyid prawns of Dominica. Six species of atyid prawns, representing five genera, occur in streams on the West Indian island of Dominica (figures 1-6). The ecology and habits of each are described and the relation of features of gross morphology to ways of life noted. Xiphocaris elongata, the most primitive living atyid, is a lightly built prawn whose adult habits are related to life in quiet pools in streams. An agile species and an excellent swimmer, it picks up individual small food particles with specialized chelipeds (figures 18 and 19) that differ from those of all other atyids and manipulates them with mouthparts (figure 77) which, while highly complex, are more primitive than those described for any other member of the family. Atya innocous and A. scabra, representing perhaps the most specialized atyid genus, are very similar in gross morphology and are robustly built ambulatory species. A. innocous is common in a variety of situations: A. scabra is rare and has been found only in fast-flowing water. Both have chelipeds whose three distal segments are extremely specialized (figure 36) and whose propus and dactylus are armed with an exceedingly complex array of long, slender bristles. These can be used either as brushes for collecting finely particulate detritus (figures 58-60) or as filtering fans (figures 68 and 69) which, held passively in flowing water, extract suspended particles. The Atyidae is unique among the Malacostraca in having representatives that filter passively by means of the chelipeds. The bristles (figure 40) are extended (figure 49), not by muscles, of which there are none in the distal parts of the propus and none anywhere in the dactylus, but by hydraulic forces. The return of the bristles to rest is by means of a cuticular spring. Some of the bristles of A. innocous are armed distally with minute denticles (figures 41 and 42) that facilitate scraping and sweeping: no such are present in A. scabra. The difference is related to the relative importance of scraping in the two species: A. innocous scrapes frequently, A. scabra seldom. Finely particulate food is transferred and manipulated by the extremely complex oral machinery (figure 78). One of the most elaborate parts of this is a teaselling device in which components of the maxillae and first maxillipeds participate (figures 80 and 81). The feeding mechanism is described. Morphologically and functionally Micratya poeyi can be regarded as a miniature version of Atya. It can both sweep and filter. Potimirim glabra is rare in Dominica and its habits but little known. Morphologically it is similar to, but more primitive than, Micratya. Its cheliped bristles are clearly specialized for sweeping and show few signs of being used for passive filtration. Jonga serrei occupies a separate and well-defined niche in the quieter parts of streams. For this it shows many morphological specializations and lacks such attributes as stout claws and robust walking legs that are the hallmark of its relatives living in fast-flowing waters.", "PMID": 850693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9274", "title": "Effect of cane on variables of gait for patients with hip disorders.", "content": "The purposes of this study were to determine the effect of a cane, used in the hand contralateral to the involved hip, on patients' floor reaction forces and on selected time and distance measurements of gait. An instrumented cane, force plate, dynograph recorder and footswitch were among the equipment items used. When the patients walked with a cane the stride length and swing times were increased, while the cadence and the vertical component of the floor reaction force were decreased. The average peak axial loading on the can was 11.6 kg and the average anterior bending moment on the cane was 67.3 kgcm.", "contents": "Effect of cane on variables of gait for patients with hip disorders. The purposes of this study were to determine the effect of a cane, used in the hand contralateral to the involved hip, on patients' floor reaction forces and on selected time and distance measurements of gait. An instrumented cane, force plate, dynograph recorder and footswitch were among the equipment items used. When the patients walked with a cane the stride length and swing times were increased, while the cadence and the vertical component of the floor reaction force were decreased. The average peak axial loading on the can was 11.6 kg and the average anterior bending moment on the cane was 67.3 kgcm.", "PMID": 850694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9275", "title": "The effect of proprioceptive facilitation patterning upon reaction, response, and movement times.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of proprioceptive facilitation upon reaction time, movement time, and response time. Reaction time, response time-one (flexion at shoulder, extension at elbow); response time-two (flexion, adduction, external rotation at shoulder, elbow flexion), and movement time (response time-two minus reaction time), were measured before and following a training session. Fifteen women and 27 men were randomly assigned to one of the following training groups; weight training, target throwing, and proprioceptive facilitation patterning. Subjects engaged in three training sessions a week for six weeks. Analysis revealed a significant improvement for the proprioceptive facilitation patterning group in response time-two and movement time.", "contents": "The effect of proprioceptive facilitation patterning upon reaction, response, and movement times. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of proprioceptive facilitation upon reaction time, movement time, and response time. Reaction time, response time-one (flexion at shoulder, extension at elbow); response time-two (flexion, adduction, external rotation at shoulder, elbow flexion), and movement time (response time-two minus reaction time), were measured before and following a training session. Fifteen women and 27 men were randomly assigned to one of the following training groups; weight training, target throwing, and proprioceptive facilitation patterning. Subjects engaged in three training sessions a week for six weeks. Analysis revealed a significant improvement for the proprioceptive facilitation patterning group in response time-two and movement time.", "PMID": 850695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9276", "title": "The influence of isometric exercise and passive stretch on hip joint motion.", "content": "A method was designed to compare the effects of isometric contractions and passive stretch on modifying joint range of motion in 30 normal men. Subjects were randomly assigned into a control group, a passive stretch group, or an isometric contraction group. Each subject assumed a left sidelying position on the force table. Stabilization was applied to the pelvis and left lower extremity. The cuff, to which the force cable was attached, was applied to the right lower extremity. Force measurements produced by the isometric contractions or passive stretch procedures were stored on computer tape. The results of the mean differences in pelvifemoral angle measurements indicated that both treatment groups significantly increased their range of passive hip flexion with the knee extended when compared to the control group. Comparisons between the two treatment groups indicated that the isometric contraction and passive stretch procedures had significant and similar effects.", "contents": "The influence of isometric exercise and passive stretch on hip joint motion. A method was designed to compare the effects of isometric contractions and passive stretch on modifying joint range of motion in 30 normal men. Subjects were randomly assigned into a control group, a passive stretch group, or an isometric contraction group. Each subject assumed a left sidelying position on the force table. Stabilization was applied to the pelvis and left lower extremity. The cuff, to which the force cable was attached, was applied to the right lower extremity. Force measurements produced by the isometric contractions or passive stretch procedures were stored on computer tape. The results of the mean differences in pelvifemoral angle measurements indicated that both treatment groups significantly increased their range of passive hip flexion with the knee extended when compared to the control group. Comparisons between the two treatment groups indicated that the isometric contraction and passive stretch procedures had significant and similar effects.", "PMID": 850696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9277", "title": "Results of the Wilke operation to stop drooling in cerebral palsy.", "content": "Bilateral submaxillary gland excision and posterior transplantation of the elongated parotid ducts (as advocated by Wilkie) has proved to be an excellent procedure in the surgical treatment of drooling. I report a series of 20 patients who had excellent results from this, with amelioration of the drooling and minimal postoperative complications.", "contents": "Results of the Wilke operation to stop drooling in cerebral palsy. Bilateral submaxillary gland excision and posterior transplantation of the elongated parotid ducts (as advocated by Wilkie) has proved to be an excellent procedure in the surgical treatment of drooling. I report a series of 20 patients who had excellent results from this, with amelioration of the drooling and minimal postoperative complications.", "PMID": 850701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9278", "title": "Use of tarsal plate resection in blepharoplasty on atonic lower lids.", "content": "We did blepharoplasties with tarsal plate resections on 24 lower lids in 13 patients, two of whom had an established ectropion and 11 of whom had a tendency to a lax ectropion. No ectropion developed in these high risk patients. The tarsal plate resection may be useful for an established atonic ectropion, or in a primary blepharoplasty or in secondary blepharoplasty patients with atonic lower lids. It should not cause detectable scarring.", "contents": "Use of tarsal plate resection in blepharoplasty on atonic lower lids. We did blepharoplasties with tarsal plate resections on 24 lower lids in 13 patients, two of whom had an established ectropion and 11 of whom had a tendency to a lax ectropion. No ectropion developed in these high risk patients. The tarsal plate resection may be useful for an established atonic ectropion, or in a primary blepharoplasty or in secondary blepharoplasty patients with atonic lower lids. It should not cause detectable scarring.", "PMID": 850702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9279", "title": "Blepharoplasty in patients with an anophthalmic orbit.", "content": "Blepharoplasty in the patient with an anophthalmic orbit is discussed. The different principles involved in dealing with lids on the normal side and the anophthalmic side are outlined.", "contents": "Blepharoplasty in patients with an anophthalmic orbit. Blepharoplasty in the patient with an anophthalmic orbit is discussed. The different principles involved in dealing with lids on the normal side and the anophthalmic side are outlined.", "PMID": 850703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9280", "title": "Correction of cleft lip nasal deformity. A refinement of an older method.", "content": "A method to correct the cleft lip nasal deformity is described. It consists of complete mobilization of the alar cartilage, and keeping it in position with two lifting thread loops which are anchored to the dorsal part of the septal cartilage.", "contents": "Correction of cleft lip nasal deformity. A refinement of an older method. A method to correct the cleft lip nasal deformity is described. It consists of complete mobilization of the alar cartilage, and keeping it in position with two lifting thread loops which are anchored to the dorsal part of the septal cartilage.", "PMID": 850704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9281", "title": "The study of hematomas in 500 consecutive face lifts.", "content": "Our incidence of hematoma in 500 consecutive face lifts was 2.6 percent, of which 1.6 percent were severe enough to need evacuation. This incidence of hematoma correlated well with the blood pressures of patients on admission; when the pressure was above 150/100 mm Hg on admission, hematoma occurred 2.6 times more frequently than in normotensive patients. Our premedication regime and hypotensive therapy was effective in reducing preoperative hypertension to normotensive levels in most, but not all, patients. However, this reduction of the postoperative blood pressure to normal levels did not prevent hematoma formation entirely.", "contents": "The study of hematomas in 500 consecutive face lifts. Our incidence of hematoma in 500 consecutive face lifts was 2.6 percent, of which 1.6 percent were severe enough to need evacuation. This incidence of hematoma correlated well with the blood pressures of patients on admission; when the pressure was above 150/100 mm Hg on admission, hematoma occurred 2.6 times more frequently than in normotensive patients. Our premedication regime and hypotensive therapy was effective in reducing preoperative hypertension to normotensive levels in most, but not all, patients. However, this reduction of the postoperative blood pressure to normal levels did not prevent hematoma formation entirely.", "PMID": 850705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9282", "title": "The pathogenesis of premature craniosynostosis in acrocephalosyndactyly (Apert's syndrome). A reconsideration.", "content": "A detailed examination of a stillborn fetus with Apert's syndrome showed several unexpected findings, which prompted a reevaluation of the heretofore generally accepted hypotheses regarding the cause of the dysmorphic craniofacial features in this syndrome. (1) The characteristic clinical features of Apert's syndrome were present at 24 to 26 weeks of gestation, and presumably much earlier. (2) However, there was no evidence, clinical or histological, of premature fusion of any of the cranial sutures or basilar synchondroses in this fetus. From our observations, and from a critical review of the literature, we conclude that the characteristic craniofacial malformations of Apert's syndrome are not caused by premature fusion of the cranial sutures, as has been commonly postulated. Rather, a malformation of the skull base is the most likely primary morphological event, and it leads to the characteristic dysmorphic facies, then secondarily to premature craniosynostosis. We believe the nature of the malformation is related to an abnormality in the bones which comprise the cranial base base (e.g. the sphenoid, ethmoid, and occipital bones) and to abnormal spatial relationships between the cribriform plate and the crista galli, resulting in a positional disarrangement of the points of basal attachment of the dura matter. The latter, then, precludes the normal response of the neurocranium to the forces produced by the growing brain. The synostosis is viewed as a symptom, rather than as a cause, of the dysmorphic craniofacial features typical of Apert's syndrome.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of premature craniosynostosis in acrocephalosyndactyly (Apert's syndrome). A reconsideration. A detailed examination of a stillborn fetus with Apert's syndrome showed several unexpected findings, which prompted a reevaluation of the heretofore generally accepted hypotheses regarding the cause of the dysmorphic craniofacial features in this syndrome. (1) The characteristic clinical features of Apert's syndrome were present at 24 to 26 weeks of gestation, and presumably much earlier. (2) However, there was no evidence, clinical or histological, of premature fusion of any of the cranial sutures or basilar synchondroses in this fetus. From our observations, and from a critical review of the literature, we conclude that the characteristic craniofacial malformations of Apert's syndrome are not caused by premature fusion of the cranial sutures, as has been commonly postulated. Rather, a malformation of the skull base is the most likely primary morphological event, and it leads to the characteristic dysmorphic facies, then secondarily to premature craniosynostosis. We believe the nature of the malformation is related to an abnormality in the bones which comprise the cranial base base (e.g. the sphenoid, ethmoid, and occipital bones) and to abnormal spatial relationships between the cribriform plate and the crista galli, resulting in a positional disarrangement of the points of basal attachment of the dura matter. The latter, then, precludes the normal response of the neurocranium to the forces produced by the growing brain. The synostosis is viewed as a symptom, rather than as a cause, of the dysmorphic craniofacial features typical of Apert's syndrome.", "PMID": 850706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9283", "title": "The effects of steroid instillations and hematomas on the pseudosheaths around miniature breast implants in rats.", "content": "In a controlled study in rats, neither the instillation of steroids nor the presence of hematoma alone had a significant effect on pseudosheath thickness or on the intra-prosthetic pressure of mammary implants. The presence of hematoma plus steroid instillation did, however, cause an increased intra-prosthetic pressure, but these did not cause a change in the thickness of the pseudosheath.", "contents": "The effects of steroid instillations and hematomas on the pseudosheaths around miniature breast implants in rats. In a controlled study in rats, neither the instillation of steroids nor the presence of hematoma alone had a significant effect on pseudosheath thickness or on the intra-prosthetic pressure of mammary implants. The presence of hematoma plus steroid instillation did, however, cause an increased intra-prosthetic pressure, but these did not cause a change in the thickness of the pseudosheath.", "PMID": 850707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9284", "title": "Metastatic basal cell carcinoma. Report of four cases.", "content": "Four cases of metastasizing basal cell carcinoma, one occurring in the basal cell nevoid syndrome, are presented. Two patients are surviving without evidence of additional metastases. One patient died from cerebral involvement 31/2 years after a lymph node metastasis was established by aspiration biopsy. One patient died from complications of cerebral palsy one year after a metastasis to a regional lymph node was discovered in the primary resection of the neoplasm. Only 90 cases of metastases from basal cell carcinoma have been reported previously.", "contents": "Metastatic basal cell carcinoma. Report of four cases. Four cases of metastasizing basal cell carcinoma, one occurring in the basal cell nevoid syndrome, are presented. Two patients are surviving without evidence of additional metastases. One patient died from cerebral involvement 31/2 years after a lymph node metastasis was established by aspiration biopsy. One patient died from complications of cerebral palsy one year after a metastasis to a regional lymph node was discovered in the primary resection of the neoplasm. Only 90 cases of metastases from basal cell carcinoma have been reported previously.", "PMID": 850712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9285", "title": "Cor pulmonale secondary to cleft palate repair. Case report.", "content": "A case of cor pulmonale occurred as a complication of a simultaneous palatoplasty and a superiorly-based pharyngeal flap. The patient, like two others found in the literature, had micrognathia. The cor pulmonale was not recognized in the immediate postoperative period but presented two years later with \"failure to thrive.\" Therefore, surgeons must make other members of the health care team aware of this possible complication of combined palatoplasty and pharyngeal flap operations.", "contents": "Cor pulmonale secondary to cleft palate repair. Case report. A case of cor pulmonale occurred as a complication of a simultaneous palatoplasty and a superiorly-based pharyngeal flap. The patient, like two others found in the literature, had micrognathia. The cor pulmonale was not recognized in the immediate postoperative period but presented two years later with \"failure to thrive.\" Therefore, surgeons must make other members of the health care team aware of this possible complication of combined palatoplasty and pharyngeal flap operations.", "PMID": 850713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9286", "title": "Esthesioneuroblastoma. Case report.", "content": "We present a case of esthesioneuroblastoma, and we emphasize the importance of considering this tumor in the differential diagnosis of primary intranasal carcinomas. Although the tumor is uncommon, we feel that many cases have been misdiagnosed histologically. The typical history in these patients is one of intermittent recurring epistaxis or nasal destruction and frequently, at the time of the initial examination, the tumor has reached a considerable size with evidence of local invasion.", "contents": "Esthesioneuroblastoma. Case report. We present a case of esthesioneuroblastoma, and we emphasize the importance of considering this tumor in the differential diagnosis of primary intranasal carcinomas. Although the tumor is uncommon, we feel that many cases have been misdiagnosed histologically. The typical history in these patients is one of intermittent recurring epistaxis or nasal destruction and frequently, at the time of the initial examination, the tumor has reached a considerable size with evidence of local invasion.", "PMID": 850715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9287", "title": "[Morphometric differentiation of tumor and inflammation in angiography (author's transl)].", "content": "The angiographic differential diagnosis of malignant, benign and inflammatory lesions should be facilitated by mathematical analysis of the underlying vascular structure. A rotating screen with parallel lines -- especially developed for this purpose -- is used for the first time to verify statistically essential criteria in tumor diagnosis. Random samples are taken from 2 kidneys with severe inflammatory lesions and 1 hypernephroma in order to extract mathematical indices for fluctuation of caliber, vascular avulsion, change of direction and diameter. The index for the flucutation of caliber is the single most important criterion to differentiate the vascular structure of tumor and inflammation.", "contents": "[Morphometric differentiation of tumor and inflammation in angiography (author's transl)]. The angiographic differential diagnosis of malignant, benign and inflammatory lesions should be facilitated by mathematical analysis of the underlying vascular structure. A rotating screen with parallel lines -- especially developed for this purpose -- is used for the first time to verify statistically essential criteria in tumor diagnosis. Random samples are taken from 2 kidneys with severe inflammatory lesions and 1 hypernephroma in order to extract mathematical indices for fluctuation of caliber, vascular avulsion, change of direction and diameter. The index for the flucutation of caliber is the single most important criterion to differentiate the vascular structure of tumor and inflammation.", "PMID": 850738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9288", "title": "[Experimental studies on tumor vascularization (author's transl)].", "content": "The development of tumor vascularization of subcutaneously and intramuscularly implanted myelosarcoma I 58 of the rat was investigated. Various stages of tumor development were studied by arteriography, venography and microangiography. The roentgenographic signs known intravital angiography are related to the temporal sequence of the tumor development. The most significant signs during the period of observation are increase of number, dilatation and winding of arteries and veins in the tumor area. These alterations are observed earlier and more pronounced at the veins. Following subcutaneous tumor implantation, in all developmental stages there is a concentric arrangement of the tumor vessels with a dense peripheral tumor vascularization around an avascular tumor center. Contrary to this, following intramuscular tumor implantation, diffuse penetration of the tumor with vessels is observed. A peripheral vascularization type occurs with necrosis which is combined by an avascular tumor center. Already in the medium stage of tumor development signs of arterio-venous shunts occur regularly. Central tumor necrosis leads to extravasation of contrast medium which is known as a late tumor sign. The vascular pattern of the myelosarcoma T 58 is not only determined by the temporal sequence but also by the location of the tumor.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on tumor vascularization (author's transl)]. The development of tumor vascularization of subcutaneously and intramuscularly implanted myelosarcoma I 58 of the rat was investigated. Various stages of tumor development were studied by arteriography, venography and microangiography. The roentgenographic signs known intravital angiography are related to the temporal sequence of the tumor development. The most significant signs during the period of observation are increase of number, dilatation and winding of arteries and veins in the tumor area. These alterations are observed earlier and more pronounced at the veins. Following subcutaneous tumor implantation, in all developmental stages there is a concentric arrangement of the tumor vessels with a dense peripheral tumor vascularization around an avascular tumor center. Contrary to this, following intramuscular tumor implantation, diffuse penetration of the tumor with vessels is observed. A peripheral vascularization type occurs with necrosis which is combined by an avascular tumor center. Already in the medium stage of tumor development signs of arterio-venous shunts occur regularly. Central tumor necrosis leads to extravasation of contrast medium which is known as a late tumor sign. The vascular pattern of the myelosarcoma T 58 is not only determined by the temporal sequence but also by the location of the tumor.", "PMID": 850739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9289", "title": "Angiography in giant cell tumors.", "content": "Angiography in 9 cases of giant cell tumors of bone is described. All cases had a greatly increased vascularity of the lesion, with concomitant increase in the diameter of the supplying arteries and draining veins. The arterial branching on the surface as well as within the tumor seemed specific of giant cell tumors. Arteriovenous shunting was marked. There was a marked, long-lasting, non-homogeneous tumor stain. Examination with angiotensin enhanced the pathologic findings. The angiographic appearance, often simulating malignancy, combined with the appearance of the skeletal films, make the diagnosis of giant cell tumor almost certain. Difficulties will be expereinced in differentiating giant cell tumors from metastatic deposits, especially in the spine.", "contents": "Angiography in giant cell tumors. Angiography in 9 cases of giant cell tumors of bone is described. All cases had a greatly increased vascularity of the lesion, with concomitant increase in the diameter of the supplying arteries and draining veins. The arterial branching on the surface as well as within the tumor seemed specific of giant cell tumors. Arteriovenous shunting was marked. There was a marked, long-lasting, non-homogeneous tumor stain. Examination with angiotensin enhanced the pathologic findings. The angiographic appearance, often simulating malignancy, combined with the appearance of the skeletal films, make the diagnosis of giant cell tumor almost certain. Difficulties will be expereinced in differentiating giant cell tumors from metastatic deposits, especially in the spine.", "PMID": 850740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9290", "title": "[Pelvic phlebography by injection of contrast medium into the profundal dorsal penis vein for evaluation of tumor spread in cancer of the urinary bladder and prostate (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Tumors with infiltration of the mucosa and submucosa (T1) as muscularis (T2) do not cause anatomical alterations of visceral and parietal pelvic veins, as numerous phlebographies have confirmed. Internal pudendal veins and vessels of the bladder and prostate are involved in all patients with infiltration of bladder tumors into the paravesical tissue or prostate. -- 2. Phlebographic signs for metastatic lymph node involvement in carcinoma of the urinary bladder were observed in 24.5% (T2 in 11.7%, T3 in 33.8%, T4 in 25% of cases). These lesions were absent in tumors which involved the mucosal and submucosal layers (T1) only. -- 3. Alterations of the venous plexus depend on the extent of malignant infiltration in carcinoma of the urinary bladder. These can be recognized in stage II. -- 4. Pelvic phlebography may be helpful in differentiation of carcinomas and adenomas of the prostate.", "contents": "[Pelvic phlebography by injection of contrast medium into the profundal dorsal penis vein for evaluation of tumor spread in cancer of the urinary bladder and prostate (author's transl)]. 1. Tumors with infiltration of the mucosa and submucosa (T1) as muscularis (T2) do not cause anatomical alterations of visceral and parietal pelvic veins, as numerous phlebographies have confirmed. Internal pudendal veins and vessels of the bladder and prostate are involved in all patients with infiltration of bladder tumors into the paravesical tissue or prostate. -- 2. Phlebographic signs for metastatic lymph node involvement in carcinoma of the urinary bladder were observed in 24.5% (T2 in 11.7%, T3 in 33.8%, T4 in 25% of cases). These lesions were absent in tumors which involved the mucosal and submucosal layers (T1) only. -- 3. Alterations of the venous plexus depend on the extent of malignant infiltration in carcinoma of the urinary bladder. These can be recognized in stage II. -- 4. Pelvic phlebography may be helpful in differentiation of carcinomas and adenomas of the prostate.", "PMID": 850741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9291", "title": "Radiologic manifestations of pelvic lipomatosis.", "content": "Ten male patients with pelvic lipomatosis are herein reported and the clinical and radiological features of the disease are reviewed. The main criteria for the preoperative diagnosis of pelvic lipomatosis include: a) radiolucency of the pelvic soft tissues with a normal to slightly increased vascularity on pelvic arteriography; b) deformity and anterior deviation of the urinary bladder together with various degrees of obstructive uropathy; and c) tubular narrowing of the rectum and upward displacement of the sigmoid colon and small intestine. The associated symptoms are usually variable degrees of dysuria, constipation, and frequently hypertension. Surgical excision of the pelvic lipomatous tissue is of limited value in the management of this disease.", "contents": "Radiologic manifestations of pelvic lipomatosis. Ten male patients with pelvic lipomatosis are herein reported and the clinical and radiological features of the disease are reviewed. The main criteria for the preoperative diagnosis of pelvic lipomatosis include: a) radiolucency of the pelvic soft tissues with a normal to slightly increased vascularity on pelvic arteriography; b) deformity and anterior deviation of the urinary bladder together with various degrees of obstructive uropathy; and c) tubular narrowing of the rectum and upward displacement of the sigmoid colon and small intestine. The associated symptoms are usually variable degrees of dysuria, constipation, and frequently hypertension. Surgical excision of the pelvic lipomatous tissue is of limited value in the management of this disease.", "PMID": 850742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9292", "title": "[The merits of transaxillary aortography with a special catheter (author's transl)].", "content": "230 percutaneous transaxillary aortographies are described using a new type of catheter which simplifies the catherterization and diminishes complications. There is no difference between the complication rate of the transaxillary and the transfemoral techniques. The translumbal approach shows significantly more serious complications. Transaxillary rather than translumbal aortography seems to be the examination of choice in patients with bilateral femoral artery occlusive disease.", "contents": "[The merits of transaxillary aortography with a special catheter (author's transl)]. 230 percutaneous transaxillary aortographies are described using a new type of catheter which simplifies the catherterization and diminishes complications. There is no difference between the complication rate of the transaxillary and the transfemoral techniques. The translumbal approach shows significantly more serious complications. Transaxillary rather than translumbal aortography seems to be the examination of choice in patients with bilateral femoral artery occlusive disease.", "PMID": 850743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9293", "title": "Tumor vessels. Angiographic-histopathologic correlation.", "content": "The operative or autopsy specimens of 20 cases of renal carcinoma, 10 cases of pancreatic carcinoma and 10 cases of malignant glioma were studied histopathologically and compared with the in vivo angiographic findings. The study was focused on the presence or not of newly formed tumor vessels trying to eludicate if the abnormal vessels seen on angiography are newly formed tumor vessels or altered preexisting vessels.", "contents": "Tumor vessels. Angiographic-histopathologic correlation. The operative or autopsy specimens of 20 cases of renal carcinoma, 10 cases of pancreatic carcinoma and 10 cases of malignant glioma were studied histopathologically and compared with the in vivo angiographic findings. The study was focused on the presence or not of newly formed tumor vessels trying to eludicate if the abnormal vessels seen on angiography are newly formed tumor vessels or altered preexisting vessels.", "PMID": 850744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9294", "title": "Recurrent effusion in the synovectomized knee joint.", "content": "This report concerns a number of patients affected by recurrent effusion of the knee joint. Synovectomy was performed on 62 knees representing various diagnostic groups, e.g. indefinite synovitis, chronic effusion induced by osteoarthritis, effusion caused by traumatic lesion, synovitis of rheumatoid origin, pigmented villonodular synovitis and tuberculous synovitis. 47 knees were inspected at a follow-up study after 5 years (on average). Good results were noted for 36% of the patients, fair results for 45% and poor results for 19%. The best results were achieved in the following diagnostic groups: indefinite synovitis, synovitis caused by traumatic leasion, and synobitis of rheumatoid origin. On the whole, the results were somewhat better after subtotal than after partial synovectomy.", "contents": "Recurrent effusion in the synovectomized knee joint. This report concerns a number of patients affected by recurrent effusion of the knee joint. Synovectomy was performed on 62 knees representing various diagnostic groups, e.g. indefinite synovitis, chronic effusion induced by osteoarthritis, effusion caused by traumatic lesion, synovitis of rheumatoid origin, pigmented villonodular synovitis and tuberculous synovitis. 47 knees were inspected at a follow-up study after 5 years (on average). Good results were noted for 36% of the patients, fair results for 45% and poor results for 19%. The best results were achieved in the following diagnostic groups: indefinite synovitis, synovitis caused by traumatic leasion, and synobitis of rheumatoid origin. On the whole, the results were somewhat better after subtotal than after partial synovectomy.", "PMID": 850777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9295", "title": "Dissociation of acetylsalicylic acid in blood and joint fluid.", "content": "Assay method in blood of 30 patients, who had ingested 0.6 g buffered aspirin, showed earlier appearance of acetylsalicylate (ASA) than of de-acetylated salicylate (SA); the values for ASA averaged 7.7 min, and for SA, 10.9 min. Similarly in joint fluid, ASA appeared earlier than SA; the values of ASA averaged 19.4 min, and those for SA, 21.9 min. Transport times did not differ significantly between ASA and SA in most types of synovitis. Close to maximum concentrations in blood averaged 18.9 mg/l for total salicylates (TSA), 3.3 mg/l for ASA, and 23.3 mg/l for SA, whereas maximum concentrations in joint fluid averaged 15.7 mg/l for TSA, 2.5 mg/l for ASA, and 14.5 mg/l for SA. ASA in blood initially consituted 65% of TSA and decreased to less than measurable amounts 75 min after intake. Joint fluid initially contained a somewhat smaller maximal proportion of ASA, but de-acetylation progressed more slowly than in blood; ASA decreased to undetectable levels within 140-145 min after intake.", "contents": "Dissociation of acetylsalicylic acid in blood and joint fluid. Assay method in blood of 30 patients, who had ingested 0.6 g buffered aspirin, showed earlier appearance of acetylsalicylate (ASA) than of de-acetylated salicylate (SA); the values for ASA averaged 7.7 min, and for SA, 10.9 min. Similarly in joint fluid, ASA appeared earlier than SA; the values of ASA averaged 19.4 min, and those for SA, 21.9 min. Transport times did not differ significantly between ASA and SA in most types of synovitis. Close to maximum concentrations in blood averaged 18.9 mg/l for total salicylates (TSA), 3.3 mg/l for ASA, and 23.3 mg/l for SA, whereas maximum concentrations in joint fluid averaged 15.7 mg/l for TSA, 2.5 mg/l for ASA, and 14.5 mg/l for SA. ASA in blood initially consituted 65% of TSA and decreased to less than measurable amounts 75 min after intake. Joint fluid initially contained a somewhat smaller maximal proportion of ASA, but de-acetylation progressed more slowly than in blood; ASA decreased to undetectable levels within 140-145 min after intake.", "PMID": 850778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9296", "title": "Chemical synovectomy with Varicocid in rheumatoid arthritis--further results.", "content": "Varicoid was administered to 170 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, to 11 patients with a diagnostically uncertain monarthritis, to 12 patients with exudative gonarthrosis and also to 4 patients with lupus erythematodes visceralis. A total of 262 joints were treated. The short-term results, which were evaluated 4 weeks after the administration of Varicocid, revealed improvement is 95% of the patients. After 12 months, 46% of the patients were found to be free from symptoms within the area of the treated joint, and 33% of the patients showed a considerable improvement. An objectively evident improvement was found in 35 out of 40 patients with rheumatoid arthritis followed up over a period of 3 years. Comparable results after treatment with Varicocid were also obtained in patients suffering from any one of the above-mentioned rheumatic diseases. A new inflammation activity/function index for the evaluation of the local joint therapy has been used. The first investigations both of function and of morphology of the synovial membrane treated with Varicocid are reported. In our opinion, chemical synovectomy with Varicocid fills a gap in the therapy of the rheumatoid arthritis. The essential value of this type of therapy is the absence of toxicity, a temporary increase in local reactions only, and also a continuous improvement, especially in early cases.", "contents": "Chemical synovectomy with Varicocid in rheumatoid arthritis--further results. Varicoid was administered to 170 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, to 11 patients with a diagnostically uncertain monarthritis, to 12 patients with exudative gonarthrosis and also to 4 patients with lupus erythematodes visceralis. A total of 262 joints were treated. The short-term results, which were evaluated 4 weeks after the administration of Varicocid, revealed improvement is 95% of the patients. After 12 months, 46% of the patients were found to be free from symptoms within the area of the treated joint, and 33% of the patients showed a considerable improvement. An objectively evident improvement was found in 35 out of 40 patients with rheumatoid arthritis followed up over a period of 3 years. Comparable results after treatment with Varicocid were also obtained in patients suffering from any one of the above-mentioned rheumatic diseases. A new inflammation activity/function index for the evaluation of the local joint therapy has been used. The first investigations both of function and of morphology of the synovial membrane treated with Varicocid are reported. In our opinion, chemical synovectomy with Varicocid fills a gap in the therapy of the rheumatoid arthritis. The essential value of this type of therapy is the absence of toxicity, a temporary increase in local reactions only, and also a continuous improvement, especially in early cases.", "PMID": 850779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9297", "title": "Glycosaminoglycans in human articular cartilage of the lower femoral epiphysis in osteoarthrosis.", "content": "Biopsy specimens of human articular cartilage were taken from the caudal summits and from the posterior part of both epicondyles of the right lower femoral epiphysis of 20 individuals within 12 hours post mortem. 12 articular surfaces were normal and 8 included changes attributable to osteoarthrosis. In one individual with osteoarthrotic changes the articular cartilage surface was subjected to a more detailed study. CPC- and ECTEOLA-cellulose column chromatography of glycosaminoglycans was performed and the content and collagen contents were determined. A reduced ratio of chondroitin to keratan sulphates in articular cartilage was found to be related to age. In osteoarthrosis this change was more pronounced and both chondroitin sulphate and keratan sulphate were of lower molecular weight and/or sulphate content. On approaching eburnized cartilage surfaces, decreasing concentrations of glycosaminoglycans were found, concomitant with a corresponding increase in non-collagenous proteins. No change in hyaluronic acid concentration was found with advancing age or in osteoarthrosis.", "contents": "Glycosaminoglycans in human articular cartilage of the lower femoral epiphysis in osteoarthrosis. Biopsy specimens of human articular cartilage were taken from the caudal summits and from the posterior part of both epicondyles of the right lower femoral epiphysis of 20 individuals within 12 hours post mortem. 12 articular surfaces were normal and 8 included changes attributable to osteoarthrosis. In one individual with osteoarthrotic changes the articular cartilage surface was subjected to a more detailed study. CPC- and ECTEOLA-cellulose column chromatography of glycosaminoglycans was performed and the content and collagen contents were determined. A reduced ratio of chondroitin to keratan sulphates in articular cartilage was found to be related to age. In osteoarthrosis this change was more pronounced and both chondroitin sulphate and keratan sulphate were of lower molecular weight and/or sulphate content. On approaching eburnized cartilage surfaces, decreasing concentrations of glycosaminoglycans were found, concomitant with a corresponding increase in non-collagenous proteins. No change in hyaluronic acid concentration was found with advancing age or in osteoarthrosis.", "PMID": 850780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9298", "title": "Association of bacteriuria and rheumatoid factors in a population sample.", "content": "To obtain further information on the possible association of bacteriuria and RFs on the population level, an epidemiological study was carried out among middle-aged women in a rural area. Fifty-five of ther 1223 women aged 40-64 years had bacteriuria and 31 were under treatment for urinary tract infection. The latex test was twice as often positive among the bacteriuria women as among the persons under treatment and the age-matched controls. The association was noted in the same way in persons with symptoms and signs suggestive of RA and in those with no evidence of this disease.", "contents": "Association of bacteriuria and rheumatoid factors in a population sample. To obtain further information on the possible association of bacteriuria and RFs on the population level, an epidemiological study was carried out among middle-aged women in a rural area. Fifty-five of ther 1223 women aged 40-64 years had bacteriuria and 31 were under treatment for urinary tract infection. The latex test was twice as often positive among the bacteriuria women as among the persons under treatment and the age-matched controls. The association was noted in the same way in persons with symptoms and signs suggestive of RA and in those with no evidence of this disease.", "PMID": 850781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9299", "title": "Neutrophil function in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "In order to determine the endocytic ability and metabolic capacity of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, 45 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were compared with a series of control subjects. Two in vitro tests were performed in each patient: the phagocytic index (Brandt's technique) and the nitro-blue tetrazolium reduction test (Braehner & Nathan's technique). These two tests show a significant decrease in comparison with controls, the NBT reduction being modified only in stimulated leukocytes. This finding, in contrast to previously reported studies based on different techniques, underlines the existence of a functional modification of blood polymorphonuclear neutrophils in rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Neutrophil function in rheumatoid arthritis. In order to determine the endocytic ability and metabolic capacity of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, 45 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were compared with a series of control subjects. Two in vitro tests were performed in each patient: the phagocytic index (Brandt's technique) and the nitro-blue tetrazolium reduction test (Braehner & Nathan's technique). These two tests show a significant decrease in comparison with controls, the NBT reduction being modified only in stimulated leukocytes. This finding, in contrast to previously reported studies based on different techniques, underlines the existence of a functional modification of blood polymorphonuclear neutrophils in rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 850782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9300", "title": "The status of the gene map of the human chromosomes.", "content": "In man, the specific chromosome that carries each of about 210 gene loci is known. These loci include at least one assigned to each chromosome (including the Y), about 110 assigned to specific autosomes, and about 100 to the X chromosome. For many loci, information on regional chromosomal localization is also available. The information comes mainly from studies in families and somatic cell hybrids, as well as an intgratsight of results from the two methods. Knowledge of the chromosome map gives insight into evolution, chromosomal organization in relation to genetic control mechanisms, and the pathogenesis of neoplasms and malformations. Furthermore, it is useful in prenatal or premorbid diagnosis of hereditary diseases.", "contents": "The status of the gene map of the human chromosomes. In man, the specific chromosome that carries each of about 210 gene loci is known. These loci include at least one assigned to each chromosome (including the Y), about 110 assigned to specific autosomes, and about 100 to the X chromosome. For many loci, information on regional chromosomal localization is also available. The information comes mainly from studies in families and somatic cell hybrids, as well as an intgratsight of results from the two methods. Knowledge of the chromosome map gives insight into evolution, chromosomal organization in relation to genetic control mechanisms, and the pathogenesis of neoplasms and malformations. Furthermore, it is useful in prenatal or premorbid diagnosis of hereditary diseases.", "PMID": 850784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9301", "title": "Laser interferometer measurement of changes in crayfish axon diameter concurrent with action potential.", "content": "Small rapid changes in the diameter of an axon takes place when an action potential progresses along the axon. In the giant axon of the crayfish these occur within a period of about 1 millisecond and are typically about 18 angstroms in total amplitude.", "contents": "Laser interferometer measurement of changes in crayfish axon diameter concurrent with action potential. Small rapid changes in the diameter of an axon takes place when an action potential progresses along the axon. In the giant axon of the crayfish these occur within a period of about 1 millisecond and are typically about 18 angstroms in total amplitude.", "PMID": 850785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9302", "title": "Elemental sulfur: accumulation in different species of fungi.", "content": "Sulfur, in elemental form, is present in several fungi especially in self-inhibited and resting structures such as dormant spores and sclerotia. The possible importance of sulfur in fungal spore dormancy is discussed.", "contents": "Elemental sulfur: accumulation in different species of fungi. Sulfur, in elemental form, is present in several fungi especially in self-inhibited and resting structures such as dormant spores and sclerotia. The possible importance of sulfur in fungal spore dormancy is discussed.", "PMID": 850786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9303", "title": "A luminous bacterium that emits yellow light.", "content": "A strain of Photobacterium fischeri that emits yellow light has been isolated from seawater. The bimodal spectrum, which is unique among the luminous bacteria, consists of a major band with a maximum at 545 nanometers and a minor band with a maximum at 500 nanometers. The former represents a heretofore unreported range of emission for luminous bacteria, while the latter coincides with the emission spectrum of typical blue-greeen-emitting strains of P. fischeri. The relative contributions of these two bands to the total in vivo luminescence changes as a function of ambient temperature. When luciferase is extracted and luminescence observed in vitro, the emission is entirely blue-green, identical with that of luciferase isolated from other strains of P. fischeri.", "contents": "A luminous bacterium that emits yellow light. A strain of Photobacterium fischeri that emits yellow light has been isolated from seawater. The bimodal spectrum, which is unique among the luminous bacteria, consists of a major band with a maximum at 545 nanometers and a minor band with a maximum at 500 nanometers. The former represents a heretofore unreported range of emission for luminous bacteria, while the latter coincides with the emission spectrum of typical blue-greeen-emitting strains of P. fischeri. The relative contributions of these two bands to the total in vivo luminescence changes as a function of ambient temperature. When luciferase is extracted and luminescence observed in vitro, the emission is entirely blue-green, identical with that of luciferase isolated from other strains of P. fischeri.", "PMID": 850787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9304", "title": "Major innervation of newborn rat cortex by monoaminergic neurons.", "content": "A major monoaminergic innervation in infant rat neocortex, predominantly in layer IV, has been demonstrated by ultrastructural and biochemical studies after the administration of exogenous catecholamine precursors and congeners. One-third of all cortical synapses have an uptake-storage mechanism for catecholamines. In newborn cortex, the storage capacity for catecholamines is tenfold greater than the endogenous levels, and the uptake-storage mechanism matures earlier than the ability to synthesize neurotransmitter.", "contents": "Major innervation of newborn rat cortex by monoaminergic neurons. A major monoaminergic innervation in infant rat neocortex, predominantly in layer IV, has been demonstrated by ultrastructural and biochemical studies after the administration of exogenous catecholamine precursors and congeners. One-third of all cortical synapses have an uptake-storage mechanism for catecholamines. In newborn cortex, the storage capacity for catecholamines is tenfold greater than the endogenous levels, and the uptake-storage mechanism matures earlier than the ability to synthesize neurotransmitter.", "PMID": 850788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9305", "title": "Trigeminal substrates of intracranial self-stimulation in the brainstem.", "content": "Intracranial self-stimulation was elicited by electrodes located in the trigeminal motor nucleus of the rat. Rebound jaw movements were also elicited at postiive self-stimulation placements, but control experiments revealed that the lever pressing was not a motor artifact. It is suggested the modulation of trigeminal motoneurons may serve as an important reinforcement mechanism in the brainstem.", "contents": "Trigeminal substrates of intracranial self-stimulation in the brainstem. Intracranial self-stimulation was elicited by electrodes located in the trigeminal motor nucleus of the rat. Rebound jaw movements were also elicited at postiive self-stimulation placements, but control experiments revealed that the lever pressing was not a motor artifact. It is suggested the modulation of trigeminal motoneurons may serve as an important reinforcement mechanism in the brainstem.", "PMID": 850789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9306", "title": "Assortative mating by unwed biological parents of adopted children.", "content": "Analyses of data obtained from 662 unwed couples whose children were relinquished for adoption reveal that biological parents of adopted children mate assortatively. For physical characters, assortative mating of unwed parents was similar to that of wed parents; for behavior characters, however, there was less assortative mating by the unwed parents. Because assortative mating inflates estimates of genetic parameters in adoption studies, future studies should collect information on both biological parents.", "contents": "Assortative mating by unwed biological parents of adopted children. Analyses of data obtained from 662 unwed couples whose children were relinquished for adoption reveal that biological parents of adopted children mate assortatively. For physical characters, assortative mating of unwed parents was similar to that of wed parents; for behavior characters, however, there was less assortative mating by the unwed parents. Because assortative mating inflates estimates of genetic parameters in adoption studies, future studies should collect information on both biological parents.", "PMID": 850790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9307", "title": "Vibrotactile pattern perception: extraordinary observers.", "content": "Two sighted peopled showed a remarkable ability to perceive vibrotactile patterns generated by the Optacon, a reading aid for the blind. These individuals were able to read at very high rates, 70 to 100 words per minute, through their fingertips. Additional testing showed them to be much better than other people at discriminating and recognizing vibrotactile patterns.", "contents": "Vibrotactile pattern perception: extraordinary observers. Two sighted peopled showed a remarkable ability to perceive vibrotactile patterns generated by the Optacon, a reading aid for the blind. These individuals were able to read at very high rates, 70 to 100 words per minute, through their fingertips. Additional testing showed them to be much better than other people at discriminating and recognizing vibrotactile patterns.", "PMID": 850791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9308", "title": "The elusive rise in the American birthrate.", "content": "In summary, (i) neither an immediate nor a dramatic increase in fertility will be required during the next few years for young married women to realize their family-size expectations; (ii) annual fertility trends in California do not provide a useful indicator of annual fertility trends at the national level; (iii) recent economic trends appear to merit considerable attention in an assessment of furture fertility prospects. An examination of recent economic conditions suggests that a substantial increase in annual fertility is unlikely to occur immediately. It would be more likely to occur when the current unfavorable economic conditions have been eliminated.", "contents": "The elusive rise in the American birthrate. In summary, (i) neither an immediate nor a dramatic increase in fertility will be required during the next few years for young married women to realize their family-size expectations; (ii) annual fertility trends in California do not provide a useful indicator of annual fertility trends at the national level; (iii) recent economic trends appear to merit considerable attention in an assessment of furture fertility prospects. An examination of recent economic conditions suggests that a substantial increase in annual fertility is unlikely to occur immediately. It would be more likely to occur when the current unfavorable economic conditions have been eliminated.", "PMID": 850792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9309", "title": "Myasthenic immunoglobulin accelerates acetylcholine receptor degradation.", "content": "Degradation of acetylcholine receptors by cultured rat skeletal muscle cells was determined from the release of 125I from bound 125I-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin. Addition of immunoglobulin from patients with myasthenia gravis to the culture medium accelerated the degradation rate to a mean of 8.51 +/- 0.44 percent per hour, compared with the mean control rate of 3.97 +/- 0.14 percent per hour (P less than .001). A similar mechanism may possibly be involved in the autoimmune pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis in man.", "contents": "Myasthenic immunoglobulin accelerates acetylcholine receptor degradation. Degradation of acetylcholine receptors by cultured rat skeletal muscle cells was determined from the release of 125I from bound 125I-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin. Addition of immunoglobulin from patients with myasthenia gravis to the culture medium accelerated the degradation rate to a mean of 8.51 +/- 0.44 percent per hour, compared with the mean control rate of 3.97 +/- 0.14 percent per hour (P less than .001). A similar mechanism may possibly be involved in the autoimmune pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis in man.", "PMID": 850793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9310", "title": "Venereal transmission of La Crosse (California encephalitis) arbovirus in Aedes triseriatus mosquitoes.", "content": "Veneral transmission of La Crosse virus by males of Aedes triseriatus was demonstrated. La Crosse virus was detected in the bursa of females after induced copulation, and disseminated infection was shown to occur occasionally. Since males of Aedes triseriatus have transovarial filial infection rates similar to those of females and can repeatedly mate, veneral transmission may be an important supplement to other natural endemic maintenance mechanisms.", "contents": "Venereal transmission of La Crosse (California encephalitis) arbovirus in Aedes triseriatus mosquitoes. Veneral transmission of La Crosse virus by males of Aedes triseriatus was demonstrated. La Crosse virus was detected in the bursa of females after induced copulation, and disseminated infection was shown to occur occasionally. Since males of Aedes triseriatus have transovarial filial infection rates similar to those of females and can repeatedly mate, veneral transmission may be an important supplement to other natural endemic maintenance mechanisms.", "PMID": 850794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9311", "title": "Internal calcium changes in a bursting pacemaker neuron measured with arsenazo III.", "content": "Arsenazo III was used to measure changes in the free intracellular calcium concentration during spontaneous bursting pacemaker activity in the Aplysia R1K neuron. Intracellular calcium increased during the burst, and this increase was sufficient to cause the hyperpolarization that followed. The results suggest that the interval between bursts is determined by the rate of subsequent decline of free intracellular calcium.", "contents": "Internal calcium changes in a bursting pacemaker neuron measured with arsenazo III. Arsenazo III was used to measure changes in the free intracellular calcium concentration during spontaneous bursting pacemaker activity in the Aplysia R1K neuron. Intracellular calcium increased during the burst, and this increase was sufficient to cause the hyperpolarization that followed. The results suggest that the interval between bursts is determined by the rate of subsequent decline of free intracellular calcium.", "PMID": 850795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9312", "title": "Denervated skeletal muscle fibers develop discrete patches of high acetylcholine receptor density.", "content": "Denervated skeletal muscle fibers of mice develop discrete patches of high acetylcholine receptor density. The patches vary in size from less than 1 micrometer up to 30 micrometers, depending on the muscle and the period of denervation. Within the patches the acetylcholine receptor density is some 20 times greater than elsewhere along the muscle fiber and probably approaches that in the subsynaptic membrane.", "contents": "Denervated skeletal muscle fibers develop discrete patches of high acetylcholine receptor density. Denervated skeletal muscle fibers of mice develop discrete patches of high acetylcholine receptor density. The patches vary in size from less than 1 micrometer up to 30 micrometers, depending on the muscle and the period of denervation. Within the patches the acetylcholine receptor density is some 20 times greater than elsewhere along the muscle fiber and probably approaches that in the subsynaptic membrane.", "PMID": 850796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9313", "title": "Partial denervation affects both denervated and innervated fibers in the mammalian skeletal muscle.", "content": "Partial denervation of the rat extensor digitorum longus muscle was performed by sectioning only one of the sciatic nerve roots. Measurements of spike resistance to tetrodotoxin in individual muscle fibers revealed denervation changes not only in the denervated fibers but also in the adjacent innervated ones. The results support the concept that products of nerve degeneration play a role in the origin of muscle changes induced by denervation.", "contents": "Partial denervation affects both denervated and innervated fibers in the mammalian skeletal muscle. Partial denervation of the rat extensor digitorum longus muscle was performed by sectioning only one of the sciatic nerve roots. Measurements of spike resistance to tetrodotoxin in individual muscle fibers revealed denervation changes not only in the denervated fibers but also in the adjacent innervated ones. The results support the concept that products of nerve degeneration play a role in the origin of muscle changes induced by denervation.", "PMID": 850797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9314", "title": "Schedule control of behavior reinforced by electrical stimulation of the brain.", "content": "Electrical stimulation of the brain was used to train rats to respond on random interval schedules. Stimulation was either delayed for 0.5 second and preceded by a brief signal, delayed and unsignaled, or presented contiguously with the response. In every case, responding was maintained on schedules and showed resistance to extinction typical of food-reinforced responding. Priming was never necessary. These data cast doubt on the generality of beliefs about the behavioral effects of brain stimulation reinforcement.", "contents": "Schedule control of behavior reinforced by electrical stimulation of the brain. Electrical stimulation of the brain was used to train rats to respond on random interval schedules. Stimulation was either delayed for 0.5 second and preceded by a brief signal, delayed and unsignaled, or presented contiguously with the response. In every case, responding was maintained on schedules and showed resistance to extinction typical of food-reinforced responding. Priming was never necessary. These data cast doubt on the generality of beliefs about the behavioral effects of brain stimulation reinforcement.", "PMID": 850798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9315", "title": "Levodopa, fertility, and longevity.", "content": "High concentrations of the dopaminergic drug levodopa (L-dopa, L-3,4-dihydroxphenylalanine) administered to mice in their diet affected fertility to a moderate degree and prolonged the mean life-span by a maximum of 50 percent.", "contents": "Levodopa, fertility, and longevity. High concentrations of the dopaminergic drug levodopa (L-dopa, L-3,4-dihydroxphenylalanine) administered to mice in their diet affected fertility to a moderate degree and prolonged the mean life-span by a maximum of 50 percent.", "PMID": 850799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9316", "title": "Classical conditioning with auditory discrimination of the eye blink in decerebrate cats.", "content": "Cats were subjected to complete lower brainstem transection, and were then tested for learning ability according to a classical conditioning paradigm. An auditory stimulus was systematically paired with a brief shock to the eyelid. Within a few weeks after the operation, the decerebrate cats could learn the conditioned response with a tone frequency discrimination and then a discrimination reversal. Our results support the notion that the brainstem reticular formation can support a conditioned response which isbehaviorally similar to that obtained in the intact animal.", "contents": "Classical conditioning with auditory discrimination of the eye blink in decerebrate cats. Cats were subjected to complete lower brainstem transection, and were then tested for learning ability according to a classical conditioning paradigm. An auditory stimulus was systematically paired with a brief shock to the eyelid. Within a few weeks after the operation, the decerebrate cats could learn the conditioned response with a tone frequency discrimination and then a discrimination reversal. Our results support the notion that the brainstem reticular formation can support a conditioned response which isbehaviorally similar to that obtained in the intact animal.", "PMID": 850800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9317", "title": "Vacuum aspiration: an efficient outpatient screening technic for endometrial disease.", "content": "In an effort to find a safe, efficient, and inexpensive means of ruling out the existence of a neoplastic process causing abnormal vaginal bleeding form the uterine cavity, 103 patients over 34 years of age had preoperative aspiration (Vabra aspirator) of the endometrial cavity. The tissue obtained at the time of D&C and hysterectomy was correlated with that obtained by the outpatient diagnostic procedure. In this pilot study, the aspirator was 98% accurate in evaluating high-risk women with abnormal uterine bleeding for malignant disease. In the two neoplasms missed, both women had had a recent D&C.", "contents": "Vacuum aspiration: an efficient outpatient screening technic for endometrial disease. In an effort to find a safe, efficient, and inexpensive means of ruling out the existence of a neoplastic process causing abnormal vaginal bleeding form the uterine cavity, 103 patients over 34 years of age had preoperative aspiration (Vabra aspirator) of the endometrial cavity. The tissue obtained at the time of D&C and hysterectomy was correlated with that obtained by the outpatient diagnostic procedure. In this pilot study, the aspirator was 98% accurate in evaluating high-risk women with abnormal uterine bleeding for malignant disease. In the two neoplasms missed, both women had had a recent D&C.", "PMID": 850801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9318", "title": "Acute hypertension after abrupt withdrawal of antipsychotic medication.", "content": "An 18-year-old patient with catatonic schizophrenia developed hypertension when administration of antipsychotic medication was discontinued. Elevated blood pressure was sustained for three days until it was discovered that intramuscular administration of benztropine mesylate immediately reduced it to normal. The fact that the hypertension was not noted earlier while the patient was receiving the antipsychotic drugs suggests that it was a withdrawal phenomenon.", "contents": "Acute hypertension after abrupt withdrawal of antipsychotic medication. An 18-year-old patient with catatonic schizophrenia developed hypertension when administration of antipsychotic medication was discontinued. Elevated blood pressure was sustained for three days until it was discovered that intramuscular administration of benztropine mesylate immediately reduced it to normal. The fact that the hypertension was not noted earlier while the patient was receiving the antipsychotic drugs suggests that it was a withdrawal phenomenon.", "PMID": 850802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9319", "title": "Otolaryngology in the medical school curriculum.", "content": "Whether the family practitioner will emerge as the primary physician in the area of otolaryngology, with the specialist relegated to either a secondary or tertiary role, remains as yet unsettled. Given the uncertainty of the future place of otolaryngology in general health care, more attention should be placed on teaching otolaryngology to medical students.", "contents": "Otolaryngology in the medical school curriculum. Whether the family practitioner will emerge as the primary physician in the area of otolaryngology, with the specialist relegated to either a secondary or tertiary role, remains as yet unsettled. Given the uncertainty of the future place of otolaryngology in general health care, more attention should be placed on teaching otolaryngology to medical students.", "PMID": 850803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9320", "title": "Detecting ventricular arrhythmia after myocardial infarction: comparison of Hoiter monitoring and treadmill exercise.", "content": "The effectiveness of Holter monitoring is compared to modified treadmill exercise for detecting ventricular arrhythmia in 54 patients during the third week after a documented myocardial infarction. Treatment with digoxin and antiarrhythmic agents had been discontinued for 48 hours. Whereas 76% of the patients had no PVCs during treadmill exercise, only 7% were free of PVCs during Holter monitoring. Complex PVCs occurred in 37% of the subjects during Holter monitoring and in 4% of the subjects during treadmill stress. Although Holter monitoring was significantly more reliable in detecting ventricular arrhythmia, assessment of exercise tolerance and angina status during modified treadmill stress makes both technics desirable in carefully selected patients awaiting discharge from the hospital after myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Detecting ventricular arrhythmia after myocardial infarction: comparison of Hoiter monitoring and treadmill exercise. The effectiveness of Holter monitoring is compared to modified treadmill exercise for detecting ventricular arrhythmia in 54 patients during the third week after a documented myocardial infarction. Treatment with digoxin and antiarrhythmic agents had been discontinued for 48 hours. Whereas 76% of the patients had no PVCs during treadmill exercise, only 7% were free of PVCs during Holter monitoring. Complex PVCs occurred in 37% of the subjects during Holter monitoring and in 4% of the subjects during treadmill stress. Although Holter monitoring was significantly more reliable in detecting ventricular arrhythmia, assessment of exercise tolerance and angina status during modified treadmill stress makes both technics desirable in carefully selected patients awaiting discharge from the hospital after myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 850804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9321", "title": "Irradiation failures in cancer of the larynx.", "content": "A series of 116 laryngeal carcinomas treated definitively with irradiation over a 9 1/2-year period is presented. By preliminary follow-up, there have been 20 recurrences, for an initial treatment failure rate of 17%. Of the 20 patients with recurrence, 16 had salvage surgical procedures. Four of the 16 surgical wounds (25%) presented complications. Eleven of the 16 patients having salvage attempts are thus far free of disease. The initial treatment failure rate of 17% has thus been lowered to 7.8% at preliminary follow-up.", "contents": "Irradiation failures in cancer of the larynx. A series of 116 laryngeal carcinomas treated definitively with irradiation over a 9 1/2-year period is presented. By preliminary follow-up, there have been 20 recurrences, for an initial treatment failure rate of 17%. Of the 20 patients with recurrence, 16 had salvage surgical procedures. Four of the 16 surgical wounds (25%) presented complications. Eleven of the 16 patients having salvage attempts are thus far free of disease. The initial treatment failure rate of 17% has thus been lowered to 7.8% at preliminary follow-up.", "PMID": 850805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9322", "title": "Hypopituitarism: a complication of diabetes.", "content": "Hypopituitarism is a rarely reported accompaniment of diabetes mellitus. Autopsy studies suggest, however, that pituitary lesions are ten times more common in diabetics than in nondiabetics. Three cases of diabetes with hypopituitarism are reported. We believe that clinically important hypopituitarism may occur more commonly than is suspected in diabetes and that the diagnosis should be sought more aggressively.", "contents": "Hypopituitarism: a complication of diabetes. Hypopituitarism is a rarely reported accompaniment of diabetes mellitus. Autopsy studies suggest, however, that pituitary lesions are ten times more common in diabetics than in nondiabetics. Three cases of diabetes with hypopituitarism are reported. We believe that clinically important hypopituitarism may occur more commonly than is suspected in diabetes and that the diagnosis should be sought more aggressively.", "PMID": 850806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9323", "title": "Acute postinfectious crural myalgia in children.", "content": "An outbreak of acute crural myalgia in children is reported. The severe calf pain followed an influenza-like episode, with subsequent complete recovery. Laboratory studies in most cases showed elevated creatine phosphokinase and SGOT values, with a low peripheral white blood cell count. Electromyographic studies were normal. Results of one muscle biopsy were normal. This postviral myalgia is a distinctive syndrome only recently being recognized in the United States.", "contents": "Acute postinfectious crural myalgia in children. An outbreak of acute crural myalgia in children is reported. The severe calf pain followed an influenza-like episode, with subsequent complete recovery. Laboratory studies in most cases showed elevated creatine phosphokinase and SGOT values, with a low peripheral white blood cell count. Electromyographic studies were normal. Results of one muscle biopsy were normal. This postviral myalgia is a distinctive syndrome only recently being recognized in the United States.", "PMID": 850807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9324", "title": "Medicolegal implications of the incompetent, errant, and \"sick\" physician: changing times.", "content": "A great deal of publicity has been given recently to the problems and consequences of incompetent and errant physicians. There has been great clamor on this subject from many sources-the medical profession, the legal community, the legislatures, the judiciary, and the public. All of these interested parties have undertaken studies to evaluate the nature and sources of the problem. Based on the knowledge thus acquired and on past experience, reforms have been suggested and implemented by each of the groups. The results of the studies and experiences are examined, and the remedies are outlined and analyzed in this paper. There is sufficient evidence to suggest that reforms are proving productive. Finally, the prognosis for the problem is explored.", "contents": "Medicolegal implications of the incompetent, errant, and \"sick\" physician: changing times. A great deal of publicity has been given recently to the problems and consequences of incompetent and errant physicians. There has been great clamor on this subject from many sources-the medical profession, the legal community, the legislatures, the judiciary, and the public. All of these interested parties have undertaken studies to evaluate the nature and sources of the problem. Based on the knowledge thus acquired and on past experience, reforms have been suggested and implemented by each of the groups. The results of the studies and experiences are examined, and the remedies are outlined and analyzed in this paper. There is sufficient evidence to suggest that reforms are proving productive. Finally, the prognosis for the problem is explored.", "PMID": 850808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9325", "title": "Hematuria and sickle cell disorders.", "content": "To examine the relationship between gross hematuria and sickle cell disorders, all patients admitted to Grady Memorial Hospital with the diagnosis of a sickle cell disorder during a 14-month period were reviewed. Of 115 such patients, 65% had sickle cell disease and 35% had sickle cell trait. None of the former but seven of the latter group had gross hematuria. Mean age of the seven was 30 years. Comprehensive examinations and laboratory studies showed that all were free of concomitant disease. Physical findings, diagnostic modalities, and treatment were reviewed. Findings suggest that conservative therapy (bed rest, hydration, and diuresis) is usually effective.", "contents": "Hematuria and sickle cell disorders. To examine the relationship between gross hematuria and sickle cell disorders, all patients admitted to Grady Memorial Hospital with the diagnosis of a sickle cell disorder during a 14-month period were reviewed. Of 115 such patients, 65% had sickle cell disease and 35% had sickle cell trait. None of the former but seven of the latter group had gross hematuria. Mean age of the seven was 30 years. Comprehensive examinations and laboratory studies showed that all were free of concomitant disease. Physical findings, diagnostic modalities, and treatment were reviewed. Findings suggest that conservative therapy (bed rest, hydration, and diuresis) is usually effective.", "PMID": 850809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9326", "title": "Primary carcinoma of the trachea: report of two cases.", "content": "Primary carcinoma of the trachea is not common. Of 23 cases diagnosed as \"carcinoma of the trachea\" at our institution since 1949, 21 actually represented secondary involvement from carcinoma of the larynx, lung, or esophagus. The two cases of primary carcinoma of the trachea are presented. Discussed are the relation of histologic type to anatomic site, frequency of the more common histologic patterns, the poor prognosis associated with this cancer, and pertinent clinical and radiologic diagnostic tests and findings. More consideration should be given to this diagnosis, especially in a patient developing stridor, as so often this lesion is amenable to treatment.", "contents": "Primary carcinoma of the trachea: report of two cases. Primary carcinoma of the trachea is not common. Of 23 cases diagnosed as \"carcinoma of the trachea\" at our institution since 1949, 21 actually represented secondary involvement from carcinoma of the larynx, lung, or esophagus. The two cases of primary carcinoma of the trachea are presented. Discussed are the relation of histologic type to anatomic site, frequency of the more common histologic patterns, the poor prognosis associated with this cancer, and pertinent clinical and radiologic diagnostic tests and findings. More consideration should be given to this diagnosis, especially in a patient developing stridor, as so often this lesion is amenable to treatment.", "PMID": 850810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9327", "title": "Minoxidil-induced hypertrichosis: treatment with calcium thioglycolate depilatory.", "content": "Minoxidil is a new, effective, investigational antihypertensive drug. A serious, cosmetic side effect in women is hypertrichosis. Five female patients with this complication had successful removal of the excessive hair with a calcium thioglycolate depilatory agent.", "contents": "Minoxidil-induced hypertrichosis: treatment with calcium thioglycolate depilatory. Minoxidil is a new, effective, investigational antihypertensive drug. A serious, cosmetic side effect in women is hypertrichosis. Five female patients with this complication had successful removal of the excessive hair with a calcium thioglycolate depilatory agent.", "PMID": 850811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9328", "title": "The effect of serum oncotic pressure on serum cholesterol levels: a study in \"normal\" and nephrotic subjects.", "content": "Clinical data in neprtotic and nonnephrotic subjects were examined to help delineate the mechanism of hypercholesterolemia in nephrotic syndrome. Analyses of the relationship between total serum cholesterol and serum albumin levels and between total serum cholesterol and calculated serum oncotic pressure in 500 nonnephrotic individuals revealed strong positive correlations (r = 0.9714, p less than 0.001 and r = 0.9720, p less than 0.001, respectively). Serum beta-lipoprotein concentration was found to bear an inverse relationship to measured serum oncotic pressure in 13 nephrotic patients (r = -0.8192, p less than 0.01). Our results lend support to the thesis that serum oncotic pressure is the major governing factor in hypercholesterolemia in nephrotic syndrome.", "contents": "The effect of serum oncotic pressure on serum cholesterol levels: a study in \"normal\" and nephrotic subjects. Clinical data in neprtotic and nonnephrotic subjects were examined to help delineate the mechanism of hypercholesterolemia in nephrotic syndrome. Analyses of the relationship between total serum cholesterol and serum albumin levels and between total serum cholesterol and calculated serum oncotic pressure in 500 nonnephrotic individuals revealed strong positive correlations (r = 0.9714, p less than 0.001 and r = 0.9720, p less than 0.001, respectively). Serum beta-lipoprotein concentration was found to bear an inverse relationship to measured serum oncotic pressure in 13 nephrotic patients (r = -0.8192, p less than 0.01). Our results lend support to the thesis that serum oncotic pressure is the major governing factor in hypercholesterolemia in nephrotic syndrome.", "PMID": 850812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9329", "title": "Arthroscopy: its role in treating nontraumatic and traumatic lesions of the knee.", "content": "Arthroscopy of the knee is a useful adjunct in the diagnosis and treatment of intra-articular disease. We reviewed 178 patients who had arthroscopy at Duke from November 1972 to May 1975. Anesthesia was either general or local with a block of the infrapatellar fat pad and the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve. This experience demonstrated that arthroscopy was relatively rapid, increased the accuracy of diagnosis from 70% by clinical assessment alone to 96%, and influenced the management of the knee in 55% of the cases. In many instances, arthroscopy demonstrated major pathologic conditions not readily noted by prior arthrography, multiple roentgenograms, or physical examination. Arthroscopy does not eliminate the need for arthrography, although frequency of arthrography diminished as arthroscopic technics were mastered and equipment improved. Arthroscopy is valuable in the management of most knee problems. The surgeon undertaking the procedure must have adequate instruction and a wide and continued usage in order to become and remain adept.", "contents": "Arthroscopy: its role in treating nontraumatic and traumatic lesions of the knee. Arthroscopy of the knee is a useful adjunct in the diagnosis and treatment of intra-articular disease. We reviewed 178 patients who had arthroscopy at Duke from November 1972 to May 1975. Anesthesia was either general or local with a block of the infrapatellar fat pad and the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve. This experience demonstrated that arthroscopy was relatively rapid, increased the accuracy of diagnosis from 70% by clinical assessment alone to 96%, and influenced the management of the knee in 55% of the cases. In many instances, arthroscopy demonstrated major pathologic conditions not readily noted by prior arthrography, multiple roentgenograms, or physical examination. Arthroscopy does not eliminate the need for arthrography, although frequency of arthrography diminished as arthroscopic technics were mastered and equipment improved. Arthroscopy is valuable in the management of most knee problems. The surgeon undertaking the procedure must have adequate instruction and a wide and continued usage in order to become and remain adept.", "PMID": 850813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9330", "title": "Avoiding a pitfall in resuscitation: the painless cervical fracture.", "content": "For the physician treating an injured patient, it is important to recognize fracture of the cervical spine without neck pain. Films of the cervical spine in patients with head or facial trauma, or patients who are unconscious, inebriated, or have multiple injuries, should be routine and are best obtained by portable technic in the emergency room before procedures requiring or resulting in cervical manipulation. The cost of cervical spine injury may be great for the patient, society, and the physician who fails to recognize it.", "contents": "Avoiding a pitfall in resuscitation: the painless cervical fracture. For the physician treating an injured patient, it is important to recognize fracture of the cervical spine without neck pain. Films of the cervical spine in patients with head or facial trauma, or patients who are unconscious, inebriated, or have multiple injuries, should be routine and are best obtained by portable technic in the emergency room before procedures requiring or resulting in cervical manipulation. The cost of cervical spine injury may be great for the patient, society, and the physician who fails to recognize it.", "PMID": 850815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9331", "title": "Pathogenesis of Kerley's B lines on the chest roentgenogram.", "content": "A 36-year-old white man with gastric cancer manifested his disease clinically by respiratory distress and roentgenographically by Kerley's B lines. The pathogenesis of these lines and the importance of their recognition are emphasized.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of Kerley's B lines on the chest roentgenogram. A 36-year-old white man with gastric cancer manifested his disease clinically by respiratory distress and roentgenographically by Kerley's B lines. The pathogenesis of these lines and the importance of their recognition are emphasized.", "PMID": 850817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9332", "title": "Clinical and echocardiographic manifestations of a thrombosed Bjork-Shiley aortic valve.", "content": "A 36-year-old woman with a Bjork-Shiley prosthetic aortic valve developed acute congestive heart failure and pulmonary edema. She was found to have a new diastolic murmur, absence of valve clicks, and an immobile prosthetic disk as shown by echocardiography. At surgery the valve, which was covered with fibrin and thrombus, was replaced, and she did well following operation.", "contents": "Clinical and echocardiographic manifestations of a thrombosed Bjork-Shiley aortic valve. A 36-year-old woman with a Bjork-Shiley prosthetic aortic valve developed acute congestive heart failure and pulmonary edema. She was found to have a new diastolic murmur, absence of valve clicks, and an immobile prosthetic disk as shown by echocardiography. At surgery the valve, which was covered with fibrin and thrombus, was replaced, and she did well following operation.", "PMID": 850819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9333", "title": "Agenesis of the gallbladder--an inherited defect?", "content": "Agenesis of the gallbladder is a rare anomaly believed to be an organogenetic failure. This is the third instance of familial agenesis of the gallbladder reported in the literature. The diagnosis of agenesis of the gallbladder can only be made during exploratory celiotomy and must be confirmed by an intraoperative needle cholecystogram. This congenital anomaly should be suspected when oral cholecystography shows a nonvisualizing gallbladder in relatives of any patient with proven agenesis of the gallbladder.", "contents": "Agenesis of the gallbladder--an inherited defect? Agenesis of the gallbladder is a rare anomaly believed to be an organogenetic failure. This is the third instance of familial agenesis of the gallbladder reported in the literature. The diagnosis of agenesis of the gallbladder can only be made during exploratory celiotomy and must be confirmed by an intraoperative needle cholecystogram. This congenital anomaly should be suspected when oral cholecystography shows a nonvisualizing gallbladder in relatives of any patient with proven agenesis of the gallbladder.", "PMID": 850820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9334", "title": "Perforating granuloma annualare.", "content": "Described is a 37-year-old male patient with signs and symptoms of localized perforating granuloma annulare (PGA) on the dorsa of his hands, fingers, elbows, and extensor forearms. PGA usually occurs primarily on the extremities, but the condition may be generalized. Review of the literature indicates that the cause and pathogenesis of this entity remain obscure. Sunlight may exacerbate PGA. Therapeutic success has been obtained with topical steroids with occlusion and with systemic prednisone. Our patient showed no response to liquid nitrogen but responded satisfactorily to topical steroids with occlusion.", "contents": "Perforating granuloma annualare. Described is a 37-year-old male patient with signs and symptoms of localized perforating granuloma annulare (PGA) on the dorsa of his hands, fingers, elbows, and extensor forearms. PGA usually occurs primarily on the extremities, but the condition may be generalized. Review of the literature indicates that the cause and pathogenesis of this entity remain obscure. Sunlight may exacerbate PGA. Therapeutic success has been obtained with topical steroids with occlusion and with systemic prednisone. Our patient showed no response to liquid nitrogen but responded satisfactorily to topical steroids with occlusion.", "PMID": 850821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9335", "title": "The columnar-cell-lined (Barrett's) esophagus: a premalignant condition?", "content": "A 65-year-old man developed adenocarcinoma arising in Barrett's epithelium of the esophagus. He died three months after unsuccessful surgery to remove the tumor. The columnar-cell-lined esophagus may represent a premalignant condition, and it is suggested that patients with this condition undergo regular follow-up examination.", "contents": "The columnar-cell-lined (Barrett's) esophagus: a premalignant condition? A 65-year-old man developed adenocarcinoma arising in Barrett's epithelium of the esophagus. He died three months after unsuccessful surgery to remove the tumor. The columnar-cell-lined esophagus may represent a premalignant condition, and it is suggested that patients with this condition undergo regular follow-up examination.", "PMID": 850822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9336", "title": "Platypnea and hypoxemia in Laennec's cirrhosis of the liver.", "content": "A patient with Laennec's cirrhosis of the liver presented with platypnea (dyspnea in the upright position relieved by a recumbent one), severe hypoxemia, and a hyperdynamic cardiovascular state. Diagnostic studies suggest that generalized vasodilatation and shunting account for these findings.", "contents": "Platypnea and hypoxemia in Laennec's cirrhosis of the liver. A patient with Laennec's cirrhosis of the liver presented with platypnea (dyspnea in the upright position relieved by a recumbent one), severe hypoxemia, and a hyperdynamic cardiovascular state. Diagnostic studies suggest that generalized vasodilatation and shunting account for these findings.", "PMID": 850823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9337", "title": "Hodgkin's disease presenting in epitrochlear lymph nodes.", "content": "A patient who had clinical stage IA Hodgkin's disease involving a single group of epitrochlear nodes is presented. A few patients with this disease have been reported to have involvement of epitrochlear lymph nodes, but none have had disease limited to this nodal site. At staging laparotomy a single focus of Hodgkin's disease was found in the spleen. Theoretical aspects of the mode of spread of Hodgkin's disease are discussed with respect to this case.", "contents": "Hodgkin's disease presenting in epitrochlear lymph nodes. A patient who had clinical stage IA Hodgkin's disease involving a single group of epitrochlear nodes is presented. A few patients with this disease have been reported to have involvement of epitrochlear lymph nodes, but none have had disease limited to this nodal site. At staging laparotomy a single focus of Hodgkin's disease was found in the spleen. Theoretical aspects of the mode of spread of Hodgkin's disease are discussed with respect to this case.", "PMID": 850824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9338", "title": "Pulmonary dirofilariasis: another coin lesion.", "content": "A 67-year-old woman with a long history of debilitating rheumatoid arthritis developed a peripheral coin lesion in the lower lobe of the left lung. A wedge resection was done and pathologic study revealed noncaseating granuloma secondary to rheumatoid infection with Dirofilaria immitis, a nematode. Although rare, canine dirofilariasis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of coin lesions.", "contents": "Pulmonary dirofilariasis: another coin lesion. A 67-year-old woman with a long history of debilitating rheumatoid arthritis developed a peripheral coin lesion in the lower lobe of the left lung. A wedge resection was done and pathologic study revealed noncaseating granuloma secondary to rheumatoid infection with Dirofilaria immitis, a nematode. Although rare, canine dirofilariasis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of coin lesions.", "PMID": 850826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9339", "title": "Diseases in urban and rural Black populations.", "content": "Diseases of urban and rural Blacks in South Africa are reviewed. In rural Blacks the major problems are infection and malnutrition. Other important disorders include cancer of the oesophagus, liver and cervix, and rheumatic heart disease and cardiomyopathy. The diseases in urban Blacks are those of a population in transition. Characterised by all gradations of socioeconomic development, from the relatively primitive to the completely westernised, these people exhibit a correspondingly wide and varied range of disease embracing the afflictions of rural dwellers and the new diseases of the city. Whereas the prevalence of some of the former, such as infection and malnutrition, is declining, they still constitute a considerable problem in urban Blacks. More important is the increasingly serious impact of the new disorders, which may be divided into two groups: (a) a large range and variety of alcohol-related disorders with serious effects at the social, economic, psychological and physical levels; and (b) most, if not all, of the diseases encountered in western populations. Some of these, such as obesity and hypertension, have not only attained epidemic proportions among urban Blacks, but their prevalence may actually have exceeded that among Whites. Other conditions, such as coronary heart disease, gout, gallstones and colonic cancer, which emerged later, are relatively uncommon or rare. A plea is made for much greater epidemiological research. This is necessary in order to obtain reliable knowledge of the prevalence of disease, to determine the best ways of applying present knowledge with existing and future resources, and to obtain knowledge regarding both old and new diseases of which the pathogenesis is still obscure.", "contents": "Diseases in urban and rural Black populations. Diseases of urban and rural Blacks in South Africa are reviewed. In rural Blacks the major problems are infection and malnutrition. Other important disorders include cancer of the oesophagus, liver and cervix, and rheumatic heart disease and cardiomyopathy. The diseases in urban Blacks are those of a population in transition. Characterised by all gradations of socioeconomic development, from the relatively primitive to the completely westernised, these people exhibit a correspondingly wide and varied range of disease embracing the afflictions of rural dwellers and the new diseases of the city. Whereas the prevalence of some of the former, such as infection and malnutrition, is declining, they still constitute a considerable problem in urban Blacks. More important is the increasingly serious impact of the new disorders, which may be divided into two groups: (a) a large range and variety of alcohol-related disorders with serious effects at the social, economic, psychological and physical levels; and (b) most, if not all, of the diseases encountered in western populations. Some of these, such as obesity and hypertension, have not only attained epidemic proportions among urban Blacks, but their prevalence may actually have exceeded that among Whites. Other conditions, such as coronary heart disease, gout, gallstones and colonic cancer, which emerged later, are relatively uncommon or rare. A plea is made for much greater epidemiological research. This is necessary in order to obtain reliable knowledge of the prevalence of disease, to determine the best ways of applying present knowledge with existing and future resources, and to obtain knowledge regarding both old and new diseases of which the pathogenesis is still obscure.", "PMID": 850843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9340", "title": "A comparison of ornipressin and adrenaline for local vasoconstriction.", "content": "The effectiveness of ornipressin and adrenaline as local vasoconstrictors is compared, with special reference to cleft-lip-and-palate surgery. A latent period of 3 - 5 minutes with the use of ornipressin is advised. A brief review comparing the local and general effects of ornipressin and adrenaline is included.", "contents": "A comparison of ornipressin and adrenaline for local vasoconstriction. The effectiveness of ornipressin and adrenaline as local vasoconstrictors is compared, with special reference to cleft-lip-and-palate surgery. A latent period of 3 - 5 minutes with the use of ornipressin is advised. A brief review comparing the local and general effects of ornipressin and adrenaline is included.", "PMID": 850844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9341", "title": "Paget's disease of bone (osteitis deformans) treated with human synthetic calcitonin.", "content": "Thirteen patients with symptoms of active Paget's disease of bone, confirmed biochemically and radiologically, were studied. Each patient received a 6 months' course of therapy with human synthetic calcitonin (HCT), starting with 1 mg daily subcutaneously or intramuscularly for the first month and thereafter 3 times per week for 5 months. Twelve patients completed the course of therapy. Ten of the 12 patients derived moderate to great symptomatic improvement from their treatment. The improvement usually became evident 6 weeks after the start of treatment and this improvement persisted in 4 patients from 6 months to 1 year after treatment was stopped. The plasma alkaline phosphatase had fallen from the initial values by a mean of 26% after 6 weeks and 31% after 6 months of treatment. The urinary hydroxyproline likewise had fallen by 42% at 6 weeks and 46% at 6 months. Side-effects were generally mild and self-limiting, with flushing being the most common. It is concluded that human calcitonin is beneficial in the treatment of Paget's disease of bone and may prevent the problems of antibody resistance and allergic phenomena encountered with other preparations of calcitonin.", "contents": "Paget's disease of bone (osteitis deformans) treated with human synthetic calcitonin. Thirteen patients with symptoms of active Paget's disease of bone, confirmed biochemically and radiologically, were studied. Each patient received a 6 months' course of therapy with human synthetic calcitonin (HCT), starting with 1 mg daily subcutaneously or intramuscularly for the first month and thereafter 3 times per week for 5 months. Twelve patients completed the course of therapy. Ten of the 12 patients derived moderate to great symptomatic improvement from their treatment. The improvement usually became evident 6 weeks after the start of treatment and this improvement persisted in 4 patients from 6 months to 1 year after treatment was stopped. The plasma alkaline phosphatase had fallen from the initial values by a mean of 26% after 6 weeks and 31% after 6 months of treatment. The urinary hydroxyproline likewise had fallen by 42% at 6 weeks and 46% at 6 months. Side-effects were generally mild and self-limiting, with flushing being the most common. It is concluded that human calcitonin is beneficial in the treatment of Paget's disease of bone and may prevent the problems of antibody resistance and allergic phenomena encountered with other preparations of calcitonin.", "PMID": 850845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9342", "title": "Experience with the EMIT method of determining anticonvulsant levels in serum.", "content": "Clinical and laboratory experience with the EMIT immunoassay method for the determination of serum phenobarbitone levels is reported. A modification of the published laboratory method permitting manual operation in a general clinical chemistry laboratory was used. In 42 of the 75 children monitored, the serum levels of phenobarbitone indicated a change of the prescribed dosage.", "contents": "Experience with the EMIT method of determining anticonvulsant levels in serum. Clinical and laboratory experience with the EMIT immunoassay method for the determination of serum phenobarbitone levels is reported. A modification of the published laboratory method permitting manual operation in a general clinical chemistry laboratory was used. In 42 of the 75 children monitored, the serum levels of phenobarbitone indicated a change of the prescribed dosage.", "PMID": 850846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9343", "title": "Mucolipidosis III: two patients displaying genetic pleiotropism.", "content": "Two Cape Coloured siblings with typical features of Hurler's syndrome, but without mucopolysacchariduria or mucopolysaccharide accumulation in tissues, are presented. The clinical features, in conjunction with raised beta-D-galactosidase and alpha-L-fucosidase levels in fibroblast cultures from one of the patients, suggest the diagnosis of a mucolipidosis. Theories relating to the intracellular deficiency and extracellular excess of lysosomal enzymes in these conditions are reviewed. Phenotypical and cell culture differences between 2 siblings who display the same overall clinical syndrome, illustrate the genetic pleiotropism inherent in this group of diseases.", "contents": "Mucolipidosis III: two patients displaying genetic pleiotropism. Two Cape Coloured siblings with typical features of Hurler's syndrome, but without mucopolysacchariduria or mucopolysaccharide accumulation in tissues, are presented. The clinical features, in conjunction with raised beta-D-galactosidase and alpha-L-fucosidase levels in fibroblast cultures from one of the patients, suggest the diagnosis of a mucolipidosis. Theories relating to the intracellular deficiency and extracellular excess of lysosomal enzymes in these conditions are reviewed. Phenotypical and cell culture differences between 2 siblings who display the same overall clinical syndrome, illustrate the genetic pleiotropism inherent in this group of diseases.", "PMID": 850847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9344", "title": "Topical chemotherapy for burns using cerium salts and silver sulfadiazine.", "content": "These experimental data indicate that cerium compounds exert a measurable antimicrobial action in vitro. In vivo the simultaneous use of cerium sulfadiazine and silver sulfadiazine was more effective than silver sulfadiazine alone or the combination of cerous nitrate and silver sulfadiazine. When cerous nitrate was used clically, gram-positive bacteria predominated. In contrast, wounds exposed to silver salts alone harbor a predominately gram-negative flora. The combination of cerous nitrate and silver sulfadiazine appears to provide a broad spectrum inhibitory to both types of organisms. It is apparent that a sampling problem exists in any attempt to monitor wounds that may exceed a square meter in extent. These bacteriologic data pertain only to the surface flora. The need to culture tissue samples of burn wounds has been emphasized. Our experience, however, is that invasion of deep tissue without dense surface colonization, greater than 10(5), is infrequent. Furthermore, fragments of eschar were submitted regularly for culture; those results confirmed the surface culture findins. The characteristic yellow-green color of cerium nitrate treated eschars may results from oxidation of trivalent cerium to yellow ceric ions. Free silver and sulfadiazine ions are available also in small amounts because of limited ionization of the highly insoluble silver sulfadiazine. This might promote the in vivo formation of cerous sulfadiazine and would provide a continuous source of ionic cerium for microbial inhibition. The modification of silver sulfadiazine cream by incorporating cerous nitrate into it strikingly enhances its topical antiseptic effect in burn wounds without increasing toxicity.", "contents": "Topical chemotherapy for burns using cerium salts and silver sulfadiazine. These experimental data indicate that cerium compounds exert a measurable antimicrobial action in vitro. In vivo the simultaneous use of cerium sulfadiazine and silver sulfadiazine was more effective than silver sulfadiazine alone or the combination of cerous nitrate and silver sulfadiazine. When cerous nitrate was used clically, gram-positive bacteria predominated. In contrast, wounds exposed to silver salts alone harbor a predominately gram-negative flora. The combination of cerous nitrate and silver sulfadiazine appears to provide a broad spectrum inhibitory to both types of organisms. It is apparent that a sampling problem exists in any attempt to monitor wounds that may exceed a square meter in extent. These bacteriologic data pertain only to the surface flora. The need to culture tissue samples of burn wounds has been emphasized. Our experience, however, is that invasion of deep tissue without dense surface colonization, greater than 10(5), is infrequent. Furthermore, fragments of eschar were submitted regularly for culture; those results confirmed the surface culture findins. The characteristic yellow-green color of cerium nitrate treated eschars may results from oxidation of trivalent cerium to yellow ceric ions. Free silver and sulfadiazine ions are available also in small amounts because of limited ionization of the highly insoluble silver sulfadiazine. This might promote the in vivo formation of cerous sulfadiazine and would provide a continuous source of ionic cerium for microbial inhibition. The modification of silver sulfadiazine cream by incorporating cerous nitrate into it strikingly enhances its topical antiseptic effect in burn wounds without increasing toxicity.", "PMID": 850849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9345", "title": "Delayed hypersensitivity reactions in patients with carcinoma of the colon and rectum.", "content": "Two hundred and thirty-seven patients with carcinoma of the colon and 16 patients with benign lesions of the colon and rectum underwent skin tests with 2-4, dinitrochlorobenzene and a battery of intradermal antigens. The incidence of 2-4, dinitrochlorobenzene reactors decreased with the increasing stage of the disease. Seventy-six per cent of the patients with Dukes' A cancer were 2-4, dinitrochlorobenzene positive compared with 56 per cent of those with Dukes' B cancer and 61 per cent of those with Dukes' C lesions. Of the patients with advanced primary operable cancer, those who have metastases beyond the intestine and its mesentery, only 46 per cent were 2-4, dinitrochlorobenzene positive. Only 42 per cent of the patients with inoperable advanced or recurrent disease reacted to 2-4, dinitrochlorobenzene. Neither age nor sex was a determinate factor in the capacity of the patient to respond to 2-4, dinitrochlorobenzene. Tumor burden appeared to correlate best with the ability of the patient to respond to 2-4, dinitrochlorobenzene. In patients with Dukes' A or B lesions, the clinical follow-up period was too short to gauge prognostic significance of skin tests. In patients with Dukes' C lesions who were observed at 12 months, six of 11 in the 2-4, dinitrochlorobenzene negative group had a recurrence or died of disease compared with only four of 17 in the 2-4, dinitrochlorobenzene positive group, p less than 0.10. In 38 patients with advanced primary operable cancer who were observed for nine months, 40 per cared iwth 28 per cent of 2-4, dinitrochlorobenzene positive group. A similar relationship was observed in a group of patients with advanced or recurrent disease who were observed for nine months in which 58 per cent of the patients in the 2-4, dinitrochlorobenzene negative group were dead of disease compared with 40 per cent of those in the 2-4, dinitrochlorobenzene positive group. Skin testing with 2-4, dinitrochlorobenzene and selected intradermal antigens adds prognostic information to that predicted from the clinicopathologic stage of the disease in instances of carcinoma of the colon and rectum. In general, patients with reactive skin tests have more favorable recurrence and survival rates with each stage of the disease.", "contents": "Delayed hypersensitivity reactions in patients with carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Two hundred and thirty-seven patients with carcinoma of the colon and 16 patients with benign lesions of the colon and rectum underwent skin tests with 2-4, dinitrochlorobenzene and a battery of intradermal antigens. The incidence of 2-4, dinitrochlorobenzene reactors decreased with the increasing stage of the disease. Seventy-six per cent of the patients with Dukes' A cancer were 2-4, dinitrochlorobenzene positive compared with 56 per cent of those with Dukes' B cancer and 61 per cent of those with Dukes' C lesions. Of the patients with advanced primary operable cancer, those who have metastases beyond the intestine and its mesentery, only 46 per cent were 2-4, dinitrochlorobenzene positive. Only 42 per cent of the patients with inoperable advanced or recurrent disease reacted to 2-4, dinitrochlorobenzene. Neither age nor sex was a determinate factor in the capacity of the patient to respond to 2-4, dinitrochlorobenzene. Tumor burden appeared to correlate best with the ability of the patient to respond to 2-4, dinitrochlorobenzene. In patients with Dukes' A or B lesions, the clinical follow-up period was too short to gauge prognostic significance of skin tests. In patients with Dukes' C lesions who were observed at 12 months, six of 11 in the 2-4, dinitrochlorobenzene negative group had a recurrence or died of disease compared with only four of 17 in the 2-4, dinitrochlorobenzene positive group, p less than 0.10. In 38 patients with advanced primary operable cancer who were observed for nine months, 40 per cared iwth 28 per cent of 2-4, dinitrochlorobenzene positive group. A similar relationship was observed in a group of patients with advanced or recurrent disease who were observed for nine months in which 58 per cent of the patients in the 2-4, dinitrochlorobenzene negative group were dead of disease compared with 40 per cent of those in the 2-4, dinitrochlorobenzene positive group. Skin testing with 2-4, dinitrochlorobenzene and selected intradermal antigens adds prognostic information to that predicted from the clinicopathologic stage of the disease in instances of carcinoma of the colon and rectum. In general, patients with reactive skin tests have more favorable recurrence and survival rates with each stage of the disease.", "PMID": 850850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9346", "title": "A ten year study of medullary carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "In this large series of patients treated for medullary carcinoma of the breast by radical mastectomy, the over-all five year survival rate was 63.7 per cent and the ten year survival rate, 49.5 per cent. Although survival was adversely affected by axillary lymph node involvement, there was an equal incidence of such involvement, there was an equal incidence of such involvement in tumors less than 4 centimeters compared with those greater than 4 centimeters in size; however, patients with tumors greater than 4 centimeters in size fared poorer categorically than did those with smaller lesions. Women in the premenopausal period had one-third of the cancers and had a significantly better survival rate than did those in the postmenopausal period, despite a similar incidence of axillary lymph node involvement. Medullary carcinoma is among the small group of malignant tumors of the breast that have distinctly better five and ten year survival rates than other more common varieties.", "contents": "A ten year study of medullary carcinoma of the breast. In this large series of patients treated for medullary carcinoma of the breast by radical mastectomy, the over-all five year survival rate was 63.7 per cent and the ten year survival rate, 49.5 per cent. Although survival was adversely affected by axillary lymph node involvement, there was an equal incidence of such involvement, there was an equal incidence of such involvement in tumors less than 4 centimeters compared with those greater than 4 centimeters in size; however, patients with tumors greater than 4 centimeters in size fared poorer categorically than did those with smaller lesions. Women in the premenopausal period had one-third of the cancers and had a significantly better survival rate than did those in the postmenopausal period, despite a similar incidence of axillary lymph node involvement. Medullary carcinoma is among the small group of malignant tumors of the breast that have distinctly better five and ten year survival rates than other more common varieties.", "PMID": 850851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9347", "title": "The significance of intracapsular cultures in total hip operations.", "content": "In a consecutive retrospective study of 1,500 total hip replacements, analysis of cultures taken at the time of operation revealed that positive cultures obtained in primary arthroplasties are not significant. In our series, no statistical difference could be demonstrated between primary and revision arthroplasty cultures as related to joint infection, but on the basis of other clinical studies and the higher incidence of positive cultures in revision arthroplasty cultures as related to joint infection, but on the basis of other clinical studies and the higher incidence of positive cultures in revision arthroplasties, it is believed that these cultures should be treated vigorously. Further studies are being carried out to help clarify the role of prophylactic antibiotics in hip replacement operations in the prevention of postoperative hip joint infection. Antibiotic therapy for the treatment of potentially contaminated hips is also being reviewed. Such studies must be performed over a long term period.", "contents": "The significance of intracapsular cultures in total hip operations. In a consecutive retrospective study of 1,500 total hip replacements, analysis of cultures taken at the time of operation revealed that positive cultures obtained in primary arthroplasties are not significant. In our series, no statistical difference could be demonstrated between primary and revision arthroplasty cultures as related to joint infection, but on the basis of other clinical studies and the higher incidence of positive cultures in revision arthroplasty cultures as related to joint infection, but on the basis of other clinical studies and the higher incidence of positive cultures in revision arthroplasties, it is believed that these cultures should be treated vigorously. Further studies are being carried out to help clarify the role of prophylactic antibiotics in hip replacement operations in the prevention of postoperative hip joint infection. Antibiotic therapy for the treatment of potentially contaminated hips is also being reviewed. Such studies must be performed over a long term period.", "PMID": 850852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9348", "title": "A study of polybutilate lubricated polyester sutures.", "content": "In the 49 patients in whom polybutilate coated polyester sutures were used, no adverse side-effects, such as increased redness, tenderness, pain or edema of the wounds, were noted. Primary healing was achieved in each patient. There were no suture related complications encountered during the early or late follow-up examinations. Polybutilate coated polyester sutures were found to be easy to work with. They were strong, pliable and handled and tied with ease. They had no tendency to twist, tangle or adhere to gloves or instruments. Tissue passage through skin, fascia, arteries, veins and Dacron vascular grafts was better than it was with uncoated polyester sutures and as good as with Teflon coated sutures. No unusual drag, pull or catching of the sutures was encountered. Over-all, the polybutilate coated polyester suture is thought to be a safe, reliable and an easy to use material for a wide variety of surgical procedures for which a strong nonabsorbable suture is indicated.", "contents": "A study of polybutilate lubricated polyester sutures. In the 49 patients in whom polybutilate coated polyester sutures were used, no adverse side-effects, such as increased redness, tenderness, pain or edema of the wounds, were noted. Primary healing was achieved in each patient. There were no suture related complications encountered during the early or late follow-up examinations. Polybutilate coated polyester sutures were found to be easy to work with. They were strong, pliable and handled and tied with ease. They had no tendency to twist, tangle or adhere to gloves or instruments. Tissue passage through skin, fascia, arteries, veins and Dacron vascular grafts was better than it was with uncoated polyester sutures and as good as with Teflon coated sutures. No unusual drag, pull or catching of the sutures was encountered. Over-all, the polybutilate coated polyester suture is thought to be a safe, reliable and an easy to use material for a wide variety of surgical procedures for which a strong nonabsorbable suture is indicated.", "PMID": 850853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9349", "title": "Surgical significance of capsule invasion of adenoma of the thyroid.", "content": "Capsule invasion observed in instances of adenomas of the thyroid was studied in correlation with the clinical course of the patients. The invasion, as defined in the cut-off and turn-out of the collagen fibers in the capsule, occurred in eight of 611 adenomas. The clinical course of the eight patients revealed no recurrence of an adenoma, even though there was no antitumor drug therapy. On the other hand, recurrences of adenomas were found in five of the 603 patients with noninvasive adenoma, of the 603 patients with noninvasive adenoma. Capsule invasion, therefore, is not a cause for the recurrence of an adenoma. The recurrence may result from the leaving of microadenoma in the thyroid when the first operation took place. Capsule invasion cannot be considered as a histologic sign of malignant tumor of the thyroid.", "contents": "Surgical significance of capsule invasion of adenoma of the thyroid. Capsule invasion observed in instances of adenomas of the thyroid was studied in correlation with the clinical course of the patients. The invasion, as defined in the cut-off and turn-out of the collagen fibers in the capsule, occurred in eight of 611 adenomas. The clinical course of the eight patients revealed no recurrence of an adenoma, even though there was no antitumor drug therapy. On the other hand, recurrences of adenomas were found in five of the 603 patients with noninvasive adenoma, of the 603 patients with noninvasive adenoma. Capsule invasion, therefore, is not a cause for the recurrence of an adenoma. The recurrence may result from the leaving of microadenoma in the thyroid when the first operation took place. Capsule invasion cannot be considered as a histologic sign of malignant tumor of the thyroid.", "PMID": 850854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9350", "title": "The operative treatment of Crohn's disease in childhood.", "content": "Fifteen pediatric patients have been presented who required operative treatment for Crohn's disease. This disease is associated with severe side-effects in children, especially maturation and growth arrest. There are clear indications for surgical treatment: fistula, chronic obstruction, hemorrhage and perforation. Failure to grow, when associated with obstruction of the small intestine, is an urgent indication for operation. From our observations, we conclude that growth arrest in these patients occurs because of malnutrition. In a majority of patients, chronic obstruction of the small intestine contributes significantly to this malnutrition. Operative treatment is one of conservative resection, and the operative mortality is nil. The majority of patients with growth arrest will grow postoperatively. Operative treatment of Crohn's disease is carried out for its complications, and treatment is quite effective in relieving these complications, although the disease itself may persist.", "contents": "The operative treatment of Crohn's disease in childhood. Fifteen pediatric patients have been presented who required operative treatment for Crohn's disease. This disease is associated with severe side-effects in children, especially maturation and growth arrest. There are clear indications for surgical treatment: fistula, chronic obstruction, hemorrhage and perforation. Failure to grow, when associated with obstruction of the small intestine, is an urgent indication for operation. From our observations, we conclude that growth arrest in these patients occurs because of malnutrition. In a majority of patients, chronic obstruction of the small intestine contributes significantly to this malnutrition. Operative treatment is one of conservative resection, and the operative mortality is nil. The majority of patients with growth arrest will grow postoperatively. Operative treatment of Crohn's disease is carried out for its complications, and treatment is quite effective in relieving these complications, although the disease itself may persist.", "PMID": 850855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9351", "title": "The natural history of benign ulcer of the rectum.", "content": "The cause of benign ulcer of the rectum is obscure, and there are varying views as to its pathogenesis. It is usually found to have a clinical onset in young adults of either sex. On sigmoidoscopy, the lesion has a characteristic appearance. The ulcers are, most often, solitary but more than one ulcer can be present. Diagnosis at biopsy is not essential, but distinctive changes can be seen in tissue from both the ulcer itself or the mucosa adjacent to the ulcer. Clinically and histologically recognizable preulcerative and nonulcerative phases are seen. Despite the benign nature of the ulcer, it may persist unchanged for many years, often associated with rectal prolapse. In general, medical and surgical methods of treatment have proved unsatisfactory.", "contents": "The natural history of benign ulcer of the rectum. The cause of benign ulcer of the rectum is obscure, and there are varying views as to its pathogenesis. It is usually found to have a clinical onset in young adults of either sex. On sigmoidoscopy, the lesion has a characteristic appearance. The ulcers are, most often, solitary but more than one ulcer can be present. Diagnosis at biopsy is not essential, but distinctive changes can be seen in tissue from both the ulcer itself or the mucosa adjacent to the ulcer. Clinically and histologically recognizable preulcerative and nonulcerative phases are seen. Despite the benign nature of the ulcer, it may persist unchanged for many years, often associated with rectal prolapse. In general, medical and surgical methods of treatment have proved unsatisfactory.", "PMID": 850856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9352", "title": "Early prostaglandin release from the ischemic myocardium in the dog.", "content": "Cellular consequences of myocardial ischemia were studied in anesthetized dogs. Confirmation of myocardial ischemia was provided by electrocardiographic and biochemical indexes. Prostaglandin F2alpha release into coronary venous blood was significantly elevated during myocardial ischemia, whereas indomethacin treatment prevented this increase in coronary venous prostaglandin F2alpha concentrations. No significant increase in prostaglandin E2 release was observed in response to myocardial ischemia, but indomethacin treatment significantly reduced coronary venous prostaglandin E2 concentrations below those of control values. Within one hour after occlusion of the coronary artery, the S-T segment was significantly altered, and coronary venous prostaglandin F2alpha had increased significantly above the control concentration. These changes persisted during four hours of myocardial ischemia. Plasma creatine phosphokinase activity increased significantly after two hours of myocardial ischemia and remained elevated for the subsequent two hours of ischemia. After four hours of myocardial ischemia, myocardial creatine phosphokinase activity of ischemic myocardium was significantly reduced, and labilization of myocardial treatment prevented increases in prostaglandin release but did not influence other biochemical changes or the electrocardiographic response to ischemia. Thus, prostaglandin release by ischemic myocardial tissue is an early response to the ischemic stimulus.", "contents": "Early prostaglandin release from the ischemic myocardium in the dog. Cellular consequences of myocardial ischemia were studied in anesthetized dogs. Confirmation of myocardial ischemia was provided by electrocardiographic and biochemical indexes. Prostaglandin F2alpha release into coronary venous blood was significantly elevated during myocardial ischemia, whereas indomethacin treatment prevented this increase in coronary venous prostaglandin F2alpha concentrations. No significant increase in prostaglandin E2 release was observed in response to myocardial ischemia, but indomethacin treatment significantly reduced coronary venous prostaglandin E2 concentrations below those of control values. Within one hour after occlusion of the coronary artery, the S-T segment was significantly altered, and coronary venous prostaglandin F2alpha had increased significantly above the control concentration. These changes persisted during four hours of myocardial ischemia. Plasma creatine phosphokinase activity increased significantly after two hours of myocardial ischemia and remained elevated for the subsequent two hours of ischemia. After four hours of myocardial ischemia, myocardial creatine phosphokinase activity of ischemic myocardium was significantly reduced, and labilization of myocardial treatment prevented increases in prostaglandin release but did not influence other biochemical changes or the electrocardiographic response to ischemia. Thus, prostaglandin release by ischemic myocardial tissue is an early response to the ischemic stimulus.", "PMID": 850857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9353", "title": "Effect of purification on the accumulation of radioactive gallium labeled leukocytes in abscesses.", "content": "In rabbits, autologous peripheral blood leukocytes labeled in vitro with 67Ga citrate have been purified in vitro by the processes of dialysis and cell washing to determine the effect of purification on the accumulation of the labeled cells in abscesses of the abdominal wall. Dialysis was found to be ineffective, but cell washing produced a population of labeled leukocytes that was essentially free of noncell bound radioactivity. The purification process minimally altered the recirculating capacity of the leukocytes but significantly enhanced the relative accumulation of radioactivity in the septic area. Thus, the use of an essentially pure population of labeled leukocytes should offer a significant potential in the definitive scintiscan demonstration of hidden abscesses.", "contents": "Effect of purification on the accumulation of radioactive gallium labeled leukocytes in abscesses. In rabbits, autologous peripheral blood leukocytes labeled in vitro with 67Ga citrate have been purified in vitro by the processes of dialysis and cell washing to determine the effect of purification on the accumulation of the labeled cells in abscesses of the abdominal wall. Dialysis was found to be ineffective, but cell washing produced a population of labeled leukocytes that was essentially free of noncell bound radioactivity. The purification process minimally altered the recirculating capacity of the leukocytes but significantly enhanced the relative accumulation of radioactivity in the septic area. Thus, the use of an essentially pure population of labeled leukocytes should offer a significant potential in the definitive scintiscan demonstration of hidden abscesses.", "PMID": 850858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9354", "title": "The value of liver scan in the follow-up study of patients with adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum.", "content": "Seventy consecutive patients with adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum had a liver scan followed by surgical exploration of the liver. Preoperatively, blood chemistry studies were done in addition to palpation of the abdomen. Surgical findings were correlated to results of the liver scans, function tests and palpation of the liver. The overall concordance of liver scans with surgical findings was 78 per cent. Thirty per cent had false-positive results and 15 per cent, false-negative results. The correlation of the liver scan with surgical findings was improved with increasing extent of metastases. When less than 25 per cent of the liver was replaced by tumor, there was a random correlation of scan to surgical findings. By combining liver scans and liver function tests, metastases could be predicted with increased reliability only in patients who had severe metastatic disease of the liver. It is strongly recommended that patients with liver scans suggestive of metastatic disease and with most liver function tests within normal limits undergo exploration to establish the diagnosis. Exploratory laparotomy seems to be the only way to avoid chemotherapeutic treatment of patients with false-positive scans and still allow detection and treatment of metastases to the liver to occur at earlier stages.", "contents": "The value of liver scan in the follow-up study of patients with adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum. Seventy consecutive patients with adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum had a liver scan followed by surgical exploration of the liver. Preoperatively, blood chemistry studies were done in addition to palpation of the abdomen. Surgical findings were correlated to results of the liver scans, function tests and palpation of the liver. The overall concordance of liver scans with surgical findings was 78 per cent. Thirty per cent had false-positive results and 15 per cent, false-negative results. The correlation of the liver scan with surgical findings was improved with increasing extent of metastases. When less than 25 per cent of the liver was replaced by tumor, there was a random correlation of scan to surgical findings. By combining liver scans and liver function tests, metastases could be predicted with increased reliability only in patients who had severe metastatic disease of the liver. It is strongly recommended that patients with liver scans suggestive of metastatic disease and with most liver function tests within normal limits undergo exploration to establish the diagnosis. Exploratory laparotomy seems to be the only way to avoid chemotherapeutic treatment of patients with false-positive scans and still allow detection and treatment of metastases to the liver to occur at earlier stages.", "PMID": 850859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9355", "title": "Postoperative wound infection rates.", "content": "Postoperative wound infections following 5,260 selected procedures at a University Hospital were studied. These data were collected during a three year period using a single surveillance system. These data were compared with those of earlier reports. Accurate postoperative wound infection rates can be obtained as part of a total hospital surveillance program. Operative procedures should be subdivided, so that postoperative wound infection rates among different institutions can be reasonably compared. The major importance of prospective surveillance lies in the actual control of infections.", "contents": "Postoperative wound infection rates. Postoperative wound infections following 5,260 selected procedures at a University Hospital were studied. These data were collected during a three year period using a single surveillance system. These data were compared with those of earlier reports. Accurate postoperative wound infection rates can be obtained as part of a total hospital surveillance program. Operative procedures should be subdivided, so that postoperative wound infection rates among different institutions can be reasonably compared. The major importance of prospective surveillance lies in the actual control of infections.", "PMID": 850860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9356", "title": "The relationship of coagulation factors to clinical complications of acute pancreatitis.", "content": "Alterations in coagulation factors have been reported during acute pancreatitis. Therefore the relationship of coagulation measurements to complications of pancreatitis was evaluated prospectively in 35 patients in whom 130 serial coagulation profiles were performed, consisting of fibrinogen, platelet count (PC), fibrinogen-fibrin-related-antigen (FR-antigen), prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, euglobulin clot lysis, and Factors II, V and VII-X levels. During attacks of acute pancreatitis, over-all mean initial fibrinogen and PC of 268 mg. per 100 ml. and 214,000 per cubic millimiter rose significantly (p less than 0.005) to peaks of 362 mg. per 100 ml. and 477,800 per cubic millimeter by day 6 to 10. Mean initial FR-antigen of 4.8 microgram per milliliter rose to peak 7.4 microgram per milliliter on day 5. In 21 patients with mild pancreatitis, mean highest fibrinogen, PC, FR-antigen, and PT were 329 mg. per 100 ml., 361,500 per cubic millimeter, 5.3 microng per milliliter and 14.1 seconds. These values were significantly higher (p less than 0.05 to 0.01) in patients with severe pancreatitis, being 422 mg. per 100 ml. 528,000 per cubic millimeter, 13.7 microng per milliliter, and 15.5 seconds, respectively. Evaluation of the relationship of coagulation measurements to early clinical features showd that mean initial fibrinogen levels were significantly higher (p less than 0.05 to 0.01) in patients with initial amylase greater than 1,000 Somogyi units percent, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) greater than 250 S.F.U. percent, and initial 72 hour PAO2 less than 75 mm. Hg. Early hypoxemia also correlated (p less than 0.05) with elevated initial FR-antigen levels. Impaired early renal function correlated (p less than 0.01) with elevated initial PC only. Early hypocalcemia did not correlate with coagulation measurements. These findings demonstrate that marked changes in coagulation parameters occur during acute pancreatitis and are related to over-all morbidity. Correlation of early coagulation measurements with amylase levels and with respiratory, renal, and hepatic dysfunction suggests that enzyme-related intravascular coagulation may be implicated in the pathogenesis of these complications of pancreatitis.", "contents": "The relationship of coagulation factors to clinical complications of acute pancreatitis. Alterations in coagulation factors have been reported during acute pancreatitis. Therefore the relationship of coagulation measurements to complications of pancreatitis was evaluated prospectively in 35 patients in whom 130 serial coagulation profiles were performed, consisting of fibrinogen, platelet count (PC), fibrinogen-fibrin-related-antigen (FR-antigen), prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, euglobulin clot lysis, and Factors II, V and VII-X levels. During attacks of acute pancreatitis, over-all mean initial fibrinogen and PC of 268 mg. per 100 ml. and 214,000 per cubic millimiter rose significantly (p less than 0.005) to peaks of 362 mg. per 100 ml. and 477,800 per cubic millimeter by day 6 to 10. Mean initial FR-antigen of 4.8 microgram per milliliter rose to peak 7.4 microgram per milliliter on day 5. In 21 patients with mild pancreatitis, mean highest fibrinogen, PC, FR-antigen, and PT were 329 mg. per 100 ml., 361,500 per cubic millimeter, 5.3 microng per milliliter and 14.1 seconds. These values were significantly higher (p less than 0.05 to 0.01) in patients with severe pancreatitis, being 422 mg. per 100 ml. 528,000 per cubic millimeter, 13.7 microng per milliliter, and 15.5 seconds, respectively. Evaluation of the relationship of coagulation measurements to early clinical features showd that mean initial fibrinogen levels were significantly higher (p less than 0.05 to 0.01) in patients with initial amylase greater than 1,000 Somogyi units percent, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) greater than 250 S.F.U. percent, and initial 72 hour PAO2 less than 75 mm. Hg. Early hypoxemia also correlated (p less than 0.05) with elevated initial FR-antigen levels. Impaired early renal function correlated (p less than 0.01) with elevated initial PC only. Early hypocalcemia did not correlate with coagulation measurements. These findings demonstrate that marked changes in coagulation parameters occur during acute pancreatitis and are related to over-all morbidity. Correlation of early coagulation measurements with amylase levels and with respiratory, renal, and hepatic dysfunction suggests that enzyme-related intravascular coagulation may be implicated in the pathogenesis of these complications of pancreatitis.", "PMID": 850868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9357", "title": "Postlaminectomy arteriovenous fistula.", "content": "Forty-nine cases of postlaminectomy arteriovenous fistula have been reported. Perforation of the anterior spinal ligament by the pituitary rongeur during discectomy with resultant simultaneous damage to artery and vein is causative. Whether aorta, cava, and/or iliac vessels are involved depends upon the level of laminectomy, the angle of the instrument, and anatomic variations in aortocaval bifurcation. Nine patients presented early after operation and were diagnosed promptly. The 40 patients who presented from months to years following laminectomy to physicians unfamiliar with this entity often had a distressing delay in diagnosis. High output congestive heart failure, particularly in a young person, and the characteristic abdominal and back bruit, should arouse suspicion. Arteriography confirms the diagnosis and allows planning for the operative repair. Though potentially disastrous, the operative correction of a major arteriovenous fistula may be done safely if standard principles of vascular surgery are followed. When combined with technical hints regarding clamp placement, transvascular repair, balloon catheter use, vein preservation, and the multiple inventive uses of the Dacron vascular prosthesis, a successful outcome should be expected.", "contents": "Postlaminectomy arteriovenous fistula. Forty-nine cases of postlaminectomy arteriovenous fistula have been reported. Perforation of the anterior spinal ligament by the pituitary rongeur during discectomy with resultant simultaneous damage to artery and vein is causative. Whether aorta, cava, and/or iliac vessels are involved depends upon the level of laminectomy, the angle of the instrument, and anatomic variations in aortocaval bifurcation. Nine patients presented early after operation and were diagnosed promptly. The 40 patients who presented from months to years following laminectomy to physicians unfamiliar with this entity often had a distressing delay in diagnosis. High output congestive heart failure, particularly in a young person, and the characteristic abdominal and back bruit, should arouse suspicion. Arteriography confirms the diagnosis and allows planning for the operative repair. Though potentially disastrous, the operative correction of a major arteriovenous fistula may be done safely if standard principles of vascular surgery are followed. When combined with technical hints regarding clamp placement, transvascular repair, balloon catheter use, vein preservation, and the multiple inventive uses of the Dacron vascular prosthesis, a successful outcome should be expected.", "PMID": 850869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9358", "title": "Serial changes in arterial endothelium following ischemia and perfusion.", "content": "The acute and chronic changes produced in canine femoral arteries by ischemia and by perfusion with D10W were examined by light and by scanning electron microscopy. Mild changes of injury characterized by medial and adventitial inflammation and an increase in intimal lining cells occur following 30 minutes of perfusion with return to a normal microscopic appearance within one week. Perfusion for 6 hours produces significant injury to the entire arterial wall, as evidenced by depletion of cells and elastin from the media, replacement with collagen, and eventual fibrosis. The intimal surface is replaced by a layer of spindle cells which appear to originate in the media. The internal elastic membrane is flattened and thrombosis is prominent, particularly in areas where medial fibrosis is severe. Many of the vascular changes produced by perfusion injury may persist for 3 months and some may even by permanent. A period of 6 hours of ischemia also produces similar but less prominent alterations in vascular morphology which return to near-normal appearance within 8 weeks.", "contents": "Serial changes in arterial endothelium following ischemia and perfusion. The acute and chronic changes produced in canine femoral arteries by ischemia and by perfusion with D10W were examined by light and by scanning electron microscopy. Mild changes of injury characterized by medial and adventitial inflammation and an increase in intimal lining cells occur following 30 minutes of perfusion with return to a normal microscopic appearance within one week. Perfusion for 6 hours produces significant injury to the entire arterial wall, as evidenced by depletion of cells and elastin from the media, replacement with collagen, and eventual fibrosis. The intimal surface is replaced by a layer of spindle cells which appear to originate in the media. The internal elastic membrane is flattened and thrombosis is prominent, particularly in areas where medial fibrosis is severe. Many of the vascular changes produced by perfusion injury may persist for 3 months and some may even by permanent. A period of 6 hours of ischemia also produces similar but less prominent alterations in vascular morphology which return to near-normal appearance within 8 weeks.", "PMID": 850870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9359", "title": "Life expectancy following aortofemoral arterial grafting.", "content": "The existence of symptomatic aortoiliofemoral occlusive vascular disease would appear to result in approximately a 10 year decrease in life expectancy compared to that of the \"normal\" population. However, a significant proportion of the cumulative mortality rate appears to be due to both coronary artery disease and diabetes mellitus, as patients with peripheral vascular disease had a near \"normal\" life expectancy in the absence of either coronary artery disease or diabetes mellitus. Neither the presence nor the anatomical location of occlusive disease distal to the comon femoral bifurication by itself decreased life expectancy compared to those patients with aortoliofemoral disease but without similar distal occusive disease. Low operative mortality rate, excellent long-term patency, and potentially \"normal\" life expectancy all encourage an aggressive operative approach in patients with symptoms of peripheral vascular disease but without either diabetes mellitus or coronary artery disease. Revascularization in those patients with diabetes mellitus should be directed at limb salvage rather than at relief of minor symptoms of ischemia.", "contents": "Life expectancy following aortofemoral arterial grafting. The existence of symptomatic aortoiliofemoral occlusive vascular disease would appear to result in approximately a 10 year decrease in life expectancy compared to that of the \"normal\" population. However, a significant proportion of the cumulative mortality rate appears to be due to both coronary artery disease and diabetes mellitus, as patients with peripheral vascular disease had a near \"normal\" life expectancy in the absence of either coronary artery disease or diabetes mellitus. Neither the presence nor the anatomical location of occlusive disease distal to the comon femoral bifurication by itself decreased life expectancy compared to those patients with aortoliofemoral disease but without similar distal occusive disease. Low operative mortality rate, excellent long-term patency, and potentially \"normal\" life expectancy all encourage an aggressive operative approach in patients with symptoms of peripheral vascular disease but without either diabetes mellitus or coronary artery disease. Revascularization in those patients with diabetes mellitus should be directed at limb salvage rather than at relief of minor symptoms of ischemia.", "PMID": 850871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9360", "title": "Carotid bruit as a risk factor in aortoiliac reconstruction.", "content": "Records of 248 patients undergoing aortoiliac reconstruction for occlusive disease between 1957 and 1975 were reviewed. Carotid bruits were ausculted in 35 patients (14%). Five of the patients with bruits also were thought to have symptoms of transient ischemia. Strokes occurred after operation in four of the 248 patients (1.6%). No patient with a previously noted bruit developed postoperative stroke. Two patients with transient cerebral ischemia and no confirmed bruit before operation did develop postoperative strokes. Cerebral angiography was performed in 18 of the patients with carotid bruits. Two of these patients underwent carotid endarterectomy prior to aortoiliac reconstruction. None of these 18 patients developed strokes following their carotid surgery of aortoiliac reconstruction. A third patient with no bruit but with retinal cholesterol emboli also underwent arteriography and endarterectomy without complication. The results suggest that the asymptomatic carotid bruit alone does not indicate an increased risk of stroke during aortoiliac reconstruction. The authors conclude that their experience does not support prophylactic carotid endarterectomy in the asymptomatic patient prior to aortoiliac reconstruction.", "contents": "Carotid bruit as a risk factor in aortoiliac reconstruction. Records of 248 patients undergoing aortoiliac reconstruction for occlusive disease between 1957 and 1975 were reviewed. Carotid bruits were ausculted in 35 patients (14%). Five of the patients with bruits also were thought to have symptoms of transient ischemia. Strokes occurred after operation in four of the 248 patients (1.6%). No patient with a previously noted bruit developed postoperative stroke. Two patients with transient cerebral ischemia and no confirmed bruit before operation did develop postoperative strokes. Cerebral angiography was performed in 18 of the patients with carotid bruits. Two of these patients underwent carotid endarterectomy prior to aortoiliac reconstruction. None of these 18 patients developed strokes following their carotid surgery of aortoiliac reconstruction. A third patient with no bruit but with retinal cholesterol emboli also underwent arteriography and endarterectomy without complication. The results suggest that the asymptomatic carotid bruit alone does not indicate an increased risk of stroke during aortoiliac reconstruction. The authors conclude that their experience does not support prophylactic carotid endarterectomy in the asymptomatic patient prior to aortoiliac reconstruction.", "PMID": 850872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9361", "title": "Abnormalities of liver function following extensive jejunoileal bypass and resection in rats.", "content": "A greater than 90% jejunoileal bypass similar to the type performed in man for morbid exogenous obesity was performed in 70 adult female Wister rats; in an additional 70 rats a greater than 90% jejunoileal resection was performed. The control group consisted of 46 rats, which were not subjected to any experimental measures. Following operation the bypass group demonstrated a significantly greater weight loss than did the resection group. Total plasma protein, albumin, and glutamic oxalacetic transaminase all decreased from the control in both the resection and bypass groups; the decrease, however, was more significant in the bypass than in the resected group. These results suggest the possible production of a hepatotoxic factor in the excluded small bowel segment.", "contents": "Abnormalities of liver function following extensive jejunoileal bypass and resection in rats. A greater than 90% jejunoileal bypass similar to the type performed in man for morbid exogenous obesity was performed in 70 adult female Wister rats; in an additional 70 rats a greater than 90% jejunoileal resection was performed. The control group consisted of 46 rats, which were not subjected to any experimental measures. Following operation the bypass group demonstrated a significantly greater weight loss than did the resection group. Total plasma protein, albumin, and glutamic oxalacetic transaminase all decreased from the control in both the resection and bypass groups; the decrease, however, was more significant in the bypass than in the resected group. These results suggest the possible production of a hepatotoxic factor in the excluded small bowel segment.", "PMID": 850873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9362", "title": "Melanoma of skin of the breast: therapeutic considerations based on six cases.", "content": "Melanomas of the skin of the breast are uncommon lesions which are amenable to cure with standard mastectomy techniques, even when lymphatic spread has occurred. Of six patients treated at the University of Iowa, two have died of metastatic melanoma, one treated by wide excision and subsequent axillary dissection and the other by radical mastectomy initially. Of the remaining patients, one with positive axillary nodes at the time of mastectomy died 28 years following operation of unrelated causes, one with axillary nodes involved is 5 years without evidence of recurrence, and two who have been followed for less than 2 years, are without evidence of recurrent disease in spite of having had positive nodes at the time of initial treatment. All six patients had had pigmented lesions of the skin of the breast for many years, suggesting that such lesions in this location should be considered premalignant.", "contents": "Melanoma of skin of the breast: therapeutic considerations based on six cases. Melanomas of the skin of the breast are uncommon lesions which are amenable to cure with standard mastectomy techniques, even when lymphatic spread has occurred. Of six patients treated at the University of Iowa, two have died of metastatic melanoma, one treated by wide excision and subsequent axillary dissection and the other by radical mastectomy initially. Of the remaining patients, one with positive axillary nodes at the time of mastectomy died 28 years following operation of unrelated causes, one with axillary nodes involved is 5 years without evidence of recurrence, and two who have been followed for less than 2 years, are without evidence of recurrent disease in spite of having had positive nodes at the time of initial treatment. All six patients had had pigmented lesions of the skin of the breast for many years, suggesting that such lesions in this location should be considered premalignant.", "PMID": 850874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9363", "title": "Clinical aspects of persistent sciatic artery: report of two cases and review of the literature.", "content": "The sciatic artery is the principal blood supply to the lower extremity in the human embryo prior to the development of the femoral artery. Persistence of the sciatic artery in the adult is a rare albeit well documented anomaly with at least 29 cases reported in the world's literature and two additional cases presented here. The persistent sciatic artery is a branch of the internal iliac artery. It leaves the pelvis in close proximity with the sciatic nerve and is continuous with the popliteal artery. The superficial femoral artery usually is present and hypoplastic and only sends collaterals to the popliteal artery. Diagnosis of a patent sciatic artery is suggested by auscultation with a Doppler ultrasound and confirmed by autography. Obstruction and/or aneurysms of the sciatic artery should be treated with a femoral to popliteal or other distal artery bypass and ligation of the aneurysm if one is present.", "contents": "Clinical aspects of persistent sciatic artery: report of two cases and review of the literature. The sciatic artery is the principal blood supply to the lower extremity in the human embryo prior to the development of the femoral artery. Persistence of the sciatic artery in the adult is a rare albeit well documented anomaly with at least 29 cases reported in the world's literature and two additional cases presented here. The persistent sciatic artery is a branch of the internal iliac artery. It leaves the pelvis in close proximity with the sciatic nerve and is continuous with the popliteal artery. The superficial femoral artery usually is present and hypoplastic and only sends collaterals to the popliteal artery. Diagnosis of a patent sciatic artery is suggested by auscultation with a Doppler ultrasound and confirmed by autography. Obstruction and/or aneurysms of the sciatic artery should be treated with a femoral to popliteal or other distal artery bypass and ligation of the aneurysm if one is present.", "PMID": 850875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9364", "title": "Training in microvascular surgery.", "content": "This is the first report that analyzes the time required for a general surgeon to master the technique of anastomosis of arteries with diameters of 1.25 and 1.5 mm. Probes of 0.25 mm gradation were used to calibrate the lumens of the arteries and the anastomoses. The Zeiss microscope was used at 25 magnifications to repair a transverse division of the abdominal aorta of a 120 gram rat. Fifteen hours were required for the surgeon (S.H.) to become accustomed to the use of the equipment. Then a series of 40 rats were operated upon and kept alive from 1 to 6 weeks. Patency rate was 100% (40 of 40). No anastomosis was less than 1.25 mm in diameter. After the initial practice period of 15 hours, quality of anastomosis was unchanged, but time required to perform it diminished from 45 minutes to 15 minutes during the course of 40 procedures that occupied 35 laboratory hours.", "contents": "Training in microvascular surgery. This is the first report that analyzes the time required for a general surgeon to master the technique of anastomosis of arteries with diameters of 1.25 and 1.5 mm. Probes of 0.25 mm gradation were used to calibrate the lumens of the arteries and the anastomoses. The Zeiss microscope was used at 25 magnifications to repair a transverse division of the abdominal aorta of a 120 gram rat. Fifteen hours were required for the surgeon (S.H.) to become accustomed to the use of the equipment. Then a series of 40 rats were operated upon and kept alive from 1 to 6 weeks. Patency rate was 100% (40 of 40). No anastomosis was less than 1.25 mm in diameter. After the initial practice period of 15 hours, quality of anastomosis was unchanged, but time required to perform it diminished from 45 minutes to 15 minutes during the course of 40 procedures that occupied 35 laboratory hours.", "PMID": 850876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9365", "title": "Selective intra-arterial tolazoline infusion in peripheral arterial trauma.", "content": "Intra-arterial tolazoline has been used as an adjunct for angiographers and has been investigated for application in certain peripheral vascular disorders secondary to its potent activity as a vasodilator. We have had experience with three cases in which severe peripheral arterial trauma had resulted in nonviable extremities in spite of both orthopedic manipulation and vascular reconstruction. Continuous infusions of intra-arterial tolazoline were begun with marked improvement in blood flow in all extremities and resultant viability in all three within 48 hours. All three of these extremities, although severely traumatized, had one patent vessel distal to the popliteal trifurcation which was patent and which insured at least some flow to the distal extremity. Canine experiments were performed which demonstrated that intra-arterial tolazoline increased distal limb blood flow but did not moderate muscle surface hydrogen ion increase. These experiments confirm that the most important effect of the drug is in opening of precapillary arteriovenous shunts in the skin which increase total blood flow in medium and large size blood vessels in the injured limb. Major systemic effects of the drug were not observed when used in these specified concentrations and when monitored carefully by nursing personnel. We therefore feel that infusion of tolazoline can be used in specified cases of peripheral arterial trauma when both orthopedic and vascular reconstruction have not restored adequate blood flow to the traumatized extremity.", "contents": "Selective intra-arterial tolazoline infusion in peripheral arterial trauma. Intra-arterial tolazoline has been used as an adjunct for angiographers and has been investigated for application in certain peripheral vascular disorders secondary to its potent activity as a vasodilator. We have had experience with three cases in which severe peripheral arterial trauma had resulted in nonviable extremities in spite of both orthopedic manipulation and vascular reconstruction. Continuous infusions of intra-arterial tolazoline were begun with marked improvement in blood flow in all extremities and resultant viability in all three within 48 hours. All three of these extremities, although severely traumatized, had one patent vessel distal to the popliteal trifurcation which was patent and which insured at least some flow to the distal extremity. Canine experiments were performed which demonstrated that intra-arterial tolazoline increased distal limb blood flow but did not moderate muscle surface hydrogen ion increase. These experiments confirm that the most important effect of the drug is in opening of precapillary arteriovenous shunts in the skin which increase total blood flow in medium and large size blood vessels in the injured limb. Major systemic effects of the drug were not observed when used in these specified concentrations and when monitored carefully by nursing personnel. We therefore feel that infusion of tolazoline can be used in specified cases of peripheral arterial trauma when both orthopedic and vascular reconstruction have not restored adequate blood flow to the traumatized extremity.", "PMID": 850877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9366", "title": "The axillopectoral muscle (Langer's axillary arch): a cause of axillary vein obstruction.", "content": "The second patient recognized to have high grade intermittent obstruction of the axillary vein due to an anomalous axillopectoral muscle is reported. This relatively common anomalous muscle extends from the latissimus dorsi to the insertion of the pectoralis major and overlies the neurovascular bundle in the axilla. Preoperative recognition of this anomaly appears possible by phlebography, a history of intermittent axillary vein obstruction, loss of the normal axillary concavity, and a market disparity between obvious visual fullness in the axilla and the great difficulty encountered in palpating an axillary mass. Although a correct preoperative diagnosis of the presence of this anomaly has not been made yet, awareness of this entity is important because simple excision of this muscle is curative.", "contents": "The axillopectoral muscle (Langer's axillary arch): a cause of axillary vein obstruction. The second patient recognized to have high grade intermittent obstruction of the axillary vein due to an anomalous axillopectoral muscle is reported. This relatively common anomalous muscle extends from the latissimus dorsi to the insertion of the pectoralis major and overlies the neurovascular bundle in the axilla. Preoperative recognition of this anomaly appears possible by phlebography, a history of intermittent axillary vein obstruction, loss of the normal axillary concavity, and a market disparity between obvious visual fullness in the axilla and the great difficulty encountered in palpating an axillary mass. Although a correct preoperative diagnosis of the presence of this anomaly has not been made yet, awareness of this entity is important because simple excision of this muscle is curative.", "PMID": 850878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9367", "title": "Lymphoblastoid cell lines of homozygous typing cells used for sensitization in PLT.", "content": "Lymphoblastoid cell lines of homozygous typing cells were used as the sensitizing cells in MLC to prepare PLT cells. Results obtained using such cells against a panel of restimulating cells were compared to those obtained using regular PLT cells in which priming had been accomplished with normal peripheral blood lymphocytes. It appears that lymphoblastoid cell lines can be used for this purpose; the advantages of such an approach are given.", "contents": "Lymphoblastoid cell lines of homozygous typing cells used for sensitization in PLT. Lymphoblastoid cell lines of homozygous typing cells were used as the sensitizing cells in MLC to prepare PLT cells. Results obtained using such cells against a panel of restimulating cells were compared to those obtained using regular PLT cells in which priming had been accomplished with normal peripheral blood lymphocytes. It appears that lymphoblastoid cell lines can be used for this purpose; the advantages of such an approach are given.", "PMID": 850915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9368", "title": "Sibling Method for Detecting HLA-linked genes in disease.", "content": "Where it is possible to ascertain a number of families each having two or more siblings with a particular disease, data from such families can be used to test for the presence or otherwise of important genes in the HLA chromosomal region causing susceptibility to the disease. The method for analysing such data is detailed.", "contents": "Sibling Method for Detecting HLA-linked genes in disease. Where it is possible to ascertain a number of families each having two or more siblings with a particular disease, data from such families can be used to test for the presence or otherwise of important genes in the HLA chromosomal region causing susceptibility to the disease. The method for analysing such data is detailed.", "PMID": 850916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9369", "title": "HLA--Cw4 in paranoid schizophrenia.", "content": "On a group of 40 paranoid schizophrenic patients HLA serotypes for HLA--A, B, C antigens a significant increase of Cw4 was observed. It is argued that this finding represents the common denominator for previous data reporting increased A9 and A28 antigen in SCH because these antigens are frequently present on haplotypes bearing Cw4. The possible role of the HLA \"central\" parts, i.e. the chromosomal segment between HLA--A and HLA--B locus in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia was stressed.", "contents": "HLA--Cw4 in paranoid schizophrenia. On a group of 40 paranoid schizophrenic patients HLA serotypes for HLA--A, B, C antigens a significant increase of Cw4 was observed. It is argued that this finding represents the common denominator for previous data reporting increased A9 and A28 antigen in SCH because these antigens are frequently present on haplotypes bearing Cw4. The possible role of the HLA \"central\" parts, i.e. the chromosomal segment between HLA--A and HLA--B locus in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia was stressed.", "PMID": 850917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9370", "title": "The association of HLA antigens A3, B7, and DW2 with 330 multiple sclerosis patients in the United States.", "content": "Reported associations of HLA antigens with MS have varied considerably. In this study we have examined 330 clinically definite MS patients from the United States. The frequency of DW2 (52%) was highly statistically significant in MS patients as compared to controls (p less than 0.00001). Neither A3 nor B7 was significantly increased in MS; however, the joint occurrences of A3-DW2 (20% vs 7%, p less than 0.001) and B7-DW2 (30% vs 13%, p less than 0.0002) are highly associated with MS.", "contents": "The association of HLA antigens A3, B7, and DW2 with 330 multiple sclerosis patients in the United States. Reported associations of HLA antigens with MS have varied considerably. In this study we have examined 330 clinically definite MS patients from the United States. The frequency of DW2 (52%) was highly statistically significant in MS patients as compared to controls (p less than 0.00001). Neither A3 nor B7 was significantly increased in MS; however, the joint occurrences of A3-DW2 (20% vs 7%, p less than 0.001) and B7-DW2 (30% vs 13%, p less than 0.0002) are highly associated with MS.", "PMID": 850918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9371", "title": "A note of relative risks.", "content": "In the study of disease correlations with specific antigens, the current expression for \"relative risks\" is computationally convenient. However, a more exact expression has been devised which is also more easily interpretable as the relative probability of contracting a disease for individuals carrying a specific antigen as compared to the probability for those not carrying that antigen.", "contents": "A note of relative risks. In the study of disease correlations with specific antigens, the current expression for \"relative risks\" is computationally convenient. However, a more exact expression has been devised which is also more easily interpretable as the relative probability of contracting a disease for individuals carrying a specific antigen as compared to the probability for those not carrying that antigen.", "PMID": 850919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9372", "title": "Acquisition of typing serum from post partum blood clots.", "content": "The proposed technique provides an inexpensive, totally harmless and rapid procedure for the collection of pregnancy serum having either HLA or anti B-cell cytotoxic activity, Its disadvantages are the necessity for large storage space and the relatively small volume of the obtainable serum.", "contents": "Acquisition of typing serum from post partum blood clots. The proposed technique provides an inexpensive, totally harmless and rapid procedure for the collection of pregnancy serum having either HLA or anti B-cell cytotoxic activity, Its disadvantages are the necessity for large storage space and the relatively small volume of the obtainable serum.", "PMID": 850920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9373", "title": "Mortality risk associated with the use of oral contraceptives.", "content": "Recent studies in Great Britain and the United States have raised serious concern about the safety of oral contraceptives for women aged 40 and over. This article reanalyzes the data published in these studies and shows that a clear understanding of the synergistic effects of smoking and pill use is essential for proper assessment of the safety of oral contraceptives. The present analysis indicates that (1) the use of oral contraceptives, in the absence of smoking, is considerably safer than no fertility control for all ages, including the group aged 40-44; (2) the use of oral contraceptives among smokers aged 40 and over is substantially more hazardous than no fertility control, although there is little difference for light smokers; (3) the use of oral contraceptives among heavy smokers in the group aged 30-39 may be more hazardous than no fertility control; and (4) the use of oral contraceptives among heavy smokers in the group aged 15-29 may be more hazardous than any other method of fertility regulation.", "contents": "Mortality risk associated with the use of oral contraceptives. Recent studies in Great Britain and the United States have raised serious concern about the safety of oral contraceptives for women aged 40 and over. This article reanalyzes the data published in these studies and shows that a clear understanding of the synergistic effects of smoking and pill use is essential for proper assessment of the safety of oral contraceptives. The present analysis indicates that (1) the use of oral contraceptives, in the absence of smoking, is considerably safer than no fertility control for all ages, including the group aged 40-44; (2) the use of oral contraceptives among smokers aged 40 and over is substantially more hazardous than no fertility control, although there is little difference for light smokers; (3) the use of oral contraceptives among heavy smokers in the group aged 30-39 may be more hazardous than no fertility control; and (4) the use of oral contraceptives among heavy smokers in the group aged 15-29 may be more hazardous than any other method of fertility regulation.", "PMID": 850926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9374", "title": "Response reliability in a longitudinal survey in Thailand.", "content": "The two rounds of the National Longitudinal Study in Thailand provide a useful opportunity to explore response reliability in a large-scale social and demographic survey in a developing country. The results indicate that nonrandom reliability at the individual level ranged from quite high (for several straightforward, facual questions) to quite low (for most attitudinal questions). There was considerable distributional stability, however, even for many of the variables with low individual-level reliability. In terms of its response reliability, the Thai study compares reasonably well with several leading US fertility surveys. However, in both countries response reliability at the individual level for attitudinal questions is distressingly low. This clearly should be a matter of major concern for social scientists using survey results.", "contents": "Response reliability in a longitudinal survey in Thailand. The two rounds of the National Longitudinal Study in Thailand provide a useful opportunity to explore response reliability in a large-scale social and demographic survey in a developing country. The results indicate that nonrandom reliability at the individual level ranged from quite high (for several straightforward, facual questions) to quite low (for most attitudinal questions). There was considerable distributional stability, however, even for many of the variables with low individual-level reliability. In terms of its response reliability, the Thai study compares reasonably well with several leading US fertility surveys. However, in both countries response reliability at the individual level for attitudinal questions is distressingly low. This clearly should be a matter of major concern for social scientists using survey results.", "PMID": 850927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9375", "title": "Governmental population incentives: ethical issues at stake.", "content": "Governmental incentives to influence population-related decisions are examined in terms of the ethical issues at stake. A typology of incentive schemes is presented, and ethical implications of various incentives are discussed. It is argued that, in a just scheme, a progressive, negative incentive or fee, calculated as a surtax on a modified income tax or an equivalent standard, would distribute burdens equally. A set of guidelines for ethical evaluation of incentive schemes is proposed.", "contents": "Governmental population incentives: ethical issues at stake. Governmental incentives to influence population-related decisions are examined in terms of the ethical issues at stake. A typology of incentive schemes is presented, and ethical implications of various incentives are discussed. It is argued that, in a just scheme, a progressive, negative incentive or fee, calculated as a surtax on a modified income tax or an equivalent standard, would distribute burdens equally. A set of guidelines for ethical evaluation of incentive schemes is proposed.", "PMID": 850928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9376", "title": "Trends in fertility and family planning in Jordan.", "content": "A national fertility sample survey conducted in 1972 on the East Bank of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan collected information on fertility levels, desire for additional children, and knowledge and practice of family planning. The data suggest that in Jordan, as in many other developing countries, the fertility rate is extremely high, and that, while rural/urban residence and socio-economic status have no significant influence on fertility, educational attainment of wives does have a marked effect on fertility. The survey results also indicate that, while knowledge of contraception is not lacking, its practice is limited, and that the average ideal family size is lower than the actual size among almost all socioeconomic groups.", "contents": "Trends in fertility and family planning in Jordan. A national fertility sample survey conducted in 1972 on the East Bank of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan collected information on fertility levels, desire for additional children, and knowledge and practice of family planning. The data suggest that in Jordan, as in many other developing countries, the fertility rate is extremely high, and that, while rural/urban residence and socio-economic status have no significant influence on fertility, educational attainment of wives does have a marked effect on fertility. The survey results also indicate that, while knowledge of contraception is not lacking, its practice is limited, and that the average ideal family size is lower than the actual size among almost all socioeconomic groups.", "PMID": 850929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9377", "title": "A review of blood donor motivation and recruitment.", "content": "Sixty English-language articles on the motivation and recruitment of blood donors and nondonors are reviewed and evaluated. Apparently researchers have been finding essentially the same results for approximately twenty years. Motivations to donate are: altruism/humanitarian, personal or family credit, social pressure, replacement and reward. Motivations not to donate are: fear (of needle, sight of blood, weakness, finger or ear pricking), medical excuses, reactions, apathy, and inconvenience. Deeper analysis of motivation suggests that donors may unconsciously desire a \"pat-on-the-back\" for their efforts. Retention and management of prior donors may be more significant to meeting blood needs than motivation of new donors. Suggestions for donor recruitment effectiveness are presented.", "contents": "A review of blood donor motivation and recruitment. Sixty English-language articles on the motivation and recruitment of blood donors and nondonors are reviewed and evaluated. Apparently researchers have been finding essentially the same results for approximately twenty years. Motivations to donate are: altruism/humanitarian, personal or family credit, social pressure, replacement and reward. Motivations not to donate are: fear (of needle, sight of blood, weakness, finger or ear pricking), medical excuses, reactions, apathy, and inconvenience. Deeper analysis of motivation suggests that donors may unconsciously desire a \"pat-on-the-back\" for their efforts. Retention and management of prior donors may be more significant to meeting blood needs than motivation of new donors. Suggestions for donor recruitment effectiveness are presented.", "PMID": 850930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9378", "title": "In vitro function of granulocytes isolated from blood of normal volunteers using continuous-flow centrifugation in the IBM-aminco celltrifuge and adhesion-filtration leukapheresis using nylon fiber.", "content": "Granulocytes were harvested from each of five healthy male volunteers once by continuous flow centrifugation with the IBM-Aminco Celltrifuge, and once by adhesion filtration leukapheresis with nylon fiber. Granulocyte recovery and purity were significantly better with the filtration leukapheresis system than with continuous flow centrifugation. Measurements of trypan blue dye exclusion and muramidase activity were similar to those in control granulocytes regardless of the method of isolation. Granulocyte-stimulated oxygen consumption was diminished in granulocytes prepared by the adhesion filtration method, but normal in those prepared by continuous flow centrifugation with the IBM-Aminco Celltrifuge.", "contents": "In vitro function of granulocytes isolated from blood of normal volunteers using continuous-flow centrifugation in the IBM-aminco celltrifuge and adhesion-filtration leukapheresis using nylon fiber. Granulocytes were harvested from each of five healthy male volunteers once by continuous flow centrifugation with the IBM-Aminco Celltrifuge, and once by adhesion filtration leukapheresis with nylon fiber. Granulocyte recovery and purity were significantly better with the filtration leukapheresis system than with continuous flow centrifugation. Measurements of trypan blue dye exclusion and muramidase activity were similar to those in control granulocytes regardless of the method of isolation. Granulocyte-stimulated oxygen consumption was diminished in granulocytes prepared by the adhesion filtration method, but normal in those prepared by continuous flow centrifugation with the IBM-Aminco Celltrifuge.", "PMID": 850931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9379", "title": "Effect of initial storage at room temperature on human red blood cell ATP, 2,3-DPG, and viability.", "content": "The concentrations of ATP and 2,3-DPG and post-transfusion viability were measured in human red blood cells exposed for one, four and seven hours to room temperature before refrigerated storage for 21 days. No effect of room temperature storage was observed on ATP or viability. Decrease in 2,3-DPG was accelerated by room temperature exposure but the differences in 2.3-DPG were small and unlikely to have a significant adverse effect on red blood cell oxygen delivery. Delays of up to seven hours in refrigeration of blood do not appear to have serious adverse effects on red blood cell viability or function.", "contents": "Effect of initial storage at room temperature on human red blood cell ATP, 2,3-DPG, and viability. The concentrations of ATP and 2,3-DPG and post-transfusion viability were measured in human red blood cells exposed for one, four and seven hours to room temperature before refrigerated storage for 21 days. No effect of room temperature storage was observed on ATP or viability. Decrease in 2,3-DPG was accelerated by room temperature exposure but the differences in 2.3-DPG were small and unlikely to have a significant adverse effect on red blood cell oxygen delivery. Delays of up to seven hours in refrigeration of blood do not appear to have serious adverse effects on red blood cell viability or function.", "PMID": 850932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9380", "title": "Citrate anticoagulants for plateletpheresis.", "content": "In 112 plateletphereses done by the Haemonetics blood processor, the comparative effectiveness of ACD formula A, ACD formula B, and 2 per cent citrate in saline was evaluated. With respect to yields of platelets and white blood cells (e.g., lymphocytes), ACD-B was significantly better than the other two. Both ACD-B and 2 per cent citrate gave a much lower incidence of citrate reactions in the donors than were encountered with ACD-A.", "contents": "Citrate anticoagulants for plateletpheresis. In 112 plateletphereses done by the Haemonetics blood processor, the comparative effectiveness of ACD formula A, ACD formula B, and 2 per cent citrate in saline was evaluated. With respect to yields of platelets and white blood cells (e.g., lymphocytes), ACD-B was significantly better than the other two. Both ACD-B and 2 per cent citrate gave a much lower incidence of citrate reactions in the donors than were encountered with ACD-A.", "PMID": 850933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9381", "title": "Abdominal pain in donors during filtration leukapheresis.", "content": "An unusual donor reaction characterized primarily by lower abdominal and/or perineal pain occurs in 1.2 per cent of donors during filtration leukapheresis (FL). The reaction occurs almost exclusively in female donors. Corticosteroid pretreatment appears to be highly effective in preventing the reaction. The pathogenesis of this donor problem is speculative.", "contents": "Abdominal pain in donors during filtration leukapheresis. An unusual donor reaction characterized primarily by lower abdominal and/or perineal pain occurs in 1.2 per cent of donors during filtration leukapheresis (FL). The reaction occurs almost exclusively in female donors. Corticosteroid pretreatment appears to be highly effective in preventing the reaction. The pathogenesis of this donor problem is speculative.", "PMID": 850934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9382", "title": "Red blood cell survival studies in patients with anti-Cha, anti-Yka, anti-Ge, and anti-Vel.", "content": "The survival of red blood cells, which were strongly incompatible in vitro, was measured in five patients whose serum contained an antibody to a high-frequency antigen. In the two patients with anti-Cha, and in the patient with anti-Yka, the cells survived normally. In the patient with anti-Ge, a small proportion of the cells was destroyed at an increased rate during the first 24 hours, but the remaining cells survived normally. In the patient with anti-Vel, the injected cells were rapidly destroyed.", "contents": "Red blood cell survival studies in patients with anti-Cha, anti-Yka, anti-Ge, and anti-Vel. The survival of red blood cells, which were strongly incompatible in vitro, was measured in five patients whose serum contained an antibody to a high-frequency antigen. In the two patients with anti-Cha, and in the patient with anti-Yka, the cells survived normally. In the patient with anti-Ge, a small proportion of the cells was destroyed at an increased rate during the first 24 hours, but the remaining cells survived normally. In the patient with anti-Vel, the injected cells were rapidly destroyed.", "PMID": 850935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9383", "title": "An example of anti-Jra.", "content": "Anti-Jra is an antibody that has been detected in at least 15 individuals that are known to lack the corresponding high frequency antigen. An example of this antibody with anti-Jra specificity was found in a woman upon routine prenatal antibody screening and was evaluated for involvement in a hemolytic process which occurred in the newborn.", "contents": "An example of anti-Jra. Anti-Jra is an antibody that has been detected in at least 15 individuals that are known to lack the corresponding high frequency antigen. An example of this antibody with anti-Jra specificity was found in a woman upon routine prenatal antibody screening and was evaluated for involvement in a hemolytic process which occurred in the newborn.", "PMID": 850936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9384", "title": "Acute hemolytic transfusion reactions--a fresh look at pathogenesis and considerations regarding therapy.", "content": "A review of our knowledge of acute hemolytic transfusion reactions indicates that we have learned much in recent years about the pathogenetic mechanisms involved. An approach to effective therapy for patients suffering such reactions should be based on our latest understanding of the pathophysiology of this syndrome. However, changes in our therapeutic approach have not kept abreast of our increased awareness of the etiologic factors, and the patient, therefore, is not getting the benefit of our increased knowledge in this area. The primary pathogenetic mechanisms involved in these reactions appear to be disseminated intravascular coagulation and a series of hemodynamic alterations leading to ischemic necrosis of tissues. Therapy would best be aimed at interfering with these primary pathophysiologic pathways.", "contents": "Acute hemolytic transfusion reactions--a fresh look at pathogenesis and considerations regarding therapy. A review of our knowledge of acute hemolytic transfusion reactions indicates that we have learned much in recent years about the pathogenetic mechanisms involved. An approach to effective therapy for patients suffering such reactions should be based on our latest understanding of the pathophysiology of this syndrome. However, changes in our therapeutic approach have not kept abreast of our increased awareness of the etiologic factors, and the patient, therefore, is not getting the benefit of our increased knowledge in this area. The primary pathogenetic mechanisms involved in these reactions appear to be disseminated intravascular coagulation and a series of hemodynamic alterations leading to ischemic necrosis of tissues. Therapy would best be aimed at interfering with these primary pathophysiologic pathways.", "PMID": 850938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9385", "title": "Oxygen consumption, platelet aggregation and release reactions in platelets freeze-preserved with dimethylsulfoxide.", "content": "Platelets were frozen with 4% or 5% DMSO at an overall rate of 2 to 3 C per minute and were stored at -80 C for as long as 10 months. They were washed with DMSO-plasma and acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD) solutions and were stored in 30 ml of autologous plasma at room temperature for about three hours before transfusion. Measurements were made of oxygen consumption, platelet aggregation and release reaction, platelet factor-3 and-4 activities, and platelet response to hypotonic stress. Platelet basal and latex stimulated oxygen consumption were found to be significantly impaired; platelet aggregation response to ADP, epinephrine, and collagen were decreased; platelet ATP and ADP content and release reactions were decreased; platelet antiheparin activity (platelet factor-4 level) was decreased; and the platelet response to hypotonic stress was impaired. What the results of these in vitro tests mean in relation to in vivo survival and hemostatic function of preserved platelets was not established.", "contents": "Oxygen consumption, platelet aggregation and release reactions in platelets freeze-preserved with dimethylsulfoxide. Platelets were frozen with 4% or 5% DMSO at an overall rate of 2 to 3 C per minute and were stored at -80 C for as long as 10 months. They were washed with DMSO-plasma and acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD) solutions and were stored in 30 ml of autologous plasma at room temperature for about three hours before transfusion. Measurements were made of oxygen consumption, platelet aggregation and release reaction, platelet factor-3 and-4 activities, and platelet response to hypotonic stress. Platelet basal and latex stimulated oxygen consumption were found to be significantly impaired; platelet aggregation response to ADP, epinephrine, and collagen were decreased; platelet ATP and ADP content and release reactions were decreased; platelet antiheparin activity (platelet factor-4 level) was decreased; and the platelet response to hypotonic stress was impaired. What the results of these in vitro tests mean in relation to in vivo survival and hemostatic function of preserved platelets was not established.", "PMID": 850939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9386", "title": "Spontaneous glomerulonephritis in dogs. I. Classification and immunopathology.", "content": "A morphological study of kidneys of 101 dogs with and without clinical signs of renal disease was done. In 90% of the dogs there was morphologic evidence of glomerulopathy. Types of glomerulonephritis were: membranous, 26 cases (with spikes, six cases; without spikes, 20 cases); membranoproliferative, 30 cases (with mesagial proliferation, nine cases; with mesangial sclerosis, 21 cases); mesagial-proliferative, 16 cases; and mesangial-sclerosing, 19 cases. There was no linear immunofluorescence indicative of autoantibodies to the glomerular basement membrane. Membranous glomerulonephritis with spikes was associated with coarse subepithelial deposits of IgG and C3. Membranous glomerulonephritis without spikes often had a linear fluorescence pattern of C3. In membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, there were subendothelial deposits of IgG and C3, and frequently C3 deposits were within the mesangium. Mesagial deposits of C3 were frequently found in kidneys with mesangial-proliferative and mesagial-sclerosing glomerulonephritis and glomeruli that histologically appeared normal.", "contents": "Spontaneous glomerulonephritis in dogs. I. Classification and immunopathology. A morphological study of kidneys of 101 dogs with and without clinical signs of renal disease was done. In 90% of the dogs there was morphologic evidence of glomerulopathy. Types of glomerulonephritis were: membranous, 26 cases (with spikes, six cases; without spikes, 20 cases); membranoproliferative, 30 cases (with mesagial proliferation, nine cases; with mesangial sclerosis, 21 cases); mesagial-proliferative, 16 cases; and mesangial-sclerosing, 19 cases. There was no linear immunofluorescence indicative of autoantibodies to the glomerular basement membrane. Membranous glomerulonephritis with spikes was associated with coarse subepithelial deposits of IgG and C3. Membranous glomerulonephritis without spikes often had a linear fluorescence pattern of C3. In membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, there were subendothelial deposits of IgG and C3, and frequently C3 deposits were within the mesangium. Mesagial deposits of C3 were frequently found in kidneys with mesangial-proliferative and mesagial-sclerosing glomerulonephritis and glomeruli that histologically appeared normal.", "PMID": 850989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9387", "title": "Eight cases of pericardial defects in the dog.", "content": "Pericardial defects were found in eight dogs. In four dogs the defects were on the left side, in two on the right side, and in two on both sides. Six dogs had only one defect on the left or right side,one dog had three defects on the left side. One dog had four defects on the right side. All these defects were incidental findings at necropsy. There were no significant findings concerning breed, age, sex or localisation. It is not known if the defects were congenital or traumatic.", "contents": "Eight cases of pericardial defects in the dog. Pericardial defects were found in eight dogs. In four dogs the defects were on the left side, in two on the right side, and in two on both sides. Six dogs had only one defect on the left or right side,one dog had three defects on the left side. One dog had four defects on the right side. All these defects were incidental findings at necropsy. There were no significant findings concerning breed, age, sex or localisation. It is not known if the defects were congenital or traumatic.", "PMID": 850990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9388", "title": "Giant hypertrophic gastritis of Basenji dogs.", "content": "Giant hypertrophic gastritis is a newly recognized disease of adult Baseji dogs similar to Menetrier's disease of man. It is characterized by weight loss, diarrhea, dry coat, pale membranes, anorexia, raised convoluted rugae in the body of the stomach, palpable fluid- and gas-filled intestines, colonic inflammation, and radiographically demonstrable dilated intestinal loops. Laboratory findings include leukocytosis, neutrophilia, low hemoglobin, hypoalbuminemia, hypobetaglobulinemia, hypergammaglobulinemia, decreased serum fatty acids, hypocholesterolemia, indicanuria, low fecal pH, and increased fecal fat and nitrogen. Four dogs studied had gastritis with hypertrophy and diffuse lymphocytosis and plasmacytosis of the small intestine.", "contents": "Giant hypertrophic gastritis of Basenji dogs. Giant hypertrophic gastritis is a newly recognized disease of adult Baseji dogs similar to Menetrier's disease of man. It is characterized by weight loss, diarrhea, dry coat, pale membranes, anorexia, raised convoluted rugae in the body of the stomach, palpable fluid- and gas-filled intestines, colonic inflammation, and radiographically demonstrable dilated intestinal loops. Laboratory findings include leukocytosis, neutrophilia, low hemoglobin, hypoalbuminemia, hypobetaglobulinemia, hypergammaglobulinemia, decreased serum fatty acids, hypocholesterolemia, indicanuria, low fecal pH, and increased fecal fat and nitrogen. Four dogs studied had gastritis with hypertrophy and diffuse lymphocytosis and plasmacytosis of the small intestine.", "PMID": 850991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9389", "title": "Two renal tumors in cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus).", "content": "Renal tumors were found in two cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus) about 1 year old. One tumor was intimately associated with the kidney and consisted of isolated ductular and tubular structures within an abundant connective tissue stroma and was diagnosed as a hamartoma of urogenital origin. The second was composed of epithelial cells arrange as alveolar structures with papillary projections, epithelium that was less differentiated into tubules and ducts, and neoplastic epithelial cells in solid sheets. The diagnosis of renal adenocarcinoma was based on the histologic features as metastasis had not occurred.", "contents": "Two renal tumors in cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus). Renal tumors were found in two cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus) about 1 year old. One tumor was intimately associated with the kidney and consisted of isolated ductular and tubular structures within an abundant connective tissue stroma and was diagnosed as a hamartoma of urogenital origin. The second was composed of epithelial cells arrange as alveolar structures with papillary projections, epithelium that was less differentiated into tubules and ducts, and neoplastic epithelial cells in solid sheets. The diagnosis of renal adenocarcinoma was based on the histologic features as metastasis had not occurred.", "PMID": 850992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9390", "title": "The pathogenesis of porcine rectal stricture. I. The naturally occurring disease and its association with salmonellosis.", "content": "Rectal stricture occurred in each of 23 pigs submitted for necropsy from eight Indiana farms. Each stricture was an annular cicatrization of the rectal wall, 2.0-5.0 cm anterior to the anorectal junction. Emaciation, colonic dilatation and compression atrophy of abdominal and thoracic viscera were a result of chronic obstipation and inanition. Most pigs with strictures had severe enteric disease 4-8 weeks before the strictures occurred. Salmonella typhimurium was isolated from seven of the eight groups of pigs examined. Ulcerative proctitis, a possible precursor of rectal stricture, was frequently in pigs with enterocolitis caused by S. typhimurium.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of porcine rectal stricture. I. The naturally occurring disease and its association with salmonellosis. Rectal stricture occurred in each of 23 pigs submitted for necropsy from eight Indiana farms. Each stricture was an annular cicatrization of the rectal wall, 2.0-5.0 cm anterior to the anorectal junction. Emaciation, colonic dilatation and compression atrophy of abdominal and thoracic viscera were a result of chronic obstipation and inanition. Most pigs with strictures had severe enteric disease 4-8 weeks before the strictures occurred. Salmonella typhimurium was isolated from seven of the eight groups of pigs examined. Ulcerative proctitis, a possible precursor of rectal stricture, was frequently in pigs with enterocolitis caused by S. typhimurium.", "PMID": 850993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9391", "title": "The pathogenesis rectal stricture. II. Experimental salmonellosis and ischemic proctitis.", "content": "Experimentally induced oral Salmonella typhimurium infection in pigs resulted in a severe, prolonged enterocolitis with ulcerative proctitis a constant feature. Healed lesions were annular cicatricial ulcers in the part of the rectum affected with rectal strictures. Strictures indistinguishable from the naturally occurring lesion were produced by injecting chlorpromazine into the cranial hemorrhoidal artery of three pigs. Dye injected into the cranial hemorrhoidal artery perfused the entire rectum in normal pigs, but in pigs with either rectal stricture or salmonella proctitis the dye halted at the cranial margin of the transverse mucosal defect. The predilection of rectal stricture and its proposed precursor, salmonella ulcerative proctitis, for the middle third of the rectum was attributed to a normally precarious arterial supply which renders the rectum unusually susceptible to ischemic injury and decreases its reparative capacity.", "contents": "The pathogenesis rectal stricture. II. Experimental salmonellosis and ischemic proctitis. Experimentally induced oral Salmonella typhimurium infection in pigs resulted in a severe, prolonged enterocolitis with ulcerative proctitis a constant feature. Healed lesions were annular cicatricial ulcers in the part of the rectum affected with rectal strictures. Strictures indistinguishable from the naturally occurring lesion were produced by injecting chlorpromazine into the cranial hemorrhoidal artery of three pigs. Dye injected into the cranial hemorrhoidal artery perfused the entire rectum in normal pigs, but in pigs with either rectal stricture or salmonella proctitis the dye halted at the cranial margin of the transverse mucosal defect. The predilection of rectal stricture and its proposed precursor, salmonella ulcerative proctitis, for the middle third of the rectum was attributed to a normally precarious arterial supply which renders the rectum unusually susceptible to ischemic injury and decreases its reparative capacity.", "PMID": 850994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9392", "title": "Pathological changes in calves injected intradermally with Mycobacterium intracellulare serotype Davis and M. avium serotype 2.", "content": "Three strains of the M. intracellulare-M. avium complex were injected intradermally into 12 calves. M. intracellulare serotype Davis (M. avium complex serotype 8) was injected into five calves. One calf died with disseminated caseous granulomas at 79 days; three calves killed between 56 and 82 days after inoculation had widely disseminated caseous or caseous or caseocalcareous granulomas. One calf killed at 173 days had only encapsulated granulomas at the injection site and its regional lymph node. Two strains of M. avium serotype 2 (M. avium complex serotype 2) were injected intradermally into seven calves. Six had disseminated granulomas when killed 54-170 days after inoculation. One calf killed at 55 days had granulomas confined to the inoculation sites and their regional lymph nodes. Lesions induced by both M. avium serotype 2 and M. intracellulare serotype Davis were initially caseocalcareous granulomas which became encapsulated and nonprogressive after about 112 days. Two calves inoculated with similar doses of M. bovis and killed in extremis at 37 and 65 days after inoculation had disseminated progressive lesions without encapsulation.", "contents": "Pathological changes in calves injected intradermally with Mycobacterium intracellulare serotype Davis and M. avium serotype 2. Three strains of the M. intracellulare-M. avium complex were injected intradermally into 12 calves. M. intracellulare serotype Davis (M. avium complex serotype 8) was injected into five calves. One calf died with disseminated caseous granulomas at 79 days; three calves killed between 56 and 82 days after inoculation had widely disseminated caseous or caseous or caseocalcareous granulomas. One calf killed at 173 days had only encapsulated granulomas at the injection site and its regional lymph node. Two strains of M. avium serotype 2 (M. avium complex serotype 2) were injected intradermally into seven calves. Six had disseminated granulomas when killed 54-170 days after inoculation. One calf killed at 55 days had granulomas confined to the inoculation sites and their regional lymph nodes. Lesions induced by both M. avium serotype 2 and M. intracellulare serotype Davis were initially caseocalcareous granulomas which became encapsulated and nonprogressive after about 112 days. Two calves inoculated with similar doses of M. bovis and killed in extremis at 37 and 65 days after inoculation had disseminated progressive lesions without encapsulation.", "PMID": 850995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9393", "title": "Demyelination in mice after two or three infections with avirulent Semliki Forest virus.", "content": "Adult mice given two or three intraperitoneal inoculations with avirulent Semliki Forest Virus showed typical lesions of a viral encephalitis similar to those caused by a virulent strain of the virus. Demyelination also was seen in the medulla and in the folia of the cerebellar white matter. Neuronophagia was seen only in mice that had had three successive infections. The repeated inoculations of avirulent virus exacerbates the encephalitis of a single inoculation and causes demyelination. The mice did not have neurological clinical signs except for a short-lived weakness of the hind legs. No central nervous system lesions were seen by the 7th and 8th week after the initial infection and all mice recovered.", "contents": "Demyelination in mice after two or three infections with avirulent Semliki Forest virus. Adult mice given two or three intraperitoneal inoculations with avirulent Semliki Forest Virus showed typical lesions of a viral encephalitis similar to those caused by a virulent strain of the virus. Demyelination also was seen in the medulla and in the folia of the cerebellar white matter. Neuronophagia was seen only in mice that had had three successive infections. The repeated inoculations of avirulent virus exacerbates the encephalitis of a single inoculation and causes demyelination. The mice did not have neurological clinical signs except for a short-lived weakness of the hind legs. No central nervous system lesions were seen by the 7th and 8th week after the initial infection and all mice recovered.", "PMID": 850996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9394", "title": "Pathology of subacute bitterweed (Hymenoxys odorata) poisoning in sheep.", "content": "Subacute bitterweed (Hymenoxys odorata) poisoning was produced in sheep by force feeding them ground plant material (1 gm/kg/day) for 15 days. Five sheep died and two became moribund and were killed at the end of the experiment. The forestomach and abomasum were severely congested and occasionally eroded on the mucosal surface. There was an accumulation of edematous fluids along the rumino-reticular folds and ruminal sulci. Gaseous and fluid distension of the forestomachs, abomasum and cecum was a consistent finding. The gall bladder was greatly distended and occasionally the mucosa was sprinkled with petechiae. The most common finding was severe glomerulonephrosis characterized by proteinaceous casts, swollen and degenerated glomerular tufts and degeneration and necrosis in the inner renal cortex and outer medulla. Mild to moderate toxic hepatosis, characterized by vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes primarily around the central vein, was consistent.", "contents": "Pathology of subacute bitterweed (Hymenoxys odorata) poisoning in sheep. Subacute bitterweed (Hymenoxys odorata) poisoning was produced in sheep by force feeding them ground plant material (1 gm/kg/day) for 15 days. Five sheep died and two became moribund and were killed at the end of the experiment. The forestomach and abomasum were severely congested and occasionally eroded on the mucosal surface. There was an accumulation of edematous fluids along the rumino-reticular folds and ruminal sulci. Gaseous and fluid distension of the forestomachs, abomasum and cecum was a consistent finding. The gall bladder was greatly distended and occasionally the mucosa was sprinkled with petechiae. The most common finding was severe glomerulonephrosis characterized by proteinaceous casts, swollen and degenerated glomerular tufts and degeneration and necrosis in the inner renal cortex and outer medulla. Mild to moderate toxic hepatosis, characterized by vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes primarily around the central vein, was consistent.", "PMID": 850997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9395", "title": "Biochemical genetics of MN.", "content": "Quantitative hemagglutination studies of the MN-hemizygous (M/-) patient and his family reported by German et al. are given together with data on the electrophoretic mobility of their red cells. These results, and those obtained on the cells of a donor of the MU phenotype (MU=M+N-S-s-U+); Mu=M+N-S-s-U), demonstrate a series of shortcomings in the current 'precursor transferase' theory of the biochemical genetics of MN antigens. Another theory is proposed, according to which the effects of the MN genes take place exclusively in the protein part of the glycopeptide. The MN proteins would carry acceptor sites for the antigenic oligosaccharides which are put together by enzymes genetically independent of MN. In M glycoproteins, the acceptor sites are close to each other, in doublets, while in N they are all separate. This model is shown to apply successfully to several difficult problems in MN.", "contents": "Biochemical genetics of MN. Quantitative hemagglutination studies of the MN-hemizygous (M/-) patient and his family reported by German et al. are given together with data on the electrophoretic mobility of their red cells. These results, and those obtained on the cells of a donor of the MU phenotype (MU=M+N-S-s-U+); Mu=M+N-S-s-U), demonstrate a series of shortcomings in the current 'precursor transferase' theory of the biochemical genetics of MN antigens. Another theory is proposed, according to which the effects of the MN genes take place exclusively in the protein part of the glycopeptide. The MN proteins would carry acceptor sites for the antigenic oligosaccharides which are put together by enzymes genetically independent of MN. In M glycoproteins, the acceptor sites are close to each other, in doublets, while in N they are all separate. This model is shown to apply successfully to several difficult problems in MN.", "PMID": 851005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9396", "title": "Some sex- and age-dependent correlations in acute viral hepatitis.", "content": "HBsAg was found to be present in 28.7% of 1980 sera from acute viral hepatitis (AVH) patients tested by immunodiffusion and counterimmunoelectrophoresis. The incidence of HBsAg-positive AVH cases was lower in female subjects aged 10-19 years. The follow up of SGPT, bilirubinemia and thymol turbidity kinetics in 473 of the patients revealed some HBsAg-dependent differences. Such differences oscillated more markedly in adults than in children and were less obvious in women. The possible involvement of certain individual factors in the determinism of hepatitis B virus infection and of its further evolution is suggested.", "contents": "Some sex- and age-dependent correlations in acute viral hepatitis. HBsAg was found to be present in 28.7% of 1980 sera from acute viral hepatitis (AVH) patients tested by immunodiffusion and counterimmunoelectrophoresis. The incidence of HBsAg-positive AVH cases was lower in female subjects aged 10-19 years. The follow up of SGPT, bilirubinemia and thymol turbidity kinetics in 473 of the patients revealed some HBsAg-dependent differences. Such differences oscillated more markedly in adults than in children and were less obvious in women. The possible involvement of certain individual factors in the determinism of hepatitis B virus infection and of its further evolution is suggested.", "PMID": 850999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9397", "title": "The influence of modifications in the potency of smallpox vaccines on the immunological reactivity of the organism.", "content": "The possible influence of shipment and storage conditions upon the potency of smallpox vaccines was investigated by testing the direct effect of vaccine potency on the type of cutaneous reaction and on the level of serum antibodies. Vaccine no. 1--freshly prepared, shipped and stored at +4 degrees C--proved to be more potent than vaccine no. 2, at the limit of its efficiency, shipped and maintained under usual conditions. To maintain the initial potency of smallpox vaccines it is recommended either to improve the shipment and storage conditions, or to use a lyophilized vaccine.", "contents": "The influence of modifications in the potency of smallpox vaccines on the immunological reactivity of the organism. The possible influence of shipment and storage conditions upon the potency of smallpox vaccines was investigated by testing the direct effect of vaccine potency on the type of cutaneous reaction and on the level of serum antibodies. Vaccine no. 1--freshly prepared, shipped and stored at +4 degrees C--proved to be more potent than vaccine no. 2, at the limit of its efficiency, shipped and maintained under usual conditions. To maintain the initial potency of smallpox vaccines it is recommended either to improve the shipment and storage conditions, or to use a lyophilized vaccine.", "PMID": 851001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9398", "title": "Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia with the unusual combination of both IgM and IgG autoantibodies.", "content": "Two patients with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia of no obvious aetiology are presented. Both cases had IgM autoantibodies which were cold agglutinins with anti-I specificity and were complement binding. Both cases also had IgG autoantibodies which were incomplete, of wide thermal range and also had anti-I specificity, but were not complement binding. The red cells of both patients were coated with C4/C3d and IgG.", "contents": "Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia with the unusual combination of both IgM and IgG autoantibodies. Two patients with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia of no obvious aetiology are presented. Both cases had IgM autoantibodies which were cold agglutinins with anti-I specificity and were complement binding. Both cases also had IgG autoantibodies which were incomplete, of wide thermal range and also had anti-I specificity, but were not complement binding. The red cells of both patients were coated with C4/C3d and IgG.", "PMID": 851007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9399", "title": "Association between HLA and red cell antigens. IV. Further studies of haemagglutinins in cytotoxic HLA antisera.", "content": "Cytotoxic HLA antisera of various specificities were examined on the AutoAnalyzer against red blood cells (RBC) from a great number of HLA-typed donors. HLA-associated haemagglutinins of different specificities were demonstrated. In cytotoxic anti-HLA-A9 and anti-HLA-A10, as well as in anti-HLA-B12, anti-HLA-Bw15 and anti-HLA-B17 sera, haemagglutinins of apparently corresponding specificities were found. This indicates that several HAL antigens may be present on RBC, but they are demonstrable only on RBC from a limited number of donors who possess the corresponding antigens on their white cells. Some antigens, like HLA-A28 and HLA-B7, are relatively strong RBC antigens, whereas others, like HLA-B12 or HLA-Bw15 seem to be much weaker. In cytotoxic anti-HLA-A1 and anti-HLA-B13 sera, no corresponding haemagglutinins were demonstrated. However, haemagglutinins of anti-HLA-B7 specificity were shown to be present in two cytotoxic anti HLA-A1 and three anti-HLA-B13 sera. No cytotoxic anti-HLA-B7 was found in these sera. Cross-reacting antibodies also seem to be frequent amoung HLA associated haemagglutinins.", "contents": "Association between HLA and red cell antigens. IV. Further studies of haemagglutinins in cytotoxic HLA antisera. Cytotoxic HLA antisera of various specificities were examined on the AutoAnalyzer against red blood cells (RBC) from a great number of HLA-typed donors. HLA-associated haemagglutinins of different specificities were demonstrated. In cytotoxic anti-HLA-A9 and anti-HLA-A10, as well as in anti-HLA-B12, anti-HLA-Bw15 and anti-HLA-B17 sera, haemagglutinins of apparently corresponding specificities were found. This indicates that several HAL antigens may be present on RBC, but they are demonstrable only on RBC from a limited number of donors who possess the corresponding antigens on their white cells. Some antigens, like HLA-A28 and HLA-B7, are relatively strong RBC antigens, whereas others, like HLA-B12 or HLA-Bw15 seem to be much weaker. In cytotoxic anti-HLA-A1 and anti-HLA-B13 sera, no corresponding haemagglutinins were demonstrated. However, haemagglutinins of anti-HLA-B7 specificity were shown to be present in two cytotoxic anti HLA-A1 and three anti-HLA-B13 sera. No cytotoxic anti-HLA-B7 was found in these sera. Cross-reacting antibodies also seem to be frequent amoung HLA associated haemagglutinins.", "PMID": 851008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9400", "title": "[Organization of laboratories in the German Democratic Republic].", "content": "The effectivity of the clinical medicine becomes increasingly dependent on the efficiency of medico-experimental subjects, to which belong pathological chemistry and clinical biochemistry as well as haematology. The scientifically proved increasing demands made on the laboratories concern the quality of the results of investigations, constantly increasing numbers of investigations as well as a considerable enlargement of the investigation programmes. Adequate developments of workman are not to be expected. The requirements are to be met by the increase of the working productivity, for which a good organisation of work the use of mechanisation and automatisation means for the elaboration of large series of investigations are the prerequisite. A high degree of centralisation ascertains the effectivity of the adequate investments. Exceeding the ascertained foundations for a project of organisation of the laboratory work in the GDR in the next time still various problems must be solved which especially influence the organisation. Among others they concern the necessary investigation programme for the general practitioner in an out-patient practice, moreover the establishment of investigation programmes for several levels of care, the necessary quality (precision and exactness) of the results of investigations, the suitableness of stripe tests and the influence of preanalytic factors and especially of the biorhythmics on the findings of investigations. The tendencies described are accompanied by the danger that the reciprocities between clinic and laboratory becoming increasingly more necessary for the interpretation and classification of laboratory findings into the symptom complex become rather loose. Therefore, it will be one of the most important tasks of future to develop together reorganisation and collaboration.", "contents": "[Organization of laboratories in the German Democratic Republic]. The effectivity of the clinical medicine becomes increasingly dependent on the efficiency of medico-experimental subjects, to which belong pathological chemistry and clinical biochemistry as well as haematology. The scientifically proved increasing demands made on the laboratories concern the quality of the results of investigations, constantly increasing numbers of investigations as well as a considerable enlargement of the investigation programmes. Adequate developments of workman are not to be expected. The requirements are to be met by the increase of the working productivity, for which a good organisation of work the use of mechanisation and automatisation means for the elaboration of large series of investigations are the prerequisite. A high degree of centralisation ascertains the effectivity of the adequate investments. Exceeding the ascertained foundations for a project of organisation of the laboratory work in the GDR in the next time still various problems must be solved which especially influence the organisation. Among others they concern the necessary investigation programme for the general practitioner in an out-patient practice, moreover the establishment of investigation programmes for several levels of care, the necessary quality (precision and exactness) of the results of investigations, the suitableness of stripe tests and the influence of preanalytic factors and especially of the biorhythmics on the findings of investigations. The tendencies described are accompanied by the danger that the reciprocities between clinic and laboratory becoming increasingly more necessary for the interpretation and classification of laboratory findings into the symptom complex become rather loose. Therefore, it will be one of the most important tasks of future to develop together reorganisation and collaboration.", "PMID": 851009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9401", "title": "[Central accounting as a model of laboratory diagnosis].", "content": "From the experiences in the field of scientific organisation of the last years results a laboratory-diagnostic model with an automatic laboratory, a district laboratory and larger central units, so-called coordination laboratories which work together with about 10 to 20 laboratories and guarantee an up-to-date diagnostic spectre for the whole territory. Apart from the increasing investigation frequency, a constant dilatation of the diagnostic spectre and improved quality control of structural conditions must be taken into consideration. The constructed model which demands the collaboration of all institutions meets these critical problems. A central balancing should also extend to the personal and technical apparative capacity. Apart from this the system is to be extended by further automation in the sense of a machine activity with improvement by control and regulation processes. An electronic data processing improves the functional capacity only when the analytic data processing has achieved a high level. The cooperation in the field of laboratory diagnostics is not only a task in scientific organisation, but in the same way also scientific problems are solved together. The requirements increasing in qualitative and quantitative respect may optimally be fulfilled only by the two partners, clinic and laboratory. With increasing independence the laboratories should in scientific and organizational respect remain a place of meeting for laboratory scientist and physician.", "contents": "[Central accounting as a model of laboratory diagnosis]. From the experiences in the field of scientific organisation of the last years results a laboratory-diagnostic model with an automatic laboratory, a district laboratory and larger central units, so-called coordination laboratories which work together with about 10 to 20 laboratories and guarantee an up-to-date diagnostic spectre for the whole territory. Apart from the increasing investigation frequency, a constant dilatation of the diagnostic spectre and improved quality control of structural conditions must be taken into consideration. The constructed model which demands the collaboration of all institutions meets these critical problems. A central balancing should also extend to the personal and technical apparative capacity. Apart from this the system is to be extended by further automation in the sense of a machine activity with improvement by control and regulation processes. An electronic data processing improves the functional capacity only when the analytic data processing has achieved a high level. The cooperation in the field of laboratory diagnostics is not only a task in scientific organisation, but in the same way also scientific problems are solved together. The requirements increasing in qualitative and quantitative respect may optimally be fulfilled only by the two partners, clinic and laboratory. With increasing independence the laboratories should in scientific and organizational respect remain a place of meeting for laboratory scientist and physician.", "PMID": 851010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9402", "title": "[Standard methods in a hematologic laboratory--a prerequisite for an optimal diagnosis].", "content": "State of scientific knowledge and economic prerequisites determined the selection of the optimum methods for the necessary parameters in standardizing haematologic methods. Concerning the methods of counting, measuring and staining in the haematologic laboratory, we have to do above all with so-called conventional methods with an expenditure of work considerable in most cases. In the single steps necessary for obtaining a laboratory result the physician in a clinic or outpatient department essentially participates particularly in such cases when EDTA venous blood is applied. It is especially referred to the advantage of EDTA venous blood for taking blood samples for haematologic parameters compared with the taking of capillary blood which has a high rate of error. Apart from the common efforts of physicians in clinics or out-patient departments and laboratory physicians to obtain reliable results of the findings, the use of an improved technique (particle counters, dilutor, automatic picture analysis among others) as well as further proceedings of standardization (dye for panoptic staining and others) will achieve this aim.", "contents": "[Standard methods in a hematologic laboratory--a prerequisite for an optimal diagnosis]. State of scientific knowledge and economic prerequisites determined the selection of the optimum methods for the necessary parameters in standardizing haematologic methods. Concerning the methods of counting, measuring and staining in the haematologic laboratory, we have to do above all with so-called conventional methods with an expenditure of work considerable in most cases. In the single steps necessary for obtaining a laboratory result the physician in a clinic or outpatient department essentially participates particularly in such cases when EDTA venous blood is applied. It is especially referred to the advantage of EDTA venous blood for taking blood samples for haematologic parameters compared with the taking of capillary blood which has a high rate of error. Apart from the common efforts of physicians in clinics or out-patient departments and laboratory physicians to obtain reliable results of the findings, the use of an improved technique (particle counters, dilutor, automatic picture analysis among others) as well as further proceedings of standardization (dye for panoptic staining and others) will achieve this aim.", "PMID": 851011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9403", "title": "[Perspectives of clinical biochemistry in hepatology].", "content": "In a survey the trend of the biochemical investigations in hepatology is analysed. Together with the histologic diagnosis the function of the liver parenchyma must be determined, in which cases tolerance tests which do not only determine the function of the liver parenchyma, but also the changed functions of other organs are of importance. On the basis of own findings is shown that the ammonia metabolism in patients with hepatic encephalopathy is also disturbed in musculature. In the serum of patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis a factor could be isolated which apart from the inhibition of the utilisation of glucose has also another metabolic effect. In future we might expect an intensified search for such active metabolites. Investigations concerning the salicylaemia in patients with liver cirrhosis and experimental findings about changes of the O-demethylase activity in the fatty degeneration of the liver show the great significance of the pharmacokinetic analyses in the clinical hepatology.", "contents": "[Perspectives of clinical biochemistry in hepatology]. In a survey the trend of the biochemical investigations in hepatology is analysed. Together with the histologic diagnosis the function of the liver parenchyma must be determined, in which cases tolerance tests which do not only determine the function of the liver parenchyma, but also the changed functions of other organs are of importance. On the basis of own findings is shown that the ammonia metabolism in patients with hepatic encephalopathy is also disturbed in musculature. In the serum of patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis a factor could be isolated which apart from the inhibition of the utilisation of glucose has also another metabolic effect. In future we might expect an intensified search for such active metabolites. Investigations concerning the salicylaemia in patients with liver cirrhosis and experimental findings about changes of the O-demethylase activity in the fatty degeneration of the liver show the great significance of the pharmacokinetic analyses in the clinical hepatology.", "PMID": 851012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9404", "title": "Epidemioligical particularities of influenza outbreaks in a town of Romania during 1975.", "content": "Results are presented of the complex epidemiological influenza surveillance in a large town of Romania during 1975. The comprehensive and unitary methodology including systematic laboratory, clinical and epidemiological investigations supplied data on the influenza type A outbreak recorded during the first term of 1975. The factors of importance for epidemiological prognosis -- seroepidemiological indicators of the immunological profile of the population according to age groups, serodiagnostic and virological investigation clinically diagnosed influenza cases, complex epidemiological surveys in representative foci, study of the antigenic structure of the influenza strains isolated -- are outlined. The importance of a continuous, complex influenza surveillance for the differential orientation of prophylaxis and control steps is emphasized.", "contents": "Epidemioligical particularities of influenza outbreaks in a town of Romania during 1975. Results are presented of the complex epidemiological influenza surveillance in a large town of Romania during 1975. The comprehensive and unitary methodology including systematic laboratory, clinical and epidemiological investigations supplied data on the influenza type A outbreak recorded during the first term of 1975. The factors of importance for epidemiological prognosis -- seroepidemiological indicators of the immunological profile of the population according to age groups, serodiagnostic and virological investigation clinically diagnosed influenza cases, complex epidemiological surveys in representative foci, study of the antigenic structure of the influenza strains isolated -- are outlined. The importance of a continuous, complex influenza surveillance for the differential orientation of prophylaxis and control steps is emphasized.", "PMID": 851000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9405", "title": "[Laboratory diagnosis of liver and biliary tract disease].", "content": "Of a greater number of biochemical tests in hepatobiliary diseases by means of methematico-statistical methods (calculation of specificity and sensitiveness, variance analysis, discrimination analysis with following discrimination experiments) the parameters should be established which in a step programme with multivariate observation and non-discriminated approach give the best possible information. The recognition of patients with liver diseases (preliminary diagnostics) is at nearly 94% possible with a scale comprising GOT, AAP, some relevant clinical data (touch findings, jaundice, hepatic skin signs) and the hepatitis B-antigen. In non-discriminated approach according to our findings the following scale should not be trangressed: GPT, GOT (compare preliminary diagnostics), LAP, AP, AAP (compare preliminary diagnostics), cholesterol, TTT, bilirubin, beta-GC. As to aimed questionings the bromsulphalein test belongs to the enlarged basic scale.", "contents": "[Laboratory diagnosis of liver and biliary tract disease]. Of a greater number of biochemical tests in hepatobiliary diseases by means of methematico-statistical methods (calculation of specificity and sensitiveness, variance analysis, discrimination analysis with following discrimination experiments) the parameters should be established which in a step programme with multivariate observation and non-discriminated approach give the best possible information. The recognition of patients with liver diseases (preliminary diagnostics) is at nearly 94% possible with a scale comprising GOT, AAP, some relevant clinical data (touch findings, jaundice, hepatic skin signs) and the hepatitis B-antigen. In non-discriminated approach according to our findings the following scale should not be trangressed: GPT, GOT (compare preliminary diagnostics), LAP, AP, AAP (compare preliminary diagnostics), cholesterol, TTT, bilirubin, beta-GC. As to aimed questionings the bromsulphalein test belongs to the enlarged basic scale.", "PMID": 851013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9406", "title": "[Spontaneous hypoglycemia].", "content": "On the basis of a survey is attempted to describe mode of development, symptomatology, individual forms and the different possibilities of therapy of the spontaneous hypoglycaemias. A particularly broad range was devoted to the cerebral sequelae, since in these cases--according to our experience--on account of simulation of neurologico-psychiatric symptoms at the soonest wrong diagnoses are to be expected. Furthermore, it is attempted to classify the hypoglycemias according to their development, in which cases their incompleteness was evident from the very beginning. The individual forms of appearance are treated according their to significance. Out of the inducible hypoglycaemias a particular attention is devoted to the forms caused by insulin and oral antidiabetics, since these most frequently participate in the development. Finally the author inquires into diagnostic measures for recognition of special forms of hypoglycaemia. In this place the diagnostics of hyperinsulinism conditioned by adenomatosis or tumours of other kinds is of particular importance. Finally conservative and operative possibilities of the therapy of these tumours are discussed,whereby the only recently tested treatment with streptotocin is mentioned.", "contents": "[Spontaneous hypoglycemia]. On the basis of a survey is attempted to describe mode of development, symptomatology, individual forms and the different possibilities of therapy of the spontaneous hypoglycaemias. A particularly broad range was devoted to the cerebral sequelae, since in these cases--according to our experience--on account of simulation of neurologico-psychiatric symptoms at the soonest wrong diagnoses are to be expected. Furthermore, it is attempted to classify the hypoglycemias according to their development, in which cases their incompleteness was evident from the very beginning. The individual forms of appearance are treated according their to significance. Out of the inducible hypoglycaemias a particular attention is devoted to the forms caused by insulin and oral antidiabetics, since these most frequently participate in the development. Finally the author inquires into diagnostic measures for recognition of special forms of hypoglycaemia. In this place the diagnostics of hyperinsulinism conditioned by adenomatosis or tumours of other kinds is of particular importance. Finally conservative and operative possibilities of the therapy of these tumours are discussed,whereby the only recently tested treatment with streptotocin is mentioned.", "PMID": 851014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9407", "title": "Familial medullary carcinoma of the thyroid through 3 generations.", "content": "A family with high genetic penetrance of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid was reported. Seven proven (6 patients and one autopsy case) and 2 probable cases of medullary carcinoma were present in 25 members through 3 generations. An endogemy had intervened in the prior generation of these cases. Preliminary results in clinicopathological examinations of 7 proven cases were as follows; clinically, all of the cases showed B type blood group. Glycosuria was found in 2 cases, and diarrhea in one case. Serum thyrocalcitonin being estimated in two cases showed high levels. The autopsy cases coexisted with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid and pheochromocytoma of the right adrenal. Pathologically, the majority of tumors occurred in both thyroid lobes, and were present from the middle to upper portion of the thyroid. The tumor showed a variety of histological features even in the same tumor. In the tumor cell, numerous membrane-limited granules were seen with an electron microscope. Amyloid was demonstrated only in the tumor tissue.", "contents": "Familial medullary carcinoma of the thyroid through 3 generations. A family with high genetic penetrance of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid was reported. Seven proven (6 patients and one autopsy case) and 2 probable cases of medullary carcinoma were present in 25 members through 3 generations. An endogemy had intervened in the prior generation of these cases. Preliminary results in clinicopathological examinations of 7 proven cases were as follows; clinically, all of the cases showed B type blood group. Glycosuria was found in 2 cases, and diarrhea in one case. Serum thyrocalcitonin being estimated in two cases showed high levels. The autopsy cases coexisted with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid and pheochromocytoma of the right adrenal. Pathologically, the majority of tumors occurred in both thyroid lobes, and were present from the middle to upper portion of the thyroid. The tumor showed a variety of histological features even in the same tumor. In the tumor cell, numerous membrane-limited granules were seen with an electron microscope. Amyloid was demonstrated only in the tumor tissue.", "PMID": 851028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9408", "title": "Primary leiomyosarcoma arising in the trunk of pulmonary artery: a case report and review of literature.", "content": "An autopsy case of a 46-year-old woman with primary leiomyosarcoma arising in the pulmonary artery is presented. This case is the first description in Japan and the 10th in the world literature as leiomyosarcoma in this part of the body. An electronmicroscopic observation of the postmortem material was useful to conform the histologic diagnosis, in addition to some kinds of staining method of histologic section.", "contents": "Primary leiomyosarcoma arising in the trunk of pulmonary artery: a case report and review of literature. An autopsy case of a 46-year-old woman with primary leiomyosarcoma arising in the pulmonary artery is presented. This case is the first description in Japan and the 10th in the world literature as leiomyosarcoma in this part of the body. An electronmicroscopic observation of the postmortem material was useful to conform the histologic diagnosis, in addition to some kinds of staining method of histologic section.", "PMID": 851029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9409", "title": "Fine structural study of annulate lamellae complexes in human tumors.", "content": "Specific intracytoplasmic organelles, annulate lamellae and radial cisternae, have been studied in several human tumours. Annulate lamellae are observed in all cases of leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma and malignant melanoma, whereas radial cisternae are only found in a case of leiomyosarcoma. Annulate lamellae are characterized by stacks of parallel arrayed long cisternae showing alternative arrangement of annuli and sacs. Some of these cisternae are connected directly with rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and there is continuity with the lumen and membrane. Radial cisternae are mainly composed of two structures: numerous short cisternae, which are a variant of annulate lamellae, and numerous spherical particles derived from the cisternae. The cisternae are arranged parallel or radially around particles measuring up to 1100 A in diameter. These particles consisting of an amorphous high electron dense material without distinct limiting membrane are organized in groups and vary in number. There is no evidence of a direct relationship between these structures and viral infection.", "contents": "Fine structural study of annulate lamellae complexes in human tumors. Specific intracytoplasmic organelles, annulate lamellae and radial cisternae, have been studied in several human tumours. Annulate lamellae are observed in all cases of leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma and malignant melanoma, whereas radial cisternae are only found in a case of leiomyosarcoma. Annulate lamellae are characterized by stacks of parallel arrayed long cisternae showing alternative arrangement of annuli and sacs. Some of these cisternae are connected directly with rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and there is continuity with the lumen and membrane. Radial cisternae are mainly composed of two structures: numerous short cisternae, which are a variant of annulate lamellae, and numerous spherical particles derived from the cisternae. The cisternae are arranged parallel or radially around particles measuring up to 1100 A in diameter. These particles consisting of an amorphous high electron dense material without distinct limiting membrane are organized in groups and vary in number. There is no evidence of a direct relationship between these structures and viral infection.", "PMID": 851030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9410", "title": "Experimental rat choriocarcinoma: an electron microscopic study.", "content": "Experimental choriocarcinomas of the rat were studied with electron microscopy and compared with the ultrastructure of rat trophoblasts at mid-and late-gestational stage. The choriocarcinoma numbered m-803 contained abundant cytoplasmic organellae and was quite similar to the trophospongial cell at late-gestational stage. The M-801 closely resembled the trophospongial cell at mid-gestational stage. The m-673, which has 3-beta-ol dehydrogenase enzyme system, could not be studied sufficiently inspite of the examination of more than 30 blocks of epon embedded specimen, because of the degeneration and necrosis occurring in the specimens.", "contents": "Experimental rat choriocarcinoma: an electron microscopic study. Experimental choriocarcinomas of the rat were studied with electron microscopy and compared with the ultrastructure of rat trophoblasts at mid-and late-gestational stage. The choriocarcinoma numbered m-803 contained abundant cytoplasmic organellae and was quite similar to the trophospongial cell at late-gestational stage. The M-801 closely resembled the trophospongial cell at mid-gestational stage. The m-673, which has 3-beta-ol dehydrogenase enzyme system, could not be studied sufficiently inspite of the examination of more than 30 blocks of epon embedded specimen, because of the degeneration and necrosis occurring in the specimens.", "PMID": 851031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9411", "title": "Establishment and characteristics of a human pancreatic cancer cell line (HCG-25).", "content": "A floating cell line (HCG-25) was established from the metastatic ascitic fluid of a human pancreatic adenocarcinoma of ductal cell origin. The cell line was characterized by the growth in suspension with a doubling time of 15.6 hr, a high cloning efficiency in soft agar and a modal chromosome number of 72. Electron microscopic examination revealed terminal bars in a small number of cells. Production of mucin and immunoglobulins and phagocytosis were not demonstrated. Heterotransplantation of the cells produced tumors, being undifferentiated carcinoma histologically. These characteristics mentioned above confirm that HGC-25 cell line is a human pancreatic cancer cell line.", "contents": "Establishment and characteristics of a human pancreatic cancer cell line (HCG-25). A floating cell line (HCG-25) was established from the metastatic ascitic fluid of a human pancreatic adenocarcinoma of ductal cell origin. The cell line was characterized by the growth in suspension with a doubling time of 15.6 hr, a high cloning efficiency in soft agar and a modal chromosome number of 72. Electron microscopic examination revealed terminal bars in a small number of cells. Production of mucin and immunoglobulins and phagocytosis were not demonstrated. Heterotransplantation of the cells produced tumors, being undifferentiated carcinoma histologically. These characteristics mentioned above confirm that HGC-25 cell line is a human pancreatic cancer cell line.", "PMID": 851032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9412", "title": "Pulmonary changes in congenital heart disease of childhood: histometrical and histological studies.", "content": "One hundred and fifty lungs from the cases below 15 years of age with various congenital heart diseases and 80 controls were used for histometrical and histological studies. Cases with congenital heart disease were divided into two groups of the increased and the decreased pulmonary blood flow. In the former group, the thickness of the pulmonary arterial media was the same as that of controls in the neonatal period, and through the wall thickness gradually decreased in a pattern seen in controls, the thickness was constantly larger than that of controls. In some cases, the media increased gradually within 6 months after birth. Pneumonia and massive pulmonary hemorrhage were seen in a higher incidence in autopsy cases. Pneumonia in younger infants was histologically characteristic and possibly more correlated to their death. In the latter group, most of the cases were with the thinner medias of the pulmonary arteries. Massive pulmonary hemorrhage was not common in the latter group.", "contents": "Pulmonary changes in congenital heart disease of childhood: histometrical and histological studies. One hundred and fifty lungs from the cases below 15 years of age with various congenital heart diseases and 80 controls were used for histometrical and histological studies. Cases with congenital heart disease were divided into two groups of the increased and the decreased pulmonary blood flow. In the former group, the thickness of the pulmonary arterial media was the same as that of controls in the neonatal period, and through the wall thickness gradually decreased in a pattern seen in controls, the thickness was constantly larger than that of controls. In some cases, the media increased gradually within 6 months after birth. Pneumonia and massive pulmonary hemorrhage were seen in a higher incidence in autopsy cases. Pneumonia in younger infants was histologically characteristic and possibly more correlated to their death. In the latter group, most of the cases were with the thinner medias of the pulmonary arteries. Massive pulmonary hemorrhage was not common in the latter group.", "PMID": 851033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9413", "title": "[Electron microscopic and histochemical study of the rat adrenal cortex treated with aminoglutethimide (Elipten, CIBA) and its reparative process].", "content": "Aminoglutethimide blocks the conversion of free cholesterin to delta5-pregnenolone. It's effects on the fasciculata cells were studied electron microscopically in Wistar rats fed with this chemical for a maximum of seven days. The animals surviving after this treatment were also examined to follow the process of restoration from the damage. Four to seven days the initiation of the feeding, the mitochondria were enlarged, variously deformed and contained intramitochondrial vacuoles. The lipid droplets were increased in size. Three to four days after withdrawal of aminoglutethimide, so-called \"intramitochondrial mitochondria\" appeared. The picture suggesting division of the mitochondrial matrx was also occasionally encountered. These features suggested formation of new mitochondria from preexisting mitochondria. The mitochondria resumed their normal shape and appearance starting about ten days after withdrawal of aminoglutethimide. The electron microscopic histochemical method demonstrated tubular crystals of digitonin-cholesterol in the intramitochondrial vacoles as well as in the lipid droplets 4 days after the initiation of the feeding. The withdrawal of aminoglutethimide was followed with disappearance of these crystals from the sites of deposition.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic and histochemical study of the rat adrenal cortex treated with aminoglutethimide (Elipten, CIBA) and its reparative process]. Aminoglutethimide blocks the conversion of free cholesterin to delta5-pregnenolone. It's effects on the fasciculata cells were studied electron microscopically in Wistar rats fed with this chemical for a maximum of seven days. The animals surviving after this treatment were also examined to follow the process of restoration from the damage. Four to seven days the initiation of the feeding, the mitochondria were enlarged, variously deformed and contained intramitochondrial vacuoles. The lipid droplets were increased in size. Three to four days after withdrawal of aminoglutethimide, so-called \"intramitochondrial mitochondria\" appeared. The picture suggesting division of the mitochondrial matrx was also occasionally encountered. These features suggested formation of new mitochondria from preexisting mitochondria. The mitochondria resumed their normal shape and appearance starting about ten days after withdrawal of aminoglutethimide. The electron microscopic histochemical method demonstrated tubular crystals of digitonin-cholesterol in the intramitochondrial vacoles as well as in the lipid droplets 4 days after the initiation of the feeding. The withdrawal of aminoglutethimide was followed with disappearance of these crystals from the sites of deposition.", "PMID": 851034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9414", "title": "Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma--a case report with an ultrastructural study and review of Japanese literatures.", "content": "A case of mesenchymal chondrosarcoma occurring in the left maxilla of a 30-year-old Japanese male was reported. Electron microscopic observation confirmed transition of undifferentiated cells to chondrocytes and calcification in similar manner as previously described with physiological processes. Matrix vesicles were thought to be the cytoplasmic products of tumor chondrocytes. Electron-dense finely granular deposits resembling the organic matrix of cartilagenous calcification were seen within the intercellular matrix. Matrix vesicles were also closely related to these deposits. Japanese cases of this rare tumor were reviewed and 8 cases, including the present case as 6th among them, were accepted. Clinical characteristics were similar to those of a series reported by SALVADOR et al.", "contents": "Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma--a case report with an ultrastructural study and review of Japanese literatures. A case of mesenchymal chondrosarcoma occurring in the left maxilla of a 30-year-old Japanese male was reported. Electron microscopic observation confirmed transition of undifferentiated cells to chondrocytes and calcification in similar manner as previously described with physiological processes. Matrix vesicles were thought to be the cytoplasmic products of tumor chondrocytes. Electron-dense finely granular deposits resembling the organic matrix of cartilagenous calcification were seen within the intercellular matrix. Matrix vesicles were also closely related to these deposits. Japanese cases of this rare tumor were reviewed and 8 cases, including the present case as 6th among them, were accepted. Clinical characteristics were similar to those of a series reported by SALVADOR et al.", "PMID": 851035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9415", "title": "Hypomagnesaemia and muscle electrolytes and metabolites.", "content": "Ten patients, aged 39-61 years, with hypomagnesaemia due to chronic alcoholism (7 cases) or malabsorption (3 cases), have been investigated by assessing the maximum isometric voluntary contraction force (MVC) of the quadriceps femoris muscle (7 cases), laboratory screening (9 cases) and estimating the electrolyte and metabolite content of biopsy specimens from the quadriceps femoris muscle. The MVC ranged from 0.5 to 34 kp and was significantly lower than in 12 apparently healthy normomagnesaemic controls (p is less than 0.001). The results of the laboratory screening, apart from a significant lowering of the serum magnesium concentration (p is less than 0.01), were mainly within the range of normal values, apart from signs of liver damage, such as an elevated activity of S-OCT (3 cases), alkaline phosphatease(3 cases), S-ALAT (1 case) and an elevation of bilirubin and blood ammonia (2 cases). Low serum iron-binding capacity occurred in 4 cases, a finding reported in protein-calorie malnutrition. Muscle magnesium content was significantly lower than in healthy controls (p is less than 0.001). Muslce sodium and chloride contents were significantly increased (p is less than 0.05). Total H2O content and the extracellular H2O content were both significantly increased (p is less than 0.05). Pyruvate and lactate values were within the normal range. The apparent equilibrium constant for creatine kinase differed significantly ( is less than 0.01). ATP values were within the normal range, but there were slight decreases for ADP (p is less than 0.05) and creatine phosphate ( is less than 0.01), whcih is of interest in view of the lowering of the MVC and the diminished capacity for sustained muscular effort in hypomagnesaemic patients reported earlier.", "contents": "Hypomagnesaemia and muscle electrolytes and metabolites. Ten patients, aged 39-61 years, with hypomagnesaemia due to chronic alcoholism (7 cases) or malabsorption (3 cases), have been investigated by assessing the maximum isometric voluntary contraction force (MVC) of the quadriceps femoris muscle (7 cases), laboratory screening (9 cases) and estimating the electrolyte and metabolite content of biopsy specimens from the quadriceps femoris muscle. The MVC ranged from 0.5 to 34 kp and was significantly lower than in 12 apparently healthy normomagnesaemic controls (p is less than 0.001). The results of the laboratory screening, apart from a significant lowering of the serum magnesium concentration (p is less than 0.01), were mainly within the range of normal values, apart from signs of liver damage, such as an elevated activity of S-OCT (3 cases), alkaline phosphatease(3 cases), S-ALAT (1 case) and an elevation of bilirubin and blood ammonia (2 cases). Low serum iron-binding capacity occurred in 4 cases, a finding reported in protein-calorie malnutrition. Muscle magnesium content was significantly lower than in healthy controls (p is less than 0.001). Muslce sodium and chloride contents were significantly increased (p is less than 0.05). Total H2O content and the extracellular H2O content were both significantly increased (p is less than 0.05). Pyruvate and lactate values were within the normal range. The apparent equilibrium constant for creatine kinase differed significantly ( is less than 0.01). ATP values were within the normal range, but there were slight decreases for ADP (p is less than 0.05) and creatine phosphate ( is less than 0.01), whcih is of interest in view of the lowering of the MVC and the diminished capacity for sustained muscular effort in hypomagnesaemic patients reported earlier.", "PMID": 851037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9416", "title": "Kaliuretic effect of L-dopa treatment in parkinsonian patients.", "content": "Hypokalemia, sometimes severe, was observed in some L-dopa-treated parkinsonian patients. The influence of L-dopa on the renal excretion of potassium was studied in 3 patients with hypokalemia and in 5 normokalemic patients by determination of renal plasma flow, glomerular filtration rate, plasma concentration of potassium and sodium as well as urinary excretion of potassium, sodium and aldosterone. L-Dopa intake was found to cause an increased excretion of potassium, and sometimes also of sodium, in the hypokalemic but not in the normokalemic patients. This effect on the renal function could be prohibited by the administration of a peripheral dopa decarbodylase inhibitor. It is not known why this effect occurred in some individuals but not in others, but our results indicate a correlation between aldosterone production and this renal effect of L-dopa.", "contents": "Kaliuretic effect of L-dopa treatment in parkinsonian patients. Hypokalemia, sometimes severe, was observed in some L-dopa-treated parkinsonian patients. The influence of L-dopa on the renal excretion of potassium was studied in 3 patients with hypokalemia and in 5 normokalemic patients by determination of renal plasma flow, glomerular filtration rate, plasma concentration of potassium and sodium as well as urinary excretion of potassium, sodium and aldosterone. L-Dopa intake was found to cause an increased excretion of potassium, and sometimes also of sodium, in the hypokalemic but not in the normokalemic patients. This effect on the renal function could be prohibited by the administration of a peripheral dopa decarbodylase inhibitor. It is not known why this effect occurred in some individuals but not in others, but our results indicate a correlation between aldosterone production and this renal effect of L-dopa.", "PMID": 851038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9417", "title": "Prediction of cardiovascular deaths and non-fatal reinfarctions after myocardial infarction.", "content": "The present study concerns the development and validation of a logistic multivariate prognostic function in patients followed for two years after myocardial infarction. The patients studied constituted at least 90% of all cases in a total community--the City of G\u00f6teborg, Sweden. Using a multivariate logistic function with 7 variables, based on 30 cardiovascular deaths during two years after discharge from hospital among 292 men with first infarction, breathlessness at onset of symptoms of infarction, SGOT quartile, left heart failure, relative heart size, atrial fibrillation, a history of hypertension, and AV block recorded during the hospital phase were the most important variables. The first five of these variables made significant contributions (p less than 0.01) to the predictive power. The predictive capacity was confirmed in an independent series of 195 men with first infarction, among whom 17 cardiovascular deaths occurred. Around 60% of the total cardiovascular mortality was concentrated in the highest risk quintile. Deaths from non-cardiovascular causes were predicted less efficiently. Non-fatal recurrences could not be predicted by the present model. Thus, the function can predict the excess risk of mortality but not the excess risk of reinfarction during two years among men after an initial myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Prediction of cardiovascular deaths and non-fatal reinfarctions after myocardial infarction. The present study concerns the development and validation of a logistic multivariate prognostic function in patients followed for two years after myocardial infarction. The patients studied constituted at least 90% of all cases in a total community--the City of G\u00f6teborg, Sweden. Using a multivariate logistic function with 7 variables, based on 30 cardiovascular deaths during two years after discharge from hospital among 292 men with first infarction, breathlessness at onset of symptoms of infarction, SGOT quartile, left heart failure, relative heart size, atrial fibrillation, a history of hypertension, and AV block recorded during the hospital phase were the most important variables. The first five of these variables made significant contributions (p less than 0.01) to the predictive power. The predictive capacity was confirmed in an independent series of 195 men with first infarction, among whom 17 cardiovascular deaths occurred. Around 60% of the total cardiovascular mortality was concentrated in the highest risk quintile. Deaths from non-cardiovascular causes were predicted less efficiently. Non-fatal recurrences could not be predicted by the present model. Thus, the function can predict the excess risk of mortality but not the excess risk of reinfarction during two years among men after an initial myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 851039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9418", "title": "Auricular catecholamine content in ischaemic heart disease.", "content": "The noradrenaline (NA) content (mean +/- S.D.) of tissue samples from the right atrial appendage in 19 patients with ischaemic heart disease (IHD) was 2.81 +/- 0.94 microng/g and in 7 patients with valvular heart disease (VHD) 2.79 +/- 1.12 microng/g. In 10 patients with uncomplicated atrial septal defect (ASD) the NA content was 1.64 +/- 0.32 microng/g and in 11 patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) 0.75 +/- 0.41 microng/g. The difference in NA content between the IHD group and the ASD and CHF groups is significant (p is less than 0.001). Small amounts of adrenaline and dopamine were found in all groups. There was no significant correlation between auricular NA content and either systemic diastolic blood pressure. The relatively high level of NA in the IHD group is assumed to be a contributory factor in the intracellular metabolic as well as in the systemic changes typical of ischaemia and infarction.", "contents": "Auricular catecholamine content in ischaemic heart disease. The noradrenaline (NA) content (mean +/- S.D.) of tissue samples from the right atrial appendage in 19 patients with ischaemic heart disease (IHD) was 2.81 +/- 0.94 microng/g and in 7 patients with valvular heart disease (VHD) 2.79 +/- 1.12 microng/g. In 10 patients with uncomplicated atrial septal defect (ASD) the NA content was 1.64 +/- 0.32 microng/g and in 11 patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) 0.75 +/- 0.41 microng/g. The difference in NA content between the IHD group and the ASD and CHF groups is significant (p is less than 0.001). Small amounts of adrenaline and dopamine were found in all groups. There was no significant correlation between auricular NA content and either systemic diastolic blood pressure. The relatively high level of NA in the IHD group is assumed to be a contributory factor in the intracellular metabolic as well as in the systemic changes typical of ischaemia and infarction.", "PMID": 851040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9419", "title": "The prognosis in Ebstein's disease of the heart. Long-term follow-up of 22 patients.", "content": "A follow-up study of 22 patients with Ebstein's anomaly has been performed. Nine patients died 1-21 years (mean 9) after the initial admission while the 13 patients alive at the end of the observation period had been followed for 5-26 years (mean 15). Clinical, ECG, radiological, and haemodynamic features were analyzed with reference to their prognostic significance. The presence or absence of cyanosis due to right-to-left shunt through an atrial septal defect (ASD) distinguished best between a good and poor prognosis. Right-sided heart failure and dyspnoea at rest, often associated with palpitations, precordial pains and syncopes, were grave prognostic findings. After the initial signs of heart failure there was a rapid deterioration, death ensuing within a few years. Operation with insertion of a prosthetic valve (and closure of the ASD) should be seriously considered at the appearance of heart failure.", "contents": "The prognosis in Ebstein's disease of the heart. Long-term follow-up of 22 patients. A follow-up study of 22 patients with Ebstein's anomaly has been performed. Nine patients died 1-21 years (mean 9) after the initial admission while the 13 patients alive at the end of the observation period had been followed for 5-26 years (mean 15). Clinical, ECG, radiological, and haemodynamic features were analyzed with reference to their prognostic significance. The presence or absence of cyanosis due to right-to-left shunt through an atrial septal defect (ASD) distinguished best between a good and poor prognosis. Right-sided heart failure and dyspnoea at rest, often associated with palpitations, precordial pains and syncopes, were grave prognostic findings. After the initial signs of heart failure there was a rapid deterioration, death ensuing within a few years. Operation with insertion of a prosthetic valve (and closure of the ASD) should be seriously considered at the appearance of heart failure.", "PMID": 851041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9420", "title": "Low threshold endocaridal electrodes for permanent cardiac pacing. Comparison between one large and two small surface electrodes.", "content": "Three different electrodes, i.e. conventional large and small surface endocardial electrodes and a new large contact area-small active surface electrode, have been compared with respect to their stimulation thresholds for cardiac pacing in 94 patients with 96 electrodes. Both capacitor discharge and constant current pulses were used for the measurements. The average 2 msec impulse threshold for the 47 mm(2) electrode reached its maximum on the 14th postoperative day and was 3.6+/-1.4 V and 4.4+/-1.8 mA. One month after insertion, the threshold was 3.2+/-1.4 V and 3.9+/-1.7 mA. Corresponding values after one month for the 6 mm(2) electrode were 2.0+/-1.0 V and 1.7+/-0.9 mA and for the new electrode 1.7+/-0.9 V and 1.4+/-0.8 mA. Thresholds increased by about 20% when the impulse duration was diminished from 2 to 0.5 msec. The new large area-small active surface electrode offers advantages of significantly smaller increases in stimulation thresholds during the first month after insertion and good attachment to the endocardium.", "contents": "Low threshold endocaridal electrodes for permanent cardiac pacing. Comparison between one large and two small surface electrodes. Three different electrodes, i.e. conventional large and small surface endocardial electrodes and a new large contact area-small active surface electrode, have been compared with respect to their stimulation thresholds for cardiac pacing in 94 patients with 96 electrodes. Both capacitor discharge and constant current pulses were used for the measurements. The average 2 msec impulse threshold for the 47 mm(2) electrode reached its maximum on the 14th postoperative day and was 3.6+/-1.4 V and 4.4+/-1.8 mA. One month after insertion, the threshold was 3.2+/-1.4 V and 3.9+/-1.7 mA. Corresponding values after one month for the 6 mm(2) electrode were 2.0+/-1.0 V and 1.7+/-0.9 mA and for the new electrode 1.7+/-0.9 V and 1.4+/-0.8 mA. Thresholds increased by about 20% when the impulse duration was diminished from 2 to 0.5 msec. The new large area-small active surface electrode offers advantages of significantly smaller increases in stimulation thresholds during the first month after insertion and good attachment to the endocardium.", "PMID": 851042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9421", "title": "Renin-dependent hypertension in patients with unilateral kidney disease not caused by renal artery stenosis.", "content": "The practical value of renin secretion studies in hypertension associated with unilateral kidney disease, other than renal artery stenosis, has not been documented. This study, comprising 19 patients of this kind, disclosed three who had an abnormal renin secretion from the diseased kidney. The level of peripheral renin under basal conditions, and the change from this level as a result of provocation of renin secretion, were used to evaluate the importance of an arteriovenous renin gradient in the diseased kidney. The three patients were the only ones to become normotensive when the diseased kidney was removed in seven of the cases studied. When nephrectomy is considered in severe hypertension with unilateral kidney disease, there is a place for renin secretion studies, but a screening procedure is advisable. Measuring peripheral renin under basal conditions and after provocation of renin secretion, should reveal whether the renin-angiotensin system might be playing a part in maintaining the high BP. The finding of diminishing kidney function in many of the patients, despite good BP control, emphasizes the importance of sparing kidney function whenever possible.", "contents": "Renin-dependent hypertension in patients with unilateral kidney disease not caused by renal artery stenosis. The practical value of renin secretion studies in hypertension associated with unilateral kidney disease, other than renal artery stenosis, has not been documented. This study, comprising 19 patients of this kind, disclosed three who had an abnormal renin secretion from the diseased kidney. The level of peripheral renin under basal conditions, and the change from this level as a result of provocation of renin secretion, were used to evaluate the importance of an arteriovenous renin gradient in the diseased kidney. The three patients were the only ones to become normotensive when the diseased kidney was removed in seven of the cases studied. When nephrectomy is considered in severe hypertension with unilateral kidney disease, there is a place for renin secretion studies, but a screening procedure is advisable. Measuring peripheral renin under basal conditions and after provocation of renin secretion, should reveal whether the renin-angiotensin system might be playing a part in maintaining the high BP. The finding of diminishing kidney function in many of the patients, despite good BP control, emphasizes the importance of sparing kidney function whenever possible.", "PMID": 851043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9422", "title": "Albumin metabolism and gastrointestinal loss of protein in chronic renal failure.", "content": "The catabolism of albumin labelled with 125I has been studied in 10 patients with advanced renal failure and in 5 with nephrotic syndrome. In 10 patients the gastrointestinal protein loss was studied simultaneously by determing the faecal excretion during 7 days of 51Cr after i.v. administration of 51Cr-labelled chromic chloride. The results were related to a control group in which 12 subjects were studied with respect to albumin catabolism and 17 with respect to the gastrointestinal protein losses. The results showed that: 1) In the two patient groups the means for serum albumin concnetration and the intravascular albumin pool, expressed as g or g/kg b.wt., were significantly decreased compared with those of the control group. 2) The two patient groups had an increased extravascular albumin pool as well as an elevated ration between extra- and intravascular pools. 3) The mean albumin catabolic rate was not increased in the renal insufficiency group, expressed as a percentage of the intravascular pool/24 h or as g/24 h. In the patients with nephrotic syndrome, however, it was significantly increased. 4) The renal insufficiency group had a mean cumulative 51Cr excretion during 7 days of 1.6+/- 0.80% of the given dose, the control group 0.63+/- 0.30%. This difference is highly significant. The patients with nephrotic syndrome did not differ from the control group.", "contents": "Albumin metabolism and gastrointestinal loss of protein in chronic renal failure. The catabolism of albumin labelled with 125I has been studied in 10 patients with advanced renal failure and in 5 with nephrotic syndrome. In 10 patients the gastrointestinal protein loss was studied simultaneously by determing the faecal excretion during 7 days of 51Cr after i.v. administration of 51Cr-labelled chromic chloride. The results were related to a control group in which 12 subjects were studied with respect to albumin catabolism and 17 with respect to the gastrointestinal protein losses. The results showed that: 1) In the two patient groups the means for serum albumin concnetration and the intravascular albumin pool, expressed as g or g/kg b.wt., were significantly decreased compared with those of the control group. 2) The two patient groups had an increased extravascular albumin pool as well as an elevated ration between extra- and intravascular pools. 3) The mean albumin catabolic rate was not increased in the renal insufficiency group, expressed as a percentage of the intravascular pool/24 h or as g/24 h. In the patients with nephrotic syndrome, however, it was significantly increased. 4) The renal insufficiency group had a mean cumulative 51Cr excretion during 7 days of 1.6+/- 0.80% of the given dose, the control group 0.63+/- 0.30%. This difference is highly significant. The patients with nephrotic syndrome did not differ from the control group.", "PMID": 851044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9423", "title": "Effect of sodium loading and exercise on renal haemodynamics and urinary sodium excretion in young patients with essential hypertension before and during propranolol treatment.", "content": "The effects on renal plasma flow (RPF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of an i.v. sodium load and exercise have been measured in 14 young patients with essential hypertension before and after 3-4 months' treatment with propranolol as well as in 10 normotensive control subjects. In the untreated hypertensive patients, RPF and GFR were significantly reduced during sodium loading and exercise. After propranolol treatment, RPF and GFR were unaffected by sodium loading but decreased during exercise. In the normotensive control group, GFR and RPF were unchanged during sodium loading; RPF decreased during exercise, wherease GFR was not significantly reduced. RPF was significantly lower in the untreated hypertensive patients than in the normotensive control subjects during sodium loading and exercise. Propranolol treatment induced a significant reduction of BP and heart rate. RPF and GFR were not altered by propranolol treatment during sodium loading. During exercise, however, RPF was significantly lower after treatment than before. Urinary sodium excretion during sodium loading was significantly higher in the hypertensive patients than in the control subjects and decreased significantly during propranolol treatment. The reason for the abnormal reduction in renal haemodynamics during sodium loading in patients with essential hypertension is not clarified, but may possibly be related to functional or structural alterations in the renal vascular bed. The lower RPF during exercise after treatment with propranolol is most likely caused by an inhibition of the cardiac output induced by beta-adrenergic blockade. It is conceivable that the reduced urinary sodium excretion during propranolol treatment is attributable to the reduction of BP.", "contents": "Effect of sodium loading and exercise on renal haemodynamics and urinary sodium excretion in young patients with essential hypertension before and during propranolol treatment. The effects on renal plasma flow (RPF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of an i.v. sodium load and exercise have been measured in 14 young patients with essential hypertension before and after 3-4 months' treatment with propranolol as well as in 10 normotensive control subjects. In the untreated hypertensive patients, RPF and GFR were significantly reduced during sodium loading and exercise. After propranolol treatment, RPF and GFR were unaffected by sodium loading but decreased during exercise. In the normotensive control group, GFR and RPF were unchanged during sodium loading; RPF decreased during exercise, wherease GFR was not significantly reduced. RPF was significantly lower in the untreated hypertensive patients than in the normotensive control subjects during sodium loading and exercise. Propranolol treatment induced a significant reduction of BP and heart rate. RPF and GFR were not altered by propranolol treatment during sodium loading. During exercise, however, RPF was significantly lower after treatment than before. Urinary sodium excretion during sodium loading was significantly higher in the hypertensive patients than in the control subjects and decreased significantly during propranolol treatment. The reason for the abnormal reduction in renal haemodynamics during sodium loading in patients with essential hypertension is not clarified, but may possibly be related to functional or structural alterations in the renal vascular bed. The lower RPF during exercise after treatment with propranolol is most likely caused by an inhibition of the cardiac output induced by beta-adrenergic blockade. It is conceivable that the reduced urinary sodium excretion during propranolol treatment is attributable to the reduction of BP.", "PMID": 851045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9424", "title": "The significance of AV block I in asymptomatic young men. Variability, some anthropometric data, orthostatic test reaction and physical work capacity.", "content": "Twenty-nine young men with AV block I (P-R interval greater than 0.22 sec), without any history of heart disease, have been compared with 112 randomly selected healthy men of the same age. In 24 subjects who were free from concomitant ECG changes the P-R interval was normalized during orthostatic test and/or physical exercise. This group did not differ from the controls regarding anthropometric data and physical work capacity except for a higher heart rate at rest, thus suggesting that in these subjects an occurrence of AV block I has no pathological significance. However, it cannot be excluded that the block is a sequela, for instance, to myocarditis. Three subjects with AV block I and inverted T waves in the precordial leads and two subjects with unchanged P-R intervals to increased sympathetic tone had on average a smaller body size, a higher HR and systolic BP in recumbent position and smaller blood volumes.", "contents": "The significance of AV block I in asymptomatic young men. Variability, some anthropometric data, orthostatic test reaction and physical work capacity. Twenty-nine young men with AV block I (P-R interval greater than 0.22 sec), without any history of heart disease, have been compared with 112 randomly selected healthy men of the same age. In 24 subjects who were free from concomitant ECG changes the P-R interval was normalized during orthostatic test and/or physical exercise. This group did not differ from the controls regarding anthropometric data and physical work capacity except for a higher heart rate at rest, thus suggesting that in these subjects an occurrence of AV block I has no pathological significance. However, it cannot be excluded that the block is a sequela, for instance, to myocarditis. Three subjects with AV block I and inverted T waves in the precordial leads and two subjects with unchanged P-R intervals to increased sympathetic tone had on average a smaller body size, a higher HR and systolic BP in recumbent position and smaller blood volumes.", "PMID": 851046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9425", "title": "Prolonged monosymptomatic fever due to Yersinia enterocolitica.", "content": "A previously healthy 14-year-old girl showed monosymptomatic hectic fever for over 3 weeks with negative clinical findings. Extensive laboratory investigation revealed only elevated ESR and a high titer of agglutinating antibodies against Yersinia enterocolitica, serotype 0-3. These abnormalities disappeared upon tetracycline therapy, after which she remained in excellent health. This unusual manifestation of yersiniosis, which was of unknown source, demonstrates that Yersinia infection should be considered in patients with prolonged febrile illnesses of obscure etiology.", "contents": "Prolonged monosymptomatic fever due to Yersinia enterocolitica. A previously healthy 14-year-old girl showed monosymptomatic hectic fever for over 3 weeks with negative clinical findings. Extensive laboratory investigation revealed only elevated ESR and a high titer of agglutinating antibodies against Yersinia enterocolitica, serotype 0-3. These abnormalities disappeared upon tetracycline therapy, after which she remained in excellent health. This unusual manifestation of yersiniosis, which was of unknown source, demonstrates that Yersinia infection should be considered in patients with prolonged febrile illnesses of obscure etiology.", "PMID": 851047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9426", "title": "[Obesity in childhood, seen by the pediatrician (author's transl)].", "content": "Presently, obesity is beginning more and more in early childhood. This is one of negative factors of civilization. Author describes biochemical properties and the sequelae of obesity (high morbidity and mortality). The role of psychic resp. educational factors is stressed. A program of a fasting cure in a childrens clinic is dealt with.", "contents": "[Obesity in childhood, seen by the pediatrician (author's transl)]. Presently, obesity is beginning more and more in early childhood. This is one of negative factors of civilization. Author describes biochemical properties and the sequelae of obesity (high morbidity and mortality). The role of psychic resp. educational factors is stressed. A program of a fasting cure in a childrens clinic is dealt with.", "PMID": 851049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9427", "title": "[Ovarian cycle and school-notes (scores) (author's transl)].", "content": "Girls 14 to 16 years of age, menstruating regularly and with a stabile cycle, were tested every school-day by a dictation in their slovakian language. Mistakes were counted and analysed statistically. The girls were interviewed about their cycle. Their capacity to write down the text correctly was different in the four phases of the cycle (P less than 0,001). Most mistakes were made in the premenstrual phase,  results were found in the four days of the menstruum. Divided in terziles according to their capacity, the girls of the best terzile had their optimum in the postmenstrual phase, whereas the girls in the medium and in the lower tezile had their optimum during the menstruation.", "contents": "[Ovarian cycle and school-notes (scores) (author's transl)]. Girls 14 to 16 years of age, menstruating regularly and with a stabile cycle, were tested every school-day by a dictation in their slovakian language. Mistakes were counted and analysed statistically. The girls were interviewed about their cycle. Their capacity to write down the text correctly was different in the four phases of the cycle (P less than 0,001). Most mistakes were made in the premenstrual phase,  results were found in the four days of the menstruum. Divided in terziles according to their capacity, the girls of the best terzile had their optimum in the postmenstrual phase, whereas the girls in the medium and in the lower tezile had their optimum during the menstruation.", "PMID": 851050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9428", "title": "[A questionnaire for parents on school difficulties of their children (author's transl)].", "content": "A questionnaire for parents is proposed in order to get information about load and stress and resulting difficulties in pupils. The authors are analysing their questions and giving proof of the usefullness of this questionnaire.", "contents": "[A questionnaire for parents on school difficulties of their children (author's transl)]. A questionnaire for parents is proposed in order to get information about load and stress and resulting difficulties in pupils. The authors are analysing their questions and giving proof of the usefullness of this questionnaire.", "PMID": 851051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9429", "title": "[Psychological problems in children living with parents suffering from traumatic lesions of the vertebral column (author's transl)].", "content": "After trauma of the vertebral column and the neuromuscular consequences in one of the parents, children must experience many changes in the life of the family. They tend to react by psychosomatical symptoms as f.i. Anorexy, Colitis mucosa, Enuresis nocturna, Emesis a.s.o. Child guidance in such a case is urgently needed, as the author shows in two case reports.", "contents": "[Psychological problems in children living with parents suffering from traumatic lesions of the vertebral column (author's transl)]. After trauma of the vertebral column and the neuromuscular consequences in one of the parents, children must experience many changes in the life of the family. They tend to react by psychosomatical symptoms as f.i. Anorexy, Colitis mucosa, Enuresis nocturna, Emesis a.s.o. Child guidance in such a case is urgently needed, as the author shows in two case reports.", "PMID": 851052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9430", "title": "Factors affecting the 5 year survival rate of men following acute coronary heart disease.", "content": "A total of 213 male patients who survived an initial episode of acute coronary inusfficiency or myocardial infarction for 28 days have been followed for 5 years. The effect of age, weight, severity of infarction diastolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, and cigarette smoking at the time of the initial attack on postinfarction morbidity and death was examined. Only severity of infarction adversely influenced the long-term mortality rate; none of the factors studied was related to subsequent morbidity. The effect of subsequent cigarette smoking on morbidity and death was noted over the 5 year period. Smoking did not affect subsequent morbidity but there was an increased death rate among those who continued to smoke. This effect of smoking was independent of the severity of infarction. Improved long-term survival may be predicted for patients who stop or markedly reduce cigarette smoking.", "contents": "Factors affecting the 5 year survival rate of men following acute coronary heart disease. A total of 213 male patients who survived an initial episode of acute coronary inusfficiency or myocardial infarction for 28 days have been followed for 5 years. The effect of age, weight, severity of infarction diastolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, and cigarette smoking at the time of the initial attack on postinfarction morbidity and death was examined. Only severity of infarction adversely influenced the long-term mortality rate; none of the factors studied was related to subsequent morbidity. The effect of subsequent cigarette smoking on morbidity and death was noted over the 5 year period. Smoking did not affect subsequent morbidity but there was an increased death rate among those who continued to smoke. This effect of smoking was independent of the severity of infarction. Improved long-term survival may be predicted for patients who stop or markedly reduce cigarette smoking.", "PMID": 851053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9431", "title": "The role of serial echocardiography in the evaluation and differential diagnosis of pericardial disease.", "content": "Echocardiography is an established method for the diagnosis of pericardial effusion. Echographic findings in fibroadhesive disease have also been described. The interpretation of a changing serial echogram during the clinical course of pericardial disease has not been established. Sixteen patients with echographic evidence of pericardial effusion were followed with serial echographic studies. In seven, surgical or autopsy correlation was obtained. Because of the serial changes noted we undertook a study in dogs to clarify the problem of variability in intensity of sound reflected from the pericardial space. Three open-chested dogs were studied with rapid sequence surface echograms as blood introduced into the pericardial space was converted from the unclotted to the clotted state. In all three dogs blood clooting increased the intensity or sound reflected from the pericardial space. Our study of two patients with fibroadhesive pericardial disease documents serial changes in echoes from the pericardium and pericardial space accompanying the clinical evolution of the disease process, and suggests a method for avoiding the commonly encountered difficulty in proper identification of the pericardial and epicardial echoes. Our preliminary studies suggest that serial echograms should play an important role in the management of patients with pericardial effusion; further surgical/pathological correlations are required.", "contents": "The role of serial echocardiography in the evaluation and differential diagnosis of pericardial disease. Echocardiography is an established method for the diagnosis of pericardial effusion. Echographic findings in fibroadhesive disease have also been described. The interpretation of a changing serial echogram during the clinical course of pericardial disease has not been established. Sixteen patients with echographic evidence of pericardial effusion were followed with serial echographic studies. In seven, surgical or autopsy correlation was obtained. Because of the serial changes noted we undertook a study in dogs to clarify the problem of variability in intensity of sound reflected from the pericardial space. Three open-chested dogs were studied with rapid sequence surface echograms as blood introduced into the pericardial space was converted from the unclotted to the clotted state. In all three dogs blood clooting increased the intensity or sound reflected from the pericardial space. Our study of two patients with fibroadhesive pericardial disease documents serial changes in echoes from the pericardium and pericardial space accompanying the clinical evolution of the disease process, and suggests a method for avoiding the commonly encountered difficulty in proper identification of the pericardial and epicardial echoes. Our preliminary studies suggest that serial echograms should play an important role in the management of patients with pericardial effusion; further surgical/pathological correlations are required.", "PMID": 851054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9432", "title": "Echocardiographic criteria of the diagnosis of mitral-semilunar valve continuity.", "content": "A prospective echocardiographic study of 39 healthy adults with no history of heart disease was conducted to investigate the relationship between the anterior mitral valve leaflet (AMVL) and the posterior aortic root (PAR). The difference between the echocardiographic depth of the AMVL and the depth of the PAR with respect to the chest wall (CW) echoes was measured from both the third and fourth intercostal spaces in both the supine and left lateral positions. The results indicate that there were no statistically significant differences between the two depths in three of four measuring position postures. However, the best correlation between the depth of the AMVL had the PAR was obtained in the fourth ICS supine position. The echocardiographic difference between the CS-PAR and the CW-AMVL was less than or equal to 8 mm. in 90 per cent and less than or equal to 10 mm. in 97 per cent of our subjects in the fourth ICS. In the third intercostal space in the left lateral position, however, there was a statistically significant (P less than 0.01) difference in the two dimensions. In an individual subject, in any of the four possible positions, however, there were differences of up to 14 mm. in the two depths. The AMVL was found to be echocardiographically continuous with the PAR in all cases. An understanding of the normal AMVL-PAR relationship is becoming increasingly important, especially in regard to the application of echocardiography to the diagnosis of congenital heart disease, such as tetralogy of Fallot, double-outlet right ventricle, and transportation of the great vessels and of mitral regurgitation.", "contents": "Echocardiographic criteria of the diagnosis of mitral-semilunar valve continuity. A prospective echocardiographic study of 39 healthy adults with no history of heart disease was conducted to investigate the relationship between the anterior mitral valve leaflet (AMVL) and the posterior aortic root (PAR). The difference between the echocardiographic depth of the AMVL and the depth of the PAR with respect to the chest wall (CW) echoes was measured from both the third and fourth intercostal spaces in both the supine and left lateral positions. The results indicate that there were no statistically significant differences between the two depths in three of four measuring position postures. However, the best correlation between the depth of the AMVL had the PAR was obtained in the fourth ICS supine position. The echocardiographic difference between the CS-PAR and the CW-AMVL was less than or equal to 8 mm. in 90 per cent and less than or equal to 10 mm. in 97 per cent of our subjects in the fourth ICS. In the third intercostal space in the left lateral position, however, there was a statistically significant (P less than 0.01) difference in the two dimensions. In an individual subject, in any of the four possible positions, however, there were differences of up to 14 mm. in the two depths. The AMVL was found to be echocardiographically continuous with the PAR in all cases. An understanding of the normal AMVL-PAR relationship is becoming increasingly important, especially in regard to the application of echocardiography to the diagnosis of congenital heart disease, such as tetralogy of Fallot, double-outlet right ventricle, and transportation of the great vessels and of mitral regurgitation.", "PMID": 851056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9433", "title": "Inhibition of a ventricular synchronous pacemaker.", "content": "Noncompetitive ventricular synchronous pacemakers (VVT) have been available since 1965. Most presently available and earlier models have a single, fixed pulse-to-pulse interval divided into a total refractory period of 350 to 400 msec., followed by a sensitive period. During the refractory period the pacemaker will not respond to QSR complexes or electrical signals, but a pacer stimulus will be produced during the sensitive period. The generator cannot be inhibited under any circumstances. The Cordis Omni-Sctocor has a refractory period and two sensitive periods, during one of which the generator is inhibited. Unlike other ventricular synchronous pacers, the Omni-Ectocor is capable of inhibition by single or  multiple  ventricular or other signals, of slowing or increase of the stimulus formation rate which depends on the timing of the premature ventricular contractions, and of inhibition by a run of ventricular tachycardia or by electromagnetic interference. The rate of interference producing these effects is a function of the automatic rate to which the generator is programmed. All of these factors must be considered for proper interpretation of the ECG.", "contents": "Inhibition of a ventricular synchronous pacemaker. Noncompetitive ventricular synchronous pacemakers (VVT) have been available since 1965. Most presently available and earlier models have a single, fixed pulse-to-pulse interval divided into a total refractory period of 350 to 400 msec., followed by a sensitive period. During the refractory period the pacemaker will not respond to QSR complexes or electrical signals, but a pacer stimulus will be produced during the sensitive period. The generator cannot be inhibited under any circumstances. The Cordis Omni-Sctocor has a refractory period and two sensitive periods, during one of which the generator is inhibited. Unlike other ventricular synchronous pacers, the Omni-Ectocor is capable of inhibition by single or  multiple  ventricular or other signals, of slowing or increase of the stimulus formation rate which depends on the timing of the premature ventricular contractions, and of inhibition by a run of ventricular tachycardia or by electromagnetic interference. The rate of interference producing these effects is a function of the automatic rate to which the generator is programmed. All of these factors must be considered for proper interpretation of the ECG.", "PMID": 851057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9434", "title": "Acute hemodynamic effects of an alpha- and beta-receptor blocking agent (AH 5158) on the systemic and pulmonary circulation at rest and during exercise in hypertensive patients.", "content": "The acute hemodynamic effects of 50 mg. of the alpha- and beta-receptor blocking agent AH 5158, administered intravenously, on the systemic and pulmonary circulation were studied in 13 hypertensive patients at rest in the supine and erect positions, and during exercise, with right heart and brachial artery catheterization. AH 5158 induced a significant fall of systemic blooc pressures under all conditions, whereas the pulmonary systolic and mean pressures were lower at rest and unaltered during exercise. The left ventricular filling pressure largely remained unchanged. Blood pressure was lowered predominantly by a reduction in systemic vascular resistance together with a reduction in cardiac output. These effects were particularly pronounced in the erect position and during exercise. Cardiac output was lowered solely by the reduction of heart rate; stroke volume was unchanged or even increased. The arterial-mixed venous oxygen difference increased in the erect position and during exercise. The pattern of AH 5158-induced hemodynamic adaptation comprising a reduction of both vascular resistance and cardiac output, without evidence of significant negative inotropic action, offers a novel basis for treating hypertension with a single drug. Its pharmacological and hemodynamic profile suggests considerable potential in the treatment of hypertensive patients.", "contents": "Acute hemodynamic effects of an alpha- and beta-receptor blocking agent (AH 5158) on the systemic and pulmonary circulation at rest and during exercise in hypertensive patients. The acute hemodynamic effects of 50 mg. of the alpha- and beta-receptor blocking agent AH 5158, administered intravenously, on the systemic and pulmonary circulation were studied in 13 hypertensive patients at rest in the supine and erect positions, and during exercise, with right heart and brachial artery catheterization. AH 5158 induced a significant fall of systemic blooc pressures under all conditions, whereas the pulmonary systolic and mean pressures were lower at rest and unaltered during exercise. The left ventricular filling pressure largely remained unchanged. Blood pressure was lowered predominantly by a reduction in systemic vascular resistance together with a reduction in cardiac output. These effects were particularly pronounced in the erect position and during exercise. Cardiac output was lowered solely by the reduction of heart rate; stroke volume was unchanged or even increased. The arterial-mixed venous oxygen difference increased in the erect position and during exercise. The pattern of AH 5158-induced hemodynamic adaptation comprising a reduction of both vascular resistance and cardiac output, without evidence of significant negative inotropic action, offers a novel basis for treating hypertension with a single drug. Its pharmacological and hemodynamic profile suggests considerable potential in the treatment of hypertensive patients.", "PMID": 851058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9435", "title": "Echocardiographic evaluation of septal motion in patients with artificial pacemakers: vectorcardiographic correlations.", "content": "Twenty-one patients with transvenous endocardial right ventricular pacemakers and one patient with epicardial right ventricular pacemaker inducing artificial left bundle branch block (LBBB) were studied with echocardiographic and vectorcardiographic techniques. Sixteen patients were found to have an initial very active posterior motion of the interventricular septum occurring within 70 msec. (range, 40 to 100 msec.) of the pacemaker artefact followed by posterior movement during the ejection period (Pattern A). Eighteen of 20 patients with clinical LBBB serving as a control group showed a dynamic posterior motion occurring within 40 msec. of the onset of QRS and preceding anterior (paradoxical) motion of the septum during ejection. In four patients, following the initial brief posterior septal movement, there was flat or anterior movement of the septum during the ejection period (Patern B). Two patients had myocardial infarction and one had atrial septal defect and epicardial right ventricular pacemaker. Only in two patients the initial brief posterior septal motion was not recorded before moving posteriorly during the ejection period (Pattern C). The different patterns of septal motion found in patients with artificial LBBB and in those with natural LBBB could be explained by differences in activation of the heart, as shown by vectorcardiography. Echocardiographic septal evaluation of patients with artificial pacemakers could have diagnostic implications in suggesting possible underlying complicating cardiac abnormalities.", "contents": "Echocardiographic evaluation of septal motion in patients with artificial pacemakers: vectorcardiographic correlations. Twenty-one patients with transvenous endocardial right ventricular pacemakers and one patient with epicardial right ventricular pacemaker inducing artificial left bundle branch block (LBBB) were studied with echocardiographic and vectorcardiographic techniques. Sixteen patients were found to have an initial very active posterior motion of the interventricular septum occurring within 70 msec. (range, 40 to 100 msec.) of the pacemaker artefact followed by posterior movement during the ejection period (Pattern A). Eighteen of 20 patients with clinical LBBB serving as a control group showed a dynamic posterior motion occurring within 40 msec. of the onset of QRS and preceding anterior (paradoxical) motion of the septum during ejection. In four patients, following the initial brief posterior septal movement, there was flat or anterior movement of the septum during the ejection period (Patern B). Two patients had myocardial infarction and one had atrial septal defect and epicardial right ventricular pacemaker. Only in two patients the initial brief posterior septal motion was not recorded before moving posteriorly during the ejection period (Pattern C). The different patterns of septal motion found in patients with artificial LBBB and in those with natural LBBB could be explained by differences in activation of the heart, as shown by vectorcardiography. Echocardiographic septal evaluation of patients with artificial pacemakers could have diagnostic implications in suggesting possible underlying complicating cardiac abnormalities.", "PMID": 851059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9436", "title": "Precordial ST-segment mapping 3. Stability of maps in the early phase of acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "To evaluate the stability of precordial ST-segment mapping techniques in assessing ischemic myocardial injury, we studied 28 patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction using a 49-lead electrocardiographic system (1 mV. = 10 mm.). The sum of ST elevations in millimeters was taken as an index of ischemic injury, and remained stable in two consecutive maps made approximately one hour apart (65.8 +/- 8.4 vs. 63.8 +/- 8.7 mm.). The number of sites showing ST elevation larger than or equal to one mm. was taken as an index of extent of injury, and showed a small but statistically significant decline (23.9 +/- 4.5 vs. 22.3 +/- 4.2 mm.) during the same time interval. Blood pressure and heart rate remained stable. Changes in the map were observed in five patients, but could be explained in four by abrupt alterations in clinical status. In one patient no explanation for alterations in the map was apparent. We conclude that precordial ST segment maps are usually stable in the early stages of anterior myocardial infarction, but should be used to evaluate interventions only with careful clinical monitoring, and with the knowledge that occasional unexplained variations do occur.", "contents": "Precordial ST-segment mapping 3. Stability of maps in the early phase of acute myocardial infarction. To evaluate the stability of precordial ST-segment mapping techniques in assessing ischemic myocardial injury, we studied 28 patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction using a 49-lead electrocardiographic system (1 mV. = 10 mm.). The sum of ST elevations in millimeters was taken as an index of ischemic injury, and remained stable in two consecutive maps made approximately one hour apart (65.8 +/- 8.4 vs. 63.8 +/- 8.7 mm.). The number of sites showing ST elevation larger than or equal to one mm. was taken as an index of extent of injury, and showed a small but statistically significant decline (23.9 +/- 4.5 vs. 22.3 +/- 4.2 mm.) during the same time interval. Blood pressure and heart rate remained stable. Changes in the map were observed in five patients, but could be explained in four by abrupt alterations in clinical status. In one patient no explanation for alterations in the map was apparent. We conclude that precordial ST segment maps are usually stable in the early stages of anterior myocardial infarction, but should be used to evaluate interventions only with careful clinical monitoring, and with the knowledge that occasional unexplained variations do occur.", "PMID": 851060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9437", "title": "Hemodynamics of supine bicycle exercise in \"normal\" children.", "content": "Sixty children age 5 to 16 years with normal or nearly normal hearts performed submaximal and maximal supine bicycle exercise. Submaximal cardiac output was linearly correlated with work load (r = 0.80). After 2 minutes' exercise cardiac output was over 90 per cent of the value for 6 minutes' exercise. Maximal cardiac index was 10.1 +/- 1.8 for boys and 8.6 +/- 1.8 L. per minute per square meter for girls. Stroke volume was highest during the recovery period after maximal exercise. Pulmonary artery PO2 fell to 24 mm. Hg, oxygen saturation to 33 per cent, and pH to 7.21. During maximal exercise mean pulmonary artery pressure was 24 +/- 5 mm. Hg and mean brachial artery pressure was 113 +/- 8. There were no major differences between children aged 5 to 9 years of age and those 10 to 16 years, except for higher hemoglobin values in postpubertal children.", "contents": "Hemodynamics of supine bicycle exercise in \"normal\" children. Sixty children age 5 to 16 years with normal or nearly normal hearts performed submaximal and maximal supine bicycle exercise. Submaximal cardiac output was linearly correlated with work load (r = 0.80). After 2 minutes' exercise cardiac output was over 90 per cent of the value for 6 minutes' exercise. Maximal cardiac index was 10.1 +/- 1.8 for boys and 8.6 +/- 1.8 L. per minute per square meter for girls. Stroke volume was highest during the recovery period after maximal exercise. Pulmonary artery PO2 fell to 24 mm. Hg, oxygen saturation to 33 per cent, and pH to 7.21. During maximal exercise mean pulmonary artery pressure was 24 +/- 5 mm. Hg and mean brachial artery pressure was 113 +/- 8. There were no major differences between children aged 5 to 9 years of age and those 10 to 16 years, except for higher hemoglobin values in postpubertal children.", "PMID": 851061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9438", "title": "Transposition of the great arteries, primum atrial septal defect, azygos continuation of the inferior vena cava, bilateral superior venae cavae and dextrocardia with centrally placed liver.", "content": "Successful surgical correction of transposition of the great arteries in a nine-year-old girl with dextrocardia, primum atrial septal defect, bilateral venae cavae, and azygos continuation of inferior vena cava is reported. The patient was cooled on cardiopulmonary bypass and the operation performed under circulatory arrest at 19 degrees C. nasopharyngeal temperature. The problems of diagnosis and management are discussed.", "contents": "Transposition of the great arteries, primum atrial septal defect, azygos continuation of the inferior vena cava, bilateral superior venae cavae and dextrocardia with centrally placed liver. Successful surgical correction of transposition of the great arteries in a nine-year-old girl with dextrocardia, primum atrial septal defect, bilateral venae cavae, and azygos continuation of inferior vena cava is reported. The patient was cooled on cardiopulmonary bypass and the operation performed under circulatory arrest at 19 degrees C. nasopharyngeal temperature. The problems of diagnosis and management are discussed.", "PMID": 851062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9439", "title": "Lactose malabsorption in adult Vietnamese.", "content": "Because of the traditional \"nonmilking\" attitude in Vietnam, a high incidence of lactose malabsorption would be expected in Vietnamese. However, confirming data are not available, and for this reason 31 adult Vietnamese were studied by obtaining diet histories and performing oral lactose tolerance tests. Twenty-three had drunk from one glass of milk a month to three glasses a day as adutls in Vietnam, and eight had noted milk-related symptoms. Since arrival in the United States, 30 had drunk milk and six had experienced symptoms. All 31 adult Vietnamese tested had flat lactose tolerance tests, signifying lactose malabsorption, with 20 subjects having symptoms during or after the tests.", "contents": "Lactose malabsorption in adult Vietnamese. Because of the traditional \"nonmilking\" attitude in Vietnam, a high incidence of lactose malabsorption would be expected in Vietnamese. However, confirming data are not available, and for this reason 31 adult Vietnamese were studied by obtaining diet histories and performing oral lactose tolerance tests. Twenty-three had drunk from one glass of milk a month to three glasses a day as adutls in Vietnam, and eight had noted milk-related symptoms. Since arrival in the United States, 30 had drunk milk and six had experienced symptoms. All 31 adult Vietnamese tested had flat lactose tolerance tests, signifying lactose malabsorption, with 20 subjects having symptoms during or after the tests.", "PMID": 851072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9440", "title": "Lactose malabsorption in Mexican-American adults.", "content": "Lactose malabsorption was determined in 277 Mexican-American (MA) and 142 Anglo-American (AA) adults aged 18 to 94 years old, and correlated with nutrient intake assessed from 24-hr dietary recalls, as well as with milk and dairy product consumption. Lactose malabsorption occurred in 144 of 277 (53%) MA and 21 of 142 (15%) AA. Analysis of dietary questionnaires revealed no differences between lactose absorbers and malabsorbers within each ethnic group in their consumption of protein, calories, riboflavin, vitamin A, or calcium. Vitamin A, calcium, and riboflavin intake was greater in AA than in MA subjects. Milk and dairy product consumption was the same in lactose absorbers and malabsorbers in both ethnic groups. Nearly 60% of MA malabsorbers and 24% of AA malabsorbers recognized experiencing symptoms after milk ingestion. Although group differences in milk consumption on the basis of lactose absorption status are not apparent, individual lactose malabsorbers may alter milk ingestion in response to lactose-induced symptoms. Lactose malabsorption occurs in over half of MA adults and may in some individuals present a clinically relevant problem.", "contents": "Lactose malabsorption in Mexican-American adults. Lactose malabsorption was determined in 277 Mexican-American (MA) and 142 Anglo-American (AA) adults aged 18 to 94 years old, and correlated with nutrient intake assessed from 24-hr dietary recalls, as well as with milk and dairy product consumption. Lactose malabsorption occurred in 144 of 277 (53%) MA and 21 of 142 (15%) AA. Analysis of dietary questionnaires revealed no differences between lactose absorbers and malabsorbers within each ethnic group in their consumption of protein, calories, riboflavin, vitamin A, or calcium. Vitamin A, calcium, and riboflavin intake was greater in AA than in MA subjects. Milk and dairy product consumption was the same in lactose absorbers and malabsorbers in both ethnic groups. Nearly 60% of MA malabsorbers and 24% of AA malabsorbers recognized experiencing symptoms after milk ingestion. Although group differences in milk consumption on the basis of lactose absorption status are not apparent, individual lactose malabsorbers may alter milk ingestion in response to lactose-induced symptoms. Lactose malabsorption occurs in over half of MA adults and may in some individuals present a clinically relevant problem.", "PMID": 851073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9441", "title": "Interaction between dietary carbohydrates and intestinal disaccharidases in experimental diarrhea.", "content": "The effects of carbohydrate intake on jejunal disaccharidases in rats with chronic mannitol-induced, osmotic diarrhea were studied. Weanling rats were force-fed 5 ml/100 g of body weight of water of 20% mannitol (w/v 1300 mOsm) daily for up to 14 days. Diets containing 70% of either starch, sucrose, glucose, or 20% lactose with 50% starch were fed ad libitum. Mannitol-fed rats had increased water intake and diarrhea. They gained weight, but less than controls. The levels of intestinal disaccharidases in mannitol-fed rats were related to dietary carbohydrate intake. Seven days of mannitol treatment led to lactase and sucrase deficiencies in rats fed starch whereas jejunal maltase and alkaline phosphatase were unchanged. Deficiencies in lactase and maltase but not in sucrase were induced when rats were fed a sucrose diet, while a decrease only in sucrase occurred in rats fed a lactose-starch diet. Rats with mannitol-induced diarrhea fed a glucose diet had reduced levels of all disaccharidases. The changes in intestinal disaccharidases were not associated with alterations in the number of epithelial cells or ultrastructural abnormalities. 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA following 7 days of mannitol treatment was similar to water-fed controls. Absorptive epithelial cells were not damaged and the microvilli were normal in height and appearance. These data suggest that the levels of specific disaccharidases show and enhanced dependence upon the corresponding dietary substrates during diarrhea induced by an osmotic load.", "contents": "Interaction between dietary carbohydrates and intestinal disaccharidases in experimental diarrhea. The effects of carbohydrate intake on jejunal disaccharidases in rats with chronic mannitol-induced, osmotic diarrhea were studied. Weanling rats were force-fed 5 ml/100 g of body weight of water of 20% mannitol (w/v 1300 mOsm) daily for up to 14 days. Diets containing 70% of either starch, sucrose, glucose, or 20% lactose with 50% starch were fed ad libitum. Mannitol-fed rats had increased water intake and diarrhea. They gained weight, but less than controls. The levels of intestinal disaccharidases in mannitol-fed rats were related to dietary carbohydrate intake. Seven days of mannitol treatment led to lactase and sucrase deficiencies in rats fed starch whereas jejunal maltase and alkaline phosphatase were unchanged. Deficiencies in lactase and maltase but not in sucrase were induced when rats were fed a sucrose diet, while a decrease only in sucrase occurred in rats fed a lactose-starch diet. Rats with mannitol-induced diarrhea fed a glucose diet had reduced levels of all disaccharidases. The changes in intestinal disaccharidases were not associated with alterations in the number of epithelial cells or ultrastructural abnormalities. 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA following 7 days of mannitol treatment was similar to water-fed controls. Absorptive epithelial cells were not damaged and the microvilli were normal in height and appearance. These data suggest that the levels of specific disaccharidases show and enhanced dependence upon the corresponding dietary substrates during diarrhea induced by an osmotic load.", "PMID": 851074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9442", "title": "Effect of dietary egg on serum cholesterol and triglyceride of human males.", "content": "One hundred fourteen male volunteers (mean age 44.6 years) consumed one whole egg daily in their customary diets for 3 months. Their final serum cholesterol (SCHOL) and triglycerides (STG) levels were compared with their initial levels on customary free choice diets and also with their levels after a 3-month elimination of dietary whole eggs. All subjects had previously confirmed normal serum lipid levels and no history of heart disease. Four-day food records were kept during both experimental dietary periods. A Latin square design allowed analysis for seasonal effects on lipid levels. No significant change in mean SCHOL on either diet was found; there was a seasonal effect on mean STG. Significant linear associations of fat intake and of energy intake were found. There was no significant association of dietary cholesterol intake with either SCHOL or STG.", "contents": "Effect of dietary egg on serum cholesterol and triglyceride of human males. One hundred fourteen male volunteers (mean age 44.6 years) consumed one whole egg daily in their customary diets for 3 months. Their final serum cholesterol (SCHOL) and triglycerides (STG) levels were compared with their initial levels on customary free choice diets and also with their levels after a 3-month elimination of dietary whole eggs. All subjects had previously confirmed normal serum lipid levels and no history of heart disease. Four-day food records were kept during both experimental dietary periods. A Latin square design allowed analysis for seasonal effects on lipid levels. No significant change in mean SCHOL on either diet was found; there was a seasonal effect on mean STG. Significant linear associations of fat intake and of energy intake were found. There was no significant association of dietary cholesterol intake with either SCHOL or STG.", "PMID": 851075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9443", "title": "Racial differences in nitrogen content of nails among adolescents.", "content": "Ectodermal derivatives provide a readily accessible means of chemically evaluating body protein composition. Therefore, it has been postulated that the analysis of nail nitrogen content may reflect recent nutritional status. Assessment of nail nitrogen content has been previously reported in a small group of neonates and school children. The present study was undertaken to determine if standards for nail nitrogen content could be established for adolescents which could then be used in the assessment of protein nutritional status. Nail clippings were obtained from 118 economically indigent urban black youth, 10 black and 39 white subjects from wealthy suburban communities in the New York area, and 10 poor white-Indian adolescents residing within a barrio in Lima, Peru. Nail samples were analyzed for protein content using the micro Kjeldahl technique. Mean nail nitrogen content for wealthy suburban and impoverished urban black youth was 136 and 137 mg N/g of nail, respectively. Values for poor Peruvian white-Indian and affluent suburban white adolescents were 142 and 141 mg N/g of nail, respectively. The differences between ethnic groups were significant using t test analysis at a P value of less than 0.001. No differences, however, were found between either wealthy and poor of the same racial background or when the data were analyzed by gender. These results suggest that differences in nail nitrogen content are at least in part a reflection of ethnicity. These racial differences must be considered in assessing nutritional status by nail nitrogen analysis.", "contents": "Racial differences in nitrogen content of nails among adolescents. Ectodermal derivatives provide a readily accessible means of chemically evaluating body protein composition. Therefore, it has been postulated that the analysis of nail nitrogen content may reflect recent nutritional status. Assessment of nail nitrogen content has been previously reported in a small group of neonates and school children. The present study was undertaken to determine if standards for nail nitrogen content could be established for adolescents which could then be used in the assessment of protein nutritional status. Nail clippings were obtained from 118 economically indigent urban black youth, 10 black and 39 white subjects from wealthy suburban communities in the New York area, and 10 poor white-Indian adolescents residing within a barrio in Lima, Peru. Nail samples were analyzed for protein content using the micro Kjeldahl technique. Mean nail nitrogen content for wealthy suburban and impoverished urban black youth was 136 and 137 mg N/g of nail, respectively. Values for poor Peruvian white-Indian and affluent suburban white adolescents were 142 and 141 mg N/g of nail, respectively. The differences between ethnic groups were significant using t test analysis at a P value of less than 0.001. No differences, however, were found between either wealthy and poor of the same racial background or when the data were analyzed by gender. These results suggest that differences in nail nitrogen content are at least in part a reflection of ethnicity. These racial differences must be considered in assessing nutritional status by nail nitrogen analysis.", "PMID": 851076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9444", "title": "Breast milk composition in Ethiopian and Swedish mothers. IV. Milk lipases.", "content": "The (potential) activities of the two lipases in human milk were determined in breast milk samples collected from Ethiopian and Swedish mothers. The major lipase in human milk is dependent on bile salts for activity and probably participates in intestinal digestion of milk lipids in the newborn. The level of this lipase in the milk did not change with time after parturition, but differed between the groups so that it was higher in the privileged Ethopian mothers than in the nonprivileged Ethiopian mothers, who in turn had a higher level than the Swedish mothers. The other lipase is a serum-stimulated lipase (lipoprotein lipase). The level of this lipase varied between samples from different mothers as well as between different samples from the same mother. It tended to be lower in samples obtained at 4 to 5 days after parturition (Swedish mothers) than in later samples. There were in this case no significant differences between nonprivileged and privileged Ethiopian mothers or between them and Swedish mothers.", "contents": "Breast milk composition in Ethiopian and Swedish mothers. IV. Milk lipases. The (potential) activities of the two lipases in human milk were determined in breast milk samples collected from Ethiopian and Swedish mothers. The major lipase in human milk is dependent on bile salts for activity and probably participates in intestinal digestion of milk lipids in the newborn. The level of this lipase in the milk did not change with time after parturition, but differed between the groups so that it was higher in the privileged Ethopian mothers than in the nonprivileged Ethiopian mothers, who in turn had a higher level than the Swedish mothers. The other lipase is a serum-stimulated lipase (lipoprotein lipase). The level of this lipase varied between samples from different mothers as well as between different samples from the same mother. It tended to be lower in samples obtained at 4 to 5 days after parturition (Swedish mothers) than in later samples. There were in this case no significant differences between nonprivileged and privileged Ethiopian mothers or between them and Swedish mothers.", "PMID": 851077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9445", "title": "A potential diagnostic method for food allergy: clinical application and immunogenicity evaluation of an elemental diet.", "content": "The use of a simple, hypoallergenic elemental diet would appear well suited for diagnosing food allergy. Vivonex was used in 21 patients (5 to 40 years old) suspected of food allergy or those who had failed to respond to the usual management of inhalant allergy. To study immunogenicity, five New Zealand rabbits were immunized with Vivonex, milk, and egg and were evaluated for the production of precipitin and passive cutaneous anaphylactic antibodies, the latter was evaluated in three Hartley guinea pigs. The clinical study was conducted over a 2- to 3-week period with evaluation of symptom and medication scores, physical examination, and hematological and biochemical measurements made before and after the Vivonex trial, which was a minimum of 1 week. No consistent, significant improvement of allergic manifestations were seen while patients received Vivonex. On the other hand, there were no serious side effects noted either clinically or by laboratory measurements, although four patients discontinued the study because of Vivonex palatibility. Vivonex was not immunogenic by either the precipitin reaction or passive cutaneous anaphylactic response. Although Vivonex did not prove helpful in these severe, refractory allergic individuals, we were encouraged by its safety and acceptance in the outpatient setting. Further studies in young allergic children who are more likely to have clear-cut food sensitivity are being planned.", "contents": "A potential diagnostic method for food allergy: clinical application and immunogenicity evaluation of an elemental diet. The use of a simple, hypoallergenic elemental diet would appear well suited for diagnosing food allergy. Vivonex was used in 21 patients (5 to 40 years old) suspected of food allergy or those who had failed to respond to the usual management of inhalant allergy. To study immunogenicity, five New Zealand rabbits were immunized with Vivonex, milk, and egg and were evaluated for the production of precipitin and passive cutaneous anaphylactic antibodies, the latter was evaluated in three Hartley guinea pigs. The clinical study was conducted over a 2- to 3-week period with evaluation of symptom and medication scores, physical examination, and hematological and biochemical measurements made before and after the Vivonex trial, which was a minimum of 1 week. No consistent, significant improvement of allergic manifestations were seen while patients received Vivonex. On the other hand, there were no serious side effects noted either clinically or by laboratory measurements, although four patients discontinued the study because of Vivonex palatibility. Vivonex was not immunogenic by either the precipitin reaction or passive cutaneous anaphylactic response. Although Vivonex did not prove helpful in these severe, refractory allergic individuals, we were encouraged by its safety and acceptance in the outpatient setting. Further studies in young allergic children who are more likely to have clear-cut food sensitivity are being planned.", "PMID": 851078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9446", "title": "Supplementation with vitamin E in hyperlipidemic patients treated with diet and clofibrate. Effects on serum lipoprotein concentrations, plasma fatty acid composition and adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity.", "content": "Twelve hyperlipidemic patients on long term treatment with a lipid lowering diet enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids and with clofibrate were supplemented with vitamin E (400 mg/day). The effect on serum lipoprotein concentration, plasma lipid fatty acid composition, and adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity was studied. No additional lipid-lowering effect was registered during a treatment period of 4 months. A slight increase in total serum cholesterol concentration and in high density lipoprotein concentration was probably attributable to seasonal variations in serum lipoprotein concentrations. No major changes of fatty acid composition in plasma cholesteryl esters or triglycerides were recorded. However, an increased relative amount of arachidonic acid and a reduced amount of palmitic acid in the plasma phospholipids after 2 months was possibly caused by the vitamin E therapy.", "contents": "Supplementation with vitamin E in hyperlipidemic patients treated with diet and clofibrate. Effects on serum lipoprotein concentrations, plasma fatty acid composition and adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity. Twelve hyperlipidemic patients on long term treatment with a lipid lowering diet enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids and with clofibrate were supplemented with vitamin E (400 mg/day). The effect on serum lipoprotein concentration, plasma lipid fatty acid composition, and adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity was studied. No additional lipid-lowering effect was registered during a treatment period of 4 months. A slight increase in total serum cholesterol concentration and in high density lipoprotein concentration was probably attributable to seasonal variations in serum lipoprotein concentrations. No major changes of fatty acid composition in plasma cholesteryl esters or triglycerides were recorded. However, an increased relative amount of arachidonic acid and a reduced amount of palmitic acid in the plasma phospholipids after 2 months was possibly caused by the vitamin E therapy.", "PMID": 851079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9447", "title": "Influence of histidine administration on zinc metabolism in the rat.", "content": "The influence of intravenous and oral histidine administration on zinc metabolism in the rat has been investigated. Acute studies: histidine (250 mg/hr) was given by constant intravenous infusion to rats with paired control animals receiving diluent alone. During the hour preceding histidine the urinary zinc excretion averaged 0.435 +/- 0.37 (SE) microng/hr. During the hours of histidine infusion the urinary zinc excretion averaged 7.58 +/- 0.97, 20.21 +/- 2.07, and 16.78 +/- 1.90 microng/hr. These values were all higher than the prehistidine infusion value and higher than in the rats receiving diluent alone. Plasma zinc at the end of the infusion was 76 +/- 5 microng/100 ml compared to control levels of 110 +/- 9 microng/100 ml, P less than 0.001. Chronic studies: histidine (500 mg/day) was given by gavage for 43 days to rats. Urinary zinc excretion in histidine treated rats was 3 to 6 times that of controls throughout the study. Despite this there was no difference in the plasma, testicular, or kidney zinc content. No histological lesions of zinc deficiency were noted in the esophagus. In conclusion, histidine increased urinary excretion in the rats whether administered orally or parenterally. Evidence for zinc deficiency, however, was not apparent after 43 days of histidine administration.", "contents": "Influence of histidine administration on zinc metabolism in the rat. The influence of intravenous and oral histidine administration on zinc metabolism in the rat has been investigated. Acute studies: histidine (250 mg/hr) was given by constant intravenous infusion to rats with paired control animals receiving diluent alone. During the hour preceding histidine the urinary zinc excretion averaged 0.435 +/- 0.37 (SE) microng/hr. During the hours of histidine infusion the urinary zinc excretion averaged 7.58 +/- 0.97, 20.21 +/- 2.07, and 16.78 +/- 1.90 microng/hr. These values were all higher than the prehistidine infusion value and higher than in the rats receiving diluent alone. Plasma zinc at the end of the infusion was 76 +/- 5 microng/100 ml compared to control levels of 110 +/- 9 microng/100 ml, P less than 0.001. Chronic studies: histidine (500 mg/day) was given by gavage for 43 days to rats. Urinary zinc excretion in histidine treated rats was 3 to 6 times that of controls throughout the study. Despite this there was no difference in the plasma, testicular, or kidney zinc content. No histological lesions of zinc deficiency were noted in the esophagus. In conclusion, histidine increased urinary excretion in the rats whether administered orally or parenterally. Evidence for zinc deficiency, however, was not apparent after 43 days of histidine administration.", "PMID": 851080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9448", "title": "Zinc absorption through skin: correction of zinc deficiency in the rat.", "content": "The therapeutic effect of topical administration of zinc was tested in pregnant rats consuming a diet deficient in the element. Four groups of rats were fed a zinc-deficient diet for 24 hr. Half of the animals were treated during this period with a topical application of oil saturated with zinc chloride, for the full 24 hr in one group, and for the last 8 hr in the other. In the two remaining groups, oil without zinc chloride was applied under the same conditions as described above, and in all cases oral ingestion of the supplement was prevented. At the end of the 24-hr period, the animals were killed and plasma zinc was determined. An additional group of animals consuming a diet adequate in zinc was killed without any treatment to provide control values of normal plasma zinc. Rats consuming the deficient diet and without topical zinc supplementation had plasma zinc values significantly lower than all other groups after 24 hr. Animals receiving zinc supplementation for 8 hr had plasma levels similar to those of the control group fed an adequate zinc diet and significantly higher than those of rats that received no zinc application to the skin. In animals in which zinc was applied for 24 hr, plasma zinc values were significantly higher than in any other group, including normal controls. The results indicate that percutaneous transport of zinc may be of sufficient magnitude to be clinically significant and that topical application of this element may be useful in cases of dietary zinc deficiency or diseases producing a zinc deficiency state.", "contents": "Zinc absorption through skin: correction of zinc deficiency in the rat. The therapeutic effect of topical administration of zinc was tested in pregnant rats consuming a diet deficient in the element. Four groups of rats were fed a zinc-deficient diet for 24 hr. Half of the animals were treated during this period with a topical application of oil saturated with zinc chloride, for the full 24 hr in one group, and for the last 8 hr in the other. In the two remaining groups, oil without zinc chloride was applied under the same conditions as described above, and in all cases oral ingestion of the supplement was prevented. At the end of the 24-hr period, the animals were killed and plasma zinc was determined. An additional group of animals consuming a diet adequate in zinc was killed without any treatment to provide control values of normal plasma zinc. Rats consuming the deficient diet and without topical zinc supplementation had plasma zinc values significantly lower than all other groups after 24 hr. Animals receiving zinc supplementation for 8 hr had plasma levels similar to those of the control group fed an adequate zinc diet and significantly higher than those of rats that received no zinc application to the skin. In animals in which zinc was applied for 24 hr, plasma zinc values were significantly higher than in any other group, including normal controls. The results indicate that percutaneous transport of zinc may be of sufficient magnitude to be clinically significant and that topical application of this element may be useful in cases of dietary zinc deficiency or diseases producing a zinc deficiency state.", "PMID": 851081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9449", "title": "Iron absorption from Southeast Asian diets. II. Role of various factors that might explain low absorption.", "content": "Previously reported levels of iron absorption from common Southeast Asian meals composed of rice, vegetables, and spices were too low to be consistent with the known prevalence of iron deficiency. In the present paper the cause of the low absorption was systematically sought. Variables investigated comprised methodological errors, factors in the diet such as certain foodstuffs, or contaminants inhibiting the absorption and characteristics of the subjects accompanied by malabsorption of dietary iron. The latter was excluded by comparing the absorption from both wheat rolls and a composit rice meal in Thai and Swedish women using the absorption of a small dose of ferrous ascorbate as a common basis of comparison. Two main factors were identified as causing the low absorption in the previous studies: the homogenization of the labeled meals before serving and the use of rice flour instead of rice. Iron absorption from nonhomogenized meals of identical composition as studied previously was many times higher (on an average 0.16 mg) and was consistent with the actual prevalence of iron deficiency in lower socioeconomic groups of Thais mainly consuming the simple meals studied. Recent modifications of the method to measure nonheme iron absorption from composite meals have thus not only made the determination simpler but also more accurate.", "contents": "Iron absorption from Southeast Asian diets. II. Role of various factors that might explain low absorption. Previously reported levels of iron absorption from common Southeast Asian meals composed of rice, vegetables, and spices were too low to be consistent with the known prevalence of iron deficiency. In the present paper the cause of the low absorption was systematically sought. Variables investigated comprised methodological errors, factors in the diet such as certain foodstuffs, or contaminants inhibiting the absorption and characteristics of the subjects accompanied by malabsorption of dietary iron. The latter was excluded by comparing the absorption from both wheat rolls and a composit rice meal in Thai and Swedish women using the absorption of a small dose of ferrous ascorbate as a common basis of comparison. Two main factors were identified as causing the low absorption in the previous studies: the homogenization of the labeled meals before serving and the use of rice flour instead of rice. Iron absorption from nonhomogenized meals of identical composition as studied previously was many times higher (on an average 0.16 mg) and was consistent with the actual prevalence of iron deficiency in lower socioeconomic groups of Thais mainly consuming the simple meals studied. Recent modifications of the method to measure nonheme iron absorption from composite meals have thus not only made the determination simpler but also more accurate.", "PMID": 851082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9450", "title": "Phosphorus metabolism in potassium-deficient rats.", "content": "Hypophosphatemia as a consequence of potassium deficiency has been reported sporadically. Most cases have been complicated by other factors which might lead to decreased serum phosphorus levels. Therefore, the serum phosphorus in this study was measured in Sprague-Dawley rats with nutritionally induced potassium deficiency. Severe potassium depletion was manifested by hypokalemia (2.4 mEq/liter versus 3.9 mEq/liter in controls) and decreased muscle potassium content. Statistically significant hypophosphatemia did not develop, although decreased muscle phosphorus content was observed. Therefore, hypophosphatemia is not a regular accompaniment of severe potassium deficiency in the rat.", "contents": "Phosphorus metabolism in potassium-deficient rats. Hypophosphatemia as a consequence of potassium deficiency has been reported sporadically. Most cases have been complicated by other factors which might lead to decreased serum phosphorus levels. Therefore, the serum phosphorus in this study was measured in Sprague-Dawley rats with nutritionally induced potassium deficiency. Severe potassium depletion was manifested by hypokalemia (2.4 mEq/liter versus 3.9 mEq/liter in controls) and decreased muscle potassium content. Statistically significant hypophosphatemia did not develop, although decreased muscle phosphorus content was observed. Therefore, hypophosphatemia is not a regular accompaniment of severe potassium deficiency in the rat.", "PMID": 851083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9451", "title": "Prediction of body density and lean body weight in females 25 to 37 years old.", "content": "Sixty-one physically inactive females (ages 25 to 37 years) underwent hydrostatic weighing to determine body density (Db). A series of anthropometric measures were also obtained and were used to develop multiple regression equations for the prediction of (Db) and lean body weight (LBW). The anthropometric variables were also used to determine the prediction accuracy of several previously published regression equations. Mean Db was 1.0405 +/- 0.0131 g/ml, relative fat, 25.1 +/- 5.55%, and LBW, 42.14 +/- 4.64 KG. Percentage of body fat was calculated from Db using the formula of Brozek er al. (Am. N.Y. Acad. Med. 110: 113, 1963). Higher correlations were obtained between actual and predicted LBW (R = 0.66 to 0.82). The best regression equation was found to be one using a combination of body weight, one skinfold, and four circumferences. When selected multiple regression equations developed by other authors were used to predict the Db and LBW of the present subjects, the actual values were both over- and underestimated, and correlations between measured and predicted values were lower. It was concluded that even though the body composition of these women was similar to that of college-age women, different regression equations are needed for accurately predicting their Db and LBW.", "contents": "Prediction of body density and lean body weight in females 25 to 37 years old. Sixty-one physically inactive females (ages 25 to 37 years) underwent hydrostatic weighing to determine body density (Db). A series of anthropometric measures were also obtained and were used to develop multiple regression equations for the prediction of (Db) and lean body weight (LBW). The anthropometric variables were also used to determine the prediction accuracy of several previously published regression equations. Mean Db was 1.0405 +/- 0.0131 g/ml, relative fat, 25.1 +/- 5.55%, and LBW, 42.14 +/- 4.64 KG. Percentage of body fat was calculated from Db using the formula of Brozek er al. (Am. N.Y. Acad. Med. 110: 113, 1963). Higher correlations were obtained between actual and predicted LBW (R = 0.66 to 0.82). The best regression equation was found to be one using a combination of body weight, one skinfold, and four circumferences. When selected multiple regression equations developed by other authors were used to predict the Db and LBW of the present subjects, the actual values were both over- and underestimated, and correlations between measured and predicted values were lower. It was concluded that even though the body composition of these women was similar to that of college-age women, different regression equations are needed for accurately predicting their Db and LBW.", "PMID": 851084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9452", "title": "Oxygen consumption in the azotemic rat.", "content": "To test the hypothesis that basal energy expenditure may be abnormal in azotemia, oxygen consumption was studied in partially nephrectomized, azotemic male Sprague-Dawley rats and sham operated control rats 10, 16, and 31 days after surgery. Observed decreased oxygen consumption in the azotemic group was related to their decreased body weight. There was no significant difference in oxygen consumption between groups when oxygen consumption values were related to weight.75.", "contents": "Oxygen consumption in the azotemic rat. To test the hypothesis that basal energy expenditure may be abnormal in azotemia, oxygen consumption was studied in partially nephrectomized, azotemic male Sprague-Dawley rats and sham operated control rats 10, 16, and 31 days after surgery. Observed decreased oxygen consumption in the azotemic group was related to their decreased body weight. There was no significant difference in oxygen consumption between groups when oxygen consumption values were related to weight.75.", "PMID": 851085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9453", "title": "Comparison of the nutritional status of pregnant adolescents with adult pregnant women. III. Maternal protein and calorie intake and weight gain in relation to size of infant at birth.", "content": "Factors influencing the outcome of pregnancy were studied in 98 women, ages 12 to 32, divied into four age groups. A significantly higher weight gain was recorded for the youngest age group and the lowest gain for the oldest age group. The amount of weight gained was a function of length of gestation, but was not influenced by calorie intake of the mother. Neither was there significant correlation between protein and calorie intake of the mother and the infant's birth weight. Mean calorie intakes averaged below and mean protein intakes above the 1974 RDA. About 10% of the infants weighed less than 2,500 g and no single factor could be identified as the cause of low birth weight.", "contents": "Comparison of the nutritional status of pregnant adolescents with adult pregnant women. III. Maternal protein and calorie intake and weight gain in relation to size of infant at birth. Factors influencing the outcome of pregnancy were studied in 98 women, ages 12 to 32, divied into four age groups. A significantly higher weight gain was recorded for the youngest age group and the lowest gain for the oldest age group. The amount of weight gained was a function of length of gestation, but was not influenced by calorie intake of the mother. Neither was there significant correlation between protein and calorie intake of the mother and the infant's birth weight. Mean calorie intakes averaged below and mean protein intakes above the 1974 RDA. About 10% of the infants weighed less than 2,500 g and no single factor could be identified as the cause of low birth weight.", "PMID": 851086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9454", "title": "Failure of histidine supplementation to improve anemia in chronic dialysis patients.", "content": "Failure of histidien supplementation to improve anemia in chronic dialysis patients was seen in six patients after a study period of 8 weeks. Serum amino acid levels were elevated to normal by supplementation with 1 g of oral histidine/day in all patients. There was no significant change in serum iron or transferrin levels, hematocrit, or red cell mass in five of the six patients. Histidine supplementation may raise serum amino acid levels, but does not cause any increase in red cell mass or improve the anemia in patients on chronic dialysis who are ingesting adequate dietary protein.", "contents": "Failure of histidine supplementation to improve anemia in chronic dialysis patients. Failure of histidien supplementation to improve anemia in chronic dialysis patients was seen in six patients after a study period of 8 weeks. Serum amino acid levels were elevated to normal by supplementation with 1 g of oral histidine/day in all patients. There was no significant change in serum iron or transferrin levels, hematocrit, or red cell mass in five of the six patients. Histidine supplementation may raise serum amino acid levels, but does not cause any increase in red cell mass or improve the anemia in patients on chronic dialysis who are ingesting adequate dietary protein.", "PMID": 851087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9455", "title": "Anthropometric and maturation measurements of children, ages 5 to 14 years, in a biracial community--the Bogalusa Heart Study.", "content": "An epidemiological survey of anthropometric and maturation variables was conducted on 3,524 children from the biracial community of Bogalusa, Louisiana. These children, representing 93% of the population, were examined during the school year September 1973 through May 1974. Black boys differed slightly from white boys in height and weight; black girls were taller and heavier than white girls. The black children had longer upper arm lengths and smaller upper arm circumferences than the white children. The median ponderosity (weight divided by the cubed height) decreased with increasing heigth for the four race-sex groups, and a skewed distribution of ponderosity indicated an excess of heavy children among the tall. Based on the Tanner criteria for grading secondary sex characteristics, maturation occurred earlier in the more ponderous girls, although such was not the case for boys. Whereas the Tanner secondary sex characteristics appeared earlier in black girls, white girls reported menarche earlier. The racial and sexual differences known to exist in triceps skinfold were observed for this population. No statistically significant difference was observed overall for height and weight between children within this one community and those of the National Health Examination Survey. However, Bogalusa girls at the 95th percentile were heavier after age 11 than girls of the United States. Also, there was a tendency for white girls in this community to report reaching menarche at an earlier age than black girls, which contrasts slightly with the national sample.", "contents": "Anthropometric and maturation measurements of children, ages 5 to 14 years, in a biracial community--the Bogalusa Heart Study. An epidemiological survey of anthropometric and maturation variables was conducted on 3,524 children from the biracial community of Bogalusa, Louisiana. These children, representing 93% of the population, were examined during the school year September 1973 through May 1974. Black boys differed slightly from white boys in height and weight; black girls were taller and heavier than white girls. The black children had longer upper arm lengths and smaller upper arm circumferences than the white children. The median ponderosity (weight divided by the cubed height) decreased with increasing heigth for the four race-sex groups, and a skewed distribution of ponderosity indicated an excess of heavy children among the tall. Based on the Tanner criteria for grading secondary sex characteristics, maturation occurred earlier in the more ponderous girls, although such was not the case for boys. Whereas the Tanner secondary sex characteristics appeared earlier in black girls, white girls reported menarche earlier. The racial and sexual differences known to exist in triceps skinfold were observed for this population. No statistically significant difference was observed overall for height and weight between children within this one community and those of the National Health Examination Survey. However, Bogalusa girls at the 95th percentile were heavier after age 11 than girls of the United States. Also, there was a tendency for white girls in this community to report reaching menarche at an earlier age than black girls, which contrasts slightly with the national sample.", "PMID": 851088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9456", "title": "Weight fluctuations after immunization in a rural preschool child community.", "content": "After inoculations with diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus (DPT), smallpox Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e8rin (BCG), polio, and DPT + polio vaccine preparations, weight-for-age fluctuations were monitored in over 470 rural preschool children and compared to those in nonvaccinated control children matched for age, weight-for-age, season and year of immunization, and village affiliation. It was found that children immunized with live agents (BCG, smallpox, polio, DPT + polio) who also were below 6 months of age suffered statistically significant reductions in their weight-for-age compared to matched nonimmunized controls. Children inoculated with polio or smallpox who also were below 80% of the Harvard weight-for-age median experienced a larger decrease in their nutritional levels than those above, with correction for age distribution. It is suggested that in the developing world immunizations with live agents to children below 6 months of age should be given only if the infectious illness in which immunization is provided poses a real threat to health, or if vaccination coverage of children above 6 months of age would subsequently be difficult to achieve.", "contents": "Weight fluctuations after immunization in a rural preschool child community. After inoculations with diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus (DPT), smallpox Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e8rin (BCG), polio, and DPT + polio vaccine preparations, weight-for-age fluctuations were monitored in over 470 rural preschool children and compared to those in nonvaccinated control children matched for age, weight-for-age, season and year of immunization, and village affiliation. It was found that children immunized with live agents (BCG, smallpox, polio, DPT + polio) who also were below 6 months of age suffered statistically significant reductions in their weight-for-age compared to matched nonimmunized controls. Children inoculated with polio or smallpox who also were below 80% of the Harvard weight-for-age median experienced a larger decrease in their nutritional levels than those above, with correction for age distribution. It is suggested that in the developing world immunizations with live agents to children below 6 months of age should be given only if the infectious illness in which immunization is provided poses a real threat to health, or if vaccination coverage of children above 6 months of age would subsequently be difficult to achieve.", "PMID": 851089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9457", "title": "Pancreatic and salivary amylase activity in undernourished Colombian children.", "content": "Amylase activities were quantitated in secretions of marginally and severely malnourished Colombian children. In young children with a mean age of 21 months, the relative pancreatic and salivary amylase isozyme activities of urine were significantly changed in marginally malnourished children compared to normal children. There was a relative increase in salivary and decrease in pancreatic amylase activity in the undernourished children and total amylase activity was somewhat decreased. Amylase activity in saliva and tears was significantly lower in these malnourished children. Older children who were more severely malnourished had significantly lower amylase activity in their sera and tears. Thus marginal and severe malnutrition affects the production of amylase by the pancreas and salivary glands of young children distinctly. It significantly suppresses amylase activity in tears, saliva, and serum.", "contents": "Pancreatic and salivary amylase activity in undernourished Colombian children. Amylase activities were quantitated in secretions of marginally and severely malnourished Colombian children. In young children with a mean age of 21 months, the relative pancreatic and salivary amylase isozyme activities of urine were significantly changed in marginally malnourished children compared to normal children. There was a relative increase in salivary and decrease in pancreatic amylase activity in the undernourished children and total amylase activity was somewhat decreased. Amylase activity in saliva and tears was significantly lower in these malnourished children. Older children who were more severely malnourished had significantly lower amylase activity in their sera and tears. Thus marginal and severe malnutrition affects the production of amylase by the pancreas and salivary glands of young children distinctly. It significantly suppresses amylase activity in tears, saliva, and serum.", "PMID": 851090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9458", "title": "Necrotizing sialometaplasia: a source of confusion with carcinoma of the palate.", "content": "Necrotizing sialometaplasia is a self-healing nonneoplastic disease of the hard and soft palate characterized by one or two deeply excavating ulcers. Histologically, there is necrosis of the mucous cells of the minor salivary gland tissue with partial replacement by squamous epithelium. The deeply situated squamous epithelium intermixed with mucous cells may lead to the erroneous diagnosis of squamous carcinoma or mucoepidermoid carcinoma. The confinement of cytologically benign squamous epithelium to the pre-existing lobular pattern of the salivary gland should permit an accurate histologic diagnosis by biopsy and avert further surgical intervention.", "contents": "Necrotizing sialometaplasia: a source of confusion with carcinoma of the palate. Necrotizing sialometaplasia is a self-healing nonneoplastic disease of the hard and soft palate characterized by one or two deeply excavating ulcers. Histologically, there is necrosis of the mucous cells of the minor salivary gland tissue with partial replacement by squamous epithelium. The deeply situated squamous epithelium intermixed with mucous cells may lead to the erroneous diagnosis of squamous carcinoma or mucoepidermoid carcinoma. The confinement of cytologically benign squamous epithelium to the pre-existing lobular pattern of the salivary gland should permit an accurate histologic diagnosis by biopsy and avert further surgical intervention.", "PMID": 851091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9459", "title": "Ovarian thecal metaplasia in adrenal glands.", "content": "Wedge-shaped microscopic nodules resembling ovarian stroma or theca were found in the adrenal cortices of 14 women. Thirteen of the women were postmenopausal and one had ovarian stromal hyperplasia. The lesions were frequently multiple and bilateral and were almost always located just beneath the adrenal capsule. These nodules probably represent metaplasia of embryologically competent cells in the adrenal cortex or capsule which become transformed into ovarian tissue under the influence of unopposed pituitary gonadotropin during or after menopause. Support for this theory is found in (1) studies of human embryos that demonstrate the intimate anatomic development of ovary and adrenal gland, (2) experimental studies of mice that had morphologically similar, functional adrenal nodules following bilateral oophorectomy at birth, and (3) reports of certain human adrenal tumors. It is not known whether these nodules have functional significance in the human female.", "contents": "Ovarian thecal metaplasia in adrenal glands. Wedge-shaped microscopic nodules resembling ovarian stroma or theca were found in the adrenal cortices of 14 women. Thirteen of the women were postmenopausal and one had ovarian stromal hyperplasia. The lesions were frequently multiple and bilateral and were almost always located just beneath the adrenal capsule. These nodules probably represent metaplasia of embryologically competent cells in the adrenal cortex or capsule which become transformed into ovarian tissue under the influence of unopposed pituitary gonadotropin during or after menopause. Support for this theory is found in (1) studies of human embryos that demonstrate the intimate anatomic development of ovary and adrenal gland, (2) experimental studies of mice that had morphologically similar, functional adrenal nodules following bilateral oophorectomy at birth, and (3) reports of certain human adrenal tumors. It is not known whether these nodules have functional significance in the human female.", "PMID": 851092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9460", "title": "Ultrastructure of lymphoid interstitial pneumonia: virus-like particles in bronchiolar epithelium of a patient with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome.", "content": "Ultrastructural studies of an open lung biopsy of a patient who had lymphoid interstitial pneumonia, Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, and a highly elevated level of immunoglobulin M in the serum disclosed the presence in bronchiolar epithelium of numerous round electron-dense particles 70-120 nm in diameter. These were closely reminiscent of the oncogenic type-A viral particles associated with tumors of laboratory and wild mice. In the inflammatory infiltrate the morphology of some small lymphocytes was suggestive of germinative activity, although no germinal centers were found. Plasma cells, which were numerous in the vicinity of the bronchiolar epithelium, contained varying amounts of electron-dense material, probably immunoglobulin, which was also deposited in the irregulary thickened epithelial basal lamina. The observations support the theory that viral infection may be the stimulus to the immunologic abnormalities observed in patients with lymphoid interstitial pneumonia and Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of lymphoid interstitial pneumonia: virus-like particles in bronchiolar epithelium of a patient with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. Ultrastructural studies of an open lung biopsy of a patient who had lymphoid interstitial pneumonia, Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, and a highly elevated level of immunoglobulin M in the serum disclosed the presence in bronchiolar epithelium of numerous round electron-dense particles 70-120 nm in diameter. These were closely reminiscent of the oncogenic type-A viral particles associated with tumors of laboratory and wild mice. In the inflammatory infiltrate the morphology of some small lymphocytes was suggestive of germinative activity, although no germinal centers were found. Plasma cells, which were numerous in the vicinity of the bronchiolar epithelium, contained varying amounts of electron-dense material, probably immunoglobulin, which was also deposited in the irregulary thickened epithelial basal lamina. The observations support the theory that viral infection may be the stimulus to the immunologic abnormalities observed in patients with lymphoid interstitial pneumonia and Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome.", "PMID": 851093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9461", "title": "Acute myelofibrosis: a report of three cases.", "content": "This report describes three cases of an atypical variant of agnogenic myeloid metaplasia characterized by pancytopenia, high peripheral blast cell count, lack of significant splenomegaly or tear-drop poikilocytosis, and diffuse marrow fibrosis with an abnormal proliferation of megakaryocytes. It is suggested that these cases represent an acute variant of agnogenic myeloid metaplasia that is distinct from either the terminal blastic transformation of myelofibrosis or acute granulocytic leukemia.", "contents": "Acute myelofibrosis: a report of three cases. This report describes three cases of an atypical variant of agnogenic myeloid metaplasia characterized by pancytopenia, high peripheral blast cell count, lack of significant splenomegaly or tear-drop poikilocytosis, and diffuse marrow fibrosis with an abnormal proliferation of megakaryocytes. It is suggested that these cases represent an acute variant of agnogenic myeloid metaplasia that is distinct from either the terminal blastic transformation of myelofibrosis or acute granulocytic leukemia.", "PMID": 851094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9462", "title": "Platelet factor 4 activity and thromboembolic episodes.", "content": "Platelet factor 4 activity was evaluated in 323 patients who had various diseases. High incidences (30% or more) of elevated levels of platelet factor 4 were found in patients with recent myocardial infarctions, recent episodes of thromboembolism, hepatic diseases, and low platelet counts. Three of the four patients who had prosthetic heart valves had markedly elevated platelet factor 4 activities. It appears that elevation of platelet factor 4 activity is associated with a high platelet turnover such as is seen in intravascular coagulation or thromboembolism. Determination of platelet factor 4 activity may be a valuable laboratory tool for the diagnosis of thromboembolism.", "contents": "Platelet factor 4 activity and thromboembolic episodes. Platelet factor 4 activity was evaluated in 323 patients who had various diseases. High incidences (30% or more) of elevated levels of platelet factor 4 were found in patients with recent myocardial infarctions, recent episodes of thromboembolism, hepatic diseases, and low platelet counts. Three of the four patients who had prosthetic heart valves had markedly elevated platelet factor 4 activities. It appears that elevation of platelet factor 4 activity is associated with a high platelet turnover such as is seen in intravascular coagulation or thromboembolism. Determination of platelet factor 4 activity may be a valuable laboratory tool for the diagnosis of thromboembolism.", "PMID": 851095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9463", "title": "Development and description of the \"random duplicates\" method of quality control for a hematology laboratory.", "content": "Calibration of laboratory apparatus is not sufficient to ensure accurate results. Application of the \"random duplicates\" method to the measurement of hemoglobin estimations and leukocyte counts by the Coulter Model S revealed unsuspected deficiencies in the laboratory operation. The resultant changes led to a significant improvement in the quality of work performed.", "contents": "Development and description of the \"random duplicates\" method of quality control for a hematology laboratory. Calibration of laboratory apparatus is not sufficient to ensure accurate results. Application of the \"random duplicates\" method to the measurement of hemoglobin estimations and leukocyte counts by the Coulter Model S revealed unsuspected deficiencies in the laboratory operation. The resultant changes led to a significant improvement in the quality of work performed.", "PMID": 851096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9464", "title": "Pooled normal values, a useful technic.", "content": "Few laboratories determine their normal values, because of the work involved. This study attempted to see whether a group of laboratories, each contributing a portion of the samples, could pool their information to yield data applicable to the whole group. Each of 20 VA Hospital laboratories obtained approximately 20 fasting early morning specimens from healthy men, aged 20-29 years, during a four-week period. Routine chemistry examinations (16) were performed on Technicon AutoAnalyzers (12/60, 6/60, and AAII), and model S Coulter Counters were used for five hematology tests (381 values for each constituent). Within-day, day-to-day, and interlaboratory variance were determined in parallel-method variability studies. The data showed: (1) it is valid to pool normal values from different laboratories when non-random variables have been eliminated; (2) non-random variables can be identified by increased interlaboratory variance, whether differences such as methods and equipment are obvious or not; (3) normal values so derived agree well with those from large series performed in single laboratories.", "contents": "Pooled normal values, a useful technic. Few laboratories determine their normal values, because of the work involved. This study attempted to see whether a group of laboratories, each contributing a portion of the samples, could pool their information to yield data applicable to the whole group. Each of 20 VA Hospital laboratories obtained approximately 20 fasting early morning specimens from healthy men, aged 20-29 years, during a four-week period. Routine chemistry examinations (16) were performed on Technicon AutoAnalyzers (12/60, 6/60, and AAII), and model S Coulter Counters were used for five hematology tests (381 values for each constituent). Within-day, day-to-day, and interlaboratory variance were determined in parallel-method variability studies. The data showed: (1) it is valid to pool normal values from different laboratories when non-random variables have been eliminated; (2) non-random variables can be identified by increased interlaboratory variance, whether differences such as methods and equipment are obvious or not; (3) normal values so derived agree well with those from large series performed in single laboratories.", "PMID": 851097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9465", "title": "Rheumatoid esophageal disease.", "content": "Esophageal diameters were measured in the roentgenogram in 43 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and in 43 healthy subjects matched by sex and age. The incidence of esophageal dilatation in rheumatoid patients was significantly higher than that of healthy subjects (P LESS THAN 0.01). Higher incidence of esophageal dilatation was seen in groups with pulmonary fibrosis and with subcutaneous nodules (P less than 0.01, P less than 0.05 respectively). An orderly relationship between the incidence of esophageal dilatation and the grades of RA test, stage of joint x-ray, or duration of disease were shown. These results suggest the existence of \"rheumatoid esophageal disease\".", "contents": "Rheumatoid esophageal disease. Esophageal diameters were measured in the roentgenogram in 43 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and in 43 healthy subjects matched by sex and age. The incidence of esophageal dilatation in rheumatoid patients was significantly higher than that of healthy subjects (P LESS THAN 0.01). Higher incidence of esophageal dilatation was seen in groups with pulmonary fibrosis and with subcutaneous nodules (P less than 0.01, P less than 0.05 respectively). An orderly relationship between the incidence of esophageal dilatation and the grades of RA test, stage of joint x-ray, or duration of disease were shown. These results suggest the existence of \"rheumatoid esophageal disease\".", "PMID": 851102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9466", "title": "Mass gastric examinations of prisoners at Miyagi Prison in Japan.", "content": "Mass examinations of the stomach were carried out on 79 convicts over 40 years of age confined in the Miyagi Prison, Japan. Of the 79 subjects, 11.9% were found to need detailed examination of the stomach which disclosed gastric polyp in one case and scar from gastric ulceration in one. None was found to have carcinoma of the stomach. Complaints of symptoms were obviously more frequent with the convicts as compared with a control group. There was not, however, a significant depression in efficiency of this group examination by photofluorography, as compared with the usual gastric mass examination on general inhabitants.", "contents": "Mass gastric examinations of prisoners at Miyagi Prison in Japan. Mass examinations of the stomach were carried out on 79 convicts over 40 years of age confined in the Miyagi Prison, Japan. Of the 79 subjects, 11.9% were found to need detailed examination of the stomach which disclosed gastric polyp in one case and scar from gastric ulceration in one. None was found to have carcinoma of the stomach. Complaints of symptoms were obviously more frequent with the convicts as compared with a control group. There was not, however, a significant depression in efficiency of this group examination by photofluorography, as compared with the usual gastric mass examination on general inhabitants.", "PMID": 851103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9467", "title": "Association of carcinoma with congenital cystic conditions of the liver and bile ducts.", "content": "Reported cases of carcinoma arising in association with congenital cystic conditions of the liver and bile ducts are tabulated with respect to the specific type of congenital abnormality. The occurrence of carcinoma in solitary nonparasitic cysts of the liver or as a complication of polycystic liver disease is distinctly rare. Carcinoma will arise with a frequency of approximately 1% in congenital hepatic fibrosis, 4% in choledochal cyst and 7% in congenital cystic dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts. Those congenital conditions exposing the epithelium to the bile directly are at greater risk for the development of malignancy. Carcinoma in this clinical setting occurs several decades earlier than otherwise expected.", "contents": "Association of carcinoma with congenital cystic conditions of the liver and bile ducts. Reported cases of carcinoma arising in association with congenital cystic conditions of the liver and bile ducts are tabulated with respect to the specific type of congenital abnormality. The occurrence of carcinoma in solitary nonparasitic cysts of the liver or as a complication of polycystic liver disease is distinctly rare. Carcinoma will arise with a frequency of approximately 1% in congenital hepatic fibrosis, 4% in choledochal cyst and 7% in congenital cystic dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts. Those congenital conditions exposing the epithelium to the bile directly are at greater risk for the development of malignancy. Carcinoma in this clinical setting occurs several decades earlier than otherwise expected.", "PMID": 851104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9468", "title": "Relationship between the morphologic appearance of pancreatic calculi and pancreatic function in chronic calcifying pancreatitis.", "content": "The relationship between the two types of pancreatic calculi and their clinical pictures was studied in seven cases of diffuse minute calculi and 12 cases of large calculi. In the large calculi cases, the cause was often unknown, the calculi tended to be localized in the head and body and disturbances in pancreatic exocrine and endocrine functions were frequently found to be mild. In the diffuse minute calculi cases, alcohol ingestion was apparently responsible, the calculi tended to be distributed not only over the head and body but also over the tail and the pancreatic exocrine and endocrine function were markedly decreased with repetition of acute exacerbation. Consequently, the two types were clearly distinguished, indicating marked differences in pathophysiological process; they cannot be regarded as a single disease entity.", "contents": "Relationship between the morphologic appearance of pancreatic calculi and pancreatic function in chronic calcifying pancreatitis. The relationship between the two types of pancreatic calculi and their clinical pictures was studied in seven cases of diffuse minute calculi and 12 cases of large calculi. In the large calculi cases, the cause was often unknown, the calculi tended to be localized in the head and body and disturbances in pancreatic exocrine and endocrine functions were frequently found to be mild. In the diffuse minute calculi cases, alcohol ingestion was apparently responsible, the calculi tended to be distributed not only over the head and body but also over the tail and the pancreatic exocrine and endocrine function were markedly decreased with repetition of acute exacerbation. Consequently, the two types were clearly distinguished, indicating marked differences in pathophysiological process; they cannot be regarded as a single disease entity.", "PMID": 851105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9469", "title": "Effects of duodenal alkalinization on pancreatic secretion.", "content": "Effects of duodenal alkalinization on pancreatic secretion were evaluated in seven dogs including two antrectomized dogs with chronic duodenal fistulas. Continuous intravenous injection of secretin or secretin plus CCK PZ was administered as a stimulus for the pancreatic secretion. Intraduodenal infusion of alkaline solutions such as pancreatic juice (pH 8.6), bile (pH 8.1), bicarbonate solution (160 mEq./I., pH 8.6) and TRIS buffer solution (0.3 M, pH 9.5) caused a moderate increase in protein output and a modest or no increase in flow but no change in bicarbonate output. During infusion of pancreatic juice, varied doses of secretin (0, 0.015, 0.03, 0.06 u./kg./min.), or secretin (0.03 u./kg./min.) plus CCK-PZ (0.05 u./kg./min.) were administered intravenously. For example, under the stimulation of secretin (0.03), flow increased modestly (17.7%), an increase which was of statistical significance. Protein output also showed a significant increase of 35.7%. There was, however, no response of the pancreas to the infusion of pancreatic juice when the gland was stimulated by secretin plus CCK-PZ. Antrectomy did not alter the effect of alkaline intraduodenal infusions on pancreatic secretion.", "contents": "Effects of duodenal alkalinization on pancreatic secretion. Effects of duodenal alkalinization on pancreatic secretion were evaluated in seven dogs including two antrectomized dogs with chronic duodenal fistulas. Continuous intravenous injection of secretin or secretin plus CCK PZ was administered as a stimulus for the pancreatic secretion. Intraduodenal infusion of alkaline solutions such as pancreatic juice (pH 8.6), bile (pH 8.1), bicarbonate solution (160 mEq./I., pH 8.6) and TRIS buffer solution (0.3 M, pH 9.5) caused a moderate increase in protein output and a modest or no increase in flow but no change in bicarbonate output. During infusion of pancreatic juice, varied doses of secretin (0, 0.015, 0.03, 0.06 u./kg./min.), or secretin (0.03 u./kg./min.) plus CCK-PZ (0.05 u./kg./min.) were administered intravenously. For example, under the stimulation of secretin (0.03), flow increased modestly (17.7%), an increase which was of statistical significance. Protein output also showed a significant increase of 35.7%. There was, however, no response of the pancreas to the infusion of pancreatic juice when the gland was stimulated by secretin plus CCK-PZ. Antrectomy did not alter the effect of alkaline intraduodenal infusions on pancreatic secretion.", "PMID": 851106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9470", "title": "Villous tumors of the duodenum.", "content": "Villous tumors of the duodenum are extremely rare, only 41 cases having been described in the world literature. Modes of presentation were: gastrointestinal bleeding (11 cases); obstructive jaundice (9 cases); duodenal obstruction (10 cases); vague abdominal discomfort (8 cases) and as an incidental finding on barium study of the upper gastrointestinal tract (2 cases) or at autopsy (1 case). Twelve of the 42 cases were associated with invasive adenocarcinoma. These were confined to patients over 50 years of age. Benign tumors should be treated with local excision while in those harboring adenocarcinoma pancreaticoduodenectomy is the treatment of choice. Endoscopy and biopsy should assume a major role in attempting to obtain an accurate preoperative diagnosis. Caution is advised in that the superficial portions of the tumor may appear benign while deeper portions may contain invasive adenocarcinoma. An additional case with a bizarre presentation is described and the literature reviewed.", "contents": "Villous tumors of the duodenum. Villous tumors of the duodenum are extremely rare, only 41 cases having been described in the world literature. Modes of presentation were: gastrointestinal bleeding (11 cases); obstructive jaundice (9 cases); duodenal obstruction (10 cases); vague abdominal discomfort (8 cases) and as an incidental finding on barium study of the upper gastrointestinal tract (2 cases) or at autopsy (1 case). Twelve of the 42 cases were associated with invasive adenocarcinoma. These were confined to patients over 50 years of age. Benign tumors should be treated with local excision while in those harboring adenocarcinoma pancreaticoduodenectomy is the treatment of choice. Endoscopy and biopsy should assume a major role in attempting to obtain an accurate preoperative diagnosis. Caution is advised in that the superficial portions of the tumor may appear benign while deeper portions may contain invasive adenocarcinoma. An additional case with a bizarre presentation is described and the literature reviewed.", "PMID": 851107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9471", "title": "Erythema ab igne, a sign of pancreatic disease.", "content": "Patients with abdominal pain resulting from pancreatitis are often misdiagnosed initially. There are no pathognomonic physical signs to implicate the pancreas as a source of chronic abdominal discomfort. Four patients seen consecutively (and one studied retrospectively) illustrate that erythema ab igne of the abdomen or low back may be a sign of pancreatitis. These patients had used heat on their abdomens or backs in attempts to relieve the pain. Using heat in this manner is common among patients with undiagnosed pancreatitis; the heat enhances the appearance of the erythema ab igne. The presence of pigmentation is a sign of organicity which should lead the physician to investigate the pancreas as a source of the patient's pain.", "contents": "Erythema ab igne, a sign of pancreatic disease. Patients with abdominal pain resulting from pancreatitis are often misdiagnosed initially. There are no pathognomonic physical signs to implicate the pancreas as a source of chronic abdominal discomfort. Four patients seen consecutively (and one studied retrospectively) illustrate that erythema ab igne of the abdomen or low back may be a sign of pancreatitis. These patients had used heat on their abdomens or backs in attempts to relieve the pain. Using heat in this manner is common among patients with undiagnosed pancreatitis; the heat enhances the appearance of the erythema ab igne. The presence of pigmentation is a sign of organicity which should lead the physician to investigate the pancreas as a source of the patient's pain.", "PMID": 851110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9472", "title": "Lymphatic cysts of the retroperitoneal space. Could epiploplasty be the method of choice?", "content": "Lymphatic cysts of the retroperitoneal space among the rarest abdominal tumors. A very small number, usually single case reports, has been reported in the international literature. Symptoms vary according to the tumor size but usually are minimal so that they are discovered by chance, either during an ordinary abdominal examination or because the patient complains of discomfort due to the pressure of the cyst on adjacent organs and tissues. Surgical intervention is the only treatment. Total cystectomy with the treatment of choice is seldom feasible, because of technical difficulty. A case of a huge retroperitoneal lymphatic cyst is reported. Epiploplasty with drainage is proposed as a new method of surgical treatment.", "contents": "Lymphatic cysts of the retroperitoneal space. Could epiploplasty be the method of choice? Lymphatic cysts of the retroperitoneal space among the rarest abdominal tumors. A very small number, usually single case reports, has been reported in the international literature. Symptoms vary according to the tumor size but usually are minimal so that they are discovered by chance, either during an ordinary abdominal examination or because the patient complains of discomfort due to the pressure of the cyst on adjacent organs and tissues. Surgical intervention is the only treatment. Total cystectomy with the treatment of choice is seldom feasible, because of technical difficulty. A case of a huge retroperitoneal lymphatic cyst is reported. Epiploplasty with drainage is proposed as a new method of surgical treatment.", "PMID": 851111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9473", "title": "Pharmacokinetics in renal disease.", "content": "The physiologic perturbations associated with renal disease can have a pronounced effect on the kinetics of elimination of drugs and their metabolites from the body. Drugs are ordinarily cleared from the body by a number of routes, each of which can be characterized by a clearance value. The sum of these clearances (renal, hepatic, etc.) is the total or body clearance which is inversely proportional to the steady-state plasma concentration produced by a given drug dosage regimen. The quantitative contribution of each route of elimination to the metabolic fate of a drug is proportional to the clearance value of that route relative to the body clearance. As a first approximation, the reduction in the renal clearance of a drug caused by renal disease is proportional to the reduction in the renal clearance of creatinine. The metabolic (biotransformation) clearance of many extensively plasma protein bound drugs is proportional to their free fraction (ratio of concentrations of free to total drug) in plasma. Since severe renal disease causes a reduction in the plasma protein binding of many drugs, the metabolic clearance of such drugs will be increased. The contribution of hemodialysis to the total clearance of a drug depends on the magnitude of the clearance obtained by hemodialysis relative to the magnitude of the body clearance of the drug on a day between dialyses. To compensate for the increased elimination of a drug during hemodialysis, the dosing rate (i.e., the dose per unit of time) must be increased by the factor (hemodialysis clearance and body clearance):body clearance, where body clearance is that during a day between dialyses. Further dosage compensation may be needed if body clearance is increased during hemodialysis due to decreased plasma protein binding of the drug. Under certain conditions, an increased accumulation of pharmacologically active drug metabolites during renal failure becomes a matter of serious concern.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics in renal disease. The physiologic perturbations associated with renal disease can have a pronounced effect on the kinetics of elimination of drugs and their metabolites from the body. Drugs are ordinarily cleared from the body by a number of routes, each of which can be characterized by a clearance value. The sum of these clearances (renal, hepatic, etc.) is the total or body clearance which is inversely proportional to the steady-state plasma concentration produced by a given drug dosage regimen. The quantitative contribution of each route of elimination to the metabolic fate of a drug is proportional to the clearance value of that route relative to the body clearance. As a first approximation, the reduction in the renal clearance of a drug caused by renal disease is proportional to the reduction in the renal clearance of creatinine. The metabolic (biotransformation) clearance of many extensively plasma protein bound drugs is proportional to their free fraction (ratio of concentrations of free to total drug) in plasma. Since severe renal disease causes a reduction in the plasma protein binding of many drugs, the metabolic clearance of such drugs will be increased. The contribution of hemodialysis to the total clearance of a drug depends on the magnitude of the clearance obtained by hemodialysis relative to the magnitude of the body clearance of the drug on a day between dialyses. To compensate for the increased elimination of a drug during hemodialysis, the dosing rate (i.e., the dose per unit of time) must be increased by the factor (hemodialysis clearance and body clearance):body clearance, where body clearance is that during a day between dialyses. Further dosage compensation may be needed if body clearance is increased during hemodialysis due to decreased plasma protein binding of the drug. Under certain conditions, an increased accumulation of pharmacologically active drug metabolites during renal failure becomes a matter of serious concern.", "PMID": 851113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9474", "title": "The binding of drugs to plasma proteins and the interpretation of measurements of plasma concentrations of drugs in patients with poor renal function.", "content": "The intensity of a drug's action is related to its concentration in plasma water. Since the analytical methods for determining concentrations of drugs in plasma measure this as well as the drug bound to plasma proteins, evaluation of the binding of drugs to plasma proteins is needed for proper interpretation of drug level measurements. Anionic drugs have decreased binding in plasma from patients with renal failure. With some, such as phenytoin, a reduction is required in the levels usually considered \"therapeutic\" for uremic patients. Basic drugs may have normal or decreased binding. Propranolol, quinidine and tricyclic antidepressants are drugs in this class that have normal binding and that do not require changes in the plasma levels usually considered \"therapeutic\" for these patients.", "contents": "The binding of drugs to plasma proteins and the interpretation of measurements of plasma concentrations of drugs in patients with poor renal function. The intensity of a drug's action is related to its concentration in plasma water. Since the analytical methods for determining concentrations of drugs in plasma measure this as well as the drug bound to plasma proteins, evaluation of the binding of drugs to plasma proteins is needed for proper interpretation of drug level measurements. Anionic drugs have decreased binding in plasma from patients with renal failure. With some, such as phenytoin, a reduction is required in the levels usually considered \"therapeutic\" for uremic patients. Basic drugs may have normal or decreased binding. Propranolol, quinidine and tricyclic antidepressants are drugs in this class that have normal binding and that do not require changes in the plasma levels usually considered \"therapeutic\" for these patients.", "PMID": 851114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9475", "title": "Drug distribution in renal failure.", "content": "Plasma protein binding of many drugs is impaired in patients with renal disease. This often results in a larger apparent volume of distribution and a larger clearance of the drug compared to that observed in patients with normal renal function. Hence, renal disease can also influence the pharmacokinetics of drugs that are eliminated from the body by biotransformation rather than by renal excretion, Repetitive administration of a given dose of a drug that is eliminated from the body by nonrenal mechanisms may result in considerably lower steady-state concentrations of total drug in the plasma of patients with renal disease than in that of patients with normal renal function. On the other hand, in the absence of liver disease, the average steady-state serum concentration of free (unbound) drug is likely to be the same in both groups of patients. For this reason, it is probably not necessary to change the usual daily dose of a drug that is eliminated from the body by nonrenal mechanisms when it is given to a patient with renal disease. However, such drugs should be administered in divided doses to minimize adverse effects.", "contents": "Drug distribution in renal failure. Plasma protein binding of many drugs is impaired in patients with renal disease. This often results in a larger apparent volume of distribution and a larger clearance of the drug compared to that observed in patients with normal renal function. Hence, renal disease can also influence the pharmacokinetics of drugs that are eliminated from the body by biotransformation rather than by renal excretion, Repetitive administration of a given dose of a drug that is eliminated from the body by nonrenal mechanisms may result in considerably lower steady-state concentrations of total drug in the plasma of patients with renal disease than in that of patients with normal renal function. On the other hand, in the absence of liver disease, the average steady-state serum concentration of free (unbound) drug is likely to be the same in both groups of patients. For this reason, it is probably not necessary to change the usual daily dose of a drug that is eliminated from the body by nonrenal mechanisms when it is given to a patient with renal disease. However, such drugs should be administered in divided doses to minimize adverse effects.", "PMID": 851115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9476", "title": "Principles of dialysis and dialysis of drugs.", "content": "Consideration of the interactions of drugs and dialysis must include an understanding of the mechanisms of transport during dialysis, i.e., diffusion, ultrafiltration and membrane-protein binding effects. Clearance is a function of molecular size, blood and dialysate flow, membrane area and permeability, and dialyzer support geometry. Protein binding and hematocrit decrease the in vivo clearances in comparison to those measured in vitro with aqueous solutions. The effect on the serum half-life is also determined by the distribution space and clearance by other routes. Other factors such as metabolic alterations of dialysis can affect pharmacologic activity, and the clinical response is the end product of many determinants. Numerous drugs are effectively removed by hemodialysis or at a slower rate by peritoneal dialysis, which occasionally allows considerable influx. The influence of intestinal contents on elimination rates by peritoneal dialysis is unknown. Peritoneal dialysis can be influenced considerably by vasoactive drugs.", "contents": "Principles of dialysis and dialysis of drugs. Consideration of the interactions of drugs and dialysis must include an understanding of the mechanisms of transport during dialysis, i.e., diffusion, ultrafiltration and membrane-protein binding effects. Clearance is a function of molecular size, blood and dialysate flow, membrane area and permeability, and dialyzer support geometry. Protein binding and hematocrit decrease the in vivo clearances in comparison to those measured in vitro with aqueous solutions. The effect on the serum half-life is also determined by the distribution space and clearance by other routes. Other factors such as metabolic alterations of dialysis can affect pharmacologic activity, and the clinical response is the end product of many determinants. Numerous drugs are effectively removed by hemodialysis or at a slower rate by peritoneal dialysis, which occasionally allows considerable influx. The influence of intestinal contents on elimination rates by peritoneal dialysis is unknown. Peritoneal dialysis can be influenced considerably by vasoactive drugs.", "PMID": 851116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9477", "title": "The biotransformation of drugs in renal failure.", "content": "Studies of the rates of elimination of drugs normally biotransformed in man have been carried out in uremic patients. Drug oxidations are normal or accelerated. Reduction is slowed. Glucuronide and glycine conjugations are normal whereas acetylation may be normal or slowed. Many hydrolyses are slowed. Thus, the usual dosages of metabolized drugs may have to be altered to properly individualize therapy for patients with renal failure.", "contents": "The biotransformation of drugs in renal failure. Studies of the rates of elimination of drugs normally biotransformed in man have been carried out in uremic patients. Drug oxidations are normal or accelerated. Reduction is slowed. Glucuronide and glycine conjugations are normal whereas acetylation may be normal or slowed. Many hydrolyses are slowed. Thus, the usual dosages of metabolized drugs may have to be altered to properly individualize therapy for patients with renal failure.", "PMID": 851117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9478", "title": "Active drug metabolites and renal failure.", "content": "Drugs that are administered to man may be biotransformed to yield metabolites that are pharmacologically active. These metabolites may accumulate in patients with end-stage renal disease if renal excretion is a major elimination pathway for the metabolite. This is true even if the active metabolite is a minor metabolite of the parent drug as long as the minor metabolite is not further biotransformed but is mainly excreted in the urine. Minor metabolite accumulation may also occur if it is further biotransformed by a pathway that is inhibited in uremia. Some clinical consequences of accumulation of the active drug metabolites of procainamide, meperidine, clofibrate, allopurinol, sulfadiazine and nitrofurantoin in patients with renal failure are discussed. The high incidence of adverse drug reactions seen in renal failure may be explained, in part, by the accumulation of active drug metabolites. Examples of active drug metabolites that do not accumulate in patients with renal failure because of further biotransformations are also included.", "contents": "Active drug metabolites and renal failure. Drugs that are administered to man may be biotransformed to yield metabolites that are pharmacologically active. These metabolites may accumulate in patients with end-stage renal disease if renal excretion is a major elimination pathway for the metabolite. This is true even if the active metabolite is a minor metabolite of the parent drug as long as the minor metabolite is not further biotransformed but is mainly excreted in the urine. Minor metabolite accumulation may also occur if it is further biotransformed by a pathway that is inhibited in uremia. Some clinical consequences of accumulation of the active drug metabolites of procainamide, meperidine, clofibrate, allopurinol, sulfadiazine and nitrofurantoin in patients with renal failure are discussed. The high incidence of adverse drug reactions seen in renal failure may be explained, in part, by the accumulation of active drug metabolites. Examples of active drug metabolites that do not accumulate in patients with renal failure because of further biotransformations are also included.", "PMID": 851118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9479", "title": "Renal tubular handling of drugs.", "content": "The renal excretion of drugs is a vectorial quantity, the resultant of physiologic mechanisms that have directional orientation and magnitude. Magnitude is limited by a variety of extrarenal factors including plasma protein binding and the volume of the total body water. The contributions of the glomeruli and tubules to excretion varies with age. This fact has clinical relevance, especially in newborn children and older patients. Although protein binding reduces the amount of a drug that can be filtered, it usually does not alter the rate of proximal tubular secretion of charged organic molecules. Reabsorption of the filtered fluid from tubular lumens creates concentration gradients favoring the reabsorption of drugs, but the movement of drug molecules out of luminal fluid is hindered by the formation of polar drug metabolites in the liver. Although there are only a few examples in the literature, it is probable that many drugs are reabsorbed by a carrier-mediated process located in the proximal tubules. A major difference exists between the renal handling of chlormerodrin, a neutral mercurial, and of mersalyl, an acidic mercurial. Chlormerodrin is reabsorbed (as a complex with cysteine) by a carrier-mediated process; mersalyl is secreted by one of the organic anion transport systems.", "contents": "Renal tubular handling of drugs. The renal excretion of drugs is a vectorial quantity, the resultant of physiologic mechanisms that have directional orientation and magnitude. Magnitude is limited by a variety of extrarenal factors including plasma protein binding and the volume of the total body water. The contributions of the glomeruli and tubules to excretion varies with age. This fact has clinical relevance, especially in newborn children and older patients. Although protein binding reduces the amount of a drug that can be filtered, it usually does not alter the rate of proximal tubular secretion of charged organic molecules. Reabsorption of the filtered fluid from tubular lumens creates concentration gradients favoring the reabsorption of drugs, but the movement of drug molecules out of luminal fluid is hindered by the formation of polar drug metabolites in the liver. Although there are only a few examples in the literature, it is probable that many drugs are reabsorbed by a carrier-mediated process located in the proximal tubules. A major difference exists between the renal handling of chlormerodrin, a neutral mercurial, and of mersalyl, an acidic mercurial. Chlormerodrin is reabsorbed (as a complex with cysteine) by a carrier-mediated process; mersalyl is secreted by one of the organic anion transport systems.", "PMID": 851119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9480", "title": "Development of mechanisms for drug excretion.", "content": "Renal excretion of many drugs is less in the newborn than what would be predicted in terms of body weight. This is due, in part, to low renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate during the immediate newborn period. In the first weeks to months of postnatal life, renal vascular resistance decreases and blood flow increases. Subsequently, the glomerular filtration rate increases. During this time, drug elimination may also be affected by qualitative and quantitative differences in binding of drugs to plasma proteins. In addition, drug elimination may be prolonged due to an immature ability in the newborn to transport or metabolize drugs in the kidney. Recent evidence demonstrated that drugs administered pre- or postnatally may alter the rate of renal excretion of drugs in the newborn. Such effects are of great concern to the clinician and underscore the importance of monitoring drug blood levels in these patients. From another perspective, the ability to stimulate drug excretion has been used as a tool to study basic renal physiology. Quantitative patterns of development coupled with the use of substrate stimulation provided evidence for at least three transport systems for organic anions in the proximal tubule. Similar technics provided preliminary data linking drug metabolism and organic anion transport in the proximal tubule, whereas an obligatory, rate-limiting role for ligandin in anion transport could not be established.", "contents": "Development of mechanisms for drug excretion. Renal excretion of many drugs is less in the newborn than what would be predicted in terms of body weight. This is due, in part, to low renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate during the immediate newborn period. In the first weeks to months of postnatal life, renal vascular resistance decreases and blood flow increases. Subsequently, the glomerular filtration rate increases. During this time, drug elimination may also be affected by qualitative and quantitative differences in binding of drugs to plasma proteins. In addition, drug elimination may be prolonged due to an immature ability in the newborn to transport or metabolize drugs in the kidney. Recent evidence demonstrated that drugs administered pre- or postnatally may alter the rate of renal excretion of drugs in the newborn. Such effects are of great concern to the clinician and underscore the importance of monitoring drug blood levels in these patients. From another perspective, the ability to stimulate drug excretion has been used as a tool to study basic renal physiology. Quantitative patterns of development coupled with the use of substrate stimulation provided evidence for at least three transport systems for organic anions in the proximal tubule. Similar technics provided preliminary data linking drug metabolism and organic anion transport in the proximal tubule, whereas an obligatory, rate-limiting role for ligandin in anion transport could not be established.", "PMID": 851120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9481", "title": "Pharmacology of the renal circulation.", "content": "The circulatory response of the kidney to drugs is conditioned by a variety of factors, such as basal vascular tone, dietary sodium and structural changes in the renal vasculature which accompany aging and disease. In addition, any drug which affects systemic arterial pressure will activate renal autoregulatory processes, which are superimposed upon the direct effects of the drug on the renal circulation. Renal autoregulation in addition to passive pressure effects probably accounts for the relative constancy of renal blood flow during the administration of renal vasodilators such as nitroprusside, diazoxide and minoxidil. Renal vasodilators which have minor effects on systemic arterial pressure, such as dopamine and glucagon, increase renal blood flow. These effects have been employed clinically in low cardiac output states. A variety of drugs affect the renal circulation by modifying the effects of endogenous vasoactive substances. The mechanisms of action include: receptor blockade; ex, adrenergic and Ag  II-mediated vasoconstriction: enhanced production by the administration of biochemical precursors; ex, arachidonic acid and I-dopa: inhibition of endogenous production; ex, prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors: and inhibition of breakdown of endogenous substances; ex, converting enzyme inhibition. The effect of each of these interventions will depend in part upon the rate of endogenous production of the relevant vasoactive material. The administration of diuretics affects renal blood flow in individually distinctive ways, the mechanisms of which have been only partially elucidated.", "contents": "Pharmacology of the renal circulation. The circulatory response of the kidney to drugs is conditioned by a variety of factors, such as basal vascular tone, dietary sodium and structural changes in the renal vasculature which accompany aging and disease. In addition, any drug which affects systemic arterial pressure will activate renal autoregulatory processes, which are superimposed upon the direct effects of the drug on the renal circulation. Renal autoregulation in addition to passive pressure effects probably accounts for the relative constancy of renal blood flow during the administration of renal vasodilators such as nitroprusside, diazoxide and minoxidil. Renal vasodilators which have minor effects on systemic arterial pressure, such as dopamine and glucagon, increase renal blood flow. These effects have been employed clinically in low cardiac output states. A variety of drugs affect the renal circulation by modifying the effects of endogenous vasoactive substances. The mechanisms of action include: receptor blockade; ex, adrenergic and Ag  II-mediated vasoconstriction: enhanced production by the administration of biochemical precursors; ex, arachidonic acid and I-dopa: inhibition of endogenous production; ex, prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors: and inhibition of breakdown of endogenous substances; ex, converting enzyme inhibition. The effect of each of these interventions will depend in part upon the rate of endogenous production of the relevant vasoactive material. The administration of diuretics affects renal blood flow in individually distinctive ways, the mechanisms of which have been only partially elucidated.", "PMID": 851121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9482", "title": "Adverse drug effects in relation to renal function.", "content": "The relationship between acute drug toxicity, diagnosed in the clinical setting, and renal function is estimated for 67 commonly used drugs. Fewer than expected numbers of drugs showed higher rates of toxicity in the presence of an elevated blood urea nitrogen level on admission. For those whose toxicity did correlate positively with an elevated blood urea nitrogen level, detailed study of the relationship, taking into account other important variables, is indicated.", "contents": "Adverse drug effects in relation to renal function. The relationship between acute drug toxicity, diagnosed in the clinical setting, and renal function is estimated for 67 commonly used drugs. Fewer than expected numbers of drugs showed higher rates of toxicity in the presence of an elevated blood urea nitrogen level on admission. For those whose toxicity did correlate positively with an elevated blood urea nitrogen level, detailed study of the relationship, taking into account other important variables, is indicated.", "PMID": 851122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9483", "title": "Molecular basis for several drug-induced nephropathies.", "content": "A recent clinical advance has been the discovery that many drug-induced hepatic diseases result from the metabolic activation of chemically stable drugs to potent alkylating agents by the liver. In addition to the liver, however, the kidney also contains active enzyme systems capable of metabolically activating drugs and other chemicals. For this reason a systematic investigation of the possible role of metabolic activation in the pathogenesis of several drug-induced renal diseases has been undertaken. These laboratory results are reviewed in the light of the clinical spectrum of the renal injuries, and possible therapeutic implications of these new findings are briefly discussed. The potential use of these models of nephrotoxicity to probe a variety of physiologic and pathophysiologic mechanisms of renal function are noted.", "contents": "Molecular basis for several drug-induced nephropathies. A recent clinical advance has been the discovery that many drug-induced hepatic diseases result from the metabolic activation of chemically stable drugs to potent alkylating agents by the liver. In addition to the liver, however, the kidney also contains active enzyme systems capable of metabolically activating drugs and other chemicals. For this reason a systematic investigation of the possible role of metabolic activation in the pathogenesis of several drug-induced renal diseases has been undertaken. These laboratory results are reviewed in the light of the clinical spectrum of the renal injuries, and possible therapeutic implications of these new findings are briefly discussed. The potential use of these models of nephrotoxicity to probe a variety of physiologic and pathophysiologic mechanisms of renal function are noted.", "PMID": 851123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9484", "title": "Combined seminar on the use of drugs in renal failure: narcotics, psychotherapeutic agents, antiarrhythmics, antihypertensives, sorbents, vitamin D and its analogues, anabolic hormones and nutritional supplements.", "content": "The use of drugs in the treatment of patients with renal failure requires a knowledge of excretion, biotransformation and pharmacologic activity of metabolites. Narcotics, analgesics, psychotherapeutic agents, drugs affecting the heart and ciruclation, various sorbents, resins and gels, anabolic hormones and nutritional supplements are among the more frequently used drugs for patients with end-stage renal disease. Indications and dosages of these drugs must be modified for patients with renal failure, and mechanisms of their biotransformation must be studied. This combined seminar presents the participants' studies and analyses of the problems surrounding the use of these various pharmacologic agents.", "contents": "Combined seminar on the use of drugs in renal failure: narcotics, psychotherapeutic agents, antiarrhythmics, antihypertensives, sorbents, vitamin D and its analogues, anabolic hormones and nutritional supplements. The use of drugs in the treatment of patients with renal failure requires a knowledge of excretion, biotransformation and pharmacologic activity of metabolites. Narcotics, analgesics, psychotherapeutic agents, drugs affecting the heart and ciruclation, various sorbents, resins and gels, anabolic hormones and nutritional supplements are among the more frequently used drugs for patients with end-stage renal disease. Indications and dosages of these drugs must be modified for patients with renal failure, and mechanisms of their biotransformation must be studied. This combined seminar presents the participants' studies and analyses of the problems surrounding the use of these various pharmacologic agents.", "PMID": 851124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9485", "title": "Drug administration in renal failure.", "content": "Renal failure impairs urinary excretion of drugs and may also modify drug action by alternations in protein binding, distribution, biotransformation and, possibly, by retention of active metabolites. Dialysis adds another variable by altering the blood levels of those drugs soluble in plasma water and therefore available for diffusion or ultrafiltration. Renal insufficiency clearly modifies decisions about the choice and dose of a wide variety of drugs. Although data are accumulating at a rapid rate, available information about the use of drugs in patients with kidney disease is rather limited. The following is a summary of recent information on the use of a variety of drugs frequently utilized in patients with impaired renal function. The guidelines presented here are not absolute, but they are intended to be practical and reasonable, based on current information for adult patients of average size with kidney disease.", "contents": "Drug administration in renal failure. Renal failure impairs urinary excretion of drugs and may also modify drug action by alternations in protein binding, distribution, biotransformation and, possibly, by retention of active metabolites. Dialysis adds another variable by altering the blood levels of those drugs soluble in plasma water and therefore available for diffusion or ultrafiltration. Renal insufficiency clearly modifies decisions about the choice and dose of a wide variety of drugs. Although data are accumulating at a rapid rate, available information about the use of drugs in patients with kidney disease is rather limited. The following is a summary of recent information on the use of a variety of drugs frequently utilized in patients with impaired renal function. The guidelines presented here are not absolute, but they are intended to be practical and reasonable, based on current information for adult patients of average size with kidney disease.", "PMID": 851131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9486", "title": "The primary empty sella syndrome: analysis of the clinical characteristics, radiographic features, pituitary function and cerebrospinal fluid adenohypophysial hormone concentrations.", "content": "Twelve cases of the primary empty sella syndrome were analyzed in regard to clinical findings, roentgenographic features, pituitary function and cerebrospinal fluid adenohypophysial hormone concentration. The findings were compared with those in 247 cases of the primary empty sella syndrome reviewed from the literature in order to determine the major characteristics of this disorder. The majority of patients are obese, multiparous women with normal pituitary reserve, normal visual fields and undetectable adenohypophysiol hormone concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid. In addition occasional patients witll have hypertension, pseudotumor cerebri and cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. Patients who present with the typical features of the primary empty sella syndrome should be evaluated periodically with pituitary function testing, visual field examinations and cerebrospinal fluid adenohypophysial hormone determinations. If these parameters remain normal during careful follow-up studies, the patient is likely to have an empty sella, and pneumoencephalographic and angiographic studies can be avoided.", "contents": "The primary empty sella syndrome: analysis of the clinical characteristics, radiographic features, pituitary function and cerebrospinal fluid adenohypophysial hormone concentrations. Twelve cases of the primary empty sella syndrome were analyzed in regard to clinical findings, roentgenographic features, pituitary function and cerebrospinal fluid adenohypophysial hormone concentration. The findings were compared with those in 247 cases of the primary empty sella syndrome reviewed from the literature in order to determine the major characteristics of this disorder. The majority of patients are obese, multiparous women with normal pituitary reserve, normal visual fields and undetectable adenohypophysiol hormone concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid. In addition occasional patients witll have hypertension, pseudotumor cerebri and cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. Patients who present with the typical features of the primary empty sella syndrome should be evaluated periodically with pituitary function testing, visual field examinations and cerebrospinal fluid adenohypophysial hormone determinations. If these parameters remain normal during careful follow-up studies, the patient is likely to have an empty sella, and pneumoencephalographic and angiographic studies can be avoided.", "PMID": 851132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9487", "title": "Management of carcinoma in situ of the vulva.", "content": "Concern about multicentricity and occult invasion has led authorities to recommend total vulvectomy in the management of carcinoma in situ of the vulva (VCIS). Of these considerations, only occult invasion has sufficient import to contraindicate a more conservative therapeutic approach. VCIS is being diagnosed with increasing frequency in young women for whom the deforming and sexually crippling effects of vulvectomy are especially repugnant. Because of its distinctive success in localizing preinvasive and early invasive squamous neoplasia of the cervix, colposcopy and directed biopsy were employed in evaluating all patients seen in our vulva clinic since 1971. Of 27 consecutive patients considered to have VCIS, 24 were treated either by local excision, skinning vulvectomy, topical 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), or cryosurgery. In no instance was occult invasion missed on pretreatment evaluation, and only one patient has developed a new in-situ lesion following conservative surgical therapy. Topical 5-FU therapy was unsuccessful in six of six cases. These results demonstrate that total vulvectomy for VCIS can be replaced successfully with more conservative operations.", "contents": "Management of carcinoma in situ of the vulva. Concern about multicentricity and occult invasion has led authorities to recommend total vulvectomy in the management of carcinoma in situ of the vulva (VCIS). Of these considerations, only occult invasion has sufficient import to contraindicate a more conservative therapeutic approach. VCIS is being diagnosed with increasing frequency in young women for whom the deforming and sexually crippling effects of vulvectomy are especially repugnant. Because of its distinctive success in localizing preinvasive and early invasive squamous neoplasia of the cervix, colposcopy and directed biopsy were employed in evaluating all patients seen in our vulva clinic since 1971. Of 27 consecutive patients considered to have VCIS, 24 were treated either by local excision, skinning vulvectomy, topical 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), or cryosurgery. In no instance was occult invasion missed on pretreatment evaluation, and only one patient has developed a new in-situ lesion following conservative surgical therapy. Topical 5-FU therapy was unsuccessful in six of six cases. These results demonstrate that total vulvectomy for VCIS can be replaced successfully with more conservative operations.", "PMID": 851134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9488", "title": "Unilateral tuboovarian abscess: a distinct entity.", "content": "In a 30 month interval at the Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center, 85 patients had tuboovarian abscesses removed that were unrelated to complications of pregnancy. Thirty-seven patients (44 per cent) of the 85 had unilateral abscesses. Twenty patients (54 per cent) of the 37 patients with a unilateral abscess were using an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD). In 13 (65 per cent) of the 20 women using an IUD, the foreign body was a Dalkon Shield. Unilateral pelvic abscesses can occur with or without the presence of an IUD.", "contents": "Unilateral tuboovarian abscess: a distinct entity. In a 30 month interval at the Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center, 85 patients had tuboovarian abscesses removed that were unrelated to complications of pregnancy. Thirty-seven patients (44 per cent) of the 85 had unilateral abscesses. Twenty patients (54 per cent) of the 37 patients with a unilateral abscess were using an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD). In 13 (65 per cent) of the 20 women using an IUD, the foreign body was a Dalkon Shield. Unilateral pelvic abscesses can occur with or without the presence of an IUD.", "PMID": 851135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9489", "title": "Electron microscopy of adrenergic, cholinergic, and \"p-type\" nerves in the myometrium and a special kind of synaptic contacts with smooth muscle cells.", "content": "In the cat uterus, three types of axons have been indentified by electron microscopy on the basis of the appearance of the synaptic vesicles in the axon varicosities following treatment with 5-hydroxydopamine: (1) most axons were adrenergic, with numerous small osmiophilic vesicles of a diameter of approximately 50 nm. together with large (100 to 150 nm. in diameter) granules, (2) some axons contained only empty small granules together with the large granules; these are probably cholinergic, and (3) a small number of the axon varicosities had only large-sized vesicles with a moderately electron-dense content. They are interpreted as a polypeptide type of nerves (\"p-terminals\"). Close appositions at a distance of 25 nm. were sometimes found between the varicosities. A specialized neuromuscular connection was found: the muscle cells at \"the end\" of muscle bundles extended small stout processes, containing numerous myofilaments, onto a small nerve bundle, the distance being 20 to 25 nm.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of adrenergic, cholinergic, and \"p-type\" nerves in the myometrium and a special kind of synaptic contacts with smooth muscle cells. In the cat uterus, three types of axons have been indentified by electron microscopy on the basis of the appearance of the synaptic vesicles in the axon varicosities following treatment with 5-hydroxydopamine: (1) most axons were adrenergic, with numerous small osmiophilic vesicles of a diameter of approximately 50 nm. together with large (100 to 150 nm. in diameter) granules, (2) some axons contained only empty small granules together with the large granules; these are probably cholinergic, and (3) a small number of the axon varicosities had only large-sized vesicles with a moderately electron-dense content. They are interpreted as a polypeptide type of nerves (\"p-terminals\"). Close appositions at a distance of 25 nm. were sometimes found between the varicosities. A specialized neuromuscular connection was found: the muscle cells at \"the end\" of muscle bundles extended small stout processes, containing numerous myofilaments, onto a small nerve bundle, the distance being 20 to 25 nm.", "PMID": 851136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9490", "title": "Clinical, pathologic, and genetic findings in a case of 46,XY pure gonadal dysgenesis (Swyer's syndrome).", "content": "Cytogenetic, pathologic, and clinical studies were conducted on a phenotypically female patient with primary amenorrhea and infertility. Analysis of blood cultures with routine and Giemsa-banded preparations indicated that the chromosomal complement of the patient was 46,XY. Buccal and peripheral blood smears prepared for fluorescent analyses confirmed the presence of a single F-body (Y chromosome). Pathologic examination of tissues removed at total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy revealed a gonadoblastoma of the right gonad, dysgerminoma of the left gonad, and an infantile hypoplastic uterus. The data were consistent with a diagnosis of 46,XY pure gonadal dysgenesis (Swyer's syndrome).", "contents": "Clinical, pathologic, and genetic findings in a case of 46,XY pure gonadal dysgenesis (Swyer's syndrome). Cytogenetic, pathologic, and clinical studies were conducted on a phenotypically female patient with primary amenorrhea and infertility. Analysis of blood cultures with routine and Giemsa-banded preparations indicated that the chromosomal complement of the patient was 46,XY. Buccal and peripheral blood smears prepared for fluorescent analyses confirmed the presence of a single F-body (Y chromosome). Pathologic examination of tissues removed at total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy revealed a gonadoblastoma of the right gonad, dysgerminoma of the left gonad, and an infantile hypoplastic uterus. The data were consistent with a diagnosis of 46,XY pure gonadal dysgenesis (Swyer's syndrome).", "PMID": 851137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9491", "title": "Clinical, pathologic, and genetic findings in a case of 46,XY pure gonadal dysgenesis (Swyer's syndrome). II. Presence of H-Y antigen.", "content": "Evidence that expression of histocompatibility-Y (H-Y) antigen on human cells is determined by a Y-linked gene is provided by data demonstrating that male subjects with two Y chromosomes have higher antigen levels than male subjects with one Y chromosome. The widespread evolutionary conservation of H-Y antigen and its association with the Y chromosome suggest that the antigen has a specific, crucial function. We surmise that this function is the differentiation of the embryonic gonad into whichever mature gonad, testis or ovary, typifies the heterogametic sex of each species. Of particular interest are individuals whose gonadal sex does not correspond to their somatic genotype. In the present article, we report positive results in the first case of 46,XY pure gonadal dysgenesis (Swyer's syndrome) to be typed for H-Y antigen. This case suggests that the presence of H-Y antigen may not be sufficient to complete masculinization of the embryonic mammalian gonad. Alternatively, a mutant gene may govern expression of a cell surface component which cross reacts with H-Y antigen but which lacks the ability to function in the virilization of the gonad.", "contents": "Clinical, pathologic, and genetic findings in a case of 46,XY pure gonadal dysgenesis (Swyer's syndrome). II. Presence of H-Y antigen. Evidence that expression of histocompatibility-Y (H-Y) antigen on human cells is determined by a Y-linked gene is provided by data demonstrating that male subjects with two Y chromosomes have higher antigen levels than male subjects with one Y chromosome. The widespread evolutionary conservation of H-Y antigen and its association with the Y chromosome suggest that the antigen has a specific, crucial function. We surmise that this function is the differentiation of the embryonic gonad into whichever mature gonad, testis or ovary, typifies the heterogametic sex of each species. Of particular interest are individuals whose gonadal sex does not correspond to their somatic genotype. In the present article, we report positive results in the first case of 46,XY pure gonadal dysgenesis (Swyer's syndrome) to be typed for H-Y antigen. This case suggests that the presence of H-Y antigen may not be sufficient to complete masculinization of the embryonic mammalian gonad. Alternatively, a mutant gene may govern expression of a cell surface component which cross reacts with H-Y antigen but which lacks the ability to function in the virilization of the gonad.", "PMID": 851138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9492", "title": "Effect of prenatal treatment with ethinyl estradiol on the mouse uterus and ovary.", "content": "Oral ethinyl estradiol (0.01 or 0.02 mg. per kilogram) administered prenatally to ICR-JCL strain mice before the development of the uterine and ovarian blastemata induced cystic glandular hyperplasia with epidermization in the endometrium and excessive formation of degenerating follicles in the ovaries at 10 to 14 weeks of age. To the evidence for the production by estrogen of malignant uterine neoplasms in rodents and the clinical data showing that cystic glandular hyperplasia develops after prolonged estrogen administration in postmenopausal women and adenocarcinoma in premenopausal or menopausal women using oral contraceptives including ethinyl estradiol, we add the present results which suggest that ethinyl estradiol administered transplacentally can cause malignant transformation of the uterine endometrium in mice.", "contents": "Effect of prenatal treatment with ethinyl estradiol on the mouse uterus and ovary. Oral ethinyl estradiol (0.01 or 0.02 mg. per kilogram) administered prenatally to ICR-JCL strain mice before the development of the uterine and ovarian blastemata induced cystic glandular hyperplasia with epidermization in the endometrium and excessive formation of degenerating follicles in the ovaries at 10 to 14 weeks of age. To the evidence for the production by estrogen of malignant uterine neoplasms in rodents and the clinical data showing that cystic glandular hyperplasia develops after prolonged estrogen administration in postmenopausal women and adenocarcinoma in premenopausal or menopausal women using oral contraceptives including ethinyl estradiol, we add the present results which suggest that ethinyl estradiol administered transplacentally can cause malignant transformation of the uterine endometrium in mice.", "PMID": 851139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9493", "title": "Inhibition of premature labor: a multicenter comparison of ritodrine and ethanol.", "content": "A randomized controlled  study was carried out at three medical centers to compare the efficacy and side effects of ethanol and ritodrine in the treatment of threatened premature labor. One hundred and thirty-five patients judged to be between the twentieth and thirty-sixth week of gestation and presenting with clinical symptoms of premature labor were included. Sixty-seven patients were treated with intravenous infusion of 10 per cent ethanol. Sixty-eight patients were treated with intravenous infusion of ritodrine for 12 hours followed by oral ritodrine. If labor recurred prematurely, up to two additional courses of ethanol or ritodrine were given. Delivery was postponed for more than 72 hours in 49 of 67 patients (73 per cent) with ethanol and in 61 of 68 patients (90 per cent) with ritodrine; this difference was significant. Patients in the ethanol group gained a mean of 27.6 days while patients in the ritodrine group gained a mean of 44.0 days. Fifty-four per cent of the ethanol group and 72 per cent of the ritodrine group carried their infants to 36 weeks of gestation. Five infants in the ethanol group and one infant in the ritodrine group died from respiratory distress syndrome. The most frequent side effect of ethanol were nausea and vomiting. The most frequent side effects of ritodrine were tachycardia and blood pressure changes which were easily controlled by lowering the infusion rate. Ethanol and ritodrine were both found to be effective inhibitors of premature labor with ritodrine giving the most favorable results.", "contents": "Inhibition of premature labor: a multicenter comparison of ritodrine and ethanol. A randomized controlled  study was carried out at three medical centers to compare the efficacy and side effects of ethanol and ritodrine in the treatment of threatened premature labor. One hundred and thirty-five patients judged to be between the twentieth and thirty-sixth week of gestation and presenting with clinical symptoms of premature labor were included. Sixty-seven patients were treated with intravenous infusion of 10 per cent ethanol. Sixty-eight patients were treated with intravenous infusion of ritodrine for 12 hours followed by oral ritodrine. If labor recurred prematurely, up to two additional courses of ethanol or ritodrine were given. Delivery was postponed for more than 72 hours in 49 of 67 patients (73 per cent) with ethanol and in 61 of 68 patients (90 per cent) with ritodrine; this difference was significant. Patients in the ethanol group gained a mean of 27.6 days while patients in the ritodrine group gained a mean of 44.0 days. Fifty-four per cent of the ethanol group and 72 per cent of the ritodrine group carried their infants to 36 weeks of gestation. Five infants in the ethanol group and one infant in the ritodrine group died from respiratory distress syndrome. The most frequent side effect of ethanol were nausea and vomiting. The most frequent side effects of ritodrine were tachycardia and blood pressure changes which were easily controlled by lowering the infusion rate. Ethanol and ritodrine were both found to be effective inhibitors of premature labor with ritodrine giving the most favorable results.", "PMID": 851140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9494", "title": "Surface IgM on lymphocytes from pregnant women.", "content": "Surface IgM on peripheral lymphocytes from pregnant women were passively acquired from autologous serum. These cytophilic IgM antibodies occurred as relatively large molecules, suggesting that they were in the form of complexes or aggregates. The lymphocytes involved were mainly B cells. It was postulated that the present findings could be a mechanism for the modulation of lymphocyte surface receptors by serum factors during pregnancy.", "contents": "Surface IgM on lymphocytes from pregnant women. Surface IgM on peripheral lymphocytes from pregnant women were passively acquired from autologous serum. These cytophilic IgM antibodies occurred as relatively large molecules, suggesting that they were in the form of complexes or aggregates. The lymphocytes involved were mainly B cells. It was postulated that the present findings could be a mechanism for the modulation of lymphocyte surface receptors by serum factors during pregnancy.", "PMID": 851141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9495", "title": "Dilatation and curettage for second-trimester abortions.", "content": "This study reports the outcome of 2,500 consecutive second-trimester abortions performed with the dilatation and curettage methods. Of the abortions, 99.2 per cent were for gestations between the fifteenth and eighteenth menstrual weeks of pregnancy. We determined that this procedure is both safer and less traumatic than intrauterine saline or prostaglandin instillation. The low incidence of uterine perforation (0.08 per cent) and over-all morbidity (2.8 per cent) and the short duration of hospitalization (average 1.1 days per patient per procedure), as well aa the absence of any death in our series, substantiate this premise.", "contents": "Dilatation and curettage for second-trimester abortions. This study reports the outcome of 2,500 consecutive second-trimester abortions performed with the dilatation and curettage methods. Of the abortions, 99.2 per cent were for gestations between the fifteenth and eighteenth menstrual weeks of pregnancy. We determined that this procedure is both safer and less traumatic than intrauterine saline or prostaglandin instillation. The low incidence of uterine perforation (0.08 per cent) and over-all morbidity (2.8 per cent) and the short duration of hospitalization (average 1.1 days per patient per procedure), as well aa the absence of any death in our series, substantiate this premise.", "PMID": 851142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9496", "title": "Coagulation and fibrinolysis in molar pregnancy.", "content": "Coagulation and fibrinolysis tests were performed in 14 patients with hydatidiform mole before any significant therapy was given and again, after evacuation of the mole, in eight instances. The results were compared with those found in a group of ten volunteers with normal pregnancies. The most frequent abnormalities in the problem cases were a shortening of the partial thromboplastin time and a prolongation of the thrombin time. From a total of seven cases with complete hematologic profiles before and shortly after evacuation of the mole, first showed important drops in platelets and fibrinogen. The most altered profiles occurred after expulsion of the mole in cases with important previous uterine activity. The findings suggested a latent state of hypercoagulability with higher turn over rate of fibrinogen and increased levels of fibrinogen-fibrin degradation products, that may exist even before the mechanism of expulsion begins. It was concluded that the alterations in coagulation and fibrinolysis seen in molar pregnancies most likely have a multifactorial pathogenesis, but the initiating causes must depend on several events taking place in the trophoblast itself and their consequences upon a very distorted intervillous blood circulation.", "contents": "Coagulation and fibrinolysis in molar pregnancy. Coagulation and fibrinolysis tests were performed in 14 patients with hydatidiform mole before any significant therapy was given and again, after evacuation of the mole, in eight instances. The results were compared with those found in a group of ten volunteers with normal pregnancies. The most frequent abnormalities in the problem cases were a shortening of the partial thromboplastin time and a prolongation of the thrombin time. From a total of seven cases with complete hematologic profiles before and shortly after evacuation of the mole, first showed important drops in platelets and fibrinogen. The most altered profiles occurred after expulsion of the mole in cases with important previous uterine activity. The findings suggested a latent state of hypercoagulability with higher turn over rate of fibrinogen and increased levels of fibrinogen-fibrin degradation products, that may exist even before the mechanism of expulsion begins. It was concluded that the alterations in coagulation and fibrinolysis seen in molar pregnancies most likely have a multifactorial pathogenesis, but the initiating causes must depend on several events taking place in the trophoblast itself and their consequences upon a very distorted intervillous blood circulation.", "PMID": 851143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9497", "title": "A simple method of fetal and neonatal heart rate beat-to-beat variability quantitation: preliminary report.", "content": "Good base-line fetal and neonatal heart rate beat-to-beat variability appears to be a reassuring sign of well-being. Conversely, decreased base-line heart rate beat-to-beat variability during the latter part of the intrapartum period is often associated with neonatal acidosis and/or depression. A simple method of quantitation of the beat-to-beat neonatal heart rate is reported here. This method of variability quantitation (VQ) consists of a continuous integration and display of the baseline heart rate beat-to-beat variability on a scale of zero to four, expressed in beats per minute averaged over a one-minute period. Serial variability quantitation in 35 neonates with different clinical conditions appeared to demonstrate a good correlation between the variability quantitation and the outcome of the neonates. Further studies are planned for evaluating the method in the intrapartum period.", "contents": "A simple method of fetal and neonatal heart rate beat-to-beat variability quantitation: preliminary report. Good base-line fetal and neonatal heart rate beat-to-beat variability appears to be a reassuring sign of well-being. Conversely, decreased base-line heart rate beat-to-beat variability during the latter part of the intrapartum period is often associated with neonatal acidosis and/or depression. A simple method of quantitation of the beat-to-beat neonatal heart rate is reported here. This method of variability quantitation (VQ) consists of a continuous integration and display of the baseline heart rate beat-to-beat variability on a scale of zero to four, expressed in beats per minute averaged over a one-minute period. Serial variability quantitation in 35 neonates with different clinical conditions appeared to demonstrate a good correlation between the variability quantitation and the outcome of the neonates. Further studies are planned for evaluating the method in the intrapartum period.", "PMID": 851144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9498", "title": "Fetal growth after premature rupture of membranes.", "content": "Four patients with preterm rupture of the membranes were treated conservatively. During the period of observation (five to nine weeks), each fetus displayed a normal rate of growth as measured by serial biperietal diameter determinations.", "contents": "Fetal growth after premature rupture of membranes. Four patients with preterm rupture of the membranes were treated conservatively. During the period of observation (five to nine weeks), each fetus displayed a normal rate of growth as measured by serial biperietal diameter determinations.", "PMID": 851145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9499", "title": "Effect of antepartum betamethasone treatment on cortisol levels in cord plasma, amniotic fluid, and the neonate.", "content": "Antepartum betamethasone treatment in pregnancies which terminated at less than 37 weeks of gestation resulted in a rapid and significant decrease in cord plasma cortisol levels. Mean values +/- S.E. were 5.17 +/- 0.39 microng per 100 ml. in 90 untreated cases, 2.17 +/- 0.32 microng per 100 ml. in 29 cases treated at least 24 hours prior to delivery, and 2.27 +/- 0.38 microng per 100 ml. in 18 cases in which treatment was begun within 24 hours of delivery. The mean cortisol concentration in five amniotic fluid samples obtained after betamethasone administration (0.93 +/- 0.19 microng per 100 ml.) was significantly less than in seven control samples (1.85 +/- 0.21 microng per 100 ml.) These results suggest that betamethasone suppressed endogenous cortisol production by maternal and/or fetal adrenals. However, blood cortisol levels during the first days of life of treated neonates were considerably increased in comparison to those in cord plasma, suggesting that there was rapid recovery of their adrenal function.", "contents": "Effect of antepartum betamethasone treatment on cortisol levels in cord plasma, amniotic fluid, and the neonate. Antepartum betamethasone treatment in pregnancies which terminated at less than 37 weeks of gestation resulted in a rapid and significant decrease in cord plasma cortisol levels. Mean values +/- S.E. were 5.17 +/- 0.39 microng per 100 ml. in 90 untreated cases, 2.17 +/- 0.32 microng per 100 ml. in 29 cases treated at least 24 hours prior to delivery, and 2.27 +/- 0.38 microng per 100 ml. in 18 cases in which treatment was begun within 24 hours of delivery. The mean cortisol concentration in five amniotic fluid samples obtained after betamethasone administration (0.93 +/- 0.19 microng per 100 ml.) was significantly less than in seven control samples (1.85 +/- 0.21 microng per 100 ml.) These results suggest that betamethasone suppressed endogenous cortisol production by maternal and/or fetal adrenals. However, blood cortisol levels during the first days of life of treated neonates were considerably increased in comparison to those in cord plasma, suggesting that there was rapid recovery of their adrenal function.", "PMID": 851146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9500", "title": "Neonatal scalp abscess following intrapartum fetal monitoring: prospective comparison of two spiral electrodes.", "content": "During a six-month period, 929 newborn infants had continuous, direct fetal heart rate monitoring during labor. Of these, 481 were monitored with the Berkeley Bio-Electronics spiral electrode and 448 were monitored with the Corometrics spiral electrode. The over-all incidence of scalp abscess complicating fetal monitoring was 4.5 per cent. In the group monitored with the Berkeley electrode, 25 newborn infants (5.2 per cent) developed a scalp abscess; in the group with the Corometrics electrode, 17 newborn infants (3.8 per cent) developed scalp abscess. The incidence of scalp abscess was not significantly different in the two groups.", "contents": "Neonatal scalp abscess following intrapartum fetal monitoring: prospective comparison of two spiral electrodes. During a six-month period, 929 newborn infants had continuous, direct fetal heart rate monitoring during labor. Of these, 481 were monitored with the Berkeley Bio-Electronics spiral electrode and 448 were monitored with the Corometrics spiral electrode. The over-all incidence of scalp abscess complicating fetal monitoring was 4.5 per cent. In the group monitored with the Berkeley electrode, 25 newborn infants (5.2 per cent) developed a scalp abscess; in the group with the Corometrics electrode, 17 newborn infants (3.8 per cent) developed scalp abscess. The incidence of scalp abscess was not significantly different in the two groups.", "PMID": 851147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9501", "title": "Adenoepidermoid and adenosquamous carcinoma of the uterus. A clinicopathologic study of 118 cases.", "content": "A series of 118 cases of adenoepidermoid carcinoma and adenosquamous tumors of the uterus is presented. The results indicate that cervical tumors are frequently occult and are often not diagnosed until late in the course of the disease. Stage for stage, the five-year survival rate is poorer than the usual results for cervical malignancy. Endometrial tumors also had a poor five-year survival rate, with a high incidence of myometrial extension. The incidence of myometrial invasion and survival figures were similar to those for poorly differentiated endometrial cancer.", "contents": "Adenoepidermoid and adenosquamous carcinoma of the uterus. A clinicopathologic study of 118 cases. A series of 118 cases of adenoepidermoid carcinoma and adenosquamous tumors of the uterus is presented. The results indicate that cervical tumors are frequently occult and are often not diagnosed until late in the course of the disease. Stage for stage, the five-year survival rate is poorer than the usual results for cervical malignancy. Endometrial tumors also had a poor five-year survival rate, with a high incidence of myometrial extension. The incidence of myometrial invasion and survival figures were similar to those for poorly differentiated endometrial cancer.", "PMID": 851156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9502", "title": "Fetal malnutrition: an appraisal of correlated factors.", "content": "Fetal malnutrition has emerged as a significant health problem over the past decade. Present evidence suggests that maternal environment plays the major etiologic role in fetal malnutrition. The association of fetal malnutrition in mothers with chronic hypertension is well known, but fetal malnutrition is associated with maternal hypertension in less than 25 per cent of cases. Among a group of 182 pregnant women studied at midpregnancy for blood levels of vitamins, trace metals, proteins, amino acids, and parameters of maternal leukocyte energy metabolism, it was found that the concentration of 10 amino acids, alpha-1-globulin, zinc, and total carotenes had a statistically significant relationship to fetal growth. Similarly significant correlations were found for maternal leukocyte adenosine disphosphate, phosphofructokinase activity, ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis, and cell size. Maternal cigarette smoking was correlated with reduced fetal growth. Analysis showed that there was a significant reduction in leukocyte RNA synthesis and phosphokinase activity and in the plasma levels of 14 amino acids, and carotene in smoking mothers. This information lends support to the hypothesis that factors which affect the growth of fetal cells also will affect maternal leukocytes in a definable way.", "contents": "Fetal malnutrition: an appraisal of correlated factors. Fetal malnutrition has emerged as a significant health problem over the past decade. Present evidence suggests that maternal environment plays the major etiologic role in fetal malnutrition. The association of fetal malnutrition in mothers with chronic hypertension is well known, but fetal malnutrition is associated with maternal hypertension in less than 25 per cent of cases. Among a group of 182 pregnant women studied at midpregnancy for blood levels of vitamins, trace metals, proteins, amino acids, and parameters of maternal leukocyte energy metabolism, it was found that the concentration of 10 amino acids, alpha-1-globulin, zinc, and total carotenes had a statistically significant relationship to fetal growth. Similarly significant correlations were found for maternal leukocyte adenosine disphosphate, phosphofructokinase activity, ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis, and cell size. Maternal cigarette smoking was correlated with reduced fetal growth. Analysis showed that there was a significant reduction in leukocyte RNA synthesis and phosphokinase activity and in the plasma levels of 14 amino acids, and carotene in smoking mothers. This information lends support to the hypothesis that factors which affect the growth of fetal cells also will affect maternal leukocytes in a definable way.", "PMID": 851157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9503", "title": "Age-incidence and risk of diethylstilbestrol-related clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina and cervix.", "content": "This study was based on cases accessioned in the Registry of Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma of the Genital Tract in Young Females to ascertain the incidence of diethylstilbestrol (DES)-related cancers by age and year of birth. For accuracy in estimating the size of the reference population for the incidence rates, calculations were restricted to 127 white residents of the United States who were exposed prenatally to DES or other nonsteroidal synthetic estrogens. The disease is exceedingly rare prior to age 14 when the incidence rate begins to rise rapidly. The incidence peaks at age 19 (median 19.2 years) and then drops precipitately. Thus, DES-related clear cell adenocarcinoma is unusual in that nearly all cancers have been diagnosed in a narrow age range of 10 years (14 to 23 years). Women born in 1951 to 1953 have higher incidence rates than those born in the previous or subsequent three-year period. This suggests that the prevalence of pregnancy-related use of DES was at a peak in the early 1950's. The cumulative risk of this type of genital cancer, through age 24, for DES-exposed female subjects is estimated to be in the range of 0.14 to 1.4 per thousand. The wide limits are due to the fact that the number of young women exposed is not known precisly. The low risk of disease and the narrow age range of the cases, relative to the long latency period, suggest that DES is an incomplete carcinogen. Other factors, possibly related to puberty, may be involved in the causation of this disease.", "contents": "Age-incidence and risk of diethylstilbestrol-related clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina and cervix. This study was based on cases accessioned in the Registry of Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma of the Genital Tract in Young Females to ascertain the incidence of diethylstilbestrol (DES)-related cancers by age and year of birth. For accuracy in estimating the size of the reference population for the incidence rates, calculations were restricted to 127 white residents of the United States who were exposed prenatally to DES or other nonsteroidal synthetic estrogens. The disease is exceedingly rare prior to age 14 when the incidence rate begins to rise rapidly. The incidence peaks at age 19 (median 19.2 years) and then drops precipitately. Thus, DES-related clear cell adenocarcinoma is unusual in that nearly all cancers have been diagnosed in a narrow age range of 10 years (14 to 23 years). Women born in 1951 to 1953 have higher incidence rates than those born in the previous or subsequent three-year period. This suggests that the prevalence of pregnancy-related use of DES was at a peak in the early 1950's. The cumulative risk of this type of genital cancer, through age 24, for DES-exposed female subjects is estimated to be in the range of 0.14 to 1.4 per thousand. The wide limits are due to the fact that the number of young women exposed is not known precisly. The low risk of disease and the narrow age range of the cases, relative to the long latency period, suggest that DES is an incomplete carcinogen. Other factors, possibly related to puberty, may be involved in the causation of this disease.", "PMID": 851158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9504", "title": "Upper genital tract changes associated with exposure in utero to diethylstilbestrol.", "content": "Hysterosalpingograms of 60 young women exposed in utero to diethystilbestrol were obtained. In 46 instances, documentation of this exposure was obtained from the mother's chart review or confirmed by the attending physician. In 14 instances, the patients' mothers were sure they had received stilbestrol, but documentation could not be specifically confirmed. Hysterosalpingograms of 23 women being investigated for infertility during the same period that the current study was conducted were also reviewed. In 40 women exposed to stilbestrol, changes in the uterus which differed significantly from those seen in the past in nonexposed individuals were noted. These changes consisted of a 'T-shaped appearance of the uterus,' constricting bands in the uterine cavity, a hypoplastic uterus, and less frequently, intrauterine polypoid defects, synechiae, and in one instance a unicornuate uterus. In 36 of the 40 women gross defects were also noted in the cervix. By comparison, in none of the control subjects were defects noted which could be considered comparable with those seen in the DES-exposed patient.", "contents": "Upper genital tract changes associated with exposure in utero to diethylstilbestrol. Hysterosalpingograms of 60 young women exposed in utero to diethystilbestrol were obtained. In 46 instances, documentation of this exposure was obtained from the mother's chart review or confirmed by the attending physician. In 14 instances, the patients' mothers were sure they had received stilbestrol, but documentation could not be specifically confirmed. Hysterosalpingograms of 23 women being investigated for infertility during the same period that the current study was conducted were also reviewed. In 40 women exposed to stilbestrol, changes in the uterus which differed significantly from those seen in the past in nonexposed individuals were noted. These changes consisted of a 'T-shaped appearance of the uterus,' constricting bands in the uterine cavity, a hypoplastic uterus, and less frequently, intrauterine polypoid defects, synechiae, and in one instance a unicornuate uterus. In 36 of the 40 women gross defects were also noted in the cervix. By comparison, in none of the control subjects were defects noted which could be considered comparable with those seen in the DES-exposed patient.", "PMID": 851159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9505", "title": "The incidence and significance of polynuclear follicles.", "content": "In the treatment of pelvic disorders, ovarian tissue was surgically removed from 165 patients (divided into four age groups) and examined microscopically. This article presents the incidence of polynuclear follicles and discusses potential signficance of these structures in the histogenesis of the ovarian teratoma.", "contents": "The incidence and significance of polynuclear follicles. In the treatment of pelvic disorders, ovarian tissue was surgically removed from 165 patients (divided into four age groups) and examined microscopically. This article presents the incidence of polynuclear follicles and discusses potential signficance of these structures in the histogenesis of the ovarian teratoma.", "PMID": 851160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9506", "title": "Carcinoma of the endometrium: radiation followed immediately by operation.", "content": "A prospective study was established in August, 1967, to treat all adenocarcinomas of the endometrium by protocols of preoperative radiation followed immediately by operation. Two hundred and ninety-five women have been treated, 220 of whom had Stage I disease. In these cases, factors known to be associated with survival were studied, and their influence upon survival was noted. Preoperative radium followed immediately by operation was the primary method of therapy. Life tables demonstrated a five-year survival rate of 91 per cent with a low complication rate in patients with Stage I disease. Cell type, degree of differentiation, and depth of myomentrial invasion were the primary factors influencing survival.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the endometrium: radiation followed immediately by operation. A prospective study was established in August, 1967, to treat all adenocarcinomas of the endometrium by protocols of preoperative radiation followed immediately by operation. Two hundred and ninety-five women have been treated, 220 of whom had Stage I disease. In these cases, factors known to be associated with survival were studied, and their influence upon survival was noted. Preoperative radium followed immediately by operation was the primary method of therapy. Life tables demonstrated a five-year survival rate of 91 per cent with a low complication rate in patients with Stage I disease. Cell type, degree of differentiation, and depth of myomentrial invasion were the primary factors influencing survival.", "PMID": 851161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9507", "title": "A lung model of schistosome immunity in mice.", "content": "When mice are challenged intravenously with schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni, host cell reaction and parasite attrition proceed entirely in the lung, where these events can be followed by quantitative histology and worm recovery. In nonimmune animals the destruction of schistosomula in the lungs proceeds gradually, resulting in the elimination of about 80% of the challenge organisms after 6 days. Cell reaction begins promptly, as evidenced by the appearance of neutrophilic foci around many of the lung schistosomula within 30 minutes after injection, and results in increasing numbers of damaged organisms and residual inflammatory foci 24 hours and 6 days later, respectively. In contrast, when schistosomula are injected into mice immune by virtue of an established S. mansoni infection, parasite destruction is augmented and accelerated, a process already evident by 24 hours. By the sixth day, 98% of the challenge organisms have been eliminated, a substantially greater reduction in parasite survival than that occurring in the normal host. This increased attrition of schistosomula is also reflected in the decreased numbers of parasites recovered from minced lung tissue of immune mice 6 days after challenge. Immune cellular inflammatory reactions to schistosomula are, likewise, greatly intensified and can be readily distinguished from those of normal mice by the proportions of parasites involved and by the large numbers of eosinophils surrounding them. In some instances, degranulation of eosinophils onto the parasite tegument is observed. Schistosomula cultured for 24 or 44 hours in a medium containing mouse red blood cells elicit significantly less cellular reaction and show greater survival in the lungs of immune animals than do freshly derived schistosomula. It would therefore appear that the susceptibility of maturing schistosomes to immune cellular attack is limited to the first day or two after their metamorphosis from cercariae. These observations form the framework of a new in vivo model for analyzing the dynamics of the cellular and humoral processes involved in the immune destruction of a metazoan parasite. The model also lends itself to studies of the immunologic interrelationships between innate and acquired resistance to infection with schistosomes, as well as the mechanisms by which these parasites evade the host immune response.", "contents": "A lung model of schistosome immunity in mice. When mice are challenged intravenously with schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni, host cell reaction and parasite attrition proceed entirely in the lung, where these events can be followed by quantitative histology and worm recovery. In nonimmune animals the destruction of schistosomula in the lungs proceeds gradually, resulting in the elimination of about 80% of the challenge organisms after 6 days. Cell reaction begins promptly, as evidenced by the appearance of neutrophilic foci around many of the lung schistosomula within 30 minutes after injection, and results in increasing numbers of damaged organisms and residual inflammatory foci 24 hours and 6 days later, respectively. In contrast, when schistosomula are injected into mice immune by virtue of an established S. mansoni infection, parasite destruction is augmented and accelerated, a process already evident by 24 hours. By the sixth day, 98% of the challenge organisms have been eliminated, a substantially greater reduction in parasite survival than that occurring in the normal host. This increased attrition of schistosomula is also reflected in the decreased numbers of parasites recovered from minced lung tissue of immune mice 6 days after challenge. Immune cellular inflammatory reactions to schistosomula are, likewise, greatly intensified and can be readily distinguished from those of normal mice by the proportions of parasites involved and by the large numbers of eosinophils surrounding them. In some instances, degranulation of eosinophils onto the parasite tegument is observed. Schistosomula cultured for 24 or 44 hours in a medium containing mouse red blood cells elicit significantly less cellular reaction and show greater survival in the lungs of immune animals than do freshly derived schistosomula. It would therefore appear that the susceptibility of maturing schistosomes to immune cellular attack is limited to the first day or two after their metamorphosis from cercariae. These observations form the framework of a new in vivo model for analyzing the dynamics of the cellular and humoral processes involved in the immune destruction of a metazoan parasite. The model also lends itself to studies of the immunologic interrelationships between innate and acquired resistance to infection with schistosomes, as well as the mechanisms by which these parasites evade the host immune response.", "PMID": 851162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9508", "title": "Embolic pneumopathy induced by oleic acid. A systematic morphologic study.", "content": "This paper presents a systematic study of acute and chronic pulmonary lesions resulting from a single intravenous injection of oleic acid and a new fibrosis lung model is proposed: pulmonary interstitial fibrosis is obtained by means of a number of oleic acid intravenous injections. Nineteen adult dogs received 0.045 g/kg or 0.09 g/kg of oleic acid. A systematic morphologic study was carried out after 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours and 1, 2 and 4 weeks. Eleven other adult dogs received weekly one injection of 0.09 g/kg of pure oleic acid over a period of 1 to 3 months. Examination of the lung was carried out by means of light and electron microscopy and morphometry. An early stage characterized by the formation of thrombosis and cellular necrosis was followed by a repair stage with the proliferation of Type 2 cells and fibrotic foci in the subpleural areas. Lipid staining with Sudan IV allowed the onset and disappearance of lipid-laden macrophages to be ascertained. The late stage showed pulmonary fibrosis. The extent of the lesions is related to the number of oleic acid injections. Since interstitial pulmonary fibrosis invariably appeared, and only 2 dogs out of 11 died, the model is satisfactory for pathologist and physiologist.", "contents": "Embolic pneumopathy induced by oleic acid. A systematic morphologic study. This paper presents a systematic study of acute and chronic pulmonary lesions resulting from a single intravenous injection of oleic acid and a new fibrosis lung model is proposed: pulmonary interstitial fibrosis is obtained by means of a number of oleic acid intravenous injections. Nineteen adult dogs received 0.045 g/kg or 0.09 g/kg of oleic acid. A systematic morphologic study was carried out after 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours and 1, 2 and 4 weeks. Eleven other adult dogs received weekly one injection of 0.09 g/kg of pure oleic acid over a period of 1 to 3 months. Examination of the lung was carried out by means of light and electron microscopy and morphometry. An early stage characterized by the formation of thrombosis and cellular necrosis was followed by a repair stage with the proliferation of Type 2 cells and fibrotic foci in the subpleural areas. Lipid staining with Sudan IV allowed the onset and disappearance of lipid-laden macrophages to be ascertained. The late stage showed pulmonary fibrosis. The extent of the lesions is related to the number of oleic acid injections. Since interstitial pulmonary fibrosis invariably appeared, and only 2 dogs out of 11 died, the model is satisfactory for pathologist and physiologist.", "PMID": 851163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9509", "title": "The induction of human myospherulosis in experimental animals.", "content": "Tissue lesions similar to those in human myospherulosis were reproduced in experimental animals and studied by light and electron microscopy. The lesions were produced by the use of petrolatum-based antibiotic ointments. These ointments, which are marketed as nonsterile products, are similar to those used for hemostatic packing in otolaryngologic surgery. To date, use of these ointments has been reported to precede the finding of human paranasal sinus myospherulosis. The exact nature of the structures of myospherulosis remains unknown. The experimental evidence strongly suggests that they can be iatrogenically produced by the use of these nonsterile ointments.", "contents": "The induction of human myospherulosis in experimental animals. Tissue lesions similar to those in human myospherulosis were reproduced in experimental animals and studied by light and electron microscopy. The lesions were produced by the use of petrolatum-based antibiotic ointments. These ointments, which are marketed as nonsterile products, are similar to those used for hemostatic packing in otolaryngologic surgery. To date, use of these ointments has been reported to precede the finding of human paranasal sinus myospherulosis. The exact nature of the structures of myospherulosis remains unknown. The experimental evidence strongly suggests that they can be iatrogenically produced by the use of these nonsterile ointments.", "PMID": 851165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9510", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in the ischemic zone bordering experimental infarcts in rat left ventricles.", "content": "Ultrastructural changes in myocardial cells from the ischemic border of infarcts (produced in rat left ventricles by ligating the anterior coronary artery in vivo) were examined 1 to 24 hours after ligation. Twenty-four hours after ligation, irreversibly injured cells showed a selective spreading of Z-band material over the I band; disappearance of M bands, prominent N bands, and disassembly of A bands were also noteworthy. Sixty minutes after ligation the cells of the ischemic border were ultrastructurally normal except for paradoxically relaxed sarcomeres, indicative of an inability to contract in response to the calcium influx produced by osmium tetroxide; progressive vacuolization of this zone was evident after 4 to 12 hours. Paradoxical relaxation may be an ultrastructural correlate of acute ischemic \"pump failure\".", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in the ischemic zone bordering experimental infarcts in rat left ventricles. Ultrastructural changes in myocardial cells from the ischemic border of infarcts (produced in rat left ventricles by ligating the anterior coronary artery in vivo) were examined 1 to 24 hours after ligation. Twenty-four hours after ligation, irreversibly injured cells showed a selective spreading of Z-band material over the I band; disappearance of M bands, prominent N bands, and disassembly of A bands were also noteworthy. Sixty minutes after ligation the cells of the ischemic border were ultrastructurally normal except for paradoxically relaxed sarcomeres, indicative of an inability to contract in response to the calcium influx produced by osmium tetroxide; progressive vacuolization of this zone was evident after 4 to 12 hours. Paradoxical relaxation may be an ultrastructural correlate of acute ischemic \"pump failure\".", "PMID": 851166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9511", "title": "Attachment and ingestion of mycoplasmas by mouse macrophages. I. Kinetics of the interaction and effects on phagocyte glucose metabolism.", "content": "Rates of attachment and ingestion of Mycoplasma pulmonis by mouse peritoneal macrophages and the effect of the organism on phagocyte glucose metabolism were studied in vitro. Antimycoplasma antibody, but not complement, enhances attachment of mycoplasma to macrophages. Antibody-mediated attachment is not affected by the length of time the cell is maintained in culture or its adherence to a glass surface. Adherence of mycoplasma by nonimmunologic means to cell spread on glass is significantly greater than attachment to macrophages in suspension. Mycoplasmas attached to macrophage membrane do not increase glucose metabolism via the hexose monophosphate shunt. Because of this, the rate of glucose metabolism by macrophages is an accurate quantitative correlate of the recognition and ingestion stage of phagocytosis of mycoplasmas. Antibody induces a more rapid rate of particle ingestion than does altering the mycoplasma by proteolysis. Complement does not augment the rate of ingestion induced by antimycoplasma antibody. By analogy with enzyme and absorption kinetics, it appears likely that differences observed between phagocytosis induced by antibody and that induced by trypsin are due to different rates of recognition between particles rather than different ingestion mechanisms.", "contents": "Attachment and ingestion of mycoplasmas by mouse macrophages. I. Kinetics of the interaction and effects on phagocyte glucose metabolism. Rates of attachment and ingestion of Mycoplasma pulmonis by mouse peritoneal macrophages and the effect of the organism on phagocyte glucose metabolism were studied in vitro. Antimycoplasma antibody, but not complement, enhances attachment of mycoplasma to macrophages. Antibody-mediated attachment is not affected by the length of time the cell is maintained in culture or its adherence to a glass surface. Adherence of mycoplasma by nonimmunologic means to cell spread on glass is significantly greater than attachment to macrophages in suspension. Mycoplasmas attached to macrophage membrane do not increase glucose metabolism via the hexose monophosphate shunt. Because of this, the rate of glucose metabolism by macrophages is an accurate quantitative correlate of the recognition and ingestion stage of phagocytosis of mycoplasmas. Antibody induces a more rapid rate of particle ingestion than does altering the mycoplasma by proteolysis. Complement does not augment the rate of ingestion induced by antimycoplasma antibody. By analogy with enzyme and absorption kinetics, it appears likely that differences observed between phagocytosis induced by antibody and that induced by trypsin are due to different rates of recognition between particles rather than different ingestion mechanisms.", "PMID": 851167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9512", "title": "Transmission and scanning electron microscopy of host cell entry by Toxoplasma gondii.", "content": "Entry by tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii, the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, into peritoneal cells was investigated with transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The process of entry is initiated by the parasite contacting the host cell with its anterior end, creating a small depression in the plasmalemma of the host cell. Occasionally, a small portion of the host cell cytoplasm protrudes and contaccts the anterior end of the parasite. A cylindrical structure (35 nm in diameter) extends from the pellicle of the parasite to the host cell. Such structures appear to assist host cell entry by T. gondii. As the entry process progresses, pseudopods of the host cell surround theparasite and finally T gondii becomes intracellular, being located in a vacuole separated from the host cell cytoplasm by a unit membrane. (Am J. Pathol 87:285-296, 1977).", "contents": "Transmission and scanning electron microscopy of host cell entry by Toxoplasma gondii. Entry by tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii, the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, into peritoneal cells was investigated with transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The process of entry is initiated by the parasite contacting the host cell with its anterior end, creating a small depression in the plasmalemma of the host cell. Occasionally, a small portion of the host cell cytoplasm protrudes and contaccts the anterior end of the parasite. A cylindrical structure (35 nm in diameter) extends from the pellicle of the parasite to the host cell. Such structures appear to assist host cell entry by T. gondii. As the entry process progresses, pseudopods of the host cell surround theparasite and finally T gondii becomes intracellular, being located in a vacuole separated from the host cell cytoplasm by a unit membrane. (Am J. Pathol 87:285-296, 1977).", "PMID": 851168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9513", "title": "The ultrastructural effect of estrogens on bone cells in thyroparathyroidectomized rats.", "content": "To determine the direct effect of estrogen on bone cells, female rats were thyroparathyroidectomized and given either 200 microng of estradiol cypionate or placebo treatment for 4 to 30 days. After 8 days, an osteosclerosis of the tibial metaphysis developed in rats treated with estrogens. Osteoblasts in estrogen-treated rats were interpreted ultrastructurally to be less active in bone formation than controls. Osteocytes in estrogen-treated rats were inactive compared to osteocytes in control rats which were continuing the process of bone formation. Osteoclasts were decreased in numbers in rats treated with estrogen; however, the electron microscopic characteristics of osteoclasts did not differ from controls. These cellular changes were associated with a severe hypocalcemia in both estrogen-treated and control rats. Serum phosphorus and urinary hydroxyproline were lowered significantly by the administration of estrogen. It is concluded that metaphyseal osteosclerosis develops in estrogen-treated rats independent of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. The osteoclerosis is due to an effect of estrogens to reduce osteoclast-numbers and a lesser inhibitory effect on the bone-forming activity of osteoblasts and osteocytes. (Am J Pathol 87:311-322, 1977).", "contents": "The ultrastructural effect of estrogens on bone cells in thyroparathyroidectomized rats. To determine the direct effect of estrogen on bone cells, female rats were thyroparathyroidectomized and given either 200 microng of estradiol cypionate or placebo treatment for 4 to 30 days. After 8 days, an osteosclerosis of the tibial metaphysis developed in rats treated with estrogens. Osteoblasts in estrogen-treated rats were interpreted ultrastructurally to be less active in bone formation than controls. Osteocytes in estrogen-treated rats were inactive compared to osteocytes in control rats which were continuing the process of bone formation. Osteoclasts were decreased in numbers in rats treated with estrogen; however, the electron microscopic characteristics of osteoclasts did not differ from controls. These cellular changes were associated with a severe hypocalcemia in both estrogen-treated and control rats. Serum phosphorus and urinary hydroxyproline were lowered significantly by the administration of estrogen. It is concluded that metaphyseal osteosclerosis develops in estrogen-treated rats independent of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. The osteoclerosis is due to an effect of estrogens to reduce osteoclast-numbers and a lesser inhibitory effect on the bone-forming activity of osteoblasts and osteocytes. (Am J Pathol 87:311-322, 1977).", "PMID": 851169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9514", "title": "Morphologic demonstration of tubular obstruction in acute renal failure.", "content": "We used the qualitative Hanssen technique in albino rats to seek morphologic demonstration of tubular obstruction in two types of acute renal failure: one induced by folic acid and another by methemoglobin. Immediately after the intravenous injection of folic acid, 250 mg/kg body weight, the animals became almost anuric. Two to three hours after the injection, sodium ferrocyanide remained within the proximal convoluted tubules. After the intravenous injection of methemoglobin, 0.5 to 1.0 g/kg body weight, the animals became oliguric but not anuric. Sodium ferrocyanide injected with methemoglobin was seen mainly in distal tubules and collecting ducts 2 to 3 hours after the injection. The degree of tubular dilatation was more marked in the former model than in the latter, in agreement with the degree of oliguria. These morphologic findings were taken to indicate that the above two types of acute renal failure were caused by tubular obstruction rather than by intrarenal vasoconstriction and subsequent cessation of glomerular filtration. (Am J Pathol 87:323-330, 1977).", "contents": "Morphologic demonstration of tubular obstruction in acute renal failure. We used the qualitative Hanssen technique in albino rats to seek morphologic demonstration of tubular obstruction in two types of acute renal failure: one induced by folic acid and another by methemoglobin. Immediately after the intravenous injection of folic acid, 250 mg/kg body weight, the animals became almost anuric. Two to three hours after the injection, sodium ferrocyanide remained within the proximal convoluted tubules. After the intravenous injection of methemoglobin, 0.5 to 1.0 g/kg body weight, the animals became oliguric but not anuric. Sodium ferrocyanide injected with methemoglobin was seen mainly in distal tubules and collecting ducts 2 to 3 hours after the injection. The degree of tubular dilatation was more marked in the former model than in the latter, in agreement with the degree of oliguria. These morphologic findings were taken to indicate that the above two types of acute renal failure were caused by tubular obstruction rather than by intrarenal vasoconstriction and subsequent cessation of glomerular filtration. (Am J Pathol 87:323-330, 1977).", "PMID": 851170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9515", "title": "Attachment and ingestion of mycoplasmas by mouse macrophages. II. Scanning electron microscopic observations.", "content": "Mycoplasmas adhere closely to the central region of the surface of mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro. They do not appear connected to each other or the macrophage membrane, and they induce no change in the surface of the cell. After addition of antimycoplasma antibody, mycoplasmas show interconnections and the cell shows an increase occurrence of ruffled membrane and folding over the mycoplasmas. Large and small lacunae appear in the membrane at sites other than those taking in organisms, and the cell develops a diffusely granular appearance. These changes are associated with an increase in pinocytosis of horseradish peroxidase that is 85% above controls. Five minutes after addition of antibody, the macrophage appears contracted and engorged and has persistent membrane changes consisting of pits, openings, and membrane folds. Trypsin causes slow ingestion of surface mycoplasmas without the obvious membrane folding over organisms but with evidence of a predominantly invaginating process of phagocytosis. The macrophage surface has numerous microprojections, but is does not have the granular appearance seen after addition of antibody. Trypsin and Mycoplasma pulmonis antigen do not enhance macrophage pinocytic rates. (Am J Pathol 87:347-358, 1977).", "contents": "Attachment and ingestion of mycoplasmas by mouse macrophages. II. Scanning electron microscopic observations. Mycoplasmas adhere closely to the central region of the surface of mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro. They do not appear connected to each other or the macrophage membrane, and they induce no change in the surface of the cell. After addition of antimycoplasma antibody, mycoplasmas show interconnections and the cell shows an increase occurrence of ruffled membrane and folding over the mycoplasmas. Large and small lacunae appear in the membrane at sites other than those taking in organisms, and the cell develops a diffusely granular appearance. These changes are associated with an increase in pinocytosis of horseradish peroxidase that is 85% above controls. Five minutes after addition of antibody, the macrophage appears contracted and engorged and has persistent membrane changes consisting of pits, openings, and membrane folds. Trypsin causes slow ingestion of surface mycoplasmas without the obvious membrane folding over organisms but with evidence of a predominantly invaginating process of phagocytosis. The macrophage surface has numerous microprojections, but is does not have the granular appearance seen after addition of antibody. Trypsin and Mycoplasma pulmonis antigen do not enhance macrophage pinocytic rates. (Am J Pathol 87:347-358, 1977).", "PMID": 851171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9516", "title": "Reduction of ischemic myocardial damage in the dog by lidocaine infusion.", "content": "The effects of lidocaine infusion on the ultrastructural damage induced in cardiac muscle by normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass were assessed in 15 dogs. Six dogs received no medication other than sodium pentobarbital (25 mg/kg, intravenously) while 9 dogs were treated with lidocaine after anesthesia. Lidocaine was given as a 2-mg/kg loading dose 10 minutes prior to ischemic arrest and a 2-mg/min continuous infusion during the entire experimental period. Biopsy samples of the left ventricular apex were taken 15 and 45 minutes after the start of ischemic arrest and 5 minutes after resumption of coronary blood flow. Biopsy samples were also obtained from 4 animals after thoracotomy to serve as controls for experimental procedures. Myocardial ultrastructure in the 4 control animals was comparable to that reported by other investigators. Five of 6 of the nontreated dogs and 8 of 9 lidocaine-treated dogs survived the entire period of ischemia and 5 minutes of coronary reperfusion. However, the extent of ultrastructural damage varied considerably between the two groups. In the experimental dogs receiving no lidocaine, mitochondria were swollen, cristae were absent, the mitochondrial matrix was cleared, and sarcomeres were disrupted. Myelin figures and contraction bands were also observed. None of the surviving lidocaine-treated animals had ultrastructural changes comparable to the worst ones in nontreated dogs. Damage was limited to some swelling of mitochondria with focal clearing of matrix. Most cristae remained intact. There were no myelin figures and few contraction bands. The results suggest that lidocaine protects the integrity of ischemic myocardium. It is suggested that this protection resulted from stabilization of plasma and/or mitochondrial membranes. (Am J Pathol 87:399-414, 1977).", "contents": "Reduction of ischemic myocardial damage in the dog by lidocaine infusion. The effects of lidocaine infusion on the ultrastructural damage induced in cardiac muscle by normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass were assessed in 15 dogs. Six dogs received no medication other than sodium pentobarbital (25 mg/kg, intravenously) while 9 dogs were treated with lidocaine after anesthesia. Lidocaine was given as a 2-mg/kg loading dose 10 minutes prior to ischemic arrest and a 2-mg/min continuous infusion during the entire experimental period. Biopsy samples of the left ventricular apex were taken 15 and 45 minutes after the start of ischemic arrest and 5 minutes after resumption of coronary blood flow. Biopsy samples were also obtained from 4 animals after thoracotomy to serve as controls for experimental procedures. Myocardial ultrastructure in the 4 control animals was comparable to that reported by other investigators. Five of 6 of the nontreated dogs and 8 of 9 lidocaine-treated dogs survived the entire period of ischemia and 5 minutes of coronary reperfusion. However, the extent of ultrastructural damage varied considerably between the two groups. In the experimental dogs receiving no lidocaine, mitochondria were swollen, cristae were absent, the mitochondrial matrix was cleared, and sarcomeres were disrupted. Myelin figures and contraction bands were also observed. None of the surviving lidocaine-treated animals had ultrastructural changes comparable to the worst ones in nontreated dogs. Damage was limited to some swelling of mitochondria with focal clearing of matrix. Most cristae remained intact. There were no myelin figures and few contraction bands. The results suggest that lidocaine protects the integrity of ischemic myocardium. It is suggested that this protection resulted from stabilization of plasma and/or mitochondrial membranes. (Am J Pathol 87:399-414, 1977).", "PMID": 851172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9517", "title": "Device for synchronization of cinematographic and bioelectric data.", "content": "The correlation of mechanical action and bioelectric activity during muscular movement necessitates accurate synchronization of photographic and bioelectric recordings. A device is described which in conjunction with a movie camera provides a pulse as the shutter opens, counts the number of the frame, displays the decimal count in the camera field, and provides a \"decimal coded\" output pulse for synchronizing other recordings.", "contents": "Device for synchronization of cinematographic and bioelectric data. The correlation of mechanical action and bioelectric activity during muscular movement necessitates accurate synchronization of photographic and bioelectric recordings. A device is described which in conjunction with a movie camera provides a pulse as the shutter opens, counts the number of the frame, displays the decimal count in the camera field, and provides a \"decimal coded\" output pulse for synchronizing other recordings.", "PMID": 851175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9518", "title": "Functional roles of the calf and vastus muscles in locomotion.", "content": "Simultaneous and synchronized electromyography and cinematography were used to record the co-ordination of calf and vastus muscle activity with the angular motions of the segments and joints of the lower limb in two female and three male subjects, while each performed one complete series of tests in which they walked at 2.5, 3.2 and 4.2 mph on a treadmill, which was level, or held at upward tilts of 5 and 10 degrees. The raw EMG recordings were also integrated into uniform pulses, which were electronically counted in 5 second time blocks for each of the walking conditions tested. The objectives of this study were to: 1) quantitatively measure the relative increases of EMG activity in thses two groups of muscles under the various degrees of stress, which resulted from walking at increased speeds and degrees of upward tilt, and 2) correlate these gross quantitative relationships of activity with the patterns of co-ordination found between these two groups of muscles under the corresponding stressed conditions of walking. The results of this study indicate that although with increases of speed and upward tilt the absolute values of integrated EMG increased more for the calf than for the vastus muscles, the relative increases of EMG were consistently greater for the vasti, which reached their peak intensity of activity at moments during the walking stride, when their knee extending action stretched the gastrocnemius heads across the back of the knee joint, and thereby assisted the calf muscles lift the heel, and plantar flex the ankle joint--the most essential actions for producing the push-off and thrust in the normal walking stride.", "contents": "Functional roles of the calf and vastus muscles in locomotion. Simultaneous and synchronized electromyography and cinematography were used to record the co-ordination of calf and vastus muscle activity with the angular motions of the segments and joints of the lower limb in two female and three male subjects, while each performed one complete series of tests in which they walked at 2.5, 3.2 and 4.2 mph on a treadmill, which was level, or held at upward tilts of 5 and 10 degrees. The raw EMG recordings were also integrated into uniform pulses, which were electronically counted in 5 second time blocks for each of the walking conditions tested. The objectives of this study were to: 1) quantitatively measure the relative increases of EMG activity in thses two groups of muscles under the various degrees of stress, which resulted from walking at increased speeds and degrees of upward tilt, and 2) correlate these gross quantitative relationships of activity with the patterns of co-ordination found between these two groups of muscles under the corresponding stressed conditions of walking. The results of this study indicate that although with increases of speed and upward tilt the absolute values of integrated EMG increased more for the calf than for the vastus muscles, the relative increases of EMG were consistently greater for the vasti, which reached their peak intensity of activity at moments during the walking stride, when their knee extending action stretched the gastrocnemius heads across the back of the knee joint, and thereby assisted the calf muscles lift the heel, and plantar flex the ankle joint--the most essential actions for producing the push-off and thrust in the normal walking stride.", "PMID": 851176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9519", "title": "Efficacy of EMG biofeedback in relaxation training: a controlled stury.", "content": "Electrical activity in the right elbow flexors has been shown to have a high relationship with a general resting muscular tension factor. It was our purpose to evaluate the efficacy of EMG biofeedback in reducing electrical activity in this muscle group. It was found that EMG voltages were significantly reduced (P less than 0.001) due both to biofeedback treatment and to time of day (construed as a practice and/or restbreak effect). Replication of the experiment without biofeedback and designed to minimize the \"restbreak\" effect induced by repetitive testing produced no change in the EMG voltages. It was concluded that EMG biofeedback training is effective with the elbow flexor group, and the possibility for training subjects in overall deep relaxation through feedback from this one muscle group is suggested. The importance of the practice effect/restbreak is emphasized.", "contents": "Efficacy of EMG biofeedback in relaxation training: a controlled stury. Electrical activity in the right elbow flexors has been shown to have a high relationship with a general resting muscular tension factor. It was our purpose to evaluate the efficacy of EMG biofeedback in reducing electrical activity in this muscle group. It was found that EMG voltages were significantly reduced (P less than 0.001) due both to biofeedback treatment and to time of day (construed as a practice and/or restbreak effect). Replication of the experiment without biofeedback and designed to minimize the \"restbreak\" effect induced by repetitive testing produced no change in the EMG voltages. It was concluded that EMG biofeedback training is effective with the elbow flexor group, and the possibility for training subjects in overall deep relaxation through feedback from this one muscle group is suggested. The importance of the practice effect/restbreak is emphasized.", "PMID": 851177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9520", "title": "Effect of hematocrit on electrocardiographic potentials and dipole moment of the pig.", "content": "The Brody hypothesis posits that blood in the heart chambers enhances body surface potentials due to radially oriented excitation and diminishes those due to tangentially oriented excitation. Evidence supporting the hypothesis has been found in models and in dogs. The current study was performed in pigs (Sus scrofa), anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital, to determine whether the phenomenon could also be demonstrated in a species having a ventricular activation pattern distinctly different from that of dogs. Hematocrit was varied from normal 35.3 +/- 1.1% to as low as 19.8% by hemodilution and to as high as 68.0% by hemoconcentration. Surface potentials early in QRS increased and those late in QRS decreased in hemodilution experiments, while the reverse was true in hemoconcentration experiments. Total QRS duration was 38.0 +/- 0.8 ms. The first peak in resultant dipole moment magnitude, at 5.4 +/- 0.2 ms, was inversely related to blood resistivity with a linear regression correlation coefficient r = -0.76; the second peak, at 10.9 +/- 0.1 ms, was directly related, r = 0.52; and the third peak, at 17.5 +/- 0.2 ms, was directly related, r = 0.89. When interpreted in accordance with the Brody hypothesis, changes in body surface potentials and in resultant dipole moment were consistent with radial excitation of the apical septum, ill-defined orientation of free ventricular wall excitation, and tangential excitation of basal left ventricle and septum.", "contents": "Effect of hematocrit on electrocardiographic potentials and dipole moment of the pig. The Brody hypothesis posits that blood in the heart chambers enhances body surface potentials due to radially oriented excitation and diminishes those due to tangentially oriented excitation. Evidence supporting the hypothesis has been found in models and in dogs. The current study was performed in pigs (Sus scrofa), anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital, to determine whether the phenomenon could also be demonstrated in a species having a ventricular activation pattern distinctly different from that of dogs. Hematocrit was varied from normal 35.3 +/- 1.1% to as low as 19.8% by hemodilution and to as high as 68.0% by hemoconcentration. Surface potentials early in QRS increased and those late in QRS decreased in hemodilution experiments, while the reverse was true in hemoconcentration experiments. Total QRS duration was 38.0 +/- 0.8 ms. The first peak in resultant dipole moment magnitude, at 5.4 +/- 0.2 ms, was inversely related to blood resistivity with a linear regression correlation coefficient r = -0.76; the second peak, at 10.9 +/- 0.1 ms, was directly related, r = 0.52; and the third peak, at 17.5 +/- 0.2 ms, was directly related, r = 0.89. When interpreted in accordance with the Brody hypothesis, changes in body surface potentials and in resultant dipole moment were consistent with radial excitation of the apical septum, ill-defined orientation of free ventricular wall excitation, and tangential excitation of basal left ventricle and septum.", "PMID": 851178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9521", "title": "Pulmonary fatty acid synthesis. I. Mitochondrial acetyl transfer by rat lung in vitro.", "content": "Incorporation of tritiated water into fatty acids by rat adipose tissue and lung tissue slices incubated with 5 mM glucose indicated a level of fatty acid synthesis in rat lung approximately 15% that observed in adipose tissue in vitro. (-)-Hydroxycitrate, and inhibitor of ATP citrate lyase, markedly reduced tritiated water incorporation into fatty acids by lung tissue slices. The effects of (-)-hydroxycitrate and n-butymalonate on the incorporation of 14C-labeled glucose, pyruvate, acetate, and citrate suggested that citrate is a major acetyl carrier for de novo fatty acid synthesis in lung tissue. Alternative mechanisms to citrate as an acetyl carrier were also considered. Lung mitochondrial preparations formed significant levels of acetylcarnitine in the presence of pyruvate and carnitine. However, the effect of carnitine on the incorporation of 14C-labeled glucose, pyruvate, acetate, and citrate into fatty acids by lung tissue slices indicated that acetylcarnitine may not be a significant acetyl carrier for fatty acid synthesis but may serve as an acetyl \"buffer\" in the control of mitochondrial acetyl-CoA levels. Additionally, it appears unlikely that either acetylaspartate or acetoacetate are of major importance in acetyl transfer in lung tissue.", "contents": "Pulmonary fatty acid synthesis. I. Mitochondrial acetyl transfer by rat lung in vitro. Incorporation of tritiated water into fatty acids by rat adipose tissue and lung tissue slices incubated with 5 mM glucose indicated a level of fatty acid synthesis in rat lung approximately 15% that observed in adipose tissue in vitro. (-)-Hydroxycitrate, and inhibitor of ATP citrate lyase, markedly reduced tritiated water incorporation into fatty acids by lung tissue slices. The effects of (-)-hydroxycitrate and n-butymalonate on the incorporation of 14C-labeled glucose, pyruvate, acetate, and citrate suggested that citrate is a major acetyl carrier for de novo fatty acid synthesis in lung tissue. Alternative mechanisms to citrate as an acetyl carrier were also considered. Lung mitochondrial preparations formed significant levels of acetylcarnitine in the presence of pyruvate and carnitine. However, the effect of carnitine on the incorporation of 14C-labeled glucose, pyruvate, acetate, and citrate into fatty acids by lung tissue slices indicated that acetylcarnitine may not be a significant acetyl carrier for fatty acid synthesis but may serve as an acetyl \"buffer\" in the control of mitochondrial acetyl-CoA levels. Additionally, it appears unlikely that either acetylaspartate or acetoacetate are of major importance in acetyl transfer in lung tissue.", "PMID": 851179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9522", "title": "Pulmonary fatty acid synthesis. II. Amino acids as fatty acid precursors in rat lung.", "content": "The incorporation of various 14C-labeled amino acids into CO2 and lipids by rat lung slices was examined. Alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, aspartate, and glutamate were oxidized by lung tissue, whereas glycine and phenylalanine were not oxidized. Carbon originating from alanine, leucine, and glutamate was incorporated into pulmonary fatty acids by a mechanism indicative of de novo synthesis. Experiments with specifically labeled [14C]aspartate and [14C]glutamate revealed that the complete citrate-malate cycle described by Patel et al. (25) is of minor importance in pulmonary lipogenesis due to the extremely low activity of NADP-malate dehydrogenase. Glucose and pyruvate were also actively incorporated into fatty acids, and it is suggested that citrate in pulmonary tissue, as in other tissues, plays an important role in the transport of acetyl units from the mitochondria to the cell cytosol during lipogenesis from various carbohydrate and amino acid substrates.", "contents": "Pulmonary fatty acid synthesis. II. Amino acids as fatty acid precursors in rat lung. The incorporation of various 14C-labeled amino acids into CO2 and lipids by rat lung slices was examined. Alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, aspartate, and glutamate were oxidized by lung tissue, whereas glycine and phenylalanine were not oxidized. Carbon originating from alanine, leucine, and glutamate was incorporated into pulmonary fatty acids by a mechanism indicative of de novo synthesis. Experiments with specifically labeled [14C]aspartate and [14C]glutamate revealed that the complete citrate-malate cycle described by Patel et al. (25) is of minor importance in pulmonary lipogenesis due to the extremely low activity of NADP-malate dehydrogenase. Glucose and pyruvate were also actively incorporated into fatty acids, and it is suggested that citrate in pulmonary tissue, as in other tissues, plays an important role in the transport of acetyl units from the mitochondria to the cell cytosol during lipogenesis from various carbohydrate and amino acid substrates.", "PMID": 851180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9523", "title": "Regulatory mechanisms of hepatic phosphorylase in fetal and neonatal livers of rats.", "content": "Active phosphorylase was determined in rat livers during the end of the fetal period and the first days of life. This enzyme increases between the 16th day of gestation and birth. After birth, another increase in observed that takes place with 6 h. In the neonatal liver, the rapid increase in active phosphorylase, is inhibited by high levels of blood glucose, but is unaffected by actinomycin D. In fetal liver glucagon administration is followed after 5 h by an increase in total phosphorylase with only a small increase in active phosphorylase; this effect is blocked by actinomycin D. The fetal changes are interpreted as de novo synthesis, whereas the neonatal increase is due to an activation of inactive phosphorylase. Both enzymatic changes appear to be regulated by glycogen. The role of phosphorylase in the regulation of glycogen metabolism in neonatal liver is discussed.", "contents": "Regulatory mechanisms of hepatic phosphorylase in fetal and neonatal livers of rats. Active phosphorylase was determined in rat livers during the end of the fetal period and the first days of life. This enzyme increases between the 16th day of gestation and birth. After birth, another increase in observed that takes place with 6 h. In the neonatal liver, the rapid increase in active phosphorylase, is inhibited by high levels of blood glucose, but is unaffected by actinomycin D. In fetal liver glucagon administration is followed after 5 h by an increase in total phosphorylase with only a small increase in active phosphorylase; this effect is blocked by actinomycin D. The fetal changes are interpreted as de novo synthesis, whereas the neonatal increase is due to an activation of inactive phosphorylase. Both enzymatic changes appear to be regulated by glycogen. The role of phosphorylase in the regulation of glycogen metabolism in neonatal liver is discussed.", "PMID": 851181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9524", "title": "Circadian rhythms of enzyme and running activity under ultradian lighting schedule.", "content": "Serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity in the pineal gland and running acitvity of rats were measured under an ultradian lighting schedule (light/dark 6:6). When rats were moved from a diurnal lighting condition to the ultradian conditions, N-acetyltransferase activity showed a circadian rhythm, increasing once a day. N-acetyltransferase activity in the pups born and raised under the ultradian lighting conditions also exhibited a circadian change, the phase of which coincided with that of their mothers. When pups were raised by a foster mother with an inverted rhythmic phase from that of the original mother, the phase of the rhythm in N-acetyltransferase activity of the pups synchronized with that of the foster mother. When pups were separated from their mothers for 12 h/day, the circadian increase of N-acetyltransferase activity appeared during the dark period when they were separated from their mothers. The circadian rhythms of running acitvity were in phase with those of N-acetyltransferase activity in the pineal gland.", "contents": "Circadian rhythms of enzyme and running activity under ultradian lighting schedule. Serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity in the pineal gland and running acitvity of rats were measured under an ultradian lighting schedule (light/dark 6:6). When rats were moved from a diurnal lighting condition to the ultradian conditions, N-acetyltransferase activity showed a circadian rhythm, increasing once a day. N-acetyltransferase activity in the pups born and raised under the ultradian lighting conditions also exhibited a circadian change, the phase of which coincided with that of their mothers. When pups were raised by a foster mother with an inverted rhythmic phase from that of the original mother, the phase of the rhythm in N-acetyltransferase activity of the pups synchronized with that of the foster mother. When pups were separated from their mothers for 12 h/day, the circadian increase of N-acetyltransferase activity appeared during the dark period when they were separated from their mothers. The circadian rhythms of running acitvity were in phase with those of N-acetyltransferase activity in the pineal gland.", "PMID": 851182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9525", "title": "Dependence of pulmonary prostaglandin metabolism on carrier-mediated transport processes.", "content": "Inhibitors of prostaglandin (PG) transport (probenecid, indomethacin, or bromcresol green) were found to eliminate the difference between the pulmonary transit time of 3H and 14C when [3H]PGF2alpha and E114C]sucrose were injected as a single intra-arterial bolus into the isolated perfused rat lung. Similar results were obtained with PGE1. The transit time of [3H]PGA1 was not significantly different from that of [14C]sucrose even in the absence of an inhibitor. These inhibitors increased the amount of [3H]PGF2alpha or [3H]PGE1 and decreased the amount of [3H]PG metabolites found in the venous effluent: these agents also inhibited the pulmonary metabolism of continously infused, nonradioactive PGF2alpha. One of the three inhibitors, bromcresol green, was shown not to be an effective inhibitor of PG metabolism in cell-free preparations of rat lung homogenates. These results indicated that under normal conditions, PG's are rapidly transported into intracellular compartment(s) where they are metabolized. Inhibition of this transport process prevents rapid access of PG's to the cytoplasmic enzymes and therefore inhibits pulmonary PG metabolism. This implies that inhibitors of PG transport, including anti-inflammatory organic acids, and some PG antagonists, metabolites, and analogues, can be expected to inhibit the pulmonary metabolism of PG's and thus could potentiate the systemic effects endogenous or exogenous PG's.", "contents": "Dependence of pulmonary prostaglandin metabolism on carrier-mediated transport processes. Inhibitors of prostaglandin (PG) transport (probenecid, indomethacin, or bromcresol green) were found to eliminate the difference between the pulmonary transit time of 3H and 14C when [3H]PGF2alpha and E114C]sucrose were injected as a single intra-arterial bolus into the isolated perfused rat lung. Similar results were obtained with PGE1. The transit time of [3H]PGA1 was not significantly different from that of [14C]sucrose even in the absence of an inhibitor. These inhibitors increased the amount of [3H]PGF2alpha or [3H]PGE1 and decreased the amount of [3H]PG metabolites found in the venous effluent: these agents also inhibited the pulmonary metabolism of continously infused, nonradioactive PGF2alpha. One of the three inhibitors, bromcresol green, was shown not to be an effective inhibitor of PG metabolism in cell-free preparations of rat lung homogenates. These results indicated that under normal conditions, PG's are rapidly transported into intracellular compartment(s) where they are metabolized. Inhibition of this transport process prevents rapid access of PG's to the cytoplasmic enzymes and therefore inhibits pulmonary PG metabolism. This implies that inhibitors of PG transport, including anti-inflammatory organic acids, and some PG antagonists, metabolites, and analogues, can be expected to inhibit the pulmonary metabolism of PG's and thus could potentiate the systemic effects endogenous or exogenous PG's.", "PMID": 851183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9526", "title": "Epithelial cell extrusion during fluid transport in canine small intestine.", "content": "Epithelial cell extrusion during fluid transport was studied under both in vitro and in vivo conditions. The rate of cell extrusion from the villus tips in vitro increased by about onefold in the villi with obstruction of lymph flow associated with the increase of lymph and tissue fluid pressure. When lymph pressure in the jejunal and ileal villi was increased to 6.4 +/- .2 and 12.3 +/- .5 mmHg, respectively, by injection of Ringer solution into the central lacteals, fluid leaked out of the villi and a shedding of epithelium occurred. Vigorous villus spasmodic contraction induced by cocaine or atropine also caused a shedding of epithelium. Cells always appeared in the lumen of intestine in vivo either during fluid absorption or secretion. A copious secretion of fluid, increase of cell loss, and congestion of blood in the villi occurred by the action of cholera toxin, MgSO4, and choline chloride. The rate of cell loss was highest during fluid secretion induced by an elevation of tissue fluid pressure such as at high venous pressure or during intra-arterial histamine infusion. It is thus concluded that elevated tissue fluid pressure is involved in epithelial cell extrusion during fluid transport.", "contents": "Epithelial cell extrusion during fluid transport in canine small intestine. Epithelial cell extrusion during fluid transport was studied under both in vitro and in vivo conditions. The rate of cell extrusion from the villus tips in vitro increased by about onefold in the villi with obstruction of lymph flow associated with the increase of lymph and tissue fluid pressure. When lymph pressure in the jejunal and ileal villi was increased to 6.4 +/- .2 and 12.3 +/- .5 mmHg, respectively, by injection of Ringer solution into the central lacteals, fluid leaked out of the villi and a shedding of epithelium occurred. Vigorous villus spasmodic contraction induced by cocaine or atropine also caused a shedding of epithelium. Cells always appeared in the lumen of intestine in vivo either during fluid absorption or secretion. A copious secretion of fluid, increase of cell loss, and congestion of blood in the villi occurred by the action of cholera toxin, MgSO4, and choline chloride. The rate of cell loss was highest during fluid secretion induced by an elevation of tissue fluid pressure such as at high venous pressure or during intra-arterial histamine infusion. It is thus concluded that elevated tissue fluid pressure is involved in epithelial cell extrusion during fluid transport.", "PMID": 851184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9527", "title": "Body elemental composition: comparison between black and white adults.", "content": "The age-related changes in body chemical composition were measured in a normal black population ranging in age from 30 to 80 yr. The levels of total-body calcium, phosphorus, sodium, and chlorine were measured by in vivo neutron activation. In addition, the lean body mass (total-body potassium) was measured by whole-body counting of 40K. These data were compared with the same data obtained on a normal white population in a previous study. Although there were no significant differences in the height of the two groups, black men and women had significantly higher total-body calcium, phosphorus, sodium, chlorine, and potassium than the sex-and age-matched white population. The increased levels of total-body calcium and potassium when normalized for the weight and height of the subjects were reduced but still remained significantly higher than those of the white population. Clearly specific reference standards for skeletal and muscle mass as well as for sodium and chlorine need to be established for black populations.", "contents": "Body elemental composition: comparison between black and white adults. The age-related changes in body chemical composition were measured in a normal black population ranging in age from 30 to 80 yr. The levels of total-body calcium, phosphorus, sodium, and chlorine were measured by in vivo neutron activation. In addition, the lean body mass (total-body potassium) was measured by whole-body counting of 40K. These data were compared with the same data obtained on a normal white population in a previous study. Although there were no significant differences in the height of the two groups, black men and women had significantly higher total-body calcium, phosphorus, sodium, chlorine, and potassium than the sex-and age-matched white population. The increased levels of total-body calcium and potassium when normalized for the weight and height of the subjects were reduced but still remained significantly higher than those of the white population. Clearly specific reference standards for skeletal and muscle mass as well as for sodium and chlorine need to be established for black populations.", "PMID": 851185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9528", "title": "Temperature dependence of responses of esophageal smooth muscle to electrical field stimulation.", "content": "Strips of smooth muscle, cut transversely from the smooth-muscle segment of opossum esophagus, were superfused with oxygenated Krebs-Ringer solution at 37 degrees C in a system that allowed electrical field stimulation of the intrinsic nerves. Three-to-five-second trains of rectangular pulses (0.5 ms long at 10 Hz) were delivered at 30-s intervals at supramaximal maximal current strength. In strips from the esophageal body, each train resulted in a twitch which followed after the end of train with a particular latency, the off-response. Strips from the esophagogastric sphincter relaxed during the train. Temperature was varied above and below 37 degrees C to observe the temperature dependence of the responses. Latency of the off-response varied exponentially with temperature. Amplitude of the off-response showed a linear decline with changes in temperature, both above and below 35 degrees C, the zero-intercepts being 19.6 and 42.3 degrees C, respectively. Amplitude of relaxation of strips from the junction varied little between 20 and 37 degree C but declined sharply beyond those limits, the zero-intercepts being 14.2 and 42 degrees C, respectively.", "contents": "Temperature dependence of responses of esophageal smooth muscle to electrical field stimulation. Strips of smooth muscle, cut transversely from the smooth-muscle segment of opossum esophagus, were superfused with oxygenated Krebs-Ringer solution at 37 degrees C in a system that allowed electrical field stimulation of the intrinsic nerves. Three-to-five-second trains of rectangular pulses (0.5 ms long at 10 Hz) were delivered at 30-s intervals at supramaximal maximal current strength. In strips from the esophageal body, each train resulted in a twitch which followed after the end of train with a particular latency, the off-response. Strips from the esophagogastric sphincter relaxed during the train. Temperature was varied above and below 37 degrees C to observe the temperature dependence of the responses. Latency of the off-response varied exponentially with temperature. Amplitude of the off-response showed a linear decline with changes in temperature, both above and below 35 degrees C, the zero-intercepts being 19.6 and 42.3 degrees C, respectively. Amplitude of relaxation of strips from the junction varied little between 20 and 37 degree C but declined sharply beyond those limits, the zero-intercepts being 14.2 and 42 degrees C, respectively.", "PMID": 851186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9529", "title": "Stimulation of renal sodium reabsorption by angiotensin II.", "content": "Various parameters of renal function were studied before, during, and after the infusion of physiological increments of angiotensin II directly into one renal artery of anesthetized dogs. During water diuresis and during antidiuresis induced with exogenous antidiuretic hormone (ADH), angiotensin II consistently reduced UNaV, UKV, and CPAH, and increased the filtration fraction in the infused kidney. Urinary osmolality was increased only in the presence of ADH, while during water diuresis angiotensin II had no apparent effect on urinary osmolality or flow rate. During saline diuresis, a mean increment of angiotensin II concentration of 14 pg/ml was sufficient to significantly reduce UNaV and urinary flow rate. Changes in CCr, CPAH, and filtration fraction did not correlate with changes in sodium excretion, and intracortical distribution of blood flow remained unaltered. These data support the hypothesis that normal circulating levels of angiogensin II play a direct renal role in the control of sodium, potassium, and water homeostasis, and that angiotensin II exerts a direct, stimulatory effect on tubular sodium reabsorption independent of changes in GFR, RPF, filtration fraction, or intracortical distribution of blood flow.", "contents": "Stimulation of renal sodium reabsorption by angiotensin II. Various parameters of renal function were studied before, during, and after the infusion of physiological increments of angiotensin II directly into one renal artery of anesthetized dogs. During water diuresis and during antidiuresis induced with exogenous antidiuretic hormone (ADH), angiotensin II consistently reduced UNaV, UKV, and CPAH, and increased the filtration fraction in the infused kidney. Urinary osmolality was increased only in the presence of ADH, while during water diuresis angiotensin II had no apparent effect on urinary osmolality or flow rate. During saline diuresis, a mean increment of angiotensin II concentration of 14 pg/ml was sufficient to significantly reduce UNaV and urinary flow rate. Changes in CCr, CPAH, and filtration fraction did not correlate with changes in sodium excretion, and intracortical distribution of blood flow remained unaltered. These data support the hypothesis that normal circulating levels of angiogensin II play a direct renal role in the control of sodium, potassium, and water homeostasis, and that angiotensin II exerts a direct, stimulatory effect on tubular sodium reabsorption independent of changes in GFR, RPF, filtration fraction, or intracortical distribution of blood flow.", "PMID": 851187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9530", "title": "A micropuncture study of salt and water retention in chronic experimental cirrhosis.", "content": "The object of this study was to localize increased sodium resorption in rats with chronic hepatic cirrhosis. Cirrhosis was induced by the administration of phenobarbital and carbon tetrachloride. The animals retained salt and water after loading and showed edema and ascites. Salt and water balance, clearance, and micropuncture tests were performed. Five or six weeks after the start of procedures to induce injury, the rats were unable to excrete salt and water loads promptly. Urine flow and sodium concentration were significantly less in cirrhotic rats with edema and ascites than in the normal controls. The glomerular filtration rate was slightly lower in the right, nonmicropunctured kidney but was the same in the left. The nephron glomerular filtration rates of surface nephrons were equal in both the experimental and control rats. The fractional proximal resorption rate was notably greater in cirrhotic rats, as was the total proximal nephron resorption rate. That increased proximal resorption alone might account for diminished sodium and water excretion cannot be demonstrated from this study, although we believe that major evidence is provided of the importance of proximal resorption in this phenomenon.", "contents": "A micropuncture study of salt and water retention in chronic experimental cirrhosis. The object of this study was to localize increased sodium resorption in rats with chronic hepatic cirrhosis. Cirrhosis was induced by the administration of phenobarbital and carbon tetrachloride. The animals retained salt and water after loading and showed edema and ascites. Salt and water balance, clearance, and micropuncture tests were performed. Five or six weeks after the start of procedures to induce injury, the rats were unable to excrete salt and water loads promptly. Urine flow and sodium concentration were significantly less in cirrhotic rats with edema and ascites than in the normal controls. The glomerular filtration rate was slightly lower in the right, nonmicropunctured kidney but was the same in the left. The nephron glomerular filtration rates of surface nephrons were equal in both the experimental and control rats. The fractional proximal resorption rate was notably greater in cirrhotic rats, as was the total proximal nephron resorption rate. That increased proximal resorption alone might account for diminished sodium and water excretion cannot be demonstrated from this study, although we believe that major evidence is provided of the importance of proximal resorption in this phenomenon.", "PMID": 851188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9531", "title": "Handling of angiotensin II and oxytocin by renal tubular segments perfused in vitro.", "content": "In order to study renal tubular handling of two small peptide hormones, [14c]angiotensin II ([14C]AII) and [3H]oxytocin ([3H]OT) were microperfused through rabbit kidney tubule segments in vitro. The reabsorption and tubular sequestration of radioactive label were determined, and the collection fluid was electrophoretically analyzed. The data suggest that [14C]AII is extensively hydrolyzed in the pars recta of the nephron and is rapidly reabsorbed across the tubular epithelium. Under similar experimental conditions, hydrolysis of [3H]OT was not observed in either the proximal straight or cortical collecting tubule segment, and the rate of reabsorption was low. Thus, tubular handling of OT appears to differ from that of AII, probably because of differences in molecular structure.", "contents": "Handling of angiotensin II and oxytocin by renal tubular segments perfused in vitro. In order to study renal tubular handling of two small peptide hormones, [14c]angiotensin II ([14C]AII) and [3H]oxytocin ([3H]OT) were microperfused through rabbit kidney tubule segments in vitro. The reabsorption and tubular sequestration of radioactive label were determined, and the collection fluid was electrophoretically analyzed. The data suggest that [14C]AII is extensively hydrolyzed in the pars recta of the nephron and is rapidly reabsorbed across the tubular epithelium. Under similar experimental conditions, hydrolysis of [3H]OT was not observed in either the proximal straight or cortical collecting tubule segment, and the rate of reabsorption was low. Thus, tubular handling of OT appears to differ from that of AII, probably because of differences in molecular structure.", "PMID": 851189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9532", "title": "Regulation of filtration rate in sodium-depleted and -expanded dogs.", "content": "Sodium balance may affect the response of single-nephron filtration rate (SNFR) to changes in renal arterial pressure (deltaRAP) when the SNFR is measured in the absence of orthograde fluid delivery from the proximal tubule. This thesis was tested in sodium-depleted and -expanded dogs given furosemide, Doca, and low- or high-salt diets, respectively. After 7 days of treatment, renal renin content was significantly greater in the sodium-depleted group (delta = 23.5 +/- 7.4 DU [dog units]/g kidney). Glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow were similar in both groups following changes in RAP of 29 +/- 4 and 29 +/- 3 mmHg in the sodium-depleted and -expanded groups, respectively. SNFR at high RAP was not different from SNFR at low RAP in the sodium-depleted group (delta = -0.2 +/- 4.9 nl/min) and slightly, but significantly, greater in the sodium-expanded group (delta = 7.6 +/- 2;1 nl/min). However, the response of SNFR was similar to that of whole-kidney filtration rate. Furthermore, the autoregulatory response (deltaSNFR/deltaRAP) was not significantly different between the groups but was significantly greater than the response calculated for RAP below the range studied. It is concluded that an autoregulatory response of SNFR, in the absence of orthograde fluid delivery from the proximal tubule, is observed in both sodium-depleted and -expanded dogs.", "contents": "Regulation of filtration rate in sodium-depleted and -expanded dogs. Sodium balance may affect the response of single-nephron filtration rate (SNFR) to changes in renal arterial pressure (deltaRAP) when the SNFR is measured in the absence of orthograde fluid delivery from the proximal tubule. This thesis was tested in sodium-depleted and -expanded dogs given furosemide, Doca, and low- or high-salt diets, respectively. After 7 days of treatment, renal renin content was significantly greater in the sodium-depleted group (delta = 23.5 +/- 7.4 DU [dog units]/g kidney). Glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow were similar in both groups following changes in RAP of 29 +/- 4 and 29 +/- 3 mmHg in the sodium-depleted and -expanded groups, respectively. SNFR at high RAP was not different from SNFR at low RAP in the sodium-depleted group (delta = -0.2 +/- 4.9 nl/min) and slightly, but significantly, greater in the sodium-expanded group (delta = 7.6 +/- 2;1 nl/min). However, the response of SNFR was similar to that of whole-kidney filtration rate. Furthermore, the autoregulatory response (deltaSNFR/deltaRAP) was not significantly different between the groups but was significantly greater than the response calculated for RAP below the range studied. It is concluded that an autoregulatory response of SNFR, in the absence of orthograde fluid delivery from the proximal tubule, is observed in both sodium-depleted and -expanded dogs.", "PMID": 851190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9533", "title": "Nephron filtration rate in conscious rats recovering from anesthesia.", "content": "Single-nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) of superficial (S) and juxtamedullary (JM) nephrons was measured in conscious rats with a [14C]ferrocyanide infusion technique. Experiments were carried out in nondiuretic (ND), salt-loaded (SL), and hemorrhagic hypotensive (HH) rats. Mean SNGFR values of S and JM nephrons were 48.7 +/- 4.5 SE and 61.7 +/- 4.2 in ND, 73.6 +/- 8.7 and 87.5 +/- 10.8 in SL, and 29.9 +/- 5.9 and 36.4 +/- 7.1 in HH rats. These values are higher than the values reported in anesthetized rats. The S-to-JM SNGFR ratio was not significantly different in the three experimental conditions (ND, 0.788 +/- 0.032; SL, 0.843 +/- 0.018; and HH, 0.824 +/- 0.030), and did not differ from the values reported in anesthetized rats in similar experimental conditions. It is concluded that anesthesia exerts a depressive effect on GFR, but does not modify intrarenal SNGFR distribution. Neither saline loading nor hemorrhagic hypotension induces SNGFR intrarenal redistribution in conscious rats.", "contents": "Nephron filtration rate in conscious rats recovering from anesthesia. Single-nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) of superficial (S) and juxtamedullary (JM) nephrons was measured in conscious rats with a [14C]ferrocyanide infusion technique. Experiments were carried out in nondiuretic (ND), salt-loaded (SL), and hemorrhagic hypotensive (HH) rats. Mean SNGFR values of S and JM nephrons were 48.7 +/- 4.5 SE and 61.7 +/- 4.2 in ND, 73.6 +/- 8.7 and 87.5 +/- 10.8 in SL, and 29.9 +/- 5.9 and 36.4 +/- 7.1 in HH rats. These values are higher than the values reported in anesthetized rats. The S-to-JM SNGFR ratio was not significantly different in the three experimental conditions (ND, 0.788 +/- 0.032; SL, 0.843 +/- 0.018; and HH, 0.824 +/- 0.030), and did not differ from the values reported in anesthetized rats in similar experimental conditions. It is concluded that anesthesia exerts a depressive effect on GFR, but does not modify intrarenal SNGFR distribution. Neither saline loading nor hemorrhagic hypotension induces SNGFR intrarenal redistribution in conscious rats.", "PMID": 851191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9534", "title": "Renal vasopressin clearance with reductions in renal blood flow in the dog.", "content": "These! experiments were designed to evaluate directly the effects of a reduction in renal blood flow on the renal metabolism of vasopressin (ADH) in the anesthetized dog...", "contents": "Renal vasopressin clearance with reductions in renal blood flow in the dog. These! experiments were designed to evaluate directly the effects of a reduction in renal blood flow on the renal metabolism of vasopressin (ADH) in the anesthetized dog...", "PMID": 851192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9535", "title": "Origin of electrical PD's in hamster thin ascending limbs of Henle's loop.", "content": "Microelectrodes with 2-micronm-tip diameters arranged to record differentially between this ascending limbs (ALH) and ascending vasa recta (AVR), gave values of 1.95 +/- 0.17 mV, ALH positive, in hydropenia with mineral oil bathing the kidney. Average values remained in the range of 1-2 mV when the ALH and AVR values were obtained sequentially, when the kidney was bathed in Ringer solution, when 5-8 Momega Ling-Gerard microelectrodes were used in the ALH, or when the hamsters were in saline diuresis. These results contradict reports of earlier studies with high impedance Ling-Gerard electrodes that the PD was -9 mV, ALH negative. Perfusion of ALH in saline diuresis with solutions of various compositions provided estimates of ionic transport numbers: tNa+ = 0.33 +/- 0.01, tK+ = 0.00 +/- 0.02, tC1- = 0.67 +/- 0.02. When the perfusion solution was designed to have the same Na+, K+, and C1- concentrations as AVR plasma, the PD was 1.36 +/- .20 mV; when ouabain or furosemide were included (10(-5) M), the PD declined 1.35 +/- 0.21 mV and 1.41 +/- 0.28 mV, respectively. The results suggest that active C1- transport is mainly responsible for the PD, but that diffusion potentials can contribute.", "contents": "Origin of electrical PD's in hamster thin ascending limbs of Henle's loop. Microelectrodes with 2-micronm-tip diameters arranged to record differentially between this ascending limbs (ALH) and ascending vasa recta (AVR), gave values of 1.95 +/- 0.17 mV, ALH positive, in hydropenia with mineral oil bathing the kidney. Average values remained in the range of 1-2 mV when the ALH and AVR values were obtained sequentially, when the kidney was bathed in Ringer solution, when 5-8 Momega Ling-Gerard microelectrodes were used in the ALH, or when the hamsters were in saline diuresis. These results contradict reports of earlier studies with high impedance Ling-Gerard electrodes that the PD was -9 mV, ALH negative. Perfusion of ALH in saline diuresis with solutions of various compositions provided estimates of ionic transport numbers: tNa+ = 0.33 +/- 0.01, tK+ = 0.00 +/- 0.02, tC1- = 0.67 +/- 0.02. When the perfusion solution was designed to have the same Na+, K+, and C1- concentrations as AVR plasma, the PD was 1.36 +/- .20 mV; when ouabain or furosemide were included (10(-5) M), the PD declined 1.35 +/- 0.21 mV and 1.41 +/- 0.28 mV, respectively. The results suggest that active C1- transport is mainly responsible for the PD, but that diffusion potentials can contribute.", "PMID": 851193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9536", "title": "Autoradiography of the water compartments in developing teeth of young mice.", "content": "The distribution of [14C-a1acetyl-4-aminoantipyrine ([14C]NAAP), as indicators of total tissue water, and [carboxy-14C]inulin ([14C]inulin), as an indicator of extracellular water, were studied by autography in mice 4-16 days old. An autographic technique was used that does not translocate or remove the radioactive material. Photometric densities of the autoradiographs revealed wide variations in radioactivity among the various areas of the teeth. Evidence for binding of [14C]urea to bone limits the usefulness of this compound as an indicator. Although [14C]inulin appeared to be a reliable indicator, it is difficult to correlate its distribution with the progress of mineralization determined by electron microprobe analysis. [14C]NAAP was considered to be the most reliable indicator; it revealed that the water content of various areas of the teeth ranged from 7 to 100% of that in blood.", "contents": "Autoradiography of the water compartments in developing teeth of young mice. The distribution of [14C-a1acetyl-4-aminoantipyrine ([14C]NAAP), as indicators of total tissue water, and [carboxy-14C]inulin ([14C]inulin), as an indicator of extracellular water, were studied by autography in mice 4-16 days old. An autographic technique was used that does not translocate or remove the radioactive material. Photometric densities of the autoradiographs revealed wide variations in radioactivity among the various areas of the teeth. Evidence for binding of [14C]urea to bone limits the usefulness of this compound as an indicator. Although [14C]inulin appeared to be a reliable indicator, it is difficult to correlate its distribution with the progress of mineralization determined by electron microprobe analysis. [14C]NAAP was considered to be the most reliable indicator; it revealed that the water content of various areas of the teeth ranged from 7 to 100% of that in blood.", "PMID": 851194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9537", "title": "Stimulation of renin release in perfused kidney by low calcium and high magnesium.", "content": "These experiments were designed to test whether changing perfusate calcium or magnesium concentrations affected renin release in the isolated perfused rat kidney, and whether kidneys removed from sodium-loaded or sodium-deprived rats released the same amount of renin in response to identical stimuli. Kidneys were perfused with Kreb-Henseleit solution containing albumin. Renin release was inversely related to perfusate calcium concentration, whereas renin release was directly related to perfusate magnesium. Although a low calcium medium or low perfusion pressure (50 mmHg) stimulated renin release, the release was substantially greater in the sodium-deprived rats. Increasing the perfusate sodium concentration from 85 to 206 mM increased excretion, but did not alter renin release. It is concluded that a) low perfusate calcium and high magnesium concentrations stimulate renin release, b) kidneys removed from sodium-deprived rats released substantially more renin thatn those from sodium-loaded rats, and c) changing perfusate sodium concentration alters sodium excretion, but does not affect renin release.", "contents": "Stimulation of renin release in perfused kidney by low calcium and high magnesium. These experiments were designed to test whether changing perfusate calcium or magnesium concentrations affected renin release in the isolated perfused rat kidney, and whether kidneys removed from sodium-loaded or sodium-deprived rats released the same amount of renin in response to identical stimuli. Kidneys were perfused with Kreb-Henseleit solution containing albumin. Renin release was inversely related to perfusate calcium concentration, whereas renin release was directly related to perfusate magnesium. Although a low calcium medium or low perfusion pressure (50 mmHg) stimulated renin release, the release was substantially greater in the sodium-deprived rats. Increasing the perfusate sodium concentration from 85 to 206 mM increased excretion, but did not alter renin release. It is concluded that a) low perfusate calcium and high magnesium concentrations stimulate renin release, b) kidneys removed from sodium-deprived rats released substantially more renin thatn those from sodium-loaded rats, and c) changing perfusate sodium concentration alters sodium excretion, but does not affect renin release.", "PMID": 851195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9538", "title": "Influence of prostaglandins on sodium transport of isolated medullary nephron segments.", "content": "The possibility that prostaglandins (PG) located in the renal medulla may influence renal excretion of sodium by a direct tubular action was examined by the addition of prostaglandins PGE2, PGF2alpha, and PGA2 to the peritubular and luminal surfaces of isolated perfused medullary thick ascending lumbs and collecting tubules from rabbit kidneys. The prostaglandins at both high (2.5 x 10(-4) M) and low (10 (-10) M, 10 (-7) M) concentrations had no effect on transepithelial potential difference and net sodium flux across these segments. Pretreatment of the animals with indomethacin did not influence the results. In vivo, both PGE2 and PGF2alpha, caused a natriuresis when infused directly into one renal artery, whereas PGA2 had no effect on sodium excretion. The prostaglandin inhibitors indomethacin, meclofenamate, and RO 20-5720 similarly had no direct effect on sodium transport in the nephron segments studied. It is concluded that the previously observed influence of prostaglandins and prostaglandin inhibitors on renal excretion of sodium in vivo are not mediated by a direct tubular action.", "contents": "Influence of prostaglandins on sodium transport of isolated medullary nephron segments. The possibility that prostaglandins (PG) located in the renal medulla may influence renal excretion of sodium by a direct tubular action was examined by the addition of prostaglandins PGE2, PGF2alpha, and PGA2 to the peritubular and luminal surfaces of isolated perfused medullary thick ascending lumbs and collecting tubules from rabbit kidneys. The prostaglandins at both high (2.5 x 10(-4) M) and low (10 (-10) M, 10 (-7) M) concentrations had no effect on transepithelial potential difference and net sodium flux across these segments. Pretreatment of the animals with indomethacin did not influence the results. In vivo, both PGE2 and PGF2alpha, caused a natriuresis when infused directly into one renal artery, whereas PGA2 had no effect on sodium excretion. The prostaglandin inhibitors indomethacin, meclofenamate, and RO 20-5720 similarly had no direct effect on sodium transport in the nephron segments studied. It is concluded that the previously observed influence of prostaglandins and prostaglandin inhibitors on renal excretion of sodium in vivo are not mediated by a direct tubular action.", "PMID": 851196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9539", "title": "Inhibition of endo- and epicardial glycogenolysis by propranolol in ischemic hearts.", "content": "The effect of coronary artery ligation on myocardial glyocogenolysis was studied in the endo- and epicardial layers of the left ventricle in dogs pretreated with saline or 1 mg/kg of propranolol. Coronary artery ligation was performed by ligating one of the small branches of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Even after coronary artery ligation, neither increase in phosphorylase activity nor breakdown of glycogen was observed in both layers of ischemic region of myocardium in propranolol-pretreated dogs. These results indicate that pretreatment with propranolol inhibits the increase in glycogenolysis being caused by coronary artery ligation. Propranolol howefer, did not inhibit completely the coronary artery ligation-induced increase in glucose 6-phosphate and lactate and decrease in phosphocreatine in the myocardium, especially in the endocardial layers.", "contents": "Inhibition of endo- and epicardial glycogenolysis by propranolol in ischemic hearts. The effect of coronary artery ligation on myocardial glyocogenolysis was studied in the endo- and epicardial layers of the left ventricle in dogs pretreated with saline or 1 mg/kg of propranolol. Coronary artery ligation was performed by ligating one of the small branches of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Even after coronary artery ligation, neither increase in phosphorylase activity nor breakdown of glycogen was observed in both layers of ischemic region of myocardium in propranolol-pretreated dogs. These results indicate that pretreatment with propranolol inhibits the increase in glycogenolysis being caused by coronary artery ligation. Propranolol howefer, did not inhibit completely the coronary artery ligation-induced increase in glucose 6-phosphate and lactate and decrease in phosphocreatine in the myocardium, especially in the endocardial layers.", "PMID": 851197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9540", "title": "Capillary filtration measurement by strain gauge. I. Analysis of methods.", "content": "The strain-gauge method for measuring changes in limb size, introduced by Whitney in 1953 has not received wide usage for measurement of capillary filtration coefficient (CFC). This method was compared for the dog hindlimb to simultaneous measurements by the classic gfavimetric technique and was found to give comparable results. The larger question of whether either method gives useful information about the true CFC of the limb was addressed by a mathematical analysis of the technique combined with analysis of data concerning methodologically induced alterations in the Starling forces in and around the capillaries. It was concluded that systematic error due to the method is probably less than -1% with an outside error of -14.6%. These findings demonstrate the strain gauge to be a useful tool in determining CFC.", "contents": "Capillary filtration measurement by strain gauge. I. Analysis of methods. The strain-gauge method for measuring changes in limb size, introduced by Whitney in 1953 has not received wide usage for measurement of capillary filtration coefficient (CFC). This method was compared for the dog hindlimb to simultaneous measurements by the classic gfavimetric technique and was found to give comparable results. The larger question of whether either method gives useful information about the true CFC of the limb was addressed by a mathematical analysis of the technique combined with analysis of data concerning methodologically induced alterations in the Starling forces in and around the capillaries. It was concluded that systematic error due to the method is probably less than -1% with an outside error of -14.6%. These findings demonstrate the strain gauge to be a useful tool in determining CFC.", "PMID": 851198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9541", "title": "Capillary filtration measurement by strain gauge. II. Effects of mannitol infusion.", "content": "Maintenance of normal partition of extracellular fluid into vascular and interstitial compartments is a tightly controlled system. One means of studying control of this system is to induce filtration by fluid loading, and to measure associated changes capillary filtration coefficients (CFC) and Starling pressures in a particular vascular bed. We therefore measured responses of the dog hindlimb to isotonic mannitol infusions. Using strain-gauge plethysmography to measure CFC, the Johnson zero-flow technique to measure isogravimetric capillary hydrostatic pressure, and chronically implanted capsules to measure muscular interstitial hydrostatic pressure, we infused isotonic mannitol into anesthetized dogs for 30 min at 20 ml/min and 30 ml/min. There was a sustained 75% increase in CFC in intact hindlimbs, no change in hydrostatic capillary or interstitial pressure, and a 4-5 mmHg rise in filtration pressure due to dilution of serum protein. The most likely mechanism for increased CFC is capillary recruitment, since distension of capillaries requires large increases in hydrostatic pressure. Interstitial fluid compliance appears high. These studies indicate capillary intermittency may be an important mechanism in the disposition of fluid loads.", "contents": "Capillary filtration measurement by strain gauge. II. Effects of mannitol infusion. Maintenance of normal partition of extracellular fluid into vascular and interstitial compartments is a tightly controlled system. One means of studying control of this system is to induce filtration by fluid loading, and to measure associated changes capillary filtration coefficients (CFC) and Starling pressures in a particular vascular bed. We therefore measured responses of the dog hindlimb to isotonic mannitol infusions. Using strain-gauge plethysmography to measure CFC, the Johnson zero-flow technique to measure isogravimetric capillary hydrostatic pressure, and chronically implanted capsules to measure muscular interstitial hydrostatic pressure, we infused isotonic mannitol into anesthetized dogs for 30 min at 20 ml/min and 30 ml/min. There was a sustained 75% increase in CFC in intact hindlimbs, no change in hydrostatic capillary or interstitial pressure, and a 4-5 mmHg rise in filtration pressure due to dilution of serum protein. The most likely mechanism for increased CFC is capillary recruitment, since distension of capillaries requires large increases in hydrostatic pressure. Interstitial fluid compliance appears high. These studies indicate capillary intermittency may be an important mechanism in the disposition of fluid loads.", "PMID": 851199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9542", "title": "Cerebral blood flow during hemorrhagic hypotension in the unanesthetized goat.", "content": "Changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF), arterial blood pressure (AP), and cardiac output (CO) were studied during stepwise blood losses in 12 unanesthetized goats. Bleeding was followed by a drop in CBF, AP and CO in a nearly parallel fashion. Control values (means +/- SE) for CBF, AP, and CO were 117 +/- 5.6 ml/min per 100 g, 105 +/- 3.1 mmHg, and 2,825 +/- 124 ml/min, respectively; and after bleeding, 66 +/- 3.9 ml/min per 100 g, 57 mmHg, and 1, 383 ml/min. Arterial blood samples obtained before bleeding, during the hypotensive state, and after reinfusion did not show any significant differences in pH, PCO2, and PO2 values. In phentolamine-treated animals, bleeding produced a drop in AP and CO similar to that observed in the nontreated animals; however, the decrease in CBF was less marked. These findings show that CBF follows pari passu the fall in AP, and they indicate that the alpha-adrenergic receptors of the cerebral vessels are involved in the cerebral blood flow changes in hemorrhage.", "contents": "Cerebral blood flow during hemorrhagic hypotension in the unanesthetized goat. Changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF), arterial blood pressure (AP), and cardiac output (CO) were studied during stepwise blood losses in 12 unanesthetized goats. Bleeding was followed by a drop in CBF, AP and CO in a nearly parallel fashion. Control values (means +/- SE) for CBF, AP, and CO were 117 +/- 5.6 ml/min per 100 g, 105 +/- 3.1 mmHg, and 2,825 +/- 124 ml/min, respectively; and after bleeding, 66 +/- 3.9 ml/min per 100 g, 57 mmHg, and 1, 383 ml/min. Arterial blood samples obtained before bleeding, during the hypotensive state, and after reinfusion did not show any significant differences in pH, PCO2, and PO2 values. In phentolamine-treated animals, bleeding produced a drop in AP and CO similar to that observed in the nontreated animals; however, the decrease in CBF was less marked. These findings show that CBF follows pari passu the fall in AP, and they indicate that the alpha-adrenergic receptors of the cerebral vessels are involved in the cerebral blood flow changes in hemorrhage.", "PMID": 851200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9543", "title": "Increased dynamic stiffness of trabeculae carneae from senescent rats.", "content": "Dynamic stiffness was measured in both adult and senescent Wistar rats using sinusoidal length perturbations from 17 to 40 Hz, superimposed on isometric contractions at low and below Lmax. The slope of the stiffness-tension relationship was found to be increased in senescent muscles of both sexes and at two different temperatures. The age dependence of the slope was independent of resting muscle length. The slope also exhibited frequency dependence and hysteresis that indicates the presence of viscoelasticity during activation. No age dependence was seen in peak active tension, peak dT/dt, or resting stiffness. The findings of this study, taken together with other studies that have shown a decreased shortening ability in the senescent muscle, explain in part the maintenance of active tension development in the face of decreased shortening ability associated with the senescent muscle.", "contents": "Increased dynamic stiffness of trabeculae carneae from senescent rats. Dynamic stiffness was measured in both adult and senescent Wistar rats using sinusoidal length perturbations from 17 to 40 Hz, superimposed on isometric contractions at low and below Lmax. The slope of the stiffness-tension relationship was found to be increased in senescent muscles of both sexes and at two different temperatures. The age dependence of the slope was independent of resting muscle length. The slope also exhibited frequency dependence and hysteresis that indicates the presence of viscoelasticity during activation. No age dependence was seen in peak active tension, peak dT/dt, or resting stiffness. The findings of this study, taken together with other studies that have shown a decreased shortening ability in the senescent muscle, explain in part the maintenance of active tension development in the face of decreased shortening ability associated with the senescent muscle.", "PMID": 851201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9544", "title": "Androgen-mediated sensitivity in platelet aggregation.", "content": "Platelet responsiveness to an aggregating stimulus (ADP) was greater (X10) in male than in female rats. Castration reduced aggregability in males (X4) and increased it in females (X3). Pretreatment with testosterone (1 mg/kg, sc) enhanced platelet aggregability in both sexes and restored the diminished responsivity observed in castrated males. Incubation of platelets with testosterone (1-10 ng/ml) potentiated rat (18.0 +/- 1.5%) and guinea pig (40.0 +/- 5.0%) aggregability when compared with vehicle-treated platelets. Estradiol (1 mg/kg, sc) in vivo or estradiol, progesterone, and deoxycorticosterone (1 microng/ml) in vitro had the opposite effect and decreased aggregability. The rank order of effectiveness of androgens in vitro was dihydrotestosterone, testosterone, methyltestosterone, androstendione, and androsterone, which correlates with their androgenicity. The effect of androgens was antagonized in vitro by the antiandrogen (Flutamide) and by estradiol. These data suggest that gonadal steroids may play a role in regulating platelet function in the rat and guinea pig.", "contents": "Androgen-mediated sensitivity in platelet aggregation. Platelet responsiveness to an aggregating stimulus (ADP) was greater (X10) in male than in female rats. Castration reduced aggregability in males (X4) and increased it in females (X3). Pretreatment with testosterone (1 mg/kg, sc) enhanced platelet aggregability in both sexes and restored the diminished responsivity observed in castrated males. Incubation of platelets with testosterone (1-10 ng/ml) potentiated rat (18.0 +/- 1.5%) and guinea pig (40.0 +/- 5.0%) aggregability when compared with vehicle-treated platelets. Estradiol (1 mg/kg, sc) in vivo or estradiol, progesterone, and deoxycorticosterone (1 microng/ml) in vitro had the opposite effect and decreased aggregability. The rank order of effectiveness of androgens in vitro was dihydrotestosterone, testosterone, methyltestosterone, androstendione, and androsterone, which correlates with their androgenicity. The effect of androgens was antagonized in vitro by the antiandrogen (Flutamide) and by estradiol. These data suggest that gonadal steroids may play a role in regulating platelet function in the rat and guinea pig.", "PMID": 851202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9545", "title": "Relationship between microvascular blood velocity and pressure distribution.", "content": "Red blood cell velocity and diameter were measured in vessels of the wing of the unanesthetized bat (Myotis lucifugus) from the supplying artery to the capillaries. These data were used to determine the manner in which velocity, shear rate, volume flow, and blood pressure depend on the vessel's hierarchical position within the vascular network. The results show that velocity decreases in an almost linear fashion as the capillary is approached but that the shear rate increases as one progresses distally from the supplying artery. Blood volume flow was found to decrease as an exponential function of the branching order. Comparison with available date in some animal species, including man, indicates some agreement in capillary velocity, although significantly lower values have been reported in some preparations. Using a method whereby blood pressure distribution could be obtained from anatomical data and center-line blood velocity, the rheologic alterations accompanying consecutive vessel branching were deduced and found to be in good agreement with data available in the literature.", "contents": "Relationship between microvascular blood velocity and pressure distribution. Red blood cell velocity and diameter were measured in vessels of the wing of the unanesthetized bat (Myotis lucifugus) from the supplying artery to the capillaries. These data were used to determine the manner in which velocity, shear rate, volume flow, and blood pressure depend on the vessel's hierarchical position within the vascular network. The results show that velocity decreases in an almost linear fashion as the capillary is approached but that the shear rate increases as one progresses distally from the supplying artery. Blood volume flow was found to decrease as an exponential function of the branching order. Comparison with available date in some animal species, including man, indicates some agreement in capillary velocity, although significantly lower values have been reported in some preparations. Using a method whereby blood pressure distribution could be obtained from anatomical data and center-line blood velocity, the rheologic alterations accompanying consecutive vessel branching were deduced and found to be in good agreement with data available in the literature.", "PMID": 851203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9546", "title": "Reactive hyperemia in capillaries of red and white skeletal muscle.", "content": "Reactive hyperemia was examined in individual capillaries of the red anterior (ALD) and white posterior (PLD) latissimus dorsi muscles of the anesthetized chicken following total blood flow occlusion of 3.5-180 s in length. Capillary red cell velocities were measured by the dual-slit photometric technique. The control capillary velocities in the ALD and PLD were 0.56 +/- .03 (SE) and 0.34 +/- .03 mm/s, respectively. With increasing occlusion lengths, the reactive hyperemia peak velocity, hyperemia duration, and excess flow were found to increase progressively in both muscles suggesting a metabolic origin for the response. The ALD showed a greater peak reactive hyperemia flow than the PLD following occlusion lengths of 7-60 s and a greater excess flow following occlusion lengths of 15 s and longer. However, when these data were normalized to control velocities by calculating the peak-to-control velocity ratio and percent flow debt repayment, no significant differences were found between the two muscles. Furthermore, the reactive hyperemia durations were similar in the two muscles at each occlusion length. These data demonstrate that reactive hyperemia is similar in two muscle types which are known to differ considerably in resting metabolism and anaerobic capacity.", "contents": "Reactive hyperemia in capillaries of red and white skeletal muscle. Reactive hyperemia was examined in individual capillaries of the red anterior (ALD) and white posterior (PLD) latissimus dorsi muscles of the anesthetized chicken following total blood flow occlusion of 3.5-180 s in length. Capillary red cell velocities were measured by the dual-slit photometric technique. The control capillary velocities in the ALD and PLD were 0.56 +/- .03 (SE) and 0.34 +/- .03 mm/s, respectively. With increasing occlusion lengths, the reactive hyperemia peak velocity, hyperemia duration, and excess flow were found to increase progressively in both muscles suggesting a metabolic origin for the response. The ALD showed a greater peak reactive hyperemia flow than the PLD following occlusion lengths of 7-60 s and a greater excess flow following occlusion lengths of 15 s and longer. However, when these data were normalized to control velocities by calculating the peak-to-control velocity ratio and percent flow debt repayment, no significant differences were found between the two muscles. Furthermore, the reactive hyperemia durations were similar in the two muscles at each occlusion length. These data demonstrate that reactive hyperemia is similar in two muscle types which are known to differ considerably in resting metabolism and anaerobic capacity.", "PMID": 851204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9547", "title": "Central angiotensin II-induced responses in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "The brain isorenin angiotensin system has been implicated in the development of spontaneous hypertension by several investigators. The experiments reported here were designed to test the responsiveness of unanesthetized spontaneous hypertensive (SH) rats to intracerebroventricular angiotensin II injections compared to Wistar-Kyoto (WK) normotensive controls. The results indicate that there is no difference between SH and WK animals in drinking responses or antidiuretic hormone release to central angiotensin II injections; however, an increased pressor responsiveness to intraventricular angiotensin II in SH as compared to WK was observed. The results of intravenous infusions of pressor substances in these experiments and reports by other investigators suggest that the increased blood pressure effects to central angiotensin are due to three possible factors: 1) increased vascular responsiveness of SH to vasoconstrictor substances in general, 2) increased vascular sensitivity of SH rats to sympathetic outflow, and 3) decreased baroreceptor reflexes to acute increases in blood pressure. We suggest that the brain isorenin-angiotensin system may be involved in spontaneous hypertension by increased production of angiotensin II or by activation of a potentiated sympathetic system, but not by a generalized increased sensitivity of brain receptors to central angiotensin.", "contents": "Central angiotensin II-induced responses in spontaneously hypertensive rats. The brain isorenin angiotensin system has been implicated in the development of spontaneous hypertension by several investigators. The experiments reported here were designed to test the responsiveness of unanesthetized spontaneous hypertensive (SH) rats to intracerebroventricular angiotensin II injections compared to Wistar-Kyoto (WK) normotensive controls. The results indicate that there is no difference between SH and WK animals in drinking responses or antidiuretic hormone release to central angiotensin II injections; however, an increased pressor responsiveness to intraventricular angiotensin II in SH as compared to WK was observed. The results of intravenous infusions of pressor substances in these experiments and reports by other investigators suggest that the increased blood pressure effects to central angiotensin are due to three possible factors: 1) increased vascular responsiveness of SH to vasoconstrictor substances in general, 2) increased vascular sensitivity of SH rats to sympathetic outflow, and 3) decreased baroreceptor reflexes to acute increases in blood pressure. We suggest that the brain isorenin-angiotensin system may be involved in spontaneous hypertension by increased production of angiotensin II or by activation of a potentiated sympathetic system, but not by a generalized increased sensitivity of brain receptors to central angiotensin.", "PMID": 851205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9548", "title": "A new method for internal calibration of left ventricular cineangiography.", "content": "Previous methods of internal calibration for cineangiography have made use of reference objects such as catheters or wires of known length or diameter. Such devices have either insufficient X-ray resolution, or require a specific orientation within the ventricle which is difficult to confirm. External calibration methods, while eliminating these errors, can only estimate actual position of the left ventricle. The use of a Swan-Ganz balloon catheter as a calibration object diminishes these problems. When positioned within the left ventrical and filled with a radiopaque medium, the balloon is of sufficient size and density to avoid errors induced by previously employed objects. The inflated balloon geometry is simple and reproducible. The use of this internal calibration catheter markedly diminishes major sources of errors in the determination of ventriculograms for both dogs and humans.", "contents": "A new method for internal calibration of left ventricular cineangiography. Previous methods of internal calibration for cineangiography have made use of reference objects such as catheters or wires of known length or diameter. Such devices have either insufficient X-ray resolution, or require a specific orientation within the ventricle which is difficult to confirm. External calibration methods, while eliminating these errors, can only estimate actual position of the left ventricle. The use of a Swan-Ganz balloon catheter as a calibration object diminishes these problems. When positioned within the left ventrical and filled with a radiopaque medium, the balloon is of sufficient size and density to avoid errors induced by previously employed objects. The inflated balloon geometry is simple and reproducible. The use of this internal calibration catheter markedly diminishes major sources of errors in the determination of ventriculograms for both dogs and humans.", "PMID": 851206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9549", "title": "A solid-state arteriovenous oxygen difference analyzer for flowing whole blood.", "content": "This communication describes a spectrophotometric device which determines the arteriovenous oxygen difference (a-v O2) on whole blood flowing through optical cuvettes. The instrument consists entirely of commercially available solid-state components, including the light sources, light-emitting diodes. When calibrated against conventional determinations of blood oxygen content, the output of the a-v O2 analyzer was shown to be highly linear and to be independent of total hemoglobin concentration. The electronic circuit, the theory of the measurement, and sources of error are described in detail.", "contents": "A solid-state arteriovenous oxygen difference analyzer for flowing whole blood. This communication describes a spectrophotometric device which determines the arteriovenous oxygen difference (a-v O2) on whole blood flowing through optical cuvettes. The instrument consists entirely of commercially available solid-state components, including the light sources, light-emitting diodes. When calibrated against conventional determinations of blood oxygen content, the output of the a-v O2 analyzer was shown to be highly linear and to be independent of total hemoglobin concentration. The electronic circuit, the theory of the measurement, and sources of error are described in detail.", "PMID": 851207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9550", "title": "An electron-dense extracellular material in the nervous system of Aplysia.", "content": "An electron dense material is found in the extracellular space of the nervous system of Aplysia, a marine mollusc whose ganglia are widely studied by neurobiologists. This material appears to consist of irregular electron-dense granules, with diameters of approximately 600 A. This material is found between the glial cells that surround the neuronal perikarya. It is not found in other regions of the nervous system. Because it is found in the ganglion cell layer of the nervous system and because the neurons contain what may be the precursor of this substance, the electron-dense material is regarded as most probably being a neuronal product. The importance of this material is that it is one of the few examples of visible structure in the extracellular space of the nervous system.", "contents": "An electron-dense extracellular material in the nervous system of Aplysia. An electron dense material is found in the extracellular space of the nervous system of Aplysia, a marine mollusc whose ganglia are widely studied by neurobiologists. This material appears to consist of irregular electron-dense granules, with diameters of approximately 600 A. This material is found between the glial cells that surround the neuronal perikarya. It is not found in other regions of the nervous system. Because it is found in the ganglion cell layer of the nervous system and because the neurons contain what may be the precursor of this substance, the electron-dense material is regarded as most probably being a neuronal product. The importance of this material is that it is one of the few examples of visible structure in the extracellular space of the nervous system.", "PMID": 851235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9551", "title": "The early stages of Wallerian degeneration in the severed optic nerve of the newt (Triturus viridescens).", "content": "The initiation of Wallerian degeneration in the severed optic nerve of the newt (Triturus viridescens) was very rapid and intense. Significant degeneration of nonmyelinated axons was observed as early as six hours after lesion (h.a.l.) and was almost complete by 48 h.a.l. Initial degeneration of non-myelinated axons began in \"extracellular digestion chambers\" formed between burgeoning ependymoglial processes. The remaining fragments and debris were later phagocytized by surrounding ependymoglial processes. Many axons of myelinated fibers have degenerated as early as 6 h.a.l. However, the overall population of myelinated axons degenerates at a much slower rate than nonmyelinated ones, for many of them appear intact as late as 48 h.a.l. Some myelin sheaths show significant signs of degeneration by 6 h.a.l. Indeed, by this time a number of myelinated fibers have completely degenerated leaving only large vacuolated spaces in the nerve parenchyma. Swelling and vacuolization of the sheath are among the earliest signs of myelin degeneration. The ependymoglial cell response to optic nerve lesion is manyfold and dramatic. By 6 h.a.l. there are signs of burgeoning ependymoglial processes which begin to resemble scar formation (gliosis) by 48 h.a.l. The morphological evidence is consistent with the concept of an important phagocytic role of ependymoglial cells during the early stages of optic nerve degeneration.", "contents": "The early stages of Wallerian degeneration in the severed optic nerve of the newt (Triturus viridescens). The initiation of Wallerian degeneration in the severed optic nerve of the newt (Triturus viridescens) was very rapid and intense. Significant degeneration of nonmyelinated axons was observed as early as six hours after lesion (h.a.l.) and was almost complete by 48 h.a.l. Initial degeneration of non-myelinated axons began in \"extracellular digestion chambers\" formed between burgeoning ependymoglial processes. The remaining fragments and debris were later phagocytized by surrounding ependymoglial processes. Many axons of myelinated fibers have degenerated as early as 6 h.a.l. However, the overall population of myelinated axons degenerates at a much slower rate than nonmyelinated ones, for many of them appear intact as late as 48 h.a.l. Some myelin sheaths show significant signs of degeneration by 6 h.a.l. Indeed, by this time a number of myelinated fibers have completely degenerated leaving only large vacuolated spaces in the nerve parenchyma. Swelling and vacuolization of the sheath are among the earliest signs of myelin degeneration. The ependymoglial cell response to optic nerve lesion is manyfold and dramatic. By 6 h.a.l. there are signs of burgeoning ependymoglial processes which begin to resemble scar formation (gliosis) by 48 h.a.l. The morphological evidence is consistent with the concept of an important phagocytic role of ependymoglial cells during the early stages of optic nerve degeneration.", "PMID": 851236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9552", "title": "Degeneration of germ cells in normal, hypophysectomized and hormone treated hypophysectomized rats.", "content": "In normal adult rats some germ cells degenerate at several vulnerable steps of spermatogenesis. These are the type A spermatogonia, midpachytene spermatocytes, primary and secondary spermatocytes which degenerate during their respective maturation divisions and step 7 and 19 spermatitids. In the present study, these degenerating cells were examined under the electron microscope, and their frequency was determined in toluidine blue stained semithin sections of testes from normal, hypophysectomized (at 5.5 days after operation) and hypophysectomized rats injected with FSH and LH separately or in combination. With the exception of the step 19 spermatids, the degenerating germ cells underwent necrosis in vacuolated spaces delimited by Sertoli cells. In the case of the affected step 19 spermatids, an apical cytoplasmic process of the Sertoli cell initially ensheathed a long segment of their flagellum, and then each degeneration cell was drawn deep in the seminiferous epithelium where it was phagocytozed by the Sertoli cell. Soon after hypophysectomy the incidence of degenerating mid-pachytene spermatocytes, step 7 and 19 spermatids which are present in stages VII or VIII of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium, increased significantly. In contrast the number of degenerating primary or secondary spermatocytes during the meiotic divisions seen in stage XIV of the cycle or of any other germinal cell was not significantly modified. While the injection of FSH alone had no influence on the number of degenerating cells in hypophysectomized rats, injections of LH at the two doses administered (0.7 microng or 20 microng) reduced significantly the number of degenerating cells seen in stages VII-VIII of the cycle; combined injections of FSH and LH (20 microng) reduced the number of these degenerating cells to the normal low values. Thus it appeared that the mid-pachytene spermatocytes and the step 7 and 19 spermatids, all present in the adluminal compartment of the seminiferous epithelium in stages VII or VIII of the cycle, were more sensitive to the presence of absence of gonadotropic hormones than the other germ cells present in the seminiferous epithelium.", "contents": "Degeneration of germ cells in normal, hypophysectomized and hormone treated hypophysectomized rats. In normal adult rats some germ cells degenerate at several vulnerable steps of spermatogenesis. These are the type A spermatogonia, midpachytene spermatocytes, primary and secondary spermatocytes which degenerate during their respective maturation divisions and step 7 and 19 spermatitids. In the present study, these degenerating cells were examined under the electron microscope, and their frequency was determined in toluidine blue stained semithin sections of testes from normal, hypophysectomized (at 5.5 days after operation) and hypophysectomized rats injected with FSH and LH separately or in combination. With the exception of the step 19 spermatids, the degenerating germ cells underwent necrosis in vacuolated spaces delimited by Sertoli cells. In the case of the affected step 19 spermatids, an apical cytoplasmic process of the Sertoli cell initially ensheathed a long segment of their flagellum, and then each degeneration cell was drawn deep in the seminiferous epithelium where it was phagocytozed by the Sertoli cell. Soon after hypophysectomy the incidence of degenerating mid-pachytene spermatocytes, step 7 and 19 spermatids which are present in stages VII or VIII of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium, increased significantly. In contrast the number of degenerating primary or secondary spermatocytes during the meiotic divisions seen in stage XIV of the cycle or of any other germinal cell was not significantly modified. While the injection of FSH alone had no influence on the number of degenerating cells in hypophysectomized rats, injections of LH at the two doses administered (0.7 microng or 20 microng) reduced significantly the number of degenerating cells seen in stages VII-VIII of the cycle; combined injections of FSH and LH (20 microng) reduced the number of these degenerating cells to the normal low values. Thus it appeared that the mid-pachytene spermatocytes and the step 7 and 19 spermatids, all present in the adluminal compartment of the seminiferous epithelium in stages VII or VIII of the cycle, were more sensitive to the presence of absence of gonadotropic hormones than the other germ cells present in the seminiferous epithelium.", "PMID": 851237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9553", "title": "Electron microscopic autoradiographic analysis of the uptake and intracellular transport of H3-leucine by the rat submandibular gland acinar cells in tissue slices.", "content": "Uptake of H3-leucine into secretory product and its subsequent intracellular transport was analyzed by electron microscopic autoradiographic techniques in the rat submandibular gland acinar cells in vitro. The route and kinetic timetable of intracellular transport was established for the acinar cell secretory product by calculating the present of silver grains and relative grain density associated with the various organelles on a time sequence basis. Radioactivity was first associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum; then the convex surface of the Golgi apparatus; the concave surface of the Golgi apparatus; and finetics of intracellular transport in the rat submandibular gland acinar cell with other established systems revealed only a difference in the exit of radioactivity from the concave surface of the Golgi apparatus.", "contents": "Electron microscopic autoradiographic analysis of the uptake and intracellular transport of H3-leucine by the rat submandibular gland acinar cells in tissue slices. Uptake of H3-leucine into secretory product and its subsequent intracellular transport was analyzed by electron microscopic autoradiographic techniques in the rat submandibular gland acinar cells in vitro. The route and kinetic timetable of intracellular transport was established for the acinar cell secretory product by calculating the present of silver grains and relative grain density associated with the various organelles on a time sequence basis. Radioactivity was first associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum; then the convex surface of the Golgi apparatus; the concave surface of the Golgi apparatus; and finetics of intracellular transport in the rat submandibular gland acinar cell with other established systems revealed only a difference in the exit of radioactivity from the concave surface of the Golgi apparatus.", "PMID": 851238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9554", "title": "Electron microscopic studies on the myotomes of larval lamprey, Lampetra japonica.", "content": "Myotomes of the caudal one-third of the body of 26-day-old larval lampreys, Lampetra japonica, were studied by electron microscopy. Each myotome consists of horizontally stacked muscle lamellae. The myotomes are covered laterally by a single layer of flattened cells called here \"lateral cells\", and the other aspect is covered by an external lamina. The myotomes are midsegmentally innervated. Each muscle lamella usually contains two single cortical layers of myofibrils along the dorsal and ventral sarcolemma with a nucleus and mitochondria interposed between two layers. Numerous peripheral couplings are observed with relatively less developed triads. There are no membrane specializations to connect adjacent muscle lamellae within a myotome. Intermyotomal junctions are, however, noted between tips of cytoplasmic processes of muscle lamellae of adjoining myotomes. They resemble tight or gap junctions. No myofibrils are present in these cytoplasmic processes. Myotendinous junctions, with \"terminal couplings\" (Nakao, '75), are seen under development at the myoseptal ends of muscle lamellae. Lateral cells contain only ordinary organelles and no special structures such as myofibrils are found in the cytoplasm. They are connected to each other and to muscle lamellae by primitive desmosomes. They generally have no external lamina investment.", "contents": "Electron microscopic studies on the myotomes of larval lamprey, Lampetra japonica. Myotomes of the caudal one-third of the body of 26-day-old larval lampreys, Lampetra japonica, were studied by electron microscopy. Each myotome consists of horizontally stacked muscle lamellae. The myotomes are covered laterally by a single layer of flattened cells called here \"lateral cells\", and the other aspect is covered by an external lamina. The myotomes are midsegmentally innervated. Each muscle lamella usually contains two single cortical layers of myofibrils along the dorsal and ventral sarcolemma with a nucleus and mitochondria interposed between two layers. Numerous peripheral couplings are observed with relatively less developed triads. There are no membrane specializations to connect adjacent muscle lamellae within a myotome. Intermyotomal junctions are, however, noted between tips of cytoplasmic processes of muscle lamellae of adjoining myotomes. They resemble tight or gap junctions. No myofibrils are present in these cytoplasmic processes. Myotendinous junctions, with \"terminal couplings\" (Nakao, '75), are seen under development at the myoseptal ends of muscle lamellae. Lateral cells contain only ordinary organelles and no special structures such as myofibrils are found in the cytoplasm. They are connected to each other and to muscle lamellae by primitive desmosomes. They generally have no external lamina investment.", "PMID": 851239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9555", "title": "Alteration by halothane of glucose and glycogen metabolism in rat skeletal muscle.", "content": "Exposure of resting rat diaphragm for one hour in vitro to halothane (1-1.5, 2-2.5 and 4-4.5 per cent in oxygen) produced significant alterations of intracellular glucose disposition. Glycolysis (as measured by lactate production) increased, while glycogen formation was inhibited in a dose-related fashion. Net glucose uptake was unaffected by the anesthetic except during exposure to 4-4.5 per cent halothane, when 14 per cent depression of uptake was found. Total glycogen content decreased, due mainly to the inhibition of glycogen synthesis and to some extent to a stimulation of glycogenolysis. The anesthetic did not interfere with the effect of insulin on glucose uptake or the intracellular disposition of glucose. Creatine phosphate concentrations decreased following exposure of diaphragm to 1-1.5, 2-2.5 and 4-4.5 per cent halothane, while the adenosine triphosphate concentration declined after exposure to 4-4.5 per cent only. Although the mechanism(s) whereby halothane alters glucose and glycogen metabolism are unknown, it is possible that the anesthetic acts primarily by affecting membranes containing enzymes involved in the metabolism of glycogen.", "contents": "Alteration by halothane of glucose and glycogen metabolism in rat skeletal muscle. Exposure of resting rat diaphragm for one hour in vitro to halothane (1-1.5, 2-2.5 and 4-4.5 per cent in oxygen) produced significant alterations of intracellular glucose disposition. Glycolysis (as measured by lactate production) increased, while glycogen formation was inhibited in a dose-related fashion. Net glucose uptake was unaffected by the anesthetic except during exposure to 4-4.5 per cent halothane, when 14 per cent depression of uptake was found. Total glycogen content decreased, due mainly to the inhibition of glycogen synthesis and to some extent to a stimulation of glycogenolysis. The anesthetic did not interfere with the effect of insulin on glucose uptake or the intracellular disposition of glucose. Creatine phosphate concentrations decreased following exposure of diaphragm to 1-1.5, 2-2.5 and 4-4.5 per cent halothane, while the adenosine triphosphate concentration declined after exposure to 4-4.5 per cent only. Although the mechanism(s) whereby halothane alters glucose and glycogen metabolism are unknown, it is possible that the anesthetic acts primarily by affecting membranes containing enzymes involved in the metabolism of glycogen.", "PMID": 851240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9556", "title": "Mucociliary flow in the trachea during anesthesia with enflurane, ether, nitrous oxide, and morphine.", "content": "Tracheal mucociliary flow rates in dogs were measured with a radioactive droplet technique during thiopental anesthesia, and subsequently during enflurane, either, and nitrous oxide-morphine anesthesia on different occasions. Enflurane, at 0.6, 1.2, 1.8 MAC, produced a dose-dependent, reversible depression of mucociliary flow equal to that previously reported for halothane. Nitrous oxide-halothane and nitrous oxide-morphine depressed mucociliary flow to the same extent as halothane at equivalent MAC levels. Ether did not depress mucociliary flow significantly from the thiopental control at any MAC level.", "contents": "Mucociliary flow in the trachea during anesthesia with enflurane, ether, nitrous oxide, and morphine. Tracheal mucociliary flow rates in dogs were measured with a radioactive droplet technique during thiopental anesthesia, and subsequently during enflurane, either, and nitrous oxide-morphine anesthesia on different occasions. Enflurane, at 0.6, 1.2, 1.8 MAC, produced a dose-dependent, reversible depression of mucociliary flow equal to that previously reported for halothane. Nitrous oxide-halothane and nitrous oxide-morphine depressed mucociliary flow to the same extent as halothane at equivalent MAC levels. Ether did not depress mucociliary flow significantly from the thiopental control at any MAC level.", "PMID": 851241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9557", "title": "Pancuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade, and its antagonism by neostigmine, at 29, 37, and 41 c.", "content": "To determine the effects of variations in temperature on the neuromuscular blockade produced by pancuronium, the drug was infused intravenously into 18 cats anesthetized with chloralose and urethane at a constant continuous rate to produce and maintain 90 per cent depression of twitch tension of the anterior tibial muscle following supramaximal stimulation of the peroneal nerve. The mean (+/-SE) infusion rates of pancuronium needed were 0.44 +/- 0.05, 0.99 +/- 0.11, and 1.05 +/- 0.09 microng/kg/min (r = 0.73) at 29, 37, and 41 C, respectively. In contrast, the doses of neostigmine necessary for 50 per cent antagonism of the pancuronium-induced depression of twitch tension were not significantly different at the three temperatures. The time required to achieve peak neostigmine effect was longer at the lowest temperature. The durations of neostigmine action were longer at 29 and 37 than at 41 C. It is concluded that hypothermia augments neuromuscular blockade produced by pancuronium and prolongs the time to peak effect, and possibly the duration of action, but not the dose of neostigmine needed to antagonize the blockade.", "contents": "Pancuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade, and its antagonism by neostigmine, at 29, 37, and 41 c. To determine the effects of variations in temperature on the neuromuscular blockade produced by pancuronium, the drug was infused intravenously into 18 cats anesthetized with chloralose and urethane at a constant continuous rate to produce and maintain 90 per cent depression of twitch tension of the anterior tibial muscle following supramaximal stimulation of the peroneal nerve. The mean (+/-SE) infusion rates of pancuronium needed were 0.44 +/- 0.05, 0.99 +/- 0.11, and 1.05 +/- 0.09 microng/kg/min (r = 0.73) at 29, 37, and 41 C, respectively. In contrast, the doses of neostigmine necessary for 50 per cent antagonism of the pancuronium-induced depression of twitch tension were not significantly different at the three temperatures. The time required to achieve peak neostigmine effect was longer at the lowest temperature. The durations of neostigmine action were longer at 29 and 37 than at 41 C. It is concluded that hypothermia augments neuromuscular blockade produced by pancuronium and prolongs the time to peak effect, and possibly the duration of action, but not the dose of neostigmine needed to antagonize the blockade.", "PMID": 851242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9558", "title": "Pancuronium bromide enhances atrioventricular conduction in halothane-anesthetized dogs.", "content": "The effect of pancuronium bromide on atrioventricular conduction was studied by His-bundle electrocardiography during atrial pacing at different heart rates in halothane-anesthetized dogs. Pancuronium bromide, 0.1 mg/kg, uniformly enhanced atrioventricular conduction, as evidenced by decreased A-H interval (the time from the onset of the first high-frequency component of atrial depolarization to His deflection). Wenckebach second-degree atrioventricular block appeared in five of 14 animals during atrial pacing with halothane anesthesia. This block was uniformly abolished by pancuronium. The enhancement of atrioventricular conduction may contribute to the development of tachyarrhythmias following administration of pancuronium in certain patients, particularly those who have atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter.", "contents": "Pancuronium bromide enhances atrioventricular conduction in halothane-anesthetized dogs. The effect of pancuronium bromide on atrioventricular conduction was studied by His-bundle electrocardiography during atrial pacing at different heart rates in halothane-anesthetized dogs. Pancuronium bromide, 0.1 mg/kg, uniformly enhanced atrioventricular conduction, as evidenced by decreased A-H interval (the time from the onset of the first high-frequency component of atrial depolarization to His deflection). Wenckebach second-degree atrioventricular block appeared in five of 14 animals during atrial pacing with halothane anesthesia. This block was uniformly abolished by pancuronium. The enhancement of atrioventricular conduction may contribute to the development of tachyarrhythmias following administration of pancuronium in certain patients, particularly those who have atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter.", "PMID": 851243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9559", "title": "Circadian rhythms in the cutaneous reactivity to histamine and selected antigens, including phase relationship to urinary cortisol excretion.", "content": "Data show that intradermal skin reactions to histamine, house dust and grass pollen extracts follow a prominent circadian pattern, the response elevated in the afternoon, peaking in the evening and with a morning trough. Urinary hydrocortisone excretion curves exhibit agreement in antiphase timing.", "contents": "Circadian rhythms in the cutaneous reactivity to histamine and selected antigens, including phase relationship to urinary cortisol excretion. Data show that intradermal skin reactions to histamine, house dust and grass pollen extracts follow a prominent circadian pattern, the response elevated in the afternoon, peaking in the evening and with a morning trough. Urinary hydrocortisone excretion curves exhibit agreement in antiphase timing.", "PMID": 851254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9560", "title": "Physiology of steroid dependent and non-steroid dependent asthmatic youths.", "content": "This study was designed to compare physical findings, pulmonary function and pituitary-adrenal function in steroid dependent (SD) and non-steroid dependent (NSD) children and adolescents in order to clarify similarities and differences between these groups. Study patients included 20 steroid dependent and 14 non-steroid dependent subjects. Abnormalities confined to the SD group included growth suppression, bone age retardation and cataracts. Pulmonary function abnormalities were severe in both groups. While the SD group also showed a degree of pituitary-adrenal abnormality. This suggests that chronic pulmonary disease may have physiologic consequences extending beyond the pulmonary tree.", "contents": "Physiology of steroid dependent and non-steroid dependent asthmatic youths. This study was designed to compare physical findings, pulmonary function and pituitary-adrenal function in steroid dependent (SD) and non-steroid dependent (NSD) children and adolescents in order to clarify similarities and differences between these groups. Study patients included 20 steroid dependent and 14 non-steroid dependent subjects. Abnormalities confined to the SD group included growth suppression, bone age retardation and cataracts. Pulmonary function abnormalities were severe in both groups. While the SD group also showed a degree of pituitary-adrenal abnormality. This suggests that chronic pulmonary disease may have physiologic consequences extending beyond the pulmonary tree.", "PMID": 851255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9561", "title": "The long-term use of beclomethasone dipropionate for the control of severe asthma in children.", "content": "Thirty-nine children with severe asthma who had been treated with aerosol inhalations of beclomethasone dipropionate for 33 to 34 months were studied. Twenty-eight were still benefitting from the drug, thrush had occurred in three, and only six of the 20 originally steroid-dependent now required steroid orally. The authors feel that this is an efficacious, safe medication but stress that systemic steroid therapy should be promptly reinstituted during acute exacerbations in steroid-dependent patients.", "contents": "The long-term use of beclomethasone dipropionate for the control of severe asthma in children. Thirty-nine children with severe asthma who had been treated with aerosol inhalations of beclomethasone dipropionate for 33 to 34 months were studied. Twenty-eight were still benefitting from the drug, thrush had occurred in three, and only six of the 20 originally steroid-dependent now required steroid orally. The authors feel that this is an efficacious, safe medication but stress that systemic steroid therapy should be promptly reinstituted during acute exacerbations in steroid-dependent patients.", "PMID": 851256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9562", "title": "Atopic skin test re-evaulated. IV. The use of compound 48/80 in routine skin testing.", "content": "Analysis of skin-test results obtained with compound 48/80 has indicated that this substance deserves a place in the standard series of test fluids for routine skin testing. No influence of sex or season was detected but there were significant differences in response related to the age (strongest reactions in the 16-40 year age group) and to the diagnosis (strongest reactions in the atopic patients).", "contents": "Atopic skin test re-evaulated. IV. The use of compound 48/80 in routine skin testing. Analysis of skin-test results obtained with compound 48/80 has indicated that this substance deserves a place in the standard series of test fluids for routine skin testing. No influence of sex or season was detected but there were significant differences in response related to the age (strongest reactions in the 16-40 year age group) and to the diagnosis (strongest reactions in the atopic patients).", "PMID": 851257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9563", "title": "Response of the nasal mucosa to allergen challenge measured by two different methods of rhinomanometry.", "content": "Nasal provocation tests with allergen (House Dust 5.0 mg/ml or Grass-Pollen 10000 Noon Units/ml) were performed on patients suffering from perennial rhinitis or pollinosis. The changes of the nasal passages before and after allergen challenge were measured by two different methods, (1) the rhinomanometry anterior (Balloon Method) and (2) the rhinomanometry posterior (V-P Method). No distinct differences were observed between results obtained by the two methods. Both are therefore considered suitable and applicable for nasal provocation tests. For a satisfactory result using both techniques, the measurements should be made within at least 30 minutes but preferably 60 minutes after the allergen challenge.", "contents": "Response of the nasal mucosa to allergen challenge measured by two different methods of rhinomanometry. Nasal provocation tests with allergen (House Dust 5.0 mg/ml or Grass-Pollen 10000 Noon Units/ml) were performed on patients suffering from perennial rhinitis or pollinosis. The changes of the nasal passages before and after allergen challenge were measured by two different methods, (1) the rhinomanometry anterior (Balloon Method) and (2) the rhinomanometry posterior (V-P Method). No distinct differences were observed between results obtained by the two methods. Both are therefore considered suitable and applicable for nasal provocation tests. For a satisfactory result using both techniques, the measurements should be made within at least 30 minutes but preferably 60 minutes after the allergen challenge.", "PMID": 851258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9564", "title": "Atmospheric fungi in the desert town of Arad and in the coastal plain of Israel.", "content": "A two years' volumetric survey of the airborne fungi in the arid town of Arad revealed markedly lower spore concentrations than in the coastal region of the country. Low incidence prevailed throughout the year except for high peaks in October-November, closely related to the distribution of Cladosporium spores. Air-spora composition, annual frequency and seasonal variation of fungal genera and species at the two sites were compared.", "contents": "Atmospheric fungi in the desert town of Arad and in the coastal plain of Israel. A two years' volumetric survey of the airborne fungi in the arid town of Arad revealed markedly lower spore concentrations than in the coastal region of the country. Low incidence prevailed throughout the year except for high peaks in October-November, closely related to the distribution of Cladosporium spores. Air-spora composition, annual frequency and seasonal variation of fungal genera and species at the two sites were compared.", "PMID": 851260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9565", "title": "Effects of autonomic drugs on the cardiovascular system: dogs with achalasia (under halothane anesthesia).", "content": "The parasympathetic and sympathetic components of the autonomic systems as they relate to cardiovascular function were studied on dogs with achalasia of the esophagus. This was accomplished by administering the parasympathomimetic drugs methacholine (0.2 mg/kg, subcutaneously), 2 doexy-D-glucose (100 mg/kg, intravenously (IV), the parasympatholytic drug atropine (0.2 mg/kg, IV), the sympathomimetic agent epinephrine (2.5 microng/kg, IV), and the beta adrenergic blocker propranolol (0.5 mg/kg, IV); and then measuring cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure, central venous pressure, total peripheral resistance, PaCO2, PaO2, pH, and base deficit. Cardiovascular responses to the administration of the parasympathomimetic drugs, methacholine and 2 deoxy-D-glucose, or the parasympatholytic drug, atropine, were similar to those observed in normal dogs. Cardiovascular responses to the administration of the sympathomimetic drug epinephrine and the sympatholytic drug propranolol or beta blocker were also consistent with those observed in normal dogs. It can be interpreted from this pharmacologic evidence that parasympathetic and sympathetic innervations to the cardiovascular system are present in dogs with achalasia of the esophagus. Fewer cardiovascular variables were significantly altered in dogs with achalasia than in normal dogs. Since this was true for both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic values, it is interpreted as reflecting their general health rather than a specific lesion.", "contents": "Effects of autonomic drugs on the cardiovascular system: dogs with achalasia (under halothane anesthesia). The parasympathetic and sympathetic components of the autonomic systems as they relate to cardiovascular function were studied on dogs with achalasia of the esophagus. This was accomplished by administering the parasympathomimetic drugs methacholine (0.2 mg/kg, subcutaneously), 2 doexy-D-glucose (100 mg/kg, intravenously (IV), the parasympatholytic drug atropine (0.2 mg/kg, IV), the sympathomimetic agent epinephrine (2.5 microng/kg, IV), and the beta adrenergic blocker propranolol (0.5 mg/kg, IV); and then measuring cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure, central venous pressure, total peripheral resistance, PaCO2, PaO2, pH, and base deficit. Cardiovascular responses to the administration of the parasympathomimetic drugs, methacholine and 2 deoxy-D-glucose, or the parasympatholytic drug, atropine, were similar to those observed in normal dogs. Cardiovascular responses to the administration of the sympathomimetic drug epinephrine and the sympatholytic drug propranolol or beta blocker were also consistent with those observed in normal dogs. It can be interpreted from this pharmacologic evidence that parasympathetic and sympathetic innervations to the cardiovascular system are present in dogs with achalasia of the esophagus. Fewer cardiovascular variables were significantly altered in dogs with achalasia than in normal dogs. Since this was true for both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic values, it is interpreted as reflecting their general health rather than a specific lesion.", "PMID": 851267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9566", "title": "Increased sensitivity of canine sarcoma cells to lysis with alloantiserum and complement after pretreatment of cells with doxorubicin HC1.", "content": "The 51Cr release assay was used to detect lysis of canine sarcoma cells incubated in vitro with alloantiserum and complement. Preincubation of the target cells with the anti-cancer agent doxorubicin-HCl increased the sensitivity of the cells to antibody-mediated lysis. The effect was dependent upon drug dose and was not reproduced by treatment with methotrexate, cytarabine, or dactinomycin. The observation suggests a possible ancillary mode of action for doxorubicin-HCl on neoplastic cells.", "contents": "Increased sensitivity of canine sarcoma cells to lysis with alloantiserum and complement after pretreatment of cells with doxorubicin HC1. The 51Cr release assay was used to detect lysis of canine sarcoma cells incubated in vitro with alloantiserum and complement. Preincubation of the target cells with the anti-cancer agent doxorubicin-HCl increased the sensitivity of the cells to antibody-mediated lysis. The effect was dependent upon drug dose and was not reproduced by treatment with methotrexate, cytarabine, or dactinomycin. The observation suggests a possible ancillary mode of action for doxorubicin-HCl on neoplastic cells.", "PMID": 851268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9567", "title": "Toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 in male Holstein calves with prior infection by flukes (Fasciola hepatica).", "content": "This experiment was designed to compare 3 dose levels of aflatoxin B1 (0.0, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg of body weight) and 2 infection levels of Fasciola hepatica metacercariae (0 and 220) to determine whether an additive effect from aflatoxin B1 occurs when fascioliasis is present in dairy calves. Twenty-four male, Holstein calves, 4 weeks old, and averaging 45.8 kg each, were assigned at random to 6 treatment groups, 4 calves per group: group 1--negative control; group 2--0.5 mg of aflatoxin B1/kg; group 3--1.0 mg of aflatoxin B1/kg group 4--220 metacercariae; group 5--220 metacercariae plus 0.5 mg of aflatoxin B1/kg; and group 6-220 metacercariae plus 1.0 mg of aflatoxin B1/kg. The single oral dose of 220 metacercariae was given (groups 4, 5, and 6) at the start of the 10-week experiment, and 5 weeks later, the single oral dose of aflatoxin B1 was given (groups 2, 3, 5, 6). Results from the principals, as compared with that from the controls (group 1), included significant decreases of dry matter intake (P less than 0.006), body weight (P less than 0.024), and serum albumin (P less than 0.04), and in groups 4, 5, and 6 infected with 220 flukes, there were significantly increased values of prothrombin time (P less than 0.014), serum alkaline phosphatase (P less than 0.04), and serum sorbitol dehydrogenase (P less than 0.007). Significant differences in number of flukes recovered from liver were seen in groups 4 to 6 given 0, 0.5, and 1.0 mg of aflatoxin B1/kg (P less than 0.046). The single oral dose of 22* fluke metacercariae in groups 4, 5, and 6 resulted in significantly increased concentrations of serum total protein (P less than 0.003) and globulins (P less than 0.01). Results from the development of the flukes from metacercariae to the mature state with sizes, numbers, feeding habits, and pathologic lesions were described. Differences in numbers of flukes recovered from liver of groups 4 to 6 and the presence of pneumonia in calves of group 6 indicated aflatoxin B1 produced persisting, lowered resistance. In all animals necropsied, the liver was the organ most affected by aflatoxin B1 as well as with flukes. Periportal fibrosis, monocytic infiltration, fatty infiltration, and bile duct proliferation were the usual lesions induced by aflatoxin B1. Additive toxic effects were observed in the groups 5 and 6 dosed with flukes and aflatoxin B1, with significant variations of serum and plasma values, as well as increased severity of histopathologic changes.", "contents": "Toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 in male Holstein calves with prior infection by flukes (Fasciola hepatica). This experiment was designed to compare 3 dose levels of aflatoxin B1 (0.0, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg of body weight) and 2 infection levels of Fasciola hepatica metacercariae (0 and 220) to determine whether an additive effect from aflatoxin B1 occurs when fascioliasis is present in dairy calves. Twenty-four male, Holstein calves, 4 weeks old, and averaging 45.8 kg each, were assigned at random to 6 treatment groups, 4 calves per group: group 1--negative control; group 2--0.5 mg of aflatoxin B1/kg; group 3--1.0 mg of aflatoxin B1/kg group 4--220 metacercariae; group 5--220 metacercariae plus 0.5 mg of aflatoxin B1/kg; and group 6-220 metacercariae plus 1.0 mg of aflatoxin B1/kg. The single oral dose of 220 metacercariae was given (groups 4, 5, and 6) at the start of the 10-week experiment, and 5 weeks later, the single oral dose of aflatoxin B1 was given (groups 2, 3, 5, 6). Results from the principals, as compared with that from the controls (group 1), included significant decreases of dry matter intake (P less than 0.006), body weight (P less than 0.024), and serum albumin (P less than 0.04), and in groups 4, 5, and 6 infected with 220 flukes, there were significantly increased values of prothrombin time (P less than 0.014), serum alkaline phosphatase (P less than 0.04), and serum sorbitol dehydrogenase (P less than 0.007). Significant differences in number of flukes recovered from liver were seen in groups 4 to 6 given 0, 0.5, and 1.0 mg of aflatoxin B1/kg (P less than 0.046). The single oral dose of 22* fluke metacercariae in groups 4, 5, and 6 resulted in significantly increased concentrations of serum total protein (P less than 0.003) and globulins (P less than 0.01). Results from the development of the flukes from metacercariae to the mature state with sizes, numbers, feeding habits, and pathologic lesions were described. Differences in numbers of flukes recovered from liver of groups 4 to 6 and the presence of pneumonia in calves of group 6 indicated aflatoxin B1 produced persisting, lowered resistance. In all animals necropsied, the liver was the organ most affected by aflatoxin B1 as well as with flukes. Periportal fibrosis, monocytic infiltration, fatty infiltration, and bile duct proliferation were the usual lesions induced by aflatoxin B1. Additive toxic effects were observed in the groups 5 and 6 dosed with flukes and aflatoxin B1, with significant variations of serum and plasma values, as well as increased severity of histopathologic changes.", "PMID": 851269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9568", "title": "Hemodynamics and myocardial function during acute hypoxia in the pony.", "content": "Hemodynamics and myocardial contractility were evaluated in 6 unanesthetized ponies during hypocapnic and isocapnic hypoxia  and during hypocapnic hypoxia after beta adrenergic blockade with propranolol. Hypocapnic hypoxia, with a mean arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2) of 41.9 mm of Hg, produced a decrease in stroke index and an increase in heart rate, with no change of cardiac index. A moderate increase in left ventricular contractility occurred during hypocapnic hypoxia. Beta adrenergic blockade abolished changes in nearly all indices of left ventricular contractility during hypocapnic hypoxia, suggesting that the antonomic nervous system plays a definite role in the genesis of circulatory changes during acute hypoxia. Isocapnic hypoxia produced a more well-defined increase in left ventricular contractility. Changes in right ventricular contractility were not observed in any of the hypoxia periods when the concurrent effects of a significant increase in afterload was taken into consideration. The tension-time index, measured as a guide to myocardial oxygen consumption, increased during each hypoxia period in both the right and left ventricle, and was not affected by beta adrenergic blockade.", "contents": "Hemodynamics and myocardial function during acute hypoxia in the pony. Hemodynamics and myocardial contractility were evaluated in 6 unanesthetized ponies during hypocapnic and isocapnic hypoxia  and during hypocapnic hypoxia after beta adrenergic blockade with propranolol. Hypocapnic hypoxia, with a mean arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2) of 41.9 mm of Hg, produced a decrease in stroke index and an increase in heart rate, with no change of cardiac index. A moderate increase in left ventricular contractility occurred during hypocapnic hypoxia. Beta adrenergic blockade abolished changes in nearly all indices of left ventricular contractility during hypocapnic hypoxia, suggesting that the antonomic nervous system plays a definite role in the genesis of circulatory changes during acute hypoxia. Isocapnic hypoxia produced a more well-defined increase in left ventricular contractility. Changes in right ventricular contractility were not observed in any of the hypoxia periods when the concurrent effects of a significant increase in afterload was taken into consideration. The tension-time index, measured as a guide to myocardial oxygen consumption, increased during each hypoxia period in both the right and left ventricle, and was not affected by beta adrenergic blockade.", "PMID": 851270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9569", "title": "Effects of hypothermia on the visual-evoked brain potential in dogs.", "content": "Visual-evoked potentials, as seen on a signal-averaged electroencephalogram, demonstrated clearly recognizable changes in 6 normal dogs undergoing deep hypothermia and rewarming. These changes were more clearly recognizable than changes in the unevoked electroencephalogram with or without signal averaging.", "contents": "Effects of hypothermia on the visual-evoked brain potential in dogs. Visual-evoked potentials, as seen on a signal-averaged electroencephalogram, demonstrated clearly recognizable changes in 6 normal dogs undergoing deep hypothermia and rewarming. These changes were more clearly recognizable than changes in the unevoked electroencephalogram with or without signal averaging.", "PMID": 851271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9570", "title": "Anticoccidial activity of eight compounds in domestic mink.", "content": "Eight compounds were tested for anticoccidial activity in 44 domestic mink (Mustela vision). A treatment group consisted of 4 mink exposed to 2 inoculumns of sporulated oocysts on day 0 and day 22 of the experiments. Each inoculum contained 2,000 Isospora laidlawi, 2,000 Eimeria vision, and 2,000 Eimeria sp. One compound was administered to each treatment group; a control of 4 juvenile mink and a control group of 4 adult mink were designated. All treatments were given each day for 30 days after the initial exposure, except lincomycin which was administered for 14 days. In juvenile mink (3 to 4 months old), amprolium at dose level of 0.012% and sulfaquinoxaline at dose level of 0.024% in the water inhibited almost all of the oocyst production when compared with that of the control group. Lincomycin injected at dose level of 5 mg/day/mink was ineffective in suppressing oocyst production. In adult mink (2 to 4 years) monensin sodium at dose level of 0.012% a commercial antiobiotic-sulfonamide mixture at dose level of 0.49%, and lasalocid solium at dose level of 0.01% in the feed inhibited almost 100% oocyst production. Lasalocid sodium at dose level of 0.10% in the feed was lethal to 3 to 4 mink. Sulfamethazine at dose level of 0.014% and sulfathiazole at 0.014% in the feed had limited anticoccidial activities.", "contents": "Anticoccidial activity of eight compounds in domestic mink. Eight compounds were tested for anticoccidial activity in 44 domestic mink (Mustela vision). A treatment group consisted of 4 mink exposed to 2 inoculumns of sporulated oocysts on day 0 and day 22 of the experiments. Each inoculum contained 2,000 Isospora laidlawi, 2,000 Eimeria vision, and 2,000 Eimeria sp. One compound was administered to each treatment group; a control of 4 juvenile mink and a control group of 4 adult mink were designated. All treatments were given each day for 30 days after the initial exposure, except lincomycin which was administered for 14 days. In juvenile mink (3 to 4 months old), amprolium at dose level of 0.012% and sulfaquinoxaline at dose level of 0.024% in the water inhibited almost all of the oocyst production when compared with that of the control group. Lincomycin injected at dose level of 5 mg/day/mink was ineffective in suppressing oocyst production. In adult mink (2 to 4 years) monensin sodium at dose level of 0.012% a commercial antiobiotic-sulfonamide mixture at dose level of 0.49%, and lasalocid solium at dose level of 0.01% in the feed inhibited almost 100% oocyst production. Lasalocid sodium at dose level of 0.10% in the feed was lethal to 3 to 4 mink. Sulfamethazine at dose level of 0.014% and sulfathiazole at 0.014% in the feed had limited anticoccidial activities.", "PMID": 851272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9571", "title": "Intoxication of cattle with sodium bromide-contaminated feed.", "content": "Five concentrations of bromide ion, sodium bromide, were incorporated into a pelleted ration and fed to 5 groups of cattle for 49 days. Another group of cattle was fed volunteer oat hay cut from a field that had been fumigated with methyl bromide. On analysis, the hay contained between 6,800 and 8,400 parts per million of bromide ion. Groups fed the pelleted ration containing the highest concentration of bromide and those eating the contaminated hay developed signs of motor incoordination between the 10th and 12th days. The sign of incoordination correlated with serum bromide concentrations of 30 mEq/L or more. Serum bromide concentrations and associated neurologic signs subsided markedly 14 days after feeding of the toxic feeds was discontinued.", "contents": "Intoxication of cattle with sodium bromide-contaminated feed. Five concentrations of bromide ion, sodium bromide, were incorporated into a pelleted ration and fed to 5 groups of cattle for 49 days. Another group of cattle was fed volunteer oat hay cut from a field that had been fumigated with methyl bromide. On analysis, the hay contained between 6,800 and 8,400 parts per million of bromide ion. Groups fed the pelleted ration containing the highest concentration of bromide and those eating the contaminated hay developed signs of motor incoordination between the 10th and 12th days. The sign of incoordination correlated with serum bromide concentrations of 30 mEq/L or more. Serum bromide concentrations and associated neurologic signs subsided markedly 14 days after feeding of the toxic feeds was discontinued.", "PMID": 851273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9572", "title": "Antibody studies in ponies vaccinated with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (strain TC-83) and other alphavirus vaccines.", "content": "Serologic studies in 24 ponies indicated that prevaccination antibodies to Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus (strain TC-83) had no influence on hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody stimulation by western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) or eastern equine encephalomyelits (EEE)-WEE vaccines. However, studies of the effects of VEE neutralizing antibodies on neutralizing antibody stimulation by the heterologous alphavirus vaccines were inconclusive. The VEE, WEE, and EEE antibody responses were studied in 18 VEE-vaccinated (strain TC-83) animals (13 ponies and 5 horses) at 9 to 14 months after challenge of immunity with virulent VEE virus. The VEE HI, and neutralizing antibodies in combination were associated with greater suppression of VEE antibody stimulation than were VEE neutralizing antibodies alone. The VEE geometric mean antibody titers (GMT) increased 26- and 64-fold for HI antibodies and for neutralizing antibodies, respectively, in 5 animals that had prechallenge exposure titers of VEE neutralizing antibodies only. In contrast, the GMT increased only threefold and eightfold for VEE HI antibodies and for neutralizing antibodies, respectively, in 8 animals that had prechallenge exposure titers of both VEE HI and neutralizing antibodies. Five animals which were seronegative for prechallenge VEE antibodies and had survived challenge exposure gave primary VEE-immune response. Protection in these animals may have resulted from high-titer cross-reacting antibodies to WEE or EEE viruses, or both. Changes in the GMT for WEE HI, neutralizing, and complement-fixation antibodies after challenge exposure were statistically insignificant. However, a statistically significant increase in the EEE HI-GMT occurred in ponies that had low (or no) prechallenge exposure titers of VEE antibodies.", "contents": "Antibody studies in ponies vaccinated with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (strain TC-83) and other alphavirus vaccines. Serologic studies in 24 ponies indicated that prevaccination antibodies to Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus (strain TC-83) had no influence on hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody stimulation by western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) or eastern equine encephalomyelits (EEE)-WEE vaccines. However, studies of the effects of VEE neutralizing antibodies on neutralizing antibody stimulation by the heterologous alphavirus vaccines were inconclusive. The VEE, WEE, and EEE antibody responses were studied in 18 VEE-vaccinated (strain TC-83) animals (13 ponies and 5 horses) at 9 to 14 months after challenge of immunity with virulent VEE virus. The VEE HI, and neutralizing antibodies in combination were associated with greater suppression of VEE antibody stimulation than were VEE neutralizing antibodies alone. The VEE geometric mean antibody titers (GMT) increased 26- and 64-fold for HI antibodies and for neutralizing antibodies, respectively, in 5 animals that had prechallenge exposure titers of VEE neutralizing antibodies only. In contrast, the GMT increased only threefold and eightfold for VEE HI antibodies and for neutralizing antibodies, respectively, in 8 animals that had prechallenge exposure titers of both VEE HI and neutralizing antibodies. Five animals which were seronegative for prechallenge VEE antibodies and had survived challenge exposure gave primary VEE-immune response. Protection in these animals may have resulted from high-titer cross-reacting antibodies to WEE or EEE viruses, or both. Changes in the GMT for WEE HI, neutralizing, and complement-fixation antibodies after challenge exposure were statistically insignificant. However, a statistically significant increase in the EEE HI-GMT occurred in ponies that had low (or no) prechallenge exposure titers of VEE antibodies.", "PMID": 851275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9573", "title": "Pharmacology of procaine in the horse: evidence against the existence of a \"procaine - penicillin\" complex.", "content": "It has recently been suggested that procaine penicillin existed in solution in vitro and in vivo as a \"procaine - penicillin\" complex rather than as dissociated ions. In vivo, this complexed procaine was considered unavailable for hydrolysis by plasma esterases or for interaction with pharmacologic receptors for procaine. When procaine penicillin was intramuscularly given to horses, about 90% of the procaine in blood drawn from these horses was split at the same rate as authentic procaine or procaine penicillin added to equine blood in vitro. In vitro, procaine and procaine penicillin partitioned similarly from aqueous medium at physiologic pH into several organic solvents and were split at the same rate by blood or plasma esterases. Experiments on the time course of the partitioning of procaine from procaine penicillin into benzene showed no evidence for the existence of a \"procaine - penicillin\" complex within seconds after procaine penicillin was added to aqueous medium. Thin layer chromatography in 2 dimensions also yielded no evidence for the existence of this postulated complex. These results show no evidence in support of the \"procaine - penicillin\" hypothesis and argue against the physical and pharmacologic and forensic implications of this hypothesis.", "contents": "Pharmacology of procaine in the horse: evidence against the existence of a \"procaine - penicillin\" complex. It has recently been suggested that procaine penicillin existed in solution in vitro and in vivo as a \"procaine - penicillin\" complex rather than as dissociated ions. In vivo, this complexed procaine was considered unavailable for hydrolysis by plasma esterases or for interaction with pharmacologic receptors for procaine. When procaine penicillin was intramuscularly given to horses, about 90% of the procaine in blood drawn from these horses was split at the same rate as authentic procaine or procaine penicillin added to equine blood in vitro. In vitro, procaine and procaine penicillin partitioned similarly from aqueous medium at physiologic pH into several organic solvents and were split at the same rate by blood or plasma esterases. Experiments on the time course of the partitioning of procaine from procaine penicillin into benzene showed no evidence for the existence of a \"procaine - penicillin\" complex within seconds after procaine penicillin was added to aqueous medium. Thin layer chromatography in 2 dimensions also yielded no evidence for the existence of this postulated complex. These results show no evidence in support of the \"procaine - penicillin\" hypothesis and argue against the physical and pharmacologic and forensic implications of this hypothesis.", "PMID": 851276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9574", "title": "Fine structure of mule testes: light and electron microscopy study.", "content": "Testes of 3 mules, 3 stallions, and 3 donkeys were studied by light and electron microscopic techniques. Mule testes were firm, with an average weight less than that of stallion or donkey testes. As expected, mule seminiferous tubules had few cell elements. There were 2 cell populations within the seminiferous tubules: (a) Only basal spermatogonia and Sertoli's cells in 70% of the tubules and, (b) the cells in (a) plus leptotene and pachytene primary spermatocytes in 30% of the tubules. Degenerative changes occurred at the pachytene stage and began with the appearance of nuclear vesicles and chromatin condensation. The last stages disclosed pyknotic nuclei and cytoplasmic vesicles. The interstitia were filled by connective tissue elements and few Leydig's cells. Interstitial cells had well-developed, smooth endoplasmic reticula and mitochondria, indicating a normal steroidogenic activity. Epididymides in the mule had morphologic features similar to those of the stallion or donkey, except for the presence of intertubular fibrosis. Degenerative changes in primary spermatocytes indicate metabolic alterations which could be explained by the blockage of meiosis.", "contents": "Fine structure of mule testes: light and electron microscopy study. Testes of 3 mules, 3 stallions, and 3 donkeys were studied by light and electron microscopic techniques. Mule testes were firm, with an average weight less than that of stallion or donkey testes. As expected, mule seminiferous tubules had few cell elements. There were 2 cell populations within the seminiferous tubules: (a) Only basal spermatogonia and Sertoli's cells in 70% of the tubules and, (b) the cells in (a) plus leptotene and pachytene primary spermatocytes in 30% of the tubules. Degenerative changes occurred at the pachytene stage and began with the appearance of nuclear vesicles and chromatin condensation. The last stages disclosed pyknotic nuclei and cytoplasmic vesicles. The interstitia were filled by connective tissue elements and few Leydig's cells. Interstitial cells had well-developed, smooth endoplasmic reticula and mitochondria, indicating a normal steroidogenic activity. Epididymides in the mule had morphologic features similar to those of the stallion or donkey, except for the presence of intertubular fibrosis. Degenerative changes in primary spermatocytes indicate metabolic alterations which could be explained by the blockage of meiosis.", "PMID": 851277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9575", "title": "Critical evaluation of oxfendazole as a swine anthelmintic.", "content": "Sixty feeder pigs with mixed naturally acquired nematode infections were medicated with oxfendazole, a new benzimidazolecarbamate compound, at dose levels of 0, 3, 9, and 18 mg/kg of body weight. The dosage of 3.0 mg/kg administered once in the feed proved as efficacious as larger dosages and the same dosage administered 2 or 3 times in the removal of adult Ascaris suum, Oesophagostomum dentatum, and Metastrongylus pudendotectus. Trichuris suis adults were less susceptible. Anthelmintic efficacy was based upon comparative nematode egg counts, appearance of eggs, and recovered nematode burdens at necropsy. Signs of toxicosis were not seen in pigs given any one of the medicated feed schedules.", "contents": "Critical evaluation of oxfendazole as a swine anthelmintic. Sixty feeder pigs with mixed naturally acquired nematode infections were medicated with oxfendazole, a new benzimidazolecarbamate compound, at dose levels of 0, 3, 9, and 18 mg/kg of body weight. The dosage of 3.0 mg/kg administered once in the feed proved as efficacious as larger dosages and the same dosage administered 2 or 3 times in the removal of adult Ascaris suum, Oesophagostomum dentatum, and Metastrongylus pudendotectus. Trichuris suis adults were less susceptible. Anthelmintic efficacy was based upon comparative nematode egg counts, appearance of eggs, and recovered nematode burdens at necropsy. Signs of toxicosis were not seen in pigs given any one of the medicated feed schedules.", "PMID": 851278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9576", "title": "A 280-day tolerance-efficacy study with mibolerone for suppression of estrus in the cat.", "content": "Mibolerone, a synthetic anabolic steroid, prevented estrus in domesticated cats when orally given a daily dose of 50 microng over a 180-day period. Doses of 20 microng daily and 50 microng given once a week failed to prevent estrus. Treatment with the 50-microng dose each day for 6 months had no apparent effects on subsequent estrus, mating, queening, or litter size. Kittens born to queens which had been treated did not have obvious developmental defects. Systemic metabolic changes produced by treatment were detected only in thyroid function, as revealed in dose- and time-related changes in serum cholesterol concentrations, thyroid gland weights, and thyroid histology. Clinical evidence of thyroid dysfunction was not apparent during the 6 months of treatment. Clinical and microscopic evidence of slight masculinization was apparent in cats after 3 months of treatment with 20 or 50 microng per day. Masculinizing changes consisted of thickening of the cervical dermis and clitoral hypertrophy. Behavioral changes were not observed. The apparent mechanism of action of mibolerone in the cat is the suppression of the release of pituitary luteinizing hormone.", "contents": "A 280-day tolerance-efficacy study with mibolerone for suppression of estrus in the cat. Mibolerone, a synthetic anabolic steroid, prevented estrus in domesticated cats when orally given a daily dose of 50 microng over a 180-day period. Doses of 20 microng daily and 50 microng given once a week failed to prevent estrus. Treatment with the 50-microng dose each day for 6 months had no apparent effects on subsequent estrus, mating, queening, or litter size. Kittens born to queens which had been treated did not have obvious developmental defects. Systemic metabolic changes produced by treatment were detected only in thyroid function, as revealed in dose- and time-related changes in serum cholesterol concentrations, thyroid gland weights, and thyroid histology. Clinical evidence of thyroid dysfunction was not apparent during the 6 months of treatment. Clinical and microscopic evidence of slight masculinization was apparent in cats after 3 months of treatment with 20 or 50 microng per day. Masculinizing changes consisted of thickening of the cervical dermis and clitoral hypertrophy. Behavioral changes were not observed. The apparent mechanism of action of mibolerone in the cat is the suppression of the release of pituitary luteinizing hormone.", "PMID": 851279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9577", "title": "Cardiovascular response to fentanyl-droperidol and atropine in the dog.", "content": "A combination of fentanyl-droperidol was administered intravenously alone or with atropine sulfate (2 doses--0.04 or 0.02 mg/kg of body weight) to determine if stable neuroleptanalgesia could be produced in the dog. Cardiovascular responses were recorded at 5, 15, and 30 minutes. Fentanyl-droperidol given alone caused a significant increase of peripheral resistance and mean arterial pressure at 5 minutes and then a decrease of these values over a postinjection period of 30 minutes. Left ventricular dP/dt increased significantly at postinjection minutes 15 and 30. In dogs given atropine concurrently with fentanyl-droperidol, there was significant increase in heart rate and decrease in stroke volume. Also, there were significant initial increases in diastolic and mean arterial blood pressures, ventricular contractility, and coronary blood flow. The dose of 0.02 mg of atropine/kg seemed optimal for intravenous administration with fentanyl-droperidol in the dog; when the atropine dose was 0.04 mg/kg, large inotropic and chronotropic effects were produced.", "contents": "Cardiovascular response to fentanyl-droperidol and atropine in the dog. A combination of fentanyl-droperidol was administered intravenously alone or with atropine sulfate (2 doses--0.04 or 0.02 mg/kg of body weight) to determine if stable neuroleptanalgesia could be produced in the dog. Cardiovascular responses were recorded at 5, 15, and 30 minutes. Fentanyl-droperidol given alone caused a significant increase of peripheral resistance and mean arterial pressure at 5 minutes and then a decrease of these values over a postinjection period of 30 minutes. Left ventricular dP/dt increased significantly at postinjection minutes 15 and 30. In dogs given atropine concurrently with fentanyl-droperidol, there was significant increase in heart rate and decrease in stroke volume. Also, there were significant initial increases in diastolic and mean arterial blood pressures, ventricular contractility, and coronary blood flow. The dose of 0.02 mg of atropine/kg seemed optimal for intravenous administration with fentanyl-droperidol in the dog; when the atropine dose was 0.04 mg/kg, large inotropic and chronotropic effects were produced.", "PMID": 851280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9578", "title": "Immune response of medicated turkeys vaccinated with live Pasteurella multocida.", "content": "In 3 experiments, turkeys were vaccinated with the Clemson University strain of Pasteurella multocids (CU) via the drinking water for 1 or 3 days while they were fed 3 different rations. Ration 0X consisted of non-medicated turkey starter, ration 1X had 0.00625% sulfadimethoxine and 0.00375% ormetoprim added, and ration 2X had 0.0125% sulfadimethoxine and 0.0075% ormetoprim. Immune response was determined by challenge exposure with pathogenic P multocida, either serotype 3 or serotype 4, administered for 3 days via the drinking water. In experiment 1, the 1X concentration of medication reduced protective immunity by 30%. In experiment 3, the reduction was 37% for the 1X concentration and 45% for the 2X concentration. The increased concentration of medication was more efficacious in preventing infection in vaccinated and nonvaccinated turkeys.", "contents": "Immune response of medicated turkeys vaccinated with live Pasteurella multocida. In 3 experiments, turkeys were vaccinated with the Clemson University strain of Pasteurella multocids (CU) via the drinking water for 1 or 3 days while they were fed 3 different rations. Ration 0X consisted of non-medicated turkey starter, ration 1X had 0.00625% sulfadimethoxine and 0.00375% ormetoprim added, and ration 2X had 0.0125% sulfadimethoxine and 0.0075% ormetoprim. Immune response was determined by challenge exposure with pathogenic P multocida, either serotype 3 or serotype 4, administered for 3 days via the drinking water. In experiment 1, the 1X concentration of medication reduced protective immunity by 30%. In experiment 3, the reduction was 37% for the 1X concentration and 45% for the 2X concentration. The increased concentration of medication was more efficacious in preventing infection in vaccinated and nonvaccinated turkeys.", "PMID": 851281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9579", "title": "Effects of Fusobacterium necrophorum leukotoxin on rabbit peritoneal macrophages in vitro.", "content": "A method to demonstrate leukotoxic activity of Fusobacterium necrophorum in vitro is described. Continuous dialysis sac culture system, using reduced liquid medium was used to grow F necrophorum for 7-day periods. The continuous culture dialysis filtrate contained leukotoxic substance(s) which appeared to be less than 10,000 in molecular weight, heat resistant, and stable at 4 C for at least 10 days. Leukotoxic activity was demonstrated in vitro by determining the percentage of macrophages taking up trypan blue dye after these were exposed to a 1:2 solution of continuous culture dialysis filtrate and Eagle's minimal essential medium at 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours. Approximately 90% of these macrophages were destroyed during the 6-hour incubation period.", "contents": "Effects of Fusobacterium necrophorum leukotoxin on rabbit peritoneal macrophages in vitro. A method to demonstrate leukotoxic activity of Fusobacterium necrophorum in vitro is described. Continuous dialysis sac culture system, using reduced liquid medium was used to grow F necrophorum for 7-day periods. The continuous culture dialysis filtrate contained leukotoxic substance(s) which appeared to be less than 10,000 in molecular weight, heat resistant, and stable at 4 C for at least 10 days. Leukotoxic activity was demonstrated in vitro by determining the percentage of macrophages taking up trypan blue dye after these were exposed to a 1:2 solution of continuous culture dialysis filtrate and Eagle's minimal essential medium at 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours. Approximately 90% of these macrophages were destroyed during the 6-hour incubation period.", "PMID": 851282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9580", "title": "Normal laboratory values in Beagle dogs of twelve to eighteen months of age.", "content": "Analyses of several body fluids are reported on Beagle dogs and compared with previous studies. All of the spinal fluid data and most of the urine data have not been previously reported in Beagles. Values of creatine phosphokinase, urine 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and urine vanillymandelic acid are reported in the present study.", "contents": "Normal laboratory values in Beagle dogs of twelve to eighteen months of age. Analyses of several body fluids are reported on Beagle dogs and compared with previous studies. All of the spinal fluid data and most of the urine data have not been previously reported in Beagles. Values of creatine phosphokinase, urine 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and urine vanillymandelic acid are reported in the present study.", "PMID": 851283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9581", "title": "Tonography in the normal and glaucomatous beagle.", "content": "A standard procedure for tonography was developed in the dog. Acepromazine, ketamine, xylazine, droperidol-fentamyl, and combinations of these drugs were evaluated for effects on blood pressure, intraocular pressure, and restraint of the dog for 4 minutes of Schiotz tonography of each eye. In dogs given a cepromazine (0.5 mg/kg intravenously) and then ketamine (10.0 mg/kg intramuscularly), the mean coefficient of aqueous humor out-flow in 24 normal Beagles was 0.24 mul/mm of Hg/minute (SD +/- 0.07). Mean coefficient of aqueous humor outflow in 35 glaucomatous Beagles, between 4 months to more than 37 months old, was 0.09 mul/mm of Hg/minute (SD +/- 0.04). Coefficient of aqueous humor out-flow was less in the older glaucomatous Beagle.", "contents": "Tonography in the normal and glaucomatous beagle. A standard procedure for tonography was developed in the dog. Acepromazine, ketamine, xylazine, droperidol-fentamyl, and combinations of these drugs were evaluated for effects on blood pressure, intraocular pressure, and restraint of the dog for 4 minutes of Schiotz tonography of each eye. In dogs given a cepromazine (0.5 mg/kg intravenously) and then ketamine (10.0 mg/kg intramuscularly), the mean coefficient of aqueous humor out-flow in 24 normal Beagles was 0.24 mul/mm of Hg/minute (SD +/- 0.07). Mean coefficient of aqueous humor outflow in 35 glaucomatous Beagles, between 4 months to more than 37 months old, was 0.09 mul/mm of Hg/minute (SD +/- 0.04). Coefficient of aqueous humor out-flow was less in the older glaucomatous Beagle.", "PMID": 851284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9582", "title": "Clinical investigation of doxorubicin, daunomycin, and 6-thioguanine in normal cats.", "content": "Cats frequently develop a variety of spontaneous hemolymphatic noeplasias. Long-term remissions in the nonlymphatic leukemic cat are difficult to obtain; therefore, more successful chemotherapeutic agents are sought for disease control. The purpose in the present study is to describe the clinical investigation of 3 antineoplastic drugs given to 23 normal cats. The cats tolerated doxorubican given at the dose level of 30 mg/m2 of body surface area once every 3 weeks; daunomycin, 15 to 30 mg/m2 once every 3 weeks; and 6-thioguanine, 25 mg/m2 for 5 days every 20 to 30 days.", "contents": "Clinical investigation of doxorubicin, daunomycin, and 6-thioguanine in normal cats. Cats frequently develop a variety of spontaneous hemolymphatic noeplasias. Long-term remissions in the nonlymphatic leukemic cat are difficult to obtain; therefore, more successful chemotherapeutic agents are sought for disease control. The purpose in the present study is to describe the clinical investigation of 3 antineoplastic drugs given to 23 normal cats. The cats tolerated doxorubican given at the dose level of 30 mg/m2 of body surface area once every 3 weeks; daunomycin, 15 to 30 mg/m2 once every 3 weeks; and 6-thioguanine, 25 mg/m2 for 5 days every 20 to 30 days.", "PMID": 851285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9583", "title": "Acute copper poisoning of cultured marine teleosts.", "content": "Copper was accidentally introduced into seawater entering a circular outdoor tank used to culture 610 pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides) and other marine teleosts. Fish were exposed for 23 hours to copper concentrations between 0.2 parts per million (ppm) and 7.2 ppm with an average concentration of 3.3 ppm. The pinfish were lethergic by 6 hours after copper was introduced into the tank. Deaths began within 10 hours with a total of 575 (94%) deaths. Deaths stopped 11 hours after copper concentrations decreased below 0.2 ppm and signs of distress stopped in surviving pinfish by approximately 6 hours after the last death. Serum urea nitrogen, alkaline phosphatase, sodium (Na+), and potassium (K+) concentrations were increased and represent those constitutents which differ from mean control values by more than 2 standard deviations. Electrolyte imbalance, apparently resulting from impaired osmoregulation and hemolysis, was a serious terminal condition in copper-poisoned pinfish.", "contents": "Acute copper poisoning of cultured marine teleosts. Copper was accidentally introduced into seawater entering a circular outdoor tank used to culture 610 pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides) and other marine teleosts. Fish were exposed for 23 hours to copper concentrations between 0.2 parts per million (ppm) and 7.2 ppm with an average concentration of 3.3 ppm. The pinfish were lethergic by 6 hours after copper was introduced into the tank. Deaths began within 10 hours with a total of 575 (94%) deaths. Deaths stopped 11 hours after copper concentrations decreased below 0.2 ppm and signs of distress stopped in surviving pinfish by approximately 6 hours after the last death. Serum urea nitrogen, alkaline phosphatase, sodium (Na+), and potassium (K+) concentrations were increased and represent those constitutents which differ from mean control values by more than 2 standard deviations. Electrolyte imbalance, apparently resulting from impaired osmoregulation and hemolysis, was a serious terminal condition in copper-poisoned pinfish.", "PMID": 851286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9584", "title": "Pathologic manifestations of experimentally and naturally acquired lungworm infections in opossums.", "content": "Experimentally induced and naturally acquired lungworm infections (Didelphostrongylus and Capillaria) were studied in opossums, Didelphis marsupialis. Each of 4 helminth-free opossums were experimentally infected with 250 3rd-stage Didelphostrongylus hayesi larvae. At 2 and 8.5 months after infection, 2 animals were necropsied. Hypertrophy of pulmonary smooth muscle characterized D hayesi infections, with lesions pronounced in the vicinity of helminths. There was mucous bronchitis characterized by peribronchial gland hyperplasia, lymphoid nodule formation, and exudation of mucus and eosinophils into bronchioles. Lung from 4 opossums harboring natural infections of D hayesi or Capillaria or both was examined. Concomitant infections produced multifocal, indurated lesions often resulting in generalized consolidation. Microscopic examination revealed pulmonic damage consisting of hypertrophy of smooth muscle, extensive peribronchiolar adenomatoid hyperplasia of alveolar epithelium, and diffuse areas of granulomatous interstitial pneumonia. Capillaria provoked well-defined granulomas, and frequently only eggs and cuticular debris were contained within the lesions. Loss of pouch young by 1 naturally infected feamle was associated with extensive verminous pneumonia.", "contents": "Pathologic manifestations of experimentally and naturally acquired lungworm infections in opossums. Experimentally induced and naturally acquired lungworm infections (Didelphostrongylus and Capillaria) were studied in opossums, Didelphis marsupialis. Each of 4 helminth-free opossums were experimentally infected with 250 3rd-stage Didelphostrongylus hayesi larvae. At 2 and 8.5 months after infection, 2 animals were necropsied. Hypertrophy of pulmonary smooth muscle characterized D hayesi infections, with lesions pronounced in the vicinity of helminths. There was mucous bronchitis characterized by peribronchial gland hyperplasia, lymphoid nodule formation, and exudation of mucus and eosinophils into bronchioles. Lung from 4 opossums harboring natural infections of D hayesi or Capillaria or both was examined. Concomitant infections produced multifocal, indurated lesions often resulting in generalized consolidation. Microscopic examination revealed pulmonic damage consisting of hypertrophy of smooth muscle, extensive peribronchiolar adenomatoid hyperplasia of alveolar epithelium, and diffuse areas of granulomatous interstitial pneumonia. Capillaria provoked well-defined granulomas, and frequently only eggs and cuticular debris were contained within the lesions. Loss of pouch young by 1 naturally infected feamle was associated with extensive verminous pneumonia.", "PMID": 851287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9585", "title": "\"Spring rise\" in fecal nematode egg counts in sheep in Maine.", "content": "A \"spring rise\" in fecal nematode egg counts occurred in Maine sheep housed under conventional conditions during 2 years. Nematodes causing this increase were Haemonchus contortus in one year and Ostertagia sp in the other. The increase in egg counts was greater in sheep that lambed than in unbred sheep. Most of the eggs in the spring rise were probably produced by worms that passed the winter in developmental arrest in the sheep. Some of the female worms probably came from contaminated bedding and developed in the sheep without arrest in growth. Acquisition from contaminated bedding, therefore, should be considered as an additional factor in the epizootiologic character of the condition in Maine.", "contents": "\"Spring rise\" in fecal nematode egg counts in sheep in Maine. A \"spring rise\" in fecal nematode egg counts occurred in Maine sheep housed under conventional conditions during 2 years. Nematodes causing this increase were Haemonchus contortus in one year and Ostertagia sp in the other. The increase in egg counts was greater in sheep that lambed than in unbred sheep. Most of the eggs in the spring rise were probably produced by worms that passed the winter in developmental arrest in the sheep. Some of the female worms probably came from contaminated bedding and developed in the sheep without arrest in growth. Acquisition from contaminated bedding, therefore, should be considered as an additional factor in the epizootiologic character of the condition in Maine.", "PMID": 851288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9586", "title": "Use of 59Fe for sheep erythrocyte kinetic studies.", "content": "Erythrocyte (RBC) survival time as determined by in vivo 59Fe-labeled RBC in 6 adult sheep was 111.7 (SEM +/- 8.4) days. The plasma clearance (T/2) of 59Fe was 148 (+/- 17.3) minutes and the maximum RBC uptake of 59Fe was 52.4% (+/- 3.6%). Plasma iron turnover rate was 0.356 (+/- 0.016) mg/kg/24 hours, and RBC iron turnover rate was 0.186 (+/- 0.016) mg/kg/24 hours. Blood volume measurement was 53.5 (+/- 3.9) ml/kg of body weight.", "contents": "Use of 59Fe for sheep erythrocyte kinetic studies. Erythrocyte (RBC) survival time as determined by in vivo 59Fe-labeled RBC in 6 adult sheep was 111.7 (SEM +/- 8.4) days. The plasma clearance (T/2) of 59Fe was 148 (+/- 17.3) minutes and the maximum RBC uptake of 59Fe was 52.4% (+/- 3.6%). Plasma iron turnover rate was 0.356 (+/- 0.016) mg/kg/24 hours, and RBC iron turnover rate was 0.186 (+/- 0.016) mg/kg/24 hours. Blood volume measurement was 53.5 (+/- 3.9) ml/kg of body weight.", "PMID": 851289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9587", "title": "Operative trauma to the spleen.", "content": "A patient is discussed in whom splenic rupture followed an elective uncomplicated cholecystectomy by two weeks. There was no known direct operative or postoperative trauma to the spleen and the spleen was microscopically normal with no evidence of organizing hematoma. Possible mechanisms of operative splenic injury to the spleen are reviewed and the importance of recognition of this entity by surgeons is emphasized.", "contents": "Operative trauma to the spleen. A patient is discussed in whom splenic rupture followed an elective uncomplicated cholecystectomy by two weeks. There was no known direct operative or postoperative trauma to the spleen and the spleen was microscopically normal with no evidence of organizing hematoma. Possible mechanisms of operative splenic injury to the spleen are reviewed and the importance of recognition of this entity by surgeons is emphasized.", "PMID": 851290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9588", "title": "Complications of repeated operations to control esophageal reflux (esophagogastrocutaneous and esophagogastropericardial fistulas).", "content": "Iatrogenic injury to the distal esophagus and gastric cardia with subsequent fistula formation may occur at times following repeated direct operative attempts to control reflux esophagitis. At re-operation when this problem occurs, the indirect operative procedure of Roux-en-Y diversion is a safe, effective and preferable method to control persistent reflux esophagitis.", "contents": "Complications of repeated operations to control esophageal reflux (esophagogastrocutaneous and esophagogastropericardial fistulas). Iatrogenic injury to the distal esophagus and gastric cardia with subsequent fistula formation may occur at times following repeated direct operative attempts to control reflux esophagitis. At re-operation when this problem occurs, the indirect operative procedure of Roux-en-Y diversion is a safe, effective and preferable method to control persistent reflux esophagitis.", "PMID": 851291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9589", "title": "Atherosclerosis obliterans in healthy young adults.", "content": "A healthy young man developed unilateral claudication due to an isolated lesion of his external iliac artery, At operation, this was found to be obliterated by atherosclerotic change of long standing. No evidence of systemic disease was noted. A vascular reconstruction has allowed the patient to return to an active life style.", "contents": "Atherosclerosis obliterans in healthy young adults. A healthy young man developed unilateral claudication due to an isolated lesion of his external iliac artery, At operation, this was found to be obliterated by atherosclerotic change of long standing. No evidence of systemic disease was noted. A vascular reconstruction has allowed the patient to return to an active life style.", "PMID": 851292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9590", "title": "Gastric rupture as a result of blunt trauma.", "content": "Six patients with gastric rupture secondary to blunt abdominal trauma are presented in detail. The salient features of each case are briefly discussed, along with a further analysis of the review by Yajko and colleagues. The aggressive operative treatment of these patients is emphasized along with the vigorous attention that must be given to postoperative intra-abdominal sepsis caused by the initial contamination leading to morbidity and mortality.", "contents": "Gastric rupture as a result of blunt trauma. Six patients with gastric rupture secondary to blunt abdominal trauma are presented in detail. The salient features of each case are briefly discussed, along with a further analysis of the review by Yajko and colleagues. The aggressive operative treatment of these patients is emphasized along with the vigorous attention that must be given to postoperative intra-abdominal sepsis caused by the initial contamination leading to morbidity and mortality.", "PMID": 851294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9591", "title": "Complications following operation in the previously irradiated abdominopelvic cavity.", "content": "Twenty-three patients underwent 32 operations in a previously irradiated abdominopelvic cavity. The overall postoperative morbidity rate was 62% and the mortality rate was 6.2%. The data from this series do not support small bowel bypass as the only acceptable method of management of surgical radiation enteritis. Wide resection with primary anastomosis reduces the long-term morbidity of the \"blind-loop syndrome\", perforation and fistulization of the isolated loop, and does not have an increased mortality.", "contents": "Complications following operation in the previously irradiated abdominopelvic cavity. Twenty-three patients underwent 32 operations in a previously irradiated abdominopelvic cavity. The overall postoperative morbidity rate was 62% and the mortality rate was 6.2%. The data from this series do not support small bowel bypass as the only acceptable method of management of surgical radiation enteritis. Wide resection with primary anastomosis reduces the long-term morbidity of the \"blind-loop syndrome\", perforation and fistulization of the isolated loop, and does not have an increased mortality.", "PMID": 851295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9592", "title": "Arterial scan versus radiographic angiography in detection of shallow arterial ulcers.", "content": "A comparison of 99m-technetium albumin aggregated arterial scan and radiographic angiography for detection of shallow intimal carotid artery ulcerations was made in a series of 12 anesthetized dogs, having a total of 16 acute arterial ulcerations. Radiographic angiography showed positive findings related to presence of stenosis or mural thrombosis in 12 instances. Direct visualization of ulceration was only exceptionally encountered. Arterial scan detected 14 of 16 intimal ulcers. The radionuclide method was reliable even in absence of stenosis or when only minimal mural thrombosis was present. Moreover, autopsy scan of the isolated arterial segments detected all 16 intimal lesions. These results indicate that the arterial scan was a more reliable method for detection of shallow arterial ulcers in this experimental model than radiographic angiography, especially when arterial lumen stenosis or mural thrombosis were minimal or absent.", "contents": "Arterial scan versus radiographic angiography in detection of shallow arterial ulcers. A comparison of 99m-technetium albumin aggregated arterial scan and radiographic angiography for detection of shallow intimal carotid artery ulcerations was made in a series of 12 anesthetized dogs, having a total of 16 acute arterial ulcerations. Radiographic angiography showed positive findings related to presence of stenosis or mural thrombosis in 12 instances. Direct visualization of ulceration was only exceptionally encountered. Arterial scan detected 14 of 16 intimal ulcers. The radionuclide method was reliable even in absence of stenosis or when only minimal mural thrombosis was present. Moreover, autopsy scan of the isolated arterial segments detected all 16 intimal lesions. These results indicate that the arterial scan was a more reliable method for detection of shallow arterial ulcers in this experimental model than radiographic angiography, especially when arterial lumen stenosis or mural thrombosis were minimal or absent.", "PMID": 851296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9593", "title": "Hyperplasia of Brunner's glands of the duodenum.", "content": "Hyperplasia of Brunner's glands is a rare phenomenon. It may cause obstructive symptoms, anemia or the patient may be totally asymptomatic. The diagnosis can be confirmed with endoscopic examination and upper gastrointestinal series. The surgical treatment or hyperplasia of the Brunner's glands should be conservative since the lesion is not premalignant. If complications do occur, local excision is the treatment of choice. Two patients are reported who had Brunner gland hyperplasia as an incidental finding at exploration for pancreatic pseudocyst, and a brief review of the literature is made.", "contents": "Hyperplasia of Brunner's glands of the duodenum. Hyperplasia of Brunner's glands is a rare phenomenon. It may cause obstructive symptoms, anemia or the patient may be totally asymptomatic. The diagnosis can be confirmed with endoscopic examination and upper gastrointestinal series. The surgical treatment or hyperplasia of the Brunner's glands should be conservative since the lesion is not premalignant. If complications do occur, local excision is the treatment of choice. Two patients are reported who had Brunner gland hyperplasia as an incidental finding at exploration for pancreatic pseudocyst, and a brief review of the literature is made.", "PMID": 851297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9594", "title": "A simple method of determining the boundary between the antrum and corpus of the stomach. Part 2. Electric vagal stimulation in dogs.", "content": "Our previous work demonstrated that electric vagal stimulation in conjunction with Congo red as a dye-indicator is the faster and more reliable method for delineating the corpus-antral boundary in rats. Based on this finding, our study was extended to a larger animal model, the dog; this study proved the electrical vagal stimulation along with Congo red is a reliable method for adequate demonstration of this corpus-antral boundary. No untoward effect on the cardiac function was observed during stimulation of subdiaphragmatic portion of vagal trunks.", "contents": "A simple method of determining the boundary between the antrum and corpus of the stomach. Part 2. Electric vagal stimulation in dogs. Our previous work demonstrated that electric vagal stimulation in conjunction with Congo red as a dye-indicator is the faster and more reliable method for delineating the corpus-antral boundary in rats. Based on this finding, our study was extended to a larger animal model, the dog; this study proved the electrical vagal stimulation along with Congo red is a reliable method for adequate demonstration of this corpus-antral boundary. No untoward effect on the cardiac function was observed during stimulation of subdiaphragmatic portion of vagal trunks.", "PMID": 851298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9595", "title": "The laboratory diagnosis of the carrier state for classic hemophilia.", "content": "Estimation of the titer of procoagulant antihemophilic factor (AHF) and the concentration of AHF-like antigens, as detected by heterologous antiserum, provides a method for diagnosis of the carrier state of classic hemophilia. Among 87 obligate carriers, 82, or 94%, could be identified as carriers by logarithmic discriminant analysis because the titer of procoagulant AHF was disproportionately lower than the concentration of AHF-like antigens relative to normal women. Women who were the mothers of individuals with isolated cases of hemophilia appeared to be carriers in at least 85% of cases, suggesting that the frequency of cases due to fresh mutations is low. The validity of the techniques used is supported by the frequency with which the carrier state was recognized in daughters of hemophiliacs who themselves had no sons. Corrected for the known error of the method, 48% of 75 such daughters appeared to be carriers, not significantly different from their anticipated chance of 50%.", "contents": "The laboratory diagnosis of the carrier state for classic hemophilia. Estimation of the titer of procoagulant antihemophilic factor (AHF) and the concentration of AHF-like antigens, as detected by heterologous antiserum, provides a method for diagnosis of the carrier state of classic hemophilia. Among 87 obligate carriers, 82, or 94%, could be identified as carriers by logarithmic discriminant analysis because the titer of procoagulant AHF was disproportionately lower than the concentration of AHF-like antigens relative to normal women. Women who were the mothers of individuals with isolated cases of hemophilia appeared to be carriers in at least 85% of cases, suggesting that the frequency of cases due to fresh mutations is low. The validity of the techniques used is supported by the frequency with which the carrier state was recognized in daughters of hemophiliacs who themselves had no sons. Corrected for the known error of the method, 48% of 75 such daughters appeared to be carriers, not significantly different from their anticipated chance of 50%.", "PMID": 851299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9596", "title": "Hypocomplementemia in chronic idiopathic urticaria.", "content": "A discrete evoking factor or presumed pathophysiologic mechanism is not recognized in the majority of patients with chronic urticaria or angioedema. Two cases are reported in which chronic urticaria was the main manifestation of an immune cutaneous vasculitis associated with hypocomplementemia attributable to classic and alternative mechanisms of complement activation. Among 72 consecutive patients evaluated for chronic urticaria, 10 additional patients with idiopathic urticaria were found to have hypocomplementemia. Of these, two had evidence of classic and alternative mechanisms of complement activation, five had evidence of only classic pathway activation, and three evidence of predominately or exclusively alternative pathway activation. Circulating immune complexes were found in the majority of patients with classic pathway activation. Hypocomplementemia may provide clues to pathophysiologic mechanisms operative in some patients with chronic urticaria.", "contents": "Hypocomplementemia in chronic idiopathic urticaria. A discrete evoking factor or presumed pathophysiologic mechanism is not recognized in the majority of patients with chronic urticaria or angioedema. Two cases are reported in which chronic urticaria was the main manifestation of an immune cutaneous vasculitis associated with hypocomplementemia attributable to classic and alternative mechanisms of complement activation. Among 72 consecutive patients evaluated for chronic urticaria, 10 additional patients with idiopathic urticaria were found to have hypocomplementemia. Of these, two had evidence of classic and alternative mechanisms of complement activation, five had evidence of only classic pathway activation, and three evidence of predominately or exclusively alternative pathway activation. Circulating immune complexes were found in the majority of patients with classic pathway activation. Hypocomplementemia may provide clues to pathophysiologic mechanisms operative in some patients with chronic urticaria.", "PMID": 851300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9597", "title": "Treatment of invasive aspergillosis: relation of early diagnosis and treatment to response.", "content": "Aspergillus infections in patients with cancer are difficult to diagnose, and such diagnoses are frequently made at necropsy. Earlier therapy has been proposed to provide better response. We reviewed 17 consecutive patients with documented aspergillosis to determine the impact of earlier diagnosis and prompt treatment with amphotericin B. Sixteen had hematologic malignancies, and all had marked granulocytopenia. Six were diagnosed and treated within 96 h of the appearance of infiltrates. Three of these six had complete resolution of all signs and symptoms of aspergillus infection. The other three had a partial response to therapy despite continued granulocytopenia. All 11 patients in whom antifungal therapy was either delayed (six) or not given (five) for at least 2 weeks after the infiltrate was present diet with progressive aspergillosis aggressive diagnostic methods to establish the diagnosis of aspergillosis are warranted so that antifungal therapy can be started early, which may then be successful in resolving these potentially fatal infections.", "contents": "Treatment of invasive aspergillosis: relation of early diagnosis and treatment to response. Aspergillus infections in patients with cancer are difficult to diagnose, and such diagnoses are frequently made at necropsy. Earlier therapy has been proposed to provide better response. We reviewed 17 consecutive patients with documented aspergillosis to determine the impact of earlier diagnosis and prompt treatment with amphotericin B. Sixteen had hematologic malignancies, and all had marked granulocytopenia. Six were diagnosed and treated within 96 h of the appearance of infiltrates. Three of these six had complete resolution of all signs and symptoms of aspergillus infection. The other three had a partial response to therapy despite continued granulocytopenia. All 11 patients in whom antifungal therapy was either delayed (six) or not given (five) for at least 2 weeks after the infiltrate was present diet with progressive aspergillosis aggressive diagnostic methods to establish the diagnosis of aspergillosis are warranted so that antifungal therapy can be started early, which may then be successful in resolving these potentially fatal infections.", "PMID": 851301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9598", "title": "Pericarditis and perimyocarditis associated with active Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection.", "content": "In 13 patients an association existed from 1970-73 between Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and acute pericarditis (in eight) or perimyocarditis (in five). In 12 patients the association was moderately probable, with a fourfold rise in complement-fixing antibody titers between acute and convalescent phase sera being noted. In the last patient, a lesser-order association was found using only convalsecent phase serum. The presence of influenza, herpes simplex, Coxsackie B, or adenovirus was excluded by serologic testing. Acute illness was variable, with four patients developing heart failure. Long-term evaluation (mean, 47 months) found eight patients asymptomatic and three symptomatic. Two patients died. Residual effects of the Mycoplasma infection seemed at least partially responsible in one compromised patient and in one who died. Mycoplasma infection should be considered in the presence of acute cardiovascular decompensation, especially when preceded by upper respiratory infection, and added to the possible causes of idiopathic cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "Pericarditis and perimyocarditis associated with active Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. In 13 patients an association existed from 1970-73 between Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and acute pericarditis (in eight) or perimyocarditis (in five). In 12 patients the association was moderately probable, with a fourfold rise in complement-fixing antibody titers between acute and convalescent phase sera being noted. In the last patient, a lesser-order association was found using only convalsecent phase serum. The presence of influenza, herpes simplex, Coxsackie B, or adenovirus was excluded by serologic testing. Acute illness was variable, with four patients developing heart failure. Long-term evaluation (mean, 47 months) found eight patients asymptomatic and three symptomatic. Two patients died. Residual effects of the Mycoplasma infection seemed at least partially responsible in one compromised patient and in one who died. Mycoplasma infection should be considered in the presence of acute cardiovascular decompensation, especially when preceded by upper respiratory infection, and added to the possible causes of idiopathic cardiomyopathy.", "PMID": 851302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9599", "title": "Osmolality changes during hemodialysis. Natural history, clinical correlations, and influence of dialysate glucose and intravenous mannitol.", "content": "We studied the influence of both a high-glucose-concentration dialysate (717 mg/dl) and intravenous mannitol (1g/kg) on the serum osmolality changes in stable patients on chronic dialysis. During regular dialysis, serum osmolality fell 10 mosmol/kg H2O. This fall was reduced to 5.2 mosmol/kg H2O when the high-glucose-concentration dialysate was used, and to 4.3 mosmol/kg H2O when intravenous mannitol was used. When the two methods were combined, the serum osmolality fall was reduced to 1.7 mosmol/kg H2O. The clinical signs of disequilibrium declined (from 67% to 10%) in parallel with the decline in serum osmolality changes. This fall was independent of the ultrafiltration rate. A high-glucose-concentration dialysate and intravenous mannitol can each reduce the osmolality changes that occur during hemodialysis, but when used alone, intravenous mannitol is more effective of the two. The reduction of osmolality changes also leads to reduction of the mild clinical signs usually associated with disequilibrium.", "contents": "Osmolality changes during hemodialysis. Natural history, clinical correlations, and influence of dialysate glucose and intravenous mannitol. We studied the influence of both a high-glucose-concentration dialysate (717 mg/dl) and intravenous mannitol (1g/kg) on the serum osmolality changes in stable patients on chronic dialysis. During regular dialysis, serum osmolality fell 10 mosmol/kg H2O. This fall was reduced to 5.2 mosmol/kg H2O when the high-glucose-concentration dialysate was used, and to 4.3 mosmol/kg H2O when intravenous mannitol was used. When the two methods were combined, the serum osmolality fall was reduced to 1.7 mosmol/kg H2O. The clinical signs of disequilibrium declined (from 67% to 10%) in parallel with the decline in serum osmolality changes. This fall was independent of the ultrafiltration rate. A high-glucose-concentration dialysate and intravenous mannitol can each reduce the osmolality changes that occur during hemodialysis, but when used alone, intravenous mannitol is more effective of the two. The reduction of osmolality changes also leads to reduction of the mild clinical signs usually associated with disequilibrium.", "PMID": 851303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9600", "title": "Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography with the \"skinny\" needle. A rapid, simple, and accurate method in the diagnosis of cholestasis.", "content": "One hundred thirty-one cases of cholestasis were evaluated by \"skinny\" needle percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. The biliary tree was seen in 129 patients (98.5%). When the biliary tree was dilated, a success rate of 100% was obtained. In the 45 patients with nondilated ducts, visualization was achieved in 95.6%. There was no mortality, early operation, or transfusion requirement associated with the procedure. This form of cholangiography is a simple, reliable, and extremely high-yield technique for evaluating patients with cholestasis.", "contents": "Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography with the \"skinny\" needle. A rapid, simple, and accurate method in the diagnosis of cholestasis. One hundred thirty-one cases of cholestasis were evaluated by \"skinny\" needle percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. The biliary tree was seen in 129 patients (98.5%). When the biliary tree was dilated, a success rate of 100% was obtained. In the 45 patients with nondilated ducts, visualization was achieved in 95.6%. There was no mortality, early operation, or transfusion requirement associated with the procedure. This form of cholangiography is a simple, reliable, and extremely high-yield technique for evaluating patients with cholestasis.", "PMID": 851304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9601", "title": "Intravascular hemolysis, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and circulating immune complexes after jejunal-ileal bypass surgery.", "content": "Two years after jejunal-ileal bypass surgery for obesity, a 25-year-old man developed intravascular hemolysis, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia. The patient's erythrocytes were coated with complement components (C4/C3) and his serum induced complement-dependent immune lysis of chromium-51-labeled platelets. Serum [125I]-C1q binding activity (a measure of the presence of immune complexes) was increased, and serum C4 and C3 hemolytic titers were depressed. Immune complex-mediated complement activation apparently accounted for the blood cell destruction in this patient.", "contents": "Intravascular hemolysis, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and circulating immune complexes after jejunal-ileal bypass surgery. Two years after jejunal-ileal bypass surgery for obesity, a 25-year-old man developed intravascular hemolysis, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia. The patient's erythrocytes were coated with complement components (C4/C3) and his serum induced complement-dependent immune lysis of chromium-51-labeled platelets. Serum [125I]-C1q binding activity (a measure of the presence of immune complexes) was increased, and serum C4 and C3 hemolytic titers were depressed. Immune complex-mediated complement activation apparently accounted for the blood cell destruction in this patient.", "PMID": 851305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9602", "title": "Furosemide-induced reduction in ionized calcium in hypoparathyroid patients.", "content": "Six hypoparathyroid patients were treated with oral furosemide for 4 days. All six had a significant decrease in serum ionized calcium level from the control period (4.05 +/- 0.31 mg/dl) to the furosemide period (3.46 +/- 0.26 mg/dl, P less than 0.005). In five patients, the decrease in serum ionized calcium concentration occurred in association with an increase in urinary calcium excretion. Although serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone level increased in five patients, it was insufficient to return serum ionized calcium to control levels. Changes in serum phosphorus, magnesium, or pH could not account for the observed decrease in serum ionized calcium concentration. It is necessary to monitor serum ionized calcium level in hypoparathyroid patients during furosemide therapy.", "contents": "Furosemide-induced reduction in ionized calcium in hypoparathyroid patients. Six hypoparathyroid patients were treated with oral furosemide for 4 days. All six had a significant decrease in serum ionized calcium level from the control period (4.05 +/- 0.31 mg/dl) to the furosemide period (3.46 +/- 0.26 mg/dl, P less than 0.005). In five patients, the decrease in serum ionized calcium concentration occurred in association with an increase in urinary calcium excretion. Although serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone level increased in five patients, it was insufficient to return serum ionized calcium to control levels. Changes in serum phosphorus, magnesium, or pH could not account for the observed decrease in serum ionized calcium concentration. It is necessary to monitor serum ionized calcium level in hypoparathyroid patients during furosemide therapy.", "PMID": 851306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9603", "title": "Quality-of-care assessment by process and outcome scoring. Use of weighted algorithmic assessment criteria for evaluation of emergency room care of women with symptoms of urinary tract infection.", "content": "Weighted process criteria based on chart review using an algorithmic method, and weighted outcome criteria based on a telephone interview with the patient, were used to assess the quality of emergency room care of women with symptoms of acute urinary tract infection. Outcomes at a municipal hospital were significantly better than those at an affiliated voluntary hospital. Process and outcome scores were positively correlated at both hospitals; the data suggest, but do not themselves adequately test, the hypothesis that the correlation is curvilinear and that there is a threshold process score below which a poor outcome is extremely likely. Our findings suggest that weighted algorithmic assessment criteria are a useful method for quality assessment and are consistent with the testable hypothesis that the greatest improvements in outcome may result from raising the quality of care from a poor to an adequate level rather than from an adequate to an optimal level.", "contents": "Quality-of-care assessment by process and outcome scoring. Use of weighted algorithmic assessment criteria for evaluation of emergency room care of women with symptoms of urinary tract infection. Weighted process criteria based on chart review using an algorithmic method, and weighted outcome criteria based on a telephone interview with the patient, were used to assess the quality of emergency room care of women with symptoms of acute urinary tract infection. Outcomes at a municipal hospital were significantly better than those at an affiliated voluntary hospital. Process and outcome scores were positively correlated at both hospitals; the data suggest, but do not themselves adequately test, the hypothesis that the correlation is curvilinear and that there is a threshold process score below which a poor outcome is extremely likely. Our findings suggest that weighted algorithmic assessment criteria are a useful method for quality assessment and are consistent with the testable hypothesis that the greatest improvements in outcome may result from raising the quality of care from a poor to an adequate level rather than from an adequate to an optimal level.", "PMID": 851312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9604", "title": "Diagnosis and treatment of physical disease in the mentally ill.", "content": "The inability of patients to provide a history and to cooperate in physical or technological examinations makes the diagnostic and therapeutic management of physical disease in psychotic and especially in elderly psychotic patients very difficult. There needs to be a disproportionate dependence upon laboratory and radiologic information in diagnosis of physical disease in such patients. Observations by personnel on the psychiatric wards are essential to identification of probable physical illness. An experience with 1800 patients on a medical service now approved for Medicare and Medicaid in a state psychiatric hospital clearly shows the impossibility of applying the norms of care set for a general hospital in such a setting. Additionally, the clinician is faced with ethical considerations of which actions are justifiable and which are not in the search for a diagnosis. The Professional Standards Review Organization, judicial verdicts requiring care for the mentally ill equal to that of other citizens, and the hazards of professional liability do not permit these considerations to be taken lightly. An organization that has responsibility for the mentally ill might well address itself to finding answers to these questions.", "contents": "Diagnosis and treatment of physical disease in the mentally ill. The inability of patients to provide a history and to cooperate in physical or technological examinations makes the diagnostic and therapeutic management of physical disease in psychotic and especially in elderly psychotic patients very difficult. There needs to be a disproportionate dependence upon laboratory and radiologic information in diagnosis of physical disease in such patients. Observations by personnel on the psychiatric wards are essential to identification of probable physical illness. An experience with 1800 patients on a medical service now approved for Medicare and Medicaid in a state psychiatric hospital clearly shows the impossibility of applying the norms of care set for a general hospital in such a setting. Additionally, the clinician is faced with ethical considerations of which actions are justifiable and which are not in the search for a diagnosis. The Professional Standards Review Organization, judicial verdicts requiring care for the mentally ill equal to that of other citizens, and the hazards of professional liability do not permit these considerations to be taken lightly. An organization that has responsibility for the mentally ill might well address itself to finding answers to these questions.", "PMID": 851313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9605", "title": "The book of job and the modern view of depression.", "content": "The Biblical Book of Job is a wisdom book. Wisdom, in this context, refers to the intellectual discipline taught by the sages of ancient Isreael to provide professionals with a realistic approach to the problems of life. Chapter 30 of the Book of Job is a key-index of ideas that, if followed through the book, discloses a modern scientifically accurate description of a depression that, at times, was life-threatening. There are practical clinical clues to distinguish between normal mourning and depression, as well as aids to the differential diagnosis of somatic symptoms that may arise from depression. A timeless model of the scope and limitations of the professional relation between patient and comforter is also presented. Part of the wisdom of the Book of Job is to use depression as an example of a life-threatening illness to provide an unexcelled standard of clinical observation and medical intervention.", "contents": "The book of job and the modern view of depression. The Biblical Book of Job is a wisdom book. Wisdom, in this context, refers to the intellectual discipline taught by the sages of ancient Isreael to provide professionals with a realistic approach to the problems of life. Chapter 30 of the Book of Job is a key-index of ideas that, if followed through the book, discloses a modern scientifically accurate description of a depression that, at times, was life-threatening. There are practical clinical clues to distinguish between normal mourning and depression, as well as aids to the differential diagnosis of somatic symptoms that may arise from depression. A timeless model of the scope and limitations of the professional relation between patient and comforter is also presented. Part of the wisdom of the Book of Job is to use depression as an example of a life-threatening illness to provide an unexcelled standard of clinical observation and medical intervention.", "PMID": 851330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9606", "title": "Analysis of serum for gentamicin by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay method for the determination of combined gentamicin isomers in serum has been adapted and tested. The procedure uses tritiated gentamicin, rabbit antiserum against a gentamicin-human albumin conjugate, and dextran-charcoal separation. The day-to-day coefficient of variation is 6 percent, and frozen samples are stable for at least one month. There was no cross reactivity of the antiserum with any of several tested antibiotics or with any of some tested commonly used non-antibiotic hospital pharmacy preparations. The results from the procedure correlated well with those of an enzymatic radioacetylation technique and, except for a significant incidence of \"outliers\", with a microbiological assay. As expected, patient serum values, both maximum and minimum, showed no correlation with dose size.", "contents": "Analysis of serum for gentamicin by radioimmunoassay. A radioimmunoassay method for the determination of combined gentamicin isomers in serum has been adapted and tested. The procedure uses tritiated gentamicin, rabbit antiserum against a gentamicin-human albumin conjugate, and dextran-charcoal separation. The day-to-day coefficient of variation is 6 percent, and frozen samples are stable for at least one month. There was no cross reactivity of the antiserum with any of several tested antibiotics or with any of some tested commonly used non-antibiotic hospital pharmacy preparations. The results from the procedure correlated well with those of an enzymatic radioacetylation technique and, except for a significant incidence of \"outliers\", with a microbiological assay. As expected, patient serum values, both maximum and minimum, showed no correlation with dose size.", "PMID": 851347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9607", "title": "Nickel concentrations in human parotid saliva.", "content": "Measurements of nickel were performed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry upon specimens of parotid saliva from 38 healthy adults. The mean concentration of nickel in saliva was 1.9 +/- 1.0 microng Ni per liter (range = 0.8 to 4.5). There was no significant correlation between the concentrations of salivary nickel and protein. No significant differences were observed between the mean concentrations of nickel in saliva samples from (1) men vs women; (2) health center employees vs naval recruits; (3) caries-free subjects vs caries-prone subjects; or (4) non-smokers vs cigarette smokers.", "contents": "Nickel concentrations in human parotid saliva. Measurements of nickel were performed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry upon specimens of parotid saliva from 38 healthy adults. The mean concentration of nickel in saliva was 1.9 +/- 1.0 microng Ni per liter (range = 0.8 to 4.5). There was no significant correlation between the concentrations of salivary nickel and protein. No significant differences were observed between the mean concentrations of nickel in saliva samples from (1) men vs women; (2) health center employees vs naval recruits; (3) caries-free subjects vs caries-prone subjects; or (4) non-smokers vs cigarette smokers.", "PMID": 851348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9608", "title": "Adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation in the states of hypercoagulability.", "content": "One hundred and seven patients with congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction and arteriosclerotic heart disease were studied by adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation, fibrinogen levels and ethanol gelation test. Both increases and decreases in platelet aggregation were observed. A significantly high percentage of patients showed a decreased platelet aggregation which was especially marked in the more acute as opposed to the less acute phase. In addition, most patients exhibited a marked shift from abnormal to normal platelet aggregation or vise-versa within a short time period. This pattern of platelet aggregation suggests an active role of platelets in the states of hypercoagulability. The hypercoagulability of these patients was further substantiated by a high percentage of positive ethanol gelation tests and high fibrinogen levels.", "contents": "Adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation in the states of hypercoagulability. One hundred and seven patients with congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction and arteriosclerotic heart disease were studied by adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation, fibrinogen levels and ethanol gelation test. Both increases and decreases in platelet aggregation were observed. A significantly high percentage of patients showed a decreased platelet aggregation which was especially marked in the more acute as opposed to the less acute phase. In addition, most patients exhibited a marked shift from abnormal to normal platelet aggregation or vise-versa within a short time period. This pattern of platelet aggregation suggests an active role of platelets in the states of hypercoagulability. The hypercoagulability of these patients was further substantiated by a high percentage of positive ethanol gelation tests and high fibrinogen levels.", "PMID": 851349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9609", "title": "An ultrastructural analysis of renal arterioles in benign and malignant essential hypertensions.", "content": "Renal arterioles from five patients with benign essential hypertension (BH) and four patients with malignant essential hypertension (MH) were studied using electron microscopy (EM). This study suggests a concept of different pathogenetic mechanism for renal vascular (arteriolar) lesions in BH and MH (i.e., benign and malignant nephrosclerosis, respectively) and does not support the idea of progression of benign nephrosclerosis to malignant nephrosclerosis. The EM technique has proven to be important in demonstrating specific changes characteristic of severe (or malignant) hypertension in the early stage in patients without clinical manifestation of MH, thus predicting a possibility of progressive histological change and clinical deterioration. This technique has clarified the light microscopy appearance of hyaline which continues to be an intriguing feature in the study of renal pathology.", "contents": "An ultrastructural analysis of renal arterioles in benign and malignant essential hypertensions. Renal arterioles from five patients with benign essential hypertension (BH) and four patients with malignant essential hypertension (MH) were studied using electron microscopy (EM). This study suggests a concept of different pathogenetic mechanism for renal vascular (arteriolar) lesions in BH and MH (i.e., benign and malignant nephrosclerosis, respectively) and does not support the idea of progression of benign nephrosclerosis to malignant nephrosclerosis. The EM technique has proven to be important in demonstrating specific changes characteristic of severe (or malignant) hypertension in the early stage in patients without clinical manifestation of MH, thus predicting a possibility of progressive histological change and clinical deterioration. This technique has clarified the light microscopy appearance of hyaline which continues to be an intriguing feature in the study of renal pathology.", "PMID": 851350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9610", "title": "Analytical evaluation of a folate radioassay: application to serum and erythrocyte measurements.", "content": "Many commercial folate radioassay kits have proven to be unsatisfactory in the past. It has been found that the Schwarz/Mann Iodine-125 folate radioassay kit permits a rapid measurement of folic acid requiring only a single incubation at pH 9.3. At this pH, the relative affinity of pteroylglutamic acid (FA) and N-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid (MTFA) for the milk binder is the same. Additionally, the radioassay was compared to the L. casei microbiological assay. Regression analysis of 42 patients' sera, folate concentration 0.9 to 14 mug per liter, gave a correlation coefficient of 0.963. At folate concentration greater than 14 mug per liter, results with the radioassay in many instances were lower than those with the microbiological assay. In some cases the discrepancy was as much as 50 percent. However, the recovery of pure FA, MTFA and mixtures of the two at concentrations of 20 to 40 mug per liter was satisfactory by radioassay. This would indicate that the microbiological assay is inaccurate at higher folate concentrations. It has been shown that the Schwarz/Mann folate kit is accurate, precise, unaffected by icterus and lipemia. It is, therefore, suitable for both serum and red blood cell folate assay. A discrepancy has been observed between serum and red cell folate concentration; consequently, a simultaneously assay of both folates is suggested.", "contents": "Analytical evaluation of a folate radioassay: application to serum and erythrocyte measurements. Many commercial folate radioassay kits have proven to be unsatisfactory in the past. It has been found that the Schwarz/Mann Iodine-125 folate radioassay kit permits a rapid measurement of folic acid requiring only a single incubation at pH 9.3. At this pH, the relative affinity of pteroylglutamic acid (FA) and N-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid (MTFA) for the milk binder is the same. Additionally, the radioassay was compared to the L. casei microbiological assay. Regression analysis of 42 patients' sera, folate concentration 0.9 to 14 mug per liter, gave a correlation coefficient of 0.963. At folate concentration greater than 14 mug per liter, results with the radioassay in many instances were lower than those with the microbiological assay. In some cases the discrepancy was as much as 50 percent. However, the recovery of pure FA, MTFA and mixtures of the two at concentrations of 20 to 40 mug per liter was satisfactory by radioassay. This would indicate that the microbiological assay is inaccurate at higher folate concentrations. It has been shown that the Schwarz/Mann folate kit is accurate, precise, unaffected by icterus and lipemia. It is, therefore, suitable for both serum and red blood cell folate assay. A discrepancy has been observed between serum and red cell folate concentration; consequently, a simultaneously assay of both folates is suggested.", "PMID": 851346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9611", "title": "Classification of enzymes and current status of enzyme nomenclature and units.", "content": "Recommendations for the nomenclature and coding of enzymes as presented by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and the International Union of Biochemistry are summarized and discussed. Units for reporting catalytic concentration of enzymes are briefly reviewed and abbreviations that have been proposed for enzyme names are also described.", "contents": "Classification of enzymes and current status of enzyme nomenclature and units. Recommendations for the nomenclature and coding of enzymes as presented by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and the International Union of Biochemistry are summarized and discussed. Units for reporting catalytic concentration of enzymes are briefly reviewed and abbreviations that have been proposed for enzyme names are also described.", "PMID": 851351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9612", "title": "[Study of growth from 0 to 18 months. Are infants followed in maternal and child welfare clinics a valuable reference for this study].", "content": "1,017 healthy french children have been surveyed in the P.M.I. centres of the 14th ward of Paris. Birth weight in function of duration of pregnancy has been studied. Standard measures of growth from two weeks to 18 months regarding weight, length and head circumference of boys and girls have been established. The biometric data of the children have been compared with some biological and social factors of their parents.", "contents": "[Study of growth from 0 to 18 months. Are infants followed in maternal and child welfare clinics a valuable reference for this study]. 1,017 healthy french children have been surveyed in the P.M.I. centres of the 14th ward of Paris. Birth weight in function of duration of pregnancy has been studied. Standard measures of growth from two weeks to 18 months regarding weight, length and head circumference of boys and girls have been established. The biometric data of the children have been compared with some biological and social factors of their parents.", "PMID": 851367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9613", "title": "[Familial pseudohypoaldosteronism (apropos of 5 cases)].", "content": "The first clinical and scientifically confirmed description of familial pseudohypoaldosteronism is reported in 5 patients, one of whom is an adult. The rarity of the disorder may be over-estimated. The 5 patients described had anextreme liking for salt which they had consumed in large amounts and tolerated without any side effects, regardless of the quantity and the period of time involved. The results of sodium balance and othr studies carried out several months are reported. Several investigations are normal (effect of spironolactone, DOCA) supporting the evidence to data against a decreased sensitivity of the distal renal tubule to aldosterone and presenting new evidence in favour of impaired proximal tubular resbsorption of sodium; persistent hypercalcuria occurred and histological changes were maximal in the proximal tubule. The 5 patients described despite apparent clinical well-being all had biological hypoaldosteronism, and some of them a chronic salt losing state without detectable renal impairment. These findings suggest that the long-term evolution of the disease has to be reconsidered.", "contents": "[Familial pseudohypoaldosteronism (apropos of 5 cases)]. The first clinical and scientifically confirmed description of familial pseudohypoaldosteronism is reported in 5 patients, one of whom is an adult. The rarity of the disorder may be over-estimated. The 5 patients described had anextreme liking for salt which they had consumed in large amounts and tolerated without any side effects, regardless of the quantity and the period of time involved. The results of sodium balance and othr studies carried out several months are reported. Several investigations are normal (effect of spironolactone, DOCA) supporting the evidence to data against a decreased sensitivity of the distal renal tubule to aldosterone and presenting new evidence in favour of impaired proximal tubular resbsorption of sodium; persistent hypercalcuria occurred and histological changes were maximal in the proximal tubule. The 5 patients described despite apparent clinical well-being all had biological hypoaldosteronism, and some of them a chronic salt losing state without detectable renal impairment. These findings suggest that the long-term evolution of the disease has to be reconsidered.", "PMID": 851368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9614", "title": "[Diffuse hamartomatous tumor of the cerebellum and brain stem in children].", "content": "A child presented in the first year of life with a slowly evolving cerebellar syndrome which resulted in death at the age of 4 1/2 years. A peculiar tumour involving the cerebellum and brain stem and destroying the cerebellar anatomy is described. This was considered to be a form of gangliomatous hamartoma.", "contents": "[Diffuse hamartomatous tumor of the cerebellum and brain stem in children]. A child presented in the first year of life with a slowly evolving cerebellar syndrome which resulted in death at the age of 4 1/2 years. A peculiar tumour involving the cerebellum and brain stem and destroying the cerebellar anatomy is described. This was considered to be a form of gangliomatous hamartoma.", "PMID": 851370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9615", "title": "[Maternofetal deficiency hyponatremia caused by a selt-free diet during a multiple pregnancy].", "content": "Quadruplets born at 36 weeks gestation were severely hyponatraemic. The mother had been given a sodium deficient diet for the majority of pregnancy and she herself was also hyponatraemic with hyperaldosteronism. This patient illustrates the problems of sodium restriction during pregnancy and the need for its supervision.", "contents": "[Maternofetal deficiency hyponatremia caused by a selt-free diet during a multiple pregnancy]. Quadruplets born at 36 weeks gestation were severely hyponatraemic. The mother had been given a sodium deficient diet for the majority of pregnancy and she herself was also hyponatraemic with hyperaldosteronism. This patient illustrates the problems of sodium restriction during pregnancy and the need for its supervision.", "PMID": 851371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9616", "title": "[Pharmacologic bases of use of benzodiazepines in per\u00e9inatal medicine].", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of benzodiazepines have been studied because these drugs are often given to pregnant mothers and occasionally to neonates. The rate of absorbition is faster in the neonate than in the mother by all routes of administration but the drugs accumulate, the degree being related to gestational age, the more premature the greater the accumulation. There is preferential storage in some organs including the heart. Diazepam and chlordiazepoxide are metabolised to active compounds but oxazepam, nitrazepam and flurazepam are inactivated. Individual susceptibilities are important. These drugs readily pass across the placenta but the teratogenic risk is uncertain. They are also excreted in the breast milk in quantities which justify their withdrawal during breast feeding. On the basis of the findings therapeutic protocol is proposed.", "contents": "[Pharmacologic bases of use of benzodiazepines in per\u00e9inatal medicine]. The pharmacokinetics of benzodiazepines have been studied because these drugs are often given to pregnant mothers and occasionally to neonates. The rate of absorbition is faster in the neonate than in the mother by all routes of administration but the drugs accumulate, the degree being related to gestational age, the more premature the greater the accumulation. There is preferential storage in some organs including the heart. Diazepam and chlordiazepoxide are metabolised to active compounds but oxazepam, nitrazepam and flurazepam are inactivated. Individual susceptibilities are important. These drugs readily pass across the placenta but the teratogenic risk is uncertain. They are also excreted in the breast milk in quantities which justify their withdrawal during breast feeding. On the basis of the findings therapeutic protocol is proposed.", "PMID": 851373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9617", "title": "[Bournevilles tuberous sclerosis. clinical and genetic study of 59 cases in children].", "content": "The authors have studied 59 cases of Bourneville's tuberous sclerosis, including 44 sporadic cases from healthy parents and 9 familial patients. They stress the very high frequency of spasms in the infants of less than one year (80 %), the frequency and the early appearance of retinal phakomata and areas of depigmentation and the interest in the early detection of intracranial calcification. They discuss the specificity of the individual manifestations: cutaneous, retinal and systemic and they consider the problem of genetic counselling.", "contents": "[Bournevilles tuberous sclerosis. clinical and genetic study of 59 cases in children]. The authors have studied 59 cases of Bourneville's tuberous sclerosis, including 44 sporadic cases from healthy parents and 9 familial patients. They stress the very high frequency of spasms in the infants of less than one year (80 %), the frequency and the early appearance of retinal phakomata and areas of depigmentation and the interest in the early detection of intracranial calcification. They discuss the specificity of the individual manifestations: cutaneous, retinal and systemic and they consider the problem of genetic counselling.", "PMID": 851374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9618", "title": "Exercise performance in 6-to-11-year-old boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.", "content": "To determine effects of severe muscular dystrophy on the performance of dynamic exercise, cardiorespiratory responses to incremental work on a bicycle ergometer and isokinetic limb strength measurements were compared for 13 dystrophic boys and 13 normal, untrained boys. The dystrophic boys (D) were matched to the normal boys (N) on the basis of age (8.4 yr), height (125 cm) and weight (25.7 kg). At rest, the dystrophic group had higher heart rates (HR) (D = 102; D = 31; N = 39 ml), with no difference in oxygen uptake (VO2), calculated cardiac output (Q), pulmonary ventilation (VE), or respiratory exchange ratio (R). During submaximal work, VO2, SV, Q and VE were lower in D. During maximal work, D had lower peak values for work rate (D = 400; N = 600 kg/min), endurance (D = 41; N = 60 ml), Q (D = 5.2; N = 11.0 liters/min), VE (D = 8.2; N = 36.9 liters/min), and R (D = 0.84; N = 0.99). Arm and leg strengths (four flexion and four extension motions) were lower in D, but muscle girths were not necessarily smaller. The findings indicate exercise performance in D was below normal and limited by low cardiorespiratory capacities, diminished leg strength, and perhaps reduced peripheral oxygen utilization. Duchenne muscular dystrophy, even in its early stages, apparently affects the work capacity of cardiac and pulmonary muscles as well as limb muscles.", "contents": "Exercise performance in 6-to-11-year-old boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. To determine effects of severe muscular dystrophy on the performance of dynamic exercise, cardiorespiratory responses to incremental work on a bicycle ergometer and isokinetic limb strength measurements were compared for 13 dystrophic boys and 13 normal, untrained boys. The dystrophic boys (D) were matched to the normal boys (N) on the basis of age (8.4 yr), height (125 cm) and weight (25.7 kg). At rest, the dystrophic group had higher heart rates (HR) (D = 102; D = 31; N = 39 ml), with no difference in oxygen uptake (VO2), calculated cardiac output (Q), pulmonary ventilation (VE), or respiratory exchange ratio (R). During submaximal work, VO2, SV, Q and VE were lower in D. During maximal work, D had lower peak values for work rate (D = 400; N = 600 kg/min), endurance (D = 41; N = 60 ml), Q (D = 5.2; N = 11.0 liters/min), VE (D = 8.2; N = 36.9 liters/min), and R (D = 0.84; N = 0.99). Arm and leg strengths (four flexion and four extension motions) were lower in D, but muscle girths were not necessarily smaller. The findings indicate exercise performance in D was below normal and limited by low cardiorespiratory capacities, diminished leg strength, and perhaps reduced peripheral oxygen utilization. Duchenne muscular dystrophy, even in its early stages, apparently affects the work capacity of cardiac and pulmonary muscles as well as limb muscles.", "PMID": 851390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9619", "title": "An organizational typology of treatment facilities for the physically handicapped.", "content": "The lack of a viable organizational typology is cited as a factor in the current absence of comparative research among physical rehabilitation facilities. A short discussion of approaches to typology construction is given which concludes that theoretically grounded typologies are most likely to produce useful insights. Subsequently, a fourfold typology of treatment facilities-maintenance, processing, changing and rehabilitation-is generated from a theory of variations in patient handling.", "contents": "An organizational typology of treatment facilities for the physically handicapped. The lack of a viable organizational typology is cited as a factor in the current absence of comparative research among physical rehabilitation facilities. A short discussion of approaches to typology construction is given which concludes that theoretically grounded typologies are most likely to produce useful insights. Subsequently, a fourfold typology of treatment facilities-maintenance, processing, changing and rehabilitation-is generated from a theory of variations in patient handling.", "PMID": 851391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9620", "title": "Patient education by videotape after myocardial infarction: an empirical evaluation.", "content": "Patients recovering from myocardial infarction (MI) or other heart diseases at St. Francis Hospital, Hartford, Ct, were educated by videotape or by staff lectures on alternating weeks. Both programs included the following: risk factors for MI, medications, diet, MI symptoms and life style changes. Patients were interviewed before and after the educational program. The MI patients under the age of 60 scored equally well on an informational test irrespective of the type of education program experienced. Older MI patients were significantly more likely to complete the educational program when it was given by videotape; those discontinuing attendance at lectures were less psychologically motivated to participate but were not necessarily more ill. Overall, higher education was the single most significant predictor of superior scores following patient education. Implications for the coronary care ward of the success of videotape in educating MI patients are discussed.", "contents": "Patient education by videotape after myocardial infarction: an empirical evaluation. Patients recovering from myocardial infarction (MI) or other heart diseases at St. Francis Hospital, Hartford, Ct, were educated by videotape or by staff lectures on alternating weeks. Both programs included the following: risk factors for MI, medications, diet, MI symptoms and life style changes. Patients were interviewed before and after the educational program. The MI patients under the age of 60 scored equally well on an informational test irrespective of the type of education program experienced. Older MI patients were significantly more likely to complete the educational program when it was given by videotape; those discontinuing attendance at lectures were less psychologically motivated to participate but were not necessarily more ill. Overall, higher education was the single most significant predictor of superior scores following patient education. Implications for the coronary care ward of the success of videotape in educating MI patients are discussed.", "PMID": 851392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9621", "title": "Paraplegia following trauma in a patient with kyphosis.", "content": "The reported incidence of paraplegia following acute spinal trauma in patients with kyphosis is very low. One such case is presented here and discussed. Although deterioration of spinal cord function in patients with kyphosis who have not sustained trauma is treated by surgical decompression and stabilization of the spine, a more conservative approach may be beneficial in those patients with a history of trauma. Thus, the treatment appears to follow that now recommended for acute spinal injuries in patients with a premorbidly normal spine.", "contents": "Paraplegia following trauma in a patient with kyphosis. The reported incidence of paraplegia following acute spinal trauma in patients with kyphosis is very low. One such case is presented here and discussed. Although deterioration of spinal cord function in patients with kyphosis who have not sustained trauma is treated by surgical decompression and stabilization of the spine, a more conservative approach may be beneficial in those patients with a history of trauma. Thus, the treatment appears to follow that now recommended for acute spinal injuries in patients with a premorbidly normal spine.", "PMID": 851393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9622", "title": "Isolation of an influenza virus, similar to A/Port Chalmers/1/73 (H3N2) from a common murre at Sakhalin Island in U.S.S.R. (Strain A/common murre/Sakhalin/1/74).", "content": "An influenza A virus isolated from the cloaca of a common murre was characterized antigenically as H3N2 and was most closely related to the A/Port Chalmers/1/73 strain. Serological studies of sera collected from common murres in the area of virus isolation showed that 21 per cent of the birds had antibodies to Hong Kong influenza virus.", "contents": "Isolation of an influenza virus, similar to A/Port Chalmers/1/73 (H3N2) from a common murre at Sakhalin Island in U.S.S.R. (Strain A/common murre/Sakhalin/1/74). An influenza A virus isolated from the cloaca of a common murre was characterized antigenically as H3N2 and was most closely related to the A/Port Chalmers/1/73 strain. Serological studies of sera collected from common murres in the area of virus isolation showed that 21 per cent of the birds had antibodies to Hong Kong influenza virus.", "PMID": 851395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9623", "title": "Temperature-sensitive mutants of measles virus produced from persistently infected HeLa cells.", "content": "A persistent infection with the Edmonston strain of measles virus was established in HeLa cells in the absence of measles virus antibody (HeLaPI cells). By hemadsorption or immunofluoresnce virtually 100 per cent of the cells possessed measles virus components. HeLaPI cells produced no interferon and were not resistant to superinfection with Newcastle disease virus. HeLaPI cells contained both smooth (15--18 nm) and rought (20--35 nm) nucleocapsids as detected by electron microscopy. The virus produced from the HeLaPI cells (MVPI) varied in titer between 1.5 X 10(2) and 5.5 X10(4) PFU/ml, had a smaller plque size and was more heat resistant than wild-type measles virus. MVPI was also found to be temperature-sensitive. The temperature-sensitivity of MVPI was determined by the efficiency of plaquing at 33 degrees and 39 degrees C in Vero cell monolayers. When HeLaPI cells were incubated at 33 degrees C, there was a 50-fold increase in virus production as well as a slight increase in the percentage of cells forming infectious centers compared to HeLaPI cells grown at 37 degrees C. MVPI readily established a persistent infection in HeLa cells which also rleased temperature-sensitive virus.", "contents": "Temperature-sensitive mutants of measles virus produced from persistently infected HeLa cells. A persistent infection with the Edmonston strain of measles virus was established in HeLa cells in the absence of measles virus antibody (HeLaPI cells). By hemadsorption or immunofluoresnce virtually 100 per cent of the cells possessed measles virus components. HeLaPI cells produced no interferon and were not resistant to superinfection with Newcastle disease virus. HeLaPI cells contained both smooth (15--18 nm) and rought (20--35 nm) nucleocapsids as detected by electron microscopy. The virus produced from the HeLaPI cells (MVPI) varied in titer between 1.5 X 10(2) and 5.5 X10(4) PFU/ml, had a smaller plque size and was more heat resistant than wild-type measles virus. MVPI was also found to be temperature-sensitive. The temperature-sensitivity of MVPI was determined by the efficiency of plaquing at 33 degrees and 39 degrees C in Vero cell monolayers. When HeLaPI cells were incubated at 33 degrees C, there was a 50-fold increase in virus production as well as a slight increase in the percentage of cells forming infectious centers compared to HeLaPI cells grown at 37 degrees C. MVPI readily established a persistent infection in HeLa cells which also rleased temperature-sensitive virus.", "PMID": 851396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9624", "title": "Failure of poxvirus replication in the presence of an inhibitor of nucleolar RNA synthesis.", "content": "In vaccinia virus infected cells the appearance of a late enzyme RNA polymerase was prevented by MPB, an inhibitor of nucleolar RNA synthesis, although inductions of the early enzymes thymidine kinase and DNA polymerase were not affected. It is inferred the nucleoli may be involved in the replication of vaccinia virus.", "contents": "Failure of poxvirus replication in the presence of an inhibitor of nucleolar RNA synthesis. In vaccinia virus infected cells the appearance of a late enzyme RNA polymerase was prevented by MPB, an inhibitor of nucleolar RNA synthesis, although inductions of the early enzymes thymidine kinase and DNA polymerase were not affected. It is inferred the nucleoli may be involved in the replication of vaccinia virus.", "PMID": 851397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9625", "title": "Vaccinia virus cytotoxin.", "content": "Extracts of vaccinia-infected HeLa cells were rendered free from infectious virus by centrifugation followed by membrane filtration and were shown to be toxic to uninfected HeLa cells in the presence of hypertonic MgSO4, used as a macromolecular uptake inducer, under conditions which did not kill control cells. Extracts from uninfected cells were nontoxic. This biological test was adapted to a semi-quantitative assay which was used to monitor the purification of the cytotoxic factor by DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-100 chromatography. The cytotoxic factor was purified 100-fold, shown to be of molecular weight 30 -- 100,000 daltons, acidic and completely inactivated by soluble trypsin but not by ribonuclease under conditions believed to degrade both single- and double-stranded RNA species. It was demonstrated to be virus specific by approrpiate immunosorbent chromatography. Extracts were also prepared from vaccinia-infected HEp-2, RK and W-K cells respectively. A virus-specific factor, toxic to uninfected HeLa cells, with similar chromatographic properties to that isolated from infected HeLa cells, was isolated from these three additional cell lines. The concept of virus induced cytotoxins, substances which exert their toxic effect in the host cells in which they are made, is discussed.", "contents": "Vaccinia virus cytotoxin. Extracts of vaccinia-infected HeLa cells were rendered free from infectious virus by centrifugation followed by membrane filtration and were shown to be toxic to uninfected HeLa cells in the presence of hypertonic MgSO4, used as a macromolecular uptake inducer, under conditions which did not kill control cells. Extracts from uninfected cells were nontoxic. This biological test was adapted to a semi-quantitative assay which was used to monitor the purification of the cytotoxic factor by DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-100 chromatography. The cytotoxic factor was purified 100-fold, shown to be of molecular weight 30 -- 100,000 daltons, acidic and completely inactivated by soluble trypsin but not by ribonuclease under conditions believed to degrade both single- and double-stranded RNA species. It was demonstrated to be virus specific by approrpiate immunosorbent chromatography. Extracts were also prepared from vaccinia-infected HEp-2, RK and W-K cells respectively. A virus-specific factor, toxic to uninfected HeLa cells, with similar chromatographic properties to that isolated from infected HeLa cells, was isolated from these three additional cell lines. The concept of virus induced cytotoxins, substances which exert their toxic effect in the host cells in which they are made, is discussed.", "PMID": 851398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9626", "title": "[Local immune response in mouse experimental airborne influenza: immunoglobulin concentrations, antibody levels of immunoglobulin classes and anamnestic response in bronchial washings (author's transl)].", "content": "Sera and bronchial washings from normal mice and from mice previously infected with influenza virus were analyzed for their concentration of four immunoglobulin (Ig) classes by the method of single radial immunodiffusion and for their content of specific antibody of these Ig classes by the immunofluorescent method. IgA were not detected in bronchial washings from normal mice. The IgA/IgG ratio was not higher than 0.33 in infected mice. The IgA level increased briefly in infected bronchial washings, but the levels of IgG2 and particularly of IgG1 exhibited a longer and higher increase. The maximal increase of these three Ig classes occurred by the seventh day and might have derived from transsudated serum. IgM was not identified in normal bronchial washings, but immunofluorescence detected IgM in infected washings, which also showed specific antibody in each of the four Ig classes. IgG2 and IgM contained antibody in greatest, IgA in lower concentration. Our results indicate that the most part of bronchial antibody was produced locally, since the ratio of Ig concentration to antibody titre of each Ig class was consistently higher for bronchial washings than for sera. An anamnestic secretory antibody response could not be demonstrated in bronchial washings.", "contents": "[Local immune response in mouse experimental airborne influenza: immunoglobulin concentrations, antibody levels of immunoglobulin classes and anamnestic response in bronchial washings (author's transl)]. Sera and bronchial washings from normal mice and from mice previously infected with influenza virus were analyzed for their concentration of four immunoglobulin (Ig) classes by the method of single radial immunodiffusion and for their content of specific antibody of these Ig classes by the immunofluorescent method. IgA were not detected in bronchial washings from normal mice. The IgA/IgG ratio was not higher than 0.33 in infected mice. The IgA level increased briefly in infected bronchial washings, but the levels of IgG2 and particularly of IgG1 exhibited a longer and higher increase. The maximal increase of these three Ig classes occurred by the seventh day and might have derived from transsudated serum. IgM was not identified in normal bronchial washings, but immunofluorescence detected IgM in infected washings, which also showed specific antibody in each of the four Ig classes. IgG2 and IgM contained antibody in greatest, IgA in lower concentration. Our results indicate that the most part of bronchial antibody was produced locally, since the ratio of Ig concentration to antibody titre of each Ig class was consistently higher for bronchial washings than for sera. An anamnestic secretory antibody response could not be demonstrated in bronchial washings.", "PMID": 851400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9627", "title": "Interactions of tocopherols and ubiquinones with monolayers of phospholipids.", "content": "1. The penetration of alpha-tocopherol and seven of its derivatives, and five compounds in the ubiquinone series, having differing chain lengths, into monolayers at the air/water interface of 11 different synthetic phospholipids and cholesterol was investigated; the properties of mixed monolayers of the tocopherols and of ubiquinones with phospholipids were also studied. 2. Penetration of alpha-tocopherol into diarachidonylglycerylphosphorycholine was approximately constant for molar ratios of tocopherol/phospholipid ranging from 0.4:1.0 to 2.0:1.0. 3. Tocopherols with shorter or longer side chains than alpha-tocopherol had a lesser ability to penetrate monolayers of phospholipid molecules with 16 or more carbon atoms in their acyl chains. 4. All the tocopherols penetrated more readily as unsaturation in the phospholipids was increased, and their penetration into mixed monolayers of phospholipids was greatly facilitated by the presence of relatively small quantities of unsaturated phospholipid molecules. 5. There was relatively little interaction between the tocopherols and cholesterol, or between the ubiquinones and phospholipids. 6. The possible significance of the observed interactions between alpha-tocopherol and polyunsaturated phospholipids is discussed in relation to the biochemical actions of alpha-tocopherol in vivo. 7. It is suggested that fluidity of the lipid bilayer in membranes containing polyunsaturated phospholipids may allow alpha-tocopherol to interact in a dynamic manner with a number of phospholipid molecules.", "contents": "Interactions of tocopherols and ubiquinones with monolayers of phospholipids. 1. The penetration of alpha-tocopherol and seven of its derivatives, and five compounds in the ubiquinone series, having differing chain lengths, into monolayers at the air/water interface of 11 different synthetic phospholipids and cholesterol was investigated; the properties of mixed monolayers of the tocopherols and of ubiquinones with phospholipids were also studied. 2. Penetration of alpha-tocopherol into diarachidonylglycerylphosphorycholine was approximately constant for molar ratios of tocopherol/phospholipid ranging from 0.4:1.0 to 2.0:1.0. 3. Tocopherols with shorter or longer side chains than alpha-tocopherol had a lesser ability to penetrate monolayers of phospholipid molecules with 16 or more carbon atoms in their acyl chains. 4. All the tocopherols penetrated more readily as unsaturation in the phospholipids was increased, and their penetration into mixed monolayers of phospholipids was greatly facilitated by the presence of relatively small quantities of unsaturated phospholipid molecules. 5. There was relatively little interaction between the tocopherols and cholesterol, or between the ubiquinones and phospholipids. 6. The possible significance of the observed interactions between alpha-tocopherol and polyunsaturated phospholipids is discussed in relation to the biochemical actions of alpha-tocopherol in vivo. 7. It is suggested that fluidity of the lipid bilayer in membranes containing polyunsaturated phospholipids may allow alpha-tocopherol to interact in a dynamic manner with a number of phospholipid molecules.", "PMID": 851413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9628", "title": "Action of human lysosomal elastase on the oxidized B chain of insulin.", "content": "The specificity of action of the lysosomal elastase of human neutrophil leucocytes on the oxidized B chain of insulin is similar to that of pig pancreatic elastase, but is more directed towards valine than alanine as the residue contributing the carboxyl group of the cleaved bond. The most susceptible bonds are Val-12-Glu-13 and Val-18-Cys(O3H)-19. Other bonds hydrolysed are Ala-14-Leu-15, Ser-9-His-10 and Cys, (O3H3)-7-Gly-8. Tables listing amino acid composition, N-terminal residue, and yields of isolated peptides have been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50 075 (8 pages) at the British Library Lending Division, Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1977) 161, 1.", "contents": "Action of human lysosomal elastase on the oxidized B chain of insulin. The specificity of action of the lysosomal elastase of human neutrophil leucocytes on the oxidized B chain of insulin is similar to that of pig pancreatic elastase, but is more directed towards valine than alanine as the residue contributing the carboxyl group of the cleaved bond. The most susceptible bonds are Val-12-Glu-13 and Val-18-Cys(O3H)-19. Other bonds hydrolysed are Ala-14-Leu-15, Ser-9-His-10 and Cys, (O3H3)-7-Gly-8. Tables listing amino acid composition, N-terminal residue, and yields of isolated peptides have been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50 075 (8 pages) at the British Library Lending Division, Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1977) 161, 1.", "PMID": 851414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9629", "title": "Ionic-strength-dependent changes in the structure of the major protein of the human erythrocyte membrane.", "content": "The effect of ionic strength on the proteolysis by trypsin of the major membrane-penetrating protein (polypeptide 3) in the erythrocyte membrane was studied. Both the intracellular and extracellular regions of the protein are susceptible to trypsin proteolysis under hypo-osmotic conditions, whereas under iso-osmotic conditions the extracellular region of the protein is resistant to trypsin, and the intracellular region yields only two cleavage products with trypsin. Studies of the fragments obtained from polypeptide 3 by trypsin digestion under iso-osmotic conditions of 'ghosts' radioiodinated with lactoperoxidase confirmed our earlier conclusions that the polypeptide chain of polypeptide 3 traverses the membrane twice. Ionic-strength-dependent changes were also observed in the incorporation of iodine by lactoperoxidase into the individual extracellular tyrosine sites of the protein. These results show that polypeptide 3 undergoes ionic-strength-dependent changes in structure.", "contents": "Ionic-strength-dependent changes in the structure of the major protein of the human erythrocyte membrane. The effect of ionic strength on the proteolysis by trypsin of the major membrane-penetrating protein (polypeptide 3) in the erythrocyte membrane was studied. Both the intracellular and extracellular regions of the protein are susceptible to trypsin proteolysis under hypo-osmotic conditions, whereas under iso-osmotic conditions the extracellular region of the protein is resistant to trypsin, and the intracellular region yields only two cleavage products with trypsin. Studies of the fragments obtained from polypeptide 3 by trypsin digestion under iso-osmotic conditions of 'ghosts' radioiodinated with lactoperoxidase confirmed our earlier conclusions that the polypeptide chain of polypeptide 3 traverses the membrane twice. Ionic-strength-dependent changes were also observed in the incorporation of iodine by lactoperoxidase into the individual extracellular tyrosine sites of the protein. These results show that polypeptide 3 undergoes ionic-strength-dependent changes in structure.", "PMID": 851415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9630", "title": "The structure of the major protein of the human erythrocyte membrane. Characterization of the intact protein and major fragments.", "content": "Polypeptide 3, the major membrane-penetrating protein of the human erythrocyte membrane, was characterized, together with two major fragments derived by specific proteolysis of the native protein in the membrane. One fragment (fragment 3f) was obtained from thermolysin cleavage in the extracellular region of the protein, and the other (fragment T1) was derived from tryptic cleavage in the intracellular region of the protein. The results of N- and C-terminal group analysis suggest that fragment 3f contains the N-terminal region of polypeptide 3 and fragment T1 contains the C-terminal part of the molecule. The carbohydrate contents of the polypeptides suggest that carbohydrates are present in three regions of the molecule, much of this carbohydrate being present in the C-terminal part of the molecule. This region of the protein also contains the receptors for concanavalin and the lectins from Phaseolus vulgaris and Ricinis communis, and our results suggest that there is heterogeneity in the carbohydrate chains present in the C-terminal region of polypeptide 3. These data are related to the folding of polypeptide 3 in the erythrocyte membrane.", "contents": "The structure of the major protein of the human erythrocyte membrane. Characterization of the intact protein and major fragments. Polypeptide 3, the major membrane-penetrating protein of the human erythrocyte membrane, was characterized, together with two major fragments derived by specific proteolysis of the native protein in the membrane. One fragment (fragment 3f) was obtained from thermolysin cleavage in the extracellular region of the protein, and the other (fragment T1) was derived from tryptic cleavage in the intracellular region of the protein. The results of N- and C-terminal group analysis suggest that fragment 3f contains the N-terminal region of polypeptide 3 and fragment T1 contains the C-terminal part of the molecule. The carbohydrate contents of the polypeptides suggest that carbohydrates are present in three regions of the molecule, much of this carbohydrate being present in the C-terminal part of the molecule. This region of the protein also contains the receptors for concanavalin and the lectins from Phaseolus vulgaris and Ricinis communis, and our results suggest that there is heterogeneity in the carbohydrate chains present in the C-terminal region of polypeptide 3. These data are related to the folding of polypeptide 3 in the erythrocyte membrane.", "PMID": 851416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9631", "title": "Purification and immunochemical characterization of monoamine oxidase from rat and human liver.", "content": "1. Monoamine oxidase from rat and human liver was purified to homogeneity by the criterion of polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. 2. The enzyme activity was extracted from mitochondrial preparations by Triton X-100. The enzyme was purified by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation followed by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, Sepharose 6B, spheroidal hydroxyapatite, and finally chromatography on diazo-coupled tyramine-Sepharose. 3. Distinct differences occur in the chromatographic behaviour of the two enzymes on both DEAE-cellulose and spheroidal hydroxyapatite. 4. It is unlikely that the purification of the enzymes on tyramine-Sepharose is due to affinity chromatography and reasons for this are discussed. 5. The purified enzymes did not oxidize-5-hydroxytryptamine and the relative activities of the enzymes with benzylamine were increased approx. 1.25-fold compared with the enzyme activities of mitochondrial preparations. 6. Immunotitration of enzyme activity in extracts of mitochondrial preparations from rat liver was carried out with 5-hydroxytryptamine, tyramine and benzylamine. The enzyme activities were completely immunoprecipitated by the same volume of antiserum. Similar results were obtained with the antiserum to the enzyme from human liver.", "contents": "Purification and immunochemical characterization of monoamine oxidase from rat and human liver. 1. Monoamine oxidase from rat and human liver was purified to homogeneity by the criterion of polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. 2. The enzyme activity was extracted from mitochondrial preparations by Triton X-100. The enzyme was purified by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation followed by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, Sepharose 6B, spheroidal hydroxyapatite, and finally chromatography on diazo-coupled tyramine-Sepharose. 3. Distinct differences occur in the chromatographic behaviour of the two enzymes on both DEAE-cellulose and spheroidal hydroxyapatite. 4. It is unlikely that the purification of the enzymes on tyramine-Sepharose is due to affinity chromatography and reasons for this are discussed. 5. The purified enzymes did not oxidize-5-hydroxytryptamine and the relative activities of the enzymes with benzylamine were increased approx. 1.25-fold compared with the enzyme activities of mitochondrial preparations. 6. Immunotitration of enzyme activity in extracts of mitochondrial preparations from rat liver was carried out with 5-hydroxytryptamine, tyramine and benzylamine. The enzyme activities were completely immunoprecipitated by the same volume of antiserum. Similar results were obtained with the antiserum to the enzyme from human liver.", "PMID": 851417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9632", "title": "Action of human cathepsin G on the oxidized B chain of insulin.", "content": "The specificity of cathepsin G, a serine neutral proteinase from human neutrophil leucotyes, was determine dby its action on the insulin B chain. The most susceptible bonds were Phe-24-Phe-25, Leu-15-Tyr-16 and Tyr-16-Leu-17. Other bonds hydrolysed were Leu-6-Cys(O3H)-7, Leu-11-Val-12, Leu-17-Val-18 and Phe-25-Tyr-26. These results suggest that the specificity of cathespin G is closer to that of pig chymotrypsin C than ox Chymotrypsin A. Tables listing amino acid composition, N-terminal residue, and yields of isolated peptides have been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50 075 (8 pages) at the British Library Lending Division, Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7B2, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1977) 161,1.", "contents": "Action of human cathepsin G on the oxidized B chain of insulin. The specificity of cathepsin G, a serine neutral proteinase from human neutrophil leucotyes, was determine dby its action on the insulin B chain. The most susceptible bonds were Phe-24-Phe-25, Leu-15-Tyr-16 and Tyr-16-Leu-17. Other bonds hydrolysed were Leu-6-Cys(O3H)-7, Leu-11-Val-12, Leu-17-Val-18 and Phe-25-Tyr-26. These results suggest that the specificity of cathespin G is closer to that of pig chymotrypsin C than ox Chymotrypsin A. Tables listing amino acid composition, N-terminal residue, and yields of isolated peptides have been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50 075 (8 pages) at the British Library Lending Division, Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7B2, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1977) 161,1.", "PMID": 851418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9633", "title": "Identity of rat kidney histidine-pyruvate aminotransferase with glutamine-oxo acid aminotransferase.", "content": "Histidine-pyruvate aminotransferase and glutamine-phenylpyruvate aminotransferase were purified from rat kidney by the same procedure. The ratio of the two activities remained constant during purification and was unchanged by a variety of treatments of the purified enzyme. Glutamine was found to act as a competitive inhibitor of histidine-pyruvate aminotransferase. These results suggest that rat kidney histidine-pyruvate aminotransferase is identical with glutamine-oxo acid aminotransferase. Identity of the two enzymes in other tissues of rats is discussed.", "contents": "Identity of rat kidney histidine-pyruvate aminotransferase with glutamine-oxo acid aminotransferase. Histidine-pyruvate aminotransferase and glutamine-phenylpyruvate aminotransferase were purified from rat kidney by the same procedure. The ratio of the two activities remained constant during purification and was unchanged by a variety of treatments of the purified enzyme. Glutamine was found to act as a competitive inhibitor of histidine-pyruvate aminotransferase. These results suggest that rat kidney histidine-pyruvate aminotransferase is identical with glutamine-oxo acid aminotransferase. Identity of the two enzymes in other tissues of rats is discussed.", "PMID": 851419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9634", "title": "Partial amino acid sequence of rat pre-prolactin.", "content": "Rat pituitary mRNA was used to direct the cell-free synthesis of pre-prolactin labelled with [4,5-3H]leucine and either [35S] methioninc or [35S] cystine. Sequence analysis of the labelled protein indicates that pre-prolactin has 29 amino acid residues joined to the N-terminus of the prolactin sequence. Leucine residues were found at positions 13, 14, 15, 16, 21 and 22, methionine residues at positions 1, 17 and 18, and a cysteine residue at position 24 of the precursor sequence, and this partial sequence shows considerable similarity with other precursors that have been sequenced.", "contents": "Partial amino acid sequence of rat pre-prolactin. Rat pituitary mRNA was used to direct the cell-free synthesis of pre-prolactin labelled with [4,5-3H]leucine and either [35S] methioninc or [35S] cystine. Sequence analysis of the labelled protein indicates that pre-prolactin has 29 amino acid residues joined to the N-terminus of the prolactin sequence. Leucine residues were found at positions 13, 14, 15, 16, 21 and 22, methionine residues at positions 1, 17 and 18, and a cysteine residue at position 24 of the precursor sequence, and this partial sequence shows considerable similarity with other precursors that have been sequenced.", "PMID": 851420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9635", "title": "The binding of copper ions to copper-free bovine superoxide dismutase. Copper distribution in protein samples recombined with less than stoicheiometric copper ion/protein ratios.", "content": "Samples of superoxide dismutase containing less than stoicheiometric amounts of Cu2+ were obtained by either partial re-addition of Cu2+ to the Cu2+-free protein or partial removal of Cu2+ by controlled CN-treatment. In these samples the distribution of the metal between the two identical sites on the two subunits was studied by quantitative gel electrophoresis and found to be statistical only in the process of copper removal by CN-. In the other case the distribution fits a model of co-operative interaction between the two sites, where the sites are equivalent for the binding of the first Cu2+ ion, but the occupation of the first site lowers the activation energy of the binding of the second Cu2+ ion. This indicates that binding of Cu2+ ion at its site on one subunit brings about conformational changes that facilitate Cu2+ binding on the other subunit. These results may relate to possible intersubunit interactions during the catalytic activity.", "contents": "The binding of copper ions to copper-free bovine superoxide dismutase. Copper distribution in protein samples recombined with less than stoicheiometric copper ion/protein ratios. Samples of superoxide dismutase containing less than stoicheiometric amounts of Cu2+ were obtained by either partial re-addition of Cu2+ to the Cu2+-free protein or partial removal of Cu2+ by controlled CN-treatment. In these samples the distribution of the metal between the two identical sites on the two subunits was studied by quantitative gel electrophoresis and found to be statistical only in the process of copper removal by CN-. In the other case the distribution fits a model of co-operative interaction between the two sites, where the sites are equivalent for the binding of the first Cu2+ ion, but the occupation of the first site lowers the activation energy of the binding of the second Cu2+ ion. This indicates that binding of Cu2+ ion at its site on one subunit brings about conformational changes that facilitate Cu2+ binding on the other subunit. These results may relate to possible intersubunit interactions during the catalytic activity.", "PMID": 851421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9636", "title": "The binding of copper ions to copper-free bovine superoxide dismutase. Properties of the protein recombined with increasing amounts of copper ions.", "content": "1. E.p.r. (electron-paramagnetic-resonance), proton-relaxation and u.v.-absorption parameters, and enzyme activity of samples of Cu2+-free bovine superoxide dismutase recombined with different amounts of Cu2+ up to the stoicheiometric [Cu2+]/protein] ratio were investigated after attainment of equilibrium in the recovery process. 2. The e.p.r. spectra were identical with the spectrum of the native protein at all [Cu2+]/[protein] ratios. The relaxation rate of the water protons (T1) and the u.v. absorption increase as linear functions of the added Cu2+. 3. On the other hand, in recombination experiments in the range pH 7.6-10.5 the enzyme activity shows a non-linear increase as the [Cu2+]/[protein] ratio rises. The experimental curves can be interpreted in terms of the model of co-operative binding of Cu2+ to the two sites proposed on the basis of the electrophoretic analyses of the samples, and show that the specific activity of the molecules containing only one Cu2+ ion is twice as high as that of the molecules with two Cu2+ ions. 4. These results support the hypothesis of an anti-co-operative interaction between the two sites during the activity, which allows only one Cu2+ ion to function in catalysis.", "contents": "The binding of copper ions to copper-free bovine superoxide dismutase. Properties of the protein recombined with increasing amounts of copper ions. 1. E.p.r. (electron-paramagnetic-resonance), proton-relaxation and u.v.-absorption parameters, and enzyme activity of samples of Cu2+-free bovine superoxide dismutase recombined with different amounts of Cu2+ up to the stoicheiometric [Cu2+]/protein] ratio were investigated after attainment of equilibrium in the recovery process. 2. The e.p.r. spectra were identical with the spectrum of the native protein at all [Cu2+]/[protein] ratios. The relaxation rate of the water protons (T1) and the u.v. absorption increase as linear functions of the added Cu2+. 3. On the other hand, in recombination experiments in the range pH 7.6-10.5 the enzyme activity shows a non-linear increase as the [Cu2+]/[protein] ratio rises. The experimental curves can be interpreted in terms of the model of co-operative binding of Cu2+ to the two sites proposed on the basis of the electrophoretic analyses of the samples, and show that the specific activity of the molecules containing only one Cu2+ ion is twice as high as that of the molecules with two Cu2+ ions. 4. These results support the hypothesis of an anti-co-operative interaction between the two sites during the activity, which allows only one Cu2+ ion to function in catalysis.", "PMID": 851422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9637", "title": "Preparation and characterization of armadillo submandibular glycoproteins.", "content": "The nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus mexicanus Peters) was chosen for this study so that a comparison could be made of the salivary mucus glycoproteins of an ancient mammalian species with those derived from previously studied, more highly evolved species. Two mucus glycoproteins, armadillo submandibular glycoprotein A and armadillo submandibular glycoprotein B, were prepared from the armadillo submandibular gland by a modification of the method of Tettamanti & Pigman (1968) (Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 124, 41-50). The composition of glycoprotein A is the simplest one among the known mucus glycoproteins. Six amino acids constitute 98.5 mol/100mol of the protein of glycoprotein A and 82 mol/100 mol of that of glycoprotein B. These are serine and threonine (which make up 40-50% of the molar amino acid composition), glutamic acid, glycine alanine and valine. Proline is absent from glycoprotein A and comprises only 2.3% of glycoprotein B. For both glycoproteins, the protein content, as determined by the method of Lowry, Rosebrough, Farr & Randall (1951) (J. Biol. Chem 193, 265-275), with bovine serum albumin as standard, was nearly 60% higher than when determined by the sum of the amino acids. The ratios of total mol of amino acid/total mol of carbohydrate are 1:0.63 for glycoprotein A and 1:0.68 for glycoprotein B, N-Acetylneuraminic acid and N-acetylgalactosamine, in a molar ratio of about 0.35:1.00, are the principal carbohydrates present in both glycoproteins. Neutral sugars seem to be absent from glycoprotein A, but galactose and fucose are present in glycoprotein B. The carbohydrate side chains in glycoprotein A are composed of about two-thirds monosaccharide and one-third disaccharide residues, whereas those of glycoprotein B are more complex. For both glycoproteins, essentially all of the N-acetylgalactosamine was attached O-glycosidically to the hydroxyamino acid residues of the protein core. The linkage of N-acetylneuraminic acid glycoprotein A was extremely sensitive to dilute acid and neuraminidase. Glycoprotein B has chemical properties similar to those of glycoprotein A. However, whereas glycoprotein A was susceptible to both Clostridium perfringens and Vibrio cholerae neuraminidases, only the latter enzyme had an effect on glycoprotein B at pH 4.75. Both glycoproteins were homogeneous by cellulose acetate electrophoresis and ultracentrifugal analyses. The apparent mol.wts. of glycoprotein A and glycoprotein B were 7.8 X 10(4) and 3.1 X 10(4) respectively.", "contents": "Preparation and characterization of armadillo submandibular glycoproteins. The nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus mexicanus Peters) was chosen for this study so that a comparison could be made of the salivary mucus glycoproteins of an ancient mammalian species with those derived from previously studied, more highly evolved species. Two mucus glycoproteins, armadillo submandibular glycoprotein A and armadillo submandibular glycoprotein B, were prepared from the armadillo submandibular gland by a modification of the method of Tettamanti & Pigman (1968) (Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 124, 41-50). The composition of glycoprotein A is the simplest one among the known mucus glycoproteins. Six amino acids constitute 98.5 mol/100mol of the protein of glycoprotein A and 82 mol/100 mol of that of glycoprotein B. These are serine and threonine (which make up 40-50% of the molar amino acid composition), glutamic acid, glycine alanine and valine. Proline is absent from glycoprotein A and comprises only 2.3% of glycoprotein B. For both glycoproteins, the protein content, as determined by the method of Lowry, Rosebrough, Farr & Randall (1951) (J. Biol. Chem 193, 265-275), with bovine serum albumin as standard, was nearly 60% higher than when determined by the sum of the amino acids. The ratios of total mol of amino acid/total mol of carbohydrate are 1:0.63 for glycoprotein A and 1:0.68 for glycoprotein B, N-Acetylneuraminic acid and N-acetylgalactosamine, in a molar ratio of about 0.35:1.00, are the principal carbohydrates present in both glycoproteins. Neutral sugars seem to be absent from glycoprotein A, but galactose and fucose are present in glycoprotein B. The carbohydrate side chains in glycoprotein A are composed of about two-thirds monosaccharide and one-third disaccharide residues, whereas those of glycoprotein B are more complex. For both glycoproteins, essentially all of the N-acetylgalactosamine was attached O-glycosidically to the hydroxyamino acid residues of the protein core. The linkage of N-acetylneuraminic acid glycoprotein A was extremely sensitive to dilute acid and neuraminidase. Glycoprotein B has chemical properties similar to those of glycoprotein A. However, whereas glycoprotein A was susceptible to both Clostridium perfringens and Vibrio cholerae neuraminidases, only the latter enzyme had an effect on glycoprotein B at pH 4.75. Both glycoproteins were homogeneous by cellulose acetate electrophoresis and ultracentrifugal analyses. The apparent mol.wts. of glycoprotein A and glycoprotein B were 7.8 X 10(4) and 3.1 X 10(4) respectively.", "PMID": 851423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9638", "title": "Folding domains and intramolecular ionic interactions of lysine residues in glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.", "content": "1. Treatment with methyl acetimidate was used to probe the topography of several tetrameric glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenases, in particular the holoenzymes from rabbit muscle and Bacillus stearothermophilus. During the course of the reaction with the rabbit muscle enzyme, the number of amino groups fell rapidly from the starting value of 27 per subunit to a value of approx. five per subunit. This number could be lowered further to values between one and two per subunit by a second treatment with methyl acetimidate. The enzyme remained tetrameric throughout and retained 50% of its initial catalytic activity at the end of the experiment. 2. Use of methyl [1-14C]acetimidate and small-scale methods of protein chemistry showed that only one amino group per subunit, that of lysine-306, was completely unavailable for reaction with imido ester in the native enzyme. This results is consistent with the structure of the highly homologous glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase of lobster muscle deduced from X-ray-crystallographic analysis, since lysine-306 can be seen to form an intrachain ion-pair with aspartic acid-241 in the hydrophobic environment of a subunit-subunit interface. 3. Several other amino groups in the rabbit muscle enzyme that reacted only slowly with the reagent were also identified chemically. These were found to be located entirely in the C-terminal half of the polypeptides chain, which comprises a folding domain associated with catalytic activity and subunit contact in the three-dimensional structure. Slow reaction of these 'surface' amino groups with methyl acetimidate is attributed to intramolecular ionic interactions of the amino groups with neighbouring side-chain carboxyl groups, a conclusion that is compatible with the reported three-dimensional structure and with the dependence of the reaction of ionic stength. 4. Very similar results were obtained with the enzymes from B. stearothermophilus and from ox muscle and ox liver, supporting the view that the ion-pair involving lysine-306 and aspartic acid-241 will be a common structural feature in glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases. The B. stearothermophilus enzyme was fully active after modification. 5. No differences could be detected between the enzymes from ox muscle and ox liver, in accord with other evidence that points to the identify of these enzymes. 6. The pattern of slowly reacting amino groups in the enzyme from B. stearothermophilus, although similar to that of the mammalian enzymes, indicated one or two additional intramolecular ionic interactions of lysine residues that might contribute to the thermal stability of this enzyme.", "contents": "Folding domains and intramolecular ionic interactions of lysine residues in glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. 1. Treatment with methyl acetimidate was used to probe the topography of several tetrameric glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenases, in particular the holoenzymes from rabbit muscle and Bacillus stearothermophilus. During the course of the reaction with the rabbit muscle enzyme, the number of amino groups fell rapidly from the starting value of 27 per subunit to a value of approx. five per subunit. This number could be lowered further to values between one and two per subunit by a second treatment with methyl acetimidate. The enzyme remained tetrameric throughout and retained 50% of its initial catalytic activity at the end of the experiment. 2. Use of methyl [1-14C]acetimidate and small-scale methods of protein chemistry showed that only one amino group per subunit, that of lysine-306, was completely unavailable for reaction with imido ester in the native enzyme. This results is consistent with the structure of the highly homologous glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase of lobster muscle deduced from X-ray-crystallographic analysis, since lysine-306 can be seen to form an intrachain ion-pair with aspartic acid-241 in the hydrophobic environment of a subunit-subunit interface. 3. Several other amino groups in the rabbit muscle enzyme that reacted only slowly with the reagent were also identified chemically. These were found to be located entirely in the C-terminal half of the polypeptides chain, which comprises a folding domain associated with catalytic activity and subunit contact in the three-dimensional structure. Slow reaction of these 'surface' amino groups with methyl acetimidate is attributed to intramolecular ionic interactions of the amino groups with neighbouring side-chain carboxyl groups, a conclusion that is compatible with the reported three-dimensional structure and with the dependence of the reaction of ionic stength. 4. Very similar results were obtained with the enzymes from B. stearothermophilus and from ox muscle and ox liver, supporting the view that the ion-pair involving lysine-306 and aspartic acid-241 will be a common structural feature in glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases. The B. stearothermophilus enzyme was fully active after modification. 5. No differences could be detected between the enzymes from ox muscle and ox liver, in accord with other evidence that points to the identify of these enzymes. 6. The pattern of slowly reacting amino groups in the enzyme from B. stearothermophilus, although similar to that of the mammalian enzymes, indicated one or two additional intramolecular ionic interactions of lysine residues that might contribute to the thermal stability of this enzyme.", "PMID": 851424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9639", "title": "Intramolecular ionic interactions of lysine residues and a possible folding domain in fructose diphosphate aldolase.", "content": "1. Treatment with methyl acetimidate was used to probe the topography of the tetrameric fructose 1,6-diphosphate aldolase from ox liver. A single treatment with imido ester in the presence or absence of 20mM-fructose 1,6-diphosphate caused the number of amino groups in the enzyme to fall to approx. 30% of the starting number (assumed to be 30 per subunit). The catalytic activity of the aldolase modified in the presence of fructose 1,6-diphosphate was unaffected, whereas that of the enzyme modified in the absence of substrate fell by about 20%. 2. Use of methyl [1-14C]acetimidate and small-scale methods of protein chemistry showed that the amino group of lysine-27 (the numbering is that of the highly homologous rabbit muscle enzyme) is essentially unavailable for amidination in the native enzyme and is therefore predicted to be buried in a hydrophobic environment, probably in the form of an ion-pair with a negatively charged side-chain carboxyl group. All the other lysine residues that reacted poorly with methyl acetimidate in the native enzyme (a total of 7) were found to be within the primary structure bounded by lysine-107 and lysine-227. An important member of this group of lysine residues displaying aberrant reactivity is lysine-227, which is known to form an imine with the substrate as part of the catalytic mechanism of the enzyme. 3. The results of the amidination experiments can be correlated in an interesting way with previous studies of thiol-group modification in the aldolases. Taken together, and arguing in part by analogy with the results of identical experiments with glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenases where the three-dimensional structure is known [Lambert & Perham (1977) Biochem. 4. 161. 49-62], they suggest that the region of primary structure from residues 107-227 may form the whole or part of a three-dimensional structural feature, perhaps a folding domain. A three-dimensional structure deduced from X-ray-crystallographic analysis will be needed to interpret these findings more closely. 4. The amino groups of lysine residues are commonly thought to reside at the 'surface' of protein structures. The patterns of specific lysine residues in glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenases and in aldolases that have been found to react poorly with methyl acetimidate in the native enzymes can be attributed to intramolecular ionic interactions deep in hydrophobic pockets and at the protein 'surface'. Such ionic interactions may contribute significantly to the stability of a given protein.", "contents": "Intramolecular ionic interactions of lysine residues and a possible folding domain in fructose diphosphate aldolase. 1. Treatment with methyl acetimidate was used to probe the topography of the tetrameric fructose 1,6-diphosphate aldolase from ox liver. A single treatment with imido ester in the presence or absence of 20mM-fructose 1,6-diphosphate caused the number of amino groups in the enzyme to fall to approx. 30% of the starting number (assumed to be 30 per subunit). The catalytic activity of the aldolase modified in the presence of fructose 1,6-diphosphate was unaffected, whereas that of the enzyme modified in the absence of substrate fell by about 20%. 2. Use of methyl [1-14C]acetimidate and small-scale methods of protein chemistry showed that the amino group of lysine-27 (the numbering is that of the highly homologous rabbit muscle enzyme) is essentially unavailable for amidination in the native enzyme and is therefore predicted to be buried in a hydrophobic environment, probably in the form of an ion-pair with a negatively charged side-chain carboxyl group. All the other lysine residues that reacted poorly with methyl acetimidate in the native enzyme (a total of 7) were found to be within the primary structure bounded by lysine-107 and lysine-227. An important member of this group of lysine residues displaying aberrant reactivity is lysine-227, which is known to form an imine with the substrate as part of the catalytic mechanism of the enzyme. 3. The results of the amidination experiments can be correlated in an interesting way with previous studies of thiol-group modification in the aldolases. Taken together, and arguing in part by analogy with the results of identical experiments with glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenases where the three-dimensional structure is known [Lambert & Perham (1977) Biochem. 4. 161. 49-62], they suggest that the region of primary structure from residues 107-227 may form the whole or part of a three-dimensional structural feature, perhaps a folding domain. A three-dimensional structure deduced from X-ray-crystallographic analysis will be needed to interpret these findings more closely. 4. The amino groups of lysine residues are commonly thought to reside at the 'surface' of protein structures. The patterns of specific lysine residues in glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenases and in aldolases that have been found to react poorly with methyl acetimidate in the native enzymes can be attributed to intramolecular ionic interactions deep in hydrophobic pockets and at the protein 'surface'. Such ionic interactions may contribute significantly to the stability of a given protein.", "PMID": 851425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9640", "title": "The effect of temperature on the individual stages of the hydrolysis of non-specific-p-nitrophenol esters by alpha-chymotrypsin.", "content": "Precise studies were performed on the effect of temperature on the rate and equilibrium parameters characterizing the individual stages of the alpha-chymotrypsin-catalysed hydrolysis of non-specific p-nitrophenol esters at pH 7.40 and 8.50. At both pH values the results indicate that a sharp kinetic anomaly is observed in Arrhenius plots of these parameters for the binding and acylation stages of the process, but not for the deacylation stage. Detailed comparison with other kinetic studies was made, and a comparison with thermal transitions observed in alpha-chymotrypsin by using physical techniques was attempted. A detailed discussion of possible causes of the anomalies is given.", "contents": "The effect of temperature on the individual stages of the hydrolysis of non-specific-p-nitrophenol esters by alpha-chymotrypsin. Precise studies were performed on the effect of temperature on the rate and equilibrium parameters characterizing the individual stages of the alpha-chymotrypsin-catalysed hydrolysis of non-specific p-nitrophenol esters at pH 7.40 and 8.50. At both pH values the results indicate that a sharp kinetic anomaly is observed in Arrhenius plots of these parameters for the binding and acylation stages of the process, but not for the deacylation stage. Detailed comparison with other kinetic studies was made, and a comparison with thermal transitions observed in alpha-chymotrypsin by using physical techniques was attempted. A detailed discussion of possible causes of the anomalies is given.", "PMID": 851426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9641", "title": "Macromolecular distribution near the limits of density-gradient columns. Some applications to the separation and fractionation of glycoproteins.", "content": "1. Expressions are derived for the distribution at density-gradient equilibrium of macromolecules whose densities are (a) close to the values characterizing the solution limits or (b) outside the span of the gradient. 2. Density-distribution predicted by the expressions agree with those obtained by rigorous methods. 3. The distribution equations are applied to hypothetical mixtures of proteins and glycoproteins in commonly used density-gradient media to simulate separation and fractionation conditions. 4. It is shown that CsBr, although less efficient than CsCl for fractionation, is nevertheless adequate for most purposes; in analytical experiments it may often have advantages over CsCl. Limitations on the use of LiBr are explored. 5. An expression is derived which allows the variance of the partial specific volume of the macromolecular component to be determined from the variance of the buoyant density. It is shown that the relative resolving powers of different salts is expressed by their values of the quantity (formula: see text). 6. The equations are applied to a well-characterized glycoprotein preparation at equilibrium in CsCl and in Cs2SO4:it is shown that the much wider distribution in CsCl than in Cs2SO4 is explicable in terms of the variance in buoyant density and the solvation properties of the salts. 7. Limitations of the expressions arise when dispersity in density is represented by a low apparent molecular weight; realistic simulations can then only be obtained when the component is fully banded.", "contents": "Macromolecular distribution near the limits of density-gradient columns. Some applications to the separation and fractionation of glycoproteins. 1. Expressions are derived for the distribution at density-gradient equilibrium of macromolecules whose densities are (a) close to the values characterizing the solution limits or (b) outside the span of the gradient. 2. Density-distribution predicted by the expressions agree with those obtained by rigorous methods. 3. The distribution equations are applied to hypothetical mixtures of proteins and glycoproteins in commonly used density-gradient media to simulate separation and fractionation conditions. 4. It is shown that CsBr, although less efficient than CsCl for fractionation, is nevertheless adequate for most purposes; in analytical experiments it may often have advantages over CsCl. Limitations on the use of LiBr are explored. 5. An expression is derived which allows the variance of the partial specific volume of the macromolecular component to be determined from the variance of the buoyant density. It is shown that the relative resolving powers of different salts is expressed by their values of the quantity (formula: see text). 6. The equations are applied to a well-characterized glycoprotein preparation at equilibrium in CsCl and in Cs2SO4:it is shown that the much wider distribution in CsCl than in Cs2SO4 is explicable in terms of the variance in buoyant density and the solvation properties of the salts. 7. Limitations of the expressions arise when dispersity in density is represented by a low apparent molecular weight; realistic simulations can then only be obtained when the component is fully banded.", "PMID": 851427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9642", "title": "Affinity-chromatographic isolation and some properties of troponin C from different muscle types.", "content": "1. The formation of a complex between troponin I and troponin C that is stable in 6M-urea and dependent on Ca2+ was demonstrated in extracts of vertebrate striated and smooth muscles. 2. A method using troponin I coupled to Sepharose is described for the rapid isolation of troponin C from striated and smooth muscles of vertebrates. 3. Troponin C of rabbit cardiac muscle differs significantly in amino acid composition from troponin C of skeletal muscle. The primary structures of troponin C of red and white skeletal muscle are very similar. 4. The troponin C-like protein isolated from rabbit uterus muscle has a slightly different amino acid composition, but possess many similar properties to the forms of troponin C isolated from other muscle types. 5. The electrophoretic mobilities of the I-troponin C complexes formed from components isolated from different muscle types are determined by the troponin I component.", "contents": "Affinity-chromatographic isolation and some properties of troponin C from different muscle types. 1. The formation of a complex between troponin I and troponin C that is stable in 6M-urea and dependent on Ca2+ was demonstrated in extracts of vertebrate striated and smooth muscles. 2. A method using troponin I coupled to Sepharose is described for the rapid isolation of troponin C from striated and smooth muscles of vertebrates. 3. Troponin C of rabbit cardiac muscle differs significantly in amino acid composition from troponin C of skeletal muscle. The primary structures of troponin C of red and white skeletal muscle are very similar. 4. The troponin C-like protein isolated from rabbit uterus muscle has a slightly different amino acid composition, but possess many similar properties to the forms of troponin C isolated from other muscle types. 5. The electrophoretic mobilities of the I-troponin C complexes formed from components isolated from different muscle types are determined by the troponin I component.", "PMID": 851428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9643", "title": "Calculation of steady-state rate equations and the fluxes between substrates and products in enzyme reactions.", "content": "1. Two methods are described for deriving the steady-state velocity of an enzyme reaction from a consideration of fluxes between enzyme intermediates. The equivalent-reaction technique, in which enzyme intermediates are systematically eliminated and replaced by equivalent reactions, appears the most generally useful. The methods are applicable to all enzyme mechanisms, including three-substrate and random Bi Bi Ping Pong mechanisms. Solutions are obtained in algebraic form and these are presented for the common random Bi Bi mechanisms. The steady-state quantities of the enzyme intermediates may also be calculated. Additional steps may be introduced into enzyme mechanisms for which the steady-state velocity equation is already known. 2. The calculation of fluxes between substrates and products in three-substrate and random Bi Bi Ping Pong mechanisms is described. 3. It is concluded that the new methods may offer advantages in ease of calculation and in the analysis of the effects of individual steps on the overall reaction. The methods are used to show that an ordered addition of two substrates to an enzyme which is activated by another ligand will not necessarily give hyperbolic steady-state-velocity kinetics or the flux ratios characteristic of an ordered addition, if the dissociation of the ligand from the enzyme is random.", "contents": "Calculation of steady-state rate equations and the fluxes between substrates and products in enzyme reactions. 1. Two methods are described for deriving the steady-state velocity of an enzyme reaction from a consideration of fluxes between enzyme intermediates. The equivalent-reaction technique, in which enzyme intermediates are systematically eliminated and replaced by equivalent reactions, appears the most generally useful. The methods are applicable to all enzyme mechanisms, including three-substrate and random Bi Bi Ping Pong mechanisms. Solutions are obtained in algebraic form and these are presented for the common random Bi Bi mechanisms. The steady-state quantities of the enzyme intermediates may also be calculated. Additional steps may be introduced into enzyme mechanisms for which the steady-state velocity equation is already known. 2. The calculation of fluxes between substrates and products in three-substrate and random Bi Bi Ping Pong mechanisms is described. 3. It is concluded that the new methods may offer advantages in ease of calculation and in the analysis of the effects of individual steps on the overall reaction. The methods are used to show that an ordered addition of two substrates to an enzyme which is activated by another ligand will not necessarily give hyperbolic steady-state-velocity kinetics or the flux ratios characteristic of an ordered addition, if the dissociation of the ligand from the enzyme is random.", "PMID": 851429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9644", "title": "A simple enzymic method for the synthesis of adenosine 5'-[alpha-32P]triphosphate on a preparative scale.", "content": "A simple, rapid and inexpensive method is described for the enzymic synthesis of [alpha-32P]ATP from [32P]Pi on a preparative scale with an overall yield of 53%. The final product contained all of the detectable radioactivity (less than 99.9%) in the alpha position and has been shown to behave identically with commerically availabe [alpha-32P]ATP during the synthesis of 3':5'-cyclic AMP in the reaction catalysed by adenylate cyclase.", "contents": "A simple enzymic method for the synthesis of adenosine 5'-[alpha-32P]triphosphate on a preparative scale. A simple, rapid and inexpensive method is described for the enzymic synthesis of [alpha-32P]ATP from [32P]Pi on a preparative scale with an overall yield of 53%. The final product contained all of the detectable radioactivity (less than 99.9%) in the alpha position and has been shown to behave identically with commerically availabe [alpha-32P]ATP during the synthesis of 3':5'-cyclic AMP in the reaction catalysed by adenylate cyclase.", "PMID": 851430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9645", "title": "Differences in catalytic properties between cerebral cytoplasmic and mitochondrial hexokinases.", "content": "1. Clear kinetic differences between cytoplasmic and mitochondrial forms of type-I cerebral hexokinase were demonstrated from experiments performed under identical conditions on three (cytoplasmic, bound mitochondrial and solubilized mitochondrial) preparations of the enzyme. 2. Whereas the Michaelis constant for glucose (KmGlc) was consistent, that for MgATP2- (KmATP) was lower in the cytoplasmic than in the two mitochondrial preparations. The substrate dissociation constants (KsGlc and KsATP) were both higher in the cytoplasmic than in the mitochondrial preparations. A further difference in the substrate kinetic patterns was that KmATP=KmATP for the cytoplasmic enzyme, in contrast with the mitochondrial enzyme, where KmATP was clearly not equal to KsATP [Bachelard et al. (1971) Biochem. J. 123, 707-715]. 3. Dead-end inhibition produced by N-acetyl-glucosamine and by AMP also exhibited different quantitative kinetic patterns for the two enzyme sources. Both inhibitions gave Ki values similar or equal to those of Ki' for the cytoplasmic activity, whereas Ki was clearly not equal to Ki' for the mitochondrial activity. 4. All of these studies demonstrated the similarity of the two mitochondrial activities (particulate and solubilized), which were both clearly different from the cytoplasmic activity. 5. The analysis gives a practical example of our previous theoretical treatment on the derivation of true inhibition constants. 6. The results are discussed in terms of the function of cerebral hexokinases.", "contents": "Differences in catalytic properties between cerebral cytoplasmic and mitochondrial hexokinases. 1. Clear kinetic differences between cytoplasmic and mitochondrial forms of type-I cerebral hexokinase were demonstrated from experiments performed under identical conditions on three (cytoplasmic, bound mitochondrial and solubilized mitochondrial) preparations of the enzyme. 2. Whereas the Michaelis constant for glucose (KmGlc) was consistent, that for MgATP2- (KmATP) was lower in the cytoplasmic than in the two mitochondrial preparations. The substrate dissociation constants (KsGlc and KsATP) were both higher in the cytoplasmic than in the mitochondrial preparations. A further difference in the substrate kinetic patterns was that KmATP=KmATP for the cytoplasmic enzyme, in contrast with the mitochondrial enzyme, where KmATP was clearly not equal to KsATP [Bachelard et al. (1971) Biochem. J. 123, 707-715]. 3. Dead-end inhibition produced by N-acetyl-glucosamine and by AMP also exhibited different quantitative kinetic patterns for the two enzyme sources. Both inhibitions gave Ki values similar or equal to those of Ki' for the cytoplasmic activity, whereas Ki was clearly not equal to Ki' for the mitochondrial activity. 4. All of these studies demonstrated the similarity of the two mitochondrial activities (particulate and solubilized), which were both clearly different from the cytoplasmic activity. 5. The analysis gives a practical example of our previous theoretical treatment on the derivation of true inhibition constants. 6. The results are discussed in terms of the function of cerebral hexokinases.", "PMID": 851431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9646", "title": "Characteristics of hepatic serine-pyruvate aminotransferase in different mammalian species.", "content": "1. Serine-pyruvate aminotransferase was purified from mouse, rat, dog and cat liver. Each enzyme preparation was homogeneous as judged by polyacrylamide-disc-gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. However, isoelectric focusing resulted in the detection of two or more active forms from enzyme preparations from dog, cat and mouse. A single active form was obtained with the rat enzyme. All four enzyme preparations had similar pH optima and molecular weights. 2. Both mouse and rat preparations catalysed transamination between a number of L-amino acids (serine, leucine, asparagine, methionine, glutamine, ornithine, histidine, phenylalanine or tyrosine) and pyruvate. Effective amino acceptors were pyruvate, phenylpyruvate and glyoxylate with serine as amino donor. The reverse transamination activity, with hydroxypyruvate and alanine as subtrates, was lower than with serine and pyruvate for both species. Serine-pyruvate aminotransferase activities were inhibited by isonicotinic acid hydrazide. 3. In contrast, both dog and cat enzyme preparations were highly specific for serine as amino donor with pyruvate, and utilized pyruvate and glyoxylate as effective amino acceptors. A little activity was detected with phenylpyruvate. The reverse activity was higher than with serine and pyruvate for both species. Serine-pyruvate amino-transferase activities were not inhibited by isonicotinic acid hydrazide.", "contents": "Characteristics of hepatic serine-pyruvate aminotransferase in different mammalian species. 1. Serine-pyruvate aminotransferase was purified from mouse, rat, dog and cat liver. Each enzyme preparation was homogeneous as judged by polyacrylamide-disc-gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. However, isoelectric focusing resulted in the detection of two or more active forms from enzyme preparations from dog, cat and mouse. A single active form was obtained with the rat enzyme. All four enzyme preparations had similar pH optima and molecular weights. 2. Both mouse and rat preparations catalysed transamination between a number of L-amino acids (serine, leucine, asparagine, methionine, glutamine, ornithine, histidine, phenylalanine or tyrosine) and pyruvate. Effective amino acceptors were pyruvate, phenylpyruvate and glyoxylate with serine as amino donor. The reverse transamination activity, with hydroxypyruvate and alanine as subtrates, was lower than with serine and pyruvate for both species. Serine-pyruvate aminotransferase activities were inhibited by isonicotinic acid hydrazide. 3. In contrast, both dog and cat enzyme preparations were highly specific for serine as amino donor with pyruvate, and utilized pyruvate and glyoxylate as effective amino acceptors. A little activity was detected with phenylpyruvate. The reverse activity was higher than with serine and pyruvate for both species. Serine-pyruvate amino-transferase activities were not inhibited by isonicotinic acid hydrazide.", "PMID": 851432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9647", "title": "A novel method for the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates labelled with inorganic [32P]phosphate specifically in the beta-position.", "content": "A method was developed for the introduction of [32p]Pi specifically into the beta-position of ATP and GTP. The method is based on two separate reactions involving (a) phosphorolysis of poly(A) or poly(G) [Soreq, Nudel, Salomon, Revel & Littauer (1974) J. Mol Biol. 88, 233-245] in the presence of [32P]Pi and (b) conversion of the labelled diphosphate into the corresponding triphosphate by transferring the active phosphate group from 1,3-diphosphoglycerate in a coupled reaction as decribed by Glynn & Chappell [(1964) Biochem. J. 90, 147-149]. Radioactivity in the beta- and gamma-phosphate groups of the labelled triphosphate was measured by using polynucleotide kinase. No detectable radioactivity was found in the gamma-phosphate group. The suitability of this method for the synthesis of other nucleoside triphosphates specifically labelled in the beta-position is discussed.", "contents": "A novel method for the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates labelled with inorganic [32P]phosphate specifically in the beta-position. A method was developed for the introduction of [32p]Pi specifically into the beta-position of ATP and GTP. The method is based on two separate reactions involving (a) phosphorolysis of poly(A) or poly(G) [Soreq, Nudel, Salomon, Revel & Littauer (1974) J. Mol Biol. 88, 233-245] in the presence of [32P]Pi and (b) conversion of the labelled diphosphate into the corresponding triphosphate by transferring the active phosphate group from 1,3-diphosphoglycerate in a coupled reaction as decribed by Glynn & Chappell [(1964) Biochem. J. 90, 147-149]. Radioactivity in the beta- and gamma-phosphate groups of the labelled triphosphate was measured by using polynucleotide kinase. No detectable radioactivity was found in the gamma-phosphate group. The suitability of this method for the synthesis of other nucleoside triphosphates specifically labelled in the beta-position is discussed.", "PMID": 851433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9648", "title": "Evaluation of benzofuroxan as a chromophoric oxidizing agent for thiol groups by using its reactions with papain, ficin, bromelain and low-molecular-weight thiols.", "content": "1. Benzofuroxan (benzofurazan 1-oxide, benzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole N-oxide) was evaluated as a specific chromophoric oxidizing agent for thiol groups. 2. Aliphatic thiol groups both in low-molecular-weight molecules and in the enzymes papain (EC 3.4.22.2), ficin (EC 3.4.22.3) and bromelain (EC 3.4.22.4) readily reduce benzofuroxan to o-benzoquinone dixime; potential competing reactions of amino groups are negligibly slow. 3. The fate of the thiol depends on its structure: a mechanism is proposed in which the thiol and benzofuroxan form an adduct which, if steric factors permit, reacts with another molecule of thiol to form a disulphide; when the thiol is located in the active site of a thiol proteinase and steric factors preclude enzyme dinner formation, the adduct reacts instead with water or HO- to form a sulphenic acid; attack on the sulphur atom of the adduct by either a sulphur or oxygen nucleophile releases o-benzoquinone dioxine. 4. Benzofuroxan contains n o proton-binding sites with pKa values in the range 3-10 and probably none in the range 0-14; o-benzoquinone dioxine undergoes a one-proton ionization with pKa=6.75.5. o-benzoquinone dioxime absorbs strongly at wavelengths greater than 410nm, where absorption by benzofuroxan, proteins and simple thiol compounds is negligible; 416 nm is an isosbestic point (epsilon 416 = 5110 litre. mol-1-cm-1); epsilon430=3740+[1460/(1+[H+]/Ka)] where pKa=6.75. 6. The possibility of acid-base catalysis of the oxidation by active-centre histidine residues of the thiol proteinases is discussed.", "contents": "Evaluation of benzofuroxan as a chromophoric oxidizing agent for thiol groups by using its reactions with papain, ficin, bromelain and low-molecular-weight thiols. 1. Benzofuroxan (benzofurazan 1-oxide, benzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole N-oxide) was evaluated as a specific chromophoric oxidizing agent for thiol groups. 2. Aliphatic thiol groups both in low-molecular-weight molecules and in the enzymes papain (EC 3.4.22.2), ficin (EC 3.4.22.3) and bromelain (EC 3.4.22.4) readily reduce benzofuroxan to o-benzoquinone dixime; potential competing reactions of amino groups are negligibly slow. 3. The fate of the thiol depends on its structure: a mechanism is proposed in which the thiol and benzofuroxan form an adduct which, if steric factors permit, reacts with another molecule of thiol to form a disulphide; when the thiol is located in the active site of a thiol proteinase and steric factors preclude enzyme dinner formation, the adduct reacts instead with water or HO- to form a sulphenic acid; attack on the sulphur atom of the adduct by either a sulphur or oxygen nucleophile releases o-benzoquinone dioxine. 4. Benzofuroxan contains n o proton-binding sites with pKa values in the range 3-10 and probably none in the range 0-14; o-benzoquinone dioxine undergoes a one-proton ionization with pKa=6.75.5. o-benzoquinone dioxime absorbs strongly at wavelengths greater than 410nm, where absorption by benzofuroxan, proteins and simple thiol compounds is negligible; 416 nm is an isosbestic point (epsilon 416 = 5110 litre. mol-1-cm-1); epsilon430=3740+[1460/(1+[H+]/Ka)] where pKa=6.75. 6. The possibility of acid-base catalysis of the oxidation by active-centre histidine residues of the thiol proteinases is discussed.", "PMID": 851434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9649", "title": "A consideration of the effects of added solutes on the activity of bovine superoxide dismutase.", "content": "Pulse radiolysis was used to study the effects of changing the concentration of buffer and added salts on the activity of bovine superoxide dismutase. The results are discussed with reference to other work and are interpreted mainly in terms of ionic-strength effects. The effects are best considered as empirical parameters, which are essential for comparative activity measurements. The specific activity of the enzyme was higher than found in previous pulse-radiolysis studies.", "contents": "A consideration of the effects of added solutes on the activity of bovine superoxide dismutase. Pulse radiolysis was used to study the effects of changing the concentration of buffer and added salts on the activity of bovine superoxide dismutase. The results are discussed with reference to other work and are interpreted mainly in terms of ionic-strength effects. The effects are best considered as empirical parameters, which are essential for comparative activity measurements. The specific activity of the enzyme was higher than found in previous pulse-radiolysis studies.", "PMID": 851435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9650", "title": "Evidence of tumorigenic activity of candidate cell substrates in vaccine production by use of antilymphocyte serum.", "content": "Candidate cell substrates for vaccine production must be controlled for the absence of tumorigenic activities. This test is done in most laboratories by heterotransplantation of living cells in Syrian hamsters either subcutaneously into newborns or into the cheek-pouch tissue of older ones. The necessity of a long observation period and high rate of intercurrent mortality among newborn hamsters are the disadvantages of this method. The method described by the authors is based on the use of three-week-old mice. Suspensions of living cells (at least 10(6)) were inoculated simultaneously with an antilymphocyte serum of bovine origin. The application of the antilymphocyte serum is repeated twice. Different heteroploid cell strains were studied and their tumorigenic activities were demonstrated. In no case tumors developed after inoculation of diploid cell strains. The results showed that the use of immunodepressed mice is an efficient method for the determination of the cell culture tumorigenic activity.", "contents": "Evidence of tumorigenic activity of candidate cell substrates in vaccine production by use of antilymphocyte serum. Candidate cell substrates for vaccine production must be controlled for the absence of tumorigenic activities. This test is done in most laboratories by heterotransplantation of living cells in Syrian hamsters either subcutaneously into newborns or into the cheek-pouch tissue of older ones. The necessity of a long observation period and high rate of intercurrent mortality among newborn hamsters are the disadvantages of this method. The method described by the authors is based on the use of three-week-old mice. Suspensions of living cells (at least 10(6)) were inoculated simultaneously with an antilymphocyte serum of bovine origin. The application of the antilymphocyte serum is repeated twice. Different heteroploid cell strains were studied and their tumorigenic activities were demonstrated. In no case tumors developed after inoculation of diploid cell strains. The results showed that the use of immunodepressed mice is an efficient method for the determination of the cell culture tumorigenic activity.", "PMID": 851454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9651", "title": "OSHA response to occupational health personnel needs and resources.", "content": "Because of the nonavailability of sufficient numbers of qualified industrial hygienists to assume roles as health compliance officers in the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, a three - year career development program for trainee industrial hygienists has been initiated. The present and projected personnel needs in the occupational health field in the U.S. are presented, together with a general description of the OSHA career development program. The program is a response to current needs; it will be curtailed when university graduates are available to meet Agency needs.", "contents": "OSHA response to occupational health personnel needs and resources. Because of the nonavailability of sufficient numbers of qualified industrial hygienists to assume roles as health compliance officers in the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, a three - year career development program for trainee industrial hygienists has been initiated. The present and projected personnel needs in the occupational health field in the U.S. are presented, together with a general description of the OSHA career development program. The program is a response to current needs; it will be curtailed when university graduates are available to meet Agency needs.", "PMID": 851455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9652", "title": "Evaluation of \"criteria for film badge performance\" ANSI N13.7-1972.", "content": "To determine if ANSI N13.7-1972 is a useful method to test the accuracy of film badge processors to measure radiation doses to workers in the nuclear industry, a set of exposed dose values is compared to several sets of typical, but imaginary, reported dose values. The ANSI Standard is found to be a complex procedure with no direct test for accuracy. Because of these and other limitations of the Standard, it is concluded that ANSI N13.7-1972 is unacceptable for routine testing of film badges.", "contents": "Evaluation of \"criteria for film badge performance\" ANSI N13.7-1972. To determine if ANSI N13.7-1972 is a useful method to test the accuracy of film badge processors to measure radiation doses to workers in the nuclear industry, a set of exposed dose values is compared to several sets of typical, but imaginary, reported dose values. The ANSI Standard is found to be a complex procedure with no direct test for accuracy. Because of these and other limitations of the Standard, it is concluded that ANSI N13.7-1972 is unacceptable for routine testing of film badges.", "PMID": 851456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9653", "title": "Subcellular distribution of zinc in rat prostate studied by x-ray microanalysis: I. Normal prostate.", "content": "Zinc is distributed subcellularly throughout the lateral prostate of the rat in both the stromal and epithelial elements. The connective tissue appears to be a major store of zinc. Within the epithelium, the highest concentrations of the element are found in the lysosomes, nucleoli, nuclear chromatin, secretory granules and luminal secretion. Histochemical studies indicate that the metal is bound relatively tightly within the nucleoli (associated with RNA) and in the secretory products of the cytoplasm. Changes in tissue zinc concentration, observed by other workers, following changes in various external stimuli, may not necessarily be reflected by proportionate changes in epithelial concentrations. The role of zinc in the epithelium is considered to be at least two-fold: firstly, for incorporation into vital cellular mechanisms necessary for cell maintenance and, secondly, for involvement in secretory products. It is also possible that the metal participates in the physiology of the sub-epithelial stroma.", "contents": "Subcellular distribution of zinc in rat prostate studied by x-ray microanalysis: I. Normal prostate. Zinc is distributed subcellularly throughout the lateral prostate of the rat in both the stromal and epithelial elements. The connective tissue appears to be a major store of zinc. Within the epithelium, the highest concentrations of the element are found in the lysosomes, nucleoli, nuclear chromatin, secretory granules and luminal secretion. Histochemical studies indicate that the metal is bound relatively tightly within the nucleoli (associated with RNA) and in the secretory products of the cytoplasm. Changes in tissue zinc concentration, observed by other workers, following changes in various external stimuli, may not necessarily be reflected by proportionate changes in epithelial concentrations. The role of zinc in the epithelium is considered to be at least two-fold: firstly, for incorporation into vital cellular mechanisms necessary for cell maintenance and, secondly, for involvement in secretory products. It is also possible that the metal participates in the physiology of the sub-epithelial stroma.", "PMID": 851457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9654", "title": "A scanning electron microscopic study of alkali-digested human and rabbit alveoli.", "content": "Elastic fibers are fairly uniform in the size around all alveolar orifices and taper and branch continuously in the alveolar wall to form a spiderweb-like structure. Unusually large gaps of the elastic fiber network in the alveolar wall frequently show coiled ends or tissue debris at the margin. The latex-filled capillaries interweave and intersect with the elastic fibers and in many of these places appear to angulate or narrow acutely; these angulations may alter with lung inflation, affecting pulmonary vascular resistance. Disruption of fine elastic fibers in the alveolar wall could be related to the development of pulmonary emphysema.", "contents": "A scanning electron microscopic study of alkali-digested human and rabbit alveoli. Elastic fibers are fairly uniform in the size around all alveolar orifices and taper and branch continuously in the alveolar wall to form a spiderweb-like structure. Unusually large gaps of the elastic fiber network in the alveolar wall frequently show coiled ends or tissue debris at the margin. The latex-filled capillaries interweave and intersect with the elastic fibers and in many of these places appear to angulate or narrow acutely; these angulations may alter with lung inflation, affecting pulmonary vascular resistance. Disruption of fine elastic fibers in the alveolar wall could be related to the development of pulmonary emphysema.", "PMID": 851458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9655", "title": "Left ventricular performance in the critically ill premature infant with patent ductus arteriosus and pulmonary disease.", "content": "Left cardiac dimensions and an index of left ventricular performance, the percent shortening of the internal diameter (%SID) of the left ventricle, were evaluated in premature infants who were asymptomatic, others with pulmonary disease and others with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). In contrast to controls, left atrial and/or left ventricular end-diastolic dimensions were increased in all infants with clinical criteria of significant PDA. Postoperative dimensions decreased significantly. Percent SID values for normal premature infants (m=33.5%; SD=3.5%) and those with pulmonary disease alone did not differ significantly. In those with clinical criteria of PDA, who were subsequently found to have echocardiographic evidence of left cardiac enlargement, values for %SID were increased. As expected %SID values for individual patients represented a wider range of left ventricular function and/or afterload than for controls. Upon spontaneous or surgical closure of the PDA, %SID returned to normal. A PDA which is associated with left cardiac enlargement exhibits increased %SID, whereas decreasing %SID in the presence of increased dimensions suggests deteriorating myocardial performance. Echocardiography provides valuable insight into the cardiac status of these infants and may contribute to their medical and/or surgical management.", "contents": "Left ventricular performance in the critically ill premature infant with patent ductus arteriosus and pulmonary disease. Left cardiac dimensions and an index of left ventricular performance, the percent shortening of the internal diameter (%SID) of the left ventricle, were evaluated in premature infants who were asymptomatic, others with pulmonary disease and others with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). In contrast to controls, left atrial and/or left ventricular end-diastolic dimensions were increased in all infants with clinical criteria of significant PDA. Postoperative dimensions decreased significantly. Percent SID values for normal premature infants (m=33.5%; SD=3.5%) and those with pulmonary disease alone did not differ significantly. In those with clinical criteria of PDA, who were subsequently found to have echocardiographic evidence of left cardiac enlargement, values for %SID were increased. As expected %SID values for individual patients represented a wider range of left ventricular function and/or afterload than for controls. Upon spontaneous or surgical closure of the PDA, %SID returned to normal. A PDA which is associated with left cardiac enlargement exhibits increased %SID, whereas decreasing %SID in the presence of increased dimensions suggests deteriorating myocardial performance. Echocardiography provides valuable insight into the cardiac status of these infants and may contribute to their medical and/or surgical management.", "PMID": 851469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9656", "title": "Detection of edema associated with myocardial ischemia by computerized tomography in isolated, arrested canine hearts.", "content": "This study was undertaken to determine if computerized tomography (CT scanning) with an EMI cranial scanner could detect edema associated with myocardial ischemia in canine hearts. A localized area of decreased density in the posterior papillary muscle and surrounding myocardium was detected on serial 8 mm CT scan slices of each heart after 60 min of circumflex artery occlusion and 45 min of reflow of blood. The wet/dry weight ratios and previous electron microscope studies of the ischemic posterior papillary muscles revealed edema accumulation. After 1 hour of arterial occlusion and 12 hours of reflow (which produces extensive necrosis and a decrease in the wet/dry ratio) lesions were still discernible but were less consistently as severe. Permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery and major collateral arteries for 6 hours also resulted in a lesion of decreased density in the distribution of the occluded arteries. Thus, CT scanning can detect, and is a potential means for sequential noninvasive quantitation of myocardial edema associated with ischemia.", "contents": "Detection of edema associated with myocardial ischemia by computerized tomography in isolated, arrested canine hearts. This study was undertaken to determine if computerized tomography (CT scanning) with an EMI cranial scanner could detect edema associated with myocardial ischemia in canine hearts. A localized area of decreased density in the posterior papillary muscle and surrounding myocardium was detected on serial 8 mm CT scan slices of each heart after 60 min of circumflex artery occlusion and 45 min of reflow of blood. The wet/dry weight ratios and previous electron microscope studies of the ischemic posterior papillary muscles revealed edema accumulation. After 1 hour of arterial occlusion and 12 hours of reflow (which produces extensive necrosis and a decrease in the wet/dry ratio) lesions were still discernible but were less consistently as severe. Permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery and major collateral arteries for 6 hours also resulted in a lesion of decreased density in the distribution of the occluded arteries. Thus, CT scanning can detect, and is a potential means for sequential noninvasive quantitation of myocardial edema associated with ischemia.", "PMID": 851470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9657", "title": "Single dose response curves of normal cells in situ.", "content": "Analysis of data on the response of normal tissues (skin, lung, spinal cord, intestine, testis) to single and multifractionated irradiation schedules revealed the characteristics of the single dose survival curves of target cells responsible for skin, lung, and spinal cord reactions, and of stem cells of colonic, jejunal, gastric mucosae, and testis exposed in situ to relatively low doses of x- or gamma-rays. The single dose survival curves of these cells seem to be complex (unlike those of cells studied in vitro), that is, simply exponential in the initial portion up to approximately 250 rads, and downward-bending thereafter in a curve which includes one or two linear portions on a semilogarithmic scale.", "contents": "Single dose response curves of normal cells in situ. Analysis of data on the response of normal tissues (skin, lung, spinal cord, intestine, testis) to single and multifractionated irradiation schedules revealed the characteristics of the single dose survival curves of target cells responsible for skin, lung, and spinal cord reactions, and of stem cells of colonic, jejunal, gastric mucosae, and testis exposed in situ to relatively low doses of x- or gamma-rays. The single dose survival curves of these cells seem to be complex (unlike those of cells studied in vitro), that is, simply exponential in the initial portion up to approximately 250 rads, and downward-bending thereafter in a curve which includes one or two linear portions on a semilogarithmic scale.", "PMID": 851471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9658", "title": "Pseudoblocks and portal localization.", "content": "A new method of rapid simulation including design, verification and patient marking for shaped fields is described. This system utilizes a \"pseudoblock\" constructed from the Styrofoam components of the Cerrobend blocking system. The procedure is precise; errors in block aperture or patient positioning can readily be seen and corrected before the block is cast. In addition, the use of the pseudoblock does not significantly increase the time the patient spends in the simulator on his initial visit.", "contents": "Pseudoblocks and portal localization. A new method of rapid simulation including design, verification and patient marking for shaped fields is described. This system utilizes a \"pseudoblock\" constructed from the Styrofoam components of the Cerrobend blocking system. The procedure is precise; errors in block aperture or patient positioning can readily be seen and corrected before the block is cast. In addition, the use of the pseudoblock does not significantly increase the time the patient spends in the simulator on his initial visit.", "PMID": 851472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9659", "title": "Delta check tables for the Technicon SMA 6 continuous-flow analyzer.", "content": "To provide a data base for the establishment of a method to detect potentially incorrect SMA 6 test results, we analyzed 2970 pairs of SMA 6 results. For each test result, as well as for the urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio and the anion gap, we estimated to probability density function of the amount of change since the most recent test of the same type. We made separate estimates for each of three ranges of the current test result and two ranges of time-spacing between the tests. Tables of nonparametric estimates of selected points from each of the six distributions for each test result and calculated quantity were developed. These tables could be used to identify unlikely test results, either manually or with a laboratory computer.", "contents": "Delta check tables for the Technicon SMA 6 continuous-flow analyzer. To provide a data base for the establishment of a method to detect potentially incorrect SMA 6 test results, we analyzed 2970 pairs of SMA 6 results. For each test result, as well as for the urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio and the anion gap, we estimated to probability density function of the amount of change since the most recent test of the same type. We made separate estimates for each of three ranges of the current test result and two ranges of time-spacing between the tests. Tables of nonparametric estimates of selected points from each of the six distributions for each test result and calculated quantity were developed. These tables could be used to identify unlikely test results, either manually or with a laboratory computer.", "PMID": 851474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9660", "title": "Replication process of the parvovirus H-1. VI. Characterization of a replication terminus of H-1 replicative-form DNA.", "content": "The linear duplex replicative form (RF) DNA of the parvovirus H-1 has been characterized with respect to cleavage by the bacterial restriction endonuclease of Escherichia coli, EcoRI. RF DNA has a single cleavage site 0.22 genome length from the left end of the molecule. The molecular weight of H-1 RF DNA determined by gel electrophoresis is 3.26 X 10(6). H-1 RF DNA has been found to dimerize by hydrogen-bounded linkage at the molecular left end, and in some molecules the viral strand is covalently linked to the complementary strand. Some 10% of monomeric RF DNA also has a covalent linkage between the viral and complementary strands at the left end. The EcoRI-B fragment, containing the left end of the RF molecule, appears to be a replication terminus by its labeling characteristics for both RF and progeny DNA synthesis. These findings suggest that the left end of H-1 RF DNA has some type of \"turn-around\" structure and that this end is not an origin for DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Replication process of the parvovirus H-1. VI. Characterization of a replication terminus of H-1 replicative-form DNA. The linear duplex replicative form (RF) DNA of the parvovirus H-1 has been characterized with respect to cleavage by the bacterial restriction endonuclease of Escherichia coli, EcoRI. RF DNA has a single cleavage site 0.22 genome length from the left end of the molecule. The molecular weight of H-1 RF DNA determined by gel electrophoresis is 3.26 X 10(6). H-1 RF DNA has been found to dimerize by hydrogen-bounded linkage at the molecular left end, and in some molecules the viral strand is covalently linked to the complementary strand. Some 10% of monomeric RF DNA also has a covalent linkage between the viral and complementary strands at the left end. The EcoRI-B fragment, containing the left end of the RF molecule, appears to be a replication terminus by its labeling characteristics for both RF and progeny DNA synthesis. These findings suggest that the left end of H-1 RF DNA has some type of \"turn-around\" structure and that this end is not an origin for DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 851476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9661", "title": "Stereometric craniometry.", "content": "A method is described whereby three-dimensional co-ordinates of points on a cranium can be recorded in terms of azimuth, elevation and radial distance from a selected point. These co-ordinates can be used to create two-dimensional representations of single crania, the differences between many crania or growth stages of individuals or series of individuals. The co-ordinates can be used in more conventional analytic ways in the same way as cartesian co-ordinates.", "contents": "Stereometric craniometry. A method is described whereby three-dimensional co-ordinates of points on a cranium can be recorded in terms of azimuth, elevation and radial distance from a selected point. These co-ordinates can be used to create two-dimensional representations of single crania, the differences between many crania or growth stages of individuals or series of individuals. The co-ordinates can be used in more conventional analytic ways in the same way as cartesian co-ordinates.", "PMID": 851477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9662", "title": "Reconstruction of duodenal wall defects with the use of a gastric \"island\" flap.", "content": "Many surgical techniques have been proposed for the repair of duodenal wall defects; however, none of these has gained popularity among surgeons. This is a report of our experimentation with the construction of a gastric wall \"island\" flap, which consists of a segment of greater curvature supplied by the gastroepiploic vessels. In the dog model, the flap allowed patching of large duodenal wall defects without any postoperative complications.", "contents": "Reconstruction of duodenal wall defects with the use of a gastric \"island\" flap. Many surgical techniques have been proposed for the repair of duodenal wall defects; however, none of these has gained popularity among surgeons. This is a report of our experimentation with the construction of a gastric wall \"island\" flap, which consists of a segment of greater curvature supplied by the gastroepiploic vessels. In the dog model, the flap allowed patching of large duodenal wall defects without any postoperative complications.", "PMID": 851478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9663", "title": "cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) chemotherapy in experimental murine myeloma MOPC 104E.", "content": "Data are presented indicating marked antineoplastic activity for cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in MOPC 104E myeloma. One-eighteenth of the dose that produced 100% cures can be combined with noncurative, low doses of cyclophosphamide and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea to produce antineoplastic activity of the same degree as that produced by much higher dose regimens which regularly produce cures. Since, in the past, results of therapeutic trials in plasma cell tumors in humans have paralleled results in this animal model, clinical trials of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum in multiple myeloma appear warranted.", "contents": "cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) chemotherapy in experimental murine myeloma MOPC 104E. Data are presented indicating marked antineoplastic activity for cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in MOPC 104E myeloma. One-eighteenth of the dose that produced 100% cures can be combined with noncurative, low doses of cyclophosphamide and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea to produce antineoplastic activity of the same degree as that produced by much higher dose regimens which regularly produce cures. Since, in the past, results of therapeutic trials in plasma cell tumors in humans have paralleled results in this animal model, clinical trials of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum in multiple myeloma appear warranted.", "PMID": 851480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9664", "title": "Comparison of the esterase and human plasminogen activator activities of various activated forms of human plasminogen and their equimolar streptokinase complexes.", "content": "A comparison was made of the esterase and activator activities of the various activated forms of human plasminogen and their streptokinase complexes with Nalpha-Cbz-L-lysine-p-nitrophenyl ester as the substrate. The steady state kinetic properties of Glu- and Lys-plasmins, and Glu- and Lys-plasminogen-streptokinase complexes were identical, while the Lys-plasmin-streptokinase complex showed a 2-fold increase in Km with the same kcat and a 3-fold increase in Ki for the competitive inhibitor leupeptin. Lys-plasminogen (zymogen with an active site) was prepared which incorporated 0.7 mol of [3H]idisopropyl phosphorofluoridate and 0.43 mol of p-nitrophenyl-p'-guanidinobenzoate/mol of protein. The Km for Lys-plasminogen was 3-fold higher than that of Lys-plasmin, and its maximum velocity 10-fold lower. The steady state kinetic parameters of a plasmin-derived light (B) chain (CmCys)3, and a derived equimolar light (B) chain-streptokinase complex (CmCys)3, isolated from human plasmin and equimolar plasmin-streptokinase, or plasminogen-streptokinase, complexes, respectively, were determined. When the light (B) chain-streptokinase complex is isolated from its parent complexes, there is a complete retention of the original parent's esterase activities, with respect to Km and kcat, and interaction with the competitive inhibitors benzamidine and leupeptin. The plasmin-derived light (B) chain does not retain its parent esterase activities. This chain has very similar kinetic properties to Lys-plasminogen except that streptokinase, in an equal molar amount, does not impart full esterase activity to the light (B) chain whereas the zymogen can be completely activated by streptokinase. The kcat of the plasmin-derived light (B) chain, and its streptokinase complex can be enhanced by 50 and 30%, respectively, in the presence of 10(-4) M leupeptin, a competitive inhibitor of plasmin, attesting to the increased structural flexibility within the active site of this enzyme species. Urokinase hydrolyzes Nalpha-Cbz-L-lysine p-nitrophenyl ester efficiently with a kcat/Km of one-third that of plasmin. The human plasminogen activator activities of various activated forms of human plasminogen and their equimolar streptokinase complexes were compared in a kinetic assay. The Lys-plasmin-streptokinase complex, and streptokinase were the least active of the activator species and were approximately equal in their activator activities. Glu- and Lys-plasminogen-streptokinase complexes had approximately 1.5 times the activity of streptokinase, whereas the equimolar light (B) chain-streptokinase complexes had approximately 2- to 3-times the activator activity of streptokinase. Since the esterase activity remained unchanged, this indicates a greater degree of specificity in the active site of the equimolar light (B) chain-streptokinase activator complex. Urokinase proved to be a poor activator species...", "contents": "Comparison of the esterase and human plasminogen activator activities of various activated forms of human plasminogen and their equimolar streptokinase complexes. A comparison was made of the esterase and activator activities of the various activated forms of human plasminogen and their streptokinase complexes with Nalpha-Cbz-L-lysine-p-nitrophenyl ester as the substrate. The steady state kinetic properties of Glu- and Lys-plasmins, and Glu- and Lys-plasminogen-streptokinase complexes were identical, while the Lys-plasmin-streptokinase complex showed a 2-fold increase in Km with the same kcat and a 3-fold increase in Ki for the competitive inhibitor leupeptin. Lys-plasminogen (zymogen with an active site) was prepared which incorporated 0.7 mol of [3H]idisopropyl phosphorofluoridate and 0.43 mol of p-nitrophenyl-p'-guanidinobenzoate/mol of protein. The Km for Lys-plasminogen was 3-fold higher than that of Lys-plasmin, and its maximum velocity 10-fold lower. The steady state kinetic parameters of a plasmin-derived light (B) chain (CmCys)3, and a derived equimolar light (B) chain-streptokinase complex (CmCys)3, isolated from human plasmin and equimolar plasmin-streptokinase, or plasminogen-streptokinase, complexes, respectively, were determined. When the light (B) chain-streptokinase complex is isolated from its parent complexes, there is a complete retention of the original parent's esterase activities, with respect to Km and kcat, and interaction with the competitive inhibitors benzamidine and leupeptin. The plasmin-derived light (B) chain does not retain its parent esterase activities. This chain has very similar kinetic properties to Lys-plasminogen except that streptokinase, in an equal molar amount, does not impart full esterase activity to the light (B) chain whereas the zymogen can be completely activated by streptokinase. The kcat of the plasmin-derived light (B) chain, and its streptokinase complex can be enhanced by 50 and 30%, respectively, in the presence of 10(-4) M leupeptin, a competitive inhibitor of plasmin, attesting to the increased structural flexibility within the active site of this enzyme species. Urokinase hydrolyzes Nalpha-Cbz-L-lysine p-nitrophenyl ester efficiently with a kcat/Km of one-third that of plasmin. The human plasminogen activator activities of various activated forms of human plasminogen and their equimolar streptokinase complexes were compared in a kinetic assay. The Lys-plasmin-streptokinase complex, and streptokinase were the least active of the activator species and were approximately equal in their activator activities. Glu- and Lys-plasminogen-streptokinase complexes had approximately 1.5 times the activity of streptokinase, whereas the equimolar light (B) chain-streptokinase complexes had approximately 2- to 3-times the activator activity of streptokinase. Since the esterase activity remained unchanged, this indicates a greater degree of specificity in the active site of the equimolar light (B) chain-streptokinase activator complex. Urokinase proved to be a poor activator species...", "PMID": 851483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9665", "title": "Antibody-mediated suppression of tumor growth. I. Suppression by murine IgG1 isolated from alloantiserum.", "content": "The tumor suppressive activity of murine IgG1 antibody was studied in vivo. IgG1 was isolated from hyperimmune alloantisera against a murine lymphoma, 6C3HED, by absorption with heat-killed, formalinized Staphylococcus aureus. Cowan strain I, followed by DEAE ion exchange chromatography and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration chromatography. The isolated IgG1, which had no detectable IgM, IgA, IgG2a, IgG2b or IgG3, could suppress the growth of the tumor. In addition, DEAE and Sephadex G-200 column profiles of the in vivo tumor suppressive activity showed good correlation with the profiles of total IgG1 immunoglobulin and anti-tumor antibody assayed for IgG1 heavy chains and kappa light chains. The IgG1 tumor suppressive activity was not diminished after heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min.", "contents": "Antibody-mediated suppression of tumor growth. I. Suppression by murine IgG1 isolated from alloantiserum. The tumor suppressive activity of murine IgG1 antibody was studied in vivo. IgG1 was isolated from hyperimmune alloantisera against a murine lymphoma, 6C3HED, by absorption with heat-killed, formalinized Staphylococcus aureus. Cowan strain I, followed by DEAE ion exchange chromatography and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration chromatography. The isolated IgG1, which had no detectable IgM, IgA, IgG2a, IgG2b or IgG3, could suppress the growth of the tumor. In addition, DEAE and Sephadex G-200 column profiles of the in vivo tumor suppressive activity showed good correlation with the profiles of total IgG1 immunoglobulin and anti-tumor antibody assayed for IgG1 heavy chains and kappa light chains. The IgG1 tumor suppressive activity was not diminished after heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min.", "PMID": 851484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9666", "title": "The anemia of prematurity. Factors governing the erythropoietin response.", "content": "We performed sequential studies in 45 premature infants (birth weights less than 1500 g) from 7 to 120 days of age to determine factors governing the erythropoietin response to a declining hemoglobin concentration. The hemoglobin level and the plasma erythropoietin showed a significant inverse correlation (r = 0.50, P less than 0.001), as did, even more strikingly, the plasma erythropoietin response and the infants' oxygen-unloading capacity (r = 0.55, P less than 0.001). In infants with \"right-shifted\" oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curves (hemoglobin F less than 30 per cent) hemoglobin levels fell 2 to 3 g per deciliter lower than those in infants with \"left-shifted\" curves (hemoglobin F greater than 60 per cent) before comparable erythropoietin responses occurred. It appears that premature infants respond appropriately to alterations in oxygen unloading capacity and that the position of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve and not the hemoglobin concentration alone has a major role in modulated erythropoiesis.", "contents": "The anemia of prematurity. Factors governing the erythropoietin response. We performed sequential studies in 45 premature infants (birth weights less than 1500 g) from 7 to 120 days of age to determine factors governing the erythropoietin response to a declining hemoglobin concentration. The hemoglobin level and the plasma erythropoietin showed a significant inverse correlation (r = 0.50, P less than 0.001), as did, even more strikingly, the plasma erythropoietin response and the infants' oxygen-unloading capacity (r = 0.55, P less than 0.001). In infants with \"right-shifted\" oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curves (hemoglobin F less than 30 per cent) hemoglobin levels fell 2 to 3 g per deciliter lower than those in infants with \"left-shifted\" curves (hemoglobin F greater than 60 per cent) before comparable erythropoietin responses occurred. It appears that premature infants respond appropriately to alterations in oxygen unloading capacity and that the position of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve and not the hemoglobin concentration alone has a major role in modulated erythropoiesis.", "PMID": 851485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9667", "title": "Human hexosaminidase isozymes: chromatographic separation as an aid to heterozygote identification.", "content": "The correct identification of Tay-Sachs heterozygotes requires a reliable procedure for separation and quantiation of the hexosaminidase isozymes. The most commonly employed method involves thermal inactivation of the heat labile hexosaminidase A assay of residual enzyme activity. This procedure, however, consistently yields a significantly lower absolute and relative activity of hexosaminidase A and a higher activity of the thermostable components (B and I) in comparison with the results obtained by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. DEAE-cellulose chromatographic separation of the hexosaminidase isozymes in serum following thermal inactivation reveals the presence of relative and absolute increase in the activity of the B and I components in addition to loss of the heat-labile A isozyme. Because the conversion of hexosaminidase A into thermostable forms by heating may vary according to the conditions employed, the thermal inactivation procedure may lead to ambiguity in heterozygote identification. This difficulty can be minimized by fractionation of the hexosaminidase isozymes by DEAE-cellulose chromatography followed by assay of the individual components. In addition to the Tay-Sachs carrier state, other conditions can alter the distribution of the hexosaminidase isozymes in tissues and body fluids. For example in serum of patients with juvenile diabetes mellitus there is a characteristic elevation of hexosaminidase B and less consistently, of hexosaminidase A. Since the activity of hexosaminidase A in serum of diabetics fractionated by ion exchange chromatography is at least as high as the activity in serum of healthy non-carriers, patients with diabetes can be easily differentiated from Tay-Sachs heterozygotes. Similarly, the distribution of the hexosaminidase isozymes in serum is altered during pregnancy, where there is usually a significant rise in hexosaminidase A and I (P). However, during pregnancy activities of hexosaminidase A and I in serum of obligate Tay-Sachs carriers are only 50% of the values observed in non-carriers at comparable gestational periods. Since the absolute activities of hexosaminidase A in serum of pregnant carriers obtained by ion exchange chromatography do not overlap with the activities in serum of non-carrier pregnant women at comparable gestational periods, this method has obvious advantages for identification of pregnancies where the fetus may be at risk for Tay-Sachs disease.", "contents": "Human hexosaminidase isozymes: chromatographic separation as an aid to heterozygote identification. The correct identification of Tay-Sachs heterozygotes requires a reliable procedure for separation and quantiation of the hexosaminidase isozymes. The most commonly employed method involves thermal inactivation of the heat labile hexosaminidase A assay of residual enzyme activity. This procedure, however, consistently yields a significantly lower absolute and relative activity of hexosaminidase A and a higher activity of the thermostable components (B and I) in comparison with the results obtained by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. DEAE-cellulose chromatographic separation of the hexosaminidase isozymes in serum following thermal inactivation reveals the presence of relative and absolute increase in the activity of the B and I components in addition to loss of the heat-labile A isozyme. Because the conversion of hexosaminidase A into thermostable forms by heating may vary according to the conditions employed, the thermal inactivation procedure may lead to ambiguity in heterozygote identification. This difficulty can be minimized by fractionation of the hexosaminidase isozymes by DEAE-cellulose chromatography followed by assay of the individual components. In addition to the Tay-Sachs carrier state, other conditions can alter the distribution of the hexosaminidase isozymes in tissues and body fluids. For example in serum of patients with juvenile diabetes mellitus there is a characteristic elevation of hexosaminidase B and less consistently, of hexosaminidase A. Since the activity of hexosaminidase A in serum of diabetics fractionated by ion exchange chromatography is at least as high as the activity in serum of healthy non-carriers, patients with diabetes can be easily differentiated from Tay-Sachs heterozygotes. Similarly, the distribution of the hexosaminidase isozymes in serum is altered during pregnancy, where there is usually a significant rise in hexosaminidase A and I (P). However, during pregnancy activities of hexosaminidase A and I in serum of obligate Tay-Sachs carriers are only 50% of the values observed in non-carriers at comparable gestational periods. Since the absolute activities of hexosaminidase A in serum of pregnant carriers obtained by ion exchange chromatography do not overlap with the activities in serum of non-carrier pregnant women at comparable gestational periods, this method has obvious advantages for identification of pregnancies where the fetus may be at risk for Tay-Sachs disease.", "PMID": 851488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9668", "title": "Topographic organization of the projections from cortical areas 17, 18 and 19 onto the thalamus, pretectum and superior colliculus in the cat.", "content": "The distribution of cortical projections from areas 17, 18 and 19 to the lateral thalamus, pretectum, and superior colliculus was investigated with the autoradiographic tracing method. Cortical areas 17, 18 and 19 were demonstrated to project retinotypically and in register upon the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, medial interlaminar nucleus, lateral zone of the lateral posterior complex, nucleus of the optic tract and superior colliculus. Area 19 was shown to project retinotopically upon the pulvinar nucleus. Clear retinotopic organization was not demonstrable in the projections of areas 17, 18 and 19 to the reticular complex of the thalamus and ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, or in the projection of area 19 to the anterior pretectal nucleus. The cortical projections were employed to define the retinotopic organization of the nucleus of the optic tract, pulvinar nucleus, and later zone of the lateral posterior complex. The cortical projections show the vertical meridian to be represented caudally, with the lower visual field represented laterally, and the upper visual field medially, within the nucleus of the optic tract. The projections of area 19 to the pulvinar nucleus demonstrate the lower visual field to be represented rostrally and the upper field caudally in this mucleus; the vertical meridian to be represented at the lateral border and the visual field periphery to be represented at the medial border of the pulvinar nucleus. Cortical projections to the lateral zone of the lateral posterior complex demonstrate the lower visual field to be represented rostrally and the upper visual field caudally; the vertical meridian to be represented at the medial limit and the visual field periphery at the lateral border of the termination zones. On the basis of the experimental findings a new terminology is introduced for the feline lateral posterior complex. Divisions are proposed which correspond to zones with demonstrably distinct afferent input. The pulvinar nucleus is defined by the distribution of projections from area 19. Three flanking divisions are defined within the lateral posterior complex; a lateral division recipient of projections from area 17, 18 and 19, and interjacent division recipient of projections of the superficial layers of the superior colliculus, and a medial division flanking the tectorecipient zone medially.", "contents": "Topographic organization of the projections from cortical areas 17, 18 and 19 onto the thalamus, pretectum and superior colliculus in the cat. The distribution of cortical projections from areas 17, 18 and 19 to the lateral thalamus, pretectum, and superior colliculus was investigated with the autoradiographic tracing method. Cortical areas 17, 18 and 19 were demonstrated to project retinotypically and in register upon the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, medial interlaminar nucleus, lateral zone of the lateral posterior complex, nucleus of the optic tract and superior colliculus. Area 19 was shown to project retinotopically upon the pulvinar nucleus. Clear retinotopic organization was not demonstrable in the projections of areas 17, 18 and 19 to the reticular complex of the thalamus and ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, or in the projection of area 19 to the anterior pretectal nucleus. The cortical projections were employed to define the retinotopic organization of the nucleus of the optic tract, pulvinar nucleus, and later zone of the lateral posterior complex. The cortical projections show the vertical meridian to be represented caudally, with the lower visual field represented laterally, and the upper visual field medially, within the nucleus of the optic tract. The projections of area 19 to the pulvinar nucleus demonstrate the lower visual field to be represented rostrally and the upper field caudally in this mucleus; the vertical meridian to be represented at the lateral border and the visual field periphery to be represented at the medial border of the pulvinar nucleus. Cortical projections to the lateral zone of the lateral posterior complex demonstrate the lower visual field to be represented rostrally and the upper visual field caudally; the vertical meridian to be represented at the medial limit and the visual field periphery at the lateral border of the termination zones. On the basis of the experimental findings a new terminology is introduced for the feline lateral posterior complex. Divisions are proposed which correspond to zones with demonstrably distinct afferent input. The pulvinar nucleus is defined by the distribution of projections from area 19. Three flanking divisions are defined within the lateral posterior complex; a lateral division recipient of projections from area 17, 18 and 19, and interjacent division recipient of projections of the superficial layers of the superior colliculus, and a medial division flanking the tectorecipient zone medially.", "PMID": 851491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9669", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of beta-methyldigoxin in healthy humans III: Pharmacodynamic correlations.", "content": "Significant decreases in left ventricular ejection time and heart rate were observed after the oral and intravenous administration of beta-methyldigoxin. The time course of this action correlated with the time course of beta-methyldigoxin and its active metabolite, digoxin, in their deepest pharmacokinetic compartments and not with their plasma levels. This pharmacodynamic activity peaked (decrease of 6.3% at 0.6 mg iv and 3.5% at 0.3 mg iv; decrease of 3.8% at 0.6 mg po and 4.5% at 0.3 mg po) at about 10 hr, concomitantly with the amounts of beta-methyldigoxin in its deepest compartment and showed a terminal half-life equivalent to the 41 hr for beta-methyldigoxin. The relative peak heights and area under the ejection time-time curves indicated a linear dose-response relationship on intravenous administration and an effect greater than that reported for larger amounts of digoxin. The time course of heart rate action correlated (8.3 and 12.5% decreases with 0.3 and 0.6 mg iv, respectively; 6.5 and 9.5% decreases with 0.3 and 0.6 mg po, respectively) with the time course of beta-methyldigoxin and its metabolite digoxin in shallower pharmacokinetic compartments (peaks at approximately 80 min intravenously and 135 min orally), and significant effects had disappeared by 10 hr after drug administration. This finding indicated that the biophases differ for ejection time and heart rate action. Mean arterial blood pressure could not be correlated with the time course of drug, although a small consistent decrease (4-8%) was observed from 22 to 72 hr after drug administration.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of beta-methyldigoxin in healthy humans III: Pharmacodynamic correlations. Significant decreases in left ventricular ejection time and heart rate were observed after the oral and intravenous administration of beta-methyldigoxin. The time course of this action correlated with the time course of beta-methyldigoxin and its active metabolite, digoxin, in their deepest pharmacokinetic compartments and not with their plasma levels. This pharmacodynamic activity peaked (decrease of 6.3% at 0.6 mg iv and 3.5% at 0.3 mg iv; decrease of 3.8% at 0.6 mg po and 4.5% at 0.3 mg po) at about 10 hr, concomitantly with the amounts of beta-methyldigoxin in its deepest compartment and showed a terminal half-life equivalent to the 41 hr for beta-methyldigoxin. The relative peak heights and area under the ejection time-time curves indicated a linear dose-response relationship on intravenous administration and an effect greater than that reported for larger amounts of digoxin. The time course of heart rate action correlated (8.3 and 12.5% decreases with 0.3 and 0.6 mg iv, respectively; 6.5 and 9.5% decreases with 0.3 and 0.6 mg po, respectively) with the time course of beta-methyldigoxin and its metabolite digoxin in shallower pharmacokinetic compartments (peaks at approximately 80 min intravenously and 135 min orally), and significant effects had disappeared by 10 hr after drug administration. This finding indicated that the biophases differ for ejection time and heart rate action. Mean arterial blood pressure could not be correlated with the time course of drug, although a small consistent decrease (4-8%) was observed from 22 to 72 hr after drug administration.", "PMID": 851492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9670", "title": "Responses of guinea pigs to infections with strains of Venezuelan encephalitis virus, and correlations with equine virulence.", "content": "Five equine-virulent strains of Venezuelan encephalitis (VE) virus consistently killed guinea pigs (strain English short hair) inoculated subcutaneously, whereas ten equine benign strains did not. Two enzootic eastern Panamanian and Colombian strains of hemagglutination-inhibition antigenic subtype I-D and of undetermined virulence for equine animals also killed guinea pigs. This subtype of VE virus may represent an excpetion to a positive correlation between equine virulence and guinea pig lethality since another strain of ts subtype has been reported to be benign in horses inoculated subcutaneously. Within the strains tested, viruses of subtypes I-ABC and I-D were lethal for guinea pigs, and viruses of other subtypes were benign. There was no correlation between guinea pig and human virulence of VE strains.", "contents": "Responses of guinea pigs to infections with strains of Venezuelan encephalitis virus, and correlations with equine virulence. Five equine-virulent strains of Venezuelan encephalitis (VE) virus consistently killed guinea pigs (strain English short hair) inoculated subcutaneously, whereas ten equine benign strains did not. Two enzootic eastern Panamanian and Colombian strains of hemagglutination-inhibition antigenic subtype I-D and of undetermined virulence for equine animals also killed guinea pigs. This subtype of VE virus may represent an excpetion to a positive correlation between equine virulence and guinea pig lethality since another strain of ts subtype has been reported to be benign in horses inoculated subcutaneously. Within the strains tested, viruses of subtypes I-ABC and I-D were lethal for guinea pigs, and viruses of other subtypes were benign. There was no correlation between guinea pig and human virulence of VE strains.", "PMID": 851494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9671", "title": "Hepatic effects of some [4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)-2-pyrimidinylthio] acetic acid (WY-14,643) analogs in the mouse.", "content": "The comparative hypolipidemic and hepatic peroxisome proliferative activities of a series of thioacetic acid pyrimidines were evaluated in male mice. [4-Chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)-2-pyrimidinylthio] acetic acid (Wy-14,643) produced significant hepatomegaly and peroxisome proliferation in liver cells. This compound also increased the hepatic catalase and carnitine acetyltransferase activities and lowered serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels. The structurally  related analogs, Wy-15,690, Wy-15,672, Wy-15,746 and Wy-15,496, which lacked hypolipidemic effect failed to induce hepatomegaly and peroxisome proliferation. No substantial increase in catalase and carnitine acetyltransferase activities was noted. It is concluded that the hepatic peroxisome proliferative effect is closely related to the hypolipidemic activity, rather than to any specific chemical structure.", "contents": "Hepatic effects of some [4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)-2-pyrimidinylthio] acetic acid (WY-14,643) analogs in the mouse. The comparative hypolipidemic and hepatic peroxisome proliferative activities of a series of thioacetic acid pyrimidines were evaluated in male mice. [4-Chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)-2-pyrimidinylthio] acetic acid (Wy-14,643) produced significant hepatomegaly and peroxisome proliferation in liver cells. This compound also increased the hepatic catalase and carnitine acetyltransferase activities and lowered serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels. The structurally  related analogs, Wy-15,690, Wy-15,672, Wy-15,746 and Wy-15,496, which lacked hypolipidemic effect failed to induce hepatomegaly and peroxisome proliferation. No substantial increase in catalase and carnitine acetyltransferase activities was noted. It is concluded that the hepatic peroxisome proliferative effect is closely related to the hypolipidemic activity, rather than to any specific chemical structure.", "PMID": 851495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9672", "title": "Primary structure of rat lysozyme.", "content": "For evolutionary reasons, we determined the primary structure of rat lysozyme. The chymotryptic peptides from the reduced and carboxymethylated protein were sequenced and aligned by homology with the sequence of human lysozyme. Overlaps were confirmed by partial structures of tryptic peptides and an automatic sequencer run on the whole protein. By comparing this lysozyme sequence with those of human and baboon and taking into account paleontological estimates of the times of divergence of these species from one another, an approximate estimate of the average rate of lysozyme evolution was made. This rate is not significantly different from the average rate of lactalbumin evolution in mammals--a finding which is at variance with Dickerson's [Dickerson, R.E. (1971), J. Mol. Evol. 1, 26] and Dayhoff's [Dayhoff, m.o., ed. (1972), Atlas of Protein Structure and Sequence, Vol. 5, Silver Spring, Md., The National Biomedical Research Foundation] conclusion that lactalbumin evolution has been faster than lysozyme evolution. Our finding raises the possibility that the gene duplication event responsible for the origin of lactalbumin from lysozyme was more ancient than is generally supposed. Furthermore, from comparison of the rates of lysozyme evolution in rodents and primates, it is suggested that generation time is not a key factor in lysozyme evolution.", "contents": "Primary structure of rat lysozyme. For evolutionary reasons, we determined the primary structure of rat lysozyme. The chymotryptic peptides from the reduced and carboxymethylated protein were sequenced and aligned by homology with the sequence of human lysozyme. Overlaps were confirmed by partial structures of tryptic peptides and an automatic sequencer run on the whole protein. By comparing this lysozyme sequence with those of human and baboon and taking into account paleontological estimates of the times of divergence of these species from one another, an approximate estimate of the average rate of lysozyme evolution was made. This rate is not significantly different from the average rate of lactalbumin evolution in mammals--a finding which is at variance with Dickerson's [Dickerson, R.E. (1971), J. Mol. Evol. 1, 26] and Dayhoff's [Dayhoff, m.o., ed. (1972), Atlas of Protein Structure and Sequence, Vol. 5, Silver Spring, Md., The National Biomedical Research Foundation] conclusion that lactalbumin evolution has been faster than lysozyme evolution. Our finding raises the possibility that the gene duplication event responsible for the origin of lactalbumin from lysozyme was more ancient than is generally supposed. Furthermore, from comparison of the rates of lysozyme evolution in rodents and primates, it is suggested that generation time is not a key factor in lysozyme evolution.", "PMID": 851497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9673", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of gallamine triethiodide and succinylcholine chloride during halothane anesthesia in the dog.", "content": "The cardiovascular effects of gallamine triethiodide and succinylcholine chloride were studied in Beagle dogs during controlled halothane anesthesia. Small but significant increases in heart rate and mean arterial presssure were observed 1 minute after intravenous injection of succinylcholine chloride. Intravenous injection of gallamine triethiodide did not produce significant cardiovascular changes.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of gallamine triethiodide and succinylcholine chloride during halothane anesthesia in the dog. The cardiovascular effects of gallamine triethiodide and succinylcholine chloride were studied in Beagle dogs during controlled halothane anesthesia. Small but significant increases in heart rate and mean arterial presssure were observed 1 minute after intravenous injection of succinylcholine chloride. Intravenous injection of gallamine triethiodide did not produce significant cardiovascular changes.", "PMID": 851499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9674", "title": "Fosfomycin in chronic urinary infections.", "content": "Fosfomycin has been used on 40 patients with serious urinary infections of different clinical nature, and produced by repetitive infection (prostatisms, carcinomas, lithiasis, hydronephrosis, etc.) The following were isolated in the urocultures: E. coli (60%), Klebsiella (15%), P. aeruginosa (15.0%), Proteus sp. (15.0%), Staphylococcus (5%), S. faecalis (2.5%) and Paracolobactrum coliforme (2.5%). All the germs isolated before treatment were sensitive to fosfomycin. The results, as regards response to the bacteriuria, were 71.4% eradication of the infection, 17.2% reinfections and 11.4% failures. The results are considered very satisfactory in view of the etiopathogenic nature of the processes under treatment.", "contents": "Fosfomycin in chronic urinary infections. Fosfomycin has been used on 40 patients with serious urinary infections of different clinical nature, and produced by repetitive infection (prostatisms, carcinomas, lithiasis, hydronephrosis, etc.) The following were isolated in the urocultures: E. coli (60%), Klebsiella (15%), P. aeruginosa (15.0%), Proteus sp. (15.0%), Staphylococcus (5%), S. faecalis (2.5%) and Paracolobactrum coliforme (2.5%). All the germs isolated before treatment were sensitive to fosfomycin. The results, as regards response to the bacteriuria, were 71.4% eradication of the infection, 17.2% reinfections and 11.4% failures. The results are considered very satisfactory in view of the etiopathogenic nature of the processes under treatment.", "PMID": 851501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9675", "title": "Error in recovery rate of aminoglycosides from uraemic sera.", "content": "The recovery rate of gentamicin and tobramycin from uraemic sera was between 50 and 70% using a bioassay method which gave a 90% recovery rate from normal sera. This difference was not seen with streptomycin or kanamycin. The recovery rate from uraemic sera could be raised to clinically acceptable levels of above 80% either by using a different assay medium or by preparing standard solutions in pooled uraemic sera.", "contents": "Error in recovery rate of aminoglycosides from uraemic sera. The recovery rate of gentamicin and tobramycin from uraemic sera was between 50 and 70% using a bioassay method which gave a 90% recovery rate from normal sera. This difference was not seen with streptomycin or kanamycin. The recovery rate from uraemic sera could be raised to clinically acceptable levels of above 80% either by using a different assay medium or by preparing standard solutions in pooled uraemic sera.", "PMID": 851502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9676", "title": "Studies on the local and systemic carcinogenicity of topically applied smoke condensate from a substitute smoking material.", "content": "The topical carcinogenicity to mouse skin of smoke condensates obtained from a tobacco substitute (NSM), alone or in combination with tobacco, has been compared with condensate from tobacco and with acetone, the solvent used. Sixteen different types of cigarette were used to make the condensates, and the age-standardized results have been analysed according to the Weibull distribution model. The results show that NSM condensate has less than 25% of the potency of tobacco condensate (37% at 95% upper confidence limit), and that condensates from blends of NSM and tobacco are similarly reduced in activity. General pathology analysis failed to reveal abnormalities due to NSM.", "contents": "Studies on the local and systemic carcinogenicity of topically applied smoke condensate from a substitute smoking material. The topical carcinogenicity to mouse skin of smoke condensates obtained from a tobacco substitute (NSM), alone or in combination with tobacco, has been compared with condensate from tobacco and with acetone, the solvent used. Sixteen different types of cigarette were used to make the condensates, and the age-standardized results have been analysed according to the Weibull distribution model. The results show that NSM condensate has less than 25% of the potency of tobacco condensate (37% at 95% upper confidence limit), and that condensates from blends of NSM and tobacco are similarly reduced in activity. General pathology analysis failed to reveal abnormalities due to NSM.", "PMID": 851510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9677", "title": "Radiolabelling of Corynebacterium parvum and its distribution in mice.", "content": "Corynebacterium parvum was labelled by growing live bacteria in the presence of [3H]thymidine. The bacteria were killed by formalin, washed thoroughly and resuspended at a concentration of 7 mg dry weight/ml. An activity of 1-6 X 10(5) ct/min/0-1 ml was obtained. The biological properties (inhibition of tumour growth and hepatosplenomegaly) of the labelled C. parvum were compared with those of commercially available vaccine, and were found to be similar. Labelled C. parvum was injected i.v., i.p., or s.c. into normal C57BL mice and the localization of activity determined at 4 h and 1,3,7 and 14 days after injection. After i.v. or i.p. injection, highest counts were recorded in the liver. Moderate activity was found in the spleen, lungs and small gut. After s.c. injection, the majority of radioactive label was detected at the site of injection and little found in other tissues. The distribution of injected C. parvum was also studied in mice bearing Lewis tumour, and was found to be similar to that in normal mice. Moderate amounts of labelled C. parvum were recovered from tumour. There appeared to be no relationship between the antitumour effect of C. parvum given by a particular route of injection and the concentration of C. parvum recovered from the tumour.", "contents": "Radiolabelling of Corynebacterium parvum and its distribution in mice. Corynebacterium parvum was labelled by growing live bacteria in the presence of [3H]thymidine. The bacteria were killed by formalin, washed thoroughly and resuspended at a concentration of 7 mg dry weight/ml. An activity of 1-6 X 10(5) ct/min/0-1 ml was obtained. The biological properties (inhibition of tumour growth and hepatosplenomegaly) of the labelled C. parvum were compared with those of commercially available vaccine, and were found to be similar. Labelled C. parvum was injected i.v., i.p., or s.c. into normal C57BL mice and the localization of activity determined at 4 h and 1,3,7 and 14 days after injection. After i.v. or i.p. injection, highest counts were recorded in the liver. Moderate activity was found in the spleen, lungs and small gut. After s.c. injection, the majority of radioactive label was detected at the site of injection and little found in other tissues. The distribution of injected C. parvum was also studied in mice bearing Lewis tumour, and was found to be similar to that in normal mice. Moderate amounts of labelled C. parvum were recovered from tumour. There appeared to be no relationship between the antitumour effect of C. parvum given by a particular route of injection and the concentration of C. parvum recovered from the tumour.", "PMID": 851511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9678", "title": "Personal constructs and child psychiatric diagnosis - a pilot study.", "content": "Repertory grid technique is used to study the relationship between construing patients and friends by subjects ranking the same sets of constructs to both sets of elements. Nine subjects completed two repertory grids with (1) 'patients' as elements, and (2) 'friends' as elements. By using the measures of 'Consistiency', and 'Intensity', which are explained, it is shown that subjects were as meaningfully able to construe 'patients' in terms of the friends, as they were in terms of 'patients' constructs. They were not as able to construe 'friends' in terms of 'patient' constructs as they were in terms of the 'friends' constructs. The significance of this is examined in relation to the use of a specialist language within child psychiatric diagnosis.", "contents": "Personal constructs and child psychiatric diagnosis - a pilot study. Repertory grid technique is used to study the relationship between construing patients and friends by subjects ranking the same sets of constructs to both sets of elements. Nine subjects completed two repertory grids with (1) 'patients' as elements, and (2) 'friends' as elements. By using the measures of 'Consistiency', and 'Intensity', which are explained, it is shown that subjects were as meaningfully able to construe 'patients' in terms of the friends, as they were in terms of 'patients' constructs. They were not as able to construe 'friends' in terms of 'patient' constructs as they were in terms of the 'friends' constructs. The significance of this is examined in relation to the use of a specialist language within child psychiatric diagnosis.", "PMID": 851519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9679", "title": "Correlates of illness susceptibility.", "content": "Previous research has indicated that congitive-emotional factors, psychosocial stress, and systemic activity play a role in the contraction and course of numerous diseases. The present study investigated the relative contributions of these variables. Fifty-five male undergraduates were given questionnaires assessing general emotionality, and psychosocial stress and illness history over a four-year period. Autonomic indices of pulse rate, respiration, peripheral circulation, and skin resistance were also obtained under conditions of rest and stress (threat of electric shock). Using number of past illnesses as the dependent variable, a stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed. Only amount of psychosocial stress and, related to it, number of different kinds of psychosocial stress yielded significant partial correlations. Results are discussed in relation to other research, with emphasis on the conceptual and methodological difficulties of assessing psychophysiological mediators of morbidity.", "contents": "Correlates of illness susceptibility. Previous research has indicated that congitive-emotional factors, psychosocial stress, and systemic activity play a role in the contraction and course of numerous diseases. The present study investigated the relative contributions of these variables. Fifty-five male undergraduates were given questionnaires assessing general emotionality, and psychosocial stress and illness history over a four-year period. Autonomic indices of pulse rate, respiration, peripheral circulation, and skin resistance were also obtained under conditions of rest and stress (threat of electric shock). Using number of past illnesses as the dependent variable, a stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed. Only amount of psychosocial stress and, related to it, number of different kinds of psychosocial stress yielded significant partial correlations. Results are discussed in relation to other research, with emphasis on the conceptual and methodological difficulties of assessing psychophysiological mediators of morbidity.", "PMID": 851520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9680", "title": "Variability in grading diabetic retinopathy from stereo fundus photographs: comparison of physician and lay readers.", "content": "Two physicians and two lay readers were trained according to a detailed protocol in the grading of 17 lesions found in diabetic retinopathy by evaluation of stereo fundus photographs according to a modified Airlie House classification. Intraobserver and interobserver variability of these readers was assessed by two methods: weighted kappa, and frequency of agreement within one grade. In general, physician readers were found to be less variable on replicate readings than were lay leaders, and had slightly better agreement with each other than with the lay readers. The physiological significance of the direction and magnitude of the difference between physician and lay reader variability for individual lesions was often uncertain. Assessment of contribution to disagreement by individual readers was possible and permits future training directed at reducing disagreement to acceptable values.", "contents": "Variability in grading diabetic retinopathy from stereo fundus photographs: comparison of physician and lay readers. Two physicians and two lay readers were trained according to a detailed protocol in the grading of 17 lesions found in diabetic retinopathy by evaluation of stereo fundus photographs according to a modified Airlie House classification. Intraobserver and interobserver variability of these readers was assessed by two methods: weighted kappa, and frequency of agreement within one grade. In general, physician readers were found to be less variable on replicate readings than were lay leaders, and had slightly better agreement with each other than with the lay readers. The physiological significance of the direction and magnitude of the difference between physician and lay reader variability for individual lesions was often uncertain. Assessment of contribution to disagreement by individual readers was possible and permits future training directed at reducing disagreement to acceptable values.", "PMID": 851521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9681", "title": "Primary vitrectomy as a preventive surgical procedure in the treatment of severely injured eyes.", "content": "The results of treating 72 severely injured eyes by primary vitrectomy combined with anterior and posterior segment reconstruction are presented. This approach aims at improving the visual prognosis by allowing fundus examination and immediate retinal surgery where indicated, and by preventing the more severe complications associated with vitreous and anterior segment disorganisation. The prospects for improved visual results and the problems encountered, particularly secondary haemorrhage, are discussed.", "contents": "Primary vitrectomy as a preventive surgical procedure in the treatment of severely injured eyes. The results of treating 72 severely injured eyes by primary vitrectomy combined with anterior and posterior segment reconstruction are presented. This approach aims at improving the visual prognosis by allowing fundus examination and immediate retinal surgery where indicated, and by preventing the more severe complications associated with vitreous and anterior segment disorganisation. The prospects for improved visual results and the problems encountered, particularly secondary haemorrhage, are discussed.", "PMID": 851522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9682", "title": "Medulloepithelioma (diktyoma) presenting as a perforated, infected eye.", "content": "A case of embryonal medulloepithelioma (diktyoma) presenting with perforated infected eye in a 13-year-old Black African girl is described. The tumour mass occupied most of the deformed eye, and invasion of the sclera anteriorly was seen. There was no evidence of orbital or distant tumour involvement. It is suggested that with increasing age these tumours are more likely to show frankly malignant features.", "contents": "Medulloepithelioma (diktyoma) presenting as a perforated, infected eye. A case of embryonal medulloepithelioma (diktyoma) presenting with perforated infected eye in a 13-year-old Black African girl is described. The tumour mass occupied most of the deformed eye, and invasion of the sclera anteriorly was seen. There was no evidence of orbital or distant tumour involvement. It is suggested that with increasing age these tumours are more likely to show frankly malignant features.", "PMID": 851523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9683", "title": "Operating microscope eyepiece heaters.", "content": "Precipitation of water vapour from expired air on to exposed eyepiece lenses of operating microscopes can seriously interfere with the surgeon's view. By  warming these optical surfaces to temperatures well above the dew point of expired air this problem is eliminated. A pair of small heaters were designed to clamp over the eyepiece tubes of a standard operating microscope and their effectivity assessed.", "contents": "Operating microscope eyepiece heaters. Precipitation of water vapour from expired air on to exposed eyepiece lenses of operating microscopes can seriously interfere with the surgeon's view. By  warming these optical surfaces to temperatures well above the dew point of expired air this problem is eliminated. A pair of small heaters were designed to clamp over the eyepiece tubes of a standard operating microscope and their effectivity assessed.", "PMID": 851524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9684", "title": "A protein cofactor that stimulates the activity of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase I on double-stranded DNA.", "content": "Partially purified rat liver RNA polymerase I chromatographed on ribosomal RNA-Sepharose loses most (96%) of its activity assayed on native calf-thymus DNA templates, but loses little (8%) of its activity assayed on poly(deoxycytidylic acid) template. Polymerase I is not stimulated by polymerase II protein factor, or by bovine serum albumin. However, it is stimulated by histones, polylysine, and spermine. Addition of a protein fraction eluted by high ionic strength from the rRNA-Sepharose also restores activity on native calf-thymus DNA. Further purification yields a fraction containing two proteins of 11 000 and 12 000 molecular weight. Both proteins are distinct from histones by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate and in acid urea. Both proteins are basic, insensitive to heat, bind to DNA, and stimulate polymerase I activity. The degree of stimulation of polymerase I is dependent upon both the enzyme/DNA and the factor/DNA ratio. The protein factors also stimulate polymerase II activity about half as effectively as polymerase I.", "contents": "A protein cofactor that stimulates the activity of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase I on double-stranded DNA. Partially purified rat liver RNA polymerase I chromatographed on ribosomal RNA-Sepharose loses most (96%) of its activity assayed on native calf-thymus DNA templates, but loses little (8%) of its activity assayed on poly(deoxycytidylic acid) template. Polymerase I is not stimulated by polymerase II protein factor, or by bovine serum albumin. However, it is stimulated by histones, polylysine, and spermine. Addition of a protein fraction eluted by high ionic strength from the rRNA-Sepharose also restores activity on native calf-thymus DNA. Further purification yields a fraction containing two proteins of 11 000 and 12 000 molecular weight. Both proteins are distinct from histones by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate and in acid urea. Both proteins are basic, insensitive to heat, bind to DNA, and stimulate polymerase I activity. The degree of stimulation of polymerase I is dependent upon both the enzyme/DNA and the factor/DNA ratio. The protein factors also stimulate polymerase II activity about half as effectively as polymerase I.", "PMID": 851526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9685", "title": "Amino acid sequence studies on the alpha chain of human fibrinogen. Isolation and characterization of two linked alpha-chained cyanogen bromide fragments from fully cross-linked fibrin.", "content": "Fully cross-linked human fibrin was digested with cyanogen bromide and the resulting fragments were characterized and compared with the fragments produced upon cyanogen bromide treatment of fibrinogen alpha chains. The largest molecular-weight fraction isolated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-150 was reduced and alkylated, and upon rechromatography on Sephadex G-150 it eluted at the same place as the original material. This large molecular weight fraction was subjected to amino acid analysis and the amino-terminal sequences of its constituent chains were determined by both dimethylaminonaphthyl sulfonation (Dns) and thioacetylation procedures. The identified sequences corresponded to two cyanogen bromide fragments previously found in alpha chains isolated from fibrinogen, one of which has a molecular weight of about 30 000 and the other 6000. The latter is thought to be the carboxy-terminal penultimate cyanogen bromide fragment of the alpha chain.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence studies on the alpha chain of human fibrinogen. Isolation and characterization of two linked alpha-chained cyanogen bromide fragments from fully cross-linked fibrin. Fully cross-linked human fibrin was digested with cyanogen bromide and the resulting fragments were characterized and compared with the fragments produced upon cyanogen bromide treatment of fibrinogen alpha chains. The largest molecular-weight fraction isolated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-150 was reduced and alkylated, and upon rechromatography on Sephadex G-150 it eluted at the same place as the original material. This large molecular weight fraction was subjected to amino acid analysis and the amino-terminal sequences of its constituent chains were determined by both dimethylaminonaphthyl sulfonation (Dns) and thioacetylation procedures. The identified sequences corresponded to two cyanogen bromide fragments previously found in alpha chains isolated from fibrinogen, one of which has a molecular weight of about 30 000 and the other 6000. The latter is thought to be the carboxy-terminal penultimate cyanogen bromide fragment of the alpha chain.", "PMID": 851527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9686", "title": "The light dependent uptake of N-methylphenazinium cations by the thylakoids of isolated chloroplasts.", "content": "The absorption of N-methylphenazinium methylsulfate (MP+ methylsulfate) in suspensions of envelope-free chloroplasts is reversibly lowered in the light. When the electron transport system of the chloroplasts is inhibited by 3-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU), the photobleaching reflects an uptake of MP+ into the thylakoids. Its magnitude is a function of the composition and of the pH of the suspension medium and, most importantly, is controlled by the availability of permeant anions which apparently accompany MP+ into the thylakoid as counterions. Consequently, the rate of the bleaching is strongly dependent on the permeability of the thylakoid to the available anion. At pH 7.5, the thylakoids of DCMU poisoned pokeweed chloroplasts are able to hold at least 6 MP+/chlorophyll. It is proposed that, in the presence of MP+, the light reaction of Photosystem I in DCMU-inhibited chloroplasts causes a conformational change of the membranes which exposes nucleophilic sites inside the thylakoids. These sites appear to have a high affinity for MP+, but may bind protons or other cations under certain experimental conditions. The uptake of MP+ has a hypochromic effect on its absorption band in the near ultraviolet due to the resulting heterogeneous distribution of the dye cation between medium and chloroplast grana.", "contents": "The light dependent uptake of N-methylphenazinium cations by the thylakoids of isolated chloroplasts. The absorption of N-methylphenazinium methylsulfate (MP+ methylsulfate) in suspensions of envelope-free chloroplasts is reversibly lowered in the light. When the electron transport system of the chloroplasts is inhibited by 3-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU), the photobleaching reflects an uptake of MP+ into the thylakoids. Its magnitude is a function of the composition and of the pH of the suspension medium and, most importantly, is controlled by the availability of permeant anions which apparently accompany MP+ into the thylakoid as counterions. Consequently, the rate of the bleaching is strongly dependent on the permeability of the thylakoid to the available anion. At pH 7.5, the thylakoids of DCMU poisoned pokeweed chloroplasts are able to hold at least 6 MP+/chlorophyll. It is proposed that, in the presence of MP+, the light reaction of Photosystem I in DCMU-inhibited chloroplasts causes a conformational change of the membranes which exposes nucleophilic sites inside the thylakoids. These sites appear to have a high affinity for MP+, but may bind protons or other cations under certain experimental conditions. The uptake of MP+ has a hypochromic effect on its absorption band in the near ultraviolet due to the resulting heterogeneous distribution of the dye cation between medium and chloroplast grana.", "PMID": 851528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9687", "title": "Oxidation-reduction coupled phosphorylation in the dark with isolated spinach chloroplasts.", "content": "1. Spinach chloroplasts, pre-incubated with ferricyanide, acquire the ability to make ATP in the dark provided they are supplied with a reductant and a lipophilic mediator that can penetrate the membrane. The mediator must be of the type that, upon oxidation, releases protons into the surrounding medium such as 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DAD). 2. Dark phosphorylation is not affected by the electron transport inhibitor, 3(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea (DCMU) or 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone (DBMIB), but is inhibited by uncouplers of photophosphorylation (e.g. NH4Cl and carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP)) and high concentrations of the energy transfer inhibitor, Dio-9. 3. Because only catalytic amounts of the mediator DAD are required to saturate dark phosphorylation, it is concluded that DAD shuttles reducing equivalents across the membrane from the reductant, ascorbate, on the outside to ferricyanide, the oxidant, trapped on the inside. 4. The results are interpreted within the framework of the chemiosmotic hypothesis for the coupling of electron transport to phosphorylation.", "contents": "Oxidation-reduction coupled phosphorylation in the dark with isolated spinach chloroplasts. 1. Spinach chloroplasts, pre-incubated with ferricyanide, acquire the ability to make ATP in the dark provided they are supplied with a reductant and a lipophilic mediator that can penetrate the membrane. The mediator must be of the type that, upon oxidation, releases protons into the surrounding medium such as 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DAD). 2. Dark phosphorylation is not affected by the electron transport inhibitor, 3(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea (DCMU) or 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone (DBMIB), but is inhibited by uncouplers of photophosphorylation (e.g. NH4Cl and carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP)) and high concentrations of the energy transfer inhibitor, Dio-9. 3. Because only catalytic amounts of the mediator DAD are required to saturate dark phosphorylation, it is concluded that DAD shuttles reducing equivalents across the membrane from the reductant, ascorbate, on the outside to ferricyanide, the oxidant, trapped on the inside. 4. The results are interpreted within the framework of the chemiosmotic hypothesis for the coupling of electron transport to phosphorylation.", "PMID": 851529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9688", "title": "Pyruvate transport in tumour-cell mitochondria.", "content": "Tumour-cell mitochondria contain a pyruvate-transporting system exhibiting the same general properties as those described in rat liver mitochondria. The Km for net pyruvate uptake in tumour-cell mitochondria is practically similar to that measured in rat liver mitochondria but the V is lower. This difference is also shown by swelling experiments. The possible implication of these observations in the context of lactate accumulation in tumour-cell is discussed.", "contents": "Pyruvate transport in tumour-cell mitochondria. Tumour-cell mitochondria contain a pyruvate-transporting system exhibiting the same general properties as those described in rat liver mitochondria. The Km for net pyruvate uptake in tumour-cell mitochondria is practically similar to that measured in rat liver mitochondria but the V is lower. This difference is also shown by swelling experiments. The possible implication of these observations in the context of lactate accumulation in tumour-cell is discussed.", "PMID": 851530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9689", "title": "Isolation of plasma membranes from murine ependymoblastoma and subcellular distribution of amphotericin B in this tumor.", "content": "A method for the isolation of plasma membranes from an experimental murine ependymoblastoma is described. In this procedure, 5'-nucleotidase was used as the plasma membrane marker, since cytochemical methods demonstrated that the enzyme was present on this subcellular structure only. The final plasma membrane preparation showed a 15-fold enrichment in 5'-nucleotidase activity and a 17-fold enrichment in the activity of phosphodiesterase I, another plasma membrane marker. The specific activity of beta-glucuronidase (lysosomal enzyme) was twice that of the whole homogenate, the specific activity of arylesterase (microsomal enzyme) was similar to that of the whole homogenate and succinate dehydrogenase (mitochondrial marker) was not detected. Electron microscopy of this fraction showed vesicles on which 5'-nucleotidase activity could be demonstrated. The subcellular distribution of [3H]amphotericin B per mg of protein was similar in the plasma membrane preparation and in the whole homogenate. It is concluded that, in ependymoblastoma, amphotericin B shows no selective affinity for the plasma membrane.", "contents": "Isolation of plasma membranes from murine ependymoblastoma and subcellular distribution of amphotericin B in this tumor. A method for the isolation of plasma membranes from an experimental murine ependymoblastoma is described. In this procedure, 5'-nucleotidase was used as the plasma membrane marker, since cytochemical methods demonstrated that the enzyme was present on this subcellular structure only. The final plasma membrane preparation showed a 15-fold enrichment in 5'-nucleotidase activity and a 17-fold enrichment in the activity of phosphodiesterase I, another plasma membrane marker. The specific activity of beta-glucuronidase (lysosomal enzyme) was twice that of the whole homogenate, the specific activity of arylesterase (microsomal enzyme) was similar to that of the whole homogenate and succinate dehydrogenase (mitochondrial marker) was not detected. Electron microscopy of this fraction showed vesicles on which 5'-nucleotidase activity could be demonstrated. The subcellular distribution of [3H]amphotericin B per mg of protein was similar in the plasma membrane preparation and in the whole homogenate. It is concluded that, in ependymoblastoma, amphotericin B shows no selective affinity for the plasma membrane.", "PMID": 851531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9690", "title": "Control of fatty acid composition of Acholeplasma laidlawii membranes.", "content": "The temperature-dependent pattern of incorporation of palmitate and oleate from the growth medium into Acholeplasma laidlawii membrane lipids correlates with the physical state of the membrane defined by calorimetry. Both the pattern and the state can be changed at will by changing the fatty acid composition of the membrane lipids. The ratio of palmitate to oleate incorporated is independent of temperature when the membrane bilayer is below its transition and fully ordered, but becomes temperature dependent upon the onset of the transition and continues to be temperature dependent when the membrane is above its transition  and fully fluid. This behavior is mimicked by the physical binding of palmitate and oleate to bilayers of extracted membrane lipids and to bilayers of lecithin. Selective binding by membranes may provide a means for controlling lipid fatty acid composition without invoking an enzymatic mechanism.", "contents": "Control of fatty acid composition of Acholeplasma laidlawii membranes. The temperature-dependent pattern of incorporation of palmitate and oleate from the growth medium into Acholeplasma laidlawii membrane lipids correlates with the physical state of the membrane defined by calorimetry. Both the pattern and the state can be changed at will by changing the fatty acid composition of the membrane lipids. The ratio of palmitate to oleate incorporated is independent of temperature when the membrane bilayer is below its transition and fully ordered, but becomes temperature dependent upon the onset of the transition and continues to be temperature dependent when the membrane is above its transition  and fully fluid. This behavior is mimicked by the physical binding of palmitate and oleate to bilayers of extracted membrane lipids and to bilayers of lecithin. Selective binding by membranes may provide a means for controlling lipid fatty acid composition without invoking an enzymatic mechanism.", "PMID": 851532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9691", "title": "Heterogeneity of the beta-amino-preferring transport system in rat kidney cortex. Differential influence of glutathione oxidation.", "content": "Taurine, a naturally found beta-amino acid, is inert in rat renal cortex slices. Its active accumulation by slices is abolished by anaerobiosis, a strongly acidic media or the removal of Na+. Concentration-dependent uptake studies reveal more than one taurine carrier: the apparent Km value for uptake below 1.1 mM is 0.4 mM and the apparent Km value above 1.1 mM is 14.5 mM. Of all amino acids tested only beta-alanine, another beta-compound, inhibited uptake. The oxidizing agent diamide was used to lower the concentration of GSH in rat cortex slices. The ability to accumulate taurine by the low Km system was decreased in diamide-treated slices, but not by the high Km system. Diamide was found to greatly augment efflux of taurine taken up from lower concentrations but not from higher concentrations. GSH in the media prevented this diamide-induced inhibition of uptake and enhanced efflux at lower taurine concentrations. A possible mechanism of diamide inhibition of uptake is that intracellular GSH depletion leads to greatly enhanced efflux of taurine, thus preventing uptake.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of the beta-amino-preferring transport system in rat kidney cortex. Differential influence of glutathione oxidation. Taurine, a naturally found beta-amino acid, is inert in rat renal cortex slices. Its active accumulation by slices is abolished by anaerobiosis, a strongly acidic media or the removal of Na+. Concentration-dependent uptake studies reveal more than one taurine carrier: the apparent Km value for uptake below 1.1 mM is 0.4 mM and the apparent Km value above 1.1 mM is 14.5 mM. Of all amino acids tested only beta-alanine, another beta-compound, inhibited uptake. The oxidizing agent diamide was used to lower the concentration of GSH in rat cortex slices. The ability to accumulate taurine by the low Km system was decreased in diamide-treated slices, but not by the high Km system. Diamide was found to greatly augment efflux of taurine taken up from lower concentrations but not from higher concentrations. GSH in the media prevented this diamide-induced inhibition of uptake and enhanced efflux at lower taurine concentrations. A possible mechanism of diamide inhibition of uptake is that intracellular GSH depletion leads to greatly enhanced efflux of taurine, thus preventing uptake.", "PMID": 851533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9692", "title": "The synthesis of polyadenylated RNA and other RNA species in synchronised CHK cells.", "content": "Chinese hamster kidney cells have been synchronised by the double thymidine block technique. The rate of incorporation of [5-3H]uridine into the polyadenylated RNA fraction has been analysed throughout two complete cell cycles and compared with the rate of incorporation into other RNA species and the UTP pool. In contrast with other reports, we have found that synthesis of 18 S rRNA continues steadily throughout the cell cycle, as does synthesis of 5 S RNA and tRNA. In the case of the polyadenylated RNA, however, our data indicate a major peak of synthesis during S phase and a smaller peak coinciding with G1.", "contents": "The synthesis of polyadenylated RNA and other RNA species in synchronised CHK cells. Chinese hamster kidney cells have been synchronised by the double thymidine block technique. The rate of incorporation of [5-3H]uridine into the polyadenylated RNA fraction has been analysed throughout two complete cell cycles and compared with the rate of incorporation into other RNA species and the UTP pool. In contrast with other reports, we have found that synthesis of 18 S rRNA continues steadily throughout the cell cycle, as does synthesis of 5 S RNA and tRNA. In the case of the polyadenylated RNA, however, our data indicate a major peak of synthesis during S phase and a smaller peak coinciding with G1.", "PMID": 851534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9693", "title": "Synthesis of polynucleotides which contain 3,N4-ethanocytidine, a nucleoside modification resulting from the action of bis(chloroethyl)-nitrosourea.", "content": "BCNU,N,N1-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea is known to produce 3-hydroxyethylcytidine and 3,N4-ethanocytidine when it reacts with polycytidylic acid. The nucleoside, 3,N4-ethanocytidine, presumably results from cyclization of 3-chloroethylcytidine formed initially by transfer of chloroethyl carboniumions from BCNU to cytidine. In order to study the significance of this unusual derivative, we have synthesized 3,N4-ethanocytidine and converted it to the corresponding 5'-mono- and diphosphates. 3,N4-Ethanocytidine diphosphate has been successfully converted to a high molecular weight polymer.", "contents": "Synthesis of polynucleotides which contain 3,N4-ethanocytidine, a nucleoside modification resulting from the action of bis(chloroethyl)-nitrosourea. BCNU,N,N1-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea is known to produce 3-hydroxyethylcytidine and 3,N4-ethanocytidine when it reacts with polycytidylic acid. The nucleoside, 3,N4-ethanocytidine, presumably results from cyclization of 3-chloroethylcytidine formed initially by transfer of chloroethyl carboniumions from BCNU to cytidine. In order to study the significance of this unusual derivative, we have synthesized 3,N4-ethanocytidine and converted it to the corresponding 5'-mono- and diphosphates. 3,N4-Ethanocytidine diphosphate has been successfully converted to a high molecular weight polymer.", "PMID": 851535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9694", "title": "The structural organization of nuclear pre-mRNA. II. Very long double-stranded structures in nuclear pre-mRNA.", "content": "High molecular weight nuclear pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA or hnRNA) isolated from Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells contains besides moderately long (100--200 base pairs) snap-back double-stranded structures, also longer double-stranded structure containing at least 300--800 base pairs. Their double-stranded nature was proved by Cs2SO4 gradient centrifugation. Very long double-stranded sequences are not able to snap-back after RNA melting. While the moderately long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is renatured at C0t1/2 approximately equal to 5-10(-4), the very long dsRNA shows a higher complexity (C0t1/2 approximately equal to 2-10(-2). They also hybridize to less reiterated class of DNA than moderately long dsRNA. Two classes of dsRNA are represented by different sequences as followed from cross-renaturation experiments. Very long dsRNA forms stable hybrids with 20% of total poly(A)+mRNA of cytoplasm. The properties of different classes of ds structures present in nuclear pre-mRNA are compared and their possible nature is discussed. The presence of very long dsRNA may reflect either the symmetric transcription of structural genes, or the transcription from those DNA sequences which are complementary to each other but located in different parts of the genome.", "contents": "The structural organization of nuclear pre-mRNA. II. Very long double-stranded structures in nuclear pre-mRNA. High molecular weight nuclear pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA or hnRNA) isolated from Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells contains besides moderately long (100--200 base pairs) snap-back double-stranded structures, also longer double-stranded structure containing at least 300--800 base pairs. Their double-stranded nature was proved by Cs2SO4 gradient centrifugation. Very long double-stranded sequences are not able to snap-back after RNA melting. While the moderately long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is renatured at C0t1/2 approximately equal to 5-10(-4), the very long dsRNA shows a higher complexity (C0t1/2 approximately equal to 2-10(-2). They also hybridize to less reiterated class of DNA than moderately long dsRNA. Two classes of dsRNA are represented by different sequences as followed from cross-renaturation experiments. Very long dsRNA forms stable hybrids with 20% of total poly(A)+mRNA of cytoplasm. The properties of different classes of ds structures present in nuclear pre-mRNA are compared and their possible nature is discussed. The presence of very long dsRNA may reflect either the symmetric transcription of structural genes, or the transcription from those DNA sequences which are complementary to each other but located in different parts of the genome.", "PMID": 851536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9695", "title": "Structural repeating units in chromatin. III. A comparison of chromatin subunits from vertebrate, cilliate and angiosperm species.", "content": "A comparison was made of the chromatin subunit (\"nu\"body) structure present in nuclei from chicken erythrocytes, Tetrahymena cells, and Pisum sativum (pea) buds. All three types of chromatin yielded spherical subunits upon nuclease digestion which were indistinguishable in the electron microscope, and contained approximately the same amount of DNA. There were, however, consistent and significant differences in the digestion patterns of chromatin from the three organisms.", "contents": "Structural repeating units in chromatin. III. A comparison of chromatin subunits from vertebrate, cilliate and angiosperm species. A comparison was made of the chromatin subunit (\"nu\"body) structure present in nuclei from chicken erythrocytes, Tetrahymena cells, and Pisum sativum (pea) buds. All three types of chromatin yielded spherical subunits upon nuclease digestion which were indistinguishable in the electron microscope, and contained approximately the same amount of DNA. There were, however, consistent and significant differences in the digestion patterns of chromatin from the three organisms.", "PMID": 851537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9696", "title": "Optical and hydrodynamic studies of the structure of bacteriophage f2. II. Fluorescence of the capsid.", "content": "Fluorescence properties of the icosahedral RNA virus bacteriophage f2 and its empty capsid are reported. Emission is dominated by tryptophan with a maximum wavelength of 320 nm for f2 and its empty capsid. In addition to this short wavelength maximum, perturbation and denaturation studies indicate the inaccessibility of the tryptophan residues. However a high degree of thermal quenching and a red shift in fluorescence emission on heating suggest a noncooperative structural transition, not a denaturation, which allows buried tryptophans to become exposed to solvent. Therefore the tryptophan residues may be located between subunits. Fluorescence from tyrosine is detected near 315 nm for both f2 and its empty capsid, and may indicate an unusual tyrosine environment. Sensitization of tryptophan fluorescence by tyrosine absorption and low values of polarization indicate tyrosine leads to tryptophan and tryptophan leads to tryptophan energy transfer. The presence of RNA in f2 decreases the efficiency of these transfer processes, but does not significantly affect the other reported fluorescence properties.", "contents": "Optical and hydrodynamic studies of the structure of bacteriophage f2. II. Fluorescence of the capsid. Fluorescence properties of the icosahedral RNA virus bacteriophage f2 and its empty capsid are reported. Emission is dominated by tryptophan with a maximum wavelength of 320 nm for f2 and its empty capsid. In addition to this short wavelength maximum, perturbation and denaturation studies indicate the inaccessibility of the tryptophan residues. However a high degree of thermal quenching and a red shift in fluorescence emission on heating suggest a noncooperative structural transition, not a denaturation, which allows buried tryptophans to become exposed to solvent. Therefore the tryptophan residues may be located between subunits. Fluorescence from tyrosine is detected near 315 nm for both f2 and its empty capsid, and may indicate an unusual tyrosine environment. Sensitization of tryptophan fluorescence by tyrosine absorption and low values of polarization indicate tyrosine leads to tryptophan and tryptophan leads to tryptophan energy transfer. The presence of RNA in f2 decreases the efficiency of these transfer processes, but does not significantly affect the other reported fluorescence properties.", "PMID": 851538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9697", "title": "DNA replication intermediates in whole HeLa cells and isolated nuclei.", "content": "Replicative intermediates have been studied in intact HeLa cells and in nuclei isolated from such cells. In whole cells the smallest DNA (primary DNA pieces) observed after pulse labelling with [3H]thymidine were 90-160 nucleotides long, and the size of the molecules in this class of DNA did not increase with increasing pulse length. Some increase in size was, however, observed when cells were pulse labelled at 25 degrees C instead of 37 degrees C. Chase experiments using nuclei from pulse-labelled cells suggested that the primary DNA pieces could be chased rapidly into DNA of high molecular weight (30-70 S, corresponding to a molecular weight of 0.7 - 10(7)-6.4-10(7)). Longer chases showed that the label eventually accumulated in DNA with s values greater than 150 S. In isolated nuclei the primary DNA pieces after a 1 min pulse at 37 degrees C were approximately 200 nucleotides long. Primary pieces of this size were also rapidly chased into the 30-70 S region. However, during longer pulses in vitro a fraction of the primary DNA pieces grew beyond their normal size to reach a size of up to 2000-3000 nucleotides before being attached to the 30-70 S molecules.", "contents": "DNA replication intermediates in whole HeLa cells and isolated nuclei. Replicative intermediates have been studied in intact HeLa cells and in nuclei isolated from such cells. In whole cells the smallest DNA (primary DNA pieces) observed after pulse labelling with [3H]thymidine were 90-160 nucleotides long, and the size of the molecules in this class of DNA did not increase with increasing pulse length. Some increase in size was, however, observed when cells were pulse labelled at 25 degrees C instead of 37 degrees C. Chase experiments using nuclei from pulse-labelled cells suggested that the primary DNA pieces could be chased rapidly into DNA of high molecular weight (30-70 S, corresponding to a molecular weight of 0.7 - 10(7)-6.4-10(7)). Longer chases showed that the label eventually accumulated in DNA with s values greater than 150 S. In isolated nuclei the primary DNA pieces after a 1 min pulse at 37 degrees C were approximately 200 nucleotides long. Primary pieces of this size were also rapidly chased into the 30-70 S region. However, during longer pulses in vitro a fraction of the primary DNA pieces grew beyond their normal size to reach a size of up to 2000-3000 nucleotides before being attached to the 30-70 S molecules.", "PMID": 851539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9698", "title": "Protein synthesis inhibitors and export of ribosomal subunits.", "content": "Puromycin and cycloheximide inhibit nuclear export of ribosomal RNA in Chironomus salivary gland cells like in mammalian cells. The drugs do not prevent other types of RNA like heterodisperse messengerlike RNA, 75-S RNA of Balbiani ring origin and 4-S RNA from appearing in the cytoplasm. Newly exported ribosomal subunits have previously been found to enter polysomes close to the nuclear envelope in these cells. The basis for the specific export-blocking action of the drugs may be that immediate engagement in polysomes is a prerequisite for export of ribosomal subunits.", "contents": "Protein synthesis inhibitors and export of ribosomal subunits. Puromycin and cycloheximide inhibit nuclear export of ribosomal RNA in Chironomus salivary gland cells like in mammalian cells. The drugs do not prevent other types of RNA like heterodisperse messengerlike RNA, 75-S RNA of Balbiani ring origin and 4-S RNA from appearing in the cytoplasm. Newly exported ribosomal subunits have previously been found to enter polysomes close to the nuclear envelope in these cells. The basis for the specific export-blocking action of the drugs may be that immediate engagement in polysomes is a prerequisite for export of ribosomal subunits.", "PMID": 851540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9699", "title": "Characterization of ribonucleoprotein particles from the protozoa Astasia longa.", "content": "Ribonucleoprotein particles released from nucleoli of Astasia longa by treatment with heparin were characterized biochemically. When centrifuged in a sucrose gradient containing an appropriate buffer (Tris/KCl/Mg2+), four populations of particles were obtained, sedimenting at 90 S, 75 S, 60 C, and 44 S, respectively. The first type of particles contained the high molecular weight (3.5-10(6) ribosomal RNA precursor. The RNAs present as the major components in the 75-S and 44-S particles had molecular weights of 1.35-10(6) and 0.85-10(6), respectively, whereas the 60-S particles contained a mixture of 0.85-10(6) and 1.35-10(6) RNA. After a brief labeling, the radioactivity was found in the RNA constituent of the 90-S particles; following a 90 min chase, the label disappeared from this latter fraction and accumulated in the 75-S, 60-S and 44-S particles. This indicates a precursor-product relationship between the RNA of the 90-S particles and that of the three other ribonucleoprotein particles, consistent with the conversion:: 3.5-10(6) RNA LEADS TO 1.35-10(6) RNA+0.85-10(6) RNA.", "contents": "Characterization of ribonucleoprotein particles from the protozoa Astasia longa. Ribonucleoprotein particles released from nucleoli of Astasia longa by treatment with heparin were characterized biochemically. When centrifuged in a sucrose gradient containing an appropriate buffer (Tris/KCl/Mg2+), four populations of particles were obtained, sedimenting at 90 S, 75 S, 60 C, and 44 S, respectively. The first type of particles contained the high molecular weight (3.5-10(6) ribosomal RNA precursor. The RNAs present as the major components in the 75-S and 44-S particles had molecular weights of 1.35-10(6) and 0.85-10(6), respectively, whereas the 60-S particles contained a mixture of 0.85-10(6) and 1.35-10(6) RNA. After a brief labeling, the radioactivity was found in the RNA constituent of the 90-S particles; following a 90 min chase, the label disappeared from this latter fraction and accumulated in the 75-S, 60-S and 44-S particles. This indicates a precursor-product relationship between the RNA of the 90-S particles and that of the three other ribonucleoprotein particles, consistent with the conversion:: 3.5-10(6) RNA LEADS TO 1.35-10(6) RNA+0.85-10(6) RNA.", "PMID": 851541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9700", "title": "Cyanide sensitivity and induction of the microsomal oleoyl-CoA desaturase of potato tuber.", "content": "1. The properties of oleoyl-CoA desaturase, induced in microsomal fractions by the 'ageing' treatment of potato tuber slices (aeration of slices for 3-18 h), were investigated to study the effect of cyanide on desaturation and cycloheximide on the induction of the desaturase. 2. The electrons needed for the desaturation can be supplied either by NADH or NADPH, but ascorbate can also drive the reaction; experiments with CO suggested that cytochrome P-450 was not involved in the desaturation. 3. A strong inhibition of the desaturation by potassium cyanide was observed with each of the electron donors; total inhibition was noticed with 1 mM KCN; low concentrations (0.1 mM) caused 50% inhibition of the desaturation. 5. The variation of the oleoyl-CoA desaturase activity during the ageing process and the drop in this activity in aged slices treated by cycloheximide indicate that the enzyme undergoes an active turnover.", "contents": "Cyanide sensitivity and induction of the microsomal oleoyl-CoA desaturase of potato tuber. 1. The properties of oleoyl-CoA desaturase, induced in microsomal fractions by the 'ageing' treatment of potato tuber slices (aeration of slices for 3-18 h), were investigated to study the effect of cyanide on desaturation and cycloheximide on the induction of the desaturase. 2. The electrons needed for the desaturation can be supplied either by NADH or NADPH, but ascorbate can also drive the reaction; experiments with CO suggested that cytochrome P-450 was not involved in the desaturation. 3. A strong inhibition of the desaturation by potassium cyanide was observed with each of the electron donors; total inhibition was noticed with 1 mM KCN; low concentrations (0.1 mM) caused 50% inhibition of the desaturation. 5. The variation of the oleoyl-CoA desaturase activity during the ageing process and the drop in this activity in aged slices treated by cycloheximide indicate that the enzyme undergoes an active turnover.", "PMID": 851542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9701", "title": "Hydrolysis and uptake of an aliphatic fatty ester by whole isolated fat cells.", "content": "During 9-min incubations at 37 degrees C, whole isolated fat cells are able to hydrolyze a water-insoluble ester, ethyl [3H]oleate, added as an emulsion to the extracellular medium. The monoester lipase exerts its activity as a membrane-bound enzyme and is not releasable by heparin. Variation of the reaction rate with substrate concentration suggests a diffusion-limited process, consonant with the fact that enzyme and substrate are associated with particles of enormous sizes (the fat cell and the lipid droplet, respectively). Variation of lipase activity with increasing temperature in the incubation medium shows a break at 46 degrees C +/-1 degrees C, most probably related to a phase transition in the membrane structure. During incubation, 30-60% of the amount of [3H]oleic chains formed by hydrolysis are incorporated into the cell, mainly as triacylglycerols. Controls of cell viability indicate that under the experimental conditions the framework of the membrane and the internal organization of the cell appear to be maintained. Such an experimental model might duplicate physiological conditions since aliphatic fatty esters are thought to be hydrolyzed at the cell surface during uptake.", "contents": "Hydrolysis and uptake of an aliphatic fatty ester by whole isolated fat cells. During 9-min incubations at 37 degrees C, whole isolated fat cells are able to hydrolyze a water-insoluble ester, ethyl [3H]oleate, added as an emulsion to the extracellular medium. The monoester lipase exerts its activity as a membrane-bound enzyme and is not releasable by heparin. Variation of the reaction rate with substrate concentration suggests a diffusion-limited process, consonant with the fact that enzyme and substrate are associated with particles of enormous sizes (the fat cell and the lipid droplet, respectively). Variation of lipase activity with increasing temperature in the incubation medium shows a break at 46 degrees C +/-1 degrees C, most probably related to a phase transition in the membrane structure. During incubation, 30-60% of the amount of [3H]oleic chains formed by hydrolysis are incorporated into the cell, mainly as triacylglycerols. Controls of cell viability indicate that under the experimental conditions the framework of the membrane and the internal organization of the cell appear to be maintained. Such an experimental model might duplicate physiological conditions since aliphatic fatty esters are thought to be hydrolyzed at the cell surface during uptake.", "PMID": 851543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9702", "title": "Some physical properties of free and esterified cholesterol mixtures: studies on relative stability of cholesterol ester ratio in blood plasma.", "content": "Some physical properties of the mixtures composed of esterified and free cholesterol at various ratios were measured. Addition of a small proportion of free cholesterol, lowered slightly the melting point of the esterified cholesterol fraction from human plasma and it was kept nearly constant at this level by the addition of 30-40% of free cholesterol. Further addition of free cholesterol resulted in an abrupt rise in the melting point. The ranges of the stable plateau were clearly wider in esterified cholesterol with more polyunsaturated acids. The extent of inhibition of monolayer formation of free cholesterol with cholesterol palmitate was found to be greatest at a mixture ratio of 60-70%. In the case where cholesterol palmitate was added to an equimolar mixture of dipalmitoyl glycerophosphocholine and free cholesterol, a trimolecular mixed monolayer was formed above the mixing ratio, 7.5:2.5, of esterified and free cholesterol. The present studies clearly showed that there were distinct changes in some physical properties examined at the molar ratio of esterified cholesterol:free cholesterol of about 7:3.", "contents": "Some physical properties of free and esterified cholesterol mixtures: studies on relative stability of cholesterol ester ratio in blood plasma. Some physical properties of the mixtures composed of esterified and free cholesterol at various ratios were measured. Addition of a small proportion of free cholesterol, lowered slightly the melting point of the esterified cholesterol fraction from human plasma and it was kept nearly constant at this level by the addition of 30-40% of free cholesterol. Further addition of free cholesterol resulted in an abrupt rise in the melting point. The ranges of the stable plateau were clearly wider in esterified cholesterol with more polyunsaturated acids. The extent of inhibition of monolayer formation of free cholesterol with cholesterol palmitate was found to be greatest at a mixture ratio of 60-70%. In the case where cholesterol palmitate was added to an equimolar mixture of dipalmitoyl glycerophosphocholine and free cholesterol, a trimolecular mixed monolayer was formed above the mixing ratio, 7.5:2.5, of esterified and free cholesterol. The present studies clearly showed that there were distinct changes in some physical properties examined at the molar ratio of esterified cholesterol:free cholesterol of about 7:3.", "PMID": 851544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9703", "title": "Phospholipid degradation in isolated rat hepatocytes. Metabolism of intracellularly formed dilinoleoyl-dipalmitoyl- and dimyristoylglycerophosphocholine.", "content": "The aim of this work is to describe the role of different phospholipases in hepatic phospholipid catabolism. Therefore isolated rat hepatocytes enriched in labeled dilinoleoyl-, dipalmitoyl- or dimyristoylglycerophosphocholine were prepared by pulse incubation with [3H]glycerol and 14C-labeled fatty acid. The labeled cells were chased up to 4 h in a tracer-free medium and the degradation of different phosphatidylcholines studied. After a 2-h chase about 40% of dilinoleoyl-, 70% of dipalmitoyl- and 30% of dimyristoylglycerophosphocholine were degraded. From the positional distribution of 14C-labeled fatty acid and the change in the doubly labeled molecular species of phospholipids, it was concluded that tb degradation of dilinoleoylglycerophosphocholine and that of phosphatidylethanolamine could be accounted for by the action of phospholipase A1, while the degradation of dipalmitoylglycerophosphocholine proceeded through the action of phospholipase A2. Dimyristoylglycerophosphocholine was probably cleaved by the combined action of both phospholipases A1 and A2. Up to 10 mM tetracain, added to the chase medium, effectively blocked the action of both phospholipase activities. A considerable part of 2-linoleoyl- and 1-palmitoylglycerophosphocholine liberated during the chase was reutilized for phosphatidylcholine synthesis without further degradation.", "contents": "Phospholipid degradation in isolated rat hepatocytes. Metabolism of intracellularly formed dilinoleoyl-dipalmitoyl- and dimyristoylglycerophosphocholine. The aim of this work is to describe the role of different phospholipases in hepatic phospholipid catabolism. Therefore isolated rat hepatocytes enriched in labeled dilinoleoyl-, dipalmitoyl- or dimyristoylglycerophosphocholine were prepared by pulse incubation with [3H]glycerol and 14C-labeled fatty acid. The labeled cells were chased up to 4 h in a tracer-free medium and the degradation of different phosphatidylcholines studied. After a 2-h chase about 40% of dilinoleoyl-, 70% of dipalmitoyl- and 30% of dimyristoylglycerophosphocholine were degraded. From the positional distribution of 14C-labeled fatty acid and the change in the doubly labeled molecular species of phospholipids, it was concluded that tb degradation of dilinoleoylglycerophosphocholine and that of phosphatidylethanolamine could be accounted for by the action of phospholipase A1, while the degradation of dipalmitoylglycerophosphocholine proceeded through the action of phospholipase A2. Dimyristoylglycerophosphocholine was probably cleaved by the combined action of both phospholipases A1 and A2. Up to 10 mM tetracain, added to the chase medium, effectively blocked the action of both phospholipase activities. A considerable part of 2-linoleoyl- and 1-palmitoylglycerophosphocholine liberated during the chase was reutilized for phosphatidylcholine synthesis without further degradation.", "PMID": 851545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9704", "title": "The use of iodinated tracers for a sensitive radioimmunoassay of 13,14-dihydro-15-ketoprostaglandin Falpha.", "content": "Radioimmunoassay of 13,14-dihydro-15-ketoprostaglandin Falpha is reported using various 125I-labelled derivatives. The apparent association constants of the antiserum for iodinated tracers are higher than with the homologous hapten. In spite of this, the high specific activities of iodinated tracers (2000 Ci/mmol) allow a 3-fold increase in the sensitivity of the assay when compared with the tritiated derivative. Human plasma levels of 13,14-dihydro-15-ketoprostaglandin Falpha reported (25+/-6 pg/ml) are lower than those previously found by radioimmunoassay, and no sexual difference was found.", "contents": "The use of iodinated tracers for a sensitive radioimmunoassay of 13,14-dihydro-15-ketoprostaglandin Falpha. Radioimmunoassay of 13,14-dihydro-15-ketoprostaglandin Falpha is reported using various 125I-labelled derivatives. The apparent association constants of the antiserum for iodinated tracers are higher than with the homologous hapten. In spite of this, the high specific activities of iodinated tracers (2000 Ci/mmol) allow a 3-fold increase in the sensitivity of the assay when compared with the tritiated derivative. Human plasma levels of 13,14-dihydro-15-ketoprostaglandin Falpha reported (25+/-6 pg/ml) are lower than those previously found by radioimmunoassay, and no sexual difference was found.", "PMID": 851546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9705", "title": "Depletion of docosahexaenoic acid in retinal lipids of rats fed a linolenic acid-deficient, linoleic acid-containing diet.", "content": "Rats were raised for 2 generations on a diet in which 1.25% methyl linoleate was the only source of fat. Control rats were given 1.0% methyl linoleate plus 0.25% methyl linolenate. Lipids were extracted from retinas and their fatty acids were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. Docosahexaenoic acid accounted for 33.8% of total fatty acids in control retinas, for 13% of fatty acids in first-generation deficient retinas, and for 2.7% of fatty acids in second-generation deficient retinas.", "contents": "Depletion of docosahexaenoic acid in retinal lipids of rats fed a linolenic acid-deficient, linoleic acid-containing diet. Rats were raised for 2 generations on a diet in which 1.25% methyl linoleate was the only source of fat. Control rats were given 1.0% methyl linoleate plus 0.25% methyl linolenate. Lipids were extracted from retinas and their fatty acids were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. Docosahexaenoic acid accounted for 33.8% of total fatty acids in control retinas, for 13% of fatty acids in first-generation deficient retinas, and for 2.7% of fatty acids in second-generation deficient retinas.", "PMID": 851547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9706", "title": "The 6-ketoprostaglandin F1alpha pathway in the lamb ductus arteriousus.", "content": "Homogenates of the lamb ductus arteriosus at term have the capacity to convert exogenous arachidonic acid into prostaglandins E2, F2alpha and 6-ketoprostaglandin F1alpha. No evidence was obtained for the formation of prostaglandin D2 and thromboxane B2. All products were quantitated by mass spectrometry. 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1alpha was the major compound, formed in amounts in excess of 10 fold over prostalgandins E2 and F2alpha.", "contents": "The 6-ketoprostaglandin F1alpha pathway in the lamb ductus arteriousus. Homogenates of the lamb ductus arteriosus at term have the capacity to convert exogenous arachidonic acid into prostaglandins E2, F2alpha and 6-ketoprostaglandin F1alpha. No evidence was obtained for the formation of prostaglandin D2 and thromboxane B2. All products were quantitated by mass spectrometry. 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1alpha was the major compound, formed in amounts in excess of 10 fold over prostalgandins E2 and F2alpha.", "PMID": 851548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9707", "title": "Effects of a juvenile hormone mimic on male and female gametogenesis of the mud-crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Gould) (Brachyura: Xanthidae).", "content": "1. Effects of ingestion and topical application of 1.30 ppm methoprene, an insect juvenile hormone (JH) mimic, include gametogenesis disorders in both male and female mud-crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii. 2. Progressive inhibition of vitellogenesis and stimulation of spermatogenesis take place after a short exposure time (12-15 days), whereas a longer period (between 30 to 45 days) promotes inhibition of both spermatogenesis and vitellogenesis. Such modifications demonstrate the chemosterilizing action of methoprene on crustaceans. 3. Stoppage of vitellogenesis is characterized by a blockage of oocytes at terminal previtellogenesis and proliferation of the follicle cells involved in vitellogenic oocyte lysis. Spermatogenic degeneration begins with the amalgam of spermatocyte clusters in meiotic prophase and pycnosis of gonia. 4. Analogies between these results and those obtained from experiments involving androgenic gland implantations or the consequences of their hyperfunctioning are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of a juvenile hormone mimic on male and female gametogenesis of the mud-crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Gould) (Brachyura: Xanthidae). 1. Effects of ingestion and topical application of 1.30 ppm methoprene, an insect juvenile hormone (JH) mimic, include gametogenesis disorders in both male and female mud-crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii. 2. Progressive inhibition of vitellogenesis and stimulation of spermatogenesis take place after a short exposure time (12-15 days), whereas a longer period (between 30 to 45 days) promotes inhibition of both spermatogenesis and vitellogenesis. Such modifications demonstrate the chemosterilizing action of methoprene on crustaceans. 3. Stoppage of vitellogenesis is characterized by a blockage of oocytes at terminal previtellogenesis and proliferation of the follicle cells involved in vitellogenic oocyte lysis. Spermatogenic degeneration begins with the amalgam of spermatocyte clusters in meiotic prophase and pycnosis of gonia. 4. Analogies between these results and those obtained from experiments involving androgenic gland implantations or the consequences of their hyperfunctioning are discussed.", "PMID": 851549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9708", "title": "[Alteration of the lipid composition of rat liver microsomes on reconstitution of the cytochrom P-450 system. Inactivation of the enzyme by lysolecithin].", "content": "The lipid composition of rat liver microsomes, their \"ghosts\" and the reconstituted membrane hydroxylation system was investigated. The phospholipid content and composition of the reconstituted membranes were found to depend on the reconstitution method. The reconstituted membranes contained besides phospholipids also cholesterol and gangliosides. The cholesterol/phospholipid ratio of the reconstituted membranes was the same as that of the initial microsomes. Lysolecithin was shown to enhance the conversion of the active form of cytochrom P-450 to the inactive cytochrome P-420.", "contents": "[Alteration of the lipid composition of rat liver microsomes on reconstitution of the cytochrom P-450 system. Inactivation of the enzyme by lysolecithin]. The lipid composition of rat liver microsomes, their \"ghosts\" and the reconstituted membrane hydroxylation system was investigated. The phospholipid content and composition of the reconstituted membranes were found to depend on the reconstitution method. The reconstituted membranes contained besides phospholipids also cholesterol and gangliosides. The cholesterol/phospholipid ratio of the reconstituted membranes was the same as that of the initial microsomes. Lysolecithin was shown to enhance the conversion of the active form of cytochrom P-450 to the inactive cytochrome P-420.", "PMID": 851550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9709", "title": "[Some biochemical properties of Acholeplasma laidlawii mutants defective in glucose carrier].", "content": "Some membrane properties of glucose transport system of Acholeplasma laidlawii mutants uncapable of uptaking glucose as well as those of its non-metabolizing analogue, 3-0-methylglucose are studied. In contrast to the wild strain the mutant PTL-S cells fail to uptake carbohydrates with the saturation. There is no competition between carbohydrates during transport in this mutant no sugar exit is observed, and the sensitivity of transport to thiol reagents and pronase B is considerably affected. All other investigated membrane functions were intact. The data given indicate the presence of a specific defect in glucose transport system.", "contents": "[Some biochemical properties of Acholeplasma laidlawii mutants defective in glucose carrier]. Some membrane properties of glucose transport system of Acholeplasma laidlawii mutants uncapable of uptaking glucose as well as those of its non-metabolizing analogue, 3-0-methylglucose are studied. In contrast to the wild strain the mutant PTL-S cells fail to uptake carbohydrates with the saturation. There is no competition between carbohydrates during transport in this mutant no sugar exit is observed, and the sensitivity of transport to thiol reagents and pronase B is considerably affected. All other investigated membrane functions were intact. The data given indicate the presence of a specific defect in glucose transport system.", "PMID": 851551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9710", "title": "[Effect of the light on the biosynthesis of inorganic polyphosphates and some phosphoorganic compounds in Chlorella pyrenoidosa Chick].", "content": "The illumination of Chlorella cells is found to affect the biosynthesis of different inorganic polyphosphates (IPP) and phosphoorganic compounds. The synthesis of IPP fractions, extracted with TCA at 0 degrees C and perchloric acid at 100 degrees C, is carried out with the cooperation of photochemical reactions, while the formation of other IPP fractions is light-independent. Ohosphorus incorporation into nucleic acids and phosphoproteins is due to the effect of the light, and phosphorylation of carbohydrates and phospholipids is a dark process.", "contents": "[Effect of the light on the biosynthesis of inorganic polyphosphates and some phosphoorganic compounds in Chlorella pyrenoidosa Chick]. The illumination of Chlorella cells is found to affect the biosynthesis of different inorganic polyphosphates (IPP) and phosphoorganic compounds. The synthesis of IPP fractions, extracted with TCA at 0 degrees C and perchloric acid at 100 degrees C, is carried out with the cooperation of photochemical reactions, while the formation of other IPP fractions is light-independent. Ohosphorus incorporation into nucleic acids and phosphoproteins is due to the effect of the light, and phosphorylation of carbohydrates and phospholipids is a dark process.", "PMID": 851552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9711", "title": "[DNA from chromatin-nuclear membrane complex: reassociation kinetics at different stages of the cell cycle].", "content": "Base composition and reassociation kinetics of DNA from chromatin-nuclear membrane complex of rat liver cells at different stages of the cell cycle. The complex isolated in low ionic strength solutions contains about 9% of total nuclear DNA, and its density in sucrose solution is 1.27 g/cm2. DNA, isolated from the complex, is homogenous in its molecular weight (approximately 2-10(6) daltons) and is similar in its base composition to total nuclear DNA. However, DNAs from complexes, isolated at interphase and different S-phases of the cell cycle, differ from total nuclear DNA in reassociation kinetics: DNAs from complexes are enriched by approximately 10% with unique nucleotide sequences. It is concluded from the similarity of reassociation kinetics, that molecular population of nuclear membrane-bound DNA does not change considerably throughout the cell cycle.", "contents": "[DNA from chromatin-nuclear membrane complex: reassociation kinetics at different stages of the cell cycle]. Base composition and reassociation kinetics of DNA from chromatin-nuclear membrane complex of rat liver cells at different stages of the cell cycle. The complex isolated in low ionic strength solutions contains about 9% of total nuclear DNA, and its density in sucrose solution is 1.27 g/cm2. DNA, isolated from the complex, is homogenous in its molecular weight (approximately 2-10(6) daltons) and is similar in its base composition to total nuclear DNA. However, DNAs from complexes, isolated at interphase and different S-phases of the cell cycle, differ from total nuclear DNA in reassociation kinetics: DNAs from complexes are enriched by approximately 10% with unique nucleotide sequences. It is concluded from the similarity of reassociation kinetics, that molecular population of nuclear membrane-bound DNA does not change considerably throughout the cell cycle.", "PMID": 851553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9712", "title": "[Immobilization of ferredoxin].", "content": "The method of pea ferredoxin (Fd) immobilization has been worked out. Under binding Fd with sepharose 4B activated by cyanogen bromide, a destruction took place in the Fd active center and apoprotein was bound with the matrix. The native immobilized Fd has been obtained when using P-300 biogel as a matrix. The gel was activated by glutaraldehyde and protein was linked with gel through a hexamethylenediamine spacer.", "contents": "[Immobilization of ferredoxin]. The method of pea ferredoxin (Fd) immobilization has been worked out. Under binding Fd with sepharose 4B activated by cyanogen bromide, a destruction took place in the Fd active center and apoprotein was bound with the matrix. The native immobilized Fd has been obtained when using P-300 biogel as a matrix. The gel was activated by glutaraldehyde and protein was linked with gel through a hexamethylenediamine spacer.", "PMID": 851554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9713", "title": "[Metabolism of mRNAs of membrane-bound and free-polyribosomes from rat liver cells during translation and its inhibition].", "content": "Metabolism of membrane-bound and free polyribosomal RNAs was studied under conditions of suppressed synthesis of rRNA induced by small doses of actinomycin D. Besides actinomycin D, cycloheximide was used to suppress the protein synthesis. It was demonstrated that administration of cycloheximide and actinomycin D to rats resulted in a stabilization of membrane-bound polysomal mRNA in liver cells. Simultaneously with the action of those antibiotics, free polysomal mRNA was shown to degrade in exactly the same way as in the liver of control animals. Study of poly-A-containing mRNA metabolism showed that during the first hour following rat labelling specific radioactivity of membrane-bound polysomal mRNA was higher than that free polysomal mRNA. Within the interval of 1-5 hours after labelling specific activity of mRNAs of both polysomal fractions reached the same level. In the cell-free system of protein synthesis the membrane-bound polysomes of rat liver cells appeared to be much more active as compared to the free ones. The addition of poly-U matrix to the cell-free system of protein synthesis significantly stimulated the free polysomes activity during 14C-phenylalanine incorporation into polypeptides. Interrelationship of mRNAs of membrane-bound and free polysomes in eucaryotic cells is discussed.", "contents": "[Metabolism of mRNAs of membrane-bound and free-polyribosomes from rat liver cells during translation and its inhibition]. Metabolism of membrane-bound and free polyribosomal RNAs was studied under conditions of suppressed synthesis of rRNA induced by small doses of actinomycin D. Besides actinomycin D, cycloheximide was used to suppress the protein synthesis. It was demonstrated that administration of cycloheximide and actinomycin D to rats resulted in a stabilization of membrane-bound polysomal mRNA in liver cells. Simultaneously with the action of those antibiotics, free polysomal mRNA was shown to degrade in exactly the same way as in the liver of control animals. Study of poly-A-containing mRNA metabolism showed that during the first hour following rat labelling specific radioactivity of membrane-bound polysomal mRNA was higher than that free polysomal mRNA. Within the interval of 1-5 hours after labelling specific activity of mRNAs of both polysomal fractions reached the same level. In the cell-free system of protein synthesis the membrane-bound polysomes of rat liver cells appeared to be much more active as compared to the free ones. The addition of poly-U matrix to the cell-free system of protein synthesis significantly stimulated the free polysomes activity during 14C-phenylalanine incorporation into polypeptides. Interrelationship of mRNAs of membrane-bound and free polysomes in eucaryotic cells is discussed.", "PMID": 851555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9714", "title": "[Phenolic inhibitor of a proteinase from buckwheat seeds].", "content": "An inhibitor of a proteolytic enzyme (BAPAse), hydrolyzing N, alpha-benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitroanilide (BAPA), has been found in the buckwheat seeds. The inhibitor is located in the seed coat. The inhibitor is shown to have a phenolic nature and, probably, is a proantocyanidine.", "contents": "[Phenolic inhibitor of a proteinase from buckwheat seeds]. An inhibitor of a proteolytic enzyme (BAPAse), hydrolyzing N, alpha-benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitroanilide (BAPA), has been found in the buckwheat seeds. The inhibitor is located in the seed coat. The inhibitor is shown to have a phenolic nature and, probably, is a proantocyanidine.", "PMID": 851556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9715", "title": "Effect of methoxyflurane anesthesia on serum uric acid in man.", "content": "Serum uric acid levels were significantly increased on the first and third postoperative days following methoxyflurane anesthesia in subjects undergoing various surgical procedures. The increment on each of these days was significantly correlated with the duration of the anesthesia. No such changes were found following halothane or nitrous oxide-oxygen and relaxant anesthesia.", "contents": "Effect of methoxyflurane anesthesia on serum uric acid in man. Serum uric acid levels were significantly increased on the first and third postoperative days following methoxyflurane anesthesia in subjects undergoing various surgical procedures. The increment on each of these days was significantly correlated with the duration of the anesthesia. No such changes were found following halothane or nitrous oxide-oxygen and relaxant anesthesia.", "PMID": 851563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9716", "title": "Stimulation of macrophage DNA synthesis in culture by different types of acute non immunological inflammatory exudates.", "content": "Acute non immunological inflammatory pleural exudates provoked by four different irritants and collected 4 hours later have been shown to be capable of stimulating DNA synthesis, in rat peritoneal macrophages in culture. It is postulated that a mitogenic factor, \"Inflammatory Mitogenic Factor for Macrophages\" IMF (M), could be responsible for this phenomenon. There may be a correlation between the protein concentration of the exudates and its mitogenic activity.", "contents": "Stimulation of macrophage DNA synthesis in culture by different types of acute non immunological inflammatory exudates. Acute non immunological inflammatory pleural exudates provoked by four different irritants and collected 4 hours later have been shown to be capable of stimulating DNA synthesis, in rat peritoneal macrophages in culture. It is postulated that a mitogenic factor, \"Inflammatory Mitogenic Factor for Macrophages\" IMF (M), could be responsible for this phenomenon. There may be a correlation between the protein concentration of the exudates and its mitogenic activity.", "PMID": 851564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9717", "title": "Mammary carcinogenesis in (C3H X RIII) F1 mice under different experimental conditions.", "content": "In (C3H X RIII) F1 females a disturbed hormonal balance plays the major role for the etiology of mammary carcinomas. Castration early in life delays the appearance of the tumors. In normal females the adrenal secretions do not intervene in carcinogenesis. In forced bred females or in animals with pseudopregnancies, but not in mothers which nursed their offspring the latencies are shortened. After a graft with one male pituitary to a castrated female the latency is the same as in intact animals. Pituitary grafting to castrated males does not change the frequency or the latencies of spontaneous mammary cancers. One mammary cancer was observed in an intact male implanted with a pituitary. It is stated that in our animal model progesterone is not an essential factor for mammary carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Mammary carcinogenesis in (C3H X RIII) F1 mice under different experimental conditions. In (C3H X RIII) F1 females a disturbed hormonal balance plays the major role for the etiology of mammary carcinomas. Castration early in life delays the appearance of the tumors. In normal females the adrenal secretions do not intervene in carcinogenesis. In forced bred females or in animals with pseudopregnancies, but not in mothers which nursed their offspring the latencies are shortened. After a graft with one male pituitary to a castrated female the latency is the same as in intact animals. Pituitary grafting to castrated males does not change the frequency or the latencies of spontaneous mammary cancers. One mammary cancer was observed in an intact male implanted with a pituitary. It is stated that in our animal model progesterone is not an essential factor for mammary carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 851565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9718", "title": "Rheumatic symptoms in Crohn's disease and the HLA system.", "content": "The study of the distribution of the HLA phenotypes among 55 patients suffering from Crohn's disease did not show any significant difference compared to a control population. On the other hand, the same study limited to patients suffering both from Crohn's disease and peripheral articular manifestations showed a significant increase in the frequency of the HLA BW17.", "contents": "Rheumatic symptoms in Crohn's disease and the HLA system. The study of the distribution of the HLA phenotypes among 55 patients suffering from Crohn's disease did not show any significant difference compared to a control population. On the other hand, the same study limited to patients suffering both from Crohn's disease and peripheral articular manifestations showed a significant increase in the frequency of the HLA BW17.", "PMID": 851567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9719", "title": "Intracellular rotation and the phototropic response of Phycomyces.", "content": "Experimental evidence indicates that during phototropism, Phycomyces sporangiophores use their own net rotation to convert an apparently spatial stimulus to a temporal one. Conversion to a continuous temporal stimulus insures that phototropism never adapts as long as the spatial asymmetry in illumination is maintained. If this temporal stimulus is circumvented by rotating the cell backwards so that there is no net rotation of some of the receptors relative to the light, the response can be reduced by two-thirds. The system thus adapts to the incident light, resulting in a reduced response. For the illumination of a transparent cell, this compensating rotation speed is 10 degrees/min counterclockwise and probably corresponds to the photoreceptor rotation in the most effective part of the growing zone. We infer that this region is in the upper portion of the growing zone and that the receptor system rotates integrally with that region of the cell.", "contents": "Intracellular rotation and the phototropic response of Phycomyces. Experimental evidence indicates that during phototropism, Phycomyces sporangiophores use their own net rotation to convert an apparently spatial stimulus to a temporal one. Conversion to a continuous temporal stimulus insures that phototropism never adapts as long as the spatial asymmetry in illumination is maintained. If this temporal stimulus is circumvented by rotating the cell backwards so that there is no net rotation of some of the receptors relative to the light, the response can be reduced by two-thirds. The system thus adapts to the incident light, resulting in a reduced response. For the illumination of a transparent cell, this compensating rotation speed is 10 degrees/min counterclockwise and probably corresponds to the photoreceptor rotation in the most effective part of the growing zone. We infer that this region is in the upper portion of the growing zone and that the receptor system rotates integrally with that region of the cell.", "PMID": 851569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9720", "title": "Thermal excitations of a bilipid membrane.", "content": "Propagating modes of vibration of a bilipid membrane have been detected with light beating spectroscopy. The dependence of omega on q is consistent with a model of a fluid film of surface tension sigma = 2.5 +/- 0.5 dyn cm-1 surrounded by a medium with rho = 1 g cm-3 and eta = 1.01 X 10(-2) P.", "contents": "Thermal excitations of a bilipid membrane. Propagating modes of vibration of a bilipid membrane have been detected with light beating spectroscopy. The dependence of omega on q is consistent with a model of a fluid film of surface tension sigma = 2.5 +/- 0.5 dyn cm-1 surrounded by a medium with rho = 1 g cm-3 and eta = 1.01 X 10(-2) P.", "PMID": 851573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9721", "title": "Gating currents: the role of nonlinear capacitative currents of electrostrictive origin.", "content": "The nonlinear capacitative currents deriving from electrostrictive changes of membrane capacitance have been calculated under conditions similar to those employed by Armstrong and Bezanilla (1974) and Keynes and Rojas (1974) in their experiments on gating currents. For values of the parameter characterizing membrane electrostriction in the range suggested by optical retardation studies of Cohen et al. (1971), the nonlinear current of electrostrictive origin is comparable in magnitude and time-course, but is opposite in direction to the observed gating currents. Hence, the a priori neglect of electrostrictive currents is probably not justified. Conversely, if this current is, in fact, negligibly small in real situations, it follows that membrane compressibility must be significantly smaller than has been estimated.", "contents": "Gating currents: the role of nonlinear capacitative currents of electrostrictive origin. The nonlinear capacitative currents deriving from electrostrictive changes of membrane capacitance have been calculated under conditions similar to those employed by Armstrong and Bezanilla (1974) and Keynes and Rojas (1974) in their experiments on gating currents. For values of the parameter characterizing membrane electrostriction in the range suggested by optical retardation studies of Cohen et al. (1971), the nonlinear current of electrostrictive origin is comparable in magnitude and time-course, but is opposite in direction to the observed gating currents. Hence, the a priori neglect of electrostrictive currents is probably not justified. Conversely, if this current is, in fact, negligibly small in real situations, it follows that membrane compressibility must be significantly smaller than has been estimated.", "PMID": 851574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9722", "title": "Orientation of chlorophylls within chloroplasts as shown by optical and electrochromic properties of the photosynthetic membrane.", "content": "The effects on the optical properties of photosynthetic membranes caused by several types of chlorophyll differing in resonance frequency and in spatial disposition are theoretically analyzed. Using a method of moments and the linear dichroism spectrum of the lamellae, we evaluated the mean angle (phi) between the transition moment of each chlorophyll and the normal to the lamellae. We have confirmed that at about 695 nm the transition moment is in the plane of the lamellae, and outside it for chlorophyll b (phi approximately 48.6 degrees). By integrating over frequency the absorption variations affected by ionophores, we show that they may be ascribed to a Stark effect, and we analyze the dependence of this effect on the orientation of the chlorophylls. From this dependence and the degree of polarization of the Stark effect, we calculate the spatial fluctuations of the angle phi. The calculation shows that a definite value of phi corresponds to each resonance frequency of chlorophyl a found in vivo. This proves that the chlorophylls a are not oriented partly random. For chlorophylls b, on the other hand, phi may fluctuate by some 10 degrees about its mean value. The structural consequences of these results are discussed.", "contents": "Orientation of chlorophylls within chloroplasts as shown by optical and electrochromic properties of the photosynthetic membrane. The effects on the optical properties of photosynthetic membranes caused by several types of chlorophyll differing in resonance frequency and in spatial disposition are theoretically analyzed. Using a method of moments and the linear dichroism spectrum of the lamellae, we evaluated the mean angle (phi) between the transition moment of each chlorophyll and the normal to the lamellae. We have confirmed that at about 695 nm the transition moment is in the plane of the lamellae, and outside it for chlorophyll b (phi approximately 48.6 degrees). By integrating over frequency the absorption variations affected by ionophores, we show that they may be ascribed to a Stark effect, and we analyze the dependence of this effect on the orientation of the chlorophylls. From this dependence and the degree of polarization of the Stark effect, we calculate the spatial fluctuations of the angle phi. The calculation shows that a definite value of phi corresponds to each resonance frequency of chlorophyl a found in vivo. This proves that the chlorophylls a are not oriented partly random. For chlorophylls b, on the other hand, phi may fluctuate by some 10 degrees about its mean value. The structural consequences of these results are discussed.", "PMID": 851575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9723", "title": "Amphiphile diffusion in model membrane systems studied by pulsed NMR.", "content": "The translational diffusion of the amphiphilic molecules in a number of lyotropic liquid crystalline phases has been measured with the pulsed NMR pulsed magnetic field gradient method. The amphiphiles studied were soaps, monoglycerids and lecithins. Measurements were performed both for oriented lamellar and for cubic phases. The order of magnitude of the diffusion coefficients was found to be the same as in neat liquids of analogous compounds. It was also found that the difussion coefficient depend markedly on the amphiphile end group in a way that parallels the area per polar head group as determined in X-ray studies. When corrections for geometrical factors has been made the diffusion rate is approximately equal in cubic and lamellar phases containing the same amphiphile.", "contents": "Amphiphile diffusion in model membrane systems studied by pulsed NMR. The translational diffusion of the amphiphilic molecules in a number of lyotropic liquid crystalline phases has been measured with the pulsed NMR pulsed magnetic field gradient method. The amphiphiles studied were soaps, monoglycerids and lecithins. Measurements were performed both for oriented lamellar and for cubic phases. The order of magnitude of the diffusion coefficients was found to be the same as in neat liquids of analogous compounds. It was also found that the difussion coefficient depend markedly on the amphiphile end group in a way that parallels the area per polar head group as determined in X-ray studies. When corrections for geometrical factors has been made the diffusion rate is approximately equal in cubic and lamellar phases containing the same amphiphile.", "PMID": 851576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9724", "title": "A new mechanochemical method of enzyme immobilization.", "content": "A new mechanochemical method for enzyme immobilization has been elaborated. The principle of this method consists of the following precepts. Partially hydrolyzed nylon fiber, the surface of which is known to be strewn with microcracks, is reversibly stretched (approximately 25%) and placed into an enzyme solution. Then, in the same solution, the fiber is made to relax and is taken out. The fiber retains considerable enzymatic activity even after numerous thorough washings (in a similar procedure without fiber stretching, equivalent washing removed all the enzymatic activity from the fiber). Immobilization on the fiber proceeds due to trapping of enzyme molecules by the microcavities on the surface of the support. The catalytic activity of mechanochemically immobilized chymotrypsin and trypsin is commensurable with their activity on covalent immobilization on nylon (calculated per unit of the macrosurface). A wide range of commercial polymers may be made of use as supports in the mechanochemical method of immobilization.", "contents": "A new mechanochemical method of enzyme immobilization. A new mechanochemical method for enzyme immobilization has been elaborated. The principle of this method consists of the following precepts. Partially hydrolyzed nylon fiber, the surface of which is known to be strewn with microcracks, is reversibly stretched (approximately 25%) and placed into an enzyme solution. Then, in the same solution, the fiber is made to relax and is taken out. The fiber retains considerable enzymatic activity even after numerous thorough washings (in a similar procedure without fiber stretching, equivalent washing removed all the enzymatic activity from the fiber). Immobilization on the fiber proceeds due to trapping of enzyme molecules by the microcavities on the surface of the support. The catalytic activity of mechanochemically immobilized chymotrypsin and trypsin is commensurable with their activity on covalent immobilization on nylon (calculated per unit of the macrosurface). A wide range of commercial polymers may be made of use as supports in the mechanochemical method of immobilization.", "PMID": 851589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9725", "title": "Computation of the fraction of induced cells in enzyme induction systems.", "content": "A theoretical model is developed for continuous multistage enzymed production systems, which consist of a growth fermentor used for growing microorganisms rapidly without enzyme production and a subsequent system of induction reactors in which enzyme induction and production occurs. The model allows the computation of the fraction of induced cells residing in the induction reactors for organisms exhibiting a lag phase in enzyme induction. For this model a general analytical solution was obtained for the cumulative internal residence time distribution of a series of n well-sterred vessels with a recycle. The theoretical results are compared in a preliminary way with experimentally measured cellulase productivities of continuous multistage cellulose fermentations with Trichoderma viride QM 9414.", "contents": "Computation of the fraction of induced cells in enzyme induction systems. A theoretical model is developed for continuous multistage enzymed production systems, which consist of a growth fermentor used for growing microorganisms rapidly without enzyme production and a subsequent system of induction reactors in which enzyme induction and production occurs. The model allows the computation of the fraction of induced cells residing in the induction reactors for organisms exhibiting a lag phase in enzyme induction. For this model a general analytical solution was obtained for the cumulative internal residence time distribution of a series of n well-sterred vessels with a recycle. The theoretical results are compared in a preliminary way with experimentally measured cellulase productivities of continuous multistage cellulose fermentations with Trichoderma viride QM 9414.", "PMID": 851591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9726", "title": "The tubular loop fermentor: oxygen transfer, growth kinetics, and design.", "content": "Oxygen transfer measurements using a dynamic method and evaluated with an appropriate mathematical model have been made on a tubular loop bioreactor, Correlations of the type used in tank systmes are used to describe the influence of power and aeration rate on the mass transfer coefficient. Yeast cultures grown on hydrocarbon and glucose substrates show growth characteristics similar to conventional tank results. Model considerations for large-scale tubular fermentors allow for the prediction of the steady-state oxygen profiles and maximum reactor length. Combination with two-phases flow and oxygen transfer correlations yields a design procedure for commercial scale tubular loop fermentors.", "contents": "The tubular loop fermentor: oxygen transfer, growth kinetics, and design. Oxygen transfer measurements using a dynamic method and evaluated with an appropriate mathematical model have been made on a tubular loop bioreactor, Correlations of the type used in tank systmes are used to describe the influence of power and aeration rate on the mass transfer coefficient. Yeast cultures grown on hydrocarbon and glucose substrates show growth characteristics similar to conventional tank results. Model considerations for large-scale tubular fermentors allow for the prediction of the steady-state oxygen profiles and maximum reactor length. Combination with two-phases flow and oxygen transfer correlations yields a design procedure for commercial scale tubular loop fermentors.", "PMID": 851592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9727", "title": "[Use of local electromyography for revealing conductivity along efferent pathways in patients with traumatic lesions of the spinal cord ].", "content": "Electrical activity of the gastrocnemius and of the tibial muscles were examined in the patients with the spinal cord trauma during the active strain to extend or to flex the foot; action potentials of the motor units (MU) were recorded in a number of these patients during the mentioned volumtary efforts, despite the absence of interference electromyogram (EMG). A voluntary MU activation led to the conclusion on a possibility of detection by the local EMG method of the efferent conductivity partially persisting after the trauma along the spinal cord route.", "contents": "[Use of local electromyography for revealing conductivity along efferent pathways in patients with traumatic lesions of the spinal cord ]. Electrical activity of the gastrocnemius and of the tibial muscles were examined in the patients with the spinal cord trauma during the active strain to extend or to flex the foot; action potentials of the motor units (MU) were recorded in a number of these patients during the mentioned volumtary efforts, despite the absence of interference electromyogram (EMG). A voluntary MU activation led to the conclusion on a possibility of detection by the local EMG method of the efferent conductivity partially persisting after the trauma along the spinal cord route.", "PMID": 851602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9728", "title": "[Characteristics of temporal and spatial parameters of voluntary (set) human respiratory movements under conditions of chemorecptor stimulation of different character].", "content": "Dynamics of temporal and spacial parameters of set respiratory movements (in comparison with the movements of the hand) under conditions of progressive hypoxia, hypercapnia, hypoxic-hypercapnic interaction was investigated in 10 men aged from 19 to 30 years. Hypercapnia (especially in combination with hypoxia) is a specific factor preventing voluntary control of the respiratory movements. The certitude (exaggeration of the set respiratory volume) and the capacity to correction of the respiratory movements are mostly influenced by these factors. These facts are considered to be the result of chemoceptor stimulation of the respiratory center (imperative stimulus).", "contents": "[Characteristics of temporal and spatial parameters of voluntary (set) human respiratory movements under conditions of chemorecptor stimulation of different character]. Dynamics of temporal and spacial parameters of set respiratory movements (in comparison with the movements of the hand) under conditions of progressive hypoxia, hypercapnia, hypoxic-hypercapnic interaction was investigated in 10 men aged from 19 to 30 years. Hypercapnia (especially in combination with hypoxia) is a specific factor preventing voluntary control of the respiratory movements. The certitude (exaggeration of the set respiratory volume) and the capacity to correction of the respiratory movements are mostly influenced by these factors. These facts are considered to be the result of chemoceptor stimulation of the respiratory center (imperative stimulus).", "PMID": 851603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9729", "title": "[Effect of nonachlazine and oxyfedrine on coronary circulation in dogs].", "content": "Coronary circulation was measured in the anesthetized and nonanesthetized dogs by means of ultrasonic Doppler's radiotelemetric apparatus. The ultrasonic pick-up was placed on the upper third of the descending branch of the left coronary artery. Nonachlazine considerably increased the coronary circulation in the anesthetized and nonanesthetized dogs. However, the action of the preparation lasted 2 to 3 minutes only and depended on the changes in the cardiac activity. In difference from nonachlazine, oxphedrine increased the coronary circulation to a lesser degree, but for a much longer time (20min on the average). Taking into consideration a high efficacy of these preparations under clinical conditions a conclusion was drawn that an increase of the coronary circulation was not the principal way of action for reaching the antiangina effect in the patients with ischemic heart disease.", "contents": "[Effect of nonachlazine and oxyfedrine on coronary circulation in dogs]. Coronary circulation was measured in the anesthetized and nonanesthetized dogs by means of ultrasonic Doppler's radiotelemetric apparatus. The ultrasonic pick-up was placed on the upper third of the descending branch of the left coronary artery. Nonachlazine considerably increased the coronary circulation in the anesthetized and nonanesthetized dogs. However, the action of the preparation lasted 2 to 3 minutes only and depended on the changes in the cardiac activity. In difference from nonachlazine, oxphedrine increased the coronary circulation to a lesser degree, but for a much longer time (20min on the average). Taking into consideration a high efficacy of these preparations under clinical conditions a conclusion was drawn that an increase of the coronary circulation was not the principal way of action for reaching the antiangina effect in the patients with ischemic heart disease.", "PMID": 851604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9730", "title": "[Role of hyperactive determinant structures in the creation of functional complexes of seizure activity in the cerebral cortex].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on cats; foci of increased excitability working in the individual activity regimens were created by the subconvulsive strychminization. A focus of more powerful excitation induced also by means of strychine played the role of a determinant dispatch station (DDS). Its importance consists in determining the character of the other excitation foci activity in enhancing the excitation in them, in uniting them into a functional complex, and in determining the character of the whole complex activity. This complex can be destroyed by nembutal suppression of DDS. Exclusion of any other destination stations included into the complex failed to effect this complex.", "contents": "[Role of hyperactive determinant structures in the creation of functional complexes of seizure activity in the cerebral cortex]. Experiments were conducted on cats; foci of increased excitability working in the individual activity regimens were created by the subconvulsive strychminization. A focus of more powerful excitation induced also by means of strychine played the role of a determinant dispatch station (DDS). Its importance consists in determining the character of the other excitation foci activity in enhancing the excitation in them, in uniting them into a functional complex, and in determining the character of the whole complex activity. This complex can be destroyed by nembutal suppression of DDS. Exclusion of any other destination stations included into the complex failed to effect this complex.", "PMID": 851606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9731", "title": "[Induction of lung tumors in mice using diamylnitrosamine].", "content": "Mice of the CC57W strain were treated subcutaneouly with diamylnitrosoamine in a dose of 0.025 ml per mouse. once a week, 17 doses in all. These mice were sacrificed 27 weeks after the beginning of the experiment. Lung tumours, mainly adenomas, and in 3 cases adenocarcinomas, were detected in 14 of 17 mice which died and in 24 sacrificed mice. Besides, a marked proliferation of the interstitial tissue of the kidneys in a pretumor state, nephroblastoma, carcinoma in situ, and invasive cancer of the urinary bladder, one of each tumour, were found. Thus, diamylnitrosoamine can be recommended for induction of experimental lung tumours in mice.", "contents": "[Induction of lung tumors in mice using diamylnitrosamine]. Mice of the CC57W strain were treated subcutaneouly with diamylnitrosoamine in a dose of 0.025 ml per mouse. once a week, 17 doses in all. These mice were sacrificed 27 weeks after the beginning of the experiment. Lung tumours, mainly adenomas, and in 3 cases adenocarcinomas, were detected in 14 of 17 mice which died and in 24 sacrificed mice. Besides, a marked proliferation of the interstitial tissue of the kidneys in a pretumor state, nephroblastoma, carcinoma in situ, and invasive cancer of the urinary bladder, one of each tumour, were found. Thus, diamylnitrosoamine can be recommended for induction of experimental lung tumours in mice.", "PMID": 851607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9732", "title": "[Inhibitory effect of a number of substances on manifestation of the embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of methylurea and sodium nitrite].", "content": "Embryos died and a teratogenic effect followed combined intragastric administration of methylurea (MU) and sodium nitrite (SN) to rats on the 9th day of pregnancy; this was caused by the endogenous synthesis of nitroso-methylurea which produced a pathogenic action. Ascorbic acid and urotropine completely blocked the possibility of manifestation of the embryotoxic and teratogenic effect occuring after combined administration of MU and SN. Sodium sulfomate decreased the embryotoxic and partially the teratogenic effect considerably, whereas urea failed to prevent the expression of the harmful effect of MU and SN on the embryo.", "contents": "[Inhibitory effect of a number of substances on manifestation of the embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of methylurea and sodium nitrite]. Embryos died and a teratogenic effect followed combined intragastric administration of methylurea (MU) and sodium nitrite (SN) to rats on the 9th day of pregnancy; this was caused by the endogenous synthesis of nitroso-methylurea which produced a pathogenic action. Ascorbic acid and urotropine completely blocked the possibility of manifestation of the embryotoxic and teratogenic effect occuring after combined administration of MU and SN. Sodium sulfomate decreased the embryotoxic and partially the teratogenic effect considerably, whereas urea failed to prevent the expression of the harmful effect of MU and SN on the embryo.", "PMID": 851608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9733", "title": "[Stimulation of post-traumatic regeneration of rat spleen under conditions of gravitational stress].", "content": "Post-traumatic regeneration of the rat spleen was studied after resection of half the organ, under gravitation overloading (11 units) using spleen tissue extract prepared by Filatov's method. Gravitation overloading caused a decrease in the size of the spleen nodules, smooths their contours, increases the red pulp infiltration by the lymphocytes, reduces the number of labeled cells and the intensity of the label in the reactive centers of the spleen nodules, decelerates the capsule formation in the resection area. Application of the stimulant normalized the structure of white pulp, increased the number of labeled cells, and accelerated the capsule formation. The tissue extract used in gravitation overloading brought the restoration process nearer to the usual course of the posttraumatic spleen regeneration (by the character and periods of tissue differentiation development).", "contents": "[Stimulation of post-traumatic regeneration of rat spleen under conditions of gravitational stress]. Post-traumatic regeneration of the rat spleen was studied after resection of half the organ, under gravitation overloading (11 units) using spleen tissue extract prepared by Filatov's method. Gravitation overloading caused a decrease in the size of the spleen nodules, smooths their contours, increases the red pulp infiltration by the lymphocytes, reduces the number of labeled cells and the intensity of the label in the reactive centers of the spleen nodules, decelerates the capsule formation in the resection area. Application of the stimulant normalized the structure of white pulp, increased the number of labeled cells, and accelerated the capsule formation. The tissue extract used in gravitation overloading brought the restoration process nearer to the usual course of the posttraumatic spleen regeneration (by the character and periods of tissue differentiation development).", "PMID": 851609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9734", "title": "[Physico-chemical properties of the DNP-systems of leukemia cells with different chromosome numbers].", "content": "The binding between the components of the isolated DNP-complex proved to be more stable in leukemic cells in comparison with the normal lymphoid spleen cells. This conclusion was based on the investigation of the thermomechanical and disaggregation properties of the supramolecular DNP systems isolated from leukemic cells. The change in the isolated DNP-complex were independent of the subpopulation variants of the leukemic lymphatic cells and their chromosome set (diploid or hyperdiploid). The observed changes in the chromatin properties were more specific for leukemic cells than the changes in thechromosome number.", "contents": "[Physico-chemical properties of the DNP-systems of leukemia cells with different chromosome numbers]. The binding between the components of the isolated DNP-complex proved to be more stable in leukemic cells in comparison with the normal lymphoid spleen cells. This conclusion was based on the investigation of the thermomechanical and disaggregation properties of the supramolecular DNP systems isolated from leukemic cells. The change in the isolated DNP-complex were independent of the subpopulation variants of the leukemic lymphatic cells and their chromosome set (diploid or hyperdiploid). The observed changes in the chromatin properties were more specific for leukemic cells than the changes in thechromosome number.", "PMID": 851610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9735", "title": "[Planimetric grids for macro- and microscopic stereologic studies].", "content": "The authors suggest a lattice variant for the planimetric investigation of the macro- and microobjects, with the equal distance between the lattice main points which had a 'zero' thickness. The method of stereological studies is described. Formulae for the determination of the necessary number of counts of the points for obtaining the representative data on the quota of the structural components in the sample under study at the 95% confidence interval are suggested. Formulae for the estimation of the volumetric density of the structural formation under study in the macro- and microscopic object with the calculation of its statistical indices are given.", "contents": "[Planimetric grids for macro- and microscopic stereologic studies]. The authors suggest a lattice variant for the planimetric investigation of the macro- and microobjects, with the equal distance between the lattice main points which had a 'zero' thickness. The method of stereological studies is described. Formulae for the determination of the necessary number of counts of the points for obtaining the representative data on the quota of the structural components in the sample under study at the 95% confidence interval are suggested. Formulae for the estimation of the volumetric density of the structural formation under study in the macro- and microscopic object with the calculation of its statistical indices are given.", "PMID": 851611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9736", "title": "[Effect of prostaglandin Bl on systemic and regional hemodynamics].", "content": "The effect of prostaglanding B1 (PGB1) on the cardiovascular system of dogs was studied in experiments on anesthetized dogs. The intravenous injection of PGB1 (40 microng/kg) was followed by aortic hypertension, tachycardia, an increase of myocardial contractility, an enhancement of minute volume of the heart, and in increase of arterial pressure in the pulmonary artery. Total peripheral resistance and total lung resistance were reduced. The work of the left and the right ventricles and the coronary flow increased (the latter by 29%). The average voluminous blood flow velocity in the femoral and the superior mesenteric arteries increased significantly, while in the common carotid and the renal arteries--insignificantly. The observed changes in the systemic and regional hemodynamics were of short duration.", "contents": "[Effect of prostaglandin Bl on systemic and regional hemodynamics]. The effect of prostaglanding B1 (PGB1) on the cardiovascular system of dogs was studied in experiments on anesthetized dogs. The intravenous injection of PGB1 (40 microng/kg) was followed by aortic hypertension, tachycardia, an increase of myocardial contractility, an enhancement of minute volume of the heart, and in increase of arterial pressure in the pulmonary artery. Total peripheral resistance and total lung resistance were reduced. The work of the left and the right ventricles and the coronary flow increased (the latter by 29%). The average voluminous blood flow velocity in the femoral and the superior mesenteric arteries increased significantly, while in the common carotid and the renal arteries--insignificantly. The observed changes in the systemic and regional hemodynamics were of short duration.", "PMID": 851612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9737", "title": "[Circulating blood volume and its respiratory surface under conditions of cranio-cerebral hypothermia].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on dogs; a study was made of the effect of cranio-cerebral hypothermia on the circulatory blood volume and its respiratory surface. A reduction of body temperature from 36 to 30 degrees C led to the increase of the circulating blood volume from 62.4 +/-2.18 ml/kg to 65.2 +/- 6.95 ml/kg, of the circulating erythrocytes from 27.3 +/- 1.43 ml/kg to 33.8 +/-3.78 ml/kg. Further cooling reduced these indices to 40.7 +/- 3.12 ml/kg and 24.2 +/- +/-2.14 ml/kg, respectively. Plasma starts to leave the vascular bed simultaneously with the beginning of cooling. Its volume decreases with the fall of temperature from 36 to 24 degrees C from 34 +/- 1.07 ml/kg to 16.6 +/-1.19 ml/kg.", "contents": "[Circulating blood volume and its respiratory surface under conditions of cranio-cerebral hypothermia]. Experiments were conducted on dogs; a study was made of the effect of cranio-cerebral hypothermia on the circulatory blood volume and its respiratory surface. A reduction of body temperature from 36 to 30 degrees C led to the increase of the circulating blood volume from 62.4 +/-2.18 ml/kg to 65.2 +/- 6.95 ml/kg, of the circulating erythrocytes from 27.3 +/- 1.43 ml/kg to 33.8 +/-3.78 ml/kg. Further cooling reduced these indices to 40.7 +/- 3.12 ml/kg and 24.2 +/- +/-2.14 ml/kg, respectively. Plasma starts to leave the vascular bed simultaneously with the beginning of cooling. Its volume decreases with the fall of temperature from 36 to 24 degrees C from 34 +/- 1.07 ml/kg to 16.6 +/-1.19 ml/kg.", "PMID": 851613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9738", "title": "[Effect of exogenous superoxide dismutase and 1,4-diazobicyclo-(2,2,2,)-octane on the resistance of mice to acute oxygen poisoning].", "content": "Single injection to mice of a perified preparation of superoxide dismutase (1000 units, intravenously) combined with catalase (0.5 mg) or without it failed to protect from the toxic action of 100% oxygen under the pressure of 5 ata. 1,4-diazobicyclo (2.2.2) octane (6 mg, intraperitoneally) increased the preconvulsive survival period of mice under these conditions. The formation of single oxygen under hyperoxia in vivo is supposed.", "contents": "[Effect of exogenous superoxide dismutase and 1,4-diazobicyclo-(2,2,2,)-octane on the resistance of mice to acute oxygen poisoning]. Single injection to mice of a perified preparation of superoxide dismutase (1000 units, intravenously) combined with catalase (0.5 mg) or without it failed to protect from the toxic action of 100% oxygen under the pressure of 5 ata. 1,4-diazobicyclo (2.2.2) octane (6 mg, intraperitoneally) increased the preconvulsive survival period of mice under these conditions. The formation of single oxygen under hyperoxia in vivo is supposed.", "PMID": 851614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9739", "title": "[Blood coagulation upon contact between blood and polymeric materials possessing electretic protperties].", "content": "Hemocoagulation peculiarities were studied on polymeric materials with the electretic properties. Negative polarity of the electretic polymeres promoted fibrinogenemia and hypoadhesia of platelets in comparison with the electretic materials with positive polarity and polymeres possessing no static electricity. It is supposed that fibrin sorption and platelet hyperadhesion played the main role in thrombogenesis on implanted polymeres.", "contents": "[Blood coagulation upon contact between blood and polymeric materials possessing electretic protperties]. Hemocoagulation peculiarities were studied on polymeric materials with the electretic properties. Negative polarity of the electretic polymeres promoted fibrinogenemia and hypoadhesia of platelets in comparison with the electretic materials with positive polarity and polymeres possessing no static electricity. It is supposed that fibrin sorption and platelet hyperadhesion played the main role in thrombogenesis on implanted polymeres.", "PMID": 851615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9740", "title": "[Effect of acetylcholine and atropine on renal secretion of blood-clotting compounds into the bloodstream].", "content": "Experiments with perfusion of the kidneys in situ in cats demonstrated that excretion by the kidneys into the circulation of the coagulation factors and fibrinolytic agents could be regulated. Acetylcholine decreased the release into the circulation of the hemocoagulating agents and of the antiheparin compounds, but increased the discharge of plasminogen activators from the kidneys. Atropine stimulated the release from the kidneys of tromboplastic agents and antiheparin components, but decreased the excretion of antithrombin compounds. Atropine intensified the fibrinolytic activity of the perfusate insignificantly.", "contents": "[Effect of acetylcholine and atropine on renal secretion of blood-clotting compounds into the bloodstream]. Experiments with perfusion of the kidneys in situ in cats demonstrated that excretion by the kidneys into the circulation of the coagulation factors and fibrinolytic agents could be regulated. Acetylcholine decreased the release into the circulation of the hemocoagulating agents and of the antiheparin compounds, but increased the discharge of plasminogen activators from the kidneys. Atropine stimulated the release from the kidneys of tromboplastic agents and antiheparin components, but decreased the excretion of antithrombin compounds. Atropine intensified the fibrinolytic activity of the perfusate insignificantly.", "PMID": 851616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9741", "title": "[Allergenic characteristics of chemical compounds migrating from polymeric building materials].", "content": "The authors worked out the technique of determining the allergenic activity of the volatiles migrating into the air medium from polymer building materials (PBM). The methods of allergodiagnosis in vitro (the passive hemagglutination test, specific leukocytic agglomeration test, intensification of leukocyte pyroninophilia test) were used to detect sensitization in experiments on guinea pigs. It appeared that PBM could cause atopic allergie reaction under certain dwelling conditions.", "contents": "[Allergenic characteristics of chemical compounds migrating from polymeric building materials]. The authors worked out the technique of determining the allergenic activity of the volatiles migrating into the air medium from polymer building materials (PBM). The methods of allergodiagnosis in vitro (the passive hemagglutination test, specific leukocytic agglomeration test, intensification of leukocyte pyroninophilia test) were used to detect sensitization in experiments on guinea pigs. It appeared that PBM could cause atopic allergie reaction under certain dwelling conditions.", "PMID": 851618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9742", "title": "[Migration of hepatocytes in liver cords during physiologic regeneration].", "content": "Distribution of mitoses and dead hepatocytes in the hepatic balk was investigated. A relative rate of the hepatocyte movement along the hepatic balk was calculated on the basis of this distribution. The direction and the rate of the hepatocyte movement along the hepatic balk were determined by measurement of the shift of the labelled cell peak a month after six thymidine-H3 injections.", "contents": "[Migration of hepatocytes in liver cords during physiologic regeneration]. Distribution of mitoses and dead hepatocytes in the hepatic balk was investigated. A relative rate of the hepatocyte movement along the hepatic balk was calculated on the basis of this distribution. The direction and the rate of the hepatocyte movement along the hepatic balk were determined by measurement of the shift of the labelled cell peak a month after six thymidine-H3 injections.", "PMID": 851619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9743", "title": "[Electron-cytochemical study of acid phosphatase in the brain after death].", "content": "The activity of acid phosphatase in the rat and human brain was determined by the electron-cytochemical method. Lysosomes and lipofuchsin granules proved to possess enzymatic activity. Use of postmortem material showed the localization of acid phosphatase to remain unchanged at the remote periods after death.", "contents": "[Electron-cytochemical study of acid phosphatase in the brain after death]. The activity of acid phosphatase in the rat and human brain was determined by the electron-cytochemical method. Lysosomes and lipofuchsin granules proved to possess enzymatic activity. Use of postmortem material showed the localization of acid phosphatase to remain unchanged at the remote periods after death.", "PMID": 851620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9744", "title": "[Development of interneuronal synaptic junctions in neuroblasts of the anterior horn of the spinal cord during early prenatal human ontogenesis (7--9 wks. of pregnancy)].", "content": "A method of electron microscopy was applied to the study of the synaptogenesis in the presumptive ventral horns of the spinal cord (C4--Th3) at the early prenatal human ontogeny. The morphological stages of synaptogenesis were traced, and the minimum of the structrual organization of the synapse, correspoding to the beginning of its functional activity, was determined. A hypothesis is put forward on possible mechanisms of synaptogenesis.", "contents": "[Development of interneuronal synaptic junctions in neuroblasts of the anterior horn of the spinal cord during early prenatal human ontogenesis (7--9 wks. of pregnancy)]. A method of electron microscopy was applied to the study of the synaptogenesis in the presumptive ventral horns of the spinal cord (C4--Th3) at the early prenatal human ontogeny. The morphological stages of synaptogenesis were traced, and the minimum of the structrual organization of the synapse, correspoding to the beginning of its functional activity, was determined. A hypothesis is put forward on possible mechanisms of synaptogenesis.", "PMID": 851621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9745", "title": "[Changes in the accessory group of hypothalamic neurosecretory cells following stimulation of the supraoptic nucleus].", "content": "Changes of an accessory neurosecretory cell group were investigated in acute experiments on cats under chloralose anesthesia. The unilateral stimulation of the supraoptic nuclei (with vasoconstrictory effect) caused activation of cells of the accessory group at the side of stimulation, and increase of the nucleolar size. No changes in the paraventricular nuclei were observed, whereas cells of the supraoptic nuclei were activated. The identity of the main and the accessory neurosecretory group reaction and literature data on histochemistry suggest that both cell groups produced vasopressin stored in the posterior lobe of the hypophysis, and acted partially as a mediator outside the hypothalamus.", "contents": "[Changes in the accessory group of hypothalamic neurosecretory cells following stimulation of the supraoptic nucleus]. Changes of an accessory neurosecretory cell group were investigated in acute experiments on cats under chloralose anesthesia. The unilateral stimulation of the supraoptic nuclei (with vasoconstrictory effect) caused activation of cells of the accessory group at the side of stimulation, and increase of the nucleolar size. No changes in the paraventricular nuclei were observed, whereas cells of the supraoptic nuclei were activated. The identity of the main and the accessory neurosecretory group reaction and literature data on histochemistry suggest that both cell groups produced vasopressin stored in the posterior lobe of the hypophysis, and acted partially as a mediator outside the hypothalamus.", "PMID": 851622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9746", "title": "[Experimental toxic pulmonary edema in white mice with influenza].", "content": "Toxic pulmonary edema during influenza developed 3 hours after infection of mice with concentrated influenza viruses adapted to lung tissue. The toxic viral action is expressed in filling the alveoli with fluid exudate, by stasis in the pulmonary vessels, by eosinophilic necrosis of the epithelium in the bronchioles, and also by destruction of cells of the cortical layer of the thymus. The elaborated model aids in the understanding of malignant forms of influenza infection in man resulting in death.", "contents": "[Experimental toxic pulmonary edema in white mice with influenza]. Toxic pulmonary edema during influenza developed 3 hours after infection of mice with concentrated influenza viruses adapted to lung tissue. The toxic viral action is expressed in filling the alveoli with fluid exudate, by stasis in the pulmonary vessels, by eosinophilic necrosis of the epithelium in the bronchioles, and also by destruction of cells of the cortical layer of the thymus. The elaborated model aids in the understanding of malignant forms of influenza infection in man resulting in death.", "PMID": 851624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9747", "title": "[Method of studying the microcirculation of the sciatic nerve during life].", "content": "The authors describe a mehtod of bloodless exposure of the sciatic nerve in rats, of placing it on the light conductor, and of the preparation of microscope MBI-6 for the intravital study of microhemocirculation in the epineurium of the sciatic nerve. Different types of the microvessel network of rat are demonstrated.", "contents": "[Method of studying the microcirculation of the sciatic nerve during life]. The authors describe a mehtod of bloodless exposure of the sciatic nerve in rats, of placing it on the light conductor, and of the preparation of microscope MBI-6 for the intravital study of microhemocirculation in the epineurium of the sciatic nerve. Different types of the microvessel network of rat are demonstrated.", "PMID": 851625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9748", "title": "[Quantitative assessment of cutaneous erythema].", "content": "On the basis of general concepts on the objective nature of colour perception and colourimetric tables of the colour atlas special colourimetric rulers were elaborated for the assessment of skin erythema. These rulers can be used for the assessment of experimentally-reproduced common and allergic inflammations of the skin in acute and chronic diseases. The system of assesment take into consideration the experience of the grade characteristics of inflammation of the skin, with the description of erythema with the aid of clear physical colour parameters: brightness (p, %), the wave length (lambda, nm) and the saturation (P,%).", "contents": "[Quantitative assessment of cutaneous erythema]. On the basis of general concepts on the objective nature of colour perception and colourimetric tables of the colour atlas special colourimetric rulers were elaborated for the assessment of skin erythema. These rulers can be used for the assessment of experimentally-reproduced common and allergic inflammations of the skin in acute and chronic diseases. The system of assesment take into consideration the experience of the grade characteristics of inflammation of the skin, with the description of erythema with the aid of clear physical colour parameters: brightness (p, %), the wave length (lambda, nm) and the saturation (P,%).", "PMID": 851626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9749", "title": "[Change in systemic hemodynamics under the influence of vasopressin in dogs during ontogenesis].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on dogs (18-22 days, 2-3-month-old and adult). The central hemodynamics indices were studied after intravenous administration of 0.8 U/kg of synthetic vasopressin. The pressor effect was mostly expressed in adult dogs, and bradycardia--in 18--22-days-old puppies. All dogs displayed an increase of the total peripheral resistance accompanied by reduction of the minute output. External work of the left ventricle and expenditure of the energy by the heart rose in adult dogs. As to puppies, a reduction of the cardiac output and of the external heart work was accompanied by a lesser increase of energy expenditure.", "contents": "[Change in systemic hemodynamics under the influence of vasopressin in dogs during ontogenesis]. Experiments were conducted on dogs (18-22 days, 2-3-month-old and adult). The central hemodynamics indices were studied after intravenous administration of 0.8 U/kg of synthetic vasopressin. The pressor effect was mostly expressed in adult dogs, and bradycardia--in 18--22-days-old puppies. All dogs displayed an increase of the total peripheral resistance accompanied by reduction of the minute output. External work of the left ventricle and expenditure of the energy by the heart rose in adult dogs. As to puppies, a reduction of the cardiac output and of the external heart work was accompanied by a lesser increase of energy expenditure.", "PMID": 851627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9750", "title": "[Interrelationship of changes in central hemodynamics in the postresucitation period with development of posthypoxic cerebral edema].", "content": "A syndrome of low cardiac output developed between the 1st and the 3rd hours after the resuscitation in 16 dogs after the arrest of blood circulation for 15 minutes. The increase of cardiac output at the initial period of resuscitation took place in 50% of cases before the development of this syndrome. In the absence of hyperperfusion at the beginning of the resuscitation the animals died 9 to 23 hours after the experiment. Cerebral cortex edema developed in all the survived dogs which had low cardiac output 24 hours after resuscitation, but it was not observed in animals with high cardiac output.", "contents": "[Interrelationship of changes in central hemodynamics in the postresucitation period with development of posthypoxic cerebral edema]. A syndrome of low cardiac output developed between the 1st and the 3rd hours after the resuscitation in 16 dogs after the arrest of blood circulation for 15 minutes. The increase of cardiac output at the initial period of resuscitation took place in 50% of cases before the development of this syndrome. In the absence of hyperperfusion at the beginning of the resuscitation the animals died 9 to 23 hours after the experiment. Cerebral cortex edema developed in all the survived dogs which had low cardiac output 24 hours after resuscitation, but it was not observed in animals with high cardiac output.", "PMID": 851628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9751", "title": "[Cytotoxic effect of lymphocytes on peritoneal macrophages of mice in contact dermatitis induced by dinitrochlorbenzene].", "content": "Contact dermatitis was induced in BALB/c mice by means of cutaneous application of dinitrochlorbenzol (DNCB) solution. Peritoneal macrophages from DNCB-sensitized and intact mice were cultivated in flat tubes for 48 hours after the 20th day of the experiment, when the DNCB cutaneous test became positive. A suspension of the peripheral lymph node lymphocytes was added to this culture. The lymphocytes fromthe DNCB-sensitized mice had a cytotoxic effect (CTE) on the target cells (peritoneal macrophages) during the co-incubation; the STE was tested with trypane blue in 48 hours. No macrophage lysis was observed in combined incubation of cells from the intact mice.", "contents": "[Cytotoxic effect of lymphocytes on peritoneal macrophages of mice in contact dermatitis induced by dinitrochlorbenzene]. Contact dermatitis was induced in BALB/c mice by means of cutaneous application of dinitrochlorbenzol (DNCB) solution. Peritoneal macrophages from DNCB-sensitized and intact mice were cultivated in flat tubes for 48 hours after the 20th day of the experiment, when the DNCB cutaneous test became positive. A suspension of the peripheral lymph node lymphocytes was added to this culture. The lymphocytes fromthe DNCB-sensitized mice had a cytotoxic effect (CTE) on the target cells (peritoneal macrophages) during the co-incubation; the STE was tested with trypane blue in 48 hours. No macrophage lysis was observed in combined incubation of cells from the intact mice.", "PMID": 851629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9752", "title": "[Isolation and properties of an actomyosin-like protein from bovine brain glial cells].", "content": "Actomyosine-like protein (AMLP) was isolated from the enriched glial fraction of the bovine brain cortex. The AMLP yield constitutes 0.05% of protein in the glial cells. The AMLP contained nucleotides; there were reversible association-dissociation reactions under the effect of Mg2+ ions and ATP characteristic of AMLP. ATP-ase of glial AMLP, activated with Ca2+ ions more than with Mg2+ ions, differed from AMLP of neuronal origin.", "contents": "[Isolation and properties of an actomyosin-like protein from bovine brain glial cells]. Actomyosine-like protein (AMLP) was isolated from the enriched glial fraction of the bovine brain cortex. The AMLP yield constitutes 0.05% of protein in the glial cells. The AMLP contained nucleotides; there were reversible association-dissociation reactions under the effect of Mg2+ ions and ATP characteristic of AMLP. ATP-ase of glial AMLP, activated with Ca2+ ions more than with Mg2+ ions, differed from AMLP of neuronal origin.", "PMID": 851630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9753", "title": "[Several kinetic features of membrane-dependent monoamine oxidase].", "content": "The v versus (S) plots for the initial rates of serotonin oxidation, catalyzed by monoamine oxidase in fragments of the rat liver or bovine brain mitochondrial membrane, had complicated non-hyperbolic shape, suggesting kinetic manifestation of cooperation in binding the substrate by the enzyme. A possibility of interactions of different monoamine oxidase types via the conformational alterations in the bio-membrane itself is considered.", "contents": "[Several kinetic features of membrane-dependent monoamine oxidase]. The v versus (S) plots for the initial rates of serotonin oxidation, catalyzed by monoamine oxidase in fragments of the rat liver or bovine brain mitochondrial membrane, had complicated non-hyperbolic shape, suggesting kinetic manifestation of cooperation in binding the substrate by the enzyme. A possibility of interactions of different monoamine oxidase types via the conformational alterations in the bio-membrane itself is considered.", "PMID": 851631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9754", "title": "[Antagonistic effect of bicuculline and thiosemicarbazide on the tranquilizing effects of diazepam].", "content": "It has been shown that bicuculline--GABA-ergic receptors specific blocking agent in doses of 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg (subcutaneously), and thiosemicarbazide (inhibiting the brain GABA synthesis) in dose of 5.0 and 8.0 mg/kg (subcutaneously) were capable of antagonizing diazepam effects and of reducing its tranquilizing activity in an experimental test of conflict behavior in rats. Bicuculline exhibited a more pronounced antagonism to diazepam than thiosemicarbazide. The data obtained testified to a possible involvement of the GABA-ergic mechanisms in the realization of the anxiolytic effect of benzodiazepines.", "contents": "[Antagonistic effect of bicuculline and thiosemicarbazide on the tranquilizing effects of diazepam]. It has been shown that bicuculline--GABA-ergic receptors specific blocking agent in doses of 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg (subcutaneously), and thiosemicarbazide (inhibiting the brain GABA synthesis) in dose of 5.0 and 8.0 mg/kg (subcutaneously) were capable of antagonizing diazepam effects and of reducing its tranquilizing activity in an experimental test of conflict behavior in rats. Bicuculline exhibited a more pronounced antagonism to diazepam than thiosemicarbazide. The data obtained testified to a possible involvement of the GABA-ergic mechanisms in the realization of the anxiolytic effect of benzodiazepines.", "PMID": 851632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9755", "title": "[Effect of nonachlazine on the frequency and amplitude of isolated atrium contraction].", "content": "The effect of nonachlazine, a new antianginal drug, on the rate and the amplitude of contractions of the isolated auricle was studied on guinea pigs and albino rats. Unlike the experiments conducted on intact animals, in the experiments on the isolated auricle nonachlazine proved to decrease the above-mentioned indices. This effect of the drug in the case of the isolated auricle is likely to be due to the ability of nonachlazine to cause a direct effect on the myocardium and the conductive heart system. No specific distinctions in the character of nonachlazine action were revealed.", "contents": "[Effect of nonachlazine on the frequency and amplitude of isolated atrium contraction]. The effect of nonachlazine, a new antianginal drug, on the rate and the amplitude of contractions of the isolated auricle was studied on guinea pigs and albino rats. Unlike the experiments conducted on intact animals, in the experiments on the isolated auricle nonachlazine proved to decrease the above-mentioned indices. This effect of the drug in the case of the isolated auricle is likely to be due to the ability of nonachlazine to cause a direct effect on the myocardium and the conductive heart system. No specific distinctions in the character of nonachlazine action were revealed.", "PMID": 851633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9756", "title": "[Antibodies to heart valve fibroblasts in the sera of rheumatic patients].", "content": "The antibodies reactive in immunofluorescence with the fibroblasts of human and bovine heart valves were isolated from the rheumatic patients' sera with the aid of immunoadsorbent prepared from human heart valve tissue. No reaction between the antibodies and the fibroblasts of the interstitial connective tissue of the myocardium was observed. It seems that the fibroblasts of the heart valves and the myocardium contain different antigens; the presence of common antigenic components in human and bovine valve fibroblasts is shown.", "contents": "[Antibodies to heart valve fibroblasts in the sera of rheumatic patients]. The antibodies reactive in immunofluorescence with the fibroblasts of human and bovine heart valves were isolated from the rheumatic patients' sera with the aid of immunoadsorbent prepared from human heart valve tissue. No reaction between the antibodies and the fibroblasts of the interstitial connective tissue of the myocardium was observed. It seems that the fibroblasts of the heart valves and the myocardium contain different antigens; the presence of common antigenic components in human and bovine valve fibroblasts is shown.", "PMID": 851634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9757", "title": "[Role of allergic responses of peripheral blood leukocytes in the pathogenesis of experimental allergic (pertussis) encephalomyelitis].", "content": "Stable leukocytosis and lymphocytosis were observed in the peripheral blood of guinea pigs from the 14th day after their sensitization with B. pertussis oil suspension. A shift to the left occurred in the leukocytic count. After the contact of leukocytes with the specific cerebral antigen both in vivo and in vitro leukolysis and allergic alteration of leukocytes which occurred at the last stages of sensitization i.e. at the period of clinical manifestation of the experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) involved mainly the granulocytes. These phenomena are supposed to be caused by the anticerebral antibodies which appear in the blood at this stage of EAE, i.e. in the mechanism of development of EAE allergic reactions of the immediate type in combination with allergic reactions of the delayed type.", "contents": "[Role of allergic responses of peripheral blood leukocytes in the pathogenesis of experimental allergic (pertussis) encephalomyelitis]. Stable leukocytosis and lymphocytosis were observed in the peripheral blood of guinea pigs from the 14th day after their sensitization with B. pertussis oil suspension. A shift to the left occurred in the leukocytic count. After the contact of leukocytes with the specific cerebral antigen both in vivo and in vitro leukolysis and allergic alteration of leukocytes which occurred at the last stages of sensitization i.e. at the period of clinical manifestation of the experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) involved mainly the granulocytes. These phenomena are supposed to be caused by the anticerebral antibodies which appear in the blood at this stage of EAE, i.e. in the mechanism of development of EAE allergic reactions of the immediate type in combination with allergic reactions of the delayed type.", "PMID": 851635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9758", "title": "[Changes in several properties of transplantable adenocarcinoma of the large intestine during passage].", "content": "In the course of serial passages of adenocarcinoma (AKTOL), arising from fetal colonic tissues which underwent spontaneous malignization after being grafted to syngeneic adult mice, there was an increase in the rate of growth of the subcutaneous transplants, and multiple intrapulmonary tumour nodes formed after its intravenous inoculation (the first transplant generations had no such capacity); the morphological anaplasia of the tumour increased. These changes were not directly dependent on the changes in its immunogenicity.", "contents": "[Changes in several properties of transplantable adenocarcinoma of the large intestine during passage]. In the course of serial passages of adenocarcinoma (AKTOL), arising from fetal colonic tissues which underwent spontaneous malignization after being grafted to syngeneic adult mice, there was an increase in the rate of growth of the subcutaneous transplants, and multiple intrapulmonary tumour nodes formed after its intravenous inoculation (the first transplant generations had no such capacity); the morphological anaplasia of the tumour increased. These changes were not directly dependent on the changes in its immunogenicity.", "PMID": 851636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9759", "title": "[Effect of a hemolysate from polycythemic animals on proliferation on bone marrow cells].", "content": "Erythrocytic inhibitor from the polycythemic rats depressed the mitotic activity of the cells of the erythroid series in mice by 40%. The inhibitory effect lasted about 12 hours. The inhibitor acted on the G2-period. Not only the blast forms of the erythron, but also the stem hemopoietic cells served as the points of the inhibitor \"application\".", "contents": "[Effect of a hemolysate from polycythemic animals on proliferation on bone marrow cells]. Erythrocytic inhibitor from the polycythemic rats depressed the mitotic activity of the cells of the erythroid series in mice by 40%. The inhibitory effect lasted about 12 hours. The inhibitor acted on the G2-period. Not only the blast forms of the erythron, but also the stem hemopoietic cells served as the points of the inhibitor \"application\".", "PMID": 851637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9760", "title": "[Influence of a series of substances from the group of chlorine-derivative hydrocarbons on the composition of a population of rat liver hepatocytes].", "content": "The cytophotometric and kariometric study of the liver hepatocytes in albino rats inhalationally exposed to dichlor- and trichlorpropan showed the latter to be more toxic than the former by its effect on the polyploidization of hepatocyte nuclei. The development of polyploidization was determined by the concentration level of the active agent and the length of exposure to it: the lower the concentration--the more time was required for the realization of the effect.", "contents": "[Influence of a series of substances from the group of chlorine-derivative hydrocarbons on the composition of a population of rat liver hepatocytes]. The cytophotometric and kariometric study of the liver hepatocytes in albino rats inhalationally exposed to dichlor- and trichlorpropan showed the latter to be more toxic than the former by its effect on the polyploidization of hepatocyte nuclei. The development of polyploidization was determined by the concentration level of the active agent and the length of exposure to it: the lower the concentration--the more time was required for the realization of the effect.", "PMID": 851638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9761", "title": "[Comparative study of the effect of etimizol and hydrocortisone on proliferative activity and protein synthesis in epithelial cells of the tongue and liver].", "content": "In contrary to hydrocortisone, the stimulating effect of aethymizol on the mitotic activity of the tongue and liver epithelial cells was revealed 6 hours after its injection. Subsequently reduction of the mitotic activity of hepatocytes appearing in 12 hours was caused by the action of both preparations on the DNA synthesis, rather than by disturbed mitosis. Stimulation of protein synthesis by hydrocortisone and aethymizol was shown by the autoradiogrphic and biochemical methods, when the maximum mitoses were inhibited.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the effect of etimizol and hydrocortisone on proliferative activity and protein synthesis in epithelial cells of the tongue and liver]. In contrary to hydrocortisone, the stimulating effect of aethymizol on the mitotic activity of the tongue and liver epithelial cells was revealed 6 hours after its injection. Subsequently reduction of the mitotic activity of hepatocytes appearing in 12 hours was caused by the action of both preparations on the DNA synthesis, rather than by disturbed mitosis. Stimulation of protein synthesis by hydrocortisone and aethymizol was shown by the autoradiogrphic and biochemical methods, when the maximum mitoses were inhibited.", "PMID": 851639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9762", "title": "[RNA synthesis in cells of the cerebral cortex of mice according to electron-microscopic autoradiography findings].", "content": "An electron microscopy autoratiographic study of the RNA synthesis in the neurons of the mouse cerebral cortex revealed the highest label concentration in the nucleoli. A considerable amount of silver grains was concentrated over the nucleoplasm. The content of the radioactive substance in the cytoplasm of the neurons 2 1/2 hours after the animal was injected with 3H-5-uridine was lower than in the other kinds of cells at the same period of their contact with the labeled precursor. A considerable difference in the amount of silver grains was observed over the serial sections of the same nucleolus and in the way of the label distribution in the neurons located nearby.", "contents": "[RNA synthesis in cells of the cerebral cortex of mice according to electron-microscopic autoradiography findings]. An electron microscopy autoratiographic study of the RNA synthesis in the neurons of the mouse cerebral cortex revealed the highest label concentration in the nucleoli. A considerable amount of silver grains was concentrated over the nucleoplasm. The content of the radioactive substance in the cytoplasm of the neurons 2 1/2 hours after the animal was injected with 3H-5-uridine was lower than in the other kinds of cells at the same period of their contact with the labeled precursor. A considerable difference in the amount of silver grains was observed over the serial sections of the same nucleolus and in the way of the label distribution in the neurons located nearby.", "PMID": 851640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9763", "title": "[DNA concentration and magnitude of cell nuclei in regenerating rat liver].", "content": "The DNA content in individual nuclei and the size of cell nuclei in the intact and regenerating liver 18 hours to 21 days after partial hepatectomy were studied in rats. In the intact rat liver most nuclei were found with a mean DNA content in the nucleus of 6 pg; as to the nuclear size--it was about equal to the size of the diploid nucleus (42.5 micronm2). In the regenerating liver DNA synthesis started before the 18th hour after partial hepatectomy. In most of the nuclei the DNA content by the 24th hour was found to be double that in intact animals, indicating a 85-90% engagement of hepatocytes by the first synthesis wave. After mitosis occurring in most cells before the 36th hour after partial hepatectomy much milder DNA synthesis waves followed at the 42nd and 60th hours.", "contents": "[DNA concentration and magnitude of cell nuclei in regenerating rat liver]. The DNA content in individual nuclei and the size of cell nuclei in the intact and regenerating liver 18 hours to 21 days after partial hepatectomy were studied in rats. In the intact rat liver most nuclei were found with a mean DNA content in the nucleus of 6 pg; as to the nuclear size--it was about equal to the size of the diploid nucleus (42.5 micronm2). In the regenerating liver DNA synthesis started before the 18th hour after partial hepatectomy. In most of the nuclei the DNA content by the 24th hour was found to be double that in intact animals, indicating a 85-90% engagement of hepatocytes by the first synthesis wave. After mitosis occurring in most cells before the 36th hour after partial hepatectomy much milder DNA synthesis waves followed at the 42nd and 60th hours.", "PMID": 851641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9764", "title": "Evidence for differentiation of human leukemic blood cells in diffusion chamber culture.", "content": "Peripheral blood cells of 21 patients with different forms of acute leukemia were cultured in diffusion chambers (5 x 10(5) cells/chamber) implanted intraperitoneally in 650 R preirradiated host mice over a period of up to 21 days. In patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute erythroleukemia (AEL), or acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AMMoL), the total number of cells which developed during this culture period exceeded the implanted value and also the values for normal peripheral blood cells from ten controls. In acute undifferentiated leukemia (AUL), two out of six patients showed considerable growth whereas the others, and also two patients with acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), had poor growth. Differential counts revealed that the rise in total cells was due mainly to proliferation of blast cells and formation of granulopoietic cells. The latter exceeded the numbers from normal peripheral blood cells in 9 out of 13 patients with AML, AEL, or AMMoL and in 2 out of 6 patients with ALL. The production of granulopoiesis was not restricted to proliferating cells, but included mature cells which were of abnormal morphology in some cases. From the amount of granulopoiesis and the time of its development it was assumed that they were at least partly derived from leukemic blast cells. Chromosome analyses to decide whether the granulopoietic cells were of leukemic or normal cell origin are in progress.", "contents": "Evidence for differentiation of human leukemic blood cells in diffusion chamber culture. Peripheral blood cells of 21 patients with different forms of acute leukemia were cultured in diffusion chambers (5 x 10(5) cells/chamber) implanted intraperitoneally in 650 R preirradiated host mice over a period of up to 21 days. In patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute erythroleukemia (AEL), or acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AMMoL), the total number of cells which developed during this culture period exceeded the implanted value and also the values for normal peripheral blood cells from ten controls. In acute undifferentiated leukemia (AUL), two out of six patients showed considerable growth whereas the others, and also two patients with acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), had poor growth. Differential counts revealed that the rise in total cells was due mainly to proliferation of blast cells and formation of granulopoietic cells. The latter exceeded the numbers from normal peripheral blood cells in 9 out of 13 patients with AML, AEL, or AMMoL and in 2 out of 6 patients with ALL. The production of granulopoiesis was not restricted to proliferating cells, but included mature cells which were of abnormal morphology in some cases. From the amount of granulopoiesis and the time of its development it was assumed that they were at least partly derived from leukemic blast cells. Chromosome analyses to decide whether the granulopoietic cells were of leukemic or normal cell origin are in progress.", "PMID": 851642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9765", "title": "Circulating anticoagulant in a family with prolonged bleeding time and factor VIII deficiency.", "content": "A circulating anticoagulant against factor VIII activity was demonstrated in the plasma of a boy from a family with both factor VIII deficiency and prolonged bleeding time. However, the factor VIII-related antigen, ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation activity, platelet retention in glass bead columns, platelet aggregation with adenosine 5'-diphosphate, collagen and epinephrine, and clot retraction among affected members were normal. The electrophoretic mobility of factor VIII-related antigen on crossed immunoelectrophoresis was normal. The inactivation of factor VIII activity by the inhibitor was time dependent and was nonlinear as the concentration of the inhibitor was increased. Immunotyping showed that the inhibitor was IgG with k light chains.", "contents": "Circulating anticoagulant in a family with prolonged bleeding time and factor VIII deficiency. A circulating anticoagulant against factor VIII activity was demonstrated in the plasma of a boy from a family with both factor VIII deficiency and prolonged bleeding time. However, the factor VIII-related antigen, ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation activity, platelet retention in glass bead columns, platelet aggregation with adenosine 5'-diphosphate, collagen and epinephrine, and clot retraction among affected members were normal. The electrophoretic mobility of factor VIII-related antigen on crossed immunoelectrophoresis was normal. The inactivation of factor VIII activity by the inhibitor was time dependent and was nonlinear as the concentration of the inhibitor was increased. Immunotyping showed that the inhibitor was IgG with k light chains.", "PMID": 851643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9766", "title": "Factor V activity of platelets: evidence for an activated factor V molecule and for a platelet activator.", "content": "This study was prompted by the observation that fresh platelet suspensions--prepared by gel filtration or albumin density gradient centrifugation--possessed only minimal factor V activity, whereas frozen-and-thawed platelet suspensions possessed striking factor V activity. Results of experiments with fresh suspensions suggested that unaltered platelets did not bind plasma factor V. The factor V activity of frozen-and-thawed platelet suspensions was markedly diminished after exposure to a factor V antibody, was not activated by thrombin, and was not associated with an increase in factor V antigen over that found in fresh platelet suspensions. Consequently, disruption by freezing and thawing must have resulted in the appearance of small amounts of an activated factor V molecule in platelet suspensions. Disrupted platelets were shown to activate native factor V, but an interaction between a platelet activator and traces of native factor V in fresh suspensions could not be demonstrated to account for the full activity of frozen-and-thawed suspensions. Apparently, therefore, platelets also contained an activated factor V molecule. Adding collagen, but not adenosine 5'-diphosphate to fresh platelet suspensions increased their factor V activity. Release of an activated platelet factor V molecule after exposure to collagen could represent a physiologically significant early step in hemostasis.", "contents": "Factor V activity of platelets: evidence for an activated factor V molecule and for a platelet activator. This study was prompted by the observation that fresh platelet suspensions--prepared by gel filtration or albumin density gradient centrifugation--possessed only minimal factor V activity, whereas frozen-and-thawed platelet suspensions possessed striking factor V activity. Results of experiments with fresh suspensions suggested that unaltered platelets did not bind plasma factor V. The factor V activity of frozen-and-thawed platelet suspensions was markedly diminished after exposure to a factor V antibody, was not activated by thrombin, and was not associated with an increase in factor V antigen over that found in fresh platelet suspensions. Consequently, disruption by freezing and thawing must have resulted in the appearance of small amounts of an activated factor V molecule in platelet suspensions. Disrupted platelets were shown to activate native factor V, but an interaction between a platelet activator and traces of native factor V in fresh suspensions could not be demonstrated to account for the full activity of frozen-and-thawed suspensions. Apparently, therefore, platelets also contained an activated factor V molecule. Adding collagen, but not adenosine 5'-diphosphate to fresh platelet suspensions increased their factor V activity. Release of an activated platelet factor V molecule after exposure to collagen could represent a physiologically significant early step in hemostasis.", "PMID": 851644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9767", "title": "Effects of ascorbic acid and its 2-sulfate on rabbit aortic intimal thickening.", "content": "Effects of intravenously injected L-ascorbic acid or L=ascorbic acid 2-sulfate on aortic intimal thickening were examined histologically, qualitatively, and quantitatively in the upper, middle and lower thoracic aortic positions of cholesterol-induced atherosclerotic rabbits. A means of evaluating the degree of pathology of the aortic positions was developed employing five descriptive statistics of intimal thickening. Both L-ascorbic acid and L-ascorbic acid 2-sulfate inhibited intimal thickening. The most significant reductions were observed in the upper thoracic aorta.", "contents": "Effects of ascorbic acid and its 2-sulfate on rabbit aortic intimal thickening. Effects of intravenously injected L-ascorbic acid or L=ascorbic acid 2-sulfate on aortic intimal thickening were examined histologically, qualitatively, and quantitatively in the upper, middle and lower thoracic aortic positions of cholesterol-induced atherosclerotic rabbits. A means of evaluating the degree of pathology of the aortic positions was developed employing five descriptive statistics of intimal thickening. Both L-ascorbic acid and L-ascorbic acid 2-sulfate inhibited intimal thickening. The most significant reductions were observed in the upper thoracic aorta.", "PMID": 851645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9768", "title": "[Decreased flexibility of newborn infant erythrocytes].", "content": "The rheological properties of erythrocytes of 10 full-term infants were studied. A method of filtration and measurements of viscosity of erythrocyte suspensions with a hematocrit of 80% were used. Erythrocytes of newborn infants were less flexible than erythrocytes of healthy adults. Rigidity of erthrocytes was due to an increased hemoglobin content of the erythrocyte membranes which was measured in isolated ghosts. After incubation of the cells with acetylphenylhydrazin Heinz-bodies were formed in the erthrocytes of adults. The flexiblity of these cells decreased markedly. More Heinz-bodies were found in the erythrocytes on the newborn infants, when their cells were incubated under identical conditions. These erythrocytes became more rigid than the erythrocytes of adults. From these results we conclude that the more rigid erythrocytes of the newborn infants would not pass the splenic sinus, especially when they contain Heinz-bodies. The rheological properties of the erythrocytes of newborn infants explain the shortened life-span of red cells of newborn infants.", "contents": "[Decreased flexibility of newborn infant erythrocytes]. The rheological properties of erythrocytes of 10 full-term infants were studied. A method of filtration and measurements of viscosity of erythrocyte suspensions with a hematocrit of 80% were used. Erythrocytes of newborn infants were less flexible than erythrocytes of healthy adults. Rigidity of erthrocytes was due to an increased hemoglobin content of the erythrocyte membranes which was measured in isolated ghosts. After incubation of the cells with acetylphenylhydrazin Heinz-bodies were formed in the erthrocytes of adults. The flexiblity of these cells decreased markedly. More Heinz-bodies were found in the erythrocytes on the newborn infants, when their cells were incubated under identical conditions. These erythrocytes became more rigid than the erythrocytes of adults. From these results we conclude that the more rigid erythrocytes of the newborn infants would not pass the splenic sinus, especially when they contain Heinz-bodies. The rheological properties of the erythrocytes of newborn infants explain the shortened life-span of red cells of newborn infants.", "PMID": 851648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9769", "title": "Reduction of mercury, copper, nickel, cadmium, and zinc levels in solution by competitive adsorption onto peanut hulls, and raw and aged bark.", "content": "The competitive adsorption of common heavy metal ions by peanut hulls, raw bark, and composted bark was studied. These solid wastes were found to adsorb significant amounts of one or more of the heavy metals (Hg, Cu, Ni, Cd, Zn) commonly found in municipal sludge and wastewater.", "contents": "Reduction of mercury, copper, nickel, cadmium, and zinc levels in solution by competitive adsorption onto peanut hulls, and raw and aged bark. The competitive adsorption of common heavy metal ions by peanut hulls, raw bark, and composted bark was studied. These solid wastes were found to adsorb significant amounts of one or more of the heavy metals (Hg, Cu, Ni, Cd, Zn) commonly found in municipal sludge and wastewater.", "PMID": 851655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9770", "title": "Smoking in pregnancy: some notes on the statistical controversy.", "content": "The statistical evidence for a relationship between pregnancy smoking, birthweight, and perinatal mortality is critically examined. Some apparent discrepancies between and within different studies are resolved.", "contents": "Smoking in pregnancy: some notes on the statistical controversy. The statistical evidence for a relationship between pregnancy smoking, birthweight, and perinatal mortality is critically examined. Some apparent discrepancies between and within different studies are resolved.", "PMID": 851692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9771", "title": "Academic performance and social factors related to cigarette smoking by schoolchildren.", "content": "Factors which may influence boys and girls aged between 10 and 121/2 years to start smoking were studied. Information was obtained from 491 schoolchildren, their parents, and headteachers. In their own view and that of their headteachers children who did not smoke were academically better than smokers. Children who smoked were more likely than non-smokers to have a parent and siblings of the same sex who smoked. No association was found between the child's own smoking and that of parents and siblings of the opposite sex. Smokers were more likely to have friends who smoked. Most children did not think smoking was enjoyable or desirable and many thought it bad for health, irrespective of their own smoking habits. The majority thought people of their own age smoked to show off.", "contents": "Academic performance and social factors related to cigarette smoking by schoolchildren. Factors which may influence boys and girls aged between 10 and 121/2 years to start smoking were studied. Information was obtained from 491 schoolchildren, their parents, and headteachers. In their own view and that of their headteachers children who did not smoke were academically better than smokers. Children who smoked were more likely than non-smokers to have a parent and siblings of the same sex who smoked. No association was found between the child's own smoking and that of parents and siblings of the opposite sex. Smokers were more likely to have friends who smoked. Most children did not think smoking was enjoyable or desirable and many thought it bad for health, irrespective of their own smoking habits. The majority thought people of their own age smoked to show off.", "PMID": 851693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9772", "title": "Temperature and deaths from ischaemic heart disease.", "content": "Certain features of the relationship between 11 measurements of weekly temperature and the number of deaths from ischaemic heart disease (IHD) within age groups in Greater London between 1970 and 1974 are described. Firstly, the correlation coefficients between age-specific deaths from IHD and each of the temperature variables are of a similar order. Secondly, in contrast, the linear regression coefficients between deaths and temperature are more variable and depend upon the particular measurement of temperature chosen. Thirdly, the proportional changes in the number of deaths with the temperature variables are similar within specific age groups; consequently it is suggested that deaths from IHD and temperature may be directly related.", "contents": "Temperature and deaths from ischaemic heart disease. Certain features of the relationship between 11 measurements of weekly temperature and the number of deaths from ischaemic heart disease (IHD) within age groups in Greater London between 1970 and 1974 are described. Firstly, the correlation coefficients between age-specific deaths from IHD and each of the temperature variables are of a similar order. Secondly, in contrast, the linear regression coefficients between deaths and temperature are more variable and depend upon the particular measurement of temperature chosen. Thirdly, the proportional changes in the number of deaths with the temperature variables are similar within specific age groups; consequently it is suggested that deaths from IHD and temperature may be directly related.", "PMID": 851695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9773", "title": "An epidemiological study of congenital reduction deformities of the limbs.", "content": "A retrospective study that was undertaken to determine why more infants had been born with congenital reduction deformities of the limbs is reported. The increase was detected by the Congenital Anomaly Surveillance System in 1969. Ninety-three infants born in Alberta and British Columbia in 1969-71 with congenital reduction deformities were matched with 93 normal infants and 93 infants with congenital malformations of a different type. The mothers of all infants were interviewed to obtain information on factors thought relevant to the establishment of a causal relationship. Although there were some significant differences between cases and normaland/or abnormal controls, this number of differences might have been expected by chance. No single causal relationship was established.", "contents": "An epidemiological study of congenital reduction deformities of the limbs. A retrospective study that was undertaken to determine why more infants had been born with congenital reduction deformities of the limbs is reported. The increase was detected by the Congenital Anomaly Surveillance System in 1969. Ninety-three infants born in Alberta and British Columbia in 1969-71 with congenital reduction deformities were matched with 93 normal infants and 93 infants with congenital malformations of a different type. The mothers of all infants were interviewed to obtain information on factors thought relevant to the establishment of a causal relationship. Although there were some significant differences between cases and normaland/or abnormal controls, this number of differences might have been expected by chance. No single causal relationship was established.", "PMID": 851694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9774", "title": "Daily mortality and environment in English conurbations. Air pollution, low temperature, and influenza in Greater London.", "content": "With the decline in concentrations of suspended particulate pollution in Greater London the association seen in the 1950s and early 1960s between daily mortality and air pollution in the conurbation is no longer apparent. Associations between unusually cold weather and short-term increases in mortality have been noted; there appears to be a tendency for influenza epidemics to follow cold spells.", "contents": "Daily mortality and environment in English conurbations. Air pollution, low temperature, and influenza in Greater London. With the decline in concentrations of suspended particulate pollution in Greater London the association seen in the 1950s and early 1960s between daily mortality and air pollution in the conurbation is no longer apparent. Associations between unusually cold weather and short-term increases in mortality have been noted; there appears to be a tendency for influenza epidemics to follow cold spells.", "PMID": 851696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9775", "title": "An explanation for the observed increase in mortality after a birthday in people over 75 years old.", "content": "In a recent analysis, Alderson (1975) presented data that suggested a statistically significant, although numerically small, relationship between the month of birth and the month of death of elderly people. It is shown here that this relationship was to be expected from the sampling procedure used and was not related to \"birthday stress\" factors.", "contents": "An explanation for the observed increase in mortality after a birthday in people over 75 years old. In a recent analysis, Alderson (1975) presented data that suggested a statistically significant, although numerically small, relationship between the month of birth and the month of death of elderly people. It is shown here that this relationship was to be expected from the sampling procedure used and was not related to \"birthday stress\" factors.", "PMID": 851697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9776", "title": "Inappropriate constancy scaling as a factor in the M\u00fcller-Lyer illusion.", "content": "The inappropriate constancy theory of geometrical illusions assumes the existence of implicit depth cues which automatically set constancy scaling. In the present study the phenomenon of cue conflict has been employed to test for latent depth cues in the M\u00fcller-Lyer figures. The technique consisted in introducing a stereoscopic disparity between the figures by means of an aniseikonic lens and measuring the perceived depth between the figures. The magnitude of the stereoscopic effect depends on whether the perspective cues augment or inhibit the stereoscopic depth cues. The results were inconsistent with the misapplied constancy theory, but confirmed Pike & Stacey's (1969) observation that the illusion of size may act as a depth cue.", "contents": "Inappropriate constancy scaling as a factor in the M\u00fcller-Lyer illusion. The inappropriate constancy theory of geometrical illusions assumes the existence of implicit depth cues which automatically set constancy scaling. In the present study the phenomenon of cue conflict has been employed to test for latent depth cues in the M\u00fcller-Lyer figures. The technique consisted in introducing a stereoscopic disparity between the figures by means of an aniseikonic lens and measuring the perceived depth between the figures. The magnitude of the stereoscopic effect depends on whether the perspective cues augment or inhibit the stereoscopic depth cues. The results were inconsistent with the misapplied constancy theory, but confirmed Pike & Stacey's (1969) observation that the illusion of size may act as a depth cue.", "PMID": 851698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9777", "title": "Aortocaval fistula as a complication of leaking aortic aneurysm.", "content": "The successful management of 2 patients is reported, each involving the closure of a fistula into the inferior vena cava as a sequel to the rupture of an atherosclerotic aortic aneurysm. It is an uncommon complication which should be suspected in the presence of an aortic aneurysm with a loud machinery bruit. Associated peripheral cyanosis and venous pulsation in the accessible proximal veins of the lower extremity and priapism afford strong supporting evidence.", "contents": "Aortocaval fistula as a complication of leaking aortic aneurysm. The successful management of 2 patients is reported, each involving the closure of a fistula into the inferior vena cava as a sequel to the rupture of an atherosclerotic aortic aneurysm. It is an uncommon complication which should be suspected in the presence of an aortic aneurysm with a loud machinery bruit. Associated peripheral cyanosis and venous pulsation in the accessible proximal veins of the lower extremity and priapism afford strong supporting evidence.", "PMID": 851699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9778", "title": "Drug consumption before perforation of peptic ulcer.", "content": "In a retrospective study of 195 patients with a perforated peptic ulcer 18 per cent of the patients had taken aspirin, phenylbutazone or corticosteroids during the period before the perforation. In a controlled prospective trial, 18 of 22 patients (82 per cent) had taken drugs known to be potentially harmful to the stomach. Aspirin was the drug mainly used. Thirteen of 22 patients had taken the drugs within 12 hours of the perforation, usually because of symptoms not related to the gastro-intestinal tract. Drug consumption and perforation of pre-pyloric ulcers were most closely associated; the latter applies particularly to female patients, who either had only a short history of upper gastro-intestinal dyspepsia or were asymptomatic.", "contents": "Drug consumption before perforation of peptic ulcer. In a retrospective study of 195 patients with a perforated peptic ulcer 18 per cent of the patients had taken aspirin, phenylbutazone or corticosteroids during the period before the perforation. In a controlled prospective trial, 18 of 22 patients (82 per cent) had taken drugs known to be potentially harmful to the stomach. Aspirin was the drug mainly used. Thirteen of 22 patients had taken the drugs within 12 hours of the perforation, usually because of symptoms not related to the gastro-intestinal tract. Drug consumption and perforation of pre-pyloric ulcers were most closely associated; the latter applies particularly to female patients, who either had only a short history of upper gastro-intestinal dyspepsia or were asymptomatic.", "PMID": 851700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9779", "title": "Surgical treatment of sclerosing peritonitis caused by practolol.", "content": "A detailed and illustrated account is given of the surgical operation needed to treat practolol-induced sclerosing peritonitis, based on the personal experience of 6 patients.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of sclerosing peritonitis caused by practolol. A detailed and illustrated account is given of the surgical operation needed to treat practolol-induced sclerosing peritonitis, based on the personal experience of 6 patients.", "PMID": 851701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9780", "title": "Zinc metabolism and surgical trauma.", "content": "Several investigations have shown that zinc deficiency impairs wound healing in surgical wounds and in chronic ulcers. It is also well established that surgical trauma produces a sharp decrease in serum zinc concentration. It has not been clearly shown that this decrease is due to a rise in urinary excretion. In the present investigation the relationship between urinary zinc excretion and the fall in serum zinc postoperatively was studied in 38 patients. Older patients usually had low preoperative serum zinc concentrations. Preoperative zinc substitution is therefore suggested for such patients.", "contents": "Zinc metabolism and surgical trauma. Several investigations have shown that zinc deficiency impairs wound healing in surgical wounds and in chronic ulcers. It is also well established that surgical trauma produces a sharp decrease in serum zinc concentration. It has not been clearly shown that this decrease is due to a rise in urinary excretion. In the present investigation the relationship between urinary zinc excretion and the fall in serum zinc postoperatively was studied in 38 patients. Older patients usually had low preoperative serum zinc concentrations. Preoperative zinc substitution is therefore suggested for such patients.", "PMID": 851702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9781", "title": "Dangerous reactions to treatment of onchocerciasis with diethylcarbamazine.", "content": "Nine Nigerians with severe onchocerciasis who were treated with diethylcarbamazine developed clinical changes, ranging in severity from mild itching to distress, cough, and syncope. Physiological changes (fever, tachypnoea, tachycardia, or hypotension) were seen in eight. In five patients the systolic blood pressure fell by more than 25 mm Hg, and one patient collapsed on attempting to sit up. Circulating eosinophils decreased profoundly in all cases, reaching their lowest levels just before or during the clinical and physiological changes. A fall in serum complement (c3) accompanied the reaction but there was no fall in antibody titre. Diethylcarbamazine probably acts on the parasite's cuticle, thus exposing it to the body's defence mechansims. The reaction coincides with the death of microfilariae, and the accompanying physiological changes may be so severe, even in generally healthy patients, the treatment should perferably be started in hospital.", "contents": "Dangerous reactions to treatment of onchocerciasis with diethylcarbamazine. Nine Nigerians with severe onchocerciasis who were treated with diethylcarbamazine developed clinical changes, ranging in severity from mild itching to distress, cough, and syncope. Physiological changes (fever, tachypnoea, tachycardia, or hypotension) were seen in eight. In five patients the systolic blood pressure fell by more than 25 mm Hg, and one patient collapsed on attempting to sit up. Circulating eosinophils decreased profoundly in all cases, reaching their lowest levels just before or during the clinical and physiological changes. A fall in serum complement (c3) accompanied the reaction but there was no fall in antibody titre. Diethylcarbamazine probably acts on the parasite's cuticle, thus exposing it to the body's defence mechansims. The reaction coincides with the death of microfilariae, and the accompanying physiological changes may be so severe, even in generally healthy patients, the treatment should perferably be started in hospital.", "PMID": 851711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9782", "title": "Feeding of school children in a London borough.", "content": "A survey of 12 schools in a London borough showed that the protein and energy content of the average school meal was below the standard set by the Department of Health and Social Security for all age groups. Failure to meet the standards resulted from inadequate food purchases, poor menu planning and portion control, and several management problems. A 24-hour recall questionnaire showed that 5% of the pupils were \"poorly\" fed. These pupils were, however, no worse off than their \"adequately\" fed peers with regard to absences from school or academic attainment measured by reading quotient, but there was some slight difference in height and weight. The percentage of children having no breakfast increased from 4% in the infant schools to 21% in the senior schools. Two per cent of the senior pupils regularly ate no lunch.", "contents": "Feeding of school children in a London borough. A survey of 12 schools in a London borough showed that the protein and energy content of the average school meal was below the standard set by the Department of Health and Social Security for all age groups. Failure to meet the standards resulted from inadequate food purchases, poor menu planning and portion control, and several management problems. A 24-hour recall questionnaire showed that 5% of the pupils were \"poorly\" fed. These pupils were, however, no worse off than their \"adequately\" fed peers with regard to absences from school or academic attainment measured by reading quotient, but there was some slight difference in height and weight. The percentage of children having no breakfast increased from 4% in the infant schools to 21% in the senior schools. Two per cent of the senior pupils regularly ate no lunch.", "PMID": 851715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9783", "title": "Paediatric home nursing scheme in Gateshead.", "content": "A scheme to provide specialised nursing care for sick children in their own homes was begun in Gateshead in 1974. Selected district nurses were retrained in the paediatric unit on which the scheme was based and nursed at home 22 children referred to them by general practitioners as the alternative to hospital admission and 39 discharged to their care by the hospital. Most of the children were aged 3 years or less and came from working-class homes. Most of the mothers who were asked were in favour of the scheme.", "contents": "Paediatric home nursing scheme in Gateshead. A scheme to provide specialised nursing care for sick children in their own homes was begun in Gateshead in 1974. Selected district nurses were retrained in the paediatric unit on which the scheme was based and nursed at home 22 children referred to them by general practitioners as the alternative to hospital admission and 39 discharged to their care by the hospital. Most of the children were aged 3 years or less and came from working-class homes. Most of the mothers who were asked were in favour of the scheme.", "PMID": 851716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9784", "title": "Deliberate self-poisoning: a study in London casualty departments.", "content": "During a prospective study of the whole spectrum of drug-related problems treated in one month by 62 casualty departments in the Greater London area, 949 cases of deliberate self-poisoning were identified. Nearly three-quarters of the patients were under the age of 40 years and in all age groups women outnumbered men. Psychoactive drugs of some sort were used in 673 incidents (71%) and ordinary analgesics and other drugs were used in 252 (27%). The incidence of polydrug overdose (423; 45%) was much higher than that found in other studies. In at least 256 incidents (27%) there was a history of repeated overdose in the previous 12 months. Comparison with other studies showed a steady decline in the use of barbiturates in deliberate self-poisoning but an increase in the use of non-barbiturate hypnotics, minor tranquilisers, and antidepressants.", "contents": "Deliberate self-poisoning: a study in London casualty departments. During a prospective study of the whole spectrum of drug-related problems treated in one month by 62 casualty departments in the Greater London area, 949 cases of deliberate self-poisoning were identified. Nearly three-quarters of the patients were under the age of 40 years and in all age groups women outnumbered men. Psychoactive drugs of some sort were used in 673 incidents (71%) and ordinary analgesics and other drugs were used in 252 (27%). The incidence of polydrug overdose (423; 45%) was much higher than that found in other studies. In at least 256 incidents (27%) there was a history of repeated overdose in the previous 12 months. Comparison with other studies showed a steady decline in the use of barbiturates in deliberate self-poisoning but an increase in the use of non-barbiturate hypnotics, minor tranquilisers, and antidepressants.", "PMID": 851739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9785", "title": "Evaluation of fetal wellbeing by antepartum fetal heart monitoring.", "content": "The value of antenatal fetal heart rate monitoring was assessed in 301 patients. Tracings from each patient were classified as \"reactive\" or \"non-reactive.\" Perinatal mortality, fetal distress in labour, caesarean section for fetal distress, and the incidence of low Apgar scores were all significantly increased in the non-reactive group.", "contents": "Evaluation of fetal wellbeing by antepartum fetal heart monitoring. The value of antenatal fetal heart rate monitoring was assessed in 301 patients. Tracings from each patient were classified as \"reactive\" or \"non-reactive.\" Perinatal mortality, fetal distress in labour, caesarean section for fetal distress, and the incidence of low Apgar scores were all significantly increased in the non-reactive group.", "PMID": 851791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9786", "title": "Sex-related differences among 100 patients with alcoholic liver disease.", "content": "During 1975 we studied 100 patients--77 men and 23 women--who had a history of alcohol abuse and disturbed liver function test results. On presentation the women were less likely to be suspected of alcohol abuse (9; 38%) than the men (59; 77%). Although the quantity of alcohol consumed and length of history of alcohol abuse were similar for men and women, the incidence of chronic advanced liver disease was higher among women (86%) than among men (65%). Women, however, were less likely to have developed primary liver cell cancer. Overall the women had a higher incidence of other alcohol-related disorders and were less likely to stop abusing alcohol (2; 9%) than were their male counterparts (22; 29%). Women seem to be more susceptible to alcohol-related disease.", "contents": "Sex-related differences among 100 patients with alcoholic liver disease. During 1975 we studied 100 patients--77 men and 23 women--who had a history of alcohol abuse and disturbed liver function test results. On presentation the women were less likely to be suspected of alcohol abuse (9; 38%) than the men (59; 77%). Although the quantity of alcohol consumed and length of history of alcohol abuse were similar for men and women, the incidence of chronic advanced liver disease was higher among women (86%) than among men (65%). Women, however, were less likely to have developed primary liver cell cancer. Overall the women had a higher incidence of other alcohol-related disorders and were less likely to stop abusing alcohol (2; 9%) than were their male counterparts (22; 29%). Women seem to be more susceptible to alcohol-related disease.", "PMID": 851792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9787", "title": "Disseminated histoplasmosis in an English patient with diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Histoplasma capsulatum is not endemic in Britain. We report a case of disseminated histoplasmosis in an English man who had not ventured out of northern Europe for 30 years. The disease presented as painful mouth ulcers and hepatosplenomegaly six months after he had developed maturity-onset diabetes. The origin of the infecting fungus may have been from within the United Kingdom or alternatively it may have existed as an intraoral saprophyte for over 30 years.", "contents": "Disseminated histoplasmosis in an English patient with diabetes mellitus. Histoplasma capsulatum is not endemic in Britain. We report a case of disseminated histoplasmosis in an English man who had not ventured out of northern Europe for 30 years. The disease presented as painful mouth ulcers and hepatosplenomegaly six months after he had developed maturity-onset diabetes. The origin of the infecting fungus may have been from within the United Kingdom or alternatively it may have existed as an intraoral saprophyte for over 30 years.", "PMID": 851818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9788", "title": "Thalamic projections to parietal cortex.", "content": "Thalamic projections to parietal regions of cerebral cortex were investigated in the cat by retrograde degeneration and retrograde transport techniques. Studies of retrograde cellular changes indicate cortically projecting cells in the lateroporterior nucleus (LP), rostral pulvinar (Pul), and the ventral part of the laterodorsal nucleus (LD). When lesions were placed in the cortex of young kittens, clear chromatolytic changes and cell loss were also consistently observed in middle and caudal parts of the ventroanterior nucleus (VA). Investigations of retrograde transport following intracortical injections of horseradish peroxidase have confirmed the results of retrograde degeneration studies by demonstrating cortically projecting cells in VA, LP, LD, and Pul. Retrograde transport studies also indicate cortically projecting cells in the central lateral nucleus. Material from both experimental techniques demonstrates a loose topographic organization of the projections from the lateral thalamus. Anterior parts of LP project to the anterior lateral gyrus and anterior middle suprasylvian gyrus. Middle LP and rostral Pul project to the middle suprasylvian gyrus.", "contents": "Thalamic projections to parietal cortex. Thalamic projections to parietal regions of cerebral cortex were investigated in the cat by retrograde degeneration and retrograde transport techniques. Studies of retrograde cellular changes indicate cortically projecting cells in the lateroporterior nucleus (LP), rostral pulvinar (Pul), and the ventral part of the laterodorsal nucleus (LD). When lesions were placed in the cortex of young kittens, clear chromatolytic changes and cell loss were also consistently observed in middle and caudal parts of the ventroanterior nucleus (VA). Investigations of retrograde transport following intracortical injections of horseradish peroxidase have confirmed the results of retrograde degeneration studies by demonstrating cortically projecting cells in VA, LP, LD, and Pul. Retrograde transport studies also indicate cortically projecting cells in the central lateral nucleus. Material from both experimental techniques demonstrates a loose topographic organization of the projections from the lateral thalamus. Anterior parts of LP project to the anterior lateral gyrus and anterior middle suprasylvian gyrus. Middle LP and rostral Pul project to the middle suprasylvian gyrus.", "PMID": 851845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9789", "title": "Visual wulst influences on the optic tectum of the pigeon.", "content": "The influence of the visual wulst on the optic tectum of Columba livia were studied. Analysis of the surface field potential evoked by optic nerve stimulation showed that it is composed of two presynaptic waves (pr1 and pr2) a negative monosynaptic wave (N) and a late, positive component (P) due to activation of deeply located neurons. Single shock visual wulst stimulation elicited a surface-positive field potential the depth profile of which showed that it is due to the activation of neurons of the deep tectal layers, probably different from those responsible for the P wave. Visual wulst stimulation depresses the positive component of the field potential elicited by optic nerve stimulation. It is suggested that this effect is mediated by intratectal inhibitory interneurons.", "contents": "Visual wulst influences on the optic tectum of the pigeon. The influence of the visual wulst on the optic tectum of Columba livia were studied. Analysis of the surface field potential evoked by optic nerve stimulation showed that it is composed of two presynaptic waves (pr1 and pr2) a negative monosynaptic wave (N) and a late, positive component (P) due to activation of deeply located neurons. Single shock visual wulst stimulation elicited a surface-positive field potential the depth profile of which showed that it is due to the activation of neurons of the deep tectal layers, probably different from those responsible for the P wave. Visual wulst stimulation depresses the positive component of the field potential elicited by optic nerve stimulation. It is suggested that this effect is mediated by intratectal inhibitory interneurons.", "PMID": 851846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9790", "title": "Convergence of excitatory synaptic inputs to caudate spiny neurons.", "content": "Intracellular recordings were obtained from cat caudate nucleus neurons. These cells responded with convergent, monosynaptic EPSPs to cerebral cortex, intralaminar thalamus, and substantia nigra stimulation. Intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase into these electrophysiologically defined neurons shows that they represent the spiny neuron of the caudate based upon somadendritic morphology. The axons of these cells are appreciably longer than previous reports indicate. Several lines of evidence are discussed to question the intrinsic nature of these neurons.", "contents": "Convergence of excitatory synaptic inputs to caudate spiny neurons. Intracellular recordings were obtained from cat caudate nucleus neurons. These cells responded with convergent, monosynaptic EPSPs to cerebral cortex, intralaminar thalamus, and substantia nigra stimulation. Intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase into these electrophysiologically defined neurons shows that they represent the spiny neuron of the caudate based upon somadendritic morphology. The axons of these cells are appreciably longer than previous reports indicate. Several lines of evidence are discussed to question the intrinsic nature of these neurons.", "PMID": 851861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9791", "title": "Influence of voluntary movement and posture on recurrent inhibition in human subjects.", "content": "Recurrent inhibition elicited by a conditioning H reflex is measured in normal man by the amount of inhibition of a test H reflex produced by motoneurones that have already given rise to the conditioning reflex. The recurrent inhibition of soleus motoneurones is lowered during a voluntary contraction of this muscle while it is enhanced during a voluntary contraction of its antagonist, the tibialis anterior, and not modified during a contraction of the quadriceps. This recurrent inhibition is also enhanced when the subject is standing without support. These changes in recurrent inhibition are thought to imply supraspinal mechanisms acting on Renshaw cells. The functional significance of these changes is discussed in relation to the recent finding in animals of recurrent depression of the transmission in the Ia inhibitory pathway.", "contents": "Influence of voluntary movement and posture on recurrent inhibition in human subjects. Recurrent inhibition elicited by a conditioning H reflex is measured in normal man by the amount of inhibition of a test H reflex produced by motoneurones that have already given rise to the conditioning reflex. The recurrent inhibition of soleus motoneurones is lowered during a voluntary contraction of this muscle while it is enhanced during a voluntary contraction of its antagonist, the tibialis anterior, and not modified during a contraction of the quadriceps. This recurrent inhibition is also enhanced when the subject is standing without support. These changes in recurrent inhibition are thought to imply supraspinal mechanisms acting on Renshaw cells. The functional significance of these changes is discussed in relation to the recent finding in animals of recurrent depression of the transmission in the Ia inhibitory pathway.", "PMID": 851862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9792", "title": "Distribution of endorphins (peptides with morphine-like pharmacological activity) in pituitary.", "content": "Endorphin was found in the pituitary gland of rat, sheep, pig, cow and man. In bovine pituitary, highest concentrations have been found in that part of the posterior lobe containing the pars intermedia, although endorphin was also present in the pars distalis. Analysis by gel filtration and adsorption chromatography suggested that the major endorphins from rat, pig and cow pituitary were similar, with apparent molecular weights in the range 3000-3500 daltons.", "contents": "Distribution of endorphins (peptides with morphine-like pharmacological activity) in pituitary. Endorphin was found in the pituitary gland of rat, sheep, pig, cow and man. In bovine pituitary, highest concentrations have been found in that part of the posterior lobe containing the pars intermedia, although endorphin was also present in the pars distalis. Analysis by gel filtration and adsorption chromatography suggested that the major endorphins from rat, pig and cow pituitary were similar, with apparent molecular weights in the range 3000-3500 daltons.", "PMID": 851863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9793", "title": "Quantitative autoradiographic analysis of the time course of proliferation of contralateral entorhinal efferents in the dentate gyrus denervated by ipsilateral entorhinal lesions.", "content": "The time course of the post-lesion proliferation of contralateral entorhinal afferents which occurs in response to ipsilateral entorhinal lesions was quanititatively analyzed with autoradiographic techniques. The extent of the crossed projection to the dentate granule cells was quantified on the basis of a contralateral/ipsilateral (C/I) ratio of grain density in the entorhinal terminal zones at 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and over 60 days post-lesion. C/I ratios of grain density indicate little if any change in the crossed projection at 6 days post-lesion. Between 8 and 12 days post-lesion, the extent of the crossed projection increases dramatically, on the basis of the C/I ratio of grain density. C/I ratios do not increase further between 12 and 14 days post-lesion, but are higher at 60 days post-lesion. These results suggest that the crossed pathway proliferates extensively within the denervated zones between 8 and 12 days post-lesion, and may continue to proliferate at a much slower rate after 12 days post-lesion.", "contents": "Quantitative autoradiographic analysis of the time course of proliferation of contralateral entorhinal efferents in the dentate gyrus denervated by ipsilateral entorhinal lesions. The time course of the post-lesion proliferation of contralateral entorhinal afferents which occurs in response to ipsilateral entorhinal lesions was quanititatively analyzed with autoradiographic techniques. The extent of the crossed projection to the dentate granule cells was quantified on the basis of a contralateral/ipsilateral (C/I) ratio of grain density in the entorhinal terminal zones at 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and over 60 days post-lesion. C/I ratios of grain density indicate little if any change in the crossed projection at 6 days post-lesion. Between 8 and 12 days post-lesion, the extent of the crossed projection increases dramatically, on the basis of the C/I ratio of grain density. C/I ratios do not increase further between 12 and 14 days post-lesion, but are higher at 60 days post-lesion. These results suggest that the crossed pathway proliferates extensively within the denervated zones between 8 and 12 days post-lesion, and may continue to proliferate at a much slower rate after 12 days post-lesion.", "PMID": 851867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9794", "title": "Dissociation of hippocampal EEG from its behavioral correlates by septal and hippocampal electrical stimulation.", "content": "(1) Electrical stimulation of septum or hippocampus produced frequency specific hippocampal synchrony and hippocampal desynchrony. (2) Behaviors normally correlated with the occurrence of hippocampal desynchrony continued during elicitation of synchrony. Similarly, behaviors normally correlated with the occurrence of synchrony continued during elicitation of desynchrony. Stated conversely, specific hippocampal patterns were elicited without eliciting the behaviors which occur when similar patterns are generated by the spontaneously behaving animal. (3) These results suggest that the import of hippocampal patterns highly correlated with specific types of behaviors might best be sought in processes remote from the endpoint of motor performance per se.", "contents": "Dissociation of hippocampal EEG from its behavioral correlates by septal and hippocampal electrical stimulation. (1) Electrical stimulation of septum or hippocampus produced frequency specific hippocampal synchrony and hippocampal desynchrony. (2) Behaviors normally correlated with the occurrence of hippocampal desynchrony continued during elicitation of synchrony. Similarly, behaviors normally correlated with the occurrence of synchrony continued during elicitation of desynchrony. Stated conversely, specific hippocampal patterns were elicited without eliciting the behaviors which occur when similar patterns are generated by the spontaneously behaving animal. (3) These results suggest that the import of hippocampal patterns highly correlated with specific types of behaviors might best be sought in processes remote from the endpoint of motor performance per se.", "PMID": 851875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9795", "title": "The mechanical properties of human motor units with special reference to their fatiguability and recruitment threshold.", "content": "The recruitment thresholds, twitch tension, twitch contraction time and fatiguability of human motor units have been studied in the first dorsal interosseous of the hand. Units recruited at contraction strengths less than 50 g had relatively low twitch tensions (0.18-1.9 g), long contraction times (59-146 msec) and were non-fatiguable. Units recruited at higher contraction strengths (less than 200 g) had higher twitch tensions (15-26g), faster contraction times (33-57 msec) and were highly fatiguable. It is concluded that during graded voluntary muscle contractions motor units are recruited in order of increasing contraction strength and diminishing fatigue resistance.", "contents": "The mechanical properties of human motor units with special reference to their fatiguability and recruitment threshold. The recruitment thresholds, twitch tension, twitch contraction time and fatiguability of human motor units have been studied in the first dorsal interosseous of the hand. Units recruited at contraction strengths less than 50 g had relatively low twitch tensions (0.18-1.9 g), long contraction times (59-146 msec) and were non-fatiguable. Units recruited at higher contraction strengths (less than 200 g) had higher twitch tensions (15-26g), faster contraction times (33-57 msec) and were highly fatiguable. It is concluded that during graded voluntary muscle contractions motor units are recruited in order of increasing contraction strength and diminishing fatigue resistance.", "PMID": 851876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9796", "title": "The path and rate of growth of regenerating motor neurons in the cockroach.", "content": "Nerve root 5 that supplies the coxal depressor muscles from the metathoracic ganglion in the cockroach was crushed. Regeneration of the motor neurons was studied by cutting the nerve at several distances from the crush point and introducing cobalt chloride into the cut end. The operation was followed by a lag period of about 13 days after which the axons regenerated at a rate of 0.9 mm per day. After regeneration had been completed a pattern of axon distribution was established among the nerve branches that was very similar to that found in intact, normal cockroaches. This pattern was established through an apparent directed growth of certain axons from identified cells into branch 5rl, their normal pathway. However, at the same time, radom or increased branching of other unidentified motor neurons produced some errors in the distribution of axons among the nerve branches. Eventually these errors were corrected by the degeneration of neuronal processes that did not synapse with correct target muscles. These results demonstrate the requirement for a highly specific intercellular recognition process between individual, identified motor neurons and the appropriate muscles they innervate in order to reform the original innervation pattern during regneration.", "contents": "The path and rate of growth of regenerating motor neurons in the cockroach. Nerve root 5 that supplies the coxal depressor muscles from the metathoracic ganglion in the cockroach was crushed. Regeneration of the motor neurons was studied by cutting the nerve at several distances from the crush point and introducing cobalt chloride into the cut end. The operation was followed by a lag period of about 13 days after which the axons regenerated at a rate of 0.9 mm per day. After regeneration had been completed a pattern of axon distribution was established among the nerve branches that was very similar to that found in intact, normal cockroaches. This pattern was established through an apparent directed growth of certain axons from identified cells into branch 5rl, their normal pathway. However, at the same time, radom or increased branching of other unidentified motor neurons produced some errors in the distribution of axons among the nerve branches. Eventually these errors were corrected by the degeneration of neuronal processes that did not synapse with correct target muscles. These results demonstrate the requirement for a highly specific intercellular recognition process between individual, identified motor neurons and the appropriate muscles they innervate in order to reform the original innervation pattern during regneration.", "PMID": 851877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9797", "title": "Selective loss of lateral geniculate cells in the adult cat after chronic monocular paralysis.", "content": "Adult cats with chronic (two weeks) monocular paralysis had lateral geniculates with diminished numbers of cells characterized by long latency responses to optic chiasm shock. This diminution was unexpectedly more prominent among lamina A1 cells, driven by the mobile and presumably normal eye, than among cells receiving inputs from the paralyzed eye. These results confirm reports suggesting that a hitherto unrecognized degree of plasticity exists in the central nervous system of the adult cat.", "contents": "Selective loss of lateral geniculate cells in the adult cat after chronic monocular paralysis. Adult cats with chronic (two weeks) monocular paralysis had lateral geniculates with diminished numbers of cells characterized by long latency responses to optic chiasm shock. This diminution was unexpectedly more prominent among lamina A1 cells, driven by the mobile and presumably normal eye, than among cells receiving inputs from the paralyzed eye. These results confirm reports suggesting that a hitherto unrecognized degree of plasticity exists in the central nervous system of the adult cat.", "PMID": 851878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9798", "title": "Neural mechanisms of the corneal blinking reflex in cats.", "content": "Neural mechanisms of the blinking reflex elicited by corneal stimulation were analyzed with electrophysiological techniques in the enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9 cat. (1) Mechanical and electrical stimulation elicited two successive responses of the electromyogram of the orbicularis oculi. Neuromuscular unit studies revealed that the same unit was excited twice and that the latencies of both responses corresponded well with the two EMG responses. (2) The late response was easily affected by anoxia and pentobarbital administration, and was also abolished with the slow-wave sleep stage. (3) Both responses were abolished by ipsilateral transection between the inferior colliculus and genu of the facial nerve. (4) Compared with the latencies of the EMG, the sum of the conduction times through the sensory trigeminal nucleus and the facial nucleus corresponded with the latency of the early response. The sum of the conduction times through the reticular formation, added to the former reflex arc, corresponded to the latency of the late response. (5) The reflex pathway of the early response is consistent with a three-neuron arc passing through the sensory trigeminal nucleus and the facial nucleus. The late response may employ a multisynaptic arc passing through the brain stem medial reticular formation between the sensory trigeminal nucleus and the facial nucleus.", "contents": "Neural mechanisms of the corneal blinking reflex in cats. Neural mechanisms of the blinking reflex elicited by corneal stimulation were analyzed with electrophysiological techniques in the enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9 cat. (1) Mechanical and electrical stimulation elicited two successive responses of the electromyogram of the orbicularis oculi. Neuromuscular unit studies revealed that the same unit was excited twice and that the latencies of both responses corresponded well with the two EMG responses. (2) The late response was easily affected by anoxia and pentobarbital administration, and was also abolished with the slow-wave sleep stage. (3) Both responses were abolished by ipsilateral transection between the inferior colliculus and genu of the facial nerve. (4) Compared with the latencies of the EMG, the sum of the conduction times through the sensory trigeminal nucleus and the facial nucleus corresponded with the latency of the early response. The sum of the conduction times through the reticular formation, added to the former reflex arc, corresponded to the latency of the late response. (5) The reflex pathway of the early response is consistent with a three-neuron arc passing through the sensory trigeminal nucleus and the facial nucleus. The late response may employ a multisynaptic arc passing through the brain stem medial reticular formation between the sensory trigeminal nucleus and the facial nucleus.", "PMID": 851879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9799", "title": "Noradrenaline distribution insubcortical areas of the human brain.", "content": "Spectrofluorimetric assay of noradrenaline (NA) was performed in human postmortem brain material in an attempt to provide a detailed map of the subcortical distribution pattern of NA in the human brain. The concentrations of NA was particularly high in 4 areas of the lower brain stem: the area postrema, the area of the nuclei paranigralis-parabrachialis pigmetosus, the locus coeruleus, and the interpeduncular nucleus. The NA-rich areas of the forebrain were determined to be the hypothalamus, the central amygdaloid nucleus, the nucleus accumbens septi, the medial part of the olfactory area, and the bed nucleus of the straia terminalis. The biochemical mapping of NA is discussed in relation to distribution studies based on the histofluorescence technique.", "contents": "Noradrenaline distribution insubcortical areas of the human brain. Spectrofluorimetric assay of noradrenaline (NA) was performed in human postmortem brain material in an attempt to provide a detailed map of the subcortical distribution pattern of NA in the human brain. The concentrations of NA was particularly high in 4 areas of the lower brain stem: the area postrema, the area of the nuclei paranigralis-parabrachialis pigmetosus, the locus coeruleus, and the interpeduncular nucleus. The NA-rich areas of the forebrain were determined to be the hypothalamus, the central amygdaloid nucleus, the nucleus accumbens septi, the medial part of the olfactory area, and the bed nucleus of the straia terminalis. The biochemical mapping of NA is discussed in relation to distribution studies based on the histofluorescence technique.", "PMID": 851895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9800", "title": "Metabolism of monoterpene alcohol, linalool, by a soil pseudomonad.", "content": "A microorganism of the genus Pseudomonas has been isolated from the soil by enrichment culture techniques with linalool(I) as the sole source of carbon and energy. The organism is also capable of utilizing limonene, citronellol, and geraniol as substrates but fails to grow on citral, critranellal, and 1,8-cineole. Fermentation of linalool by this bacterium in a mineral salt medium results in the formation of 10-hydroxylinalool(II), oleuropeic acid (IX), 2-vinyl-2-methyl-5-hydroxyisopropyl-tetraphydrofuran)linalool oxide, V), 2-vinyl-2-methyl-tetrahydrofuran-5-one(unsaturated lactone, VI), and few unidentified minor metabolities. Probable pathways for the biodegradation of linalool are presented.", "contents": "Metabolism of monoterpene alcohol, linalool, by a soil pseudomonad. A microorganism of the genus Pseudomonas has been isolated from the soil by enrichment culture techniques with linalool(I) as the sole source of carbon and energy. The organism is also capable of utilizing limonene, citronellol, and geraniol as substrates but fails to grow on citral, critranellal, and 1,8-cineole. Fermentation of linalool by this bacterium in a mineral salt medium results in the formation of 10-hydroxylinalool(II), oleuropeic acid (IX), 2-vinyl-2-methyl-5-hydroxyisopropyl-tetraphydrofuran)linalool oxide, V), 2-vinyl-2-methyl-tetrahydrofuran-5-one(unsaturated lactone, VI), and few unidentified minor metabolities. Probable pathways for the biodegradation of linalool are presented.", "PMID": 851909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9801", "title": "[Effect of sunlight penetration on the development of phototrophic sulfur bacteria in marine environment].", "content": "Bottles of medium were inoculated with both strains of Chromatiacea and Chlorobiaceae (mixed cultures) and immersed at differnt depths in the marine coastal waters of the Marseilles basin (France). After development, the in vivo absorption characteristics of the cells show the effect of the daylight penetration on the selective growth of photorophic sulfur bacteria. With depth, sunlight selects Chlorobiaceae rich in brown carotenoid pigments to the detriment of Chromatiaceae.", "contents": "[Effect of sunlight penetration on the development of phototrophic sulfur bacteria in marine environment]. Bottles of medium were inoculated with both strains of Chromatiacea and Chlorobiaceae (mixed cultures) and immersed at differnt depths in the marine coastal waters of the Marseilles basin (France). After development, the in vivo absorption characteristics of the cells show the effect of the daylight penetration on the selective growth of photorophic sulfur bacteria. With depth, sunlight selects Chlorobiaceae rich in brown carotenoid pigments to the detriment of Chromatiaceae.", "PMID": 851910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9802", "title": "Denitrification by N2-fixing Sprillum lipoferum.", "content": "Forty-nine N2-fixing strains of Spirillum lipoferum isolated from a wide range of plant roots and soils were examined for reduction of NO3-. All strains reduced NO3-to NO2-. Thirty of the strains further reduced NO2-with production of gas. Examiniation of representative strains of the putative denitrifiers showed that they produced both N2O and C2H4 in the presence of 0.1 atm of C2H2. Strains which did not reduce NO2-with production of gas produced C2H4 but ont N2O in the presence of C2H2. This is the first report of a N2-fixing bacterium able to bring about denitrification of NO3.", "contents": "Denitrification by N2-fixing Sprillum lipoferum. Forty-nine N2-fixing strains of Spirillum lipoferum isolated from a wide range of plant roots and soils were examined for reduction of NO3-. All strains reduced NO3-to NO2-. Thirty of the strains further reduced NO2-with production of gas. Examiniation of representative strains of the putative denitrifiers showed that they produced both N2O and C2H4 in the presence of 0.1 atm of C2H2. Strains which did not reduce NO2-with production of gas produced C2H4 but ont N2O in the presence of C2H2. This is the first report of a N2-fixing bacterium able to bring about denitrification of NO3.", "PMID": 851911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9803", "title": "An electrophysiological method for examining lumbosacral root compression.", "content": "The propagation velocities and conduction times of nerve impulses responsible for muscle F-waves were measured in the proximal segments of 60 normal posterior tibial nerves and of 41 normal peroneal nerves. The results were compared with those of 25 patients having confirmed lumbosacral root compression due to disc degeneration. Using the peroneal nerve, 65 per cent of patients had a prolonged proximal conduction time; a similar abnormality was found in 56 per cent of patients when the posterior tibial nerve was studied. The yield of positive results rose to 85 per cent and 76 per cent respectively when the M- and F-latencies in given individuals were compared. It was also shown that in normal subjects the F-response has a longer latency, and slower conduction velocity than the H-reflex when both are obtained using the same stimulating and recording sites. In patients in whom the ankle jerks and H-reflexes are absent, the F-waves may still be recorded indicating that the latter are mediated through motor fibers.", "contents": "An electrophysiological method for examining lumbosacral root compression. The propagation velocities and conduction times of nerve impulses responsible for muscle F-waves were measured in the proximal segments of 60 normal posterior tibial nerves and of 41 normal peroneal nerves. The results were compared with those of 25 patients having confirmed lumbosacral root compression due to disc degeneration. Using the peroneal nerve, 65 per cent of patients had a prolonged proximal conduction time; a similar abnormality was found in 56 per cent of patients when the posterior tibial nerve was studied. The yield of positive results rose to 85 per cent and 76 per cent respectively when the M- and F-latencies in given individuals were compared. It was also shown that in normal subjects the F-response has a longer latency, and slower conduction velocity than the H-reflex when both are obtained using the same stimulating and recording sites. In patients in whom the ankle jerks and H-reflexes are absent, the F-waves may still be recorded indicating that the latter are mediated through motor fibers.", "PMID": 851912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9804", "title": "Parkinsonism--dementia complex, hydrocephalus and Paget's disease.", "content": "A 65-year-old female patient with Paget's disease displayed dementia, a bilateral Parkinsonian syndrome, gait ataxia, bilateral grasp reflex of the feet, urinary incontinence and a left hemicerebellar syndrome. She had a marked basilar impression; the radionuclide cisternogram was suggestive of a communicating hydrocephalus with ventricular dilatation. After a shunting procedure there was improvement in both neurological and mental function.", "contents": "Parkinsonism--dementia complex, hydrocephalus and Paget's disease. A 65-year-old female patient with Paget's disease displayed dementia, a bilateral Parkinsonian syndrome, gait ataxia, bilateral grasp reflex of the feet, urinary incontinence and a left hemicerebellar syndrome. She had a marked basilar impression; the radionuclide cisternogram was suggestive of a communicating hydrocephalus with ventricular dilatation. After a shunting procedure there was improvement in both neurological and mental function.", "PMID": 851913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9805", "title": "Intracranial aneurysms: a clinical, angiographic and computerized tomographic study.", "content": "Fifty-six patients with 63 aneurysms were selected from a larger group of patients because they had at least one angiographic and one CT scan study. A total of 102 CT scans and 136 angiograms were analyzed. In five patients the aneurysm was visualized on the CT scan. There was a tendency for the location of the subarachnoid hemorrhage and intracerebral hematomas visualized on the CT scans to correlate with the site of the aneurysm as seen on the angiogram. The CT scan was useful in demonstrating the evolution of hydrocephalus and in differentiating hematoma from edema. The patients with normal CT scans were more likely to have good neurological grades. No single angiographic or CT scan feature correlated significantly with survival at lower than the 5 percent level.", "contents": "Intracranial aneurysms: a clinical, angiographic and computerized tomographic study. Fifty-six patients with 63 aneurysms were selected from a larger group of patients because they had at least one angiographic and one CT scan study. A total of 102 CT scans and 136 angiograms were analyzed. In five patients the aneurysm was visualized on the CT scan. There was a tendency for the location of the subarachnoid hemorrhage and intracerebral hematomas visualized on the CT scans to correlate with the site of the aneurysm as seen on the angiogram. The CT scan was useful in demonstrating the evolution of hydrocephalus and in differentiating hematoma from edema. The patients with normal CT scans were more likely to have good neurological grades. No single angiographic or CT scan feature correlated significantly with survival at lower than the 5 percent level.", "PMID": 851914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9806", "title": "Early recognition of cardiac tamponade.", "content": "Nine patients with cardiac tamponade were seen in an 11-month period. Analysis of the clinical and laboratory data indicated that pulsus paradoxus was the most useful physical sign and echocardiography the most useful investigative technique. Three of nine patients died but in only one was the late recognition of tamponade a possible factor in the outcome. Pericardial fenestrations were required in four patients. Viral pericarditis accounted for the tamponade in three cases. There were two cases each of uremia and malignant disease and one case of tuberculous pericarditis. One other case followed pericardiectomy. In five patients tamponade was the initial manifestation of illness.", "contents": "Early recognition of cardiac tamponade. Nine patients with cardiac tamponade were seen in an 11-month period. Analysis of the clinical and laboratory data indicated that pulsus paradoxus was the most useful physical sign and echocardiography the most useful investigative technique. Three of nine patients died but in only one was the late recognition of tamponade a possible factor in the outcome. Pericardial fenestrations were required in four patients. Viral pericarditis accounted for the tamponade in three cases. There were two cases each of uremia and malignant disease and one case of tuberculous pericarditis. One other case followed pericardiectomy. In five patients tamponade was the initial manifestation of illness.", "PMID": 851927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9807", "title": "Subsittution of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate for ingested prednisone in steroid-dependent asthmatics.", "content": "The effect of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate (dose, 400 mug daily) was investigated in 31 prednisone-dependent asthmatics. In a double-blind noncrossover study of 25 patients dependent on a daily prednisone dose of 17.5 mg or less, the dose of ingested prednisone was significantly diminished through the use of beclomethasone as compared with placebo (P < 0.001). In a subsequent single-blind study of the 12 patients who had received placebo, a similar decrease in prednisone dose was possible when these patients received beclomethasone. In all 25 patients the effect of beclomethasone was maintained for 2 years; 9 came to require less beclomethasone and 1 required more. In an additional single-blind study of six patients with severe asthma, dependent on prednisone in a dose of 20 to 25 mg/d, the response to beclomethasone was more variable and less significant (P < 0.01). However, at 2 years there was no significant benefit (P > 0.05) and there were two treatment failures.In patients in whom reduction of dose or discontinuation of prednisone was possible plasma cortisol values before and after corticotropin administration increased significantly (P < 0.001). Prednisone reduction was associated with the appearance of mild musculoskeletal steroid-withdrawal symptoms of short duration in 15 patients, and recurrence of symptoms of rhinitis in 15 patients. Side effects of beclomethasone included episodes of hoarseness in 6 and easily treated oropharyngeal Candida albicans infection in 14.", "contents": "Subsittution of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate for ingested prednisone in steroid-dependent asthmatics. The effect of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate (dose, 400 mug daily) was investigated in 31 prednisone-dependent asthmatics. In a double-blind noncrossover study of 25 patients dependent on a daily prednisone dose of 17.5 mg or less, the dose of ingested prednisone was significantly diminished through the use of beclomethasone as compared with placebo (P < 0.001). In a subsequent single-blind study of the 12 patients who had received placebo, a similar decrease in prednisone dose was possible when these patients received beclomethasone. In all 25 patients the effect of beclomethasone was maintained for 2 years; 9 came to require less beclomethasone and 1 required more. In an additional single-blind study of six patients with severe asthma, dependent on prednisone in a dose of 20 to 25 mg/d, the response to beclomethasone was more variable and less significant (P < 0.01). However, at 2 years there was no significant benefit (P > 0.05) and there were two treatment failures.In patients in whom reduction of dose or discontinuation of prednisone was possible plasma cortisol values before and after corticotropin administration increased significantly (P < 0.001). Prednisone reduction was associated with the appearance of mild musculoskeletal steroid-withdrawal symptoms of short duration in 15 patients, and recurrence of symptoms of rhinitis in 15 patients. Side effects of beclomethasone included episodes of hoarseness in 6 and easily treated oropharyngeal Candida albicans infection in 14.", "PMID": 851928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9808", "title": "Emergency toxicology in a general hospital.", "content": "A study of all cases of attempted suicide by drug ingestion over a 6-month period was undertaken to evaluate the use of an emergency toxicology service and to establish the role of the emergency toxicology laboratory in the diagnosis and management of cases of attempted suicide. A total of 235 requests for emergency toxicologic analysis involving 259 specimens was received. Results of toxicologic screening were positive for 58% of all cases (range, 49% for patients who were drowsy to 90% for patients who were deeply unconscious). Barbiturate blood values did not correlate well with either the level of consciousness or the clinical state of the patient. In almost all patients who were drowsy or who were unconscious but had normal reflexes and vital signs there was no deterioration in the clinical state and no active treatment was required. The study demonstrated the need to educate all personnel involved in the care of patients with attempted suicide to limit laboratory investigations to the management of patients who benefit from such analyses. Quantitative drug analyses have a limited contribution to the management of such patients and should be performed only for patients with mixed drug overdosage and when the drugs require dialysis for their elimination from the body.", "contents": "Emergency toxicology in a general hospital. A study of all cases of attempted suicide by drug ingestion over a 6-month period was undertaken to evaluate the use of an emergency toxicology service and to establish the role of the emergency toxicology laboratory in the diagnosis and management of cases of attempted suicide. A total of 235 requests for emergency toxicologic analysis involving 259 specimens was received. Results of toxicologic screening were positive for 58% of all cases (range, 49% for patients who were drowsy to 90% for patients who were deeply unconscious). Barbiturate blood values did not correlate well with either the level of consciousness or the clinical state of the patient. In almost all patients who were drowsy or who were unconscious but had normal reflexes and vital signs there was no deterioration in the clinical state and no active treatment was required. The study demonstrated the need to educate all personnel involved in the care of patients with attempted suicide to limit laboratory investigations to the management of patients who benefit from such analyses. Quantitative drug analyses have a limited contribution to the management of such patients and should be performed only for patients with mixed drug overdosage and when the drugs require dialysis for their elimination from the body.", "PMID": 851929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9809", "title": "Colloid osmotic pressure: its measurement and clinical value.", "content": "Plasma colloid osmotic pressure (COP) is an important determinant in the appearance of edema. The development of a simple technique for COP measurement, based on an electronic pressure transducer and a semipermeable membrane system, has led to an appreciation of the value of COP determinations in clinical practice. In a steady state the measured COP replicates the value computed from serum proteins. In pathologic sera a derived value is unreliable. The normal human plasma COP averages 25.4 mm Hg. This value tends to decrease with age, is lower in females and is also lower in subjects at bed rest. As a clinical tool COP measurement represents an unduplicated contribution to the differential diagnosis of pulmonary edema. In critically ill patients COP measurement represents a reliable predictor of survival.", "contents": "Colloid osmotic pressure: its measurement and clinical value. Plasma colloid osmotic pressure (COP) is an important determinant in the appearance of edema. The development of a simple technique for COP measurement, based on an electronic pressure transducer and a semipermeable membrane system, has led to an appreciation of the value of COP determinations in clinical practice. In a steady state the measured COP replicates the value computed from serum proteins. In pathologic sera a derived value is unreliable. The normal human plasma COP averages 25.4 mm Hg. This value tends to decrease with age, is lower in females and is also lower in subjects at bed rest. As a clinical tool COP measurement represents an unduplicated contribution to the differential diagnosis of pulmonary edema. In critically ill patients COP measurement represents a reliable predictor of survival.", "PMID": 851930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9810", "title": "The renal pathology in clinical trials of cis-platinum (II) diamminedichloride.", "content": "The pathologic changes induced by Cis-platinum (II) diamminedichloride (CPDD) therapy in the kidneys are described in 12 patients with solid tumors and malignant lymphomas. According to dosage of CPDD the patients were divided into two groups: 1) low-dose group--.0.5-2 mg/kg daily, for 1 to 6 days; and 2) high-dose group--single injection of 3 or more mg/kg with concommitant mannitol-induced diuresis. Pathologic changes in the kidneys were essentially similar in both groups and consisted of focal acute tubular necrosis, affecting primarily the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts, dilatation of convoluted tubules, and formation of casts. These changes persisted as long as 29 days post CPDD therapy. In addition, the collecting ducts exhibited significant epithelial atypia. BUN and serum creatinine levels were elevated in both groups. The mean BUN/serum creatinine values were 54/2.2 mg/100 ml and 32/2.0 mg/100 ml for low and high-dose groups, respectively. Since the nephrotoxicity of CPDD is known to be dose-related, our findings suggest that mannitol-induced diuresis has considerably decreased the renal toxic damage of CPDD therapy in these patients.", "contents": "The renal pathology in clinical trials of cis-platinum (II) diamminedichloride. The pathologic changes induced by Cis-platinum (II) diamminedichloride (CPDD) therapy in the kidneys are described in 12 patients with solid tumors and malignant lymphomas. According to dosage of CPDD the patients were divided into two groups: 1) low-dose group--.0.5-2 mg/kg daily, for 1 to 6 days; and 2) high-dose group--single injection of 3 or more mg/kg with concommitant mannitol-induced diuresis. Pathologic changes in the kidneys were essentially similar in both groups and consisted of focal acute tubular necrosis, affecting primarily the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts, dilatation of convoluted tubules, and formation of casts. These changes persisted as long as 29 days post CPDD therapy. In addition, the collecting ducts exhibited significant epithelial atypia. BUN and serum creatinine levels were elevated in both groups. The mean BUN/serum creatinine values were 54/2.2 mg/100 ml and 32/2.0 mg/100 ml for low and high-dose groups, respectively. Since the nephrotoxicity of CPDD is known to be dose-related, our findings suggest that mannitol-induced diuresis has considerably decreased the renal toxic damage of CPDD therapy in these patients.", "PMID": 851939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9811", "title": "Cyclophosphamide-induced ovarian failure and its therapeutic significance in patients with breast cancer.", "content": "The effect of cyclophosphamide (CY) on ovarian function was studied in patients with breast cancer receiving prolonged daily administration of this agent (100 mg/day) after radical surgery. Out of 18 premenopausal patients that received 8.4-39.9 g CY, 15 developed permanent amenorrhea. The average dose given before the onset of amenorrhea was 5.2 g in patients in their 40s and 9.3  in their 30s. Urinary estrogens and serum progesterone were measured weekly for approximately 6 months postoperatively in six patients receiving CY. After the onset of amenorrhea, the levels of both hormones ceased to show their normal cyclic changes and remained low persistently, meanwhile serum FSH and LH were markedly elevated. No ovarian follicle was histologically found in three amenorrheic patients who underwent therapeutic oophorectomy after CY therapy. These findings indicate that CY induced primary ovarian failure.", "contents": "Cyclophosphamide-induced ovarian failure and its therapeutic significance in patients with breast cancer. The effect of cyclophosphamide (CY) on ovarian function was studied in patients with breast cancer receiving prolonged daily administration of this agent (100 mg/day) after radical surgery. Out of 18 premenopausal patients that received 8.4-39.9 g CY, 15 developed permanent amenorrhea. The average dose given before the onset of amenorrhea was 5.2 g in patients in their 40s and 9.3  in their 30s. Urinary estrogens and serum progesterone were measured weekly for approximately 6 months postoperatively in six patients receiving CY. After the onset of amenorrhea, the levels of both hormones ceased to show their normal cyclic changes and remained low persistently, meanwhile serum FSH and LH were markedly elevated. No ovarian follicle was histologically found in three amenorrheic patients who underwent therapeutic oophorectomy after CY therapy. These findings indicate that CY induced primary ovarian failure.", "PMID": 851940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9812", "title": "Tumor-specific transplantation antigens in spontaneously transformed hamster cell lines.", "content": "Spontaneously transformed hamster cells were examined for the presence of TSTA by employing the tumor rejection test. It was demonstrated that each of the spontaneously transformed cell lines as well as cells derived from tumors induced by these cells possess an individual distinct antigen, capable of evoking a significant anti-tumor immunity. The immunizing potential of these antigens and their specificity were not affected by either in vivo or in vitro environment. The results suggest that the spontaneously transformed hamster cells undergo antigenic modification, which resembles the TSTA of chemical-carcinogen induced tumors.", "contents": "Tumor-specific transplantation antigens in spontaneously transformed hamster cell lines. Spontaneously transformed hamster cells were examined for the presence of TSTA by employing the tumor rejection test. It was demonstrated that each of the spontaneously transformed cell lines as well as cells derived from tumors induced by these cells possess an individual distinct antigen, capable of evoking a significant anti-tumor immunity. The immunizing potential of these antigens and their specificity were not affected by either in vivo or in vitro environment. The results suggest that the spontaneously transformed hamster cells undergo antigenic modification, which resembles the TSTA of chemical-carcinogen induced tumors.", "PMID": 851941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9813", "title": "Marker chromosome 14q+ in non-endemic Burkitt's lymphoma.", "content": "The chromosomal aberrations in tumor cells obtained by bone marrow aspiration from a patient with non-endemic Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) are reported. Twenty percent of the cells contained the marker chromosome 14q+ earlier described in endemic Burkitt's tumors. Other marker chromosomes were dound only in mitoses which did not contain the 14q+.", "contents": "Marker chromosome 14q+ in non-endemic Burkitt's lymphoma. The chromosomal aberrations in tumor cells obtained by bone marrow aspiration from a patient with non-endemic Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) are reported. Twenty percent of the cells contained the marker chromosome 14q+ earlier described in endemic Burkitt's tumors. Other marker chromosomes were dound only in mitoses which did not contain the 14q+.", "PMID": 851942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9814", "title": "The proliferative patterns of human breast cancer cells in vivo.", "content": "The cell proliferation pattern in human breast cancer has been studied in eight patients in vivo using intravenously administered 3HTdR as a pulse and as a continous label. Two to 4% of the tumor cells were engaged in DNA synthesis in six patients, and 7% and 11%, respectively, in two others. From the composite percent labeled mitosis curve the estimated time for G1 + (M/2) was about 4 hours and for DNA synthesis about 24 hours. Many cells which entered the cycle spent longer intervals in DNA synthesis and in the post-DNA synthetic phase before entering mitosis. There was a wide range of intermitotic times among the tumor cells. These findings are of significance in the planning of drug therapy.", "contents": "The proliferative patterns of human breast cancer cells in vivo. The cell proliferation pattern in human breast cancer has been studied in eight patients in vivo using intravenously administered 3HTdR as a pulse and as a continous label. Two to 4% of the tumor cells were engaged in DNA synthesis in six patients, and 7% and 11%, respectively, in two others. From the composite percent labeled mitosis curve the estimated time for G1 + (M/2) was about 4 hours and for DNA synthesis about 24 hours. Many cells which entered the cycle spent longer intervals in DNA synthesis and in the post-DNA synthetic phase before entering mitosis. There was a wide range of intermitotic times among the tumor cells. These findings are of significance in the planning of drug therapy.", "PMID": 851943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9815", "title": "Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy: its histological similarities to fetal pineal gland.", "content": "Striking similarities between the pineals of 107 fetuses and infants and a pigmented neuroectodermal tumor occurring in the right orbital and right frontal regions in a 6-month-old Puerto Rican boy were found. Both the human fetal pineal and melanotic neuroectodermal tumors of infancy are characterized by pigmented (melanin) epithelial cells, small undifferentiated cells, and a fibrovascular stroma. Our findings suggest the fetal pineal may be a normally occurring precursor of the melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy, or that melanin production may be a normal capability of differentiating neuroepithelial cells.", "contents": "Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy: its histological similarities to fetal pineal gland. Striking similarities between the pineals of 107 fetuses and infants and a pigmented neuroectodermal tumor occurring in the right orbital and right frontal regions in a 6-month-old Puerto Rican boy were found. Both the human fetal pineal and melanotic neuroectodermal tumors of infancy are characterized by pigmented (melanin) epithelial cells, small undifferentiated cells, and a fibrovascular stroma. Our findings suggest the fetal pineal may be a normally occurring precursor of the melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy, or that melanin production may be a normal capability of differentiating neuroepithelial cells.", "PMID": 851944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9816", "title": "Plasma prostaglandins in hypercalcemic patients with neoplastic disease.", "content": "Peripheral plasma prostaglandin E (PGE) determinations were performed on a series of 79 patients with solid tumor neoplasms and correlated with their serum calcium levels. Fourteen patients were hypercalcemic and 11 of these had significant elevations in circulating plasma PGE. Ten of the hypercalcemic group had extensive metastases to bone. These findings support the recently developed hypothesis that prostaglandins are causally related to the genesis of hypercalcemia in malignancy.", "contents": "Plasma prostaglandins in hypercalcemic patients with neoplastic disease. Peripheral plasma prostaglandin E (PGE) determinations were performed on a series of 79 patients with solid tumor neoplasms and correlated with their serum calcium levels. Fourteen patients were hypercalcemic and 11 of these had significant elevations in circulating plasma PGE. Ten of the hypercalcemic group had extensive metastases to bone. These findings support the recently developed hypothesis that prostaglandins are causally related to the genesis of hypercalcemia in malignancy.", "PMID": 851945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9817", "title": "Primary leiomyosarcoma of bone.", "content": "A case of primary leiomyosarcoma of bone in the femur of an 18-year-old girl is described. Light and electron microscopy showed characteristic changes with cytoplasmic myofilaments, dense bodies, pinocytic vesicles and basal lamina fragments. Clinically, the patient is well and without evidence of tumor 9 months after the femur amputation without further treatment.", "contents": "Primary leiomyosarcoma of bone. A case of primary leiomyosarcoma of bone in the femur of an 18-year-old girl is described. Light and electron microscopy showed characteristic changes with cytoplasmic myofilaments, dense bodies, pinocytic vesicles and basal lamina fragments. Clinically, the patient is well and without evidence of tumor 9 months after the femur amputation without further treatment.", "PMID": 851946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9818", "title": "Intraductal papillary tumors of the breast: a study of 78 cases.", "content": "Seventy-eight intraductal papillary tumors of the breast were followed. The 14 papillary carcinomas were all treated by mastectomy. Metastases did not occur. In 64 patients with papillomas, six developed carcinoma--two in situ and four invasive. The incidence of cancer was higher in patients with multiple papillomas and with papillomatosis. The current experience (1949-1967) is discussed relative to the previous experience at the same institution from 1895 to 1941.", "contents": "Intraductal papillary tumors of the breast: a study of 78 cases. Seventy-eight intraductal papillary tumors of the breast were followed. The 14 papillary carcinomas were all treated by mastectomy. Metastases did not occur. In 64 patients with papillomas, six developed carcinoma--two in situ and four invasive. The incidence of cancer was higher in patients with multiple papillomas and with papillomatosis. The current experience (1949-1967) is discussed relative to the previous experience at the same institution from 1895 to 1941.", "PMID": 851947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9819", "title": "Posthypophysectomy taste abnormalities: their relationship to remote effects of cancer.", "content": "Abnormalities in taste sensation have been studied in 15 patients consisting of five normal controls, five patients with diffuse neoplasm and five patients post hypophysectomy. Threshold recognition for salt and HC1 in the three groups studied was the same. Sucrose and urea recognition was higher in patients with neoplasm as compared to normal controls. Patients post hypophysectomy had a lower threshold recognition for sucrose than both normal individuals and patients with neoplasm. The threshold recognition has markedly shifted for both sucrose (decreased) and urea (increased) post hypophysectomy. These observations are in support of previous findings and suggest that the pituitary plays at least a necessary permissible factor in the development of abnormalities in taste as observed in patients with disseminated cancer.", "contents": "Posthypophysectomy taste abnormalities: their relationship to remote effects of cancer. Abnormalities in taste sensation have been studied in 15 patients consisting of five normal controls, five patients with diffuse neoplasm and five patients post hypophysectomy. Threshold recognition for salt and HC1 in the three groups studied was the same. Sucrose and urea recognition was higher in patients with neoplasm as compared to normal controls. Patients post hypophysectomy had a lower threshold recognition for sucrose than both normal individuals and patients with neoplasm. The threshold recognition has markedly shifted for both sucrose (decreased) and urea (increased) post hypophysectomy. These observations are in support of previous findings and suggest that the pituitary plays at least a necessary permissible factor in the development of abnormalities in taste as observed in patients with disseminated cancer.", "PMID": 851948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9820", "title": "Hypophysectomy in the treatment of disseminated prostate carcinoma.", "content": "Seventeen patients suffering severe pain secondary to disseminated prostate cancer were subjected to hypophysectomy. Prolonged remission of pain and increased survival duration appeared to be consequent to obtaining objective signs of tumor regression. Patients who had only subjective improvement had significantly shorter periods of remission and survival. Patients  with hematocrits less than 30% and patients demonstrating evidence of liver involvement did not obtain objective remissions.", "contents": "Hypophysectomy in the treatment of disseminated prostate carcinoma. Seventeen patients suffering severe pain secondary to disseminated prostate cancer were subjected to hypophysectomy. Prolonged remission of pain and increased survival duration appeared to be consequent to obtaining objective signs of tumor regression. Patients who had only subjective improvement had significantly shorter periods of remission and survival. Patients  with hematocrits less than 30% and patients demonstrating evidence of liver involvement did not obtain objective remissions.", "PMID": 851949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9821", "title": "Tricuspid stenosis secondary to metastatic melanoma.", "content": "Cardiac metastases from malignant melanoma are frequent, usually asymptomatic and occur terminally. When responsible for symptoms, close evaluation of the patient is imperative for correct diagnosis and subsequent therapy. Surgical intervention where indicated in combination with chemotherapy and judicious use of irradiation constitutes optimal therapy.", "contents": "Tricuspid stenosis secondary to metastatic melanoma. Cardiac metastases from malignant melanoma are frequent, usually asymptomatic and occur terminally. When responsible for symptoms, close evaluation of the patient is imperative for correct diagnosis and subsequent therapy. Surgical intervention where indicated in combination with chemotherapy and judicious use of irradiation constitutes optimal therapy.", "PMID": 851950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9822", "title": "Small cell carcinoma of the male breast: report of a case.", "content": "An uncommon type of breast carconoma in a male studied by light and electron microscopy, is reported. Light microscopy reveals histologic characteristics and a pattern similar to infiltrating lobular carcinoma in the female breast. The ultrastructural study, because of close similarities in cellular characteristics with previously published reports, gives firm support to the light microscope findings.", "contents": "Small cell carcinoma of the male breast: report of a case. An uncommon type of breast carconoma in a male studied by light and electron microscopy, is reported. Light microscopy reveals histologic characteristics and a pattern similar to infiltrating lobular carcinoma in the female breast. The ultrastructural study, because of close similarities in cellular characteristics with previously published reports, gives firm support to the light microscope findings.", "PMID": 851951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9823", "title": "Blindness in a patient with malignant histiocytosis.", "content": "Malignant histiocytosis (MH) is a rapidly fatal systemic disease for which there is no adequate therapy. A case of MH with involvement of both eyes resulting in bilateral blindness is presented. Infiltration with malignant cells was seen in the ciliary bodies at autopsy. Attempts at treatment for this complication are discussed.", "contents": "Blindness in a patient with malignant histiocytosis. Malignant histiocytosis (MH) is a rapidly fatal systemic disease for which there is no adequate therapy. A case of MH with involvement of both eyes resulting in bilateral blindness is presented. Infiltration with malignant cells was seen in the ciliary bodies at autopsy. Attempts at treatment for this complication are discussed.", "PMID": 851952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9824", "title": "Diet and metabolism: large-bowel cancer.", "content": "Epidemiological data demonstrate that colon cancer incidence is associated mainly with high dietary fat consumption. Studies in metabolic epidemiology indicate that high fat intake influences both the amount and type of bile acids and neutral sterols and intestinal microflora acting on these compounds which may contain tumorigenic activity for the colon. This is compatible with the results of studies comparing populations with high or low risk for the colon cancer and patients with colon cancer.", "contents": "Diet and metabolism: large-bowel cancer. Epidemiological data demonstrate that colon cancer incidence is associated mainly with high dietary fat consumption. Studies in metabolic epidemiology indicate that high fat intake influences both the amount and type of bile acids and neutral sterols and intestinal microflora acting on these compounds which may contain tumorigenic activity for the colon. This is compatible with the results of studies comparing populations with high or low risk for the colon cancer and patients with colon cancer.", "PMID": 851954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9825", "title": "Genetic markers and cancer epidemiology.", "content": "The study of potential associations between genetic markers and various cancers has a long history in cancer epidemiology. Such investigations are subject to serious problems of statistical significance and the choice of appropriate control populations. A promising future for the use of human population genetics in cancer epidemiology may be in the investigation of genetic markers (such as the HL-A complex) which code for proteins of potential immunological or physiological importance in susceptibility or resistance to cancer. The cerumen gentic marker has played a central part in a hypothesis formulated in our laboratory for the etiology of breast cancer. A second new development in this field is likely to be the investigation of genetic markers in families with high incidence of cancer. Such families permit the simultaneous study of genetic hypotheses of cancer inheritance and the association of marker genotypes with cancer through segregation and linkage analysis.", "contents": "Genetic markers and cancer epidemiology. The study of potential associations between genetic markers and various cancers has a long history in cancer epidemiology. Such investigations are subject to serious problems of statistical significance and the choice of appropriate control populations. A promising future for the use of human population genetics in cancer epidemiology may be in the investigation of genetic markers (such as the HL-A complex) which code for proteins of potential immunological or physiological importance in susceptibility or resistance to cancer. The cerumen gentic marker has played a central part in a hypothesis formulated in our laboratory for the etiology of breast cancer. A second new development in this field is likely to be the investigation of genetic markers in families with high incidence of cancer. Such families permit the simultaneous study of genetic hypotheses of cancer inheritance and the association of marker genotypes with cancer through segregation and linkage analysis.", "PMID": 851955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9826", "title": "Mutation and cancer in man.", "content": "The risk of cancer can be increased by both genetic predisposition and environmental exposure. A common mechanism, mutation, may be involved in both. The rate of mutation in germ cells is the principal determinant of the incidence of genetically predisposed individuals, whereas the rate in somatic cells is the principal determinant in those not so predisposed. Many environmental carcinogens produce their effects via increased somatic mutation rates. The individuals of a population may be classified according to the operation of genetic predisposition, exposure to environmental carcinogens (mutagens), both, or neither. This last group reflects \"background\" somatic mutation rates.", "contents": "Mutation and cancer in man. The risk of cancer can be increased by both genetic predisposition and environmental exposure. A common mechanism, mutation, may be involved in both. The rate of mutation in germ cells is the principal determinant of the incidence of genetically predisposed individuals, whereas the rate in somatic cells is the principal determinant in those not so predisposed. Many environmental carcinogens produce their effects via increased somatic mutation rates. The individuals of a population may be classified according to the operation of genetic predisposition, exposure to environmental carcinogens (mutagens), both, or neither. This last group reflects \"background\" somatic mutation rates.", "PMID": 851956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9827", "title": "Effect of 2-aminonaphthalene on glutathione content and cytochrome P-450 p-nitroanisole O-demethylation activity in mouse liver.", "content": "Four days after single i.p. administrations of 2-aminonaphthalene to C3H mice, the liver content of reduced glutathione and the liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 O-demethylation activity were decreased. No changes were observed in oxidized glutathione.", "contents": "Effect of 2-aminonaphthalene on glutathione content and cytochrome P-450 p-nitroanisole O-demethylation activity in mouse liver. Four days after single i.p. administrations of 2-aminonaphthalene to C3H mice, the liver content of reduced glutathione and the liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 O-demethylation activity were decreased. No changes were observed in oxidized glutathione.", "PMID": 851958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9828", "title": "Interstrand cross-linking of DNA by 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea and other 1-(2-haloethyl)-1-nitrosoureas.", "content": "Bifunctional alkylating agents are known to cross-link DNA by simultaneously alkylating two guanine residues located on opposite strands. Despite this apparent requirement for bifunctionality, 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosoureas bearing a single alkylating function were found to cross-link DNA in vitro. Cross-linking was demonstrated by showing inhibition of alkali-induced strand separation. Extensive cross-linking was observed in DNA treated with 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, 1,3-bis-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, and 1-(2-chloroethyl(-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea. The reaction occurs in two steps, an intital binding followed by a second step which can proceed after removal of unbound drug. It is suggested that the first step is chloroethylation of a nucleophilic site on one strand and that the second step involves displacement of Cl- by a nucleophilic site on the opposite strand, resulting in an ethyl bridge between the strands. Consistent with this possibility, 1-(2-fluoroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea produced much less cross-linking, as expected from the known low activity of F-, compared with Cl-, as leaving group. 1-Methyl-1-nitrosourea, which is known to depurinate DNA, produced no detectable cross-linking.", "contents": "Interstrand cross-linking of DNA by 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea and other 1-(2-haloethyl)-1-nitrosoureas. Bifunctional alkylating agents are known to cross-link DNA by simultaneously alkylating two guanine residues located on opposite strands. Despite this apparent requirement for bifunctionality, 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosoureas bearing a single alkylating function were found to cross-link DNA in vitro. Cross-linking was demonstrated by showing inhibition of alkali-induced strand separation. Extensive cross-linking was observed in DNA treated with 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, 1,3-bis-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, and 1-(2-chloroethyl(-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea. The reaction occurs in two steps, an intital binding followed by a second step which can proceed after removal of unbound drug. It is suggested that the first step is chloroethylation of a nucleophilic site on one strand and that the second step involves displacement of Cl- by a nucleophilic site on the opposite strand, resulting in an ethyl bridge between the strands. Consistent with this possibility, 1-(2-fluoroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea produced much less cross-linking, as expected from the known low activity of F-, compared with Cl-, as leaving group. 1-Methyl-1-nitrosourea, which is known to depurinate DNA, produced no detectable cross-linking.", "PMID": 851960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9829", "title": "Intracellular localization of tumor-associated antigens in murine and human malignant melanoma.", "content": "Cross-reacting tumor-associated antigens have been demonstrated to be present in the cytoplasm of melanocytes in malignant melanoma. We have utilized both the leukocyte migration inhibition and the lymphocyte stimulation assays to determine the intracellular location(s) of these antigens in both human malignant melanoma and B-16 murine melanoma. The results of both assays indicate that this antigen(s) is associated with the membranous organelles, particularly the melanin granules, and is not found in the soluble components of the cytoplasm, as suggested by other studies.", "contents": "Intracellular localization of tumor-associated antigens in murine and human malignant melanoma. Cross-reacting tumor-associated antigens have been demonstrated to be present in the cytoplasm of melanocytes in malignant melanoma. We have utilized both the leukocyte migration inhibition and the lymphocyte stimulation assays to determine the intracellular location(s) of these antigens in both human malignant melanoma and B-16 murine melanoma. The results of both assays indicate that this antigen(s) is associated with the membranous organelles, particularly the melanin granules, and is not found in the soluble components of the cytoplasm, as suggested by other studies.", "PMID": 851961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9830", "title": "Localization of GW-39 human tumors in hamsters by affinity-purified antibody to carcinoembryonic antigen.", "content": "With the paired-labeled antibody technique, the in vivo localization of radioiodinate, affinity-purified antibody to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was studied in GW-39, a xenografted, CEA-producing tumor model. When compared to the whole immunoglobulin G fraction, a 4-fold greater tumor accumulation of radioantibody was obtained with affinity-purified specific CEA antibody. The degree of increased tumor localization of affinity-purified antibody was similar to its improved immunoreactivity as observed in radioimmunoassay and binding to CEA immunoadsorbent. Affinity-purified antibody cross-reactive with CEA and colon carcinoma antigen III was as equally effective in tumor localization as was specific CEA antibody prepared similarly. It thus appears that affinity-purified CEA radioantibody will provide a superior tumor-imaging agent for clinical use.", "contents": "Localization of GW-39 human tumors in hamsters by affinity-purified antibody to carcinoembryonic antigen. With the paired-labeled antibody technique, the in vivo localization of radioiodinate, affinity-purified antibody to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was studied in GW-39, a xenografted, CEA-producing tumor model. When compared to the whole immunoglobulin G fraction, a 4-fold greater tumor accumulation of radioantibody was obtained with affinity-purified specific CEA antibody. The degree of increased tumor localization of affinity-purified antibody was similar to its improved immunoreactivity as observed in radioimmunoassay and binding to CEA immunoadsorbent. Affinity-purified antibody cross-reactive with CEA and colon carcinoma antigen III was as equally effective in tumor localization as was specific CEA antibody prepared similarly. It thus appears that affinity-purified CEA radioantibody will provide a superior tumor-imaging agent for clinical use.", "PMID": 851962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9831", "title": "Histone phosphorylation and synthesis of DNA and RNA during phases of proliferation and differentiation induced in mouse epidermis by the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate.", "content": "The tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) induces discrete waves of proliferation and differentiation when applied to mouse epidermis. The aim of this study was to elucidate the temporal relationship between histone phosphorylation and synthesis of DNA and RNA in mouse epidermis during the process of tumor promotion. This investigation as facilitated by choosing a low but nevertheless strongly tumor-promoting dose of TPA (0.002 micronmole/mouse), which induced the epidermal cells to go through only one round of DNA synthesis and cell division. Histones were isolated from mouse epidermis, and the rates of phosphorylation of the individual histone species were determined at different times after treatment with TPA. The results demonstrated that the phosphorylation of H1 histone was initiated at about the same time as the synthesis of DNA but continued past the S phase and reached a maximum simultaneously with the maximum in the epidermal mitotic rate. The only other histone that phosphorylated to any significant extent was Histone H2A. From the results obtained, it was concluded that histone phosphorylation in the epidermis is related to the processes of DNA replication and mitosis after stimulation with TPA. Positive evidence for the activation of specific genes, which has been proposed by other authors to be important in the promotion of epidermal tumors, was not found in this investigation.", "contents": "Histone phosphorylation and synthesis of DNA and RNA during phases of proliferation and differentiation induced in mouse epidermis by the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate. The tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) induces discrete waves of proliferation and differentiation when applied to mouse epidermis. The aim of this study was to elucidate the temporal relationship between histone phosphorylation and synthesis of DNA and RNA in mouse epidermis during the process of tumor promotion. This investigation as facilitated by choosing a low but nevertheless strongly tumor-promoting dose of TPA (0.002 micronmole/mouse), which induced the epidermal cells to go through only one round of DNA synthesis and cell division. Histones were isolated from mouse epidermis, and the rates of phosphorylation of the individual histone species were determined at different times after treatment with TPA. The results demonstrated that the phosphorylation of H1 histone was initiated at about the same time as the synthesis of DNA but continued past the S phase and reached a maximum simultaneously with the maximum in the epidermal mitotic rate. The only other histone that phosphorylated to any significant extent was Histone H2A. From the results obtained, it was concluded that histone phosphorylation in the epidermis is related to the processes of DNA replication and mitosis after stimulation with TPA. Positive evidence for the activation of specific genes, which has been proposed by other authors to be important in the promotion of epidermal tumors, was not found in this investigation.", "PMID": 851963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9832", "title": "Colony morphology and growth in agarose as tests for spontaneous neoplastic transformation in vitro.", "content": "Adherent fibroblast-like cells from paired lines, one non-neoplastic and the other \"spontaneously\" transformed neoplastic, were compared in simultaneous in vivo and in vitro assays. The in vivo assay was the i.m. implantation of 10(6) or 10(7) cells in irradiated syngeneic animals, and the two in vitro assays were the evaluation of colony morphology on plastic and the enumeration of colony growth in semisolid agarose. The percentage of colonies diagnosed from their morphology as neoplastic correlated with tumorigenicity as follows: 100% always indicated a tumorigenic cell population with tumor latent periods from 6 to 230 days and tumor incidence from 40 to 100%; 0% always indicated a nontumorigenic cell population; 1 to 32% indicated either a tumorigenic cell line with long tumor latent period (218 days) with 70% tumor incidence or a nontumorigenic cell line. Growth in agarose, as measured by colony number and size, correlated with tumorigenicity as follows: nontumorigenic cell lines produced no colonies; tumorigenic cell lines produced colonies, but not always larger than 0.1 mm in diameter. The number of size or colonies did not correlate with the tumor latent period or tumor incidence. Therefore, both in vitro tests were reliable qualitative assays of spontaneous neoplastic transformation, but they did not correlate directly with the tumor incidence or mean tumor latent period. The relative success of the agarose assay emphasizes the importance of decreased anchorage dependence for progressive growth of injected cells as a malignant neoplasm in vivo.", "contents": "Colony morphology and growth in agarose as tests for spontaneous neoplastic transformation in vitro. Adherent fibroblast-like cells from paired lines, one non-neoplastic and the other \"spontaneously\" transformed neoplastic, were compared in simultaneous in vivo and in vitro assays. The in vivo assay was the i.m. implantation of 10(6) or 10(7) cells in irradiated syngeneic animals, and the two in vitro assays were the evaluation of colony morphology on plastic and the enumeration of colony growth in semisolid agarose. The percentage of colonies diagnosed from their morphology as neoplastic correlated with tumorigenicity as follows: 100% always indicated a tumorigenic cell population with tumor latent periods from 6 to 230 days and tumor incidence from 40 to 100%; 0% always indicated a nontumorigenic cell population; 1 to 32% indicated either a tumorigenic cell line with long tumor latent period (218 days) with 70% tumor incidence or a nontumorigenic cell line. Growth in agarose, as measured by colony number and size, correlated with tumorigenicity as follows: nontumorigenic cell lines produced no colonies; tumorigenic cell lines produced colonies, but not always larger than 0.1 mm in diameter. The number of size or colonies did not correlate with the tumor latent period or tumor incidence. Therefore, both in vitro tests were reliable qualitative assays of spontaneous neoplastic transformation, but they did not correlate directly with the tumor incidence or mean tumor latent period. The relative success of the agarose assay emphasizes the importance of decreased anchorage dependence for progressive growth of injected cells as a malignant neoplasm in vivo.", "PMID": 851964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9833", "title": "Nucleic acid content of HeLa S3 cells during the cell cycle: variations between cycles.", "content": "The process of continuous resynchronization with excess thymidine provides sufficient cell material for accurate chemical determination of DNA and RNA in HeLa S3 cells at hourly intervals during the cell cycle. Total DNA is constant during the non-S phase portion of the cell cycle but varies widely among cycles of synchronous growth. Total cellular RNA content increases linearly in the G1 phase and  accelerates to a higher linear rate of accumulation, which remains constant during most of the S and G2 phases. The ratios of early and late cycle rates of RNA accumulation are not constant among cycles.", "contents": "Nucleic acid content of HeLa S3 cells during the cell cycle: variations between cycles. The process of continuous resynchronization with excess thymidine provides sufficient cell material for accurate chemical determination of DNA and RNA in HeLa S3 cells at hourly intervals during the cell cycle. Total DNA is constant during the non-S phase portion of the cell cycle but varies widely among cycles of synchronous growth. Total cellular RNA content increases linearly in the G1 phase and  accelerates to a higher linear rate of accumulation, which remains constant during most of the S and G2 phases. The ratios of early and late cycle rates of RNA accumulation are not constant among cycles.", "PMID": 851989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9834", "title": "A stable isotope method for measurement of thymidine incorporation into DNA.", "content": "A method has been developed for the measurement of DNA synthesis in vivo using the incorporation of multilabeled, non-radioactive thymidine. Simultaneous intraperitoneal injection of hexalabeled thymidine and tritiated thymidine into a normal adult rat resulted in the incorporation of both labeled nucelosides into the DNA of cells undergoing replication. The DNA of several tissues and organs was analysed, including liver, thymus, spleen, bone marrow, and small intestine. Following extraction with hot trichloroacetic acid, acid hydrolysis, and thin-layer chromatography of the hydrolysates, the isotopic compositions of the thymine products were determined by field ionization mass spectrometry and by scintillation counting. The relative incorporation of radioactive and stable isotope-labeled thymidine was similar in all tissues, and corresponded to the ratio of the two labeled nucleosides in the injected material. These results indicate the feasibility of utilizing thymidine multilabeled with stable isotopes for measurement of cellular proliferation rates in conjunction with cancer therapy.", "contents": "A stable isotope method for measurement of thymidine incorporation into DNA. A method has been developed for the measurement of DNA synthesis in vivo using the incorporation of multilabeled, non-radioactive thymidine. Simultaneous intraperitoneal injection of hexalabeled thymidine and tritiated thymidine into a normal adult rat resulted in the incorporation of both labeled nucelosides into the DNA of cells undergoing replication. The DNA of several tissues and organs was analysed, including liver, thymus, spleen, bone marrow, and small intestine. Following extraction with hot trichloroacetic acid, acid hydrolysis, and thin-layer chromatography of the hydrolysates, the isotopic compositions of the thymine products were determined by field ionization mass spectrometry and by scintillation counting. The relative incorporation of radioactive and stable isotope-labeled thymidine was similar in all tissues, and corresponded to the ratio of the two labeled nucleosides in the injected material. These results indicate the feasibility of utilizing thymidine multilabeled with stable isotopes for measurement of cellular proliferation rates in conjunction with cancer therapy.", "PMID": 851991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9835", "title": "Regulation of bone marrow cell growth in diffusion chambers: the effect of granulocyte extracts.", "content": "Hysotonic lysis of mature human blood granulocytes yielded an extract which reduced granulopoiesis and enhanced macrophage formation of mouse bone marrow cells cultured for 7 days in diffusion chambers (DC). The low molecular weight fraction (MW less than 15,000-25,000 Daltons) obtained by Amicon filtration of the extract, reduced granulopoiesis without affecting macrophage formation. The high molecular weight fraction (MW greater than 15,000-25,000 Daltons) reduced the number of granulocytes and increased the number macrophages. Erythrocyte extract increased the macrophage formation in DC but did not alter the number of granulocytes. The spleen colony assay showed that the granulocyte extract increased the number of CFU-S in DC. It is suggested that the granulocyte extract contain an inhibitor of stem cell differentiation to myeloid cells thereby reducing the number of proliferative granulocytes in DC 7 days later. The inhibitor of differentiation may lead to an increased self renewal of the stem cell in the DC system.", "contents": "Regulation of bone marrow cell growth in diffusion chambers: the effect of granulocyte extracts. Hysotonic lysis of mature human blood granulocytes yielded an extract which reduced granulopoiesis and enhanced macrophage formation of mouse bone marrow cells cultured for 7 days in diffusion chambers (DC). The low molecular weight fraction (MW less than 15,000-25,000 Daltons) obtained by Amicon filtration of the extract, reduced granulopoiesis without affecting macrophage formation. The high molecular weight fraction (MW greater than 15,000-25,000 Daltons) reduced the number of granulocytes and increased the number macrophages. Erythrocyte extract increased the macrophage formation in DC but did not alter the number of granulocytes. The spleen colony assay showed that the granulocyte extract increased the number of CFU-S in DC. It is suggested that the granulocyte extract contain an inhibitor of stem cell differentiation to myeloid cells thereby reducing the number of proliferative granulocytes in DC 7 days later. The inhibitor of differentiation may lead to an increased self renewal of the stem cell in the DC system.", "PMID": 851992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9836", "title": "The interaction of 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate with lipids: a nuclear magnetic resonance study.", "content": "The proton magnetic resonance (PMR) and phosphorus magnetic resonance (PhMR) spectra of egg phosphatidylcholine in the presence of 1-anilino-8-nahthalenesulfonate (ANS) have been studied. At low ratios of ANS to phospholipid, the spectra indicate that ANS molecules are in the lipid interface region where they interact with the head-group protons. ANS also penetrates into the hydrocarbon region to some extent. As the ANS/phospholipid ratio approaches one, a significant splitting of the head-group signal occurs. This splitting is associated with head-group signals from inner and outer molecules of the phospholipid vesicles. As the ANS/phospholipid ratio is further increased, a gel phase often occurs. The spectra for this gel phase suggest a highly mobile head-group. Further ANS addition results in a PMR spectrum suggestive of ANS-phospholipid micelle formation. The results for a phospholipid-cholesterol complex and for the total lipid extract from a cell membrane show that the ANS effect is more complicated in these cases.", "contents": "The interaction of 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate with lipids: a nuclear magnetic resonance study. The proton magnetic resonance (PMR) and phosphorus magnetic resonance (PhMR) spectra of egg phosphatidylcholine in the presence of 1-anilino-8-nahthalenesulfonate (ANS) have been studied. At low ratios of ANS to phospholipid, the spectra indicate that ANS molecules are in the lipid interface region where they interact with the head-group protons. ANS also penetrates into the hydrocarbon region to some extent. As the ANS/phospholipid ratio approaches one, a significant splitting of the head-group signal occurs. This splitting is associated with head-group signals from inner and outer molecules of the phospholipid vesicles. As the ANS/phospholipid ratio is further increased, a gel phase often occurs. The spectra for this gel phase suggest a highly mobile head-group. Further ANS addition results in a PMR spectrum suggestive of ANS-phospholipid micelle formation. The results for a phospholipid-cholesterol complex and for the total lipid extract from a cell membrane show that the ANS effect is more complicated in these cases.", "PMID": 852101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9837", "title": "Properties of mixed vesicles of lecithin: cholesterol up to a 1:2 molar ratio.", "content": "The cholesterol solubilizing capacity of lecithin vesicles was studied and some physicochemical properties of the resulting mixed vesicles were investigated. The maximum association of ultrasonicated cholesterol and lecithin was found to be a cholesterol/lecithin molar ratio of 2:1, with a limiting concentration of colloidal lipid of approximately 34 mg/ml. The 2:1 dispersions were found to be rather stable with no change in cholesterol/lecithin ratios for long periods. The mixed 2:1 cholesterol/lecithin vesicles were separated by Sepharose 4 B chromatography to obtain homogeneous preparations. The homogeneity was further tested by analytical ultracentrifugation and electron microscopy. Light-scattering measurements showed an increase in particle weight with increasing cholesterol proportion. 1H-and 13C-NMR studies demonstrated an additional broadening, especially of chain resonances, when going from a cholesterol/lecithin molar ratio of 1:1 to 2:1.", "contents": "Properties of mixed vesicles of lecithin: cholesterol up to a 1:2 molar ratio. The cholesterol solubilizing capacity of lecithin vesicles was studied and some physicochemical properties of the resulting mixed vesicles were investigated. The maximum association of ultrasonicated cholesterol and lecithin was found to be a cholesterol/lecithin molar ratio of 2:1, with a limiting concentration of colloidal lipid of approximately 34 mg/ml. The 2:1 dispersions were found to be rather stable with no change in cholesterol/lecithin ratios for long periods. The mixed 2:1 cholesterol/lecithin vesicles were separated by Sepharose 4 B chromatography to obtain homogeneous preparations. The homogeneity was further tested by analytical ultracentrifugation and electron microscopy. Light-scattering measurements showed an increase in particle weight with increasing cholesterol proportion. 1H-and 13C-NMR studies demonstrated an additional broadening, especially of chain resonances, when going from a cholesterol/lecithin molar ratio of 1:1 to 2:1.", "PMID": 852102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9838", "title": "Role of prostaglandins in the control of renin secretion in the dog.", "content": "Infusion of indomethacin into anesthetized, salt-depleted dogs cuased an increase in mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), and decreases in heart rate (HR), urine flow rate (V), renal plasma flow (RPF), and renin secretion rate. MABP was 112.1 +/-5.4 mm Hg during control periods and was 147.7 +/- 5.6 mm Hg (P less than 0.005) 80 minutes after the infusion of indomethacin. V was 0.38 +/- 0.06 ml/min during control periods and was 0.08 +/- 0.01 ml/min (P less than 0.005) 80 minutes after the infusion of indomethacin. RPF was 126.3 +/- 13.3 ml/min and 41.5 +/- 7.5 ml/min, respectively (P less than 0.005), before and after 80 minutes of infusion. Renin secretion rate decreased from 1,194.1 +/- 353.9 U/min during control periods to reach 384.0 +/- 125.8 U/min (P less than 0.025) by 80 minutes of infusion of indomethacin. Subsequent infusion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) into the renal artery for 80 minutes caused increases of V to 0.53 +/- 0.13 ml/min (P less than 0.01), of RPF to 102.4 +/- 23.1 ml/min (P less than 0.01), and of renin secretion rate to 2,582.6 +/- 786.4 U/min (P less than 0.005). The decrease in renin secretion rate during the infusion of indomethacin persisted when renal perfusion pressure (RPP) was maintained relatively constant before and during the infusion of indomethacin. Furthermore, we found that infusion of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) into the kidney gave the same pattern of response as PGE2. The data suggest that PGE1 and PGE2 play a role in the control of renin secretion.", "contents": "Role of prostaglandins in the control of renin secretion in the dog. Infusion of indomethacin into anesthetized, salt-depleted dogs cuased an increase in mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), and decreases in heart rate (HR), urine flow rate (V), renal plasma flow (RPF), and renin secretion rate. MABP was 112.1 +/-5.4 mm Hg during control periods and was 147.7 +/- 5.6 mm Hg (P less than 0.005) 80 minutes after the infusion of indomethacin. V was 0.38 +/- 0.06 ml/min during control periods and was 0.08 +/- 0.01 ml/min (P less than 0.005) 80 minutes after the infusion of indomethacin. RPF was 126.3 +/- 13.3 ml/min and 41.5 +/- 7.5 ml/min, respectively (P less than 0.005), before and after 80 minutes of infusion. Renin secretion rate decreased from 1,194.1 +/- 353.9 U/min during control periods to reach 384.0 +/- 125.8 U/min (P less than 0.025) by 80 minutes of infusion of indomethacin. Subsequent infusion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) into the renal artery for 80 minutes caused increases of V to 0.53 +/- 0.13 ml/min (P less than 0.01), of RPF to 102.4 +/- 23.1 ml/min (P less than 0.01), and of renin secretion rate to 2,582.6 +/- 786.4 U/min (P less than 0.005). The decrease in renin secretion rate during the infusion of indomethacin persisted when renal perfusion pressure (RPP) was maintained relatively constant before and during the infusion of indomethacin. Furthermore, we found that infusion of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) into the kidney gave the same pattern of response as PGE2. The data suggest that PGE1 and PGE2 play a role in the control of renin secretion.", "PMID": 852103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9839", "title": "Partition of xenon and iodoantipyrine among erythrocytes, plasma, and myocardium.", "content": "A new method was developed for determining directly the distribution of 133Xe between red cells and plasma in vitro without an air-fluid interface; the partitioning of 133Xe and 133-i-iodantipyrine between blood and myocardium was investigated in the dog in situ. The red cell-plasma partition coefficient for 133Xe (lambdacpX, unit: ml/ml) at 37 degrees C was 2.27 +/- 0.07 (mean +/- SD) for human blood and 3.31 +/- 0.06 for dog blood. The red cell-plasma partition coefficient for 131I-iodantipyrine (lambdacpI, ml/ml) was 0.75 +/- 0.04 for human blood and 0.97 +/- 0.03 for dog blood. lambdacpX and lambdacpI did not change significantly after the intravenous administration of sodium pentobarbital (30 mg/kg) into the dog. lambdacpX of dog blood varied inversely with temperature, whereas lambdacpI showed very little change with temperature. The blood-left ventricle partition coefficient for 133Xe (lambda'btX, corrected for trapped blood) varied directly with directly with red cell volume fraction (H): lambda'btX = 1.32 + 2.00 H. Blood-left ventricle partition coefficient for 131I-iodoanitpyrine did not vary significantly with H. The results support the concept of a three-compartment partition of the indicator among erythrocytes, plasma, and myocardium. The mean values (+/- SD) of the hematocrit-independent plasma-tissue partition coefficient in the left ventricle for 133Xe and 131I-iodoantipyrine were 1.08 +/- 0.16 and 1.54 +/- 0.20 g/ml, respectively.", "contents": "Partition of xenon and iodoantipyrine among erythrocytes, plasma, and myocardium. A new method was developed for determining directly the distribution of 133Xe between red cells and plasma in vitro without an air-fluid interface; the partitioning of 133Xe and 133-i-iodantipyrine between blood and myocardium was investigated in the dog in situ. The red cell-plasma partition coefficient for 133Xe (lambdacpX, unit: ml/ml) at 37 degrees C was 2.27 +/- 0.07 (mean +/- SD) for human blood and 3.31 +/- 0.06 for dog blood. The red cell-plasma partition coefficient for 131I-iodantipyrine (lambdacpI, ml/ml) was 0.75 +/- 0.04 for human blood and 0.97 +/- 0.03 for dog blood. lambdacpX and lambdacpI did not change significantly after the intravenous administration of sodium pentobarbital (30 mg/kg) into the dog. lambdacpX of dog blood varied inversely with temperature, whereas lambdacpI showed very little change with temperature. The blood-left ventricle partition coefficient for 133Xe (lambda'btX, corrected for trapped blood) varied directly with directly with red cell volume fraction (H): lambda'btX = 1.32 + 2.00 H. Blood-left ventricle partition coefficient for 131I-iodoanitpyrine did not vary significantly with H. The results support the concept of a three-compartment partition of the indicator among erythrocytes, plasma, and myocardium. The mean values (+/- SD) of the hematocrit-independent plasma-tissue partition coefficient in the left ventricle for 133Xe and 131I-iodoantipyrine were 1.08 +/- 0.16 and 1.54 +/- 0.20 g/ml, respectively.", "PMID": 852104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9840", "title": "The effect of ouabain, dinitrophenol, and lithium on the pacemaker current in sheep cardiac Purkinje fibers.", "content": "We studied the effect of ouabain and other inhibitors of the Na-K pump on the pacemaker current (IK2) in sheep cardiac Purkinje fibers. We found that exposure to ouabain (2 X 10(7) M) caused an apparent decrease in the amplitude of the IK2 activation curve. We also found that a similar effect was caused by exposure to dinitrophenol (DNP) or lithium-substituted Tyrode's solution. Our studies showed that after prolonged (more than 60 minutes) exposure to ouabain a characteristic current noise appeared and IK2 was replaced by an oscillatory inward current (IOS). The apparent threshold for IOS was -50 to -60 mV and the peak amplitude of this current increased with increasing levels of depolarization positive to threshold. These results suggest that (1) the apparent decrease in IK2 may be a consequence of ionic redistribution due to Na-K pump inhibition; (2) cardiac glycosides cause abnormal impulse generation by an ionic mechanism separate from IK2 and involving IOS.", "contents": "The effect of ouabain, dinitrophenol, and lithium on the pacemaker current in sheep cardiac Purkinje fibers. We studied the effect of ouabain and other inhibitors of the Na-K pump on the pacemaker current (IK2) in sheep cardiac Purkinje fibers. We found that exposure to ouabain (2 X 10(7) M) caused an apparent decrease in the amplitude of the IK2 activation curve. We also found that a similar effect was caused by exposure to dinitrophenol (DNP) or lithium-substituted Tyrode's solution. Our studies showed that after prolonged (more than 60 minutes) exposure to ouabain a characteristic current noise appeared and IK2 was replaced by an oscillatory inward current (IOS). The apparent threshold for IOS was -50 to -60 mV and the peak amplitude of this current increased with increasing levels of depolarization positive to threshold. These results suggest that (1) the apparent decrease in IK2 may be a consequence of ionic redistribution due to Na-K pump inhibition; (2) cardiac glycosides cause abnormal impulse generation by an ionic mechanism separate from IK2 and involving IOS.", "PMID": 852105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9841", "title": "New colorimetric method for quantitative determination of protein in urine.", "content": "Total urinary protein is rapidly precipitated at room temperature by tannic acid. The tannic acid/protein precipitate, dissolved in aqueous triethanolamine/ferric chloride solution, gives a purple-violet color of high absorptivity. Absorbance at 510 nm is linearly related to concentration from 0.05 to 1.50 A for a protein content of 0.05 to 1.50 g/liter, and less than 5 mg/liter can be detected. The CV and analytical recovery ranged from 0.5 to 1.8% and 98 to 103%, respectively. Nonprotein urinary constituents do not interfere.", "contents": "New colorimetric method for quantitative determination of protein in urine. Total urinary protein is rapidly precipitated at room temperature by tannic acid. The tannic acid/protein precipitate, dissolved in aqueous triethanolamine/ferric chloride solution, gives a purple-violet color of high absorptivity. Absorbance at 510 nm is linearly related to concentration from 0.05 to 1.50 A for a protein content of 0.05 to 1.50 g/liter, and less than 5 mg/liter can be detected. The CV and analytical recovery ranged from 0.5 to 1.8% and 98 to 103%, respectively. Nonprotein urinary constituents do not interfere.", "PMID": 852107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9842", "title": "Sequential-saturation-type assay for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D.", "content": "We describe a method for measuring 25-hydroxyvitamin D in serum. The serum is denatured with ethanol, and the extract purified by chromatography on silicic acid to prevent potential interference from vitamin D and by other substances. 25-Hydoxyvitamin D is assayed by sequential saturation analysis in Tris-HCI buffer, pH 8.6, containing the surfactant Triton X-405 (2 ml/liter) to solubilize the steroid. Diluter, unpurifed normal human serum is used as the binder. The method is sensitive and precise. The dose-response curve is linear. The assay normally gives high count rates (12 000 to 20 000 cpm for the zero standard) and consequently 25-hydroxyvitamin D of low specific activity can be used if necessary. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was determined in normal and osteomalacic subjects.", "contents": "Sequential-saturation-type assay for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D. We describe a method for measuring 25-hydroxyvitamin D in serum. The serum is denatured with ethanol, and the extract purified by chromatography on silicic acid to prevent potential interference from vitamin D and by other substances. 25-Hydoxyvitamin D is assayed by sequential saturation analysis in Tris-HCI buffer, pH 8.6, containing the surfactant Triton X-405 (2 ml/liter) to solubilize the steroid. Diluter, unpurifed normal human serum is used as the binder. The method is sensitive and precise. The dose-response curve is linear. The assay normally gives high count rates (12 000 to 20 000 cpm for the zero standard) and consequently 25-hydroxyvitamin D of low specific activity can be used if necessary. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was determined in normal and osteomalacic subjects.", "PMID": 852108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9843", "title": "Computer-assisted quality control in clinical chemistry.", "content": "A MUMPS comuter program, which stores and retrieves quality-control data from all automated and manual work-station in the laboratory, has been developed as part of a laboratory information system. Tabular displays, Levey-Jennings charts, and summary statistics are available on a real-time basis. Significant economy over previous manual methods has been observed, and the total quality-control program in the laboratory has become a more active and timely process.", "contents": "Computer-assisted quality control in clinical chemistry. A MUMPS comuter program, which stores and retrieves quality-control data from all automated and manual work-station in the laboratory, has been developed as part of a laboratory information system. Tabular displays, Levey-Jennings charts, and summary statistics are available on a real-time basis. Significant economy over previous manual methods has been observed, and the total quality-control program in the laboratory has become a more active and timely process.", "PMID": 852109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9844", "title": "Interference by p-hydroxyphenobarbital in the 125I-radioimmunoassay of serum and urinary phenobarbital.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for barbiturates is shown to be equally sensitive to phenobarbital and its major urinary metabolite, p-hydroxyphenobarbital, in serum and urine. Interference by the metabolite can be essentially eliminated by selectively extracting phenobarbital into chloroform. The extraction efficiency of the method for phenobarbital was 93+/-2% (SD) over the concentration range studied. Although cross reactivity between barbiturates and their metabolites may be less important in determining cases of barbiturates abuse or overdose, it may be extremely important if data on serum or urine are required for accurate estimates of drug disposition, or in establishing dose/response relationships.", "contents": "Interference by p-hydroxyphenobarbital in the 125I-radioimmunoassay of serum and urinary phenobarbital. A radioimmunoassay for barbiturates is shown to be equally sensitive to phenobarbital and its major urinary metabolite, p-hydroxyphenobarbital, in serum and urine. Interference by the metabolite can be essentially eliminated by selectively extracting phenobarbital into chloroform. The extraction efficiency of the method for phenobarbital was 93+/-2% (SD) over the concentration range studied. Although cross reactivity between barbiturates and their metabolites may be less important in determining cases of barbiturates abuse or overdose, it may be extremely important if data on serum or urine are required for accurate estimates of drug disposition, or in establishing dose/response relationships.", "PMID": 852110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9845", "title": "An assessment of a reflectance meter system for measurement of plasma or blood glucose in the clinic or side ward.", "content": "The Reflomat System for rapid estimation of plasma or blood glucose concentration has been evaluated. The System gave a linear response throughout its analytical range and the recovery of glucose added to glucose-free plasma was 97-105%. Addition of sodium fluoride to plasma produced a 7-15% reduction in the estimated glucose concentration. Plasma glucose concentration estimated with the Reflomat agreed closely with results of a glucose oxidase and a hexokinase based method, and blood glucose concentration measured with the Reflomat agreed well with results of a glucose oxidase method.", "contents": "An assessment of a reflectance meter system for measurement of plasma or blood glucose in the clinic or side ward. The Reflomat System for rapid estimation of plasma or blood glucose concentration has been evaluated. The System gave a linear response throughout its analytical range and the recovery of glucose added to glucose-free plasma was 97-105%. Addition of sodium fluoride to plasma produced a 7-15% reduction in the estimated glucose concentration. Plasma glucose concentration estimated with the Reflomat agreed closely with results of a glucose oxidase and a hexokinase based method, and blood glucose concentration measured with the Reflomat agreed well with results of a glucose oxidase method.", "PMID": 852127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9846", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid polyamine monitoring in central nervous system leukemia.", "content": "High-pressure chromatographic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid utilizing the o-phthalaldehyde-fluorescent detection system allows the reproducible detection of acid-soluble polyamines in this extracellular fluid compartment. Measurements made by this method in childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia appear to correlate with the remission-relapse status of the patient. The sensitivity of this analytic technique may allow much earlier detection of central nervous system disease. Studies are presently under way in our laboratories to define the usefulness of this technique to monitor successful chemotherapy of leukemia patients.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid polyamine monitoring in central nervous system leukemia. High-pressure chromatographic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid utilizing the o-phthalaldehyde-fluorescent detection system allows the reproducible detection of acid-soluble polyamines in this extracellular fluid compartment. Measurements made by this method in childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia appear to correlate with the remission-relapse status of the patient. The sensitivity of this analytic technique may allow much earlier detection of central nervous system disease. Studies are presently under way in our laboratories to define the usefulness of this technique to monitor successful chemotherapy of leukemia patients.", "PMID": 852128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9847", "title": "A study on the dimeric structure of creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2).", "content": "The generally accepted dimeric structure of creatine kinase (CK) is one in which M subunits and B subunits can occur. This paper reports the existence of three MM-bands and two MB-bands in human sera with increased CK-activity. These findings and supplementary data gathered from hybridisation experiments have led to the conclusion that there are two different M subunits, which can both occur in the enzyme in vivo. Further, findings are reported on the different CK-isozyme patterns of extracts from the cerebellum and from the cortex and the medulla of the cerebrum.", "contents": "A study on the dimeric structure of creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2). The generally accepted dimeric structure of creatine kinase (CK) is one in which M subunits and B subunits can occur. This paper reports the existence of three MM-bands and two MB-bands in human sera with increased CK-activity. These findings and supplementary data gathered from hybridisation experiments have led to the conclusion that there are two different M subunits, which can both occur in the enzyme in vivo. Further, findings are reported on the different CK-isozyme patterns of extracts from the cerebellum and from the cortex and the medulla of the cerebrum.", "PMID": 852129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9848", "title": "The measurement of serum free insulin by steady-state gel filtration.", "content": "A method for the separation of bound and free insulin in the serum of insulin treated diabetics by steady state gel filtration is described. The method meets the criteria which have been suggested for the validation of a method of separating bound from free ligand. The precision of the method is satisfactory, and the results compare well with those obtained by the methods of ethanol precipitation and polyethylene glycol precipitation.", "contents": "The measurement of serum free insulin by steady-state gel filtration. A method for the separation of bound and free insulin in the serum of insulin treated diabetics by steady state gel filtration is described. The method meets the criteria which have been suggested for the validation of a method of separating bound from free ligand. The precision of the method is satisfactory, and the results compare well with those obtained by the methods of ethanol precipitation and polyethylene glycol precipitation.", "PMID": 852130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9849", "title": "Plasma cholinesterase variants in patients having lithium therapy.", "content": "The plasma cholinesterase variants of 190 mentally ill individuals having lithium prophylaxis have been examined. A significantly increased frequency of the E1f gene is reported. The effect of lithium nitrate and sodium nitrate on the plasma cholinesterase variants have been shown to be identical in the concentration range 25.0-50.0 mmol/l. The usual enzyme is slightly less sensitive to inhibition by either salt than the dibucaine resistant variant. The evidence suggest that the increased frequency of the E1f gene could be a genetic marker associated with some mental illness and not the result of lithium prophylaxis.", "contents": "Plasma cholinesterase variants in patients having lithium therapy. The plasma cholinesterase variants of 190 mentally ill individuals having lithium prophylaxis have been examined. A significantly increased frequency of the E1f gene is reported. The effect of lithium nitrate and sodium nitrate on the plasma cholinesterase variants have been shown to be identical in the concentration range 25.0-50.0 mmol/l. The usual enzyme is slightly less sensitive to inhibition by either salt than the dibucaine resistant variant. The evidence suggest that the increased frequency of the E1f gene could be a genetic marker associated with some mental illness and not the result of lithium prophylaxis.", "PMID": 852131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9850", "title": "Serum creatine kinase isoenzymes in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Creatine kinase isoenzymes in sera of 51 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy were separated on a micro-column of DEAE Sephadex A-50. MB isoenzyme was detected in the sera of 32 cases (63%). MB percentage of total creatine kinase activity correlated significantly with urinary creatine/creatinine ratio in the early stages of the disease. No close relationship between MB levels and ECG findings was observed. The origin of serum MB in Duchenne dystrophy is discussed.", "contents": "Serum creatine kinase isoenzymes in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Creatine kinase isoenzymes in sera of 51 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy were separated on a micro-column of DEAE Sephadex A-50. MB isoenzyme was detected in the sera of 32 cases (63%). MB percentage of total creatine kinase activity correlated significantly with urinary creatine/creatinine ratio in the early stages of the disease. No close relationship between MB levels and ECG findings was observed. The origin of serum MB in Duchenne dystrophy is discussed.", "PMID": 852132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9851", "title": "A gas-liquid chromatographic method for the quantitative determination of quinidine in blood.", "content": "A gas-liquid chromatographic method, using chloroquine as internal standard, for quinidine evaluation in serum is described. Prior to acidic delipidation, chloroquine is added to the serum sample and an alkaline extraction is used. Direct gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of unaltered forms using a nitrogen detector is performed. The sensitivity limit of this method is 0.5 microng/ml, i.e. sufficient for therapeutic quinidine blood level determinatin (1 to 5 microng/ml).", "contents": "A gas-liquid chromatographic method for the quantitative determination of quinidine in blood. A gas-liquid chromatographic method, using chloroquine as internal standard, for quinidine evaluation in serum is described. Prior to acidic delipidation, chloroquine is added to the serum sample and an alkaline extraction is used. Direct gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of unaltered forms using a nitrogen detector is performed. The sensitivity limit of this method is 0.5 microng/ml, i.e. sufficient for therapeutic quinidine blood level determinatin (1 to 5 microng/ml).", "PMID": 852133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9852", "title": "Chemical measurements of inulin concentrations in peritoneal dialysis solution.", "content": "Peritoneal inulin clearance during peritoneal dialysis is a useful indicator of efficiency of removal of larger solutes. Peritoneal dialysis solutions usually contain high glucose concentrations that interfere with the chemical measurements of inulin concentration. In these studies, inulin recoveries in simple glucose and peritoneal dialysis solutions with three chemical methods were compared; all methods reportedly were subject to minimal glucose interference. The findings showed one method subject to minimal and predictable glucose interference in all solutions tested. For two methods, interference in peritoneal dialysis solutions exceeded that predicted from glucose alone; this unexpected interference was shown to most likely result from carmalized glucose subsequent to the routine autoclaving of peritoneal dialysis solutions.", "contents": "Chemical measurements of inulin concentrations in peritoneal dialysis solution. Peritoneal inulin clearance during peritoneal dialysis is a useful indicator of efficiency of removal of larger solutes. Peritoneal dialysis solutions usually contain high glucose concentrations that interfere with the chemical measurements of inulin concentration. In these studies, inulin recoveries in simple glucose and peritoneal dialysis solutions with three chemical methods were compared; all methods reportedly were subject to minimal glucose interference. The findings showed one method subject to minimal and predictable glucose interference in all solutions tested. For two methods, interference in peritoneal dialysis solutions exceeded that predicted from glucose alone; this unexpected interference was shown to most likely result from carmalized glucose subsequent to the routine autoclaving of peritoneal dialysis solutions.", "PMID": 852136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9853", "title": "Linearization of data for saturation-type competitive protein binding assay and radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Most of the commonly-performed competitive protein-binding radioassay methods utilized in the clinical laboratory are based on the principle of saturation analysis. Although many different methods for linearization of saturation-type assays have been proposed, the algebraic equivalency of all of these methods has not been adequately documented. In this manuscript we have shown the physical and mathematical basis for various methods for linearlization of saturation type assays and the algebraic equivalency of these linearization methods. We have also shown that key parameters such as slope and intercept may be dependent on different components of the assays system with differnt linearization methods. An understanding of these key parameters can help the analyst to evaluate changes in these key parameters and to integrate these parameters in a complete quality control system.", "contents": "Linearization of data for saturation-type competitive protein binding assay and radioimmunoassay. Most of the commonly-performed competitive protein-binding radioassay methods utilized in the clinical laboratory are based on the principle of saturation analysis. Although many different methods for linearization of saturation-type assays have been proposed, the algebraic equivalency of all of these methods has not been adequately documented. In this manuscript we have shown the physical and mathematical basis for various methods for linearlization of saturation type assays and the algebraic equivalency of these linearization methods. We have also shown that key parameters such as slope and intercept may be dependent on different components of the assays system with differnt linearization methods. An understanding of these key parameters can help the analyst to evaluate changes in these key parameters and to integrate these parameters in a complete quality control system.", "PMID": 852137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9854", "title": "Application of synchronous excitation spectrofluorimetry to drug analysis.", "content": "Among the analytical techniques available for the determination of toxic products, fluorimetry is, at present, one of the most frequently employed. But in many cases, measurements at low concentrations are interfered with by Rayleigh and Raman scattering. We propose to eliminate, in great part, this interference and hence increase the sensitivity of the method, by using the new synchronous excitation spectrofluorimetry. Application of this technique to the identification and determination of drugs during recent forensic investigations demonstrates its advantages over classical spectrofluorimetry.", "contents": "Application of synchronous excitation spectrofluorimetry to drug analysis. Among the analytical techniques available for the determination of toxic products, fluorimetry is, at present, one of the most frequently employed. But in many cases, measurements at low concentrations are interfered with by Rayleigh and Raman scattering. We propose to eliminate, in great part, this interference and hence increase the sensitivity of the method, by using the new synchronous excitation spectrofluorimetry. Application of this technique to the identification and determination of drugs during recent forensic investigations demonstrates its advantages over classical spectrofluorimetry.", "PMID": 852141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9855", "title": "Alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme in intestinal metaplasia of the stomach.", "content": "To investigate the relationship of intestinal metaplasia of the stomach and gastric carcinoma, isoenzymatic analysis of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) of the intestinal metaplasia was studied. Purified human intestinal ALP, and anti-human intestinal ALP antibody were used, and mucosa ALP of the other segments of human gastro-intestinal tract was studied simultaneously. Radioimmunoassay technique, and immunofluorescent staining using anti-human intestinal ALP antibody, were applied to the stomach resected for gastric carcinoma or peptic ulcer, ALP extracted from the mucosa of intestinal metaplasia, and from the mucosa of the other segments of human gastro-intestinal tract, was identical with intestinal ALP in its enzymological and immunological properties.", "contents": "Alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme in intestinal metaplasia of the stomach. To investigate the relationship of intestinal metaplasia of the stomach and gastric carcinoma, isoenzymatic analysis of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) of the intestinal metaplasia was studied. Purified human intestinal ALP, and anti-human intestinal ALP antibody were used, and mucosa ALP of the other segments of human gastro-intestinal tract was studied simultaneously. Radioimmunoassay technique, and immunofluorescent staining using anti-human intestinal ALP antibody, were applied to the stomach resected for gastric carcinoma or peptic ulcer, ALP extracted from the mucosa of intestinal metaplasia, and from the mucosa of the other segments of human gastro-intestinal tract, was identical with intestinal ALP in its enzymological and immunological properties.", "PMID": 852142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9856", "title": "An evaluation of laboratory tests for the detection and differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome.", "content": "1. Results of tests for the diagnosis of Cushings syndrome of varoius aetiologies are discussed for twenty-five patients in whom the pathology was established by operation or autopsy. 2. Control values for the urinary excretion of free cortisol, 17-OHCS, Porter-Silber chromogens (P-SC) and 17-OS and plasma levels of P-SC are compared with those for normal subjects. 3. The results indicated that urinary values are within the normal range for some patients with Cushing's syndrome. 4. Plasma levels of P-SC in the morning were within the normal range for the majority and elevated for the rest. 5. Some patients showed day-night variation of plasma P-SC but evening values were above the normal range. 6. The expected response for low dosage dexamethasone was found in all patients tested but unexpected responses followed high dosage in some. 7. Plasma 11-OHCS in the five patients tested failed to respond to insulin induced hypoglycaemia. 8. Metyrapone administration and corticotrophin infusion tests had limited usefulness in establishing the aetiology of the disease. The 17-OHCS excretion became raised in the response to corticotrophin and the evaluation was prolonged beyond normal responsiveness.", "contents": "An evaluation of laboratory tests for the detection and differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. 1. Results of tests for the diagnosis of Cushings syndrome of varoius aetiologies are discussed for twenty-five patients in whom the pathology was established by operation or autopsy. 2. Control values for the urinary excretion of free cortisol, 17-OHCS, Porter-Silber chromogens (P-SC) and 17-OS and plasma levels of P-SC are compared with those for normal subjects. 3. The results indicated that urinary values are within the normal range for some patients with Cushing's syndrome. 4. Plasma levels of P-SC in the morning were within the normal range for the majority and elevated for the rest. 5. Some patients showed day-night variation of plasma P-SC but evening values were above the normal range. 6. The expected response for low dosage dexamethasone was found in all patients tested but unexpected responses followed high dosage in some. 7. Plasma 11-OHCS in the five patients tested failed to respond to insulin induced hypoglycaemia. 8. Metyrapone administration and corticotrophin infusion tests had limited usefulness in establishing the aetiology of the disease. The 17-OHCS excretion became raised in the response to corticotrophin and the evaluation was prolonged beyond normal responsiveness.", "PMID": 852143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9857", "title": "DNA cytophotometry in pre-natal cytogenetic diagnosis.", "content": "DNA cytophotometry was used to resolve a cytogenetic ambiguity involving a possible deletion of part of the short arm of chromosome 18 in cells obtained by amniocentesis. Measurements of chromosomal DNA content were within normal limits. This is the first time that DNA cytophotometry has been used in cytogenetic diagnosis; it illustrates the potential of this new approach to cytogenetics.", "contents": "DNA cytophotometry in pre-natal cytogenetic diagnosis. DNA cytophotometry was used to resolve a cytogenetic ambiguity involving a possible deletion of part of the short arm of chromosome 18 in cells obtained by amniocentesis. Measurements of chromosomal DNA content were within normal limits. This is the first time that DNA cytophotometry has been used in cytogenetic diagnosis; it illustrates the potential of this new approach to cytogenetics.", "PMID": 852145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9858", "title": "Trisomy 9 mosaicism.", "content": "The first live-born female with trisomy 9 mosaicism is reported. This patient, like four others in the literature, has a characteristic face with narrowed temples, enophthalmus, large nose and pouched cheeks, as well as skeletal abnormalities of the extremities, including hip dislocation, limited joint mobility and bone hypoplasia.", "contents": "Trisomy 9 mosaicism. The first live-born female with trisomy 9 mosaicism is reported. This patient, like four others in the literature, has a characteristic face with narrowed temples, enophthalmus, large nose and pouched cheeks, as well as skeletal abnormalities of the extremities, including hip dislocation, limited joint mobility and bone hypoplasia.", "PMID": 852146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9859", "title": "The prone hip extension test: a method of measuring hip flexion deformity.", "content": "The \"prone hip extension test\" is described as a simple, convenient, and reliable method of measuring hip flexion contracture. The test may be performed on a padded examining table or bed, it is applicable to the spastic patient, and as the patient is examined prone, it provides a method of flattening the lumbar spine under visual control to avoid obtaining either a falsely high or low value. It, therefore, circumvents the problems commonly associated with the traditional \"Thomas Test\".", "contents": "The prone hip extension test: a method of measuring hip flexion deformity. The \"prone hip extension test\" is described as a simple, convenient, and reliable method of measuring hip flexion contracture. The test may be performed on a padded examining table or bed, it is applicable to the spastic patient, and as the patient is examined prone, it provides a method of flattening the lumbar spine under visual control to avoid obtaining either a falsely high or low value. It, therefore, circumvents the problems commonly associated with the traditional \"Thomas Test\".", "PMID": 852171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9860", "title": "Osteotomy as an alternative to total hip replacement in young adults.", "content": "The young (under 50) patient with symptomatic osteoarthrosis of the hip from congenital hip dysplasia presents a difficult therapeutic problem. Although total hip replacement can be successful in such cases, the uncertaintly of a long-term result makes an alternative treatment attractive. A series of 15 patients with 17 involved hips were subjected to a carefully planned and executed valgus osteotomy combined with a selective muscle lengthening about the hip. Five years or more after this procedure 14 of the 17 hips of these patients were pain free. The other three hips caused mild pain only after exertion. No patient at final follow-up required external support. Sixteen of the 17 hips showed significant radiological regression of the osteoarthrosis.", "contents": "Osteotomy as an alternative to total hip replacement in young adults. The young (under 50) patient with symptomatic osteoarthrosis of the hip from congenital hip dysplasia presents a difficult therapeutic problem. Although total hip replacement can be successful in such cases, the uncertaintly of a long-term result makes an alternative treatment attractive. A series of 15 patients with 17 involved hips were subjected to a carefully planned and executed valgus osteotomy combined with a selective muscle lengthening about the hip. Five years or more after this procedure 14 of the 17 hips of these patients were pain free. The other three hips caused mild pain only after exertion. No patient at final follow-up required external support. Sixteen of the 17 hips showed significant radiological regression of the osteoarthrosis.", "PMID": 852172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9861", "title": "The stimulation of lymphocytes by nucleus pulposus in patients with degenerative disk disease of the lumbar spine.", "content": "Being avascular the nucleus pulposus is not normally in contact with the immune mechanisms. Rupture out of its confines may result in an inflammatory reaction and contact with immunocompetent cells. Using the lymphocyte transformation test we incubated lymphocytes of 25 patients and 43 controls with an extract of nucleus pulposus. Ten patients with sequestrated or large herniated disks had a mean transformation index of 16.6 compared to controls whose mean index was 3.6. Nine patients with negative myelograms had an idex similar to controls. These results suggest an auto-immune response to nucleus pulposus in patients with sequestrated disks.", "contents": "The stimulation of lymphocytes by nucleus pulposus in patients with degenerative disk disease of the lumbar spine. Being avascular the nucleus pulposus is not normally in contact with the immune mechanisms. Rupture out of its confines may result in an inflammatory reaction and contact with immunocompetent cells. Using the lymphocyte transformation test we incubated lymphocytes of 25 patients and 43 controls with an extract of nucleus pulposus. Ten patients with sequestrated or large herniated disks had a mean transformation index of 16.6 compared to controls whose mean index was 3.6. Nine patients with negative myelograms had an idex similar to controls. These results suggest an auto-immune response to nucleus pulposus in patients with sequestrated disks.", "PMID": 852173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9862", "title": "The gluteus maximus femoral insertion: a guide in surgery about the hip.", "content": "The proximal portion of the gluteus femoral insertion consistently lies at the level of the lesser trochanter, a common reference point in many surgical procedures about the hip. The advantages of using the tendinous insertion of the gluteus maximus into the femur over that of the lesser trochanter is that it is easy to palpate and visualize through the standard lateral and posterolateral approaches to the hip and proximal femur.", "contents": "The gluteus maximus femoral insertion: a guide in surgery about the hip. The proximal portion of the gluteus femoral insertion consistently lies at the level of the lesser trochanter, a common reference point in many surgical procedures about the hip. The advantages of using the tendinous insertion of the gluteus maximus into the femur over that of the lesser trochanter is that it is easy to palpate and visualize through the standard lateral and posterolateral approaches to the hip and proximal femur.", "PMID": 852174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9863", "title": "Extracellular matrix-cell interactions and chondrogenesis.", "content": "Extracellular matrix macromolecules are capable of complex interactions. Recent studies demonstrate that extracellular matrix macromolecules can regulate the synthesis of chrondroitin sulfate by chondrocytes. Extracellular chondroitin sulfate stimulates chondroitin sulfate synthesis, whereas external hyaluronic acid inhibits chondroitin sulfate production. Other matrix macromolecule-cell interactions are reviewed. An hypothesis is proposed to account for the interaction between the cell and its extracellular matrix macromolecules.", "contents": "Extracellular matrix-cell interactions and chondrogenesis. Extracellular matrix macromolecules are capable of complex interactions. Recent studies demonstrate that extracellular matrix macromolecules can regulate the synthesis of chrondroitin sulfate by chondrocytes. Extracellular chondroitin sulfate stimulates chondroitin sulfate synthesis, whereas external hyaluronic acid inhibits chondroitin sulfate production. Other matrix macromolecule-cell interactions are reviewed. An hypothesis is proposed to account for the interaction between the cell and its extracellular matrix macromolecules.", "PMID": 852175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9864", "title": "Condylocephalic nailing for pathologic subtrochanteric fracture.", "content": "Pathologic subtrochanteric fracture in a femur rarefied by fibrous dysplasia of bone was successfully treated with condylocephalic nailing and bone grafting. This procedure is recommended not only for traumatic fractures but also for pathologic fractures secondary to bone tumor.", "contents": "Condylocephalic nailing for pathologic subtrochanteric fracture. Pathologic subtrochanteric fracture in a femur rarefied by fibrous dysplasia of bone was successfully treated with condylocephalic nailing and bone grafting. This procedure is recommended not only for traumatic fractures but also for pathologic fractures secondary to bone tumor.", "PMID": 852176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9865", "title": "Fracture healing in the presence of anemia.", "content": "In experimental fractures in rabbits, a decrease in blood volume associated with anemia delays healing, but uncomplicated normovolemic anemia has no adverse effect. For the purpose of stimulating the repair process in normovolemic anemia individuals blood transfusions would be ineffectual.", "contents": "Fracture healing in the presence of anemia. In experimental fractures in rabbits, a decrease in blood volume associated with anemia delays healing, but uncomplicated normovolemic anemia has no adverse effect. For the purpose of stimulating the repair process in normovolemic anemia individuals blood transfusions would be ineffectual.", "PMID": 852180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9866", "title": "Histocompatibility determinants in idiopathic scoliosis.", "content": "The HLA antigen distribution in 64 random scoliosis patients has been determined. Of the surgical group (greater than 50 degrees), the specificity W19 was increased. In the nonsurgical group (less than 45 degrees) the W19 specificity was also increased; however, the only specificity significantly increased was A29 (X2=11.64, P=less than .02). These observations are preliminary and more extensive work is needed to establish the relevance of the major histocompatibility system in the etiology and progression of idiopathic scoliosis.", "contents": "Histocompatibility determinants in idiopathic scoliosis. The HLA antigen distribution in 64 random scoliosis patients has been determined. Of the surgical group (greater than 50 degrees), the specificity W19 was increased. In the nonsurgical group (less than 45 degrees) the W19 specificity was also increased; however, the only specificity significantly increased was A29 (X2=11.64, P=less than .02). These observations are preliminary and more extensive work is needed to establish the relevance of the major histocompatibility system in the etiology and progression of idiopathic scoliosis.", "PMID": 852181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9867", "title": "Diagnosis of ostechondritis dissecans of the femoral condyles: the value of the lateral x-ray view.", "content": "The lateral X-ray view of the knee is more likely to yield the diagnosis of osteochondritis dissecans of the femoral condyles if the examiner is aware that most cases are located in the subarticular bone of the medial femoral condyle between two lines: The first extended anteriorly from the density of the roof of the intercondylar notch, and the second, extended distally from the posterior cortex of the distal femoral diaphysis.", "contents": "Diagnosis of ostechondritis dissecans of the femoral condyles: the value of the lateral x-ray view. The lateral X-ray view of the knee is more likely to yield the diagnosis of osteochondritis dissecans of the femoral condyles if the examiner is aware that most cases are located in the subarticular bone of the medial femoral condyle between two lines: The first extended anteriorly from the density of the roof of the intercondylar notch, and the second, extended distally from the posterior cortex of the distal femoral diaphysis.", "PMID": 852179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9868", "title": "Morphology and crystal composition of chondrocalcinosis after osteochondritis dissecans.", "content": "Three patients, who in their youth had been operated upon for osteochondritis dissecans in the femoral condyles, and who had developed gonarthrosis and chondrocalcinosis 30 years later, were investigated by arthrotomy. Tissue was obtained from the semilunar cartilages, the joint cartilages and the synovialis, for crystal analysis and morphological studies. The calcium deposits were with X-ray diffraction and polarization microscopy, The compound found was mainly calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate. Crystals were seen in all the tissues studies and the deposits could also be seen in micro-radiography. The histological examination demonstrated mainly degenerative, but also regenerative changes in the articular cartilage. On the site of the osteochondritis lesion the fibrous tissue was very rich in crystals. In the semilunar cartilages and the synovialis crystals were also seen.", "contents": "Morphology and crystal composition of chondrocalcinosis after osteochondritis dissecans. Three patients, who in their youth had been operated upon for osteochondritis dissecans in the femoral condyles, and who had developed gonarthrosis and chondrocalcinosis 30 years later, were investigated by arthrotomy. Tissue was obtained from the semilunar cartilages, the joint cartilages and the synovialis, for crystal analysis and morphological studies. The calcium deposits were with X-ray diffraction and polarization microscopy, The compound found was mainly calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate. Crystals were seen in all the tissues studies and the deposits could also be seen in micro-radiography. The histological examination demonstrated mainly degenerative, but also regenerative changes in the articular cartilage. On the site of the osteochondritis lesion the fibrous tissue was very rich in crystals. In the semilunar cartilages and the synovialis crystals were also seen.", "PMID": 852178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9869", "title": "Percutaneous biopsy of the iliac crest.", "content": "By use of a percutaneous trephine, a relatively large (7.5-mm diameter), full-thickness bone sample can be obtained from the iliac crest under local anesthesia. Such a specimen can be used for histologic evaluation as well as small-volume, bone-grafting procedures. Patient acceptance has been excellent.", "contents": "Percutaneous biopsy of the iliac crest. By use of a percutaneous trephine, a relatively large (7.5-mm diameter), full-thickness bone sample can be obtained from the iliac crest under local anesthesia. Such a specimen can be used for histologic evaluation as well as small-volume, bone-grafting procedures. Patient acceptance has been excellent.", "PMID": 852186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9870", "title": "Pubic symphysis diastasis treated by open reduction and internal fixation.", "content": "Pubic symphysis diastasis usually can be treated by nonoperative means. Nevertheless, there is the unusual patient for whom surgical intervention is required to establish and/or maintain a permanent reduction.", "contents": "Pubic symphysis diastasis treated by open reduction and internal fixation. Pubic symphysis diastasis usually can be treated by nonoperative means. Nevertheless, there is the unusual patient for whom surgical intervention is required to establish and/or maintain a permanent reduction.", "PMID": 852187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9871", "title": "Angiographic assessment and control of potential operative hemorrhage with pathologic fractures secondary to metastasis.", "content": "Two cases are reported, which demonstrate the contribution of angiography to the operative management of neoplastic, pathologic fractures. The degree of fracture site neovascularity was assessed by pre-operative arteriography. Selective trans-catheter gelatin-foam embolization was then employed to markedly reduce or obliterate the arterial supply to lesions shown to be richly vascular. Open reduction and internal fixation was subsequently accomplished with minimal operative hemorrhage.", "contents": "Angiographic assessment and control of potential operative hemorrhage with pathologic fractures secondary to metastasis. Two cases are reported, which demonstrate the contribution of angiography to the operative management of neoplastic, pathologic fractures. The degree of fracture site neovascularity was assessed by pre-operative arteriography. Selective trans-catheter gelatin-foam embolization was then employed to markedly reduce or obliterate the arterial supply to lesions shown to be richly vascular. Open reduction and internal fixation was subsequently accomplished with minimal operative hemorrhage.", "PMID": 852191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9872", "title": "A new technique of open amputation: use of the rolled flap.", "content": "In patients with extensive skin, soft tissue or bone loss and chronic osteomyelitis, or vascular disease, one feature in common is a source of potential infection in that limb. An amputation is often advisable but primary closure frequently results in complications. The above described method of open amputation enables us to retain the optimum bone length and skin flaps without basing the level of the amputation upon the apparent proximal level of normal skin. This method is expecially useful in the acutely traumatized and unsalvagable limb with gross contamination, and can produce early primary healing.", "contents": "A new technique of open amputation: use of the rolled flap. In patients with extensive skin, soft tissue or bone loss and chronic osteomyelitis, or vascular disease, one feature in common is a source of potential infection in that limb. An amputation is often advisable but primary closure frequently results in complications. The above described method of open amputation enables us to retain the optimum bone length and skin flaps without basing the level of the amputation upon the apparent proximal level of normal skin. This method is expecially useful in the acutely traumatized and unsalvagable limb with gross contamination, and can produce early primary healing.", "PMID": 852193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9873", "title": "Principles of exposure for extremity surgery.", "content": "Extremity surgery requires sound anatomical knowledge and adherence to principles of exposure: (1) Position of patient should be optimal for surgery and compatible with adequate and safe anaesthesia; (2) Provide access to the involved areas for suitable surgical procedure; (3) Avoid damage to functional important structures; (4) Produce as little tissue damage as possible; (5) Be adaptable to enlargement or change; (6) Be so done that functional continuity can be restored and the possibility of complications minimized; (7) The healed surgical wound should produce as acceptable cosmetic appearance as possible.", "contents": "Principles of exposure for extremity surgery. Extremity surgery requires sound anatomical knowledge and adherence to principles of exposure: (1) Position of patient should be optimal for surgery and compatible with adequate and safe anaesthesia; (2) Provide access to the involved areas for suitable surgical procedure; (3) Avoid damage to functional important structures; (4) Produce as little tissue damage as possible; (5) Be adaptable to enlargement or change; (6) Be so done that functional continuity can be restored and the possibility of complications minimized; (7) The healed surgical wound should produce as acceptable cosmetic appearance as possible.", "PMID": 852196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9874", "title": "Osteotomy for \"delta-phalanx\" deformity.", "content": "A \"delta phalanx\" is often not triangular but may be trapezoidal. A \"delta phalanx\" may be present without a supernumerary digit. It is a form of complex syndactyly. Correction of the deformities of \"delta phalanz\" is obtained by open wedge osteotomy with excised bone fragments used as a graft and Z-plasty of the skin on the ulnar side of the finger.", "contents": "Osteotomy for \"delta-phalanx\" deformity. A \"delta phalanx\" is often not triangular but may be trapezoidal. A \"delta phalanx\" may be present without a supernumerary digit. It is a form of complex syndactyly. Correction of the deformities of \"delta phalanz\" is obtained by open wedge osteotomy with excised bone fragments used as a graft and Z-plasty of the skin on the ulnar side of the finger.", "PMID": 852200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9875", "title": "The nasal spine.", "content": "Although not a frequent occurence, when present a prominent nasal spine contributes to unpleasing septolabial and columella-alar angles which detract from the overall aesthetic quality of the face. It is important to recognize and correct this deformity. In some patients the necessity for spine resection may be subtle. Resection of the nasal spine must be conservative.", "contents": "The nasal spine. Although not a frequent occurence, when present a prominent nasal spine contributes to unpleasing septolabial and columella-alar angles which detract from the overall aesthetic quality of the face. It is important to recognize and correct this deformity. In some patients the necessity for spine resection may be subtle. Resection of the nasal spine must be conservative.", "PMID": 852215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9876", "title": "The surgical correction of the non-Caucasian nose.", "content": "Repairing the non-Caucasian nose can be satisfying to both patient and surgeon. Goals should be directed towards restoring balance and accent--not the elimination of racial characteristics. Careful technique, adhering to a group of principles, leads to exciting results with minimal morbidity and complications.", "contents": "The surgical correction of the non-Caucasian nose. Repairing the non-Caucasian nose can be satisfying to both patient and surgeon. Goals should be directed towards restoring balance and accent--not the elimination of racial characteristics. Careful technique, adhering to a group of principles, leads to exciting results with minimal morbidity and complications.", "PMID": 852217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9877", "title": "Scar prognosis.", "content": "Scar prognosis is a matter of great natural interest to patients. It is important to realize that the nature of the injury is the most important consideration in the final result. The orientation of the wound in relation to the normal lines of skin tension, its location and pattern, and peculiarities of the individual are all determining factors in the final appearance. Good surgical technique is quite well understood, if not always practiced. The final assessment must always await full maturation of the scar. When discussing either the prognosis or the evaluation of a scar, it must be remembered that the view of the patient is influenced by many subjective factors and will not always coincide with the objective evidence. A knowledge of the factors in scar prognosis is invaluable in establishing and maintaining the rapport and confidence of patients.", "contents": "Scar prognosis. Scar prognosis is a matter of great natural interest to patients. It is important to realize that the nature of the injury is the most important consideration in the final result. The orientation of the wound in relation to the normal lines of skin tension, its location and pattern, and peculiarities of the individual are all determining factors in the final appearance. Good surgical technique is quite well understood, if not always practiced. The final assessment must always await full maturation of the scar. When discussing either the prognosis or the evaluation of a scar, it must be remembered that the view of the patient is influenced by many subjective factors and will not always coincide with the objective evidence. A knowledge of the factors in scar prognosis is invaluable in establishing and maintaining the rapport and confidence of patients.", "PMID": 852220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9878", "title": "Radiation osteitis following irradiation for breast cancer.", "content": "Radiographs of the shoulder girdle were examined in 180 women who attended the breast follow-up clinic at the Department of Radiotherapy, Edinburgh. These comprised 52 controls who had been treated by radical mastectomy alone and 128 patients who had received post-operative X-ray therapy. The significance of osteoporosis as a sequel to irradiation is doubtful as it occurred in a substantial proportion of the control cases. Osteitis of severe degree occurred in 13.3% of patients who had been irradiated and was present in a mild form in a further 8.6%. The development of severe osteitis requires an NSD of 1650 rets or more. Estimates of the frequency of radiation osteitis are of no value unless detailed information is also provided about the techniques and quality of radiation.", "contents": "Radiation osteitis following irradiation for breast cancer. Radiographs of the shoulder girdle were examined in 180 women who attended the breast follow-up clinic at the Department of Radiotherapy, Edinburgh. These comprised 52 controls who had been treated by radical mastectomy alone and 128 patients who had received post-operative X-ray therapy. The significance of osteoporosis as a sequel to irradiation is doubtful as it occurred in a substantial proportion of the control cases. Osteitis of severe degree occurred in 13.3% of patients who had been irradiated and was present in a mild form in a further 8.6%. The development of severe osteitis requires an NSD of 1650 rets or more. Estimates of the frequency of radiation osteitis are of no value unless detailed information is also provided about the techniques and quality of radiation.", "PMID": 852230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9879", "title": "Problems and limitations of bone scanning with the 99Tcm-phosphates.", "content": "99Tcm-phosphate bone scans are being increasingly used in the detection of bony metatases. The sensitivity of the bone scan and the non-specific nature of the isotope image, when compared with radiographs, make it important to be aware of the problems and limitations of the technique. This paper describes and illustrates some of the diagnostic problems encountered by the author over the past 3 years.", "contents": "Problems and limitations of bone scanning with the 99Tcm-phosphates. 99Tcm-phosphate bone scans are being increasingly used in the detection of bony metatases. The sensitivity of the bone scan and the non-specific nature of the isotope image, when compared with radiographs, make it important to be aware of the problems and limitations of the technique. This paper describes and illustrates some of the diagnostic problems encountered by the author over the past 3 years.", "PMID": 852231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9880", "title": "Drug abuse proficiency testing.", "content": "Concerning drugs in general, proficiency testing has undoubtedly been a major contributing factor to improved detection. Some of the improvement may be due to advances in technology, and this is possibly the case with improvement in the detection of morphine and methadone. The improvement in the determination of methamphetamine within three surveys over six months can clearly be attributed to proficiency testing. In drug screening for cocaine abuse, the poor results in proficiency testing for the detection of the primary metabolite, benzoylecgonine, has clearly demonstrated that laboratories are not proficient in this screening.", "contents": "Drug abuse proficiency testing. Concerning drugs in general, proficiency testing has undoubtedly been a major contributing factor to improved detection. Some of the improvement may be due to advances in technology, and this is possibly the case with improvement in the detection of morphine and methadone. The improvement in the determination of methamphetamine within three surveys over six months can clearly be attributed to proficiency testing. In drug screening for cocaine abuse, the poor results in proficiency testing for the detection of the primary metabolite, benzoylecgonine, has clearly demonstrated that laboratories are not proficient in this screening.", "PMID": 852242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9881", "title": "Studies on protein and nitrogen metabolism in nephrotic syndrome using 15N-labelled glycine and urea.", "content": "Administering 15N-labelled glycine, 15 N incorporation into serum albumin and its excretion into urine and feces, together with nitrogen balance were investigated in 3 nephrotic and 2 normal adults. Furthermore, 15N-labelled urea was injected into a nephrotic adult and a glomerulonephritic adult, both advanced in azotemia and treated on low protein diet, and a normal subject on a normal diet, to examine the amounts of 15N incorporation into serum albumin. In the 3 nephrotic patients whose nitrogen balance was almost maintained, incorporation of 15N-glycine into serum albumin has been proved greater than in the normal subjects. In any of the above patients, 15N excretion into urine was less than in the normal subjects. Fecal 15N excretion was 2.0--2.5 % of the doses, indicating that approximately 98 % of 15N-glycine was absorbed. In the nephrotic patients, 15N incorporation into serum albumin examined by 15N-labelled urea administration was more accelerated than in the glomerulonephritic patients and was negligible in the control subject on a normal diet.", "contents": "Studies on protein and nitrogen metabolism in nephrotic syndrome using 15N-labelled glycine and urea. Administering 15N-labelled glycine, 15 N incorporation into serum albumin and its excretion into urine and feces, together with nitrogen balance were investigated in 3 nephrotic and 2 normal adults. Furthermore, 15N-labelled urea was injected into a nephrotic adult and a glomerulonephritic adult, both advanced in azotemia and treated on low protein diet, and a normal subject on a normal diet, to examine the amounts of 15N incorporation into serum albumin. In the 3 nephrotic patients whose nitrogen balance was almost maintained, incorporation of 15N-glycine into serum albumin has been proved greater than in the normal subjects. In any of the above patients, 15N excretion into urine was less than in the normal subjects. Fecal 15N excretion was 2.0--2.5 % of the doses, indicating that approximately 98 % of 15N-glycine was absorbed. In the nephrotic patients, 15N incorporation into serum albumin examined by 15N-labelled urea administration was more accelerated than in the glomerulonephritic patients and was negligible in the control subject on a normal diet.", "PMID": 852302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9882", "title": "Specificity of sodium-dependent electrogenic sugar transport in amphibian kidney proximal tubule.", "content": "Microelectrode studies were performed to examine the specificity of the electrogenic sugar transport by Triturus proximal tubule. Two types of carriers could be distinguished, one having an affinity for D-mannose but not for D-xylose (M type), and the other having the reverse characteristics (X type). D-Glucose and alpha-methyl-D-glucoside had a relatively high affinity for both types of carriers, but D-galactose, D-fructose, 3-O-methyl-D-glucose, D-mannitol and L-glucose had no affinity for them. The observed structural requirements of renal sugar transport were different from and stricter than those of intestinal sugar transport observed in the same animal.", "contents": "Specificity of sodium-dependent electrogenic sugar transport in amphibian kidney proximal tubule. Microelectrode studies were performed to examine the specificity of the electrogenic sugar transport by Triturus proximal tubule. Two types of carriers could be distinguished, one having an affinity for D-mannose but not for D-xylose (M type), and the other having the reverse characteristics (X type). D-Glucose and alpha-methyl-D-glucoside had a relatively high affinity for both types of carriers, but D-galactose, D-fructose, 3-O-methyl-D-glucose, D-mannitol and L-glucose had no affinity for them. The observed structural requirements of renal sugar transport were different from and stricter than those of intestinal sugar transport observed in the same animal.", "PMID": 852303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9883", "title": "A scanning electron microscope study of the human Bowman's epithelium.", "content": "The parietal epithelium of the Bowman's capsule in normal human kidney was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Stereoscopic scanning electron microscopy showed clearly that the Bowman's capsule, cut in half by a razor blade, was depressed hemispherically and coated with a flat layer of polygonal epithelial cells. The epithelial cell had a round, slightly elevated, and eccentrically located nuclear portion, and extended flat cytoplasmic layer from it toward the periphery. Tiny cytoplasmic projections, microvilli, were seen in varying degrees on the surface. One or two thin and long cilia were occasionally present around the nuclear portion.", "contents": "A scanning electron microscope study of the human Bowman's epithelium. The parietal epithelium of the Bowman's capsule in normal human kidney was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Stereoscopic scanning electron microscopy showed clearly that the Bowman's capsule, cut in half by a razor blade, was depressed hemispherically and coated with a flat layer of polygonal epithelial cells. The epithelial cell had a round, slightly elevated, and eccentrically located nuclear portion, and extended flat cytoplasmic layer from it toward the periphery. Tiny cytoplasmic projections, microvilli, were seen in varying degrees on the surface. One or two thin and long cilia were occasionally present around the nuclear portion.", "PMID": 852304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9884", "title": "Chromosome analysis in the Kruger National Park: the chromosomes of the bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus).", "content": "Chromosome studies in the male and female bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) are discribed. The male has a diploid chromosome number of one fewer than the female, and the Y-to-autosome fusion. The configuration of a quadrivalent observed in meiotic preparations from the male confirmed the presence of a fusion between a Y chromosome and an autosome. All other members of the tragelaphine tribe so far studied chromosomally show the presence of a Y-to-autosome fusion. It is postulated that the fusion observed in all present-day species of the tribe studied to date arose as a single event in a common ancestor.", "contents": "Chromosome analysis in the Kruger National Park: the chromosomes of the bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus). Chromosome studies in the male and female bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) are discribed. The male has a diploid chromosome number of one fewer than the female, and the Y-to-autosome fusion. The configuration of a quadrivalent observed in meiotic preparations from the male confirmed the presence of a fusion between a Y chromosome and an autosome. All other members of the tragelaphine tribe so far studied chromosomally show the presence of a Y-to-autosome fusion. It is postulated that the fusion observed in all present-day species of the tribe studied to date arose as a single event in a common ancestor.", "PMID": 852309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9885", "title": "Respiratory status of Los Angeles firemen. One-month follow-up after inhalation of dense smoke.", "content": "A standardized respiratory questionnaire and detailed pulmonary function tests were administered to 21 Los Angeles firemen one month following exposure to the combustion products of polyvinylchloride, which had produced transient hypoxemia in 19 of the firemen. The results of these studies were compared with those obtained in a sample of nonfiremen residing in the Los Angeles area who were matched by computer with the firemen for anthropomorphic characteristics and smoking status. The frequency of respiratory symptoms, the results of spirometric and plethysmographic studies, and the single-breath nitrogen washout were similar in the firemen, compared with the matched sample, whereas closing volume was higher in the matched controls. These findings suggest that although fighting fires may result in acute pulmonary injury secondary to discrete episodes of inhalation of smoke, it does not appear to predispose to the development of chronic respiratory symptoms or chronic functional respiratory impairment.", "contents": "Respiratory status of Los Angeles firemen. One-month follow-up after inhalation of dense smoke. A standardized respiratory questionnaire and detailed pulmonary function tests were administered to 21 Los Angeles firemen one month following exposure to the combustion products of polyvinylchloride, which had produced transient hypoxemia in 19 of the firemen. The results of these studies were compared with those obtained in a sample of nonfiremen residing in the Los Angeles area who were matched by computer with the firemen for anthropomorphic characteristics and smoking status. The frequency of respiratory symptoms, the results of spirometric and plethysmographic studies, and the single-breath nitrogen washout were similar in the firemen, compared with the matched sample, whereas closing volume was higher in the matched controls. These findings suggest that although fighting fires may result in acute pulmonary injury secondary to discrete episodes of inhalation of smoke, it does not appear to predispose to the development of chronic respiratory symptoms or chronic functional respiratory impairment.", "PMID": 852318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9886", "title": "Pseudo left axis deviation and the S1S2S3 syndrome in chronic airway obstruction.", "content": "Pseudo left axis deviation (not true left axis deviation and the S1S2S3 syndrome are infrequently reported electrocardiographic findings in chronic airway obstruction. One hundred fifty-eight patients with severe chronic airway obstruction documented by pulmonary function testing were evaluated for these electrocardiographic findings. Pseudo left axis deviation was found in 23 patients (15 percent), and the S1S2S3 syndrome was found in 14 patients (9 percent). The electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic findings are illustrated.", "contents": "Pseudo left axis deviation and the S1S2S3 syndrome in chronic airway obstruction. Pseudo left axis deviation (not true left axis deviation and the S1S2S3 syndrome are infrequently reported electrocardiographic findings in chronic airway obstruction. One hundred fifty-eight patients with severe chronic airway obstruction documented by pulmonary function testing were evaluated for these electrocardiographic findings. Pseudo left axis deviation was found in 23 patients (15 percent), and the S1S2S3 syndrome was found in 14 patients (9 percent). The electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic findings are illustrated.", "PMID": 852319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9887", "title": "Relationship between the electrical (electrocardiographic) and mechanical (echocardiographic) events in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.", "content": "Studies using epicardial mapping on patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome have demonstrated that the delta vector of the electrocardiogram is a detector of the location of at least one bypass tract. In order to relate the electrical activities (preexcitation) with the mechanical activity (septal and ventricular wall motion), echocardiographic strip-chart recordings were obtained in 22 patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Our studies indicated that in the majority of patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, left ventricular and septal contraction is normal, suggesting that normal activation predominates and that the determinants of abnormal septal wall motion are (1) the location (right ventricular free lateral wall or septrum) and (2) the degree (duration of the QRS complex greater than 130 msec) of ventricular preexicitation.", "contents": "Relationship between the electrical (electrocardiographic) and mechanical (echocardiographic) events in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Studies using epicardial mapping on patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome have demonstrated that the delta vector of the electrocardiogram is a detector of the location of at least one bypass tract. In order to relate the electrical activities (preexcitation) with the mechanical activity (septal and ventricular wall motion), echocardiographic strip-chart recordings were obtained in 22 patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Our studies indicated that in the majority of patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, left ventricular and septal contraction is normal, suggesting that normal activation predominates and that the determinants of abnormal septal wall motion are (1) the location (right ventricular free lateral wall or septrum) and (2) the degree (duration of the QRS complex greater than 130 msec) of ventricular preexicitation.", "PMID": 852320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9888", "title": "\"Acute\" granulomatous pericarditis. clinical and hemodynamic correlate.", "content": "Ten cases of acute constrictive pericarditis from southern Iran are presented. They differed from chronic constrictive pericarditis by the absence of ascutes and edema of the lower extremities, the presence of cardiomegaly on posteroanterior chest x-ray film, the lack of calcification of the pericardium on fluoroscopic examination, and the presence of sinus rhythm in all cases. If tuberculosis is the etiologic agent, early pericardiectomy should be considered. This is especially important in areas where close follow-up of patients is difficult or impossible, since all patients in this series ultimately developed clinically significant constriction.", "contents": "\"Acute\" granulomatous pericarditis. clinical and hemodynamic correlate. Ten cases of acute constrictive pericarditis from southern Iran are presented. They differed from chronic constrictive pericarditis by the absence of ascutes and edema of the lower extremities, the presence of cardiomegaly on posteroanterior chest x-ray film, the lack of calcification of the pericardium on fluoroscopic examination, and the presence of sinus rhythm in all cases. If tuberculosis is the etiologic agent, early pericardiectomy should be considered. This is especially important in areas where close follow-up of patients is difficult or impossible, since all patients in this series ultimately developed clinically significant constriction.", "PMID": 852321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9889", "title": "Pertussoid eosinophilic pneumonia. Pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophilia in very young infants.", "content": "This presents four new cases of pertussoid eosinophilic pneumonia in young infants. The 19 previously reported cases have been young infants with bilateral intersitial infiltrates and eosinophilia. The cause of this syndrome is unknown. Cultures from the four patients were negative; however, studies of immunoglobulin levels suggest that the disease has an infectious etiology. The cause of the eosinophilia is also unknown; however, it appears to be associated with a favorable prognosis in young infants with severe bilateral pneumonitis.", "contents": "Pertussoid eosinophilic pneumonia. Pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophilia in very young infants. This presents four new cases of pertussoid eosinophilic pneumonia in young infants. The 19 previously reported cases have been young infants with bilateral intersitial infiltrates and eosinophilia. The cause of this syndrome is unknown. Cultures from the four patients were negative; however, studies of immunoglobulin levels suggest that the disease has an infectious etiology. The cause of the eosinophilia is also unknown; however, it appears to be associated with a favorable prognosis in young infants with severe bilateral pneumonitis.", "PMID": 852322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9890", "title": "Validation of therapeutic bronchoscopic bronchial washing in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Validation of rigid-tube bronchoscopy with small-volume (5-ml increments not to exceed 300 ml) bronchial washing as a therapeutic adjunct was performed on six patients with cystic fibrosis, using serial tests of pulmonary function as a yardstick for assessment of efficacy. Two patients did not undergo the procedure and served as control subjects. All patients were characterized as having varying severity of pulmonary involvement. Large central airways were severely obstructed, and older patients had more trapped gas in their lungs. Hypoxemia and large alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure differences [P(A-a)O2] were due to inhomogeneity of alveolar ventilation. Results indicated that up to ten days to two weeks, bronchoscopic bronchial washing may in some instances improve maximal expiratory flow-volume curves and specific airway conductance and decrease P(A-a)O2 towards normal. Distribution of alveolar gas P(A-a)O2 towards normal. Distribution of alveolar gas became more homogeneous. We conclude that bronchoscopic bronchial washing may be effective in the management of patients with cystic fibrosis, by augmentation of their inadequate cleansing function of the conducting airways.", "contents": "Validation of therapeutic bronchoscopic bronchial washing in cystic fibrosis. Validation of rigid-tube bronchoscopy with small-volume (5-ml increments not to exceed 300 ml) bronchial washing as a therapeutic adjunct was performed on six patients with cystic fibrosis, using serial tests of pulmonary function as a yardstick for assessment of efficacy. Two patients did not undergo the procedure and served as control subjects. All patients were characterized as having varying severity of pulmonary involvement. Large central airways were severely obstructed, and older patients had more trapped gas in their lungs. Hypoxemia and large alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure differences [P(A-a)O2] were due to inhomogeneity of alveolar ventilation. Results indicated that up to ten days to two weeks, bronchoscopic bronchial washing may in some instances improve maximal expiratory flow-volume curves and specific airway conductance and decrease P(A-a)O2 towards normal. Distribution of alveolar gas P(A-a)O2 towards normal. Distribution of alveolar gas became more homogeneous. We conclude that bronchoscopic bronchial washing may be effective in the management of patients with cystic fibrosis, by augmentation of their inadequate cleansing function of the conducting airways.", "PMID": 852323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9891", "title": "Paradoxic acceleration of ventricular rate after therapy with lidocaine and ajmaline. Findings in two patients with supraventricular tachyarrhythmia.", "content": "In two patients with supraventricular tachyarrhythmias with atrioventricular block, therapy with lidocaine and ajmaline decreased the atrioventricular block and caused paradoxic acceleration of the ventricular rate. Appropriate treatment of this hazardous result of therapy with antiarrhythmic drug is reviewed.", "contents": "Paradoxic acceleration of ventricular rate after therapy with lidocaine and ajmaline. Findings in two patients with supraventricular tachyarrhythmia. In two patients with supraventricular tachyarrhythmias with atrioventricular block, therapy with lidocaine and ajmaline decreased the atrioventricular block and caused paradoxic acceleration of the ventricular rate. Appropriate treatment of this hazardous result of therapy with antiarrhythmic drug is reviewed.", "PMID": 852326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9892", "title": "Clinical pulmonary tuberculosis in an asthmatic patient using a steroid aerosol.", "content": "A patient who was receiving a steroid aerosol for treatment of asthma developed clinical pulmonary tuberculosis. Continued administration of the steroid aerosol along with antituberculosis chemotherapy did not adversely influence healing of the pulmonary lesion.", "contents": "Clinical pulmonary tuberculosis in an asthmatic patient using a steroid aerosol. A patient who was receiving a steroid aerosol for treatment of asthma developed clinical pulmonary tuberculosis. Continued administration of the steroid aerosol along with antituberculosis chemotherapy did not adversely influence healing of the pulmonary lesion.", "PMID": 852327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9893", "title": "False-positive echocardiographic diagnosis of pericardial effusion. Result of tumor encasement of the heart simulating constrictive pericarditis.", "content": "A 46-year-old man had advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the lung and apparent constrictive pericarditis. Echocardiographic studies twice demonstrated apparent pericardial effusions, but pericardiocenteses were unsuccessful. Tumor encasement of the heart was diagnosed clinically and at necropsy. This entity is yet another cause of a false-positive echocardiographic diagnosis of pericardial effusion.", "contents": "False-positive echocardiographic diagnosis of pericardial effusion. Result of tumor encasement of the heart simulating constrictive pericarditis. A 46-year-old man had advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the lung and apparent constrictive pericarditis. Echocardiographic studies twice demonstrated apparent pericardial effusions, but pericardiocenteses were unsuccessful. Tumor encasement of the heart was diagnosed clinically and at necropsy. This entity is yet another cause of a false-positive echocardiographic diagnosis of pericardial effusion.", "PMID": 852328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9894", "title": "A nosocomial outbreak of influenza A.", "content": "During the first week of March 1974, a hospitalized patient being evaluated for hyperproteinemia and hypertension experienced fever, chills, and myalgia and showed pulmonary signs consistent with diffuse pneumonia. Subsequently, the findings from serologic tests confirmed that the patient had viral influenza. Seven other compromised hosts on the same ward developed symptoms of pneumonic influenza, and serologic data on three of the seven confirmed influenza A2. Additionally, a previously healthy young adult admitted with acute respiratory distress died of nonbacterial complications and was shown to have community-acquired influenza. The unusual features of the epidemic were the intrahospital localization of the epidemic in compromised hosts, the high rate of pneumonic complications, the low rate of secondary bacterial infection, and the severity of the viral pneumonia in the community-acquired case.", "contents": "A nosocomial outbreak of influenza A. During the first week of March 1974, a hospitalized patient being evaluated for hyperproteinemia and hypertension experienced fever, chills, and myalgia and showed pulmonary signs consistent with diffuse pneumonia. Subsequently, the findings from serologic tests confirmed that the patient had viral influenza. Seven other compromised hosts on the same ward developed symptoms of pneumonic influenza, and serologic data on three of the seven confirmed influenza A2. Additionally, a previously healthy young adult admitted with acute respiratory distress died of nonbacterial complications and was shown to have community-acquired influenza. The unusual features of the epidemic were the intrahospital localization of the epidemic in compromised hosts, the high rate of pneumonic complications, the low rate of secondary bacterial infection, and the severity of the viral pneumonia in the community-acquired case.", "PMID": 852336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9895", "title": "Short-duration treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.", "content": "In this study, pulmonary tuberculosis was treated on an ambulatory basis, with the patients engaging in their usual activities and with a shortened period of chemotherapy. During the first year of the study, patients with pulmonary tuberculosis were randomly included in one of the following two groups: (1) group 1 received isoniazid (5 to 6 mg/kg of body weight), ethambutol (25 mg/kg), and rifampin (rifampicin, 10 mg/kg) daily for a total of six months; and (2) group 2 received the same therapy as group 1, but treatment was continued for a further six months with only isoniazid (5 mg/kg three days per week). At the beginning of the second year of the study, all subsequent patients included in the study were placed into group 1. Of the 163 patients who started the study, 136 patients (99 from group 1 and 37 from group 2) completed the treatment and converted their bacteriologic findings. There was one relapse in group 1. Adverse reactions were observed in six patients, but they did not have to interrupt treatment.", "contents": "Short-duration treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. In this study, pulmonary tuberculosis was treated on an ambulatory basis, with the patients engaging in their usual activities and with a shortened period of chemotherapy. During the first year of the study, patients with pulmonary tuberculosis were randomly included in one of the following two groups: (1) group 1 received isoniazid (5 to 6 mg/kg of body weight), ethambutol (25 mg/kg), and rifampin (rifampicin, 10 mg/kg) daily for a total of six months; and (2) group 2 received the same therapy as group 1, but treatment was continued for a further six months with only isoniazid (5 mg/kg three days per week). At the beginning of the second year of the study, all subsequent patients included in the study were placed into group 1. Of the 163 patients who started the study, 136 patients (99 from group 1 and 37 from group 2) completed the treatment and converted their bacteriologic findings. There was one relapse in group 1. Adverse reactions were observed in six patients, but they did not have to interrupt treatment.", "PMID": 852337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9896", "title": "Cardiac metastases in lung cancer.", "content": "Cardiac metastases from bronchogenic carcinoma are not commonly diagnosed prior to death. This study isolates factors associated wtih the development of cardiac involvement. Four hundred eighteen consecutive patients with lung cancer who had autopsies were studied. Twenty-five percent of these patients had cardiac involvement. Factors associated with cardiac metastases were (1) histologic cell type of the tumor, (2) aggressive therapy, (3) extent of disease, and (4) tumor differentiation. The presence of cardiac metatases was not related to the length of survival. Clinical signs of cardiac involvement included an enlarging heart on the chest x-ray film, development of congestive heart failure, or electrocardiographic changes. Suspicion of cardiac metastases in high-risk individuals, prompt diagnostic evaluation, and rapid institution of therapy may improve the outlook for many patients, since reaccumulation of fluid was generally slow.", "contents": "Cardiac metastases in lung cancer. Cardiac metastases from bronchogenic carcinoma are not commonly diagnosed prior to death. This study isolates factors associated wtih the development of cardiac involvement. Four hundred eighteen consecutive patients with lung cancer who had autopsies were studied. Twenty-five percent of these patients had cardiac involvement. Factors associated with cardiac metastases were (1) histologic cell type of the tumor, (2) aggressive therapy, (3) extent of disease, and (4) tumor differentiation. The presence of cardiac metatases was not related to the length of survival. Clinical signs of cardiac involvement included an enlarging heart on the chest x-ray film, development of congestive heart failure, or electrocardiographic changes. Suspicion of cardiac metastases in high-risk individuals, prompt diagnostic evaluation, and rapid institution of therapy may improve the outlook for many patients, since reaccumulation of fluid was generally slow.", "PMID": 852338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9897", "title": "Thoracocentesis of loculated pleural effusions using grey scale ultrasonic guidance.", "content": "Six patients with either malignant pleural effusion or empyema, in whom multiple conventional attempts at thoracocentesis were unsuccessful, were evaluated by ultrasound. In each case, a subsequent thoracocentesis guided by ultrasound produced sufficient fluid to enable a diagnosis to be established. In no case was pneumothorax produced.", "contents": "Thoracocentesis of loculated pleural effusions using grey scale ultrasonic guidance. Six patients with either malignant pleural effusion or empyema, in whom multiple conventional attempts at thoracocentesis were unsuccessful, were evaluated by ultrasound. In each case, a subsequent thoracocentesis guided by ultrasound produced sufficient fluid to enable a diagnosis to be established. In no case was pneumothorax produced.", "PMID": 852349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9898", "title": "Decortication after 35 years.", "content": "A 66-year-old white woman had a paraffin plombage performed in 1940 for tuberculosis. In 1975, she had decortication for terminal respiratory insufficiency, with return to an active life. Thirty-five years of pulmonary compression does not produce irreversible changes in the pulmonary parenchyma.", "contents": "Decortication after 35 years. A 66-year-old white woman had a paraffin plombage performed in 1940 for tuberculosis. In 1975, she had decortication for terminal respiratory insufficiency, with return to an active life. Thirty-five years of pulmonary compression does not produce irreversible changes in the pulmonary parenchyma.", "PMID": 852350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9899", "title": "Psychiatric hospitalization. I. Comparison of public and private delivery systems.", "content": "The effect of financial requirements for admission on the delivery of psychiatric treatment services was studied by comparing all patients admitted to the psychiatric services of a public and a private general hospital, serving geographically similar areas. Patients admitted to these two services (both staffed by the same Department of Psychiatry) were compared in a variety of factors relating to admission determinants, diagnosis, length of hospitalization, and type of treatment. The two patient groups differed in a number offactors, including presenting problems, diagnoses, and.psychological concept of their illnesses. The public hospital patients were less likely to receive somatic treatments (especially psychotropic drugs) and more likely to be hospitalized for longer periods than were the private hospital patients. These findings, although inconclusive because of social class, age, and sex variables, suggest that financial requirements for admission affect the intensity and expeditiousness of the treatment.", "contents": "Psychiatric hospitalization. I. Comparison of public and private delivery systems. The effect of financial requirements for admission on the delivery of psychiatric treatment services was studied by comparing all patients admitted to the psychiatric services of a public and a private general hospital, serving geographically similar areas. Patients admitted to these two services (both staffed by the same Department of Psychiatry) were compared in a variety of factors relating to admission determinants, diagnosis, length of hospitalization, and type of treatment. The two patient groups differed in a number offactors, including presenting problems, diagnoses, and.psychological concept of their illnesses. The public hospital patients were less likely to receive somatic treatments (especially psychotropic drugs) and more likely to be hospitalized for longer periods than were the private hospital patients. These findings, although inconclusive because of social class, age, and sex variables, suggest that financial requirements for admission affect the intensity and expeditiousness of the treatment.", "PMID": 852365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9900", "title": "A suicide epidemic in a psychiatric hospital.", "content": "There were 3 suicides on one ward of a psychiatric hospital in 6 months, and no others in the hospital in 10 years. Statistics demonstrate that this was probably not due to a chance change in the patient population, and deteriorating therapy conditions may have been responsible. The hospital staff was very uncertain about treatment goals and techniques at that time, and resident supervision suffered. Associated specific treatment errors are revealed in the 3 case histories. The epidemic ended after the re-institution of firm supervision of basic psychiatric care directed toward clearly-defined treatment goals.", "contents": "A suicide epidemic in a psychiatric hospital. There were 3 suicides on one ward of a psychiatric hospital in 6 months, and no others in the hospital in 10 years. Statistics demonstrate that this was probably not due to a chance change in the patient population, and deteriorating therapy conditions may have been responsible. The hospital staff was very uncertain about treatment goals and techniques at that time, and resident supervision suffered. Associated specific treatment errors are revealed in the 3 case histories. The epidemic ended after the re-institution of firm supervision of basic psychiatric care directed toward clearly-defined treatment goals.", "PMID": 852366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9901", "title": "Mood elevating effect of trihexyphenidyl and biperiden in individuals taking antipsychotic medication.", "content": "The author calls attention to mood-elevation as a side effect of Biperiden HCL and Trihexyphenidyl HCL, two anticholinergic antiparkinsonian agents. This is of significance because of the despondency and anergy often seen in schizophrenics taking antipsychotic medication and because of the difficulty discerning the origin of affective changes in the face of polypharmacy.", "contents": "Mood elevating effect of trihexyphenidyl and biperiden in individuals taking antipsychotic medication. The author calls attention to mood-elevation as a side effect of Biperiden HCL and Trihexyphenidyl HCL, two anticholinergic antiparkinsonian agents. This is of significance because of the despondency and anergy often seen in schizophrenics taking antipsychotic medication and because of the difficulty discerning the origin of affective changes in the face of polypharmacy.", "PMID": 852367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9902", "title": "Munchausen's syndrome with a psychiatric presentation.", "content": "An unusual case of Munchausen's Syndrome is presented, in which the patient feigned a psychiatric history, complained of emotional symptoms and sought admission to a psychiatric unit. This variant of the usual somatic presentation is discussed in terms of the problem of motivation in Munchausen's Syndrome. Munchausen's Syndrome is a behavioral complex in which patients feign history and symptoms of illness and seek hospital admissions. Such an unusual pattern of behavior is clearly within the province of psychiatry, yet these patients, presenting most commonly with somatic symptoms, are often reluctant to see a psychiatrist and flee before being interviewed. Of 38 cases in one series, only 16 had a psychiatric consultation. The purpose of this paper is to describe an unusual case of Munchausen's Syndrome, a patient who, rather than fleeing from psychiatrists, sought admission to psychiatric units. While the genetic material available in this case is sparse, the phenomenon itself of psychiatric complaints and history in such a patient may further our understanding of, and spur futher interest in, a perplexing disorder.", "contents": "Munchausen's syndrome with a psychiatric presentation. An unusual case of Munchausen's Syndrome is presented, in which the patient feigned a psychiatric history, complained of emotional symptoms and sought admission to a psychiatric unit. This variant of the usual somatic presentation is discussed in terms of the problem of motivation in Munchausen's Syndrome. Munchausen's Syndrome is a behavioral complex in which patients feign history and symptoms of illness and seek hospital admissions. Such an unusual pattern of behavior is clearly within the province of psychiatry, yet these patients, presenting most commonly with somatic symptoms, are often reluctant to see a psychiatrist and flee before being interviewed. Of 38 cases in one series, only 16 had a psychiatric consultation. The purpose of this paper is to describe an unusual case of Munchausen's Syndrome, a patient who, rather than fleeing from psychiatrists, sought admission to psychiatric units. While the genetic material available in this case is sparse, the phenomenon itself of psychiatric complaints and history in such a patient may further our understanding of, and spur futher interest in, a perplexing disorder.", "PMID": 852369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9903", "title": "[Oral anticoagulants and platelet function in hypolipemic therapy using a new clofibrate analog (BM 15.075) (author's transl)].", "content": "When testing the effect of a new clofibrate analogue (BM 15.075) on oral anticoagulation and blood clotting in 15 patients for over four weeks it was demonstrated that, depending on the dose of the drug, there was an increase in anticoagulation. The dose of phenprocoumon had to be reduced by 20.6 or 28.7%, respectively, when BM 15.075 was given at a dose of 450 or 600 mg. There was an inhibition of collagen-induced platelet-aggregation. In parallel there was an increase in bleeding time. Fibrinogen concentration was slightly but statistically not significantly decreased. Euglobulin lysis was shortened, especially if previously abnormally long. There was no direct influence on other plasmatic clotting factors.", "contents": "[Oral anticoagulants and platelet function in hypolipemic therapy using a new clofibrate analog (BM 15.075) (author's transl)]. When testing the effect of a new clofibrate analogue (BM 15.075) on oral anticoagulation and blood clotting in 15 patients for over four weeks it was demonstrated that, depending on the dose of the drug, there was an increase in anticoagulation. The dose of phenprocoumon had to be reduced by 20.6 or 28.7%, respectively, when BM 15.075 was given at a dose of 450 or 600 mg. There was an inhibition of collagen-induced platelet-aggregation. In parallel there was an increase in bleeding time. Fibrinogen concentration was slightly but statistically not significantly decreased. Euglobulin lysis was shortened, especially if previously abnormally long. There was no direct influence on other plasmatic clotting factors.", "PMID": 852404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9904", "title": "[Endoscopic diagnosis of oesophagitis: problems of differentiation from normal (author's transl)].", "content": "The diagnostic significance of endoscopically early signs of oesophagitis in the absence of macroscopic evidence of epithelial abnormalities has been studied prospectively. Changes from the usually observed shininess, pale-pink colour, smooth texture, regular capillaries, sharp Z-line and a decreased mechanical resistance of the mucosa to mechanical damage do not indicate oesophagitis. Nor should one infer gastro-oesophageal reflux from these endoscopic findings. They are presumably ageing changes in the oesophagus.", "contents": "[Endoscopic diagnosis of oesophagitis: problems of differentiation from normal (author's transl)]. The diagnostic significance of endoscopically early signs of oesophagitis in the absence of macroscopic evidence of epithelial abnormalities has been studied prospectively. Changes from the usually observed shininess, pale-pink colour, smooth texture, regular capillaries, sharp Z-line and a decreased mechanical resistance of the mucosa to mechanical damage do not indicate oesophagitis. Nor should one infer gastro-oesophageal reflux from these endoscopic findings. They are presumably ageing changes in the oesophagus.", "PMID": 852411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9905", "title": "[Longterm results of mitral valve replacement (author's transl)].", "content": "210 patients were followed up by the actuary method for over 5 years after isolated mitral valve replacement or a double valve replacement. After isolated valve replacement the one month survival including the operative mortality was 92+/-2%. The survival after one year was 83+/-3% and after 5 years 66+/-7%. The five year survival of patients in preoperative class III (according to the NYHA) was 73+/-8% and of class IV 57+/-8% (P less than or equal to 0.1). A comparison of valve replacements for pure mitral stenosis or mitral insufficiency showed no statistically significant differences. In the 37 patients who had a double valve replacement the survival risk was not increased in comparison with those patients who had had a single valve replacement. Age above 45 years and a preoperative markedly raised pulmonary arteriolar resistance reduced the chances of survival.", "contents": "[Longterm results of mitral valve replacement (author's transl)]. 210 patients were followed up by the actuary method for over 5 years after isolated mitral valve replacement or a double valve replacement. After isolated valve replacement the one month survival including the operative mortality was 92+/-2%. The survival after one year was 83+/-3% and after 5 years 66+/-7%. The five year survival of patients in preoperative class III (according to the NYHA) was 73+/-8% and of class IV 57+/-8% (P less than or equal to 0.1). A comparison of valve replacements for pure mitral stenosis or mitral insufficiency showed no statistically significant differences. In the 37 patients who had a double valve replacement the survival risk was not increased in comparison with those patients who had had a single valve replacement. Age above 45 years and a preoperative markedly raised pulmonary arteriolar resistance reduced the chances of survival.", "PMID": 852412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9906", "title": "[Results of embolectomy in massive pulmonary embolism (author's transl)].", "content": "In ten patients successful embolectomy after acute massive pulmonary embolism was performed. Clinical symptoms included circulatory arrest and shock as well as collaps, syncope and dyspnoe. Pulmonary angiography regularly showed massive, bilateral emboli. In 9 patients more than one half of the pulmonary artery system was involved (perfusion defect more than 50%). Right heart catheterization demonstrated pulmonary hypertension in all cases. In 8 patients the pulmonary artery mean pressure (PAm) exceeded 30 mm Hg. In 9 patients there were signs of right heart failure (RVEDP more than 11 mm Hg). At recatheterization 6 to 30 (mean 19) days after operation using cardiopulmonary bypass there was a marked improvement of pulmonary angiograms, which were normal in 3 cases. PAm decreased from 34.3 mm Hg to 14.6 mm Hg postoperatively and RVEDP from 14.4 to 5.1 mm Hg (p less than 0.001). These results confirm, that pulmonary embolectomy leads to a good functional results.", "contents": "[Results of embolectomy in massive pulmonary embolism (author's transl)]. In ten patients successful embolectomy after acute massive pulmonary embolism was performed. Clinical symptoms included circulatory arrest and shock as well as collaps, syncope and dyspnoe. Pulmonary angiography regularly showed massive, bilateral emboli. In 9 patients more than one half of the pulmonary artery system was involved (perfusion defect more than 50%). Right heart catheterization demonstrated pulmonary hypertension in all cases. In 8 patients the pulmonary artery mean pressure (PAm) exceeded 30 mm Hg. In 9 patients there were signs of right heart failure (RVEDP more than 11 mm Hg). At recatheterization 6 to 30 (mean 19) days after operation using cardiopulmonary bypass there was a marked improvement of pulmonary angiograms, which were normal in 3 cases. PAm decreased from 34.3 mm Hg to 14.6 mm Hg postoperatively and RVEDP from 14.4 to 5.1 mm Hg (p less than 0.001). These results confirm, that pulmonary embolectomy leads to a good functional results.", "PMID": 852422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9907", "title": "[Revascularisation after lower-leg arterial block. Report of 115 femoro-crural reconstructions (author's transl)].", "content": "Revascularisation after arterial block in the lower leg is a low-risk procedure which is definitely superior to lumbar sympathectomy in stage III and IV. In 110 patients 115 femorocrural reconstructions were performed in almost 9 years. Four weeks after the operation the revascularisation was open and showed free flow in 93.3%. In 64.4% an open revascularisation with largely painless walking ability was found 2-9 years post-operatively.", "contents": "[Revascularisation after lower-leg arterial block. Report of 115 femoro-crural reconstructions (author's transl)]. Revascularisation after arterial block in the lower leg is a low-risk procedure which is definitely superior to lumbar sympathectomy in stage III and IV. In 110 patients 115 femorocrural reconstructions were performed in almost 9 years. Four weeks after the operation the revascularisation was open and showed free flow in 93.3%. In 64.4% an open revascularisation with largely painless walking ability was found 2-9 years post-operatively.", "PMID": 852423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9908", "title": "Ribonuclease H levels during the response of bovine lymphocytes to concanavalin A.", "content": "Several enzymes with ribonuclease H specificity have been identified in bovine lymphoid tissue. Their nomenclature and some of their properties have been reported previously. In this study the time course of the induction of the different ribonuclease H activities during the stimulation of resting bovine lymph-node cells with concanavalin A was investigated. The activity of one of these enzymes (ribonuclease H IIb) increases in parallel with the induction of uridine incorporation and is well separated from the induction of ribonuclease H I, which increases together with DNA synthesis. These data indicate that the different ribonuclease H activities serve different physiological functions. They suggest that ribonuclease H I belongs to the set of enzymes which are involved in DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Ribonuclease H levels during the response of bovine lymphocytes to concanavalin A. Several enzymes with ribonuclease H specificity have been identified in bovine lymphoid tissue. Their nomenclature and some of their properties have been reported previously. In this study the time course of the induction of the different ribonuclease H activities during the stimulation of resting bovine lymph-node cells with concanavalin A was investigated. The activity of one of these enzymes (ribonuclease H IIb) increases in parallel with the induction of uridine incorporation and is well separated from the induction of ribonuclease H I, which increases together with DNA synthesis. These data indicate that the different ribonuclease H activities serve different physiological functions. They suggest that ribonuclease H I belongs to the set of enzymes which are involved in DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 852458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9909", "title": "The purification, characterization and partial sequence determination of a trout testis non-histone protein, HMG-T.", "content": "A specific non-histone chromatin-associated protein, having a high content of both acidic and basic amino acids has been isolated from the chromatin of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii) testis cells. The protein has been prepared by the extraction of chromatin with 0.35 M sodium chloride and purified by chromatography on carboxymethyl-cellulose with a gradient of lithium chloride at pH 9.0. The amino acid sequence of the first 29 residues of the amino-terminal region has been determined using an automatic protein sequencer. The primary structure of this protein differs from that of any of the histones yet sequenced and, therefore, cannot be a degradation produce of any of them. Moreover, the N-terminal amino acid sequence shows considerable similarity to the HMG-1 and HMG-2 chromosomal proteins described by Goodwin et al. [Eur. J. Biochem. 38, 14-19 (1973)] whose-N-terminal sequences were also determined in this laboratory.", "contents": "The purification, characterization and partial sequence determination of a trout testis non-histone protein, HMG-T. A specific non-histone chromatin-associated protein, having a high content of both acidic and basic amino acids has been isolated from the chromatin of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii) testis cells. The protein has been prepared by the extraction of chromatin with 0.35 M sodium chloride and purified by chromatography on carboxymethyl-cellulose with a gradient of lithium chloride at pH 9.0. The amino acid sequence of the first 29 residues of the amino-terminal region has been determined using an automatic protein sequencer. The primary structure of this protein differs from that of any of the histones yet sequenced and, therefore, cannot be a degradation produce of any of them. Moreover, the N-terminal amino acid sequence shows considerable similarity to the HMG-1 and HMG-2 chromosomal proteins described by Goodwin et al. [Eur. J. Biochem. 38, 14-19 (1973)] whose-N-terminal sequences were also determined in this laboratory.", "PMID": 852459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9910", "title": "Least-squares analysis of circular dichroic spectra of proteins.", "content": "It is shown that the method proposed by Baker and Isenberg [Biochemistry, 15, 629 (1976)] for estimating secondary structure composition of proteins from circular dichroic spectra is a least-squares fitting technique. Estimates obtained by this method for myoglobin, lysozyme, lactate dehydrogenase, papain, and ribonuclease are not substantively different from those obtained using unconstrained linear least squares.", "contents": "Least-squares analysis of circular dichroic spectra of proteins. It is shown that the method proposed by Baker and Isenberg [Biochemistry, 15, 629 (1976)] for estimating secondary structure composition of proteins from circular dichroic spectra is a least-squares fitting technique. Estimates obtained by this method for myoglobin, lysozyme, lactate dehydrogenase, papain, and ribonuclease are not substantively different from those obtained using unconstrained linear least squares.", "PMID": 852460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9911", "title": "The superhelical density of nuclear DNA from human cells.", "content": "Structures resembling nuclei may be released by gently lysing human cells in solutions containing non-ionic detergents and high concentrations of salt. These structures, which we call nucleoids, sediment in sucrose gradients containing the intercalating agent, actinomycin D, in the manner characteristic of superhelical DNA. We have determined the concentration of actinomycin that minimises the rate of sedimentation of nucleoids. At this concentration, we have determined the amount of drug bound per base pair of DNA by means of a double-labelling procedure. Assuming that each molecule of actinomycin bound to nucleoid DNA unwinds the double helix by 26 degrees, we calculate that there is one supercoil every 90-180 base pairs in nucleoid DNA. These values lie within the range found for the circular DNA molecules of plasmids and viruses.", "contents": "The superhelical density of nuclear DNA from human cells. Structures resembling nuclei may be released by gently lysing human cells in solutions containing non-ionic detergents and high concentrations of salt. These structures, which we call nucleoids, sediment in sucrose gradients containing the intercalating agent, actinomycin D, in the manner characteristic of superhelical DNA. We have determined the concentration of actinomycin that minimises the rate of sedimentation of nucleoids. At this concentration, we have determined the amount of drug bound per base pair of DNA by means of a double-labelling procedure. Assuming that each molecule of actinomycin bound to nucleoid DNA unwinds the double helix by 26 degrees, we calculate that there is one supercoil every 90-180 base pairs in nucleoid DNA. These values lie within the range found for the circular DNA molecules of plasmids and viruses.", "PMID": 852461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9912", "title": "Paramyotonia congenita without cold paralysis and myotonia levoir. A genetic and clinical study.", "content": "A family with myotonia congenita without cold paralysis in 26 affected members is described. Cold paralysis never occurred spontaneously in this family and could not be provoked by immersion in ice water or by K+ load. The findings confirm the existence of paramyotonia without cold paralysis as a separate genetic entity.", "contents": "Paramyotonia congenita without cold paralysis and myotonia levoir. A genetic and clinical study. A family with myotonia congenita without cold paralysis in 26 affected members is described. Cold paralysis never occurred spontaneously in this family and could not be provoked by immersion in ice water or by K+ load. The findings confirm the existence of paramyotonia without cold paralysis as a separate genetic entity.", "PMID": 852462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9913", "title": "Effect of thalamotomy and levodopa therapy on the speech of Parkinson patients.", "content": "The speech of three groups of Parkinson patients--nonsurgical, postunilateral and postbilateral thalamotomy--was evaluated. Dysarthria, bulbar motility and pyramidal tract indexes were determined for each patient. There was a statistically significant greater impairment in dysarthria and pyramidal tract indexes of patients with thalamotomy. L-Dopa and carbidopa therapy failed to significantly improve speech in any group.", "contents": "Effect of thalamotomy and levodopa therapy on the speech of Parkinson patients. The speech of three groups of Parkinson patients--nonsurgical, postunilateral and postbilateral thalamotomy--was evaluated. Dysarthria, bulbar motility and pyramidal tract indexes were determined for each patient. There was a statistically significant greater impairment in dysarthria and pyramidal tract indexes of patients with thalamotomy. L-Dopa and carbidopa therapy failed to significantly improve speech in any group.", "PMID": 852463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9914", "title": "Scleroedema (Buschke). A case report.", "content": "A case of scleroedema is reported in a 28-year-old man with severe neuromuscular involvement. Failure in neural conduction as well as muscular degeneration and necrosis were seen. Histopathological study showed resorption and formation of scar tissue probably secondary to ischaemia. In addition there was increase in neutral, sulphated and non-sulphated mucosubstances in the dermal and endomysial connective tissue.", "contents": "Scleroedema (Buschke). A case report. A case of scleroedema is reported in a 28-year-old man with severe neuromuscular involvement. Failure in neural conduction as well as muscular degeneration and necrosis were seen. Histopathological study showed resorption and formation of scar tissue probably secondary to ischaemia. In addition there was increase in neutral, sulphated and non-sulphated mucosubstances in the dermal and endomysial connective tissue.", "PMID": 852464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9915", "title": "Comparative Doppler directional sonographic and ophthalmodynamographic study in the occlusion of the internal carotid artery.", "content": "In the occlusion of the internal carotid artery, the change occurring in the internal-external carotid pressure gradient may cause flow reversal within the ophthalmic artery and its branches. Ophthalmodynamographic, Doppler directional sonographic and angiographic investigations were performed in 21 cases (11 total occlusions, 6 severe and 4 moderate stenoses of the internal carotid artery). The authors compare the results of these investigations and discuss the practical importance of Doppler directional sonography and the significance of flow reversal in the ophthalmic artery.", "contents": "Comparative Doppler directional sonographic and ophthalmodynamographic study in the occlusion of the internal carotid artery. In the occlusion of the internal carotid artery, the change occurring in the internal-external carotid pressure gradient may cause flow reversal within the ophthalmic artery and its branches. Ophthalmodynamographic, Doppler directional sonographic and angiographic investigations were performed in 21 cases (11 total occlusions, 6 severe and 4 moderate stenoses of the internal carotid artery). The authors compare the results of these investigations and discuss the practical importance of Doppler directional sonography and the significance of flow reversal in the ophthalmic artery.", "PMID": 852465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9916", "title": "Paget's disease with spinal cord compression. Favourable course after decompression and calcitonin treatment in two cases.", "content": "Two cases with spinal cord compression due to Paget's disease (osteodystrophia deformans) are reported, which were treated with calcitonin (Salmon Calcitonin) during 12 and 24 months after decompressive laminectomy. Both presented a favourable clinical course with improvement of sensory and bladder disturbances, paraparesis and pain. Diagnostic criteria as X-ray investigation, scintigraphy of bones, biochemical parameters and the long-term treatment whith calcitonin, are discussed.", "contents": "Paget's disease with spinal cord compression. Favourable course after decompression and calcitonin treatment in two cases. Two cases with spinal cord compression due to Paget's disease (osteodystrophia deformans) are reported, which were treated with calcitonin (Salmon Calcitonin) during 12 and 24 months after decompressive laminectomy. Both presented a favourable clinical course with improvement of sensory and bladder disturbances, paraparesis and pain. Diagnostic criteria as X-ray investigation, scintigraphy of bones, biochemical parameters and the long-term treatment whith calcitonin, are discussed.", "PMID": 852466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9917", "title": "Refractory period of human sural nerve action potential related to age in healthy probands.", "content": "150 sural nerves from 150 probands 10-70 years of age were investigated by applying supramaximal paired electric stimuli and recording the action potentials with needle electrodes. The responses to the first and second stimulus were evaluated with respect to latency and amplitude. Correlation of the electrophysiological findings with the age of the probands gave the following results: (1) Slight but statistical insignificant reduction of conduction velocity with advancing age up to 70 years. (2) Statistical significant decrease of amplitudes and prolongation of potential duration with advancing age. (3) No significant relationship between refractory period (latency and amplitude of the test response) and advancing age up to 70 years. The results are discussed in terms of their clinical meaning.", "contents": "Refractory period of human sural nerve action potential related to age in healthy probands. 150 sural nerves from 150 probands 10-70 years of age were investigated by applying supramaximal paired electric stimuli and recording the action potentials with needle electrodes. The responses to the first and second stimulus were evaluated with respect to latency and amplitude. Correlation of the electrophysiological findings with the age of the probands gave the following results: (1) Slight but statistical insignificant reduction of conduction velocity with advancing age up to 70 years. (2) Statistical significant decrease of amplitudes and prolongation of potential duration with advancing age. (3) No significant relationship between refractory period (latency and amplitude of the test response) and advancing age up to 70 years. The results are discussed in terms of their clinical meaning.", "PMID": 852467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9918", "title": "Cortical and cervical somatosensory evoked responses in demyelinating diseases.", "content": "In six patients suffering from a multifocal neurological disease of the demyelinating type, a somatosensory evoked response was analyzed in the cortical and cervical are after stimulating the right index finger and the right nervus suralis. The results of the investigation with this method indicate that localization of the central nervous system pathology seems to lie within the realms of possibility, in which case this method will be a useful addition to the tools used to evaluate quantitatively the results of different treatments in this type of disease.", "contents": "Cortical and cervical somatosensory evoked responses in demyelinating diseases. In six patients suffering from a multifocal neurological disease of the demyelinating type, a somatosensory evoked response was analyzed in the cortical and cervical are after stimulating the right index finger and the right nervus suralis. The results of the investigation with this method indicate that localization of the central nervous system pathology seems to lie within the realms of possibility, in which case this method will be a useful addition to the tools used to evaluate quantitatively the results of different treatments in this type of disease.", "PMID": 852468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9919", "title": "Plasma levels of phenobarbital and phenytoin in epileptic outpatients.", "content": "In a group of 65 epileptic outpatients the reliability of intake of prescribed medication was evaluated according to two criteria. The following results were obtained: the number of patients with no or irregular intake of antiepileptic drugs in the whole group was 28%; the relationship between dose and observed plasma levels in patients reliable to intake could be verified; physicians were more often aware of unreliable intake by their patients than could be expected by chance.", "contents": "Plasma levels of phenobarbital and phenytoin in epileptic outpatients. In a group of 65 epileptic outpatients the reliability of intake of prescribed medication was evaluated according to two criteria. The following results were obtained: the number of patients with no or irregular intake of antiepileptic drugs in the whole group was 28%; the relationship between dose and observed plasma levels in patients reliable to intake could be verified; physicians were more often aware of unreliable intake by their patients than could be expected by chance.", "PMID": 852469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9920", "title": "The role of cerebral perfusion pressure as origin of brain edema in acute arterial hypertension.", "content": "In a series in 8 cats, cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) was evaluated over a period of 5 min after production of an acute arterial hypertension. The mean percentual increase of blood pressure, CPP and ICP equalled 100%. the fact, that ICP does not play any role in acute hypertension, indicates that an abrupt elevation of filtration pressure within the capillaries must be the decisive factor leading to edema.", "contents": "The role of cerebral perfusion pressure as origin of brain edema in acute arterial hypertension. In a series in 8 cats, cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) was evaluated over a period of 5 min after production of an acute arterial hypertension. The mean percentual increase of blood pressure, CPP and ICP equalled 100%. the fact, that ICP does not play any role in acute hypertension, indicates that an abrupt elevation of filtration pressure within the capillaries must be the decisive factor leading to edema.", "PMID": 852471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9921", "title": "A study of the activity of platelet monoamine oxidase in patients with migraine headaches or with 'cluster headaches'.", "content": "The results of the study of the activity of platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) in patients with migraine headaches or with 'cluster headaches' are presented. In both types of headaches, MAO activity is lower than in normal subjects. We suggest that the low MAO activity is due to a primary constitutional defect.", "contents": "A study of the activity of platelet monoamine oxidase in patients with migraine headaches or with 'cluster headaches'. The results of the study of the activity of platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) in patients with migraine headaches or with 'cluster headaches' are presented. In both types of headaches, MAO activity is lower than in normal subjects. We suggest that the low MAO activity is due to a primary constitutional defect.", "PMID": 852472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9922", "title": "Renal revascularization after splenic artery implantation into the kidney. Consecutive serial angiographic study in the dog.", "content": "29 mongrels were subjected to splenic artery implantation into the left kidney. Consecutive angiographies showed that this procedure regularly was followed by an initial thrombus formation in the implanted artery and an early recanalization of this thrombus. After creation of stenosis and eventually occlusion of the left renal artery, newly formed intrarenal vessels could be demonstrated next to the implanted artery. These vessels formed communications between the splenic and intrarenal arteries. At angiography of the implanted splenic artery the constrast medium was seen to pass over to the newly formed vessels and to intrarenal arteries followed by contrast medium opacification of the renal parenchyma and the renal vein and excretion to the pelvis and ureter. The experimental animals survived contralateral nephrectomy and ligature of the ipsilateral renal artery provided that a slowly progressing stenosis of this artery was created.", "contents": "Renal revascularization after splenic artery implantation into the kidney. Consecutive serial angiographic study in the dog. 29 mongrels were subjected to splenic artery implantation into the left kidney. Consecutive angiographies showed that this procedure regularly was followed by an initial thrombus formation in the implanted artery and an early recanalization of this thrombus. After creation of stenosis and eventually occlusion of the left renal artery, newly formed intrarenal vessels could be demonstrated next to the implanted artery. These vessels formed communications between the splenic and intrarenal arteries. At angiography of the implanted splenic artery the constrast medium was seen to pass over to the newly formed vessels and to intrarenal arteries followed by contrast medium opacification of the renal parenchyma and the renal vein and excretion to the pelvis and ureter. The experimental animals survived contralateral nephrectomy and ligature of the ipsilateral renal artery provided that a slowly progressing stenosis of this artery was created.", "PMID": 852473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9923", "title": "Profound reflex bradycardia produced by transient hypoxia or hypercapnia in man.", "content": "A quadraplegic patient was able to breathe adequately for the first 3 days after his cervical spinal cord was transected by a bullet. However, for several days thereafter spontaneous ventilation became inadequate, most likely due to edema of the cord, and mechanical ventilation was required. When the ventilator was disconnected for required tracheal aspiration, before there was any tracheal stimulation, profound bradycardia, hypotension and syncope occurred within a few seconds. The bradycardia could be diminished by atropine and its onset delayed by prior ventilation with oxygen. Because of the rapid onset of the hemodynamic changes and their correlation with relatively small changes in PaO2 and PaCO2, it is suggested that this vagally mediated bradycardia represents the primary cardiac reflex response to peripheral chemoreceptor stimulation, which, although extensively studied in experimental animals, has not before been described in man. Just as in animals, it seems likely that the inability to hyperventilate permitted the primary cardiac reflex to occur rather than the usual response of tachycardia to chemoreceptor stimulation which is prepotent with spontaneous ventilation. An understanding of this reflex was important in the clinical mangement of this patient.", "contents": "Profound reflex bradycardia produced by transient hypoxia or hypercapnia in man. A quadraplegic patient was able to breathe adequately for the first 3 days after his cervical spinal cord was transected by a bullet. However, for several days thereafter spontaneous ventilation became inadequate, most likely due to edema of the cord, and mechanical ventilation was required. When the ventilator was disconnected for required tracheal aspiration, before there was any tracheal stimulation, profound bradycardia, hypotension and syncope occurred within a few seconds. The bradycardia could be diminished by atropine and its onset delayed by prior ventilation with oxygen. Because of the rapid onset of the hemodynamic changes and their correlation with relatively small changes in PaO2 and PaCO2, it is suggested that this vagally mediated bradycardia represents the primary cardiac reflex response to peripheral chemoreceptor stimulation, which, although extensively studied in experimental animals, has not before been described in man. Just as in animals, it seems likely that the inability to hyperventilate permitted the primary cardiac reflex to occur rather than the usual response of tachycardia to chemoreceptor stimulation which is prepotent with spontaneous ventilation. An understanding of this reflex was important in the clinical mangement of this patient.", "PMID": 852474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9924", "title": "Ex vivo vascular perfusion of the isolated rat small bowel. Importance of the intestinal brush border enzyme-release in basal conditions.", "content": "The vascular perfusion of the whole isolated intestine of the rat with homologous non-diluted blood is compared with classical in vivo experiments. During a 2 1/2-hour perfusion procedure no significant difference was noted between the two experimental schedules as far as haemodynamic, histological, mechanical and/or electrical activities of the gut are concerned. However, striking changes in the intestinal brush border enzyme output within the lumen appear between ex vivo and in vivo experiments. The early increase of intraluminal intestinal sucrase, already after the 95th min of perfusion indicate clearly the existence of a subcellular damage even not detectable by other tests of viability. Therefore, it is suggested that release of brush border enzymes might represent an interesting criterion of viability of in vitro or ex vivo preparations.", "contents": "Ex vivo vascular perfusion of the isolated rat small bowel. Importance of the intestinal brush border enzyme-release in basal conditions. The vascular perfusion of the whole isolated intestine of the rat with homologous non-diluted blood is compared with classical in vivo experiments. During a 2 1/2-hour perfusion procedure no significant difference was noted between the two experimental schedules as far as haemodynamic, histological, mechanical and/or electrical activities of the gut are concerned. However, striking changes in the intestinal brush border enzyme output within the lumen appear between ex vivo and in vivo experiments. The early increase of intraluminal intestinal sucrase, already after the 95th min of perfusion indicate clearly the existence of a subcellular damage even not detectable by other tests of viability. Therefore, it is suggested that release of brush border enzymes might represent an interesting criterion of viability of in vitro or ex vivo preparations.", "PMID": 852475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9925", "title": "Evaluation of implanted faulty demand pacemakers by magnet waving and electrical chest wall stimulation. A report of clinical experience.", "content": "15 different models of implanted demand pacemakers (61% Cordis models) in 156 patients were scrutinized owing to an announcement that had identified 3 faulty Cordis series and, as a consequence, had provoked considerable uncertainty among all pacemaker patients in the community. Malfunctions of the sensing, and reed switch mechanisms as well as changes in pacers' refractory periods were excluded by the electrical chest wall stimulation (ECWS), magnet waving (MW) or a combination of both. That those models suspected of malfunction show merely a drop in rate was verified. Established patterns of early rate drop guided the exchange for new units: no abrupt or complete rate drop occurred and no patient was lost. The application of indirect overdrive revealed that the blocking capacity for rapid rates was in Omni-Ectocor units less reliable than in Ectocor units. The characteristic reactions to MW and ECWS of the 15 demand pacemaker models were determined. Because both methods proved to be as easy to apply as they were beneficial for the follow-up, also in the uncommon situation created by the Cordis announcement, the application of both of these methods on a routine basis in pacemaker clinics is advocated.", "contents": "Evaluation of implanted faulty demand pacemakers by magnet waving and electrical chest wall stimulation. A report of clinical experience. 15 different models of implanted demand pacemakers (61% Cordis models) in 156 patients were scrutinized owing to an announcement that had identified 3 faulty Cordis series and, as a consequence, had provoked considerable uncertainty among all pacemaker patients in the community. Malfunctions of the sensing, and reed switch mechanisms as well as changes in pacers' refractory periods were excluded by the electrical chest wall stimulation (ECWS), magnet waving (MW) or a combination of both. That those models suspected of malfunction show merely a drop in rate was verified. Established patterns of early rate drop guided the exchange for new units: no abrupt or complete rate drop occurred and no patient was lost. The application of indirect overdrive revealed that the blocking capacity for rapid rates was in Omni-Ectocor units less reliable than in Ectocor units. The characteristic reactions to MW and ECWS of the 15 demand pacemaker models were determined. Because both methods proved to be as easy to apply as they were beneficial for the follow-up, also in the uncommon situation created by the Cordis announcement, the application of both of these methods on a routine basis in pacemaker clinics is advocated.", "PMID": 852492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9926", "title": "Acute coronary events in some Dutch countryside communities.", "content": "Incidence of, mortality from and fatality of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and fatal attack of presumed coronary origin (FCA) were registered between July 1970 and March 1974 in a well-defined Dutch countryside population. Patients with a documented previous AMI or aged 70 or older were excluded. AMI (431 cases) and FCA (124 cases) were considered separately. No differences in coronary history profile, age or sex distribution could be demonstrated. However, the period of premonitory symptoms preceding FCA was at a 5% level significantly shorter than in AMI, provided that the unstable angina was the first symptom of IHD. The combined fatality rate of AMI and FCA, counting death during the first 28 days only, was 25% under age 55 and 32% in age group 55-69 yr. None of the 171 cases under age 55 who survived the first 24 h died in the following 4 weeks, whereas 20 out of 384 in the older age group did: a significant difference at a 5% level. The incidence and mortality rates are presented for both AMI and FCA, subdivided in the age groups 35-44, 45-54, 55-64, and 65-69, per 1000 person years. The incidence was 1, 5, 10, 14 in males, and 0, 1, 2, 6 in females, respectively. Mortality was 0, 1, 3, 5 in males, and 0, 0, 1, 3 in females. The set-up of the survey, the diagnostic criteria and the comparability with recent studies are discussed.", "contents": "Acute coronary events in some Dutch countryside communities. Incidence of, mortality from and fatality of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and fatal attack of presumed coronary origin (FCA) were registered between July 1970 and March 1974 in a well-defined Dutch countryside population. Patients with a documented previous AMI or aged 70 or older were excluded. AMI (431 cases) and FCA (124 cases) were considered separately. No differences in coronary history profile, age or sex distribution could be demonstrated. However, the period of premonitory symptoms preceding FCA was at a 5% level significantly shorter than in AMI, provided that the unstable angina was the first symptom of IHD. The combined fatality rate of AMI and FCA, counting death during the first 28 days only, was 25% under age 55 and 32% in age group 55-69 yr. None of the 171 cases under age 55 who survived the first 24 h died in the following 4 weeks, whereas 20 out of 384 in the older age group did: a significant difference at a 5% level. The incidence and mortality rates are presented for both AMI and FCA, subdivided in the age groups 35-44, 45-54, 55-64, and 65-69, per 1000 person years. The incidence was 1, 5, 10, 14 in males, and 0, 1, 2, 6 in females, respectively. Mortality was 0, 1, 3, 5 in males, and 0, 0, 1, 3 in females. The set-up of the survey, the diagnostic criteria and the comparability with recent studies are discussed.", "PMID": 852493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9927", "title": "Plasma concentrations of propranolol in patients with essential hypertension.", "content": "Sixteen patients with essentialy hypertension were treated with propranolol 160 to 640 mg daily for three months. Significant decreases both in recumbent and standing blood pressure were observed after three days treatment and subsequently. Reduction of blood pressure was more pronounced when the dose of propranolol was increased. However, neither the mean dose nor the plasma concentration of propranolol could be correlated with the mean decrease in blood pressure. There was great interindividual variation in the plasma concentrations of propranolol produced by the same daily dose. The initial stimulation of plasma renin activity and the therapeutic response to propranolol could not be correlated.", "contents": "Plasma concentrations of propranolol in patients with essential hypertension. Sixteen patients with essentialy hypertension were treated with propranolol 160 to 640 mg daily for three months. Significant decreases both in recumbent and standing blood pressure were observed after three days treatment and subsequently. Reduction of blood pressure was more pronounced when the dose of propranolol was increased. However, neither the mean dose nor the plasma concentration of propranolol could be correlated with the mean decrease in blood pressure. There was great interindividual variation in the plasma concentrations of propranolol produced by the same daily dose. The initial stimulation of plasma renin activity and the therapeutic response to propranolol could not be correlated.", "PMID": 852494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9928", "title": "Elimination of canrenone in congestive heart failure and chronic liver disease.", "content": "The elimination half-life (T1/2) of canrenone, the principal unconjugated metabolite of spironolactone, was 59 h (range 32-105 h) in 5 patients with chronic liver disease and 37 h (range 19-48 h ) in 7 patients withcongestive heart failure. In comparison the T1/2 in normal subjects was 13.5-24 h in previous reports and 20.5 h in the present study, However there was no evidence of greater cumulation of canrenone in the plasma of those patients with a prolonged T1/2.", "contents": "Elimination of canrenone in congestive heart failure and chronic liver disease. The elimination half-life (T1/2) of canrenone, the principal unconjugated metabolite of spironolactone, was 59 h (range 32-105 h) in 5 patients with chronic liver disease and 37 h (range 19-48 h ) in 7 patients withcongestive heart failure. In comparison the T1/2 in normal subjects was 13.5-24 h in previous reports and 20.5 h in the present study, However there was no evidence of greater cumulation of canrenone in the plasma of those patients with a prolonged T1/2.", "PMID": 852495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9929", "title": "Methodology and results of a survey of adverse reactons to a drug in private practice.", "content": "A survey of tolerance of a drug, determined in private practice under \"naturalistic\" conditions by 591 physicians, and involving 22277 patients is presented. The procedure used in private practice to gather systematic information about reactions to the drug involved a system of data sheets with detachable cards for optical reading and computer analysis. The survey was conducted under the responsiblity at regional level of a team of scientific coordinators-hospital pharmacologists and poison control centres. Possible side effects were noticed in 13,82% of patients, a figure similar to known nocebo reactions. Tolerance was significantly related to sex, age, weight, geographical area, duration of treatment, association with other durgs and therapeutic result. When related to individual physicians, the overall number of side effects and the frequency of three of them in particular did not follow a binomial distribution; the rate of adverse reactions was significantly related to the number of years of practice of the physicians.", "contents": "Methodology and results of a survey of adverse reactons to a drug in private practice. A survey of tolerance of a drug, determined in private practice under \"naturalistic\" conditions by 591 physicians, and involving 22277 patients is presented. The procedure used in private practice to gather systematic information about reactions to the drug involved a system of data sheets with detachable cards for optical reading and computer analysis. The survey was conducted under the responsiblity at regional level of a team of scientific coordinators-hospital pharmacologists and poison control centres. Possible side effects were noticed in 13,82% of patients, a figure similar to known nocebo reactions. Tolerance was significantly related to sex, age, weight, geographical area, duration of treatment, association with other durgs and therapeutic result. When related to individual physicians, the overall number of side effects and the frequency of three of them in particular did not follow a binomial distribution; the rate of adverse reactions was significantly related to the number of years of practice of the physicians.", "PMID": 852496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9930", "title": "Clozapine-induced agranulocytosis: a situation report up to August 1976.", "content": "The frequency of agranulocytosis in association with clozapine therapy has been estimated and compared with data reported for phenothiazine-induced agranulocytosis. Apart from the \"epidemic\" in Finland, where the frequency was 21 times that in other countries, there is no evidence that clozapine-related agranulocytosis is more common than the phenothiazine-related disorder. Furthermore, results are given to show that strict adherence to precautionary measure (e.g. weekly blood counts) reduces the mortality-rate of this condition.", "contents": "Clozapine-induced agranulocytosis: a situation report up to August 1976. The frequency of agranulocytosis in association with clozapine therapy has been estimated and compared with data reported for phenothiazine-induced agranulocytosis. Apart from the \"epidemic\" in Finland, where the frequency was 21 times that in other countries, there is no evidence that clozapine-related agranulocytosis is more common than the phenothiazine-related disorder. Furthermore, results are given to show that strict adherence to precautionary measure (e.g. weekly blood counts) reduces the mortality-rate of this condition.", "PMID": 852497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9931", "title": "First pass hydroxylation of nortriptyline: concentrations of parent drug and major metabolites in plasma.", "content": "Nortriptyline was given orally and intramuscularly to six depressed patients. Plasma concentrations of parent drug and the unconjugated and conjugated principal metabolite, 10-hydroxynortriptyline, were determined by mass fragmentography. There was a significant decrease in the area under the nortriptyling plasma concentration- time curve after the oral route of administration, whilst the elimination rate was unchanged. With the oral dose, plasma concentrations of the metabolites were higher and peaked earlier than after intramuscular administration, whilst the opposite was true for the parent compound. This proves that the difference in bioavailability between the two routes of administration was due to first pass metabolism. As determined from the ratio between  corresponding areas, the relative bioavailability of the oral dose was 66 +-21 S.D. per cent. This fraction is higher than that reported previously when intravenous nortriptyline was used as the reference dosage form.", "contents": "First pass hydroxylation of nortriptyline: concentrations of parent drug and major metabolites in plasma. Nortriptyline was given orally and intramuscularly to six depressed patients. Plasma concentrations of parent drug and the unconjugated and conjugated principal metabolite, 10-hydroxynortriptyline, were determined by mass fragmentography. There was a significant decrease in the area under the nortriptyling plasma concentration- time curve after the oral route of administration, whilst the elimination rate was unchanged. With the oral dose, plasma concentrations of the metabolites were higher and peaked earlier than after intramuscular administration, whilst the opposite was true for the parent compound. This proves that the difference in bioavailability between the two routes of administration was due to first pass metabolism. As determined from the ratio between  corresponding areas, the relative bioavailability of the oral dose was 66 +-21 S.D. per cent. This fraction is higher than that reported previously when intravenous nortriptyline was used as the reference dosage form.", "PMID": 852498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9932", "title": "Some effects of ORG GC 94, a potential anti-migraine drug, on human platelets.", "content": "Some effects of Org GC 94 (1,3,4,14b-tetrahydro-2,7-dimethyl-2H-dibenzo[b,f]pyrazino[1,2-d][1,4]oxazepine maleate) on human platelets have been investigated. Without pretreatment with ADP, 5-HT-induced aggregation of humam platets was completely inhibited by 2.5 x 10(-8) M of Org GC 94. Aggregation triggered by noradrenaline (2.5 x 10(-5) M) and uptake of 5-HT by human platelets were inhibited only at the high concentrations of 10(-5) and 10(-4) M of Org GC 94 respectively. Up to millimolar concentrations, Org GC 94 did not liberate lactate dehydrogenase from human platelets. Org GC 94 did not block the oxidative deamination of benzylamine by human platelet rich plasma up to 2.5 x 10(-4) M.", "contents": "Some effects of ORG GC 94, a potential anti-migraine drug, on human platelets. Some effects of Org GC 94 (1,3,4,14b-tetrahydro-2,7-dimethyl-2H-dibenzo[b,f]pyrazino[1,2-d][1,4]oxazepine maleate) on human platelets have been investigated. Without pretreatment with ADP, 5-HT-induced aggregation of humam platets was completely inhibited by 2.5 x 10(-8) M of Org GC 94. Aggregation triggered by noradrenaline (2.5 x 10(-5) M) and uptake of 5-HT by human platelets were inhibited only at the high concentrations of 10(-5) and 10(-4) M of Org GC 94 respectively. Up to millimolar concentrations, Org GC 94 did not liberate lactate dehydrogenase from human platelets. Org GC 94 did not block the oxidative deamination of benzylamine by human platelet rich plasma up to 2.5 x 10(-4) M.", "PMID": 852500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9933", "title": "Further evidence for central histamine H2-receptor involvement in the hypotensive effect of clonidine in the rat.", "content": "In urethane-anaesthetised rats, the administration of the specific histamine H2-receptor antagonist metiamide intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) raised the blood pressure and increased the heart rate. Metiamide (i.c.v.) antagonised the hypotensive effect of clonidine (i.c.v.) in an apparently competitive manner. 4-Methylhistamine i.c.v. did not significantly change the blood pressure. The results are consistent with the concept that the hypotensive effect of clonidine is at least partly due to a stimulation of cerebral H2-receptors. The existence of cerebral H2-receptors mediating hypotensive effects is supported by the hypertensive effect of metiamide but not by the lack of hypotensive effects of 4-methylhistamine.", "contents": "Further evidence for central histamine H2-receptor involvement in the hypotensive effect of clonidine in the rat. In urethane-anaesthetised rats, the administration of the specific histamine H2-receptor antagonist metiamide intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) raised the blood pressure and increased the heart rate. Metiamide (i.c.v.) antagonised the hypotensive effect of clonidine (i.c.v.) in an apparently competitive manner. 4-Methylhistamine i.c.v. did not significantly change the blood pressure. The results are consistent with the concept that the hypotensive effect of clonidine is at least partly due to a stimulation of cerebral H2-receptors. The existence of cerebral H2-receptors mediating hypotensive effects is supported by the hypertensive effect of metiamide but not by the lack of hypotensive effects of 4-methylhistamine.", "PMID": 852501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9934", "title": "Reduction in blood pressure, sympathetic nerve discharge and centrally evoked pressor responses by methysergide in anesthetized cats.", "content": "Methysergide (1 and 3 mg/kg i.v.) caused dose-dependent reductions in blood pressure and heart rate of anesthetized cats. In addition, sympathetic nerve discharges of the postganglionic renal nerve were also markedly reduced by the same doses of drug. Pressor responses to electrical stimulation of the diencephalon were inhibited by 3 mg/kg but not 1 mg/kg of methysergide. These results suggest that methysergide acts to decrease blood pressure by a centrally mediated reduction in sympathetic nervous outflow and, at higher doses, can additionally prevent pressor changes caused by electrical activation of suprabulbar central structures. These results are in agreement with previous reports that methysergide has little or no peripheral effects on the cardiovascular system.", "contents": "Reduction in blood pressure, sympathetic nerve discharge and centrally evoked pressor responses by methysergide in anesthetized cats. Methysergide (1 and 3 mg/kg i.v.) caused dose-dependent reductions in blood pressure and heart rate of anesthetized cats. In addition, sympathetic nerve discharges of the postganglionic renal nerve were also markedly reduced by the same doses of drug. Pressor responses to electrical stimulation of the diencephalon were inhibited by 3 mg/kg but not 1 mg/kg of methysergide. These results suggest that methysergide acts to decrease blood pressure by a centrally mediated reduction in sympathetic nervous outflow and, at higher doses, can additionally prevent pressor changes caused by electrical activation of suprabulbar central structures. These results are in agreement with previous reports that methysergide has little or no peripheral effects on the cardiovascular system.", "PMID": 852503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9935", "title": "Inhibitory effect of propranolol on tetanic contraction in rabbit.", "content": "The effects of propranolol on electrical and mechanical activity during tetanic stimulation of the diaphragm and leg muscles, and on the heart rate, were studied in the anaesthetized rabbit. Propranolol (from 0.5 mg/kg) reduced the EMG evoked in diaphragm by phrenic nerve stimulation (50/sec) and the EMG and force of contraction during periods of increased respiratory drive obtained by partial tracheal obstruction. The heart rate was lowered by 10-25%. In the indirectly or directly stimulated leg muscles, the drug induced high frequency inhibition of EMG and tetanic contractions (100/sec) without affecting twitch contractions. The inhibitory effect of propranolol on skeletal muscle was probably not caused by beta-adrenergic block, but by stabilization of the sarcolemma. The results suggest that the high frequency inhibitory effect might contribute to the fatigue and reduced work capacity frequently observed when high doses of propranolol are given to man and animals.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of propranolol on tetanic contraction in rabbit. The effects of propranolol on electrical and mechanical activity during tetanic stimulation of the diaphragm and leg muscles, and on the heart rate, were studied in the anaesthetized rabbit. Propranolol (from 0.5 mg/kg) reduced the EMG evoked in diaphragm by phrenic nerve stimulation (50/sec) and the EMG and force of contraction during periods of increased respiratory drive obtained by partial tracheal obstruction. The heart rate was lowered by 10-25%. In the indirectly or directly stimulated leg muscles, the drug induced high frequency inhibition of EMG and tetanic contractions (100/sec) without affecting twitch contractions. The inhibitory effect of propranolol on skeletal muscle was probably not caused by beta-adrenergic block, but by stabilization of the sarcolemma. The results suggest that the high frequency inhibitory effect might contribute to the fatigue and reduced work capacity frequently observed when high doses of propranolol are given to man and animals.", "PMID": 852504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9936", "title": "Effect of harmaline on pacemaker activity of guinea pig sinus node.", "content": "Transmembrane potentials of pacemaker fibers of the sinus node were recorded to analyze the effect of harmaline (HME) on cardiac automaticity. A short exposure to HME 2.1 X 10(-5) or 8.3 X 10(-5) M produced a long lasting non-cholinergic depression of the automaticity: the slope of diastolic depolarization of the pacemaker fibers was depressed, but the maximum diastolic potential remained unmodified. The automaticity of the sinus node was not abolished by prolonged exposure to HME 8.3 X 10(-4) M, but a reversible sino-atrial block developed.", "contents": "Effect of harmaline on pacemaker activity of guinea pig sinus node. Transmembrane potentials of pacemaker fibers of the sinus node were recorded to analyze the effect of harmaline (HME) on cardiac automaticity. A short exposure to HME 2.1 X 10(-5) or 8.3 X 10(-5) M produced a long lasting non-cholinergic depression of the automaticity: the slope of diastolic depolarization of the pacemaker fibers was depressed, but the maximum diastolic potential remained unmodified. The automaticity of the sinus node was not abolished by prolonged exposure to HME 8.3 X 10(-4) M, but a reversible sino-atrial block developed.", "PMID": 852505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9937", "title": "Incorporation of 14C-leucine into acid-insoluble material and tRNAleu from light stimulated rat brain.", "content": "Rats kept in the dark (i.e., less than 0.1 lux) from birth until 15 days were exposed to light. In vivo incorporation of 14C-leucine into acid insoluble material and in vitro aminoacylation of tRNAleu were studied in visual, somaesthetic and motor brain cortices. A significant increase of both 14C-leucine incorporation into acid insoluble material and tRNAleu aminoacylation with respect to the controls were found only in the visual cortex of light stimulated animals.", "contents": "Incorporation of 14C-leucine into acid-insoluble material and tRNAleu from light stimulated rat brain. Rats kept in the dark (i.e., less than 0.1 lux) from birth until 15 days were exposed to light. In vivo incorporation of 14C-leucine into acid insoluble material and in vitro aminoacylation of tRNAleu were studied in visual, somaesthetic and motor brain cortices. A significant increase of both 14C-leucine incorporation into acid insoluble material and tRNAleu aminoacylation with respect to the controls were found only in the visual cortex of light stimulated animals.", "PMID": 852530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9938", "title": "The production of cerebrospinal fluid in experimental communicating hydrocephalus.", "content": "Utilizing an atraumatic model to produce chronic hydrocephalus, CSF production was measured during and after development of communicatin hydrocephalus. CSF volume production was significantly lower in animals with increased pressure. Animals with chronic hydrocephalus and normal pressures had abnormal CSF production. Diminished CSF production appears to offer a potential compensatory mechanism when CSF absorption is altered.", "contents": "The production of cerebrospinal fluid in experimental communicating hydrocephalus. Utilizing an atraumatic model to produce chronic hydrocephalus, CSF production was measured during and after development of communicatin hydrocephalus. CSF volume production was significantly lower in animals with increased pressure. Animals with chronic hydrocephalus and normal pressures had abnormal CSF production. Diminished CSF production appears to offer a potential compensatory mechanism when CSF absorption is altered.", "PMID": 852531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9939", "title": "[Chemoluminescence during ATP hydrolysis by rat brain ATPase under the influence of agents of a narcotic nature].", "content": "The activity of the cerebral ATP-ase and chemoluminescence in hydrolysis of the ATP with the cerebral ATP-ase in rats with ether, thiopental and electrically-induced anesthesia was investigated. In the ether anesthesis the ATP-ase activity and the chemoluminescence level decrease. In the thiopental anesthesia they increase, whereas with electrically-induced one they first go up and then fall off. Once the action of the study agents is discontinued the mentioned parameters return back to their control levels.", "contents": "[Chemoluminescence during ATP hydrolysis by rat brain ATPase under the influence of agents of a narcotic nature]. The activity of the cerebral ATP-ase and chemoluminescence in hydrolysis of the ATP with the cerebral ATP-ase in rats with ether, thiopental and electrically-induced anesthesia was investigated. In the ether anesthesis the ATP-ase activity and the chemoluminescence level decrease. In the thiopental anesthesia they increase, whereas with electrically-induced one they first go up and then fall off. Once the action of the study agents is discontinued the mentioned parameters return back to their control levels.", "PMID": 852542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9940", "title": "[Distribution of different groups of indirect sympathomimetics between aqueous and \"fatty\" phases].", "content": "Ionization constants were measured and distribution between the \"fatty\" and aqueous phases of the drugs (amphetamine, ephedrin, tyramine, methylphenidate, pipradrol), belonging to two groups of indirect sympathomimetics differing in the mechanism of their action, was studied. The lipophilic nature of the study compounds is shown to correlate with some pharmacological properties determining the difference in action produced by these drugs.", "contents": "[Distribution of different groups of indirect sympathomimetics between aqueous and \"fatty\" phases]. Ionization constants were measured and distribution between the \"fatty\" and aqueous phases of the drugs (amphetamine, ephedrin, tyramine, methylphenidate, pipradrol), belonging to two groups of indirect sympathomimetics differing in the mechanism of their action, was studied. The lipophilic nature of the study compounds is shown to correlate with some pharmacological properties determining the difference in action produced by these drugs.", "PMID": 852543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9941", "title": "[Features of ethmozine metabolism].", "content": "A study of the aethozine metabolism in the urine of rats detected 14 metabolites, a number of which was identified, namely: 2-aminophenothiazine, 2-acetylamide-phenothiazine, ethyl ether of phenothiazine-carbamine-2-acid, their sulphoxides and also aethmozine sulphoxide. Of the aethmozine biotransformation processes is characteristic formation in the organism of the animals of significant quantities of transformation products with complete degradation of the side chain.", "contents": "[Features of ethmozine metabolism]. A study of the aethozine metabolism in the urine of rats detected 14 metabolites, a number of which was identified, namely: 2-aminophenothiazine, 2-acetylamide-phenothiazine, ethyl ether of phenothiazine-carbamine-2-acid, their sulphoxides and also aethmozine sulphoxide. Of the aethmozine biotransformation processes is characteristic formation in the organism of the animals of significant quantities of transformation products with complete degradation of the side chain.", "PMID": 852541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9942", "title": "[Effect of sydnophen and caffeine on reflex shifts in arterial pressure arising during skeletal muscle contraction].", "content": "The influence of sydnophen (5-20 mg/kg) and of caffein (10-40 mg/kg) on the pressor reaction of the arterial pressure, provoked by contraction of skeletal muscles following stimulation of the anterior spinal cord roots (L6, L7, S1) was investigated in 17 tests set up on decerebrated non-narcotized cats. The intraveonus injection of sydnophen was attended by a fall of the arterial pressure and inhibition of the pressor reflex. Caffein reduced the intensity of the pressor reflex to a lesser extent and did not modify the initial level of the arterial pressure.", "contents": "[Effect of sydnophen and caffeine on reflex shifts in arterial pressure arising during skeletal muscle contraction]. The influence of sydnophen (5-20 mg/kg) and of caffein (10-40 mg/kg) on the pressor reaction of the arterial pressure, provoked by contraction of skeletal muscles following stimulation of the anterior spinal cord roots (L6, L7, S1) was investigated in 17 tests set up on decerebrated non-narcotized cats. The intraveonus injection of sydnophen was attended by a fall of the arterial pressure and inhibition of the pressor reflex. Caffein reduced the intensity of the pressor reflex to a lesser extent and did not modify the initial level of the arterial pressure.", "PMID": 852546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9943", "title": "[Effect of heparin on enzyme processes in the myocardium and liver of animals of different ages].", "content": "Experiments conducted with albino mice and male-rats of different age have brought evidence that heparin is capable of raising the resistance of the organism to hypoxic hypoxia, stimulating the activity of NAD-dependent and inhibiting that of flavine-dependent dehydrogenases in the liver and myocardium of rats. It also inhibits peroxidation of lipids and the activity of lyzosomal enzymes in the liver, particularly in old animals. The expediency of a course-wise application of heparin, especially in old age, is suggested.", "contents": "[Effect of heparin on enzyme processes in the myocardium and liver of animals of different ages]. Experiments conducted with albino mice and male-rats of different age have brought evidence that heparin is capable of raising the resistance of the organism to hypoxic hypoxia, stimulating the activity of NAD-dependent and inhibiting that of flavine-dependent dehydrogenases in the liver and myocardium of rats. It also inhibits peroxidation of lipids and the activity of lyzosomal enzymes in the liver, particularly in old animals. The expediency of a course-wise application of heparin, especially in old age, is suggested.", "PMID": 852544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9944", "title": "[Effect of phepracet and its derivatives on the development of neurogenic dystrophy of the stomach wall and the concentration of noradrenaline in it].", "content": "The \"weighted\" phenamine derivatives--phepracet (beta-phenyl isopropylamide of paraaminophenylacetic acid) and preparations IZM-611 ((phenylisopropylamide of paradipropylaminophenylacetic acid) and IZM-487 (phenylisopropylamide of paradietylaminophenylacetic acid) positively prevented the development of hemorrhagic erosions in the gastric wall and forced down the nerepinephrine level in it caused by a 3-hour electric stimulation of immobilized rats. The greatest prophylactic effect produced the preparation IZM-611. A direct relation between intensity of the antiulcerous action of the drugs and their ability to block the reticular formations of the midbrain was noted.", "contents": "[Effect of phepracet and its derivatives on the development of neurogenic dystrophy of the stomach wall and the concentration of noradrenaline in it]. The \"weighted\" phenamine derivatives--phepracet (beta-phenyl isopropylamide of paraaminophenylacetic acid) and preparations IZM-611 ((phenylisopropylamide of paradipropylaminophenylacetic acid) and IZM-487 (phenylisopropylamide of paradietylaminophenylacetic acid) positively prevented the development of hemorrhagic erosions in the gastric wall and forced down the nerepinephrine level in it caused by a 3-hour electric stimulation of immobilized rats. The greatest prophylactic effect produced the preparation IZM-611. A direct relation between intensity of the antiulcerous action of the drugs and their ability to block the reticular formations of the midbrain was noted.", "PMID": 852547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9945", "title": "[Effect of prostaglandin F2alpha on the systemic and regional hemodynamics of dogs].", "content": "The effect of PGF2alpha on the systemic and regional hemodynamics was studied in experiments on narcotized dogs. After an intravenous injection of F2alpha (in a single dose of 10 mg/kg) aortal hypertension, tachycardia, an increased pressure in the pulmonary artery and a slightly greater cardiac output were recored. The total peripheral and pulmonary resistance was up. The left and right ventricles showed a higher activity. However, in spite of an increased myocardial contractility a short-lived deterioration in the pumping function of the heart was noted. Under the influence of PGF2alpha the coronary blood flow was becoming more intensive. PGF2alpha caused a significant reduction of the circulation rate in the femoral and superior mesenteric arteries while in the carotid and renal ones a biphasic change of the blood flow was in evidence.", "contents": "[Effect of prostaglandin F2alpha on the systemic and regional hemodynamics of dogs]. The effect of PGF2alpha on the systemic and regional hemodynamics was studied in experiments on narcotized dogs. After an intravenous injection of F2alpha (in a single dose of 10 mg/kg) aortal hypertension, tachycardia, an increased pressure in the pulmonary artery and a slightly greater cardiac output were recored. The total peripheral and pulmonary resistance was up. The left and right ventricles showed a higher activity. However, in spite of an increased myocardial contractility a short-lived deterioration in the pumping function of the heart was noted. Under the influence of PGF2alpha the coronary blood flow was becoming more intensive. PGF2alpha caused a significant reduction of the circulation rate in the femoral and superior mesenteric arteries while in the carotid and renal ones a biphasic change of the blood flow was in evidence.", "PMID": 852545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9946", "title": "[Experimental study of the new medicinal form of the antiviral preparation fluorenal].", "content": "Repository forms of a 0.1% fluorenal solution prepared with buffered polyglucin and a 1% polyacryamide were found to be curatively effective in experimental herpetic keratitis in rabbits. When stored in small tube-droppers for not less than 12 months (observation time) the repository fluorenal eye drops retain their therapeutic activity. In its new presentation the drug is highly effective, stable and convenient in use. This medicinal preparation of fluorenal permits reduce its concentration and the number of instillations.", "contents": "[Experimental study of the new medicinal form of the antiviral preparation fluorenal]. Repository forms of a 0.1% fluorenal solution prepared with buffered polyglucin and a 1% polyacryamide were found to be curatively effective in experimental herpetic keratitis in rabbits. When stored in small tube-droppers for not less than 12 months (observation time) the repository fluorenal eye drops retain their therapeutic activity. In its new presentation the drug is highly effective, stable and convenient in use. This medicinal preparation of fluorenal permits reduce its concentration and the number of instillations.", "PMID": 852550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9947", "title": "[Comparative reactivity of the neo-, paleo- and archicortex of the brain under conditions of ether and hexanal anesthesia].", "content": "In acute experiments on dogs subject to investigation under ether- and hexobarbital sodium-induced anesthesia was comparative reactivity of the neo-(sensomotor region), paleo-(hippocampus) and archicortex (olfactory lobe) of the brain. It was found that following administration of low and medium doses of general anesthetics more marked EEG changes, with but an insignificant inhibition of respirations and a slight fall in arterial pressure, were observed to occur in the hippocampus and in the olfactory lobe, as against the biocurrents in the sensomotor region. Such a regularity continued for as long as the oxygen tension in the neocortex was maintained at a level higher than in the paleo-and archicortex. Upon introduction of toxic ether and hexobarbital doses the oxygen tension in the neocortex dropped earlier and the inhibition of its bioelectric activity would set in concurrently or sooner than in the olfactory lobe and in the hippocampus.", "contents": "[Comparative reactivity of the neo-, paleo- and archicortex of the brain under conditions of ether and hexanal anesthesia]. In acute experiments on dogs subject to investigation under ether- and hexobarbital sodium-induced anesthesia was comparative reactivity of the neo-(sensomotor region), paleo-(hippocampus) and archicortex (olfactory lobe) of the brain. It was found that following administration of low and medium doses of general anesthetics more marked EEG changes, with but an insignificant inhibition of respirations and a slight fall in arterial pressure, were observed to occur in the hippocampus and in the olfactory lobe, as against the biocurrents in the sensomotor region. Such a regularity continued for as long as the oxygen tension in the neocortex was maintained at a level higher than in the paleo-and archicortex. Upon introduction of toxic ether and hexobarbital doses the oxygen tension in the neocortex dropped earlier and the inhibition of its bioelectric activity would set in concurrently or sooner than in the olfactory lobe and in the hippocampus.", "PMID": 852555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9948", "title": "[Relationship between concentration and the character of the effect of adrenaline on the excitatibility of giant neurons].", "content": "The nature of the epinephrine action on the excitability of giant neurons depends on its concentration. With a concentration of 1-10(-5) M changes in electrophysiological parameters of the somatic neurons membrane produced by its bore proof to the rising and with that of 1-10(-4) M -- to its falling excitability. Propranolol was indifferent in regard to both epinephrine effects, while dihydroergotoxin abolished the inhibitory effect of epinephrine.", "contents": "[Relationship between concentration and the character of the effect of adrenaline on the excitatibility of giant neurons]. The nature of the epinephrine action on the excitability of giant neurons depends on its concentration. With a concentration of 1-10(-5) M changes in electrophysiological parameters of the somatic neurons membrane produced by its bore proof to the rising and with that of 1-10(-4) M -- to its falling excitability. Propranolol was indifferent in regard to both epinephrine effects, while dihydroergotoxin abolished the inhibitory effect of epinephrine.", "PMID": 852557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9949", "title": "[Cyclic hydrazides. III. Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of 2-amino-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1(2H)-one].", "content": "The synthesis and the antiinflammatory activity of of 2-amino-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1(2H)-one and of a series of its derivatives on the amino function are described. Some of theses new componds show high activity in inhibiting the carrageenin oedema and granuloma formation in rats.", "contents": "[Cyclic hydrazides. III. Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of 2-amino-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1(2H)-one]. The synthesis and the antiinflammatory activity of of 2-amino-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1(2H)-one and of a series of its derivatives on the amino function are described. Some of theses new componds show high activity in inhibiting the carrageenin oedema and granuloma formation in rats.", "PMID": 852565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9950", "title": "[Synthesis of pi-aminotricyclene].", "content": "In continuation of reasarch on polycyclic terpenoid amines and their derivatives, the synthesis of a new tricyclic amine: 7-methylamine-1,7-dimethyltricyclic[2,2,1,0(2,6)]heptane is described.", "contents": "[Synthesis of pi-aminotricyclene]. In continuation of reasarch on polycyclic terpenoid amines and their derivatives, the synthesis of a new tricyclic amine: 7-methylamine-1,7-dimethyltricyclic[2,2,1,0(2,6)]heptane is described.", "PMID": 852566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9951", "title": "[Theophylline and theobromine derivatives of nitrogen heterocyclic compounds].", "content": "7-Theophylline derivatives with 4,6-dihydroxy-5-pyrimidinyl-, 3-oxopiperazinylmethyl- and 4-methyl-3,5-dioxopiperazinylmethyl substituents are described: they can be viewed as structural analogues of a nucleic base pair in the Hoogsteen arrangement; theobromine could be converted into the 1-(3,5-dioxo-4-pyrazolidinyl) derivative, similarly analogous to a base pair in the Watson-Crick arrangement.", "contents": "[Theophylline and theobromine derivatives of nitrogen heterocyclic compounds]. 7-Theophylline derivatives with 4,6-dihydroxy-5-pyrimidinyl-, 3-oxopiperazinylmethyl- and 4-methyl-3,5-dioxopiperazinylmethyl substituents are described: they can be viewed as structural analogues of a nucleic base pair in the Hoogsteen arrangement; theobromine could be converted into the 1-(3,5-dioxo-4-pyrazolidinyl) derivative, similarly analogous to a base pair in the Watson-Crick arrangement.", "PMID": 852567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9952", "title": "[Isochroman-4-spiro-4'-piperidine: synthesis and analgesic properties].", "content": "The synthesis of some isochroman-4-spiro-4'-piperidines by intramolecular O-methylation of 4-aryl-4-hydroxymethylpiperidines with formaldehyde and their analgesic activity (\"hot plate\"test in mice) are reported. The introduction of the new ring led to compounds with weak analgesic activity.", "contents": "[Isochroman-4-spiro-4'-piperidine: synthesis and analgesic properties]. The synthesis of some isochroman-4-spiro-4'-piperidines by intramolecular O-methylation of 4-aryl-4-hydroxymethylpiperidines with formaldehyde and their analgesic activity (\"hot plate\"test in mice) are reported. The introduction of the new ring led to compounds with weak analgesic activity.", "PMID": 852568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9953", "title": "Macromolecular drugs.", "content": "Some principles at the basis of the present or potential interest of pharmacologically active synthetic polymers are discussed, together with some chemical aspects of a proper design of these polymers. The synthesis and properties of heparin complexing polymers, prostaglandin releasing polymers, and nicotinic acid releasing polymers are described.", "contents": "Macromolecular drugs. Some principles at the basis of the present or potential interest of pharmacologically active synthetic polymers are discussed, together with some chemical aspects of a proper design of these polymers. The synthesis and properties of heparin complexing polymers, prostaglandin releasing polymers, and nicotinic acid releasing polymers are described.", "PMID": 852569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9954", "title": "[Antibodies to mediators of inflammation as its inhibitors and analyzers].", "content": "Experiments with rabbits showed the formation of antibodies in response to introduction of histamine-, serotonin-, kalllikrein-, bradykinin-proteinic conjugates. The influence of antibodies on the exudative reaction following introduction of histamine, serotonin, kallikrein, bradykinin, dextran and agar to rats was studied. The ability of antibodies to block both the introduced from outside specific mediators of inflammation and their natural analogues is demonstrated. This bears proof to the possibility of utilizing the specific antibodies in the study of the mediating structure common to various types of inflammation and for the regulation of the inflammatory process.", "contents": "[Antibodies to mediators of inflammation as its inhibitors and analyzers]. Experiments with rabbits showed the formation of antibodies in response to introduction of histamine-, serotonin-, kalllikrein-, bradykinin-proteinic conjugates. The influence of antibodies on the exudative reaction following introduction of histamine, serotonin, kallikrein, bradykinin, dextran and agar to rats was studied. The ability of antibodies to block both the introduced from outside specific mediators of inflammation and their natural analogues is demonstrated. This bears proof to the possibility of utilizing the specific antibodies in the study of the mediating structure common to various types of inflammation and for the regulation of the inflammatory process.", "PMID": 852559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9955", "title": "[Effect of diacarb and furosemide in combination with cytostatics on the mitotic activity of tumor and intestines of rats with sarcoma 45].", "content": "A cytological analysis of proliferating neoplasic and intestinal epithelium tissues of rats under the effect of cyclophosphane, 6-mercaptopurine, furosemide, diacarbum and of their combination with course-wise introduction was effected. The treatment of rats with the combination of these agents is shown to have led to a stronger inhibition of the mitotic activity in sarcoma 45 and to deeper morphological changes therein, as compared with separate administration of the antiblastomatous drugs. The mitotic activity of the intestinal crypts epithelium inhibited by cytostatics was completely restored up to the control level when the latter were used in combination with diuretics.", "contents": "[Effect of diacarb and furosemide in combination with cytostatics on the mitotic activity of tumor and intestines of rats with sarcoma 45]. A cytological analysis of proliferating neoplasic and intestinal epithelium tissues of rats under the effect of cyclophosphane, 6-mercaptopurine, furosemide, diacarbum and of their combination with course-wise introduction was effected. The treatment of rats with the combination of these agents is shown to have led to a stronger inhibition of the mitotic activity in sarcoma 45 and to deeper morphological changes therein, as compared with separate administration of the antiblastomatous drugs. The mitotic activity of the intestinal crypts epithelium inhibited by cytostatics was completely restored up to the control level when the latter were used in combination with diuretics.", "PMID": 852564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9956", "title": "[Glycine-14C and methionine-35S incorporation into liver and gastric mucosa proteins during sperm oil treatment of experimental stomach ulcer].", "content": "The effect of a course-wise introduction of the sperm oil on the intensity of the proteinic synthesis in experimental gastric ulcer was investigated. Tests were conducted on albino male-rats in which an experimental gastric ulcer failing to heal for a long time had been induced through introduction of a 5% acetic acid solution into the subserous membrane of the stomach. The intensity of the proteinic synthesis in the liver and gastric mucosa was assessed by the rate of the glycine-14C and methionine-35S incorporation in the total, mitochondrial and nucleonic proteins on the 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th days of the experimental ulcer course. The sperm oil secured a more effective production and thereby created propicious conditions for an intensified proteinic synthesis. It also contributed to an earlier normalization of the proteinic synthesis rates and to  a quicker cicatrization of the ulcerous defect.", "contents": "[Glycine-14C and methionine-35S incorporation into liver and gastric mucosa proteins during sperm oil treatment of experimental stomach ulcer]. The effect of a course-wise introduction of the sperm oil on the intensity of the proteinic synthesis in experimental gastric ulcer was investigated. Tests were conducted on albino male-rats in which an experimental gastric ulcer failing to heal for a long time had been induced through introduction of a 5% acetic acid solution into the subserous membrane of the stomach. The intensity of the proteinic synthesis in the liver and gastric mucosa was assessed by the rate of the glycine-14C and methionine-35S incorporation in the total, mitochondrial and nucleonic proteins on the 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th days of the experimental ulcer course. The sperm oil secured a more effective production and thereby created propicious conditions for an intensified proteinic synthesis. It also contributed to an earlier normalization of the proteinic synthesis rates and to  a quicker cicatrization of the ulcerous defect.", "PMID": 852560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9957", "title": "[Effect of several derivatives of ortho-hydroxybenzoic acid on the glutamate and ketoglutarate oxidation activity of rat liver mitochondria].", "content": "Tests conducted with isolated hepatic mitochondria showed that introduction of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) to rats in a dose of 300 mg/kg for 5 and 20 days inhibited the oxidation systems of glutamate and alpha-ketoglutarate. This effect depends on the stationary concentration of the compound in the organism. Thus, administration of a high ASA dose (300 mg/kg) for 5 and 20 days, as well as its single administration in doses of 400 or 600 mg/kg had the effect of persistently suppressing the activity of these systems without causing any changes in the degree of the energy-generating conjugation.", "contents": "[Effect of several derivatives of ortho-hydroxybenzoic acid on the glutamate and ketoglutarate oxidation activity of rat liver mitochondria]. Tests conducted with isolated hepatic mitochondria showed that introduction of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) to rats in a dose of 300 mg/kg for 5 and 20 days inhibited the oxidation systems of glutamate and alpha-ketoglutarate. This effect depends on the stationary concentration of the compound in the organism. Thus, administration of a high ASA dose (300 mg/kg) for 5 and 20 days, as well as its single administration in doses of 400 or 600 mg/kg had the effect of persistently suppressing the activity of these systems without causing any changes in the degree of the energy-generating conjugation.", "PMID": 852562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9958", "title": "Correlation between elemental composition and motility of human spermatozoa.", "content": "X-ray microanalysis of human sperm cells in donor semen having a range of motilities from 0% to 85% showed that elemental composition is not strongly correlated with spermatozoal motility. Only copper in the midpiece was positively correlated with motility when high- and low-fertility groups were compared. Aging of cells in semen caused large changes in subcellular elemental concentrations as motility decreased, notably with uptake of zinc, but these changes were not reflected in the range of motilities in the clinical samples. Electrolyte balance as measured by sodium to potassium ratios also appeared not to be correlated with motility. Subcellular elemental distribution is not a major factor in determining sperm motility in normal human semen.", "contents": "Correlation between elemental composition and motility of human spermatozoa. X-ray microanalysis of human sperm cells in donor semen having a range of motilities from 0% to 85% showed that elemental composition is not strongly correlated with spermatozoal motility. Only copper in the midpiece was positively correlated with motility when high- and low-fertility groups were compared. Aging of cells in semen caused large changes in subcellular elemental concentrations as motility decreased, notably with uptake of zinc, but these changes were not reflected in the range of motilities in the clinical samples. Electrolyte balance as measured by sodium to potassium ratios also appeared not to be correlated with motility. Subcellular elemental distribution is not a major factor in determining sperm motility in normal human semen.", "PMID": 852611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9959", "title": "Influence of pregnancy and the postpartum period on estrogen uptake of the rat fallopian tubes and uterus.", "content": "After incubation with 6,7-3H-estradiol, the uptake of radioactivity was measured in rat fallopian tubes and uterus during diestrus, estrus, early and late stages of gestation, and the postpartum period (PP). Uptake patterns during early and late pregnancy reflect the critical endogenous estogenic influence on in vitro hormonal (estrogenic) sensitivity of fallopian tubes and uterus. Very low levels of uptake are observed during the middle and late stages of pregnancy, i.e., day 12 to day 20 postcoitum, followed by a sharp increase during the puerperium (days 1 to 6 PP). However, a close similarity exists between tubal and uterine estrogen uptake patterns during the estrous cycle and critical stages of implantation, followed by pregnancy and the postpartum period.", "contents": "Influence of pregnancy and the postpartum period on estrogen uptake of the rat fallopian tubes and uterus. After incubation with 6,7-3H-estradiol, the uptake of radioactivity was measured in rat fallopian tubes and uterus during diestrus, estrus, early and late stages of gestation, and the postpartum period (PP). Uptake patterns during early and late pregnancy reflect the critical endogenous estogenic influence on in vitro hormonal (estrogenic) sensitivity of fallopian tubes and uterus. Very low levels of uptake are observed during the middle and late stages of pregnancy, i.e., day 12 to day 20 postcoitum, followed by a sharp increase during the puerperium (days 1 to 6 PP). However, a close similarity exists between tubal and uterine estrogen uptake patterns during the estrous cycle and critical stages of implantation, followed by pregnancy and the postpartum period.", "PMID": 852612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9960", "title": "Pathogenetic factors in utricaria in children. A clinico-experimental study.", "content": "Results of a study in 62 patients with urticaria and 30 controls, all under 12 years of age, are reported. The study involved history taking and assays of immunoglobulins A, G, M, D, E, of complement fractions C3c and C4 and estimation of C1 estease inactivator activity in the plasma. Acute urticaria is more frequent than chronic urticaria in children, expecially in subjects with atopic diathesis; papular urticaria (or strophulus infantum) is particularly frequent in children under 6 years of age and in the male. Assays of plasma immunoglobulins demonstrated selective deficiency of IgA in two and significant reduction of this immunoglobulin in a further three cases. The mean levels of IgE proved normal in chronic urticaria, raised in acute urticaria, and very high in papular urticaria. Complement assays demonstrated, in one case, a reduction of C3c below 60 mg/100 ml, persisting after the disappearance of urticaria.", "contents": "Pathogenetic factors in utricaria in children. A clinico-experimental study. Results of a study in 62 patients with urticaria and 30 controls, all under 12 years of age, are reported. The study involved history taking and assays of immunoglobulins A, G, M, D, E, of complement fractions C3c and C4 and estimation of C1 estease inactivator activity in the plasma. Acute urticaria is more frequent than chronic urticaria in children, expecially in subjects with atopic diathesis; papular urticaria (or strophulus infantum) is particularly frequent in children under 6 years of age and in the male. Assays of plasma immunoglobulins demonstrated selective deficiency of IgA in two and significant reduction of this immunoglobulin in a further three cases. The mean levels of IgE proved normal in chronic urticaria, raised in acute urticaria, and very high in papular urticaria. Complement assays demonstrated, in one case, a reduction of C3c below 60 mg/100 ml, persisting after the disappearance of urticaria.", "PMID": 852623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9961", "title": "Studies of human semen in topical corticosteroid-treated and in methotrexate-treated psoriatics.", "content": "Ejaculates were studied from ten men with severa psoriasis treated with topical corticosteroids and from ten similar patients who had received methotrexate therapy from 1 to 9 years. It was not possible to demonstrate any unfavorable effect on the semen quality during the methotrexate therapy. The semen analysis was more frequently found normal (p = 0.04) in the methotrexate treated group, and no specific abnormality was found in spermatozoa of methotrexate-treated patients. Methotrexate therapy to male psoriatics seems safe and in agreement with this no congenital abnormalities have been reported. A remarkable number of the ejaculates had reduced sperm qualities, and it is proposed that this might be due to psoriatic lesions in the genital tract.", "contents": "Studies of human semen in topical corticosteroid-treated and in methotrexate-treated psoriatics. Ejaculates were studied from ten men with severa psoriasis treated with topical corticosteroids and from ten similar patients who had received methotrexate therapy from 1 to 9 years. It was not possible to demonstrate any unfavorable effect on the semen quality during the methotrexate therapy. The semen analysis was more frequently found normal (p = 0.04) in the methotrexate treated group, and no specific abnormality was found in spermatozoa of methotrexate-treated patients. Methotrexate therapy to male psoriatics seems safe and in agreement with this no congenital abnormalities have been reported. A remarkable number of the ejaculates had reduced sperm qualities, and it is proposed that this might be due to psoriatic lesions in the genital tract.", "PMID": 852624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9962", "title": "[Cellular immune phenomenon in scleroderma].", "content": "The leucocyte-migration-inhibition test was performed to examine 10 patients with progressive systemic sclerosis and 6 patients with linear scleroderma for evidence of cell-mediated immunity to RNA, DNA, human muscle antigen and collagen human type I. An inhibition of cell migration was detected in 6 patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) and in 3 patients with linear scleroderma in presence of RNA. No cellular reactivity in presence of DNA was observed. Seven cases with PSS, and all 6 cases with linear scleroderma showed a migration inhibition when human muscle antigen was tested. Cell-mediated immunity to collagen human type I was discovered 7 times in PSS and 2 times in linear scleroderma.", "contents": "[Cellular immune phenomenon in scleroderma]. The leucocyte-migration-inhibition test was performed to examine 10 patients with progressive systemic sclerosis and 6 patients with linear scleroderma for evidence of cell-mediated immunity to RNA, DNA, human muscle antigen and collagen human type I. An inhibition of cell migration was detected in 6 patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) and in 3 patients with linear scleroderma in presence of RNA. No cellular reactivity in presence of DNA was observed. Seven cases with PSS, and all 6 cases with linear scleroderma showed a migration inhibition when human muscle antigen was tested. Cell-mediated immunity to collagen human type I was discovered 7 times in PSS and 2 times in linear scleroderma.", "PMID": 852625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9963", "title": "The two-step model of ligand-receptor interaction.", "content": "The theoretical properties of a \"two-step\" receptor, consisting of two independent molecular entities, a regulatory (R) and an effector (E) unit, which are supposed to diffuse freely in the plane of the fluid and mosaic membrane, are presented. The ligand (L)-hormone, drug, neurotransmitter-binds to the regulatory unit (first step), so that it then becomes able to interact with the effector unit (second step) which is then activated.", "contents": "The two-step model of ligand-receptor interaction. The theoretical properties of a \"two-step\" receptor, consisting of two independent molecular entities, a regulatory (R) and an effector (E) unit, which are supposed to diffuse freely in the plane of the fluid and mosaic membrane, are presented. The ligand (L)-hormone, drug, neurotransmitter-binds to the regulatory unit (first step), so that it then becomes able to interact with the effector unit (second step) which is then activated.", "PMID": 852626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9964", "title": "Stimulation by androgens of the production of androgen binding protein by cultured Sertoli cells.", "content": "The formation of androgen-binding protein (ABP) by cultured Sertoli cells, prepared from testes of immature rats, is increased when androgens or follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) are present in the medium. Testosterone and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone are equally effective in stimulating the synthesis and secretion of ABP, but non-androgenic steroids examined (progesterone, 17beta-estradiol and corticosterone) are without influence. Maximal increases are observed when androgens are added at the time of cell plating. Cells maintained in culture medium devoid of hormones become progressively less sensitive to subsequent addition of testosterone or FSH. Data are discussed in relation to the sites of androgen requirements for spermatogenesis.", "contents": "Stimulation by androgens of the production of androgen binding protein by cultured Sertoli cells. The formation of androgen-binding protein (ABP) by cultured Sertoli cells, prepared from testes of immature rats, is increased when androgens or follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) are present in the medium. Testosterone and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone are equally effective in stimulating the synthesis and secretion of ABP, but non-androgenic steroids examined (progesterone, 17beta-estradiol and corticosterone) are without influence. Maximal increases are observed when androgens are added at the time of cell plating. Cells maintained in culture medium devoid of hormones become progressively less sensitive to subsequent addition of testosterone or FSH. Data are discussed in relation to the sites of androgen requirements for spermatogenesis.", "PMID": 852627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9965", "title": "Estimated life expectancy of diabetics.", "content": "Life expectancy among diabetics in Iowa was estimated by using mortality data for the state. The Iowa general population had a higher life expectancy than the diabetic population at every age, except at ages 80 and over for men and ages 75 and over for women. The estimated life expectancy of 59.7 years at birth for diabetic males and of 69.8 years for diabetic females was lower than that for the Iowa general population by 9.1 years among males and 6.7 years among females. This difference narrowed with increasing age. The Iowa figures were similar to the estimates of life expectancy for the diabetic popullation of Pennsylvania.", "contents": "Estimated life expectancy of diabetics. Life expectancy among diabetics in Iowa was estimated by using mortality data for the state. The Iowa general population had a higher life expectancy than the diabetic population at every age, except at ages 80 and over for men and ages 75 and over for women. The estimated life expectancy of 59.7 years at birth for diabetic males and of 69.8 years for diabetic females was lower than that for the Iowa general population by 9.1 years among males and 6.7 years among females. This difference narrowed with increasing age. The Iowa figures were similar to the estimates of life expectancy for the diabetic popullation of Pennsylvania.", "PMID": 852628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9966", "title": "Diabetes and neutrophil chemotaxis.", "content": "The chemotaxis of PMN cells from adult and juvenile diabetics and proper control subjects was found to be comparable. Similarly, chemotactic activity generated from diabetic sera was not different from the activity generated from the normal sera.", "contents": "Diabetes and neutrophil chemotaxis. The chemotaxis of PMN cells from adult and juvenile diabetics and proper control subjects was found to be comparable. Similarly, chemotactic activity generated from diabetic sera was not different from the activity generated from the normal sera.", "PMID": 852629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9967", "title": "Correlation of serum triglyceride levels and hemoglobin AIc concentrations in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Studies in 10 nonketotic diabetic subjects (five juvenile- and five adult-onset) before and after control of carbohydrate metabolism showed a high degree of correlation between hemoglobin AIc (HbAIc) concentrations and serum triglyceride levels. Serum triglyceride levels were found to correlate more closely with Hb AIc (r = 0.91, p less than 0.001) than did serum cholesterol (r = 0.47, p greater than 0.05), thus indicating a more direct relationship to carbohydrate metabolism.", "contents": "Correlation of serum triglyceride levels and hemoglobin AIc concentrations in diabetes mellitus. Studies in 10 nonketotic diabetic subjects (five juvenile- and five adult-onset) before and after control of carbohydrate metabolism showed a high degree of correlation between hemoglobin AIc (HbAIc) concentrations and serum triglyceride levels. Serum triglyceride levels were found to correlate more closely with Hb AIc (r = 0.91, p less than 0.001) than did serum cholesterol (r = 0.47, p greater than 0.05), thus indicating a more direct relationship to carbohydrate metabolism.", "PMID": 852630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9968", "title": "The high prevalence of diabetes mellitus on a Central Pacific Island.", "content": "A diabetes prevalence study on an isolated urbanized Central Pacific Island has established a prevalence rate of 34.4% in individuals aged 15 years and over. Of these, 10.4% had previously known diabetes; in the others the diagnosis was made on the basis of a plasma glucose level of at least 160 mg/100 ml 2h after a 75 gm oral glucose load. A further 11.3% of the subjects had borderline diabetes as judged by a 2-h plasma glucose of between 140 and 159 mg/100 ml. Of the diabetics, 72% had a positive family history of diabetes. The high prevalence rate appears to be related to a number of factors including a diabetic genotype, urbanization, and obesity.", "contents": "The high prevalence of diabetes mellitus on a Central Pacific Island. A diabetes prevalence study on an isolated urbanized Central Pacific Island has established a prevalence rate of 34.4% in individuals aged 15 years and over. Of these, 10.4% had previously known diabetes; in the others the diagnosis was made on the basis of a plasma glucose level of at least 160 mg/100 ml 2h after a 75 gm oral glucose load. A further 11.3% of the subjects had borderline diabetes as judged by a 2-h plasma glucose of between 140 and 159 mg/100 ml. Of the diabetics, 72% had a positive family history of diabetes. The high prevalence rate appears to be related to a number of factors including a diabetic genotype, urbanization, and obesity.", "PMID": 852640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9969", "title": "Prolactin: a diabetogenic hormone.", "content": "During an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) glucose and insulin levels were measured in 26 patients with prolactin-producing pituitary tumours without growth hormone excess. Basal glucose and insulin levels did not differ from the values of an age-matched control group. After glucose load the hyperprolactinaemic patients showed a decrease in glucose tolerance and a hyperinsulinaemia. Bromocriptine (CB 154), which suppressed PRL, improved glucose tolerance and decreased insulin towards normal in second OGTT. Human PRL or CB 154 had no significant influence on  insulin release due to glucose in the perfused rat pancreas. These findings suggest a diabetogenic effect of PRL. CB 154 might be a useful drug in improving glucose utilization in hormone-active pituitary tumours.", "contents": "Prolactin: a diabetogenic hormone. During an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) glucose and insulin levels were measured in 26 patients with prolactin-producing pituitary tumours without growth hormone excess. Basal glucose and insulin levels did not differ from the values of an age-matched control group. After glucose load the hyperprolactinaemic patients showed a decrease in glucose tolerance and a hyperinsulinaemia. Bromocriptine (CB 154), which suppressed PRL, improved glucose tolerance and decreased insulin towards normal in second OGTT. Human PRL or CB 154 had no significant influence on  insulin release due to glucose in the perfused rat pancreas. These findings suggest a diabetogenic effect of PRL. CB 154 might be a useful drug in improving glucose utilization in hormone-active pituitary tumours.", "PMID": 852641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9970", "title": "[The high frequency components of the heart sounds in normal subjects (author's transl)].", "content": "A technical set up for recording high frequency components of the cardiac vibrations is described. This was based on the use of several amplifiers, taking the third derivative of the displacement tracing, and using a high pass filter with a sharp slope. The tape-recorded high frequency tracing, at 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, or higher, was replayed at slower speed for accurate recording of the high speed signals. A study of the first and second hearts sound at 500 Hz and 1000 Hz was made in 14 young, normal volunteers. The high frequency vibrations of these sounds are analyzed and discussed.", "contents": "[The high frequency components of the heart sounds in normal subjects (author's transl)]. A technical set up for recording high frequency components of the cardiac vibrations is described. This was based on the use of several amplifiers, taking the third derivative of the displacement tracing, and using a high pass filter with a sharp slope. The tape-recorded high frequency tracing, at 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, or higher, was replayed at slower speed for accurate recording of the high speed signals. A study of the first and second hearts sound at 500 Hz and 1000 Hz was made in 14 young, normal volunteers. The high frequency vibrations of these sounds are analyzed and discussed.", "PMID": 852645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9971", "title": "[Open heart mitral commissurotomy: experience with 286 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "A total of 286 patients with mitral stenosis or predominant mitral stenosis underwent open heart mitral commissurotomy at the San Camillo Hospital between May 1969 and May 1975; mitral annuloplasty was performed on 71 patients, subvalvular apparatus correction on 43. The operative mortality rate was 0,7% (no deaths among the last 220 patients). Early results, evaluated from intraoperative data, clinical course, acoustic and polygraphic postoperative findings, were good in 228 patients (80%), fairly good in 41 (14%), bad in 17 (6%).", "contents": "[Open heart mitral commissurotomy: experience with 286 cases (author's transl)]. A total of 286 patients with mitral stenosis or predominant mitral stenosis underwent open heart mitral commissurotomy at the San Camillo Hospital between May 1969 and May 1975; mitral annuloplasty was performed on 71 patients, subvalvular apparatus correction on 43. The operative mortality rate was 0,7% (no deaths among the last 220 patients). Early results, evaluated from intraoperative data, clinical course, acoustic and polygraphic postoperative findings, were good in 228 patients (80%), fairly good in 41 (14%), bad in 17 (6%).", "PMID": 852646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9972", "title": "[Increased atrial refractoriness: an explanation for the rarity of atrial arrhythmias in chronic cor pulmonale (author's transl)].", "content": "Right atrial monophasic action potential was recorded using a suction electrode catheter in 20 patients with chronic cor pulmonale. The duration of right atrial monophasic action potential was recorded using suction electrode catheter in 20 patients with chronic corpulmonale. The duration of right atrial monophasic action potential was 397 +/- 17 msec, longer than the normal value of 325 +/- 37 msec found in 30 normal subjects. The conclusion of our work is that the long right atrial monophasic action potential duration may explain the sinus rhythm stability and the rarity of atrial arrhythmias in chronic cor pulmonale.", "contents": "[Increased atrial refractoriness: an explanation for the rarity of atrial arrhythmias in chronic cor pulmonale (author's transl)]. Right atrial monophasic action potential was recorded using a suction electrode catheter in 20 patients with chronic cor pulmonale. The duration of right atrial monophasic action potential was recorded using suction electrode catheter in 20 patients with chronic corpulmonale. The duration of right atrial monophasic action potential was 397 +/- 17 msec, longer than the normal value of 325 +/- 37 msec found in 30 normal subjects. The conclusion of our work is that the long right atrial monophasic action potential duration may explain the sinus rhythm stability and the rarity of atrial arrhythmias in chronic cor pulmonale.", "PMID": 852647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9973", "title": "[Tricuspid atresia: hemodynamic and surgical considerations (author's transl)].", "content": "Recently some patients with tricuspid atresia underwent physiological correction, as indicated by Fontan, as an alternative to classical procedures. The aims of the hemodynamic and contrastographic study are illustrated and exemplified, in view of the type of surgery. 49 patients underwent palliative operations: 47 shunts and 2 banding. The most frequent procedure was the Waterston shunt. The total mortality was 10.2%, but no deaths occurred after the third month of life. Finally, the future and the limits of \"total\" correction are discussed.", "contents": "[Tricuspid atresia: hemodynamic and surgical considerations (author's transl)]. Recently some patients with tricuspid atresia underwent physiological correction, as indicated by Fontan, as an alternative to classical procedures. The aims of the hemodynamic and contrastographic study are illustrated and exemplified, in view of the type of surgery. 49 patients underwent palliative operations: 47 shunts and 2 banding. The most frequent procedure was the Waterston shunt. The total mortality was 10.2%, but no deaths occurred after the third month of life. Finally, the future and the limits of \"total\" correction are discussed.", "PMID": 852648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9974", "title": "[Idiopathic cardiomyopathies in children: a description of two rare cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of idiopathic cardiomyopathy in children are described. Although classifiable respectively as of the non-obstructive or dilating type (in case 1) and of the restrictive type (in case 2), some peculiar clinical and angiocardiographic aspects could be found which differentiated them from the typical forms. In case 1 multiple semilunar dilatations were present at the posterobasal level of the left ventricle. In case 2 the restriction of the ventricular chamber with markedly reduced compliance affected only the left ventricle, with marked dilatation of the left atrium and right side cavities. As occurs in the field of idiopathic cardiomyopathies, intermediate forms of anatomical variations can be found with clinical and angiographic atypical features.", "contents": "[Idiopathic cardiomyopathies in children: a description of two rare cases (author's transl)]. Two cases of idiopathic cardiomyopathy in children are described. Although classifiable respectively as of the non-obstructive or dilating type (in case 1) and of the restrictive type (in case 2), some peculiar clinical and angiocardiographic aspects could be found which differentiated them from the typical forms. In case 1 multiple semilunar dilatations were present at the posterobasal level of the left ventricle. In case 2 the restriction of the ventricular chamber with markedly reduced compliance affected only the left ventricle, with marked dilatation of the left atrium and right side cavities. As occurs in the field of idiopathic cardiomyopathies, intermediate forms of anatomical variations can be found with clinical and angiographic atypical features.", "PMID": 852649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9975", "title": "[The significance of ventricular arrhythmias during muscular work: correlations with coronary heart disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The incidence of ventricular arrhythmias during muscular work in 400 patients hospitalized for clear or suspected coronary artery disease who underwent coronaroangiography and exercise test was studied. The correlations between the arrhythmias and some hemodynamic parameters and the coronaroangiogrphy patterns and left ventricle cineangiography were investigated. None of the factors that were supposed to be significant in the mechanism of the ventricular arrhythmias, such as high left ventricular end dyastolic pressure, modified myocardial contractility, previous myocardial infarct, or higher lesions of coronary arteries, gave significant correlations. In the present study, the ventricular arrhythmias during muscular work do not seem to be of diagnostic significance.", "contents": "[The significance of ventricular arrhythmias during muscular work: correlations with coronary heart disease (author's transl)]. The incidence of ventricular arrhythmias during muscular work in 400 patients hospitalized for clear or suspected coronary artery disease who underwent coronaroangiography and exercise test was studied. The correlations between the arrhythmias and some hemodynamic parameters and the coronaroangiogrphy patterns and left ventricle cineangiography were investigated. None of the factors that were supposed to be significant in the mechanism of the ventricular arrhythmias, such as high left ventricular end dyastolic pressure, modified myocardial contractility, previous myocardial infarct, or higher lesions of coronary arteries, gave significant correlations. In the present study, the ventricular arrhythmias during muscular work do not seem to be of diagnostic significance.", "PMID": 852653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9976", "title": "[Echocardiographic aspects of supravalvular aortic stenosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Seven patients with hemodynamic and angiocardiographic diagnosis of supravalvular aortic stenosis were studied by single plane echocardiography. 3 patients had the hypoplastic and 3 the \"hourglass\" type of the disease. 3 patients underwent surgical repair of the malformation, with postoperative echocardiographic control. There was no relationship between the lumen dimension variations as measured by echocardiography and the transtenotic pressure gradient. With respect to angiocardiography, echocardiography underestimates the severity of the disease. The method was always diagnostic, but the anatomic type of stenosis could not be determined. The severity of the disease can be only indirectly assessed by evaluating left ventricular hypertrophy induced by pressure overload.", "contents": "[Echocardiographic aspects of supravalvular aortic stenosis (author's transl)]. Seven patients with hemodynamic and angiocardiographic diagnosis of supravalvular aortic stenosis were studied by single plane echocardiography. 3 patients had the hypoplastic and 3 the \"hourglass\" type of the disease. 3 patients underwent surgical repair of the malformation, with postoperative echocardiographic control. There was no relationship between the lumen dimension variations as measured by echocardiography and the transtenotic pressure gradient. With respect to angiocardiography, echocardiography underestimates the severity of the disease. The method was always diagnostic, but the anatomic type of stenosis could not be determined. The severity of the disease can be only indirectly assessed by evaluating left ventricular hypertrophy induced by pressure overload.", "PMID": 852654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9977", "title": "[Serum digoxin levels in the pediatric age (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum digoxin levels during maintenance therapy in children of four different age groups were determined by a radioimmunoassay technique. For each patient, three determinations, at the peak level, at the plateau and at the final phase, were done. The newborn group showed in all three phases serum digoxin levels significantly higher than those found in the other groups, in spite of an only slightly higher dosage of digoxin used in comparison to the other groups.", "contents": "[Serum digoxin levels in the pediatric age (author's transl)]. Serum digoxin levels during maintenance therapy in children of four different age groups were determined by a radioimmunoassay technique. For each patient, three determinations, at the peak level, at the plateau and at the final phase, were done. The newborn group showed in all three phases serum digoxin levels significantly higher than those found in the other groups, in spite of an only slightly higher dosage of digoxin used in comparison to the other groups.", "PMID": 852655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9978", "title": "Induction of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenases in livers of senescent rats.", "content": "Senescent rats were administered ethanol by gastric intubation at hourly intervals. After 1 h, there was a rapid increase in the specific activities of two isoenzymes of liver mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase which was sustained for the next 2 h. No further changes were observed during the course of the following 2 h.", "contents": "Induction of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenases in livers of senescent rats. Senescent rats were administered ethanol by gastric intubation at hourly intervals. After 1 h, there was a rapid increase in the specific activities of two isoenzymes of liver mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase which was sustained for the next 2 h. No further changes were observed during the course of the following 2 h.", "PMID": 852663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9979", "title": "Protein intake and serum albumin levels in the elderly.", "content": "Protein intakes, energy intakes and serum albumin levels were measured in a long-stay geriatric unit. There was a significant positive correlation between albumin levels and protein intake in women, but not in men. A positive correlation was found between albumin levels and protein to calorie ratios in both men and women. This suggests that the protein intakes of long-stay geriatric patients may be suboptimal.", "contents": "Protein intake and serum albumin levels in the elderly. Protein intakes, energy intakes and serum albumin levels were measured in a long-stay geriatric unit. There was a significant positive correlation between albumin levels and protein intake in women, but not in men. A positive correlation was found between albumin levels and protein to calorie ratios in both men and women. This suggests that the protein intakes of long-stay geriatric patients may be suboptimal.", "PMID": 852664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9980", "title": "Effects of intravenous infusion of glycerol on regional cerebral blood flow in cerebral infarction.", "content": "Regional cerebral blood flow and its autoregulation after intravenous glycerol infusion have been studied in eight patients in the acute phase of cerebral infarction. Glycerol seems to improve the cerebral blood flow in the damaged region but does not seem to restore autoregulation.", "contents": "Effects of intravenous infusion of glycerol on regional cerebral blood flow in cerebral infarction. Regional cerebral blood flow and its autoregulation after intravenous glycerol infusion have been studied in eight patients in the acute phase of cerebral infarction. Glycerol seems to improve the cerebral blood flow in the damaged region but does not seem to restore autoregulation.", "PMID": 852665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9981", "title": "Architectural design: the spatial location and interactions of old people.", "content": "Residents' interactions in the sitting spaces of purpose-built Homes for old people were studied by participant and structural observation. Eight Homes were sampled from a larger number to represent factors of size (large and small), design (institutional and family) and mental designation of residents (confused or rational). Verbal exchanges between residents were analysed in terms of initiators' and respondents' mental designations. The residents' locations within the sitting spaces and in the sleeping and dining areas of the Homes were recorded. Examination of these data suggests that residents of different mental designations are segregated from each other. Some architectural design elements of physical settings that might foster integration are outlined.", "contents": "Architectural design: the spatial location and interactions of old people. Residents' interactions in the sitting spaces of purpose-built Homes for old people were studied by participant and structural observation. Eight Homes were sampled from a larger number to represent factors of size (large and small), design (institutional and family) and mental designation of residents (confused or rational). Verbal exchanges between residents were analysed in terms of initiators' and respondents' mental designations. The residents' locations within the sitting spaces and in the sleeping and dining areas of the Homes were recorded. Examination of these data suggests that residents of different mental designations are segregated from each other. Some architectural design elements of physical settings that might foster integration are outlined.", "PMID": 852666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9982", "title": "Human intestinal ion transport in vitro.", "content": "The transport of sodium and chloride across human jejunal and ileal mucosa was studied using an in vitro technique. Specimens of mucosa removed at operation were stripped of muscle coats, mounted in specially designed Perspex flux chambers and bathed in warmed oxygenated and stirred buffer solutions. Evidence was obtained for the active transport of sodium in both jejunum and ileum and of chloride in the ileum. Sodium absorption was enhanced by glucose in both regions of the gut but net chloride transport was unaffected. Glucose had a greater effect on sodium transport in the ileum than the jejunum. The electrical potential difference and resistance was greater and undirectional ion fluxes smaller in jejunal than ileal mucosa. Many of these results with human intestine are similar to results reported with in vitro animal intestine. Apparent discrepancies between the behavior in vivo of human intestine and in vitro of animal intestine are thus likely to be due predominantly to technical rather species differences.", "contents": "Human intestinal ion transport in vitro. The transport of sodium and chloride across human jejunal and ileal mucosa was studied using an in vitro technique. Specimens of mucosa removed at operation were stripped of muscle coats, mounted in specially designed Perspex flux chambers and bathed in warmed oxygenated and stirred buffer solutions. Evidence was obtained for the active transport of sodium in both jejunum and ileum and of chloride in the ileum. Sodium absorption was enhanced by glucose in both regions of the gut but net chloride transport was unaffected. Glucose had a greater effect on sodium transport in the ileum than the jejunum. The electrical potential difference and resistance was greater and undirectional ion fluxes smaller in jejunal than ileal mucosa. Many of these results with human intestine are similar to results reported with in vitro animal intestine. Apparent discrepancies between the behavior in vivo of human intestine and in vitro of animal intestine are thus likely to be due predominantly to technical rather species differences.", "PMID": 852747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9983", "title": "Ultrasound and jaundice.", "content": "We have examined 26 consecutive jaundiced patients referred to the ultrasound clinic. A differentiation between extrahepatic and other causes of jaundice was possible in 23 of the 24 patients satisfactorily examined. The use of ultrasonic techniques in the jaundiced patient offers a high degree of accuracy to the clinician, and little or no discomfort to the patient.", "contents": "Ultrasound and jaundice. We have examined 26 consecutive jaundiced patients referred to the ultrasound clinic. A differentiation between extrahepatic and other causes of jaundice was possible in 23 of the 24 patients satisfactorily examined. The use of ultrasonic techniques in the jaundiced patient offers a high degree of accuracy to the clinician, and little or no discomfort to the patient.", "PMID": 852748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9984", "title": "Morphological and pharmacological studies of the parietal cells of the stomach in the dog during periods of maximal acid output and after the gastric secretory inhibitor UK-9040.", "content": "UK-9040, a derivative of the antihistamine triprolidine, is a potent gastric secretory inhibitor. Given orally to dogs it reduced gastric acid, pepsin and volume output in response to food, insulin, histamine, N-methyl histamine, and pentagastrin. Doses of 6-36 mg/kg administered orally four to five hours before the secretagogues produced a dose-dependant and up to 100% inhibition in the outputs of innervated gastric fistula and denervated Heidenhain pouch. Inhibition was still present 24 hours after administration of UK-9040 but was absent at 48 hours. Blood pressure and pulse rate were not affected. Studies with the electron microscope revealed that the normal ultrastructural responses to gastric secretory stimulation were arrested. UK-9040 showed no cumulative effect, tolerance did not occur, and after withdrawal of the drug the physiological and morphological gastric responses of the parietal cells rapidly returned to normal.", "contents": "Morphological and pharmacological studies of the parietal cells of the stomach in the dog during periods of maximal acid output and after the gastric secretory inhibitor UK-9040. UK-9040, a derivative of the antihistamine triprolidine, is a potent gastric secretory inhibitor. Given orally to dogs it reduced gastric acid, pepsin and volume output in response to food, insulin, histamine, N-methyl histamine, and pentagastrin. Doses of 6-36 mg/kg administered orally four to five hours before the secretagogues produced a dose-dependant and up to 100% inhibition in the outputs of innervated gastric fistula and denervated Heidenhain pouch. Inhibition was still present 24 hours after administration of UK-9040 but was absent at 48 hours. Blood pressure and pulse rate were not affected. Studies with the electron microscope revealed that the normal ultrastructural responses to gastric secretory stimulation were arrested. UK-9040 showed no cumulative effect, tolerance did not occur, and after withdrawal of the drug the physiological and morphological gastric responses of the parietal cells rapidly returned to normal.", "PMID": 852749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9985", "title": "Effect of cimetidine on the human lower oesophageal sphincter.", "content": "Lower oesophageal sphincter pressures in healthy volunteers were measured by a rapid pull-through technique during intravenous infusion of the histamine H2-receptor antagonist, cimetidine. No consistent effects on sphincter pressure were observed which are liable to be of clinical importance. Serum gastrin concentrations during cimetidine infusion were measured by radioimmunoassay and showed no significant variation. In a further series of experiments, the response of the lower oesophageal sphincter to intravenous bolus injection of pentagastrin was measured before and during cimetidine infusion. Cimetidine infusion had no significant effect on the sphincter response to pentagastrin.", "contents": "Effect of cimetidine on the human lower oesophageal sphincter. Lower oesophageal sphincter pressures in healthy volunteers were measured by a rapid pull-through technique during intravenous infusion of the histamine H2-receptor antagonist, cimetidine. No consistent effects on sphincter pressure were observed which are liable to be of clinical importance. Serum gastrin concentrations during cimetidine infusion were measured by radioimmunoassay and showed no significant variation. In a further series of experiments, the response of the lower oesophageal sphincter to intravenous bolus injection of pentagastrin was measured before and during cimetidine infusion. Cimetidine infusion had no significant effect on the sphincter response to pentagastrin.", "PMID": 852750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9986", "title": "Plasma secretin and pancreatic bicarbonate response to exogenous secretin in man.", "content": "The dose response of duodenal bicarbonate production during synthetic porcine secretin infusions was studied in six healthy volunteers and related to plasma secretin immunoreactivity. Secretin was infused in each individual at four different doses from 0-1 to 2-7 CU/kg/h, each infusion lasting for 60 minutes. Mean maximal bicarbonate secretion was 33 +/- 4 mEq/h. The secretin plasma level for half maximal bicarbonate response was estimated to be 22 pmol/l. As this level is reported to be achieved by intraduodenal acidification in man, it is concluded that secretin may well play a part in the control of duodenal pH.", "contents": "Plasma secretin and pancreatic bicarbonate response to exogenous secretin in man. The dose response of duodenal bicarbonate production during synthetic porcine secretin infusions was studied in six healthy volunteers and related to plasma secretin immunoreactivity. Secretin was infused in each individual at four different doses from 0-1 to 2-7 CU/kg/h, each infusion lasting for 60 minutes. Mean maximal bicarbonate secretion was 33 +/- 4 mEq/h. The secretin plasma level for half maximal bicarbonate response was estimated to be 22 pmol/l. As this level is reported to be achieved by intraduodenal acidification in man, it is concluded that secretin may well play a part in the control of duodenal pH.", "PMID": 852751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9987", "title": "Glucosamine synthetase activity of the colonic mucosa in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.", "content": "Glucosamine synthetase is the first enzyme in glycoprotein biosynthesis, catalysing the formation of glucosamine-6-phosphate, from which N-acetylglucosamine is formed. The levels of this enzyme in normal human colonic mucosa (in colectomy specimens and rectal biopsies) were found to be 13-8 +/- 4-0 micron mol glucosamine synthesised/h/g wet wt. In the colonic mucosa in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's colitis the enzyme level was diminished when there was loss of epithelial cells in the mucosa, although not when there was just loss of goblet cells. In patients recovering from an acute attack of ulcerative colitis, the enzyme levels rose to a peak above the normal range, an effect which did not occur in patients who did not recover promptly. This recovery peak may be related to the synthesis of gastrointestinal mucus, or immunoglobulin, or the secretory component of IgA, all of which contain large amounts of N-acetylglucosamine.", "contents": "Glucosamine synthetase activity of the colonic mucosa in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Glucosamine synthetase is the first enzyme in glycoprotein biosynthesis, catalysing the formation of glucosamine-6-phosphate, from which N-acetylglucosamine is formed. The levels of this enzyme in normal human colonic mucosa (in colectomy specimens and rectal biopsies) were found to be 13-8 +/- 4-0 micron mol glucosamine synthesised/h/g wet wt. In the colonic mucosa in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's colitis the enzyme level was diminished when there was loss of epithelial cells in the mucosa, although not when there was just loss of goblet cells. In patients recovering from an acute attack of ulcerative colitis, the enzyme levels rose to a peak above the normal range, an effect which did not occur in patients who did not recover promptly. This recovery peak may be related to the synthesis of gastrointestinal mucus, or immunoglobulin, or the secretory component of IgA, all of which contain large amounts of N-acetylglucosamine.", "PMID": 852752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9988", "title": "Effect of sodium chenodeoxycholate on oxalate absorption from the excluded human colon--a mechanism for 'enteric' hyperoxaluria.", "content": "A perfusion technique has been used to study the effect of sodium chenodeoxycholate (5 mmol 1-1) on absorption of oxalate (2 mmol 1-1) from the surgically excluded colon in two patients with chronic liver disease. Colonic absorption of oxalate increased at least fivefold when sodium chenodeoxycholate was incorporated in the perfusion solutions. This observation may explain enteric hyperoxaluria after ileal resection and in some other gastrointestinal disorders.", "contents": "Effect of sodium chenodeoxycholate on oxalate absorption from the excluded human colon--a mechanism for 'enteric' hyperoxaluria. A perfusion technique has been used to study the effect of sodium chenodeoxycholate (5 mmol 1-1) on absorption of oxalate (2 mmol 1-1) from the surgically excluded colon in two patients with chronic liver disease. Colonic absorption of oxalate increased at least fivefold when sodium chenodeoxycholate was incorporated in the perfusion solutions. This observation may explain enteric hyperoxaluria after ileal resection and in some other gastrointestinal disorders.", "PMID": 852753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9989", "title": "Helminths of wild ruminants introduced into Czechoslovakia.", "content": "The paper contains results of helminthological studies on ruminants introduced into Czechoslovakia from other regions and continents. It is pointed out that introduction of wild ruminants is not only of theoretical importance in the adaptation of parasites to a new environment, but also of practical consequence in the mutual exchange of parasites between the imported and autochthonous game animals.", "contents": "Helminths of wild ruminants introduced into Czechoslovakia. The paper contains results of helminthological studies on ruminants introduced into Czechoslovakia from other regions and continents. It is pointed out that introduction of wild ruminants is not only of theoretical importance in the adaptation of parasites to a new environment, but also of practical consequence in the mutual exchange of parasites between the imported and autochthonous game animals.", "PMID": 852770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9990", "title": "Possibilities of persistence in new biotopes of ticks imported by birds.", "content": "Survival and development of 6 tick species (Hyalomma anatolicum, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Haemaphysalis punctata, Dermacentor marginatus, D. reticulatus and Ixodes ricinus) were studied in 3 groups differing in the range of distribution with respect to the place of importation, as a model for the knowledge of their possible inclusion in the new local biocenosis during transportation by natural hosts.", "contents": "Possibilities of persistence in new biotopes of ticks imported by birds. Survival and development of 6 tick species (Hyalomma anatolicum, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Haemaphysalis punctata, Dermacentor marginatus, D. reticulatus and Ixodes ricinus) were studied in 3 groups differing in the range of distribution with respect to the place of importation, as a model for the knowledge of their possible inclusion in the new local biocenosis during transportation by natural hosts.", "PMID": 852771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9991", "title": "Development and survival of the tick Hyalomma dromedarii Koch under laboratory conditions.", "content": "Developmental cycle of the tick Hyalomma dromedarii as influenced by changes of temperature and humidity was studied under laboratory conditions. Feeding and metamorphosis of developmental stages were observed under standard laboratory conditions, the metamorphosis was traced at exposure to temperature of 28 degrees C, 80% RH to alternating diurnal climate 40 degrees C, 25% RH and 20 degrees C, 80% RH and alternating humidity of 40/100% and 60/100% RH at a constant temperature 30 degrees C.", "contents": "Development and survival of the tick Hyalomma dromedarii Koch under laboratory conditions. Developmental cycle of the tick Hyalomma dromedarii as influenced by changes of temperature and humidity was studied under laboratory conditions. Feeding and metamorphosis of developmental stages were observed under standard laboratory conditions, the metamorphosis was traced at exposure to temperature of 28 degrees C, 80% RH to alternating diurnal climate 40 degrees C, 25% RH and 20 degrees C, 80% RH and alternating humidity of 40/100% and 60/100% RH at a constant temperature 30 degrees C.", "PMID": 852772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9992", "title": "Synanthropy and faunistics of some Phoridae (Diptera) from Cuba.", "content": "Material of 498 specimens of 23 species of Phoridae collected by a trapping method in Cuba in 1966 is quantitatively and qualitatively analysed. A review of faunistic data, chorology, seasonal incidence and food preference is given and possible importance of the main species, mostly of the genus Megaselia, as potential vectors and causative agents of myiasis, is discussed.", "contents": "Synanthropy and faunistics of some Phoridae (Diptera) from Cuba. Material of 498 specimens of 23 species of Phoridae collected by a trapping method in Cuba in 1966 is quantitatively and qualitatively analysed. A review of faunistic data, chorology, seasonal incidence and food preference is given and possible importance of the main species, mostly of the genus Megaselia, as potential vectors and causative agents of myiasis, is discussed.", "PMID": 852774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9993", "title": "A new nematode parasite, Esocinema bohemicum gen. et sp. nov.(Skrjabillanidae) of the European pike.", "content": "A new nematode genus and species, Esocinema bohemicum gen. et sp. nov., is described from the serosa of the air bladder of the pike (Esox lucius L.) from Czechoslovakia (North Bohemia). It is characterized largely by the tubiform buccal capsule, division of the oesophagus into the muscular and glandular sections, pointed tip of the female tail, and character of caudal papillae in the male. Agrachanus Tikhomirova, 1971 is considered a synonym of the genus Skrjabillanus Shigin et Shigina, 1958.", "contents": "A new nematode parasite, Esocinema bohemicum gen. et sp. nov.(Skrjabillanidae) of the European pike. A new nematode genus and species, Esocinema bohemicum gen. et sp. nov., is described from the serosa of the air bladder of the pike (Esox lucius L.) from Czechoslovakia (North Bohemia). It is characterized largely by the tubiform buccal capsule, division of the oesophagus into the muscular and glandular sections, pointed tip of the female tail, and character of caudal papillae in the male. Agrachanus Tikhomirova, 1971 is considered a synonym of the genus Skrjabillanus Shigin et Shigina, 1958.", "PMID": 852776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9994", "title": "Dental identification: certainty V probability.", "content": "The article attempts to explain that the dental expert cannot base his identification of an unknown body on the relative frequency of occurrence of any singular dental feature, its particular discrimination potential. Instead, he must make a quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the combination of features involved. The author submits his thoughts on the latter and the guidelines which he, so far, has established for himself.", "contents": "Dental identification: certainty V probability. The article attempts to explain that the dental expert cannot base his identification of an unknown body on the relative frequency of occurrence of any singular dental feature, its particular discrimination potential. Instead, he must make a quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the combination of features involved. The author submits his thoughts on the latter and the guidelines which he, so far, has established for himself.", "PMID": 852792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9995", "title": "[Behavior of arterial oxygen-partial pressure under stress in persons with healthy lungs and patients with bronchitis].", "content": "In 20 healthy volunteers and 13 patients with chronic bronchitis arterial oxygen tension during and after bicycle ergometer exercise was measured continuously. With additional hemodynamic and ventilatory parameters and further analysis of bloodgases a typical pattern of oxygen tension in the group with chronic bronchitis was found. The results are put in prospect evaluating patients with pulmonary diseases under exercise.", "contents": "[Behavior of arterial oxygen-partial pressure under stress in persons with healthy lungs and patients with bronchitis]. In 20 healthy volunteers and 13 patients with chronic bronchitis arterial oxygen tension during and after bicycle ergometer exercise was measured continuously. With additional hemodynamic and ventilatory parameters and further analysis of bloodgases a typical pattern of oxygen tension in the group with chronic bronchitis was found. The results are put in prospect evaluating patients with pulmonary diseases under exercise.", "PMID": 852798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9996", "title": "[Therapy and prognosis of chronic hepatitis].", "content": "The classification of chronic hepatitis in a chronic persistent and a chronic aggressive form, the latter with mild or strongly inflammatory activity, has proven valid and had been widely accepted. The long-term therapy of the chronic persistent form (to be confirmed histologically several times) consists merely in a basis-therapy (diet, abstinency from alcohol, physical rest, vitamins). With same caution chronic aggressive hepatitis with little activity is being treated. Rival therapeutic measures for forms with a strongly inflammatory activity are only corticosteroids alone or in combination with azathioprine as well as D-penicillamine in small quantities.", "contents": "[Therapy and prognosis of chronic hepatitis]. The classification of chronic hepatitis in a chronic persistent and a chronic aggressive form, the latter with mild or strongly inflammatory activity, has proven valid and had been widely accepted. The long-term therapy of the chronic persistent form (to be confirmed histologically several times) consists merely in a basis-therapy (diet, abstinency from alcohol, physical rest, vitamins). With same caution chronic aggressive hepatitis with little activity is being treated. Rival therapeutic measures for forms with a strongly inflammatory activity are only corticosteroids alone or in combination with azathioprine as well as D-penicillamine in small quantities.", "PMID": 852799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9997", "title": "Fluorescent Y-chromosomes in hairs and blood stains.", "content": "Y-chromosome detection by way of fluorescence microscopy in biological materials has made sex determination possible in various areas of investigation. The present report describes the results of sex determination on hairs and blood stains. Significant differences were found between the Y-body count for female and male materials. In blind trials it was demonstrated that a reliable sex determination of hairs was possible for at least 27 weeks and of blood stains on cotton cloth and glass for 6 weeks. There were no false positive findings, but there was one male with a \"female\" blood smear count, who revealed an abnormally small fluorescent region on his Y-chromosome. The existence of such variants calls for caution when evaluating a low count.", "contents": "Fluorescent Y-chromosomes in hairs and blood stains. Y-chromosome detection by way of fluorescence microscopy in biological materials has made sex determination possible in various areas of investigation. The present report describes the results of sex determination on hairs and blood stains. Significant differences were found between the Y-body count for female and male materials. In blind trials it was demonstrated that a reliable sex determination of hairs was possible for at least 27 weeks and of blood stains on cotton cloth and glass for 6 weeks. There were no false positive findings, but there was one male with a \"female\" blood smear count, who revealed an abnormally small fluorescent region on his Y-chromosome. The existence of such variants calls for caution when evaluating a low count.", "PMID": 852789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9998", "title": "Impairment of cerebral bloodflow by chest compression.", "content": "A 5-year-old boy had his chest compressed by the moving belt of an escalator for about 10 to 15 minutes. The patient suffered seizures and was unconscious for eight months. The clinical and histological findings are reported, and compared with the findings of experiments on fatal chest compression in rabbits.", "contents": "Impairment of cerebral bloodflow by chest compression. A 5-year-old boy had his chest compressed by the moving belt of an escalator for about 10 to 15 minutes. The patient suffered seizures and was unconscious for eight months. The clinical and histological findings are reported, and compared with the findings of experiments on fatal chest compression in rabbits.", "PMID": 852790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_9999", "title": "[Myocardial scintigraphy using 201 thallium].", "content": "Myocardial scintigraphy with 201Thallium is a non-invasive method for detection of myocardial infarction and coronary heart disease. Redistribution-analysis as a sequential-scintigraphy of an exercise-scan permits to distinguish between myocardial scars and coronary vessel disease.", "contents": "[Myocardial scintigraphy using 201 thallium]. Myocardial scintigraphy with 201Thallium is a non-invasive method for detection of myocardial infarction and coronary heart disease. Redistribution-analysis as a sequential-scintigraphy of an exercise-scan permits to distinguish between myocardial scars and coronary vessel disease.", "PMID": 852806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10000", "title": "[Early diagnosis of malignant thyroid neoplasms].", "content": "Description of the value of cytology in the ambulant diagnosis of the thyroid gland bases on more than 4000 aspiration-punctions of thyroid gland (Wohlenberg and Pfannenstiel 1974). The indications and contraindications of the aspiration-punction are specified; the scintigraphic cold area is elaborated as a domin of the aspiration-punction. The applied technique and classification of the cytological diagnoses are 99 per cent identical with the histological diagnoses. Because of the large number of pathological modifications of the thyroid gland that have been identified as definitely benign a great many operations can be avoided. The knowledge of the history and the clinical results resp. of the course of the disease prevents delay of urgently indicated operations in cases of uncertain cytological diagnoses.", "contents": "[Early diagnosis of malignant thyroid neoplasms]. Description of the value of cytology in the ambulant diagnosis of the thyroid gland bases on more than 4000 aspiration-punctions of thyroid gland (Wohlenberg and Pfannenstiel 1974). The indications and contraindications of the aspiration-punction are specified; the scintigraphic cold area is elaborated as a domin of the aspiration-punction. The applied technique and classification of the cytological diagnoses are 99 per cent identical with the histological diagnoses. Because of the large number of pathological modifications of the thyroid gland that have been identified as definitely benign a great many operations can be avoided. The knowledge of the history and the clinical results resp. of the course of the disease prevents delay of urgently indicated operations in cases of uncertain cytological diagnoses.", "PMID": 852808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10001", "title": "[Clinical and pharmacologic aspects of various betamethasone crystalline suspensions].", "content": "The commercially available betamethasone suspensions for injection used in this study have clearly shown quantitative differences in the combination of their easily hydrosoluble betamethasone esters and those difficult to dissolve in water, as well as in the shapes and sizes of their crystals. With regard to their influence on the endogenous cortisol production the two preparations have shown a highly deviating pharmaco-dynamic duration of action-corresponding to their different galenic composition (betamethasone phosphate/acetate approx. 7-8 days; betamethasone phosphate/dipropionate approx. 16-18 days). During the phase of suppression the reduced endogenous cortisol is largely compensated by the pharmaco-dynamic activity of the exogenous steroid.", "contents": "[Clinical and pharmacologic aspects of various betamethasone crystalline suspensions]. The commercially available betamethasone suspensions for injection used in this study have clearly shown quantitative differences in the combination of their easily hydrosoluble betamethasone esters and those difficult to dissolve in water, as well as in the shapes and sizes of their crystals. With regard to their influence on the endogenous cortisol production the two preparations have shown a highly deviating pharmaco-dynamic duration of action-corresponding to their different galenic composition (betamethasone phosphate/acetate approx. 7-8 days; betamethasone phosphate/dipropionate approx. 16-18 days). During the phase of suppression the reduced endogenous cortisol is largely compensated by the pharmaco-dynamic activity of the exogenous steroid.", "PMID": 852810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10002", "title": "[The rectal carcinoma. Characteristics of the tumor and its position within the framework of colonic neoplasms].", "content": "For the period of 15 years (May 1960 till the end of April 1975) all cases of colon carcinoma (1752) were checked. Of these 851 carcinoma were located in the rectum. Results concerning anamnesis, diagnosis and therapy between these groups are compared and discussed. The necessity of early recognition and the possibilities of practical use are underlined and described.", "contents": "[The rectal carcinoma. Characteristics of the tumor and its position within the framework of colonic neoplasms]. For the period of 15 years (May 1960 till the end of April 1975) all cases of colon carcinoma (1752) were checked. Of these 851 carcinoma were located in the rectum. Results concerning anamnesis, diagnosis and therapy between these groups are compared and discussed. The necessity of early recognition and the possibilities of practical use are underlined and described.", "PMID": 852811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10003", "title": "[\"Custom-tailored\" pancreatic surgery].", "content": "For the surgical treatment of chronic pancreatitis the surgeon has to make a choice between pancreatic resection, drainage procedure, biliary-tract surgery and operations on the vegetative nervous system. In the predominant number of these cases, resection should be considered as the treatment of choice in the management of subjective complaints of patients and the removal of the lesion. All the large number of ineffective previous operations as well as the frequency of postoperative complaints and recurrences speak in favour of this procedure.", "contents": "[\"Custom-tailored\" pancreatic surgery]. For the surgical treatment of chronic pancreatitis the surgeon has to make a choice between pancreatic resection, drainage procedure, biliary-tract surgery and operations on the vegetative nervous system. In the predominant number of these cases, resection should be considered as the treatment of choice in the management of subjective complaints of patients and the removal of the lesion. All the large number of ineffective previous operations as well as the frequency of postoperative complaints and recurrences speak in favour of this procedure.", "PMID": 852812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10004", "title": "[Bronchial carcinoma and paraneoplastic neuromyopathy].", "content": "Paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes in patients suffering from bronchial carcinoma were found by Croft and Wilkinson (Croft et al. 1965, Croft and Wilkinson 1965) in 16%. We examined the question whether in patients suffering from bronchial carcinoma neurologic syndromes are as frequent as in a comparative group of patients with different bronchial diseases. Out of 99 patients 61 had histological proof of bronchial carcinoma, 38 were suffering from chronic inflammatory bronchial diseases. The groups were statistically comparable to each other. Cases with carcinoma in situ (TINOMO) showed no significant difference from patients without bronchial carcinoma. In patients who showed intrathoracic metastases of lymphatic ganglions we found neurologic syndromes in 31% (p less than 0.01). Differing from the extension of tumor metastases there was no correlation between duration and frequency of neurologic syndromes. This corresponds to the experience of our hospital in the last 10 years; 5.7% of all patients with extracerebral tumors showed neurologic syndromes, most frequently polyneuropathies. In 10-15% of a normal population one can find these symptoms (Skre 1972), this means they are polygenetic. We did not find frequently an oat cell carcinoma in our material. Cases in which the neuromyopathy preceeded the manifestation of the bronchial carcinoma were not seen. Altogether it can be stated that paraneoplastic neuromyopathies in patients suffering from bronchial carcinoma are more seldom than it was to be assumed from the anglo-saxon literature.", "contents": "[Bronchial carcinoma and paraneoplastic neuromyopathy]. Paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes in patients suffering from bronchial carcinoma were found by Croft and Wilkinson (Croft et al. 1965, Croft and Wilkinson 1965) in 16%. We examined the question whether in patients suffering from bronchial carcinoma neurologic syndromes are as frequent as in a comparative group of patients with different bronchial diseases. Out of 99 patients 61 had histological proof of bronchial carcinoma, 38 were suffering from chronic inflammatory bronchial diseases. The groups were statistically comparable to each other. Cases with carcinoma in situ (TINOMO) showed no significant difference from patients without bronchial carcinoma. In patients who showed intrathoracic metastases of lymphatic ganglions we found neurologic syndromes in 31% (p less than 0.01). Differing from the extension of tumor metastases there was no correlation between duration and frequency of neurologic syndromes. This corresponds to the experience of our hospital in the last 10 years; 5.7% of all patients with extracerebral tumors showed neurologic syndromes, most frequently polyneuropathies. In 10-15% of a normal population one can find these symptoms (Skre 1972), this means they are polygenetic. We did not find frequently an oat cell carcinoma in our material. Cases in which the neuromyopathy preceeded the manifestation of the bronchial carcinoma were not seen. Altogether it can be stated that paraneoplastic neuromyopathies in patients suffering from bronchial carcinoma are more seldom than it was to be assumed from the anglo-saxon literature.", "PMID": 852814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10005", "title": "[Potassium deficiency].", "content": "A survey of the causes, clinical manifestations and differential diagnosis of patassium deficiency is given. Intention is to point out that the potassium cation plays a significant part in a number of metabolic reactions and has an important influence on neuro-muscular physiology and kidney function. The supply of potassium can be of vital importance.", "contents": "[Potassium deficiency]. A survey of the causes, clinical manifestations and differential diagnosis of patassium deficiency is given. Intention is to point out that the potassium cation plays a significant part in a number of metabolic reactions and has an important influence on neuro-muscular physiology and kidney function. The supply of potassium can be of vital importance.", "PMID": 852816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10006", "title": "[Clinical aspects and diagnosis of intrauterine growth retardation].", "content": "Low birthweight infants add to a great extent to perinatal mortality. Among this group children with intrauterine growth retardation differ from premature children with respect to their pre-, intra- and postnatal risk. Early prenatal diagnosis and monitoring is of great importance for the outcome and later development of these children.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects and diagnosis of intrauterine growth retardation]. Low birthweight infants add to a great extent to perinatal mortality. Among this group children with intrauterine growth retardation differ from premature children with respect to their pre-, intra- and postnatal risk. Early prenatal diagnosis and monitoring is of great importance for the outcome and later development of these children.", "PMID": 852817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10007", "title": "[Legasthenia. Diagnosis, therapy--experiences in a child and adolescent psychiatric ambulatory].", "content": "Legasthenic children have undergone a psychological training program adjusted to each individual case. In order to possibly increase therapeutic effect, patients were subjected to an additional medication with Piracetam. This pilot-study reports on the results of combined treatment using psychiatric parameters. Improvement of school-performance and social behavior has been observed.", "contents": "[Legasthenia. Diagnosis, therapy--experiences in a child and adolescent psychiatric ambulatory]. Legasthenic children have undergone a psychological training program adjusted to each individual case. In order to possibly increase therapeutic effect, patients were subjected to an additional medication with Piracetam. This pilot-study reports on the results of combined treatment using psychiatric parameters. Improvement of school-performance and social behavior has been observed.", "PMID": 852818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10008", "title": "[Radiosensitivity of lymphocyte stimulation].", "content": "Experiments on radiosensitivity of lymphocyte stimulation in vitro and in vivo are described. Mainly the effects on DNA-synthesis and mitotic activity were measured. The effects of delay and inhibition are not specific for stimulated lymphocyte populations, they are common radiobiological characteristics of stimulated proliferation in contrast to spontaneous proliferation. Cells under stimulated proliferation are more radioresistant than the same cells without stimulation or other cells under spontaneous proliferation. In these basic and additional experiments lymphocyte stimulation proved to be a good radiobiological model system.", "contents": "[Radiosensitivity of lymphocyte stimulation]. Experiments on radiosensitivity of lymphocyte stimulation in vitro and in vivo are described. Mainly the effects on DNA-synthesis and mitotic activity were measured. The effects of delay and inhibition are not specific for stimulated lymphocyte populations, they are common radiobiological characteristics of stimulated proliferation in contrast to spontaneous proliferation. Cells under stimulated proliferation are more radioresistant than the same cells without stimulation or other cells under spontaneous proliferation. In these basic and additional experiments lymphocyte stimulation proved to be a good radiobiological model system.", "PMID": 852819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10009", "title": "Enzyme induction in Streptomyces hydrogenas, VII. Short-term accumulation of guanosine polyphosphates.", "content": "Cells of Streptomyces hydrogenans (ATCC 19631) synthesize guanosine 3'(2')-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate (pppGpp) and guanosine 3'(2')-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate (ppGpp). 10 to 20 min after addition of steroids to the culture medium, the amount of pppGpp and ppGpp increases 2- to 3-fold. At the same time, the cellular amount of both ATP and GTP has been found to increase. While \"shift down\" experiments arrest growth of the cells temporarily, steroids do not impair cell division of Streptomyces hydrogenans. It is suggested that ppGpp and pppGpp mediate the regulatory shut off of nucleic acid synthesis or control their increased turnover triggered by the steroids.", "contents": "Enzyme induction in Streptomyces hydrogenas, VII. Short-term accumulation of guanosine polyphosphates. Cells of Streptomyces hydrogenans (ATCC 19631) synthesize guanosine 3'(2')-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate (pppGpp) and guanosine 3'(2')-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate (ppGpp). 10 to 20 min after addition of steroids to the culture medium, the amount of pppGpp and ppGpp increases 2- to 3-fold. At the same time, the cellular amount of both ATP and GTP has been found to increase. While \"shift down\" experiments arrest growth of the cells temporarily, steroids do not impair cell division of Streptomyces hydrogenans. It is suggested that ppGpp and pppGpp mediate the regulatory shut off of nucleic acid synthesis or control their increased turnover triggered by the steroids.", "PMID": 852821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10010", "title": "Snake venom toxins. The amino acid sequences of two toxins (CM-2a and CM-3) from Naja haje annulifera (Egyptian cobra) venom.", "content": "Two toxins, CM-2a and CM-3, were purified from the venom of Naja haje annulifera by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 and by ion-exchange chromatography on CM-cellulose. Whereas toxin CM-2a contains 61 amino acid residues, toxin CM-3 comprises 60 residues. Both toxins are cross-linked by four intra-chain disulphide bridges. The complete amino acid sequences of the toxins have been elucidated. The properties of the toxins were compared with those of a cytotoxin, a short neurotoxin, a long neurotoxin and an angusticeps type. The sequences of toxin CM-2a and CM-3 and some of the invariant residues do not show a high degree of similarity with those of the other toxins. The toxicities of toxins CM-2a and CM-3 are much lower than those encountered for the cytotoxin or the neurotoxins and their immunochemical properties are distinct from both the cytotoxin and the neurotoxins. They probably represent a new class of toxins.", "contents": "Snake venom toxins. The amino acid sequences of two toxins (CM-2a and CM-3) from Naja haje annulifera (Egyptian cobra) venom. Two toxins, CM-2a and CM-3, were purified from the venom of Naja haje annulifera by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 and by ion-exchange chromatography on CM-cellulose. Whereas toxin CM-2a contains 61 amino acid residues, toxin CM-3 comprises 60 residues. Both toxins are cross-linked by four intra-chain disulphide bridges. The complete amino acid sequences of the toxins have been elucidated. The properties of the toxins were compared with those of a cytotoxin, a short neurotoxin, a long neurotoxin and an angusticeps type. The sequences of toxin CM-2a and CM-3 and some of the invariant residues do not show a high degree of similarity with those of the other toxins. The toxicities of toxins CM-2a and CM-3 are much lower than those encountered for the cytotoxin or the neurotoxins and their immunochemical properties are distinct from both the cytotoxin and the neurotoxins. They probably represent a new class of toxins.", "PMID": 852822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10011", "title": "Selective isolation of Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase using an immobilized 4-(nitrophenyl)oxamic acid.", "content": "N-(4-Nitrophenyl)oxamic acid[1] (1) was coupled with Sepharose 4B containing 1,6-diaminohexane as spacer group. This material was used as a specific adsorbent in the purification of Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase. The enzyme was completely retarded and separated from the bulk of the protein when washed with 50mM sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.0. A stepwise increase of sodium chloride concentration from 1.0 to 2.0M was found to be necessary for a sharp elution of neuraminidase activity. The purification was tenfold, and a recovery of more than 90% was obtained. Neuraminidase is only weakly retarded on a column of 1,6-diaminohexane coupled with Sepharose 4B and is not adsorbed by Sepharose 4B.", "contents": "Selective isolation of Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase using an immobilized 4-(nitrophenyl)oxamic acid. N-(4-Nitrophenyl)oxamic acid[1] (1) was coupled with Sepharose 4B containing 1,6-diaminohexane as spacer group. This material was used as a specific adsorbent in the purification of Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase. The enzyme was completely retarded and separated from the bulk of the protein when washed with 50mM sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.0. A stepwise increase of sodium chloride concentration from 1.0 to 2.0M was found to be necessary for a sharp elution of neuraminidase activity. The purification was tenfold, and a recovery of more than 90% was obtained. Neuraminidase is only weakly retarded on a column of 1,6-diaminohexane coupled with Sepharose 4B and is not adsorbed by Sepharose 4B.", "PMID": 852823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10012", "title": "[The sequence of alpha-chains from pig and llama hemoglobins (aspects on the respiration in highlands) (author's transl)].", "content": "The primary structure of the alpha-chains from pig (Suidae) and llama (Lama lama, Camelidae) hemoglobins is given. They differ in the exchange of 22 and 25 amino acid residues, respectively, compared to human alpha-chains. Some aspects and the physiological significance of these results are discussed.", "contents": "[The sequence of alpha-chains from pig and llama hemoglobins (aspects on the respiration in highlands) (author's transl)]. The primary structure of the alpha-chains from pig (Suidae) and llama (Lama lama, Camelidae) hemoglobins is given. They differ in the exchange of 22 and 25 amino acid residues, respectively, compared to human alpha-chains. Some aspects and the physiological significance of these results are discussed.", "PMID": 852824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10013", "title": "Adamantinoma of long bone. An analysis of nine new cases with emphasis on metastasizing lesions and fibrous dysplasia-like changes.", "content": "Nine new cases of adamantinoma of long bone are presented. The age range, location, and symptomatology are similar to those in precious reports. Histologically most of the tumors have a \"basaloid\" or \"spindled\" pattern. A squamoid pattern with keratinization or an \"angioblastic\" pattern is seen less frequently. In all cases with adequate material there has been an associated frbrous dysplasia-like lesion is interpreted as being a part of the spectrum of mesenchymal differentiation of which the tumor is capable. Two cases in which metastasis occurred are compared to previously reported metastasizing cases. Few criteria are available that identify the potentially  metastasizing tumor.", "contents": "Adamantinoma of long bone. An analysis of nine new cases with emphasis on metastasizing lesions and fibrous dysplasia-like changes. Nine new cases of adamantinoma of long bone are presented. The age range, location, and symptomatology are similar to those in precious reports. Histologically most of the tumors have a \"basaloid\" or \"spindled\" pattern. A squamoid pattern with keratinization or an \"angioblastic\" pattern is seen less frequently. In all cases with adequate material there has been an associated frbrous dysplasia-like lesion is interpreted as being a part of the spectrum of mesenchymal differentiation of which the tumor is capable. Two cases in which metastasis occurred are compared to previously reported metastasizing cases. Few criteria are available that identify the potentially  metastasizing tumor.", "PMID": 852865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10014", "title": "The renal pathology of Chediak-Higashi disease: usefulness of the urinary sediment as a confirmatory diagnostic test.", "content": "The presence of large cytoplasmic inclusions, thought to be abnormal lysosomes, seems to be the cytological hallmark of Chediak-Higashi disease in both humans and animals. This cell anomaly, originally reported in the leukocytes, is also present in various tissue cells, including kidneys. In the patient described, the abnormal inclusions were identified in renal cells of the urinary sediment. Thus, urine could provide a convenient source of diagnostic material in patients with Chediak-Higashi disease. In addition, the ultrastructure of these inclusions is described for the first time in human renal tissue.", "contents": "The renal pathology of Chediak-Higashi disease: usefulness of the urinary sediment as a confirmatory diagnostic test. The presence of large cytoplasmic inclusions, thought to be abnormal lysosomes, seems to be the cytological hallmark of Chediak-Higashi disease in both humans and animals. This cell anomaly, originally reported in the leukocytes, is also present in various tissue cells, including kidneys. In the patient described, the abnormal inclusions were identified in renal cells of the urinary sediment. Thus, urine could provide a convenient source of diagnostic material in patients with Chediak-Higashi disease. In addition, the ultrastructure of these inclusions is described for the first time in human renal tissue.", "PMID": 852866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10015", "title": "The pattern of goblet cell hyperplasia in human airways.", "content": "Three types of mucosal alterations were found in the large and small airways in eight surgically resected human lungs. These changes were linear depressions and the formation of furrows and diverticula. Goblet cell hyperplasia, mucus retention, and macrophages were frequently associated with these surface deformities, and inflammatory cells were found both in the mucosa and in the underlying bronchial wall. Linear depressions, furrows, and diverticula may be sequential and may persist in the lungs of a patient with or without causing symptoms.", "contents": "The pattern of goblet cell hyperplasia in human airways. Three types of mucosal alterations were found in the large and small airways in eight surgically resected human lungs. These changes were linear depressions and the formation of furrows and diverticula. Goblet cell hyperplasia, mucus retention, and macrophages were frequently associated with these surface deformities, and inflammatory cells were found both in the mucosa and in the underlying bronchial wall. Linear depressions, furrows, and diverticula may be sequential and may persist in the lungs of a patient with or without causing symptoms.", "PMID": 852867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10016", "title": "The impact of an elective curriculum in pathology.", "content": "Under the revised medical curriculum at Duke University, elective courses were offered in the third and fourth years beginning in 1968-1969. Departmental electives in autopsy, surgical, and systemic pathology were offered as major courses, and the subspecialty courses in cardiovascular, renal, pulmonary, pediatric, and neuropathology were taught by specialists in those areas. Special topics in subcellular and molecular pathology, neoplasia, environmental diseases, and experimental pathology were subscribed by medical and graduate students alike. To determine the impact of elective courses in pathology, these electives were compared to those offered by other basic science disciplines. Tabulation of total courses offered, student enrollment, and total academic credit hours were constructed for each basic science area. The data show that over the six year study period the students elected more courses in pathology than in any other basic science. The most heavily subscribed electives in pathology were those that were clinically oriented, such as cardiovascular or renal pathology. One impact of this elective system may be to enhance recruitment. During the period studied, 29 Duke graduates interned in pathology compared to six under a comparable time period in the traditional curriculum.", "contents": "The impact of an elective curriculum in pathology. Under the revised medical curriculum at Duke University, elective courses were offered in the third and fourth years beginning in 1968-1969. Departmental electives in autopsy, surgical, and systemic pathology were offered as major courses, and the subspecialty courses in cardiovascular, renal, pulmonary, pediatric, and neuropathology were taught by specialists in those areas. Special topics in subcellular and molecular pathology, neoplasia, environmental diseases, and experimental pathology were subscribed by medical and graduate students alike. To determine the impact of elective courses in pathology, these electives were compared to those offered by other basic science disciplines. Tabulation of total courses offered, student enrollment, and total academic credit hours were constructed for each basic science area. The data show that over the six year study period the students elected more courses in pathology than in any other basic science. The most heavily subscribed electives in pathology were those that were clinically oriented, such as cardiovascular or renal pathology. One impact of this elective system may be to enhance recruitment. During the period studied, 29 Duke graduates interned in pathology compared to six under a comparable time period in the traditional curriculum.", "PMID": 852868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10017", "title": "Nodular transformation of the liver: report of a case.", "content": "Cases of portal hypertension, other than those caused by cirrhosis, are uncommon. We report a rare disorder of the liver parenchyma causing portal hypertension, which can be difficult to diagnosis ante mortem, even with a full liver work-up including biopsy.", "contents": "Nodular transformation of the liver: report of a case. Cases of portal hypertension, other than those caused by cirrhosis, are uncommon. We report a rare disorder of the liver parenchyma causing portal hypertension, which can be difficult to diagnosis ante mortem, even with a full liver work-up including biopsy.", "PMID": 852869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10018", "title": "Four new cases of Dicentric Y chromosomes.", "content": "Dicentric Y chromosomes are rare in man. Four new cases of dicentric Y chromosomes are described. The cases of the literature so far reported are reviewed. Among the cases, a wide range of variation in phenotype, external genitalia, histology, and chromosomal findings was observed. The relationship of the clinical picture and structural abnormalities of the Y chromosomes is discussed.", "contents": "Four new cases of Dicentric Y chromosomes. Dicentric Y chromosomes are rare in man. Four new cases of dicentric Y chromosomes are described. The cases of the literature so far reported are reviewed. Among the cases, a wide range of variation in phenotype, external genitalia, histology, and chromosomal findings was observed. The relationship of the clinical picture and structural abnormalities of the Y chromosomes is discussed.", "PMID": 852871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10019", "title": "Benzpyrene-induced sister chromatid exchanges in lymphocytes of patients with lung cancer.", "content": "The effect of benzpyrene on sister chromatid exchange was determined in PHA-stimulated lymphocytes of 18 patients with lung cancer and 11 controls without cancer or bronchopulmonary diseases. Patients and controls did not differ either with respect to the spontaneous rate of sister chromatid exchanges or in their response to the carcinogen. We conclude that individual susceptibility to lung cancer cannot be detected by an individual response to benzypyrene, at least in lymphocytes and at the chromosomal level.", "contents": "Benzpyrene-induced sister chromatid exchanges in lymphocytes of patients with lung cancer. The effect of benzpyrene on sister chromatid exchange was determined in PHA-stimulated lymphocytes of 18 patients with lung cancer and 11 controls without cancer or bronchopulmonary diseases. Patients and controls did not differ either with respect to the spontaneous rate of sister chromatid exchanges or in their response to the carcinogen. We conclude that individual susceptibility to lung cancer cannot be detected by an individual response to benzypyrene, at least in lymphocytes and at the chromosomal level.", "PMID": 852872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10020", "title": "The Coffin syndrome.", "content": "Two brothers with Coffin syndrome are presented and the fifteen other cases availabe in the literature are reviewed. The molecular defect causing this clinically recognizable syndrome is unknown, and the mode of inheritance may be a sex-linked recessive, but a sex-limited autosomal dominant or autosomal dominant with variable degree of expression cannot be fully excluded at the present time.", "contents": "The Coffin syndrome. Two brothers with Coffin syndrome are presented and the fifteen other cases availabe in the literature are reviewed. The molecular defect causing this clinically recognizable syndrome is unknown, and the mode of inheritance may be a sex-linked recessive, but a sex-limited autosomal dominant or autosomal dominant with variable degree of expression cannot be fully excluded at the present time.", "PMID": 852873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10021", "title": "Serum hexosaminidase activity in I-cell disease carriers.", "content": "Serum heat stable hexosaminidase activities are used to identify 47-I-cell disease heterozygotes in a large kindred. Serum beta-hexosaminidase isozyme patterns in normal individuals, Tay-Sachs disease carriers, I-cell disease carriers and in cord blood samples are compared.", "contents": "Serum hexosaminidase activity in I-cell disease carriers. Serum heat stable hexosaminidase activities are used to identify 47-I-cell disease heterozygotes in a large kindred. Serum beta-hexosaminidase isozyme patterns in normal individuals, Tay-Sachs disease carriers, I-cell disease carriers and in cord blood samples are compared.", "PMID": 852874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10022", "title": "Residual family resemblance for PTC taste sensitivity.", "content": "Complex segregation analysis reveals no evidence for incomplete dominance, polygenic variation, or an effect of family environment on PTC sensitivity. Estimates of gene frequency and displacement from a phenotypic trichotomy agree closely with conventional values for the the dichotomy of tasters vs. nontasters.", "contents": "Residual family resemblance for PTC taste sensitivity. Complex segregation analysis reveals no evidence for incomplete dominance, polygenic variation, or an effect of family environment on PTC sensitivity. Estimates of gene frequency and displacement from a phenotypic trichotomy agree closely with conventional values for the the dichotomy of tasters vs. nontasters.", "PMID": 852875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10023", "title": "Partial deletion of the long arm of chromosome no. 13.", "content": "A case of partial deletion of chromosome No. 13 identified by G banding as 46, XX, del(13)(q21--ater) is reported in an infant with severe microcephaly, microphthalmos, talipes calcaneovalus, and a single crease on each of the little fingers. A review of other cases of chromosome No. 13 deletion that were identified by banding is presented and the correlation between clinical features and deletion of specific bands is discusses.", "contents": "Partial deletion of the long arm of chromosome no. 13. A case of partial deletion of chromosome No. 13 identified by G banding as 46, XX, del(13)(q21--ater) is reported in an infant with severe microcephaly, microphthalmos, talipes calcaneovalus, and a single crease on each of the little fingers. A review of other cases of chromosome No. 13 deletion that were identified by banding is presented and the correlation between clinical features and deletion of specific bands is discusses.", "PMID": 852876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10024", "title": "Mosaic 45,x/47,xy,+18.", "content": "A poorly developed female infant with buphthalmia, Turner phenotype, and mental retardation is described. Blood culture revealed a 45,X/47,XY,+18 chromosomal mosaicism; fibroblast culture showed only 45,X cells. The baby was dead at 11 months. Post mortem examination exhibited an ovarian agenesis and a calcified aortic stenosis.", "contents": "Mosaic 45,x/47,xy,+18. A poorly developed female infant with buphthalmia, Turner phenotype, and mental retardation is described. Blood culture revealed a 45,X/47,XY,+18 chromosomal mosaicism; fibroblast culture showed only 45,X cells. The baby was dead at 11 months. Post mortem examination exhibited an ovarian agenesis and a calcified aortic stenosis.", "PMID": 852877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10025", "title": "Toxicity of prostaglandins A1 and A2 for cells in culture.", "content": "Prostaglandins A1 and A2, in concentrations near 3 x 10(-5) M, produced striking toxicity to muscle, skin and liver cells in culture. Prostaglandins E and F2alpha were much less active in this regard. Toxicity could be measured by reduction in viable cell number, protein and DNA synthesis in the cultures. The sensitivity of cultured cells was related to their age and population density. Dense cultures were sensitive early, in the first 2 days, and resistant after they manifested confluent growth. Sparse cultures remained sensitive later while they continued DNA synthesis and active cell division. It is hypothesized that the prostaglandin A effect is related to active cell division and DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Toxicity of prostaglandins A1 and A2 for cells in culture. Prostaglandins A1 and A2, in concentrations near 3 x 10(-5) M, produced striking toxicity to muscle, skin and liver cells in culture. Prostaglandins E and F2alpha were much less active in this regard. Toxicity could be measured by reduction in viable cell number, protein and DNA synthesis in the cultures. The sensitivity of cultured cells was related to their age and population density. Dense cultures were sensitive early, in the first 2 days, and resistant after they manifested confluent growth. Sparse cultures remained sensitive later while they continued DNA synthesis and active cell division. It is hypothesized that the prostaglandin A effect is related to active cell division and DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 852878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10026", "title": "Culture and morphoogenetic response of a lethal, chlorophyll-deficient mutant of tobacco to hormones, amino acids and sucrose.", "content": "This report describes the culture of Su/Su, Su/su and su/su tissue in vitro. High levels of auxin and low levels of cytokinin increase growth of the cells. The cells do not need exogenous amino acids for rapid growth and the chlorophyll deficiency cannot be overcome by amino acids. Reduced levels of auxin and sucrose enhance differentiation, whereas cysteine in the autoclaved medium inhibits differentiation. The Su chlorophyll mutant of tobacco provides a marker for in vitro studies on photosynthesis and photorespiration, chloroplast genetics and cell fusion techniques.", "contents": "Culture and morphoogenetic response of a lethal, chlorophyll-deficient mutant of tobacco to hormones, amino acids and sucrose. This report describes the culture of Su/Su, Su/su and su/su tissue in vitro. High levels of auxin and low levels of cytokinin increase growth of the cells. The cells do not need exogenous amino acids for rapid growth and the chlorophyll deficiency cannot be overcome by amino acids. Reduced levels of auxin and sucrose enhance differentiation, whereas cysteine in the autoclaved medium inhibits differentiation. The Su chlorophyll mutant of tobacco provides a marker for in vitro studies on photosynthesis and photorespiration, chloroplast genetics and cell fusion techniques.", "PMID": 852879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10027", "title": "Conditioning of a glass surface for the outgrowth of insect epidermis (Leucophaea maderae, Blattaria).", "content": "A method has been developed by which the surface of cover slips can be condition for rapid outgrowth of the epidermis of cockroach legs. The method permits in vitro observation of wound-healing processes. The conditioning is brought about by materials given off by the hemocytes, possibly materials from the granules of plasmatocytes which are extruded during the flattening of the cells; Coating of the glass surface with other proteins (including cockroach hemolymph serum) and carbohydrates was completely ineffective.", "contents": "Conditioning of a glass surface for the outgrowth of insect epidermis (Leucophaea maderae, Blattaria). A method has been developed by which the surface of cover slips can be condition for rapid outgrowth of the epidermis of cockroach legs. The method permits in vitro observation of wound-healing processes. The conditioning is brought about by materials given off by the hemocytes, possibly materials from the granules of plasmatocytes which are extruded during the flattening of the cells; Coating of the glass surface with other proteins (including cockroach hemolymph serum) and carbohydrates was completely ineffective.", "PMID": 852880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10028", "title": "Description of a new hamster ventral prostate cell line containing androgen receptors.", "content": "Using chemical transformation of primary monolayers of hamster ventral prostate tissue, we have established the HVP-G3 and HVP-B1 cloned cell lines which have been growing in our laboratories for over 18 months. Both cell lines contain high-affinity, saturable androgen receptors which migrate into the nucleus when exposed to physiological doses of androgen. However, neither cell line demonstrates a growth response to androgens. Each cell line will produce a tumor in 6 to 8 weeks when injected subcutaneously into male or female Syrian hamsters. In vitro cell doubling times range from 12 hr in the presence of luteinizing hormone (LH-NIH-S-18) to 18 hr in the presence of 5% serum. Both cell lines have a diploid stemline.", "contents": "Description of a new hamster ventral prostate cell line containing androgen receptors. Using chemical transformation of primary monolayers of hamster ventral prostate tissue, we have established the HVP-G3 and HVP-B1 cloned cell lines which have been growing in our laboratories for over 18 months. Both cell lines contain high-affinity, saturable androgen receptors which migrate into the nucleus when exposed to physiological doses of androgen. However, neither cell line demonstrates a growth response to androgens. Each cell line will produce a tumor in 6 to 8 weeks when injected subcutaneously into male or female Syrian hamsters. In vitro cell doubling times range from 12 hr in the presence of luteinizing hormone (LH-NIH-S-18) to 18 hr in the presence of 5% serum. Both cell lines have a diploid stemline.", "PMID": 852881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10029", "title": "Development and characterization of cell lines of normal mouse bladder epithelial cells and 2-acetylaminofluorene-induced urothelial carcinoma cells grown in monolayer tissue culture.", "content": "Normal urinary bladder epithelial cells and cells derived from 2-acetylaminofluorene-induced urothelial carcinomas from male Balb/c mice were grown in monolayer culture and were characterized. Cell lines of normal bladder epithelium were mononucleated, sheet-forming cells, with a modal chromosome number of 40. Bladder epithelial carcinoma cells induced by 2-acetylaminofluorene were polynucleate, relatively fast growing, grew in soft agar, demonstrated a higher cloning efficiency than normal cells and formed tumors when inoculated into syngeneic hosts. Differences in morphology were recorded by photomicrography using phase optics and scanning electron microscopy.", "contents": "Development and characterization of cell lines of normal mouse bladder epithelial cells and 2-acetylaminofluorene-induced urothelial carcinoma cells grown in monolayer tissue culture. Normal urinary bladder epithelial cells and cells derived from 2-acetylaminofluorene-induced urothelial carcinomas from male Balb/c mice were grown in monolayer culture and were characterized. Cell lines of normal bladder epithelium were mononucleated, sheet-forming cells, with a modal chromosome number of 40. Bladder epithelial carcinoma cells induced by 2-acetylaminofluorene were polynucleate, relatively fast growing, grew in soft agar, demonstrated a higher cloning efficiency than normal cells and formed tumors when inoculated into syngeneic hosts. Differences in morphology were recorded by photomicrography using phase optics and scanning electron microscopy.", "PMID": 852882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10030", "title": "Determination of L-ascorbic acid levels in culture medium: concentrations in commercial media and maintenance of levels under conditions of organ culture.", "content": "The method of Deutsch and Weeks was modified to provide a reliable and reasonably quick method for assaying the L-ascorbic acid content of culture medium. The modified method was used to determine the decay of L-ascorbic acid under various conditions of culture and the concentration of the vitamin in commercially prepared media. The half-life of L-ascorbic acid in a modified New circulator gassed with 95% O2 + 5% CO2 was 1.5 hr.; and when gassed with 20% O2 + 5% CO2 + 75% N2, about 2 hr. In Petri dishes gassed with 20% O2 + 5% CO2 + 75% N2, the half-life of L-ascorbic acid was 0.9 hr. About 4% of the L-ascorbic acid was lost per day when medium was stored at 0 degrees C and about 9% per day when stored at 5 degrees C. When medium with an initial content of 300 microng per ml was stored at room temperature, the half-life was found to be 15.5 hr. The L-ascorbic acid in five commercially available media, which contain the vitamin in their formulations, was assayed immediately after their delivery to the laboratory. The values of L-ascorbic acid measured in these media were in all cases far lower than prescribed. A continuous-flow organ culture system has been designed which allows the provision of a relatively constant level of L-ascorbic acid to explant by taking advantage of the slow oxidation of L-ascorbic acid at 0 degrees C.", "contents": "Determination of L-ascorbic acid levels in culture medium: concentrations in commercial media and maintenance of levels under conditions of organ culture. The method of Deutsch and Weeks was modified to provide a reliable and reasonably quick method for assaying the L-ascorbic acid content of culture medium. The modified method was used to determine the decay of L-ascorbic acid under various conditions of culture and the concentration of the vitamin in commercially prepared media. The half-life of L-ascorbic acid in a modified New circulator gassed with 95% O2 + 5% CO2 was 1.5 hr.; and when gassed with 20% O2 + 5% CO2 + 75% N2, about 2 hr. In Petri dishes gassed with 20% O2 + 5% CO2 + 75% N2, the half-life of L-ascorbic acid was 0.9 hr. About 4% of the L-ascorbic acid was lost per day when medium was stored at 0 degrees C and about 9% per day when stored at 5 degrees C. When medium with an initial content of 300 microng per ml was stored at room temperature, the half-life was found to be 15.5 hr. The L-ascorbic acid in five commercially available media, which contain the vitamin in their formulations, was assayed immediately after their delivery to the laboratory. The values of L-ascorbic acid measured in these media were in all cases far lower than prescribed. A continuous-flow organ culture system has been designed which allows the provision of a relatively constant level of L-ascorbic acid to explant by taking advantage of the slow oxidation of L-ascorbic acid at 0 degrees C.", "PMID": 852883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10031", "title": "A clinical evaluation of the tolerance to pivampicillin tablets.", "content": "The clinical tolrance of 350 mg pivampicillin tablets was evaluated in 470 hospitalized patients in Denmark, Norway and Iceland. The tablets were given to 229 fasting patients and to 241 non-fasting patients at mealtime. Side-effects were reported in 44 patients (9.4%). Upper gastro intestinal disturbances occurred in 3.6% of the patients and lower gastrointestinal disturbances in  4.5% (including diarrhoea in 1.9%). There were no differences in the frequency of gastrointestinal side-effects in fasting and non-fasting patients receiving pivampicillin tablets. The frequency of exanthema was 2.6%.", "contents": "A clinical evaluation of the tolerance to pivampicillin tablets. The clinical tolrance of 350 mg pivampicillin tablets was evaluated in 470 hospitalized patients in Denmark, Norway and Iceland. The tablets were given to 229 fasting patients and to 241 non-fasting patients at mealtime. Side-effects were reported in 44 patients (9.4%). Upper gastro intestinal disturbances occurred in 3.6% of the patients and lower gastrointestinal disturbances in  4.5% (including diarrhoea in 1.9%). There were no differences in the frequency of gastrointestinal side-effects in fasting and non-fasting patients receiving pivampicillin tablets. The frequency of exanthema was 2.6%.", "PMID": 852890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10032", "title": "[Urinary tract infection following prostatic surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparative study was conducted on the severity and course of postoperative urinary infections in prostatic adenoma patients with preoperative bacteriuria and patients without infection. In both groups urinary infections showed a similar tendency to resolve, whereas a significant increase of polyresistant bacterial strains was noted in patients with preoperative bacteriuria. A comparison of 100 patients who had undergone transurethral resection and 100 patients who had undergone prostatectomy showed that severity and course of the postoperative urinary tract infection did not differ.", "contents": "[Urinary tract infection following prostatic surgery (author's transl)]. A comparative study was conducted on the severity and course of postoperative urinary infections in prostatic adenoma patients with preoperative bacteriuria and patients without infection. In both groups urinary infections showed a similar tendency to resolve, whereas a significant increase of polyresistant bacterial strains was noted in patients with preoperative bacteriuria. A comparison of 100 patients who had undergone transurethral resection and 100 patients who had undergone prostatectomy showed that severity and course of the postoperative urinary tract infection did not differ.", "PMID": 852891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10033", "title": "[Seroepidemiological investigations on the prevalence of chlamydial antibodies in the human (author's transl)].", "content": "1,075 serum samples taken at random from blood donors and 524 samples from patients were investigated with a group-specific antigen for chlamydial antibodies. Antibodies were detected in 9.9% of the blood donors and in 25.7% of the patients, with titers from 1:5 to 1:160 in the former group and up to 1:640 in the latter group. In general, patients had significantly higher titers than blood donors. More attention should therefore be paid to the possible role of Chlamydia in infections of unknown origin.", "contents": "[Seroepidemiological investigations on the prevalence of chlamydial antibodies in the human (author's transl)]. 1,075 serum samples taken at random from blood donors and 524 samples from patients were investigated with a group-specific antigen for chlamydial antibodies. Antibodies were detected in 9.9% of the blood donors and in 25.7% of the patients, with titers from 1:5 to 1:160 in the former group and up to 1:640 in the latter group. In general, patients had significantly higher titers than blood donors. More attention should therefore be paid to the possible role of Chlamydia in infections of unknown origin.", "PMID": 852892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10034", "title": "Neural regulation of respiration.", "content": "During the last decade, we have seen our knowledge of the neural regulation of respiration progress from the concept of \"respiratory centers\" to that of densely packed groups of respiratory neurons located within specific medullary nuclei. By careful neurophysiological and histological studies employing intra- and extracellular recording, the sequence of processing of afferent information through these nuclei and the axonal projections from respiratory neurons have been determined. However, the site and the mechanism of respiratory rhythm generation remain unknown.", "contents": "Neural regulation of respiration. During the last decade, we have seen our knowledge of the neural regulation of respiration progress from the concept of \"respiratory centers\" to that of densely packed groups of respiratory neurons located within specific medullary nuclei. By careful neurophysiological and histological studies employing intra- and extracellular recording, the sequence of processing of afferent information through these nuclei and the axonal projections from respiratory neurons have been determined. However, the site and the mechanism of respiratory rhythm generation remain unknown.", "PMID": 852902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10035", "title": "Evaluation of RAST inhibition as a method for standardization of ragweed pollen extracts.", "content": "The RAST inhibition technique was evaluated as a method for standardization of ragweed pollen extracts. Seven different ragweed extracts were examined. There was no relationship between the RAST inhibition results and the commonly used parameters of extract potency including weight/volume, PNU and total protein measurements. Intradermal skin test end point titration was variable in different patients and could not correlated with RAST inhibition results. However, RAST inhibition potency did correlate with the antigen E content of the extract and this finding suggests that RAST inhibition might provide a method for better standardization of allergen extracts.", "contents": "Evaluation of RAST inhibition as a method for standardization of ragweed pollen extracts. The RAST inhibition technique was evaluated as a method for standardization of ragweed pollen extracts. Seven different ragweed extracts were examined. There was no relationship between the RAST inhibition results and the commonly used parameters of extract potency including weight/volume, PNU and total protein measurements. Intradermal skin test end point titration was variable in different patients and could not correlated with RAST inhibition results. However, RAST inhibition potency did correlate with the antigen E content of the extract and this finding suggests that RAST inhibition might provide a method for better standardization of allergen extracts.", "PMID": 852903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10036", "title": "Arthritogenicity of wax D from various mycobacteria related to oil vehicle composition and to the combination with  poly I:C, cord factor and acetylated wax D.", "content": "Most of wax D (peptidoglycolipid) used here appeared to be ineffective for production of arthritis when given in a water-in-oil emulsion, while the same wax D in squalane was very effective for production of arthritis. Arlacel A as an emulsifier appeared to suppress the arthritogenicity of wax D in squalane, probably through some interaction with the arthritogenic portion of wax D. Poly 1:C seemed to remarkedly enhance the arthritogenicity of wax D, even in water-in-oil emulsion. Acetylated wax D and cord factor (trehalsoe-dimycolate) were much less effective than poly 1:C. Delayed skin hypersensitivity to PPD, peptidoglycan and poly 1:C was also remarkedly affected by oil composition. However, there was no correlation between these delayed hypersensitivities and development of arthritis.", "contents": "Arthritogenicity of wax D from various mycobacteria related to oil vehicle composition and to the combination with  poly I:C, cord factor and acetylated wax D. Most of wax D (peptidoglycolipid) used here appeared to be ineffective for production of arthritis when given in a water-in-oil emulsion, while the same wax D in squalane was very effective for production of arthritis. Arlacel A as an emulsifier appeared to suppress the arthritogenicity of wax D in squalane, probably through some interaction with the arthritogenic portion of wax D. Poly 1:C seemed to remarkedly enhance the arthritogenicity of wax D, even in water-in-oil emulsion. Acetylated wax D and cord factor (trehalsoe-dimycolate) were much less effective than poly 1:C. Delayed skin hypersensitivity to PPD, peptidoglycan and poly 1:C was also remarkedly affected by oil composition. However, there was no correlation between these delayed hypersensitivities and development of arthritis.", "PMID": 852904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10037", "title": "Diagnosis of reaginic allergy with house dust, animal dander and pollen allergens in adult patients. IV. An evaluation of the clinical value of skin test, radioallergosorbent test, case history and combinations of these methods.", "content": "With the assumption that a provocation test gives the correct diagnosis, the possibility of predicting an allergy by means of the case history, a skin test, radioallergosorbent test (RAST) and combinations of these methods was evaluated for house dust, cow-, cat-, dog-, and horse-dander, timothy-, marguerite-, dandelion- and birch-pollen allergens. All procedures were found to give a reliable diagnosis provided that a group with doubtfoul group, requiring further diagnostic investigations, was smallest when all three methods were used in combination. It is suggested that, in addition to the case history, the first procedure in routine diagnosis with inhalant allergens should be a skin test. RAST should be used primarily for selected cases and as a complement to the case history and skin test, making provocation tests superfluous for the majority of patients.", "contents": "Diagnosis of reaginic allergy with house dust, animal dander and pollen allergens in adult patients. IV. An evaluation of the clinical value of skin test, radioallergosorbent test, case history and combinations of these methods. With the assumption that a provocation test gives the correct diagnosis, the possibility of predicting an allergy by means of the case history, a skin test, radioallergosorbent test (RAST) and combinations of these methods was evaluated for house dust, cow-, cat-, dog-, and horse-dander, timothy-, marguerite-, dandelion- and birch-pollen allergens. All procedures were found to give a reliable diagnosis provided that a group with doubtfoul group, requiring further diagnostic investigations, was smallest when all three methods were used in combination. It is suggested that, in addition to the case history, the first procedure in routine diagnosis with inhalant allergens should be a skin test. RAST should be used primarily for selected cases and as a complement to the case history and skin test, making provocation tests superfluous for the majority of patients.", "PMID": 852905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10038", "title": "Industrialization and occupational health in underdeveloped countries.", "content": "This paper examines world political economic relationships, especially the growing disparities between \"developed\" and underdeveloped countries and the role of multinational corporations in exploiting the people and resources of underdeveloped lands. Workers in these lands are identified as high risk for both new and old forms of occupational health hazards. To protect themselves, workers must establish governments on their own behalf rather than client governments serving external capitalist interests.", "contents": "Industrialization and occupational health in underdeveloped countries. This paper examines world political economic relationships, especially the growing disparities between \"developed\" and underdeveloped countries and the role of multinational corporations in exploiting the people and resources of underdeveloped lands. Workers in these lands are identified as high risk for both new and old forms of occupational health hazards. To protect themselves, workers must establish governments on their own behalf rather than client governments serving external capitalist interests.", "PMID": 852923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10039", "title": "Multiple clear-cell acanthoma (Degos): histochemical and ultrastructural study of two cases.", "content": "Two patients with clear-cell acanthoma with multiple lesions are reported; histologic and histochemical findings are similar to previous descriptions. The ultrastructural study confirms the overload of glycogen in keratinocytes, associated with an increase of mitochondria and nuclear deformations. The abundance of Langerhans' cells is emphasized. Extrusion of glycogen by keratinocytes and its phagocytosis by Langerhans' cells is suggested.", "contents": "Multiple clear-cell acanthoma (Degos): histochemical and ultrastructural study of two cases. Two patients with clear-cell acanthoma with multiple lesions are reported; histologic and histochemical findings are similar to previous descriptions. The ultrastructural study confirms the overload of glycogen in keratinocytes, associated with an increase of mitochondria and nuclear deformations. The abundance of Langerhans' cells is emphasized. Extrusion of glycogen by keratinocytes and its phagocytosis by Langerhans' cells is suggested.", "PMID": 852926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10040", "title": "A simplified technique for casting anatomical models.", "content": "For anyone desiring to cast anatomical models, a simplified technique for external casting has been developed using dental impression materials readily available in dental supply houses. These impressions yield life-like permanent models retaining topographical features of normal as well as pathological skin and nails.", "contents": "A simplified technique for casting anatomical models. For anyone desiring to cast anatomical models, a simplified technique for external casting has been developed using dental impression materials readily available in dental supply houses. These impressions yield life-like permanent models retaining topographical features of normal as well as pathological skin and nails.", "PMID": 852927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10041", "title": "Synthesis of N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine, an adjuvant of the immune response, and of some n-acetyl-muramyl-peptide analogs.", "content": "A relatively easy synthetic method is reported for the production of the immunoadjuvant glycopeptide, N-acetyl-muramy-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP). Most of the details in this method were also applied to the preparation of some analogs, that were synthesized in order to study structure-activity relationships.", "contents": "Synthesis of N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine, an adjuvant of the immune response, and of some n-acetyl-muramyl-peptide analogs. A relatively easy synthetic method is reported for the production of the immunoadjuvant glycopeptide, N-acetyl-muramy-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP). Most of the details in this method were also applied to the preparation of some analogs, that were synthesized in order to study structure-activity relationships.", "PMID": 852928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10042", "title": "A study of proteinase inhibition by simulation of inhibitor reactive site regions: interaction of the C-terminal undecapeptide of ovein prolactin with some proteinases.", "content": "The C-terminal undecapeptide of ovine prolactin, H-Leu-Asn-Cys-Arg-Ile-Ile-Try-Asn-Asn-Asn-Cys-OH possesses several structural features common to protein proteinase inhibitors, yet has no inhibitor properties. The undecapeptide is completely hydrolysed by trypsin (Arg-Ile bond) and by chymotrypsin (Tyr-Asn bond), with a proteolytic coefficient of approximately 3,000 M-1 sec-1 and 240 M-1 sec-1 respectively. On the basis of these results, a consideration of entropy, and studies by other workers, we agree with the view of Nishino et al. that the best models for small synthetic peptides with inhibitor properties would be those naturally-occurring inhibitors whose reactive site is located within a small disulphide loop.", "contents": "A study of proteinase inhibition by simulation of inhibitor reactive site regions: interaction of the C-terminal undecapeptide of ovein prolactin with some proteinases. The C-terminal undecapeptide of ovine prolactin, H-Leu-Asn-Cys-Arg-Ile-Ile-Try-Asn-Asn-Asn-Cys-OH possesses several structural features common to protein proteinase inhibitors, yet has no inhibitor properties. The undecapeptide is completely hydrolysed by trypsin (Arg-Ile bond) and by chymotrypsin (Tyr-Asn bond), with a proteolytic coefficient of approximately 3,000 M-1 sec-1 and 240 M-1 sec-1 respectively. On the basis of these results, a consideration of entropy, and studies by other workers, we agree with the view of Nishino et al. that the best models for small synthetic peptides with inhibitor properties would be those naturally-occurring inhibitors whose reactive site is located within a small disulphide loop.", "PMID": 852930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10043", "title": "Limitations of mammography.", "content": "The aim of mammography is to aid in the discovery of cancers of the breast at an early stage and to supply information about breast changes. It is not 100% reliable, and in most circumstances the decision to biopsy should not be based solely on the radiographic report. A relevant example is presented to reaffirm the need for a definitive surgical diagnosis when clinically indicated.", "contents": "Limitations of mammography. The aim of mammography is to aid in the discovery of cancers of the breast at an early stage and to supply information about breast changes. It is not 100% reliable, and in most circumstances the decision to biopsy should not be based solely on the radiographic report. A relevant example is presented to reaffirm the need for a definitive surgical diagnosis when clinically indicated.", "PMID": 852932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10044", "title": "Incidence of cholelithiasis in India.", "content": "Incidence of cholelithiasis in the teaching hospital population of India has been reported. The study suggests that North Indians are more prone to cholelithiasis than South Indians. Apparently this variation is related to dietary and geographical factors.", "contents": "Incidence of cholelithiasis in India. Incidence of cholelithiasis in the teaching hospital population of India has been reported. The study suggests that North Indians are more prone to cholelithiasis than South Indians. Apparently this variation is related to dietary and geographical factors.", "PMID": 852940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10045", "title": "Purified carbon as a tissue replacement.", "content": "Tissue reactivity to carbon cloth, graphite cloth and vitreous carbon in the solid was studied in dogs. The materials were found to be quite inert and caused no inflammatory reaction or sensitivity changes in the dogs' tissues. No unusual changes were noted on the hemopoietic or enzyme systems. The materials are probably the best biocompatible substances known and seem to meet the major criteria for tissue replacements.", "contents": "Purified carbon as a tissue replacement. Tissue reactivity to carbon cloth, graphite cloth and vitreous carbon in the solid was studied in dogs. The materials were found to be quite inert and caused no inflammatory reaction or sensitivity changes in the dogs' tissues. No unusual changes were noted on the hemopoietic or enzyme systems. The materials are probably the best biocompatible substances known and seem to meet the major criteria for tissue replacements.", "PMID": 852941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10046", "title": "Retinal neoplasia and dysplasia. II. Retinoblastoma occurring with persistence and hyperplasia of the primary vitreous.", "content": "The occurrence of retinoblastoma in an eye with persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV) is reported. These are both rare lesions. The absence of previous reports of their association has led to the clinical impression that the occurrence of PHPV in a microphthalmic eye precludes the presence of retinoblastoma. The coexistence of these lesions in the present case may represent a coincidence. Their occurrence in the same eye is felt to be noteworthy, nontheless, because of its clinical implications and the possibility of a common underlying etiology.", "contents": "Retinal neoplasia and dysplasia. II. Retinoblastoma occurring with persistence and hyperplasia of the primary vitreous. The occurrence of retinoblastoma in an eye with persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV) is reported. These are both rare lesions. The absence of previous reports of their association has led to the clinical impression that the occurrence of PHPV in a microphthalmic eye precludes the presence of retinoblastoma. The coexistence of these lesions in the present case may represent a coincidence. Their occurrence in the same eye is felt to be noteworthy, nontheless, because of its clinical implications and the possibility of a common underlying etiology.", "PMID": 852942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10047", "title": "Vitreoretinal juncture; epiretinal membranes and vitreous.", "content": "This report reviews current knowledge of the ultrastructural features of the vitreoretinal juncture in its normal state, in eyes with posterior vitreous detachment (PVD), and in eyes with epiretinal membranes (ERM's) and then presents new concepts concerning the interrelationship of ERM's and the vitreous. Results show no vitreous residues on retinal surface following uncomplicated rhegmatogenous (senescent) PVD. In eyes that develop ERM's before vitreous detachment, however, a layer of vitreous may be entrapped beneath the ERM and on adjacent membrane-free retina when PVD ocurs. ERM's may be a cause as well as an effect of PVD.", "contents": "Vitreoretinal juncture; epiretinal membranes and vitreous. This report reviews current knowledge of the ultrastructural features of the vitreoretinal juncture in its normal state, in eyes with posterior vitreous detachment (PVD), and in eyes with epiretinal membranes (ERM's) and then presents new concepts concerning the interrelationship of ERM's and the vitreous. Results show no vitreous residues on retinal surface following uncomplicated rhegmatogenous (senescent) PVD. In eyes that develop ERM's before vitreous detachment, however, a layer of vitreous may be entrapped beneath the ERM and on adjacent membrane-free retina when PVD ocurs. ERM's may be a cause as well as an effect of PVD.", "PMID": 852943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10048", "title": "Permeability and patency of retinal blood vessels in experimental diabetes.", "content": "Increased permeability of retinal blood vessels in human diabetic retinopathy is well known clinically. Its morphologic equivalent is unknown. In dogs with 5 years of poorly controlled alloxan diabetes and nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy comparable to that of man, permeability and patency of retinal blood vessels were tested with the protein tracer horseradish peroxidase and evaluated by electron microscopy. A breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier was found associated with extensive tracer leakage around retinal blood vessels. Tracer had seemingly permeated endothial junctions, and was not transported through the endothelial cytoplasm. Blood vessels which had lost their endothelial cells and were partially occluded by glial cells retained some patency to tracer. These findings suggest the following. (1) Endothelial tight junctions are not a static cell specialization but one that can open due to chronic metabolic or osmotic factors prevailing in diabetes. Opened tight junctions may account for plasma leakage seen clinically in human diabetic retinopathy. (2) In the absence of endothelial cells perfusion does not necessarily end abruptly. The tracer method and electron microscopy may show details of vascular obstruction that are not readily demonstrated clinically.", "contents": "Permeability and patency of retinal blood vessels in experimental diabetes. Increased permeability of retinal blood vessels in human diabetic retinopathy is well known clinically. Its morphologic equivalent is unknown. In dogs with 5 years of poorly controlled alloxan diabetes and nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy comparable to that of man, permeability and patency of retinal blood vessels were tested with the protein tracer horseradish peroxidase and evaluated by electron microscopy. A breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier was found associated with extensive tracer leakage around retinal blood vessels. Tracer had seemingly permeated endothial junctions, and was not transported through the endothelial cytoplasm. Blood vessels which had lost their endothelial cells and were partially occluded by glial cells retained some patency to tracer. These findings suggest the following. (1) Endothelial tight junctions are not a static cell specialization but one that can open due to chronic metabolic or osmotic factors prevailing in diabetes. Opened tight junctions may account for plasma leakage seen clinically in human diabetic retinopathy. (2) In the absence of endothelial cells perfusion does not necessarily end abruptly. The tracer method and electron microscopy may show details of vascular obstruction that are not readily demonstrated clinically.", "PMID": 852945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10049", "title": "Hemodynamic changes distal to selective arterial injections.", "content": "It has been assumed previously that the act of selectively injecting fluid through a catheter into an artery does not significantly alter hemodynamics in that vessel, provided open communication is maintained between the distal portion of the artery and the aortic lumen. In this study, blood flow was measured with an electromagnetic flow probe in distal branches of the left coronary or superior mesenteric arteries of 9 dogs while heparinized arterial blood was injected selectively into the parent vessels at varying rates up to 7 ml/sec. This resulted, in all experiments, in an abrupt and substantial rise in blood flow which was maintained for the duration of the injection. This phenomeon is due primarily to an increase in intraarterial pressure distal to the catheter tip, caused by the injection.", "contents": "Hemodynamic changes distal to selective arterial injections. It has been assumed previously that the act of selectively injecting fluid through a catheter into an artery does not significantly alter hemodynamics in that vessel, provided open communication is maintained between the distal portion of the artery and the aortic lumen. In this study, blood flow was measured with an electromagnetic flow probe in distal branches of the left coronary or superior mesenteric arteries of 9 dogs while heparinized arterial blood was injected selectively into the parent vessels at varying rates up to 7 ml/sec. This resulted, in all experiments, in an abrupt and substantial rise in blood flow which was maintained for the duration of the injection. This phenomeon is due primarily to an increase in intraarterial pressure distal to the catheter tip, caused by the injection.", "PMID": 852947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10050", "title": "Myocardial response to contrast media: effects on electrolyte metabolism and subcellular structures.", "content": "The success of coronary angiography depends upon appropriate use and administration of contrast media. We used guinea-pig hearts to study tolerance to various contrast media, with particular attention to electrolyte changes. Changes in myocardial subcellular structures appear to correspond to changes in electrolyte flow produced by contrast media.", "contents": "Myocardial response to contrast media: effects on electrolyte metabolism and subcellular structures. The success of coronary angiography depends upon appropriate use and administration of contrast media. We used guinea-pig hearts to study tolerance to various contrast media, with particular attention to electrolyte changes. Changes in myocardial subcellular structures appear to correspond to changes in electrolyte flow produced by contrast media.", "PMID": 852948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10051", "title": "Experimental carotid aneurysms: I. Simple surgical production and radiographic evaluation.", "content": "Using simple surgical techniques, experimental carotid aneurysms are created which simulate some types of human berry aneurysms, both in hemodynamic and radiographic behavior. End to side anastomoses of an external jugular vein graft to the common carotid artery can be carried out by radiologic personnel with no formal surgical training. Factors which cause the aneurysms to fail and fill with clot are infection, incorporation of venous valves into the aneurysm sac, poor suturing technique, and perhaps a sac too large in comparison with its neck. The models are studied and followed by percutaneous catheter angiography, and show the swirling flow seen in clinical practice. These models may be used to study and refine percutaneous catheter occlusive techniques.", "contents": "Experimental carotid aneurysms: I. Simple surgical production and radiographic evaluation. Using simple surgical techniques, experimental carotid aneurysms are created which simulate some types of human berry aneurysms, both in hemodynamic and radiographic behavior. End to side anastomoses of an external jugular vein graft to the common carotid artery can be carried out by radiologic personnel with no formal surgical training. Factors which cause the aneurysms to fail and fill with clot are infection, incorporation of venous valves into the aneurysm sac, poor suturing technique, and perhaps a sac too large in comparison with its neck. The models are studied and followed by percutaneous catheter angiography, and show the swirling flow seen in clinical practice. These models may be used to study and refine percutaneous catheter occlusive techniques.", "PMID": 852950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10052", "title": "Nonsurgical closure of patent ductus: an experimental study.", "content": "A technique is described for potential use in the nonsurgical closure of patent ductus arteriosus. Occlusion is accomplished with an Ivalon umbrella, inserted via a catheter placed percutaneously into the femoral artery. The technique was tested in thirteen dogs with surgically created shunts closely simulating patent ductus arteriosus. In two cases, the Ivalon plug was undersize; and incomplete occlusion occurred, but without embolization of the plug. In one case, the umbrella emoblized due to improper positioning. Several dogs with successfully occluded ductus were observed from two weeks to six months postoperative. In all cases, the ductus remained closed. The technique has potential application in patients with a small and long patent ductus.", "contents": "Nonsurgical closure of patent ductus: an experimental study. A technique is described for potential use in the nonsurgical closure of patent ductus arteriosus. Occlusion is accomplished with an Ivalon umbrella, inserted via a catheter placed percutaneously into the femoral artery. The technique was tested in thirteen dogs with surgically created shunts closely simulating patent ductus arteriosus. In two cases, the Ivalon plug was undersize; and incomplete occlusion occurred, but without embolization of the plug. In one case, the umbrella emoblized due to improper positioning. Several dogs with successfully occluded ductus were observed from two weeks to six months postoperative. In all cases, the ductus remained closed. The technique has potential application in patients with a small and long patent ductus.", "PMID": 852949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10053", "title": "A comparison of three radionuclide techniques for measuring blood flow to rat extremities.", "content": "A detailed comparison of three radionuclide techniques to estimate blood flow was done in the rat hind limb under reduced, normal and increased blood flow. The techniques compared were the washout of intra-arterial and intra-muscular Xenon-133 and the accumulation of radioactive microspheres in the reference organ technique. There was no significant difference between the three techniques at each of the three flow states. This confirmed that the simpler I.M. Xenon technique is a useful and accurate technique in estimating low blood flow rates in small animals. It was found that the skin puncture had to be sealed after the intra-muscular injection of Xenon to obtain valid results.", "contents": "A comparison of three radionuclide techniques for measuring blood flow to rat extremities. A detailed comparison of three radionuclide techniques to estimate blood flow was done in the rat hind limb under reduced, normal and increased blood flow. The techniques compared were the washout of intra-arterial and intra-muscular Xenon-133 and the accumulation of radioactive microspheres in the reference organ technique. There was no significant difference between the three techniques at each of the three flow states. This confirmed that the simpler I.M. Xenon technique is a useful and accurate technique in estimating low blood flow rates in small animals. It was found that the skin puncture had to be sealed after the intra-muscular injection of Xenon to obtain valid results.", "PMID": 852951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10054", "title": "Vertebral and peripheral bone mineral content by photon absorptiometry.", "content": "Dual photon absorptiometry with 153Gd was used to determine the bone mineral content of the lumbar spine of 46 subjects. The bone mineral content of the radius and ulna were measured on these same subjects using single photon absorptiometry. The bone mineral content at the peripheral sites was not a very accurate indicator of absolute bone mineral content in the spine. However, the rate of bone loss with age was greater in the peripheral bones than in the spine. Measurement sites on the appendicular skeleton may provide a more sensitive indication of age changes in bone mineral content throughout the skeleton than would sites on the axial skeleton.", "contents": "Vertebral and peripheral bone mineral content by photon absorptiometry. Dual photon absorptiometry with 153Gd was used to determine the bone mineral content of the lumbar spine of 46 subjects. The bone mineral content of the radius and ulna were measured on these same subjects using single photon absorptiometry. The bone mineral content at the peripheral sites was not a very accurate indicator of absolute bone mineral content in the spine. However, the rate of bone loss with age was greater in the peripheral bones than in the spine. Measurement sites on the appendicular skeleton may provide a more sensitive indication of age changes in bone mineral content throughout the skeleton than would sites on the axial skeleton.", "PMID": 852952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10055", "title": "Film-screen sharpness in complex motion tomography.", "content": "An unsharp radiologic image is created in tomography by the combined motion of the x-ray tube and the film-screen cassette. This image is generally recorded at angles other than normal to the film-screen plane. A metbd for determining the influence of this recording angle on film-screen sharpness is described. The method involves imaging an edge target at various angles between the x-ray beam and the film-screen plane. The MTF is then calculated from the edge images. The effect of film-screen sharpness and quantum noise on subjective image quality in temporal bone tomography is discussed.", "contents": "Film-screen sharpness in complex motion tomography. An unsharp radiologic image is created in tomography by the combined motion of the x-ray tube and the film-screen cassette. This image is generally recorded at angles other than normal to the film-screen plane. A metbd for determining the influence of this recording angle on film-screen sharpness is described. The method involves imaging an edge target at various angles between the x-ray beam and the film-screen plane. The MTF is then calculated from the edge images. The effect of film-screen sharpness and quantum noise on subjective image quality in temporal bone tomography is discussed.", "PMID": 852953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10056", "title": "Effect of 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol in senile osteoporosis and in bone loss following prednisone treatment.", "content": "Synthetic 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol, a potent vitamin D analogue, was given daily together with calcium to seven patients with senile osteoporosis and to three patients with prednisone-induced bone loss. Quantitative bone histology indicated increased formation and mineralization after three months of treatment. The bone resorption was reduced, a finding supported by a decrease in the urinary hydroxyproline excretion. Photon absorptiometry of the forearm showed a significant rise in the bone mineral content, in accordance with the histological findings. Serum calcium rose in all patients and severe hypercalcemia developed in one case. Urinary excretion of calcium and magnesium increased significantly. The findings indicate that treatment with 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol may be useful in osteoporosis due to aging or following corticosteroid administration. The patients must be carefully followed up because of the risk of hypercalcemia.", "contents": "Effect of 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol in senile osteoporosis and in bone loss following prednisone treatment. Synthetic 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol, a potent vitamin D analogue, was given daily together with calcium to seven patients with senile osteoporosis and to three patients with prednisone-induced bone loss. Quantitative bone histology indicated increased formation and mineralization after three months of treatment. The bone resorption was reduced, a finding supported by a decrease in the urinary hydroxyproline excretion. Photon absorptiometry of the forearm showed a significant rise in the bone mineral content, in accordance with the histological findings. Serum calcium rose in all patients and severe hypercalcemia developed in one case. Urinary excretion of calcium and magnesium increased significantly. The findings indicate that treatment with 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol may be useful in osteoporosis due to aging or following corticosteroid administration. The patients must be carefully followed up because of the risk of hypercalcemia.", "PMID": 852974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10057", "title": "Acid esterase activity in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: effect of partial aortic ligation in rabbits.", "content": "Partial ligation of the aortas of rabbits below the ostia of the renal arteries resulted in a proliferative intimal reaction. Myocytes in the media of the ligated area showed little or no acid esterase activity. This reduction in acid esterase activity is believed to play an important role in atherogenesis.", "contents": "Acid esterase activity in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: effect of partial aortic ligation in rabbits. Partial ligation of the aortas of rabbits below the ostia of the renal arteries resulted in a proliferative intimal reaction. Myocytes in the media of the ligated area showed little or no acid esterase activity. This reduction in acid esterase activity is believed to play an important role in atherogenesis.", "PMID": 852975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10058", "title": "Surgical correction of congenital dislocation of the hip in children aged two to six years.", "content": "We report on a consecutive series of 68 children, between the ages of two and six years, with 97 neglected dislocated hips. The standard treatment consisted of traction, open reduction and innominate osteotomy. The results were satisfactory in most cases and the number of complications decreased significantly with improved surgical techniques. Additional operations, such as femoral varisation derotation osteotomy or Colonna arthroplasty, were performed only in exceptional cases for the treatment of complications. The treatment of neglected congenital dislocation of the hip after the patient has begun walking is a difficult orthopedic problem and and uniformly good results cannot be expected. Open reduction and innominate osteotomy appear to be the best form of treatment in the age group studied.", "contents": "Surgical correction of congenital dislocation of the hip in children aged two to six years. We report on a consecutive series of 68 children, between the ages of two and six years, with 97 neglected dislocated hips. The standard treatment consisted of traction, open reduction and innominate osteotomy. The results were satisfactory in most cases and the number of complications decreased significantly with improved surgical techniques. Additional operations, such as femoral varisation derotation osteotomy or Colonna arthroplasty, were performed only in exceptional cases for the treatment of complications. The treatment of neglected congenital dislocation of the hip after the patient has begun walking is a difficult orthopedic problem and and uniformly good results cannot be expected. Open reduction and innominate osteotomy appear to be the best form of treatment in the age group studied.", "PMID": 852976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10059", "title": "Decreased fetal movements associated with umbilical cord complications.", "content": "In three of 1,094 cases of cord complications the mothers experienced reduction of fetal movments until cessation. In these three instances the fetal heart beat was audible but changes appeared on the fetal heart rate monitor. The course of loss of fetal movements resembled that seen in cases of placental insufficiency. It is suggested that the reduced fetal movements and the changes in fetal heart rate were due to a diminished blood flow in the cord vessels as a result of gradual cord compression.", "contents": "Decreased fetal movements associated with umbilical cord complications. In three of 1,094 cases of cord complications the mothers experienced reduction of fetal movments until cessation. In these three instances the fetal heart beat was audible but changes appeared on the fetal heart rate monitor. The course of loss of fetal movements resembled that seen in cases of placental insufficiency. It is suggested that the reduced fetal movements and the changes in fetal heart rate were due to a diminished blood flow in the cord vessels as a result of gradual cord compression.", "PMID": 852977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10060", "title": "Ovarian abscess associated with incomplete abortion and intrauterine contraceptive device.", "content": "A 28-yera-old woman with an intrauterine device (IUD) was admitted to hospital with signs of incomplete abortion. The IUD was removed and curettage revealed necrotic infected decidua with no trophoblastic cells or chorionic villi. The patient subsequently developed multiple abscesses in the right ovary. The mechanism of development of ovarian abscesses in patients with IUD or with infected incomplete abortion is discussed.", "contents": "Ovarian abscess associated with incomplete abortion and intrauterine contraceptive device. A 28-yera-old woman with an intrauterine device (IUD) was admitted to hospital with signs of incomplete abortion. The IUD was removed and curettage revealed necrotic infected decidua with no trophoblastic cells or chorionic villi. The patient subsequently developed multiple abscesses in the right ovary. The mechanism of development of ovarian abscesses in patients with IUD or with infected incomplete abortion is discussed.", "PMID": 852978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10061", "title": "[Myxedematous lichen and lupus erythematosus].", "content": "Two cases of lichen myxoedematosus are described. In the first the disease was associated with lupus erythematodes systemicus or lupus erythematodes systemicus-like eruption, in the second with lupus erythematodes chronicus. In both cases the lichen myxoedematosus appeared before the other disease.", "contents": "[Myxedematous lichen and lupus erythematosus]. Two cases of lichen myxoedematosus are described. In the first the disease was associated with lupus erythematodes systemicus or lupus erythematodes systemicus-like eruption, in the second with lupus erythematodes chronicus. In both cases the lichen myxoedematosus appeared before the other disease.", "PMID": 852990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10062", "title": "[Catamnestic study in 82 patients with unspecified changes in the small intestinal mucosa].", "content": "A definitive diagnosis could not be established in 135 out of 713 (19%) infants and children admitted for chronic diarrhea and/or failure to thrive during the first admission. Their mucosal biopsy findings were either normal or showed unspecific changes. A retrospective inquiry, 1 1/2 to 8 years later, into the later course of 82 out of the initial 135 children revealed that 76.5% were free of symptoms without any specific therapy within a short time after discharge. The remaining 19 cases still complained of similar symptoms as initially. In 6 of these patients the indication for further investigations was established. These patients presented already at the time of their first admission with the most severe mucosal alterations (convoluted pattern) and clinical symptoms. Although the majority of patients with mild and non-specific mucosal abnormalities proved to have had a self-limited harmless intestinal disease, in 7,3% of them further investigations during follow-up remain indicated.", "contents": "[Catamnestic study in 82 patients with unspecified changes in the small intestinal mucosa]. A definitive diagnosis could not be established in 135 out of 713 (19%) infants and children admitted for chronic diarrhea and/or failure to thrive during the first admission. Their mucosal biopsy findings were either normal or showed unspecific changes. A retrospective inquiry, 1 1/2 to 8 years later, into the later course of 82 out of the initial 135 children revealed that 76.5% were free of symptoms without any specific therapy within a short time after discharge. The remaining 19 cases still complained of similar symptoms as initially. In 6 of these patients the indication for further investigations was established. These patients presented already at the time of their first admission with the most severe mucosal alterations (convoluted pattern) and clinical symptoms. Although the majority of patients with mild and non-specific mucosal abnormalities proved to have had a self-limited harmless intestinal disease, in 7,3% of them further investigations during follow-up remain indicated.", "PMID": 853000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10063", "title": "Effect of biguanide treatment in obese children.", "content": "In seven children of normal weight and in nine obese children (more than 30% overweight) from 8 to 14 years of age, blood glucose and insulin levels were estimated. The obese children were then treated with dimethylbiguanide (Metformin-HCl) during 3 months. After this period the tests were repeated. It is shown that a significant reduction of the insulin values, insulinogen indices and weight occurred after this treatment.", "contents": "Effect of biguanide treatment in obese children. In seven children of normal weight and in nine obese children (more than 30% overweight) from 8 to 14 years of age, blood glucose and insulin levels were estimated. The obese children were then treated with dimethylbiguanide (Metformin-HCl) during 3 months. After this period the tests were repeated. It is shown that a significant reduction of the insulin values, insulinogen indices and weight occurred after this treatment.", "PMID": 853001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10064", "title": "[Paral speech perception (author's transl)].", "content": "Speech perception thresholds following surgery for chronic middle ear disease often ar better than the averaged pure tone threshold levels. The author believes that this phenomenon of paradoxical speech perception is due to a central phenomenon.", "contents": "[Paral speech perception (author's transl)]. Speech perception thresholds following surgery for chronic middle ear disease often ar better than the averaged pure tone threshold levels. The author believes that this phenomenon of paradoxical speech perception is due to a central phenomenon.", "PMID": 853005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10065", "title": "A rare complication of use of the middle ear ventilation tube (PVC).", "content": "Purulent otitis media was observed following operations for insertion of middle ear ventilation tubes by the same surgeon in 2.2% of 226 patients. Conservative treatment given with the tube still in situ rarely effected cure, whereas removal of the tube brought about prompt resolution and perforation closure, The cause of these infections remains unknown, but adverse reaction of the mucous membrane to polyvinylchloride could be regarded as a possible cause.", "contents": "A rare complication of use of the middle ear ventilation tube (PVC). Purulent otitis media was observed following operations for insertion of middle ear ventilation tubes by the same surgeon in 2.2% of 226 patients. Conservative treatment given with the tube still in situ rarely effected cure, whereas removal of the tube brought about prompt resolution and perforation closure, The cause of these infections remains unknown, but adverse reaction of the mucous membrane to polyvinylchloride could be regarded as a possible cause.", "PMID": 853006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10066", "title": "[Incus homografts (author's transl)].", "content": "The problem of reconstruction of the ossicular chain is still partly unsolved. A possible way of solving this problem is with a homograft in cases with total or partial ossicular chain defect. The method of preparing the homografts in our Clinic is described. The formation of an ossicular bank is quite easy, the procedure for preparing adequate implants simple and safe. This is a preliminary report concerning patients under review from 3--24 months, on whom the described method was used.", "contents": "[Incus homografts (author's transl)]. The problem of reconstruction of the ossicular chain is still partly unsolved. A possible way of solving this problem is with a homograft in cases with total or partial ossicular chain defect. The method of preparing the homografts in our Clinic is described. The formation of an ossicular bank is quite easy, the procedure for preparing adequate implants simple and safe. This is a preliminary report concerning patients under review from 3--24 months, on whom the described method was used.", "PMID": 853007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10067", "title": "[Plastipore and Proplast implants in tympanoplasty (author's transl)].", "content": "A new technique has been reported to construct partial or almost complete sound-conduction systems in the middle ear by aid of the new materials Proplast and Plastipore. The results of this surgical method are encouraging.", "contents": "[Plastipore and Proplast implants in tympanoplasty (author's transl)]. A new technique has been reported to construct partial or almost complete sound-conduction systems in the middle ear by aid of the new materials Proplast and Plastipore. The results of this surgical method are encouraging.", "PMID": 853008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10068", "title": "Evaluation of hazards involved in treating cattle with pour-on organophosphate insecticides.", "content": "Eighteen veterinarians regularly practicing organophosphate pour-on treatment of cattle for grub infestations were examined in the course of the 1975-1976 application season for symptoms and signs as well as enzymologic and chemical evidence of organophosphate absorption. Some subjects reported headache, nausea, and irritation of the face and throat during chemical applications in poorly ventilated buildings. Organophosphate absorption was not sufficient to depress blood cholinesterase activities, and only occasionally generated measurable amounts of alkyl phosphate meatbolites in urine of exposed veterinarians.", "contents": "Evaluation of hazards involved in treating cattle with pour-on organophosphate insecticides. Eighteen veterinarians regularly practicing organophosphate pour-on treatment of cattle for grub infestations were examined in the course of the 1975-1976 application season for symptoms and signs as well as enzymologic and chemical evidence of organophosphate absorption. Some subjects reported headache, nausea, and irritation of the face and throat during chemical applications in poorly ventilated buildings. Organophosphate absorption was not sufficient to depress blood cholinesterase activities, and only occasionally generated measurable amounts of alkyl phosphate meatbolites in urine of exposed veterinarians.", "PMID": 853012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10069", "title": "X-ray therapy of selected odontogenic neoplasms in the dog.", "content": "X-ray therapy was used on 14 selected adamantinomas and 2 ameloblastic odontomas, with beneficial results. The recommended x-ray treatment is a minimum total dose of 3,600 rads and a maximum of 4,200 rads, at a half-value layer of 1.5 to 2 mm of Cu. Five to 6 treatments were spread over a 10- to 12-day period.", "contents": "X-ray therapy of selected odontogenic neoplasms in the dog. X-ray therapy was used on 14 selected adamantinomas and 2 ameloblastic odontomas, with beneficial results. The recommended x-ray treatment is a minimum total dose of 3,600 rads and a maximum of 4,200 rads, at a half-value layer of 1.5 to 2 mm of Cu. Five to 6 treatments were spread over a 10- to 12-day period.", "PMID": 853013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10070", "title": "Comparison of measurements of the characteristics of directional microphone hearing aids in an IAC test room and an anechoic chamber.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to assess the possibility of measuring directional microphone hearing aids (DMHAs) using standard hearing aid test instruments in a sound field environment. The use of DMHAs is increasing and research has shown that under certain difficult listening situations, superior results are obtained by hearing impaired individuals with directional versus omnidirectional microphone arrangements. However, valid electroacoustic evaluation of the DMHAs cannot be accomplished using the conventional hearing aid test box. The ideal environment for such evaluations is an anechoic chamber, a facility not found in most audiological clinics. Results show that if the proper precautions are observed, the electroacoustic characteristics of DMHAs can be measured in a sound field environment using conventional hearing aid test instrumentation. Validation of this procedure was carried out by comparing sound field results with those obtained in an anechoic chamber.", "contents": "Comparison of measurements of the characteristics of directional microphone hearing aids in an IAC test room and an anechoic chamber. The purpose of this study was to assess the possibility of measuring directional microphone hearing aids (DMHAs) using standard hearing aid test instruments in a sound field environment. The use of DMHAs is increasing and research has shown that under certain difficult listening situations, superior results are obtained by hearing impaired individuals with directional versus omnidirectional microphone arrangements. However, valid electroacoustic evaluation of the DMHAs cannot be accomplished using the conventional hearing aid test box. The ideal environment for such evaluations is an anechoic chamber, a facility not found in most audiological clinics. Results show that if the proper precautions are observed, the electroacoustic characteristics of DMHAs can be measured in a sound field environment using conventional hearing aid test instrumentation. Validation of this procedure was carried out by comparing sound field results with those obtained in an anechoic chamber.", "PMID": 853009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10071", "title": "Anatomy and cannulation of the parotid duct in the dog.", "content": "The course of the dog's parotid duct is more complex than previously reported. The newly described features are that the duct has 2 right-angle curves in its terminal part and that it perforates the fascia and mucosa of the cheek between the orbicularis oris and buccinator muscles. The duct does not perforate the buccinator muscle. Based on these findings, a rapid and reliable technique for intubation of the duct was developed.", "contents": "Anatomy and cannulation of the parotid duct in the dog. The course of the dog's parotid duct is more complex than previously reported. The newly described features are that the duct has 2 right-angle curves in its terminal part and that it perforates the fascia and mucosa of the cheek between the orbicularis oris and buccinator muscles. The duct does not perforate the buccinator muscle. Based on these findings, a rapid and reliable technique for intubation of the duct was developed.", "PMID": 853015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10072", "title": "Acoustic admittance of the ear in the geriatric person.", "content": "The effects of age on acoustic admittance in a geriatric population were investigated in persons ranging in age from 50 to beyond 70 years. The results demonstrated a significant decrease in admittance for the 70-year-old group, with the change being primarily attributable to a decrease in susceptance. Women consistently demonstrated lower admittance than men. The data obtained suggest that different norms for static admittance be applied to persons above 70 years of age.", "contents": "Acoustic admittance of the ear in the geriatric person. The effects of age on acoustic admittance in a geriatric population were investigated in persons ranging in age from 50 to beyond 70 years. The results demonstrated a significant decrease in admittance for the 70-year-old group, with the change being primarily attributable to a decrease in susceptance. Women consistently demonstrated lower admittance than men. The data obtained suggest that different norms for static admittance be applied to persons above 70 years of age.", "PMID": 853010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10073", "title": "Klebsiella serotype 25 capsular polysaccharide: primary structure and depolymerization by a bacteriophage-borne glycanase.", "content": "By partial acid hydrolysis, methylation and gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of the methylated monomers (as the alditol acetates), mass spectrometry of trimethylsilylated disaccharide alditols, as well as proton magnetic resonance, the primary structure of the Klebsiella serotype 25 capsular polysaccharide was elucidated. A glycanase activity, associated with the particles of newly isolated Klebsiella bacteriophage no. 25, was shown to catalyze the hydrolysis of the glycan.", "contents": "Klebsiella serotype 25 capsular polysaccharide: primary structure and depolymerization by a bacteriophage-borne glycanase. By partial acid hydrolysis, methylation and gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of the methylated monomers (as the alditol acetates), mass spectrometry of trimethylsilylated disaccharide alditols, as well as proton magnetic resonance, the primary structure of the Klebsiella serotype 25 capsular polysaccharide was elucidated. A glycanase activity, associated with the particles of newly isolated Klebsiella bacteriophage no. 25, was shown to catalyze the hydrolysis of the glycan.", "PMID": 853030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10074", "title": "Characterization of the entomocidal parasporal crystal of Bacillus thuringiensis.", "content": "The parasporal crystalline protoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis contains a single glycoprotein subunit that has a molecular weight of approximately 1.2 X 10(5). The carbohydrate consists of glucose (3.8%) and mannose (1.8%). At alkaline pH, the proendotoxin is apparently solubilized and activated by an autolytic mechanism involving an inherent sulfhydryl protease that renders the protoxin insecticidal. Activation generates protons, degraded polypeptides, sulfhydryl group reactivity, proteolytic activity, and insect toxicity. Chemical modification of the sulfhydryl groups inhibits the proteolytic and insecticidal activities, suggesting that cysteine residues may be present in the active site of the protein.", "contents": "Characterization of the entomocidal parasporal crystal of Bacillus thuringiensis. The parasporal crystalline protoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis contains a single glycoprotein subunit that has a molecular weight of approximately 1.2 X 10(5). The carbohydrate consists of glucose (3.8%) and mannose (1.8%). At alkaline pH, the proendotoxin is apparently solubilized and activated by an autolytic mechanism involving an inherent sulfhydryl protease that renders the protoxin insecticidal. Activation generates protons, degraded polypeptides, sulfhydryl group reactivity, proteolytic activity, and insect toxicity. Chemical modification of the sulfhydryl groups inhibits the proteolytic and insecticidal activities, suggesting that cysteine residues may be present in the active site of the protein.", "PMID": 853031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10075", "title": "Chemotaxis in Spirochaeta aurantia.", "content": "Cell of Spirochaeta aurantia M1 suspended in isotropic buffer solution swam in nearly straight lines and appeared to spin around their longitudinal axis. Occasionally, cells stopped and flexed, and then resumed translational motility, usually in a different direction. The average cell velocity was 26 micron/s. A quantitative assay for chemotaxis was used to test various chemicals for their ability to attract S. aurantia M1. The cells exhibited a tactic response toward 5 X 10(-2) M D-glucose between 10 and 35degree C; the optimum response was at 25degree C. At 5 degree C motility was not impaired, but D-glucose taxis was abolished. Chemotaxis toward D-glucose was stimulated by L-cysteine (2 X 10(-4) M). D-Glucose, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, alpha-methyl-D-glucoside, D-galactose, D-fucose, D-mannose, D-fructose, D-xylose, maltose, cellobiose, and D-glucosamine were effectve attractants for S. aurantia M1. D-Galactose taxis and D-fucose taxis were induced by the presence of D-galactose in the growth medium. The amino acids tested did not serve as attractants, tgrowing cells of S. aurantia M1 exhibited an aerotactic response.", "contents": "Chemotaxis in Spirochaeta aurantia. Cell of Spirochaeta aurantia M1 suspended in isotropic buffer solution swam in nearly straight lines and appeared to spin around their longitudinal axis. Occasionally, cells stopped and flexed, and then resumed translational motility, usually in a different direction. The average cell velocity was 26 micron/s. A quantitative assay for chemotaxis was used to test various chemicals for their ability to attract S. aurantia M1. The cells exhibited a tactic response toward 5 X 10(-2) M D-glucose between 10 and 35degree C; the optimum response was at 25degree C. At 5 degree C motility was not impaired, but D-glucose taxis was abolished. Chemotaxis toward D-glucose was stimulated by L-cysteine (2 X 10(-4) M). D-Glucose, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, alpha-methyl-D-glucoside, D-galactose, D-fucose, D-mannose, D-fructose, D-xylose, maltose, cellobiose, and D-glucosamine were effectve attractants for S. aurantia M1. D-Galactose taxis and D-fucose taxis were induced by the presence of D-galactose in the growth medium. The amino acids tested did not serve as attractants, tgrowing cells of S. aurantia M1 exhibited an aerotactic response.", "PMID": 853032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10076", "title": "Conjugation-induced lysis of Schizosaccharomyces pombe.", "content": "About 15% of the conjugating cells of Schizosaccharomyces pombe were observed to lyse spontaneously during the conjugation process. Lysis occurred at the site of union.", "contents": "Conjugation-induced lysis of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. About 15% of the conjugating cells of Schizosaccharomyces pombe were observed to lyse spontaneously during the conjugation process. Lysis occurred at the site of union.", "PMID": 853033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10077", "title": "Efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation in continous cultures of Candida parapsilosis.", "content": "By using a gas balance technique, the effective oxidative phosphorylation ratio in glucose-limited continuous cultures of Candida parapsilosis was calculated to be 2.4 +/- 0.2. When this value was used, the molar growth yield with respect to adenosine 5'-triphosphate was found to be 10 g of cells produced per mol of ATP.", "contents": "Efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation in continous cultures of Candida parapsilosis. By using a gas balance technique, the effective oxidative phosphorylation ratio in glucose-limited continuous cultures of Candida parapsilosis was calculated to be 2.4 +/- 0.2. When this value was used, the molar growth yield with respect to adenosine 5'-triphosphate was found to be 10 g of cells produced per mol of ATP.", "PMID": 853034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10078", "title": "Ethylene-induced growth in Phycomyces mutants abnormal for autochemotropism.", "content": "Genetic evidence is presented supporting the hypothesis that ethylene gas is responsible for the avoidance response (autochemotropism) in Phycomyces.", "contents": "Ethylene-induced growth in Phycomyces mutants abnormal for autochemotropism. Genetic evidence is presented supporting the hypothesis that ethylene gas is responsible for the avoidance response (autochemotropism) in Phycomyces.", "PMID": 853035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10079", "title": "Genetic control of arylsulfatase synthesis in Klebsiella aerogenes.", "content": "It was shown that at least four genes are specifically responsible for arylsulfatase synthesis in Klebsiella aerogenes. Mutations at chromosome site atsA result in enzymatically inactive arylsulfatase. Mutants showing constitutive synthesis of arylsulfatase (atsR) were isolated by using inorganic sulfate or cysteine as the sulfur source. Another mutation in which repression of arylsulfatase by inorganic sulfate or cysteine could not be relieved by tyramine was determined by genetic analysis to be on the tyramine oxidase gene (tyn). This site was distinguished from the atsC mutation site, which is probably concerned with the action or synthesis of corepressors of arylsulfatase synthesis. Genetic analysis with transducing phage PW52 showed that the order of mutation sites was atsC-atsR-atsA-tynA-tynB. On the basis of these results and previous physiological findings, we propose a new model for regulation of arylsulfatase synthesis.", "contents": "Genetic control of arylsulfatase synthesis in Klebsiella aerogenes. It was shown that at least four genes are specifically responsible for arylsulfatase synthesis in Klebsiella aerogenes. Mutations at chromosome site atsA result in enzymatically inactive arylsulfatase. Mutants showing constitutive synthesis of arylsulfatase (atsR) were isolated by using inorganic sulfate or cysteine as the sulfur source. Another mutation in which repression of arylsulfatase by inorganic sulfate or cysteine could not be relieved by tyramine was determined by genetic analysis to be on the tyramine oxidase gene (tyn). This site was distinguished from the atsC mutation site, which is probably concerned with the action or synthesis of corepressors of arylsulfatase synthesis. Genetic analysis with transducing phage PW52 showed that the order of mutation sites was atsC-atsR-atsA-tynA-tynB. On the basis of these results and previous physiological findings, we propose a new model for regulation of arylsulfatase synthesis.", "PMID": 853036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10080", "title": "Neutral amino acid transport systems of tissue culture cells.", "content": "We have studied the interactions among a varied group of neutral amino acids for uptake into two different animal tissue culture cell lines. 3T3 mouse cells and Chinese hamster ovary cells were used in these studies. The results showed that the affinities of the amino acids clustered into two groups, one including amino acids such as glycine, alanine, and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid and the other group included amino acids such as leucine and phenylalanine. The specificities and properties of these systems are similar to those described earlier for the Ehrlich ascites cell, System A (alanine-preferring) and System L (leucine-preferring). System A is highly concentrative, sensitive to sodium ion, and serves only poorly for exchange while System L is not very concentrative or sensitive to alkali metal ion, although it serves very well for exchange with endogenous amino acids. The kinetic parameters for several amino acids are reported and other properties of the transport systems are discussed.", "contents": "Neutral amino acid transport systems of tissue culture cells. We have studied the interactions among a varied group of neutral amino acids for uptake into two different animal tissue culture cell lines. 3T3 mouse cells and Chinese hamster ovary cells were used in these studies. The results showed that the affinities of the amino acids clustered into two groups, one including amino acids such as glycine, alanine, and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid and the other group included amino acids such as leucine and phenylalanine. The specificities and properties of these systems are similar to those described earlier for the Ehrlich ascites cell, System A (alanine-preferring) and System L (leucine-preferring). System A is highly concentrative, sensitive to sodium ion, and serves only poorly for exchange while System L is not very concentrative or sensitive to alkali metal ion, although it serves very well for exchange with endogenous amino acids. The kinetic parameters for several amino acids are reported and other properties of the transport systems are discussed.", "PMID": 853037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10081", "title": "Regulation of phospholipase A2 activity by different lipid-water interfaces.", "content": "The activity of pancreatic phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) is controlled not only by the architecture of the catalytic site, but is also strongly dependent on the penetrating power of the interface recognition site and the packing density of the lipid-water interface. The influence of the latter two factors on the interface activity has been investigated using chemically modified phospholipases A2 in which the NH2-terminal L-Ala8 has been replaced by DL-[3-13C]Ala, or in which the polypeptide chain has been elongated with DL-[3-13C]Ala. The [DL-(3-13C)Ala8]phospholipase A2 could be resolved into the pure diastereoisomers, [D-(3-13C)Ala8]phospholipase A2 and [L-(3-13C)Ala8]phospholipase A2 by elution on Sephadex G-100 in the presence of a micellar lipid-water interface, as well as by conventional ion exchange chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose. Similar procedures did not effect, however, a separation of DL-[3-13C]Ala7-phospholipase A2 into their respective diasteroisomers, indicating the strategic role of the NH2-terminal L-Ala8 residue in the interaction process between the enzyme and lipid-water interfaces. Kinetic experiments using various micellar short chain lecithins revealed the apparent absence of an interface recognition site in [D-(3-13C)Ala8]- and DL-[3-13C]Ala7-phospholipase A2, while these proteins still possess considerable enzymatic activity toward monomeric substrates. In contrast, however, kinetic experiments using monomolecular surface films, allowing a continuous change in surface density of the substrate molecules, revealed that [D-(3-13C)Ala8]- and DL-[3-13C]Ala7-phospholipase A2 at low surface pressure possess about 60 and 30% of the interface activity of native phospholipase A2, respectively. These results therefore suggest that the modified phospholipases A2 do possess an interface recognition site although less powerful as compared to that of the native enzyme, enabling the estimation of the surface density of micellar short chain lecithins.", "contents": "Regulation of phospholipase A2 activity by different lipid-water interfaces. The activity of pancreatic phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) is controlled not only by the architecture of the catalytic site, but is also strongly dependent on the penetrating power of the interface recognition site and the packing density of the lipid-water interface. The influence of the latter two factors on the interface activity has been investigated using chemically modified phospholipases A2 in which the NH2-terminal L-Ala8 has been replaced by DL-[3-13C]Ala, or in which the polypeptide chain has been elongated with DL-[3-13C]Ala. The [DL-(3-13C)Ala8]phospholipase A2 could be resolved into the pure diastereoisomers, [D-(3-13C)Ala8]phospholipase A2 and [L-(3-13C)Ala8]phospholipase A2 by elution on Sephadex G-100 in the presence of a micellar lipid-water interface, as well as by conventional ion exchange chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose. Similar procedures did not effect, however, a separation of DL-[3-13C]Ala7-phospholipase A2 into their respective diasteroisomers, indicating the strategic role of the NH2-terminal L-Ala8 residue in the interaction process between the enzyme and lipid-water interfaces. Kinetic experiments using various micellar short chain lecithins revealed the apparent absence of an interface recognition site in [D-(3-13C)Ala8]- and DL-[3-13C]Ala7-phospholipase A2, while these proteins still possess considerable enzymatic activity toward monomeric substrates. In contrast, however, kinetic experiments using monomolecular surface films, allowing a continuous change in surface density of the substrate molecules, revealed that [D-(3-13C)Ala8]- and DL-[3-13C]Ala7-phospholipase A2 at low surface pressure possess about 60 and 30% of the interface activity of native phospholipase A2, respectively. These results therefore suggest that the modified phospholipases A2 do possess an interface recognition site although less powerful as compared to that of the native enzyme, enabling the estimation of the surface density of micellar short chain lecithins.", "PMID": 853038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10082", "title": "Biological and biochemical properties of Phaseolus vulgaris isolectins.", "content": "Affinity-purified phytohemagglutinin from red kidney bean resolves into five isolectins by SP-Sephadex ion exchange chromatography. Recoveries ranging from 30 to 130 mg of protein for each isolectin are easily achieved. The isolectins have similar amino acid compositions which differ only in threonine, lysine, and arginine. A distinguishing feature of the amino acid composition is the total lack of sulfur-containing amino acids. Each isolectin contains about 4% mannose and 2.2% N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. All isolectins on electrophoresis form single protein bands under denaturing and nondenaturing conditions in polyacrylamide gels, and all have apparent subunit molecular weights of 33,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The isolectins are also homogeneous by ultracentrifugation and have apparent native molecular weights of 115,000 +/- 4,130, suggesting tetrameric quaternary structures. Whereas 80% of the starting erythroagglutinin activity is recovered, one of the five isolectins possesses 50% of that original activity. As sequentially eluted from the ion exchange column, each isolectin displays progressively higher erythroagglutinin and lower lymphocyte mitogenic activities. Based on their relative biological activities, the isolectins are assigned the structures L4, L3E1, L2E2, L1E3, and E4, where L and E represent lymphocyte- and erythrocyte-reactive subunits, respectively, and the subscripts represent the proposed subunit composition.", "contents": "Biological and biochemical properties of Phaseolus vulgaris isolectins. Affinity-purified phytohemagglutinin from red kidney bean resolves into five isolectins by SP-Sephadex ion exchange chromatography. Recoveries ranging from 30 to 130 mg of protein for each isolectin are easily achieved. The isolectins have similar amino acid compositions which differ only in threonine, lysine, and arginine. A distinguishing feature of the amino acid composition is the total lack of sulfur-containing amino acids. Each isolectin contains about 4% mannose and 2.2% N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. All isolectins on electrophoresis form single protein bands under denaturing and nondenaturing conditions in polyacrylamide gels, and all have apparent subunit molecular weights of 33,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The isolectins are also homogeneous by ultracentrifugation and have apparent native molecular weights of 115,000 +/- 4,130, suggesting tetrameric quaternary structures. Whereas 80% of the starting erythroagglutinin activity is recovered, one of the five isolectins possesses 50% of that original activity. As sequentially eluted from the ion exchange column, each isolectin displays progressively higher erythroagglutinin and lower lymphocyte mitogenic activities. Based on their relative biological activities, the isolectins are assigned the structures L4, L3E1, L2E2, L1E3, and E4, where L and E represent lymphocyte- and erythrocyte-reactive subunits, respectively, and the subscripts represent the proposed subunit composition.", "PMID": 853039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10083", "title": "Structure of carbohydrate of hemoglobin AIc.", "content": "Hemoglobin AIc is a minor component of normal adult erythrocytes whose concentration is elevated approximately 2-fold in patients with diabetes mellitus. Previous work suggested that the unique structural feature of hemoglobin AIc is the presence of a low molecular weight sugar moiety at the NH2-terminal valine of the beta chain. In this study the structure of the carbohydrate moiety and the nature of its linkage of the beta chain were investigated. Enzymatic digestion of borohydride-reduced betaAIc chains followed by ion exchange chromatography led to the isolation of two distinct NH2-terminal glycovalylhistidines. Comparison of these glycodipeptides with synthetic glycovalylhistidines by thin layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy gave direct evidence that the naturally derived materials correspond to glucitol and mannitol valylhistidines. Model reactions showed that glucose and mannose react with valine under mild conditions to form an adduct which upon sodium borohydride reduction yields in both cases glucitol and mannitol valines. This suggests a common intermediate, 1-deoxy-1-(N-valyl)fructose, for both reactions. From these studies we conclude that hemoglobin AIc has, as the NH2 terminus of the beta chain, 1-deoxy-1-(N-valyl)fructose. The possible biosynthetic pathways of hemoglobin AIc are discussed.", "contents": "Structure of carbohydrate of hemoglobin AIc. Hemoglobin AIc is a minor component of normal adult erythrocytes whose concentration is elevated approximately 2-fold in patients with diabetes mellitus. Previous work suggested that the unique structural feature of hemoglobin AIc is the presence of a low molecular weight sugar moiety at the NH2-terminal valine of the beta chain. In this study the structure of the carbohydrate moiety and the nature of its linkage of the beta chain were investigated. Enzymatic digestion of borohydride-reduced betaAIc chains followed by ion exchange chromatography led to the isolation of two distinct NH2-terminal glycovalylhistidines. Comparison of these glycodipeptides with synthetic glycovalylhistidines by thin layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy gave direct evidence that the naturally derived materials correspond to glucitol and mannitol valylhistidines. Model reactions showed that glucose and mannose react with valine under mild conditions to form an adduct which upon sodium borohydride reduction yields in both cases glucitol and mannitol valines. This suggests a common intermediate, 1-deoxy-1-(N-valyl)fructose, for both reactions. From these studies we conclude that hemoglobin AIc has, as the NH2 terminus of the beta chain, 1-deoxy-1-(N-valyl)fructose. The possible biosynthetic pathways of hemoglobin AIc are discussed.", "PMID": 853040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10084", "title": "DNase-sensitive sites in nucleosomes. Their relative suspectibilities depend on nuclease used.", "content": "We have used three endonucleases having different catalytic and physicochemical properties to digest HeLa nucleosomes (chromatin core particles) which had been labeled with 32P at their 5'-DNA termini. Each endonuclease nicks nucleosome DNA at the identical sites, supporting the idea that the conformation of the DNA within a nucleosome is the major factor influencing its nuclease susceptibility and indicating that nucleases can indeed yield important information as to nucleoprotein structure. On the other hand, the relaative susceptibility of a given site can differ for each nuclease, indicating that enzyme-substrate interactions unique for each enzyme influence the course of the reaction; this limits the structural information which can be obtained by using a single nuclease to study nucleoprotein structure.", "contents": "DNase-sensitive sites in nucleosomes. Their relative suspectibilities depend on nuclease used. We have used three endonucleases having different catalytic and physicochemical properties to digest HeLa nucleosomes (chromatin core particles) which had been labeled with 32P at their 5'-DNA termini. Each endonuclease nicks nucleosome DNA at the identical sites, supporting the idea that the conformation of the DNA within a nucleosome is the major factor influencing its nuclease susceptibility and indicating that nucleases can indeed yield important information as to nucleoprotein structure. On the other hand, the relaative susceptibility of a given site can differ for each nuclease, indicating that enzyme-substrate interactions unique for each enzyme influence the course of the reaction; this limits the structural information which can be obtained by using a single nuclease to study nucleoprotein structure.", "PMID": 853041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10085", "title": "Evaluation of biodegradable ceramic.", "content": "An evaluation of a porous biodegradable ceramic, tricalcium phosphate, has been carried out. When implanted in cancellous bone, it is rapidly infiltrated with bone and slowly resorbed. When held rigidly against raw, bleeding, cortical bone, again rapid bone ingrowth occurs. The material does not give rise to any untoward tissue reaction, nor does it cause any systemic reaction. It can therefore be concluded that the material is safe for use in clinical practice, and can be used in specific instances either to replace or to supplement bone grafting.", "contents": "Evaluation of biodegradable ceramic. An evaluation of a porous biodegradable ceramic, tricalcium phosphate, has been carried out. When implanted in cancellous bone, it is rapidly infiltrated with bone and slowly resorbed. When held rigidly against raw, bleeding, cortical bone, again rapid bone ingrowth occurs. The material does not give rise to any untoward tissue reaction, nor does it cause any systemic reaction. It can therefore be concluded that the material is safe for use in clinical practice, and can be used in specific instances either to replace or to supplement bone grafting.", "PMID": 853042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10086", "title": "Effect of fluoride on the stabilization of metal implants in the femur of rabbits.", "content": "A single application of fluoride to the epiphysis of the femur induced accelerated bone formation. The additional bone gave rise to a stability effect on the implant inserted in the femur as expressed by an increased dislodgement force required.", "contents": "Effect of fluoride on the stabilization of metal implants in the femur of rabbits. A single application of fluoride to the epiphysis of the femur induced accelerated bone formation. The additional bone gave rise to a stability effect on the implant inserted in the femur as expressed by an increased dislodgement force required.", "PMID": 853043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10087", "title": "On the fate of methyl methacrylate in blood.", "content": "The fate of methyl methacrylate in fresh human blood was investigated in vitro by using gas chromatography. It was found that methyl methacrylate is present in cells in concentrations twice as large as in plasma, but it disappears exponentially with time at a rate that is at least 10 times faster than that in cells.  The rate constant in cells is very small or even zero. The half-life of methyl methacrylate in whole blood is 3 hr at 20 degrees C. Gas chromatography is a convenient method for the rapid determination of methyl methacrylate levels in blood.", "contents": "On the fate of methyl methacrylate in blood. The fate of methyl methacrylate in fresh human blood was investigated in vitro by using gas chromatography. It was found that methyl methacrylate is present in cells in concentrations twice as large as in plasma, but it disappears exponentially with time at a rate that is at least 10 times faster than that in cells.  The rate constant in cells is very small or even zero. The half-life of methyl methacrylate in whole blood is 3 hr at 20 degrees C. Gas chromatography is a convenient method for the rapid determination of methyl methacrylate levels in blood.", "PMID": 853044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10088", "title": "Properties of heparin--poly(methyl methacrylate) copolymers. II.", "content": "A heparin--poly(methyl methacrylate) copolymer in which heparin has been covalently bound was studied. This copolymer showed no release of heparin but presented heparin-like anticoagulant activity when suspended in plasma. After contact with plasma, the copolymer lost part of its antithrombin activity which could be restored by a high ionic-strength medium. Because of its solid form, this copolymer offers new possibilities for producing interesting anticoagulant surfaces.", "contents": "Properties of heparin--poly(methyl methacrylate) copolymers. II. A heparin--poly(methyl methacrylate) copolymer in which heparin has been covalently bound was studied. This copolymer showed no release of heparin but presented heparin-like anticoagulant activity when suspended in plasma. After contact with plasma, the copolymer lost part of its antithrombin activity which could be restored by a high ionic-strength medium. Because of its solid form, this copolymer offers new possibilities for producing interesting anticoagulant surfaces.", "PMID": 853045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10089", "title": "Fabrication of large arrays of cortical electrodes for use in man.", "content": "Techniques are described for fabrication of electrode arrays for stimulation and/or recording from a human cerebral cortex. These arrays may be neurosurgically inserted (with or without a Penrose drain) in the course of a conventional craniotomy or craniectomy, and are easily removed without reopening the incision. Termination of the connecting wires in a special percutaneous pedestal has also permitted chronic implantation. The contacts and connecting wires are made of pure platinum embedded in a Teflon ribbon-cable matrix. The choice of materials combines biological acceptability, electrochemical stability, and integrity of the insulation, but imposes special fabrication procedures.", "contents": "Fabrication of large arrays of cortical electrodes for use in man. Techniques are described for fabrication of electrode arrays for stimulation and/or recording from a human cerebral cortex. These arrays may be neurosurgically inserted (with or without a Penrose drain) in the course of a conventional craniotomy or craniectomy, and are easily removed without reopening the incision. Termination of the connecting wires in a special percutaneous pedestal has also permitted chronic implantation. The contacts and connecting wires are made of pure platinum embedded in a Teflon ribbon-cable matrix. The choice of materials combines biological acceptability, electrochemical stability, and integrity of the insulation, but imposes special fabrication procedures.", "PMID": 853046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10090", "title": "Development of semicrystalline poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels for biomedical applications.", "content": "Swollen crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) networks were developed and tested as potential biomaterials. They were prepared by electron-beam irradiation of aqueous PVA solutions at various temperatures and doses of irradiation. These materials were characterized by low mechanical properties and especially by low elongation at break and ultimate tensile strength. Reinforcement was achieved by a two-stage dehydration-annealing process, introducing crystallites in the polymeric network. Improved mechanical properties were achieved due to the presence of this crystalline PVA phase. Due to their structure, these hydrogels are proposed to be used as biomembranes for selective transport of macromolecules and as biomaterials for synthetic articular cartilage applications. Surface heparinization was accomplished by reacting heparin to the hydroxyl groups of the PVA surface, through covalent acetal bridges.", "contents": "Development of semicrystalline poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels for biomedical applications. Swollen crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) networks were developed and tested as potential biomaterials. They were prepared by electron-beam irradiation of aqueous PVA solutions at various temperatures and doses of irradiation. These materials were characterized by low mechanical properties and especially by low elongation at break and ultimate tensile strength. Reinforcement was achieved by a two-stage dehydration-annealing process, introducing crystallites in the polymeric network. Improved mechanical properties were achieved due to the presence of this crystalline PVA phase. Due to their structure, these hydrogels are proposed to be used as biomembranes for selective transport of macromolecules and as biomaterials for synthetic articular cartilage applications. Surface heparinization was accomplished by reacting heparin to the hydroxyl groups of the PVA surface, through covalent acetal bridges.", "PMID": 853047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10091", "title": "An ultrastructural study of cross-fertilization (Arbacia female x Mytilus male).", "content": "Insemination of sea urchin (Arbacia) ova with mussel (Mytilus) sperm has been accomplished by treating eggs with trypsin and suspending the gametes in seawater made alkaline with NaOH. Not all inseminated eggs undergo a cortical granule reaction. Some eggs either elevate what remains of their vitelline layer or demonstrate no cortical modification whatsoever. After its incorporation into the egg, the nucleus of Mytilus sperm undergoes changes which eventually give rise to the formation of a male pronucleus. Concomitant with these transformations, a sperm aster may develop in association with the centrioles brought into the egg with the spermatozoon. Both the male pronucleus and the sperm aster may then migrate centrad to the female pronucleus. Evidence is presented which suggests that fusion of the male pronuclei from Mytilus sperm with female pronuclei from Arbacia eggs may occur, although this was not directly observed. These results demonstrate that Mytilus sperm nuclei are able to react to conditions within Arbacia eggs and differentiate into male pronuclei.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of cross-fertilization (Arbacia female x Mytilus male). Insemination of sea urchin (Arbacia) ova with mussel (Mytilus) sperm has been accomplished by treating eggs with trypsin and suspending the gametes in seawater made alkaline with NaOH. Not all inseminated eggs undergo a cortical granule reaction. Some eggs either elevate what remains of their vitelline layer or demonstrate no cortical modification whatsoever. After its incorporation into the egg, the nucleus of Mytilus sperm undergoes changes which eventually give rise to the formation of a male pronucleus. Concomitant with these transformations, a sperm aster may develop in association with the centrioles brought into the egg with the spermatozoon. Both the male pronucleus and the sperm aster may then migrate centrad to the female pronucleus. Evidence is presented which suggests that fusion of the male pronuclei from Mytilus sperm with female pronuclei from Arbacia eggs may occur, although this was not directly observed. These results demonstrate that Mytilus sperm nuclei are able to react to conditions within Arbacia eggs and differentiate into male pronuclei.", "PMID": 853058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10092", "title": "The effect of footwear on venous pressure at the ankle.", "content": "The response to exercise of venous pressure at the ankle was measured in two groups of normal subjects when barefoot, wearing normal shoes and in exercise sandals. The results demonstrate a significantly greater fall in venous pressure in exercise sandals than in shoes approximating to that of barefoot walking. In patients with superficial varices, the fall in venous pressure during exercise when wearing exercise sandals was again highly significant when compared to walking in shoes, approximating to normal values, and the possible therapeutic application of this finding is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of footwear on venous pressure at the ankle. The response to exercise of venous pressure at the ankle was measured in two groups of normal subjects when barefoot, wearing normal shoes and in exercise sandals. The results demonstrate a significantly greater fall in venous pressure in exercise sandals than in shoes approximating to that of barefoot walking. In patients with superficial varices, the fall in venous pressure during exercise when wearing exercise sandals was again highly significant when compared to walking in shoes, approximating to normal values, and the possible therapeutic application of this finding is discussed.", "PMID": 853053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10093", "title": "Continued initiation of DNA synthesis in arginine-deprived Chinese hamster ovary cells.", "content": "When exponentially growing CHO cells were deprived of arginine (Arg), cell multiplication ceased after 12 h, but initiation of DNA synthesis continued: after 48 h of starvation with continuous [3H]thymidine exposure, 85% of the population had incorporated label, as detected autoradiographically. Consideration of the distribution of exponential cells in the various cell cycle phases leads to a calculation that most cells in G1 at the time that Arg was removed, as well as those in S, engaged in some DNA synthesis during starvation. In contrast, isoleucine (Ile)-starved cells did not initiate DNA synthesis, as has been reported by others. Experiments with cells synchronized by mitotic selection confirmed this difference in Arg- and Ile- deprived behavior, but also showed that cells which underwent the mitosis leads to G1 transition during Arg starvation remained arrested in G1 (G0?). The results suggest that Arg-deprived cells continue to maintain some proliferative function(s) while Ile-deprived cells do not.", "contents": "Continued initiation of DNA synthesis in arginine-deprived Chinese hamster ovary cells. When exponentially growing CHO cells were deprived of arginine (Arg), cell multiplication ceased after 12 h, but initiation of DNA synthesis continued: after 48 h of starvation with continuous [3H]thymidine exposure, 85% of the population had incorporated label, as detected autoradiographically. Consideration of the distribution of exponential cells in the various cell cycle phases leads to a calculation that most cells in G1 at the time that Arg was removed, as well as those in S, engaged in some DNA synthesis during starvation. In contrast, isoleucine (Ile)-starved cells did not initiate DNA synthesis, as has been reported by others. Experiments with cells synchronized by mitotic selection confirmed this difference in Arg- and Ile- deprived behavior, but also showed that cells which underwent the mitosis leads to G1 transition during Arg starvation remained arrested in G1 (G0?). The results suggest that Arg-deprived cells continue to maintain some proliferative function(s) while Ile-deprived cells do not.", "PMID": 853059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10094", "title": "Demonstration of Balbiani ring RNA sequences in polysomes.", "content": "A polysome extract from salivary glands of C. tentans was sedimented in a 15-60% sucrose gradient. Fractions from the heavy polysome region (1,000-2,000S) and fractions from the light polysome region (200-1,000S) were pooled separately, and the long-term labeled RNA was released by Sarkosyl/pronase and analysed by in situ hybridization. The results showed that BR 1 and BR 2 sequences were present in the heavy and the light polysome regions of the sucrose gradient. From control experiments with EDTA-treated extracts, it was concluded that most of the recorded BR 1 and BR 2 sequences were in fact located in polysomes. The finding that BR products enter polysomes suggests that they act as messenger RNA molecules. This study therefore strongly supports the concept that chromosome puffs represent active genes.", "contents": "Demonstration of Balbiani ring RNA sequences in polysomes. A polysome extract from salivary glands of C. tentans was sedimented in a 15-60% sucrose gradient. Fractions from the heavy polysome region (1,000-2,000S) and fractions from the light polysome region (200-1,000S) were pooled separately, and the long-term labeled RNA was released by Sarkosyl/pronase and analysed by in situ hybridization. The results showed that BR 1 and BR 2 sequences were present in the heavy and the light polysome regions of the sucrose gradient. From control experiments with EDTA-treated extracts, it was concluded that most of the recorded BR 1 and BR 2 sequences were in fact located in polysomes. The finding that BR products enter polysomes suggests that they act as messenger RNA molecules. This study therefore strongly supports the concept that chromosome puffs represent active genes.", "PMID": 853060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10095", "title": "Production of plasminogen activator by established cell lines of mouse origin.", "content": "The correlation between malignant transformation and increased plasminogen activator synthesis has been studied in a variety of established cell lines. In contrast to the behavior of secondary mouse embryo cultures, which always show increased fibrinolytic activity when transformed, no such correlation was found within the BALB/c 3T3 line and its transformed derivatives. Cell lines were established from tumors initiated in BALB/c mice by several transformed cell lines. These lines were generally found to contain no more plasminogen activator than the cells used for inoculation. A correlation was found between transformation and plasminogen activator synthesis within Swiss 3T3 cell lines. However, the correlation was not maintained by serum revertants of transformed Swiss 3T3 cells.", "contents": "Production of plasminogen activator by established cell lines of mouse origin. The correlation between malignant transformation and increased plasminogen activator synthesis has been studied in a variety of established cell lines. In contrast to the behavior of secondary mouse embryo cultures, which always show increased fibrinolytic activity when transformed, no such correlation was found within the BALB/c 3T3 line and its transformed derivatives. Cell lines were established from tumors initiated in BALB/c mice by several transformed cell lines. These lines were generally found to contain no more plasminogen activator than the cells used for inoculation. A correlation was found between transformation and plasminogen activator synthesis within Swiss 3T3 cell lines. However, the correlation was not maintained by serum revertants of transformed Swiss 3T3 cells.", "PMID": 853061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10096", "title": "Peritoneal exudate cells. IV. Characterization of colony forming cells.", "content": "The adherence, phagocytic activity and buoyant density of mouse peritoneal exudate colony forming units (CFU-PE) were investigated. There was a significant enrichment in the proportion of CFU-PE in the adherent cells population, defined as cells adhering to a plastic surface within 30 minutes of incubation. The phagocytic activity of CFU-PE was studied by incubating exudate cells with iron particles for 45 minutes. The cells were then separated into phagocytic and non-phagocytic cell fractions by passing the incubation mixture through a magnetic field. A significant enrichment of CFU-PE was seen in the phagocytic cell fraction. When exudate cells were fractionated in a Ficoll discontinuous density gradient, more than 88% of CFU-PE were recovered at the 16/18% and 18/20% interfaces. It is concluded that CFU-PE are adherent cells, have strong phagocytic activity and have a buouant density between 1.0562 and 1.0703. When bone marrow cells were studied by these techniques, the committed stem cells for both granulocytes and marcophages (CFU-C) were enriched in both non-adherent cell and non-phagocytic cells populations. In the Ficoll density gradient, CFU-C banded at a heavier density region than CFU-PE.", "contents": "Peritoneal exudate cells. IV. Characterization of colony forming cells. The adherence, phagocytic activity and buoyant density of mouse peritoneal exudate colony forming units (CFU-PE) were investigated. There was a significant enrichment in the proportion of CFU-PE in the adherent cells population, defined as cells adhering to a plastic surface within 30 minutes of incubation. The phagocytic activity of CFU-PE was studied by incubating exudate cells with iron particles for 45 minutes. The cells were then separated into phagocytic and non-phagocytic cell fractions by passing the incubation mixture through a magnetic field. A significant enrichment of CFU-PE was seen in the phagocytic cell fraction. When exudate cells were fractionated in a Ficoll discontinuous density gradient, more than 88% of CFU-PE were recovered at the 16/18% and 18/20% interfaces. It is concluded that CFU-PE are adherent cells, have strong phagocytic activity and have a buouant density between 1.0562 and 1.0703. When bone marrow cells were studied by these techniques, the committed stem cells for both granulocytes and marcophages (CFU-C) were enriched in both non-adherent cell and non-phagocytic cells populations. In the Ficoll density gradient, CFU-C banded at a heavier density region than CFU-PE.", "PMID": 853062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10097", "title": "Surface membrane differentiation of hemopoietic cells as observed by radioactive labeling.", "content": "Bone marrow cells from normal rats were separated by velocity sedimentation into three distinct populations corresponding to granulocytes, lymphocytes and reticulocytes. Cells from each population were surface labelled via the lactoperoxidase radioiodination or the tritiated borohydride reduction. Distinct labeling patterns were observed on SDS-PAGE for each cell populations. Separation of bone marrow cells from anemic rats injected with TAB vaccine led to four populations corresponding to successive stages of erythroid cell maturation. Labelled protein patterns were not in this case as different from one population to the other, except for one species which increased in intensity with the degree of maturation. The tritiated glycoprotein profiles show a shift from high to low molecular weight species during the process of maturation.", "contents": "Surface membrane differentiation of hemopoietic cells as observed by radioactive labeling. Bone marrow cells from normal rats were separated by velocity sedimentation into three distinct populations corresponding to granulocytes, lymphocytes and reticulocytes. Cells from each population were surface labelled via the lactoperoxidase radioiodination or the tritiated borohydride reduction. Distinct labeling patterns were observed on SDS-PAGE for each cell populations. Separation of bone marrow cells from anemic rats injected with TAB vaccine led to four populations corresponding to successive stages of erythroid cell maturation. Labelled protein patterns were not in this case as different from one population to the other, except for one species which increased in intensity with the degree of maturation. The tritiated glycoprotein profiles show a shift from high to low molecular weight species during the process of maturation.", "PMID": 853063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10098", "title": "Complications of external cardiac massage: report of a case of laceration of the right ventricular outflow tract.", "content": "Closed chest cardiac massage is simple and usually a safe procedure for cardiac resuscitation. However, it is not innocuous and is occasionally associated with serious and even fatal complications. A case is reported in which fracture of the upper part of the left half of the sternum occurred following midline sternotomy. The sternum was re-approximated in the usual manner by interrupted wire sutures, but the fracture was not specifically repaired, because it was thought to be adequatley stabilized by this closure. Postoperatively, the patient required closed chest cardiac massage which caused a fatal laceration of the outflow tract of the right ventricle due to penetration of the sharp edges of fractured fragments. We believe fracture of the sternum which occurs while retracting it with sternotomy retractor during open heart surgery should be deliberately repaired to avoid this serious complication.", "contents": "Complications of external cardiac massage: report of a case of laceration of the right ventricular outflow tract. Closed chest cardiac massage is simple and usually a safe procedure for cardiac resuscitation. However, it is not innocuous and is occasionally associated with serious and even fatal complications. A case is reported in which fracture of the upper part of the left half of the sternum occurred following midline sternotomy. The sternum was re-approximated in the usual manner by interrupted wire sutures, but the fracture was not specifically repaired, because it was thought to be adequatley stabilized by this closure. Postoperatively, the patient required closed chest cardiac massage which caused a fatal laceration of the outflow tract of the right ventricle due to penetration of the sharp edges of fractured fragments. We believe fracture of the sternum which occurs while retracting it with sternotomy retractor during open heart surgery should be deliberately repaired to avoid this serious complication.", "PMID": 853057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10099", "title": "Essential factors in the kinetic analysis of RNA synthesis in HeLa cells.", "content": "Further evidence of mRNA in HeLa cells with a half-life two hours or less is given. A kinetic model of RNA synthesis in HeLa cells is described in which equilibration of label occurs first into the acid soluble pool (evidence is given that this pool feeds RNA synthesis) and thence in nuclear and cytoplasmic molecules. The measured accumulation of label in nuclear and cytoplasmic poly (A) is examined with the model and parameters were found which are consistent with  the quantitative transfer of nuclear poly(A) to the cytoplasm. The strengths and limitations of the model are discussed.", "contents": "Essential factors in the kinetic analysis of RNA synthesis in HeLa cells. Further evidence of mRNA in HeLa cells with a half-life two hours or less is given. A kinetic model of RNA synthesis in HeLa cells is described in which equilibration of label occurs first into the acid soluble pool (evidence is given that this pool feeds RNA synthesis) and thence in nuclear and cytoplasmic molecules. The measured accumulation of label in nuclear and cytoplasmic poly (A) is examined with the model and parameters were found which are consistent with  the quantitative transfer of nuclear poly(A) to the cytoplasm. The strengths and limitations of the model are discussed.", "PMID": 853064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10100", "title": "Foot vasomotor tone following aortofemoral and femoropopliteal reconstructions for limb ischaemia.", "content": "A foot arterial resistance index (FARI), determined plethysmographically, was used pre- and postoperatively to compare foot vasomotor tone following arterial reconstructions of the lower limb with and without the addition of lumbar sympathectomy. The index was measured before and during reactive hyperaemia in 40 patients without vascular disease; in 32 patients who underwent aortic reconstructions, 14 of whom were randomly subjected to a concomitant bilateral lumbar sympathectomy; and in 8 patients who had a femoropopliteal bypass for limb salvage. This study indicates that the addition of lumbar sympathectomy to aortic reconstructive operations enhances blood flow to the foot by significantly reducing foot vasomotor tone. Sympathectomy performed to reduce foot arterial resistance in patients undergoing successful femoropopliteal reconstructions may be of no benefit since a persistent marked postoperative hyperaemia of the foot is present.", "contents": "Foot vasomotor tone following aortofemoral and femoropopliteal reconstructions for limb ischaemia. A foot arterial resistance index (FARI), determined plethysmographically, was used pre- and postoperatively to compare foot vasomotor tone following arterial reconstructions of the lower limb with and without the addition of lumbar sympathectomy. The index was measured before and during reactive hyperaemia in 40 patients without vascular disease; in 32 patients who underwent aortic reconstructions, 14 of whom were randomly subjected to a concomitant bilateral lumbar sympathectomy; and in 8 patients who had a femoropopliteal bypass for limb salvage. This study indicates that the addition of lumbar sympathectomy to aortic reconstructive operations enhances blood flow to the foot by significantly reducing foot vasomotor tone. Sympathectomy performed to reduce foot arterial resistance in patients undergoing successful femoropopliteal reconstructions may be of no benefit since a persistent marked postoperative hyperaemia of the foot is present.", "PMID": 853054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10101", "title": "RNA synthesis and processing as a measure of phenotypic variability in cytodifferentiation and neoplasia.", "content": "Neoplastic cell lines exhibit RNA synthesis and process patterns which are related to phenotypic attributes more complex than merely the rate of proliferation. Mouse neuroblastoma cells of the same genotype but different differentiated states have different ribosomal RNA precursor processing patterns, while plasmacytoma cells of different genotypes but the same differentiated state have the same pre-ribosomal RNA processing pattern. In addition, our observations indicate that chromatin-associated RNA is involved in cytodifferentiation and is closely related to phenotypic variability. When neuroblastoma cells are induced to differentiate, there is a 2- to 3-fold increase in the labeling of chromatin-associated RNA. Both of the differentiated cell lines, human myeloma and mouse neuroblastoma, have slow-labeling, stable chromatin-associated RNA while this same fraction from HeLa cells is labeled rapidly and is unstable.", "contents": "RNA synthesis and processing as a measure of phenotypic variability in cytodifferentiation and neoplasia. Neoplastic cell lines exhibit RNA synthesis and process patterns which are related to phenotypic attributes more complex than merely the rate of proliferation. Mouse neuroblastoma cells of the same genotype but different differentiated states have different ribosomal RNA precursor processing patterns, while plasmacytoma cells of different genotypes but the same differentiated state have the same pre-ribosomal RNA processing pattern. In addition, our observations indicate that chromatin-associated RNA is involved in cytodifferentiation and is closely related to phenotypic variability. When neuroblastoma cells are induced to differentiate, there is a 2- to 3-fold increase in the labeling of chromatin-associated RNA. Both of the differentiated cell lines, human myeloma and mouse neuroblastoma, have slow-labeling, stable chromatin-associated RNA while this same fraction from HeLa cells is labeled rapidly and is unstable.", "PMID": 853065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10102", "title": "Interrelationships between water and cellular metabolism in Artemia cysts. VI. RNA and protein synthesis.", "content": "Using 14CO2 as a labelled precursor the relationship between the initiation of protein and RNA synthesis, and water concentration, has been examined in cysts (encysted embryos) of the brine shrimp, Artemia salina. Although incorporation of radioactivity into amino acids and nucleotides occurred in cysts at hydrations as low as 0.3 g H2O/g dried cysts, incorporation into proteins and RNA was not measurable until the cysts had achieved a hydration in the range of 0.6-0.6 g/g. In no case was radioactivity detected in DNA of unemerged cysts. Fully hydrated cysts (about 1.3 g/g) that were actively synthesizing proteins and RNA, stopped doing so when dehydrated to levels below the same hydration range: thus, the hydration dependence does not involve appreciable hysteresis. The hydration range required to initiate synthesis of these macromolecules is essentially the same as that previously shown to initiate embryonic development.", "contents": "Interrelationships between water and cellular metabolism in Artemia cysts. VI. RNA and protein synthesis. Using 14CO2 as a labelled precursor the relationship between the initiation of protein and RNA synthesis, and water concentration, has been examined in cysts (encysted embryos) of the brine shrimp, Artemia salina. Although incorporation of radioactivity into amino acids and nucleotides occurred in cysts at hydrations as low as 0.3 g H2O/g dried cysts, incorporation into proteins and RNA was not measurable until the cysts had achieved a hydration in the range of 0.6-0.6 g/g. In no case was radioactivity detected in DNA of unemerged cysts. Fully hydrated cysts (about 1.3 g/g) that were actively synthesizing proteins and RNA, stopped doing so when dehydrated to levels below the same hydration range: thus, the hydration dependence does not involve appreciable hysteresis. The hydration range required to initiate synthesis of these macromolecules is essentially the same as that previously shown to initiate embryonic development.", "PMID": 853066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10103", "title": "Pentose utilizing variants of Novikoff hepatoma cells: modification of growth and morphological properties.", "content": "A series of variant lines that utilize multiple pentoses for growth in place of glucose have been isolated from an 8-azaguanine resistant line of Novikoff hepatoma cells (N1S167). These variants utilize for growth ribose, xylose, arabinose, and/or deoxyribose. The variants growing on pentose containing medium (a) exhibit a density dependent cessation of growth, (b) have a morphology change to a more flattened cell type, (c) become binucleated in the presence of cyto chalasin B, and (d) show an altered sensitivity to trypsin treatment.", "contents": "Pentose utilizing variants of Novikoff hepatoma cells: modification of growth and morphological properties. A series of variant lines that utilize multiple pentoses for growth in place of glucose have been isolated from an 8-azaguanine resistant line of Novikoff hepatoma cells (N1S167). These variants utilize for growth ribose, xylose, arabinose, and/or deoxyribose. The variants growing on pentose containing medium (a) exhibit a density dependent cessation of growth, (b) have a morphology change to a more flattened cell type, (c) become binucleated in the presence of cyto chalasin B, and (d) show an altered sensitivity to trypsin treatment.", "PMID": 853067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10104", "title": "Preparation and high-performance liquid chromatography of iodinated diethylstilbestrols and some related steroids.", "content": "Diethylstilbestrol and estradiol have been converted to their mono- and poly-iodinated derivatives by electrophilic substitution of positive iodine into the activated aromatic rings. Both chemical and electrochemical procedures have been employed for the iodination, and the latter procedure proved to be superior. These iodinated derivatives have been purified by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography, and characterized by ultraviolet and mass spectroscopy.", "contents": "Preparation and high-performance liquid chromatography of iodinated diethylstilbestrols and some related steroids. Diethylstilbestrol and estradiol have been converted to their mono- and poly-iodinated derivatives by electrophilic substitution of positive iodine into the activated aromatic rings. Both chemical and electrochemical procedures have been employed for the iodination, and the latter procedure proved to be superior. These iodinated derivatives have been purified by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography, and characterized by ultraviolet and mass spectroscopy.", "PMID": 853072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10105", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatography of the N-heptafluorobutyryl isobutyl esters of fifty biologically interesting amino acids.", "content": "Fifty amino acids are analyzed as their N-heptafluorobutyryl isobutyl esters by gas chromatography on a column of 3% OV-101 on Gas-Chrom Q. The identification and quantification of unusual amino acids, specifically those occurring in the marine environment, in the presence of common protein amino acids is reported. Regular relationships between elution temperatures and amino acid structures are found, thus allowing the estimation of elution temperatures of other amino acids.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatography of the N-heptafluorobutyryl isobutyl esters of fifty biologically interesting amino acids. Fifty amino acids are analyzed as their N-heptafluorobutyryl isobutyl esters by gas chromatography on a column of 3% OV-101 on Gas-Chrom Q. The identification and quantification of unusual amino acids, specifically those occurring in the marine environment, in the presence of common protein amino acids is reported. Regular relationships between elution temperatures and amino acid structures are found, thus allowing the estimation of elution temperatures of other amino acids.", "PMID": 853073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10106", "title": "The separation of substituted carbohydrates by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "Separation of a wide variety of partially and completely substituted carbohydrates was achieved by using two types of gel permeation columns. The relative retention time was dependent on two factors: the relative polarity of the carbohydrate and its molecular weight.", "contents": "The separation of substituted carbohydrates by high-performance liquid chromatography. Separation of a wide variety of partially and completely substituted carbohydrates was achieved by using two types of gel permeation columns. The relative retention time was dependent on two factors: the relative polarity of the carbohydrate and its molecular weight.", "PMID": 853074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10107", "title": "Detection and determination of organophosphorus insecticides in tissues by thin-layer chromatography.", "content": "The toxicological analysis of 12 common organophosphorus insecticides is described. Suitable methods for the extraction of organophosphorus insecticides from tissues are proposed. The detection, identification and estimation of these insecticides by thin-layer chromatography is described for 25 solvent systems and a series of chromogenic reagents. The distribution of insecticides in human body tissues in five cases of poisoning by ethyl parathion, malathion, dimethoate, sumithion and phosphamidon has also been studied.", "contents": "Detection and determination of organophosphorus insecticides in tissues by thin-layer chromatography. The toxicological analysis of 12 common organophosphorus insecticides is described. Suitable methods for the extraction of organophosphorus insecticides from tissues are proposed. The detection, identification and estimation of these insecticides by thin-layer chromatography is described for 25 solvent systems and a series of chromogenic reagents. The distribution of insecticides in human body tissues in five cases of poisoning by ethyl parathion, malathion, dimethoate, sumithion and phosphamidon has also been studied.", "PMID": 853075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10108", "title": "Adsorption chromatography of viruses.", "content": "The adsorption isotherm of influenza viruses on wide-pore glass was measured and was found to conform to Langmuir's equation. The affinity constants were estimated at three temperatures and the free energy, enthalpy and entropy of adsorption were calculated. A detailed study showed that the transition from adsorption to total elution is very sharp and proceeds under critical conditions of pH near the pK of the SiOH groups. Therefore, conditions are very favourable for the elution chromatography of viruses. An efficient procedure for the purification and simultaneous concentration of influenza viruses was developed.", "contents": "Adsorption chromatography of viruses. The adsorption isotherm of influenza viruses on wide-pore glass was measured and was found to conform to Langmuir's equation. The affinity constants were estimated at three temperatures and the free energy, enthalpy and entropy of adsorption were calculated. A detailed study showed that the transition from adsorption to total elution is very sharp and proceeds under critical conditions of pH near the pK of the SiOH groups. Therefore, conditions are very favourable for the elution chromatography of viruses. An efficient procedure for the purification and simultaneous concentration of influenza viruses was developed.", "PMID": 853077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10109", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of pyruvic acid and alpha-ketoglutaric acid in serum.", "content": "A high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of pyruvic acid and alpha-ketoglutaric acid in serum is described which is based on the formation of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones. The syn-anti isomerization of the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone of pyruvic acid is also discussed.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of pyruvic acid and alpha-ketoglutaric acid in serum. A high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of pyruvic acid and alpha-ketoglutaric acid in serum is described which is based on the formation of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones. The syn-anti isomerization of the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone of pyruvic acid is also discussed.", "PMID": 853078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10110", "title": "[Investigations on the production of mycotoxins and their quantitative analysis. VI. Citreoviridin (author's transl)].", "content": "UV-densitometric and fluorodensitometric evaluations of the mycotoxin citreoviridin on thin-layer plates are described. The UV maximum is at 360 nm on thin-layer plates and at 388 nm in ethanolic solution. Its emission maximum has been found to be at 525 nm both in chloroform and on thin-layer plates. The two procedures are similar in their sensitivity. Since the UV-densitometric evaluation is more reliable, it is preferred to fluorodensitometric procedure.", "contents": "[Investigations on the production of mycotoxins and their quantitative analysis. VI. Citreoviridin (author's transl)]. UV-densitometric and fluorodensitometric evaluations of the mycotoxin citreoviridin on thin-layer plates are described. The UV maximum is at 360 nm on thin-layer plates and at 388 nm in ethanolic solution. Its emission maximum has been found to be at 525 nm both in chloroform and on thin-layer plates. The two procedures are similar in their sensitivity. Since the UV-densitometric evaluation is more reliable, it is preferred to fluorodensitometric procedure.", "PMID": 853079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10111", "title": "Esterification of trifluoroacetic acid with phenyldiazomethane for quantitative gas chromatographic analysis. Methods involving separation from biological materials.", "content": "Trifluoroacetic acid in biological materials has been quantitatively determined by gas chromatography. Benzyl trifluoroacetate has been prepared by the reaction of the acid with phenyldiazomethane, and has been successfully analyzed by gas chromatography without any interference from other peaks. The procedure has been used to determine trifluoroacetic acid in microsomal suspension incubated with halothane, a gaseous anaesthetic.", "contents": "Esterification of trifluoroacetic acid with phenyldiazomethane for quantitative gas chromatographic analysis. Methods involving separation from biological materials. Trifluoroacetic acid in biological materials has been quantitatively determined by gas chromatography. Benzyl trifluoroacetate has been prepared by the reaction of the acid with phenyldiazomethane, and has been successfully analyzed by gas chromatography without any interference from other peaks. The procedure has been used to determine trifluoroacetic acid in microsomal suspension incubated with halothane, a gaseous anaesthetic.", "PMID": 853094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10112", "title": "Computer processing of fatty acid analysis data.", "content": "A Fortran computer program for the processing of fatty acid data from the anlysis of fats and oils by gas-liquid chromatography is described. The analytical method and calculations are described primarily for the analysis of butterfat and margaine fat, but with minor changes could be adapted to suit other fats and oils. The program computes the concentration of each fatty acid as weight % and mole %, the percentage glycerol, the theoretical iodine value, and other relevant combinations of fatty acids.", "contents": "Computer processing of fatty acid analysis data. A Fortran computer program for the processing of fatty acid data from the anlysis of fats and oils by gas-liquid chromatography is described. The analytical method and calculations are described primarily for the analysis of butterfat and margaine fat, but with minor changes could be adapted to suit other fats and oils. The program computes the concentration of each fatty acid as weight % and mole %, the percentage glycerol, the theoretical iodine value, and other relevant combinations of fatty acids.", "PMID": 853095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10113", "title": "Routine analysis of barbiturates and some other hypnotic drugs in the blood plasma as an aid to the diagnosis of acute poisoning.", "content": "A gas-liquid chromatographic method has been devised whereby both the qualitative and the quantitative analysis of a number of hypnotic drugs in the blood may be accomplished simultaneously. Small (50-mul) plasma aliquots are required. The technique is rapid and will detect 2 mg/l concentrations of these compounds. The barbiturates glutethimide, methaqualone, and meprobamate are the principal drugs covered by the scheme. After overdose the concentrations that occur in man are at, or above, this minimum level of detection.", "contents": "Routine analysis of barbiturates and some other hypnotic drugs in the blood plasma as an aid to the diagnosis of acute poisoning. A gas-liquid chromatographic method has been devised whereby both the qualitative and the quantitative analysis of a number of hypnotic drugs in the blood may be accomplished simultaneously. Small (50-mul) plasma aliquots are required. The technique is rapid and will detect 2 mg/l concentrations of these compounds. The barbiturates glutethimide, methaqualone, and meprobamate are the principal drugs covered by the scheme. After overdose the concentrations that occur in man are at, or above, this minimum level of detection.", "PMID": 853096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10114", "title": "Thin-layer chromatography of histidine, histamine and histidyl peptides at picomole level using a unique fluorogenic reaction with fluorescamine.", "content": "A thin-layer chromatography procedure has been devised for detecting histidine, histamine, histidyl peptides and related imidazole compounds; it is based on a unique fluorogenic reaction, in which the compounds are derivatized with fluorescamine, converted into different fluorescent products by heating in strong acid medium, and separated on silica gel plates with an appropriate solvent system. As little as 4 to 60 pmole of the histidine derivative could be detected under long-wave (366 nm) ultraviolet radiation. Other classes of compounds gave no fluorescent spots.", "contents": "Thin-layer chromatography of histidine, histamine and histidyl peptides at picomole level using a unique fluorogenic reaction with fluorescamine. A thin-layer chromatography procedure has been devised for detecting histidine, histamine, histidyl peptides and related imidazole compounds; it is based on a unique fluorogenic reaction, in which the compounds are derivatized with fluorescamine, converted into different fluorescent products by heating in strong acid medium, and separated on silica gel plates with an appropriate solvent system. As little as 4 to 60 pmole of the histidine derivative could be detected under long-wave (366 nm) ultraviolet radiation. Other classes of compounds gave no fluorescent spots.", "PMID": 853097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10115", "title": "Quantitative analysis of protein and non-protein amino acids by gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "The quantitative analysis of protein and non-protein amino acids by gas-liquid chromatography is described. The amino acids are determined as their n-butyl N-trifluoroacetyl esters on an OV-17 (methylphenyl silicone polymer) column. The relative molar responses of 16 protein and 30 non-protein amino acids are reported.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of protein and non-protein amino acids by gas-liquid chromatography. The quantitative analysis of protein and non-protein amino acids by gas-liquid chromatography is described. The amino acids are determined as their n-butyl N-trifluoroacetyl esters on an OV-17 (methylphenyl silicone polymer) column. The relative molar responses of 16 protein and 30 non-protein amino acids are reported.", "PMID": 853098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10116", "title": "Separation of alkylated guanines, adenines, uracils and cytosines by thin-layer chromatography.", "content": "A one-dimensional thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) method using a mixture of two solvents and commercially available silica gel plates to separate mixtures of alkylated guanines, adenines, uracils and cytosines is presented. RF values for the bases and the solvent systems used are listed. The addition of approximately 1 ml of ammonium hydroxide to the solvent has been found to prevent streaking and results in non-distorted developed spots. A mixture of 19 adenine and uracil bases was resolved on silica gel plates employing two-dimensional TLC. Chloroform-methanol (90:10) was used for the first dimension and chloroform-propanol (90:30) for the second.", "contents": "Separation of alkylated guanines, adenines, uracils and cytosines by thin-layer chromatography. A one-dimensional thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) method using a mixture of two solvents and commercially available silica gel plates to separate mixtures of alkylated guanines, adenines, uracils and cytosines is presented. RF values for the bases and the solvent systems used are listed. The addition of approximately 1 ml of ammonium hydroxide to the solvent has been found to prevent streaking and results in non-distorted developed spots. A mixture of 19 adenine and uracil bases was resolved on silica gel plates employing two-dimensional TLC. Chloroform-methanol (90:10) was used for the first dimension and chloroform-propanol (90:30) for the second.", "PMID": 853099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10117", "title": "Simplified detection of quaternary ammonium compounds by gas chromatography.", "content": "An analytical method for the measurement of quaternary ammonium compounds in biological fluids has been developed. Samples are prepared by forming the corresponding iodides, which are extracted and isolated. The residue is taken into n-hexane or into water and part of the solution obtained is injected onto the gas chromatograph where thermal degradation takes place. The methyl iodide released is measured by a 63Ni electron capture detector. This method is quite sensitive and detects with good reliability and reproducibility as little as 10(-14) mole quaternary ammonium compound.", "contents": "Simplified detection of quaternary ammonium compounds by gas chromatography. An analytical method for the measurement of quaternary ammonium compounds in biological fluids has been developed. Samples are prepared by forming the corresponding iodides, which are extracted and isolated. The residue is taken into n-hexane or into water and part of the solution obtained is injected onto the gas chromatograph where thermal degradation takes place. The methyl iodide released is measured by a 63Ni electron capture detector. This method is quite sensitive and detects with good reliability and reproducibility as little as 10(-14) mole quaternary ammonium compound.", "PMID": 853100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10118", "title": "Biochemical applications of a quantitative high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay of warfarin and its metabolites.", "content": "A quantitative high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay of warfarin and its diastereoisomeric alcohols and 4'-, 6-, 7-, 8- and benzylic hydroxylated metabolites was accomplished using a reversed-phase, microparticle column (muBondapak/C18) employing 1.5% acetic acid (pH 4.7)-acetonitrile (69:31) as solvent. Concentration of these compounds on the column prior to their elution permitted the loading of 0.01-0.5 ml solutions of warfarin and metabolites without consequent alterations in peak heights and resolution. Details of the use of this technique in the study of R and S warfarin metabolism by hepatic mixed function oxidases and in the determination of warfarin and its metabolites in blood are presented.", "contents": "Biochemical applications of a quantitative high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay of warfarin and its metabolites. A quantitative high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay of warfarin and its diastereoisomeric alcohols and 4'-, 6-, 7-, 8- and benzylic hydroxylated metabolites was accomplished using a reversed-phase, microparticle column (muBondapak/C18) employing 1.5% acetic acid (pH 4.7)-acetonitrile (69:31) as solvent. Concentration of these compounds on the column prior to their elution permitted the loading of 0.01-0.5 ml solutions of warfarin and metabolites without consequent alterations in peak heights and resolution. Details of the use of this technique in the study of R and S warfarin metabolism by hepatic mixed function oxidases and in the determination of warfarin and its metabolites in blood are presented.", "PMID": 853101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10119", "title": "Hydrophobic interaction chromatography on uncharged Sepharose derivatives. Effects of neutral salts on the adsorption of proteins.", "content": "In the presence of different neutral salts in high concentrations (ionic strength 1-3 M), pentyl-Sepharose was saturated with human serum albumin, and decyl-Sepharose with ovalbumin and phycoerythrin; the amount of protein bound to the adsorbent was taken as a measure of the hydrophobic interaction. The effects of the different ions on the adsorption of protein could, with one exception, be arranged according to the Hofmeister series. As the adsorption might also be influenced by alterations in the protein conformation, caused by the neutral salts, the proteins were studied by circular dichroism. Circular-dichroism spectra showed that 3 M sodium bromide and 3 M sodium thiocyanate changed the conformation of human serum albumin and ovalbumin, whereas 3 M sodium chloride and 1 M sodium sulphate did not. The conformational changes observed with sodium bromide and thiocyanate were accompanied by decreasing protein-adsorbent interaction, except for ovalbumin in 3 M sodium thiocyanate.", "contents": "Hydrophobic interaction chromatography on uncharged Sepharose derivatives. Effects of neutral salts on the adsorption of proteins. In the presence of different neutral salts in high concentrations (ionic strength 1-3 M), pentyl-Sepharose was saturated with human serum albumin, and decyl-Sepharose with ovalbumin and phycoerythrin; the amount of protein bound to the adsorbent was taken as a measure of the hydrophobic interaction. The effects of the different ions on the adsorption of protein could, with one exception, be arranged according to the Hofmeister series. As the adsorption might also be influenced by alterations in the protein conformation, caused by the neutral salts, the proteins were studied by circular dichroism. Circular-dichroism spectra showed that 3 M sodium bromide and 3 M sodium thiocyanate changed the conformation of human serum albumin and ovalbumin, whereas 3 M sodium chloride and 1 M sodium sulphate did not. The conformational changes observed with sodium bromide and thiocyanate were accompanied by decreasing protein-adsorbent interaction, except for ovalbumin in 3 M sodium thiocyanate.", "PMID": 853109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10120", "title": "Gas chromatographic determination of cocaine in whole blood and plasma using a nitrogen-sensitive flame ionization detector.", "content": "A procedure is described for the determination of as little as 20 ng of cocaine from 1 ml of whole blood or plasma. Methods are also given for the storage of whole blood or plasma containing cocaine as well as for whole blood or plasma extracts. Blood levels in patients receiving intranasal cocaine for topical anesthesia while undergoing rhinoplasty are also presented.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic determination of cocaine in whole blood and plasma using a nitrogen-sensitive flame ionization detector. A procedure is described for the determination of as little as 20 ng of cocaine from 1 ml of whole blood or plasma. Methods are also given for the storage of whole blood or plasma containing cocaine as well as for whole blood or plasma extracts. Blood levels in patients receiving intranasal cocaine for topical anesthesia while undergoing rhinoplasty are also presented.", "PMID": 853110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10121", "title": "High-pressure liquid chromatography of peptides.", "content": "Peptides varying in size from di- to decapeptide have been subjected to high-pressure liquid chromatography on Phenyl-Corasil, Poragel PN, and Poragel PS under reversed-phase conditions with acetonitrile-water mixtures. It has been found that residual silanol groups in the Phenyl-Corasil and the functional groups in the Poragels significantly influence retention. Peptides were also chromatographed on a Hydrogel IV gel filtration packing with aqueous eluants, and it was found that effects other than gel filtration play a major role in determining retention.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid chromatography of peptides. Peptides varying in size from di- to decapeptide have been subjected to high-pressure liquid chromatography on Phenyl-Corasil, Poragel PN, and Poragel PS under reversed-phase conditions with acetonitrile-water mixtures. It has been found that residual silanol groups in the Phenyl-Corasil and the functional groups in the Poragels significantly influence retention. Peptides were also chromatographed on a Hydrogel IV gel filtration packing with aqueous eluants, and it was found that effects other than gel filtration play a major role in determining retention.", "PMID": 853111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10122", "title": "Protein binding of a series of rifamycins to bovine serum albumin as measured by the \"two-phase partition\" technique.", "content": "A \"two-phase partition technique\" was developed and improved so as to be useful for the study of the interaction of proteins with low-molecular-weight ligands. The technique permits the macromolecule to be present almost entirely in one of the two aqueous phases without the aid of any physical solid interface, which is particularly useful in studies of lipophilic ligands. Compared with the other two-phase systems set up for binding studies, that used in this work takes advantage of the use of a more suitable medium, which permits a better protein partition even at very low ionic strengths. As an example of its usefulness the measurement of the binding parameters of a series of rifamycins to bovine serum albumin is reported.", "contents": "Protein binding of a series of rifamycins to bovine serum albumin as measured by the \"two-phase partition\" technique. A \"two-phase partition technique\" was developed and improved so as to be useful for the study of the interaction of proteins with low-molecular-weight ligands. The technique permits the macromolecule to be present almost entirely in one of the two aqueous phases without the aid of any physical solid interface, which is particularly useful in studies of lipophilic ligands. Compared with the other two-phase systems set up for binding studies, that used in this work takes advantage of the use of a more suitable medium, which permits a better protein partition even at very low ionic strengths. As an example of its usefulness the measurement of the binding parameters of a series of rifamycins to bovine serum albumin is reported.", "PMID": 853119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10123", "title": "Further modifications of the auxanographic method for identification of yeasts.", "content": "A modified auxanographic carbohydrate assimilation procedure for the identification of medically important yeasts is described. This method employs a heavy inoculum of unstarved yeasts, autoclaved yeast assimilation medium, pour plates of shallow depth, and commercially available carbohydrate-impregnated disks. The accuracy of this procedure was established in a comparison with the Wickerham broth method.", "contents": "Further modifications of the auxanographic method for identification of yeasts. A modified auxanographic carbohydrate assimilation procedure for the identification of medically important yeasts is described. This method employs a heavy inoculum of unstarved yeasts, autoclaved yeast assimilation medium, pour plates of shallow depth, and commercially available carbohydrate-impregnated disks. The accuracy of this procedure was established in a comparison with the Wickerham broth method.", "PMID": 853120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10124", "title": "Pasteurella pneumonia: report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of pneumonia due to Pasturella ureae was encountered in a 57-year-old man who developed bilateral pulmonary infiltrates and respiratory insufficiency while convalescing in the hospital from a hip fracture and multiple rib fractures. Cultures of his sputum grew an essentially pure growth of Pasturella ureae. This organism, a small gram-negative rod, could be differentiated from the other Pasteurella species by its ability to hydrolyze urea and failure to produce indole. The literature on Pasteurella infections is briefly reviewed, and the recent taxonomic revisions of the genus Pasteurella are discussed.", "contents": "Pasteurella pneumonia: report of a case and review of the literature. A case of pneumonia due to Pasturella ureae was encountered in a 57-year-old man who developed bilateral pulmonary infiltrates and respiratory insufficiency while convalescing in the hospital from a hip fracture and multiple rib fractures. Cultures of his sputum grew an essentially pure growth of Pasturella ureae. This organism, a small gram-negative rod, could be differentiated from the other Pasteurella species by its ability to hydrolyze urea and failure to produce indole. The literature on Pasteurella infections is briefly reviewed, and the recent taxonomic revisions of the genus Pasteurella are discussed.", "PMID": 853121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10125", "title": "Mycoplasma growth inhibition by arginine.", "content": "Arginine enhances the growth of nonfermenting mycoplasmas. However, arginine can restrict the growth of glucose-fermenting mycoplasmas and should not be added to media used to cultivate these species.", "contents": "Mycoplasma growth inhibition by arginine. Arginine enhances the growth of nonfermenting mycoplasmas. However, arginine can restrict the growth of glucose-fermenting mycoplasmas and should not be added to media used to cultivate these species.", "PMID": 853122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10126", "title": "Effect of carbohydrate source on Kanagawa-type hemolysis of Vibrio parahaemolyticus.", "content": "Almost all strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus produced Kanagawa-type hemolysis on media of high salt content in the presence of fermentable carbohydrates.", "contents": "Effect of carbohydrate source on Kanagawa-type hemolysis of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Almost all strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus produced Kanagawa-type hemolysis on media of high salt content in the presence of fermentable carbohydrates.", "PMID": 853123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10127", "title": "Respiratory and baroreceptor reflex interactions in man.", "content": "Respiratory and arterial baroreceptor reflex interactions were studied in six healthy young adults. Carotid baroreceptors were stimulated with two intensities of neck suction during early inspiration or expiration at 100 or 150% of each subject's normal tidal volume. Sinus node responses to moderate baroreflex stimuli were inhibited by inspiration, but responses to intense stimuli were not influenced by the phase of respiration. Supranormal tidal volume did not diminish responses to inspiratory baroreflex stimuli, but significantly reduced responses to expiratory stimuli. These results provide evidence for a central respiratory baroreceptor reflex interaction in man whose quality is dependent upon the level of afferent baroreceptor activity and the depth of inspiration.", "contents": "Respiratory and baroreceptor reflex interactions in man. Respiratory and arterial baroreceptor reflex interactions were studied in six healthy young adults. Carotid baroreceptors were stimulated with two intensities of neck suction during early inspiration or expiration at 100 or 150% of each subject's normal tidal volume. Sinus node responses to moderate baroreflex stimuli were inhibited by inspiration, but responses to intense stimuli were not influenced by the phase of respiration. Supranormal tidal volume did not diminish responses to inspiratory baroreflex stimuli, but significantly reduced responses to expiratory stimuli. These results provide evidence for a central respiratory baroreceptor reflex interaction in man whose quality is dependent upon the level of afferent baroreceptor activity and the depth of inspiration.", "PMID": 853124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10128", "title": "Erythroid colony formation by polycythemia vera bone marrow in vitro. Dependence on erythropoietin.", "content": "In the plasma clot culture system both normal and polycythemia vera (PV) bone marrow cells respond to erythropoietin (Ep), giving rise to large numbers of colonies of erythroid cells. In PV, but not in normal individuals, the marrow produced endogenous erythroid colonies (EED) in the absence of exogenous Ep. The number of EEC formed varied from patient to patient comprising anywhere from 6 to 29% of the total number of colonies formed in the presence of Ep. Exposure, before use in culture, of fetal calf serum and citrated bovine plasma to the gammaglobulin fraction of rabbit anti-Ep serum followed by treatment with goat anti-rabbit gamma-globulin re sulted in a significant decrease in EEC formation. Addition of anti-Ep directly to the culture medium produced similar results. In addition, the production of EEC in response to added Ep was inhibited in the presence of anti-Ep. Addition of very small doses of highly purified Ep to anti-Ep-treated cultures resulted in the reappearance of a significantnumber of EEC formation in PV may be due to a population of erythroid-committed precursors that are abnormally sensitive to small concentrations of Ep which may be present in fetal calf serum and citrated plasma. Although the mechanism of formation of these cells is not known, it appears that the final steps in the formation of red cells derived from this clone of precursors is subject to the usual Ep control.", "contents": "Erythroid colony formation by polycythemia vera bone marrow in vitro. Dependence on erythropoietin. In the plasma clot culture system both normal and polycythemia vera (PV) bone marrow cells respond to erythropoietin (Ep), giving rise to large numbers of colonies of erythroid cells. In PV, but not in normal individuals, the marrow produced endogenous erythroid colonies (EED) in the absence of exogenous Ep. The number of EEC formed varied from patient to patient comprising anywhere from 6 to 29% of the total number of colonies formed in the presence of Ep. Exposure, before use in culture, of fetal calf serum and citrated bovine plasma to the gammaglobulin fraction of rabbit anti-Ep serum followed by treatment with goat anti-rabbit gamma-globulin re sulted in a significant decrease in EEC formation. Addition of anti-Ep directly to the culture medium produced similar results. In addition, the production of EEC in response to added Ep was inhibited in the presence of anti-Ep. Addition of very small doses of highly purified Ep to anti-Ep-treated cultures resulted in the reappearance of a significantnumber of EEC formation in PV may be due to a population of erythroid-committed precursors that are abnormally sensitive to small concentrations of Ep which may be present in fetal calf serum and citrated plasma. Although the mechanism of formation of these cells is not known, it appears that the final steps in the formation of red cells derived from this clone of precursors is subject to the usual Ep control.", "PMID": 853125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10129", "title": "Circulating complement breakdown products in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Correlation between plasma C3d, circulating immune complexes, and clinical activity.", "content": "Quantitative determination of the small C3 breakdown product, C3d, was used to investigate complement activation in 45 plasma samples from 30 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The mean plasma C3e level in these samples (3.0 +/- 1.3 mg/100 ml) was significantly increased (P less than 0.001) as compared to patients with degenerative joint disease (0.9 +/- 0.4 mg/100 ml) and healthy blood donors (0.8 +/- 0.5 mg/100 ml). C3d levels were increased by more than s SD in 79% of RA samples. Plasma C3d levels were compared with C3d concentrations in synovial fluid. In most RA patients, the C3d levels were higher in synovial fluid than in plasma. A very significant correlation between plasma C3d levels and circulating immune complexes, as measured by determination of Clq binding activity (Clq BA), was observed (P less than 0.001). C3d levels were more elevated in RA patients with extra-articular disease manifestations (3.8 +/- 1.2 mg/100 ml) as compared to patients with joint disease alone (2.2 +/- 1.0 mg/100 ml). C3d levels and Clq BA were also significantly correlated (P less than 0.001) with the RA disease activity expressed by an index derived from sedimentation rate, joint score, and duration of morning stiffness. A close relationship between C3d levels, Clq BA, and the clinical activity further appeared during follow-up studies. The present observations suggest that a parallel but rather independent activation of the complement system may be induced by immune complexes in circulating blood and in the joint spaces during the course of rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Circulating complement breakdown products in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Correlation between plasma C3d, circulating immune complexes, and clinical activity. Quantitative determination of the small C3 breakdown product, C3d, was used to investigate complement activation in 45 plasma samples from 30 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The mean plasma C3e level in these samples (3.0 +/- 1.3 mg/100 ml) was significantly increased (P less than 0.001) as compared to patients with degenerative joint disease (0.9 +/- 0.4 mg/100 ml) and healthy blood donors (0.8 +/- 0.5 mg/100 ml). C3d levels were increased by more than s SD in 79% of RA samples. Plasma C3d levels were compared with C3d concentrations in synovial fluid. In most RA patients, the C3d levels were higher in synovial fluid than in plasma. A very significant correlation between plasma C3d levels and circulating immune complexes, as measured by determination of Clq binding activity (Clq BA), was observed (P less than 0.001). C3d levels were more elevated in RA patients with extra-articular disease manifestations (3.8 +/- 1.2 mg/100 ml) as compared to patients with joint disease alone (2.2 +/- 1.0 mg/100 ml). C3d levels and Clq BA were also significantly correlated (P less than 0.001) with the RA disease activity expressed by an index derived from sedimentation rate, joint score, and duration of morning stiffness. A close relationship between C3d levels, Clq BA, and the clinical activity further appeared during follow-up studies. The present observations suggest that a parallel but rather independent activation of the complement system may be induced by immune complexes in circulating blood and in the joint spaces during the course of rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 853126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10130", "title": "Altered distribution of lysosomal cathepsin D in ischemic myocardium.", "content": "To determine the influence of cardiac ischemia on the activity and subcellular localization of lysosomal cathepsin D, anesthetized rabbits were subjected to ligation of the circumflex coronary artery. Total enzyme activity remained unchanged throughout the 2-h ischemic period, but the subcellular distribution of cathepsin D, as analyzed by biochemical and immunohistochemical techniques, was altered dramatically. A marked increase in nonsedimentable (i.e., 40,000-g supernate) activity developed by 30-45 min and increased further by 2 h. Simultaneously, the immunofluorescent localization of cathepsin D was also changed significantly. Within 30-60 min after occlusion, the fine, particulate staining observed in control myocytes was replaced by bright fluorescent patches composed of large granules. Many of these structures displayed prominent halos of diffuse fluorescent staining in the neighboring myocytic cytoplasm, apparently outside lysosomes per se. After 2 h, when nonsedimentable activity was maximally elevated, most of the fluorescent particles had disappeared completely. During this same interim there was no detectable change in the distribution of lysosomal cathepsin D within interstitial cells. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that an early feature of cardiac ischemia is the release of cathepsin D from myocytic lysosomes into the cytosol of damaged cells.", "contents": "Altered distribution of lysosomal cathepsin D in ischemic myocardium. To determine the influence of cardiac ischemia on the activity and subcellular localization of lysosomal cathepsin D, anesthetized rabbits were subjected to ligation of the circumflex coronary artery. Total enzyme activity remained unchanged throughout the 2-h ischemic period, but the subcellular distribution of cathepsin D, as analyzed by biochemical and immunohistochemical techniques, was altered dramatically. A marked increase in nonsedimentable (i.e., 40,000-g supernate) activity developed by 30-45 min and increased further by 2 h. Simultaneously, the immunofluorescent localization of cathepsin D was also changed significantly. Within 30-60 min after occlusion, the fine, particulate staining observed in control myocytes was replaced by bright fluorescent patches composed of large granules. Many of these structures displayed prominent halos of diffuse fluorescent staining in the neighboring myocytic cytoplasm, apparently outside lysosomes per se. After 2 h, when nonsedimentable activity was maximally elevated, most of the fluorescent particles had disappeared completely. During this same interim there was no detectable change in the distribution of lysosomal cathepsin D within interstitial cells. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that an early feature of cardiac ischemia is the release of cathepsin D from myocytic lysosomes into the cytosol of damaged cells.", "PMID": 853127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10131", "title": "Interaction of factor VIII antigen in hemophilic plasmas with human antibodies to factor VIII.", "content": "By utilizing a simple modification of previous immunological assays, we have demonstrated that most, if not all, hemophilic plasmas contain antigen reactive with human antibodies directed against Factor VIII procoagulant activity (VIIIc). Antibodies developing in a nonhemophiliac patient and in a hemophiliac patient gave similar results. The VIIIc antigen so identified was removed from hemophilic plasmas with immobilized rabbit antibody which reacted with normal VIIIc and von Willebrand's disease antigen. These data suggest that there are greater antigenic similarities between normal and hemophilic Factor VIII than previously thought.", "contents": "Interaction of factor VIII antigen in hemophilic plasmas with human antibodies to factor VIII. By utilizing a simple modification of previous immunological assays, we have demonstrated that most, if not all, hemophilic plasmas contain antigen reactive with human antibodies directed against Factor VIII procoagulant activity (VIIIc). Antibodies developing in a nonhemophiliac patient and in a hemophiliac patient gave similar results. The VIIIc antigen so identified was removed from hemophilic plasmas with immobilized rabbit antibody which reacted with normal VIIIc and von Willebrand's disease antigen. These data suggest that there are greater antigenic similarities between normal and hemophilic Factor VIII than previously thought.", "PMID": 853128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10132", "title": "Hypophosphataemic osteomalacia associated with a malignant tumour of the tibia: report of a case.", "content": "A case of vitamin D resistant hypophosphataemic osteomalacia with glycosuria and aminoaciduria is reported. The course of the disease was dramatically altered by the removal of a bone sarcoma which probably had been growing slowly since the onset of the patient's symptoms five years previously. The histology and electron microscopy of the tumour are described. Three years after the operation the patient remains free of symptoms.", "contents": "Hypophosphataemic osteomalacia associated with a malignant tumour of the tibia: report of a case. A case of vitamin D resistant hypophosphataemic osteomalacia with glycosuria and aminoaciduria is reported. The course of the disease was dramatically altered by the removal of a bone sarcoma which probably had been growing slowly since the onset of the patient's symptoms five years previously. The histology and electron microscopy of the tumour are described. Three years after the operation the patient remains free of symptoms.", "PMID": 853129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10133", "title": "Erythrocyturia, smoking, and occupation.", "content": "In a population of 432 apparently healthy men aged 50 years and over 19-2% had one or more erythrocytes per high-power field in the urine while 8-1% had more than 10. Erythrocyturia seemed to be strongly correlated with tobacco consumption. No significant association with occupation could be demonstrated but the data were insufficient to refute the possibility of such an association. Raised levels of orthoaminophenols as a result of abnormal tryptophan metabolism induced by smoking might cause microhaematuria in smokers. As these metabolites are carcinogens microhaematuria might be a valuable sign of cancer of the urinary bladder.", "contents": "Erythrocyturia, smoking, and occupation. In a population of 432 apparently healthy men aged 50 years and over 19-2% had one or more erythrocytes per high-power field in the urine while 8-1% had more than 10. Erythrocyturia seemed to be strongly correlated with tobacco consumption. No significant association with occupation could be demonstrated but the data were insufficient to refute the possibility of such an association. Raised levels of orthoaminophenols as a result of abnormal tryptophan metabolism induced by smoking might cause microhaematuria in smokers. As these metabolites are carcinogens microhaematuria might be a valuable sign of cancer of the urinary bladder.", "PMID": 853130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10134", "title": "Automated red cell indices and marrow iron reserves in geriatric patients.", "content": "The marrow iron reserves, automated red cell indices, serum iron, and total iron binding capacity of 69 geriatric patients were recorded. A fall in the mean red cell volume (MCV) to between 71 and 82 fl failed to distinguish between iron deficiency and the 'anaemia of chronic disorders'. However, there was no reserve of marrow iron in the eight patients with an MCV of 70 fl or less.", "contents": "Automated red cell indices and marrow iron reserves in geriatric patients. The marrow iron reserves, automated red cell indices, serum iron, and total iron binding capacity of 69 geriatric patients were recorded. A fall in the mean red cell volume (MCV) to between 71 and 82 fl failed to distinguish between iron deficiency and the 'anaemia of chronic disorders'. However, there was no reserve of marrow iron in the eight patients with an MCV of 70 fl or less.", "PMID": 853131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10135", "title": "Platelet dynamics in chronic liver disease with special reference to the role of the spleen.", "content": "In all of 12 patients with chronic liver disease, whose platelet dynamics were investigated by the 51Cr-labelling technique in association with surface counting, platelet survival was reduced and in 11 the splenic platelet pool was increased. Surface counting showed high initial spleen liver ratios in eight patients, and in four there was evidence of progressive destruction of platelets in the spleen. In one patient, subsequently shown to have a hepatoma, progressive accumulation of platelets was noted at the tumour site.", "contents": "Platelet dynamics in chronic liver disease with special reference to the role of the spleen. In all of 12 patients with chronic liver disease, whose platelet dynamics were investigated by the 51Cr-labelling technique in association with surface counting, platelet survival was reduced and in 11 the splenic platelet pool was increased. Surface counting showed high initial spleen liver ratios in eight patients, and in four there was evidence of progressive destruction of platelets in the spleen. In one patient, subsequently shown to have a hepatoma, progressive accumulation of platelets was noted at the tumour site.", "PMID": 853132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10136", "title": "Tectal efferents in the branded water snake, Natrix sipedon.", "content": "Visual information reaches the dorsal thalamus by two distrinct routes in most reptiles. Retinal efferents terminate directly in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (DLGN). Retinal information is also channeled indirectly through the tectum to nucleus rotundus. Retinal projections to DLGN and tectum are also well established in snakes, but the status of the tecto-rotundal link of the indirect visual pathway is uncertain. Thus, tectal efferents were studied with Fink-Heimer methods in banded water snakes (Natrix sipedon). The tectum gives rise to crossed and uncorssed projections to the brainstem reticular formation. Commissural connections are effected with the contralateral tectum via the tectal and posterior commissures. Tectum projects densely to the ipsilateral basal optic nucleus. Bilateral ascending projections reach the pretectal area, nucleus lentiformis mescencephali, lateral habenular nuclei, and posterodorsal nuclei. Ascending projections reach the ventral lateral geniculate and suprapeduncular nuclei. There is a diffuse projection to the central part of the caudal thalamus and a dense, bilateral projection to the DLGN. These results indicate that the relation of the tectum to the dorsal thalamus is different in snakes than in other reptiles. Nucleus rotundus is either absent or poorly differentiated and there is a strong convergence of the direct and indirect visual pathways at DLGN.", "contents": "Tectal efferents in the branded water snake, Natrix sipedon. Visual information reaches the dorsal thalamus by two distrinct routes in most reptiles. Retinal efferents terminate directly in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (DLGN). Retinal information is also channeled indirectly through the tectum to nucleus rotundus. Retinal projections to DLGN and tectum are also well established in snakes, but the status of the tecto-rotundal link of the indirect visual pathway is uncertain. Thus, tectal efferents were studied with Fink-Heimer methods in banded water snakes (Natrix sipedon). The tectum gives rise to crossed and uncorssed projections to the brainstem reticular formation. Commissural connections are effected with the contralateral tectum via the tectal and posterior commissures. Tectum projects densely to the ipsilateral basal optic nucleus. Bilateral ascending projections reach the pretectal area, nucleus lentiformis mescencephali, lateral habenular nuclei, and posterodorsal nuclei. Ascending projections reach the ventral lateral geniculate and suprapeduncular nuclei. There is a diffuse projection to the central part of the caudal thalamus and a dense, bilateral projection to the DLGN. These results indicate that the relation of the tectum to the dorsal thalamus is different in snakes than in other reptiles. Nucleus rotundus is either absent or poorly differentiated and there is a strong convergence of the direct and indirect visual pathways at DLGN.", "PMID": 853143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10137", "title": "The organization of the pulvinar in the grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). II. Synaptic organization and comparisons with the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus.", "content": "The purpose of these experiments was to compare the synaptic organization of the subdivisions of the pulvinar defined in the preceding paper (Robson and Hall, '77) with each other and with the organization present in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. The electron microscope was used to analyze normal synaptic arrangements and degenerating axonal terminals resulting from lesions. The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in the grey squirrel contains synaptic clusters similar to those described previously for other species. These clusters are characterized by large optic tract terminals which form multiple contacts onto large dendritic processes and other processes containing flat or pleomorphic vesicles. The geniculate lamina adjacent to the optic tract receives projections from the superior colliculus as well are from the retina. The terminals of the superior colliculus axons are small and medium sized and lie outside of the synaptic clusters. The retinal terminals are in the clusters. In the pulvinar, the rostro-medial subdivision contains synaptic clusters which resemble those in the lateral geniculate nucleus. These clusters contain large axon terminals which make multiple contacts onto large dendrites. However, these terminals are not contributed by an ascending sensory pathway but by axons from striate cortex. The rostro-lateral and caudal subdivisions of the pulvinar also contain synaptic clusters, but these clusters consist of a segment of a large dendrite which is ensheathed by medium-sized terminals. Since only a few of these medium sized terminals in any one cluster degenerate after tectal lesions, and none degenerate after cortical lesions, it is suggested that the morphological arrangement of these clusters may permit the convergence of axons from several sources, some of which are unidentified, onto the same dendritic segment.", "contents": "The organization of the pulvinar in the grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). II. Synaptic organization and comparisons with the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. The purpose of these experiments was to compare the synaptic organization of the subdivisions of the pulvinar defined in the preceding paper (Robson and Hall, '77) with each other and with the organization present in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. The electron microscope was used to analyze normal synaptic arrangements and degenerating axonal terminals resulting from lesions. The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in the grey squirrel contains synaptic clusters similar to those described previously for other species. These clusters are characterized by large optic tract terminals which form multiple contacts onto large dendritic processes and other processes containing flat or pleomorphic vesicles. The geniculate lamina adjacent to the optic tract receives projections from the superior colliculus as well are from the retina. The terminals of the superior colliculus axons are small and medium sized and lie outside of the synaptic clusters. The retinal terminals are in the clusters. In the pulvinar, the rostro-medial subdivision contains synaptic clusters which resemble those in the lateral geniculate nucleus. These clusters contain large axon terminals which make multiple contacts onto large dendrites. However, these terminals are not contributed by an ascending sensory pathway but by axons from striate cortex. The rostro-lateral and caudal subdivisions of the pulvinar also contain synaptic clusters, but these clusters consist of a segment of a large dendrite which is ensheathed by medium-sized terminals. Since only a few of these medium sized terminals in any one cluster degenerate after tectal lesions, and none degenerate after cortical lesions, it is suggested that the morphological arrangement of these clusters may permit the convergence of axons from several sources, some of which are unidentified, onto the same dendritic segment.", "PMID": 853144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10138", "title": "Mesquite pollen--an aeroallergen in asthma and allergic rhinitis.", "content": "Skin reactions to mesquite pollen extract occurred in 62% of 100 consecutive patients tested at an adult allergy clinic despite absence of the plant within about a 50-mile radius. Radioallergosorbent test (RAST) studies confirmed that the skin tests represented specific IgE antibodies to the mesquite pollen. Nasal, conjunctival, and bronchial challenges indicated that mesquite provoked symptoms in a specific manner. The pollen was trapped at a considerable distance from its source. Mesquite surveys and climatologic data suggested a route and method of transport. Mesquite pollen is a potent allergen capable of evoking immediate hypersensitivity reactions in a susceptible population remote from the plant source.", "contents": "Mesquite pollen--an aeroallergen in asthma and allergic rhinitis. Skin reactions to mesquite pollen extract occurred in 62% of 100 consecutive patients tested at an adult allergy clinic despite absence of the plant within about a 50-mile radius. Radioallergosorbent test (RAST) studies confirmed that the skin tests represented specific IgE antibodies to the mesquite pollen. Nasal, conjunctival, and bronchial challenges indicated that mesquite provoked symptoms in a specific manner. The pollen was trapped at a considerable distance from its source. Mesquite surveys and climatologic data suggested a route and method of transport. Mesquite pollen is a potent allergen capable of evoking immediate hypersensitivity reactions in a susceptible population remote from the plant source.", "PMID": 853175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10139", "title": "Allergens in bee venom. III. Identification of allergen B of bee venom as an acid phosphatase.", "content": "Allergen B previously isolated from honeybee venom and shown to be a mildly acidic protein consisting of polymers of a chain of 49,000 d is shown to have acid phosphatase activity. Allergen B is homogeneous by several criteria. No acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, or esterase activity was found in any other allergen or fraction of bee venom. Acid phosphatase activity was also found in yellow jacket venom and extracts of venom sacs from bumblebees and paper wasps.", "contents": "Allergens in bee venom. III. Identification of allergen B of bee venom as an acid phosphatase. Allergen B previously isolated from honeybee venom and shown to be a mildly acidic protein consisting of polymers of a chain of 49,000 d is shown to have acid phosphatase activity. Allergen B is homogeneous by several criteria. No acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, or esterase activity was found in any other allergen or fraction of bee venom. Acid phosphatase activity was also found in yellow jacket venom and extracts of venom sacs from bumblebees and paper wasps.", "PMID": 853176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10140", "title": "Nutritional implications of renal disease. I. Current overview and general principles.", "content": "Treatment exclusively by nutritional means does not appear to provide a therapeutic answer for the patient with complete loss of renal function. Clearly, however, rational dietary treatment prior to ultimate loss of renal function is a valuable, ameliorating therapy in chronic progressive renal failure and--once the patient is on maintenance dialysis--it is a major deciding factor in the success of this life-maintaining regimen.", "contents": "Nutritional implications of renal disease. I. Current overview and general principles. Treatment exclusively by nutritional means does not appear to provide a therapeutic answer for the patient with complete loss of renal function. Clearly, however, rational dietary treatment prior to ultimate loss of renal function is a valuable, ameliorating therapy in chronic progressive renal failure and--once the patient is on maintenance dialysis--it is a major deciding factor in the success of this life-maintaining regimen.", "PMID": 853199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10141", "title": "Nutritional implications of renal disease. III. Nutritional needs of patients with renal disease.", "content": "There is now evidence that, due to metabolic alterations, the patient with renal disease has special nutrient needs for vitamin D, vitamin B6, and possibly for amino acids. Schreiner and Maher have described (34) the uremic patient as \"a walking laboratory of applied renal and metabolic physiology.\" The uremic patient may also be viewed as a walking laboratory of nutritional problems that should be further explored to determine optimal dietary requirements.", "contents": "Nutritional implications of renal disease. III. Nutritional needs of patients with renal disease. There is now evidence that, due to metabolic alterations, the patient with renal disease has special nutrient needs for vitamin D, vitamin B6, and possibly for amino acids. Schreiner and Maher have described (34) the uremic patient as \"a walking laboratory of applied renal and metabolic physiology.\" The uremic patient may also be viewed as a walking laboratory of nutritional problems that should be further explored to determine optimal dietary requirements.", "PMID": 853200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10142", "title": "Discontinuing the phenylalamine-restricted diet in young children with PKY. Psychosocial aspects.", "content": "Analysis of questionnaires, informal group meetings, and individual interviews with parents and their children with phenylketonuria gave insight on the attitudes and experiences surrounding discontinuance of the phenylalanine-restricted diet. The investigation identified important aspects of changing social interactions as termination of the restricted diet progressed. The study suggests that preparatory discussions with parents and children prior to the change in diet should be held to avoid undue stress and conflict in such families.", "contents": "Discontinuing the phenylalamine-restricted diet in young children with PKY. Psychosocial aspects. Analysis of questionnaires, informal group meetings, and individual interviews with parents and their children with phenylketonuria gave insight on the attitudes and experiences surrounding discontinuance of the phenylalanine-restricted diet. The investigation identified important aspects of changing social interactions as termination of the restricted diet progressed. The study suggests that preparatory discussions with parents and children prior to the change in diet should be held to avoid undue stress and conflict in such families.", "PMID": 853201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10143", "title": "Cyclandelate: effect on circulatory measurements and exercise tolerance in chronic arterial insufficiency of the lower limbs.", "content": "Thirty-nine patients with arterial insufficiency of the lower limbs were treated with cyclandelate or placebo in a double-blind cross-over study, to evaluate the effect of this drug on symptomatic and physiologic indicators of circulatory status. The following measurements were used: skin temperature of the big toe and dorsum of the foot; blood flow in the calf at rest and after exercise on a foot ergometer to the point of claudication; walking distance to the development of claudication; exercise tolerance on a foot ergometer; and reflex vasoconstriction on the skin of the toe in response to cooling of the upper extremities. During treatment with cyclandelate, significant improvement occurred in each of these measures of circulatory efficiency.", "contents": "Cyclandelate: effect on circulatory measurements and exercise tolerance in chronic arterial insufficiency of the lower limbs. Thirty-nine patients with arterial insufficiency of the lower limbs were treated with cyclandelate or placebo in a double-blind cross-over study, to evaluate the effect of this drug on symptomatic and physiologic indicators of circulatory status. The following measurements were used: skin temperature of the big toe and dorsum of the foot; blood flow in the calf at rest and after exercise on a foot ergometer to the point of claudication; walking distance to the development of claudication; exercise tolerance on a foot ergometer; and reflex vasoconstriction on the skin of the toe in response to cooling of the upper extremities. During treatment with cyclandelate, significant improvement occurred in each of these measures of circulatory efficiency.", "PMID": 853204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10144", "title": "Effect of L-dopa on polycythemia.", "content": "A patient with Parkinson's disease, in whom polycythemia vera was known to be present for several years prior to the onset of parkinsonian symptoms, received treatment with a preparation consisting of L-dopa plus a decarboxylase inhibitor (Madopar). Improvement in the parkinsonian symptoms was associated with marked improvement in the polycythemia. A therapeutic trial of the same L-dopa preparation in 2 other patients with polycythemia had similar effects. The cases are presented and the possible central therapeutic effect of L-dopa is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of L-dopa on polycythemia. A patient with Parkinson's disease, in whom polycythemia vera was known to be present for several years prior to the onset of parkinsonian symptoms, received treatment with a preparation consisting of L-dopa plus a decarboxylase inhibitor (Madopar). Improvement in the parkinsonian symptoms was associated with marked improvement in the polycythemia. A therapeutic trial of the same L-dopa preparation in 2 other patients with polycythemia had similar effects. The cases are presented and the possible central therapeutic effect of L-dopa is discussed.", "PMID": 853205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10145", "title": "Procainamide-induced systemic lupus erythematosus with hypocomplementemia.", "content": "Procainamide-induced systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a well recognized clinical syndrome believed to be characterized by normocomplementemia. However, in 7 cases of drug-induced SLE recorded in the literature, hypocomplementemia was found. The present report concerns a well documented case of procainamide-induce SLE with hypocomplementemia. The patient improved and complement values returned to normal after procainamide therapy was discontinued and replaced by digitalis and steroid therapy.", "contents": "Procainamide-induced systemic lupus erythematosus with hypocomplementemia. Procainamide-induced systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a well recognized clinical syndrome believed to be characterized by normocomplementemia. However, in 7 cases of drug-induced SLE recorded in the literature, hypocomplementemia was found. The present report concerns a well documented case of procainamide-induce SLE with hypocomplementemia. The patient improved and complement values returned to normal after procainamide therapy was discontinued and replaced by digitalis and steroid therapy.", "PMID": 853206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10146", "title": "Applied genetics for the practicing optometrist.", "content": "A good preventive blindness program includes a strong program in genetic counseling. Optometrists can be of substantial assistance to a genetic counseling program by: 1) being informed of the various types of inherited ocular disorders, and their modes of transmission. 2) becoming aware of the presence of disorders in other members of the patient's family, and 3) encouraging the affected family members to seek genetic counseling prior to conception. This article is designed to serve as a guide for familiarizing the practicing O.D. with the various types of inheritance patterns, specific disorders which follow these inheritance patterns, and some of the ocular and systemic characteristics of the disorders. Only those anomalies of structure and/or function which have an identifiable (and therefore a predictable) genetic mode of transmission will be discussed. This article is intended to serve as a brief and general review of some of the more common ocular disorders, and not as a comprehensive text on the genetics of ophthalmic diseases. Emphasis is placed on the optometric management of each disease discussed.", "contents": "Applied genetics for the practicing optometrist. A good preventive blindness program includes a strong program in genetic counseling. Optometrists can be of substantial assistance to a genetic counseling program by: 1) being informed of the various types of inherited ocular disorders, and their modes of transmission. 2) becoming aware of the presence of disorders in other members of the patient's family, and 3) encouraging the affected family members to seek genetic counseling prior to conception. This article is designed to serve as a guide for familiarizing the practicing O.D. with the various types of inheritance patterns, specific disorders which follow these inheritance patterns, and some of the ocular and systemic characteristics of the disorders. Only those anomalies of structure and/or function which have an identifiable (and therefore a predictable) genetic mode of transmission will be discussed. This article is intended to serve as a brief and general review of some of the more common ocular disorders, and not as a comprehensive text on the genetics of ophthalmic diseases. Emphasis is placed on the optometric management of each disease discussed.", "PMID": 853210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10147", "title": "Research in orthokeratology. Part IV: Results and observations.", "content": "Changes in unaided visual acuity, corneal integrity and lens position are differentially affected by contact lens fitting procedures. The effects on these parameters, from contact lenses fitted by defined conventional and orthokeratological techniques, are given and compared to each other and to a group of non-contact lens wearers. General trends and variability of data are discussed in conjunction with pertinent clinical observations for the three groups.", "contents": "Research in orthokeratology. Part IV: Results and observations. Changes in unaided visual acuity, corneal integrity and lens position are differentially affected by contact lens fitting procedures. The effects on these parameters, from contact lenses fitted by defined conventional and orthokeratological techniques, are given and compared to each other and to a group of non-contact lens wearers. General trends and variability of data are discussed in conjunction with pertinent clinical observations for the three groups.", "PMID": 853211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10148", "title": "[Results of the surgical treatment of urinary incontinence in women. A homogenous series of 293 operations].", "content": "The statistic from 278 cases of urinary incontinence in women in a gynaecological department are reported. There was one unexpected death (from coronary thrombosis) and one hemiplegia. From the remaining cases althogether 5-7 p. 100 failures, 7-9 p. 100 partial successes and 86.5 p. 100 cures. The operations undertaken were: 33 Berkow's operation, 138 retro-public colpopexies, 29 interposition operations of placing the uterus between the bladder and the vagina, 52 sub-vesical slings of skin and 26 other different operations. All in all the percentage of failures or partial failures in the different catergories of operation are identically the same, namely about 12 p. 100. This impression can be corrected because we are dealing with small series of cases. But study of the failures in particular is indicated, to search for reasons and for whether this consistent percentage of failures may not be due to a factor which is not curable by surgery as, for instance, a factor of intrinsic muscular weakness.", "contents": "[Results of the surgical treatment of urinary incontinence in women. A homogenous series of 293 operations]. The statistic from 278 cases of urinary incontinence in women in a gynaecological department are reported. There was one unexpected death (from coronary thrombosis) and one hemiplegia. From the remaining cases althogether 5-7 p. 100 failures, 7-9 p. 100 partial successes and 86.5 p. 100 cures. The operations undertaken were: 33 Berkow's operation, 138 retro-public colpopexies, 29 interposition operations of placing the uterus between the bladder and the vagina, 52 sub-vesical slings of skin and 26 other different operations. All in all the percentage of failures or partial failures in the different catergories of operation are identically the same, namely about 12 p. 100. This impression can be corrected because we are dealing with small series of cases. But study of the failures in particular is indicated, to search for reasons and for whether this consistent percentage of failures may not be due to a factor which is not curable by surgery as, for instance, a factor of intrinsic muscular weakness.", "PMID": 853222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10149", "title": "Hepatitis B circulating immune complexes. Characterization by radioimmunoprecipitation--PEG assay (RIPEGA).", "content": "Incidence of circulating immune complexes (IC) was investigated in carriers of hepatitis B antigen (HBAg) and/or anti-HB antibodies (anti-HBAb). Three methods were used: radiolabelled C1q binding test (C1qBT), complement fixation test (CFT), and optical density (OD) measurement after dissolution of 3% polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitate of serum. A highly significant correlation was obtained between these three techniques. The level of IC was higher in carriers of HBAg without anti-HBAb, than in others. The characterization of HBAg and anti-HBAB in IC was carried out by a new procedure, the radioimmunoprecipitation-PEG assay (RIPEGA), This sensitive and reproducible test was performed by incubation of 125I-HBAg or 125I-HBAG with 3% precipitate of the carriers' sera. Separation of free from complexed 125I-HBAg or 125I-HBAb was achieved by PEG precipitation. A highly significant correlation was found between the levels of circulating IC evaluated by the C1q-BT and the quantities of HBAg or anti HBAb measured by RIPEGA. RIPEGA was used to quantify HBAg and anti-HBAb present in serum from HBAg and/or anti-HBAb carriers, confirmed by a radioimmunoassay. In preliminary results, RIPEGA was shown to be more sensitive than classical radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "Hepatitis B circulating immune complexes. Characterization by radioimmunoprecipitation--PEG assay (RIPEGA). Incidence of circulating immune complexes (IC) was investigated in carriers of hepatitis B antigen (HBAg) and/or anti-HB antibodies (anti-HBAb). Three methods were used: radiolabelled C1q binding test (C1qBT), complement fixation test (CFT), and optical density (OD) measurement after dissolution of 3% polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitate of serum. A highly significant correlation was obtained between these three techniques. The level of IC was higher in carriers of HBAg without anti-HBAb, than in others. The characterization of HBAg and anti-HBAB in IC was carried out by a new procedure, the radioimmunoprecipitation-PEG assay (RIPEGA), This sensitive and reproducible test was performed by incubation of 125I-HBAg or 125I-HBAG with 3% precipitate of the carriers' sera. Separation of free from complexed 125I-HBAg or 125I-HBAb was achieved by PEG precipitation. A highly significant correlation was found between the levels of circulating IC evaluated by the C1q-BT and the quantities of HBAg or anti HBAb measured by RIPEGA. RIPEGA was used to quantify HBAg and anti-HBAb present in serum from HBAg and/or anti-HBAb carriers, confirmed by a radioimmunoassay. In preliminary results, RIPEGA was shown to be more sensitive than classical radioimmunoassay.", "PMID": 853223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10150", "title": "A simple method for detection of IgG rheumatoid factor.", "content": "A simple method for detection of IgG rheumatoid factor (RF) in sera and joint fluid is described. The technique is based on the action of 0.1 M 2-mercaptoethanol mixed directly with the material. After 2 h of incubation determinations of human anti-IgG were performed by latex agglutination test. Comparison with data obtained by using the conventional method, sequential 24 h treatment with 0.1 M 2-mercaptoethanol and 0.01 M iodoacetamide, shows similar results for both methods. A correlation was observed between the presence of IgGRF in synovial fluid and a severe clinical course with invalidating forms in patients suffering rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "A simple method for detection of IgG rheumatoid factor. A simple method for detection of IgG rheumatoid factor (RF) in sera and joint fluid is described. The technique is based on the action of 0.1 M 2-mercaptoethanol mixed directly with the material. After 2 h of incubation determinations of human anti-IgG were performed by latex agglutination test. Comparison with data obtained by using the conventional method, sequential 24 h treatment with 0.1 M 2-mercaptoethanol and 0.01 M iodoacetamide, shows similar results for both methods. A correlation was observed between the presence of IgGRF in synovial fluid and a severe clinical course with invalidating forms in patients suffering rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 853224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10151", "title": "Nitrophenylated derivatives of epsilon-aminocaproic acid: synthesis and physico-chemical characterization.", "content": "Methods for the synthesis of the mono-, di- and tri-nitro derivatives of epsilon-aminocaproic acid are presented. Special attention is given to the purification procedure, as we have found that methods recommended in the literature do not produce a single product. Evidence is presented which shows that recrystallizing the haptens from hot ethanol produces a by-product which is the ethyl ester of the haptens. Characterization methods and physical properties of the nitro-phenylated derivates of epsilon-aminocaproic acid are summarized.", "contents": "Nitrophenylated derivatives of epsilon-aminocaproic acid: synthesis and physico-chemical characterization. Methods for the synthesis of the mono-, di- and tri-nitro derivatives of epsilon-aminocaproic acid are presented. Special attention is given to the purification procedure, as we have found that methods recommended in the literature do not produce a single product. Evidence is presented which shows that recrystallizing the haptens from hot ethanol produces a by-product which is the ethyl ester of the haptens. Characterization methods and physical properties of the nitro-phenylated derivates of epsilon-aminocaproic acid are summarized.", "PMID": 853226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10152", "title": "A new HLA antigen apparently not controlled by the known HLA loci.", "content": "The human allogeneic serum RM3 recognizes a lymphocyte structure inherited with the HLA chromosome. Population studies show several positive associations with antigens of the HLA-A and HLA-B series. Negative association have been found with antigens of the HLA-C series. Moreover the distribution of the RM3 factor is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with that of the HLA-C alleles. However, serological investigations (namely the 'lysostrip' technique) bring evidence that RM3 serum does not appear to contain antibodies directed against any of the antigens of the HLA-A, B and C series. The study of a segregant family, showing a crossing over between the HLA-A and HLA-B loci, shows that the RM3 factor segregates on the side of the HLA-A locus. In conclusion, within the limits of the serological approach used, the present study presents evidence of a new serologically defined HLA locus, different from those so far described.", "contents": "A new HLA antigen apparently not controlled by the known HLA loci. The human allogeneic serum RM3 recognizes a lymphocyte structure inherited with the HLA chromosome. Population studies show several positive associations with antigens of the HLA-A and HLA-B series. Negative association have been found with antigens of the HLA-C series. Moreover the distribution of the RM3 factor is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with that of the HLA-C alleles. However, serological investigations (namely the 'lysostrip' technique) bring evidence that RM3 serum does not appear to contain antibodies directed against any of the antigens of the HLA-A, B and C series. The study of a segregant family, showing a crossing over between the HLA-A and HLA-B loci, shows that the RM3 factor segregates on the side of the HLA-A locus. In conclusion, within the limits of the serological approach used, the present study presents evidence of a new serologically defined HLA locus, different from those so far described.", "PMID": 853227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10153", "title": "Differences in the growth requirements of some strains of Ureaplasma urealyticum of human origin.", "content": "The growth requirements of Ureaplasma urealyticum strains T-McA, T-Pi, T-27, and T-207 were studied. All strains grew in T-broth containing horse serum. Only strain T-McA grew in broth containing serum fraction A, a finding that confirmed that ureaplasmas are not  homogeneous and suggested that they can be divided into two species on the basis of their requirement for horse serum. The growth factors required by T-McA are arginine, cystine, methionine, and unidentified metabolites in serum fraction A and trypticase soy broth. The vitamins in Eagle's minimal essential medium are not essential metabolites for T-McA but enhanced its growth. Therefore, we recommend that these vitamins be incorporated in ureaplasma media and that the effect of supplementing media with arginine, cystine, and methionine for the primary isolation of ureaplasmas be ascertained.", "contents": "Differences in the growth requirements of some strains of Ureaplasma urealyticum of human origin. The growth requirements of Ureaplasma urealyticum strains T-McA, T-Pi, T-27, and T-207 were studied. All strains grew in T-broth containing horse serum. Only strain T-McA grew in broth containing serum fraction A, a finding that confirmed that ureaplasmas are not  homogeneous and suggested that they can be divided into two species on the basis of their requirement for horse serum. The growth factors required by T-McA are arginine, cystine, methionine, and unidentified metabolites in serum fraction A and trypticase soy broth. The vitamins in Eagle's minimal essential medium are not essential metabolites for T-McA but enhanced its growth. Therefore, we recommend that these vitamins be incorporated in ureaplasma media and that the effect of supplementing media with arginine, cystine, and methionine for the primary isolation of ureaplasmas be ascertained.", "PMID": 853244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10154", "title": "Concentrations of levamisole required for enhanced proliferation of human lymphocytes and phagocytosis by macrophages.", "content": "We studied the in vitro effects of levamisole on phagocytosis by macrophages and on proliferation of lymphocytes obtained from human peripheral blood. It was observed that levamisole directly stimulated phagocytosis in a lymphocyte-free system. Enhancement was optimal at a concentration that inhibited antigen- or mitogen-induced stimulation of sensitive lymphocytes. Lower concentrations of levamisole enhanced the proliferative lymphocyte response.", "contents": "Concentrations of levamisole required for enhanced proliferation of human lymphocytes and phagocytosis by macrophages. We studied the in vitro effects of levamisole on phagocytosis by macrophages and on proliferation of lymphocytes obtained from human peripheral blood. It was observed that levamisole directly stimulated phagocytosis in a lymphocyte-free system. Enhancement was optimal at a concentration that inhibited antigen- or mitogen-induced stimulation of sensitive lymphocytes. Lower concentrations of levamisole enhanced the proliferative lymphocyte response.", "PMID": 853245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10155", "title": "Disk diffusion susceptibility testing of Nocardia species.", "content": "The effectiveness of 13 antimicrobial agents against 51 clinical isolates of Nocardia was determined with use of agar dilutions and disk diffusion method. Amikacin inhibited less than 90% of isolates and, like the other aminoglycosides, showed good correlation between minimal inhibitory concentrations and sizes of zones of inhibition around the disks. Both sulfisoxazole and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were very active, although they required a 2- to 3-log lower inoculum for demonstration of susceptibility. Results with the two sulfa disks were variable, but they did allow distinction between sensitive and intermediate strains. All of the isolates of Nocardia were inhibited by 6.3 microng of minocycline; however, the degree of susceptibility could not be determined by zone diameters. Only two-thirds of these clinical isolates of Nocardia grew rapidly enough to be assayed by either susceptibility method.", "contents": "Disk diffusion susceptibility testing of Nocardia species. The effectiveness of 13 antimicrobial agents against 51 clinical isolates of Nocardia was determined with use of agar dilutions and disk diffusion method. Amikacin inhibited less than 90% of isolates and, like the other aminoglycosides, showed good correlation between minimal inhibitory concentrations and sizes of zones of inhibition around the disks. Both sulfisoxazole and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were very active, although they required a 2- to 3-log lower inoculum for demonstration of susceptibility. Results with the two sulfa disks were variable, but they did allow distinction between sensitive and intermediate strains. All of the isolates of Nocardia were inhibited by 6.3 microng of minocycline; however, the degree of susceptibility could not be determined by zone diameters. Only two-thirds of these clinical isolates of Nocardia grew rapidly enough to be assayed by either susceptibility method.", "PMID": 853246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10156", "title": "Larva-specific antibodies in patients with visceral larva migrans.", "content": "Seven of 10 patients with visceral larva migrans (VLM) had serum precipitating antibodies specific for larval antigens of Toxocara canis as determined by double diffusion in agar. Such antibodies were absent in 114 normal adults and 25 patients with collagen disease. Precipitation of ascarid components by C-reactive protein resulted in false-positive reactions, but this precipitation was readily prevented by appropriate absorption of sera before testing. A more sensitive assay, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, revealed high titers of antibodies to larvae of Toxocara in all patients with VLM; the log2 titer ranged from 9 to 14. Five of eight household relatives of these patients and four children who had had VLM two to four years before testing had titers of 6-12. Of the 114 normal adults, 105 had titers of 0-2; nine had titers of 3-8. Of the 25 patients with collagen disease, 23 had titers of 0, and two had titers of 4 and 6, respectively. Additional studies of those patients indicated that infection with Toxocara can be distinguished serologically from ascariasis, filariasis, and trichinellosis.", "contents": "Larva-specific antibodies in patients with visceral larva migrans. Seven of 10 patients with visceral larva migrans (VLM) had serum precipitating antibodies specific for larval antigens of Toxocara canis as determined by double diffusion in agar. Such antibodies were absent in 114 normal adults and 25 patients with collagen disease. Precipitation of ascarid components by C-reactive protein resulted in false-positive reactions, but this precipitation was readily prevented by appropriate absorption of sera before testing. A more sensitive assay, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, revealed high titers of antibodies to larvae of Toxocara in all patients with VLM; the log2 titer ranged from 9 to 14. Five of eight household relatives of these patients and four children who had had VLM two to four years before testing had titers of 6-12. Of the 114 normal adults, 105 had titers of 0-2; nine had titers of 3-8. Of the 25 patients with collagen disease, 23 had titers of 0, and two had titers of 4 and 6, respectively. Additional studies of those patients indicated that infection with Toxocara can be distinguished serologically from ascariasis, filariasis, and trichinellosis.", "PMID": 853247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10157", "title": "Typhoid fever in the United States associated with the 1972-1973 epidemic in Mexico.", "content": "In 1972 and 1973 a nationwide outbreak of typhoid fever occurred in Mexico. The responsible strain of Salmonella typhi had a characteristic pattern of phage lysis, resembling the type A pattern, referred to as degraded Vi(A), and was resistant to chloramphenicol and other antimicrobial agents in vitro and in vivo. Eighty cases of infection with strains of S. typhi that were related to the Mexican epidemic strain were reported in the United States. The epidemic in Mexico subsided in mid-1973, and no further cases of typhoid fever due to chloramphenicol-resistant organisms were reported in the United States. Infections with chloramphenicol-sensitive strains of S. typhi with the phage lysis pattern of degraded (Vi(A) occurred in association with travel in Mexico before and after the height of the epidemic in Mexico. Although typhoid fever due to chloramphenicol-resistant organisms has not been reported in the United States since the subsidence of the Mexican epidemic, testing of isolates of S. typhi for antibiotic sensitivity is recommended because of the continued existence of resistant strains elsewhere.", "contents": "Typhoid fever in the United States associated with the 1972-1973 epidemic in Mexico. In 1972 and 1973 a nationwide outbreak of typhoid fever occurred in Mexico. The responsible strain of Salmonella typhi had a characteristic pattern of phage lysis, resembling the type A pattern, referred to as degraded Vi(A), and was resistant to chloramphenicol and other antimicrobial agents in vitro and in vivo. Eighty cases of infection with strains of S. typhi that were related to the Mexican epidemic strain were reported in the United States. The epidemic in Mexico subsided in mid-1973, and no further cases of typhoid fever due to chloramphenicol-resistant organisms were reported in the United States. Infections with chloramphenicol-sensitive strains of S. typhi with the phage lysis pattern of degraded (Vi(A) occurred in association with travel in Mexico before and after the height of the epidemic in Mexico. Although typhoid fever due to chloramphenicol-resistant organisms has not been reported in the United States since the subsidence of the Mexican epidemic, testing of isolates of S. typhi for antibiotic sensitivity is recommended because of the continued existence of resistant strains elsewhere.", "PMID": 853248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10158", "title": "Strains of Hong Kong influenza virus in calves.", "content": "Three strains of Hong Kong influenza virus isolated from humans were compared with a strain isolated from a calf for their ability to cause disease in calves. One of the human strains. A/Aichi/2/68, was detected for five days in a calf, but all three failed to cause signs of disease. Strain A/cal/Duschanbe/55/71 could be detected for seven days and caused an influenza-like illness in calves.", "contents": "Strains of Hong Kong influenza virus in calves. Three strains of Hong Kong influenza virus isolated from humans were compared with a strain isolated from a calf for their ability to cause disease in calves. One of the human strains. A/Aichi/2/68, was detected for five days in a calf, but all three failed to cause signs of disease. Strain A/cal/Duschanbe/55/71 could be detected for seven days and caused an influenza-like illness in calves.", "PMID": 853249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10159", "title": "Acute epiglottitis in adults.", "content": "Nine cases of acute epiglottitis in adults, seen over a period of ten years, are presented. The presence of severe pain and dysphagia as universal presenting features are stressed, and the frequent absence of pharyngeal injection is noted. We found that the disease in adults differs from that in children in that pain and dysphagia are more marked, that stridor is a less prominent feature, and that Haemophilus influenzae appears not to be the sole causative organism.", "contents": "Acute epiglottitis in adults. Nine cases of acute epiglottitis in adults, seen over a period of ten years, are presented. The presence of severe pain and dysphagia as universal presenting features are stressed, and the frequent absence of pharyngeal injection is noted. We found that the disease in adults differs from that in children in that pain and dysphagia are more marked, that stridor is a less prominent feature, and that Haemophilus influenzae appears not to be the sole causative organism.", "PMID": 853252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10160", "title": "Caloric test with oculogyral illusion as response.", "content": "It has been demonstrated that the caloric test can be simplified further by making use of the oculogyral illusion. Since the test is conducted under conditions of optic fixation, this method probably also enhances the sensitivity of the caloric test. The reproducibility of the tests also appears high, at least in respect of measures of \"canal paresis\". When used in conjunction with other tests for detecting vestibular imbalance, e.g. examination for spontaneous and provocation nystagmus using Frenzel glasses, this OGI caloric test should provide a convenient procedure for the clinical examination of vestibular function.", "contents": "Caloric test with oculogyral illusion as response. It has been demonstrated that the caloric test can be simplified further by making use of the oculogyral illusion. Since the test is conducted under conditions of optic fixation, this method probably also enhances the sensitivity of the caloric test. The reproducibility of the tests also appears high, at least in respect of measures of \"canal paresis\". When used in conjunction with other tests for detecting vestibular imbalance, e.g. examination for spontaneous and provocation nystagmus using Frenzel glasses, this OGI caloric test should provide a convenient procedure for the clinical examination of vestibular function.", "PMID": 853254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10161", "title": "Polytef (Teflon) injection of the vocal cords. Experience with thirty-four cases.", "content": "The results of Polytef injection of the vocal cords in 34 patients carried out over the last three years are reviewed. Two complications of respiratory distress were noted. It was shown that it is easy and safe to carry out this procedure under general anaesthesia using a shorter needle and a modified laryngoscope. There were no complications to the general anaesthetic.", "contents": "Polytef (Teflon) injection of the vocal cords. Experience with thirty-four cases. The results of Polytef injection of the vocal cords in 34 patients carried out over the last three years are reviewed. Two complications of respiratory distress were noted. It was shown that it is easy and safe to carry out this procedure under general anaesthesia using a shorter needle and a modified laryngoscope. There were no complications to the general anaesthetic.", "PMID": 853255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10162", "title": "Congenital anomaly of the facial nerve.", "content": "A case of abnormal course of the facial nerve is described. It was observed in a patient without malformations of the auricle or the external auditory meatus and with a normal otoscopic picture; but multiple malformations, especially of the upper limbs and the genitalia, were present. The chromosome conditions were normal.", "contents": "Congenital anomaly of the facial nerve. A case of abnormal course of the facial nerve is described. It was observed in a patient without malformations of the auricle or the external auditory meatus and with a normal otoscopic picture; but multiple malformations, especially of the upper limbs and the genitalia, were present. The chromosome conditions were normal.", "PMID": 853256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10163", "title": "Primary lymphoepithelial carcinoma of the hypopharynx.", "content": "Lymphoepithelial carcinoma (lymphoepithelioma) is a neoplasm that may be found in nasopharynx, nasal fossae, maxillary sinus, base of the tongue, tonsil, thymus and parapharyngeal area. Such a tumor is extremely rare in the hypopharynx and the case described is the second so far reported in the world literature, after the first case by Dockerty et al. (1968). The tumor is morphologically identical to those arising in other organs. Our patient died ten months after diagnosis.", "contents": "Primary lymphoepithelial carcinoma of the hypopharynx. Lymphoepithelial carcinoma (lymphoepithelioma) is a neoplasm that may be found in nasopharynx, nasal fossae, maxillary sinus, base of the tongue, tonsil, thymus and parapharyngeal area. Such a tumor is extremely rare in the hypopharynx and the case described is the second so far reported in the world literature, after the first case by Dockerty et al. (1968). The tumor is morphologically identical to those arising in other organs. Our patient died ten months after diagnosis.", "PMID": 853258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10164", "title": "Mechanism of increased prolactin secretion by sulpiride.", "content": "The effect of sulpiride, a neuroleptic agent, on the secretion of prolactin by the anterior pituitary gland of the rat was studied. A significant increase in serum prolactin was observed after subcutaneous administration of the drug. Although sulpiride (0-10 micronmol/1 or 0-14 mmol/1) had no effect on the secretion of newly synthesized or radioimmunoassayable prolactin in vitro, the drug significantly overcame the inhibitory action that dopamine (0-50 micronmol/1) exerted on prolactin secretion. Rats implanted with a prolactin-secreting pituitary tumour MtTW15 showed an inhibition of prolactin biosynthesis and release. Injection of these rats with sulpiride restored prolactin biosynthesis and release of the hormone toward normal levels. These results demonstrate that sulpiride has a direct effect on the pituitary antagonizing the inhibitory effects exerted by dopaminergic mechanisms, although the drug itself does not stimulate the secretion of prolactin in vitro. Sulpiride may have a direct action on the pituitary lactotrophs in vivo, but effects at higher centres have not been excluded.", "contents": "Mechanism of increased prolactin secretion by sulpiride. The effect of sulpiride, a neuroleptic agent, on the secretion of prolactin by the anterior pituitary gland of the rat was studied. A significant increase in serum prolactin was observed after subcutaneous administration of the drug. Although sulpiride (0-10 micronmol/1 or 0-14 mmol/1) had no effect on the secretion of newly synthesized or radioimmunoassayable prolactin in vitro, the drug significantly overcame the inhibitory action that dopamine (0-50 micronmol/1) exerted on prolactin secretion. Rats implanted with a prolactin-secreting pituitary tumour MtTW15 showed an inhibition of prolactin biosynthesis and release. Injection of these rats with sulpiride restored prolactin biosynthesis and release of the hormone toward normal levels. These results demonstrate that sulpiride has a direct effect on the pituitary antagonizing the inhibitory effects exerted by dopaminergic mechanisms, although the drug itself does not stimulate the secretion of prolactin in vitro. Sulpiride may have a direct action on the pituitary lactotrophs in vivo, but effects at higher centres have not been excluded.", "PMID": 853259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10165", "title": "Steroid release in vitro by two luteal cell types in the corpus luteum of the pregnant sow.", "content": "Corpora lutea from sows at 30, 60 and 90 days of gestation were dissociated enzymically, and the components of the resulting cell suspension were separated by sedimentation at unit gravity. Two luteal cell populations of 30-50 micronm diameter and 15-20 micronm diameter were obtained and superfused for up to 18 h with Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium, the cells being supported in a column in a matrix of Biogel. Fractions were collected every 30 min and assayed for progesterone and oestradiol-17beta. At 30 and 60 days of gestation the large luteal cells produced progesterone at an initial rate of approximately 100 ng/h/10(5) cells, which decreased to half this rate at 90 days. The smaller cells also released progesterone into the medium at approximately 15-20 ng/h/10(5) cells at all stages of gestation. At 30 days of gestation, neither cell type released significant amounts of oestradiol-17beta, but from 60 days onwards ,significant and increasing quantities were measured in the superfusates from the larger cells. Both cell types were perfused with porcine LH at the three stages of gestation, and both showed an immediate response in terms of progesterone release which decreased in magnitude with increasing age of gestation. The response of the smaller cells was greater than that of the larger cells.", "contents": "Steroid release in vitro by two luteal cell types in the corpus luteum of the pregnant sow. Corpora lutea from sows at 30, 60 and 90 days of gestation were dissociated enzymically, and the components of the resulting cell suspension were separated by sedimentation at unit gravity. Two luteal cell populations of 30-50 micronm diameter and 15-20 micronm diameter were obtained and superfused for up to 18 h with Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium, the cells being supported in a column in a matrix of Biogel. Fractions were collected every 30 min and assayed for progesterone and oestradiol-17beta. At 30 and 60 days of gestation the large luteal cells produced progesterone at an initial rate of approximately 100 ng/h/10(5) cells, which decreased to half this rate at 90 days. The smaller cells also released progesterone into the medium at approximately 15-20 ng/h/10(5) cells at all stages of gestation. At 30 days of gestation, neither cell type released significant amounts of oestradiol-17beta, but from 60 days onwards ,significant and increasing quantities were measured in the superfusates from the larger cells. Both cell types were perfused with porcine LH at the three stages of gestation, and both showed an immediate response in terms of progesterone release which decreased in magnitude with increasing age of gestation. The response of the smaller cells was greater than that of the larger cells.", "PMID": 853260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10166", "title": "Enhancing the expression of flavor neophobia: some effects of the ingestion-illness contingency.", "content": "Four experiments investigating factors contributing to enhanced ingestional neophobia are reported. Rats administered lithium chloride following ingestion of a novel coffee solution showed an enhanced neophobia reaction to vinegar and casein. This enhancement was specific to the novelty of both the conditioning and test fluids and was not observed in animals receiving noncontingent toxicosis. Poisoning alone, however, mediated a nonspecific fluid suppression that persisted for approximately two drinking sessions following treatment. In contrast to other experiments, the operation of generalization was detected only when a novel flavor was the test fluid, suggesting that neophobia enhancement is at least partially mediated by a conditioned novelty aversion resulting from the novel flavor-lithium contingency.", "contents": "Enhancing the expression of flavor neophobia: some effects of the ingestion-illness contingency. Four experiments investigating factors contributing to enhanced ingestional neophobia are reported. Rats administered lithium chloride following ingestion of a novel coffee solution showed an enhanced neophobia reaction to vinegar and casein. This enhancement was specific to the novelty of both the conditioning and test fluids and was not observed in animals receiving noncontingent toxicosis. Poisoning alone, however, mediated a nonspecific fluid suppression that persisted for approximately two drinking sessions following treatment. In contrast to other experiments, the operation of generalization was detected only when a novel flavor was the test fluid, suggesting that neophobia enhancement is at least partially mediated by a conditioned novelty aversion resulting from the novel flavor-lithium contingency.", "PMID": 853271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10167", "title": "Lead screening by family physicians.", "content": "Blood lead level tests, by the finger-prick micromethod, were given to 333 children in a primary care practice. On initial testing, 18.6 percent of children had lead levels between 30 and 39 microng/100 ml and ten percent had lead levels of 40 microng/100 ml or greater. In the latter group, only 2.7 percent had levels in that range when retested with venous blood samples. Socioeconomic status, as determined by census tract residence, correlated with evidence of undue lead absorption. Of the children tested from socioeconomic Group I (I is highest), 3.4 percent were affected, as opposed to 60.0 percent of the children residing in Group V census tracts.", "contents": "Lead screening by family physicians. Blood lead level tests, by the finger-prick micromethod, were given to 333 children in a primary care practice. On initial testing, 18.6 percent of children had lead levels between 30 and 39 microng/100 ml and ten percent had lead levels of 40 microng/100 ml or greater. In the latter group, only 2.7 percent had levels in that range when retested with venous blood samples. Socioeconomic status, as determined by census tract residence, correlated with evidence of undue lead absorption. Of the children tested from socioeconomic Group I (I is highest), 3.4 percent were affected, as opposed to 60.0 percent of the children residing in Group V census tracts.", "PMID": 853275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10168", "title": "The functional heart murmur: a wastebasket diagnosis.", "content": "It is extremely helpful for the examiner to separate murmurs of nonorganic origin into one of two categories. The innocent heart murmur group defines five specific entities: the pulmonary systolic murmur, the vibratory systolic murmur, the supraclavicular systolic murmur, the mammary souffle, and the venous hum. All other nonorganic murmurs are classified as functional, and are produced by clinically recognizable alteration in anatomy and/or physiology affecting the circulatory system. This paper discusses each category and provides information regarding bedside diagnosis of selected murmurs.", "contents": "The functional heart murmur: a wastebasket diagnosis. It is extremely helpful for the examiner to separate murmurs of nonorganic origin into one of two categories. The innocent heart murmur group defines five specific entities: the pulmonary systolic murmur, the vibratory systolic murmur, the supraclavicular systolic murmur, the mammary souffle, and the venous hum. All other nonorganic murmurs are classified as functional, and are produced by clinically recognizable alteration in anatomy and/or physiology affecting the circulatory system. This paper discusses each category and provides information regarding bedside diagnosis of selected murmurs.", "PMID": 853276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10169", "title": "Rational drug therapy of common illnesses in children.", "content": "Experience with the care of over 7,000 children with acute illnesses has shown that most need either no medication at all or can be adequately managed from a choice of but a handful of drugs precisely prescribed. A knowledge of rational therapeutics can decrease polypharmacy, the high cost of illness, and the risk of iatrogenic disease.", "contents": "Rational drug therapy of common illnesses in children. Experience with the care of over 7,000 children with acute illnesses has shown that most need either no medication at all or can be adequately managed from a choice of but a handful of drugs precisely prescribed. A knowledge of rational therapeutics can decrease polypharmacy, the high cost of illness, and the risk of iatrogenic disease.", "PMID": 853277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10170", "title": "About the problem patient.", "content": "This paper presents a brief description of the phenomenon of the problem patient, the response of the physician, and alternatives to the impass which frequently occurs in the problem patient-physician relationship. There may be great utility in viewing the problem-patient problem as a patient-physician relationship problem. If this is done, the physician may be able to re-examine his/her expectations of the helping role and choose an alternate mode of relating to the patient, to the benefit of both the patient and physician.", "contents": "About the problem patient. This paper presents a brief description of the phenomenon of the problem patient, the response of the physician, and alternatives to the impass which frequently occurs in the problem patient-physician relationship. There may be great utility in viewing the problem-patient problem as a patient-physician relationship problem. If this is done, the physician may be able to re-examine his/her expectations of the helping role and choose an alternate mode of relating to the patient, to the benefit of both the patient and physician.", "PMID": 853278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10171", "title": "A program for enhancing medical interviewing using video-tape feedback in the family practice residency.", "content": "In an effort to enhance the medical interviewing skills of family practice residents in the clinical setting, the Minnesota Communication Program was developed. The Program, which uses video-tape feedback as the primary teaching method, stresses the integration of biological and psychosocial data as well as the establishment of a therapeutic relationship. A description of the Program including goals, teaching strategies, and guidelines for implementing video-tape feedback is presented. The Medical Interview Skills Checklist (MISC) and its use as an assessment tool are described. Results of a survey eliciting residents' responses to the Program and the implications of video-tape feedback for medical education are also discussed.", "contents": "A program for enhancing medical interviewing using video-tape feedback in the family practice residency. In an effort to enhance the medical interviewing skills of family practice residents in the clinical setting, the Minnesota Communication Program was developed. The Program, which uses video-tape feedback as the primary teaching method, stresses the integration of biological and psychosocial data as well as the establishment of a therapeutic relationship. A description of the Program including goals, teaching strategies, and guidelines for implementing video-tape feedback is presented. The Medical Interview Skills Checklist (MISC) and its use as an assessment tool are described. Results of a survey eliciting residents' responses to the Program and the implications of video-tape feedback for medical education are also discussed.", "PMID": 853279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10172", "title": "The effect of career change from private practice to full-time family practice faculty.", "content": "This study investigated the timing and extent of the emotional impact of the career change of 33 selected family physicians who, after at least 15 years in private practice, moved into full-time teaching and/or administration in a family practice residency program. Their intrinsic feelings of being enthusiastic, energetic, optimistic, and enjoying associates were all diminished during the first six months, dropped further in the second six months, but began to recover during the second year. Similarly the physicians' perception of their effectiveness in their new work -- confident, competent, and fulfilled -- was relatively low during the first six months, but began to rise during the second six months and again during the second year. A comparison is made between the responses of those who held positions as directors and those who were non-directors. Changes reported were less marked in those who became directors than in those who did not. Possible causes of this phenomenon are explored. Methods to soften the impact of the career change are suggested.", "contents": "The effect of career change from private practice to full-time family practice faculty. This study investigated the timing and extent of the emotional impact of the career change of 33 selected family physicians who, after at least 15 years in private practice, moved into full-time teaching and/or administration in a family practice residency program. Their intrinsic feelings of being enthusiastic, energetic, optimistic, and enjoying associates were all diminished during the first six months, dropped further in the second six months, but began to recover during the second year. Similarly the physicians' perception of their effectiveness in their new work -- confident, competent, and fulfilled -- was relatively low during the first six months, but began to rise during the second six months and again during the second year. A comparison is made between the responses of those who held positions as directors and those who were non-directors. Changes reported were less marked in those who became directors than in those who did not. Possible causes of this phenomenon are explored. Methods to soften the impact of the career change are suggested.", "PMID": 853280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10173", "title": "Satisfaction of patients in two  Air Force family practice programs.", "content": "This study was carried out to determine of patients enrolled in family practice clinics were satisfied with their care and to ascertain if there was a difference in the level of satisfaction between two groups of family practice patients: one group at a teaching medical center and the other at a general acute care community hospital. The overwhelming majority of family practice patients surveyed were extremely satisfied with the care they were receiving. The prime reasons for this satisfaction were physician continuity (having one physician for the whole family), personal attention, and having levels of satisfaction between the groups at a teaching and a non-teaching facility. Overall, families that had received preventive health instructions from their physician had a stronger desire to remain with family practice and had fewer dislikes about the program than did the group of patients who had not received any preventive health instructions from their physician.", "contents": "Satisfaction of patients in two  Air Force family practice programs. This study was carried out to determine of patients enrolled in family practice clinics were satisfied with their care and to ascertain if there was a difference in the level of satisfaction between two groups of family practice patients: one group at a teaching medical center and the other at a general acute care community hospital. The overwhelming majority of family practice patients surveyed were extremely satisfied with the care they were receiving. The prime reasons for this satisfaction were physician continuity (having one physician for the whole family), personal attention, and having levels of satisfaction between the groups at a teaching and a non-teaching facility. Overall, families that had received preventive health instructions from their physician had a stronger desire to remain with family practice and had fewer dislikes about the program than did the group of patients who had not received any preventive health instructions from their physician.", "PMID": 853281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10174", "title": "Dog red blood cells: Na and K diffusion potentials with extracellular ATP.", "content": "External ATP causes a prompt increase in the Na and K permeability of dog red blood cells. By manipulating intra- and extracellular ion composition it is possible to observe ATP-induced net fluxes which can be explained in terms of the contribution of Na or K diffusion potentials to the membrane potential. Measurements of membrane voltage by a fluorescent dye technique confirm the existence of such potentials. A rough calculation of chloride permeability gives a value of the order of 10(-8) cm/s, which agrees with results in other species. The cells appear to be somewhat more permeable to bromide than to chloride.", "contents": "Dog red blood cells: Na and K diffusion potentials with extracellular ATP. External ATP causes a prompt increase in the Na and K permeability of dog red blood cells. By manipulating intra- and extracellular ion composition it is possible to observe ATP-induced net fluxes which can be explained in terms of the contribution of Na or K diffusion potentials to the membrane potential. Measurements of membrane voltage by a fluorescent dye technique confirm the existence of such potentials. A rough calculation of chloride permeability gives a value of the order of 10(-8) cm/s, which agrees with results in other species. The cells appear to be somewhat more permeable to bromide than to chloride.", "PMID": 853285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10175", "title": "Shear forces and blood vessel radii in the cardiovascular system.", "content": "What mathematical or physiological principles govern the radii of blood vessels in the cardiovascular system and by what mechanisms are those principles implemented? This question is studied in the contexts of fluid dynamics and physiology of the cardiovascular system, and a possible answer is examined in the light of empirical data.", "contents": "Shear forces and blood vessel radii in the cardiovascular system. What mathematical or physiological principles govern the radii of blood vessels in the cardiovascular system and by what mechanisms are those principles implemented? This question is studied in the contexts of fluid dynamics and physiology of the cardiovascular system, and a possible answer is examined in the light of empirical data.", "PMID": 853286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10176", "title": "The effect of extracellular potassium on the intracellular potassium ion activity and transmembrane potentials of beating canine cardiac Purkinje fibers.", "content": "We used open tip microelectrodes containing a K+-sensitive liquid ion exchanger to determine directly the intracellular K+ activity in beating canine cardiac Purkinje fibers. For preparations superfused with Tyrode's solution in which the K+ concentration was 4.0 mM, intracellular K+ activity (ak) was 130.0+/-2.3 mM (mean+/-SE) at 37 degrees C. The calculated K+ equilibrium potential (EK) was -100.6+/-0.5 mV. Maximum diastolic potential (ED) and resting transmembrane potential (EM) were measured with conventional microelectrodes filled with 3 M KCl and were -90.6+/-0.3 and -84.4+/-0.4 mV, respectively. When [K+]o was decreased to 2.0 mM or increased to 6.0, 10.0, and 16.0 mM, ak remained the same. At [K+]o=2.0, ED was -97.3+/-0.4 and Em -86.0+/-0.7 mV; at [K+]o=16.0, ED fell to -53.8+/-0.4 mV and Em to the same value. Over this range of values for [K+]o, EK changed from -119.0+/-0.3 to -63.6+/-0.2 mV. These values for EK are consistent with those previously estimated indirectly by other techniques.", "contents": "The effect of extracellular potassium on the intracellular potassium ion activity and transmembrane potentials of beating canine cardiac Purkinje fibers. We used open tip microelectrodes containing a K+-sensitive liquid ion exchanger to determine directly the intracellular K+ activity in beating canine cardiac Purkinje fibers. For preparations superfused with Tyrode's solution in which the K+ concentration was 4.0 mM, intracellular K+ activity (ak) was 130.0+/-2.3 mM (mean+/-SE) at 37 degrees C. The calculated K+ equilibrium potential (EK) was -100.6+/-0.5 mV. Maximum diastolic potential (ED) and resting transmembrane potential (EM) were measured with conventional microelectrodes filled with 3 M KCl and were -90.6+/-0.3 and -84.4+/-0.4 mV, respectively. When [K+]o was decreased to 2.0 mM or increased to 6.0, 10.0, and 16.0 mM, ak remained the same. At [K+]o=2.0, ED was -97.3+/-0.4 and Em -86.0+/-0.7 mV; at [K+]o=16.0, ED fell to -53.8+/-0.4 mV and Em to the same value. Over this range of values for [K+]o, EK changed from -119.0+/-0.3 to -63.6+/-0.2 mV. These values for EK are consistent with those previously estimated indirectly by other techniques.", "PMID": 853287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10177", "title": "Invasion of plant tissue in the rumen by the flagellate Neocallimastix frontalis.", "content": "The flagellate stage of the rumen phycomycete Neocallimastix frontalis invades and germinates on plant material in the rumen and in vitro, preferentially invading the lemmas, paleas, awns and flower bracts in members of the plant family Gramineae, and flower bracts in certain of the Papilionaceae. The principal sites of invasion were the stomata and damaged tissue, through which penetration of the plant tissue by the rhizoid of the germinating cell occurred. Subsequent growth of the vegetative stage occurred with the uptake of 14C from 14C-labelled plant tissue. Host diets rich in seed-head material normally supported higher population densities of N. frontalis in the rumen even though the dry matter digestibilities of these diets were lower.", "contents": "Invasion of plant tissue in the rumen by the flagellate Neocallimastix frontalis. The flagellate stage of the rumen phycomycete Neocallimastix frontalis invades and germinates on plant material in the rumen and in vitro, preferentially invading the lemmas, paleas, awns and flower bracts in members of the plant family Gramineae, and flower bracts in certain of the Papilionaceae. The principal sites of invasion were the stomata and damaged tissue, through which penetration of the plant tissue by the rhizoid of the germinating cell occurred. Subsequent growth of the vegetative stage occurred with the uptake of 14C from 14C-labelled plant tissue. Host diets rich in seed-head material normally supported higher population densities of N. frontalis in the rumen even though the dry matter digestibilities of these diets were lower.", "PMID": 853288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10178", "title": "Numerical analysis of relationships among rapidly growing, scotochromogenic mycobacteria.", "content": "Numerical analysis of the relationships among rapidly growing, scotochromogenic mycobacteria was carried out; a dendrogram was prepared by a single linkage method and the separation between species was tested. The following were distinct species: Mycobacterium alichiense; mycobacterium rhodesiae;Mycobacterium chubuense; Mycobacterium obuense; Mycobacterium gilvum; mycobacterium duvalii; mycobacterium flavescens; and mycobacterium vaccae. Mycobacterium tokaiense was reduced to a synonym of M. chubense. Mycobacterium parafortuitum, Mycobacterium aurum and Mycobacterium neoaurum were considered to be subspecies of M. parafortuitum or part of a M. parafortuitum complex. The separation between species was tested by comparing the extent of overlap of one species with that of another. When two species showed no such overlap,they were regarded as distinct. The results of the test of separation agreed well with taxonomic relationships shown by the dendrogram. Characters useful for differentiating the species were found.", "contents": "Numerical analysis of relationships among rapidly growing, scotochromogenic mycobacteria. Numerical analysis of the relationships among rapidly growing, scotochromogenic mycobacteria was carried out; a dendrogram was prepared by a single linkage method and the separation between species was tested. The following were distinct species: Mycobacterium alichiense; mycobacterium rhodesiae;Mycobacterium chubuense; Mycobacterium obuense; Mycobacterium gilvum; mycobacterium duvalii; mycobacterium flavescens; and mycobacterium vaccae. Mycobacterium tokaiense was reduced to a synonym of M. chubense. Mycobacterium parafortuitum, Mycobacterium aurum and Mycobacterium neoaurum were considered to be subspecies of M. parafortuitum or part of a M. parafortuitum complex. The separation between species was tested by comparing the extent of overlap of one species with that of another. When two species showed no such overlap,they were regarded as distinct. The results of the test of separation agreed well with taxonomic relationships shown by the dendrogram. Characters useful for differentiating the species were found.", "PMID": 853289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10179", "title": "The effect of growth and urea concentration on ammonia production by a urea-hydrolysing mycoplasma (Ureaplasma urealyticum).", "content": "The rate of accumulation of ammonium ion in cultures of Ureaplasma urealyticum was independent of the growth rate and of the initial urea concentration above 0-025% in the medium, although the quantity of ammonium ion accumulating did depend on the initial urea concentration. Ammonium ions accumulated at a similar rate in U. urealyticum cultures of both rapidly and slowly growing organisms. Viable but non-growing ureaplasmas also produced ammonia in complete medium at a lower temperature than usual (25 degrees C) or in an inadequate growth medium at 37 degrees C. The rate of ammonium ion accumulation in a dying culture depended on the number of viable organisms present; this is relevant to diagnostic methods for ureaplasms which depend on detecting ammonia colorimetrically.", "contents": "The effect of growth and urea concentration on ammonia production by a urea-hydrolysing mycoplasma (Ureaplasma urealyticum). The rate of accumulation of ammonium ion in cultures of Ureaplasma urealyticum was independent of the growth rate and of the initial urea concentration above 0-025% in the medium, although the quantity of ammonium ion accumulating did depend on the initial urea concentration. Ammonium ions accumulated at a similar rate in U. urealyticum cultures of both rapidly and slowly growing organisms. Viable but non-growing ureaplasmas also produced ammonia in complete medium at a lower temperature than usual (25 degrees C) or in an inadequate growth medium at 37 degrees C. The rate of ammonium ion accumulation in a dying culture depended on the number of viable organisms present; this is relevant to diagnostic methods for ureaplasms which depend on detecting ammonia colorimetrically.", "PMID": 853290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10180", "title": "Crystallization and reaggregation of adenovirus type 5 structural components from infected cell extracts.", "content": "Treatment of adenovirus type 5-infected cells at late times after infection (48 to 72 h p.i.) by hypotonic buffer and subsequent manipulation of the crude extract has resulted in the crystallization and reaggregation of the adenovirus type 5 fibre and hexon components.", "contents": "Crystallization and reaggregation of adenovirus type 5 structural components from infected cell extracts. Treatment of adenovirus type 5-infected cells at late times after infection (48 to 72 h p.i.) by hypotonic buffer and subsequent manipulation of the crude extract has resulted in the crystallization and reaggregation of the adenovirus type 5 fibre and hexon components.", "PMID": 853292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10181", "title": "The effect of test content and context on the anxiety-intelligence relationship.", "content": "The effect of test content and context on the anxiety-intelligence relationship was investigated by group-administering an intelligence measure presumably free of anxiety provoking cues, comprehension of cartoons, and several conventional intelligence and achievement measures to 177 boys and girls in Grades 4-6 in greater Tel-Aviv. Since the humor comprehension intelligence measure was as negatively correlated with test anxiety as were the conventional measures, it was concluded that trait anxiety is not a sufficient explanation of the anxiety-intelligence relationship.", "contents": "The effect of test content and context on the anxiety-intelligence relationship. The effect of test content and context on the anxiety-intelligence relationship was investigated by group-administering an intelligence measure presumably free of anxiety provoking cues, comprehension of cartoons, and several conventional intelligence and achievement measures to 177 boys and girls in Grades 4-6 in greater Tel-Aviv. Since the humor comprehension intelligence measure was as negatively correlated with test anxiety as were the conventional measures, it was concluded that trait anxiety is not a sufficient explanation of the anxiety-intelligence relationship.", "PMID": 853293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10182", "title": "Sex differences in discrimination of forms by elementary school children.", "content": "Thirty-six boys and 36 girls at each of two grade levels (second and fourth) were presented with a two-choice simultaneous form discrimination. The forms were five- or 10-sided, and symmetrical or asymmetrical. Ss received either a uniform array (both stimuli symmetrical or asymmetrical) or a mixed array (one stimulus symmetrical and the other asymmetrical). Boys performed better than girls, and older children were more accurate than younger ones. Several interactions among sex, age, and stimulus variables were obtained. The findings indicate sex differences in the development of the ability to process form information.", "contents": "Sex differences in discrimination of forms by elementary school children. Thirty-six boys and 36 girls at each of two grade levels (second and fourth) were presented with a two-choice simultaneous form discrimination. The forms were five- or 10-sided, and symmetrical or asymmetrical. Ss received either a uniform array (both stimuli symmetrical or asymmetrical) or a mixed array (one stimulus symmetrical and the other asymmetrical). Boys performed better than girls, and older children were more accurate than younger ones. Several interactions among sex, age, and stimulus variables were obtained. The findings indicate sex differences in the development of the ability to process form information.", "PMID": 853296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10183", "title": "Effects of imprinting on lysine uptake and incorporation into protein in chick brain.", "content": "One-day old chicks were exposed for either 30, 60, or 120 min to an imprinting stimulus or kept in darkness in similar conditions. At the end of this time they were injected peripherally with 14C-lysine and killed 20 min later. The radioactivity of free lysine and that incorporated into protein was measured; incorporation was found to differ between exposed and dark birds only in the anterior part of the forebrain roof after 60-min treatment (E/D = 1.25). However, more free radioactive lysine was found in all brain regions of exposed birds at this time. When the specific radioactivity of the free lysine (dpm/nmol lysine) was measured there were no differences between the two types of birds, indicating that the incorporation difference was not due to a change in precursor radioactivity. The use of 14C-2-aminoisobutyrate confirmed that even with a nonincorporated amino acid pool size changes still occurred. The greater lysine incorporation in anterior forebrain roof was largely restricted to the cytoplasmic soluble fraction.", "contents": "Effects of imprinting on lysine uptake and incorporation into protein in chick brain. One-day old chicks were exposed for either 30, 60, or 120 min to an imprinting stimulus or kept in darkness in similar conditions. At the end of this time they were injected peripherally with 14C-lysine and killed 20 min later. The radioactivity of free lysine and that incorporated into protein was measured; incorporation was found to differ between exposed and dark birds only in the anterior part of the forebrain roof after 60-min treatment (E/D = 1.25). However, more free radioactive lysine was found in all brain regions of exposed birds at this time. When the specific radioactivity of the free lysine (dpm/nmol lysine) was measured there were no differences between the two types of birds, indicating that the incorporation difference was not due to a change in precursor radioactivity. The use of 14C-2-aminoisobutyrate confirmed that even with a nonincorporated amino acid pool size changes still occurred. The greater lysine incorporation in anterior forebrain roof was largely restricted to the cytoplasmic soluble fraction.", "PMID": 853298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10184", "title": "Synaptic connections of the interplexiform cell in the retina of the cat.", "content": "Electron microscopy of Golgi-impregnated material and of well fixed, ultrathin serial sections has revealed the synaptic connections of interplexiform cells in cat retina. In the inner plexiform layer these cells are postsynaptic to amacrine cells and probably presynaptic to both bipolars and amacrines. In the outer plexiform layer they are presynaptic to rod and cone bipolar cells and also pre- and postsynaptic to other interplexiform cell dendrites. The interplexiform cell in cat retina appears to be concerned with feeding back information from the inner plexiform layer to the dendrites of bipolar cells in the outer plexiform layer.", "contents": "Synaptic connections of the interplexiform cell in the retina of the cat. Electron microscopy of Golgi-impregnated material and of well fixed, ultrathin serial sections has revealed the synaptic connections of interplexiform cells in cat retina. In the inner plexiform layer these cells are postsynaptic to amacrine cells and probably presynaptic to both bipolars and amacrines. In the outer plexiform layer they are presynaptic to rod and cone bipolar cells and also pre- and postsynaptic to other interplexiform cell dendrites. The interplexiform cell in cat retina appears to be concerned with feeding back information from the inner plexiform layer to the dendrites of bipolar cells in the outer plexiform layer.", "PMID": 853310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10185", "title": "Serum enzyme changes in hot work.", "content": "A total of 31 workers employed in hot work in small-scale foundries, 13 gardeners engaged at light jobs under the sun and 16 sedentary persons were selected after medical screening for a study of the levels of serum enzymes [glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and adolase]. Only the LDH values in the foundry workers and gardeners differed significantly from that of the unexposed subjects. A trend of slight increase in activity of these enzymes after exposure was observed, though it was not statistically significant.", "contents": "Serum enzyme changes in hot work. A total of 31 workers employed in hot work in small-scale foundries, 13 gardeners engaged at light jobs under the sun and 16 sedentary persons were selected after medical screening for a study of the levels of serum enzymes [glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and adolase]. Only the LDH values in the foundry workers and gardeners differed significantly from that of the unexposed subjects. A trend of slight increase in activity of these enzymes after exposure was observed, though it was not statistically significant.", "PMID": 853312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10186", "title": "Familial translocation with partial trisomy of 13 and 22: evidence that specific regions of chromosomes 13 and 22 are responsible for the phenotype of each trisomy.", "content": "A newborn infant with clinical and pathological findings typical trisomy 13 and 22 syndromes had an extra chromosome which was a derivative chromosome from maternal balanced translocation affecting Nos. 13 and 22; 47,XY,+der(22),t(13:22)(q22:q12)Mat. The presence of extra specific euchromatic regions of No. 13(13q22 and/or 13q34) and No. 22 (22q11) seem to be responsible for the trisomy 13 and 22 syndromes.", "contents": "Familial translocation with partial trisomy of 13 and 22: evidence that specific regions of chromosomes 13 and 22 are responsible for the phenotype of each trisomy. A newborn infant with clinical and pathological findings typical trisomy 13 and 22 syndromes had an extra chromosome which was a derivative chromosome from maternal balanced translocation affecting Nos. 13 and 22; 47,XY,+der(22),t(13:22)(q22:q12)Mat. The presence of extra specific euchromatic regions of No. 13(13q22 and/or 13q34) and No. 22 (22q11) seem to be responsible for the trisomy 13 and 22 syndromes.", "PMID": 853317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10187", "title": "Partial trisomy 14q -- and parental translocation of No. 14 chromosome. Report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of partial trisomy 14 (47, + 14q-) is presented. The proband's mother had a balanced translocation of 14q with the long arm of a No. 3 chromosome. Clinical and cytogenetic findings of this case are compared with 5 other cases of 47, + 14q-, in which one parent had a balanced translocation of the distal part of the No. 14 long arm to another chromosome. It appears that this chromosomal aneuploidy produces a fairly typical clinical picture.", "contents": "Partial trisomy 14q -- and parental translocation of No. 14 chromosome. Report of a case and review of the literature. A case of partial trisomy 14 (47, + 14q-) is presented. The proband's mother had a balanced translocation of 14q with the long arm of a No. 3 chromosome. Clinical and cytogenetic findings of this case are compared with 5 other cases of 47, + 14q-, in which one parent had a balanced translocation of the distal part of the No. 14 long arm to another chromosome. It appears that this chromosomal aneuploidy produces a fairly typical clinical picture.", "PMID": 853318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10188", "title": "Two reciprocal translocations associated with microcephaly and retardation.", "content": "The first case is reported of a karyotype containing two apparently unrelated reciprocal translocations, involving chromosomes 1, 2, 5, and 7. It is suggested that the patient's psychomotor retardation and microcephaly may be the result of the loss of a small amount of chromosomal material accompanying these translocations.", "contents": "Two reciprocal translocations associated with microcephaly and retardation. The first case is reported of a karyotype containing two apparently unrelated reciprocal translocations, involving chromosomes 1, 2, 5, and 7. It is suggested that the patient's psychomotor retardation and microcephaly may be the result of the loss of a small amount of chromosomal material accompanying these translocations.", "PMID": 853319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10189", "title": "De novo balanced reciprocal translocation 46,XY,t(6;8)(q13;q22).", "content": "A 5-month-old infant was examined because of minor multiple malformations. He was found to have a de novo blanced reciprocal translocation 46,XY,t(6;8(q13;q22). On follow-up at the age of 17 months his mental development was found to be within normal limits.", "contents": "De novo balanced reciprocal translocation 46,XY,t(6;8)(q13;q22). A 5-month-old infant was examined because of minor multiple malformations. He was found to have a de novo blanced reciprocal translocation 46,XY,t(6;8(q13;q22). On follow-up at the age of 17 months his mental development was found to be within normal limits.", "PMID": 853320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10190", "title": "Outcome of unsuspected pneumococcemia in children not initially admitted to the hospital.", "content": "The records were reviewed of 97 episodes of unsuspected pneumococcemia in children not initially admitted to the hospital. Antimicrobial agents were prescribed at the first visit for 46 children; at the second visit 37 of them were improved and nine were not. No antimicrobial agents were prescribed at the first visit for 51; at the second visit 16 of these patients were improved and 35 were not. Pneumococcemia persisted in two treated children and in 13 untreated children. Meningitis was identified later in four children (two treated and two untreated). Although pneumococcemia in children may be a transient event, it may also persist or result in meningitis or other localized infections.", "contents": "Outcome of unsuspected pneumococcemia in children not initially admitted to the hospital. The records were reviewed of 97 episodes of unsuspected pneumococcemia in children not initially admitted to the hospital. Antimicrobial agents were prescribed at the first visit for 46 children; at the second visit 37 of them were improved and nine were not. No antimicrobial agents were prescribed at the first visit for 51; at the second visit 16 of these patients were improved and 35 were not. Pneumococcemia persisted in two treated children and in 13 untreated children. Meningitis was identified later in four children (two treated and two untreated). Although pneumococcemia in children may be a transient event, it may also persist or result in meningitis or other localized infections.", "PMID": 853333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10191", "title": "Rhabdomyolysis with severe hypernatremia.", "content": "Three children with severe hypernatremia presented with profound generalized weakness and biochemical evidence of rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria. These findings in combination have not been previously reported, to our knowledge, in children with severe hypernatremia. Unusual complications included respiratory failure in one child and cardiac arrhythmias in two children. All three children had acute renal insufficiency; one required peritoneal dialysis.", "contents": "Rhabdomyolysis with severe hypernatremia. Three children with severe hypernatremia presented with profound generalized weakness and biochemical evidence of rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria. These findings in combination have not been previously reported, to our knowledge, in children with severe hypernatremia. Unusual complications included respiratory failure in one child and cardiac arrhythmias in two children. All three children had acute renal insufficiency; one required peritoneal dialysis.", "PMID": 853334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10192", "title": "Vitamin E deficiency and enhanced platelet function: reversal following E supplementation.", "content": "Marked platelet hyperaggregability to adenosine diphosphate, epinephrine, and collagen was demonstrated in two children with vitamin E deficiency, with complete reversal following E supplementation. No clinical thrombotic tendency was observed during the E-deficient state. The action of vitamin E in the schema of platelet arachidonate peroxidation appears to be at the step of phosphilpase A activation, or the conversion of arachidonic acid into the cyclic endoperoxides, since the peroxidation product malonaldehyde was increased during the E-deficient state with normalization following E sufficiency.", "contents": "Vitamin E deficiency and enhanced platelet function: reversal following E supplementation. Marked platelet hyperaggregability to adenosine diphosphate, epinephrine, and collagen was demonstrated in two children with vitamin E deficiency, with complete reversal following E supplementation. No clinical thrombotic tendency was observed during the E-deficient state. The action of vitamin E in the schema of platelet arachidonate peroxidation appears to be at the step of phosphilpase A activation, or the conversion of arachidonic acid into the cyclic endoperoxides, since the peroxidation product malonaldehyde was increased during the E-deficient state with normalization following E sufficiency.", "PMID": 853335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10193", "title": "Kwashiorkor not associated with poverty.", "content": "Four infants are described with kwashiorkor that was unassociated with poverty or infection as predisposing factors of their disease. The condition followed various dietary regimens deficient in protein of five weeks to seven months in duration. Features of this \"sugar-bady\" form of kwashiorkor included a low level of physician awareness of malnutrition as a diagnostic consideration, growth retardation, edema, muscle wasting, mental changes, and mild lymphocytosis. Initially, recovery was associated with rapid loss of weight and anemia and subsequently with weight gain and return to good health.", "contents": "Kwashiorkor not associated with poverty. Four infants are described with kwashiorkor that was unassociated with poverty or infection as predisposing factors of their disease. The condition followed various dietary regimens deficient in protein of five weeks to seven months in duration. Features of this \"sugar-bady\" form of kwashiorkor included a low level of physician awareness of malnutrition as a diagnostic consideration, growth retardation, edema, muscle wasting, mental changes, and mild lymphocytosis. Initially, recovery was associated with rapid loss of weight and anemia and subsequently with weight gain and return to good health.", "PMID": 853336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10194", "title": "Glutaric aciduria: clinical and laboratory findings in two brothers.", "content": "In two siblings with dystonic cerebral palsy the urinary metabolic profiles of organic acids were dominated by glutaric acid, a metabolite not normally present in urine. The exretion of glutaric acid amounted to several grams per day. The urinary excretion of beta-OH-glutaric acid and glutaconic acid was also enhanced. Imparied metabolism of glutaryl-CoA by leukocytes indicates that the patients suffer from an inborn error of lysine, tryptophan, and hydroxylysine metabolism. A defective oxidation of glutaryl-CoA to crotonyl-CoA, probably due to a deficiency of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase, is consistent with these findings.", "contents": "Glutaric aciduria: clinical and laboratory findings in two brothers. In two siblings with dystonic cerebral palsy the urinary metabolic profiles of organic acids were dominated by glutaric acid, a metabolite not normally present in urine. The exretion of glutaric acid amounted to several grams per day. The urinary excretion of beta-OH-glutaric acid and glutaconic acid was also enhanced. Imparied metabolism of glutaryl-CoA by leukocytes indicates that the patients suffer from an inborn error of lysine, tryptophan, and hydroxylysine metabolism. A defective oxidation of glutaryl-CoA to crotonyl-CoA, probably due to a deficiency of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase, is consistent with these findings.", "PMID": 853337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10195", "title": "Sound levels for neonates in transit.", "content": "Sound levels were measured in a neonatal intensive care nursery as well as during transport in ambulance, rotary wing, and fixed wing aircrafts. In the nursery, under usual conditions, the sound levels were between 58 and 70 dB; while in transit, they were invariably higher, particularly in rotary wing aircarft ( greater than 90 dB). The observations suggest that neonates in transit are exposed to potentially hazardous sound levels. Provision of means to attenuate the sound is desirable as a part of stabilization of infant during transport.", "contents": "Sound levels for neonates in transit. Sound levels were measured in a neonatal intensive care nursery as well as during transport in ambulance, rotary wing, and fixed wing aircrafts. In the nursery, under usual conditions, the sound levels were between 58 and 70 dB; while in transit, they were invariably higher, particularly in rotary wing aircarft ( greater than 90 dB). The observations suggest that neonates in transit are exposed to potentially hazardous sound levels. Provision of means to attenuate the sound is desirable as a part of stabilization of infant during transport.", "PMID": 853342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10196", "title": "Effectiveness of 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 in children with renal osteodystrophy associated with hemodialysis.", "content": "Two children who were receiving maintenance hemodialysis were treated with 1 to 4 microng/day of 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 for 500 to 700 days, respectively. Sequential parathyroid hormone levels and radiologic evaluations showed considerable improvement in one patient. The second patient initially responded with healing of the bone disease. Subsequent deterioration may be related either to medical noncomplicance and/or interference by diphenylhydantoin in the subsequent hepatic 25-hydroxylation of 1 alpha-OH-D3.", "contents": "Effectiveness of 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 in children with renal osteodystrophy associated with hemodialysis. Two children who were receiving maintenance hemodialysis were treated with 1 to 4 microng/day of 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 for 500 to 700 days, respectively. Sequential parathyroid hormone levels and radiologic evaluations showed considerable improvement in one patient. The second patient initially responded with healing of the bone disease. Subsequent deterioration may be related either to medical noncomplicance and/or interference by diphenylhydantoin in the subsequent hepatic 25-hydroxylation of 1 alpha-OH-D3.", "PMID": 853343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10197", "title": "American and British data on a three dimensional assessment of personality in college students.", "content": "Reported data on American and British college student samples for the new Psychoticism, Extraversion, and Neuroticism (PEN) Inventory. Descriptive statistics for PEN dimensions for five American female samples (total 492 subjects), five American male samples (total 399 subjects), one British female sample (700 subjects) and one British male sample (700 subjects) were summarized. Intercorrelations of PEN dimensions for most of the American samples were reported. The pattern of significant intercorrelations tended to be in accord with previous work on prior related inventories. Similarities and differences among the sample descriptive statistics were discussed.", "contents": "American and British data on a three dimensional assessment of personality in college students. Reported data on American and British college student samples for the new Psychoticism, Extraversion, and Neuroticism (PEN) Inventory. Descriptive statistics for PEN dimensions for five American female samples (total 492 subjects), five American male samples (total 399 subjects), one British female sample (700 subjects) and one British male sample (700 subjects) were summarized. Intercorrelations of PEN dimensions for most of the American samples were reported. The pattern of significant intercorrelations tended to be in accord with previous work on prior related inventories. Similarities and differences among the sample descriptive statistics were discussed.", "PMID": 853361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10198", "title": "Experimenter prestige and feedback related to acceptance of genuine personality interpretations and self-attitude.", "content": "The present study examined the relationship between the prestige of the diagnostician and subjects' (a) personal validation of genuine, test-based personality evaluations and (b) pre- and postfeedback changes in self-attitudes. It was found that (a) subjects in all conditions rated the interpretations as being fairly accurate descriptions of their personalities; (b) the acceptance of the feedback did not vary as a function of experimenter prestige; and (c) receiving personality feedback had no effects on subjects' self-attitudes. This latter finding was examined from the viewpoint of social judgment theory.", "contents": "Experimenter prestige and feedback related to acceptance of genuine personality interpretations and self-attitude. The present study examined the relationship between the prestige of the diagnostician and subjects' (a) personal validation of genuine, test-based personality evaluations and (b) pre- and postfeedback changes in self-attitudes. It was found that (a) subjects in all conditions rated the interpretations as being fairly accurate descriptions of their personalities; (b) the acceptance of the feedback did not vary as a function of experimenter prestige; and (c) receiving personality feedback had no effects on subjects' self-attitudes. This latter finding was examined from the viewpoint of social judgment theory.", "PMID": 853362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10199", "title": "Determination of pentobarbital in serum by electron-capture GLC.", "content": "A GLC method was developed for pentobarbital in serum. After extraction from serum, a pentafluorobenzyl derivative was prepared and quantitated by electron-capture detection. The method has a sensitivity of 0.1 microng/ml of serum, and the amount detectable is less than 0.2 ng/injection. Hexethal was used as the internal standard. Derivatives of other barbiturates were also made. NMR and mass spectrometric analyses confirmed the proposed structure of the 1,3-bis(pentafluorobenzyl) derivative of pentobarbital. The procedure was successfully applied to measurement of serum pentobarbital levels in humans.", "contents": "Determination of pentobarbital in serum by electron-capture GLC. A GLC method was developed for pentobarbital in serum. After extraction from serum, a pentafluorobenzyl derivative was prepared and quantitated by electron-capture detection. The method has a sensitivity of 0.1 microng/ml of serum, and the amount detectable is less than 0.2 ng/injection. Hexethal was used as the internal standard. Derivatives of other barbiturates were also made. NMR and mass spectrometric analyses confirmed the proposed structure of the 1,3-bis(pentafluorobenzyl) derivative of pentobarbital. The procedure was successfully applied to measurement of serum pentobarbital levels in humans.", "PMID": 853364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10200", "title": "Dissolution rates of corticosteroids utilizing sugar glass dispersions.", "content": "A method of increasing the dissolution rates of some orally administered corticosteroids was investigated. This method involved glass dispersions using dextrose, galactose, and sucrose as the carriers. These dispersions were prepared by the fusion process and were subjected to a modified NF XIII dissolution rate determination. The results revealed a marked increase in the dissolution rate of the corticosteroids contained in the solid dispersions when compared to the dissolution rate of the plan corticosteroid powder. The increase in dissolution rates was attributed to the presence of the corticosteroid in a very fine state of subdivision and to the increased wettability of the corticosteroid powder.", "contents": "Dissolution rates of corticosteroids utilizing sugar glass dispersions. A method of increasing the dissolution rates of some orally administered corticosteroids was investigated. This method involved glass dispersions using dextrose, galactose, and sucrose as the carriers. These dispersions were prepared by the fusion process and were subjected to a modified NF XIII dissolution rate determination. The results revealed a marked increase in the dissolution rate of the corticosteroids contained in the solid dispersions when compared to the dissolution rate of the plan corticosteroid powder. The increase in dissolution rates was attributed to the presence of the corticosteroid in a very fine state of subdivision and to the increased wettability of the corticosteroid powder.", "PMID": 853365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10201", "title": "Physical processes of tableting.", "content": "Shear deformation was shown to occur during the decompression of large compacts made by nonisostatic compression. Some materials undergo fracture when these shear stresses are developed. Other materials withstand these stresses but fracture upon ejection when the stress concentrations at the edge of the die are large. Failure to fracture seems to be related to the ability to relieve stresses by plastic deformation. A test was devised to measure this property, called the brittle fracture propensity.", "contents": "Physical processes of tableting. Shear deformation was shown to occur during the decompression of large compacts made by nonisostatic compression. Some materials undergo fracture when these shear stresses are developed. Other materials withstand these stresses but fracture upon ejection when the stress concentrations at the edge of the die are large. Failure to fracture seems to be related to the ability to relieve stresses by plastic deformation. A test was devised to measure this property, called the brittle fracture propensity.", "PMID": 853366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10202", "title": "Synthesis and PMR and mass spectra of potential metabolites and other derivatives of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate.", "content": "The 3- and 4-hydroxylated derivatives of the plasticizer bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and the monoesters derived from these hydroxylated derivatives were synthesized. The structures of the two 4-hydroxy monoesters were confirmed by lithium borohydride reduction to their corresponding hydroxymethylbenzoic acids, followed by cyclization of the reduced compounds to known phthalides. All compounds were characterized by PMR and mass spectra. The PMR data reiterate the difficulty in predicting chemical shifts in multisubstituted benzene rings.", "contents": "Synthesis and PMR and mass spectra of potential metabolites and other derivatives of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. The 3- and 4-hydroxylated derivatives of the plasticizer bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and the monoesters derived from these hydroxylated derivatives were synthesized. The structures of the two 4-hydroxy monoesters were confirmed by lithium borohydride reduction to their corresponding hydroxymethylbenzoic acids, followed by cyclization of the reduced compounds to known phthalides. All compounds were characterized by PMR and mass spectra. The PMR data reiterate the difficulty in predicting chemical shifts in multisubstituted benzene rings.", "PMID": 853367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10203", "title": "Dissolution profile for multisized drug particles: new approximate expression.", "content": "New approximate expressions for the weight fraction undissolved were obtained using the Taylor series expansion. These approximations were tested using simulated data for multisized drug particle populations. The resulting calculations show that: (a) the approximations are not dependent on a knowledge of the analytical form of the particle-size density function, (b) the distribution effects are accounted for, but only a knowledge of the sample mean and standard deviation is required, and (c) the approximations (especially on a weight basis) lead to values within the limits of error in dissolution studies, thus posing the question of whether published exact experessions have practical value.", "contents": "Dissolution profile for multisized drug particles: new approximate expression. New approximate expressions for the weight fraction undissolved were obtained using the Taylor series expansion. These approximations were tested using simulated data for multisized drug particle populations. The resulting calculations show that: (a) the approximations are not dependent on a knowledge of the analytical form of the particle-size density function, (b) the distribution effects are accounted for, but only a knowledge of the sample mean and standard deviation is required, and (c) the approximations (especially on a weight basis) lead to values within the limits of error in dissolution studies, thus posing the question of whether published exact experessions have practical value.", "PMID": 853368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10204", "title": "Thermal decomposition of 1,3-dimethyl derivative of phenobarbital in trimethylanilinium hydroxide.", "content": "Extensive degradation of the 1,3-dimethyl derivative of phenobarbital occurs when it is injected with trimethylanilinium hydroxide in methanol into a gas chromatograph. The application of mass spectrometry demonstrated that the major products are N-methyl-2-phenylbutyramide, N,N-dimethyl-2-phenylbutyramide, methyl 2-phenylbutyrate, N,N,N'-trimethylethylphenylmalondiamide, and N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylphenylmalondiamide. The methyl group of the ester arises from the methanol solvent, whereas the methyl groups of the substituted amides arise from the parent compound or the methylating reagent. Tetramethylammonium hydroxide causes much more degradation than trimethylanilinium hydroxide under comparable conditions.", "contents": "Thermal decomposition of 1,3-dimethyl derivative of phenobarbital in trimethylanilinium hydroxide. Extensive degradation of the 1,3-dimethyl derivative of phenobarbital occurs when it is injected with trimethylanilinium hydroxide in methanol into a gas chromatograph. The application of mass spectrometry demonstrated that the major products are N-methyl-2-phenylbutyramide, N,N-dimethyl-2-phenylbutyramide, methyl 2-phenylbutyrate, N,N,N'-trimethylethylphenylmalondiamide, and N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylphenylmalondiamide. The methyl group of the ester arises from the methanol solvent, whereas the methyl groups of the substituted amides arise from the parent compound or the methylating reagent. Tetramethylammonium hydroxide causes much more degradation than trimethylanilinium hydroxide under comparable conditions.", "PMID": 853369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10205", "title": "Use of pharmacological data for bioavailability and pharmacokinetic analyses.", "content": "The use of pharmacological responses such as pupil diameter for dosage individualization, bioavailability, and pharmacokinetic analyses is becoming more widespread. Attempts to use pupil diameter to assess morphine bioavailability illuminate the fact that multiple responses, nonlinearities, and the condition of the subject can produce misleading results unless the applicability of the method is confirmed.", "contents": "Use of pharmacological data for bioavailability and pharmacokinetic analyses. The use of pharmacological responses such as pupil diameter for dosage individualization, bioavailability, and pharmacokinetic analyses is becoming more widespread. Attempts to use pupil diameter to assess morphine bioavailability illuminate the fact that multiple responses, nonlinearities, and the condition of the subject can produce misleading results unless the applicability of the method is confirmed.", "PMID": 853370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10206", "title": "Cytotoxic and tumor inhibitory agent from Polygala macradenia Gray (Polygalaceae): 4'-demethyldeoxypodophyllotoxin.", "content": "The chloroform fraction of Polygala macradenia exhibited activity against the P-388 lymphocytic leukemia and human epidermoid carcinoma of the nasopharynx test systems. The constituent responsible for this activity was a lignan, 4'-demethyldeoxypodophyllotoxin (C21H20O7). The identity was proven by elemental analysis; PMR, IR, mass spectrometric, and melting-point determinations; and preparation of a derivative.", "contents": "Cytotoxic and tumor inhibitory agent from Polygala macradenia Gray (Polygalaceae): 4'-demethyldeoxypodophyllotoxin. The chloroform fraction of Polygala macradenia exhibited activity against the P-388 lymphocytic leukemia and human epidermoid carcinoma of the nasopharynx test systems. The constituent responsible for this activity was a lignan, 4'-demethyldeoxypodophyllotoxin (C21H20O7). The identity was proven by elemental analysis; PMR, IR, mass spectrometric, and melting-point determinations; and preparation of a derivative.", "PMID": 853371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10207", "title": "Alkaloids of Glaucium oxylobum Boiss and Buhse, Population Ab-Ali.", "content": "Glaucium oxylobum Boiss and Buhse, population Ab-Ali,  was demonstrated to contain one major alkaloid, glaucine (0.7%), and two minor alkaloids, O-methylatheroline and predicentrine, in the aerial parts. The root also contains protopine. Glaucine and O-methylatheroline were detected for the first time in this species, and predicentrine was detected for the first time in the Glaucium genus.", "contents": "Alkaloids of Glaucium oxylobum Boiss and Buhse, Population Ab-Ali. Glaucium oxylobum Boiss and Buhse, population Ab-Ali,  was demonstrated to contain one major alkaloid, glaucine (0.7%), and two minor alkaloids, O-methylatheroline and predicentrine, in the aerial parts. The root also contains protopine. Glaucine and O-methylatheroline were detected for the first time in this species, and predicentrine was detected for the first time in the Glaucium genus.", "PMID": 853373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10208", "title": "Synthesis of 5,6-benzo-2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane derivatives as potential benzomorphan-type analgesic agents.", "content": "The synthesis of two N-substituted 5,6-benzo-2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane analogs of benzomorphan-type analgesics via benzyne addition to appropriate N-substituted N-alkyl-2-pyridones is described. Neither derivative possessed observable analgesic activity at the doses tested.", "contents": "Synthesis of 5,6-benzo-2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane derivatives as potential benzomorphan-type analgesic agents. The synthesis of two N-substituted 5,6-benzo-2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane analogs of benzomorphan-type analgesics via benzyne addition to appropriate N-substituted N-alkyl-2-pyridones is described. Neither derivative possessed observable analgesic activity at the doses tested.", "PMID": 853374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10209", "title": "Micromethod for determination of meperidine in plasma.", "content": "A GLC method utilizing a flame-ionization detector is described for the analysis of meperidine in blood plasma. Meperidine is extracted with ether from plasma that has been made basic with sodium hydroxide. The ether extract is evaporated to dryness, and the residue is dissolved in carbon disulfide for GLC analysis. An internal standard, N',N'-diethylaminoacetyl-2,6-xylidine, is used to quantitate meperidine. The extraction efficiency from plasma is 85%, and as little as 0.05 microng of meperidine can be quantitatively determined in 1 ml of plasma.", "contents": "Micromethod for determination of meperidine in plasma. A GLC method utilizing a flame-ionization detector is described for the analysis of meperidine in blood plasma. Meperidine is extracted with ether from plasma that has been made basic with sodium hydroxide. The ether extract is evaporated to dryness, and the residue is dissolved in carbon disulfide for GLC analysis. An internal standard, N',N'-diethylaminoacetyl-2,6-xylidine, is used to quantitate meperidine. The extraction efficiency from plasma is 85%, and as little as 0.05 microng of meperidine can be quantitatively determined in 1 ml of plasma.", "PMID": 853375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10210", "title": "A physiological and behavioural study in cats of the effect of early visual experience with contours of a single orientation.", "content": "1. Three kittens were reared in visual environments that consisted of stripes at one of three orientations - horizontal, right oblique, or left oblique. Two additional cats were reared as controls. One of these matured viewing right and left oblique stripes on alternate days. The other experienced a normal visual environment. 2. Following the completion of rearing, and after several weeks of normal visual experience, behavioural testing of the stripe-reared animals demonstrated a deficit in visual acuity for orientations which were not present in the early visual environment. No comparable deficit emerged for either of the control cats. 3. Following 1-3 years of further, normal, visual experience, each of the cats was shipped separately to California where single units were recorded from area 17 of the visual cortex and an effort made to guess the early visual history of each animal which was unknown to the experimenters. Cell samples from each experimental cat and the normal control cat allowed the physiologist to guess their early visual experience correctly. The control cat which matured viewing orthogonal sets of oblique stripes on alternate days demonstrated a bias for horizontal contours in his cell sample. In contrast to units recorded from normal cats, about 80% of which are binocular, only about 30% of the cells recorded from the stripe-reared animals could be influenced by both eyes.", "contents": "A physiological and behavioural study in cats of the effect of early visual experience with contours of a single orientation. 1. Three kittens were reared in visual environments that consisted of stripes at one of three orientations - horizontal, right oblique, or left oblique. Two additional cats were reared as controls. One of these matured viewing right and left oblique stripes on alternate days. The other experienced a normal visual environment. 2. Following the completion of rearing, and after several weeks of normal visual experience, behavioural testing of the stripe-reared animals demonstrated a deficit in visual acuity for orientations which were not present in the early visual environment. No comparable deficit emerged for either of the control cats. 3. Following 1-3 years of further, normal, visual experience, each of the cats was shipped separately to California where single units were recorded from area 17 of the visual cortex and an effort made to guess the early visual history of each animal which was unknown to the experimenters. Cell samples from each experimental cat and the normal control cat allowed the physiologist to guess their early visual experience correctly. The control cat which matured viewing orthogonal sets of oblique stripes on alternate days demonstrated a bias for horizontal contours in his cell sample. In contrast to units recorded from normal cats, about 80% of which are binocular, only about 30% of the cells recorded from the stripe-reared animals could be influenced by both eyes.", "PMID": 853380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10211", "title": "Responses of isolated Golgi tendon organs of the cat.", "content": "1. The responses to stretch have been studied in living, isolated Golgi tendon organs (GTOs) from tail muscles of cat. Experiments were performed in vitro and consisted of subjecting single GTOs to controlled ramp-and-hold stretch while recording the response from their sensory axons raised in oil. 2. The threshold force required for sustained afferent discharge was measured directly, and found to be between 8 and 170 dynes at 24 degrees C for nine GTOs tested. Beyond threshold, the discharge frequency is approximately proportional to applied static tension over a wide range. Sensitivy to tension varies among different GTOs and appears to be inversely correlated with mechanical stiffness. 3. With impulse activity blocked by tetrodotoxin, graded receptor potentials could be recorded whose amplitude varied in proportion to applied static tension. All GTOs examined showed in addition a dynamic response, which became larger with increasing velocity of ramp stretch. This dynamic sensitivity appears in the receptor potential and is then augmentd by an apparent accommodative process at the impulse initiating site. 4. Based on the above findings, possible mechanical models are discussed for the sensory transduction mechanism.", "contents": "Responses of isolated Golgi tendon organs of the cat. 1. The responses to stretch have been studied in living, isolated Golgi tendon organs (GTOs) from tail muscles of cat. Experiments were performed in vitro and consisted of subjecting single GTOs to controlled ramp-and-hold stretch while recording the response from their sensory axons raised in oil. 2. The threshold force required for sustained afferent discharge was measured directly, and found to be between 8 and 170 dynes at 24 degrees C for nine GTOs tested. Beyond threshold, the discharge frequency is approximately proportional to applied static tension over a wide range. Sensitivy to tension varies among different GTOs and appears to be inversely correlated with mechanical stiffness. 3. With impulse activity blocked by tetrodotoxin, graded receptor potentials could be recorded whose amplitude varied in proportion to applied static tension. All GTOs examined showed in addition a dynamic response, which became larger with increasing velocity of ramp stretch. This dynamic sensitivity appears in the receptor potential and is then augmentd by an apparent accommodative process at the impulse initiating site. 4. Based on the above findings, possible mechanical models are discussed for the sensory transduction mechanism.", "PMID": 853381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10212", "title": "Response of Aplysia statocyst receptor cells to physiologic stimulation.", "content": "1. The electrical responses of Aplysia statocyst receptor cells were investigated using intracellular micro-electrodes. These ciliated mechanoreceptor cells were stimulated by downward tilting about a horizontal axis. 2. Tilting so that the receptor cell was excited produced a depolarizing receptor potential which, if large enough, could generate action potentials. 3. Large fluctuations in membrane potential were evident during depolarizing receptor potentials and were reduced or sometimes absent when a cell was tilted upward. Power-density spectra of the noise voltage revealed that most of the energy added by downward tilt is contained in frequency components below 3 Hz. 4. Removing synaptic input to the receptor cells by cutting the statocyst nerve or adding excess Mg2+ to the bath did not abolish the increase in fluctuations caused by downward, excitatory tilts. 5. The depolarizing receptor potential was often associated with a decrease in membrane resistance as measured with constant current pulses using a bridge circuit. 6. Replacing most of the Na+ in the bath with either Tris or Mg2+ abolished both potential and resistance changes caused by downward tilt. These results indicate that an increased permeability to Na+ underlies the receptor potential.", "contents": "Response of Aplysia statocyst receptor cells to physiologic stimulation. 1. The electrical responses of Aplysia statocyst receptor cells were investigated using intracellular micro-electrodes. These ciliated mechanoreceptor cells were stimulated by downward tilting about a horizontal axis. 2. Tilting so that the receptor cell was excited produced a depolarizing receptor potential which, if large enough, could generate action potentials. 3. Large fluctuations in membrane potential were evident during depolarizing receptor potentials and were reduced or sometimes absent when a cell was tilted upward. Power-density spectra of the noise voltage revealed that most of the energy added by downward tilt is contained in frequency components below 3 Hz. 4. Removing synaptic input to the receptor cells by cutting the statocyst nerve or adding excess Mg2+ to the bath did not abolish the increase in fluctuations caused by downward, excitatory tilts. 5. The depolarizing receptor potential was often associated with a decrease in membrane resistance as measured with constant current pulses using a bridge circuit. 6. Replacing most of the Na+ in the bath with either Tris or Mg2+ abolished both potential and resistance changes caused by downward tilt. These results indicate that an increased permeability to Na+ underlies the receptor potential.", "PMID": 853387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10213", "title": "Comparison of vagal and meat stimulation on gastric acid secretion and serum gastrin.", "content": "The gastric acid secreted per unit of serum gastrin concentration or per unit of gastrin delivered to the gastric mucosa was significantly greater during electrical vagal stimulation than during stimulation by meat extract in the pyloric antrum. There was no significant difference in the concentrations of big, big gastrin or Components I and II in gastric venous serum during the two forms of stimulation. There were significantly greater concentrations of Components II and IV in gastric venous serum during meat extract stimulation than during vagal stimulation. The gastrin in gastric venous serum when meat extract was in the pyloric antrum was comprised of Component IV in addition to Component III whereas gastrin in extracts of cat antral mucosa was predominantly Component III. Gastric acid secretion in response to vagal stimulation was greater than can be accounted for by the action of gastrin alone and cannot be explained by differences in the known gastrin variants in the circulation during the two forms of stimulation.", "contents": "Comparison of vagal and meat stimulation on gastric acid secretion and serum gastrin. The gastric acid secreted per unit of serum gastrin concentration or per unit of gastrin delivered to the gastric mucosa was significantly greater during electrical vagal stimulation than during stimulation by meat extract in the pyloric antrum. There was no significant difference in the concentrations of big, big gastrin or Components I and II in gastric venous serum during the two forms of stimulation. There were significantly greater concentrations of Components II and IV in gastric venous serum during meat extract stimulation than during vagal stimulation. The gastrin in gastric venous serum when meat extract was in the pyloric antrum was comprised of Component IV in addition to Component III whereas gastrin in extracts of cat antral mucosa was predominantly Component III. Gastric acid secretion in response to vagal stimulation was greater than can be accounted for by the action of gastrin alone and cannot be explained by differences in the known gastrin variants in the circulation during the two forms of stimulation.", "PMID": 853389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10214", "title": "Correlative physiological and morphological studies of rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors in cat's glabrous skin.", "content": "1. A total of fifty-four mechanoreceptor afferent units with fast conducting axons in the tibial nerve innervating the glabrous skin of the hind leg were isolated in anaesthetized cats. 2. Twenty-six rapidly adapting units (RA), eighteen slowly adapting units (SA) and ten Pacinian corpuscle units (PC) were differentiated from each other mainly on the presence of the off response in RA and PC units to a ramp stimulation, the persistence of discharges of the SA units during steady pressure on the receptive field and the classical tuning curve seen in the PC units. A few PC units in the hairy skin were also studied for comparison. 3. Lamellated corpuscles were found histologically in the skin of the receptive field of RA units and identified as Krause's corpuscle of cylindrical type by their superficial location in the cutaneous tissue and their structure revealed by electron microscopy. 4. Physiological characteristics of RA units to various forms of mechanical stimulation were studied and compared with those of the other two kinds of units. SA units had the lowest critical slope among three groups and PC units the highest. 5. The discharge pattern of RA and PC units to a ramp stimulation was found to be time-locked, whereas with SA unites only the first spike appeared at a fixed latency from the start of stimulation. 6. Some RA units showed a tuning curve which was flat from 10 to 200 Hz. Those with narrowly tuned curves had a best turning frequency at around 20 Hz. They were easily differentiated from the SA and PC units. SA units were tuned best at 5 HZ or less, and PC units at around 200 HZ. 7. The relation between the indentation velocity and amplitude of the ramp and the spike discharges was analysed in eleven RA units. In most cases the relation between identation velocity and maximum instataneous frequency was found to be best fit with a power function although other kinds of functions (linear, logarithmic, and logarithmic hyperbolic tangent) could also fit the relation at the 1% significance level. The instantaneous impuse frequency in RA units in response to various indentation amplitudes showed a step function. 8. The \"off\" responses to a ramp stimulation in RA units were also analysed in detail.", "contents": "Correlative physiological and morphological studies of rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors in cat's glabrous skin. 1. A total of fifty-four mechanoreceptor afferent units with fast conducting axons in the tibial nerve innervating the glabrous skin of the hind leg were isolated in anaesthetized cats. 2. Twenty-six rapidly adapting units (RA), eighteen slowly adapting units (SA) and ten Pacinian corpuscle units (PC) were differentiated from each other mainly on the presence of the off response in RA and PC units to a ramp stimulation, the persistence of discharges of the SA units during steady pressure on the receptive field and the classical tuning curve seen in the PC units. A few PC units in the hairy skin were also studied for comparison. 3. Lamellated corpuscles were found histologically in the skin of the receptive field of RA units and identified as Krause's corpuscle of cylindrical type by their superficial location in the cutaneous tissue and their structure revealed by electron microscopy. 4. Physiological characteristics of RA units to various forms of mechanical stimulation were studied and compared with those of the other two kinds of units. SA units had the lowest critical slope among three groups and PC units the highest. 5. The discharge pattern of RA and PC units to a ramp stimulation was found to be time-locked, whereas with SA unites only the first spike appeared at a fixed latency from the start of stimulation. 6. Some RA units showed a tuning curve which was flat from 10 to 200 Hz. Those with narrowly tuned curves had a best turning frequency at around 20 Hz. They were easily differentiated from the SA and PC units. SA units were tuned best at 5 HZ or less, and PC units at around 200 HZ. 7. The relation between the indentation velocity and amplitude of the ramp and the spike discharges was analysed in eleven RA units. In most cases the relation between identation velocity and maximum instataneous frequency was found to be best fit with a power function although other kinds of functions (linear, logarithmic, and logarithmic hyperbolic tangent) could also fit the relation at the 1% significance level. The instantaneous impuse frequency in RA units in response to various indentation amplitudes showed a step function. 8. The \"off\" responses to a ramp stimulation in RA units were also analysed in detail.", "PMID": 853451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10215", "title": "The influence of the autonomic nervous system in the control of erythropoietin secretion in the hypoxic rat.", "content": "1. Erythropoietin has been measured in the serum of hypoxic rats that have been exposed to 6 hr of hypoxia, by use of a biological assay. 2. The effects of section of splanchnic, renal and sinus nerves on the concentration of Erythropoietin present in the serum ofthe hypoxic animals has been investigated. 3. Serum levels of Erythropoietin were reduced in the hypoxic animals immediately after cutting the splanchnic nerves, but unaltered one week after the operation. 4. The concentration of Erythropoietin in the serum of hypoxic rats was increased by the secretion of the renal nerves. Section of the sinus nerves abolished the effect. 5. Elevated levels of Erythropoietin were present in the sera of hypoxic rats immediately after section of the sinus nerves. The effect was still obtained when the animals were exposed to hypoxia 1 week after cutting the nerves, though in attenuated form. 6. The rise in the concentration of the hormone after chronic section of the sinus nerves was estimated as as 261% (fiducial limits 167-513, P = 0-05), by parallel line bio-assay. 7. The concentration of Erythropoietin in the serum of hypoxic rats was progressively elevated as the arterial PO2 of the animals was reduced. Section of the sinus nerves did not alter the secretion of Erythropoietin in these experiments.", "contents": "The influence of the autonomic nervous system in the control of erythropoietin secretion in the hypoxic rat. 1. Erythropoietin has been measured in the serum of hypoxic rats that have been exposed to 6 hr of hypoxia, by use of a biological assay. 2. The effects of section of splanchnic, renal and sinus nerves on the concentration of Erythropoietin present in the serum ofthe hypoxic animals has been investigated. 3. Serum levels of Erythropoietin were reduced in the hypoxic animals immediately after cutting the splanchnic nerves, but unaltered one week after the operation. 4. The concentration of Erythropoietin in the serum of hypoxic rats was increased by the secretion of the renal nerves. Section of the sinus nerves abolished the effect. 5. Elevated levels of Erythropoietin were present in the sera of hypoxic rats immediately after section of the sinus nerves. The effect was still obtained when the animals were exposed to hypoxia 1 week after cutting the nerves, though in attenuated form. 6. The rise in the concentration of the hormone after chronic section of the sinus nerves was estimated as as 261% (fiducial limits 167-513, P = 0-05), by parallel line bio-assay. 7. The concentration of Erythropoietin in the serum of hypoxic rats was progressively elevated as the arterial PO2 of the animals was reduced. Section of the sinus nerves did not alter the secretion of Erythropoietin in these experiments.", "PMID": 853452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10216", "title": "[Ochronotic hip disease. Radiological and scintigraphic study (author's transl)].", "content": "A radiological and scintigraphic study of hte femoral head removed from a patient at the time of insertion of a total prosthesis of the hip in a patient with ochronotic rheumatic disease. The images obtained differ from those seen in aseptic osteonecrosis and confirm the hypotheses of Lagier, who has described several forms of arthrotic remodelling in ochronotic hip disease.", "contents": "[Ochronotic hip disease. Radiological and scintigraphic study (author's transl)]. A radiological and scintigraphic study of hte femoral head removed from a patient at the time of insertion of a total prosthesis of the hip in a patient with ochronotic rheumatic disease. The images obtained differ from those seen in aseptic osteonecrosis and confirm the hypotheses of Lagier, who has described several forms of arthrotic remodelling in ochronotic hip disease.", "PMID": 853476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10217", "title": "[Bone maturation in asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia and diastrophic dwarfism in the neonatal period (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors draw attention on the importance of the multicentric technique in the evaluation of bone maturation of asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia and diastrophic dwarfism in the neonatal period. They show the diagnostic and prognostic value of early appearance of the hip and wrist epiphyses.", "contents": "[Bone maturation in asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia and diastrophic dwarfism in the neonatal period (author's transl)]. The authors draw attention on the importance of the multicentric technique in the evaluation of bone maturation of asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia and diastrophic dwarfism in the neonatal period. They show the diagnostic and prognostic value of early appearance of the hip and wrist epiphyses.", "PMID": 853477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10218", "title": "[Lumbar epidural veins. Normal radioanatomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Epidural venous system of the human corps are injected by a fortacryl-minium mixture then dissected with detail. These study confirms existence of two longitudinal venous plexus: one anterior and internal, one another anterior and external. There is no posterior longitudinal venous plexus.", "contents": "[Lumbar epidural veins. Normal radioanatomy (author's transl)]. Epidural venous system of the human corps are injected by a fortacryl-minium mixture then dissected with detail. These study confirms existence of two longitudinal venous plexus: one anterior and internal, one another anterior and external. There is no posterior longitudinal venous plexus.", "PMID": 853478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10219", "title": "[An early neurological complication of lipiodol cisterno-myelography (author's transl)].", "content": "The migration of lipiodol injected sub-occipitally (to obtain a lateral cervical myelogram) into the posterior fossa resulted in a unusual immediate neurological complication involving a major vegetative syndrome, facial hemispasm, excruciating pain in the left ear and, finally, epileptic loss of consciousness. The most likely aetiological hypotheses are acute changes provoked in the arachnoid mater by the substance or an arteria embolism.", "contents": "[An early neurological complication of lipiodol cisterno-myelography (author's transl)]. The migration of lipiodol injected sub-occipitally (to obtain a lateral cervical myelogram) into the posterior fossa resulted in a unusual immediate neurological complication involving a major vegetative syndrome, facial hemispasm, excruciating pain in the left ear and, finally, epileptic loss of consciousness. The most likely aetiological hypotheses are acute changes provoked in the arachnoid mater by the substance or an arteria embolism.", "PMID": 853480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10220", "title": "[A rare cause of spontaneous haemoperitoneum: rupture of an aneurysm due to fibromuscular dysplasis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report the case of a patient presenting with an acute haemoperitoneum. Angiography after surgery led to a diagnosis of fibro-muscular dysplasia. They stress the rarity of this aetiology in the development of haemoperitoneum, perhaps related to the small number of angiographic studies made after surgery.", "contents": "[A rare cause of spontaneous haemoperitoneum: rupture of an aneurysm due to fibromuscular dysplasis (author's transl)]. The authors report the case of a patient presenting with an acute haemoperitoneum. Angiography after surgery led to a diagnosis of fibro-muscular dysplasia. They stress the rarity of this aetiology in the development of haemoperitoneum, perhaps related to the small number of angiographic studies made after surgery.", "PMID": 853481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10221", "title": "[Carcinoma of the left colic angle presenting as an intrasplenic gas collection (author's transl)].", "content": "A 65-year-old man was hospitalised for a subocclusive state, fever, 15 kg weight loss and left abdominal pain. The plain abdominal film revealed gas in the left hypochondrium. Barium enema showed a stenosis of the left colic angle. On evacuation, a little barium entered the gas-filled cavity. Left colectomy with splenectomy was carried out. The pathologist found histological evidence of a small carcinoma of the colon invading the hilum of the spleen. An intrasplenic cavity had been formed at the site of contact. Thus an intrasplenic gas collection was the presenting sign of a carcinoma of the colon. Two colosplenic fistulae of similar origin have been reported in the literature; neither associated with similar radiological findings.", "contents": "[Carcinoma of the left colic angle presenting as an intrasplenic gas collection (author's transl)]. A 65-year-old man was hospitalised for a subocclusive state, fever, 15 kg weight loss and left abdominal pain. The plain abdominal film revealed gas in the left hypochondrium. Barium enema showed a stenosis of the left colic angle. On evacuation, a little barium entered the gas-filled cavity. Left colectomy with splenectomy was carried out. The pathologist found histological evidence of a small carcinoma of the colon invading the hilum of the spleen. An intrasplenic cavity had been formed at the site of contact. Thus an intrasplenic gas collection was the presenting sign of a carcinoma of the colon. Two colosplenic fistulae of similar origin have been reported in the literature; neither associated with similar radiological findings.", "PMID": 853482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10222", "title": "[New reinforcing screens using rare earth salts. Value in decreasing the incident dose (author's transl)].", "content": "New reinforcing screens using gadolinium oxysulphide make it possible to reduce the dose of X-rays necessary by 2 to 8 times. Loss of definition is appreciable only with the most sensitive combinations and is often compensated for by a decrease in kinetic blurring.", "contents": "[New reinforcing screens using rare earth salts. Value in decreasing the incident dose (author's transl)]. New reinforcing screens using gadolinium oxysulphide make it possible to reduce the dose of X-rays necessary by 2 to 8 times. Loss of definition is appreciable only with the most sensitive combinations and is often compensated for by a decrease in kinetic blurring.", "PMID": 853483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10223", "title": "[Renal osteodystrophy in childhood. Comparison of histological and radiological findings (author's transl)].", "content": "We have examined radiologically the bones of seven children attained by renal osteodystrophy. A final score was established by syndrom: hyperparathyroidy, osteomalacia. The results are been confronted to the histomorphometrics studies. Numerous historadiological discordances appears: false radiologic findings 2/7, quantitative discordance of the lesions. Several conventional roentgenologic signs must be revalued after the priliminary histologic findings: cortical index, bone texture: osteomalacia, osteoporosis.", "contents": "[Renal osteodystrophy in childhood. Comparison of histological and radiological findings (author's transl)]. We have examined radiologically the bones of seven children attained by renal osteodystrophy. A final score was established by syndrom: hyperparathyroidy, osteomalacia. The results are been confronted to the histomorphometrics studies. Numerous historadiological discordances appears: false radiologic findings 2/7, quantitative discordance of the lesions. Several conventional roentgenologic signs must be revalued after the priliminary histologic findings: cortical index, bone texture: osteomalacia, osteoporosis.", "PMID": 853485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10224", "title": "[Basal angle of the skull of subjects in the pediatric age (author's transl)].", "content": "Many opinions are expressed about the ontogenetical evolution of the basal angle of the skull. The authors present an analytical study with respect to age and sex and find that the basal angle decreases significatively with age, however the difference with the sex is probably not significative.", "contents": "[Basal angle of the skull of subjects in the pediatric age (author's transl)]. Many opinions are expressed about the ontogenetical evolution of the basal angle of the skull. The authors present an analytical study with respect to age and sex and find that the basal angle decreases significatively with age, however the difference with the sex is probably not significative.", "PMID": 853486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10225", "title": "[The preponderant role of the radiologist in the prevention of recto-colonic carcinoma by the detection of polyps (author's transl)].", "content": "The adenomatous polyp is considered to be the precursor of recto-colonic carcinoma. The detection of polyps would appear to be ensured with maximum effectiveness by double contrast barium enema and the authors recommend the routine use of this technique for this purpose. The aim of the radiologist should no longer be merely that of the diagnosis of carcinoma of the colon and rectum, but also its prevention by enabling colonoscopic excision of glandular polyps.", "contents": "[The preponderant role of the radiologist in the prevention of recto-colonic carcinoma by the detection of polyps (author's transl)]. The adenomatous polyp is considered to be the precursor of recto-colonic carcinoma. The detection of polyps would appear to be ensured with maximum effectiveness by double contrast barium enema and the authors recommend the routine use of this technique for this purpose. The aim of the radiologist should no longer be merely that of the diagnosis of carcinoma of the colon and rectum, but also its prevention by enabling colonoscopic excision of glandular polyps.", "PMID": 853487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10226", "title": "[Is the presence of air in the small intestines pathological (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors examined 119 patients coming to the Radiological Department for various reasons excluding all abdominal pathology: road traffic accidents, rheumatological pain, oto-rhino-laryngological or ophthalmological causes. Two observers, working separately but comparing their results, concluded that there was air in the small intestines in 51 % of the patients, and that the presence of air in the small intestines was considerable in 6 % of the patients. The presence of air in the small intestines was noted in 40 % of outpatients and in 70 % of patients in bed.", "contents": "[Is the presence of air in the small intestines pathological (author's transl)]. The authors examined 119 patients coming to the Radiological Department for various reasons excluding all abdominal pathology: road traffic accidents, rheumatological pain, oto-rhino-laryngological or ophthalmological causes. Two observers, working separately but comparing their results, concluded that there was air in the small intestines in 51 % of the patients, and that the presence of air in the small intestines was considerable in 6 % of the patients. The presence of air in the small intestines was noted in 40 % of outpatients and in 70 % of patients in bed.", "PMID": 853488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10227", "title": "[Cervical localization of a primary meningeal melanoblastoma].", "content": "The authors present a case of primary meningeal melanoblastoma localized in the cervical region, in a 47 year old woman. The intra and extradural, extramedullary tumor presented clinically and radiologically as a neuroma with central calcification. This case thus widens the possible causes of an intraspinal tumoral syndrome with radiological calcification.", "contents": "[Cervical localization of a primary meningeal melanoblastoma]. The authors present a case of primary meningeal melanoblastoma localized in the cervical region, in a 47 year old woman. The intra and extradural, extramedullary tumor presented clinically and radiologically as a neuroma with central calcification. This case thus widens the possible causes of an intraspinal tumoral syndrome with radiological calcification.", "PMID": 853489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10228", "title": "[Pseudo-tumoral aspect of a post-traumatic digital synovitis].", "content": "A case is described of post-traumatic subacute synovitis of a finger exhibiting pseudo-tumoral appearance and radiographic bony changes. Arteriography showed non-malignant hypervascularisation suggesting a benign synovial tumour. Biopsy established a diagnosis of simple subacute synovitis. The swelling regressed spontaneously over the subsequent months. In the case of simple post-traumatic subacute synovitis differential diagnosis should take into account the possibility of villonodular synovitis which involves histiocyte proliferation.", "contents": "[Pseudo-tumoral aspect of a post-traumatic digital synovitis]. A case is described of post-traumatic subacute synovitis of a finger exhibiting pseudo-tumoral appearance and radiographic bony changes. Arteriography showed non-malignant hypervascularisation suggesting a benign synovial tumour. Biopsy established a diagnosis of simple subacute synovitis. The swelling regressed spontaneously over the subsequent months. In the case of simple post-traumatic subacute synovitis differential diagnosis should take into account the possibility of villonodular synovitis which involves histiocyte proliferation.", "PMID": 853490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10229", "title": "[Fibrous polyp of the ureter: a report of one case].", "content": "Fibrous polyps of the ureter are rarely encountered: only twenty cases have been reported in the literature. They are nothing but pseudo-tumours, for they probably arise through a simple outpouching of the submucosa. The case reported was of a 60-year-old woman presenting with pain of the right iliac fossa associated with gross haematuria. The radiographic appearances were of a 14-cm long polyp, presenting as an intraluminal defect of the right ureter, with smooth edges and separated from the ureteral wall by a thin radio-opaque strip. It was attached by a very small area of insertion. Despite its size, the polyp caused relatively little obstruction. At surgery, the benign nature of this polyp was confirmed, as well as its invariably recurrence-free postoperative course.", "contents": "[Fibrous polyp of the ureter: a report of one case]. Fibrous polyps of the ureter are rarely encountered: only twenty cases have been reported in the literature. They are nothing but pseudo-tumours, for they probably arise through a simple outpouching of the submucosa. The case reported was of a 60-year-old woman presenting with pain of the right iliac fossa associated with gross haematuria. The radiographic appearances were of a 14-cm long polyp, presenting as an intraluminal defect of the right ureter, with smooth edges and separated from the ureteral wall by a thin radio-opaque strip. It was attached by a very small area of insertion. Despite its size, the polyp caused relatively little obstruction. At surgery, the benign nature of this polyp was confirmed, as well as its invariably recurrence-free postoperative course.", "PMID": 853491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10230", "title": "[Percutaneous puncture of a hydatid cyst of the kidney].", "content": "The authors stress the value of percutaneous puncture in the case of hydatid cyst of the kidney, making possible opaque cystography -- the findings of which are characteristic, and cytological study of the fluid obtained. In addition, they report the safety of this method of investigation.", "contents": "[Percutaneous puncture of a hydatid cyst of the kidney]. The authors stress the value of percutaneous puncture in the case of hydatid cyst of the kidney, making possible opaque cystography -- the findings of which are characteristic, and cytological study of the fluid obtained. In addition, they report the safety of this method of investigation.", "PMID": 853492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10231", "title": "[Apparatus of contention for knee-arthrography (gaseous or mixed)].", "content": "Permits to maintain the articular gape that is necessary on the various angles of rotation of the joint, without the intervention of an assistant, to examine on a remove-operated table with centring on telescopy and eventually for tomo-arthrography.", "contents": "[Apparatus of contention for knee-arthrography (gaseous or mixed)]. Permits to maintain the articular gape that is necessary on the various angles of rotation of the joint, without the intervention of an assistant, to examine on a remove-operated table with centring on telescopy and eventually for tomo-arthrography.", "PMID": 853493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10232", "title": "Artificial insemination.", "content": "Artificial insemination with homologous (AIH) and heterologous (AID) samples is discussed. Specific emphasis is placed on the indications and timing of the procedure, the type of specimens available, the technique and the expected results. The legal and emotional ramifications of AID are discussed.", "contents": "Artificial insemination. Artificial insemination with homologous (AIH) and heterologous (AID) samples is discussed. Specific emphasis is placed on the indications and timing of the procedure, the type of specimens available, the technique and the expected results. The legal and emotional ramifications of AID are discussed.", "PMID": 853496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10233", "title": "Nonenolizable podophyllotoxin derivatives.", "content": "To block epimerization and the resulting biological deactivation podophyllotoxin compounds, the lactone carbonyl group has been changed to methylene. Syntheses of several of these delactonized derivatives are described, all with modifications in the original lactone ring and some without the 4-hydroxyl group. Several biological assays show that most of the nonenolizable derivatives retain activity.", "contents": "Nonenolizable podophyllotoxin derivatives. To block epimerization and the resulting biological deactivation podophyllotoxin compounds, the lactone carbonyl group has been changed to methylene. Syntheses of several of these delactonized derivatives are described, all with modifications in the original lactone ring and some without the 4-hydroxyl group. Several biological assays show that most of the nonenolizable derivatives retain activity.", "PMID": 853503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10234", "title": "Synthesis of phenolic group containing analogues of porcine secretin and their immunological properties.", "content": "Syntheses by the conventional method are described of Nalpha-tyrosylsecretin, [Tyr1]secretin, and Nalpha-beta-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionylsecretin. Secretin and [Tyr6]secretin were also prepared by the synthetic route identical with those employed for construction of the above analogues. Purification of secretin and the analogues was conducted by ion-exchange column chromatography on CM-Sephadex and gel filtration. Immunological reactivities of these analogues were examined in the radioimmunoassay system for secretin using two different antisera raised against synthetic secretin in rabbits. The tracers used in this study were [125I]-[Tyr1]secretin and [125I]-[Tyr6]secretin. The dose-response curves of Nalpha-tyrosylsecretin, [Tyr1]secretin, and Nalpha-beta-(4-hydroxphenyl)propionylsecretion were essentially superimposable upon those of natural and synthetic preparations of porcine secretin in the systems used, while [Tyr6]secretin showed discrepancy in the curve. In addition, biological activities of the synthetic polypeptides were compared with that of natural porcine secretin in term of exocrine pancreatic secretory response in anesthetized dogs.", "contents": "Synthesis of phenolic group containing analogues of porcine secretin and their immunological properties. Syntheses by the conventional method are described of Nalpha-tyrosylsecretin, [Tyr1]secretin, and Nalpha-beta-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionylsecretin. Secretin and [Tyr6]secretin were also prepared by the synthetic route identical with those employed for construction of the above analogues. Purification of secretin and the analogues was conducted by ion-exchange column chromatography on CM-Sephadex and gel filtration. Immunological reactivities of these analogues were examined in the radioimmunoassay system for secretin using two different antisera raised against synthetic secretin in rabbits. The tracers used in this study were [125I]-[Tyr1]secretin and [125I]-[Tyr6]secretin. The dose-response curves of Nalpha-tyrosylsecretin, [Tyr1]secretin, and Nalpha-beta-(4-hydroxphenyl)propionylsecretion were essentially superimposable upon those of natural and synthetic preparations of porcine secretin in the systems used, while [Tyr6]secretin showed discrepancy in the curve. In addition, biological activities of the synthetic polypeptides were compared with that of natural porcine secretin in term of exocrine pancreatic secretory response in anesthetized dogs.", "PMID": 853504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10235", "title": "Synthesis and anti-herpes simplex activity of analogues of phosphonoacetic acid.", "content": "The synthesis of monoesters (P and C) of phosphonoacetic acid (PA) is given. The carboxyl esters were prepared by two methods: the reaction of chloroacetates with tris(trimethylsilyl) phosphite, followed by hydrolysis; and by the acid-catalyzed esterification of PA with the appropriate alcohol. P-Monoesters of PA were prepared either by the reaction of alkyl[bis(trimethylsilyl)] phosphite with benzyl chloroacetate followed by deprotection or by the reaction of dimethylphenyl phosphite with benzyl bromoacetate followed by hydrogenolysis. Three aryl- (alkyl-)phosphinic acid derivatives are reported. The above compounds were evaluated for anti-herpes activity against HSV-induced DNA polymerase and in animals infected with herpes dermatitis.", "contents": "Synthesis and anti-herpes simplex activity of analogues of phosphonoacetic acid. The synthesis of monoesters (P and C) of phosphonoacetic acid (PA) is given. The carboxyl esters were prepared by two methods: the reaction of chloroacetates with tris(trimethylsilyl) phosphite, followed by hydrolysis; and by the acid-catalyzed esterification of PA with the appropriate alcohol. P-Monoesters of PA were prepared either by the reaction of alkyl[bis(trimethylsilyl)] phosphite with benzyl chloroacetate followed by deprotection or by the reaction of dimethylphenyl phosphite with benzyl bromoacetate followed by hydrogenolysis. Three aryl- (alkyl-)phosphinic acid derivatives are reported. The above compounds were evaluated for anti-herpes activity against HSV-induced DNA polymerase and in animals infected with herpes dermatitis.", "PMID": 853505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10236", "title": "Analgesic and tranquilizing activity of 5,8-disubstituted 1-tetralone Mannich bases.", "content": "5,8-Disubstituted 1-tetralone Mannich bases represent semirigid variants of classical (i.e., chlorpromazine) neuroleptic agents. 8-Chloro-5-methoxy-2-morpholinomethyl-1-tetralone exhibits neuroleptic potency in the thiothixene range in animal models. Of greater potential interest, however, is the analgesic potency of the 8-chloro-5-methoxy-2-pyrrolidinomethyl analogue which was in the morphine range. This compound did not induce tolerance nor was its activity reversed by naloxone. Structure-activity relationships of the series are discussed.", "contents": "Analgesic and tranquilizing activity of 5,8-disubstituted 1-tetralone Mannich bases. 5,8-Disubstituted 1-tetralone Mannich bases represent semirigid variants of classical (i.e., chlorpromazine) neuroleptic agents. 8-Chloro-5-methoxy-2-morpholinomethyl-1-tetralone exhibits neuroleptic potency in the thiothixene range in animal models. Of greater potential interest, however, is the analgesic potency of the 8-chloro-5-methoxy-2-pyrrolidinomethyl analogue which was in the morphine range. This compound did not induce tolerance nor was its activity reversed by naloxone. Structure-activity relationships of the series are discussed.", "PMID": 853506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10237", "title": "5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroquinolines. 5. Antiulcer and antisecretory activity of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinolinethioureas and related heterocycles.", "content": "A series of thioureas derived from 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline, 1,5-, 1,6-, and 1,8-naphthyridiness, pyrido[2,3-b]azepine, and 7-azaindoline has been prepared and tested for antisecretory activity in the pylorus-ligated rat and protective activity against gastric erosions caused by cold-restraint stress. The thioureas exhibit different structure-activity relationships from the corresponding 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline-8-thiocarboxamides and these relationships are discussed. The activity of the thioureas is less affected by structural differences than the corresponding thioamides although they probably have the same mode of action.", "contents": "5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroquinolines. 5. Antiulcer and antisecretory activity of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinolinethioureas and related heterocycles. A series of thioureas derived from 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline, 1,5-, 1,6-, and 1,8-naphthyridiness, pyrido[2,3-b]azepine, and 7-azaindoline has been prepared and tested for antisecretory activity in the pylorus-ligated rat and protective activity against gastric erosions caused by cold-restraint stress. The thioureas exhibit different structure-activity relationships from the corresponding 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline-8-thiocarboxamides and these relationships are discussed. The activity of the thioureas is less affected by structural differences than the corresponding thioamides although they probably have the same mode of action.", "PMID": 853507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10238", "title": "The assessment of haemodynamic function of diseased and prosthetic heart valves in patients.", "content": "The paper deals with reasons why current methods of assessing the resistance to flow offered by heart valves in patients are unsatisfactory. A theoretical and simulation study suggested that a measure of energy or power loss per unit flow was likely to be of more use and subsequent clinical investigations have confirmed this. The computation can be readily carried out in a hard-wired parallel hybrid module for operating theatre or catheter laboratory use.", "contents": "The assessment of haemodynamic function of diseased and prosthetic heart valves in patients. The paper deals with reasons why current methods of assessing the resistance to flow offered by heart valves in patients are unsatisfactory. A theoretical and simulation study suggested that a measure of energy or power loss per unit flow was likely to be of more use and subsequent clinical investigations have confirmed this. The computation can be readily carried out in a hard-wired parallel hybrid module for operating theatre or catheter laboratory use.", "PMID": 853514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10239", "title": "A method of gait analysis for daily orthopaedic practice.", "content": "A method of gait analysis is described which uses two-dimensional cinephotography, two glass platforms for 6-component force measurements of floor reactions and electromyography transmitted by radiotelemetry. It is used regularly on all patients needing lower extremity surgery for neurogenic gait disorders as a basis for planning and control of treatment. The cinephotographic pictures make the records easy to understand, a primary requirement for clinical use.", "contents": "A method of gait analysis for daily orthopaedic practice. A method of gait analysis is described which uses two-dimensional cinephotography, two glass platforms for 6-component force measurements of floor reactions and electromyography transmitted by radiotelemetry. It is used regularly on all patients needing lower extremity surgery for neurogenic gait disorders as a basis for planning and control of treatment. The cinephotographic pictures make the records easy to understand, a primary requirement for clinical use.", "PMID": 853515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10240", "title": "Tritiated thymidine incorporation into epithelial cells of normal-appearing colorectal mucosa of cancer patients.", "content": "A radioautographic analysis of the number and position of labeled epithelial nuclei after in vitro incorporation of tritiated thymidine ([3H]TDR) was carried out with 30 specimens of histologically normal colorectal mucosa from 26 patients, of whom 13 were being treated for rectal or sigmoid cancer and 13 were controls. A higher mean labeling index was found in the cancer than in the control group (9.8% +/- 1.2 and 7.9% +/- 0.9, respectively). Because of wide individual variations, this difference was not statistically significant. However, a highly significant upward shift of the proliferating cell compartment was observed in the cancer group, resulting in a specific modification of the [3H]TDR labeling pattern in 6 of 17 specimens. DNA synthesis predominated in the middle or middle and upper thirds of the crypts of Lieberk\u00fchn rather than in the lower third as observed in controls. The patchy alteration of epithelial cell renewal frequently accompanying colorectal cancer was suggestive of a defect in the regulatory control mechanism. This in vitro [3H]TDR incorporation assay could provide a valuable discriminatory parameter in studies of high-risk populations.", "contents": "Tritiated thymidine incorporation into epithelial cells of normal-appearing colorectal mucosa of cancer patients. A radioautographic analysis of the number and position of labeled epithelial nuclei after in vitro incorporation of tritiated thymidine ([3H]TDR) was carried out with 30 specimens of histologically normal colorectal mucosa from 26 patients, of whom 13 were being treated for rectal or sigmoid cancer and 13 were controls. A higher mean labeling index was found in the cancer than in the control group (9.8% +/- 1.2 and 7.9% +/- 0.9, respectively). Because of wide individual variations, this difference was not statistically significant. However, a highly significant upward shift of the proliferating cell compartment was observed in the cancer group, resulting in a specific modification of the [3H]TDR labeling pattern in 6 of 17 specimens. DNA synthesis predominated in the middle or middle and upper thirds of the crypts of Lieberk\u00fchn rather than in the lower third as observed in controls. The patchy alteration of epithelial cell renewal frequently accompanying colorectal cancer was suggestive of a defect in the regulatory control mechanism. This in vitro [3H]TDR incorporation assay could provide a valuable discriminatory parameter in studies of high-risk populations.", "PMID": 853522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10241", "title": "Zinc uptake in normal and leukemic lymphocytes: effect of poly-L-ornithine.", "content": "Phytohemagglutinin and poly-L-ornithine were tested for their ability to stimulate uptake of transferrin-bound zinc by lymphocytes from both normal donors and donors with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The ratio of zinc uptake in poly-L-ornithine cultures to zinc uptake in phytohemagglutinin cultures was 0.9 +/- 0.3 for leukemic lymphocytes and 1.9 +/- 0.2 for normal lymphocytes. Results indicated that this technique may be useful in the diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia as well as in the assessment of the efficacy of chemotherapeutic regimens.", "contents": "Zinc uptake in normal and leukemic lymphocytes: effect of poly-L-ornithine. Phytohemagglutinin and poly-L-ornithine were tested for their ability to stimulate uptake of transferrin-bound zinc by lymphocytes from both normal donors and donors with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The ratio of zinc uptake in poly-L-ornithine cultures to zinc uptake in phytohemagglutinin cultures was 0.9 +/- 0.3 for leukemic lymphocytes and 1.9 +/- 0.2 for normal lymphocytes. Results indicated that this technique may be useful in the diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia as well as in the assessment of the efficacy of chemotherapeutic regimens.", "PMID": 853523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10242", "title": "Cyclic Variation of DNA synthesis in human breast epithelium.", "content": "DNA synthesis in normal breast epithelium from premenopausal women was assessed by use of autoradiography. In parous women the labeling indexes decreased during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle and increased to a significantly higher level during the luteal phase.", "contents": "Cyclic Variation of DNA synthesis in human breast epithelium. DNA synthesis in normal breast epithelium from premenopausal women was assessed by use of autoradiography. In parous women the labeling indexes decreased during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle and increased to a significantly higher level during the luteal phase.", "PMID": 853524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10243", "title": "Nasopharyngeal cancer among young people in the United States: racial variations by cell type.", "content": "U. S. mortality and incidence statistics for nasopharyngeal cancer showed a fourfold excess risk of sarcomas in white children under age 10, and a fourfold to sevenfold excess of carcinomas in teen-age blacks. Mortality from nasopharyngeal carcinomas in young people was greater in the South than in the North, with the excess mortality in blacks linked to rural residence and low socioeconomic status. These and other characteristics of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in young persons suggested that environmental (perhaps infectious) agents are involved in this age group. These patterns contrasted with nasopharyngeal carcinomas developing after age 25, when the rates predominated in Chinese Americans. Nasopharyngeal cancer in the United States had three age peaks, with racial and epidemiologic distinctions that seemed to reflect different etiologies.", "contents": "Nasopharyngeal cancer among young people in the United States: racial variations by cell type. U. S. mortality and incidence statistics for nasopharyngeal cancer showed a fourfold excess risk of sarcomas in white children under age 10, and a fourfold to sevenfold excess of carcinomas in teen-age blacks. Mortality from nasopharyngeal carcinomas in young people was greater in the South than in the North, with the excess mortality in blacks linked to rural residence and low socioeconomic status. These and other characteristics of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in young persons suggested that environmental (perhaps infectious) agents are involved in this age group. These patterns contrasted with nasopharyngeal carcinomas developing after age 25, when the rates predominated in Chinese Americans. Nasopharyngeal cancer in the United States had three age peaks, with racial and epidemiologic distinctions that seemed to reflect different etiologies.", "PMID": 853525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10244", "title": "Regression of established intradermal tumors and lymph node metastases in guinea pigs after systemic transfer of immune lymphoid cells.", "content": "Strain-2 male guinea pigs with established intradermal (id) tumors and microscopic regional lymph node metastases were treated by systemic transfer of syngeneic peritoneal exudate (PE) cells from tumor-immune guinea pigs. This treatment produced complete regressions of established id tumor nodules (10-11 mm in diameter) and prevented the growth of lymph node metastases in 32 (80%) of the 40 treated animals. All untreated animals died with progressive id and lymphatic tumor growth. Lymph node tumor metastases that remained after id tumor excision were also suppressed by immune cell transfer. PE cells from guinea pigs immune to an antigenically distinct tumor line (line-1), BCG, or PE cells from nonimmune guinea pigs failed to produce tumor regression or prolongation of survival time. PE cells from allogeneic guinea pigs and from sheep immune to line-10 failed to transfer tumor immunity to strain-2 guinea pigs. The effectiveness of therapy was reduced by increasing the tumor burden or decreasing the number of transferred lymphoid cells. This study demonstrated that systemic transfer of cells from syngeneic immune donors could effectively eliminate tumors as well as early metastases.", "contents": "Regression of established intradermal tumors and lymph node metastases in guinea pigs after systemic transfer of immune lymphoid cells. Strain-2 male guinea pigs with established intradermal (id) tumors and microscopic regional lymph node metastases were treated by systemic transfer of syngeneic peritoneal exudate (PE) cells from tumor-immune guinea pigs. This treatment produced complete regressions of established id tumor nodules (10-11 mm in diameter) and prevented the growth of lymph node metastases in 32 (80%) of the 40 treated animals. All untreated animals died with progressive id and lymphatic tumor growth. Lymph node tumor metastases that remained after id tumor excision were also suppressed by immune cell transfer. PE cells from guinea pigs immune to an antigenically distinct tumor line (line-1), BCG, or PE cells from nonimmune guinea pigs failed to produce tumor regression or prolongation of survival time. PE cells from allogeneic guinea pigs and from sheep immune to line-10 failed to transfer tumor immunity to strain-2 guinea pigs. The effectiveness of therapy was reduced by increasing the tumor burden or decreasing the number of transferred lymphoid cells. This study demonstrated that systemic transfer of cells from syngeneic immune donors could effectively eliminate tumors as well as early metastases.", "PMID": 853526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10245", "title": "Ultrastructure of N-dibutylnitrosamine-induced tumors of the urinary bladder in European hamsters.", "content": "European hamsters were treated sc with 0.025 the median lethan dose of N-dibutylnitrosamine. The induced neoplasms of the urinary bladder (transitional cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas) were examined electron microscopically. Their ultrastructure indicated these tumors to be different developmental stages of the same type of tumor rather than two fundamentally different types of neoplasm.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of N-dibutylnitrosamine-induced tumors of the urinary bladder in European hamsters. European hamsters were treated sc with 0.025 the median lethan dose of N-dibutylnitrosamine. The induced neoplasms of the urinary bladder (transitional cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas) were examined electron microscopically. Their ultrastructure indicated these tumors to be different developmental stages of the same type of tumor rather than two fundamentally different types of neoplasm.", "PMID": 853527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10246", "title": "Tumor x host cell hybrids in the mouse: chromosomes from the normal cell parent maintained in malignant hybrid tumors.", "content": "We investigated whether the malignancy of hybrids between normal and malignant cells could be correlated with the loss of specific genes borne by specific chromosomes from the normal parent cells. Tumors produced in mice by the inoculation of Cl.1D cells (an L cell derivative) contained tumor x host cell hybrids. Hybrid cell populations isolated from 14 tumors were injected into 123 mice, of which 108 (87%) developed tumors. Metaphases of growing hybrid cell tumors were analyzed by use of a trypsin-Giemsa banding technique. The chromosomes contributed by the host (normal) parent cell could be distinguished from Cl.1D chromosomes, since the latter exhibited morphologic differences due to rearrangements. In the 14 hybrid tumors analyzed, we found that any one of the chromosomes of the host cell might be present, which indicated that none of the chromosomes from the normal cell bore genetic information capable of suppressing the malignancy of Cl.1D cells. Absence of complimentation in the hybrids suggested that, even if the accumulation of several mutations were necessary for malignant tumor growth of Cl.D1 cells, none of these mutations is recessive.", "contents": "Tumor x host cell hybrids in the mouse: chromosomes from the normal cell parent maintained in malignant hybrid tumors. We investigated whether the malignancy of hybrids between normal and malignant cells could be correlated with the loss of specific genes borne by specific chromosomes from the normal parent cells. Tumors produced in mice by the inoculation of Cl.1D cells (an L cell derivative) contained tumor x host cell hybrids. Hybrid cell populations isolated from 14 tumors were injected into 123 mice, of which 108 (87%) developed tumors. Metaphases of growing hybrid cell tumors were analyzed by use of a trypsin-Giemsa banding technique. The chromosomes contributed by the host (normal) parent cell could be distinguished from Cl.1D chromosomes, since the latter exhibited morphologic differences due to rearrangements. In the 14 hybrid tumors analyzed, we found that any one of the chromosomes of the host cell might be present, which indicated that none of the chromosomes from the normal cell bore genetic information capable of suppressing the malignancy of Cl.1D cells. Absence of complimentation in the hybrids suggested that, even if the accumulation of several mutations were necessary for malignant tumor growth of Cl.D1 cells, none of these mutations is recessive.", "PMID": 853528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10247", "title": "Pigmented hyperplasia of epidermis following feeding of L-dopa to elderly rats.", "content": "In view of clinical data supporting a casual relationship between long-term L-dopa administration and recurrence of melanoma, long-term L-dopa administration to aged rats was performed to investigate its effect on the incidence of malignant melanoma. Of the treated animals, 11% showed local pigmented epidermal hyperplasia, compared with 0.5% of the control animals, but the number of expected melanomas was not increased by L-dopa treatment.", "contents": "Pigmented hyperplasia of epidermis following feeding of L-dopa to elderly rats. In view of clinical data supporting a casual relationship between long-term L-dopa administration and recurrence of melanoma, long-term L-dopa administration to aged rats was performed to investigate its effect on the incidence of malignant melanoma. Of the treated animals, 11% showed local pigmented epidermal hyperplasia, compared with 0.5% of the control animals, but the number of expected melanomas was not increased by L-dopa treatment.", "PMID": 853529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10248", "title": "Virus-like particles in a case of human prostate carcinoma.", "content": "Two morphologically different types of intracisternal virus-like particles were observed electron microscopically in a biopsy specimen of human prostate cancer. Particles of one type were 150-200 nm in diameter and contained either an electron-dense core or two concentric inner layers. Particles of the other type were smaller, 80-100 nm in diameter, and appeared mostly in filamentous or chainlike formation. Both types of particles and budding were observed in endoplasmic cavities of epithelial tumor cells. The particles had ultrastructural characteristics that suggested a viral nature but were different from the known type B, type C, or type H (hamster type R) virus particles. This was the first election microscopic observation in prostate cancer of virus-like particles similar to those previously reported in a case of human breast carcinoma.", "contents": "Virus-like particles in a case of human prostate carcinoma. Two morphologically different types of intracisternal virus-like particles were observed electron microscopically in a biopsy specimen of human prostate cancer. Particles of one type were 150-200 nm in diameter and contained either an electron-dense core or two concentric inner layers. Particles of the other type were smaller, 80-100 nm in diameter, and appeared mostly in filamentous or chainlike formation. Both types of particles and budding were observed in endoplasmic cavities of epithelial tumor cells. The particles had ultrastructural characteristics that suggested a viral nature but were different from the known type B, type C, or type H (hamster type R) virus particles. This was the first election microscopic observation in prostate cancer of virus-like particles similar to those previously reported in a case of human breast carcinoma.", "PMID": 853530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10249", "title": "Effects of naturally occurring sugars on Ehrlich ascites tumor growth in mice.", "content": "The growth of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in Swiss mice was modified by the addition of certain naturally occurring sugars to the drinking water or by ip inoculation of mice after infection. D-Mannose, D-ribose, and D-glucosamine produced the most striking antitumor effects, increasing significantly the survival rate in mice so treated.", "contents": "Effects of naturally occurring sugars on Ehrlich ascites tumor growth in mice. The growth of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in Swiss mice was modified by the addition of certain naturally occurring sugars to the drinking water or by ip inoculation of mice after infection. D-Mannose, D-ribose, and D-glucosamine produced the most striking antitumor effects, increasing significantly the survival rate in mice so treated.", "PMID": 853531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10250", "title": "Rationale developed by the Environmental Protection Agency for the assessment of carcinogenic risks.", "content": "The intent of the Environmental Protection Agency's \"Interim Guideline for Carcinogen Risk Assessment\" is to provide an evaluation of the evidence regarding suspect carcinogens that encapsulates judgments on the quality and adequacy of data, the likelihood that the agent is a human carcinogen, and an estimate of the magnitude of the cancer burden that could be ascribed to the agent if no regulatory action were taken. Every effort shoult be made to reduce environmental contamination by carcinogens to the lowest possible level; this view stems from uncertainties about qualitative and quantitative extrapolations from animals to man, the lack of evidence for a dose threshold, the great range of possible interactions among environmental carcinogens and cofactors, and the broad spectrum of human susceptibility. New knowledge in the field of carcinogenesis is developing, and modifications of the Environmental Protection Agency's \"Interim Guideline for Carcinogen Risk Assessment\" must be made periodically.", "contents": "Rationale developed by the Environmental Protection Agency for the assessment of carcinogenic risks. The intent of the Environmental Protection Agency's \"Interim Guideline for Carcinogen Risk Assessment\" is to provide an evaluation of the evidence regarding suspect carcinogens that encapsulates judgments on the quality and adequacy of data, the likelihood that the agent is a human carcinogen, and an estimate of the magnitude of the cancer burden that could be ascribed to the agent if no regulatory action were taken. Every effort shoult be made to reduce environmental contamination by carcinogens to the lowest possible level; this view stems from uncertainties about qualitative and quantitative extrapolations from animals to man, the lack of evidence for a dose threshold, the great range of possible interactions among environmental carcinogens and cofactors, and the broad spectrum of human susceptibility. New knowledge in the field of carcinogenesis is developing, and modifications of the Environmental Protection Agency's \"Interim Guideline for Carcinogen Risk Assessment\" must be made periodically.", "PMID": 853532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10251", "title": "Non-typhosa Salmonella species: analysis of 94 isolations.", "content": "Despite rigorous control measures by local, state, and federal health agencies, salmonellosis continues to be one of America's most troublesome epidemiological problems. Salmonellosis, a reportable disease, is estimated to infect more than two million persons each year. However, only 10 to 12 percent of cases are actually reported. To study the impact of salmonellosis at Howard University Hospital, the authors made a statistical analysis of non-typhosa Salmonella isolated during a two-year period. The study emphasizes the epidemiological aspects of, and useful isolation and identification techniques for, non-typhosa Salmonella.", "contents": "Non-typhosa Salmonella species: analysis of 94 isolations. Despite rigorous control measures by local, state, and federal health agencies, salmonellosis continues to be one of America's most troublesome epidemiological problems. Salmonellosis, a reportable disease, is estimated to infect more than two million persons each year. However, only 10 to 12 percent of cases are actually reported. To study the impact of salmonellosis at Howard University Hospital, the authors made a statistical analysis of non-typhosa Salmonella isolated during a two-year period. The study emphasizes the epidemiological aspects of, and useful isolation and identification techniques for, non-typhosa Salmonella.", "PMID": 853534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10252", "title": "Crohn's disease in black patients.", "content": "The diagnosis of Crohn's disease in 13 patients (ten females and three males) at the Howard University Hospital during the ten-year period, 1965-1975, is examined. The most common presenting symptoms were right lower quadrant (RLQ) pain, diarrhea, anorexia, weight loss, and vomiting, while the most common physical finding was RLQ tenderness. Ileocolic involvement occurred most frequently. Eight patients had surgical resection. The most frequent operation was ileocolic resection with ileo-ascending colostomy. The chief indications for surgery were: (1) presumed appendicitis, (2) intestinal obstruction, and (3) internal fistulae.Crohn's disease seems to occur in blacks much less frequently than in whites. When compared to series of white patients reported by others, the series studied here has more females and more ileocolic involvement. In most other series, the greatest involvement is in the \"ileum only\" group.", "contents": "Crohn's disease in black patients. The diagnosis of Crohn's disease in 13 patients (ten females and three males) at the Howard University Hospital during the ten-year period, 1965-1975, is examined. The most common presenting symptoms were right lower quadrant (RLQ) pain, diarrhea, anorexia, weight loss, and vomiting, while the most common physical finding was RLQ tenderness. Ileocolic involvement occurred most frequently. Eight patients had surgical resection. The most frequent operation was ileocolic resection with ileo-ascending colostomy. The chief indications for surgery were: (1) presumed appendicitis, (2) intestinal obstruction, and (3) internal fistulae.Crohn's disease seems to occur in blacks much less frequently than in whites. When compared to series of white patients reported by others, the series studied here has more females and more ileocolic involvement. In most other series, the greatest involvement is in the \"ileum only\" group.", "PMID": 853535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10253", "title": "Cross-racial foster home placement among native American psychiatric patients.", "content": "In Minnesota, about 0.5 percent of the general population are raised outside of their biologic homes. However, it has been estimated that 25 to 30 percent of all Indian children under the age of 18 years are currently living outside of their biologic homes. Clinical experience with adolescent and adult Indian psychiatric patients bears this out: about half of them have been raised in foster or adoptive homes.Seventeen American Indian patients who had been raised in non-Indian foster and adoptive homes were interviewed for five to ten hours each. Data were collected from the patients and social agencies regarding demographic characteristics, social coping, and current clinical problems. In addition, information obtained regarding their out-of-family placement included: age at placement, reason for placement, number of subsequent placements, and interracial and intraracial relationships during placement and subsequently during adulthood.This clinical sample shows a low rate of psychosis and neurosis, but a high rate of alcohol-related disorders, suicide attempts, and behavioral problems. While their education is average, their employment and marital status shows marked social disability. Most have had numerous childhood placements over a long period, all in white homes, and none have subsequently returned to their family-of-origin.These unfortunate human beings have been described by both whites and Indians in Minnesota as \"apples\": racially \"red\" or Indian on the outside, but culturally white on the inside. White groups do not accept them as whites because they are distinctively racial Indians, but they do not feel at ease in Indian communities since they were raised with white values and attitudes. While some of these people do indeed make successful adjustments in Indian or white society (or both) the results of this study show that many apparently do not.", "contents": "Cross-racial foster home placement among native American psychiatric patients. In Minnesota, about 0.5 percent of the general population are raised outside of their biologic homes. However, it has been estimated that 25 to 30 percent of all Indian children under the age of 18 years are currently living outside of their biologic homes. Clinical experience with adolescent and adult Indian psychiatric patients bears this out: about half of them have been raised in foster or adoptive homes.Seventeen American Indian patients who had been raised in non-Indian foster and adoptive homes were interviewed for five to ten hours each. Data were collected from the patients and social agencies regarding demographic characteristics, social coping, and current clinical problems. In addition, information obtained regarding their out-of-family placement included: age at placement, reason for placement, number of subsequent placements, and interracial and intraracial relationships during placement and subsequently during adulthood.This clinical sample shows a low rate of psychosis and neurosis, but a high rate of alcohol-related disorders, suicide attempts, and behavioral problems. While their education is average, their employment and marital status shows marked social disability. Most have had numerous childhood placements over a long period, all in white homes, and none have subsequently returned to their family-of-origin.These unfortunate human beings have been described by both whites and Indians in Minnesota as \"apples\": racially \"red\" or Indian on the outside, but culturally white on the inside. White groups do not accept them as whites because they are distinctively racial Indians, but they do not feel at ease in Indian communities since they were raised with white values and attitudes. While some of these people do indeed make successful adjustments in Indian or white society (or both) the results of this study show that many apparently do not.", "PMID": 853536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10254", "title": "Empty sella syndrome.", "content": "It is the primary purpose of this treatise to outline the essential differences between empty sella syndrome (ESS) and pseudotumor cerebri (PTC). An attempt is made to determine why these syndromes may coexist. A detailed case report is presented which emphasizes the definitive signs and symptoms that are found in patients having both of these syndromes, and differentiation is made between idiopathic and secondary ESS.", "contents": "Empty sella syndrome. It is the primary purpose of this treatise to outline the essential differences between empty sella syndrome (ESS) and pseudotumor cerebri (PTC). An attempt is made to determine why these syndromes may coexist. A detailed case report is presented which emphasizes the definitive signs and symptoms that are found in patients having both of these syndromes, and differentiation is made between idiopathic and secondary ESS.", "PMID": 853537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10255", "title": "Cancer of the pancreas in blacks: a ten-year experience.", "content": "A ten-year retrospective study of cancer of the pancreas in black patients at Howard University Hospital is presented. A total of 68 patients was studied. The authors concluded that no form of treatment had significant effect in terms of survival in stages II, III, and IV disease.", "contents": "Cancer of the pancreas in blacks: a ten-year experience. A ten-year retrospective study of cancer of the pancreas in black patients at Howard University Hospital is presented. A total of 68 patients was studied. The authors concluded that no form of treatment had significant effect in terms of survival in stages II, III, and IV disease.", "PMID": 853538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10256", "title": "Non-drug-related residues in tracer studies.", "content": "Factors involved in residue studies with radioactive tracers are discussed. Three types of metabolic management of 14C-labeled compounds are described. Intact incorporation into protein of chick muscle is demonstrated with L-O-ethyl-[14C]threonine. Retention of unchanged and quantitatively recoverable parent compound occurred with [14C]thiabendazole sprayed on oranges. The latter drug fed to animals was retained in tissue partly intact, but mostly metabolized to recognizable detoxification products, and ultimately to endogenous tissue components. The latter type of residue was termed a \"nonmetabolite\" residue. The extreme case of extensive metabolism to products structurally unrelated to the parent compound was illustrated with [14C]ronidazole administered to turkeys.", "contents": "Non-drug-related residues in tracer studies. Factors involved in residue studies with radioactive tracers are discussed. Three types of metabolic management of 14C-labeled compounds are described. Intact incorporation into protein of chick muscle is demonstrated with L-O-ethyl-[14C]threonine. Retention of unchanged and quantitatively recoverable parent compound occurred with [14C]thiabendazole sprayed on oranges. The latter drug fed to animals was retained in tissue partly intact, but mostly metabolized to recognizable detoxification products, and ultimately to endogenous tissue components. The latter type of residue was termed a \"nonmetabolite\" residue. The extreme case of extensive metabolism to products structurally unrelated to the parent compound was illustrated with [14C]ronidazole administered to turkeys.", "PMID": 853540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10257", "title": "A prospective on covalent binding and toxicity.", "content": "In this paper are discussed (1) the three general mechanisms by which radioisotopes may be retained in animal tissues long after labeled drugs are administered, (2) ways of differentiating these mechanisms, and (3) possible relationships between the toxic effects of drugs and their metabolism. It is emphasized, however, that studies on the disposition of drugs should be coordinated with toxicity studies in order to make the results of bioavailability and pharmacokinetic studies more meaningful in setting limits for food residues.", "contents": "A prospective on covalent binding and toxicity. In this paper are discussed (1) the three general mechanisms by which radioisotopes may be retained in animal tissues long after labeled drugs are administered, (2) ways of differentiating these mechanisms, and (3) possible relationships between the toxic effects of drugs and their metabolism. It is emphasized, however, that studies on the disposition of drugs should be coordinated with toxicity studies in order to make the results of bioavailability and pharmacokinetic studies more meaningful in setting limits for food residues.", "PMID": 853542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10258", "title": "Covalent binding of foreign chemicals to tissue macromolecules.", "content": "In vivo and in vitro covalent binding of foreign chemicals to tissue macromolecules via metabolic activation is described, using the analgesic acetaminophen as an example. Acetaminophen is metabolized through a variety of pathways. The arylating metabolite is formed by a cytochrome P-450 dependent N-hydroxylation process. The resulting hydroxamic acid is then conjugated with glutathione, and the resulting conjugate is subsequently excreted as the mercapturic acid in the urine. It is not until the glutathione concentration is reduced to about 20% of the initial concentration that covalent binding of acetaminophen to amino acids of proteins occurs and subsequent liver necrosis is seen. The extent of in vitro binding correlates with treatments that alter hepatic necrosis and in vivo binding, indicating that in vitro binding is a valid index of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. A simple bacterial test system for detecting chemical carcinogens as mutagens is described.", "contents": "Covalent binding of foreign chemicals to tissue macromolecules. In vivo and in vitro covalent binding of foreign chemicals to tissue macromolecules via metabolic activation is described, using the analgesic acetaminophen as an example. Acetaminophen is metabolized through a variety of pathways. The arylating metabolite is formed by a cytochrome P-450 dependent N-hydroxylation process. The resulting hydroxamic acid is then conjugated with glutathione, and the resulting conjugate is subsequently excreted as the mercapturic acid in the urine. It is not until the glutathione concentration is reduced to about 20% of the initial concentration that covalent binding of acetaminophen to amino acids of proteins occurs and subsequent liver necrosis is seen. The extent of in vitro binding correlates with treatments that alter hepatic necrosis and in vivo binding, indicating that in vitro binding is a valid index of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. A simple bacterial test system for detecting chemical carcinogens as mutagens is described.", "PMID": 853543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10259", "title": "Cambendazole and nondrug macromolecules in tissue residues.", "content": "The anthelmintic cambendazole is rapidly metabolized to at least 13 urinary metabolites. Radioactivity was found in liver for weeks after a single dose in cattle, but even at 3 days' withdrawal, cambendazole and metabolites previously identified in urine accounted for only a small fraction of liver radioactivity. The radioactivity was ubiquitously distributed in protein and nucleic acid fractions, and [14C] glutamic acid was identified, indicating incorporation of 14C into the endogenous pool. Part of the residual liver radioactivity at 7 days was convertible chemically to 5-nitrobenzimidazole, indicating a drug-related macromolecular residue. However, data from rats fed radiolabeled steer liver indicate that the residue is minimally bioavailable and therefore of substantially less toxicological concern than cambendazole itself.", "contents": "Cambendazole and nondrug macromolecules in tissue residues. The anthelmintic cambendazole is rapidly metabolized to at least 13 urinary metabolites. Radioactivity was found in liver for weeks after a single dose in cattle, but even at 3 days' withdrawal, cambendazole and metabolites previously identified in urine accounted for only a small fraction of liver radioactivity. The radioactivity was ubiquitously distributed in protein and nucleic acid fractions, and [14C] glutamic acid was identified, indicating incorporation of 14C into the endogenous pool. Part of the residual liver radioactivity at 7 days was convertible chemically to 5-nitrobenzimidazole, indicating a drug-related macromolecular residue. However, data from rats fed radiolabeled steer liver indicate that the residue is minimally bioavailable and therefore of substantially less toxicological concern than cambendazole itself.", "PMID": 853544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10260", "title": "Biliary excretion of cadmium in rat. I. Dose-dependent biliary excretion and the form of cadmium in the bile.", "content": "Biliary excretion of cadmium was studied in rats after intravenous injection of different doses of cadmium chloride (0.1-2 mg Cd/kg). The rate of bile flow was not affected by cadmium injection and cadmium was excreted into bile during the first 2 hr after injection. The biliary excretion of cadmium increased with increasing dose of CdCl2. Cumulative biliary excretion of cadmium for 5 hr was 0.065% of the administered dose for groups injected with 0.1 mg Cd/kg as compared to 16.9% of the administered dose for 2 mg Cd/kg. During the 5 hr experimental period, most of the cadmium in liver cytosol was bound to high-molecular-weight proteins and less than 10% was bound to the metallothionein fraction. The biliary cadmium was recovered as a low-molecular-weight compound (less than 4,000) in experiments with various doses of cadmium and no cadmium was attached to high-molecular-weight proteins or metallothionein in the bile. The low-molecular-weight cadmium complex in bile was partially characterized as Cd-glutathione by thin-layer chromatography and amino acid analysis.", "contents": "Biliary excretion of cadmium in rat. I. Dose-dependent biliary excretion and the form of cadmium in the bile. Biliary excretion of cadmium was studied in rats after intravenous injection of different doses of cadmium chloride (0.1-2 mg Cd/kg). The rate of bile flow was not affected by cadmium injection and cadmium was excreted into bile during the first 2 hr after injection. The biliary excretion of cadmium increased with increasing dose of CdCl2. Cumulative biliary excretion of cadmium for 5 hr was 0.065% of the administered dose for groups injected with 0.1 mg Cd/kg as compared to 16.9% of the administered dose for 2 mg Cd/kg. During the 5 hr experimental period, most of the cadmium in liver cytosol was bound to high-molecular-weight proteins and less than 10% was bound to the metallothionein fraction. The biliary cadmium was recovered as a low-molecular-weight compound (less than 4,000) in experiments with various doses of cadmium and no cadmium was attached to high-molecular-weight proteins or metallothionein in the bile. The low-molecular-weight cadmium complex in bile was partially characterized as Cd-glutathione by thin-layer chromatography and amino acid analysis.", "PMID": 853547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10261", "title": "The effect of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced hepatic sympathectomy on the early hyperglycemic response to surgical trauma under anesthesia.", "content": "A single intraportal injection of 6-OH-DA (50mg/kg) in rats results in a functional hepatic sympathectomy 6 days following the injection. Laparotomy and mild abdominal exploration under pentobarbital anesthesia resulted in elevated plasma glucose levels within 15 minutes as a result of activation of the sympathetic nerves to the liver and adrenal gland discharge. The hyperglycemic response to trauma was reduced by fasting. The hyperglycemic response was examined in untreated rats, 6-OH-DA pretreated rats, bilaterally adrenalectomized rats, and a group which had received 6-OH-DA pretreatment as well as bilateral adrenalectomy. In non-fasted rats the presence of intact sympathetic nerves or intact adrenals was sufficient to produce the hyperglycemia. To prevent the response both nerves and adrenals must be deactivated. The hepatic nerves are primarily responsible for the early hyperglycemic response to trauma in fasted rats while in fed animals the adrenals and hepatic nerves play a more equal role.", "contents": "The effect of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced hepatic sympathectomy on the early hyperglycemic response to surgical trauma under anesthesia. A single intraportal injection of 6-OH-DA (50mg/kg) in rats results in a functional hepatic sympathectomy 6 days following the injection. Laparotomy and mild abdominal exploration under pentobarbital anesthesia resulted in elevated plasma glucose levels within 15 minutes as a result of activation of the sympathetic nerves to the liver and adrenal gland discharge. The hyperglycemic response to trauma was reduced by fasting. The hyperglycemic response was examined in untreated rats, 6-OH-DA pretreated rats, bilaterally adrenalectomized rats, and a group which had received 6-OH-DA pretreatment as well as bilateral adrenalectomy. In non-fasted rats the presence of intact sympathetic nerves or intact adrenals was sufficient to produce the hyperglycemia. To prevent the response both nerves and adrenals must be deactivated. The hepatic nerves are primarily responsible for the early hyperglycemic response to trauma in fasted rats while in fed animals the adrenals and hepatic nerves play a more equal role.", "PMID": 853548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10262", "title": "Venous thrombosis in acute spinal cord paralysis.", "content": "Radiolabeled fibrinogen, impedance phlebography and venogram surveillance were carried out in ten consecutive acute spinal cord paralysis patients. Nine patients had evidence of deep venous thrombosis by radiolabeled fibrinogen technique. Venogram confirmed the presence of venous thrombosis in seven. Impedance phlebography was positive in only four. Eight patients developed a positive radiolabeled fibrinogen test after a surgical procedure. One patient with extensive venous thrombosis had multiple pulmonary emboli.", "contents": "Venous thrombosis in acute spinal cord paralysis. Radiolabeled fibrinogen, impedance phlebography and venogram surveillance were carried out in ten consecutive acute spinal cord paralysis patients. Nine patients had evidence of deep venous thrombosis by radiolabeled fibrinogen technique. Venogram confirmed the presence of venous thrombosis in seven. Impedance phlebography was positive in only four. Eight patients developed a positive radiolabeled fibrinogen test after a surgical procedure. One patient with extensive venous thrombosis had multiple pulmonary emboli.", "PMID": 853549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10263", "title": "An evaluation of the cuff characteristics and incidence of laryngeal complications using a new nasotracheal tube in prolonged intubations.", "content": "A series of 1,187 nasotracheal intubations, carried out from January 1973 to December, 1975, used a new tube. The design included a smooth tip, a cuff with a large area of contact, low pressure and a high residual volume, and a radiopaque line which is easily visible on chest X-ray. A secondary irrigating lumen opening distal to the cuff provides closed-system irrigation, measurement of airway pressures, and sampling of tracheal gases. In the 811 intubated nontracheostomized patients who survived, the overall incidence of significant laryngeal damage was 1%. In patients intubated in excess of 10 days the damage incidence was 10%, and we suggest that tracheostomy should be carried out at this time. No patients suffered from any known permanent laryngeal damage.", "contents": "An evaluation of the cuff characteristics and incidence of laryngeal complications using a new nasotracheal tube in prolonged intubations. A series of 1,187 nasotracheal intubations, carried out from January 1973 to December, 1975, used a new tube. The design included a smooth tip, a cuff with a large area of contact, low pressure and a high residual volume, and a radiopaque line which is easily visible on chest X-ray. A secondary irrigating lumen opening distal to the cuff provides closed-system irrigation, measurement of airway pressures, and sampling of tracheal gases. In the 811 intubated nontracheostomized patients who survived, the overall incidence of significant laryngeal damage was 1%. In patients intubated in excess of 10 days the damage incidence was 10%, and we suggest that tracheostomy should be carried out at this time. No patients suffered from any known permanent laryngeal damage.", "PMID": 853550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10264", "title": "Gluteal compartment syndrome: case report.", "content": "A compartmental syndrome can occur in any space limited by fascia or skin. A case of a gluteal compartment syndrome is reported, apparently from prolonged pressure after a drug overdose. Clinical features were a painful expanding gluteal mass with sciatic nerve dysfunction. Fasciotomy of the tensor fascia lata and the overlying fascia of the gluteus maximus resulted in rapid relief of symptoms.", "contents": "Gluteal compartment syndrome: case report. A compartmental syndrome can occur in any space limited by fascia or skin. A case of a gluteal compartment syndrome is reported, apparently from prolonged pressure after a drug overdose. Clinical features were a painful expanding gluteal mass with sciatic nerve dysfunction. Fasciotomy of the tensor fascia lata and the overlying fascia of the gluteus maximus resulted in rapid relief of symptoms.", "PMID": 853551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10265", "title": "Use of the intra-aortic balloon support for refractory low cardiac output in myocardial contusion.", "content": "A patient with refractory low cardiac output and recurring ventricular arrhythmias resulting from myocardial contusion was treated with intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation. Use of the intra-aortic balloon resulted in an increased cardiac output and control of the ventricular arrhythmias. After 1 year the patient shows no sequelae of myocardial contusion, although he is still paraplegic.", "contents": "Use of the intra-aortic balloon support for refractory low cardiac output in myocardial contusion. A patient with refractory low cardiac output and recurring ventricular arrhythmias resulting from myocardial contusion was treated with intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation. Use of the intra-aortic balloon resulted in an increased cardiac output and control of the ventricular arrhythmias. After 1 year the patient shows no sequelae of myocardial contusion, although he is still paraplegic.", "PMID": 853552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10266", "title": "Renal artery aneurysm presenting as a chest mass.", "content": "An enlarging mass in the right chest in a 25-year-old woman was found at operation to be a false aneurysm of the renal artery. Preoperative diagnosis was not made despite an extensive workup including arteriography. Successful resection was carried out via a posterolateral thoracotomy. Although vascular reconstruction was not feasible. The danger of rupture of such an aneurysm from an incisional biopsy is emphasized.", "contents": "Renal artery aneurysm presenting as a chest mass. An enlarging mass in the right chest in a 25-year-old woman was found at operation to be a false aneurysm of the renal artery. Preoperative diagnosis was not made despite an extensive workup including arteriography. Successful resection was carried out via a posterolateral thoracotomy. Although vascular reconstruction was not feasible. The danger of rupture of such an aneurysm from an incisional biopsy is emphasized.", "PMID": 853553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10267", "title": "[Results of hyperthermia on the bladder carcinomas of the dog (author's transl)].", "content": "A study on the effects of hyperthermia on B.N.A. induced bladder carcinomas of the dog has been carried out since 1966. The hyperthermic treatment has been performed directly in the bladder using an original equipment especially designed. In a large majority of the animals definite cancericidal changes have been shown. The most favorable results were obtained in the treatment of carcinomas not infiltrating the muscular layer of the bladder. In these cases malignant recurrency was not shown up to five years after treatment. Good palliative effect is also refferred in the treatment of advanced bladder carcinoma of the man.", "contents": "[Results of hyperthermia on the bladder carcinomas of the dog (author's transl)]. A study on the effects of hyperthermia on B.N.A. induced bladder carcinomas of the dog has been carried out since 1966. The hyperthermic treatment has been performed directly in the bladder using an original equipment especially designed. In a large majority of the animals definite cancericidal changes have been shown. The most favorable results were obtained in the treatment of carcinomas not infiltrating the muscular layer of the bladder. In these cases malignant recurrency was not shown up to five years after treatment. Good palliative effect is also refferred in the treatment of advanced bladder carcinoma of the man.", "PMID": 853554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10268", "title": "[A rare case of cavernous haemangioma of the bladder (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of haemangioma of the bladder treated by partial cystectomy in a young man aged 17 years and review the world literature. Less than 70 cases have been published up to the present time. In 30 per cent of cases, the presence of signs of vascular dysplasia of the limbs is also noted.", "contents": "[A rare case of cavernous haemangioma of the bladder (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of haemangioma of the bladder treated by partial cystectomy in a young man aged 17 years and review the world literature. Less than 70 cases have been published up to the present time. In 30 per cent of cases, the presence of signs of vascular dysplasia of the limbs is also noted.", "PMID": 853555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10269", "title": "[A new case of leydigioma of the testis (author's transl)].", "content": "A new case of leydigioma, seen in a young adult, poses the problem of the long term prognosis of an apparently benign tumour of this type. The usefulness of routine complementary carcinological therapy associating radio-surgery and immunotherapy is discussed. In fact, such treatment was rejected in favour of strict surveillance, possible in a cooperative subject, involving clinical examination every three months and endocrine studies and a chest X-ray every 2 months.", "contents": "[A new case of leydigioma of the testis (author's transl)]. A new case of leydigioma, seen in a young adult, poses the problem of the long term prognosis of an apparently benign tumour of this type. The usefulness of routine complementary carcinological therapy associating radio-surgery and immunotherapy is discussed. In fact, such treatment was rejected in favour of strict surveillance, possible in a cooperative subject, involving clinical examination every three months and endocrine studies and a chest X-ray every 2 months.", "PMID": 853556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10270", "title": "Folded, concatenated genomes as replication intermediates of bacteriophage T7 DNA.", "content": "A complex form of bacteriophage T7 DNA, containing up to several hundred phage equivalents of DNA, arises during replication of T7. The complex was stable to treatment with ionic detergent, Pronase, and phenol. The complex form normally exists for only a short time, corresponding to the phase of rapid T7 DNA synthesis. It is then converted to shorter molecules, both concatemers and unit-size DNA. The complex was stable up to the temperature of denaturation of the bihelix. It consisted of a series of loops amanating from a dense central core, as shownby electron microscopy. The complex form is similar to the relaxed Escherichia coli folded chromosome ('nucleoid'). The loops contained an average of 0.7 to 0.8 phage equivalent of DNA. During infection by phage with an amber mutation in gene 3 (endonuclease), formation of the complex occurred normally, but its maturation to unit-size DNA blocked. Before treatment with phenol, the complex contained short fragments of newly replicated DNA. These were released as single-stranded pieces during phenol treatment. A pathway for T7 DNA replication is indicated in which the flow of material is from unit-size DNA to linear concatemers to the complex form, and then back to unit-size DNA by way of linear concatemers.", "contents": "Folded, concatenated genomes as replication intermediates of bacteriophage T7 DNA. A complex form of bacteriophage T7 DNA, containing up to several hundred phage equivalents of DNA, arises during replication of T7. The complex was stable to treatment with ionic detergent, Pronase, and phenol. The complex form normally exists for only a short time, corresponding to the phase of rapid T7 DNA synthesis. It is then converted to shorter molecules, both concatemers and unit-size DNA. The complex was stable up to the temperature of denaturation of the bihelix. It consisted of a series of loops amanating from a dense central core, as shownby electron microscopy. The complex form is similar to the relaxed Escherichia coli folded chromosome ('nucleoid'). The loops contained an average of 0.7 to 0.8 phage equivalent of DNA. During infection by phage with an amber mutation in gene 3 (endonuclease), formation of the complex occurred normally, but its maturation to unit-size DNA blocked. Before treatment with phenol, the complex contained short fragments of newly replicated DNA. These were released as single-stranded pieces during phenol treatment. A pathway for T7 DNA replication is indicated in which the flow of material is from unit-size DNA to linear concatemers to the complex form, and then back to unit-size DNA by way of linear concatemers.", "PMID": 853564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10271", "title": "Electron microscopy of the segmented RNA genome ofLa Crosse virus: absence of circular molecules.", "content": "The three species of single-stranded RNA present in La Crosse virus were examined in the electron microscope. Because large amounts of contaminating cellular DNA are copurified with the virus despite extensive attempts to purify the virus, it was necessary to use procedures that eliminated the bulk of this DNA before the viral RNA was analyzed. When this was done, the modal lengths of La Crosse virus RNA were 0.4, 2.0, and 3.1 mum. These lengths correspond well to their known molecular weights of 0.4 x 106, 1.8 x 106, and 2.9 x 106. Under the denaturing conditions used to permit complete spreading of these single-stranded RNA molecules, no single-stranded circular molecules are observed. Therefore, the circular nucleocapsids present in La Crosse virus and some other bunyaviruses do not appear to be due to convalent linkage of the ends of the RNA genome.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of the segmented RNA genome ofLa Crosse virus: absence of circular molecules. The three species of single-stranded RNA present in La Crosse virus were examined in the electron microscope. Because large amounts of contaminating cellular DNA are copurified with the virus despite extensive attempts to purify the virus, it was necessary to use procedures that eliminated the bulk of this DNA before the viral RNA was analyzed. When this was done, the modal lengths of La Crosse virus RNA were 0.4, 2.0, and 3.1 mum. These lengths correspond well to their known molecular weights of 0.4 x 106, 1.8 x 106, and 2.9 x 106. Under the denaturing conditions used to permit complete spreading of these single-stranded RNA molecules, no single-stranded circular molecules are observed. Therefore, the circular nucleocapsids present in La Crosse virus and some other bunyaviruses do not appear to be due to convalent linkage of the ends of the RNA genome.", "PMID": 853565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10272", "title": "Multiple copies of human adenovirus 12 genomes are integrated in virus-induced hamster tumors.", "content": "Tumors induced in hamsters by highly oncogenic human adenovirus 12 contain multiple copies of 90 to 100% of the viral genome in an integrated form.", "contents": "Multiple copies of human adenovirus 12 genomes are integrated in virus-induced hamster tumors. Tumors induced in hamsters by highly oncogenic human adenovirus 12 contain multiple copies of 90 to 100% of the viral genome in an integrated form.", "PMID": 853566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10273", "title": "Synthesis of Newcastle disease virus polypeptides in a wheat germ cell-free system.", "content": "We have isolated 18S RNA from cytoplasmic extracts of Newcastle disease virus-infected Chinese hamster ovary cells and tested its ability to direct protein synthesis in extracts derived from wheat germ. The products of the cell-free reaction directed by this RNA contain polypeptides that comigrate with NP, M,F, and 47K roteins from virions. In addition, the products contain a polypeptide (67K) that migrates on polyacrylamide gels slightly faster than the HN protein from virions. Tryptic peptide analysis of the cell-free products and proteins from virions confirms their identity.", "contents": "Synthesis of Newcastle disease virus polypeptides in a wheat germ cell-free system. We have isolated 18S RNA from cytoplasmic extracts of Newcastle disease virus-infected Chinese hamster ovary cells and tested its ability to direct protein synthesis in extracts derived from wheat germ. The products of the cell-free reaction directed by this RNA contain polypeptides that comigrate with NP, M,F, and 47K roteins from virions. In addition, the products contain a polypeptide (67K) that migrates on polyacrylamide gels slightly faster than the HN protein from virions. Tryptic peptide analysis of the cell-free products and proteins from virions confirms their identity.", "PMID": 853567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10274", "title": "[The therapeutic effect of doxycycline (Vibramycin) on pneumonia due to mycoplasma pneumoniae (author's transl)].", "content": "Tetracycline is expected to be as effective as erythromycin in the treatment of pneumonia due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. In this clinical trial 12 cases with pneumonia due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae were given doxycycline (Vibramycin \"Pfizer'), a long-acting derivative of tetracycline. Judging from time periods required for defervescence, improvement in symptoms such as cough and disappearance of shadows on chest X-ray, the therapeutic effect of doxycycline was excellent in 8 cases and good in 4 cases.", "contents": "[The therapeutic effect of doxycycline (Vibramycin) on pneumonia due to mycoplasma pneumoniae (author's transl)]. Tetracycline is expected to be as effective as erythromycin in the treatment of pneumonia due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. In this clinical trial 12 cases with pneumonia due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae were given doxycycline (Vibramycin \"Pfizer'), a long-acting derivative of tetracycline. Judging from time periods required for defervescence, improvement in symptoms such as cough and disappearance of shadows on chest X-ray, the therapeutic effect of doxycycline was excellent in 8 cases and good in 4 cases.", "PMID": 853569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10275", "title": "[The clinical studies on midecamycin granules in the otorhinolaryngological field (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical investigation with a new macrolide antibiotic, midecamycin granules was performed with the results which may lead to the following conclusion. 1) Results of clinical treatment: When midecamycin granules were administered orally in 31 cases of representative infections in the otorhinolaryngological field, it was excellent in 7 cases, good in 20 cases, fair in one case and poor in 3 cases. When the cases in which it was excellent and good were considered together, good results were obtained in 27 cases, that is a ratio of effectiveness of 87.1 per cent. 2) Side effect: No side effect was shown with the oral administration of midecamycin granules.", "contents": "[The clinical studies on midecamycin granules in the otorhinolaryngological field (author's transl)]. Clinical investigation with a new macrolide antibiotic, midecamycin granules was performed with the results which may lead to the following conclusion. 1) Results of clinical treatment: When midecamycin granules were administered orally in 31 cases of representative infections in the otorhinolaryngological field, it was excellent in 7 cases, good in 20 cases, fair in one case and poor in 3 cases. When the cases in which it was excellent and good were considered together, good results were obtained in 27 cases, that is a ratio of effectiveness of 87.1 per cent. 2) Side effect: No side effect was shown with the oral administration of midecamycin granules.", "PMID": 853577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10276", "title": "[Effects of a proteolytic-enzyme preparation used concomitantly with an antibiotic in osteoarticular infections (author's transl)].", "content": "Studies were performed in 8 patients with osteoarticular infections to examine the concentrations of sulbenicillin in the venous blood and exudate following administration and the concentrations of the antibiotic in the exudate when serratiopeptidase was orally administered concomitantly with the antibiotic. The results of the examination indicated that the transfer of sulbenicillin into the exudate tended to increase when 30 mg/day of serratiopeptidase was concomitantly given for 6 days, though further examination was thought necessary by increasing number of subjects and elaborating on the methodology.", "contents": "[Effects of a proteolytic-enzyme preparation used concomitantly with an antibiotic in osteoarticular infections (author's transl)]. Studies were performed in 8 patients with osteoarticular infections to examine the concentrations of sulbenicillin in the venous blood and exudate following administration and the concentrations of the antibiotic in the exudate when serratiopeptidase was orally administered concomitantly with the antibiotic. The results of the examination indicated that the transfer of sulbenicillin into the exudate tended to increase when 30 mg/day of serratiopeptidase was concomitantly given for 6 days, though further examination was thought necessary by increasing number of subjects and elaborating on the methodology.", "PMID": 853579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10277", "title": "Abnormality of serum lipoprotein and spleen glycosphingolipids in a case of hereditary spherocytosis.", "content": "A patient with hereditary spherocytosis gave rise to lower levels of both erythrocyte and serum cholesterols and serum lipoproteins than normal subjects. Abnormal shape of the serum lipoprotein particles was observed by electron-microscopic examination as well as the spheroidal shape of red cells. Lipids of fresh spleen tissue of the patient after splenectomy for the treatment of splenomegaly were extracted, isolated and analyzed. Particularly, different glycosphingolipids were also chemically identified and analyzed. The total lipids accounted for 10.7% of the dry tissue weight and consisted of cholesterol (32.2%), simple lipids (5.4%),phospholipids (58.3%) and glycosphingolipids (3.6%). Particularly, the glycosphingolipids were composed of monohexosyl ceramide (9.0%), lactosyl ceramide (31.2%), digalactosylglucosyl ceramide (9.2%), globoside I (27.6%) and hematoside (23.0%). It was found that the globoside I and hematoside increased remarkably in the spleen of patient with hereditary spherocytosis and that monohexosyl ceramide contained not only glucosyl ceramide, but also galactosyl ceramide at the ratio of 4:1.", "contents": "Abnormality of serum lipoprotein and spleen glycosphingolipids in a case of hereditary spherocytosis. A patient with hereditary spherocytosis gave rise to lower levels of both erythrocyte and serum cholesterols and serum lipoproteins than normal subjects. Abnormal shape of the serum lipoprotein particles was observed by electron-microscopic examination as well as the spheroidal shape of red cells. Lipids of fresh spleen tissue of the patient after splenectomy for the treatment of splenomegaly were extracted, isolated and analyzed. Particularly, different glycosphingolipids were also chemically identified and analyzed. The total lipids accounted for 10.7% of the dry tissue weight and consisted of cholesterol (32.2%), simple lipids (5.4%),phospholipids (58.3%) and glycosphingolipids (3.6%). Particularly, the glycosphingolipids were composed of monohexosyl ceramide (9.0%), lactosyl ceramide (31.2%), digalactosylglucosyl ceramide (9.2%), globoside I (27.6%) and hematoside (23.0%). It was found that the globoside I and hematoside increased remarkably in the spleen of patient with hereditary spherocytosis and that monohexosyl ceramide contained not only glucosyl ceramide, but also galactosyl ceramide at the ratio of 4:1.", "PMID": 853583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10278", "title": "Early carcinoma in the periampullary region: report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of early carcinoma in the periampullary region detected microscopically are reported. In Case 1, the carcinoma was found in part of an adenomatous polyp resected transduodenally. In Case 2, carcinoma was located within 1 cm from the main pancreatic duct hidden in the surrounding inflammatory tissue of the pancreatic head excised by radical pancreatoduodenectomy. Case 1 survived more than 3 years after the operation and Case 2 more than 5 years without any evidence of recurrence. The practical significance of such early carcinoma is discussed.", "contents": "Early carcinoma in the periampullary region: report of two cases. Two cases of early carcinoma in the periampullary region detected microscopically are reported. In Case 1, the carcinoma was found in part of an adenomatous polyp resected transduodenally. In Case 2, carcinoma was located within 1 cm from the main pancreatic duct hidden in the surrounding inflammatory tissue of the pancreatic head excised by radical pancreatoduodenectomy. Case 1 survived more than 3 years after the operation and Case 2 more than 5 years without any evidence of recurrence. The practical significance of such early carcinoma is discussed.", "PMID": 853584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10279", "title": "Aortic cannulation for cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "The surgical technique and complications of aortic cannulation for arterial return in total body perfusion utilizing oxygenator were presented based on our experience of 400 patients. Major complications encountered were laceration and bleeding (1 case), hematoma formation and bleeding (2 cases), and malpositioning of the catheter resulting in mild brain damage (1 case). All underwent re-operation with 4 survivals. Aortic cannulation is simple to perform, easy to maintian stability in cardiopulmonary bypass and with much less risk of retrograde dissection in all ages.", "contents": "Aortic cannulation for cardiopulmonary bypass. The surgical technique and complications of aortic cannulation for arterial return in total body perfusion utilizing oxygenator were presented based on our experience of 400 patients. Major complications encountered were laceration and bleeding (1 case), hematoma formation and bleeding (2 cases), and malpositioning of the catheter resulting in mild brain damage (1 case). All underwent re-operation with 4 survivals. Aortic cannulation is simple to perform, easy to maintian stability in cardiopulmonary bypass and with much less risk of retrograde dissection in all ages.", "PMID": 853585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10280", "title": "[Liver pathology in myocardial infarct].", "content": "Complex examinations of the state of the liver with the employment of biochemical and histochemical methods were conducted in 211 patients with myocardial infarction and in 69 dogs among which myocardial infarction was induced in 41. The examinations have demonstrated that in myocardial infarction protein, lipid, carbohydrates and pigment metabolism disorders develop in the liver, as well as those of the oxidative--reduction processes and the resulting changes in the liver structure. A comparison of the obtained data with the results of numerous investigations on the state of the liver in cases of various hypoxemic states indicates that in myocardial infarction the liver changes are predominantly determined by the developing hypoxia of the organ. This is due to the decreasing contractile capacity of the myocardium, to the involvement of the hepatic vessels into the atherosclerotic process, the microcirculation disturbances, the development of proliferative and sclerotic changes in the hepatic vessels. Of certain importance are also the general neurohumoral changes developing in the body during myocardial infarction, such as an excess of catecholamines in the blood.", "contents": "[Liver pathology in myocardial infarct]. Complex examinations of the state of the liver with the employment of biochemical and histochemical methods were conducted in 211 patients with myocardial infarction and in 69 dogs among which myocardial infarction was induced in 41. The examinations have demonstrated that in myocardial infarction protein, lipid, carbohydrates and pigment metabolism disorders develop in the liver, as well as those of the oxidative--reduction processes and the resulting changes in the liver structure. A comparison of the obtained data with the results of numerous investigations on the state of the liver in cases of various hypoxemic states indicates that in myocardial infarction the liver changes are predominantly determined by the developing hypoxia of the organ. This is due to the decreasing contractile capacity of the myocardium, to the involvement of the hepatic vessels into the atherosclerotic process, the microcirculation disturbances, the development of proliferative and sclerotic changes in the hepatic vessels. Of certain importance are also the general neurohumoral changes developing in the body during myocardial infarction, such as an excess of catecholamines in the blood.", "PMID": 853589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10281", "title": "[Heart valve prosthesis in children and adolescents with aortic valve insufficiency].", "content": "Aortic valve prosthetic replacement in children and adolescents helps to improve their haemodynamics, and favourably affects the course of the rheumatic process. The correction of the defect is indicated in the presence of appropriate subjective and objective symptoms of aortic valve insufficiency. The lumen of the aorta was so large in many children that it permitted the employment of prostheses for adults. Calcification of the aortic valve was found in 9 of the 31 patients, which contradicts the commonly accepted belief of a low incidence of calcification in this disease in children. Hospital mortality and postoperative complications rate did not exceed those in aortic valve replacement in adults. The comparatively fast reduction of the heart size and the positive dynamics of the functional parameters in children and adolescents may be due to the high plasticity of the cardiovascular system in this age-group.", "contents": "[Heart valve prosthesis in children and adolescents with aortic valve insufficiency]. Aortic valve prosthetic replacement in children and adolescents helps to improve their haemodynamics, and favourably affects the course of the rheumatic process. The correction of the defect is indicated in the presence of appropriate subjective and objective symptoms of aortic valve insufficiency. The lumen of the aorta was so large in many children that it permitted the employment of prostheses for adults. Calcification of the aortic valve was found in 9 of the 31 patients, which contradicts the commonly accepted belief of a low incidence of calcification in this disease in children. Hospital mortality and postoperative complications rate did not exceed those in aortic valve replacement in adults. The comparatively fast reduction of the heart size and the positive dynamics of the functional parameters in children and adolescents may be due to the high plasticity of the cardiovascular system in this age-group.", "PMID": 853595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10282", "title": "[Surgical treatment of mitral valve stenosis under conditions of artificial circulation].", "content": "The problem of a surgical management of rheumatic mitral stenosis in open-heart procedures under extracorporeal circulation is discussed. The experience of 240 surgical corrections is presented: 139 open mitral commissurotomies, 101 prosthetic replacements of the mitral valve. The current status of the problem is discussed along with the problems of diagnosis, complications of mitral stenosis, and open-heart technique of surgery. On the basis of the obtained results the advantages of the open correction of complicated forms of mitral stenosis over the closed techniques are demonstrated.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of mitral valve stenosis under conditions of artificial circulation]. The problem of a surgical management of rheumatic mitral stenosis in open-heart procedures under extracorporeal circulation is discussed. The experience of 240 surgical corrections is presented: 139 open mitral commissurotomies, 101 prosthetic replacements of the mitral valve. The current status of the problem is discussed along with the problems of diagnosis, complications of mitral stenosis, and open-heart technique of surgery. On the basis of the obtained results the advantages of the open correction of complicated forms of mitral stenosis over the closed techniques are demonstrated.", "PMID": 853596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10283", "title": "[Heart valve prosthesis in mitral valve defects of patients with chronic circulatory insufficiency].", "content": "The data of long-term follow-up of 67 patients subjected to mitral valve replacement for severe heart diseases support the rationale of surgical management of chronic circulatory insufficiency in mitral disease. A prosthetic replacement of the mitral valve helps to return the majority of operated on patients to active live patterns. Improvements of the patients' state within 5 years after surgery was recorded in 58 cases, 9 patients died within 2 to 34 months. Actuarial statistics showed that the 5-year survival rate comprised 75.9% following prosthetic mitral valve replacement.", "contents": "[Heart valve prosthesis in mitral valve defects of patients with chronic circulatory insufficiency]. The data of long-term follow-up of 67 patients subjected to mitral valve replacement for severe heart diseases support the rationale of surgical management of chronic circulatory insufficiency in mitral disease. A prosthetic replacement of the mitral valve helps to return the majority of operated on patients to active live patterns. Improvements of the patients' state within 5 years after surgery was recorded in 58 cases, 9 patients died within 2 to 34 months. Actuarial statistics showed that the 5-year survival rate comprised 75.9% following prosthetic mitral valve replacement.", "PMID": 853597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10284", "title": "[Remote results of surgical treatment of mitral valve stenosis complicated by relative tricuspid valve insufficiency].", "content": "A total of 500 patients with mitral stenosis subjected to mitral commissurotomy were examined 1 to 14 years after surgery. Relative tricuspid insufficiency accompanying mitral stenosis was detected preoperatively in 104 patients (20.8%). The authors concluded that it was rationale to undertake mitral commissurotomy in such patients after careful preoperative preparation, and to treat them medically afterwards. The follow-up analysis demonstrated that good results of surgery were achieved in 32 cases (30.8%), satisfactory--in 60 (56.7%), poor--in 11 (10.5%). One patient died after surgery for mitral re-stenosis. A comparison of 2 groups of patients--Group 1 with mitral stenosis and relative tricuspid valve insufficiency, and Group 2 with mitral stenosis alone without tricuspid insufficiency--revealed that the late results were better in Group 1. To maintain the positive effect of surgery in all the cases preventive anti-rheumatism measures should be taken the year round.", "contents": "[Remote results of surgical treatment of mitral valve stenosis complicated by relative tricuspid valve insufficiency]. A total of 500 patients with mitral stenosis subjected to mitral commissurotomy were examined 1 to 14 years after surgery. Relative tricuspid insufficiency accompanying mitral stenosis was detected preoperatively in 104 patients (20.8%). The authors concluded that it was rationale to undertake mitral commissurotomy in such patients after careful preoperative preparation, and to treat them medically afterwards. The follow-up analysis demonstrated that good results of surgery were achieved in 32 cases (30.8%), satisfactory--in 60 (56.7%), poor--in 11 (10.5%). One patient died after surgery for mitral re-stenosis. A comparison of 2 groups of patients--Group 1 with mitral stenosis and relative tricuspid valve insufficiency, and Group 2 with mitral stenosis alone without tricuspid insufficiency--revealed that the late results were better in Group 1. To maintain the positive effect of surgery in all the cases preventive anti-rheumatism measures should be taken the year round.", "PMID": 853598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10285", "title": "[Relationship between the indicators of the lung rheogram and pulmonary artery pressure in mitral valve stenosis].", "content": "In 32 patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis a set of quantitative rheographic pulmonary data was compared with the values of pulmonary artery pressure obtained by way of pulmonary artery catheterization. The diagnostic value of the mean rate of slow filling (Vm.s) and of the Q--a interval was shown for the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension, their introduction into everyday practice was substantiated. Appropriate regression equations for Vm.s and mean pulmonary artery pressure were compiled: y equals 83.7--94.x, and for the Q--a interval: y equals 4.46.281 300x. In mitral stenosis cases a reduction of the rheographic systolic index was established, as well as of the amplitude-frequency index and of the maximum rate of fast filling.", "contents": "[Relationship between the indicators of the lung rheogram and pulmonary artery pressure in mitral valve stenosis]. In 32 patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis a set of quantitative rheographic pulmonary data was compared with the values of pulmonary artery pressure obtained by way of pulmonary artery catheterization. The diagnostic value of the mean rate of slow filling (Vm.s) and of the Q--a interval was shown for the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension, their introduction into everyday practice was substantiated. Appropriate regression equations for Vm.s and mean pulmonary artery pressure were compiled: y equals 83.7--94.x, and for the Q--a interval: y equals 4.46.281 300x. In mitral stenosis cases a reduction of the rheographic systolic index was established, as well as of the amplitude-frequency index and of the maximum rate of fast filling.", "PMID": 853600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10286", "title": "[Surgical treatment of solitary or common heart ventricle].", "content": "On the basis of 24 cases reported in the literature and 2 personal observations of the authors the indications for surgical correction of a single ventricle of the heart are discussed. Two different surgical techniques are described: 1) haemodynamic correction of the defect comprising a closure of the venous atrioventricular valve, oversewing the proximal pulmonary artery, and anastomosing the right atrium and the distal pulmonary artery; 2) radical correction--creation of the ventricular septum. The variants of the disease permitting a radical correction are indicated, the results of surgery, the causes of complications and mortality are discussed.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of solitary or common heart ventricle]. On the basis of 24 cases reported in the literature and 2 personal observations of the authors the indications for surgical correction of a single ventricle of the heart are discussed. Two different surgical techniques are described: 1) haemodynamic correction of the defect comprising a closure of the venous atrioventricular valve, oversewing the proximal pulmonary artery, and anastomosing the right atrium and the distal pulmonary artery; 2) radical correction--creation of the ventricular septum. The variants of the disease permitting a radical correction are indicated, the results of surgery, the causes of complications and mortality are discussed.", "PMID": 853601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10287", "title": "[Myocardial contractility during angina pectoris attack in ischemic heart disease].", "content": "The myocardial contractility function was studied with the aid of echocardiography in 42 male patients during dosaged physical exercises. The patients were selected so that at the peak of the exercises they developed an angina pectoris attack documented by ischaemic ECG changes. In some of the patients the changes were also observed during attacks of angina decubitus. Anginal attacks are accompanied by a reduction of the myocardial function. Haemodynamic reactions of two types were noted with myocardial ischaemia: type I reaction was observed in patients with ischaemic heart disease and practically normal values of the initial heart volume, and consisted in an increasing end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes, with the stroke volume remaining unchanged, and the ejection fraction somewhat decreasing; type 2 reaction was observed in patients with initially increased heart volumes, and consisted in a decreasing end-diastolic and stroke volumes, with an insignificant alteration of the end-systolic volume. The ejection fraction, being initially insignificantly decreased, tends to decrease further during the attack.", "contents": "[Myocardial contractility during angina pectoris attack in ischemic heart disease]. The myocardial contractility function was studied with the aid of echocardiography in 42 male patients during dosaged physical exercises. The patients were selected so that at the peak of the exercises they developed an angina pectoris attack documented by ischaemic ECG changes. In some of the patients the changes were also observed during attacks of angina decubitus. Anginal attacks are accompanied by a reduction of the myocardial function. Haemodynamic reactions of two types were noted with myocardial ischaemia: type I reaction was observed in patients with ischaemic heart disease and practically normal values of the initial heart volume, and consisted in an increasing end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes, with the stroke volume remaining unchanged, and the ejection fraction somewhat decreasing; type 2 reaction was observed in patients with initially increased heart volumes, and consisted in a decreasing end-diastolic and stroke volumes, with an insignificant alteration of the end-systolic volume. The ejection fraction, being initially insignificantly decreased, tends to decrease further during the attack.", "PMID": 853602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10288", "title": "Normal renocortical blood flow in experimental acute renal failure.", "content": "Renal cortical blood flow of rats with postischemic, myohemoglobinuric, and mercury-induced acute renal failure was measured by the hydrogen washout technique using implanted platinum electrodes. Total renal blood flow was determined by venous cannulation in separate series of rats. The values obtained with the two methods were in excellent qualitative agreement (r=0.99, P less than 0.001), although venous cannulation gave values that were constantly lower than those calculated for whole kidney from the cortical flow rate and assumed cortical mass. Myohemoglobinuria produced by glycerol injection caused cortical blood flow to fall from a control value of 7.37+/-0.23 (SEM) ml/min X g of cortex to approximately one-half that value for four hours after injection (P less than 0.001). Flow rates 12 and 24 hr after glycerol injection were 85% (P less than 0.001) and 90% (P less than 0.05) of control, respectively. Cortical flow was reduced to 5.49+/-0.39 (SEM) ml/min X g of cortex four hours after release of one hour's total bilateral renal arterial occlusion (P less than 0.001), but rose to normal within 24 hr. Poisoning with 4.7 mg/kg of body wt of mercuric chloride produced a cortical blood flow value that was 30% higher than control 24 hr after injection (P less than 0.01), while a 12 mg/kg of body wt dose gave a normal flow value. Inulin clearance was severely depressed in all models at all study times. Thus, in contrast to human acute renal failure, marked renal cortical ischemia is not an essential feature of these different forms of murine acute renal failure.", "contents": "Normal renocortical blood flow in experimental acute renal failure. Renal cortical blood flow of rats with postischemic, myohemoglobinuric, and mercury-induced acute renal failure was measured by the hydrogen washout technique using implanted platinum electrodes. Total renal blood flow was determined by venous cannulation in separate series of rats. The values obtained with the two methods were in excellent qualitative agreement (r=0.99, P less than 0.001), although venous cannulation gave values that were constantly lower than those calculated for whole kidney from the cortical flow rate and assumed cortical mass. Myohemoglobinuria produced by glycerol injection caused cortical blood flow to fall from a control value of 7.37+/-0.23 (SEM) ml/min X g of cortex to approximately one-half that value for four hours after injection (P less than 0.001). Flow rates 12 and 24 hr after glycerol injection were 85% (P less than 0.001) and 90% (P less than 0.05) of control, respectively. Cortical flow was reduced to 5.49+/-0.39 (SEM) ml/min X g of cortex four hours after release of one hour's total bilateral renal arterial occlusion (P less than 0.001), but rose to normal within 24 hr. Poisoning with 4.7 mg/kg of body wt of mercuric chloride produced a cortical blood flow value that was 30% higher than control 24 hr after injection (P less than 0.01), while a 12 mg/kg of body wt dose gave a normal flow value. Inulin clearance was severely depressed in all models at all study times. Thus, in contrast to human acute renal failure, marked renal cortical ischemia is not an essential feature of these different forms of murine acute renal failure.", "PMID": 853603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10289", "title": "Serum immune complexes in membranoproliferative and other glomerulonephritides.", "content": "Immune complexes were detected in the serum of patients with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) Types I and II, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (AGN) by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation and by measurement of Clq binding activity (Clq-BA). Clq-BA was more sensitive in detecting complexes than was gradient ultracentrifugation. By gradient ultracentrifugation, the sedimentation velocities of the complexes in the three diseases were similar, ranging from 13S to 19S. This range corresponds to that observed by others in experimental chronic serum sickness nephritis. The complexes isolated by gradient ultracentrifugation always contained C3, usually IgG and C4, and in some patients with SLE and AGN, IgM. In MPGN, IgM and IgA could be present in glomerular deposits when not present in circulating complexes. In this disease also, serum complement levels were poor predictors of the presence of complexes. With increased Clq-BA, the levels of Clq, C4, and C2 could be normal or reduced and there was no correlation with C3 levels. With few exceptions, the clinical status of the patients with MPGN correlated well with Clq-BA.", "contents": "Serum immune complexes in membranoproliferative and other glomerulonephritides. Immune complexes were detected in the serum of patients with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) Types I and II, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (AGN) by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation and by measurement of Clq binding activity (Clq-BA). Clq-BA was more sensitive in detecting complexes than was gradient ultracentrifugation. By gradient ultracentrifugation, the sedimentation velocities of the complexes in the three diseases were similar, ranging from 13S to 19S. This range corresponds to that observed by others in experimental chronic serum sickness nephritis. The complexes isolated by gradient ultracentrifugation always contained C3, usually IgG and C4, and in some patients with SLE and AGN, IgM. In MPGN, IgM and IgA could be present in glomerular deposits when not present in circulating complexes. In this disease also, serum complement levels were poor predictors of the presence of complexes. With increased Clq-BA, the levels of Clq, C4, and C2 could be normal or reduced and there was no correlation with C3 levels. With few exceptions, the clinical status of the patients with MPGN correlated well with Clq-BA.", "PMID": 853604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10290", "title": "[The pathophysiology of retinal artery and vein thromboses (author's transl)].", "content": "The retinal blood flow is autoregulated. Retinal metabolic changes following PaCO2 and PaO2 variations, variably affect the arteriolar resistance to flow. It is postulated that PGE1 may play the role of mediator in the control of retinal blood flow. Retinal vascular obstruction leads to a circulatory disorder, but immediately physiopathological mechanisms (more or less efficient) tend to compensate again the circulatory disorder. For example, after arteriolar embolism the retrograde plasma flow starts immediately and the cells increase their anaerobic glycolytic activity to produce sufficient metabolic energy. In the case of vein thrombosis, the retrograde drainage develops collateral microvessels whose draining efficiency depends on their number and the surface of the thrombotic area.", "contents": "[The pathophysiology of retinal artery and vein thromboses (author's transl)]. The retinal blood flow is autoregulated. Retinal metabolic changes following PaCO2 and PaO2 variations, variably affect the arteriolar resistance to flow. It is postulated that PGE1 may play the role of mediator in the control of retinal blood flow. Retinal vascular obstruction leads to a circulatory disorder, but immediately physiopathological mechanisms (more or less efficient) tend to compensate again the circulatory disorder. For example, after arteriolar embolism the retrograde plasma flow starts immediately and the cells increase their anaerobic glycolytic activity to produce sufficient metabolic energy. In the case of vein thrombosis, the retrograde drainage develops collateral microvessels whose draining efficiency depends on their number and the surface of the thrombotic area.", "PMID": 853667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10291", "title": "[Pathology of arterial and venous occlusive diseases of the retina (author's transl)].", "content": "A short synopsis is given on the pathology of the different arterial and venous occlusive diseases in the retina. Based on the author's material and the literature their causes and mechanisms as well as the local sequelae are described, discussed and abondantly illustrated.", "contents": "[Pathology of arterial and venous occlusive diseases of the retina (author's transl)]. A short synopsis is given on the pathology of the different arterial and venous occlusive diseases in the retina. Based on the author's material and the literature their causes and mechanisms as well as the local sequelae are described, discussed and abondantly illustrated.", "PMID": 853668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10292", "title": "[Chiasmal syndromes (author's transl)].", "content": "Chiasmal syndromes (characterized by bitemporal field defects, decrease of vision and simple optic atrophy) are not only caused by tumors within the chiasmal region, but also occur in inflammatory, toxic, demyelinizing and hereditary-atrophic processes of the chiasm, respectively the optic nerve. In the presence of classic bitemporal visual field defects the probability of a tumor within the sellar region is very great. Apart from the most frequent pituitary adenoma one has to consider the craniopharyngioma, the meningioma of the tuberculum sellae, the olfactory meningioma and the meningioma of the sphenoid wing. The specific symptomatology of these sellar, supra- or parasellar tumors is discussed. In the presence of atypical or incipient bitemporal visual field defects, as they occur also in the early stages of tumors of the chiasmal region, one has first of all to exclude all other possible causes for such field defects such as refraction scotomas, tobacco-alcohol-amblyopias, dominant hereditary optic atrophies, the uni- or bilateral optic neuritis and the intoxications of the optic nerves. In the differential diagnosis of tumors of the sellar region one has to consider infra- and supraclinoidal aneurysms, tumors of the chiasm (gliomas of the chiasm), the distant effect of a hydrocephalus of the IIIrd ventricle on the chiasm and the optochiasmatic arachnoiditis.", "contents": "[Chiasmal syndromes (author's transl)]. Chiasmal syndromes (characterized by bitemporal field defects, decrease of vision and simple optic atrophy) are not only caused by tumors within the chiasmal region, but also occur in inflammatory, toxic, demyelinizing and hereditary-atrophic processes of the chiasm, respectively the optic nerve. In the presence of classic bitemporal visual field defects the probability of a tumor within the sellar region is very great. Apart from the most frequent pituitary adenoma one has to consider the craniopharyngioma, the meningioma of the tuberculum sellae, the olfactory meningioma and the meningioma of the sphenoid wing. The specific symptomatology of these sellar, supra- or parasellar tumors is discussed. In the presence of atypical or incipient bitemporal visual field defects, as they occur also in the early stages of tumors of the chiasmal region, one has first of all to exclude all other possible causes for such field defects such as refraction scotomas, tobacco-alcohol-amblyopias, dominant hereditary optic atrophies, the uni- or bilateral optic neuritis and the intoxications of the optic nerves. In the differential diagnosis of tumors of the sellar region one has to consider infra- and supraclinoidal aneurysms, tumors of the chiasm (gliomas of the chiasm), the distant effect of a hydrocephalus of the IIIrd ventricle on the chiasm and the optochiasmatic arachnoiditis.", "PMID": 853669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10293", "title": "[Anesthesia in ophthalmology (author's transl)].", "content": "General anesthesia in ophthalmological surgery has become a great fashion. However there are still many problems especially in intraocular surgery. The eye with normal intraocular pressure generally needs no special technique. Most of the usual anesthesia produce a slight hypotonia with the exception of Succinylcholine, whose effect is contrary. Unfortunately this is not the case in eyes with pathologically increased intraocular pressure as in the different forms of glaucoma. Eye surgeons and anesthesists therefore look for solutions to this problem which in principle consist in the application of medicaments, which not seldom are rather agressive. The controlled hypotension by ganglion blockers, the curarisation in the state of being awake, the rapid perfusion of solutions with high osmotique effect (isolated or associated) represent such measures. The one has the disadvantage to be applied during so-called subvigile anesthesias where the security that the patient is asleep is rather doubtful; the other has the disadvantage that it requires a rapid perfusion of solutions with highly osmotic effect. It goes without saying that these conditions represent risks especially if one considers that the candidates for this type of intervention very often are senile persons with prearious cardiovascular equilibrium, with insufficient renal function and with insufficient arterial cerebral circulation. These are some of the problems which are to be discussed.", "contents": "[Anesthesia in ophthalmology (author's transl)]. General anesthesia in ophthalmological surgery has become a great fashion. However there are still many problems especially in intraocular surgery. The eye with normal intraocular pressure generally needs no special technique. Most of the usual anesthesia produce a slight hypotonia with the exception of Succinylcholine, whose effect is contrary. Unfortunately this is not the case in eyes with pathologically increased intraocular pressure as in the different forms of glaucoma. Eye surgeons and anesthesists therefore look for solutions to this problem which in principle consist in the application of medicaments, which not seldom are rather agressive. The controlled hypotension by ganglion blockers, the curarisation in the state of being awake, the rapid perfusion of solutions with high osmotique effect (isolated or associated) represent such measures. The one has the disadvantage to be applied during so-called subvigile anesthesias where the security that the patient is asleep is rather doubtful; the other has the disadvantage that it requires a rapid perfusion of solutions with highly osmotic effect. It goes without saying that these conditions represent risks especially if one considers that the candidates for this type of intervention very often are senile persons with prearious cardiovascular equilibrium, with insufficient renal function and with insufficient arterial cerebral circulation. These are some of the problems which are to be discussed.", "PMID": 853670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10294", "title": "[Local anesthesia in ophthalmic surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Although there is parctically no contraindication for general anesthesia and the risks for the patient have become considerably less, local anesthesia is still indicated for many ophthalmic surgical interventions. Here different factors have to be considered: The physical and psychological state of the patient, the nature of the intervention (above all cataract and glaucoma operations, as well as lamellar and perforating keratoplasties), the technique of the local anesthesia, the pre-medication, the relationship surgeon-patient, economic factors and possible complications of general anesthesia.", "contents": "[Local anesthesia in ophthalmic surgery (author's transl)]. Although there is parctically no contraindication for general anesthesia and the risks for the patient have become considerably less, local anesthesia is still indicated for many ophthalmic surgical interventions. Here different factors have to be considered: The physical and psychological state of the patient, the nature of the intervention (above all cataract and glaucoma operations, as well as lamellar and perforating keratoplasties), the technique of the local anesthesia, the pre-medication, the relationship surgeon-patient, economic factors and possible complications of general anesthesia.", "PMID": 853671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10295", "title": "[General anaesthesia in ophthalmology (author's transl)].", "content": "General anaesthesia is aimed at calming the patient in the praeanaesthetic period, creating good operating conditions and ensuring a quiet post-anaesthetic recovery. A praeanaesthetic examination is necessary and special attention has to be given to the age and condition of the patient. Existant other deseases have to be treated and the anaesthetic technic has to be properly adapted to the kind of surgery. Modern anaesthetic drugs normally provide for these requirements and in particular to prevent the occurrence of the oculocardiac reflex.", "contents": "[General anaesthesia in ophthalmology (author's transl)]. General anaesthesia is aimed at calming the patient in the praeanaesthetic period, creating good operating conditions and ensuring a quiet post-anaesthetic recovery. A praeanaesthetic examination is necessary and special attention has to be given to the age and condition of the patient. Existant other deseases have to be treated and the anaesthetic technic has to be properly adapted to the kind of surgery. Modern anaesthetic drugs normally provide for these requirements and in particular to prevent the occurrence of the oculocardiac reflex.", "PMID": 853672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10296", "title": "Evaluation of a disposable water system during shipment of laboratory rats and mice.", "content": "The efficacy of a newly developed system for providing water to boxed rodents during shipment was evaluated. The system, composed of a water filled disposable plastic pouch and a disposable automatic drinking valve, was measured against two products commonly used to provide moisture during transit, canned gelled rodent diet and potatoes. The evaluations were made under conditions of both long (72-88 hour) and short (26 hour) duration trips using regularly scheduled commercial common carriers. Differences in body weight of shipped animals compared to that of non-shipped controls of the same age, and differences in body weight between groups were measured. Under all conditions investigated, rats and mice provided with the transit water system lost significantly less weight during transit than those provided with either of the other two water sources. The equilibration period (the time required to recover body weight lost during shipment) was found to be influenced by both the type of water source and the duration of transit. Under all conditions investigated, animals provided with the transit water system recovered more rapidly and had shorter equilibration periods.", "contents": "Evaluation of a disposable water system during shipment of laboratory rats and mice. The efficacy of a newly developed system for providing water to boxed rodents during shipment was evaluated. The system, composed of a water filled disposable plastic pouch and a disposable automatic drinking valve, was measured against two products commonly used to provide moisture during transit, canned gelled rodent diet and potatoes. The evaluations were made under conditions of both long (72-88 hour) and short (26 hour) duration trips using regularly scheduled commercial common carriers. Differences in body weight of shipped animals compared to that of non-shipped controls of the same age, and differences in body weight between groups were measured. Under all conditions investigated, rats and mice provided with the transit water system lost significantly less weight during transit than those provided with either of the other two water sources. The equilibration period (the time required to recover body weight lost during shipment) was found to be influenced by both the type of water source and the duration of transit. Under all conditions investigated, animals provided with the transit water system recovered more rapidly and had shorter equilibration periods.", "PMID": 853708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10297", "title": "Successful breeding of the laboratory-housed gibbon (Hylobates lar).", "content": "A cage was developed which included a squeeze wall for easy handling of the gibbon (Hylobates lar) and which provided gibbon breeding pairs with privacy from others of the same species. Females living in this environment displayed menstrual and vaginal eversion cycles averaging 30 days (range 22-44). Twelve compatible pairs produced eight live infants from 15 conceptions in a 33-month period. Two full term stillbirths, two abortions, and three current pregnancies accounted for the other seven conceptions. Monthly uterine palpations were performed and pregnancy could be detected as early as 27 days after conception. The compatibility of the mating pairs was determined to be the major factor in the natural breeding of gibbons in captivity. This was demonstrated by obtaining only 12 compatible pairs from 22 attempted pairings.", "contents": "Successful breeding of the laboratory-housed gibbon (Hylobates lar). A cage was developed which included a squeeze wall for easy handling of the gibbon (Hylobates lar) and which provided gibbon breeding pairs with privacy from others of the same species. Females living in this environment displayed menstrual and vaginal eversion cycles averaging 30 days (range 22-44). Twelve compatible pairs produced eight live infants from 15 conceptions in a 33-month period. Two full term stillbirths, two abortions, and three current pregnancies accounted for the other seven conceptions. Monthly uterine palpations were performed and pregnancy could be detected as early as 27 days after conception. The compatibility of the mating pairs was determined to be the major factor in the natural breeding of gibbons in captivity. This was demonstrated by obtaining only 12 compatible pairs from 22 attempted pairings.", "PMID": 853709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10298", "title": "Thymectomy in the adult mouse: a new approach.", "content": "Adult mice were thymectomized using a retrosternal approach. The sternothyroid muscle was divided, the sternum was elevated, and the lobes of the thymus were removed by aspiration. The technique was used to thymectomize about 300 mice of several strains. The incidence of thymic remnants was less than 1% and losses from surgery were less than 10%.", "contents": "Thymectomy in the adult mouse: a new approach. Adult mice were thymectomized using a retrosternal approach. The sternothyroid muscle was divided, the sternum was elevated, and the lobes of the thymus were removed by aspiration. The technique was used to thymectomize about 300 mice of several strains. The incidence of thymic remnants was less than 1% and losses from surgery were less than 10%.", "PMID": 853710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10299", "title": "Preparation of a chronic gastric fistula in the rat.", "content": "A stainless steel gastric cannula was surgically implanted in the rat forestomach to allow gastric secretion to be collected continuously without restraining the animal. When gastric collections were not being made, the cannula was closed with a plugging screw. Rats with these cannulas were easily maintained without special care or complications for 12 months.", "contents": "Preparation of a chronic gastric fistula in the rat. A stainless steel gastric cannula was surgically implanted in the rat forestomach to allow gastric secretion to be collected continuously without restraining the animal. When gastric collections were not being made, the cannula was closed with a plugging screw. Rats with these cannulas were easily maintained without special care or complications for 12 months.", "PMID": 853711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10300", "title": "Adaptation of the orbital sinus bleeding technique to the chinchilla (Chinchilla laniger).", "content": "The orbital sinus bleeding technique was used to obtain 1-3 ml samples of venous blood from chinchillas (Chinchilla laniger) within 1 minute. By monitoring food intake and body weight, this technique was shown to have no detrimental effects on the general health of the animals, but serial samples taken twice weekly over a period of 2 months did induce some degree of hemorrhage or occasional corneal opacity in some animals.", "contents": "Adaptation of the orbital sinus bleeding technique to the chinchilla (Chinchilla laniger). The orbital sinus bleeding technique was used to obtain 1-3 ml samples of venous blood from chinchillas (Chinchilla laniger) within 1 minute. By monitoring food intake and body weight, this technique was shown to have no detrimental effects on the general health of the animals, but serial samples taken twice weekly over a period of 2 months did induce some degree of hemorrhage or occasional corneal opacity in some animals.", "PMID": 853712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10301", "title": "Heats of dissociation of mixture of poly(gamma-benzyl L- and D-glutamate).", "content": "The heats of dissociation of stacked side-chain benzyl groups in mixtures of various proportions of poly(gamma-benzyl L- and D-glutamate) have been measured by a differential scanning calorimeter. In order to obtain further information about the dissociation, the heats of solution of poly(gamma-benzyl L- and D-glutamate) were also measured by a twin micro calorimeter at 303 K. The agreement between the heat of dissociation obtained by DSC and that determined by the heat of dissolution is good. The average value of the heat of dissociation of stacking estimated by both methods is about 5 kJ/(mol of pairs of residue.", "contents": "Heats of dissociation of mixture of poly(gamma-benzyl L- and D-glutamate). The heats of dissociation of stacked side-chain benzyl groups in mixtures of various proportions of poly(gamma-benzyl L- and D-glutamate) have been measured by a differential scanning calorimeter. In order to obtain further information about the dissociation, the heats of solution of poly(gamma-benzyl L- and D-glutamate) were also measured by a twin micro calorimeter at 303 K. The agreement between the heat of dissociation obtained by DSC and that determined by the heat of dissolution is good. The average value of the heat of dissociation of stacking estimated by both methods is about 5 kJ/(mol of pairs of residue.", "PMID": 853764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10302", "title": "Block copolypeptides. 2. Viscoelastic properties.", "content": "The solid state structure of block copolypeptides of gamma-benzyl L-glutamate (G) and L-leucine (L) case from preferential solvents for G has been investigated by dynamic mechanical and wide angle x-ray diffraction techniques. The WAXD patterns show overlapping reflections characteristic of the individual homopolymers. Further evidence for a phase separated morphology is provided by the viscoelastic behavior. Representation of the dynamic elastic modulus in terms of the equivalent mechanical model suggests that phase separation of GLG-type polymers occurs with G as the matrix phase. In the reverse case, LGL-type polymers, it appears that some phase inversion has taken place.", "contents": "Block copolypeptides. 2. Viscoelastic properties. The solid state structure of block copolypeptides of gamma-benzyl L-glutamate (G) and L-leucine (L) case from preferential solvents for G has been investigated by dynamic mechanical and wide angle x-ray diffraction techniques. The WAXD patterns show overlapping reflections characteristic of the individual homopolymers. Further evidence for a phase separated morphology is provided by the viscoelastic behavior. Representation of the dynamic elastic modulus in terms of the equivalent mechanical model suggests that phase separation of GLG-type polymers occurs with G as the matrix phase. In the reverse case, LGL-type polymers, it appears that some phase inversion has taken place.", "PMID": 853763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10303", "title": "Block copolypeptides. 1. Synthesis and solid state conformational studies.", "content": "Triblock copolypeptides of gamma-benzyl L-glutamate (G) and L-leucine or L-valine of high molecular weight have been prepared. The solubilites and solution conformation were determined and compared with random copolymers of similar composition as well as the appropriate homopolypeptides. Characterization of the secondary structure in the solid state was undertaken as part of an investigation into the solid state properties of this new class of materials. Infrared and solid state measurements indicate that the G and L-leucine blocks assume an alpha-helical conformation and L-valine blocks a beta-sheet structure. Polarized infrared measurements showed the chain axis in oriented films to be parallel to the orientation direction. Further solid state characterization of the tertiary structure and mechanical properties of the block copolypeptides will be reported in succeeding papers.", "contents": "Block copolypeptides. 1. Synthesis and solid state conformational studies. Triblock copolypeptides of gamma-benzyl L-glutamate (G) and L-leucine or L-valine of high molecular weight have been prepared. The solubilites and solution conformation were determined and compared with random copolymers of similar composition as well as the appropriate homopolypeptides. Characterization of the secondary structure in the solid state was undertaken as part of an investigation into the solid state properties of this new class of materials. Infrared and solid state measurements indicate that the G and L-leucine blocks assume an alpha-helical conformation and L-valine blocks a beta-sheet structure. Polarized infrared measurements showed the chain axis in oriented films to be parallel to the orientation direction. Further solid state characterization of the tertiary structure and mechanical properties of the block copolypeptides will be reported in succeeding papers.", "PMID": 853762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10304", "title": "Consumer health education and the problem of television.", "content": "The ubiquity of television and its ability to reach low income people make it an attractive medium for health education. However, its present influence on health is largely negative due to misleading or inaccurate commercials and program material. Efforts to provide accurate health information on television are difficult because of the financial structure of the industry, a mutual suspicion of health and television people toward each other, and possible legal entanglements involving constitutional issues. This paper suggests four ways which health people should consider in seeking to influence commercial television. None involve legislation, none threaten First Amendment guarantees, and none threaten the profit structure of the industry.", "contents": "Consumer health education and the problem of television. The ubiquity of television and its ability to reach low income people make it an attractive medium for health education. However, its present influence on health is largely negative due to misleading or inaccurate commercials and program material. Efforts to provide accurate health information on television are difficult because of the financial structure of the industry, a mutual suspicion of health and television people toward each other, and possible legal entanglements involving constitutional issues. This paper suggests four ways which health people should consider in seeking to influence commercial television. None involve legislation, none threaten First Amendment guarantees, and none threaten the profit structure of the industry.", "PMID": 853778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10305", "title": "Relationships between mental health treatment and medical utilization among low-income Mexican American patients: some preliminary findings.", "content": "The hypothesis that medical visits decrease as a function of mental health treatment was tested with a lower socioeconomic Mexican-American population. The number of medical and psychotherapy visits for all patients referred for mental health treatment during a specific period was obtained and analyzed in serveral ways to determine rate of medical visits as a function of psychiatric visits. Results indicated clear rejection of the hypothesis. Medical visits significantly increased rather than decreased. Factors which may account for these findings being opposite of previous studies are discussed and include previous poor medical service availability and socioeconomic differences in populations.", "contents": "Relationships between mental health treatment and medical utilization among low-income Mexican American patients: some preliminary findings. The hypothesis that medical visits decrease as a function of mental health treatment was tested with a lower socioeconomic Mexican-American population. The number of medical and psychotherapy visits for all patients referred for mental health treatment during a specific period was obtained and analyzed in serveral ways to determine rate of medical visits as a function of psychiatric visits. Results indicated clear rejection of the hypothesis. Medical visits significantly increased rather than decreased. Factors which may account for these findings being opposite of previous studies are discussed and include previous poor medical service availability and socioeconomic differences in populations.", "PMID": 853779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10306", "title": "Coarctation of the aorta.", "content": "Coarctation of the aorta is a cause of hypertension that can present dramatically in the severely ill infant or appear incidentally in the asymptomatic young adult. Coarctation is easily detected and there is good evidence that the extremely poor natural history can be altered favorably by surgical correction. The elevated blood pressure can be lowered in the majority of patients, and there is every expectation that the incidence of known complications of coarctation can be decreased. However, in about three fourths of the patients, significant residual cardiovascular defects persist, with their potential for future problems as yet incompletely defined. For this reason, patients who have undergone surgery for coarctation will need to be followed carefully for an indefinite period.", "contents": "Coarctation of the aorta. Coarctation of the aorta is a cause of hypertension that can present dramatically in the severely ill infant or appear incidentally in the asymptomatic young adult. Coarctation is easily detected and there is good evidence that the extremely poor natural history can be altered favorably by surgical correction. The elevated blood pressure can be lowered in the majority of patients, and there is every expectation that the incidence of known complications of coarctation can be decreased. However, in about three fourths of the patients, significant residual cardiovascular defects persist, with their potential for future problems as yet incompletely defined. For this reason, patients who have undergone surgery for coarctation will need to be followed carefully for an indefinite period.", "PMID": 853792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10307", "title": "[Clinical signs and therapy of familial polyposis of the colon and recutum (author's transl)].", "content": "Familial polyposis of the colon and rectum does always present an absolute indication for immediate total colectomy because of the predictable malignant degeneration. The patient concerned as well as his family have to be examined and treated if necessary. 12 such cases have been operated upon in the surgical Department of the University of Mainz Medical School. In 4 cases proctocolectomy with terminal ileostomy were performed, in 7 cases ileorectostomies. The procedure of mucosectomy with subsequent pulling of the terminal ileum through the colon (Hochen-egg and Reifferscheid) has been tried by us so far only in animals. Since a terminal, life-long ileostoma does present a considerable disadvantage for the mostly younger patients we did perform in most cases an ileo-rectal end-to-end anastomosis. This procedure can be looked upon as adequate cancer prophylaxis if control rectoscopies are performed regularly in cooperative patients.", "contents": "[Clinical signs and therapy of familial polyposis of the colon and recutum (author's transl)]. Familial polyposis of the colon and rectum does always present an absolute indication for immediate total colectomy because of the predictable malignant degeneration. The patient concerned as well as his family have to be examined and treated if necessary. 12 such cases have been operated upon in the surgical Department of the University of Mainz Medical School. In 4 cases proctocolectomy with terminal ileostomy were performed, in 7 cases ileorectostomies. The procedure of mucosectomy with subsequent pulling of the terminal ileum through the colon (Hochen-egg and Reifferscheid) has been tried by us so far only in animals. Since a terminal, life-long ileostoma does present a considerable disadvantage for the mostly younger patients we did perform in most cases an ileo-rectal end-to-end anastomosis. This procedure can be looked upon as adequate cancer prophylaxis if control rectoscopies are performed regularly in cooperative patients.", "PMID": 853832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10308", "title": "[The blind-loop syndrome after side-to-side anastomoses of the gut (author's transl)].", "content": "The postoperative blind-loop syndrome can occur after side-to-side, end-to side or by-pass anastomoses of the gut and presents clinically as malabsorption syndrome. Pathogenetically, stasis or slowing of the bowel movements will cause a rapid increase of pathogenic bacteria in the small intestine. Malabsorption is characterized by 3 symptoms: Loss of weight, anemia, steatorrhoea. The method of choice for therapy is to perform a new, end-to-end, anastomosis of the intestine in order to re-establish a physiological situation. During the last 6 years 14 patients with malabsorption syndromes of varying degrees were operated upon: 6 had pure small intestinal anastomoses, 7 anastomoses between the small and large intestine and 1 patient had a side-to-side sigmoidal anastomosis. In all patients the side-to-side or by-pass anastomoses could be reversed.", "contents": "[The blind-loop syndrome after side-to-side anastomoses of the gut (author's transl)]. The postoperative blind-loop syndrome can occur after side-to-side, end-to side or by-pass anastomoses of the gut and presents clinically as malabsorption syndrome. Pathogenetically, stasis or slowing of the bowel movements will cause a rapid increase of pathogenic bacteria in the small intestine. Malabsorption is characterized by 3 symptoms: Loss of weight, anemia, steatorrhoea. The method of choice for therapy is to perform a new, end-to-end, anastomosis of the intestine in order to re-establish a physiological situation. During the last 6 years 14 patients with malabsorption syndromes of varying degrees were operated upon: 6 had pure small intestinal anastomoses, 7 anastomoses between the small and large intestine and 1 patient had a side-to-side sigmoidal anastomosis. In all patients the side-to-side or by-pass anastomoses could be reversed.", "PMID": 853833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10309", "title": "[Surgical and medical treatment of Crohn's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Regional enteritis does present therapeutical problems because of the unpredictable course of this disease. 162 patients were operated upon in the Surgical Department of the University of Mainz Medical School between 1964 and 1976. Medical and surgical treatment of these patients has been rather different due to the heterogenity of the patient group. Curative therapy of regional enteritis does not exist. Medical treatment is aimed at converting the active form of the disease into an inactive, 'burnt out' form. One therapeutic regimen widely used is the combination of salazosulfapyridin and corticosteroids, another regimen is the combination of azathioprine and prednisolone. Surgery is indicated when complications arise and after medical treatment has failed. The optimal approach is resection of the afflicted part of the intestine. Even after surgery prognosis is doubtful and depends upon the activity of the disease in each individual case.", "contents": "[Surgical and medical treatment of Crohn's disease (author's transl)]. Regional enteritis does present therapeutical problems because of the unpredictable course of this disease. 162 patients were operated upon in the Surgical Department of the University of Mainz Medical School between 1964 and 1976. Medical and surgical treatment of these patients has been rather different due to the heterogenity of the patient group. Curative therapy of regional enteritis does not exist. Medical treatment is aimed at converting the active form of the disease into an inactive, 'burnt out' form. One therapeutic regimen widely used is the combination of salazosulfapyridin and corticosteroids, another regimen is the combination of azathioprine and prednisolone. Surgery is indicated when complications arise and after medical treatment has failed. The optimal approach is resection of the afflicted part of the intestine. Even after surgery prognosis is doubtful and depends upon the activity of the disease in each individual case.", "PMID": 853834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10310", "title": "Analysis of 4-methyloctanoic acid and other medium chain-length fatty acid constituents of ovine tissue lipids.", "content": "Medium chain-length (C6-C9) fatty acids in depot, intramuscular, kidney, and liver lipids from pasture-fed sheep and subcutaneous and intramuscular lipids from barley-fed sheep were analyzed with emphasis on the 4-methyloctanoic acid (hircinoic acid) content. Within individual animals, the level of hircinoic acid in the subcutaneous fat was usually higher than that either in the deeper depot fats or in the intramuscular fat. Variation of hircinoic acid levels between animals was greatest in the subcutanous fat and least in the perinrphric fat. There were usually higher levels of both branched and odd carbon chain fatty acids in the lipids of barley-fed sheep than in the corresponding lipids of pasture-fed sheep.", "contents": "Analysis of 4-methyloctanoic acid and other medium chain-length fatty acid constituents of ovine tissue lipids. Medium chain-length (C6-C9) fatty acids in depot, intramuscular, kidney, and liver lipids from pasture-fed sheep and subcutaneous and intramuscular lipids from barley-fed sheep were analyzed with emphasis on the 4-methyloctanoic acid (hircinoic acid) content. Within individual animals, the level of hircinoic acid in the subcutaneous fat was usually higher than that either in the deeper depot fats or in the intramuscular fat. Variation of hircinoic acid levels between animals was greatest in the subcutanous fat and least in the perinrphric fat. There were usually higher levels of both branched and odd carbon chain fatty acids in the lipids of barley-fed sheep than in the corresponding lipids of pasture-fed sheep.", "PMID": 853878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10311", "title": "Determination of the absolute configuration at C-20 and C-24 of ergosterol in Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy.", "content": "Samples of ergosterol isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Neurospora crassa, and Agaricus sp., and commercial ergosterol all displayed identical proton magnetic resonance (PMR) spectra at 220 MHz. From the effects produced on the doublet for C-21 by epimerization at C-20 and C-24 in sterols of known configuration, the absolute configurations at these positions in ergosterol were determined. The data demonstrate that ergosterol from both Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes is the same and that at C-20 and C-24, the two H-atoms are on the alpha-side of the asymmetric carbon atoms and that C-22 is trans-oriented with respect to C-13 about the 17(20)-bond.", "contents": "Determination of the absolute configuration at C-20 and C-24 of ergosterol in Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Samples of ergosterol isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Neurospora crassa, and Agaricus sp., and commercial ergosterol all displayed identical proton magnetic resonance (PMR) spectra at 220 MHz. From the effects produced on the doublet for C-21 by epimerization at C-20 and C-24 in sterols of known configuration, the absolute configurations at these positions in ergosterol were determined. The data demonstrate that ergosterol from both Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes is the same and that at C-20 and C-24, the two H-atoms are on the alpha-side of the asymmetric carbon atoms and that C-22 is trans-oriented with respect to C-13 about the 17(20)-bond.", "PMID": 853879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10312", "title": "Delayed conversion of squalene to sterols during development of Pinus pinea seeds.", "content": "During germination of seeds of the gymnosperm, Pinus pinea, radioactivity from [2-14C]-mevalonate proceeded principally through the anaerobic reactions leading to squalene in the first 24 hr in both the haploid endosperm and the diploid embryo, and only with succeeding time (3-9 days) in both cases was label transferred to sterols in oxygen-requiring steps. The rates of turnover must be real and independent in the two tissues, since no consequential interchange of labelled lipids occurred between the endosperm and the embryo. Similar delayed conversion of squalene to sterols has been observed previously during germination of seeds of the angiosperm, Pisum sativum.", "contents": "Delayed conversion of squalene to sterols during development of Pinus pinea seeds. During germination of seeds of the gymnosperm, Pinus pinea, radioactivity from [2-14C]-mevalonate proceeded principally through the anaerobic reactions leading to squalene in the first 24 hr in both the haploid endosperm and the diploid embryo, and only with succeeding time (3-9 days) in both cases was label transferred to sterols in oxygen-requiring steps. The rates of turnover must be real and independent in the two tissues, since no consequential interchange of labelled lipids occurred between the endosperm and the embryo. Similar delayed conversion of squalene to sterols has been observed previously during germination of seeds of the angiosperm, Pisum sativum.", "PMID": 853880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10313", "title": "Fatty acids and sterols of Cronartium fusiforme basidiospores.", "content": "The hydrocarbons, fatty acids, and sterols of Cronartium fusiforme basidiospores were examined by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Trace quantities of aliphatic hydrocarbons were detected, but these were probably not fungal products. Principal nonsubstituted fatty acids were palmitic (11.7%), linoleic (17.2%), and linolenic (16.1%) acids; the predominant acid was 9,10-cis-epoxyocta-decanoic acid (40.7%). Four sterols were detected, three of which were identified as stigmast-7-enol (57.6%), stigmasta-5, 7-dienol (22.7%), and ergost-7-enol (16.0%). The fourth sterol (4%) is a C28 diene. Lipids of the aeciospores and basidiospores of C. fusiforme are compared.", "contents": "Fatty acids and sterols of Cronartium fusiforme basidiospores. The hydrocarbons, fatty acids, and sterols of Cronartium fusiforme basidiospores were examined by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Trace quantities of aliphatic hydrocarbons were detected, but these were probably not fungal products. Principal nonsubstituted fatty acids were palmitic (11.7%), linoleic (17.2%), and linolenic (16.1%) acids; the predominant acid was 9,10-cis-epoxyocta-decanoic acid (40.7%). Four sterols were detected, three of which were identified as stigmast-7-enol (57.6%), stigmasta-5, 7-dienol (22.7%), and ergost-7-enol (16.0%). The fourth sterol (4%) is a C28 diene. Lipids of the aeciospores and basidiospores of C. fusiforme are compared.", "PMID": 853881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10314", "title": "[The construction of models intending spatial representation of complex vessel structures demonstrated by means of the mammalian glomerulus].", "content": "This report presents information about a method to construct a wax-sheet model of rat and human glomerula, able to be divided into several segments. Based on the wax model consisting of segments a glomerula model is developed, showing the axis of the glomerula capillaries formed by an ironwire. By means of this model it will be possible to follow the course of the capillaries precisely.", "contents": "[The construction of models intending spatial representation of complex vessel structures demonstrated by means of the mammalian glomerulus]. This report presents information about a method to construct a wax-sheet model of rat and human glomerula, able to be divided into several segments. Based on the wax model consisting of segments a glomerula model is developed, showing the axis of the glomerula capillaries formed by an ironwire. By means of this model it will be possible to follow the course of the capillaries precisely.", "PMID": 853950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10315", "title": "[Lactobacillus disciformans as the causative agent in a case of pleuro-pneumonia].", "content": "In an elderly patient with chest pains, cough, high fever and suspected pleuro-pneumonia, the aerobic cultures of the pleural fluid remained sterile while in the anaerobic cultures Lactobacillus disciformans was grown.", "contents": "[Lactobacillus disciformans as the causative agent in a case of pleuro-pneumonia]. In an elderly patient with chest pains, cough, high fever and suspected pleuro-pneumonia, the aerobic cultures of the pleural fluid remained sterile while in the anaerobic cultures Lactobacillus disciformans was grown.", "PMID": 853952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10316", "title": "[Results of bacitracin sensitivity tests on 250 beta hemolytic streptococcal strains].", "content": "On blood agar plates prepared from tryptose blood agar base (Difco) containing 5% defibrinated sheep blood cultures were done. After overnight incubation plates were examined and beta hemolytic streptococci tested with Taxo A (Difco) disks. 234 of them came out sensitive.", "contents": "[Results of bacitracin sensitivity tests on 250 beta hemolytic streptococcal strains]. On blood agar plates prepared from tryptose blood agar base (Difco) containing 5% defibrinated sheep blood cultures were done. After overnight incubation plates were examined and beta hemolytic streptococci tested with Taxo A (Difco) disks. 234 of them came out sensitive.", "PMID": 853953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10317", "title": "[Salmonella serotypes isolated up to 1976, and their origins].", "content": "The salmonella serotypes isolated for the first time in this country during 1972-1976 and their origins are given. Other salmonella serotypes, isolated before 1972 were previously published in this bulletin.", "contents": "[Salmonella serotypes isolated up to 1976, and their origins]. The salmonella serotypes isolated for the first time in this country during 1972-1976 and their origins are given. Other salmonella serotypes, isolated before 1972 were previously published in this bulletin.", "PMID": 853954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10318", "title": "[The fungi causing superficial mycoses found in and around Ankara].", "content": "In this research the agents in the specimens taken from 400 patients whose diagnosis were superficial cutaneous infection were investigated. The specimens were collected from the Dermatology Clinics of Hacettepe Hospital and Numune Hospital. As a result of our experiments we isolated T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, E. floccosum, T. schoenleini, M. canis, T. violaceum, M. audouini, M. gypseum. It is also established that beside C. albicans, other Candida species are also the causes of cutaneous fungus infection.", "contents": "[The fungi causing superficial mycoses found in and around Ankara]. In this research the agents in the specimens taken from 400 patients whose diagnosis were superficial cutaneous infection were investigated. The specimens were collected from the Dermatology Clinics of Hacettepe Hospital and Numune Hospital. As a result of our experiments we isolated T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, E. floccosum, T. schoenleini, M. canis, T. violaceum, M. audouini, M. gypseum. It is also established that beside C. albicans, other Candida species are also the causes of cutaneous fungus infection.", "PMID": 853955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10319", "title": "[Staphylococcal hemolysins and autovaccine applications in staphylococcal infections].", "content": "The pathogenicity of staphyloccocci, their antigenic structure, toxins, the pathology of the lesions they cause, their treatment, immunogenic applications, different materials applied in men and animals, methods of application and the results in general related to the main subject are given briefly. Staphylococal hemolysins, as alpha, beta, delta and gamma hemolysins of S. aureus, epsilon hemolysin of S. epidermis, their production, purification, physicochemical characteristics, their effects on different animals and tissue cultures, their antigenicity, the role of hemolysins in pathogenicity and virulance of staphylococci, the autovaccins we prepared against staphylococcal skin infections (acne vulgaris), the method of preparation, their clinical application and the results are given briefly.", "contents": "[Staphylococcal hemolysins and autovaccine applications in staphylococcal infections]. The pathogenicity of staphyloccocci, their antigenic structure, toxins, the pathology of the lesions they cause, their treatment, immunogenic applications, different materials applied in men and animals, methods of application and the results in general related to the main subject are given briefly. Staphylococal hemolysins, as alpha, beta, delta and gamma hemolysins of S. aureus, epsilon hemolysin of S. epidermis, their production, purification, physicochemical characteristics, their effects on different animals and tissue cultures, their antigenicity, the role of hemolysins in pathogenicity and virulance of staphylococci, the autovaccins we prepared against staphylococcal skin infections (acne vulgaris), the method of preparation, their clinical application and the results are given briefly.", "PMID": 853956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10320", "title": "Problem solving cases in teaching of applied pathology.", "content": "A \"problem solving case\" method of teaching practical pathology is described, illustrated and compared with more traditional teaching methods. This method offers many advantages-the most important being that it shows the effect of pathological lesions in an actual patient, thus emphasizing the relevance of pathology to clinical medicine. Other advantages are that self-assessmetn is encouraged; guidance is given on the depth of knowledge expected from a student; student response is favourable; no elaborate or expensive equipment is required; the method is economic in the use of staff time, and it is very flexible in use in terms both of time and place.", "contents": "Problem solving cases in teaching of applied pathology. A \"problem solving case\" method of teaching practical pathology is described, illustrated and compared with more traditional teaching methods. This method offers many advantages-the most important being that it shows the effect of pathological lesions in an actual patient, thus emphasizing the relevance of pathology to clinical medicine. Other advantages are that self-assessmetn is encouraged; guidance is given on the depth of knowledge expected from a student; student response is favourable; no elaborate or expensive equipment is required; the method is economic in the use of staff time, and it is very flexible in use in terms both of time and place.", "PMID": 853957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10321", "title": "Teaching teachers in general practice.", "content": "A short, intensive, teacher training course for general practitioners is described. The assessment techniques used indicate that it went some way towards achieving predetermined goals. Set alongside the limited time available to practitioners for attending training courses, and the logistic problems of training an adequate supply of teachers, this experience suggests that short intensive courses may have an important role in professional education.", "contents": "Teaching teachers in general practice. A short, intensive, teacher training course for general practitioners is described. The assessment techniques used indicate that it went some way towards achieving predetermined goals. Set alongside the limited time available to practitioners for attending training courses, and the logistic problems of training an adequate supply of teachers, this experience suggests that short intensive courses may have an important role in professional education.", "PMID": 853961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10322", "title": "Performance criteria for evaluation of medical teachers.", "content": "Evaluation of medical teachers must be related systematically to individualized objectives that are derived from a specific statement of the goals of the medical school. This paper describes the application of management-by-objectives to the problem of assessment of performance of medical teachers. The approach provides for the identification of significant objectives and rates performance in relation to achievement of outcomes rather than of activites.", "contents": "Performance criteria for evaluation of medical teachers. Evaluation of medical teachers must be related systematically to individualized objectives that are derived from a specific statement of the goals of the medical school. This paper describes the application of management-by-objectives to the problem of assessment of performance of medical teachers. The approach provides for the identification of significant objectives and rates performance in relation to achievement of outcomes rather than of activites.", "PMID": 853962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10323", "title": "Research in human sexuality education.", "content": "Since human sexuality courses are relatively recent additions to most U.S. medical school curricula, there are no established procedures for evaluating the courses. The purpose of this study was to test medical students' attitudes toward concepts in sexuality before and after a 5-day sexuality course using the semantic differential. The concepts students rated were \"my sexuality\", \"masturbation\", \"homosexuality\", and \"my role in understanding sexual problems\". Post-test scores were subtracted from pre-test scores and analysed by multivariate analysis of variance testing for significant difference from zero. Ninety-six second-year medical students completed the pre- and post-semantic differential tests. The changes between the pre- and post-tests were significant at the 0-001 level for all four concepts with the concept \"homosexuality\" showing the greatest change. The study suggests the semantic differential may be an effective instrument in assessing attitude changes. It also suggests the teaching techniques used in human sexuality courses may be successfully applied to other areas of medical education.", "contents": "Research in human sexuality education. Since human sexuality courses are relatively recent additions to most U.S. medical school curricula, there are no established procedures for evaluating the courses. The purpose of this study was to test medical students' attitudes toward concepts in sexuality before and after a 5-day sexuality course using the semantic differential. The concepts students rated were \"my sexuality\", \"masturbation\", \"homosexuality\", and \"my role in understanding sexual problems\". Post-test scores were subtracted from pre-test scores and analysed by multivariate analysis of variance testing for significant difference from zero. Ninety-six second-year medical students completed the pre- and post-semantic differential tests. The changes between the pre- and post-tests were significant at the 0-001 level for all four concepts with the concept \"homosexuality\" showing the greatest change. The study suggests the semantic differential may be an effective instrument in assessing attitude changes. It also suggests the teaching techniques used in human sexuality courses may be successfully applied to other areas of medical education.", "PMID": 853965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10324", "title": "Teaching models of abnormal infants.", "content": "A technique is described for the construction of life-size three-dimensional models of infants with external evidence of disease. The use of these for teaching and research purposes is outlined.", "contents": "Teaching models of abnormal infants. A technique is described for the construction of life-size three-dimensional models of infants with external evidence of disease. The use of these for teaching and research purposes is outlined.", "PMID": 853968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10325", "title": "[The loss of exocrine pancreas-function following operation for pancreatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "In a follow-up-series on 37 patients, who had been operated on for pancreatitis, the effect of pancreas insufficiency on the well-being of resected and non-resected patients was examined. Analyses of fatcontent in feces, collected over a three day-period, revealed that all patients with chronic pancreatitis now had a maldigestion, in particular patients with duodenopancreatectomie. Pseudocyst-patients showed no maldigestion. Increased in the bodyweight in most cases could not only be explained by drug-substituion of encymes but was also due to the resection of the pain-producing area of the pancreas.", "contents": "[The loss of exocrine pancreas-function following operation for pancreatitis (author's transl)]. In a follow-up-series on 37 patients, who had been operated on for pancreatitis, the effect of pancreas insufficiency on the well-being of resected and non-resected patients was examined. Analyses of fatcontent in feces, collected over a three day-period, revealed that all patients with chronic pancreatitis now had a maldigestion, in particular patients with duodenopancreatectomie. Pseudocyst-patients showed no maldigestion. Increased in the bodyweight in most cases could not only be explained by drug-substituion of encymes but was also due to the resection of the pain-producing area of the pancreas.", "PMID": 853972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10326", "title": "A theoretical analysis of the steady-state relationship between plasma concentrations of calcium and parathyroid hormone.", "content": "A theoretical consideration of the relationship between plasma concentrations of calcium and parathyroid hormone suggests that the reported negative correlations between these variables in normal subjects and in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism, and the positive correlation in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, may be fortuitous and do not necessarily imply fundamental differences in the negative feedback mechanism.", "contents": "A theoretical analysis of the steady-state relationship between plasma concentrations of calcium and parathyroid hormone. A theoretical consideration of the relationship between plasma concentrations of calcium and parathyroid hormone suggests that the reported negative correlations between these variables in normal subjects and in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism, and the positive correlation in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, may be fortuitous and do not necessarily imply fundamental differences in the negative feedback mechanism.", "PMID": 853970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10327", "title": "[Hodgkin's disease, stage IVb: survival for 12 years (author's transl)].", "content": "Long survival in Hodgkin's disease after diagnosis of the stage IVb is very rare. A 45-years old woman is reported on, who survived for 12 years after detection of Hodgkin's disease involving lymph node regions on both sides of the diaphragm, bone, and lung parenchyma, including night sweats and weight loss (stage IVb according to the Ann Arbor classification 1971). This unexpectedly favorable course is possibly due to a so-called host resistance.", "contents": "[Hodgkin's disease, stage IVb: survival for 12 years (author's transl)]. Long survival in Hodgkin's disease after diagnosis of the stage IVb is very rare. A 45-years old woman is reported on, who survived for 12 years after detection of Hodgkin's disease involving lymph node regions on both sides of the diaphragm, bone, and lung parenchyma, including night sweats and weight loss (stage IVb according to the Ann Arbor classification 1971). This unexpectedly favorable course is possibly due to a so-called host resistance.", "PMID": 853978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10328", "title": "A simple universal mechanism of use and conservation of energy: its application to movements of ions and other materials across cell, mitochondrial and other membranes and to oxidative phosphorylation.", "content": "A single simple mechanism by which all cells might both use energy to drive active transport to all solutes and also conserve energy in the form of adenosinetriphosphate (ATP) is descirbed. The basic assumption is that injection of energy results in a conformational change of the membrane which both generates transient highly-ordered water structures on its inside surface and changes membrane permeability. Ordered water is propagated through the cell by means of cooperative interactions with proteins, so that during the ordered period intracellular water is incompatible with small cations which require strong primary hydration, but has enhanced affinity for water-structure-breaking solutes. In animal cells cytoplasmic water is ordered by the activity of the plasma-membrane-bound transport ATPases. In mitochondria and bacteria the state of ordered water is identified with the energised state, which can be generated either by passage of electrons down the electron chain, or by ATPase activity. The mechanism is shown to be consistent with the observed transport activities of mitochondria and bacteria, and also provides a simple direct explanation of oxidative phosphorylation.", "contents": "A simple universal mechanism of use and conservation of energy: its application to movements of ions and other materials across cell, mitochondrial and other membranes and to oxidative phosphorylation. A single simple mechanism by which all cells might both use energy to drive active transport to all solutes and also conserve energy in the form of adenosinetriphosphate (ATP) is descirbed. The basic assumption is that injection of energy results in a conformational change of the membrane which both generates transient highly-ordered water structures on its inside surface and changes membrane permeability. Ordered water is propagated through the cell by means of cooperative interactions with proteins, so that during the ordered period intracellular water is incompatible with small cations which require strong primary hydration, but has enhanced affinity for water-structure-breaking solutes. In animal cells cytoplasmic water is ordered by the activity of the plasma-membrane-bound transport ATPases. In mitochondria and bacteria the state of ordered water is identified with the energised state, which can be generated either by passage of electrons down the electron chain, or by ATPase activity. The mechanism is shown to be consistent with the observed transport activities of mitochondria and bacteria, and also provides a simple direct explanation of oxidative phosphorylation.", "PMID": 853971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10329", "title": "[Investigations of the bioavailability of iron from bi- and trivalent iron salts (author's transl)].", "content": "In a clinical pilot study, performed as an intraindividual comparison, 3 oral iron preparations, one bivalent iron sulfate (quick release stick capsule preparation) and two trivalent iron citrate complex preparations with different additives, were investigated on 9 healthy young male test persons by the iron absorption test (postabsorption serum iron concentration curves) in order to study the bioavailability of these drugs and their compatibility. Whereas both iron drugs proved equally compatible when administered in therapeutical doses, it was again confirmed that the enteral bioavailability of the ferrous iron sulfate is superior to that of the ferric iron complex preparation. According to these results the medication of ferric iron preparations seems once again to be proved unsuitable, trivalent iron having first to be reduced to bivalent absorbable iron, there however being usually not enough \"reducing capacity\" in the gastrointestinal tract to do this.", "contents": "[Investigations of the bioavailability of iron from bi- and trivalent iron salts (author's transl)]. In a clinical pilot study, performed as an intraindividual comparison, 3 oral iron preparations, one bivalent iron sulfate (quick release stick capsule preparation) and two trivalent iron citrate complex preparations with different additives, were investigated on 9 healthy young male test persons by the iron absorption test (postabsorption serum iron concentration curves) in order to study the bioavailability of these drugs and their compatibility. Whereas both iron drugs proved equally compatible when administered in therapeutical doses, it was again confirmed that the enteral bioavailability of the ferrous iron sulfate is superior to that of the ferric iron complex preparation. According to these results the medication of ferric iron preparations seems once again to be proved unsuitable, trivalent iron having first to be reduced to bivalent absorbable iron, there however being usually not enough \"reducing capacity\" in the gastrointestinal tract to do this.", "PMID": 853979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10330", "title": "[Syndrom of hypercalcemia in a case of hyperthyroidism, primary hyperparathyroidism and cancer of the gall-bladder (author's transl)].", "content": "A hypercalcemia syndrom in the case of a 63 year old female patient is reported on, who simultaneously suffered from hyperthyroidism and suspected primary hyperparathyroidism. During autopsy an ectopic (ventral mediastinum) parathyroid adenoma and a gall bladder carcinoma were discovered. Each of these three diseases can induce hypercalcemia by themselves.", "contents": "[Syndrom of hypercalcemia in a case of hyperthyroidism, primary hyperparathyroidism and cancer of the gall-bladder (author's transl)]. A hypercalcemia syndrom in the case of a 63 year old female patient is reported on, who simultaneously suffered from hyperthyroidism and suspected primary hyperparathyroidism. During autopsy an ectopic (ventral mediastinum) parathyroid adenoma and a gall bladder carcinoma were discovered. Each of these three diseases can induce hypercalcemia by themselves.", "PMID": 853980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10331", "title": "[Operations of the gall-system (papillectomy) (author's transl)].", "content": "The last 14 years around 4000 operations of the gall-bladder and the gall-system were performed at the surgical hospital in Braunschweig. All cases were benign. A papillectomy was performed in more than 500 cases. Because of better intraoperative diagnostic and routine radiomanometry of nearly all the patients the contingent of papillotomy, which was usually 25% to 30%, decreased to 10% to 12%. Our statistic shows that there was no increase of complications or of the postoperative lethality due to the papillotomy. On the other hand we had to performe a second operation in 82 cases, who had no papillotomy at the first surgical approach. 14 of these patients had a biliodigestive anastomosis and later a bad polycystectomy syndrom. On the other side we had a group of patients who got ailments years after the cholecystectomy. These patients had a stenosis of the papilla as a real second disease and needed to undergo a second operation.", "contents": "[Operations of the gall-system (papillectomy) (author's transl)]. The last 14 years around 4000 operations of the gall-bladder and the gall-system were performed at the surgical hospital in Braunschweig. All cases were benign. A papillectomy was performed in more than 500 cases. Because of better intraoperative diagnostic and routine radiomanometry of nearly all the patients the contingent of papillotomy, which was usually 25% to 30%, decreased to 10% to 12%. Our statistic shows that there was no increase of complications or of the postoperative lethality due to the papillotomy. On the other hand we had to performe a second operation in 82 cases, who had no papillotomy at the first surgical approach. 14 of these patients had a biliodigestive anastomosis and later a bad polycystectomy syndrom. On the other side we had a group of patients who got ailments years after the cholecystectomy. These patients had a stenosis of the papilla as a real second disease and needed to undergo a second operation.", "PMID": 853985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10332", "title": "Studies of mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA extracted from organelles harboring an intramitochondrial virus.", "content": "(1) Two viper cells lines were investigated, one which harbors IMV in the mitochondria (VSW cells) and one without detectable IMV (VH3 cells). (2) The size of closed circular mtDNA molecules from both VSW and VH3 cells was found to be significantly greater (5.4 to 5.6 micron) than the contour lengths of typical mammalian cells (4.8 to 5.2 micron). (3) A small percentage of mini-circles ranging in size from 0.1 to 0.6 micron was observed to band with closed circular mtDNA from both cell lines. Minicircles were especially abundant in VH3 cells. (4) MtDNA from VSW cells contained 34.1% dimers plus oligomers (10.2% oligomers), whereas VH3 cells had only 14.8% dimeric and oligomeric forms (5.4% oligomers). (5) Treatment of VSW cells with 1 microng/ml ethidium bromide for 48 hours resulted in an increased incidence of IMV (IMV in 15% of mitochondrial sections) as compared with untreated VSW cells (IMV in 3% of mitochondrial sections).", "contents": "Studies of mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA extracted from organelles harboring an intramitochondrial virus. (1) Two viper cells lines were investigated, one which harbors IMV in the mitochondria (VSW cells) and one without detectable IMV (VH3 cells). (2) The size of closed circular mtDNA molecules from both VSW and VH3 cells was found to be significantly greater (5.4 to 5.6 micron) than the contour lengths of typical mammalian cells (4.8 to 5.2 micron). (3) A small percentage of mini-circles ranging in size from 0.1 to 0.6 micron was observed to band with closed circular mtDNA from both cell lines. Minicircles were especially abundant in VH3 cells. (4) MtDNA from VSW cells contained 34.1% dimers plus oligomers (10.2% oligomers), whereas VH3 cells had only 14.8% dimeric and oligomeric forms (5.4% oligomers). (5) Treatment of VSW cells with 1 microng/ml ethidium bromide for 48 hours resulted in an increased incidence of IMV (IMV in 15% of mitochondrial sections) as compared with untreated VSW cells (IMV in 3% of mitochondrial sections).", "PMID": 854028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10333", "title": "On the cell-free system of protein synthesis from mammalian mitochondria.", "content": "Some properties of a submitochondrial cell-free system for protein synthesis are described. The system was prepared from rat liver mitochondria lysed with Triton X-100, and the lysate was characterized by a linear rate of [14C]amino acid incorporation for 15-20 min with subsequent decline in activity. The incorporation reaction was inhibited by chloramphenicol and was insensitive to cycloheximide. Poly(U) addition stimulated [14CA1phenylalanine incorporation by the preincubated submitochondrial system. Upon the addition of 7.5S mRNA that was isolated from mitochondria the major translation product was identified as a hydrophobic poly-peptide which in some properties (solubility in chloroform-methanol mixture) was similar to one of polypeptides synthesized by the sub-mitochondrial system on endogeneous  mRNAs.", "contents": "On the cell-free system of protein synthesis from mammalian mitochondria. Some properties of a submitochondrial cell-free system for protein synthesis are described. The system was prepared from rat liver mitochondria lysed with Triton X-100, and the lysate was characterized by a linear rate of [14C]amino acid incorporation for 15-20 min with subsequent decline in activity. The incorporation reaction was inhibited by chloramphenicol and was insensitive to cycloheximide. Poly(U) addition stimulated [14CA1phenylalanine incorporation by the preincubated submitochondrial system. Upon the addition of 7.5S mRNA that was isolated from mitochondria the major translation product was identified as a hydrophobic poly-peptide which in some properties (solubility in chloroform-methanol mixture) was similar to one of polypeptides synthesized by the sub-mitochondrial system on endogeneous  mRNAs.", "PMID": 854030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10334", "title": "Molecular and genetic approaches to the analysis of the informational content of the mitochondrial genome in mammalian cells.", "content": "Our laboratory has been involved in the last few years in investigations aiming at analysing by molecular approaches the informational content of the mitochondrial genome in mammalian cells and the mechanisms and control of its expression, H eLa cells and other mammalian cell lines have been utilized for these studies. These investigations, as well as work carried out in other laboratories, have yielded a considerable amount of information concerning the mechanism, products and regulation of transcription of mitochondrial DNA (mit-DNA), the apparatus and products of mitochondria-specific protein synthesis in animal cells, and the number and topology of the sites on mit-DNA which code for the primary gene products identified so far. It is the purpose of the present report to summarize the latest observations in this area, as well as some recent results on the isolation and characterization of chloramphenicol-resistant variants of a human cell line. Reference is made to previous review articles 1,2,3 for the earlier work.", "contents": "Molecular and genetic approaches to the analysis of the informational content of the mitochondrial genome in mammalian cells. Our laboratory has been involved in the last few years in investigations aiming at analysing by molecular approaches the informational content of the mitochondrial genome in mammalian cells and the mechanisms and control of its expression, H eLa cells and other mammalian cell lines have been utilized for these studies. These investigations, as well as work carried out in other laboratories, have yielded a considerable amount of information concerning the mechanism, products and regulation of transcription of mitochondrial DNA (mit-DNA), the apparatus and products of mitochondria-specific protein synthesis in animal cells, and the number and topology of the sites on mit-DNA which code for the primary gene products identified so far. It is the purpose of the present report to summarize the latest observations in this area, as well as some recent results on the isolation and characterization of chloramphenicol-resistant variants of a human cell line. Reference is made to previous review articles 1,2,3 for the earlier work.", "PMID": 854029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10335", "title": "[Changing of clinical symptoms in glomerulonephritis (author's transl)].", "content": "76 children with glomerulonephritis (biopsy diagnosed) were studied for evidence of preceeding streptococcal infection, morphological and clinical symptoms. Glomerulonephritis often shows minimal symptoms; only 11% had acute, but 80% subclinical symptoms. Heading symptom was hematuria (95%), in 55% there was additional proteinuria. No correlation could be found between the clinical symptoms and glomerular lesions. Antistreptolysin 0 titers were elevated in only 39% of the children, but in all with acute clinical symptoms. The aetiology of glomerulonephritis in the remainder is uncertain, probably virus infections. The reason for decreased nephritis and increased subclinical nephritis is due to penicillin therapy and the improved renal diagnosis (renal biopsy).", "contents": "[Changing of clinical symptoms in glomerulonephritis (author's transl)]. 76 children with glomerulonephritis (biopsy diagnosed) were studied for evidence of preceeding streptococcal infection, morphological and clinical symptoms. Glomerulonephritis often shows minimal symptoms; only 11% had acute, but 80% subclinical symptoms. Heading symptom was hematuria (95%), in 55% there was additional proteinuria. No correlation could be found between the clinical symptoms and glomerular lesions. Antistreptolysin 0 titers were elevated in only 39% of the children, but in all with acute clinical symptoms. The aetiology of glomerulonephritis in the remainder is uncertain, probably virus infections. The reason for decreased nephritis and increased subclinical nephritis is due to penicillin therapy and the improved renal diagnosis (renal biopsy).", "PMID": 854031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10336", "title": "[Propranolol in Fallot's tetralogy: hemodynamic investigations and their clinical use (author's transl)].", "content": "During heart catheization in 32 non-selected patients with Fallot's Tetralogy the reaction of O2-saturation, right-to-left-shunt and of cineangiocardiography to 0.2 mg/kg propranolol i.v. was tested. Nine of 32 patients reacted favourably to propranolol. Of these 6 were put on a long term-medication of 2 to 3 mg/kg propranolol orally. Only 1 patient did not respond satisfatorily. The effect of propranolol and hemodynamic results are compared with the literature and discussed. In Fallot's Tetralogy propranolol medication without previous testing ist not recommended: without previously established exact diagnosis it can be dangerous even.", "contents": "[Propranolol in Fallot's tetralogy: hemodynamic investigations and their clinical use (author's transl)]. During heart catheization in 32 non-selected patients with Fallot's Tetralogy the reaction of O2-saturation, right-to-left-shunt and of cineangiocardiography to 0.2 mg/kg propranolol i.v. was tested. Nine of 32 patients reacted favourably to propranolol. Of these 6 were put on a long term-medication of 2 to 3 mg/kg propranolol orally. Only 1 patient did not respond satisfatorily. The effect of propranolol and hemodynamic results are compared with the literature and discussed. In Fallot's Tetralogy propranolol medication without previous testing ist not recommended: without previously established exact diagnosis it can be dangerous even.", "PMID": 854032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10337", "title": "[Autonomous thyroid adenoma in an 11 years old girl with childhood hyperthyroidism (author's transl)].", "content": "The thyroid gland of an eleven year old girl developed a 3 x6 cm nodule with endocrine activity and storage ability. Szintigraphic examination with TSH simulation identified it as an autonomous decompensating adenoma. Within a few months a clinically mild hyperthyreotic state developed. After surgical removal histology showed a follicular adenoma with papillary characteristics. Postoperatively thyroid hormon therapy was started.", "contents": "[Autonomous thyroid adenoma in an 11 years old girl with childhood hyperthyroidism (author's transl)]. The thyroid gland of an eleven year old girl developed a 3 x6 cm nodule with endocrine activity and storage ability. Szintigraphic examination with TSH simulation identified it as an autonomous decompensating adenoma. Within a few months a clinically mild hyperthyreotic state developed. After surgical removal histology showed a follicular adenoma with papillary characteristics. Postoperatively thyroid hormon therapy was started.", "PMID": 854033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10338", "title": "[To the concentration of delivery and paediatric wards in Rheinland-Pfalz. Contribution to the reduction of mother and infant mortality rate (author's transl)].", "content": "Delivery wards and paediatric wards or hospitals must be large enough to be able to afford the necessary technical equipment and personal. They must also be large enough to provide the doctors with the chance to experience deliveries which are complicated as well as rare in their nature or, in paediatric wards, serious as well as rare diseases. In rural areas delivery wards should have a minimum of 600 deliveries per year, and better still 1000 to 2000. Paediatric wards should have at least 80 beds, better still 100 to 120. There are still to many small delivery and paediatric wards in the Federal Republic of Germany as well as in the Bundesland Rheinland-Pfalz. Especially hospital births are scattered over too many tiny wards with less than mininmal equipment. 89% of the wards in Rheinland-Pfalz have less than 600 deliveries, 52%even less than 300 per year. In all probability the mother and infant mortality rate will decline markedly, through the concentration of delivery and paediatric wards.", "contents": "[To the concentration of delivery and paediatric wards in Rheinland-Pfalz. Contribution to the reduction of mother and infant mortality rate (author's transl)]. Delivery wards and paediatric wards or hospitals must be large enough to be able to afford the necessary technical equipment and personal. They must also be large enough to provide the doctors with the chance to experience deliveries which are complicated as well as rare in their nature or, in paediatric wards, serious as well as rare diseases. In rural areas delivery wards should have a minimum of 600 deliveries per year, and better still 1000 to 2000. Paediatric wards should have at least 80 beds, better still 100 to 120. There are still to many small delivery and paediatric wards in the Federal Republic of Germany as well as in the Bundesland Rheinland-Pfalz. Especially hospital births are scattered over too many tiny wards with less than mininmal equipment. 89% of the wards in Rheinland-Pfalz have less than 600 deliveries, 52%even less than 300 per year. In all probability the mother and infant mortality rate will decline markedly, through the concentration of delivery and paediatric wards.", "PMID": 854034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10339", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of alcoholic liver damage, with special reference to changes in the mesenchymal liver cells].", "content": "Needle-hepatic biopsy of 48 chronic alcoholic patients was investigated by the aid of electron microscopy. On the base of clinical and histological features five stages of the hepatic lesion could be distinguished: 1. fatty liver, 2. fatty liver with increasing activity of the mesenchymal cells, 3. acute alcoholic hepatitis ,4. chronic alcoholic hepatitis, 5. alcoholic cirrhosis. Changes of the liver cell organella and mesenchymal cells in different stages were compared. It was observed, that the damage to the hepatocytes--exept acute alcoholic hepatitis--was not parallel to the severity of the clinical picture. On the other hand proliferation of mesenchymal cells their secretory activity and fibrogenesis seem to go parallely with the progression of the hepatic lesion. Authors assume, that between alcoholic hepatitis and alcoholic cirrhosis there exists an intermedier form of the disease i.e. the chronic agressive alcoholic hepatitis ,which morphologically is similar to the chronic agressive hepatitis. This form of the hepatic lesion can be characterized not by the severity of the lesion of hepatocytes, but the by enormous proliferation of mesenchymal cells and by lymphocytic infiltration.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of alcoholic liver damage, with special reference to changes in the mesenchymal liver cells]. Needle-hepatic biopsy of 48 chronic alcoholic patients was investigated by the aid of electron microscopy. On the base of clinical and histological features five stages of the hepatic lesion could be distinguished: 1. fatty liver, 2. fatty liver with increasing activity of the mesenchymal cells, 3. acute alcoholic hepatitis ,4. chronic alcoholic hepatitis, 5. alcoholic cirrhosis. Changes of the liver cell organella and mesenchymal cells in different stages were compared. It was observed, that the damage to the hepatocytes--exept acute alcoholic hepatitis--was not parallel to the severity of the clinical picture. On the other hand proliferation of mesenchymal cells their secretory activity and fibrogenesis seem to go parallely with the progression of the hepatic lesion. Authors assume, that between alcoholic hepatitis and alcoholic cirrhosis there exists an intermedier form of the disease i.e. the chronic agressive alcoholic hepatitis ,which morphologically is similar to the chronic agressive hepatitis. This form of the hepatic lesion can be characterized not by the severity of the lesion of hepatocytes, but the by enormous proliferation of mesenchymal cells and by lymphocytic infiltration.", "PMID": 854035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10340", "title": "[Myocardial necrosis in acute carbon monoxide poisoning].", "content": "Two cases of carbonmonoxid poisoning--of young males--are described. In the absence of any coronary disorders--after a long CO exposition--necrosis of the papillary muscles have been revealed. Correlations of CO poisoning and myocardial ischaemia are discussed.", "contents": "[Myocardial necrosis in acute carbon monoxide poisoning]. Two cases of carbonmonoxid poisoning--of young males--are described. In the absence of any coronary disorders--after a long CO exposition--necrosis of the papillary muscles have been revealed. Correlations of CO poisoning and myocardial ischaemia are discussed.", "PMID": 854036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10341", "title": "[Scanning electron microscopy of heat-damaged bone tissue].", "content": "Parts of diaphyses of bones were exposed to high temperature of 200-1300 degrees C. Damage to the bone tissue caused by the heat was investigated. The scanning electron microscopic picture seems to be characteristic of the temperature applied. When the bones heated to the high temperature of 700 degrees C characteristic changes appear on the periostal surface, higher temperatura on the other hand causes damage to the compact bone tissue and can be observed on the fracture-surface. Author stresses the importance of this technique in the legal medicine and anthropology.", "contents": "[Scanning electron microscopy of heat-damaged bone tissue]. Parts of diaphyses of bones were exposed to high temperature of 200-1300 degrees C. Damage to the bone tissue caused by the heat was investigated. The scanning electron microscopic picture seems to be characteristic of the temperature applied. When the bones heated to the high temperature of 700 degrees C characteristic changes appear on the periostal surface, higher temperatura on the other hand causes damage to the compact bone tissue and can be observed on the fracture-surface. Author stresses the importance of this technique in the legal medicine and anthropology.", "PMID": 854037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10342", "title": "[Occurrence of nuclear bodies in acute viral hepatitis].", "content": "Needle-hepatic-biopsy of 10 patients with acute viral hepatitis was investigated by the aid of electron microscope. In the hepatocytes striking nucleolar alterations were observed, i.e. breakage and dispersion of the nucleolonema in the karyoplasma. Not infrequently nuclear bodies were seen. According to the present knowledge it can not be decided whether nuclear bodies are normal constituents of the hepatocytes or product of the impaired function. Complex nuclear bodies--in acute viral hepatitis--might indicate the presence of viral infection, on the other hand they might be the sign of the disturbance of the nuclear RNS-synthesis.", "contents": "[Occurrence of nuclear bodies in acute viral hepatitis]. Needle-hepatic-biopsy of 10 patients with acute viral hepatitis was investigated by the aid of electron microscope. In the hepatocytes striking nucleolar alterations were observed, i.e. breakage and dispersion of the nucleolonema in the karyoplasma. Not infrequently nuclear bodies were seen. According to the present knowledge it can not be decided whether nuclear bodies are normal constituents of the hepatocytes or product of the impaired function. Complex nuclear bodies--in acute viral hepatitis--might indicate the presence of viral infection, on the other hand they might be the sign of the disturbance of the nuclear RNS-synthesis.", "PMID": 854038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10343", "title": "[Light microscopic determination of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in liver biopsy material from adults and children].", "content": "Occurrence of the hepatitis B surface antigen in the paraffin-embedded sections of needle-hepatic-biopsy taken for diagnostic purpose from 138 patients (108 adults and 30 children) and from 52 simptomless hepatitis B antigen positive donors was investigated (modified orcein dye, \"ground glass\" hepatocytes). The following was established: I. this technique is simple, reliable and useful; 2. antigen can be detected first of all in hepatocytes of simptomless carriers; 3. it seems, that the antigen-positivity in tissue is in inverse ratio to the activity of hepatic lesion; 4. in the material taken from the children ground-glass hepatoyctes could not be revealed. Only in one case could be revealed a minimal orcein-positivity. 5. By technical reasons in needle-biopsy material a false-negative result can not be regarded as a rarity.", "contents": "[Light microscopic determination of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in liver biopsy material from adults and children]. Occurrence of the hepatitis B surface antigen in the paraffin-embedded sections of needle-hepatic-biopsy taken for diagnostic purpose from 138 patients (108 adults and 30 children) and from 52 simptomless hepatitis B antigen positive donors was investigated (modified orcein dye, \"ground glass\" hepatocytes). The following was established: I. this technique is simple, reliable and useful; 2. antigen can be detected first of all in hepatocytes of simptomless carriers; 3. it seems, that the antigen-positivity in tissue is in inverse ratio to the activity of hepatic lesion; 4. in the material taken from the children ground-glass hepatoyctes could not be revealed. Only in one case could be revealed a minimal orcein-positivity. 5. By technical reasons in needle-biopsy material a false-negative result can not be regarded as a rarity.", "PMID": 854039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10344", "title": "The frequency of recessive lethal heterozygotes among inidividuals obtained from inbred strains. A random-number simulation study.", "content": "In small and moderate sized inbred strains the variation with regard to the frequency of lethal heterozygotes is of such a magnitude that it is almost impossible to predict the degree of heterogeneity from one generation to another. This was shown from computer simulations of the generational variation in inbred strains maintained by full-sib matings at different breeding regimes. The results are discussed in relation to Haldane's theoretical derivations and to the practical implications with regard to strain keeping and to design and evaluation of experiments.", "contents": "The frequency of recessive lethal heterozygotes among inidividuals obtained from inbred strains. A random-number simulation study. In small and moderate sized inbred strains the variation with regard to the frequency of lethal heterozygotes is of such a magnitude that it is almost impossible to predict the degree of heterogeneity from one generation to another. This was shown from computer simulations of the generational variation in inbred strains maintained by full-sib matings at different breeding regimes. The results are discussed in relation to Haldane's theoretical derivations and to the practical implications with regard to strain keeping and to design and evaluation of experiments.", "PMID": 854041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10345", "title": "Chromosome aberrations in the leukocytes of pigs after half-body or whole-body irradiation.", "content": "Chromosome aberrations were scored in 48-h leukocyte cultures from pigs subjected to whole-body or half-body gamma irradiation with 100, 150, 200, 300, or 400 R. Half-body irradiation resulted in the recovery of approximately half as many aberrations as did equivalent whole-body exposures at levels of 200 R or less. Higher exposures yielded proportionally fewer anomalies in half-body irradiated subjects. These lower levels apparently resulted from the selective disadvantage of irradiated cells in coming to mitosis but did not seem to be related to the amount of chromosome damage sustained by the cell. When adjustments were made for effective dose to the in vivo cells, the dose-response pattern showed good agreement with published values for mixtures of normal and in vitro-irradiated human lymphocytes.", "contents": "Chromosome aberrations in the leukocytes of pigs after half-body or whole-body irradiation. Chromosome aberrations were scored in 48-h leukocyte cultures from pigs subjected to whole-body or half-body gamma irradiation with 100, 150, 200, 300, or 400 R. Half-body irradiation resulted in the recovery of approximately half as many aberrations as did equivalent whole-body exposures at levels of 200 R or less. Higher exposures yielded proportionally fewer anomalies in half-body irradiated subjects. These lower levels apparently resulted from the selective disadvantage of irradiated cells in coming to mitosis but did not seem to be related to the amount of chromosome damage sustained by the cell. When adjustments were made for effective dose to the in vivo cells, the dose-response pattern showed good agreement with published values for mixtures of normal and in vitro-irradiated human lymphocytes.", "PMID": 854042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10346", "title": "Semi-conservative deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in unirradiated and ultraviolet-irradiated xeroderma pigmentosum and normal human skin fibroblasts.", "content": "Rates of semiconservative DNA synthesis have been investigated in asynchronous xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), XP variant, and normal human skin fibroblasts using the technique of cellular autoradiography. In unirradiated cells, no differences in DNA synthesis rates were detected among the three cell strains. Exposure to UV radiation caused the rate of DNA synthesis to decrease for at least three hours in all three cell strains. In the normal cell strain, recovery of the DNA synthetic rate occurred at later times following a UV fluence of 5 J/m2. At this same UV fluence, recovery was absent in classical XP cells during a 24 h post-irradiation period while it was slower than normal in XP variant cells. When the UV fluence to classical XP and XP variant cells was reduced so that survival in all three cell strains was approximately the same (25%), recovery of the DNA synthetic rate was similar in all three cell strains. These results are discussed in terms of current models of DNA replication in UV-irradiated cells and indicate: (1) that pyrimidine dimers are very effective blocks to DNA synthesis and (2) that there is no inherent defect in semi-conservative DNA synthesis in either classical XP or XP variant cells which is independent of a defect in DNA repair capacity.", "contents": "Semi-conservative deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in unirradiated and ultraviolet-irradiated xeroderma pigmentosum and normal human skin fibroblasts. Rates of semiconservative DNA synthesis have been investigated in asynchronous xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), XP variant, and normal human skin fibroblasts using the technique of cellular autoradiography. In unirradiated cells, no differences in DNA synthesis rates were detected among the three cell strains. Exposure to UV radiation caused the rate of DNA synthesis to decrease for at least three hours in all three cell strains. In the normal cell strain, recovery of the DNA synthetic rate occurred at later times following a UV fluence of 5 J/m2. At this same UV fluence, recovery was absent in classical XP cells during a 24 h post-irradiation period while it was slower than normal in XP variant cells. When the UV fluence to classical XP and XP variant cells was reduced so that survival in all three cell strains was approximately the same (25%), recovery of the DNA synthetic rate was similar in all three cell strains. These results are discussed in terms of current models of DNA replication in UV-irradiated cells and indicate: (1) that pyrimidine dimers are very effective blocks to DNA synthesis and (2) that there is no inherent defect in semi-conservative DNA synthesis in either classical XP or XP variant cells which is independent of a defect in DNA repair capacity.", "PMID": 854043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10347", "title": "Nonoliguric acute renal failure.", "content": "To delineate the clinical spectrum of nonliguric renal failure, we studied prospectively 90 patients with acute renal failure 54 of whom were nonoliguric throughout their periods of azotemia. Although the causes of nonoliguric renal failure varied, nephrotoxic failure occurred more frequently in nonoliguric than in oliguric subjects (P is less than 0.01). As com pared to oliguric patients, those without oliguria had significantly lower urinary sodium concentrations (P is less than 0.05) and fractional excretions of sodium (P is less than 0.02), had shorter hospital stay (P is less than 0.01), had fewer septic episodes, neurologic abnormalities, gastrointestinal bleeding and acidemia, required dialysis less frequently (P is less than 0.001) and had lower mortality rate (26 per cent in nonoliguric vs. 50 per cent in oliguric patients -- P is less than 0.05). Nonoliguric renal failure occurs more often than is generally recognized and causes less morbidity and mortality than oliguric acute renal failure.", "contents": "Nonoliguric acute renal failure. To delineate the clinical spectrum of nonliguric renal failure, we studied prospectively 90 patients with acute renal failure 54 of whom were nonoliguric throughout their periods of azotemia. Although the causes of nonoliguric renal failure varied, nephrotoxic failure occurred more frequently in nonoliguric than in oliguric subjects (P is less than 0.01). As com pared to oliguric patients, those without oliguria had significantly lower urinary sodium concentrations (P is less than 0.05) and fractional excretions of sodium (P is less than 0.02), had shorter hospital stay (P is less than 0.01), had fewer septic episodes, neurologic abnormalities, gastrointestinal bleeding and acidemia, required dialysis less frequently (P is less than 0.001) and had lower mortality rate (26 per cent in nonoliguric vs. 50 per cent in oliguric patients -- P is less than 0.05). Nonoliguric renal failure occurs more often than is generally recognized and causes less morbidity and mortality than oliguric acute renal failure.", "PMID": 854045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10348", "title": "Alcohol consumption and blood pressure. Kaiser-Permanente Multiphasic Health Examination data.", "content": "We studied blood pressure in relation to known drinking habits of 83,947 men and women of three races (83.5 per cent white). Using health-check-up questionnaire responses, we classified persons as nondrinkers or according to usual daily number of drinks: two or fewer per day, three to five per day, or six or more per day. As compared to nondrinkers blood pressures of men taking two or fewer drinks per day were similar. Women who took two or fewer drinks per day had slightly lower pressures. Men and women who took three or more drinks per day had higher systolic pressures (P less than 10(-24) in white men, and less than 10(-12) in white women), higher diastolic pressures (P less than 10(-24) in white men, and less than 10(-6) in white women), and substantially higher prevalence of pressures greater than or equal to 160/95 mm Hg. The associations of blood pressure and drinking were independent of age, sex, race, smoking, coffee use, former \"heavy\" drinking, educational attainment and adiposity. The findings strongly suggest that regular use of three or more drinks of alcohol per day is a risk factor for hypertension.", "contents": "Alcohol consumption and blood pressure. Kaiser-Permanente Multiphasic Health Examination data. We studied blood pressure in relation to known drinking habits of 83,947 men and women of three races (83.5 per cent white). Using health-check-up questionnaire responses, we classified persons as nondrinkers or according to usual daily number of drinks: two or fewer per day, three to five per day, or six or more per day. As compared to nondrinkers blood pressures of men taking two or fewer drinks per day were similar. Women who took two or fewer drinks per day had slightly lower pressures. Men and women who took three or more drinks per day had higher systolic pressures (P less than 10(-24) in white men, and less than 10(-12) in white women), higher diastolic pressures (P less than 10(-24) in white men, and less than 10(-6) in white women), and substantially higher prevalence of pressures greater than or equal to 160/95 mm Hg. The associations of blood pressure and drinking were independent of age, sex, race, smoking, coffee use, former \"heavy\" drinking, educational attainment and adiposity. The findings strongly suggest that regular use of three or more drinks of alcohol per day is a risk factor for hypertension.", "PMID": 854058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10349", "title": "[Fatty acid composition of free and bound fat in milk powers].", "content": "The results obtained from 6 milk powders (produced by different procdures) show that the proportion of unsaturated components is considerably greater in the fatty acids of the free fat. It was found that the proportion of polar lipids in the bound fat is greater. It is presumed that the greater content of polar lipids in the bound fat plays also a r\u00f4le in the interaction between fat and protein.", "contents": "[Fatty acid composition of free and bound fat in milk powers]. The results obtained from 6 milk powders (produced by different procdures) show that the proportion of unsaturated components is considerably greater in the fatty acids of the free fat. It was found that the proportion of polar lipids in the bound fat is greater. It is presumed that the greater content of polar lipids in the bound fat plays also a r\u00f4le in the interaction between fat and protein.", "PMID": 854078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10350", "title": "[Determination of nitrate in raw spinach and commercially-prepared baby food].", "content": "During the years 1972--1975, the author performed nitrate determinations, using the xylenol method according to E. Bohm, to verify if the standard or maximum permissible values established by the Ministry for Health of the GDR in 1972-1973 for spinach and spinach preserves for babies had been respected. The relative standard deviation of the method is +/- 5%. The values found in spinach samples of the same harvest and from the same area varied considerably (up to +/- 40% of the mean). Taken altogether, the nitrate content, especially in autumn spinach, exceeded by far the maximum permissible values for baby food as well as for general consumption in spite of contractual agreement with the farmers on the use of nitrogenous fertilizers. It is recommended to study systematically all the factors of nitrate accumulation in order to secure safe spinach products.", "contents": "[Determination of nitrate in raw spinach and commercially-prepared baby food]. During the years 1972--1975, the author performed nitrate determinations, using the xylenol method according to E. Bohm, to verify if the standard or maximum permissible values established by the Ministry for Health of the GDR in 1972-1973 for spinach and spinach preserves for babies had been respected. The relative standard deviation of the method is +/- 5%. The values found in spinach samples of the same harvest and from the same area varied considerably (up to +/- 40% of the mean). Taken altogether, the nitrate content, especially in autumn spinach, exceeded by far the maximum permissible values for baby food as well as for general consumption in spite of contractual agreement with the farmers on the use of nitrogenous fertilizers. It is recommended to study systematically all the factors of nitrate accumulation in order to secure safe spinach products.", "PMID": 854079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10351", "title": "[Determination and occurence of aflatoxin M1 and B1 in milk and dairy products].", "content": "The described method enables a simultaneous identification and determination of aflatoxin M1 and B1 in milk and dairy products by means of a self-registering fluorescence spectrophotometer with a thin-layer chromatographic accessory, directly from the plate. The semiquantitative estimation on the thin-layer chromatographic plate enables also routine analyses in the hygienic practice. The recovery rates for aflatoxin M1 and B1 in milk are about 83 and 82%, respectively -- the detection limit is about 0.1 microng per kg. The recovery rates for aflatoxin M1 and B1 in milk powder are about 89 and 94%, respectively -- the detection limit is bout 0.5 microng per kg. The reproducibility is given with a standard deviation between +/- 1.1 and 6,3% and a variation coeffecient of 1.3 and 6.7, respectively. 4 of 24 analized samples of commercial winter milk were aflatoxin M1-positive, whereas aflatoxin B1 could not be found. One of the milk powder products, a sample of the infant food, \"Ki-Na\", made in the GDR, contained, however aflatoxin B1. Aflatoxin M1 could not be found. Food-hygienic-toxicological conclusions are discussed.", "contents": "[Determination and occurence of aflatoxin M1 and B1 in milk and dairy products]. The described method enables a simultaneous identification and determination of aflatoxin M1 and B1 in milk and dairy products by means of a self-registering fluorescence spectrophotometer with a thin-layer chromatographic accessory, directly from the plate. The semiquantitative estimation on the thin-layer chromatographic plate enables also routine analyses in the hygienic practice. The recovery rates for aflatoxin M1 and B1 in milk are about 83 and 82%, respectively -- the detection limit is about 0.1 microng per kg. The recovery rates for aflatoxin M1 and B1 in milk powder are about 89 and 94%, respectively -- the detection limit is bout 0.5 microng per kg. The reproducibility is given with a standard deviation between +/- 1.1 and 6,3% and a variation coeffecient of 1.3 and 6.7, respectively. 4 of 24 analized samples of commercial winter milk were aflatoxin M1-positive, whereas aflatoxin B1 could not be found. One of the milk powder products, a sample of the infant food, \"Ki-Na\", made in the GDR, contained, however aflatoxin B1. Aflatoxin M1 could not be found. Food-hygienic-toxicological conclusions are discussed.", "PMID": 854080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10352", "title": "[Thin layer chromatographic detection of aflatoxins on ready-made silica gel plates].", "content": "Silica gel instant plates with an aluminium reflection foil as the carrier material (Silufol) were tested for their suitability for the thin-layer chromatographic separation of aflatoxins in comparison with conventiol silica gel G coated glass plates. Besides the well-knwon merits of instant plates, the Silufol plates offer remarkable analytical advantages; increased sensibility and shorter time of development. For this reason, the Silufol plates may be recommended for routine examinations of foods for aflatoxins.", "contents": "[Thin layer chromatographic detection of aflatoxins on ready-made silica gel plates]. Silica gel instant plates with an aluminium reflection foil as the carrier material (Silufol) were tested for their suitability for the thin-layer chromatographic separation of aflatoxins in comparison with conventiol silica gel G coated glass plates. Besides the well-knwon merits of instant plates, the Silufol plates offer remarkable analytical advantages; increased sensibility and shorter time of development. For this reason, the Silufol plates may be recommended for routine examinations of foods for aflatoxins.", "PMID": 854082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10353", "title": "Stephanofilaria okinawaensis n. sp. from cutaneous lesions on the teats of cows in Japan.", "content": "This is the first report on the occurrence of stephanofilarial sore on the teats of cows in the Nansei (South western) Islands, Japan, and on the taxonomical position of etiological parasites. Stephanofilaria worms were collected from cutaneous lesions of affected teats of cows in such proportion that the sex ratio of worms might be one male to three females. Morphological and anatomical observation was made on parasites suspended in lactophenol and by the scanning electron microscope. As a result, these parasites belonged to the same species as Stephanofilaria sp. Kono, 1965, which was previously reported to cause a strange type of dermatitis on the muzzle of cattle in the Nansei Islands. The description of Stephanofilaria sp. by Kono was reviewed. Subsequently, detailed comparison was made between those parasites and the other known species of the genus Stephanofilaria. It led to the establishment of a new species called S. okinawaensis Ueno and Chibana, 1977 after the name of the enzootic area.", "contents": "Stephanofilaria okinawaensis n. sp. from cutaneous lesions on the teats of cows in Japan. This is the first report on the occurrence of stephanofilarial sore on the teats of cows in the Nansei (South western) Islands, Japan, and on the taxonomical position of etiological parasites. Stephanofilaria worms were collected from cutaneous lesions of affected teats of cows in such proportion that the sex ratio of worms might be one male to three females. Morphological and anatomical observation was made on parasites suspended in lactophenol and by the scanning electron microscope. As a result, these parasites belonged to the same species as Stephanofilaria sp. Kono, 1965, which was previously reported to cause a strange type of dermatitis on the muzzle of cattle in the Nansei Islands. The description of Stephanofilaria sp. by Kono was reviewed. Subsequently, detailed comparison was made between those parasites and the other known species of the genus Stephanofilaria. It led to the establishment of a new species called S. okinawaensis Ueno and Chibana, 1977 after the name of the enzootic area.", "PMID": 854085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10354", "title": "N-acetyltransferase activity in pineal gland of rats treated with pargyline.", "content": "After injection of 20 mg/kg of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor pargyline every other day up to 9 days, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT) in the pineal gland of rats remained unchanged during the light-period. At the darkness, however, an increase above controls was observed. The latter effect was not affected by subchronic administration. The monoamine oxidase inhibitor activated not only the NAT but a second enzyme with different kinetic parameters. The drug levelled the circadian changes in the content of serotonin whereas noradrenaline and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid were hardly influenced. These findings may be explained in such a way that pargyline activates the enzyme not via beta-receptors as supposed by Deguchi and Axelrod (1972a) but by an intracellular mechanism. The increased serotonin concentration might be responsible for the additional activation of the enzyme.", "contents": "N-acetyltransferase activity in pineal gland of rats treated with pargyline. After injection of 20 mg/kg of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor pargyline every other day up to 9 days, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT) in the pineal gland of rats remained unchanged during the light-period. At the darkness, however, an increase above controls was observed. The latter effect was not affected by subchronic administration. The monoamine oxidase inhibitor activated not only the NAT but a second enzyme with different kinetic parameters. The drug levelled the circadian changes in the content of serotonin whereas noradrenaline and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid were hardly influenced. These findings may be explained in such a way that pargyline activates the enzyme not via beta-receptors as supposed by Deguchi and Axelrod (1972a) but by an intracellular mechanism. The increased serotonin concentration might be responsible for the additional activation of the enzyme.", "PMID": 854089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10355", "title": "Effects of the local anesthetics brufacain and lidocaine on transmembrane action potentials, refractory period, and reactivation of the sodium system in guinea pig heart muscle.", "content": "Lidocaine (3-10(-5) and 10(-4) M) and equimolar concentrations of brufacain dose-dependently reduced the depolarization velocity (dV/dtmax) and the force of contraction of guinea pig atria and papillary muscles. Repolarization time was increased in atria but reduced in papillary muscles. The maximum effects on action potential parameters were identical but developed with brufacain more slowly than with lidocaine. In papillary muscles lidocaine (3-10(-5) M) prolonged the functional refractory period. No such effect but even a shortening was observed with brufacain. As brufacain reduced the duration of the action potential (AP) more than the functional refractory period, the \"relative refractory period\" (in percent of AP duration) was slightly prolonged. The half-time of the recovery of the Na+ system was increased three to five times the control value after lidocaine but only doubled after brufacain.", "contents": "Effects of the local anesthetics brufacain and lidocaine on transmembrane action potentials, refractory period, and reactivation of the sodium system in guinea pig heart muscle. Lidocaine (3-10(-5) and 10(-4) M) and equimolar concentrations of brufacain dose-dependently reduced the depolarization velocity (dV/dtmax) and the force of contraction of guinea pig atria and papillary muscles. Repolarization time was increased in atria but reduced in papillary muscles. The maximum effects on action potential parameters were identical but developed with brufacain more slowly than with lidocaine. In papillary muscles lidocaine (3-10(-5) M) prolonged the functional refractory period. No such effect but even a shortening was observed with brufacain. As brufacain reduced the duration of the action potential (AP) more than the functional refractory period, the \"relative refractory period\" (in percent of AP duration) was slightly prolonged. The half-time of the recovery of the Na+ system was increased three to five times the control value after lidocaine but only doubled after brufacain.", "PMID": 854090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10356", "title": "Transfer of sodium and water through isolated rat colonic mucosa under the influence of deoxycholate and oxyphenisatin.", "content": "1. The influence of oxyphenisatin (OP), a diphenolic laxative, and deoxycholate (DC) on the transfer of sodium and water in an everted sac preparation of stripped rat colon was investigated. 2. OP (10(-5) M, mucosal side) and DC (3 X 10(-4) M, mucosal side) completely blocked net water and sodium absorption. Net movements from the serosal to the mucosal side could not be induced by  higher concentrations of the drugs. 3. Unidirectional sodium movements in both directions were increased by OP and DC. 4. The effect of DC on the sodium flux from the serosal to the mucosal side was reversible. 5. The potassium content of the mucosal epithelium was not changed by DC and OP. 6. The integrity of the epithelium, as judged by light microscopy, was not disturbed by either drug under the experimental conditions. 7. It is concluded that DC and OP do not interfere with active transport mechanisms but increase the permeability of the epithelium to sodium.", "contents": "Transfer of sodium and water through isolated rat colonic mucosa under the influence of deoxycholate and oxyphenisatin. 1. The influence of oxyphenisatin (OP), a diphenolic laxative, and deoxycholate (DC) on the transfer of sodium and water in an everted sac preparation of stripped rat colon was investigated. 2. OP (10(-5) M, mucosal side) and DC (3 X 10(-4) M, mucosal side) completely blocked net water and sodium absorption. Net movements from the serosal to the mucosal side could not be induced by  higher concentrations of the drugs. 3. Unidirectional sodium movements in both directions were increased by OP and DC. 4. The effect of DC on the sodium flux from the serosal to the mucosal side was reversible. 5. The potassium content of the mucosal epithelium was not changed by DC and OP. 6. The integrity of the epithelium, as judged by light microscopy, was not disturbed by either drug under the experimental conditions. 7. It is concluded that DC and OP do not interfere with active transport mechanisms but increase the permeability of the epithelium to sodium.", "PMID": 854091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10357", "title": "The risk of anticoagulation in hemodialysis patients.", "content": "The risks of intermittent anticoagulation with heparin for hemodialysis and longterm anticoagulation with warfarin to prevent clotting of arteriovenous shunts were assessed in a group of 125 home dialysis patients. Over a 7-year period, there were nine bleeding complications attributable to heparin anticoagulation for an incidence of one complication for every 40 patient year on dialysis. In contrast, 20 of 48 patients anticoagulated with warfarin for an average of 2 years each, had a total of 50 hemorrhagic complications requiring 542 days in the hospital and 15 operative procedures. Concersion to an alternative form of vascular access, the internal arteriovenous fistula, obviated the need for warfarin therapy and its unacceptably high complication rate in this population of patients.", "contents": "The risk of anticoagulation in hemodialysis patients. The risks of intermittent anticoagulation with heparin for hemodialysis and longterm anticoagulation with warfarin to prevent clotting of arteriovenous shunts were assessed in a group of 125 home dialysis patients. Over a 7-year period, there were nine bleeding complications attributable to heparin anticoagulation for an incidence of one complication for every 40 patient year on dialysis. In contrast, 20 of 48 patients anticoagulated with warfarin for an average of 2 years each, had a total of 50 hemorrhagic complications requiring 542 days in the hospital and 15 operative procedures. Concersion to an alternative form of vascular access, the internal arteriovenous fistula, obviated the need for warfarin therapy and its unacceptably high complication rate in this population of patients.", "PMID": 854139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10358", "title": "Distribution of calcium in the rat due to chronic renal failure.", "content": "During the 12 weeks following 5/6 nephrectomy in rats with moderate uremia (creatinine 0.7-1.2 mg/100 ml, BUN 53-89 mg/100 ml), no significant increases in total soft tissue calcification were observed. The calcium concentration of skeletal muscle remained unchanged at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after surgery. A slight but not significant increase in skin calcium was found. However, a significant decrease in cardiac calcium was found for the uremic animals. Total body calcium as determined by neutron activation analysis was significantly lower in the uremic rat when compared with the age-matched animal. However, when normalized for body weight, the total calcium content in uremic rats did not differ from the controls. Similar findings were observed for the absolute calcium content of the tibia and when normalized for weight. Furthermore, a highly significant linear relationship (r = 0.92, p less than 0.001) was established between absolute levels of total body calcium and tibia calcium which was identical for control and uremic groups.", "contents": "Distribution of calcium in the rat due to chronic renal failure. During the 12 weeks following 5/6 nephrectomy in rats with moderate uremia (creatinine 0.7-1.2 mg/100 ml, BUN 53-89 mg/100 ml), no significant increases in total soft tissue calcification were observed. The calcium concentration of skeletal muscle remained unchanged at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after surgery. A slight but not significant increase in skin calcium was found. However, a significant decrease in cardiac calcium was found for the uremic animals. Total body calcium as determined by neutron activation analysis was significantly lower in the uremic rat when compared with the age-matched animal. However, when normalized for body weight, the total calcium content in uremic rats did not differ from the controls. Similar findings were observed for the absolute calcium content of the tibia and when normalized for weight. Furthermore, a highly significant linear relationship (r = 0.92, p less than 0.001) was established between absolute levels of total body calcium and tibia calcium which was identical for control and uremic groups.", "PMID": 854140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10359", "title": "Effect of acute experimental uremia on the stability of liver lysosomal membranes.", "content": "Acute uremia was induced in male Swiss albino mice by complete urethral ligation and the animals were sacrificed 2, 4-6, 24, and 48 h after operation. Sham-opeated animals (without the urethral ligation) were similarly treated. The blood urea levels of animals with total urinary tract obstruction went up to 175 mg/100 ml at 4-6 h of urethral ligation and reached an average level of 827 mg/100 ml at 48 h, while the control group exhibited and average blood urea level of 37 mg/100 ml. Lysosomes obtained from livers of uremic mice sacrificed at different time intervals demonstrated a lability of the lysosomal membranes (as determined by the acid phosphatase activity in mU/mg) which was maximal at 4-6 h of urethral ligation, declining towards normal at 24 and 48 h, despite an increase in the animal's blood urea. In vitro studies exposing liver lysosomes to progressively higher urea concentrations (differences of as much as 100,000 times) did not reveal any effect of urea upon the stability of lysosomal membranes. The reason for the lability of lysosomal membranes in the uremic group was not apparent in the present study.", "contents": "Effect of acute experimental uremia on the stability of liver lysosomal membranes. Acute uremia was induced in male Swiss albino mice by complete urethral ligation and the animals were sacrificed 2, 4-6, 24, and 48 h after operation. Sham-opeated animals (without the urethral ligation) were similarly treated. The blood urea levels of animals with total urinary tract obstruction went up to 175 mg/100 ml at 4-6 h of urethral ligation and reached an average level of 827 mg/100 ml at 48 h, while the control group exhibited and average blood urea level of 37 mg/100 ml. Lysosomes obtained from livers of uremic mice sacrificed at different time intervals demonstrated a lability of the lysosomal membranes (as determined by the acid phosphatase activity in mU/mg) which was maximal at 4-6 h of urethral ligation, declining towards normal at 24 and 48 h, despite an increase in the animal's blood urea. In vitro studies exposing liver lysosomes to progressively higher urea concentrations (differences of as much as 100,000 times) did not reveal any effect of urea upon the stability of lysosomal membranes. The reason for the lability of lysosomal membranes in the uremic group was not apparent in the present study.", "PMID": 854142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10360", "title": "Effect of hemodialysis on methylprednisolone plasma levels.", "content": "The effect of hemodialysis on methylprednisolone levels in uremia was investigated. Methylprednisolone 15 mg/kg was given intravenously over a period of 20 min to five patients undergoing routine maintenance hemodialysis. Dialysis began 5 min after the infusion ended and continued for 5 h. Pre- and post-coil plasma levels and the dialysate level of methylprednisolone were measured at intervals. Dialysance averaged 18.4 +/- 6.1 ml/min, and mean half-life 149 +/- 26 min. The volume of distribution was 0.80 of body weight. The significant dialysance of methylprednisolone may require adjustment of dosage in certain clinical situations when hemodialysis is necessary for patients receiving the steroid.", "contents": "Effect of hemodialysis on methylprednisolone plasma levels. The effect of hemodialysis on methylprednisolone levels in uremia was investigated. Methylprednisolone 15 mg/kg was given intravenously over a period of 20 min to five patients undergoing routine maintenance hemodialysis. Dialysis began 5 min after the infusion ended and continued for 5 h. Pre- and post-coil plasma levels and the dialysate level of methylprednisolone were measured at intervals. Dialysance averaged 18.4 +/- 6.1 ml/min, and mean half-life 149 +/- 26 min. The volume of distribution was 0.80 of body weight. The significant dialysance of methylprednisolone may require adjustment of dosage in certain clinical situations when hemodialysis is necessary for patients receiving the steroid.", "PMID": 854143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10361", "title": "Familial hypouricemia due to isolated renal tubular defect. Attenuated response of uric acid clearance to probenecid and pyrazinamide.", "content": "A 37-year-old female was found to have hypouricemia (1.1-1.9 mg%) with markedly increased uric acid clearance (24.7039.5 ml/min). Uric acid excretion was only slightly affected by pyrazinamide, a drug which suppresses renal tubular uric acid secretion, and by probenecid, a drug which inhibits tubular uric acid reabsorption. The attenuated response in this subject to both drugs suggest a renal tubular defect in the proximal high capacity-high affinity uric acid reabsorption mechanism. No other renal tubular or metabolic abnormalities were detected. A survey of the family-three sisters and two brothers, revealed two similarly affected sisters. The abnormality described in this family is defined as familial renal hypouricemia due to an isolated renal tubular defect with attenuated response of uric acid clearance to probenecid and pyrazinamide.", "contents": "Familial hypouricemia due to isolated renal tubular defect. Attenuated response of uric acid clearance to probenecid and pyrazinamide. A 37-year-old female was found to have hypouricemia (1.1-1.9 mg%) with markedly increased uric acid clearance (24.7039.5 ml/min). Uric acid excretion was only slightly affected by pyrazinamide, a drug which suppresses renal tubular uric acid secretion, and by probenecid, a drug which inhibits tubular uric acid reabsorption. The attenuated response in this subject to both drugs suggest a renal tubular defect in the proximal high capacity-high affinity uric acid reabsorption mechanism. No other renal tubular or metabolic abnormalities were detected. A survey of the family-three sisters and two brothers, revealed two similarly affected sisters. The abnormality described in this family is defined as familial renal hypouricemia due to an isolated renal tubular defect with attenuated response of uric acid clearance to probenecid and pyrazinamide.", "PMID": 854144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10362", "title": "The palm tree cervical spine--a normal anatomical variant.", "content": "A case of \"palm tree\" cervical spine with cervical spondylitic myelopathy is described. It is shown that this upward course of the nerve roots over the pedicle is a variant of normal anatomy, not described in standard textbooks and that this variation may be seen on myelograms. The futility of attempting to correct the variation is described.", "contents": "The palm tree cervical spine--a normal anatomical variant. A case of \"palm tree\" cervical spine with cervical spondylitic myelopathy is described. It is shown that this upward course of the nerve roots over the pedicle is a variant of normal anatomy, not described in standard textbooks and that this variation may be seen on myelograms. The futility of attempting to correct the variation is described.", "PMID": 854146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10363", "title": "Intradural spinal echinococcus simulating lumbar disc protrusion.", "content": "A case of intradural hydatid cyst, simulating disc protrusion is described. It is emphasized, that in countries like Greece, the possibility of hydatid cyst compressing the spinal cord, should always be considered.", "contents": "Intradural spinal echinococcus simulating lumbar disc protrusion. A case of intradural hydatid cyst, simulating disc protrusion is described. It is emphasized, that in countries like Greece, the possibility of hydatid cyst compressing the spinal cord, should always be considered.", "PMID": 854147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10364", "title": "[Insomnia and anxiety].", "content": "The paper reports a trial of finding correlations between the level of anxiety, regarded as a consistant personality trait measured by means of the so-called personality scale, and difficulties in falling asleep. It was found that the greatest difficulties in falling asleep were observed in individuals with medium level of anxiety. The interpretation of this observation is discussed.", "contents": "[Insomnia and anxiety]. The paper reports a trial of finding correlations between the level of anxiety, regarded as a consistant personality trait measured by means of the so-called personality scale, and difficulties in falling asleep. It was found that the greatest difficulties in falling asleep were observed in individuals with medium level of anxiety. The interpretation of this observation is discussed.", "PMID": 854148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10365", "title": "[Serum content of alpha-amino nitrogen in patients with stroke].", "content": "The concentration of alpha-amino nitrogen in the serum of 18 healthy subjects, 17 patients with cerebral haemorrhage, and 23 patients with encephalomalacia due to thrombosis was determined by the colorimetric ninhydrin method of Moore and Stein modified by Slavik. The determinations were done on the 1st, 3rd and 10th days of the disease. The mean concentration of alpha-amino nitrogen in the serum of patients with cerebral haemorrhage was lower than in controls on the 1st and 3rd days of the disease but the difference was not significant statistically. The mean level of alpha-amino nitrogen in the serum of patients with encephalomalacia was lower on the 1st day than in controls while on the 3rd and 10th day it was slightly higher as compared with controls, however, statistically the differences were not significant. The mean values of alpha-amino nitrogen in the serum of patients with cerebral haemorrhage and those with encephalomalacia gradually approached the control values.", "contents": "[Serum content of alpha-amino nitrogen in patients with stroke]. The concentration of alpha-amino nitrogen in the serum of 18 healthy subjects, 17 patients with cerebral haemorrhage, and 23 patients with encephalomalacia due to thrombosis was determined by the colorimetric ninhydrin method of Moore and Stein modified by Slavik. The determinations were done on the 1st, 3rd and 10th days of the disease. The mean concentration of alpha-amino nitrogen in the serum of patients with cerebral haemorrhage was lower than in controls on the 1st and 3rd days of the disease but the difference was not significant statistically. The mean level of alpha-amino nitrogen in the serum of patients with encephalomalacia was lower on the 1st day than in controls while on the 3rd and 10th day it was slightly higher as compared with controls, however, statistically the differences were not significant. The mean values of alpha-amino nitrogen in the serum of patients with cerebral haemorrhage and those with encephalomalacia gradually approached the control values.", "PMID": 854149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10366", "title": "[Periodic EEG discharges of stereotyped morphology].", "content": "Clinical course of disease and results of EEG examinations of 6 patients with severe brain disturbances of various aetiology provided grounds for discussion on the phenomenon of periodic stereotyped EEG discharges (PSD) which is of considerable diagnostic value in some cases. The variability in appearance of these discharges, in their form and duration of intervals between them are stressed--the last parameter varied in own material from 0.5 to 8 sec. The appearance of PSD may indicate increased convulsive excitability of the cortical and subcortical structures of the gray matter. The prognostic value of PSD was not always the same and it could be established only basing upon a comparison of EEG findings during successive examinations.", "contents": "[Periodic EEG discharges of stereotyped morphology]. Clinical course of disease and results of EEG examinations of 6 patients with severe brain disturbances of various aetiology provided grounds for discussion on the phenomenon of periodic stereotyped EEG discharges (PSD) which is of considerable diagnostic value in some cases. The variability in appearance of these discharges, in their form and duration of intervals between them are stressed--the last parameter varied in own material from 0.5 to 8 sec. The appearance of PSD may indicate increased convulsive excitability of the cortical and subcortical structures of the gray matter. The prognostic value of PSD was not always the same and it could be established only basing upon a comparison of EEG findings during successive examinations.", "PMID": 854150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10367", "title": "[Effect of tensilon on the behavior of optokinetic nystagmus in myasthenia].", "content": "In 14 myasthenics tensilon test was performed together with electronystagmographic recording of optokinetic nystagmus. The mean amplitude of deflections and the mean frequency of nystagmus were calculated before and after intravenous administration of tensilon 10 mg. The results were compared with those obtained in a control group. The test was positive in 11 myasthenics: the amplitude and frequency of nystagmus beats increased and extinction at the end of the test was absent or diminished. In the control group the test was negative, with the exception of 3 cases in which a slight increase in amplitude and frequency was observed. The authors stress the advantages and disadvantages of tensilon test and state that it is diagnostically valuable in myasthenia and myasthenic syndromes in subjects sensitive to the drug.", "contents": "[Effect of tensilon on the behavior of optokinetic nystagmus in myasthenia]. In 14 myasthenics tensilon test was performed together with electronystagmographic recording of optokinetic nystagmus. The mean amplitude of deflections and the mean frequency of nystagmus were calculated before and after intravenous administration of tensilon 10 mg. The results were compared with those obtained in a control group. The test was positive in 11 myasthenics: the amplitude and frequency of nystagmus beats increased and extinction at the end of the test was absent or diminished. In the control group the test was negative, with the exception of 3 cases in which a slight increase in amplitude and frequency was observed. The authors stress the advantages and disadvantages of tensilon test and state that it is diagnostically valuable in myasthenia and myasthenic syndromes in subjects sensitive to the drug.", "PMID": 854151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10368", "title": "[Olivopontocerebellar atrophy].", "content": "A sporadic case of olivo-ponto-cerebellar atrophy in a woman aged 52 years is described. The diagnosis was based on a history of progressing cerebello-extrapyramidal syndrome lasting 10 years. Neuropathological investigations demonstrated much advanced changes typical of the condition in the brain stem and cerebellum. Moreover lesions of the lenticular nuclei and substantia nigra were revealed. The authors discuss the results of ultramicroscopic investigations reported as yet which suggest a possible role of infectious factors in the pathogenesis of the disease.", "contents": "[Olivopontocerebellar atrophy]. A sporadic case of olivo-ponto-cerebellar atrophy in a woman aged 52 years is described. The diagnosis was based on a history of progressing cerebello-extrapyramidal syndrome lasting 10 years. Neuropathological investigations demonstrated much advanced changes typical of the condition in the brain stem and cerebellum. Moreover lesions of the lenticular nuclei and substantia nigra were revealed. The authors discuss the results of ultramicroscopic investigations reported as yet which suggest a possible role of infectious factors in the pathogenesis of the disease.", "PMID": 854153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10369", "title": "[Aneurysm situated within the optic nerve].", "content": "A case of carotid-ophthalmic aneurysm of unusual location in the optic nerve is reported. The development of the disease was sudden: pain in the eye was followed by unilaternal blindness and manifestations of subarachnoid haemorrhage. The optic nerve was dilated balloon-like, cyanotic and vigorously pulsating. It was divided longitudinally and the aneurysmatic sac was exposed from the nerve. A vascular clip was put on its peduncle communicating with the cervico-ophthalmic portion of internal carotid artery. Despite preserved patency of the ophthalmic artery and partial continuity of the optic nerve, the vision of the eye didn't improve.", "contents": "[Aneurysm situated within the optic nerve]. A case of carotid-ophthalmic aneurysm of unusual location in the optic nerve is reported. The development of the disease was sudden: pain in the eye was followed by unilaternal blindness and manifestations of subarachnoid haemorrhage. The optic nerve was dilated balloon-like, cyanotic and vigorously pulsating. It was divided longitudinally and the aneurysmatic sac was exposed from the nerve. A vascular clip was put on its peduncle communicating with the cervico-ophthalmic portion of internal carotid artery. Despite preserved patency of the ophthalmic artery and partial continuity of the optic nerve, the vision of the eye didn't improve.", "PMID": 854155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10370", "title": "[Physical rehabilitation in mastectomized women].", "content": "The paper highlights the importance of rehabilitation programmes for women subjected to radical mastectomy. Within the Milan National Tumour Institute, the activity promoted by the antalgic and Rehabilitation Department concerning some 700 patients per annum takes in 3 phases: information; prevention; treatment of the disease. After thorough psychological and medical observation of the patient, all available treatment methods are deployed on conditions which present in the form of hypomobility of the homolateral extremity, lymphangitis, lymphoedema and possibly neurological damage to the brachial plexus. The results of this rehabilitation programme have meant a notable reduction in the forms and have led to rapid return to society.", "contents": "[Physical rehabilitation in mastectomized women]. The paper highlights the importance of rehabilitation programmes for women subjected to radical mastectomy. Within the Milan National Tumour Institute, the activity promoted by the antalgic and Rehabilitation Department concerning some 700 patients per annum takes in 3 phases: information; prevention; treatment of the disease. After thorough psychological and medical observation of the patient, all available treatment methods are deployed on conditions which present in the form of hypomobility of the homolateral extremity, lymphangitis, lymphoedema and possibly neurological damage to the brachial plexus. The results of this rehabilitation programme have meant a notable reduction in the forms and have led to rapid return to society.", "PMID": 854205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10371", "title": "[Diffuse entero-mesenteric lipomatosis].", "content": "Successful surgical management of an unusual case of diffuse lipomatosis is reported. The clinical and radiological pictures are described and the essential points to be taken into consideration in differential diagnosis are illustrated.", "contents": "[Diffuse entero-mesenteric lipomatosis]. Successful surgical management of an unusual case of diffuse lipomatosis is reported. The clinical and radiological pictures are described and the essential points to be taken into consideration in differential diagnosis are illustrated.", "PMID": 854206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10372", "title": "[Thyroiditic reactions during a course of thyroid cancer].", "content": "The clinical, immunological, and immunoistochemical features of 10 thyroid cancers associated with intra and extra tumoral thyroiditis are described. These cases have been obtained from a review of 806 thyroidectomies. A proper distinction of the described pathology from the immunological and histological point of view, is emphasized, especially if compared with the prognosis of other thyroid cancers.", "contents": "[Thyroiditic reactions during a course of thyroid cancer]. The clinical, immunological, and immunoistochemical features of 10 thyroid cancers associated with intra and extra tumoral thyroiditis are described. These cases have been obtained from a review of 806 thyroidectomies. A proper distinction of the described pathology from the immunological and histological point of view, is emphasized, especially if compared with the prognosis of other thyroid cancers.", "PMID": 854207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10373", "title": "[Y-shaped uretero-ureteral anastomosis. Notes on surgical anatomy in humans].", "content": "Anatomosurgical investigation shows that Y-shaped ureteroureteral anastomoses can be performed even when the whole of the pelvic segment and part of the abdominal segment of the ureter have been lost. The very high level at which a crossover between the two ureters can be obtained is indicative of the area of application that this operation offers in the reconstruction of unilateral damage to the distal ureter.", "contents": "[Y-shaped uretero-ureteral anastomosis. Notes on surgical anatomy in humans]. Anatomosurgical investigation shows that Y-shaped ureteroureteral anastomoses can be performed even when the whole of the pelvic segment and part of the abdominal segment of the ureter have been lost. The very high level at which a crossover between the two ureters can be obtained is indicative of the area of application that this operation offers in the reconstruction of unilateral damage to the distal ureter.", "PMID": 854208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10374", "title": "[An unusual crystallographic aspect of a cholesterol biliary calculus. Optic and x-ray diffractometric study].", "content": "The unusual crystallographic appearance of a pure cholesterol calculus is described. Optical and X-ray diffraction data are presented in an initial note. A thorough physical and chemical investigation of the mechanism that led to the formation of this calculus and its particular appearance and shape will be reported in a subsequent paper.", "contents": "[An unusual crystallographic aspect of a cholesterol biliary calculus. Optic and x-ray diffractometric study]. The unusual crystallographic appearance of a pure cholesterol calculus is described. Optical and X-ray diffraction data are presented in an initial note. A thorough physical and chemical investigation of the mechanism that led to the formation of this calculus and its particular appearance and shape will be reported in a subsequent paper.", "PMID": 854209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10375", "title": "[Endothoracic goiter with retro-tracheo-esophageal migration].", "content": "A case of endothoracic goitre with crossed, left-right, retrovascular, retro-tracheo-oesophageal migration is used as the basis for pathogenetic and diagnostic discussion and for stressing the surgical importance of correct topographic and migratory classification of each form.", "contents": "[Endothoracic goiter with retro-tracheo-esophageal migration]. A case of endothoracic goitre with crossed, left-right, retrovascular, retro-tracheo-oesophageal migration is used as the basis for pathogenetic and diagnostic discussion and for stressing the surgical importance of correct topographic and migratory classification of each form.", "PMID": 854210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10376", "title": "[Intraoperative cholangiomanometry. Critical review and proposed original method].", "content": "A review of the techniques and presentation of a new method.--Cholangiomanometric techniques and methods described in the literature are reviewed, with particular reference to their associated anaesthesiological and pharmacological problems. Original physiological concepts are relied on in a proposal for the adoption of a new intraoperative method with pharmacological tests and specifically direct to functional evaluation of Oddi's sphincter as a means of determining indications for surgery.", "contents": "[Intraoperative cholangiomanometry. Critical review and proposed original method]. A review of the techniques and presentation of a new method.--Cholangiomanometric techniques and methods described in the literature are reviewed, with particular reference to their associated anaesthesiological and pharmacological problems. Original physiological concepts are relied on in a proposal for the adoption of a new intraoperative method with pharmacological tests and specifically direct to functional evaluation of Oddi's sphincter as a means of determining indications for surgery.", "PMID": 854211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10377", "title": "[Plasma and erythrocyte magnesium concentration in the postoperative period. Relations between calcium and magnesium].", "content": "Transient hypomagnesiaemia was noted postoperatively, particularly on the 1st day in patients submitted to intestinal procedures. Slight hypocalcaemia was also observed; this was often related to a low plasma Mg value. A hormonal mechanism is presumed to be the cause of this stress-linked fall in blood magnesium.", "contents": "[Plasma and erythrocyte magnesium concentration in the postoperative period. Relations between calcium and magnesium]. Transient hypomagnesiaemia was noted postoperatively, particularly on the 1st day in patients submitted to intestinal procedures. Slight hypocalcaemia was also observed; this was often related to a low plasma Mg value. A hormonal mechanism is presumed to be the cause of this stress-linked fall in blood magnesium.", "PMID": 854212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10378", "title": "[Intestinal occlusion caused by jejunal leiomyosarcoma].", "content": "A case of intestinal occlusion due to jejunal leiomyosarcoma is reported. Attention is drawn to the unusualness of the picture and the absence of an indicative symptomatology. Early diagnosis is desirable if surgery is to be successful.", "contents": "[Intestinal occlusion caused by jejunal leiomyosarcoma]. A case of intestinal occlusion due to jejunal leiomyosarcoma is reported. Attention is drawn to the unusualness of the picture and the absence of an indicative symptomatology. Early diagnosis is desirable if surgery is to be successful.", "PMID": 854213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10379", "title": "[Echinococcosis of the pancreas. Description of a case].", "content": "After a brief survey of the world literature on echinococcus cysts in the pancreas, a case is described. The peculiar clinical picture as well as treatment are underlined.", "contents": "[Echinococcosis of the pancreas. Description of a case]. After a brief survey of the world literature on echinococcus cysts in the pancreas, a case is described. The peculiar clinical picture as well as treatment are underlined.", "PMID": 854214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10380", "title": "[Emergency in psychiatry].", "content": "Any form of intervention carried out with various means that cannot be put off may be described as urgent. The differences between urgency in psychiatry and in general medicine are recalled. A distinction is drawn between real psychiatric, real pseudopsychiatric, and psychiatric pseudourgency due to pathomimesis. The first category includes cases of anxiety crisis, suicidal tendency, widespread pathological depression, and mental confusion, the second those in which the main psychotic symptom masks a somatic disease, and the third cases brought into being by the patient because his ambient, family or precarious economic position offer no other solution to his problem than the mimicking of a disease and its dramatisation to the point of an emergency. General hospital should deal with psychiatric urgency in cooperation with psychiatric divisions or clinic, since resort may have to be made to resuscitation centres, toxicological laboratories, intensive cares departments, cardiology departments, etc. Emergency patients can be handled at the out-patient level, or by means of a short period of hospitalisation.", "contents": "[Emergency in psychiatry]. Any form of intervention carried out with various means that cannot be put off may be described as urgent. The differences between urgency in psychiatry and in general medicine are recalled. A distinction is drawn between real psychiatric, real pseudopsychiatric, and psychiatric pseudourgency due to pathomimesis. The first category includes cases of anxiety crisis, suicidal tendency, widespread pathological depression, and mental confusion, the second those in which the main psychotic symptom masks a somatic disease, and the third cases brought into being by the patient because his ambient, family or precarious economic position offer no other solution to his problem than the mimicking of a disease and its dramatisation to the point of an emergency. General hospital should deal with psychiatric urgency in cooperation with psychiatric divisions or clinic, since resort may have to be made to resuscitation centres, toxicological laboratories, intensive cares departments, cardiology departments, etc. Emergency patients can be handled at the out-patient level, or by means of a short period of hospitalisation.", "PMID": 854219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10381", "title": "[Unequal ventilation: phenomenon of trapped helium].", "content": "The results of preliminary research designed to prepare a method for using mouth measurements to identify alveolar air trapping phenomena which cannot be detected by normal techniques are reported. With a present rapid thermoconductivity CO2/He analyser, it was shown that even after the completion of a standard He wash-out process, it is possible to reveal the persistence in the expiratory air of bronchiolostenotic patients of residual traces of inert gases alongside CO2 originating from normally ventilating sectors. The information obtained from the mouths of patients corresponds with the results of measurements taken inside the lung. Finally it is shown that with adequate therapy the trapping phenomenon may be reversed.", "contents": "[Unequal ventilation: phenomenon of trapped helium]. The results of preliminary research designed to prepare a method for using mouth measurements to identify alveolar air trapping phenomena which cannot be detected by normal techniques are reported. With a present rapid thermoconductivity CO2/He analyser, it was shown that even after the completion of a standard He wash-out process, it is possible to reveal the persistence in the expiratory air of bronchiolostenotic patients of residual traces of inert gases alongside CO2 originating from normally ventilating sectors. The information obtained from the mouths of patients corresponds with the results of measurements taken inside the lung. Finally it is shown that with adequate therapy the trapping phenomenon may be reversed.", "PMID": 854220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10382", "title": "[Chronic extemporal aregenerative anemia as a possible transition form between primary global bone-marrow aplasia and chronic idiopathic erythroblastopenia not associated with thymoma. Clinical contribution].", "content": "After briefly recalling present-day clinical and experimental knowledge regarding chronic idiopathic erythroblastopenia, a case of chronic anaemia with definite aregenerative character is reported. The case was followed up for years; it was refractory to ordinary therapy, slightly and temporarily sensitive to immunosuppression, and nosographically classifiable as a transition form between primary global marrow aplasia and pure chronic erythroblastopenia not associated with thymoma.", "contents": "[Chronic extemporal aregenerative anemia as a possible transition form between primary global bone-marrow aplasia and chronic idiopathic erythroblastopenia not associated with thymoma. Clinical contribution]. After briefly recalling present-day clinical and experimental knowledge regarding chronic idiopathic erythroblastopenia, a case of chronic anaemia with definite aregenerative character is reported. The case was followed up for years; it was refractory to ordinary therapy, slightly and temporarily sensitive to immunosuppression, and nosographically classifiable as a transition form between primary global marrow aplasia and pure chronic erythroblastopenia not associated with thymoma.", "PMID": 854221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10383", "title": "[Closed-heart mitral valve surgery].", "content": "Good results and an absence of complications were obtained in 100 cases of closed-heart mitral commissurotomy. The present importance of digital divulsion of the beating heart is emphasised. Widening of the ostium was not hampered by the presence of calcifications or tendinous chords. Intracavitary thrombosis proved to be closely related to age, the seriousness of the symptoms, and the state of the ostium surface.", "contents": "[Closed-heart mitral valve surgery]. Good results and an absence of complications were obtained in 100 cases of closed-heart mitral commissurotomy. The present importance of digital divulsion of the beating heart is emphasised. Widening of the ostium was not hampered by the presence of calcifications or tendinous chords. Intracavitary thrombosis proved to be closely related to age, the seriousness of the symptoms, and the state of the ostium surface.", "PMID": 854223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10384", "title": "[Prevention of arrhythmias during heart catheterization].", "content": "The utility of using beta blocking drugs, specifically Pindolol, as a prophylaxis for arrhythmia during cardiac microcatheterism according to Grandjean's technique has been observed. The drug is even more useful when it is considered that it does not affect dp/dt value.", "contents": "[Prevention of arrhythmias during heart catheterization]. The utility of using beta blocking drugs, specifically Pindolol, as a prophylaxis for arrhythmia during cardiac microcatheterism according to Grandjean's technique has been observed. The drug is even more useful when it is considered that it does not affect dp/dt value.", "PMID": 854224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10385", "title": "[Complete polygraphic examination using the Diamont and Killip calculations in the functional evaluation of the heart patient].", "content": "Recently discharged infarct patients were examined to assess their ability to rehabilitate. This led to the elaboration of a classification based on polygraphic parameters, rather than the history and clinical record, coupled with comparison with the ideal values given for such subjects by the formula of Diamont and Killip.", "contents": "[Complete polygraphic examination using the Diamont and Killip calculations in the functional evaluation of the heart patient]. Recently discharged infarct patients were examined to assess their ability to rehabilitate. This led to the elaboration of a classification based on polygraphic parameters, rather than the history and clinical record, coupled with comparison with the ideal values given for such subjects by the formula of Diamont and Killip.", "PMID": 854225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10386", "title": "[Study on the rapid effects of SAMe in primary and secondary triglyceridemias].", "content": "A single dose of 30 mg of S-adenosylmethionine was administered to 15 fasting subjects, scrupolously typified, eight of which were affected with primary hypertriglyceridemia, either of type II B or IV according to Fredrickson's classification, and seven with secondary hypertriglyceridemia. Triglyceride and phosphatide concentrations determined 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours after SAMe administration have shown a decrease in blood triglycerides and an increase in phosphatide levels, with significant values for the subjects with the primary form.", "contents": "[Study on the rapid effects of SAMe in primary and secondary triglyceridemias]. A single dose of 30 mg of S-adenosylmethionine was administered to 15 fasting subjects, scrupolously typified, eight of which were affected with primary hypertriglyceridemia, either of type II B or IV according to Fredrickson's classification, and seven with secondary hypertriglyceridemia. Triglyceride and phosphatide concentrations determined 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours after SAMe administration have shown a decrease in blood triglycerides and an increase in phosphatide levels, with significant values for the subjects with the primary form.", "PMID": 854226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10387", "title": "[Importance of the thyroid gland in calcemic homeostasis during intestinal calcium absorption in man].", "content": "The importance of calcitonin (CT) in calcaemic homeostasis has been studied in control subjects and in thyroidectomized patients. After administration per os of a calcium load together with a radioactive tracer, calcaemia increases more markedly in thyroidectomized cases while the radioactivity curve shows no difference between the two groups. Unlike the controls, in patients the absorption-induced calcaemic increment curve coincided with the cumulative intestinal calcium absorption curve evaluated by the biradioisotopic method. Thus absorption-induced hypercalcaemia in athyroid subjects would not seem to be controlled by homeostatic factors. Through CT, the thyroid exerts an evident, though limited, braking action on calcaemic increase due to absorption. Considering that absorption of calcium is prolonged for a number of hours, CT secretion will last at least as long as will its action on the skeleton. The saving of skeletal mineral that follows may be considered to be physiologically more important than the effect of the hormone on calcaemic homeostasis.", "contents": "[Importance of the thyroid gland in calcemic homeostasis during intestinal calcium absorption in man]. The importance of calcitonin (CT) in calcaemic homeostasis has been studied in control subjects and in thyroidectomized patients. After administration per os of a calcium load together with a radioactive tracer, calcaemia increases more markedly in thyroidectomized cases while the radioactivity curve shows no difference between the two groups. Unlike the controls, in patients the absorption-induced calcaemic increment curve coincided with the cumulative intestinal calcium absorption curve evaluated by the biradioisotopic method. Thus absorption-induced hypercalcaemia in athyroid subjects would not seem to be controlled by homeostatic factors. Through CT, the thyroid exerts an evident, though limited, braking action on calcaemic increase due to absorption. Considering that absorption of calcium is prolonged for a number of hours, CT secretion will last at least as long as will its action on the skeleton. The saving of skeletal mineral that follows may be considered to be physiologically more important than the effect of the hormone on calcaemic homeostasis.", "PMID": 854228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10388", "title": "[Not the beta-thalassemia syndrome but hemoglobinopathy H. Studies of 3 clinical cases].", "content": "Clinical and laboratory data for three patients are presented. Electrophoretic separation of the freshly obtained haemolysate showed a fast beta-chain fraction on each occasion. This is typical of Hb H disease. The test for erythrocyte inclusion bodies was also positive. The main clinical and haematological features of the disease are illustrated.", "contents": "[Not the beta-thalassemia syndrome but hemoglobinopathy H. Studies of 3 clinical cases]. Clinical and laboratory data for three patients are presented. Electrophoretic separation of the freshly obtained haemolysate showed a fast beta-chain fraction on each occasion. This is typical of Hb H disease. The test for erythrocyte inclusion bodies was also positive. The main clinical and haematological features of the disease are illustrated.", "PMID": 854229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10389", "title": "Endometrial stromatosis of the uterus.", "content": "This study details the clinicopathologic features of 9 patients with endometrial stromatosis of the uterus, including 1 with the circumscribed variant. The potential of stromatosis for local invasion, intravascular penetration, and pulmonary metastasis is documented. Recurrent lesions often develop late, are amenable to surgical therapy, and do not necessarily portend a fatal outcome. Our findings and those of others indicate that the histopathologic appearance and relatively indolent behavior of stromatosis are sufficiently characteristic to justify its separation from the more aggressive homologous endometrial stromal sarcomas.", "contents": "Endometrial stromatosis of the uterus. This study details the clinicopathologic features of 9 patients with endometrial stromatosis of the uterus, including 1 with the circumscribed variant. The potential of stromatosis for local invasion, intravascular penetration, and pulmonary metastasis is documented. Recurrent lesions often develop late, are amenable to surgical therapy, and do not necessarily portend a fatal outcome. Our findings and those of others indicate that the histopathologic appearance and relatively indolent behavior of stromatosis are sufficiently characteristic to justify its separation from the more aggressive homologous endometrial stromal sarcomas.", "PMID": 854242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10390", "title": "Primary vulvar neoplasia: a review of in situ and invasive carcinoma, 1935-1972.", "content": "This survey reports the past 38 years of experience with 192 cases of carcinoma of the vulva seen and treated at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. The review stresses the increased incidence of in situ neoplasia and the importance of individualization of therapy. Also the changing concepts in terminology (eg, the leukoplakic vulvitis of the past is the dystrophy of the present) suggest that the precursory alterations of previous discussions must be reviewed in the light of such an altered nomenclature. Features of epidemiologic and histologic importance are discussed.", "contents": "Primary vulvar neoplasia: a review of in situ and invasive carcinoma, 1935-1972. This survey reports the past 38 years of experience with 192 cases of carcinoma of the vulva seen and treated at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. The review stresses the increased incidence of in situ neoplasia and the importance of individualization of therapy. Also the changing concepts in terminology (eg, the leukoplakic vulvitis of the past is the dystrophy of the present) suggest that the precursory alterations of previous discussions must be reviewed in the light of such an altered nomenclature. Features of epidemiologic and histologic importance are discussed.", "PMID": 854243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10391", "title": "The pathogenesis of ovarian inclusion cysts and cystomas.", "content": "Sections from 1000 ovaries were examined in order to elucidate the pathogenesis of germinal inclusion cysts and ovarian cystomas. Reconstructions and dynamic interpretations of the morphology examined led to the conclusion that these lesions are almost always initiated by the mechanisms of ovulation, both normal and abnormal, and the consequent alterations of the ovarian surface. These mechanisms are described.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of ovarian inclusion cysts and cystomas. Sections from 1000 ovaries were examined in order to elucidate the pathogenesis of germinal inclusion cysts and ovarian cystomas. Reconstructions and dynamic interpretations of the morphology examined led to the conclusion that these lesions are almost always initiated by the mechanisms of ovulation, both normal and abnormal, and the consequent alterations of the ovarian surface. These mechanisms are described.", "PMID": 854244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10392", "title": "Elective appendectomy at salpingectomy for ectopic pregnancy: is it desirable?", "content": "Controversy persists regarding the desirability--indeed, the permissibility--of elective incidental appendectomy at salpingectomy for ectopic pregnancy. A study of 7500 surgical specimens submitted to a central laboratory by physicians working among the Igbos of Nigeria indicates that elective appendectomy is carried out more frequently with elective salpingectomy than with emergency salpingectomy for ectopic pregnancy. However, an extensive review of the literature reveals that the latter procedure is relatively safe, and one that can be recommended provided certain requirements are met.", "contents": "Elective appendectomy at salpingectomy for ectopic pregnancy: is it desirable? Controversy persists regarding the desirability--indeed, the permissibility--of elective incidental appendectomy at salpingectomy for ectopic pregnancy. A study of 7500 surgical specimens submitted to a central laboratory by physicians working among the Igbos of Nigeria indicates that elective appendectomy is carried out more frequently with elective salpingectomy than with emergency salpingectomy for ectopic pregnancy. However, an extensive review of the literature reveals that the latter procedure is relatively safe, and one that can be recommended provided certain requirements are met.", "PMID": 854245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10393", "title": "Steroid and prostaglandin relations during the menstrual cycle.", "content": "Estrone, estradiol (E2), progesterone, prostaglandin E (PGE), and prostaglandin F (PGF) were measured simultaneously in uterine and peripheral venous plasma. PGE and PGF were determined in endometrial curettage samples. Prostaglandin levels decreased in the absence of an intact blood supply; therefore, tissue samples were all taken before hysterectomy. The levels of ovarian steroids were found to be higher in uterine venous, compared with peripheral venous plasma. PGF levels were significantly higher (P less than 0.01) in secretory endometrium compared with proliferative endometrium and throughout the cycle PGF levels in the endometrium were linearly related to the log10 concentration of E2 in uterine venous blood (P less than 0.001). PGE levels remained constant throughout the menstrual cycle.", "contents": "Steroid and prostaglandin relations during the menstrual cycle. Estrone, estradiol (E2), progesterone, prostaglandin E (PGE), and prostaglandin F (PGF) were measured simultaneously in uterine and peripheral venous plasma. PGE and PGF were determined in endometrial curettage samples. Prostaglandin levels decreased in the absence of an intact blood supply; therefore, tissue samples were all taken before hysterectomy. The levels of ovarian steroids were found to be higher in uterine venous, compared with peripheral venous plasma. PGF levels were significantly higher (P less than 0.01) in secretory endometrium compared with proliferative endometrium and throughout the cycle PGF levels in the endometrium were linearly related to the log10 concentration of E2 in uterine venous blood (P less than 0.001). PGE levels remained constant throughout the menstrual cycle.", "PMID": 854246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10394", "title": "Observations on the variability of plasma estriol.", "content": "Total plasma estriol and unconjugated plasma estriol were measured daily for 8 days in 9 women during the 38th week of pregnancy. The average coefficient of variation of total estriol concentration was 15.0%; that of unconjugated estriol was 16.5 per cent.", "contents": "Observations on the variability of plasma estriol. Total plasma estriol and unconjugated plasma estriol were measured daily for 8 days in 9 women during the 38th week of pregnancy. The average coefficient of variation of total estriol concentration was 15.0%; that of unconjugated estriol was 16.5 per cent.", "PMID": 854247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10395", "title": "Amniotic fluid cortisol in high-risk human pregnancies.", "content": "Amniotic fluid cortisol (AFC) levels were measured in 76 normal and 67 high-risk human pregnancies. When compared to normal gestations, diabetic pregnancies were found to be associated with lower AFC levels, while toxemic, early Rh-sensitized, and other stressed pregnancies had higher mean cortisol values. Serially followed normal and high-risk pregnancies showed a progressive rise in AFC with increasing gestational age. Significant correlation between AFC concentrations and lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratios was noted in normal, diabetic, and toxemic gestations. These results are concordant with the hypothesis that cortisol may be involved in fetal lung development.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid cortisol in high-risk human pregnancies. Amniotic fluid cortisol (AFC) levels were measured in 76 normal and 67 high-risk human pregnancies. When compared to normal gestations, diabetic pregnancies were found to be associated with lower AFC levels, while toxemic, early Rh-sensitized, and other stressed pregnancies had higher mean cortisol values. Serially followed normal and high-risk pregnancies showed a progressive rise in AFC with increasing gestational age. Significant correlation between AFC concentrations and lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratios was noted in normal, diabetic, and toxemic gestations. These results are concordant with the hypothesis that cortisol may be involved in fetal lung development.", "PMID": 854248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10396", "title": "Accuracy of real-time sonography in the determination of fetal viability.", "content": "After 8 weeks of fetal age, real-time ultrasonography is a simple, rapid, and highly reliable technic for differentiating a viable from a dead fetus. Fetal movements are invariably detected after 8 weeks of fetal life, and a discrete, fluid-filled, intrathoracic pulsating heart can be seen after 11-12 weeks of fetal life. Absence of these findings, as observed by two independent examiners each viewing the fetus for 3 minutes with real-time sonography, provides reliable evidence of fetal demise. A prospective evaluation of 390 consecutive fetuses yielded only one false positive diagnosis of fetal viability. No living fetus was diagnosed as being dead.", "contents": "Accuracy of real-time sonography in the determination of fetal viability. After 8 weeks of fetal age, real-time ultrasonography is a simple, rapid, and highly reliable technic for differentiating a viable from a dead fetus. Fetal movements are invariably detected after 8 weeks of fetal life, and a discrete, fluid-filled, intrathoracic pulsating heart can be seen after 11-12 weeks of fetal life. Absence of these findings, as observed by two independent examiners each viewing the fetus for 3 minutes with real-time sonography, provides reliable evidence of fetal demise. A prospective evaluation of 390 consecutive fetuses yielded only one false positive diagnosis of fetal viability. No living fetus was diagnosed as being dead.", "PMID": 854249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10397", "title": "Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the retroperitoneum.", "content": "A case of a primary retroperitoneal mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of ovarian type found at laparotomy in the presence of two normal ovaries is described. Careful examination of the tumor showed no evidence of ovarian tissue in the wall. The appearance of this tumor could be traced from areas of benign mucinous cystadenoma, through a mucinous tumor of borderline malignancy to a highly malignant anaplastic tumor containing only occasional mucicarmine positive cells. In areas, the connective tissue of the neoplasm, resembled ovarian stroma in appearance. At autopsy, the retroperitoneum was free of neoplasm, but widespread metastases, consisting of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma were observed. This neoplasm may have arisen from displaced coelomic epithelium or from a supernumerary ovary.", "contents": "Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the retroperitoneum. A case of a primary retroperitoneal mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of ovarian type found at laparotomy in the presence of two normal ovaries is described. Careful examination of the tumor showed no evidence of ovarian tissue in the wall. The appearance of this tumor could be traced from areas of benign mucinous cystadenoma, through a mucinous tumor of borderline malignancy to a highly malignant anaplastic tumor containing only occasional mucicarmine positive cells. In areas, the connective tissue of the neoplasm, resembled ovarian stroma in appearance. At autopsy, the retroperitoneum was free of neoplasm, but widespread metastases, consisting of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma were observed. This neoplasm may have arisen from displaced coelomic epithelium or from a supernumerary ovary.", "PMID": 854250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10398", "title": "Proliferating Brenner tumor.", "content": "Proliferating Brenner tumor is rare as there are only 17 previously reported cases. A case of proliferating Brenner tumor is presented with special emphasis on the pathologic and histologic findings. This variant of Brenner tumor is considered to be benign, as no recurrences have developed in any reported patients.", "contents": "Proliferating Brenner tumor. Proliferating Brenner tumor is rare as there are only 17 previously reported cases. A case of proliferating Brenner tumor is presented with special emphasis on the pathologic and histologic findings. This variant of Brenner tumor is considered to be benign, as no recurrences have developed in any reported patients.", "PMID": 854251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10399", "title": "Failed prostaglandin F2alpha-induced abortion: a case report.", "content": "A case of an attempted prostaglandin- and oxytocin-induced abortion which failed when the pregnancy continued to term is presented.", "contents": "Failed prostaglandin F2alpha-induced abortion: a case report. A case of an attempted prostaglandin- and oxytocin-induced abortion which failed when the pregnancy continued to term is presented.", "PMID": 854252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10400", "title": "A computerized obstetric medical record.", "content": "Duke University has utilized computerized obstetric medical records since 1971. System evolution is described. Deficiencies in the current system appear to evolve from the computer/human interface rather than from basic system design. Critical elements in system success are physician acceptance of the appearance of data collection sheets and printed notes and continual rapid response in programing modification to allow for physician individuality and changes in medical practice. The limiting factor in the potential usefulness of such a system is the rate of incomplete data collection. It is suggested that if the physician were to enter data directly into the computer through a terminal, data collection would be more accurate and complete.", "contents": "A computerized obstetric medical record. Duke University has utilized computerized obstetric medical records since 1971. System evolution is described. Deficiencies in the current system appear to evolve from the computer/human interface rather than from basic system design. Critical elements in system success are physician acceptance of the appearance of data collection sheets and printed notes and continual rapid response in programing modification to allow for physician individuality and changes in medical practice. The limiting factor in the potential usefulness of such a system is the rate of incomplete data collection. It is suggested that if the physician were to enter data directly into the computer through a terminal, data collection would be more accurate and complete.", "PMID": 854253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10401", "title": "Is the occurrence of a temporal pterygium really so rare?", "content": "The author, in keeping with the data quoted in literature, confirms that a temporal pterygium is rare. Out of 1,388 Arab patients with pterygia, only 33 (2.4%) had temporal pterygia. The other statement, i.e. that temporal pterygium rarely occurs without a nasal one, is also confirmed. This was found only in one case (0.08%) out of the total number of people afflicted by pterygium.", "contents": "Is the occurrence of a temporal pterygium really so rare? The author, in keeping with the data quoted in literature, confirms that a temporal pterygium is rare. Out of 1,388 Arab patients with pterygia, only 33 (2.4%) had temporal pterygia. The other statement, i.e. that temporal pterygium rarely occurs without a nasal one, is also confirmed. This was found only in one case (0.08%) out of the total number of people afflicted by pterygium.", "PMID": 854262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10402", "title": "Patchy iris atrophy in a case of chronic simple glaucoma.", "content": "A case of chronic simple glaucoma associated with 'moth-eaten-like' iris atrophy is presented. In spite of bilateral glaucoma the iris atrophy is only in one eye and is associated with uncontrolled intraocular pressure.", "contents": "Patchy iris atrophy in a case of chronic simple glaucoma. A case of chronic simple glaucoma associated with 'moth-eaten-like' iris atrophy is presented. In spite of bilateral glaucoma the iris atrophy is only in one eye and is associated with uncontrolled intraocular pressure.", "PMID": 854263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10403", "title": "Some observations concerning expulsive hemorrhage.", "content": "The authors describe the occurrence of expulsive hemorrhage in 12 patients out of a total of 23,985 intraocular surgical operations (0.05%). As principal etiological factors they regard increased intraocular pressure in combination with coexisting hypertension and vascular sclerosis. Attention is drawn to the manifestation of the complication during the last years under the mild form of subchoroidal hemorrhage as a result of the use of osmotically acting drugs. In 9 cases the eyeball was salvaged.", "contents": "Some observations concerning expulsive hemorrhage. The authors describe the occurrence of expulsive hemorrhage in 12 patients out of a total of 23,985 intraocular surgical operations (0.05%). As principal etiological factors they regard increased intraocular pressure in combination with coexisting hypertension and vascular sclerosis. Attention is drawn to the manifestation of the complication during the last years under the mild form of subchoroidal hemorrhage as a result of the use of osmotically acting drugs. In 9 cases the eyeball was salvaged.", "PMID": 854261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10404", "title": "The histogenesis of retinoblastoma. An electron-microscopic analysis of rosette.", "content": "The histogenesis of retinoblastoma has long been a constantly debatable problem since the last century. Rosettes of retinoblastoma have been studied by electron microscopy using 15 eyes as speciments. The evidences suggest that the rosette is at least composed of visual cells and glial (possibly M\u00fcller) cells, providing characteristics of the primitive retina. Therefore, it has been concluded that retinoblastoma does not arise from either of the developing neuronal or glial cells, but from the multipotential embryonic retinal cell which is capable of being differentiated into either of these two cellular systems.", "contents": "The histogenesis of retinoblastoma. An electron-microscopic analysis of rosette. The histogenesis of retinoblastoma has long been a constantly debatable problem since the last century. Rosettes of retinoblastoma have been studied by electron microscopy using 15 eyes as speciments. The evidences suggest that the rosette is at least composed of visual cells and glial (possibly M\u00fcller) cells, providing characteristics of the primitive retina. Therefore, it has been concluded that retinoblastoma does not arise from either of the developing neuronal or glial cells, but from the multipotential embryonic retinal cell which is capable of being differentiated into either of these two cellular systems.", "PMID": 854265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10405", "title": "Peripheral cone disease.", "content": "Peripheral cone disease is characterized by an absent cone function as measured by the ERG but a normal or slightly affected colour vision. The authors examined 20 cases. The most striking fact was the high incidence of myopia and the presence of nystagmus; on the basis of this finding the authors suggest that at least some cases of peripheral cone disease are due to myopic choroido-retinal degeneration (in French: \"choro\u00efdose myopique\").", "contents": "Peripheral cone disease. Peripheral cone disease is characterized by an absent cone function as measured by the ERG but a normal or slightly affected colour vision. The authors examined 20 cases. The most striking fact was the high incidence of myopia and the presence of nystagmus; on the basis of this finding the authors suggest that at least some cases of peripheral cone disease are due to myopic choroido-retinal degeneration (in French: \"choro\u00efdose myopique\").", "PMID": 854266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10406", "title": "Mucoepidermoid carcinomas of the lid. A clinico-pathologic report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the lids are reported in view of the clinical history and histopathology. These tumors were originally described as originating from the excretory ducts of major and minor salivary glands. Such glands not being present in the lids, it is assumed that they developed in the ducts of the glands of Moll. While in case 1 epidermoid cells predominate, mucoid cells are encountered in greater number in case 2. One patient was treated by radical surgery and is free of symptoms for 2 1/2 years; the other had a recurrence 2 years after radiotherapy.", "contents": "Mucoepidermoid carcinomas of the lid. A clinico-pathologic report of two cases. Two cases of mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the lids are reported in view of the clinical history and histopathology. These tumors were originally described as originating from the excretory ducts of major and minor salivary glands. Such glands not being present in the lids, it is assumed that they developed in the ducts of the glands of Moll. While in case 1 epidermoid cells predominate, mucoid cells are encountered in greater number in case 2. One patient was treated by radical surgery and is free of symptoms for 2 1/2 years; the other had a recurrence 2 years after radiotherapy.", "PMID": 854267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10407", "title": "Muscle force analysis of the lumbar spine.", "content": "A mathematical analysis of the complex musculature controlling the lumbar spine was performed, using computer analysis of muscle areas seen on serial cross sections through two fresh human cadaver trunks. Physiologic cross sectional areas were used to approximate maximal potential forces generated, and three dimensional centroid lines of muscles were used to approximate their direction of action. Results indicate that the total extensor moment exceeds the total flexor moment only slightly; the rectus abdominis, internal oblique, and external oblique muscles contribute approximately one third to total flexor moment; the erector spinae group of muscles contributes approximately one half of the total extensor moment; and in rotation (twisting) the large abdominal oblique muscles dominate over small \"rotator\" muscles of the spine. The maximal calculated total extensor moment was 2860 kg.-cm. The magnitude of flexor and extensor moments suggests that the rise in intra-abdominal pressure during lifting is produced by the transverse and posterior oblique abdominal muscles, and not by the rectus abdominis.", "contents": "Muscle force analysis of the lumbar spine. A mathematical analysis of the complex musculature controlling the lumbar spine was performed, using computer analysis of muscle areas seen on serial cross sections through two fresh human cadaver trunks. Physiologic cross sectional areas were used to approximate maximal potential forces generated, and three dimensional centroid lines of muscles were used to approximate their direction of action. Results indicate that the total extensor moment exceeds the total flexor moment only slightly; the rectus abdominis, internal oblique, and external oblique muscles contribute approximately one third to total flexor moment; the erector spinae group of muscles contributes approximately one half of the total extensor moment; and in rotation (twisting) the large abdominal oblique muscles dominate over small \"rotator\" muscles of the spine. The maximal calculated total extensor moment was 2860 kg.-cm. The magnitude of flexor and extensor moments suggests that the rise in intra-abdominal pressure during lifting is produced by the transverse and posterior oblique abdominal muscles, and not by the rectus abdominis.", "PMID": 854270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10408", "title": "Water soluble myelography.", "content": "Our experience with 451 water soluble myelograms has been presented. We feel that the advantages exceed the disadvantages and that a water soluble medium is essential for a truly diagnostic myelographic study.", "contents": "Water soluble myelography. Our experience with 451 water soluble myelograms has been presented. We feel that the advantages exceed the disadvantages and that a water soluble medium is essential for a truly diagnostic myelographic study.", "PMID": 854277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10409", "title": "Sinoscopy and sinus disease in children.", "content": "Sinus disease in children is usually ethmoidal in location. Acute illness is common and responds well to antibiotics. Sometimes the infection causes ipsilateral orbital cellulitis or rarely an orbital abscess. Systemic administration of antibiotics is usually effective in bringing about resolution. Surgery is not often needed. Acute maxillary sinus disease occurs more often in the older child in the second decade of life. It is manifested by pain in the cheek and teeth, nasal obstruction, and discharge. Treatment with antibiotics is usually effective. For chronic illness, irrigations in most cases bring about resolution. However, occasionally Caldwell-Luc surgery may be necessary.", "contents": "Sinoscopy and sinus disease in children. Sinus disease in children is usually ethmoidal in location. Acute illness is common and responds well to antibiotics. Sometimes the infection causes ipsilateral orbital cellulitis or rarely an orbital abscess. Systemic administration of antibiotics is usually effective in bringing about resolution. Surgery is not often needed. Acute maxillary sinus disease occurs more often in the older child in the second decade of life. It is manifested by pain in the cheek and teeth, nasal obstruction, and discharge. Treatment with antibiotics is usually effective. For chronic illness, irrigations in most cases bring about resolution. However, occasionally Caldwell-Luc surgery may be necessary.", "PMID": 854355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10410", "title": "The effect of 50 grams of glucose orally on a number of biochemical variables.", "content": "The values of a number of biochemical variables have been studied before and after a 50-gram load of glucose orally. Reductions which were statistically significant were found for sodium, potassium, urea, total protein, albumin, calcium, phosphorus, urate, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, but not for bicarbonate, creatinine, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, cholesterol, triglyceride or chloride. The magnitude of the changes was generally not great, but could be clinically appreciable. The differences may need to be taken into account in comparing population studies.", "contents": "The effect of 50 grams of glucose orally on a number of biochemical variables. The values of a number of biochemical variables have been studied before and after a 50-gram load of glucose orally. Reductions which were statistically significant were found for sodium, potassium, urea, total protein, albumin, calcium, phosphorus, urate, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, but not for bicarbonate, creatinine, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, cholesterol, triglyceride or chloride. The magnitude of the changes was generally not great, but could be clinically appreciable. The differences may need to be taken into account in comparing population studies.", "PMID": 854360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10411", "title": "Diagnosis of Batten disease from urinary sediment: a brief report.", "content": "Urinary sediment from a patient with the juvenile form of Batten disease was examined by electron microscopy. Membrane bound fingerprint profiles were found which were similar to those previously described in a biopsy from this patient's thyroid gland. These findings might represent a useful diagnostic tool.", "contents": "Diagnosis of Batten disease from urinary sediment: a brief report. Urinary sediment from a patient with the juvenile form of Batten disease was examined by electron microscopy. Membrane bound fingerprint profiles were found which were similar to those previously described in a biopsy from this patient's thyroid gland. These findings might represent a useful diagnostic tool.", "PMID": 854361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10412", "title": "Lymphangiosarcoma arising in a congenitally lymphoedematous arm: case report.", "content": "A malignant endothelial tumour arising in a congenitally lymphoedematous extremity is a sufficiently rare tumour to deserve the reporting of a new case. This tumour presented as small nodules on the back of the hand and in spite of midhumeral amputation widely scattered pulmonary metastases were present at the autopsy 28 months after the original presentation.", "contents": "Lymphangiosarcoma arising in a congenitally lymphoedematous arm: case report. A malignant endothelial tumour arising in a congenitally lymphoedematous extremity is a sufficiently rare tumour to deserve the reporting of a new case. This tumour presented as small nodules on the back of the hand and in spite of midhumeral amputation widely scattered pulmonary metastases were present at the autopsy 28 months after the original presentation.", "PMID": 854362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10413", "title": "Metabolic liver disease of childhood.", "content": "The broad topic of metabolic liver disease may be divided into three pathophysiologic groups -- storage diseases, cholestatic syndromes, and metabolic defects contributing to hepatocellular necrosis. The important disease entities in each group have been discussed in terms of incidence, clinical course, inheritance, diagnostic criteria, pathogenesis, hepatic pathology, and therapy. An approach to the evaluation of metabolic liver disease has been proposed. It is hoped that this review will be helpful to the clinician who is engaged in the primary care of children.", "contents": "Metabolic liver disease of childhood. The broad topic of metabolic liver disease may be divided into three pathophysiologic groups -- storage diseases, cholestatic syndromes, and metabolic defects contributing to hepatocellular necrosis. The important disease entities in each group have been discussed in terms of incidence, clinical course, inheritance, diagnostic criteria, pathogenesis, hepatic pathology, and therapy. An approach to the evaluation of metabolic liver disease has been proposed. It is hoped that this review will be helpful to the clinician who is engaged in the primary care of children.", "PMID": 854373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10414", "title": "Hepatic encephalopathy and Reye's syndrome.", "content": "The encephalopathy of Reye's syndrome is a potentially reversible, treatable problem in many cases. Treatment requires (1) accurate, early diagnosis; (2) the prevention of anoxia; (3) the restitution of body glycogen stores through the administration of glucose; (4) the control of the complicating cerebral edema; (5) the avoidance of counterproductive treatment measures, such as the unwarranted infusion of sodium bicarbonate and the inappropriate use of respiratory depressing anticonvulsants; and (6) the early and aggressive use of exchange transfusion.", "contents": "Hepatic encephalopathy and Reye's syndrome. The encephalopathy of Reye's syndrome is a potentially reversible, treatable problem in many cases. Treatment requires (1) accurate, early diagnosis; (2) the prevention of anoxia; (3) the restitution of body glycogen stores through the administration of glucose; (4) the control of the complicating cerebral edema; (5) the avoidance of counterproductive treatment measures, such as the unwarranted infusion of sodium bicarbonate and the inappropriate use of respiratory depressing anticonvulsants; and (6) the early and aggressive use of exchange transfusion.", "PMID": 854374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10415", "title": "Pulmonary function abnormalities in symptom-free children after bronchiolitis.", "content": "Twenty-three children less than 18 months old who had clinical and radiological evidence of bronchiolitis and remained symptom-free thereafter were studied to determine pulmonary function ten years later. Abnormal Pao2, Viso V and RV/TLC ratio were found in the majority of subjects, and 31.3% had abnormalities in all three tests; four and one-half percent had exercise-induced bronchospasm. These changes indicate a residual parenchymal or airways lesion following bronchiolitis.", "contents": "Pulmonary function abnormalities in symptom-free children after bronchiolitis. Twenty-three children less than 18 months old who had clinical and radiological evidence of bronchiolitis and remained symptom-free thereafter were studied to determine pulmonary function ten years later. Abnormal Pao2, Viso V and RV/TLC ratio were found in the majority of subjects, and 31.3% had abnormalities in all three tests; four and one-half percent had exercise-induced bronchospasm. These changes indicate a residual parenchymal or airways lesion following bronchiolitis.", "PMID": 854376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10416", "title": "Physiological-behavioral coupling research in the Soviet science of higher nervous activity: a visitation report.", "content": "Behavioral research paradigms presently used by Soviet scientists to explore relations between behavioral and physiological activities are discussed. Each laboratory represented was physically visited by the author during a six month exhange visit to the Soviet Union. Research ranging from central concommitants of language and meaning to biofeedback and peripheral autonomic functions are described.", "contents": "Physiological-behavioral coupling research in the Soviet science of higher nervous activity: a visitation report. Behavioral research paradigms presently used by Soviet scientists to explore relations between behavioral and physiological activities are discussed. Each laboratory represented was physically visited by the author during a six month exhange visit to the Soviet Union. Research ranging from central concommitants of language and meaning to biofeedback and peripheral autonomic functions are described.", "PMID": 854371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10417", "title": "Intractable diarrhea in a boy with vasoactive intestinal peptide-producing ganglioneuroblastoma.", "content": "A 1-year-old boy had intractable diarrhea and symptoms of the watery-diarrhea-hypokalemia-achlorhydria (WDHA) syndrome, a well-known entity in adults. Resection of a ganglioneuroblastoma situated in the neck caused prompt relief of symptoms. The ganglioneuroblastoma in this instance contained the enterohormone vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP); blood levels of this peptide were elevated preoperatively. After tumor resection, the VIP level returned to normal, and the diarrhea ceased on the day of the operation. The genesis of the diarrhea in relation to the production of polypeptides from neuroendocrine origin is discussed (APUD-cell concept). VIP may be the mediator of the WHDA syndrome in ganglioneuroblastoma.", "contents": "Intractable diarrhea in a boy with vasoactive intestinal peptide-producing ganglioneuroblastoma. A 1-year-old boy had intractable diarrhea and symptoms of the watery-diarrhea-hypokalemia-achlorhydria (WDHA) syndrome, a well-known entity in adults. Resection of a ganglioneuroblastoma situated in the neck caused prompt relief of symptoms. The ganglioneuroblastoma in this instance contained the enterohormone vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP); blood levels of this peptide were elevated preoperatively. After tumor resection, the VIP level returned to normal, and the diarrhea ceased on the day of the operation. The genesis of the diarrhea in relation to the production of polypeptides from neuroendocrine origin is discussed (APUD-cell concept). VIP may be the mediator of the WHDA syndrome in ganglioneuroblastoma.", "PMID": 854377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10418", "title": "Folic acid nonresponsive homocystinuria due to methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency.", "content": "Four siblings from a family with 11 children of Irish ancestry were observed to suffer from an essentially identical clinical illness, consisting of delayed psychomotor development in infancy and childhood, severe mental retardation, and upper motor neuron dysfunction. Death occurred at an early age in three siblings. In cases in which detailed physical examinations were performed, ectopia lentis, marfanoid features, and severe bony deformities were absent. Homocystinuria, homocystinemia, relatively normal concentrations of methionine and cystine in tissue fluids, and absence of methylmalonic aciduria were found. A deficiency of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase was demonstrated in cultured skin fibroblasts from two siblings. Postmortem examination of two of the three patients who died showed extensive vascular thrombosis. No biochemical improvement was observed in the surviving child following treatment with large doses of folic acid.", "contents": "Folic acid nonresponsive homocystinuria due to methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency. Four siblings from a family with 11 children of Irish ancestry were observed to suffer from an essentially identical clinical illness, consisting of delayed psychomotor development in infancy and childhood, severe mental retardation, and upper motor neuron dysfunction. Death occurred at an early age in three siblings. In cases in which detailed physical examinations were performed, ectopia lentis, marfanoid features, and severe bony deformities were absent. Homocystinuria, homocystinemia, relatively normal concentrations of methionine and cystine in tissue fluids, and absence of methylmalonic aciduria were found. A deficiency of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase was demonstrated in cultured skin fibroblasts from two siblings. Postmortem examination of two of the three patients who died showed extensive vascular thrombosis. No biochemical improvement was observed in the surviving child following treatment with large doses of folic acid.", "PMID": 854378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10419", "title": "Insecticide residues in human milk from Arkansas and Mississippi, 1973-74.", "content": "Between September 1973 and February 1974, 57 samples of human milk were collected from women residing in selected areas of Arkansas and Mississippi. Residues of p.p'-DDT, p.p'-DDE, p.p'-TDE, beta-BHC, dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, oxychlordane, and trans-nonachlor were measured by electroncapture gas chromatography; trace amounts of o,p'-DDT and polychlorinated biphenyls were also detected. Additional analytical procedures were employed to confirm the presence of specific residues.", "contents": "Insecticide residues in human milk from Arkansas and Mississippi, 1973-74. Between September 1973 and February 1974, 57 samples of human milk were collected from women residing in selected areas of Arkansas and Mississippi. Residues of p.p'-DDT, p.p'-DDE, p.p'-TDE, beta-BHC, dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, oxychlordane, and trans-nonachlor were measured by electroncapture gas chromatography; trace amounts of o,p'-DDT and polychlorinated biphenyls were also detected. Additional analytical procedures were employed to confirm the presence of specific residues.", "PMID": 854395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10420", "title": "Monitoring agricultural insecticides in the cooperative cotton pest management program in Arizona, 1971--first-year study.", "content": "A county-wide pest management program was initiated in Pinal County, Ariz, in 1971 to improve ecologically, economically, and socially the system for protecting cotton from insect pests. In cluded in this program was a plan to determine the environmental impact of any resulting pesticide load in the environment. Monitoring studies were developed for the assay of insecticide residues in soil, sediment, water, and biological materials. This report presents results of the first year's study and analytical methodology used to achieve those results.", "contents": "Monitoring agricultural insecticides in the cooperative cotton pest management program in Arizona, 1971--first-year study. A county-wide pest management program was initiated in Pinal County, Ariz, in 1971 to improve ecologically, economically, and socially the system for protecting cotton from insect pests. In cluded in this program was a plan to determine the environmental impact of any resulting pesticide load in the environment. Monitoring studies were developed for the assay of insecticide residues in soil, sediment, water, and biological materials. This report presents results of the first year's study and analytical methodology used to achieve those results.", "PMID": 854396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10421", "title": "[Abdominal tomometry. 1st results in exploration of the liver and pancreas].", "content": "Over a two month period, 120 patients were explored using an Acta Scanner tomometer for various hepatic disorders. In parallel, comparison was made of anatomical slices and computed tomography findings in cadavers and isolated livers. This made it possible to recognise normal structures seen at computed tompgraphy and to identify certain hepatic images which might be sources of error. Serial transverse axial sections were used to reconstruct the whole liver in space, thereby making it possible to eliminate certain cases of pseudotumoral hepatomegaly. Systematic densitometry was carried out using hepatic radio-anatomical and pathological studies. This new type of analysis led to a quantified diagnosis in certain diffuse hepatic disorders and a histological approach to tumour lesions. Hepatography using special contrast agents in very low dosage was used in liver computed tomography after animal experiments. This method, free of untoward effects, makes possible the diagnosis of hepatosplenic tumour lesions less than one centimetre in diameter.", "contents": "[Abdominal tomometry. 1st results in exploration of the liver and pancreas]. Over a two month period, 120 patients were explored using an Acta Scanner tomometer for various hepatic disorders. In parallel, comparison was made of anatomical slices and computed tomography findings in cadavers and isolated livers. This made it possible to recognise normal structures seen at computed tompgraphy and to identify certain hepatic images which might be sources of error. Serial transverse axial sections were used to reconstruct the whole liver in space, thereby making it possible to eliminate certain cases of pseudotumoral hepatomegaly. Systematic densitometry was carried out using hepatic radio-anatomical and pathological studies. This new type of analysis led to a quantified diagnosis in certain diffuse hepatic disorders and a histological approach to tumour lesions. Hepatography using special contrast agents in very low dosage was used in liver computed tomography after animal experiments. This method, free of untoward effects, makes possible the diagnosis of hepatosplenic tumour lesions less than one centimetre in diameter.", "PMID": 854407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10422", "title": "The effect of a low-protein diet on some pharmacokinetic parameters of hexobarbital in the rat.", "content": "Hexobarbital, given at a dose of 100 mg/kg iv crosses the tissue barriers more rapidly, and is more quickly eliminated from the body of rats kept for a long period of time on a low-protein diet, D-III, than from the control rats.", "contents": "The effect of a low-protein diet on some pharmacokinetic parameters of hexobarbital in the rat. Hexobarbital, given at a dose of 100 mg/kg iv crosses the tissue barriers more rapidly, and is more quickly eliminated from the body of rats kept for a long period of time on a low-protein diet, D-III, than from the control rats.", "PMID": 854478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10423", "title": "Unusual presentations of multiple myeloma.", "content": "Multiple myeloma has many unusual manifestations, which may obscure the true cause and delay proper treatment. Physicians in all specialties should be alert to this possibility, since myeloma may be at the root of such diverse disorders as carpal tunnel syndrome, peripheral neuropathy, solitary lytic bone lesions, hypercalcemia, and hyperviscosity syndrome.", "contents": "Unusual presentations of multiple myeloma. Multiple myeloma has many unusual manifestations, which may obscure the true cause and delay proper treatment. Physicians in all specialties should be alert to this possibility, since myeloma may be at the root of such diverse disorders as carpal tunnel syndrome, peripheral neuropathy, solitary lytic bone lesions, hypercalcemia, and hyperviscosity syndrome.", "PMID": 854484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10424", "title": "Electrocution: an ever-present hazard.", "content": "Hospitals have become safer from electric shock accidents, but physicians who delegate to the electronics experts full responsibility in this regard will be shirking an obligation. Every physician should be involved both in programs to prevent these accidents in medical settings and in efforts to educate the public concerning the risk of electrocution in and around the home.", "contents": "Electrocution: an ever-present hazard. Hospitals have become safer from electric shock accidents, but physicians who delegate to the electronics experts full responsibility in this regard will be shirking an obligation. Every physician should be involved both in programs to prevent these accidents in medical settings and in efforts to educate the public concerning the risk of electrocution in and around the home.", "PMID": 854485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10425", "title": "Biosynthesis of catecholamines, uptake of 3H-noradrenaline, and reactivity of cardiovascular system of the rat after chronic and acute treatment with a new antidepressant agent, IPF C-45.", "content": "The effect of acute and chronic treatment of rats with IPF C-45 on the following biochemical and pharmacological parameters was tested: catecholamine concentration in brain, heart and adrenals, 3H-noradrenaline uptake by cardiac muscle, the action on catecholamine synthesis following treatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, reactivity of cardiovascular system to catecholamines and isoproterenol-induced tachycardia. Given chronically, IPF C-45 does not affect noradrenaline uptake by the cardiac muscle. Both chronic and acute administration of the drug decelerates catecholamine biosynthesis by inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase activity. It seems that the action of IPF C-45, a benzonaphthyridone derivative, affects catecholamine metabolism in a manner distinctly different from that of tricyclic antidepressant drugs.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of catecholamines, uptake of 3H-noradrenaline, and reactivity of cardiovascular system of the rat after chronic and acute treatment with a new antidepressant agent, IPF C-45. The effect of acute and chronic treatment of rats with IPF C-45 on the following biochemical and pharmacological parameters was tested: catecholamine concentration in brain, heart and adrenals, 3H-noradrenaline uptake by cardiac muscle, the action on catecholamine synthesis following treatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, reactivity of cardiovascular system to catecholamines and isoproterenol-induced tachycardia. Given chronically, IPF C-45 does not affect noradrenaline uptake by the cardiac muscle. Both chronic and acute administration of the drug decelerates catecholamine biosynthesis by inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase activity. It seems that the action of IPF C-45, a benzonaphthyridone derivative, affects catecholamine metabolism in a manner distinctly different from that of tricyclic antidepressant drugs.", "PMID": 854479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10426", "title": "Effect of flavonoids on the platelet adhesiveness in repeatedly bred rats.", "content": "Decrease of the platelet adhesiveness in rats by some flavonoids has been stated using the method of glass wool filter. The antiadhesive activity of investigated flavonoids may be ordered as follows: nobiletin greater than isorhamnetin 5,7,4'-trimethylether 3-glucoside greater than isorhamnetin 3-glucoside. Methylation of hydroxyl groups of isorhamnetin-3-glucoside markedly increases its antiadhesive activity.", "contents": "Effect of flavonoids on the platelet adhesiveness in repeatedly bred rats. Decrease of the platelet adhesiveness in rats by some flavonoids has been stated using the method of glass wool filter. The antiadhesive activity of investigated flavonoids may be ordered as follows: nobiletin greater than isorhamnetin 5,7,4'-trimethylether 3-glucoside greater than isorhamnetin 3-glucoside. Methylation of hydroxyl groups of isorhamnetin-3-glucoside markedly increases its antiadhesive activity.", "PMID": 854480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10427", "title": "Neurologic problems prevalent in alcoholics.", "content": "The chronic alcoholic who is fortunate enough to escape the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, hepatic, hematologic, and other systemic effects of alcohol still has little to look forward to. Once neurologic damage has been sustained, abstinence may not result in a return of normal function.", "contents": "Neurologic problems prevalent in alcoholics. The chronic alcoholic who is fortunate enough to escape the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, hepatic, hematologic, and other systemic effects of alcohol still has little to look forward to. Once neurologic damage has been sustained, abstinence may not result in a return of normal function.", "PMID": 854486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10428", "title": "Alcohol and liver disease.", "content": "It has recently been shown that alcohol may produce liver damage even in the presence of adequate nutrition. Absolute intake, regardless of the type of alcoholic beverage consumed, appears to be the important determinant of whether liver damage will occur. The spectrum of liver injury produced by alcohol includes fatty liver, hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Liver biopsy is necessary for confirmation and to determine prognosis. Therapy includes abstinence, supportive care and nutritional replacement.", "contents": "Alcohol and liver disease. It has recently been shown that alcohol may produce liver damage even in the presence of adequate nutrition. Absolute intake, regardless of the type of alcoholic beverage consumed, appears to be the important determinant of whether liver damage will occur. The spectrum of liver injury produced by alcohol includes fatty liver, hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Liver biopsy is necessary for confirmation and to determine prognosis. Therapy includes abstinence, supportive care and nutritional replacement.", "PMID": 854487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10429", "title": "Office treatment of craniocerebral trauma.", "content": "The first physician to see a victim of craniocerebral trauma must provide necessary first aid and then rapidly assess the type and extent of injury. The level of consciousness is the most important guide to severity of injury, and frequent appraisal is essential until the critical period is determined to have passed.", "contents": "Office treatment of craniocerebral trauma. The first physician to see a victim of craniocerebral trauma must provide necessary first aid and then rapidly assess the type and extent of injury. The level of consciousness is the most important guide to severity of injury, and frequent appraisal is essential until the critical period is determined to have passed.", "PMID": 854489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10430", "title": "Gastroenterology: a hypothetical case of ascites incorporating a management self-test.", "content": "When ascites is the presenting symptom and the underlying disease is not apparent, the physician must be aware of the various diseases that may be associated with the accumulation of serous fluid in the abdominal cavity and the various approaches that are available to aid in the differential diagnosis.", "contents": "Gastroenterology: a hypothetical case of ascites incorporating a management self-test. When ascites is the presenting symptom and the underlying disease is not apparent, the physician must be aware of the various diseases that may be associated with the accumulation of serous fluid in the abdominal cavity and the various approaches that are available to aid in the differential diagnosis.", "PMID": 854490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10431", "title": "Management of asthma. 1. Approach.", "content": "Management of asthma requires confirmation of the diagnosis; characterization of the severity, chronicity, and precipitating factors; and development of an appropriate treatment plan based on the established efficacy of the various pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic modes of therapy.", "contents": "Management of asthma. 1. Approach. Management of asthma requires confirmation of the diagnosis; characterization of the severity, chronicity, and precipitating factors; and development of an appropriate treatment plan based on the established efficacy of the various pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic modes of therapy.", "PMID": 854495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10432", "title": "Failure to elicit conditioned taste aversion by severe poisoning.", "content": "In an attempt to assess the universal validity of the conditioned taste aversion (CTA) paradigm, various types of poisoning (UC) were associated with the gustatory CS. Water deprived rats were habituated for two days to the drinking box, where water was available for 15 min. On Day 3, access to the CS (0.1% saccharin 15 min) was followed after 30 min by a sublethal dose of the poison (0.15 M LiCl, 4% body weight; 0.1 M sodium malonate, 1% body weight; pyrrolopyrimidine drug BW 58-271, 15 mg/kg; sodium cyanide 4 mg/kg; sodium iodoacetate 40 mg/kg; sodium fluoride 30 mg/kg; gallamine triethiodide 40 mg/kg). Rats injected with the last drug were maintained under artificial respiration until muscular paralysis disappeared. After 4 days of recovery, water deprivation schedule was resumed on Days 8 and 9. During the retention test on Day 10 saccharin consumption dropped by 60% in the LiCl poisoned rats, but not CTA developed in animals poisoned by pyrrolopyrimidine, gallamine, malonate and cyanide. CTA of intermediate intensity was evoked by iodoacetate and fluoride. The absence of CTA was not due to the amnesic effect of poisoning, since LiCl administration to NaCN poisoned rats produced CTA of usual intensity. It is concluded that CTA is not related to the overall severity of poisoning but rather to the effect of the poison on specific interoceptors.", "contents": "Failure to elicit conditioned taste aversion by severe poisoning. In an attempt to assess the universal validity of the conditioned taste aversion (CTA) paradigm, various types of poisoning (UC) were associated with the gustatory CS. Water deprived rats were habituated for two days to the drinking box, where water was available for 15 min. On Day 3, access to the CS (0.1% saccharin 15 min) was followed after 30 min by a sublethal dose of the poison (0.15 M LiCl, 4% body weight; 0.1 M sodium malonate, 1% body weight; pyrrolopyrimidine drug BW 58-271, 15 mg/kg; sodium cyanide 4 mg/kg; sodium iodoacetate 40 mg/kg; sodium fluoride 30 mg/kg; gallamine triethiodide 40 mg/kg). Rats injected with the last drug were maintained under artificial respiration until muscular paralysis disappeared. After 4 days of recovery, water deprivation schedule was resumed on Days 8 and 9. During the retention test on Day 10 saccharin consumption dropped by 60% in the LiCl poisoned rats, but not CTA developed in animals poisoned by pyrrolopyrimidine, gallamine, malonate and cyanide. CTA of intermediate intensity was evoked by iodoacetate and fluoride. The absence of CTA was not due to the amnesic effect of poisoning, since LiCl administration to NaCN poisoned rats produced CTA of usual intensity. It is concluded that CTA is not related to the overall severity of poisoning but rather to the effect of the poison on specific interoceptors.", "PMID": 854518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10433", "title": "Effects of cholinomimetic drugs and their antagonists injected into vertebral artery of unanaesthetized dogs.", "content": "In unanaesthetized dogs, cholinomimetic drugs and their antagonists, catecholamines and 5HT were injected into vertebral artery placed in a skin loop. Acetylcholine (1 mg), pilocarpine (1-2 mg), nicotine (250-500 microng), eserine (100 microng) and neostigmine (250 microng) produced sleep apart from a few other peripheral effects. Sleep for longer periods followed injections of tubocurarine (1 mg), atropine (50 microng) and hexamethonium (500 microng). Adrenaline (50 microng) and noradrenaline (50-250 microng) did not produce significant effects on behaviour and sleep. 5HT (250-500 microng) also caused sleep.", "contents": "Effects of cholinomimetic drugs and their antagonists injected into vertebral artery of unanaesthetized dogs. In unanaesthetized dogs, cholinomimetic drugs and their antagonists, catecholamines and 5HT were injected into vertebral artery placed in a skin loop. Acetylcholine (1 mg), pilocarpine (1-2 mg), nicotine (250-500 microng), eserine (100 microng) and neostigmine (250 microng) produced sleep apart from a few other peripheral effects. Sleep for longer periods followed injections of tubocurarine (1 mg), atropine (50 microng) and hexamethonium (500 microng). Adrenaline (50 microng) and noradrenaline (50-250 microng) did not produce significant effects on behaviour and sleep. 5HT (250-500 microng) also caused sleep.", "PMID": 854519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10434", "title": "Changes in the coronary vascular system following prolonged exposure to stress.", "content": "Hearts of stressed rats showed marked changes in the coronary vasculature. It was suggested that such morphological changes could be explained on the basis of an increased coronary vascular permeability. Endogenous inflammatory substances could induce swelling of the endothelial cells and cause separation of the neighbouring cells from one another, thus allowing the passage of lipid molecules through the endothelial lining. In order to gain supportive evidence for the above hypotheses an electron microscope study was undertaken. The presence of junctional gaps in the endothelial lining of the coronary vascular system was observed following prolonged stress, as well as platelet aggregation. The use of lipid staining of frozen sections indicated the presence of large lipid deposits in the arteriole walls, corresponding to vacuoles seen previously. It would appear therefore, that prolonged exposure to stress may result in pathological changes in the myocardium associated with changes in the vascular endothelial permeability, and platelet aggregation. Pathological changes induced in this way, however, should be inhibitd by high glucocorticoid levels and should not be manifested until adaptation of the steroid response to stress has occurred. Measurement of plasma glucocorticoid levels over the period of prolonged stress shows a good correlation between the adaptation of the steroid response and the onset of a progressive degeneration of the coronary vascular system.", "contents": "Changes in the coronary vascular system following prolonged exposure to stress. Hearts of stressed rats showed marked changes in the coronary vasculature. It was suggested that such morphological changes could be explained on the basis of an increased coronary vascular permeability. Endogenous inflammatory substances could induce swelling of the endothelial cells and cause separation of the neighbouring cells from one another, thus allowing the passage of lipid molecules through the endothelial lining. In order to gain supportive evidence for the above hypotheses an electron microscope study was undertaken. The presence of junctional gaps in the endothelial lining of the coronary vascular system was observed following prolonged stress, as well as platelet aggregation. The use of lipid staining of frozen sections indicated the presence of large lipid deposits in the arteriole walls, corresponding to vacuoles seen previously. It would appear therefore, that prolonged exposure to stress may result in pathological changes in the myocardium associated with changes in the vascular endothelial permeability, and platelet aggregation. Pathological changes induced in this way, however, should be inhibitd by high glucocorticoid levels and should not be manifested until adaptation of the steroid response to stress has occurred. Measurement of plasma glucocorticoid levels over the period of prolonged stress shows a good correlation between the adaptation of the steroid response and the onset of a progressive degeneration of the coronary vascular system.", "PMID": 854520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10435", "title": "Effect of cortical spreading depression on audiogenic seizure priming of C57BL/6 mice.", "content": "At 19 days of age, C57BL/6Bg mice received KCl-induced cortical spreading depression during which they were acoustically primed by exposure to an initial auditory stimulus. At 28 days of age, the mice were tested for susceptibility to audiogenic seizures. Cortical spreading depression had no effect on acoustic priming of C57BL/6Bg mice and it had been previously reported to have no effect on acoustic priming of SJL/J mice. These findings are discussed in the context of pharmacogenetic differences for the effects of aminooxyacetic acid on acoustic priming of C57BL/6 and SJL/J mice.", "contents": "Effect of cortical spreading depression on audiogenic seizure priming of C57BL/6 mice. At 19 days of age, C57BL/6Bg mice received KCl-induced cortical spreading depression during which they were acoustically primed by exposure to an initial auditory stimulus. At 28 days of age, the mice were tested for susceptibility to audiogenic seizures. Cortical spreading depression had no effect on acoustic priming of C57BL/6Bg mice and it had been previously reported to have no effect on acoustic priming of SJL/J mice. These findings are discussed in the context of pharmacogenetic differences for the effects of aminooxyacetic acid on acoustic priming of C57BL/6 and SJL/J mice.", "PMID": 854521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10436", "title": "Some experimental results on W values for heavy particles.", "content": "The total ionization produced by ions stopped in argon and tissue-equivalent (TE) gas has been measured in the energy range 25-500 keV. A large ionization chamber was used for this study. The chamber was alternately operated as a proportional counter and as a ionization chamber to measure particle rate and the total ionization produced by them, respectively. The average energy loss per ion pair (W value) was found to be dependent on both the energy and mass of the incident ions. For argon gas the accelerated ions were H+, He+, Ar+; the W value ranges from 23.72eV for 25 keV H+ to 63.12 eV for 50 keV Ar+; Irregularities in the W value were found for He+ in the region 70-130 keV. For TE gas the accelerated ions were H+, He+, C+, N+, O+; the W value ranges from 29.13 eV for 25 keV H+ to 51.45 eV for 50 keV O+. Comparisions with existing data show a good agreement in the absolute values for TE gas and in the relative variations in argon gas. Differences between absolute values in argon might be due to impurities in composition.", "contents": "Some experimental results on W values for heavy particles. The total ionization produced by ions stopped in argon and tissue-equivalent (TE) gas has been measured in the energy range 25-500 keV. A large ionization chamber was used for this study. The chamber was alternately operated as a proportional counter and as a ionization chamber to measure particle rate and the total ionization produced by them, respectively. The average energy loss per ion pair (W value) was found to be dependent on both the energy and mass of the incident ions. For argon gas the accelerated ions were H+, He+, Ar+; the W value ranges from 23.72eV for 25 keV H+ to 63.12 eV for 50 keV Ar+; Irregularities in the W value were found for He+ in the region 70-130 keV. For TE gas the accelerated ions were H+, He+, C+, N+, O+; the W value ranges from 29.13 eV for 25 keV H+ to 51.45 eV for 50 keV O+. Comparisions with existing data show a good agreement in the absolute values for TE gas and in the relative variations in argon gas. Differences between absolute values in argon might be due to impurities in composition.", "PMID": 854522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10437", "title": "Compton scatter imaging of transverse sections: corrections for multiple scatter and attenuation.", "content": "The electron density (e cm-3) of a tissue sample can be determined by measuring the fluence of photons which it Compton scatters from a narrow incident beam of X- or gamma-radiation. This technique has been applied successfully to diagnostic denistometry (bone, lung), and less successfully to whole body tomography. In this work, the physics of Compton scatter tomography is examined with emphasis on transverse section scanning. The two major limitations of the scatter technique, attenuation of the single scatter photon fluence (of interest), and contamination of this fluence by multiply-scattered photons, are studied and corrective procedures are proposed. The methods described are applied to a simple test phantom; it is concluded that transverse images with an electron density precision of approximately 5% are possible.", "contents": "Compton scatter imaging of transverse sections: corrections for multiple scatter and attenuation. The electron density (e cm-3) of a tissue sample can be determined by measuring the fluence of photons which it Compton scatters from a narrow incident beam of X- or gamma-radiation. This technique has been applied successfully to diagnostic denistometry (bone, lung), and less successfully to whole body tomography. In this work, the physics of Compton scatter tomography is examined with emphasis on transverse section scanning. The two major limitations of the scatter technique, attenuation of the single scatter photon fluence (of interest), and contamination of this fluence by multiply-scattered photons, are studied and corrective procedures are proposed. The methods described are applied to a simple test phantom; it is concluded that transverse images with an electron density precision of approximately 5% are possible.", "PMID": 854523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10438", "title": "[Comparison of the measurement of absorbed doses by ferrous sulfate dosimetry and by ionization chambers].", "content": "A comparison has been carried out among six radiotherapy centres in Canada to determine the absorbed dose by means of ferrous sulphate dosemeters and ionization chambers. Previous to these measurements, epsilon was found to be 2196+/-7 dm3 mol-1 cm-1. The results show that: for 60Co at four centres, two are better than 1% and the other two differ by 2 to 5%; for high energy electrons at four centres, one is better than 1%, another differs by 1 to 3% and the last two differ by more than 3% (the maximum discrepancies are +7% and -6%); for high energy photons at five centres, two are equal to 1%, two others differ by 2 to 4% and the last one differs by + 12%. The chemical dosemeter with irradiation cells made of quartz appeared to be an excellent dosemeter for this type of comparison. The standard error of the means was about 0.3%.", "contents": "[Comparison of the measurement of absorbed doses by ferrous sulfate dosimetry and by ionization chambers]. A comparison has been carried out among six radiotherapy centres in Canada to determine the absorbed dose by means of ferrous sulphate dosemeters and ionization chambers. Previous to these measurements, epsilon was found to be 2196+/-7 dm3 mol-1 cm-1. The results show that: for 60Co at four centres, two are better than 1% and the other two differ by 2 to 5%; for high energy electrons at four centres, one is better than 1%, another differs by 1 to 3% and the last two differ by more than 3% (the maximum discrepancies are +7% and -6%); for high energy photons at five centres, two are equal to 1%, two others differ by 2 to 4% and the last one differs by + 12%. The chemical dosemeter with irradiation cells made of quartz appeared to be an excellent dosemeter for this type of comparison. The standard error of the means was about 0.3%.", "PMID": 854524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10439", "title": "A new method for the accurate localization of 239Pu in bone.", "content": "A new method for the localization of 239Pu in bone is described. The method, which is based on semi-automatic digitization of neutron induced autoradiographs, allows the 239Pu to be localized with respect to bone surfaces with an accuracy of +/- 2 micron. Results are presented for the distribution of 239Pu in the central lumbar vertebrae of female CBA mice at 24 h post-injection.", "contents": "A new method for the accurate localization of 239Pu in bone. A new method for the localization of 239Pu in bone is described. The method, which is based on semi-automatic digitization of neutron induced autoradiographs, allows the 239Pu to be localized with respect to bone surfaces with an accuracy of +/- 2 micron. Results are presented for the distribution of 239Pu in the central lumbar vertebrae of female CBA mice at 24 h post-injection.", "PMID": 854525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10440", "title": "Clinical significance of arthrography of the humeroscapular joint.", "content": "This paper discusses the possibility of using arthrography of the humeroscapular joint for further differentiation of the syndrome of humeroscapular periarthritis. A description of the normal arthrogram is followed by a discussion of the arthrographic features of rupture of the rotator cuff, rupture of the long biceps tendon, and anomalies of the joint capsule.", "contents": "Clinical significance of arthrography of the humeroscapular joint. This paper discusses the possibility of using arthrography of the humeroscapular joint for further differentiation of the syndrome of humeroscapular periarthritis. A description of the normal arthrogram is followed by a discussion of the arthrographic features of rupture of the rotator cuff, rupture of the long biceps tendon, and anomalies of the joint capsule.", "PMID": 854568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10441", "title": "Angiography in the diagnosis of renal scleroderma.", "content": "Three patients with different stages of renal scleroderma are presented, and the angiographic diagnosis of this disease is dicussed. No one pattern is specific, but the combination of findings is considered diagnostic of this disease. Pharmacoangiography is proposed for differential of renal scleroderma, and selective renal artery infusion of vasodilators is suggested as a potential means of therapy.", "contents": "Angiography in the diagnosis of renal scleroderma. Three patients with different stages of renal scleroderma are presented, and the angiographic diagnosis of this disease is dicussed. No one pattern is specific, but the combination of findings is considered diagnostic of this disease. Pharmacoangiography is proposed for differential of renal scleroderma, and selective renal artery infusion of vasodilators is suggested as a potential means of therapy.", "PMID": 854569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10442", "title": "Prostaglandin biosynthesis and catabolism in the developing fetal sheep kidney.", "content": "The enzymatic capacity to form and degrade prostaglandins was studied in kindeys from fetal sheep (gestational ages 40,44,49,77,79,116 and 140 days). The prostaglandin system was detectable at all ages. Only prostaglandin F2alpha was formed by renal homogenates at 40 and 44 days gestation; prostaglandin E2 was first formed by the 77 day kidney and became the major prostaglandin by 116 days (3 fold relative to prostaglandin F2alpha). Prostaglandin catabolism took place via the PG 15-hydroxy dehydrogenase and PG 13-reductase pathways. Catabolism was first detected at 40 days gestation and rose with age to an activity (15-PGDH) approximately 80 ng/min/mg protein in the term kidney. Only PG 15-hydroxydehydrogenase activity was detected at 40 days gestation, but PG 13-reducatse activity became evident by 116 days and persisted until term. As with fetal sheep lungs (see preceding publication) PG 13-reductase activity was saturated quickly. These results confirm our observations with other tissues that prostaglandin catabolism is variable during ontogeny.", "contents": "Prostaglandin biosynthesis and catabolism in the developing fetal sheep kidney. The enzymatic capacity to form and degrade prostaglandins was studied in kindeys from fetal sheep (gestational ages 40,44,49,77,79,116 and 140 days). The prostaglandin system was detectable at all ages. Only prostaglandin F2alpha was formed by renal homogenates at 40 and 44 days gestation; prostaglandin E2 was first formed by the 77 day kidney and became the major prostaglandin by 116 days (3 fold relative to prostaglandin F2alpha). Prostaglandin catabolism took place via the PG 15-hydroxy dehydrogenase and PG 13-reductase pathways. Catabolism was first detected at 40 days gestation and rose with age to an activity (15-PGDH) approximately 80 ng/min/mg protein in the term kidney. Only PG 15-hydroxydehydrogenase activity was detected at 40 days gestation, but PG 13-reducatse activity became evident by 116 days and persisted until term. As with fetal sheep lungs (see preceding publication) PG 13-reductase activity was saturated quickly. These results confirm our observations with other tissues that prostaglandin catabolism is variable during ontogeny.", "PMID": 854576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10443", "title": "Prostaglandin E in the secretions of allergic rhinitis.", "content": "Prostaglandin (PG) was extracted from nasal secretions of individuals with hay fever and from nasal washings of normal subjects. The extract was chromatographed in a silicic acid column and the purified PGE fraction was converted to PGB by alkaline dehydration. The PGB was then measured by a competitive radioimmunoassay with tritiated PGB1 and anti-PGB1 antibody, employing the double antibody technique. PGE was detected in the secretions of 6 of 12 hay fever patients and in the pooled normal nasal washings.", "contents": "Prostaglandin E in the secretions of allergic rhinitis. Prostaglandin (PG) was extracted from nasal secretions of individuals with hay fever and from nasal washings of normal subjects. The extract was chromatographed in a silicic acid column and the purified PGE fraction was converted to PGB by alkaline dehydration. The PGB was then measured by a competitive radioimmunoassay with tritiated PGB1 and anti-PGB1 antibody, employing the double antibody technique. PGE was detected in the secretions of 6 of 12 hay fever patients and in the pooled normal nasal washings.", "PMID": 854578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10444", "title": "Pulmonary inactivation of prostaglandin by hypertensive rats.", "content": "Lungs of normotensive and genetically hypertensive (GH) albino rats were perfused in stiu with 5 ml/min Krebs solutuion containing 100 ng/ml PGE2 or F2alpha. Inactivation rates of 76,0 ng PGF2 alpha and 146,3 ng PGE2/g dry wt. lung/min were recorded for GH rats. Values for normotensive controls were 191,2 and 226,1 ng/g/min.", "contents": "Pulmonary inactivation of prostaglandin by hypertensive rats. Lungs of normotensive and genetically hypertensive (GH) albino rats were perfused in stiu with 5 ml/min Krebs solutuion containing 100 ng/ml PGE2 or F2alpha. Inactivation rates of 76,0 ng PGF2 alpha and 146,3 ng PGE2/g dry wt. lung/min were recorded for GH rats. Values for normotensive controls were 191,2 and 226,1 ng/g/min.", "PMID": 854579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10445", "title": "Effect of prostaglandin PGE2alpha on the synthesis of placental proteins and human placental lactogen (HPL).", "content": "The biosynthesis of placental proteins and placental lactogen (HPL) was studied in vitro in 10-12 week, 16-18 week and term human placenta in the presence and absence of PGF2alpha. The highest 14C-leucine incorporation was detected in 10 to 12 weeks old placentas of PGF2alpha to the incubation medium depressed the rate of incorporation of 14C-leucine into placental proteins in a dose dependent manner. Placentas most sensitive to this action of PGF2alpha were those obtained at 18 weeks of gestation followed by placentas at term. In vivo application of PGF2alpha for therapeutic induction of abortions resulted in the marked inhibition of placental protein synthesis in vitro.", "contents": "Effect of prostaglandin PGE2alpha on the synthesis of placental proteins and human placental lactogen (HPL). The biosynthesis of placental proteins and placental lactogen (HPL) was studied in vitro in 10-12 week, 16-18 week and term human placenta in the presence and absence of PGF2alpha. The highest 14C-leucine incorporation was detected in 10 to 12 weeks old placentas of PGF2alpha to the incubation medium depressed the rate of incorporation of 14C-leucine into placental proteins in a dose dependent manner. Placentas most sensitive to this action of PGF2alpha were those obtained at 18 weeks of gestation followed by placentas at term. In vivo application of PGF2alpha for therapeutic induction of abortions resulted in the marked inhibition of placental protein synthesis in vitro.", "PMID": 854581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10446", "title": "Reproductive performance after prostaglandin-induced labor.", "content": "The data of this follow-up study fail to prove that elective induction of labor at term by amniotomy and intravenously or orally administered PGF2alpha or PGE2 has an untoward effect on reproductive performance. If, however, the procedure is complicated by a serious degree of sustained uterine hyperstimulation, permanent damage to the internal cervical os may ensue, as illustrated by one of our patients.", "contents": "Reproductive performance after prostaglandin-induced labor. The data of this follow-up study fail to prove that elective induction of labor at term by amniotomy and intravenously or orally administered PGF2alpha or PGE2 has an untoward effect on reproductive performance. If, however, the procedure is complicated by a serious degree of sustained uterine hyperstimulation, permanent damage to the internal cervical os may ensue, as illustrated by one of our patients.", "PMID": 854582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10447", "title": "Prostaglandins in the isolated testicular capsule of immature and young adult rats.", "content": "The presence of prostaglandins (PGs) E1, E2, F1alpha, F2alpha and the metabolite 13,14-Dihydro-15-keto PG Falpha (1+2) has been studied in the isolated testicular capsule of Wistar rats (22 to 90 days of age). Handling and homogenization of tissues were controlled and the in vitro synthesis and degradation were prevented by immediate freezing of samples and homogenization in a solution containing a PG synthetase inhibitor. The PGs were measured by specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay. The isolated rat testicular capsule was found to contain mainly PG E2 and PG F2alpha at concentrations about 100 times higher than those in decapsulated testes (ng/g of tissue).", "contents": "Prostaglandins in the isolated testicular capsule of immature and young adult rats. The presence of prostaglandins (PGs) E1, E2, F1alpha, F2alpha and the metabolite 13,14-Dihydro-15-keto PG Falpha (1+2) has been studied in the isolated testicular capsule of Wistar rats (22 to 90 days of age). Handling and homogenization of tissues were controlled and the in vitro synthesis and degradation were prevented by immediate freezing of samples and homogenization in a solution containing a PG synthetase inhibitor. The PGs were measured by specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay. The isolated rat testicular capsule was found to contain mainly PG E2 and PG F2alpha at concentrations about 100 times higher than those in decapsulated testes (ng/g of tissue).", "PMID": 854584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10448", "title": "Effect of estradiol on prostaglandin metabolism in rat uterus.", "content": "The purpose of this work was to investigate the effect of a single injection of estradiol (10 microng/rat) on prostaglandin(PG) metabolism in rat uterus. The PG content of uterus was increased within 6 hr after estradiol injection but the incorporation of 3H-arachidonic acid into PG in uterus was not changed within same period. The uptake of 3H-PG was increased within 6 hr after estradiol injection. In these results, it is discussed that PG from other tissue are also involved in the metabolism of PG in uterus.", "contents": "Effect of estradiol on prostaglandin metabolism in rat uterus. The purpose of this work was to investigate the effect of a single injection of estradiol (10 microng/rat) on prostaglandin(PG) metabolism in rat uterus. The PG content of uterus was increased within 6 hr after estradiol injection but the incorporation of 3H-arachidonic acid into PG in uterus was not changed within same period. The uptake of 3H-PG was increased within 6 hr after estradiol injection. In these results, it is discussed that PG from other tissue are also involved in the metabolism of PG in uterus.", "PMID": 854585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10449", "title": "Angiotensin II effects on plasmatic renin activity.", "content": "Intravenous infusion of angiotensin II into the cat (4.13 microng/45 min) produces a decrease of plasmatic renin activity. This reduction was not modified after the bilateral denervation of the kidneys or section of both carotid and aortic nerves. The reserpinization of the cats does not modify the angiotensin effects on the renin plasmatic concentration. These observations suggest that the sympathetic nervous system and the catecholamines do not alter significantly the effects of angiotensin II on the renin secretion.", "contents": "Angiotensin II effects on plasmatic renin activity. Intravenous infusion of angiotensin II into the cat (4.13 microng/45 min) produces a decrease of plasmatic renin activity. This reduction was not modified after the bilateral denervation of the kidneys or section of both carotid and aortic nerves. The reserpinization of the cats does not modify the angiotensin effects on the renin plasmatic concentration. These observations suggest that the sympathetic nervous system and the catecholamines do not alter significantly the effects of angiotensin II on the renin secretion.", "PMID": 854645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10450", "title": "[Osmolar and free water clearance as renal function test during extracorporeal circulation with parcial and total hemodilution (author's transl)].", "content": "Four groups of dogs are subjected to extracorporeal circulation. Total hemodilution is used in groups I and II, either in normothermia or moderate hypothermia at 30 degrees C. Partial hemodilution is used in groups III and IV with identical temperature variations. The animals are kept under extracorporeal circulation for 120 min. Osmolar and free water clearance are measured at basal conditions after 40, 80 and 120 min. The present results show that total hemodilution should be used in those patients subjected to extracorporeal circulation where renal function has been previously disturbed.", "contents": "[Osmolar and free water clearance as renal function test during extracorporeal circulation with parcial and total hemodilution (author's transl)]. Four groups of dogs are subjected to extracorporeal circulation. Total hemodilution is used in groups I and II, either in normothermia or moderate hypothermia at 30 degrees C. Partial hemodilution is used in groups III and IV with identical temperature variations. The animals are kept under extracorporeal circulation for 120 min. Osmolar and free water clearance are measured at basal conditions after 40, 80 and 120 min. The present results show that total hemodilution should be used in those patients subjected to extracorporeal circulation where renal function has been previously disturbed.", "PMID": 854646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10451", "title": "[Inhibition of urease by hypoglycaemic drugs (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of oral hypoglycaemic drugs (derived from sulphonylurea) on urease activity in the quantitative determination of urea has been studied. These compounds have been found to produce a competitive inhibition of enzyme activity with respect to substrate. Possible interference of these antidiabetic agents upon urea analysis is discussed.", "contents": "[Inhibition of urease by hypoglycaemic drugs (author's transl)]. The effect of oral hypoglycaemic drugs (derived from sulphonylurea) on urease activity in the quantitative determination of urea has been studied. These compounds have been found to produce a competitive inhibition of enzyme activity with respect to substrate. Possible interference of these antidiabetic agents upon urea analysis is discussed.", "PMID": 854647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10452", "title": "Ultrasonic diagnosis and aspiration of loculated pleural effusion.", "content": "A method of localizing and evacuating pleural effusions under visual control is described which in the author's opinion is an improvement and enhancement over current procedures. This method is easy, rapid, safe and causes no distress to the patient. On many occasions, failures at puncture of loculated fluid by conventional methods can successfully be accomplished under ultrasonic guidance.", "contents": "Ultrasonic diagnosis and aspiration of loculated pleural effusion. A method of localizing and evacuating pleural effusions under visual control is described which in the author's opinion is an improvement and enhancement over current procedures. This method is easy, rapid, safe and causes no distress to the patient. On many occasions, failures at puncture of loculated fluid by conventional methods can successfully be accomplished under ultrasonic guidance.", "PMID": 854654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10453", "title": "The different flow pattern in tracheal stenosis, bronchospasm and emphysema.", "content": "We can conclude that the combination of high FEV2/1 index and a \"peak-flow-less\" flow-volume loop is characteristic for the presence of proximal airway stenosis and is a reliable means for differentiation against bronchospasm and emphysema. In comparison, the measurement of airway resistance, FEV1 alone, inspiratory shift of mid-breathing level etc., indicate only the presence of airway obstruction, but fail to give specific information for functional differentiation of bronchial obstruction and morphological evidence of proximal airway stenosis.", "contents": "The different flow pattern in tracheal stenosis, bronchospasm and emphysema. We can conclude that the combination of high FEV2/1 index and a \"peak-flow-less\" flow-volume loop is characteristic for the presence of proximal airway stenosis and is a reliable means for differentiation against bronchospasm and emphysema. In comparison, the measurement of airway resistance, FEV1 alone, inspiratory shift of mid-breathing level etc., indicate only the presence of airway obstruction, but fail to give specific information for functional differentiation of bronchial obstruction and morphological evidence of proximal airway stenosis.", "PMID": 854655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10454", "title": "[Psychodynamic observations on a group of patients treated with lithium carbonate (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors consider some psychodynamic aspects which may have influences Lithium Carbonate therapy in 45 patients. Transfer and contra-transfer situations are considered emphasizing how Lithium therapy with its characteristic features may promote a peculiar relationship with the therapist answering some of the needs of cyclothymic patients. The physical needs of dependence from the therapist who controls both ingestion and expulsion of Lithium can be accepted without feeling of guilt by the patient as it usually happens in cyclothymic pre-genital personalities. Lithium allows the therapist to appear as if he had great power on the patient and makes it possible for the therapist to avoid the anxiety of losing the patient at the end of the episode and to accept the pre-genital relationship as a necessity in order to continue his therapy.", "contents": "[Psychodynamic observations on a group of patients treated with lithium carbonate (author's transl)]. The authors consider some psychodynamic aspects which may have influences Lithium Carbonate therapy in 45 patients. Transfer and contra-transfer situations are considered emphasizing how Lithium therapy with its characteristic features may promote a peculiar relationship with the therapist answering some of the needs of cyclothymic patients. The physical needs of dependence from the therapist who controls both ingestion and expulsion of Lithium can be accepted without feeling of guilt by the patient as it usually happens in cyclothymic pre-genital personalities. Lithium allows the therapist to appear as if he had great power on the patient and makes it possible for the therapist to avoid the anxiety of losing the patient at the end of the episode and to accept the pre-genital relationship as a necessity in order to continue his therapy.", "PMID": 854678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10455", "title": "[Foix-Chavany's syndrome: clinical and electrophysiological study of 1 atypical case (author's transl)].", "content": "An atypical case of \"Foix-Chavany syndrome\", is described. A definite diagnosis could be achieved through an electromyographic and reflessological investigation (jaw reflex, blink reflex, perioral reflex), when a poor clinical history was not helping towards a definite diagnostic conclusion. It is proposed that the diagnosis of \"Foix-Chavany syndrome\" should not be limited only to classical \"facial diplegia of cortical origin\" or to \"facio-linguo-pharyngo-laryngo-masseter paralysis of cortico-subcortical origin\". Considering the great clinical variability of a syndrome with a common anatomical substrate, it is proposed to use the eponym for all syndromes characterized by: 1) a motor deficit in the cephalic district with relative integrity of motor function of the limbs; 2) a dissociation between loss of voluntary motility and preservation of reflex and automatic motility.", "contents": "[Foix-Chavany's syndrome: clinical and electrophysiological study of 1 atypical case (author's transl)]. An atypical case of \"Foix-Chavany syndrome\", is described. A definite diagnosis could be achieved through an electromyographic and reflessological investigation (jaw reflex, blink reflex, perioral reflex), when a poor clinical history was not helping towards a definite diagnostic conclusion. It is proposed that the diagnosis of \"Foix-Chavany syndrome\" should not be limited only to classical \"facial diplegia of cortical origin\" or to \"facio-linguo-pharyngo-laryngo-masseter paralysis of cortico-subcortical origin\". Considering the great clinical variability of a syndrome with a common anatomical substrate, it is proposed to use the eponym for all syndromes characterized by: 1) a motor deficit in the cephalic district with relative integrity of motor function of the limbs; 2) a dissociation between loss of voluntary motility and preservation of reflex and automatic motility.", "PMID": 854679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10456", "title": "[Neurosurgical emergencies: cranio-cerebral injuries and their diagnosis and therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The neurotraumatological case material of the Neurosurgical Clinic of the University of Pavia, from the August 1st 1972 to July 31st 1975, includes N. 122 patients, submitted to neurological surgery. All data are examined and discussed in relation to age, to the coma level, to the type of endocranial lesion and the results obtained are compared with the data of literature. The incidence of associated lesions, both endocranial and in other regions, is made standing out more clearly. The importance of an early diagnosis, by neuroradiological tests, is made cospicuous in order to get a correct surgical therapy. The survival is discussed in relation to the type of surgical act and of pathology.", "contents": "[Neurosurgical emergencies: cranio-cerebral injuries and their diagnosis and therapy (author's transl)]. The neurotraumatological case material of the Neurosurgical Clinic of the University of Pavia, from the August 1st 1972 to July 31st 1975, includes N. 122 patients, submitted to neurological surgery. All data are examined and discussed in relation to age, to the coma level, to the type of endocranial lesion and the results obtained are compared with the data of literature. The incidence of associated lesions, both endocranial and in other regions, is made standing out more clearly. The importance of an early diagnosis, by neuroradiological tests, is made cospicuous in order to get a correct surgical therapy. The survival is discussed in relation to the type of surgical act and of pathology.", "PMID": 854680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10457", "title": "[Encephalitis during mycotic dissemination in a patient (clinical and post mortem findings) (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of disseminated mycosis with encephalitis unobserved in life is reported. A mycosis infection ought always be taken into consideration every time that a clinical impression of encephalitis, meningitis or cerebral abcess is reached. Criptococcosis, Histoplasmosis and Candidiasis may present as a meningitis, which the Nocardiasis and the Cladosporosis may appear as an intracranial abscess in the absence of significant lesions of other organs. Many deep mycosis prove to have characteristic lesions in other organs before affecting the Central Nervous System. Development therefore of neurological symptoms ought to make one think of a dissemination at CNS level. Finally Candidosis and Aspergillosis ought to be suspected in all cases of progressive general weakeness after an illness especially when treated with antibiotics, citotoxis drugs, or hormonal steroids. In many cases the neurological lesions represant a manifestation of terminal type in a subject with many more lesions than one would suspect at first.", "contents": "[Encephalitis during mycotic dissemination in a patient (clinical and post mortem findings) (author's transl)]. A case of disseminated mycosis with encephalitis unobserved in life is reported. A mycosis infection ought always be taken into consideration every time that a clinical impression of encephalitis, meningitis or cerebral abcess is reached. Criptococcosis, Histoplasmosis and Candidiasis may present as a meningitis, which the Nocardiasis and the Cladosporosis may appear as an intracranial abscess in the absence of significant lesions of other organs. Many deep mycosis prove to have characteristic lesions in other organs before affecting the Central Nervous System. Development therefore of neurological symptoms ought to make one think of a dissemination at CNS level. Finally Candidosis and Aspergillosis ought to be suspected in all cases of progressive general weakeness after an illness especially when treated with antibiotics, citotoxis drugs, or hormonal steroids. In many cases the neurological lesions represant a manifestation of terminal type in a subject with many more lesions than one would suspect at first.", "PMID": 854681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10458", "title": "[Experience with percutaneous embolization of renal tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "We have repeated first observations of various authors of blocking angiography in 8 patients with renal tumours. Comparing angiographic findings and the surgical specimens, the success of embolization could be assessed. Control angiography 2 months following an inoperable renal tumor showed shrinking of the tumour by about one half and improvement of the general condition of the patient.", "contents": "[Experience with percutaneous embolization of renal tumours (author's transl)]. We have repeated first observations of various authors of blocking angiography in 8 patients with renal tumours. Comparing angiographic findings and the surgical specimens, the success of embolization could be assessed. Control angiography 2 months following an inoperable renal tumor showed shrinking of the tumour by about one half and improvement of the general condition of the patient.", "PMID": 854682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10459", "title": "[Multiple gastric carcinoid, its diagnosis in gastric polyposis (author's transl)].", "content": "Carcinoid of the stomach, hormonally inactive, is diagnosed with MDP, gastroscopy and biopsy. Solitary carcinoids are treated with excision in toto with immediate histology of the edges. Multiple gastric carcinoids require gastrectomy.", "contents": "[Multiple gastric carcinoid, its diagnosis in gastric polyposis (author's transl)]. Carcinoid of the stomach, hormonally inactive, is diagnosed with MDP, gastroscopy and biopsy. Solitary carcinoids are treated with excision in toto with immediate histology of the edges. Multiple gastric carcinoids require gastrectomy.", "PMID": 854683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10460", "title": "[New perspectives in the treatment of occult, non invasive breast cancers by means of non-notilating surgical therapies (author's transl)].", "content": "Six cases of occult, non-invasive cancer or cancer lobular \"in situ\" of the breast are presented which were treated by means of non-mutilating surgical therapies (such as subcutaneous mastectomy or tumorectomy). Control between 1 and 4 years.", "contents": "[New perspectives in the treatment of occult, non invasive breast cancers by means of non-notilating surgical therapies (author's transl)]. Six cases of occult, non-invasive cancer or cancer lobular \"in situ\" of the breast are presented which were treated by means of non-mutilating surgical therapies (such as subcutaneous mastectomy or tumorectomy). Control between 1 and 4 years.", "PMID": 854684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10461", "title": "[Extrarenal excretion of urographic contrast media in renal failure (author's transl)].", "content": "Communications about extrarenal excretion (ERE) of urographic contrast media are not frequent. The contrast medium is secreted via the liver. It can be observed in the gallbladder and the colon. A case of ERE in a 28 years old patient with renal failure is described.", "contents": "[Extrarenal excretion of urographic contrast media in renal failure (author's transl)]. Communications about extrarenal excretion (ERE) of urographic contrast media are not frequent. The contrast medium is secreted via the liver. It can be observed in the gallbladder and the colon. A case of ERE in a 28 years old patient with renal failure is described.", "PMID": 854685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10462", "title": "[Percutaneous aspiration biopsy aided by computertomography (author's transl)].", "content": "Computer tomography (CT) permits recognition of normal and pathologic structures and renders percutaneous biopsy easy, giving a high degree of diagnostic accuracy with few complications. It is an ideal technique for the biopsy of foci which cannot be reached otherwise.", "contents": "[Percutaneous aspiration biopsy aided by computertomography (author's transl)]. Computer tomography (CT) permits recognition of normal and pathologic structures and renders percutaneous biopsy easy, giving a high degree of diagnostic accuracy with few complications. It is an ideal technique for the biopsy of foci which cannot be reached otherwise.", "PMID": 854686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10463", "title": "[Paget-von Schroetter-syndrome (awthor's transl)].", "content": "Report on 3 cases of thrombosis of the axillary vein (Paget-von Schroetter-syndrome). In this relatively rare condition phlebography and early thrombolytic treatment are required.", "contents": "[Paget-von Schroetter-syndrome (awthor's transl)]. Report on 3 cases of thrombosis of the axillary vein (Paget-von Schroetter-syndrome). In this relatively rare condition phlebography and early thrombolytic treatment are required.", "PMID": 854687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10464", "title": "[Myelopathies cervical arthroses. Apropos of 14 personal cases, 12 of which were operated on].", "content": "Reviewing fourteen cases, the authors show that cervical myelopathies present by spastic quadriplegia associated in half of the cases with sensory impairment and in a third of cases with radicular signs in the upper limbs. Tomography always shows posterior discal osteophytosis, sometimes gross, which reduces the lumen of the canal more particularly since it is associated (eleven times out of fourteen) with constitutional stenosis, of variable severity. Opaque or gaseous myelography makes it possible to exclude malformation or new formation and will demonstrate cord constriction within the canal. Surgical treatment (eleven laminectomies, 1 discectomy-artrodesis) resulted in 7 improvements, no change in 3 cases and 2 exacerbations. The myelopathies appeared to be due to repeated contusions of the cord and its arteries against the wall of the canal, caused by neck movements.", "contents": "[Myelopathies cervical arthroses. Apropos of 14 personal cases, 12 of which were operated on]. Reviewing fourteen cases, the authors show that cervical myelopathies present by spastic quadriplegia associated in half of the cases with sensory impairment and in a third of cases with radicular signs in the upper limbs. Tomography always shows posterior discal osteophytosis, sometimes gross, which reduces the lumen of the canal more particularly since it is associated (eleven times out of fourteen) with constitutional stenosis, of variable severity. Opaque or gaseous myelography makes it possible to exclude malformation or new formation and will demonstrate cord constriction within the canal. Surgical treatment (eleven laminectomies, 1 discectomy-artrodesis) resulted in 7 improvements, no change in 3 cases and 2 exacerbations. The myelopathies appeared to be due to repeated contusions of the cord and its arteries against the wall of the canal, caused by neck movements.", "PMID": 854688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10465", "title": "Function of neutrophils in preleukaemia.", "content": "The function of blood neutrophil granulocytes was studied in vitro in 17 patients with preleukaemia. 3 patients had a cellular defect of chemotaxis. 2 of them had monosomy-7 in bone marrow karyotype, in 1 associated with the deletion of the long arm of a chromosome 20. The third patient had trisomy-8. In the patient with trisomy-8, the high percentage of band neutrophils was possibly associated with the chemotactic defect. In another patient with trisomy-8 chemotaxis was normal. There was a statisically significant tendency to reduced phagocytosis and impaired ability to kill Staphylococcus aureus. 1 patient with a chemotactic defect and monosomy-7 suffered from repeated infections. The other 2 patients with defective chemotaxis had several febrile episodes most probably of infectious origin, and 1 of them died in sepsis. All of these 3 patients had cutaneous abscesses. It is concluded that defects in neutrophil granulocyte function are not uncommon in preleukaemia and may result in reduced resistance to infection.", "contents": "Function of neutrophils in preleukaemia. The function of blood neutrophil granulocytes was studied in vitro in 17 patients with preleukaemia. 3 patients had a cellular defect of chemotaxis. 2 of them had monosomy-7 in bone marrow karyotype, in 1 associated with the deletion of the long arm of a chromosome 20. The third patient had trisomy-8. In the patient with trisomy-8, the high percentage of band neutrophils was possibly associated with the chemotactic defect. In another patient with trisomy-8 chemotaxis was normal. There was a statisically significant tendency to reduced phagocytosis and impaired ability to kill Staphylococcus aureus. 1 patient with a chemotactic defect and monosomy-7 suffered from repeated infections. The other 2 patients with defective chemotaxis had several febrile episodes most probably of infectious origin, and 1 of them died in sepsis. All of these 3 patients had cutaneous abscesses. It is concluded that defects in neutrophil granulocyte function are not uncommon in preleukaemia and may result in reduced resistance to infection.", "PMID": 854706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10466", "title": "The relationship between Normotest and Thrombotest in patients on oral anticoagulant therapy.", "content": "Normotest (sample volume: 25 micronl) and Thrombotest were performed in parallel on 150 consecutive capillary blood samples from patients on long term oral anticoagulant therapy. The ratio of Normotest to Thrombotest decreased from 2.50 at a Thrombotest level of 5-5.5% to 1.95 at a Thrombotest level of 13-13.5%, indicating that the effects of PIVKA were more pronounced at lower levels of coagulation activity. The influence of varying sensitivity of the thromboplastin reagents to PIVKA is discussed. The therapeutic range of Thrombotest (5-10%) corresponded to a Normotest level of 12-20%.", "contents": "The relationship between Normotest and Thrombotest in patients on oral anticoagulant therapy. Normotest (sample volume: 25 micronl) and Thrombotest were performed in parallel on 150 consecutive capillary blood samples from patients on long term oral anticoagulant therapy. The ratio of Normotest to Thrombotest decreased from 2.50 at a Thrombotest level of 5-5.5% to 1.95 at a Thrombotest level of 13-13.5%, indicating that the effects of PIVKA were more pronounced at lower levels of coagulation activity. The influence of varying sensitivity of the thromboplastin reagents to PIVKA is discussed. The therapeutic range of Thrombotest (5-10%) corresponded to a Normotest level of 12-20%.", "PMID": 854707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10467", "title": "Evidence of local synthesis of smooth-muscle antibodies in the central nervous system in isolated cases of multiple sclerosis and chronic lymphocytic meningoencephalitis.", "content": "Paired samples of serum and concentrated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 53 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and from 36 patients with other neurological diseases were adjusted to an equal concentration of IgG and examined for occurrence of auto-antibodies. Anti-nuclear antibodies, anti-mitochondrial antibodies, and rheumatoid factor were not detected with increased frequency in the materials studied. Smooth-muscle antibody (SMA) was, however, detected in CSF and serum from three patients with MS and one patient with chronic lymphocytic meningoencephalitis, and in the CSF only from one additional patient with MS. The SMA activities of the CSF were 4 to 16 times higher than in the matching sera, suggesting a local SMA synthesis within the central nervous system. The SMA was associated with electrophoretically restricted fractions of IgG, but an association between SMA and oligoclonal IgG of the CSF could not be demonstrated in the SMA-positive patients by the methods used.", "contents": "Evidence of local synthesis of smooth-muscle antibodies in the central nervous system in isolated cases of multiple sclerosis and chronic lymphocytic meningoencephalitis. Paired samples of serum and concentrated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 53 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and from 36 patients with other neurological diseases were adjusted to an equal concentration of IgG and examined for occurrence of auto-antibodies. Anti-nuclear antibodies, anti-mitochondrial antibodies, and rheumatoid factor were not detected with increased frequency in the materials studied. Smooth-muscle antibody (SMA) was, however, detected in CSF and serum from three patients with MS and one patient with chronic lymphocytic meningoencephalitis, and in the CSF only from one additional patient with MS. The SMA activities of the CSF were 4 to 16 times higher than in the matching sera, suggesting a local SMA synthesis within the central nervous system. The SMA was associated with electrophoretically restricted fractions of IgG, but an association between SMA and oligoclonal IgG of the CSF could not be demonstrated in the SMA-positive patients by the methods used.", "PMID": 854708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10468", "title": "IGE in human urine and milk.", "content": "IgE was found in urine from healthy adult volunteers at very low levels (approximately 0.003-0.010 IU/ml), corresponding to a 24-h excrection rate of 3-16 IU. IgE was not detected in 36 out of 47 samples of milk and colostrum. In samples from six women the protein was present at low concentration 1-2 days postpartum but was not detected in later samples (usually day 5 or 6). Mammary secretions from four allergic donors were studied, and IgE was detected at low concentrations in samples from the two most severely affected individuals. The levels of IgE observed in both urine and milk suggest that there is no significant synthesis of the protein in either the urinary tract or in mammary tissue.", "contents": "IGE in human urine and milk. IgE was found in urine from healthy adult volunteers at very low levels (approximately 0.003-0.010 IU/ml), corresponding to a 24-h excrection rate of 3-16 IU. IgE was not detected in 36 out of 47 samples of milk and colostrum. In samples from six women the protein was present at low concentration 1-2 days postpartum but was not detected in later samples (usually day 5 or 6). Mammary secretions from four allergic donors were studied, and IgE was detected at low concentrations in samples from the two most severely affected individuals. The levels of IgE observed in both urine and milk suggest that there is no significant synthesis of the protein in either the urinary tract or in mammary tissue.", "PMID": 854709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10469", "title": "[Psychodynamic aspects of paraphrenia].", "content": "Proceeding from Kraeplin's original a brief summary is given of the literature about the extensive interpretations of the term paraphrenia. Our study is based on a catamnestic examination of schizophrenic diseases first acute in 1930-1940 after 30 respectively 40 years (H. Hinterhuber) and a second group of paraphrenics who at the time being have been under our control for five years. By a simplifying scheme our own conception of paraphrenia is then defined and differentiated from the paranoid schizophrenia and the development of paranoia with special reference to the characteristic juxaposition of schizophrenic symptomatic in otherwise intact personality without a noteworthy derangement of the evironmental relations. The intact personality stands in clear contrast to the only \"intact outside personality' with schizophrenic derangement of the ego. Thus the paraphrenic has the possibility to withdraw to the core of his sound personality and erect a mostly stable barrier against the partly massive hallucinations on the periphery of his personality. This corresponds to a passive attitude of avoidance in the sense of behaviour psychology. As THEREFORE the paraphrenic, similar to the phobic, tends to confine the borders of his existence by an increasingly passive avoidance attitude, he tries by a systematic desensibilisation to keep the borders of existence just in the area between psychosis and sound personality and thus render the best possible extent of personality development avoiding secondary restrictions.", "contents": "[Psychodynamic aspects of paraphrenia]. Proceeding from Kraeplin's original a brief summary is given of the literature about the extensive interpretations of the term paraphrenia. Our study is based on a catamnestic examination of schizophrenic diseases first acute in 1930-1940 after 30 respectively 40 years (H. Hinterhuber) and a second group of paraphrenics who at the time being have been under our control for five years. By a simplifying scheme our own conception of paraphrenia is then defined and differentiated from the paranoid schizophrenia and the development of paranoia with special reference to the characteristic juxaposition of schizophrenic symptomatic in otherwise intact personality without a noteworthy derangement of the evironmental relations. The intact personality stands in clear contrast to the only \"intact outside personality' with schizophrenic derangement of the ego. Thus the paraphrenic has the possibility to withdraw to the core of his sound personality and erect a mostly stable barrier against the partly massive hallucinations on the periphery of his personality. This corresponds to a passive attitude of avoidance in the sense of behaviour psychology. As THEREFORE the paraphrenic, similar to the phobic, tends to confine the borders of his existence by an increasingly passive avoidance attitude, he tries by a systematic desensibilisation to keep the borders of existence just in the area between psychosis and sound personality and thus render the best possible extent of personality development avoiding secondary restrictions.", "PMID": 854710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10470", "title": "[Indication for psychiatric hospitalization. Critical retrospective study on 416 admissions to the psychiatric hospital].", "content": "The authors have strained themselves to value subsequently the legitimacy of the psychiatric admittances that had been requested during the year 1967 for 368 patients already known by their Department: the out-patient psychiatric clinic of Lausanne. In order to that, every case has been referred to several psychiatrists, and the concordance between the opinions expressed by these psychiatrists, in terms of many variables, like the diagnosis or the reason of the admittance, has been examined.", "contents": "[Indication for psychiatric hospitalization. Critical retrospective study on 416 admissions to the psychiatric hospital]. The authors have strained themselves to value subsequently the legitimacy of the psychiatric admittances that had been requested during the year 1967 for 368 patients already known by their Department: the out-patient psychiatric clinic of Lausanne. In order to that, every case has been referred to several psychiatrists, and the concordance between the opinions expressed by these psychiatrists, in terms of many variables, like the diagnosis or the reason of the admittance, has been examined.", "PMID": 854711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10471", "title": "[The anosognostic psychosyndrome. Studies and reflections on a case of acoustic agnosia].", "content": "We analyse structure and dynamics of anosognostic behavior by means of a case with auditory agnosia for both linguistic and non-linguistic material. First we investigate on the observational level the structural interweaving of conditions. Second we make an attempt of a structural dynamic analysis with inclusion of both neurophysiological and psychodynamic aspects within a frame which is orientated towards system theories. By doing this, the anosognostic syndrome which is describable in a phenomenalistic sense as a disturbance of body-scheme, neuropsychologically as a neglect-or extinction-syndrome and psychodynamically as regressive Ego dissolution, appears as disintegration of the transactional coherence between specific and non-specific functional systems. At the time also the relations to the structure of focal brain syndromes and organic psychoses are dealt with.", "contents": "[The anosognostic psychosyndrome. Studies and reflections on a case of acoustic agnosia]. We analyse structure and dynamics of anosognostic behavior by means of a case with auditory agnosia for both linguistic and non-linguistic material. First we investigate on the observational level the structural interweaving of conditions. Second we make an attempt of a structural dynamic analysis with inclusion of both neurophysiological and psychodynamic aspects within a frame which is orientated towards system theories. By doing this, the anosognostic syndrome which is describable in a phenomenalistic sense as a disturbance of body-scheme, neuropsychologically as a neglect-or extinction-syndrome and psychodynamically as regressive Ego dissolution, appears as disintegration of the transactional coherence between specific and non-specific functional systems. At the time also the relations to the structure of focal brain syndromes and organic psychoses are dealt with.", "PMID": 854712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10472", "title": "Metabolically induced focal seizures: hyperosmolar non-ketoacidotic hyperglycemia.", "content": "Focal epileptic activity with or without further neurological symptoms may be induced by hyperosmolar non-ketoacidotic hyperglycemia. This syndrome may develop in the course of various diseases and cerebral lesions, frequently during therapeutic dehydration. On the other hand, neurological disorders may arise as a secondary consequence of the metabolic disturbance. Based upon literature reports and eight own observations, the neurological aspects of non-ketoacidotic hyperglycemia and its therapy are described.", "contents": "Metabolically induced focal seizures: hyperosmolar non-ketoacidotic hyperglycemia. Focal epileptic activity with or without further neurological symptoms may be induced by hyperosmolar non-ketoacidotic hyperglycemia. This syndrome may develop in the course of various diseases and cerebral lesions, frequently during therapeutic dehydration. On the other hand, neurological disorders may arise as a secondary consequence of the metabolic disturbance. Based upon literature reports and eight own observations, the neurological aspects of non-ketoacidotic hyperglycemia and its therapy are described.", "PMID": 854713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10473", "title": "[Experience in the joint hospitalization of mothers with their children at a psychiatric day center for adults].", "content": "The authors describe the joint hospitalisation of 16 mothers with their children in a psychiatric day center for adults. The first part of this article deals with the underlying theoretical considerations and a brief summary of these mothers and their childrens situation. The second part describes the treatment of a chronic depressive woman, admitted to the day center with her daughter. The authors do emphasize the importance of the therapeutical procedures needed for a treatment and the need to work in a close collaboration between the day center and the child guidance service.", "contents": "[Experience in the joint hospitalization of mothers with their children at a psychiatric day center for adults]. The authors describe the joint hospitalisation of 16 mothers with their children in a psychiatric day center for adults. The first part of this article deals with the underlying theoretical considerations and a brief summary of these mothers and their childrens situation. The second part describes the treatment of a chronic depressive woman, admitted to the day center with her daughter. The authors do emphasize the importance of the therapeutical procedures needed for a treatment and the need to work in a close collaboration between the day center and the child guidance service.", "PMID": 854715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10474", "title": "Serum lysozyme in sarcoidosis. Evaluation of its usefulness in determination of disease activity.", "content": "Serum lysozyme (LZM) determinations were done in 84 patients with clinically proven sarcoidosis. All patients were normocalaemic and had a normal renal function. An increased LZM activity was demonstrated in patients with pulmonary stage I and stage II disease, as well as in patients with extrapulmonary lesions. Treatment with corticosteroids rapidly normalized the LZM activity. A normal LZM activity was found in patients with cured sarcoidosis. The serum LZM activity seems  to reflect the total mass of biologically active granulomas and is of great value in determining the activity of the disease. The dosage of corticosteroids can probably be administered according to the actual LZM level. Increasing LZM activity after stopping treatment may indicate progressive and uncured disease. Normal LZM activity in patients with even large pulmonary lesions seems to indicate inactive disease and unresponsiveness to treatment.", "contents": "Serum lysozyme in sarcoidosis. Evaluation of its usefulness in determination of disease activity. Serum lysozyme (LZM) determinations were done in 84 patients with clinically proven sarcoidosis. All patients were normocalaemic and had a normal renal function. An increased LZM activity was demonstrated in patients with pulmonary stage I and stage II disease, as well as in patients with extrapulmonary lesions. Treatment with corticosteroids rapidly normalized the LZM activity. A normal LZM activity was found in patients with cured sarcoidosis. The serum LZM activity seems  to reflect the total mass of biologically active granulomas and is of great value in determining the activity of the disease. The dosage of corticosteroids can probably be administered according to the actual LZM level. Increasing LZM activity after stopping treatment may indicate progressive and uncured disease. Normal LZM activity in patients with even large pulmonary lesions seems to indicate inactive disease and unresponsiveness to treatment.", "PMID": 854716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10475", "title": "Malignant mesothelioma of 17 years' duration with high pleural fluid concentration of hyaluronate.", "content": "A patient suffering from malignant mesothelioma of funicular (intra-abdominal) origin is described. The disease proved fatal after 17 years' duration, which is the longest ever described without treatment. The analysis of the pleural fluid hyaluronate concentration gave strong evidence of the malignant aetiology, while biopsies taken 17 and 8 years before the pleurisy caused marked difficulties as to interpretation. In malignant mesothelioma a markedly elevated pleural fluid hyaluronate concentration appears to be a characteristic and specific feature.", "contents": "Malignant mesothelioma of 17 years' duration with high pleural fluid concentration of hyaluronate. A patient suffering from malignant mesothelioma of funicular (intra-abdominal) origin is described. The disease proved fatal after 17 years' duration, which is the longest ever described without treatment. The analysis of the pleural fluid hyaluronate concentration gave strong evidence of the malignant aetiology, while biopsies taken 17 and 8 years before the pleurisy caused marked difficulties as to interpretation. In malignant mesothelioma a markedly elevated pleural fluid hyaluronate concentration appears to be a characteristic and specific feature.", "PMID": 854717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10476", "title": "[Immune mechanisms in hepatitis B. New aspects and consequent practices].", "content": "The different types of immune responses occurring during hepatitis B virus infection are reviewed. The responses specific for HBsAg (hepatitis B surface antigen) are important in the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease. The cell-mediated immunity specific for this antigen seems to be responsible for cytolysis occurring when the antigen is located within the hepatocyte (acute and persistent hepatitis). It is also responsible for the subsequent elimination of the virus. Immune complexes in antibody excess probably provoke the lesion of fulminant hepatitis. Complexes in the zone of antigen excess, which are responsible for the extrahepatic lesions of the prodromic phase, may perhaps also play a pathogenetic role in some forms of chronic active hepatitis.", "contents": "[Immune mechanisms in hepatitis B. New aspects and consequent practices]. The different types of immune responses occurring during hepatitis B virus infection are reviewed. The responses specific for HBsAg (hepatitis B surface antigen) are important in the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease. The cell-mediated immunity specific for this antigen seems to be responsible for cytolysis occurring when the antigen is located within the hepatocyte (acute and persistent hepatitis). It is also responsible for the subsequent elimination of the virus. Immune complexes in antibody excess probably provoke the lesion of fulminant hepatitis. Complexes in the zone of antigen excess, which are responsible for the extrahepatic lesions of the prodromic phase, may perhaps also play a pathogenetic role in some forms of chronic active hepatitis.", "PMID": 854720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10477", "title": "[Follow-up of 52 patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis].", "content": "52 patients with histologically proven chronic aggressive hepatitis have been followed up for a mean period of 31 months by regular clinical visits, laboratory controls and liver biopsies. Only patients already with a decompensated liver cirrhosis at the time of the first biopsy had a deteriorating course of the disease. According to our criteria of activity of the disease, only 6 cases needed treatment. 6 patients died during the period of follow-up, 5 of them from malignant tumors.", "contents": "[Follow-up of 52 patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis]. 52 patients with histologically proven chronic aggressive hepatitis have been followed up for a mean period of 31 months by regular clinical visits, laboratory controls and liver biopsies. Only patients already with a decompensated liver cirrhosis at the time of the first biopsy had a deteriorating course of the disease. According to our criteria of activity of the disease, only 6 cases needed treatment. 6 patients died during the period of follow-up, 5 of them from malignant tumors.", "PMID": 854721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10478", "title": "[Does cholestyramine impair the bioavailability of prednisolone?].", "content": "Measurements of plasma prednisolone concentrations in two patients who received orally 37.5 and 75 mg of the drug respectively showed no differences when 8 g of cholestyramine was given with the corticosteroid. Thus, no influence of cholestyramine on the bioavailability of orally administered prednisolone could be demonstrated.", "contents": "[Does cholestyramine impair the bioavailability of prednisolone?]. Measurements of plasma prednisolone concentrations in two patients who received orally 37.5 and 75 mg of the drug respectively showed no differences when 8 g of cholestyramine was given with the corticosteroid. Thus, no influence of cholestyramine on the bioavailability of orally administered prednisolone could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 854722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10479", "title": "[Surgery in 100 patients with acute sigmoiditis].", "content": "Report on surgery in 100 patients with acute sigmoiditis (54 females, 46 males). The overall average age was 65.5 years; that of females was 68.5 years and of males 61.5 years. Of the total of 100 cases, one third had one or more attacks prior to hospitalization. One third of cases were treated by conservative methods and did not undergo surgery. Surgery (resection or simply derivation) was performed in 63 patients. Eleven patients died: from rupture of anastomosis in 1 case and from general causes or superinfection in 10. The surgical indications and type of surgery are discussed. As far as possible, the affected segment of sigmoid must be resected, with or without establishment of continuity. Terminal colostomy is imperative.", "contents": "[Surgery in 100 patients with acute sigmoiditis]. Report on surgery in 100 patients with acute sigmoiditis (54 females, 46 males). The overall average age was 65.5 years; that of females was 68.5 years and of males 61.5 years. Of the total of 100 cases, one third had one or more attacks prior to hospitalization. One third of cases were treated by conservative methods and did not undergo surgery. Surgery (resection or simply derivation) was performed in 63 patients. Eleven patients died: from rupture of anastomosis in 1 case and from general causes or superinfection in 10. The surgical indications and type of surgery are discussed. As far as possible, the affected segment of sigmoid must be resected, with or without establishment of continuity. Terminal colostomy is imperative.", "PMID": 854723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10480", "title": "[Early diagnosis of hepatic duct carcinoma].", "content": "8 patients with carcinoma of the hepatic duct are presented. Despite symptoms during the long anicteric period (2-13 months, x 15 months) the diagnosis was never established until the patients became jaundiced. Early in the course of the diseases all of them reported upper abdominal pain and intermittend diarrhea, and the test for occult blood in the stool was positive. Initially there may be no biochemical evidence of cholestasis. Liver biopsy may at an early stage reveal pseudoxanthoma cells as an index of long-lived, local mechanical cholestasis.", "contents": "[Early diagnosis of hepatic duct carcinoma]. 8 patients with carcinoma of the hepatic duct are presented. Despite symptoms during the long anicteric period (2-13 months, x 15 months) the diagnosis was never established until the patients became jaundiced. Early in the course of the diseases all of them reported upper abdominal pain and intermittend diarrhea, and the test for occult blood in the stool was positive. Initially there may be no biochemical evidence of cholestasis. Liver biopsy may at an early stage reveal pseudoxanthoma cells as an index of long-lived, local mechanical cholestasis.", "PMID": 854724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10481", "title": "[Characterization of gastric emptying by determination of transit time].", "content": "Gastric emptying of a solid test meal labelled with 99mTc-sulphur colloid has been studied in 18 healthy men using a gamma camera with on-line computer. Mean transit time (MTT) was determined by fitting the time-activity histogram to a gamma variate, and the half-time of emptying (T1/2) was calculated by exponential fitting of the down-slope of the C(t) curve. Mean transit times showed a smaller coefficient of variance than T1/2, and this difference was statistically significant (p less than 0.005). This result suggests that MTT may be a more suitable parameter for definition of normal values and for the separation of normal from pathological patterns of emptying.", "contents": "[Characterization of gastric emptying by determination of transit time]. Gastric emptying of a solid test meal labelled with 99mTc-sulphur colloid has been studied in 18 healthy men using a gamma camera with on-line computer. Mean transit time (MTT) was determined by fitting the time-activity histogram to a gamma variate, and the half-time of emptying (T1/2) was calculated by exponential fitting of the down-slope of the C(t) curve. Mean transit times showed a smaller coefficient of variance than T1/2, and this difference was statistically significant (p less than 0.005). This result suggests that MTT may be a more suitable parameter for definition of normal values and for the separation of normal from pathological patterns of emptying.", "PMID": 854725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10482", "title": "[Radioimmunoassay for secretin].", "content": "A simple direct radioimmunoassay for human secretin has been developed by immunizing rabbits with synthetic human secretin. After 1-2 injections antisera with titers up to 1:52000 could be induced. In a dysequilibrium system secretin levels in plasma can be measured down to a concentration of 25 pg/ml plasma. Extraction methods gave unreproducible recoveries. Direct estimation in plasma provides only relative values because of a \"non-specific\" effect of secretin free plasma which is difficult to control. A simple assay based on iodination with chloramin-T and charcoal dextran separation produces at least reliable relative values, as shown by the pattern of secretin concentrations in response to intraduodenal stimulation with HC1.", "contents": "[Radioimmunoassay for secretin]. A simple direct radioimmunoassay for human secretin has been developed by immunizing rabbits with synthetic human secretin. After 1-2 injections antisera with titers up to 1:52000 could be induced. In a dysequilibrium system secretin levels in plasma can be measured down to a concentration of 25 pg/ml plasma. Extraction methods gave unreproducible recoveries. Direct estimation in plasma provides only relative values because of a \"non-specific\" effect of secretin free plasma which is difficult to control. A simple assay based on iodination with chloramin-T and charcoal dextran separation produces at least reliable relative values, as shown by the pattern of secretin concentrations in response to intraduodenal stimulation with HC1.", "PMID": 854726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10483", "title": "[Pathologic anatomy of cor pulmonale. Results of autopsies].", "content": "In a Zurich autopsy study comprising 7947 adults (over 20-year-olds), cor pulmonale was diagnosed in 8.9% (709 cases). In more than half of the cases the cor pulmonale was caused by lung diseases associated with chronic bronchitis and emphysema or with fibrosis of the lung. In 7 cases recurrent thromboembolism was the sole cause of cor pulmonale, whereas in 103 cases additional lung diseases were involved. 7 cases could be attributed to primary pulmonary hypertension. Cor pulmonale is, as a rule, the result of multiple lung conditions. The lesions of pulmonary vessels in cor pulmonale are produced either by parenchymatous lung changes (such as pneumoconiosis, sarcoidosis, etc.) or by pulmonary hypertension.", "contents": "[Pathologic anatomy of cor pulmonale. Results of autopsies]. In a Zurich autopsy study comprising 7947 adults (over 20-year-olds), cor pulmonale was diagnosed in 8.9% (709 cases). In more than half of the cases the cor pulmonale was caused by lung diseases associated with chronic bronchitis and emphysema or with fibrosis of the lung. In 7 cases recurrent thromboembolism was the sole cause of cor pulmonale, whereas in 103 cases additional lung diseases were involved. 7 cases could be attributed to primary pulmonary hypertension. Cor pulmonale is, as a rule, the result of multiple lung conditions. The lesions of pulmonary vessels in cor pulmonale are produced either by parenchymatous lung changes (such as pneumoconiosis, sarcoidosis, etc.) or by pulmonary hypertension.", "PMID": 854727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10484", "title": "[Cancer mortality in patients of psychiatric hospitals].", "content": "Studies on cancer mortality in psychiatric patients, especially schizphrenics, are reviewed. The divergences between these studies may be partially explained by the different statistical methods employed. It is difficult to compare the populations observed, due to the influence of such elements as the method of sampling, the period of observation of psychotic patients, diagnostic methods and criteria etc. On the whole, it is concluded that no major difference could be demonstrated with certainty between a non-selected population of psychotic patients (excluding psychoorganic cases) and the general population. With regard to schizophrenics, the hypothesis of a lower mortality from cancer cannot be ruled out on the grounds of studies carried out at the Lausanne psychiatric clinic. However, reports on cancer incidence have not yet confirmed this hypothesis and further studies are needed to verify it. Various factors are discussed which may modify cancer risk in psychiatric patients in hospital such as tobacco, food, sexual activity, neuropleptics, and biochemical and immunological factors. Lastly, the psychosomatic hypothesis of carcinogenesis is discussed in the framework of this review.", "contents": "[Cancer mortality in patients of psychiatric hospitals]. Studies on cancer mortality in psychiatric patients, especially schizphrenics, are reviewed. The divergences between these studies may be partially explained by the different statistical methods employed. It is difficult to compare the populations observed, due to the influence of such elements as the method of sampling, the period of observation of psychotic patients, diagnostic methods and criteria etc. On the whole, it is concluded that no major difference could be demonstrated with certainty between a non-selected population of psychotic patients (excluding psychoorganic cases) and the general population. With regard to schizophrenics, the hypothesis of a lower mortality from cancer cannot be ruled out on the grounds of studies carried out at the Lausanne psychiatric clinic. However, reports on cancer incidence have not yet confirmed this hypothesis and further studies are needed to verify it. Various factors are discussed which may modify cancer risk in psychiatric patients in hospital such as tobacco, food, sexual activity, neuropleptics, and biochemical and immunological factors. Lastly, the psychosomatic hypothesis of carcinogenesis is discussed in the framework of this review.", "PMID": 854729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10485", "title": "H-y antigen: expression in human subjects with the testicular feminization syndrome.", "content": "Androgen-insensitive subjects with a 46,XY karotype develop as phenotypic females despite presence of testes. The white blood cells of these females type H-Y antigen-positive indicate that expression of the H-Y cell surface component is androgen-independent.", "contents": "H-y antigen: expression in human subjects with the testicular feminization syndrome. Androgen-insensitive subjects with a 46,XY karotype develop as phenotypic females despite presence of testes. The white blood cells of these females type H-Y antigen-positive indicate that expression of the H-Y cell surface component is androgen-independent.", "PMID": 854739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10486", "title": "Degradation and detoxification of canavanine by a specialized seed predator.", "content": "Larvae of the bruchid beetle Caryedes brasiliensis feed exclusively on seeds of the Neotropical legume Dioclea megacarpa, which contains 13 percent L-canavanine by dry weight. L-Canavanine, a nonprotein amino acid analog of L-arginine, exhibits potent insecticidal properties. Most of the seed nitrogen is sequestered in canavanine, and bruchid beetle larvae do not simply excrete this toxic compound. Instead, these larvae possess extraordinarily high urease activity, which facilitates the conversion of canavanine to ammonia through urea. In this way, canavanine is effectively detoxified and a supply of nitrogen for fixation into organic linkage is ensured.", "contents": "Degradation and detoxification of canavanine by a specialized seed predator. Larvae of the bruchid beetle Caryedes brasiliensis feed exclusively on seeds of the Neotropical legume Dioclea megacarpa, which contains 13 percent L-canavanine by dry weight. L-Canavanine, a nonprotein amino acid analog of L-arginine, exhibits potent insecticidal properties. Most of the seed nitrogen is sequestered in canavanine, and bruchid beetle larvae do not simply excrete this toxic compound. Instead, these larvae possess extraordinarily high urease activity, which facilitates the conversion of canavanine to ammonia through urea. In this way, canavanine is effectively detoxified and a supply of nitrogen for fixation into organic linkage is ensured.", "PMID": 854740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10487", "title": "Adequate response of plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D to parturition in paretic (milk fever) dairy cows.", "content": "The concentration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D was measured by means of a radioactive receptor assay in the plasma of cows during the period immediately prior to, during, and following parturition. Nonparetic cows showed initially a slight decrease in plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D which was followed by a significant increase during parturition and 2 days postpartum. The highest concentration achieved in the control or nonparetic cows was 100 picograms per milliliter. In the paretic animals the plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentration increased sharply during the day preceding calving and reached a maximum of 200 picograms per milliliter at parturition. This level was maintained during the ensuing 2.5 days. These results demonstrate that parturient paresis cannot be the result of insufficient synthesis or secretion of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D.", "contents": "Adequate response of plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D to parturition in paretic (milk fever) dairy cows. The concentration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D was measured by means of a radioactive receptor assay in the plasma of cows during the period immediately prior to, during, and following parturition. Nonparetic cows showed initially a slight decrease in plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D which was followed by a significant increase during parturition and 2 days postpartum. The highest concentration achieved in the control or nonparetic cows was 100 picograms per milliliter. In the paretic animals the plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentration increased sharply during the day preceding calving and reached a maximum of 200 picograms per milliliter at parturition. This level was maintained during the ensuing 2.5 days. These results demonstrate that parturient paresis cannot be the result of insufficient synthesis or secretion of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D.", "PMID": 854741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10488", "title": "Virus-induced behavioral alteration of mice.", "content": "Neonatal mice were inoculated intracerebrally with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM). These mice developed long-term persistent tolerant infections and when tested at 3.5 to 6.0 months of age they showed significant increases in behavioral latency when subjected to open-field tests, and significant decreases in the current level required to elicit to startle response and in locomotor activity in a running wheel. Comparable results were obtained with mice in which persistent infection was induced at 8 weeks of age and which were tested at 3.5 to 6.0 months of age. It was concluded that mice infected with LCM at birth or as adults exhibited long-lasting behavioral abnormalities.", "contents": "Virus-induced behavioral alteration of mice. Neonatal mice were inoculated intracerebrally with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM). These mice developed long-term persistent tolerant infections and when tested at 3.5 to 6.0 months of age they showed significant increases in behavioral latency when subjected to open-field tests, and significant decreases in the current level required to elicit to startle response and in locomotor activity in a running wheel. Comparable results were obtained with mice in which persistent infection was induced at 8 weeks of age and which were tested at 3.5 to 6.0 months of age. It was concluded that mice infected with LCM at birth or as adults exhibited long-lasting behavioral abnormalities.", "PMID": 854742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10489", "title": "Geomagnetic disturbance and the orientation of nocturnally migrating birds.", "content": "Free-flying passerine migrants respond to natural fluctuations in the earth's magnetic field. The variability in flight directions of nocturnal migrants is significantly correlated with increasing geomagnetic disturbance as measured by both the K index and various components of the earth's magnetic field. The results indicate that such disturbances influence the orientation of free-flying migrants, but the evidence is not sufficient to show that geomagnetism is a cue in their orientation system.", "contents": "Geomagnetic disturbance and the orientation of nocturnally migrating birds. Free-flying passerine migrants respond to natural fluctuations in the earth's magnetic field. The variability in flight directions of nocturnal migrants is significantly correlated with increasing geomagnetic disturbance as measured by both the K index and various components of the earth's magnetic field. The results indicate that such disturbances influence the orientation of free-flying migrants, but the evidence is not sufficient to show that geomagnetism is a cue in their orientation system.", "PMID": 854743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10490", "title": "Nuclide imaging and computed tomography in cerebral vascular disease.", "content": "This report presents our experience with computed tomographic and radionuclide scans in 224 patients with ischemic or hemorrhagic infarcts or intracerebral hematomas secondary to cerebral occlusive vascular diseases. The results vary according to the site of vascular occlusion. The radionuclide angiograms and static scintigrams show four distinct patterns in cases of occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Computed tomographic scans exhibit less variation in appearance and have a higher sensitivity in cases of recent ischemic infarction. The \"tentorial confluence sign\" is an important finding on static scintigrams in patients with occipital infarction; if this sign is not present, this diagnosis should be suspect. Earlier reports have established the value of computed tomography and radionuclide scans in the evaluation of cerebral infarction. In individual cases, however, each of these modalities may render nondiagnostic or false negative findings; combining both both types of examinations and comparing results yield a greater likelihood of an accurate diagnosis of cerebrovascular disease. Computed tomography is clearly more valuable than radionuclide scans in the diagnosis and follow-up of hemorrhagic infarcts or parenchymal hematomas.", "contents": "Nuclide imaging and computed tomography in cerebral vascular disease. This report presents our experience with computed tomographic and radionuclide scans in 224 patients with ischemic or hemorrhagic infarcts or intracerebral hematomas secondary to cerebral occlusive vascular diseases. The results vary according to the site of vascular occlusion. The radionuclide angiograms and static scintigrams show four distinct patterns in cases of occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Computed tomographic scans exhibit less variation in appearance and have a higher sensitivity in cases of recent ischemic infarction. The \"tentorial confluence sign\" is an important finding on static scintigrams in patients with occipital infarction; if this sign is not present, this diagnosis should be suspect. Earlier reports have established the value of computed tomography and radionuclide scans in the evaluation of cerebral infarction. In individual cases, however, each of these modalities may render nondiagnostic or false negative findings; combining both both types of examinations and comparing results yield a greater likelihood of an accurate diagnosis of cerebrovascular disease. Computed tomography is clearly more valuable than radionuclide scans in the diagnosis and follow-up of hemorrhagic infarcts or parenchymal hematomas.", "PMID": 854762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10491", "title": "The aetiology, diagnosis and treatment of constipation and diarrhoea in geriatric patients.", "content": "Constipation and, to a lesser extent, diarrhoea, are not uncommon in the elderly and are frequently due to nonorganic causes. Despite this, disturbances in bowel habit always warrant the consideration of possible organic causes. Carcinoma of the colon and endocrine causes are frequently overlooked and rectal examination is mandatory in all patients to exclude rectal carcinoma and faecal impaction. Rectal bleeding, of course, is as alarming a symptom in the elderly as it is in younger people.", "contents": "The aetiology, diagnosis and treatment of constipation and diarrhoea in geriatric patients. Constipation and, to a lesser extent, diarrhoea, are not uncommon in the elderly and are frequently due to nonorganic causes. Despite this, disturbances in bowel habit always warrant the consideration of possible organic causes. Carcinoma of the colon and endocrine causes are frequently overlooked and rectal examination is mandatory in all patients to exclude rectal carcinoma and faecal impaction. Rectal bleeding, of course, is as alarming a symptom in the elderly as it is in younger people.", "PMID": 854817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10492", "title": "Confusion in the aged.", "content": "A brief review of the common causes of states of mental confusion in the aged is presented. The emphasis is on the early and accurate recognition of causes, and practical ways of dealing with the condition.", "contents": "Confusion in the aged. A brief review of the common causes of states of mental confusion in the aged is presented. The emphasis is on the early and accurate recognition of causes, and practical ways of dealing with the condition.", "PMID": 854818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10493", "title": "The role of the voluntary welfare agency in the care of the aged.", "content": "This article summarizes the various facilities available to the aged living in the community and some of the problems associated with providing accommodation for the elderly, and for the mentally frail person in particular. The importance of closer co-operation between the medical profession and voluntary welfare organizations is emphasized.", "contents": "The role of the voluntary welfare agency in the care of the aged. This article summarizes the various facilities available to the aged living in the community and some of the problems associated with providing accommodation for the elderly, and for the mentally frail person in particular. The importance of closer co-operation between the medical profession and voluntary welfare organizations is emphasized.", "PMID": 854820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10494", "title": "Geriatrics in twestern Europe.", "content": "Visits to homes for the aged and congresses on the aged in Western European countries offered informative insights into the amenities available to the aged and the principles employed in providing such amenities. The identity and dignity of the aged are the concern of medical practitioners who have specialized in this field. I was impressed by their insight and dedication to the problem.", "contents": "Geriatrics in twestern Europe. Visits to homes for the aged and congresses on the aged in Western European countries offered informative insights into the amenities available to the aged and the principles employed in providing such amenities. The identity and dignity of the aged are the concern of medical practitioners who have specialized in this field. I was impressed by their insight and dedication to the problem.", "PMID": 854821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10495", "title": "Medical research in the Republic of South Africa.", "content": "A brief overview of the policies and research priorities of the South African Medical Research Council is given. Some of the unique medical problems of South Africa on which research is being done are indicated.", "contents": "Medical research in the Republic of South Africa. A brief overview of the policies and research priorities of the South African Medical Research Council is given. Some of the unique medical problems of South Africa on which research is being done are indicated.", "PMID": 854828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10496", "title": "Attitudes of medical students to a family attachment scheme.", "content": "A family attachment scheme is described, in which a few fourth-year students followed-up the babies they delivered during their obstetric training until the final year of study. Fifth-year students visited families of a normal newborn infant or a child who had presented with an illness or abnormality until the end of their final year. Some students felt that the project had been worth while, while others thought that it was pointless. Families visited by the students thought the scheme had been beneficial, mainly because the student was somebody they could talk to about their problems.", "contents": "Attitudes of medical students to a family attachment scheme. A family attachment scheme is described, in which a few fourth-year students followed-up the babies they delivered during their obstetric training until the final year of study. Fifth-year students visited families of a normal newborn infant or a child who had presented with an illness or abnormality until the end of their final year. Some students felt that the project had been worth while, while others thought that it was pointless. Families visited by the students thought the scheme had been beneficial, mainly because the student was somebody they could talk to about their problems.", "PMID": 854829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10497", "title": "Tumour metastasis to the thyroid gland.", "content": "Ten cases of tumour metastasis to the thyroid gland are reviewed. Thyroid involvement implies disseminated malignant disease, but metastatic tumours may simulate a primary thyroid tumour. It is suggested that thyroid involvement by metastasis is more common than previously assumed. Needle biopsy of the thyroid gland permits accurate histopathological diagnosis.", "contents": "Tumour metastasis to the thyroid gland. Ten cases of tumour metastasis to the thyroid gland are reviewed. Thyroid involvement implies disseminated malignant disease, but metastatic tumours may simulate a primary thyroid tumour. It is suggested that thyroid involvement by metastasis is more common than previously assumed. Needle biopsy of the thyroid gland permits accurate histopathological diagnosis.", "PMID": 854830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10498", "title": "Microsporum magellanicum and Cunninghamella antarctica, new species isolated from Australic and Antarctic soil of chile.", "content": "Keratinophilic fungi were isolated from samples of soil collected in the extremity of Chile, in Southern Shetland and Antarctic continent. Two new species, Microsporum magellanicum and Cunninghamella antarctica are described. Microsporum magellanicum is characterized by verrucose or verruculose clavate macroconidia predominantly uniseptate, 4-87-2micronx14-4-21-6micron. Cunninghamella antarctica has conidiophores usually verticillately, pseudoverticillately and sympodially branched; and globose conidia with evident spines, 12-8-16micron in diameter.", "contents": "Microsporum magellanicum and Cunninghamella antarctica, new species isolated from Australic and Antarctic soil of chile. Keratinophilic fungi were isolated from samples of soil collected in the extremity of Chile, in Southern Shetland and Antarctic continent. Two new species, Microsporum magellanicum and Cunninghamella antarctica are described. Microsporum magellanicum is characterized by verrucose or verruculose clavate macroconidia predominantly uniseptate, 4-87-2micronx14-4-21-6micron. Cunninghamella antarctica has conidiophores usually verticillately, pseudoverticillately and sympodially branched; and globose conidia with evident spines, 12-8-16micron in diameter.", "PMID": 854832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10499", "title": "Gastrobronchial fistula diagnosed and treated four years after a shooting accident. A case report.", "content": "A case of gastrobronchial fistula complicating thoraco-abdominal trauma is presented. Possible pathogenesis is discussed and a further cause for failure of a fistula to close is suggested.", "contents": "Gastrobronchial fistula diagnosed and treated four years after a shooting accident. A case report. A case of gastrobronchial fistula complicating thoraco-abdominal trauma is presented. Possible pathogenesis is discussed and a further cause for failure of a fistula to close is suggested.", "PMID": 854831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10500", "title": "Freeze-etching observations of Trichophyton Violaceum.", "content": "Trichophyton violaceum was cultured on a Sabouraud's dextrose agar slants for freeze-fracture replication. It was cryoprotected with glycerol and sucrose. The surface structure of the cell wall showed a rodlet pattern. Invagination-like craters were observed in the plasmalemma. The nuclear envelope with pores, mitochondria, and vacuoles were clearly shown. Three-dimensional views of the fine structure were presented.", "contents": "Freeze-etching observations of Trichophyton Violaceum. Trichophyton violaceum was cultured on a Sabouraud's dextrose agar slants for freeze-fracture replication. It was cryoprotected with glycerol and sucrose. The surface structure of the cell wall showed a rodlet pattern. Invagination-like craters were observed in the plasmalemma. The nuclear envelope with pores, mitochondria, and vacuoles were clearly shown. Three-dimensional views of the fine structure were presented.", "PMID": 854833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10501", "title": "Blunt abdominal trauma in childhood.", "content": "Blunt abdominal trauma in childhood is a common clinical occurrence. Accurate assessment requires an understanding of patterns of injury and the response of the child. Repetitive examinations in a comforting environment will yield superior clinical judgment. Renal trauma is frequent, requires thorough radiologic evaluation, and may be associated with an underlying anomaly. The goal of management is salvage of functioning nephrons. Definitive indications should exist prior to operative intervention. The goal of management of splenic injury should not be the justification of splenectomy. The operative decision should be based on clinical indications. Judgment should include a knowledge of the risks and alternatives.", "contents": "Blunt abdominal trauma in childhood. Blunt abdominal trauma in childhood is a common clinical occurrence. Accurate assessment requires an understanding of patterns of injury and the response of the child. Repetitive examinations in a comforting environment will yield superior clinical judgment. Renal trauma is frequent, requires thorough radiologic evaluation, and may be associated with an underlying anomaly. The goal of management is salvage of functioning nephrons. Definitive indications should exist prior to operative intervention. The goal of management of splenic injury should not be the justification of splenectomy. The operative decision should be based on clinical indications. Judgment should include a knowledge of the risks and alternatives.", "PMID": 854850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10502", "title": "Nonpenetrating thoracic injuries.", "content": "In patients with nonpenetrating thoracic trauma, the rib fractures and other chest wall lesions may distract the physician from dangerous internal injuries in the chest or abdomen which may not be noted unless looked for very carefully. Early vigorous correction of any ventilatory problem is essential, particularly if there is any evidence of impaired tissue perfusion. Shock is frequently due to extrathoracic injuries, particularly intraabdominal bleeding. The flail associated with multiple rib fractures may seem mild initially, but severe underlying pulponary contusion and/or associated extrathoracic injuries make early ventilatory assistance extremely important. Rupture of the thoracic aorta should be suspected in rapid deceleration injuries, but is often not considered unless there is widening of the superior mediastinum on hte chest x-ray. Aortography to confirm the aortic tear should be done if time permits, and early repair of the injury provides the best results.", "contents": "Nonpenetrating thoracic injuries. In patients with nonpenetrating thoracic trauma, the rib fractures and other chest wall lesions may distract the physician from dangerous internal injuries in the chest or abdomen which may not be noted unless looked for very carefully. Early vigorous correction of any ventilatory problem is essential, particularly if there is any evidence of impaired tissue perfusion. Shock is frequently due to extrathoracic injuries, particularly intraabdominal bleeding. The flail associated with multiple rib fractures may seem mild initially, but severe underlying pulponary contusion and/or associated extrathoracic injuries make early ventilatory assistance extremely important. Rupture of the thoracic aorta should be suspected in rapid deceleration injuries, but is often not considered unless there is widening of the superior mediastinum on hte chest x-ray. Aortography to confirm the aortic tear should be done if time permits, and early repair of the injury provides the best results.", "PMID": 854851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10503", "title": "Phenylmercuric acetate intoxication in mink.", "content": "Mink died following an incidental phenylmercuric acetate (PMA) intoxication. Mortality was restricted to the older animals (31% in the females and 40% in the males). Of all organs the kidneys were most seriously damaged (tubulonephrosis) and contained the highest residual levels of mercury. No lesions were observed in the central nervous system. Twenty-one weeks after exposure mercury residues had declined to normal levels. The half-time of disappearance of mercury was 10 days in skeletal muscle, 22 days in kidneys, 27 days in brain and 36 days in liver. The reproductivity of the surviving mink was not affected by the PMA-intoxication.", "contents": "Phenylmercuric acetate intoxication in mink. Mink died following an incidental phenylmercuric acetate (PMA) intoxication. Mortality was restricted to the older animals (31% in the females and 40% in the males). Of all organs the kidneys were most seriously damaged (tubulonephrosis) and contained the highest residual levels of mercury. No lesions were observed in the central nervous system. Twenty-one weeks after exposure mercury residues had declined to normal levels. The half-time of disappearance of mercury was 10 days in skeletal muscle, 22 days in kidneys, 27 days in brain and 36 days in liver. The reproductivity of the surviving mink was not affected by the PMA-intoxication.", "PMID": 854915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10504", "title": "Changes of hypophysio-ovarian endocrinological function by aging in woman.", "content": "Serum estradiol, progesterone, LH and FSH were concomitantly measured by radioimmunoassay in pre- and post-menopausal women in an attempt to study hormonal changes occurring in menopause. The level of serum estradiol in post-menopausal women was maintained at the same level as in pre-menopausal stage within one year after menopause and thereafter began to decrease to the senile minimal level. On the other hand, the mean serum levels of FSH and LH were elevated gradually after menopause. At the conclusion of this study, it was suggested that the key point of the mechanism of menopause may exist not only in the depletion of ovarian function but in the change of the regulatory mechanism of LH and FSH secretion by aging.", "contents": "Changes of hypophysio-ovarian endocrinological function by aging in woman. Serum estradiol, progesterone, LH and FSH were concomitantly measured by radioimmunoassay in pre- and post-menopausal women in an attempt to study hormonal changes occurring in menopause. The level of serum estradiol in post-menopausal women was maintained at the same level as in pre-menopausal stage within one year after menopause and thereafter began to decrease to the senile minimal level. On the other hand, the mean serum levels of FSH and LH were elevated gradually after menopause. At the conclusion of this study, it was suggested that the key point of the mechanism of menopause may exist not only in the depletion of ovarian function but in the change of the regulatory mechanism of LH and FSH secretion by aging.", "PMID": 854916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10505", "title": "Parotid saliva tests in patients with pancreatic diseases before and after surgery.", "content": "Two patients with pancreatic cyst were treated by cystojejunostomy, two others with pancreaticolithiasis by pancreaticojejunostomy (side to side), and pancreato-duodenectomy was done in one patient with cancer of the duodenal papilla and in one patient with cancer of the intrapancreatic bile duct. All these patients made uneventful recovery. In all these cases, parotid gland function was found depressed. After the operation, four patients showed normal parotid gland function and in one patient it was abnormally elevated. Thus, as previously reported in animal experiments, the parotid gland function was presumed to return to normal or to be elevated in parallel with the improvement of the pancreatic function or lesions.", "contents": "Parotid saliva tests in patients with pancreatic diseases before and after surgery. Two patients with pancreatic cyst were treated by cystojejunostomy, two others with pancreaticolithiasis by pancreaticojejunostomy (side to side), and pancreato-duodenectomy was done in one patient with cancer of the duodenal papilla and in one patient with cancer of the intrapancreatic bile duct. All these patients made uneventful recovery. In all these cases, parotid gland function was found depressed. After the operation, four patients showed normal parotid gland function and in one patient it was abnormally elevated. Thus, as previously reported in animal experiments, the parotid gland function was presumed to return to normal or to be elevated in parallel with the improvement of the pancreatic function or lesions.", "PMID": 854917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10506", "title": "Triglyceride metabolism in the lung.", "content": "Experiments were carried out to examine whether the lung acts as a depot for circulating lipid, especially that absorbed from the intestine. When 0.5 ml of triolein was administered orally to rats, the triglyceride content of the lung increased 2-3 hr later, but its increase in the lungs 2-3 hr later was only of about 1/10 of that in the liver. In the fed state the triglyceride content of the lung was only about 1/8 of that of the liver. When [3H]palmitic acid was administered orally to mice its uptake by the lung 1 and 2 hr later was 1/25-40 of that by the liver. In the lung, it was incorporated into phospholipid more than into triglyceride, but in the liver it was predominatly incorporated into triglyceride. Most of the lipase activity in both the microsomal and soluble fractions of rat lung appeared to be due to lipoprotein lipase. Fasting did not decrease the lipoprotein lipase activity in either fraction. It was concluded that  the lung is not important in removal of triglyceride from the blood, even during fat absorption from the intestine, and that the lung takes up circulating lipid for its own metabolism rather than for storage.", "contents": "Triglyceride metabolism in the lung. Experiments were carried out to examine whether the lung acts as a depot for circulating lipid, especially that absorbed from the intestine. When 0.5 ml of triolein was administered orally to rats, the triglyceride content of the lung increased 2-3 hr later, but its increase in the lungs 2-3 hr later was only of about 1/10 of that in the liver. In the fed state the triglyceride content of the lung was only about 1/8 of that of the liver. When [3H]palmitic acid was administered orally to mice its uptake by the lung 1 and 2 hr later was 1/25-40 of that by the liver. In the lung, it was incorporated into phospholipid more than into triglyceride, but in the liver it was predominatly incorporated into triglyceride. Most of the lipase activity in both the microsomal and soluble fractions of rat lung appeared to be due to lipoprotein lipase. Fasting did not decrease the lipoprotein lipase activity in either fraction. It was concluded that  the lung is not important in removal of triglyceride from the blood, even during fat absorption from the intestine, and that the lung takes up circulating lipid for its own metabolism rather than for storage.", "PMID": 854918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10507", "title": "Effects of halothane on coronary and systemic circulations, myocardial metabolism and blood flow distribution within the canine heart.", "content": "Myocardial metabolism, blood flow distribution within the heart, and coronary and systemic circulations were observed during halothane anesthesia using 15 mongrel dogs. Pao2 and Paco2 were maintained near 100 and 40 torr respectively throughout the study. As arterial halothane content increased, most parameters of systemic circulation were depressed significantly. Coronary blood flow was reduced in parallel with myocardial oxygen consumption (MVo2) (r=+0.89, pless than0.001). Myocardial contractility decreased significantly as anesthesia deepened. MVo2 and myocardial CO2 production were reduced as arterial halothane concentration rose. Arterial-coronary venous difference in blood oxygen content remained unchanged even in deep stage. Lactate and pyruvate were continuously taken up by the myocardium, although the amounts of uptake were reduced as anesthesia progressed. Calculated excess lactate and redox potential did not show any signs of myocardial hypoxia even in deep halothane anesthesia. Among major hemodynamic parameters, left ventricular dp/dt max showed the closest correlation with MVo2. Microsphere injection method was used to observe blood flow distribution within the heart. Halothane did not influence the distribution significantly and I/O ratio of the left ventricular free wall remained near 1.0 during the study.", "contents": "Effects of halothane on coronary and systemic circulations, myocardial metabolism and blood flow distribution within the canine heart. Myocardial metabolism, blood flow distribution within the heart, and coronary and systemic circulations were observed during halothane anesthesia using 15 mongrel dogs. Pao2 and Paco2 were maintained near 100 and 40 torr respectively throughout the study. As arterial halothane content increased, most parameters of systemic circulation were depressed significantly. Coronary blood flow was reduced in parallel with myocardial oxygen consumption (MVo2) (r=+0.89, pless than0.001). Myocardial contractility decreased significantly as anesthesia deepened. MVo2 and myocardial CO2 production were reduced as arterial halothane concentration rose. Arterial-coronary venous difference in blood oxygen content remained unchanged even in deep stage. Lactate and pyruvate were continuously taken up by the myocardium, although the amounts of uptake were reduced as anesthesia progressed. Calculated excess lactate and redox potential did not show any signs of myocardial hypoxia even in deep halothane anesthesia. Among major hemodynamic parameters, left ventricular dp/dt max showed the closest correlation with MVo2. Microsphere injection method was used to observe blood flow distribution within the heart. Halothane did not influence the distribution significantly and I/O ratio of the left ventricular free wall remained near 1.0 during the study.", "PMID": 854919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10508", "title": "Toxicity studies on trans-1,2-dichloroethylene.", "content": "Trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (t-DCE), an industrial solvent, proved to be moderately toxic when studied in small laboratory animals. In adult female rats brief (8 h) and prolonged (8 h daily, on 5 consecutive days a week, for more than 16 weeks) inhalation of 200 ppm--the current TLV/MAC in various countries--produced histological evidence of slight to severe fatty degeneration of the liver lobules and Kupffer cells. In addition marked pulmonary hyperaemia and alveolar septal distention were noted. Fibrous swelling of the cardiac muscle (with striation) just barely maintained) and hyperaemia remained detectable for as long as 14 h post-exposure, but only occurred at 3000 ppm/8 h. A concentration of 1000 ppm/8 h was required to produce a fall in blood albumin, urea nitrogen, alkaline phosphatase activities and erythrocyte count. The cited concentrations failed to produce prenarcotic symptoms of narcosis (central nervous system (CNS) depression). The LD50 was found to be 6.0 ml/kg i.p. and 1.0 ml/kg p.o. for female rats, and 3.2 ml/kg i;p. for female mice. In some of the rats killed in these experiments the organ changes were found to be identical to those observed after inhalation.", "contents": "Toxicity studies on trans-1,2-dichloroethylene. Trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (t-DCE), an industrial solvent, proved to be moderately toxic when studied in small laboratory animals. In adult female rats brief (8 h) and prolonged (8 h daily, on 5 consecutive days a week, for more than 16 weeks) inhalation of 200 ppm--the current TLV/MAC in various countries--produced histological evidence of slight to severe fatty degeneration of the liver lobules and Kupffer cells. In addition marked pulmonary hyperaemia and alveolar septal distention were noted. Fibrous swelling of the cardiac muscle (with striation) just barely maintained) and hyperaemia remained detectable for as long as 14 h post-exposure, but only occurred at 3000 ppm/8 h. A concentration of 1000 ppm/8 h was required to produce a fall in blood albumin, urea nitrogen, alkaline phosphatase activities and erythrocyte count. The cited concentrations failed to produce prenarcotic symptoms of narcosis (central nervous system (CNS) depression). The LD50 was found to be 6.0 ml/kg i.p. and 1.0 ml/kg p.o. for female rats, and 3.2 ml/kg i;p. for female mice. In some of the rats killed in these experiments the organ changes were found to be identical to those observed after inhalation.", "PMID": 854930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10509", "title": "Inhalation toxicity studies on cigarette smoke. IV. Expression of the dose of smoke particulate material applied to the lungs of experimental animals.", "content": "Calculations of total particulate matter (TPM) dose applied to the lungs of animals are made from experimental dosimetry data. TPM dose levels achieved in a number of species following exposure to smoke are related to body weight, lung weight and alveolar surface areas of these animals. The dosage levels achieved in animals are compared with estimate of TPM dose retained by a smoker. Cigarette dosage equivalents to which animals are subjected can be calculated on the basis of these comparisons. The validity of making such extrapolations from animal dosimetry data to the human exposure situation is discussed.", "contents": "Inhalation toxicity studies on cigarette smoke. IV. Expression of the dose of smoke particulate material applied to the lungs of experimental animals. Calculations of total particulate matter (TPM) dose applied to the lungs of animals are made from experimental dosimetry data. TPM dose levels achieved in a number of species following exposure to smoke are related to body weight, lung weight and alveolar surface areas of these animals. The dosage levels achieved in animals are compared with estimate of TPM dose retained by a smoker. Cigarette dosage equivalents to which animals are subjected can be calculated on the basis of these comparisons. The validity of making such extrapolations from animal dosimetry data to the human exposure situation is discussed.", "PMID": 854931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10510", "title": "Semichronic oral toxicity of cadmium. I. Studies on rats.", "content": "Cadmium (in the form of CdCl2) was fed to groups of 20 male and 20 female rats each over a period of 3 months in concentrations of 0, 1, 3, 10 and 30 ppm. Appearance, behaviour, food consumption, growth and mortality of the treated rats of all groups were not affected during the 3-month period. The cadmium concentrations did not cause blood, liver or kidney damage. The systolic blood pressure of the treated animals was not increased. Autopsies and histopathological investigation of the animals showed no sign of any alterations. Cadmium accumulated dose-dependently in the kerated by rats over a period of 3 months without harm.", "contents": "Semichronic oral toxicity of cadmium. I. Studies on rats. Cadmium (in the form of CdCl2) was fed to groups of 20 male and 20 female rats each over a period of 3 months in concentrations of 0, 1, 3, 10 and 30 ppm. Appearance, behaviour, food consumption, growth and mortality of the treated rats of all groups were not affected during the 3-month period. The cadmium concentrations did not cause blood, liver or kidney damage. The systolic blood pressure of the treated animals was not increased. Autopsies and histopathological investigation of the animals showed no sign of any alterations. Cadmium accumulated dose-dependently in the kerated by rats over a period of 3 months without harm.", "PMID": 854932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10511", "title": "[Epidemiology of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma].", "content": "Main sources of information on the epidemiology of malignant tumors are the statistical data on mortality and incidence and the studies on the distribution of frequencies. The mortality from non-Hodgkin's lymphomas ranges between 0.1 and 6 cases per 100 000 per year. Statistics upon incidence are based on cancer registers of the general population. The figures of incidence range between 1 and 10 cases per 100 000 per year (\"Cancer Incidence in Five Continents\"). Men are affected with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma twice as frequently as women. Burkitt's lymphoma and the lymphoma of small intestine are particularly interesting, showing a peculiar geographical and age distribution.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma]. Main sources of information on the epidemiology of malignant tumors are the statistical data on mortality and incidence and the studies on the distribution of frequencies. The mortality from non-Hodgkin's lymphomas ranges between 0.1 and 6 cases per 100 000 per year. Statistics upon incidence are based on cancer registers of the general population. The figures of incidence range between 1 and 10 cases per 100 000 per year (\"Cancer Incidence in Five Continents\"). Men are affected with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma twice as frequently as women. Burkitt's lymphoma and the lymphoma of small intestine are particularly interesting, showing a peculiar geographical and age distribution.", "PMID": 854944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10512", "title": "[Reversible and irreversible azoospermia after irradiation of the malign tumor of the testicle (author's transl)].", "content": "Of the patients who had received radiotherapy for malignant testicular tumors between May 1957 and December 1975, 100 were alive without recurrence and without previous chemotherapy at the time of this study. An evaluable ejaculate could be examined in 52 of these patients. The patients were divided into eight groups according to the radiation fields employed. In this manner a direct correlation between the radiation field distribution, which determined the field size, and the development of azoospermia could be made. The appearance of azoospermia was also temporally related to the onset of radiotherapy. This is not the result of a tumor induced hormonal alteration. It is caused by destruction of the spermatogonia, the precursor cells of spermatozoa, and a resulting failure of spermatogenesis. This azoospermia is dependent on the irradiation received by the healthy testicle and may therefore be partially or totaly reversible or irreversible.", "contents": "[Reversible and irreversible azoospermia after irradiation of the malign tumor of the testicle (author's transl)]. Of the patients who had received radiotherapy for malignant testicular tumors between May 1957 and December 1975, 100 were alive without recurrence and without previous chemotherapy at the time of this study. An evaluable ejaculate could be examined in 52 of these patients. The patients were divided into eight groups according to the radiation fields employed. In this manner a direct correlation between the radiation field distribution, which determined the field size, and the development of azoospermia could be made. The appearance of azoospermia was also temporally related to the onset of radiotherapy. This is not the result of a tumor induced hormonal alteration. It is caused by destruction of the spermatogonia, the precursor cells of spermatozoa, and a resulting failure of spermatogenesis. This azoospermia is dependent on the irradiation received by the healthy testicle and may therefore be partially or totaly reversible or irreversible.", "PMID": 854945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10513", "title": "Welding light.", "content": "Two types of electric welding, welding with gas-shielded arcs and welding with coated electrodes, are considered in this paper. The possible radiation injuries to the eye are described, and the measures for protection discussed.", "contents": "Welding light. Two types of electric welding, welding with gas-shielded arcs and welding with coated electrodes, are considered in this paper. The possible radiation injuries to the eye are described, and the measures for protection discussed.", "PMID": 854946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10514", "title": "[Characterization of radiation within the optical region (author's transl)].", "content": "The notions which are used for the characterization of radiation within the optical region of the spectrum (quantities, units) and their temporal and geometric relations have been arranged synoptically. Quantities of the international system (SI-System) are stressed.", "contents": "[Characterization of radiation within the optical region (author's transl)]. The notions which are used for the characterization of radiation within the optical region of the spectrum (quantities, units) and their temporal and geometric relations have been arranged synoptically. Quantities of the international system (SI-System) are stressed.", "PMID": 854947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10515", "title": "Tooth allografts in children matched for HLA.", "content": "Ninety allogeneic transplants of partially developed teeth were performed in children matched for HLA antigens. Significantly better results were obtained in the group of 74 cases where 0 to 2 incompatibilities between donor and recipient were present, in comparison to 16 cases where donors differed from the recipients in 3 or 4 antigens. It is concluded that HLA match gives a clinically relevant benefit to the tooth graft recipient. The peculiarities of tooth transplantation and the difficulties with the evaluation of tooth graft survival are discussed in detail.", "contents": "Tooth allografts in children matched for HLA. Ninety allogeneic transplants of partially developed teeth were performed in children matched for HLA antigens. Significantly better results were obtained in the group of 74 cases where 0 to 2 incompatibilities between donor and recipient were present, in comparison to 16 cases where donors differed from the recipients in 3 or 4 antigens. It is concluded that HLA match gives a clinically relevant benefit to the tooth graft recipient. The peculiarities of tooth transplantation and the difficulties with the evaluation of tooth graft survival are discussed in detail.", "PMID": 854957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10516", "title": "Complete HLA and Bf typing in families. II. Bf and the structure of the HLA region.", "content": "In two families with HLA-A,B cross-overs, the Bf locus followed the segregation of HLA-A rather than HLA-B as expected. These data, when analyzed together with those in the literature suggest that two different sequences of HLA genes exist in the population: one with Bf close to HLA-D and another with Bf in the HLA-A region.", "contents": "Complete HLA and Bf typing in families. II. Bf and the structure of the HLA region. In two families with HLA-A,B cross-overs, the Bf locus followed the segregation of HLA-A rather than HLA-B as expected. These data, when analyzed together with those in the literature suggest that two different sequences of HLA genes exist in the population: one with Bf close to HLA-D and another with Bf in the HLA-A region.", "PMID": 854972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10517", "title": "Visual evoked responses and EEG's of 16 divers breathing air at 7 ATA.", "content": "This study is an assessment of individual differences in electrophysiological response under diving conditions normally conducive to nitrogen narcosis. A group of 16 men made two dives each to approximately 200 ft in a pressure chamber while breathing air. The visual evoked response of the men at depth revealed several decrements; in the response to a slow rate of stimulation, there was a highly significant reduction in a component around 160 ms, and in the response to a rapid rate of stimulation, marked losses in amplitude and increases in variability were found. The latter changes were related to diving experience while the former were not. No significant changes were found in alpha or theta activity in the EEG.", "contents": "Visual evoked responses and EEG's of 16 divers breathing air at 7 ATA. This study is an assessment of individual differences in electrophysiological response under diving conditions normally conducive to nitrogen narcosis. A group of 16 men made two dives each to approximately 200 ft in a pressure chamber while breathing air. The visual evoked response of the men at depth revealed several decrements; in the response to a slow rate of stimulation, there was a highly significant reduction in a component around 160 ms, and in the response to a rapid rate of stimulation, marked losses in amplitude and increases in variability were found. The latter changes were related to diving experience while the former were not. No significant changes were found in alpha or theta activity in the EEG.", "PMID": 855014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10518", "title": "Serum ferritin and dysbaric osteonecrosis.", "content": "Bone and marrow necrosis has been produced in rabbits. Changes in serum ferritin levels have been measured (with appropriate controls). Results suggest that marrow death is followed by a significant rise in serum ferritin levels. The possiblitiy that this may be of value in the early diagnosis of dysbaric osteonecrosis is discussed.", "contents": "Serum ferritin and dysbaric osteonecrosis. Bone and marrow necrosis has been produced in rabbits. Changes in serum ferritin levels have been measured (with appropriate controls). Results suggest that marrow death is followed by a significant rise in serum ferritin levels. The possiblitiy that this may be of value in the early diagnosis of dysbaric osteonecrosis is discussed.", "PMID": 855015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10519", "title": "Joint crepitation after chamber air dives to 188 fsw.", "content": "Joint crepitation after chamber air dives to 188 fsw. Undersea Biomed. Res. 4(1):89-94.-Joint crepitation was observed in all subjects (8) who were decompressed from 188 fsw (gauge) dry chamber air dives with a bottom time of 45 min. Crepitation was elicited by bending a joint as far as comfortably possible, and intensity of the sound was rated on a scale of 0 to +4. Fingers, wrists, and shoulders of both arms were examined immediately postdive, 1-4, 6- 10, and 20-24 hours postdive. Typically, the intensity and/or the number of joints affected increased during the 1-4 hour postdive period and then disappeared over the next 6-24 hours. The typical \"squishy\" sound heard in these joints may be due to bubble formation, although radiographic evidence was inconclusive. Closer examination for crepitance in future dives and the reporting of its occurrence may help to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for these joint sounds.", "contents": "Joint crepitation after chamber air dives to 188 fsw. Joint crepitation after chamber air dives to 188 fsw. Undersea Biomed. Res. 4(1):89-94.-Joint crepitation was observed in all subjects (8) who were decompressed from 188 fsw (gauge) dry chamber air dives with a bottom time of 45 min. Crepitation was elicited by bending a joint as far as comfortably possible, and intensity of the sound was rated on a scale of 0 to +4. Fingers, wrists, and shoulders of both arms were examined immediately postdive, 1-4, 6- 10, and 20-24 hours postdive. Typically, the intensity and/or the number of joints affected increased during the 1-4 hour postdive period and then disappeared over the next 6-24 hours. The typical \"squishy\" sound heard in these joints may be due to bubble formation, although radiographic evidence was inconclusive. Closer examination for crepitance in future dives and the reporting of its occurrence may help to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for these joint sounds.", "PMID": 855016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10520", "title": "Renal artery thrombosis due to high voltage electricity.", "content": "A case of traumatic renal arterial artery thrombosis resulting from contact with high voltage electricity (30,000 volts) is described. The literature in respect of closed traumatic renal thrombosis is discussed and the mechanism responsible for thrombosis of the renal artery is described. Diagnosis and treatment of this condition is critically discussed. The importance of early diagnosis and operative intervention is stressed.", "contents": "Renal artery thrombosis due to high voltage electricity. A case of traumatic renal arterial artery thrombosis resulting from contact with high voltage electricity (30,000 volts) is described. The literature in respect of closed traumatic renal thrombosis is discussed and the mechanism responsible for thrombosis of the renal artery is described. Diagnosis and treatment of this condition is critically discussed. The importance of early diagnosis and operative intervention is stressed.", "PMID": 855032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10521", "title": "The transpubic approach for strictures of the posterior urethra superior to the urogenital diaphragm.", "content": "For strictures of the posterior urethra lying superior to the urogenital diaphragm, a transpubic approach with resection of the pubic symphysis has been employed. This has permitted primary excision of the scar with reanastomosis of the urethra, thus correcting the defect in a single operation without the introduction of hair-bearing skin and with preservation of the external urethral sphincter. The results in five cases have been most gratifying.", "contents": "The transpubic approach for strictures of the posterior urethra superior to the urogenital diaphragm. For strictures of the posterior urethra lying superior to the urogenital diaphragm, a transpubic approach with resection of the pubic symphysis has been employed. This has permitted primary excision of the scar with reanastomosis of the urethra, thus correcting the defect in a single operation without the introduction of hair-bearing skin and with preservation of the external urethral sphincter. The results in five cases have been most gratifying.", "PMID": 855040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10522", "title": "Evaluation of the immunocompetance of patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.", "content": "The cellular immunocompetence was examined by means of the quantitative DNCB hypersensitivity reaction in 152 patients with transitional cell carcinomas of the bladder of Broders grades 1-4. Against a control group of 367 normal controls of both sexes, 85 patients with transitional cell carcinomas of grades 1 and 2 showed a normal DNCB reactivity, irrespective of the frequency of tumour recurrence. In 9 patients of this group, an increase of malignancy from grade 2 to grade 3 was observed; the simultaneous deterioration of immunocompetence, however, was not statistically significant. On the other hand, with transitional cell carcinomas of grades 3 and 4, significant impairment of immunocompetence correlating with the tumour stage was noted.", "contents": "Evaluation of the immunocompetance of patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. The cellular immunocompetence was examined by means of the quantitative DNCB hypersensitivity reaction in 152 patients with transitional cell carcinomas of the bladder of Broders grades 1-4. Against a control group of 367 normal controls of both sexes, 85 patients with transitional cell carcinomas of grades 1 and 2 showed a normal DNCB reactivity, irrespective of the frequency of tumour recurrence. In 9 patients of this group, an increase of malignancy from grade 2 to grade 3 was observed; the simultaneous deterioration of immunocompetence, however, was not statistically significant. On the other hand, with transitional cell carcinomas of grades 3 and 4, significant impairment of immunocompetence correlating with the tumour stage was noted.", "PMID": 855056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10523", "title": "[Epididymal tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "Six cases of benign primary epididymal tumor have been investigated in our patients. The tumor size fluctuated between 3 and 35 mm in diameter. Frequency, histology and medical development are described. The majority of epididymal tumors (53%) is comprised of so-called adenomatoid tumors of benign nature and their histogenesis is being discussed. The difficulties of differential diagnosis are pointed out. Since malignity exists in 26% of the cases, the surgical exposure and diagnosis by frozen section is being postulated, when suspicion of epididymal tumor becomes evident.", "contents": "[Epididymal tumors (author's transl)]. Six cases of benign primary epididymal tumor have been investigated in our patients. The tumor size fluctuated between 3 and 35 mm in diameter. Frequency, histology and medical development are described. The majority of epididymal tumors (53%) is comprised of so-called adenomatoid tumors of benign nature and their histogenesis is being discussed. The difficulties of differential diagnosis are pointed out. Since malignity exists in 26% of the cases, the surgical exposure and diagnosis by frozen section is being postulated, when suspicion of epididymal tumor becomes evident.", "PMID": 855057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10524", "title": "The bulbocavernosusreflex (BCR). Its clinical application and technique. Observations as to the frequency of positive reflex response in the patient with normal neurological status (author's transl).", "content": "The clinical application and technique of the BCR are described in detail. The reflex was checked in 100 urological patients with normal neurologic status employing the Bors method and the catheter method (i.e. by pulling suddenly on the indwelling catheter). A significant discrepancy in the reflex response was noted. With the first method a high percentage of false-negative results was obtained in comparison with the catheter method. This latter technique is therefore to be preferred for neurologic-urologic examination. The possibillty of a special form of lower neuron lesion, caused by microangiopathic degeneration of the neuron, is discussed.", "contents": "The bulbocavernosusreflex (BCR). Its clinical application and technique. Observations as to the frequency of positive reflex response in the patient with normal neurological status (author's transl). The clinical application and technique of the BCR are described in detail. The reflex was checked in 100 urological patients with normal neurologic status employing the Bors method and the catheter method (i.e. by pulling suddenly on the indwelling catheter). A significant discrepancy in the reflex response was noted. With the first method a high percentage of false-negative results was obtained in comparison with the catheter method. This latter technique is therefore to be preferred for neurologic-urologic examination. The possibillty of a special form of lower neuron lesion, caused by microangiopathic degeneration of the neuron, is discussed.", "PMID": 855058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10525", "title": "[Urothelial carcinoma in the prostate (author's transl)].", "content": "Some 3% of the prostatic carcinomas in the prostatic cancer register at Homburg are urothelial or transitional cell carcinomas. Based on morphologic and clinical findings, 102 cases are divided into two groups: 50 cases with and 52 cases without involvement of the urinary bladder. In each group there is a subgroup where common prostatic carcinoma is combined with a urothelial carcinoma. Adenocarcinoma can precede the urothelial carcinoma by years. The urothelial carcinoma at first grows predominantly intraductally, is resistent to hormone therapy and carries a bad prognosis. Of the 102 cases, 61 died within 2 years.", "contents": "[Urothelial carcinoma in the prostate (author's transl)]. Some 3% of the prostatic carcinomas in the prostatic cancer register at Homburg are urothelial or transitional cell carcinomas. Based on morphologic and clinical findings, 102 cases are divided into two groups: 50 cases with and 52 cases without involvement of the urinary bladder. In each group there is a subgroup where common prostatic carcinoma is combined with a urothelial carcinoma. Adenocarcinoma can precede the urothelial carcinoma by years. The urothelial carcinoma at first grows predominantly intraductally, is resistent to hormone therapy and carries a bad prognosis. Of the 102 cases, 61 died within 2 years.", "PMID": 855060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10526", "title": "[Successful intra-arterial embolization of bleeding carcinoma of the prostate (author's transl)].", "content": "The very first case of successful therapeutic embolization for hematuria from carcinoma of the prostate is presented. In a 76-year-old patient with necrotic carcinoma of the prostate, stage D transurethral operations showed no success. By selective intra-arterial embolization via the internal iliac arteries (using Gelfoam), hematuria could be stopped definitely and did not occur any more. Follow-up study showed no complications or necrosis in this procedure.", "contents": "[Successful intra-arterial embolization of bleeding carcinoma of the prostate (author's transl)]. The very first case of successful therapeutic embolization for hematuria from carcinoma of the prostate is presented. In a 76-year-old patient with necrotic carcinoma of the prostate, stage D transurethral operations showed no success. By selective intra-arterial embolization via the internal iliac arteries (using Gelfoam), hematuria could be stopped definitely and did not occur any more. Follow-up study showed no complications or necrosis in this procedure.", "PMID": 855061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10527", "title": "Penetrating high-velocity genitourinary injuries. Part I. Statistics mechanisms, and renal wounds.", "content": "As a consequence of missile-tissue energy exchange, high-velocity missile wounds necessitate wide surgical debridement because of severe tissue contusion distant from the wound tract. A missile tract mentally projected by the physician through the urologic tract demands appropriate investigation. The approach to urologic surgery may be primarily determined by the wound tract since this has to be debrided anyway. Ureteral filling on an intravenous pyelogram will save valuable time at surgery. High-velocity penetrating renal injury demands an aggressive surgical approach  to obviate later complications.", "contents": "Penetrating high-velocity genitourinary injuries. Part I. Statistics mechanisms, and renal wounds. As a consequence of missile-tissue energy exchange, high-velocity missile wounds necessitate wide surgical debridement because of severe tissue contusion distant from the wound tract. A missile tract mentally projected by the physician through the urologic tract demands appropriate investigation. The approach to urologic surgery may be primarily determined by the wound tract since this has to be debrided anyway. Ureteral filling on an intravenous pyelogram will save valuable time at surgery. High-velocity penetrating renal injury demands an aggressive surgical approach  to obviate later complications.", "PMID": 855062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10528", "title": "Treatment of urethral condyloma acuminatum with 5-fluorouracil cream.", "content": "Total eradication of intraurethral condyloma acuminatum was accomplished in 10 of 11 patients by intraurethral administration of 5 percent 5 fluorouracil cream.", "contents": "Treatment of urethral condyloma acuminatum with 5-fluorouracil cream. Total eradication of intraurethral condyloma acuminatum was accomplished in 10 of 11 patients by intraurethral administration of 5 percent 5 fluorouracil cream.", "PMID": 855066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10529", "title": "Clomiphene citrate: pharmacologic treatment of hypofertile male.", "content": "Thirty-two males were treated with clomiphene citrate for a minimum of six months, a maximum of twelve months, or until pregnancy occurred. Among these patients, thirteen pregnancies occurred. Climiphene citrate appears a reasonable pharmaceutical method for management of idiopathic oligospermia.", "contents": "Clomiphene citrate: pharmacologic treatment of hypofertile male. Thirty-two males were treated with clomiphene citrate for a minimum of six months, a maximum of twelve months, or until pregnancy occurred. Among these patients, thirteen pregnancies occurred. Climiphene citrate appears a reasonable pharmaceutical method for management of idiopathic oligospermia.", "PMID": 855067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10530", "title": "Chyluria.", "content": "A twenty-four-year-old black female presented through the outpatient department complaining of \"white urine\". Pertinent history, physical examination, and diagnostic studies are reviewed with special emphasis on lymphangiography. The literature is reviewed particularly with regard to laterilization of the fistula, thoracic duct obstruction, and methods of therapy.", "contents": "Chyluria. A twenty-four-year-old black female presented through the outpatient department complaining of \"white urine\". Pertinent history, physical examination, and diagnostic studies are reviewed with special emphasis on lymphangiography. The literature is reviewed particularly with regard to laterilization of the fistula, thoracic duct obstruction, and methods of therapy.", "PMID": 855068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10531", "title": "Gray scale ultrasonography, computerized tomography, and nephrotomography in evaluation of polycystic kidney and liver disease.", "content": "A comparison of gray scale ultrasonography and computerized axial tomography in adults with known adult-type polycystic disease and of ultrasonography and high-dose nephrotomography in their progeny is being conducted. Although all three modalities have proved capable of demonstrating cysts of the kidney and liver, ultrasound has been the most consistent in identifying these lesions. Ultrasound is valuable in diagnosing polycystic disease in adult with large, poorly functioning kidneys; in addition, since cysts could be identified by ultrasound in children who had normal nephrotograms, it provides a safe and useful method of obtaining information for genetic counseling.", "contents": "Gray scale ultrasonography, computerized tomography, and nephrotomography in evaluation of polycystic kidney and liver disease. A comparison of gray scale ultrasonography and computerized axial tomography in adults with known adult-type polycystic disease and of ultrasonography and high-dose nephrotomography in their progeny is being conducted. Although all three modalities have proved capable of demonstrating cysts of the kidney and liver, ultrasound has been the most consistent in identifying these lesions. Ultrasound is valuable in diagnosing polycystic disease in adult with large, poorly functioning kidneys; in addition, since cysts could be identified by ultrasound in children who had normal nephrotograms, it provides a safe and useful method of obtaining information for genetic counseling.", "PMID": 855069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10532", "title": "Epidermoid cysts of testis: rationale for conservative management.", "content": "The literature on epidermoid cyst of the testis is reviewed, and 2 additional cases are presented. Etiology and pathology of the disease are discussed. Our review revealed that 85 per cent of patients have undergone orchiectomy for this benign disease. Diagnostic characteristics of this lesion are emphasized so that in selected cases enucleation of the pidermoid cyst may be considered without violating the principles of cancer surgery.", "contents": "Epidermoid cysts of testis: rationale for conservative management. The literature on epidermoid cyst of the testis is reviewed, and 2 additional cases are presented. Etiology and pathology of the disease are discussed. Our review revealed that 85 per cent of patients have undergone orchiectomy for this benign disease. Diagnostic characteristics of this lesion are emphasized so that in selected cases enucleation of the pidermoid cyst may be considered without violating the principles of cancer surgery.", "PMID": 855070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10533", "title": "Adenocarcinoma of rete testis.", "content": "Adenocarcinoma of the rete testis is a very rare malignant neoplasm originating in the epithelium of the rete testis. Histologically, it appears as a papillary adenocarcinoma. The first case was reported in the literature in 1853 and since that time only 16 additional cases have been reported. This report represents the eighteenth case.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma of rete testis. Adenocarcinoma of the rete testis is a very rare malignant neoplasm originating in the epithelium of the rete testis. Histologically, it appears as a papillary adenocarcinoma. The first case was reported in the literature in 1853 and since that time only 16 additional cases have been reported. This report represents the eighteenth case.", "PMID": 855071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10534", "title": "Splenic blood pool: occasional hindrance of accurate interpretation of renal dynamic scintigrams.", "content": "Because of the proximity of the spleen to the left kidney, the splenic blood pool occasionally interferes with the interpretation of the renal flow images. A review of one hundred consecutive renal dynamic studies revealed some interference in 34 per cent of the studies. The distinction between splenic blood pool and the left kidney can be made on the static images, for the renal studies. If doubt persists, a colloid scan will identify the spleen. An illustrative case is presented.", "contents": "Splenic blood pool: occasional hindrance of accurate interpretation of renal dynamic scintigrams. Because of the proximity of the spleen to the left kidney, the splenic blood pool occasionally interferes with the interpretation of the renal flow images. A review of one hundred consecutive renal dynamic studies revealed some interference in 34 per cent of the studies. The distinction between splenic blood pool and the left kidney can be made on the static images, for the renal studies. If doubt persists, a colloid scan will identify the spleen. An illustrative case is presented.", "PMID": 855074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10535", "title": "Epidermoid carcinoma of the frontal sinus secondary to cholesteatoma.", "content": "We report a case of primary epidermoid carcinoma of the frontal sinus associated with cholesteatoma. We postulate that the carcinoma is secondary to malignant degeneration of the cholesteatoma. The literature review revealed 38 cases of cholesteatoma of the frontal sinus. Four were associated with carcinoma. To the best of our knowledge, this is the fifth such case in the world literature.", "contents": "Epidermoid carcinoma of the frontal sinus secondary to cholesteatoma. We report a case of primary epidermoid carcinoma of the frontal sinus associated with cholesteatoma. We postulate that the carcinoma is secondary to malignant degeneration of the cholesteatoma. The literature review revealed 38 cases of cholesteatoma of the frontal sinus. Four were associated with carcinoma. To the best of our knowledge, this is the fifth such case in the world literature.", "PMID": 855080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10536", "title": "Macroglossia in the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.", "content": "An infant with the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is described, with emphasis placed on the occurrence of macroglossia and possible maxillofacial deformities. In addition to placing the syndrome among the clinical entities which result in macroglossia, attention is also brought to concurrent metabolic disorder through hypoglycemia and possible late-occurring visceral malignancy which may produce significant patient compromise.", "contents": "Macroglossia in the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. An infant with the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is described, with emphasis placed on the occurrence of macroglossia and possible maxillofacial deformities. In addition to placing the syndrome among the clinical entities which result in macroglossia, attention is also brought to concurrent metabolic disorder through hypoglycemia and possible late-occurring visceral malignancy which may produce significant patient compromise.", "PMID": 855081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10537", "title": "Delayed tracheal reconstruction.", "content": "An extended area of stenosis of the upper mediastinal trachea, which normally would require extensive thoracic mobilization for primary anastomosis, was corrected by resection of the manubrium with the creation of a trough. This was closed in several stages utilizing embedded Marlex mesh and regional skin flaps. The development and modifications of this technique are discussed.", "contents": "Delayed tracheal reconstruction. An extended area of stenosis of the upper mediastinal trachea, which normally would require extensive thoracic mobilization for primary anastomosis, was corrected by resection of the manubrium with the creation of a trough. This was closed in several stages utilizing embedded Marlex mesh and regional skin flaps. The development and modifications of this technique are discussed.", "PMID": 855085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10538", "title": "Superior laryngeal nerve paralysis an often overlooked entity.", "content": "The anatomy and physiology of the larynx are discussed. The larynx is a dynamic structure, and motion pictures are helping to document and to clarify its dynamic behavior in the presence of diseases such as paresis and paralysis. The recognizable distinguishing features of unilateral and bilateral superior nerve paralysis are discussed in detail. These lesions often have gone unrecognized in the past and the patients mistakenly have been referred to the speech therapist with an incorrect diagnosis of \"functional voice disorder.\"", "contents": "Superior laryngeal nerve paralysis an often overlooked entity. The anatomy and physiology of the larynx are discussed. The larynx is a dynamic structure, and motion pictures are helping to document and to clarify its dynamic behavior in the presence of diseases such as paresis and paralysis. The recognizable distinguishing features of unilateral and bilateral superior nerve paralysis are discussed in detail. These lesions often have gone unrecognized in the past and the patients mistakenly have been referred to the speech therapist with an incorrect diagnosis of \"functional voice disorder.\"", "PMID": 855093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10539", "title": "[Acute cholecystitis in choledocholithiasis and stricture of the ampulla of Vater].", "content": "The work is based on the examination of 106 patients, operated in the clinic for acute cholecystitis associated with choledocholithiasis and strictures of Vater's papilla. The operation of choice is a removal of pathologically changed gallbladder, elimination of the cause of cholestasis with restoration of bile passage in the bowel. The technic of choledochoduodenostomy adopted in the clinic is described. The immediate mortality was observed in 2.8%. Choledochoduodenostomy yielded good results in 81.1%, external drainage -- in 70.6%.", "contents": "[Acute cholecystitis in choledocholithiasis and stricture of the ampulla of Vater]. The work is based on the examination of 106 patients, operated in the clinic for acute cholecystitis associated with choledocholithiasis and strictures of Vater's papilla. The operation of choice is a removal of pathologically changed gallbladder, elimination of the cause of cholestasis with restoration of bile passage in the bowel. The technic of choledochoduodenostomy adopted in the clinic is described. The immediate mortality was observed in 2.8%. Choledochoduodenostomy yielded good results in 81.1%, external drainage -- in 70.6%.", "PMID": 855107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10540", "title": "[Controversy in opinions concerning abdominal adhesions].", "content": "Many-year observations enabled the author to consider the term \"abdominal adhesive disease\" to disagree with the very essence of the disease. Its essence is not the development of adhesions, which may not develop at all, but the occurrence of chronic fibrosis of the peritoneum, mesentery and also chronic stenosing mesenterial peri- and endarteriosis. The author suggests his personal classification of the diseases and states his views on the prophylaxis and treatment of the disease.", "contents": "[Controversy in opinions concerning abdominal adhesions]. Many-year observations enabled the author to consider the term \"abdominal adhesive disease\" to disagree with the very essence of the disease. Its essence is not the development of adhesions, which may not develop at all, but the occurrence of chronic fibrosis of the peritoneum, mesentery and also chronic stenosing mesenterial peri- and endarteriosis. The author suggests his personal classification of the diseases and states his views on the prophylaxis and treatment of the disease.", "PMID": 855108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10541", "title": "[Results of preventive examination of women to detect breast diseases].", "content": "As a result of prophylactic examination of 2577 working females, aged from 17 to 65 years, pathological changes in the mammary gland were detected in 79. Fibrous mastopathy and fibroadenoma were the most frequent pathology. Mastopathy was frequently noted in females aged from 35 to 50 years, while fibroadenoma - in females under 25. Mammary gland pathology in 25.3% of cases was associated with gynecological lesions.", "contents": "[Results of preventive examination of women to detect breast diseases]. As a result of prophylactic examination of 2577 working females, aged from 17 to 65 years, pathological changes in the mammary gland were detected in 79. Fibrous mastopathy and fibroadenoma were the most frequent pathology. Mastopathy was frequently noted in females aged from 35 to 50 years, while fibroadenoma - in females under 25. Mammary gland pathology in 25.3% of cases was associated with gynecological lesions.", "PMID": 855111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10542", "title": "[Indications for reconstructive surgery following occlusion of the popliteal artery and crural arteries].", "content": "Applications of optic systems and microsurgical technic enables one to perform reconstructive operations on arteries of small calibre - 1.5--1,8 mm (crural arteries). Clinically, 42 reconstructive operations (autovenous bypass shunting) were performed on crural arteries in 42 patients. After the surgical intervention the immediate positive effect with patency of the shunt and shunted artery was noted in 24 patients. In 18 patients thrombosis of the shunt developed in early postoperative terms.", "contents": "[Indications for reconstructive surgery following occlusion of the popliteal artery and crural arteries]. Applications of optic systems and microsurgical technic enables one to perform reconstructive operations on arteries of small calibre - 1.5--1,8 mm (crural arteries). Clinically, 42 reconstructive operations (autovenous bypass shunting) were performed on crural arteries in 42 patients. After the surgical intervention the immediate positive effect with patency of the shunt and shunted artery was noted in 24 patients. In 18 patients thrombosis of the shunt developed in early postoperative terms.", "PMID": 855112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10543", "title": "[Means of positioning fragments by smoothly controlled stresses].", "content": "In fractures or luxations muscles being in the state of retraction or contracture and with lost capacity to spontaneous relaxation and lengthening may relaxe and lengthen as a result of application of relatively small smoothly controlled stresses incessantly lessening along with muscle lengthening. The long-term experience with the use of the elaborated method in the clinic of general surgery and hospitals of the Gorky City proved convincingly great opportunities of nonoperative treatment of fractures and reduction of dislocations.", "contents": "[Means of positioning fragments by smoothly controlled stresses]. In fractures or luxations muscles being in the state of retraction or contracture and with lost capacity to spontaneous relaxation and lengthening may relaxe and lengthen as a result of application of relatively small smoothly controlled stresses incessantly lessening along with muscle lengthening. The long-term experience with the use of the elaborated method in the clinic of general surgery and hospitals of the Gorky City proved convincingly great opportunities of nonoperative treatment of fractures and reduction of dislocations.", "PMID": 855119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10544", "title": "[Diaphragmatic lesions in closed injury].", "content": "Bases on the analysis of 10 clinical observations, it was found that closed injuries of the diaphragm occur mainly in the use of great mechanic force (compression, a fall from great height, an impact of quick-acting object). In the acute period these are frequently not accompanied by diaphragmatic hernia and remain unrecognized. It is the author's opinion that in early diagnosis of acute diaphramatic hernia clinical symptoms play no leading role, but chest roentgenography is of primary importance. The terms of surgical treatment and the choice of the operative access are determined by general patient's state and the character of associated lesions.", "contents": "[Diaphragmatic lesions in closed injury]. Bases on the analysis of 10 clinical observations, it was found that closed injuries of the diaphragm occur mainly in the use of great mechanic force (compression, a fall from great height, an impact of quick-acting object). In the acute period these are frequently not accompanied by diaphragmatic hernia and remain unrecognized. It is the author's opinion that in early diagnosis of acute diaphramatic hernia clinical symptoms play no leading role, but chest roentgenography is of primary importance. The terms of surgical treatment and the choice of the operative access are determined by general patient's state and the character of associated lesions.", "PMID": 855123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10545", "title": "[Aspects of the clinical use of methoxyflurane analgesia and of the determination of its concentration and distribution in the body].", "content": "As a supplement to local anesthesia in aortography, appendectomies and operations for hernia in 118 patients the authors employed through a mask an inhalation anesthetic methoxyflurane in subnorcotic concentrations. The patients were in the state of consciousness, analgesia was adequate, no complications relative to methoxyflurane inhalation were noted inhalation anesthesia with methoxyflurane proved to be safe and effective in combination with local anesthesia. The method is indicated in aortographies.", "contents": "[Aspects of the clinical use of methoxyflurane analgesia and of the determination of its concentration and distribution in the body]. As a supplement to local anesthesia in aortography, appendectomies and operations for hernia in 118 patients the authors employed through a mask an inhalation anesthetic methoxyflurane in subnorcotic concentrations. The patients were in the state of consciousness, analgesia was adequate, no complications relative to methoxyflurane inhalation were noted inhalation anesthesia with methoxyflurane proved to be safe and effective in combination with local anesthesia. The method is indicated in aortographies.", "PMID": 855124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10546", "title": "[Enzymatic cholecystitis and cholecystopancreatitis].", "content": "Taking into consideration the role of pancreatic enzymes in the etiology of cholecystitis and cholecystopancreatits, the authors examined amylase in 92 patients, bile lipase--in 39 patients during cholecystectomy and also amylase in the choledochus bile during external drainage of the duct in 15 patients in the early postoperative period. The investigations inducated different levels of pancreatic enzymes in bile. Their level is found to depend on the occurrence of hypertension in the bile tract both pre- and postoperatively.", "contents": "[Enzymatic cholecystitis and cholecystopancreatitis]. Taking into consideration the role of pancreatic enzymes in the etiology of cholecystitis and cholecystopancreatits, the authors examined amylase in 92 patients, bile lipase--in 39 patients during cholecystectomy and also amylase in the choledochus bile during external drainage of the duct in 15 patients in the early postoperative period. The investigations inducated different levels of pancreatic enzymes in bile. Their level is found to depend on the occurrence of hypertension in the bile tract both pre- and postoperatively.", "PMID": 855125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10547", "title": "[Changes in the  biliary tracts in various phases of the course of peptic ulcer before and after gastric resection].", "content": "By means of serial intravenous cholegraphy, oral cholecystography and the combined investigation of the stomach and gallbladder the state of the bile passages was examined in 157 patients with ulcerous diseas before and after gastric resection. Many patients (52.4%) with ulcerous disease showed congenital and acquired deformity of the gallbladder, some patients (7.6%)--adhesive deformity of the common hepatic and common bile ducts. In most patients functional (mainly the decreased concentration capacity and hyperkinetic dyskinesia) changes in the gallbladder were noted.", "contents": "[Changes in the  biliary tracts in various phases of the course of peptic ulcer before and after gastric resection]. By means of serial intravenous cholegraphy, oral cholecystography and the combined investigation of the stomach and gallbladder the state of the bile passages was examined in 157 patients with ulcerous diseas before and after gastric resection. Many patients (52.4%) with ulcerous disease showed congenital and acquired deformity of the gallbladder, some patients (7.6%)--adhesive deformity of the common hepatic and common bile ducts. In most patients functional (mainly the decreased concentration capacity and hyperkinetic dyskinesia) changes in the gallbladder were noted.", "PMID": 855128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10548", "title": "[Immediate and late result of gastrointestinal plastic repair (an experimental and clinical study)].", "content": "According to the author's findings gastric resection with gastro-jejunoduodenoplasty results in a great number of complication in operated patients. These data were obtained in the experiment on 30 dogs and examination of 14 patients clinically. In the early postoperative period there is the danger of occurrence of limited or total necrosis of the transplant, obturation or twisting with the resulting chronic or acute intestinal obstruction. In later terms peptic ulcers, the dumping-syndrome, deformation of the transplant with impairment of the digestive or motor-evacuative function of the stomach would arise.", "contents": "[Immediate and late result of gastrointestinal plastic repair (an experimental and clinical study)]. According to the author's findings gastric resection with gastro-jejunoduodenoplasty results in a great number of complication in operated patients. These data were obtained in the experiment on 30 dogs and examination of 14 patients clinically. In the early postoperative period there is the danger of occurrence of limited or total necrosis of the transplant, obturation or twisting with the resulting chronic or acute intestinal obstruction. In later terms peptic ulcers, the dumping-syndrome, deformation of the transplant with impairment of the digestive or motor-evacuative function of the stomach would arise.", "PMID": 855129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10549", "title": "[Method of intestinal decompression in treating functional intestinal obstruction].", "content": "The authors present an analysis of 149 cases of total decompression of the gastrointestinal tract in grave forms of functional intestinal obstruction accompanying peritonitis and acute intestinal obstruction. Special intestinal sounds made of polychlorovinyl were employed, that facilitates considerably the technic of intubation of the bowel as a whole. The authors data evidence that each method of intubation (transnasal, through gastro-or ileostome, etc) has its positive and negative aspects, therefore a selection of the site for introducing the sound should be conditioned by patient's age, the type of pathology and duration of the intubation procedure.", "contents": "[Method of intestinal decompression in treating functional intestinal obstruction]. The authors present an analysis of 149 cases of total decompression of the gastrointestinal tract in grave forms of functional intestinal obstruction accompanying peritonitis and acute intestinal obstruction. Special intestinal sounds made of polychlorovinyl were employed, that facilitates considerably the technic of intubation of the bowel as a whole. The authors data evidence that each method of intubation (transnasal, through gastro-or ileostome, etc) has its positive and negative aspects, therefore a selection of the site for introducing the sound should be conditioned by patient's age, the type of pathology and duration of the intubation procedure.", "PMID": 855130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10550", "title": "[External postoperative intestinal fistulae in appendicitis].", "content": "The author presents an analysis of the data obtained in 8500 patients operated upon for acute appendicitis, in 62 of them the postoperative period was complicated by intestinal fistula. It was found that the main causes of occurrence of intestinal fistulas are as follows: late terms of hospitalization and operative treatment of patients with acute appendicitis, some damage to the bowel due to inadequate access in appendectomy. The author advocates an earlier operative treatment for acute appendicitis and the use of a wide approach (transverse) in appendectomy.", "contents": "[External postoperative intestinal fistulae in appendicitis]. The author presents an analysis of the data obtained in 8500 patients operated upon for acute appendicitis, in 62 of them the postoperative period was complicated by intestinal fistula. It was found that the main causes of occurrence of intestinal fistulas are as follows: late terms of hospitalization and operative treatment of patients with acute appendicitis, some damage to the bowel due to inadequate access in appendectomy. The author advocates an earlier operative treatment for acute appendicitis and the use of a wide approach (transverse) in appendectomy.", "PMID": 855131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10551", "title": "[Radical operation technic in aneurysm of the infrarenal portion of the abdominal aorta].", "content": "The report is based on the experience with surgical treatment of 126 patients having aneurysm of the abdominal aorta. The average age of the operated patients was 60. The technic of radical surgery in aneurysm of infrarenal portion of the abdominal aorta is described, as well as the methods employed.", "contents": "[Radical operation technic in aneurysm of the infrarenal portion of the abdominal aorta]. The report is based on the experience with surgical treatment of 126 patients having aneurysm of the abdominal aorta. The average age of the operated patients was 60. The technic of radical surgery in aneurysm of infrarenal portion of the abdominal aorta is described, as well as the methods employed.", "PMID": 855132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10552", "title": "[Study of the changes in kidney function in acute obstruction of the arteries of the extremities].", "content": "The kidney function was studied in postischemia period in 80 patients with acute arterial occlusion,using the methods of radioisotope renography and effective renal blood flow. For the purpose of prophylaxis agains renal complications in addition to regional perfusion and venesection the method of regional inhibition of toxic products in the ischemia focus is suggested. In increased myoglobinuiea the stimulation of diuresis, alkalization of the organism would be a necessity. Renal complications were observed in 13 of 80 patients (16.25%). In 6 patients myoglobinuric tubular nephrosis was noted with lethal issues; in the remaining 7 patients due to early establishment of the diagnosis and intensive therapy myoglobinuria showed an abortive character.", "contents": "[Study of the changes in kidney function in acute obstruction of the arteries of the extremities]. The kidney function was studied in postischemia period in 80 patients with acute arterial occlusion,using the methods of radioisotope renography and effective renal blood flow. For the purpose of prophylaxis agains renal complications in addition to regional perfusion and venesection the method of regional inhibition of toxic products in the ischemia focus is suggested. In increased myoglobinuiea the stimulation of diuresis, alkalization of the organism would be a necessity. Renal complications were observed in 13 of 80 patients (16.25%). In 6 patients myoglobinuric tubular nephrosis was noted with lethal issues; in the remaining 7 patients due to early establishment of the diagnosis and intensive therapy myoglobinuria showed an abortive character.", "PMID": 855133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10553", "title": "[Transvesical intramuscular transplantation of the ureter in vesico-ureteral reflux in children].", "content": "The authors describe a modified method of antireflux operation in vesico-ureteral reflux in children. It consists in transvesical mobilization of the distal ureteral portion together with the urethra and placing it in the tunnel, formed in muscular layer of the urinary bladder from the site of physiological ostium obliquely downward and inwardly. Thirty operations after the describe technic were performed in 17 patients. Four operations were accomplished in the left ureter, 14 patients were operated bilaterally, including 11 cases when one-moment bilateral antireflux operations were performed. The immediate results of surgery were good. In none of 11 examined children during 1-3 years postoperative reflux was noted. In one case of marked hydroureter with ureteritis signs after the operation stenosis of the transplanted sotium developed.", "contents": "[Transvesical intramuscular transplantation of the ureter in vesico-ureteral reflux in children]. The authors describe a modified method of antireflux operation in vesico-ureteral reflux in children. It consists in transvesical mobilization of the distal ureteral portion together with the urethra and placing it in the tunnel, formed in muscular layer of the urinary bladder from the site of physiological ostium obliquely downward and inwardly. Thirty operations after the describe technic were performed in 17 patients. Four operations were accomplished in the left ureter, 14 patients were operated bilaterally, including 11 cases when one-moment bilateral antireflux operations were performed. The immediate results of surgery were good. In none of 11 examined children during 1-3 years postoperative reflux was noted. In one case of marked hydroureter with ureteritis signs after the operation stenosis of the transplanted sotium developed.", "PMID": 855137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10554", "title": "[Clinical aspects and treatment of chondrosarcoma in children and adolescents].", "content": "The clinical cours and treatment of chondrosarcoma in 9 children, aged from 8 to 16 years, are analysed. Only provisional and not persistant effect was gained after roentgenotherapy. Resection of the bone with tumor removal also failed to provide radical intervention in all patients, but one, and recurrences were noted 3-12 months following the resection. However,  chondrosarcoma in children is continuously observed to be a local process and is characterized by late metastasization, due to that its prognosis is more favourable than in other malignant bone tumors.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects and treatment of chondrosarcoma in children and adolescents]. The clinical cours and treatment of chondrosarcoma in 9 children, aged from 8 to 16 years, are analysed. Only provisional and not persistant effect was gained after roentgenotherapy. Resection of the bone with tumor removal also failed to provide radical intervention in all patients, but one, and recurrences were noted 3-12 months following the resection. However,  chondrosarcoma in children is continuously observed to be a local process and is characterized by late metastasization, due to that its prognosis is more favourable than in other malignant bone tumors.", "PMID": 855138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10555", "title": "Neurologic disease in naturally occurring Salmonella choleraesuis infection in pigs.", "content": "A granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis was seen in 17 feeder pigs submitted for diagnostic evaluation from eight farms. Vasculitis and destructive microgranulomas were widespread in both brain and spinal cord. Occasionally there were microabscesses. Salmonella choleraesuis var. kunzendorf was isolated from six of the eight groups, and there were lesions of acute salmonellosis in all animals examined. In three of the affected herds the principal disease manifestation was neurologic.", "contents": "Neurologic disease in naturally occurring Salmonella choleraesuis infection in pigs. A granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis was seen in 17 feeder pigs submitted for diagnostic evaluation from eight farms. Vasculitis and destructive microgranulomas were widespread in both brain and spinal cord. Occasionally there were microabscesses. Salmonella choleraesuis var. kunzendorf was isolated from six of the eight groups, and there were lesions of acute salmonellosis in all animals examined. In three of the affected herds the principal disease manifestation was neurologic.", "PMID": 855141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10556", "title": "[Double infection of the brain with Frenkelia species and Toxoplasma gondii in Chinchilla laniger].", "content": "Two caged Chinchillas that died with convulsions had a focal necrotic meningoencephalitis of toxoplasmic origin. Independently of and remote from this inflammatory reaction were several lobulated Frenkelia cysts up to 0.6 mm diameter in the brain. Morphologically and in the way they stained they resembled Frenkelia in various Microtus-species and in Ondatra zibethica. Although toxoplasmosis commonly is found in the Chinchilla this is the first report of Frenkelia in this species. Ecological considerations suggest that the Chinchilla might be susceptible to a Frankelia usually occurring in free living other species.", "contents": "[Double infection of the brain with Frenkelia species and Toxoplasma gondii in Chinchilla laniger]. Two caged Chinchillas that died with convulsions had a focal necrotic meningoencephalitis of toxoplasmic origin. Independently of and remote from this inflammatory reaction were several lobulated Frenkelia cysts up to 0.6 mm diameter in the brain. Morphologically and in the way they stained they resembled Frenkelia in various Microtus-species and in Ondatra zibethica. Although toxoplasmosis commonly is found in the Chinchilla this is the first report of Frenkelia in this species. Ecological considerations suggest that the Chinchilla might be susceptible to a Frankelia usually occurring in free living other species.", "PMID": 855142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10557", "title": "Competitive trail and endurance riding in the UK.", "content": "A description is given of trail and endurance riding in the UK as controlled by the Endurance Horse and Pony Society. Veterinary involvement and responsibility are described and measures for their satisfactory execution discussed. Opportunities and need for research into the problems arising are mentioned.", "contents": "Competitive trail and endurance riding in the UK. A description is given of trail and endurance riding in the UK as controlled by the Endurance Horse and Pony Society. Veterinary involvement and responsibility are described and measures for their satisfactory execution discussed. Opportunities and need for research into the problems arising are mentioned.", "PMID": 855143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10558", "title": "Bilateral luxation of the coffin joints in a horse, as a sequel to palmar neurectomy.", "content": "Complications from neurectomy have been well known for many years. A 16-year-old mare suffered bilateral luxation of the coffin joints following palmar neurectomy and was destroyed. Autopsy showed complete rupture of the deep flexor tendons, and the supporting ligaments of the coffin joints. Arthritis of the coffin joints, with erosion of articular cartilage was evident.", "contents": "Bilateral luxation of the coffin joints in a horse, as a sequel to palmar neurectomy. Complications from neurectomy have been well known for many years. A 16-year-old mare suffered bilateral luxation of the coffin joints following palmar neurectomy and was destroyed. Autopsy showed complete rupture of the deep flexor tendons, and the supporting ligaments of the coffin joints. Arthritis of the coffin joints, with erosion of articular cartilage was evident.", "PMID": 855144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10559", "title": "Recent developments in air transportation of farm animals and horses.", "content": "This paper deals with some recent developments in the air transportation of cattle, sheep, pigs and horses and comments on the factors involved which influence the results.", "contents": "Recent developments in air transportation of farm animals and horses. This paper deals with some recent developments in the air transportation of cattle, sheep, pigs and horses and comments on the factors involved which influence the results.", "PMID": 855149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10560", "title": "[Proteolytic enzymes in palatine tonsil lymphocytes].", "content": "Homogenates and subcellular lymphycyte fractions of human tonsilla palatina contained proteolytic enzymes operating in slightly acidic (pH 3.6) and slightly alkaline (pH 7.5) media. The enzymes hydrolyzed proteins (hemoglobin, protamine sulphate, kininogen) and syntheitc substrates (N-benz-d,1-arg-p-nitroanilide, N-benz-1-arg ethyl ester, hippuryl-1-lys and bradikinin). Data on localization of the proteolytic enzymes in subcellular lymphocyte fractions of human tonsilla were obtained.", "contents": "[Proteolytic enzymes in palatine tonsil lymphocytes]. Homogenates and subcellular lymphycyte fractions of human tonsilla palatina contained proteolytic enzymes operating in slightly acidic (pH 3.6) and slightly alkaline (pH 7.5) media. The enzymes hydrolyzed proteins (hemoglobin, protamine sulphate, kininogen) and syntheitc substrates (N-benz-d,1-arg-p-nitroanilide, N-benz-1-arg ethyl ester, hippuryl-1-lys and bradikinin). Data on localization of the proteolytic enzymes in subcellular lymphocyte fractions of human tonsilla were obtained.", "PMID": 855224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10561", "title": "[Highly-sensitive method of studying the toxicity of lipid peroxides].", "content": "A highly sensitive and simple method is developed for study of lipid peroxides toxicity with the use of quail developing embryos as a model. Toxicity of linolenic acid hydroperoxides, obtained by the lipoxygenase catalysis, was distinctly higher than the toxicity of the peroxides, produced alter autooxidation (LD50 = 0.12 and 0.38 mc-eq/embryo, respectively). Occurrence of toxic properties was observed in lipids, isolated from tissues of mice subjected to the oxygen stress. The advantages of the method described are discussed as compared with the published data.", "contents": "[Highly-sensitive method of studying the toxicity of lipid peroxides]. A highly sensitive and simple method is developed for study of lipid peroxides toxicity with the use of quail developing embryos as a model. Toxicity of linolenic acid hydroperoxides, obtained by the lipoxygenase catalysis, was distinctly higher than the toxicity of the peroxides, produced alter autooxidation (LD50 = 0.12 and 0.38 mc-eq/embryo, respectively). Occurrence of toxic properties was observed in lipids, isolated from tissues of mice subjected to the oxygen stress. The advantages of the method described are discussed as compared with the published data.", "PMID": 855225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10562", "title": "[Determination of inorganic phosphate in the presence of phosphocarbohydrates].", "content": "The molybdate methods were shown to have limited application for estimation of inorganic phosphate (P1) in the samples containing phosphocarbohydrates. The definite concentrations of phosphosugars caused the formation of blue molybdenic color. The ascertained critical concentration of Pi and the maximal content of phosphocarbohydrates in the solution studied enabled to estimate P1 in the presence of phosphorus esters of carbohydrates with use of the specific, sensitive and simple method.", "contents": "[Determination of inorganic phosphate in the presence of phosphocarbohydrates]. The molybdate methods were shown to have limited application for estimation of inorganic phosphate (P1) in the samples containing phosphocarbohydrates. The definite concentrations of phosphosugars caused the formation of blue molybdenic color. The ascertained critical concentration of Pi and the maximal content of phosphocarbohydrates in the solution studied enabled to estimate P1 in the presence of phosphorus esters of carbohydrates with use of the specific, sensitive and simple method.", "PMID": 855226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10563", "title": "[Cytologic diagnosis of myxoid liposarcomas of soft tissues].", "content": "Myxoid sarcomas are characterized by the presence of branching capillaries in preparations around which lipogenesis is proceeded (unilocular and multilocular). Fat is chemically neutral. The cell content is represented by two basic kinds of cells: 1. stellate lipoblast -- a cambial element of the tumor, and 2. mature lipocyte -- a terminal stage of the differentiation of stellate lipoblast. Moreover, variable intermediate forms demonstrating the stage of lipoge nesis may be encountered. The differential diagnosis between the former and intramuscular myxoma and neurinoma (Antony B type) was made. The work is based on the analysis of 10 cases of myxoid liposarcomas.", "contents": "[Cytologic diagnosis of myxoid liposarcomas of soft tissues]. Myxoid sarcomas are characterized by the presence of branching capillaries in preparations around which lipogenesis is proceeded (unilocular and multilocular). Fat is chemically neutral. The cell content is represented by two basic kinds of cells: 1. stellate lipoblast -- a cambial element of the tumor, and 2. mature lipocyte -- a terminal stage of the differentiation of stellate lipoblast. Moreover, variable intermediate forms demonstrating the stage of lipoge nesis may be encountered. The differential diagnosis between the former and intramuscular myxoma and neurinoma (Antony B type) was made. The work is based on the analysis of 10 cases of myxoid liposarcomas.", "PMID": 855233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10564", "title": "[Incorporation of 1-14C-glycine into total protein and subcellular fractions of rat liver at different periods following administration of tetrachlormethane].", "content": "Rate of incorporation of 1-14C-glycine in total protein and subcellular fractions of rat liver tissue as well as the activity of alanine- and aspartate aminotransferases in blood serum were studied at various periods after treatment with CCl4. The protein synthesis was distinctly decreased in liver tissue and the alanine aminotransferase activity was markedly increased in blood serum with the first days after CCl4 administration. Dissimilar alterations were observed in the rate of the label incorporation into nuclear and mitochondrial fractions after prolonged administration of CCl4. Hepatocyte nuclei proved to be more sensitive to cytoplasmic alterations caused by tetrachlormethane. Incorporation of 1-14C-glycine into both nuclear and mitochondrial fractions was decreased only at later periods. In blood serum the alanine aminotransferase activity was drastically increased after prolonged administration of CCl4, whereas the aspartate aminotransferase activity was increased as compared with control less markedly.", "contents": "[Incorporation of 1-14C-glycine into total protein and subcellular fractions of rat liver at different periods following administration of tetrachlormethane]. Rate of incorporation of 1-14C-glycine in total protein and subcellular fractions of rat liver tissue as well as the activity of alanine- and aspartate aminotransferases in blood serum were studied at various periods after treatment with CCl4. The protein synthesis was distinctly decreased in liver tissue and the alanine aminotransferase activity was markedly increased in blood serum with the first days after CCl4 administration. Dissimilar alterations were observed in the rate of the label incorporation into nuclear and mitochondrial fractions after prolonged administration of CCl4. Hepatocyte nuclei proved to be more sensitive to cytoplasmic alterations caused by tetrachlormethane. Incorporation of 1-14C-glycine into both nuclear and mitochondrial fractions was decreased only at later periods. In blood serum the alanine aminotransferase activity was drastically increased after prolonged administration of CCl4, whereas the aspartate aminotransferase activity was increased as compared with control less markedly.", "PMID": 855228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10565", "title": "[Cytological study in the diagnosis of rectal and sigmoid cancer].", "content": "In 102 patients with cancer of the rectum and sigmoid a cytologic method was used to support morphologically a primary tumor focus and also to determine the degree of tumor spread. This method proved to be simple and highly reliable (94.6% of coincidence with histological findings).", "contents": "[Cytological study in the diagnosis of rectal and sigmoid cancer]. In 102 patients with cancer of the rectum and sigmoid a cytologic method was used to support morphologically a primary tumor focus and also to determine the degree of tumor spread. This method proved to be simple and highly reliable (94.6% of coincidence with histological findings).", "PMID": 855234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10566", "title": "[Cultivation of human gastric cancer tissue in diffusion chamber].", "content": "Under study was the morphology and proliferative activity of stomach cancer tissue from 10 patients under condition of its cultivation in diffusion chambers implanted in mice. Epithelial, fibroblastoid cells and cells of histiocyte type showed an active growth, greater proliferative activity being typical for epithelial cells. The mitotic cycle duration as evidenced by the data of the label dilution was longer than 30 hours. The time of the volume doubling calculated under some assumptions was, in the average, about 60 days for cancer of the stomach in man.", "contents": "[Cultivation of human gastric cancer tissue in diffusion chamber]. Under study was the morphology and proliferative activity of stomach cancer tissue from 10 patients under condition of its cultivation in diffusion chambers implanted in mice. Epithelial, fibroblastoid cells and cells of histiocyte type showed an active growth, greater proliferative activity being typical for epithelial cells. The mitotic cycle duration as evidenced by the data of the label dilution was longer than 30 hours. The time of the volume doubling calculated under some assumptions was, in the average, about 60 days for cancer of the stomach in man.", "PMID": 855236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10567", "title": "[Activity and isoenzyme composition of the hexokinase and lactate dehydrogenase of different rabbit muscles].", "content": "The hexokinase activity (HK) exceeded several times and the lactate dehydrogenase activity (LDH) was lower in soluble fraction of rabbit slow sceletal muscle as compared with fast sceletal muscle. In the soluble fraction of stomach smooth muscle the HK activity was higher and the LDH activity--lower than in slow sceletal muscle. The LDH isozyme spectrum of soduble fraction of smooth muscle was similar to the spectrum of slow muscle (mobile H-forms prevailed). Muscles of pyloric and fundal stomach parts differed in the enzymes activity and their isozyme content.", "contents": "[Activity and isoenzyme composition of the hexokinase and lactate dehydrogenase of different rabbit muscles]. The hexokinase activity (HK) exceeded several times and the lactate dehydrogenase activity (LDH) was lower in soluble fraction of rabbit slow sceletal muscle as compared with fast sceletal muscle. In the soluble fraction of stomach smooth muscle the HK activity was higher and the LDH activity--lower than in slow sceletal muscle. The LDH isozyme spectrum of soduble fraction of smooth muscle was similar to the spectrum of slow muscle (mobile H-forms prevailed). Muscles of pyloric and fundal stomach parts differed in the enzymes activity and their isozyme content.", "PMID": 855229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10568", "title": "[Effect of actinomycin D and ethionine on hormonal induction of ribonucleic acid synthesis in the nuclei and cytoplasm of the liver cells of adult male rats].", "content": "Ethionine did not affect but actinomycin D inhibited the increase in DNA-like RNA synthesis (precursor of ribosomal RNA in nuclei and rRNA in cytoplasm of liver tissue cells of adult male rats), which was caused by single administration of hydrocortisone or protamine-Zn-insulin and by both hormones. The data obtained suggest that the effect of these hormones on the synthesis of DNA-like RNA was realized at the stage of transcription.", "contents": "[Effect of actinomycin D and ethionine on hormonal induction of ribonucleic acid synthesis in the nuclei and cytoplasm of the liver cells of adult male rats]. Ethionine did not affect but actinomycin D inhibited the increase in DNA-like RNA synthesis (precursor of ribosomal RNA in nuclei and rRNA in cytoplasm of liver tissue cells of adult male rats), which was caused by single administration of hydrocortisone or protamine-Zn-insulin and by both hormones. The data obtained suggest that the effect of these hormones on the synthesis of DNA-like RNA was realized at the stage of transcription.", "PMID": 855230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10569", "title": "[Detection of 3-OAA containing antigens at early stages of carcinogenesis].", "content": "Quantitative and qualitative methods of precipitation rendered it possible to record 3-OAA-antigens and corresponding antibodies in blood and urine preparations from outbred rats receiving hepatocarcinogen DAB.", "contents": "[Detection of 3-OAA containing antigens at early stages of carcinogenesis]. Quantitative and qualitative methods of precipitation rendered it possible to record 3-OAA-antigens and corresponding antibodies in blood and urine preparations from outbred rats receiving hepatocarcinogen DAB.", "PMID": 855237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10570", "title": "[Concentration of components of the adenylate system in the liver during cholestasis].", "content": "Content of adenyl system components, inorganic phosphate as well as the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity were studied in rat liver tissue under extrahepatic cholestasis. Cholestasis was caused by ligation of the general biliary duct. The correlation was observed between the increase in total bilirubin in blood plasma and the decrease in content of inorganic phosphate. The glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was unaltered.", "contents": "[Concentration of components of the adenylate system in the liver during cholestasis]. Content of adenyl system components, inorganic phosphate as well as the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity were studied in rat liver tissue under extrahepatic cholestasis. Cholestasis was caused by ligation of the general biliary duct. The correlation was observed between the increase in total bilirubin in blood plasma and the decrease in content of inorganic phosphate. The glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was unaltered.", "PMID": 855231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10571", "title": "[Histogenetic principle in estimation of reactive properties of tumors].", "content": "The reactive properties of tumors of epithelial origin (carcinoma RS-1) and connective tissue origin (Jensen sarcoma) are not analogous. Vitamin A inhibits the growth of carcinoma RS-1 and does not change the growth parameters of Jensen sarcoma. Hydrocortisone and proserine increase the growth rate of carcinoma RS-1. Hydrocortisone was found to inhibit the growth of Jensen sarcoma.", "contents": "[Histogenetic principle in estimation of reactive properties of tumors]. The reactive properties of tumors of epithelial origin (carcinoma RS-1) and connective tissue origin (Jensen sarcoma) are not analogous. Vitamin A inhibits the growth of carcinoma RS-1 and does not change the growth parameters of Jensen sarcoma. Hydrocortisone and proserine increase the growth rate of carcinoma RS-1. Hydrocortisone was found to inhibit the growth of Jensen sarcoma.", "PMID": 855238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10572", "title": "[Method of respiratory polygrams in diagnosis of esophageal cancer].", "content": "Among numerous methods, employed for determination of esophageal cancer patients' operability, the method of respiratory polygrams may be singled out. This method can be used in all medical institutions due to its being readily available, simple management and high resolving power.", "contents": "[Method of respiratory polygrams in diagnosis of esophageal cancer]. Among numerous methods, employed for determination of esophageal cancer patients' operability, the method of respiratory polygrams may be singled out. This method can be used in all medical institutions due to its being readily available, simple management and high resolving power.", "PMID": 855239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10573", "title": "[Comparative clinical and dosimetric analysis of radiotherapy variants in cervical cancer].", "content": "The authors estimated comparatively in 200 clinical patients the results of external irradiation of cervical cancer using two variants of gammatherapy: standard, 4--5 fields irradiation and improved one from 2 central contralateral fields in combination with a splitting lead block. The use of the improved variant of distance gammatherapy, compared with the standard one enabled the authors: 1) to reduce irradiation load on the minor pelvis organs and pelvic bones as much as 2--25 times; 2) to gain more even distribution of radiation on the lesion focus; 3) to reduce irradiation load on the organism, as a whole, in adequate focal dosage at point A and B, thus lessening radiation complications; 4) to simplify considerably centring and to shorten the exposure procedure that contributes to better efficiency of a gammatherapy machine; 5) to increase the effectiveness of combined radiotherapy for cancer of the uterine neck.", "contents": "[Comparative clinical and dosimetric analysis of radiotherapy variants in cervical cancer]. The authors estimated comparatively in 200 clinical patients the results of external irradiation of cervical cancer using two variants of gammatherapy: standard, 4--5 fields irradiation and improved one from 2 central contralateral fields in combination with a splitting lead block. The use of the improved variant of distance gammatherapy, compared with the standard one enabled the authors: 1) to reduce irradiation load on the minor pelvis organs and pelvic bones as much as 2--25 times; 2) to gain more even distribution of radiation on the lesion focus; 3) to reduce irradiation load on the organism, as a whole, in adequate focal dosage at point A and B, thus lessening radiation complications; 4) to simplify considerably centring and to shorten the exposure procedure that contributes to better efficiency of a gammatherapy machine; 5) to increase the effectiveness of combined radiotherapy for cancer of the uterine neck.", "PMID": 855247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10574", "title": "[Determination of the metabolic clearance and production of estradiol in breast cancer patients at menopause].", "content": "A method for the determination of estradiol metabolic clearance rate (MCR) and production rate (PR) in blood, using radioactive isotope dilution techniques, has been described. In a group of 5 normal menopausal females and 10 menopausal patients with disseminated cancer of the breast the values of MCR and PR were not found to differ significantly, but they diminished after oophorectomy.", "contents": "[Determination of the metabolic clearance and production of estradiol in breast cancer patients at menopause]. A method for the determination of estradiol metabolic clearance rate (MCR) and production rate (PR) in blood, using radioactive isotope dilution techniques, has been described. In a group of 5 normal menopausal females and 10 menopausal patients with disseminated cancer of the breast the values of MCR and PR were not found to differ significantly, but they diminished after oophorectomy.", "PMID": 855249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10575", "title": "[Densitometric analysis of the mammograms in benign breast tumors].", "content": "Densitometry of roentgenograms was performed in 48 patients with benign tumors of mammary glands (16-cysts, 16-fibroadenomas, 16-phylloid fibroadenomas). The analysis of densitograms indicated that densitometry provides a more objective characteristic of the structure intensity of the shadow and distinctness of the pathological focus contour. Densitometric analysis of the roentgenological picture of cysts, fibroadenomas and phylloid fibroadenomas along with features common to these neoplasms enabled the recognition of a number of symptoms determining differences in their densitometric picture.", "contents": "[Densitometric analysis of the mammograms in benign breast tumors]. Densitometry of roentgenograms was performed in 48 patients with benign tumors of mammary glands (16-cysts, 16-fibroadenomas, 16-phylloid fibroadenomas). The analysis of densitograms indicated that densitometry provides a more objective characteristic of the structure intensity of the shadow and distinctness of the pathological focus contour. Densitometric analysis of the roentgenological picture of cysts, fibroadenomas and phylloid fibroadenomas along with features common to these neoplasms enabled the recognition of a number of symptoms determining differences in their densitometric picture.", "PMID": 855250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10576", "title": "Warm IgM anti-IT causing autoimmune haemolytic anaemia.", "content": "A patient with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia due to an autoagglutinin of anti-IT specificity is reported. The antibody was of the IgM class and bound complement; unexpectedly, it reacted optimally at 37 degrees C. A prozone was noted when testing serial dilutions of the patient's serum against appropriate red cells in saline, but was not found when testing an eluate prepared from the patient's red cells. Investigations suggested that the prozone was due to a blocking antibody of high molecular weight, which appeared to be specific for I and IT.", "contents": "Warm IgM anti-IT causing autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. A patient with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia due to an autoagglutinin of anti-IT specificity is reported. The antibody was of the IgM class and bound complement; unexpectedly, it reacted optimally at 37 degrees C. A prozone was noted when testing serial dilutions of the patient's serum against appropriate red cells in saline, but was not found when testing an eluate prepared from the patient's red cells. Investigations suggested that the prozone was due to a blocking antibody of high molecular weight, which appeared to be specific for I and IT.", "PMID": 855251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10577", "title": "Effect of fragmentation of tetanus immune globulin (human) on neutralization of tetanus toxin.", "content": "The effect of fragmentation produced by plasmin digestion of tetanus immune globulin (human) on the neutralization of tetanus toxin was determined. Based on a mouse test, there was a significant reduction in neutralizing potency when fragmentation to 3.5 S material reached or exceeded 20% suggesting a threshold for antibody fragmentation beyond which the resulting decrease in antibody potency would result in serious disease. Because this threshold is not known for man, the use of fragmented globulin for the prevention or treatment of tetanus should be avoided until additional data are available on its neutralizing potency and efficacy.", "contents": "Effect of fragmentation of tetanus immune globulin (human) on neutralization of tetanus toxin. The effect of fragmentation produced by plasmin digestion of tetanus immune globulin (human) on the neutralization of tetanus toxin was determined. Based on a mouse test, there was a significant reduction in neutralizing potency when fragmentation to 3.5 S material reached or exceeded 20% suggesting a threshold for antibody fragmentation beyond which the resulting decrease in antibody potency would result in serious disease. Because this threshold is not known for man, the use of fragmented globulin for the prevention or treatment of tetanus should be avoided until additional data are available on its neutralizing potency and efficacy.", "PMID": 855252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10578", "title": "Processes to increase the yields of normal serum albumin.", "content": "By heating in the presence of a stabilizer, albumin can be recovered from Cohn fraction IV-4 and also pyrogen-free from pyrogenic albumin.", "contents": "Processes to increase the yields of normal serum albumin. By heating in the presence of a stabilizer, albumin can be recovered from Cohn fraction IV-4 and also pyrogen-free from pyrogenic albumin.", "PMID": 855253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10579", "title": "A monitoring and alarm system for use with a technicon 15-channel blood grouping machine.", "content": "An alarm system is described for use in monitoring the function of the sampler of a 15-channel BGM and the level of reagents.", "contents": "A monitoring and alarm system for use with a technicon 15-channel blood grouping machine. An alarm system is described for use in monitoring the function of the sampler of a 15-channel BGM and the level of reagents.", "PMID": 855254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10580", "title": "A further example of Kp1/Ko exhibiting depression of some Kell group antigens.", "content": "This paper gives details of a family in which there are numerous examples of the heterozygous Kdegree state. The study was initiated by the presence of anti-Kpb in the serum of the propositus. Reactions with anti-K, anti-Ku, anti-Jsb and anti-K13 confirm that the Kdegree gene in trans with Kpa results in weaker expression of these Kell antigens. One example of anti-K showed some evidence of dosage effect with kKpb/Kdegree cells, but these results were not confirmed by quantitation studies.", "contents": "A further example of Kp1/Ko exhibiting depression of some Kell group antigens. This paper gives details of a family in which there are numerous examples of the heterozygous Kdegree state. The study was initiated by the presence of anti-Kpb in the serum of the propositus. Reactions with anti-K, anti-Ku, anti-Jsb and anti-K13 confirm that the Kdegree gene in trans with Kpa results in weaker expression of these Kell antigens. One example of anti-K showed some evidence of dosage effect with kKpb/Kdegree cells, but these results were not confirmed by quantitation studies.", "PMID": 855255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10581", "title": "Polymer distribution in human serum albumin powders prepared by lyophilization or acetone drying.", "content": "Various lots of human serum albumin, prepared by the Cohn alcohol procedure, were assayed for polymer distribution after lyophilization or acetone drying of the albumin paste. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that powders obtained by acetone drying of the pastes contained significantly higher amounts of monomeric albumin.", "contents": "Polymer distribution in human serum albumin powders prepared by lyophilization or acetone drying. Various lots of human serum albumin, prepared by the Cohn alcohol procedure, were assayed for polymer distribution after lyophilization or acetone drying of the albumin paste. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that powders obtained by acetone drying of the pastes contained significantly higher amounts of monomeric albumin.", "PMID": 855256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10582", "title": "Quantitative determination of albumin dimer in albumin preparations by combined starch-gel electrophoresis and immunoprecipitation.", "content": "A method is described for albumin dimer determination. The method is based upon an electrophoretic separation of albumin dimer from the monomer in starch gel with a subsequent immunochemical diffusion and precipitation of the albumin components in agarose gel containing antibodies. The precipitation zones are measured and compared iwth those of albumin monomer standards. A factor for converting monomer to dimer has furthermore been established.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of albumin dimer in albumin preparations by combined starch-gel electrophoresis and immunoprecipitation. A method is described for albumin dimer determination. The method is based upon an electrophoretic separation of albumin dimer from the monomer in starch gel with a subsequent immunochemical diffusion and precipitation of the albumin components in agarose gel containing antibodies. The precipitation zones are measured and compared iwth those of albumin monomer standards. A factor for converting monomer to dimer has furthermore been established.", "PMID": 855257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10583", "title": "The spectrum of extrapulmonary tuberculosis.", "content": "The incidence of new cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis has remained constant, despite the decline in new cases of active pulmonary tuberculosis. This might be due to a delay in recognition, and particularly a lack of consideration of tuberculosis when the presenting symptoms are other than respiratory. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of bone, joint, genitourinary tract and central nervous system (CNS) diseases. To determine factors that might delay recognition and identification, 62 patients having extrapulmonary tuberculosis during 1969-1972 at the Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center were studied.Three quarters of these patients had had CNS, skeletal or genitourinary tuberculosis in equal distribution or 25 percent each. CNS involvement was seen frequently in the disseminated form. Presenting symptoms were protean and not specific, such as fever, anorexia, weight loss, cough, lymphadenopathy and neurologic abnormalities. Roentgenograms of the chest were abnormal in most. When a roentgenogram of the chest suggests pulmonary tuberculosis, signs and symptoms in other body systems should suggest extrapulmonary tuberculosis. If no abnormalities are seen on a roentgenogram of the chest, however, this does not preclude the diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Neither does a negative tuberculin skin test exclude the condition. Abnormal laboratory findings are common, especially in disseminated tuberculosis. These include various anemias, bone marrow disorders, hyponatremia due to inappropriate antidiuretic hormone syndrome. Analyses of pleural, peritoneal, pericardial and joint fluid usually show an exudate high in lymphocytes and occasionally low in glucose. Similar findings are seen in spinal fluid. The histological features of caseous or noncaseous granulomas are suggestive of but not specific for tuberculosis. Only culture of mycobacteria from sputum, urine, spinal fluid, pleural and other effusions and tissue biopsy specimens will yield a definitive diagnosis. Physicians must have a high index of suspicion to diagnose extrapulmonary tuberculosis, as it can resemble any disease in any organ system. Immediate therapy in the disseminated variety, sometimes even before a definite diagnosis can be made, may be lifesaving.", "contents": "The spectrum of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. The incidence of new cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis has remained constant, despite the decline in new cases of active pulmonary tuberculosis. This might be due to a delay in recognition, and particularly a lack of consideration of tuberculosis when the presenting symptoms are other than respiratory. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of bone, joint, genitourinary tract and central nervous system (CNS) diseases. To determine factors that might delay recognition and identification, 62 patients having extrapulmonary tuberculosis during 1969-1972 at the Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center were studied.Three quarters of these patients had had CNS, skeletal or genitourinary tuberculosis in equal distribution or 25 percent each. CNS involvement was seen frequently in the disseminated form. Presenting symptoms were protean and not specific, such as fever, anorexia, weight loss, cough, lymphadenopathy and neurologic abnormalities. Roentgenograms of the chest were abnormal in most. When a roentgenogram of the chest suggests pulmonary tuberculosis, signs and symptoms in other body systems should suggest extrapulmonary tuberculosis. If no abnormalities are seen on a roentgenogram of the chest, however, this does not preclude the diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Neither does a negative tuberculin skin test exclude the condition. Abnormal laboratory findings are common, especially in disseminated tuberculosis. These include various anemias, bone marrow disorders, hyponatremia due to inappropriate antidiuretic hormone syndrome. Analyses of pleural, peritoneal, pericardial and joint fluid usually show an exudate high in lymphocytes and occasionally low in glucose. Similar findings are seen in spinal fluid. The histological features of caseous or noncaseous granulomas are suggestive of but not specific for tuberculosis. Only culture of mycobacteria from sputum, urine, spinal fluid, pleural and other effusions and tissue biopsy specimens will yield a definitive diagnosis. Physicians must have a high index of suspicion to diagnose extrapulmonary tuberculosis, as it can resemble any disease in any organ system. Immediate therapy in the disseminated variety, sometimes even before a definite diagnosis can be made, may be lifesaving.", "PMID": 855317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10584", "title": "Unrecognized causes of platelet transfusion failure in the presence of anti-HL-A antibodies.", "content": "When in a patient who is receiving random donor platelet infusions there is an inadequate rise in platelet count and anti-human HL-A antibodies are noted in the serum, it is natural to assume that platelet destruction results from an immunologic cause. Nonimmunologic causes of such failure do occur, however. Two of the most common are disseminated intravascular coagulation and splenomegaly.", "contents": "Unrecognized causes of platelet transfusion failure in the presence of anti-HL-A antibodies. When in a patient who is receiving random donor platelet infusions there is an inadequate rise in platelet count and anti-human HL-A antibodies are noted in the serum, it is natural to assume that platelet destruction results from an immunologic cause. Nonimmunologic causes of such failure do occur, however. Two of the most common are disseminated intravascular coagulation and splenomegaly.", "PMID": 855318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10585", "title": "A system for coding the presenting requests of ambulatory patients.", "content": "Effective methods developed to review and study the care of patients in hospital have not been applicable to ambulatory care, in which definitive diagnosis is the exception rather than the rule. A reasonable alternative to using diagnosis as the basis for assessing ambulatory care is to use the problems or requests presented by the patients themselves. A system has been developed for classifying and coding this information for flexible computer retrieval. Testing indicates that the system is simple in design, easily mastered by nonphysicians and provides reliable, useful data at a low cost.", "contents": "A system for coding the presenting requests of ambulatory patients. Effective methods developed to review and study the care of patients in hospital have not been applicable to ambulatory care, in which definitive diagnosis is the exception rather than the rule. A reasonable alternative to using diagnosis as the basis for assessing ambulatory care is to use the problems or requests presented by the patients themselves. A system has been developed for classifying and coding this information for flexible computer retrieval. Testing indicates that the system is simple in design, easily mastered by nonphysicians and provides reliable, useful data at a low cost.", "PMID": 855324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10586", "title": "[Long-term results after therapeutic starvation (author's transl)].", "content": "19 Persons with gross refractory obesity (7 men and 12 women) were treated by therapeutic starvation. The patients were controlled after 32 months, on average (range: 7 to 58 months), following completion of treatment. The study shows that 8 of the females gained weight, one of these attaining her pretreatment weight and another even exceeding the pretreatment figure. None of the males had regained his pretreatment weight but 4 showed an increase in comparison with the weight at the time of hospital discharge. During starvation the serum lipids showed a marked decrease, which was statistically significant in the case of cholesterol, but not triglycerides. At the time of follow-up examination the serum lipid values were about the same as before treatment. It is concluded that the long-term results of therapeutic starvation are beter in men than in women and yet this method of treatment should be attempted, when indicated according to strict criteria, in refractory cases of extreme obesity.", "contents": "[Long-term results after therapeutic starvation (author's transl)]. 19 Persons with gross refractory obesity (7 men and 12 women) were treated by therapeutic starvation. The patients were controlled after 32 months, on average (range: 7 to 58 months), following completion of treatment. The study shows that 8 of the females gained weight, one of these attaining her pretreatment weight and another even exceeding the pretreatment figure. None of the males had regained his pretreatment weight but 4 showed an increase in comparison with the weight at the time of hospital discharge. During starvation the serum lipids showed a marked decrease, which was statistically significant in the case of cholesterol, but not triglycerides. At the time of follow-up examination the serum lipid values were about the same as before treatment. It is concluded that the long-term results of therapeutic starvation are beter in men than in women and yet this method of treatment should be attempted, when indicated according to strict criteria, in refractory cases of extreme obesity.", "PMID": 855342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10587", "title": "[Serum lipase activity and evocation test after endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum lipase activity, which is a more specific indicator of pancreatic damage than serum amylase activity, was determined in 51 patients before and immediately after endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP) and 24 hours subsequently. An increase in serum lipase activity without clinical signs of acute pancreatitis was observed immediately after pancreatography in 20 cases. Increased serum lipase activity after 24 hours is largely observed in patients with parenchymography or those displaying increased values already in the fasting state before ERCP. This observation emphasizes the need for caution in the assessment of the indication for ERCP in patients with preexisting increased serum lipase activity in view of the very real risk of acute pancreatitis and the need to avoid parenchymography of the pancreas. According to our experience the addition of a broadspectrum antibiotic such as gentamycin to the contrast medium may, to a large extent, avoid the development of acute pancreatitis. Lipase evocation tests carried out 10 days after the ERCP showed negative results in patients with increased enzyme activity and parenchymography after pancreatography. Hence, it is concluded that ERCP causes symptomless reversible biochemical pancreatic changes, as opposed to irreversible pancreatic damage.", "contents": "[Serum lipase activity and evocation test after endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (author's transl)]. Serum lipase activity, which is a more specific indicator of pancreatic damage than serum amylase activity, was determined in 51 patients before and immediately after endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP) and 24 hours subsequently. An increase in serum lipase activity without clinical signs of acute pancreatitis was observed immediately after pancreatography in 20 cases. Increased serum lipase activity after 24 hours is largely observed in patients with parenchymography or those displaying increased values already in the fasting state before ERCP. This observation emphasizes the need for caution in the assessment of the indication for ERCP in patients with preexisting increased serum lipase activity in view of the very real risk of acute pancreatitis and the need to avoid parenchymography of the pancreas. According to our experience the addition of a broadspectrum antibiotic such as gentamycin to the contrast medium may, to a large extent, avoid the development of acute pancreatitis. Lipase evocation tests carried out 10 days after the ERCP showed negative results in patients with increased enzyme activity and parenchymography after pancreatography. Hence, it is concluded that ERCP causes symptomless reversible biochemical pancreatic changes, as opposed to irreversible pancreatic damage.", "PMID": 855343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10588", "title": "[Severe accidental acrolein intoxication in the home (author's transl)].", "content": "In a private household overheated fat-containing food emitted vapours which caused severe intoxication in a previously healthy man. The resulting pulmonary changes presented a grave threat to the patient's life for several days. The origin and properties of the vapours led to the conclusion that acrolein was their major toxic component.", "contents": "[Severe accidental acrolein intoxication in the home (author's transl)]. In a private household overheated fat-containing food emitted vapours which caused severe intoxication in a previously healthy man. The resulting pulmonary changes presented a grave threat to the patient's life for several days. The origin and properties of the vapours led to the conclusion that acrolein was their major toxic component.", "PMID": 855344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10589", "title": "[Plasmapheresis in the elimination of toxic substances with marked plasma protein-binding properties (author's transl)].", "content": "Plasmapheresis is a method used to eliminate toxic substances with high plasma protein-binding properties. Poisoning by strongly plasma protein-binding substances cannot be treated by haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. Hence, an attempt was made to hasten the elimination of phenylbutazone, a suitable model substance (plasma protein binding affinity 98%), by plasmapheresis. Some of the experiments were performed with oxygen under high pressure (OHP). A singly plasmapheresis of the total blood volume or triple plasmapheresis of half of the blood volume, performed at 20 min intervals accelerated the elimination of phenylbutazone significantly and all animals survived. A single plasmapheresis of the threefold blood volume had the greatest effect in lowering the concentration of phenylbutazone in the blood, but only one of three animals survived. OHP had no influence on the half-life of phenylbutazone and did not increase the survival rate.", "contents": "[Plasmapheresis in the elimination of toxic substances with marked plasma protein-binding properties (author's transl)]. Plasmapheresis is a method used to eliminate toxic substances with high plasma protein-binding properties. Poisoning by strongly plasma protein-binding substances cannot be treated by haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. Hence, an attempt was made to hasten the elimination of phenylbutazone, a suitable model substance (plasma protein binding affinity 98%), by plasmapheresis. Some of the experiments were performed with oxygen under high pressure (OHP). A singly plasmapheresis of the total blood volume or triple plasmapheresis of half of the blood volume, performed at 20 min intervals accelerated the elimination of phenylbutazone significantly and all animals survived. A single plasmapheresis of the threefold blood volume had the greatest effect in lowering the concentration of phenylbutazone in the blood, but only one of three animals survived. OHP had no influence on the half-life of phenylbutazone and did not increase the survival rate.", "PMID": 855345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10590", "title": "[Acute poisoning with tricylic antidepressants and treatment with physostigmine salicylate (author's transl)].", "content": "Three cases of self poisoning with tricyclic antidepressants (TAD) are reported, one of them with a potentially lethal dose. All three cases were treated with physostigmine salicylate (PS)  and in two cases there was complete reversal of coma within a few minutes. In striking contrast to the reported high incidence of cardiac arrhythmias no cardiac complications were observed in any of the cases. Therefore we think that the use of PS should be considered when treating cases of TAD poisoning.", "contents": "[Acute poisoning with tricylic antidepressants and treatment with physostigmine salicylate (author's transl)]. Three cases of self poisoning with tricyclic antidepressants (TAD) are reported, one of them with a potentially lethal dose. All three cases were treated with physostigmine salicylate (PS)  and in two cases there was complete reversal of coma within a few minutes. In striking contrast to the reported high incidence of cardiac arrhythmias no cardiac complications were observed in any of the cases. Therefore we think that the use of PS should be considered when treating cases of TAD poisoning.", "PMID": 855346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10591", "title": "[Changes in glucose tolerance, serum insulin and blood lipids during contraceptive medication (oestrogen-gestagen) in metabolically-healthy women (author's transl)].", "content": "A low-dosage combination type of contraceptive (oestrogen-gestagen) was given to 19 metabolically- healthy women of normal weight over a period of 6 months. Glucose tolerance, serum insulin and serum lipids were measured 1 month before, during and 2 months after medication. There was a slight decrease in the basal insulin values and an opposite trend in the basal blood glucose values, not exceeding 10 mg% in comparison to pretreatment values. The oral glucose tolerance test with a load of 100 g oligosaccharides did not show any statiscally significant changes during the 9 month observation period. The serum insulin curve, however, showed a delayed increase with a tendency to return to original values after medication had stopped. A slight degree of insulin resistance without change in glucose tolerance can, therefore, be assumed. There was a tendency for triglyceride values to increase over the observation period. A trend towards decreased cholesterol, on the other hand, was statistically insignificant. The observed changes were all within the normal range in all cases.", "contents": "[Changes in glucose tolerance, serum insulin and blood lipids during contraceptive medication (oestrogen-gestagen) in metabolically-healthy women (author's transl)]. A low-dosage combination type of contraceptive (oestrogen-gestagen) was given to 19 metabolically- healthy women of normal weight over a period of 6 months. Glucose tolerance, serum insulin and serum lipids were measured 1 month before, during and 2 months after medication. There was a slight decrease in the basal insulin values and an opposite trend in the basal blood glucose values, not exceeding 10 mg% in comparison to pretreatment values. The oral glucose tolerance test with a load of 100 g oligosaccharides did not show any statiscally significant changes during the 9 month observation period. The serum insulin curve, however, showed a delayed increase with a tendency to return to original values after medication had stopped. A slight degree of insulin resistance without change in glucose tolerance can, therefore, be assumed. There was a tendency for triglyceride values to increase over the observation period. A trend towards decreased cholesterol, on the other hand, was statistically insignificant. The observed changes were all within the normal range in all cases.", "PMID": 855347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10592", "title": "[Early detection of postoperative deep-vein thrombosis in gynaecological patients by the 125I-Fibrinogen test (author's transl)].", "content": "Deep-vein thrombosis was detected by means of the 125I-fibrinogen test in 37.2% of patients undergoing gynaecological surgical procedures within the first six days postoperatively; 50% of the cases occurred within the first 48 hours. There was no difference in the incidence of thrombosis according to whether the abdominal or vaginal approach had been used. Varicose veins proved to be a high-risk factor in the development of deep-vein thrombosis. Prophylactic administration of horse-chestnut extract has to begin preoperatively in order to achieve a beneficial result.", "contents": "[Early detection of postoperative deep-vein thrombosis in gynaecological patients by the 125I-Fibrinogen test (author's transl)]. Deep-vein thrombosis was detected by means of the 125I-fibrinogen test in 37.2% of patients undergoing gynaecological surgical procedures within the first six days postoperatively; 50% of the cases occurred within the first 48 hours. There was no difference in the incidence of thrombosis according to whether the abdominal or vaginal approach had been used. Varicose veins proved to be a high-risk factor in the development of deep-vein thrombosis. Prophylactic administration of horse-chestnut extract has to begin preoperatively in order to achieve a beneficial result.", "PMID": 855348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10593", "title": "[Central and peripheral actions of an oral contraceptive with reduced oestrogen content (author's transl)].", "content": "The action spectrum of an oral contraceptive which contained a reduced amount of the oestrogen component (0.04 mg ethinyl-oestradiol and 2.0 mg lynoestrenol) was investigated in 4 volunteer subjects. Serum levels of LH, 17 beta-oestradiol and progesterone were determined by radioimmunoassay and, in addition, the karyopyknotic index and cervical function were studied daily from the 8th day of the cycle. These parameters were determined in a control cycle, in the cycle during administration of the oral contraceptive and in the subsequent treatment-free cycle. Furthermore, the bleeding patterns were studied in 284 treatment cycles of 26 patients. Results of these studies indicate complete contraceptive protection by inhibition of ovulation and by an efficient cervical barrier action already during the first treatment cycle. Withdrawal bleeding was observed 3 to 4 days after ingestion of the last tablet. Spotting was recorded in 11 subjects during the first treatment cycle but was rarely observed during further treatment. Blood loss and bleeding control is comparable to that of other combined oral contraceptives with reduced oestrogen content.", "contents": "[Central and peripheral actions of an oral contraceptive with reduced oestrogen content (author's transl)]. The action spectrum of an oral contraceptive which contained a reduced amount of the oestrogen component (0.04 mg ethinyl-oestradiol and 2.0 mg lynoestrenol) was investigated in 4 volunteer subjects. Serum levels of LH, 17 beta-oestradiol and progesterone were determined by radioimmunoassay and, in addition, the karyopyknotic index and cervical function were studied daily from the 8th day of the cycle. These parameters were determined in a control cycle, in the cycle during administration of the oral contraceptive and in the subsequent treatment-free cycle. Furthermore, the bleeding patterns were studied in 284 treatment cycles of 26 patients. Results of these studies indicate complete contraceptive protection by inhibition of ovulation and by an efficient cervical barrier action already during the first treatment cycle. Withdrawal bleeding was observed 3 to 4 days after ingestion of the last tablet. Spotting was recorded in 11 subjects during the first treatment cycle but was rarely observed during further treatment. Blood loss and bleeding control is comparable to that of other combined oral contraceptives with reduced oestrogen content.", "PMID": 855349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10594", "title": "[Unusual course and site of metastases of a granulosa cell tumour (author's transl)].", "content": "The case is reported of a patient in whom a granulosa cell tumour of the right ovary was removed at the age of 47 years. 14 years later the same type of tumour was found in the left ovary, together with an adenocarcinoma of the body of the uterus. 5 years after removal of these neoplasms splenectomy was carried out on account of splenic metastases. The unusual course taken by the disease and site of metastatic involvement are discussed, as well as the therapeutic management.", "contents": "[Unusual course and site of metastases of a granulosa cell tumour (author's transl)]. The case is reported of a patient in whom a granulosa cell tumour of the right ovary was removed at the age of 47 years. 14 years later the same type of tumour was found in the left ovary, together with an adenocarcinoma of the body of the uterus. 5 years after removal of these neoplasms splenectomy was carried out on account of splenic metastases. The unusual course taken by the disease and site of metastatic involvement are discussed, as well as the therapeutic management.", "PMID": 855350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10595", "title": "Variability of polyploid strains of Candida scottii in accumulation of riboflavin in the medium.", "content": "Polyploid strains of Candida scottii show a higher spontaneous and UV-induced variability in accumulation of riboflavin in the medium than the original haploid strain. UV irradiation affects the formation of variants and induces those which accumulate more riboflavin than any of the most productive variants resulting from spontaneous variability. In the polyploid strains the frequency of plus-variants increases. Therefore, polyploid strains of C. scottii are advantageous for selection processes.", "contents": "Variability of polyploid strains of Candida scottii in accumulation of riboflavin in the medium. Polyploid strains of Candida scottii show a higher spontaneous and UV-induced variability in accumulation of riboflavin in the medium than the original haploid strain. UV irradiation affects the formation of variants and induces those which accumulate more riboflavin than any of the most productive variants resulting from spontaneous variability. In the polyploid strains the frequency of plus-variants increases. Therefore, polyploid strains of C. scottii are advantageous for selection processes.", "PMID": 855365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10596", "title": "Effect of authentic and natural vitamin C and carotene on amino acid absorption.", "content": "The effect of vitamin C or carotene either from authentic or natural sources on absorption of lysine, glycine and methionine was evaluated. Results revealed that maximum absorption of these amino acids was reached at different intervals from the orally given dose. Addition of ascorbic acid enhanced amino acid absorption and this effect was maximum in case of methionine. Carotene brought about variable effect to the three amino acids tested. Pepper, parsley, or orange juices did not affect the extent of intestinal lysine absorption. Pepper juice enhanced absorption of methionine in contrast to orange and parsley. Glycine absorption was markedly enhanced by addition of orange juice. Ascorbic acid suppelementation to dietary constituents is recommended for better utilization of proteins.", "contents": "Effect of authentic and natural vitamin C and carotene on amino acid absorption. The effect of vitamin C or carotene either from authentic or natural sources on absorption of lysine, glycine and methionine was evaluated. Results revealed that maximum absorption of these amino acids was reached at different intervals from the orally given dose. Addition of ascorbic acid enhanced amino acid absorption and this effect was maximum in case of methionine. Carotene brought about variable effect to the three amino acids tested. Pepper, parsley, or orange juices did not affect the extent of intestinal lysine absorption. Pepper juice enhanced absorption of methionine in contrast to orange and parsley. Glycine absorption was markedly enhanced by addition of orange juice. Ascorbic acid suppelementation to dietary constituents is recommended for better utilization of proteins.", "PMID": 855378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10597", "title": "Serum mineral changes in dithizone-induced diabetes before and after insulin treatment.", "content": "In this study, diabetes was induced by intravenous injection of dithizone. In dithizonised diabetic animals, the levels of serum zinc, iron, and potassium were found to be higher than normal, while those of serum calcium and sodium were lower. Copper and magnesium levels were unchanged. After treatment with insulin, most of these serum levels approached the normal, except for serum potassium and magnesium.", "contents": "Serum mineral changes in dithizone-induced diabetes before and after insulin treatment. In this study, diabetes was induced by intravenous injection of dithizone. In dithizonised diabetic animals, the levels of serum zinc, iron, and potassium were found to be higher than normal, while those of serum calcium and sodium were lower. Copper and magnesium levels were unchanged. After treatment with insulin, most of these serum levels approached the normal, except for serum potassium and magnesium.", "PMID": 855379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10598", "title": "Serum and urine amino acid pattern under the effect of carbon disulfide intoxication.", "content": "The effect of carbon disulphide intoxication on amino acid pattern was studied. Five groups of rats were treated with carbon disulphide through intramuscular injection of 0.05 ml CS2 in 0.2 mg olive oil/rat/day. A number of rats were sacrificed after receiving 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 injections. As a result of intoxication, a state of hypoaminoacidemia and hyperaminoacidurea affected all the amino acids investigated, but to variable extent. Of value to add that stoppage of carbon disulphide leads to improvement of the amino-acid pattern in group six, compared to the other groups.", "contents": "Serum and urine amino acid pattern under the effect of carbon disulfide intoxication. The effect of carbon disulphide intoxication on amino acid pattern was studied. Five groups of rats were treated with carbon disulphide through intramuscular injection of 0.05 ml CS2 in 0.2 mg olive oil/rat/day. A number of rats were sacrificed after receiving 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 injections. As a result of intoxication, a state of hypoaminoacidemia and hyperaminoacidurea affected all the amino acids investigated, but to variable extent. Of value to add that stoppage of carbon disulphide leads to improvement of the amino-acid pattern in group six, compared to the other groups.", "PMID": 855380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10599", "title": "[Laboratory diagnosis and internal medicine. Introduction].", "content": "The development of internal medicine went parallel with the clinico-chemical diagnostics. The increase of the laboratory achievements, also in the field of prevention, is possible by a regional graduation of the laboratories with a centralisation as effective as possible under management of specialists. It is referred to the observation of quality instructions in standardized methods. The improvement of diagnostics by exchange between clinic and laboratory is particularly emphasized.", "contents": "[Laboratory diagnosis and internal medicine. Introduction]. The development of internal medicine went parallel with the clinico-chemical diagnostics. The increase of the laboratory achievements, also in the field of prevention, is possible by a regional graduation of the laboratories with a centralisation as effective as possible under management of specialists. It is referred to the observation of quality instructions in standardized methods. The improvement of diagnostics by exchange between clinic and laboratory is particularly emphasized.", "PMID": 855386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10600", "title": "[Etiology and clinical aspects of liver cirrhosis].", "content": "This review deals with the clinically important aspects of etiology and symptoms of cirrhosis. Apart from alcohol and hepatitis, which are the most frequent etiological factors, also rare causes of cirrhosis are described, because their knowledge is important for the differential diagnosis of cryptogenic cirrhosis. Portal hypertension is the root of most symptoms and complications in cirrhosis. Therefore, a description of the haemodynamic changes precedes the extrahepatic syndromes, of which renal failures, ascites and portal encephalopathy are discussed more in detail.", "contents": "[Etiology and clinical aspects of liver cirrhosis]. This review deals with the clinically important aspects of etiology and symptoms of cirrhosis. Apart from alcohol and hepatitis, which are the most frequent etiological factors, also rare causes of cirrhosis are described, because their knowledge is important for the differential diagnosis of cryptogenic cirrhosis. Portal hypertension is the root of most symptoms and complications in cirrhosis. Therefore, a description of the haemodynamic changes precedes the extrahepatic syndromes, of which renal failures, ascites and portal encephalopathy are discussed more in detail.", "PMID": 855388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10601", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics in liver cirrhosis].", "content": "In patients with severe hepatic parenchymal damage drug metabolism is presumably impaired. The reduced detoxification can not be sufficiently described in the postulated multicompartment model by determination of plasma half-life, because it depends on the physicochemical properties of the drugs. An increase of dihydroxybilic acids inhibits drug metabolism. Some drugs and also its metabolites formed in the liver induce hepatic cell injury including necrosis and therefore they are contraindicated in patients suffering from liver disease.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics in liver cirrhosis]. In patients with severe hepatic parenchymal damage drug metabolism is presumably impaired. The reduced detoxification can not be sufficiently described in the postulated multicompartment model by determination of plasma half-life, because it depends on the physicochemical properties of the drugs. An increase of dihydroxybilic acids inhibits drug metabolism. Some drugs and also its metabolites formed in the liver induce hepatic cell injury including necrosis and therefore they are contraindicated in patients suffering from liver disease.", "PMID": 855389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10602", "title": "[Expert testimony and rehabilitation in liver cirrhosis].", "content": "The principles of rehabilitation of patients with chronic liver disease are expert opinion, therapy and social care. The questions relevant for clinical practice concerning fitness for work, invalidity, disability certificate and nursing money are explained for patients with liver cirrhosis. In such cases a differentiated expert opinion is recommended taking into consideration activity and portal hypertension. The principles of therapy and social care are discussed. Finally with the help of an analysis of the number of patients in the dispensary of the II. medical clinic of the Charit\u00e9 is demonstrated that only about 50% of all cirrhotics are invalidity pensioners. Nearly 1/3 of all cirrhotics with porto-systemic anastomoses has become capable for work.", "contents": "[Expert testimony and rehabilitation in liver cirrhosis]. The principles of rehabilitation of patients with chronic liver disease are expert opinion, therapy and social care. The questions relevant for clinical practice concerning fitness for work, invalidity, disability certificate and nursing money are explained for patients with liver cirrhosis. In such cases a differentiated expert opinion is recommended taking into consideration activity and portal hypertension. The principles of therapy and social care are discussed. Finally with the help of an analysis of the number of patients in the dispensary of the II. medical clinic of the Charit\u00e9 is demonstrated that only about 50% of all cirrhotics are invalidity pensioners. Nearly 1/3 of all cirrhotics with porto-systemic anastomoses has become capable for work.", "PMID": 855390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10603", "title": "[Significance of isoenzymes in acute hepatitis and differential diagnosis of chronic forms of hepatitis].", "content": "By the determination of the aldolase, GOT and LDH isoenzymes in the plasma the stage of the acute and chronic hepatitis can be well established. The suitable use of modern statistic methods (multivariate analysis) allows the characterisation, recognition and separation of the groups of disease acute, chronic persisting, chronic aggressive hepatitis and liver cirrhosis as well as the proof of transition forms and severe courses. In acute hepatitides with protracted course under prednisolone therapy in contrast to histology already after a short time changes of the isoenzymes in the hepatic tissue and in the plasma are shown. Apparently the isoenzymes are sensitive indicators of intracellular metabolic processes.", "contents": "[Significance of isoenzymes in acute hepatitis and differential diagnosis of chronic forms of hepatitis]. By the determination of the aldolase, GOT and LDH isoenzymes in the plasma the stage of the acute and chronic hepatitis can be well established. The suitable use of modern statistic methods (multivariate analysis) allows the characterisation, recognition and separation of the groups of disease acute, chronic persisting, chronic aggressive hepatitis and liver cirrhosis as well as the proof of transition forms and severe courses. In acute hepatitides with protracted course under prednisolone therapy in contrast to histology already after a short time changes of the isoenzymes in the hepatic tissue and in the plasma are shown. Apparently the isoenzymes are sensitive indicators of intracellular metabolic processes.", "PMID": 855391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10604", "title": "[Significance of isoenzymes for the prognostic evaluation of acute hepatitis--studies under load].", "content": "100 patients who got over a virus hepatitis underwent a bicycle ergometry. At the beginning and at the end of the experiment as well as 24 hours after this the isoenzymes of aldolase, GOT and LDH in the plasma were determined by means of kinetic methods. On the basis of the activities of the isoenzymes for the test persons (children and adults of either sex) an arrangement in the groups pathologic--suspicious--normal can be carried out which is compared with the physiologic parameters and the clinic. The results of bicycle ergometry much differ. High effects without pathological changes of the activities of isoenzymes are an objective criterion of the quick, riskless rehabilitation of the test persons.", "contents": "[Significance of isoenzymes for the prognostic evaluation of acute hepatitis--studies under load]. 100 patients who got over a virus hepatitis underwent a bicycle ergometry. At the beginning and at the end of the experiment as well as 24 hours after this the isoenzymes of aldolase, GOT and LDH in the plasma were determined by means of kinetic methods. On the basis of the activities of the isoenzymes for the test persons (children and adults of either sex) an arrangement in the groups pathologic--suspicious--normal can be carried out which is compared with the physiologic parameters and the clinic. The results of bicycle ergometry much differ. High effects without pathological changes of the activities of isoenzymes are an objective criterion of the quick, riskless rehabilitation of the test persons.", "PMID": 855392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10605", "title": "[Influence of coffee and amphetamine on the concentration of free fatty acids, triglycerides and glucose during exertion and in the restitution phase].", "content": "It was studied the effect of coffee and psychedrine on the behaviour of concentrations of free fatty acids, triglycerides and glucose in the blood serum during physical exercise with increasing load performed on bicycle ergometer. 20 healthy men received 200 ml of infusion from 20 g of natural coffee, whereas another 20 men received psychedrine 0.1 mg per kg of body weight. Their results were compared with those of the control group which performed only physical exercise. It was found that during physical exercise the concentration of FFA and triglycerides decreased and glucose concentration increased. These changes are significantly higher than in the control group (p less than 0.02). During the four-hour restitution increased glucose concentration and decreased triglyceride concentration were still persisting. However, during restitution it was not found the increase of FFA concentration which was observed in the control group.", "contents": "[Influence of coffee and amphetamine on the concentration of free fatty acids, triglycerides and glucose during exertion and in the restitution phase]. It was studied the effect of coffee and psychedrine on the behaviour of concentrations of free fatty acids, triglycerides and glucose in the blood serum during physical exercise with increasing load performed on bicycle ergometer. 20 healthy men received 200 ml of infusion from 20 g of natural coffee, whereas another 20 men received psychedrine 0.1 mg per kg of body weight. Their results were compared with those of the control group which performed only physical exercise. It was found that during physical exercise the concentration of FFA and triglycerides decreased and glucose concentration increased. These changes are significantly higher than in the control group (p less than 0.02). During the four-hour restitution increased glucose concentration and decreased triglyceride concentration were still persisting. However, during restitution it was not found the increase of FFA concentration which was observed in the control group.", "PMID": 855394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10606", "title": "[Simultaneous determination of effective renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate using a double isotope technic--determination of the filtration fraction].", "content": "A method for the simultaneous determination of the effective renal plasma flow and of the glomerular filtration rate with the help of 131J-o-iodohippuric acid and 169Yb-DTPA using a double isotopic technique is described. Apart from this the method serves for the establishment of the filtration fraction. 40 patients with different clinical pictures (glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, cystic kidneys, stenosis of the renal artery) were examined. The clearance values established by us were in the areas characteristic for the clinical pictures. Pathological conditions could be established which are not yet characterized by an increase of the fixa of the urine in the serum. By the determination of the filtration fraction differential-diagnostically important insights are afforded. The examination is methodically simply to be performed and is of little stress for the patient. Therefore it seems to be suitable for the routine examination.", "contents": "[Simultaneous determination of effective renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate using a double isotope technic--determination of the filtration fraction]. A method for the simultaneous determination of the effective renal plasma flow and of the glomerular filtration rate with the help of 131J-o-iodohippuric acid and 169Yb-DTPA using a double isotopic technique is described. Apart from this the method serves for the establishment of the filtration fraction. 40 patients with different clinical pictures (glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, cystic kidneys, stenosis of the renal artery) were examined. The clearance values established by us were in the areas characteristic for the clinical pictures. Pathological conditions could be established which are not yet characterized by an increase of the fixa of the urine in the serum. By the determination of the filtration fraction differential-diagnostically important insights are afforded. The examination is methodically simply to be performed and is of little stress for the patient. Therefore it seems to be suitable for the routine examination.", "PMID": 855395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10607", "title": "[Examination of cell-mediated immunity using the leukocyte migration inhibition test in agarose].", "content": "The 2-phase-leucocyte-migration-inhibition-test in agarose after Clausen is suitable for the proof of the cell-mediated immunity. Compared with the capillary technique of Soborg and Bendixen it has some methodical advantages. Between the migration inhibition against tuberculin and the result of the intracutaneous tuberculin testing a significant negative correlation was the result. The migration inhibition against a streptolysin-streptokinase-mixture was provable in 21 out of 22 patients with renal insufficiency in the same size as in clinically healthy persons.", "contents": "[Examination of cell-mediated immunity using the leukocyte migration inhibition test in agarose]. The 2-phase-leucocyte-migration-inhibition-test in agarose after Clausen is suitable for the proof of the cell-mediated immunity. Compared with the capillary technique of Soborg and Bendixen it has some methodical advantages. Between the migration inhibition against tuberculin and the result of the intracutaneous tuberculin testing a significant negative correlation was the result. The migration inhibition against a streptolysin-streptokinase-mixture was provable in 21 out of 22 patients with renal insufficiency in the same size as in clinically healthy persons.", "PMID": 855396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10608", "title": "[Observations on the disease course of arterial circulatory disorders in the lower extremities under conservative therapy].", "content": "For estimation of the conservative treatment of peripheral arterial disturbances of the blood supply by means of parasympathicomimetics and sympathicolytics as well as body exercises patients in stage I, II and IV according to Fontaine were after-examined after 2-5 years. In the majority of cases a progessing of the arterial obstructions and an extension to proximal vascular regions could be established. Improvements in stage I suggest thinking of a false diagnosis. In stage IV especially with simultaneously existing diabetes mellitus the obliteration process extends to other vascular regions and thus frequently develop complications with exitus letalis.", "contents": "[Observations on the disease course of arterial circulatory disorders in the lower extremities under conservative therapy]. For estimation of the conservative treatment of peripheral arterial disturbances of the blood supply by means of parasympathicomimetics and sympathicolytics as well as body exercises patients in stage I, II and IV according to Fontaine were after-examined after 2-5 years. In the majority of cases a progessing of the arterial obstructions and an extension to proximal vascular regions could be established. Improvements in stage I suggest thinking of a false diagnosis. In stage IV especially with simultaneously existing diabetes mellitus the obliteration process extends to other vascular regions and thus frequently develop complications with exitus letalis.", "PMID": 855397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10609", "title": "[Diagnosis of herpes simplex diseases].", "content": "The diagnosis of herpes simplex diseases will be made on ground of the typical clinical symptoms in more than 90% of all cases. A very easy additional procedure is the Tzanck test. If possible, immunofluorescent microscopy and electron microscopy of negatively stained virus particles may be helpful. Remaining questions should be solved by further virological examination in special laboratories. Information about sampling and shipment of the diagnostic material (vesicle fluid, swabs from mouth and genital ulcers, blood etc.) should be obtained prior to collection.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of herpes simplex diseases]. The diagnosis of herpes simplex diseases will be made on ground of the typical clinical symptoms in more than 90% of all cases. A very easy additional procedure is the Tzanck test. If possible, immunofluorescent microscopy and electron microscopy of negatively stained virus particles may be helpful. Remaining questions should be solved by further virological examination in special laboratories. Information about sampling and shipment of the diagnostic material (vesicle fluid, swabs from mouth and genital ulcers, blood etc.) should be obtained prior to collection.", "PMID": 855401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10610", "title": "[Exercise echocardiography in coronary heart disease (author's transl)].", "content": "23 patients with coronary heart disease (11 with angiographically normal and 12 with depressed left ventricular function) were studied by m-mode echocardiography before and after handgrip. The following results were obtained: 1. There were statistical significant differences in enddiastolic volume, ejection fraction, and circumferential fiber shortening between the two groups. 2. Isometric exercise (handgrip) did not alter left ventricular dimensions or contractility, if mean values were calculated in both groups. 3. The majority of patients with compromised left ventricular function at rest, however, responded to handgrip by increasing their enddiastolic volume, apparently using the diastolic volume reserves. Ejection fraction and circumferential fiber shortening remained constant. 4. The majority of patients with angiographically normal left ventricular function at rest, on the contrary, displayed augmented contractility under handgrip. Only 4 out of 11 patients with proximally located, high-degree lesions and inadequate collaterals responed to isometric exercise with a reduction of ejection fraction and circumferential fiber shortening.", "contents": "[Exercise echocardiography in coronary heart disease (author's transl)]. 23 patients with coronary heart disease (11 with angiographically normal and 12 with depressed left ventricular function) were studied by m-mode echocardiography before and after handgrip. The following results were obtained: 1. There were statistical significant differences in enddiastolic volume, ejection fraction, and circumferential fiber shortening between the two groups. 2. Isometric exercise (handgrip) did not alter left ventricular dimensions or contractility, if mean values were calculated in both groups. 3. The majority of patients with compromised left ventricular function at rest, however, responded to handgrip by increasing their enddiastolic volume, apparently using the diastolic volume reserves. Ejection fraction and circumferential fiber shortening remained constant. 4. The majority of patients with angiographically normal left ventricular function at rest, on the contrary, displayed augmented contractility under handgrip. Only 4 out of 11 patients with proximally located, high-degree lesions and inadequate collaterals responed to isometric exercise with a reduction of ejection fraction and circumferential fiber shortening.", "PMID": 855402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10611", "title": "[Hemodynamic results after prothetic tricuspid valve replacement (author's transl)].", "content": "The hemodynamic results after prosthetic tricuspid valve replacement were investigated in 8 patients. One patient had myxoma in the right atrium with destruction of the tricupsid valve. 7 patients had multiple rheumatic valvular disease. In all these patients multiple valve replacement was performed. The pressure in the right and left atrium , the cardiac output, and stroke volume were determined in all cases at rest, in 5 patients also on exercise. Furthermore the subclavian venous blood flow was measured by Doppler ultrasound technique percutaneously. In all cases the pressure in the right atrium remained elevated after operation and increased on exercise with the increasing cardiac output. This pressure increase is due to an important obstruction of the prostheses to the blood flow. This could be demonstrated by determination of diastolic pressure gradients across the prostheses. In 5 cases the analysis of the pressure curves showed systolic elevation suspicious to tricuspid insufficiency. In all these cases a systolic regurgitation was seen in ultrasonic Doppler flow curves of the subclavian veins. This method seems to be of value in assessing tricuspid regurgitation after valve replacement. The hemodynamic results after prosthetic tricuspid valve replacement are unsatisfactory in most cases. Tricuspid valve replacement should be considered only in cases in whom valve-preserving procedures are not possible.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic results after prothetic tricuspid valve replacement (author's transl)]. The hemodynamic results after prosthetic tricuspid valve replacement were investigated in 8 patients. One patient had myxoma in the right atrium with destruction of the tricupsid valve. 7 patients had multiple rheumatic valvular disease. In all these patients multiple valve replacement was performed. The pressure in the right and left atrium , the cardiac output, and stroke volume were determined in all cases at rest, in 5 patients also on exercise. Furthermore the subclavian venous blood flow was measured by Doppler ultrasound technique percutaneously. In all cases the pressure in the right atrium remained elevated after operation and increased on exercise with the increasing cardiac output. This pressure increase is due to an important obstruction of the prostheses to the blood flow. This could be demonstrated by determination of diastolic pressure gradients across the prostheses. In 5 cases the analysis of the pressure curves showed systolic elevation suspicious to tricuspid insufficiency. In all these cases a systolic regurgitation was seen in ultrasonic Doppler flow curves of the subclavian veins. This method seems to be of value in assessing tricuspid regurgitation after valve replacement. The hemodynamic results after prosthetic tricuspid valve replacement are unsatisfactory in most cases. Tricuspid valve replacement should be considered only in cases in whom valve-preserving procedures are not possible.", "PMID": 855403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10612", "title": "[Comparative blood flow measurements with arterio-venous oxygen difference and the 133-Xenon-technique in the region supplied by the left coronary artery (author's transl)].", "content": "In 17 mainly coronary patients increase in blood flow due to therapeutical vasodilation was measured in the region almost totally supplied by the left coronary artery by two different methods, the 133-Xenon washout technique and via arterio-venous oxygen difference (AVDO2). With both methods similar results were obtained (r=0.89). Mean maximal increase in flow 15 min. after 40 mg Carbochromen i.v. amounted to +22.4% with the 133-Xenontechnique, +21.5% with AVDO2. 5min. after 20 mg intracoronary dipyridamol mean flow increased by 47.8% (Xenon technique) and 47.1% (AVDO2) respectively. Decrease in coronary reserve is correlated more with the amount of damaged byocardium than with the degree of coronary obstruction. The limited reliablility of all measurements of total coronary blood flow in heart diseases with regional disturbances is specially indicated.", "contents": "[Comparative blood flow measurements with arterio-venous oxygen difference and the 133-Xenon-technique in the region supplied by the left coronary artery (author's transl)]. In 17 mainly coronary patients increase in blood flow due to therapeutical vasodilation was measured in the region almost totally supplied by the left coronary artery by two different methods, the 133-Xenon washout technique and via arterio-venous oxygen difference (AVDO2). With both methods similar results were obtained (r=0.89). Mean maximal increase in flow 15 min. after 40 mg Carbochromen i.v. amounted to +22.4% with the 133-Xenontechnique, +21.5% with AVDO2. 5min. after 20 mg intracoronary dipyridamol mean flow increased by 47.8% (Xenon technique) and 47.1% (AVDO2) respectively. Decrease in coronary reserve is correlated more with the amount of damaged byocardium than with the degree of coronary obstruction. The limited reliablility of all measurements of total coronary blood flow in heart diseases with regional disturbances is specially indicated.", "PMID": 855404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10613", "title": "[Clinical light and electron microscopic findings in patients with late and early congestive cardiomyopathies (author's transl)].", "content": "Right of left ventricular biopsies were performed in 50 patients with late and early forms of congestive cardiomyopathy. Clinical data as well as light and electron microscopic findings are described. Chronical myocarditis could be detected by histological examination in three patients. Hypertrophy and degenerative changes of the heart muscle cells and interstitial fibrosis were the major morphological finding in the other cases. There is a good correlation between the severity of clinical symptoms and the extent of light and electron microscopical changes. In some patients with mild clinical symptoms advanced ultrastructural alternations were found.", "contents": "[Clinical light and electron microscopic findings in patients with late and early congestive cardiomyopathies (author's transl)]. Right of left ventricular biopsies were performed in 50 patients with late and early forms of congestive cardiomyopathy. Clinical data as well as light and electron microscopic findings are described. Chronical myocarditis could be detected by histological examination in three patients. Hypertrophy and degenerative changes of the heart muscle cells and interstitial fibrosis were the major morphological finding in the other cases. There is a good correlation between the severity of clinical symptoms and the extent of light and electron microscopical changes. In some patients with mild clinical symptoms advanced ultrastructural alternations were found.", "PMID": 855405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10614", "title": "[Slipped epiphysis of the head of femur, 373 cases between 1948 and 1973 (author's transl)].", "content": "Indications and results of 324 grafted or nailed slipped epiphyses, 45 Imh\u00e4user operations and 7 Wiberg osteotomies are analyzed. Fixation in situ gave relatively good long-term results in spite of major displacement. Indication for correction should be based less on pre-arthrotic deformity than on clinical considerations. Deformity does not always correspond to development of arthrosis, but is determined in parts by dystrophy of cartilage. Results of Imh\u00e4user's osteotomy are assessed mainly in terms of joint-function, their indications follow his guidelines. Prophylactic nailing and open reduction are discussed.", "contents": "[Slipped epiphysis of the head of femur, 373 cases between 1948 and 1973 (author's transl)]. Indications and results of 324 grafted or nailed slipped epiphyses, 45 Imh\u00e4user operations and 7 Wiberg osteotomies are analyzed. Fixation in situ gave relatively good long-term results in spite of major displacement. Indication for correction should be based less on pre-arthrotic deformity than on clinical considerations. Deformity does not always correspond to development of arthrosis, but is determined in parts by dystrophy of cartilage. Results of Imh\u00e4user's osteotomy are assessed mainly in terms of joint-function, their indications follow his guidelines. Prophylactic nailing and open reduction are discussed.", "PMID": 855406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10615", "title": "[Secondary intervention after hip prosthesis (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1965-1975 in the orthopedical Univ. Clinic Balgrist, Zurich, there were 177 reoperations after total hip prostheses necessary. In 91 replacements the interval between first and second operation was an average of 4.1 years, in 67 prosthesis-removements 2.1 years. The follow-up showed a relationship between bacteriological culture taken before and during operation and clinical results. The decision to change or remove the prostheses should be made on the positive or negative bacteriological results.", "contents": "[Secondary intervention after hip prosthesis (author's transl)]. From 1965-1975 in the orthopedical Univ. Clinic Balgrist, Zurich, there were 177 reoperations after total hip prostheses necessary. In 91 replacements the interval between first and second operation was an average of 4.1 years, in 67 prosthesis-removements 2.1 years. The follow-up showed a relationship between bacteriological culture taken before and during operation and clinical results. The decision to change or remove the prostheses should be made on the positive or negative bacteriological results.", "PMID": 855407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10616", "title": "[Walking with canes and forearm-crutches. I. Reduction of loads at the hip and proximal end of the femur by one sided use of cane/crutch (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of one cane or forearm-crutch on some mechanical parameters at the contralateral hip were investigated. 5 healthy individuals were photographed on a walkway while using an instrumented cane/crutch. Geometric data from an original mathematical model were taken from these fotographs and an X-ray film of the pelvis and femur. The resultant force and pressure at the hip joint, shear force in the femoral neck and, in one case, the bending moment in the trochanteric region were computed and expressed as a function of the load applied to the walking-aid. All values decreased with an increase of this load. The reduction of force and pressure at the hip joint achieved by application of a load equal to 15% of bodyweight are superior to those resulting from common operative procedures done for the samp purpose. Differences between the effects of one sided cane and forearm-crutch are negligible.", "contents": "[Walking with canes and forearm-crutches. I. Reduction of loads at the hip and proximal end of the femur by one sided use of cane/crutch (author's transl)]. The effect of one cane or forearm-crutch on some mechanical parameters at the contralateral hip were investigated. 5 healthy individuals were photographed on a walkway while using an instrumented cane/crutch. Geometric data from an original mathematical model were taken from these fotographs and an X-ray film of the pelvis and femur. The resultant force and pressure at the hip joint, shear force in the femoral neck and, in one case, the bending moment in the trochanteric region were computed and expressed as a function of the load applied to the walking-aid. All values decreased with an increase of this load. The reduction of force and pressure at the hip joint achieved by application of a load equal to 15% of bodyweight are superior to those resulting from common operative procedures done for the samp purpose. Differences between the effects of one sided cane and forearm-crutch are negligible.", "PMID": 855408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10617", "title": "[Electrical polarization in the osteon-system under mechanical stress (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of a model, designed to estimate the electrical polarization of the mineralized collagen fribril in the osteon-system caused by mechanical stresses are presented. These are potential differences in the mV-range between neighbouring osteon-canals with different orientation of the fibrils in the wall of the canal, local dependent potentials in the cross-sectional area of the osteon-canal and the local dependent radial component of the dielectric displacement within the lamella system, especially nearby the osteocytes.", "contents": "[Electrical polarization in the osteon-system under mechanical stress (author's transl)]. The results of a model, designed to estimate the electrical polarization of the mineralized collagen fribril in the osteon-system caused by mechanical stresses are presented. These are potential differences in the mV-range between neighbouring osteon-canals with different orientation of the fibrils in the wall of the canal, local dependent potentials in the cross-sectional area of the osteon-canal and the local dependent radial component of the dielectric displacement within the lamella system, especially nearby the osteocytes.", "PMID": 855409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10618", "title": "[Biostatic analysis of the hip-joint (author's transl)].", "content": "The literature of biostatic analysis of the hip-joint is discussed. An improved method of calculation is described an explained on examples of the material of the authors. Pre- and postoperative results are shown in diagrams of weightbearing, muscular power and demands made on the various joints which often enable us to say something about the biomechanical effects of the operations.", "contents": "[Biostatic analysis of the hip-joint (author's transl)]. The literature of biostatic analysis of the hip-joint is discussed. An improved method of calculation is described an explained on examples of the material of the authors. Pre- and postoperative results are shown in diagrams of weightbearing, muscular power and demands made on the various joints which often enable us to say something about the biomechanical effects of the operations.", "PMID": 855410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10619", "title": "[Recommended interpretation of disablement of scoliosis patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The valuation of disablement of scoliosis patients gives different problems. There are no guidelines. We give recommendations for persons, which are not under treatment, which are treated part time or permanently by a brace or which underwent spine fusion. Beside the degree of the curvature degenerative alterations of the spine, the impairment of the static -- muscular performance, the impairment of the mobility of the fused spine and the pulmonary restriction are important. The pulmonary function--which is closely correlated to the chest deformity--needs special examinations. Most important is the decrease of the vital capacity therefore the use of uniform standard values is necessary.", "contents": "[Recommended interpretation of disablement of scoliosis patients (author's transl)]. The valuation of disablement of scoliosis patients gives different problems. There are no guidelines. We give recommendations for persons, which are not under treatment, which are treated part time or permanently by a brace or which underwent spine fusion. Beside the degree of the curvature degenerative alterations of the spine, the impairment of the static -- muscular performance, the impairment of the mobility of the fused spine and the pulmonary restriction are important. The pulmonary function--which is closely correlated to the chest deformity--needs special examinations. Most important is the decrease of the vital capacity therefore the use of uniform standard values is necessary.", "PMID": 855411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10620", "title": "[Dynamics of the impulse activity of somatosensory cortical neurons during conditioned instrumental reactions].", "content": "Spike activity of 41 units in the first somatosensory cortical area was studied on unrestrained cats during the performance of a fixed conditioned alimentary instrumental reaction. Light or sound was used as a conditioned stimulus. The whole behavioral act was divided into six stages. It has been shown that different units of the somatosensory cortex change their spike activity either at all or only at some stages of the conditioned instrumental behavioral act. At no stage of the food-procuring behaviour does spike activity of the studied neurones essentially depend on the sensory modality of the conditioned signal. Units with an identified peripheral receptive field change their spike activity more pronouncedly than those with non-identified receptive fields.", "contents": "[Dynamics of the impulse activity of somatosensory cortical neurons during conditioned instrumental reactions]. Spike activity of 41 units in the first somatosensory cortical area was studied on unrestrained cats during the performance of a fixed conditioned alimentary instrumental reaction. Light or sound was used as a conditioned stimulus. The whole behavioral act was divided into six stages. It has been shown that different units of the somatosensory cortex change their spike activity either at all or only at some stages of the conditioned instrumental behavioral act. At no stage of the food-procuring behaviour does spike activity of the studied neurones essentially depend on the sensory modality of the conditioned signal. Units with an identified peripheral receptive field change their spike activity more pronouncedly than those with non-identified receptive fields.", "PMID": 855476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10621", "title": "[Statistical characteristics of evoked responses to light in analysis of intercentral relationships].", "content": "In acute experiments on unanaesthetized cats immobilized with listenon, a study was made ofthe variability and interdependence of evoked responses to photic stimulation in the thalamo-cortical formations of the visual projection and the associative systems: the lateral geniculate body, pulvinar and the visual and parietal associative areas of the cerebral cortex. It has been shown that the variation coefficient of the amplitude from the maximum of the positive to the maximum of the negative oscillations in the parietal cortex statistically significantly exceeds the one in the lateral geniculate body and the projection cortex. Coefficients of paired correlation of evoked potentials' amplitudes to light more frequently reach significant levels for pairs consisting of one level formations, cortical or thalamic, than for pairs including formations of different levels.", "contents": "[Statistical characteristics of evoked responses to light in analysis of intercentral relationships]. In acute experiments on unanaesthetized cats immobilized with listenon, a study was made ofthe variability and interdependence of evoked responses to photic stimulation in the thalamo-cortical formations of the visual projection and the associative systems: the lateral geniculate body, pulvinar and the visual and parietal associative areas of the cerebral cortex. It has been shown that the variation coefficient of the amplitude from the maximum of the positive to the maximum of the negative oscillations in the parietal cortex statistically significantly exceeds the one in the lateral geniculate body and the projection cortex. Coefficients of paired correlation of evoked potentials' amplitudes to light more frequently reach significant levels for pairs consisting of one level formations, cortical or thalamic, than for pairs including formations of different levels.", "PMID": 855477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10622", "title": "[Role of a change in the electric conductivity of an epileptiform focus in the spread of paroxysmal activity].", "content": "In acute experiments on unanaesthetized cats a study was made of the influence of shunting a region of the cortex with a metal plate on its electrical activity and impedance. Shunting of a region of strychninization reduces the amplitude of paroxysmal oscillations in the focus and in remote regions of the cortex, reduces their frequency and produces a considerable lowering of the impedance both in the regions of the cortex between the active electrodes and between active and indifferent electrodes. Impedance of the strychninized cortex is lower than the total resistance of the intact neocortex; this testifies to the rise of conductivity in the area of strychninization, which is similar to application of a shunting plate. The data obtained corroborate the substantial role of the bioelectrical field in the development of electroencephalographic paroxysmal manifestations.", "contents": "[Role of a change in the electric conductivity of an epileptiform focus in the spread of paroxysmal activity]. In acute experiments on unanaesthetized cats a study was made of the influence of shunting a region of the cortex with a metal plate on its electrical activity and impedance. Shunting of a region of strychninization reduces the amplitude of paroxysmal oscillations in the focus and in remote regions of the cortex, reduces their frequency and produces a considerable lowering of the impedance both in the regions of the cortex between the active electrodes and between active and indifferent electrodes. Impedance of the strychninized cortex is lower than the total resistance of the intact neocortex; this testifies to the rise of conductivity in the area of strychninization, which is similar to application of a shunting plate. The data obtained corroborate the substantial role of the bioelectrical field in the development of electroencephalographic paroxysmal manifestations.", "PMID": 855478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10623", "title": "[Effect of early deprivation of visual evoked potentials of rabbit cerebral cortex under conditions of dark and light adaptation].", "content": "Rabbits raised in the dark revealed a significant decrease in amplitude and an increase in temporal parameters of the main components of evoked potentials (EP) to diffuse flashes under dark adaptation, as well as a facilitation of the postprimary components and intensification of the sensory after-discharge. In contradistinction to normal, the deprived animals exhibited no augmentation of the amplitude of the EP primary positive phase at higher intensity of the flahses or any significant decrease in the EP amplitude under light adaptation conditions. It is suggested that early deprivation brings about a decrease in the number of elements reacting to a specific stimulation, especially of elements working in photopic conditions; the decrease in the number of activated afferent inputs in the visual cortex due to deprivation reduces the effectiveness of the processes of successive inhibition; at the same time there is an increase of synchronic influences of the thalamic inhibitory mechanisms of the cortex.", "contents": "[Effect of early deprivation of visual evoked potentials of rabbit cerebral cortex under conditions of dark and light adaptation]. Rabbits raised in the dark revealed a significant decrease in amplitude and an increase in temporal parameters of the main components of evoked potentials (EP) to diffuse flashes under dark adaptation, as well as a facilitation of the postprimary components and intensification of the sensory after-discharge. In contradistinction to normal, the deprived animals exhibited no augmentation of the amplitude of the EP primary positive phase at higher intensity of the flahses or any significant decrease in the EP amplitude under light adaptation conditions. It is suggested that early deprivation brings about a decrease in the number of elements reacting to a specific stimulation, especially of elements working in photopic conditions; the decrease in the number of activated afferent inputs in the visual cortex due to deprivation reduces the effectiveness of the processes of successive inhibition; at the same time there is an increase of synchronic influences of the thalamic inhibitory mechanisms of the cortex.", "PMID": 855479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10624", "title": "Behaviour modification techniques: their use in individual and community programmes.", "content": "New Perspectives on the Health of Canadians described the self-inflicted nature of many of the major medical problems facing Canada. Given this understanding it might have been anticipated that a carefully mounted large scale health education programme would lead to a reversal of behaviour-related complaints. However, such programmes have not had a strong record of success, with the possible exception of the recently reported Stanford Three Communities study, which is concerned with decreasing cardiac risk factors by a process of mass persuasion, aimed at teaching specific behavioural skills. In the past, living conditions have changed slowly and appropriate lifestyles have evolved along with changing conditions. Only recently has environmental change occurred so dramatically that liviing patterns could no longer mutate and develop gradually to keep pace. Hence the demand for behavioural science to assist people to develop new lifestyles which are in synchrony with a rapidly changing world. Examination of the literature concerning the application of behaviour modification techniques to specific problems clearly demonstrates the difficulties involved in changing behaviours such as smoking and overeating. Behaviour change related to increasing physical activity shows more  promise in that it can be presented positively as a pleasant addition to people's lives. If lifestyle modification and environmental control are going to assume a larger part of the health care system, methods have to be devised to translate the experimental successes with relatively small numbers into powerful programmes for press action.", "contents": "Behaviour modification techniques: their use in individual and community programmes. New Perspectives on the Health of Canadians described the self-inflicted nature of many of the major medical problems facing Canada. Given this understanding it might have been anticipated that a carefully mounted large scale health education programme would lead to a reversal of behaviour-related complaints. However, such programmes have not had a strong record of success, with the possible exception of the recently reported Stanford Three Communities study, which is concerned with decreasing cardiac risk factors by a process of mass persuasion, aimed at teaching specific behavioural skills. In the past, living conditions have changed slowly and appropriate lifestyles have evolved along with changing conditions. Only recently has environmental change occurred so dramatically that liviing patterns could no longer mutate and develop gradually to keep pace. Hence the demand for behavioural science to assist people to develop new lifestyles which are in synchrony with a rapidly changing world. Examination of the literature concerning the application of behaviour modification techniques to specific problems clearly demonstrates the difficulties involved in changing behaviours such as smoking and overeating. Behaviour change related to increasing physical activity shows more  promise in that it can be presented positively as a pleasant addition to people's lives. If lifestyle modification and environmental control are going to assume a larger part of the health care system, methods have to be devised to translate the experimental successes with relatively small numbers into powerful programmes for press action.", "PMID": 855491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10625", "title": "[Thalamo non-specific system at different stages of sleep and wakefulness].", "content": "Cortical respones to low-frequency (6 to 8 per sec) rhythmic stimulation of the Centrum medianum thalami have been studied in chronic experiments on cats. Three types of recruiting reactions have been readily obtained: 1) with periodic spindling of response amplitudes, the sustained oscillatory type; 2) with spindling only at the beginning of stimulation, the decaying oscillatory type, and 3) with equal amplitudes throughout the stimulation, the aperiodic type. Distinct changes in the type of reactions have been shown--from the aperiodic to the sustained oscillatory type during transition of active awake state to slow-wave sleep, and from the sustained oscillatory type to the aperiodic type during transition of slow-wave sleep to the paradoxical sleep, which is due to changes in the weights of feedbacks in the thalamo-cortical nonspecific system.", "contents": "[Thalamo non-specific system at different stages of sleep and wakefulness]. Cortical respones to low-frequency (6 to 8 per sec) rhythmic stimulation of the Centrum medianum thalami have been studied in chronic experiments on cats. Three types of recruiting reactions have been readily obtained: 1) with periodic spindling of response amplitudes, the sustained oscillatory type; 2) with spindling only at the beginning of stimulation, the decaying oscillatory type, and 3) with equal amplitudes throughout the stimulation, the aperiodic type. Distinct changes in the type of reactions have been shown--from the aperiodic to the sustained oscillatory type during transition of active awake state to slow-wave sleep, and from the sustained oscillatory type to the aperiodic type during transition of slow-wave sleep to the paradoxical sleep, which is due to changes in the weights of feedbacks in the thalamo-cortical nonspecific system.", "PMID": 855480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10626", "title": "Primary health care, policy makers and health education: some challenging goals.", "content": "A challenge to politicains and health administrators everywhere, and therefore to health education, is how to achieve a more equitable distribution of health care to the people. A new approach that may well be the answer is the use of primary health care, which is concerned with measures that will provide simple and effective health care to all people. The priniciples on which primary health care is based have much in common with those of health education, as spelled out over the past 20 years by WHO expert committees, namely: involving people in a working partnership respecting their values and beliefs, placing reliance on indigenous practitioners, etc. In both cases, \"the focus is on people and action\" and the primary health care context offers a challenging opportunity for health education to make a major contribution towards a fairer distribution of health services. Another area where health education has a particular challenge to meet concerns the education of politicians at all levels: health educators must do all they can to influence health and health-related policy away from those determined solely by political expediency and towards policies that benefit the people. They must also help bridge the gap between \"deciding politicians\" and the \"consuming citizen\" to help ensure that the decisions of the former meet the needs of the latter.", "contents": "Primary health care, policy makers and health education: some challenging goals. A challenge to politicains and health administrators everywhere, and therefore to health education, is how to achieve a more equitable distribution of health care to the people. A new approach that may well be the answer is the use of primary health care, which is concerned with measures that will provide simple and effective health care to all people. The priniciples on which primary health care is based have much in common with those of health education, as spelled out over the past 20 years by WHO expert committees, namely: involving people in a working partnership respecting their values and beliefs, placing reliance on indigenous practitioners, etc. In both cases, \"the focus is on people and action\" and the primary health care context offers a challenging opportunity for health education to make a major contribution towards a fairer distribution of health services. Another area where health education has a particular challenge to meet concerns the education of politicians at all levels: health educators must do all they can to influence health and health-related policy away from those determined solely by political expediency and towards policies that benefit the people. They must also help bridge the gap between \"deciding politicians\" and the \"consuming citizen\" to help ensure that the decisions of the former meet the needs of the latter.", "PMID": 855492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10627", "title": "[Determination of antioxidants in foodstuffs (authors' transl)].", "content": "We had seen, that after preliminary fat extraction the antioxidants are only incompletly extracted, contray to prior publications of other authors, the antioxidants were extracted from the foodstuffs directly, methylated with diazomethane and estimated by gaschromatography. Propyl, octyl and dodecyl gallate as well as butylated hydroxyanisol and butylated hydroxytoluene were estimated.", "contents": "[Determination of antioxidants in foodstuffs (authors' transl)]. We had seen, that after preliminary fat extraction the antioxidants are only incompletly extracted, contray to prior publications of other authors, the antioxidants were extracted from the foodstuffs directly, methylated with diazomethane and estimated by gaschromatography. Propyl, octyl and dodecyl gallate as well as butylated hydroxyanisol and butylated hydroxytoluene were estimated.", "PMID": 855494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10628", "title": "[Role of efferent generalization in the formation of complex forms of motor reflexes].", "content": "Dynamics of formation of a motor chain conditioned reflex was studied in rabbits. It has been found that the phenomenon of primary efferent generalization of the animals' species experience accounts for the search of adequate response activity. On the base of acquired individual experience, a secondary efferent generalization develops, which results in the setting up of an optimal structure of conditioned behaviour.", "contents": "[Role of efferent generalization in the formation of complex forms of motor reflexes]. Dynamics of formation of a motor chain conditioned reflex was studied in rabbits. It has been found that the phenomenon of primary efferent generalization of the animals' species experience accounts for the search of adequate response activity. On the base of acquired individual experience, a secondary efferent generalization develops, which results in the setting up of an optimal structure of conditioned behaviour.", "PMID": 855488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10629", "title": "[Formation of chain reaction conditioned reflexes in chickens during different age periods].", "content": "The dynamics and mechanism of elaboration of chain instrumental reflexes were investigated in chicks at ontogenesis. It has been established that the older the chicks, the higher the rate of chains synthesis and the longer their preservation. The synthesis of chain conditioned reflexes has been observed since the age of two months, when the inhibitory process, concentration and equilibration of nervous processes are strengthened. The synthesis mechansims of motor reactions are similar in the birds of different ages: at first, the connections of each component of the chain stimulus with the motor reaction are elaborated, then they are replaced by successive connections between the first component of the chain and the whole chain of elaborated reactions. Long training of the chain reflex leads to the development of retardation inhibition and the appearance of a motor reaction to the last component of the chain reflex.", "contents": "[Formation of chain reaction conditioned reflexes in chickens during different age periods]. The dynamics and mechanism of elaboration of chain instrumental reflexes were investigated in chicks at ontogenesis. It has been established that the older the chicks, the higher the rate of chains synthesis and the longer their preservation. The synthesis of chain conditioned reflexes has been observed since the age of two months, when the inhibitory process, concentration and equilibration of nervous processes are strengthened. The synthesis mechansims of motor reactions are similar in the birds of different ages: at first, the connections of each component of the chain stimulus with the motor reaction are elaborated, then they are replaced by successive connections between the first component of the chain and the whole chain of elaborated reactions. Long training of the chain reflex leads to the development of retardation inhibition and the appearance of a motor reaction to the last component of the chain reflex.", "PMID": 855489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10630", "title": "Determination of benomyl, carbendazim and 2-aminobenzimidazole (2-ab) in plant materials. Part I: Apples, red-currants, grapes, kale and sugar beets.", "content": "Benomyl and Carbendazim are widely used fungicides with systemic activity. In the Federal Republic of Germany the legal limits of Benomyl and Carbendazim lie between 0.1 and 7 ppm dependent on the substrate. A method for the determination of Benomyl and Carbendazim in apples, red-currants, grapes, kale, and sugar beets was developed. Benomyl and Carbendazim are extracted with ethyl acetate, saponified and determined as 2-aminobenzimidazole by thin-layer chromatography. The detection limits lie between 0.02--0.08 ppm, recoveries amount to 87% at 0.5-ppm levels.", "contents": "Determination of benomyl, carbendazim and 2-aminobenzimidazole (2-ab) in plant materials. Part I: Apples, red-currants, grapes, kale and sugar beets. Benomyl and Carbendazim are widely used fungicides with systemic activity. In the Federal Republic of Germany the legal limits of Benomyl and Carbendazim lie between 0.1 and 7 ppm dependent on the substrate. A method for the determination of Benomyl and Carbendazim in apples, red-currants, grapes, kale, and sugar beets was developed. Benomyl and Carbendazim are extracted with ethyl acetate, saponified and determined as 2-aminobenzimidazole by thin-layer chromatography. The detection limits lie between 0.02--0.08 ppm, recoveries amount to 87% at 0.5-ppm levels.", "PMID": 855495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10631", "title": "[On the presence and the content of aflatoxin M1 in milk shipped to a dairy plant (author's transl)].", "content": "Between March 4 and April 15, 1976, the aflatoxin M1 content of milk shipped to a dairy plant was investigated. Out of 419 samples, 79 (19%) were positive. 33% of these samples showed values of 0.05--0.1 microng/1, 38% of more than 0.1 microng/1 and the highest value was at 0.54 microng/1. Other aflatoxins were not found. From samples of milk producers showing positive reactions, feed samples (n = 105) were taken, 45 of which (43%) were also positive. 40% of the positive samples contained up to 20 microng/kg, 36% were in the range between 20--50 microng/kg and the highest values were at 280 resp. 300 microng/kg, especially in mixed feed. Out of these samples, 47% (DLG Standard IV) resp. 36% (DLG Standard III) were higher than the tolerated maximum level of 20 microng/kg. There is a qualitative relationship between the aflatoxin M1 content in milk and the aflatoxin B1 content in feed. In 61 cases where milk samples were positive, in 41 feed samples (67%) aflatoxin B1 was detected.", "contents": "[On the presence and the content of aflatoxin M1 in milk shipped to a dairy plant (author's transl)]. Between March 4 and April 15, 1976, the aflatoxin M1 content of milk shipped to a dairy plant was investigated. Out of 419 samples, 79 (19%) were positive. 33% of these samples showed values of 0.05--0.1 microng/1, 38% of more than 0.1 microng/1 and the highest value was at 0.54 microng/1. Other aflatoxins were not found. From samples of milk producers showing positive reactions, feed samples (n = 105) were taken, 45 of which (43%) were also positive. 40% of the positive samples contained up to 20 microng/kg, 36% were in the range between 20--50 microng/kg and the highest values were at 280 resp. 300 microng/kg, especially in mixed feed. Out of these samples, 47% (DLG Standard IV) resp. 36% (DLG Standard III) were higher than the tolerated maximum level of 20 microng/kg. There is a qualitative relationship between the aflatoxin M1 content in milk and the aflatoxin B1 content in feed. In 61 cases where milk samples were positive, in 41 feed samples (67%) aflatoxin B1 was detected.", "PMID": 855496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10632", "title": "[Reactions of neurons of the hippocampus and caudal neostraitum to conditioned stimuli of different ecological signficance to birds].", "content": "Neuronal activity of the hippocampus and the caudal neostriatum was studied in chronic experiments on hens (Gallus domesticus) under the action of conditioned acoustic stimuli of different ecological significance. Units which selectively respond to ecologically adequate stimuli were found in the above structures. An active enhancement of filtrating properties of neuronal nets was revealed in the hippocampus; as a result the hippocampal units predominantly pick out the specific information present in the ecologically adequate stimuli.", "contents": "[Reactions of neurons of the hippocampus and caudal neostraitum to conditioned stimuli of different ecological signficance to birds]. Neuronal activity of the hippocampus and the caudal neostriatum was studied in chronic experiments on hens (Gallus domesticus) under the action of conditioned acoustic stimuli of different ecological significance. Units which selectively respond to ecologically adequate stimuli were found in the above structures. An active enhancement of filtrating properties of neuronal nets was revealed in the hippocampus; as a result the hippocampal units predominantly pick out the specific information present in the ecologically adequate stimuli.", "PMID": 855487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10633", "title": "[Determination of patulin in foodstuffs. Part I: Determination of patulin in apple juice (author's transl)].", "content": "For the determination of Patulin in apple juice a method of analysis was developed permitting the detection of 40 microng Patulin/kg apple juice. With additions between 120--200 microng Patulin/kg the recovery rates lie between 82 and 90%. After a pre-purification of the crude extract by liquid-liquid extraction and column-chromatography the Patulin is determined thinlayer chromatographically by reflectance measurement at 273 nm.", "contents": "[Determination of patulin in foodstuffs. Part I: Determination of patulin in apple juice (author's transl)]. For the determination of Patulin in apple juice a method of analysis was developed permitting the detection of 40 microng Patulin/kg apple juice. With additions between 120--200 microng Patulin/kg the recovery rates lie between 82 and 90%. After a pre-purification of the crude extract by liquid-liquid extraction and column-chromatography the Patulin is determined thinlayer chromatographically by reflectance measurement at 273 nm.", "PMID": 855497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10634", "title": "[Positional specificity of the peroxidation of linoleic and linolenic acid by homogenates from apples and pears (author's transl)].", "content": "Homogenates of apples and pears were incubated (25 degrees C, 20 min) with linoleic and linolenic acid. The major products were fatty acid hydroperoxides. The ratio of 13- to 9-hydroperoxides were at least 82:18 in favour of the 13-isomer for apples and 10:90 in favour of the 9-isomer for pears. The significance of the results for the formation of flavour compounds in apples and pears is discussed.", "contents": "[Positional specificity of the peroxidation of linoleic and linolenic acid by homogenates from apples and pears (author's transl)]. Homogenates of apples and pears were incubated (25 degrees C, 20 min) with linoleic and linolenic acid. The major products were fatty acid hydroperoxides. The ratio of 13- to 9-hydroperoxides were at least 82:18 in favour of the 13-isomer for apples and 10:90 in favour of the 9-isomer for pears. The significance of the results for the formation of flavour compounds in apples and pears is discussed.", "PMID": 855498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10635", "title": "[On synthetic aroma substances (author's transl)].", "content": "The usual preparation of ethyl-3-methyl-3-phenylglycidate (\"strawberry-aldehyde\") is present as a mixture of cis/trans isomers. We succeeded in separating the cis-component. It shows a much more intense and finer flavour than the previously used mixture of isomers.", "contents": "[On synthetic aroma substances (author's transl)]. The usual preparation of ethyl-3-methyl-3-phenylglycidate (\"strawberry-aldehyde\") is present as a mixture of cis/trans isomers. We succeeded in separating the cis-component. It shows a much more intense and finer flavour than the previously used mixture of isomers.", "PMID": 855500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10636", "title": "[Correlation of cyanogenic glycosides with content of benzyl alcohol in cherry brandies (author's transl)].", "content": "A clear correlation between cyanogenic glycosides and the content of benzyl alcohol in fermented mash of cherries was indicated by model experiments with amygdalin and fermenting yeast, cherry-stones with and without fermenting yeasts as well as bitter and sweet almonds. These correlations proofed that benzyl alcohol has to be regarded as a metabolic product of mandelonitrileglycosides.", "contents": "[Correlation of cyanogenic glycosides with content of benzyl alcohol in cherry brandies (author's transl)]. A clear correlation between cyanogenic glycosides and the content of benzyl alcohol in fermented mash of cherries was indicated by model experiments with amygdalin and fermenting yeast, cherry-stones with and without fermenting yeasts as well as bitter and sweet almonds. These correlations proofed that benzyl alcohol has to be regarded as a metabolic product of mandelonitrileglycosides.", "PMID": 855501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10637", "title": "[Determination of patulin in foodstuffs Part II: Determination of patulin in tomatoes, pears, apples cucumbers and plums (author's transl)].", "content": "An analytical method for the determination of Patulin in tomatoes, pears, apples, cucumbers and plums is described. The determination limit of the method is 40 mug Patulin/kg. With additions between 100-500 mug Patulin/kg the recovery rates lie between 86--95%. After a pre-purification of the crude extract by column chromatography and liquid-liquid extraction the Patulin is determined thin-layer chromatographically by reflectance measurement at 273 nm.", "contents": "[Determination of patulin in foodstuffs Part II: Determination of patulin in tomatoes, pears, apples cucumbers and plums (author's transl)]. An analytical method for the determination of Patulin in tomatoes, pears, apples, cucumbers and plums is described. The determination limit of the method is 40 mug Patulin/kg. With additions between 100-500 mug Patulin/kg the recovery rates lie between 86--95%. After a pre-purification of the crude extract by column chromatography and liquid-liquid extraction the Patulin is determined thin-layer chromatographically by reflectance measurement at 273 nm.", "PMID": 855502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10638", "title": "Radioimmunological detection of morphine in stains of blood and urine.", "content": "Morphine in blood and urine spots was detected by the radioimmunoassay (125-J-Abuscreen R, Hoffmann La Roche) in nanogram quantities. Blood and urine drops containing morphine (5 or 20ng) were dropped on wood, fired clay or cotton and stored for perios of 1 to 21 days in a dry or humid environment. Detection in blood stains on cotton was achieved in all cases. Results were more variable in blood spots on clay or wood, but in most cases detection was possible. In urine, morphine was detectable only on cotton. The differences are explained by different degrees of adsorption of blood and urine on the materials and the difficulties of elution thereof.", "contents": "Radioimmunological detection of morphine in stains of blood and urine. Morphine in blood and urine spots was detected by the radioimmunoassay (125-J-Abuscreen R, Hoffmann La Roche) in nanogram quantities. Blood and urine drops containing morphine (5 or 20ng) were dropped on wood, fired clay or cotton and stored for perios of 1 to 21 days in a dry or humid environment. Detection in blood stains on cotton was achieved in all cases. Results were more variable in blood spots on clay or wood, but in most cases detection was possible. In urine, morphine was detectable only on cotton. The differences are explained by different degrees of adsorption of blood and urine on the materials and the difficulties of elution thereof.", "PMID": 855503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10639", "title": "Lethal intoxications with morphine in Sweden 1966-1974.", "content": "Fatal intoxications with morphine derivatives have become increasingly common in Sweden. Toxicologic data and pathologic findings in 34 cases of morphine intoxications from 1966 to 1974 in Sweden are presented. From 1972 on when morphine the black market, lethal intoxications with centrally stimulation amines.", "contents": "Lethal intoxications with morphine in Sweden 1966-1974. Fatal intoxications with morphine derivatives have become increasingly common in Sweden. Toxicologic data and pathologic findings in 34 cases of morphine intoxications from 1966 to 1974 in Sweden are presented. From 1972 on when morphine the black market, lethal intoxications with centrally stimulation amines.", "PMID": 855504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10640", "title": "[Determination of foetal haemoglobin in bloodstains by means of electrophoresis on cellulose acetate (author's transl)].", "content": "Bloodstains prepared from 160 cord blood samples were separated by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate as published by Wraxall. The differentiation from adult bloodstains was possible up to three months of starage at room temperature. The kind of material contaminated with the blood (glass, wood, paper and linen) had no effect on the results.", "contents": "[Determination of foetal haemoglobin in bloodstains by means of electrophoresis on cellulose acetate (author's transl)]. Bloodstains prepared from 160 cord blood samples were separated by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate as published by Wraxall. The differentiation from adult bloodstains was possible up to three months of starage at room temperature. The kind of material contaminated with the blood (glass, wood, paper and linen) had no effect on the results.", "PMID": 855505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10641", "title": "[A photometric method for the diagnosis of pregnancy in blood stains by determination of heat-stable alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1). A modification of Oya, Asano and Fuwa's technique (author's transl)].", "content": "A quantitative method, described by Oya and coworkers was modified. In this way, venous blood from pregnant and nonpregnant women in blood stains can be reliably differentiated up to at least 19 months storage although as a qualitative test only. 1--3 cm2 of cloth stained with blood is needed and even less from placental blood stains.", "contents": "[A photometric method for the diagnosis of pregnancy in blood stains by determination of heat-stable alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1). A modification of Oya, Asano and Fuwa's technique (author's transl)]. A quantitative method, described by Oya and coworkers was modified. In this way, venous blood from pregnant and nonpregnant women in blood stains can be reliably differentiated up to at least 19 months storage although as a qualitative test only. 1--3 cm2 of cloth stained with blood is needed and even less from placental blood stains.", "PMID": 855506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10642", "title": "[Calculation of the Chance of paternity exclusion and of the probability of paternity for the HLA system (author's transl)].", "content": "The genetics of the serological defined SD antigens of the HLA system, which are governed by three closely linked loci (HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C) situated on the chromosome C6, are described. Regarding patermity testing, only the antigens coded by the loci HLA-A and HLA-B are used routinely up to now. Because of the strong linkage disequilibrium between these two loci, they cannot be considered as independent. The influence of the linkage disequilibrium on the calculation of the chance of paternity exclusion and of the plausibility of paternity is discussed and demonstrated in several examples.", "contents": "[Calculation of the Chance of paternity exclusion and of the probability of paternity for the HLA system (author's transl)]. The genetics of the serological defined SD antigens of the HLA system, which are governed by three closely linked loci (HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C) situated on the chromosome C6, are described. Regarding patermity testing, only the antigens coded by the loci HLA-A and HLA-B are used routinely up to now. Because of the strong linkage disequilibrium between these two loci, they cannot be considered as independent. The influence of the linkage disequilibrium on the calculation of the chance of paternity exclusion and of the plausibility of paternity is discussed and demonstrated in several examples.", "PMID": 855507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10643", "title": "[Practical utilization of a hazard catalogue for the early detection of pre- and dysmaturity].", "content": "From 1973 to 1974, 3061 cases of pregnancy were assessed according to a modified risk score system for the early recognition of pre- and dysmaturity at the Universit\u00e4tsfrauneklinik of Jena (Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics). As a result of our investigations, we can state the certain correlations between premature birth and risk factors can be recognized. In the particular case an unequivocal establishment of the prematurity risk is not possible.", "contents": "[Practical utilization of a hazard catalogue for the early detection of pre- and dysmaturity]. From 1973 to 1974, 3061 cases of pregnancy were assessed according to a modified risk score system for the early recognition of pre- and dysmaturity at the Universit\u00e4tsfrauneklinik of Jena (Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics). As a result of our investigations, we can state the certain correlations between premature birth and risk factors can be recognized. In the particular case an unequivocal establishment of the prematurity risk is not possible.", "PMID": 855512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10644", "title": "[Results in the management of pregnancies involving risk factors].", "content": "The fate of the newborn child decisively depends on its antenatal condition. The surveillance of pregnancies gets an increasing importance. In this report 113 women with risk pregnancies are compared with 453 women with normal pregnancies. The two collectives had underlain the same conditions of leading and monitoring of delivery. They are compared as to perinatal morbidity and mortality. The problem of prematurity and dysmaturity is especially considered. It is possible to reduce the rate of premature infants by adequate care. Conclusions are mentioned for a graduated system of surveillance of pregnancies.", "contents": "[Results in the management of pregnancies involving risk factors]. The fate of the newborn child decisively depends on its antenatal condition. The surveillance of pregnancies gets an increasing importance. In this report 113 women with risk pregnancies are compared with 453 women with normal pregnancies. The two collectives had underlain the same conditions of leading and monitoring of delivery. They are compared as to perinatal morbidity and mortality. The problem of prematurity and dysmaturity is especially considered. It is possible to reduce the rate of premature infants by adequate care. Conclusions are mentioned for a graduated system of surveillance of pregnancies.", "PMID": 855513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10645", "title": "[Our experiences with Mayer-Ringpessary in the prevention of premature labor (author's transl)].", "content": "After very good results with a new model of the Mayer-Ringpessary made of organic glass the authors used this \"unbloody cerclage\" as a method of choice with all patients in their district (180 000 inhabitants) with partus praematurus imminens. It is necessary controls to apply the method in stage of this complication in good-time. There were below 10% of immature children in 405 high risk patients and only 1,2% to 1500 g. They succeded to delay the delivery in more favourable time to shorten the hospitalisation and unability considerably. Perinatal mortality was also favourably influenced. The details are in tables.", "contents": "[Our experiences with Mayer-Ringpessary in the prevention of premature labor (author's transl)]. After very good results with a new model of the Mayer-Ringpessary made of organic glass the authors used this \"unbloody cerclage\" as a method of choice with all patients in their district (180 000 inhabitants) with partus praematurus imminens. It is necessary controls to apply the method in stage of this complication in good-time. There were below 10% of immature children in 405 high risk patients and only 1,2% to 1500 g. They succeded to delay the delivery in more favourable time to shorten the hospitalisation and unability considerably. Perinatal mortality was also favourably influenced. The details are in tables.", "PMID": 855514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10646", "title": "[Hemoperitoneum in the newborn infant].", "content": "Among 46272 term and preterm newborns 6 cases (0,13%) of massive intraabdominal hemorrhages could be found. The origin of hemorrhage was in 5 cases the liver. Premature newborns with severe respiratory distress had the main incidence (4 cases). Organic lesions were seen in 2 cases only and other traumatic causes could not be detected. Therefore, the term \"abdominal birth injury\" should in such cases be replaced by \"Neonatal hemoperitoneum\".", "contents": "[Hemoperitoneum in the newborn infant]. Among 46272 term and preterm newborns 6 cases (0,13%) of massive intraabdominal hemorrhages could be found. The origin of hemorrhage was in 5 cases the liver. Premature newborns with severe respiratory distress had the main incidence (4 cases). Organic lesions were seen in 2 cases only and other traumatic causes could not be detected. Therefore, the term \"abdominal birth injury\" should in such cases be replaced by \"Neonatal hemoperitoneum\".", "PMID": 855515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10647", "title": "[Effect of aerosolization on the biological properties of live plague vaccine].", "content": "The authors present the results of experiments on the study of the influence of aerozolation on the biological properties of the microbes of live plaque vaccine. It appeared that its aerozol condition for a period of 10 minutes had no effect on the residual virulence of the microbes, but for a period of 30 minutes--led to an 8-fold fall of the virulence. The immunogenic activity of the live microbes of the vaccine kept at the state of \"static\" and \"dynamic aerozol\" for a period of 5 minutes was unchanged.", "contents": "[Effect of aerosolization on the biological properties of live plague vaccine]. The authors present the results of experiments on the study of the influence of aerozolation on the biological properties of the microbes of live plaque vaccine. It appeared that its aerozol condition for a period of 10 minutes had no effect on the residual virulence of the microbes, but for a period of 30 minutes--led to an 8-fold fall of the virulence. The immunogenic activity of the live microbes of the vaccine kept at the state of \"static\" and \"dynamic aerozol\" for a period of 5 minutes was unchanged.", "PMID": 855516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10648", "title": "[Comparative study of the physico-chemical properties of peptones used to the production of dry alkaline agar for cholera diagnosis].", "content": "The authors present the results of chemical and physico-chemical study of dry peptones (made in the USSR) used in the production of dry alkaline nutrient agar for the diagnosis of cholera, in comparison with peptones used for other purposes. The batches and types of peptones studied differed by the fractional peptide composition and by the physico-chemical characteristics. Positive results were obtained in the biological test in using peptones with marked hydrolysis with the amine nitrogen content of not less than 200--230 mg%, with an elution curve approaching the Hottinger's peptone curve, well soluble in buffer phosphate solution at 5% concentration.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the physico-chemical properties of peptones used to the production of dry alkaline agar for cholera diagnosis]. The authors present the results of chemical and physico-chemical study of dry peptones (made in the USSR) used in the production of dry alkaline nutrient agar for the diagnosis of cholera, in comparison with peptones used for other purposes. The batches and types of peptones studied differed by the fractional peptide composition and by the physico-chemical characteristics. Positive results were obtained in the biological test in using peptones with marked hydrolysis with the amine nitrogen content of not less than 200--230 mg%, with an elution curve approaching the Hottinger's peptone curve, well soluble in buffer phosphate solution at 5% concentration.", "PMID": 855517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10649", "title": "[Secretory IgA in amniotic fluid].", "content": "Immunoglobulin composition was studied in the amniotic fluid (AF) and in the urine of newborn babies. IgA was revealed with the aid of anti-secretory component of the serum in 50 of 57 AF samples; in the urine of babies in the course of the first 24 hours after birth it was revealed in 2 of the 21 cases only. This fact and also the detection of the secretory IgA in the AF at the early periods of pregnancy permit to suppose the synthesis of IgA or of its C-fragment in the amniotic membranes.", "contents": "[Secretory IgA in amniotic fluid]. Immunoglobulin composition was studied in the amniotic fluid (AF) and in the urine of newborn babies. IgA was revealed with the aid of anti-secretory component of the serum in 50 of 57 AF samples; in the urine of babies in the course of the first 24 hours after birth it was revealed in 2 of the 21 cases only. This fact and also the detection of the secretory IgA in the AF at the early periods of pregnancy permit to suppose the synthesis of IgA or of its C-fragment in the amniotic membranes.", "PMID": 855521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10650", "title": "[Cytochemical characteristics of blood leukocytes during an experimental purulent-inflammatory process in rabbits].", "content": "The activity of redox and hydrolytic enzymes was studied in the blood lymphocytes and neutrophils of rabbits infected with hemolitic Staphylococcus albus. The changes in the enzymatic activity of blood cells in generalized and localized forms of the inflammatory process depended on the form, course and duration of the disease. At early periods the indices of the acid phosphatase activity of lymphocytes had the greatest informative value for the diagnosis of the inflammatory process. The diagnostic significance of the activity of the alkaline phosphatase of neutrophils consisted in redistribution of cells by the degree of the enzyme activity.", "contents": "[Cytochemical characteristics of blood leukocytes during an experimental purulent-inflammatory process in rabbits]. The activity of redox and hydrolytic enzymes was studied in the blood lymphocytes and neutrophils of rabbits infected with hemolitic Staphylococcus albus. The changes in the enzymatic activity of blood cells in generalized and localized forms of the inflammatory process depended on the form, course and duration of the disease. At early periods the indices of the acid phosphatase activity of lymphocytes had the greatest informative value for the diagnosis of the inflammatory process. The diagnostic significance of the activity of the alkaline phosphatase of neutrophils consisted in redistribution of cells by the degree of the enzyme activity.", "PMID": 855523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10651", "title": "[Set of biochemical tests for studying the metabolic pathways of arginine and other basic amino acids in bacteria].", "content": "The author suggests a set of biochemical methods permitting to identify the enzymes participating in the utilization of arginine and some other amino acids. Use of the whole complex of the suggested tests permits to determine reliably the presence of one or another enzymatic activity. The described methods permitted quantitative recording and could be used both to ascertain the peculiarities of the amino acid metabolism in various bacterial species and possibly for the purpose of differential diagnosis and identification of bacteria.", "contents": "[Set of biochemical tests for studying the metabolic pathways of arginine and other basic amino acids in bacteria]. The author suggests a set of biochemical methods permitting to identify the enzymes participating in the utilization of arginine and some other amino acids. Use of the whole complex of the suggested tests permits to determine reliably the presence of one or another enzymatic activity. The described methods permitted quantitative recording and could be used both to ascertain the peculiarities of the amino acid metabolism in various bacterial species and possibly for the purpose of differential diagnosis and identification of bacteria.", "PMID": 855528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10652", "title": "[Experience with the abolition of use of tetanus antiserum following trauma].", "content": "For the first time in the USSR, as a result of all-around analysis of the problems connected with tetanus prophylaxis under conditions of the Arkhangelsk region the authors conducted a trial on the suspension of the use of antitetanus serum in trauma. Besides the elimination of the population allergization, replacement of the antitetanus serum with the toxioid facilitated the emergency prophylaxis of tetanus, created prerequisites for the immunity maintenance at the protective level in the population, and served as the necessary stage along the route of further improvement of emergency prophylaxis and elimination of tetanus.", "contents": "[Experience with the abolition of use of tetanus antiserum following trauma]. For the first time in the USSR, as a result of all-around analysis of the problems connected with tetanus prophylaxis under conditions of the Arkhangelsk region the authors conducted a trial on the suspension of the use of antitetanus serum in trauma. Besides the elimination of the population allergization, replacement of the antitetanus serum with the toxioid facilitated the emergency prophylaxis of tetanus, created prerequisites for the immunity maintenance at the protective level in the population, and served as the necessary stage along the route of further improvement of emergency prophylaxis and elimination of tetanus.", "PMID": 855530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10653", "title": "[Normokalemic variant of paroxysmal myoplegia].", "content": "For the first time in Soviet literature the authors describe a family where patients from 2 generations suffered from normokalemic periodical paralysis. The patients had undergone several examinations which confirmed this diagnosis. This report confirms the existence of a normopotassemic variant of periodical paralysis. The authors demonstrate the absence of a direct relation between the development of myoplegic attacks in these patients and disorders of the electrolyte balance. The histological studies of the muscular biopsy during the attacks detected a vacuolization of muscular fiberes. Histochemical studies of some metabolities of the carbohydrate metabolism did not detect any significant changes. The achieved results point only to an increase of the glyconeogenesis process and aerobie glycolisis.\u00bf", "contents": "[Normokalemic variant of paroxysmal myoplegia]. For the first time in Soviet literature the authors describe a family where patients from 2 generations suffered from normokalemic periodical paralysis. The patients had undergone several examinations which confirmed this diagnosis. This report confirms the existence of a normopotassemic variant of periodical paralysis. The authors demonstrate the absence of a direct relation between the development of myoplegic attacks in these patients and disorders of the electrolyte balance. The histological studies of the muscular biopsy during the attacks detected a vacuolization of muscular fiberes. Histochemical studies of some metabolities of the carbohydrate metabolism did not detect any significant changes. The achieved results point only to an increase of the glyconeogenesis process and aerobie glycolisis.\u00bf", "PMID": 855531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10654", "title": "[State of the neuromuscular apparatus in Friedreich's familial ataxia (clinico-electromyographic analysis)].", "content": "The authors conducted a clinico-EMG study of 25 patients with Friedreich's familial ataxia. For this purpose with the aid of skin electrodes the distal muscles were studied. A supplementary study was made in 18 patients; the rate of the circulation of excitation along the motor fibres of the peripheral nerves and the monosynaptic-reflex were determined. In most of the studied patients there was a lesion of the peripheral motoneuron. The degree of the lesion depended mainly on the duration of the disease. The authors are of the opinion that the found disorders play a certain role in the mechanism of motor-coordinative disturbances in this disease.", "contents": "[State of the neuromuscular apparatus in Friedreich's familial ataxia (clinico-electromyographic analysis)]. The authors conducted a clinico-EMG study of 25 patients with Friedreich's familial ataxia. For this purpose with the aid of skin electrodes the distal muscles were studied. A supplementary study was made in 18 patients; the rate of the circulation of excitation along the motor fibres of the peripheral nerves and the monosynaptic-reflex were determined. In most of the studied patients there was a lesion of the peripheral motoneuron. The degree of the lesion depended mainly on the duration of the disease. The authors are of the opinion that the found disorders play a certain role in the mechanism of motor-coordinative disturbances in this disease.", "PMID": 855532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10655", "title": "[Treatment of myasthenic patients with anabolic steroids].", "content": "The authors report of their observations over 52 patients with severe and moderate myasthenia who after diverse forms of therapy (thymusectomy, x-ray therapy, prolonged use of anticholesterase preparations, etc.) did not demonstrate a stable therapeutical effectiveness. However, treatment by retabolil proved to be effective with minimal side effects. The paper contains theoretical prereqisites to therapy by anabolic hormones and the approximate scheme of its use.", "contents": "[Treatment of myasthenic patients with anabolic steroids]. The authors report of their observations over 52 patients with severe and moderate myasthenia who after diverse forms of therapy (thymusectomy, x-ray therapy, prolonged use of anticholesterase preparations, etc.) did not demonstrate a stable therapeutical effectiveness. However, treatment by retabolil proved to be effective with minimal side effects. The paper contains theoretical prereqisites to therapy by anabolic hormones and the approximate scheme of its use.", "PMID": 855533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10656", "title": "[Pathogenesis of syringomyelia].", "content": "The absence of an ependimic layer in cases of syringomyelia described in literature and in the author's own studies, the dislocation of cavities on the background of formted gray matter, the structure of the edge of the cavity, as well as sclerosis, a gyalinosis of vessels and fibrosis of the meninx--all these phenomena confirm the opinion of syringomyelitic cavities as an acquired defect and not dysraphia. A comparative study of the morphogenesis of medullar cavities in inflammatory, vascular, traumatical processes and in syringomyelia permits to mark their histological similarity and postnecrotic genesis. The glyosis in syringomyelitic cavities has a different character. The fibrillar glyosis along the edge of the cavities appears due to reparative changes and plays a delineating role. Irritative glyosis appears more frequently in angiomatosis, accompanied by chronic microhemorrhages. Expressed glyosis with a formation of cellular rosettes is to a certain extent a tumor (astrocytomaa, epeudimoma), while a syringomyelitic cavity--a histiolytic cyst of a tumor.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of syringomyelia]. The absence of an ependimic layer in cases of syringomyelia described in literature and in the author's own studies, the dislocation of cavities on the background of formted gray matter, the structure of the edge of the cavity, as well as sclerosis, a gyalinosis of vessels and fibrosis of the meninx--all these phenomena confirm the opinion of syringomyelitic cavities as an acquired defect and not dysraphia. A comparative study of the morphogenesis of medullar cavities in inflammatory, vascular, traumatical processes and in syringomyelia permits to mark their histological similarity and postnecrotic genesis. The glyosis in syringomyelitic cavities has a different character. The fibrillar glyosis along the edge of the cavities appears due to reparative changes and plays a delineating role. Irritative glyosis appears more frequently in angiomatosis, accompanied by chronic microhemorrhages. Expressed glyosis with a formation of cellular rosettes is to a certain extent a tumor (astrocytomaa, epeudimoma), while a syringomyelitic cavity--a histiolytic cyst of a tumor.", "PMID": 855535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10657", "title": "[Clinico-electrophysiologic analysis of a case of spike-wave stupor (absence state)].", "content": "The authors describe the clinical picture of a case with a peak-wave stupor in a 16 year-old patient where the main clinical expression of this disorder was behavioural sleepiness. Polygraphical studies during the attacks detected an expressed permanent paroxysmal activity in the form of bilateral synchronous complexes of spike-waves. In a behavioural and EEG sleepiness there was a smaller frequency of the paroxysmal activity and changes of its form with a drop in the expressiveness of the peak components. Administration of seduxen solution also partially blockaded the paroxysmal activity. The authors discuss some differential diagnostical signs of this condition and some mechanisms in the formation of paroxysmal activity with dependence in its development of different phases of the daily cycle of wakefullness and sleep.", "contents": "[Clinico-electrophysiologic analysis of a case of spike-wave stupor (absence state)]. The authors describe the clinical picture of a case with a peak-wave stupor in a 16 year-old patient where the main clinical expression of this disorder was behavioural sleepiness. Polygraphical studies during the attacks detected an expressed permanent paroxysmal activity in the form of bilateral synchronous complexes of spike-waves. In a behavioural and EEG sleepiness there was a smaller frequency of the paroxysmal activity and changes of its form with a drop in the expressiveness of the peak components. Administration of seduxen solution also partially blockaded the paroxysmal activity. The authors discuss some differential diagnostical signs of this condition and some mechanisms in the formation of paroxysmal activity with dependence in its development of different phases of the daily cycle of wakefullness and sleep.", "PMID": 855537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10658", "title": "[Several electrophysiologic variants of temporal lobe epilepsy].", "content": "The study discusses the diagnostic value of some electrophysiological methods of investigating patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. It is emphasized that routine EEG, basal and tympanic leads are not informative enough. Special attention is paid to the study of stereoelectroencephalographic activity of deep epileptic foci and \"secondary\" synchronization phenomena. It is suggested that SEEG is a necessary component of preoperative study. It is also pointed out that a bitemporal pathological activity should not be considered a contraindication to a surgical treatment of epilepsy.", "contents": "[Several electrophysiologic variants of temporal lobe epilepsy]. The study discusses the diagnostic value of some electrophysiological methods of investigating patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. It is emphasized that routine EEG, basal and tympanic leads are not informative enough. Special attention is paid to the study of stereoelectroencephalographic activity of deep epileptic foci and \"secondary\" synchronization phenomena. It is suggested that SEEG is a necessary component of preoperative study. It is also pointed out that a bitemporal pathological activity should not be considered a contraindication to a surgical treatment of epilepsy.", "PMID": 855538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10659", "title": "[Blood and cerebrospinal fluid phospholipid composition in children with a syndrome of febrile and epileptic convulsions].", "content": "Children with febril and epileptic convulsion during different periods of the disease demonstrate changes in the correlation of phospholipids in the blood plasma. These changes are mainly of a general character and do not depend upon the genesis of convulsions. The largest differences were seen in the lysolecithine level. These data probably indicate to a certain qualitative basis in the phospholipid metabolism in children with this pathology or may be related to a retardation in the formation of the structure of phospholipid metabolism.", "contents": "[Blood and cerebrospinal fluid phospholipid composition in children with a syndrome of febrile and epileptic convulsions]. Children with febril and epileptic convulsion during different periods of the disease demonstrate changes in the correlation of phospholipids in the blood plasma. These changes are mainly of a general character and do not depend upon the genesis of convulsions. The largest differences were seen in the lysolecithine level. These data probably indicate to a certain qualitative basis in the phospholipid metabolism in children with this pathology or may be related to a retardation in the formation of the structure of phospholipid metabolism.", "PMID": 855539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10660", "title": "[Chronic delusional disorders in epileptic dementia (from the social-work aspect of the adaptation of invalids)].", "content": "The author gives a detailed description of the structure and dynamics of paranoid epileptical dementia. The first type includes expressed affective disorders and overvalued structures. The second-disturbances of thinking and paranoial delusions. The third type is characterized by a definite intellectual decline and a deactualization of delusional experiences.", "contents": "[Chronic delusional disorders in epileptic dementia (from the social-work aspect of the adaptation of invalids)]. The author gives a detailed description of the structure and dynamics of paranoid epileptical dementia. The first type includes expressed affective disorders and overvalued structures. The second-disturbances of thinking and paranoial delusions. The third type is characterized by a definite intellectual decline and a deactualization of delusional experiences.", "PMID": 855540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10661", "title": "[Atyptical forms of anorexia nervosa].", "content": "The paper is concerned with a description of a special form of nervous anorexia related to the presence of vomitophobia. The disease appears on the background of a somatogenic asthenia as a psychogenic reaction and leads to an expressed vomiting reaction. The vomiting reaction becomes fixated with a habitual form of reaction and eventually leads to an emaciation and a development of a special vomitophobic syndrome (vomitophobia proper, voluantary and involuntary vomiting, limitation in food as a measure against vomiting, depression, special ideas of reference).", "contents": "[Atyptical forms of anorexia nervosa]. The paper is concerned with a description of a special form of nervous anorexia related to the presence of vomitophobia. The disease appears on the background of a somatogenic asthenia as a psychogenic reaction and leads to an expressed vomiting reaction. The vomiting reaction becomes fixated with a habitual form of reaction and eventually leads to an emaciation and a development of a special vomitophobic syndrome (vomitophobia proper, voluantary and involuntary vomiting, limitation in food as a measure against vomiting, depression, special ideas of reference).", "PMID": 855542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10662", "title": "Animal carotenoids. 12. Chirality of asterinic acid.", "content": "The chirality of monoacetylenic asterinic acid [(3S,3'S)-7,8-didehydroastaxanthin, 1a] has been established by NaBH4-reduction and hydrolysis of the corresponding diesters 1b and 1c providing the tetrol 9 and CD-correlation with diatoxanthin [3R,3'R)-7,8-didehydro-beta, beta-carotene-3,3'-diol, 10]. Diacetylenic asterinic acid [3S,3'S)-7,8,7',8'-tetradehydro-beta, beta-carotene-3,3'-diol, 2a] was assigned the some absolute configuration by similar conversion to the diacetylenic tetrol 11 and CD-correlation with alloxanthin [3R,3'R)-7,8,7',8'-tetradehydro-beta, beta-carotene-3,3'-diol, 12]. IR and CD properties of the diacetates 1C and 2C of the naturally occurring alpha-ketols are reported.", "contents": "Animal carotenoids. 12. Chirality of asterinic acid. The chirality of monoacetylenic asterinic acid [(3S,3'S)-7,8-didehydroastaxanthin, 1a] has been established by NaBH4-reduction and hydrolysis of the corresponding diesters 1b and 1c providing the tetrol 9 and CD-correlation with diatoxanthin [3R,3'R)-7,8-didehydro-beta, beta-carotene-3,3'-diol, 10]. Diacetylenic asterinic acid [3S,3'S)-7,8,7',8'-tetradehydro-beta, beta-carotene-3,3'-diol, 2a] was assigned the some absolute configuration by similar conversion to the diacetylenic tetrol 11 and CD-correlation with alloxanthin [3R,3'R)-7,8,7',8'-tetradehydro-beta, beta-carotene-3,3'-diol, 12]. IR and CD properties of the diacetates 1C and 2C of the naturally occurring alpha-ketols are reported.", "PMID": 855547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10663", "title": "[Voluminous fatty necrosis in acute pancreatitis].", "content": "Extensive fat necrosis may be sometimes seen in patients suffering from acute pancreatitis even if pancreas itself is not seriously damaged. Infection of the necrotic areas of fat may produce serious intoxication and even death of the patient. If the infection occurs, evacuation of the necrosis should be carried out, even several times if necessary. In some cases fat necroses colliquate. The liquid may be reabsorbed or pseudocyst formation follows. In the cases of colliquation without infection a close observation of the patient is necessary to choose the time for surgery.", "contents": "[Voluminous fatty necrosis in acute pancreatitis]. Extensive fat necrosis may be sometimes seen in patients suffering from acute pancreatitis even if pancreas itself is not seriously damaged. Infection of the necrotic areas of fat may produce serious intoxication and even death of the patient. If the infection occurs, evacuation of the necrosis should be carried out, even several times if necessary. In some cases fat necroses colliquate. The liquid may be reabsorbed or pseudocyst formation follows. In the cases of colliquation without infection a close observation of the patient is necessary to choose the time for surgery.", "PMID": 855549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10664", "title": "[Diagnostic and surgical problems in various hepatic echinococcoses].", "content": "Mostly there are not diagnostic troubles by the echinococcus of the liver especially since it is in use scaning of the liver. As in rule they are solitary and peripheric and the operative procedure is mostly simple and quick. The diagnostic and operative problems becomes evident when hydatid cyst is localised in central parts of the liver and when it is multiple cysts with penetration in adjacent organs. The poorest situation is when patient with complicated localisation of echinococcus of liver comes from infested area where he was checked out or even operated upon and dismissed with another diagnosis. The author expose 5 cases like this last mentioned.", "contents": "[Diagnostic and surgical problems in various hepatic echinococcoses]. Mostly there are not diagnostic troubles by the echinococcus of the liver especially since it is in use scaning of the liver. As in rule they are solitary and peripheric and the operative procedure is mostly simple and quick. The diagnostic and operative problems becomes evident when hydatid cyst is localised in central parts of the liver and when it is multiple cysts with penetration in adjacent organs. The poorest situation is when patient with complicated localisation of echinococcus of liver comes from infested area where he was checked out or even operated upon and dismissed with another diagnosis. The author expose 5 cases like this last mentioned.", "PMID": 855555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10665", "title": "[Various complications of primary echinococcosis].", "content": "Secondary echinococcosis occurs as a complication of a primary cyst. The importance of operative technique during the removal of the primary cyst is emphasized, because the intraoperative disemination occurs most frequently after a surgical performance. Secondary echinococcosis generates by asexual regressive metamorphosis of larval element intro larval forms. Two cases of secondary abdominal echinococcoosis will be described ensuing after removal of the primary liver cyst. One patient, who has been operated because of the pulmonary echinococcosis cyst before, was cured in our hospital having the secondary echinonoccosis of the lungs and pleural cavity.", "contents": "[Various complications of primary echinococcosis]. Secondary echinococcosis occurs as a complication of a primary cyst. The importance of operative technique during the removal of the primary cyst is emphasized, because the intraoperative disemination occurs most frequently after a surgical performance. Secondary echinococcosis generates by asexual regressive metamorphosis of larval element intro larval forms. Two cases of secondary abdominal echinococcoosis will be described ensuing after removal of the primary liver cyst. One patient, who has been operated because of the pulmonary echinococcosis cyst before, was cured in our hospital having the secondary echinonoccosis of the lungs and pleural cavity.", "PMID": 855562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10666", "title": "[Echinococcosis in the last 10 years at the medical center Varazdin 1964-1974].", "content": "According to the number of the diseased this is still a very rare and sporadic disease on our area. This Hydatid disease in all our patients has been most frequently localised on the liver. A case of a very rare localisation of the Hydatid disease has been described.", "contents": "[Echinococcosis in the last 10 years at the medical center Varazdin 1964-1974]. According to the number of the diseased this is still a very rare and sporadic disease on our area. This Hydatid disease in all our patients has been most frequently localised on the liver. A case of a very rare localisation of the Hydatid disease has been described.", "PMID": 855570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10667", "title": "[Intraoperative cholangiography].", "content": "Intraoperative holangiography has recently been applied more and more often. There are more of those who are in favor of the routine appliance of it. Taking into account all the advantages and disadvantages offered by the method, the majority considers it to be of the great help to biliar surgery. In this article we are trying to show the operative materials of our department as well as our own observation and experiences.", "contents": "[Intraoperative cholangiography]. Intraoperative holangiography has recently been applied more and more often. There are more of those who are in favor of the routine appliance of it. Taking into account all the advantages and disadvantages offered by the method, the majority considers it to be of the great help to biliar surgery. In this article we are trying to show the operative materials of our department as well as our own observation and experiences.", "PMID": 855575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10668", "title": "[Surgical treatment of the pancreatic pseudocyst. Presentation of 2 successfully treated cases].", "content": "The authors present two successfully treated cases, together with an outline of the etiology, diagnostics and methods of surgical treatment of the pseudocyst of the pancreas. Both cases were etiologically similar but located differently, so that two methods of surgically intervention were used. The method of internal drainage was used in the one case and total extirpation with resection of caudal part of the pancreas in the second.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of the pancreatic pseudocyst. Presentation of 2 successfully treated cases]. The authors present two successfully treated cases, together with an outline of the etiology, diagnostics and methods of surgical treatment of the pseudocyst of the pancreas. Both cases were etiologically similar but located differently, so that two methods of surgically intervention were used. The method of internal drainage was used in the one case and total extirpation with resection of caudal part of the pancreas in the second.", "PMID": 855577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10669", "title": "[Internal diseases imitating acute surgical abdomen].", "content": "A significant number of internal illnesses is presented as an acute surgical abdomen. Most frequently this pertains to endocrine, inflammatory, familiar metabollic, colagen, hematologic, illnesses, intoxication and reflexisive pain. To solve this problem, a close surgical-internistic collaboration is imminent as very often, the life of individual patients depends on it. As can be observed from the cases presented herein, our collaboration in this respect is high rating.", "contents": "[Internal diseases imitating acute surgical abdomen]. A significant number of internal illnesses is presented as an acute surgical abdomen. Most frequently this pertains to endocrine, inflammatory, familiar metabollic, colagen, hematologic, illnesses, intoxication and reflexisive pain. To solve this problem, a close surgical-internistic collaboration is imminent as very often, the life of individual patients depends on it. As can be observed from the cases presented herein, our collaboration in this respect is high rating.", "PMID": 855578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10670", "title": "[Acute pancreatitis (critical review of presented cases)].", "content": "Report on 278 cases of acute pancreatitis treated in our surgical department in the course of last 18 years. (from September 1, 1956 till April 15, 1975). Brief description of the cases and undertaken therapy. The authors point out the increased frequency of the disease in the last few year as well as the high mortality rate.", "contents": "[Acute pancreatitis (critical review of presented cases)]. Report on 278 cases of acute pancreatitis treated in our surgical department in the course of last 18 years. (from September 1, 1956 till April 15, 1975). Brief description of the cases and undertaken therapy. The authors point out the increased frequency of the disease in the last few year as well as the high mortality rate.", "PMID": 855582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10671", "title": "[Possibilities in the surgical treatment of acute thrombosis and chronic obliterations of pelvic veins].", "content": "Some technical problems encountered in the thrombectomy of iliofemoral veins and in Palma's reconstruction of unilaterally occluded pelvic veins are presented. These surgical interventions give better results than conservative therapy and the authors especially recommend the use of temporary arterio-venous fistula. As the best results were achieved by this technique the authors recommend its use in all cases where it is not contraindicated (cardiopaths).", "contents": "[Possibilities in the surgical treatment of acute thrombosis and chronic obliterations of pelvic veins]. Some technical problems encountered in the thrombectomy of iliofemoral veins and in Palma's reconstruction of unilaterally occluded pelvic veins are presented. These surgical interventions give better results than conservative therapy and the authors especially recommend the use of temporary arterio-venous fistula. As the best results were achieved by this technique the authors recommend its use in all cases where it is not contraindicated (cardiopaths).", "PMID": 855586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10672", "title": "[Air as an optic medium in diagnostic cystoscopy].", "content": "The authors display that the application of air as an optic medium in diagnostic cystoscopy has some determined technical advantages and medical justifications ahead of the use of water. The quality of air as the optic medium doesn't lat behing after water. The fear of air embolism is not justified, because in numerous applications of this method not any incident has been recorded.", "contents": "[Air as an optic medium in diagnostic cystoscopy]. The authors display that the application of air as an optic medium in diagnostic cystoscopy has some determined technical advantages and medical justifications ahead of the use of water. The quality of air as the optic medium doesn't lat behing after water. The fear of air embolism is not justified, because in numerous applications of this method not any incident has been recorded.", "PMID": 855598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10673", "title": "[Dislocation of the elbow as a clinical problem with reference to rehabilitation].", "content": "In the period from 1970 till 1974, 106 patients with the clean luxation without the injury of the bone supstrate were treated. From that number there were 68 men and 38 women. In the total anaesthesia the reposition and imobilisation in the upper arm longeta were performed. This longeta was removed after three weeks and then the rehabilitation was continued (medical school). Functional results are neat.", "contents": "[Dislocation of the elbow as a clinical problem with reference to rehabilitation]. In the period from 1970 till 1974, 106 patients with the clean luxation without the injury of the bone supstrate were treated. From that number there were 68 men and 38 women. In the total anaesthesia the reposition and imobilisation in the upper arm longeta were performed. This longeta was removed after three weeks and then the rehabilitation was continued (medical school). Functional results are neat.", "PMID": 855600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10674", "title": "[Dislocation fractures of the hip in the driver and passenger as the result of impact mechanism within the armature of the car].", "content": "The expose of injuries of the roof of the acetolulum and the luxation of the head of the upper knee bone (femur) as the consequence of a hit into the armaturs of a vehicle at a driver and his companion. With the reference to the conservative and operative treatment of these patients.", "contents": "[Dislocation fractures of the hip in the driver and passenger as the result of impact mechanism within the armature of the car]. The expose of injuries of the roof of the acetolulum and the luxation of the head of the upper knee bone (femur) as the consequence of a hit into the armaturs of a vehicle at a driver and his companion. With the reference to the conservative and operative treatment of these patients.", "PMID": 855601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10675", "title": "[Postoperative pancreatitis as a complication of abdominal interventions].", "content": "After the surgical treatments in upper abdomen (supramesocolic region) the laboratory parameters frequently point at postoperative pancreatitis. Typical clinical finding is hidden by the primary postoperative disease. Only the complications menifestly point at the existance of pancreas affection. The authors are considering pathogenesis of postoperative pancreatitis, discrepancy about the interpretation of the obtained laboratory parameters, the clinical finding and give a short description of the complication during postoperative pancreatitis, which actually has forced them for the surgical intervention.", "contents": "[Postoperative pancreatitis as a complication of abdominal interventions]. After the surgical treatments in upper abdomen (supramesocolic region) the laboratory parameters frequently point at postoperative pancreatitis. Typical clinical finding is hidden by the primary postoperative disease. Only the complications menifestly point at the existance of pancreas affection. The authors are considering pathogenesis of postoperative pancreatitis, discrepancy about the interpretation of the obtained laboratory parameters, the clinical finding and give a short description of the complication during postoperative pancreatitis, which actually has forced them for the surgical intervention.", "PMID": 855602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10676", "title": "[Treatment of fractures of the femoral shaft].", "content": "The femoral shaft fracture, although not frequent, is still a severe injury. In this work 367 fractured femoral shafts treated during the last six years are reviewed. Three hundred and forty-seven patients were treated by operation of whom 276 were treated with intramedullary nail and previously boring of the medullar channel, almost all of them by open reduction. In 59 cases compression plate was applied. In the same time 20 femoral shaft fractures were treated conservatively. Amoung other complications infection and pseudoarthrosis should be particulary mentioned which occurred in 5,2% and 3,3% respectively. The comparison between operative and conservative menagement was done by analysis of final results which included duration of the treatment and period necessary for the restitution of the function. On the basis of these results the authors conclude that majority of femoral fractures should be treated by intramedullary nailing.", "contents": "[Treatment of fractures of the femoral shaft]. The femoral shaft fracture, although not frequent, is still a severe injury. In this work 367 fractured femoral shafts treated during the last six years are reviewed. Three hundred and forty-seven patients were treated by operation of whom 276 were treated with intramedullary nail and previously boring of the medullar channel, almost all of them by open reduction. In 59 cases compression plate was applied. In the same time 20 femoral shaft fractures were treated conservatively. Amoung other complications infection and pseudoarthrosis should be particulary mentioned which occurred in 5,2% and 3,3% respectively. The comparison between operative and conservative menagement was done by analysis of final results which included duration of the treatment and period necessary for the restitution of the function. On the basis of these results the authors conclude that majority of femoral fractures should be treated by intramedullary nailing.", "PMID": 855603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10677", "title": "[Various causes of breakage of osteosynthetic material].", "content": "The authors in their work present some of the most common causes in breakage of osteosynthetic material. They emphasise the quality of the material is mainly satisfactory but the material should be from the same factory. Exhaustion of the material and corrosion are two of the common causes of the osteosynthetic material breakage. However uncorrect application and errors during the operation are the most common causes of breakage. The mechanical differences of the intramedullar nail and plate as two of the most used materials and their influences are explained. The most common errors which appear during the performance of opperation are explained to.", "contents": "[Various causes of breakage of osteosynthetic material]. The authors in their work present some of the most common causes in breakage of osteosynthetic material. They emphasise the quality of the material is mainly satisfactory but the material should be from the same factory. Exhaustion of the material and corrosion are two of the common causes of the osteosynthetic material breakage. However uncorrect application and errors during the operation are the most common causes of breakage. The mechanical differences of the intramedullar nail and plate as two of the most used materials and their influences are explained. The most common errors which appear during the performance of opperation are explained to.", "PMID": 855606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10678", "title": "[Pancreatic lesions].", "content": "The rate of lesions of pancreas is on the increase in these latter years. With these lesions very different therapeutical methods are applied. Some surgeons give full preference to the resection with anastomosis, the others prefer one or two anastomoses without the resection and the rest of them the resection without anastomosis. Successful treatment of the damaged pancreas dependens to a high degree on the proper diagnosis, on the appropriate primary therapy, which hampers the development of the acute pancreatitis and on the rational operative proceedings.", "contents": "[Pancreatic lesions]. The rate of lesions of pancreas is on the increase in these latter years. With these lesions very different therapeutical methods are applied. Some surgeons give full preference to the resection with anastomosis, the others prefer one or two anastomoses without the resection and the rest of them the resection without anastomosis. Successful treatment of the damaged pancreas dependens to a high degree on the proper diagnosis, on the appropriate primary therapy, which hampers the development of the acute pancreatitis and on the rational operative proceedings.", "PMID": 855607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10679", "title": "[Asepsis and hospitalization in surgery].", "content": "The authors renews the interest in care of \"hospital infection\". Recent advances in clinical and epidemiologic research give us important informations and caution than we shall not be able in futher avoid them. Special care is needed and the frequency of post operative wound infections can be lowered due to respect asepsis and antisepsis principles. Of great importance are the hygienic, technical, surgical and education measures taken for preventing infections.", "contents": "[Asepsis and hospitalization in surgery]. The authors renews the interest in care of \"hospital infection\". Recent advances in clinical and epidemiologic research give us important informations and caution than we shall not be able in futher avoid them. Special care is needed and the frequency of post operative wound infections can be lowered due to respect asepsis and antisepsis principles. Of great importance are the hygienic, technical, surgical and education measures taken for preventing infections.", "PMID": 855615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10680", "title": "[Postpancreatitic pseudocysts].", "content": "The retroperitoneal situation of the pancreas makes it relatively innaccessibile in the anatomic sense and provides difficulty in assessing the presence and extent of pathologic processes on a clinical base. Pseudocysts and extravasation of amylase into various retroperitoneal spaces have been described as complication of acute pancreatitis. The author emphasise the utility of the laboratory investigations and the importance of the various radiological procedures in every stage of evolution of the above disease. Lastly, attention is drawn to the diagnostic aid which is obtainable from complementary investigations and appropriate techniques.", "contents": "[Postpancreatitic pseudocysts]. The retroperitoneal situation of the pancreas makes it relatively innaccessibile in the anatomic sense and provides difficulty in assessing the presence and extent of pathologic processes on a clinical base. Pseudocysts and extravasation of amylase into various retroperitoneal spaces have been described as complication of acute pancreatitis. The author emphasise the utility of the laboratory investigations and the importance of the various radiological procedures in every stage of evolution of the above disease. Lastly, attention is drawn to the diagnostic aid which is obtainable from complementary investigations and appropriate techniques.", "PMID": 855619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10681", "title": "The effect of regional perfusion treatment on recurrent melanoma of the extremities.", "content": "16 patients with cutaneous or subcutaneous melanoma recurrence on an extremity were treated with regional perfusion with Melphalan. 18 perfusions were performed on 15 patients with stage II disease, that is with tumor growth restricted to an extremity including possible regional node metastases. All patients except two had new recurrences within the observation time. However, many of the patients had been treated surgically for recurrences once or several times previously. By comparing the length of the recurrence-free period following surgery alone with that following surgery plus perfusion in the same patients it was shown that perfusion treatment gave a significant extension of the recurrence-free time. Four perfusions were performed on patients in stage III, that is those with distant metastases. These perfusions gave a moderate or good temporary palliation as regards to tumor growths on the extremity. The traditional treatment for melanoma recurrences on an extremity has been surgical excision or less often amputation. An analysis of the literature shows that perfusion, usually combined with excision, seems to give definitely better results than surgical excision alone. There is evidence to suggest that perfusion treatment is even superior to amputation as regards survival; if so an immunological mechanism might be responsible for this effect.", "contents": "The effect of regional perfusion treatment on recurrent melanoma of the extremities. 16 patients with cutaneous or subcutaneous melanoma recurrence on an extremity were treated with regional perfusion with Melphalan. 18 perfusions were performed on 15 patients with stage II disease, that is with tumor growth restricted to an extremity including possible regional node metastases. All patients except two had new recurrences within the observation time. However, many of the patients had been treated surgically for recurrences once or several times previously. By comparing the length of the recurrence-free period following surgery alone with that following surgery plus perfusion in the same patients it was shown that perfusion treatment gave a significant extension of the recurrence-free time. Four perfusions were performed on patients in stage III, that is those with distant metastases. These perfusions gave a moderate or good temporary palliation as regards to tumor growths on the extremity. The traditional treatment for melanoma recurrences on an extremity has been surgical excision or less often amputation. An analysis of the literature shows that perfusion, usually combined with excision, seems to give definitely better results than surgical excision alone. There is evidence to suggest that perfusion treatment is even superior to amputation as regards survival; if so an immunological mechanism might be responsible for this effect.", "PMID": 855620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10682", "title": "Common duct stones in patients with acute cholecystitis.", "content": "In a retrospective survey of 202 patients with acute cholecystitis 40 patients (19,8%) were found to have common duct stones. No close correlation between common duct stones and either serum bilirubin or serum alkaline phosphatase could be demonstrated. Therefore it was concluded that peroperative cholangiography is necessary in operations for acute cholecystitis.", "contents": "Common duct stones in patients with acute cholecystitis. In a retrospective survey of 202 patients with acute cholecystitis 40 patients (19,8%) were found to have common duct stones. No close correlation between common duct stones and either serum bilirubin or serum alkaline phosphatase could be demonstrated. Therefore it was concluded that peroperative cholangiography is necessary in operations for acute cholecystitis.", "PMID": 855622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10683", "title": "Influence of different techniques of proximal gastric vagotomy upon risk of recurrent duodenal ulcer and gastric acid secretion.", "content": "Different techniques of proximal gastric vagotomy were used from 1970 to 75 in 267 patients with duodenal ulcer. A 1-4 years clinical follow-up showed an unacceptable high rate of recurrent ulcer (23-24%) in patients having skeletonization of the lower 2 cm of the esophagus, regardless of the extent of preserved antral innervation (6-9 cm). Extension of the esophageal dissection resulted in a lower recurrence rate (8%) and a higher frequency of complete vagotomies as expressed by the average acid response to insulin. No constant relationships were found between reductions of basal acid output and peak acid output to histamine 10 days after proximal gastric vagotomy and the risk of recurrent ulcer.", "contents": "Influence of different techniques of proximal gastric vagotomy upon risk of recurrent duodenal ulcer and gastric acid secretion. Different techniques of proximal gastric vagotomy were used from 1970 to 75 in 267 patients with duodenal ulcer. A 1-4 years clinical follow-up showed an unacceptable high rate of recurrent ulcer (23-24%) in patients having skeletonization of the lower 2 cm of the esophagus, regardless of the extent of preserved antral innervation (6-9 cm). Extension of the esophageal dissection resulted in a lower recurrence rate (8%) and a higher frequency of complete vagotomies as expressed by the average acid response to insulin. No constant relationships were found between reductions of basal acid output and peak acid output to histamine 10 days after proximal gastric vagotomy and the risk of recurrent ulcer.", "PMID": 855623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10684", "title": "Further electron microscopic evidence of virus-like particles in Crohn's disease.", "content": "Electron microscopic investigation of patients with Crohn's disease of the colon revealed virus-like particles mainly in epithelial cells and macrophages near ulcerative lesions. The particles had a double membrane, a sometimes electron-opaque central core, were round to oval in shape with the size, ranging from 30-70 nm in diameter. They commonly were located in clusters, but also singly in the cell cytoplasm, not intranuclear. These findings are in good agreement with recent culture studies in Crohn's disease.", "contents": "Further electron microscopic evidence of virus-like particles in Crohn's disease. Electron microscopic investigation of patients with Crohn's disease of the colon revealed virus-like particles mainly in epithelial cells and macrophages near ulcerative lesions. The particles had a double membrane, a sometimes electron-opaque central core, were round to oval in shape with the size, ranging from 30-70 nm in diameter. They commonly were located in clusters, but also singly in the cell cytoplasm, not intranuclear. These findings are in good agreement with recent culture studies in Crohn's disease.", "PMID": 855625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10685", "title": "Synthesis rates of albumin and fibrinogen in patients with cardiac and pulmonary cachexia.", "content": "In five patients with chronic congestive heart failure or pulmonary insufficiency and otherwise unexplained weight loss synthesis rates of albumin and fibrinogen were studied with the 14C carbonate method described by Mc Farlane and Reeve. The following results were obtained. 1. Albumin synthesis rate was normal in 4 out of five patients. In one patient with proteinuria and low serum albumin it was markedly increased. 2. Fibrinogen synthesis rate was normal in three out of five patients. In two patients who had active inflammation just before or during the study it was increased. The results suggest, that in chronic congestive heart failure or pulmonary insufficiency the liver is able to maintain normal or even increased protein synthesis rates.", "contents": "Synthesis rates of albumin and fibrinogen in patients with cardiac and pulmonary cachexia. In five patients with chronic congestive heart failure or pulmonary insufficiency and otherwise unexplained weight loss synthesis rates of albumin and fibrinogen were studied with the 14C carbonate method described by Mc Farlane and Reeve. The following results were obtained. 1. Albumin synthesis rate was normal in 4 out of five patients. In one patient with proteinuria and low serum albumin it was markedly increased. 2. Fibrinogen synthesis rate was normal in three out of five patients. In two patients who had active inflammation just before or during the study it was increased. The results suggest, that in chronic congestive heart failure or pulmonary insufficiency the liver is able to maintain normal or even increased protein synthesis rates.", "PMID": 855627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10686", "title": "Distribution of total fatty acids in human splenic lipids.", "content": "Lipids were extracted from adult human spleens obtained at surgery or autopsy, 26 with some degree of congestion and 7 displaying congestive splenomegaly. The fatty acids were processed following saponification of the lipids, esterified and the esters as such as well as hydrogenated aliquots analyzed by gas chromatography. The significance of fatty acid differences on the basis of age, sex, pathology and mode of organ acquisition was determined by t-tests. Several acid differences were significant in regard to age groups, between congestion and splenomegaly (surgical, autopsy and overall) and in the comparison of the respective surgical vs autopsy groups. No definite difference could be attributed to sex.", "contents": "Distribution of total fatty acids in human splenic lipids. Lipids were extracted from adult human spleens obtained at surgery or autopsy, 26 with some degree of congestion and 7 displaying congestive splenomegaly. The fatty acids were processed following saponification of the lipids, esterified and the esters as such as well as hydrogenated aliquots analyzed by gas chromatography. The significance of fatty acid differences on the basis of age, sex, pathology and mode of organ acquisition was determined by t-tests. Several acid differences were significant in regard to age groups, between congestion and splenomegaly (surgical, autopsy and overall) and in the comparison of the respective surgical vs autopsy groups. No definite difference could be attributed to sex.", "PMID": 855628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10687", "title": "Histological observations on the ependyma of the ventriculus mesencephali in the guinea pig.", "content": "The ventriculus mesencephali is localized in front of the cerebellum and forms a recessus of the dorsal wall of the aquaeductus mesencephali. The ependyma was found one-layered; in some places clusters of cubic or cylindrical ependymal cells occur. Some cells show basal processes. Supra-ependymally there are homogeneous globules and intraventricular nerve fibres. The occurrence of different types of ependymal cells indicates a morphological variability of ependyma even within this small part of the ventricle system of the brain.", "contents": "Histological observations on the ependyma of the ventriculus mesencephali in the guinea pig. The ventriculus mesencephali is localized in front of the cerebellum and forms a recessus of the dorsal wall of the aquaeductus mesencephali. The ependyma was found one-layered; in some places clusters of cubic or cylindrical ependymal cells occur. Some cells show basal processes. Supra-ependymally there are homogeneous globules and intraventricular nerve fibres. The occurrence of different types of ependymal cells indicates a morphological variability of ependyma even within this small part of the ventricle system of the brain.", "PMID": 855631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10688", "title": "The effect of methylazoxymethanol on growth of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis in rats.", "content": "Methylazoxymethanol (MAM) causes a reduced development of cerebellum and medulla oblongata in rats. To study the effect of external factors on growth of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis, four litters of rats each of five animals were treated with MAM within 12 h after birth and sacrificed after 30 days. A similar number od control rats were sacrificed at the time when their skull length was equal to that of the experimental rats. Microradiographical and histological investigations showed that the cranial base lordosis was more pronounced in the MAM rats than in the controls, and that the width of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis was reduced mainly due to reduction in the central zone.", "contents": "The effect of methylazoxymethanol on growth of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis in rats. Methylazoxymethanol (MAM) causes a reduced development of cerebellum and medulla oblongata in rats. To study the effect of external factors on growth of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis, four litters of rats each of five animals were treated with MAM within 12 h after birth and sacrificed after 30 days. A similar number od control rats were sacrificed at the time when their skull length was equal to that of the experimental rats. Microradiographical and histological investigations showed that the cranial base lordosis was more pronounced in the MAM rats than in the controls, and that the width of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis was reduced mainly due to reduction in the central zone.", "PMID": 855632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10689", "title": "[Effects of the light level and duration of the photoperiod on the retina of albino rats].", "content": "Female albino rats were exposed during 3 weeks to various photoperiodic sequences and levels of illumination. As long as the light span of the photoperiod did not exceed 12L-12D, the damaging effects of the light, even when intese (3,000 lx), on the retinal were relatively limited. On the other hand, the 14L-10D photoperiodic regimen that is usually used in standard rat animaleries produced marked degenerative lesions on the photoreceptors under either 1,200 or 3,000 1x. Under lighting schedules of 21L-15D or 28L-20D, the photoreceptors were heavily injured by 1,200 OR 3,000 1X. The degenerative process affected all the photoreceptive cells as well as their various components: rods, cones, nucleus and synaptic endings.", "contents": "[Effects of the light level and duration of the photoperiod on the retina of albino rats]. Female albino rats were exposed during 3 weeks to various photoperiodic sequences and levels of illumination. As long as the light span of the photoperiod did not exceed 12L-12D, the damaging effects of the light, even when intese (3,000 lx), on the retinal were relatively limited. On the other hand, the 14L-10D photoperiodic regimen that is usually used in standard rat animaleries produced marked degenerative lesions on the photoreceptors under either 1,200 or 3,000 1x. Under lighting schedules of 21L-15D or 28L-20D, the photoreceptors were heavily injured by 1,200 OR 3,000 1X. The degenerative process affected all the photoreceptive cells as well as their various components: rods, cones, nucleus and synaptic endings.", "PMID": 855634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10690", "title": "Anatomical and functional account on the lateral nasal cartilages.", "content": "Due to the fact that the literature in the last 20 years shows contradictory points of view regarding the morphology and relations among the nasal cartilages in man, gross, semi-macroscopic and light-microscopic surveys were carried out in 20 adult and fetal human noses. It was concluded that the septodorsal cartilage is made up of only one block. The attachment of the septodorsal cartilage to the nasal bones takes place from 2 to 5 mm in the inner aspect of the latter. The distal and fibrous portions of the lateral cartilage and the greater alar cartilages act as valves.", "contents": "Anatomical and functional account on the lateral nasal cartilages. Due to the fact that the literature in the last 20 years shows contradictory points of view regarding the morphology and relations among the nasal cartilages in man, gross, semi-macroscopic and light-microscopic surveys were carried out in 20 adult and fetal human noses. It was concluded that the septodorsal cartilage is made up of only one block. The attachment of the septodorsal cartilage to the nasal bones takes place from 2 to 5 mm in the inner aspect of the latter. The distal and fibrous portions of the lateral cartilage and the greater alar cartilages act as valves.", "PMID": 855636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10691", "title": "[Electron microscopic study on blastema differentiation in the extremities of mice embryos to embryonic cartilage].", "content": "Cartilage differentiation in the upper limb bud of the white mouse (NMRI) begins in the humerus anlage on day 12 + 13 h p.c.; cartilage differentiation in the phalanges begins on day 13 + 3 h p.c. Morphologically, differentiation can be characterized as follows: (1) cell densifications with an increase in contact structures between the cells in the blastema centre: (2) development of a two-layered cell densification: a central cartilage zone and a peripheral zone (perichondrium), between precartilage and prospective muscle anlage; numerous mitoses appear in this peripheral zone; (3) appearance of filaments and PG granula in the intercellular space as well as massive appearance of rough endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm and, (4) increased distance between the cells coupled with the loss of specific contact structures and substance increase in the intercellular space.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study on blastema differentiation in the extremities of mice embryos to embryonic cartilage]. Cartilage differentiation in the upper limb bud of the white mouse (NMRI) begins in the humerus anlage on day 12 + 13 h p.c.; cartilage differentiation in the phalanges begins on day 13 + 3 h p.c. Morphologically, differentiation can be characterized as follows: (1) cell densifications with an increase in contact structures between the cells in the blastema centre: (2) development of a two-layered cell densification: a central cartilage zone and a peripheral zone (perichondrium), between precartilage and prospective muscle anlage; numerous mitoses appear in this peripheral zone; (3) appearance of filaments and PG granula in the intercellular space as well as massive appearance of rough endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm and, (4) increased distance between the cells coupled with the loss of specific contact structures and substance increase in the intercellular space.", "PMID": 855639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10692", "title": "Morphogenesis of the secondary palate in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus).", "content": "This report describes the prenatal development and closure of the secondary palate in the Mongolian gerbil. Palatal shelves can be regularly observed on day 16, at which time they are directed vertically. On day 17, the shelves show an overall increase in size and length but remain vertically directed. During day 18, palatal shelves are usually in a state of transition from the vertical to the horizontal position. The process of palatal closure (fusion) occurs on the 19th day and is complete by day 20. The process of palatal formation and closure in the gerbil more closely resembles that of the rat and rabbit than that of the mouse.", "contents": "Morphogenesis of the secondary palate in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). This report describes the prenatal development and closure of the secondary palate in the Mongolian gerbil. Palatal shelves can be regularly observed on day 16, at which time they are directed vertically. On day 17, the shelves show an overall increase in size and length but remain vertically directed. During day 18, palatal shelves are usually in a state of transition from the vertical to the horizontal position. The process of palatal closure (fusion) occurs on the 19th day and is complete by day 20. The process of palatal formation and closure in the gerbil more closely resembles that of the rat and rabbit than that of the mouse.", "PMID": 855640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10693", "title": "Cortical cerebellar degeneration associated with a specific disorder of standing and locomotion.", "content": "The three patients presented showed a rhythmic bobbing of the body when standing with flexed legs. It was produced by slow, coarse, synchronous extensions-flexions in the legs. Platform and accelerometer records demonstrated an almost clockwork regularity of rate in the 2.5--3.5 c/sec range. In Romberg's test there occurred slow rhythmic extensions-flexions of the feet. The patients walked with a peculiar stiff \"heel-gait\", which was not conspicously broad-based, unsteady or trembling. On ascending a platform they displayed a slow leg tremor and a marked disorder of forward-vertical movement. This very uniform motor syndrome retained its specific features over the years. An upper limb involvement was observed in one of the patients. Post-mortem examination in one patient, a chronic alcoholic, showed a pronounced atrophy of the superior cerebellar vermis. Tomographic pneumoencephabgrams demonstrated the superior vermis atrophy in the two other patients.", "contents": "Cortical cerebellar degeneration associated with a specific disorder of standing and locomotion. The three patients presented showed a rhythmic bobbing of the body when standing with flexed legs. It was produced by slow, coarse, synchronous extensions-flexions in the legs. Platform and accelerometer records demonstrated an almost clockwork regularity of rate in the 2.5--3.5 c/sec range. In Romberg's test there occurred slow rhythmic extensions-flexions of the feet. The patients walked with a peculiar stiff \"heel-gait\", which was not conspicously broad-based, unsteady or trembling. On ascending a platform they displayed a slow leg tremor and a marked disorder of forward-vertical movement. This very uniform motor syndrome retained its specific features over the years. An upper limb involvement was observed in one of the patients. Post-mortem examination in one patient, a chronic alcoholic, showed a pronounced atrophy of the superior cerebellar vermis. Tomographic pneumoencephabgrams demonstrated the superior vermis atrophy in the two other patients.", "PMID": 855641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10694", "title": "HLA antigens and antibody responses to measles and rubella viruses in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Twenty-four HLA-antigens coded by loci A and B were determined serologically for 60 multiple sclerosis patients from Northern Finland. Forty-five of the patients were also typed by mixed leucocyte culture reactivity for HLA-Dw2. The only statistically significant difference in antigen frequencies in these patients compared with those in controls was the decrease of HLA-A2 among patients. Measles and rubella antibody titres in patients with and without HLA-Dw2 and HLA-B7 antigens were compared using a sensitive radioimmunoassay method. There was no difference between age- and sex-matched patient groups.", "contents": "HLA antigens and antibody responses to measles and rubella viruses in multiple sclerosis. Twenty-four HLA-antigens coded by loci A and B were determined serologically for 60 multiple sclerosis patients from Northern Finland. Forty-five of the patients were also typed by mixed leucocyte culture reactivity for HLA-Dw2. The only statistically significant difference in antigen frequencies in these patients compared with those in controls was the decrease of HLA-A2 among patients. Measles and rubella antibody titres in patients with and without HLA-Dw2 and HLA-B7 antigens were compared using a sensitive radioimmunoassay method. There was no difference between age- and sex-matched patient groups.", "PMID": 855642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10695", "title": "Does alexia without agraphia always include hemianopsia?", "content": "A patient with alexia without agraphia (pure alexia) is reported. Bedside examination of the visual fields disclosed no abnormalities; but perimetric examination demonstrated an incomplete right homonymous hemianopsia with some sparing of the peripheral part of the visual field. The literature on pure alexia without hemianopsia is reviewed and it is concluded that this syndrome has hardly been described with certainity.", "contents": "Does alexia without agraphia always include hemianopsia? A patient with alexia without agraphia (pure alexia) is reported. Bedside examination of the visual fields disclosed no abnormalities; but perimetric examination demonstrated an incomplete right homonymous hemianopsia with some sparing of the peripheral part of the visual field. The literature on pure alexia without hemianopsia is reviewed and it is concluded that this syndrome has hardly been described with certainity.", "PMID": 855643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10696", "title": "Various degrees of dementia in a selected group of gastrectomized patients with low serum B12.", "content": "Forty-two gastrectomized patients (mean age 56 years) with a serum B12 level less than 200 pg/ml were studied by psychological testing and electroencephalography. A total of 50 per cent exhibited mild to moderate or more severe intellectual impairment, judging by the history and psychological testing. EEG abnormalities were found, mainly in the form of reduced dominant activity, in 48 per cent. The results of psychological testing were in accurate conformity with the findings of dementia due to other reasons. The characteristic findings were depression and lability of affect, with a high frequency of suicidal attempts (20 per cent). We interpret the cerebral abnormalities as a result of vitamin B12 deficiency.", "contents": "Various degrees of dementia in a selected group of gastrectomized patients with low serum B12. Forty-two gastrectomized patients (mean age 56 years) with a serum B12 level less than 200 pg/ml were studied by psychological testing and electroencephalography. A total of 50 per cent exhibited mild to moderate or more severe intellectual impairment, judging by the history and psychological testing. EEG abnormalities were found, mainly in the form of reduced dominant activity, in 48 per cent. The results of psychological testing were in accurate conformity with the findings of dementia due to other reasons. The characteristic findings were depression and lability of affect, with a high frequency of suicidal attempts (20 per cent). We interpret the cerebral abnormalities as a result of vitamin B12 deficiency.", "PMID": 855644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10697", "title": "A 3 C/sec leg tremor in a \"cerebellar\" syndrome.", "content": "A unique leg tremor was found in patients with late (acquired) cerebellar atrophy. Such patients are classically said to show a cerebellar incoordination in the heel-knee test. The tremor was evoked in three sustained leg postures inducing single plane oscillations. In these tests the tremor occurred as leg extensions, adductions or torsions. Accelerometer records showed a simple 2.5-3.5 c/sec rhythm. The amplitude varied but the rate was remarkably constant. The heel-on-knee position elicited tremor activity in muscles working in various planes; the resulting compound oscillation could be confused with irregular goal-seaking movements.", "contents": "A 3 C/sec leg tremor in a \"cerebellar\" syndrome. A unique leg tremor was found in patients with late (acquired) cerebellar atrophy. Such patients are classically said to show a cerebellar incoordination in the heel-knee test. The tremor was evoked in three sustained leg postures inducing single plane oscillations. In these tests the tremor occurred as leg extensions, adductions or torsions. Accelerometer records showed a simple 2.5-3.5 c/sec rhythm. The amplitude varied but the rate was remarkably constant. The heel-on-knee position elicited tremor activity in muscles working in various planes; the resulting compound oscillation could be confused with irregular goal-seaking movements.", "PMID": 855645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10698", "title": "The ultrastructure of Sturge-Weber disease.", "content": "Five infantile and one adult case of Sturge-Weber disease were studied pathologically. The calcification occurring under the leptomeningeal angiomatosis increased with advancing age. Light and electron microscopy of two cases showed the smallest, and therefore possibly the earliest, calcifications occurred in perithelial cells. It is hypothesized the cause of calcification is anoxic injury to endothelial, perithelial and possibly glial mitochondria due to stasis and abnormal vessel permeability in the cerebral vessels composing the Sturge-Weber angioma.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of Sturge-Weber disease. Five infantile and one adult case of Sturge-Weber disease were studied pathologically. The calcification occurring under the leptomeningeal angiomatosis increased with advancing age. Light and electron microscopy of two cases showed the smallest, and therefore possibly the earliest, calcifications occurred in perithelial cells. It is hypothesized the cause of calcification is anoxic injury to endothelial, perithelial and possibly glial mitochondria due to stasis and abnormal vessel permeability in the cerebral vessels composing the Sturge-Weber angioma.", "PMID": 855646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10699", "title": "Abetalipoproteinemia (Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome). Muscle involvement.", "content": "A 26-year old male suffered from Abeta-lipoproteinemia (Bassen-Kornzweig disease). In addition to C.N.S. lesions, he had myopathy. A muscle biopsy revealed accumulation of ceroid pigment in the striated muscle. A few muscle fibers showed severe degeneration of the myofibrils. Fibroblasts and macrophages in the interstitial tissue contained abundant ceroid. The relation between ceroid accumulation, abetalipoproteinemia and vitamin E-deficiency is discussed.", "contents": "Abetalipoproteinemia (Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome). Muscle involvement. A 26-year old male suffered from Abeta-lipoproteinemia (Bassen-Kornzweig disease). In addition to C.N.S. lesions, he had myopathy. A muscle biopsy revealed accumulation of ceroid pigment in the striated muscle. A few muscle fibers showed severe degeneration of the myofibrils. Fibroblasts and macrophages in the interstitial tissue contained abundant ceroid. The relation between ceroid accumulation, abetalipoproteinemia and vitamin E-deficiency is discussed.", "PMID": 855647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10700", "title": "Spongy degeneration of the central nervous system (van Bogaert-Bertrand type?) in a newborn infant. A light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "Autopsy findings on a 5 day old infant with hypotonia from birth showed extensive spongy changes of the myelinating tracts within the cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem. The spongy changes, similar to Van Bogaert-Bertrand disease, resulted from intramyelinic edema. However, unlike the typical forms of this disease, swollen astrocytes with abnormal mitochondria were not found. The relationship of this case to typical forms of Van Bogaert-Bertrand disease is discussed. This case may represent a very early form of Van Bogaert-Bertrand disease or a new pathological entity.", "contents": "Spongy degeneration of the central nervous system (van Bogaert-Bertrand type?) in a newborn infant. A light and electron microscopic study. Autopsy findings on a 5 day old infant with hypotonia from birth showed extensive spongy changes of the myelinating tracts within the cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem. The spongy changes, similar to Van Bogaert-Bertrand disease, resulted from intramyelinic edema. However, unlike the typical forms of this disease, swollen astrocytes with abnormal mitochondria were not found. The relationship of this case to typical forms of Van Bogaert-Bertrand disease is discussed. This case may represent a very early form of Van Bogaert-Bertrand disease or a new pathological entity.", "PMID": 855648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10701", "title": "The pathology of experimental obstructive hydrocephalus. Electron microscopic observations.", "content": "Obstructive hydrocephlus was produced in 10-14 day-old rabbits by injection of kaolin into the cisterna magna and the ependyma and subependymal tissue was studied by electron microscopy. Generally, the study confirmed recent light microscopic observations on similar models (Torvik et al., 1976). In contrast to most previous reports, it was found that the ependyma adapted remarkably well to ventricular dilatation. No true ependymal defects occurred even in extensive hydrocephalus except at the sites of the ventricular synechiae which sometimes ruptured. The specialized ependymal junctions remained intact but outside the junctions the intercellular clefts were widened, particularly along the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle. The density of the microvilli and cilia decreased, probably because of the increase in the surface area of the ependyma. Dense bundles of filaments developed in the ependymal cells of the hydrocephalic animals. The extracellular space of the subependymal white matter appeared increased but there was no evidence of destruction of fibres or cells. Thus, the reduction of the cerebral mantle thickness was probably mainly caused by pre-sure atrophy.", "contents": "The pathology of experimental obstructive hydrocephalus. Electron microscopic observations. Obstructive hydrocephlus was produced in 10-14 day-old rabbits by injection of kaolin into the cisterna magna and the ependyma and subependymal tissue was studied by electron microscopy. Generally, the study confirmed recent light microscopic observations on similar models (Torvik et al., 1976). In contrast to most previous reports, it was found that the ependyma adapted remarkably well to ventricular dilatation. No true ependymal defects occurred even in extensive hydrocephalus except at the sites of the ventricular synechiae which sometimes ruptured. The specialized ependymal junctions remained intact but outside the junctions the intercellular clefts were widened, particularly along the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle. The density of the microvilli and cilia decreased, probably because of the increase in the surface area of the ependyma. Dense bundles of filaments developed in the ependymal cells of the hydrocephalic animals. The extracellular space of the subependymal white matter appeared increased but there was no evidence of destruction of fibres or cells. Thus, the reduction of the cerebral mantle thickness was probably mainly caused by pre-sure atrophy.", "PMID": 855649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10702", "title": "The spinal cord-ventral root junction in the trembler mouse.", "content": "The Trembler mouse suffers from an hereditary demyelinating neuropathy. Schwann cell myelination of peripheral nerve fibres in the Trembler mouse is abnormal. Myelination of central nerve fibres in the deeper layers of white matter of the spinal cord is normal. At the junction between the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system in the ventral roots in the Trembler mouse central-type nerve fibres are abnormally thinly myelinated. It is suggested that the normal process of myelination of central nerve fibres in this region is affected by abnormalities of the Schwann cell in the peripheral nervous system.", "contents": "The spinal cord-ventral root junction in the trembler mouse. The Trembler mouse suffers from an hereditary demyelinating neuropathy. Schwann cell myelination of peripheral nerve fibres in the Trembler mouse is abnormal. Myelination of central nerve fibres in the deeper layers of white matter of the spinal cord is normal. At the junction between the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system in the ventral roots in the Trembler mouse central-type nerve fibres are abnormally thinly myelinated. It is suggested that the normal process of myelination of central nerve fibres in this region is affected by abnormalities of the Schwann cell in the peripheral nervous system.", "PMID": 855650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10703", "title": "Occurrence of dark neurons in living mechanically injured rat neocortex.", "content": "In order to ascertain the immediate histopathological changes of rat brain following experimental surgical injury, fragments of left parietal cortex were obtained through craniotomy and fixed by immersion. Next, the animals were killed by perfusion with the same fixative used for the respective biopsy. Five groups of rats were tested, each for one different fixative. Dark neurons were by far the most prominent feature in surgically traumatized tissue, following both immersion and perfusion with all five fluids. They were morphologically identical at both sites, and  fixatives with widely different chemical composition, e.g. Bouin's fluid and buffered glutaraldehyde, had no influence on their aspect. It is suggested that shrunken neurons are not to be interpreted systematically as artefacts, but also represent a form of short-latency cellular reaction to injury.", "contents": "Occurrence of dark neurons in living mechanically injured rat neocortex. In order to ascertain the immediate histopathological changes of rat brain following experimental surgical injury, fragments of left parietal cortex were obtained through craniotomy and fixed by immersion. Next, the animals were killed by perfusion with the same fixative used for the respective biopsy. Five groups of rats were tested, each for one different fixative. Dark neurons were by far the most prominent feature in surgically traumatized tissue, following both immersion and perfusion with all five fluids. They were morphologically identical at both sites, and  fixatives with widely different chemical composition, e.g. Bouin's fluid and buffered glutaraldehyde, had no influence on their aspect. It is suggested that shrunken neurons are not to be interpreted systematically as artefacts, but also represent a form of short-latency cellular reaction to injury.", "PMID": 855651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10704", "title": "Brain edema in acute arterial hypertension. I. Macroscopical findings.", "content": "Observation of brain edema formation after acute drug-induced arterial hypertension-investigation in 15 cats. Intravital staining with astraviolet-FF and Evans-blue showed two different types of BBB-dysfunction, the one diffuse and without protein extravasation, the other multilocular and protein-rich, both localized in the cortical grey matter during the first 5 min after beginning of hypertension. The formation of protein-rich extravasation appeared to be dependent on the percentage increase of blood pressure, less on the peak of its absolute value.", "contents": "Brain edema in acute arterial hypertension. I. Macroscopical findings. Observation of brain edema formation after acute drug-induced arterial hypertension-investigation in 15 cats. Intravital staining with astraviolet-FF and Evans-blue showed two different types of BBB-dysfunction, the one diffuse and without protein extravasation, the other multilocular and protein-rich, both localized in the cortical grey matter during the first 5 min after beginning of hypertension. The formation of protein-rich extravasation appeared to be dependent on the percentage increase of blood pressure, less on the peak of its absolute value.", "PMID": 855652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10705", "title": "Negative smears in women developing invasive cervical cancer.", "content": "Fifty-six cervical smears originally classified as Pap. I, from women in whom cervical cancer of stage I to IV was detected within 4 to 5 years after the cytological check, were re-examined in order to estimate the screening error and sampling failure. At the review, 35 smears were classified as Pap. II to V. The incidence of changed classification of the smears obtained from population screening was 70% and that of the smears taken at private specialists or at hospitals was about 50%. The influence of sampling failure on the evaluation of the smears classified as Pap. II should be considered. On 14 slides, correctly interpreted as negative, there were no columnar cells present, a fact that may indicate inefficient sampling of cells from the squamo-columnar junction.", "contents": "Negative smears in women developing invasive cervical cancer. Fifty-six cervical smears originally classified as Pap. I, from women in whom cervical cancer of stage I to IV was detected within 4 to 5 years after the cytological check, were re-examined in order to estimate the screening error and sampling failure. At the review, 35 smears were classified as Pap. II to V. The incidence of changed classification of the smears obtained from population screening was 70% and that of the smears taken at private specialists or at hospitals was about 50%. The influence of sampling failure on the evaluation of the smears classified as Pap. II should be considered. On 14 slides, correctly interpreted as negative, there were no columnar cells present, a fact that may indicate inefficient sampling of cells from the squamo-columnar junction.", "PMID": 855653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10706", "title": "Carpal Tunnel syndrome in ovariectomized women.", "content": "Electrophysiological parameters were studied in 32 gynecological patients before and after major gynecological surgery. No changes in maximal nerve conduction velocity or simple reaction time could be found after either hysterectomy or ovariectomy. Of the 20 ovariectomized patients, 3 developed subjective symptoms and electrophysiological signs of the carpal tunnel syndrome within a few months after surgery. Thus the carpal tunnel syndrome, which is common in women of menopausal age, seems to be precipitated also by iatrogenic menopause. The present findings indicate that ovarian relaxin overproduction cannot be the basis of the carpal tunnel syndrome, but they are consistent with the view that the syndrome is a sign of hypothalamichypophyseal overactivity or  imbalance.", "contents": "Carpal Tunnel syndrome in ovariectomized women. Electrophysiological parameters were studied in 32 gynecological patients before and after major gynecological surgery. No changes in maximal nerve conduction velocity or simple reaction time could be found after either hysterectomy or ovariectomy. Of the 20 ovariectomized patients, 3 developed subjective symptoms and electrophysiological signs of the carpal tunnel syndrome within a few months after surgery. Thus the carpal tunnel syndrome, which is common in women of menopausal age, seems to be precipitated also by iatrogenic menopause. The present findings indicate that ovarian relaxin overproduction cannot be the basis of the carpal tunnel syndrome, but they are consistent with the view that the syndrome is a sign of hypothalamichypophyseal overactivity or  imbalance.", "PMID": 855654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10707", "title": "Basic levels of the immuno suppressive serum protein PZ in women-influence of age, parity, gonadotrophins and estrogens.", "content": "The basic levels of the pregnancy zone protein (PZ) were measured by a radio-immunoassay, in 270 women of various age. All women were apparently healthy taking no drugs. Values were correlated to age, parity, gonadotrophins and estrogens. A significant age dependent increase was found for PZ while no influence could be attributed to the other factors studied. The present results emphasize that the age dependent variation of PZ concentration should be considered when clinical data of this protein are evaluated.", "contents": "Basic levels of the immuno suppressive serum protein PZ in women-influence of age, parity, gonadotrophins and estrogens. The basic levels of the pregnancy zone protein (PZ) were measured by a radio-immunoassay, in 270 women of various age. All women were apparently healthy taking no drugs. Values were correlated to age, parity, gonadotrophins and estrogens. A significant age dependent increase was found for PZ while no influence could be attributed to the other factors studied. The present results emphasize that the age dependent variation of PZ concentration should be considered when clinical data of this protein are evaluated.", "PMID": 855655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10708", "title": "Solid-phase radioimmunoassay detection of rubella virus IgG antibody in serum and CSF of patients with multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Low levels of rubella virus IgG antibody have been detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients by a solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) previously developed for testing of clinical serum samples. Paired serum and CSF specimens of 36 MS patients and 12 control patients were analyzed. Of those MS patients which had negative CSF titers in the rubella hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) test, 90% (11/12) were found to have rubella IgG antibody by the RIA method. In specimens found to contain rubella IgG antibodies by both methods, the RIA test was approximately 15 times more sensitive than the rubella HAI test. The results presented suggest that a considerable portion of MS patients have significantly reduced serum/CSF rubella IgG antibody ratios, indicating that there is a local production of rubella antibodies in the central nervous system of these patients.", "contents": "Solid-phase radioimmunoassay detection of rubella virus IgG antibody in serum and CSF of patients with multiple sclerosis. Low levels of rubella virus IgG antibody have been detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients by a solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) previously developed for testing of clinical serum samples. Paired serum and CSF specimens of 36 MS patients and 12 control patients were analyzed. Of those MS patients which had negative CSF titers in the rubella hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) test, 90% (11/12) were found to have rubella IgG antibody by the RIA method. In specimens found to contain rubella IgG antibodies by both methods, the RIA test was approximately 15 times more sensitive than the rubella HAI test. The results presented suggest that a considerable portion of MS patients have significantly reduced serum/CSF rubella IgG antibody ratios, indicating that there is a local production of rubella antibodies in the central nervous system of these patients.", "PMID": 855663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10709", "title": "Meniere's disease. A neuropsychological study.", "content": "A neuro-psychological study is described comprising 19 patients with Meniere's Disease who were participating in an experimental lithium therapy programme. The patients evidenced an organic dysfunction which is not entirely periphearl. The interpretation of the results are not incompatible with an attempt to reconcile neuro-psychological and psycho-somatic viewpoints regarding etiological aspects of Meniere's Disease. An evaluation of the lithium effect was performed.", "contents": "Meniere's disease. A neuropsychological study. A neuro-psychological study is described comprising 19 patients with Meniere's Disease who were participating in an experimental lithium therapy programme. The patients evidenced an organic dysfunction which is not entirely periphearl. The interpretation of the results are not incompatible with an attempt to reconcile neuro-psychological and psycho-somatic viewpoints regarding etiological aspects of Meniere's Disease. An evaluation of the lithium effect was performed.", "PMID": 855657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10710", "title": "Visual suppression of caloric nystagmus in normal individuals.", "content": "The effects of opening of the eyes and of ocular fixation upon caloric nystagmus were investigated during the period of maximum intensity of caloric nystagmus in a series of 32 normal individuals. The percentage reduction in slow-phase velocity induced depended upon the test conditions, but, on the other hand, did not depend upon the temperature of the water applied as caloric stimulus. This latter fact favors the theory of visual suppression of the caloric test. Another striking finding was that a clear correlation definitely existed between the percentage reduction of suppression in slow-phase velocity and that in the multiplication product of amplitude by nystagmus frequency (P.A.F.) during the period of eye opening and ocular fixation. The percentage of suppression in slow-phase velocity is interchangeable with that in P.A.F., which broadens the practical scope of the routine test.", "contents": "Visual suppression of caloric nystagmus in normal individuals. The effects of opening of the eyes and of ocular fixation upon caloric nystagmus were investigated during the period of maximum intensity of caloric nystagmus in a series of 32 normal individuals. The percentage reduction in slow-phase velocity induced depended upon the test conditions, but, on the other hand, did not depend upon the temperature of the water applied as caloric stimulus. This latter fact favors the theory of visual suppression of the caloric test. Another striking finding was that a clear correlation definitely existed between the percentage reduction of suppression in slow-phase velocity and that in the multiplication product of amplitude by nystagmus frequency (P.A.F.) during the period of eye opening and ocular fixation. The percentage of suppression in slow-phase velocity is interchangeable with that in P.A.F., which broadens the practical scope of the routine test.", "PMID": 855656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10711", "title": "The ultrastructure of Leishmania tropica in skin lesions.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the amastigote stage of Leishmania tropica has been studied. The present work reports on new observations on the fine structure of the basal body, prokinosome and flagellum. The basal body is composed of a centriole-like structure and a transitional zone continuous with the proximal part of the flagellum. The centriole-like part consists of nine peripheral triplet tubules and an indistinct dense central core. The transitional zone consists of nine peripheral doublet tubules and two central cylinders. The centriole-like prokinosome is present parallel and close to the basal body. The flagellum arises from the transitional zone of the body and has the classical axoneme (9+2) structure. However, at the tip of the flagellum the central tubules are replaced by one of the peripheral doublet tubules. The ultrastructural findings, as compared with previous studies of Leishmania, are discussed.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of Leishmania tropica in skin lesions. The ultrastructure of the amastigote stage of Leishmania tropica has been studied. The present work reports on new observations on the fine structure of the basal body, prokinosome and flagellum. The basal body is composed of a centriole-like structure and a transitional zone continuous with the proximal part of the flagellum. The centriole-like part consists of nine peripheral triplet tubules and an indistinct dense central core. The transitional zone consists of nine peripheral doublet tubules and two central cylinders. The centriole-like prokinosome is present parallel and close to the basal body. The flagellum arises from the transitional zone of the body and has the classical axoneme (9+2) structure. However, at the tip of the flagellum the central tubules are replaced by one of the peripheral doublet tubules. The ultrastructural findings, as compared with previous studies of Leishmania, are discussed.", "PMID": 855664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10712", "title": "Otosclerosis surgery.", "content": "Results of otosclerosis surgery using the stapes footplate removal with various types of reconstruction are reported in 456 ears (360 patients). Primary success was obtained in around 95% while 83% retained their improvement over the years. The posterior crus on fascia has become the preferred method because of its stability and relative lack of inner ear complications. Inner ear damage is mostly due to perilymph fistulae, which should be promptly recognized and repaired, since revision after the ear has become deaf does not restore hearing. Some late inner ear losses may be due to reactions to foreign material introduced with the graft. Bilateral operations should not be done if the first operation was difficult or caused vertigo for several days.", "contents": "Otosclerosis surgery. Results of otosclerosis surgery using the stapes footplate removal with various types of reconstruction are reported in 456 ears (360 patients). Primary success was obtained in around 95% while 83% retained their improvement over the years. The posterior crus on fascia has become the preferred method because of its stability and relative lack of inner ear complications. Inner ear damage is mostly due to perilymph fistulae, which should be promptly recognized and repaired, since revision after the ear has become deaf does not restore hearing. Some late inner ear losses may be due to reactions to foreign material introduced with the graft. Bilateral operations should not be done if the first operation was difficult or caused vertigo for several days.", "PMID": 855659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10713", "title": "Purification from euglobulin of the first component (C1) of complement and its subcomponents by heparin-sepharose chromatography.", "content": "Most of the C1 material of euglobulin was adsorbed to heparin-Sepharose at an ionic strength of 0.265. After desorbtion at an ionic strength of 0.415 the C1 material was found to be purified six to seven-fold. Highly purified subcomponents C1q, C1r and C1s were recovered at DEAE-Sephadex chromatography from such purified C1 material after EDTA-treatment. Tests on isolated C1q, C1r and C1s disclosed in addition to the well known interaction between heparin and C1q an equally strong or even stronger interaction between heparin and C1s. Even C1r was adsorbed to heparin although by somewhat weaker ionic bonds.", "contents": "Purification from euglobulin of the first component (C1) of complement and its subcomponents by heparin-sepharose chromatography. Most of the C1 material of euglobulin was adsorbed to heparin-Sepharose at an ionic strength of 0.265. After desorbtion at an ionic strength of 0.415 the C1 material was found to be purified six to seven-fold. Highly purified subcomponents C1q, C1r and C1s were recovered at DEAE-Sephadex chromatography from such purified C1 material after EDTA-treatment. Tests on isolated C1q, C1r and C1s disclosed in addition to the well known interaction between heparin and C1q an equally strong or even stronger interaction between heparin and C1s. Even C1r was adsorbed to heparin although by somewhat weaker ionic bonds.", "PMID": 855665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10714", "title": "Combined therapy for undifferentiated giant and spindle cell carcinoma of the thyroid.", "content": "Undifferentiated giant and spindle cell carcinoma is an unusual and high-grade malignant type of cancer of the thyroid. The results of surgical and/or radiotherapeutic treatment have been discouraging. Only a few patients respond to therapy, usually for a short time. Recently, a few reports have been published on the effect of chemotherapy or a combined treatment of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In the present paper the results of combining radiotherapy and chemotherapy, 5-FU and cyclophosphamide, are reported. For the future a more aggressive approach is discussed. The therapy should include surgical resection of the main bulk of the tumour, followed by radiotherapy and concomitant chemotherapy and thereafter prolonged adjuvant chemotherapy.", "contents": "Combined therapy for undifferentiated giant and spindle cell carcinoma of the thyroid. Undifferentiated giant and spindle cell carcinoma is an unusual and high-grade malignant type of cancer of the thyroid. The results of surgical and/or radiotherapeutic treatment have been discouraging. Only a few patients respond to therapy, usually for a short time. Recently, a few reports have been published on the effect of chemotherapy or a combined treatment of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In the present paper the results of combining radiotherapy and chemotherapy, 5-FU and cyclophosphamide, are reported. For the future a more aggressive approach is discussed. The therapy should include surgical resection of the main bulk of the tumour, followed by radiotherapy and concomitant chemotherapy and thereafter prolonged adjuvant chemotherapy.", "PMID": 855660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10715", "title": "Extra-tympanic electrocochleography.", "content": "A non-invasive technique for recording the cochlear action potential in adults without recourse to sedation or local anaesthesia is presented. This technique has been assessed in two ways: (1) A group of normal subjects was tested to obtain distributions of response amplitude and latency as functions of stimulus intensity. (2) A group of patients with Meniere's disease was tested with trans- and extra-tympanic electrocochleography to compare the intensity amplitude functions and wave-forms obtained from the two methods. On the basis of this study the use of extra-tympanic electrocochleography as a replacement for the trans-tympanic method is discussed.", "contents": "Extra-tympanic electrocochleography. A non-invasive technique for recording the cochlear action potential in adults without recourse to sedation or local anaesthesia is presented. This technique has been assessed in two ways: (1) A group of normal subjects was tested to obtain distributions of response amplitude and latency as functions of stimulus intensity. (2) A group of patients with Meniere's disease was tested with trans- and extra-tympanic electrocochleography to compare the intensity amplitude functions and wave-forms obtained from the two methods. On the basis of this study the use of extra-tympanic electrocochleography as a replacement for the trans-tympanic method is discussed.", "PMID": 855658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10716", "title": "Bipolar electric stimulation to elicit and isolated tensor tympani reflex.", "content": "A bipolar electrode is described, designed to obtain improved reflex responses from the tensor tympani muscle by electric stimulation of the under surface of the tongue, d.c. generator, 7-9 V d.c. In comparison with the previous unipolar method of stimulation the responses under oscilloscopic analysis appear very constant and of greater size. The latency, in normal subjects, is 117 msec.", "contents": "Bipolar electric stimulation to elicit and isolated tensor tympani reflex. A bipolar electrode is described, designed to obtain improved reflex responses from the tensor tympani muscle by electric stimulation of the under surface of the tongue, d.c. generator, 7-9 V d.c. In comparison with the previous unipolar method of stimulation the responses under oscilloscopic analysis appear very constant and of greater size. The latency, in normal subjects, is 117 msec.", "PMID": 855662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10717", "title": "Extracellular potassium concentration in juvenile and adult rat brain cortex during anoxia.", "content": "The extracellular K+ concentration, ([K]e), in the brain cortex of rats at different ages was measured by means of K+-sensitive microelectrodes. [K]e was between 3 and 5 mM at all ages. Following nitrogen inhalation there was an increase in [K]e which exhibited a sigmoid pattern in every age group: Firstly, there was a slow rate of rise which was followed by a sudden, steep increase where the [K]e rose to about 70 mM. During the subsequent 5-10 min a plateau value of about 90 mM was reached. The prominent difference between the age groups was the time until the steep rise began. The time to the steep increase in [K]e and the [K]e at the start of the steep was inversely related to the age of the animal. A close relation was found between the time to the start of the steep increase and the time to the last gasp during nitrogen breathing (r = 0.98). It is suggested that the different resistence to anoxia in young and adult animals is related to differences in the ability to keep near normal potassium gradients across the cells in the brain.", "contents": "Extracellular potassium concentration in juvenile and adult rat brain cortex during anoxia. The extracellular K+ concentration, ([K]e), in the brain cortex of rats at different ages was measured by means of K+-sensitive microelectrodes. [K]e was between 3 and 5 mM at all ages. Following nitrogen inhalation there was an increase in [K]e which exhibited a sigmoid pattern in every age group: Firstly, there was a slow rate of rise which was followed by a sudden, steep increase where the [K]e rose to about 70 mM. During the subsequent 5-10 min a plateau value of about 90 mM was reached. The prominent difference between the age groups was the time until the steep rise began. The time to the steep increase in [K]e and the [K]e at the start of the steep was inversely related to the age of the animal. A close relation was found between the time to the start of the steep increase and the time to the last gasp during nitrogen breathing (r = 0.98). It is suggested that the different resistence to anoxia in young and adult animals is related to differences in the ability to keep near normal potassium gradients across the cells in the brain.", "PMID": 855671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10718", "title": "Characteristics of aortic baroreceptor C-fibres in the rabbit.", "content": "The characteristics of 40 C-fibres arising from the aortic arches of 15 normotensive rabbits have been investigated. The conduction velocity of the fibres varied between 0.5-1.8 m/s (0.91 +/- 0.05, mean +/- S.E.). The activation threshold for all the fibres lay between 70-140 mmHg. 32 medullated fibres from the same animals had thresholds between 35 and 90 mmHg. After correction for the time delay in conduction the firing in the C-fibres occurs in early systole. Pressure response curves were constructed for 10 medullated and 18 C-fibres. The mean activity at 100 mmHg was, for the C-fibres 5.0 Hz and for the medullated fibres 34 Hz. At 130 mmHg the activity in the C-fibres was 13 Hz and in the medullated fibres 68 Hz. Thus C-fibres from the aortic baroreceptor regions are activated at higher pressures than the medullated fibres and have lower discharge frequencies. Noradrenaline did not influence the pressure response curves of the C-fibres. It is concluded that the arterial baroreceptor C-fibres may exert a weak tonic influence on the vasomotor centre at normal pressures but are likely to be of greater importance when the arterial pressure rises acutely.", "contents": "Characteristics of aortic baroreceptor C-fibres in the rabbit. The characteristics of 40 C-fibres arising from the aortic arches of 15 normotensive rabbits have been investigated. The conduction velocity of the fibres varied between 0.5-1.8 m/s (0.91 +/- 0.05, mean +/- S.E.). The activation threshold for all the fibres lay between 70-140 mmHg. 32 medullated fibres from the same animals had thresholds between 35 and 90 mmHg. After correction for the time delay in conduction the firing in the C-fibres occurs in early systole. Pressure response curves were constructed for 10 medullated and 18 C-fibres. The mean activity at 100 mmHg was, for the C-fibres 5.0 Hz and for the medullated fibres 34 Hz. At 130 mmHg the activity in the C-fibres was 13 Hz and in the medullated fibres 68 Hz. Thus C-fibres from the aortic baroreceptor regions are activated at higher pressures than the medullated fibres and have lower discharge frequencies. Noradrenaline did not influence the pressure response curves of the C-fibres. It is concluded that the arterial baroreceptor C-fibres may exert a weak tonic influence on the vasomotor centre at normal pressures but are likely to be of greater importance when the arterial pressure rises acutely.", "PMID": 855672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10719", "title": "Effect of atropine and methiamide on vagally induced gastric acid secretion and gastrin release in anesthetized cats.", "content": "Gastrin release and HCl secretion was induced by electrical vagal stimulation in anesthetized cats. Both atropine (0.1-0.3 mg/kg) and methiamide (4-20 mg/kg) inhibited the HCl secretion (by approximately 60 and approximately 80 %). On the other hand, neither atropine (0.2-2 mg/kg) nor methiamide (20 mg/kg) inhibited the vagally induced gastrin release. Possible explanations of the atropine resistance of the vagal gastrin release mechanism are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of atropine and methiamide on vagally induced gastric acid secretion and gastrin release in anesthetized cats. Gastrin release and HCl secretion was induced by electrical vagal stimulation in anesthetized cats. Both atropine (0.1-0.3 mg/kg) and methiamide (4-20 mg/kg) inhibited the HCl secretion (by approximately 60 and approximately 80 %). On the other hand, neither atropine (0.2-2 mg/kg) nor methiamide (20 mg/kg) inhibited the vagally induced gastrin release. Possible explanations of the atropine resistance of the vagal gastrin release mechanism are discussed.", "PMID": 855673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10720", "title": "Parental loss, depression and violence. III. Epidemiological studies of female prisoners.", "content": "Information was obtained from 95 incarcerated female prisoners on their history of violence, on their feelings of depression, their suicide attempts, and on their history of loss of parents. The data revealed that the loss of father before the age of 10 years was more highly correlated with signs of depression in these women prisoners than was loss of mother. Women who reported at least one suicide attempt in the past were significantly more depressed on the self-report measure of depression than the other women, and were more likely to be judged as violent on the basis of several independent indices. The results support the hypothesis that violence toward others and suicidal behavior are part of the same phenomenon of impairment in control mechanisms.", "contents": "Parental loss, depression and violence. III. Epidemiological studies of female prisoners. Information was obtained from 95 incarcerated female prisoners on their history of violence, on their feelings of depression, their suicide attempts, and on their history of loss of parents. The data revealed that the loss of father before the age of 10 years was more highly correlated with signs of depression in these women prisoners than was loss of mother. Women who reported at least one suicide attempt in the past were significantly more depressed on the self-report measure of depression than the other women, and were more likely to be judged as violent on the basis of several independent indices. The results support the hypothesis that violence toward others and suicidal behavior are part of the same phenomenon of impairment in control mechanisms.", "PMID": 855675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10721", "title": "Changes in psychopathology in relation to EEG variables and visual averaged evoked responses (V.AER) in schizophrenic patients treated with penfluridol or thiothixene.", "content": "In a study of 28 schizophrenic in-patients treated with penfluridol or thiothixene, patients were followed with clinical ratings, EEG variables, the mean integrated amplitude (MIA) on both the left and right sides--both with filters with frequency ranges from 7.5 to 13.5 and 0.5 to 25 Hz--as well as its within-patient variance (WPV) on both sides and with both filters, and also with visual averaged evoked responses (V.AER). Moreover, determinations of plasma levels of the drugs were conducted in a search for possible objective measurements of the effects of the treatment, but also to try to find measurements that would make it possible to predict the outcome of treatment. MIA left/right and WPV left/right were found to be the most promising variables to follow the effect of treatment, which were correlated to factors 1 and 2 of the M\u00e5rten's S-scale. WPV left/right before treatment was correlated to changes in factor 4 of the S-scale during the trial.", "contents": "Changes in psychopathology in relation to EEG variables and visual averaged evoked responses (V.AER) in schizophrenic patients treated with penfluridol or thiothixene. In a study of 28 schizophrenic in-patients treated with penfluridol or thiothixene, patients were followed with clinical ratings, EEG variables, the mean integrated amplitude (MIA) on both the left and right sides--both with filters with frequency ranges from 7.5 to 13.5 and 0.5 to 25 Hz--as well as its within-patient variance (WPV) on both sides and with both filters, and also with visual averaged evoked responses (V.AER). Moreover, determinations of plasma levels of the drugs were conducted in a search for possible objective measurements of the effects of the treatment, but also to try to find measurements that would make it possible to predict the outcome of treatment. MIA left/right and WPV left/right were found to be the most promising variables to follow the effect of treatment, which were correlated to factors 1 and 2 of the M\u00e5rten's S-scale. WPV left/right before treatment was correlated to changes in factor 4 of the S-scale during the trial.", "PMID": 855677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10722", "title": "Effects of carotid chemoreceptor and baroreceptor stimulation upon the sympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic cardiac nerve and single fiber activity in cats.", "content": "The stimulation of arterial baroreceptors (blind sack technique) inhibited the preganglionic and postganglionic cardiac sympathetic activity. There were found three populations of single sympathetic preganglionic fibers (Th3) responding in a different way to the stimulation of arterial baroreceptors and arterial chemoreceptors (infusion of the small volume of saline bubbled with CO2 into the carotid sinus): (i) inhibited by carotid baroreceptors and excited by carotid chemoreceptors stimulation, (ii) inhibited by carotid baroreceptors and by carotid chemoreceptors stimulation, (iii) some fibers inhibited by baroreceptors did not change activity during stimulation of chemoreceptors. A functional role of each particular group of preganglionic sympathetic fibers is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of carotid chemoreceptor and baroreceptor stimulation upon the sympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic cardiac nerve and single fiber activity in cats. The stimulation of arterial baroreceptors (blind sack technique) inhibited the preganglionic and postganglionic cardiac sympathetic activity. There were found three populations of single sympathetic preganglionic fibers (Th3) responding in a different way to the stimulation of arterial baroreceptors and arterial chemoreceptors (infusion of the small volume of saline bubbled with CO2 into the carotid sinus): (i) inhibited by carotid baroreceptors and excited by carotid chemoreceptors stimulation, (ii) inhibited by carotid baroreceptors and by carotid chemoreceptors stimulation, (iii) some fibers inhibited by baroreceptors did not change activity during stimulation of chemoreceptors. A functional role of each particular group of preganglionic sympathetic fibers is discussed.", "PMID": 855684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10723", "title": "Stimuli eliciting sexual pursuit in the digger wasp Bembex rostrata (L.) males (Hymenoptera, Sphegidae). I. The choice of an adequate method for the ethometry survey.", "content": "Ethometry (i.e., quantitative, numerical analysis) of approach of the insect to objects moved in the air with a fishing rod and their pursuit proved a successful field method for objective evaluation of the valence of an object's features for Bembex rostrata males tested during their \"sun dance\". The maximum distance from which the insect reacts with a leap toward the object being a parameter of its approach, is directly proportional to the conspicuity of the object. The time of \"behavioural interest\" of the insect in the object, a measure of pursuit, reflects the persistence of the insect's attraction to the object, which is directly related to its valence. It is suggested that the sun dance is mainly a comfort behaviour, when the male is at the same time highly sensitive to sexual stimuli. Approach to a flying object is not a simple reflex-like tactic behaviour but a motivated one. Probably it is partly an exploratory, and to some extent a sexual behaviour, whereas pursuit is to a considerable extent dependent on a sexual mood. Hence, both can be regarded as the steps of a sexual appetitive behaviour. Experiments revealed a considerable variability of reactions among individual B. rostrata males. Differences between years of experimenting exert significant influence on results, too.", "contents": "Stimuli eliciting sexual pursuit in the digger wasp Bembex rostrata (L.) males (Hymenoptera, Sphegidae). I. The choice of an adequate method for the ethometry survey. Ethometry (i.e., quantitative, numerical analysis) of approach of the insect to objects moved in the air with a fishing rod and their pursuit proved a successful field method for objective evaluation of the valence of an object's features for Bembex rostrata males tested during their \"sun dance\". The maximum distance from which the insect reacts with a leap toward the object being a parameter of its approach, is directly proportional to the conspicuity of the object. The time of \"behavioural interest\" of the insect in the object, a measure of pursuit, reflects the persistence of the insect's attraction to the object, which is directly related to its valence. It is suggested that the sun dance is mainly a comfort behaviour, when the male is at the same time highly sensitive to sexual stimuli. Approach to a flying object is not a simple reflex-like tactic behaviour but a motivated one. Probably it is partly an exploratory, and to some extent a sexual behaviour, whereas pursuit is to a considerable extent dependent on a sexual mood. Hence, both can be regarded as the steps of a sexual appetitive behaviour. Experiments revealed a considerable variability of reactions among individual B. rostrata males. Differences between years of experimenting exert significant influence on results, too.", "PMID": 855685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10724", "title": "A blood flow increase to a visual stimulus in the occipital lobe of the cat with brainstem transection at the pretrigeminal level.", "content": "The effects of visual stimulation on the cerebral blood flow were studied in pretrigeminal cats. The visual stimulus was a feather duster which was moved for 4-5 min in front of the cats eyes. The cerebral blood flow was measured each 15 min with [133]Xe clearance method in the left occipital lobe. The visual stimulation evoked an increase of the cerebral blood flow which was accompanied by an ocular following movements and a cortical EEG desynchronization. The arterial blood pressure was unchanged. All these responses habituated rapidly when the stimulus was repeated at 15 min intervals. A similar increase of the cerebral blood flow was obtained by 9 percent CO2 inhalation. The administration of amphetamine increased the cerebral blood flow, whereas Nembutal decreased it. The visual stimulus evokes an increase of the cerebral blood flow in a condition when the lower brainstem is separated from the cerebrum.", "contents": "A blood flow increase to a visual stimulus in the occipital lobe of the cat with brainstem transection at the pretrigeminal level. The effects of visual stimulation on the cerebral blood flow were studied in pretrigeminal cats. The visual stimulus was a feather duster which was moved for 4-5 min in front of the cats eyes. The cerebral blood flow was measured each 15 min with [133]Xe clearance method in the left occipital lobe. The visual stimulation evoked an increase of the cerebral blood flow which was accompanied by an ocular following movements and a cortical EEG desynchronization. The arterial blood pressure was unchanged. All these responses habituated rapidly when the stimulus was repeated at 15 min intervals. A similar increase of the cerebral blood flow was obtained by 9 percent CO2 inhalation. The administration of amphetamine increased the cerebral blood flow, whereas Nembutal decreased it. The visual stimulus evokes an increase of the cerebral blood flow in a condition when the lower brainstem is separated from the cerebrum.", "PMID": 855686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10725", "title": "Purification of human erythrocyte adenosine deaminase.", "content": "In summary we have shown the following:1) Human erythrocyte ADA has been purified approximately 800,000 fold (sp. act. 538 micronmol/min/mg at 37 degrees) to apparent homogeneity using antibody affinity chromatography. 2) The enzyme was shown to be a single polypeptide chain with estimated molecular weight of approximately 38,000. 3) The 3 electrophoretic forms of erythrocyte ADA purified simultaneously by this technique were indistinguishable by SDS gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions. 4) Several properties of the highly purified ADA were identical to properties observed with an impure preparation of the enzyme.", "contents": "Purification of human erythrocyte adenosine deaminase. In summary we have shown the following:1) Human erythrocyte ADA has been purified approximately 800,000 fold (sp. act. 538 micronmol/min/mg at 37 degrees) to apparent homogeneity using antibody affinity chromatography. 2) The enzyme was shown to be a single polypeptide chain with estimated molecular weight of approximately 38,000. 3) The 3 electrophoretic forms of erythrocyte ADA purified simultaneously by this technique were indistinguishable by SDS gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions. 4) Several properties of the highly purified ADA were identical to properties observed with an impure preparation of the enzyme.", "PMID": 855706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10726", "title": "Xanthine oxidase activity in a gouty patient with partial deficiency of HGPRT.", "content": "A patient with juvenile gout and partial deficiency of HGPRT is presented. In this subject, hepatic xanthine oxidase activity showed a twelve-fold increase. Xanthine oxidase is a readily induced enzyme and this increased activity is probably correlated with the increased availability of hypoxanthine observed in such patients.", "contents": "Xanthine oxidase activity in a gouty patient with partial deficiency of HGPRT. A patient with juvenile gout and partial deficiency of HGPRT is presented. In this subject, hepatic xanthine oxidase activity showed a twelve-fold increase. Xanthine oxidase is a readily induced enzyme and this increased activity is probably correlated with the increased availability of hypoxanthine observed in such patients.", "PMID": 855714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10727", "title": "Adenosine metabolism in permanent lymphocyte lines and in erythrocytes of patients with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.", "content": "Adenosine metabolism was studied in permanent lymphocyte cell lines and in erythrocytes of L.N. patients and compared with that of normal subjects. It was found that L.N. lymphocytes incorporated adenosine into purine ribonucleotides in spite of the fact that they cannot incorporate inosine or hypoxanthine, the major metabolites of adenosine. These findings suggest that adenosine may be a potentially important salvage pathway for purines and a source of IMP and guanine nucleotides in L.N. cells.", "contents": "Adenosine metabolism in permanent lymphocyte lines and in erythrocytes of patients with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Adenosine metabolism was studied in permanent lymphocyte cell lines and in erythrocytes of L.N. patients and compared with that of normal subjects. It was found that L.N. lymphocytes incorporated adenosine into purine ribonucleotides in spite of the fact that they cannot incorporate inosine or hypoxanthine, the major metabolites of adenosine. These findings suggest that adenosine may be a potentially important salvage pathway for purines and a source of IMP and guanine nucleotides in L.N. cells.", "PMID": 855718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10728", "title": "Hyperuricemia as a risk factor in coronary heart disease.", "content": "The subjects of this study were 290 hospital patients who were divided into 4 groups: acute myocardial infarction (100), cardiac ischaemia with angina but no infarction (50), white patients without evidence of coronary heart disease (70), and a group of South African black patients without detectable coronary heart disease (70). Mean serum uric acid (SUA) levels were 8,00 +/- 0,32 in the ischaemic group, 7,09 +/- 0,23 in the acute infarction group, 5,78 +/- 0,21 in normal black patients, and 5,75 +/- 0,21 in normal white controls. The differences in SUA levels between the ischaemic and infarction groups as compared with both control groups was highly significant (p less than 0,001). These differences were most striking in the females aged 60 years and over.", "contents": "Hyperuricemia as a risk factor in coronary heart disease. The subjects of this study were 290 hospital patients who were divided into 4 groups: acute myocardial infarction (100), cardiac ischaemia with angina but no infarction (50), white patients without evidence of coronary heart disease (70), and a group of South African black patients without detectable coronary heart disease (70). Mean serum uric acid (SUA) levels were 8,00 +/- 0,32 in the ischaemic group, 7,09 +/- 0,23 in the acute infarction group, 5,78 +/- 0,21 in normal black patients, and 5,75 +/- 0,21 in normal white controls. The differences in SUA levels between the ischaemic and infarction groups as compared with both control groups was highly significant (p less than 0,001). These differences were most striking in the females aged 60 years and over.", "PMID": 855748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10729", "title": "The effect of weight loss on plasma and urinary uric acid and lipid levels.", "content": "Plasma uric acid levels in 35 obese gouty and non-gouty subjects showed a highly significant mean fall of 0.6 mg/100 ml after weight reduction on a low-calorie diet. Urinary urate also fell by a mean value of 87 mg/100 ml. Serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels have been studied in 20 of the subjects. Both have shown some overall fall with weight loss. So far the degree of change of plasma urate has shown a correlation with that of cholesterol but not that of triglyceride, but further data are needed on these inter-relationships.", "contents": "The effect of weight loss on plasma and urinary uric acid and lipid levels. Plasma uric acid levels in 35 obese gouty and non-gouty subjects showed a highly significant mean fall of 0.6 mg/100 ml after weight reduction on a low-calorie diet. Urinary urate also fell by a mean value of 87 mg/100 ml. Serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels have been studied in 20 of the subjects. Both have shown some overall fall with weight loss. So far the degree of change of plasma urate has shown a correlation with that of cholesterol but not that of triglyceride, but further data are needed on these inter-relationships.", "PMID": 855753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10730", "title": "Thiopurinol: dose-related effect on urinary oxypurine excretion.", "content": "1. The important fact which emerges from these studies both without and with dietary purine supplementation is that thiopurinol dose possess apparent in vivo xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity but the dose must be increased well above therapeutic levels for this effect to manifest. 2. The considerable reduction in total endogenous urinary purine excretion at these high doses substantiates an additional inhibitory effect of thiopurinol on de novo purine synthesis. 3. Thiopurinol, like its analogue allopurinol, is also capable of reducing the absorption of dietary purine administered in the form of guanine in the pig.", "contents": "Thiopurinol: dose-related effect on urinary oxypurine excretion. 1. The important fact which emerges from these studies both without and with dietary purine supplementation is that thiopurinol dose possess apparent in vivo xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity but the dose must be increased well above therapeutic levels for this effect to manifest. 2. The considerable reduction in total endogenous urinary purine excretion at these high doses substantiates an additional inhibitory effect of thiopurinol on de novo purine synthesis. 3. Thiopurinol, like its analogue allopurinol, is also capable of reducing the absorption of dietary purine administered in the form of guanine in the pig.", "PMID": 855757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10731", "title": "The subacute phase of alcoholism.", "content": "Aggressive intervention in the medical and psychosocial problems of the subacute phase of alcoholism allows the physician to assume a holistic approach to the alcohol-addicted individual and provides a basis for eventual arrest of the chronic disease. A variety of metabolic abnormalities and physiologic disorders require attention. Management of psychologic problems requires the use of rational authority, early psychotherapy, judicious short-term psychopharmacology and use of available community resources.", "contents": "The subacute phase of alcoholism. Aggressive intervention in the medical and psychosocial problems of the subacute phase of alcoholism allows the physician to assume a holistic approach to the alcohol-addicted individual and provides a basis for eventual arrest of the chronic disease. A variety of metabolic abnormalities and physiologic disorders require attention. Management of psychologic problems requires the use of rational authority, early psychotherapy, judicious short-term psychopharmacology and use of available community resources.", "PMID": 855788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10732", "title": "Definition of cardiac structures using computerized tomography in isolated arrested and beating canine hearts.", "content": "Computerized axial tomography of the brain is a revolutionary noninvasive technique that has provided remarkable resolution of intracerebral structures. This study was undertaken to determine the potential of computerized tomography for defining the anatomy of 40 arrested and 9 beating (ejecting left heart preparation) canine hearts. Using an EMI cranial unit, scanning was performed in hearts under in vitro conditions with a lactated Ringer's interface. The tomographic scans obtained were later compared with comparable 8 mm thick sections of the heart. At physiologic levels of hematocrit (range 36 to 45%) external structures were well defined, but because of the lack of a differential between cavitary and myocardial densities, it was not possible to distinguish intracardiac structures. With very small amounts of iodinated contrast material (remotely administered in the case of the beating hearts) or with anemia (hematocrit less than 33%), the right and left ventricular cavities became clearly visible in both horizontal and longitudinal tomographic scans. It was possible to distinguish readily the boundaries of the ventricular and atrial cavities, the papillary muscles, the major trabeculae and the aorta. Rhythmic motion of the beating heart, suspended in its pericardium, did not eliminate structural definition. Thus, computerized tomography provides a new approach to the definition of cardiac structure with a relatively high degree of resolution. These observations point to the potential usefulness of this noninvasive technique for the evluation of both cardiac function and ventricular wall abnormalities.", "contents": "Definition of cardiac structures using computerized tomography in isolated arrested and beating canine hearts. Computerized axial tomography of the brain is a revolutionary noninvasive technique that has provided remarkable resolution of intracerebral structures. This study was undertaken to determine the potential of computerized tomography for defining the anatomy of 40 arrested and 9 beating (ejecting left heart preparation) canine hearts. Using an EMI cranial unit, scanning was performed in hearts under in vitro conditions with a lactated Ringer's interface. The tomographic scans obtained were later compared with comparable 8 mm thick sections of the heart. At physiologic levels of hematocrit (range 36 to 45%) external structures were well defined, but because of the lack of a differential between cavitary and myocardial densities, it was not possible to distinguish intracardiac structures. With very small amounts of iodinated contrast material (remotely administered in the case of the beating hearts) or with anemia (hematocrit less than 33%), the right and left ventricular cavities became clearly visible in both horizontal and longitudinal tomographic scans. It was possible to distinguish readily the boundaries of the ventricular and atrial cavities, the papillary muscles, the major trabeculae and the aorta. Rhythmic motion of the beating heart, suspended in its pericardium, did not eliminate structural definition. Thus, computerized tomography provides a new approach to the definition of cardiac structure with a relatively high degree of resolution. These observations point to the potential usefulness of this noninvasive technique for the evluation of both cardiac function and ventricular wall abnormalities.", "PMID": 855796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10733", "title": "Symptomatic swallowing-induced paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.", "content": "A 55 year old woman with palpitations during ingestion of food or drink was evaluated with surface, esophageal and dynamic electrocardiographic techniques. Recordings documented the consistent induction of supraventricular tachycardia by swallowing; no definable gastrointestinal or other cardiac abnormality was present. Nine previously reported cases are reviewed, with special reference to the role of vagovagal reflexes in the pathogenesis of this unusual clinical syndrome.", "contents": "Symptomatic swallowing-induced paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. A 55 year old woman with palpitations during ingestion of food or drink was evaluated with surface, esophageal and dynamic electrocardiographic techniques. Recordings documented the consistent induction of supraventricular tachycardia by swallowing; no definable gastrointestinal or other cardiac abnormality was present. Nine previously reported cases are reviewed, with special reference to the role of vagovagal reflexes in the pathogenesis of this unusual clinical syndrome.", "PMID": 855797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10734", "title": "Precocious induction of secretory granules by hormones in convoluted tubules of mouse submandibular glands.", "content": "Precocious differentiation of convoluted tubules of the submandibular glands of mice was induced by daily injection of thyroxine, insulin, hydrocortisone and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone from day 4 after birth. This treatment induced enlargement of the tubules and synthesis of secretory granules in the tubules. Treatment with 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone alone had no effect on enlargement of the tubules or synthesis of the granules. These findings suggest that, besides androgenic hormones, these three hormones are also involved in synthesis of granules in developing mice.", "contents": "Precocious induction of secretory granules by hormones in convoluted tubules of mouse submandibular glands. Precocious differentiation of convoluted tubules of the submandibular glands of mice was induced by daily injection of thyroxine, insulin, hydrocortisone and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone from day 4 after birth. This treatment induced enlargement of the tubules and synthesis of secretory granules in the tubules. Treatment with 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone alone had no effect on enlargement of the tubules or synthesis of the granules. These findings suggest that, besides androgenic hormones, these three hormones are also involved in synthesis of granules in developing mice.", "PMID": 855802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10735", "title": "The effect of large unilateral cortical lesions on rubrospinal tract sprouting in newborn rats.", "content": "Many previous reports have demonstrated the development of aberrant neural connections in response to neonatal brain lesions. This investigation was undertaken to study possible alterations, particularly axonal sprouting, in rodent rubrospinal projections after neonatal destruction of the corticospinal tract through frontal cortical ablation. The neonatal ablations were made by aspiration in 1 to 2-day-old rats under hypothermic anesthesia. At three to six months after neonatal surgery, the rubrospinal tracts were ablated bilaterally in these small animals as well as in controls, by stereotaxically transecting the ventral tegmental decussation. Animals were killed two to six days after adult surgery, and rubrospinal projections were demonstrated using the Fink-Heimer degeneration stain. No differences in the pattern of rubrospinal projections were observed between animals with neonatal cortical lesions and controls. In all animals rubrospinal projections were located primarily in Rexed's lamina VI with a slight distribution into lamina V and the dorsal portion of lamina VII. Various hypotheses explaining the lack of rubrospinal sprouting after neonatal cortical lesions are presented, along with possible experiments to test these hypotheses.", "contents": "The effect of large unilateral cortical lesions on rubrospinal tract sprouting in newborn rats. Many previous reports have demonstrated the development of aberrant neural connections in response to neonatal brain lesions. This investigation was undertaken to study possible alterations, particularly axonal sprouting, in rodent rubrospinal projections after neonatal destruction of the corticospinal tract through frontal cortical ablation. The neonatal ablations were made by aspiration in 1 to 2-day-old rats under hypothermic anesthesia. At three to six months after neonatal surgery, the rubrospinal tracts were ablated bilaterally in these small animals as well as in controls, by stereotaxically transecting the ventral tegmental decussation. Animals were killed two to six days after adult surgery, and rubrospinal projections were demonstrated using the Fink-Heimer degeneration stain. No differences in the pattern of rubrospinal projections were observed between animals with neonatal cortical lesions and controls. In all animals rubrospinal projections were located primarily in Rexed's lamina VI with a slight distribution into lamina V and the dorsal portion of lamina VII. Various hypotheses explaining the lack of rubrospinal sprouting after neonatal cortical lesions are presented, along with possible experiments to test these hypotheses.", "PMID": 855803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10736", "title": "Innervation of myocardial microcirculation; terminal autonomic axons associated with capillaries and postcapillary venules in mouse heart.", "content": "Efferent terminal axons are associated with numerous capillaries and postcapillary venules in both the atria and ventricles of mouse heart. These axons possess ultrastructural characteristics which are typical of peripheral autonomic fibers in other tissues. Many are found near pericytes, in a relationship closely resembling that between terminal axons and smooth muscle cells of larger vessels. To demonstrate adrenergic terminals, mice were pretreated with 5- or 6-hydroxydopamine; examination of these animals' hearts revealed that both adrenergic and cholinergic axons terminate near pericytes and endothelial cells. The results of this study are consistent with the view that there may be a functional innervation of capillaries and postcapillary venules of the mouse heart.", "contents": "Innervation of myocardial microcirculation; terminal autonomic axons associated with capillaries and postcapillary venules in mouse heart. Efferent terminal axons are associated with numerous capillaries and postcapillary venules in both the atria and ventricles of mouse heart. These axons possess ultrastructural characteristics which are typical of peripheral autonomic fibers in other tissues. Many are found near pericytes, in a relationship closely resembling that between terminal axons and smooth muscle cells of larger vessels. To demonstrate adrenergic terminals, mice were pretreated with 5- or 6-hydroxydopamine; examination of these animals' hearts revealed that both adrenergic and cholinergic axons terminate near pericytes and endothelial cells. The results of this study are consistent with the view that there may be a functional innervation of capillaries and postcapillary venules of the mouse heart.", "PMID": 855804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10737", "title": "Lysine and tryptophan in cereal-based diets for adult human subjects.", "content": "A basic diet containing rice, wheat, and corn that furnished 6.0 g of nitrogen per day was consumed by health young adults. Two levels of lysine, 900 and 1800 mg, and three of tryptophan, 260, 390, and 520 mg, were tested. Lysine exerted a significant effect (P less than 0.05) on nitrogen retention but tryptophan did not. When consumed in conjunction with at least twice the reported minimal requirements of other essential amino acids, 900 mg of lysine induced mean daily balances of 0.15 +/- 0.18, 0.19 +/- 0.14, and 0.22 +/- 0.21 g, respectively, in response to the three levels of tryptophan; and 1800 mg of lysine caused retentions of 0.75 +/- 0.14, 0.77 +/- 0.21 and 0.71 +/- 0.15 g. These findings are discussed in relation to fulfillment of protein and amino acid requirements of adult human subjects.", "contents": "Lysine and tryptophan in cereal-based diets for adult human subjects. A basic diet containing rice, wheat, and corn that furnished 6.0 g of nitrogen per day was consumed by health young adults. Two levels of lysine, 900 and 1800 mg, and three of tryptophan, 260, 390, and 520 mg, were tested. Lysine exerted a significant effect (P less than 0.05) on nitrogen retention but tryptophan did not. When consumed in conjunction with at least twice the reported minimal requirements of other essential amino acids, 900 mg of lysine induced mean daily balances of 0.15 +/- 0.18, 0.19 +/- 0.14, and 0.22 +/- 0.21 g, respectively, in response to the three levels of tryptophan; and 1800 mg of lysine caused retentions of 0.75 +/- 0.14, 0.77 +/- 0.21 and 0.71 +/- 0.15 g. These findings are discussed in relation to fulfillment of protein and amino acid requirements of adult human subjects.", "PMID": 855810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10738", "title": "Effect of oral alanine loads on the serum triglycerides of oral contraceptive users and normal subjects.", "content": "The effect of orally administered L-alanine loads on serum triglycerides, and plasma insulin and glucose, was studied in 23 women using an estrogen-containing oral contraceptive and 13 healthy female controls. Oral contraceptive users had significantly higher fasting serum triglycerides than the controls. Serum triglycerides concentrations udnerwent little changes in the controls after alanine ingestion, whereas the oral contraceptive users showed increases which were maintained throughout the 3-hr sampling period. The two groups had similar elevations in plasma insulin after alanine loading; the glucose concentrations were unchanged. The changes in serum triglycerides may have resulted from increased metabolism of alanine to pyruvate, and its incorporation into lipids under the stimulus of elevated insulin levels.", "contents": "Effect of oral alanine loads on the serum triglycerides of oral contraceptive users and normal subjects. The effect of orally administered L-alanine loads on serum triglycerides, and plasma insulin and glucose, was studied in 23 women using an estrogen-containing oral contraceptive and 13 healthy female controls. Oral contraceptive users had significantly higher fasting serum triglycerides than the controls. Serum triglycerides concentrations udnerwent little changes in the controls after alanine ingestion, whereas the oral contraceptive users showed increases which were maintained throughout the 3-hr sampling period. The two groups had similar elevations in plasma insulin after alanine loading; the glucose concentrations were unchanged. The changes in serum triglycerides may have resulted from increased metabolism of alanine to pyruvate, and its incorporation into lipids under the stimulus of elevated insulin levels.", "PMID": 855811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10739", "title": "Disaccharide consumption and malabsorption in Canadian Indians.", "content": "Twenty-eight Sioux and 29 Saluteaux Indians from a southern and an isolated northern Manitoban community were screened for lactose malabsorption; 55 were also screened for sucrose tolerance. Sixty percent of the subjects were lactose malabsorbers; the incidence increased with age. Lactase deficiency appeared, on the average, between 8 and 15 years of age. About 45% of the subjects were lactose intolerant. Malabsorbers who did not regularly drink milk had the highest symptom scores. The northern subjects consumed significantly more lactose and sucrose than the southern subjects. Two Sioux children were sucrose malabsorbers. It was hypothesized that the significantly greater sucrose consumption by the Saulteaux subjects were responsible for their markedly higher blood glucose curve following the sucrose tolerance tests. Dietary sucrose increases jejunal sucrase activity and the intestinal transport of glucose and fructose. Three of eight children less than 4 years were lactose malabsorbers; hence, medical personnel treating noninjective diarrhea in Indian children should examine for lactase deficiency. It was recommended that vitamin D fortified milk supplements to Indian school children be continued and that the milk be treated so as to reduce abdominal symptoms in the intolerant individuals.", "contents": "Disaccharide consumption and malabsorption in Canadian Indians. Twenty-eight Sioux and 29 Saluteaux Indians from a southern and an isolated northern Manitoban community were screened for lactose malabsorption; 55 were also screened for sucrose tolerance. Sixty percent of the subjects were lactose malabsorbers; the incidence increased with age. Lactase deficiency appeared, on the average, between 8 and 15 years of age. About 45% of the subjects were lactose intolerant. Malabsorbers who did not regularly drink milk had the highest symptom scores. The northern subjects consumed significantly more lactose and sucrose than the southern subjects. Two Sioux children were sucrose malabsorbers. It was hypothesized that the significantly greater sucrose consumption by the Saulteaux subjects were responsible for their markedly higher blood glucose curve following the sucrose tolerance tests. Dietary sucrose increases jejunal sucrase activity and the intestinal transport of glucose and fructose. Three of eight children less than 4 years were lactose malabsorbers; hence, medical personnel treating noninjective diarrhea in Indian children should examine for lactase deficiency. It was recommended that vitamin D fortified milk supplements to Indian school children be continued and that the milk be treated so as to reduce abdominal symptoms in the intolerant individuals.", "PMID": 855812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10740", "title": "The relationship between frequency of eating and adiposity in adult men and women in the Tecumseh Community Health Study.", "content": "The relationship between frequency of eating and adiposity was studied in a cross-sectional population of about 1000 men and 1000 women ages 35 to 69. A detailed 24-hr diet recall interview was administered by trained interviewers. Frequency of eating--eight categories--was determined by computer program using reported actual eating times and food consumed. The adiposity variable was an index using two skinfold measurements, height and weight. An analysis of covariance removing the effect of caloric intake showed that frequency of eating was related inversely to the adiposity index for men and women separately with statistical significance at the 1% level.", "contents": "The relationship between frequency of eating and adiposity in adult men and women in the Tecumseh Community Health Study. The relationship between frequency of eating and adiposity was studied in a cross-sectional population of about 1000 men and 1000 women ages 35 to 69. A detailed 24-hr diet recall interview was administered by trained interviewers. Frequency of eating--eight categories--was determined by computer program using reported actual eating times and food consumed. The adiposity variable was an index using two skinfold measurements, height and weight. An analysis of covariance removing the effect of caloric intake showed that frequency of eating was related inversely to the adiposity index for men and women separately with statistical significance at the 1% level.", "PMID": 855813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10741", "title": "Level of education, level of income, and level of fatness in adults.", "content": "Socioeconomic status is systematically related to the level of fatness, and therefore the incidence of obesity, in a total community survey of nearly 5,000 adults. Among males with more than 12 years of schooling, the average thickness of 4 fatfolds is 10% greater, amounting to about 2 kg of total fat, than those with 8 years or less of education. In females, however, the opposite trend is observed, those in the higher educational group averaging 20% thinner fatfolds, or about 5.5 kg total fat, than females in the lower educational group. These findings confirm the need for standards of obesity that take socioeconomic status into account.", "contents": "Level of education, level of income, and level of fatness in adults. Socioeconomic status is systematically related to the level of fatness, and therefore the incidence of obesity, in a total community survey of nearly 5,000 adults. Among males with more than 12 years of schooling, the average thickness of 4 fatfolds is 10% greater, amounting to about 2 kg of total fat, than those with 8 years or less of education. In females, however, the opposite trend is observed, those in the higher educational group averaging 20% thinner fatfolds, or about 5.5 kg total fat, than females in the lower educational group. These findings confirm the need for standards of obesity that take socioeconomic status into account.", "PMID": 855814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10742", "title": "A behavioral approach to obesity.", "content": "For many individuals, the practice of overeating is crucial in the development and maintenance of the obese state. Behavior theory views excessive eating leading to obesity as an overlearned habit, strongly conditioned to numerous internal and external cues. A number of studies are reviewed that assess the relationship between emotional arousal and food consumption. Obese persons who successfully lost and maintained a weight loss appeared able to reduce the number of inappropriate stimuli they previously responded to with food intake. The specific behavior modification techniques employed to change eating patterns are discussed, and weight loss maintenance follow-up statistics using these procedures are presented.", "contents": "A behavioral approach to obesity. For many individuals, the practice of overeating is crucial in the development and maintenance of the obese state. Behavior theory views excessive eating leading to obesity as an overlearned habit, strongly conditioned to numerous internal and external cues. A number of studies are reviewed that assess the relationship between emotional arousal and food consumption. Obese persons who successfully lost and maintained a weight loss appeared able to reduce the number of inappropriate stimuli they previously responded to with food intake. The specific behavior modification techniques employed to change eating patterns are discussed, and weight loss maintenance follow-up statistics using these procedures are presented.", "PMID": 855817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10743", "title": "Immune complex glomerulonephritis in a case of retroperitoneal fibrosis.", "content": "The nephropathology associated with retroperitoneal fibrosis has been commonly related to compression of the ureters and hydronephrosis. This assumption has been made without the use of immunofluorescent microscopy and electron microscopy. The authors studied renal tissue from a patient with retroperitoneal fibrosis by light microscopy, immunofluorescent microscopy and electron microscopy. In addition to the gross and microscopic changes of obstructive nephropathy, histologic findings of glomerular immune-complex deposition were also present. It is postulated that in some cases of retroperitoneal fibrosis, destruction may be mediated by both obstructive and immunologic processes.", "contents": "Immune complex glomerulonephritis in a case of retroperitoneal fibrosis. The nephropathology associated with retroperitoneal fibrosis has been commonly related to compression of the ureters and hydronephrosis. This assumption has been made without the use of immunofluorescent microscopy and electron microscopy. The authors studied renal tissue from a patient with retroperitoneal fibrosis by light microscopy, immunofluorescent microscopy and electron microscopy. In addition to the gross and microscopic changes of obstructive nephropathy, histologic findings of glomerular immune-complex deposition were also present. It is postulated that in some cases of retroperitoneal fibrosis, destruction may be mediated by both obstructive and immunologic processes.", "PMID": 855824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10744", "title": "Improved estrogen receptor assay in human mammary cancer. Technics for handling small tissue samples.", "content": "Studies of various technics that aid in performing estrogen receptor assays on small tissue samples from primary cancers of the breast are reported. It is shown how sufficient protein can be obtained from less than 100 mg of small primary tumor without ultracentrifugation to assay estrogen receptor by a simplified two-point Scatchard plot method. The resulting Kd and maximum binding site values with 36 tumor tissue samples approximated the values obtained with the more laborious, larger tissue sample-demanding six-point Scatchard plot. Target and nontarget tissue controls are easily included in an assay run of four to eight samples. For interpretive purposes the derivation of the characterizing value of the Kd for estrogen receptor is given and compared with nonspecific associating binders.", "contents": "Improved estrogen receptor assay in human mammary cancer. Technics for handling small tissue samples. Studies of various technics that aid in performing estrogen receptor assays on small tissue samples from primary cancers of the breast are reported. It is shown how sufficient protein can be obtained from less than 100 mg of small primary tumor without ultracentrifugation to assay estrogen receptor by a simplified two-point Scatchard plot method. The resulting Kd and maximum binding site values with 36 tumor tissue samples approximated the values obtained with the more laborious, larger tissue sample-demanding six-point Scatchard plot. Target and nontarget tissue controls are easily included in an assay run of four to eight samples. For interpretive purposes the derivation of the characterizing value of the Kd for estrogen receptor is given and compared with nonspecific associating binders.", "PMID": 855826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10745", "title": "Determination of baseline values for urinary carcinoembryonic antigen-like substances.", "content": "Carcinoembryonic antigen-like substances were measured in urine samples from 236 apparently healthy, asymptomatic individuals. Twenty-four-hour collections were submitted by 177 subjects, and random specimens were collected from 59 others. In addition to CEA measurements, bacterial colony counts and cytologic examinations were performed on the latter. Baseline values were established for males and females and data were analyzed for the effects of age, smoking, time of collection, and bacterial colonization. Results indicated that levels of CEA-like substances in the urine could be greatly altered by bacterial conlonization. Lesser effects were noted with age and time of collection. Smoking had no demonstrable effect. These variables should be considered for meaningful interpretation of urinary CEA values of patients suspected of urothelial malignancy.", "contents": "Determination of baseline values for urinary carcinoembryonic antigen-like substances. Carcinoembryonic antigen-like substances were measured in urine samples from 236 apparently healthy, asymptomatic individuals. Twenty-four-hour collections were submitted by 177 subjects, and random specimens were collected from 59 others. In addition to CEA measurements, bacterial colony counts and cytologic examinations were performed on the latter. Baseline values were established for males and females and data were analyzed for the effects of age, smoking, time of collection, and bacterial colonization. Results indicated that levels of CEA-like substances in the urine could be greatly altered by bacterial conlonization. Lesser effects were noted with age and time of collection. Smoking had no demonstrable effect. These variables should be considered for meaningful interpretation of urinary CEA values of patients suspected of urothelial malignancy.", "PMID": 855827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10746", "title": "Analysis and interpretation of the impedance blood coagulation curve.", "content": "The impedance coagulation curve represents the relationship between the changing impedance of a clotting blood sample and the impedance of a heparinized control sample. The impedance method is independent of the conventional technics for coagulation studies and offers, therefore, new perspective into the study of the coagulation process. The technic provides accurate measures of the whole-blood clotting time and clot retraction time and has higher diagnostic power than current methods for whole-blood clotting time determination. The purpose of this study was to reveal the mechanism of the impedance changes and to explore the curve for additional information relevant to clinical or theoretical problems. It is established that before clotting the curve reflects \"lag\" and \"activation\" phases that strongly suggest a \"cascade mechanism\" of coagulation activation. The mechanisms of other parts of the curve are explained and their possible relevances to the coagulation process are discussed.", "contents": "Analysis and interpretation of the impedance blood coagulation curve. The impedance coagulation curve represents the relationship between the changing impedance of a clotting blood sample and the impedance of a heparinized control sample. The impedance method is independent of the conventional technics for coagulation studies and offers, therefore, new perspective into the study of the coagulation process. The technic provides accurate measures of the whole-blood clotting time and clot retraction time and has higher diagnostic power than current methods for whole-blood clotting time determination. The purpose of this study was to reveal the mechanism of the impedance changes and to explore the curve for additional information relevant to clinical or theoretical problems. It is established that before clotting the curve reflects \"lag\" and \"activation\" phases that strongly suggest a \"cascade mechanism\" of coagulation activation. The mechanisms of other parts of the curve are explained and their possible relevances to the coagulation process are discussed.", "PMID": 855828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10747", "title": "Comparative recoveries of chlamydia from urethral specimens using glass vials and plastic microtiter plates.", "content": "Urethral specimens known to contain Chlamydia were stored at -70 C in transport medium (2SP). For the test, circular glass coverslips were placed in the bottom of each culture vessel (glass shell vials and plastic microtiters plates [5 by 15 cm]) and seeded with McCoy's cells in medium containing 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine. After 72 hours, cultures were inoculated with the specimens, and after 72 additional hours the monolayers on the coverslips were stained with iodine. Of 43 specimens, Chlamydia was recovered from 29 in glass vials but only from three in plastic plates (P less than .001). Chlamydia isolates could be passed serially only by vial-to-vial transfer; losses of 1,800 inclusion-forming units occurred after one subpassage from plates to either vials or plates. The extents of inactivation at 36 C of Chlamydia suspended in medium and placed in plastic plates and in glass vials were similar after seven hours. A substance toxic for Chlamydia could not be demonstrated in the plastic plates. Any new system for isolating Chlamydia from clinical specimens should be evaluated by comparison with culturing in glass vials.", "contents": "Comparative recoveries of chlamydia from urethral specimens using glass vials and plastic microtiter plates. Urethral specimens known to contain Chlamydia were stored at -70 C in transport medium (2SP). For the test, circular glass coverslips were placed in the bottom of each culture vessel (glass shell vials and plastic microtiters plates [5 by 15 cm]) and seeded with McCoy's cells in medium containing 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine. After 72 hours, cultures were inoculated with the specimens, and after 72 additional hours the monolayers on the coverslips were stained with iodine. Of 43 specimens, Chlamydia was recovered from 29 in glass vials but only from three in plastic plates (P less than .001). Chlamydia isolates could be passed serially only by vial-to-vial transfer; losses of 1,800 inclusion-forming units occurred after one subpassage from plates to either vials or plates. The extents of inactivation at 36 C of Chlamydia suspended in medium and placed in plastic plates and in glass vials were similar after seven hours. A substance toxic for Chlamydia could not be demonstrated in the plastic plates. Any new system for isolating Chlamydia from clinical specimens should be evaluated by comparison with culturing in glass vials.", "PMID": 855829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10748", "title": "Current issues in mental health continuing education.", "content": "Data from two studies are presented and related literature is reviewed in an effort to identify current issues of concern to mental health continuing educators. These issues include: (a) the need to increase the level of participation of mental health professionals in continuing education programs, (b) the lack of stable funding sources, (c) the need to evaluate the consequences of continuing education program participation (d) the role of continuing education in the emerging process of recertification and relicensure, (e) the need for continuing education program content to reflect contemplated changes in the organization and financing of human service delivery systems, (f) the growing interest in multidisciplinary continuing education, and (g) problems in meeting the continuing education demands of a more broadly defined constituency.", "contents": "Current issues in mental health continuing education. Data from two studies are presented and related literature is reviewed in an effort to identify current issues of concern to mental health continuing educators. These issues include: (a) the need to increase the level of participation of mental health professionals in continuing education programs, (b) the lack of stable funding sources, (c) the need to evaluate the consequences of continuing education program participation (d) the role of continuing education in the emerging process of recertification and relicensure, (e) the need for continuing education program content to reflect contemplated changes in the organization and financing of human service delivery systems, (f) the growing interest in multidisciplinary continuing education, and (g) problems in meeting the continuing education demands of a more broadly defined constituency.", "PMID": 855834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10749", "title": "Ethical concerns in community mental health.", "content": "With growing emphasis for ethical behavior of professionals in contemporary American society, those mental health specialists involved in the community must focus on their own behavior. This becomes a difficult task, since it is apparent that current ethical guidelines for community psychologists are not comprehensive enough to be adequately helpful. Nine areas of conflicting values and ethical concerns are considered in an effort to begin formulation of a blueprint for community mental health workers. These areas include community participation, continuity of services, politics, planning, autonomy versus manipulation, overism, minority groups, training, and consultation. Ethical principles generic to each area are put forth as proposed guidelines for professional activities and as propagators of discussion and debate.", "contents": "Ethical concerns in community mental health. With growing emphasis for ethical behavior of professionals in contemporary American society, those mental health specialists involved in the community must focus on their own behavior. This becomes a difficult task, since it is apparent that current ethical guidelines for community psychologists are not comprehensive enough to be adequately helpful. Nine areas of conflicting values and ethical concerns are considered in an effort to begin formulation of a blueprint for community mental health workers. These areas include community participation, continuity of services, politics, planning, autonomy versus manipulation, overism, minority groups, training, and consultation. Ethical principles generic to each area are put forth as proposed guidelines for professional activities and as propagators of discussion and debate.", "PMID": 855835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10750", "title": "Job characteristics, work satisfactions, and task involvement as correlates of service delivery strategies.", "content": "Three agencies which evidenced different strategies for providing services to retarded clients were examined. Employees of an agency which had implemented a community-oriented strategy demonstrated the highest levels of job satisfaction and task involvement. Significant differences were found on four of eight job-design variables; however, methodological difficulties made interpretation of these differences difficult. The results were viewed as consistent with the hypothesis that different service delivery strategies are associated with differences in jobs, satisfactions, and task involvement.", "contents": "Job characteristics, work satisfactions, and task involvement as correlates of service delivery strategies. Three agencies which evidenced different strategies for providing services to retarded clients were examined. Employees of an agency which had implemented a community-oriented strategy demonstrated the highest levels of job satisfaction and task involvement. Significant differences were found on four of eight job-design variables; however, methodological difficulties made interpretation of these differences difficult. The results were viewed as consistent with the hypothesis that different service delivery strategies are associated with differences in jobs, satisfactions, and task involvement.", "PMID": 855836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10751", "title": "A simple scorecard for the tentative diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis.", "content": "More than 20,000 acute respiratory illnesses of children were studied by physicians in private practice to derive a nine-factor scorecard designed to estimate the probability that a given child's respiratory illness is caused by beta-hemolytic streptococci. Each factor was assigned a weight on the basis of the percentage of positive cultures from patients exhibiting that factor. The sum of these individual scores gave the total score. The higher a patient's score, the more probable was a streptococcal infection. Thus, depending on the score, a reasonably accurate prediction of the probability of a streptococcal infection can be made. The accuracy of such predictions compared favorably with that of skilled physicians.", "contents": "A simple scorecard for the tentative diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis. More than 20,000 acute respiratory illnesses of children were studied by physicians in private practice to derive a nine-factor scorecard designed to estimate the probability that a given child's respiratory illness is caused by beta-hemolytic streptococci. Each factor was assigned a weight on the basis of the percentage of positive cultures from patients exhibiting that factor. The sum of these individual scores gave the total score. The higher a patient's score, the more probable was a streptococcal infection. Thus, depending on the score, a reasonably accurate prediction of the probability of a streptococcal infection can be made. The accuracy of such predictions compared favorably with that of skilled physicians.", "PMID": 855837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10752", "title": "Neonatal withdrawal syndrome associated with hydroxyzine hydrochloride.", "content": "To our knowledge, this is the first report of a neonatal withdrawal syndrome associated with maternal usage of 600 mg daily of hydroxyzine hydrochloride throughout pregnancy. This observation suggests that the use of high doses of this agent in pregnancy should be avoided.", "contents": "Neonatal withdrawal syndrome associated with hydroxyzine hydrochloride. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a neonatal withdrawal syndrome associated with maternal usage of 600 mg daily of hydroxyzine hydrochloride throughout pregnancy. This observation suggests that the use of high doses of this agent in pregnancy should be avoided.", "PMID": 855838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10753", "title": "Esophageal ulcers in immunodeficiency with elevated levels of IgM and neutropenia.", "content": "A 17-year-old boy with immunodeficiency, elevated levels of IgM,and neutropenia developed distal esophageal ulcers and stricture. Although his lower esophageal sphincter pressure was decreased, he had normal acid reflux test results, normal findings from acid clearing studies, and absence of diffuse esophagitis at esophagoscopy. Neutropenia and hypogammaglobulinemia are postulated as pathogenic factors in his esophageal ulcers.", "contents": "Esophageal ulcers in immunodeficiency with elevated levels of IgM and neutropenia. A 17-year-old boy with immunodeficiency, elevated levels of IgM,and neutropenia developed distal esophageal ulcers and stricture. Although his lower esophageal sphincter pressure was decreased, he had normal acid reflux test results, normal findings from acid clearing studies, and absence of diffuse esophagitis at esophagoscopy. Neutropenia and hypogammaglobulinemia are postulated as pathogenic factors in his esophageal ulcers.", "PMID": 855839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10754", "title": "Afibrinogenemia with intracerebral hematoma. Report of a successfully treated case.", "content": "A patient with congenital afibrinogenemia underwent removal of an intracerebral hematoma following specific therapy with fibrinogen-containing concentrates. We believe the successful neurosurgical intervention in a life-threatening complication of this unusual coagulation disorder to be unique.", "contents": "Afibrinogenemia with intracerebral hematoma. Report of a successfully treated case. A patient with congenital afibrinogenemia underwent removal of an intracerebral hematoma following specific therapy with fibrinogen-containing concentrates. We believe the successful neurosurgical intervention in a life-threatening complication of this unusual coagulation disorder to be unique.", "PMID": 855840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10755", "title": "Nephrotic syndrome in a Chinese infant.", "content": "A male infant, 4 months and 5 days old, who was born with a large placenta, had had onset of edema on the 17th day of life. Heavy proteinuris, hematuris, striking hypoalbuminemia, and hypercholesterolemia were noted in the first studied specimens on the 31st day of life. Corticosteroid therapy had no effect. The infant died on the 181st day after his birth. Pathological emamination disclosed large, pale kidneys with diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis and a marked epithelial degenerative change and dilation of proximal convoluted tubules.", "contents": "Nephrotic syndrome in a Chinese infant. A male infant, 4 months and 5 days old, who was born with a large placenta, had had onset of edema on the 17th day of life. Heavy proteinuris, hematuris, striking hypoalbuminemia, and hypercholesterolemia were noted in the first studied specimens on the 31st day of life. Corticosteroid therapy had no effect. The infant died on the 181st day after his birth. Pathological emamination disclosed large, pale kidneys with diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis and a marked epithelial degenerative change and dilation of proximal convoluted tubules.", "PMID": 855841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10756", "title": "Torticollis with hiatus hernia in infancy. Sandifer syndrome.", "content": "Two infants with torticollis and hiatus hernia (Sandifer Syndrome) are presented. Both infants improved with medical management. Abnormal head and neck positioning is attributed to esophagitis secondary to gastroesophageal reflux, with or without hiatus hernia. Since esophagitis due to reflux is not necessarily accompanied by vomiting, infants with torticollis shoud be studied for gastroesophageal reflux. If present, medical management is usually successful.", "contents": "Torticollis with hiatus hernia in infancy. Sandifer syndrome. Two infants with torticollis and hiatus hernia (Sandifer Syndrome) are presented. Both infants improved with medical management. Abnormal head and neck positioning is attributed to esophagitis secondary to gastroesophageal reflux, with or without hiatus hernia. Since esophagitis due to reflux is not necessarily accompanied by vomiting, infants with torticollis shoud be studied for gastroesophageal reflux. If present, medical management is usually successful.", "PMID": 855842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10757", "title": "Mycobacterium kansasii arthritis of the knee joint.", "content": "Mycobacterium kansasii infection of the knee joint was diagnosed in  an 11-year-old boy on the basis of skin testing to atypical mycobacteria, and a positive culture from a synovial tissur biopsy. Appropriate antituberculose drugs shoud be institute as sole treatment if no bony destruction is present. Ifthere is no response to chemtherapy, synovectomy should be performed.", "contents": "Mycobacterium kansasii arthritis of the knee joint. Mycobacterium kansasii infection of the knee joint was diagnosed in  an 11-year-old boy on the basis of skin testing to atypical mycobacteria, and a positive culture from a synovial tissur biopsy. Appropriate antituberculose drugs shoud be institute as sole treatment if no bony destruction is present. Ifthere is no response to chemtherapy, synovectomy should be performed.", "PMID": 855843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10758", "title": "Computed tomography in pediatric diagnosis.", "content": "The use of computed tomography has revolutionized the evaluation of the neurologically ill child. This safe and noninvasive procedure may be done on an outpatient basis, eliminating for many the complications that may occur from invasive neuroradiologic procedures. Computed tomography is of particular value in the assessment of intracranial neoplasms, hydrocephalus, and vascular disease. Further advancements are expected in the technology of computed scanning and in its diagnostic use in the rest of the body.", "contents": "Computed tomography in pediatric diagnosis. The use of computed tomography has revolutionized the evaluation of the neurologically ill child. This safe and noninvasive procedure may be done on an outpatient basis, eliminating for many the complications that may occur from invasive neuroradiologic procedures. Computed tomography is of particular value in the assessment of intracranial neoplasms, hydrocephalus, and vascular disease. Further advancements are expected in the technology of computed scanning and in its diagnostic use in the rest of the body.", "PMID": 855846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10759", "title": "Dialysis of gallbladder bile. Correlation between rates of exit of bile salts and bilirubin from the dialysis sac.", "content": "Twenty-six gallbladder bile samples were dialyzed against an infinite dilution of Tris buffer at pH 7.4. Bilirubin moved out of the dialysis sac at a rate slower than that of bile salts. The rates of exit of these two molecules showed a significantly positive correlation with each other and a significantly negative correlation with bile salts concentration. Phospholipids and cholesterol did not move out of the dialysis sac. These data are consistent with the assumption that bile is a mixed micellar solution of bile salts, phospholipids, and cholesterol and suggest an association between bilirubin and the mixed micelle.", "contents": "Dialysis of gallbladder bile. Correlation between rates of exit of bile salts and bilirubin from the dialysis sac. Twenty-six gallbladder bile samples were dialyzed against an infinite dilution of Tris buffer at pH 7.4. Bilirubin moved out of the dialysis sac at a rate slower than that of bile salts. The rates of exit of these two molecules showed a significantly positive correlation with each other and a significantly negative correlation with bile salts concentration. Phospholipids and cholesterol did not move out of the dialysis sac. These data are consistent with the assumption that bile is a mixed micellar solution of bile salts, phospholipids, and cholesterol and suggest an association between bilirubin and the mixed micelle.", "PMID": 855848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10760", "title": "Effect of antidiarrheal and antimotility drugs on ileal excreta.", "content": "Commonly used antimotility and antidiarrheal drugs were administered to six ileostomized subjects to determine whether their normal ileal excreta and that induced by prune juice could be altered. A total of 49 studies were performed, 21 with and 28 without prune juice. Bismuth subgallate was the only drug which significantly reduced the normal ileal excreta (P less than 0.05). Codeine sulfate decreased the ileal excreta in two of three subjects in either type of study. The third subject was a nonresponder to drugs. Deodorized tincture of opium (DTO) and diphenoxylate (Lomotil) were also effective in some subjects. Propantheline, tincture of belladonna, Sorboquel, and Kaopectate did not appear to decrease ileal excreta. Calcium carbonate, on the other hand, increased ileal excreta; fat excretion was also increased.", "contents": "Effect of antidiarrheal and antimotility drugs on ileal excreta. Commonly used antimotility and antidiarrheal drugs were administered to six ileostomized subjects to determine whether their normal ileal excreta and that induced by prune juice could be altered. A total of 49 studies were performed, 21 with and 28 without prune juice. Bismuth subgallate was the only drug which significantly reduced the normal ileal excreta (P less than 0.05). Codeine sulfate decreased the ileal excreta in two of three subjects in either type of study. The third subject was a nonresponder to drugs. Deodorized tincture of opium (DTO) and diphenoxylate (Lomotil) were also effective in some subjects. Propantheline, tincture of belladonna, Sorboquel, and Kaopectate did not appear to decrease ileal excreta. Calcium carbonate, on the other hand, increased ileal excreta; fat excretion was also increased.", "PMID": 855849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10761", "title": "Manometric asymmetry of the lower-esophageal high-pressure zone.", "content": "The lower-esophageal high-pressure zones (LEHPZ) of 10 normal subjects, 8 patients with hiatus hernia and one patient with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) were investigated using a special 8-lumen recording catheter, and lateral orifices of which were spaced at 45 degree intervals around the circumference of the catheter. While similar pressures were recorded from all orifices within the stomach and esophageal body, pressures within the LEHPZ were found to be related to spatial orifice position. In normal subjects, but not in patients with hiatus hernia, a significnatly higher localized pressure was detected by orifices directed toward the left posterior quadrant of the circumference of the distal esophagus, while a lesser, rather uniform, pressure was recorded from the other three quadrants. From the PSS patient, who had severe gastroesophageal reflux, a LEHPZ was detected only in the left posterior quadrant. The results suggest that the recorded LEHPZ represents the summation of two factors; an intrinsic force possibly due to a physiologic lower-esophageal sphincter and an extrinsic force possibly resulting from compression of the distal esophagus by the lateral margin of the diaphragmatic hiatus.", "contents": "Manometric asymmetry of the lower-esophageal high-pressure zone. The lower-esophageal high-pressure zones (LEHPZ) of 10 normal subjects, 8 patients with hiatus hernia and one patient with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) were investigated using a special 8-lumen recording catheter, and lateral orifices of which were spaced at 45 degree intervals around the circumference of the catheter. While similar pressures were recorded from all orifices within the stomach and esophageal body, pressures within the LEHPZ were found to be related to spatial orifice position. In normal subjects, but not in patients with hiatus hernia, a significnatly higher localized pressure was detected by orifices directed toward the left posterior quadrant of the circumference of the distal esophagus, while a lesser, rather uniform, pressure was recorded from the other three quadrants. From the PSS patient, who had severe gastroesophageal reflux, a LEHPZ was detected only in the left posterior quadrant. The results suggest that the recorded LEHPZ represents the summation of two factors; an intrinsic force possibly due to a physiologic lower-esophageal sphincter and an extrinsic force possibly resulting from compression of the distal esophagus by the lateral margin of the diaphragmatic hiatus.", "PMID": 855850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10762", "title": "Effect of motilin on the lower esophageal sphincter of the opossum.", "content": "We have studied the effect of Yajima's synthetic motilin on the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) of the opossum and compared its potency to that of gastrin and its interaction with secretin. Dose-response curves for the LES were constructed from the intravenous bolus injection of graded doses of motilin and gastrin alone and motilin given against a background infusion of secretin. The smallest dose of motilin that elicited a significant response was 0.05 microng/kg, and the highest response was observed with the highest dose used in this study (1.0 microng/kg). Over a wide dose range, both motilin and gastrin were found to be equally potent in stimulating the LES of the opposum, and secretin caused inhibition of the LES pressure to motilin. Therefore, we conclude that (1) motilin is a potent stimulant of the LES; (2) this response is dose dependent; (3) motilin's potency is similar to that of gastrin; and (4) secretin counteracts the effect of motilin on the LES.", "contents": "Effect of motilin on the lower esophageal sphincter of the opossum. We have studied the effect of Yajima's synthetic motilin on the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) of the opossum and compared its potency to that of gastrin and its interaction with secretin. Dose-response curves for the LES were constructed from the intravenous bolus injection of graded doses of motilin and gastrin alone and motilin given against a background infusion of secretin. The smallest dose of motilin that elicited a significant response was 0.05 microng/kg, and the highest response was observed with the highest dose used in this study (1.0 microng/kg). Over a wide dose range, both motilin and gastrin were found to be equally potent in stimulating the LES of the opposum, and secretin caused inhibition of the LES pressure to motilin. Therefore, we conclude that (1) motilin is a potent stimulant of the LES; (2) this response is dose dependent; (3) motilin's potency is similar to that of gastrin; and (4) secretin counteracts the effect of motilin on the LES.", "PMID": 855853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10763", "title": "Conjugated dihydroxy bile salt inhibition of glucose influx in rat jejunum in vitro.", "content": "Effects of bile salts on intestinal transfer differ in diverse animal preparations exposed to various bile acids. Radiolabeled glucose influx into rat jejunum in vitro was studied in buffer and compared to taurodeoxycholate, taurochenodeoxycholate, taurocholate, and deoxycholate. Jejunum was obtained from intact, bile-diverted, and colestipol-treated rats and in similar categories after abdominal x-irradiation. Taurodeoxycholate but not taurocholate inhibited glucose influx only in bile-fistula and colestipol-treated rats. Bile diversion increased and colestipol decreased glucose uptake from buffer. Added inhibitory effects of irradiation and bile salts were seen in bile-fistula animals. These data suggest that normal exposure to bile is chronically inhibiting jejunal glucose transport and that dihydroxy bile salts are responsible for this effect. They do not provide an explanation for the role of bile in the intestinal radiation syndrome.", "contents": "Conjugated dihydroxy bile salt inhibition of glucose influx in rat jejunum in vitro. Effects of bile salts on intestinal transfer differ in diverse animal preparations exposed to various bile acids. Radiolabeled glucose influx into rat jejunum in vitro was studied in buffer and compared to taurodeoxycholate, taurochenodeoxycholate, taurocholate, and deoxycholate. Jejunum was obtained from intact, bile-diverted, and colestipol-treated rats and in similar categories after abdominal x-irradiation. Taurodeoxycholate but not taurocholate inhibited glucose influx only in bile-fistula and colestipol-treated rats. Bile diversion increased and colestipol decreased glucose uptake from buffer. Added inhibitory effects of irradiation and bile salts were seen in bile-fistula animals. These data suggest that normal exposure to bile is chronically inhibiting jejunal glucose transport and that dihydroxy bile salts are responsible for this effect. They do not provide an explanation for the role of bile in the intestinal radiation syndrome.", "PMID": 855854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10764", "title": "Acute spontaneously recovering ulcerating colitis (ARUC). Report of 6 cases.", "content": "Six patients each with an extensive ulcerating colitis are reported. Common features were a febrile nonbloody diarrhea; radiological involvement of the whole colon with superficial ulcerations and preservation of haustra, and integrity of the terminal ileum and rectum; the absence of any specific pathological finding; and, most important, the spontaneous recovery of the lesions in the absence of any treatment except sympatomatic measures. The present follow up after recovery range from 18 months to 5 years. Four cases were young women taking oral contraceptives and two patients were older. These patients with colitis could represent a new entity or could be a particular form of Crohn's disease of the colon, with delayed diagnostic pathological features.", "contents": "Acute spontaneously recovering ulcerating colitis (ARUC). Report of 6 cases. Six patients each with an extensive ulcerating colitis are reported. Common features were a febrile nonbloody diarrhea; radiological involvement of the whole colon with superficial ulcerations and preservation of haustra, and integrity of the terminal ileum and rectum; the absence of any specific pathological finding; and, most important, the spontaneous recovery of the lesions in the absence of any treatment except sympatomatic measures. The present follow up after recovery range from 18 months to 5 years. Four cases were young women taking oral contraceptives and two patients were older. These patients with colitis could represent a new entity or could be a particular form of Crohn's disease of the colon, with delayed diagnostic pathological features.", "PMID": 855855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10765", "title": "Nonoperative retrieval of an impacted long intestinal tube.", "content": "A patient with recurrent intestinal obstruction and jejunocutaneous fistula was referred for treatment of the latter condition. Management with total parenteral nutrition was complicatied by bacteremia. Subsequently, a double-lumen tube was passed via an existing gastrostomy for purposes of aspirating above the level of the fistula and infusing appropriate nutrients and fluids distally. A period of marked clinical improvement was followed by increased fistula output and evidence of intestinal obstruction secondary to gaseous distention of a sealed latex terminal balloon which was retrieved only after percutaneous puncture. The unusual complication of prolonged intestinal intubation is discussed with special reference to this nonsurgical method of managing the impacted balloon and tube. Factors affecting balloon distention are discussed and the necessity of venting intestinal balloons reemphasized.", "contents": "Nonoperative retrieval of an impacted long intestinal tube. A patient with recurrent intestinal obstruction and jejunocutaneous fistula was referred for treatment of the latter condition. Management with total parenteral nutrition was complicatied by bacteremia. Subsequently, a double-lumen tube was passed via an existing gastrostomy for purposes of aspirating above the level of the fistula and infusing appropriate nutrients and fluids distally. A period of marked clinical improvement was followed by increased fistula output and evidence of intestinal obstruction secondary to gaseous distention of a sealed latex terminal balloon which was retrieved only after percutaneous puncture. The unusual complication of prolonged intestinal intubation is discussed with special reference to this nonsurgical method of managing the impacted balloon and tube. Factors affecting balloon distention are discussed and the necessity of venting intestinal balloons reemphasized.", "PMID": 855856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10766", "title": "Patient experiences with a child-resistant prescription container.", "content": "The results of a survey of 100 outpatients' experiences with a child-resistant container are presented. Eighty-three patients experienced difficulty with the container. Forty-six used a tool for opening the container. Forty-three reported accidental spillage of their drugs because of opening difficulties. Thirty-eight handled the container in ways which reduced its child-resistant effectiveness. The presence of children in patients' homes appeared to reduce the incidence of dangerous handling practices. Patients who had initial difficulties tended to continue having trouble and were, largely, the same ones who later mishandled the container. Only eight patients received instruction from a health professional on how to open the container. Early education of patients using child-resistant prescription containers is suggested.", "contents": "Patient experiences with a child-resistant prescription container. The results of a survey of 100 outpatients' experiences with a child-resistant container are presented. Eighty-three patients experienced difficulty with the container. Forty-six used a tool for opening the container. Forty-three reported accidental spillage of their drugs because of opening difficulties. Thirty-eight handled the container in ways which reduced its child-resistant effectiveness. The presence of children in patients' homes appeared to reduce the incidence of dangerous handling practices. Patients who had initial difficulties tended to continue having trouble and were, largely, the same ones who later mishandled the container. Only eight patients received instruction from a health professional on how to open the container. Early education of patients using child-resistant prescription containers is suggested.", "PMID": 855865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10767", "title": "Argyria and cyanotic heart disease.", "content": "A case report in which argyria is mistaken for cyanotic heart disease is described. A discussion of argyria, a benign cosmetic condition resulting from either ingestion or the local application of silver salts or colloidal silver, is presented. It is suggested that by obtaining comprehensive drug histories, maintaining patient profiles, and through patient counseling, pharmacists are in a position to identify and advise on known cases of argyria.", "contents": "Argyria and cyanotic heart disease. A case report in which argyria is mistaken for cyanotic heart disease is described. A discussion of argyria, a benign cosmetic condition resulting from either ingestion or the local application of silver salts or colloidal silver, is presented. It is suggested that by obtaining comprehensive drug histories, maintaining patient profiles, and through patient counseling, pharmacists are in a position to identify and advise on known cases of argyria.", "PMID": 855866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10768", "title": "Diagnosis and management of the infant with genital ambiguity.", "content": "Clinical management of a child with ambiguous external genitalia requires physicians to consider the immediate management of the condition, as well as parental reactions. They must also obtain the necessary data upon which to make a diagnosis. This review summarizes the most common disorders causing genital ambiguity and suggests approaches toward delineation.", "contents": "Diagnosis and management of the infant with genital ambiguity. Clinical management of a child with ambiguous external genitalia requires physicians to consider the immediate management of the condition, as well as parental reactions. They must also obtain the necessary data upon which to make a diagnosis. This review summarizes the most common disorders causing genital ambiguity and suggests approaches toward delineation.", "PMID": 855867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10769", "title": "Is the supine pressor test an adequate means of predicting acute hypertension in pregnancy?", "content": "The supine pressor test was performed on 207 nulliparous young women between the twenty-eighth and thirty-second weeks of gestation. The supine pressor test predicted pregnancy-induced hypertension in 78 per cent of those women who subsequently developed the condition. Ninety-six per cent of the women who failed to demonstrate a rise in diastolic pressure on position change remained normotensive throughout the remainder of the pregnancy.", "contents": "Is the supine pressor test an adequate means of predicting acute hypertension in pregnancy? The supine pressor test was performed on 207 nulliparous young women between the twenty-eighth and thirty-second weeks of gestation. The supine pressor test predicted pregnancy-induced hypertension in 78 per cent of those women who subsequently developed the condition. Ninety-six per cent of the women who failed to demonstrate a rise in diastolic pressure on position change remained normotensive throughout the remainder of the pregnancy.", "PMID": 855868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10770", "title": "Characterization of a microvillous membrane preparation from human placental syncytiotrophoblast: a morphologic, biochemical, and physiologic, study.", "content": "The syncytiotrophoblast microvillous membrane must play a vital role in many essential functions of the placenta. In order to better understand the functional characteristics of this membrane, we have investigated an isolated membrane preparation by a variety of techniques. Electron microscopic observations showed membranous structures similar to microvilli of intact placental villi in size, shape, and microfilamentous content. Similarities in colloidal iron staining and transferrin localization were also shown. The preparation was enriched in enzymes characteristic of surface membranes and diminished in enzymes characteristic of intracellular organelles. Sialic acid content was also increased. SDS gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of a 45,000 molecular weight band, which may be actin. The preparation transported serine, glycine, and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid by a temperature-dependent, saturable process.", "contents": "Characterization of a microvillous membrane preparation from human placental syncytiotrophoblast: a morphologic, biochemical, and physiologic, study. The syncytiotrophoblast microvillous membrane must play a vital role in many essential functions of the placenta. In order to better understand the functional characteristics of this membrane, we have investigated an isolated membrane preparation by a variety of techniques. Electron microscopic observations showed membranous structures similar to microvilli of intact placental villi in size, shape, and microfilamentous content. Similarities in colloidal iron staining and transferrin localization were also shown. The preparation was enriched in enzymes characteristic of surface membranes and diminished in enzymes characteristic of intracellular organelles. Sialic acid content was also increased. SDS gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of a 45,000 molecular weight band, which may be actin. The preparation transported serine, glycine, and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid by a temperature-dependent, saturable process.", "PMID": 855869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10771", "title": "Electron probe microanalysis of the chemical elemental content of human follicular fluid.", "content": "Follicular fluid samples were obtained by puncturing follicles of ovaries in situ from patients undergoing laparotomy. Sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, and sulfur concentrations measured by electron probe microanalysis were similar to those of blood, with minimal differences. This suggested that culture media in which these electrolytes are added in concentrations similar to those of serum are appropriate for culture of the human oocyte.", "contents": "Electron probe microanalysis of the chemical elemental content of human follicular fluid. Follicular fluid samples were obtained by puncturing follicles of ovaries in situ from patients undergoing laparotomy. Sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, and sulfur concentrations measured by electron probe microanalysis were similar to those of blood, with minimal differences. This suggested that culture media in which these electrolytes are added in concentrations similar to those of serum are appropriate for culture of the human oocyte.", "PMID": 855870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10772", "title": "Prevention of the abortifacient action of antiprogesterone serum by progesterone.", "content": "Earlier studies1-4 showed that when rats of 10 days' gestation are passively immunized with antiprogesterone (A-P) globulins the biologically available progesterone (P) unbound by A-P (Pu) not only falls precipitously but also remains low for days, despite the rapid clearance of A-P. This finding suggested that the effective reduction of Pu affects P synthesis, probably through action on the fetoplacental unit. If so, pregnancy should be protected from the effect of A-P by P treatment to prevent the reduction of Pu. The present studies demonstrated that if P treatment was delayed for six hours after the administration of A-P, Pu did not return to physiologic levels, and pregnancy did not continue. However, if P was given three hours after A-P, at the same time, or three hours before A-P, the reduction of Pu was short-lived or prevented, and thus pregnancy was protected.", "contents": "Prevention of the abortifacient action of antiprogesterone serum by progesterone. Earlier studies1-4 showed that when rats of 10 days' gestation are passively immunized with antiprogesterone (A-P) globulins the biologically available progesterone (P) unbound by A-P (Pu) not only falls precipitously but also remains low for days, despite the rapid clearance of A-P. This finding suggested that the effective reduction of Pu affects P synthesis, probably through action on the fetoplacental unit. If so, pregnancy should be protected from the effect of A-P by P treatment to prevent the reduction of Pu. The present studies demonstrated that if P treatment was delayed for six hours after the administration of A-P, Pu did not return to physiologic levels, and pregnancy did not continue. However, if P was given three hours after A-P, at the same time, or three hours before A-P, the reduction of Pu was short-lived or prevented, and thus pregnancy was protected.", "PMID": 855871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10773", "title": "\"Johnny, I Hardly Knew Ye:\" toward revision of the theory of male psychosexual development.", "content": "\"The psychology of women,\" as it now exists, is a shadowy negative of the psychology of men, and can be successfully formulated only if male psychology is reassessed and considerably revised. Male theorists and practitioners have made virtues of the harsh facts of male socialization. These conditions, which have unhappy repercussions in the male ego and in the culture as a whole, are modifiable only if they are identified and understood.", "contents": "\"Johnny, I Hardly Knew Ye:\" toward revision of the theory of male psychosexual development. \"The psychology of women,\" as it now exists, is a shadowy negative of the psychology of men, and can be successfully formulated only if male psychology is reassessed and considerably revised. Male theorists and practitioners have made virtues of the harsh facts of male socialization. These conditions, which have unhappy repercussions in the male ego and in the culture as a whole, are modifiable only if they are identified and understood.", "PMID": 855877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10774", "title": "Sexual standards and behavior of the kibbutz adolescent.", "content": "This paper explores the effects of the past decade's \"sexual revolution\" on adolescents in the kibbutz. Greater sexual freedom, within the context of a stable and affective relationship, is increasingly finding acceptance among kibbutz youth and their elders. The change in adolescent sexual standards is discussed in relation to broader social and philosophical changes in adult society in general, and kibbutz ideology in particular.", "contents": "Sexual standards and behavior of the kibbutz adolescent. This paper explores the effects of the past decade's \"sexual revolution\" on adolescents in the kibbutz. Greater sexual freedom, within the context of a stable and affective relationship, is increasingly finding acceptance among kibbutz youth and their elders. The change in adolescent sexual standards is discussed in relation to broader social and philosophical changes in adult society in general, and kibbutz ideology in particular.", "PMID": 855878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10775", "title": "Social impairments four years after an acute depressive episode.", "content": "Social functioning of 40 depressed women was studied four years following the acute episode, and compared with 40 normal community subjects. Results show that the social impairments of depressed patients persist well beyond the acute episode, particularly in marital and close interpersonal relations. Clinical and public health implications are discussed.", "contents": "Social impairments four years after an acute depressive episode. Social functioning of 40 depressed women was studied four years following the acute episode, and compared with 40 normal community subjects. Results show that the social impairments of depressed patients persist well beyond the acute episode, particularly in marital and close interpersonal relations. Clinical and public health implications are discussed.", "PMID": 855879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10776", "title": "Imaginative play training and perceptual-motor interventions with emotionally-disturbed hospitalized children.", "content": "This study evaluates fantasy play training and perceptual-motor intervention methods which temporarily increased the imaginative behavior of severely emotionally-disturbed, hospitalized children. Increases in imaginative behavior were accompanied by positive changes in body image and by affective and social gains. Implications for further development and implementation of these methods are discussed.", "contents": "Imaginative play training and perceptual-motor interventions with emotionally-disturbed hospitalized children. This study evaluates fantasy play training and perceptual-motor intervention methods which temporarily increased the imaginative behavior of severely emotionally-disturbed, hospitalized children. Increases in imaginative behavior were accompanied by positive changes in body image and by affective and social gains. Implications for further development and implementation of these methods are discussed.", "PMID": 855880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10777", "title": "Interpersonal awareness in children: toward an integration of developmental and clinical child psychology.", "content": "This paper postulates a five-stage developmental sequence of awareness of interpersonal issues such as trust in friendship and loyalty in peer group relations. Results of research comparing the impersonal and interpersonal awareness of children with poor peer relations is presented in an attempt to clarify the function of social cognition in clinical contexts.", "contents": "Interpersonal awareness in children: toward an integration of developmental and clinical child psychology. This paper postulates a five-stage developmental sequence of awareness of interpersonal issues such as trust in friendship and loyalty in peer group relations. Results of research comparing the impersonal and interpersonal awareness of children with poor peer relations is presented in an attempt to clarify the function of social cognition in clinical contexts.", "PMID": 855881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10778", "title": "Individual psychotherapy with the institutionalized aged.", "content": "Contrary to the predisposition of many mental health professionals, this paper contends that insight-oriented, dynamically-based, individual psychotherapy is an effective treatment modality with the institutionalized elderly. Issues such as dependency, transference and countertransference, contrasts to psychotherapy with younger patients, and methodological modifications are discussed, and clinical examples are offered.", "contents": "Individual psychotherapy with the institutionalized aged. Contrary to the predisposition of many mental health professionals, this paper contends that insight-oriented, dynamically-based, individual psychotherapy is an effective treatment modality with the institutionalized elderly. Issues such as dependency, transference and countertransference, contrasts to psychotherapy with younger patients, and methodological modifications are discussed, and clinical examples are offered.", "PMID": 855882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10779", "title": "Battered women: a study of women who live with violent alcohol-abusing men.", "content": "This study of women who have repeatedly experienced violence in relationships with alcoholic husbands identifies three distinct types of family of origin. It is suggested that the women carry the conditions of their early family situation into the marriage, and that clinicians' awareness of the background typology may help the women to understand and alter their behavior.", "contents": "Battered women: a study of women who live with violent alcohol-abusing men. This study of women who have repeatedly experienced violence in relationships with alcoholic husbands identifies three distinct types of family of origin. It is suggested that the women carry the conditions of their early family situation into the marriage, and that clinicians' awareness of the background typology may help the women to understand and alter their behavior.", "PMID": 855883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10780", "title": "Peer rating by a community mental health team: a positive approach to accountability.", "content": "A peer rating system was devised in response to a request from members of a community mental health team for a positive method of self-evaluation. Team members rated each other three times at one month intervals. Reliability was high, and factor analysis generated two major dimensions--positive regard and competence--assessed by the rating instrument. Validity data are discussed, and applications of the method suggested.", "contents": "Peer rating by a community mental health team: a positive approach to accountability. A peer rating system was devised in response to a request from members of a community mental health team for a positive method of self-evaluation. Team members rated each other three times at one month intervals. Reliability was high, and factor analysis generated two major dimensions--positive regard and competence--assessed by the rating instrument. Validity data are discussed, and applications of the method suggested.", "PMID": 855884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10781", "title": "Role, ritual, and the grynnflnk.", "content": "While cohabitation among middle-class youth has been increasing, there has been little exploration of the influence of this change on the extended kin system. This paper examines the formal recognition of cohabitation, via role change and ritual, and introduces terminology to describe a relationship heretofore unaccounted for in our vocabulary.", "contents": "Role, ritual, and the grynnflnk. While cohabitation among middle-class youth has been increasing, there has been little exploration of the influence of this change on the extended kin system. This paper examines the formal recognition of cohabitation, via role change and ritual, and introduces terminology to describe a relationship heretofore unaccounted for in our vocabulary.", "PMID": 855885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10782", "title": "The state and territorial public health laboratory: program activities, organization and prospects for the future.", "content": "During the past two years we have studied the characteristics of state and territorial public health laboratories in an attempt to develop guidelines for considering reorganization of laboratory services in Massachusetts. Only a few recent monographs have dealt with this topic and, to our knowledge, the functional and organizational characteristics of these laboratories have not been reviewed. The state public health laboratory system affords an excellent example of applied laboratory science or technology organized to provide basic public health services. In this paper the programs and organization of the state public health laboratory are reviewed, and a functional basis more responsive to society's current needs is suggested.", "contents": "The state and territorial public health laboratory: program activities, organization and prospects for the future. During the past two years we have studied the characteristics of state and territorial public health laboratories in an attempt to develop guidelines for considering reorganization of laboratory services in Massachusetts. Only a few recent monographs have dealt with this topic and, to our knowledge, the functional and organizational characteristics of these laboratories have not been reviewed. The state public health laboratory system affords an excellent example of applied laboratory science or technology organized to provide basic public health services. In this paper the programs and organization of the state public health laboratory are reviewed, and a functional basis more responsive to society's current needs is suggested.", "PMID": 855888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10783", "title": "Patient education and intrauterine contraception: a study of two package inserts.", "content": "In July 1975 the Food and Drug Administration proposed a patient information package insert for all women considering use of an intrauterine device. In the same year we also prepared a brochure to be given to women considering use of a specific intrauterine contraceptive, the PROGESTASERT system. To compare these information sources for the patient, we surveyed by mail 253 women who are or had been PROGESTASERT system users. Each woman received either the FDA or our own prepared version. Comprehension of the two inserts was generally comparable, but readers of our insert found its informational content more complete. The survey findings affirmed the desirability of providing the patient with an educational brochure to be read prior to IUD insertion.", "contents": "Patient education and intrauterine contraception: a study of two package inserts. In July 1975 the Food and Drug Administration proposed a patient information package insert for all women considering use of an intrauterine device. In the same year we also prepared a brochure to be given to women considering use of a specific intrauterine contraceptive, the PROGESTASERT system. To compare these information sources for the patient, we surveyed by mail 253 women who are or had been PROGESTASERT system users. Each woman received either the FDA or our own prepared version. Comprehension of the two inserts was generally comparable, but readers of our insert found its informational content more complete. The survey findings affirmed the desirability of providing the patient with an educational brochure to be read prior to IUD insertion.", "PMID": 855889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10784", "title": "[On the inhibition of cholinesterases by pancuronium (author's transl)].", "content": "1. The inhibition by pancuronium of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and of plasma cholinesterase (ChE) was investigated in vitro regarding a) the sensitivity of both enzymes; b) the mechanism and constants of inhibition; and c) the relationship between the neuromuscular blocking and the anticholinesterase activity of pancuronium. 2. Pancuronium is a reversible inhibitor of both AChE and ChE. The inhibitory potency regarding ChE ([I]50=2.7 X 10(-7) M; Ki=4.2 X 10(-8) M) is highly selective and about 1000-fold higher than compared to AChE ([I]50=2.4 X 10(-4) M; Ki=3.5 X 10(-5) M). 3. The kinetic analysis by means of an Lineweaver-Burk plot and an Arunlakshana-Schild plot displayed a pure competitive mechanism of inhibition. 4. The inhibition of AChE and ChE is thought to be induced by a reversible binding of pancuronium to the anionic subsite of the active center, thus decreasing the formation of the primary enzyme-substrate complex. 5. The clinical administration of pancuronium for muscular relaxation during anaesthesia (0.01-0.08 mg/kg) will result in a concentration of approximately 10(-7)=10(-6) M in the extracellular fluid. Thus, an inhibition of plasma ChE can be expected to occur under clinical conditions, however, probably without practical significance.", "contents": "[On the inhibition of cholinesterases by pancuronium (author's transl)]. 1. The inhibition by pancuronium of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and of plasma cholinesterase (ChE) was investigated in vitro regarding a) the sensitivity of both enzymes; b) the mechanism and constants of inhibition; and c) the relationship between the neuromuscular blocking and the anticholinesterase activity of pancuronium. 2. Pancuronium is a reversible inhibitor of both AChE and ChE. The inhibitory potency regarding ChE ([I]50=2.7 X 10(-7) M; Ki=4.2 X 10(-8) M) is highly selective and about 1000-fold higher than compared to AChE ([I]50=2.4 X 10(-4) M; Ki=3.5 X 10(-5) M). 3. The kinetic analysis by means of an Lineweaver-Burk plot and an Arunlakshana-Schild plot displayed a pure competitive mechanism of inhibition. 4. The inhibition of AChE and ChE is thought to be induced by a reversible binding of pancuronium to the anionic subsite of the active center, thus decreasing the formation of the primary enzyme-substrate complex. 5. The clinical administration of pancuronium for muscular relaxation during anaesthesia (0.01-0.08 mg/kg) will result in a concentration of approximately 10(-7)=10(-6) M in the extracellular fluid. Thus, an inhibition of plasma ChE can be expected to occur under clinical conditions, however, probably without practical significance.", "PMID": 855909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10785", "title": "[Generalized seizure during induction of neurolept analgesia (author's transl)].", "content": "A 49-years old female patient without any history of convulsion developed a generalized convulsion on induction of a neuroleptanalgesia (NLA) for vaginal hysterectomy. The treatment and investigations are described and the possible causes are discussed.", "contents": "[Generalized seizure during induction of neurolept analgesia (author's transl)]. A 49-years old female patient without any history of convulsion developed a generalized convulsion on induction of a neuroleptanalgesia (NLA) for vaginal hysterectomy. The treatment and investigations are described and the possible causes are discussed.", "PMID": 855910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10786", "title": "Comparison of the haemostatic and cardiovascular effects of adrenaline and ornithine-8-vasopressin (POR 8) in middle ear operations.", "content": "The local haemostatic and cardiovascular effects of ornithine-8-vasopressin (POR 8) 5.5 IU and adrenaline 350 microng were compared in middle ear operations in combined and methoxyflurane anaesthesia. The study was double-blind. Adrenaline had statistically significantly better haemostatic properties than POR 8 and the method of anaesthesia did not affect the difference between adrenaline and POR 8. With both methods of anaesthesia adrenaline increased systolic arterial pressure and pulse rate, and transiently increased and then decreased diastolic arterial pressure. In contrast to adrenaline, POR 8 markedly increased diastolic arterial pressure and decreased pulse rate. All the parameters studied, the vasoconstrictors, the methods of anaesthesia as well as the times of measuring statistically significantly affected the changes both in systolic and diastolic arterial pressures. Only the methods of anaesthesia markedly affected the changes in the pulse rate. Transient electrocardiographic changes occurred from 6% to 17% in different groups.", "contents": "Comparison of the haemostatic and cardiovascular effects of adrenaline and ornithine-8-vasopressin (POR 8) in middle ear operations. The local haemostatic and cardiovascular effects of ornithine-8-vasopressin (POR 8) 5.5 IU and adrenaline 350 microng were compared in middle ear operations in combined and methoxyflurane anaesthesia. The study was double-blind. Adrenaline had statistically significantly better haemostatic properties than POR 8 and the method of anaesthesia did not affect the difference between adrenaline and POR 8. With both methods of anaesthesia adrenaline increased systolic arterial pressure and pulse rate, and transiently increased and then decreased diastolic arterial pressure. In contrast to adrenaline, POR 8 markedly increased diastolic arterial pressure and decreased pulse rate. All the parameters studied, the vasoconstrictors, the methods of anaesthesia as well as the times of measuring statistically significantly affected the changes both in systolic and diastolic arterial pressures. Only the methods of anaesthesia markedly affected the changes in the pulse rate. Transient electrocardiographic changes occurred from 6% to 17% in different groups.", "PMID": 855911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10787", "title": "[High spinal anaesthesia following intrathoracic intercostal nerve block. Report of a case (author's transl)].", "content": "In a 59-year-old female, anaesthetized with halothane, nitrous oxide/oxygen, intercostal nerve blocks were performed after right lateral thoracotomy. Before closure of the chest four segments were blocked each with 3 ml 0.5% bupivacain (Marcain, Carbostesin) without adrenaline. Three minutes after the last injection, the blood pressure, heart rate, and central venous pressure fell. The postoperative neurological status showed a high spinal anaesthesia. The patient was able to be extubated 90' after the last block and there were no further complications. The possible mechanism of producing spinal anaesthesia after peripheral nerve blocks and the necessary precautions to avoid this complication are discussed.", "contents": "[High spinal anaesthesia following intrathoracic intercostal nerve block. Report of a case (author's transl)]. In a 59-year-old female, anaesthetized with halothane, nitrous oxide/oxygen, intercostal nerve blocks were performed after right lateral thoracotomy. Before closure of the chest four segments were blocked each with 3 ml 0.5% bupivacain (Marcain, Carbostesin) without adrenaline. Three minutes after the last injection, the blood pressure, heart rate, and central venous pressure fell. The postoperative neurological status showed a high spinal anaesthesia. The patient was able to be extubated 90' after the last block and there were no further complications. The possible mechanism of producing spinal anaesthesia after peripheral nerve blocks and the necessary precautions to avoid this complication are discussed.", "PMID": 855912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10788", "title": "Annulate lamellae in spontaneous prolactin cell adenomas of the rat pituitary.", "content": "Electron microscopy of 13 pituitary prolactin cell adenomas, removed at autopsy from untreated female aging Long-Evans rats, revealed the presence of annulate lamellae in 3 tumors. No annulate lamellae were detected in 10 non-tumorous pituitary glands of adult untreated rats. Direct continuity was demonstrated between annulate lamellae and rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, consistent with the assumption that annulate lamellae may originate from and/or transform to endoplasmic reticulum membranes. The results indicate that annulate lamellae are not uncommonly formed in prolactin cell adenomas, i.e. in cells which have a faster growth rate than non-tumorous adenohypophysiocytes.", "contents": "Annulate lamellae in spontaneous prolactin cell adenomas of the rat pituitary. Electron microscopy of 13 pituitary prolactin cell adenomas, removed at autopsy from untreated female aging Long-Evans rats, revealed the presence of annulate lamellae in 3 tumors. No annulate lamellae were detected in 10 non-tumorous pituitary glands of adult untreated rats. Direct continuity was demonstrated between annulate lamellae and rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, consistent with the assumption that annulate lamellae may originate from and/or transform to endoplasmic reticulum membranes. The results indicate that annulate lamellae are not uncommonly formed in prolactin cell adenomas, i.e. in cells which have a faster growth rate than non-tumorous adenohypophysiocytes.", "PMID": 855935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10789", "title": "[Ultrastructural relationships between terminal vegetative nerve fibers, ground substance and differentiations of cell surface (author's transl)].", "content": "Ultrastructural findings concerning the terminal vegetative nerve formation indicate a functional coupling via proteoglycans of the extracellular matrix with effector cells. The biological function of proteoglycans in the ground substance and in surface coats of axons and cells are discussed in connection with fusiform varicose swellings along terminal vegetative nerve fibers. These contain accumulated vesicles which probably are active in releasing transmitter substances.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural relationships between terminal vegetative nerve fibers, ground substance and differentiations of cell surface (author's transl)]. Ultrastructural findings concerning the terminal vegetative nerve formation indicate a functional coupling via proteoglycans of the extracellular matrix with effector cells. The biological function of proteoglycans in the ground substance and in surface coats of axons and cells are discussed in connection with fusiform varicose swellings along terminal vegetative nerve fibers. These contain accumulated vesicles which probably are active in releasing transmitter substances.", "PMID": 855936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10790", "title": "Vagus nerve passing in front of the left lobe of the thyroid gland.", "content": "An anatomical variant of the left vagus nerve in reported which in its cervical portion passes in front of the carotid artery and the left lobe of the thyroid gland.", "contents": "Vagus nerve passing in front of the left lobe of the thyroid gland. An anatomical variant of the left vagus nerve in reported which in its cervical portion passes in front of the carotid artery and the left lobe of the thyroid gland.", "PMID": 855937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10791", "title": "[The stress of the human hip joint. VII. The distribution of cartilage thickness in the acetabulum and its functional explanation (author's transl)].", "content": "The cartilage thickness of the human acetabulum was examined in 10 objects (material from the dissecting room). Cartilage specimens were taken at identical points of the joint and measured by microscope. The greatest thickness is situated in the outer joint edge, with a maximum in the frontal part of the joint roof; the lowest thickness is found at the inner margin of the facies lunata. These results indicate a higher stressing of the outer joint margin. This could be caused by an eccentric position of the hip joint's resultant force, which is shifted towards the edge. Another possible explanation of these results relates to a swelling of the joint cartilage under functional stress. Such a swelling, which has already been proved, would lead to an incongruence of the ball and socket joint, and so to a stronger stressing of the outer joint edge.", "contents": "[The stress of the human hip joint. VII. The distribution of cartilage thickness in the acetabulum and its functional explanation (author's transl)]. The cartilage thickness of the human acetabulum was examined in 10 objects (material from the dissecting room). Cartilage specimens were taken at identical points of the joint and measured by microscope. The greatest thickness is situated in the outer joint edge, with a maximum in the frontal part of the joint roof; the lowest thickness is found at the inner margin of the facies lunata. These results indicate a higher stressing of the outer joint margin. This could be caused by an eccentric position of the hip joint's resultant force, which is shifted towards the edge. Another possible explanation of these results relates to a swelling of the joint cartilage under functional stress. Such a swelling, which has already been proved, would lead to an incongruence of the ball and socket joint, and so to a stronger stressing of the outer joint edge.", "PMID": 855938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10792", "title": "Scanning electron microscope study of the extracellular matrix between presumptive lens and presumptive retina of the chick embryo.", "content": "The three-dimensional architecture of the intercellular matrix contained in the interspace between the presumptive lens and optic vesicle of the chick embryo was examined by scanning electron microsocpy. The fibrous structure of the basement membranes lining the space was demonstrated. The space was shown to be filled with a dense fibrous meshwork. The reaction of basement membranes and interspace contents to enzymic digestion is described. The functional significance of the arrangement of fibres in the interspace is discussed.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscope study of the extracellular matrix between presumptive lens and presumptive retina of the chick embryo. The three-dimensional architecture of the intercellular matrix contained in the interspace between the presumptive lens and optic vesicle of the chick embryo was examined by scanning electron microsocpy. The fibrous structure of the basement membranes lining the space was demonstrated. The space was shown to be filled with a dense fibrous meshwork. The reaction of basement membranes and interspace contents to enzymic digestion is described. The functional significance of the arrangement of fibres in the interspace is discussed.", "PMID": 855939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10793", "title": "The development of the anterior falcate and lacrimal arteries in the human.", "content": "Certain arteries of the head were studied in injected human fetuses from 143 to 290 mm C.-R., as well as in the orang-utan and gorilla, and in microscopical sections from 29 to 162 mm C.-R., as well as in an adult. It was found that, during human ontogenesis, an anterior falcate artery supplies the dura mater of the medial part of the frontal bone. It appears at 40 mm and reaches its full development by 115 mm. Normally it becomes reduced and is transformed into the anterior meningeal artery postnatally. It communicates with the meningeal branches of the lacrimal artery. Under pathological conditions that affect the dura mater, the falcate artery may appear postnatally in angiograms.", "contents": "The development of the anterior falcate and lacrimal arteries in the human. Certain arteries of the head were studied in injected human fetuses from 143 to 290 mm C.-R., as well as in the orang-utan and gorilla, and in microscopical sections from 29 to 162 mm C.-R., as well as in an adult. It was found that, during human ontogenesis, an anterior falcate artery supplies the dura mater of the medial part of the frontal bone. It appears at 40 mm and reaches its full development by 115 mm. Normally it becomes reduced and is transformed into the anterior meningeal artery postnatally. It communicates with the meningeal branches of the lacrimal artery. Under pathological conditions that affect the dura mater, the falcate artery may appear postnatally in angiograms.", "PMID": 855940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10794", "title": "Isolation and storage of progressively motile human sperm.", "content": "Human sperm progressively motile and free of seminal debris can routinely be isolated, during a 1.5 hour process, from semen of normal and subfertile men. Serum albumin, in a vertical column, acts to filter sperm based on their swimming abilities of forward progression. The isolated sperm constitute a population that can be inseminated as an aid to male subfertility or, to enhance the chances of sperm survival upon deep-freeze preservation. The latter use resulted in twice the survival rate, based on sperm motility, or random populations of control sperm.", "contents": "Isolation and storage of progressively motile human sperm. Human sperm progressively motile and free of seminal debris can routinely be isolated, during a 1.5 hour process, from semen of normal and subfertile men. Serum albumin, in a vertical column, acts to filter sperm based on their swimming abilities of forward progression. The isolated sperm constitute a population that can be inseminated as an aid to male subfertility or, to enhance the chances of sperm survival upon deep-freeze preservation. The latter use resulted in twice the survival rate, based on sperm motility, or random populations of control sperm.", "PMID": 855941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10795", "title": "Adult preferences for infantile facial features: an ethological approach.", "content": "In 1943 Konrad Lorenz postulated that certain infantile cues served as releasers for caretaking behaviour in human adults. This study is an attempt to confirm this hypothesis and to identify relevant cues. The stimuli studied were variations in facial features, and the responses were ratings of the attractiveness of the resultant infant faces. Parametric variations of eye height, eye width, eye height and width, iris size, and vertical variations in feature position (all presented in full-face drawings) were tested for their effect on the ratings, and highly significant preferences for particular stimuli were found. In general these preferences are consistent across a wide variety of environmental factors such as social class and experience with children. These findings are consistent with an ethological interpretation of the data.", "contents": "Adult preferences for infantile facial features: an ethological approach. In 1943 Konrad Lorenz postulated that certain infantile cues served as releasers for caretaking behaviour in human adults. This study is an attempt to confirm this hypothesis and to identify relevant cues. The stimuli studied were variations in facial features, and the responses were ratings of the attractiveness of the resultant infant faces. Parametric variations of eye height, eye width, eye height and width, iris size, and vertical variations in feature position (all presented in full-face drawings) were tested for their effect on the ratings, and highly significant preferences for particular stimuli were found. In general these preferences are consistent across a wide variety of environmental factors such as social class and experience with children. These findings are consistent with an ethological interpretation of the data.", "PMID": 855947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10796", "title": "Cyproterone acetate: I. Microquantity releasing device of cyproterone acetate and its failure in inducing functional sterility in male rats.", "content": "Prasad and his coworkers emphasized that microquantities of cyproterone acetate (CPA) when continuously available developed functional sterility in male rats by interfering the epididymal physiology. In our experimental rats either 2 or 3 capsules containing CPA as per the specification of Prasad were implanted subcutaneously and left for 300 and 250 days, respectively. Fertility test was made every month and it was observed that all the experimental animals were able to impregnate female rats throughout the experiment. Excepting the epididymis the weight of testes and other accessory glands did not differ from the controls in the animals which had 2 CPA capsules for 300 days; On the other hand, the animals which received 3 CPA capsules for 250 days showed significant reduction in weight of all the acessory glands including the testes.", "contents": "Cyproterone acetate: I. Microquantity releasing device of cyproterone acetate and its failure in inducing functional sterility in male rats. Prasad and his coworkers emphasized that microquantities of cyproterone acetate (CPA) when continuously available developed functional sterility in male rats by interfering the epididymal physiology. In our experimental rats either 2 or 3 capsules containing CPA as per the specification of Prasad were implanted subcutaneously and left for 300 and 250 days, respectively. Fertility test was made every month and it was observed that all the experimental animals were able to impregnate female rats throughout the experiment. Excepting the epididymis the weight of testes and other accessory glands did not differ from the controls in the animals which had 2 CPA capsules for 300 days; On the other hand, the animals which received 3 CPA capsules for 250 days showed significant reduction in weight of all the acessory glands including the testes.", "PMID": 855942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10797", "title": "Vocalizations of the black-tailed prairie dog, Cynomys ludovicianus.", "content": "Seven variable vocal displays of Cynomys ludovicianus were studied in a captive colony, and checked through limited field work and literature reports. The form of each display makes available information identifying its user. In addition, since each display correlates probabilistically with a consistent set of activities, it makes available information about the behaviour in which the communicator is, or may become, engaged. At least five different kinds of behaviour can be specified through the use of these displays.", "contents": "Vocalizations of the black-tailed prairie dog, Cynomys ludovicianus. Seven variable vocal displays of Cynomys ludovicianus were studied in a captive colony, and checked through limited field work and literature reports. The form of each display makes available information identifying its user. In addition, since each display correlates probabilistically with a consistent set of activities, it makes available information about the behaviour in which the communicator is, or may become, engaged. At least five different kinds of behaviour can be specified through the use of these displays.", "PMID": 855948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10798", "title": "Studies of the correlation of morphological and biochemical parameters in human ejaculate in various andrological diagnoses; 2nd report: biochemical parameters.", "content": "In this report the authors present the results about biochemical analyses in human ejaculate. The following parameters were determined ATP, ADP, pyruvate, lactate, alpha-ketoglutarate, fructose, myokinase, phosphoglucoseisomerase, phosphoglycerate-kinase, ATPase, acid phosphatase. It was found a relationship between age and fructose content, this was equally for pyruvate, whilst the converse was observed for lactate. No age dependend relationship was observed for the other substrates. For ATP and ADP distinctly higher values can be demonstrated in normozoospermia. A special study of the extent to which the encyme activities in sperm plasma are associated with the respective pH values measured shows that pH values above 7.2 correlate with distinctly lower activities for acid phosphatase, PGI and MK.", "contents": "Studies of the correlation of morphological and biochemical parameters in human ejaculate in various andrological diagnoses; 2nd report: biochemical parameters. In this report the authors present the results about biochemical analyses in human ejaculate. The following parameters were determined ATP, ADP, pyruvate, lactate, alpha-ketoglutarate, fructose, myokinase, phosphoglucoseisomerase, phosphoglycerate-kinase, ATPase, acid phosphatase. It was found a relationship between age and fructose content, this was equally for pyruvate, whilst the converse was observed for lactate. No age dependend relationship was observed for the other substrates. For ATP and ADP distinctly higher values can be demonstrated in normozoospermia. A special study of the extent to which the encyme activities in sperm plasma are associated with the respective pH values measured shows that pH values above 7.2 correlate with distinctly lower activities for acid phosphatase, PGI and MK.", "PMID": 855943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10799", "title": "Development of song and reinforcing effects of song in female chaffinches.", "content": "Eight autumn-caught female chaffinches were injected with testosterone in their first spring. They were allowed to perch on a particular perch to produce a playback of a normal, male song. Both the course of their song development and the reinforcing effect of the playback song were comparable to that shown by a group of similarly-treated males.", "contents": "Development of song and reinforcing effects of song in female chaffinches. Eight autumn-caught female chaffinches were injected with testosterone in their first spring. They were allowed to perch on a particular perch to produce a playback of a normal, male song. Both the course of their song development and the reinforcing effect of the playback song were comparable to that shown by a group of similarly-treated males.", "PMID": 855949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10800", "title": "The significance of asbestos exposure in the diagnosis of mesothelioma: a 28-year experience from a major urban hospital.", "content": "A continued increase in the incidence of diffuse mesothelioma has been attributed to greater industrial use of asbestos but is also due in part to wider acceptance of this tumor by pathologists. In this retrospective study, the epidemiology, clinical presentation, and pathology of asbestos and non-asbestos-related mesothelioma from a major urban hospital were reviewed. Of the 36 cases of mesothelioma on file, 19 were not associated with exposure to asbestos. Although a retrospective study raises the possibility of inadequate occupational histories, the lack of history of asbestos exposure correlated with postmortem histology by light microscopy. When postmortem material was reviewed, evidence of asbestos exposure was present in all cases of mesothelioma with history of exposure to asbestos, and in no cases in which the patient denied history of asbestos exposure. Using strict histologic and histochemical criteria, the diagnosis of mesothelioma was confirmed in 8 of 9 patients with asbestos-related mesothelioma but in only 4 of 13 cases of non-asbestos-related mesothelioma. The diagnosis of diffuse methelioma is often difficult to make even wtih complete autopsy examinations. It should be entertained only with adherence to strict clinical and pathologic criteria, especially in women with no history to exposure to asbestos dust.", "contents": "The significance of asbestos exposure in the diagnosis of mesothelioma: a 28-year experience from a major urban hospital. A continued increase in the incidence of diffuse mesothelioma has been attributed to greater industrial use of asbestos but is also due in part to wider acceptance of this tumor by pathologists. In this retrospective study, the epidemiology, clinical presentation, and pathology of asbestos and non-asbestos-related mesothelioma from a major urban hospital were reviewed. Of the 36 cases of mesothelioma on file, 19 were not associated with exposure to asbestos. Although a retrospective study raises the possibility of inadequate occupational histories, the lack of history of asbestos exposure correlated with postmortem histology by light microscopy. When postmortem material was reviewed, evidence of asbestos exposure was present in all cases of mesothelioma with history of exposure to asbestos, and in no cases in which the patient denied history of asbestos exposure. Using strict histologic and histochemical criteria, the diagnosis of mesothelioma was confirmed in 8 of 9 patients with asbestos-related mesothelioma but in only 4 of 13 cases of non-asbestos-related mesothelioma. The diagnosis of diffuse methelioma is often difficult to make even wtih complete autopsy examinations. It should be entertained only with adherence to strict clinical and pathologic criteria, especially in women with no history to exposure to asbestos dust.", "PMID": 855957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10801", "title": "The mucous lining of major bronchi in the rabbit lung.", "content": "Mucous secretions covering the surface of the trachea and major bronchi of the rabbit lung have been demonstrated with the scanning electron microscope. The surface secretion forms a continuous layer overlying the major airways and shows a complex 3-dimensional arrangement of overlapping sheets and fibrous networks. In the main and lobar bronchi, mucus forms more expanded networks, and in the trachea, mucus forms a smoother, more cohesive layer overlying the epithelial cells. The mucous blanket follows closely the contours of the airway epithelium and is situated at the tips of the cilia.", "contents": "The mucous lining of major bronchi in the rabbit lung. Mucous secretions covering the surface of the trachea and major bronchi of the rabbit lung have been demonstrated with the scanning electron microscope. The surface secretion forms a continuous layer overlying the major airways and shows a complex 3-dimensional arrangement of overlapping sheets and fibrous networks. In the main and lobar bronchi, mucus forms more expanded networks, and in the trachea, mucus forms a smoother, more cohesive layer overlying the epithelial cells. The mucous blanket follows closely the contours of the airway epithelium and is situated at the tips of the cilia.", "PMID": 855958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10802", "title": "Lung abscess due to Pseudomonas cepacia.", "content": "A diabetic patient with pneumonia of unspecified origin developed a lung abscess after therapy with ultrasonic nebulization. The etiologic organism was identified as Pseudomonas cepacia. Investigation determined the source of the organism to be the reservoir of the ultrasonic nebulizer, to which the patient was directly exposed through removal of the bottom of the disposable medication cup. When this organism is isolated a nosocomial source of infection should be suspected.", "contents": "Lung abscess due to Pseudomonas cepacia. A diabetic patient with pneumonia of unspecified origin developed a lung abscess after therapy with ultrasonic nebulization. The etiologic organism was identified as Pseudomonas cepacia. Investigation determined the source of the organism to be the reservoir of the ultrasonic nebulizer, to which the patient was directly exposed through removal of the bottom of the disposable medication cup. When this organism is isolated a nosocomial source of infection should be suspected.", "PMID": 855960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10803", "title": "Chest radiographs during isoniazid therapy.", "content": "For most tuberculin reactors, chest radiographs are obtained at the beginning of, at various intervals through the course of, and at the end of the year of isoniazid preventive therapy. A study of 1,524 tuberculin reactors was performed to determine the value of chest radiographs obtained after therapy was begun; 1,315 had normal radiographs at the beginning and end of therapy, and 209 had radiographic abnormalities at both times. No significant changes were noted in any of the 1,524 patients' radiographs. Similar results had been reported for 551 tuberculin reactors in an earlier study. This provides a total of 2,075 patients for whom no value could be found in the subsequent radiographs. We found no value in repeating normal chest radiographs of positive reactors if they had completed at least 9 months of the properly recommended 12 months of isoniazid preventive therapy. The lack of value of repeat radiographs, coupled with their fixed cost and the potential risk of unnecessary radiation, dictated our change in policy--we no longer repeat normal chest radiographs in such persons.", "contents": "Chest radiographs during isoniazid therapy. For most tuberculin reactors, chest radiographs are obtained at the beginning of, at various intervals through the course of, and at the end of the year of isoniazid preventive therapy. A study of 1,524 tuberculin reactors was performed to determine the value of chest radiographs obtained after therapy was begun; 1,315 had normal radiographs at the beginning and end of therapy, and 209 had radiographic abnormalities at both times. No significant changes were noted in any of the 1,524 patients' radiographs. Similar results had been reported for 551 tuberculin reactors in an earlier study. This provides a total of 2,075 patients for whom no value could be found in the subsequent radiographs. We found no value in repeating normal chest radiographs of positive reactors if they had completed at least 9 months of the properly recommended 12 months of isoniazid preventive therapy. The lack of value of repeat radiographs, coupled with their fixed cost and the potential risk of unnecessary radiation, dictated our change in policy--we no longer repeat normal chest radiographs in such persons.", "PMID": 855961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10804", "title": "[Development and long term prognosis of lupus erythematosus (apropos of 124 cases)].", "content": "The authors report their experience of the course of lupus erythematosus. The ten year survival rate in 124 patients was 79.3 %. This good result is attributed to the effective treatment of the disorder using corticosteroids; often associated with ummuno-suppressants in severe cases. However, the side-effects of these drugs remain a source of concern and the ideal treatment for lupus has yet to be discovered.", "contents": "[Development and long term prognosis of lupus erythematosus (apropos of 124 cases)]. The authors report their experience of the course of lupus erythematosus. The ten year survival rate in 124 patients was 79.3 %. This good result is attributed to the effective treatment of the disorder using corticosteroids; often associated with ummuno-suppressants in severe cases. However, the side-effects of these drugs remain a source of concern and the ideal treatment for lupus has yet to be discovered.", "PMID": 855968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10805", "title": "[Pharyngo-laryngeal cancer and Bazex's acrokeratosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe the case of a 62-year-old man presenting with a differentiated epidermoid carcinoma of the piriform sinus, associated with cutaneous lesions of the Bazex's acrokeratosis type. This case is of interest on account of the unusual lesion of the penis, the gland and the scrotum on the one hand of the lack of parallelism between the development of the cancer and that of the cutaneous syndrome on the other.", "contents": "[Pharyngo-laryngeal cancer and Bazex's acrokeratosis (author's transl)]. The authors describe the case of a 62-year-old man presenting with a differentiated epidermoid carcinoma of the piriform sinus, associated with cutaneous lesions of the Bazex's acrokeratosis type. This case is of interest on account of the unusual lesion of the penis, the gland and the scrotum on the one hand of the lack of parallelism between the development of the cancer and that of the cutaneous syndrome on the other.", "PMID": 855978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10806", "title": "[Cutaneo-digital metastasis of a cancer of the buccal floor (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe the case of a patient with cancer of the buccal floor presenting with an inflammatory tumefaction of the tip of the little finger of the left hand passing for a whitlow. No cure was obtained after two lancings, and X-Rays showed lesion of the bone. Amputation revealed neoplastic tissue similar to that in the buccal floor. This cutaneous-digital metastasis is very rare, especially in cases of O.R.L. tumours.", "contents": "[Cutaneo-digital metastasis of a cancer of the buccal floor (author's transl)]. The authors describe the case of a patient with cancer of the buccal floor presenting with an inflammatory tumefaction of the tip of the little finger of the left hand passing for a whitlow. No cure was obtained after two lancings, and X-Rays showed lesion of the bone. Amputation revealed neoplastic tissue similar to that in the buccal floor. This cutaneous-digital metastasis is very rare, especially in cases of O.R.L. tumours.", "PMID": 855979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10807", "title": "Cairomycin B, a new antibiotic.", "content": "Cairomycin B is a new cyclic peptide antibiotic that was isolated from Streptomyces As-C-19 obtained from the soil of Cairo. The antibiotic had the following empirical formula: C(10)H(15)N(3)O(3); on acid hydrolysis, it yielded aspartic acid and lysine. Spectral analysis and its chemical characteristics indicated that it was a cyclic peptide. The antibiotic melted at 120 to 121 degrees C and was freely soluble in chloroform, ethyl acetate, and acetone, slightly soluble in alcohols, and rather insoluble in water and petroleum ether. Cairomycin B was mainly active against gram-positive bacteria, with high toxicity to experimental animals and weak serum-binding properties.", "contents": "Cairomycin B, a new antibiotic. Cairomycin B is a new cyclic peptide antibiotic that was isolated from Streptomyces As-C-19 obtained from the soil of Cairo. The antibiotic had the following empirical formula: C(10)H(15)N(3)O(3); on acid hydrolysis, it yielded aspartic acid and lysine. Spectral analysis and its chemical characteristics indicated that it was a cyclic peptide. The antibiotic melted at 120 to 121 degrees C and was freely soluble in chloroform, ethyl acetate, and acetone, slightly soluble in alcohols, and rather insoluble in water and petroleum ether. Cairomycin B was mainly active against gram-positive bacteria, with high toxicity to experimental animals and weak serum-binding properties.", "PMID": 855995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10808", "title": "Bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities of selected beta-lactam antibiotics studied on agar plates.", "content": "A novel and time-saving method for assessing bactericidal activities of beta-lactam antibiotics on agar plates is described. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by the agar dilution method. A potent beta-lactamase solution was sprayed onto the plates to inactivate the antibiotic. After further incubation at 37 degrees C overnight, the minimal concentration at which no visible growth occurred on the plates was defined as minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). With undiluted culture as the inoculum, strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae showed a marked increase in MBC values compared with the values of MIC. There was a marked decrease in both the MICs and MBCs with diminution of inoculum size. The two concentrations were almost the same when the inoculum size was decreased to a 10(-4) dilution. In contrast, MIC and MBC for enterococci showed no marked decrease with decrease in inoculum size. Although the present study was performed with beta-lactamase-unstable penicillins and cephalosporins, the method can be applicable with any beta-lactam antibiotic if optimal and potent enzymes are available.", "contents": "Bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities of selected beta-lactam antibiotics studied on agar plates. A novel and time-saving method for assessing bactericidal activities of beta-lactam antibiotics on agar plates is described. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by the agar dilution method. A potent beta-lactamase solution was sprayed onto the plates to inactivate the antibiotic. After further incubation at 37 degrees C overnight, the minimal concentration at which no visible growth occurred on the plates was defined as minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). With undiluted culture as the inoculum, strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae showed a marked increase in MBC values compared with the values of MIC. There was a marked decrease in both the MICs and MBCs with diminution of inoculum size. The two concentrations were almost the same when the inoculum size was decreased to a 10(-4) dilution. In contrast, MIC and MBC for enterococci showed no marked decrease with decrease in inoculum size. Although the present study was performed with beta-lactamase-unstable penicillins and cephalosporins, the method can be applicable with any beta-lactam antibiotic if optimal and potent enzymes are available.", "PMID": 855996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10809", "title": "Cefoxitin: clinical evaluation in thirty-eight patients.", "content": "Clinical and bacteriological efficacy, patient tolerance, and toxicity of cefoxitin, a beta-lactamase-resistant cephamycin, were evaluated in 38 patients; 13 had soft tissue infection, 12 had pneumonia, 3 had urinary tract infection, 2 had peritonitis, and 4 had miscellaneous infections. In five patients, infection was clinically evident, though not bacteriologically proven. The latter patients were evaluated with regard to tolerance and toxicity only. Among the 34 infections in 33 patients, 71% were considered clinically cured; 86% of those patients who could be recultured were bacteriologically cured. Phlebitis was noted in 32% of the total group, and eosinophilia was observed in 16%. Unexplained deterioration in renal function occurred in two patients. Mean peak cefoxitin levels in serum were 72 mug/ml 30 min after a 2-g infusion and 32 mug/ml 30 min after a 1-g infusion. Cefoxitin was more active against facultatively and obligately anaerobic gram-negative organisms isolated from these patients than was cephalothin.", "contents": "Cefoxitin: clinical evaluation in thirty-eight patients. Clinical and bacteriological efficacy, patient tolerance, and toxicity of cefoxitin, a beta-lactamase-resistant cephamycin, were evaluated in 38 patients; 13 had soft tissue infection, 12 had pneumonia, 3 had urinary tract infection, 2 had peritonitis, and 4 had miscellaneous infections. In five patients, infection was clinically evident, though not bacteriologically proven. The latter patients were evaluated with regard to tolerance and toxicity only. Among the 34 infections in 33 patients, 71% were considered clinically cured; 86% of those patients who could be recultured were bacteriologically cured. Phlebitis was noted in 32% of the total group, and eosinophilia was observed in 16%. Unexplained deterioration in renal function occurred in two patients. Mean peak cefoxitin levels in serum were 72 mug/ml 30 min after a 2-g infusion and 32 mug/ml 30 min after a 1-g infusion. Cefoxitin was more active against facultatively and obligately anaerobic gram-negative organisms isolated from these patients than was cephalothin.", "PMID": 855997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10810", "title": "Chemotherapy of an experimental Bacteroides fragilis infection in mice.", "content": "The efficacies of five common antimicrobial agents were determined for a pure Bacteroides fragilis infection in mice. Therapy was begun 4 h after bacterial injection and given every 8 h thereafter for 5 days. Blood levels were determined over an 8-h period for each concentration of antibiotic tested. Clindamycin and tetracycline were the most effective in preventing the formation of abscesses. Chloramphenicol, penicillin G, and cephalothin were not effective in protecting the mice from infection.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of an experimental Bacteroides fragilis infection in mice. The efficacies of five common antimicrobial agents were determined for a pure Bacteroides fragilis infection in mice. Therapy was begun 4 h after bacterial injection and given every 8 h thereafter for 5 days. Blood levels were determined over an 8-h period for each concentration of antibiotic tested. Clindamycin and tetracycline were the most effective in preventing the formation of abscesses. Chloramphenicol, penicillin G, and cephalothin were not effective in protecting the mice from infection.", "PMID": 855998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10811", "title": "Terminal stages in the biosynthesis of tylosin.", "content": "Tylosin, a macrolide antibiotic, was co-produced with four structurally similar antibiotics in fermentation cultures of Streptomyces fradiae. Macrocin, desmycosin, lactenocin, and relomycin were found to be components of a common pathway that functions in tylosin biosynthesis. Data obtained by the addition of the purified (14)C-labeled antibiotics to cultures of S. fradiae revealed that macrocin and desmycosin were direct precursors of tylosin, whereas lactenocin was an immediate precursor of both macrocin and desmycosin. Incubation of these cultures with [(14)C]tylosin resulted in an equivalent distribution of radioactive label between relomycin and an unidentified component. The kinetics of incorporation of label into the two species were similar, suggesting that both were derived directly from tylosin. A system that supported that methylation of macrocin to tylosin by cell-free extracts of S. fradiae was developed. A proposed scheme defining the terminal stages of tylosin biosynthesis is presented.", "contents": "Terminal stages in the biosynthesis of tylosin. Tylosin, a macrolide antibiotic, was co-produced with four structurally similar antibiotics in fermentation cultures of Streptomyces fradiae. Macrocin, desmycosin, lactenocin, and relomycin were found to be components of a common pathway that functions in tylosin biosynthesis. Data obtained by the addition of the purified (14)C-labeled antibiotics to cultures of S. fradiae revealed that macrocin and desmycosin were direct precursors of tylosin, whereas lactenocin was an immediate precursor of both macrocin and desmycosin. Incubation of these cultures with [(14)C]tylosin resulted in an equivalent distribution of radioactive label between relomycin and an unidentified component. The kinetics of incorporation of label into the two species were similar, suggesting that both were derived directly from tylosin. A system that supported that methylation of macrocin to tylosin by cell-free extracts of S. fradiae was developed. A proposed scheme defining the terminal stages of tylosin biosynthesis is presented.", "PMID": 855999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10812", "title": "Bioavailability of tetracycline and doxycycline in fasted and nonfasted subjects.", "content": "The influence of various test meals and fluid volumes on the relative bioavailability of commercial formulations of doxycycline hyclate and tetracycline hydrochloride was studied in healthy human volunteers. Serum levels of tetracycline were uniformly reduced by approximately 50% by all test meals, whereas serum levels of doxycycline were reduced by 20%. The reduction of tetracycline serum levels will likely be of clinical significance. The bioavailability of each drug was almost identical from an oral solution and from capsules in fasted subjects. The rate of doxycycline absorption was reduced when capsules were administered with a small volume of water, but the overall efficiency of absorption of both drugs was essentially independent of co-administered fluid volume. The use of 8-h serum data provides a reliable estimate of drug bioavailability for tetracycline and, to a lesser extent, for doxycycline.", "contents": "Bioavailability of tetracycline and doxycycline in fasted and nonfasted subjects. The influence of various test meals and fluid volumes on the relative bioavailability of commercial formulations of doxycycline hyclate and tetracycline hydrochloride was studied in healthy human volunteers. Serum levels of tetracycline were uniformly reduced by approximately 50% by all test meals, whereas serum levels of doxycycline were reduced by 20%. The reduction of tetracycline serum levels will likely be of clinical significance. The bioavailability of each drug was almost identical from an oral solution and from capsules in fasted subjects. The rate of doxycycline absorption was reduced when capsules were administered with a small volume of water, but the overall efficiency of absorption of both drugs was essentially independent of co-administered fluid volume. The use of 8-h serum data provides a reliable estimate of drug bioavailability for tetracycline and, to a lesser extent, for doxycycline.", "PMID": 856000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10813", "title": "Effects of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and 3 deazauridine individually and in combination on the replication of Japanese B encephalitis virus.", "content": "We have tested the potencies of the competitors of glucose, 2-deoxy-d-glucose, and of uridine, 3-deazauridine, on the inhibition of Japanese B encephalitis virus multiplication in BHK-21 cell cultures. The relative effectiveness of the viral inhibitors were evaluated individually and in combination in relation to cytotoxicity as a measure of the selectivity of inhibition. When the drugs were administered individually, the antiviral activity was masked by the cytotoxic effect on the host. By combining the two drugs, it was possible to inhibit Japanese encephalitis virus production at noncytotoxic concentrations. The effects of 2-deoxy-d-glucose and 3-deazauridine on the growth inhibition of BHK-21 cells in cultures were only additive, while they were clearly synergistic on the inhibition of Japanese encephalitis virus production. Thus, it was possible to achieve an increased antiviral effect without a significant increase in cytotoxicity. Although the precise biochemical mechanism of the antiviral activity of these antimetabolites in combination is not known, our results indicate the potential value of this approach in viral chemotherapy.", "contents": "Effects of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and 3 deazauridine individually and in combination on the replication of Japanese B encephalitis virus. We have tested the potencies of the competitors of glucose, 2-deoxy-d-glucose, and of uridine, 3-deazauridine, on the inhibition of Japanese B encephalitis virus multiplication in BHK-21 cell cultures. The relative effectiveness of the viral inhibitors were evaluated individually and in combination in relation to cytotoxicity as a measure of the selectivity of inhibition. When the drugs were administered individually, the antiviral activity was masked by the cytotoxic effect on the host. By combining the two drugs, it was possible to inhibit Japanese encephalitis virus production at noncytotoxic concentrations. The effects of 2-deoxy-d-glucose and 3-deazauridine on the growth inhibition of BHK-21 cells in cultures were only additive, while they were clearly synergistic on the inhibition of Japanese encephalitis virus production. Thus, it was possible to achieve an increased antiviral effect without a significant increase in cytotoxicity. Although the precise biochemical mechanism of the antiviral activity of these antimetabolites in combination is not known, our results indicate the potential value of this approach in viral chemotherapy.", "PMID": 856001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10814", "title": "Comparative growth rates of selected anaerobic species in four commonly used broth media.", "content": "Generations times (g(t)) of selected anaerobic species were compared in four culture media commonly used for anaerobic bacteria to evaluate these media for growing inocula for anaerobic antibiotic susceptibility determinations. Twenty-two clinical isolates of Bacteroides fragilis, Fusobacterium spp., Clostridium perfringens, and Clostridium spp. were tested in Schaedler broth, supplemented Lombard-Dowell broth, supplemented thioglycolate broth, and supplemented peptone-yeast extract-glucose broth. Growth curves were performed in an anaerobic chamber; changes in cell density were followed by viable count procedures and, in some cases, turbidometric procedures. The clostridia did not appear to have significantly different g(t) values in different media. The g(t) values for the five clostridial species tested ranged from 18 to 45 min. The fusobacteria also showed no apparent differences in g(t) values in the four media; values ranged from 51 to 60 min. The two subspecies of B. fragilis tested showed no significant differences in g(t) values when compared with each other in the same media. The combined data, however, indicated that the growth rate in Schaedler broth was faster than in the other media (average g(t), 45.1 min), whereas the growth rate in peptone-yeast extract-glucose was slower (average g(t), 58.2 min). The growth rates in supplemented thioglycolate and supplemented Lombard-Dowell broth (average g(t), 53.6 min and average g(t), 51.0 min, respectively) were not significantly different.", "contents": "Comparative growth rates of selected anaerobic species in four commonly used broth media. Generations times (g(t)) of selected anaerobic species were compared in four culture media commonly used for anaerobic bacteria to evaluate these media for growing inocula for anaerobic antibiotic susceptibility determinations. Twenty-two clinical isolates of Bacteroides fragilis, Fusobacterium spp., Clostridium perfringens, and Clostridium spp. were tested in Schaedler broth, supplemented Lombard-Dowell broth, supplemented thioglycolate broth, and supplemented peptone-yeast extract-glucose broth. Growth curves were performed in an anaerobic chamber; changes in cell density were followed by viable count procedures and, in some cases, turbidometric procedures. The clostridia did not appear to have significantly different g(t) values in different media. The g(t) values for the five clostridial species tested ranged from 18 to 45 min. The fusobacteria also showed no apparent differences in g(t) values in the four media; values ranged from 51 to 60 min. The two subspecies of B. fragilis tested showed no significant differences in g(t) values when compared with each other in the same media. The combined data, however, indicated that the growth rate in Schaedler broth was faster than in the other media (average g(t), 45.1 min), whereas the growth rate in peptone-yeast extract-glucose was slower (average g(t), 58.2 min). The growth rates in supplemented thioglycolate and supplemented Lombard-Dowell broth (average g(t), 53.6 min and average g(t), 51.0 min, respectively) were not significantly different.", "PMID": 856002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10815", "title": "Inhibition of initiation, elongation, and termination of eukaryotic protein synthesis by trichothecene fungal toxins.", "content": "The 12,13-epoxytrichothecenes, specific inhibitors of protein synthesis in eukaryotes, can be subdivided further in terms of their mode of action. In addition to the I-type (initiation inhibitors) and E-types (elongation inhibitors), we found that some E-types apparently exhibit inhibition of chain termination at low concentrations. The nature of substituents on C4 may determine the type of inhibitory activity observed.", "contents": "Inhibition of initiation, elongation, and termination of eukaryotic protein synthesis by trichothecene fungal toxins. The 12,13-epoxytrichothecenes, specific inhibitors of protein synthesis in eukaryotes, can be subdivided further in terms of their mode of action. In addition to the I-type (initiation inhibitors) and E-types (elongation inhibitors), we found that some E-types apparently exhibit inhibition of chain termination at low concentrations. The nature of substituents on C4 may determine the type of inhibitory activity observed.", "PMID": 856003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10816", "title": "Effect of ethambutol on the viable cell count in Mycobacterium smegmatis.", "content": "Soon after a strain of Mycobacterium smegmatis was exposed to ethambutol (EMB), the number of viable cells increased dramatically above the number in a drug-free control. This rapid rise did not occur when the culture was maintained at 4 degrees C instead of 37 degrees C, when an EMB-resistant mutant was used, when auxotrophs were exposed in medium lacking nutrients essential for growth, nor when the levo form of EMB was used. EMB caused no increase in deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis, nor in septum formation of dividing cells. Treated cells changed morphologically, resulting in a lower surface area-to-volume ratio. Whereas EMB did not eliminate cell clusters, the cluster size decreased markedly as detected by filtration and Coulter counter measurements. We concluded that EMB causes a reduced surface-to-volume ratio, leading to reduced cell cohesion and a consequent reduction in cluster size, reflected in an increase in colony-forming units.", "contents": "Effect of ethambutol on the viable cell count in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Soon after a strain of Mycobacterium smegmatis was exposed to ethambutol (EMB), the number of viable cells increased dramatically above the number in a drug-free control. This rapid rise did not occur when the culture was maintained at 4 degrees C instead of 37 degrees C, when an EMB-resistant mutant was used, when auxotrophs were exposed in medium lacking nutrients essential for growth, nor when the levo form of EMB was used. EMB caused no increase in deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis, nor in septum formation of dividing cells. Treated cells changed morphologically, resulting in a lower surface area-to-volume ratio. Whereas EMB did not eliminate cell clusters, the cluster size decreased markedly as detected by filtration and Coulter counter measurements. We concluded that EMB causes a reduced surface-to-volume ratio, leading to reduced cell cohesion and a consequent reduction in cluster size, reflected in an increase in colony-forming units.", "PMID": 856004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10817", "title": "Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 4, serotype O:3.", "content": "Agar dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests were carried out against recent clinical isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 4, serotype O:3. Aminoglycosides and co-trimoxazole were the most active drugs. All isolates were resistant to ampicillin, carbenicillin, cloxacillin, and erythromycin.", "contents": "Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 4, serotype O:3. Agar dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests were carried out against recent clinical isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 4, serotype O:3. Aminoglycosides and co-trimoxazole were the most active drugs. All isolates were resistant to ampicillin, carbenicillin, cloxacillin, and erythromycin.", "PMID": 856005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10818", "title": "Stimulation of interferon production in mice and in mouse spleen leukocytes by analogues of BL-20803.", "content": "Various structural analogues of the interferon inducer BL-20803 exhibited close agreement between ability to stimulate interferon production in the intact mouse and in cultures of spleen adherent leukocytes.", "contents": "Stimulation of interferon production in mice and in mouse spleen leukocytes by analogues of BL-20803. Various structural analogues of the interferon inducer BL-20803 exhibited close agreement between ability to stimulate interferon production in the intact mouse and in cultures of spleen adherent leukocytes.", "PMID": 856006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10819", "title": "Cerulenin-inhibited cells of Staphylococcus aureus resume growth when supplemented with either a saturated or an unsaturated fatty acid.", "content": "In the presence of an inhibitory concentration of cerulenin, cells of Staphylococcus aureus can resume growth when supplemented with either a saturated or an unsaturated fatty acid. A requirement for both types of acids for growth could not be demonstrated.", "contents": "Cerulenin-inhibited cells of Staphylococcus aureus resume growth when supplemented with either a saturated or an unsaturated fatty acid. In the presence of an inhibitory concentration of cerulenin, cells of Staphylococcus aureus can resume growth when supplemented with either a saturated or an unsaturated fatty acid. A requirement for both types of acids for growth could not be demonstrated.", "PMID": 856007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10820", "title": "In vitro activity of cinoxacin, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol against Shigella and nontyphoid Salmonella.", "content": "The in vitro antibacterial activity of cinoxacin was compared with that of ampicillin and chloramphenicol against 26 strains of nontyphoid Salmonella and 44 strains of Shigella. Cinoxacin was found to have a lower minimal inhibitory concentration than ampicillin and chloramphenicol against all Salmonella and Shigella sonnei strains. Cinoxacin had minimal inhibitory concentrations similar to those of chloramphenicol but lower than those of ampicillin against Shigella flexneri and S. boydii strains.", "contents": "In vitro activity of cinoxacin, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol against Shigella and nontyphoid Salmonella. The in vitro antibacterial activity of cinoxacin was compared with that of ampicillin and chloramphenicol against 26 strains of nontyphoid Salmonella and 44 strains of Shigella. Cinoxacin was found to have a lower minimal inhibitory concentration than ampicillin and chloramphenicol against all Salmonella and Shigella sonnei strains. Cinoxacin had minimal inhibitory concentrations similar to those of chloramphenicol but lower than those of ampicillin against Shigella flexneri and S. boydii strains.", "PMID": 856008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10821", "title": "Effect of antibiotics of chemotaxis of human leukocytes.", "content": "The effect of 20 different antibiotics on chemotaxis by human neutrophils was studied. Human leukocytes incubated with chloramphenicol, rifampin, sodium fusidate, and tetracyclines in vitro showed markedly depressed migration. The mechanisms by which these antibiotics affect leukotaxis are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of antibiotics of chemotaxis of human leukocytes. The effect of 20 different antibiotics on chemotaxis by human neutrophils was studied. Human leukocytes incubated with chloramphenicol, rifampin, sodium fusidate, and tetracyclines in vitro showed markedly depressed migration. The mechanisms by which these antibiotics affect leukotaxis are discussed.", "PMID": 856009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10822", "title": "R plasmids from Asian strains of Vibrio cholerae.", "content": "Five R plasmids transferred from Asian strains of Vibrio cholerae all proved to be members of compatibility group C. A non-self-transmissible plasmid, stable in V. cholerae, was mobilized for transfer to Escherichia coli K-12 and found to be unstably inherited in that host. Plasmids of group C and P transferred to a wild V. cholerae strain were stably inherited.", "contents": "R plasmids from Asian strains of Vibrio cholerae. Five R plasmids transferred from Asian strains of Vibrio cholerae all proved to be members of compatibility group C. A non-self-transmissible plasmid, stable in V. cholerae, was mobilized for transfer to Escherichia coli K-12 and found to be unstably inherited in that host. Plasmids of group C and P transferred to a wild V. cholerae strain were stably inherited.", "PMID": 856010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10823", "title": "Penetration of cefazolin, cephaloridine, and cefamandole into interstitial fluid in rabbits.", "content": "We compared the penetration of three cephalosporins into interstitial fluid. Interstitial fluid was obtained in rabbits from Silastic tissue cages. Cefazolin, cephaloridine, and cefamandole were administered by the intramuscular route (30 mg/kg per injection). Peak blood levels and interstitial concentrations were studied after a single injection. Interstitial levels were also compared in a three-injection study (one injection every 12 h) and in a cumulative effect study (six injections), in which the interval between injections was established for each drug on the basis of its common therapeutic use. After a single injection, cephaloridine activity was detected more rapidly and attained higher levels than the other two drugs within the first 4 h. However, 2 h after the third injection, cefazolin levels in tissue fluid were higher than with cephaloridine. Cefamandole consistently gave the lowest interstitial levels. With all three drugs, detectable concentrations were present in interstitial fluid at a time when no detectable antibiotic was found in serum. In the six-injection study, the interstitial levels obtained with cefazolin were significantly higher than those observed with the other drugs. Our data suggest that cefazolin is a drug of choice due to its high extravascular levels.", "contents": "Penetration of cefazolin, cephaloridine, and cefamandole into interstitial fluid in rabbits. We compared the penetration of three cephalosporins into interstitial fluid. Interstitial fluid was obtained in rabbits from Silastic tissue cages. Cefazolin, cephaloridine, and cefamandole were administered by the intramuscular route (30 mg/kg per injection). Peak blood levels and interstitial concentrations were studied after a single injection. Interstitial levels were also compared in a three-injection study (one injection every 12 h) and in a cumulative effect study (six injections), in which the interval between injections was established for each drug on the basis of its common therapeutic use. After a single injection, cephaloridine activity was detected more rapidly and attained higher levels than the other two drugs within the first 4 h. However, 2 h after the third injection, cefazolin levels in tissue fluid were higher than with cephaloridine. Cefamandole consistently gave the lowest interstitial levels. With all three drugs, detectable concentrations were present in interstitial fluid at a time when no detectable antibiotic was found in serum. In the six-injection study, the interstitial levels obtained with cefazolin were significantly higher than those observed with the other drugs. Our data suggest that cefazolin is a drug of choice due to its high extravascular levels.", "PMID": 856011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10824", "title": "Netilmicin and gentamicin: comparative pharmacology in humans.", "content": "Thirteen male subjects received 1 mg of either gentamicin or netilmicin per kg, first intramuscularly and then intravenously. After the intramuscular dose, concentrations of gentamicin in the serum were more variable than those of netilmicin. After the intravenous dose, the distribution phase of netilmicin was twice as rapid as gentamicin. The average half-times of the elimination phase were similar, but there was marked variability among the subjects receiving gentamicin. Serum clearance of netilmicin was more rapid than that of gentamicin and could not be attributed to renal elimination. The data indicate that, after intramuscular administration, netilmicin may produce more predictable blood levels than gentamicin and suggest that the body distribution of netilmicin may differ from that of gentamicin.", "contents": "Netilmicin and gentamicin: comparative pharmacology in humans. Thirteen male subjects received 1 mg of either gentamicin or netilmicin per kg, first intramuscularly and then intravenously. After the intramuscular dose, concentrations of gentamicin in the serum were more variable than those of netilmicin. After the intravenous dose, the distribution phase of netilmicin was twice as rapid as gentamicin. The average half-times of the elimination phase were similar, but there was marked variability among the subjects receiving gentamicin. Serum clearance of netilmicin was more rapid than that of gentamicin and could not be attributed to renal elimination. The data indicate that, after intramuscular administration, netilmicin may produce more predictable blood levels than gentamicin and suggest that the body distribution of netilmicin may differ from that of gentamicin.", "PMID": 856012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10825", "title": "Plasmid-medicated aminoglycoside phosphotransferase of broad substrate range that phosphorylates amikacin.", "content": "A plasmid-mediated aminoglycoside phosphotransferase that phosphorylates amikacin has been detected in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. This enzyme does not confer detectable amikacin resistance to the strains.", "contents": "Plasmid-medicated aminoglycoside phosphotransferase of broad substrate range that phosphorylates amikacin. A plasmid-mediated aminoglycoside phosphotransferase that phosphorylates amikacin has been detected in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. This enzyme does not confer detectable amikacin resistance to the strains.", "PMID": 856013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10826", "title": "Therapeutic evaluation of minocycline and tetracycline for mixed anaerobic infection in mice.", "content": "Minocycline has demonstrated greater in vitro activity against anaerobic bacteria than its parent compound, tetracycline. In vivo therapeutic efficacy of the two drugs was tested against a mixed anaerobic infection in a mouse model. Fusobacterium necrophorum plus F. nucleatum injected intraperitoneally produced progressive intrahepatic and occasional extrahepatic abscesses, which were measured at autopsy. Three treatment regimens were tested, single daily doses of antibiotic being administered by oral gavage: four doses begun at 2 or 24 h after challenge and 14 doses begun 3 weeks after challenge when abscesses were well developed. Autopsy was not performed until several weeks after completion of treatment to assess long-term effects. Based on the number of mice without lesions, the median effective dose (ED(50)) in milligrams per kilogram per dose for minocycline was significantly lower than that for tetracycline with each regimen tested. With the 2-h (immediate therapy) regimen and the 24-h-delayed therapy regimen, minocycline was 30 and 6 times, respectively, more effective against hepatic abscesses than tetracycline on a weight basis. With each antibiotic, abscesses outside the liver were more resistant to therapy, although again minocycline was more effective. In the treatment of developed abscesses (3-week-delayed regimen), minocycline was effective (ED(50) <16 mg/kg), whereas tetracycline was ineffective (ED(50) >256 mg/kg). Minocycline has demonstrated greater therapeutic efficacy in vivo than tetracycline in this experimental infection, which is similar, in certain aspects, to human anaerobic infection. These data support further evaluation of the clinical usefulness of minocycline.", "contents": "Therapeutic evaluation of minocycline and tetracycline for mixed anaerobic infection in mice. Minocycline has demonstrated greater in vitro activity against anaerobic bacteria than its parent compound, tetracycline. In vivo therapeutic efficacy of the two drugs was tested against a mixed anaerobic infection in a mouse model. Fusobacterium necrophorum plus F. nucleatum injected intraperitoneally produced progressive intrahepatic and occasional extrahepatic abscesses, which were measured at autopsy. Three treatment regimens were tested, single daily doses of antibiotic being administered by oral gavage: four doses begun at 2 or 24 h after challenge and 14 doses begun 3 weeks after challenge when abscesses were well developed. Autopsy was not performed until several weeks after completion of treatment to assess long-term effects. Based on the number of mice without lesions, the median effective dose (ED(50)) in milligrams per kilogram per dose for minocycline was significantly lower than that for tetracycline with each regimen tested. With the 2-h (immediate therapy) regimen and the 24-h-delayed therapy regimen, minocycline was 30 and 6 times, respectively, more effective against hepatic abscesses than tetracycline on a weight basis. With each antibiotic, abscesses outside the liver were more resistant to therapy, although again minocycline was more effective. In the treatment of developed abscesses (3-week-delayed regimen), minocycline was effective (ED(50) <16 mg/kg), whereas tetracycline was ineffective (ED(50) >256 mg/kg). Minocycline has demonstrated greater therapeutic efficacy in vivo than tetracycline in this experimental infection, which is similar, in certain aspects, to human anaerobic infection. These data support further evaluation of the clinical usefulness of minocycline.", "PMID": 856014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10827", "title": "Susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria to metronidazole, ornidazole, and tinidazole and routine susceptibility testing by standardized methods.", "content": "A total of 114 strains of anaerobic bacteria were examined for their susceptibility to metronidazole, ornidazole, and tinidazole by measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration in different media. All strains, with the exception of the isolates of Propionibacterium acnes, were inhibited by 3.1 mug each and killed by 6.3 mug each of all three nitroimidazole compounds per ml. No significant differences in MIC values were found among metronidazole, ornidazole, and tinidazole. Only minor differences were detected by comparing MIC values obtained in brain heart infusion agar with and without sheep blood, brucella agar, and Mueller-Hinton agar (both containing blood). When the strains were tested by the modified broth-disk method proposed by the Anaerobe Laboratory of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute (VPI), there was good correlation with the MIC values (97.4% agreement for metronidazole and 94.7% for ornidazole and tinidazole). For routine testing, use of a 30-mug-class disk of either nitroimidazole derivative is proposed for the broth-disk method, resulting in a final concentration of 6 mug/ml in the test tubes, a concentration easily attainable in body fluids. In contrast to the broth-disk method, there was very poor correlation between inhibition zone diameters by the standardized VPI agar diffusion test and MIC values.", "contents": "Susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria to metronidazole, ornidazole, and tinidazole and routine susceptibility testing by standardized methods. A total of 114 strains of anaerobic bacteria were examined for their susceptibility to metronidazole, ornidazole, and tinidazole by measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration in different media. All strains, with the exception of the isolates of Propionibacterium acnes, were inhibited by 3.1 mug each and killed by 6.3 mug each of all three nitroimidazole compounds per ml. No significant differences in MIC values were found among metronidazole, ornidazole, and tinidazole. Only minor differences were detected by comparing MIC values obtained in brain heart infusion agar with and without sheep blood, brucella agar, and Mueller-Hinton agar (both containing blood). When the strains were tested by the modified broth-disk method proposed by the Anaerobe Laboratory of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute (VPI), there was good correlation with the MIC values (97.4% agreement for metronidazole and 94.7% for ornidazole and tinidazole). For routine testing, use of a 30-mug-class disk of either nitroimidazole derivative is proposed for the broth-disk method, resulting in a final concentration of 6 mug/ml in the test tubes, a concentration easily attainable in body fluids. In contrast to the broth-disk method, there was very poor correlation between inhibition zone diameters by the standardized VPI agar diffusion test and MIC values.", "PMID": 856015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10828", "title": "Assay of gentamicin in serum by high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "A procedure is described that uses high-pressure liquid chromatography for assay of gentamicin in serum. The technique involves extraction of gentamicin from serum by using a CM-Sephadex column and analysis by reverse-phase, ion-pair chromatography. Continuous-flow, post-column derivatization with o-phthaladehyde is used to form fluorescent products for detection. The possible scope of this method for analysis of other aminoglycoside antibiotics is illustrated by application to sisomicin and netilmicin.", "contents": "Assay of gentamicin in serum by high-pressure liquid chromatography. A procedure is described that uses high-pressure liquid chromatography for assay of gentamicin in serum. The technique involves extraction of gentamicin from serum by using a CM-Sephadex column and analysis by reverse-phase, ion-pair chromatography. Continuous-flow, post-column derivatization with o-phthaladehyde is used to form fluorescent products for detection. The possible scope of this method for analysis of other aminoglycoside antibiotics is illustrated by application to sisomicin and netilmicin.", "PMID": 856016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10829", "title": "Macrolide resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: induction of macrolide-resistant protein synthesis.", "content": "Induction of resistance to macrolide-, lincosamide-, and streptogramin B-type antibiotics in Staphylococcus aureus was studied by monitoring the appearance of erythromycin A (EM)-resistant [(14)C]leucine incorporation. Examination of the induction process revealed saturation kinetics and a time course much like that reported for penicillinase in gram-positive bacteria. Induction kinetics in exponentially growing cells were sigmoidal and appeared to reach a maximum and constant rate when growth reached stationary phase. Since the induction of EM-resistant colony-forming ability was complete within 60 min, ribosome modification cannot be limited to a fraction of the population and must occur in essentially every cell. However, EM-resistant growth was expressed in cells where less than half the [(14)C]leucine-incorporating activity was resistant to EM. This suggests that resistance requires that only a threshold level of ribosome modification be exceeded and that, once exceeded, resistance is dominant to sensitivity.", "contents": "Macrolide resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: induction of macrolide-resistant protein synthesis. Induction of resistance to macrolide-, lincosamide-, and streptogramin B-type antibiotics in Staphylococcus aureus was studied by monitoring the appearance of erythromycin A (EM)-resistant [(14)C]leucine incorporation. Examination of the induction process revealed saturation kinetics and a time course much like that reported for penicillinase in gram-positive bacteria. Induction kinetics in exponentially growing cells were sigmoidal and appeared to reach a maximum and constant rate when growth reached stationary phase. Since the induction of EM-resistant colony-forming ability was complete within 60 min, ribosome modification cannot be limited to a fraction of the population and must occur in essentially every cell. However, EM-resistant growth was expressed in cells where less than half the [(14)C]leucine-incorporating activity was resistant to EM. This suggests that resistance requires that only a threshold level of ribosome modification be exceeded and that, once exceeded, resistance is dominant to sensitivity.", "PMID": 856017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10830", "title": "Macrolide resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: inducers of macrolide resistance.", "content": "Several macrolide-, lincosamide-, and streptogramin B-type (MLS) antibiotics were tested as inducers of erythromycin A (EM)-resistant [(14)C]leucine incorporation. Only 14-membered-ring macrolides having a glycosidically linked 6-deoxy sugar at the C-3 position of the lactone ring and the structurally dissimilar lincosamide, celesticetin, showed inducer activity. Modifications of EM at the C-4'' position of cladinose can apparently destroy the inducer property but do not affect the inhibitory properties of the antibiotic. The findings clearly show that inducer and inhibitor activities can be dissociated and are consistent with the concept that distinct binding/receptor sites are utilized for inhibition of ribosome function and induction of resistance.", "contents": "Macrolide resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: inducers of macrolide resistance. Several macrolide-, lincosamide-, and streptogramin B-type (MLS) antibiotics were tested as inducers of erythromycin A (EM)-resistant [(14)C]leucine incorporation. Only 14-membered-ring macrolides having a glycosidically linked 6-deoxy sugar at the C-3 position of the lactone ring and the structurally dissimilar lincosamide, celesticetin, showed inducer activity. Modifications of EM at the C-4'' position of cladinose can apparently destroy the inducer property but do not affect the inhibitory properties of the antibiotic. The findings clearly show that inducer and inhibitor activities can be dissociated and are consistent with the concept that distinct binding/receptor sites are utilized for inhibition of ribosome function and induction of resistance.", "PMID": 856018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10831", "title": "Comparative susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria to ticarcillin, cefoxitin, metronidazole, and related antimicrobial agents.", "content": "The in vitro antimicrobial activity of two newer agents, ticarcillin and cefoxitin, against 204 recent clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria was determined by an agar dilution technique, and compared to their related compounds carbenicillin, cephalothin, and penicillin, as well as metronidazole, clindamycin, and chloramphenicol. Ticarcillin was similar to carbenicillin, and cefoxitin was more active than cephalothin. At readily achievable blood concentrations of each antimicrobial agent, ticarcillin was slightly less active than clindamycin against Bacteroides fragilis. Cefoxitin was superior to cephalothin and penicillin against B. fragilis. Penicillin remained highly active against all obligate anaerobes other than B. fragilis. Metronidazole, while highly effective against B. fragilis and Clostridium perfringens, was only intermediately effective against anaerobic gram-positive cocci and relatively inactive against nonsporulating anaerobic gram-positive bacilli. Further evaluation of the clinical efficacy of ticarcillin, carbenicillin, and cefoxitin against anaerobic infections is indicated.", "contents": "Comparative susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria to ticarcillin, cefoxitin, metronidazole, and related antimicrobial agents. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of two newer agents, ticarcillin and cefoxitin, against 204 recent clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria was determined by an agar dilution technique, and compared to their related compounds carbenicillin, cephalothin, and penicillin, as well as metronidazole, clindamycin, and chloramphenicol. Ticarcillin was similar to carbenicillin, and cefoxitin was more active than cephalothin. At readily achievable blood concentrations of each antimicrobial agent, ticarcillin was slightly less active than clindamycin against Bacteroides fragilis. Cefoxitin was superior to cephalothin and penicillin against B. fragilis. Penicillin remained highly active against all obligate anaerobes other than B. fragilis. Metronidazole, while highly effective against B. fragilis and Clostridium perfringens, was only intermediately effective against anaerobic gram-positive cocci and relatively inactive against nonsporulating anaerobic gram-positive bacilli. Further evaluation of the clinical efficacy of ticarcillin, carbenicillin, and cefoxitin against anaerobic infections is indicated.", "PMID": 856019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10832", "title": "Indirect mouse model for the evaluation of potential antiviral compounds: results with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus.", "content": "An indirect mouse model was utilized to evaluate the antiviral activity of several compounds against Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus infection in mice. Mice were given various dosages of lysine-stabilized polyriboinosinic acid-polyribocytidylic acid, a tilorone analogue, kethoxal, or mepacrine before and/or shortly after receiving one of several dose levels of attenuated strain TC-83 VEE virus. Twenty-one days later, the same mice were rechallenged intracranially with virulent Trinidad donkey strain VEE virus. Susceptibility to rechallenge was interpreted as evidence of drug effectiveness in completely preventing the initial immunizing virus infection. In contrast, if a drug lacked antiviral effectiveness, the initial attenuated infection stimulated sufficient immunity to protect mice against the virulent rechallenge. Both of the interferon inducers, lysine-stabilized polyriboinosinic acid-polyribocytidylic acid and tilorone analogue 11,567, possessed significant (P < 0.01) antiviral activity based upon this indirect model, whereas mepacrine and kethoxal were inactive. Results using the indirect method were confirmed by using the conventional direct method for evaluating the effectiveness of potentially useful antiviral compounds. The indirect mouse model described should prove useful for studying drug efficacy against certain viruses that are lethal only by intracranial inoculation.", "contents": "Indirect mouse model for the evaluation of potential antiviral compounds: results with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. An indirect mouse model was utilized to evaluate the antiviral activity of several compounds against Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus infection in mice. Mice were given various dosages of lysine-stabilized polyriboinosinic acid-polyribocytidylic acid, a tilorone analogue, kethoxal, or mepacrine before and/or shortly after receiving one of several dose levels of attenuated strain TC-83 VEE virus. Twenty-one days later, the same mice were rechallenged intracranially with virulent Trinidad donkey strain VEE virus. Susceptibility to rechallenge was interpreted as evidence of drug effectiveness in completely preventing the initial immunizing virus infection. In contrast, if a drug lacked antiviral effectiveness, the initial attenuated infection stimulated sufficient immunity to protect mice against the virulent rechallenge. Both of the interferon inducers, lysine-stabilized polyriboinosinic acid-polyribocytidylic acid and tilorone analogue 11,567, possessed significant (P < 0.01) antiviral activity based upon this indirect model, whereas mepacrine and kethoxal were inactive. Results using the indirect method were confirmed by using the conventional direct method for evaluating the effectiveness of potentially useful antiviral compounds. The indirect mouse model described should prove useful for studying drug efficacy against certain viruses that are lethal only by intracranial inoculation.", "PMID": 856020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10833", "title": "Tobramycin: maternal-fetal pharmacology.", "content": "To investigate the maternal-fetal transfer of tobramycin (TBM) and its distribution in the fetus, a single dose of 2 mg/kg was administered intramuscularly to 35 pregnant patients (13 first trimester, 22 second trimester) 0.5 to 34 h before hysterectomy. TBM concentration was assayed microbiologically in maternal serum, fetal tissues (placenta, brain, lung, liver, and kidney), and fluids (amniotic, cerebrospinal fluid [CSF], urine, and serum). Mean maternal serum half-life (1.54 h) and mean peak serum concentration of TBM were within ranges reported for nonpregnant adults. In fetal serum, half-life was 5.2 h, and TBM levels did not exceed 0.58 mug/ml. For intervals up to 34 h, the mean TBM concentration in placental tissues was 1.4 mug/g. Concentration differences related to fetal maturation were found for fetal CSF, amniotic fluid, and fetal kidney. No antimicrobial activity was found in the fetal CSF of >16 weeks' gestation. TBM was present predominantly in the second trimester amniotic fluid specimens. Fetal kidney concentrations reached 7.2 mug/g at 34 h after maternal drug administration. Higher TBM concentrations were related to advanced maturation of the fetal kidney. Second trimester fetal urine concentrations for TBM ranged from 0.1 to 3.4 mug/ml, and the fetal urinary half-life was 3.7 h. Knowledge of fetal pharmacology is essential for weighing the fetal benefits or risks of antimicrobial therapy for the infected gravid patient.", "contents": "Tobramycin: maternal-fetal pharmacology. To investigate the maternal-fetal transfer of tobramycin (TBM) and its distribution in the fetus, a single dose of 2 mg/kg was administered intramuscularly to 35 pregnant patients (13 first trimester, 22 second trimester) 0.5 to 34 h before hysterectomy. TBM concentration was assayed microbiologically in maternal serum, fetal tissues (placenta, brain, lung, liver, and kidney), and fluids (amniotic, cerebrospinal fluid [CSF], urine, and serum). Mean maternal serum half-life (1.54 h) and mean peak serum concentration of TBM were within ranges reported for nonpregnant adults. In fetal serum, half-life was 5.2 h, and TBM levels did not exceed 0.58 mug/ml. For intervals up to 34 h, the mean TBM concentration in placental tissues was 1.4 mug/g. Concentration differences related to fetal maturation were found for fetal CSF, amniotic fluid, and fetal kidney. No antimicrobial activity was found in the fetal CSF of >16 weeks' gestation. TBM was present predominantly in the second trimester amniotic fluid specimens. Fetal kidney concentrations reached 7.2 mug/g at 34 h after maternal drug administration. Higher TBM concentrations were related to advanced maturation of the fetal kidney. Second trimester fetal urine concentrations for TBM ranged from 0.1 to 3.4 mug/ml, and the fetal urinary half-life was 3.7 h. Knowledge of fetal pharmacology is essential for weighing the fetal benefits or risks of antimicrobial therapy for the infected gravid patient.", "PMID": 856021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10834", "title": "Levels of carbenicillin, ticarcillin, cephalothin, cefazolin, cefamandole, gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin in human serum and interstitial fluid.", "content": "The ability of eight antibiotics (carbenicillin, ticarcillin, cefamandole, cephalothin, cefazolin, gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin) to enter human interstitial fluid was evaluated by the skin window technique. All of the antibiotics tested, except cefazolin, which has the highest percentage of protein binding, diffused into the interstitial fluid quite well. This study confirms our previous observation on the effect of high-percentage protein binding on diffusion of a drug into the minimally inflamed extravascular space.", "contents": "Levels of carbenicillin, ticarcillin, cephalothin, cefazolin, cefamandole, gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin in human serum and interstitial fluid. The ability of eight antibiotics (carbenicillin, ticarcillin, cefamandole, cephalothin, cefazolin, gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin) to enter human interstitial fluid was evaluated by the skin window technique. All of the antibiotics tested, except cefazolin, which has the highest percentage of protein binding, diffused into the interstitial fluid quite well. This study confirms our previous observation on the effect of high-percentage protein binding on diffusion of a drug into the minimally inflamed extravascular space.", "PMID": 856022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10835", "title": "Chemotherapy of genital herpes simplex virus type 2 infections of female hamsters.", "content": "The antiviral activity of 1-beta-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C, cytarabine, Cytosar), 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (IdUrd), 9-beta-d-arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A), and disodium phosphonoacetate (PAA) have been compared in herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)-infected primary rabbit kidney cells and in female hamsters with genital HSV-2 infection. In vitro, ara-C and IdUrd were more active than ara-A, and PAA was least active. In female hamsters with genital HSV-2 infection, intravaginal treatment with PAA or ara-A was more effective than either ara-C or IdUrd. PAA was more active than ara-A when treatment was initiated early (1 h) after infection. The activity of PAA was greatly reduced if initiation of treatment was delayed for 24 h. Both PAA and ara-A reduced the virus titers of the vagina and protected hamsters from death when the drugs were given by either the intravaginal or subcutaneous route, with intravaginal treatment being more effective.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of genital herpes simplex virus type 2 infections of female hamsters. The antiviral activity of 1-beta-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C, cytarabine, Cytosar), 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (IdUrd), 9-beta-d-arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A), and disodium phosphonoacetate (PAA) have been compared in herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)-infected primary rabbit kidney cells and in female hamsters with genital HSV-2 infection. In vitro, ara-C and IdUrd were more active than ara-A, and PAA was least active. In female hamsters with genital HSV-2 infection, intravaginal treatment with PAA or ara-A was more effective than either ara-C or IdUrd. PAA was more active than ara-A when treatment was initiated early (1 h) after infection. The activity of PAA was greatly reduced if initiation of treatment was delayed for 24 h. Both PAA and ara-A reduced the virus titers of the vagina and protected hamsters from death when the drugs were given by either the intravaginal or subcutaneous route, with intravaginal treatment being more effective.", "PMID": 856023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10836", "title": "Bacteriocin production by strains of Bacteroides isolated from human feces and the role of these strains in the bacterial ecology of the colon.", "content": "Several human fecal isolates of Bacteroides have been found to produce bacteriocins. The bacteriocin-producing strain T1-1 was studied in the most detail. Strain T1-1 belongs to the 0061-1 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) homology group of Bacteroides. This homology group phenotypically resembles Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron but has little DNA homology with it. The bacteriocin-producing strains T1-12 and T1-48 belong to the 3452-A DNA homology group. This group has DNA homology with B. thetaiotaomicron and Bacteroides ovatus. The bacteriocin-producing strain T1-42 remains unidentified in that it does not belong to any recognized DNA homology group of the saccharolytic intestinal bacteroides. The extracellular bacteriocin produced by strain T1-1 was specifically bactericidal for other bacteria within the genus Bacteroides. The highest bacteriocin titers (32 to 64) were produced in complex media, with only trace amounts being produced in a defined medium. The bacteriocin appeared to have a high molecular weight (>/=300,000) and was unusual because it was stable from pH 1 to 12 and only a 50% reduction in activity resulted after 15 min at 121 degrees C in an autoclave. It was inactivated by trypsin and Pronase. Strain T1-1 was isolated from all three fecal samples obtained over a 25-week period from an individual who was part of a National Aeronautics and Space Administration mock Skylab flight. Strains T1-12, T1-48, and T1-42 were isolated only from the first fecal sample. Each of these strains was immune to the bacteriocins produced by the others. These strains were found to coexist in the colon with a larger population of non-bacteriocin-producing, bacteriocin-susceptible strains of Bacteroides.", "contents": "Bacteriocin production by strains of Bacteroides isolated from human feces and the role of these strains in the bacterial ecology of the colon. Several human fecal isolates of Bacteroides have been found to produce bacteriocins. The bacteriocin-producing strain T1-1 was studied in the most detail. Strain T1-1 belongs to the 0061-1 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) homology group of Bacteroides. This homology group phenotypically resembles Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron but has little DNA homology with it. The bacteriocin-producing strains T1-12 and T1-48 belong to the 3452-A DNA homology group. This group has DNA homology with B. thetaiotaomicron and Bacteroides ovatus. The bacteriocin-producing strain T1-42 remains unidentified in that it does not belong to any recognized DNA homology group of the saccharolytic intestinal bacteroides. The extracellular bacteriocin produced by strain T1-1 was specifically bactericidal for other bacteria within the genus Bacteroides. The highest bacteriocin titers (32 to 64) were produced in complex media, with only trace amounts being produced in a defined medium. The bacteriocin appeared to have a high molecular weight (>/=300,000) and was unusual because it was stable from pH 1 to 12 and only a 50% reduction in activity resulted after 15 min at 121 degrees C in an autoclave. It was inactivated by trypsin and Pronase. Strain T1-1 was isolated from all three fecal samples obtained over a 25-week period from an individual who was part of a National Aeronautics and Space Administration mock Skylab flight. Strains T1-12, T1-48, and T1-42 were isolated only from the first fecal sample. Each of these strains was immune to the bacteriocins produced by the others. These strains were found to coexist in the colon with a larger population of non-bacteriocin-producing, bacteriocin-susceptible strains of Bacteroides.", "PMID": 856024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10837", "title": "Cefoxitin resistance to beta-lactamase: a major factor for susceptibility of bacteroides fragilis to the antibiotic.", "content": "Toluene-treated cell suspensions of Bacteroides fragilis were used to screen clinical isolates for the production of beta-lactamase. Approximately one-third of the isolates possessed considerable cephalosporinase activity. A significant correlation was found between beta-lactamase production and resistance to cephalosporin antibiotics. Several isolates were resistant to cefuroxime and cefamandole and produced enzymes capable of hydrolyzing these antibiotics. However, none of the 79 strains tested could hydrolyze the cephamycin derivative, cefoxitin. A large percentage (>90%) of the strains were susceptible to cefoxitin. Therefore, resistance to lactamase hydrolysis is a major factor for the effectiveness of cefoxitin against B. fragilis. Detailed studies of four isolates suggest that two different enzymes may be produced. Both are cephalosporinases but differ with regard to cellular distribution and substrate specificity. Cefoxitin is not a substrate for either enzyme, but it is an excellent competitive inhibitor (K(i) approximately 0.1 muM).", "contents": "Cefoxitin resistance to beta-lactamase: a major factor for susceptibility of bacteroides fragilis to the antibiotic. Toluene-treated cell suspensions of Bacteroides fragilis were used to screen clinical isolates for the production of beta-lactamase. Approximately one-third of the isolates possessed considerable cephalosporinase activity. A significant correlation was found between beta-lactamase production and resistance to cephalosporin antibiotics. Several isolates were resistant to cefuroxime and cefamandole and produced enzymes capable of hydrolyzing these antibiotics. However, none of the 79 strains tested could hydrolyze the cephamycin derivative, cefoxitin. A large percentage (>90%) of the strains were susceptible to cefoxitin. Therefore, resistance to lactamase hydrolysis is a major factor for the effectiveness of cefoxitin against B. fragilis. Detailed studies of four isolates suggest that two different enzymes may be produced. Both are cephalosporinases but differ with regard to cellular distribution and substrate specificity. Cefoxitin is not a substrate for either enzyme, but it is an excellent competitive inhibitor (K(i) approximately 0.1 muM).", "PMID": 856025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10838", "title": "Evaluation of the in vitro antifungal activity of allicin.", "content": "Allicin was effective in vitro against Candida, Cryptococcus, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, and Microsporum. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of allicin against these organisms were 3.13 to 6.25 mug/ml by the agar dilution method and 1.57 to 6.25 mug/ml by the broth dilution method, using Sabouraud glucose (SG) medium. However decreased activity was demonstrated against Aspergillus. The MIC of allicin against various pathogenic fungi was affected considerably by differences in the experimental conditions, e.g., incubation time, inoculum size, type of medium, and medium pH. The MIC of allicin against Candida, Cryptococcus, and Aspergillus remained constant after more than 3 days of incubation, and that against Dermatophytes remained constant after more than 10 days of incubation. Decreasing the inoculum size increased the susceptibility to allicin. The antifungal activity of allicin was stronger on SG agar medium with a pH of 5.6 than on the same medium with a pH of 6.0 or higher. By microscopical observation, allicin induced morphological abnormalities in hyphae of Trichophyton mentagrophytes Morita. Percent germination of spores of the Morita strain at 24 h in SG agar medium was greatly decreased with an allicin concentration of 3.13 mug/ml, and the lethal dose for the spores was about four times higher than the fungistatic concentration. These results suggest that allicin inhibits both germination of spores and growth of hyphae.", "contents": "Evaluation of the in vitro antifungal activity of allicin. Allicin was effective in vitro against Candida, Cryptococcus, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, and Microsporum. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of allicin against these organisms were 3.13 to 6.25 mug/ml by the agar dilution method and 1.57 to 6.25 mug/ml by the broth dilution method, using Sabouraud glucose (SG) medium. However decreased activity was demonstrated against Aspergillus. The MIC of allicin against various pathogenic fungi was affected considerably by differences in the experimental conditions, e.g., incubation time, inoculum size, type of medium, and medium pH. The MIC of allicin against Candida, Cryptococcus, and Aspergillus remained constant after more than 3 days of incubation, and that against Dermatophytes remained constant after more than 10 days of incubation. Decreasing the inoculum size increased the susceptibility to allicin. The antifungal activity of allicin was stronger on SG agar medium with a pH of 5.6 than on the same medium with a pH of 6.0 or higher. By microscopical observation, allicin induced morphological abnormalities in hyphae of Trichophyton mentagrophytes Morita. Percent germination of spores of the Morita strain at 24 h in SG agar medium was greatly decreased with an allicin concentration of 3.13 mug/ml, and the lethal dose for the spores was about four times higher than the fungistatic concentration. These results suggest that allicin inhibits both germination of spores and growth of hyphae.", "PMID": 856026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10839", "title": "Measurement of polyene antibiotic-mediated erythrocyte damage by release of hemoglobin and radioactive chromium.", "content": "Polyene antifungal antibiotics produce various degrees of membrane damage in sheep erythrocytes in vitro. Mediocidin, filipin, amphotericin B, and candicidin were found to result in greater damage than nystatin, pimaricin, and amphotericin B methyl ester. The degree of sensitivity of the cells varied by 100-fold for mediocidin verus amphotericin B methyl ester as measured by curves of hemoglobin release versus drug concentration. In erythrocytes prelabeled with radioactive chromium, release of the isotope through polyene-damaged cell membranes was found to occur at lower drug concentrations than measurable hemoglobin release, and the percentage of isotope released at the highest drug dose was consistently greater than the percentage of hemoglobin released. Thus, the isotope assay is a more sensitive indicator of polyene-induced membrane damage in the test system. These significant differences in release of molecules through polyene-induced membrane lesions indicate the complex nature of the binding and further interactions of this class of drugs with the plasma membrane.", "contents": "Measurement of polyene antibiotic-mediated erythrocyte damage by release of hemoglobin and radioactive chromium. Polyene antifungal antibiotics produce various degrees of membrane damage in sheep erythrocytes in vitro. Mediocidin, filipin, amphotericin B, and candicidin were found to result in greater damage than nystatin, pimaricin, and amphotericin B methyl ester. The degree of sensitivity of the cells varied by 100-fold for mediocidin verus amphotericin B methyl ester as measured by curves of hemoglobin release versus drug concentration. In erythrocytes prelabeled with radioactive chromium, release of the isotope through polyene-damaged cell membranes was found to occur at lower drug concentrations than measurable hemoglobin release, and the percentage of isotope released at the highest drug dose was consistently greater than the percentage of hemoglobin released. Thus, the isotope assay is a more sensitive indicator of polyene-induced membrane damage in the test system. These significant differences in release of molecules through polyene-induced membrane lesions indicate the complex nature of the binding and further interactions of this class of drugs with the plasma membrane.", "PMID": 856027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10840", "title": "Evaluation of the Autobac 1 susceptibility testing system in a clinical diagnostic laboratory.", "content": "The Autobac 1 system was compared to the disk diffusion and agar dilution methods. Overall, there was good correlation; however, certain antibiotic/bacterial combinations gave unreliable results. In particular, unreliable results were obtained against staphylococci with penicillins, aerobic gram-negative rods with cephalothin, and enterococci with cephalothin and clindamycin.", "contents": "Evaluation of the Autobac 1 susceptibility testing system in a clinical diagnostic laboratory. The Autobac 1 system was compared to the disk diffusion and agar dilution methods. Overall, there was good correlation; however, certain antibiotic/bacterial combinations gave unreliable results. In particular, unreliable results were obtained against staphylococci with penicillins, aerobic gram-negative rods with cephalothin, and enterococci with cephalothin and clindamycin.", "PMID": 856028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10841", "title": "Mutagenicity and antibacterial activity of hydroxamic acids.", "content": "Hydroxamic acids demonstrated mutagenic and antibacterial activities. These activities appear to be dependent on the hydroxamic acid function and are probably due to the interaction with deoxyribonucleic acid.", "contents": "Mutagenicity and antibacterial activity of hydroxamic acids. Hydroxamic acids demonstrated mutagenic and antibacterial activities. These activities appear to be dependent on the hydroxamic acid function and are probably due to the interaction with deoxyribonucleic acid.", "PMID": 856029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10842", "title": "Effects of ionenes on interferon induction by poly(inosinic acid) . poly(cytidylic acid).", "content": "Depending on the spacing of their positive charges, ionenes, a class of quaternary ammonium polymers, increased the interferon-inducing activity of poly(inosinic acid).poly(cytidylic acid) in mouse L-929 cells, whereas they did not enhance poly(inosinic acid).poly(cytidylic acid) induced interferon production in primary rabbit kidney and human skin fibrolast cells.", "contents": "Effects of ionenes on interferon induction by poly(inosinic acid) . poly(cytidylic acid). Depending on the spacing of their positive charges, ionenes, a class of quaternary ammonium polymers, increased the interferon-inducing activity of poly(inosinic acid).poly(cytidylic acid) in mouse L-929 cells, whereas they did not enhance poly(inosinic acid).poly(cytidylic acid) induced interferon production in primary rabbit kidney and human skin fibrolast cells.", "PMID": 856030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10843", "title": "Distribution of sodium cefazolin in serum, muscle, bone marrow, and bone of normal rabbits.", "content": "Cefazolin levels were detected in bone and bone marrow of normal rabbits dosed intramuscularly, even in the absence of detectable levels in serum.", "contents": "Distribution of sodium cefazolin in serum, muscle, bone marrow, and bone of normal rabbits. Cefazolin levels were detected in bone and bone marrow of normal rabbits dosed intramuscularly, even in the absence of detectable levels in serum.", "PMID": 856031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10844", "title": "Mycobacterium chelonei infection: successful treatment based on a radiometric susceptibility test.", "content": "A patient with Mycobacterium chelonei infection was treated with erythromycin stearate and streptomycin. The choice of antibiotics was based on a rapid radiometric susceptibility test developed in our laboratory.", "contents": "Mycobacterium chelonei infection: successful treatment based on a radiometric susceptibility test. A patient with Mycobacterium chelonei infection was treated with erythromycin stearate and streptomycin. The choice of antibiotics was based on a rapid radiometric susceptibility test developed in our laboratory.", "PMID": 856032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10845", "title": "Efficacy of 5,6-dihydro-5-azathymidine against cutaneous herpes simplex virus in hairless mice.", "content": "5,6-Dihydro-5-azathymidine, administered subcutaneously, was active both prophylactically and therapeutically against cutaneous herpesvirus infection of hairless mice. Activity was comparable to that obtained with adenine arabinoside.", "contents": "Efficacy of 5,6-dihydro-5-azathymidine against cutaneous herpes simplex virus in hairless mice. 5,6-Dihydro-5-azathymidine, administered subcutaneously, was active both prophylactically and therapeutically against cutaneous herpesvirus infection of hairless mice. Activity was comparable to that obtained with adenine arabinoside.", "PMID": 856033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10846", "title": "125I radioimmunoassay of netilmicin.", "content": "We report a radioimmunoassay for the new semisynthetic aminoglycoside netilmicin with a sensitivity of 480 pg per tube and a correlation coefficient of 0.94 between this radioimmunoassay and a microbioassay for measurement of netilmicin in serum.", "contents": "125I radioimmunoassay of netilmicin. We report a radioimmunoassay for the new semisynthetic aminoglycoside netilmicin with a sensitivity of 480 pg per tube and a correlation coefficient of 0.94 between this radioimmunoassay and a microbioassay for measurement of netilmicin in serum.", "PMID": 856034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10847", "title": "Effect of sodium salicylate and indomethacin on methotrexate-serum albumin binding.", "content": "Approximately 60% of methotrexate in serum is protein bound and this binding occurs primarily to serum albumin. The fraction of methotrexate bound remains relatively constant despite changes in free methotrexate concentrations over the range observed clinically. Indomethacin did not influence methotrexate-albumin binding, but salicylate in therapeutic concentrations produced a 20% to 60% decrease in binding. The clinical significance of these findings for patients requiring concomitant methotrexate and salicylate is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of sodium salicylate and indomethacin on methotrexate-serum albumin binding. Approximately 60% of methotrexate in serum is protein bound and this binding occurs primarily to serum albumin. The fraction of methotrexate bound remains relatively constant despite changes in free methotrexate concentrations over the range observed clinically. Indomethacin did not influence methotrexate-albumin binding, but salicylate in therapeutic concentrations produced a 20% to 60% decrease in binding. The clinical significance of these findings for patients requiring concomitant methotrexate and salicylate is discussed.", "PMID": 856048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10848", "title": "Betamethasone valerate ointment compared with fluocinonide FAPG.", "content": "Betamethasone 0.1% as valerate in an ointment base and fluocinonide 0.05% in a fatty alcohol propylene glycol (FAPG) base have been compared in a double-blind trial of 76 patients with either eczema or psoriasis. The results show betamethasone valerate ointment to be significantly (P less than.05) superior to fluocinonide FAPG in the treatment of both these skin conditions. In the light of publications from other studies on betamethasone valerate cream this trial indicates that the ointment base considerably increases the efficacy of betamethasone valerate.", "contents": "Betamethasone valerate ointment compared with fluocinonide FAPG. Betamethasone 0.1% as valerate in an ointment base and fluocinonide 0.05% in a fatty alcohol propylene glycol (FAPG) base have been compared in a double-blind trial of 76 patients with either eczema or psoriasis. The results show betamethasone valerate ointment to be significantly (P less than.05) superior to fluocinonide FAPG in the treatment of both these skin conditions. In the light of publications from other studies on betamethasone valerate cream this trial indicates that the ointment base considerably increases the efficacy of betamethasone valerate.", "PMID": 856049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10849", "title": "Perfume dermatitis. a study of 20 patients.", "content": "Patch tests to several screening sets of fragrance materials were performed on 20 perfume-sensitive patients. The most common allergens were found to be a jasmin synthetic (18 of 20 patients), cinnamic alcohol (15 of 20 patients), and hydroxycitronella (9 of 20 patients). More than half of the patients were also contact sensitive to other ingredients of cosmetics and over-the-counter and prescription preparations.", "contents": "Perfume dermatitis. a study of 20 patients. Patch tests to several screening sets of fragrance materials were performed on 20 perfume-sensitive patients. The most common allergens were found to be a jasmin synthetic (18 of 20 patients), cinnamic alcohol (15 of 20 patients), and hydroxycitronella (9 of 20 patients). More than half of the patients were also contact sensitive to other ingredients of cosmetics and over-the-counter and prescription preparations.", "PMID": 856050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10850", "title": "Abnormal vascular reactions in atopic dermatitis.", "content": "Vascular reactions to mechanical stroking, topical application of nicotinic acid ester, and methacholine chloride were examined in both the normal and abnormal skin of 100 patients with atopic dermatitis and 20 patients with allergic contact dermatitis. White dermographism, nicotinic acid blanching, and delayed blanch with methacholine consistently occurred in areas of skin with eczematous change of patients with atopic dermatitis and those with allergic contact dermatitis. Normal skin of atopic patients did not show the abnormal vascular reactions. It is suggested that white dermographism, nicotinic acid blanching, and delayed blanch with methacholine seen in atopic dermatitis are secondary phenomena that give no definite information concerning the diagnosis of this disease.", "contents": "Abnormal vascular reactions in atopic dermatitis. Vascular reactions to mechanical stroking, topical application of nicotinic acid ester, and methacholine chloride were examined in both the normal and abnormal skin of 100 patients with atopic dermatitis and 20 patients with allergic contact dermatitis. White dermographism, nicotinic acid blanching, and delayed blanch with methacholine consistently occurred in areas of skin with eczematous change of patients with atopic dermatitis and those with allergic contact dermatitis. Normal skin of atopic patients did not show the abnormal vascular reactions. It is suggested that white dermographism, nicotinic acid blanching, and delayed blanch with methacholine seen in atopic dermatitis are secondary phenomena that give no definite information concerning the diagnosis of this disease.", "PMID": 856051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10851", "title": "Lymphocutaneous nocardiosis due to nocardia brasiliensis.", "content": "A farmer had chaining lymphocutaneous granuloma on the right hand and arm. Clinically the syndrome seemed typical for sporotrichosis. Bacteriological examination revealed Nocardia brasiliensis as the only etiologic agent. Since 1920, eight similar cases of sporotrichoid nocardiosis have been reported from various parts of the world. To our knowledge, isolation of N brasiliensis has not been reported previously in this geographical area.", "contents": "Lymphocutaneous nocardiosis due to nocardia brasiliensis. A farmer had chaining lymphocutaneous granuloma on the right hand and arm. Clinically the syndrome seemed typical for sporotrichosis. Bacteriological examination revealed Nocardia brasiliensis as the only etiologic agent. Since 1920, eight similar cases of sporotrichoid nocardiosis have been reported from various parts of the world. To our knowledge, isolation of N brasiliensis has not been reported previously in this geographical area.", "PMID": 856052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10852", "title": "Eosinophilic ulcer of the tongue.", "content": "Two cases of tongue ulcers are presented. Histopathologic examination of biopsy specimens obtained from each case showed marked submucosal and muscular infiltration of polymorphonuclear eosinophils compatible with the diagnosis of eosinophilic ulcer of the tongue. The disease entity appears to be uncommon, yet, it should be recognized as benign since in both instances, healing was spontaneous.", "contents": "Eosinophilic ulcer of the tongue. Two cases of tongue ulcers are presented. Histopathologic examination of biopsy specimens obtained from each case showed marked submucosal and muscular infiltration of polymorphonuclear eosinophils compatible with the diagnosis of eosinophilic ulcer of the tongue. The disease entity appears to be uncommon, yet, it should be recognized as benign since in both instances, healing was spontaneous.", "PMID": 856053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10853", "title": "Osler node, Janeway lesions, and splinter hemorrhages.", "content": "This report documents the occurrence of an Osler node, subungual hemorrhages, and Janeway lesions peripheral to an infected arterial catheter. A brief review of these dermatological manifestations of infection is given and the importance of surgical removal of the involved artery after poor response to medical therapy is stressed.", "contents": "Osler node, Janeway lesions, and splinter hemorrhages. This report documents the occurrence of an Osler node, subungual hemorrhages, and Janeway lesions peripheral to an infected arterial catheter. A brief review of these dermatological manifestations of infection is given and the importance of surgical removal of the involved artery after poor response to medical therapy is stressed.", "PMID": 856054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10854", "title": "Modern radiotherapy for malignant epitheliomas.", "content": "There are exceptional cases of malignant epitheliomas in which radiotherapy is at once or eventually becomes a treatment of last resort. We recount the clinical facts, histologic findings, radiotherapeutic techniques, and results of treatment of seven such cases.", "contents": "Modern radiotherapy for malignant epitheliomas. There are exceptional cases of malignant epitheliomas in which radiotherapy is at once or eventually becomes a treatment of last resort. We recount the clinical facts, histologic findings, radiotherapeutic techniques, and results of treatment of seven such cases.", "PMID": 856055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10855", "title": "Some research on parapsoriasis and lymphomas.", "content": "Thirty-five cases of benign parapsoriasis en plaques, 24 cases of prereticulotic poikiloderma (3 of which were in evolution towards polymorphous lymphomas), 15 cases of lymphoma and 10 cases of other various skin proliferative disorders were studied. For various reasons the first two conditions are preferably indicated as type 1 and type 2 parapsoriasis. Attention is drawn to the possibility of finding a dermal fibro-histiocytary proliferative condition, more often in type 2 parapsoriasis than in type 1. Dysprotidemia, signs of a reactive bone marrow condition, and changes of the tryptophan leads to niacin pathway, as signs of various degrees of damage of connective tissue, were found in type 2 parapsoriasis and lymphomas.", "contents": "Some research on parapsoriasis and lymphomas. Thirty-five cases of benign parapsoriasis en plaques, 24 cases of prereticulotic poikiloderma (3 of which were in evolution towards polymorphous lymphomas), 15 cases of lymphoma and 10 cases of other various skin proliferative disorders were studied. For various reasons the first two conditions are preferably indicated as type 1 and type 2 parapsoriasis. Attention is drawn to the possibility of finding a dermal fibro-histiocytary proliferative condition, more often in type 2 parapsoriasis than in type 1. Dysprotidemia, signs of a reactive bone marrow condition, and changes of the tryptophan leads to niacin pathway, as signs of various degrees of damage of connective tissue, were found in type 2 parapsoriasis and lymphomas.", "PMID": 856062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10856", "title": "Chemical composition and swelling of normal and osteoarthrotic femoral head cartilage. I. Chemical composition.", "content": "Radiochemical and biochemical methods were used to characterize post-mortem and osteoarthrotic femoral  head cartilage. Fixed charge density measurements were correlated with glycosaminoglycan content as estimated by uronic acid and hexosamine analyses. In post-mortem cartilage water content decreased from a maximum at the surface to a minimum in the deep zones. In the osteoarthrotic specimens water content was greatest in the middle zones. Glycosaminoglycan content increased with depth and in the osteoarthrotic specimens was reduced throughout the depth of the cartilage. With increasing degeneration there was an increase in water content and decrease in glycosaminoglycan content. The difference in the water content profile in osteoarthrotic cartilage was explained in terms of damage to the collagen network. In osteoarthrosis the latter is no longer capable of restraining the swelling pressure produced by the glycosaminoglycans and swelling is greatest in the midzones, where glycosaminoglycan content is highest.", "contents": "Chemical composition and swelling of normal and osteoarthrotic femoral head cartilage. I. Chemical composition. Radiochemical and biochemical methods were used to characterize post-mortem and osteoarthrotic femoral  head cartilage. Fixed charge density measurements were correlated with glycosaminoglycan content as estimated by uronic acid and hexosamine analyses. In post-mortem cartilage water content decreased from a maximum at the surface to a minimum in the deep zones. In the osteoarthrotic specimens water content was greatest in the middle zones. Glycosaminoglycan content increased with depth and in the osteoarthrotic specimens was reduced throughout the depth of the cartilage. With increasing degeneration there was an increase in water content and decrease in glycosaminoglycan content. The difference in the water content profile in osteoarthrotic cartilage was explained in terms of damage to the collagen network. In osteoarthrosis the latter is no longer capable of restraining the swelling pressure produced by the glycosaminoglycans and swelling is greatest in the midzones, where glycosaminoglycan content is highest.", "PMID": 856064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10857", "title": "Low tension studies of collagen fibres from ligaments of the human spine.", "content": "On polarization microscopy collagen fibres from human cadaveric anterior longitudinal, posterior longitudinal, and interspinous ligaments show a series of transmission and extinction bands. By observing changes in this pattern on rotating the polarizing stage and on rotating the fibres a crimped structure of the fibres was deduced and its parameters were calculated. From these data the force/strain behaviour of the fibres under low tension was calculated. This corresponded closely with the results from mechanical measurement. At the same time we documented alterations in the transmission and extinction patterns while under tensile load. The results suggest that it is the crimped structure that is responsible for the high extensibility of the collagen fibres under low tension. The initial extension is by deformity of the crimp segment. This avoids risk of tearing the collagen fibres.", "contents": "Low tension studies of collagen fibres from ligaments of the human spine. On polarization microscopy collagen fibres from human cadaveric anterior longitudinal, posterior longitudinal, and interspinous ligaments show a series of transmission and extinction bands. By observing changes in this pattern on rotating the polarizing stage and on rotating the fibres a crimped structure of the fibres was deduced and its parameters were calculated. From these data the force/strain behaviour of the fibres under low tension was calculated. This corresponded closely with the results from mechanical measurement. At the same time we documented alterations in the transmission and extinction patterns while under tensile load. The results suggest that it is the crimped structure that is responsible for the high extensibility of the collagen fibres under low tension. The initial extension is by deformity of the crimp segment. This avoids risk of tearing the collagen fibres.", "PMID": 856065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10858", "title": "Involvement of the eye in SLE and scleroderma. A study using fluorescein angiography in addition to clinical ophthalmic assessment.", "content": "General examination of the eye was carried out in 22 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and in 10 with scleroderma. 3 of the SLE and 2 of the scleroderma patients had keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Fluorescein angiography showed abnormalities of the retinal vasculature in one of a subgroup of 12 SLE patients and one of 10 scleroderma patients. None of the 12 SLE patients had abnormalities of the choroidal vasculature, while 5 of the 10 scleroderma patients had patchy areas of nonperfusion of the choroidal capillary bed.", "contents": "Involvement of the eye in SLE and scleroderma. A study using fluorescein angiography in addition to clinical ophthalmic assessment. General examination of the eye was carried out in 22 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and in 10 with scleroderma. 3 of the SLE and 2 of the scleroderma patients had keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Fluorescein angiography showed abnormalities of the retinal vasculature in one of a subgroup of 12 SLE patients and one of 10 scleroderma patients. None of the 12 SLE patients had abnormalities of the choroidal vasculature, while 5 of the 10 scleroderma patients had patchy areas of nonperfusion of the choroidal capillary bed.", "PMID": 856066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10859", "title": "Measurement of pain in juvenile chronic polyarthritis.", "content": "Pain can be measured using a visual analogue scale in children with juvenile chronic polyarthritis. In a study of 100 children failures were uncommon after the age of 5. Pain severity was strikingly lower than in a group of adults with rheumatoid arthritis and correlated poorly with other measures of disease severity and activity. Because of the low scores, measurement of pain is likely to be less useful in children for assessing the effects of treatment than it is adults.", "contents": "Measurement of pain in juvenile chronic polyarthritis. Pain can be measured using a visual analogue scale in children with juvenile chronic polyarthritis. In a study of 100 children failures were uncommon after the age of 5. Pain severity was strikingly lower than in a group of adults with rheumatoid arthritis and correlated poorly with other measures of disease severity and activity. Because of the low scores, measurement of pain is likely to be less useful in children for assessing the effects of treatment than it is adults.", "PMID": 856067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10860", "title": "Pain in the knee associated with osteoporosis of the patella.", "content": "Four patients, all of whom complained of pain in the knee, were found to have radiological evidence of osteoporosis particularly marked in the patella. In 3 a neurological lesion at the appropriate spinal segment was present, and the fourth patient, who was frankly hysterical, had an autonomic disturbance. If radiological porosis is isolated to the patella a distant cause such as nerve irritation should be sought.", "contents": "Pain in the knee associated with osteoporosis of the patella. Four patients, all of whom complained of pain in the knee, were found to have radiological evidence of osteoporosis particularly marked in the patella. In 3 a neurological lesion at the appropriate spinal segment was present, and the fourth patient, who was frankly hysterical, had an autonomic disturbance. If radiological porosis is isolated to the patella a distant cause such as nerve irritation should be sought.", "PMID": 856068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10861", "title": "The surgical treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism: a 20 year experience.", "content": "Analysis of a series of 200 surgically treated cases of primary hyperparathyroidism was carried out in an effort to identify not only the changing clinical patterns and improved diagnostic methods but also to assess the long term results of our conventional operative methods in light of recent reports of a high incidence of diffuse hyperplasia and a high recurrence rate when surgery is restricted to removal of the adenoma. As reported by others the \"chemical diagnosis\" of primary hyperparathyroidism, the clinical setting in which unsuspected hypercalcemia is demonstrated on routine blood analysis, accounts for the majority of diagnoses today. Impending or actual \"parathyroid crisis\" has been observed with alarming frequency. The use of the thiazide challenge test provides a useful diagnostic aid in many instances. The incidence of diffuse hyperplasia was 6% in this series while an adenoma was present in 88%. No instance of recurrence was observed in either the cases of adenomas or diffuse hyperplasia.", "contents": "The surgical treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism: a 20 year experience. Analysis of a series of 200 surgically treated cases of primary hyperparathyroidism was carried out in an effort to identify not only the changing clinical patterns and improved diagnostic methods but also to assess the long term results of our conventional operative methods in light of recent reports of a high incidence of diffuse hyperplasia and a high recurrence rate when surgery is restricted to removal of the adenoma. As reported by others the \"chemical diagnosis\" of primary hyperparathyroidism, the clinical setting in which unsuspected hypercalcemia is demonstrated on routine blood analysis, accounts for the majority of diagnoses today. Impending or actual \"parathyroid crisis\" has been observed with alarming frequency. The use of the thiazide challenge test provides a useful diagnostic aid in many instances. The incidence of diffuse hyperplasia was 6% in this series while an adenoma was present in 88%. No instance of recurrence was observed in either the cases of adenomas or diffuse hyperplasia.", "PMID": 856073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10862", "title": "Out-patient breast biopsies.", "content": "Because an increasing number of women do not wish to be anesthetized not knowing the specific diagnosis and not knowing if they will awaken with or without their breast, the traditional approach of biopsy under general anesthesia, frozen section and simultaneous mastectomy has been abandoned in most instances. One-hundred and fifty-three consecutive biopsies have been performed under local anesthesia. Nineteen patients proved to have a carcinoma, 23 patients had non-obligate precursors of carcinoma, five patients had a lymphoma and the remaining patients had benign disease. No significant complications occurred. Breast biopsies under local anesthesia avoid a good deal of psychologic trauma to the patient and allow the surgeon to plan therapy based on a precise histologic diagnosis. There are also substantial savings on both the direct and indirect cost of a breast biopsy under local anesthesia compared to a similar procedure under general anesthesia.", "contents": "Out-patient breast biopsies. Because an increasing number of women do not wish to be anesthetized not knowing the specific diagnosis and not knowing if they will awaken with or without their breast, the traditional approach of biopsy under general anesthesia, frozen section and simultaneous mastectomy has been abandoned in most instances. One-hundred and fifty-three consecutive biopsies have been performed under local anesthesia. Nineteen patients proved to have a carcinoma, 23 patients had non-obligate precursors of carcinoma, five patients had a lymphoma and the remaining patients had benign disease. No significant complications occurred. Breast biopsies under local anesthesia avoid a good deal of psychologic trauma to the patient and allow the surgeon to plan therapy based on a precise histologic diagnosis. There are also substantial savings on both the direct and indirect cost of a breast biopsy under local anesthesia compared to a similar procedure under general anesthesia.", "PMID": 856074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10863", "title": "Periampullary malignancy in Gardner's syndrome.", "content": "Three cases of familial polyposis coli with associated periampullary malignancies are reported and the literature reviewed, which disclosed 16 additional cases. An additional five unreported cases are known to exist. The authors believe that the development of periampullary malignancy in FPC is a definite extracolonic manifestation of the disease and should be considered a variant of Gardner's syndrome. It is recommended that all FPC patients with colon polyps undergo routine surveillance of the upper gastrointestinal tract and that all duodenal polyps discovered be surgically removed when feasible.", "contents": "Periampullary malignancy in Gardner's syndrome. Three cases of familial polyposis coli with associated periampullary malignancies are reported and the literature reviewed, which disclosed 16 additional cases. An additional five unreported cases are known to exist. The authors believe that the development of periampullary malignancy in FPC is a definite extracolonic manifestation of the disease and should be considered a variant of Gardner's syndrome. It is recommended that all FPC patients with colon polyps undergo routine surveillance of the upper gastrointestinal tract and that all duodenal polyps discovered be surgically removed when feasible.", "PMID": 856075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10864", "title": "Biliary bacteria and hepatic histopathologic changes in gallstone disease.", "content": "This study attempts to assess the frequency and severity of liver damage in patients with gallstone disease and the role of bacteria in the development of these changes. Needle biopsy of the liver demonstrated acute inflammation of portal triads in 19 of 126 patients with gallstones, a finding not present in control patients. Acute inflammation occurred more often in patients with acute cholecystitis and choledocholithiasis than in chronic cholecystitis. Cultures of the biliary tract or liver were positive in 23 of 64 patients. The frequency of positive bile cultures increased with the severity of the biliary tract disease. Five out of 6 positive liver cultures were from patients with acute cholecystitis or choledocholithiasis. The data suggest that impairment of bile flow is responsible for the acute hepatic inflammatory changes.", "contents": "Biliary bacteria and hepatic histopathologic changes in gallstone disease. This study attempts to assess the frequency and severity of liver damage in patients with gallstone disease and the role of bacteria in the development of these changes. Needle biopsy of the liver demonstrated acute inflammation of portal triads in 19 of 126 patients with gallstones, a finding not present in control patients. Acute inflammation occurred more often in patients with acute cholecystitis and choledocholithiasis than in chronic cholecystitis. Cultures of the biliary tract or liver were positive in 23 of 64 patients. The frequency of positive bile cultures increased with the severity of the biliary tract disease. Five out of 6 positive liver cultures were from patients with acute cholecystitis or choledocholithiasis. The data suggest that impairment of bile flow is responsible for the acute hepatic inflammatory changes.", "PMID": 856076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10865", "title": "The effect of the distal splenorenal shunt on hypersplenism.", "content": "Twenty-four patients with leukopenia and/or thrombocytopenia improved these deficiencies after distal splenorenal shunts. The average white blood cell count for 23 neutropenic patients increased by an average 1000 cells/cu.mm p less than .01. The average platelet count for 13 thrombocytopenic patients increased by more than 40,000, p less than .02. Analysis of the data showed that patients older than 50 years, with a history of alcoholic liver disease and sinusoidal hypertension greater than 15mm Hg were most likely to correct leukocyte and platelet defects after distal splenorenal shunts.", "contents": "The effect of the distal splenorenal shunt on hypersplenism. Twenty-four patients with leukopenia and/or thrombocytopenia improved these deficiencies after distal splenorenal shunts. The average white blood cell count for 23 neutropenic patients increased by an average 1000 cells/cu.mm p less than .01. The average platelet count for 13 thrombocytopenic patients increased by more than 40,000, p less than .02. Analysis of the data showed that patients older than 50 years, with a history of alcoholic liver disease and sinusoidal hypertension greater than 15mm Hg were most likely to correct leukocyte and platelet defects after distal splenorenal shunts.", "PMID": 856077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10866", "title": "Surgical management of pectus deformities.", "content": "We analyzed the long-term results in 87 patients who had pectus deformities repaired at Fitzsimons Army Medical Center during the period 1953 to 1975. Seventy-one patients had operations for correction of pectus excavotum; 16 had pectus carinatum deformities repaired. A variety of surgical techniques was used in these patients. Our findings show that in excavatum deformities the best results were obtained by removing all deformed cartilage,  mobilizing the sternum, using an anterior osteotomy, and stabilizing the chest with a metal strut (which was removed after one year). For carinatum defects, the Ravitch procedure has produced good results. We are encouraged to be more aggressive in advocating repair of the deformities, not only for cosmetic results but because the patients seem to feel healthier both physically and mentally after repair. For these reasons we advocate operation for pectus deformity as any age.", "contents": "Surgical management of pectus deformities. We analyzed the long-term results in 87 patients who had pectus deformities repaired at Fitzsimons Army Medical Center during the period 1953 to 1975. Seventy-one patients had operations for correction of pectus excavotum; 16 had pectus carinatum deformities repaired. A variety of surgical techniques was used in these patients. Our findings show that in excavatum deformities the best results were obtained by removing all deformed cartilage,  mobilizing the sternum, using an anterior osteotomy, and stabilizing the chest with a metal strut (which was removed after one year). For carinatum defects, the Ravitch procedure has produced good results. We are encouraged to be more aggressive in advocating repair of the deformities, not only for cosmetic results but because the patients seem to feel healthier both physically and mentally after repair. For these reasons we advocate operation for pectus deformity as any age.", "PMID": 856079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10867", "title": "Coronary atherosclerosis in valvular heart disease.", "content": "To evaluate the usefulness of routine coronary arteriography in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization for the evaluation of valvular heart disease, we performed coronary arteriographic studies routinely in a series of 201 patients primarily catheterized for such evaluation. Coronary artery obstructive lesions in excess of 50% of the lumen were present in 45 of the 201 patients. In 18 of the 45 there was no history of chest pain. Three of the 18 had three vessels involved while 2 had two vessels involved. A total of 27 patients (13.4%) had luminal obstruction greater than 70%, and 9 of these had no pain. In 35 of the 201 patients, classic angina pectoris existed in the absence of radiographically significant disease. Severe coronary disease was found to coexist with hemodynamically severe valvular heart disease and was not predictable noninvasively.", "contents": "Coronary atherosclerosis in valvular heart disease. To evaluate the usefulness of routine coronary arteriography in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization for the evaluation of valvular heart disease, we performed coronary arteriographic studies routinely in a series of 201 patients primarily catheterized for such evaluation. Coronary artery obstructive lesions in excess of 50% of the lumen were present in 45 of the 201 patients. In 18 of the 45 there was no history of chest pain. Three of the 18 had three vessels involved while 2 had two vessels involved. A total of 27 patients (13.4%) had luminal obstruction greater than 70%, and 9 of these had no pain. In 35 of the 201 patients, classic angina pectoris existed in the absence of radiographically significant disease. Severe coronary disease was found to coexist with hemodynamically severe valvular heart disease and was not predictable noninvasively.", "PMID": 856080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10868", "title": "Prognostic considerations in the management of left ventricular aneurysms.", "content": "This report summarizes a four-year experience with 60 patients who had left ventricular aneurysm (LVA) resection and bypass of all significantly diseased coronary arteries, with an operative and late mortality of 3.3 and 8.3%, respectively. Their cardiac catheterizations were reviewed, and the only values that seemed to reflect prognosis were preoperative cardiac index and the presence of absence of septal motion. The lower the cardiac index, the less  likely the patient was to do well postoperatively. There were now survivors who had lacked septal motion by left anterior oblique ventriculogram. Patients without septal motion are therefore no longer considered surgical candidates. If septal motion is present, resection of LVA carries no more risk than myocardial revascularization without LVA.", "contents": "Prognostic considerations in the management of left ventricular aneurysms. This report summarizes a four-year experience with 60 patients who had left ventricular aneurysm (LVA) resection and bypass of all significantly diseased coronary arteries, with an operative and late mortality of 3.3 and 8.3%, respectively. Their cardiac catheterizations were reviewed, and the only values that seemed to reflect prognosis were preoperative cardiac index and the presence of absence of septal motion. The lower the cardiac index, the less  likely the patient was to do well postoperatively. There were now survivors who had lacked septal motion by left anterior oblique ventriculogram. Patients without septal motion are therefore no longer considered surgical candidates. If septal motion is present, resection of LVA carries no more risk than myocardial revascularization without LVA.", "PMID": 856081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10869", "title": "Left ventricular wall resection for aneurysm and akinesia  due to coronary artery disease: fifty consecutive patients.", "content": "Left ventricular wall resection with or without vein bypass grafting was performed in 50 consecutive patients with aneurysm or an akinetic segment with poor left ventricular hemodynamics. Ejection fraction averaged 29% and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure averaged 20 mm Hg. Associated valve disease was present in 14 patients (28%). Hospital mortality was 22% (11 patients) and late mortality was 20% (10 patients). The lowest mortality (3%, 1 death) was found in patients who had anterior apical resection with associated vein bypass, in whom prophylactic balloon pumping was used when needed for ejection fractions of less than 30%. A high mortality occurred with associated valve replacement (6 deaths, 86%) and posterior aneurysm. Among 39 patients followed for an average of twenty-four months, 34 (87%) improved one class and 18 (46%) improved two classes of the New York Heart Association Functional Classification.", "contents": "Left ventricular wall resection for aneurysm and akinesia  due to coronary artery disease: fifty consecutive patients. Left ventricular wall resection with or without vein bypass grafting was performed in 50 consecutive patients with aneurysm or an akinetic segment with poor left ventricular hemodynamics. Ejection fraction averaged 29% and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure averaged 20 mm Hg. Associated valve disease was present in 14 patients (28%). Hospital mortality was 22% (11 patients) and late mortality was 20% (10 patients). The lowest mortality (3%, 1 death) was found in patients who had anterior apical resection with associated vein bypass, in whom prophylactic balloon pumping was used when needed for ejection fractions of less than 30%. A high mortality occurred with associated valve replacement (6 deaths, 86%) and posterior aneurysm. Among 39 patients followed for an average of twenty-four months, 34 (87%) improved one class and 18 (46%) improved two classes of the New York Heart Association Functional Classification.", "PMID": 856082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10870", "title": "A better surgical technique for repairing pulmonary arteries after banding.", "content": "A technique is presented to eliminate the residual gradient more completely after removing the main pulmonary band at the time of primary repair of ventricular septal defect. The band and underlying pulmonary artery are circumferentially excised, except for a small posterior part, and pulmonary artery is reanastomosed.", "contents": "A better surgical technique for repairing pulmonary arteries after banding. A technique is presented to eliminate the residual gradient more completely after removing the main pulmonary band at the time of primary repair of ventricular septal defect. The band and underlying pulmonary artery are circumferentially excised, except for a small posterior part, and pulmonary artery is reanastomosed.", "PMID": 856083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10871", "title": "Posterior rupture of the interventricular septum after acute myocardial infarction: successful early surgical repair.", "content": "A patient with a large posterior ventricular septal defect complicating an acute inferior myocardial infarction is reported. Because of medically intractable biventricular failure, temporary circulatory assistance was initiated using intraaortic balloon pumping. Emergency coronary angiography, ventriculography, and subsequent operation were carried out. Operative repair involved closure of the septal defect with the use of a Dacron patch, infarctectomy, and aortocoronary bypass grafting and resulted in long-term survival of the patient.", "contents": "Posterior rupture of the interventricular septum after acute myocardial infarction: successful early surgical repair. A patient with a large posterior ventricular septal defect complicating an acute inferior myocardial infarction is reported. Because of medically intractable biventricular failure, temporary circulatory assistance was initiated using intraaortic balloon pumping. Emergency coronary angiography, ventriculography, and subsequent operation were carried out. Operative repair involved closure of the septal defect with the use of a Dacron patch, infarctectomy, and aortocoronary bypass grafting and resulted in long-term survival of the patient.", "PMID": 856084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10872", "title": "Vigorous medical management of acute fulminant hepatitis.", "content": "Twenty patients with acute fulminant hepatic failure and stage II, III, or IV hepatic encephalopathy attributable to viral hepatitis were studied to assess the risk factors, as well as the affects of vigorous medical management. These patients were treated according to a protocol that directed aggressive medical management of fluid balance with electrolyte solutions, plasma, and blood; acid-base balance; coagulation defects with fresh frozen plasma; blood replacement as needed; dietary protein elimination; and orally administered neomycin sulfate. Among the 20 patients there were eight survivors (40%). Seven of the 13 patients who were positive for the hepatitis B surface antigen (HB-Ag) survived (54%), while one of the seven patients whoe were negative for HB-Ag survived (14%). The stage of encephalopathy on admission did not correlate with survival. Patients under the age of 40 years had a 43% survival rate, while those over 40 years had a 33% survival rate. Conservative but vigorous medical management may improve survival in fulminant hepatic failure.", "contents": "Vigorous medical management of acute fulminant hepatitis. Twenty patients with acute fulminant hepatic failure and stage II, III, or IV hepatic encephalopathy attributable to viral hepatitis were studied to assess the risk factors, as well as the affects of vigorous medical management. These patients were treated according to a protocol that directed aggressive medical management of fluid balance with electrolyte solutions, plasma, and blood; acid-base balance; coagulation defects with fresh frozen plasma; blood replacement as needed; dietary protein elimination; and orally administered neomycin sulfate. Among the 20 patients there were eight survivors (40%). Seven of the 13 patients who were positive for the hepatitis B surface antigen (HB-Ag) survived (54%), while one of the seven patients whoe were negative for HB-Ag survived (14%). The stage of encephalopathy on admission did not correlate with survival. Patients under the age of 40 years had a 43% survival rate, while those over 40 years had a 33% survival rate. Conservative but vigorous medical management may improve survival in fulminant hepatic failure.", "PMID": 856088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10873", "title": "Studies with an artificial endocrine pancreas.", "content": "Short-term studies with an artificial endocrine pancreas have provided insights into the pathophysiology of diabetes and demonstrated the ability of such a system to restore and maintain glucose homeostasis in human subjects given either their usual diet, a 50 gm oral glucose tolerance test, or a moderate level of physical exercise. Animals were used to demonstrate that a peripheral route of insulin delivery by the artificial pancreas is equivalent to the portal route.", "contents": "Studies with an artificial endocrine pancreas. Short-term studies with an artificial endocrine pancreas have provided insights into the pathophysiology of diabetes and demonstrated the ability of such a system to restore and maintain glucose homeostasis in human subjects given either their usual diet, a 50 gm oral glucose tolerance test, or a moderate level of physical exercise. Animals were used to demonstrate that a peripheral route of insulin delivery by the artificial pancreas is equivalent to the portal route.", "PMID": 856089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10874", "title": "Heart failure. A proposed definition and classification.", "content": "Heart failure exists when either the systolic or diastolic operation of the ventricle is impaired to a degree that, despite compensatory mechanisms, the demands of the peripheral organs are not satisfied, the peripheral muscle shortens inadequately, and/or the pulmonary or systemic venous system becomes congested from high filling pressures. Since every pumping system has finite limits and can fail if excessive and prolonged demands are made on it, any definition of failure must take into consideration the degree of stress imposed and whether or not the cardiac response is appropriate or subnormal. When failure is present, it becomes essential to discern whether it involves the intrinsic pumping structures of the heart, the myocardial cells, or, rather, whether failure of one of the other components of the integrated cardiovascular system (for example, valvular dysfunction, ruptured ventricular septum) has occurred.", "contents": "Heart failure. A proposed definition and classification. Heart failure exists when either the systolic or diastolic operation of the ventricle is impaired to a degree that, despite compensatory mechanisms, the demands of the peripheral organs are not satisfied, the peripheral muscle shortens inadequately, and/or the pulmonary or systemic venous system becomes congested from high filling pressures. Since every pumping system has finite limits and can fail if excessive and prolonged demands are made on it, any definition of failure must take into consideration the degree of stress imposed and whether or not the cardiac response is appropriate or subnormal. When failure is present, it becomes essential to discern whether it involves the intrinsic pumping structures of the heart, the myocardial cells, or, rather, whether failure of one of the other components of the integrated cardiovascular system (for example, valvular dysfunction, ruptured ventricular septum) has occurred.", "PMID": 856090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10875", "title": "Lupus nephritis in a neuronal storage disease.", "content": "Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with glomerulonephritis occurred in a patient with a long-standing neuronal storage disease and myoclonus. Intravenously administered diazepam was useful in controlling the myoclonus to permit a renal biopsy. The exact relationship between the patient's underlying illness and the development of SLE remains unknown.", "contents": "Lupus nephritis in a neuronal storage disease. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with glomerulonephritis occurred in a patient with a long-standing neuronal storage disease and myoclonus. Intravenously administered diazepam was useful in controlling the myoclonus to permit a renal biopsy. The exact relationship between the patient's underlying illness and the development of SLE remains unknown.", "PMID": 856091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10876", "title": "Salvage of infected total joint replacements.", "content": "Among 424 total joint replacement (362 hip and 62 knee replacements) since 1971, eight deep infections have occurred (two primary and six late) in six patients. Removal of the prosthesis has been necessary in only one patient to date. Our follow-up experience, extending over a maximum period of 20 months, indicates that successful salvage of infected total joint arthroplasties without bone involvement may be accomplished without removal of the prosthesis if there is adequate surgical debridement and proper antibiotic therapy.", "contents": "Salvage of infected total joint replacements. Among 424 total joint replacement (362 hip and 62 knee replacements) since 1971, eight deep infections have occurred (two primary and six late) in six patients. Removal of the prosthesis has been necessary in only one patient to date. Our follow-up experience, extending over a maximum period of 20 months, indicates that successful salvage of infected total joint arthroplasties without bone involvement may be accomplished without removal of the prosthesis if there is adequate surgical debridement and proper antibiotic therapy.", "PMID": 856100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10877", "title": "Epidermoid splenic cysts.", "content": "Five young women were treated by splenectomy for epidermoid cysts of the spleen. They all had vague abdominal symptoms, and had a mass palpable in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. The hematologic indices were unremarkable. The diagnosis was suggested by routine radiologic examinations (including chest roentgenogram, upper gastrointestinal x-ray series, barium enema, and excretory urogram). It was confirmed in one patient by gray-scale ultrasonography, and in another by selective splenic arteriography. Of the true cysts of the spleen, the epidermoid cyst is the rarest, representing 10% of the benign, nonparaslitic cysts. The symptoms are completely relieved by splenectomy, and this remains the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Epidermoid splenic cysts. Five young women were treated by splenectomy for epidermoid cysts of the spleen. They all had vague abdominal symptoms, and had a mass palpable in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. The hematologic indices were unremarkable. The diagnosis was suggested by routine radiologic examinations (including chest roentgenogram, upper gastrointestinal x-ray series, barium enema, and excretory urogram). It was confirmed in one patient by gray-scale ultrasonography, and in another by selective splenic arteriography. Of the true cysts of the spleen, the epidermoid cyst is the rarest, representing 10% of the benign, nonparaslitic cysts. The symptoms are completely relieved by splenectomy, and this remains the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 856101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10878", "title": "Adenocarcinoma in regional enteritis of the small intestine.", "content": "An increased risk for regional enteritis patients of small bowel adenocarcinoma to develop has been suspected but unproved. We have analyzed 49 cases reported since 1957 and two additional ones of our own. These have been compared with a current group of small bowel adenocarcinomas not associated with regional enteritis. The Crohn-associated cancers differed from adenocarcinomas not associated with Crohn disease in that (1) mean age at cancer discovery was less (46 vs 64 years), (2) more cancers arose in the ileum (76% vs 27%), (3) diagnosis and cure were less successful, and (4) they occurred more frequently. The 32 cases reported in the past five years were compared with the expected 0.1 to 5 cases. Regional enteritis patients were found to have an increased risk for the development not only of small bowel adenocarcinoma, but one that is more occult and lethal than that in individuals wihtout Crohn disease.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma in regional enteritis of the small intestine. An increased risk for regional enteritis patients of small bowel adenocarcinoma to develop has been suspected but unproved. We have analyzed 49 cases reported since 1957 and two additional ones of our own. These have been compared with a current group of small bowel adenocarcinomas not associated with regional enteritis. The Crohn-associated cancers differed from adenocarcinomas not associated with Crohn disease in that (1) mean age at cancer discovery was less (46 vs 64 years), (2) more cancers arose in the ileum (76% vs 27%), (3) diagnosis and cure were less successful, and (4) they occurred more frequently. The 32 cases reported in the past five years were compared with the expected 0.1 to 5 cases. Regional enteritis patients were found to have an increased risk for the development not only of small bowel adenocarcinoma, but one that is more occult and lethal than that in individuals wihtout Crohn disease.", "PMID": 856102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10879", "title": "Bilateral catamenial pneumothorax.", "content": "Bilateral catamenial pneumothorax occurred in a 32-year-old parous woman. The 41 previously reported cases of catamenial pneumothorax occurred on the right side. This patient was treated with left-sided pleurodesis and, subsequently, with hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. The pathologic mechanism of this peculiar syndrome has been attributed to reflux of air via the genitalia and fenestrations in the diaphragm, menstrual shedding of endometrial cells growing in the visceral pleura, or, possibly, aveolar tissue damage secondary to vascular and bronchiolar spasm resulting from dinoprost tromethamine released from menstrual debris. Treatment needs to be tailored to fit the individual patient's specific pelvic and intrathoracic pathology and procreative desires.", "contents": "Bilateral catamenial pneumothorax. Bilateral catamenial pneumothorax occurred in a 32-year-old parous woman. The 41 previously reported cases of catamenial pneumothorax occurred on the right side. This patient was treated with left-sided pleurodesis and, subsequently, with hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. The pathologic mechanism of this peculiar syndrome has been attributed to reflux of air via the genitalia and fenestrations in the diaphragm, menstrual shedding of endometrial cells growing in the visceral pleura, or, possibly, aveolar tissue damage secondary to vascular and bronchiolar spasm resulting from dinoprost tromethamine released from menstrual debris. Treatment needs to be tailored to fit the individual patient's specific pelvic and intrathoracic pathology and procreative desires.", "PMID": 856103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10880", "title": "Bilateral renal artery stenosis causing acute oliguric renal failure. Report of a case corrected by renovascular surgery.", "content": "A 70-year-old woman with chronic hypertension and previously normal renal function had acute oliguric renal failure requiring hemodialysis. Renal arteriograms revealed the presence of bilateral renal artery stenosis and normal-sized kidneys. Nineteen days after admission to hospital, after undergoing nine hemodialysis procedures, surgical revascularization of renal artery stenosis was performed utilizing a single bypass graft of the left renal artery. Postoperatively, an immediate diuresis ensued, with resolution of acute renal failure. It is critically important in the evaluation of patients with anuria, acute renal failure without obvious cause, or impending uremia in patients with chronic stable renal insufficiency, to consider the possibility of renal artery stenosis or thrombosis. Recognition and then surgical correction of significant renal arterial hypoperfusion allows the reasonable potential for reversibility of this important form of acute or progressive renal failure.", "contents": "Bilateral renal artery stenosis causing acute oliguric renal failure. Report of a case corrected by renovascular surgery. A 70-year-old woman with chronic hypertension and previously normal renal function had acute oliguric renal failure requiring hemodialysis. Renal arteriograms revealed the presence of bilateral renal artery stenosis and normal-sized kidneys. Nineteen days after admission to hospital, after undergoing nine hemodialysis procedures, surgical revascularization of renal artery stenosis was performed utilizing a single bypass graft of the left renal artery. Postoperatively, an immediate diuresis ensued, with resolution of acute renal failure. It is critically important in the evaluation of patients with anuria, acute renal failure without obvious cause, or impending uremia in patients with chronic stable renal insufficiency, to consider the possibility of renal artery stenosis or thrombosis. Recognition and then surgical correction of significant renal arterial hypoperfusion allows the reasonable potential for reversibility of this important form of acute or progressive renal failure.", "PMID": 856104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10881", "title": "Paradoxical embolization. Case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A 32-year-old morbidly obese woman had bilateral subclavian artery embolism. After embolectomy, a right heart catheterization showed a patent foramen ovale and a right-to-left shunt. Pulmonary angiography revealed multiple pulmonary emboli. Bilateral lower extremity venography demonstrated left ileofemoral thrombi as the probable source. The patient was successfully treated with an inferior vena caval umbrella and anticoagulant drugs.", "contents": "Paradoxical embolization. Case report and review of the literature. A 32-year-old morbidly obese woman had bilateral subclavian artery embolism. After embolectomy, a right heart catheterization showed a patent foramen ovale and a right-to-left shunt. Pulmonary angiography revealed multiple pulmonary emboli. Bilateral lower extremity venography demonstrated left ileofemoral thrombi as the probable source. The patient was successfully treated with an inferior vena caval umbrella and anticoagulant drugs.", "PMID": 856105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10882", "title": "Malabsorption and abdominal pain secondary to celiac artery entrapment.", "content": "A patient with abdominal pain was found to have severe compression of his celiac artery on abdominal angiography. Preoperative evaluation with base line and provocative xylose absorption studies were compatible with decreased intestinal blood flow. Surgical division of the median arcuate ligament corrected the intraoperatively determined pressure gradient. Postoperative studies at three months demonstrate absence of celiac artery compression on angiography and normal provocative xylose absorption studies. This case lends support to the existence of the median arcuate ligament syndrome.", "contents": "Malabsorption and abdominal pain secondary to celiac artery entrapment. A patient with abdominal pain was found to have severe compression of his celiac artery on abdominal angiography. Preoperative evaluation with base line and provocative xylose absorption studies were compatible with decreased intestinal blood flow. Surgical division of the median arcuate ligament corrected the intraoperatively determined pressure gradient. Postoperative studies at three months demonstrate absence of celiac artery compression on angiography and normal provocative xylose absorption studies. This case lends support to the existence of the median arcuate ligament syndrome.", "PMID": 856106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10883", "title": "Primary adenocarcinoma of the appendix masquerading as a bladder tumor.", "content": "Appendiceal adenocarcinoma, a rare lesion, is difficult to diagnose preoperatively. The unusual combination of genitourinary symptoms, a fungating adenocarcinoma of the deeper layers of the bladder wall, and an abnormal barium enema resulted in what seems to be the first reported case to be diagnosed preoperatively. Preoperative radiotherapy and radical exenteration of the tumor with ileotransverse colectomy and ureteroileal cutaneous diversion were performed. The patient is well without evidence of recurrence two years later.", "contents": "Primary adenocarcinoma of the appendix masquerading as a bladder tumor. Appendiceal adenocarcinoma, a rare lesion, is difficult to diagnose preoperatively. The unusual combination of genitourinary symptoms, a fungating adenocarcinoma of the deeper layers of the bladder wall, and an abnormal barium enema resulted in what seems to be the first reported case to be diagnosed preoperatively. Preoperative radiotherapy and radical exenteration of the tumor with ileotransverse colectomy and ureteroileal cutaneous diversion were performed. The patient is well without evidence of recurrence two years later.", "PMID": 856108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10884", "title": "Uteroenteric fistula due to advanced extrauterine pregnancy.", "content": "A case of an uteroenteric fistula is reported, representing an unusual sequel of a long-standing ectopic pregnancy. A correct diagnosis could have been made preoperatively by visualization of the fragments of the fetal skeleton on abdominal roentgenogram in the area of the fistula.", "contents": "Uteroenteric fistula due to advanced extrauterine pregnancy. A case of an uteroenteric fistula is reported, representing an unusual sequel of a long-standing ectopic pregnancy. A correct diagnosis could have been made preoperatively by visualization of the fragments of the fetal skeleton on abdominal roentgenogram in the area of the fistula.", "PMID": 856109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10885", "title": "Type A influenza: postmortem virus isolations from different organs in human lethal cases.", "content": "Trachea, lung, liver, spleen, pancreas and brain of 77 heman patients who had died in the course of clinically diagnosed influenza were subjected to virological and histopathological examination. Type A influenza viruses closely related to the virus variants contemporarily in circulation were isolated from 12 of the lethal cases. In 10 of them, virus was demonstrated in organs other than respiratory, most often the brain. Influenza antigen was also demonstrated in brain tissue by immunofluorescence.", "contents": "Type A influenza: postmortem virus isolations from different organs in human lethal cases. Trachea, lung, liver, spleen, pancreas and brain of 77 heman patients who had died in the course of clinically diagnosed influenza were subjected to virological and histopathological examination. Type A influenza viruses closely related to the virus variants contemporarily in circulation were isolated from 12 of the lethal cases. In 10 of them, virus was demonstrated in organs other than respiratory, most often the brain. Influenza antigen was also demonstrated in brain tissue by immunofluorescence.", "PMID": 856111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10886", "title": "[Tissue organization of mesothelium under normal conditions and during reparative regeneration].", "content": "The investigation of tissue organization of the mesothelium by non-parametric statistic methods has shown that under conditions of reparative regeneration the principle of organization of the mesothelium as a tissue is preserved. Heteromorphism characteristic of the normal mesothelium is increased at all steps of regeneration, and the degree of the layer organization is decreased. The mitotic activity leading to the reparation of defect develops undulatorily, the periodicity of time does not coincide with the periodicity in space.", "contents": "[Tissue organization of mesothelium under normal conditions and during reparative regeneration]. The investigation of tissue organization of the mesothelium by non-parametric statistic methods has shown that under conditions of reparative regeneration the principle of organization of the mesothelium as a tissue is preserved. Heteromorphism characteristic of the normal mesothelium is increased at all steps of regeneration, and the degree of the layer organization is decreased. The mitotic activity leading to the reparation of defect develops undulatorily, the periodicity of time does not coincide with the periodicity in space.", "PMID": 856113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10887", "title": "[Types of organization of interneuronal contacts in the ventral horn of the cat spinal cord].", "content": "The ultrastructure of intermediate neurons of the ventral horn of the spinal cord of cats was studied. It has been established that interneuronal contacts having different structural organization may be grouped according to the principle of different space distribution of pre- and postsynaptic elements. Contacts of the first type realize convergence of different synaptic effects on one post-synaptic structure. In contacts of the second type the synaptic action of the axon fibre or a terminal diverge to different elements of the neuropile. Several synaptic forms of contacts of the second type were revealed. The role of the above structures in the physiological activity of intermediate neurons of the spinal cord is discussed.", "contents": "[Types of organization of interneuronal contacts in the ventral horn of the cat spinal cord]. The ultrastructure of intermediate neurons of the ventral horn of the spinal cord of cats was studied. It has been established that interneuronal contacts having different structural organization may be grouped according to the principle of different space distribution of pre- and postsynaptic elements. Contacts of the first type realize convergence of different synaptic effects on one post-synaptic structure. In contacts of the second type the synaptic action of the axon fibre or a terminal diverge to different elements of the neuropile. Several synaptic forms of contacts of the second type were revealed. The role of the above structures in the physiological activity of intermediate neurons of the spinal cord is discussed.", "PMID": 856114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10888", "title": "[Histochemical changes in regenerating adrenal autotransplants].", "content": "The aim of the work was to study certain histochemical changes in the process of regeneration of adrenal autotransplants. The autotransplants regenerated at the expense of the external area of the glomerular zone (the subcapsular zone). Though certain changes in the capsule were observed, in no case the adrenals capsule elements were turned into cortical cells. On the 28th day after the operation the cortical substance regenerated almost completely. The medullary substance failed to restore.", "contents": "[Histochemical changes in regenerating adrenal autotransplants]. The aim of the work was to study certain histochemical changes in the process of regeneration of adrenal autotransplants. The autotransplants regenerated at the expense of the external area of the glomerular zone (the subcapsular zone). Though certain changes in the capsule were observed, in no case the adrenals capsule elements were turned into cortical cells. On the 28th day after the operation the cortical substance regenerated almost completely. The medullary substance failed to restore.", "PMID": 856115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10889", "title": "[Ultrastructural organization of chromaffin paraganglia in the ganglia of the solar plexus].", "content": "Under study was the ultrastructural organization of chromaffin cells in the nodes of the solar plexus of albino rats. The chromaffin cells form accumulations--paraganglia, bent for capillaries. The chromaffin cells are of small size and have a dense glial capsule. The cytoplasms are rich in mitochondria, Golgi Complexes and vesicles containing catecholamines. The state of cytoplasmic components speaks of asynchronous secretory activity of chromaffin cells. Among catecholamine-containing vesicles three main types can be distinguished, different is size, structure of the content and localization in the perikaryon. Excretion of catecholamines in realized through cytoplasmic processes which, getting free of the glial capsule, come out directly to capillaries. The coordinating influence of the sympathetic nervous system on the endocrinous function of chromaffin paraganglia of the solar plexus is exercised by paraganglionic fibres, whose terminal portions form synaptic contacts on the chromaffin cells.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural organization of chromaffin paraganglia in the ganglia of the solar plexus]. Under study was the ultrastructural organization of chromaffin cells in the nodes of the solar plexus of albino rats. The chromaffin cells form accumulations--paraganglia, bent for capillaries. The chromaffin cells are of small size and have a dense glial capsule. The cytoplasms are rich in mitochondria, Golgi Complexes and vesicles containing catecholamines. The state of cytoplasmic components speaks of asynchronous secretory activity of chromaffin cells. Among catecholamine-containing vesicles three main types can be distinguished, different is size, structure of the content and localization in the perikaryon. Excretion of catecholamines in realized through cytoplasmic processes which, getting free of the glial capsule, come out directly to capillaries. The coordinating influence of the sympathetic nervous system on the endocrinous function of chromaffin paraganglia of the solar plexus is exercised by paraganglionic fibres, whose terminal portions form synaptic contacts on the chromaffin cells.", "PMID": 856116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10890", "title": "[Dynamics of morphofunctional changes in the fibroblasts of a focus of inflammation].", "content": "Morphometrical, histochemical and electron-microscopic methods were used in order to show that the inflammatory reactions in the traumatized connective tissue were accompanied by massive death of fibroblasts. In surviving cells the protein synthesis increased and the mitotic activity rose. The synthetic and secretory organs in fibroblasts became mostly developed by the 2--5th day. The increased synthesis of proteins was associated with the formation of the connective tissue capsule around the foreign body. As the capsule matured, the synthetic activity and the mitotic activity of fibroblasts decreased. In some cells the destruction phenomena were observed.", "contents": "[Dynamics of morphofunctional changes in the fibroblasts of a focus of inflammation]. Morphometrical, histochemical and electron-microscopic methods were used in order to show that the inflammatory reactions in the traumatized connective tissue were accompanied by massive death of fibroblasts. In surviving cells the protein synthesis increased and the mitotic activity rose. The synthetic and secretory organs in fibroblasts became mostly developed by the 2--5th day. The increased synthesis of proteins was associated with the formation of the connective tissue capsule around the foreign body. As the capsule matured, the synthetic activity and the mitotic activity of fibroblasts decreased. In some cells the destruction phenomena were observed.", "PMID": 856118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10891", "title": "[Ocular scale for logarithmic grouping of classes of spherical nuclei and measurement of the diameters of their nucleoli].", "content": "The proposed scale is prepared by a photographic method and consists of some vertical lines, each of them being disposed at the distance equal to a nucleus diameter having bordering size between classes of lg mkm2, and of three horizontal lines, forming two patterns designated for measuring diameters of nucleoli. The scale is meant for working with the objective 90 X and the ocular 20 X and makes the measuring of nuclei and nucleoli diameters 2--2,5 times quicker as compared with the screw ocular micrometer with a sufficient coincidence of results, obtained by both methods.", "contents": "[Ocular scale for logarithmic grouping of classes of spherical nuclei and measurement of the diameters of their nucleoli]. The proposed scale is prepared by a photographic method and consists of some vertical lines, each of them being disposed at the distance equal to a nucleus diameter having bordering size between classes of lg mkm2, and of three horizontal lines, forming two patterns designated for measuring diameters of nucleoli. The scale is meant for working with the objective 90 X and the ocular 20 X and makes the measuring of nuclei and nucleoli diameters 2--2,5 times quicker as compared with the screw ocular micrometer with a sufficient coincidence of results, obtained by both methods.", "PMID": 856119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10892", "title": "[Morphologic changes in the liver and kidney in ethylene glycol poisoning].", "content": "The liver and kidneys of 48 persons who had died of poisoning with ethyleneglycol were investigated at periods from 4 hours to 32 days following the poisoning. In 44 deceased who had died 2--32 days after the poising of acute renal and hepato-renal insufficiency there were revealed lesions characteristic of this intoxication. The structural basis of glycolic nephrosis and hepatosis was hydropic dystrophy of the nephrothelium of proximal and distal tubules and of hepatocytes of the centers of the liver lobules with outcome into colliquative necrosis through ballon dystrophy. Specific lesions of thekidney and liver may be accounted for by a high osmotic activity of ethyleneglycol and products of its metabolism; these were captured by the renal and hepatic epithelium in the process of reabsorption and pinocytosis increasing drastically the osmotic concentration of the intracellular liquid, which was accompanied by rapid inflow of water into the cell and its hydropic dystrophy.", "contents": "[Morphologic changes in the liver and kidney in ethylene glycol poisoning]. The liver and kidneys of 48 persons who had died of poisoning with ethyleneglycol were investigated at periods from 4 hours to 32 days following the poisoning. In 44 deceased who had died 2--32 days after the poising of acute renal and hepato-renal insufficiency there were revealed lesions characteristic of this intoxication. The structural basis of glycolic nephrosis and hepatosis was hydropic dystrophy of the nephrothelium of proximal and distal tubules and of hepatocytes of the centers of the liver lobules with outcome into colliquative necrosis through ballon dystrophy. Specific lesions of thekidney and liver may be accounted for by a high osmotic activity of ethyleneglycol and products of its metabolism; these were captured by the renal and hepatic epithelium in the process of reabsorption and pinocytosis increasing drastically the osmotic concentration of the intracellular liquid, which was accompanied by rapid inflow of water into the cell and its hydropic dystrophy.", "PMID": 856121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10893", "title": "[Pathologo-anatomic and experimental study of the morphology of Q-fever].", "content": "The article presents a survey of the literature containing reports on lesions of some human organs in Q-fever and on a possible role of the pathogene--Rickettsia burnetii in the development of these lesions. Pathoanatomical findings were compared with those of the experimental investigations of the Q-rickettsial infectious process. The literature data and the author's own investigations confirm the capability of Rickettsia burnetii of parasitizing in cells of the reticulo-endothelial system. This is an important factor in the pathogenicity of this causative agent and lies at the root of the pathogenesis of Q-rickettsial infection.", "contents": "[Pathologo-anatomic and experimental study of the morphology of Q-fever]. The article presents a survey of the literature containing reports on lesions of some human organs in Q-fever and on a possible role of the pathogene--Rickettsia burnetii in the development of these lesions. Pathoanatomical findings were compared with those of the experimental investigations of the Q-rickettsial infectious process. The literature data and the author's own investigations confirm the capability of Rickettsia burnetii of parasitizing in cells of the reticulo-endothelial system. This is an important factor in the pathogenicity of this causative agent and lies at the root of the pathogenesis of Q-rickettsial infection.", "PMID": 856124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10894", "title": "Supratentorial arachnoid cysts in adults. A discussion of two cases from a pathophysiologic and surgical perspective.", "content": "Large congenital arachnoid cysts are a rare cause of increased intracranial pressure and progressive neurologic deficits in adult life. We describe two patients, diagnosed by computerized axial tomography and surgically treated. The pertinent medical literature was reviewed. The outer cyst membranes were excised, and a communication between cyst and subarachnoid space was established. When possible, the membranes and fluid content of these lesions should be studied. This fluid is best obtained by aspiration prior to dural incision. At present, three etiologic mechanisms of cyst enlargement appear tenable: (1) secretion of fluid by ependymal cells, (2) fluid ingress due to an osmotic gradient, and finally, (3) trapping of fluid by a ball-valve mechanism. Regardless of the reasons why these lesions enlarge, drainage of cyst content into the venous system warrants a clinical consideration.", "contents": "Supratentorial arachnoid cysts in adults. A discussion of two cases from a pathophysiologic and surgical perspective. Large congenital arachnoid cysts are a rare cause of increased intracranial pressure and progressive neurologic deficits in adult life. We describe two patients, diagnosed by computerized axial tomography and surgically treated. The pertinent medical literature was reviewed. The outer cyst membranes were excised, and a communication between cyst and subarachnoid space was established. When possible, the membranes and fluid content of these lesions should be studied. This fluid is best obtained by aspiration prior to dural incision. At present, three etiologic mechanisms of cyst enlargement appear tenable: (1) secretion of fluid by ependymal cells, (2) fluid ingress due to an osmotic gradient, and finally, (3) trapping of fluid by a ball-valve mechanism. Regardless of the reasons why these lesions enlarge, drainage of cyst content into the venous system warrants a clinical consideration.", "PMID": 856125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10895", "title": "The relationship of arterial hypertension to intracranial aneurysms.", "content": "The rather widely held belief that systemic arterial hypertension is a major factor either in the genesis of saccular aneurysms or in their subsequent rupture is questioned on the basis of our clinical and pathological analysis of 250 patients with aneurysms. Analysis of 150 patients with ruptured and 100 patients with unruptured saccular aneurysms for clinical and morphologic evidence of hypertension revealed no notable excess over an age- and sex-matched control autopsy population. There is no evident association of hypertension with multiplicity of aneurysms, the age at which aneurysms present clinically, or with their rupture. All available data clearly indicate that saccular aneurysms can arise in the absence of fixed arterial hypertension and that they can also rupture in the absence of fixed hypertension.", "contents": "The relationship of arterial hypertension to intracranial aneurysms. The rather widely held belief that systemic arterial hypertension is a major factor either in the genesis of saccular aneurysms or in their subsequent rupture is questioned on the basis of our clinical and pathological analysis of 250 patients with aneurysms. Analysis of 150 patients with ruptured and 100 patients with unruptured saccular aneurysms for clinical and morphologic evidence of hypertension revealed no notable excess over an age- and sex-matched control autopsy population. There is no evident association of hypertension with multiplicity of aneurysms, the age at which aneurysms present clinically, or with their rupture. All available data clearly indicate that saccular aneurysms can arise in the absence of fixed arterial hypertension and that they can also rupture in the absence of fixed hypertension.", "PMID": 856126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10896", "title": "Pheniramine aminosalicylate overdosage. Reversal of delirium and choreiform movements with tacrine treatment.", "content": "We describe a case of central anticholinergic syndrome with choreiform movements after an overdose of pheniramine aminosalicylate. The symptoms and signs of the condition were reversed by the intravenous administration of the cholinesterase-inhibitor tetrahydroaminacrine. We also discuss the concept of adrenergic-cholinergic imbalance in relation to this case and recommend the use of centrally acting anticholinesterase agents in the treatment of specific cases of drug overdose.", "contents": "Pheniramine aminosalicylate overdosage. Reversal of delirium and choreiform movements with tacrine treatment. We describe a case of central anticholinergic syndrome with choreiform movements after an overdose of pheniramine aminosalicylate. The symptoms and signs of the condition were reversed by the intravenous administration of the cholinesterase-inhibitor tetrahydroaminacrine. We also discuss the concept of adrenergic-cholinergic imbalance in relation to this case and recommend the use of centrally acting anticholinesterase agents in the treatment of specific cases of drug overdose.", "PMID": 856127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10897", "title": "Pattern visual evoked responses in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "The latency of the first major positive component of the visual evoked response to pattern reversal was measured from a midoccipital electrode for each eye in 30 patients with a definite diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Their latencies were compared with those of a group of 18 normal subjects and 18 patients with other neurological diseases. Of 26 MS patients with a measurable response, 77% gave values that were outside the ranges of the two control groups. A total of 75% of the MS patients without history or findings of optic neuritis had an abnormal response. The procedure appears to be useful in detecting asymptomatic lesions of the visual pathways in suspected MS patients.", "contents": "Pattern visual evoked responses in multiple sclerosis. The latency of the first major positive component of the visual evoked response to pattern reversal was measured from a midoccipital electrode for each eye in 30 patients with a definite diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Their latencies were compared with those of a group of 18 normal subjects and 18 patients with other neurological diseases. Of 26 MS patients with a measurable response, 77% gave values that were outside the ranges of the two control groups. A total of 75% of the MS patients without history or findings of optic neuritis had an abnormal response. The procedure appears to be useful in detecting asymptomatic lesions of the visual pathways in suspected MS patients.", "PMID": 856128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10898", "title": "Nasal projection.", "content": "The challenge of enduring tip projection is met with the use of a septal cartilage graft between the medial crura. With suturing, a \"sandwich\" is created composed of the two medial crura and the graft between them. The sandwich can be trimmed as necessary, in accordance with the surgeon's taste requirements for good tip profile and projection. The graft allows much more projection than from the medial crura alone. We describe the Goldman technique of rim incisions, delivery of the lower lateral cartilages, bisection of each, and then creation of the sandwich. The technique has been performed on more than 40 patients, in most of whom the results have remained successful more than six months postoperatively. The results indicate excellent fixation of the projected tip with maintenance of position, strength, and form. The indications for this tip technique are the classical ones for medial crura projection, such as hypoplastic tip cartilages, short columella revision rhinoplasty, and most importantly, the increase of real projection not attained by simple rotation.", "contents": "Nasal projection. The challenge of enduring tip projection is met with the use of a septal cartilage graft between the medial crura. With suturing, a \"sandwich\" is created composed of the two medial crura and the graft between them. The sandwich can be trimmed as necessary, in accordance with the surgeon's taste requirements for good tip profile and projection. The graft allows much more projection than from the medial crura alone. We describe the Goldman technique of rim incisions, delivery of the lower lateral cartilages, bisection of each, and then creation of the sandwich. The technique has been performed on more than 40 patients, in most of whom the results have remained successful more than six months postoperatively. The results indicate excellent fixation of the projected tip with maintenance of position, strength, and form. The indications for this tip technique are the classical ones for medial crura projection, such as hypoplastic tip cartilages, short columella revision rhinoplasty, and most importantly, the increase of real projection not attained by simple rotation.", "PMID": 856132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10899", "title": "Comparative histological study of mini pig skin after chemical peel and dermabrasion.", "content": "Although individual studies of the histological changes after chemical peel and dermabrasion have been reported, there has not been a comparative study of these modalities in the same animal mode. Using the mini pig, whose skin most closely resembles human skin, a study was performed of histological changes 24 hours to 16 weeks after dermabrasion and chemical peel. A considerable increase in thickness of the new collagen layer was noted after chemical peel in contrast to that seen in skin after dermabrasion. The skin surface after chemical peel appeared smoother after 16 weeks, suggesting that chemical peel may be a more effective modality for treatment of the fine wrinkles of aging skin.", "contents": "Comparative histological study of mini pig skin after chemical peel and dermabrasion. Although individual studies of the histological changes after chemical peel and dermabrasion have been reported, there has not been a comparative study of these modalities in the same animal mode. Using the mini pig, whose skin most closely resembles human skin, a study was performed of histological changes 24 hours to 16 weeks after dermabrasion and chemical peel. A considerable increase in thickness of the new collagen layer was noted after chemical peel in contrast to that seen in skin after dermabrasion. The skin surface after chemical peel appeared smoother after 16 weeks, suggesting that chemical peel may be a more effective modality for treatment of the fine wrinkles of aging skin.", "PMID": 856133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10900", "title": "Atypical ossicle joint lesions in rheumatoid arthritis with sicca syndrome (Sj\u00f6gren syndrome).", "content": "Atypical incudomalleal and incudostapedial joint changes were found in a 55-year-old woman with long-standing rheumatoid arthritis and sicca syndrome (Sj\u00f6gren syndrome). Available audiograms taken at 37 and 42 years of age demonstrated slight bilateral high-frequency loss of hearing. The ossicular joint changes involved dissolution of disk material together with proliferation of synovial-type elements of the disk and articular surfaces, with formation of pannus-like tissue. There was extensive destruction of cartilage, with cellular collagenous tissue extending along the exposed bone surfaces. Despite strong similarities to rheumatoid arthritis, a definite diagnosis cannot be made in the absence of the inflammatory, lymphocyteplasma cell component.", "contents": "Atypical ossicle joint lesions in rheumatoid arthritis with sicca syndrome (Sj\u00f6gren syndrome). Atypical incudomalleal and incudostapedial joint changes were found in a 55-year-old woman with long-standing rheumatoid arthritis and sicca syndrome (Sj\u00f6gren syndrome). Available audiograms taken at 37 and 42 years of age demonstrated slight bilateral high-frequency loss of hearing. The ossicular joint changes involved dissolution of disk material together with proliferation of synovial-type elements of the disk and articular surfaces, with formation of pannus-like tissue. There was extensive destruction of cartilage, with cellular collagenous tissue extending along the exposed bone surfaces. Despite strong similarities to rheumatoid arthritis, a definite diagnosis cannot be made in the absence of the inflammatory, lymphocyteplasma cell component.", "PMID": 856134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10901", "title": "Experience with gel-filled implants in augmentation mentoplasty.", "content": "Many materials have been used for augmentation mentoplasty with varying degrees of success. In our experience with the silicone bag-gel implant in 50 cases over the past 18 months the results have been quite satisfactory and there were no untoward complications.", "contents": "Experience with gel-filled implants in augmentation mentoplasty. Many materials have been used for augmentation mentoplasty with varying degrees of success. In our experience with the silicone bag-gel implant in 50 cases over the past 18 months the results have been quite satisfactory and there were no untoward complications.", "PMID": 856135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10902", "title": "Thyroid abscess in a 3 1/2-year-old child.", "content": "Thyroid abscess is a rare occurrence; there have been only six reported cases in children in the past 20 years and none of these in the otorhinolaryngologic literature. The presentation of suppurative thyroiditis in the 3 1/2-year-old child described here is somewhat atypical, with a rather insidious onset of swelling in the neck. The white blood cell count was elevated; thyroid function, however, was normal. The child also had an abnormal thyroid scan. Rapid improvement ensued with incision and drainage and appropriate antibiotic therapy. A brief discussion and review of the literature is provided regarding manifestations of previously reported cases. The recognition of this entity is important in order to differentiate from other fascial abscesses of the head and neck.", "contents": "Thyroid abscess in a 3 1/2-year-old child. Thyroid abscess is a rare occurrence; there have been only six reported cases in children in the past 20 years and none of these in the otorhinolaryngologic literature. The presentation of suppurative thyroiditis in the 3 1/2-year-old child described here is somewhat atypical, with a rather insidious onset of swelling in the neck. The white blood cell count was elevated; thyroid function, however, was normal. The child also had an abnormal thyroid scan. Rapid improvement ensued with incision and drainage and appropriate antibiotic therapy. A brief discussion and review of the literature is provided regarding manifestations of previously reported cases. The recognition of this entity is important in order to differentiate from other fascial abscesses of the head and neck.", "PMID": 856136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10903", "title": "Dysphagia and Forestier disease.", "content": "Forestier disease (ankylosing hyperostosis) is a well-recognized and common disease entity. Although these patients rarely have complaints related to their spine, they are seen by the otorhinolaryngologist because of dysphagia, since the osteophytic spurs may impinge on the posterior pharyngeal wall. Since the plain roentgenogram and barium swallow is so specific, biopsy examination of the pharyngeal mass is not necessary.", "contents": "Dysphagia and Forestier disease. Forestier disease (ankylosing hyperostosis) is a well-recognized and common disease entity. Although these patients rarely have complaints related to their spine, they are seen by the otorhinolaryngologist because of dysphagia, since the osteophytic spurs may impinge on the posterior pharyngeal wall. Since the plain roentgenogram and barium swallow is so specific, biopsy examination of the pharyngeal mass is not necessary.", "PMID": 856137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10904", "title": "Blood diseases in old age.", "content": "There is an increased incidence of chronic disease in old age, and blood disorder is not uncommon. Some diseases are more frequent in the latter half of life, while others -- such as the hereditary disorders -- are rare and occur only in a mild degree. Diagnosis of blood disease is more difficult in the elderly because symptoms of anaemia such as weakness, shortness of breath and mental disorder are often attributed to old age.", "contents": "Blood diseases in old age. There is an increased incidence of chronic disease in old age, and blood disorder is not uncommon. Some diseases are more frequent in the latter half of life, while others -- such as the hereditary disorders -- are rare and occur only in a mild degree. Diagnosis of blood disease is more difficult in the elderly because symptoms of anaemia such as weakness, shortness of breath and mental disorder are often attributed to old age.", "PMID": 856140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10905", "title": "Association of Australian arboviruses with nervous disease in horses.", "content": "An outbreak of Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) occurred in New South Wales during the first five months of 1974. Specimens from 52 horses with nervous disease collected January to May 1974 were examined histopathological or virologically. Although MVE virus was not isolated, 13 horses had serological evidence of recent infection with MVE virus. Another 4 horses had evidence of recent infection with Ross River virus. Two animals had histological evidence of viral infection of the central nervous system. Attempts to experimentally infect 2 horses with a low dose of MVE virus were not successful by intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous routes.", "contents": "Association of Australian arboviruses with nervous disease in horses. An outbreak of Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) occurred in New South Wales during the first five months of 1974. Specimens from 52 horses with nervous disease collected January to May 1974 were examined histopathological or virologically. Although MVE virus was not isolated, 13 horses had serological evidence of recent infection with MVE virus. Another 4 horses had evidence of recent infection with Ross River virus. Two animals had histological evidence of viral infection of the central nervous system. Attempts to experimentally infect 2 horses with a low dose of MVE virus were not successful by intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous routes.", "PMID": 856148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10906", "title": "Disease and injury in the southern elephant seal.", "content": "Disease and injury was recorded in 170 tagged soughern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) on the Antarctic continent. Trauma due to interspecific predation was the most common disorder. No small seals were observed with lesions attributable to this in the Antarctic population. This finding differs from data recorded in a sub-Antarctic (Macquarie Island) population where seals of all class sizes exhibit lesions due to interspecific trauma. No external parasites were observed in the Antarctic population.", "contents": "Disease and injury in the southern elephant seal. Disease and injury was recorded in 170 tagged soughern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) on the Antarctic continent. Trauma due to interspecific predation was the most common disorder. No small seals were observed with lesions attributable to this in the Antarctic population. This finding differs from data recorded in a sub-Antarctic (Macquarie Island) population where seals of all class sizes exhibit lesions due to interspecific trauma. No external parasites were observed in the Antarctic population.", "PMID": 856149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10907", "title": "Stabilization of gas cavitation nuclei by surface-active compounds.", "content": "Gas bubbles are the primary agent in producing the pathogenic effects of decompression sickness. Numerous experiments indicate that bubbles originate in water, and probably also in man, as pre-existing gas nuclei. This is surprising considering that gas phases larger than 1 micron should rise to the surface of a standing liquid, whereas smaller ones should dissolve rapidly due to surface tension. Several stabilizing mechanisms have been suggested, and each has been refuted on experimental grounds. In this article, we propose a new model that arises out of a systematic study of the earlier theories. We review these theories and conclude that gas cavitation nuclei must be held intact by surface-active skins that are initially permeable. The first quantitative analysis of bubble formation data from supersaturated gelatin is summarized and leads to the further conclusion that skins can become impermeable if the ambient pressure is increased rapidly by a sufficient amount. Our model owes much to Sirotyuk, who \"demonstrated experimentally that stabilization of gas bubbles acting as cavitation nuclei in water is always attributable to the presence of surface-active substances in the water\".", "contents": "Stabilization of gas cavitation nuclei by surface-active compounds. Gas bubbles are the primary agent in producing the pathogenic effects of decompression sickness. Numerous experiments indicate that bubbles originate in water, and probably also in man, as pre-existing gas nuclei. This is surprising considering that gas phases larger than 1 micron should rise to the surface of a standing liquid, whereas smaller ones should dissolve rapidly due to surface tension. Several stabilizing mechanisms have been suggested, and each has been refuted on experimental grounds. In this article, we propose a new model that arises out of a systematic study of the earlier theories. We review these theories and conclude that gas cavitation nuclei must be held intact by surface-active skins that are initially permeable. The first quantitative analysis of bubble formation data from supersaturated gelatin is summarized and leads to the further conclusion that skins can become impermeable if the ambient pressure is increased rapidly by a sufficient amount. Our model owes much to Sirotyuk, who \"demonstrated experimentally that stabilization of gas bubbles acting as cavitation nuclei in water is always attributable to the presence of surface-active substances in the water\".", "PMID": 856151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10908", "title": "On the interaction of otolithic and cupular sensations.", "content": "A differential equation is proposed for describing how the brain compromises between a sensation of rotation about a particular axis (derived from the semicircular canals) and a sensation of gravity perpendicular to this axis (derived from the otolith organs). It is shown that this differential equation, with suitably chosen and reasonable values of the parameters and initial conditions, will satisfactorily explain the experimental results of Lansberg, Guedry, and Graybiel (7).", "contents": "On the interaction of otolithic and cupular sensations. A differential equation is proposed for describing how the brain compromises between a sensation of rotation about a particular axis (derived from the semicircular canals) and a sensation of gravity perpendicular to this axis (derived from the otolith organs). It is shown that this differential equation, with suitably chosen and reasonable values of the parameters and initial conditions, will satisfactorily explain the experimental results of Lansberg, Guedry, and Graybiel (7).", "PMID": 856152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10909", "title": "Mechanism of head and neck response to -Gx impact acceleration: a math modeling approach.", "content": "Mathematical modeling has attained wider acceptance in recent years. In particular, the use of computer programs to simulate the dynamic response of a human in a crash situation has become an attractive alternative to full-scale experimental testing. This paper analyzes data on the dynamic response of the living human head and neck to -Gx impact acceleration, where the motion of the subject's head and neck in the midsagittal plane was monitored with inertial instrumentation and high-speed photography for confirmation. The Calspan \"3D Computer Simulator of Motor Vehicle Crash Victims\" was used to predict expected responses for the deceleration pulses employed. These estimates were compared to the fully instrumented human test runs. The standard 15-segment and 14-joint representation of the occupant was modified to include two sternoclavicular joints, increasing the articulation in the upper torso. Analysis of the data indicated that muscular activity in the head and neck seemed to be evident and does influence motion of the head, even at relatively high (10-G peak, 530 G/s onset) acceleration levels. Simulation of muscular contraction, using a spring-damper arrangement, improved the results significantly. Additionally, possible limitations to head-to-neck motion, such as ligament restrictions, were also modeled.", "contents": "Mechanism of head and neck response to -Gx impact acceleration: a math modeling approach. Mathematical modeling has attained wider acceptance in recent years. In particular, the use of computer programs to simulate the dynamic response of a human in a crash situation has become an attractive alternative to full-scale experimental testing. This paper analyzes data on the dynamic response of the living human head and neck to -Gx impact acceleration, where the motion of the subject's head and neck in the midsagittal plane was monitored with inertial instrumentation and high-speed photography for confirmation. The Calspan \"3D Computer Simulator of Motor Vehicle Crash Victims\" was used to predict expected responses for the deceleration pulses employed. These estimates were compared to the fully instrumented human test runs. The standard 15-segment and 14-joint representation of the occupant was modified to include two sternoclavicular joints, increasing the articulation in the upper torso. Analysis of the data indicated that muscular activity in the head and neck seemed to be evident and does influence motion of the head, even at relatively high (10-G peak, 530 G/s onset) acceleration levels. Simulation of muscular contraction, using a spring-damper arrangement, improved the results significantly. Additionally, possible limitations to head-to-neck motion, such as ligament restrictions, were also modeled.", "PMID": 856153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10910", "title": "Dietary requirements of subjects exposed to hyperbaric He-O2 conditions: effects of various levels of vitamin supplementation.", "content": "A 24-d growth study was conducted on rats exposed to ambient air, 11 ATA He-O2, or 21 ATA  He-O2 conditions. The rats were fed either a standard diet or the standard diet supplemented with 25, 50, or 100% increase of all vitamins, or the last with an additional 50 or 100% increase of casein. Fat, as cod liver oil was increased 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0% of the diet as the vitamins were increased. The vitamin and fat-supplemented diets, with or without supplemental casein, were adequate to support normal growth of the rats exposed to 11 ATA but not 21 ATA He-O2 conditions. Urine excretion and water consumption were closely related and varied in accordance with the adequacy of the diet. Feed digestibility was not a limiting factor in determining the growth of the rats under the three environments. The composition of the rat carcasses varied minimally.", "contents": "Dietary requirements of subjects exposed to hyperbaric He-O2 conditions: effects of various levels of vitamin supplementation. A 24-d growth study was conducted on rats exposed to ambient air, 11 ATA He-O2, or 21 ATA  He-O2 conditions. The rats were fed either a standard diet or the standard diet supplemented with 25, 50, or 100% increase of all vitamins, or the last with an additional 50 or 100% increase of casein. Fat, as cod liver oil was increased 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0% of the diet as the vitamins were increased. The vitamin and fat-supplemented diets, with or without supplemental casein, were adequate to support normal growth of the rats exposed to 11 ATA but not 21 ATA He-O2 conditions. Urine excretion and water consumption were closely related and varied in accordance with the adequacy of the diet. Feed digestibility was not a limiting factor in determining the growth of the rats under the three environments. The composition of the rat carcasses varied minimally.", "PMID": 856154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10911", "title": "Carbon dioxide hazards in general aviation.", "content": "There are numerous reports of carbon dioxide fire extinguishers or significant loads of dry ice causing actual or potential carbon dioxide intoxication leading to accidents or incidents, both in the military and in the airlines. To evaluate the significance of the problem in general aviation, dry ice sublimation reported in literature and measured sublimation was theoretically applied to general aviation aircraft, and carbon dioxide from fire extinguishers was measured, both in static and flight condition. The results indicate that the use of carbon dioxide fire extinguishers or the transportation under some conditions of dry ice could produce levels which could cause severe anxiety due to respiratory stimulation or actually produce pilot impairment and contribute to or cause accidents.", "contents": "Carbon dioxide hazards in general aviation. There are numerous reports of carbon dioxide fire extinguishers or significant loads of dry ice causing actual or potential carbon dioxide intoxication leading to accidents or incidents, both in the military and in the airlines. To evaluate the significance of the problem in general aviation, dry ice sublimation reported in literature and measured sublimation was theoretically applied to general aviation aircraft, and carbon dioxide from fire extinguishers was measured, both in static and flight condition. The results indicate that the use of carbon dioxide fire extinguishers or the transportation under some conditions of dry ice could produce levels which could cause severe anxiety due to respiratory stimulation or actually produce pilot impairment and contribute to or cause accidents.", "PMID": 856155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10912", "title": "ST segment distortions by high-side frequency filtration in direct-writing ECG recorders.", "content": "ST segment depression in 12-lead resting and single-lead or multi-lead exercise ECGs is a useful screening criterion for detection of coronary heart disease (CHD). The recommended minimum frequency specification for direct-writing ECG recorders is 0.05-100 Hz (-3 dB). ST segment distortion by unintention low- and high-side frequency filtration could possibly weaken this screening capability. Consequently, one low- and two high-side potential filtration causes of such distortions were investigated in resting and exercise recordings of normal and both J-junction and ST-depressed ECGs. Of 4,914 filtered ST segments, 365 ST category changes were observed. Of these changes, approximately 15% was produced by filtration of the 0.05-0.1 Hz (amplifier function) and 45-100 Hz (60-Hz \"noise\" filtering) frequency bands. The remaining 85% was attributable to filtration of the 23-45 Hz (stylus overpressure) band. An optional remedy is discussed.", "contents": "ST segment distortions by high-side frequency filtration in direct-writing ECG recorders. ST segment depression in 12-lead resting and single-lead or multi-lead exercise ECGs is a useful screening criterion for detection of coronary heart disease (CHD). The recommended minimum frequency specification for direct-writing ECG recorders is 0.05-100 Hz (-3 dB). ST segment distortion by unintention low- and high-side frequency filtration could possibly weaken this screening capability. Consequently, one low- and two high-side potential filtration causes of such distortions were investigated in resting and exercise recordings of normal and both J-junction and ST-depressed ECGs. Of 4,914 filtered ST segments, 365 ST category changes were observed. Of these changes, approximately 15% was produced by filtration of the 0.05-0.1 Hz (amplifier function) and 45-100 Hz (60-Hz \"noise\" filtering) frequency bands. The remaining 85% was attributable to filtration of the 23-45 Hz (stylus overpressure) band. An optional remedy is discussed.", "PMID": 856156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10913", "title": "Aseptic necrosis presenting as wrist pain in SLE.", "content": "Aseptic necrosis of the wrist in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is not rare. In 156 patients with SLE, aseptic necrosis occurred in 11 patients, of whom 3 (27%) had wrist involvement. Onset of pain was insidious and the symptoms were thought to be related to synovitis due to SLE. An average of 11 months elapsed before aseptic necrosis was correctly diagnosed. An awareness of this possibility is important in the management of any patient with SLE who complains of wrist pain.", "contents": "Aseptic necrosis presenting as wrist pain in SLE. Aseptic necrosis of the wrist in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is not rare. In 156 patients with SLE, aseptic necrosis occurred in 11 patients, of whom 3 (27%) had wrist involvement. Onset of pain was insidious and the symptoms were thought to be related to synovitis due to SLE. An average of 11 months elapsed before aseptic necrosis was correctly diagnosed. An awareness of this possibility is important in the management of any patient with SLE who complains of wrist pain.", "PMID": 856215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10914", "title": "Carrageenin-induced arthritis. IV. Rate changes in cartilage matrix proteoglycan synthesis.", "content": "A localized inflammatory response was initiated by both single and repeated injections of carrageenin into femorotibial joints. Histologic changes were observed 24 hours after a single intraarticular injection, and an inhibition in the in vitro rate of proteoglycan synthesis was detected 72 hours after the injection. This inhibition was relieved in vitro by the addition of beta-D-xyloside, an exogenous initiator of glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis. Following repeated carrageenin injections, most cells appeared to be dead on histologic examination and no in vitro proteoglycan synthesis could be detected; nor could any stimulation be achieved by adding exyloside.", "contents": "Carrageenin-induced arthritis. IV. Rate changes in cartilage matrix proteoglycan synthesis. A localized inflammatory response was initiated by both single and repeated injections of carrageenin into femorotibial joints. Histologic changes were observed 24 hours after a single intraarticular injection, and an inhibition in the in vitro rate of proteoglycan synthesis was detected 72 hours after the injection. This inhibition was relieved in vitro by the addition of beta-D-xyloside, an exogenous initiator of glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis. Following repeated carrageenin injections, most cells appeared to be dead on histologic examination and no in vitro proteoglycan synthesis could be detected; nor could any stimulation be achieved by adding exyloside.", "PMID": 856216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10915", "title": "Connective tissue activation. XI. Stimulation of glycosaminoglycan and DNA formation by a platelet factor.", "content": "This report describes a small basic protein found in human platelets which stimulates hyaluronic acid formation, glucose uptake, and lactate formation in several types of human connective tissue cells. In addition, it stimulates in incorporation of [3H] methyl thymidine into DNA in human synovial cell cultures. This platelet factor (connective tissue activating peptide-II, CTAP-III) clearly differs form CTAP-I, found in human lymphocytes, and may play a role as a mediator of the inflammatory process.", "contents": "Connective tissue activation. XI. Stimulation of glycosaminoglycan and DNA formation by a platelet factor. This report describes a small basic protein found in human platelets which stimulates hyaluronic acid formation, glucose uptake, and lactate formation in several types of human connective tissue cells. In addition, it stimulates in incorporation of [3H] methyl thymidine into DNA in human synovial cell cultures. This platelet factor (connective tissue activating peptide-II, CTAP-III) clearly differs form CTAP-I, found in human lymphocytes, and may play a role as a mediator of the inflammatory process.", "PMID": 856217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10916", "title": "Connective tissue synthesis by cultured scleroderma fibroblasts. II. Incorporation of 3h-glucosamine and synthesis of glycosaminoglycans.", "content": "Fibroblasts from normal and scleroderma skin, grown tissue culture, were incubated with 3H-glucosamine for 24 hours. No definite trends could be established in 3H-glucosamin incorporation or glycosaminoglycan synthesis. Over 90% of the total 3H activity as well as the glycosaminoglycans synthesized were secreted into the medium. Characterization of glycosaminoglycans showed that in both the medium and cells, hyaluronic acid ins the major glycosaminoglycan in normal and scleroderma fibroblasts. In the medium, hyaluronic acid represented 87% of the total glycosaminoglycans; it was slightly decreased in the cells. Fibroblasts were compared from the upper and lower areas of the affected dermis and an uninvolved dermal area of the same scleroderma patients.", "contents": "Connective tissue synthesis by cultured scleroderma fibroblasts. II. Incorporation of 3h-glucosamine and synthesis of glycosaminoglycans. Fibroblasts from normal and scleroderma skin, grown tissue culture, were incubated with 3H-glucosamine for 24 hours. No definite trends could be established in 3H-glucosamin incorporation or glycosaminoglycan synthesis. Over 90% of the total 3H activity as well as the glycosaminoglycans synthesized were secreted into the medium. Characterization of glycosaminoglycans showed that in both the medium and cells, hyaluronic acid ins the major glycosaminoglycan in normal and scleroderma fibroblasts. In the medium, hyaluronic acid represented 87% of the total glycosaminoglycans; it was slightly decreased in the cells. Fibroblasts were compared from the upper and lower areas of the affected dermis and an uninvolved dermal area of the same scleroderma patients.", "PMID": 856218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10917", "title": "Preliminary criteria for the classification of the acute arthritis of primary gout.", "content": "The American Rheumatism Association sub-committe on classification criteria for gout analyzed data from more than 700 patients with gout, pseudogout, rheumatoid arthritis, or septic arthritis. Criteria for classifying a patient as having gout were a) the presence of characteristic urate crystals in the joint fluid, and/or b) a topus proved to contain urate crystals by chemical or polarized light microscopic means, and/or c) the presence of six of the twelve clinical, laboratory, and X-ray phenomena listed in Table 5.", "contents": "Preliminary criteria for the classification of the acute arthritis of primary gout. The American Rheumatism Association sub-committe on classification criteria for gout analyzed data from more than 700 patients with gout, pseudogout, rheumatoid arthritis, or septic arthritis. Criteria for classifying a patient as having gout were a) the presence of characteristic urate crystals in the joint fluid, and/or b) a topus proved to contain urate crystals by chemical or polarized light microscopic means, and/or c) the presence of six of the twelve clinical, laboratory, and X-ray phenomena listed in Table 5.", "PMID": 856219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10918", "title": "Comparison of assay methods for selective measurement of plasma lipase. The effect of clofibrate on hepatic and lipoprotein lipase in normals and patients with hypertriglyceridemia.", "content": "Three different assays for selective measurement of plasma lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic triglyceride lipase (H-TGL) were compared. These were: an immunochemical method based on enzyme antibody precipitation (IM), a procedure in which both enzymes were separated by affinity chromatography on small heparin--Sepharose columns (HS), and an assay in which one enzyme was inhibited by protamine sulfate (PS). Good correlations were found between the immunochemical and the heparin--Sepharose method, but not between these and the protamine sulfate assay procedure. The IM was then used to evaluate the effect of clofibrate on the two lipolytic enzymes. It was found that both in normals and in patients with Type IV hyperlipoproteinemia, clofibrate treatment leads to a specific increase of plasma LPL while H-TGL activity remains almost unaffected. The magnitude of the LPL response was different in normals and in patients with endogenous hyperlipoproteinemia. Furthermore, in normals the maximal increase of LPL activity was already reached one week after drug treatment was begun, while in hypertriglyceridemic patients, this effect was not evident prior to four weeks of clofibrate treatment.  The marked enzyme increase following clofibrate administration indicates that an increased peripheral removal rate for triglycerides is one major mechanism responsible for the lipid-lowering effect of this drug.", "contents": "Comparison of assay methods for selective measurement of plasma lipase. The effect of clofibrate on hepatic and lipoprotein lipase in normals and patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Three different assays for selective measurement of plasma lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic triglyceride lipase (H-TGL) were compared. These were: an immunochemical method based on enzyme antibody precipitation (IM), a procedure in which both enzymes were separated by affinity chromatography on small heparin--Sepharose columns (HS), and an assay in which one enzyme was inhibited by protamine sulfate (PS). Good correlations were found between the immunochemical and the heparin--Sepharose method, but not between these and the protamine sulfate assay procedure. The IM was then used to evaluate the effect of clofibrate on the two lipolytic enzymes. It was found that both in normals and in patients with Type IV hyperlipoproteinemia, clofibrate treatment leads to a specific increase of plasma LPL while H-TGL activity remains almost unaffected. The magnitude of the LPL response was different in normals and in patients with endogenous hyperlipoproteinemia. Furthermore, in normals the maximal increase of LPL activity was already reached one week after drug treatment was begun, while in hypertriglyceridemic patients, this effect was not evident prior to four weeks of clofibrate treatment.  The marked enzyme increase following clofibrate administration indicates that an increased peripheral removal rate for triglycerides is one major mechanism responsible for the lipid-lowering effect of this drug.", "PMID": 856226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10919", "title": "Prevalence of coronary artery disease and peripheral artery disease in patients with different types of primary hyperlipidemia.", "content": "The prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) and peripheral artery disease (PAD) was studied in 280 (203 males, 77 females) patients with different types of primary hyperlipoproteinemia. In primary hyperbetalipoproteinemia the prevalence of CAD (45% for Type IIa and 47% for Type IIb) is significatly higher than that in the other types of hyperlipoproteinemia (38% for Type IV and 17% for Type V). On the other hand, PAD prevalence is much higher in hypertriglyceridemia (21% in Type IIb and 20% in Type V) than in hypercholesterolemia alone (9% in Type IIa). These results suggest ths atherosclerotic complications are concerned. Moreover, the high frequency of PAD found in hypertriglyceridemia can be related to the high occurrence of diabetes in these patients. The effects of other major risk factors of atherosclerosis (smoking and hypertension) were also evaluated. Our results indicate that the association of hypercholestolemia and hypertension is more dangerous than the co-occurence of hypercholesterolemia and smoking.", "contents": "Prevalence of coronary artery disease and peripheral artery disease in patients with different types of primary hyperlipidemia. The prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) and peripheral artery disease (PAD) was studied in 280 (203 males, 77 females) patients with different types of primary hyperlipoproteinemia. In primary hyperbetalipoproteinemia the prevalence of CAD (45% for Type IIa and 47% for Type IIb) is significatly higher than that in the other types of hyperlipoproteinemia (38% for Type IV and 17% for Type V). On the other hand, PAD prevalence is much higher in hypertriglyceridemia (21% in Type IIb and 20% in Type V) than in hypercholesterolemia alone (9% in Type IIa). These results suggest ths atherosclerotic complications are concerned. Moreover, the high frequency of PAD found in hypertriglyceridemia can be related to the high occurrence of diabetes in these patients. The effects of other major risk factors of atherosclerosis (smoking and hypertension) were also evaluated. Our results indicate that the association of hypercholestolemia and hypertension is more dangerous than the co-occurence of hypercholesterolemia and smoking.", "PMID": 856227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10920", "title": "The treatment of hypercholesterolemia with beta-pyridylcarbinol. Part 5. Report on 16 cases with severe hypercholesterolemia treated for 12 years.", "content": "A group of 78 patients with severe hypercholesterolemia (-X = 464 mg/dl) and symptoms of vascular disease of the heart, the extremities, or the brain, started a beta-pyridylcarbinol treatment with an average daily dosage of 1.2 g in 1964. In 1976 we could re-examine 12 patients, still on the same therapy. No myocardial infarction has occurred in this group since 1973, only 2 patients have had more attacks of angina pectoris that 1964. In contrast patients discontinuing therapy or replacing beta-pyridylcarbinol by other hypolipidemic drugs had a higher mortality.", "contents": "The treatment of hypercholesterolemia with beta-pyridylcarbinol. Part 5. Report on 16 cases with severe hypercholesterolemia treated for 12 years. A group of 78 patients with severe hypercholesterolemia (-X = 464 mg/dl) and symptoms of vascular disease of the heart, the extremities, or the brain, started a beta-pyridylcarbinol treatment with an average daily dosage of 1.2 g in 1964. In 1976 we could re-examine 12 patients, still on the same therapy. No myocardial infarction has occurred in this group since 1973, only 2 patients have had more attacks of angina pectoris that 1964. In contrast patients discontinuing therapy or replacing beta-pyridylcarbinol by other hypolipidemic drugs had a higher mortality.", "PMID": 856228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10921", "title": "Experimental atherosclerosis of the heart valves in rats following a long-term atherogenic regimen.", "content": "Male and female rats kept on a long-term atherogenic regimen for periods up to 15 months developed marked atherosclerotic changes of cardiac valves in 100% of cases. The degree and the topography of valvular atherosclerotic plaques corresponded widely to that seen in human atherosclerotic valvular disease. The regular topography of atherosclerotic valvular lesions was believed to be primarily due to differences in blood pressure as occurring during cardiac performance. Histologically, there was a striking contrast between the uniform composition of atheromatous plaques as found on the valves and the variability in composition of aortic atheromas.", "contents": "Experimental atherosclerosis of the heart valves in rats following a long-term atherogenic regimen. Male and female rats kept on a long-term atherogenic regimen for periods up to 15 months developed marked atherosclerotic changes of cardiac valves in 100% of cases. The degree and the topography of valvular atherosclerotic plaques corresponded widely to that seen in human atherosclerotic valvular disease. The regular topography of atherosclerotic valvular lesions was believed to be primarily due to differences in blood pressure as occurring during cardiac performance. Histologically, there was a striking contrast between the uniform composition of atheromatous plaques as found on the valves and the variability in composition of aortic atheromas.", "PMID": 856230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10922", "title": "Inhibition of platelet adhesion to rabbit aorta by sulphinpyrazone and acetylsalicylic acid.", "content": "A technique for the isolation of rabbit thoracic aorta in a form in which it can withstand normal pressure and a new in vitro system in which it was tested is described. Segments of aorta were selectively damaged with a balloon catheter by the Baumgartneer technique and supensions of washed platelets, labelled with 51Cr, were perfused through them. More platelets adhered to the damaged surface than to the undamaged surface. Suophinpyrazone was more effective than aspirin in inhibiting platelet adherence to both the damaged and undamaged surface.", "contents": "Inhibition of platelet adhesion to rabbit aorta by sulphinpyrazone and acetylsalicylic acid. A technique for the isolation of rabbit thoracic aorta in a form in which it can withstand normal pressure and a new in vitro system in which it was tested is described. Segments of aorta were selectively damaged with a balloon catheter by the Baumgartneer technique and supensions of washed platelets, labelled with 51Cr, were perfused through them. More platelets adhered to the damaged surface than to the undamaged surface. Suophinpyrazone was more effective than aspirin in inhibiting platelet adherence to both the damaged and undamaged surface.", "PMID": 856231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10923", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis and gonadal findings in X/XXX mosaicism.", "content": "Prenatal diagnosis of a case of X/XXX mosaicism is presented. In spite of the fact that over 50% of the cells cultured from both ovaries were trisomic for the X chromosome, fetal \u00f6ocytes were rarely found. This case illustrates that the presence of a triple-X cell line, even in a relatively high percentage of ovarian cells, does not necessarily protect the ovary from 'a\u00f6ogenesis'. This observation might prove useful in the counselling of future cases involving the prenatal detection of sex chromosome mosaicism.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis and gonadal findings in X/XXX mosaicism. Prenatal diagnosis of a case of X/XXX mosaicism is presented. In spite of the fact that over 50% of the cells cultured from both ovaries were trisomic for the X chromosome, fetal \u00f6ocytes were rarely found. This case illustrates that the presence of a triple-X cell line, even in a relatively high percentage of ovarian cells, does not necessarily protect the ovary from 'a\u00f6ogenesis'. This observation might prove useful in the counselling of future cases involving the prenatal detection of sex chromosome mosaicism.", "PMID": 856232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10924", "title": "Recessive form of Freeman-Sheldon's syndrome or 'whistling face',.", "content": "Freeman-Sheldon's syndrome is a rare genetic disease inherited as an autosomal dominant trait in some families but showing sporadic appearance in the majority of the reported cases. In the present paper we report a family having two affected children from normal consanguineous parents suggesting that Freeman-Sheldon's syndrome may be heterogeneous from the genetic point of view.", "contents": "Recessive form of Freeman-Sheldon's syndrome or 'whistling face',. Freeman-Sheldon's syndrome is a rare genetic disease inherited as an autosomal dominant trait in some families but showing sporadic appearance in the majority of the reported cases. In the present paper we report a family having two affected children from normal consanguineous parents suggesting that Freeman-Sheldon's syndrome may be heterogeneous from the genetic point of view.", "PMID": 856233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10925", "title": "Assessment of response to therapy in advanced breast cancer.", "content": "A system is proposed by the UICC for assessing response to treatment of advanced breast cancers.", "contents": "Assessment of response to therapy in advanced breast cancer. A system is proposed by the UICC for assessing response to treatment of advanced breast cancers.", "PMID": 856236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10926", "title": "Interaction of hyperthermia and the hypoxic cell sensitizer Ro-07-0582 on the EMT6 mouse tumour.", "content": "The combination of hyperthermia and the hypoxic cell radiosensitizer Ro-07-0582 has been investigated on the EMT6 tumour implanted into the legs of BALB/c mice. Treatments at a drug dose of 1 mg/g over a range of waterbath temperatures from 37 to 45 degrees C are described. The surviving clonogenic fraction following treatment was assayed in vitro. Measurements of intra-tumour temperature have been made, and shown to be better correlated with the cytocidal effect on the tumour than the waterbath temperature. No significant effect of Ro-07-0582 was observed at 37 degrees C. However, marked cytotoxicity due to the drug was seen at intra-tumour temperatures above 42-5 degrees C for 1 h. These were in addition to the cytocidal effect of the hyperthermia. The results are discussed in relation to the distribution of temperatures and hypoxic cell populations throughout the tumour.", "contents": "Interaction of hyperthermia and the hypoxic cell sensitizer Ro-07-0582 on the EMT6 mouse tumour. The combination of hyperthermia and the hypoxic cell radiosensitizer Ro-07-0582 has been investigated on the EMT6 tumour implanted into the legs of BALB/c mice. Treatments at a drug dose of 1 mg/g over a range of waterbath temperatures from 37 to 45 degrees C are described. The surviving clonogenic fraction following treatment was assayed in vitro. Measurements of intra-tumour temperature have been made, and shown to be better correlated with the cytocidal effect on the tumour than the waterbath temperature. No significant effect of Ro-07-0582 was observed at 37 degrees C. However, marked cytotoxicity due to the drug was seen at intra-tumour temperatures above 42-5 degrees C for 1 h. These were in addition to the cytocidal effect of the hyperthermia. The results are discussed in relation to the distribution of temperatures and hypoxic cell populations throughout the tumour.", "PMID": 856237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10927", "title": "Effect of hyperthermia on differential cytotoxicity of a hypoxic cell radiosensitizer, Ro-07-0582, on mammalian cells in vitro.", "content": "There is now evidence that several classes of nitro compounds which have been used as radiosensitizers also function as cytotoxic agents specific for hypoxic cells. The 2-nitroimidazole, Ro-07-0582, (1-(2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)-3-methoxy-2-propanol) is a compound of this type, and its effectiveness as a cytotoxic agent is dependent on drug concentration, contact time and temperature. In vitro, Ro-07-0582 in air at 37 degrees C does not cause loss of cell viability at concentrations up to 2 mM, even when in contact for several days. In contrast, hypoxic cells do not tolerate much lower concentrations of drugs, even if the contact time is only a few hours. When the temperature is raised above 37 degrees C, there is a pronounced increase in the slope of the survival curves; for example, at 41 degrees C (for 1 mM Ro-07-0582, (200 microng/ml), the slope changes by a factor of 2-0 relative to that for 37 degrees C. For cells in air at 41 degrees C, as at 37 degrees C, there is no toxic effect at the concentration of drug tested. In the absence of drug, there is no cytotoxic effect of hyperthermia alone under these conditions. These results are discussed in terms of Arrhenius parameters.", "contents": "Effect of hyperthermia on differential cytotoxicity of a hypoxic cell radiosensitizer, Ro-07-0582, on mammalian cells in vitro. There is now evidence that several classes of nitro compounds which have been used as radiosensitizers also function as cytotoxic agents specific for hypoxic cells. The 2-nitroimidazole, Ro-07-0582, (1-(2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)-3-methoxy-2-propanol) is a compound of this type, and its effectiveness as a cytotoxic agent is dependent on drug concentration, contact time and temperature. In vitro, Ro-07-0582 in air at 37 degrees C does not cause loss of cell viability at concentrations up to 2 mM, even when in contact for several days. In contrast, hypoxic cells do not tolerate much lower concentrations of drugs, even if the contact time is only a few hours. When the temperature is raised above 37 degrees C, there is a pronounced increase in the slope of the survival curves; for example, at 41 degrees C (for 1 mM Ro-07-0582, (200 microng/ml), the slope changes by a factor of 2-0 relative to that for 37 degrees C. For cells in air at 41 degrees C, as at 37 degrees C, there is no toxic effect at the concentration of drug tested. In the absence of drug, there is no cytotoxic effect of hyperthermia alone under these conditions. These results are discussed in terms of Arrhenius parameters.", "PMID": 856238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10928", "title": "Dephenylation of N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine in dogs and its possible oncogenic implications.", "content": "N-Dephenylation of N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine (PBNA) is strictly limited in dogs, and a 5 mg/kg dose gives 0-10 microng of urinary 2-naphthylamine (BNA), which does not appear to undergo further metabolism. Neither 2-naphthylhydroxylamine (BNHA) nor 2-amino-1-naphthylsulphate were detected in the urine of treated animals. Urinary output of BNA varies markedly between dogs, and at different times in the same animal. The extent of PBNA N-dephenylation is unaltered by chronic administration. Calculations based on Druckery and K\u00fcpfm\u00fcller's equation (1948) and present data indicate that, for dogs to form BNA tumours through exposure to a relatively high dose-level of PBNA, the period of daily dosing would occupy, or even exceed, the normal life-span. The carcinogenic risk of PBNA to human subjects is discussed.", "contents": "Dephenylation of N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine in dogs and its possible oncogenic implications. N-Dephenylation of N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine (PBNA) is strictly limited in dogs, and a 5 mg/kg dose gives 0-10 microng of urinary 2-naphthylamine (BNA), which does not appear to undergo further metabolism. Neither 2-naphthylhydroxylamine (BNHA) nor 2-amino-1-naphthylsulphate were detected in the urine of treated animals. Urinary output of BNA varies markedly between dogs, and at different times in the same animal. The extent of PBNA N-dephenylation is unaltered by chronic administration. Calculations based on Druckery and K\u00fcpfm\u00fcller's equation (1948) and present data indicate that, for dogs to form BNA tumours through exposure to a relatively high dose-level of PBNA, the period of daily dosing would occupy, or even exceed, the normal life-span. The carcinogenic risk of PBNA to human subjects is discussed.", "PMID": 856239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10929", "title": "Avascular and vascular phases of tumour growth in the chick embryo.", "content": "The chick embryo was used to study the relationship between the onset of tumour neovascularization and tumour growth. Walker 256 carcinosarcoma was implanted on the chrioallantoic membrane (CAM) of about 600 embryos aged 5-16 days. Tumour diameter and changes in the CAM vasculature in response to the implants were recorded daily. Representative tumours were examined by light microscopy of Epon-embedded tissue and autoradiography after injection of [3H]-thymidine. Tumours remained avascular for 72 h, after which they were penetrated by new blood vessels and began a phase of rapid growth. The rate of growth during this vascular phase was greatest for implants on 5- and 6-day-old embryos and decreased the later the day of implantation. The time of onset of tumour angiogenesis appears to be independent of the immunological state of the chick embryo, although the rate of growth after vascularization may be modified by the onset of immunity. This study suggests that the avascular and vascular phases of tumour growth are separable, and that the avascular tumour population lives under the growth constraints which limit the size of a tumour spheroid growing in soft agar or aqueous humour.", "contents": "Avascular and vascular phases of tumour growth in the chick embryo. The chick embryo was used to study the relationship between the onset of tumour neovascularization and tumour growth. Walker 256 carcinosarcoma was implanted on the chrioallantoic membrane (CAM) of about 600 embryos aged 5-16 days. Tumour diameter and changes in the CAM vasculature in response to the implants were recorded daily. Representative tumours were examined by light microscopy of Epon-embedded tissue and autoradiography after injection of [3H]-thymidine. Tumours remained avascular for 72 h, after which they were penetrated by new blood vessels and began a phase of rapid growth. The rate of growth during this vascular phase was greatest for implants on 5- and 6-day-old embryos and decreased the later the day of implantation. The time of onset of tumour angiogenesis appears to be independent of the immunological state of the chick embryo, although the rate of growth after vascularization may be modified by the onset of immunity. This study suggests that the avascular and vascular phases of tumour growth are separable, and that the avascular tumour population lives under the growth constraints which limit the size of a tumour spheroid growing in soft agar or aqueous humour.", "PMID": 856240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10930", "title": "Adjustment and war bereavement - some considerations.", "content": "Forty-seven parents from 25 families who had lost a son in the War of Attrition of 1969-1970 were interviewed in the course of this study. The interviews took place 2-3 years after the bereavement. The purpose of the study was an assessment of personal adjustment of bereaved parents, and an examination of background and behavioural characteristics which might differentiate between parents making a better and less good adjustment to the loss of a son. To this end data were collected via semistructured interviews. Non-objective variables: religiosity, social interpersonal relationships and adjustment were rated by independent judges. Reliability of interjudge agreement ranged from 0-67 to 1-00. Hypotheses were tested using correlation matrices. The hypothesis stating a positive relationship of high religiosity and good adjustment was not confirmed. The results suggest a very significant relationship between good adjustment and level of education (r = 0-668, alpha less than 0-01). Level of education was responsible for most of the variance and thus made impossible an answer regarding the relationship between religiosity and recovery after bereavement. To elucidate religiosity's function in adjustment, control of education level would be necessary. While this was not done in the present study, a further research plan was suggested. The hypothesis stating a positive correlational relationship between adjustment and interpersonal skills as reflected in social contacts and marital relations was confirmed (r = 0-735, r = 0-573, alpha less than 0-01). The findings of this study suggest that individuals who have suffered a severe stress, may gain strength, encouragement and compensation when their life style includes higher educational level and satisfying interactions with other people.", "contents": "Adjustment and war bereavement - some considerations. Forty-seven parents from 25 families who had lost a son in the War of Attrition of 1969-1970 were interviewed in the course of this study. The interviews took place 2-3 years after the bereavement. The purpose of the study was an assessment of personal adjustment of bereaved parents, and an examination of background and behavioural characteristics which might differentiate between parents making a better and less good adjustment to the loss of a son. To this end data were collected via semistructured interviews. Non-objective variables: religiosity, social interpersonal relationships and adjustment were rated by independent judges. Reliability of interjudge agreement ranged from 0-67 to 1-00. Hypotheses were tested using correlation matrices. The hypothesis stating a positive relationship of high religiosity and good adjustment was not confirmed. The results suggest a very significant relationship between good adjustment and level of education (r = 0-668, alpha less than 0-01). Level of education was responsible for most of the variance and thus made impossible an answer regarding the relationship between religiosity and recovery after bereavement. To elucidate religiosity's function in adjustment, control of education level would be necessary. While this was not done in the present study, a further research plan was suggested. The hypothesis stating a positive correlational relationship between adjustment and interpersonal skills as reflected in social contacts and marital relations was confirmed (r = 0-735, r = 0-573, alpha less than 0-01). The findings of this study suggest that individuals who have suffered a severe stress, may gain strength, encouragement and compensation when their life style includes higher educational level and satisfying interactions with other people.", "PMID": 856241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10931", "title": "Loss: a central theme in psychotherapy.", "content": "As an essential aim of psychotherapy is to change in order to develop and grow the patient has to give up some mal-adaptive patterns of behaviour and out-of-date values and belief systems. The inevitable losses involved in this process are discussed in detail. The losses the patient has to face when entering therapy are considered first, followed by consideration of the losses he encounters when during therapy he has to change his attitudes towards himself and others, including the giving up of infanitle wishes and illusions and of value systems originally imposed upon him from outside sources. The losses and disappointments he experiences in the therapeutic relationship itself are discussed, and attention is focused on the way in which what is at first experienced as a loss can become the starting point of new developments and lead to a more positive acceptance of his psychic and physical functioning. To achieve these aims the therapist himself needs to learn to adopt a similar, positive attitude towards the losses and limitations involved in his own life experience and therapeutic work.", "contents": "Loss: a central theme in psychotherapy. As an essential aim of psychotherapy is to change in order to develop and grow the patient has to give up some mal-adaptive patterns of behaviour and out-of-date values and belief systems. The inevitable losses involved in this process are discussed in detail. The losses the patient has to face when entering therapy are considered first, followed by consideration of the losses he encounters when during therapy he has to change his attitudes towards himself and others, including the giving up of infanitle wishes and illusions and of value systems originally imposed upon him from outside sources. The losses and disappointments he experiences in the therapeutic relationship itself are discussed, and attention is focused on the way in which what is at first experienced as a loss can become the starting point of new developments and lead to a more positive acceptance of his psychic and physical functioning. To achieve these aims the therapist himself needs to learn to adopt a similar, positive attitude towards the losses and limitations involved in his own life experience and therapeutic work.", "PMID": 856242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10932", "title": "Attitudes of psychiatric patients to staff roles and treatment methods: a replication and extension.", "content": "A questionnaire dealing with attitudes toward staff roles and treatment methods was administered to a group of 191 psychiatric patients and their responses subjected to a rotated principal components analysis. The first three components accounted for the same proportion of the overall variance as did those obtained in an earlier study. The first components, emphasizing high regard for physical treatments and formal interpersonal relationships, were essentially the same in both studies. The second and third components, however, showed important differences; our second component dealt with the psychological and social aspects of patienthood, and our third reflected a critical attitude toward doctors. Scores on the first component were significantly associated with age, score on the Hysteroid-Obsessoid Questionnaire and social class. Women scored higher than men on the second component and scores on the third were related to total hostility scores on the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire and to schizophrenia. Differences between diagnostic groups on the first component could be attributed almost entirely to the groups' mean ages.", "contents": "Attitudes of psychiatric patients to staff roles and treatment methods: a replication and extension. A questionnaire dealing with attitudes toward staff roles and treatment methods was administered to a group of 191 psychiatric patients and their responses subjected to a rotated principal components analysis. The first three components accounted for the same proportion of the overall variance as did those obtained in an earlier study. The first components, emphasizing high regard for physical treatments and formal interpersonal relationships, were essentially the same in both studies. The second and third components, however, showed important differences; our second component dealt with the psychological and social aspects of patienthood, and our third reflected a critical attitude toward doctors. Scores on the first component were significantly associated with age, score on the Hysteroid-Obsessoid Questionnaire and social class. Women scored higher than men on the second component and scores on the third were related to total hostility scores on the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire and to schizophrenia. Differences between diagnostic groups on the first component could be attributed almost entirely to the groups' mean ages.", "PMID": 856243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10933", "title": "The multiple techniques approach to behavioural psychotherapy: a retrospective evaluation of effectiveness and an examination of prognostic indicators.", "content": "A retrospective evaluation of the multiple techniques approach to behaviour therapy is described. The effectiveness of the approach seems to compare favourably with a single-technique approach as far as can be ascertained. The observed improvement can be attributed to some aspect of the treatment package and not to 'spontaneous remission' factors. A prospective trial would not seem valuable, providing the problems of replication can be solved. An examination of prognostic indicators reveals a range of variables associated with outcome. Amongst the diagnostic groups, the 'social phobics' and 'anxiety states' did poorly. A number of general adjustment variables also seemed important, particularly marriage, and social and vocational adjustment. The implications of these findings for the nature and deployment of services and briefly discussed.", "contents": "The multiple techniques approach to behavioural psychotherapy: a retrospective evaluation of effectiveness and an examination of prognostic indicators. A retrospective evaluation of the multiple techniques approach to behaviour therapy is described. The effectiveness of the approach seems to compare favourably with a single-technique approach as far as can be ascertained. The observed improvement can be attributed to some aspect of the treatment package and not to 'spontaneous remission' factors. A prospective trial would not seem valuable, providing the problems of replication can be solved. An examination of prognostic indicators reveals a range of variables associated with outcome. Amongst the diagnostic groups, the 'social phobics' and 'anxiety states' did poorly. A number of general adjustment variables also seemed important, particularly marriage, and social and vocational adjustment. The implications of these findings for the nature and deployment of services and briefly discussed.", "PMID": 856244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10934", "title": "Hierarchies of personality deviance and personal illness.", "content": "Three hundred and twenty-five psychiatric patients were allocated to classes within the hierarchy of personal illness by means of the Delusions-Symptoms-States Inventory. They were then given the Personality Deviance Scales. The results showed that the classes ranked in the same hierarchical order as on the DSSI on extrapunitiveness and intropunitiveness, but not on dominance. Maladjustive personality deviance, as statistically defined, was 3 1/2 times as frequent among patients as among non-patients. Whereas symptom measures had previously been shown to change considerably after one month, personality measures did not. Longer follow-up periods are needed before it can be decided whether personality measures contribute substantially to prediction of type of illness or whether they are determined, at least in part, by the type of illness. In the latter event, personality measures might still prove useful in providing a more fundamental estimate of long-term clinical improvement than symptom measures alone if they were found to change more slowly or only with more intensive clincial effort.", "contents": "Hierarchies of personality deviance and personal illness. Three hundred and twenty-five psychiatric patients were allocated to classes within the hierarchy of personal illness by means of the Delusions-Symptoms-States Inventory. They were then given the Personality Deviance Scales. The results showed that the classes ranked in the same hierarchical order as on the DSSI on extrapunitiveness and intropunitiveness, but not on dominance. Maladjustive personality deviance, as statistically defined, was 3 1/2 times as frequent among patients as among non-patients. Whereas symptom measures had previously been shown to change considerably after one month, personality measures did not. Longer follow-up periods are needed before it can be decided whether personality measures contribute substantially to prediction of type of illness or whether they are determined, at least in part, by the type of illness. In the latter event, personality measures might still prove useful in providing a more fundamental estimate of long-term clinical improvement than symptom measures alone if they were found to change more slowly or only with more intensive clincial effort.", "PMID": 856245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10935", "title": "Thumbsucking and falling asleep.", "content": "A review of the studies on the aetiology of habitual thumbsucking reveals either contradictory or inconclusive results. In this study carried out in Turkey, 50 thumbsuckers, 50 non-thumbsuckers, 250 school children and 312 'problem' children were investigated through interviews, questionnaires and other clinical techniques with their mothers. Among variables studied were aspects of feeding, onset and incidence of thumbsucking, strength of sucking drive, sex distribution, educational level and occupation of mothers, parental attitudes toward physical contact with children, mother-child relationships, and particular forms of falling asleep. It was found that thumbsucking was aetiologically more related to ways of falling asleep than to other factors. An attempt was made to explain the social, psychological and physiological basis of the aetiological significance of the falling asleep-stage in habitual thumbsucking. These findings now permit predictive longitudinal investigations to test this accuracy.", "contents": "Thumbsucking and falling asleep. A review of the studies on the aetiology of habitual thumbsucking reveals either contradictory or inconclusive results. In this study carried out in Turkey, 50 thumbsuckers, 50 non-thumbsuckers, 250 school children and 312 'problem' children were investigated through interviews, questionnaires and other clinical techniques with their mothers. Among variables studied were aspects of feeding, onset and incidence of thumbsucking, strength of sucking drive, sex distribution, educational level and occupation of mothers, parental attitudes toward physical contact with children, mother-child relationships, and particular forms of falling asleep. It was found that thumbsucking was aetiologically more related to ways of falling asleep than to other factors. An attempt was made to explain the social, psychological and physiological basis of the aetiological significance of the falling asleep-stage in habitual thumbsucking. These findings now permit predictive longitudinal investigations to test this accuracy.", "PMID": 856246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10936", "title": "Vitrectomy technique in anterior segment surgery.", "content": "Instruments designed primarily for vitreous surgery were used in 74 anterior segment operations. In each case the instrument was introduced into the eye through a limbal incision. This preliminary report shows that this new approach offers several advantages over conventional methods in selected cases. It is of particular value in the management of presenile and complicated cataracts and in the removal of capsulo-lenticular remnants and pupillary membranes. A larger number of cases and longer follow-up are necessary to define further the specific indications and limitations of this technique.", "contents": "Vitrectomy technique in anterior segment surgery. Instruments designed primarily for vitreous surgery were used in 74 anterior segment operations. In each case the instrument was introduced into the eye through a limbal incision. This preliminary report shows that this new approach offers several advantages over conventional methods in selected cases. It is of particular value in the management of presenile and complicated cataracts and in the removal of capsulo-lenticular remnants and pupillary membranes. A larger number of cases and longer follow-up are necessary to define further the specific indications and limitations of this technique.", "PMID": 856247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10937", "title": "Immunoglobulins in tear in trachoma patients.", "content": "Tear immunoglobulin concentrations have been measured in 100 healthy people and 62 patients in different stages of trachoma. In healthy people the average IgA level was 27-8 mg/100 ml. There was no significant difference in the IgA level in various age groups and between the sexes. IgG was detected in 92 samples, and it was less than 1 mg/100 ml. IgM in tears was detected in only one sample. IgD was not detected in any specimen. In tracoma cases, the mean IgA level was found to be significantly lower (22-0 mg/100 ml) than in healthy people. There was no significant difference in IgA level between different stages of trachoma, IgG, IgD, and IgM could not be detected in any sample from the trachoma cases.", "contents": "Immunoglobulins in tear in trachoma patients. Tear immunoglobulin concentrations have been measured in 100 healthy people and 62 patients in different stages of trachoma. In healthy people the average IgA level was 27-8 mg/100 ml. There was no significant difference in the IgA level in various age groups and between the sexes. IgG was detected in 92 samples, and it was less than 1 mg/100 ml. IgM in tears was detected in only one sample. IgD was not detected in any specimen. In tracoma cases, the mean IgA level was found to be significantly lower (22-0 mg/100 ml) than in healthy people. There was no significant difference in IgA level between different stages of trachoma, IgG, IgD, and IgM could not be detected in any sample from the trachoma cases.", "PMID": 856248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10938", "title": "Histopathological changes in malignant melanomas of the choroid after cobalt plaque therapy.", "content": "A series of 23 eyes removed after cobalt plaque therapy for malignant melanoma of the choroid is presented, and the histological changes are described with particular reference to the presence or absence of necrosis in the tumours. In 17 of the 23 eyes no evidence of tumour necrosis was found, though all showed evidence of radiation changes in the adjacent tissues. Necrosis was found in 6 cases but was prominent in only 2, one of which was the only example of a mixed-cell tumour, the other 22 being spindle-cell tumours. Enucleation became necessary on average at about 32 months after treatment (23 out of 100 treated eyes) because of obvious failure of treatment with evidence of continued growth, or because of radiational complications leading to a painful blind eye. The 5-year survival rate was 86% compared with about 50% when the treatment is enculeation.", "contents": "Histopathological changes in malignant melanomas of the choroid after cobalt plaque therapy. A series of 23 eyes removed after cobalt plaque therapy for malignant melanoma of the choroid is presented, and the histological changes are described with particular reference to the presence or absence of necrosis in the tumours. In 17 of the 23 eyes no evidence of tumour necrosis was found, though all showed evidence of radiation changes in the adjacent tissues. Necrosis was found in 6 cases but was prominent in only 2, one of which was the only example of a mixed-cell tumour, the other 22 being spindle-cell tumours. Enucleation became necessary on average at about 32 months after treatment (23 out of 100 treated eyes) because of obvious failure of treatment with evidence of continued growth, or because of radiational complications leading to a painful blind eye. The 5-year survival rate was 86% compared with about 50% when the treatment is enculeation.", "PMID": 856249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10939", "title": "Sulphydryl group modification of aspartate aminotransferase with 3-bromo-1,1,1-trifluoropropanone during catalysis.", "content": "After protection of cysteine-45 and -82 with iodoacetamide or N-ethylmaleimide, and in the presence of saturating concentrations of substrates, the supernatant isozyme of pig heart aspartate transaminase has been covalently modified at cysteine-390 with 3-bromo-1,1,1-trifluoropropanone. The modified enzyme retains 60-70% of the initial specific activity and is similar to native enzyme in pH and temperature stability. After tagging cysteine-390 with the fluorinated compound, the enzyme retains  substrate and inhibitor binding abilities; as shown by direct spectrophotometric titration of the active-site chromophores. The 19F NMR spectrum of the modified enzyme has been obtained by a Fourier transform NMR method. Although the transaminase is a dimeric enzyme, 19F bound at each subunit's cysteine-390 gives rise to only a single 19F resonance upfield from that of trifluoroacetic acid. The fact that the chemical shifts of the 19F probe differ in native and guanidine hydrochloride (Gdn-HCl) denatured enzyme is interpreted as the effect of the native protein groups on the probe. The discordance between the changes induced by varying concentrations of Gdn-HCl on the 19F resonance parameters, on the one hand, and the changes in enzyme activity and prosthetic group absorbance, on the other, suggests that, in aspartate transaminase, cysteine-390 lies in an environment dissimilar from that of the active-site components.", "contents": "Sulphydryl group modification of aspartate aminotransferase with 3-bromo-1,1,1-trifluoropropanone during catalysis. After protection of cysteine-45 and -82 with iodoacetamide or N-ethylmaleimide, and in the presence of saturating concentrations of substrates, the supernatant isozyme of pig heart aspartate transaminase has been covalently modified at cysteine-390 with 3-bromo-1,1,1-trifluoropropanone. The modified enzyme retains 60-70% of the initial specific activity and is similar to native enzyme in pH and temperature stability. After tagging cysteine-390 with the fluorinated compound, the enzyme retains  substrate and inhibitor binding abilities; as shown by direct spectrophotometric titration of the active-site chromophores. The 19F NMR spectrum of the modified enzyme has been obtained by a Fourier transform NMR method. Although the transaminase is a dimeric enzyme, 19F bound at each subunit's cysteine-390 gives rise to only a single 19F resonance upfield from that of trifluoroacetic acid. The fact that the chemical shifts of the 19F probe differ in native and guanidine hydrochloride (Gdn-HCl) denatured enzyme is interpreted as the effect of the native protein groups on the probe. The discordance between the changes induced by varying concentrations of Gdn-HCl on the 19F resonance parameters, on the one hand, and the changes in enzyme activity and prosthetic group absorbance, on the other, suggests that, in aspartate transaminase, cysteine-390 lies in an environment dissimilar from that of the active-site components.", "PMID": 856250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10940", "title": "Active site specific inactivation of chymotrypsin by cyclohexyl isocyanate formed during degradation of the carcinostatic 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea.", "content": "Prolonged incubation of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-([1-14C]cyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea with chymotrypsin resulted in covalent modification and concomitant inactivation of chymotrypsin via degradation of the nitrosourea to form cyclohexyl isocyanate. Cyclohexyl isocyanate was shown to be an active-site-specific inactivator of chymotrypsin. A cyclohexyl isocyanate to enzyme molar ratio of 0.63 was required to produce 50% enzyme inactivation, thus demonstrating the high specificity of inactivation. At 2.38 X 10(-4) M chymotrypsin this near stoichiometric inactivation was not significantly affected by the presence of 1, 5, and 10 mM L-lysine. Degradation of an excess of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-([1-14C]-cyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea in the presence of enzyme yielded 1.11 +/- 0.07 mol of covalently bound [14C]cyclohexyl moiety per mol of enzyme inactivated. Short-term incubation demonstrated that the nitrosourea neither inhibited nor protected the enzyme from cyclohexyl isocyanate inactivation. Treatment of chymotrypsin with less than stoichiometric amounts of cyclohexyl isocyanate or titration of the active-site serine with phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride followed by in situ degradation of excess 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-([1-14C]cyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea resulted in a decreased amount of covalently bound 14C proportional to the extent of inactivation by these reagents prior to 14C labeling. These results strongly suggest that cyclohexyl isocyanate, whether added directly or generated by CCNU degradation, reacted almost exclusively with the active site of the enzyme. The extent of this inactivation indicates that 70% of the CCNU degraded in such a manner as to form cyclohexyl isocyanate.", "contents": "Active site specific inactivation of chymotrypsin by cyclohexyl isocyanate formed during degradation of the carcinostatic 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea. Prolonged incubation of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-([1-14C]cyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea with chymotrypsin resulted in covalent modification and concomitant inactivation of chymotrypsin via degradation of the nitrosourea to form cyclohexyl isocyanate. Cyclohexyl isocyanate was shown to be an active-site-specific inactivator of chymotrypsin. A cyclohexyl isocyanate to enzyme molar ratio of 0.63 was required to produce 50% enzyme inactivation, thus demonstrating the high specificity of inactivation. At 2.38 X 10(-4) M chymotrypsin this near stoichiometric inactivation was not significantly affected by the presence of 1, 5, and 10 mM L-lysine. Degradation of an excess of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-([1-14C]-cyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea in the presence of enzyme yielded 1.11 +/- 0.07 mol of covalently bound [14C]cyclohexyl moiety per mol of enzyme inactivated. Short-term incubation demonstrated that the nitrosourea neither inhibited nor protected the enzyme from cyclohexyl isocyanate inactivation. Treatment of chymotrypsin with less than stoichiometric amounts of cyclohexyl isocyanate or titration of the active-site serine with phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride followed by in situ degradation of excess 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-([1-14C]cyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea resulted in a decreased amount of covalently bound 14C proportional to the extent of inactivation by these reagents prior to 14C labeling. These results strongly suggest that cyclohexyl isocyanate, whether added directly or generated by CCNU degradation, reacted almost exclusively with the active site of the enzyme. The extent of this inactivation indicates that 70% of the CCNU degraded in such a manner as to form cyclohexyl isocyanate.", "PMID": 856251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10941", "title": "Significance of surface potential in interaction of 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate with mitochondria: fluorescence intensity and zeta-potential.", "content": "The 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate (Ans) fluorescence in nonenergized and energized mitochondria was measured at various concentrations of Ans and KCl. Under the same experimental conditions, the zeta potential was determined from measurements of the electrophoretic mobility of mitochondria. The fluorescence intensity under various conditions was represented quantitatively in terms of the Langmuir adsorption isotherm where the electrostatic interaction acting between Ans and mitochondria was properly taken into account. The values of qN (q) proportionally constant related to quantum yield of Ans: N, the maximum number of the adsorption site) and deltaG (nonelectrical part of the free-energy change due to the binding of Ans to mitochondria) were constant irrespective of difference in energy state and in ionic strength in media. It was concluded that changes in the Ans fluorescence in mitochondria are mainly attributed to changes in the surface potential of mitochondria.", "contents": "Significance of surface potential in interaction of 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate with mitochondria: fluorescence intensity and zeta-potential. The 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate (Ans) fluorescence in nonenergized and energized mitochondria was measured at various concentrations of Ans and KCl. Under the same experimental conditions, the zeta potential was determined from measurements of the electrophoretic mobility of mitochondria. The fluorescence intensity under various conditions was represented quantitatively in terms of the Langmuir adsorption isotherm where the electrostatic interaction acting between Ans and mitochondria was properly taken into account. The values of qN (q) proportionally constant related to quantum yield of Ans: N, the maximum number of the adsorption site) and deltaG (nonelectrical part of the free-energy change due to the binding of Ans to mitochondria) were constant irrespective of difference in energy state and in ionic strength in media. It was concluded that changes in the Ans fluorescence in mitochondria are mainly attributed to changes in the surface potential of mitochondria.", "PMID": 856252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10942", "title": "Cyanogen bromide treatment of methionine-containing compounds.", "content": "The preparation of a series of X-Met-Gly-OEt and X-Met-Phe-OMe and their treatment with CNBr in either 70% or 97-100% formic acid at 25 degrees C are described where X is methanesulfonyl (mesyl), p-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl, phthaloyl, trifluoroacetyl, acetyl, formyl, or tert-butyloxycarbonyl. Total cleavage of the peptide esters was found with mesyl-, p-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl-, phthaloyl-, and trifluoroacetylmethionyl derivatives which indicated the suitability of these derivatives as amino protecting groups in peptide synthesis. Treatment of the acetylmethionyl peptide esters with CNBr in 70 and 97-100% formic acid resulted in 92 and 98% cleavage, respectively. With formylmethionyl peptide esters, about 85-95% cleavage was estimated when either 70 or 97-100% formic acid was used as the solvent. With the tert-butyloxycarbonylmethionyl derivatives, CNBr treatment in 70% formic acid resulted in about 93% cleavage of peptides, while treatment in 97-100% formic acid led to only 30-33% release of C-terminal amino acid esters. Quantitative cleavage of the carbonylbis(methionyl peptide esters) was observed. The reaction of CNBr with N-terminal methionyl derivatives containing free alpha-amino groups revealed that free methionine was quantitatively converted to homoserine lactone, whereas methionine ethyl ester and methionyl peptides (Met-Gly and Met-Phe) disappeared from the reaction mixture in 70% formic acid with only partial splitting of the ester (16%) or peptide bond (45%).", "contents": "Cyanogen bromide treatment of methionine-containing compounds. The preparation of a series of X-Met-Gly-OEt and X-Met-Phe-OMe and their treatment with CNBr in either 70% or 97-100% formic acid at 25 degrees C are described where X is methanesulfonyl (mesyl), p-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl, phthaloyl, trifluoroacetyl, acetyl, formyl, or tert-butyloxycarbonyl. Total cleavage of the peptide esters was found with mesyl-, p-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl-, phthaloyl-, and trifluoroacetylmethionyl derivatives which indicated the suitability of these derivatives as amino protecting groups in peptide synthesis. Treatment of the acetylmethionyl peptide esters with CNBr in 70 and 97-100% formic acid resulted in 92 and 98% cleavage, respectively. With formylmethionyl peptide esters, about 85-95% cleavage was estimated when either 70 or 97-100% formic acid was used as the solvent. With the tert-butyloxycarbonylmethionyl derivatives, CNBr treatment in 70% formic acid resulted in about 93% cleavage of peptides, while treatment in 97-100% formic acid led to only 30-33% release of C-terminal amino acid esters. Quantitative cleavage of the carbonylbis(methionyl peptide esters) was observed. The reaction of CNBr with N-terminal methionyl derivatives containing free alpha-amino groups revealed that free methionine was quantitatively converted to homoserine lactone, whereas methionine ethyl ester and methionyl peptides (Met-Gly and Met-Phe) disappeared from the reaction mixture in 70% formic acid with only partial splitting of the ester (16%) or peptide bond (45%).", "PMID": 856253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10943", "title": "Purification of rat liver and mouse ascites DNA-dependent RNA polymerase I.", "content": "Three forms of RNA polymerase were assayed in nuclei and nucleoli isolated from rat liver and from Krebs II ascites cells. Assays of rat liver nuclei in the absence of exogenous DNA showed polymerase I accounted for 72% of the total activity, polymerase II for 17%, and polymerase III for 11%. The total activity in ascites nuclei was similar but the ratios of polymerase activities were different: polymerase I, 53%; polymerase II, 41%; and polymerase III, 6%. These values may reflect differences in the transcriptional activity of the nuclei. After isolation of nucleoli, both rat liver and ascites polymerase I accounted for 85% of enzyme activity. When exogenous calf-thymus DNA was added to nucleoli, there was a greater than 50% increase in activity suggesting that less than one-half of the polymerase I present was bound to endogenous template. Polymerase I was solubilized from either rat liver or ascites nucleoli by sonication at high ionic strength and subsequently purified by ion filtration, phosphocellulose, sucrose gradient centrifugation, and DNA-cellulose chromatography. The essentially homogenous ascites enzyme had a specific activity of 86 units/mg when assayed with native calf-thymus DNA and of 876 units/mg when assayed with poly(deoxycytidylic acid). Electrophoresis of the enzyme in sodium dodecyl sulfate indicated the presence of six subunits with molecular weights of 205 000, 125 000, 51 000, 44 000, 26 000 and 16 000. After the same purification procedure, the rat liver enzyme had a similar specific activity (98 units/mg) on native calf thymus and 362 units/mg on poly(deoxycytidylic acid).", "contents": "Purification of rat liver and mouse ascites DNA-dependent RNA polymerase I. Three forms of RNA polymerase were assayed in nuclei and nucleoli isolated from rat liver and from Krebs II ascites cells. Assays of rat liver nuclei in the absence of exogenous DNA showed polymerase I accounted for 72% of the total activity, polymerase II for 17%, and polymerase III for 11%. The total activity in ascites nuclei was similar but the ratios of polymerase activities were different: polymerase I, 53%; polymerase II, 41%; and polymerase III, 6%. These values may reflect differences in the transcriptional activity of the nuclei. After isolation of nucleoli, both rat liver and ascites polymerase I accounted for 85% of enzyme activity. When exogenous calf-thymus DNA was added to nucleoli, there was a greater than 50% increase in activity suggesting that less than one-half of the polymerase I present was bound to endogenous template. Polymerase I was solubilized from either rat liver or ascites nucleoli by sonication at high ionic strength and subsequently purified by ion filtration, phosphocellulose, sucrose gradient centrifugation, and DNA-cellulose chromatography. The essentially homogenous ascites enzyme had a specific activity of 86 units/mg when assayed with native calf-thymus DNA and of 876 units/mg when assayed with poly(deoxycytidylic acid). Electrophoresis of the enzyme in sodium dodecyl sulfate indicated the presence of six subunits with molecular weights of 205 000, 125 000, 51 000, 44 000, 26 000 and 16 000. After the same purification procedure, the rat liver enzyme had a similar specific activity (98 units/mg) on native calf thymus and 362 units/mg on poly(deoxycytidylic acid).", "PMID": 856254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10944", "title": "Nucleotide sequences at the N6-methyladenosine sites of HeLa cell messenger ribonucleic acid.", "content": "Borate gel chromatography was used to separate internal oligonucleotides containing N6-methyladenosine (m6A) from methylated 5'-terminal oligonucleotides of HeLa cell polyadenylylated mRNA. N6-Methyladenosine occurs primarily in two sequences, -G-m6A-C (70%) and -A-m6A-C-(30%). The nucleoside immediately following cytidine may be uridine, cytidine, or adenosine, while guanosine as well as other nucleosides occupy subsequent positions. Each of the four positions preceding the -(G or A)-m6A-C- sequence may be occupied by a pyrimidine or a purine ribonucleoside. Since on a random basis all possible sequences containing -(G or A)-A-C-(U or C or A)- could occur once per 43 nucleotides whereas there is only one m6A residue per thousand nucleotides, then either (1) not all potential sites are methylated, (2) there are multiple unique sequences perhaps methylated by several different enzymes, or (3) there are other unrecognized discriminating factors. The possibility that methylation of adenosine occurs exclusively in the region close to the 5' terminus of the mRNA was considered. However, such a localization was excluded since the majority of m6A residues were not found in 4 to 6S 5'-terminal fragments isolated by borate gel chromatography.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequences at the N6-methyladenosine sites of HeLa cell messenger ribonucleic acid. Borate gel chromatography was used to separate internal oligonucleotides containing N6-methyladenosine (m6A) from methylated 5'-terminal oligonucleotides of HeLa cell polyadenylylated mRNA. N6-Methyladenosine occurs primarily in two sequences, -G-m6A-C (70%) and -A-m6A-C-(30%). The nucleoside immediately following cytidine may be uridine, cytidine, or adenosine, while guanosine as well as other nucleosides occupy subsequent positions. Each of the four positions preceding the -(G or A)-m6A-C- sequence may be occupied by a pyrimidine or a purine ribonucleoside. Since on a random basis all possible sequences containing -(G or A)-A-C-(U or C or A)- could occur once per 43 nucleotides whereas there is only one m6A residue per thousand nucleotides, then either (1) not all potential sites are methylated, (2) there are multiple unique sequences perhaps methylated by several different enzymes, or (3) there are other unrecognized discriminating factors. The possibility that methylation of adenosine occurs exclusively in the region close to the 5' terminus of the mRNA was considered. However, such a localization was excluded since the majority of m6A residues were not found in 4 to 6S 5'-terminal fragments isolated by borate gel chromatography.", "PMID": 856255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10945", "title": "Fractionation of purified nucleosomes on the basis of aggregation properties.", "content": "Monomeric nucleosomes from micrococcal nuclease digest of rat liver nuclei have been purified on Sepharose columns in the presence of divalent cations and 0.6 M NaCl. The particles contain histones H2A, H2B, H3, H4, and a complement of nonhistone chromosomal proteins. In 0.6 M NaCl, the nucleosome mixture sedimented at 10 S; however, when the NaCl was removed approximately 30% of the particles aggregated and precipitated, and the remaining soluble fraction sedimented at 11 S. The aggregation phenomenon was divalent cation-dependent and reversible. Characterization of the macromolecular components of the subfractions of nucleosomes showed that the subfractions differed in composition of species of histone H3 as well as of several nonhistone chromosomal proteins but not in the size of the DNA fragment present. The aggregation properties of the isolated nucleosomes showed similarities to the divalent cation-dependent differences in the extent of chromatin condensation in the intact eukaryote nucleus.", "contents": "Fractionation of purified nucleosomes on the basis of aggregation properties. Monomeric nucleosomes from micrococcal nuclease digest of rat liver nuclei have been purified on Sepharose columns in the presence of divalent cations and 0.6 M NaCl. The particles contain histones H2A, H2B, H3, H4, and a complement of nonhistone chromosomal proteins. In 0.6 M NaCl, the nucleosome mixture sedimented at 10 S; however, when the NaCl was removed approximately 30% of the particles aggregated and precipitated, and the remaining soluble fraction sedimented at 11 S. The aggregation phenomenon was divalent cation-dependent and reversible. Characterization of the macromolecular components of the subfractions of nucleosomes showed that the subfractions differed in composition of species of histone H3 as well as of several nonhistone chromosomal proteins but not in the size of the DNA fragment present. The aggregation properties of the isolated nucleosomes showed similarities to the divalent cation-dependent differences in the extent of chromatin condensation in the intact eukaryote nucleus.", "PMID": 856256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10946", "title": "Amino acid sequence studies on the alpha chain of human fibrinogen. Characterization of 11 cyanogen bromide fragments.", "content": "The alpha chain of human fibrinogen consists of 600 +/- 25 amino acid residues, 10-11 of which are methionines. In this regard, we have identified and characterized 11 cyanogen bromide peptide fragments of 2, 3, 26, 28, 28, 37, 51, 56, 60 +/- 5, 64 +/- 5, and 260 +/- 20 residues, respectively. The sequences of five of these and a portion of a sixth have been reported previously. We now report the complete amino acid sequences of another of these fragments (56 residues), partial sequences for four others, and a preliminary characterization of the largest fragment. In a companion study (Doolittle, R. F., Cassman, K. G., Cottrell, B. A., Friezner, S. J., and Takagi, T. (1977), Biochemistry 16 (following paper in this issue)), we have obtained key overlap sequences from plasmic digests of fibrinogen which allow all but one of these cyanogen bromide peptides to be arranged in order. The sequences of some of these newly reported fragments have revealed an internal homology in the alpha chain, as well as structural similarities to the corresponding portions of the beta and gamma chains.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence studies on the alpha chain of human fibrinogen. Characterization of 11 cyanogen bromide fragments. The alpha chain of human fibrinogen consists of 600 +/- 25 amino acid residues, 10-11 of which are methionines. In this regard, we have identified and characterized 11 cyanogen bromide peptide fragments of 2, 3, 26, 28, 28, 37, 51, 56, 60 +/- 5, 64 +/- 5, and 260 +/- 20 residues, respectively. The sequences of five of these and a portion of a sixth have been reported previously. We now report the complete amino acid sequences of another of these fragments (56 residues), partial sequences for four others, and a preliminary characterization of the largest fragment. In a companion study (Doolittle, R. F., Cassman, K. G., Cottrell, B. A., Friezner, S. J., and Takagi, T. (1977), Biochemistry 16 (following paper in this issue)), we have obtained key overlap sequences from plasmic digests of fibrinogen which allow all but one of these cyanogen bromide peptides to be arranged in order. The sequences of some of these newly reported fragments have revealed an internal homology in the alpha chain, as well as structural similarities to the corresponding portions of the beta and gamma chains.", "PMID": 856257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10947", "title": "Ultracentrifugal studies of human luteinizing hormone and its subunits: dependence on protein concentration and ionic strength.", "content": "Purified human pituitary luteinizing hormone (hLH) and its alpha and beta subunits have been examined by physical methods. Freshly prepared hLH showed three closely adjacent bands on electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels under alkaline conditions, but on standing even in the freeze-dried condition additional bands appeared. alpha and beta subunits gave bands which were quite different from the main hLH bands but comparable with the additional bands, as well as traces of hLH bands. hLH was investigated at three ionic strengths (0.1, 0.2, 0.5) at pH 5.9 +/- 0.1. Sedimentation velocity experiments demonstrated a complex system of association-dissociation which was further investigated by sedimentation equilibrium. Association occurred at the higher protein concentrations at each ionic strength, but to a significantly higher level at I = 0.5. Only at I = 0.1, pH 5.8, was there a clear indication over a range of protein concentration of the occurrence of a species of molecular weight 32 000 +/- 2000, in fair agreement only with the sum of the molecular weights of the alpha and beta subunits. At higher ionic strengths, there were indications of dissociation at low protein concentration (less than 0.10 g/100 mL) as well as association at higher values (greater than 0.20 g/100 mL). In view of the occurrence of molecular weights less than 28 000 at I = 0.2, HLH was treated in terms of a monomer of molecular weight 14 000, and some evidence was obtained for tetramer formation (4M = M4). At higher ionic strength this model does not apply and it is thought that indefinite association may be occurring to some extent also. The alpha subunit gave indications of association from its sedimentation coefficient vs. concentration plot, and sedimentation equilibrium (at pH 5.9 I = 0.1) demonstrated molecular weights increasing with increasing concentration. Evidence for tetramer formation also was obtained. The beta subunit, in spite of an apparently simple sedimentation coefficient-concentration curve, showed molecular weights varying from well below 14 000 to beyond 20 000. There is evidence to suggest that the isolated alpha and beta subunits, even on standing as dry solid, are not stable but give rise to lower molecular weight products. Aged freeze-dried hLH did not show such impurity.", "contents": "Ultracentrifugal studies of human luteinizing hormone and its subunits: dependence on protein concentration and ionic strength. Purified human pituitary luteinizing hormone (hLH) and its alpha and beta subunits have been examined by physical methods. Freshly prepared hLH showed three closely adjacent bands on electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels under alkaline conditions, but on standing even in the freeze-dried condition additional bands appeared. alpha and beta subunits gave bands which were quite different from the main hLH bands but comparable with the additional bands, as well as traces of hLH bands. hLH was investigated at three ionic strengths (0.1, 0.2, 0.5) at pH 5.9 +/- 0.1. Sedimentation velocity experiments demonstrated a complex system of association-dissociation which was further investigated by sedimentation equilibrium. Association occurred at the higher protein concentrations at each ionic strength, but to a significantly higher level at I = 0.5. Only at I = 0.1, pH 5.8, was there a clear indication over a range of protein concentration of the occurrence of a species of molecular weight 32 000 +/- 2000, in fair agreement only with the sum of the molecular weights of the alpha and beta subunits. At higher ionic strengths, there were indications of dissociation at low protein concentration (less than 0.10 g/100 mL) as well as association at higher values (greater than 0.20 g/100 mL). In view of the occurrence of molecular weights less than 28 000 at I = 0.2, HLH was treated in terms of a monomer of molecular weight 14 000, and some evidence was obtained for tetramer formation (4M = M4). At higher ionic strength this model does not apply and it is thought that indefinite association may be occurring to some extent also. The alpha subunit gave indications of association from its sedimentation coefficient vs. concentration plot, and sedimentation equilibrium (at pH 5.9 I = 0.1) demonstrated molecular weights increasing with increasing concentration. Evidence for tetramer formation also was obtained. The beta subunit, in spite of an apparently simple sedimentation coefficient-concentration curve, showed molecular weights varying from well below 14 000 to beyond 20 000. There is evidence to suggest that the isolated alpha and beta subunits, even on standing as dry solid, are not stable but give rise to lower molecular weight products. Aged freeze-dried hLH did not show such impurity.", "PMID": 856258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10948", "title": "Comparison of hemerythrins from four species of sipunculids by optical absorption, circular dichroism, fluorescence emission, and resonance Raman spectroscopy.", "content": "Resonance Raman, optical absorption, circular dichroic, and fluorescence emission spectroscopy of hemerythrins from four species of sipunculids (Phascolopsis gouldii, Phascolosoma agassizii, Themiste dyscritium, and Themiste pyroides) reveals no major differences in their active site or tertiary structures. This precludes any change in iron ligands or coodination geometry and makes it unlikely that the active-site structures of P. gouldii and T. dyscritum hemerythrins could be as disparate as indicated by present crystallographic interpretations (Stenkamp, R. E., Sieker, L. C., and Jensen, L. H. (1976), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73, 349; Klotz, I. M., Klippenstein, G. L., and Hendrickson, W. A. (1976), Science 192, 335). Resonance Raman enhancement profiles of the stretching modes involving coordinated dioxygen maximize with excitation at approximately 525 nm, and correspond to the circular dichroic (CD) transition at approximately 520 nm. For coordinated azide modes in metazidohemerythrins these profiles maximize with excitation at approximately 505 nm corresponding to the 500-nm CD transition. Hemerythrins also possess another resonance Raman peak at approximately 510 cm-1 which show maximum intensity enhancement at approximately 530 nm and this vibration is most likely associated with a permanent iron ligand.", "contents": "Comparison of hemerythrins from four species of sipunculids by optical absorption, circular dichroism, fluorescence emission, and resonance Raman spectroscopy. Resonance Raman, optical absorption, circular dichroic, and fluorescence emission spectroscopy of hemerythrins from four species of sipunculids (Phascolopsis gouldii, Phascolosoma agassizii, Themiste dyscritium, and Themiste pyroides) reveals no major differences in their active site or tertiary structures. This precludes any change in iron ligands or coodination geometry and makes it unlikely that the active-site structures of P. gouldii and T. dyscritum hemerythrins could be as disparate as indicated by present crystallographic interpretations (Stenkamp, R. E., Sieker, L. C., and Jensen, L. H. (1976), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73, 349; Klotz, I. M., Klippenstein, G. L., and Hendrickson, W. A. (1976), Science 192, 335). Resonance Raman enhancement profiles of the stretching modes involving coordinated dioxygen maximize with excitation at approximately 525 nm, and correspond to the circular dichroic (CD) transition at approximately 520 nm. For coordinated azide modes in metazidohemerythrins these profiles maximize with excitation at approximately 505 nm corresponding to the 500-nm CD transition. Hemerythrins also possess another resonance Raman peak at approximately 510 cm-1 which show maximum intensity enhancement at approximately 530 nm and this vibration is most likely associated with a permanent iron ligand.", "PMID": 856259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10949", "title": "In vitro reconstitution of calf brain microtubules: effects of solution variables.", "content": "The effects of solution variables on the in vitro reconstitution of calf brain tubulin, purified by the method of Weisenberg et al. (Weisenberg, R. C., Borisy, G. G., and Taylor, E. W. (1968), Biochemistry 7, 4466-4479; Weisenberg, R. C., and Timasheff, S. N. (1970), Biochemistry 9, 4110-4116), as modified by Lee et al. (Lee, J. C., Frigon, R. P., and Timasheff, S. N. (1973), J. Biol. Chem. 248, 7253-7262), were investigated at pH 7.0. Reconstitution of microtubules was successful in a variety of buffer systems, the free energy of the propagation step of microtubule formation being little dependent on the buffer. Microtubule formation is promoted by magnesium ions and guanosine triphosphate, but inhibited by calcium ions. The dependence of the apparent association constant for microtubule formation on ligand concentration was analyzed by the linked function theory of Wyman (Wyman, J. (1964), Adv. Protein Chem. 19, 224-286), leading to the conclusion that the formation of a tubulin-tubulin contact involves the binding of one additional magnesium ion per tubulin dimer. Microtubule formation is also accompanied by the apparent binding of one additional proton and the release of water molecules, as suggested by the thermodynamic parameters determined. The reaction is entropy driven with an apparent heat capacity change, deltaCp, of -1500 +/- 500 cal/deg-mol. The enhancement of tubulin reassembly by glycerol is most likely due to nonspecific protein-solvent general thermodynamic interactions.", "contents": "In vitro reconstitution of calf brain microtubules: effects of solution variables. The effects of solution variables on the in vitro reconstitution of calf brain tubulin, purified by the method of Weisenberg et al. (Weisenberg, R. C., Borisy, G. G., and Taylor, E. W. (1968), Biochemistry 7, 4466-4479; Weisenberg, R. C., and Timasheff, S. N. (1970), Biochemistry 9, 4110-4116), as modified by Lee et al. (Lee, J. C., Frigon, R. P., and Timasheff, S. N. (1973), J. Biol. Chem. 248, 7253-7262), were investigated at pH 7.0. Reconstitution of microtubules was successful in a variety of buffer systems, the free energy of the propagation step of microtubule formation being little dependent on the buffer. Microtubule formation is promoted by magnesium ions and guanosine triphosphate, but inhibited by calcium ions. The dependence of the apparent association constant for microtubule formation on ligand concentration was analyzed by the linked function theory of Wyman (Wyman, J. (1964), Adv. Protein Chem. 19, 224-286), leading to the conclusion that the formation of a tubulin-tubulin contact involves the binding of one additional magnesium ion per tubulin dimer. Microtubule formation is also accompanied by the apparent binding of one additional proton and the release of water molecules, as suggested by the thermodynamic parameters determined. The reaction is entropy driven with an apparent heat capacity change, deltaCp, of -1500 +/- 500 cal/deg-mol. The enhancement of tubulin reassembly by glycerol is most likely due to nonspecific protein-solvent general thermodynamic interactions.", "PMID": 856260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10950", "title": "Relationship between inhibitor binding by chloroplasts and inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport.", "content": "The binding of radioactively labelled atrazin, metribuzin and phenmedipham by broken chloroplasts was studied. From the double-reciprocal plots (bound vs. free inhibitors) a high affinity binding reaction is graphically isolated which is related to the inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport. It is concluded that the specific binding sites correspond to the electron carrier molecules which are attacked by the inhibitors. The relative concentration of specific binding sites is 1 per 300-500 chlorophyll molecules. The binding of the labelled substances is competitively inhibited by each of the indicated unlabelled substances, by DCMU and by several pyridazinone derivatives. These results suggest that triazines, triazinones, pyridazinones, biscarbamates and phenylureas interfere with the same electron carrier of the photosynthetic electron transport chain, according to the same molecular mechanism.", "contents": "Relationship between inhibitor binding by chloroplasts and inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport. The binding of radioactively labelled atrazin, metribuzin and phenmedipham by broken chloroplasts was studied. From the double-reciprocal plots (bound vs. free inhibitors) a high affinity binding reaction is graphically isolated which is related to the inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport. It is concluded that the specific binding sites correspond to the electron carrier molecules which are attacked by the inhibitors. The relative concentration of specific binding sites is 1 per 300-500 chlorophyll molecules. The binding of the labelled substances is competitively inhibited by each of the indicated unlabelled substances, by DCMU and by several pyridazinone derivatives. These results suggest that triazines, triazinones, pyridazinones, biscarbamates and phenylureas interfere with the same electron carrier of the photosynthetic electron transport chain, according to the same molecular mechanism.", "PMID": 856261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10951", "title": "Energy-dependent exchange of adenine nucleotides on chloroplast coupling factor (CF1).", "content": "1. [14C]ADP is incorporated into washed broken chloroplasts in the light. The bound labelled nucleotides which cannot be removed by washing are almost exclusively related to coupling factor CF1. [14C]ADP binding exhibits a monophasic concentration curve with a Km of 2 micronM. 2. By illumination of the chloroplasts, previously incorporated labelled nucleotides are released. A fast release is obtained in the presence of unlabelled ADP and ATP, indicating an energy-dependent exchange. A slow and incomplete release is induced by light in the absence of unlabelled adenine nucleotides. Obviously, under those conditions, an adenine nucleotide depleted CF1 conformation is established. 3. Re-binding of [14C]ADP by depleted membranes is an energy-independent process. Even after solubilization of adenylate-depleted CF1, [14C]ADP is incorporated into the protein. By re-binding of ADP in the dark, CF1 is converted to a non-exchangeable form. 4. Energy-dependent adenine nucleotide exchange on CF1 is suggested to include three different conformational states of the enzyme: (1) a stable, non-exchangeable form which contains firmly bound nucleotides, is converted to (2), an unstable form containing loosely bound adenine nucleotides. This conformation allows adenylate exchange; it is in equilibrium with (3) a metastable, adenylate-depleted form. The transition from state (1) to state (2) is the energy-requiring step.", "contents": "Energy-dependent exchange of adenine nucleotides on chloroplast coupling factor (CF1). 1. [14C]ADP is incorporated into washed broken chloroplasts in the light. The bound labelled nucleotides which cannot be removed by washing are almost exclusively related to coupling factor CF1. [14C]ADP binding exhibits a monophasic concentration curve with a Km of 2 micronM. 2. By illumination of the chloroplasts, previously incorporated labelled nucleotides are released. A fast release is obtained in the presence of unlabelled ADP and ATP, indicating an energy-dependent exchange. A slow and incomplete release is induced by light in the absence of unlabelled adenine nucleotides. Obviously, under those conditions, an adenine nucleotide depleted CF1 conformation is established. 3. Re-binding of [14C]ADP by depleted membranes is an energy-independent process. Even after solubilization of adenylate-depleted CF1, [14C]ADP is incorporated into the protein. By re-binding of ADP in the dark, CF1 is converted to a non-exchangeable form. 4. Energy-dependent adenine nucleotide exchange on CF1 is suggested to include three different conformational states of the enzyme: (1) a stable, non-exchangeable form which contains firmly bound nucleotides, is converted to (2), an unstable form containing loosely bound adenine nucleotides. This conformation allows adenylate exchange; it is in equilibrium with (3) a metastable, adenylate-depleted form. The transition from state (1) to state (2) is the energy-requiring step.", "PMID": 856262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10952", "title": "Flash induced fluorescence kinetics in chloroplasts in the 20 microseconds-100 s time range in the presence of 3(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea. Effects of hydroxylamine.", "content": "Flash induced variations of the fluorescence yield have been studied at 2 degrees C over a long time range (at 1 microseconds and from 20 microseconds to 3 min) in chloroplasts in the presence of 3(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) with or without addition of hydroxylamine. 1. In the presence of DCMU, a polyphasic rise is observed. A first fast rise (less than 1 microseconds) is ascribed to the transfer of the positive charge from the primary Photosystem II donor Chl to a secondary donor Y. Two hypotheses are proposed to interpret the existence of the subsequent slower increase (t1/2 approximately equal to 70 microseconds) which then follows the initial fast rise. 2. The effects or various hydroxylamine concentrations have been studied with a sufficient incubation time to inactivate the secondary donors Y and Z. This inactivation leads to a complete inhibition of the ability to emit oxygen. Under these conditions, the initial fast rise (less than 1 microseconds) is inhibited as shown by den Haan, G.A., Duysens, L. N. M. and Egberts, D. J. N. (1974) Biochim. Biophs. Acta 368, 409-421, and the oxidized Chl+ is reduced by an auxiliary donor D. The slow fluorescence rise observed after destruction of Y and Z has a similar kinetic behaviour to that observed in the presence of DCMU only and is polyphasic. In the presence of 10 mM hydroxylamine, the constant rate of the back reaction k1 between Chl+ and the primary acceptor Q- is estimated to be approx. (135 microseconds)-1 while the transfer of the positive charge from Chl+ to D has a rate constant k2 of approx. (105 microseconds)-1. 3. In the presence of hydroxylamine concentrations higher than 10 mM, there appears a rise in the 1-20 microseconds range ascribed to a direct reduction of oxidized Chl+ by hydroxylamine. 4. In chloroplasts treated with 10 mM hydroxylamine for 15 min and washed afterwards, the rate constant k3 of the back reaction between D+ and Q- is estimated to be approx. (100 ms)-1 which leads to a value of about 700 for the equilibrium constant between Chl and D. Hydroxylamine added under these conditions is able to reduce D+. The rate constant k4 of this reduction is estimated to be (350 ms)-1 in 0.1 mM hydroxylamine.", "contents": "Flash induced fluorescence kinetics in chloroplasts in the 20 microseconds-100 s time range in the presence of 3(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea. Effects of hydroxylamine. Flash induced variations of the fluorescence yield have been studied at 2 degrees C over a long time range (at 1 microseconds and from 20 microseconds to 3 min) in chloroplasts in the presence of 3(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) with or without addition of hydroxylamine. 1. In the presence of DCMU, a polyphasic rise is observed. A first fast rise (less than 1 microseconds) is ascribed to the transfer of the positive charge from the primary Photosystem II donor Chl to a secondary donor Y. Two hypotheses are proposed to interpret the existence of the subsequent slower increase (t1/2 approximately equal to 70 microseconds) which then follows the initial fast rise. 2. The effects or various hydroxylamine concentrations have been studied with a sufficient incubation time to inactivate the secondary donors Y and Z. This inactivation leads to a complete inhibition of the ability to emit oxygen. Under these conditions, the initial fast rise (less than 1 microseconds) is inhibited as shown by den Haan, G.A., Duysens, L. N. M. and Egberts, D. J. N. (1974) Biochim. Biophs. Acta 368, 409-421, and the oxidized Chl+ is reduced by an auxiliary donor D. The slow fluorescence rise observed after destruction of Y and Z has a similar kinetic behaviour to that observed in the presence of DCMU only and is polyphasic. In the presence of 10 mM hydroxylamine, the constant rate of the back reaction k1 between Chl+ and the primary acceptor Q- is estimated to be approx. (135 microseconds)-1 while the transfer of the positive charge from Chl+ to D has a rate constant k2 of approx. (105 microseconds)-1. 3. In the presence of hydroxylamine concentrations higher than 10 mM, there appears a rise in the 1-20 microseconds range ascribed to a direct reduction of oxidized Chl+ by hydroxylamine. 4. In chloroplasts treated with 10 mM hydroxylamine for 15 min and washed afterwards, the rate constant k3 of the back reaction between D+ and Q- is estimated to be approx. (100 ms)-1 which leads to a value of about 700 for the equilibrium constant between Chl and D. Hydroxylamine added under these conditions is able to reduce D+. The rate constant k4 of this reduction is estimated to be (350 ms)-1 in 0.1 mM hydroxylamine.", "PMID": 856263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10953", "title": "Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy of spinach chloroplast.", "content": "Picosecond fluorescent kinetics and time-resolved spectra of spinach chloroplast were measured at room temperature and low temperatures. The measurement is conducted with 530 nm excitation at an average intensity of 2-10(14) photons/cm2, pluse and at a pulse separation of 6 ns for the 100 pulses used. The 685 nm fluorescent kinetics was found to decay with two components, a fast component with a 56 ps lifetime, and a slow component with a 220 ps lifetime. The 730 nm fluorescent kinetics at room temperature is a single exponential decay with a 100 ps lifetime. The 730 nm fluorescence lifetime was found to increase by a factor of 6 when the temperature was lowered from room temperature to 90 K, while the 685 and 695 nm fluorescent kinetics were unchanged. The time-resolved spectra data obtained within 10 ps after excitation is consistent with the kinetic data reported here. A two-level fluorescence scheme is proposed to explain the kinetics. The effect of excitation with high light intensity and multiple pulses is discussed.", "contents": "Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy of spinach chloroplast. Picosecond fluorescent kinetics and time-resolved spectra of spinach chloroplast were measured at room temperature and low temperatures. The measurement is conducted with 530 nm excitation at an average intensity of 2-10(14) photons/cm2, pluse and at a pulse separation of 6 ns for the 100 pulses used. The 685 nm fluorescent kinetics was found to decay with two components, a fast component with a 56 ps lifetime, and a slow component with a 220 ps lifetime. The 730 nm fluorescent kinetics at room temperature is a single exponential decay with a 100 ps lifetime. The 730 nm fluorescence lifetime was found to increase by a factor of 6 when the temperature was lowered from room temperature to 90 K, while the 685 and 695 nm fluorescent kinetics were unchanged. The time-resolved spectra data obtained within 10 ps after excitation is consistent with the kinetic data reported here. A two-level fluorescence scheme is proposed to explain the kinetics. The effect of excitation with high light intensity and multiple pulses is discussed.", "PMID": 856264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10954", "title": "Distribution of excitation energy between photosystem I and photosystem II in red algae. II. Kinetics of the transition between state 1 and state 2.", "content": "The kinetics of chlorophyll fluorescence were measured during the state 1-state 2 and the state 2-state 1 transition in some members of the Florideae (Halymenia latifolia, Phycodrys rubens and Delesseria sanguinea) and in Porphyra umbilicalis as a member of the Bangiales. With the members of the Florideae it was possible to induce 70-80% of the maximum transition in direction to state 1 (obtained by us in longtime experiments) by an illumination of only a few (2-5) seconds with medium intensities of light 1. A complete transition back could be induced by a similar short illumination with light 2. The transition process itself is slow with values of tau1/2 in the range of 10 to 20 s and occurs in the dark with nearly the same speed as in continuous light 1 or light 2. The state 1-state 2 transient of chlorophyll fluorescence is kinetically clearly different from the dark-light transient phenomenon. In dark times longer than 1 min Halymenia (starting from state 1) slowly approaches state 2. This decay of state 1 is slower by a factor of about five in Halymenia than in Porphyra. This may explain, why in Halymenia, but not in Porphyra, the whole transition process can be resolved experimentally into a fast light reaction and a slow dark reaction. The results are discussed on the basis of a model which assumes the rearrangement of charges in the plane of the thylakoid membrane as a primary inducing event in the state 1-state 2 transition. This may lead to a redistribution of excitation energy among Photosystems I and II by a slow dark process, which may include a conformation change of some protein(s).", "contents": "Distribution of excitation energy between photosystem I and photosystem II in red algae. II. Kinetics of the transition between state 1 and state 2. The kinetics of chlorophyll fluorescence were measured during the state 1-state 2 and the state 2-state 1 transition in some members of the Florideae (Halymenia latifolia, Phycodrys rubens and Delesseria sanguinea) and in Porphyra umbilicalis as a member of the Bangiales. With the members of the Florideae it was possible to induce 70-80% of the maximum transition in direction to state 1 (obtained by us in longtime experiments) by an illumination of only a few (2-5) seconds with medium intensities of light 1. A complete transition back could be induced by a similar short illumination with light 2. The transition process itself is slow with values of tau1/2 in the range of 10 to 20 s and occurs in the dark with nearly the same speed as in continuous light 1 or light 2. The state 1-state 2 transient of chlorophyll fluorescence is kinetically clearly different from the dark-light transient phenomenon. In dark times longer than 1 min Halymenia (starting from state 1) slowly approaches state 2. This decay of state 1 is slower by a factor of about five in Halymenia than in Porphyra. This may explain, why in Halymenia, but not in Porphyra, the whole transition process can be resolved experimentally into a fast light reaction and a slow dark reaction. The results are discussed on the basis of a model which assumes the rearrangement of charges in the plane of the thylakoid membrane as a primary inducing event in the state 1-state 2 transition. This may lead to a redistribution of excitation energy among Photosystems I and II by a slow dark process, which may include a conformation change of some protein(s).", "PMID": 856265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10955", "title": "The protein-mediated net transfer of phosphatidylinositol in model systems.", "content": "The phospholipid monolayer technique has been used to study the transfer activity of the phospholipid exchange protein from beef brain. In measuring the transfer between a monolayer consisting of equimolar amounts of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol and liposomes consisting of 98 mol% phosphatidylcholine and 2 mol% phosphatidylinositol, the beef brain protein demonstrates an 8-fold higher transfer activity for phosphatidylinositol than for phosphatidylcholine. Under similar conditions the phosphatidylcholine exchange protein from beef liver showed a great preference for phosphatidylcholine. Phosphatidylcholine liposomes devoid of phosphatidylinositol still functioned as receptors of phosphatidylinositol when the beef brain exchange protein was present. This indicates that this protein can catalyse a net transfer of phosphatidylinopsitol. Binding of both phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine to the beef brain protein was shown.", "contents": "The protein-mediated net transfer of phosphatidylinositol in model systems. The phospholipid monolayer technique has been used to study the transfer activity of the phospholipid exchange protein from beef brain. In measuring the transfer between a monolayer consisting of equimolar amounts of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol and liposomes consisting of 98 mol% phosphatidylcholine and 2 mol% phosphatidylinositol, the beef brain protein demonstrates an 8-fold higher transfer activity for phosphatidylinositol than for phosphatidylcholine. Under similar conditions the phosphatidylcholine exchange protein from beef liver showed a great preference for phosphatidylcholine. Phosphatidylcholine liposomes devoid of phosphatidylinositol still functioned as receptors of phosphatidylinositol when the beef brain exchange protein was present. This indicates that this protein can catalyse a net transfer of phosphatidylinopsitol. Binding of both phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine to the beef brain protein was shown.", "PMID": 856266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10956", "title": "Asymmetric binding of cytochrome b5 to the membrane of human erythrocyte ghosts.", "content": "The intact, amphipatic form of cytochrome b5 could bind to unsealed ghosts, but not to resealed ghosts, suggesting that the cytochrome could bind only to the inner (cytoplasmic) surface of the ghost membrane. This was further confirmed by the finding that the cytochrome could bind to closed, inside-out vesicles prepared from the ghosts. This asymmetric binding was not due to the exclusive localization of sialic acid and sugar chains on the outer surface of the ghosts membrane, because the cytochrome could not bind to ghosts even after enzymatic removal of these components. Although liposomes consisting of phosphatidylcholine or both phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin could effectively bind the cytochrome, this binding capacity was progressively decreased as increasing amount of cholesterol was included in the composition of phosphatidylcholine liposomes. Removal of cholesterol from resealed ghosts by incubation with egg phosphatidylcholine liposomes resulted in the binding of cytochrome b5 to the outer surface of the treated ghosts. The possibility is discussed that the asymmetric binding is due to preferential localization of cholesterol in the outer leaflet of the lipid bilayer that constitutes the ghost membrane.", "contents": "Asymmetric binding of cytochrome b5 to the membrane of human erythrocyte ghosts. The intact, amphipatic form of cytochrome b5 could bind to unsealed ghosts, but not to resealed ghosts, suggesting that the cytochrome could bind only to the inner (cytoplasmic) surface of the ghost membrane. This was further confirmed by the finding that the cytochrome could bind to closed, inside-out vesicles prepared from the ghosts. This asymmetric binding was not due to the exclusive localization of sialic acid and sugar chains on the outer surface of the ghosts membrane, because the cytochrome could not bind to ghosts even after enzymatic removal of these components. Although liposomes consisting of phosphatidylcholine or both phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin could effectively bind the cytochrome, this binding capacity was progressively decreased as increasing amount of cholesterol was included in the composition of phosphatidylcholine liposomes. Removal of cholesterol from resealed ghosts by incubation with egg phosphatidylcholine liposomes resulted in the binding of cytochrome b5 to the outer surface of the treated ghosts. The possibility is discussed that the asymmetric binding is due to preferential localization of cholesterol in the outer leaflet of the lipid bilayer that constitutes the ghost membrane.", "PMID": 856267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10957", "title": "Glycopeptide fractions prepared from purified central and peripheral rat myelin.", "content": "Myelin was purified from rat brain and sciatic nerve after in vivo labeling with [3H]fucose and [14C]glucosamine to provide a radioactive marker for glycoproteins. The glycoproteins in the isolated myelin were digested exhaustively with pronase, and glycopeptides were isolated from the digest by gel filtration on Bio-Gel P-10. The glycopeptides from brain myelin separated into large and small molecular weight fractions, whereas the glycopeptides of sciatic nerve myelin eluted as a single symmetrical peak. The large and small glycopeptide fractions from central myelin and the single glycopeptide fraction from peripheral myelin were analyzed for carbohydrate by colorimetric and gas liquid chromatographic techniques. The glycopeptides from brain myelin contained 2.4 micrograms of neutral sugar and 0.59 micrograms of sialic acid per mg total myelin protein, whereas sciatic nerve myelin glycopeptides contained 10 micrograms of neutral sugar and 3.8 micrograms of sialic acid per mg total protein. Similarly, the gas-liquid chromatographic analyses showed that the glycopeptides from peripheral myelin contained 4- to 7-fold more of each individual per mg total myelin protein than those from central myelin. Most of the sialic acid and galactose in the glycopeptides from central myelin were in the large molecular weight fraction, and the small molecular weight glycopeptides contained primarily mannose and N-acetylglucosamine. The considerably higher content of glycoprotein-carbohydrate in peripheral myelin supports the results of gel electrophoretic studies, which indicate that the major protein in peripheral myelin is glycosylated while the glycoproteins in purified central myelin are quantitatively minor components.", "contents": "Glycopeptide fractions prepared from purified central and peripheral rat myelin. Myelin was purified from rat brain and sciatic nerve after in vivo labeling with [3H]fucose and [14C]glucosamine to provide a radioactive marker for glycoproteins. The glycoproteins in the isolated myelin were digested exhaustively with pronase, and glycopeptides were isolated from the digest by gel filtration on Bio-Gel P-10. The glycopeptides from brain myelin separated into large and small molecular weight fractions, whereas the glycopeptides of sciatic nerve myelin eluted as a single symmetrical peak. The large and small glycopeptide fractions from central myelin and the single glycopeptide fraction from peripheral myelin were analyzed for carbohydrate by colorimetric and gas liquid chromatographic techniques. The glycopeptides from brain myelin contained 2.4 micrograms of neutral sugar and 0.59 micrograms of sialic acid per mg total myelin protein, whereas sciatic nerve myelin glycopeptides contained 10 micrograms of neutral sugar and 3.8 micrograms of sialic acid per mg total protein. Similarly, the gas-liquid chromatographic analyses showed that the glycopeptides from peripheral myelin contained 4- to 7-fold more of each individual per mg total myelin protein than those from central myelin. Most of the sialic acid and galactose in the glycopeptides from central myelin were in the large molecular weight fraction, and the small molecular weight glycopeptides contained primarily mannose and N-acetylglucosamine. The considerably higher content of glycoprotein-carbohydrate in peripheral myelin supports the results of gel electrophoretic studies, which indicate that the major protein in peripheral myelin is glycosylated while the glycoproteins in purified central myelin are quantitatively minor components.", "PMID": 856268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10958", "title": "Potassium release from submandibular salivary gland in vitro.", "content": "Rat submandibular gland slices, incubated in continuously-gassed Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer, were shown to release K+ in response to alpha-adrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic stimulation. The system employed the specific alpha-, beta-adrenergic and cholinergic receptor-blocking agents phentolamine, propranolol and atropine, respectively, in combination with the agonists L-epinephrine and carbamylcholine both of which required the presence of Ca2+ for their effect. The introduction of Ca2+ into the cell via the ionophore A23187, with all neurotransmitter receptors blocked, resulted in K+ release. Ouabain also allowed extensive K+ release which was in addition to, and hence independent of, that elicited by epinephrine and carbamylcholine. Ethacrynic acid, a potent inhibitor of salivary secretion in vivo, had no influence on K+ movement. K+ was released by both physalaemin and an eledoisin-related peptide independently of normal neurotransmitter receptors. The activity of the eledoisin-related peptide did not require the presence of extracellular Ca2+. The implication of cyclic GMP at some stage of K+ release was suggested by experiments with a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. The results support an hypothesis where the initial stimulus at either alpha-adrenergic or muscarinic cholinergic receptors causes an immediate permeability change such that Ca2+ enters the cells resulting in K+ release. The loss of K+ is quickly countered by the ouabain-sensitive (Na+ + K+) ATPase which would be activated by the lowered intracellular K+ levels.", "contents": "Potassium release from submandibular salivary gland in vitro. Rat submandibular gland slices, incubated in continuously-gassed Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer, were shown to release K+ in response to alpha-adrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic stimulation. The system employed the specific alpha-, beta-adrenergic and cholinergic receptor-blocking agents phentolamine, propranolol and atropine, respectively, in combination with the agonists L-epinephrine and carbamylcholine both of which required the presence of Ca2+ for their effect. The introduction of Ca2+ into the cell via the ionophore A23187, with all neurotransmitter receptors blocked, resulted in K+ release. Ouabain also allowed extensive K+ release which was in addition to, and hence independent of, that elicited by epinephrine and carbamylcholine. Ethacrynic acid, a potent inhibitor of salivary secretion in vivo, had no influence on K+ movement. K+ was released by both physalaemin and an eledoisin-related peptide independently of normal neurotransmitter receptors. The activity of the eledoisin-related peptide did not require the presence of extracellular Ca2+. The implication of cyclic GMP at some stage of K+ release was suggested by experiments with a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. The results support an hypothesis where the initial stimulus at either alpha-adrenergic or muscarinic cholinergic receptors causes an immediate permeability change such that Ca2+ enters the cells resulting in K+ release. The loss of K+ is quickly countered by the ouabain-sensitive (Na+ + K+) ATPase which would be activated by the lowered intracellular K+ levels.", "PMID": 856269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10959", "title": "Polyol permeability of the human red cell. Interpretation of glucose transport in terms of a pore.", "content": "The kinetic equations describing transport through a pore that has a binding site and that undergoes a conformational change are identical to those of a carrier model. Therefore, in order to distinguish between the two models it is necessary to test specific predictions based on detailed mechanistic models. A pore model is described in which the substrate (glucose) is able to reach the single binding site only from the outside when the pore is in conformation I and only from the inside when it is conformation II. On the basis of this model it is predicted that solutes which do not have any specific affinity for the binding site should still have a finite permeability via the glucose transport system if they are the same size or smaller than glucose. This permeability should be proportional to the volume of distribution of the solute in the pore and should therefore decrease with increasing molecular size. A geometric pore volume can be estimated from this size dependence. In order to test these predictions, the glucose-dependent permeability of a series of 4-carbon (erythritol), 5-carbon (D-arabitol, L-arabitol and xylitol) and 6-carbon (D-mannitol, D-sorbitol and myo-inositol) polyols was measured. The permeability of all the polyols is decreased by the presence of glucose and the KI of this \"inhibitable\" component is similar to that D-sorbose, suggesting that this component is associated with the glucose transport system. Since these observations could be explained entirely in terms of a specific affinity for a carrier binding site, they do not exclude a carrier mechanism. However, as predicted for the pore model, this \"inhibitable\" permeability decreased with increasing molecular size and the calculated geometric pore volume was of a size that would be expected for a cell membrane pore.", "contents": "Polyol permeability of the human red cell. Interpretation of glucose transport in terms of a pore. The kinetic equations describing transport through a pore that has a binding site and that undergoes a conformational change are identical to those of a carrier model. Therefore, in order to distinguish between the two models it is necessary to test specific predictions based on detailed mechanistic models. A pore model is described in which the substrate (glucose) is able to reach the single binding site only from the outside when the pore is in conformation I and only from the inside when it is conformation II. On the basis of this model it is predicted that solutes which do not have any specific affinity for the binding site should still have a finite permeability via the glucose transport system if they are the same size or smaller than glucose. This permeability should be proportional to the volume of distribution of the solute in the pore and should therefore decrease with increasing molecular size. A geometric pore volume can be estimated from this size dependence. In order to test these predictions, the glucose-dependent permeability of a series of 4-carbon (erythritol), 5-carbon (D-arabitol, L-arabitol and xylitol) and 6-carbon (D-mannitol, D-sorbitol and myo-inositol) polyols was measured. The permeability of all the polyols is decreased by the presence of glucose and the KI of this \"inhibitable\" component is similar to that D-sorbose, suggesting that this component is associated with the glucose transport system. Since these observations could be explained entirely in terms of a specific affinity for a carrier binding site, they do not exclude a carrier mechanism. However, as predicted for the pore model, this \"inhibitable\" permeability decreased with increasing molecular size and the calculated geometric pore volume was of a size that would be expected for a cell membrane pore.", "PMID": 856270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10960", "title": "Molecular orientation in the stacked dimer form of 5\"AMP in aqueous solution. A study by the NMR-desert method.", "content": "Molecular orientation of 5\"-AMP in its stacked dimeric form in neutral aqueous solutions has been investigated at room temperature through the NMR-DESERT method proposed earlier by Akasaka et al. (J. Magn. Resonance, (1975) 18, 328-343). The effect of deuterium substitution of H8 of the adenine ring on the relaxation rate of H2 has become appreciable with increasing concentration of 5\"-AMP, which should be attributed to the intermolecular H2-H8 interaction between adjacent adenine rings in the stacked dimer of 5\"-AMP. The reciprocal sixth-power-averaged distance between H8 and H2 of the adjacent adenine rings in the stacked dimeric form obtained from the differential relaxation rate for H2 has been found to be almost constant (3.6 +/- 0.2 A S.D.) in the whole concentration range studied (0.1--1.0 M). The result has presented a direct proof of the existence of trans-stacking with a relatively large proportion (more than 60%) in the stacked dimeric form of 5\"-AMP.", "contents": "Molecular orientation in the stacked dimer form of 5\"AMP in aqueous solution. A study by the NMR-desert method. Molecular orientation of 5\"-AMP in its stacked dimeric form in neutral aqueous solutions has been investigated at room temperature through the NMR-DESERT method proposed earlier by Akasaka et al. (J. Magn. Resonance, (1975) 18, 328-343). The effect of deuterium substitution of H8 of the adenine ring on the relaxation rate of H2 has become appreciable with increasing concentration of 5\"-AMP, which should be attributed to the intermolecular H2-H8 interaction between adjacent adenine rings in the stacked dimer of 5\"-AMP. The reciprocal sixth-power-averaged distance between H8 and H2 of the adjacent adenine rings in the stacked dimeric form obtained from the differential relaxation rate for H2 has been found to be almost constant (3.6 +/- 0.2 A S.D.) in the whole concentration range studied (0.1--1.0 M). The result has presented a direct proof of the existence of trans-stacking with a relatively large proportion (more than 60%) in the stacked dimeric form of 5\"-AMP.", "PMID": 856271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10961", "title": "Identification of human DNA sequences complementary to chromosomal RNA with an improved RNA/DNA gradient hybridization technique.", "content": "Native DNA components in the human genome were identified with an improved RNA/DNA gradient hybridization technique. 3H-Labelled complementary RNA transcribed from total human DNA was hybridized to homologous DNA which had been mildly sheared to generate single-stranded ends. Unhybridized RNA was eliminated from the reaction mixture by column chromatography before the hybrids were subjected to CsCl gradient centrifugation. Nine radioactive peaks representing RNA/DNA hybrids were reproducibly found at buoyant densities of 1.687, 1.693, 1.696, 1.699, 1.702, 1.705, 1.708, 1.711 and 1.715 g/cm3. The technique was also utilized to hybridize I125-labelled human chromosomal RNA to DNA. Three distinct radioactive peaks were found at the heavy buoyant densities of 1.702, 1.705, and 1.708 g/cm3, suggesting a differential enrichment of DNA components with sequences complementary to chromosomal RNA.", "contents": "Identification of human DNA sequences complementary to chromosomal RNA with an improved RNA/DNA gradient hybridization technique. Native DNA components in the human genome were identified with an improved RNA/DNA gradient hybridization technique. 3H-Labelled complementary RNA transcribed from total human DNA was hybridized to homologous DNA which had been mildly sheared to generate single-stranded ends. Unhybridized RNA was eliminated from the reaction mixture by column chromatography before the hybrids were subjected to CsCl gradient centrifugation. Nine radioactive peaks representing RNA/DNA hybrids were reproducibly found at buoyant densities of 1.687, 1.693, 1.696, 1.699, 1.702, 1.705, 1.708, 1.711 and 1.715 g/cm3. The technique was also utilized to hybridize I125-labelled human chromosomal RNA to DNA. Three distinct radioactive peaks were found at the heavy buoyant densities of 1.702, 1.705, and 1.708 g/cm3, suggesting a differential enrichment of DNA components with sequences complementary to chromosomal RNA.", "PMID": 856272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10962", "title": "RNA synthesis in isolated nuclei of Xenopus laevis emproyos.", "content": "Nuclei were isolated from tailbud embryos of Xenopus laevis and their RNA synthetic activity was studied. The activity was sensitive to actinomycin D, and required the presence of all four ribonucleotide triphosphates and a divalent cation (Mg2+ or Mn2+). The effect of the divalent cation varied depending on the presence of 0.4 M KCl: in its absence more RNA was synthesized with Mg2+ than with Mn2+, but in its presence the situation was reversed. About 50% of the RNA synthesized was sensitive to the presence of alpha-amanitin. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the labeled RNA revealed that the RNA synthesized had a very heterogeneous size distribution ranging from 40 to 4 S, with a broad peak at around 28--18 S. The RNA which was distributed at around 28--18 S and 4 S was resistant to the presence of a low dose of alpha-amanitin, suggesting its ribosomal and soluble RNA nature. The RNA which was sensitive to this drug and hence may be assumed to be messenger RNA was distributed mainly between 18 and 4 S. From these results it appears that the isolated embryonic nuclei retain their activity to synthesize all of the major classes of RNA.", "contents": "RNA synthesis in isolated nuclei of Xenopus laevis emproyos. Nuclei were isolated from tailbud embryos of Xenopus laevis and their RNA synthetic activity was studied. The activity was sensitive to actinomycin D, and required the presence of all four ribonucleotide triphosphates and a divalent cation (Mg2+ or Mn2+). The effect of the divalent cation varied depending on the presence of 0.4 M KCl: in its absence more RNA was synthesized with Mg2+ than with Mn2+, but in its presence the situation was reversed. About 50% of the RNA synthesized was sensitive to the presence of alpha-amanitin. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the labeled RNA revealed that the RNA synthesized had a very heterogeneous size distribution ranging from 40 to 4 S, with a broad peak at around 28--18 S. The RNA which was distributed at around 28--18 S and 4 S was resistant to the presence of a low dose of alpha-amanitin, suggesting its ribosomal and soluble RNA nature. The RNA which was sensitive to this drug and hence may be assumed to be messenger RNA was distributed mainly between 18 and 4 S. From these results it appears that the isolated embryonic nuclei retain their activity to synthesize all of the major classes of RNA.", "PMID": 856273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10963", "title": "Isolation and characterization of 32P-labeled mitochondrial and cytosol ribosomal RNA from germinating wheat embryos.", "content": "With the aim of preparing highly labeled material, the incorporation of [32P]-orthophosphate into mitochondral and cytosol ribosomal RNA was examined in germinating wheat embryos. Nucleic acids were extracted from mitochondria and from post-mitochondrial supernatant (cytosol) prepared from homogenates of viable embryos (8g) imbibed for 24h in a medium containing [32P]orthophosphate (100mCi). High-molecular-weight ribosomal RNA was selectively precipitated in the presence of 3M NaCl and was further resolved on sucrose density gradients and polyacrylamide gels. Both the mitochondrial and cytosol NaCl-insoluble RNA fractions were found to contain two major radioactive components, corresponding to the large (26S) and small (18S)rRNA species. On non-denaturing gels, these species had apparent molecular weights of 1.3 and 0.67 million daltons (cytosol) and 1.3 and 0.75 million daltons (mitochondrial). The individual, purified [32P]rRNA components (isolated from sucrose gradients) had specific activities of 2--3-10(6) cpm/A260 unit, and were suitable for analysis of nucleotide composition and sequence. By hydrolyzing the individual [32P]rRNA specimens with purified snake venom phosphodiesterase and resolving the products by two-dimensional paper chromatography, it was possible to determine the specific activities (cpm/micronmol) of the four major 5'-nucleotide constituents. The results indicated that there had been no differential 32P-labeling of the nuclear and mitochondrial pools of ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphates (rNTP) during the 24 h imbibition period; however, as previously observed in this system (Lau, R.Y., Kennedy, T.D. and Lane, B.G. (1974) Can. J. Biochem. 52, 1110--1123), there had been unequal 32P-labeling of the individual rNTPs in both the mitochondria and nucleus. The relative specific activities of the 5'-nucleotide constituents of the mitochondrial and cytosol rRNA species were essentially the same, and in the order pA congruent to pU greater than pG greater than pC. By making suitable corrections for these differences in specific activity, the nucleotide composition of each of the [32P]rRNA specimens could be calculated...", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of 32P-labeled mitochondrial and cytosol ribosomal RNA from germinating wheat embryos. With the aim of preparing highly labeled material, the incorporation of [32P]-orthophosphate into mitochondral and cytosol ribosomal RNA was examined in germinating wheat embryos. Nucleic acids were extracted from mitochondria and from post-mitochondrial supernatant (cytosol) prepared from homogenates of viable embryos (8g) imbibed for 24h in a medium containing [32P]orthophosphate (100mCi). High-molecular-weight ribosomal RNA was selectively precipitated in the presence of 3M NaCl and was further resolved on sucrose density gradients and polyacrylamide gels. Both the mitochondrial and cytosol NaCl-insoluble RNA fractions were found to contain two major radioactive components, corresponding to the large (26S) and small (18S)rRNA species. On non-denaturing gels, these species had apparent molecular weights of 1.3 and 0.67 million daltons (cytosol) and 1.3 and 0.75 million daltons (mitochondrial). The individual, purified [32P]rRNA components (isolated from sucrose gradients) had specific activities of 2--3-10(6) cpm/A260 unit, and were suitable for analysis of nucleotide composition and sequence. By hydrolyzing the individual [32P]rRNA specimens with purified snake venom phosphodiesterase and resolving the products by two-dimensional paper chromatography, it was possible to determine the specific activities (cpm/micronmol) of the four major 5'-nucleotide constituents. The results indicated that there had been no differential 32P-labeling of the nuclear and mitochondrial pools of ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphates (rNTP) during the 24 h imbibition period; however, as previously observed in this system (Lau, R.Y., Kennedy, T.D. and Lane, B.G. (1974) Can. J. Biochem. 52, 1110--1123), there had been unequal 32P-labeling of the individual rNTPs in both the mitochondria and nucleus. The relative specific activities of the 5'-nucleotide constituents of the mitochondrial and cytosol rRNA species were essentially the same, and in the order pA congruent to pU greater than pG greater than pC. By making suitable corrections for these differences in specific activity, the nucleotide composition of each of the [32P]rRNA specimens could be calculated...", "PMID": 856274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10964", "title": "The action of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene on the synthesis of ribosomal and poly (A)-RNA in normal and regenerating liver.", "content": "Polyribosomal RNA prepared from normal and regenerating liver was chromatographed on poly(U)-Sepharose to obtain rRNA and poly(A)-RNA. Under the conditions employed for labeling the RNA with [5-3H]orotic acid, poly (A)-RNA from regenerating liver represented 1--3% of the total RNA content, and 14--18% of the total radioactivity in polyribosomal RNA at varying times after partial hepatectomy. The specific activity of poly (A)-RNA was elevated by 50% and 30% only at 2 h and 6 h after partial hepatectomy, respectively. Ribosomal RNA synthesis increased 2.5--4 fold at 2--20 h after operation. Treatment of normal or partially hepatectomized rats with N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene showed a differential dose-dependent effect on rRNA and poly (A)-RNA synthesis with rRNA synthesis being more sensitive to the inhibitory effect of the carcinogen. No change in the poly(A) content was apparent as a result of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene treatment.", "contents": "The action of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene on the synthesis of ribosomal and poly (A)-RNA in normal and regenerating liver. Polyribosomal RNA prepared from normal and regenerating liver was chromatographed on poly(U)-Sepharose to obtain rRNA and poly(A)-RNA. Under the conditions employed for labeling the RNA with [5-3H]orotic acid, poly (A)-RNA from regenerating liver represented 1--3% of the total RNA content, and 14--18% of the total radioactivity in polyribosomal RNA at varying times after partial hepatectomy. The specific activity of poly (A)-RNA was elevated by 50% and 30% only at 2 h and 6 h after partial hepatectomy, respectively. Ribosomal RNA synthesis increased 2.5--4 fold at 2--20 h after operation. Treatment of normal or partially hepatectomized rats with N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene showed a differential dose-dependent effect on rRNA and poly (A)-RNA synthesis with rRNA synthesis being more sensitive to the inhibitory effect of the carcinogen. No change in the poly(A) content was apparent as a result of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene treatment.", "PMID": 856275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10965", "title": "Genetic effects of photoadducts and photocross-links in the DNA of phage lambda exposed to 360 nm light and tri-methylpsoralen or khellin.", "content": "The furocoumarin, 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen, sensitizes cells and viruses to 360 nm light, producing cross-links and monoadducts in their DNA. The furanochromone khellin is a less effective sensitizing agent than psoralen, but has been found to induce cross-links and adducts in DNA also. The number of cross-links increases as the square of the time of exposure to light. We found that greater fluences were required for khellin than for psoralen, possibly because of the less favorable angle of the distal unsaturated bonds for corss-linking pyrimidines in adjacent base pairs. By adjusting the time of exposure to 360 nm light, lambda phages were damaged with [3H]psoralen and [3H]khellin so as to produce equal numbers of cross-links. These exposures were found to produce 8-times more [3H]khellin than [3H]psoralen adducts in the DNA of the phages. Similar exposures were made with nonradioactive photosensitizers to determine the effectiveness of lambda phages carrying cross-links and monoadducts in producing genetic recombinants. Lambda phage-prophage genetic corsses were performed with psoralen and khellin-damaged phages under repressed conditions in which replication of the damaged DNA was blocked. It was estimated from the results that cross-links were about 20-times more effective than monoadducts for inducing recombination under repressed conditions. In tests on the survival of plaque forming ability on wild type bacteria, it was estimated that cross-links were about 15-times more effective than the adducts. The results support the conclusion that, in homoimmune crosses with psoralen-damaged lambda phages infecting wild type lysogens, more than three-quarters of the induced recombination can be attributed to cross-links rather than to monoadducts.", "contents": "Genetic effects of photoadducts and photocross-links in the DNA of phage lambda exposed to 360 nm light and tri-methylpsoralen or khellin. The furocoumarin, 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen, sensitizes cells and viruses to 360 nm light, producing cross-links and monoadducts in their DNA. The furanochromone khellin is a less effective sensitizing agent than psoralen, but has been found to induce cross-links and adducts in DNA also. The number of cross-links increases as the square of the time of exposure to light. We found that greater fluences were required for khellin than for psoralen, possibly because of the less favorable angle of the distal unsaturated bonds for corss-linking pyrimidines in adjacent base pairs. By adjusting the time of exposure to 360 nm light, lambda phages were damaged with [3H]psoralen and [3H]khellin so as to produce equal numbers of cross-links. These exposures were found to produce 8-times more [3H]khellin than [3H]psoralen adducts in the DNA of the phages. Similar exposures were made with nonradioactive photosensitizers to determine the effectiveness of lambda phages carrying cross-links and monoadducts in producing genetic recombinants. Lambda phage-prophage genetic corsses were performed with psoralen and khellin-damaged phages under repressed conditions in which replication of the damaged DNA was blocked. It was estimated from the results that cross-links were about 20-times more effective than monoadducts for inducing recombination under repressed conditions. In tests on the survival of plaque forming ability on wild type bacteria, it was estimated that cross-links were about 15-times more effective than the adducts. The results support the conclusion that, in homoimmune crosses with psoralen-damaged lambda phages infecting wild type lysogens, more than three-quarters of the induced recombination can be attributed to cross-links rather than to monoadducts.", "PMID": 856276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10966", "title": "Mitochondrial DNA polymerase from rat liver.", "content": "A DNA-dependent DNA polymerase from rat liver mitochondria was partially purified and characterized. Mitochondrial DNA polymerase has been found to be quite different from other DNA-dependent DNA polymerases alpha and beta present in the rat liver in the following points: elution patterns in a DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, sedimentation coefficients determined by the glycerol gradient centrifugation in the presence of high salt, and sensitivities to N-ethylmaleimide, ethidium bromide and KCl.", "contents": "Mitochondrial DNA polymerase from rat liver. A DNA-dependent DNA polymerase from rat liver mitochondria was partially purified and characterized. Mitochondrial DNA polymerase has been found to be quite different from other DNA-dependent DNA polymerases alpha and beta present in the rat liver in the following points: elution patterns in a DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, sedimentation coefficients determined by the glycerol gradient centrifugation in the presence of high salt, and sensitivities to N-ethylmaleimide, ethidium bromide and KCl.", "PMID": 856277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10967", "title": "Structure of single-stranded virus RNA in situ. II. Optical activity of five tobacco mosaic-like viruses and their components.", "content": "ORD and CD spectra of some TM-like viruses and their coat proteins were measured to study a possible role of tryptophan residues in RNA-protein interactions in these viruses. Five viruses of this group, differing in tryptophan content of their coat proteins, were used: v-TM virus (3 tryptophan residues per protein subunit), strains HR and U2 (2 tryptophan residues per subunit), dolihos enation mosaic virus and cucumber virus 4(1 tryptophan residue per subunit). The viruses differ significantly in their ORD and CD spectra and some correlation between these spectra and tryptophan content of coat proteins seems to exist. But an analysis of \"intravirus RNA\" CD spectra, obtained by subtraction of CD spectra of virus -like protein assemblies from the spectra of intact viruses, shows that the observed differences in optical activity can hardly be explained by tryptophan participation in RNA-protein interactions. The presence of the \"additional\" peak at 293 nm in the ORD of TM virus had been considered as evidence of tryptophan-RNA interactions in this virus. In the present work such a peak at 293 nm was observed in the ORD of all the 5 viruses studied, irrespective of the tryptophan content in their coat proteins. Besides, we managed to obtain the virus-like protein assemblies preparations which also showed a peak at 293 nm. All these data show that, in all probability, the 293 nm peak in the ORD of TM virus does not result from tryptophan-RNA interactions. It is believed that the difference in the optical activity of RNA particles of TM-like viruses do originate from the differences in the RNA-protein interactions in these viruses, but these interactions can hardly involve tryptophan residues of virus coat proteins.", "contents": "Structure of single-stranded virus RNA in situ. II. Optical activity of five tobacco mosaic-like viruses and their components. ORD and CD spectra of some TM-like viruses and their coat proteins were measured to study a possible role of tryptophan residues in RNA-protein interactions in these viruses. Five viruses of this group, differing in tryptophan content of their coat proteins, were used: v-TM virus (3 tryptophan residues per protein subunit), strains HR and U2 (2 tryptophan residues per subunit), dolihos enation mosaic virus and cucumber virus 4(1 tryptophan residue per subunit). The viruses differ significantly in their ORD and CD spectra and some correlation between these spectra and tryptophan content of coat proteins seems to exist. But an analysis of \"intravirus RNA\" CD spectra, obtained by subtraction of CD spectra of virus -like protein assemblies from the spectra of intact viruses, shows that the observed differences in optical activity can hardly be explained by tryptophan participation in RNA-protein interactions. The presence of the \"additional\" peak at 293 nm in the ORD of TM virus had been considered as evidence of tryptophan-RNA interactions in this virus. In the present work such a peak at 293 nm was observed in the ORD of all the 5 viruses studied, irrespective of the tryptophan content in their coat proteins. Besides, we managed to obtain the virus-like protein assemblies preparations which also showed a peak at 293 nm. All these data show that, in all probability, the 293 nm peak in the ORD of TM virus does not result from tryptophan-RNA interactions. It is believed that the difference in the optical activity of RNA particles of TM-like viruses do originate from the differences in the RNA-protein interactions in these viruses, but these interactions can hardly involve tryptophan residues of virus coat proteins.", "PMID": 856278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10968", "title": "In vivo incorporation of ribosomal proteins into HeLa cell ribosomal particles.", "content": "Using high salt-washed ribosomal subunits from HeLa cells we detect three ribosomal proteins from the small subunit and five ribosomal proteins from the large subunit that enter ribosomal particles in the absence of ribosome formation (actinomycin D-treated cells); in untreated cells, they enter the ribosomal particles quickly, while the rest of the ribosomal proteins are incorporated gradually. At least two of the large subunit actinomycin D-resistant ribosomal proteins seem to be absent in the 55 S nucleolar ribosomal precursor.", "contents": "In vivo incorporation of ribosomal proteins into HeLa cell ribosomal particles. Using high salt-washed ribosomal subunits from HeLa cells we detect three ribosomal proteins from the small subunit and five ribosomal proteins from the large subunit that enter ribosomal particles in the absence of ribosome formation (actinomycin D-treated cells); in untreated cells, they enter the ribosomal particles quickly, while the rest of the ribosomal proteins are incorporated gradually. At least two of the large subunit actinomycin D-resistant ribosomal proteins seem to be absent in the 55 S nucleolar ribosomal precursor.", "PMID": 856279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10969", "title": "Immunochemical characterization of fibrinogen induction in rat liver.", "content": "The synthesis of fibrinogen in rat hepatocytes can be induced two to three times  its normal level following an injection of turpentine. Detection of the increased synthesis of this protein was accomplished by quantitative immunoprecipitation analysis. The time sequence for maximal intracellular synthesis occurs more rapidly than the concomitant rise in plasma fibrinogen, implying that the secretion of fibrinogen is somewhat slower than was anticipated. Binding studies with 125I-labeled anti-fibrinogen to the nascent chains on the ribosomes showed no detectable changes in the radioactivity distribution before or after stimulation as analyzed by zone sedimentation. It was estimated that only 4.4% of the total polysomes were involved in fibrinogen synthesis prior to induction and this was increased to 15% following turpentine stimulation. The results suggests that the rise in fibrinogen synthesis during the acute-phase response was related to an increase in functional messenger RNA transcripts rather than in an increase in the rate of protein synthesis.", "contents": "Immunochemical characterization of fibrinogen induction in rat liver. The synthesis of fibrinogen in rat hepatocytes can be induced two to three times  its normal level following an injection of turpentine. Detection of the increased synthesis of this protein was accomplished by quantitative immunoprecipitation analysis. The time sequence for maximal intracellular synthesis occurs more rapidly than the concomitant rise in plasma fibrinogen, implying that the secretion of fibrinogen is somewhat slower than was anticipated. Binding studies with 125I-labeled anti-fibrinogen to the nascent chains on the ribosomes showed no detectable changes in the radioactivity distribution before or after stimulation as analyzed by zone sedimentation. It was estimated that only 4.4% of the total polysomes were involved in fibrinogen synthesis prior to induction and this was increased to 15% following turpentine stimulation. The results suggests that the rise in fibrinogen synthesis during the acute-phase response was related to an increase in functional messenger RNA transcripts rather than in an increase in the rate of protein synthesis.", "PMID": 856280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10970", "title": "Intramolecular hydrogen bonding and molecular conformations of nucleosides. N (6)-dimethyl-2',3'-isopropylidene adenosine.", "content": "The physical properties of an adenosine derivative, N(6)-dimethyl-2',3'-O-isopropylidene adenosine, Derivative 1, which is capable of intramolecular hydrogen bond formation between base-ring and sugar exocyclic hydroxymethyl group, have been studied in solution by infrared, circular dichroic and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Analysis of the 220 MHZ 1H NMR spectrum of Derivative 1 in C2HCl2 solution indicated an overwhelming preference for the gg conformation for rotation about the C(4')--C5') bond and a predominant conformation for rotation about the C(5')--O(5') bond in which OH(5') projects towards the base ring. The purine base ring was shown to be in a predominant syn conformation with respect to the sugar ring by 100 MHZ 1H nuclear Overhauser experiments, by analysis of 3J(13C,H1') magnitudes observed in proton-coupled 13C NMR experiments and by CD measurements. Combination of each conformation feature of Derivative 1 in non-polar solvents is consistent with the overall molecular conformation observed in the solid state in which intramolecular hydrogenbonding exists between purine N(3) and the sugar CH2OH group; the presence of a strong intramolecular hydrogen bond was observed by infrared spectroscopy. The sugar ring conformations of 2',3'-O-isopropylidene ribonucleosides were analysed in terms of the pseudorotational properties of the ring; the N and S conformations tend toward to C(2')-exo and C(3')-'exo conformations, respectively, compared to normal ribonucleosides (C(3')-endo and C(2')-endo, respectively). The presence of the hydrogen bond in the derivative is sufficient to promote the S-type conformations (approx. 80%--90%) compared to cases where such a strong hydrogen bond is unlikely to be present approx. 40--50%).", "contents": "Intramolecular hydrogen bonding and molecular conformations of nucleosides. N (6)-dimethyl-2',3'-isopropylidene adenosine. The physical properties of an adenosine derivative, N(6)-dimethyl-2',3'-O-isopropylidene adenosine, Derivative 1, which is capable of intramolecular hydrogen bond formation between base-ring and sugar exocyclic hydroxymethyl group, have been studied in solution by infrared, circular dichroic and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Analysis of the 220 MHZ 1H NMR spectrum of Derivative 1 in C2HCl2 solution indicated an overwhelming preference for the gg conformation for rotation about the C(4')--C5') bond and a predominant conformation for rotation about the C(5')--O(5') bond in which OH(5') projects towards the base ring. The purine base ring was shown to be in a predominant syn conformation with respect to the sugar ring by 100 MHZ 1H nuclear Overhauser experiments, by analysis of 3J(13C,H1') magnitudes observed in proton-coupled 13C NMR experiments and by CD measurements. Combination of each conformation feature of Derivative 1 in non-polar solvents is consistent with the overall molecular conformation observed in the solid state in which intramolecular hydrogenbonding exists between purine N(3) and the sugar CH2OH group; the presence of a strong intramolecular hydrogen bond was observed by infrared spectroscopy. The sugar ring conformations of 2',3'-O-isopropylidene ribonucleosides were analysed in terms of the pseudorotational properties of the ring; the N and S conformations tend toward to C(2')-exo and C(3')-'exo conformations, respectively, compared to normal ribonucleosides (C(3')-endo and C(2')-endo, respectively). The presence of the hydrogen bond in the derivative is sufficient to promote the S-type conformations (approx. 80%--90%) compared to cases where such a strong hydrogen bond is unlikely to be present approx. 40--50%).", "PMID": 856281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10971", "title": "The interaction of adriamycin and its beta anomer with DNA.", "content": "The results of thermal denaturation, fluorescence, calorimetric and viscosimetric studies on the interaction of adriamycin and its beta anomer with DNA are reported. Whereas all equilibrium, hydrodynamic and thermodynamic measurements are consistent with the proposed intercalative binding model for the adriamycin-DNA complex, the binding mechanism for the reaction of the beta anomer with DNA remains uncertaian. All DNA binding properties of this stereoisomer are substantially different from those of the parent compound. The results suggest that the amino sugar residue of the natural antibiotic may interact stero-specifically with the DNA helix, thus dictating the orientation of the tetracvclic chromophore within the intercalation site. The alteration in the DNA binding capacity and the changes in interactions with DNA following in inversion of configuration at C-1', parallel a lack of biological activity observed for the beta anomer.", "contents": "The interaction of adriamycin and its beta anomer with DNA. The results of thermal denaturation, fluorescence, calorimetric and viscosimetric studies on the interaction of adriamycin and its beta anomer with DNA are reported. Whereas all equilibrium, hydrodynamic and thermodynamic measurements are consistent with the proposed intercalative binding model for the adriamycin-DNA complex, the binding mechanism for the reaction of the beta anomer with DNA remains uncertaian. All DNA binding properties of this stereoisomer are substantially different from those of the parent compound. The results suggest that the amino sugar residue of the natural antibiotic may interact stero-specifically with the DNA helix, thus dictating the orientation of the tetracvclic chromophore within the intercalation site. The alteration in the DNA binding capacity and the changes in interactions with DNA following in inversion of configuration at C-1', parallel a lack of biological activity observed for the beta anomer.", "PMID": 856282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10972", "title": "Studies of the protein synthetic activity of lysates from HeLa cells incubated in hypertonic medium.", "content": "When HeLa S-3 cells are incubated with medium made hypertonic by adding NaCl, protein synthesis is inhibited. When the cells are returned to normal conditions protein synthesis is restored. To study the molecular mechanism of this regulation of protein synthesis, lysates were prepared from HeLa S-3 cells grown in minimum essential medium (normal, N); from cells which were incubated with additional (100 mM) NaCl (hypertonic, H); and from cells which were treated similarly in hypertonic medium and then restored to isotonic conditions (hypertonic-isotonic, H-I). Lysates of H cells exhibited reduced endogenous protein synthesis. Studies with mixed lysates from H and N cells implicated that the H lysate did not contain a soluble, non-labile macromolecule (greater than 10 000 daltons) with an inhibitory activity upon the protein synthesis. Analysis by Edman reaction of H lysates showed a reduced incorporation of [35S]methionine into N-terminal suggesting that the initiation step of protein synthesis was affected. However, sucrose gradietn analysis indicated that lysates of H cells were still able to form 80-S initiation complexes with [35S] methionyl-tRNAIMet. The block in initiation was not complete. The lesion could not be reversed by adding post-ribosomal supernatant or a ribosomal salt wash from N cells to ribosomes from the H cells. The data show that the ribosomal fraction is primarily involved in the inhibition.", "contents": "Studies of the protein synthetic activity of lysates from HeLa cells incubated in hypertonic medium. When HeLa S-3 cells are incubated with medium made hypertonic by adding NaCl, protein synthesis is inhibited. When the cells are returned to normal conditions protein synthesis is restored. To study the molecular mechanism of this regulation of protein synthesis, lysates were prepared from HeLa S-3 cells grown in minimum essential medium (normal, N); from cells which were incubated with additional (100 mM) NaCl (hypertonic, H); and from cells which were treated similarly in hypertonic medium and then restored to isotonic conditions (hypertonic-isotonic, H-I). Lysates of H cells exhibited reduced endogenous protein synthesis. Studies with mixed lysates from H and N cells implicated that the H lysate did not contain a soluble, non-labile macromolecule (greater than 10 000 daltons) with an inhibitory activity upon the protein synthesis. Analysis by Edman reaction of H lysates showed a reduced incorporation of [35S]methionine into N-terminal suggesting that the initiation step of protein synthesis was affected. However, sucrose gradietn analysis indicated that lysates of H cells were still able to form 80-S initiation complexes with [35S] methionyl-tRNAIMet. The block in initiation was not complete. The lesion could not be reversed by adding post-ribosomal supernatant or a ribosomal salt wash from N cells to ribosomes from the H cells. The data show that the ribosomal fraction is primarily involved in the inhibition.", "PMID": 856283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10973", "title": "Cholesterol biosynthesis and 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase in cultured glial and neuronal cells. Regulation by lipoprotein and by certain free sterols.", "content": "Regulation of cholesterol synthesis and, particularly, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase was studied in C-6 glial and neuroblastoma cells. Comparison of rates of incorporation of radioactivity from [14C]-acetate or [3H]mevalonate into digitonin-precipitable sterols indicated that HMG-CoA reductase is the major rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis in both cell types. HMG-CoA reductase exhibited marked changes in enzymatic activity according to the lipoprotein content of the medium. However, significant differences were observed between the two cell types in the quantitative and temporal aspects of this regulation. Thus, in C-6 glial cells, when total serum lipoprotein was removed from the medium, reductase activity increased by 7-8-fold between 2 and 6 h later. After 24 h reductase activity in cells grown in lipoprotein-poor serum was 20-fold higher than in cells grown in regular serum. In neuroblastoma cells, under similar conditions, reductase activity did not increase at all until cells were in lipoprotein-poor serum for more then 6 h, and after 24 h, enzyme activity in cells grown in lipoprotein-poor serum was only approx. 3-fold higher than that in cells grown in regular serum. Addition of total serum lipoprotein caused a rapid decline in enzymatic activity in both cell types, with a t1/2 of 2-2.5 h; however, the onset of the decline was immediate in the glial cells but delayed 1-1.5 h in the neuronal cells. The critical regulatory component in the total lipoprotein fraction was shown to be contained in the low density lipoproteins for the reductase of both cell types. Regulation of reductase by free sterols was shown in both the glial and neuronal cells. However, effects were more marked and evolved more rapidly in the glial cells. The data thus provide important insight into the regulation of cholesterol synthesis in two cell types which are considered to be good models of neurons and glia of developing brain. The occurrence of more marked and more rapid regulation in the glial than in the neuronal cells is compatible with the important role glia play in brain lipid synthesis. The demonstration of dramatic regulation of HMG-CoA reductase by desmosterol, a sterol found in high concentration in brain early in development, may indicate a heretofore unrecognized role for this sterol in the regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis during maturation. 7-Ketocholesterol was shown to induce in C-6 glial cells a rate of decline of HMG-CoA reductase activity compatible with a t 1/2 of just 20 min. This extremely rapid rate of decline suggests that the effect involves an alteration in catalytic efficiency of the enzyme. The mechanism of this effect remains to be determined.", "contents": "Cholesterol biosynthesis and 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase in cultured glial and neuronal cells. Regulation by lipoprotein and by certain free sterols. Regulation of cholesterol synthesis and, particularly, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase was studied in C-6 glial and neuroblastoma cells. Comparison of rates of incorporation of radioactivity from [14C]-acetate or [3H]mevalonate into digitonin-precipitable sterols indicated that HMG-CoA reductase is the major rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis in both cell types. HMG-CoA reductase exhibited marked changes in enzymatic activity according to the lipoprotein content of the medium. However, significant differences were observed between the two cell types in the quantitative and temporal aspects of this regulation. Thus, in C-6 glial cells, when total serum lipoprotein was removed from the medium, reductase activity increased by 7-8-fold between 2 and 6 h later. After 24 h reductase activity in cells grown in lipoprotein-poor serum was 20-fold higher than in cells grown in regular serum. In neuroblastoma cells, under similar conditions, reductase activity did not increase at all until cells were in lipoprotein-poor serum for more then 6 h, and after 24 h, enzyme activity in cells grown in lipoprotein-poor serum was only approx. 3-fold higher than that in cells grown in regular serum. Addition of total serum lipoprotein caused a rapid decline in enzymatic activity in both cell types, with a t1/2 of 2-2.5 h; however, the onset of the decline was immediate in the glial cells but delayed 1-1.5 h in the neuronal cells. The critical regulatory component in the total lipoprotein fraction was shown to be contained in the low density lipoproteins for the reductase of both cell types. Regulation of reductase by free sterols was shown in both the glial and neuronal cells. However, effects were more marked and evolved more rapidly in the glial cells. The data thus provide important insight into the regulation of cholesterol synthesis in two cell types which are considered to be good models of neurons and glia of developing brain. The occurrence of more marked and more rapid regulation in the glial than in the neuronal cells is compatible with the important role glia play in brain lipid synthesis. The demonstration of dramatic regulation of HMG-CoA reductase by desmosterol, a sterol found in high concentration in brain early in development, may indicate a heretofore unrecognized role for this sterol in the regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis during maturation. 7-Ketocholesterol was shown to induce in C-6 glial cells a rate of decline of HMG-CoA reductase activity compatible with a t 1/2 of just 20 min. This extremely rapid rate of decline suggests that the effect involves an alteration in catalytic efficiency of the enzyme. The mechanism of this effect remains to be determined.", "PMID": 856284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10974", "title": "Fatty acid profiles of phospholipids in rabbit and bovine dental pulp.", "content": "The fatty acid profiles of purified phospholipids were similar in dental pulp from rabbit and bovine teeth. The characteristic fatty acid profile of each phospholipid was similar to that found in several other mammalian tissues. The ethanolamine phosphoglycerides had high levels of arachidonic acid and docosapolyenoic acids. Phosphatidylserine and phosphatidic acid contained high amounts of stearic acid and low levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin contained high amounts of palmitic acid and low levels of C20 and C22 unsaturated fatty acids, and sphingomyelin contained C24 fatty acids. Phosphatidylinositol contained mainly stearic, oleic, and arachidonic acids. The fatty acid compositions of the purified pulp phospholipids are markedly different from those reported for dentin lipids which have been reported to contain little or no arachidonic acid and docosapolyenoic acids. The possible significance of the polyunsaturated fatty acids and phospholipids in tooth formation and maintenance is discussed.", "contents": "Fatty acid profiles of phospholipids in rabbit and bovine dental pulp. The fatty acid profiles of purified phospholipids were similar in dental pulp from rabbit and bovine teeth. The characteristic fatty acid profile of each phospholipid was similar to that found in several other mammalian tissues. The ethanolamine phosphoglycerides had high levels of arachidonic acid and docosapolyenoic acids. Phosphatidylserine and phosphatidic acid contained high amounts of stearic acid and low levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin contained high amounts of palmitic acid and low levels of C20 and C22 unsaturated fatty acids, and sphingomyelin contained C24 fatty acids. Phosphatidylinositol contained mainly stearic, oleic, and arachidonic acids. The fatty acid compositions of the purified pulp phospholipids are markedly different from those reported for dentin lipids which have been reported to contain little or no arachidonic acid and docosapolyenoic acids. The possible significance of the polyunsaturated fatty acids and phospholipids in tooth formation and maintenance is discussed.", "PMID": 856285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10975", "title": "Incorporation of saturated fatty acids into phosphatidylcholine bilayers.", "content": "The transition temperature of dipalmitoylglycerophosphocholine in multi-lamellar aqueous suspensions, as observed by high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry, is raised from 41.4 to 61.5 degrees C by addition of palmitic acid at a mole fraction of 0.67. It appears that the fatty acid chains pack in the hexagonal lattice with the lipid chains in a one-to one ratio, thereby eliminating the destabilizing crowding of the phosphatidylcholine head groups. A similar effect on dilauroylglycerophosphocholine is produced by lauric acid. The stabilizing effect is not produced in full measure by acids of different chain lengths, nor by alcohols or saturated hydrocarbons of the same chain length.", "contents": "Incorporation of saturated fatty acids into phosphatidylcholine bilayers. The transition temperature of dipalmitoylglycerophosphocholine in multi-lamellar aqueous suspensions, as observed by high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry, is raised from 41.4 to 61.5 degrees C by addition of palmitic acid at a mole fraction of 0.67. It appears that the fatty acid chains pack in the hexagonal lattice with the lipid chains in a one-to one ratio, thereby eliminating the destabilizing crowding of the phosphatidylcholine head groups. A similar effect on dilauroylglycerophosphocholine is produced by lauric acid. The stabilizing effect is not produced in full measure by acids of different chain lengths, nor by alcohols or saturated hydrocarbons of the same chain length.", "PMID": 856286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10976", "title": "Effects of thiamine and pyridoxine on the lipid composition of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis 4228.", "content": "The lipid composition of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis 4228 cells grown aerobically in the presence of thiamine and absence of pyridoxine was markedly different from that of cells grown without addition of both of the growth factors. In addition to the previous observations showing a reduction in the levels of unsaturated fatty acids (Nishikawa, Y., Nakamura, I., Kamihara, T. and Fukui, S. (1974) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 59, 777-780) and lack of zymosterol and ergosterol (Nagai, J., Katsuki, H., Nishikawa, Y., Nakamura, I., Kamihara, T. and Fukui, S. (1974) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 60, 555-560), the thiamine-grown cells were found to contain low levels of total lipids, sterols (especially in the form of esters), triacylglycerols and total phospholipids. However, relative contents of triacylglycerols and phospholipids to total lipids were higher than those of control cells. Hydrocarbons and diacylglycerols accumulated to appreciable degrees. Phospholipid composition was also influenced by thiamine. The ratio of phosphatidylinositol to total phospholipids increased, whereas that of phosphatidylethanolamine decreased. The levels of phosphatidylcholine plus phosphatidylserine decreased in a similar ratio to that of total phospholipids. It was found that unsaturated fatty acid contents were low in all lipid esters tested. The effect of thiamine was particularly noteworthy in the case of sterol esters. Concomitant addition of pyridoxine with thiamine to the medium brought about a normal lipid composition in the yeast cells.", "contents": "Effects of thiamine and pyridoxine on the lipid composition of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis 4228. The lipid composition of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis 4228 cells grown aerobically in the presence of thiamine and absence of pyridoxine was markedly different from that of cells grown without addition of both of the growth factors. In addition to the previous observations showing a reduction in the levels of unsaturated fatty acids (Nishikawa, Y., Nakamura, I., Kamihara, T. and Fukui, S. (1974) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 59, 777-780) and lack of zymosterol and ergosterol (Nagai, J., Katsuki, H., Nishikawa, Y., Nakamura, I., Kamihara, T. and Fukui, S. (1974) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 60, 555-560), the thiamine-grown cells were found to contain low levels of total lipids, sterols (especially in the form of esters), triacylglycerols and total phospholipids. However, relative contents of triacylglycerols and phospholipids to total lipids were higher than those of control cells. Hydrocarbons and diacylglycerols accumulated to appreciable degrees. Phospholipid composition was also influenced by thiamine. The ratio of phosphatidylinositol to total phospholipids increased, whereas that of phosphatidylethanolamine decreased. The levels of phosphatidylcholine plus phosphatidylserine decreased in a similar ratio to that of total phospholipids. It was found that unsaturated fatty acid contents were low in all lipid esters tested. The effect of thiamine was particularly noteworthy in the case of sterol esters. Concomitant addition of pyridoxine with thiamine to the medium brought about a normal lipid composition in the yeast cells.", "PMID": 856287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10977", "title": "The effect of phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine on the absorption and mucosal metabolism of oleic acid and cholesterol in vitro.", "content": "The absorption and mucosal metabolism of [14C]oleic acid and [3H]cholesterol were studied using everted sacs of rat jejunum in an in vitro incubation system. The labeled compounds were present in the incubation mixture either singly or together as mixed micelles with bile salt and monoacylglycerol and in the presence or absence of phosphatidylcholine or lysophosphatidylcholine. The presence of cholesterol or phosphatidylcholine markedly suppressed oleic acid absorption. We suggest that both compounds interacted with the micelles causing changes in micellar mass, charge or configuration leading to possible interference with access of the fatty acid to the cell membrane. Lysophosphatidylcholine enhanced oleic acid absorption and stimulated incorporation of the fatty into mucosal triacylglycerol. When the incubation temperature was lowered to suppress metabolism lysophosphatidylcholine had no effect. The results suggest that the increased absorption occurring at the higher temperature was secondary to enhanced glycerol acylation. Lysophosphatidylcholine had only a minimal effect on cholesterol absorption and no effect on cholesterol acylation. Evidence is presented showing that lysophosphatidylcholine is itself well absorbed and variously metabolized. We conclude that phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine have quite divergent effects on lipid absorption but the full elucidation of their mechanisms of action must await further study.", "contents": "The effect of phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine on the absorption and mucosal metabolism of oleic acid and cholesterol in vitro. The absorption and mucosal metabolism of [14C]oleic acid and [3H]cholesterol were studied using everted sacs of rat jejunum in an in vitro incubation system. The labeled compounds were present in the incubation mixture either singly or together as mixed micelles with bile salt and monoacylglycerol and in the presence or absence of phosphatidylcholine or lysophosphatidylcholine. The presence of cholesterol or phosphatidylcholine markedly suppressed oleic acid absorption. We suggest that both compounds interacted with the micelles causing changes in micellar mass, charge or configuration leading to possible interference with access of the fatty acid to the cell membrane. Lysophosphatidylcholine enhanced oleic acid absorption and stimulated incorporation of the fatty into mucosal triacylglycerol. When the incubation temperature was lowered to suppress metabolism lysophosphatidylcholine had no effect. The results suggest that the increased absorption occurring at the higher temperature was secondary to enhanced glycerol acylation. Lysophosphatidylcholine had only a minimal effect on cholesterol absorption and no effect on cholesterol acylation. Evidence is presented showing that lysophosphatidylcholine is itself well absorbed and variously metabolized. We conclude that phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine have quite divergent effects on lipid absorption but the full elucidation of their mechanisms of action must await further study.", "PMID": 856288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10978", "title": "High performance liquid chromatographic separation and direct ultraviolet detection of phospholipids.", "content": "A fast and efficient method for the separation of (phospho)lipids by high performance liquid chromatography using n-hexane, 2-propanol, water mixtures as the solvent system is described. The lipid separation occurs on a LiChrosorb Si-60 (10 micron) column and the individual components are monitored directly by ultraviolet absorption at 206 nm. Of a total lipid extract from erythrocytes a complete separation is achieved of cholesterol, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, lysophosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylethanolamine, whereas phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin are only partly separated under these circumstances. Furthermore, a mixture of synthetic phospholipids, i.e. 1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidic acid, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-1'-sn-glycerol and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine has been completely resolved. In addition to separation of phospholipids in different classes, separation of molecular species can also be achieved in some cases, as is shown for 1,2-dipalmitoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and 1,2-didocos-13'-cis-enoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.", "contents": "High performance liquid chromatographic separation and direct ultraviolet detection of phospholipids. A fast and efficient method for the separation of (phospho)lipids by high performance liquid chromatography using n-hexane, 2-propanol, water mixtures as the solvent system is described. The lipid separation occurs on a LiChrosorb Si-60 (10 micron) column and the individual components are monitored directly by ultraviolet absorption at 206 nm. Of a total lipid extract from erythrocytes a complete separation is achieved of cholesterol, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, lysophosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylethanolamine, whereas phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin are only partly separated under these circumstances. Furthermore, a mixture of synthetic phospholipids, i.e. 1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidic acid, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-1'-sn-glycerol and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine has been completely resolved. In addition to separation of phospholipids in different classes, separation of molecular species can also be achieved in some cases, as is shown for 1,2-dipalmitoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and 1,2-didocos-13'-cis-enoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.", "PMID": 856289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10979", "title": "Distribution of prostaglandin biosynthetic pathways in several rat tissues. Formation of 6-ketoprostaglandin F1alpha.", "content": "The capacity of homogenates of rat lung, liver, spleen, whole stomach, stomach fundus, kidney and heart to form prostaglandin E2, F2alpha, D2, thromboxane B2 and 6-ketoprostaglandin F1alpha was investigated. All products were quantitated by mass spectrometry. The results demonstrated interesting differences between tissues in the direction of the 'prostaglandin synthetase' to specific products (e.g. as in spleen and stomach).", "contents": "Distribution of prostaglandin biosynthetic pathways in several rat tissues. Formation of 6-ketoprostaglandin F1alpha. The capacity of homogenates of rat lung, liver, spleen, whole stomach, stomach fundus, kidney and heart to form prostaglandin E2, F2alpha, D2, thromboxane B2 and 6-ketoprostaglandin F1alpha was investigated. All products were quantitated by mass spectrometry. The results demonstrated interesting differences between tissues in the direction of the 'prostaglandin synthetase' to specific products (e.g. as in spleen and stomach).", "PMID": 856290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10980", "title": "Cancer mortality correlation studies--III: statistical associations with dietary selenium intakes.", "content": "Age-corrected mortalities from cancer at 17 major body sites were correlated with the apparent dietary selenium intakes estimated from food-consumption data in 27 countries. Significant inverse correlations were observed for cancers of large intestine, rectum, prostate, breast, ovary, lung and with leukemia; weak inverse associations were found for cancers of pancreas, skin and bladder. Similar inverse corelations were found between cancer mortalities at the above sites and the selenium concentrations in whole blood collected from healthy human donors in the U.S. and different countries. The results support the hypothesis that selenium has cancer-protecting effects in man. Other studies are cited which demonstrate that selenium prevents or retards tumor development in animals. A change of diet aimed at increasing the dietary selenium supply is suggested as a possible means of lowering the human cancer risk. It is postulated that the cancer mortalities in the U.S. and other Western industrialized nations would decline significantly if the dietary selenium intakes were increased to approximately twice the current average amount supplied by the U.S. diet.", "contents": "Cancer mortality correlation studies--III: statistical associations with dietary selenium intakes. Age-corrected mortalities from cancer at 17 major body sites were correlated with the apparent dietary selenium intakes estimated from food-consumption data in 27 countries. Significant inverse correlations were observed for cancers of large intestine, rectum, prostate, breast, ovary, lung and with leukemia; weak inverse associations were found for cancers of pancreas, skin and bladder. Similar inverse corelations were found between cancer mortalities at the above sites and the selenium concentrations in whole blood collected from healthy human donors in the U.S. and different countries. The results support the hypothesis that selenium has cancer-protecting effects in man. Other studies are cited which demonstrate that selenium prevents or retards tumor development in animals. A change of diet aimed at increasing the dietary selenium supply is suggested as a possible means of lowering the human cancer risk. It is postulated that the cancer mortalities in the U.S. and other Western industrialized nations would decline significantly if the dietary selenium intakes were increased to approximately twice the current average amount supplied by the U.S. diet.", "PMID": 856291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10981", "title": "Cancer mortality correlation studies--IV: associations with dietary intakes and blood levels of certain trace elements, notably Se-antagonists.", "content": "The per-capita intakes of zinc, cadmium, copper and of chromium were estimated from food consumption data in 28 countries and were found to correlate directly with the age-corrected mortalities from cancers of intestine, prostate, breast, leukemia, skin and of other organs, suggesting that the anticarcinogenic effect of selenium is counteracted by other trace elements. Similarly calculated dietary intakes of manganese are inversely correlated, particularly with the mortalities from cancer of pancreas, an organ normally known to contain high concentrations of this element. Arsenic intakes correlate inversely with the male lung cancer mortalities. A number of other direct and inverse associations were observed which suggest that trace elements in the human diet may hav both benign and adverse effects on tumor development. The zinc concentrations in whole blood collected from healthy donors in the U.S. correlate directly with regional mortalities from cancers of intestine, breast and of other sites. The origin of these associations is discussed primarily in terms of the seleium-antagonistic effect of zinc and of some of the other elements considered. Results of animal experiments and of other studies are cited which support hypotheses that link human cancer development to possible deficiencies or excesses in the dietary trace element intakes.", "contents": "Cancer mortality correlation studies--IV: associations with dietary intakes and blood levels of certain trace elements, notably Se-antagonists. The per-capita intakes of zinc, cadmium, copper and of chromium were estimated from food consumption data in 28 countries and were found to correlate directly with the age-corrected mortalities from cancers of intestine, prostate, breast, leukemia, skin and of other organs, suggesting that the anticarcinogenic effect of selenium is counteracted by other trace elements. Similarly calculated dietary intakes of manganese are inversely correlated, particularly with the mortalities from cancer of pancreas, an organ normally known to contain high concentrations of this element. Arsenic intakes correlate inversely with the male lung cancer mortalities. A number of other direct and inverse associations were observed which suggest that trace elements in the human diet may hav both benign and adverse effects on tumor development. The zinc concentrations in whole blood collected from healthy donors in the U.S. correlate directly with regional mortalities from cancers of intestine, breast and of other sites. The origin of these associations is discussed primarily in terms of the seleium-antagonistic effect of zinc and of some of the other elements considered. Results of animal experiments and of other studies are cited which support hypotheses that link human cancer development to possible deficiencies or excesses in the dietary trace element intakes.", "PMID": 856292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10982", "title": "Concerning the metalloenzyme ascorbate oxidase.", "content": "Apoascorbate oxidase has been shown to have a molecular weight of 137,000 +/- 3,000 and essentially the same gross quaternary conformation as native ascorbate oxidase. The apoenzyme, however, lacks much of the conformational stability of the native enzyme. The removal of the copper from the oxidase protein, and the simultaneous reduction of the disulfide bonds results in an apoenzyme of lower structural stability than the native oxidase. The aging of apoascorbate oxidase has been found to involve a loss of ionizable tyrosine residues and a dissociation to subunits and component polypeptide chains, which was not observed with the more stable native and holo enzymes. The molecular weight of holoascorbate oxidase has been determined to be 285,000. An s020, w of 9.79 has been determined for the holoenzyme. Holoascorbate oxidase has been shown to have an electrophoretic mobility on polyacrylamide gels that is 23% lower than either the native or apoenzyme. Furthermore, electrophoresis of the holoenzyme, in buffers containing dodecyl sulfate, and also isoelectric focusing of the holenzyme, produce patterns of greater similarity to those of apoascorbate oxidase than the native enzyme.", "contents": "Concerning the metalloenzyme ascorbate oxidase. Apoascorbate oxidase has been shown to have a molecular weight of 137,000 +/- 3,000 and essentially the same gross quaternary conformation as native ascorbate oxidase. The apoenzyme, however, lacks much of the conformational stability of the native enzyme. The removal of the copper from the oxidase protein, and the simultaneous reduction of the disulfide bonds results in an apoenzyme of lower structural stability than the native oxidase. The aging of apoascorbate oxidase has been found to involve a loss of ionizable tyrosine residues and a dissociation to subunits and component polypeptide chains, which was not observed with the more stable native and holo enzymes. The molecular weight of holoascorbate oxidase has been determined to be 285,000. An s020, w of 9.79 has been determined for the holoenzyme. Holoascorbate oxidase has been shown to have an electrophoretic mobility on polyacrylamide gels that is 23% lower than either the native or apoenzyme. Furthermore, electrophoresis of the holoenzyme, in buffers containing dodecyl sulfate, and also isoelectric focusing of the holenzyme, produce patterns of greater similarity to those of apoascorbate oxidase than the native enzyme.", "PMID": 856293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10983", "title": "Radiation-induced inhibition of eclosion in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta.", "content": "Control of eclosion in Manduca sexta (laboratory reared at 23-25 degrees C on 18L:6D) was investigated by utilizing the ED50 (X-ray exposure required to prevent eclosion in 50% of the irradiated animals) throughout pupal-adult development as a measure of radiation sensitivity. An initial period (day 0-6) of nearly constant radiosensitivity (ED50 range: 13.0-14.4 kr) was followed by a brief period of increased radiosensitivity between day 6.5-7.75 (ED50:8.23 kr). Thereafter, a pronounced decrease in radiosensitivity was noted through the day of eclosion (day 8: ED50 = 19 kr; day 22: ED50 = 75 kr). The association between hemolymph ecdysone levels and maximum radiosensitivity observed on day 7 was studied. Animals administered beta-ecdysone on days 1, 4, and 12, and irradiated at various times post-injection, exhibited significant increases in radiosensitivity exhibited by Manduca sexta on days 0-7 is in part dependent upon the titer of ecdysone in hemolymph. The role of the brain as a radiosensitive region was investigated in day 10 animals by selectively transplanting ED100-irradiated and nonirradiated brains into ED100-irradiated and nonirradiated animals. The presence of a radiosensitive component in addition to the brain is proposed since the radiation-induced inhibition of eclosion could not be completely explained in terms of brain damage alone. Selective shielding of day 10 animals X-irradiated at an ED100 level demonstrated the absence of radiosensitive regions in the abdomen and their presence in both the head and thorax.", "contents": "Radiation-induced inhibition of eclosion in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. Control of eclosion in Manduca sexta (laboratory reared at 23-25 degrees C on 18L:6D) was investigated by utilizing the ED50 (X-ray exposure required to prevent eclosion in 50% of the irradiated animals) throughout pupal-adult development as a measure of radiation sensitivity. An initial period (day 0-6) of nearly constant radiosensitivity (ED50 range: 13.0-14.4 kr) was followed by a brief period of increased radiosensitivity between day 6.5-7.75 (ED50:8.23 kr). Thereafter, a pronounced decrease in radiosensitivity was noted through the day of eclosion (day 8: ED50 = 19 kr; day 22: ED50 = 75 kr). The association between hemolymph ecdysone levels and maximum radiosensitivity observed on day 7 was studied. Animals administered beta-ecdysone on days 1, 4, and 12, and irradiated at various times post-injection, exhibited significant increases in radiosensitivity exhibited by Manduca sexta on days 0-7 is in part dependent upon the titer of ecdysone in hemolymph. The role of the brain as a radiosensitive region was investigated in day 10 animals by selectively transplanting ED100-irradiated and nonirradiated brains into ED100-irradiated and nonirradiated animals. The presence of a radiosensitive component in addition to the brain is proposed since the radiation-induced inhibition of eclosion could not be completely explained in terms of brain damage alone. Selective shielding of day 10 animals X-irradiated at an ED100 level demonstrated the absence of radiosensitive regions in the abdomen and their presence in both the head and thorax.", "PMID": 856294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10984", "title": "Temperature relations of aerial and aquatic respiration in six littoral snails in respiration in six littoral snails in relation to their vertical zonation.", "content": "Aerial and aquatic rates of oxygen consumption were determined over a range of 5 degrees to 45 degrees C at 5 degrees C intervals for six species of marine littoral snails: including the sublittoral species, Acmaea testudinalis, Mitrella lunata, and Lacuna vincta; and the truly intertidal species, Littorina obtusata, L. littorea, and L. saxatilis. Polarographic oxygen electrodes were used with normally active snails collected from populations on Nobska and Manomet Points, Massachusetts. Three subtidal species, A. testudinalis, Lacuna vincta, and M. lunata, do not display any metabolic adjustment to increasing temperature, with thermal limits reached at 30 degrees to 35 degrees C. Aerial respiration in A. testudinalis is similar to aquatic O2 uptake, but rates average only 36.4% of aquatic rates. The intertidal congeners, Littorina obtusata, L. littorea and L. saxatilis, have varying degrees of aerial and aquatic metabolic regulation with increasing temperature. L. obtusata, a low intertidal snail exposed to air for 15% to 45% of the tidal cycle, displays a respiratory pattern of \"passive endurance\" to high temperatures both in air and in water. L. littorea, the dominant snail of the midlittoral region, remains active when exposed to air (30% to 75% of the tidal cycle) and has a zone of metabolic regulation between 20 degrees C and 30 degrees C. Over this, the normal ambient temperature range, the Q10 closely approximates one, and nearly equivalent O2 uptake rates occur in air and in water. L. saxatilis from the upper littoral region is exposed to air for 70% to 95% of the tidal cycle and is characterized by reduced aerial and aquatic O2 uptake rates above 25 degrees C, representing a reversible torpor up to its thermal maximum at 44 degrees C. For these six snail species, respiratory responses to increasing temperature are thus directly related to the pattern of vertical distribution in the intertidal environment. Discussion of this relationship stresses that the evolution of other nearterrestrial structures and functions in littoral snails has proceeded in a discontinuous fashion. Despite this, the temperature responses in respiration parallel the functional morphology of the pallial structures and the physiological patterns of response to low oxygen stress, as well as adaptive features of reproduction, larval development, water-control, and nitrogenous excretion.", "contents": "Temperature relations of aerial and aquatic respiration in six littoral snails in respiration in six littoral snails in relation to their vertical zonation. Aerial and aquatic rates of oxygen consumption were determined over a range of 5 degrees to 45 degrees C at 5 degrees C intervals for six species of marine littoral snails: including the sublittoral species, Acmaea testudinalis, Mitrella lunata, and Lacuna vincta; and the truly intertidal species, Littorina obtusata, L. littorea, and L. saxatilis. Polarographic oxygen electrodes were used with normally active snails collected from populations on Nobska and Manomet Points, Massachusetts. Three subtidal species, A. testudinalis, Lacuna vincta, and M. lunata, do not display any metabolic adjustment to increasing temperature, with thermal limits reached at 30 degrees to 35 degrees C. Aerial respiration in A. testudinalis is similar to aquatic O2 uptake, but rates average only 36.4% of aquatic rates. The intertidal congeners, Littorina obtusata, L. littorea and L. saxatilis, have varying degrees of aerial and aquatic metabolic regulation with increasing temperature. L. obtusata, a low intertidal snail exposed to air for 15% to 45% of the tidal cycle, displays a respiratory pattern of \"passive endurance\" to high temperatures both in air and in water. L. littorea, the dominant snail of the midlittoral region, remains active when exposed to air (30% to 75% of the tidal cycle) and has a zone of metabolic regulation between 20 degrees C and 30 degrees C. Over this, the normal ambient temperature range, the Q10 closely approximates one, and nearly equivalent O2 uptake rates occur in air and in water. L. saxatilis from the upper littoral region is exposed to air for 70% to 95% of the tidal cycle and is characterized by reduced aerial and aquatic O2 uptake rates above 25 degrees C, representing a reversible torpor up to its thermal maximum at 44 degrees C. For these six snail species, respiratory responses to increasing temperature are thus directly related to the pattern of vertical distribution in the intertidal environment. Discussion of this relationship stresses that the evolution of other nearterrestrial structures and functions in littoral snails has proceeded in a discontinuous fashion. Despite this, the temperature responses in respiration parallel the functional morphology of the pallial structures and the physiological patterns of response to low oxygen stress, as well as adaptive features of reproduction, larval development, water-control, and nitrogenous excretion.", "PMID": 856295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10985", "title": "Hormonal control of reproduction in Busycon: laying of egg capsules caused by nervous system extracts.", "content": "Mature specimens of female Busycon laid egg capsules when injected with extracts of nervous systems of male or female Busycon. The substance causing this behavior, named egg capsule laying substance (ECLS), was found most reliably in parietal ganglia, less consistently in cerebral-pleural ganglia, and rarely in other ganglia. Both species of Busycon found in Woods Hole, B. canaliculatum and B. carica, contained ECLS, and ECLS of each species was active in the other. ECLS activity was not destroyed by boiling for up to fifteen minutes. Centrifugation of nervous system extracts at 105,000 X g yielded ECLS only in the pellet. ECLS was not released from the pellet by freeze-thawing or by 1.0 M NaCl, but could be partially solubilized by boiling extracts before centrifugation. ECLS activity was destroyed by protease. Several animals \"spontaneously\" laid strings of egg capsules after being put in a group tank with males and other females. Approximately the first ten capsules laid by these animals were devoid of eggs, after which egg-containing capsules were laid. Injection of ECLS into a spontaneous egg layer within a few hours after cessation of spontaneous egg laying caused the laying of capsules containing eggs. The possibility that ECLS may normally be responsible for the laying of both eggs and egg capsules is discussed.", "contents": "Hormonal control of reproduction in Busycon: laying of egg capsules caused by nervous system extracts. Mature specimens of female Busycon laid egg capsules when injected with extracts of nervous systems of male or female Busycon. The substance causing this behavior, named egg capsule laying substance (ECLS), was found most reliably in parietal ganglia, less consistently in cerebral-pleural ganglia, and rarely in other ganglia. Both species of Busycon found in Woods Hole, B. canaliculatum and B. carica, contained ECLS, and ECLS of each species was active in the other. ECLS activity was not destroyed by boiling for up to fifteen minutes. Centrifugation of nervous system extracts at 105,000 X g yielded ECLS only in the pellet. ECLS was not released from the pellet by freeze-thawing or by 1.0 M NaCl, but could be partially solubilized by boiling extracts before centrifugation. ECLS activity was destroyed by protease. Several animals \"spontaneously\" laid strings of egg capsules after being put in a group tank with males and other females. Approximately the first ten capsules laid by these animals were devoid of eggs, after which egg-containing capsules were laid. Injection of ECLS into a spontaneous egg layer within a few hours after cessation of spontaneous egg laying caused the laying of capsules containing eggs. The possibility that ECLS may normally be responsible for the laying of both eggs and egg capsules is discussed.", "PMID": 856296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10986", "title": "Limb regeneration in fiddler crabs: species differences and effects of methylmercury.", "content": "1. When kept under identical conditions, Uca pugnax regenerates limbs and molts more rapidly than U. pugilator from the same location. 2. The tropical species U. rapax and U. speciosa also regenerate faster than U. pugilator from the same location. U. thayeri is the slowest to replace missing limbs, the slowest to harden the carapace after ecdysis, and also requires the greatest injury before autotomy will take place. 3. When kept in groups, U. thayeri stops regeneration after basal growth and will not molt; U. pugilator is only slightly retarded when kept in groups. U. rapax is also affected by grouping, showing a lengthened proecdysial phase and terminal plateau, thus also delaying molting. 4. Newly regenerated limbs of U. rapax, U. thayeri, and U. speciosa, aside from being lighter than old limbs, have a conspicuous banding pattern. This pattern becomes less obvious during the week or two after ecdysis as melanophores move into the interband regions and the limb as a whole darkens due to increased dispersion of pigment in the melanophores. In U. pugilator the newly regenerated limbs are very pale in color and remain that way for several months under laboratory conditions, even when animals are maintained on a dark background. 5. When treated with 0.5 mg/liter methylmercury, growth was inhibited entirely in U. thayeri. Partial inhibition was seen in U. pugilator, and the least inhibition in U. rapax. A few individuals of U. rapax were able to complete regeneration and molt, but there was no melanin in the regenerated limbs. 6. Inhibition of melanogenesis in regenerated limbs was also seen in U. thayeri and to a smaller extent in U. pugilator at 0.1 mg/liter methylmercury. The lack of black pigment may be due to an inhibition of cell migration but more likely of melanin synthesis. Some of these crabs developed melanin when kept in clean water after ecdysis. 7. Seasonal differences were noted in all species, but especially in U. Thayeri. In this species, regenerated occurred much more rapidly in March-April than in January.", "contents": "Limb regeneration in fiddler crabs: species differences and effects of methylmercury. 1. When kept under identical conditions, Uca pugnax regenerates limbs and molts more rapidly than U. pugilator from the same location. 2. The tropical species U. rapax and U. speciosa also regenerate faster than U. pugilator from the same location. U. thayeri is the slowest to replace missing limbs, the slowest to harden the carapace after ecdysis, and also requires the greatest injury before autotomy will take place. 3. When kept in groups, U. thayeri stops regeneration after basal growth and will not molt; U. pugilator is only slightly retarded when kept in groups. U. rapax is also affected by grouping, showing a lengthened proecdysial phase and terminal plateau, thus also delaying molting. 4. Newly regenerated limbs of U. rapax, U. thayeri, and U. speciosa, aside from being lighter than old limbs, have a conspicuous banding pattern. This pattern becomes less obvious during the week or two after ecdysis as melanophores move into the interband regions and the limb as a whole darkens due to increased dispersion of pigment in the melanophores. In U. pugilator the newly regenerated limbs are very pale in color and remain that way for several months under laboratory conditions, even when animals are maintained on a dark background. 5. When treated with 0.5 mg/liter methylmercury, growth was inhibited entirely in U. thayeri. Partial inhibition was seen in U. pugilator, and the least inhibition in U. rapax. A few individuals of U. rapax were able to complete regeneration and molt, but there was no melanin in the regenerated limbs. 6. Inhibition of melanogenesis in regenerated limbs was also seen in U. thayeri and to a smaller extent in U. pugilator at 0.1 mg/liter methylmercury. The lack of black pigment may be due to an inhibition of cell migration but more likely of melanin synthesis. Some of these crabs developed melanin when kept in clean water after ecdysis. 7. Seasonal differences were noted in all species, but especially in U. Thayeri. In this species, regenerated occurred much more rapidly in March-April than in January.", "PMID": 856297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10987", "title": "Characteristics of influex and net flux of amino acids in Mytilus californianus.", "content": "1. Intact mussels and an in vitro preparation of isolated gill tissue were employed to study characteristics of the influx and net flux of amino acids in Mytilus californianus. 2. The kinetics of influx of 14C-labelled amino acids were complicated by the presence of a rapidly labelled extracellular compartment. 3. Correction of influx data for the extracellular compartment revealed influx of 14C-cycloleucine and 14C-glycine to be mediated by a transport mechanism adequately described by Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Passive diffusion plays no significant role in influx. 4. Influx and net flux of glycine into intact Mytilus were examined. From high concentrations (greater than 20 micronM) the influx of 14C-glycine was equivalent to the net influx of primary amine as determined by fluorescamine. At low ambient concentrations (greater than 20 micronM), influx of 14C-glycine occurred more rapidly than net influx as determined by fluorescamine. The data suggest that influx of labelled substrate is accompanied by efflux of unknown primary amine(s). In the absence of labelled substrate, efflux continues until a steady-state concentration of 2-5 micronM in the medium is achieved.5. The rate of influx of 14C-cycloleucine into isolated gill tissue, and the concentration gradient which can be developed by gill tissue are reduced when sodium is replaced in the medium. 6. The efflux of primary amines from isolated gill tissue is stimulated by the replacement of sodium in the medium with choline. 7. The data are consistent with a sodium-coupled mechanism for the transport of amino acid into gill tissue. However, energetic considerations cast doubt on the adequacy of such a mechanism to account fully for the observed trans-epidermal transport.", "contents": "Characteristics of influex and net flux of amino acids in Mytilus californianus. 1. Intact mussels and an in vitro preparation of isolated gill tissue were employed to study characteristics of the influx and net flux of amino acids in Mytilus californianus. 2. The kinetics of influx of 14C-labelled amino acids were complicated by the presence of a rapidly labelled extracellular compartment. 3. Correction of influx data for the extracellular compartment revealed influx of 14C-cycloleucine and 14C-glycine to be mediated by a transport mechanism adequately described by Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Passive diffusion plays no significant role in influx. 4. Influx and net flux of glycine into intact Mytilus were examined. From high concentrations (greater than 20 micronM) the influx of 14C-glycine was equivalent to the net influx of primary amine as determined by fluorescamine. At low ambient concentrations (greater than 20 micronM), influx of 14C-glycine occurred more rapidly than net influx as determined by fluorescamine. The data suggest that influx of labelled substrate is accompanied by efflux of unknown primary amine(s). In the absence of labelled substrate, efflux continues until a steady-state concentration of 2-5 micronM in the medium is achieved.5. The rate of influx of 14C-cycloleucine into isolated gill tissue, and the concentration gradient which can be developed by gill tissue are reduced when sodium is replaced in the medium. 6. The efflux of primary amines from isolated gill tissue is stimulated by the replacement of sodium in the medium with choline. 7. The data are consistent with a sodium-coupled mechanism for the transport of amino acid into gill tissue. However, energetic considerations cast doubt on the adequacy of such a mechanism to account fully for the observed trans-epidermal transport.", "PMID": 856298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10988", "title": "[Isolation, analysis and characterization of microsomal ghost fractions].", "content": "A new method of isolating the microsomal ghost fractions has been developed. The membranes were purified from adsorbed protein, ribosomes and intravesicular content. The purified membranes contained 6 times less RNA than did the original microsomes. The phospholipid:protein ratio in the ghosts increased from 0.34 to 0.80. Protein electrophoretic pattern ghost was more homogenous than that of microsomes. SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis showed that the ghosts contain 11 fractions as compared to 21 in microsomes. A high degree of membrane purification did not affect the inactivation of microsomal enzymic systems. Practically all cytochrome P-450 in the ghosts was found in its active form. The activities of NAD(P)H-dependent systems of dimethylaniline and ethylmorphine demethylation, p-hydroxylation of aniline were well retained. The removal of non-membrane protein allows to obtain an electrone microscope picture of the lipid bilayer as a structural basis of microsomal membrane.", "contents": "[Isolation, analysis and characterization of microsomal ghost fractions]. A new method of isolating the microsomal ghost fractions has been developed. The membranes were purified from adsorbed protein, ribosomes and intravesicular content. The purified membranes contained 6 times less RNA than did the original microsomes. The phospholipid:protein ratio in the ghosts increased from 0.34 to 0.80. Protein electrophoretic pattern ghost was more homogenous than that of microsomes. SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis showed that the ghosts contain 11 fractions as compared to 21 in microsomes. A high degree of membrane purification did not affect the inactivation of microsomal enzymic systems. Practically all cytochrome P-450 in the ghosts was found in its active form. The activities of NAD(P)H-dependent systems of dimethylaniline and ethylmorphine demethylation, p-hydroxylation of aniline were well retained. The removal of non-membrane protein allows to obtain an electrone microscope picture of the lipid bilayer as a structural basis of microsomal membrane.", "PMID": 856299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10989", "title": "[Study of the kinetic mechanism of the pyruvate-2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol reductase activity of muscle pyruvate dehydrogenase].", "content": "The mechanism of pyruvate-2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol (2,6-CPI) reductase reaction catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from pigeon breast muscle and by its pyruvate dehydrogenase component was studied. The K'm values for 2,6-DCPI in both cases were found equal to 1.3--1.4-10(-5) M. The double reverse values plots obtained at a fixed concentration of the first substrate and a variable concentration of the second one were linear and had a constant K'm/V'max ratio. The substitution of thiamine pyrophosphate and pyruvate by the substrate decarboxylation product, i.e. 2-oxyethyl thiamine pyrophosphate under similar conditions resulted in kinetic plots, typical for the \"ping-pong\" mechanism of enzymatic reactions. A mechanism of the pyruvate 2,6-DCPI reductase reaction, providing for the interaction of 2-oxyethyl thiamine pyrophosphate after its binding to the apoenzyme with a certain protein group of the pyruvate dehydrogenase active centre, was postulated. The reaction was shown to result in the production of acetyl-substituted reduced form of the enzyme. Regeneration of free enzyme required the presence of 2,6-DCPI as oxidizing agent.", "contents": "[Study of the kinetic mechanism of the pyruvate-2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol reductase activity of muscle pyruvate dehydrogenase]. The mechanism of pyruvate-2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol (2,6-CPI) reductase reaction catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from pigeon breast muscle and by its pyruvate dehydrogenase component was studied. The K'm values for 2,6-DCPI in both cases were found equal to 1.3--1.4-10(-5) M. The double reverse values plots obtained at a fixed concentration of the first substrate and a variable concentration of the second one were linear and had a constant K'm/V'max ratio. The substitution of thiamine pyrophosphate and pyruvate by the substrate decarboxylation product, i.e. 2-oxyethyl thiamine pyrophosphate under similar conditions resulted in kinetic plots, typical for the \"ping-pong\" mechanism of enzymatic reactions. A mechanism of the pyruvate 2,6-DCPI reductase reaction, providing for the interaction of 2-oxyethyl thiamine pyrophosphate after its binding to the apoenzyme with a certain protein group of the pyruvate dehydrogenase active centre, was postulated. The reaction was shown to result in the production of acetyl-substituted reduced form of the enzyme. Regeneration of free enzyme required the presence of 2,6-DCPI as oxidizing agent.", "PMID": 856300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10990", "title": "[Sensitivity of B- and C-DNA forms to modifications by O-methylhydroxylamine].", "content": "Effects of high concentrations of lithium, cesium and ammonium chlorides on the reaction ability of free CMP and cytosine in free DNA of CD phage with respect to O-methylhydroxylamine (OMHA) are studied. CMP reaction in all the cases takes place mainly for 24 hours. Like classical B-form, native DNA, having C-form in high ionic strength solution (as estimated from circular dichroism data), is not modificated. Thus, the access of some cytosine residues in intraphage DNA to OMHA is due not to the decreased DNA hydratation in situ, but to the presence of differently ordered regions in DNA.", "contents": "[Sensitivity of B- and C-DNA forms to modifications by O-methylhydroxylamine]. Effects of high concentrations of lithium, cesium and ammonium chlorides on the reaction ability of free CMP and cytosine in free DNA of CD phage with respect to O-methylhydroxylamine (OMHA) are studied. CMP reaction in all the cases takes place mainly for 24 hours. Like classical B-form, native DNA, having C-form in high ionic strength solution (as estimated from circular dichroism data), is not modificated. Thus, the access of some cytosine residues in intraphage DNA to OMHA is due not to the decreased DNA hydratation in situ, but to the presence of differently ordered regions in DNA.", "PMID": 856301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10991", "title": "[Substrate specificity of sweet almond beta-glucosidase].", "content": "Beta-Glucosidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-xylosidase and alpha-L-arabinosidase activities of partially purified preparation of almond emulsin were investigated using chromatography, electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel and isoelectric focusing. Beta-Glucosidase was found to exist as two components having equal molecular weight. Aggregation of the components with inactive proteins probably results in the appearance of multiple native forms which have similar specific activities. In no case separation of the beta-glucosidase activity from the accompanied activities was achieved. It is concluded therefore that these activities are exhibited by an enzyme which is not strictly specific to the C4, C6 stereochemistry for hexosides and to that of C4, C5 for pentozides.", "contents": "[Substrate specificity of sweet almond beta-glucosidase]. Beta-Glucosidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-xylosidase and alpha-L-arabinosidase activities of partially purified preparation of almond emulsin were investigated using chromatography, electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel and isoelectric focusing. Beta-Glucosidase was found to exist as two components having equal molecular weight. Aggregation of the components with inactive proteins probably results in the appearance of multiple native forms which have similar specific activities. In no case separation of the beta-glucosidase activity from the accompanied activities was achieved. It is concluded therefore that these activities are exhibited by an enzyme which is not strictly specific to the C4, C6 stereochemistry for hexosides and to that of C4, C5 for pentozides.", "PMID": 856302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10992", "title": "[Subcellular distribution of arginase and gamma-guanidino-butyrate-ureohydrolase in brain sections, neurons and glia].", "content": "Distribution of arginase and gamma-guanidine-butyrate-ureohydrolase in seven brain sections is studied. Specific activity of arginase in brain sections is 0.063-0.117 and of gamma-guanidine-butyrate-ureohydrolase -- 0.042-0.050 mcmoles of urea per 1 mg of protein for 30 min. Cortex and cerebellum neurons have the same arginase activity (0.12 mcmole/mg). Specific arginase activity in glial cerebellum cells is 3 times as much as in cortex glial cells (0.20 and 0.07 mcmole/mg respectively). The activity of gamma-guanidine-butyrate-ureohydrolase in glial cell is higher than in neurons. Subcellular distribution of both enzymes is studied in those brain sections where their activity is maximal. In cerebellum both enzymes were tested, in cortex -- gamma-guanidine-butyrate-ureohydrolase, in thalamus -- arginase. The highest specific arginase activity is found in cytoplasmic, microsomic and synaptosomic fractions. Gamma-Guanidine-butyrate-ureohydrolase is concentrated in cytoplasmic and synaptosomic fractions. Possible correlation of gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolism and participation of brain arginase in regulation of protein biosynthesis are discussed.", "contents": "[Subcellular distribution of arginase and gamma-guanidino-butyrate-ureohydrolase in brain sections, neurons and glia]. Distribution of arginase and gamma-guanidine-butyrate-ureohydrolase in seven brain sections is studied. Specific activity of arginase in brain sections is 0.063-0.117 and of gamma-guanidine-butyrate-ureohydrolase -- 0.042-0.050 mcmoles of urea per 1 mg of protein for 30 min. Cortex and cerebellum neurons have the same arginase activity (0.12 mcmole/mg). Specific arginase activity in glial cerebellum cells is 3 times as much as in cortex glial cells (0.20 and 0.07 mcmole/mg respectively). The activity of gamma-guanidine-butyrate-ureohydrolase in glial cell is higher than in neurons. Subcellular distribution of both enzymes is studied in those brain sections where their activity is maximal. In cerebellum both enzymes were tested, in cortex -- gamma-guanidine-butyrate-ureohydrolase, in thalamus -- arginase. The highest specific arginase activity is found in cytoplasmic, microsomic and synaptosomic fractions. Gamma-Guanidine-butyrate-ureohydrolase is concentrated in cytoplasmic and synaptosomic fractions. Possible correlation of gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolism and participation of brain arginase in regulation of protein biosynthesis are discussed.", "PMID": 856303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10993", "title": "[Studies on protein biosynthesis in the silk gland of Bombyx mori L. silkworm].", "content": "The incorporation of (14C) lysine (to characterize the biosynthesis of cellular proteins) and (14C) glycine (for silk fibroin) in free and membrane-bound polyribosomes was studied in fibroin portion of the silk gland of Bombyx mori silkworm in the V instar. It was shown that although the membrane-bound polyribosomes are found in posterior silk gland from the beginning of the V instar, the fibroin biosynthesis in the membranebound polyribosomes takes place predominantly in the second part of the V instar. On the other hand the cellular proteins are synthesized mostly in the free polyribosomes in the first half of the V instar. In the second half of the V instar in the sucrose gradient zone corresponding to free polyribosomes, monoribosomes unable to synthesize protein for the absence of mRNA are present. Nevertheless, these ribosomes isolated from the fibroin part of the silk gland in the end of the V instar do synthesize polyphenylalanine in the presence of poly (U), and aminoacyl-t-RNA-synthetases and tRNA's obtained from the posterior silk gland.", "contents": "[Studies on protein biosynthesis in the silk gland of Bombyx mori L. silkworm]. The incorporation of (14C) lysine (to characterize the biosynthesis of cellular proteins) and (14C) glycine (for silk fibroin) in free and membrane-bound polyribosomes was studied in fibroin portion of the silk gland of Bombyx mori silkworm in the V instar. It was shown that although the membrane-bound polyribosomes are found in posterior silk gland from the beginning of the V instar, the fibroin biosynthesis in the membranebound polyribosomes takes place predominantly in the second part of the V instar. On the other hand the cellular proteins are synthesized mostly in the free polyribosomes in the first half of the V instar. In the second half of the V instar in the sucrose gradient zone corresponding to free polyribosomes, monoribosomes unable to synthesize protein for the absence of mRNA are present. Nevertheless, these ribosomes isolated from the fibroin part of the silk gland in the end of the V instar do synthesize polyphenylalanine in the presence of poly (U), and aminoacyl-t-RNA-synthetases and tRNA's obtained from the posterior silk gland.", "PMID": 856304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10994", "title": "[Modification of phosphorylase b histidine residues by diethylpyrocarbonate].", "content": "Interaction of phosphorylase B with diethylpyrocarbonate was studied. It was found that modification of the histidine residues is accompanied by a change in the adsorption spectrum of phosphorylase B at around 240--245 nm, as well as by inhibition of the enzyme activity. The addition of hydroxylamine to the modified protein results in an elimination of the absorption at round 240 nm and a complete restoration of the enzyme activity. The apparent constants of the phosphorylase B inactivation rates and the rates of the histidine residues modification are shown to be the values of the same order. In the presence of substrate (glucose-1-phosphate) one of the histidine residues (calculated per 1 subunit) does not enter the reaction with diethylpyrocarbonate, a protection of the enzyme against inactivation being observed. In the presence of activator (AMP) four histidine residues are inaccessible for diethylpyrocarbonate; however, the degree of inhibition of the enzyme activity does not change. The phosphorylase B molecule, modified in the presence of AMP, is incapable of dissociating into monomers.", "contents": "[Modification of phosphorylase b histidine residues by diethylpyrocarbonate]. Interaction of phosphorylase B with diethylpyrocarbonate was studied. It was found that modification of the histidine residues is accompanied by a change in the adsorption spectrum of phosphorylase B at around 240--245 nm, as well as by inhibition of the enzyme activity. The addition of hydroxylamine to the modified protein results in an elimination of the absorption at round 240 nm and a complete restoration of the enzyme activity. The apparent constants of the phosphorylase B inactivation rates and the rates of the histidine residues modification are shown to be the values of the same order. In the presence of substrate (glucose-1-phosphate) one of the histidine residues (calculated per 1 subunit) does not enter the reaction with diethylpyrocarbonate, a protection of the enzyme against inactivation being observed. In the presence of activator (AMP) four histidine residues are inaccessible for diethylpyrocarbonate; however, the degree of inhibition of the enzyme activity does not change. The phosphorylase B molecule, modified in the presence of AMP, is incapable of dissociating into monomers.", "PMID": 856305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10995", "title": "[Isolation and properties of glycogen phosphorylase b from rabbit liver].", "content": "Purification of dephosphorylated form of rabbit liver glycogen phosphorylase (phosphorylase b) has been carried out. The purification procedure included 3 steps:sedimentation of protein-glycogen pellet by centrifugation at 62 000 x g during 2 hours, chromathography on omega-amino-hexyl-Sepharose column and isoelectric focusing. The yield of the enzyme is about 60%, the specific activity at glucose-1-phosphate concentration 100mM is 35 mkmol of Pi/mg protein-min. The final preparation revealed apparent homogeneity during ultracentrifugation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The subunit molecular weight of 100 000 was determined by disc-electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The absorption spectrum of liver phosphorylase b shows a protein maximum at 280 nm and a second peak at 333 nm produced by bound PLP. A kinetic analysis of initial rates with variable concentrations of the substrate revealed the homotropic cooperativity of glucose-1-phosphate binding sites. This cooperative effect is more pronounced in the presence of inhibitors, glucose and ATP and less pronounced in the presence of AMP.", "contents": "[Isolation and properties of glycogen phosphorylase b from rabbit liver]. Purification of dephosphorylated form of rabbit liver glycogen phosphorylase (phosphorylase b) has been carried out. The purification procedure included 3 steps:sedimentation of protein-glycogen pellet by centrifugation at 62 000 x g during 2 hours, chromathography on omega-amino-hexyl-Sepharose column and isoelectric focusing. The yield of the enzyme is about 60%, the specific activity at glucose-1-phosphate concentration 100mM is 35 mkmol of Pi/mg protein-min. The final preparation revealed apparent homogeneity during ultracentrifugation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The subunit molecular weight of 100 000 was determined by disc-electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The absorption spectrum of liver phosphorylase b shows a protein maximum at 280 nm and a second peak at 333 nm produced by bound PLP. A kinetic analysis of initial rates with variable concentrations of the substrate revealed the homotropic cooperativity of glucose-1-phosphate binding sites. This cooperative effect is more pronounced in the presence of inhibitors, glucose and ATP and less pronounced in the presence of AMP.", "PMID": 856306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10996", "title": "[Effect of kininogen on the activity of human blood serum kininogenase system].", "content": "The inhibitory effect of kininogen (especially its high molecular form) on kallikrein esterase activity and on the process of kallikreinogen auto-activation is demonstrated. Kallikreinogen and kininogen from human blood serum partially purified on QAE-Sephadex. CM-Sephadex and G-200 Sephadex were used in experiments.", "contents": "[Effect of kininogen on the activity of human blood serum kininogenase system]. The inhibitory effect of kininogen (especially its high molecular form) on kallikrein esterase activity and on the process of kallikreinogen auto-activation is demonstrated. Kallikreinogen and kininogen from human blood serum partially purified on QAE-Sephadex. CM-Sephadex and G-200 Sephadex were used in experiments.", "PMID": 856307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10997", "title": "[Activation of plasma Factor XIII by acetylated thrombin].", "content": "It has been demonstrated that acetylated thrombin (thrombin-esterase), having practically no coagulating activity but possessing high esterase activity, is capable to activate factor XIII. This ability, however, is 2 times lower as compared to that of native thrombin.", "contents": "[Activation of plasma Factor XIII by acetylated thrombin]. It has been demonstrated that acetylated thrombin (thrombin-esterase), having practically no coagulating activity but possessing high esterase activity, is capable to activate factor XIII. This ability, however, is 2 times lower as compared to that of native thrombin.", "PMID": 856308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10998", "title": "[Peculiarities of primary and secondary structure of phage FI-1 DNA].", "content": "The composition of nitrous bases of phage FI-1 DNA was studied. As is evidenced from the values of buoyant density in CsCl (p=1,7093 g/cm(3)), melting temperature (T degrees m=86,05 degrees), spectral parameters and direct chromatographic determination, the DNA analysed contains 41,5 mole% pairs of guanine-cystosine. 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and other anomalous bases were not found. Chemical identification and jaxtposition of data of buoyant density in CsCl and Cs2SO4 (p=1,4466 g/cm(3)) and T degrees m. showed the presence of the extra-sugar component in DNA, most likely in the form of hentibiose. Spectral character of thermal denaturation of DNA in different solvents is indicative of the double helixity of its structure. DNA is characterized by enthalpies of conformational transitions \"helix coil\" (deltaH=12,3 kcal/g) and (deltaH=10 kcal/g) for the solvents, 1 x SSC, and 0,1 x SSC, correspondingly. The presence of extra-sugar in DNA with standard set of nitrous bases is discussed.", "contents": "[Peculiarities of primary and secondary structure of phage FI-1 DNA]. The composition of nitrous bases of phage FI-1 DNA was studied. As is evidenced from the values of buoyant density in CsCl (p=1,7093 g/cm(3)), melting temperature (T degrees m=86,05 degrees), spectral parameters and direct chromatographic determination, the DNA analysed contains 41,5 mole% pairs of guanine-cystosine. 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and other anomalous bases were not found. Chemical identification and jaxtposition of data of buoyant density in CsCl and Cs2SO4 (p=1,4466 g/cm(3)) and T degrees m. showed the presence of the extra-sugar component in DNA, most likely in the form of hentibiose. Spectral character of thermal denaturation of DNA in different solvents is indicative of the double helixity of its structure. DNA is characterized by enthalpies of conformational transitions \"helix coil\" (deltaH=12,3 kcal/g) and (deltaH=10 kcal/g) for the solvents, 1 x SSC, and 0,1 x SSC, correspondingly. The presence of extra-sugar in DNA with standard set of nitrous bases is discussed.", "PMID": 856309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_10999", "title": "Hydrolytic enzymes in colorectal cancer.", "content": "Activities of sulphatases A/B, sulphatase C, beta glucuronidase, acid and alkaline phosphatase were measured in 38 cases of colorectal cancer. A wide variation in the levels of individual enzymes was observed, suggesting that certain patients might benefit from therapy with tailor made enzyme activated anti-tumour agent. The activity of sulphatase C was correlated with the other lour, but the enzyme profile could not predict the evofution of the disease.", "contents": "Hydrolytic enzymes in colorectal cancer. Activities of sulphatases A/B, sulphatase C, beta glucuronidase, acid and alkaline phosphatase were measured in 38 cases of colorectal cancer. A wide variation in the levels of individual enzymes was observed, suggesting that certain patients might benefit from therapy with tailor made enzyme activated anti-tumour agent. The activity of sulphatase C was correlated with the other lour, but the enzyme profile could not predict the evofution of the disease.", "PMID": 856310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11000", "title": "Lynestrenol, an amplifier of lymphocyte stimulation.", "content": "Lynestrenol, a synthetic steroid progesterone-like substance, has been found to enhance the stimulation of normal human lymphocytes. It increases the phytohemagglutinin response and the mixed-lymphocyte cultures. This augmentation can, in some cases, be higher than 100% of the phytohemagglutinin or mixed lymphocyte reaction baseline. There is no significant effect on the pokeweed mitogen stimulation. It is concluded that lynestrenol can modulate, \"in vitro\", some T cell functions.", "contents": "Lynestrenol, an amplifier of lymphocyte stimulation. Lynestrenol, a synthetic steroid progesterone-like substance, has been found to enhance the stimulation of normal human lymphocytes. It increases the phytohemagglutinin response and the mixed-lymphocyte cultures. This augmentation can, in some cases, be higher than 100% of the phytohemagglutinin or mixed lymphocyte reaction baseline. There is no significant effect on the pokeweed mitogen stimulation. It is concluded that lynestrenol can modulate, \"in vitro\", some T cell functions.", "PMID": 856311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11001", "title": "Inhibition of prolactin release by metergoline administration in man.", "content": "Oral administration of metergoline, an antiserotoninergic agent, produced a fall in plasma prolactin concentrations in normal subjects. Prolactin values remained suppressed during a five day course of treatment with the drug. Serum growth hormone values were not altered significantly.", "contents": "Inhibition of prolactin release by metergoline administration in man. Oral administration of metergoline, an antiserotoninergic agent, produced a fall in plasma prolactin concentrations in normal subjects. Prolactin values remained suppressed during a five day course of treatment with the drug. Serum growth hormone values were not altered significantly.", "PMID": 856312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11002", "title": "Comparative study of urinary excretion rates of para-hydroxy-mandelic acid, homovanillic acid, vanylmandelic acid in cirrhotic patients with and without encephalopathy.", "content": "A comparative study of urinary excretion of octopamine, dopamine, and noradrenaline catabolic products, respectively parahydroxymandelic acid (PHMA) homovanillic acid (HVA) and vanylmandelic acid (VMA) was carried out in 27 cirrhotic patients with (11) and without (16) porto-systemic encephalopathy (P.S.E). PHMA, HVA and VMA were significantly higher in patients with PSE, and there was a positive correlation between PHMA and HVA, and between PHMA and VMA. Higher excretion of PHMA in patients with PSE strongly suggests an increased metabolism of octopamine. HVA and VMA increased excretion, and the positive correlations could be explained by the depletion of stored dopamine and noradrenaline. These observations support the hypothesis that octopamine acts as a false neurotransmitter, and the resulting depletion of dopamine and noradrenaline could explain the neuropsychic phenomena of PSE, and the awakening effect of L. Dopa treatment.", "contents": "Comparative study of urinary excretion rates of para-hydroxy-mandelic acid, homovanillic acid, vanylmandelic acid in cirrhotic patients with and without encephalopathy. A comparative study of urinary excretion of octopamine, dopamine, and noradrenaline catabolic products, respectively parahydroxymandelic acid (PHMA) homovanillic acid (HVA) and vanylmandelic acid (VMA) was carried out in 27 cirrhotic patients with (11) and without (16) porto-systemic encephalopathy (P.S.E). PHMA, HVA and VMA were significantly higher in patients with PSE, and there was a positive correlation between PHMA and HVA, and between PHMA and VMA. Higher excretion of PHMA in patients with PSE strongly suggests an increased metabolism of octopamine. HVA and VMA increased excretion, and the positive correlations could be explained by the depletion of stored dopamine and noradrenaline. These observations support the hypothesis that octopamine acts as a false neurotransmitter, and the resulting depletion of dopamine and noradrenaline could explain the neuropsychic phenomena of PSE, and the awakening effect of L. Dopa treatment.", "PMID": 856313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11003", "title": "Cutaneous response to dinitrochlorobenzene in patients with genito-urinary cancers.", "content": "The aim of the present study is to analyse the response in patients with cancer of the urogenital region to a primary antigen 2-4 dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). A total of 69 patients with neoplastic disease were studied (13 cases with kidney cancer, 34 cases with bladder cancer, 13 cases with prostatic cancer, 5 cases with testicular cancer, one case with penis cancer, and 3 cases with cancer of the cervix, comparatively with 13 patients with non-malignant urological diseases. Whereas in the control group, 78% of the patients gave a positive skin reaction to DNCB, 15% of the patients with kidney cancer, 56% of the patients with bladder cancer, 69% of the patients with prostatic cancer and 60% of the patients with testicular cancer gave a positive reaction.  If we consider the stages of the disease, the reaction was positive, in 91% of bladder cancer at stage I and in 47% at stages II and III in 100% of prostatic cancer at stage I and in 62% at stages II and III, in 60% of testicular cancer at stage IV (but 100% of seminomas and 0% of dysembryomas have a positive reaction). It would therefore seem that a correlation exists between the degree of the extension of the disease and the skin reaction to DNCB.", "contents": "Cutaneous response to dinitrochlorobenzene in patients with genito-urinary cancers. The aim of the present study is to analyse the response in patients with cancer of the urogenital region to a primary antigen 2-4 dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). A total of 69 patients with neoplastic disease were studied (13 cases with kidney cancer, 34 cases with bladder cancer, 13 cases with prostatic cancer, 5 cases with testicular cancer, one case with penis cancer, and 3 cases with cancer of the cervix, comparatively with 13 patients with non-malignant urological diseases. Whereas in the control group, 78% of the patients gave a positive skin reaction to DNCB, 15% of the patients with kidney cancer, 56% of the patients with bladder cancer, 69% of the patients with prostatic cancer and 60% of the patients with testicular cancer gave a positive reaction.  If we consider the stages of the disease, the reaction was positive, in 91% of bladder cancer at stage I and in 47% at stages II and III in 100% of prostatic cancer at stage I and in 62% at stages II and III, in 60% of testicular cancer at stage IV (but 100% of seminomas and 0% of dysembryomas have a positive reaction). It would therefore seem that a correlation exists between the degree of the extension of the disease and the skin reaction to DNCB.", "PMID": 856314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11004", "title": "Decrease in magnetic anisotropy of external segments of the retinal rods after a total photolysis.", "content": "The magnetic anisotropy of a polymembrane cell, such as the external segment of the frog retinal rod, is defined as the difference between the axial magnetic susceptibility (chiar), chia - chir = deltachi of the segment. After the total photolysis of the rhodopsin in situ, deltachi decreases a significantly by 20%. This decrease in magnetic anisotrophy should involve a subtle molecular disorder, mostly due to an alteration of the rhodopsin molecule.", "contents": "Decrease in magnetic anisotropy of external segments of the retinal rods after a total photolysis. The magnetic anisotropy of a polymembrane cell, such as the external segment of the frog retinal rod, is defined as the difference between the axial magnetic susceptibility (chiar), chia - chir = deltachi of the segment. After the total photolysis of the rhodopsin in situ, deltachi decreases a significantly by 20%. This decrease in magnetic anisotrophy should involve a subtle molecular disorder, mostly due to an alteration of the rhodopsin molecule.", "PMID": 856315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11005", "title": "The facilitated diffusion of oxygen by hemoglobin and myoglobin.", "content": "We have clarified the use of Wyman's differential equation for the facilitated oxygen flux through a slab of solution of myoglobin or hemoglobin by showing that there is a unique choice of boundary condition on the carrier concentration to be employed in conjunction with it. The singular perturbation solution of Wyman's equation, due to Murrayand Mitchell and Murray, has been extended. By means of it, the paradox of Wittenberg, that the facilitated oxygen flux per mole of heme is apparently independent of the protein carrier, has been resolved.", "contents": "The facilitated diffusion of oxygen by hemoglobin and myoglobin. We have clarified the use of Wyman's differential equation for the facilitated oxygen flux through a slab of solution of myoglobin or hemoglobin by showing that there is a unique choice of boundary condition on the carrier concentration to be employed in conjunction with it. The singular perturbation solution of Wyman's equation, due to Murrayand Mitchell and Murray, has been extended. By means of it, the paradox of Wittenberg, that the facilitated oxygen flux per mole of heme is apparently independent of the protein carrier, has been resolved.", "PMID": 856316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11006", "title": "Unstirred layer effects on calculations of the potential difference across an ion exchange membrane.", "content": "The potential difference between two solutions of the same 1:1 electrolyte bathing an ion exchange membrane has been calculated as the sum of the following components: (a) a Donnan potential at each membrane-solution interface, (b) a diffusion potential within the membrane phase, and (c) a diffusion potential in the unstirred layer on each side of the membrane. For a highly charged ion exchange membrane with at least one surface in contact with a dilute solution, calculated transmembrane potential differences are extremely sensitive to the assumed thickness of the unstirred layers. This sensitivity to unstirred layer thickness is primarily due to changes in the Donnan components of the potential difference. By this approach, it was possible to fit membrane potential data from Gunn and Curran (1971, Biophys. J. 11:559) for a range of bathing solution concentrations from 0.0016 to 4.0 M. If no effort was made to account for the modification of the Donnan potentials by the presence of unstirred layers, the data appeared incompatible with an electrodiffusion equation description. Suggestions for a more stringent experimental test and a brief discussion of possible implications for electrical measurements on fresh-water giant algal cells are presented.", "contents": "Unstirred layer effects on calculations of the potential difference across an ion exchange membrane. The potential difference between two solutions of the same 1:1 electrolyte bathing an ion exchange membrane has been calculated as the sum of the following components: (a) a Donnan potential at each membrane-solution interface, (b) a diffusion potential within the membrane phase, and (c) a diffusion potential in the unstirred layer on each side of the membrane. For a highly charged ion exchange membrane with at least one surface in contact with a dilute solution, calculated transmembrane potential differences are extremely sensitive to the assumed thickness of the unstirred layers. This sensitivity to unstirred layer thickness is primarily due to changes in the Donnan components of the potential difference. By this approach, it was possible to fit membrane potential data from Gunn and Curran (1971, Biophys. J. 11:559) for a range of bathing solution concentrations from 0.0016 to 4.0 M. If no effort was made to account for the modification of the Donnan potentials by the presence of unstirred layers, the data appeared incompatible with an electrodiffusion equation description. Suggestions for a more stringent experimental test and a brief discussion of possible implications for electrical measurements on fresh-water giant algal cells are presented.", "PMID": 856317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11007", "title": "Neural repetitive firing: modifications of the Hodgkin-Huxley axon suggested by experimental results from crustacean axons.", "content": "The Hodgkin-Huxley equations for space-clamped squid axon (18 degrees C) have been modified to approximate voltage clamp data from repetitive-firing crustacean walking leg axons and activity in response to constant current stimulation has been computed. The m infinity and h infinity parameters of the sodium conductance system were shifted along the voltage axis in opposite directions so that their relative overlap was increased approximately 7 mV. Time constants tau m and tau h, were moved in a similar manner. Voltage-dependent parameters of delayed potassium conductance, n infinity and tau n, were shifted 4.3 mV in the positive direction and tau n was uniformly increased by a factor of 2. Leakage conductance and capacitance were unchanged. Repetitive activity of this modified circuit was qualitatively similar to that of the standard model. A fifth branch was added to the circuit representing a transient potassium conductance system present in the repetitive walking leg axons and in other repetitive neurons. This model, with various parameter choices, fired repetitively down to approximately 2 spikes/s and up to 350/s. The frequency vs. stimulus current plot could be fit well by a straight line over a decade of the low frequency range and the general appearance of the spike trains was similar to that of other repetitive neurons. Stimulus intensities were of the same order as those which produce repetitive activity in the standard Hodgkin-Huxley axon. The repetitive firing rate and first spike latency (utilization time) were found to be most strongly influenced by the inactivation time constant of the transient potassium conductance (tau b), the delayed potassium conductance (tau n), and the value of leakage conductance (gL). The model presents a mechanism by which stable low frequency discharge can be generated by millisecond-order membrane conductance changes.", "contents": "Neural repetitive firing: modifications of the Hodgkin-Huxley axon suggested by experimental results from crustacean axons. The Hodgkin-Huxley equations for space-clamped squid axon (18 degrees C) have been modified to approximate voltage clamp data from repetitive-firing crustacean walking leg axons and activity in response to constant current stimulation has been computed. The m infinity and h infinity parameters of the sodium conductance system were shifted along the voltage axis in opposite directions so that their relative overlap was increased approximately 7 mV. Time constants tau m and tau h, were moved in a similar manner. Voltage-dependent parameters of delayed potassium conductance, n infinity and tau n, were shifted 4.3 mV in the positive direction and tau n was uniformly increased by a factor of 2. Leakage conductance and capacitance were unchanged. Repetitive activity of this modified circuit was qualitatively similar to that of the standard model. A fifth branch was added to the circuit representing a transient potassium conductance system present in the repetitive walking leg axons and in other repetitive neurons. This model, with various parameter choices, fired repetitively down to approximately 2 spikes/s and up to 350/s. The frequency vs. stimulus current plot could be fit well by a straight line over a decade of the low frequency range and the general appearance of the spike trains was similar to that of other repetitive neurons. Stimulus intensities were of the same order as those which produce repetitive activity in the standard Hodgkin-Huxley axon. The repetitive firing rate and first spike latency (utilization time) were found to be most strongly influenced by the inactivation time constant of the transient potassium conductance (tau b), the delayed potassium conductance (tau n), and the value of leakage conductance (gL). The model presents a mechanism by which stable low frequency discharge can be generated by millisecond-order membrane conductance changes.", "PMID": 856318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11008", "title": "Three steady state situation in an open chemical reaction system I.", "content": "In an isothermal continuously stirred tank reactor (open chemical reaction system) fed by sulphuric acid solutions of bromate, bromide and cerium (III) bistability (three steady state situation) is experimentally observed. This remarkable behavior, based on the instability of one steady state, has important consequences for the understanding of excitability and biochemical control mechanisms. The mass-balance equations for the reactor and the chemical mechanism of the reaction are combined into a simple mathematical model. The behavior of the resulting nonlinear differential equations is examined analytically and by a graphical integration procedure (method of isoclines). Using realistic kinetic data, the model shows the same behavior as observed in the experiment.", "contents": "Three steady state situation in an open chemical reaction system I. In an isothermal continuously stirred tank reactor (open chemical reaction system) fed by sulphuric acid solutions of bromate, bromide and cerium (III) bistability (three steady state situation) is experimentally observed. This remarkable behavior, based on the instability of one steady state, has important consequences for the understanding of excitability and biochemical control mechanisms. The mass-balance equations for the reactor and the chemical mechanism of the reaction are combined into a simple mathematical model. The behavior of the resulting nonlinear differential equations is examined analytically and by a graphical integration procedure (method of isoclines). Using realistic kinetic data, the model shows the same behavior as observed in the experiment.", "PMID": 856319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11009", "title": "Structural changes and fluctuations of proteins. I. A statistical thermodynamic model.", "content": "A general theory of the structural changes and fluctuations of proteins has been proposed based on statistical thermodynamic considerations at the chain level. The \"structure\" of protein was assumed to be characterized by the state of secondary bonds between unique pairs of specific sites on peptide chains. Every secondary bond changes between the bonded and unbonded states by thermal agitation and the \"structure\" is continuously fluctuating. The free energy of the \"structural state\" that is defined by the fraction of secondary bonds in the bonded state has been expressed by the bond energy, the cooperative interaction between bonds, the mixing entropy of bonds, and the entropy of polypeptide chains. The most probable \"structural state\" can be simply determined by graphical analysis and the effect of temperature or solvent composition on it is discussed. The temperature dependence of the free energy, the probability distribution of structural states and the specific heat have been calculted for two examples of structural change. The theory predicts two different types of structural changes from the ordered to disorderd state, a \"structured transition\" and a \"gradual structural change\" with rising temperature. In the \"structural transition\", the probability distribution has two maxima in the temperature range of transition. In the \"gradual structural change\", the probabilty distribution has only one maximum during the change. A considerable fraction of secondary bonds is in the unbounded state and is always fluctuating even in the ordered state at room temperature. Such structural flucutations in a single protein molecule have been discussed quantitatively. The theory is extended to include small molecules which bind to the protein molecule and affect the structural state. The changes of structural state caused by specific and non-specific binding and allosteric effects are explained in a unified manner.", "contents": "Structural changes and fluctuations of proteins. I. A statistical thermodynamic model. A general theory of the structural changes and fluctuations of proteins has been proposed based on statistical thermodynamic considerations at the chain level. The \"structure\" of protein was assumed to be characterized by the state of secondary bonds between unique pairs of specific sites on peptide chains. Every secondary bond changes between the bonded and unbonded states by thermal agitation and the \"structure\" is continuously fluctuating. The free energy of the \"structural state\" that is defined by the fraction of secondary bonds in the bonded state has been expressed by the bond energy, the cooperative interaction between bonds, the mixing entropy of bonds, and the entropy of polypeptide chains. The most probable \"structural state\" can be simply determined by graphical analysis and the effect of temperature or solvent composition on it is discussed. The temperature dependence of the free energy, the probability distribution of structural states and the specific heat have been calculted for two examples of structural change. The theory predicts two different types of structural changes from the ordered to disorderd state, a \"structured transition\" and a \"gradual structural change\" with rising temperature. In the \"structural transition\", the probability distribution has two maxima in the temperature range of transition. In the \"gradual structural change\", the probabilty distribution has only one maximum during the change. A considerable fraction of secondary bonds is in the unbounded state and is always fluctuating even in the ordered state at room temperature. Such structural flucutations in a single protein molecule have been discussed quantitatively. The theory is extended to include small molecules which bind to the protein molecule and affect the structural state. The changes of structural state caused by specific and non-specific binding and allosteric effects are explained in a unified manner.", "PMID": 856320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11010", "title": "Self-association of oxyhaemoglobin. A nuclear magnetic relaxation study in H2O/D2O solutions.", "content": "The proton and deuterium longitudinal relaxation rates were studied at room temperature up to the highest protein concentrations in oxyhaemoglobin solutions of different H2O/D2O composition. The deuterium relaxation rates followed the experimentally well known single linear dependence on protein concentration, the slopes being little influenced by solvent (D2O/H2O) composition. The proton relaxation rates show two different linear dependences on haemoglobin concentration. The entire concentration range is described by two straight lines with the threshold concentration about 11 mM (in haem). The ratio of the slopes is 1.6 (high-to-low HB-conc). Only in the higher concentration range two T1's were observed if the solvent contained more than half of D2O. The slow relaxation phase of protons has T1's similar to those measured in solutions with less than half of D2O. The relaxation of the other phase was ten times faster. The ratio of the proton populations in these two phases was equal to 2 (slow-to-fast) and independent of protein concentration. The fast relaxing protons are attributed to water molecules encaged within two or more haemoglobin molecules which associate for times long enough on the PMR time-scale.", "contents": "Self-association of oxyhaemoglobin. A nuclear magnetic relaxation study in H2O/D2O solutions. The proton and deuterium longitudinal relaxation rates were studied at room temperature up to the highest protein concentrations in oxyhaemoglobin solutions of different H2O/D2O composition. The deuterium relaxation rates followed the experimentally well known single linear dependence on protein concentration, the slopes being little influenced by solvent (D2O/H2O) composition. The proton relaxation rates show two different linear dependences on haemoglobin concentration. The entire concentration range is described by two straight lines with the threshold concentration about 11 mM (in haem). The ratio of the slopes is 1.6 (high-to-low HB-conc). Only in the higher concentration range two T1's were observed if the solvent contained more than half of D2O. The slow relaxation phase of protons has T1's similar to those measured in solutions with less than half of D2O. The relaxation of the other phase was ten times faster. The ratio of the proton populations in these two phases was equal to 2 (slow-to-fast) and independent of protein concentration. The fast relaxing protons are attributed to water molecules encaged within two or more haemoglobin molecules which associate for times long enough on the PMR time-scale.", "PMID": 856321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11011", "title": "Degradation of polysaccharides by endo- and exoenzymes: dextran-dextranase model systems.", "content": "Experiments were carried out on dextran-dextranase systems to test the prediction of a mechanistic model recently proposed by us, for the synergistic effect of combined exo/endo enzymic action in the degradation of polymeric substrates. Soluble forms of the substrate were used. Preliminary experiments with an insoluble form of the substrate were also carried out to demonstrate the applicability of the analytical techniques to these cases. Molecular weight distributions of the degradation products were determined (by gel-permeation chromatography) and the rates of production of glucose and of other reducing sugars were also measured. It was found that the exodextranase alone had very little effect on the molecular weight distributions compared to a significant shift towards lower molecular weights obtained with the endodextranase which was synergistically enhanced by the action of the combined enzymes. Glucose was produced more rapidly by the exoenzyme compared to the endoenzyme, but combinations of the two enzymes gave a rate enhancement greater than the linear sum of the effects of the two individual enzymes. In comparing the degradation indices and polydispersities of the various degradation products, similar synergistic effects of the combined enzymes in accordance with the theoretical predictions, were observed. The practical implications of these findings to the design of fermentation processes which depend on the action of endo- and exoenzyme mixtures are noted.", "contents": "Degradation of polysaccharides by endo- and exoenzymes: dextran-dextranase model systems. Experiments were carried out on dextran-dextranase systems to test the prediction of a mechanistic model recently proposed by us, for the synergistic effect of combined exo/endo enzymic action in the degradation of polymeric substrates. Soluble forms of the substrate were used. Preliminary experiments with an insoluble form of the substrate were also carried out to demonstrate the applicability of the analytical techniques to these cases. Molecular weight distributions of the degradation products were determined (by gel-permeation chromatography) and the rates of production of glucose and of other reducing sugars were also measured. It was found that the exodextranase alone had very little effect on the molecular weight distributions compared to a significant shift towards lower molecular weights obtained with the endodextranase which was synergistically enhanced by the action of the combined enzymes. Glucose was produced more rapidly by the exoenzyme compared to the endoenzyme, but combinations of the two enzymes gave a rate enhancement greater than the linear sum of the effects of the two individual enzymes. In comparing the degradation indices and polydispersities of the various degradation products, similar synergistic effects of the combined enzymes in accordance with the theoretical predictions, were observed. The practical implications of these findings to the design of fermentation processes which depend on the action of endo- and exoenzyme mixtures are noted.", "PMID": 856322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11012", "title": "Kinetics of phosphate limited algal growth.", "content": "The kinetics of phosphate limited growth of two green algae Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Selenastrum capricornutum have been studied in chemostats. Several kinetic models which express the specific growth rate as a function of the intracellular phosphorus content have been examined, and one of the models was found to be significantly better than the other models. The principles of this model were described in a recent paper by Nyholm. The kinetics of phosphate uptake have been investigated by adding pulses of phosphate to the chemostats, The uptake by phosphorus deficient cells could be described by Michaelis-Menten kinetics for phosphate concentrations below approximately 500 microng P/liter. Further, with the assumption of a discontinuous adjustment of the uptake rate at the onset of phosphorus deficiency, a complete kinetic model for growth and phosphate removal is proposed. The mean cell size and the contents of chlorophyll a and RNA per unit dry weight have been measured for C. pyrenoidosa as a function of the dilution rate.", "contents": "Kinetics of phosphate limited algal growth. The kinetics of phosphate limited growth of two green algae Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Selenastrum capricornutum have been studied in chemostats. Several kinetic models which express the specific growth rate as a function of the intracellular phosphorus content have been examined, and one of the models was found to be significantly better than the other models. The principles of this model were described in a recent paper by Nyholm. The kinetics of phosphate uptake have been investigated by adding pulses of phosphate to the chemostats, The uptake by phosphorus deficient cells could be described by Michaelis-Menten kinetics for phosphate concentrations below approximately 500 microng P/liter. Further, with the assumption of a discontinuous adjustment of the uptake rate at the onset of phosphorus deficiency, a complete kinetic model for growth and phosphate removal is proposed. The mean cell size and the contents of chlorophyll a and RNA per unit dry weight have been measured for C. pyrenoidosa as a function of the dilution rate.", "PMID": 856323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11013", "title": "Oxygen transfer and axial dispersion in an aeration tower containing static mixers.", "content": "Oxygen transfer from gas to liquid under steady-state cocurrent flow conditions was modeled using the dispersion model, and the oxygen transfer coefficients were estimated from available data for a column with Koch motionless mixers. The dispersion in the column was estimated for several different gas and liquid flow rates using steady-state tracer experiments. The estimated oxygen transfer coefficients were compared with those estimated using complete mixing and plug flow models. The results indicate that the dispersion model is the most appropriate model for estimating the mass transfer coefficient from the available data.", "contents": "Oxygen transfer and axial dispersion in an aeration tower containing static mixers. Oxygen transfer from gas to liquid under steady-state cocurrent flow conditions was modeled using the dispersion model, and the oxygen transfer coefficients were estimated from available data for a column with Koch motionless mixers. The dispersion in the column was estimated for several different gas and liquid flow rates using steady-state tracer experiments. The estimated oxygen transfer coefficients were compared with those estimated using complete mixing and plug flow models. The results indicate that the dispersion model is the most appropriate model for estimating the mass transfer coefficient from the available data.", "PMID": 856324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11014", "title": "SCP production by Chaetomium cellulolyticum, a new thermotolerant cellulolytic fungus.", "content": "Chaetomium cellulolyticum, a newly isolated cellulolytic fungus, showed 50-100% faster growth rates and over 80% more final biomass-protein formation than Trichoderma viride, a well-known high cellulase-producing cellulolytic organism, when cultivated on Solka-floc (a purified, predominantly amorphorous form of cellulose) or partially delignified sawdust (consisting of a mixture of hardwoods) as the sole-carbon source in the fermentation media. However, in both cases, T, viride produced much higher quantities of free cellulases at faster rates and also degraded more substrate than C. cellulolyticum. It is concluded that the synthesis mechanisms and/or the nature of the cellulase complexes of the two types of organisms are quite different such taht C. cellulolyticum is more optimal for single-cell protein (SCP) production, while T. viride is more optimal for the production of extracellular cellulase. It was also found that the amino acid composition of C. cellulolyticum is generally better than that of T. viride and compares favorably with those of the FAO reference protein, alfalfa, and soya meal. In addition, preliminary feeding trials on rats have shown no adverse effects of the SCP produced by C. cellulolyticum fermentations.", "contents": "SCP production by Chaetomium cellulolyticum, a new thermotolerant cellulolytic fungus. Chaetomium cellulolyticum, a newly isolated cellulolytic fungus, showed 50-100% faster growth rates and over 80% more final biomass-protein formation than Trichoderma viride, a well-known high cellulase-producing cellulolytic organism, when cultivated on Solka-floc (a purified, predominantly amorphorous form of cellulose) or partially delignified sawdust (consisting of a mixture of hardwoods) as the sole-carbon source in the fermentation media. However, in both cases, T, viride produced much higher quantities of free cellulases at faster rates and also degraded more substrate than C. cellulolyticum. It is concluded that the synthesis mechanisms and/or the nature of the cellulase complexes of the two types of organisms are quite different such taht C. cellulolyticum is more optimal for single-cell protein (SCP) production, while T. viride is more optimal for the production of extracellular cellulase. It was also found that the amino acid composition of C. cellulolyticum is generally better than that of T. viride and compares favorably with those of the FAO reference protein, alfalfa, and soya meal. In addition, preliminary feeding trials on rats have shown no adverse effects of the SCP produced by C. cellulolyticum fermentations.", "PMID": 856325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11015", "title": "Evalulation of thalidomide children.", "content": "All children suffering from thalidomide embryopathy should undergo a careful clinical and radiographic follow-up examination. This frequently detects hidden defects, especially of the spine and hip joints. It is clear that defects are frequently present, though unsuspected by the clinical examination. A special problem which needs further investigation is the alteration of the knee joints, which has also often been overlooked; Early osteoarthritis is expected to occur in the future. There is an urgent need for additional study of the general functional capacity and also the manual efficiency of the children under consideration for their occupational integration. We shall be engaged with this problem in future studies.", "contents": "Evalulation of thalidomide children. All children suffering from thalidomide embryopathy should undergo a careful clinical and radiographic follow-up examination. This frequently detects hidden defects, especially of the spine and hip joints. It is clear that defects are frequently present, though unsuspected by the clinical examination. A special problem which needs further investigation is the alteration of the knee joints, which has also often been overlooked; Early osteoarthritis is expected to occur in the future. There is an urgent need for additional study of the general functional capacity and also the manual efficiency of the children under consideration for their occupational integration. We shall be engaged with this problem in future studies.", "PMID": 856326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11016", "title": "[Reactions of intra- and extracrenial vessels to noradrenaline in experimental cardiogenic shock].", "content": "Decrease in the constrictive reaction of the intra- and extracranial vessels to noradrenaline was observed in animals with cardiogenic shock; in acute experiments on anesthetized cats by resistography and rehoencephalography. Under these conditions the rise of the systemic arterial pressure under the influence of noradrenaline promoted passive dilatation of the cerebral vessels and an increase of their blood filling.", "contents": "[Reactions of intra- and extracrenial vessels to noradrenaline in experimental cardiogenic shock]. Decrease in the constrictive reaction of the intra- and extracranial vessels to noradrenaline was observed in animals with cardiogenic shock; in acute experiments on anesthetized cats by resistography and rehoencephalography. Under these conditions the rise of the systemic arterial pressure under the influence of noradrenaline promoted passive dilatation of the cerebral vessels and an increase of their blood filling.", "PMID": 856327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11017", "title": "[Age and biosynthesis and breakdown of thrombocyte proteins].", "content": "Platelet protein biosynthesis and catabolism in adult and one-month-old rabbits was studied with lysine-14C in vivo. Free radiolysine-14C failed to pass through the membrane of the circulating blood platelets, and its appearance within the platelets was possible only at the stage of platelet production. Platelet protein synthesis in one-month-old rabbits was shown to be slower than that of adults. The half-life period of platelet protein in adults averaged 2 days and in one-month-old rabbits-3 days. Slowing down the platelet protein circulation was noted at the early postnatal ontogenesis.", "contents": "[Age and biosynthesis and breakdown of thrombocyte proteins]. Platelet protein biosynthesis and catabolism in adult and one-month-old rabbits was studied with lysine-14C in vivo. Free radiolysine-14C failed to pass through the membrane of the circulating blood platelets, and its appearance within the platelets was possible only at the stage of platelet production. Platelet protein synthesis in one-month-old rabbits was shown to be slower than that of adults. The half-life period of platelet protein in adults averaged 2 days and in one-month-old rabbits-3 days. Slowing down the platelet protein circulation was noted at the early postnatal ontogenesis.", "PMID": 856328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11018", "title": "[Dynamics of changes in hexokinase activity in subcellular tissue fractions of hypoxic newborn rats].", "content": "The activity of hexokinase (HK) in the total homogenate, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial fractions of the brain, heart and liver of the newborn rats was studied in relation to the severity of the hypoxic action. A mild from of hypoxic hypoxia caused in the tissue of the brain and liver an increase in the activity of mitochondrial-bound form of the enzyme with a simultaneous fall in the activity of the cytoplasmic HK; this was accompanied by a marked acceleration of glucose phosphorylation in the brain. Severe hypoxia led to the reduction of the HK activity in the total homogenate and both intracellular fractions in all the tissues under study. The data obtained pointed to disturbance of some adaptive mechanisms in severe hypoxia in the tissues of the newborn rats.", "contents": "[Dynamics of changes in hexokinase activity in subcellular tissue fractions of hypoxic newborn rats]. The activity of hexokinase (HK) in the total homogenate, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial fractions of the brain, heart and liver of the newborn rats was studied in relation to the severity of the hypoxic action. A mild from of hypoxic hypoxia caused in the tissue of the brain and liver an increase in the activity of mitochondrial-bound form of the enzyme with a simultaneous fall in the activity of the cytoplasmic HK; this was accompanied by a marked acceleration of glucose phosphorylation in the brain. Severe hypoxia led to the reduction of the HK activity in the total homogenate and both intracellular fractions in all the tissues under study. The data obtained pointed to disturbance of some adaptive mechanisms in severe hypoxia in the tissues of the newborn rats.", "PMID": 856329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11019", "title": "[Effect of a new cholinesterase reactivator, diethixime, on the central nervous system].", "content": "A new cholinesteras reactivator--chlorohydrate of S-diethylaminoethyl ether p-bromo benzoylthiohydroxime acid (diethixime), containing a tertiary nitrogen atom in the molecule, was shown to produce a central effect in a dose of 20 mg/kg--1/50 LD50--in contrast to diproxime in a dose of 3 mg/kg, containing a quarternary nitrogen atom, under intoxication of albino rats and rabbits with dimethyl-dichlorynylphosphate. This effect was confirmed by the restortion of the cholinesterase activity in different parts of the rabbit brain, by the normalization of the EEGand of the functional stateof motor neurons of the rat spinal cord.", "contents": "[Effect of a new cholinesterase reactivator, diethixime, on the central nervous system]. A new cholinesteras reactivator--chlorohydrate of S-diethylaminoethyl ether p-bromo benzoylthiohydroxime acid (diethixime), containing a tertiary nitrogen atom in the molecule, was shown to produce a central effect in a dose of 20 mg/kg--1/50 LD50--in contrast to diproxime in a dose of 3 mg/kg, containing a quarternary nitrogen atom, under intoxication of albino rats and rabbits with dimethyl-dichlorynylphosphate. This effect was confirmed by the restortion of the cholinesterase activity in different parts of the rabbit brain, by the normalization of the EEGand of the functional stateof motor neurons of the rat spinal cord.", "PMID": 856330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11020", "title": "[Effect of lithium chloride on the rat hypothalamus neurosecretory system].", "content": "Methods of quantitative cytochemical analysis were applied to the study of the reaction of the hypothalamohypophysial neurosecretory system (HHNS) to single and course administrations of lithium chloride (in doses of 200 mg/kg). Reaction of the HHNS proved to depend directly on the amount of lithium administered and was characteriaed by the activation of the synthesis and elemination of the neurosecretion with a single administration on the preparation, or depression of the hormonopoiesis in the hypothalamus and exhaustion of the neurosecretion stores in the neurohypophysis in its course application. During the restoration (7 to 30 days after stopping the drug administration) the state of the HHNS gradually approached the initial level. The authors came to the conclusion that the changes in the central mechanisms of the neuro-endocrine regulation at the hypothalamic level caused by lithium were significant in the pathogenesis of the side-action of its salts", "contents": "[Effect of lithium chloride on the rat hypothalamus neurosecretory system]. Methods of quantitative cytochemical analysis were applied to the study of the reaction of the hypothalamohypophysial neurosecretory system (HHNS) to single and course administrations of lithium chloride (in doses of 200 mg/kg). Reaction of the HHNS proved to depend directly on the amount of lithium administered and was characteriaed by the activation of the synthesis and elemination of the neurosecretion with a single administration on the preparation, or depression of the hormonopoiesis in the hypothalamus and exhaustion of the neurosecretion stores in the neurohypophysis in its course application. During the restoration (7 to 30 days after stopping the drug administration) the state of the HHNS gradually approached the initial level. The authors came to the conclusion that the changes in the central mechanisms of the neuro-endocrine regulation at the hypothalamic level caused by lithium were significant in the pathogenesis of the side-action of its salts", "PMID": 856331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11021", "title": "[Effect of bacterial polysaccharide on the quantity of rosette-forming cells in mice with decreased immunologic reactivity].", "content": "The influence of bacterial polysaccharide on the amount of the rosette-forming cells (RFC) in mice with decreased immunological reactivity (irradiation in a dose of 400 rad, gamma-rays, administration of cyclophosphamide in a dose of 200 mg/kg) was studied. Bacterial polysaccharide increased the amount of RFC in the intact, immunized and irradiated animals. However, polysaccharide produced no stimulating action on the RFC formation in mice treated with cyclophosphamide this confirming different nature of depression of the immunological reactivity under the effect of irradiation and cyclophosphamide.", "contents": "[Effect of bacterial polysaccharide on the quantity of rosette-forming cells in mice with decreased immunologic reactivity]. The influence of bacterial polysaccharide on the amount of the rosette-forming cells (RFC) in mice with decreased immunological reactivity (irradiation in a dose of 400 rad, gamma-rays, administration of cyclophosphamide in a dose of 200 mg/kg) was studied. Bacterial polysaccharide increased the amount of RFC in the intact, immunized and irradiated animals. However, polysaccharide produced no stimulating action on the RFC formation in mice treated with cyclophosphamide this confirming different nature of depression of the immunological reactivity under the effect of irradiation and cyclophosphamide.", "PMID": 856332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11022", "title": "[Kinetics and properties of a cortisol-resistant population of lymphocytes from lymph nodes of guinea pigs sensitized to protein].", "content": "Lymphocytes from the cervical lymph nodes of guinea pigs were incubated in medium 199 in the presence of cortizol in a concentration of 20 and 100 microng% for 24 hours. A determination was made of the lymphocyte survival and cortizol metabolism by them, and also (cytophotometrically) the nucleic acid content. In the intact and the sesitized guinea pigs progesterone in a concentration of 10-5 inhibited both the lytic action of coritizol and its metabolism There was observed a marked reduction of cortizol meta bolism by the lymphocytes from the 6th day after the sensitization, which was restored only by the 90th day. The cortizol-resistant lymphocyte population increased on the 17th--30th day. In a concentration of 100 microng% cortizol reduced the nucleic acid content in the lymphocytes of both the intact guinea pigs and sensitized ones on the 17th--30th day, when the cortizol-resistant population increased.", "contents": "[Kinetics and properties of a cortisol-resistant population of lymphocytes from lymph nodes of guinea pigs sensitized to protein]. Lymphocytes from the cervical lymph nodes of guinea pigs were incubated in medium 199 in the presence of cortizol in a concentration of 20 and 100 microng% for 24 hours. A determination was made of the lymphocyte survival and cortizol metabolism by them, and also (cytophotometrically) the nucleic acid content. In the intact and the sesitized guinea pigs progesterone in a concentration of 10-5 inhibited both the lytic action of coritizol and its metabolism There was observed a marked reduction of cortizol meta bolism by the lymphocytes from the 6th day after the sensitization, which was restored only by the 90th day. The cortizol-resistant lymphocyte population increased on the 17th--30th day. In a concentration of 100 microng% cortizol reduced the nucleic acid content in the lymphocytes of both the intact guinea pigs and sensitized ones on the 17th--30th day, when the cortizol-resistant population increased.", "PMID": 856333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11023", "title": "[Post-traumatic regeneration of rat skin with stimulation under conditions of gravitational stress].", "content": "Albino rats were subjected to multiple gravitation stress (11units) before infliction wounds. A marked vascular reaction was noted in the wound contents at the early observation period. The appearance and differentiation of granulation and epidermis proliferation periods were delayed. Healing the wound occurred on the 30th day (on the 15th--18th day in controls). Administration of the skin tissue extract (prepared by Filatory's method) under these conditions, simultaneously with the wound infliction and up to their healing sharply reduced the vascular reaction, accelerated the granulation differentiation and the epithelialization of the wound; in respect to the character and the periods of tissue differentiation development the restoration process thus approached the course of the post-traumatic skin regeneration under usual conditions.", "contents": "[Post-traumatic regeneration of rat skin with stimulation under conditions of gravitational stress]. Albino rats were subjected to multiple gravitation stress (11units) before infliction wounds. A marked vascular reaction was noted in the wound contents at the early observation period. The appearance and differentiation of granulation and epidermis proliferation periods were delayed. Healing the wound occurred on the 30th day (on the 15th--18th day in controls). Administration of the skin tissue extract (prepared by Filatory's method) under these conditions, simultaneously with the wound infliction and up to their healing sharply reduced the vascular reaction, accelerated the granulation differentiation and the epithelialization of the wound; in respect to the character and the periods of tissue differentiation development the restoration process thus approached the course of the post-traumatic skin regeneration under usual conditions.", "PMID": 856334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11024", "title": "[Quantitative changes in myoneural synapses and capillaries under the influence of physical stress].", "content": "Experiments conducted on young male rats showed that dosaged muscular training with its gradual increase in the course of one month, promoted an increase in the area of both the neuro-muscular synapses and metabolic surface of capillaries in the region occupied by them. These quantitative changes are the morphological equivalent of increasing the activity of the neuro-muscular apparatus in physical exertion.", "contents": "[Quantitative changes in myoneural synapses and capillaries under the influence of physical stress]. Experiments conducted on young male rats showed that dosaged muscular training with its gradual increase in the course of one month, promoted an increase in the area of both the neuro-muscular synapses and metabolic surface of capillaries in the region occupied by them. These quantitative changes are the morphological equivalent of increasing the activity of the neuro-muscular apparatus in physical exertion.", "PMID": 856335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11025", "title": "[Means of experimentally reproducing the vertebral artery syndrome].", "content": "The authors suggest a method of reproducing the syndrome of vertebral artery in a chronic experiment on dogs. Two horse-shoe electrodes connected with the wires exteriorised to the posterior surface of the neck are introduced and fixed under general anesthesia at the selected level into the vertebral artery. Rheographic and thermometric shifts occurring in response to the electrode stimulation and to dosaged electrical stimulation were studied.", "contents": "[Means of experimentally reproducing the vertebral artery syndrome]. The authors suggest a method of reproducing the syndrome of vertebral artery in a chronic experiment on dogs. Two horse-shoe electrodes connected with the wires exteriorised to the posterior surface of the neck are introduced and fixed under general anesthesia at the selected level into the vertebral artery. Rheographic and thermometric shifts occurring in response to the electrode stimulation and to dosaged electrical stimulation were studied.", "PMID": 856336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11026", "title": "[Effect of tetraethylammonium on electrophysiologic properties of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells].", "content": "Using the microelectrode technique combined with sucrose gap method it was shown that in the tetraethylammonium (TEA) solution a pulmonalis muscle cells exhibited spontaneous or elicited action potentials caused by depolarizing current. It is suggested that the appearance of the electrical activity due to inhibition with TEA of the voltage-dependent delayed potassium current, early activation of which in normal Krebs solution prevented the action potential development. Ca ions took part in the action potential generation because it was inhibited by Mn ions. Besides, delayed potassium current inhibition, TEA showed nonspecific action on the arterial muscle cells expressed in the following: 1) depolarizing action accompanied by increase of the membrane resistance; 2) stimulation of the extracellular calcium entry into the muscle cells followed by tonic muscle contraction; 3) establishment of coupling between the contraction and the resting potential.", "contents": "[Effect of tetraethylammonium on electrophysiologic properties of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells]. Using the microelectrode technique combined with sucrose gap method it was shown that in the tetraethylammonium (TEA) solution a pulmonalis muscle cells exhibited spontaneous or elicited action potentials caused by depolarizing current. It is suggested that the appearance of the electrical activity due to inhibition with TEA of the voltage-dependent delayed potassium current, early activation of which in normal Krebs solution prevented the action potential development. Ca ions took part in the action potential generation because it was inhibited by Mn ions. Besides, delayed potassium current inhibition, TEA showed nonspecific action on the arterial muscle cells expressed in the following: 1) depolarizing action accompanied by increase of the membrane resistance; 2) stimulation of the extracellular calcium entry into the muscle cells followed by tonic muscle contraction; 3) establishment of coupling between the contraction and the resting potential.", "PMID": 856337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11027", "title": "[Changes in the rate of metabolic clearance of cortisol in dogs having sustained terminal states].", "content": "At the early post-reanimation period, after a 15-minute circulatory arrest a decrease of the metabolic clearance rate of 17-oxycorticosteroids (17-OCS) was revealed in dogs most pronounced in those which later died. This reduction was chiefly determined by the fall in the splanchnic organ clearance of plasma 17-OCS, and was connected apparently with the circulatory disorders in the organism.", "contents": "[Changes in the rate of metabolic clearance of cortisol in dogs having sustained terminal states]. At the early post-reanimation period, after a 15-minute circulatory arrest a decrease of the metabolic clearance rate of 17-oxycorticosteroids (17-OCS) was revealed in dogs most pronounced in those which later died. This reduction was chiefly determined by the fall in the splanchnic organ clearance of plasma 17-OCS, and was connected apparently with the circulatory disorders in the organism.", "PMID": 856338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11028", "title": "[Changes in several indices of gas exchange in dogs during the initial stage of Cannon's traumatic shock].", "content": "In experiments reproducing traumatic shock according to Cannon on 35 dogs it was shown that metabolic acidosis developed in shock against the background of sharply elevated oxgen consumption at the very beginning of injury, when the arterial pressure exceeds considerably the inital level. In traumatic shock the brain is under the most favourable conditions of gas exchange and the skeletal musculature of the extremities--under the worst ones. It was concluded that in severe trauma, despite the strain of respiratory and cardiovascular system function the tissues of the brain and the skeletal muscles failed to obtain an adequate O2 quantity because of their sharply increases needs in oxygen, as well as of hemodynamic disturbances.", "contents": "[Changes in several indices of gas exchange in dogs during the initial stage of Cannon's traumatic shock]. In experiments reproducing traumatic shock according to Cannon on 35 dogs it was shown that metabolic acidosis developed in shock against the background of sharply elevated oxgen consumption at the very beginning of injury, when the arterial pressure exceeds considerably the inital level. In traumatic shock the brain is under the most favourable conditions of gas exchange and the skeletal musculature of the extremities--under the worst ones. It was concluded that in severe trauma, despite the strain of respiratory and cardiovascular system function the tissues of the brain and the skeletal muscles failed to obtain an adequate O2 quantity because of their sharply increases needs in oxygen, as well as of hemodynamic disturbances.", "PMID": 856339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11029", "title": "[Age and characteristics of cholesterol biosynthesis in rat liver under normal conditions and during atherogenic loading].", "content": "Intraperitoneal injection of C14CH3COONa to normal rats aged 6--8 and 28--32 months revealed a slower dynamics of cholesterol biosynthesis in the liver of old rats at the maximum of the tracer incorporation was lower than in the young ones. Atherogenic diet (0.25 g of cholesterol per 100 g of animal weight for a period of 20 days) was accompanied by an increase in the total cholesterol content and depressio of its biosynthesis in the liver, more pronounced in the young rats. Continued cholesterol administration caused further depression of its biosynthesis, most pronounced (in this case) in the old animals.", "contents": "[Age and characteristics of cholesterol biosynthesis in rat liver under normal conditions and during atherogenic loading]. Intraperitoneal injection of C14CH3COONa to normal rats aged 6--8 and 28--32 months revealed a slower dynamics of cholesterol biosynthesis in the liver of old rats at the maximum of the tracer incorporation was lower than in the young ones. Atherogenic diet (0.25 g of cholesterol per 100 g of animal weight for a period of 20 days) was accompanied by an increase in the total cholesterol content and depressio of its biosynthesis in the liver, more pronounced in the young rats. Continued cholesterol administration caused further depression of its biosynthesis, most pronounced (in this case) in the old animals.", "PMID": 856340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11030", "title": "[Fat and carbohydrate absorption in an allogenic small intestine transplant].", "content": "The authors present the results of study of the absorptive function of the allogeneic small intestine (with the aid of D-xylose load and electron-microscopic study of the neutral lipid transport in the wall of the intestine). An unusual increase of D-xylose absorption against the background of structural changes in the intestinal wall and disturbance of lipid transport was shown.", "contents": "[Fat and carbohydrate absorption in an allogenic small intestine transplant]. The authors present the results of study of the absorptive function of the allogeneic small intestine (with the aid of D-xylose load and electron-microscopic study of the neutral lipid transport in the wall of the intestine). An unusual increase of D-xylose absorption against the background of structural changes in the intestinal wall and disturbance of lipid transport was shown.", "PMID": 856341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11031", "title": "[Interaction of renal transport of cardiotrast, glucose and urates in dogs].", "content": "Interaction of renal cardiotrast, glucose and urate transport was investigated in dogs in chronic experiments. There was no alteration in the maximum secretion of cardiotrast and in the malximum glucose reabsorption during simultaneous injection of cardiotrast and glucose. It was also shown that with the maximum saturation of the renal secretory and reabsorption transport there was no significant change in the urate excretion. The data obtained pointed to a possibility of combined administration of cardiotrast and glucose solutions with simultaneous determination of values of maximum cardiotrast secretion, maximum glucose reabsorption and urate excretion.", "contents": "[Interaction of renal transport of cardiotrast, glucose and urates in dogs]. Interaction of renal cardiotrast, glucose and urate transport was investigated in dogs in chronic experiments. There was no alteration in the maximum secretion of cardiotrast and in the malximum glucose reabsorption during simultaneous injection of cardiotrast and glucose. It was also shown that with the maximum saturation of the renal secretory and reabsorption transport there was no significant change in the urate excretion. The data obtained pointed to a possibility of combined administration of cardiotrast and glucose solutions with simultaneous determination of values of maximum cardiotrast secretion, maximum glucose reabsorption and urate excretion.", "PMID": 856342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11032", "title": "[Presence of aggregated immunoglobulins on the surface of rapidly dividing antigen-binding lymphocytes].", "content": "Rosette-forming cells containing on their surface aggregated immunoglobulins appeared in the fraction of small lymphocytes of the spleen in primary immune response of mice to sheep erythrocytes. These cells effectively incorporate thymidine and can be eliminated in vivo as a result of administration to mice of high doses of tritium labeled base. A conclusion is drawn that the rapidly dividing lymphocytes specifically binding the antigen are characterized by the presence of aggregated immunoglobulins on their surface.", "contents": "[Presence of aggregated immunoglobulins on the surface of rapidly dividing antigen-binding lymphocytes]. Rosette-forming cells containing on their surface aggregated immunoglobulins appeared in the fraction of small lymphocytes of the spleen in primary immune response of mice to sheep erythrocytes. These cells effectively incorporate thymidine and can be eliminated in vivo as a result of administration to mice of high doses of tritium labeled base. A conclusion is drawn that the rapidly dividing lymphocytes specifically binding the antigen are characterized by the presence of aggregated immunoglobulins on their surface.", "PMID": 856343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11033", "title": "[Kinetics and properties of a cortisol-resistant population of lymphocytes from the lymph nodes of guinea pigs with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis].", "content": "Lymphocytes from the cervical lymph nodes of guinea pigs were incubated in medium 199 in the presence of cortizol in a concentration of 20 and 100 microng% for 24 hours. A determination was made of the lymphocyte survival and cortizol metabolism by them, and also (cytophotometrically) the nucleic acid content. There proved to be a marked reduction of cortizol metabolism by the lymphocytes from the 6th day after the administration of the encephalytogenic mixture and a marked increase of the cortizol-resistant population of lymphocytes in the guinea pigs with encephalomyelitis, and on the 17th--30th day after the administration of a complete stimulant. In a concentration of 100 microng% cortizol reduced the nucleic acid content in the lymphocytes of the intact animals, but had no influence upon the lymphocytes of both experimental groups of guinea pigs at the period of a marked increase of the cortizol-resistant population. Progesteron decreased the lympholytic action of cortizol and the metabolism of this hormone by the lymphocytes of intact guinea pigs. The capacity of progesteron to decrease the lympholytic action of cortizol was weakened in guinea pigs with encephalomyelitis and in the animals given the stimulant.", "contents": "[Kinetics and properties of a cortisol-resistant population of lymphocytes from the lymph nodes of guinea pigs with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis]. Lymphocytes from the cervical lymph nodes of guinea pigs were incubated in medium 199 in the presence of cortizol in a concentration of 20 and 100 microng% for 24 hours. A determination was made of the lymphocyte survival and cortizol metabolism by them, and also (cytophotometrically) the nucleic acid content. There proved to be a marked reduction of cortizol metabolism by the lymphocytes from the 6th day after the administration of the encephalytogenic mixture and a marked increase of the cortizol-resistant population of lymphocytes in the guinea pigs with encephalomyelitis, and on the 17th--30th day after the administration of a complete stimulant. In a concentration of 100 microng% cortizol reduced the nucleic acid content in the lymphocytes of the intact animals, but had no influence upon the lymphocytes of both experimental groups of guinea pigs at the period of a marked increase of the cortizol-resistant population. Progesteron decreased the lympholytic action of cortizol and the metabolism of this hormone by the lymphocytes of intact guinea pigs. The capacity of progesteron to decrease the lympholytic action of cortizol was weakened in guinea pigs with encephalomyelitis and in the animals given the stimulant.", "PMID": 856344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11034", "title": "[Interacetion of myeloid and stromal bone marrow elements in acute experimental aplasia].", "content": "Acute hypoplasia of the hemopoiesis was induced in guinea pigs by the administration of vynbalstin  in  a dose of 0.1 mg per 100 g of weight, intraperitoneally, once or twice at an interval of 7 days. Myelokariocyte count, the concentration (per 10(5) of myelokariocytes) and the total amount of the fibroblast precursors was determined in the femur by the fibroblast colony method. After the administration of the cytostatic, simultaneously with the reduction of the myelokariocyte count there was noted a change in the concentration of the stromal precursors and a fall of the total precursor count per femur. It is supposed that the bone marrow reaction under hypoplasia conditions was caused by the interaction of the myeloid and stromal elements.", "contents": "[Interacetion of myeloid and stromal bone marrow elements in acute experimental aplasia]. Acute hypoplasia of the hemopoiesis was induced in guinea pigs by the administration of vynbalstin  in  a dose of 0.1 mg per 100 g of weight, intraperitoneally, once or twice at an interval of 7 days. Myelokariocyte count, the concentration (per 10(5) of myelokariocytes) and the total amount of the fibroblast precursors was determined in the femur by the fibroblast colony method. After the administration of the cytostatic, simultaneously with the reduction of the myelokariocyte count there was noted a change in the concentration of the stromal precursors and a fall of the total precursor count per femur. It is supposed that the bone marrow reaction under hypoplasia conditions was caused by the interaction of the myeloid and stromal elements.", "PMID": 856345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11035", "title": "[Kinetics of bone marrow cells under conditions of fractional x-irradiation].", "content": "A study was made of the damaging effect of fractionating X-irradiation (12 rad a day, up to the sum total doses of 250, 500, 750, 1000 and 1500 rad) on the hemopoiesis in guinea pigs. A phasic character of the changes in the erythro- and myelopoiesis during the damage was revealed. The first phase was attented by the activation of the proliferation processes expressed in the increase of mitotic index, reduced duration of the mitotic cycle of the cells belonging to the erythroid and the myeloid series and their accelerated differentiation, this stipulating for a sufficient entrance of the cells into the blood flow and maintaining the erythrocyte and leukocyte content in the peripheral blood approaching the normal level. A reduction of the proliferative processes in the bone marrow was observed during the second phase; these were also a reduction of the mitotic index, prolongation of the mitotic cycle and of the rate cell diferentiation of the erythroid and myeloid series, this being accompanied by anemia and leukopenia in the peripheral blood.", "contents": "[Kinetics of bone marrow cells under conditions of fractional x-irradiation]. A study was made of the damaging effect of fractionating X-irradiation (12 rad a day, up to the sum total doses of 250, 500, 750, 1000 and 1500 rad) on the hemopoiesis in guinea pigs. A phasic character of the changes in the erythro- and myelopoiesis during the damage was revealed. The first phase was attented by the activation of the proliferation processes expressed in the increase of mitotic index, reduced duration of the mitotic cycle of the cells belonging to the erythroid and the myeloid series and their accelerated differentiation, this stipulating for a sufficient entrance of the cells into the blood flow and maintaining the erythrocyte and leukocyte content in the peripheral blood approaching the normal level. A reduction of the proliferative processes in the bone marrow was observed during the second phase; these were also a reduction of the mitotic index, prolongation of the mitotic cycle and of the rate cell diferentiation of the erythroid and myeloid series, this being accompanied by anemia and leukopenia in the peripheral blood.", "PMID": 856346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11036", "title": "[Determining circulatory minute volume by the rebreathing method].", "content": "Possibility of applying the rebreathing method for estimating the cardiac output in case when ventilation did not correlate with the lung blood flow is discussed. pCO2 of mixed venous blood was determined by its equilibration with pCO2 of the alveolar air by the rebreathing method. Gas mixture containing almost as much CO2 as in venous blood was created by the patient by rebreathing into a bag, 2--3 litres in volume, filled with oxygen. By the differences in the shape of the capnogram the ununiformity in the distribution of ventilation in respect to the cardiac output was judged. In the absence of uniformity pCO2 of the arterial blood was measured. This correction allows evaluation of cardiac output in patients with cardiac and lung diseases. A possibility of using standard nomograms for evaluating CO2 store in the arterial and venous blood in case of serious disturbances of the acid-base balance is discussed.", "contents": "[Determining circulatory minute volume by the rebreathing method]. Possibility of applying the rebreathing method for estimating the cardiac output in case when ventilation did not correlate with the lung blood flow is discussed. pCO2 of mixed venous blood was determined by its equilibration with pCO2 of the alveolar air by the rebreathing method. Gas mixture containing almost as much CO2 as in venous blood was created by the patient by rebreathing into a bag, 2--3 litres in volume, filled with oxygen. By the differences in the shape of the capnogram the ununiformity in the distribution of ventilation in respect to the cardiac output was judged. In the absence of uniformity pCO2 of the arterial blood was measured. This correction allows evaluation of cardiac output in patients with cardiac and lung diseases. A possibility of using standard nomograms for evaluating CO2 store in the arterial and venous blood in case of serious disturbances of the acid-base balance is discussed.", "PMID": 856347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11037", "title": "[Stereologic method of determining the volumetric density of the arterial bed of the myocardium in histologic sections].", "content": "The volumetric density of the intramyocardial arteries proved to be equal to the sum of their volumetric densities obtained by the planimetric measurements on three interperpendicular histological sections. To avoid systematic errors only the vessels in which the ratio of the short (D) and long (L) diameters of the sections was not below (see article) greater than or equal to 0.707 should be subjected to planimetry. Examples of estimation of the volumetric density of human intramyocardial arteries are given. The volumetric density of the intramyocardial arteries was not equal in different parts of the myocardium.", "contents": "[Stereologic method of determining the volumetric density of the arterial bed of the myocardium in histologic sections]. The volumetric density of the intramyocardial arteries proved to be equal to the sum of their volumetric densities obtained by the planimetric measurements on three interperpendicular histological sections. To avoid systematic errors only the vessels in which the ratio of the short (D) and long (L) diameters of the sections was not below (see article) greater than or equal to 0.707 should be subjected to planimetry. Examples of estimation of the volumetric density of human intramyocardial arteries are given. The volumetric density of the intramyocardial arteries was not equal in different parts of the myocardium.", "PMID": 856348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11038", "title": "[Adrenosensitive neurons of the myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on the myenteral plexus of the isolated stips of the small and large intestine; the presence of adrenosensitive cells which reacted to the application of different adrenaline (A) and noradrenaline (NA) concentrations by a distinct acceleration of the activity rhythm was demonstrated. NA with a greater range of action than A (from 10(-9) to 10(-5 g/ml) has the most marked effect. Introduction into the irrigating solution of phentholamine eliminated the mentioned effects in the majority of cases. \"Silent\" neurons without any spontaneous activity responded to the A and NA administration along with those possessing this activiy. As supposed, catecholamines could take a direct part in the modulation of the processes realized by the ganglionic neurons of the myenteral plexus.", "contents": "[Adrenosensitive neurons of the myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus]. Experiments were conducted on the myenteral plexus of the isolated stips of the small and large intestine; the presence of adrenosensitive cells which reacted to the application of different adrenaline (A) and noradrenaline (NA) concentrations by a distinct acceleration of the activity rhythm was demonstrated. NA with a greater range of action than A (from 10(-9) to 10(-5 g/ml) has the most marked effect. Introduction into the irrigating solution of phentholamine eliminated the mentioned effects in the majority of cases. \"Silent\" neurons without any spontaneous activity responded to the A and NA administration along with those possessing this activiy. As supposed, catecholamines could take a direct part in the modulation of the processes realized by the ganglionic neurons of the myenteral plexus.", "PMID": 856349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11039", "title": "[Functional and structural changes in the adrenal cortex of rabbits under conditions of chronic inflammation of the prostate gland].", "content": "Investigation of the state of the rabbit adrenal cortex under conditions of depression of the incretory activity of the testicles resulting from chronic inflammation of the prostate showed progressive hyperplasia of the reticular zone of the adrenal cortex; as to the glomerular zone, it failed to display any marked pathological changes, and the fascicular zone demonstrated some signs of hypoplasia. Thus, the normal or elevated androgen excretion observed in the experimental male rabbits, was provided by an intensified activity of the reticular zone of the adrenal cortex, despite a decrease in testosterone biosynthesis in the testes.", "contents": "[Functional and structural changes in the adrenal cortex of rabbits under conditions of chronic inflammation of the prostate gland]. Investigation of the state of the rabbit adrenal cortex under conditions of depression of the incretory activity of the testicles resulting from chronic inflammation of the prostate showed progressive hyperplasia of the reticular zone of the adrenal cortex; as to the glomerular zone, it failed to display any marked pathological changes, and the fascicular zone demonstrated some signs of hypoplasia. Thus, the normal or elevated androgen excretion observed in the experimental male rabbits, was provided by an intensified activity of the reticular zone of the adrenal cortex, despite a decrease in testosterone biosynthesis in the testes.", "PMID": 856350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11040", "title": "[Role of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans in erythrocyte aggregation and adhesion].", "content": "The action of hyaluronate potassium (HUK) and of protein chondroitin-4-sulphate potassium (PCHSK) on the aggregation and adhesion of rabbit erythrocytes suspended in physiological saline was studied. It was found that the capacity of HUK and PCHSK to produce an unspecific and reversible aggregation of erythrocytes was connected with the formation by these biopolymeres (in solutions) of complex structures of osmotic cell type and molecular sieves, displacing cells from the space occupied by them and concentrating them in a maximally limited volume. Different heparin fractions producing no such structures in solutions did not induce formation of such individual clear-cut erythrocyte-aggregations, but inhibited the aggregating action of HUK and PCHSK when the concentration of these biopolymeres were inadequate for the complete erythrocyte aggregation. Probably, the aggregating action of HUK and PCHSK necessary for adhesion served as one of the universal biological functions expressed not only towards the erythrocytes, but also towards the other cells and different tissue structural elements.", "contents": "[Role of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans in erythrocyte aggregation and adhesion]. The action of hyaluronate potassium (HUK) and of protein chondroitin-4-sulphate potassium (PCHSK) on the aggregation and adhesion of rabbit erythrocytes suspended in physiological saline was studied. It was found that the capacity of HUK and PCHSK to produce an unspecific and reversible aggregation of erythrocytes was connected with the formation by these biopolymeres (in solutions) of complex structures of osmotic cell type and molecular sieves, displacing cells from the space occupied by them and concentrating them in a maximally limited volume. Different heparin fractions producing no such structures in solutions did not induce formation of such individual clear-cut erythrocyte-aggregations, but inhibited the aggregating action of HUK and PCHSK when the concentration of these biopolymeres were inadequate for the complete erythrocyte aggregation. Probably, the aggregating action of HUK and PCHSK necessary for adhesion served as one of the universal biological functions expressed not only towards the erythrocytes, but also towards the other cells and different tissue structural elements.", "PMID": 856351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11041", "title": "[Homocytotrophic IgG1- and IgE-antibodies and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in mice of different strains].", "content": "Investigations on mice of 9 strains of different H-2 genotypes demonstrated that predisposition to anaphylaxis at the stage of the IgG1- and IgE-antibody formation, skin sensitivity to passive anaphylaxis and histamine were unrelated traits. The interaction of these factors with one another and with the other factors formed a general predisposition to the immediate allergy.", "contents": "[Homocytotrophic IgG1- and IgE-antibodies and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in mice of different strains]. Investigations on mice of 9 strains of different H-2 genotypes demonstrated that predisposition to anaphylaxis at the stage of the IgG1- and IgE-antibody formation, skin sensitivity to passive anaphylaxis and histamine were unrelated traits. The interaction of these factors with one another and with the other factors formed a general predisposition to the immediate allergy.", "PMID": 856352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11042", "title": "[Specific inhibition of macrophage adherence in animals with post-traumatic autoallergic aspermatogenesis].", "content": "The macrophage adherence inhibition was studied in the peritoneal macrophages of guinea pigs with induced posttraumatic aspermatogenesis at various periods after the testis injury. Reliable peritoneal macrophages adherence inhibition was observed in the presence of the testis-specific antigen. The adherence inhibition reflected the autoimmune character of the testis affection.", "contents": "[Specific inhibition of macrophage adherence in animals with post-traumatic autoallergic aspermatogenesis]. The macrophage adherence inhibition was studied in the peritoneal macrophages of guinea pigs with induced posttraumatic aspermatogenesis at various periods after the testis injury. Reliable peritoneal macrophages adherence inhibition was observed in the presence of the testis-specific antigen. The adherence inhibition reflected the autoimmune character of the testis affection.", "PMID": 856353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11043", "title": "[Activity of coenzyme A and N-acetyltransferase during tumor growth].", "content": "The activity of acetylation of sulphadimezine in C57B1/He mice with the low spontaneous tumour incidence was significantly lower than in the C3H/Sn mice with high spontaneous tumour incidence. The development of malignant melanoma B-16 in the C57B1/He mice led to increase in the activity of the sulphadimezine acetylation. Along with the previously obtained information, these data indicated the relationship between the development of tumour process and changes in the activity of the enzyme N-acetyltransferase. No difference in the acetylation of the sulphaylamide was found in the same groups of mice; this points to the absence of any differences in the coenzyme A level.", "contents": "[Activity of coenzyme A and N-acetyltransferase during tumor growth]. The activity of acetylation of sulphadimezine in C57B1/He mice with the low spontaneous tumour incidence was significantly lower than in the C3H/Sn mice with high spontaneous tumour incidence. The development of malignant melanoma B-16 in the C57B1/He mice led to increase in the activity of the sulphadimezine acetylation. Along with the previously obtained information, these data indicated the relationship between the development of tumour process and changes in the activity of the enzyme N-acetyltransferase. No difference in the acetylation of the sulphaylamide was found in the same groups of mice; this points to the absence of any differences in the coenzyme A level.", "PMID": 856354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11044", "title": "[Neurotrophic interaction of spinal cord ganglia with different tissues].", "content": "Spinal ganglia L5-L6 together with mesocolon (innervated from these ganlia) and tongue epithelium were transplanted into the anterior chamber of the cat eye. In 2 months survival of some of the sensory neurons and intensive regeneration of their nerve fibers was observed. At the same time the mesocolon tissues with the mechanoreceptors (Pacinian corpuscles) were found to survive. Destruction of the tongue epithelium was revealed. The trophic effect of definite sensory ganglia on the tissue corresponding to them provided structural intactness of this tissue and of its receptor apparatus. It is suggested that the metabolic conformity of the tissue and the source of its innervation is necessary for the tissue survival.", "contents": "[Neurotrophic interaction of spinal cord ganglia with different tissues]. Spinal ganglia L5-L6 together with mesocolon (innervated from these ganlia) and tongue epithelium were transplanted into the anterior chamber of the cat eye. In 2 months survival of some of the sensory neurons and intensive regeneration of their nerve fibers was observed. At the same time the mesocolon tissues with the mechanoreceptors (Pacinian corpuscles) were found to survive. Destruction of the tongue epithelium was revealed. The trophic effect of definite sensory ganglia on the tissue corresponding to them provided structural intactness of this tissue and of its receptor apparatus. It is suggested that the metabolic conformity of the tissue and the source of its innervation is necessary for the tissue survival.", "PMID": 856355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11045", "title": "[Dynamics of DNA concentration in the nuclei of rat cardiac muscle cells in experimental myocardial infarct].", "content": "The content of nuclear DNA was determined microspectrophotometrically in rat cardiac myocyte nuclei at various intervals after the onset of experimental myocardial infarction. In the intact rat heart 1.5 to 1.8% of myocyte nuclei contained tetraploid DNA. Myocardial infarction activated the process of polyploidization in the nuclei of the myocytes particularly in those surrounding the lesion. This process was most intensive during the first week. At later intervals there was an evidence of continuously increasing polyploidization.", "contents": "[Dynamics of DNA concentration in the nuclei of rat cardiac muscle cells in experimental myocardial infarct]. The content of nuclear DNA was determined microspectrophotometrically in rat cardiac myocyte nuclei at various intervals after the onset of experimental myocardial infarction. In the intact rat heart 1.5 to 1.8% of myocyte nuclei contained tetraploid DNA. Myocardial infarction activated the process of polyploidization in the nuclei of the myocytes particularly in those surrounding the lesion. This process was most intensive during the first week. At later intervals there was an evidence of continuously increasing polyploidization.", "PMID": 856356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11046", "title": "[Cytopharmacologic effect of using polyvinylpyridine-N-oxide in experimental silicosis].", "content": "Methods of scanning, transmission electron microscopy and cytochemistry were applied to the study of the development of experimental silicosis against the background of polyvinylpyridine-N-oxide administration. The majority of the macrophages retained their functional activity and realized quartz phagocytosis, eliminating it through the airway. Bringing the proteins on the cell surface in the fibroblasts was delayed, and formation of collagen fibers decreased. Application of the polymere prevented development of fibrosis of the lungs.", "contents": "[Cytopharmacologic effect of using polyvinylpyridine-N-oxide in experimental silicosis]. Methods of scanning, transmission electron microscopy and cytochemistry were applied to the study of the development of experimental silicosis against the background of polyvinylpyridine-N-oxide administration. The majority of the macrophages retained their functional activity and realized quartz phagocytosis, eliminating it through the airway. Bringing the proteins on the cell surface in the fibroblasts was delayed, and formation of collagen fibers decreased. Application of the polymere prevented development of fibrosis of the lungs.", "PMID": 856357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11047", "title": "Variations in lymphocyte counts four hours after administration of hydrocortisone in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "The peripheral lymphocyte count and the number of large unstained cells (LUC) were investigated prior to and 4 hr after a single intravenous injection of 400 mg of hydrocortisone in 23 controls and 51 patients with lymphoid disorders (43 chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 3 cases of Waldenstr\u00f6m macroglobulinemia, 2 hairy cell leukemias, 1 S\u00e9zary syndrome, and 2 cases of infectious mononucleosis). A reduction in both the peripheral lymphocyte counts and the number of LUC was observed in all normal controls, the mean decrease being 54% and greater than 60%, respectively, with differences according to age. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the peripheral lymphocyte count showed a variable response: decrease, no change, or increase. A correlation was shown to exist between a decrease in peripheral lymphocyte counts and anatomical-clinical staging: patients with involvement restricted to blood and bone marrow very often exhibited a drop in their peripheral lymphocyte count (p less than 0.01). In addition, the percentage of circulating T lymphocytes was higher (54%) in CLL patients whose peripheral lymphocyte count dropped than in other CLL patients (p less than 0.001).", "contents": "Variations in lymphocyte counts four hours after administration of hydrocortisone in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The peripheral lymphocyte count and the number of large unstained cells (LUC) were investigated prior to and 4 hr after a single intravenous injection of 400 mg of hydrocortisone in 23 controls and 51 patients with lymphoid disorders (43 chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 3 cases of Waldenstr\u00f6m macroglobulinemia, 2 hairy cell leukemias, 1 S\u00e9zary syndrome, and 2 cases of infectious mononucleosis). A reduction in both the peripheral lymphocyte counts and the number of LUC was observed in all normal controls, the mean decrease being 54% and greater than 60%, respectively, with differences according to age. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the peripheral lymphocyte count showed a variable response: decrease, no change, or increase. A correlation was shown to exist between a decrease in peripheral lymphocyte counts and anatomical-clinical staging: patients with involvement restricted to blood and bone marrow very often exhibited a drop in their peripheral lymphocyte count (p less than 0.01). In addition, the percentage of circulating T lymphocytes was higher (54%) in CLL patients whose peripheral lymphocyte count dropped than in other CLL patients (p less than 0.001).", "PMID": 856358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11048", "title": "Detection of sickle alpha- or beta0-thalassemia by studies of globin biosynthesis.", "content": "Globin synthesis studies are useful in the analysis of thalassemia syndromes. We have applied globin synthesis and free alpha-chain pool studies of peripheral blood to characterize hematologic disorders where alpha- or beta-thalassemia was present in combination with HbS or HbC. In 60 non-thalassemic controls, the beta/alpha specific activity ratio was 1.01 +/- 0.06 (SD). In three patients with HbS-beta0-thalassemia, the (betas + gamma)/alpha ratios were 0.48-.067. In four patients with HbSS-alpha-thalassemia, the (BETAS/ALPHA RATIO was 1.26 +/- 0.18 (1.13-1.53). The radioactive free alpha-chain pool in three patients with HbS-beta0-thalassemia was elevated (35.1%-53.0%), while three patients with HbSS-alpha-thalassemia had decreased free radioactive alpha-chain pools (3.2%-6.4%); both were significantly different from the mean (15.1% +/- 2.6%) of the 17 iron-sufficient controls. Simultaneous studies of the fraction of newly synthesized alpha chain contained in the free alpha-chain pool in peripheral blood and bone marrow demonstrated that this fraction was larger in peripheral blood than in marrow, and that the differences between thalassemia patients and controls previously found in bone marrow using these methods were also present in peripheral blood. The results indicate that even when family studies are not possible, patients with HbS in combination with alpha- or beta0-thalassemia can be differentiated from those with homozygous sickle cell disease by globin synthesis and free alpha-chain pool studies using peripheral blood.", "contents": "Detection of sickle alpha- or beta0-thalassemia by studies of globin biosynthesis. Globin synthesis studies are useful in the analysis of thalassemia syndromes. We have applied globin synthesis and free alpha-chain pool studies of peripheral blood to characterize hematologic disorders where alpha- or beta-thalassemia was present in combination with HbS or HbC. In 60 non-thalassemic controls, the beta/alpha specific activity ratio was 1.01 +/- 0.06 (SD). In three patients with HbS-beta0-thalassemia, the (betas + gamma)/alpha ratios were 0.48-.067. In four patients with HbSS-alpha-thalassemia, the (BETAS/ALPHA RATIO was 1.26 +/- 0.18 (1.13-1.53). The radioactive free alpha-chain pool in three patients with HbS-beta0-thalassemia was elevated (35.1%-53.0%), while three patients with HbSS-alpha-thalassemia had decreased free radioactive alpha-chain pools (3.2%-6.4%); both were significantly different from the mean (15.1% +/- 2.6%) of the 17 iron-sufficient controls. Simultaneous studies of the fraction of newly synthesized alpha chain contained in the free alpha-chain pool in peripheral blood and bone marrow demonstrated that this fraction was larger in peripheral blood than in marrow, and that the differences between thalassemia patients and controls previously found in bone marrow using these methods were also present in peripheral blood. The results indicate that even when family studies are not possible, patients with HbS in combination with alpha- or beta0-thalassemia can be differentiated from those with homozygous sickle cell disease by globin synthesis and free alpha-chain pool studies using peripheral blood.", "PMID": 856359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11049", "title": "Detection of factor VIII inhibitors with the partial thromboplastin time.", "content": "Variations of the partial thromboplastin time (PTT) were tested to determine the best screening method for detection of inhibitors of factor VIII. Variables tested included the duration of preincubation of a mixture of patient plasma and factor VIII source (normal plasma), the ratio of the patient plasma to the normal plasma, and the duration of incubation of the normal plasma-patient plasma mixture with kaolin-cephalin suspension prior to recalcification. The following conclusions were reached: (1) The PTT performed on a mixture of equal amounts of patient and normal plasma without preincubation of the mixture was inadequate to detect many factor VIII inhibitors. (2) Factor VIII inhibitors of more than 0.5 Bethesda units could be detected if the PTT was performed on a mixture of four parts patient plasma and one part normal plasma, with preincubation of the mixture for 60 min at 37 degrees C. (3) Factor VIII inhibitors as weak as 0.1 Bethesda units could be detected if the PTT was performed on a mixture of four parts patient plasma and one part normal plasma incubated with kaolin-cephalin suspension for 120 min at 37 degrees C before recalcification. The last method may make detection of mild factor VIII inhibitors possible in routine clinical laboratories not equipped to perform the more technically difficult Bethesda inhibitor assays.", "contents": "Detection of factor VIII inhibitors with the partial thromboplastin time. Variations of the partial thromboplastin time (PTT) were tested to determine the best screening method for detection of inhibitors of factor VIII. Variables tested included the duration of preincubation of a mixture of patient plasma and factor VIII source (normal plasma), the ratio of the patient plasma to the normal plasma, and the duration of incubation of the normal plasma-patient plasma mixture with kaolin-cephalin suspension prior to recalcification. The following conclusions were reached: (1) The PTT performed on a mixture of equal amounts of patient and normal plasma without preincubation of the mixture was inadequate to detect many factor VIII inhibitors. (2) Factor VIII inhibitors of more than 0.5 Bethesda units could be detected if the PTT was performed on a mixture of four parts patient plasma and one part normal plasma, with preincubation of the mixture for 60 min at 37 degrees C. (3) Factor VIII inhibitors as weak as 0.1 Bethesda units could be detected if the PTT was performed on a mixture of four parts patient plasma and one part normal plasma incubated with kaolin-cephalin suspension for 120 min at 37 degrees C before recalcification. The last method may make detection of mild factor VIII inhibitors possible in routine clinical laboratories not equipped to perform the more technically difficult Bethesda inhibitor assays.", "PMID": 856360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11050", "title": "Induction angiometer. Electromagnetic magnification of microscopic vascular diameter variations in vivo.", "content": "It is possible to obtain continuous linear recordings of changes in vascular diameters on the basis of the electromagnetic induction principle. An extracorporeal coil energized by an alternating current generates an AC magnetic field and acts as a transformer primary. An intravascular loop of fine wire acts as transformer secondary. The EMF induced in the loop is proportional to the diameter of the vessel which confines the loop. Relative measurements do not require a calibration. Absolute measurements require radiographic determination of vessel diameter. Changes of less than 0.1% in vascular diameters can be easily recorded. Variations in pulsatile diameter changes as well as pharmacologically induced changes in mean diameter have been studied.", "contents": "Induction angiometer. Electromagnetic magnification of microscopic vascular diameter variations in vivo. It is possible to obtain continuous linear recordings of changes in vascular diameters on the basis of the electromagnetic induction principle. An extracorporeal coil energized by an alternating current generates an AC magnetic field and acts as a transformer primary. An intravascular loop of fine wire acts as transformer secondary. The EMF induced in the loop is proportional to the diameter of the vessel which confines the loop. Relative measurements do not require a calibration. Absolute measurements require radiographic determination of vessel diameter. Changes of less than 0.1% in vascular diameters can be easily recorded. Variations in pulsatile diameter changes as well as pharmacologically induced changes in mean diameter have been studied.", "PMID": 856361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11051", "title": "Absence of renal circulatory autoregulation during perfusion with paraffin oil.", "content": "Autoregulation of vascular flow as a function of arterial pressure was studied in isolated dog and rat kidneys, perfused serially with an oxygenated aqueous colloidal medium and with oxygenated paraffin oil. Square wave elevations in arterial pressure eleicited autoregulatory adjustments in flow within the first few seconds of elevated pressure during colloidal perfusion but not during oil perfusion of the same kidneys. Before oil perfusion, the steady state autoregulatory efficiency ratios (% flow change/% pressure change) over pressures ranging from 95 to 180 mm Hg averaged 0.37 +/- 0.13 and 0.51 +/- 0.16 (mean +/- SD) in dog and rat kidneys, respectively. During oil perfusion, the autoregulatory efficiency ratios exceeded 1.0 in every instance. Following oil perfusion, vasoactive autoregulation of colloidal perfusate flow returned, at very low organ flows. Our results do not confirm the previous findings of LEICHTWEISS, SCHRODER, and WEISS [Pfl\u00fcgers Arch. ges. Physiol. 293: 303 1967] concerning the presence of autoregulation during oxygenated renal oil perfusion. Our findings suggest that renal circulatory autoregulation is either primarily myogenic or else primarily dependent upon a rapidly acting tubulovascular feedback mechanism.", "contents": "Absence of renal circulatory autoregulation during perfusion with paraffin oil. Autoregulation of vascular flow as a function of arterial pressure was studied in isolated dog and rat kidneys, perfused serially with an oxygenated aqueous colloidal medium and with oxygenated paraffin oil. Square wave elevations in arterial pressure eleicited autoregulatory adjustments in flow within the first few seconds of elevated pressure during colloidal perfusion but not during oil perfusion of the same kidneys. Before oil perfusion, the steady state autoregulatory efficiency ratios (% flow change/% pressure change) over pressures ranging from 95 to 180 mm Hg averaged 0.37 +/- 0.13 and 0.51 +/- 0.16 (mean +/- SD) in dog and rat kidneys, respectively. During oil perfusion, the autoregulatory efficiency ratios exceeded 1.0 in every instance. Following oil perfusion, vasoactive autoregulation of colloidal perfusate flow returned, at very low organ flows. Our results do not confirm the previous findings of LEICHTWEISS, SCHRODER, and WEISS [Pfl\u00fcgers Arch. ges. Physiol. 293: 303 1967] concerning the presence of autoregulation during oxygenated renal oil perfusion. Our findings suggest that renal circulatory autoregulation is either primarily myogenic or else primarily dependent upon a rapidly acting tubulovascular feedback mechanism.", "PMID": 856362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11052", "title": "Pulmonary distributions of lead in human subjects.", "content": "The concentration of lead in five lung segments and in regional lymph nodes was determined post mortem in ten subjects by atomic absorption technique. In each case there was a considerable variation in the concentration of lead in different lung segments, and, in general, the apical segment in the upper lobe tended to be more contaminated than segments in the lower lobes. With one exception, the lead levels in the regional lymph nodes exceeded those of the lung segments. Individual differences in the distribution of lead in the lungs may be due to differences both in exposure and physiological response. When comparative analyses are made, we suggest that samples be taken from the same and preferably the basal segments of the lung.", "contents": "Pulmonary distributions of lead in human subjects. The concentration of lead in five lung segments and in regional lymph nodes was determined post mortem in ten subjects by atomic absorption technique. In each case there was a considerable variation in the concentration of lead in different lung segments, and, in general, the apical segment in the upper lobe tended to be more contaminated than segments in the lower lobes. With one exception, the lead levels in the regional lymph nodes exceeded those of the lung segments. Individual differences in the distribution of lead in the lungs may be due to differences both in exposure and physiological response. When comparative analyses are made, we suggest that samples be taken from the same and preferably the basal segments of the lung.", "PMID": 856363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11053", "title": "Study on the post-mortem identification of pollutants in the Fish killed by water pollution: detection of arsenic.", "content": "Careless Herbicidal aerial spray of a field for weed control and defoliation of cotton before machine picking, resulted in the contamination of an adjoining reservoir, killing large volume of fish. The dead catfish, along with water and Amarantha weed leaves analyzed contained relatively high levels of arsenic concentrations, indicative of arsenic being the probable cause of fish killing. The arsenic absorbed by fish was irreversable and its bioaccumulation continued in the surviving fish though the water arsenic level fell during the following weeks.", "contents": "Study on the post-mortem identification of pollutants in the Fish killed by water pollution: detection of arsenic. Careless Herbicidal aerial spray of a field for weed control and defoliation of cotton before machine picking, resulted in the contamination of an adjoining reservoir, killing large volume of fish. The dead catfish, along with water and Amarantha weed leaves analyzed contained relatively high levels of arsenic concentrations, indicative of arsenic being the probable cause of fish killing. The arsenic absorbed by fish was irreversable and its bioaccumulation continued in the surviving fish though the water arsenic level fell during the following weeks.", "PMID": 856364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11054", "title": "Polymyositis.", "content": "Polymyositis is a treatable and curable disease. Unfortunately, patients with polymyositis are still frequently diagnosed as having muscular dystrophy. It is important to have a high index of suspicion of polymyositis, and to recognize that the detailed symptoms and signs and the overall picture are different from the relatively clear-cut pattern of the muscular dystrophies. Treatment of polymyositis is rewarding, although it frequently requires considerable resilience from both patient and doctor to achieve the best results. A detailed search for an underlying aetiology should be made, and a carcinoma should be suspected in elderly patients and those with dermatomyositis. In patients in whom polymyositis is related to a carcinoma, the latter may be at a stage where total excision is possible.", "contents": "Polymyositis. Polymyositis is a treatable and curable disease. Unfortunately, patients with polymyositis are still frequently diagnosed as having muscular dystrophy. It is important to have a high index of suspicion of polymyositis, and to recognize that the detailed symptoms and signs and the overall picture are different from the relatively clear-cut pattern of the muscular dystrophies. Treatment of polymyositis is rewarding, although it frequently requires considerable resilience from both patient and doctor to achieve the best results. A detailed search for an underlying aetiology should be made, and a carcinoma should be suspected in elderly patients and those with dermatomyositis. In patients in whom polymyositis is related to a carcinoma, the latter may be at a stage where total excision is possible.", "PMID": 856365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11055", "title": "Neuromuscular syndromes associated with malignant disease.", "content": "Malignant disorders may produce neuromuscular syndromes in a variety of ways, for some of which it is still difficult to determine the exact pathophysiology. In the myopathic and neuropathic disorders, one possible explanation is that they are due to a virus such as is found in the rare \"progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy\". This is seen in association with the malignant lymphomas and with other conditions such as sarcoidosis where immune responses may be altered by either the disease or the treatment. No viral material has been found in the nonmetastatic neurological disorders apart from progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. An alternative theory is that there may be an autoimmune process, the nervous system sharing some antigenic determinant with the neoplasm (Urich, 1967). The prognosis in the paraneoplastic neurological disorders is usually poor. As well as the direct threat to life posed by the malignant disease, when the neurological disorder is due to destruction of neurones (for instance cerebellar degeneration or sensory neuronopathy) recovery of function is impossible. Spontaneous remissions have been recorded in cases of proximal muscle weakness and sensorimotor neuropathy, but it is difficult to know whether the remissions have been truly spontaneous or related to treatment (excision of the neoplasm or administration of steroids). Further immunological and virological studies will probably reveal the answers to some of the outstanding problems. In the meantime the clinician must continue to investigate patients with muscular weakness for evidence of an occult neoplasm, and to repeat investigations if no other cause for the neurological disorder is found. Also, in patients with known malignant disease, apart from trying to differentiate forms of neuromyopathy from the effects of metastases the various metabolic disorders must be considered because the therapeutic possibilities are a little more promising in the paraneoplastic endocrine disorders. Ross (1975) wisely said that \"cancer has replaced syphilis as the great imitator\".", "contents": "Neuromuscular syndromes associated with malignant disease. Malignant disorders may produce neuromuscular syndromes in a variety of ways, for some of which it is still difficult to determine the exact pathophysiology. In the myopathic and neuropathic disorders, one possible explanation is that they are due to a virus such as is found in the rare \"progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy\". This is seen in association with the malignant lymphomas and with other conditions such as sarcoidosis where immune responses may be altered by either the disease or the treatment. No viral material has been found in the nonmetastatic neurological disorders apart from progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. An alternative theory is that there may be an autoimmune process, the nervous system sharing some antigenic determinant with the neoplasm (Urich, 1967). The prognosis in the paraneoplastic neurological disorders is usually poor. As well as the direct threat to life posed by the malignant disease, when the neurological disorder is due to destruction of neurones (for instance cerebellar degeneration or sensory neuronopathy) recovery of function is impossible. Spontaneous remissions have been recorded in cases of proximal muscle weakness and sensorimotor neuropathy, but it is difficult to know whether the remissions have been truly spontaneous or related to treatment (excision of the neoplasm or administration of steroids). Further immunological and virological studies will probably reveal the answers to some of the outstanding problems. In the meantime the clinician must continue to investigate patients with muscular weakness for evidence of an occult neoplasm, and to repeat investigations if no other cause for the neurological disorder is found. Also, in patients with known malignant disease, apart from trying to differentiate forms of neuromyopathy from the effects of metastases the various metabolic disorders must be considered because the therapeutic possibilities are a little more promising in the paraneoplastic endocrine disorders. Ross (1975) wisely said that \"cancer has replaced syphilis as the great imitator\".", "PMID": 856366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11056", "title": "An evaluation of child health clinic services in Newcastle upon Tyne during 1972-1974.", "content": "The community child health clinics continued to provide an important and popular service for mothers with young children in Newcastle during 1972-1974, supplementing the primary care services of general practitioners as only a minority of them had undertaken the preventive aspects of child care. Most of the work of the community clinics was done by health visitors and it consisted of advice, support, and reassurance about the everyday problems of children. Although an appreciable amount of the work of the community doctors was developmental screening (birthday checks) most mothers consulted them about relatively minor medical complaints--such as feeding difficulties, specific developmental problems, and immunisation. There was no attempt to do a birthday check on all the children in the city and those that were done revealed few significant undetected abnormalities because most of the children had already attended clinics. In a poor area of the city, family and social problems were often found but very little consultation took place between health and social services, indicating the need for better liaison between these services. The community child health clinics will need to be maintained if general practitioners cannot provide these services and are unable to include preventive as well as curative child care within their practice.", "contents": "An evaluation of child health clinic services in Newcastle upon Tyne during 1972-1974. The community child health clinics continued to provide an important and popular service for mothers with young children in Newcastle during 1972-1974, supplementing the primary care services of general practitioners as only a minority of them had undertaken the preventive aspects of child care. Most of the work of the community clinics was done by health visitors and it consisted of advice, support, and reassurance about the everyday problems of children. Although an appreciable amount of the work of the community doctors was developmental screening (birthday checks) most mothers consulted them about relatively minor medical complaints--such as feeding difficulties, specific developmental problems, and immunisation. There was no attempt to do a birthday check on all the children in the city and those that were done revealed few significant undetected abnormalities because most of the children had already attended clinics. In a poor area of the city, family and social problems were often found but very little consultation took place between health and social services, indicating the need for better liaison between these services. The community child health clinics will need to be maintained if general practitioners cannot provide these services and are unable to include preventive as well as curative child care within their practice.", "PMID": 856367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11057", "title": "Cigarette smoking patterns during the working day.", "content": "The rates at which people smoke cigarettes during different periods of the day were obtained from three occupational groups. Group 1 consisted of those working at the main London production site of a food processing factory, Group 2 consisted of those in the administrative offices of the same company; there are smoking restrictions at both. Group 3 consisted of workers in the offices of a London borough where there are no smoking restrictions. Replies were received from 3174 people, or 88% of those approached. There was a higher proportion on non-smokers (over 70%) among the two groups of office workers than among the food processing workers (about 55%). Smokers in Group 3 recorded somewhat higher average cigarette consumption than those in Groups 1 and 2. During different periods of the day, the maximum hourly rate of cigarette smoking was about three times the minimum rate. For Groups 1 and 2 the maximum rate was consistently during the interval between leaving work and going to bed. In contrast, the maximum rate for Group 3 was consistently during the afternoon, while at work, and the rate between leaving work and going to bed was similar to the rate for the day as a whole. Results will help in deciding the time of day at which blood for carboxyhaemoglobin estimations should be taken.", "contents": "Cigarette smoking patterns during the working day. The rates at which people smoke cigarettes during different periods of the day were obtained from three occupational groups. Group 1 consisted of those working at the main London production site of a food processing factory, Group 2 consisted of those in the administrative offices of the same company; there are smoking restrictions at both. Group 3 consisted of workers in the offices of a London borough where there are no smoking restrictions. Replies were received from 3174 people, or 88% of those approached. There was a higher proportion on non-smokers (over 70%) among the two groups of office workers than among the food processing workers (about 55%). Smokers in Group 3 recorded somewhat higher average cigarette consumption than those in Groups 1 and 2. During different periods of the day, the maximum hourly rate of cigarette smoking was about three times the minimum rate. For Groups 1 and 2 the maximum rate was consistently during the interval between leaving work and going to bed. In contrast, the maximum rate for Group 3 was consistently during the afternoon, while at work, and the rate between leaving work and going to bed was similar to the rate for the day as a whole. Results will help in deciding the time of day at which blood for carboxyhaemoglobin estimations should be taken.", "PMID": 856368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11058", "title": "Health norms in pregnancy.", "content": "A study was conducted on a sample of pregnant women. The study had two aims: to develop a method of measuring social expectations (norms) and to find out how far women conform in their behaviour to these norms. The areas of behaviour were smoking, exercise, diet, alcohol, and medication. Pregnancy was found to be appropriate for this study because of the high degree of formalisation that this state enjoys in our society. The methods used for measuring norms in this study are an improvement on earlier methods, but further refinements are needed. The findings show that women generally do conform to the social expectations and that their behaviour is in accordance with three types of norms--that is, general, specific, and transitional. The implications for health education interventions are discussed.", "contents": "Health norms in pregnancy. A study was conducted on a sample of pregnant women. The study had two aims: to develop a method of measuring social expectations (norms) and to find out how far women conform in their behaviour to these norms. The areas of behaviour were smoking, exercise, diet, alcohol, and medication. Pregnancy was found to be appropriate for this study because of the high degree of formalisation that this state enjoys in our society. The methods used for measuring norms in this study are an improvement on earlier methods, but further refinements are needed. The findings show that women generally do conform to the social expectations and that their behaviour is in accordance with three types of norms--that is, general, specific, and transitional. The implications for health education interventions are discussed.", "PMID": 856369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11059", "title": "Self-administration of a questionnaire on chest pain and intermittent claudication.", "content": "A total of 18 403 men aged between 40 and 64 years took part in a screening examination which included a self-administered version of the London School of Hygiene questionnaire on chest pain and intermittent claudication. The yield of positives for \"angina\" and \"history of possible infarction\" was about twice as high as with interviewers, but the positive groups obtained by the two techniques differed little in their association with electrocardiographic findings or in their ability to predict five-year coronary mortality risk. This risk ranged from 0-9% in men negative to questionnaire and electrocardiograms (ECG), to 4-3% for those with positive ECG but no symptoms, 4-5% for those with angina and negative ECG, up to 16% for those with angina and positive ECG. The self-administered version of this questionnaire provides a simple and convenient means of identifying individuals with a high risk of major coronary heart disease.", "contents": "Self-administration of a questionnaire on chest pain and intermittent claudication. A total of 18 403 men aged between 40 and 64 years took part in a screening examination which included a self-administered version of the London School of Hygiene questionnaire on chest pain and intermittent claudication. The yield of positives for \"angina\" and \"history of possible infarction\" was about twice as high as with interviewers, but the positive groups obtained by the two techniques differed little in their association with electrocardiographic findings or in their ability to predict five-year coronary mortality risk. This risk ranged from 0-9% in men negative to questionnaire and electrocardiograms (ECG), to 4-3% for those with positive ECG but no symptoms, 4-5% for those with angina and negative ECG, up to 16% for those with angina and positive ECG. The self-administered version of this questionnaire provides a simple and convenient means of identifying individuals with a high risk of major coronary heart disease.", "PMID": 856370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11060", "title": "Randomised controlled trial of anti-smoking advice in pregnancy.", "content": "In a randomised controlled trial intensive individual anti-smoking advice given in parallel with hospital antenatal care did not influence the outcome of pregnancy. The belief that retardation of fetal growth caused by maternal smoking occurs in late pregnancy is not well based, and the advice may not have been given in time to be effective. Other possible interpretations of the results, that maternal smoking is merely an index of some other factor that retards growth or that those counselled did not reduce their smoking sufficiently to influence outcome, cannot be excluded.", "contents": "Randomised controlled trial of anti-smoking advice in pregnancy. In a randomised controlled trial intensive individual anti-smoking advice given in parallel with hospital antenatal care did not influence the outcome of pregnancy. The belief that retardation of fetal growth caused by maternal smoking occurs in late pregnancy is not well based, and the advice may not have been given in time to be effective. Other possible interpretations of the results, that maternal smoking is merely an index of some other factor that retards growth or that those counselled did not reduce their smoking sufficiently to influence outcome, cannot be excluded.", "PMID": 856371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11061", "title": "Sex differences in the emotional behaviour of laboratory mice.", "content": "Three laboratory strains of mice (C57, BALB/c, Porton) were tested in an open field using a number of measures taken during the initial 2 min of testing and after a loud bell had sounded. The mice were tested either in a clean field or in one containing an odour of a same-sex conspecific. Over all three strains, several measures indicated that females showed high leveles of 'emotional' or 'fear' responses than did males. This sex difference was found in C57 and BALB/c strains but not in the Portons; it could not be attributed to activity or response-specific sex differences. Conspecific odours did not influence the direction of the main findings.", "contents": "Sex differences in the emotional behaviour of laboratory mice. Three laboratory strains of mice (C57, BALB/c, Porton) were tested in an open field using a number of measures taken during the initial 2 min of testing and after a loud bell had sounded. The mice were tested either in a clean field or in one containing an odour of a same-sex conspecific. Over all three strains, several measures indicated that females showed high leveles of 'emotional' or 'fear' responses than did males. This sex difference was found in C57 and BALB/c strains but not in the Portons; it could not be attributed to activity or response-specific sex differences. Conspecific odours did not influence the direction of the main findings.", "PMID": 856372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11062", "title": "Hypnotic susceptibility and personality: the consequences of diazepam and the sex of the subjects.", "content": "It was suggested by Gibson & Curran (1974) that the rather complex relationships found to obtain between hypnotic susceptibility and the personality parameters of extraversion and neuroticism might be understood by considering neuroticism as a moderator variable (as had been suggested by Furneaux & Gibson, 1961). They made the hypothesis that if a tranquillizing drug were administered the operative level of neuroticism would be decreased, and as a consequence the level of susceptibility of neurotic extraverts would be raised, and that of neurotic introverts lowered. This study reports the test-retest data on a sample of 71 subjects on the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scales, half of whom were retested with diazepam and half with nicotinic acid. The hypothesis was confirmed and additional data are given on the drug/placebo effects on each item of the scale. The significance of drugs on different aspects of hypnotic susceptibility in relation to personality is discussed.", "contents": "Hypnotic susceptibility and personality: the consequences of diazepam and the sex of the subjects. It was suggested by Gibson & Curran (1974) that the rather complex relationships found to obtain between hypnotic susceptibility and the personality parameters of extraversion and neuroticism might be understood by considering neuroticism as a moderator variable (as had been suggested by Furneaux & Gibson, 1961). They made the hypothesis that if a tranquillizing drug were administered the operative level of neuroticism would be decreased, and as a consequence the level of susceptibility of neurotic extraverts would be raised, and that of neurotic introverts lowered. This study reports the test-retest data on a sample of 71 subjects on the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scales, half of whom were retested with diazepam and half with nicotinic acid. The hypothesis was confirmed and additional data are given on the drug/placebo effects on each item of the scale. The significance of drugs on different aspects of hypnotic susceptibility in relation to personality is discussed.", "PMID": 856373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11063", "title": "Sequential contrast effects with retarded subjects after discrimination learning with and without errors.", "content": "Four retarded adults were exposed to a multiple variable interval-extinction schedule of reinforcement. The 2 min components were presented in a random order. Two subjects acquired the discrimination with an errorless procedure. The two other subjects learned the discrimination with errors. The schedule generated sequential contrast effects under both training procedures: response rates during periods of reinforcement were higher when a reinforcement period followed an extinction period than when it followed another reinforcement period. These results were confirmed in a second observation where eight retarded children were exposed to a multiple fixed ratio-extinction schedule of reinforcement. This study is the first demonstration of sequential contrast effects with human subjects during the acquisition of a discrimination without errors. The results are discussed in terms of Terrace's theory of errorless learning.", "contents": "Sequential contrast effects with retarded subjects after discrimination learning with and without errors. Four retarded adults were exposed to a multiple variable interval-extinction schedule of reinforcement. The 2 min components were presented in a random order. Two subjects acquired the discrimination with an errorless procedure. The two other subjects learned the discrimination with errors. The schedule generated sequential contrast effects under both training procedures: response rates during periods of reinforcement were higher when a reinforcement period followed an extinction period than when it followed another reinforcement period. These results were confirmed in a second observation where eight retarded children were exposed to a multiple fixed ratio-extinction schedule of reinforcement. This study is the first demonstration of sequential contrast effects with human subjects during the acquisition of a discrimination without errors. The results are discussed in terms of Terrace's theory of errorless learning.", "PMID": 856374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11064", "title": "Sclerosing peritonitis due to practolol: a report on 9 cases and their surgical management.", "content": "Nine patients with an unusual and serious intraabdominal complication of the beta-adrenergic blocking agent practolol seen since 1973 are reported. The striking and bizarre peritoneal changes induced by the drug have distinctive features that are not shown by other forms of peritoneal disease. The cases presented with small bowel obstruction, usually chronic in type and often associated with profound weight loss and an abdominal mass. Characteristic radiological features were present. The abnormalities at laparotomy were impressive, with a gross proliferation of the visceral peritoneum which formed a dense white cocoon which encased, constricted and markedly shortened the small bowel, usually from the duodenojejunal flexure to the ileocaecal valve. The obstruction was relieved by mobilizing the small bowel from the ensheathing tissue. Restoration of alimentary function after surgery was delayed but the long term result was satisfactory with full relief of symptoms and the absence of recurrent obstruction during the follow-up period. This complication may arise after treatment with the drug has been stopped, and although long term oral therapy has been discontinued, further cases will almost certainly present for some time to come.", "contents": "Sclerosing peritonitis due to practolol: a report on 9 cases and their surgical management. Nine patients with an unusual and serious intraabdominal complication of the beta-adrenergic blocking agent practolol seen since 1973 are reported. The striking and bizarre peritoneal changes induced by the drug have distinctive features that are not shown by other forms of peritoneal disease. The cases presented with small bowel obstruction, usually chronic in type and often associated with profound weight loss and an abdominal mass. Characteristic radiological features were present. The abnormalities at laparotomy were impressive, with a gross proliferation of the visceral peritoneum which formed a dense white cocoon which encased, constricted and markedly shortened the small bowel, usually from the duodenojejunal flexure to the ileocaecal valve. The obstruction was relieved by mobilizing the small bowel from the ensheathing tissue. Restoration of alimentary function after surgery was delayed but the long term result was satisfactory with full relief of symptoms and the absence of recurrent obstruction during the follow-up period. This complication may arise after treatment with the drug has been stopped, and although long term oral therapy has been discontinued, further cases will almost certainly present for some time to come.", "PMID": 856375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11065", "title": "Nine years' experience with internal arteriovenous fistulas for haemodialysis: a study of some factors influencing the results.", "content": "Data were collected concerning 314 internal arteriovenous fistulas created in 242 adult patients (92 women and 150 men). The immediate failure rate for the various techniques used ranged from 7-7 to 12-0 per cent, except for ulnar fistulas which had a rate of immediate thrombosis of 20-7 per cent. Survival rates were significantly lower for patients submitted to a combined therapy of dialysis and kidney transplantation when compared with patients treated with dialysis alone. The probability of survival of an arteriovenous fistula was lower in women than in men but the difference was significant only in patients undergoing transplantation. Survival rates at 2 years in dialysed patients were 87-6 per cent for distal radial-cephalic side-to-side fistulas, 100 per cent for radial-cephalic end-to-side fistulas located in the mid-forearm, 78-5 per cent for radial-cephalic end-to-side fistulas created near the wrist, 53-1 per cent for distal radial-cephalic end-to-end fistulas and 60-9 per cent for ulnar fistulas. Thrombosis was responsible for 87-2 per cent of 109 late failures. The incidence of infection was 1 case/11 patient years of haemodialysis.", "contents": "Nine years' experience with internal arteriovenous fistulas for haemodialysis: a study of some factors influencing the results. Data were collected concerning 314 internal arteriovenous fistulas created in 242 adult patients (92 women and 150 men). The immediate failure rate for the various techniques used ranged from 7-7 to 12-0 per cent, except for ulnar fistulas which had a rate of immediate thrombosis of 20-7 per cent. Survival rates were significantly lower for patients submitted to a combined therapy of dialysis and kidney transplantation when compared with patients treated with dialysis alone. The probability of survival of an arteriovenous fistula was lower in women than in men but the difference was significant only in patients undergoing transplantation. Survival rates at 2 years in dialysed patients were 87-6 per cent for distal radial-cephalic side-to-side fistulas, 100 per cent for radial-cephalic end-to-side fistulas located in the mid-forearm, 78-5 per cent for radial-cephalic end-to-side fistulas created near the wrist, 53-1 per cent for distal radial-cephalic end-to-end fistulas and 60-9 per cent for ulnar fistulas. Thrombosis was responsible for 87-2 per cent of 109 late failures. The incidence of infection was 1 case/11 patient years of haemodialysis.", "PMID": 856376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11066", "title": "Protection of the skin around intestinal fistulas.", "content": "The use of two recently introduced skin protective preparations in the treatment of perifistular skin inflammation is described. Karaya gum in paste form (karaya paste) and a compressed wafer of gelatin, pectin and methyl cellulose (Stomahesive) were used, alone or in combination; with drainable collecting appliances. The method protects the inflamed skin from fistula discharge and allows healing to proceed beneath the dressing. A technique to improve the adhesion of the appliance, in spite of large fluid losses, is outlined. Healing of skin excoriation was obtained in nearly all cases. Complete control of leakage was achieved in a group of patients with a high output fistula.", "contents": "Protection of the skin around intestinal fistulas. The use of two recently introduced skin protective preparations in the treatment of perifistular skin inflammation is described. Karaya gum in paste form (karaya paste) and a compressed wafer of gelatin, pectin and methyl cellulose (Stomahesive) were used, alone or in combination; with drainable collecting appliances. The method protects the inflamed skin from fistula discharge and allows healing to proceed beneath the dressing. A technique to improve the adhesion of the appliance, in spite of large fluid losses, is outlined. Healing of skin excoriation was obtained in nearly all cases. Complete control of leakage was achieved in a group of patients with a high output fistula.", "PMID": 856377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11067", "title": "The early mobilization of the elderly amputee.", "content": "A policy of early mobilization of elderly leg amputees using a simple temporary prosthesis has been assessed in the context of a district general hospital. Close cooperation between members of the hospital management team, adequate rehabilitation facilities and close liaison with the limb-fitting centre and domiciliary services were found to be essential to support this policy. Of 42 elderly amputees, 34  were supplied as early as possible with temporary prostheses. Nearly 80 per cent of them were able to walk without assistance on discharge from hospital care. Delays in discharge were mainly for socio-domestic reasons. Early prosthetic mobilization in this aged and often frail group of patients led to a reduced morbidity and mortality. There was improved morale in patients and staff, rapid clearance of acute surgical beds and the all-important early achievement of domestic mobility and independence for the amputee.", "contents": "The early mobilization of the elderly amputee. A policy of early mobilization of elderly leg amputees using a simple temporary prosthesis has been assessed in the context of a district general hospital. Close cooperation between members of the hospital management team, adequate rehabilitation facilities and close liaison with the limb-fitting centre and domiciliary services were found to be essential to support this policy. Of 42 elderly amputees, 34  were supplied as early as possible with temporary prostheses. Nearly 80 per cent of them were able to walk without assistance on discharge from hospital care. Delays in discharge were mainly for socio-domestic reasons. Early prosthetic mobilization in this aged and often frail group of patients led to a reduced morbidity and mortality. There was improved morale in patients and staff, rapid clearance of acute surgical beds and the all-important early achievement of domestic mobility and independence for the amputee.", "PMID": 856378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11068", "title": "Torsion of the testis.", "content": "A series of 56 proved cases of torsion of the testis is reviewed. The condition is rare, only 2 patients per year being admitted to a large general hospital of 800 beds. The aim of this study was to assess the fate of testes in relation to the duration of symptoms: if less than 12 hours the outlook is good, between 12 and 24 hours survival of the testis is possible, over 24 hours the testis is most likely to be beyond salvage and beyond 48 hours there is virtually no hope of testicular survival and orchidectomy will be necessary.", "contents": "Torsion of the testis. A series of 56 proved cases of torsion of the testis is reviewed. The condition is rare, only 2 patients per year being admitted to a large general hospital of 800 beds. The aim of this study was to assess the fate of testes in relation to the duration of symptoms: if less than 12 hours the outlook is good, between 12 and 24 hours survival of the testis is possible, over 24 hours the testis is most likely to be beyond salvage and beyond 48 hours there is virtually no hope of testicular survival and orchidectomy will be necessary.", "PMID": 856379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11069", "title": "Some surgical aspects of homozygous beta-thalassaemia.", "content": "The surgical aspects of the management of patients with homozygous beta-thalassaemia are reviewed, and the operative findings in 10 patients with the disease who underwent splenectomy are described. Postoperatively, blood consumption was reduced and there was a longer time interval between transfusions needed to maintain the haemoglobin level. Hyperplastic lymph nodes containing erythropoietic elements are always present, and the first reported case of extrabiliary obstructive jaundice caused by this tissue is included. All the patients survived for 2-3 years after treatment and there were no serious infections. All received prophylactic oral penicillin after surgery. Cholelithiasis was not found. Two malleolar ulcers were successfully grafted with split skin after preparation of the craters with silver sulphadiazine cream.", "contents": "Some surgical aspects of homozygous beta-thalassaemia. The surgical aspects of the management of patients with homozygous beta-thalassaemia are reviewed, and the operative findings in 10 patients with the disease who underwent splenectomy are described. Postoperatively, blood consumption was reduced and there was a longer time interval between transfusions needed to maintain the haemoglobin level. Hyperplastic lymph nodes containing erythropoietic elements are always present, and the first reported case of extrabiliary obstructive jaundice caused by this tissue is included. All the patients survived for 2-3 years after treatment and there were no serious infections. All received prophylactic oral penicillin after surgery. Cholelithiasis was not found. Two malleolar ulcers were successfully grafted with split skin after preparation of the craters with silver sulphadiazine cream.", "PMID": 856380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11070", "title": "Plasma glucagon levels in haemorrhagic shock.", "content": "Eleven healthy dogs were subjected to haemorrhagic shock for 90 min. after which shed blood was reinfused. Detailed studies were made of cardiopulmonary function. Samples of blood were taken at frequent intervals for the measurement of glucagon, insulin and glucose. Three dogs had samples taken for catecholamine levels. The glucagon level rose during haemorrhagic shock but there was no relationship between this rise and the change in cardiorespiratory measurement, but there was a relationship between the plasma glucagon level, the blood glucose and the catecholamine level. It is suggested that the release of glucagon in haemorrhagic shock is mediated by sympathetic stimulation of the alpha cell and that the rise in glucagon is in part responsible for the hyperglycaemia which is found in shock.", "contents": "Plasma glucagon levels in haemorrhagic shock. Eleven healthy dogs were subjected to haemorrhagic shock for 90 min. after which shed blood was reinfused. Detailed studies were made of cardiopulmonary function. Samples of blood were taken at frequent intervals for the measurement of glucagon, insulin and glucose. Three dogs had samples taken for catecholamine levels. The glucagon level rose during haemorrhagic shock but there was no relationship between this rise and the change in cardiorespiratory measurement, but there was a relationship between the plasma glucagon level, the blood glucose and the catecholamine level. It is suggested that the release of glucagon in haemorrhagic shock is mediated by sympathetic stimulation of the alpha cell and that the rise in glucagon is in part responsible for the hyperglycaemia which is found in shock.", "PMID": 856381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11071", "title": "Unsuspected exposure to asbestos and bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "Two hundred and fifty men admitted to a thoracic surgical centre and matched controls were questioned in detail about their occupations after leaving school and their smoking habits. Of 201 men with confirmed bronchial carcinoma 58 gave a history of occupational exposure to asbestos, whereas only 29 out of 201 men matched for age and residential area who were admitted with other diseases gave such a history. This difference was statistically highly significant. The usual association of bronchial carcinoma with heavy smoking was observed, but asbestos exposure increased the risk of carcinoma whatever the level of smoking. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that asbestos exposure and the level of smoking act independently in causing bronchial carcinoma. The patients with carcinoma who had been exposed to asbestos presented on average three years earlier than those who had not been exposed. Asbestos regulations have eliminated the risk of exposure to workers in scheduled industries, so asbestos-induced diseases will probably be increasingly found among the many workers who have had incidental exposure to asbestos. It is therefore important to take a full occupational history.", "contents": "Unsuspected exposure to asbestos and bronchogenic carcinoma. Two hundred and fifty men admitted to a thoracic surgical centre and matched controls were questioned in detail about their occupations after leaving school and their smoking habits. Of 201 men with confirmed bronchial carcinoma 58 gave a history of occupational exposure to asbestos, whereas only 29 out of 201 men matched for age and residential area who were admitted with other diseases gave such a history. This difference was statistically highly significant. The usual association of bronchial carcinoma with heavy smoking was observed, but asbestos exposure increased the risk of carcinoma whatever the level of smoking. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that asbestos exposure and the level of smoking act independently in causing bronchial carcinoma. The patients with carcinoma who had been exposed to asbestos presented on average three years earlier than those who had not been exposed. Asbestos regulations have eliminated the risk of exposure to workers in scheduled industries, so asbestos-induced diseases will probably be increasingly found among the many workers who have had incidental exposure to asbestos. It is therefore important to take a full occupational history.", "PMID": 856382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11072", "title": "Rubella vaccination of schoolgirls: factors affecting vaccine uptake.", "content": "In a national sample of 16-year-old girls who were aged 12 when the rubella vaccine programme was implemented in 1970, 71% were reported to have received rubella vaccine. There was a high regional disparity in the uptake of rubella vaccine: 81% of girls living in Scotland had been vaccinated but only 61% of girls living in Wales. Similarly there was a difference in reported vaccine uptake according to the family social background, the lowest proportion vaccinated came from professional and unskilled manual families. Girls attending independent schools also had a lower vaccine uptake than girls in schools maintained by the local educational authorities. If rubella immunisation is to be effective uptake of vaccine must increase to almost 100%.", "contents": "Rubella vaccination of schoolgirls: factors affecting vaccine uptake. In a national sample of 16-year-old girls who were aged 12 when the rubella vaccine programme was implemented in 1970, 71% were reported to have received rubella vaccine. There was a high regional disparity in the uptake of rubella vaccine: 81% of girls living in Scotland had been vaccinated but only 61% of girls living in Wales. Similarly there was a difference in reported vaccine uptake according to the family social background, the lowest proportion vaccinated came from professional and unskilled manual families. Girls attending independent schools also had a lower vaccine uptake than girls in schools maintained by the local educational authorities. If rubella immunisation is to be effective uptake of vaccine must increase to almost 100%.", "PMID": 856383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11073", "title": "Changing patterns and mortality of acute myocardial infarction in a coronary care unit.", "content": "Three groups of patients who had been admitted to a coronary care unit with infarction at different periods since 1963 were reviewed to assess whether the outcome in such patients had improved over 12 years. There was a significant reduction in mortality among consecutive patients with mild or severe infarction between 1969-70 and 1974-5. Classifying the patients in all three groups according to their risk factors showed that for each risk factor mortality had decreased since 1963. The incidence of arrhythmias and conduction defects decreased between 1969-70 and 1974-5, and mortality among patients with each arrhythmia also fell. The reduction in mortality may reflect a changing pattern in the natural history of the disease as well as a benefit of improved treatment.", "contents": "Changing patterns and mortality of acute myocardial infarction in a coronary care unit. Three groups of patients who had been admitted to a coronary care unit with infarction at different periods since 1963 were reviewed to assess whether the outcome in such patients had improved over 12 years. There was a significant reduction in mortality among consecutive patients with mild or severe infarction between 1969-70 and 1974-5. Classifying the patients in all three groups according to their risk factors showed that for each risk factor mortality had decreased since 1963. The incidence of arrhythmias and conduction defects decreased between 1969-70 and 1974-5, and mortality among patients with each arrhythmia also fell. The reduction in mortality may reflect a changing pattern in the natural history of the disease as well as a benefit of improved treatment.", "PMID": 856384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11074", "title": "HLA patterns in pernicious anaemia.", "content": "The pattern of HLA antigens was studied in 127 patients with Addisonian pernicious anaemia. The pattern in the whole group of patients differed significantly from that in 586 controls. But different subgroups of the patients had different HLA antigens. Among 27 patients with anaemia associated with endocrine disease there was an increased frequency of HLA-B8, B18, and BW15. The remaining 100 patients, who did not have endocrine disease, showed increased frequencies of HLA-B7 and B12. The positive association with HLA-B12 among this subgroup was confined to 62 patients with severly impaired vitamin B12 absorption, including 13 patients with vitamin B12 neuromyelopathy, who had the highest frequencies of HLA-B7 and B12. The significant heterogeneity in HLA patterns in different clinical subgroups of these patients indicates genetic heterogeneity in pernicious anaemia and explains previous discrepancies in the associations between HLA antigens and pernicious anaemia.", "contents": "HLA patterns in pernicious anaemia. The pattern of HLA antigens was studied in 127 patients with Addisonian pernicious anaemia. The pattern in the whole group of patients differed significantly from that in 586 controls. But different subgroups of the patients had different HLA antigens. Among 27 patients with anaemia associated with endocrine disease there was an increased frequency of HLA-B8, B18, and BW15. The remaining 100 patients, who did not have endocrine disease, showed increased frequencies of HLA-B7 and B12. The positive association with HLA-B12 among this subgroup was confined to 62 patients with severly impaired vitamin B12 absorption, including 13 patients with vitamin B12 neuromyelopathy, who had the highest frequencies of HLA-B7 and B12. The significant heterogeneity in HLA patterns in different clinical subgroups of these patients indicates genetic heterogeneity in pernicious anaemia and explains previous discrepancies in the associations between HLA antigens and pernicious anaemia.", "PMID": 856385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11075", "title": "Problems in using basal body temperature recordings in an infertility clinic.", "content": "Basal body temperature recordings are extensively used to diagnose and treat infertility, but too great an emphasis on the interpretation of these charts might be counter-productive in managing these patients. Several gynaecologists who use temperature charts clinically were asked to score 60 charts taken from a selection of normal and infertile women, and their results were compared with those obtained by a group of non-experts. Since the full hormonal profiles had been obtained for each of the 60 charts the accuracy of the predictions could be assessed. About 80% of the temperature charts were correctly interpreted by both groups as being either ovulatory or anovulatory but the day of ovulation was predicted correctly for only about 34% of the charts. When the charts were examined retrospectively the thermal nadir was found to coincide with the luteinising hormone surge in 43% of the charts from normal subjects but in only 25% of those from the infertile patients. Predicting the day of ovulation from the temperature recording, particularly in infertile women, is clearly unjustified.", "contents": "Problems in using basal body temperature recordings in an infertility clinic. Basal body temperature recordings are extensively used to diagnose and treat infertility, but too great an emphasis on the interpretation of these charts might be counter-productive in managing these patients. Several gynaecologists who use temperature charts clinically were asked to score 60 charts taken from a selection of normal and infertile women, and their results were compared with those obtained by a group of non-experts. Since the full hormonal profiles had been obtained for each of the 60 charts the accuracy of the predictions could be assessed. About 80% of the temperature charts were correctly interpreted by both groups as being either ovulatory or anovulatory but the day of ovulation was predicted correctly for only about 34% of the charts. When the charts were examined retrospectively the thermal nadir was found to coincide with the luteinising hormone surge in 43% of the charts from normal subjects but in only 25% of those from the infertile patients. Predicting the day of ovulation from the temperature recording, particularly in infertile women, is clearly unjustified.", "PMID": 856386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11076", "title": "Asthma: analysis of sudden deaths and ventilatory arrests in hospital.", "content": "The incidence of episodes of unexpected ventilatory arrest, some of which led to sudden death, was studied in 1169 consecutive hospital admissions for asthma. Of the most acute cases, 458 were initially managed in a special care unit where only one ventilatory arrest occurred. A further nine cases of arrest, three of which proved fatal, happened on general wards. Accepted clinical criteria of a severe attack were not present in those episodes occurring outside the unit, which were apparently mild attacks. The risk of sudden death could not be related to the severity of the attack but it did correlate with the presence of excessive diurnal variation in peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR). Special treatment of patients with this sign might reduce mortality.", "contents": "Asthma: analysis of sudden deaths and ventilatory arrests in hospital. The incidence of episodes of unexpected ventilatory arrest, some of which led to sudden death, was studied in 1169 consecutive hospital admissions for asthma. Of the most acute cases, 458 were initially managed in a special care unit where only one ventilatory arrest occurred. A further nine cases of arrest, three of which proved fatal, happened on general wards. Accepted clinical criteria of a severe attack were not present in those episodes occurring outside the unit, which were apparently mild attacks. The risk of sudden death could not be related to the severity of the attack but it did correlate with the presence of excessive diurnal variation in peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR). Special treatment of patients with this sign might reduce mortality.", "PMID": 856387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11077", "title": "Icarus's syndrome: new hazards in flight.", "content": "The British Hang Gliding Association accident report for 1975 reported two deaths. The remaining cases were predominantly limb fractures. The major causes of the injuries were inexperience, high wind speed, turbulence, and stalling. It is contended that the sport is no more risky than is rock climbing, motor-bike racing, skiing, or potholing, yet against these undoubtedly dangerous sports no threat of prohibition exists. The current accident rate in hang gliding could be reduced dramatically by the provision of proper courses of instruction.", "contents": "Icarus's syndrome: new hazards in flight. The British Hang Gliding Association accident report for 1975 reported two deaths. The remaining cases were predominantly limb fractures. The major causes of the injuries were inexperience, high wind speed, turbulence, and stalling. It is contended that the sport is no more risky than is rock climbing, motor-bike racing, skiing, or potholing, yet against these undoubtedly dangerous sports no threat of prohibition exists. The current accident rate in hang gliding could be reduced dramatically by the provision of proper courses of instruction.", "PMID": 856388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11078", "title": "Variations in GP night visiting rates: medical organisation and consumer demand.", "content": "Specially obtained data for night visiting fees show a considerable increase in the number of claims made per general practitioner and per 1000 patients. There were also considerable variations between the 116 executive councils: in 1973-4 the range was from 3-8 to 17-0 per 1000 patients. To explain these variations, their relations with the local characteristics of family practice and of the population was explored using regression analysis. The factors most strongly associated with variations in implied visiting rates were found to be deputising services and the proportion of social class V in the population.", "contents": "Variations in GP night visiting rates: medical organisation and consumer demand. Specially obtained data for night visiting fees show a considerable increase in the number of claims made per general practitioner and per 1000 patients. There were also considerable variations between the 116 executive councils: in 1973-4 the range was from 3-8 to 17-0 per 1000 patients. To explain these variations, their relations with the local characteristics of family practice and of the population was explored using regression analysis. The factors most strongly associated with variations in implied visiting rates were found to be deputising services and the proportion of social class V in the population.", "PMID": 856389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11079", "title": "Dermatitis herpetiformis: effect of gluten-free diet on skin IgA and jejunal structure and function.", "content": "To clarify the controversy about the effectiveness of a gluten-free diet in dermatitis herpetiformis, 10 highly motivated patients were investigated. The indices used to assess improvement included deposition of sub-epidermal IgA in unaffected skin, counts of intraepithelial lymphocytes, deposition of IgA in jejunal villi, and electrical tests of glucose absorption. In every patient subepidermal IgA concentrations fell after gluten withdrawal. In all but one patient the dose of dapsone necessary to control symptoms was reduced. Indeed, six patients stopped taking the drug completely within a year. In nine patients biopsy specimens were taken from the jejunum; seven showed abnormalities in jejunal morphology, eight had increased numbers of intraepithelial lymphocytes, and five had increased numbers of IgA-reactive cells in the lamina propria. Two of these three indices improved after gluten withdrawal, which confirmed that all nine patients were adhering to their diet. Routine screening for malabsorption proved to be unsatisfactory for showing the mild jejunal disease found in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis. The electrical test of glucose absorption showed subnormal results in all eight patients tested, however, and in six the results improved after gluten withdrawal.", "contents": "Dermatitis herpetiformis: effect of gluten-free diet on skin IgA and jejunal structure and function. To clarify the controversy about the effectiveness of a gluten-free diet in dermatitis herpetiformis, 10 highly motivated patients were investigated. The indices used to assess improvement included deposition of sub-epidermal IgA in unaffected skin, counts of intraepithelial lymphocytes, deposition of IgA in jejunal villi, and electrical tests of glucose absorption. In every patient subepidermal IgA concentrations fell after gluten withdrawal. In all but one patient the dose of dapsone necessary to control symptoms was reduced. Indeed, six patients stopped taking the drug completely within a year. In nine patients biopsy specimens were taken from the jejunum; seven showed abnormalities in jejunal morphology, eight had increased numbers of intraepithelial lymphocytes, and five had increased numbers of IgA-reactive cells in the lamina propria. Two of these three indices improved after gluten withdrawal, which confirmed that all nine patients were adhering to their diet. Routine screening for malabsorption proved to be unsatisfactory for showing the mild jejunal disease found in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis. The electrical test of glucose absorption showed subnormal results in all eight patients tested, however, and in six the results improved after gluten withdrawal.", "PMID": 856390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11080", "title": "Idiopathic recurrent superficial thrombophlebitis: treatment with fibrinolytic enhancement.", "content": "Sixteen patients with idiopathic recurrent superficial thrombophlebitis were shown to have a defect of blood and tissue fibrinolytic activity. After six months' treatment with stanozolol their mean dilute blood clot lysis time and plasma fibrinogen fell significantly and the mean fibrin plate lysis area increased. Attacks of thrombophlebitis stopped completely in 13 patients, though five patients later suffered recurrences and phenformin had to be added to their treatment. Fibrinolytic enhancement with stanozolol seems to be effective in this previously intractable condition, and regular blood studies will indicate which patients also need phenformin.", "contents": "Idiopathic recurrent superficial thrombophlebitis: treatment with fibrinolytic enhancement. Sixteen patients with idiopathic recurrent superficial thrombophlebitis were shown to have a defect of blood and tissue fibrinolytic activity. After six months' treatment with stanozolol their mean dilute blood clot lysis time and plasma fibrinogen fell significantly and the mean fibrin plate lysis area increased. Attacks of thrombophlebitis stopped completely in 13 patients, though five patients later suffered recurrences and phenformin had to be added to their treatment. Fibrinolytic enhancement with stanozolol seems to be effective in this previously intractable condition, and regular blood studies will indicate which patients also need phenformin.", "PMID": 856391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11081", "title": "Anaesthetic waste gas scavenging systems.", "content": "The Department of Health and Social Security has recently recommended that waste anaesthetic scavenging systems should be installed to reduce pollution in operating theatres. Three passive and two active systems were compared to see how effectively they reduced concentrations of halothane in the atmosphere. All five systems reduced halothane levels significantly, the combination of an active system and semiclosed circuitry being the most effective. All obvious leaks from equipment were controlled in this study, but normally such leaks contribute significantly to atmospheric pollution. Some of the benefits of a scavenging system may be lost if gases can still escape through leaks.", "contents": "Anaesthetic waste gas scavenging systems. The Department of Health and Social Security has recently recommended that waste anaesthetic scavenging systems should be installed to reduce pollution in operating theatres. Three passive and two active systems were compared to see how effectively they reduced concentrations of halothane in the atmosphere. All five systems reduced halothane levels significantly, the combination of an active system and semiclosed circuitry being the most effective. All obvious leaks from equipment were controlled in this study, but normally such leaks contribute significantly to atmospheric pollution. Some of the benefits of a scavenging system may be lost if gases can still escape through leaks.", "PMID": 856392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11082", "title": "Breakfast and Crohn's disease.", "content": "The breakfast habits in adult life of 34 patients with Crohns disease were compared with those of 68 matched controls. Cornflakes were being eaten at least weekly by 23 of the patients (67--6%) at the time that their symptoms began, compared with 17 (25%) of the controls at the corresponding time. Only one of the 34 patients had not eaten cornflakes at all, compared with half of the controls. A significant but weaker association was found between Crohn's disease and the eating of wheat cereals. However, in both patients and controls the taking of cornflakes and of wheat cereals were correlated, and the observed preponderance of wheat eating among the patients was almost entirely ascribable to this association of habits. Eating of rice cereals and of porridge was not associated with Crohn's disease, though it was correlated with eating cornflakes. There was an excess of bran eaters among the propositi, but this, too, was attributable to their being also cornflake eaters. Other breakfast foods were taken with equal frequency, and omission of breakfast was equally common. Six of the 68 controls, but none of the patients, ate cornflakes later in the day but not at breakfast. The results need confirmation. There was no evidence that bias could have caused the correlation found. The association of Crohn's disease with the eating of cornflakes is strong and unlikely to be indirect. Variable digestive secretory behaviour after waking may play a part in determining susceptibility to Crohn's disease.", "contents": "Breakfast and Crohn's disease. The breakfast habits in adult life of 34 patients with Crohns disease were compared with those of 68 matched controls. Cornflakes were being eaten at least weekly by 23 of the patients (67--6%) at the time that their symptoms began, compared with 17 (25%) of the controls at the corresponding time. Only one of the 34 patients had not eaten cornflakes at all, compared with half of the controls. A significant but weaker association was found between Crohn's disease and the eating of wheat cereals. However, in both patients and controls the taking of cornflakes and of wheat cereals were correlated, and the observed preponderance of wheat eating among the patients was almost entirely ascribable to this association of habits. Eating of rice cereals and of porridge was not associated with Crohn's disease, though it was correlated with eating cornflakes. There was an excess of bran eaters among the propositi, but this, too, was attributable to their being also cornflake eaters. Other breakfast foods were taken with equal frequency, and omission of breakfast was equally common. Six of the 68 controls, but none of the patients, ate cornflakes later in the day but not at breakfast. The results need confirmation. There was no evidence that bias could have caused the correlation found. The association of Crohn's disease with the eating of cornflakes is strong and unlikely to be indirect. Variable digestive secretory behaviour after waking may play a part in determining susceptibility to Crohn's disease.", "PMID": 856393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11083", "title": "Medical audit in practice.", "content": "A stage by stage approach was adopted to solve some of the problems of diagnosing and managing acute abdominal pain. Audit started in hopsital and was extended, with the help of a community physician, to cover the practice of a group of general practitioners. Referrals to the accident and emergency department for acute abdominal pain were analysed, and the diagnostic accurancy of general practitioners, accident department staff, and ward staff was assessed. The accuracy of hopsital staff was improved by issuing guidelines and checklists to help in diagnosis. The general practitioners' problems were defined and discussed with the surgeons. The audit continues with the aim of improving the general practitioners' diagnostic accuracy.", "contents": "Medical audit in practice. A stage by stage approach was adopted to solve some of the problems of diagnosing and managing acute abdominal pain. Audit started in hopsital and was extended, with the help of a community physician, to cover the practice of a group of general practitioners. Referrals to the accident and emergency department for acute abdominal pain were analysed, and the diagnostic accurancy of general practitioners, accident department staff, and ward staff was assessed. The accuracy of hopsital staff was improved by issuing guidelines and checklists to help in diagnosis. The general practitioners' problems were defined and discussed with the surgeons. The audit continues with the aim of improving the general practitioners' diagnostic accuracy.", "PMID": 856394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11084", "title": "Suspension of non-viable fungal spores as a standard for platelet counting.", "content": "In the search among biological particles for a standard for counting human platelets, a strain of Absidia corymbifera was found to have spores that resembled platelets. After fixing in formalin and autoclaving the spores had a similar mean cell volume to that of human platelets. A suspension of these killed spores was tested in 100 laboratories and gave consistent results as a standard for human platelet counting. The Absidia corymbifera standard can be used in electronic counting methods but not in sedimentation methods, as the spores will be removed by centrifugation.", "contents": "Suspension of non-viable fungal spores as a standard for platelet counting. In the search among biological particles for a standard for counting human platelets, a strain of Absidia corymbifera was found to have spores that resembled platelets. After fixing in formalin and autoclaving the spores had a similar mean cell volume to that of human platelets. A suspension of these killed spores was tested in 100 laboratories and gave consistent results as a standard for human platelet counting. The Absidia corymbifera standard can be used in electronic counting methods but not in sedimentation methods, as the spores will be removed by centrifugation.", "PMID": 856395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11085", "title": "Outside Europe. Is poliomyelitis a serious problem in developing countries?--the Danfa experience.", "content": "Children were examined for lameness in the Danfa Project district of rural Ghana to assess the impact of endemic poliomyelitis and to test a widely held hypothesis that paralytic poliomyelitis is relatively rare in such districts (less than 1 per 1000 children affected). The observed prevalence of lameness attributable to poliomyelitis was 7 per 1000 school-aged children, and the annual incidence is estimated to be at least 28 per 100 000 population. Although no evidence for an epidemic was found, these rates are comparable with those in the USA and Europe during the years of severe epidemics and indicate that a high price is being paid in the Danfa district for the natural acquisition of immunity. As a result, immunisation against poliomyelitis has been given high priority. A teacher questionnaire was also tested for use in postal surveys as a rapid means of estimating the prevalence of lamenes attributable to poliomyelitis in countries with a reasonable network of primary schools.", "contents": "Outside Europe. Is poliomyelitis a serious problem in developing countries?--the Danfa experience. Children were examined for lameness in the Danfa Project district of rural Ghana to assess the impact of endemic poliomyelitis and to test a widely held hypothesis that paralytic poliomyelitis is relatively rare in such districts (less than 1 per 1000 children affected). The observed prevalence of lameness attributable to poliomyelitis was 7 per 1000 school-aged children, and the annual incidence is estimated to be at least 28 per 100 000 population. Although no evidence for an epidemic was found, these rates are comparable with those in the USA and Europe during the years of severe epidemics and indicate that a high price is being paid in the Danfa district for the natural acquisition of immunity. As a result, immunisation against poliomyelitis has been given high priority. A teacher questionnaire was also tested for use in postal surveys as a rapid means of estimating the prevalence of lamenes attributable to poliomyelitis in countries with a reasonable network of primary schools.", "PMID": 856396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11086", "title": "Is poliomyelitis a serious problem in developing countries?--lameness in Ghanaian schools.", "content": "A postal survey of lameness in schools throughout Ghana showed an estimated prevalence of lameness attributable to poliomyetitis of 5-8 per 1000 school-aged children and an estimated mean annual incidence of paralytic poliomyelitis of 23 per 100 000 population. Official reported incidence rates range from 0-1 to 2-1 per 100 000 population, indicating that at least 90% of cases are not reported. No evidence of epidemics was found to account for these high rates. These suggest that mean annual incidence rates in tropical endemic countries have always been as great, if not greater, than those experienced by temperate countries during epidemic periods in the twentieth century and that the total number of cases of paralytic poliomyelitis occurring in the world each year has been reduced by only 25% since the advent of polio vaccine. Immunisation against poliomyelitis must have a high priority in Ghana and other tropical countries where the disease is endemic.", "contents": "Is poliomyelitis a serious problem in developing countries?--lameness in Ghanaian schools. A postal survey of lameness in schools throughout Ghana showed an estimated prevalence of lameness attributable to poliomyetitis of 5-8 per 1000 school-aged children and an estimated mean annual incidence of paralytic poliomyelitis of 23 per 100 000 population. Official reported incidence rates range from 0-1 to 2-1 per 100 000 population, indicating that at least 90% of cases are not reported. No evidence of epidemics was found to account for these high rates. These suggest that mean annual incidence rates in tropical endemic countries have always been as great, if not greater, than those experienced by temperate countries during epidemic periods in the twentieth century and that the total number of cases of paralytic poliomyelitis occurring in the world each year has been reduced by only 25% since the advent of polio vaccine. Immunisation against poliomyelitis must have a high priority in Ghana and other tropical countries where the disease is endemic.", "PMID": 856397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11087", "title": "Naming of neurones. Classification and naming of cat retinal ganglion cells.", "content": "Many schemes of ganglion cell classification seek to classify the cells by some particular characteristic, such as the time course of the cells' physiological responses or their dendritic morphology. It is here argued that such schemes are based on the Aristotelian concept of \"essences\" and raise the same difficulties as have arisen with the essentialist approach to animal taxonomy. A better approach to the classification of neurones, it is proposed, is to base the classification on as many features of the cells as possible, and to regard the classification as an hypothesis, subject to testing and modification by experience, about the \"functional niches\" occupied by the cell types distinguished.", "contents": "Naming of neurones. Classification and naming of cat retinal ganglion cells. Many schemes of ganglion cell classification seek to classify the cells by some particular characteristic, such as the time course of the cells' physiological responses or their dendritic morphology. It is here argued that such schemes are based on the Aristotelian concept of \"essences\" and raise the same difficulties as have arisen with the essentialist approach to animal taxonomy. A better approach to the classification of neurones, it is proposed, is to base the classification on as many features of the cells as possible, and to regard the classification as an hypothesis, subject to testing and modification by experience, about the \"functional niches\" occupied by the cell types distinguished.", "PMID": 856398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11088", "title": "Responses of thoracic dorsal horn interneurons to cutaneous stimulation and to the administration of algogenic substances into the mesenteric artery in the spinal cat.", "content": "The effects of the injection of algogenic substances (bradykinin, acetylcholine) into the inferior mesenteric artery were studied at the thoracic level on 47 dorsal horn interneurons responding to cutaneous stimulation. Each unit was characterized by its electrophysiological properties and carefully located within the cord by extracellular injection of pontamine sky blue. Twenty cells, driven only by non-noxious cutaneous stimulation and mainly located in lamina IV, were not affected by the administration of algogenic substances. The activity of 25/27 cells, excited by both non-noxious and noxious cutaneous stimulation and mainly located in lamina V, was strongly modified by nociceptive visceral stimulation, induced by bradykinin and acetylcholine: 8/27 cells were activated, 14/27 were inhibited, 3/27 had a mixed inhibitory-excitatory response. From our study it clearly appears that nociceptive visceral messages only project on dorsal horn cells receiving noxious cutaneous afferents. Thus viscerosomatic convergence seems only to concern nociceptive messages; the existence of this kind of convergence reinforces the hypothesis suggested by several authors to explain referred pain from a neurophysiological point of view.", "contents": "Responses of thoracic dorsal horn interneurons to cutaneous stimulation and to the administration of algogenic substances into the mesenteric artery in the spinal cat. The effects of the injection of algogenic substances (bradykinin, acetylcholine) into the inferior mesenteric artery were studied at the thoracic level on 47 dorsal horn interneurons responding to cutaneous stimulation. Each unit was characterized by its electrophysiological properties and carefully located within the cord by extracellular injection of pontamine sky blue. Twenty cells, driven only by non-noxious cutaneous stimulation and mainly located in lamina IV, were not affected by the administration of algogenic substances. The activity of 25/27 cells, excited by both non-noxious and noxious cutaneous stimulation and mainly located in lamina V, was strongly modified by nociceptive visceral stimulation, induced by bradykinin and acetylcholine: 8/27 cells were activated, 14/27 were inhibited, 3/27 had a mixed inhibitory-excitatory response. From our study it clearly appears that nociceptive visceral messages only project on dorsal horn cells receiving noxious cutaneous afferents. Thus viscerosomatic convergence seems only to concern nociceptive messages; the existence of this kind of convergence reinforces the hypothesis suggested by several authors to explain referred pain from a neurophysiological point of view.", "PMID": 856399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11089", "title": "Activity of the crayfish caudal photoreceptor submitted to a conditioning paradigm.", "content": "The activity of the crayfish caudal photoreceptor (Ph) was studied during the application of a classical conditioning paradigm. This cell is a primary photoreceptor and, at the same time, a secondary neuron in the mechanoreceptive pathway. The electrical stimulation of afferent mechanoreceptor fibers, the analog of the conditioned stimulus (ACS), produced a slight increase in the Ph firing rate. The photic stimulation, the analog of the unconditioned stimulus (AUS), produced a marked increase in the Ph firing rate. After ACS-AUS pairing, a decrease in the Ph firing rate appeared during the ACS-AUS interval, and it was considered the analog of the conditioned response (ACR). This inhibitory response gradually vanished during extinction. The application of ACS or AUS series alone did not produce a response similar to the ACR, this excluding sensitization as a possible cuase. The ACR meets several conventional criteria accepted in learning, supporting the idea that the crayfish caudal photoreceptor is part of a small neuronal network able to learn in the isolated nerve cord preparation.", "contents": "Activity of the crayfish caudal photoreceptor submitted to a conditioning paradigm. The activity of the crayfish caudal photoreceptor (Ph) was studied during the application of a classical conditioning paradigm. This cell is a primary photoreceptor and, at the same time, a secondary neuron in the mechanoreceptive pathway. The electrical stimulation of afferent mechanoreceptor fibers, the analog of the conditioned stimulus (ACS), produced a slight increase in the Ph firing rate. The photic stimulation, the analog of the unconditioned stimulus (AUS), produced a marked increase in the Ph firing rate. After ACS-AUS pairing, a decrease in the Ph firing rate appeared during the ACS-AUS interval, and it was considered the analog of the conditioned response (ACR). This inhibitory response gradually vanished during extinction. The application of ACS or AUS series alone did not produce a response similar to the ACR, this excluding sensitization as a possible cuase. The ACR meets several conventional criteria accepted in learning, supporting the idea that the crayfish caudal photoreceptor is part of a small neuronal network able to learn in the isolated nerve cord preparation.", "PMID": 856400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11090", "title": "The subunit structure of bovine brain 14-3-2.", "content": "Two aspects of the subunit structure of the bovine brain specific protein 14-3-2 have been examined. On the one hand, native 14-3-2 has been separated into two fractions by hydroxylapatite chromatography. One eluted at the same position when chromatographed on the same column, while the other redistributed into the same two fractions again. Amino acid analysis of these two forms of 14-3-2 gave results that were not significantly different under the condition of analysis. Furthermore, when each peak was subjected to cyanogen bromide cleavage, very similar elution profiles of the resultant fragments were obtained. The two pools also cross-reacted with antiserum to 14-3-2. Reaction of purified 14-3-2 with dimethylsuberimidate caused the formation of covalently bound protein units of 100,000 molecular weight when measured by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, as opposed to the 50,000 minimal molecular weight normally detected. On the other hand, analysis of the soluble tryptic peptides of S-[14C]carboxymethyl 14-3-2 yielded only three distinct radioactive peptides, each with one residue of S-carboxymethylcysteine whereas 8 are expected on the basis of the amino acid composition of the 50,000 molecular weight polypeptide chains. Thermolysin digestion of a similarly modified 14-3-2 preparation yielded all of the radioactivity in 5 S-carboxymethylcysteine-containing peptides. The partial amino acid sequence of these peptides indicates that they represent 4 unique areas of the polypeptide chain. Since 8 such peptides were expected, that is, double the number found, the minimum structural unit of the protein must be of 25,000 molecular weight. The results of these experiments do not permit distinction between a duplication of the structure within a single polypeptide chain or the alternate possibility of two polypeptide chains bound by unusually strong non-covalent bonds. These results suggest that 14-3-2 is a covalently linked dimer of 25,000 mol.wt. units that can aggregate to form larger species of 100,000 mol.wt. and higher.", "contents": "The subunit structure of bovine brain 14-3-2. Two aspects of the subunit structure of the bovine brain specific protein 14-3-2 have been examined. On the one hand, native 14-3-2 has been separated into two fractions by hydroxylapatite chromatography. One eluted at the same position when chromatographed on the same column, while the other redistributed into the same two fractions again. Amino acid analysis of these two forms of 14-3-2 gave results that were not significantly different under the condition of analysis. Furthermore, when each peak was subjected to cyanogen bromide cleavage, very similar elution profiles of the resultant fragments were obtained. The two pools also cross-reacted with antiserum to 14-3-2. Reaction of purified 14-3-2 with dimethylsuberimidate caused the formation of covalently bound protein units of 100,000 molecular weight when measured by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, as opposed to the 50,000 minimal molecular weight normally detected. On the other hand, analysis of the soluble tryptic peptides of S-[14C]carboxymethyl 14-3-2 yielded only three distinct radioactive peptides, each with one residue of S-carboxymethylcysteine whereas 8 are expected on the basis of the amino acid composition of the 50,000 molecular weight polypeptide chains. Thermolysin digestion of a similarly modified 14-3-2 preparation yielded all of the radioactivity in 5 S-carboxymethylcysteine-containing peptides. The partial amino acid sequence of these peptides indicates that they represent 4 unique areas of the polypeptide chain. Since 8 such peptides were expected, that is, double the number found, the minimum structural unit of the protein must be of 25,000 molecular weight. The results of these experiments do not permit distinction between a duplication of the structure within a single polypeptide chain or the alternate possibility of two polypeptide chains bound by unusually strong non-covalent bonds. These results suggest that 14-3-2 is a covalently linked dimer of 25,000 mol.wt. units that can aggregate to form larger species of 100,000 mol.wt. and higher.", "PMID": 856401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11091", "title": "The involvement of the noradrenergic system arising from the locus coeruleus in the postnatal development of the cortex in rat brain.", "content": "The effect on the developing cerebral cortex and hippocampus of removing the noradrenergic input was investigated in 3-month-old rats following unilateral electrolytic lesions performed semistereotaxically at 15 h postnatal. In 5 animals there was a significant reduction (mean = 74%) in noradrenaline in the cortex ipsilateral to the lesion, and the neuronal morphology on the two sides was studied with the Golgi technique. There was no apparent difference in the morphology of pyramidal cells in parietal cortex with respect to soma depth, apical dendritic length, number of basal dendrites or number of spines on selected dendritic regions. There was a small but significant increase in the number of dendritic branches of pyramidal cells in layers II and IV on the side ipsilateral to the lesion. No layer VI cells were identified which had retained their contact with layer I. An examination of the cell morphology of CA1 pyramidal and dentate granule cells in the hippocampus revealed no obvious differences between the two sides. These results suggest that the trophic influence of the noradrenergic innervation on the postnatal development of cells in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, if it exists at all, is relatively minor.", "contents": "The involvement of the noradrenergic system arising from the locus coeruleus in the postnatal development of the cortex in rat brain. The effect on the developing cerebral cortex and hippocampus of removing the noradrenergic input was investigated in 3-month-old rats following unilateral electrolytic lesions performed semistereotaxically at 15 h postnatal. In 5 animals there was a significant reduction (mean = 74%) in noradrenaline in the cortex ipsilateral to the lesion, and the neuronal morphology on the two sides was studied with the Golgi technique. There was no apparent difference in the morphology of pyramidal cells in parietal cortex with respect to soma depth, apical dendritic length, number of basal dendrites or number of spines on selected dendritic regions. There was a small but significant increase in the number of dendritic branches of pyramidal cells in layers II and IV on the side ipsilateral to the lesion. No layer VI cells were identified which had retained their contact with layer I. An examination of the cell morphology of CA1 pyramidal and dentate granule cells in the hippocampus revealed no obvious differences between the two sides. These results suggest that the trophic influence of the noradrenergic innervation on the postnatal development of cells in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, if it exists at all, is relatively minor.", "PMID": 856402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11092", "title": "Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in discrete nuclei of hypothalamus and substantia nigra.", "content": "The distribution of L-glutamate decarboxylase activity (GAD) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was investigated in the hypothalamic nuclei and in parts of the substantia nigra in the rat. GAD varied markedly among these areas. The reticular part of the nigra showed the highest activity two-fold higher than any other nucleus. Among the hypothalamic nuclei, a 5-fold difference was found between the poorest and richest nuclei. High GAD was measured in the preoptic, anterior and dorsomedial nuclei. Low activity was found in arcuate and supraoptic nuclei. The lowest GAD activity was measured in the median eminence with only half the activity of the whole brain homogenate. This suggests that GABAergic neurones might not be involved in neuroendocrine regulation at the median eminence level. GABA was determined using the sensitive cycling microassay. The rats were killed by microwaves, procedure which was found to inactivate enzymatic processes within two sec without affecting the level or the distribution of GABA. Postmortem increments during the first 3 min following decapitation ranged up to 5 times the endogenous levels, and were proportional to the GAD activity of the corresponding nucleus. This confirms that GAD is the limiting factor in GABA synthesis and suggests that GABA turnover might be rapid. Endogenous GABA showed a uniform distribution within hypothalamic nuclei and nigra. No relationship appeared between endogenous GABA levels and GAD activities in the various nuclei. These results suggest that while GABA synthesis is likely to occur in non-evenly distributed nerve cells, most GABA may be stored in surrounding cells, presumably glia cells.", "contents": "Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in discrete nuclei of hypothalamus and substantia nigra. The distribution of L-glutamate decarboxylase activity (GAD) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was investigated in the hypothalamic nuclei and in parts of the substantia nigra in the rat. GAD varied markedly among these areas. The reticular part of the nigra showed the highest activity two-fold higher than any other nucleus. Among the hypothalamic nuclei, a 5-fold difference was found between the poorest and richest nuclei. High GAD was measured in the preoptic, anterior and dorsomedial nuclei. Low activity was found in arcuate and supraoptic nuclei. The lowest GAD activity was measured in the median eminence with only half the activity of the whole brain homogenate. This suggests that GABAergic neurones might not be involved in neuroendocrine regulation at the median eminence level. GABA was determined using the sensitive cycling microassay. The rats were killed by microwaves, procedure which was found to inactivate enzymatic processes within two sec without affecting the level or the distribution of GABA. Postmortem increments during the first 3 min following decapitation ranged up to 5 times the endogenous levels, and were proportional to the GAD activity of the corresponding nucleus. This confirms that GAD is the limiting factor in GABA synthesis and suggests that GABA turnover might be rapid. Endogenous GABA showed a uniform distribution within hypothalamic nuclei and nigra. No relationship appeared between endogenous GABA levels and GAD activities in the various nuclei. These results suggest that while GABA synthesis is likely to occur in non-evenly distributed nerve cells, most GABA may be stored in surrounding cells, presumably glia cells.", "PMID": 856403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11093", "title": "Oscillation of acetylcholine during nerve activity in the Torpedo electric organ.", "content": "The amount of transmitter in the electric organ of Torpedo was measured with a time resolution of 1 sec in the course of stimulation. In parallel, the modifications of the electrophysiological response were analysed by determining the conductance increase (deltaG) and the electromotive force of electroplaques. Large changes in the level of total acetylcholine (ACh) were seen during stimulation. These changes were two-fold: a slow wave and, superimposed on it, a rapid oscillation. The slow wave raised total ACh to the initial level, or even higher. It was probably related to modifications in the amount of ACh released since it corresponded to characteristic inflections in the evolution of the deltaG curve. The slow wave and this physiological parameter were similarly affected when the experiments were performed at a reduced temperature. The rapid oscillation had an amplitude of about 20-40% of the total ACh. It was undamped and its period was 4-5 sec. In contrast to the slow wave, no clear physiological change associated with the rapid oscillation has been observed. The slow wave and rapid oscillation occurred in the 'free pool' of ACh, whereas bound ACh, the fraction associated with synaptic vesicles, was not affected by these changes. A dynamic description of synaptic activity is proposed. The content of 'free' ACh is used and renewed completely after a few tens of impulses, so that transmission seems to imply the continual recycling of the same pool of transmitter rather than utilization of a large preloaded store. The release process must then be integrated in rapid metabolic loops.", "contents": "Oscillation of acetylcholine during nerve activity in the Torpedo electric organ. The amount of transmitter in the electric organ of Torpedo was measured with a time resolution of 1 sec in the course of stimulation. In parallel, the modifications of the electrophysiological response were analysed by determining the conductance increase (deltaG) and the electromotive force of electroplaques. Large changes in the level of total acetylcholine (ACh) were seen during stimulation. These changes were two-fold: a slow wave and, superimposed on it, a rapid oscillation. The slow wave raised total ACh to the initial level, or even higher. It was probably related to modifications in the amount of ACh released since it corresponded to characteristic inflections in the evolution of the deltaG curve. The slow wave and this physiological parameter were similarly affected when the experiments were performed at a reduced temperature. The rapid oscillation had an amplitude of about 20-40% of the total ACh. It was undamped and its period was 4-5 sec. In contrast to the slow wave, no clear physiological change associated with the rapid oscillation has been observed. The slow wave and rapid oscillation occurred in the 'free pool' of ACh, whereas bound ACh, the fraction associated with synaptic vesicles, was not affected by these changes. A dynamic description of synaptic activity is proposed. The content of 'free' ACh is used and renewed completely after a few tens of impulses, so that transmission seems to imply the continual recycling of the same pool of transmitter rather than utilization of a large preloaded store. The release process must then be integrated in rapid metabolic loops.", "PMID": 856404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11094", "title": "Ipsilateral utricular and semicircular canal interactions from electrical stimulation of individual vestibular nerve branches recorded in the descending medial longitudinal fasciculus.", "content": "Interactions from electrical stimulation of individual vestibular end organ nerves recorded from second order vestibular neurons projecting caudally in the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) have been investigated in unanesthetized, decerebrate decerebellate cats. Canal-canal and utricle-canal interactions were recorded using various condition-test parameters. The brain stem was sectioned to eliminate influence of the contralateral vestibular nuclei, and the condition-test experiments were repeated. The type of interaction observed (inhibition or facilitation) and the degree to which it occurred were dependent on the MLF recording site. Also, in the case of utricular interactions, these were dependent on the site of utricular stimulation. These dependencies indicate a topological arrangement from receptor cell through the second order neuronal projection pathways. Sectioning of the brain stem produced changes in the interaction patterns, indicating masking and/or balancing of the ipsilateral interactions. In interactions between the anterior and posterior canals, instances of no apparent interaction occurring before sectioning converted to inhibition after sectioning. This indicates that some facilitative interaction occurs involving feedback from the contralateral vestibular nuclei, and this facilitation masks or balances ipsilateral inhibition. In interactions between the anterior and horizontal canals, contralateral inhibitory influence masks ipsilateral facilitatory interactions. Contralateral facilitatory influence again balances ipsilateral inhibition in interactions between the horizontal and posterior canals. The degree of inhibition and facilitation observed indicates that considerably more polysynaptic ipsilateral convergence on second order vestibular neurons occurs than has been demonstrated in intracellular studies. Only inhibition was observed when the anterior canal was conditioned by stimulation of the utricular nerve after sectioning. In all other pairings, mixed effects were observed. It is suggested that this is related to known functional connections of semicircular canal second order neurons with neck motoneurons. Not only is canal output affected by utricular activity, but each canal affects utricular output in a different manner.", "contents": "Ipsilateral utricular and semicircular canal interactions from electrical stimulation of individual vestibular nerve branches recorded in the descending medial longitudinal fasciculus. Interactions from electrical stimulation of individual vestibular end organ nerves recorded from second order vestibular neurons projecting caudally in the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) have been investigated in unanesthetized, decerebrate decerebellate cats. Canal-canal and utricle-canal interactions were recorded using various condition-test parameters. The brain stem was sectioned to eliminate influence of the contralateral vestibular nuclei, and the condition-test experiments were repeated. The type of interaction observed (inhibition or facilitation) and the degree to which it occurred were dependent on the MLF recording site. Also, in the case of utricular interactions, these were dependent on the site of utricular stimulation. These dependencies indicate a topological arrangement from receptor cell through the second order neuronal projection pathways. Sectioning of the brain stem produced changes in the interaction patterns, indicating masking and/or balancing of the ipsilateral interactions. In interactions between the anterior and posterior canals, instances of no apparent interaction occurring before sectioning converted to inhibition after sectioning. This indicates that some facilitative interaction occurs involving feedback from the contralateral vestibular nuclei, and this facilitation masks or balances ipsilateral inhibition. In interactions between the anterior and horizontal canals, contralateral inhibitory influence masks ipsilateral facilitatory interactions. Contralateral facilitatory influence again balances ipsilateral inhibition in interactions between the horizontal and posterior canals. The degree of inhibition and facilitation observed indicates that considerably more polysynaptic ipsilateral convergence on second order vestibular neurons occurs than has been demonstrated in intracellular studies. Only inhibition was observed when the anterior canal was conditioned by stimulation of the utricular nerve after sectioning. In all other pairings, mixed effects were observed. It is suggested that this is related to known functional connections of semicircular canal second order neurons with neck motoneurons. Not only is canal output affected by utricular activity, but each canal affects utricular output in a different manner.", "PMID": 856405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11095", "title": "Short-term modulation of endogenous bursting rhythms by monosynaptic inhibition in Aplysia neurons: effects of contingent stimulation.", "content": "A presynaptic neuron fires a high-frequency train of spikes that produces long-lasting synaptic inhibition that modulates the bursting rhythm in a small population of endogenous bursting neurons in the left upper quadrant of the isolated abdominal ganglion of Aplysia. Single inputs decrease or increase the duration of the burst cycle as a function of the precise phase of the input (the phase response curve). Two phases of the burst cycle were used to analyze the effects of repeated contingent (phase-locked) stimulation. One contingency involved synaptic input early in the burst cycle that inhibited spikes and decreased the duration, whereas the other contingency involved input late in the cycle that increased the duration. Under both contingencies of stimulation, buildup and short-term persistence were found, however these cumulative effects were not dependent upon the phase of the burst cycle. The locus of the short-term plasticity that underlies the buildup and persistence is in the pacemaker properties of the postsynaptic cell rather than in the synapse. The plastic change appears to involve a nonspecific postinhibitory rebound that follows a single input and builds up with repetition. These results support the suggestion that endogenous rhythms of pacemaker cells can undergo plastic changes and can therefore serve as a means of short-term information storage in the nervous system. However, this neuronal circuit does not have the specificity required to mediate operant conditioning.", "contents": "Short-term modulation of endogenous bursting rhythms by monosynaptic inhibition in Aplysia neurons: effects of contingent stimulation. A presynaptic neuron fires a high-frequency train of spikes that produces long-lasting synaptic inhibition that modulates the bursting rhythm in a small population of endogenous bursting neurons in the left upper quadrant of the isolated abdominal ganglion of Aplysia. Single inputs decrease or increase the duration of the burst cycle as a function of the precise phase of the input (the phase response curve). Two phases of the burst cycle were used to analyze the effects of repeated contingent (phase-locked) stimulation. One contingency involved synaptic input early in the burst cycle that inhibited spikes and decreased the duration, whereas the other contingency involved input late in the cycle that increased the duration. Under both contingencies of stimulation, buildup and short-term persistence were found, however these cumulative effects were not dependent upon the phase of the burst cycle. The locus of the short-term plasticity that underlies the buildup and persistence is in the pacemaker properties of the postsynaptic cell rather than in the synapse. The plastic change appears to involve a nonspecific postinhibitory rebound that follows a single input and builds up with repetition. These results support the suggestion that endogenous rhythms of pacemaker cells can undergo plastic changes and can therefore serve as a means of short-term information storage in the nervous system. However, this neuronal circuit does not have the specificity required to mediate operant conditioning.", "PMID": 856406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11096", "title": "The Ranvier nodes in the neurogenic electric organ of the knifefish Sternarchus: a freeze-etching study on the distribution of membrane-associated particles.", "content": "The two types of Ranvier nodes (type I with narrow gap, type II with giant gap) and internodes in nerve fibers composing the Sternarchus electric organ have been studied by means of freeze-etching electron microscopy. Numerical analysis of the distribution of membrane-associated particles revealed the following features: (1) the P-faces of both types of nodes and of the internodal axon bear a similarly high density of particles (1000-1200 particles/sq. micron on the average). (2) particle density is differential in E-faces: the histogram for type I nodes has a wider range of particle concentrations (114-1522 particles/sq. micron) than that for type II nodes (45-576 particles/sq. micron) whose density values are in the same range as those of the internodal axon. At least some type I nodes (narrow gaps) generate spikes and probably have a low resistivity; these nodes may be those with high particle density on E-faces. The low particle density on E-faces of type II nodes may be associated with high resistivity and absence of excitability. Similarly, the low particle density in internodes may reflect inexcitability. There is evidence that the transition from one nodal type to the next is gradual: as the gap width of type I nodes increases, there is an occurrence of surface elaborations and the density of E-face particles tends to drop towards the range of type II nodes.", "contents": "The Ranvier nodes in the neurogenic electric organ of the knifefish Sternarchus: a freeze-etching study on the distribution of membrane-associated particles. The two types of Ranvier nodes (type I with narrow gap, type II with giant gap) and internodes in nerve fibers composing the Sternarchus electric organ have been studied by means of freeze-etching electron microscopy. Numerical analysis of the distribution of membrane-associated particles revealed the following features: (1) the P-faces of both types of nodes and of the internodal axon bear a similarly high density of particles (1000-1200 particles/sq. micron on the average). (2) particle density is differential in E-faces: the histogram for type I nodes has a wider range of particle concentrations (114-1522 particles/sq. micron) than that for type II nodes (45-576 particles/sq. micron) whose density values are in the same range as those of the internodal axon. At least some type I nodes (narrow gaps) generate spikes and probably have a low resistivity; these nodes may be those with high particle density on E-faces. The low particle density on E-faces of type II nodes may be associated with high resistivity and absence of excitability. Similarly, the low particle density in internodes may reflect inexcitability. There is evidence that the transition from one nodal type to the next is gradual: as the gap width of type I nodes increases, there is an occurrence of surface elaborations and the density of E-face particles tends to drop towards the range of type II nodes.", "PMID": 856407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11097", "title": "Protein synthesis in regenerating motor neurons in the cockroach.", "content": "Protein synthesis was studied in the thoracic ganglia of the cockroach. All the motor neurons leaving the metathoracic ganglion were axotomized by cutting the nerve roots. In vivo experiments demonstrated that within two days of the operation those ganglia with cut nerve roots had an increased [3H]leucine incorporation into protein resulting from an increased uptake and labeling of the leucine pool. These effects were non-specific responses to the damage and trauma produced by the operation. In vitro labeling experiments failed to demonstrate any change in incorporation or uptake of [3H]leucine up to 16 days after the operation. Autoradiographic experiments were done on ganglia in which only nerve root 5 on one side was cut. Grain densities and cytoplasmic areas were measured for the ipsilateral, axotomized, identified, fast motor neuron, Df and the homologous, contralateral, intact cell of the same ganglion. The first statistically significant increase in grain density in the axotomized Df was observed 12 days after the operation. This may be compared with the 13 day lag period after the operation before the nerves start growing from the proximal stump. The significance of this relatively long lag period before the increased [3H]leucine incorporation and the start of nerve growth is discussed in terms of the ability of regenerating neurons to specifically reinnervate the cells to which they were originally connected.", "contents": "Protein synthesis in regenerating motor neurons in the cockroach. Protein synthesis was studied in the thoracic ganglia of the cockroach. All the motor neurons leaving the metathoracic ganglion were axotomized by cutting the nerve roots. In vivo experiments demonstrated that within two days of the operation those ganglia with cut nerve roots had an increased [3H]leucine incorporation into protein resulting from an increased uptake and labeling of the leucine pool. These effects were non-specific responses to the damage and trauma produced by the operation. In vitro labeling experiments failed to demonstrate any change in incorporation or uptake of [3H]leucine up to 16 days after the operation. Autoradiographic experiments were done on ganglia in which only nerve root 5 on one side was cut. Grain densities and cytoplasmic areas were measured for the ipsilateral, axotomized, identified, fast motor neuron, Df and the homologous, contralateral, intact cell of the same ganglion. The first statistically significant increase in grain density in the axotomized Df was observed 12 days after the operation. This may be compared with the 13 day lag period after the operation before the nerves start growing from the proximal stump. The significance of this relatively long lag period before the increased [3H]leucine incorporation and the start of nerve growth is discussed in terms of the ability of regenerating neurons to specifically reinnervate the cells to which they were originally connected.", "PMID": 856408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11098", "title": "Behavioral effects of spinal cord transection in the developing rat.", "content": "Albino rats, 0, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 or greater than 90 days of age, were given a mid-thoracic spinal cord transection. Evaluation of responses of the hindlimbs to a variety of behavioral tasks was begun on the day of surgery and at intervals throughout the postoperative survival period (up to 300 days). Two investigators, independently and without knowledge of the animals' ages or survival times, rated the response data. Histological study showed all transections to be complete. Large differences in behavior are observed when animals trasected at the neonatal stage (0-4 days of age) are compared with animals transected at the weanling stage (21-26 days of age)37. Results of the present investigation indicate a critical period near 15 days of age; animals lesioned prior to this age (0, 9, 12 days of age) show response development and recovery similar to the neonatally lesioned animal, whereas those animals lesioned at a later age (18, 21, greater than 90 days of age) show little recovery and are behaviorally similar to the weanling transected animal. In animals lesioned prior to the fifteenth postnatal day, postural responses appear depressed for a brief period but recover rapidly while most responses of animals in the older groups are depressed for longer periods and never attain the degree of recovery characteristic of the neonatally transected animal. Finally, like the neonatally transected animal, rats lesioned on the ninth and twelfth postnatal day develop certain responses at appropriate times relative to normal response development. If, however, these responses are mature and supraspinal control is present at the time of lesioning, they appear to be permanently depressed and fail to recover.", "contents": "Behavioral effects of spinal cord transection in the developing rat. Albino rats, 0, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 or greater than 90 days of age, were given a mid-thoracic spinal cord transection. Evaluation of responses of the hindlimbs to a variety of behavioral tasks was begun on the day of surgery and at intervals throughout the postoperative survival period (up to 300 days). Two investigators, independently and without knowledge of the animals' ages or survival times, rated the response data. Histological study showed all transections to be complete. Large differences in behavior are observed when animals trasected at the neonatal stage (0-4 days of age) are compared with animals transected at the weanling stage (21-26 days of age)37. Results of the present investigation indicate a critical period near 15 days of age; animals lesioned prior to this age (0, 9, 12 days of age) show response development and recovery similar to the neonatally lesioned animal, whereas those animals lesioned at a later age (18, 21, greater than 90 days of age) show little recovery and are behaviorally similar to the weanling transected animal. In animals lesioned prior to the fifteenth postnatal day, postural responses appear depressed for a brief period but recover rapidly while most responses of animals in the older groups are depressed for longer periods and never attain the degree of recovery characteristic of the neonatally transected animal. Finally, like the neonatally transected animal, rats lesioned on the ninth and twelfth postnatal day develop certain responses at appropriate times relative to normal response development. If, however, these responses are mature and supraspinal control is present at the time of lesioning, they appear to be permanently depressed and fail to recover.", "PMID": 856409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11099", "title": "Brightness discrimination learning under conditions of cue enhancement by rats with lesions in the amygdala or hippocampus.", "content": "Three groups of rats, one with amygdala lesions, one with hippocampal lesions and a control group were trained on a brightness discrimination task under one of three different conditions, enhancement of the negative cue, enhancement of the positive cue or a non-enhanced condition. Animals with amygdala lesions showed retarded learning compared with normal animals and those with hippocampal lesions under the positive cue enhancement condition. Under the negative cue enhancement condition animals with hipocampal lesions were significantly handicapped compared with the other two groups. Results are discussed in relation to the Douglas and Pribram concept of a reciprocal linking of the amygdala and hippocampal systems in discrimination learning with the amygdala functioning as a reinforce register system and the hippocampus as an error evaluation system.", "contents": "Brightness discrimination learning under conditions of cue enhancement by rats with lesions in the amygdala or hippocampus. Three groups of rats, one with amygdala lesions, one with hippocampal lesions and a control group were trained on a brightness discrimination task under one of three different conditions, enhancement of the negative cue, enhancement of the positive cue or a non-enhanced condition. Animals with amygdala lesions showed retarded learning compared with normal animals and those with hippocampal lesions under the positive cue enhancement condition. Under the negative cue enhancement condition animals with hipocampal lesions were significantly handicapped compared with the other two groups. Results are discussed in relation to the Douglas and Pribram concept of a reciprocal linking of the amygdala and hippocampal systems in discrimination learning with the amygdala functioning as a reinforce register system and the hippocampus as an error evaluation system.", "PMID": 856410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11100", "title": "Evidence for substance P in the striato-nigral tract.", "content": "The highest concentration of substnace P yet found in the mammalian brain is in the reticular part of the substantia nigra. The effect of various lesions on the substance P content of that region has been examined in the rat in order to determine the possible sources and paths of nigropetal substance P-containing fibers. Unilateral knife cuts which transect the medial forebrain bundle and medial portion of the crus cerebri at a premammillary level lead to a 90% reduction in substance P in the ipsilateral reticular part of substantia nigra, with no significant effect on contralateral values. Incomplete electrolytic lesions of the globus pallidus lead to a 50% decrease. These data indicate that descending uncrossed pathways provide most of the substance P in the reticular part of the substantia nigra, with the striato-nigral tract providing an important component.", "contents": "Evidence for substance P in the striato-nigral tract. The highest concentration of substnace P yet found in the mammalian brain is in the reticular part of the substantia nigra. The effect of various lesions on the substance P content of that region has been examined in the rat in order to determine the possible sources and paths of nigropetal substance P-containing fibers. Unilateral knife cuts which transect the medial forebrain bundle and medial portion of the crus cerebri at a premammillary level lead to a 90% reduction in substance P in the ipsilateral reticular part of substantia nigra, with no significant effect on contralateral values. Incomplete electrolytic lesions of the globus pallidus lead to a 50% decrease. These data indicate that descending uncrossed pathways provide most of the substance P in the reticular part of the substantia nigra, with the striato-nigral tract providing an important component.", "PMID": 856411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11101", "title": "Presence of free, sulfate and glucuronide conjugated 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) in human brain, cerebrospinal fluid and plasma.", "content": "The concentration of the free, glucuronide and the sulfate conjugated forms of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) were measured in human plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain by mass fragmentography. All three forms of MHPG were detected in the media analyzed. Free MHPG was found to be the predominant form in both the brain and the CSF. The sulfate conjugate of MHPG constitutes about 15% of the total MHPG in the CSF while in the brain the percentage varies between 30% in the hypothalamus and cortex and 80% in the substantia nigra. The concentration of the glucuronide conjugate of MHPG measured in the brain and CSF represents about 5% of the total MHPG concentration. In the plasma free MHPG and its glucuronide and sulfate conjugates are present in about equal concentrations. The relative concentrations of the three forms of MHPG measured in plasma, CSF and brain were compared with their concentrations in the urine from previously published results. From this comparison the diagnostic significance of each of the three forms of MHPG in the clinical assessment of central norepinephrine metabolism is discussed.", "contents": "Presence of free, sulfate and glucuronide conjugated 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) in human brain, cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. The concentration of the free, glucuronide and the sulfate conjugated forms of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) were measured in human plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain by mass fragmentography. All three forms of MHPG were detected in the media analyzed. Free MHPG was found to be the predominant form in both the brain and the CSF. The sulfate conjugate of MHPG constitutes about 15% of the total MHPG in the CSF while in the brain the percentage varies between 30% in the hypothalamus and cortex and 80% in the substantia nigra. The concentration of the glucuronide conjugate of MHPG measured in the brain and CSF represents about 5% of the total MHPG concentration. In the plasma free MHPG and its glucuronide and sulfate conjugates are present in about equal concentrations. The relative concentrations of the three forms of MHPG measured in plasma, CSF and brain were compared with their concentrations in the urine from previously published results. From this comparison the diagnostic significance of each of the three forms of MHPG in the clinical assessment of central norepinephrine metabolism is discussed.", "PMID": 856412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11102", "title": "Glutamate decarboxylase localization in neurons of the olfactory bulb.", "content": "Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme that synthesizes the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), has been localized in the rat olfactory bulb by immunocytochemical methods with both light and electron microscopy. The light microscopic results demonstrated GAD-positive puncta concentrated in the external plexiform layer and in the glomeruli of the glomerular layer. In addition, GAD-positive reaction product stained the dentrites and somata of granule and periglomerular cells. The electron microscopic observations confirmed the presence of GAD-positive reaction product within granule and periglomerular somata and dendrites. In electron micrographs of the external plexiform layer, the gemmules which arise from the distal dentrites of granule cells were also observed to be filled with reaction product, and these structures corresponded in size and location to the puncta observed in light microscopic preparations. The gemmules were observed to form reciprocal dendrodentritic synaptic junctions with mitral cell dentrites which lacked reaction product. In the glomeruli, GAD-positive reaction product was observed in the dentritic shafts and gemmules of periglomerular cells which also formed reciprocal dendrodentritic synaptic contacts with mitral/tufted cell dentrites. The localization of GAD in known inhibitory neurons of the olfactory bulb supports the case that these local circuit neurons use GABA as their neurotransmitter. The present study demonstrates that GAD molecules located within certain neuronal somata and dentrites can be visualized with antisera prepared against GAD that was purified from synaptosomal fractions of mouse brains. This finding suggests that the lack of GAD staining within somata and dentrites of GABA-ergic neurons noted in previous studies of the cerebellum and spinal cord was probably due to low GAD concentrations, rather than to antigenic differences among GAD molecules located in different portions of the neuron. A striking differences among GAD molecules located in different portions of the neuron. A striking difference between the granule and periglomerular neurons of the olfactory bulb and the neurons of the cerebellum and spinal cord is that the former have presynaptic dentrites while the latter do not. Since GAD-positive reaction product can be detected in the somata and dentrites of GABA-ergic neurons which have presynaptic dentrites, it is suggested that these neurons may differ from other GABA-ergic neurons with respect to either transport or metabolism of GAD.", "contents": "Glutamate decarboxylase localization in neurons of the olfactory bulb. Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme that synthesizes the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), has been localized in the rat olfactory bulb by immunocytochemical methods with both light and electron microscopy. The light microscopic results demonstrated GAD-positive puncta concentrated in the external plexiform layer and in the glomeruli of the glomerular layer. In addition, GAD-positive reaction product stained the dentrites and somata of granule and periglomerular cells. The electron microscopic observations confirmed the presence of GAD-positive reaction product within granule and periglomerular somata and dendrites. In electron micrographs of the external plexiform layer, the gemmules which arise from the distal dentrites of granule cells were also observed to be filled with reaction product, and these structures corresponded in size and location to the puncta observed in light microscopic preparations. The gemmules were observed to form reciprocal dendrodentritic synaptic junctions with mitral cell dentrites which lacked reaction product. In the glomeruli, GAD-positive reaction product was observed in the dentritic shafts and gemmules of periglomerular cells which also formed reciprocal dendrodentritic synaptic contacts with mitral/tufted cell dentrites. The localization of GAD in known inhibitory neurons of the olfactory bulb supports the case that these local circuit neurons use GABA as their neurotransmitter. The present study demonstrates that GAD molecules located within certain neuronal somata and dentrites can be visualized with antisera prepared against GAD that was purified from synaptosomal fractions of mouse brains. This finding suggests that the lack of GAD staining within somata and dentrites of GABA-ergic neurons noted in previous studies of the cerebellum and spinal cord was probably due to low GAD concentrations, rather than to antigenic differences among GAD molecules located in different portions of the neuron. A striking differences among GAD molecules located in different portions of the neuron. A striking difference between the granule and periglomerular neurons of the olfactory bulb and the neurons of the cerebellum and spinal cord is that the former have presynaptic dentrites while the latter do not. Since GAD-positive reaction product can be detected in the somata and dentrites of GABA-ergic neurons which have presynaptic dentrites, it is suggested that these neurons may differ from other GABA-ergic neurons with respect to either transport or metabolism of GAD.", "PMID": 856413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11103", "title": "Factors affecting the electrophoretic analysis of myelin proteins: application to changes occurring during brain development.", "content": "Several factors affecting the sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS)-electrophoretic analysis of myelin proteins were investigated. It was observed that complete solubilization of proteins with SDS-containing solutions required either that the lyophilized myelin sample was pretreated with organic solvents or that reducing agents were added to the solubilizing solution. The SDS-electrophoretic pattern of myelin proteins was strongly dependent upon the ionic strength of the resolving gel since the mobility of the large basic protein appeared to increase as the ionic strength was decreased. Attempts were made to measure ratios of the major myelin proteins as a function of pretreatment of myelin with organic solvents followed by visualization of the protein bands with different stains. These studies revealed that lowered ratios of the proteolipid to each of the basic proteins was obtained if the myelin was delipidated with ehter-ethanol mixtures followed by staining with either Fast green or naphthol blue black (amido black). The most consistent results were obtained when myelin was not delipidated, solubilized in an SDS solvent containing dithiothreitol as the reducing agent, and gels were stained with Coomassie blue. Studies on developmental changes in the protein composition of myelin using this technique revealed that as mouse myelin matured the membrane became increasingly enriched in the small basic protein with the ratios of proteolipid/large basic protein/small basic protein changing from about 2:1:1 at 8-10 days to 2:1:2 at 16-17 weeks. Furthermore, the ratios of proteolipid/large basic protein remained essentially the same at all ages examined, suggesting that these proteins may be incorporated into the membrane at about the same rate during maturation.", "contents": "Factors affecting the electrophoretic analysis of myelin proteins: application to changes occurring during brain development. Several factors affecting the sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS)-electrophoretic analysis of myelin proteins were investigated. It was observed that complete solubilization of proteins with SDS-containing solutions required either that the lyophilized myelin sample was pretreated with organic solvents or that reducing agents were added to the solubilizing solution. The SDS-electrophoretic pattern of myelin proteins was strongly dependent upon the ionic strength of the resolving gel since the mobility of the large basic protein appeared to increase as the ionic strength was decreased. Attempts were made to measure ratios of the major myelin proteins as a function of pretreatment of myelin with organic solvents followed by visualization of the protein bands with different stains. These studies revealed that lowered ratios of the proteolipid to each of the basic proteins was obtained if the myelin was delipidated with ehter-ethanol mixtures followed by staining with either Fast green or naphthol blue black (amido black). The most consistent results were obtained when myelin was not delipidated, solubilized in an SDS solvent containing dithiothreitol as the reducing agent, and gels were stained with Coomassie blue. Studies on developmental changes in the protein composition of myelin using this technique revealed that as mouse myelin matured the membrane became increasingly enriched in the small basic protein with the ratios of proteolipid/large basic protein/small basic protein changing from about 2:1:1 at 8-10 days to 2:1:2 at 16-17 weeks. Furthermore, the ratios of proteolipid/large basic protein remained essentially the same at all ages examined, suggesting that these proteins may be incorporated into the membrane at about the same rate during maturation.", "PMID": 856414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11104", "title": "Effects of neonatal deafferentation on the superficial laminae of the superior colliculus.", "content": "The effect of neonatal unilateral enucleations or combined enulcleations-visual cortex ablation on the neurons of the superior colliculus has been studied, Enucleation alone leads to a shrinkage of neurons in the upper portion of the stratum grieseum superficiale but does not affect those in the lower half. The ratio of asymmetric/symmetric synaptic terminals is decreased from 85/15 to 75/25. A small number of abnormal synapses is also found. When both eye and contralateral visual cortex are removed at birth, neurons throughout the stratum griseum superficiale are reduced in size 20-25%. The synaptic ratio is reduced further to 55/45, and about 15% of the post-synaptic structures encountered have abnormal presynaptic profiles attached. It is concluded that the extent of transneuronal atrophy and synaptic disruption is proportional to the amount of afferent input removed. Also, the synaptic modifications made in the upper layers of the superior colliculus appear to be local in nature and there is no evidence of a significant sprouting or new growth of the remaining axons.", "contents": "Effects of neonatal deafferentation on the superficial laminae of the superior colliculus. The effect of neonatal unilateral enucleations or combined enulcleations-visual cortex ablation on the neurons of the superior colliculus has been studied, Enucleation alone leads to a shrinkage of neurons in the upper portion of the stratum grieseum superficiale but does not affect those in the lower half. The ratio of asymmetric/symmetric synaptic terminals is decreased from 85/15 to 75/25. A small number of abnormal synapses is also found. When both eye and contralateral visual cortex are removed at birth, neurons throughout the stratum griseum superficiale are reduced in size 20-25%. The synaptic ratio is reduced further to 55/45, and about 15% of the post-synaptic structures encountered have abnormal presynaptic profiles attached. It is concluded that the extent of transneuronal atrophy and synaptic disruption is proportional to the amount of afferent input removed. Also, the synaptic modifications made in the upper layers of the superior colliculus appear to be local in nature and there is no evidence of a significant sprouting or new growth of the remaining axons.", "PMID": 856415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11105", "title": "The effects of early hypo- and hyperthyroidism on the development of rat cerebellar cortex. III. Kinetics of cell proliferation in the external granular layer.", "content": "The effects of early hypo- and hyperthyroidism on the rates of cell acquisition and proliferation have been studied in the external granular layer (EGL) of the developing rat cerebellar cortex at 10 days of age using quantitative autoradiographic methods. Both altered thyroid states reduce the rate of cell acquisition in the EGL, but appear to do so for different reasons. Hyperthyroidism shortens the average length of the cell cycle by decreasing the duration of the pre-DNA synthetic phase (G1),  indicating that excess thyroxine may exert a direct effect on the EGL. This action involves the early onset of neuronal differentiation (cessation of proliferation)46 which presumably leads to the observed decrease in the rate of cell acquisition (increased doubling time). Such differentiating cells do not, however, leave the proliferative zone or the EGL prematurely, resulting in a reduced labeling index, mitotic index, and growth fraction as non-dividing cells dilute the proliferating cell population. Hypothyroidism, on the other hand, leads to no significant change in the length of the cell cycle or in the mitotic index, but causes a decreased labeling index and growth fraction, as well as a reduced rate of cell acquisition (increased doubling time). No significant change in the amount of cell death in the EGL could be found to explain this apparent discrepancy between the rate of cell proliferation (cell cycle length) and cell acqusiition. The answer to this puzzle appears to lie in the mitotic index, which is not affected to the same extent as the labeling index, although it is also slightly reduced. If cells were to remain longer in mitosis, this could result in a decreased labeling index and growth fraction but nearly normal mitotic index and cell cycle length (as measured using the % labeled mitoses method), since those cells dropping out of the cycling population would be counted as mitoses...", "contents": "The effects of early hypo- and hyperthyroidism on the development of rat cerebellar cortex. III. Kinetics of cell proliferation in the external granular layer. The effects of early hypo- and hyperthyroidism on the rates of cell acquisition and proliferation have been studied in the external granular layer (EGL) of the developing rat cerebellar cortex at 10 days of age using quantitative autoradiographic methods. Both altered thyroid states reduce the rate of cell acquisition in the EGL, but appear to do so for different reasons. Hyperthyroidism shortens the average length of the cell cycle by decreasing the duration of the pre-DNA synthetic phase (G1),  indicating that excess thyroxine may exert a direct effect on the EGL. This action involves the early onset of neuronal differentiation (cessation of proliferation)46 which presumably leads to the observed decrease in the rate of cell acquisition (increased doubling time). Such differentiating cells do not, however, leave the proliferative zone or the EGL prematurely, resulting in a reduced labeling index, mitotic index, and growth fraction as non-dividing cells dilute the proliferating cell population. Hypothyroidism, on the other hand, leads to no significant change in the length of the cell cycle or in the mitotic index, but causes a decreased labeling index and growth fraction, as well as a reduced rate of cell acquisition (increased doubling time). No significant change in the amount of cell death in the EGL could be found to explain this apparent discrepancy between the rate of cell proliferation (cell cycle length) and cell acqusiition. The answer to this puzzle appears to lie in the mitotic index, which is not affected to the same extent as the labeling index, although it is also slightly reduced. If cells were to remain longer in mitosis, this could result in a decreased labeling index and growth fraction but nearly normal mitotic index and cell cycle length (as measured using the % labeled mitoses method), since those cells dropping out of the cycling population would be counted as mitoses...", "PMID": 856416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11106", "title": "Sex differences in dentritic patterns in hamster preoptic area.", "content": "Sexual dimorphism is described in the dentritic field pattern of Golgi-stained neurons from the dorsomedial preoptic  area of adult golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Data were obtained through a mathematical reconstruction of dentritic densities of neurons sampled from this area in males and females. Males tended to have a central concentration, while females showed an irregular dendritic density distribution with concentrations dorsolateral, ventral and medial to the area of highest dentriic density in the males. These results suggest sex differences in the afferent inputs to neurons in the dorsomedial preoptic area which may be related to functional sexual dimorphism in physiology and behavior.", "contents": "Sex differences in dentritic patterns in hamster preoptic area. Sexual dimorphism is described in the dentritic field pattern of Golgi-stained neurons from the dorsomedial preoptic  area of adult golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Data were obtained through a mathematical reconstruction of dentritic densities of neurons sampled from this area in males and females. Males tended to have a central concentration, while females showed an irregular dendritic density distribution with concentrations dorsolateral, ventral and medial to the area of highest dentriic density in the males. These results suggest sex differences in the afferent inputs to neurons in the dorsomedial preoptic area which may be related to functional sexual dimorphism in physiology and behavior.", "PMID": 856417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11107", "title": "Binding of [3-H]estradiol by brain cell nuclei and female rat sexual behavior: inhibition by antiestrogens.", "content": "The antiestrogens MER-25, CI-628, and nafoxidine inhibit the uptake of [3H]-estradiol in whole homogenates and isolated cell nuclei tissues and the pituitary, and inhibit estradiol-induced female sexual behavior. The antiestrogens were injected intraperitoneally 2 h prior to an intravenous injection of [3H]estradiol, and the animals were killed 2 h after the estradiol. CI-628 reduces radioactivity in whole homogenates and isolated cell nuclei of cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, preoptic area -septum and pituitary. Nafoxidine reduces uptake in cell nuclei of the hypothalamus, preoptic area-septum and pituitary. In this paradigm, MER-25 inhibited uptake only in the pituitary. In the analogous behavioral experiments, with antiestrogens injected 2 h prior to an intravenous injection of unesterified estradiol, CI-628 and nafoxidine totally inhibited lordosis responding. MER-25 shows no inhibition of behavior in this paradigm. However, when MER-25 is injected 12 h prior to the estradiol, it inhibits retention of [3H]estradiol at 2 h in brain and pituitary cell nuclei, and lordosis responding is also inhibited. Additionally, the antiestrogens can apparently displace previously bound [3H]estrdiol. When the antiestrogens are injected 2 h prior to an injection of [3H]estradiol, MER-25, CI-628 and nafoxidine all show greater inhibition of nuclear estradiol retention at 12 h after the [3H]estradiol injection than 2 h. Analogously, when CI-628 is injected 2 h after an intravenous injection of [3H]estradiol, it displaces most of the radioactivity present in hypothalamic-preoptic area nuclei at 12 h after the estradiol injection. These results indicate that antiestrogens can prevent or reverse the nuclear concentration of estradiol in brain cells and are consistent with a role of the cell nucleus in the induction of estrous behavior by estradiol.", "contents": "Binding of [3-H]estradiol by brain cell nuclei and female rat sexual behavior: inhibition by antiestrogens. The antiestrogens MER-25, CI-628, and nafoxidine inhibit the uptake of [3H]-estradiol in whole homogenates and isolated cell nuclei tissues and the pituitary, and inhibit estradiol-induced female sexual behavior. The antiestrogens were injected intraperitoneally 2 h prior to an intravenous injection of [3H]estradiol, and the animals were killed 2 h after the estradiol. CI-628 reduces radioactivity in whole homogenates and isolated cell nuclei of cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, preoptic area -septum and pituitary. Nafoxidine reduces uptake in cell nuclei of the hypothalamus, preoptic area-septum and pituitary. In this paradigm, MER-25 inhibited uptake only in the pituitary. In the analogous behavioral experiments, with antiestrogens injected 2 h prior to an intravenous injection of unesterified estradiol, CI-628 and nafoxidine totally inhibited lordosis responding. MER-25 shows no inhibition of behavior in this paradigm. However, when MER-25 is injected 12 h prior to the estradiol, it inhibits retention of [3H]estradiol at 2 h in brain and pituitary cell nuclei, and lordosis responding is also inhibited. Additionally, the antiestrogens can apparently displace previously bound [3H]estrdiol. When the antiestrogens are injected 2 h prior to an injection of [3H]estradiol, MER-25, CI-628 and nafoxidine all show greater inhibition of nuclear estradiol retention at 12 h after the [3H]estradiol injection than 2 h. Analogously, when CI-628 is injected 2 h after an intravenous injection of [3H]estradiol, it displaces most of the radioactivity present in hypothalamic-preoptic area nuclei at 12 h after the estradiol injection. These results indicate that antiestrogens can prevent or reverse the nuclear concentration of estradiol in brain cells and are consistent with a role of the cell nucleus in the induction of estrous behavior by estradiol.", "PMID": 856418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11108", "title": "Tree host range and world distribution of the extomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius.", "content": "The natural occurrence of Pisolithus tinctorius has been confirmed in 33 countries of the world and in 38 states in the United States. This ectomycorrhizal fungus is found associated with various tree species in nurseries, urban areas, orchards, forests, and strip-mined spoils. Experiments have proved that this fungal symbiont forms ectomycorrhizae with Abies procera, Betula pendula, Carya illnoensis, 11 species of Eucalyptus, 30 species of Pinus, Pseudotsuga menziesii var. meniziesii, 2 species of Quercus, and Tsuga heterophylla. Pisolithus has also been reported growing under natural conditions in association with three additional species of Betula, two species of Eucalyptus, nine species of Pinus, and eight species of Quercus, Populus tremuloides, Pseudotsuga grandidenta, and Salix humilis. This fungal symbiont has great potential in forestation efforts because of (1) the availability of practical techniques for artificially introducing in into nursery soils; (2) its ability to improve tree survival and growth in the nursery and the field; (3) its near worldwide distribution on a variety of sites; and (4) its broad host range encompassing many of the world's most important tree species.", "contents": "Tree host range and world distribution of the extomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius. The natural occurrence of Pisolithus tinctorius has been confirmed in 33 countries of the world and in 38 states in the United States. This ectomycorrhizal fungus is found associated with various tree species in nurseries, urban areas, orchards, forests, and strip-mined spoils. Experiments have proved that this fungal symbiont forms ectomycorrhizae with Abies procera, Betula pendula, Carya illnoensis, 11 species of Eucalyptus, 30 species of Pinus, Pseudotsuga menziesii var. meniziesii, 2 species of Quercus, and Tsuga heterophylla. Pisolithus has also been reported growing under natural conditions in association with three additional species of Betula, two species of Eucalyptus, nine species of Pinus, and eight species of Quercus, Populus tremuloides, Pseudotsuga grandidenta, and Salix humilis. This fungal symbiont has great potential in forestation efforts because of (1) the availability of practical techniques for artificially introducing in into nursery soils; (2) its ability to improve tree survival and growth in the nursery and the field; (3) its near worldwide distribution on a variety of sites; and (4) its broad host range encompassing many of the world's most important tree species.", "PMID": 856419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11109", "title": "[Study of the initial parasitic relationship between a virus of the Gourlay group L 1 and the cellular population of Acholeplasma laidlawii].", "content": "The study of the relationship between MVL 51 virus, of the Gourlay group L 1, and the Mycoplasma cells of A. laidlawii during the first 35 min of infection leads to the conclusion that a \"carrier state\" has been established, free virus as well as infected and noninfected cells being present at the same time in the cultures. The evidence of a virus growth after 20 min of infection and the high level of remaining viable cells (1.15 x 10(8) CFU) at the end of the experiment also indicate that the carrier state should persist, at least for some time, being probably an important factor of the virus-cell relationship in the viral group L 1.", "contents": "[Study of the initial parasitic relationship between a virus of the Gourlay group L 1 and the cellular population of Acholeplasma laidlawii]. The study of the relationship between MVL 51 virus, of the Gourlay group L 1, and the Mycoplasma cells of A. laidlawii during the first 35 min of infection leads to the conclusion that a \"carrier state\" has been established, free virus as well as infected and noninfected cells being present at the same time in the cultures. The evidence of a virus growth after 20 min of infection and the high level of remaining viable cells (1.15 x 10(8) CFU) at the end of the experiment also indicate that the carrier state should persist, at least for some time, being probably an important factor of the virus-cell relationship in the viral group L 1.", "PMID": 856420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11110", "title": "Effect of detergents and chemicals on purified vaccinia virus: analysis by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy1,2.", "content": "Vaccinia virus particles were dissociated into their constituent polypeptides and analysed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis. Thirty-three distinct polypeptide bands were identified and their molecular weights ranged between 11 000 and 150 000 daltons. Specific staining of gels containing polypeptides of dissociated virions revealed the presence of eight glycopeptides. No lipopeptides were detected. Analysis of chemical extracts (urea, guanidine hydrochloride, and alkali treatment) of the virus by SDS gel electrophoresis indicated that a total of 10 to 14 different polypeptides ranging in molecular weights from 11 000 to 70 000 daltons were solubilized. Analysis of detergent extracts and of the remains of extracted viral particles has shown that the detergent Nonidet P-40 (NP-40) solubilized a total of 11 polypeptides of which 6 were glycopeptides. The other detergents sodium deoxycholate (SDC) and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) were not as selective. both solubilizing more than 25 of the polypeptides composing the virus. Gel electrophoresis results also indicated that most of the small molecular weight (11 000-70 000 daltons) polypeptides were readily solubilized by NP-40, SDC, and CTAB, while those with molecular weights of 70 000  daltons and higher were not well solubilized. The effects of detergents were also analysed by electron microscopy. Evidence was obtained for subpopulations of viral particles having different susceptibility to detergent extraction.", "contents": "Effect of detergents and chemicals on purified vaccinia virus: analysis by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy1,2. Vaccinia virus particles were dissociated into their constituent polypeptides and analysed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis. Thirty-three distinct polypeptide bands were identified and their molecular weights ranged between 11 000 and 150 000 daltons. Specific staining of gels containing polypeptides of dissociated virions revealed the presence of eight glycopeptides. No lipopeptides were detected. Analysis of chemical extracts (urea, guanidine hydrochloride, and alkali treatment) of the virus by SDS gel electrophoresis indicated that a total of 10 to 14 different polypeptides ranging in molecular weights from 11 000 to 70 000 daltons were solubilized. Analysis of detergent extracts and of the remains of extracted viral particles has shown that the detergent Nonidet P-40 (NP-40) solubilized a total of 11 polypeptides of which 6 were glycopeptides. The other detergents sodium deoxycholate (SDC) and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) were not as selective. both solubilizing more than 25 of the polypeptides composing the virus. Gel electrophoresis results also indicated that most of the small molecular weight (11 000-70 000 daltons) polypeptides were readily solubilized by NP-40, SDC, and CTAB, while those with molecular weights of 70 000  daltons and higher were not well solubilized. The effects of detergents were also analysed by electron microscopy. Evidence was obtained for subpopulations of viral particles having different susceptibility to detergent extraction.", "PMID": 856421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11111", "title": "Glutamate uptake in Thiobacillus novellus.", "content": "Properties of the glutamate uptake system of Thiobacillus novellus were investigated using intact cells. Two kinetically distiguishable components were found and designated at the high-affinity (HA) component with an apparent Km of 33 micronM, and the low-affinity (LA) component with a Km of 18 mM. Glutamate accumulation was temperature-sensitive and could be inhibited by the addition of wide range of inhibitors including cyanide, dinitrophenol (DNP), iodoacetate, mercuric chloride, sodium azide, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP), and dicyclhexylcarbodiimide (DCCD). The complex kinetics of the uptake process may be due to the rapid incorporation of added glutamate into a small peptide. This soluble peptide was formed rapidly after glutamate addition, and accumulated in whole cells.", "contents": "Glutamate uptake in Thiobacillus novellus. Properties of the glutamate uptake system of Thiobacillus novellus were investigated using intact cells. Two kinetically distiguishable components were found and designated at the high-affinity (HA) component with an apparent Km of 33 micronM, and the low-affinity (LA) component with a Km of 18 mM. Glutamate accumulation was temperature-sensitive and could be inhibited by the addition of wide range of inhibitors including cyanide, dinitrophenol (DNP), iodoacetate, mercuric chloride, sodium azide, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP), and dicyclhexylcarbodiimide (DCCD). The complex kinetics of the uptake process may be due to the rapid incorporation of added glutamate into a small peptide. This soluble peptide was formed rapidly after glutamate addition, and accumulated in whole cells.", "PMID": 856422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11112", "title": "Nitrate reduction nitrogenase activity in Spirillum lipoferum1.", "content": "Nitrate and nitrite reduction under aerobic, microaerophillic, and anaerobic conditions was demonstrated in Spirillum lipoferum (ATCC 29145). Nitrite did not accumulated during assimilatory nitrate reduction in air. The nitrite produced during dissimilatory nitrate reduction accumulated in the medium but not in the cells. On exposure of the bacteria to nitrate and anaerobiosis, a low initial rate (lag) was followed by accelerated rates of nitrite accumulation. A 3-h anaerobic pretreatment, in the absence of nitrate, did not a void the lag phase. No nitrate reductase activity (NRA) developed in the presence of chloramphenicol. The data suggest that induction of anaerobic NRA in S. lipoferum required nitrate and protein synthesis. Anaerobic N2-ase by S. lipoferum was greatly stimulated in the presence of nitrate. The time course of nitrate reduction was coincidental with the pattern of nitrate-stimulated N2-ase activity inidcating that a relationship exists between these two processes.", "contents": "Nitrate reduction nitrogenase activity in Spirillum lipoferum1. Nitrate and nitrite reduction under aerobic, microaerophillic, and anaerobic conditions was demonstrated in Spirillum lipoferum (ATCC 29145). Nitrite did not accumulated during assimilatory nitrate reduction in air. The nitrite produced during dissimilatory nitrate reduction accumulated in the medium but not in the cells. On exposure of the bacteria to nitrate and anaerobiosis, a low initial rate (lag) was followed by accelerated rates of nitrite accumulation. A 3-h anaerobic pretreatment, in the absence of nitrate, did not a void the lag phase. No nitrate reductase activity (NRA) developed in the presence of chloramphenicol. The data suggest that induction of anaerobic NRA in S. lipoferum required nitrate and protein synthesis. Anaerobic N2-ase by S. lipoferum was greatly stimulated in the presence of nitrate. The time course of nitrate reduction was coincidental with the pattern of nitrate-stimulated N2-ase activity inidcating that a relationship exists between these two processes.", "PMID": 856423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11113", "title": "Effects of temperature on the macromolecular composition and find structure of psychrophilic Arthrobacter species.", "content": "A facultatively psychrophilic bacterium, Arthrobacter SI 55, grows at 20 degrees C, but growth, as measured by increase of viable cell count, is inhibited at 32 degrees C. Corresponding temperatures for an obligate psychrophile, Arthrobacter glacialis SI 137, are 10 degrees C and 19-20 degrees C. At the higher temperatures for each organism increases of cell mass, as measured by turbidity and of DNA, RNA, and protein, were not inhibited. At the upper temperatures, fewer septa were formed in Arthrobacter SI 55, and cells appeared as distorted filaments with irregular brancehs. Arthrobacter glacilis grew as single cells at the lower temperature, but as clumps of coccoid cells with well marked septa at the higher temperature. It appears that in Arthrobacter SI 55 septum formation may be inhibited at the higher temperature. In contrast, in A. glacialis septation occurs but the cells do not separate.", "contents": "Effects of temperature on the macromolecular composition and find structure of psychrophilic Arthrobacter species. A facultatively psychrophilic bacterium, Arthrobacter SI 55, grows at 20 degrees C, but growth, as measured by increase of viable cell count, is inhibited at 32 degrees C. Corresponding temperatures for an obligate psychrophile, Arthrobacter glacialis SI 137, are 10 degrees C and 19-20 degrees C. At the higher temperatures for each organism increases of cell mass, as measured by turbidity and of DNA, RNA, and protein, were not inhibited. At the upper temperatures, fewer septa were formed in Arthrobacter SI 55, and cells appeared as distorted filaments with irregular brancehs. Arthrobacter glacilis grew as single cells at the lower temperature, but as clumps of coccoid cells with well marked septa at the higher temperature. It appears that in Arthrobacter SI 55 septum formation may be inhibited at the higher temperature. In contrast, in A. glacialis septation occurs but the cells do not separate.", "PMID": 856424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11114", "title": "Dorsal frontal, orbital and mesial frontal cortical lesion and amygdaloid kindling in cats.", "content": "Bilateral anteromesial or orbital cortical lesions do not affect sequential pattern of amygdaloid seizure development. However, orbital cortex lesions appear to significantly participate in the elaboration of a Stage 6 seizure pattern. Amygdaloid kindling ipsilateral to the side of anterodorsal cortical lesion or in animals with the same bilateral lesion appears to predispose them for the development of spontaneous, nonconvulsive (partial complex) seizures. It also significantly modifies clinical ictal patterns with practical ommission of Stages 2, 3 and 5, and largely lateralizes AD propagation to the stimulated hemisphere. The latter two features are strikingly reminiscent of the electroclinical manifestations of secondary site AM kindling in intact animals or AM kindling in animals with forebrain commissure bisection. Nonconvulsive (partial complex) status epilepticus was readily arrested by placement of electrolytic lesions ipsilateral to the AM stimulation, suggesting that MRF is essential for the perpetuation of the recurrent spontaneous seizure. Finally, the presence and absence of positive and negative aftereffects respectively, in animals with anterodorsal cortical lesion is consistent with the view that transfer and interference effects are mediated through the brain stem and forebrain commissures respectively.", "contents": "Dorsal frontal, orbital and mesial frontal cortical lesion and amygdaloid kindling in cats. Bilateral anteromesial or orbital cortical lesions do not affect sequential pattern of amygdaloid seizure development. However, orbital cortex lesions appear to significantly participate in the elaboration of a Stage 6 seizure pattern. Amygdaloid kindling ipsilateral to the side of anterodorsal cortical lesion or in animals with the same bilateral lesion appears to predispose them for the development of spontaneous, nonconvulsive (partial complex) seizures. It also significantly modifies clinical ictal patterns with practical ommission of Stages 2, 3 and 5, and largely lateralizes AD propagation to the stimulated hemisphere. The latter two features are strikingly reminiscent of the electroclinical manifestations of secondary site AM kindling in intact animals or AM kindling in animals with forebrain commissure bisection. Nonconvulsive (partial complex) status epilepticus was readily arrested by placement of electrolytic lesions ipsilateral to the AM stimulation, suggesting that MRF is essential for the perpetuation of the recurrent spontaneous seizure. Finally, the presence and absence of positive and negative aftereffects respectively, in animals with anterodorsal cortical lesion is consistent with the view that transfer and interference effects are mediated through the brain stem and forebrain commissures respectively.", "PMID": 856425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11115", "title": "Ribonuclease activity of human cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "The ribonuclease activity of cerebrospinal fluid of 219 patients was studied. The normal level was 269 +/- 95 units/ml. Consistent elevations above 550 units/ml were found in: 1. Chronic cerebrovascular disease; 2. Spinal cord compression; 3. Tumors. The molecular weights of the ribonucleases in the cerebrospinal fluid are approximately 33,000; 21,000 and 15,000; the major species is the one with m.w. 33,000. Although the increase in the CSF ribonuclease activity is not disease specific, the measurement has provided corroborative help in cases when the CSF protein is normal. The increase in CSF RNAase is not due to red or white blood cells and the immunologic data suggest that the CSF enzyme activity is derived from the blood stream. Further studies are necessary to rule out a nerve cell origin of the CSF ribonuclease activity.", "contents": "Ribonuclease activity of human cerebrospinal fluid. The ribonuclease activity of cerebrospinal fluid of 219 patients was studied. The normal level was 269 +/- 95 units/ml. Consistent elevations above 550 units/ml were found in: 1. Chronic cerebrovascular disease; 2. Spinal cord compression; 3. Tumors. The molecular weights of the ribonucleases in the cerebrospinal fluid are approximately 33,000; 21,000 and 15,000; the major species is the one with m.w. 33,000. Although the increase in the CSF ribonuclease activity is not disease specific, the measurement has provided corroborative help in cases when the CSF protein is normal. The increase in CSF RNAase is not due to red or white blood cells and the immunologic data suggest that the CSF enzyme activity is derived from the blood stream. Further studies are necessary to rule out a nerve cell origin of the CSF ribonuclease activity.", "PMID": 856426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11116", "title": "Relevance in undergraduate neurological teaching.", "content": "About 10% of patients consulting a family practitioner have neurological complaints, and about 2% ultimately receive a neurological diagnosis. As it is not possible to train enough neurologists for these patients, graduating medical students must be competent and confident in assessing neurological problems, particularly those that are common, treatable or require emergency management. An evaluation was made of the neurological problems commonly seen in family practice, the difficulties in managing neurological problems by the family practitioner and the criteria for referral to a neurologist. To evaluate the teaching of medical students and house staff, the types of problems seen in a teaching hospital neurology service were examined. As a result of this study an approach to the training of physicians is outlined to assist them to handle confidently and competently the neurological problems they will see in daily practice.", "contents": "Relevance in undergraduate neurological teaching. About 10% of patients consulting a family practitioner have neurological complaints, and about 2% ultimately receive a neurological diagnosis. As it is not possible to train enough neurologists for these patients, graduating medical students must be competent and confident in assessing neurological problems, particularly those that are common, treatable or require emergency management. An evaluation was made of the neurological problems commonly seen in family practice, the difficulties in managing neurological problems by the family practitioner and the criteria for referral to a neurologist. To evaluate the teaching of medical students and house staff, the types of problems seen in a teaching hospital neurology service were examined. As a result of this study an approach to the training of physicians is outlined to assist them to handle confidently and competently the neurological problems they will see in daily practice.", "PMID": 856427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11117", "title": "Metabolic balance studies in patients with Paget's disease receiving salmon calcitonin over long periods.", "content": "Metabolic balance and calcium kinetic studies were performed in four patients with Paget's disease before treatment with salmon calcitonin and during the early and late stages of the treatment, which lasted 9 to 19 months, A significant decrease in bone turnover and 24-hour urine hydroxyproline and serum alkaline phosphatase values was observed in all patients. In contrast, the calcium, phosphorus and magnesium balances did not change significantly. In agreement with this, the partial body calcium, measured by in vivo neutron activation analysis, did not change. Intestinal calcium absorption increased initially, but returned to baseline levels 9 to 19 months after the study began. During the initial period there was a small, significant, but transient decrease in tubular reabsorption of phosphorus; this was accompanied by a significant decrease in serum phosphorus values--probably a direct effect of calcitonin rather than evidence of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Administration of salmon calcitonin to patients with Paget's disease decreases bone turnover without affecting calcium and phosphorus balances.", "contents": "Metabolic balance studies in patients with Paget's disease receiving salmon calcitonin over long periods. Metabolic balance and calcium kinetic studies were performed in four patients with Paget's disease before treatment with salmon calcitonin and during the early and late stages of the treatment, which lasted 9 to 19 months, A significant decrease in bone turnover and 24-hour urine hydroxyproline and serum alkaline phosphatase values was observed in all patients. In contrast, the calcium, phosphorus and magnesium balances did not change significantly. In agreement with this, the partial body calcium, measured by in vivo neutron activation analysis, did not change. Intestinal calcium absorption increased initially, but returned to baseline levels 9 to 19 months after the study began. During the initial period there was a small, significant, but transient decrease in tubular reabsorption of phosphorus; this was accompanied by a significant decrease in serum phosphorus values--probably a direct effect of calcitonin rather than evidence of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Administration of salmon calcitonin to patients with Paget's disease decreases bone turnover without affecting calcium and phosphorus balances.", "PMID": 856428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11118", "title": "Nurse practitioners in primary care. VII. A cohort study of 99 nurses and 79 associated physicians.", "content": "Long-term surveillance of the employment experience and developing roles of 99 nurses and 79 associated physicians who participated in the first 5 years of the McMaster University educational program for family practice nurses was undertaken with a descriptive survey. Data were gathered by mailed questionnaires; a 97.8% response rate was attained. Sociodemographic profiles of both groups and characteristics of the practice setting where copractitioner teams functioned were determined. Selected noteworthy results show that 92.7% of the nurses were currently employed, and that 82.5% of the graduates continued in their original practice. Nurses' time invested in patient care activities increased by 105%; time devoted to clerical and housekeeping duties decreased by 42%. Changes in roles for both categories of copractitioners were important. The interdisciplinary arrangements resulted in appreciable financial disadvantages to physicians and only modest income incentives to nurses. A series of successes of the model of practice under assessment has been identified; offsetting ongoing difficulties and problems have also been enumerated. The data from this project and preceding studies can facilitate the solution of unresolved problems on the basis of evidence rather than opinion.", "contents": "Nurse practitioners in primary care. VII. A cohort study of 99 nurses and 79 associated physicians. Long-term surveillance of the employment experience and developing roles of 99 nurses and 79 associated physicians who participated in the first 5 years of the McMaster University educational program for family practice nurses was undertaken with a descriptive survey. Data were gathered by mailed questionnaires; a 97.8% response rate was attained. Sociodemographic profiles of both groups and characteristics of the practice setting where copractitioner teams functioned were determined. Selected noteworthy results show that 92.7% of the nurses were currently employed, and that 82.5% of the graduates continued in their original practice. Nurses' time invested in patient care activities increased by 105%; time devoted to clerical and housekeeping duties decreased by 42%. Changes in roles for both categories of copractitioners were important. The interdisciplinary arrangements resulted in appreciable financial disadvantages to physicians and only modest income incentives to nurses. A series of successes of the model of practice under assessment has been identified; offsetting ongoing difficulties and problems have also been enumerated. The data from this project and preceding studies can facilitate the solution of unresolved problems on the basis of evidence rather than opinion.", "PMID": 856429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11119", "title": "Physical and psychological complications after intestinal bypass for obesity.", "content": "Cognitive changes, depression, arthralgia and dermatitis developed in a 33-year-old woman 5 years after a jejunoileal shunt for massive obesity, The dermatitis and low serum carotene and vitamin C values suggested vitamin deficiencies, The serum magnesium concentration also was low. Vitamin and mineral replacement led to amelioration of the physical and psychological symptoms; the improvement has been maintained at 18-month follow-up. The favourable changes were documented with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and test performance ratings. It is concluded that the surgical procedure caused vitamin and magnesium deficiencies and that these resulted in the patient's symptoms.", "contents": "Physical and psychological complications after intestinal bypass for obesity. Cognitive changes, depression, arthralgia and dermatitis developed in a 33-year-old woman 5 years after a jejunoileal shunt for massive obesity, The dermatitis and low serum carotene and vitamin C values suggested vitamin deficiencies, The serum magnesium concentration also was low. Vitamin and mineral replacement led to amelioration of the physical and psychological symptoms; the improvement has been maintained at 18-month follow-up. The favourable changes were documented with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and test performance ratings. It is concluded that the surgical procedure caused vitamin and magnesium deficiencies and that these resulted in the patient's symptoms.", "PMID": 856430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11120", "title": "Psychiatric hospitalization in Ontario: the revolving door in perspective.", "content": "Ontario government statistics have indicated that during the 1960s the proportion of readmissions to psychiatric hospitals doubled to form two thirds of all admissions. Since this pertained to events rather than to individuals, a cohort of patients first admitted in 1969 was followed for 4 years to trace the pattern of readmission and the characteristics of patients at risk of readmission. Routinely returned data were linked and a sample from the greater metropolitan Toronto area was randomly selected. Of the cohort, 31% were readmitted, 8% three or more times. Age and diagnosis distinguished those readmitted. Most with multiple readmissions were under 25 years of age. Although diagnoses were equally distributed on first admission among psychotic, neurotic and other nonpsychotic disorders, with no significant change on readmission or multiple readmission, there was a predictably greater proportion of functional psychoses among the high-risk group and also an equal representation of personality, addictive and the remaining nonpsychotic conditions. The vulnerable few are identifiable early in their intermittent hospital career. It can be concluded that statistics suggesting that two thirds of admissions are readmissions are misleading.", "contents": "Psychiatric hospitalization in Ontario: the revolving door in perspective. Ontario government statistics have indicated that during the 1960s the proportion of readmissions to psychiatric hospitals doubled to form two thirds of all admissions. Since this pertained to events rather than to individuals, a cohort of patients first admitted in 1969 was followed for 4 years to trace the pattern of readmission and the characteristics of patients at risk of readmission. Routinely returned data were linked and a sample from the greater metropolitan Toronto area was randomly selected. Of the cohort, 31% were readmitted, 8% three or more times. Age and diagnosis distinguished those readmitted. Most with multiple readmissions were under 25 years of age. Although diagnoses were equally distributed on first admission among psychotic, neurotic and other nonpsychotic disorders, with no significant change on readmission or multiple readmission, there was a predictably greater proportion of functional psychoses among the high-risk group and also an equal representation of personality, addictive and the remaining nonpsychotic conditions. The vulnerable few are identifiable early in their intermittent hospital career. It can be concluded that statistics suggesting that two thirds of admissions are readmissions are misleading.", "PMID": 856431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11121", "title": "Penetrating chest wound: a case report.", "content": "An unusual penetrating chest injury was caused by a ball-point pen. Because of apparent penetration of the heart, preparations were made for an emergency open-heart procedure before emergency thoracotomy was undertaken, with the pen still in situ. The pen had bruised the epicardium but had not penetrated the pericardial sac. After removal of the pen, the wound was closed and a chest tube left in place. Recovery, apart from minor degrees of basal atelectasis, pleural effusion and wound infection, was uneventful. The outcome was consistent with that associated with current aggressive management of penetrating chest injuries. Management is based on three approaches. The primary one is intercostal thoracostomy tube drainage and fluid and blood replacement. In cases of massive hemorrhage or air leak, thoracotomy is necessary. The third approach is to prevent post-traumatic pulmonary insufficiency by using fine, high-efficiency filters during blood transfusion, avoiding excessive administration of intravenous fluids, performing tracheostomy after prolonged endotracheal intubation, and using a volume respirator with positive end-expiratory pressure. The average mortality for penetrating wounds of the heart is 25%.", "contents": "Penetrating chest wound: a case report. An unusual penetrating chest injury was caused by a ball-point pen. Because of apparent penetration of the heart, preparations were made for an emergency open-heart procedure before emergency thoracotomy was undertaken, with the pen still in situ. The pen had bruised the epicardium but had not penetrated the pericardial sac. After removal of the pen, the wound was closed and a chest tube left in place. Recovery, apart from minor degrees of basal atelectasis, pleural effusion and wound infection, was uneventful. The outcome was consistent with that associated with current aggressive management of penetrating chest injuries. Management is based on three approaches. The primary one is intercostal thoracostomy tube drainage and fluid and blood replacement. In cases of massive hemorrhage or air leak, thoracotomy is necessary. The third approach is to prevent post-traumatic pulmonary insufficiency by using fine, high-efficiency filters during blood transfusion, avoiding excessive administration of intravenous fluids, performing tracheostomy after prolonged endotracheal intubation, and using a volume respirator with positive end-expiratory pressure. The average mortality for penetrating wounds of the heart is 25%.", "PMID": 856432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11122", "title": "[Implantation of behavior therapy in the psychoanalytic milieu].", "content": "In French-speaking Quebec, implantation of behaviour therapy in psychiatric hospitals has been difficult because psychiatrists' training was and still is almost exclusively based on psychoanalytic therory. For this reason, many psychotherapists do not use the knowledge derived from laboratory experiments and only rely on their clinical judgement. Prejudiced by their professional identity, many psychiatrists believe that behaviorists manipulate and control patients, mechanize therapy, deny the importance of interpersonal relationships and only use punitive techniques. After refuting these arguments, the author describes the practical difficulties encountered when implanting behaviour therapy in a psychoanalytic milieu, as well as the advantages of a better understanding between these two schools, which might lead to psychiatry becoming more scientific, more human and closer to daily reality.", "contents": "[Implantation of behavior therapy in the psychoanalytic milieu]. In French-speaking Quebec, implantation of behaviour therapy in psychiatric hospitals has been difficult because psychiatrists' training was and still is almost exclusively based on psychoanalytic therory. For this reason, many psychotherapists do not use the knowledge derived from laboratory experiments and only rely on their clinical judgement. Prejudiced by their professional identity, many psychiatrists believe that behaviorists manipulate and control patients, mechanize therapy, deny the importance of interpersonal relationships and only use punitive techniques. After refuting these arguments, the author describes the practical difficulties encountered when implanting behaviour therapy in a psychoanalytic milieu, as well as the advantages of a better understanding between these two schools, which might lead to psychiatry becoming more scientific, more human and closer to daily reality.", "PMID": 856433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11123", "title": "A developmental hierarchy of dyadic relationships.", "content": "With the work of Mahler, Bowlby and others it has been increasingly recognized in recent years that there is a sequential progression in the nature of the first dyadic relationship which forms the basis for the type and quality of subsequent interpersonal transactions. Four levels of development of dyadic relationship may be recognized. To begin with the infant is in a state of not recognizing the existence of the other individual - the autistic phase. At the toddler stage there is awareness of a separateness of physical attributes between the child and the significant other, but the persistence of the symbiotic belief that there is substantial co-extension of mental processes between the two. With further separation and individuation in the pre-school and early school-aged child, a period of magical thinking prevails for varying durations in the child, in which there is an attempt made to retain an omnipotent control of the thinking of the significant other by the mechanism of projection of thought. In the mid-elementary school-aged child the decentering process emphasized by Piaget, together with the emerging capacity for making allowance for the context within which events occur, leads to the dyadic relationship being seen by the child as being mediated through the transactions of two autonomous mental apparatuses. Dependent upon the quality of the first dyadic relationships, the nature of the communication which occurs in them, of traumatic psychological events and of the integrity of the integrated forces of personality formation, residues of earlier modes of perceiving the dyadic relationship may be encountered.  Examples of these in adolescent and adult patients are given. The recognition of the possibility of shifts in the perception of the levels of the dyadic relationship is of importance in the conduct of individual pschotherapy, as the therapist can then deal more realistically with such topics as the establishment of goals, the management of the modes and quality of communication, as well as of transference and counter-transference relationships. This is particularly true of the treatment of patients with poorly integrated personalities. The fluctuations referred to are seen most dramatically with some schizophrenic patients.", "contents": "A developmental hierarchy of dyadic relationships. With the work of Mahler, Bowlby and others it has been increasingly recognized in recent years that there is a sequential progression in the nature of the first dyadic relationship which forms the basis for the type and quality of subsequent interpersonal transactions. Four levels of development of dyadic relationship may be recognized. To begin with the infant is in a state of not recognizing the existence of the other individual - the autistic phase. At the toddler stage there is awareness of a separateness of physical attributes between the child and the significant other, but the persistence of the symbiotic belief that there is substantial co-extension of mental processes between the two. With further separation and individuation in the pre-school and early school-aged child, a period of magical thinking prevails for varying durations in the child, in which there is an attempt made to retain an omnipotent control of the thinking of the significant other by the mechanism of projection of thought. In the mid-elementary school-aged child the decentering process emphasized by Piaget, together with the emerging capacity for making allowance for the context within which events occur, leads to the dyadic relationship being seen by the child as being mediated through the transactions of two autonomous mental apparatuses. Dependent upon the quality of the first dyadic relationships, the nature of the communication which occurs in them, of traumatic psychological events and of the integrity of the integrated forces of personality formation, residues of earlier modes of perceiving the dyadic relationship may be encountered.  Examples of these in adolescent and adult patients are given. The recognition of the possibility of shifts in the perception of the levels of the dyadic relationship is of importance in the conduct of individual pschotherapy, as the therapist can then deal more realistically with such topics as the establishment of goals, the management of the modes and quality of communication, as well as of transference and counter-transference relationships. This is particularly true of the treatment of patients with poorly integrated personalities. The fluctuations referred to are seen most dramatically with some schizophrenic patients.", "PMID": 856434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11124", "title": "Patterns in the delivery of psychiatric care in Saskatchewan 1971-1972 (II). Types of contacts and some patient career characteristics.", "content": "A previous paper dealt with an overview of service sectors and patient volumes (2), whereas this one concentrates on types of contacts and some patient career characteristics. Analysis of a comprehensive psychiatric care utilization data file for Saskatchewan for the 1971-1972 period shows that 'public' sector patients were hospitalized for a greater average length of time than were 'private' sector patients. This may reflect differences in the styles of practice, exigencies of the demand for hospital beds in the 'private' as opposed to the 'public' sector and/or intrinsic differences in the nature of the problem treated in each sector. Some interesting facts regarding patterns of contact were uncovered. The bimodal nature of the 'psychiatric population' was further evident from the data which show that the majority of patients used relatively few services whereas a few used a large number of services. This suggests that the majority of the people seen for psychiatric reasons by medical practitioners were suffering from relatively minor psychiatric disorders. Heavy users of services were much more likely to have had some'public' or University Hospital-based contact. Conversely, light users were predominantly private sector patients. In the 'public' sector, those who had had some in patient treatment were consistently higher users of all services. It is evident that psychiatrists held a dominant position in this community-oriented public sector, having seen a large number of patients, but having had a low average rate of services per patient. In contrast, community nurses saw relatively few patients but saw them very often. This no doubt reflects their role in providing 'maintenance' services to chronic patients in approved homes in the community. In the 'private' sector, 69 percent of the services were delivered by GPs and 23 percent by psychiatrists were more likely to have had 'public' sector activity than were those seen only by GPs; also once in the 'public' sector, they were likelier to have had in patient as well as outpatient treatment. This suggests a 'sifting' of the more \"difficult\" patients through the private specialist sector into the public sector.", "contents": "Patterns in the delivery of psychiatric care in Saskatchewan 1971-1972 (II). Types of contacts and some patient career characteristics. A previous paper dealt with an overview of service sectors and patient volumes (2), whereas this one concentrates on types of contacts and some patient career characteristics. Analysis of a comprehensive psychiatric care utilization data file for Saskatchewan for the 1971-1972 period shows that 'public' sector patients were hospitalized for a greater average length of time than were 'private' sector patients. This may reflect differences in the styles of practice, exigencies of the demand for hospital beds in the 'private' as opposed to the 'public' sector and/or intrinsic differences in the nature of the problem treated in each sector. Some interesting facts regarding patterns of contact were uncovered. The bimodal nature of the 'psychiatric population' was further evident from the data which show that the majority of patients used relatively few services whereas a few used a large number of services. This suggests that the majority of the people seen for psychiatric reasons by medical practitioners were suffering from relatively minor psychiatric disorders. Heavy users of services were much more likely to have had some'public' or University Hospital-based contact. Conversely, light users were predominantly private sector patients. In the 'public' sector, those who had had some in patient treatment were consistently higher users of all services. It is evident that psychiatrists held a dominant position in this community-oriented public sector, having seen a large number of patients, but having had a low average rate of services per patient. In contrast, community nurses saw relatively few patients but saw them very often. This no doubt reflects their role in providing 'maintenance' services to chronic patients in approved homes in the community. In the 'private' sector, 69 percent of the services were delivered by GPs and 23 percent by psychiatrists were more likely to have had 'public' sector activity than were those seen only by GPs; also once in the 'public' sector, they were likelier to have had in patient as well as outpatient treatment. This suggests a 'sifting' of the more \"difficult\" patients through the private specialist sector into the public sector.", "PMID": 856435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11125", "title": "Improvement of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (NSC 119875): therapeutic index in an animal model.", "content": "Cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum (CPDD) NSC 119875 was given at toxic doses (3 mg/kg) to three groups of dogs. The renal toxicity was avoided with massive prehydration and with mannitol induced diuresis. The bone marrow toxicity was unaltered by either manipulation. The data presented indicate that a better therapeutic index has been achieved by osmotic diuresis with mannitol. Blood levels and urine levels measurements show that the pharmacokinetics of the drug are unaltered, the urinary concentration of drug being low in the first few hours, but with similar urinary drug recovery in all three groups.", "contents": "Improvement of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (NSC 119875): therapeutic index in an animal model. Cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum (CPDD) NSC 119875 was given at toxic doses (3 mg/kg) to three groups of dogs. The renal toxicity was avoided with massive prehydration and with mannitol induced diuresis. The bone marrow toxicity was unaltered by either manipulation. The data presented indicate that a better therapeutic index has been achieved by osmotic diuresis with mannitol. Blood levels and urine levels measurements show that the pharmacokinetics of the drug are unaltered, the urinary concentration of drug being low in the first few hours, but with similar urinary drug recovery in all three groups.", "PMID": 856436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11126", "title": "High dose cis-platinum diammine dichloride: amelioration of renal toxicity by mannitol diuresis.", "content": "A clinical trial was undertaken to improve the therapeutic index of cis-platinum diammine dichloride with a concomitantly administered mannitol induced diuresis. Sixty patients, heavily pretreated, were entered; fifty-one are evaluable. The technique of concomitant osmotic diuresis and CPDD administration is described in detail. Doses ranged from 3 mg/kg to 5 mg/kg. At 5 mg/kg, dose-limiting renal, marrow and ototoxicity were seen, and resulted in one drug death. Marrow toxicity was moderate. Renal toxicity was limited to transient elevations in serum creatinine levels, except in some patients who had renal impairment prior to CPDD treatment. These patients had moderate renal toxicity. Serial treatments as frequently as once every 3 weeks were used to maintain responses. Serial high dose CPDD produced only mild renal dysfunction. Ototoxicity, usually subclinical, was quantitated audiometrically, and found to be dose related, but not clinically prohibitive at 4 mg/kg or less. The overall response rate (PR/MR) was 42%. Clinically significant responses in epidermoid carcinoma of the head and neck, adenocarcinoma of the ovary, and germ cell tumors of the testis were seen. All six responding patients with germ cell tumor of the testis, had been resistant to low dose (1mg/kg) CPDD. Two responding patients with ovarian adenocarcinoma had been resistant to alkylating agents.", "contents": "High dose cis-platinum diammine dichloride: amelioration of renal toxicity by mannitol diuresis. A clinical trial was undertaken to improve the therapeutic index of cis-platinum diammine dichloride with a concomitantly administered mannitol induced diuresis. Sixty patients, heavily pretreated, were entered; fifty-one are evaluable. The technique of concomitant osmotic diuresis and CPDD administration is described in detail. Doses ranged from 3 mg/kg to 5 mg/kg. At 5 mg/kg, dose-limiting renal, marrow and ototoxicity were seen, and resulted in one drug death. Marrow toxicity was moderate. Renal toxicity was limited to transient elevations in serum creatinine levels, except in some patients who had renal impairment prior to CPDD treatment. These patients had moderate renal toxicity. Serial treatments as frequently as once every 3 weeks were used to maintain responses. Serial high dose CPDD produced only mild renal dysfunction. Ototoxicity, usually subclinical, was quantitated audiometrically, and found to be dose related, but not clinically prohibitive at 4 mg/kg or less. The overall response rate (PR/MR) was 42%. Clinically significant responses in epidermoid carcinoma of the head and neck, adenocarcinoma of the ovary, and germ cell tumors of the testis were seen. All six responding patients with germ cell tumor of the testis, had been resistant to low dose (1mg/kg) CPDD. Two responding patients with ovarian adenocarcinoma had been resistant to alkylating agents.", "PMID": 856437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11127", "title": "Adriamycin cardiomyopathy--risk factors.", "content": "The records of 53 patients treated with Adriamycin, 17 of whom developed congestive heart failure and 36 of whom received a similar total dose of Adriamycin without developing congestive heart failure, were analyzed for factors associated with Adriamycin cardiomyopathy. The risk of cardiomyopathy was significantly greater in patients who developed a larger than or equal to 30% decrease in limb-lead QRS voltage. Concurrent cyclophosphamide and mediastinal radiotherapy lowered the cumulative Adriamycin dose necessary for the development of cardiac toxicity. Uncontrolled hypertension also appears to be a risk factor in potentiating the development of Adriamycin cardiomyopathy at lower doses. Congestive heart failure was more likely to be fatal if it developed shortly after the last dose of Adriamycin. These findings can be utilized to increase the safety of Adriamycin therapy in the future.", "contents": "Adriamycin cardiomyopathy--risk factors. The records of 53 patients treated with Adriamycin, 17 of whom developed congestive heart failure and 36 of whom received a similar total dose of Adriamycin without developing congestive heart failure, were analyzed for factors associated with Adriamycin cardiomyopathy. The risk of cardiomyopathy was significantly greater in patients who developed a larger than or equal to 30% decrease in limb-lead QRS voltage. Concurrent cyclophosphamide and mediastinal radiotherapy lowered the cumulative Adriamycin dose necessary for the development of cardiac toxicity. Uncontrolled hypertension also appears to be a risk factor in potentiating the development of Adriamycin cardiomyopathy at lower doses. Congestive heart failure was more likely to be fatal if it developed shortly after the last dose of Adriamycin. These findings can be utilized to increase the safety of Adriamycin therapy in the future.", "PMID": 856438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11128", "title": "Hypocalcemia with hypoparathyroidism and renal tubular dysfunction associated with aminoglycoside therapy.", "content": "Seventeen patients with malignant disease developed a complex metabolic syndrome of 2-8 weeks' duration characterized by hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia and hypokalemia following administration of the aminoglycoside group of antibiotics. Gentamicin, Tobramycin, Amikacin, and Sisomicin were all involved. Other features noted were hypoalbuminemia, hypophosphatemia, and hypouricemia. Low immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (i-PTH) levels in the presence of hypocalcemia and absence of hyperplastic changes in the parathyroid gland examined at postmortem confirmed a diagnosis of hypoparathyroidism. Immunoreactive calcitonin levels (i-CT) were not elevated. Renal tubular wasting of potassium and magnesium was documented in six patients and excessive urinary loss of sodium, phosphate, and uric acid was noticed. Twelve patients died before recovering from the metabolic stress and five patients developed progressive renal impairment. A possible potentiating action of chemotherapeutic agents, especially Adriamycin, is suggested.", "contents": "Hypocalcemia with hypoparathyroidism and renal tubular dysfunction associated with aminoglycoside therapy. Seventeen patients with malignant disease developed a complex metabolic syndrome of 2-8 weeks' duration characterized by hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia and hypokalemia following administration of the aminoglycoside group of antibiotics. Gentamicin, Tobramycin, Amikacin, and Sisomicin were all involved. Other features noted were hypoalbuminemia, hypophosphatemia, and hypouricemia. Low immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (i-PTH) levels in the presence of hypocalcemia and absence of hyperplastic changes in the parathyroid gland examined at postmortem confirmed a diagnosis of hypoparathyroidism. Immunoreactive calcitonin levels (i-CT) were not elevated. Renal tubular wasting of potassium and magnesium was documented in six patients and excessive urinary loss of sodium, phosphate, and uric acid was noticed. Twelve patients died before recovering from the metabolic stress and five patients developed progressive renal impairment. A possible potentiating action of chemotherapeutic agents, especially Adriamycin, is suggested.", "PMID": 856439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11129", "title": "Radiotherapy results for nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease after clinical staging.", "content": "Certain features of nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease predispose toward achievement of excellent radiotherapeutic results using clinical staging rather than currently advocated surgical staging including laparatomy. These include a distinct pattern of contiguous lymphatic involvement and the infrequent dissemination of disease to extranodal sites in early stage patients. Only three of 58 consecutive Clinical Stage I-III patients initially treated with radiotherapy alone between 1965 and 1969 have died from Hodgkin's disease. The 10-year survival rates corrected for intercurrent deaths are 97%, 90%, and 86% for Stages I-IIA, IIB, and III respectively. The usual prognostic influence of \"B\" symptoms was not evident following extended prophylactic irradiation. Likewise, there was no discernible influence of the subtype (lymphocyte predominant, mixed cellularity, lymphocyte depletion) on survival with these nodular sclerosis patients. There was a single extension of disease to iliac nodes in 46 patients with supradiaphragmatic involvement for whom prophylactic irradiation did not extend below the aortic bifurcation, providing justification for modified total nodal irradiation. Development of extranodal dissemination was observed in only 4/58(7%) patients, indicating that adjuvant chemotherapy is not warranted or justified in the early stages of nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "Radiotherapy results for nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease after clinical staging. Certain features of nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease predispose toward achievement of excellent radiotherapeutic results using clinical staging rather than currently advocated surgical staging including laparatomy. These include a distinct pattern of contiguous lymphatic involvement and the infrequent dissemination of disease to extranodal sites in early stage patients. Only three of 58 consecutive Clinical Stage I-III patients initially treated with radiotherapy alone between 1965 and 1969 have died from Hodgkin's disease. The 10-year survival rates corrected for intercurrent deaths are 97%, 90%, and 86% for Stages I-IIA, IIB, and III respectively. The usual prognostic influence of \"B\" symptoms was not evident following extended prophylactic irradiation. Likewise, there was no discernible influence of the subtype (lymphocyte predominant, mixed cellularity, lymphocyte depletion) on survival with these nodular sclerosis patients. There was a single extension of disease to iliac nodes in 46 patients with supradiaphragmatic involvement for whom prophylactic irradiation did not extend below the aortic bifurcation, providing justification for modified total nodal irradiation. Development of extranodal dissemination was observed in only 4/58(7%) patients, indicating that adjuvant chemotherapy is not warranted or justified in the early stages of nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease.", "PMID": 856440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11130", "title": "The influence of stress and stress hormones on the transplantability of a non-immunogenic syngeneic murine tumor.", "content": "Quantitative transplantation assays of a syngeneic murine adenocarcinoma have been used to investigate the effects of stress hormones and tumor take probability. Cortisol, injected intraperitoneally one hour before and 3 hours after tumor cells, caused a dose dependent reduction of TD50 (number of tumor cells required for 50% takes) by factors of from 4 at a total dose 4 microng/g to 68 at 400 microng/g. ACTH, given at 0.2 I.U. daily for 9 days spanning the time of tumor cell injection, reduced the TD50 2.5-fold, indicating that the peak gluco-corticoid level achieved, rather than its duration, was of greater significance. Adrenaline, while much less effective than cortisol, produced an 8-fold reduction in TD50 at its maximum tolerable dose. The effect of cortisol simulated that of whole body irradiation (WBI), and while both these agents depress immune reactivity, evidence is presented to suggest that immunological mechanisms are not responsible for their effect. WBI constitutes a systemic stress, and the demonstration that surgical trauma (laparotomy) could also reduce the TD50 for this tumor suggested that both might act via endogenous glucocorticoids. However, the failure of prior total adrenalectomy of mice to abrogate the effect of either WBI or laparotomy indicated that stress hormones were not essential intermediaries. It is concluded that both stress hormones, especially glucocorticoids, and stressful procedures acting independently of stress hormones, can facilitate tumor transplantation.", "contents": "The influence of stress and stress hormones on the transplantability of a non-immunogenic syngeneic murine tumor. Quantitative transplantation assays of a syngeneic murine adenocarcinoma have been used to investigate the effects of stress hormones and tumor take probability. Cortisol, injected intraperitoneally one hour before and 3 hours after tumor cells, caused a dose dependent reduction of TD50 (number of tumor cells required for 50% takes) by factors of from 4 at a total dose 4 microng/g to 68 at 400 microng/g. ACTH, given at 0.2 I.U. daily for 9 days spanning the time of tumor cell injection, reduced the TD50 2.5-fold, indicating that the peak gluco-corticoid level achieved, rather than its duration, was of greater significance. Adrenaline, while much less effective than cortisol, produced an 8-fold reduction in TD50 at its maximum tolerable dose. The effect of cortisol simulated that of whole body irradiation (WBI), and while both these agents depress immune reactivity, evidence is presented to suggest that immunological mechanisms are not responsible for their effect. WBI constitutes a systemic stress, and the demonstration that surgical trauma (laparotomy) could also reduce the TD50 for this tumor suggested that both might act via endogenous glucocorticoids. However, the failure of prior total adrenalectomy of mice to abrogate the effect of either WBI or laparotomy indicated that stress hormones were not essential intermediaries. It is concluded that both stress hormones, especially glucocorticoids, and stressful procedures acting independently of stress hormones, can facilitate tumor transplantation.", "PMID": 856441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11131", "title": "Correlative study of the morphology and C19-steroid metabolism of benign and cancerous human prostatic tissue.", "content": "Perineal punch biopsy specimens of human prostate with benign hyperplasia (BPH), well- and poorly-differentiated adenocarcinoma and transitional-cell carcinoma were incubated with testosterone-1,2-3H and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone-1,2-3H. Incubations were carried out using a single tissue-radiosubstrate ratio and time point. Resulting radiosteroid patterns were related to histologic and ultrastructural features of these tissues. Well differentiated neoplasms had ultrastructural characteristics closely resembling hyperplastic epithelia. Both in BPH and in well differentiated carcinomas the C19-steroids were mainly metabolized by the 17beta-hydroxysteroid pathway. In contrast, cells in poorly-differentiated adenocarcinoma and transitional-cell carcinoma lacked the cytoplasmic organelles responsible for secretion; formation of 5alpha-reduced 17beta-hydroxysteroids was decreased in these carcinomas, while conversion to 17-oxosteroid radiometabolites remained unchanged or was greatly increased. These results indicate that loss of prostatic differentiation is attended by a trend from reductive toward oxidative radiotestosterone metabolism. Even in NAPDH-supplemented preparations of the majority of poorly-differentiated tumors, there was diminished transformation to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, the key intracellular hormone in the expression of androgenic activity in the prostate. These findings may explain why poorly-differentiated prostatic neoplasms are frequently unresponsive to anti-androgenic therapy.", "contents": "Correlative study of the morphology and C19-steroid metabolism of benign and cancerous human prostatic tissue. Perineal punch biopsy specimens of human prostate with benign hyperplasia (BPH), well- and poorly-differentiated adenocarcinoma and transitional-cell carcinoma were incubated with testosterone-1,2-3H and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone-1,2-3H. Incubations were carried out using a single tissue-radiosubstrate ratio and time point. Resulting radiosteroid patterns were related to histologic and ultrastructural features of these tissues. Well differentiated neoplasms had ultrastructural characteristics closely resembling hyperplastic epithelia. Both in BPH and in well differentiated carcinomas the C19-steroids were mainly metabolized by the 17beta-hydroxysteroid pathway. In contrast, cells in poorly-differentiated adenocarcinoma and transitional-cell carcinoma lacked the cytoplasmic organelles responsible for secretion; formation of 5alpha-reduced 17beta-hydroxysteroids was decreased in these carcinomas, while conversion to 17-oxosteroid radiometabolites remained unchanged or was greatly increased. These results indicate that loss of prostatic differentiation is attended by a trend from reductive toward oxidative radiotestosterone metabolism. Even in NAPDH-supplemented preparations of the majority of poorly-differentiated tumors, there was diminished transformation to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, the key intracellular hormone in the expression of androgenic activity in the prostate. These findings may explain why poorly-differentiated prostatic neoplasms are frequently unresponsive to anti-androgenic therapy.", "PMID": 856442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11132", "title": "Malignant granular cell tumor of the radial nerve: an autopsy observation with electron microscopic and tissue culture studies.", "content": "Malignant granular cell tumor closely associated with the radial nerve in the left upper arm, was found in a 34-year old man. The tumor increased rapidly in size, was locally invasive and showed recurrence and metastases to lymph nodes and the lungs. The tumor was composed solely of granular cells and its histological features were very similar to those of benign granular cell tumors. However, considerable variation of cellular size and shape, hyperchromatic plump nuclei, and some disordered cellular arrangement were thought to be significant indications of malignancy. Ultrastructural study of the tumor revealed many lysosome-like dense granules in the cytoplasm. The presence of a few axon-like cytoplasmic processes between granular cells and the intimate anatomical association of the tumor with the radial nerve seemed to support the concept of peripheral nerve origin of the malignant granular cell tumor.", "contents": "Malignant granular cell tumor of the radial nerve: an autopsy observation with electron microscopic and tissue culture studies. Malignant granular cell tumor closely associated with the radial nerve in the left upper arm, was found in a 34-year old man. The tumor increased rapidly in size, was locally invasive and showed recurrence and metastases to lymph nodes and the lungs. The tumor was composed solely of granular cells and its histological features were very similar to those of benign granular cell tumors. However, considerable variation of cellular size and shape, hyperchromatic plump nuclei, and some disordered cellular arrangement were thought to be significant indications of malignancy. Ultrastructural study of the tumor revealed many lysosome-like dense granules in the cytoplasm. The presence of a few axon-like cytoplasmic processes between granular cells and the intimate anatomical association of the tumor with the radial nerve seemed to support the concept of peripheral nerve origin of the malignant granular cell tumor.", "PMID": 856443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11133", "title": "Uterine leiomyoblastoma: ultrastructural and cytological studies.", "content": "A case of uterine leiomyoblastoma is presented with ultrastructural and cytological findings. As in gastric leiomyoblastoma, fine filaments of dimensions consistent with myofilaments and marginal dense bodies are present within the tumor cells, providing evidence for the smooth muscle origin of this neoplasm. Numerous cytoplasmic vacuoles are seen in cellular samples obtained by directly scraping the lesion corresponding to the vacuoles present in glutaraledehyde-fixed material examined by electron microscopy. They do not appear to be artifacts of poor fixation and may be related to the nature of the tumor. Cytologically the cells do not resemble epithelial cells of either squamous or glandular origin and are more consistent with cells of mesenchymal origin.", "contents": "Uterine leiomyoblastoma: ultrastructural and cytological studies. A case of uterine leiomyoblastoma is presented with ultrastructural and cytological findings. As in gastric leiomyoblastoma, fine filaments of dimensions consistent with myofilaments and marginal dense bodies are present within the tumor cells, providing evidence for the smooth muscle origin of this neoplasm. Numerous cytoplasmic vacuoles are seen in cellular samples obtained by directly scraping the lesion corresponding to the vacuoles present in glutaraledehyde-fixed material examined by electron microscopy. They do not appear to be artifacts of poor fixation and may be related to the nature of the tumor. Cytologically the cells do not resemble epithelial cells of either squamous or glandular origin and are more consistent with cells of mesenchymal origin.", "PMID": 856444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11134", "title": "Rarity of cancer of the cervix in the Malaysian Orang Asli despite the presence of known risk factors.", "content": "Cancer of the cervix is exceedingly uncommon in the Malaysian Orang Asli (aborigine), despite the presence of factors associated with an increased risk of developing this malignancy. In only three patients was the diagnosis of carcinoma of the cervix established, out of a total of nearly 18,000 female inpatients, admitted to the Gombak Orang Asli Hospital over a 13-year period. Over this same period, 81 female patients were diagnosed as having cancer. Interviews with female Orang Asli patients show the presence of alleged risk factors for cervical cancer, including early age of first intercourse, multiparity and non-circumcision of husbands. The low incidence of cancer of the cervix in this aborigine community may be due to the strict moral code of the Orang Asli, limiting extramarital sexual activity and associated venereal infection.", "contents": "Rarity of cancer of the cervix in the Malaysian Orang Asli despite the presence of known risk factors. Cancer of the cervix is exceedingly uncommon in the Malaysian Orang Asli (aborigine), despite the presence of factors associated with an increased risk of developing this malignancy. In only three patients was the diagnosis of carcinoma of the cervix established, out of a total of nearly 18,000 female inpatients, admitted to the Gombak Orang Asli Hospital over a 13-year period. Over this same period, 81 female patients were diagnosed as having cancer. Interviews with female Orang Asli patients show the presence of alleged risk factors for cervical cancer, including early age of first intercourse, multiparity and non-circumcision of husbands. The low incidence of cancer of the cervix in this aborigine community may be due to the strict moral code of the Orang Asli, limiting extramarital sexual activity and associated venereal infection.", "PMID": 856445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11135", "title": "Microfollicular thyroid carcinoma with amyloid rich stroma, resembling the medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT).", "content": "A human thyroid tumor is described which, on light microscopy, exhibited the features of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT). The cells were arranged in solid lobules or trabeculae, and the stroma was abundant and gave positive reaction for amyloid as assessed by congo red, crystal violet and thioflavin T stains. However, there was microfollicular differentiation in certain portions of the tumor even where the tumor was invasively growing. On electron microscopy, numerous microfollicles were identified even where unsuspected by light microscopy. There were junctional complexes, the cells possessed well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, prominent Golgi and numerous dense bodies obviously derived from the Golgi vesicles, which were of the same morphology as \"secretory\" granules described previously by some authors in MCT. However, we find this kind of cytology typically in microfollicular thyroid carcinomas. Presence of about 100 A thick fibrils in the stroma was consistent with histochemically positive amyloid. The biochemical data were compatible with the differentiated follicular cell origin of the tissue. The homogenate contained poorly iodinated thyroglobulin, and thyroid peroxidase activity. Calcitonin was undetectable by a sensitive radioimmunoassay. It is concluded that this tumor was follicular thyroid carcinoma with amyloid rich stroma. The presence of amyloid and dense bodies with homogenous electron dense contents is insufficient for making conclusions about histogenesis of thyroid tumors. The so called MCT with amyloid stroma probably represents a heterogenous group of thyroid tumors, at least some of them derived from follicular epithelium.", "contents": "Microfollicular thyroid carcinoma with amyloid rich stroma, resembling the medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT). A human thyroid tumor is described which, on light microscopy, exhibited the features of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT). The cells were arranged in solid lobules or trabeculae, and the stroma was abundant and gave positive reaction for amyloid as assessed by congo red, crystal violet and thioflavin T stains. However, there was microfollicular differentiation in certain portions of the tumor even where the tumor was invasively growing. On electron microscopy, numerous microfollicles were identified even where unsuspected by light microscopy. There were junctional complexes, the cells possessed well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, prominent Golgi and numerous dense bodies obviously derived from the Golgi vesicles, which were of the same morphology as \"secretory\" granules described previously by some authors in MCT. However, we find this kind of cytology typically in microfollicular thyroid carcinomas. Presence of about 100 A thick fibrils in the stroma was consistent with histochemically positive amyloid. The biochemical data were compatible with the differentiated follicular cell origin of the tissue. The homogenate contained poorly iodinated thyroglobulin, and thyroid peroxidase activity. Calcitonin was undetectable by a sensitive radioimmunoassay. It is concluded that this tumor was follicular thyroid carcinoma with amyloid rich stroma. The presence of amyloid and dense bodies with homogenous electron dense contents is insufficient for making conclusions about histogenesis of thyroid tumors. The so called MCT with amyloid stroma probably represents a heterogenous group of thyroid tumors, at least some of them derived from follicular epithelium.", "PMID": 856446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11136", "title": "Peripheral ameloblastoma: a study of 21 cases, including 5 reported as basal cell carcinoma of the gingiva.", "content": "The peripheral ameloblastoma and the basal cell carcinoma of the gingiva are probably the same lesion. This article describes the clinical features, natural history, and histopathology of nine acceptable cases published as peripheral ameloblastoma, five lesions published as basal cell carcinoma of the gingiva, and seven  unpublished cases of peripheral ameloblastoma. Tissue sections were studied from seven of the cases published as peripheral ameloblastoma, three of the cases published as basal carcinoma, and all the unpublished cases. The peripheral ameloblastoma may exhibit several of the various histologic patterns found in the intraosseous ameloblastoma but has a marked tendency to be acanthomatous. These lesions appear to arise from either remnants of the dental lamina within the gingiva or from the surface epithelium. They are relatively innocuous lesions lacking the persistent invasiveness of intraosseous ameloblastoma. Peripheral ameloblastomas should be excised with a small margin of normal tissue and the surgical site re-examined periodically.", "contents": "Peripheral ameloblastoma: a study of 21 cases, including 5 reported as basal cell carcinoma of the gingiva. The peripheral ameloblastoma and the basal cell carcinoma of the gingiva are probably the same lesion. This article describes the clinical features, natural history, and histopathology of nine acceptable cases published as peripheral ameloblastoma, five lesions published as basal cell carcinoma of the gingiva, and seven  unpublished cases of peripheral ameloblastoma. Tissue sections were studied from seven of the cases published as peripheral ameloblastoma, three of the cases published as basal carcinoma, and all the unpublished cases. The peripheral ameloblastoma may exhibit several of the various histologic patterns found in the intraosseous ameloblastoma but has a marked tendency to be acanthomatous. These lesions appear to arise from either remnants of the dental lamina within the gingiva or from the surface epithelium. They are relatively innocuous lesions lacking the persistent invasiveness of intraosseous ameloblastoma. Peripheral ameloblastomas should be excised with a small margin of normal tissue and the surgical site re-examined periodically.", "PMID": 856447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11137", "title": "The morphology of human papillomas of the upper respiratory tract.", "content": "Recurrent squamous papillomas of the upper respiratory tract were examined by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Surface of the cells is irregular and is covered by numerous stout microvilli. These are shorter and broader than those of cells of the uninvolved mucosa. The villi often seem umbilicated at the apex; the remainder of them, however, are rounded. The epithelium participating in the formation of papillomas shows some maturation of the cells but this does not progress normally. The predominating area is the thickened spinous layer representing the bulk of the lesion. The basal layer shows mildly increased activity but the basement membrane is intact. The cells often are very closely packed but in some areas, more particularly  in the deep layer, they are loosely arranged. The intercellular space contains a moderately electron-dense finely fibrillar material. No abnormal mitoses are found. The neighboring univolved epithelium often shows increased growth activity and some inflammation. The larygneal papillomas propably represent an overgrowth of epithelium which may develop following hindered desquamation caused and/or heralded by a chronic inflammatory condition probably of viral origin and may be preceded by epithelial metaplasia and hyperplasia.", "contents": "The morphology of human papillomas of the upper respiratory tract. Recurrent squamous papillomas of the upper respiratory tract were examined by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Surface of the cells is irregular and is covered by numerous stout microvilli. These are shorter and broader than those of cells of the uninvolved mucosa. The villi often seem umbilicated at the apex; the remainder of them, however, are rounded. The epithelium participating in the formation of papillomas shows some maturation of the cells but this does not progress normally. The predominating area is the thickened spinous layer representing the bulk of the lesion. The basal layer shows mildly increased activity but the basement membrane is intact. The cells often are very closely packed but in some areas, more particularly  in the deep layer, they are loosely arranged. The intercellular space contains a moderately electron-dense finely fibrillar material. No abnormal mitoses are found. The neighboring univolved epithelium often shows increased growth activity and some inflammation. The larygneal papillomas propably represent an overgrowth of epithelium which may develop following hindered desquamation caused and/or heralded by a chronic inflammatory condition probably of viral origin and may be preceded by epithelial metaplasia and hyperplasia.", "PMID": 856448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11138", "title": "Amylase in the lung.", "content": "Although elevated amylase levels in serum, pleural fluid, and extracts of tumor tissue in primary lung cancer have been reported, electrophoretic and column-chromatographic studies have not revealed the ectopic production of amylase but have merely shown an increase of amylase activity of chiefly the salivary type in these materials. The present study was designed to make clear the nature of the amylase or amylase-like substance in the serum, pleural fluid and tumor extracts, and to determine whether amylase might be produced ectopically in tumor tissues. Our data not only confirmed that the hyperamylasemia in some cases of primary lung cancer was due to an increase in salivary type isoamylases, but also showed that the same isoamylase pattern occurs in serum, pleural fluids, and diseased lung tissue of patients with pneumonia. However, the elution pattern of amylase in these materials in column-chromatography on Sephadex G-75 Superfine was different from that of salivary amylase. On the basis of our observations, it seems reasonable to conclude that the salivary type hyperamylasemia in some cases of primary lung cancer may be due to an increase in the amylase contained in normal lung tissues, resulting from activation and release into the blood stream by some inflammatory process. However, ectopic production of amylase was demonstrated in one particular case of primary lung cancer in which a high amylase content and a peculiar isoamylase were found both in the primary and metastatic lesions.", "contents": "Amylase in the lung. Although elevated amylase levels in serum, pleural fluid, and extracts of tumor tissue in primary lung cancer have been reported, electrophoretic and column-chromatographic studies have not revealed the ectopic production of amylase but have merely shown an increase of amylase activity of chiefly the salivary type in these materials. The present study was designed to make clear the nature of the amylase or amylase-like substance in the serum, pleural fluid and tumor extracts, and to determine whether amylase might be produced ectopically in tumor tissues. Our data not only confirmed that the hyperamylasemia in some cases of primary lung cancer was due to an increase in salivary type isoamylases, but also showed that the same isoamylase pattern occurs in serum, pleural fluids, and diseased lung tissue of patients with pneumonia. However, the elution pattern of amylase in these materials in column-chromatography on Sephadex G-75 Superfine was different from that of salivary amylase. On the basis of our observations, it seems reasonable to conclude that the salivary type hyperamylasemia in some cases of primary lung cancer may be due to an increase in the amylase contained in normal lung tissues, resulting from activation and release into the blood stream by some inflammatory process. However, ectopic production of amylase was demonstrated in one particular case of primary lung cancer in which a high amylase content and a peculiar isoamylase were found both in the primary and metastatic lesions.", "PMID": 856449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11139", "title": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the buccal mucosa associated with chronic oral polyvinyl chloride exposure: report of a case.", "content": "The following case report describes a 22-year-old healthy man, non-smoker, non-drinker, who developed a squamous cell carcinoma of the buccal mucosa. The appearance of this unusual tumor in an unexpected clinical setting was unexplained until it was discovered that the patient had a lifetime habit of chewing plastic materials containing polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The extent and chronicity of his intense oral exposure to PVC is believed to be related to his subsequent development of an oral neoplasm. Attention is again focused on PVC as an important environmental toxin and carcinogenic agent. Clarification of the content of PVC in consumer products is urged. Physicians must remain aware of possible environmental carcinogens in patients presenting with unexpected or rare malignancies. Detection of such exposure may well prevent subsequent development of additional unexplained neoplasms.", "contents": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the buccal mucosa associated with chronic oral polyvinyl chloride exposure: report of a case. The following case report describes a 22-year-old healthy man, non-smoker, non-drinker, who developed a squamous cell carcinoma of the buccal mucosa. The appearance of this unusual tumor in an unexpected clinical setting was unexplained until it was discovered that the patient had a lifetime habit of chewing plastic materials containing polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The extent and chronicity of his intense oral exposure to PVC is believed to be related to his subsequent development of an oral neoplasm. Attention is again focused on PVC as an important environmental toxin and carcinogenic agent. Clarification of the content of PVC in consumer products is urged. Physicians must remain aware of possible environmental carcinogens in patients presenting with unexpected or rare malignancies. Detection of such exposure may well prevent subsequent development of additional unexplained neoplasms.", "PMID": 856450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11140", "title": "Ectopic production of human placental lactogen by human breast tumors.", "content": "Serum samples from 72 patients with established carcinoma of the breast were investigated for ectopic presence of hPL. Further, the relationship of ectopically-secreted hPL and hCG-beta in breast cancer was investigated. Ten of 72 patients examined had detectable hPL and 12 had detectable hCG-beta, at 1-2 ng/ml serum sensitivity of the assay. The presence of hPL in serum of breast cancer patients was found to be independent of that of hCG-Beta. Sera of 13 patients with cystic mastitis, five with fibroadenoma, two with acute inflammation of breast, 20 normal women (non-pregnant) and 20 normal men did not show any detectable serum hPL or hCG-beta at the above mentioned sensitivity of the assay. Since these hormones were not detectable in normal men, normal non-pregnant women, and in patients having other pathological conditions of breast, the possible use of them as markers in cancer is expected", "contents": "Ectopic production of human placental lactogen by human breast tumors. Serum samples from 72 patients with established carcinoma of the breast were investigated for ectopic presence of hPL. Further, the relationship of ectopically-secreted hPL and hCG-beta in breast cancer was investigated. Ten of 72 patients examined had detectable hPL and 12 had detectable hCG-beta, at 1-2 ng/ml serum sensitivity of the assay. The presence of hPL in serum of breast cancer patients was found to be independent of that of hCG-Beta. Sera of 13 patients with cystic mastitis, five with fibroadenoma, two with acute inflammation of breast, 20 normal women (non-pregnant) and 20 normal men did not show any detectable serum hPL or hCG-beta at the above mentioned sensitivity of the assay. Since these hormones were not detectable in normal men, normal non-pregnant women, and in patients having other pathological conditions of breast, the possible use of them as markers in cancer is expected", "PMID": 856451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11141", "title": "The relationship of fever, granulocytopenia and antimicrobial therapy to bacteremia in cancer patients.", "content": "The relationship of fever, granulocytopenia, and antimicrobial therapy to bacteremia was studied retrospectively in 53 cancer patients. Severe granulocytopenia was present at the time blood cultures were positive in 27 to 31 episodes of bacteremia. Twenty-five episodes of bacteremia documented before the initiation of antimicrobial therapy in patients who were granulocytopenic and febrile. No bacteremia occurred in the absence of fever. Only two bacteremias occured while patients were receiving parenteral antimicrobials. Antimicrobial therapy was terminated 30 times in the presence of granulocytopenia and fever, and subsequent bacteremia occurred in 14 patients within 4 days. Patients who died with fungal disease did not receive more antibiotics than patients who died without fungal disease. These data suggest a rationale for long-term use of antimicrobial therapy in patients with persistent granulocytopenia and fever.", "contents": "The relationship of fever, granulocytopenia and antimicrobial therapy to bacteremia in cancer patients. The relationship of fever, granulocytopenia, and antimicrobial therapy to bacteremia was studied retrospectively in 53 cancer patients. Severe granulocytopenia was present at the time blood cultures were positive in 27 to 31 episodes of bacteremia. Twenty-five episodes of bacteremia documented before the initiation of antimicrobial therapy in patients who were granulocytopenic and febrile. No bacteremia occurred in the absence of fever. Only two bacteremias occured while patients were receiving parenteral antimicrobials. Antimicrobial therapy was terminated 30 times in the presence of granulocytopenia and fever, and subsequent bacteremia occurred in 14 patients within 4 days. Patients who died with fungal disease did not receive more antibiotics than patients who died without fungal disease. These data suggest a rationale for long-term use of antimicrobial therapy in patients with persistent granulocytopenia and fever.", "PMID": 856452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11142", "title": "Barium enema, proctosigmoidoscopy and upper gastrointestinal series in the preoperative evaluation of the cancer patient.", "content": "Charts of 566 patients admitted to the Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute over a five year period were reviewed. Routine upper gastrointestinal series was performed in 453 patients; barium enemas in 490; and proctosigmoidoscopies in 342. Upper gastrointestinal series detected no metastases or second primary malignancies but delineated the extent of large intra-abdominal tumors. Barium enema and proctosigmoidoscopy together revealed three unsuspected primary colonic tumors (1.2% in patients over 50 years of age). Sigmoidoscopy and examination of the stool for occult blood would have detected the same patients. Barium enema may be limited to surgical cancer patients in whom the extent of local tumor invasion is to be defined and to older patients in whom colonic tumors are suspected. Neither UGIS nor barium enema appear to be of value as a routine preoperative screening test in surgical cancer patients.", "contents": "Barium enema, proctosigmoidoscopy and upper gastrointestinal series in the preoperative evaluation of the cancer patient. Charts of 566 patients admitted to the Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute over a five year period were reviewed. Routine upper gastrointestinal series was performed in 453 patients; barium enemas in 490; and proctosigmoidoscopies in 342. Upper gastrointestinal series detected no metastases or second primary malignancies but delineated the extent of large intra-abdominal tumors. Barium enema and proctosigmoidoscopy together revealed three unsuspected primary colonic tumors (1.2% in patients over 50 years of age). Sigmoidoscopy and examination of the stool for occult blood would have detected the same patients. Barium enema may be limited to surgical cancer patients in whom the extent of local tumor invasion is to be defined and to older patients in whom colonic tumors are suspected. Neither UGIS nor barium enema appear to be of value as a routine preoperative screening test in surgical cancer patients.", "PMID": 856453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11143", "title": "A comparison of Hodgkin's disease in Alameda County, California, and Connecticut: histologic subtype and age distribution.", "content": "A comparison of the histologic patterns of Hodgkin's disease in Alameda County, California and Connecticut was made in relation to age. All Hodgkin's disease cases from the Alameda County Cancer Registry diagnosed between 1960 and 1969 for which adequate material was available for evaluation were reviewed and histologically subtyped according to the Rye classification (159 cases). The age-specific relative frequencies and incidence rates for the histologic subtypes of Hodgkin's disease in Alameda County were estimated and compared to those estimated for Hodgkin's disease in Connecticut. The morphologic ex pression of Hodgkin's disease in both areas was similar and characteristic of economically developed regions with high living standards. The comparison supports the hypothesis that the host immune capacity, influenced by socioeconomic factors, has a strong and measurable effect on the pathogenesis of Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "A comparison of Hodgkin's disease in Alameda County, California, and Connecticut: histologic subtype and age distribution. A comparison of the histologic patterns of Hodgkin's disease in Alameda County, California and Connecticut was made in relation to age. All Hodgkin's disease cases from the Alameda County Cancer Registry diagnosed between 1960 and 1969 for which adequate material was available for evaluation were reviewed and histologically subtyped according to the Rye classification (159 cases). The age-specific relative frequencies and incidence rates for the histologic subtypes of Hodgkin's disease in Alameda County were estimated and compared to those estimated for Hodgkin's disease in Connecticut. The morphologic ex pression of Hodgkin's disease in both areas was similar and characteristic of economically developed regions with high living standards. The comparison supports the hypothesis that the host immune capacity, influenced by socioeconomic factors, has a strong and measurable effect on the pathogenesis of Hodgkin's disease.", "PMID": 856454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11144", "title": "Follow-up of survivors of childhood cancer.", "content": "A registry has been established of survivors of childhood cancer treated at the Sidney Farber Cancer Institute, Boston. This resource provides opportunities for studies of physiologic, genetic, psychologic, and social sequelae of childhood neoplasia. Findings indicate potential in most patients for a high quality of extended life. Comprehensive long-term care may further reduce late morbidity and mortality.", "contents": "Follow-up of survivors of childhood cancer. A registry has been established of survivors of childhood cancer treated at the Sidney Farber Cancer Institute, Boston. This resource provides opportunities for studies of physiologic, genetic, psychologic, and social sequelae of childhood neoplasia. Findings indicate potential in most patients for a high quality of extended life. Comprehensive long-term care may further reduce late morbidity and mortality.", "PMID": 856455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11145", "title": "Cancer risk as related to use of oral contraceptives during fertile years.", "content": "A case-control study of 452 breast cancer patients, aged less than 50 years, and 872 age-, race-, and religion-matched control patients generated relative risk estimates of breast cancer associated with oral contraceptive practices. The relative risk of breast cancer from ever-use of oral contraceptives was 1.1, not significant. Relative risks did not differ by age, interval since first use, interval since last use, or time periods in which steroid compounds differed in composition and potency. However, the relative risks of breast cancer from current use, from 2 to 4 years of ever-use, from 6 or more years of use by women with prior benign breast disease, and from use before first childbirth were increased significantly. The findings suggest the malignant process may be quickened if transformed cells are present during oral contraceptive use. Yet, the findings neither indicate that oral contraception induces breast cancer nor do they exonerate female steroid hormones. The findings do encourage continued surveillance of steroid contraception for cancer induction or promotion. In addition to duration of oral contraceptive use and other measures of dose response, future observations should pay especial attention to use by women before first childbirth and by women with already established benign breast disease.", "contents": "Cancer risk as related to use of oral contraceptives during fertile years. A case-control study of 452 breast cancer patients, aged less than 50 years, and 872 age-, race-, and religion-matched control patients generated relative risk estimates of breast cancer associated with oral contraceptive practices. The relative risk of breast cancer from ever-use of oral contraceptives was 1.1, not significant. Relative risks did not differ by age, interval since first use, interval since last use, or time periods in which steroid compounds differed in composition and potency. However, the relative risks of breast cancer from current use, from 2 to 4 years of ever-use, from 6 or more years of use by women with prior benign breast disease, and from use before first childbirth were increased significantly. The findings suggest the malignant process may be quickened if transformed cells are present during oral contraceptive use. Yet, the findings neither indicate that oral contraception induces breast cancer nor do they exonerate female steroid hormones. The findings do encourage continued surveillance of steroid contraception for cancer induction or promotion. In addition to duration of oral contraceptive use and other measures of dose response, future observations should pay especial attention to use by women before first childbirth and by women with already established benign breast disease.", "PMID": 856456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11146", "title": "Epidemiology of vaginal adenosis and adenocarcinoma associated with exposure to stilbestrol in utero.", "content": "Following the observation that maternal ingestion of diethylstilbestrol was associated with the development of adenocarcinoma of the vagina in young women, analysis of 170 cases of the disease, collected over a two-year period, was undertaken. Details of history of non-steroidal estrogenic intake during pregnancy, its dosage and duration of intake and prevalence of concomitant abnormalities of the vagina and cervix were recorded. This analysis disclosed that dosage and duration of intake do not appear to be vital factors in contributing to the development of carcinoma. A controlled, prospective investigation of prenatal exposure to stilbestrol was also carried out. Vaginal and cervical abnormalities were common among 110 young women exposed to stilbestrol in utero. Biopsy-proved vaginal adenosis was present in 35% of the exposed population as compared with only 1% of the control subjects. Fibrous ridges of the vagina and cervix and failure of the vaginal mucosa and portions of the cervix to stain with iodine were also more frequently observed in the exposed population. While the risk of developing adenocarcinoma appears to be very low, a majority of exposed females do have other abnormalities of the lower genital tract. While some investigators believe that adenosis is a premalignant lesion, at present there is no clear-cut evidence of transition from adenosis to adenocarcinoma.", "contents": "Epidemiology of vaginal adenosis and adenocarcinoma associated with exposure to stilbestrol in utero. Following the observation that maternal ingestion of diethylstilbestrol was associated with the development of adenocarcinoma of the vagina in young women, analysis of 170 cases of the disease, collected over a two-year period, was undertaken. Details of history of non-steroidal estrogenic intake during pregnancy, its dosage and duration of intake and prevalence of concomitant abnormalities of the vagina and cervix were recorded. This analysis disclosed that dosage and duration of intake do not appear to be vital factors in contributing to the development of carcinoma. A controlled, prospective investigation of prenatal exposure to stilbestrol was also carried out. Vaginal and cervical abnormalities were common among 110 young women exposed to stilbestrol in utero. Biopsy-proved vaginal adenosis was present in 35% of the exposed population as compared with only 1% of the control subjects. Fibrous ridges of the vagina and cervix and failure of the vaginal mucosa and portions of the cervix to stain with iodine were also more frequently observed in the exposed population. While the risk of developing adenocarcinoma appears to be very low, a majority of exposed females do have other abnormalities of the lower genital tract. While some investigators believe that adenosis is a premalignant lesion, at present there is no clear-cut evidence of transition from adenosis to adenocarcinoma.", "PMID": 856457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11147", "title": "Oral contraceptives and breast neoplasia.", "content": "The continued high prevalence of oral contraceptive (OC) use by young women warrants the careful study of these agents. At present, it appears that the risk of benign breast disease is reduced by use of OCs. This effect seems to be greater for fibrocystic disease than for fibroadenoma. Available information suggests that, as yet, OC use has not had any effect on breast cancer risk. The recent slight rise in breast cancer rates in younger women has not been shown to be due to OC use. The relationship between OCs and breast cancer may not become clear for another 5 to 10 years because of the long latent period of this disease. Meanwhile, for reasons presented, it would seem wise not to prescribe OCs for women with a history of benign breast disease and to withdraw them from women who develop these conditions.", "contents": "Oral contraceptives and breast neoplasia. The continued high prevalence of oral contraceptive (OC) use by young women warrants the careful study of these agents. At present, it appears that the risk of benign breast disease is reduced by use of OCs. This effect seems to be greater for fibrocystic disease than for fibroadenoma. Available information suggests that, as yet, OC use has not had any effect on breast cancer risk. The recent slight rise in breast cancer rates in younger women has not been shown to be due to OC use. The relationship between OCs and breast cancer may not become clear for another 5 to 10 years because of the long latent period of this disease. Meanwhile, for reasons presented, it would seem wise not to prescribe OCs for women with a history of benign breast disease and to withdraw them from women who develop these conditions.", "PMID": 856458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11148", "title": "Induction of preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions in grafted rat tracheas continuously exposed to benzo(a)pyrene.", "content": "Heterotopically transplanted rat tracheas were continuously exposed to measured amounts of benzo(a)pyrene over a period of 1 to 6 months. The cumulative doses ranged from 10 to 2490 microng. The morphological response of the tracheal epithelium was characterized by hyperplasis during the first 2 weeks, followed by atrophy. Squamous metaplasias did not appear until after 4 months of exposure; at 4 and 6 months numerous dysplastic lesions and noninvasive carcinomas resembling those seen in the airways of humans were found in the higher carcinogen dose groups. The first invasive carcinomas developed at 4 months in the groups given 1250 microng or more benzo(a)pyrene. The lowest dose tested that produced a carcinoma within the observation period of 22 months was 300 microng benzo(a)pyrene. The majority of the neoplasms were squamous cell carcinomas, although several adenocarcinomas and sarcomas also developed. Since a variety of metaplastic and dyplastic lesions can be induced by carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons in the transplanted rat tracheas, this experimental model appears to be well suited for the study of the sequential epithelial changes that lead to respiratory tract neoplasia.", "contents": "Induction of preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions in grafted rat tracheas continuously exposed to benzo(a)pyrene. Heterotopically transplanted rat tracheas were continuously exposed to measured amounts of benzo(a)pyrene over a period of 1 to 6 months. The cumulative doses ranged from 10 to 2490 microng. The morphological response of the tracheal epithelium was characterized by hyperplasis during the first 2 weeks, followed by atrophy. Squamous metaplasias did not appear until after 4 months of exposure; at 4 and 6 months numerous dysplastic lesions and noninvasive carcinomas resembling those seen in the airways of humans were found in the higher carcinogen dose groups. The first invasive carcinomas developed at 4 months in the groups given 1250 microng or more benzo(a)pyrene. The lowest dose tested that produced a carcinoma within the observation period of 22 months was 300 microng benzo(a)pyrene. The majority of the neoplasms were squamous cell carcinomas, although several adenocarcinomas and sarcomas also developed. Since a variety of metaplastic and dyplastic lesions can be induced by carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons in the transplanted rat tracheas, this experimental model appears to be well suited for the study of the sequential epithelial changes that lead to respiratory tract neoplasia.", "PMID": 856459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11149", "title": "Fluidity of membrane lipids and lateral mobility of concanavalin A receptors in the cell surface of normal lymphocytes and lymphocytes from patients with malignant lymphomas and leukemias.", "content": "Lymphocytes isolated from the peripheral blood of patients with nonmalignant and malignant disorders were studied for fluidity of membrane lipids and lateral mobility of concanavalin A (Con A) receptors. The degree of fluidity of the surface membrane lipid core was monitored quantitatively by fluorescence polarization analysis using the probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene embedded in lipid regions of the surface membrane of intact cells. Mobility of Con A surface receptors was determined by the cap-forming ability after binding of fluorescent Con A. The present studies were performed on lymphocytes from 28 patients with malignant lymphomas, 22 patients with leukemia, 28 individuals who either were healthy or had nonmalignant disorders, and 5 patients with carcinoma. The results showed that lymphocytes and mononuclear cells from patients with malignant lymphomas and leukemias have a more fluid lipid layer in their surface membrane than do lymphocytes obtained from healthy individuals or from patients with other malignant and nonmalignant disorders. This increase in membrane fluidity was less pronounced in lymphocytes isolated from leukemic patients in clinical remission and from leukemic patients receiving treatment with steroids. The results also show a marked difference in the cap-forming ability of lymphocytes from patients with malignant lymphomas or leukemia as compared with lymphocytes from patients with non-malignant disorders or carcinoma. Lymphocytes isolated from lymphoma and chronic lymphatic leukemia patients during remission stages of the disease exhibited a higher cap-forming ability. The cap-forming ability of cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia was unaffected by treatment with steroids. The present results, which are in line with previous observations, have shown that normal lymphocytes can be characterized by a low degree of lipid fluidity but a high degree of mobility of Con A receptors, whereas leukemic lymphocytes are characterized by a high degree of lipid fluidity but a low degree of mobility of Con A receptors. These results confirmed our general hypothesis on the dynamic interrelation between membrane lipids and membrane protein receptors, and they indicate that the widely accepted term \"membrane fluidity\" requires better consideration for different membrane components.", "contents": "Fluidity of membrane lipids and lateral mobility of concanavalin A receptors in the cell surface of normal lymphocytes and lymphocytes from patients with malignant lymphomas and leukemias. Lymphocytes isolated from the peripheral blood of patients with nonmalignant and malignant disorders were studied for fluidity of membrane lipids and lateral mobility of concanavalin A (Con A) receptors. The degree of fluidity of the surface membrane lipid core was monitored quantitatively by fluorescence polarization analysis using the probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene embedded in lipid regions of the surface membrane of intact cells. Mobility of Con A surface receptors was determined by the cap-forming ability after binding of fluorescent Con A. The present studies were performed on lymphocytes from 28 patients with malignant lymphomas, 22 patients with leukemia, 28 individuals who either were healthy or had nonmalignant disorders, and 5 patients with carcinoma. The results showed that lymphocytes and mononuclear cells from patients with malignant lymphomas and leukemias have a more fluid lipid layer in their surface membrane than do lymphocytes obtained from healthy individuals or from patients with other malignant and nonmalignant disorders. This increase in membrane fluidity was less pronounced in lymphocytes isolated from leukemic patients in clinical remission and from leukemic patients receiving treatment with steroids. The results also show a marked difference in the cap-forming ability of lymphocytes from patients with malignant lymphomas or leukemia as compared with lymphocytes from patients with non-malignant disorders or carcinoma. Lymphocytes isolated from lymphoma and chronic lymphatic leukemia patients during remission stages of the disease exhibited a higher cap-forming ability. The cap-forming ability of cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia was unaffected by treatment with steroids. The present results, which are in line with previous observations, have shown that normal lymphocytes can be characterized by a low degree of lipid fluidity but a high degree of mobility of Con A receptors, whereas leukemic lymphocytes are characterized by a high degree of lipid fluidity but a low degree of mobility of Con A receptors. These results confirmed our general hypothesis on the dynamic interrelation between membrane lipids and membrane protein receptors, and they indicate that the widely accepted term \"membrane fluidity\" requires better consideration for different membrane components.", "PMID": 856460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11150", "title": "Morphology, growth, chromosomal pattern and fibrinolytic activity of two new human neuroblastoma cell lines.", "content": "Neuroblastoma cell lines LA-N-1 and LA-N-2 were extablished from neuroblastoma cells in the bone marrow and in the primary tumor, respectively, of two children with metastatic neuroblastoma. Morphology, growth in vitro and in athymic nude mice, chromosomal patter, and fibrinolytic activity of these cell lines and of previously extablished human neuroblastoma cell lines IMR-32, SK-N-MC, and SK-N-SH were compared. Most LA-N-1 cells were tear-drop shaped, small cells with processes; they tended to grow in clusters. LA-N-2 was comprised of elongated cells and small round cells, the latter growing in dense clumps on the former. Electron microscopy revealed numerous cytoplasmic dense cores in many LA-N-1 cells but none in LA-N-2 CELLS. During logarithmic growth in vitro, doubling times for LA-N-1, LA-N-2, SK-N-MC, SK-N-SH, and IMR-32 cells were 32,56, 23, 36, and 26 hr, respectively. Cells of all lines formed colonies in soft agar, and, after variable latency periods, LA-N-1, LA-N-2, SK-N-MC, and IMR-32 cells formed tumors in athymic nude mice. The marker chromosome(s) characteristic of each cell line was present in more than 90% of cells of given line. Significant plasminogen-dependent fibrinolytic activity was present in cells of all lines. These studies indicate that LA-N-1 and LA-N-2 cells arose from single but different aberrant progenitor cells and that they have properties of neuroblastoma cells. They also demonstrate that cell lines derived from human neuroblastomas are heterogenous as are the tumors in children.", "contents": "Morphology, growth, chromosomal pattern and fibrinolytic activity of two new human neuroblastoma cell lines. Neuroblastoma cell lines LA-N-1 and LA-N-2 were extablished from neuroblastoma cells in the bone marrow and in the primary tumor, respectively, of two children with metastatic neuroblastoma. Morphology, growth in vitro and in athymic nude mice, chromosomal patter, and fibrinolytic activity of these cell lines and of previously extablished human neuroblastoma cell lines IMR-32, SK-N-MC, and SK-N-SH were compared. Most LA-N-1 cells were tear-drop shaped, small cells with processes; they tended to grow in clusters. LA-N-2 was comprised of elongated cells and small round cells, the latter growing in dense clumps on the former. Electron microscopy revealed numerous cytoplasmic dense cores in many LA-N-1 cells but none in LA-N-2 CELLS. During logarithmic growth in vitro, doubling times for LA-N-1, LA-N-2, SK-N-MC, SK-N-SH, and IMR-32 cells were 32,56, 23, 36, and 26 hr, respectively. Cells of all lines formed colonies in soft agar, and, after variable latency periods, LA-N-1, LA-N-2, SK-N-MC, and IMR-32 cells formed tumors in athymic nude mice. The marker chromosome(s) characteristic of each cell line was present in more than 90% of cells of given line. Significant plasminogen-dependent fibrinolytic activity was present in cells of all lines. These studies indicate that LA-N-1 and LA-N-2 cells arose from single but different aberrant progenitor cells and that they have properties of neuroblastoma cells. They also demonstrate that cell lines derived from human neuroblastomas are heterogenous as are the tumors in children.", "PMID": 856461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11151", "title": "Plasma pharmacokinetics of adriamycin and its metabolites in humans with normal hepatic and renal function.", "content": "A new, nondestructive, plasma extraction technique ultilizing chloroform:isopropyl alcohol (1:1) and ammonium sulfate saturation has been devised to isolate adriamycin and its metabolites from human plasma. Adriamycin was the most prominent species in plasma. It disappeared according to  a triphasic pattern with a mean half-life of 30 hr. Six metabolites have been clearly separated from adriamycin by thin-layer chromatography. Three were aglycones and three were polar metabolites, one of which has been identified as adriamycinol. All metabolites appeared rapidly in plasma and disappeared according to a biphasic or tri-phasic pattern. The polar metabolites in plasma were found in similar relative concentration to those in urine. In contrast to the small Quantities of aglycones in urine, however, significant concentrations of aglycones were found in plasma. The least prominent metabolite was adriamycin aglycone; the most prominent metabolite was a less polar aglycone, most likely deoxyadriamycin aglycone, and a more polar aglycone, presumably demethyl deoxyadriamycinol aglycone, was the only metabolite to show variable pharmacokinetics in different patients. The nondestructive plasma extraction technique has verified the presence of extensive human metabolism of adriamycin and demonstrated the presence of aglycone and polar metabolites.", "contents": "Plasma pharmacokinetics of adriamycin and its metabolites in humans with normal hepatic and renal function. A new, nondestructive, plasma extraction technique ultilizing chloroform:isopropyl alcohol (1:1) and ammonium sulfate saturation has been devised to isolate adriamycin and its metabolites from human plasma. Adriamycin was the most prominent species in plasma. It disappeared according to  a triphasic pattern with a mean half-life of 30 hr. Six metabolites have been clearly separated from adriamycin by thin-layer chromatography. Three were aglycones and three were polar metabolites, one of which has been identified as adriamycinol. All metabolites appeared rapidly in plasma and disappeared according to a biphasic or tri-phasic pattern. The polar metabolites in plasma were found in similar relative concentration to those in urine. In contrast to the small Quantities of aglycones in urine, however, significant concentrations of aglycones were found in plasma. The least prominent metabolite was adriamycin aglycone; the most prominent metabolite was a less polar aglycone, most likely deoxyadriamycin aglycone, and a more polar aglycone, presumably demethyl deoxyadriamycinol aglycone, was the only metabolite to show variable pharmacokinetics in different patients. The nondestructive plasma extraction technique has verified the presence of extensive human metabolism of adriamycin and demonstrated the presence of aglycone and polar metabolites.", "PMID": 856462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11152", "title": "Influence of inducers and inhibitors of mixed-function oxidasts on benzo(a)pyrene binding to the DNA of rat liver nuclei.", "content": "Benzo(a)pyrene-conjugated DNA was isolated after benzo(a)pyrene was incubated in vitro with liver nuclei from control, phenobarbital-treated, and methylcholanthrene-treated rats and the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-generating system. Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, the levels of activity of which varied with the different nuclear systems, was highly specific in the activation of the benzo(a)pyrene to forms that bind to DNA. Sephadex LH-20 chromatography of the degreded DNA from liver nuclei of pretreated rats revealed an in vivo DNA-bound product  previously shown to be derived from 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide (Product A). The nuclei from phenobarbital-pretreated rats also contained a DNA-bound product corresponding to that derived from the binding of benzo(a)pyrene 4,5-oxide (Product C), but they completely lacked the DNA-bound product derived from futher metabolism of 0-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene (Product D). In contrast, nuclei from methylcholanthrene-treated rats yielded large amounts of Product D. No bound products were found with the control nuclei. 7,8-Benzoflavone caused an 80% inhibition of benzo(a)pyrene binding to DNA in the nuclei of methylcholanthrene-pretreated rats, but it had no effect on control nuclei or those from phenobarbital-pretreated rats. It inhibited formation of Product A, but not Products B or C, in nuclei from phenobarbital-pretreated rats. With nuclei from methylcholanthrene-pretreated rats. With nuclei from methylcholanthrene-pretreated animals, 7,8-benzoflavone led to an overall loss of products, but small amounts of Products A and B persisted. 1,1,1-Trichloropropene 2,3-oxide strongly inhibited nuclear aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity and the phenol fraction measured by thin-layer chromatography in all nuclear systems, but it significantly increased the benzo(a)pyrene binding in all nuclei. With nuclei from phenobarbital-treated rats, it inhibited the formation of Product B but not of Products A and C; whereas with nuclei from methylcholanthrene-pretreated rats, it inhibited the fromation of all the hydrocarbon-deoxyribonucleoside products.", "contents": "Influence of inducers and inhibitors of mixed-function oxidasts on benzo(a)pyrene binding to the DNA of rat liver nuclei. Benzo(a)pyrene-conjugated DNA was isolated after benzo(a)pyrene was incubated in vitro with liver nuclei from control, phenobarbital-treated, and methylcholanthrene-treated rats and the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-generating system. Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, the levels of activity of which varied with the different nuclear systems, was highly specific in the activation of the benzo(a)pyrene to forms that bind to DNA. Sephadex LH-20 chromatography of the degreded DNA from liver nuclei of pretreated rats revealed an in vivo DNA-bound product  previously shown to be derived from 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide (Product A). The nuclei from phenobarbital-pretreated rats also contained a DNA-bound product corresponding to that derived from the binding of benzo(a)pyrene 4,5-oxide (Product C), but they completely lacked the DNA-bound product derived from futher metabolism of 0-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene (Product D). In contrast, nuclei from methylcholanthrene-treated rats yielded large amounts of Product D. No bound products were found with the control nuclei. 7,8-Benzoflavone caused an 80% inhibition of benzo(a)pyrene binding to DNA in the nuclei of methylcholanthrene-pretreated rats, but it had no effect on control nuclei or those from phenobarbital-pretreated rats. It inhibited formation of Product A, but not Products B or C, in nuclei from phenobarbital-pretreated rats. With nuclei from methylcholanthrene-pretreated rats. With nuclei from methylcholanthrene-pretreated animals, 7,8-benzoflavone led to an overall loss of products, but small amounts of Products A and B persisted. 1,1,1-Trichloropropene 2,3-oxide strongly inhibited nuclear aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity and the phenol fraction measured by thin-layer chromatography in all nuclear systems, but it significantly increased the benzo(a)pyrene binding in all nuclei. With nuclei from phenobarbital-treated rats, it inhibited the formation of Product B but not of Products A and C; whereas with nuclei from methylcholanthrene-pretreated rats, it inhibited the fromation of all the hydrocarbon-deoxyribonucleoside products.", "PMID": 856463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11153", "title": "The distribution of [3H]vinblastine in tumor and host tissues of Nb rats bearting a transplantable lymphoma which is highly sensitive to the alkaloid.", "content": "A new transplantable lymphoma in Nb rats responded dramatically to treatment with vinblastine (VLB). A single i.p. injection of VLB, 0.8 mg/kg, caused even highly advanced tumors to regress until they were no longer palpable. or investigation of the hypothesis that the oncolytic response may reflect a special affinity of VLB for the tumor, lymphoma-bearing rats were given an i.p. injection of -e13H]VLB, and the levels of radioactivity and [3H]VLB in the tumor and host tissues were determined as a function of time. Radioactivity was concentrated by the lymphoma relative to the blood (mostly as unchanged [3H]VLB) at levels that showed only a modest decline over a period of at least 48 hr. During this time the [2H]VLB in both the plasma and whit blood cell fraction of the blood declined markedly and continuously to very low levels. Thymus and lymph nodes resembled the lymphoma in showing a long-term retention of radioactivity. The levels of radioactivity in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow were initially much higher than that in the tumor but decreased markedly with time. In addition very little of the radioactivity remaining in the spleen and liver at 48 hr was due to [3H]VLB, and by this time the VLB concentration in these tissues was much lower than in the tumor. It is suggested that the chemotherapeutic response of the lymphoma may be related to the continuing presence of a significant concentration of VLB in this tumor after the plasma VLB had fallen to very low (subantimitotic) levels.", "contents": "The distribution of [3H]vinblastine in tumor and host tissues of Nb rats bearting a transplantable lymphoma which is highly sensitive to the alkaloid. A new transplantable lymphoma in Nb rats responded dramatically to treatment with vinblastine (VLB). A single i.p. injection of VLB, 0.8 mg/kg, caused even highly advanced tumors to regress until they were no longer palpable. or investigation of the hypothesis that the oncolytic response may reflect a special affinity of VLB for the tumor, lymphoma-bearing rats were given an i.p. injection of -e13H]VLB, and the levels of radioactivity and [3H]VLB in the tumor and host tissues were determined as a function of time. Radioactivity was concentrated by the lymphoma relative to the blood (mostly as unchanged [3H]VLB) at levels that showed only a modest decline over a period of at least 48 hr. During this time the [2H]VLB in both the plasma and whit blood cell fraction of the blood declined markedly and continuously to very low levels. Thymus and lymph nodes resembled the lymphoma in showing a long-term retention of radioactivity. The levels of radioactivity in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow were initially much higher than that in the tumor but decreased markedly with time. In addition very little of the radioactivity remaining in the spleen and liver at 48 hr was due to [3H]VLB, and by this time the VLB concentration in these tissues was much lower than in the tumor. It is suggested that the chemotherapeutic response of the lymphoma may be related to the continuing presence of a significant concentration of VLB in this tumor after the plasma VLB had fallen to very low (subantimitotic) levels.", "PMID": 856464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11154", "title": "Carcinogenicity and cocarcinogenicity of chromium carbonyl in heterotopic tracheal grafts.", "content": "Tracheal grafts, implanted s.c. on syngeneic rats, were used as a bioassay for carcinogenicity or cocarcinogenicity of chromium carbonyl (CC). After a period of revascularization, the lumens of 22 grafts were filled with an agar suspension of 2.5 mg of CC. Twenty-two grafts were filled wit a suspension of 2.5 mg of benzo(a)pyrene (BP) and a mixture of the two chemicals was placed in 24 other grafts. Four controls were exposed to the vehicle only. Eight squamous cell carcinomas developed in the tracheas treated with BP alone and 10 similar neoplasms arose in the CC-BP treated group, but 3 of those induced by CC-BP had metastasized by 9 months. CC alone induced carcinomas in two grafts. The data indicate that this metal carbonyl is a carcinogen that can act synergistically with BP and demonstrate the utility of the technique as an efficient tissue-specific bioassay.", "contents": "Carcinogenicity and cocarcinogenicity of chromium carbonyl in heterotopic tracheal grafts. Tracheal grafts, implanted s.c. on syngeneic rats, were used as a bioassay for carcinogenicity or cocarcinogenicity of chromium carbonyl (CC). After a period of revascularization, the lumens of 22 grafts were filled with an agar suspension of 2.5 mg of CC. Twenty-two grafts were filled wit a suspension of 2.5 mg of benzo(a)pyrene (BP) and a mixture of the two chemicals was placed in 24 other grafts. Four controls were exposed to the vehicle only. Eight squamous cell carcinomas developed in the tracheas treated with BP alone and 10 similar neoplasms arose in the CC-BP treated group, but 3 of those induced by CC-BP had metastasized by 9 months. CC alone induced carcinomas in two grafts. The data indicate that this metal carbonyl is a carcinogen that can act synergistically with BP and demonstrate the utility of the technique as an efficient tissue-specific bioassay.", "PMID": 856465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11155", "title": "Effect of mouse interferon and polyriboinosinic acid-polyribocytidylic acid on L-cell tumor growth in nude mice.", "content": "L-929 cells injected s.c. into athymic nude mice cause the formation of single well-defined tumors at the site of inoculation. The development of these tumors is markedly inhibited by polyriboinsinic acid-polyribocytidylic acid [poly(l)-poly(C)], whether poly(l)-poly(C) treatment is initiated one day after L-cell inoculation or 3 weeks later, when tumors have grown to an appreciable size. The antitumor effect of poly(l)-ploy(C) was found to be dose dependent. Multiple injections of 100 microng poly(l)-poly(C) per mouse (congruent to 5 mg/kg) almost completely arrested tumor growth, but even at 1microng/mouse (congruent to 50 microng/kg), poly(l)-poly(C) caused a partial reduction in tumor growth. Mouse interferon administered exogenously in amounts that closely mimicked the interferon blood levels induced endogenously by poly(l)-poly(C) failed to duplicate the antitumor effects of poly(l)-poly(C). Hence, the role of interferon induction in the mechanism of antitumor action of poly(l)-poly(C) can be eliminated. Since all results were obtained with the use of athymic nude mice, the role of thymus-dependent immunity can also be eliminated. At the dosage regimens used to determine the inhibitory effect on L-cell tumor growth, neither poly(L)-poly(C) nor interferon altered the life-span of the nude mice.", "contents": "Effect of mouse interferon and polyriboinosinic acid-polyribocytidylic acid on L-cell tumor growth in nude mice. L-929 cells injected s.c. into athymic nude mice cause the formation of single well-defined tumors at the site of inoculation. The development of these tumors is markedly inhibited by polyriboinsinic acid-polyribocytidylic acid [poly(l)-poly(C)], whether poly(l)-poly(C) treatment is initiated one day after L-cell inoculation or 3 weeks later, when tumors have grown to an appreciable size. The antitumor effect of poly(l)-ploy(C) was found to be dose dependent. Multiple injections of 100 microng poly(l)-poly(C) per mouse (congruent to 5 mg/kg) almost completely arrested tumor growth, but even at 1microng/mouse (congruent to 50 microng/kg), poly(l)-poly(C) caused a partial reduction in tumor growth. Mouse interferon administered exogenously in amounts that closely mimicked the interferon blood levels induced endogenously by poly(l)-poly(C) failed to duplicate the antitumor effects of poly(l)-poly(C). Hence, the role of interferon induction in the mechanism of antitumor action of poly(l)-poly(C) can be eliminated. Since all results were obtained with the use of athymic nude mice, the role of thymus-dependent immunity can also be eliminated. At the dosage regimens used to determine the inhibitory effect on L-cell tumor growth, neither poly(L)-poly(C) nor interferon altered the life-span of the nude mice.", "PMID": 856466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11156", "title": "Isolation of glycoprotein antigen from ascites fluid of pancreatic carcinoma.", "content": "A glycoprotein antigen from the ascites fluid of pancreatic carcinoma has been isolated with the use of perchloric acid extraction and chromatographies on Sepharose 4B, DEAE-Sephadex, and DE52, followed by Sephadex G-200. The purified glycoprotein was found to be homogenous by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A molecular weight of 185,000 dattons was determined by gel filtration. The molecule contained 55% protein and 45% carbohydrate. Both the amino acid and carbohydrate compositions were different from those of carcinoembryonic antigen. This glycoprotein antigen of pancreatic cancer cross-reacted with anticarcinoembryonic antigen; however, the antiserum prepared from this antigen did not react with carcinoembryonic antigen. The biological significance of this glycoprotein in pancreatic cancer is being studied.", "contents": "Isolation of glycoprotein antigen from ascites fluid of pancreatic carcinoma. A glycoprotein antigen from the ascites fluid of pancreatic carcinoma has been isolated with the use of perchloric acid extraction and chromatographies on Sepharose 4B, DEAE-Sephadex, and DE52, followed by Sephadex G-200. The purified glycoprotein was found to be homogenous by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A molecular weight of 185,000 dattons was determined by gel filtration. The molecule contained 55% protein and 45% carbohydrate. Both the amino acid and carbohydrate compositions were different from those of carcinoembryonic antigen. This glycoprotein antigen of pancreatic cancer cross-reacted with anticarcinoembryonic antigen; however, the antiserum prepared from this antigen did not react with carcinoembryonic antigen. The biological significance of this glycoprotein in pancreatic cancer is being studied.", "PMID": 856467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11157", "title": "Effects of antiinflammatory agents on mouse skin tumor promotion, epidermal DNA synthesis, phorbol ester-induced cellular proliferation, and production of plasminogen activator.", "content": "The antinflammatory ateroids fluocinoine acetonide, fluocinonide, and fluclorolone acetonide were found to be very effectiveinhibitory agents of mouse skin tumor promotion. These steroids also drastically inhibited epidermal DNA synthesis and epidermal cellular proliferation induced by a phorbal ester tumor promoter. In addition, these compounds were potent inhibitors, of plasminogen activator production in tumor cell cultures. The clinically used non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents oxyphenbutazone, indomethacin, and Seclazone also inhibite tumor promotion but were much less effective. Although these agents are useful against inflammatory disorders in general when given p.o., in our studies they had little effect on inflammation and epidermal cellular proliferation induced by a phorbol ester tumor promoter when given topically. The afore mentioned nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents also had little effect on epidermal DNA synthesis. Oxyphenbutazone and indomethacin were less potent inhibitors of plasminogen activator production in tumor cells than were the antiinflammatory steroids, and Seclazone produced a negligible inhibition. There is, therefore, a general correlation in the potencies of a series of steroidal antiinflammatory agents for inhibition of tumor promotion and their ability to inhibit plasminogen activator production by tumor cell cultures and epidermal DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Effects of antiinflammatory agents on mouse skin tumor promotion, epidermal DNA synthesis, phorbol ester-induced cellular proliferation, and production of plasminogen activator. The antinflammatory ateroids fluocinoine acetonide, fluocinonide, and fluclorolone acetonide were found to be very effectiveinhibitory agents of mouse skin tumor promotion. These steroids also drastically inhibited epidermal DNA synthesis and epidermal cellular proliferation induced by a phorbal ester tumor promoter. In addition, these compounds were potent inhibitors, of plasminogen activator production in tumor cell cultures. The clinically used non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents oxyphenbutazone, indomethacin, and Seclazone also inhibite tumor promotion but were much less effective. Although these agents are useful against inflammatory disorders in general when given p.o., in our studies they had little effect on inflammation and epidermal cellular proliferation induced by a phorbol ester tumor promoter when given topically. The afore mentioned nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents also had little effect on epidermal DNA synthesis. Oxyphenbutazone and indomethacin were less potent inhibitors of plasminogen activator production in tumor cells than were the antiinflammatory steroids, and Seclazone produced a negligible inhibition. There is, therefore, a general correlation in the potencies of a series of steroidal antiinflammatory agents for inhibition of tumor promotion and their ability to inhibit plasminogen activator production by tumor cell cultures and epidermal DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 856468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11158", "title": "Mitochondrial inclusions in human cancer of the gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "Four cases of adenocarcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract have been examined. Large electron-dense mitochondrial inclusions were found in the mitochondria of many cells; after detailed histochemical tests they could be classified into two types. The first type of inclusion consisted of clusters of electron-dense, calcium-containing granules linked to a glycoproteic substrate. These inclusions were linked to a glycoproteic substrate. These inclusions were always associated with cristae and were found in the mitochondria of cells that showed clear signs of degeneration. The second type of inclusion was found much more frequently and consisted essentially of phospholipids of which electron density was strictly osmium dependent. Their structure was usually at least partly lamellar, but in some cases it was homogeneous throughout. It is hypothesized that inclusions of the second type may have the same biological role as the morphologically identical inclusions found in the mitochondria of brown fatty tissue in the perinatal rat and in yeasts during glucose repression or anaerobiosis. The resemblance between the homogeneous variety of inclusions within the second type and the mitochondrial inclusions recently described in human leukemic lymphoblasts and monoblasts has been stressed to bring out the need for a histochemical check on the supposedly viral nature of the latter inclusions.", "contents": "Mitochondrial inclusions in human cancer of the gastrointestinal tract. Four cases of adenocarcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract have been examined. Large electron-dense mitochondrial inclusions were found in the mitochondria of many cells; after detailed histochemical tests they could be classified into two types. The first type of inclusion consisted of clusters of electron-dense, calcium-containing granules linked to a glycoproteic substrate. These inclusions were linked to a glycoproteic substrate. These inclusions were always associated with cristae and were found in the mitochondria of cells that showed clear signs of degeneration. The second type of inclusion was found much more frequently and consisted essentially of phospholipids of which electron density was strictly osmium dependent. Their structure was usually at least partly lamellar, but in some cases it was homogeneous throughout. It is hypothesized that inclusions of the second type may have the same biological role as the morphologically identical inclusions found in the mitochondria of brown fatty tissue in the perinatal rat and in yeasts during glucose repression or anaerobiosis. The resemblance between the homogeneous variety of inclusions within the second type and the mitochondrial inclusions recently described in human leukemic lymphoblasts and monoblasts has been stressed to bring out the need for a histochemical check on the supposedly viral nature of the latter inclusions.", "PMID": 856469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11159", "title": "Effects of nine N-nitroso compounds on the specific radioactivity of liver proteins after injection of [14C]leucine into rats.", "content": "We compared the effect of nine N-nitroso compounds, given by gavage to adult rats, on specific radioactivity of the trichloroacetic acid-precipitable liver proteins, 1 hr after the injection of [14C]leucine. The specific radioactivity was decreased by dimethylnitrosamine, diethylnitrosamine, methyl-n-butylnitrosamine, and nitrosomorpholine 5 to 10 hr after their administration; was increased by nitrosopiperidine, dinitrosopiperazine, and methylnitrosourea 5 to 24 hr after gavage; and was unaffected by nitrososarcosine and nitrosodihydrouracil. With dimethylnitrosamine, specific radioactivity was decreased by 10 but not 5 mg/kg. In control rats and rats given injections of either of two nitrosamines, protein specific radioactivity at 60 min after the [14C]leucine injection was 76 to 87% of that at 30 min, indicating some degradation of the proteins at 60 min. The liver:blood ratio of [14C]cycloleucine concentration was unaffected by four nitrosamines, indicating no effect on leucine transport. The effect of the nine compounds was examined on total pool size of free leucine in the liver, at times close to those for the maximum specific radioactivity effect. For these data, we calculated \"corrected specific radioactivity,\" adjusted for changes in pool size. This adjustment is only a first approximation since, for example, the free leucine pool is not uniform with respect to protein synthesis. The four N-nitroso compounds that decreased specific radioactivity also decreased corrected specific radioactivity, even though they enlarged the leucine pool. Of the remaining compounds, two enlarged the leucine pool and three increased corrected specific radioactivity. For all nine compounds, the decrease in specific and correlated with the ability to cause acute liver necrosis. When nitrosodihydrouracil was excluded, the decrease in specific and corrected specific radioactivity was significantly correlated with the reported liver carcinogenicity.", "contents": "Effects of nine N-nitroso compounds on the specific radioactivity of liver proteins after injection of [14C]leucine into rats. We compared the effect of nine N-nitroso compounds, given by gavage to adult rats, on specific radioactivity of the trichloroacetic acid-precipitable liver proteins, 1 hr after the injection of [14C]leucine. The specific radioactivity was decreased by dimethylnitrosamine, diethylnitrosamine, methyl-n-butylnitrosamine, and nitrosomorpholine 5 to 10 hr after their administration; was increased by nitrosopiperidine, dinitrosopiperazine, and methylnitrosourea 5 to 24 hr after gavage; and was unaffected by nitrososarcosine and nitrosodihydrouracil. With dimethylnitrosamine, specific radioactivity was decreased by 10 but not 5 mg/kg. In control rats and rats given injections of either of two nitrosamines, protein specific radioactivity at 60 min after the [14C]leucine injection was 76 to 87% of that at 30 min, indicating some degradation of the proteins at 60 min. The liver:blood ratio of [14C]cycloleucine concentration was unaffected by four nitrosamines, indicating no effect on leucine transport. The effect of the nine compounds was examined on total pool size of free leucine in the liver, at times close to those for the maximum specific radioactivity effect. For these data, we calculated \"corrected specific radioactivity,\" adjusted for changes in pool size. This adjustment is only a first approximation since, for example, the free leucine pool is not uniform with respect to protein synthesis. The four N-nitroso compounds that decreased specific radioactivity also decreased corrected specific radioactivity, even though they enlarged the leucine pool. Of the remaining compounds, two enlarged the leucine pool and three increased corrected specific radioactivity. For all nine compounds, the decrease in specific and correlated with the ability to cause acute liver necrosis. When nitrosodihydrouracil was excluded, the decrease in specific and corrected specific radioactivity was significantly correlated with the reported liver carcinogenicity.", "PMID": 856470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11160", "title": "Fasting and refeeding: cell kinetic response of jejunum, ileum and colon.", "content": "Following a period of fasting, feeding a normal diet results in a burst of DNA synthesis in the crypts of the colonic epithelium. This is due largely to a prompt entry of cells, blocked in G1, into S. Peak levels of S cellularity exceed 4 times the fasting, and 2 times the normal fed control values. Refeeding a low residue diet (soluble casien, glucose and corn oil) results in a return to control levels of proliferative activity, but no hyperplasia. However, in jejunum and ileum, refeeding is followed by a return to near control levels of proliferation with only a slight overshoot in S phase cellularity. During the fasting period, the ileal crypt proliferative compartment (Pc-zone) and total crypt cellularity decline significantly. These changes are accompanied by an increase in the total cycle time, due to an equivalent lengthening of the G1 and S phase. Following refeeding, there is a reduction in the cycle time and a gradual return to the control values for the Pc-zone size and cellularity. In the colon, fasting has no effect on the Pc-zone size or total crypt cellularity. There is an approximate doubling of the cycle time due solely to an increase in G1. Following refeeding there is an increase in the Pc-zone size and crypt cellularity and a marked shortening of the cycle time. Evidence that a G1 cycle blockade is induced in the colon by fasting is given by a lenghening of the G1 period and by stathmokinetic studies employing vincristine.", "contents": "Fasting and refeeding: cell kinetic response of jejunum, ileum and colon. Following a period of fasting, feeding a normal diet results in a burst of DNA synthesis in the crypts of the colonic epithelium. This is due largely to a prompt entry of cells, blocked in G1, into S. Peak levels of S cellularity exceed 4 times the fasting, and 2 times the normal fed control values. Refeeding a low residue diet (soluble casien, glucose and corn oil) results in a return to control levels of proliferative activity, but no hyperplasia. However, in jejunum and ileum, refeeding is followed by a return to near control levels of proliferation with only a slight overshoot in S phase cellularity. During the fasting period, the ileal crypt proliferative compartment (Pc-zone) and total crypt cellularity decline significantly. These changes are accompanied by an increase in the total cycle time, due to an equivalent lengthening of the G1 and S phase. Following refeeding, there is a reduction in the cycle time and a gradual return to the control values for the Pc-zone size and cellularity. In the colon, fasting has no effect on the Pc-zone size or total crypt cellularity. There is an approximate doubling of the cycle time due solely to an increase in G1. Following refeeding there is an increase in the Pc-zone size and crypt cellularity and a marked shortening of the cycle time. Evidence that a G1 cycle blockade is induced in the colon by fasting is given by a lenghening of the G1 period and by stathmokinetic studies employing vincristine.", "PMID": 856471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11161", "title": "Some properties of a \"G0\" -model of the cell cycle. II. Natural constraints on the theoretical model in exponential growth conditions.", "content": "The two-phase (G and C phases) model first proposed by Burns & Tannock (1970) to describe the cell cycle kinetics has the major advantage of requiring only two parameters for a complete description of the kinetic behaviour of populations that are in a steady-state, or that grow exponentially (with no cell loss from the population). Steady-state populations were examined in paper I of this series. Exponential populations with no cell loss are investigated here. The model assumes two basic kinetic states--a 'C' phase which includes S, G2, M and perhaps part of G1, and a 'G' phase which cells enter after completing the C-phase and from which either are lost or return to C-phase randomly. The model assumes that transit time through C-phase is constant for all cells in the population. An original method is described which allows the determination of two independent parameters of the model from the experimental 'fraction of labelled mitoses' (FLM) curve; From those two parameters, the ratio of G-cells among the total number of cells (NG/N) has been calculated for each cell population studied, The range of the NG/N values thus obtained is fairly restricted, and the mean NG/N value for exponential growths is not statistically different from that found in steady-states considering in that case the only sub-population of cycling cells (i.e. the cells that will undergo a further mitosis).", "contents": "Some properties of a \"G0\" -model of the cell cycle. II. Natural constraints on the theoretical model in exponential growth conditions. The two-phase (G and C phases) model first proposed by Burns & Tannock (1970) to describe the cell cycle kinetics has the major advantage of requiring only two parameters for a complete description of the kinetic behaviour of populations that are in a steady-state, or that grow exponentially (with no cell loss from the population). Steady-state populations were examined in paper I of this series. Exponential populations with no cell loss are investigated here. The model assumes two basic kinetic states--a 'C' phase which includes S, G2, M and perhaps part of G1, and a 'G' phase which cells enter after completing the C-phase and from which either are lost or return to C-phase randomly. The model assumes that transit time through C-phase is constant for all cells in the population. An original method is described which allows the determination of two independent parameters of the model from the experimental 'fraction of labelled mitoses' (FLM) curve; From those two parameters, the ratio of G-cells among the total number of cells (NG/N) has been calculated for each cell population studied, The range of the NG/N values thus obtained is fairly restricted, and the mean NG/N value for exponential growths is not statistically different from that found in steady-states considering in that case the only sub-population of cycling cells (i.e. the cells that will undergo a further mitosis).", "PMID": 856472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11162", "title": "A deficiency of hematopoietic stem cells in steel mice.", "content": "In the present study, population sizes of high self-renewal potential stem cells, i.e. colony forming units (CFU), and low self-renewal potential stem cells, i.e. transient endogenous colony forming units (TE-CFU) in Sl/Sld mice and their normal congenic littermates were measured and compared. By correcting for differences in the seeding efficiency 'f', it was possible to demonstrate that Sl/Sld mice suffer a deficiency of both stem cell populations. Therefore, it is concluded that the defective stromal tissue of the Sl/Sld mouse does not support normal size stem cell populations. However, as noted in the discussion, it remains an open question as to whether the defective stromal tissue supports normal erythroid differentiation at the stem cell level.", "contents": "A deficiency of hematopoietic stem cells in steel mice. In the present study, population sizes of high self-renewal potential stem cells, i.e. colony forming units (CFU), and low self-renewal potential stem cells, i.e. transient endogenous colony forming units (TE-CFU) in Sl/Sld mice and their normal congenic littermates were measured and compared. By correcting for differences in the seeding efficiency 'f', it was possible to demonstrate that Sl/Sld mice suffer a deficiency of both stem cell populations. Therefore, it is concluded that the defective stromal tissue of the Sl/Sld mouse does not support normal size stem cell populations. However, as noted in the discussion, it remains an open question as to whether the defective stromal tissue supports normal erythroid differentiation at the stem cell level.", "PMID": 856473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11163", "title": "The effect of vincristine on mouse jejunal crypt cells of differing cell age: double labelling autoradiographic studies using 3H- and 14C-TdR.", "content": "The mechanism of action of the alkaloid vincristine (VCR) has been investigated in vitro on HeLa cells in culture and in vivo on jejunal crypt cells of the mouse. The in vitro experiments with HeLa cells show that VCR affects not only mitotic but also interphase cells. The VCR-affected cells first continue their passage through the cell cycle undisturbed but after reaching mitosis they are arrested in metaphase. This agrees well with the results obtained by Madoc-Jones & Mauro (1968) and Madoc-Jones (1973) on synchronized cell cultures. Until now there has been no investigation of the mechanism of action of VCR in vivo. This is due to the absence of a suitable technique for synchronization in vivo. The present study is based on a method which permits the assessment of the VCR sensitivity as a function of the cell age without synchronization in the usual sense. The jejunal crypt epithelium of the normal mouse was double labelled with 3H- and 14C-thymidine (TdR) in such a way as to produce a narrow subpopulation of crypt cells with a maximum age difference of 1 hr. On autoradiographs these cells can be distinguished by their characteristic labelling from other cells. As this 'pseudo'-synchronized subpopulation passes through the cycle the effect of VCR can be studied, i.e. one can analyse the effect in well-defined time intervals of the cycle. The results show that the effect of VCR is the same in vivo as in vitro. The crypt cells which are affected by VCR in interphase continue their passage through the cycle, but upon entering mitosis they are arrested in metaphase. VCR has, at the concentration used in the present study, no effect on the duration of the S and G2 phases. The necrotic cells seen after VCR application are formed from arrested metaphases.", "contents": "The effect of vincristine on mouse jejunal crypt cells of differing cell age: double labelling autoradiographic studies using 3H- and 14C-TdR. The mechanism of action of the alkaloid vincristine (VCR) has been investigated in vitro on HeLa cells in culture and in vivo on jejunal crypt cells of the mouse. The in vitro experiments with HeLa cells show that VCR affects not only mitotic but also interphase cells. The VCR-affected cells first continue their passage through the cell cycle undisturbed but after reaching mitosis they are arrested in metaphase. This agrees well with the results obtained by Madoc-Jones & Mauro (1968) and Madoc-Jones (1973) on synchronized cell cultures. Until now there has been no investigation of the mechanism of action of VCR in vivo. This is due to the absence of a suitable technique for synchronization in vivo. The present study is based on a method which permits the assessment of the VCR sensitivity as a function of the cell age without synchronization in the usual sense. The jejunal crypt epithelium of the normal mouse was double labelled with 3H- and 14C-thymidine (TdR) in such a way as to produce a narrow subpopulation of crypt cells with a maximum age difference of 1 hr. On autoradiographs these cells can be distinguished by their characteristic labelling from other cells. As this 'pseudo'-synchronized subpopulation passes through the cycle the effect of VCR can be studied, i.e. one can analyse the effect in well-defined time intervals of the cycle. The results show that the effect of VCR is the same in vivo as in vitro. The crypt cells which are affected by VCR in interphase continue their passage through the cycle, but upon entering mitosis they are arrested in metaphase. VCR has, at the concentration used in the present study, no effect on the duration of the S and G2 phases. The necrotic cells seen after VCR application are formed from arrested metaphases.", "PMID": 856474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11164", "title": "The application of age distribution theory in the analysis of cytofluorimetric DNA histogram data.", "content": "Age distribution theory has been employed in a model to analyse a variety of histograms of the DNA content of single cells in samples from experimental tumours growing in tissue culture. The method has produced satisfactory correspondence with the experimental data in which there was a wide variation in the proportions of cells in the intermitotic phases, and generally good agreement between the 3H-thymidine labelling index and the computed proportion in S phase. The model has the capacity to analyse data from populations which contain a proportion of non-cycling cells. However, it is concluded that reliable results for the growth fraction and also for the relative durations of the intermitotic phase times cannot be obtained for the data reported here from the DNA histograms alone. To obtain reliable estimates of the growth fraction the relative durations of the phase time must be known, and conversely, reliable estimates of the relative phase durations can only be obtained if the growth fraction is known.", "contents": "The application of age distribution theory in the analysis of cytofluorimetric DNA histogram data. Age distribution theory has been employed in a model to analyse a variety of histograms of the DNA content of single cells in samples from experimental tumours growing in tissue culture. The method has produced satisfactory correspondence with the experimental data in which there was a wide variation in the proportions of cells in the intermitotic phases, and generally good agreement between the 3H-thymidine labelling index and the computed proportion in S phase. The model has the capacity to analyse data from populations which contain a proportion of non-cycling cells. However, it is concluded that reliable results for the growth fraction and also for the relative durations of the intermitotic phase times cannot be obtained for the data reported here from the DNA histograms alone. To obtain reliable estimates of the growth fraction the relative durations of the phase time must be known, and conversely, reliable estimates of the relative phase durations can only be obtained if the growth fraction is known.", "PMID": 856475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11165", "title": "Cytokinetics of rat tracheal epithelium stimulated by mechanical trauma.", "content": "Mild abrasion of rat tracheal epithelium results in irreversible damage to the superficial cells and stimulates the viable basal cells to participate in a nearly synchronous wave of DNA synthesis and mitosis. For the growth population as a whole, DNA synthesis started at 14 hr after injury and persisted for 16 hr. The duration of S in individual cells was determined autoradiographically by identifying the time at which a second pulse of DNA precursor (14C-TdR) was no longer incorporated by cells labelled with 3H-TdR at the onset of S. S was found to be 8-9 hr long. It was also determined that cells entering S at later times synthesized DNA for the same 8-9 hr period. TG2 was calculated to be 2 1/2-3 1/2 hr by subtraction of TS and 1/2TM from the period from onset of DNA synthesis to metaphase. By making a second denuding lesion adjacent to the first injury, the cells were stimulated through at least another period of S. At the peak of the second wave of DNA synthesis (50 hr after injury) 14C-TdR was present in the same cells which had incorporated 3H-TdR administered at the mid-point of the preceeding synthetic phase. The 28-hr interval between these two peaks of synthesis is the measure of cell cycle duration for these regenerating tracheal epithelial cells.", "contents": "Cytokinetics of rat tracheal epithelium stimulated by mechanical trauma. Mild abrasion of rat tracheal epithelium results in irreversible damage to the superficial cells and stimulates the viable basal cells to participate in a nearly synchronous wave of DNA synthesis and mitosis. For the growth population as a whole, DNA synthesis started at 14 hr after injury and persisted for 16 hr. The duration of S in individual cells was determined autoradiographically by identifying the time at which a second pulse of DNA precursor (14C-TdR) was no longer incorporated by cells labelled with 3H-TdR at the onset of S. S was found to be 8-9 hr long. It was also determined that cells entering S at later times synthesized DNA for the same 8-9 hr period. TG2 was calculated to be 2 1/2-3 1/2 hr by subtraction of TS and 1/2TM from the period from onset of DNA synthesis to metaphase. By making a second denuding lesion adjacent to the first injury, the cells were stimulated through at least another period of S. At the peak of the second wave of DNA synthesis (50 hr after injury) 14C-TdR was present in the same cells which had incorporated 3H-TdR administered at the mid-point of the preceeding synthetic phase. The 28-hr interval between these two peaks of synthesis is the measure of cell cycle duration for these regenerating tracheal epithelial cells.", "PMID": 856476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11166", "title": "Lectin binding to dissociated cells from two species of Xenopus embryos.", "content": "1. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated concanavalin A (F-conA) and soy bean agglutinin (F-SBA) bind to the surface of EDTA-dissociated cells from blastula and gastrula stage Xenopus laevis and X. mulleri embryos. 2. Binding of these lectins is abolished by appropriate haptens (alpha-methyl-D-mannopyranoside for F-conA and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose for F-sba). 3. Gastrula stage cells show a clustering or capping of lectin binding sites not shown by blastula stage cells. 4. At least for F-conA, this capping is induced by the lectin. 5. There are no striking regional differences in either amount or pattern of lectin binding in early gastrulae of both species.", "contents": "Lectin binding to dissociated cells from two species of Xenopus embryos. 1. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated concanavalin A (F-conA) and soy bean agglutinin (F-SBA) bind to the surface of EDTA-dissociated cells from blastula and gastrula stage Xenopus laevis and X. mulleri embryos. 2. Binding of these lectins is abolished by appropriate haptens (alpha-methyl-D-mannopyranoside for F-conA and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose for F-sba). 3. Gastrula stage cells show a clustering or capping of lectin binding sites not shown by blastula stage cells. 4. At least for F-conA, this capping is induced by the lectin. 5. There are no striking regional differences in either amount or pattern of lectin binding in early gastrulae of both species.", "PMID": 856477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11167", "title": "Studies on the structure and possible function of the RNA \"cap\" in developing sea urchins.", "content": "Paracentrotus lividus embryos at the hatching blastula stage very quickly incorporate radioactivity from labeled nucleosides (except uridine) or 32P- or methyl-labeled methionine into a portion of the RNA that has been identified as a \"cap\". The most probable sequence of this cap is m7G (5') ppp (5')mAmpCp. A very active \"capping\" and methylation of the \"cap\" of preexisting RNA molecules was shown to occur at the blastula stage.", "contents": "Studies on the structure and possible function of the RNA \"cap\" in developing sea urchins. Paracentrotus lividus embryos at the hatching blastula stage very quickly incorporate radioactivity from labeled nucleosides (except uridine) or 32P- or methyl-labeled methionine into a portion of the RNA that has been identified as a \"cap\". The most probable sequence of this cap is m7G (5') ppp (5')mAmpCp. A very active \"capping\" and methylation of the \"cap\" of preexisting RNA molecules was shown to occur at the blastula stage.", "PMID": 856478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11168", "title": "RNA synthesis in spermatocytes and spermatids and preservation of meiotic RNA during spermiogenesis in the mouse.", "content": "The rate of RNA synthesis at different stages of spermatogenesis in the mouse, and the preservation of RNA from the diploid to the haploid phase of spermatogenesis were studied in homogeneous germ cell fractions separated by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity. The uridine pool expansion method was used for determining the rate of RNA synthesis: seminiferous tubules were labelled in culture with increasing concentrations of [3H]-uridine and the incorporated radioactivity was estimated in cell fractions separated by velocity sedimentation. The results indicate that before nuclear elongation, round spermatids (steps 1 to 8 of spermiogenesis) synthesize RNA at the same rate per DNA content as middle-late pachytene spermatocytes. The preservation of RNA molecules synthesized in meiosis was investigated by labelling pachytene spermatocytes with T3H]uridine in vivo and collecting samples of germ cells at definite stages of spermatogenesis at various time intervals thereafter. The results show that a considerable proportion the RNA synthesized during the pachytene stage is preserved through spermatid development until late spermiogenesis.", "contents": "RNA synthesis in spermatocytes and spermatids and preservation of meiotic RNA during spermiogenesis in the mouse. The rate of RNA synthesis at different stages of spermatogenesis in the mouse, and the preservation of RNA from the diploid to the haploid phase of spermatogenesis were studied in homogeneous germ cell fractions separated by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity. The uridine pool expansion method was used for determining the rate of RNA synthesis: seminiferous tubules were labelled in culture with increasing concentrations of [3H]-uridine and the incorporated radioactivity was estimated in cell fractions separated by velocity sedimentation. The results indicate that before nuclear elongation, round spermatids (steps 1 to 8 of spermiogenesis) synthesize RNA at the same rate per DNA content as middle-late pachytene spermatocytes. The preservation of RNA molecules synthesized in meiosis was investigated by labelling pachytene spermatocytes with T3H]uridine in vivo and collecting samples of germ cells at definite stages of spermatogenesis at various time intervals thereafter. The results show that a considerable proportion the RNA synthesized during the pachytene stage is preserved through spermatid development until late spermiogenesis.", "PMID": 856479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11169", "title": "Analogs of natural lipids. II. Polymorphic behavior of the tris-homoacyl derivatives of cyclopentane-1,2,3-triols.", "content": "The polymorphic behavior of three series of tris-homoacyl (C14:0, C16:0 and C18:0) cyclopentane-1,2,3-triol analogs of the natural saturated triglycerides has been studied using differential thermal analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. It was found that the triglyceride analogs derived from the 1,2,3/0 and 1,2/3 cyclopentanetriols exhibit different polymorphic behavior than that of the natural triglycerides. The analogs derived from 1,3/2 cyclopentanetriol, however, were found to parallel the polymorphic behavior of the natural triglycerides quite closely. This polymorphic behavior is discussed in terms of the different configurations which the chains assume in each of the triglyceride analogs.", "contents": "Analogs of natural lipids. II. Polymorphic behavior of the tris-homoacyl derivatives of cyclopentane-1,2,3-triols. The polymorphic behavior of three series of tris-homoacyl (C14:0, C16:0 and C18:0) cyclopentane-1,2,3-triol analogs of the natural saturated triglycerides has been studied using differential thermal analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. It was found that the triglyceride analogs derived from the 1,2,3/0 and 1,2/3 cyclopentanetriols exhibit different polymorphic behavior than that of the natural triglycerides. The analogs derived from 1,3/2 cyclopentanetriol, however, were found to parallel the polymorphic behavior of the natural triglycerides quite closely. This polymorphic behavior is discussed in terms of the different configurations which the chains assume in each of the triglyceride analogs.", "PMID": 856480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11170", "title": "Effects of stroke volume and velocity of ejection on end-systolic pressure of canine left ventricle. End-systolic volume clamping.", "content": "To study the effects of contraction mode on ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relationship, we compared the end-systolic pressure of isovolumic contraction with that of ejecting contraction at an identical end-systolic volume. The left ventricle of excised cross-circulated canine hearts was fitted with a water-filled balloon. The balloon was connected to a hydraulic pump that allowed the ventricle to contract to a preset constant end-systolic volume (19-37 ml) from a variable end-diastolic volume. At each of control, enhanced, and depressed levels of contractility, differences of end-systolic pressures of steady state isovolumic and ejecting contractions were evaluated while stroke volume and velocity of ejection were widely varied. The end-systolic pressure in the ejecting contraction tended to decrease by 5-15% from that of the isovolumic beat with increases in either stroke volume to 20-25 ml or peak velocity of ejection to about 800 ml/sec. There was no obvious difference in the results at different levels of contractility. The magnitude of the end-systolic pressure depression due to ejection was, however, relatively small as compared to 4-fold changes in end-systolic pressure due to the changes in contracility. We, therefore, conclude that the ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relationship is affected slightly by ejection, and that this effect is much smaller than the maximal effect of changing contractility on the end-systolic pressure-volume relationship.", "contents": "Effects of stroke volume and velocity of ejection on end-systolic pressure of canine left ventricle. End-systolic volume clamping. To study the effects of contraction mode on ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relationship, we compared the end-systolic pressure of isovolumic contraction with that of ejecting contraction at an identical end-systolic volume. The left ventricle of excised cross-circulated canine hearts was fitted with a water-filled balloon. The balloon was connected to a hydraulic pump that allowed the ventricle to contract to a preset constant end-systolic volume (19-37 ml) from a variable end-diastolic volume. At each of control, enhanced, and depressed levels of contractility, differences of end-systolic pressures of steady state isovolumic and ejecting contractions were evaluated while stroke volume and velocity of ejection were widely varied. The end-systolic pressure in the ejecting contraction tended to decrease by 5-15% from that of the isovolumic beat with increases in either stroke volume to 20-25 ml or peak velocity of ejection to about 800 ml/sec. There was no obvious difference in the results at different levels of contractility. The magnitude of the end-systolic pressure depression due to ejection was, however, relatively small as compared to 4-fold changes in end-systolic pressure due to the changes in contracility. We, therefore, conclude that the ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relationship is affected slightly by ejection, and that this effect is much smaller than the maximal effect of changing contractility on the end-systolic pressure-volume relationship.", "PMID": 856481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11171", "title": "Input impedance of the systemic circulation in man.", "content": "To determine the systemic input impedance, pulsatile pressure and flow were measured in the ascending aorta in 16 human subjects who were undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Blood flow was measured with a catheter-tip electromagnetic velocity meter, and pressure with an external transducer connected with the fluid-filled lumen of the catheter. Five subjects were found to have no evidence of cardiovascular disease (group A, mean age 32 +/- 2 years, mean aortic pressure 97 +/- 4 mm Hg). Seven had clinical and angiographic signs of coronary arterial disease, and mean pressures less than 100 mm Hg (group B, mean age 48 +/- 2 years). Four subjects had signs of coronary disease and mean pressures greater than 100 mm Hg (group C, mean age 48 +/- 3 years). The frequency spectra of impedance were qualitatively similar in all three groups and resembled those previously observed in the canine aorta. Characteristic impedance was lower in the normal subjects (group A, average 53 dyn sec cm-5) than in the subjects with coronary artery disease (groups B and C, average 129 dyn sec cm-5). Among the subjects with coronary disease, characteristic impedance was higher in the hypertensive subjects (group C, average 202 dyn sec cm-5) than in those with lower mean pressures (group B, average 95 dyn sec cm-5). External left ventricular work per unit time (hydraulic power) averaged 1715 milliwatts (mW) in group A, 1120 mW in group B, and 2372 mW in group C. Cardiac outputs were within normal limits in all subjects, but tended to be lower in group B than in group C. These results suggest that the subjects of group C were better able to meet the increased energy demands imposed by an abnormally high aortic input impedance. Further investigation is needed to learn whether the high impedances in subjects with coronary disease represent an increase with age and transmural pressure alone, or whether some additional factor is involved. The data on relatively normal subjects permit a tentative definition of the normal limits for aortic input impedance in man: 26-80 dyn sec cm-5.", "contents": "Input impedance of the systemic circulation in man. To determine the systemic input impedance, pulsatile pressure and flow were measured in the ascending aorta in 16 human subjects who were undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Blood flow was measured with a catheter-tip electromagnetic velocity meter, and pressure with an external transducer connected with the fluid-filled lumen of the catheter. Five subjects were found to have no evidence of cardiovascular disease (group A, mean age 32 +/- 2 years, mean aortic pressure 97 +/- 4 mm Hg). Seven had clinical and angiographic signs of coronary arterial disease, and mean pressures less than 100 mm Hg (group B, mean age 48 +/- 2 years). Four subjects had signs of coronary disease and mean pressures greater than 100 mm Hg (group C, mean age 48 +/- 3 years). The frequency spectra of impedance were qualitatively similar in all three groups and resembled those previously observed in the canine aorta. Characteristic impedance was lower in the normal subjects (group A, average 53 dyn sec cm-5) than in the subjects with coronary artery disease (groups B and C, average 129 dyn sec cm-5). Among the subjects with coronary disease, characteristic impedance was higher in the hypertensive subjects (group C, average 202 dyn sec cm-5) than in those with lower mean pressures (group B, average 95 dyn sec cm-5). External left ventricular work per unit time (hydraulic power) averaged 1715 milliwatts (mW) in group A, 1120 mW in group B, and 2372 mW in group C. Cardiac outputs were within normal limits in all subjects, but tended to be lower in group B than in group C. These results suggest that the subjects of group C were better able to meet the increased energy demands imposed by an abnormally high aortic input impedance. Further investigation is needed to learn whether the high impedances in subjects with coronary disease represent an increase with age and transmural pressure alone, or whether some additional factor is involved. The data on relatively normal subjects permit a tentative definition of the normal limits for aortic input impedance in man: 26-80 dyn sec cm-5.", "PMID": 856482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11172", "title": "Differences between proximal left and right bundle branch block action potential durations and refractoriness in the dog heart.", "content": "To date the electrophysiological mechanism responsible for aberrant intraventricular conduction of critically timed premature supraventricular impulses has not been documented. Microelectrode techniques were used to measure in vitro action potential and refractory period durations of the canine proximal right and left bundle branches equidistant from the distal bundle of His. Both measurements in the right bundle branch were statistically significantly longer than these parameters of the left bundle branch. Transection of the bundle branches immediately distal to the distalmost recording sites effected no change in the proximal right bundle action potential but caused marked prolongation of proximal left bundle branch action potential and refractory period durations. We conclude that functional right bundle branch aberrancy is most likely due to the longer proximal right bundle action potential duration and refractoriness. Our data also suggest that the shorter proximal left bundle branch action potential durations and refractory periods may be due to the proximity of the low ohmic resistance Purkinje fiber-muscle junctions on the left septal surface, effecting electrotonic foreshortening of these proximal left bundle branch parameters.", "contents": "Differences between proximal left and right bundle branch block action potential durations and refractoriness in the dog heart. To date the electrophysiological mechanism responsible for aberrant intraventricular conduction of critically timed premature supraventricular impulses has not been documented. Microelectrode techniques were used to measure in vitro action potential and refractory period durations of the canine proximal right and left bundle branches equidistant from the distal bundle of His. Both measurements in the right bundle branch were statistically significantly longer than these parameters of the left bundle branch. Transection of the bundle branches immediately distal to the distalmost recording sites effected no change in the proximal right bundle action potential but caused marked prolongation of proximal left bundle branch action potential and refractory period durations. We conclude that functional right bundle branch aberrancy is most likely due to the longer proximal right bundle action potential duration and refractoriness. Our data also suggest that the shorter proximal left bundle branch action potential durations and refractory periods may be due to the proximity of the low ohmic resistance Purkinje fiber-muscle junctions on the left septal surface, effecting electrotonic foreshortening of these proximal left bundle branch parameters.", "PMID": 856483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11173", "title": "Effects of the antibiotic ionophore X-537A on contractility and ionic exchange in rabbit ventricular myocardium.", "content": "The effects of the ionophore X-537A on mechanical function and on ionic exchange were studied in the isolated, arterially perfused rabbit interventricular septum. X-537A produced an initial positive inotropic response which was, however, transient in this preparation and appeared to be dependent on an effect of the ionophore on catecholamines. The positive inotropy gave way to a progressive decline in force development which was unrelated to the action of catecholamines and was not accompanied by the development of contracture. Isotope uptake experiments revealed that coincident with this decline in force development there was a continuous net loss of tissue K+ and a net gain of Na+. X-537A (5 micronM) perfused for 20 minutes resulted in a net K+ loss of 50.2 +/- 4.6 mmol/kg dry weight and a net Na+ gain of 74.0 +/- 4.5 mmol/kg dry weight. Isotope washout experiments confirmed that the entire net loss of K+ could be accounted for by increased K+ efflux. X-537A did not alter Na+ efflux nor did it have any detectable effect on 45Ca exchange of the perfused septum in which the ability to detect net movements is at a level of approximately +/- 550 micron mol/kg dry weight. On removal of the ionophore the decline in force development ceased and reversed to near control levels and the progressive ionic changes ceased. However, despite the near total recovery of contractile function the Na+ and K+ levels remained at values little different from those reached at the termination of X-537A perfusion. In addition, after removal of the ionophore, we found that K+ exchange rate remained significantly less than control and, furthermore, a kinetic inhomogeneity of tissue K+ was observed. The results emphasize a dissociation between cellular Na+ and K+ content and function following the ionic perturbations induced by the ionophore.", "contents": "Effects of the antibiotic ionophore X-537A on contractility and ionic exchange in rabbit ventricular myocardium. The effects of the ionophore X-537A on mechanical function and on ionic exchange were studied in the isolated, arterially perfused rabbit interventricular septum. X-537A produced an initial positive inotropic response which was, however, transient in this preparation and appeared to be dependent on an effect of the ionophore on catecholamines. The positive inotropy gave way to a progressive decline in force development which was unrelated to the action of catecholamines and was not accompanied by the development of contracture. Isotope uptake experiments revealed that coincident with this decline in force development there was a continuous net loss of tissue K+ and a net gain of Na+. X-537A (5 micronM) perfused for 20 minutes resulted in a net K+ loss of 50.2 +/- 4.6 mmol/kg dry weight and a net Na+ gain of 74.0 +/- 4.5 mmol/kg dry weight. Isotope washout experiments confirmed that the entire net loss of K+ could be accounted for by increased K+ efflux. X-537A did not alter Na+ efflux nor did it have any detectable effect on 45Ca exchange of the perfused septum in which the ability to detect net movements is at a level of approximately +/- 550 micron mol/kg dry weight. On removal of the ionophore the decline in force development ceased and reversed to near control levels and the progressive ionic changes ceased. However, despite the near total recovery of contractile function the Na+ and K+ levels remained at values little different from those reached at the termination of X-537A perfusion. In addition, after removal of the ionophore, we found that K+ exchange rate remained significantly less than control and, furthermore, a kinetic inhomogeneity of tissue K+ was observed. The results emphasize a dissociation between cellular Na+ and K+ content and function following the ionic perturbations induced by the ionophore.", "PMID": 856484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11174", "title": "Effect of hematocrit on the washout of xenon and iodantipyrine from dog myocardium.", "content": "The rates of washout of 133Xe and 131I-iodoantipyrine from the myocardium into the coronary sinus blood were determined over a wide range of hematocrits after simultaneous injection of the isotopes into the left anterior descending coronary artery of dogs. The ratio of the monoexponential disappearance constants (kX/kI), which is a measure of the ratio of the dynamic blood-tissue partition coefficients (lambdabIX/lambdabtI), increases linearly with hematocrit. This dynamic lambdabt ratio has almost the same relationship to hematocrit as the static lambdabt ratio. By the use of appropriate hemotocrit-specific lambdabt values, we found that simultaneous blood flows calculated from the two indicators with different disappearance constants showed excellent agreement. If this hematocrit-dependent alteration in indicator partitioning is neglected, blood flow measurement in the dog with 133Xe washout may introduce an error of approximately 1.15% per unit hematocrit deviation from the normal value (taken as 45%), whereas blood flow measurements with 131I-iodanatipyrine washout had negligible errors.", "contents": "Effect of hematocrit on the washout of xenon and iodantipyrine from dog myocardium. The rates of washout of 133Xe and 131I-iodoantipyrine from the myocardium into the coronary sinus blood were determined over a wide range of hematocrits after simultaneous injection of the isotopes into the left anterior descending coronary artery of dogs. The ratio of the monoexponential disappearance constants (kX/kI), which is a measure of the ratio of the dynamic blood-tissue partition coefficients (lambdabIX/lambdabtI), increases linearly with hematocrit. This dynamic lambdabt ratio has almost the same relationship to hematocrit as the static lambdabt ratio. By the use of appropriate hemotocrit-specific lambdabt values, we found that simultaneous blood flows calculated from the two indicators with different disappearance constants showed excellent agreement. If this hematocrit-dependent alteration in indicator partitioning is neglected, blood flow measurement in the dog with 133Xe washout may introduce an error of approximately 1.15% per unit hematocrit deviation from the normal value (taken as 45%), whereas blood flow measurements with 131I-iodanatipyrine washout had negligible errors.", "PMID": 856485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11175", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatography of pyruvic and alpha-ketoglutaric acids and its application to urine samples.", "content": "Pyruvic and alpha-ketoglutaric acids were quantitatively and rapidly converted to quinoxalones by a new method, to enhance their detectability in the ultraviolet. The quinoxalones were separated by reversed-phase chromatography with use of 10 micronm particles packed in a 30-cm (length) column. An aqueous solution of ammonium acetate and methanol was used for linear gradient elution. The urinary excretion of pyruvic and alpha-ketoglutaric acids by normal individuals, diabetic patients, and patients with renal dysfunction was determined.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatography of pyruvic and alpha-ketoglutaric acids and its application to urine samples. Pyruvic and alpha-ketoglutaric acids were quantitatively and rapidly converted to quinoxalones by a new method, to enhance their detectability in the ultraviolet. The quinoxalones were separated by reversed-phase chromatography with use of 10 micronm particles packed in a 30-cm (length) column. An aqueous solution of ammonium acetate and methanol was used for linear gradient elution. The urinary excretion of pyruvic and alpha-ketoglutaric acids by normal individuals, diabetic patients, and patients with renal dysfunction was determined.", "PMID": 856486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11176", "title": "Some problems associated with assay of 25-hydroxycalciferol in human serum.", "content": "Methods available for the assay of 25-hydroxycalciferol in human serum are evaluated and compared to one another. Ethanol was chosen for use in the initial extraction procedure and rat-kidney cytosol as the binding protein, although good alternative methods are also available. We used silicic acid for chromatography and found this an essential step. Reproducibility was increased when, after \"bound\" and \"free\" material were separated, an aliquot of the supernate was pipetted into the counting vial instead of the entire supernatant fluid being decanted. Beta-lipo-protein added to the assay system was of no advantage; added bovine serum albumin interfered with the assay by giving rise to high blank values. With ethanol extraction, silicic acid chromatography, rat kidney cytosol and separation on dextran-coated charcoal, sera from normal subjects showed a mean 25-hydroxycalciferol concentration of 28.5 microng/liter (range, 13.1 to 43.9) during the fall season. Coefficients of variation for a control serum were 4.9% (intra-assay) and 10.9% (interassay).", "contents": "Some problems associated with assay of 25-hydroxycalciferol in human serum. Methods available for the assay of 25-hydroxycalciferol in human serum are evaluated and compared to one another. Ethanol was chosen for use in the initial extraction procedure and rat-kidney cytosol as the binding protein, although good alternative methods are also available. We used silicic acid for chromatography and found this an essential step. Reproducibility was increased when, after \"bound\" and \"free\" material were separated, an aliquot of the supernate was pipetted into the counting vial instead of the entire supernatant fluid being decanted. Beta-lipo-protein added to the assay system was of no advantage; added bovine serum albumin interfered with the assay by giving rise to high blank values. With ethanol extraction, silicic acid chromatography, rat kidney cytosol and separation on dextran-coated charcoal, sera from normal subjects showed a mean 25-hydroxycalciferol concentration of 28.5 microng/liter (range, 13.1 to 43.9) during the fall season. Coefficients of variation for a control serum were 4.9% (intra-assay) and 10.9% (interassay).", "PMID": 856487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11177", "title": "Stability of commonly used thiols and of human creatine kinase isoenzymes during storage at various temperature in various media.", "content": "We assessed the stability--at 20, 4 --20, and --80 degrees C--of 2-mercaptoethanol, dithioerythritol, and dithiothreitol, and of semi-purified creatine kinase isoenzymes of human origin in the presence and absence of the three compounds. The isoenzymes plus the sulfhydryl compounds were also assessed an aqueous buffer, in heat-inactivated pooled sera, or in fresh pooled sera with low endogenous total creatine kinase. We also examined the influence of thawing conditions from--20 or--80 degrees C, of fast freezing, and of exposure to fluorescent light. At 20 and 4 degrees C some--SH groups are oxidized. At--20 and--80 degrees C this loss is diminished. It is a function of both temperature and diluent. For stability, creative kinase isoenzymes stored at any temperature require the presence of a suitable sulfhydryl compound. Periodic addition of fresh sulfhydryl solutions stabilized creatine kinase isoenzymes suspended in the two protein-based diluents by 10-30%; for those in an aqueous buffer such additions decreased the activity to stored creatine kinase isoenzymes. Fast freezing does not increase recovery of creatine kinase isoenzyme activity over slow freezing at--80 or--20 degrees C. Thawing should be done as infrequently as possible and should be done rapidly, at 37 degrees C, for the residual enzyme activity to be maximal.", "contents": "Stability of commonly used thiols and of human creatine kinase isoenzymes during storage at various temperature in various media. We assessed the stability--at 20, 4 --20, and --80 degrees C--of 2-mercaptoethanol, dithioerythritol, and dithiothreitol, and of semi-purified creatine kinase isoenzymes of human origin in the presence and absence of the three compounds. The isoenzymes plus the sulfhydryl compounds were also assessed an aqueous buffer, in heat-inactivated pooled sera, or in fresh pooled sera with low endogenous total creatine kinase. We also examined the influence of thawing conditions from--20 or--80 degrees C, of fast freezing, and of exposure to fluorescent light. At 20 and 4 degrees C some--SH groups are oxidized. At--20 and--80 degrees C this loss is diminished. It is a function of both temperature and diluent. For stability, creative kinase isoenzymes stored at any temperature require the presence of a suitable sulfhydryl compound. Periodic addition of fresh sulfhydryl solutions stabilized creatine kinase isoenzymes suspended in the two protein-based diluents by 10-30%; for those in an aqueous buffer such additions decreased the activity to stored creatine kinase isoenzymes. Fast freezing does not increase recovery of creatine kinase isoenzyme activity over slow freezing at--80 or--20 degrees C. Thawing should be done as infrequently as possible and should be done rapidly, at 37 degrees C, for the residual enzyme activity to be maximal.", "PMID": 856488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11178", "title": "Intra-individual variation of some serum constituents and its relevance to population-based reference ranges.", "content": "The advent of high-capacity multi-channel analyzers allows estimation of long-term variability in serum constituents of large numbers of subjects. By frozen storage of specimens with subsequent analysis in a single machine run, long-term analytical variation may be eliminated, thus sharpening the estimates of intra-individual variation. In the present study we used the Vickers M-300 analyzer to obtain the data for such estimates from 37 male volunteers, each bled once a week for 22 weeks. Secimens were analyzed in random order to eliminate any biasing effect of analytical drift during the 4-h machine run. Ten serum constituents were measured. Storage-induced linear trends were small or negligible during the period of specimen collection. Using the ratio of average within-subject variance to the variance among subjects as a guide, serum alkaline phosphatase was found to show the greatest individuality, sodium and potassium the least. Other constitutents showed varying degrees of individuality, but for all these analytes, the usual population-based reference ranges were found to be either insensitive or irrelevant to the study of concentration changes over time within most healthy subjects. Our results generally confirmed those of smaller but comparable earlier studies.", "contents": "Intra-individual variation of some serum constituents and its relevance to population-based reference ranges. The advent of high-capacity multi-channel analyzers allows estimation of long-term variability in serum constituents of large numbers of subjects. By frozen storage of specimens with subsequent analysis in a single machine run, long-term analytical variation may be eliminated, thus sharpening the estimates of intra-individual variation. In the present study we used the Vickers M-300 analyzer to obtain the data for such estimates from 37 male volunteers, each bled once a week for 22 weeks. Secimens were analyzed in random order to eliminate any biasing effect of analytical drift during the 4-h machine run. Ten serum constituents were measured. Storage-induced linear trends were small or negligible during the period of specimen collection. Using the ratio of average within-subject variance to the variance among subjects as a guide, serum alkaline phosphatase was found to show the greatest individuality, sodium and potassium the least. Other constitutents showed varying degrees of individuality, but for all these analytes, the usual population-based reference ranges were found to be either insensitive or irrelevant to the study of concentration changes over time within most healthy subjects. Our results generally confirmed those of smaller but comparable earlier studies.", "PMID": 856489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11179", "title": "Gas-chromatographic profiling of urinary acidic and alcoholic catecholamine metabolites.", "content": "Urinary acidic and alcoholic catecholamine metabolites were isolated separately from 24-h urines by simple extraction procedures. After derivatization, extracts were analyzed by means of simultaneous gas chromatography on two different stationary phases. The quality of the assay was checked by running \"normal\" and enriched commercial (Hyland) control urines in each series. Normal values are given for vanilmandelic acid, homovanillic acid, and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol, expressed as a function of age. We present excretion patterns showing these metabolites and also 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, vanillacetic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylene glycol, and vanilethanol for 12 patients with neurogenic tumors. Values obtained for vanilmandelic acid by this method correlate well with those obtained by the electrophoretic/colorimetric method of Hermann [Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 41, 373 (1964)].", "contents": "Gas-chromatographic profiling of urinary acidic and alcoholic catecholamine metabolites. Urinary acidic and alcoholic catecholamine metabolites were isolated separately from 24-h urines by simple extraction procedures. After derivatization, extracts were analyzed by means of simultaneous gas chromatography on two different stationary phases. The quality of the assay was checked by running \"normal\" and enriched commercial (Hyland) control urines in each series. Normal values are given for vanilmandelic acid, homovanillic acid, and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol, expressed as a function of age. We present excretion patterns showing these metabolites and also 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, vanillacetic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylene glycol, and vanilethanol for 12 patients with neurogenic tumors. Values obtained for vanilmandelic acid by this method correlate well with those obtained by the electrophoretic/colorimetric method of Hermann [Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 41, 373 (1964)].", "PMID": 856490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11180", "title": "Myoglobin concentrations and muscle-enzyme activities in serum after myocardial infarction and cardiac arrhythmia.", "content": "Sera from patients with myocardial infarction and cardiac arrhythmias were analyzed for myoglobin concentration and the activities of total creatine kinase, creatine kinase isoenzyme-2, and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme-1 at the time of hospital admission and during the first few days of hospitalization. The nine patients with a final diagnosis of myocardial infarction had abnormally high values for total creatine kinase, creatine kinase-2, lactate dehydrogenase-1, and myoglobin. Myoglobin concentrations were highest on admission in six patients and on the day after admission in the other three patients. Creatine kinase-2 manifested maximum activity on the day after admission for all patients with myocardial infarction. Lactate dehydrogenase-1 did not reach maximal values until the second or third day after admission. The six patients with arrhythmias did not show any significant increases in creatine kinase-2 or lactate dehydrogenase-1. Myoglobin and total creatine kinase, however, were increased in the four patients who had received cardioversion. The specificity and diagnostic usefulness of these serum measurements are discussed.", "contents": "Myoglobin concentrations and muscle-enzyme activities in serum after myocardial infarction and cardiac arrhythmia. Sera from patients with myocardial infarction and cardiac arrhythmias were analyzed for myoglobin concentration and the activities of total creatine kinase, creatine kinase isoenzyme-2, and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme-1 at the time of hospital admission and during the first few days of hospitalization. The nine patients with a final diagnosis of myocardial infarction had abnormally high values for total creatine kinase, creatine kinase-2, lactate dehydrogenase-1, and myoglobin. Myoglobin concentrations were highest on admission in six patients and on the day after admission in the other three patients. Creatine kinase-2 manifested maximum activity on the day after admission for all patients with myocardial infarction. Lactate dehydrogenase-1 did not reach maximal values until the second or third day after admission. The six patients with arrhythmias did not show any significant increases in creatine kinase-2 or lactate dehydrogenase-1. Myoglobin and total creatine kinase, however, were increased in the four patients who had received cardioversion. The specificity and diagnostic usefulness of these serum measurements are discussed.", "PMID": 856491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11181", "title": "Comparison of several methods for semiquantitative determination of urinary protein.", "content": "Two types of urine protein dipsticks and the sulfosalicylic acid method were compared for their accuracy and specificity, with use of urine samples supplemented with various proteins. Dipsticks yield accurate results when the protein under consideration is restricted to albumin; the sulfosalicylic acid method accurately determines many kinds of proteins in addition to albumin. Detergents affect each of the methods, but changes in salt concentration only affect results by dipstick procedures. Dipsticks, which are based on the protein-error principle for indicators, are subject to some of the conditions that apply to the bromcresol green method for serum albumin determination.", "contents": "Comparison of several methods for semiquantitative determination of urinary protein. Two types of urine protein dipsticks and the sulfosalicylic acid method were compared for their accuracy and specificity, with use of urine samples supplemented with various proteins. Dipsticks yield accurate results when the protein under consideration is restricted to albumin; the sulfosalicylic acid method accurately determines many kinds of proteins in addition to albumin. Detergents affect each of the methods, but changes in salt concentration only affect results by dipstick procedures. Dipsticks, which are based on the protein-error principle for indicators, are subject to some of the conditions that apply to the bromcresol green method for serum albumin determination.", "PMID": 856492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11182", "title": "A new colorimetric method for the determination of plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity.", "content": "A new method has been developed to improve the linearity of the plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase reaction by adding synthetic dipalmitoyl lecithin sol to the incubation medium and subsequently measuring the change in free cholesterol content after incubation by a combined enzymatic method using cholesterol oxidase and peroxidase. The method was found to be simpler than other techniques such as gas-liquid chromatography or isotope methods and therefore may be suitable for the routine assays of plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activities in clinical laboratories.", "contents": "A new colorimetric method for the determination of plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity. A new method has been developed to improve the linearity of the plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase reaction by adding synthetic dipalmitoyl lecithin sol to the incubation medium and subsequently measuring the change in free cholesterol content after incubation by a combined enzymatic method using cholesterol oxidase and peroxidase. The method was found to be simpler than other techniques such as gas-liquid chromatography or isotope methods and therefore may be suitable for the routine assays of plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activities in clinical laboratories.", "PMID": 856493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11183", "title": "A new colorimetric method for determination of serum glucose.", "content": "A new colorimetric method using 4-aminoantipyrine-dimethylaniline in a glucose oxidase-peroxidase system is proposed to determine glucose in serum. The developed color was stable at the optimum pH of glucose oxidase, 5.6. The method is more sensitive than the o-dianisidine method and is reproducible. The correlation between the proposed method and the o-dianisidine method is 0.989.", "contents": "A new colorimetric method for determination of serum glucose. A new colorimetric method using 4-aminoantipyrine-dimethylaniline in a glucose oxidase-peroxidase system is proposed to determine glucose in serum. The developed color was stable at the optimum pH of glucose oxidase, 5.6. The method is more sensitive than the o-dianisidine method and is reproducible. The correlation between the proposed method and the o-dianisidine method is 0.989.", "PMID": 856494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11184", "title": "A gas chromatographic method for the estimation of phenprocoumon, 3-(1-phenyl-propyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin (Marcoumar, Liquamar), in human serum or plasma.", "content": "A rapid and reliable gas-chromatographic method is described for the estimation of phenprocoumon from human serum or plasma. No interference was found from other usual oral anticoagulant drugs. The method can be used for therapeutic and toxic levels. The appearance of two volatile derivatives of phenprocoumon (in constant ratio) is discussed.", "contents": "A gas chromatographic method for the estimation of phenprocoumon, 3-(1-phenyl-propyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin (Marcoumar, Liquamar), in human serum or plasma. A rapid and reliable gas-chromatographic method is described for the estimation of phenprocoumon from human serum or plasma. No interference was found from other usual oral anticoagulant drugs. The method can be used for therapeutic and toxic levels. The appearance of two volatile derivatives of phenprocoumon (in constant ratio) is discussed.", "PMID": 856495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11185", "title": "Inhibition of human placental-type alkaline phosphatase variants by peptides containing L-leucine.", "content": "The inhibition of normal human placental alkaline phosphatase, its rare \"D-variant\" phenotype, and the \"Nagao isoenzyme\" found in an ovarian cancer fluid by peptides containing L-leucine were studied. The Nagao isoenzyme and the D-variant phenotype were distinct from the normal placental enzyme, but similar to each other in their inhibition by L-leucine and dipeptides containing L-leucine in their amino termini. On the other hand, L-leucinamide, L-Leu-L-Leu-L-Leu and L-Leu-Gly-Gly inhibitions did not readily discriminate between D-variant and normal phenotypes, but did so between D-variant and Nagao isoenzymes. The distinctions among these enzymes in their responses to peptide inhibitors may reflect differences in their primary structures.", "contents": "Inhibition of human placental-type alkaline phosphatase variants by peptides containing L-leucine. The inhibition of normal human placental alkaline phosphatase, its rare \"D-variant\" phenotype, and the \"Nagao isoenzyme\" found in an ovarian cancer fluid by peptides containing L-leucine were studied. The Nagao isoenzyme and the D-variant phenotype were distinct from the normal placental enzyme, but similar to each other in their inhibition by L-leucine and dipeptides containing L-leucine in their amino termini. On the other hand, L-leucinamide, L-Leu-L-Leu-L-Leu and L-Leu-Gly-Gly inhibitions did not readily discriminate between D-variant and normal phenotypes, but did so between D-variant and Nagao isoenzymes. The distinctions among these enzymes in their responses to peptide inhibitors may reflect differences in their primary structures.", "PMID": 856496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11186", "title": "A rapid column chromatographic procedure for the routine measurement of taurine in plasma of normals and depressed patients.", "content": "A rapid method has been developed for the routine measurement of taurine in plasma. A preliminary clean-up step has made it possible to assay multiple samples in a relatively short period of time using the excellent sensitivity and specificity of the analytical column of the automatic amino acid analyzer. The speed and specificity of the method permits its use for the routine measurement of taurine in blood samples. Employing this method, a value of 45+/-4nmol taurine per ml platelet free plasma (mean+/-S.E.M.) was obtained for normal healthy adults. Analysis of plasma from depressed patients who are free of drugs as well as from depressed patients under treatment with drugs gave values of 29+/-2 and 25+/-3 nmol taurine per ml platelet free plasma (mean+/-S.E.M.), respectively.", "contents": "A rapid column chromatographic procedure for the routine measurement of taurine in plasma of normals and depressed patients. A rapid method has been developed for the routine measurement of taurine in plasma. A preliminary clean-up step has made it possible to assay multiple samples in a relatively short period of time using the excellent sensitivity and specificity of the analytical column of the automatic amino acid analyzer. The speed and specificity of the method permits its use for the routine measurement of taurine in blood samples. Employing this method, a value of 45+/-4nmol taurine per ml platelet free plasma (mean+/-S.E.M.) was obtained for normal healthy adults. Analysis of plasma from depressed patients who are free of drugs as well as from depressed patients under treatment with drugs gave values of 29+/-2 and 25+/-3 nmol taurine per ml platelet free plasma (mean+/-S.E.M.), respectively.", "PMID": 856497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11187", "title": "Minimal effects of free fatty acids on the competitive protein-binding assay of serum thyroxine on reusable Sephadex columns.", "content": "In rats; following oral administration of cream and intravenous heparin, plasma free fatty acids and triiodothyronine Sephadex uptake were elevated. Simultaneously apparent serum thyroxine, measured by the Tetrasorb-E kit, was increased, but not when measured using reusable Sephadex columns. Addition of oleate to a human serum albumin solution or to human serum produced similar effects; appreciable rises in apparent thyroxine were noted in the kit assay but only minor changes occurred when Sephadex columns were used. In the latter procedure almost all [14C]oleic acid added to serum was removed in the first barbital buffer wash, before application of the thyroxine-binding globulin solution. In the serum thyroxine assay on reusable Sephadex columns, there is minimal interference by free fatty acids because they are removed by the first barbital buffer wash.", "contents": "Minimal effects of free fatty acids on the competitive protein-binding assay of serum thyroxine on reusable Sephadex columns. In rats; following oral administration of cream and intravenous heparin, plasma free fatty acids and triiodothyronine Sephadex uptake were elevated. Simultaneously apparent serum thyroxine, measured by the Tetrasorb-E kit, was increased, but not when measured using reusable Sephadex columns. Addition of oleate to a human serum albumin solution or to human serum produced similar effects; appreciable rises in apparent thyroxine were noted in the kit assay but only minor changes occurred when Sephadex columns were used. In the latter procedure almost all [14C]oleic acid added to serum was removed in the first barbital buffer wash, before application of the thyroxine-binding globulin solution. In the serum thyroxine assay on reusable Sephadex columns, there is minimal interference by free fatty acids because they are removed by the first barbital buffer wash.", "PMID": 856498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11188", "title": "Immunochemical heterogeneity of calcitonin in man: effect on radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Determinations of blood levels of human calcitonin by radioimmunoassay have varied considerably in different laboratories. Much of the controversy over calcitonin levels can be attributed to the multiplicity of immunoreactive forms of the hormone (iCT), the differing region specificities of the antisera utilized for measurement by radioimmunoassay, protein effects, different rates of degradation of the various iCT fractions and the specific methodology of the radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "Immunochemical heterogeneity of calcitonin in man: effect on radioimmunoassay. Determinations of blood levels of human calcitonin by radioimmunoassay have varied considerably in different laboratories. Much of the controversy over calcitonin levels can be attributed to the multiplicity of immunoreactive forms of the hormone (iCT), the differing region specificities of the antisera utilized for measurement by radioimmunoassay, protein effects, different rates of degradation of the various iCT fractions and the specific methodology of the radioimmunoassay.", "PMID": 856499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11189", "title": "Quality control in the simultaneous assay of anticonvulsants using an automated gas chromatographic system with a nitrogen detector.", "content": "An automated gas-liquid chromatographic technique for the routine determination of phenobarbitone, primidone and phenytoin using a nitrogen-detector is described. The high selectivity of the detector for nitrogen-containing compounds allows a direct extraction procedure and the use of a phenytoin analogue as an internal standard obviates the need for accurate aliquot measurement after extraction. The anticonvulsants are chromatographed as methyl derivatives produced by on-column methylation with trimethylphenyl ammonium hydroxide following automatic liquid injection. Quality control data from an internal quality control scheme is presented and the performance of the laboratory in an inter-laboratory control scheme is reported and discussed.", "contents": "Quality control in the simultaneous assay of anticonvulsants using an automated gas chromatographic system with a nitrogen detector. An automated gas-liquid chromatographic technique for the routine determination of phenobarbitone, primidone and phenytoin using a nitrogen-detector is described. The high selectivity of the detector for nitrogen-containing compounds allows a direct extraction procedure and the use of a phenytoin analogue as an internal standard obviates the need for accurate aliquot measurement after extraction. The anticonvulsants are chromatographed as methyl derivatives produced by on-column methylation with trimethylphenyl ammonium hydroxide following automatic liquid injection. Quality control data from an internal quality control scheme is presented and the performance of the laboratory in an inter-laboratory control scheme is reported and discussed.", "PMID": 856500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11190", "title": "Heterogeneity in electrophoretic mobility and in molecular size of lactate dehydrogenase-immunoglobulin G complexes.", "content": "Some human sera have been found to contain lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)-immunoglobulin complexes. A serum with LDH-IgG3 complexes was further analysed. Complexes with different net charge and different molecular size were found. Their isoelectric points, measured by isoelectric focusing, were in the range of pH 6.3 to 7.2. Gel-filtration experiments showed that the molecular size varied from about 300 000 to 1 000 000. Most of the complexes could be precipitated from solution with 30--40% saturated ammonium sulfate or a low ionic strength.", "contents": "Heterogeneity in electrophoretic mobility and in molecular size of lactate dehydrogenase-immunoglobulin G complexes. Some human sera have been found to contain lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)-immunoglobulin complexes. A serum with LDH-IgG3 complexes was further analysed. Complexes with different net charge and different molecular size were found. Their isoelectric points, measured by isoelectric focusing, were in the range of pH 6.3 to 7.2. Gel-filtration experiments showed that the molecular size varied from about 300 000 to 1 000 000. Most of the complexes could be precipitated from solution with 30--40% saturated ammonium sulfate or a low ionic strength.", "PMID": 856501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11191", "title": "Estimation of hydroxylysine in urine and serum of patients with chronic uremia.", "content": "Free hydroxylysine and hydroxylysing glycosides were separated from urine and serum extracts on cation exchange resin and assayed spectrophotometrically. The method in conjunction with gel filtration in Bio-Gel P2 allowed to separate from urine also polypeptide hydroxylysine and hydroxylysine bound in small molecules of neutral or acidic character. Glycosylgalactosylhydroxylysineand galactosylhydroxylysine were separated by partition and/or ion exchange chromatography. Patients with chronic renal insufficiency had elevated serum levels and urinary excretion of hydroxylysine glycosides with increased excretion of hydroxylysine bound in polypeptides and in small molecules of neutral or acidic character. The excretion of free hydroxylysine was often within normal limits. When compared to values found in normal growing subjects and in adult patients with increased bone turnover and normal renin function the urinary excretion of hydroxylysine glycosides in chronic uremia was more markedly increased than excretion of hydroxyproline polypeptides and total hydroxyproline.", "contents": "Estimation of hydroxylysine in urine and serum of patients with chronic uremia. Free hydroxylysine and hydroxylysing glycosides were separated from urine and serum extracts on cation exchange resin and assayed spectrophotometrically. The method in conjunction with gel filtration in Bio-Gel P2 allowed to separate from urine also polypeptide hydroxylysine and hydroxylysine bound in small molecules of neutral or acidic character. Glycosylgalactosylhydroxylysineand galactosylhydroxylysine were separated by partition and/or ion exchange chromatography. Patients with chronic renal insufficiency had elevated serum levels and urinary excretion of hydroxylysine glycosides with increased excretion of hydroxylysine bound in polypeptides and in small molecules of neutral or acidic character. The excretion of free hydroxylysine was often within normal limits. When compared to values found in normal growing subjects and in adult patients with increased bone turnover and normal renin function the urinary excretion of hydroxylysine glycosides in chronic uremia was more markedly increased than excretion of hydroxyproline polypeptides and total hydroxyproline.", "PMID": 856503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11192", "title": "Preparation of high-quality iodine-125-labelled pituitary human follicle-stimulating hormone (hFSH) for radioimmunoassay: comparison of enzymatic and chloramine-T iodination.", "content": "A method is described for the enzymatic radioiodination of human follicle-stimulating hormone (hFSH) by a system consisting of lactoperoxidase, hydrogen peroxide and Na125I. It was compared with the Chloramine-T modified technique. A satisfactory specific activity of the labelled hormone was obtained with the enzymatic iodination with much greater immunoreactivity was stability than after Chloramine-T.", "contents": "Preparation of high-quality iodine-125-labelled pituitary human follicle-stimulating hormone (hFSH) for radioimmunoassay: comparison of enzymatic and chloramine-T iodination. A method is described for the enzymatic radioiodination of human follicle-stimulating hormone (hFSH) by a system consisting of lactoperoxidase, hydrogen peroxide and Na125I. It was compared with the Chloramine-T modified technique. A satisfactory specific activity of the labelled hormone was obtained with the enzymatic iodination with much greater immunoreactivity was stability than after Chloramine-T.", "PMID": 856502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11193", "title": "Age-related changes in human skin collagen galactosyltransferase and collagen glucosyltransferase activities.", "content": "Collagen galactosyltransferase and collagen glucosyltransferase activities were assayed in human skin specimens of about 100 mg wet weight. The assay of the glucosyltransferase activity was found to be highly specific. The assay of the galactosyltransferase activity was somewhat less specific, but there was no difference in specificity between the foetal and adult human skin samples. The activities of the two collagen glycosyltransferases in human skin extract were found to vary with age, being highest in foetal skin, and higher in the skin of young children that in that of adults. The galactosyltransferase and glucosyltransferase activities in foetal skin were respectively about 4 times and 6 times those in adult skin. The magnitudes of the changes with age in the two collagen glycosyltransferase activities were smaller than those occurring in the activities of the two other intracellular enzymes of collagen biosynthesis namely prolyl and lysyl hydroxylase. This difference suggests that the four intracellular enzyme activities of collagen biosynthesis are not regulated in an identical manner.", "contents": "Age-related changes in human skin collagen galactosyltransferase and collagen glucosyltransferase activities. Collagen galactosyltransferase and collagen glucosyltransferase activities were assayed in human skin specimens of about 100 mg wet weight. The assay of the glucosyltransferase activity was found to be highly specific. The assay of the galactosyltransferase activity was somewhat less specific, but there was no difference in specificity between the foetal and adult human skin samples. The activities of the two collagen glycosyltransferases in human skin extract were found to vary with age, being highest in foetal skin, and higher in the skin of young children that in that of adults. The galactosyltransferase and glucosyltransferase activities in foetal skin were respectively about 4 times and 6 times those in adult skin. The magnitudes of the changes with age in the two collagen glycosyltransferase activities were smaller than those occurring in the activities of the two other intracellular enzymes of collagen biosynthesis namely prolyl and lysyl hydroxylase. This difference suggests that the four intracellular enzyme activities of collagen biosynthesis are not regulated in an identical manner.", "PMID": 856504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11194", "title": "Serum triiodothyronine: clinical experience with a new radioimmunoassay kit.", "content": "A new kit for measuring total serum triiodothyronine (T3) by radioimmunoassay ('T3 RIA'; Radiochemical Centre, Amersham) was evaluated using sera from 1114  patients and normal controls. The kit performed reliably with intraassay and interassay variability figures of 3.9% and 9.3%, respectively, at 'medium' concentrations of T3. A T3 measurement could be obtained conveniently within 18 h after overnight incubation at room temperature. There were no critical steps dependent on time or temperature. Serum T3 values showed no significant sex difference. There was no significant change in mean serum T3 between the ages of 15 and 69 years, but it fell by 0.15 nmol/l for every 5 years beyond the age of 70. Mean serum T3 (+/-SD) for 335 normal euthyroid subjects ages 15-69 years was 2.11+/-0.46 nmol/l (range: mean+/-2 SD = 1.19-3.03 nmol/l). 64% of pregnant euthyroid women and 12% of those taking oral contraceptives had elevated serum T3 levels, as did all hyperthyroid patients, apart from one with T4 toxicosis. Overlapping T3 values from hyperthyroid patients and euthyroid subjects with elevated concentrations of thyroid binding proteins could be separated completely by two correction techniques which related total serum T3 to the corresponding T3 resin uptake test, viz an 'augmented free T3 index', or a map plot of T3 vs T3 resin uptake. A 25% incidence of T3 toxicosis was observed. One hyperthyroid patient with T4 toxicosis, and seven euthyroid patients with 'biochemical T4 toxicosis' were investigated. 73% of moderately and 30% of severely hypothyroid patients had normal serum T3 levels. This overlap was not reduced by applying correction techniques. Our studies demonstrate the value of serum T3 measurements in screening  for and diagnosing hyperthyroidism. As T3 measurements become more widely available, it would seem reasonable to subclassify hyperthyroid patients into three types: those with 'T3/4 toxicosis', 'T3 toxicosis' and 'T4 toxicosis'.", "contents": "Serum triiodothyronine: clinical experience with a new radioimmunoassay kit. A new kit for measuring total serum triiodothyronine (T3) by radioimmunoassay ('T3 RIA'; Radiochemical Centre, Amersham) was evaluated using sera from 1114  patients and normal controls. The kit performed reliably with intraassay and interassay variability figures of 3.9% and 9.3%, respectively, at 'medium' concentrations of T3. A T3 measurement could be obtained conveniently within 18 h after overnight incubation at room temperature. There were no critical steps dependent on time or temperature. Serum T3 values showed no significant sex difference. There was no significant change in mean serum T3 between the ages of 15 and 69 years, but it fell by 0.15 nmol/l for every 5 years beyond the age of 70. Mean serum T3 (+/-SD) for 335 normal euthyroid subjects ages 15-69 years was 2.11+/-0.46 nmol/l (range: mean+/-2 SD = 1.19-3.03 nmol/l). 64% of pregnant euthyroid women and 12% of those taking oral contraceptives had elevated serum T3 levels, as did all hyperthyroid patients, apart from one with T4 toxicosis. Overlapping T3 values from hyperthyroid patients and euthyroid subjects with elevated concentrations of thyroid binding proteins could be separated completely by two correction techniques which related total serum T3 to the corresponding T3 resin uptake test, viz an 'augmented free T3 index', or a map plot of T3 vs T3 resin uptake. A 25% incidence of T3 toxicosis was observed. One hyperthyroid patient with T4 toxicosis, and seven euthyroid patients with 'biochemical T4 toxicosis' were investigated. 73% of moderately and 30% of severely hypothyroid patients had normal serum T3 levels. This overlap was not reduced by applying correction techniques. Our studies demonstrate the value of serum T3 measurements in screening  for and diagnosing hyperthyroidism. As T3 measurements become more widely available, it would seem reasonable to subclassify hyperthyroid patients into three types: those with 'T3/4 toxicosis', 'T3 toxicosis' and 'T4 toxicosis'.", "PMID": 856505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11195", "title": "Synchronous nyctohemeral rhythms in human blood melatonin and in human post-mortem pineal enzyme.", "content": "Serum melatonin was measured by radioimmunoassay at 4-hourly intervals for 24 h in five normal men, and shown to exhibit nyctohemeral variations. The highest concentrations of serum melatonin occurred at 02.00 hours and the lowest concentrations at 14.00 hours. The synthetic enzymes for melatonin, serotonin-N-acetyl transferase (SNAT) and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT) were measured in post-mortem pineal organs from thirty-six men and women, and the activity of both enzymes was directly related to the time of death of the subject, resulting in a similar nyctohemeral curve as that observed with serum melatonin. The SNAT and HIOMT enzymes were stable when measured in pineal organs held under the usual post-mortem conditions. The observations indicated a nyctohemeral rhythm in human pineal function and suggests that any clinical interpretation of pineal dysfunction in disease states should take into consideration this normal rhythm.", "contents": "Synchronous nyctohemeral rhythms in human blood melatonin and in human post-mortem pineal enzyme. Serum melatonin was measured by radioimmunoassay at 4-hourly intervals for 24 h in five normal men, and shown to exhibit nyctohemeral variations. The highest concentrations of serum melatonin occurred at 02.00 hours and the lowest concentrations at 14.00 hours. The synthetic enzymes for melatonin, serotonin-N-acetyl transferase (SNAT) and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT) were measured in post-mortem pineal organs from thirty-six men and women, and the activity of both enzymes was directly related to the time of death of the subject, resulting in a similar nyctohemeral curve as that observed with serum melatonin. The SNAT and HIOMT enzymes were stable when measured in pineal organs held under the usual post-mortem conditions. The observations indicated a nyctohemeral rhythm in human pineal function and suggests that any clinical interpretation of pineal dysfunction in disease states should take into consideration this normal rhythm.", "PMID": 856506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11196", "title": "Chromosome polymorphisms in karyotypes from amniotic fluid cell cultures.", "content": "Frequencies of 12 fluorescent chromosome polymorphisms were scored from Q-banded karyotypes derived from 108 midtrimester diagnostic amniotic fluid cell cultures. The most frequent variants were the bright fluorescent short arm of chromosome 13 (P = 0.458) and the bright fluorescent marker close to the centromere on chromosome 3 (P = 0.426).The polymorphism pattern was found to be different between the maternal (blood culture) and fetal (amniotic fluid cell culture) karyotypes in each of the 25 paired cases studied. This technique is valuable in prenatal diagnosis to exclude possible maternal cell contamination and outgrowth in cases where the amniotic fluid cell cultures reveal a female karyotype.", "contents": "Chromosome polymorphisms in karyotypes from amniotic fluid cell cultures. Frequencies of 12 fluorescent chromosome polymorphisms were scored from Q-banded karyotypes derived from 108 midtrimester diagnostic amniotic fluid cell cultures. The most frequent variants were the bright fluorescent short arm of chromosome 13 (P = 0.458) and the bright fluorescent marker close to the centromere on chromosome 3 (P = 0.426).The polymorphism pattern was found to be different between the maternal (blood culture) and fetal (amniotic fluid cell culture) karyotypes in each of the 25 paired cases studied. This technique is valuable in prenatal diagnosis to exclude possible maternal cell contamination and outgrowth in cases where the amniotic fluid cell cultures reveal a female karyotype.", "PMID": 856507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11197", "title": "Apparently balanced de novo translocations in patients with abnormal phenotypes: report of 6 cases.", "content": "Six patients have been ascertained because of abnormal phenotypes but with apparently balanced de novo translocations. Five of them were mentally retarded with multiple congenital anomalies. The sixth patient had normal mental development but revealed ambiguous genitalia and multiple congenital anomalies. No syndromal diagnosis was possible in any of the six cases. The appearance of apparently balanced reciprocal translocations in association with abnormal phenotype may be coincidental, or the two may be causally related. If the latter is true, the causal relationship may be based upon: 1) a submicroscopic chromosomal loss, 2) position effect, or 3) a mutation at the site of the break in one or both translocated chromosomes.", "contents": "Apparently balanced de novo translocations in patients with abnormal phenotypes: report of 6 cases. Six patients have been ascertained because of abnormal phenotypes but with apparently balanced de novo translocations. Five of them were mentally retarded with multiple congenital anomalies. The sixth patient had normal mental development but revealed ambiguous genitalia and multiple congenital anomalies. No syndromal diagnosis was possible in any of the six cases. The appearance of apparently balanced reciprocal translocations in association with abnormal phenotype may be coincidental, or the two may be causally related. If the latter is true, the causal relationship may be based upon: 1) a submicroscopic chromosomal loss, 2) position effect, or 3) a mutation at the site of the break in one or both translocated chromosomes.", "PMID": 856508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11198", "title": "The incidence of Duchenne muscular dystrophy in the South East of Scotland.", "content": "In a survey carried out to determine the incidence of Duchenne muscular dystrophy in the South East of Scotland, 47 cases were ascertained among 177,413 live male births for the years 1953 to 1968. The overall incidence is 1 case in 3,775 live male births (26.5 +/- 3.2 X 10(-5)). This incidence figure has been compared with those reported in nine other studies, and any differences appear likely to be due to varying degrees of ascertainment. So far there is no evidence of any decrease in incidence of the disease in S.E. Scotland as a result of genetic counselling and antenatal foetal sexing.", "contents": "The incidence of Duchenne muscular dystrophy in the South East of Scotland. In a survey carried out to determine the incidence of Duchenne muscular dystrophy in the South East of Scotland, 47 cases were ascertained among 177,413 live male births for the years 1953 to 1968. The overall incidence is 1 case in 3,775 live male births (26.5 +/- 3.2 X 10(-5)). This incidence figure has been compared with those reported in nine other studies, and any differences appear likely to be due to varying degrees of ascertainment. So far there is no evidence of any decrease in incidence of the disease in S.E. Scotland as a result of genetic counselling and antenatal foetal sexing.", "PMID": 856509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11199", "title": "The acrocephalosyndactyly syndromes: a metacarpophalangeal pattern profile analysis.", "content": "Metacarpophalangeal pattern profile (MCPP) analysis was applied to patients with Pfeiffer and Chotzen syndromes, dominantly inherited types of acrocephalosyndactyly (ACS). A characteristic MCPP was obtained for the group. However, it did not discriminate between patients with Chotzen syndrome and those with Pfeiffer syndrome. Six patients in a single family showing Pfeiffer syndrome exhibited this unique MCPP profile which was not present in non-affected family members. Furthermore, three normal-appearing relatives were identified as affected by this technique, and this diagnosis was subsequently confirmed by radiographic and genetic data. The results show that: 1) the MCPP in Pfeiffer and Chotzen syndromes is unique and can be used to make the diagnosis of an ACS syndrome in persons who show few or no clinical stigmata of disease; 2) the MCPP does not discriminate between these two ACS types.", "contents": "The acrocephalosyndactyly syndromes: a metacarpophalangeal pattern profile analysis. Metacarpophalangeal pattern profile (MCPP) analysis was applied to patients with Pfeiffer and Chotzen syndromes, dominantly inherited types of acrocephalosyndactyly (ACS). A characteristic MCPP was obtained for the group. However, it did not discriminate between patients with Chotzen syndrome and those with Pfeiffer syndrome. Six patients in a single family showing Pfeiffer syndrome exhibited this unique MCPP profile which was not present in non-affected family members. Furthermore, three normal-appearing relatives were identified as affected by this technique, and this diagnosis was subsequently confirmed by radiographic and genetic data. The results show that: 1) the MCPP in Pfeiffer and Chotzen syndromes is unique and can be used to make the diagnosis of an ACS syndrome in persons who show few or no clinical stigmata of disease; 2) the MCPP does not discriminate between these two ACS types.", "PMID": 856510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11200", "title": "Knee ligament injuries: a standardized evaluation method.", "content": "An analysis of the data with total scores in non-acute terms obtained from 280 patients suggests that knee injuries can be evaluated as: Good-Excellent=generally normal or near normal function, with few or no signs and minimal symptomatology, 41-50 points; Fair (+)=slight functional disability, with few signs and mild symptomatology, 36-40 points; Fair (-)=moderate functional disability, with significant clinical signs and moderate symptomatology, 31-35 points; Poor=severely disabled, with marked signs and symptoms of a compromised knee, less than 30 points. These gross categorizations correlate well with the patient's own evaluations of his condition and the physicians' clinical assessment of the status of a given knee. Although the majority of patients have been followed for four years or less with this method, it is felt that the method presented has provided: A consistency and organization of the workup, diagnosis, treatment, and study of knee ligament injuries, not previously available at our institution; an objective measure of individual patient response to treatment and eventual recovery; in general, more objective means of assessing modalities of therapy and modes of primary repair and reconstruction of ligaments; a tool facilitating communication both among physicians and between physicians and patient; a means by which the long term follow-up of an individual patient by more than one physician can become a more efficient undertaking; an increasing data bank of standardized observations from which many ideas are yet to evolve; and most importantly, an improvement and the means possible for further improvement in the care rendered patients with knee ligament injuries; also, the present computerized format has given rise to additional benefits not directly related to the immediate problem of knee ligament injury. One such benefit is the ability to request and receive rapidly, a concise, yet complete legal summary of a patient's hospital course.", "contents": "Knee ligament injuries: a standardized evaluation method. An analysis of the data with total scores in non-acute terms obtained from 280 patients suggests that knee injuries can be evaluated as: Good-Excellent=generally normal or near normal function, with few or no signs and minimal symptomatology, 41-50 points; Fair (+)=slight functional disability, with few signs and mild symptomatology, 36-40 points; Fair (-)=moderate functional disability, with significant clinical signs and moderate symptomatology, 31-35 points; Poor=severely disabled, with marked signs and symptoms of a compromised knee, less than 30 points. These gross categorizations correlate well with the patient's own evaluations of his condition and the physicians' clinical assessment of the status of a given knee. Although the majority of patients have been followed for four years or less with this method, it is felt that the method presented has provided: A consistency and organization of the workup, diagnosis, treatment, and study of knee ligament injuries, not previously available at our institution; an objective measure of individual patient response to treatment and eventual recovery; in general, more objective means of assessing modalities of therapy and modes of primary repair and reconstruction of ligaments; a tool facilitating communication both among physicians and between physicians and patient; a means by which the long term follow-up of an individual patient by more than one physician can become a more efficient undertaking; an increasing data bank of standardized observations from which many ideas are yet to evolve; and most importantly, an improvement and the means possible for further improvement in the care rendered patients with knee ligament injuries; also, the present computerized format has given rise to additional benefits not directly related to the immediate problem of knee ligament injury. One such benefit is the ability to request and receive rapidly, a concise, yet complete legal summary of a patient's hospital course.", "PMID": 856512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11201", "title": "Talipes equinovarus: \"hard\" versus \"soft\" tissues.", "content": "Nonsurgical treatment is contraindicated in clubfeet which are obviously resistant. Early surgical release of the contracted \"soft\" tissues can effectively prevent the above described \"hard\" tissue deformities.", "contents": "Talipes equinovarus: \"hard\" versus \"soft\" tissues. Nonsurgical treatment is contraindicated in clubfeet which are obviously resistant. Early surgical release of the contracted \"soft\" tissues can effectively prevent the above described \"hard\" tissue deformities.", "PMID": 856511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11202", "title": "The natural course of untreated osteoarthritis of the knee.", "content": "Ninety-four knee joints in 71 patients had primary gonarthrosis (osteoarthritis of the knee) for periods of 10-18 years. The course of gonarthrosis was unfavorable in that a majority of the cases became worse over the years and some also developed pain at rest. The prognosis in gonarthrosis seemed worse than in coxarthrosis (osteoarthritis of the hip). The radiographic changes in the affected knee joint progressed over the years. However, in most knees the changes remained limited to the compartment first affected so that knees with initially medial involvement had exclusively medial involvement even 10-18 years later. Varus deformity was related to poor stability and to a generally poor prognosis. An early onset of symptoms was unfavorable with regard to development of pain. The majority of otherwise healthy patients became incapable of using public transportation because of knee pain on walking.", "contents": "The natural course of untreated osteoarthritis of the knee. Ninety-four knee joints in 71 patients had primary gonarthrosis (osteoarthritis of the knee) for periods of 10-18 years. The course of gonarthrosis was unfavorable in that a majority of the cases became worse over the years and some also developed pain at rest. The prognosis in gonarthrosis seemed worse than in coxarthrosis (osteoarthritis of the hip). The radiographic changes in the affected knee joint progressed over the years. However, in most knees the changes remained limited to the compartment first affected so that knees with initially medial involvement had exclusively medial involvement even 10-18 years later. Varus deformity was related to poor stability and to a generally poor prognosis. An early onset of symptoms was unfavorable with regard to development of pain. The majority of otherwise healthy patients became incapable of using public transportation because of knee pain on walking.", "PMID": 856513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11203", "title": "Resurfacing of femoral head after osteotomy: a report of three cases.", "content": "Three cases of osteotomy for osteoarthritis of the hip which demonstrate the ability of cartilage to resurface previously eburnated areas are presented. These cases support the claim that cartilage regeneration of the femoral head after osteotomy does take place. Histologically, this new surface consists of fibrocartilage.", "contents": "Resurfacing of femoral head after osteotomy: a report of three cases. Three cases of osteotomy for osteoarthritis of the hip which demonstrate the ability of cartilage to resurface previously eburnated areas are presented. These cases support the claim that cartilage regeneration of the femoral head after osteotomy does take place. Histologically, this new surface consists of fibrocartilage.", "PMID": 856514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11204", "title": "The ultrastructure of the osteoclast and its functional implications.", "content": "Recent findings on the ultrastructure of the osteoclast indicate that special attention should be given to the ruffled border, clear zone, and the vacuoles and vesicles of the cell and their significance for the mechanism of breakdown of bone matrix. The ruffled border is seen as an extensive area of cell surface where secretion of enzymes as well as uptake of matrix components takes place. The clear zone encircles the ruffled border completely and thus forms an integral part of the resorbing apparatus. Vacuoles and vesicles are thought to secret enzymes as well as take up extracellular material and possible digest or transport these products in the cell. The changes that occur in the ultrastructure of the osteoclast after exposure to parathyroid hormone and calcitonin indicate an important role of the ostioclast in bone metabolism. The cell can increase its activity very rapidly in response to parathyroid hormone, and decrease its activity in response to calcitonin.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of the osteoclast and its functional implications. Recent findings on the ultrastructure of the osteoclast indicate that special attention should be given to the ruffled border, clear zone, and the vacuoles and vesicles of the cell and their significance for the mechanism of breakdown of bone matrix. The ruffled border is seen as an extensive area of cell surface where secretion of enzymes as well as uptake of matrix components takes place. The clear zone encircles the ruffled border completely and thus forms an integral part of the resorbing apparatus. Vacuoles and vesicles are thought to secret enzymes as well as take up extracellular material and possible digest or transport these products in the cell. The changes that occur in the ultrastructure of the osteoclast after exposure to parathyroid hormone and calcitonin indicate an important role of the ostioclast in bone metabolism. The cell can increase its activity very rapidly in response to parathyroid hormone, and decrease its activity in response to calcitonin.", "PMID": 856515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11205", "title": "Bone strength: before and after removal of unthreaded and threaded pin and screws.", "content": "Bones with retained screws gradually regain normal strength but upon removal the strength drops to that of bones with fresh holes. This strength loss is probably attributable to microdamage occurring to the bone surfaces at the time of removal.", "contents": "Bone strength: before and after removal of unthreaded and threaded pin and screws. Bones with retained screws gradually regain normal strength but upon removal the strength drops to that of bones with fresh holes. This strength loss is probably attributable to microdamage occurring to the bone surfaces at the time of removal.", "PMID": 856517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11206", "title": "The reversal of tissue differentiation around screws.", "content": "Mechanical factors influence the morphology and function of differentiated as well as undifferentiated cells. Observations of tissues surrounding screws, during a 4-week period of stability followed by a 4-week period of instability, demonstrate resorption of the newly formed callus and subsequently to screw lossening. Four weeks of instability followed by 4 weeks of stability produced not only a cessation of the osteoclastic activity, but also the appearance of an osteoclastic activity. Thus, the holding power of screws is not finally determined at the moment of their insertion nor after cellular differentiation has occurred around the screws. Local mechanical conditions throughout the period of fracture consolidation are of eqaul importance.", "contents": "The reversal of tissue differentiation around screws. Mechanical factors influence the morphology and function of differentiated as well as undifferentiated cells. Observations of tissues surrounding screws, during a 4-week period of stability followed by a 4-week period of instability, demonstrate resorption of the newly formed callus and subsequently to screw lossening. Four weeks of instability followed by 4 weeks of stability produced not only a cessation of the osteoclastic activity, but also the appearance of an osteoclastic activity. Thus, the holding power of screws is not finally determined at the moment of their insertion nor after cellular differentiation has occurred around the screws. Local mechanical conditions throughout the period of fracture consolidation are of eqaul importance.", "PMID": 856516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11207", "title": "Epiphyseal tilt produced by experimental overload.", "content": "After segmental resection of the diaphysis of the radius in growing dogs, the distal ulna epiphyseal plate is submitted to a mechanical overload which provokes a progressive tilt of the epiphysis. A full exail realignment is developed in two or three months as shown in radiographic follow-up studies. Histologically, the first lesion is a fissure starting and the convex side of the growth line, passing along the epiphyseal plate and located somewhere between the proliferative layer which is seldom affected and the zone of enchondral ossification. The separated segment of the growth cartilage situated between the fissure and metaphysis stops growing and the cartilaginous tissue becomes disorganized and necrotic. It is then reabsorbed, and replaced by vascular-connective tissue coming from the bone marrow.  Growth usually goes on form the deep proliferative layer of the epiphyseal plate when its vascular connections are intact. After three months a normal epiphyseal line is rebuilt correcting the defective axis of the bone.", "contents": "Epiphyseal tilt produced by experimental overload. After segmental resection of the diaphysis of the radius in growing dogs, the distal ulna epiphyseal plate is submitted to a mechanical overload which provokes a progressive tilt of the epiphysis. A full exail realignment is developed in two or three months as shown in radiographic follow-up studies. Histologically, the first lesion is a fissure starting and the convex side of the growth line, passing along the epiphyseal plate and located somewhere between the proliferative layer which is seldom affected and the zone of enchondral ossification. The separated segment of the growth cartilage situated between the fissure and metaphysis stops growing and the cartilaginous tissue becomes disorganized and necrotic. It is then reabsorbed, and replaced by vascular-connective tissue coming from the bone marrow.  Growth usually goes on form the deep proliferative layer of the epiphyseal plate when its vascular connections are intact. After three months a normal epiphyseal line is rebuilt correcting the defective axis of the bone.", "PMID": 856518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11208", "title": "Postmenopausal osteoporosis: cause, prevention and treatment.", "content": "At this point, I think I should point out that it now seems possible that postmenopausal osteoporosis, like smallpox and poliomyelitis, can be eradicated. Although full replacement doses of oestrogen prevents progression of the disease in women who have already lost a great deal of bone, this is like locking the stable door after the horse is gone. Present evidence is that smaller doses will probably suffice to prevent loss of bone at the menopause: mestranol 20 microng (Aitken et al, 1973) or conjugated oestrogens USP 0.625 mg (Meema, Bunker and Meema, 1975). The minimal prophylactic osteotrophic dose has not yet been determined since the two doses indicated were the smallest tested. These two studies provide hope that a dose can be found which will prevent postmenopausal osteoporosis without necessarily producing endometrial hyperplasia. It is very likely that the prevention of bone loss by small, prophylactic doses of oestrogen will reduce the number of fractures of vertebrae, wrists and hips so common in postmenopausal women and will reduce the mortality presently caused by hip fractures.", "contents": "Postmenopausal osteoporosis: cause, prevention and treatment. At this point, I think I should point out that it now seems possible that postmenopausal osteoporosis, like smallpox and poliomyelitis, can be eradicated. Although full replacement doses of oestrogen prevents progression of the disease in women who have already lost a great deal of bone, this is like locking the stable door after the horse is gone. Present evidence is that smaller doses will probably suffice to prevent loss of bone at the menopause: mestranol 20 microng (Aitken et al, 1973) or conjugated oestrogens USP 0.625 mg (Meema, Bunker and Meema, 1975). The minimal prophylactic osteotrophic dose has not yet been determined since the two doses indicated were the smallest tested. These two studies provide hope that a dose can be found which will prevent postmenopausal osteoporosis without necessarily producing endometrial hyperplasia. It is very likely that the prevention of bone loss by small, prophylactic doses of oestrogen will reduce the number of fractures of vertebrae, wrists and hips so common in postmenopausal women and will reduce the mortality presently caused by hip fractures.", "PMID": 856524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11209", "title": "Current concepts of rhinoplasty.", "content": "Like all surgical operation, aesthetic rhinoplasty is a technique that is constantly undergoing change. These changes are brought about by accumulated experience, improved instrumentation, and not the least by the pressure of changing cultural and social requirements. The fine subtleties of rhinoplasty are difficult to learn by the student and difficult to master by the mature surgeon. Technique improves with the accumulation of surgical experience and constant observation and study of one's results. The learning process should never stop. The most significant changes in rhinoplasty technique since the operation was designed are emphasis on attention to detail and less, rather than more, extensive surgery. The removal of less bone, cartilage, and soft tissue is emphasized as well as meticulous attention to details of repositioning and alignment of all structures.", "contents": "Current concepts of rhinoplasty. Like all surgical operation, aesthetic rhinoplasty is a technique that is constantly undergoing change. These changes are brought about by accumulated experience, improved instrumentation, and not the least by the pressure of changing cultural and social requirements. The fine subtleties of rhinoplasty are difficult to learn by the student and difficult to master by the mature surgeon. Technique improves with the accumulation of surgical experience and constant observation and study of one's results. The learning process should never stop. The most significant changes in rhinoplasty technique since the operation was designed are emphasis on attention to detail and less, rather than more, extensive surgery. The removal of less bone, cartilage, and soft tissue is emphasized as well as meticulous attention to details of repositioning and alignment of all structures.", "PMID": 856525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11210", "title": "Revision rhinoplasty.", "content": "Revisionary rhinoplasty is discussed in terms of conceptual organization. Its scope is greater than primary rhinoplasty in that it contains elements of augmentation and reconstruction not seen in the usual primary rhinoplasty. A better general understanding of the relationship of the structural elements to the appearance and the structural elements to the lining is required. Defects encountered in revisionary rhinoplasty reflect the contribution of the three nasal elements, which are the cover, lining, and support. Success depends on accurate evaluation of the distortion produced by each element and their correction. Correction implies maintenance of correct position.", "contents": "Revision rhinoplasty. Revisionary rhinoplasty is discussed in terms of conceptual organization. Its scope is greater than primary rhinoplasty in that it contains elements of augmentation and reconstruction not seen in the usual primary rhinoplasty. A better general understanding of the relationship of the structural elements to the appearance and the structural elements to the lining is required. Defects encountered in revisionary rhinoplasty reflect the contribution of the three nasal elements, which are the cover, lining, and support. Success depends on accurate evaluation of the distortion produced by each element and their correction. Correction implies maintenance of correct position.", "PMID": 856526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11211", "title": "Failure of technetium bone scanning to detect pseudarthroses in spinal fusion for scoliosis.", "content": "A prospective study of 11 patients suggests that present techniques of technetium bone scanning do not assist in recognizing the presence of well-established pseudarthrosis in spinal fusions for scoliosis.", "contents": "Failure of technetium bone scanning to detect pseudarthroses in spinal fusion for scoliosis. A prospective study of 11 patients suggests that present techniques of technetium bone scanning do not assist in recognizing the presence of well-established pseudarthrosis in spinal fusions for scoliosis.", "PMID": 856519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11212", "title": "The anterior heel for metatarsalgia in the adult foot.", "content": "A conservative approach to foot problems is especially useful in patients with diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, diminished circulatory changes, and those who are too debilitated for surgical treatment. If one will start with either the medial heel wedge or the anterior heel correction, some response should be evident within 4 to 6 weeks. If the response after a trial period of approximately two to three months for a heel wedge or another two to three months for the anterior heel doesn't relieve pain, then perhaps some other problem might now become easier to localize, i.e. Morton's toe syndrome, hallux valgus, soft or hard corns, or hammertoe deformities. When the anterior heel is prescribed many foot problems other than metatarsalgia will stop being symptomatic and surgery treatment can be bypassed. A physician must know about the supply of shoes in the community and, if necessary, instigate a better inventory of available shoes. In addition, it is necessary to establish good rapport with the shoe repair man so that he will not intrude in your patient rapport or alter your directions. Patients also need advice about losing weight. Frequently a loss of 15 or 20 pounds will change a patient's complaint from one of extremely discomforting daily weight-bearing to a tolerance of a fair amount of walking and at least a reduction of the complaints to a more endurable and functional level. One can't expect the shoe correction to do everything for everyone. The anterior heel isn't the whole solution to the complicated problem but it helps to have patients begin to see results in more comfort in their shoe wear.", "contents": "The anterior heel for metatarsalgia in the adult foot. A conservative approach to foot problems is especially useful in patients with diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, diminished circulatory changes, and those who are too debilitated for surgical treatment. If one will start with either the medial heel wedge or the anterior heel correction, some response should be evident within 4 to 6 weeks. If the response after a trial period of approximately two to three months for a heel wedge or another two to three months for the anterior heel doesn't relieve pain, then perhaps some other problem might now become easier to localize, i.e. Morton's toe syndrome, hallux valgus, soft or hard corns, or hammertoe deformities. When the anterior heel is prescribed many foot problems other than metatarsalgia will stop being symptomatic and surgery treatment can be bypassed. A physician must know about the supply of shoes in the community and, if necessary, instigate a better inventory of available shoes. In addition, it is necessary to establish good rapport with the shoe repair man so that he will not intrude in your patient rapport or alter your directions. Patients also need advice about losing weight. Frequently a loss of 15 or 20 pounds will change a patient's complaint from one of extremely discomforting daily weight-bearing to a tolerance of a fair amount of walking and at least a reduction of the complaints to a more endurable and functional level. One can't expect the shoe correction to do everything for everyone. The anterior heel isn't the whole solution to the complicated problem but it helps to have patients begin to see results in more comfort in their shoe wear.", "PMID": 856520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11213", "title": "The twisted nose.", "content": "To the patient seeking correction of a twisted nose, it is as important to obtain a good shape as it is to achieve normal breathing. The functional problem must be solved regardless of the extent of the resection required. The plastic surgeon may choose among many techniques, some of which have been elucidated. Our preferred approach has been described in detail. We reiterate that experience has shown that a deviated septum which requires stabilization after surgery will recur to a greater or lesser degree at a later date. A twisted nose, to be permanently corrected, should maintain its corrected position without external support at the end of the operation.", "contents": "The twisted nose. To the patient seeking correction of a twisted nose, it is as important to obtain a good shape as it is to achieve normal breathing. The functional problem must be solved regardless of the extent of the resection required. The plastic surgeon may choose among many techniques, some of which have been elucidated. Our preferred approach has been described in detail. We reiterate that experience has shown that a deviated septum which requires stabilization after surgery will recur to a greater or lesser degree at a later date. A twisted nose, to be permanently corrected, should maintain its corrected position without external support at the end of the operation.", "PMID": 856527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11214", "title": "Suprascapular nerve entrapment. A report of two cases treated with suprascapular notch resection.", "content": "Suprascapular nerve entrapment occurs in the shoulder after a severe forward flexing injury (hyperprotraction) because of tethering of the nerve in the scapular notch. Unrelenting pain in this shoulder region is relieved by section of the transverse scapular ligament in most cases. Two patients, reported here, had temporary relief from simple transverse scapular ligament release and later lasting relief of pain from scapular notch resection. These observations suggest that primary wide notch resection may be the preferable procedure.", "contents": "Suprascapular nerve entrapment. A report of two cases treated with suprascapular notch resection. Suprascapular nerve entrapment occurs in the shoulder after a severe forward flexing injury (hyperprotraction) because of tethering of the nerve in the scapular notch. Unrelenting pain in this shoulder region is relieved by section of the transverse scapular ligament in most cases. Two patients, reported here, had temporary relief from simple transverse scapular ligament release and later lasting relief of pain from scapular notch resection. These observations suggest that primary wide notch resection may be the preferable procedure.", "PMID": 856522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11215", "title": "Practical applications of skin biomechanics.", "content": "The biomechanical properties of skin have an important influence on plastic surgical decisions. They aid the surgeon in planning elective incisions, excisions, or scar revisions. They provide insight into the most appropriate method of coverage of skin defects as well as the design of an artificial skin substitute. Skin biomechanics can, in part, be characterized in vivo by either a skin extensiometer or by studying the deformation of skin defects. These methods indicate the magnitude and directional orientation of skin tensions which are dependent partly on the mechanical characteristics of the dermal fibers and partly on the pattern in which they are woven. The tensions to which the skin are subjected can be classified as either static or dynamic in origin. Static skin tensions are the natural tensions existing in skin. The magnitude of static tensions varies between individuals, at different sites in the same person, and in different directions in many sites. The dynamic tensions are caused by a combination of forces which are associated with joint movement, mimetic and other voluntary muscle activity, and gravity. Knowledge of these tensions allows the surgeon to align the operative site in the direction of maximal tension and to approximate the wound with the least amount of tension. As a consequence of this, the scar healing between the cut edges of the wound should be narrow and inconspicuous.", "contents": "Practical applications of skin biomechanics. The biomechanical properties of skin have an important influence on plastic surgical decisions. They aid the surgeon in planning elective incisions, excisions, or scar revisions. They provide insight into the most appropriate method of coverage of skin defects as well as the design of an artificial skin substitute. Skin biomechanics can, in part, be characterized in vivo by either a skin extensiometer or by studying the deformation of skin defects. These methods indicate the magnitude and directional orientation of skin tensions which are dependent partly on the mechanical characteristics of the dermal fibers and partly on the pattern in which they are woven. The tensions to which the skin are subjected can be classified as either static or dynamic in origin. Static skin tensions are the natural tensions existing in skin. The magnitude of static tensions varies between individuals, at different sites in the same person, and in different directions in many sites. The dynamic tensions are caused by a combination of forces which are associated with joint movement, mimetic and other voluntary muscle activity, and gravity. Knowledge of these tensions allows the surgeon to align the operative site in the direction of maximal tension and to approximate the wound with the least amount of tension. As a consequence of this, the scar healing between the cut edges of the wound should be narrow and inconspicuous.", "PMID": 856528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11216", "title": "Development of cleavage line patterns in the human fetus.", "content": "The dermal fibroelastic connective tissue of the fetus is arranged in such a manner as to represent cleavage lines (lines of tension). Cleavage lines were observed as early as the 28 mm stage but in most cases they do not appear until the 50 mm stage. The various regions of the body present individual cleavage line patterns which undergo alterations as the fetus grows. The pattern alterations are influenced by (1) rate of proportional growth and (2) principal direction of growth of certain structures in the various regions. The cleavage line pattern of the newborn differs from that of the adult in certain regions.", "contents": "Development of cleavage line patterns in the human fetus. The dermal fibroelastic connective tissue of the fetus is arranged in such a manner as to represent cleavage lines (lines of tension). Cleavage lines were observed as early as the 28 mm stage but in most cases they do not appear until the 50 mm stage. The various regions of the body present individual cleavage line patterns which undergo alterations as the fetus grows. The pattern alterations are influenced by (1) rate of proportional growth and (2) principal direction of growth of certain structures in the various regions. The cleavage line pattern of the newborn differs from that of the adult in certain regions.", "PMID": 856529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11217", "title": "Etiology of acquired hammertoe deformity.", "content": "The most important feature of acquired hammertoe deformity is hyperextension of the proximal phalanx. The position of the proximal phalanx at the normal metatarsophalangeal joint is subject to the antagonistic action of the extensors and intrinsic flexors. The plantar joint capsule and the attached extensions of the plantar aponeurosis make an important contribution to the dynamic balance of this joint. The balance is distrubed in acquired hammertoe deformity because of age-related inefficiency of the plantar structures (the intrinsic flexors, the plantar joint capsule, and the plantar aponeurosis). This concept evolved from clinical obervations and measurements from roentgenograms of the feet of patients from different age groups. Hyperextension of the toes can be corrected by increasing tension on plantar  structures. Dorsiflexion of the lesser toes, as measured on lateral weightbearing roentgeograms, is significantly increased in older age groups as compared with younger ones (means of 33 degrees, 33 degrees, 39 degrees 37, degrees vs 23 degrees, 24 degrees, 25 degrees, 25 degrees). These observations suggest elongation of the plantar structures beyound physiological length. Higher-heeled shoes worn for many years may be responsible because they maintain dorsiflexion of the toes and stretching of the plantar structures even during the foot flat interval of the walking cycle. Hyperextension of the proximal phalanx may be the primary deformity. In this position, the long extensor loses its tendodesing effect and flexion deformity of the proximal interphalangeal joint results.", "contents": "Etiology of acquired hammertoe deformity. The most important feature of acquired hammertoe deformity is hyperextension of the proximal phalanx. The position of the proximal phalanx at the normal metatarsophalangeal joint is subject to the antagonistic action of the extensors and intrinsic flexors. The plantar joint capsule and the attached extensions of the plantar aponeurosis make an important contribution to the dynamic balance of this joint. The balance is distrubed in acquired hammertoe deformity because of age-related inefficiency of the plantar structures (the intrinsic flexors, the plantar joint capsule, and the plantar aponeurosis). This concept evolved from clinical obervations and measurements from roentgenograms of the feet of patients from different age groups. Hyperextension of the toes can be corrected by increasing tension on plantar  structures. Dorsiflexion of the lesser toes, as measured on lateral weightbearing roentgeograms, is significantly increased in older age groups as compared with younger ones (means of 33 degrees, 33 degrees, 39 degrees 37, degrees vs 23 degrees, 24 degrees, 25 degrees, 25 degrees). These observations suggest elongation of the plantar structures beyound physiological length. Higher-heeled shoes worn for many years may be responsible because they maintain dorsiflexion of the toes and stretching of the plantar structures even during the foot flat interval of the walking cycle. Hyperextension of the proximal phalanx may be the primary deformity. In this position, the long extensor loses its tendodesing effect and flexion deformity of the proximal interphalangeal joint results.", "PMID": 856521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11218", "title": "Dermabrasion on scars.", "content": "Dermabrasion utilizing wire brushes and Fluro-Ethyl refrigerant anesthesia is an effective way of ameliorating a variety of epidermal and dermal defects. Familiarization with proper equipment and technique is imperative. The overall incidence of troublesome complications is relatively low and is offset by the considerable value of the procedure. The patient is spared the hazards of general anesthesia and hospitalization.", "contents": "Dermabrasion on scars. Dermabrasion utilizing wire brushes and Fluro-Ethyl refrigerant anesthesia is an effective way of ameliorating a variety of epidermal and dermal defects. Familiarization with proper equipment and technique is imperative. The overall incidence of troublesome complications is relatively low and is offset by the considerable value of the procedure. The patient is spared the hazards of general anesthesia and hospitalization.", "PMID": 856530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11219", "title": "Hypertrophic scars and keloids.", "content": "By modifying the wound healing process, it is possible to deal effectively with most abnormal forms of scarring, through perhaps 15 per cent of these lesions cannot be managed to the satisfaction of surgeon and patient. A laboratory test to determine which patients will overrespond to the stimulus of wounding and a better understanding of why these patients have an inordinately high anabolic rate of collagen metabolism will help in the salvage of those patients who are yet unmanageable. The great majority of patients can be helped and with them the lesions are best managed prophylactically if possible and if not the established lesion is dealt with. In preventing such lesions at the time of surgery, in addition to the strict adherence to basic surgical principles, every effort should be taken to relieve the wound of tension; that is, the natural tension produced by the underlying skeleton and tension in the early period of wound healing when the wound is weak and vulnerable to spreading. The inflammatory phase of wound healing can be modified pharmacologically with anti-inflammatory agents, fibroblast reproduction can be suppressed with radiotherapy, and collagen bundles can be reoriented with pressure. One or all of these modalities are applicable to appropriate lesions. In the established hypertrophic scar or keloid, lesions of resonable size on the trunk can be treated with intralesional injections of triamcinolone only; lesions larger than 75 sq cm or facial lesions can be excised and closed or shaved and grafted, again with one or all of the above mentioned modalities being the control factor that modifies healing and prevents recurrence.", "contents": "Hypertrophic scars and keloids. By modifying the wound healing process, it is possible to deal effectively with most abnormal forms of scarring, through perhaps 15 per cent of these lesions cannot be managed to the satisfaction of surgeon and patient. A laboratory test to determine which patients will overrespond to the stimulus of wounding and a better understanding of why these patients have an inordinately high anabolic rate of collagen metabolism will help in the salvage of those patients who are yet unmanageable. The great majority of patients can be helped and with them the lesions are best managed prophylactically if possible and if not the established lesion is dealt with. In preventing such lesions at the time of surgery, in addition to the strict adherence to basic surgical principles, every effort should be taken to relieve the wound of tension; that is, the natural tension produced by the underlying skeleton and tension in the early period of wound healing when the wound is weak and vulnerable to spreading. The inflammatory phase of wound healing can be modified pharmacologically with anti-inflammatory agents, fibroblast reproduction can be suppressed with radiotherapy, and collagen bundles can be reoriented with pressure. One or all of these modalities are applicable to appropriate lesions. In the established hypertrophic scar or keloid, lesions of resonable size on the trunk can be treated with intralesional injections of triamcinolone only; lesions larger than 75 sq cm or facial lesions can be excised and closed or shaved and grafted, again with one or all of the above mentioned modalities being the control factor that modifies healing and prevents recurrence.", "PMID": 856531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11220", "title": "A comparison of the sensitivity and accuracy of the 99TCm-phosphate bone scan and skeletal radiograph in the diagnosis of bone metastases.", "content": "The accuracy and sensitivity of the 99Tcm-phosphate bone scan and conventional skeletal radiology have been compared in 372 patients with documented malignant disease and 75 control subjects. Results indicate that the bone scan is a more sensitive method for the detection of skeletal metastases. The incidence of false-positive results with the bone scan is acceptably low. A protocol for the investigation of patients with suspected malignant disease of bone is suggested.", "contents": "A comparison of the sensitivity and accuracy of the 99TCm-phosphate bone scan and skeletal radiograph in the diagnosis of bone metastases. The accuracy and sensitivity of the 99Tcm-phosphate bone scan and conventional skeletal radiology have been compared in 372 patients with documented malignant disease and 75 control subjects. Results indicate that the bone scan is a more sensitive method for the detection of skeletal metastases. The incidence of false-positive results with the bone scan is acceptably low. A protocol for the investigation of patients with suspected malignant disease of bone is suggested.", "PMID": 856532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11221", "title": "Cumulative radiation effect. Part VI: simple nomographic and tabular methods for the solution of practical problems.", "content": "In five previous papers, the concept of the Cumulative Radiation Effect (CRE) has been presented as a scale of accumulative sub-tolerance radiation damage. The biological effect generated in normal connective tissue by fractionated or continuous radiation therapy given in any temporal arrangement is described by the CRE on a unified scale of assessment, so that a unique value of the CRE describes a specific level of radiation effect. The basic methods of evaluating CREs were shown in these papers to facilitate a full understanding of the fundamental aspects of the CRE-system, but these methods can be time-consuming and tediuous for complex situations. In this paper, simple nomographic and tabular methods for the solution of practical problems are presented. An essential feature of solving a CRE problem is firstly to present it in a concise and readily appreciated form, and, to do this, nomenclature is introduced to describe schedules and regimes as compactly as possible. Simple algebraic equations are derived to describe the CRE achieved by multi-schedule regimes. In these equations, the equivalence conditions existing at the junctions between schedules are not explicit and the equations are based on the CREs of the constituent schedules assessed individually without reference to their context in the regime as a whole. This independent evaluations of CREs for each schedule results in a considerable simplification in the calculation of complex problems. The calculations are further simplified by the use of suitable tables and nomograms, so that the mathematics involved is reduced to simple arithmetical operations which require at the most the use of a slide rule but can be done by hand. The order of procedure in the presentation and calculation of CRE problems can be summarised in an evaluation procedure sheet. The resulting simple methods for solving practical problems of any complexity on the CRE-system are demonstrated by a number of examples.", "contents": "Cumulative radiation effect. Part VI: simple nomographic and tabular methods for the solution of practical problems. In five previous papers, the concept of the Cumulative Radiation Effect (CRE) has been presented as a scale of accumulative sub-tolerance radiation damage. The biological effect generated in normal connective tissue by fractionated or continuous radiation therapy given in any temporal arrangement is described by the CRE on a unified scale of assessment, so that a unique value of the CRE describes a specific level of radiation effect. The basic methods of evaluating CREs were shown in these papers to facilitate a full understanding of the fundamental aspects of the CRE-system, but these methods can be time-consuming and tediuous for complex situations. In this paper, simple nomographic and tabular methods for the solution of practical problems are presented. An essential feature of solving a CRE problem is firstly to present it in a concise and readily appreciated form, and, to do this, nomenclature is introduced to describe schedules and regimes as compactly as possible. Simple algebraic equations are derived to describe the CRE achieved by multi-schedule regimes. In these equations, the equivalence conditions existing at the junctions between schedules are not explicit and the equations are based on the CREs of the constituent schedules assessed individually without reference to their context in the regime as a whole. This independent evaluations of CREs for each schedule results in a considerable simplification in the calculation of complex problems. The calculations are further simplified by the use of suitable tables and nomograms, so that the mathematics involved is reduced to simple arithmetical operations which require at the most the use of a slide rule but can be done by hand. The order of procedure in the presentation and calculation of CRE problems can be summarised in an evaluation procedure sheet. The resulting simple methods for solving practical problems of any complexity on the CRE-system are demonstrated by a number of examples.", "PMID": 856533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11222", "title": "Cumulative radiation effect. Part VII: computer calculations and applications in clinical practice.", "content": "In five previous papers, the concept of the Cumulative Radiation Effect (CRE) has been presented as a scale of accumulative sub-tolerance radiation damage. The biological effect generated in normal connective tissue by fractionated or continuous radiation therapy given in any temporal arrangement is described by the CRE on a unified scale of assessment, so that a unique value of the CRE describes a specific level of radiation effect. The basic methods of evaluating CREs were shown in the papers to facilitate a full understanding of the fundamental aspects of the CRE-system, but these methods can be time-consuming and tedious for complex situations. In the previous papers in this series, one way of overcoming the difficulties in evaluating CRE problems was presented in simple nomographic and tabular methods for the solution of practical problems. An alternative way of overcoming the difficulties in the evaluation of CRE problems is to use computers and it is the purpose of this paper to outline computer calculations and applications in clinical practice in connection with the CRE-system. In a general appraisal of the applications of computers to the CRE-system, the various problems encountered in clinical radiotherapy are categorised into those involving the evaluation of a CRE at a point in tissue and those involving the calculation of CRE distributions. As a general guide, the computer techniques adopted at the Glasgow Institute of Radiotherapeutics for the solution of CRE problems are presented, and consist basically of a package of three interactive programs for point CRE calculations and a Fortan program which calculates CRE distributions for iso-effect treatment planning. Many examples are given to demonstrate the applications of these programs, and special emphasis has been laid on the problem of treating a point in tissue with different doses per fraction on alternate treatment days. The wide range of possible clinical applications of the CRE-system has been outlined and described under the categories of routine clinical applicatons, retrospective and prospective surveys of patient treatment, and experimental and theoretical research. Some of these applications such as the results of surveys and studies of time optimisation of treatment schedules could have far-reaching consequences and lead to significant improvements in treatment and cure rates with the minimum damage to normal tissue.", "contents": "Cumulative radiation effect. Part VII: computer calculations and applications in clinical practice. In five previous papers, the concept of the Cumulative Radiation Effect (CRE) has been presented as a scale of accumulative sub-tolerance radiation damage. The biological effect generated in normal connective tissue by fractionated or continuous radiation therapy given in any temporal arrangement is described by the CRE on a unified scale of assessment, so that a unique value of the CRE describes a specific level of radiation effect. The basic methods of evaluating CREs were shown in the papers to facilitate a full understanding of the fundamental aspects of the CRE-system, but these methods can be time-consuming and tedious for complex situations. In the previous papers in this series, one way of overcoming the difficulties in evaluating CRE problems was presented in simple nomographic and tabular methods for the solution of practical problems. An alternative way of overcoming the difficulties in the evaluation of CRE problems is to use computers and it is the purpose of this paper to outline computer calculations and applications in clinical practice in connection with the CRE-system. In a general appraisal of the applications of computers to the CRE-system, the various problems encountered in clinical radiotherapy are categorised into those involving the evaluation of a CRE at a point in tissue and those involving the calculation of CRE distributions. As a general guide, the computer techniques adopted at the Glasgow Institute of Radiotherapeutics for the solution of CRE problems are presented, and consist basically of a package of three interactive programs for point CRE calculations and a Fortan program which calculates CRE distributions for iso-effect treatment planning. Many examples are given to demonstrate the applications of these programs, and special emphasis has been laid on the problem of treating a point in tissue with different doses per fraction on alternate treatment days. The wide range of possible clinical applications of the CRE-system has been outlined and described under the categories of routine clinical applicatons, retrospective and prospective surveys of patient treatment, and experimental and theoretical research. Some of these applications such as the results of surveys and studies of time optimisation of treatment schedules could have far-reaching consequences and lead to significant improvements in treatment and cure rates with the minimum damage to normal tissue.", "PMID": 856534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11223", "title": "A modification of the use of extraskeletal immobilization for comminuted fractures of the distal radius.", "content": "The patients selected for this modification of the Roger Anderson device are few, because the method is intended for unstable fractures of the distal radius. Extensive disabling stiffening of the wrist and hand encountered following prolonged immobilization by rigid distraction methods can be avoided or greatly reduced by this simple modification of the method. This modification of the extraskeletal fixation should prove to be superior to rigid distraction when early decompression of the carpal tunnel is indicated.", "contents": "A modification of the use of extraskeletal immobilization for comminuted fractures of the distal radius. The patients selected for this modification of the Roger Anderson device are few, because the method is intended for unstable fractures of the distal radius. Extensive disabling stiffening of the wrist and hand encountered following prolonged immobilization by rigid distraction methods can be avoided or greatly reduced by this simple modification of the method. This modification of the extraskeletal fixation should prove to be superior to rigid distraction when early decompression of the carpal tunnel is indicated.", "PMID": 856523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11224", "title": "Control of parathyroid hormone hydrolysis by the kidney.", "content": "In order to assess the role of the kidney in controlling the degradation, fate, half-life, and consequently the functional level of the parathyroid hormone in vivo, highly purified bovine parathyroid hormone (bPTH 1-84) and synthetic N-terminal peptide of the bovine parathyroid hormone (bPTH 1-34) were iodinated and their hydrolysis by the kidney and liver tissue of rats were measured under various levels of parathyroid function and calcium metabolism. While the hydrolysis of bPTH 1-84 did not change significantly in response to acute change of serum parathyroid hormone in response to injections of EDTA, phosphate, and calcium or after parathyroidectomy, less bPTH 1-34 was hydrolyzed 60 min after injection of EDTA or phosphate along with the rise of serum PTH than in the controls. No significant change was found in the hydrolysis of bPTH 1-34 after calcium infusion or parathyroidectomy with a consequent fall of serum parathyroid hormone. Increase of calcium ions in the incubation medium in vitro resulted in a more pronounced increase of bPTH 1-34 hydrolysis than that of bPTH 1-84. Hydrolysis of the N-terminal portion of parathyroid hormone probably plays a more important role in the acute control of the functional level of the parathyroid hormone than the hydrolysis of the whole molecule.", "contents": "Control of parathyroid hormone hydrolysis by the kidney. In order to assess the role of the kidney in controlling the degradation, fate, half-life, and consequently the functional level of the parathyroid hormone in vivo, highly purified bovine parathyroid hormone (bPTH 1-84) and synthetic N-terminal peptide of the bovine parathyroid hormone (bPTH 1-34) were iodinated and their hydrolysis by the kidney and liver tissue of rats were measured under various levels of parathyroid function and calcium metabolism. While the hydrolysis of bPTH 1-84 did not change significantly in response to acute change of serum parathyroid hormone in response to injections of EDTA, phosphate, and calcium or after parathyroidectomy, less bPTH 1-34 was hydrolyzed 60 min after injection of EDTA or phosphate along with the rise of serum PTH than in the controls. No significant change was found in the hydrolysis of bPTH 1-34 after calcium infusion or parathyroidectomy with a consequent fall of serum parathyroid hormone. Increase of calcium ions in the incubation medium in vitro resulted in a more pronounced increase of bPTH 1-34 hydrolysis than that of bPTH 1-84. Hydrolysis of the N-terminal portion of parathyroid hormone probably plays a more important role in the acute control of the functional level of the parathyroid hormone than the hydrolysis of the whole molecule.", "PMID": 856535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11225", "title": "Alteration of sialoglycoprotein in the glomerular basement membrane of diabetic glomerulosclerosis.", "content": "The alteration of glycoprotein in the glomerular basement membrane in diabetic glomerulosclerosis was studied with preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis by Uniphor column. Normal glomerular basement membrane was fractionated into 32 glycoprotein fractions. Decrease in sialic acid residue of sialoprotein was the characteristic finding observed in diabetic glomerulosclerosis. A hypothesis which explains the alteration of sialoglycoprotein is proposed.", "contents": "Alteration of sialoglycoprotein in the glomerular basement membrane of diabetic glomerulosclerosis. The alteration of glycoprotein in the glomerular basement membrane in diabetic glomerulosclerosis was studied with preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis by Uniphor column. Normal glomerular basement membrane was fractionated into 32 glycoprotein fractions. Decrease in sialic acid residue of sialoprotein was the characteristic finding observed in diabetic glomerulosclerosis. A hypothesis which explains the alteration of sialoglycoprotein is proposed.", "PMID": 856536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11226", "title": "Prediction of the effect of corticosteroid on idiopathic nephrotic syndrome based on a discriminant function.", "content": "For the purpose of discriminating between cases of nephrotic syndrome with and without corticosteroid effect, a linear discriminant function was applied in attempt to predict the effect of corticosteroid by the use of a computer. The parameters used were 15-min values of the PSP test, urinary protein, serum cholesterol, renal biospy findings, the number of red cells in the urinary sediment and immunoglobulin clearance ratio. The rate of correct prediction using the function with immunoglobulin clearance ratio was 87.0 %.", "contents": "Prediction of the effect of corticosteroid on idiopathic nephrotic syndrome based on a discriminant function. For the purpose of discriminating between cases of nephrotic syndrome with and without corticosteroid effect, a linear discriminant function was applied in attempt to predict the effect of corticosteroid by the use of a computer. The parameters used were 15-min values of the PSP test, urinary protein, serum cholesterol, renal biospy findings, the number of red cells in the urinary sediment and immunoglobulin clearance ratio. The rate of correct prediction using the function with immunoglobulin clearance ratio was 87.0 %.", "PMID": 856537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11227", "title": "Cytochemical studies of acute tubular necrosis caused by simultaneous administration of dextran and kanamycin.", "content": "The increased nephrotoxicity of simultaneously administered kanamycin and low molecular weight dextran was studied in rats. The simultaneous administration of the two drugs showed an increase of nephrotoxicity, and caused pronounced vacuolation of the cytoplasm in the proximal tubular cells. The vacuoles were confirmed to be phagolysosomes by electron microscopic, histochemical and cell fractionation methods. The cell fractionation technique indicated that these phagolysosomes contained both kanamycin and dextran. The alteration of membrane was observed in the phagolysosomes, and these lysosomes of damaged renal tissue seemed to be more fragile than normal. The possible role played by lysosomes in the pathogenesis of acute tubular necrosis was discussed.", "contents": "Cytochemical studies of acute tubular necrosis caused by simultaneous administration of dextran and kanamycin. The increased nephrotoxicity of simultaneously administered kanamycin and low molecular weight dextran was studied in rats. The simultaneous administration of the two drugs showed an increase of nephrotoxicity, and caused pronounced vacuolation of the cytoplasm in the proximal tubular cells. The vacuoles were confirmed to be phagolysosomes by electron microscopic, histochemical and cell fractionation methods. The cell fractionation technique indicated that these phagolysosomes contained both kanamycin and dextran. The alteration of membrane was observed in the phagolysosomes, and these lysosomes of damaged renal tissue seemed to be more fragile than normal. The possible role played by lysosomes in the pathogenesis of acute tubular necrosis was discussed.", "PMID": 856538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11228", "title": "An approach to the diagnosis of overwhelming metabolic disease in early infancy.", "content": "Heritable metabolic disease is a significant cause of overwhelming illness in the very young infant. It appears that most patients with well recognized disorders are not being diagnosed, and it is our conviction that there are new, as yet unidentified, inborn errors of metabolism in this population of patients. We have attempted to develop a systematic approach to the seriously ill newborn as a candidate for an early diagnosis of metabolic disease. There are some clinical clues that suggest the presence of disordered metabolism. The laboratory can be useful in confirming initial clinical suspicions and in screening for the presence of abnormality. The complexity of laboratory evaluation increases as one proceeds to definitive diagnosis and modern organic analysis.", "contents": "An approach to the diagnosis of overwhelming metabolic disease in early infancy. Heritable metabolic disease is a significant cause of overwhelming illness in the very young infant. It appears that most patients with well recognized disorders are not being diagnosed, and it is our conviction that there are new, as yet unidentified, inborn errors of metabolism in this population of patients. We have attempted to develop a systematic approach to the seriously ill newborn as a candidate for an early diagnosis of metabolic disease. There are some clinical clues that suggest the presence of disordered metabolism. The laboratory can be useful in confirming initial clinical suspicions and in screening for the presence of abnormality. The complexity of laboratory evaluation increases as one proceeds to definitive diagnosis and modern organic analysis.", "PMID": 856539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11229", "title": "Contact urticaria due to polyethylene glycol.", "content": "Contact dermatitis developed in a patient from the use of Tinactin and Lotrimin solutions. Initially, the usual 'delayed' type of allergic contact dermatitis was suspected. However, covered patch tests gave negative results after forty-eight hours. 'Open' testing revealed an 'immediate' urticarial reaction to polyethylene glycol, which is used as a solvent in both antifungal agents. It should be emphasized that after a patient scratches or irritates an urticarial contact dermatitis, the resulting eruption closely resembles contact dermatitis of the usual delayed variety. Apparently, this is the first written report of such an 'immediate' reaction to polyethylene glycol. Although the modern, elegant antifungal agents with their complex vehicles are quite effective, one sometimes becomes nostalgic for the old-fashioned, inelegant but effective Whitfield's ointment (salicylic acid and benzoic acid) with its simple, nonsensitizing petrolatum base.", "contents": "Contact urticaria due to polyethylene glycol. Contact dermatitis developed in a patient from the use of Tinactin and Lotrimin solutions. Initially, the usual 'delayed' type of allergic contact dermatitis was suspected. However, covered patch tests gave negative results after forty-eight hours. 'Open' testing revealed an 'immediate' urticarial reaction to polyethylene glycol, which is used as a solvent in both antifungal agents. It should be emphasized that after a patient scratches or irritates an urticarial contact dermatitis, the resulting eruption closely resembles contact dermatitis of the usual delayed variety. Apparently, this is the first written report of such an 'immediate' reaction to polyethylene glycol. Although the modern, elegant antifungal agents with their complex vehicles are quite effective, one sometimes becomes nostalgic for the old-fashioned, inelegant but effective Whitfield's ointment (salicylic acid and benzoic acid) with its simple, nonsensitizing petrolatum base.", "PMID": 856540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11230", "title": "F-bodies as Y chromosome markers in mature human sperm heads: a quantitative approach.", "content": "It is generally accepted that at least some Y chromosomes in human mature sperm heads are represented in preparations by fluorescent F-bodies. From data consisting solely of F-body scorings and the visually estimated size of sperm heads from normal donors, a quantitative model is developed which permits simultaneous estimation of six parameters representing biological factors (the proportions of ploidy classes and of their sex-chromosome complements) and biassing factors (not all Y chromosomes represented by F-bodies, not all F-bodies representing Y chromosomes, and error in scoring ploidy from visual size). The analysis is statistically adequate and succeeds in predicting a variety of independently validated phenomena. The work may be regarded as a contribution to the integration of qualitative and quantitative evidence in the study of F-bodies. In all, 21,700 one-headed spermatozoa from 12 donors were scored. A mean of 54% spermatozoa lacking F-bodies was subject to a standard deviation between donors of 4.8, over and above binomial error. Analysis yielded the following estimates: 83.3% of diploid spermatozoa are XY, the remainder XX and YY in assumed equal number (this information assists analysis of the origin of embryonic triploidy); 2.4% of spermatozoa are diploid (this estimate does not compete in accuracy with direct estimates from DNA absorbance); only 83% of Y chromosomes are represented by F-bodies; 7% of haploid heads and 14% of diploids contain one or more \"adventitious bodies\" indistinguishable from true F-bodies. The visually scored head sizes \"Small\" and \"Medium\" correspond approximately with haploidy and diploidy; nearly all haploids are scored as Small, and 72% of the Medium are diploid. F-bodies are not thought at present to give a useful basis for estimating the presumably low incidence of sex-chromosome aneuploidy and nondisjunction. No such estimate has been attempted. The problem is overshadowed by not fully understood complicating factors of greater magnitude, which now appear to be a major subject of enquiry. Some implications and possible future developments are discussed.", "contents": "F-bodies as Y chromosome markers in mature human sperm heads: a quantitative approach. It is generally accepted that at least some Y chromosomes in human mature sperm heads are represented in preparations by fluorescent F-bodies. From data consisting solely of F-body scorings and the visually estimated size of sperm heads from normal donors, a quantitative model is developed which permits simultaneous estimation of six parameters representing biological factors (the proportions of ploidy classes and of their sex-chromosome complements) and biassing factors (not all Y chromosomes represented by F-bodies, not all F-bodies representing Y chromosomes, and error in scoring ploidy from visual size). The analysis is statistically adequate and succeeds in predicting a variety of independently validated phenomena. The work may be regarded as a contribution to the integration of qualitative and quantitative evidence in the study of F-bodies. In all, 21,700 one-headed spermatozoa from 12 donors were scored. A mean of 54% spermatozoa lacking F-bodies was subject to a standard deviation between donors of 4.8, over and above binomial error. Analysis yielded the following estimates: 83.3% of diploid spermatozoa are XY, the remainder XX and YY in assumed equal number (this information assists analysis of the origin of embryonic triploidy); 2.4% of spermatozoa are diploid (this estimate does not compete in accuracy with direct estimates from DNA absorbance); only 83% of Y chromosomes are represented by F-bodies; 7% of haploid heads and 14% of diploids contain one or more \"adventitious bodies\" indistinguishable from true F-bodies. The visually scored head sizes \"Small\" and \"Medium\" correspond approximately with haploidy and diploidy; nearly all haploids are scored as Small, and 72% of the Medium are diploid. F-bodies are not thought at present to give a useful basis for estimating the presumably low incidence of sex-chromosome aneuploidy and nondisjunction. No such estimate has been attempted. The problem is overshadowed by not fully understood complicating factors of greater magnitude, which now appear to be a major subject of enquiry. Some implications and possible future developments are discussed.", "PMID": 856541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11231", "title": "Transient hypoxemia in firemen following inhalation of smoke.", "content": "Mild to moderately severe hypoxemia was documented in 19 of 21 mostly asymptomatic firemen who were exposed to dense smoke containing polyvinylchloride and other pulmonary irritants. The hypoxemia was transient, with nearly complete reversibility within 24 hours. Subsequent tests for pulmonary function one month later demonstrated that this transient hypoxemia was not related to previous underlying pulmonary disease. The potential for serious complications of inhalation of smoke, particularly smoke from burning plastics, is heightened by the frequent lack of symptoms associated with the type of exposure, despite the development of hemoglobinemia. Precautionary measures should include uninterrupted use of an effective breathing apparatus by firemen exposed to smoke and to noxious fumes and temporary oxygen supplementation, even in asymptomatic firemen, following exposure to dense smoke.", "contents": "Transient hypoxemia in firemen following inhalation of smoke. Mild to moderately severe hypoxemia was documented in 19 of 21 mostly asymptomatic firemen who were exposed to dense smoke containing polyvinylchloride and other pulmonary irritants. The hypoxemia was transient, with nearly complete reversibility within 24 hours. Subsequent tests for pulmonary function one month later demonstrated that this transient hypoxemia was not related to previous underlying pulmonary disease. The potential for serious complications of inhalation of smoke, particularly smoke from burning plastics, is heightened by the frequent lack of symptoms associated with the type of exposure, despite the development of hemoglobinemia. Precautionary measures should include uninterrupted use of an effective breathing apparatus by firemen exposed to smoke and to noxious fumes and temporary oxygen supplementation, even in asymptomatic firemen, following exposure to dense smoke.", "PMID": 856542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11232", "title": "Prospective study of controlled oxygen therapy. Poor prognosis of patients with asynchronous breathing.", "content": "Thirty-two patients were evaluated within 24 hours of admission for 36 episodes of acute respiratory failure (arterial oxygen pressure less than or equal to 50 mm Hg). Clinical data, spirometric determinations, blood gas analysis, and synchronization of chest (rib cage) and abdominal (diaphragmatic) breathing movements were studied. All patients were initially treated with controlled oxygen therapy. In 25 episodes the patients recovered without intubation (successes). In nine episodes the patients required intubation and assisted ventilation; two of these patients died. Two patients died without intubation. The 25 successful episodes were compared with the 11 requiring intubation or associated with death (failures). The breathing pattern proved to be the best single factor for predicting success or failure (77 percent correct prediction). The breathing pattern plus the arterial carbon dioxide tension on admission was the best two-factor guide (86 percent correct prediction). Patients with asynchronous breathing  and severe hypercapnia are so unlikely to do well with a program of controlled oxygen therapy that preparations for intubation and assisted ventilation should be made on admission and such measures should be instituted at the first sign of deterioration.", "contents": "Prospective study of controlled oxygen therapy. Poor prognosis of patients with asynchronous breathing. Thirty-two patients were evaluated within 24 hours of admission for 36 episodes of acute respiratory failure (arterial oxygen pressure less than or equal to 50 mm Hg). Clinical data, spirometric determinations, blood gas analysis, and synchronization of chest (rib cage) and abdominal (diaphragmatic) breathing movements were studied. All patients were initially treated with controlled oxygen therapy. In 25 episodes the patients recovered without intubation (successes). In nine episodes the patients required intubation and assisted ventilation; two of these patients died. Two patients died without intubation. The 25 successful episodes were compared with the 11 requiring intubation or associated with death (failures). The breathing pattern proved to be the best single factor for predicting success or failure (77 percent correct prediction). The breathing pattern plus the arterial carbon dioxide tension on admission was the best two-factor guide (86 percent correct prediction). Patients with asynchronous breathing  and severe hypercapnia are so unlikely to do well with a program of controlled oxygen therapy that preparations for intubation and assisted ventilation should be made on admission and such measures should be instituted at the first sign of deterioration.", "PMID": 856543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11233", "title": "Reversibility of small airway obstruction after therapy with salbutamol. Studies in asymptomatic asthmatic patients after inhalation of pressurized aerosol.", "content": "A group of 18 asymptomatic asthmatic patients and a control group of five healthy individuals were examined in order to evaluate the effect of inhalation of 400 microng of salbutamol on the small airways. All patients were free of symptoms for at least three days before the investigation. On the day of investigation, total lung resistance, static lung compliance, and dynamic compliance at a respiratory frequency of 60 breaths per minute (Cdyn60) were measured. While no change in Cdyn60 occurred in the control group, a statistically significant decrease in Cdyn60 was found before inhalation of salbutamol in all 18 asthmatic patients  (P less than 0.005), indicating obstruction of small airways. After inhalation of 400microng of salbutamol, a significant increase in Cdyn60 occurred (P less than 0.005), starting five minutes after inhalation and lasting over one hour, indicating an almost complete abolishment of the frequency dependence of lung compliance in these patients. The present findings indicate that sulbutamol aerosol has a potent bronchodilator effect on the large, as well as the small, airways in the early stage of recovery following an acute asthmatic attack.", "contents": "Reversibility of small airway obstruction after therapy with salbutamol. Studies in asymptomatic asthmatic patients after inhalation of pressurized aerosol. A group of 18 asymptomatic asthmatic patients and a control group of five healthy individuals were examined in order to evaluate the effect of inhalation of 400 microng of salbutamol on the small airways. All patients were free of symptoms for at least three days before the investigation. On the day of investigation, total lung resistance, static lung compliance, and dynamic compliance at a respiratory frequency of 60 breaths per minute (Cdyn60) were measured. While no change in Cdyn60 occurred in the control group, a statistically significant decrease in Cdyn60 was found before inhalation of salbutamol in all 18 asthmatic patients  (P less than 0.005), indicating obstruction of small airways. After inhalation of 400microng of salbutamol, a significant increase in Cdyn60 occurred (P less than 0.005), starting five minutes after inhalation and lasting over one hour, indicating an almost complete abolishment of the frequency dependence of lung compliance in these patients. The present findings indicate that sulbutamol aerosol has a potent bronchodilator effect on the large, as well as the small, airways in the early stage of recovery following an acute asthmatic attack.", "PMID": 856544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11234", "title": "Systolic time intervals before and after maximal exercise treadmill testing for evaluation of chest pain.", "content": "The change in systolic time intervals from before exercise to three to four minutes following a maximal-exercise treadmill test was measured to eveluate chest pain in 110 fasting supine subjects. Forty-six (85 percent) of 54 patients with chest pain and with abnormal findings on coronary arteriograms were found to have at least a 10-msec prolongation in the left ventricular ejection time index (LVETI), whereas only two (8 percent) of 25 subjects without heart disease and 5 (16 percent) of 31 subjects with chest pain but with normal findings on coronary arteriograms had 10 msec or more of prolongation of the LVETI after exercise. The change in the other systolic time intervals (total electromechanical systole, preejection phase [PEP], and PEP/LVET) were less reliable in detecting the presence or absence of coronary disease. We conclude that determination of LVETI before and after maximal-exercise treadmill testing is a clinically useful noninvasive disgnostic test for obstructive coronary disease in patients with chest pain.", "contents": "Systolic time intervals before and after maximal exercise treadmill testing for evaluation of chest pain. The change in systolic time intervals from before exercise to three to four minutes following a maximal-exercise treadmill test was measured to eveluate chest pain in 110 fasting supine subjects. Forty-six (85 percent) of 54 patients with chest pain and with abnormal findings on coronary arteriograms were found to have at least a 10-msec prolongation in the left ventricular ejection time index (LVETI), whereas only two (8 percent) of 25 subjects without heart disease and 5 (16 percent) of 31 subjects with chest pain but with normal findings on coronary arteriograms had 10 msec or more of prolongation of the LVETI after exercise. The change in the other systolic time intervals (total electromechanical systole, preejection phase [PEP], and PEP/LVET) were less reliable in detecting the presence or absence of coronary disease. We conclude that determination of LVETI before and after maximal-exercise treadmill testing is a clinically useful noninvasive disgnostic test for obstructive coronary disease in patients with chest pain.", "PMID": 856545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11235", "title": "Evaluation of electrocardiogram in emergency room as a decision-making tool.", "content": "The contribution of the electrocardiogram to the clinical judgment used by the physician in the emergency room to determine the necessity for hospitalizing patients was evaluated. Thirty-five percent of all 1,578 patients with presumed myocardial infarction referred to the Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel, for a one-year period had subsequently diagnosed myocardial infarctions. The ECG in the emergency room detected only 65 percent of these. The physician's clinical judgment was impressive in his decision to admit to the hospital almost all of the remaining 35 percent, while not admitting very many of the patients who did not have subsequently diagnosed myocardial infarctions. When the myocardial infarction was not evident on the ECG and the abnormalities on the tracings were identical for patients with subsequent myocardial infarctions and those without, again the physician made the right choice more often than the wrong. The follow-up ECG also attested to the good judgment of the physician in the emergency room. Of the emergency room ECGs of patients without subsequent myocardial infarctions who were admitted to the hospital, 17 percent showed myocardial infarction by follow-up, while this happened to only 2 percent of those denied admission.", "contents": "Evaluation of electrocardiogram in emergency room as a decision-making tool. The contribution of the electrocardiogram to the clinical judgment used by the physician in the emergency room to determine the necessity for hospitalizing patients was evaluated. Thirty-five percent of all 1,578 patients with presumed myocardial infarction referred to the Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel, for a one-year period had subsequently diagnosed myocardial infarctions. The ECG in the emergency room detected only 65 percent of these. The physician's clinical judgment was impressive in his decision to admit to the hospital almost all of the remaining 35 percent, while not admitting very many of the patients who did not have subsequently diagnosed myocardial infarctions. When the myocardial infarction was not evident on the ECG and the abnormalities on the tracings were identical for patients with subsequent myocardial infarctions and those without, again the physician made the right choice more often than the wrong. The follow-up ECG also attested to the good judgment of the physician in the emergency room. Of the emergency room ECGs of patients without subsequent myocardial infarctions who were admitted to the hospital, 17 percent showed myocardial infarction by follow-up, while this happened to only 2 percent of those denied admission.", "PMID": 856546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11236", "title": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Clinicopathologic study.", "content": "This study was undertaken to investigate the diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic features of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. The overall five-year survival rate for 734 patients was 5 percent, with a median survival of 5.9 months. Surgical excision for early-stage disease was particularly effective therapy. In 151 of 201 patients having surgical excision, the resections were deemed curative. Other modes of therapy proved ineffective, although a combination of radiation and chemotherapy provided cure in one of 39 patients; that patient is alive today after 11 years and three months.", "contents": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Clinicopathologic study. This study was undertaken to investigate the diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic features of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. The overall five-year survival rate for 734 patients was 5 percent, with a median survival of 5.9 months. Surgical excision for early-stage disease was particularly effective therapy. In 151 of 201 patients having surgical excision, the resections were deemed curative. Other modes of therapy proved ineffective, although a combination of radiation and chemotherapy provided cure in one of 39 patients; that patient is alive today after 11 years and three months.", "PMID": 856547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11237", "title": "Better visualization of the asymmetric lesion in coronary arteriography utilizing cranial and caudal angulated projections.", "content": "For optimum accuracy, coronary arterial lesions should be visualized as perpendicularly and circumferentially as possible to the course of the affected segments. In the presence of left ventricular enlargement or a heart lying transversely within the chest, the proximal left coronary artery and its two major branches, as well as the distal right coronary artery, show foreshortening or overlap in the standard transverse oblique projections, leading to serious underestimation of the degree of disease present. If the lesions are also asymmetric, then the underestimation will be further enhanced unless the vessel is viewed with added transverse axial projections obtained when an image-intensifier system mounted with a C-arm or U-arm is used.", "contents": "Better visualization of the asymmetric lesion in coronary arteriography utilizing cranial and caudal angulated projections. For optimum accuracy, coronary arterial lesions should be visualized as perpendicularly and circumferentially as possible to the course of the affected segments. In the presence of left ventricular enlargement or a heart lying transversely within the chest, the proximal left coronary artery and its two major branches, as well as the distal right coronary artery, show foreshortening or overlap in the standard transverse oblique projections, leading to serious underestimation of the degree of disease present. If the lesions are also asymmetric, then the underestimation will be further enhanced unless the vessel is viewed with added transverse axial projections obtained when an image-intensifier system mounted with a C-arm or U-arm is used.", "PMID": 856548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11238", "title": "Disseminated coccidioidomycosis with pericarditis. Successful treatment with amphotericin B.", "content": "Pericarditis with effusion can occur as a complication of disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Information on management of this condition is very scanty in the medical literature. One case is described in detail. Early diagnosis and appropriate therapy with amphotericin B have been emphasized as keys to success in treating this condition.", "contents": "Disseminated coccidioidomycosis with pericarditis. Successful treatment with amphotericin B. Pericarditis with effusion can occur as a complication of disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Information on management of this condition is very scanty in the medical literature. One case is described in detail. Early diagnosis and appropriate therapy with amphotericin B have been emphasized as keys to success in treating this condition.", "PMID": 856549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11239", "title": "Tricuspid atresia. A review of 68 cases.", "content": "Sixty-eight patients with tricuspid atresia were seen at Indiana University during the past 30 years. Long term survivors treated without operation emerged from our review. In these, there was a combination of tricuspid atresia and transposition of the great vessels.", "contents": "Tricuspid atresia. A review of 68 cases. Sixty-eight patients with tricuspid atresia were seen at Indiana University during the past 30 years. Long term survivors treated without operation emerged from our review. In these, there was a combination of tricuspid atresia and transposition of the great vessels.", "PMID": 856550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11240", "title": "Coincidence of sarcoidosis and amyloidosis.", "content": "Amyloidosis was diagnosed in a patient with sarcoidosis. There was no evidence of any other disease known to be associated with amyloidosis. The joint occurrence of amyloidosis and sarcoidosis appears to be extremely rare, and to our knowledge, this is the second such patient to be reported. Whether the association of the two diseases in this patient represents a causal relationship remains an open question.", "contents": "Coincidence of sarcoidosis and amyloidosis. Amyloidosis was diagnosed in a patient with sarcoidosis. There was no evidence of any other disease known to be associated with amyloidosis. The joint occurrence of amyloidosis and sarcoidosis appears to be extremely rare, and to our knowledge, this is the second such patient to be reported. Whether the association of the two diseases in this patient represents a causal relationship remains an open question.", "PMID": 856551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11241", "title": "Massive hemopericardium in a patient with postmyocardial infarction syndrome.", "content": "A 44-year-old man sustained a transmural inferolateral myocardial infarction and began to show signs of postmyocardial infarction syndrome (Dressler's syndrome) one week after infarction. Anticoagulant therapy had been initiated for suspected pulmonary thromboembolism. Administration of steroids did not improve the patient's clinical condition or the results of laboratory investigations. A massive pericardial effusion was diagnosed clinically, and this diagnosis was confirmed by a pericardial scan using 99m technetium. Subsequently, 1,800 ml of bloody fluid was removed from the pericardial cavity, and following the pericardiocentesis, the patient became asymptomtic. This case reemphasizes the hazards of anticoagulant therapy in patients with the postmyocardial infarction syndrome.", "contents": "Massive hemopericardium in a patient with postmyocardial infarction syndrome. A 44-year-old man sustained a transmural inferolateral myocardial infarction and began to show signs of postmyocardial infarction syndrome (Dressler's syndrome) one week after infarction. Anticoagulant therapy had been initiated for suspected pulmonary thromboembolism. Administration of steroids did not improve the patient's clinical condition or the results of laboratory investigations. A massive pericardial effusion was diagnosed clinically, and this diagnosis was confirmed by a pericardial scan using 99m technetium. Subsequently, 1,800 ml of bloody fluid was removed from the pericardial cavity, and following the pericardiocentesis, the patient became asymptomtic. This case reemphasizes the hazards of anticoagulant therapy in patients with the postmyocardial infarction syndrome.", "PMID": 856552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11242", "title": "Exit block of artificial pacemaker induced by carotid sinus massage.", "content": "Failure of the pacemaker is a common complication of pacemaker therapy. Identification of the disorder responsible for the failure to pace is often difficult. An increase in myocardial threshold can result in nonconduction of the artificial impulse, particularly near the end of the life of the battery, when the output of current has started to decline. This report demonstrates such an increase in myocardial resistance which was apparent only upon massage of the carotid sinus.", "contents": "Exit block of artificial pacemaker induced by carotid sinus massage. Failure of the pacemaker is a common complication of pacemaker therapy. Identification of the disorder responsible for the failure to pace is often difficult. An increase in myocardial threshold can result in nonconduction of the artificial impulse, particularly near the end of the life of the battery, when the output of current has started to decline. This report demonstrates such an increase in myocardial resistance which was apparent only upon massage of the carotid sinus.", "PMID": 856553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11243", "title": "Early detection of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease using radionuclide lung-imaging procedures.", "content": "One hundred subjects answered a respiratory questionnaire and underwent a physical examination, tests of pulmonary function, and three radionuclide lung-imaging procedures. The results of the radionuclide procedures were compared with each other and with pulmonary function tests and other diagnostic findings to determine their relative sensitivity for detecting evidence of early obstructive airway disease. Perfusion lung imaging was less sensitive than most of the other diagnostic tests evaluated. The aerosol and xenon lung-imaging procedures revealed abnormalities with approximately the same frequency as each other, but more often than any one group of pulmonary function tests, including spirometric data, maximal expiratory flow-volume curves, alveolararterial oxygen gradient, or indices derived from single-breath nitrogen washout. We concluded that xenon and aerosol lung-imaging studies are sensitive and useful screening procedures for detecting evidence of early localized obstructive airway disease and for locating regional abnormalities in the airways of patients with respiratory disease.", "contents": "Early detection of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease using radionuclide lung-imaging procedures. One hundred subjects answered a respiratory questionnaire and underwent a physical examination, tests of pulmonary function, and three radionuclide lung-imaging procedures. The results of the radionuclide procedures were compared with each other and with pulmonary function tests and other diagnostic findings to determine their relative sensitivity for detecting evidence of early obstructive airway disease. Perfusion lung imaging was less sensitive than most of the other diagnostic tests evaluated. The aerosol and xenon lung-imaging procedures revealed abnormalities with approximately the same frequency as each other, but more often than any one group of pulmonary function tests, including spirometric data, maximal expiratory flow-volume curves, alveolararterial oxygen gradient, or indices derived from single-breath nitrogen washout. We concluded that xenon and aerosol lung-imaging studies are sensitive and useful screening procedures for detecting evidence of early localized obstructive airway disease and for locating regional abnormalities in the airways of patients with respiratory disease.", "PMID": 856554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11244", "title": "High reversion of atrial flutter to sinus rhythm after atrial pacing in patients with pulmonary disease.", "content": "The effect of atrial pacing on atrial flutter was evaluated in 36 consecutive episodes in 33 patients. Seventeen episodes occurred in a pulmonary setting, 14 of these in patients with chronic pulmonary disease. Twenty-four (67 percent) of the 36 episodes converted to sinus rhythm within one minute after atrial pacing. In nine (25 percent) of the 36 episodes, atrial fibrillation developed after atrial pacing. Atrial flutter was not affected by atrial pacing in three (8 percent) of the 36 episodes.n 12 (86 percent) of the 14 patients with chronic pulmonary disease and in 14 (82 percent) of the 17 patients in whom a pulmonary setting was responsible for atrial flutter, atrial pacing caused conversion to sinus rhythm. Atrial pacing may be the treatment of choice for atrial flutter in patients with pulmonary disease because of its excellent rate of success in this subgroup whose risk of cardioversion is increased by poor anesthetic tolerance and hypoxia.", "contents": "High reversion of atrial flutter to sinus rhythm after atrial pacing in patients with pulmonary disease. The effect of atrial pacing on atrial flutter was evaluated in 36 consecutive episodes in 33 patients. Seventeen episodes occurred in a pulmonary setting, 14 of these in patients with chronic pulmonary disease. Twenty-four (67 percent) of the 36 episodes converted to sinus rhythm within one minute after atrial pacing. In nine (25 percent) of the 36 episodes, atrial fibrillation developed after atrial pacing. Atrial flutter was not affected by atrial pacing in three (8 percent) of the 36 episodes.n 12 (86 percent) of the 14 patients with chronic pulmonary disease and in 14 (82 percent) of the 17 patients in whom a pulmonary setting was responsible for atrial flutter, atrial pacing caused conversion to sinus rhythm. Atrial pacing may be the treatment of choice for atrial flutter in patients with pulmonary disease because of its excellent rate of success in this subgroup whose risk of cardioversion is increased by poor anesthetic tolerance and hypoxia.", "PMID": 856555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11245", "title": "Methemoglobinemia induced by a topical anesthetic spray (cetacaine).", "content": "In two seriously ill patients, cyanosis developed shortly after a topical anesthetic spray (Cetacaine) was used. In both cases the presence of methemoglobinemia was suggested by a discrepancy between the arterial oxygen tension and the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin, as measured spectrophotometrically. The characteristic responses of the spectrophotometric oximeter to blood containing different concentrations of methemoglobin are described. Physicians administering this topical anesthetic spray (Cetacaine) should be aware of the possible development of methemoglobinemia.", "contents": "Methemoglobinemia induced by a topical anesthetic spray (cetacaine). In two seriously ill patients, cyanosis developed shortly after a topical anesthetic spray (Cetacaine) was used. In both cases the presence of methemoglobinemia was suggested by a discrepancy between the arterial oxygen tension and the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin, as measured spectrophotometrically. The characteristic responses of the spectrophotometric oximeter to blood containing different concentrations of methemoglobin are described. Physicians administering this topical anesthetic spray (Cetacaine) should be aware of the possible development of methemoglobinemia.", "PMID": 856556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11246", "title": "Beta-adrenergic blockade as adjunctive oral therapy in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation.", "content": "In many patients with chronic atrial fibrillation, it is difficult to prevent an excessive ventricular rate under stress, even with high levels of digoxin in the blood. The effect of adding beta-adrenergic blockade with practolol to digoxin on the heart rate at rest and during low-grade controlled exercise was investigated in 28 patients with chronic atrial fibrillation and in ten normal control subjects who were receiving maintenance dosages (0.25 to 0.75 mg) of digoxin. In atrial fibrillation, therapy with practolol decreased the mean heart rate at rest from 99.8 beats per minute to 77.5 beats per minute (23 percent reduction; P less than 0.01) and during mild exercise from 148.9 beats per minute to 105.4 beats per minute (29 percent) reduction (P less than 0.001). Fifteen patients had clinically significant heart failure; therapy with practolol did not worsen it. Reversible side effects were detected in two patients. When therapy with digoxin is not sufficient to control atrial fibrillation, the addition of a beta-adrenergic blocking agent is recommended as adjunctive treatment in selected patients.", "contents": "Beta-adrenergic blockade as adjunctive oral therapy in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. In many patients with chronic atrial fibrillation, it is difficult to prevent an excessive ventricular rate under stress, even with high levels of digoxin in the blood. The effect of adding beta-adrenergic blockade with practolol to digoxin on the heart rate at rest and during low-grade controlled exercise was investigated in 28 patients with chronic atrial fibrillation and in ten normal control subjects who were receiving maintenance dosages (0.25 to 0.75 mg) of digoxin. In atrial fibrillation, therapy with practolol decreased the mean heart rate at rest from 99.8 beats per minute to 77.5 beats per minute (23 percent reduction; P less than 0.01) and during mild exercise from 148.9 beats per minute to 105.4 beats per minute (29 percent) reduction (P less than 0.001). Fifteen patients had clinically significant heart failure; therapy with practolol did not worsen it. Reversible side effects were detected in two patients. When therapy with digoxin is not sufficient to control atrial fibrillation, the addition of a beta-adrenergic blocking agent is recommended as adjunctive treatment in selected patients.", "PMID": 856557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11247", "title": "The antiarrhythmic efficacy of intravenous therapy with disopyramide phosphate.", "content": "Disopyramide phosphate was administered intravenously to 57 patients with 60 episodes of arrhythmia (21 supraventricular and 39 ventricular) as a 2 mg/kg bolus. Conversion to sinus rhythm was achieved in three (38 percent) of eight patients with atrial flutter, two (20 percent) of ten patients with atrial fibrillation, one (33 percent) of three patients with paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, and two (50 percent) of four patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia. In nine (75 percent) of 12 patients with nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, suppression of the arrhythmia was accomplished following the intravenous bolus of disopyramide. In 18 (78 percent) of 23 patients with frequent ventricular premature contractions, greater than 50 percent suppression of the ventricular premature contractions was achieved. These effects were satisfactorily maintained in six (86 percent) of seven patients with nonsustained ventricular tachycardia and in 14 (88 percent) of 16 patients with frequent ventricular premature contractions in whom therapy with disopyramide phosphate was continued as a 20 mg/hour intravenous drip infusion for up to 24 hours. Side effects were observed in only eight patients (14 percent) and were primarily anticholinergic in nature. Transient hypotension, not necessitating treatment with pressor agents, was observed in three patients (5 percent), in two of whom discontinuance of therapy with disopyramide was deemed necessary. Intravenous therapy with disopyramide in the dosage regimen employed appears to be moderately effective against supraventricular arrhythmia and particularly effective against ventricular arrhythmia with minimal toxicity. It appears to be a suitable alternative to intravenous therapy with lidocaine and has the additional advantage of availability for oral administration.", "contents": "The antiarrhythmic efficacy of intravenous therapy with disopyramide phosphate. Disopyramide phosphate was administered intravenously to 57 patients with 60 episodes of arrhythmia (21 supraventricular and 39 ventricular) as a 2 mg/kg bolus. Conversion to sinus rhythm was achieved in three (38 percent) of eight patients with atrial flutter, two (20 percent) of ten patients with atrial fibrillation, one (33 percent) of three patients with paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, and two (50 percent) of four patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia. In nine (75 percent) of 12 patients with nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, suppression of the arrhythmia was accomplished following the intravenous bolus of disopyramide. In 18 (78 percent) of 23 patients with frequent ventricular premature contractions, greater than 50 percent suppression of the ventricular premature contractions was achieved. These effects were satisfactorily maintained in six (86 percent) of seven patients with nonsustained ventricular tachycardia and in 14 (88 percent) of 16 patients with frequent ventricular premature contractions in whom therapy with disopyramide phosphate was continued as a 20 mg/hour intravenous drip infusion for up to 24 hours. Side effects were observed in only eight patients (14 percent) and were primarily anticholinergic in nature. Transient hypotension, not necessitating treatment with pressor agents, was observed in three patients (5 percent), in two of whom discontinuance of therapy with disopyramide was deemed necessary. Intravenous therapy with disopyramide in the dosage regimen employed appears to be moderately effective against supraventricular arrhythmia and particularly effective against ventricular arrhythmia with minimal toxicity. It appears to be a suitable alternative to intravenous therapy with lidocaine and has the additional advantage of availability for oral administration.", "PMID": 856558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11248", "title": "Second-degree atrioventricular block in the His-Purkinje system following acute myocardial infarction. Clinical observations on its evolution.", "content": "The evolution of second-degree atrioventricular block in the His-Purkinje system was studied in four patients with acute myocardial infarction, utilizing continuous electrocardiographic monitoring and serial His bundle recordings. Three patients had anterior wall infarction; all developed acute right bundle-branch block and two also showed a left anterior hemiblock one to four hours prior to onset of second-degree atrioventricular block. The fourth patient had an old anteroseptal infarction and chronic right bundle-branch block and left anterior hemiblock; he developed second-degree atrioventricular block following an acute lateroposterior infarction. His bundle electrograms were obtained during the insertion of a temporary ventricular pacemaker within the first 24 hours of onset of chest pain. A second His bundle electrogram was obtained during removal of the temporary paceemaker 7 to 14 days after the first recording. In all cases the block was localized in the His-Purkinje system. In three patients the first His bundle recording showed second-degree atrioventricular block with minimal increment of delay in conduction (3 to 10 msec) prior to the blocked beat (equivalent of Mobitz type 2 block). The second His bundle electrogram showed the development of significant increment of delay in conduction (35 to 210 msec) prior to block (equivalent of Wenckebach conduction). The fourth patient illustrated the reverse order of the observations seen in the other three. Three patients showed resumption of 1:1 atrioventricular conduction; however, when one patient was challenged with rapid atrial pacing, he developed repetitive block in the His-Purkinje system.", "contents": "Second-degree atrioventricular block in the His-Purkinje system following acute myocardial infarction. Clinical observations on its evolution. The evolution of second-degree atrioventricular block in the His-Purkinje system was studied in four patients with acute myocardial infarction, utilizing continuous electrocardiographic monitoring and serial His bundle recordings. Three patients had anterior wall infarction; all developed acute right bundle-branch block and two also showed a left anterior hemiblock one to four hours prior to onset of second-degree atrioventricular block. The fourth patient had an old anteroseptal infarction and chronic right bundle-branch block and left anterior hemiblock; he developed second-degree atrioventricular block following an acute lateroposterior infarction. His bundle electrograms were obtained during the insertion of a temporary ventricular pacemaker within the first 24 hours of onset of chest pain. A second His bundle electrogram was obtained during removal of the temporary paceemaker 7 to 14 days after the first recording. In all cases the block was localized in the His-Purkinje system. In three patients the first His bundle recording showed second-degree atrioventricular block with minimal increment of delay in conduction (3 to 10 msec) prior to the blocked beat (equivalent of Mobitz type 2 block). The second His bundle electrogram showed the development of significant increment of delay in conduction (35 to 210 msec) prior to block (equivalent of Wenckebach conduction). The fourth patient illustrated the reverse order of the observations seen in the other three. Three patients showed resumption of 1:1 atrioventricular conduction; however, when one patient was challenged with rapid atrial pacing, he developed repetitive block in the His-Purkinje system.", "PMID": 856559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11249", "title": "The induction of ventricular arrhythmias in acute myocardial ischemia by atrial pacing with long-short cycle sequences.", "content": "Recent studies emphasize the importance of heart rate in the genesis of ventricular arrhythmias during myocardial ischemia. The role of alterations in rhythm has not previously been systematically investigated. In 20 dogs subjected to acute myocardial ischemia and crushing of the sinus node, standard electrocardiographic leads were recorded, as well as His bundle and epicardial electrograms from the normal and ischemic areas. Abrupt pauses in regular atrial pacing did not cause arrhythmias prior to the onset of ischemia; however, during ischemia, atrial pacing with intermittent abrupt pauses resulted in the induction of ventricular arrhythmias beginning after the second conducted beat following each pause (ventricular premature beats, 20/20; ventricular tachycardia, 19/20; and ventricular fibrillation, 8/20). Onset of the arrhythmia was associated with increased delay in activation of ischemic epicardium and fractionation of the electrogram potential of the second conducted impulse. Typical Gouaux-Ashman phenomenon was an incidental observation. Unlike the Gouaux-Ashman phenomenon, which is restricted to the His-Purkinje system, the phenomenon we observed orginated within ischemic myocardium. In vitro studies indicate that the underlying mechanism may be related to postrepolarization refractoriness induced by ischemia.", "contents": "The induction of ventricular arrhythmias in acute myocardial ischemia by atrial pacing with long-short cycle sequences. Recent studies emphasize the importance of heart rate in the genesis of ventricular arrhythmias during myocardial ischemia. The role of alterations in rhythm has not previously been systematically investigated. In 20 dogs subjected to acute myocardial ischemia and crushing of the sinus node, standard electrocardiographic leads were recorded, as well as His bundle and epicardial electrograms from the normal and ischemic areas. Abrupt pauses in regular atrial pacing did not cause arrhythmias prior to the onset of ischemia; however, during ischemia, atrial pacing with intermittent abrupt pauses resulted in the induction of ventricular arrhythmias beginning after the second conducted beat following each pause (ventricular premature beats, 20/20; ventricular tachycardia, 19/20; and ventricular fibrillation, 8/20). Onset of the arrhythmia was associated with increased delay in activation of ischemic epicardium and fractionation of the electrogram potential of the second conducted impulse. Typical Gouaux-Ashman phenomenon was an incidental observation. Unlike the Gouaux-Ashman phenomenon, which is restricted to the His-Purkinje system, the phenomenon we observed orginated within ischemic myocardium. In vitro studies indicate that the underlying mechanism may be related to postrepolarization refractoriness induced by ischemia.", "PMID": 856560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11250", "title": "Positive radionuclide myocardial infarction pattern after ventricular fibrillation and direct current countershock.", "content": "A patient is presented in whom direct current counter-shock was applied for primary ventricular fibrillation. He recovered uneventfully and no evidence was found of a myocardial infarction; however, a positive 99m technetium stannous diphosphate scan obtained four days after the defibrillation showed positive findings. This positive scintigram was most probably due to myocardial or skeletal muscular damage consequent to counter-schock, but myocardial necrosis induced by ventricular fibrillation may be another cause. This case demonstrates again that a transmural or subendocardial infarction is not the only circumstance under which an abnormal scintigram can be obtained.", "contents": "Positive radionuclide myocardial infarction pattern after ventricular fibrillation and direct current countershock. A patient is presented in whom direct current counter-shock was applied for primary ventricular fibrillation. He recovered uneventfully and no evidence was found of a myocardial infarction; however, a positive 99m technetium stannous diphosphate scan obtained four days after the defibrillation showed positive findings. This positive scintigram was most probably due to myocardial or skeletal muscular damage consequent to counter-schock, but myocardial necrosis induced by ventricular fibrillation may be another cause. This case demonstrates again that a transmural or subendocardial infarction is not the only circumstance under which an abnormal scintigram can be obtained.", "PMID": 856561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11251", "title": "Value of perfusion lung scans in selection of patients for vena cava interruption.", "content": "Sixty-seven patients with pulmonary embolic disease (diagnosed clinically and with perfusion lung scans) were studied. In 48 of them, the scans were interpreted as positive for pulmonary emboli and in 19, as questionable. All 67 patients underwent pulmonary arteriography. The pulmonary arteriogram showed no evidence of pulmonary embolus in 11 of the 48 patients with positive findings on lung scan and no evidence in 12 of the 19 patients with questionable lung scan. Because of the high false-positive rate of the perfusion lung scan, we strongly recommend angiographic confirmation of pulmonary embolism when interruption of inferior vena cava is contemplated for the prevention of recurrence of pulmonary embolism.", "contents": "Value of perfusion lung scans in selection of patients for vena cava interruption. Sixty-seven patients with pulmonary embolic disease (diagnosed clinically and with perfusion lung scans) were studied. In 48 of them, the scans were interpreted as positive for pulmonary emboli and in 19, as questionable. All 67 patients underwent pulmonary arteriography. The pulmonary arteriogram showed no evidence of pulmonary embolus in 11 of the 48 patients with positive findings on lung scan and no evidence in 12 of the 19 patients with questionable lung scan. Because of the high false-positive rate of the perfusion lung scan, we strongly recommend angiographic confirmation of pulmonary embolism when interruption of inferior vena cava is contemplated for the prevention of recurrence of pulmonary embolism.", "PMID": 856562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11252", "title": "Psychiatric hospitalization. II. Effect of social class and delivery systems.", "content": "The effects of social class and delivery system on admission and behavioral variables, diagnosis, treatment, and length of hospitalization were studied by comparing patients admitted over a one-year period to the psychiatric services of a public and a private general hospital, staffed by the same Department of Psychiatry. Patients were of similar age and sex and were matched by social class. Crisis-precipitated admissions and affective-disorder diagnoses varied with social class irrespective of treatment facility. Patients diagnosed as schizophrenic were more common in the upper classes at the private facility and the lower classes at the public facility. Somatic treatments and length of hospitalization also varied according to social class as well as delivery system. The results of this study imply that economic differences between public and private delivery systems operate to select patients for admission and affect expeditiousness of treatment, perhaps to the detriment of patients in both systems.", "contents": "Psychiatric hospitalization. II. Effect of social class and delivery systems. The effects of social class and delivery system on admission and behavioral variables, diagnosis, treatment, and length of hospitalization were studied by comparing patients admitted over a one-year period to the psychiatric services of a public and a private general hospital, staffed by the same Department of Psychiatry. Patients were of similar age and sex and were matched by social class. Crisis-precipitated admissions and affective-disorder diagnoses varied with social class irrespective of treatment facility. Patients diagnosed as schizophrenic were more common in the upper classes at the private facility and the lower classes at the public facility. Somatic treatments and length of hospitalization also varied according to social class as well as delivery system. The results of this study imply that economic differences between public and private delivery systems operate to select patients for admission and affect expeditiousness of treatment, perhaps to the detriment of patients in both systems.", "PMID": 856563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11253", "title": "Carotid-vertebral artery blood transit time in health and in neurological patients: a preliminary study by a non-invasive impedance method.", "content": "Thirty-one healthy subjects and nineteen neurological patients covering a range of chronic neurological and neurovascular syndromes were examined by an electrical impedance method. Two estimates of carotid-vertebral artery transit times were measured: one time taken between the Q wave of the EKG to the commencement of the next succeeding impedance pulse-volume wave (CT1), and the other, this estimate together with the time to maximum point of the impedance wave (CT2). Results indicated prolonged circulation times for the patients as compared with the controls without relevance to age in the case of CT1, although transit times did increase with age for CT2. It is suggested that this impedance technique may be valuable in the initial screening of transient cerebral ischaemia.", "contents": "Carotid-vertebral artery blood transit time in health and in neurological patients: a preliminary study by a non-invasive impedance method. Thirty-one healthy subjects and nineteen neurological patients covering a range of chronic neurological and neurovascular syndromes were examined by an electrical impedance method. Two estimates of carotid-vertebral artery transit times were measured: one time taken between the Q wave of the EKG to the commencement of the next succeeding impedance pulse-volume wave (CT1), and the other, this estimate together with the time to maximum point of the impedance wave (CT2). Results indicated prolonged circulation times for the patients as compared with the controls without relevance to age in the case of CT1, although transit times did increase with age for CT2. It is suggested that this impedance technique may be valuable in the initial screening of transient cerebral ischaemia.", "PMID": 856564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11254", "title": "Hallucinations as a conversion reaction.", "content": "This clinical report describes a patient who experienced complex visual and auditory hallucinations as a conversion reaction. The evidence suggests that hallucinations as a conversion reaction are qualitatively different from other types of hallucinations.", "contents": "Hallucinations as a conversion reaction. This clinical report describes a patient who experienced complex visual and auditory hallucinations as a conversion reaction. The evidence suggests that hallucinations as a conversion reaction are qualitatively different from other types of hallucinations.", "PMID": 856565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11255", "title": "[Human lymphocytes examined by freeze-fracture technique (author's transl)].", "content": "Preliminary results of visualising lymphocytes by freeze-fracture are presented. It is a simple yet informative method. Because of the rapid cell manipulation without fixation (freezing of the cells with a temperature gradient of 1000 degrees C/s artefacts are highly unlikely, The method makes it possible to view the interior of the cell.", "contents": "[Human lymphocytes examined by freeze-fracture technique (author's transl)]. Preliminary results of visualising lymphocytes by freeze-fracture are presented. It is a simple yet informative method. Because of the rapid cell manipulation without fixation (freezing of the cells with a temperature gradient of 1000 degrees C/s artefacts are highly unlikely, The method makes it possible to view the interior of the cell.", "PMID": 856566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11256", "title": "[Treatment of intrahepatic cholesterol stones by chenodeoxycholic acid (author's transl)].", "content": "Intrahepatic gallstones were demonstrated by operative cholangiography in two men, aged 34 and 46 years, respectively. The cholesterol stones were dissolved in both patients within eight and two months, respectively, by retrograde instillation of chendeoxycholic acid via a T-drain. Additional endoscopic papillotomy was performed because of a papillary stenosis in one instance, and extrahepatic occlusion during treatment in the other. During treatment there was a rise of transaminases of 5-fold levels, of gamma-glutamyl transferase up to 10-fold of normal. Since chenodeoxycholic-acid instillations both patients have been receiving the drug orally to prevent recurrence of gallstones. So far all biochemical values are within the normal range, the patients are without symptoms and have a normal exercise tolerance.", "contents": "[Treatment of intrahepatic cholesterol stones by chenodeoxycholic acid (author's transl)]. Intrahepatic gallstones were demonstrated by operative cholangiography in two men, aged 34 and 46 years, respectively. The cholesterol stones were dissolved in both patients within eight and two months, respectively, by retrograde instillation of chendeoxycholic acid via a T-drain. Additional endoscopic papillotomy was performed because of a papillary stenosis in one instance, and extrahepatic occlusion during treatment in the other. During treatment there was a rise of transaminases of 5-fold levels, of gamma-glutamyl transferase up to 10-fold of normal. Since chenodeoxycholic-acid instillations both patients have been receiving the drug orally to prevent recurrence of gallstones. So far all biochemical values are within the normal range, the patients are without symptoms and have a normal exercise tolerance.", "PMID": 856567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11257", "title": "[Endoscopic and histological changes at the Z-line (author's transl)].", "content": "The Z-line, the transitional zone from oesophageal to gastric mucosa, is a clearly defined point of reference. Selective forceps biopsies were obtained from the Z-line, just below it from the cardia and 1-3 cm above it from the oesophagus, in 79 patients with an age average of 47 1/2 years. A comparison was made between endoscopic and histological findings, on the one hand, and symptoms on the other. Moderately severe inflammatory changes correlated positively with only minor endoscopic changes of the Z-line: patients of this group had significantly more symptoms of reflux than those with a normal line. Exact endoscopy, complemented by histological examination, can discover reflux oesphagitis in its early stages, although endoscopically and histologically the delineation from normal is difficult.", "contents": "[Endoscopic and histological changes at the Z-line (author's transl)]. The Z-line, the transitional zone from oesophageal to gastric mucosa, is a clearly defined point of reference. Selective forceps biopsies were obtained from the Z-line, just below it from the cardia and 1-3 cm above it from the oesophagus, in 79 patients with an age average of 47 1/2 years. A comparison was made between endoscopic and histological findings, on the one hand, and symptoms on the other. Moderately severe inflammatory changes correlated positively with only minor endoscopic changes of the Z-line: patients of this group had significantly more symptoms of reflux than those with a normal line. Exact endoscopy, complemented by histological examination, can discover reflux oesphagitis in its early stages, although endoscopically and histologically the delineation from normal is difficult.", "PMID": 856568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11258", "title": "[A multi-centre study of reproterol, a bronchodilator (author's transl)].", "content": "Reproterol (Bronchospasmin), a monomolecular combination of catecholamine and theophylline, was tested in 81 patients with bronchial asthma or chronic obstructive bronchitis after a single oral dose, and compared with orciprenaline by intra-individual cross-over test. Five pulmonary-function laboratories cooperated in the study. A statistically significant bronchodilator effect, as measured by airway resistance and volume-corrected resistance, was obtained with 20 mg reproterol, having its onset after about 30 minutes, reaching its peak after 2-3 hours, and lasting for at least 4 hours. Comparing the area under the time-effect curves, the total effect was greater than that after 20 mg orciprenaline, pO2 rose higher after reproterol than after orciprenaline, but only by a few mm Hg. Neither heart rate nor blood pressure changed significantly after reproterol.", "contents": "[A multi-centre study of reproterol, a bronchodilator (author's transl)]. Reproterol (Bronchospasmin), a monomolecular combination of catecholamine and theophylline, was tested in 81 patients with bronchial asthma or chronic obstructive bronchitis after a single oral dose, and compared with orciprenaline by intra-individual cross-over test. Five pulmonary-function laboratories cooperated in the study. A statistically significant bronchodilator effect, as measured by airway resistance and volume-corrected resistance, was obtained with 20 mg reproterol, having its onset after about 30 minutes, reaching its peak after 2-3 hours, and lasting for at least 4 hours. Comparing the area under the time-effect curves, the total effect was greater than that after 20 mg orciprenaline, pO2 rose higher after reproterol than after orciprenaline, but only by a few mm Hg. Neither heart rate nor blood pressure changed significantly after reproterol.", "PMID": 856569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11259", "title": "[Causes and treatment of jaundice associated with inflammatory pancreatic disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Jaundice or biliary stasis occurred in 32 of 82 patients with acute and 58 of 152 patients with chronic pancreatitis. A biliary cause was present in only 12 patients with acute and 19 with chronic pancreatitis. In the case of mild acute pancreatitis the cause of the jaundice lay in oedema of the head of the pancreas, while in the severe forms there was necrosis of the head. In chronic pancreatitis the jaundice is caused by tube-like, long stenosis of the choledochal duct or its compression by a cyst within the head of the pancreas. In acute pancreatitis treatment depends on the severity of the inflammation; in the biliary form the biliary tracts are attended to. In chronic pancreatitis resection of the head of the pancreas is preferred, biliodigestive anastomosis being practised if there is likely to be poor cooperation by the patient.", "contents": "[Causes and treatment of jaundice associated with inflammatory pancreatic disease (author's transl)]. Jaundice or biliary stasis occurred in 32 of 82 patients with acute and 58 of 152 patients with chronic pancreatitis. A biliary cause was present in only 12 patients with acute and 19 with chronic pancreatitis. In the case of mild acute pancreatitis the cause of the jaundice lay in oedema of the head of the pancreas, while in the severe forms there was necrosis of the head. In chronic pancreatitis the jaundice is caused by tube-like, long stenosis of the choledochal duct or its compression by a cyst within the head of the pancreas. In acute pancreatitis treatment depends on the severity of the inflammation; in the biliary form the biliary tracts are attended to. In chronic pancreatitis resection of the head of the pancreas is preferred, biliodigestive anastomosis being practised if there is likely to be poor cooperation by the patient.", "PMID": 856570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11260", "title": "The metabolism of trans-cyclohexan-1,2-diol by an Acinetobacter species.", "content": "1. Acinetobacter TD63 was one of some thirty organisms isolated by elective culture with trans-cyclohexan-1,2-diol as sole source of carbon. The great majority of these isolates displayed the same growth spectrum as Nocardia globerula CL1 and Acinetobacter NCIB 9871 being capable of utilizing trans-cyclohexan-1,2-diol, 2-hydroxycyclohexan-1-one, cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone,1-oxa-2oxocycloheptane and adipate and were assumed to use well described metabolic pathways. 2. Acinetobacter TD63 was distinctive in being incapable of growth with cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone or 1-oxa-2-oxocycloheptane and because of this it was hoped that it would display an alternative pathway for the oxidation of trans-cyclohexan-1,2-diol. 3. Studies with cell extracts have shown the presence of inducible dehydrogenase for the conversion of trans-cyclohexan-1,2-diol to 2-hydroxycyclohexan-1-one and cyclohexan-1,2-dione and of 6-oxohexanoate to adipate. These enzymes are linked into a metabolic sequence by the action of a monooxygenase of broad specificity but efficiently capable of converting 2-hydroxy-cyclohexan-1-one into the lactone 1-oxa-2-oxo-7-hydroxycycloheptane that spontaneously rearranges to yield 6-oxohexanoate. 4. An enzyme capable of attacking cyclohexan-1,2-dione (mono-enol) in the absence of an electron donor or oxygen has also been detected. Evidence has been presented indicating that this enzyme catalyses a keto-enol tautomerization between cyclohexan-1,2-dione (mono-enol) and cyclohexan-1,2-dione (mono-hydrate) and is not involved in the pathway of ring cleavage. 5. The failure of Acinetobacter TD63 to grow with cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone or 1-oxa-2-oxocycloheptane is due not to this organism possessing a distinctive metabolic sequence but to a narrow inducer specificity coupled with an inability to form a lactone hydrolase enabling it to cleave the stable 1-oxa-2-oxocycloheptane which is an intermediate in the established pathway of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone oxidation.", "contents": "The metabolism of trans-cyclohexan-1,2-diol by an Acinetobacter species. 1. Acinetobacter TD63 was one of some thirty organisms isolated by elective culture with trans-cyclohexan-1,2-diol as sole source of carbon. The great majority of these isolates displayed the same growth spectrum as Nocardia globerula CL1 and Acinetobacter NCIB 9871 being capable of utilizing trans-cyclohexan-1,2-diol, 2-hydroxycyclohexan-1-one, cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone,1-oxa-2oxocycloheptane and adipate and were assumed to use well described metabolic pathways. 2. Acinetobacter TD63 was distinctive in being incapable of growth with cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone or 1-oxa-2-oxocycloheptane and because of this it was hoped that it would display an alternative pathway for the oxidation of trans-cyclohexan-1,2-diol. 3. Studies with cell extracts have shown the presence of inducible dehydrogenase for the conversion of trans-cyclohexan-1,2-diol to 2-hydroxycyclohexan-1-one and cyclohexan-1,2-dione and of 6-oxohexanoate to adipate. These enzymes are linked into a metabolic sequence by the action of a monooxygenase of broad specificity but efficiently capable of converting 2-hydroxy-cyclohexan-1-one into the lactone 1-oxa-2-oxo-7-hydroxycycloheptane that spontaneously rearranges to yield 6-oxohexanoate. 4. An enzyme capable of attacking cyclohexan-1,2-dione (mono-enol) in the absence of an electron donor or oxygen has also been detected. Evidence has been presented indicating that this enzyme catalyses a keto-enol tautomerization between cyclohexan-1,2-dione (mono-enol) and cyclohexan-1,2-dione (mono-hydrate) and is not involved in the pathway of ring cleavage. 5. The failure of Acinetobacter TD63 to grow with cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone or 1-oxa-2-oxocycloheptane is due not to this organism possessing a distinctive metabolic sequence but to a narrow inducer specificity coupled with an inability to form a lactone hydrolase enabling it to cleave the stable 1-oxa-2-oxocycloheptane which is an intermediate in the established pathway of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone oxidation.", "PMID": 856571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11261", "title": "RNA methylation and control of eukaryotic RNA biosynthesis. Effects of cycloleucine, a specific inhibitor of methylation, on ribosomal RNA maturation.", "content": "The role of RNA methylation in the control of ribosome production in mammalian cells has been reinvestigated through a study of the effects in vivo of cycloleucine, a specific and reversible inhibitor of nucleic acid methylations. No close coupling is observed between methylation and transcription. During an extensive blocking of methylation, the synthesis of preribosomal 45-S RNA continues, although at a slightly reduced rate. Transcription and methylation can be temporarily uncoupled in vivo without impairing significantly the efficiency of the subsequent maturation of the transcript which takes place when the methylation is resumed. At the post-transcriptional level, two main observations are made. First, the cleavage pattern of ribosomal RNA is not qualitatively modified by the drug treatment. Preribosomal 45-S RNA which is synthesized during an extensive blocking of methylations (95%) is cleaved in vivo in a stepwise fashion into molecules resembling the species of the normal processing. Undermethylation does not result in the appearance of new size products and no extensive or rapid degredation of rRNA precursors can be detected. Second, the global efficiency of the process of ribosomal RNA maturation is severely affected, in quantitative terms; the undermethylation partially inhibits several stages in the maturation pathway and does not block selectively at a definite step of processing, as previously reported by others. Two main modifications are observed. (a) In the nucleus, the life times of the various undermethylated intermediates of ribosomal RNA maturation are markedly increased and a significant accumulation of these forms is detected by long-term labelling studies. (b) The rate of appearance of ribosomal 28-S RNA into the cytoplasm is severely affected (85-90% inhibition), in much higher proportions than the formation of its immediate precursor, nuclear 28-S RNA, thus suggesting a particular sensitivity to a lack of methylation of the last stage of preribosome maturation (possibly the release to cytoplasm). Finally, if a normal level of methylation does not appear to be stringently required for the completion of ribosomal RNA maturation, our results indicate that the degree of RNA methylation can modulate the general efficiency of the maturation processess.", "contents": "RNA methylation and control of eukaryotic RNA biosynthesis. Effects of cycloleucine, a specific inhibitor of methylation, on ribosomal RNA maturation. The role of RNA methylation in the control of ribosome production in mammalian cells has been reinvestigated through a study of the effects in vivo of cycloleucine, a specific and reversible inhibitor of nucleic acid methylations. No close coupling is observed between methylation and transcription. During an extensive blocking of methylation, the synthesis of preribosomal 45-S RNA continues, although at a slightly reduced rate. Transcription and methylation can be temporarily uncoupled in vivo without impairing significantly the efficiency of the subsequent maturation of the transcript which takes place when the methylation is resumed. At the post-transcriptional level, two main observations are made. First, the cleavage pattern of ribosomal RNA is not qualitatively modified by the drug treatment. Preribosomal 45-S RNA which is synthesized during an extensive blocking of methylations (95%) is cleaved in vivo in a stepwise fashion into molecules resembling the species of the normal processing. Undermethylation does not result in the appearance of new size products and no extensive or rapid degredation of rRNA precursors can be detected. Second, the global efficiency of the process of ribosomal RNA maturation is severely affected, in quantitative terms; the undermethylation partially inhibits several stages in the maturation pathway and does not block selectively at a definite step of processing, as previously reported by others. Two main modifications are observed. (a) In the nucleus, the life times of the various undermethylated intermediates of ribosomal RNA maturation are markedly increased and a significant accumulation of these forms is detected by long-term labelling studies. (b) The rate of appearance of ribosomal 28-S RNA into the cytoplasm is severely affected (85-90% inhibition), in much higher proportions than the formation of its immediate precursor, nuclear 28-S RNA, thus suggesting a particular sensitivity to a lack of methylation of the last stage of preribosome maturation (possibly the release to cytoplasm). Finally, if a normal level of methylation does not appear to be stringently required for the completion of ribosomal RNA maturation, our results indicate that the degree of RNA methylation can modulate the general efficiency of the maturation processess.", "PMID": 856572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11262", "title": "Chemical and pharmacological characterization of toxic polypeptides from the venom of Bungarus caeruleus.", "content": "Five toxic fractions have been purified to homogeneity from the venom of Bungarus ceruleus by chromatography on CM-Sephadex, QAE-Sephadex and Bio-Rex 70 followed by filtration on Sephadex G-50 and Biogel P-30. One of them blocks synaptic transmission at the pre-synaptic level and is identified as a beta-bungarotoxin similar to that described by Lee from the venom of B. multicinctus. Three other ones are short-chain (type I) alpha-toxins which block the response of the isolated electroplaque from Electrophours electricus to bath-applied carbamylcholine. These basic polypeptides of 61-62 amino acids contain four disulfide bridges. A postsynaptically acting toxin, different from the alpha-toxins, has also been purified from the same venom. This ceruleotoxin is acidic and made up of several subunits.", "contents": "Chemical and pharmacological characterization of toxic polypeptides from the venom of Bungarus caeruleus. Five toxic fractions have been purified to homogeneity from the venom of Bungarus ceruleus by chromatography on CM-Sephadex, QAE-Sephadex and Bio-Rex 70 followed by filtration on Sephadex G-50 and Biogel P-30. One of them blocks synaptic transmission at the pre-synaptic level and is identified as a beta-bungarotoxin similar to that described by Lee from the venom of B. multicinctus. Three other ones are short-chain (type I) alpha-toxins which block the response of the isolated electroplaque from Electrophours electricus to bath-applied carbamylcholine. These basic polypeptides of 61-62 amino acids contain four disulfide bridges. A postsynaptically acting toxin, different from the alpha-toxins, has also been purified from the same venom. This ceruleotoxin is acidic and made up of several subunits.", "PMID": 856573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11263", "title": "Ceruleotoxin: a possible marker of the cholinergic ionophore.", "content": "Ceruleotoxin, a toxin component of Bungarus caeuleus venom, blocks in vivo the depolarisation caused by carbamylcholine on the isolated electroplaque from Electrophorus electricus and in vitro in increase of 22Na+ and 42K+ efflux caused by cholinergie agonists on excitable receptor-rich microsacs prepared from Torpedo marmorata electric organ. However, at variance with the typical alpha-toxins, ceruleotoxin does not interfere with the binding of [3H]acetylcholine and of alpha-[3H]toxin to the cholinergic receptor site. Ceruleotoxin also slightly modifies 35SO 2 4-and [14C]glucose efflux. Some of its effects on the postsynaptic membrane may be related to the presence of a phospholipase activity present in the preparation and are discussed in those terms. It is proposed that ceruleotoxin selectively blocks the electrogenic action of acetylcholine on the postsynaptic membrane without binding to the cholinergic receptor site, and might serve as an useful tool to characterise the ion translocating device, the ionophore, associated with the cholinergic receptor site.", "contents": "Ceruleotoxin: a possible marker of the cholinergic ionophore. Ceruleotoxin, a toxin component of Bungarus caeuleus venom, blocks in vivo the depolarisation caused by carbamylcholine on the isolated electroplaque from Electrophorus electricus and in vitro in increase of 22Na+ and 42K+ efflux caused by cholinergie agonists on excitable receptor-rich microsacs prepared from Torpedo marmorata electric organ. However, at variance with the typical alpha-toxins, ceruleotoxin does not interfere with the binding of [3H]acetylcholine and of alpha-[3H]toxin to the cholinergic receptor site. Ceruleotoxin also slightly modifies 35SO 2 4-and [14C]glucose efflux. Some of its effects on the postsynaptic membrane may be related to the presence of a phospholipase activity present in the preparation and are discussed in those terms. It is proposed that ceruleotoxin selectively blocks the electrogenic action of acetylcholine on the postsynaptic membrane without binding to the cholinergic receptor site, and might serve as an useful tool to characterise the ion translocating device, the ionophore, associated with the cholinergic receptor site.", "PMID": 856574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11264", "title": "Changes in the sequence diversity of polyadenylated cytoplasmic RNA during testis differentiation in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii).", "content": "We have compared the sequence diversity of polyadenylated cytoplasmic RNA derived from naturally maturing trout testis at three different stages of spermatogenesis, by performing hybridization experiments between cDNA synthesized on a template of polyadenylated RNA and a vast excess of polyadenylated RNA. Polyadenylated RNA from early testis has a base sequence complexity of 7.2x10(9) daltons. As testis maturation proceeds, there is a decrease in the complexity of polyadenylated mRNA sequences in testis cells and the relative abundance of individual mRNAs varies over a more narrow range. Heterologous hybridization reactions demonstrate that a substantial fraction of polyadenylated RNA sequences present in early testis cytoplasm is absent from late testis cytoplasm. Nevertheless, all the sequences of late testis mRNA are represented in the population of early testis mRNA molecules.", "contents": "Changes in the sequence diversity of polyadenylated cytoplasmic RNA during testis differentiation in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii). We have compared the sequence diversity of polyadenylated cytoplasmic RNA derived from naturally maturing trout testis at three different stages of spermatogenesis, by performing hybridization experiments between cDNA synthesized on a template of polyadenylated RNA and a vast excess of polyadenylated RNA. Polyadenylated RNA from early testis has a base sequence complexity of 7.2x10(9) daltons. As testis maturation proceeds, there is a decrease in the complexity of polyadenylated mRNA sequences in testis cells and the relative abundance of individual mRNAs varies over a more narrow range. Heterologous hybridization reactions demonstrate that a substantial fraction of polyadenylated RNA sequences present in early testis cytoplasm is absent from late testis cytoplasm. Nevertheless, all the sequences of late testis mRNA are represented in the population of early testis mRNA molecules.", "PMID": 856575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11265", "title": "Inhibition by CO of hepatic benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylation and its reversal by monochromatic light.", "content": "Inhibition by CO of benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylation was studied in hepatic microsomes from rats pretreated with phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, from animals treated with vehicle (saline or corn oil, respectively), and in a reconstituted microsomal cytochrome P-448 system prepared from rats treated with 3-methylcholanthrene. In all preparations the hydroxylation was inhibited by CO, and this inhibition was most effectively reversed by irradiation with monochromatic light of 450 nm wavelength. These observations provide direct evidence that the oxygen-activating component of all the examined benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase systems is a P-450-type heme protein. The only striking difference observed in these systems was the low CO sensitivity of the benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase reaction in microsomes from animals treated with 3-methylcholanthrene or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Half-maximal inhibition occurred at CO/O2 ratios of 9--12, rather than at 1--2, which is the usual range for P-450-linked mixed-function oxidase reactions. In contrast, the reconstituted benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase system, with purified cytochrome P-448 from 3-methylcholanthrene-induced rats, exhibited a considerably higher sensitivity towards CO (CO/O2 ratio approximately 1), well within the range for mixed-function oxidase reactions. It is concluded that the observed diminished CO sensitivity of microsomal benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase in 3-methylcholanthrene- or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-treated rats results from alterations in the composition and/or structural organization of the microenvironment of cytochrome P-448 in the endoplasmic reticulum in response to the inducing action of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and related agents, and is not related to changes in the heme protein P-448 per se. The detailed nature of these changes is the subject of ongoing studies.", "contents": "Inhibition by CO of hepatic benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylation and its reversal by monochromatic light. Inhibition by CO of benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylation was studied in hepatic microsomes from rats pretreated with phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, from animals treated with vehicle (saline or corn oil, respectively), and in a reconstituted microsomal cytochrome P-448 system prepared from rats treated with 3-methylcholanthrene. In all preparations the hydroxylation was inhibited by CO, and this inhibition was most effectively reversed by irradiation with monochromatic light of 450 nm wavelength. These observations provide direct evidence that the oxygen-activating component of all the examined benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase systems is a P-450-type heme protein. The only striking difference observed in these systems was the low CO sensitivity of the benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase reaction in microsomes from animals treated with 3-methylcholanthrene or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Half-maximal inhibition occurred at CO/O2 ratios of 9--12, rather than at 1--2, which is the usual range for P-450-linked mixed-function oxidase reactions. In contrast, the reconstituted benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase system, with purified cytochrome P-448 from 3-methylcholanthrene-induced rats, exhibited a considerably higher sensitivity towards CO (CO/O2 ratio approximately 1), well within the range for mixed-function oxidase reactions. It is concluded that the observed diminished CO sensitivity of microsomal benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase in 3-methylcholanthrene- or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-treated rats results from alterations in the composition and/or structural organization of the microenvironment of cytochrome P-448 in the endoplasmic reticulum in response to the inducing action of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and related agents, and is not related to changes in the heme protein P-448 per se. The detailed nature of these changes is the subject of ongoing studies.", "PMID": 856576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11266", "title": "Conformations of purine ribosyl 5'-nucleotides bound to glycogen phosphorylase b. A proton T2 relaxation time investigation.", "content": "The conformation of 5'-nucleotides in the active site of glycogen phosphorylase b has been deduced from linewidth measurements of protons H-1', H-8 and H-2. It is shown by selective deuteration of the purine ring in position 8 that the orientation of the base is anti in the case of strong activators like AMP and syn in that of weak activators like IMP. The orientation correlation time of the nucleotides in the active site is nearly that of the enzyme, i.e. 160 ns at 21 degrees C.", "contents": "Conformations of purine ribosyl 5'-nucleotides bound to glycogen phosphorylase b. A proton T2 relaxation time investigation. The conformation of 5'-nucleotides in the active site of glycogen phosphorylase b has been deduced from linewidth measurements of protons H-1', H-8 and H-2. It is shown by selective deuteration of the purine ring in position 8 that the orientation of the base is anti in the case of strong activators like AMP and syn in that of weak activators like IMP. The orientation correlation time of the nucleotides in the active site is nearly that of the enzyme, i.e. 160 ns at 21 degrees C.", "PMID": 856577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11267", "title": "Studies on the accessability of ribosomes to inactivation by the toxic lectins abrin and ricin.", "content": "The rate of protein synthesis in HeLa cells was measured at various periods of time after addition of abrin and ricin to the medium and compared with the concurrent ability of the isolated ribosomes to support poly(U)-stimulated synthesis of polyphenylalanine in a cell-free system. Similarly, the endogenous synthesis in unfractionated cell-free systems from HeLa cells and rabbit reticulocytes was compared with the ability of the isolated ribosomes to support poly(U)-stimulated polymerization of phenylalanine. In the intact cells and the unfractionated cell-free systems protein synthesis decreased progressively with the time after addition of toxins or toxin A chains. In contrast, the ability of the isolated ribosomes to support polyphenylalanine synthesis was only moderately reduced initially and then remained constant or even increased. The activity of isolated monosomes decreased progressively with time after addition of toxin A chain, whereas polysomes were only partly inactivated and the extent of inactivation varied from one experiment to another. The results indicate that the inactivation of one or a few ribosomes per polysome stops the translation of mRNA. It is suggested that the intact ribosomes thus trapped are inaccessible to the toxins and that the isolation of polysomes results in release of functionally intact ribosomes capable of supporting poly(U)-directed polymerization of phenylalanine.", "contents": "Studies on the accessability of ribosomes to inactivation by the toxic lectins abrin and ricin. The rate of protein synthesis in HeLa cells was measured at various periods of time after addition of abrin and ricin to the medium and compared with the concurrent ability of the isolated ribosomes to support poly(U)-stimulated synthesis of polyphenylalanine in a cell-free system. Similarly, the endogenous synthesis in unfractionated cell-free systems from HeLa cells and rabbit reticulocytes was compared with the ability of the isolated ribosomes to support poly(U)-stimulated polymerization of phenylalanine. In the intact cells and the unfractionated cell-free systems protein synthesis decreased progressively with the time after addition of toxins or toxin A chains. In contrast, the ability of the isolated ribosomes to support polyphenylalanine synthesis was only moderately reduced initially and then remained constant or even increased. The activity of isolated monosomes decreased progressively with time after addition of toxin A chain, whereas polysomes were only partly inactivated and the extent of inactivation varied from one experiment to another. The results indicate that the inactivation of one or a few ribosomes per polysome stops the translation of mRNA. It is suggested that the intact ribosomes thus trapped are inaccessible to the toxins and that the isolation of polysomes results in release of functionally intact ribosomes capable of supporting poly(U)-directed polymerization of phenylalanine.", "PMID": 856578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11268", "title": "The immunochemistry of peptidoglycan. Antibodies against a synthetic immunogen cross-reacting with an interpeptide bridge of peptidoglycan.", "content": "An albumin-peptide conjugate was synthesized, which carries pentaglycine peptides with C-terminal glycine residues as found in the interpeptide bridges of the peptidoglycan of many staphylococci. Immunization of rabbits with this synthetic immunogen yielded antisera containing predominantly antibodies against the peptide moiety of the conjugate. The quantitative precipitin and the Ouchterlony agar gel reaction with several synthetic protein-peptide-conjugates, immunoaffinity chromatography of the antisera on Sepharose-(Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly)n and hapten inhibition studies with several synthetic peptides and peptide derivatives demonstrated that the antibodies were highly specific for oligoglycine peptides with C-terminal glycine. These antibodies also reacted strongly with staphylococcal peptidoglycans with an interpeptide bridge composed of pentaglycine peptides or of pentaglycine peptides in which part of the glycine residues were replaced by L-serine. In contrast, all the peptidoglycans lacking interpeptide bridges composed of glycine residues gave no precipitin reaction at all. The final proof for identical determinant groups of albumin-(CH2CO-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly)31 and the staphylococcal peptidoglycans applied in the precipitin reaction was furnished by double gel diffusion studies and by hapten inhibition of the precipitin reaction between antisera to albumin-(CH2CO-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly)31 and the corresponding peptidoglycans. For rapid screening of the different peptidoglycans, a latex agglutination test was elaborated. Purified antibodies were adsorbed to latex particles, and the titers with the particular peptidoglycans were then determined. The test was highly sensitive, in that 10 nanograms of peptidoglycan could still be detected.", "contents": "The immunochemistry of peptidoglycan. Antibodies against a synthetic immunogen cross-reacting with an interpeptide bridge of peptidoglycan. An albumin-peptide conjugate was synthesized, which carries pentaglycine peptides with C-terminal glycine residues as found in the interpeptide bridges of the peptidoglycan of many staphylococci. Immunization of rabbits with this synthetic immunogen yielded antisera containing predominantly antibodies against the peptide moiety of the conjugate. The quantitative precipitin and the Ouchterlony agar gel reaction with several synthetic protein-peptide-conjugates, immunoaffinity chromatography of the antisera on Sepharose-(Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly)n and hapten inhibition studies with several synthetic peptides and peptide derivatives demonstrated that the antibodies were highly specific for oligoglycine peptides with C-terminal glycine. These antibodies also reacted strongly with staphylococcal peptidoglycans with an interpeptide bridge composed of pentaglycine peptides or of pentaglycine peptides in which part of the glycine residues were replaced by L-serine. In contrast, all the peptidoglycans lacking interpeptide bridges composed of glycine residues gave no precipitin reaction at all. The final proof for identical determinant groups of albumin-(CH2CO-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly)31 and the staphylococcal peptidoglycans applied in the precipitin reaction was furnished by double gel diffusion studies and by hapten inhibition of the precipitin reaction between antisera to albumin-(CH2CO-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly)31 and the corresponding peptidoglycans. For rapid screening of the different peptidoglycans, a latex agglutination test was elaborated. Purified antibodies were adsorbed to latex particles, and the titers with the particular peptidoglycans were then determined. The test was highly sensitive, in that 10 nanograms of peptidoglycan could still be detected.", "PMID": 856579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11269", "title": "Transport of hexoses across the liver-cell membrane.", "content": "The uptake of radioactively labelled hexoses into the cellular space of isolated liver cells has been studied using silicone layer filtering centrifugation. From the hexoses tested, D-glucose is transported most rapidly followed by D-galactose and D-fructose. The rate of L-glucose transport is only 5% of that of D-glucose. This transport enables the concentration of free aldohexoses in the cellular space to reach the external concentration. For D-glucose the rate of transport into the cell largely exceeds the rate of metabolic conversion. This is different with D-fructose where the rate of transport is considerably lower but the rate of metabolism higher. Here the transport may even be a limiting step. The transport of D-glucose and D-galactose shows a saturation characteristic, whereas D-fructose appears not to be saturatable. The Km for D-glucose is found to be 30 mM. All these hexoses compete with each other for transportation. The temperature dependency of D-glucose reveals an activation energy of 22 kcal (92 kJ)/mol (4-18 degrees C) and 7 kcal (29 kJ)/mol (18-37 degrees C). The transport of D-glucose, D-galactose and D-fructose in inhibited by cytochalasin B, phloretin and phlorizin. It is not dependent on Na+ ions. Preliminary results showed no stimulation of the transport by insulin. It is concluded that D-glucose and other hexoses are transported by carrier-mediated diffusion across the plasma membrane of liver cells. This transport shows a large resemblance to the transport of D-glucose into human erythrocytes.", "contents": "Transport of hexoses across the liver-cell membrane. The uptake of radioactively labelled hexoses into the cellular space of isolated liver cells has been studied using silicone layer filtering centrifugation. From the hexoses tested, D-glucose is transported most rapidly followed by D-galactose and D-fructose. The rate of L-glucose transport is only 5% of that of D-glucose. This transport enables the concentration of free aldohexoses in the cellular space to reach the external concentration. For D-glucose the rate of transport into the cell largely exceeds the rate of metabolic conversion. This is different with D-fructose where the rate of transport is considerably lower but the rate of metabolism higher. Here the transport may even be a limiting step. The transport of D-glucose and D-galactose shows a saturation characteristic, whereas D-fructose appears not to be saturatable. The Km for D-glucose is found to be 30 mM. All these hexoses compete with each other for transportation. The temperature dependency of D-glucose reveals an activation energy of 22 kcal (92 kJ)/mol (4-18 degrees C) and 7 kcal (29 kJ)/mol (18-37 degrees C). The transport of D-glucose, D-galactose and D-fructose in inhibited by cytochalasin B, phloretin and phlorizin. It is not dependent on Na+ ions. Preliminary results showed no stimulation of the transport by insulin. It is concluded that D-glucose and other hexoses are transported by carrier-mediated diffusion across the plasma membrane of liver cells. This transport shows a large resemblance to the transport of D-glucose into human erythrocytes.", "PMID": 856580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11270", "title": "Poly(A)-containing RNA in neuroblastoma: immature and differentiated cells in culture.", "content": "We have analysed the poly(A)-containing RNA from neuroblastoma cells at two different developmental states: either as round, immature neuroblasts grown in suspension, or as differentiated cells exhibiting the morphological properties of mature neurons, when attached to a culture dish. Suspension-grown and monolayer cells were pulse-labelled with tritiated uridine. The profile of cytoplasmic poly(A)-containing RNA from suspension cells is highly heterogeneous with peaks ranging from 16-30 S. The profile obtained from differentiated cells appears somewhat distinct from the previous one. This is evidenced by a relative decrease in the 26-S peak and a virtual disappearance of the 16-S component. In order to compare the 'steady-state' patterns of poly(A)-containing RNA in these two developmental stages, polysomal RNA was prepared from unlabelled cells. Following sucrose gradient sedimentation, each fraction was hybridized to [3H]poly(U). Examination of the two RNA hybridization profiles reveals striking similarities suggesting that 'steady-state' messenger populations include, on the average, the same subspecies. The 16-S fraction, which was not observed after the pulse-labelling of the monolayer culture, is detected here by hybridization to [3H]poly(U) when using polysomal poly(A)-containing RNA from monolayer cells as substrate. These results suggest that terminal differentiation of neuroblastoma cells is not accompanied by major alterations of the transcription program and is paralleled by a marked stabilization of the 16-S species.", "contents": "Poly(A)-containing RNA in neuroblastoma: immature and differentiated cells in culture. We have analysed the poly(A)-containing RNA from neuroblastoma cells at two different developmental states: either as round, immature neuroblasts grown in suspension, or as differentiated cells exhibiting the morphological properties of mature neurons, when attached to a culture dish. Suspension-grown and monolayer cells were pulse-labelled with tritiated uridine. The profile of cytoplasmic poly(A)-containing RNA from suspension cells is highly heterogeneous with peaks ranging from 16-30 S. The profile obtained from differentiated cells appears somewhat distinct from the previous one. This is evidenced by a relative decrease in the 26-S peak and a virtual disappearance of the 16-S component. In order to compare the 'steady-state' patterns of poly(A)-containing RNA in these two developmental stages, polysomal RNA was prepared from unlabelled cells. Following sucrose gradient sedimentation, each fraction was hybridized to [3H]poly(U). Examination of the two RNA hybridization profiles reveals striking similarities suggesting that 'steady-state' messenger populations include, on the average, the same subspecies. The 16-S fraction, which was not observed after the pulse-labelling of the monolayer culture, is detected here by hybridization to [3H]poly(U) when using polysomal poly(A)-containing RNA from monolayer cells as substrate. These results suggest that terminal differentiation of neuroblastoma cells is not accompanied by major alterations of the transcription program and is paralleled by a marked stabilization of the 16-S species.", "PMID": 856581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11271", "title": "4-amino-hex-5-enoic acid, a selective catalytic inhibitor of 4-aminobutyric-acid aminotransferase in mammalian brain.", "content": "Incubation of rat brain 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase with 4-amino-hex-5-enoic acid, a substrate analog of 4-aminobutyric acid, results in a time-dependent irreversible loss of enzymatic activity. In the presence of 0.1 mM inhibitor the half-life of the inactivation process is approximately 6 min. Low concentrations of L-glutamic acid or 4-aminobutyric acid protect against this inactivation, while 2-oxoglutarate prevents this protection, suggesting that only the pyridoxal form of the enzyme is susceptible to inhibition by 4-amino-hex-5-enoic acid. The irreversible inhibition of mammalian 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase by 4-amino-hex-5-enoic acid is selective. There is no inhibition of this enzyme from Pseudomonas fluorescens with the inhibitor at mM concentrations. Even at 10 mM there is no irreversible inhibition of mammalian glutamate decarboxylase or of aspartate aminotransferase, while alanine aminotransferase is inhibited over 500 times more slowly than rat brain 4-aminobutyrate transaminase.", "contents": "4-amino-hex-5-enoic acid, a selective catalytic inhibitor of 4-aminobutyric-acid aminotransferase in mammalian brain. Incubation of rat brain 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase with 4-amino-hex-5-enoic acid, a substrate analog of 4-aminobutyric acid, results in a time-dependent irreversible loss of enzymatic activity. In the presence of 0.1 mM inhibitor the half-life of the inactivation process is approximately 6 min. Low concentrations of L-glutamic acid or 4-aminobutyric acid protect against this inactivation, while 2-oxoglutarate prevents this protection, suggesting that only the pyridoxal form of the enzyme is susceptible to inhibition by 4-amino-hex-5-enoic acid. The irreversible inhibition of mammalian 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase by 4-amino-hex-5-enoic acid is selective. There is no inhibition of this enzyme from Pseudomonas fluorescens with the inhibitor at mM concentrations. Even at 10 mM there is no irreversible inhibition of mammalian glutamate decarboxylase or of aspartate aminotransferase, while alanine aminotransferase is inhibited over 500 times more slowly than rat brain 4-aminobutyrate transaminase.", "PMID": 856582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11272", "title": "Deoxyribonuclease activity associated with adenovirus 5 and 7.", "content": "A DNase activity was found associated with isolated components of adenovirus types 5 and 7. The enzymatic activity was associated with the purified virus and viral components extracted from the soluble material of infected cells. The DNase activity of adenovirus type 5 was maximum at pH 5.5 and 7.0 whereas adenovirus 7 was active only at pH 7.0. Both DNases were shown to be located in the penton fraction.", "contents": "Deoxyribonuclease activity associated with adenovirus 5 and 7. A DNase activity was found associated with isolated components of adenovirus types 5 and 7. The enzymatic activity was associated with the purified virus and viral components extracted from the soluble material of infected cells. The DNase activity of adenovirus type 5 was maximum at pH 5.5 and 7.0 whereas adenovirus 7 was active only at pH 7.0. Both DNases were shown to be located in the penton fraction.", "PMID": 856583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11273", "title": "Biosynthesis of cyclopentenyl fatty acids. Cyclopentenylglycine, a non-proteinogenic amino acid as precursor of cyclic fatty acids in Flacourtiaceae.", "content": "In seeds of Hydnocarpus anthelminthica of Flacourtiaceae, cyclopentenylglycine and cyclopentenyl fatty acids are found naturally. The non-proteinogenic amino acid may serve as precursor of cyclopentenyl fatty acids via aleprolic acid, the starter molecule for these long-chain compounds. After administration of cyclopentenyl[2-14C]glycine to maturing seeds of H. anthelminthica, labelled cyclopentenyl fatty acids were synthesized. Comparative activities were observed, when [1-14C]aleprolic acid was supplied to the seeds. Incorporation studies with [1-14C]acetate revealed that the chain-lengthening systems for straight-chain and cyclic fatty acids were still functioning in mature seeds. Endosperm and embryo of H. Anthelminthica seeds synthesized cyclopentenyl fatty acids from cyclopentenyl[2-14C]glycine, [1-14C]aleprolic acid and [1-14C]acetate. In embryonic tissue, a dilution experiment proved the following path for cyclopentenyl fatty acid biosynthesis: cyclopentenylglycine leads to aleprolic acid leads to cyclopentenyl fatty acids. The conversion of cyclopentenylglycine to aleprolic acid may occur via transamination and oxidative decarboxylation; activated aleprolic acid is then lengthened by C2-units to cyclopentenyl fatty acids.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of cyclopentenyl fatty acids. Cyclopentenylglycine, a non-proteinogenic amino acid as precursor of cyclic fatty acids in Flacourtiaceae. In seeds of Hydnocarpus anthelminthica of Flacourtiaceae, cyclopentenylglycine and cyclopentenyl fatty acids are found naturally. The non-proteinogenic amino acid may serve as precursor of cyclopentenyl fatty acids via aleprolic acid, the starter molecule for these long-chain compounds. After administration of cyclopentenyl[2-14C]glycine to maturing seeds of H. anthelminthica, labelled cyclopentenyl fatty acids were synthesized. Comparative activities were observed, when [1-14C]aleprolic acid was supplied to the seeds. Incorporation studies with [1-14C]acetate revealed that the chain-lengthening systems for straight-chain and cyclic fatty acids were still functioning in mature seeds. Endosperm and embryo of H. Anthelminthica seeds synthesized cyclopentenyl fatty acids from cyclopentenyl[2-14C]glycine, [1-14C]aleprolic acid and [1-14C]acetate. In embryonic tissue, a dilution experiment proved the following path for cyclopentenyl fatty acid biosynthesis: cyclopentenylglycine leads to aleprolic acid leads to cyclopentenyl fatty acids. The conversion of cyclopentenylglycine to aleprolic acid may occur via transamination and oxidative decarboxylation; activated aleprolic acid is then lengthened by C2-units to cyclopentenyl fatty acids.", "PMID": 856584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11274", "title": "Measurement of progesterone and pregnenolone 16alpha-hydroxylase activities by a tritium-exchange method.", "content": "A new isotropic method, based upon the stereospecific replacement of a proton (3H) by a hydroxyl group, has been developed for the measurement of progesterone and pregnenolone-16alpha-hydroxylase activity. The incubation medium consists of a phosphate buffer (pH 7; 150 mM), NADPH (1 mM), nicotinamide (10 mM) and magnesium chloride (4 mM). Tween-80 (1 mg/ml) is used to solubilize saturating concentrations of [16-3H]progesterone (200 micronM) or [16-3H]-pregnenolone (50 micronM). The microsomal fraction isolated from a male rat liver is used as the enzymic source. The enzymatically released tritium is recovered in the incubation medium as molecules of tritiated water which are distilled under reduced pressure. The amount of radioactivity present in the water exactly reflects the 16alpha-hydroxylase activity. The method is easy to perform and is completely independent of any further metabolism of the 16alpha-hydroxylated products.", "contents": "Measurement of progesterone and pregnenolone 16alpha-hydroxylase activities by a tritium-exchange method. A new isotropic method, based upon the stereospecific replacement of a proton (3H) by a hydroxyl group, has been developed for the measurement of progesterone and pregnenolone-16alpha-hydroxylase activity. The incubation medium consists of a phosphate buffer (pH 7; 150 mM), NADPH (1 mM), nicotinamide (10 mM) and magnesium chloride (4 mM). Tween-80 (1 mg/ml) is used to solubilize saturating concentrations of [16-3H]progesterone (200 micronM) or [16-3H]-pregnenolone (50 micronM). The microsomal fraction isolated from a male rat liver is used as the enzymic source. The enzymatically released tritium is recovered in the incubation medium as molecules of tritiated water which are distilled under reduced pressure. The amount of radioactivity present in the water exactly reflects the 16alpha-hydroxylase activity. The method is easy to perform and is completely independent of any further metabolism of the 16alpha-hydroxylated products.", "PMID": 856585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11275", "title": "The reduction by dithionite of Fe(III) myoglobin derivatives with  different ligands attached to the iron atom. A study by rapid-wavelength-scanning stopped-flow spectrophotometry.", "content": "1. The reductions of a number of sperm whale Fe(III) myoglobin-ligand complexes by sodium dithionite in a phosphate buffer pH 6.4, were investigated by using rapid-wavelength-scanning stopped-flow spectrophotometry. The ligands were azide, cyanide, fluoride, imidazole, thiocyanate and water. 2. The reduction of Fe(III) myoglobin cyanide led to the transient formation of Fe(II) myoglobin cyanide but no intermediate species were observable during the reductions of the other derivatives. The final product of the reaction in all cases was unliganded Fe(II)myoglobin. 3. Invesigation of the effect of dithionite concentration on the rate of reduction indicated that the SO2- radical ion was the active species in reducing the azide, cyanide, fluoride and thiocyanate derivatives. 4. Comparison of the observed rates of reduction at different ligand concentrations with those predicted for a pathway of reduction involving prior dissociation of the ligand, allowed us to estimate the rate of reduction with the ligand in position (outer-sphere reduction). There was a large variation in the relative rates of outer-sphere reduction in the order imidazole greater than CN- greater than SCN- greater than N3- greater than F-. The fluoride derivative was so resistant to outer-sphere reduction that the reaction with SO2- proceeded only by a pathway involving dissociation of F- before reduction. It was calculated that any direct reduction of this complex was at least 100 times slower than that of the azide derivative. 5. The results are discussed in terms of the possible r\u00f4le of the axial ligands in haem proteins and it is suggested that the pathway of the electron to the Fe(III) centre may be via the ppi orbitals of these ligands.", "contents": "The reduction by dithionite of Fe(III) myoglobin derivatives with  different ligands attached to the iron atom. A study by rapid-wavelength-scanning stopped-flow spectrophotometry. 1. The reductions of a number of sperm whale Fe(III) myoglobin-ligand complexes by sodium dithionite in a phosphate buffer pH 6.4, were investigated by using rapid-wavelength-scanning stopped-flow spectrophotometry. The ligands were azide, cyanide, fluoride, imidazole, thiocyanate and water. 2. The reduction of Fe(III) myoglobin cyanide led to the transient formation of Fe(II) myoglobin cyanide but no intermediate species were observable during the reductions of the other derivatives. The final product of the reaction in all cases was unliganded Fe(II)myoglobin. 3. Invesigation of the effect of dithionite concentration on the rate of reduction indicated that the SO2- radical ion was the active species in reducing the azide, cyanide, fluoride and thiocyanate derivatives. 4. Comparison of the observed rates of reduction at different ligand concentrations with those predicted for a pathway of reduction involving prior dissociation of the ligand, allowed us to estimate the rate of reduction with the ligand in position (outer-sphere reduction). There was a large variation in the relative rates of outer-sphere reduction in the order imidazole greater than CN- greater than SCN- greater than N3- greater than F-. The fluoride derivative was so resistant to outer-sphere reduction that the reaction with SO2- proceeded only by a pathway involving dissociation of F- before reduction. It was calculated that any direct reduction of this complex was at least 100 times slower than that of the azide derivative. 5. The results are discussed in terms of the possible r\u00f4le of the axial ligands in haem proteins and it is suggested that the pathway of the electron to the Fe(III) centre may be via the ppi orbitals of these ligands.", "PMID": 856586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11276", "title": "Complexity of the structure of particles containing heterogeneous nuclear RNA as demonstrated by ribonuclease treatment.", "content": "Brain ribonucleoprotein particles containing heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) and a large number of polypeptides ranging from 23000 to 150000 molecular weight were treated with pancreatic and T1 ribonucleases at low (0.1 or 0.5 microng plus 5 or 25 units/ml), high (2 microng plus 100 units/ml) and very high (20 microng plus 1000 units/ml) concentrations. At low enzyme concentration, a large fraction of the particle material accumulated at 35-45 S. The accumulation was more marked for proteins in the 30000-38000 molecular weight range. Heterogeneous complexes containing a large spectrum of proteins with a characteristic distribution were disclosed between 60 and 200 S. At high ribonuclease concentration the total quantity of proteins at 35-45 S decreased, but the proteins of 30000-38000 molecular weight predominated. Heterogeneous complexes were also present. Finally at very high enzyme concentration, the particles were almost entirely hydrolyzed. Only a small amount of heterogeneous complexes subsisted at 30-190 S. The RNA content of the remaining ribonucleoprotein complexes as well as its size decreased upon ribonuclease treatment as shown by CsCl density determination and electrophoretic analysis. The results suggested that the stability of the complexes depended upon protein-protein as well as RNA-protein interactions. They also showed that sequences up to 200-300 nucleotides were protected by proteins against ribonuclease. The results were compatible with the existence of at least 3 constituents in the particles. The previously defined monoparticle population accumulating at 35-45 S was heterogeneous in respect to ribonuclease sensitivity and protein composition. The 30000-38000 molecular weight proteins accumulating at low ribonuclease and predominating afterwards were assumed to belong to monoparticles alpha. Monoparticles beta contained a larger range of proteins more easily released by the enzymes. The heterogeneous complexes were a third constituent whose relationship with the monoparticles war not established yet. A large fraction of the particle phosphoproteins was associated to these complexes. On the basis of our experiments in vitro it is assumed that monoparticle alpha can be preferentially isolated from the nuclei under conditions where endogeneous ribonuclease is high and (or) not inhibited. This might explain why, in certain cases, only one or a few proteins were described in nuclear particles instead of the complete set present in the native particles.", "contents": "Complexity of the structure of particles containing heterogeneous nuclear RNA as demonstrated by ribonuclease treatment. Brain ribonucleoprotein particles containing heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) and a large number of polypeptides ranging from 23000 to 150000 molecular weight were treated with pancreatic and T1 ribonucleases at low (0.1 or 0.5 microng plus 5 or 25 units/ml), high (2 microng plus 100 units/ml) and very high (20 microng plus 1000 units/ml) concentrations. At low enzyme concentration, a large fraction of the particle material accumulated at 35-45 S. The accumulation was more marked for proteins in the 30000-38000 molecular weight range. Heterogeneous complexes containing a large spectrum of proteins with a characteristic distribution were disclosed between 60 and 200 S. At high ribonuclease concentration the total quantity of proteins at 35-45 S decreased, but the proteins of 30000-38000 molecular weight predominated. Heterogeneous complexes were also present. Finally at very high enzyme concentration, the particles were almost entirely hydrolyzed. Only a small amount of heterogeneous complexes subsisted at 30-190 S. The RNA content of the remaining ribonucleoprotein complexes as well as its size decreased upon ribonuclease treatment as shown by CsCl density determination and electrophoretic analysis. The results suggested that the stability of the complexes depended upon protein-protein as well as RNA-protein interactions. They also showed that sequences up to 200-300 nucleotides were protected by proteins against ribonuclease. The results were compatible with the existence of at least 3 constituents in the particles. The previously defined monoparticle population accumulating at 35-45 S was heterogeneous in respect to ribonuclease sensitivity and protein composition. The 30000-38000 molecular weight proteins accumulating at low ribonuclease and predominating afterwards were assumed to belong to monoparticles alpha. Monoparticles beta contained a larger range of proteins more easily released by the enzymes. The heterogeneous complexes were a third constituent whose relationship with the monoparticles war not established yet. A large fraction of the particle phosphoproteins was associated to these complexes. On the basis of our experiments in vitro it is assumed that monoparticle alpha can be preferentially isolated from the nuclei under conditions where endogeneous ribonuclease is high and (or) not inhibited. This might explain why, in certain cases, only one or a few proteins were described in nuclear particles instead of the complete set present in the native particles.", "PMID": 856587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11277", "title": "A neurolinguistic model for the study of aphasia.", "content": "After having briefly discussed some of the most important models that are now used to understand or to classify the aphasic troubles, the authors explain the neurolinguistic model they are actually using to study some aspects of aphasics' verbal and nonverbal behavior. This theoretical model distinguishes proper linguistic from extralinguistic disturbances in the various clinical forms of aphasia. The existence in aphasia of extralinguistic components that might, in some way, influence verbal performances, is accepted by most authors. Much less obvious is the existence, at least in some clinical forms of aphasia, of proper linguistic (competence) disturbances. Our theoretical model assumes that in most clinical forms of aphasia some impairment of the semantic (lexical) structures of language exists, and it maintains that this trouble can be found both at the expressive and at the receptive level, both in verbal and in nonverbal tasks. Th results of some experimental investigations which give some support to this theoretical model, are briefly discussed.", "contents": "A neurolinguistic model for the study of aphasia. After having briefly discussed some of the most important models that are now used to understand or to classify the aphasic troubles, the authors explain the neurolinguistic model they are actually using to study some aspects of aphasics' verbal and nonverbal behavior. This theoretical model distinguishes proper linguistic from extralinguistic disturbances in the various clinical forms of aphasia. The existence in aphasia of extralinguistic components that might, in some way, influence verbal performances, is accepted by most authors. Much less obvious is the existence, at least in some clinical forms of aphasia, of proper linguistic (competence) disturbances. Our theoretical model assumes that in most clinical forms of aphasia some impairment of the semantic (lexical) structures of language exists, and it maintains that this trouble can be found both at the expressive and at the receptive level, both in verbal and in nonverbal tasks. Th results of some experimental investigations which give some support to this theoretical model, are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 856588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11278", "title": "Effects of neonatal seizures on ontogeny of reflexes and behavior. An experimental study in the rat.", "content": "18 newborn rats received two electroshock seizures daily for 10 days. Their neurochemical and behavioral development was compared to that of littermates fo the same sex and similar weight, which were either untreated or treated with the same total amount of electrical current at subconvulsive intensities. While the two control groups were behaviorially or neurochemically indistinguishable, experimental rats reached several behavioral milestones (swimming, free-fall righting, auditory startle, visual placing) significantly later than controls and had smaller brains, containing significantly less DNA, protein or cholesterol than either control group. This study demonstrates that in the rat neonatal seizures are followed not only by impaired neurochemical development of the brain but also by delays in the animal's behavioral development.", "contents": "Effects of neonatal seizures on ontogeny of reflexes and behavior. An experimental study in the rat. 18 newborn rats received two electroshock seizures daily for 10 days. Their neurochemical and behavioral development was compared to that of littermates fo the same sex and similar weight, which were either untreated or treated with the same total amount of electrical current at subconvulsive intensities. While the two control groups were behaviorially or neurochemically indistinguishable, experimental rats reached several behavioral milestones (swimming, free-fall righting, auditory startle, visual placing) significantly later than controls and had smaller brains, containing significantly less DNA, protein or cholesterol than either control group. This study demonstrates that in the rat neonatal seizures are followed not only by impaired neurochemical development of the brain but also by delays in the animal's behavioral development.", "PMID": 856589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11279", "title": "Wernicke's disease. A catamnestic study of 50 patients.", "content": "A catamnestic study of 50 patients with Wernicke's disease showed that nearly all patients retained residual symptoms and that the prognosis as to life expectancy and social functioning was poor, even after early institution of vitamin B-complex medication. It is advisable to give vitamin B-complex prophylactically in cases of chronic alcoholism combined with insufficient nutrition.", "contents": "Wernicke's disease. A catamnestic study of 50 patients. A catamnestic study of 50 patients with Wernicke's disease showed that nearly all patients retained residual symptoms and that the prognosis as to life expectancy and social functioning was poor, even after early institution of vitamin B-complex medication. It is advisable to give vitamin B-complex prophylactically in cases of chronic alcoholism combined with insufficient nutrition.", "PMID": 856590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11280", "title": "Absence of drug-induced beta-activity in the electroencephalogram. A sign of severe cerebral impairment.", "content": "In 53 chronic epileptics with severe EEG abnormalities and under treatment with barbituric anticonvulsants, little or no fast activity was found in 44 patients. The serum concentration level (mostly phenobarbital) was in the therapeutic range in 11 and in the excessive range in 14 patients while no levels were obtained in the remaining 19 patients. Despite the lack of drug-induced fast activity, fast repetitive spike discharges and seizures with prolonged fast spike activity were demonstrated. The absence of the fast drug response is regarded as a sign of serious cerebral impairment due to the severity of the epileptic condition. The latter could be further enhanced by toxic drug levels.", "contents": "Absence of drug-induced beta-activity in the electroencephalogram. A sign of severe cerebral impairment. In 53 chronic epileptics with severe EEG abnormalities and under treatment with barbituric anticonvulsants, little or no fast activity was found in 44 patients. The serum concentration level (mostly phenobarbital) was in the therapeutic range in 11 and in the excessive range in 14 patients while no levels were obtained in the remaining 19 patients. Despite the lack of drug-induced fast activity, fast repetitive spike discharges and seizures with prolonged fast spike activity were demonstrated. The absence of the fast drug response is regarded as a sign of serious cerebral impairment due to the severity of the epileptic condition. The latter could be further enhanced by toxic drug levels.", "PMID": 856591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11281", "title": "Hemifacial spasm associated with dolichomegavertebrobasilar anomaly.", "content": "3 patients suffering from long-lasting \"cryptogenetic\" hemifacial spasm in association with dolichomegavertebrobasilar anomaly, are described. The angiographic examinations confirm the anomaly and put in evidence the patholphysiologic value of segment V4 of the vertebral artery at the same side of the spasm. Classical electromyographic examinations, and methods used to study the blink reflex, seem to rule out the hypothesis of a brain stem involvement as the only and sufficient pathologic mechanism. The peripheral pathogenesis is the most likely one.", "contents": "Hemifacial spasm associated with dolichomegavertebrobasilar anomaly. 3 patients suffering from long-lasting \"cryptogenetic\" hemifacial spasm in association with dolichomegavertebrobasilar anomaly, are described. The angiographic examinations confirm the anomaly and put in evidence the patholphysiologic value of segment V4 of the vertebral artery at the same side of the spasm. Classical electromyographic examinations, and methods used to study the blink reflex, seem to rule out the hypothesis of a brain stem involvement as the only and sufficient pathologic mechanism. The peripheral pathogenesis is the most likely one.", "PMID": 856592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11282", "title": "Comparative study of efficacy of waking and sleep recordings following sleep deprivation as an activation method in the diagnosis of epilepsy.", "content": "In the present work, on the basis of an unselected collection of patients suspected of epilepsy, the diagnostic value of waking and sleep recordings each after 24 h sleep deprivation are compared with one another. Indicative findings of epilepsy were found in 16.7% of the cases in the waking EEG after sleep deprivation. In the sleep EEG after sleep deprivation this amounted to 57.1%. These figures speak for the advantage of the second method. The result is highly significant with a chi2 value of 13.01 (p less than 0.01).", "contents": "Comparative study of efficacy of waking and sleep recordings following sleep deprivation as an activation method in the diagnosis of epilepsy. In the present work, on the basis of an unselected collection of patients suspected of epilepsy, the diagnostic value of waking and sleep recordings each after 24 h sleep deprivation are compared with one another. Indicative findings of epilepsy were found in 16.7% of the cases in the waking EEG after sleep deprivation. In the sleep EEG after sleep deprivation this amounted to 57.1%. These figures speak for the advantage of the second method. The result is highly significant with a chi2 value of 13.01 (p less than 0.01).", "PMID": 856593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11283", "title": "Transient anterior horn cell dysfunction in diphenylhydantoin therapy.", "content": "A report on a patient who developed profuse fasciculations following diphenylhydantoin therapy for 30 months with subsequent complete recovery on cessation of therapy is presented. In view of the considerable variability of spontaneous potentials generated in spinal motor neurones, in vitro studies and pathological states with respect to shape, amplitude, frequency and duration, caution is advised in the assessment of the clinical significance of fasciculations. The possibility that our patient represents an instance of a 'reversible form of motor neuron disease' is entertained.", "contents": "Transient anterior horn cell dysfunction in diphenylhydantoin therapy. A report on a patient who developed profuse fasciculations following diphenylhydantoin therapy for 30 months with subsequent complete recovery on cessation of therapy is presented. In view of the considerable variability of spontaneous potentials generated in spinal motor neurones, in vitro studies and pathological states with respect to shape, amplitude, frequency and duration, caution is advised in the assessment of the clinical significance of fasciculations. The possibility that our patient represents an instance of a 'reversible form of motor neuron disease' is entertained.", "PMID": 856594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11284", "title": "Morphological changes of the adapting small intestine deprived of gastric, duodenal, biliary and pancreatic secretions in the rat.", "content": "In order to examine the importance of certain gastrointestinal secretions in the adapting small intestine, four groups of rats were operated upon. In group 1 (controls), laparotomy and suture-marking of the small intestine were carried out. In group 2, a jejuno-ileostomy was established, resulting in a bypass of about 85% of the small intestine. In group 3, in addition to a similar bypass the secretions from duodenum, pancreas an the bile were diverted to the transverse colon. In group 4, in addition to the operations in group 3, the gastric secretion was also diverted to the colon. 14 days after operation, the wet and dry weight per 3 cm intestine and the villus height were determined from a jejunal and an ileal segment in circuit and also from the top of the blind loop. Both shunt-operation alone and shunt-operation with diversion of duodenal, pancreatic and bile secretion resulted in hypertrophy of both jejunum and ileum in circuit. Shunt-operation with diversion of gastric, duodenal, pancreatic and bile secretion resulted in moderate hypertrophic changes of the jejunum and ileum in circuit compared with controls. The top of the blind loop was atrophied in groups 2-4. The experiments demonstrate that the presence of duodeno-pancreatico-biliary secretions is not indispensable for the development of compensatory hypertrophic changes in the small intestine. The importance of gastric secretions in this respect cannot be evaluated because of the serious malabsorption of the experimental animals.", "contents": "Morphological changes of the adapting small intestine deprived of gastric, duodenal, biliary and pancreatic secretions in the rat. In order to examine the importance of certain gastrointestinal secretions in the adapting small intestine, four groups of rats were operated upon. In group 1 (controls), laparotomy and suture-marking of the small intestine were carried out. In group 2, a jejuno-ileostomy was established, resulting in a bypass of about 85% of the small intestine. In group 3, in addition to a similar bypass the secretions from duodenum, pancreas an the bile were diverted to the transverse colon. In group 4, in addition to the operations in group 3, the gastric secretion was also diverted to the colon. 14 days after operation, the wet and dry weight per 3 cm intestine and the villus height were determined from a jejunal and an ileal segment in circuit and also from the top of the blind loop. Both shunt-operation alone and shunt-operation with diversion of duodenal, pancreatic and bile secretion resulted in hypertrophy of both jejunum and ileum in circuit. Shunt-operation with diversion of gastric, duodenal, pancreatic and bile secretion resulted in moderate hypertrophic changes of the jejunum and ileum in circuit compared with controls. The top of the blind loop was atrophied in groups 2-4. The experiments demonstrate that the presence of duodeno-pancreatico-biliary secretions is not indispensable for the development of compensatory hypertrophic changes in the small intestine. The importance of gastric secretions in this respect cannot be evaluated because of the serious malabsorption of the experimental animals.", "PMID": 856595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11285", "title": "The vectorcardiographic estimation of left ventricular filling pressure following acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "High gain vectorcardiograms, in the \"timed\" mode, have been recorded in 50 patients hospitalized with noncardiac complaints, and in 32 previously well patients following acute myocardial infarction. The terminal component of the atrial vector loop has been analysed in the horizontal, frontal and sagittal planes in all the cases. A technique is described by which the three variables, magnitude, direction and depolarization time of the terminal atrial vector in each plane can be summated to give a numerical value for the total displacement of left atrial activity. This figure is referred to as the \"total vector value\". In the 32 postinfarction patients the \"P-terminal force\" was also measured from lead V1 of the scalar electrocardiogram. In these patients both the total vector value and the \"P-terminal force\" was correlated with the pulmonary diastolic pressure, as an indirect assessment of left ventricular filling pressure. In the immediate postinfarction period the correlation between the total vector value and the pulmonary diastolic pressure was good (r = 0.92), but that between the \"P-terminal force\" and the pulmonary diastolic pressure was poor (r = 0.11). Alterations in atrial electrical activity recorded by either method correlated poorly with changes in the pulmonary arterial pressure occurring more than 36 h after acute infarction. The \"total vector value\" provides an accurate noninvasive method for the detection of a rise in the left ventricular enddiastolic pressure within the first 36 h following an acute myocardial infarction. It is superior in this respect to the \"P-terminal force\" measured from the standard scalar electrocardiogram.", "contents": "The vectorcardiographic estimation of left ventricular filling pressure following acute myocardial infarction. High gain vectorcardiograms, in the \"timed\" mode, have been recorded in 50 patients hospitalized with noncardiac complaints, and in 32 previously well patients following acute myocardial infarction. The terminal component of the atrial vector loop has been analysed in the horizontal, frontal and sagittal planes in all the cases. A technique is described by which the three variables, magnitude, direction and depolarization time of the terminal atrial vector in each plane can be summated to give a numerical value for the total displacement of left atrial activity. This figure is referred to as the \"total vector value\". In the 32 postinfarction patients the \"P-terminal force\" was also measured from lead V1 of the scalar electrocardiogram. In these patients both the total vector value and the \"P-terminal force\" was correlated with the pulmonary diastolic pressure, as an indirect assessment of left ventricular filling pressure. In the immediate postinfarction period the correlation between the total vector value and the pulmonary diastolic pressure was good (r = 0.92), but that between the \"P-terminal force\" and the pulmonary diastolic pressure was poor (r = 0.11). Alterations in atrial electrical activity recorded by either method correlated poorly with changes in the pulmonary arterial pressure occurring more than 36 h after acute infarction. The \"total vector value\" provides an accurate noninvasive method for the detection of a rise in the left ventricular enddiastolic pressure within the first 36 h following an acute myocardial infarction. It is superior in this respect to the \"P-terminal force\" measured from the standard scalar electrocardiogram.", "PMID": 856596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11286", "title": "Influence of short-term physical training on exercise tolerance after myocardial infarction.", "content": "14 patients with stabilized myocardial infarction were submitted to a functional evaluation before and after 3 sessions of interval training on the bicycle ergometer. With submaximal exercise, myocardial load decreases after short-term training, the heart rate and the blood pressure--heart rate product being significantly lower for the same oxygen consumption. Maximal working capacity, expressed in watts or oxygen consumption, increases significantly after short-term training, the benefit being one-third of that obtained after 6 weeks' training. These early changes in functional capacity are positively correlated with those obtained by a more prolonged rehabilitation program. Leg muscular blood flow during submaximal and maximal exercise tends to increase after short-term training, although this change is not systematic and thus not significant.", "contents": "Influence of short-term physical training on exercise tolerance after myocardial infarction. 14 patients with stabilized myocardial infarction were submitted to a functional evaluation before and after 3 sessions of interval training on the bicycle ergometer. With submaximal exercise, myocardial load decreases after short-term training, the heart rate and the blood pressure--heart rate product being significantly lower for the same oxygen consumption. Maximal working capacity, expressed in watts or oxygen consumption, increases significantly after short-term training, the benefit being one-third of that obtained after 6 weeks' training. These early changes in functional capacity are positively correlated with those obtained by a more prolonged rehabilitation program. Leg muscular blood flow during submaximal and maximal exercise tends to increase after short-term training, although this change is not systematic and thus not significant.", "PMID": 856597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11287", "title": "Atypical 2nd degree AV block due to bilateral bundle branch block with Wenckebach phenomenon and concealed conduction in the bundle branch system.", "content": "A case of bilateral bundle branch block is described with the following features: -- 2nd degree infranodal AV block due to bilateral, intermittently synchronous \"phase 3\" bundle branch block; -- occasional AV conduction failure due to concealed His bundle extrasystoles; -- right bundle branch block pattern due to retrograde activation from the left bundle branch; -- QRS complexes having normal duration due to uniform slow conduction in both bundle branches; -- Wenckebach phenomenon in the right bundle branch; -- concealed conduction in both branches. The above interpretations are based on the use of His bundle recordings, results of right atrial stimulation and of pharmacological testing. Determinations of the lengths of all H--H intervals, whether H was followed by a ventricular response or blocked, permitted insight into the mechanism of 2nd degree AV block with varying (right and left) bundle branch block.", "contents": "Atypical 2nd degree AV block due to bilateral bundle branch block with Wenckebach phenomenon and concealed conduction in the bundle branch system. A case of bilateral bundle branch block is described with the following features: -- 2nd degree infranodal AV block due to bilateral, intermittently synchronous \"phase 3\" bundle branch block; -- occasional AV conduction failure due to concealed His bundle extrasystoles; -- right bundle branch block pattern due to retrograde activation from the left bundle branch; -- QRS complexes having normal duration due to uniform slow conduction in both bundle branches; -- Wenckebach phenomenon in the right bundle branch; -- concealed conduction in both branches. The above interpretations are based on the use of His bundle recordings, results of right atrial stimulation and of pharmacological testing. Determinations of the lengths of all H--H intervals, whether H was followed by a ventricular response or blocked, permitted insight into the mechanism of 2nd degree AV block with varying (right and left) bundle branch block.", "PMID": 856598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11288", "title": "Reassessment of the diagnostic value of the vectorcardiogram in cystic fibrosis (correlation with clinical score, pulmonary function tests and echocardiogram).", "content": "In 21 children with cystic fibrosis, the vectorcardiogram (VCG) was correlated with various indices of the severity of the disease. The best correlation was found between (1) the azimuth angle of the spatial QRS loop area, representing the rightward and posterior shift of the main electrical forces, and pulmonary function tests (PFT): FEV1 % predicted (r = -0.671, P less than 0.005) and VC% predicted (r = -0.607, P less than 0.005), and (2) the right ventricular anterior wall index measured echocardiographically (r = 0.472, P less than 0.05). More VCG parameters correlated significantly with PFT than with the echocardiogram. This shows the major influence of pulmonary changes on the VCG of those patients. In several subgroups with different clinical scores, the VCG were analyzed and compared to normal limits of age- and sex-matched controls. In this small series, the VCG was a specific but not very sensitive method for predicting the degree of severity of the disease. Echocardiography and vectorcardiography can be considered as two complementary techniques in the evaluation of cystic fibrosis.", "contents": "Reassessment of the diagnostic value of the vectorcardiogram in cystic fibrosis (correlation with clinical score, pulmonary function tests and echocardiogram). In 21 children with cystic fibrosis, the vectorcardiogram (VCG) was correlated with various indices of the severity of the disease. The best correlation was found between (1) the azimuth angle of the spatial QRS loop area, representing the rightward and posterior shift of the main electrical forces, and pulmonary function tests (PFT): FEV1 % predicted (r = -0.671, P less than 0.005) and VC% predicted (r = -0.607, P less than 0.005), and (2) the right ventricular anterior wall index measured echocardiographically (r = 0.472, P less than 0.05). More VCG parameters correlated significantly with PFT than with the echocardiogram. This shows the major influence of pulmonary changes on the VCG of those patients. In several subgroups with different clinical scores, the VCG were analyzed and compared to normal limits of age- and sex-matched controls. In this small series, the VCG was a specific but not very sensitive method for predicting the degree of severity of the disease. Echocardiography and vectorcardiography can be considered as two complementary techniques in the evaluation of cystic fibrosis.", "PMID": 856599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11289", "title": "Cardiovascular abnormalities in cutis laxa.", "content": "Cutis laxa is manifest histologically by fragmentation of elastic tissue throughout the body. The aorta and other systemic vessels show dilatation, elongation and even aneurysm formation. We report multiple pulmonary artery branch stenoses in a child who had cutis laxa. Pulmonary artery stenoses may be the cause of the pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure observed in patients with this condition.", "contents": "Cardiovascular abnormalities in cutis laxa. Cutis laxa is manifest histologically by fragmentation of elastic tissue throughout the body. The aorta and other systemic vessels show dilatation, elongation and even aneurysm formation. We report multiple pulmonary artery branch stenoses in a child who had cutis laxa. Pulmonary artery stenoses may be the cause of the pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure observed in patients with this condition.", "PMID": 856600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11290", "title": "Eleventh Edgar Mannheimer Lecture. Human fetal and neonatal circulation. Some structural and functional aspects.", "content": "Normally the neonatal circulation adjusts itself gradually during the first days of extrauterine life. The different closure rates of the major fetal vascular channels (umbilical vessels, ductus venosus, ductus arteriosus, and foramen ovale) permits smooth alterations in direction and size of shunts, should the balance of vascular resistance and pressure become upset. The study of the influence of placental transfusion on the cardio-respiratory adaptation has again demonstrated the great capacity of the transitional circulation to cope with all the strains involved in the reorganization of the circulatory system at birth. Such a capacity proves the existence of an effective system of integrated baroreceptor--and chemoreceptor--reflexes (peripheral and central).", "contents": "Eleventh Edgar Mannheimer Lecture. Human fetal and neonatal circulation. Some structural and functional aspects. Normally the neonatal circulation adjusts itself gradually during the first days of extrauterine life. The different closure rates of the major fetal vascular channels (umbilical vessels, ductus venosus, ductus arteriosus, and foramen ovale) permits smooth alterations in direction and size of shunts, should the balance of vascular resistance and pressure become upset. The study of the influence of placental transfusion on the cardio-respiratory adaptation has again demonstrated the great capacity of the transitional circulation to cope with all the strains involved in the reorganization of the circulatory system at birth. Such a capacity proves the existence of an effective system of integrated baroreceptor--and chemoreceptor--reflexes (peripheral and central).", "PMID": 856601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11291", "title": "Disposition kinetics of spironolactone in hepatic failure after single doses and prolonged treatment.", "content": "Six male patients withhistologically characterised, decompensated liver disease who had not previously received spironolactone, were given orally Aldactone 7 mg/kg with 3H-spironolactone 100muCi. The kinetics of the drug were studied in plasma and urine for 6 days. Then, Aldactone 7 mg/kg was given daily for 12 consecutive days, and the pharmacokinetics of a single dose of 3H-spironolactone were re-examined. The kinetics of total radioactivity, as well as of fluorigenic metabolites in plasma, after the first single dose of spironolactone did not differ in patients and normal test subjects; similar percentages of the dose given were excreted within 6 days in urine from patients (47.47 +- 4.88%) and from controls (53.68 +- 2.04%). The kinetics of CH2CI2/H2O distribution coefficients of labelled material in plasma and urine, as well as TLC analysis of the CH2CI2 soluble fraction, revealed no significant differences from controls. After treatment for 12 days with spironolactone, 4 out of 6 patients showed marked acceleration in the rate of elimination of radioactivity from plasma and a corresponding increase in excretion of labelled compounds in urine. Analysis of the excretion products in urine revealed proportionally increased excretion and no evidence of selective induction of a single degradation step. In contrast, delayed elimination was observed in the 2 other patients after 12 days' treatment. However, this was due to dehydration and oliguria caused by over-treatment with the diuretic.", "contents": "Disposition kinetics of spironolactone in hepatic failure after single doses and prolonged treatment. Six male patients withhistologically characterised, decompensated liver disease who had not previously received spironolactone, were given orally Aldactone 7 mg/kg with 3H-spironolactone 100muCi. The kinetics of the drug were studied in plasma and urine for 6 days. Then, Aldactone 7 mg/kg was given daily for 12 consecutive days, and the pharmacokinetics of a single dose of 3H-spironolactone were re-examined. The kinetics of total radioactivity, as well as of fluorigenic metabolites in plasma, after the first single dose of spironolactone did not differ in patients and normal test subjects; similar percentages of the dose given were excreted within 6 days in urine from patients (47.47 +- 4.88%) and from controls (53.68 +- 2.04%). The kinetics of CH2CI2/H2O distribution coefficients of labelled material in plasma and urine, as well as TLC analysis of the CH2CI2 soluble fraction, revealed no significant differences from controls. After treatment for 12 days with spironolactone, 4 out of 6 patients showed marked acceleration in the rate of elimination of radioactivity from plasma and a corresponding increase in excretion of labelled compounds in urine. Analysis of the excretion products in urine revealed proportionally increased excretion and no evidence of selective induction of a single degradation step. In contrast, delayed elimination was observed in the 2 other patients after 12 days' treatment. However, this was due to dehydration and oliguria caused by over-treatment with the diuretic.", "PMID": 856602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11292", "title": "Agranulocytosis during treatment with chlozapine.", "content": "Within six months of the introduction of the new antipsychotic drug clozapine in Finalnd, 17 cases of neutropenia or agranulocytosis were recorded amongst about 3000 patients treated. Agranulocytosis was fatal in eight patients, and in addition, two patients developed thrombocytopenia, and one patient leukaemia. As additional cases might well have been overlooked as banal infections, the risk of developing agranulocytosis during clozapine treatment was at least 0.5%. Impaired elimination of the drug or increased susceptibility of granulocyte precursors to clozapine, possibly due to some inherited characteristic, might explain the high incidence of complications.", "contents": "Agranulocytosis during treatment with chlozapine. Within six months of the introduction of the new antipsychotic drug clozapine in Finalnd, 17 cases of neutropenia or agranulocytosis were recorded amongst about 3000 patients treated. Agranulocytosis was fatal in eight patients, and in addition, two patients developed thrombocytopenia, and one patient leukaemia. As additional cases might well have been overlooked as banal infections, the risk of developing agranulocytosis during clozapine treatment was at least 0.5%. Impaired elimination of the drug or increased susceptibility of granulocyte precursors to clozapine, possibly due to some inherited characteristic, might explain the high incidence of complications.", "PMID": 856603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11293", "title": "Serum glycoside concentrations after single or repeated intravenous doses of beta-methyl-digoxin and digoxin.", "content": "The aim of the present investigation was to estimate the ratio of the intravenous doses of beta-methyl-digoxin and digoxin required to produce identical serum glycoside concentrations in man. 20 patients on intravenous maintenance therapy were changed from beta-methyl-digoxin to the identical dose of digoxin or vice versa. Each drug was given for 7 days. Serum concentrations 13% higher were found during administraton of beta-methyl-digoxin. Assuming a half life of 60 h after withdrawal, the dose of digoxin producing the same minimum serum concentration was estimated to be 1.16 times higher than that of beta-methyl-digoxin. 18 healthy volunteers received 0.4 mg beta-methyl- digoxin, and 23 the same dose of digoxin, as an intravenous infusion over 2 h. The serum concentrations and urinary glycoside excretion were measured over a period of 32 hrs. During the first hour after the infusion the serum concentration of digoxin declined more rapidly than that of beeta-methyl-digoxin. Thereafter, the ratio of the serum concentrtions did not change appreciably up to the end of the investigation. The area under the serum concentration/time curve was about 13% greater for beta-methyl-digoxin than for digoxin; this difference was not significant. The average renal clearance was 96 +- 9 ml for beta-methyl-digoxin, 151 +- 13 ml for digoxin. Since the total body clearance of digoxin is only about 1.16 times higher than that of beta-methyl-digoxin, the lower renal clearance of beta-methyl-digoxin must partly be compensated by higher extrarenal clearance. From the ratios of the areas under the serum concentration/time curves after single doses of beta-methyl-digoxin and digoxin, and the minimum serum concentrations during maintenance therapy, it was concluded that the dose of digoxin to produce the same average serum concentrations would be about 1.15 times higher than that of beta-methyl-dogoxin. In comparison wtih the large variations in individual dosage of digoxin and beta-methyl-digoxin, this difference is too small to be of practical importance.", "contents": "Serum glycoside concentrations after single or repeated intravenous doses of beta-methyl-digoxin and digoxin. The aim of the present investigation was to estimate the ratio of the intravenous doses of beta-methyl-digoxin and digoxin required to produce identical serum glycoside concentrations in man. 20 patients on intravenous maintenance therapy were changed from beta-methyl-digoxin to the identical dose of digoxin or vice versa. Each drug was given for 7 days. Serum concentrations 13% higher were found during administraton of beta-methyl-digoxin. Assuming a half life of 60 h after withdrawal, the dose of digoxin producing the same minimum serum concentration was estimated to be 1.16 times higher than that of beta-methyl-digoxin. 18 healthy volunteers received 0.4 mg beta-methyl- digoxin, and 23 the same dose of digoxin, as an intravenous infusion over 2 h. The serum concentrations and urinary glycoside excretion were measured over a period of 32 hrs. During the first hour after the infusion the serum concentration of digoxin declined more rapidly than that of beeta-methyl-digoxin. Thereafter, the ratio of the serum concentrtions did not change appreciably up to the end of the investigation. The area under the serum concentration/time curve was about 13% greater for beta-methyl-digoxin than for digoxin; this difference was not significant. The average renal clearance was 96 +- 9 ml for beta-methyl-digoxin, 151 +- 13 ml for digoxin. Since the total body clearance of digoxin is only about 1.16 times higher than that of beta-methyl-digoxin, the lower renal clearance of beta-methyl-digoxin must partly be compensated by higher extrarenal clearance. From the ratios of the areas under the serum concentration/time curves after single doses of beta-methyl-digoxin and digoxin, and the minimum serum concentrations during maintenance therapy, it was concluded that the dose of digoxin to produce the same average serum concentrations would be about 1.15 times higher than that of beta-methyl-dogoxin. In comparison wtih the large variations in individual dosage of digoxin and beta-methyl-digoxin, this difference is too small to be of practical importance.", "PMID": 856604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11294", "title": "Protein binding of salicylate and quinidine in plasma from patients with renal failure, chronic liver disease and chronic respiratory insufficiency.", "content": "The plasma protein binding of a representative acidic drug, salicylate, and a representative basic drug, quinidine, has been studied in patients with several diseases that are sometimes associated with uraemia or a change in serum albumin level. Decreased plasma protein binding of salicylate was observed in plasma from patients with uraemia and liver disease. Low albumin levels in these patients could only account inpart for the decreased binding. On the other hand, salicylate binding to plasma proteins appeared to be increased in patients with hypoxia. Decreased plasma protein binding of quinidine was observed in some patients with uraemia and in the majority of patients with liver disease.", "contents": "Protein binding of salicylate and quinidine in plasma from patients with renal failure, chronic liver disease and chronic respiratory insufficiency. The plasma protein binding of a representative acidic drug, salicylate, and a representative basic drug, quinidine, has been studied in patients with several diseases that are sometimes associated with uraemia or a change in serum albumin level. Decreased plasma protein binding of salicylate was observed in plasma from patients with uraemia and liver disease. Low albumin levels in these patients could only account inpart for the decreased binding. On the other hand, salicylate binding to plasma proteins appeared to be increased in patients with hypoxia. Decreased plasma protein binding of quinidine was observed in some patients with uraemia and in the majority of patients with liver disease.", "PMID": 856605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11295", "title": "On the oscillatory decay of the myotonic action of 9-anthroic acid. Influence of cholinesterase inhibition.", "content": "The effects of the myotonic agent, 9-anthroic acid (ANCA), and the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, soman, on the isolated phrenic nerve--diaphragm preparation of the rat have been studied. ANCA induced after-contractions which followed the twitches evoked by either direct or indirect stimulation. In the intermittently stimulated muscle the height of the after-contractions decreased rather rapidly and in an oscillatory fashion. The maximum height of each after-contraction was attained after the twitch had reached its peak. AChE inhibition changed the shape of these after-contractions in the indirectly, but not in the directly stimulated diaphragm. After AChE inhibition, the after-contractions decreased more slowly and in a non-oscillatory manner. Similar phenomena were observed in vivo in the gastrocnemius--soleus muscles. The effects of ANCA in the AChE-inhibited and in the non-inhibited diaphragm could be mimicked by incubation in low chloride media. Addition of ouabain to the non-inhibited diaphragm treated with ANCA, caused an immediate and striking enhancement followed by a rapid loss of the after-contractions, whereas the twitches remained fairly constant. In the AChE-inhibited diaphragm treated with ANCA, ouabain caused no increase but only a rapid and complete decay of the after-contractions with a decrease of the twitches. It is suggested that after inhibition of the AChE in the ANCA-treated muscle fibre, the site of initiation of the repetitive action potentials which cause the after-contractions shifts from the transverse tubular system to the motor end-plate. Moreover, it is suggested that the sodium pump is involved in the gradual decay of the myotonic action of ANCA.", "contents": "On the oscillatory decay of the myotonic action of 9-anthroic acid. Influence of cholinesterase inhibition. The effects of the myotonic agent, 9-anthroic acid (ANCA), and the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, soman, on the isolated phrenic nerve--diaphragm preparation of the rat have been studied. ANCA induced after-contractions which followed the twitches evoked by either direct or indirect stimulation. In the intermittently stimulated muscle the height of the after-contractions decreased rather rapidly and in an oscillatory fashion. The maximum height of each after-contraction was attained after the twitch had reached its peak. AChE inhibition changed the shape of these after-contractions in the indirectly, but not in the directly stimulated diaphragm. After AChE inhibition, the after-contractions decreased more slowly and in a non-oscillatory manner. Similar phenomena were observed in vivo in the gastrocnemius--soleus muscles. The effects of ANCA in the AChE-inhibited and in the non-inhibited diaphragm could be mimicked by incubation in low chloride media. Addition of ouabain to the non-inhibited diaphragm treated with ANCA, caused an immediate and striking enhancement followed by a rapid loss of the after-contractions, whereas the twitches remained fairly constant. In the AChE-inhibited diaphragm treated with ANCA, ouabain caused no increase but only a rapid and complete decay of the after-contractions with a decrease of the twitches. It is suggested that after inhibition of the AChE in the ANCA-treated muscle fibre, the site of initiation of the repetitive action potentials which cause the after-contractions shifts from the transverse tubular system to the motor end-plate. Moreover, it is suggested that the sodium pump is involved in the gradual decay of the myotonic action of ANCA.", "PMID": 856606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11296", "title": "Effects of mazindol and d-fenfluramine of 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake, storage and metabolism in blood platelets.", "content": "Mazindol induced a dose-related inhibition of the uptake of labelled 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) by guinea pig blood platelets. It was more potent than d-fenfluramine. Mazindol and d-fenfluramine decreased 5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid formation in intact platelets but not in sonicated ones. The inhibitory effects of both drugs appeared to the competitive in nature and were markedly reduced in platelets suspended in plasma instead of in Tyrode solution. Mazindol neither decreased the stored endogenous 5-HT nor caused efflux of the labelled amine from preloaded platelets, whereas d-fenfluramine induced a significant release of the amine. It is concluded that mazindol, like  d-fenfluramine, competes with 5-HT for the same transport mechanisms at the cytoplasmic membrane level but this effect is not accompanied, as is the case with d-fenfluramine, by a concomitant release of the amine.", "contents": "Effects of mazindol and d-fenfluramine of 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake, storage and metabolism in blood platelets. Mazindol induced a dose-related inhibition of the uptake of labelled 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) by guinea pig blood platelets. It was more potent than d-fenfluramine. Mazindol and d-fenfluramine decreased 5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid formation in intact platelets but not in sonicated ones. The inhibitory effects of both drugs appeared to the competitive in nature and were markedly reduced in platelets suspended in plasma instead of in Tyrode solution. Mazindol neither decreased the stored endogenous 5-HT nor caused efflux of the labelled amine from preloaded platelets, whereas d-fenfluramine induced a significant release of the amine. It is concluded that mazindol, like  d-fenfluramine, competes with 5-HT for the same transport mechanisms at the cytoplasmic membrane level but this effect is not accompanied, as is the case with d-fenfluramine, by a concomitant release of the amine.", "PMID": 856607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11297", "title": "Non-mast cell histamine levels in rat tissues after histidine loading.", "content": "The i.p. administration of L-histidine in doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg, caused prolonged high levels of histidine but did not influence the levels of histamine in the non-mast cell tissues such as the stomach, lungs and liver in the rat. After polymyxin B or 48/80 treatments as well as in anaphylaxis, the levels of histamine in the lungs and liver were greatly reduced but histidine administration failed to alter noticeably the concentrations of histamine in these organs. Similarly, the low contents of histamine in the stomach of 48/50-treated or polymyxin B-treated rats remained unchanged in the presence of excess histidine. Histidine loadings however produced a marked increase in histidine decarboxylase activity of the glandular stomach and a simultaneous elevation in the serum histamine concentrations. Results suggest that the increased level of serum histamine is the consequence of the increased activity of histidine decarboxylase in the tissues and a rapid elimination of the newly formed histamine into the blood. This led us to consider that the flux rather than the formation of histamine might be regulatory for the actual concentration of the non-mast cell histamine, especially in stomach tissue.", "contents": "Non-mast cell histamine levels in rat tissues after histidine loading. The i.p. administration of L-histidine in doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg, caused prolonged high levels of histidine but did not influence the levels of histamine in the non-mast cell tissues such as the stomach, lungs and liver in the rat. After polymyxin B or 48/80 treatments as well as in anaphylaxis, the levels of histamine in the lungs and liver were greatly reduced but histidine administration failed to alter noticeably the concentrations of histamine in these organs. Similarly, the low contents of histamine in the stomach of 48/50-treated or polymyxin B-treated rats remained unchanged in the presence of excess histidine. Histidine loadings however produced a marked increase in histidine decarboxylase activity of the glandular stomach and a simultaneous elevation in the serum histamine concentrations. Results suggest that the increased level of serum histamine is the consequence of the increased activity of histidine decarboxylase in the tissues and a rapid elimination of the newly formed histamine into the blood. This led us to consider that the flux rather than the formation of histamine might be regulatory for the actual concentration of the non-mast cell histamine, especially in stomach tissue.", "PMID": 856608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11298", "title": "Convulsant-anticonvulsant interactions on seizure activity and cortical acetylcholine release.", "content": "The effects of leptazol and bicuculline on the efflux of endogenous acetylcholine (ACh) from the surface of the cerebral cortex have been related to EEG activity in urethane-anaesthetised rats. During seizure activity there was a calcium dependent increase in ACh efflux which was related to increase EEG activity and clonic muscle movements. ACh release and EEG activity were reduced during convulsive activity by trimethadione but not phenytoin. Phenobarbitone reduced convulsive EEG activity but left ACh release relatively unaffected. Blood pressure changes induced by convulsant and anticonvulsant drugs were not consistently related to EEG activity or ACh release. It is suggested that ACh efflux from the cerebral cortex is closely related to the activity of neurones within the cortex where it is released from nerve endings. Comparison of EEG changes induced by anticonvulsants and urethane during control and convulsant activity showed that only trimethadione produces anticonvulsant activity unaccompanied by general CNS depression.", "contents": "Convulsant-anticonvulsant interactions on seizure activity and cortical acetylcholine release. The effects of leptazol and bicuculline on the efflux of endogenous acetylcholine (ACh) from the surface of the cerebral cortex have been related to EEG activity in urethane-anaesthetised rats. During seizure activity there was a calcium dependent increase in ACh efflux which was related to increase EEG activity and clonic muscle movements. ACh release and EEG activity were reduced during convulsive activity by trimethadione but not phenytoin. Phenobarbitone reduced convulsive EEG activity but left ACh release relatively unaffected. Blood pressure changes induced by convulsant and anticonvulsant drugs were not consistently related to EEG activity or ACh release. It is suggested that ACh efflux from the cerebral cortex is closely related to the activity of neurones within the cortex where it is released from nerve endings. Comparison of EEG changes induced by anticonvulsants and urethane during control and convulsant activity showed that only trimethadione produces anticonvulsant activity unaccompanied by general CNS depression.", "PMID": 856609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11299", "title": "Pharmacological studies of facial motoneurones in the rat.", "content": "Experiments were performed on 39 male albino rats anaesthetized with pentobarbitone sodium and paralyzed with gallamine triethiodide. Facial motoneurones consistently showed a progressive alteration of spike shape and decrease in spike firing frequency during the continuous microelectrophoretic application of the excitant amino acids D,L-homocysteate, L-glutamate, L-aspartate, and kainate, but infrequently during that of N-methyl-D-aspartate. The relative potencies of these excitants on facial motoneurones are reported. The potential usefulness of N-methyl-D-aspartate to produce amino acid-evoked motoneurone action potentials is discussed. The microelectrophoretically-applied depressant amino acid antagonist strychnine selectively and reversibly blocked the depressant effects of glycine on facial motoneurones. The depression of amino acid-induced firing of facial motoneurones by stimuli to the lingual or glossopharyngeal nerves were reversibly antagonized by microelectrophoretically applied strychnine but not by bicuculline.", "contents": "Pharmacological studies of facial motoneurones in the rat. Experiments were performed on 39 male albino rats anaesthetized with pentobarbitone sodium and paralyzed with gallamine triethiodide. Facial motoneurones consistently showed a progressive alteration of spike shape and decrease in spike firing frequency during the continuous microelectrophoretic application of the excitant amino acids D,L-homocysteate, L-glutamate, L-aspartate, and kainate, but infrequently during that of N-methyl-D-aspartate. The relative potencies of these excitants on facial motoneurones are reported. The potential usefulness of N-methyl-D-aspartate to produce amino acid-evoked motoneurone action potentials is discussed. The microelectrophoretically-applied depressant amino acid antagonist strychnine selectively and reversibly blocked the depressant effects of glycine on facial motoneurones. The depression of amino acid-induced firing of facial motoneurones by stimuli to the lingual or glossopharyngeal nerves were reversibly antagonized by microelectrophoretically applied strychnine but not by bicuculline.", "PMID": 856610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11300", "title": "Lack of protection of ischemic myocardium by verapamil in conscious dogs.", "content": "To determine whether coronary dilatation and decreased myocardial oxygen requirements resulting from administration of verapamil, a calcium and slow current antagonist, protect ischemic myocardium in conscious dogs, we studied 15 treated and 15 control animals after coronary occlusion. Verapamil (0.2-0.7 mg/kg/h) was given by continuous infusion for 17 h beginning 5 h after the initial plasma creatine kinase (CK) elevation after coronary occlusion. Observed infarct size and infarct size predicted before verapamil were estimated from hourly plasma CK values and infarct size was estimated also from myocardial CK depletion measured directly, 24 h after occlusion. Changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and frequency of premature ventricular complexes (recorded every 30 min) after occlusion were similar in treated and control dogs. Coronary flow after verapamil, measured with radioactively labeled microspheres, did not increase in ischemic zones but increased by 90% in normal myocardium (p less than 0.05). The differences between observed and predicted infarct size estimated from plasma CK changes in treated and controls were similar (3.0 +/- 2.2 (S.E.) and 2.0 +/- 1.4 CK-g-eq), and myocardial CK depletion was also comparable in the two groups (25 +/- 2% and 23 +/- 2%). Thus although verapamil, administered five hours after the initial plasma CK elevation, increased coronary flow in normal myocardium, it did not augment flow in ischemic tissue or limit the extent of infarction.", "contents": "Lack of protection of ischemic myocardium by verapamil in conscious dogs. To determine whether coronary dilatation and decreased myocardial oxygen requirements resulting from administration of verapamil, a calcium and slow current antagonist, protect ischemic myocardium in conscious dogs, we studied 15 treated and 15 control animals after coronary occlusion. Verapamil (0.2-0.7 mg/kg/h) was given by continuous infusion for 17 h beginning 5 h after the initial plasma creatine kinase (CK) elevation after coronary occlusion. Observed infarct size and infarct size predicted before verapamil were estimated from hourly plasma CK values and infarct size was estimated also from myocardial CK depletion measured directly, 24 h after occlusion. Changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and frequency of premature ventricular complexes (recorded every 30 min) after occlusion were similar in treated and control dogs. Coronary flow after verapamil, measured with radioactively labeled microspheres, did not increase in ischemic zones but increased by 90% in normal myocardium (p less than 0.05). The differences between observed and predicted infarct size estimated from plasma CK changes in treated and controls were similar (3.0 +/- 2.2 (S.E.) and 2.0 +/- 1.4 CK-g-eq), and myocardial CK depletion was also comparable in the two groups (25 +/- 2% and 23 +/- 2%). Thus although verapamil, administered five hours after the initial plasma CK elevation, increased coronary flow in normal myocardium, it did not augment flow in ischemic tissue or limit the extent of infarction.", "PMID": 856611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11301", "title": "Aspects of the spasmogenic effects of acetate esters on ileal smooth muscle.", "content": "Acetate esters, such as aspirin methylester, aspirin and resorcinol monoacetate, induced contractions of guinea-pig ileum. Their actions were selectively antagonized by atropine, but were not affected by ganglion blocking agents, conduction blockers, aging with cooling, anoxia or antihistaminics. On the other hand, N-acetates, such as acetanilide and p-acetaminophenol, and no contractile action on the ileum. These acetate esters thus seemed to have a cholinergic action, and not a direct action on muscle or other known specific receptors for endogenous active substances. The contractions induced by the acetate esters were selectively potentiated by low concentrations of choline, whereas those induced by acetylcholine, nicotine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and histamine were not. However, N-acetates did not induce the contractions even in the presence of choline. Organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitors, such as diisopropyl fluorophosphate and paraoxon, selectively and irreversibly inhibited the actions of aspirin and N,O-diacetyl-p-aminophenol with or without choline. From these results, it is concluded that the acetate esters with or without choline act through the cholinergic system. However, their actions cannot be explained in terms of known mechanisms, such as acetylcholine release, cholinesterase inhibition or a direct muscarinic action. Therefore, the acetate esters, including phenyl acetate which was supposed to be a releaser of acetylcholine, seem to have a hitherto undescribed type of cholinergic action whose mechanism is unknown. It seems that organophosphate-sensitive esterase(s) in the preparation may be essential for initiation of the actions of the acetate esters with or without choline, but the mechanism of the effect of choline is unknown.", "contents": "Aspects of the spasmogenic effects of acetate esters on ileal smooth muscle. Acetate esters, such as aspirin methylester, aspirin and resorcinol monoacetate, induced contractions of guinea-pig ileum. Their actions were selectively antagonized by atropine, but were not affected by ganglion blocking agents, conduction blockers, aging with cooling, anoxia or antihistaminics. On the other hand, N-acetates, such as acetanilide and p-acetaminophenol, and no contractile action on the ileum. These acetate esters thus seemed to have a cholinergic action, and not a direct action on muscle or other known specific receptors for endogenous active substances. The contractions induced by the acetate esters were selectively potentiated by low concentrations of choline, whereas those induced by acetylcholine, nicotine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and histamine were not. However, N-acetates did not induce the contractions even in the presence of choline. Organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitors, such as diisopropyl fluorophosphate and paraoxon, selectively and irreversibly inhibited the actions of aspirin and N,O-diacetyl-p-aminophenol with or without choline. From these results, it is concluded that the acetate esters with or without choline act through the cholinergic system. However, their actions cannot be explained in terms of known mechanisms, such as acetylcholine release, cholinesterase inhibition or a direct muscarinic action. Therefore, the acetate esters, including phenyl acetate which was supposed to be a releaser of acetylcholine, seem to have a hitherto undescribed type of cholinergic action whose mechanism is unknown. It seems that organophosphate-sensitive esterase(s) in the preparation may be essential for initiation of the actions of the acetate esters with or without choline, but the mechanism of the effect of choline is unknown.", "PMID": 856612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11302", "title": "Effect of verapamil on experimental arrhythmias.", "content": "Verapamil 0.25-1.0 mg/kg i.v. did not significantly elevate the ventricular fibrillation threshold in dogs. It did not antagonize the deslanoside arrhythmias, but inhibited transiently the arrhythmias induced by either electrical stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus or bilateral carotid occlusion in cats. Effect of verapamil on the aconitine-induced rapid firing of the isolated atria and ventricles of the young rabbit and chick embryos was also studied with the microelectrode technique. In doses of 5, 10 and 20 microng/ml, it suppressed the rapid firing of the cardiac preparations, with exception of the ventricles of the rabbit. Antiarrhythmic action of verapamil in such high concentration seems to be due to non-specific inhibitions of Na+ channels of the myocardial cells.", "contents": "Effect of verapamil on experimental arrhythmias. Verapamil 0.25-1.0 mg/kg i.v. did not significantly elevate the ventricular fibrillation threshold in dogs. It did not antagonize the deslanoside arrhythmias, but inhibited transiently the arrhythmias induced by either electrical stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus or bilateral carotid occlusion in cats. Effect of verapamil on the aconitine-induced rapid firing of the isolated atria and ventricles of the young rabbit and chick embryos was also studied with the microelectrode technique. In doses of 5, 10 and 20 microng/ml, it suppressed the rapid firing of the cardiac preparations, with exception of the ventricles of the rabbit. Antiarrhythmic action of verapamil in such high concentration seems to be due to non-specific inhibitions of Na+ channels of the myocardial cells.", "PMID": 856613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11303", "title": "Some effects of mazindol, an anorectic drug, on rat brain monoaminergic systems.", "content": "Mazindol was devoid of effect both on rat brain steady state levels of 5-HT, 5-HIAA and tryptophan and on the rate of synthesis of 5-HT in the rat brain. Mazindol had no effect on rat brain 5-HT uptake in vivo as determined by the effect of drug pretreatment on the ability of p-chloroamphetamine to lower central 5-HT levels. A large dose of mazindol caused a slight transient decrease in rat brain levels of NA and DA. Blockade of rat brain catecholamine uptake was quantified by studying drug effects on the ability of intraventricularly administered 6-hydroxydopamine to lower brain NA and DA content. Mazindol was an extremely potent inhibitor of rat brain NA uptake in vivo, being 4-5 times more potent than desipramine. Mazindol also blocked rat brain DA uptake. Doses of mazindol needed to release alpha-methyl-m-tyramine from the rat striatum were appreciably greater than the corresponding doses of d-amphetamine. The neurochemical profile of mazindol bears a much closer resemblance to that of d-amphetamine than to that of fenfluramine.", "contents": "Some effects of mazindol, an anorectic drug, on rat brain monoaminergic systems. Mazindol was devoid of effect both on rat brain steady state levels of 5-HT, 5-HIAA and tryptophan and on the rate of synthesis of 5-HT in the rat brain. Mazindol had no effect on rat brain 5-HT uptake in vivo as determined by the effect of drug pretreatment on the ability of p-chloroamphetamine to lower central 5-HT levels. A large dose of mazindol caused a slight transient decrease in rat brain levels of NA and DA. Blockade of rat brain catecholamine uptake was quantified by studying drug effects on the ability of intraventricularly administered 6-hydroxydopamine to lower brain NA and DA content. Mazindol was an extremely potent inhibitor of rat brain NA uptake in vivo, being 4-5 times more potent than desipramine. Mazindol also blocked rat brain DA uptake. Doses of mazindol needed to release alpha-methyl-m-tyramine from the rat striatum were appreciably greater than the corresponding doses of d-amphetamine. The neurochemical profile of mazindol bears a much closer resemblance to that of d-amphetamine than to that of fenfluramine.", "PMID": 856614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11304", "title": "Peptide antagonists of angiotensin-induced adrenal catecholamine release.", "content": "The effect of analogs of angiotensin (modified with an Ile-substituted for Phe) was studied in the isolated, retrogradely perfused adrenal of the cat. Continuous differential analysis of norepinephrine and epinephrine output was quantified with an automated trihydroxyindole procedure. [Ile8]-angiotensin I and [Ile7]-angiotensin III exhibited negligible secretory activity, in contrast to the stimulatory effects of [Ile8]-angiotensin II (10-20% activity relative to angiotensin II). [Ile8]-angiotensin I blocked angiotensin II-induced catecholamine secretion and a pA2 value of 8.50 was obtained. [Ile7]-angiotensin III was an especially potent antagonist of angiotensin II and a pA2 value of 10.4 was calculated for this heptapeptide analog. The pA2 value for [Ile8]-angiotensin II, a partial agonist in the adrenal medulla was 9.33. These three analogs were equally effective against secretion induced by the corresponding unsubstituted homologs (Ang I and Ang III). These data suggest that all these angiotensin peptides interact with a common receptor. [Ile8]-angiotensin I and [Ile7]-angiotensin III had no effect on adrenal medullary responses induced by KCl, nicotine and bradykinin. These structural analogs of angiotensin are pure competitive antagonists of angiotensin in the cat adrenal chromaffin cell.", "contents": "Peptide antagonists of angiotensin-induced adrenal catecholamine release. The effect of analogs of angiotensin (modified with an Ile-substituted for Phe) was studied in the isolated, retrogradely perfused adrenal of the cat. Continuous differential analysis of norepinephrine and epinephrine output was quantified with an automated trihydroxyindole procedure. [Ile8]-angiotensin I and [Ile7]-angiotensin III exhibited negligible secretory activity, in contrast to the stimulatory effects of [Ile8]-angiotensin II (10-20% activity relative to angiotensin II). [Ile8]-angiotensin I blocked angiotensin II-induced catecholamine secretion and a pA2 value of 8.50 was obtained. [Ile7]-angiotensin III was an especially potent antagonist of angiotensin II and a pA2 value of 10.4 was calculated for this heptapeptide analog. The pA2 value for [Ile8]-angiotensin II, a partial agonist in the adrenal medulla was 9.33. These three analogs were equally effective against secretion induced by the corresponding unsubstituted homologs (Ang I and Ang III). These data suggest that all these angiotensin peptides interact with a common receptor. [Ile8]-angiotensin I and [Ile7]-angiotensin III had no effect on adrenal medullary responses induced by KCl, nicotine and bradykinin. These structural analogs of angiotensin are pure competitive antagonists of angiotensin in the cat adrenal chromaffin cell.", "PMID": 856615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11305", "title": "Effects of several tricyclic antidepressants on the hemodynamics and myocardial contractility of the anesthetized dogs.", "content": "Cardiovascular effects of several imipramine analogs were investigated in the anesthetized mongrel dogs. Significant reduction in the cardiac output produced by lower doses (2.5 mg/kg, i.v.) of imipramine and 2-OH-DMI was not due to a depression of myocardial contractility. In contrast, 2-OH-imipramine (1.25 mg/kg) and DMI (2.5 mg/kg) significantly reduced contractility within 10 min after i.v. administration; however, significant decrease in the cardiac output did not occur until after 60 min. Higher doses (5 mg/kg) of imipramine, DMI and 2-OH-DMI significantly attenuated cardiac rate, contractility and output within 5 min after i.v. administration. 2-OH-imipramine, 2.5 mg/kg, i.v., depressed contractility and cardiac output to a degree equivalent to that produced by 5 mg/kg of imipramine, DMI and 2-OH-DMI. 3-Chloro-imipramine (5 mg/kg, i.v.) induced decrease in the cardiac output was essentially due to a significant reduction in the heart rate since the effects of this compound on the contractility were transient in nature. 3-Cl-8-OH-metabolite of this compound had no significant effects on the cardiovascular system. The results of this investigation demonstrated that the complex cardiovascular effects of tricyclic antidepressants observed in these studies were perhaps due to a direct and/or autonomically mediated effects on the heart and vasculature. Further, the data support the conclusions that the activity of the parent compounds together with that of the metabolites contributes to overall changes observed. While all the agents are capable of reducing cardiac output, 2-OH-metabolite of imipramine appears to be most toxic on the myocardium and 3-Cl-imipramine possessed only transient effects on the contractile properties.", "contents": "Effects of several tricyclic antidepressants on the hemodynamics and myocardial contractility of the anesthetized dogs. Cardiovascular effects of several imipramine analogs were investigated in the anesthetized mongrel dogs. Significant reduction in the cardiac output produced by lower doses (2.5 mg/kg, i.v.) of imipramine and 2-OH-DMI was not due to a depression of myocardial contractility. In contrast, 2-OH-imipramine (1.25 mg/kg) and DMI (2.5 mg/kg) significantly reduced contractility within 10 min after i.v. administration; however, significant decrease in the cardiac output did not occur until after 60 min. Higher doses (5 mg/kg) of imipramine, DMI and 2-OH-DMI significantly attenuated cardiac rate, contractility and output within 5 min after i.v. administration. 2-OH-imipramine, 2.5 mg/kg, i.v., depressed contractility and cardiac output to a degree equivalent to that produced by 5 mg/kg of imipramine, DMI and 2-OH-DMI. 3-Chloro-imipramine (5 mg/kg, i.v.) induced decrease in the cardiac output was essentially due to a significant reduction in the heart rate since the effects of this compound on the contractility were transient in nature. 3-Cl-8-OH-metabolite of this compound had no significant effects on the cardiovascular system. The results of this investigation demonstrated that the complex cardiovascular effects of tricyclic antidepressants observed in these studies were perhaps due to a direct and/or autonomically mediated effects on the heart and vasculature. Further, the data support the conclusions that the activity of the parent compounds together with that of the metabolites contributes to overall changes observed. While all the agents are capable of reducing cardiac output, 2-OH-metabolite of imipramine appears to be most toxic on the myocardium and 3-Cl-imipramine possessed only transient effects on the contractile properties.", "PMID": 856616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11306", "title": "Mossy and climbing fiber inputs from cutaneous mechanoreceptors to cerebellar Purkyn\u0115 cells in unanesthetized cats.", "content": "1. Mossy and climbing fiber inputs from cutaneous mechanoreceptors to Purkyn\u0115 cells of vermis and pars intermedia of the cerebellar anterior lobe were studied in locally anesthetized, paralyzed cats prepared for painless recording sessions. In this preparation the mossy fiber and climbing fiber pathways remain fully functional. Simple spikes and climbing fiber discharges were recorded simultaneously through extracellular glass micro-electrodes and thereafter filtered off from each other for separate, computer-assisted analysis. Controlled mechanical stimulation (air jets, taps, pressure) was performed on the foot pads of all four limbs and on the hairy skin of the limbs and the body. 2. Long term recording of the spontaneous activity of 110 Purkyn\u0115 cells revealed a simple spike activity of 85 imp./s +/- 49 imp./s (mean +/- S.D.) and 1.00+/-0.78 climbing fiber responses per second. 3. Taps to foot pads and air jets to hairy skin revealed that most of the short latency responses via mossy fibers resulted from activation of the receptors of the ipsilateral forefoot. With the same stimuli climbing fiber discharges from the ipsilateral feet were more frequently evoked than from the contralateral feet. Both via mossy and climbing fibers the contralateral hindlimb gave the smallest contribution. 4. Simple spike responses were evoked more commonly by pad stimulation (tap stimuli) than by hair stimulation (air jets). For both types of stimuli excitatory responses were more frequent (3:1) than inhibitory ones. Similarly, pad stimulation was more effective than hair stimulation in inducing climbing fiber responses. Ipsilateral stimuli were much more effective than contralateral ones in evoking both simple spike and climbing fiber responses. 5. Steady pressure stimuli modify the Purkyn\u0115 cell discharges via mossy and climbing fiber pathways. Excitatory and inhibitory effects often of very long duration have been observed via both pathways. Again the ipsilateral forelimb was more effective than the other limbs. Mossy fiber responses were at least three times as common as climbing fiber responses and excitatory responses were more frequent than inhibitory ones. 6. There is no apparent relation between the spontaneous discharge rates of the Purkyn\u0115 cells and the response magnitudes of the mossy fiber and climbing fiber induced excitatory and inhibitory changes inthe impulse pattern of Purkyn\u0115 cells during steady pressure stimuli.", "contents": "Mossy and climbing fiber inputs from cutaneous mechanoreceptors to cerebellar Purkyn\u0115 cells in unanesthetized cats. 1. Mossy and climbing fiber inputs from cutaneous mechanoreceptors to Purkyn\u0115 cells of vermis and pars intermedia of the cerebellar anterior lobe were studied in locally anesthetized, paralyzed cats prepared for painless recording sessions. In this preparation the mossy fiber and climbing fiber pathways remain fully functional. Simple spikes and climbing fiber discharges were recorded simultaneously through extracellular glass micro-electrodes and thereafter filtered off from each other for separate, computer-assisted analysis. Controlled mechanical stimulation (air jets, taps, pressure) was performed on the foot pads of all four limbs and on the hairy skin of the limbs and the body. 2. Long term recording of the spontaneous activity of 110 Purkyn\u0115 cells revealed a simple spike activity of 85 imp./s +/- 49 imp./s (mean +/- S.D.) and 1.00+/-0.78 climbing fiber responses per second. 3. Taps to foot pads and air jets to hairy skin revealed that most of the short latency responses via mossy fibers resulted from activation of the receptors of the ipsilateral forefoot. With the same stimuli climbing fiber discharges from the ipsilateral feet were more frequently evoked than from the contralateral feet. Both via mossy and climbing fibers the contralateral hindlimb gave the smallest contribution. 4. Simple spike responses were evoked more commonly by pad stimulation (tap stimuli) than by hair stimulation (air jets). For both types of stimuli excitatory responses were more frequent (3:1) than inhibitory ones. Similarly, pad stimulation was more effective than hair stimulation in inducing climbing fiber responses. Ipsilateral stimuli were much more effective than contralateral ones in evoking both simple spike and climbing fiber responses. 5. Steady pressure stimuli modify the Purkyn\u0115 cell discharges via mossy and climbing fiber pathways. Excitatory and inhibitory effects often of very long duration have been observed via both pathways. Again the ipsilateral forelimb was more effective than the other limbs. Mossy fiber responses were at least three times as common as climbing fiber responses and excitatory responses were more frequent than inhibitory ones. 6. There is no apparent relation between the spontaneous discharge rates of the Purkyn\u0115 cells and the response magnitudes of the mossy fiber and climbing fiber induced excitatory and inhibitory changes inthe impulse pattern of Purkyn\u0115 cells during steady pressure stimuli.", "PMID": 856617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11307", "title": "Somatotopic studies on the vermal cortex of the cerebellar anterior lobe of unanaesthetized cats.", "content": "1. In unanaesthetized cats with intact neuraxis the relation between the cutaneous receptive fields of Purkyn\u0115 cells and the position of these cells in the vermis of the cerebellar anterior lobe was studied with the specific question whether this cerebellar area exhibits any kind of somatotopy in the absence of central anaesthesia. To establish the receptive fields the skin of all four limbs and of the trunk was probed with mechanical stimuli (taps, air-jets, pressure). The recording sites in the vermis were determined histologically. 2. In regard to the mossy fiber transmitted input none of the four limbs showed a dominant representation in one or more of the lobules rostral of the fissura prima or in a parasagittal section. For the ipsilateral limbs there is a greater mossy fiber input to lobule V from the forelimb than from the hindlimb (84:59%), and a reversed preponderance for lobule II (45:80%) but this indication of a somatotopic arrangement is not unequivocally paralleled by the other mossy fiber inputs. 3. Also in regard to the climbing fiber input no distinct somatotopical arrangement has been detected. Again it has been noted that the ipsilateral inputs have a somewhat greater input to lobule V from the forelimb than from the hindlimb (35:22%), and the reverse finding holds true for lobule II (10:45%). 4. The overall results did not change appreciably when the  responses were grouped according to their latencies or when the Purkyn\u0115 cells were classified according to the patterns of convergence of their receptive fields. 5. The absence of a distinct somatotopic organization in the vermis is a direct consequence of the considerable convergence from the cutaneous mechanoreceptors of the limbs onto the individual Purkyn\u0115 cells which occurs via the mossy and the climbing fiber pathways. It is suggested that this convergence indicates that the vermal Purkyn\u0115 cells are particularly involved in coordinating the motor activity of forelimbs and hindlimbs.", "contents": "Somatotopic studies on the vermal cortex of the cerebellar anterior lobe of unanaesthetized cats. 1. In unanaesthetized cats with intact neuraxis the relation between the cutaneous receptive fields of Purkyn\u0115 cells and the position of these cells in the vermis of the cerebellar anterior lobe was studied with the specific question whether this cerebellar area exhibits any kind of somatotopy in the absence of central anaesthesia. To establish the receptive fields the skin of all four limbs and of the trunk was probed with mechanical stimuli (taps, air-jets, pressure). The recording sites in the vermis were determined histologically. 2. In regard to the mossy fiber transmitted input none of the four limbs showed a dominant representation in one or more of the lobules rostral of the fissura prima or in a parasagittal section. For the ipsilateral limbs there is a greater mossy fiber input to lobule V from the forelimb than from the hindlimb (84:59%), and a reversed preponderance for lobule II (45:80%) but this indication of a somatotopic arrangement is not unequivocally paralleled by the other mossy fiber inputs. 3. Also in regard to the climbing fiber input no distinct somatotopical arrangement has been detected. Again it has been noted that the ipsilateral inputs have a somewhat greater input to lobule V from the forelimb than from the hindlimb (35:22%), and the reverse finding holds true for lobule II (10:45%). 4. The overall results did not change appreciably when the  responses were grouped according to their latencies or when the Purkyn\u0115 cells were classified according to the patterns of convergence of their receptive fields. 5. The absence of a distinct somatotopic organization in the vermis is a direct consequence of the considerable convergence from the cutaneous mechanoreceptors of the limbs onto the individual Purkyn\u0115 cells which occurs via the mossy and the climbing fiber pathways. It is suggested that this convergence indicates that the vermal Purkyn\u0115 cells are particularly involved in coordinating the motor activity of forelimbs and hindlimbs.", "PMID": 856618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11308", "title": "Role of Ia afferents in the soleus motoneurones. Inhibition during a tibialis anterior voluntary contraction in man.", "content": "Variations of the soleus H-reflex were studied during voluntary isometric or anisometric contractions of the tibialis anterior in man. At the onset of isometric contractions there was a weak inhibition of the soleus H-reflex, which was not related to the force of the tibialis anterior contraction. 110 msec after the onset of the EMG activity, the inhibition became secondarily more marked and was then related to the force of the contraction. This secondary potentiation of the H-reflex inhibition is brought about by group I fibres activity, since it was markedly reduced during ischemia of the leg. It persisted during local muscular fatigue, this indicating that Ib fibres from tibialis anterior are not involved and that, by the process of elimination, group Ia fibres must be responsible for the supplementary secondary inhibition. It is concluded that the early inhibition is only due to suprasegmental activity, whereas during the secondary part of the inhibition there is a supplementary inhibitory action brought about by Ia fibres from tibialis anterior. The secondary potentiation of the inhibition is therefore likely to be produced via the gamma loop.", "contents": "Role of Ia afferents in the soleus motoneurones. Inhibition during a tibialis anterior voluntary contraction in man. Variations of the soleus H-reflex were studied during voluntary isometric or anisometric contractions of the tibialis anterior in man. At the onset of isometric contractions there was a weak inhibition of the soleus H-reflex, which was not related to the force of the tibialis anterior contraction. 110 msec after the onset of the EMG activity, the inhibition became secondarily more marked and was then related to the force of the contraction. This secondary potentiation of the H-reflex inhibition is brought about by group I fibres activity, since it was markedly reduced during ischemia of the leg. It persisted during local muscular fatigue, this indicating that Ib fibres from tibialis anterior are not involved and that, by the process of elimination, group Ia fibres must be responsible for the supplementary secondary inhibition. It is concluded that the early inhibition is only due to suprasegmental activity, whereas during the secondary part of the inhibition there is a supplementary inhibitory action brought about by Ia fibres from tibialis anterior. The secondary potentiation of the inhibition is therefore likely to be produced via the gamma loop.", "PMID": 856619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11309", "title": "[Effect of azabutyrone and its analogs on catecholamine metabolism in the brains of rats].", "content": "The action of the neuroleptic azabutyrone and its analogues on the accumulation and disappearance of 3H-norepinephrine and 3H-dopamine was studied in test on rats by using 3H-thyrosine, a tagged precursor of catecholamines. Azabutyrone is shown to be capable to speed up the dopamine circulation rate, as well as that of norepinephrine in the brain of rats. By comparison with azabutyrone the diazabicyclodekanyl derivative produces a more marked effect on the criculation of amines. A further \"weighting\" of the diazabicyclic radical and also substitution of chlorine for the fluorine atom in the para-position of the phenyl ring of butyrophenone leads to weakening of this effect.", "contents": "[Effect of azabutyrone and its analogs on catecholamine metabolism in the brains of rats]. The action of the neuroleptic azabutyrone and its analogues on the accumulation and disappearance of 3H-norepinephrine and 3H-dopamine was studied in test on rats by using 3H-thyrosine, a tagged precursor of catecholamines. Azabutyrone is shown to be capable to speed up the dopamine circulation rate, as well as that of norepinephrine in the brain of rats. By comparison with azabutyrone the diazabicyclodekanyl derivative produces a more marked effect on the criculation of amines. A further \"weighting\" of the diazabicyclic radical and also substitution of chlorine for the fluorine atom in the para-position of the phenyl ring of butyrophenone leads to weakening of this effect.", "PMID": 856621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11310", "title": "[Molecular profile of the aminopherases of rat heart cytostructures induced by toxic doses of thyroxine].", "content": "The development of thyrotoxin intoxication is attended by a sharply increased activity of aminopherases localized in the nuclei, mitochondria and hyaloplasm. The molecular pattern of the study enzymes undergoes a substantial change and is supplemented with new isoforms in the cathod portion of the spectrum embracing the alanine-aminotranspherase of the nuclei and hyaloplasm, and that of the aspartate-aminotranspherase of the nuclei and mitochondria. Actinomycin D, an inhibitor of transcription, abolishes the effect of thyrotoxin stimulating the aminopherase activity and induction of the hormones of new molecular forms of the aminopherases.", "contents": "[Molecular profile of the aminopherases of rat heart cytostructures induced by toxic doses of thyroxine]. The development of thyrotoxin intoxication is attended by a sharply increased activity of aminopherases localized in the nuclei, mitochondria and hyaloplasm. The molecular pattern of the study enzymes undergoes a substantial change and is supplemented with new isoforms in the cathod portion of the spectrum embracing the alanine-aminotranspherase of the nuclei and hyaloplasm, and that of the aspartate-aminotranspherase of the nuclei and mitochondria. Actinomycin D, an inhibitor of transcription, abolishes the effect of thyrotoxin stimulating the aminopherase activity and induction of the hormones of new molecular forms of the aminopherases.", "PMID": 856620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11311", "title": "[Effect of vitamin E on the functional state of rat liver mitochondria following bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy].", "content": "On the basis of a proven protective effect of vitamin \"E\" in regard to cellular metabolism in hypoxia and presuming that it is exactly the chronic hypoxia that forms the main pathogenetic link in the development of \"deneravation changes\" the effect of vitamin \"E\" on the function of hepatic metachondria in rats was studied polarographically and by using tetracycline, as a fluorescent probe, at different dates following bilateral subphrenic vagotomy. The available data prompted an inference of a marked stabilizing influence of the agent on the state of mitochondria in 7 and more days after vagotomy.", "contents": "[Effect of vitamin E on the functional state of rat liver mitochondria following bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy]. On the basis of a proven protective effect of vitamin \"E\" in regard to cellular metabolism in hypoxia and presuming that it is exactly the chronic hypoxia that forms the main pathogenetic link in the development of \"deneravation changes\" the effect of vitamin \"E\" on the function of hepatic metachondria in rats was studied polarographically and by using tetracycline, as a fluorescent probe, at different dates following bilateral subphrenic vagotomy. The available data prompted an inference of a marked stabilizing influence of the agent on the state of mitochondria in 7 and more days after vagotomy.", "PMID": 856623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11312", "title": "[Synthesis of 2,3-diazaphenothiazine. XI. 2- and 3-arylderivatives of 10-methyl-2,3-dihydropyridazine /4,5-b/ / 1,4/ benzothiazin-1,4(10H)-dione].", "content": "The synthesis of 3-phenyl-10-methyl-2,3-dihydropyridazine[4,5-b] [1,4]benzothiazin-1,4(10H)-dione (I) and the 2 phenyl siomer-(II) is described. The compounds were prepared by the reaction of 2-methylaminothiophenol with 1,2-dihydro-20phenyl-4,5-dibromopyridazin-3,6-dione in an alkaline aqueous/alcoholic medium. The structure of the two isomers was demonstrated by transformation of (I) into 3-phenyl-10-methyl-3H-pyridazino[4,5-b] [1,4]benzothiazin-4(10H)-one (IV) reported in the literature.", "contents": "[Synthesis of 2,3-diazaphenothiazine. XI. 2- and 3-arylderivatives of 10-methyl-2,3-dihydropyridazine /4,5-b/ / 1,4/ benzothiazin-1,4(10H)-dione]. The synthesis of 3-phenyl-10-methyl-2,3-dihydropyridazine[4,5-b] [1,4]benzothiazin-1,4(10H)-dione (I) and the 2 phenyl siomer-(II) is described. The compounds were prepared by the reaction of 2-methylaminothiophenol with 1,2-dihydro-20phenyl-4,5-dibromopyridazin-3,6-dione in an alkaline aqueous/alcoholic medium. The structure of the two isomers was demonstrated by transformation of (I) into 3-phenyl-10-methyl-3H-pyridazino[4,5-b] [1,4]benzothiazin-4(10H)-one (IV) reported in the literature.", "PMID": 856630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11313", "title": "[Effect of psychotropic substances on the physical work capacity of animals under high and low temperature conditions].", "content": "By way of comparison the influence of psychostimulators -- benzedrine, caffein and sydnocarb -- on the physical performance capacity of rats exposed to heat and cold was studied. It was ascertained that psychostimulators are capable of heightening the performance capacity of the animals, viz. benzedrine in cooling -- in a dose of 1 mg/kg; caffein -- in overheating -- in a dose of 30 mg/kg; sydrocarb -- in overheating -- in a dose of 5 mg/kg. In the case of benzedrine the increase of performance capacity reaches 29.4, in that of caffein -- 21.0 and in sydnocarb -- 42.1 per cent above the initial level.", "contents": "[Effect of psychotropic substances on the physical work capacity of animals under high and low temperature conditions]. By way of comparison the influence of psychostimulators -- benzedrine, caffein and sydnocarb -- on the physical performance capacity of rats exposed to heat and cold was studied. It was ascertained that psychostimulators are capable of heightening the performance capacity of the animals, viz. benzedrine in cooling -- in a dose of 1 mg/kg; caffein -- in overheating -- in a dose of 30 mg/kg; sydrocarb -- in overheating -- in a dose of 5 mg/kg. In the case of benzedrine the increase of performance capacity reaches 29.4, in that of caffein -- 21.0 and in sydnocarb -- 42.1 per cent above the initial level.", "PMID": 856624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11314", "title": "[Effect of reserpine, isobarin and dopegit on the resistance of cerebral vessels].", "content": "In tests staged on anesthetized cats the effects of reserpine, isobarine and dopegit upon the resistance of cerebral vessels were studied resistographically. In 60--120 minutes after their introduction these drugs raise the resistance of intracranial vessels, inhibiting their reaction to electric stimulation of sympathic nerves and bringing down at the same time the total arterial pressure. An inference is drawn to the effect that the mounting perfusion pressure in the cerebral vessels following the action of reserpine and isobarine occurs as a result of their alpha-adrenoreceptors stimulation with norepinephrine that is intensively secreted from the nerve endings. Dopegit exerts an analogous action through formation of alpha-methyl-norepinephrine, which produces, like norepinephrine, an effect on the cerebral vessels.", "contents": "[Effect of reserpine, isobarin and dopegit on the resistance of cerebral vessels]. In tests staged on anesthetized cats the effects of reserpine, isobarine and dopegit upon the resistance of cerebral vessels were studied resistographically. In 60--120 minutes after their introduction these drugs raise the resistance of intracranial vessels, inhibiting their reaction to electric stimulation of sympathic nerves and bringing down at the same time the total arterial pressure. An inference is drawn to the effect that the mounting perfusion pressure in the cerebral vessels following the action of reserpine and isobarine occurs as a result of their alpha-adrenoreceptors stimulation with norepinephrine that is intensively secreted from the nerve endings. Dopegit exerts an analogous action through formation of alpha-methyl-norepinephrine, which produces, like norepinephrine, an effect on the cerebral vessels.", "PMID": 856625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11315", "title": "[Comparative effects of pentagastrin and caerulein on the insulin secretion in the anesthesized dog].", "content": "The insulin-secretory effect of pentagastrin (5-G) and caerulein (CRL) was studied comparatively in the anesthesized dog. Both peptides, infused into the femoral vein for 30 minutes in doses of 0.20 microng/kg/min and 0.035 microng/kg/min respectively, caused a significant increase in plasma IRI without simultaneously modifying blood glucose. The insulin-secretory activity is however transitory for both, being a little more prolonged for CRL. On a molar basis the latter is almost 50 times more active than 5-G. The mechanism of the beta-cytotropic action of CRL and the different behaviour of the two peptides is discussed.", "contents": "[Comparative effects of pentagastrin and caerulein on the insulin secretion in the anesthesized dog]. The insulin-secretory effect of pentagastrin (5-G) and caerulein (CRL) was studied comparatively in the anesthesized dog. Both peptides, infused into the femoral vein for 30 minutes in doses of 0.20 microng/kg/min and 0.035 microng/kg/min respectively, caused a significant increase in plasma IRI without simultaneously modifying blood glucose. The insulin-secretory activity is however transitory for both, being a little more prolonged for CRL. On a molar basis the latter is almost 50 times more active than 5-G. The mechanism of the beta-cytotropic action of CRL and the different behaviour of the two peptides is discussed.", "PMID": 856631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11316", "title": "[Oxidation of a naphthenic hydrocarbon, dodecylcyclohexane, in the rat].", "content": "Naphthenic hydrocarbons, mainly of fossil origin, are widespread in our environment, and contaminate the food chains; they are also used as food additives. Their fate in mammals is unknown, except for the fact that they are absorbed and accumulate in tissues. Only a few microorganisms have been shown capable or oxidising n-alkyl substituted cycloparaffins. In this study, dodecylcylohexane has been chosen as a typical monocycloparaffin, and has been administered orally to rats. The GLC and GLC-MS analysis of the methylesters of body and hepatic fatty acids led to the identification of cyclohexyldodecanoic and its decano\u00efc and octano\u00efc homologs. The alkyl chain undergoes a terminal oxidation followed by the classical beta-oxidation process. After administration of one 200 mg dose, or incorporation of 0.1% of the cycloparaffin in the diet for 2 months, these acids were found at low levels in neutral lipids and phospholipids. Their subsequent metabolic pathway and their possible interaction with the biochemical mechanisms involving phospholipids are under investigation.", "contents": "[Oxidation of a naphthenic hydrocarbon, dodecylcyclohexane, in the rat]. Naphthenic hydrocarbons, mainly of fossil origin, are widespread in our environment, and contaminate the food chains; they are also used as food additives. Their fate in mammals is unknown, except for the fact that they are absorbed and accumulate in tissues. Only a few microorganisms have been shown capable or oxidising n-alkyl substituted cycloparaffins. In this study, dodecylcylohexane has been chosen as a typical monocycloparaffin, and has been administered orally to rats. The GLC and GLC-MS analysis of the methylesters of body and hepatic fatty acids led to the identification of cyclohexyldodecanoic and its decano\u00efc and octano\u00efc homologs. The alkyl chain undergoes a terminal oxidation followed by the classical beta-oxidation process. After administration of one 200 mg dose, or incorporation of 0.1% of the cycloparaffin in the diet for 2 months, these acids were found at low levels in neutral lipids and phospholipids. Their subsequent metabolic pathway and their possible interaction with the biochemical mechanisms involving phospholipids are under investigation.", "PMID": 856632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11317", "title": "[Effect of sea buckthorn, dog rose and sperm oils, preparation \"Spedian-2M\" on several indices of carbohydrate metabolism and concentration of electrolytes in the tissues of rats and guinea pigs].", "content": "A specific lactate-reducing effect of fatty vegetable oils (sea-buckthorn and rose), of the sperm oil and the \"Spedian-2M\" preparation, of a permanent nature, or sporadically, in tests on rats, and markedly, as well as persistently--in experiments with guinea pigs was revealed. The phenomenon was most distinctly pronounced in the liver. The oils also produce a glycogen-mobilizing effect, since there could be noted a relative stability in the content of glucose in the tissues, and this despite an increased carbohydrate decomposition. The study oils, even in elevated doses, are not toxic, do not intensify the oxidative metabolism of carbohydrates, thus creating all the necessary conditions for stimulation and proteinic synthesis.", "contents": "[Effect of sea buckthorn, dog rose and sperm oils, preparation \"Spedian-2M\" on several indices of carbohydrate metabolism and concentration of electrolytes in the tissues of rats and guinea pigs]. A specific lactate-reducing effect of fatty vegetable oils (sea-buckthorn and rose), of the sperm oil and the \"Spedian-2M\" preparation, of a permanent nature, or sporadically, in tests on rats, and markedly, as well as persistently--in experiments with guinea pigs was revealed. The phenomenon was most distinctly pronounced in the liver. The oils also produce a glycogen-mobilizing effect, since there could be noted a relative stability in the content of glucose in the tissues, and this despite an increased carbohydrate decomposition. The study oils, even in elevated doses, are not toxic, do not intensify the oxidative metabolism of carbohydrates, thus creating all the necessary conditions for stimulation and proteinic synthesis.", "PMID": 856622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11318", "title": "The international distribution of biomedical publications.", "content": "An investigation of the U.S. role in international biomedical publication is reported, based on counts of articles, notes and reviews in 975 biomedical journals covered by the Science Citation Index in 1973. U.S. scientists authored 42% of these biomedical papers, the U.K. 10%, West Germany and France 7% and 6%, and the U.S.S.R. 4%, a sharp change from earlier in this century when Germany and France had much more prominent roles. Overall, 94% of the papers are from OECD and Eastern European countries; only 4% are from underdeveloped regions. U.S. and U.K. papers are far more heavily cited than are papers from other countries; U.S.S.R. papers are particularly under-cited. Biomedical publication rates are shown to be highly correlated (r = 0.9) with both national wealth (GNP) and national affluence (GNP/capita). National publication rates also correlate with Nobel Prize recipients. - Frame, J. D., and F. Narin. The international distribution of biomedical publications.", "contents": "The international distribution of biomedical publications. An investigation of the U.S. role in international biomedical publication is reported, based on counts of articles, notes and reviews in 975 biomedical journals covered by the Science Citation Index in 1973. U.S. scientists authored 42% of these biomedical papers, the U.K. 10%, West Germany and France 7% and 6%, and the U.S.S.R. 4%, a sharp change from earlier in this century when Germany and France had much more prominent roles. Overall, 94% of the papers are from OECD and Eastern European countries; only 4% are from underdeveloped regions. U.S. and U.K. papers are far more heavily cited than are papers from other countries; U.S.S.R. papers are particularly under-cited. Biomedical publication rates are shown to be highly correlated (r = 0.9) with both national wealth (GNP) and national affluence (GNP/capita). National publication rates also correlate with Nobel Prize recipients. - Frame, J. D., and F. Narin. The international distribution of biomedical publications.", "PMID": 856633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11319", "title": "Structural studies on Halobacterium halobium bacteriorhodopsin.", "content": "Bacteriorhodopsin, isolated from Halobacterium halobium, is an intrinsic membrane protein containing covalently attached retinal and driven by a cyclic light-driven protonmotive force. In order to extend three-dimensional analyses already in progress and to define the covalent features of such proteins, the determination of the primary structure of bacteriorhodopsin has been initiated, using techniques that can be applied to the sequence analyses of other intrinsic membrane proteins as well. The amino acid composition of bacteriorhodopsin prepared by new procedures compares well to that previously published. Various delipidation procedures have been examined for their effectiveness in yielding protein in a physical state that is susceptible to fragmentation by a number of chemical and proteolytic agents. Organic extraction, particularly in acetone:ammonium hydroxide, has proved most useful. Detergent extraction was effective in delipidating but rendered the protein inert to attack by various cleavage reagents. Sequence information was obtained from fragments isolated from several hydrolytic preparations of low percent cleavage. The most complete fragmentation was obtained from hydrolysis of bacteriorhodopsin previously modified with succinic or maleic anhydride. Both solubility and fragmentation susceptibility were enhanced by these reactions and several other derivatives of bacteriorhodopsin are currently being investigated. The behavior of bacteriorhodopsin under the conditions examined, as well as the sequence information obtained, suggest that bacteriorhodopsin is mostly contained within the lipid milieu of the membrane and may represent a class of membrane proteins that do not contain appreciable hydrophilic domains.", "contents": "Structural studies on Halobacterium halobium bacteriorhodopsin. Bacteriorhodopsin, isolated from Halobacterium halobium, is an intrinsic membrane protein containing covalently attached retinal and driven by a cyclic light-driven protonmotive force. In order to extend three-dimensional analyses already in progress and to define the covalent features of such proteins, the determination of the primary structure of bacteriorhodopsin has been initiated, using techniques that can be applied to the sequence analyses of other intrinsic membrane proteins as well. The amino acid composition of bacteriorhodopsin prepared by new procedures compares well to that previously published. Various delipidation procedures have been examined for their effectiveness in yielding protein in a physical state that is susceptible to fragmentation by a number of chemical and proteolytic agents. Organic extraction, particularly in acetone:ammonium hydroxide, has proved most useful. Detergent extraction was effective in delipidating but rendered the protein inert to attack by various cleavage reagents. Sequence information was obtained from fragments isolated from several hydrolytic preparations of low percent cleavage. The most complete fragmentation was obtained from hydrolysis of bacteriorhodopsin previously modified with succinic or maleic anhydride. Both solubility and fragmentation susceptibility were enhanced by these reactions and several other derivatives of bacteriorhodopsin are currently being investigated. The behavior of bacteriorhodopsin under the conditions examined, as well as the sequence information obtained, suggest that bacteriorhodopsin is mostly contained within the lipid milieu of the membrane and may represent a class of membrane proteins that do not contain appreciable hydrophilic domains.", "PMID": 856634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11320", "title": "[Effect of quaterone on mitochondrial monoamine oxidase activity in different zones of the stomach in neurodystrophy of its wall].", "content": "New data have been made available which confirm the existence of differing quateron sensitivity of tissular monaminoxidases possessing dissimilar substrate specificity. An experimental neurogenic dystrophy of the stomach is attended on the whole by an activated deamidization of monamines, but there could be seen marked differences in the ability to intensify oxidation depending upon the localization of the mitochondrial monaminoxidases in various parts of the stomach. When introduced to intact animals in a dose of 5 mg/kg quateron tends to lower the activity of mitochondrial monaminoxidases in individual receptor areas of the stomach with respect to norepinephrine and, especially, serotonin. In such instances preliminary introduction of quateron prevents an activated oxidation of norepinephrine and serotonin, observed 24 hours after inflicting an injury. In the mechanisms governing deposition of catecholamines and serotonin in the gastric wall occurring under the effect of quateron a definite role plays also the inhibition of the mitochondrial monaminoxidases.", "contents": "[Effect of quaterone on mitochondrial monoamine oxidase activity in different zones of the stomach in neurodystrophy of its wall]. New data have been made available which confirm the existence of differing quateron sensitivity of tissular monaminoxidases possessing dissimilar substrate specificity. An experimental neurogenic dystrophy of the stomach is attended on the whole by an activated deamidization of monamines, but there could be seen marked differences in the ability to intensify oxidation depending upon the localization of the mitochondrial monaminoxidases in various parts of the stomach. When introduced to intact animals in a dose of 5 mg/kg quateron tends to lower the activity of mitochondrial monaminoxidases in individual receptor areas of the stomach with respect to norepinephrine and, especially, serotonin. In such instances preliminary introduction of quateron prevents an activated oxidation of norepinephrine and serotonin, observed 24 hours after inflicting an injury. In the mechanisms governing deposition of catecholamines and serotonin in the gastric wall occurring under the effect of quateron a definite role plays also the inhibition of the mitochondrial monaminoxidases.", "PMID": 856627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11321", "title": "[Effect of x-ray contrast materials on erythrocyte hemolysis].", "content": "The effect of roentgen-contrast media on the hemolytic resistance of erythrocytes in conditions of a \"hypotonic shock\" and on the peroxidation of the erythrocytes lipids membranes was studied. It is shown that all the contrast media potentiate the erythrocytes hemolysis, but do not affect the rate of the lipids peroxidation. Preliminary introduction of pipolphen in a therapeutic dose in a erythrocytes suspension increases the resistance of membranes to the action of the roentgen-contrast media.", "contents": "[Effect of x-ray contrast materials on erythrocyte hemolysis]. The effect of roentgen-contrast media on the hemolytic resistance of erythrocytes in conditions of a \"hypotonic shock\" and on the peroxidation of the erythrocytes lipids membranes was studied. It is shown that all the contrast media potentiate the erythrocytes hemolysis, but do not affect the rate of the lipids peroxidation. Preliminary introduction of pipolphen in a therapeutic dose in a erythrocytes suspension increases the resistance of membranes to the action of the roentgen-contrast media.", "PMID": 856626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11322", "title": "The impact of contamination by organochlorine insecticides on poultry nutrition and feeding.", "content": "Nutrient interactions with organochlorine insecticides have been described primarily for vitamin A and protein. Storage of liver vitamin A is reduced by DDT and dieldrin. Low protein diets protect rats from heptachlor toxicity, whereas the toxicity of DDT, dieldrin and lindane is reduced by increasing the quantity and quality of diet protein intake. Biological performance of poultry is adversely affected by 50 to 500 ppm of most of these compounds. Hatchability of eggs and survival of chicks from hens fed insecticides are usually the most sensitive parameters of toxicity. Higher levels of DDT decrease thyroid activity. While several insecticides reduce egg shell thickness in wild birds, such changes are not observed in poultry. Extensive low level contamination of poultry tissues and eggs results from the organochlorine insecticides, with the exception of methoxychlor where tissue residues are not a problem. Tissue and egg accumulation of residues is related to dose but quantitatively different for each organochlorine compound. Tissue withdrawal and excretion takes place slowly and most of the compounds are metabolized by liver hydroxylating enzymes to various derivatives that are also stored in the body. In one case (heptachlor epoxide), the oxidation product is more toxic than the body. In one case (heptachlor epoxide), the oxidation product is more toxic than the parent compound.", "contents": "The impact of contamination by organochlorine insecticides on poultry nutrition and feeding. Nutrient interactions with organochlorine insecticides have been described primarily for vitamin A and protein. Storage of liver vitamin A is reduced by DDT and dieldrin. Low protein diets protect rats from heptachlor toxicity, whereas the toxicity of DDT, dieldrin and lindane is reduced by increasing the quantity and quality of diet protein intake. Biological performance of poultry is adversely affected by 50 to 500 ppm of most of these compounds. Hatchability of eggs and survival of chicks from hens fed insecticides are usually the most sensitive parameters of toxicity. Higher levels of DDT decrease thyroid activity. While several insecticides reduce egg shell thickness in wild birds, such changes are not observed in poultry. Extensive low level contamination of poultry tissues and eggs results from the organochlorine insecticides, with the exception of methoxychlor where tissue residues are not a problem. Tissue and egg accumulation of residues is related to dose but quantitatively different for each organochlorine compound. Tissue withdrawal and excretion takes place slowly and most of the compounds are metabolized by liver hydroxylating enzymes to various derivatives that are also stored in the body. In one case (heptachlor epoxide), the oxidation product is more toxic than the body. In one case (heptachlor epoxide), the oxidation product is more toxic than the parent compound.", "PMID": 856635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11323", "title": "[Pharmacology of uridine and cytidine].", "content": "It was established that with intraperitoneal introduction of uridine and cytidine their DL50 for mice equals 5100 and 2700 mg/kg, respectively. In doses of 1/27 and 1/50 of DL50 cytidine reduces by 50 per cent the edema of the rat's paw in a dextran-and formaldehyde-induced inflammation, brings down the body temperature by 1.0--1.2 degrees and cuts down the death-rate among the animals in hyperthermia produced by 2,4-dinitrophenol. Uridine does not affect significantly the course of aseptic inflammation. In adrenalectomized rats the antiexudative action of cytidine does not manifest itself. Both nuclesides fail to exercise any significant influence on the cardiac activity and respiration in cats.", "contents": "[Pharmacology of uridine and cytidine]. It was established that with intraperitoneal introduction of uridine and cytidine their DL50 for mice equals 5100 and 2700 mg/kg, respectively. In doses of 1/27 and 1/50 of DL50 cytidine reduces by 50 per cent the edema of the rat's paw in a dextran-and formaldehyde-induced inflammation, brings down the body temperature by 1.0--1.2 degrees and cuts down the death-rate among the animals in hyperthermia produced by 2,4-dinitrophenol. Uridine does not affect significantly the course of aseptic inflammation. In adrenalectomized rats the antiexudative action of cytidine does not manifest itself. Both nuclesides fail to exercise any significant influence on the cardiac activity and respiration in cats.", "PMID": 856628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11324", "title": "Isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: induction of ovulation with exogenous gonadotropins.", "content": "Six patients with all of the clinical and laboratory characteristics of isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (bihormonal gonadotropin deficiency) were treated with human menopausal gonadotropins (hMG, Pergonal) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Of a total of 37 courses of treatment administered, there was evidence of ovulation in 32 (29%). The first four subjects had a total of six pregnancies in 13 treatment cycles. In the remaining two subjects, there were abnormalities in the seminal fluid of both husbands and, as a consequence, only one patient conceived. The average dose and duration of hMG therapy was 3310 IU (44 ampules), administered for 13 days. A wide range of hCG dosage was used to induce ovulation, but three subjects conceived following 5000 IU of hCG on 2 successive days. None of our subjects developed any evidence of the hyperstimulation syndrome, and there was only one instance of twin birth. Serial determinations of hLH performed during hMG therapy were lower than those noted during the normal follicular phase. In contrast, hFSH levels were in the normal follicular phase range. the high success rate in these subjects indicates that the prognosis for inducing ovulation in patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is good.", "contents": "Isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: induction of ovulation with exogenous gonadotropins. Six patients with all of the clinical and laboratory characteristics of isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (bihormonal gonadotropin deficiency) were treated with human menopausal gonadotropins (hMG, Pergonal) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Of a total of 37 courses of treatment administered, there was evidence of ovulation in 32 (29%). The first four subjects had a total of six pregnancies in 13 treatment cycles. In the remaining two subjects, there were abnormalities in the seminal fluid of both husbands and, as a consequence, only one patient conceived. The average dose and duration of hMG therapy was 3310 IU (44 ampules), administered for 13 days. A wide range of hCG dosage was used to induce ovulation, but three subjects conceived following 5000 IU of hCG on 2 successive days. None of our subjects developed any evidence of the hyperstimulation syndrome, and there was only one instance of twin birth. Serial determinations of hLH performed during hMG therapy were lower than those noted during the normal follicular phase. In contrast, hFSH levels were in the normal follicular phase range. the high success rate in these subjects indicates that the prognosis for inducing ovulation in patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is good.", "PMID": 856636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11325", "title": "[Relationship between the structure and biological activity of a series of N-arylbutenyl derivatives of piperidine].", "content": "A total of 74 compounds were synthetized and their biological activity studied on 3888 animals and on 347 strains of various microorganisms and fungi. The drugs have a moderate toxicity. The compounds containing an ester grouping of the alkyl radical with an odd number of carbon atoms are less toxic than are those with their even number. Most toxic are drugs that carry a chlorine atom in the orthoposition of the benzene nucleus and are less so the ones containing the bromine atom in this position. The toxicity of bis-quaternary salts diminishes with the rising molecular weight of the radical, this not being found to happen in the series of monoquaternary compounds. Most drugs display a locally anesthetizing and marked antimicrobial and antifungal properties. The antimicrobial activity appears with R-CH3, gradually increasing and becoming maximal with R-C10H21.", "contents": "[Relationship between the structure and biological activity of a series of N-arylbutenyl derivatives of piperidine]. A total of 74 compounds were synthetized and their biological activity studied on 3888 animals and on 347 strains of various microorganisms and fungi. The drugs have a moderate toxicity. The compounds containing an ester grouping of the alkyl radical with an odd number of carbon atoms are less toxic than are those with their even number. Most toxic are drugs that carry a chlorine atom in the orthoposition of the benzene nucleus and are less so the ones containing the bromine atom in this position. The toxicity of bis-quaternary salts diminishes with the rising molecular weight of the radical, this not being found to happen in the series of monoquaternary compounds. Most drugs display a locally anesthetizing and marked antimicrobial and antifungal properties. The antimicrobial activity appears with R-CH3, gradually increasing and becoming maximal with R-C10H21.", "PMID": 856629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11326", "title": "Gamete interactions in vitro.", "content": "A method was devised that allowed observation of individual sperm in vitro in the presence or absence of unfertilized eggs. Sperm traversing microcapillary tubes in the absence of eggs moved in linear tranjectories. Sperm in the environs of unfertilized eggs moved in erratic paths, owing to repeated adherence of the sperm head to the wall of the microcapillary tube. However, translational velocity was unaltered. Increased adhesiveness was not noted when sperm were exposed to unfertilized eggs following removal of the cumulus oophorus with hyaluronidase. Gamete interactions in vitro were also studied at varying sperm to egg ratios. When gametes were mixed at high sperm to egg ratios (approximately 10(6):1) the cumulus oophorus was rapidly dissolved, and sperm became adherent to the zona pellucida. At low ratios (approximately 10(2):1), the cumulus oophorus remained intact. Binding of sperm to individual cumulus cells was noted. A hypothesis is presented that cumulus oophorus plays a role in fertilization by selectively trapping mature sperm within the perimeter of the egg and, in so doing, extending the duration of time in which gametes remain within close proximity, thus increasing the likelihood of egg contact by capacitated sperm.", "contents": "Gamete interactions in vitro. A method was devised that allowed observation of individual sperm in vitro in the presence or absence of unfertilized eggs. Sperm traversing microcapillary tubes in the absence of eggs moved in linear tranjectories. Sperm in the environs of unfertilized eggs moved in erratic paths, owing to repeated adherence of the sperm head to the wall of the microcapillary tube. However, translational velocity was unaltered. Increased adhesiveness was not noted when sperm were exposed to unfertilized eggs following removal of the cumulus oophorus with hyaluronidase. Gamete interactions in vitro were also studied at varying sperm to egg ratios. When gametes were mixed at high sperm to egg ratios (approximately 10(6):1) the cumulus oophorus was rapidly dissolved, and sperm became adherent to the zona pellucida. At low ratios (approximately 10(2):1), the cumulus oophorus remained intact. Binding of sperm to individual cumulus cells was noted. A hypothesis is presented that cumulus oophorus plays a role in fertilization by selectively trapping mature sperm within the perimeter of the egg and, in so doing, extending the duration of time in which gametes remain within close proximity, thus increasing the likelihood of egg contact by capacitated sperm.", "PMID": 856638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11327", "title": "Comparison of serum progesterone and endometrial biopsy for confirmation of ovulation and evaluation of luteal function.", "content": "An endometrial biopsy and a blood sample for progesterone determination obtained simultaneously in the midluteal phase of the cycles of 55 infertile women were compared for reliability for confirmation of presumptive ovulation and evaluation of luteal function. Progesterone levels of 3 ng/ml or greater were found in 90.5% of the cycles. Secretory endometrium was identified in 81% of the cycles. Thirty-three cycles yielded sufficient information to compare the two methods for evaluation of luteal function. Histology and progesterone levels were consistent with each other and the presumed time of ovulation in only 11 cycles. Histology was inconsistent with the presumed time of ovulation in 20 cycles, while progesterone was inconsistent in only two cycles. Additional samples for progesterone determinations were obtained during the biopsy cycles of 15 patients who presented adequate data for evaluation of luteal function. A single, well-timed progesterone determination appeared adequately to reflect the data obtained from serial samples in the same cycle. These results support the thesis that a single, well-timed serum progesterone determination is superior to a single endometrial biopsy as a screening method for confirmation of presumptive ovulation and for evaluation of luteal function.", "contents": "Comparison of serum progesterone and endometrial biopsy for confirmation of ovulation and evaluation of luteal function. An endometrial biopsy and a blood sample for progesterone determination obtained simultaneously in the midluteal phase of the cycles of 55 infertile women were compared for reliability for confirmation of presumptive ovulation and evaluation of luteal function. Progesterone levels of 3 ng/ml or greater were found in 90.5% of the cycles. Secretory endometrium was identified in 81% of the cycles. Thirty-three cycles yielded sufficient information to compare the two methods for evaluation of luteal function. Histology and progesterone levels were consistent with each other and the presumed time of ovulation in only 11 cycles. Histology was inconsistent with the presumed time of ovulation in 20 cycles, while progesterone was inconsistent in only two cycles. Additional samples for progesterone determinations were obtained during the biopsy cycles of 15 patients who presented adequate data for evaluation of luteal function. A single, well-timed progesterone determination appeared adequately to reflect the data obtained from serial samples in the same cycle. These results support the thesis that a single, well-timed serum progesterone determination is superior to a single endometrial biopsy as a screening method for confirmation of presumptive ovulation and for evaluation of luteal function.", "PMID": 856637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11328", "title": "The effect of intrauterine progesterone treatment on the endometrial prostaglandin F content in the rabbit.", "content": "The effect on rabbit endometrial prostaglandin F caused by progesterone delivered directly to the uterus was investigated. Four groups of animals were used in the experiment: (1) no treatment (control); (2) an empty Silastic capsule (as an intrauterine device [IUD]) was inserted in one horn and the other horn was sham-operated; (3) a Silastic capsule releasing 150 microng of progesterone/day was placed in one horn and the other horn was sham-operated; (4) a Silastic capsule releasing progesterone was placed in one horn and the opposite horn received an empty Silastic capsule. In group 1, which received no treatment, no difference was noted. In group 2, the prostaglandin content of the horn containing an empty IUD was significantly higher than that of the sham-operated horn. In group 3, the same significant difference was noted between the prostaglandin content of the IUD-containing, progesterone-treated horn and the sham-operated horn. In group 4, no significant difference was observed between the horn containing an inert IUD and that containing a progesterone-releasing device. The addition of progesterone to an IUD does not significantly affect the elevated prostaglandin content of the endometrium caused by an inert IUD.", "contents": "The effect of intrauterine progesterone treatment on the endometrial prostaglandin F content in the rabbit. The effect on rabbit endometrial prostaglandin F caused by progesterone delivered directly to the uterus was investigated. Four groups of animals were used in the experiment: (1) no treatment (control); (2) an empty Silastic capsule (as an intrauterine device [IUD]) was inserted in one horn and the other horn was sham-operated; (3) a Silastic capsule releasing 150 microng of progesterone/day was placed in one horn and the other horn was sham-operated; (4) a Silastic capsule releasing progesterone was placed in one horn and the opposite horn received an empty Silastic capsule. In group 1, which received no treatment, no difference was noted. In group 2, the prostaglandin content of the horn containing an empty IUD was significantly higher than that of the sham-operated horn. In group 3, the same significant difference was noted between the prostaglandin content of the IUD-containing, progesterone-treated horn and the sham-operated horn. In group 4, no significant difference was observed between the horn containing an inert IUD and that containing a progesterone-releasing device. The addition of progesterone to an IUD does not significantly affect the elevated prostaglandin content of the endometrium caused by an inert IUD.", "PMID": 856639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11329", "title": "Effect of excess dietary methionine on rat pregnancy: influence on ovarian delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity.", "content": "The addition of 4% dl-methionine to a diet of 18% or 12% casein reduced pregnancy maintenance in the rat from 100% to 48% and 5%, respectively. Fetal weight was subnormal. The major influence of methionine was not due to reduced food intake as determined by pair-fed controls but was related to reduced ovarian function. Thus, administration of estrone (0.5 microng) and progesterone (4 mg) on each of days 3 to 20 restored pregnancy to 100% in methionine-fed rats, but fetal weight remained subnormal. Further ovarian delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was subnormal in litter-resorbed, methionine-fed rats. Since adequate amounts of ovarian steroids are required for placenta formation, it is possible that placental development was impaired and served as the cause of fetal wastage in animals consuming excess methionine.", "contents": "Effect of excess dietary methionine on rat pregnancy: influence on ovarian delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. The addition of 4% dl-methionine to a diet of 18% or 12% casein reduced pregnancy maintenance in the rat from 100% to 48% and 5%, respectively. Fetal weight was subnormal. The major influence of methionine was not due to reduced food intake as determined by pair-fed controls but was related to reduced ovarian function. Thus, administration of estrone (0.5 microng) and progesterone (4 mg) on each of days 3 to 20 restored pregnancy to 100% in methionine-fed rats, but fetal weight remained subnormal. Further ovarian delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was subnormal in litter-resorbed, methionine-fed rats. Since adequate amounts of ovarian steroids are required for placenta formation, it is possible that placental development was impaired and served as the cause of fetal wastage in animals consuming excess methionine.", "PMID": 856640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11330", "title": "Dermal melanocytosis. Report of an unusual case.", "content": "A 32-year-old Portugese woman presented with a bluish spot on the right hand. It had appeared at the age of 11 years. The histologic examination revealed typical dermal melanocytes. Although clinically this lesion was typical of an aberrant and persistent Mongolian spot, it exhibited, both histologically and ultrastructurally, also some features of the common blue nevus. Dermal melanocytosis of the macular type, as observed in our patient, is very rare.", "contents": "Dermal melanocytosis. Report of an unusual case. A 32-year-old Portugese woman presented with a bluish spot on the right hand. It had appeared at the age of 11 years. The histologic examination revealed typical dermal melanocytes. Although clinically this lesion was typical of an aberrant and persistent Mongolian spot, it exhibited, both histologically and ultrastructurally, also some features of the common blue nevus. Dermal melanocytosis of the macular type, as observed in our patient, is very rare.", "PMID": 856641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11331", "title": "Annular erythemas in infants associated with autoimmune disorders in their mothers. Report on three cases.", "content": "Three infant boys with a centrifugal annular erythema mainly consistent with erythema annulare centrifugum, developing a few weeks after birth, are described. The lesions disappeared before the age of 6 months, without atrophy, and during this period the infants were otherwise healthy. This group is considered to belong to one of three types of reactivity in infants associated with or expressed as a connective tissue disease, especially lupus erythematosus, in the mother and child or in either. In type 1, signs and symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus are or will be present in the mother and the child displays discoid lupus erythematosus lesions at birth or soon after. In type 2, the mother has the same signs and symptoms as in type 1 but the child develops a centrifugal annular erythema 3-6 weeks after birth. In type 3, discoid lupus erythematosus is present at an early stage in the infant, while the mother is healthy. This type may represent an early onset of lupus erythematosus in the infants.", "contents": "Annular erythemas in infants associated with autoimmune disorders in their mothers. Report on three cases. Three infant boys with a centrifugal annular erythema mainly consistent with erythema annulare centrifugum, developing a few weeks after birth, are described. The lesions disappeared before the age of 6 months, without atrophy, and during this period the infants were otherwise healthy. This group is considered to belong to one of three types of reactivity in infants associated with or expressed as a connective tissue disease, especially lupus erythematosus, in the mother and child or in either. In type 1, signs and symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus are or will be present in the mother and the child displays discoid lupus erythematosus lesions at birth or soon after. In type 2, the mother has the same signs and symptoms as in type 1 but the child develops a centrifugal annular erythema 3-6 weeks after birth. In type 3, discoid lupus erythematosus is present at an early stage in the infant, while the mother is healthy. This type may represent an early onset of lupus erythematosus in the infants.", "PMID": 856642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11332", "title": "A study on leukocytes phospholipid composition in mycosis fugoides.", "content": "Leucocyte phospholipids composition was determined in 16 patients with mycosis fungoides and 20 healthy controls. Statistically significant differences namely, an increase in phosphatidylcholine and diphosphatidylglycerol and a decrease in phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol concentrations between patients and healthy subjects were observed.", "contents": "A study on leukocytes phospholipid composition in mycosis fugoides. Leucocyte phospholipids composition was determined in 16 patients with mycosis fungoides and 20 healthy controls. Statistically significant differences namely, an increase in phosphatidylcholine and diphosphatidylglycerol and a decrease in phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol concentrations between patients and healthy subjects were observed.", "PMID": 856643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11333", "title": "An electron microscopic study of sebaceous epithelioma. A case report with two new observations on lipid droplet formation.", "content": "A lesion presenting a typical histopathological picture of sebaceous epithelioma comprised three kinds of cells; immature, transitional, and mature cells corresponding to the components of the normal sebaceous gland. Melanocytes and melanosomes were absent. These findings clearly distinguished the tumor from basal cell epithelioma, and it was concluded that sebaceous epithelioma represents a primary neoplasm of the sebaceous gland. New observations on lipid droplet formation are made with regard to the glycogen-containing cytolysome - tentatively designated a Liposome - and membrane structures around the lipid droplet found in mature cells.", "contents": "An electron microscopic study of sebaceous epithelioma. A case report with two new observations on lipid droplet formation. A lesion presenting a typical histopathological picture of sebaceous epithelioma comprised three kinds of cells; immature, transitional, and mature cells corresponding to the components of the normal sebaceous gland. Melanocytes and melanosomes were absent. These findings clearly distinguished the tumor from basal cell epithelioma, and it was concluded that sebaceous epithelioma represents a primary neoplasm of the sebaceous gland. New observations on lipid droplet formation are made with regard to the glycogen-containing cytolysome - tentatively designated a Liposome - and membrane structures around the lipid droplet found in mature cells.", "PMID": 856644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11334", "title": "Atypical sweat duct hyperplasia accompanying keratoacanthoma.", "content": "25 cases of atypical sweat duct proliferation in association with cutaneous tumors are described. 20 of these were keratoacanthomas. The compression of the duct either in its dermal or intraepidermal portion is considered to be the etiology. Similar changes are seen with decubitus ulcer and stasis dermatitis. Atypical sweat duct hyperplasia may be useful as an extra aid in the differentiation of keratoacanthoma from well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma.", "contents": "Atypical sweat duct hyperplasia accompanying keratoacanthoma. 25 cases of atypical sweat duct proliferation in association with cutaneous tumors are described. 20 of these were keratoacanthomas. The compression of the duct either in its dermal or intraepidermal portion is considered to be the etiology. Similar changes are seen with decubitus ulcer and stasis dermatitis. Atypical sweat duct hyperplasia may be useful as an extra aid in the differentiation of keratoacanthoma from well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma.", "PMID": 856645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11335", "title": "[Normolipemic xanthomatoses. a case of xanthoma disseminatum (author's transl)].", "content": "A short summary of normolipemic xanthomatoses is exposed. A case of xanthoma disseminatum is reported. The typical clinical picture is described and numerous investigations are recorded. No association with any systemic disorder neither diabetes insipidus nor rheumatoid arthritis could be found. Histologically the granulomas consist of many multinuclear giant cells embedded in an infiltration of histiocytic cells and lymphocytes. Fat staining demonstrates lipid accumulation as a secondary phenomenon. Systemic corticosteroid therapy was effective in preventing the regrowth of the granulomas after their surgical removal.", "contents": "[Normolipemic xanthomatoses. a case of xanthoma disseminatum (author's transl)]. A short summary of normolipemic xanthomatoses is exposed. A case of xanthoma disseminatum is reported. The typical clinical picture is described and numerous investigations are recorded. No association with any systemic disorder neither diabetes insipidus nor rheumatoid arthritis could be found. Histologically the granulomas consist of many multinuclear giant cells embedded in an infiltration of histiocytic cells and lymphocytes. Fat staining demonstrates lipid accumulation as a secondary phenomenon. Systemic corticosteroid therapy was effective in preventing the regrowth of the granulomas after their surgical removal.", "PMID": 856646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11336", "title": "Binding of the partially purified glucocorticoid receptor of rat liver to chromatin and DNA.", "content": "The binding of the glucocorticoid receptor of rat liver to chromatin and DNA has been studied with crude and partially purified preparations of cytosol receptor labelled with [3H]-triamcinolone acetonide in vitro. The use of crude preparations of receptor and increasing protein concentrations leads to an apparent saturation of chromatin and DNA, suggesting a limited number of high affinity nuclear acceptor sites for the receptor. Appropriate controls indicate that the observed saturability of chromatin acceptor sites is due to the presence in crude receptor preparations of heat-stable protein factors which interfere with the binding of the receptor to the genome; whereas the apparent saturation of DNA is due to contamination with deoxyribonucleases. If the activated complex of receptor and triamcinolone acetonide (R-TA) is partially purified to a step where it is free from nucleases and inhibitors, its binding to both chromatin and DNA is linearly dependent on the concentration of free (R-TA) in the incubation medium. There is no absolute specificity with respect to the source of DNA or chromatin, although liver chromatin has considerably higher receptor binding capacity than chromatin from avian erythrocytes. The rate kinetics of association and dissociation for the binding of (R-TA) to DNA and chromatin are very similar, but DNA exhibits a 10-fold higher receptor binding capacity than chromatin. These data, in conjunction with the effect of poly-(D)-lysine and and NaCl on the binding of (R-TA) to chromatin and DNA, suggest that most of the receptor molecules bound to chromatin in vitro interact with the \"accessible\" DNA stretches. Although a small population of receptor molecules may bind specifically to target tissue genome, the detection of these specific sites against the background of unspecific binding is not possible with unfractionated chromatin or DNA preparations.", "contents": "Binding of the partially purified glucocorticoid receptor of rat liver to chromatin and DNA. The binding of the glucocorticoid receptor of rat liver to chromatin and DNA has been studied with crude and partially purified preparations of cytosol receptor labelled with [3H]-triamcinolone acetonide in vitro. The use of crude preparations of receptor and increasing protein concentrations leads to an apparent saturation of chromatin and DNA, suggesting a limited number of high affinity nuclear acceptor sites for the receptor. Appropriate controls indicate that the observed saturability of chromatin acceptor sites is due to the presence in crude receptor preparations of heat-stable protein factors which interfere with the binding of the receptor to the genome; whereas the apparent saturation of DNA is due to contamination with deoxyribonucleases. If the activated complex of receptor and triamcinolone acetonide (R-TA) is partially purified to a step where it is free from nucleases and inhibitors, its binding to both chromatin and DNA is linearly dependent on the concentration of free (R-TA) in the incubation medium. There is no absolute specificity with respect to the source of DNA or chromatin, although liver chromatin has considerably higher receptor binding capacity than chromatin from avian erythrocytes. The rate kinetics of association and dissociation for the binding of (R-TA) to DNA and chromatin are very similar, but DNA exhibits a 10-fold higher receptor binding capacity than chromatin. These data, in conjunction with the effect of poly-(D)-lysine and and NaCl on the binding of (R-TA) to chromatin and DNA, suggest that most of the receptor molecules bound to chromatin in vitro interact with the \"accessible\" DNA stretches. Although a small population of receptor molecules may bind specifically to target tissue genome, the detection of these specific sites against the background of unspecific binding is not possible with unfractionated chromatin or DNA preparations.", "PMID": 856647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11337", "title": "A test of the hypothesis that the rate of fall in glucose concentration triggers counterregulatory hormonal responses in man.", "content": "The hypothesis that the rate of fall in glucose concentration triggers counterregulatory hormonal responses was tested in five subjects following one hour of sustained hyperglycemia. Despite a rapidly falling blood glucose concentration, no increase in plasma growth hormone, cortisol, glucagon, or catecholamines occurred as long as the blood glucose concentration remained above fasting levels. Plasma growth hormone, cortisol, and catecholamines were not released until the mean blood glucose reached 28 mg./100 ml., 39 mg./100 ml., and 39 mg./100 ml., respectively, below the fasting level. Plasma glucagon was suppressed during the period of hyperglycemia. As the blood glucose concentration fell below basal levels, a progressive increase in glucagon occurred. Plasma glucagon returned to fasting values when the nadir in blood glucose was attained. During the period of rapidly falling blood glucose, only plasma insulin showed any change; its response lagged behind the decline in blood glucose. By the time the fasting glucose level was attained, the plasma insulin was still almost three times the basal level. We concluded that under our experimental conditions the rate of fall in blood glucose and the degree of hypoglycemia achieved is primarily determined by the plasma insulin concentration.", "contents": "A test of the hypothesis that the rate of fall in glucose concentration triggers counterregulatory hormonal responses in man. The hypothesis that the rate of fall in glucose concentration triggers counterregulatory hormonal responses was tested in five subjects following one hour of sustained hyperglycemia. Despite a rapidly falling blood glucose concentration, no increase in plasma growth hormone, cortisol, glucagon, or catecholamines occurred as long as the blood glucose concentration remained above fasting levels. Plasma growth hormone, cortisol, and catecholamines were not released until the mean blood glucose reached 28 mg./100 ml., 39 mg./100 ml., and 39 mg./100 ml., respectively, below the fasting level. Plasma glucagon was suppressed during the period of hyperglycemia. As the blood glucose concentration fell below basal levels, a progressive increase in glucagon occurred. Plasma glucagon returned to fasting values when the nadir in blood glucose was attained. During the period of rapidly falling blood glucose, only plasma insulin showed any change; its response lagged behind the decline in blood glucose. By the time the fasting glucose level was attained, the plasma insulin was still almost three times the basal level. We concluded that under our experimental conditions the rate of fall in blood glucose and the degree of hypoglycemia achieved is primarily determined by the plasma insulin concentration.", "PMID": 856648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11338", "title": "Serum insulin response to slow-rise glucose infusion in \"genetic prediabetics\" (offspring of two diabetic parents).", "content": "The insulin response to a programed slow-rise glucose infusion designed to mimic the postprandial rise in glucose was studied in five offspring of two diabetic parents (ODP) and seven normal subjects. The ODP had higher mean blood glucose levels towards the end of the infusion and during the postinfusion period. The rates of glucose disappearance calculate during the postinfusion period were comparable in the two groups. Despite the apparent similarity of serum insulin levels of ODP and normal subjects, the amount of insulin secreted per unit of glycemic stimulus was lower in the ODP group. When the glucose infusion test was preceded by an acute load of glucose, similar findings in the insulin secretory dynamics were found in the ODP group. These data suggest that an impairment in insulin secretion exists in ODP when they are challenged by the slow rise of blood glucose achieved by this type of an intravenous glucose infusion.", "contents": "Serum insulin response to slow-rise glucose infusion in \"genetic prediabetics\" (offspring of two diabetic parents). The insulin response to a programed slow-rise glucose infusion designed to mimic the postprandial rise in glucose was studied in five offspring of two diabetic parents (ODP) and seven normal subjects. The ODP had higher mean blood glucose levels towards the end of the infusion and during the postinfusion period. The rates of glucose disappearance calculate during the postinfusion period were comparable in the two groups. Despite the apparent similarity of serum insulin levels of ODP and normal subjects, the amount of insulin secreted per unit of glycemic stimulus was lower in the ODP group. When the glucose infusion test was preceded by an acute load of glucose, similar findings in the insulin secretory dynamics were found in the ODP group. These data suggest that an impairment in insulin secretion exists in ODP when they are challenged by the slow rise of blood glucose achieved by this type of an intravenous glucose infusion.", "PMID": 856649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11339", "title": "Mechanism of hypoglycemia observed in a patient with insulin autoimmune syndrome.", "content": "A 21-year-old female patient complaining of frequent hypoglycemic attacks in the presence of a large amount of circulating insulin-binding antibodies without previous known immunization is described. In order to clarify the possible mechanism of the hypoglycemic attacks occurring in this new syndrome, changes in plasma glucose, plasma total and free immunoreactive insulin (IRI), and C peptide immunoreactivity (CPR) levels were investigated in the patient before, during, and after a three-hour glucose infusion. The character of her antibodies were also examined. An abrupt discontinuation of the glucose infusion caused a sharp decline in the plasma glucose level, reaching a nadir of 30 mg./100 nk, at 270 minutes; then she became unconscious. A huge amount of total IRI of 2,834 micron U./ml. was registered at 180 minutes, while the peak value of free IRI of 208 micronU./ml. was observed 45 minutes after the cessation of the glucose infusion. Plasma CPR was increased from high basal level, 19.6 ng./ml., to the maximum level of 29.2 ng./ml. The maximum insulin-binding capacity of IgG in the patient's serum was 6.25 mU./ml. The antibody-combining site was homogeneous, showing one high-affinity site (K: 1.1 X 10(9)M-1). Neither the prolonged fasting nor the administration of tolbutamide induced the hypoglycemic attack in the patient. The hypoglycemia may be explained by an unduly excessive amount of insulin liberated from a large pool of bound insulin irrespective of blood sugar level. The cause of the antibody production is also discussed.", "contents": "Mechanism of hypoglycemia observed in a patient with insulin autoimmune syndrome. A 21-year-old female patient complaining of frequent hypoglycemic attacks in the presence of a large amount of circulating insulin-binding antibodies without previous known immunization is described. In order to clarify the possible mechanism of the hypoglycemic attacks occurring in this new syndrome, changes in plasma glucose, plasma total and free immunoreactive insulin (IRI), and C peptide immunoreactivity (CPR) levels were investigated in the patient before, during, and after a three-hour glucose infusion. The character of her antibodies were also examined. An abrupt discontinuation of the glucose infusion caused a sharp decline in the plasma glucose level, reaching a nadir of 30 mg./100 nk, at 270 minutes; then she became unconscious. A huge amount of total IRI of 2,834 micron U./ml. was registered at 180 minutes, while the peak value of free IRI of 208 micronU./ml. was observed 45 minutes after the cessation of the glucose infusion. Plasma CPR was increased from high basal level, 19.6 ng./ml., to the maximum level of 29.2 ng./ml. The maximum insulin-binding capacity of IgG in the patient's serum was 6.25 mU./ml. The antibody-combining site was homogeneous, showing one high-affinity site (K: 1.1 X 10(9)M-1). Neither the prolonged fasting nor the administration of tolbutamide induced the hypoglycemic attack in the patient. The hypoglycemia may be explained by an unduly excessive amount of insulin liberated from a large pool of bound insulin irrespective of blood sugar level. The cause of the antibody production is also discussed.", "PMID": 856650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11340", "title": "Effect of food ingestion on intestinal glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) secretion in normal and gastrectomized subjects.", "content": "This work was undertaken to compare the intestinal GLI responses to oral glucose (1.75 g/kg, 25% sol.), to a carbohydrate-rich meal (carbohydrate content about 1.75 g/kg) and to a protein meal (250-400 g grilled lean beef) in normal (n = 6) and gastrectomized (n = 6) subjects. As expected, after glucose administration the elevation of plasma GLI was more pronounced in the gastrectomy group (approximately 500% above baseline) than in the controls (approximately 75% above baseline). However, the gastrectomized patients responded to the carbohydrate meal with a very slight elevation of circulating GLI (approximately 45% above baseline), similar to that found in the controls (approximately 70% above baseline). After the protein meal, a small increase of GLI was also observed in both groups. In conclusion, in gastrectomized subjects the ingestion of natural foodstuffs is followed by a normal elevation of plasma GLI, thereby suggesting the exclusion of this factor from involvement in the constellation of postgastrectomy syndrome. In these patients, the exaggerated rise in GLI after oral glucose is not representative of increments after physiological stimuli.", "contents": "Effect of food ingestion on intestinal glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) secretion in normal and gastrectomized subjects. This work was undertaken to compare the intestinal GLI responses to oral glucose (1.75 g/kg, 25% sol.), to a carbohydrate-rich meal (carbohydrate content about 1.75 g/kg) and to a protein meal (250-400 g grilled lean beef) in normal (n = 6) and gastrectomized (n = 6) subjects. As expected, after glucose administration the elevation of plasma GLI was more pronounced in the gastrectomy group (approximately 500% above baseline) than in the controls (approximately 75% above baseline). However, the gastrectomized patients responded to the carbohydrate meal with a very slight elevation of circulating GLI (approximately 45% above baseline), similar to that found in the controls (approximately 70% above baseline). After the protein meal, a small increase of GLI was also observed in both groups. In conclusion, in gastrectomized subjects the ingestion of natural foodstuffs is followed by a normal elevation of plasma GLI, thereby suggesting the exclusion of this factor from involvement in the constellation of postgastrectomy syndrome. In these patients, the exaggerated rise in GLI after oral glucose is not representative of increments after physiological stimuli.", "PMID": 856651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11341", "title": "A long-term diabetic autonomic nervous abnormality. Reduced variations in resting heart rate measured by a simple and sensitive method.", "content": "Three types of variation in resting pulse rate were measured, using simple and reproducible methods, in 44 young juvenile diabetics and 11 controls. Diabetics with few years duration of the disease showed normal values of both long-term and cyclic fluctuations, as well as of non-systematic, random variation from beat-to-beat. All three types of variation were reduced in long-term diabetics, and the reduction was in all cases correlated with the duration of diabetes. The decrease in non-systematic, beat-to-beat variation attained statistical significance after 5 to 10 years duration of diabetes. It is concluded that reduced variation in resting pulse rate is a long-term diabetic manifestation and that the decrease of non-systematic, beat-to-beat variations in diabetics is a useful indicator of functional abnormalities of the autonomic nervous system.", "contents": "A long-term diabetic autonomic nervous abnormality. Reduced variations in resting heart rate measured by a simple and sensitive method. Three types of variation in resting pulse rate were measured, using simple and reproducible methods, in 44 young juvenile diabetics and 11 controls. Diabetics with few years duration of the disease showed normal values of both long-term and cyclic fluctuations, as well as of non-systematic, random variation from beat-to-beat. All three types of variation were reduced in long-term diabetics, and the reduction was in all cases correlated with the duration of diabetes. The decrease in non-systematic, beat-to-beat variation attained statistical significance after 5 to 10 years duration of diabetes. It is concluded that reduced variation in resting pulse rate is a long-term diabetic manifestation and that the decrease of non-systematic, beat-to-beat variations in diabetics is a useful indicator of functional abnormalities of the autonomic nervous system.", "PMID": 856652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11342", "title": "Extraction, gel filtration pattern, and receptor binding of porcine gastrointestinal glucagon-like immunoreactivity.", "content": "Different techniques for the extraction and initial purification of porcine gastrointestinal glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) were compared with reference to yield, and preservation of number and pattern of GLI components. The conventional acid-ethanol technique combined with ethanol-ether purification gave high yields and a reproducible pattern of components. Large amounts of tissue were more easily extracted using another technique, based on extraction by boiling, extraction and precipitation with acetone, and--if necessary--salting out. By means of the latter two techniques mucosal tissue from all of the porcine gastrointestinal tract was extracted and subjected to gel filtration. Glucagon-like peptides were searched for using: 1. a radioimmunoassay which quantifies gut type glucagon (GTG), as well as pancreatic type glucagon (PTG), 2. a radioimmunoassay highly specific for pancreatic type glucagon (PTG), and 3. a radioreceptor assay based on binding of glucagon to porcine liver cell membranes. The oesophageal, the fundic, and the antro-pyloric parts of the gastric mucosa contained very small amounts of GLI. The cardiac gland region contained small amounts of a peptide indistinguishable from \"true\" glucagon. The duodenal mucosa contained small amounts of \"true\" glucagon and may be a smaller, glucagon-like peptide. The mucosa of the small intestine contained large amounts of both high and low molecular weight GTG and, in addition, PTG of high molecular weight and \"true\" glucagon. The colon also contained these components with \"true\" glucagon in high concentrations. Only small GTG and \"true\" glucagon were receptor-active, the former with less than its immunometric potency.", "contents": "Extraction, gel filtration pattern, and receptor binding of porcine gastrointestinal glucagon-like immunoreactivity. Different techniques for the extraction and initial purification of porcine gastrointestinal glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) were compared with reference to yield, and preservation of number and pattern of GLI components. The conventional acid-ethanol technique combined with ethanol-ether purification gave high yields and a reproducible pattern of components. Large amounts of tissue were more easily extracted using another technique, based on extraction by boiling, extraction and precipitation with acetone, and--if necessary--salting out. By means of the latter two techniques mucosal tissue from all of the porcine gastrointestinal tract was extracted and subjected to gel filtration. Glucagon-like peptides were searched for using: 1. a radioimmunoassay which quantifies gut type glucagon (GTG), as well as pancreatic type glucagon (PTG), 2. a radioimmunoassay highly specific for pancreatic type glucagon (PTG), and 3. a radioreceptor assay based on binding of glucagon to porcine liver cell membranes. The oesophageal, the fundic, and the antro-pyloric parts of the gastric mucosa contained very small amounts of GLI. The cardiac gland region contained small amounts of a peptide indistinguishable from \"true\" glucagon. The duodenal mucosa contained small amounts of \"true\" glucagon and may be a smaller, glucagon-like peptide. The mucosa of the small intestine contained large amounts of both high and low molecular weight GTG and, in addition, PTG of high molecular weight and \"true\" glucagon. The colon also contained these components with \"true\" glucagon in high concentrations. Only small GTG and \"true\" glucagon were receptor-active, the former with less than its immunometric potency.", "PMID": 856653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11343", "title": "Effect of ethynodiol diacetate and a combination-type oral contraceptive compound on carbohydrate metabolism. II. One year intravenous glucose tolerance study.", "content": "Blood glucose and plasma insulin levels were measured in two groups of women, following one year of oral contraceptive therapy of different types. There were no significant differences from pretreatment glucose and insulin values in the first group of women (on ethynodiol diacetate). In the second group (on norethynodrel and mestranol), there was a significant elevation of mean blood glucose levels in the fasting state and at all times of an i.v. glucose tolerance test. Furthermore, a statistically significant alteration in plasma insulin was observed at all times of the test (except at 120 min). Patients participating in this study will continue this treatment, and results of carbohydrate metabolism monitoring will be reported after 2 years of therapy.", "contents": "Effect of ethynodiol diacetate and a combination-type oral contraceptive compound on carbohydrate metabolism. II. One year intravenous glucose tolerance study. Blood glucose and plasma insulin levels were measured in two groups of women, following one year of oral contraceptive therapy of different types. There were no significant differences from pretreatment glucose and insulin values in the first group of women (on ethynodiol diacetate). In the second group (on norethynodrel and mestranol), there was a significant elevation of mean blood glucose levels in the fasting state and at all times of an i.v. glucose tolerance test. Furthermore, a statistically significant alteration in plasma insulin was observed at all times of the test (except at 120 min). Patients participating in this study will continue this treatment, and results of carbohydrate metabolism monitoring will be reported after 2 years of therapy.", "PMID": 856654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11344", "title": "Glucose control of basal insulin secretion in diabetes.", "content": "The plasma insulin response to both a small increase and decrease in the plasma glucose has been studied in normal and diabetic, non-obese subjects. In a second investigation the plasma insulin concentrations were measured during a gradual reduction of the raised fasting plasma glucose of diabetes to normal levels. In both studies, diabetic patients were found to have a markedly impaired response of the fasting plasma insulin to small changes in plasma glucose. These results do not support the suggestion that stimulated and not basal insulin secretion is impaired in diabetes. Both modes of secretion are probably via the same B-cell release mechanism, which is deficient in diabetes. There was a gradation of response between maturity onset and juvenile onset diabetics.", "contents": "Glucose control of basal insulin secretion in diabetes. The plasma insulin response to both a small increase and decrease in the plasma glucose has been studied in normal and diabetic, non-obese subjects. In a second investigation the plasma insulin concentrations were measured during a gradual reduction of the raised fasting plasma glucose of diabetes to normal levels. In both studies, diabetic patients were found to have a markedly impaired response of the fasting plasma insulin to small changes in plasma glucose. These results do not support the suggestion that stimulated and not basal insulin secretion is impaired in diabetes. Both modes of secretion are probably via the same B-cell release mechanism, which is deficient in diabetes. There was a gradation of response between maturity onset and juvenile onset diabetics.", "PMID": 856655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11345", "title": "[Clinical aspects of myocardial infarction in elderly people. Statistical study of 203 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "A statistical study was done on two groups of patients. The first group included 128 subjects of less than 65 years of age. The second group comprised 75 subjects aged 65 years or older. The purpose of the study was to identify the most relevant clinical aspects of myocardial infarction in older aged patients. The following variables were taken into consideration: sexual distribution, predisposing factors, causative factors, initial symptoms, site of infarction, physical and instrumental indications, cardiac and extracardiac complications, immobilization time, recovery time, residual aspects at patient discharge, mortality and tyme and type of death. The analysis was performed using both non parametric X2 test and correlating some variables with age independently of the subdivision of cases in groups, according to the method of multiple step-wise and simple regression. In the older age group the most significant statistical data was: the major incidence of infarcts was in women; the prevalence of predisposing factors such as hypertension and diabetes; the most frequent presentation of initial atypical symptoms; the most elevated incidence of hemodynamic complications and the highest mortality.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects of myocardial infarction in elderly people. Statistical study of 203 cases (author's transl)]. A statistical study was done on two groups of patients. The first group included 128 subjects of less than 65 years of age. The second group comprised 75 subjects aged 65 years or older. The purpose of the study was to identify the most relevant clinical aspects of myocardial infarction in older aged patients. The following variables were taken into consideration: sexual distribution, predisposing factors, causative factors, initial symptoms, site of infarction, physical and instrumental indications, cardiac and extracardiac complications, immobilization time, recovery time, residual aspects at patient discharge, mortality and tyme and type of death. The analysis was performed using both non parametric X2 test and correlating some variables with age independently of the subdivision of cases in groups, according to the method of multiple step-wise and simple regression. In the older age group the most significant statistical data was: the major incidence of infarcts was in women; the prevalence of predisposing factors such as hypertension and diabetes; the most frequent presentation of initial atypical symptoms; the most elevated incidence of hemodynamic complications and the highest mortality.", "PMID": 856656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11346", "title": "[Hereditary occurrence of the mesotelesystolic click syndrome: a study of 9 families (author's transl)].", "content": "Nine families affected by the mid-systolic click syndrome were studied. Of the one hundred and forty-four first-degree relatives, 117 of whom were living, eighty-four were examined. Thirty-five were found to be affected by the syndrome. Twenty-six were females and nine were males. Auscultatory and phonocardiographic findings consisted either of isolated mis-systolic clicks or systolic murmurs or a combination of the two. Electrocardiograms revealed changes of various types, most commonly of the ST-T segment. About seventy per cent of the patients were symptomatic. Nine members, not examined by the authors, had died suddenly; all had a previous history of \"cardiopathy\". Progressivity of mitral valve disease with age is not confirmed by the present study. It is suggested that the mode of inheritance of the defect might be that of an autosomal dominant form of Mendelian type with delayed expression of the defect. An alternatove hypothesis of a multifactorial inheritance mechanism, which is more stimulating for future studies on the cause of the syndrome, is also taken into consideration.", "contents": "[Hereditary occurrence of the mesotelesystolic click syndrome: a study of 9 families (author's transl)]. Nine families affected by the mid-systolic click syndrome were studied. Of the one hundred and forty-four first-degree relatives, 117 of whom were living, eighty-four were examined. Thirty-five were found to be affected by the syndrome. Twenty-six were females and nine were males. Auscultatory and phonocardiographic findings consisted either of isolated mis-systolic clicks or systolic murmurs or a combination of the two. Electrocardiograms revealed changes of various types, most commonly of the ST-T segment. About seventy per cent of the patients were symptomatic. Nine members, not examined by the authors, had died suddenly; all had a previous history of \"cardiopathy\". Progressivity of mitral valve disease with age is not confirmed by the present study. It is suggested that the mode of inheritance of the defect might be that of an autosomal dominant form of Mendelian type with delayed expression of the defect. An alternatove hypothesis of a multifactorial inheritance mechanism, which is more stimulating for future studies on the cause of the syndrome, is also taken into consideration.", "PMID": 856657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11347", "title": "[Replacement of cardiac valves with Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley and Cooley-Cutter prostheses: a comparative study (author's transl)].", "content": "Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley and Cooley-Cutter prostheses are the most satisfactory cardiac valves in our experience. They were compared in regard to incidence of emboli and mortality by long-term follow up. Among the 1904 patients who had received a Bj\u00f6k-Shiley valve between 1969 and 1975 late follow-up could be obtained in 1565 patients. Among the 1329 patients with a Cooley-Cutter valve implanted between 1971 and 1975, late follow-up was obtained in 779. In the mitral valve replacement series, Cooley-Cutter / Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley early mortality was 9.9/12.8 (%), late mortality 6.8/12.8 (%), early emboli 5.4/8.1 (%), late emboli 3.7/5.1 (%). In the aortic valve replacement series, Cooley-Cutter/Bj\u00f6rk Shiley early mortality was 6.6/8.4 (%), late mortality 2.9/5.1 (%), early emboli 2.7/3.3 (%), late emboli 1.1/2.7 (%). Both early and late mortality and emboli were more favorable in the Cooley-Cutter sample as compared to the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley group. Therefore the Cooley-Cutter prostheses are preferred in both the aortic and mitral positions.", "contents": "[Replacement of cardiac valves with Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley and Cooley-Cutter prostheses: a comparative study (author's transl)]. Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley and Cooley-Cutter prostheses are the most satisfactory cardiac valves in our experience. They were compared in regard to incidence of emboli and mortality by long-term follow up. Among the 1904 patients who had received a Bj\u00f6k-Shiley valve between 1969 and 1975 late follow-up could be obtained in 1565 patients. Among the 1329 patients with a Cooley-Cutter valve implanted between 1971 and 1975, late follow-up was obtained in 779. In the mitral valve replacement series, Cooley-Cutter / Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley early mortality was 9.9/12.8 (%), late mortality 6.8/12.8 (%), early emboli 5.4/8.1 (%), late emboli 3.7/5.1 (%). In the aortic valve replacement series, Cooley-Cutter/Bj\u00f6rk Shiley early mortality was 6.6/8.4 (%), late mortality 2.9/5.1 (%), early emboli 2.7/3.3 (%), late emboli 1.1/2.7 (%). Both early and late mortality and emboli were more favorable in the Cooley-Cutter sample as compared to the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley group. Therefore the Cooley-Cutter prostheses are preferred in both the aortic and mitral positions.", "PMID": 856658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11348", "title": "[Reliability of premature atrial stimulation in the study of sinoatrial conduction time (author's transl)].", "content": "Premature atrial stimulation was carried out in 32 patients, and for each stimulus the basic cycle (A1A1), test cycle (A1A2), and the return cycle (A2A3) were analyzed. When A2A3 was plotted as the function of A1A2, a biphasic pattern, characterized by a slope phase followed by a \"plateau\", was observed in 25 subjects. Sinoatrial conduction time (SACT) was calculated using the Strauss method, which assumes that in the plateau A2A3 = A1A1 + SACT. Sinus arrhythmia was also determined in order to evaluate its importance in altering the results of premature atrial stimulation: it should be pointed out that when arrhythmia was marked it was impossible to calculate sinoatrial conduction time. An inverse correlation between A1A1 and the calculated SACT and between A1A1 and A2A3/A1A1 in the plateau was also demonstrated. The reliability of SACT obtained by premature atrial stimulation is discussed in relation to the results obtained and the data found in the literature.", "contents": "[Reliability of premature atrial stimulation in the study of sinoatrial conduction time (author's transl)]. Premature atrial stimulation was carried out in 32 patients, and for each stimulus the basic cycle (A1A1), test cycle (A1A2), and the return cycle (A2A3) were analyzed. When A2A3 was plotted as the function of A1A2, a biphasic pattern, characterized by a slope phase followed by a \"plateau\", was observed in 25 subjects. Sinoatrial conduction time (SACT) was calculated using the Strauss method, which assumes that in the plateau A2A3 = A1A1 + SACT. Sinus arrhythmia was also determined in order to evaluate its importance in altering the results of premature atrial stimulation: it should be pointed out that when arrhythmia was marked it was impossible to calculate sinoatrial conduction time. An inverse correlation between A1A1 and the calculated SACT and between A1A1 and A2A3/A1A1 in the plateau was also demonstrated. The reliability of SACT obtained by premature atrial stimulation is discussed in relation to the results obtained and the data found in the literature.", "PMID": 856659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11349", "title": "[Acute coronary occlusion of non bacterial thrombotic endocarditis (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of acute myocardial infarct caused by a nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis is reported. It was followed by irreversible shock. The left coronary artery, which was in an abnormal position, was occluded by a verrucous peduncular elongation originating from the anterior left leaflet of the aortic valve.", "contents": "[Acute coronary occlusion of non bacterial thrombotic endocarditis (author's transl)]. A case of acute myocardial infarct caused by a nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis is reported. It was followed by irreversible shock. The left coronary artery, which was in an abnormal position, was occluded by a verrucous peduncular elongation originating from the anterior left leaflet of the aortic valve.", "PMID": 856660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11350", "title": "[Hypoplasia of the right ventricular myocardium (Uhl's disease). Report of a case with review of the literature (author's transl)].", "content": "A rare case of congenital hypoplasia of the right ventricular myocardium (\"Parchment Right Ventricle\" or Uhl's disease) diagnosed by angiocardiography is presented. The predominant clinical feature was recurrent paroxysms of severe arrhythmias which could be controlled only by electric shock. Right heart failure was also present. After a follow-up period of 8 years, the patient, now 27 years old, on diuretic and antiarrhythmic treatment, is well. The literature on Uhl's disease is reviewed and classified into two clinical types; a fatal infantile type in which extreme hypoplasia is present, and a milder adult type in which the anatomical lesion is usually more limited. In the infantile type intractable heart failure was invariably present; in the adult type severe arrhythmias often constituted the major clinical problem. Some of the difficulties in diagnosis and treatment are emphasized.", "contents": "[Hypoplasia of the right ventricular myocardium (Uhl's disease). Report of a case with review of the literature (author's transl)]. A rare case of congenital hypoplasia of the right ventricular myocardium (\"Parchment Right Ventricle\" or Uhl's disease) diagnosed by angiocardiography is presented. The predominant clinical feature was recurrent paroxysms of severe arrhythmias which could be controlled only by electric shock. Right heart failure was also present. After a follow-up period of 8 years, the patient, now 27 years old, on diuretic and antiarrhythmic treatment, is well. The literature on Uhl's disease is reviewed and classified into two clinical types; a fatal infantile type in which extreme hypoplasia is present, and a milder adult type in which the anatomical lesion is usually more limited. In the infantile type intractable heart failure was invariably present; in the adult type severe arrhythmias often constituted the major clinical problem. Some of the difficulties in diagnosis and treatment are emphasized.", "PMID": 856661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11351", "title": "[Evolution of ventricular depolarization in the acute phase of inferior and posteroinferior myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "Twenty-five patients, hospitalized within 24 hours from the beginning of the precordiaglia due to acute diaphragmatic infarction, with or without a posterior extension, underwent the ECG and VCG recordings for the first consecutive twenty days and on the fortieth day, in order to study the development of ventricular depolarization. To diagnose an infarction of the diaphragmatic and posterior walls the usual ECG and VCG paramaters were used; the ECG was found to be less useful above all for the difficulty of measuring the variations, in the loss of the electrical forces. The electrodes were always placed in the same points suitably signed. Several evolutive modalities of the diaphragmatic infarction were observed; in 52% of the cases the loss of the inferior electrical forces reaches its maximum expression quickly, then it remains almost constant. In 12% of the cases the necrosis increases very clearly, tardily, between the ninth and fourteenth day. In 24% a precocious reduction of the electrical extension of the infarction on the eighth-twelfth day is observed. In 12% of the cases there are irregular oscillations during the whole acute phase. In all cases more or less stressed daily or cyclic oscillations were present. In nine cases an extension of the infarction to the posterior wall was evident; among these in five, two peaks are present; in two an initial increase, in the other two an initial decrease of the electrical extension of the necrosis; then, more or less stressed daily or cyclic oscillations. In another nine cases a single reading of the tracings do not let us diagnose a posterior extension; this is possible only through an \"in series\" reading. The clinical course and the humoral data do not give any contribution to the interpretation of the founded evolutive variabilities. The necrosis, therefore, must not be considered a zone of homogeneous and global stuffing, but composed of cellular groups in several and variable anatomo-metabolic situations conditioning the observed electrical instabilities.", "contents": "[Evolution of ventricular depolarization in the acute phase of inferior and posteroinferior myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. Twenty-five patients, hospitalized within 24 hours from the beginning of the precordiaglia due to acute diaphragmatic infarction, with or without a posterior extension, underwent the ECG and VCG recordings for the first consecutive twenty days and on the fortieth day, in order to study the development of ventricular depolarization. To diagnose an infarction of the diaphragmatic and posterior walls the usual ECG and VCG paramaters were used; the ECG was found to be less useful above all for the difficulty of measuring the variations, in the loss of the electrical forces. The electrodes were always placed in the same points suitably signed. Several evolutive modalities of the diaphragmatic infarction were observed; in 52% of the cases the loss of the inferior electrical forces reaches its maximum expression quickly, then it remains almost constant. In 12% of the cases the necrosis increases very clearly, tardily, between the ninth and fourteenth day. In 24% a precocious reduction of the electrical extension of the infarction on the eighth-twelfth day is observed. In 12% of the cases there are irregular oscillations during the whole acute phase. In all cases more or less stressed daily or cyclic oscillations were present. In nine cases an extension of the infarction to the posterior wall was evident; among these in five, two peaks are present; in two an initial increase, in the other two an initial decrease of the electrical extension of the necrosis; then, more or less stressed daily or cyclic oscillations. In another nine cases a single reading of the tracings do not let us diagnose a posterior extension; this is possible only through an \"in series\" reading. The clinical course and the humoral data do not give any contribution to the interpretation of the founded evolutive variabilities. The necrosis, therefore, must not be considered a zone of homogeneous and global stuffing, but composed of cellular groups in several and variable anatomo-metabolic situations conditioning the observed electrical instabilities.", "PMID": 856662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11352", "title": "[Identification of subjects at high coronary risk in the Roman Project of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention (author's transl)].", "content": "In the Roman Project of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention two different techniques were employed for the identification of individuals at high coronary risk within the treatment groups of the Project. The \"risk score\" is a simple additive system developed by the working groups of WHO, while the \"multiple logistic function\" is a complex mathematical model of multivariate analysis. Both of them consider 5 risk factors (age, systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, smoking habits and physical activity at work) and are applied for the identification of individuals belonging to the upper 20% of a risk rank list. The two techniques apparently provide similar predictive performances when applied to epidemiological prospective material collected in other studies where the morbid events are already known. When employed in the study population groups they identify, as high risk individuals, different subgroups of population, which overlap only partially. On the basis of theoretical and practical considerations, it has been decided to employ both techniques and to extend, as a consequence, the proportion of high risk individual, eligible for individual treatment, from 20% to about 30% of the total.", "contents": "[Identification of subjects at high coronary risk in the Roman Project of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention (author's transl)]. In the Roman Project of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention two different techniques were employed for the identification of individuals at high coronary risk within the treatment groups of the Project. The \"risk score\" is a simple additive system developed by the working groups of WHO, while the \"multiple logistic function\" is a complex mathematical model of multivariate analysis. Both of them consider 5 risk factors (age, systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, smoking habits and physical activity at work) and are applied for the identification of individuals belonging to the upper 20% of a risk rank list. The two techniques apparently provide similar predictive performances when applied to epidemiological prospective material collected in other studies where the morbid events are already known. When employed in the study population groups they identify, as high risk individuals, different subgroups of population, which overlap only partially. On the basis of theoretical and practical considerations, it has been decided to employ both techniques and to extend, as a consequence, the proportion of high risk individual, eligible for individual treatment, from 20% to about 30% of the total.", "PMID": 856663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11353", "title": "[Correlations between hemodynamic parameters and \"a\" wave in the right apicocardiogram in patients with arterial pulmonary hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "In a group of patients with arterial pulmonary hypertension of various origin, the relationship between the relative magnitude of the \"a\" wave of the right apex-cardiogram (ACG) to the total deflection of the ACG (\"a/H ratio\") to both the right atrial \"a\" wave and the right ventricular end-diastolic pressure was studied. Both correlations were statistically significant. The results obtained confirm the ACG value in the non invasive study of the right ventricular function.", "contents": "[Correlations between hemodynamic parameters and \"a\" wave in the right apicocardiogram in patients with arterial pulmonary hypertension (author's transl)]. In a group of patients with arterial pulmonary hypertension of various origin, the relationship between the relative magnitude of the \"a\" wave of the right apex-cardiogram (ACG) to the total deflection of the ACG (\"a/H ratio\") to both the right atrial \"a\" wave and the right ventricular end-diastolic pressure was studied. Both correlations were statistically significant. The results obtained confirm the ACG value in the non invasive study of the right ventricular function.", "PMID": 856664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11354", "title": "[Origin of the left circumflex coronary artery from the right Valsalva sinus. Two cases with clinical and instrumental signs of coronary insufficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of isolated anomalous origin of the left circumflex coronary artery from the right Valsalva sinus are described. In contrast with all the cases reported in the literature, both our female patients had typical angina; in one case, moreover, in coincidence with the precordial pain there were significant alterations of the repolarization, also caused by stress testing with the bicycle ergometer. On the basis of these findings, the authors believe that in patients with this anomaly the angina might be produced through a sharp decrease in the circumflex coronary artery blood flow correlated with caliber changes of the aorta.", "contents": "[Origin of the left circumflex coronary artery from the right Valsalva sinus. Two cases with clinical and instrumental signs of coronary insufficiency (author's transl)]. Two cases of isolated anomalous origin of the left circumflex coronary artery from the right Valsalva sinus are described. In contrast with all the cases reported in the literature, both our female patients had typical angina; in one case, moreover, in coincidence with the precordial pain there were significant alterations of the repolarization, also caused by stress testing with the bicycle ergometer. On the basis of these findings, the authors believe that in patients with this anomaly the angina might be produced through a sharp decrease in the circumflex coronary artery blood flow correlated with caliber changes of the aorta.", "PMID": 856665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11355", "title": "[Uhl's anomaly: case description with hemodynamic study and autoptic report (author's transl)].", "content": "A 3 month's old baby with Uhl's disease is reported. The diagnosis was made by cardiac catheterization and angiographic evaluation of right atrial and ventricular chambers and was confirmed by autopsy and histopathological examination. The particular features which allow angiographic differentiation from Ebstein's anomaly are considered. On the grounds of anatomical, clinical, and prognostic aspects, it is proposed that the definition of Uhl's anomaly be reserved for cases in infancy only, using the term Osler's disease for adult cases.", "contents": "[Uhl's anomaly: case description with hemodynamic study and autoptic report (author's transl)]. A 3 month's old baby with Uhl's disease is reported. The diagnosis was made by cardiac catheterization and angiographic evaluation of right atrial and ventricular chambers and was confirmed by autopsy and histopathological examination. The particular features which allow angiographic differentiation from Ebstein's anomaly are considered. On the grounds of anatomical, clinical, and prognostic aspects, it is proposed that the definition of Uhl's anomaly be reserved for cases in infancy only, using the term Osler's disease for adult cases.", "PMID": 856666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11356", "title": "Age changes of the pattern of F1 histone subfractions in rat liver and spleen chromatin.", "content": "The polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of total histone extracted from young (3 months) and old (26-27 months) rat tissues does not show age-related differences in the pattern of the main five histones. However, when the lysine-rich F1 histone was extracted from chromatin separately by perchloric acid and purified by Biogel P-60 column chromatography from chromatin of rat liver and spleen, the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis did show obvious age changes in the distribution of F1, F1o, and F1(00) subfractions. In liver chromatin the increase of rat-specific methionine-containing subfraction (F1met.) was also found.", "contents": "Age changes of the pattern of F1 histone subfractions in rat liver and spleen chromatin. The polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of total histone extracted from young (3 months) and old (26-27 months) rat tissues does not show age-related differences in the pattern of the main five histones. However, when the lysine-rich F1 histone was extracted from chromatin separately by perchloric acid and purified by Biogel P-60 column chromatography from chromatin of rat liver and spleen, the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis did show obvious age changes in the distribution of F1, F1o, and F1(00) subfractions. In liver chromatin the increase of rat-specific methionine-containing subfraction (F1met.) was also found.", "PMID": 856667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11357", "title": "Predicting mortality after elective abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy in the elderly.", "content": "40 non-emergency cases of abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy were reviewed. Of the 20 cases who died during the follow-up period, a significant number had more evidence of pre-existing multiple diseases than had the survivors. The results of the study suggest that there is an association between the amount of coincident disease, length of survival, and mortality following elective abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy.", "contents": "Predicting mortality after elective abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy in the elderly. 40 non-emergency cases of abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy were reviewed. Of the 20 cases who died during the follow-up period, a significant number had more evidence of pre-existing multiple diseases than had the survivors. The results of the study suggest that there is an association between the amount of coincident disease, length of survival, and mortality following elective abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy.", "PMID": 856668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11358", "title": "Effect of fundic distension on gastric acid secretion in man.", "content": "The effect of distension of the fundus and body of the stomach on gastric acid secretion was studied in 26 patients with duodenal ulcer and six healthy subjects. Graded distension produced by inflating a rubber balloon to volumes of 150, 300, and 600 ml resulted in significant sequential increments of acid output. The secretory response outlasted stimulation by at least one hour. In both groups of subjects, the highest acid output obtainable with fundic distension amounted to just above 50% of the maximum secretory response evoked by intravenous infusion of pentagastrin. A significant correlation was found between the peak secretory rates observed during fundic distension and after pentagastrin stimulation. It is concluded that distension of the oxyntic gland area in man is a potent stimulus for gastric secretion of acid and that patients with duodenal ulcer are no more sensitive to this stimulus than healthy subjects.", "contents": "Effect of fundic distension on gastric acid secretion in man. The effect of distension of the fundus and body of the stomach on gastric acid secretion was studied in 26 patients with duodenal ulcer and six healthy subjects. Graded distension produced by inflating a rubber balloon to volumes of 150, 300, and 600 ml resulted in significant sequential increments of acid output. The secretory response outlasted stimulation by at least one hour. In both groups of subjects, the highest acid output obtainable with fundic distension amounted to just above 50% of the maximum secretory response evoked by intravenous infusion of pentagastrin. A significant correlation was found between the peak secretory rates observed during fundic distension and after pentagastrin stimulation. It is concluded that distension of the oxyntic gland area in man is a potent stimulus for gastric secretion of acid and that patients with duodenal ulcer are no more sensitive to this stimulus than healthy subjects.", "PMID": 856669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11359", "title": "Effects of oral calcium gluconate on gastric acid secretion and serum gastrin concentration in man.", "content": "A single oral dose of 4-46 mmol calcium gluconate at pH 5-6 was administered intragastrically to 15 male volunteers without gastrointestinal disease. There was a significant rise in acid output from 30-90 minutes after the calcium was given compared with the basal hourly collection. The serum gastrin level 30 minutes after calcium administration was significantly raised, but no correlation could be demonstrated between the acid and gastrin responses. Serum calcium levels were unchanged throughout. An equimolar dose of magnesium sulphate had no such effects. This study suggests that the intragastric administration of calcium results in independent release of gastric acid and gastrin from the gastric mucosa.", "contents": "Effects of oral calcium gluconate on gastric acid secretion and serum gastrin concentration in man. A single oral dose of 4-46 mmol calcium gluconate at pH 5-6 was administered intragastrically to 15 male volunteers without gastrointestinal disease. There was a significant rise in acid output from 30-90 minutes after the calcium was given compared with the basal hourly collection. The serum gastrin level 30 minutes after calcium administration was significantly raised, but no correlation could be demonstrated between the acid and gastrin responses. Serum calcium levels were unchanged throughout. An equimolar dose of magnesium sulphate had no such effects. This study suggests that the intragastric administration of calcium results in independent release of gastric acid and gastrin from the gastric mucosa.", "PMID": 856670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11360", "title": "Crohn's disease of the duodenum.", "content": "Crohn's disease of the duodenum is uncommon, occurring in approximately 2% of patients with Crohn's disease. Approximately 165 cases have been reported in small series in the literature. Our report includes 36 patients, most of whom had symptoms of duodenal disease coincident with or after obvious disease elsewhere in the gastrointestinal tract, although occasionally duodenal disease developed first and rarely disease was confined to the duodenum. Upper abdominal pain and symptoms of gastroduodenal obstruction are the commonest patterns of presentation. Significant weight loss is common, and occasionally major upper gastrointestinal bleeding occurs. The commonest pattern of involvement was contiguous disease of the proximal duodenum and distal stomach. Endoscopically, diffuse granularity, nodularity, and ulceration are seen accompanied by lack of distensibility of the involved area. Granulomas are rarely found in endoscopic biopsies. A bypass procedure was carried out on 18 patients, 15 of whom continue to be free of symptoms with an average follow-up of 6-6 years. When symptoms of obstruction dictate, operative bypass is accompanied by favourable long-term results in the large majority of patients.", "contents": "Crohn's disease of the duodenum. Crohn's disease of the duodenum is uncommon, occurring in approximately 2% of patients with Crohn's disease. Approximately 165 cases have been reported in small series in the literature. Our report includes 36 patients, most of whom had symptoms of duodenal disease coincident with or after obvious disease elsewhere in the gastrointestinal tract, although occasionally duodenal disease developed first and rarely disease was confined to the duodenum. Upper abdominal pain and symptoms of gastroduodenal obstruction are the commonest patterns of presentation. Significant weight loss is common, and occasionally major upper gastrointestinal bleeding occurs. The commonest pattern of involvement was contiguous disease of the proximal duodenum and distal stomach. Endoscopically, diffuse granularity, nodularity, and ulceration are seen accompanied by lack of distensibility of the involved area. Granulomas are rarely found in endoscopic biopsies. A bypass procedure was carried out on 18 patients, 15 of whom continue to be free of symptoms with an average follow-up of 6-6 years. When symptoms of obstruction dictate, operative bypass is accompanied by favourable long-term results in the large majority of patients.", "PMID": 856671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11361", "title": "Lowering of fasting and food stimulated serum immunoreactive gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) by glucagon.", "content": "The effect of intravenous glucagon infusion on serum levels of immunoreactive GIP (IR-GIP), insulin (IRI), gastrin (IRG), and on blood glucose has been investigated in six healthy volunteers in the fasting state and during ingestion of a mixed standard meal. Glucagon (500 ng/kg/min) lowered significantly serum levels of IR-GIP and IRG below the fasting values and increased the levels of IRI and blood glucose. Glucagon (50 ng/kg/min) infused 30 minutes before and continued 90 minutes after ingestion of a test meal abolished the IR-GIP response, suppressed significantly the IRG response, and left the IRI response unchanged. The same glucagon dose infused 60 minutes after ingestion of the test meal decreased significantly the raised levels of IR-GIP and IRG to fasting levels without changing IRI values. It is concluded that exogenous glucagon inhibits Gip release at the level of the GIP-producing cells.", "contents": "Lowering of fasting and food stimulated serum immunoreactive gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) by glucagon. The effect of intravenous glucagon infusion on serum levels of immunoreactive GIP (IR-GIP), insulin (IRI), gastrin (IRG), and on blood glucose has been investigated in six healthy volunteers in the fasting state and during ingestion of a mixed standard meal. Glucagon (500 ng/kg/min) lowered significantly serum levels of IR-GIP and IRG below the fasting values and increased the levels of IRI and blood glucose. Glucagon (50 ng/kg/min) infused 30 minutes before and continued 90 minutes after ingestion of a test meal abolished the IR-GIP response, suppressed significantly the IRG response, and left the IRI response unchanged. The same glucagon dose infused 60 minutes after ingestion of the test meal decreased significantly the raised levels of IR-GIP and IRG to fasting levels without changing IRI values. It is concluded that exogenous glucagon inhibits Gip release at the level of the GIP-producing cells.", "PMID": 856672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11362", "title": "Relationship between changes in intraluminal pressure and transmural potential difference in the human and canine jejunum in vivo.", "content": "Recordings of transmural potential difference (PD) across the jejunum of conscious man in situ are characterised by spontaneous fluctuations of up to 10 mV. In 25 of 31 subjects (comprising seven normal controls and 24 patients under investigation for malabsorption, six of whom had coeliac disease) we observed a clear association between these fluctuations and changes in intraluminal pressure recorded at the same site. The most frequent PD changes were associated with type III pressure waves. These consisted predominantly of large waver (3-1 +/- 0-1 mV; mean +/- SEM, n = 317) which reached maximal amplitude approximately 45 seconds after the pressure peak and had a duration of 120 +/- 3 s, but also included less frequent spikes (0-5 +/- 0-1 mV; n = 110) concurrent with the pressure wave with a duration of 5 +/- 1 s. Although by recording at two sites in the jejunum 10 cm apart we were able to demonstrate that type III pressure waves appeared to be propagated aborally at a median rate of 60 cm per minute, the apparent rates of propagation of the corresponding PD waves were much more variable. The largest PD changes (7-8 +/- 0-4 mV; n = 19), lasting several minutes, were found in association with runs of type I waves (basic rhythm) superimposed on a type III wave. Both pressure and PD activities were suppressed by intramuscular propantheline bromide. Intraluminal pilocarpine caused a transient rise in PD not always accompanied by a change in pressure. Distention of the jejunum by rapid injection of a bolus of isotonic sodium chloride produced a delayed rise in the PD which could be prevented by prior administration of propantheline bromide. Experiments using Thirty-Vella loops of proximal jejunum in conscious dogs confirmed the effect of jejunal distension on the PD and also demonstrated that spontaneous retching is preceded by an increase in the PD. Consideration of these results in conjunction with data from other workers suggests the hypothesis that the larger spontaneous fluctuations in transmural PD in the jejunum of conscious man are caused by changes in electrogenic secretion associated with intestinal motility and mediated by cholinergic mechanisms. The possible association of increased secretory activity with motility may have functions of lubrication as well as diluting and mixing the chyme for easier digestion and absorption.", "contents": "Relationship between changes in intraluminal pressure and transmural potential difference in the human and canine jejunum in vivo. Recordings of transmural potential difference (PD) across the jejunum of conscious man in situ are characterised by spontaneous fluctuations of up to 10 mV. In 25 of 31 subjects (comprising seven normal controls and 24 patients under investigation for malabsorption, six of whom had coeliac disease) we observed a clear association between these fluctuations and changes in intraluminal pressure recorded at the same site. The most frequent PD changes were associated with type III pressure waves. These consisted predominantly of large waver (3-1 +/- 0-1 mV; mean +/- SEM, n = 317) which reached maximal amplitude approximately 45 seconds after the pressure peak and had a duration of 120 +/- 3 s, but also included less frequent spikes (0-5 +/- 0-1 mV; n = 110) concurrent with the pressure wave with a duration of 5 +/- 1 s. Although by recording at two sites in the jejunum 10 cm apart we were able to demonstrate that type III pressure waves appeared to be propagated aborally at a median rate of 60 cm per minute, the apparent rates of propagation of the corresponding PD waves were much more variable. The largest PD changes (7-8 +/- 0-4 mV; n = 19), lasting several minutes, were found in association with runs of type I waves (basic rhythm) superimposed on a type III wave. Both pressure and PD activities were suppressed by intramuscular propantheline bromide. Intraluminal pilocarpine caused a transient rise in PD not always accompanied by a change in pressure. Distention of the jejunum by rapid injection of a bolus of isotonic sodium chloride produced a delayed rise in the PD which could be prevented by prior administration of propantheline bromide. Experiments using Thirty-Vella loops of proximal jejunum in conscious dogs confirmed the effect of jejunal distension on the PD and also demonstrated that spontaneous retching is preceded by an increase in the PD. Consideration of these results in conjunction with data from other workers suggests the hypothesis that the larger spontaneous fluctuations in transmural PD in the jejunum of conscious man are caused by changes in electrogenic secretion associated with intestinal motility and mediated by cholinergic mechanisms. The possible association of increased secretory activity with motility may have functions of lubrication as well as diluting and mixing the chyme for easier digestion and absorption.", "PMID": 856673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11363", "title": "Plasma levels and intestinal absorption of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in patients with small bowel resection.", "content": "Plasma levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) were found to be significantly reduced in a group of patients with small bowel resection when compared with normal controls. Plasma levels of 25-OHD after an oral dose of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-ohd3) were also reduced in the patient group. Dietary intake of vitamin D tended to be low in many patients, but seasonal variation of plasma 25-OHD levels indicated normal exposure to sunlight in most of the patients studied. It is suggested that these studies provide some evidence for malabsorption of 25-OHD after small bowel resection, which, it is postulated, may be due to interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids and of 25-OHD. These factors may contribute towards the low plasma levels of 25-OHD found in the patient group.", "contents": "Plasma levels and intestinal absorption of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in patients with small bowel resection. Plasma levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) were found to be significantly reduced in a group of patients with small bowel resection when compared with normal controls. Plasma levels of 25-OHD after an oral dose of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-ohd3) were also reduced in the patient group. Dietary intake of vitamin D tended to be low in many patients, but seasonal variation of plasma 25-OHD levels indicated normal exposure to sunlight in most of the patients studied. It is suggested that these studies provide some evidence for malabsorption of 25-OHD after small bowel resection, which, it is postulated, may be due to interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids and of 25-OHD. These factors may contribute towards the low plasma levels of 25-OHD found in the patient group.", "PMID": 856674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11364", "title": "Mechanism of malabsorption in giardiasis: a study of bacterial flora and bile salt deconjugation in upper jejunum.", "content": "Sixty-three unselected cases of giardiasis, with no evidence of other systemic disease, were screened for evidence of steatorrhoea. No patient had any evidence of protein-energy malnutrition. Seventeen (27%) of the cases had steatorrhoea; three (17-8%) of the 17 patients having steatorrhoea also had D-xylose malabsorption. Vitamin B12 absorption was normal in all. Bacterial culture and qualitative analysis of bile salt in jejunal fluid was carried out in all the 17 cases having steatorrhoea as well as 13 cases with normal absorptive parameters (eight cases of irritable bowel syndrome and five cases of giardia infection) who served as controls. All the patients showing bacterial overgrowth had free bile acids in their duodenal aspirate. Free bile acids could also be detected in jejunal aspirates of five of the seven patients having no bacterial overgrowth. Two control cases of giardia infection with normal small bowel function and sterile duodenal aspirate showed evidence of bile salt deconjugation. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of steatorrhoea in patients with giardiasis. The possible role of giardia in bile salt deconjugation is suggested.", "contents": "Mechanism of malabsorption in giardiasis: a study of bacterial flora and bile salt deconjugation in upper jejunum. Sixty-three unselected cases of giardiasis, with no evidence of other systemic disease, were screened for evidence of steatorrhoea. No patient had any evidence of protein-energy malnutrition. Seventeen (27%) of the cases had steatorrhoea; three (17-8%) of the 17 patients having steatorrhoea also had D-xylose malabsorption. Vitamin B12 absorption was normal in all. Bacterial culture and qualitative analysis of bile salt in jejunal fluid was carried out in all the 17 cases having steatorrhoea as well as 13 cases with normal absorptive parameters (eight cases of irritable bowel syndrome and five cases of giardia infection) who served as controls. All the patients showing bacterial overgrowth had free bile acids in their duodenal aspirate. Free bile acids could also be detected in jejunal aspirates of five of the seven patients having no bacterial overgrowth. Two control cases of giardia infection with normal small bowel function and sterile duodenal aspirate showed evidence of bile salt deconjugation. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of steatorrhoea in patients with giardiasis. The possible role of giardia in bile salt deconjugation is suggested.", "PMID": 856675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11365", "title": "Effect of aspirin on intestinal absorption of glucose, sodium, and water in man.", "content": "The effect of aspirin on small intestinal function in six healthy volunteers was examined using a segmental perfusion technique, with a test solution of 40 mM D-glucose, 140 mM NaCl, and 0-5% polyethylene glycol. Jejunal glucose, sodium, and water absorption rates were inhibited by 50% after oral administration of 2-6 g aspirin. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration was assayed in jejunal mucosal biopsies before and after aspirin. There was an almost 50% decrease in mucosal ATP levels after aspirin. This effect may be mediated through cellular injury and impairment of mitochondrial energy metabolism. These data suggest that aspirin may significantly alter small intestinal function. It appears possible that the inhibitory effect of aspirin on glucose absorption may account, at least in part, for the lower blood sugar levels observed with the use of the drug.", "contents": "Effect of aspirin on intestinal absorption of glucose, sodium, and water in man. The effect of aspirin on small intestinal function in six healthy volunteers was examined using a segmental perfusion technique, with a test solution of 40 mM D-glucose, 140 mM NaCl, and 0-5% polyethylene glycol. Jejunal glucose, sodium, and water absorption rates were inhibited by 50% after oral administration of 2-6 g aspirin. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration was assayed in jejunal mucosal biopsies before and after aspirin. There was an almost 50% decrease in mucosal ATP levels after aspirin. This effect may be mediated through cellular injury and impairment of mitochondrial energy metabolism. These data suggest that aspirin may significantly alter small intestinal function. It appears possible that the inhibitory effect of aspirin on glucose absorption may account, at least in part, for the lower blood sugar levels observed with the use of the drug.", "PMID": 856676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11366", "title": "Chronic pancreatitis: a cause of cholestasis.", "content": "The bile ducts were visualised using endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), percutaneous or intravenous cholangiography in 38 patients with non-gallstone chronic pancreatitis. Stenosis of the intrapancreatic portion of the distal common bile duct was demonstrated in 11 patients. Ten of the 11 developed transient cholestasis during exacerbations of their chronic pancreatitis. In six cholestasis eventually persisted requiring surgical relief. Secondary biliary cirrhosis was present in one patient. No evidence of pancreatic carcinoma was found in the patients explored surgically. Ten of the patients are alive more than one year after diagnosis. Chronic pancreatitis was of alcoholic aetiology in 10 of the patients with biliary stenosis. Cholestasis and biliary stricture are common but poorly recognised complications of non-gallstone chronic pancreatitis, especially when pancreatitis is severe and due to alcohol.", "contents": "Chronic pancreatitis: a cause of cholestasis. The bile ducts were visualised using endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), percutaneous or intravenous cholangiography in 38 patients with non-gallstone chronic pancreatitis. Stenosis of the intrapancreatic portion of the distal common bile duct was demonstrated in 11 patients. Ten of the 11 developed transient cholestasis during exacerbations of their chronic pancreatitis. In six cholestasis eventually persisted requiring surgical relief. Secondary biliary cirrhosis was present in one patient. No evidence of pancreatic carcinoma was found in the patients explored surgically. Ten of the patients are alive more than one year after diagnosis. Chronic pancreatitis was of alcoholic aetiology in 10 of the patients with biliary stenosis. Cholestasis and biliary stricture are common but poorly recognised complications of non-gallstone chronic pancreatitis, especially when pancreatitis is severe and due to alcohol.", "PMID": 856677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11367", "title": "Models of gastric emptying.", "content": "Some empirical and theoretical models of the emptying behaviour of the stomach are presented. The laws of Laplace, Hooke, and Poisseuille are used to derive a new model of gastric emptying. Published data on humans are used to test the model and evaluate empirical constants. It is shown that for meals with an initial volume of larger than or equal to 300 ml, the reciprocal of the cube root of the volume of meal remaining is proportional to the time the meal is in the stomach. For meals of initial volume of less than 300 ml the equation has to be corrected for the fact that the 'resting volume' of gastric contents is about 28 ml. The more exact formula is given in the text. As this model invokes no neural or hormonal factors, it is suggested that the gastric emptying response to the volume of a meal does not depend on these factors. The gastric emptying response to the composition of the meal does depend on such factors and a recent model of this process is used to evaluate an empirical constant.", "contents": "Models of gastric emptying. Some empirical and theoretical models of the emptying behaviour of the stomach are presented. The laws of Laplace, Hooke, and Poisseuille are used to derive a new model of gastric emptying. Published data on humans are used to test the model and evaluate empirical constants. It is shown that for meals with an initial volume of larger than or equal to 300 ml, the reciprocal of the cube root of the volume of meal remaining is proportional to the time the meal is in the stomach. For meals of initial volume of less than 300 ml the equation has to be corrected for the fact that the 'resting volume' of gastric contents is about 28 ml. The more exact formula is given in the text. As this model invokes no neural or hormonal factors, it is suggested that the gastric emptying response to the volume of a meal does not depend on these factors. The gastric emptying response to the composition of the meal does depend on such factors and a recent model of this process is used to evaluate an empirical constant.", "PMID": 856678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11368", "title": "Gastric gland metaplasia in the small and large intestine.", "content": "Fifty-six surgical specimens with various ulcerative intestinal disorders were microscopically investigated for evidence of gastric gland metaplasia. Thiry-one specimens (55-4%) showed pyloric gland metaplasia. Among the 31 patients with pyloric gland metaplasia, five showed true gastric metaplasia, consisting of parietal cells, chief cells, and mucous neck cells. The percentage of true gastric metaplasia among pyloric gland metaplasia was as high as 16%, an overall frequency of 9% among various ulcerative intestinal disorders. The mechanism of pyloric gland metaplasia and true gastric metaplasia is not understood, but may occur secondary to submucosal response to ulcer healing and subsequent alteration of the intraluminal condition in the intestine.", "contents": "Gastric gland metaplasia in the small and large intestine. Fifty-six surgical specimens with various ulcerative intestinal disorders were microscopically investigated for evidence of gastric gland metaplasia. Thiry-one specimens (55-4%) showed pyloric gland metaplasia. Among the 31 patients with pyloric gland metaplasia, five showed true gastric metaplasia, consisting of parietal cells, chief cells, and mucous neck cells. The percentage of true gastric metaplasia among pyloric gland metaplasia was as high as 16%, an overall frequency of 9% among various ulcerative intestinal disorders. The mechanism of pyloric gland metaplasia and true gastric metaplasia is not understood, but may occur secondary to submucosal response to ulcer healing and subsequent alteration of the intraluminal condition in the intestine.", "PMID": 856679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11369", "title": "Glucosamine synthetase activity of the colonic mucosa in membranous colitis.", "content": "Glucosamine synthetase, the first enzyme in glycoprotein synthesis, has been measured in serial rectal biopsies in four patients with membranous colitis. In two of the patients the levels of the enzyme were very high initially and in the other two patients the enzyme levels rose to a peak above the normal range after a delay of up to 10 days. These high levels may be related to the mucus hypersecretion which is a feature of membranous colitis but it seems more likely that they represent the healing of the mucosa.", "contents": "Glucosamine synthetase activity of the colonic mucosa in membranous colitis. Glucosamine synthetase, the first enzyme in glycoprotein synthesis, has been measured in serial rectal biopsies in four patients with membranous colitis. In two of the patients the levels of the enzyme were very high initially and in the other two patients the enzyme levels rose to a peak above the normal range after a delay of up to 10 days. These high levels may be related to the mucus hypersecretion which is a feature of membranous colitis but it seems more likely that they represent the healing of the mucosa.", "PMID": 856680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11370", "title": "Ileorectal anastomosis in patients with Crohn's disease of the colon.", "content": "Thirty-seven patients were studied who had an ileorectal anastomosis performed for Crohn's disease of the colon. Twenty-nine were done as a primary procedure and in eight the anastomosis was made after previous total or segmental colectomy. Three patients developed anastomotic leaks and all three patients died. No patient who had a diverting loop ileostomy performed at the time of ileorectal anastomosis developed anastomotic leaks before or after the ileostomy was closed. Of the 37 patients, three died postoperatively and another five have had less than a one year follow-up. Of the remaining 29 patients, 12 (41%) had recurrences in either the rectum or ileum. Half of the recurrences took place five or more years after surgery. Seven of the 12 patients with recurrences have had their anastomoses taken down. When this recurrence rate of 41% is compared with the recurrence of ileitis in patients after total colectomy and ileostomy for Crohn's disease of the colon, the incidence of recurrence is, as shown in many reports, not markedly dissimilar. Of the patients who develop a recurrence after ileorectal anastomosis, only about half will have to have their anastomoses taken down. In our study, 59% of the patients had no recurrence and another 20-5% had a recurrence but did not require 'take down' of the anastomosis. Thus, almost 80% of our patients at the time of this report have been able to lead a life unencumbered by an ileostomy, making ileorectal anastomosis for this disease a desirable procedure to consider in selected patients.", "contents": "Ileorectal anastomosis in patients with Crohn's disease of the colon. Thirty-seven patients were studied who had an ileorectal anastomosis performed for Crohn's disease of the colon. Twenty-nine were done as a primary procedure and in eight the anastomosis was made after previous total or segmental colectomy. Three patients developed anastomotic leaks and all three patients died. No patient who had a diverting loop ileostomy performed at the time of ileorectal anastomosis developed anastomotic leaks before or after the ileostomy was closed. Of the 37 patients, three died postoperatively and another five have had less than a one year follow-up. Of the remaining 29 patients, 12 (41%) had recurrences in either the rectum or ileum. Half of the recurrences took place five or more years after surgery. Seven of the 12 patients with recurrences have had their anastomoses taken down. When this recurrence rate of 41% is compared with the recurrence of ileitis in patients after total colectomy and ileostomy for Crohn's disease of the colon, the incidence of recurrence is, as shown in many reports, not markedly dissimilar. Of the patients who develop a recurrence after ileorectal anastomosis, only about half will have to have their anastomoses taken down. In our study, 59% of the patients had no recurrence and another 20-5% had a recurrence but did not require 'take down' of the anastomosis. Thus, almost 80% of our patients at the time of this report have been able to lead a life unencumbered by an ileostomy, making ileorectal anastomosis for this disease a desirable procedure to consider in selected patients.", "PMID": 856681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11371", "title": "Incidence and immunochemical features of serum cryoglobulin in chronic liver disease.", "content": "Essential cryoglobulinaemia was detected in 44 out of 150 patients (29%) screened on the basis of histological confirmation of chronic inflammatory liver disease (chronic persistent or aggressive hepatitis, or cirrhosis). Cryoglobulinemia prevailed in the patients whose hepatic tissue showed more features of active inflammation; also, a female prevalence was observed. There were no correlations between cryoglobulinaemia and either HBsAg positivity or alcoholic liver disease. Mixed cryoglobulins made of heterogeneous immunoglobulins without monotypic components were mostly associated with established cirrhosis, whereas monotypic cryoglobulins were exclusively found in patients with either persistent or aggressive chronic hepatitis. Mixed cryoglobulins with a monotypic component were associated with all histological grades of liver damage. This study affords an objective evaluation of both the frequency and immunochemical features of cryoglobulins associated with chronic inflammatory liver disease.", "contents": "Incidence and immunochemical features of serum cryoglobulin in chronic liver disease. Essential cryoglobulinaemia was detected in 44 out of 150 patients (29%) screened on the basis of histological confirmation of chronic inflammatory liver disease (chronic persistent or aggressive hepatitis, or cirrhosis). Cryoglobulinemia prevailed in the patients whose hepatic tissue showed more features of active inflammation; also, a female prevalence was observed. There were no correlations between cryoglobulinaemia and either HBsAg positivity or alcoholic liver disease. Mixed cryoglobulins made of heterogeneous immunoglobulins without monotypic components were mostly associated with established cirrhosis, whereas monotypic cryoglobulins were exclusively found in patients with either persistent or aggressive chronic hepatitis. Mixed cryoglobulins with a monotypic component were associated with all histological grades of liver damage. This study affords an objective evaluation of both the frequency and immunochemical features of cryoglobulins associated with chronic inflammatory liver disease.", "PMID": 856682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11372", "title": "Immune responses to the hepatitis B surface antigen and liver-specific lipoprotein in acute type B hepatitis.", "content": "A serial prospective study of cellular immunity to HBsAg and liver-specific membrane lipoprotein was undertaken in 21 adults with acute hepatitis type B. Cellular immunity to HBsAg as determined by leucocyte migration inhibition with partially purified HBsAg as antigen was detected in all the patients during the recovery phase of the illness and was already detectable at the time of admission in 13 (62%) of the cases. In five of the remaining eight the titre of HBsAg in the serum at this time was high and in the whole series there was an inverse correlation between the degree of migration inhibition on admission and the peak HBsAg titre suggesting that antigen or possibly antigen/antibody complexes might be interfering with the demonstration of cellular immunity in vitro. Using a combination of minimum migration index recorded during the recovery period peak HBsAg titre, it was possible to compute the peak aspartate aminotransferase level with reasonable accuracy, a finding consistent with the hypothesis that the severity of the illness is related to both the number of infected hepatocytes and the vigour of the immune response to HBsAg. Evidence of an immune response to the liver-specific hepatocyte membrane lipoprotein was present in 50% of the patients tested at the time of admission, but was transient, having disappeared in every case by four weeks. The minimum migration index recorded with HBsAg as antigen was significantly lower in those with detectable sensitisation to the lipoprotein and it is possible that this autoimmune reaction is also generated by the interaction of T cells with viral antigenic determinants on the liver cell surface.", "contents": "Immune responses to the hepatitis B surface antigen and liver-specific lipoprotein in acute type B hepatitis. A serial prospective study of cellular immunity to HBsAg and liver-specific membrane lipoprotein was undertaken in 21 adults with acute hepatitis type B. Cellular immunity to HBsAg as determined by leucocyte migration inhibition with partially purified HBsAg as antigen was detected in all the patients during the recovery phase of the illness and was already detectable at the time of admission in 13 (62%) of the cases. In five of the remaining eight the titre of HBsAg in the serum at this time was high and in the whole series there was an inverse correlation between the degree of migration inhibition on admission and the peak HBsAg titre suggesting that antigen or possibly antigen/antibody complexes might be interfering with the demonstration of cellular immunity in vitro. Using a combination of minimum migration index recorded during the recovery period peak HBsAg titre, it was possible to compute the peak aspartate aminotransferase level with reasonable accuracy, a finding consistent with the hypothesis that the severity of the illness is related to both the number of infected hepatocytes and the vigour of the immune response to HBsAg. Evidence of an immune response to the liver-specific hepatocyte membrane lipoprotein was present in 50% of the patients tested at the time of admission, but was transient, having disappeared in every case by four weeks. The minimum migration index recorded with HBsAg as antigen was significantly lower in those with detectable sensitisation to the lipoprotein and it is possible that this autoimmune reaction is also generated by the interaction of T cells with viral antigenic determinants on the liver cell surface.", "PMID": 856683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11373", "title": "Contribution to the pathology of strobilocercosis (Strobilocercus fasciolaris) in the liver of man and some animals.", "content": "Tissue reactions with liver strobilocercosis were studied in man, pheasant and muskrat on the basis of histological examination. Microscopical changes in the liver induced by completely developed and still quite vital strobilocerci are very similar in all these hosts and in all cysts the parasite was enveloped by a fibrous capsule consisting of two layers. The development of regressive changes and the character of tissue reaction during the death of the parasite are discussed. Strobilocercus fasciolaris was found for the first time in man, in a solitary cyst in the liver. The possibility of massive infestation of man liver is pointed out.", "contents": "Contribution to the pathology of strobilocercosis (Strobilocercus fasciolaris) in the liver of man and some animals. Tissue reactions with liver strobilocercosis were studied in man, pheasant and muskrat on the basis of histological examination. Microscopical changes in the liver induced by completely developed and still quite vital strobilocerci are very similar in all these hosts and in all cysts the parasite was enveloped by a fibrous capsule consisting of two layers. The development of regressive changes and the character of tissue reaction during the death of the parasite are discussed. Strobilocercus fasciolaris was found for the first time in man, in a solitary cyst in the liver. The possibility of massive infestation of man liver is pointed out.", "PMID": 856684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11374", "title": "Effectiveness of fenitrothion for area control of ticks Ixodes ricinus (L.).", "content": "Susceptibility to fenitrothion in all stages of unfed ticks Ixodes ricinus increases with their age and this fact is reflected in the effectiveness of various dosages of insecticides applied for area control. The following minimum, but fully effective dosages of the dust Metation P-5 and the spray Metation E-50 (both preparations contain fenitrothion) for application in separate seasons have been ascertained: In September and October 1 kg of fenitrothion per ha of treated area ensures complete control of unfed ticks until the winter of current year. In Aril 3 kg of fenitrothion per ha is necessary, if tick control is to be ensured until the appearance of the new generation, i.e. until the end of August. In May the control of unfed ticks is ensured by 1 kg of fenitrothion per ha, in June to August by 0.3 kg per ha is fully efficacious.", "contents": "Effectiveness of fenitrothion for area control of ticks Ixodes ricinus (L.). Susceptibility to fenitrothion in all stages of unfed ticks Ixodes ricinus increases with their age and this fact is reflected in the effectiveness of various dosages of insecticides applied for area control. The following minimum, but fully effective dosages of the dust Metation P-5 and the spray Metation E-50 (both preparations contain fenitrothion) for application in separate seasons have been ascertained: In September and October 1 kg of fenitrothion per ha of treated area ensures complete control of unfed ticks until the winter of current year. In Aril 3 kg of fenitrothion per ha is necessary, if tick control is to be ensured until the appearance of the new generation, i.e. until the end of August. In May the control of unfed ticks is ensured by 1 kg of fenitrothion per ha, in June to August by 0.3 kg per ha is fully efficacious.", "PMID": 856685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11375", "title": "To the knowledge of ticks of domestic animals in Afghanistan.", "content": "Thirteen species and subspecies of ixodid ticks were found on cattle, zebu, buffaloes, goats, sheep and camels examined mainly at the abattoir of Kabul between September 21 and October 1, 1974. All of them are already known from the territory of Afghanistan.", "contents": "To the knowledge of ticks of domestic animals in Afghanistan. Thirteen species and subspecies of ixodid ticks were found on cattle, zebu, buffaloes, goats, sheep and camels examined mainly at the abattoir of Kabul between September 21 and October 1, 1974. All of them are already known from the territory of Afghanistan.", "PMID": 856686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11376", "title": "[Indication for pregnancy interruption in patients with heart diseases].", "content": "The early diagnosis of heart disease during or better before pregnancy is one of the most important problems, as cardiac diseases are the most common cause for maternal deaths throughout the world. The knowledge of hemodynamic alterations in circulatory and respiratory physiology during pregnancy complicated by heart disease is a prerequisite for their management. The following indications for therapeutic abortion of pregnancy complicated by heart disease can be concluded according to our own observations: 1. history of significant heart failure (more than grade IV according to the classification of the New York Heart Association), frequent attacks of angina pectoris and longstanding cyanosis: 2. in spite of the most careful heart treatment with digitalis, diuretics and salftree diet cardiac-thorax-rate of more than 55% in congenital heart disease, cardiac-thorax-rate of more than 60% in acquired heart disease, significant signs of heart failure, namely more severe than grade III, tachycardic atrial fibrillation, pulse deficit of more than 30/min, active inflammatory processes of the heart (rheumatic fever, subacute bacterial endocarditis, Takayasu's disease); 3. especially severe metabolic disorders, i.e. diabetes mellitus, malignant hypertension, kidney diseases; 4. primiparae of an age of more than 35 years with any heart disease. Commissurotomy can be accomplished during pregnancy if it is too late for therapeutic abortion. Pregnancy in case of artificial valves is not recommended in general because of impending hemorrhagic diathesis.", "contents": "[Indication for pregnancy interruption in patients with heart diseases]. The early diagnosis of heart disease during or better before pregnancy is one of the most important problems, as cardiac diseases are the most common cause for maternal deaths throughout the world. The knowledge of hemodynamic alterations in circulatory and respiratory physiology during pregnancy complicated by heart disease is a prerequisite for their management. The following indications for therapeutic abortion of pregnancy complicated by heart disease can be concluded according to our own observations: 1. history of significant heart failure (more than grade IV according to the classification of the New York Heart Association), frequent attacks of angina pectoris and longstanding cyanosis: 2. in spite of the most careful heart treatment with digitalis, diuretics and salftree diet cardiac-thorax-rate of more than 55% in congenital heart disease, cardiac-thorax-rate of more than 60% in acquired heart disease, significant signs of heart failure, namely more severe than grade III, tachycardic atrial fibrillation, pulse deficit of more than 30/min, active inflammatory processes of the heart (rheumatic fever, subacute bacterial endocarditis, Takayasu's disease); 3. especially severe metabolic disorders, i.e. diabetes mellitus, malignant hypertension, kidney diseases; 4. primiparae of an age of more than 35 years with any heart disease. Commissurotomy can be accomplished during pregnancy if it is too late for therapeutic abortion. Pregnancy in case of artificial valves is not recommended in general because of impending hemorrhagic diathesis.", "PMID": 856689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11377", "title": "[Management of labor in fetal cardiac sound changes after paracervical block].", "content": "A pain free period during the first stage of labor is made possible by paracervical block anaesthesia. The extent of risks for the fetus using this method of anaesthesia is measured by different means. Changes of the fetal heart rate after paracervical block must be regarded as a complication. During the period of ten years paracervical block anaesthesia was performed in 10.041 cases in our hospital (Landesfraunklinik Wuppertal). The analysis of all cardiotocograms taken shows changes of the fetal heart rate after paracervical block in 11,3%. Carbostesin with adrenalin (0.5%) was used, 5 ml were injected on each side. Motility disturbances of the uterus and the vena cava-syndrome are clinically evident because of the various reasons for bradycardy. ECG analysis detects a suppression of the sinus-atrial node as a stimulator. During the period of bradycardy after paracervical block Caesarian section is not indicated. A conservative attitude is justified with the patient in a lateral position. Disturbances of uterine motility and long periods of bradycardy call for intrauterine resuscitation with the application of Partusisten (Th 1165) under constant control of maternal circulation. If there are other reasons for a Caesarian section an improvement of the fetal heart rate--as shown in the cardiotocogram--should be achieved in any case.", "contents": "[Management of labor in fetal cardiac sound changes after paracervical block]. A pain free period during the first stage of labor is made possible by paracervical block anaesthesia. The extent of risks for the fetus using this method of anaesthesia is measured by different means. Changes of the fetal heart rate after paracervical block must be regarded as a complication. During the period of ten years paracervical block anaesthesia was performed in 10.041 cases in our hospital (Landesfraunklinik Wuppertal). The analysis of all cardiotocograms taken shows changes of the fetal heart rate after paracervical block in 11,3%. Carbostesin with adrenalin (0.5%) was used, 5 ml were injected on each side. Motility disturbances of the uterus and the vena cava-syndrome are clinically evident because of the various reasons for bradycardy. ECG analysis detects a suppression of the sinus-atrial node as a stimulator. During the period of bradycardy after paracervical block Caesarian section is not indicated. A conservative attitude is justified with the patient in a lateral position. Disturbances of uterine motility and long periods of bradycardy call for intrauterine resuscitation with the application of Partusisten (Th 1165) under constant control of maternal circulation. If there are other reasons for a Caesarian section an improvement of the fetal heart rate--as shown in the cardiotocogram--should be achieved in any case.", "PMID": 856690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11378", "title": "[Determination of urobilinoide concentration in the urine. New rapid method for clinical determination of urinary-urobilinoids using the Ehrlich-reaction].", "content": "A rapid method for quantitative determination of concentration of urobilinoids of fresh urine was developed. The method is based upon extraction of urinary urobilinoids using a mixture of acetic acid and ether and followed by the extraction of the ethereal phase with Ehrlich reagent and a solution of sodium acetate. Readings of absorbance from the absorption band of reaction products from urobilinoids and Ehrlich reagent are done.  Performance of the rapid method: 2 ml urine + 10 ml ether + 2 ml acetic acid were thoroughly mixed for about 15 seconds. The ethereal extract was shaken after addition of 12 ml Ehrlich-reagent for 1 minute and 15 ml half-saturated sodium acetate solution were added. 0-3 minutes afterwards reading of absorption at 560 nm respectively filter Hg 578 nm. Photometer:mg/dl=29 X A578 nm, 1 cm -0,4. Spectrophotometer:mg/dl urobilinoids=13,7 X A560 nm X 1/d -0,22 (d=optical pathway). Photometrical determination of concentration of urobilinoid can also be done using table 1. Accuracy, reproducibility and specificity are fully satisfying for clinical use of the method.", "contents": "[Determination of urobilinoide concentration in the urine. New rapid method for clinical determination of urinary-urobilinoids using the Ehrlich-reaction]. A rapid method for quantitative determination of concentration of urobilinoids of fresh urine was developed. The method is based upon extraction of urinary urobilinoids using a mixture of acetic acid and ether and followed by the extraction of the ethereal phase with Ehrlich reagent and a solution of sodium acetate. Readings of absorbance from the absorption band of reaction products from urobilinoids and Ehrlich reagent are done.  Performance of the rapid method: 2 ml urine + 10 ml ether + 2 ml acetic acid were thoroughly mixed for about 15 seconds. The ethereal extract was shaken after addition of 12 ml Ehrlich-reagent for 1 minute and 15 ml half-saturated sodium acetate solution were added. 0-3 minutes afterwards reading of absorption at 560 nm respectively filter Hg 578 nm. Photometer:mg/dl=29 X A578 nm, 1 cm -0,4. Spectrophotometer:mg/dl urobilinoids=13,7 X A560 nm X 1/d -0,22 (d=optical pathway). Photometrical determination of concentration of urobilinoid can also be done using table 1. Accuracy, reproducibility and specificity are fully satisfying for clinical use of the method.", "PMID": 856691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11379", "title": "[Cytologic findings in young women with reference to sex behavior].", "content": "In a prospective study the interrelations between the sexual history of young women and the results of cervix smears were investigated. The main interest was focused on females bearing a high risk of developing a carcinoma of the cervix due to their sexual behaviour. 569 volunteers up to the age of 25 underwent vaginal examination and subsequently ecto- and endocervical smears were performed. Information about the sexual life was obtained using a questionnaire. These data as well as the results of the smears were stored and analyzed by a computer. The results were compared with references in the literature. They reveal some new aspects of sexuality in young people. The median age of the menarche in this investigation was 12,7 years in correspondence with the literature. The age of the first coitus was found to be in the range reported by other authors. Another point of interest was the use of oral contraceptives in respect to possible epithelial changes of the cervix. Practising oral contraception, the relation between contraceptives of the combined type and the sequential type was 10:1. Most young females discontinue the use of oral contraceptives at least once a year usually for a period of 2 months. The majority of young women had coital experiences with only one partner. A tendency toward promiscuity was not discernible. Inspite of coital experience, a substantial number (15,1%) did not practice any kind of contraception. Besides the use of oral contraceptives (81%), temporary experience with physical (37,2%) and chemical methods (19,8%) were reported. Nearly half of the pregnancies stated in the questionnaires were interrupted. The incidence of contamination with trichomonas and candida was reduced in comparison with the literature. According to results reported by other authors, a higher frequency of positive smears was expected. Among 569 samples, only one smear Pap. III D was found in a 20 year old girl with inconspicious sexual history. Women under the age of 25 years belonging to the risk group should be included in routine check-up with cervical smears.", "contents": "[Cytologic findings in young women with reference to sex behavior]. In a prospective study the interrelations between the sexual history of young women and the results of cervix smears were investigated. The main interest was focused on females bearing a high risk of developing a carcinoma of the cervix due to their sexual behaviour. 569 volunteers up to the age of 25 underwent vaginal examination and subsequently ecto- and endocervical smears were performed. Information about the sexual life was obtained using a questionnaire. These data as well as the results of the smears were stored and analyzed by a computer. The results were compared with references in the literature. They reveal some new aspects of sexuality in young people. The median age of the menarche in this investigation was 12,7 years in correspondence with the literature. The age of the first coitus was found to be in the range reported by other authors. Another point of interest was the use of oral contraceptives in respect to possible epithelial changes of the cervix. Practising oral contraception, the relation between contraceptives of the combined type and the sequential type was 10:1. Most young females discontinue the use of oral contraceptives at least once a year usually for a period of 2 months. The majority of young women had coital experiences with only one partner. A tendency toward promiscuity was not discernible. Inspite of coital experience, a substantial number (15,1%) did not practice any kind of contraception. Besides the use of oral contraceptives (81%), temporary experience with physical (37,2%) and chemical methods (19,8%) were reported. Nearly half of the pregnancies stated in the questionnaires were interrupted. The incidence of contamination with trichomonas and candida was reduced in comparison with the literature. According to results reported by other authors, a higher frequency of positive smears was expected. Among 569 samples, only one smear Pap. III D was found in a 20 year old girl with inconspicious sexual history. Women under the age of 25 years belonging to the risk group should be included in routine check-up with cervical smears.", "PMID": 856692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11380", "title": "The death of children following negligence: social aspects.", "content": "Although the figure of unreported cases of neglected children is much higher than that of physical ill-treatment of children, neglect has rarely received attention, in most cases only when traces of physical ill-treatment were proven at the same time. Symptomatic are in the first place intense emaciation as well as dry puckered, scaly and extremely dirty skin, lack of subcutaneous fatty tissue and of Bichat's fat pad, matted hair, aged face, sunken eyes, and eczema from urine with ulcerations in the buttock and thigh regions. In addition one finds signs of localized hypothermia or rickets. My own observations cover 54 cases in which neglect and malnutrition have caused the death of the children involved. All the children had been living in extremely bad social conditions. The backgrounds of the children's mothers were also socially poor. Most of the mothers were too young to fulfill their duties. The fathers, where known, were alcoholics, unwilling to work and seldom cared for their family. They too were often too young to cope with their role as father. In this day and age, which has provided us with a much better understanding of the importance of the early development of the child for its later social attitude, mothers with all their problems and difficulties should not be left on their own. Motherlike behaviour is not necessarily programmed with the birth of a child. Mother duties must be learned as early as possible. This process should begin during pregnancy at the latest. A few proposals will be made.", "contents": "The death of children following negligence: social aspects. Although the figure of unreported cases of neglected children is much higher than that of physical ill-treatment of children, neglect has rarely received attention, in most cases only when traces of physical ill-treatment were proven at the same time. Symptomatic are in the first place intense emaciation as well as dry puckered, scaly and extremely dirty skin, lack of subcutaneous fatty tissue and of Bichat's fat pad, matted hair, aged face, sunken eyes, and eczema from urine with ulcerations in the buttock and thigh regions. In addition one finds signs of localized hypothermia or rickets. My own observations cover 54 cases in which neglect and malnutrition have caused the death of the children involved. All the children had been living in extremely bad social conditions. The backgrounds of the children's mothers were also socially poor. Most of the mothers were too young to fulfill their duties. The fathers, where known, were alcoholics, unwilling to work and seldom cared for their family. They too were often too young to cope with their role as father. In this day and age, which has provided us with a much better understanding of the importance of the early development of the child for its later social attitude, mothers with all their problems and difficulties should not be left on their own. Motherlike behaviour is not necessarily programmed with the birth of a child. Mother duties must be learned as early as possible. This process should begin during pregnancy at the latest. A few proposals will be made.", "PMID": 856687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11381", "title": "[Treatment of anemia in pregnancy].", "content": "In a therapeutic comparative study two trial-groups (1 and 2) of 30 pregnant women each suffering from iron deficiency anemia of light degree received randomly selected a combination of ferrous succinate and multivitamins (Multibionta-Eisen) or a combination of ferrous sulfate and folic acid (preparations ES). By both medications the decrease of hemoglobin, red blood count and hematocrit could be stopped and a re-increase of these values was seen afterwards. There was no significant differences in response between Multibionta-Eisen and ES. A significant increase of Hb, RBC and Hc as compared prior to treatment was limited to group 2. Possible causes for the non-significant results of group 1 are discussed. The results of the study are demonstrating a certain superiority of preparation ME. This combination showed at least equal efficiency as preparation ES in spite of a smaller iron dosage and was well tolerated without exception. Subjective complaints may be better improved by Multibionta-Eisen.", "contents": "[Treatment of anemia in pregnancy]. In a therapeutic comparative study two trial-groups (1 and 2) of 30 pregnant women each suffering from iron deficiency anemia of light degree received randomly selected a combination of ferrous succinate and multivitamins (Multibionta-Eisen) or a combination of ferrous sulfate and folic acid (preparations ES). By both medications the decrease of hemoglobin, red blood count and hematocrit could be stopped and a re-increase of these values was seen afterwards. There was no significant differences in response between Multibionta-Eisen and ES. A significant increase of Hb, RBC and Hc as compared prior to treatment was limited to group 2. Possible causes for the non-significant results of group 1 are discussed. The results of the study are demonstrating a certain superiority of preparation ME. This combination showed at least equal efficiency as preparation ES in spite of a smaller iron dosage and was well tolerated without exception. Subjective complaints may be better improved by Multibionta-Eisen.", "PMID": 856693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11382", "title": "Post-mortem digoxin levels--two unusual case reports.", "content": "Digoxin levels in post-mortem specimens are reported for two unusual cases. The blood level of digoxin in one of these cases was five times greater than any previously reported. The other case involved specimens from an embalmed body.", "contents": "Post-mortem digoxin levels--two unusual case reports. Digoxin levels in post-mortem specimens are reported for two unusual cases. The blood level of digoxin in one of these cases was five times greater than any previously reported. The other case involved specimens from an embalmed body.", "PMID": 856688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11383", "title": "[Printing procedure in scanning electron microscopy and its special application in the field of dermatology].", "content": "A method is described by which replicas of skin surfaces for scanning electron microscopic investigations can be made without damage to the skin. The possibility of repeated replication of the same surface area allows to follow in electron microscopy the time dependent changes of morphological aspects of the surfaces.", "contents": "[Printing procedure in scanning electron microscopy and its special application in the field of dermatology]. A method is described by which replicas of skin surfaces for scanning electron microscopic investigations can be made without damage to the skin. The possibility of repeated replication of the same surface area allows to follow in electron microscopy the time dependent changes of morphological aspects of the surfaces.", "PMID": 856694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11384", "title": "[Morphology and monocytopoesis of mycosis fungoides].", "content": "Nature and nosology of mycosis fungoides have to be reconsidered because there is now evidence of the t-cell nature of the atypical lymphoid cells within the mycoside infiltrate. Therefore the concept of the reticulum cells in the pathogenesis of mycosis fungoides must be corrected. On the ground of morphological and immunological reasons these cells do not exist in the dermis at all. These new findings are the basis of our morphological study in patients with mycosis fungoides. Concentrating on the polymorphous lymphohistiocytic cells, which cannot be classified further by the method of paraffin-thin sections, light microscopically, the exact differentiation is only possible with semi-thin-sections. With this technique there can be made visible the typical features of nuclei of mycosis fungoides cells. The mycosis fungoides cells are characterized by a large nucleus with hyperconvoluted nuclear membranes, prominent nucleoli, irregular distribution of heterochromatin and sparse cytoplasma. The monocytopoiesis, scheduled by the relative number and the 3H-thymidine labeling indices of promonocytes and the activity of naphthol-AS-D-chloroacetate esterase in blood monocytes was markedly increased. These findings are of special interest, because macrophages are not only able to phagocyte but also play a crucial role in immunology. The elevated monocytopoiesis in all stages of mycosis fungoides points to a stimulation of the immunologic system. This supports the hypothesis of a persistent antigen, which stimulates by means of the functional intact monocyte-macrophage system the lymphocyte system leading to a permanent transformation with augmentation of these immunoblasts (mycosis fungoides cells).", "contents": "[Morphology and monocytopoesis of mycosis fungoides]. Nature and nosology of mycosis fungoides have to be reconsidered because there is now evidence of the t-cell nature of the atypical lymphoid cells within the mycoside infiltrate. Therefore the concept of the reticulum cells in the pathogenesis of mycosis fungoides must be corrected. On the ground of morphological and immunological reasons these cells do not exist in the dermis at all. These new findings are the basis of our morphological study in patients with mycosis fungoides. Concentrating on the polymorphous lymphohistiocytic cells, which cannot be classified further by the method of paraffin-thin sections, light microscopically, the exact differentiation is only possible with semi-thin-sections. With this technique there can be made visible the typical features of nuclei of mycosis fungoides cells. The mycosis fungoides cells are characterized by a large nucleus with hyperconvoluted nuclear membranes, prominent nucleoli, irregular distribution of heterochromatin and sparse cytoplasma. The monocytopoiesis, scheduled by the relative number and the 3H-thymidine labeling indices of promonocytes and the activity of naphthol-AS-D-chloroacetate esterase in blood monocytes was markedly increased. These findings are of special interest, because macrophages are not only able to phagocyte but also play a crucial role in immunology. The elevated monocytopoiesis in all stages of mycosis fungoides points to a stimulation of the immunologic system. This supports the hypothesis of a persistent antigen, which stimulates by means of the functional intact monocyte-macrophage system the lymphocyte system leading to a permanent transformation with augmentation of these immunoblasts (mycosis fungoides cells).", "PMID": 856695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11385", "title": "[The morphogenesis and functional control of sebaceous glands with reference to free sebaceous glands].", "content": "Not very much was known until now about the physiology of sebaceous glands--especially about the regulation of their function. The author divides primary stimuli for the function of sebaceous glands during lifetime from secondary stimuli for the common supply of sebum. Other primary stimuli are a hypophysial sebotropic factor and other hormones of the gonads and adrenal glands. Capillary attraction and the autonomous system (in a low degree) belong to the secondary stimuli. Following the opinion of renowned authors sebaceous glands and production of sebum are just a special secretoric function of the epidermis. The author voices the hypothesis that androgens can stimulate epidermal basal cells to form sebaceous glands and to produce sebum. This is only possible under certain circumstances, above all only in non-keratinised epidermis.", "contents": "[The morphogenesis and functional control of sebaceous glands with reference to free sebaceous glands]. Not very much was known until now about the physiology of sebaceous glands--especially about the regulation of their function. The author divides primary stimuli for the function of sebaceous glands during lifetime from secondary stimuli for the common supply of sebum. Other primary stimuli are a hypophysial sebotropic factor and other hormones of the gonads and adrenal glands. Capillary attraction and the autonomous system (in a low degree) belong to the secondary stimuli. Following the opinion of renowned authors sebaceous glands and production of sebum are just a special secretoric function of the epidermis. The author voices the hypothesis that androgens can stimulate epidermal basal cells to form sebaceous glands and to produce sebum. This is only possible under certain circumstances, above all only in non-keratinised epidermis.", "PMID": 856696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11386", "title": "[Clinical picture and therapy of cerebral apoplexy].", "content": "The clinical syndrome of \"stroke\" at first calls for a differentiation between the prognostic more unfavorable massive hemorrhage and the syndromes of cerebral hypoxia or ischemia. The ratio of hemorrhage to ischemia is about 1 to 5. Conclusions may already be drawn on the nature of the apoplectic insult from the clinical symptomatology. For example, the hemorrhagic insult in general begins with severe manifestations of neurological dysfunction such as hemiplegia and coma, while the symptoms of the ischemic insult frequently do not develop all of a sudden but in the course of hours, rarely from 1-2 days. Digitalisation in combination with dextran infusions is the method of choice in treating intermittent ischemias, particularly those provoked by hypertension. Rehabilitation, i.e. passive and active physical exercise, should be started as early as possible. In addition, particular importance must be attributed to prevention and especially to the early recognition of hypertension and of cardiac diseases as a socio-medical problem.", "contents": "[Clinical picture and therapy of cerebral apoplexy]. The clinical syndrome of \"stroke\" at first calls for a differentiation between the prognostic more unfavorable massive hemorrhage and the syndromes of cerebral hypoxia or ischemia. The ratio of hemorrhage to ischemia is about 1 to 5. Conclusions may already be drawn on the nature of the apoplectic insult from the clinical symptomatology. For example, the hemorrhagic insult in general begins with severe manifestations of neurological dysfunction such as hemiplegia and coma, while the symptoms of the ischemic insult frequently do not develop all of a sudden but in the course of hours, rarely from 1-2 days. Digitalisation in combination with dextran infusions is the method of choice in treating intermittent ischemias, particularly those provoked by hypertension. Rehabilitation, i.e. passive and active physical exercise, should be started as early as possible. In addition, particular importance must be attributed to prevention and especially to the early recognition of hypertension and of cardiac diseases as a socio-medical problem.", "PMID": 856697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11387", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics of cardiac glycosides and clinical consequences].", "content": "The purpose of pharmacokinetics of cardiac glycosides is to study the time courses of glycosides in biological fluids, tissues and excreta. The extent of accumulation of a given dose at uniform time intervals depends only from the overall elimination rate constant. By knowing the elimination rate constant the extent to which a cardiac glycoside would accumulate in the body following a fixed dosing regimen can be calculated. The higher accumulation in the central nervous system requires a much longer time. Therefore it may be assumed that the brain is a deep compartment for cardiac glycosides and this compartment cannot be detected by analysis of plasma glycoside concentrations. Central side effects of cardiac glycosides may occur at therapeutic plasma levels. In renal disease a lower maintenance dose of digoxin and methyldigoxin should be administered or the same dose less frequently. Digitoxin does not accumulate in patients with renal failure or in anuria since the extrarenal elimination of digitoxin is much higher compared to digoxin and methyldigoxin.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics of cardiac glycosides and clinical consequences]. The purpose of pharmacokinetics of cardiac glycosides is to study the time courses of glycosides in biological fluids, tissues and excreta. The extent of accumulation of a given dose at uniform time intervals depends only from the overall elimination rate constant. By knowing the elimination rate constant the extent to which a cardiac glycoside would accumulate in the body following a fixed dosing regimen can be calculated. The higher accumulation in the central nervous system requires a much longer time. Therefore it may be assumed that the brain is a deep compartment for cardiac glycosides and this compartment cannot be detected by analysis of plasma glycoside concentrations. Central side effects of cardiac glycosides may occur at therapeutic plasma levels. In renal disease a lower maintenance dose of digoxin and methyldigoxin should be administered or the same dose less frequently. Digitoxin does not accumulate in patients with renal failure or in anuria since the extrarenal elimination of digitoxin is much higher compared to digoxin and methyldigoxin.", "PMID": 856698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11388", "title": "[New views on gastrointestinal hormones].", "content": "In addition to established gastrointestinal hormones--secretin, cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ), gastrin, and glucagon---some 30 polypeptides with gastrointestinal actions can be listed. New aspects of these substances include the following: Gastrin and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) can be also encountered in the central nervous system and may act as transmitters. CCK-PZ-serum concentrations are found markedly elevated in patients with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency; this may provide the opportunity  to establish a realtively simple screening test. Moreover, there is evidence that serum-CCK-PZ levels serve as satiety signal. Secretin secretion is said to be enhanced in hunger and then to act as a lipolytic hormone. In addition to enteroglucagon, a gastrintestinal peptide identical to pancreatic glucagon has been detected. Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) inhibits gastric secretion and motility (enterogastrone activity) and together with glucose it stimulates insulin release (incretin activity). Motilin increases lower esophageal sphincter pressure, enhances gastric pepsin secretion and slows down gastric evacuation. Serum levels of pancreatic polypeptide may be found elevated as a diagnostic index in patients with endocrine peptide tumors of the pancreas. Recently, the potential importance of local (paracrine) actions of gastrointestinal polypeptides has been amphasized. Predominantly paracrine activity is exhibited by some prototype hormones, e.g. somatostatin, substance P, bombesian, and the non-polypeptide compounds, prostaglandins.", "contents": "[New views on gastrointestinal hormones]. In addition to established gastrointestinal hormones--secretin, cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ), gastrin, and glucagon---some 30 polypeptides with gastrointestinal actions can be listed. New aspects of these substances include the following: Gastrin and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) can be also encountered in the central nervous system and may act as transmitters. CCK-PZ-serum concentrations are found markedly elevated in patients with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency; this may provide the opportunity  to establish a realtively simple screening test. Moreover, there is evidence that serum-CCK-PZ levels serve as satiety signal. Secretin secretion is said to be enhanced in hunger and then to act as a lipolytic hormone. In addition to enteroglucagon, a gastrintestinal peptide identical to pancreatic glucagon has been detected. Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) inhibits gastric secretion and motility (enterogastrone activity) and together with glucose it stimulates insulin release (incretin activity). Motilin increases lower esophageal sphincter pressure, enhances gastric pepsin secretion and slows down gastric evacuation. Serum levels of pancreatic polypeptide may be found elevated as a diagnostic index in patients with endocrine peptide tumors of the pancreas. Recently, the potential importance of local (paracrine) actions of gastrointestinal polypeptides has been amphasized. Predominantly paracrine activity is exhibited by some prototype hormones, e.g. somatostatin, substance P, bombesian, and the non-polypeptide compounds, prostaglandins.", "PMID": 856699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11389", "title": "[Surgical treatment of radiation injuries of the intestinal tract after radiotherapy of malignant tumors].", "content": "From 1962-1975 in our hospital 44 patients were operated because of complications of the bowel after irradiation of malignant tumors. 3 patients were operated in the region of subsequent irradiation. While at the small intestine stenoses were the most frequent complication, at the great gut fistula of rectum, colon sigmoideum or vagina besides stenoses were frequent. The time between irradiation and operation differed between 5 weeks and 22 years. The peak of frequency in the region of the great gut was seen about the first year after termination of irradiation, in the region of the small intestine about the second year. Among the operations of the small intestine resection predominates, at the great gut colostomy. Half of the patients were without complications in the postoperative course. 10 patients died postoperatively, 4 of them of peritonitis. In 3 cases suture insufficiency was verified, in 2 further cases this was doubtful. 36 of 44 patients were without carcinoma at the time of operation or control examination. 16 patients survived 5 years or more.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of radiation injuries of the intestinal tract after radiotherapy of malignant tumors]. From 1962-1975 in our hospital 44 patients were operated because of complications of the bowel after irradiation of malignant tumors. 3 patients were operated in the region of subsequent irradiation. While at the small intestine stenoses were the most frequent complication, at the great gut fistula of rectum, colon sigmoideum or vagina besides stenoses were frequent. The time between irradiation and operation differed between 5 weeks and 22 years. The peak of frequency in the region of the great gut was seen about the first year after termination of irradiation, in the region of the small intestine about the second year. Among the operations of the small intestine resection predominates, at the great gut colostomy. Half of the patients were without complications in the postoperative course. 10 patients died postoperatively, 4 of them of peritonitis. In 3 cases suture insufficiency was verified, in 2 further cases this was doubtful. 36 of 44 patients were without carcinoma at the time of operation or control examination. 16 patients survived 5 years or more.", "PMID": 856700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11390", "title": "[Juvenile depressive syndromes].", "content": "Depressive states can appear in different phases of life. They differ in their phenomenology according to type, dynamics and power of the etiologic factors, as well as to the moment of their appearance in a child's life. Therefore, depressive syndromes during infancy and childhood are very diverse. Depression in childhood is psychopathologically more complex than it is in adulthood, because it occurs in a developing organism. A differential typologic order according to nosologic aspects is difficult to establish. A division into psychogen-reactive, neurotic, organic, structural and endogenous-psychotic depression is only an attempt toward a rough orientation. Contrary to depressive illnesses in adulthood, anaclitic, reactive and neurotic depressions are most frequent in childhood. They are always due to inconvenient relations to and identification with the significant other of the child. There are dynamic interrelations between the different depressive states in childhood. Already in the early phases of development, the foundations are laid for the possible later development in melancholia.", "contents": "[Juvenile depressive syndromes]. Depressive states can appear in different phases of life. They differ in their phenomenology according to type, dynamics and power of the etiologic factors, as well as to the moment of their appearance in a child's life. Therefore, depressive syndromes during infancy and childhood are very diverse. Depression in childhood is psychopathologically more complex than it is in adulthood, because it occurs in a developing organism. A differential typologic order according to nosologic aspects is difficult to establish. A division into psychogen-reactive, neurotic, organic, structural and endogenous-psychotic depression is only an attempt toward a rough orientation. Contrary to depressive illnesses in adulthood, anaclitic, reactive and neurotic depressions are most frequent in childhood. They are always due to inconvenient relations to and identification with the significant other of the child. There are dynamic interrelations between the different depressive states in childhood. Already in the early phases of development, the foundations are laid for the possible later development in melancholia.", "PMID": 856701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11391", "title": "[Treatment of tonsillitis with dequalinium chloride].", "content": "44 children with acute tonsillitis were treated without the usual penicillin therapy. 22 children received lozenges containing Dequalinium chloride, 22 children received void lozenges under conditions of a double blind study. The results show that the treatment with Dequalinium chloride did not influence conditions caused by haemolytic streptococci -- verified by bacteriological examinations of pharyngeal smears -- inspite of its efficiency in vitro. Also general symptoms like fever, leukocytosis and rapid erythrocyte sedimentation rate were not influenced by Pequalinium chloride. Local symptoms like sore throat, tonsillar redness and exsudation were influenced beneficially. It can therefore be assumed that in cases of acute tonsillitis penicillin therapy is not necessary except in cases of streptococci infections. These should be excluded by pharyngeal smear. The medium of Liebermeister and Braveny is a very simple indicator to differentiate between tonsillitis caused by streptococci and tonsillitis of other origin.", "contents": "[Treatment of tonsillitis with dequalinium chloride]. 44 children with acute tonsillitis were treated without the usual penicillin therapy. 22 children received lozenges containing Dequalinium chloride, 22 children received void lozenges under conditions of a double blind study. The results show that the treatment with Dequalinium chloride did not influence conditions caused by haemolytic streptococci -- verified by bacteriological examinations of pharyngeal smears -- inspite of its efficiency in vitro. Also general symptoms like fever, leukocytosis and rapid erythrocyte sedimentation rate were not influenced by Pequalinium chloride. Local symptoms like sore throat, tonsillar redness and exsudation were influenced beneficially. It can therefore be assumed that in cases of acute tonsillitis penicillin therapy is not necessary except in cases of streptococci infections. These should be excluded by pharyngeal smear. The medium of Liebermeister and Braveny is a very simple indicator to differentiate between tonsillitis caused by streptococci and tonsillitis of other origin.", "PMID": 856702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11392", "title": "[Principles in the therapy of osteoporosis. 2. Therapy].", "content": "\"Osteoporosis\" is no disease by itself, but solely an anatomically equal result of various etiologic and pathogenetic influences on the bone structure or parts of same. A therapeutic effect and prognosis are dependent on these conditions to a considerable extent. Practically, it is therefore of paramount importance to distinguish between various clinical pictures of osteoporosis as well as to separate them from hypostotic changes of the skeleton. No more than a single type of \"osteoporosis\" exists, a uniform treatment can be applied. Cause and extent of the change, age and sex of the afflicted, individual complaints and complications determine the therapeutic procedure in every case. Jointly, all efforts tend to stop the decrease of the bone tissue inherent in the porosity, and to achieve, whenever possible, a compensatory increase of the bone structure still remaining by stimulation of the osteopoiesis.", "contents": "[Principles in the therapy of osteoporosis. 2. Therapy]. \"Osteoporosis\" is no disease by itself, but solely an anatomically equal result of various etiologic and pathogenetic influences on the bone structure or parts of same. A therapeutic effect and prognosis are dependent on these conditions to a considerable extent. Practically, it is therefore of paramount importance to distinguish between various clinical pictures of osteoporosis as well as to separate them from hypostotic changes of the skeleton. No more than a single type of \"osteoporosis\" exists, a uniform treatment can be applied. Cause and extent of the change, age and sex of the afflicted, individual complaints and complications determine the therapeutic procedure in every case. Jointly, all efforts tend to stop the decrease of the bone tissue inherent in the porosity, and to achieve, whenever possible, a compensatory increase of the bone structure still remaining by stimulation of the osteopoiesis.", "PMID": 856703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11393", "title": "[Current treatment of depressions using psychopharmacologic agents].", "content": "After an introduction some reflections are discussed which enable the general practitioner to decide the question whether to treat the patient inside or outside the hospital. In this respect some factors are of influence: severity of illness, suicidal tendencies, sleep distrubances, possibility of collaboration with the family and others. Then criteria for the selection of suitable antidepressant are discussed. Most suitable are sedative antidepressants. The beginning, the dosage and the duration of therapy are described. Today great importance has the prophylaxis of monopolar and bipolar depressions, especially the prophylaxis with lithium salts. Side effects are discussed with special references to a newer substance with few side effects as well as questions of the cardiotoxicity and of impairment of driving ability.", "contents": "[Current treatment of depressions using psychopharmacologic agents]. After an introduction some reflections are discussed which enable the general practitioner to decide the question whether to treat the patient inside or outside the hospital. In this respect some factors are of influence: severity of illness, suicidal tendencies, sleep distrubances, possibility of collaboration with the family and others. Then criteria for the selection of suitable antidepressant are discussed. Most suitable are sedative antidepressants. The beginning, the dosage and the duration of therapy are described. Today great importance has the prophylaxis of monopolar and bipolar depressions, especially the prophylaxis with lithium salts. Side effects are discussed with special references to a newer substance with few side effects as well as questions of the cardiotoxicity and of impairment of driving ability.", "PMID": 856704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11394", "title": "[Prevention of idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome. Influence of betamethasone on the frequency of respiratory distress syndrome in a premature infant collective at the Bonn University Gynecologic Clinic].", "content": "Out of a group of 189 pregnant women, who were in the 28th to 37th week of gestation, 57 women received i.m. injections of betamethasone. 132 premature infants whose mothers were not treated served as controls. Betamethasone caused a significant decrease in established respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). In the betamethasone group there was an incidence of 7% of respiratory distress syndrome as compared to 23,5% in the control group. Neonatal mortality was 1,8% in the treated group versus 10,6% in the control group. The occurrence of suspected respiratory distress syndrome also was significantly lowered after betamethasone. In the control group premature rupture of membranes or administration of tocolytic drugs did not have any effect on the frequency of respiratory distress syndrome. However, the premature babies who were delivered by caesarian section had a significantly higher incidence of respiratory distress syndrome than those who were delivered vaginally. After betamethasone treatment the occurrence of respiratory distress syndrome after caesarian section was as low as in the group with vaginal delivery. The present study of a larger group of premature babies has confirmed previous positive results of betamethasone treatment.", "contents": "[Prevention of idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome. Influence of betamethasone on the frequency of respiratory distress syndrome in a premature infant collective at the Bonn University Gynecologic Clinic]. Out of a group of 189 pregnant women, who were in the 28th to 37th week of gestation, 57 women received i.m. injections of betamethasone. 132 premature infants whose mothers were not treated served as controls. Betamethasone caused a significant decrease in established respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). In the betamethasone group there was an incidence of 7% of respiratory distress syndrome as compared to 23,5% in the control group. Neonatal mortality was 1,8% in the treated group versus 10,6% in the control group. The occurrence of suspected respiratory distress syndrome also was significantly lowered after betamethasone. In the control group premature rupture of membranes or administration of tocolytic drugs did not have any effect on the frequency of respiratory distress syndrome. However, the premature babies who were delivered by caesarian section had a significantly higher incidence of respiratory distress syndrome than those who were delivered vaginally. After betamethasone treatment the occurrence of respiratory distress syndrome after caesarian section was as low as in the group with vaginal delivery. The present study of a larger group of premature babies has confirmed previous positive results of betamethasone treatment.", "PMID": 856705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11395", "title": "[Prevention and therapy of the respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants using lecithin. Distribution of 14C--labeled lecithin after intravenous and intraamnial administration in pregnant miniature pigs?].", "content": "The aim of our researches was to point out a new therapeutical possibility to prevent a respiratory distress syndrome of prematures by application of 14C-lecithine. The experiments were carried out at G\u00f6ttinger mini-pigs. Examining the placental passage it could be determined that an intravenous application was not efficient, while after intraamnial application of lecithine a rapid resorption in the fetal organism was proved. Of special interest was a high accumulation of lecithine in the fetal lung-tissue. These results indicate a possible therapeutical way to prevent a respiratory distress syndrome by lecithine substitution.", "contents": "[Prevention and therapy of the respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants using lecithin. Distribution of 14C--labeled lecithin after intravenous and intraamnial administration in pregnant miniature pigs?]. The aim of our researches was to point out a new therapeutical possibility to prevent a respiratory distress syndrome of prematures by application of 14C-lecithine. The experiments were carried out at G\u00f6ttinger mini-pigs. Examining the placental passage it could be determined that an intravenous application was not efficient, while after intraamnial application of lecithine a rapid resorption in the fetal organism was proved. Of special interest was a high accumulation of lecithine in the fetal lung-tissue. These results indicate a possible therapeutical way to prevent a respiratory distress syndrome by lecithine substitution.", "PMID": 856706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11396", "title": "[Diagnosis of cancer and early detection. Clinical methods].", "content": "The etiology of cancer--as one of the most important causes of death--remains unknown. Therapy seems promising only in its early stages and if the exact diagnosis of carcinoma is possible. Diagnostic procedures today have gained a high standard demonstrated on malignancies of the gastrointestinal tract and the lung. The whole spectrum of methods can be employed only after having selected the patients according to \"high risk\" groups and methods of early cancer detection respectively. Effective and pragmatic progress has been made but is not fully utilized yet. Future trends in the diagnostic development are discussed.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of cancer and early detection. Clinical methods]. The etiology of cancer--as one of the most important causes of death--remains unknown. Therapy seems promising only in its early stages and if the exact diagnosis of carcinoma is possible. Diagnostic procedures today have gained a high standard demonstrated on malignancies of the gastrointestinal tract and the lung. The whole spectrum of methods can be employed only after having selected the patients according to \"high risk\" groups and methods of early cancer detection respectively. Effective and pragmatic progress has been made but is not fully utilized yet. Future trends in the diagnostic development are discussed.", "PMID": 856707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11397", "title": "[Sulpiride in the prevention of migraine. A mechanism of hormonal interaction?].", "content": "In women migraine attacks are often related to hormonal changes and it has been demonstrated that migraine attacks correlate with falling plasma estrogen levels. Sulpiride, a benzamide derivative with neuroleptic and thymoleptic properties, is known to act at the hypothalamic level and in particular, to inhibit releasing factors responsible for follicle-stimulating hormone and prolactin secretion. In this way, sulpiride keeps estrogen levels low and prevents major fluctuations. 34 women and 6 men with classical, recurrent attacks of migraine were treated with sulpiride 300 mg/day, for several month and up to a two-year period. Of these, 55 percent became completely free of migraine, 20 percent improved, and the remaining 25 percent did not benefit. When sulpiride was withdrawn, migraine frequently recurred. Side effects were related to the above-mentioned hormonal changes: amenorrhea or delayed menstruation in 60 percent, breast tension in 40 percent and transient galactorrhea in 14 percent. Some weight gain was reported from allmost all patients.", "contents": "[Sulpiride in the prevention of migraine. A mechanism of hormonal interaction?]. In women migraine attacks are often related to hormonal changes and it has been demonstrated that migraine attacks correlate with falling plasma estrogen levels. Sulpiride, a benzamide derivative with neuroleptic and thymoleptic properties, is known to act at the hypothalamic level and in particular, to inhibit releasing factors responsible for follicle-stimulating hormone and prolactin secretion. In this way, sulpiride keeps estrogen levels low and prevents major fluctuations. 34 women and 6 men with classical, recurrent attacks of migraine were treated with sulpiride 300 mg/day, for several month and up to a two-year period. Of these, 55 percent became completely free of migraine, 20 percent improved, and the remaining 25 percent did not benefit. When sulpiride was withdrawn, migraine frequently recurred. Side effects were related to the above-mentioned hormonal changes: amenorrhea or delayed menstruation in 60 percent, breast tension in 40 percent and transient galactorrhea in 14 percent. Some weight gain was reported from allmost all patients.", "PMID": 856708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11398", "title": "[Basic peptides in bee venom, III. Synthesis of peptide fragments from the sequence of the mast-cell-degranulating peptide (author's transl)].", "content": "The synthesis by conventional methods of the following three peptides is described: MCD(8-11) Boc-His(Trt)-Val-Ile-Lys(Z) (III) MCD(5-7) Boc-Cys(SiPr)-Lys(Z)-Arg(Tos) (IV) and MCD(1-4) Boc-Ile-Lys(Z)-Cys(Trt)-Asn(Mbh) (V). These peptides are fragments of the mast cell degranulating peptide from bee venom. The purity of the fragments synthesized was examined by thin-layer chromatography, amino acid and elementary analysis. Including the fragments Boc-Lys(Z)-Ile-Cys(SiPr)-Gly-Lys(Z) (I) and Boc-Pro-His(Trt)-Ile-Cys(Trt)-Arg(Tos) (II), which were described earlier, the synthesis of the mast-cell-degranulating peptide on a polyethylene-asparagine support appears possible.", "contents": "[Basic peptides in bee venom, III. Synthesis of peptide fragments from the sequence of the mast-cell-degranulating peptide (author's transl)]. The synthesis by conventional methods of the following three peptides is described: MCD(8-11) Boc-His(Trt)-Val-Ile-Lys(Z) (III) MCD(5-7) Boc-Cys(SiPr)-Lys(Z)-Arg(Tos) (IV) and MCD(1-4) Boc-Ile-Lys(Z)-Cys(Trt)-Asn(Mbh) (V). These peptides are fragments of the mast cell degranulating peptide from bee venom. The purity of the fragments synthesized was examined by thin-layer chromatography, amino acid and elementary analysis. Including the fragments Boc-Lys(Z)-Ile-Cys(SiPr)-Gly-Lys(Z) (I) and Boc-Pro-His(Trt)-Ile-Cys(Trt)-Arg(Tos) (II), which were described earlier, the synthesis of the mast-cell-degranulating peptide on a polyethylene-asparagine support appears possible.", "PMID": 856709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11399", "title": "[On cobyrinic acid biosynthesis. Novel methylated hydroporphyrins and their role in cobyrinis acid formation (author's transl)].", "content": "Clostridium tetanomorphum and Propionibacterium shermanii were examined for intermediates in the synthetic pathway uroporphyrinogen III leads to cobyrinic acid. The isolation of two novel methylated hydroporphyrins, whose methyl groups are derived from S-adenosyl-L-methionine, is described. Spectroscopic (field desorption-mass, visible absorption) und electrophoretic studies as well as incorporation of labelled substrates indicate that they are analogues of a dihyrouroporphyrin and a tetrahydrouroporphyrin with adjacent reduced rings. Field desorption spectra of the [C2H3]- and [CH3]-tetrahydrouroporphyrin analogues show that the compound contains two methyl groups; it is concluded that the chlorine-like compound has one methyl group. Dehydrogenation experiments indicate that the methyl groups are located at one beta-carbon of the reduced rings. Incorporation experiments suggest that the tetrahydrouroporphyrin-like compound is an intermediate in cobyrinic acid biosynthesis. Studies on the utilization of a heptacarboxyporphyrinogen from C. tetanomorphum for cobyrinic acid formation are also described.", "contents": "[On cobyrinic acid biosynthesis. Novel methylated hydroporphyrins and their role in cobyrinis acid formation (author's transl)]. Clostridium tetanomorphum and Propionibacterium shermanii were examined for intermediates in the synthetic pathway uroporphyrinogen III leads to cobyrinic acid. The isolation of two novel methylated hydroporphyrins, whose methyl groups are derived from S-adenosyl-L-methionine, is described. Spectroscopic (field desorption-mass, visible absorption) und electrophoretic studies as well as incorporation of labelled substrates indicate that they are analogues of a dihyrouroporphyrin and a tetrahydrouroporphyrin with adjacent reduced rings. Field desorption spectra of the [C2H3]- and [CH3]-tetrahydrouroporphyrin analogues show that the compound contains two methyl groups; it is concluded that the chlorine-like compound has one methyl group. Dehydrogenation experiments indicate that the methyl groups are located at one beta-carbon of the reduced rings. Incorporation experiments suggest that the tetrahydrouroporphyrin-like compound is an intermediate in cobyrinic acid biosynthesis. Studies on the utilization of a heptacarboxyporphyrinogen from C. tetanomorphum for cobyrinic acid formation are also described.", "PMID": 856710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11400", "title": "Isolation and separation of inositol 1-phosphate, cyclic inositol 1,2-phosphate, and glycerylphosphoinositol from tissue culture cells labeled with [3H]inositol.", "content": "Water-soluble phosphorylated inositol derivatives have been separated from each other and from inositol by ion exchange and by thin-layer chromatography. The method, in combination with radioactive labeling, is sensitive enough to be applied to single tissue culture dishes corresponding to 10(6) - 10(7) cells. With this technique glycerylphosphoinositol, inositol 1-phosphate, cyclic inositol 1,2-phosphate, and at least three other inositol labeled compounds can be detected in human, monkey, hamster, mouse, and Japanese quail fibroblasts. During a 24-h incubation with [3H]inositol the extent of labeling of these compounds differed according to the cell type.", "contents": "Isolation and separation of inositol 1-phosphate, cyclic inositol 1,2-phosphate, and glycerylphosphoinositol from tissue culture cells labeled with [3H]inositol. Water-soluble phosphorylated inositol derivatives have been separated from each other and from inositol by ion exchange and by thin-layer chromatography. The method, in combination with radioactive labeling, is sensitive enough to be applied to single tissue culture dishes corresponding to 10(6) - 10(7) cells. With this technique glycerylphosphoinositol, inositol 1-phosphate, cyclic inositol 1,2-phosphate, and at least three other inositol labeled compounds can be detected in human, monkey, hamster, mouse, and Japanese quail fibroblasts. During a 24-h incubation with [3H]inositol the extent of labeling of these compounds differed according to the cell type.", "PMID": 856711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11401", "title": "Inhibition studies on Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase.", "content": "A series of viral neuraminidase inhibitors showing no structural analogy to neuraminic acids have been tested to find whether they are effective inhibitors of V. cholerae neuraminidase, too. Here we report the results obtained with the N-phenyloxamic acid derivatives 2 to 6 (R-NH-CO-COOR'; R = -C6H5NO2, -C6H5OH, -C6H5NH2; R' = -H, -C2H5; see Table 1) and with simple aromatic compounds structurally related to R, i.e. 4-nitroaniline (7), N-acetyl-4-nitroaniline (8), 4-nitrophenol (9), 2,4-dinitrophenol (10), and 4-aminophenol (11) (see Table 2). The inhibitory effects of 2 to 11 were studied according to the method of Dixon[19] in 0.1m sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.5, 2mM CaCl2, at 37 degrees C using the benzyl-alpha-ketoside of N-acetyl-D-neuraminic acid (1) as a substrate. The compounds 2 to 11 are shown to be competitive inhibitors of the enzymatic hydrolysis of the alpha-ketoside 1. The competitive inhibition kinetics are supported by the method of Lineweaver and Burk[20]. The inhibition constants (Ki) are found to be in the range of 0.03 to 5.7 mM. The simple aromatic compounds 7 to 11 show higher inhibitory activities than the phenyloxamic acid derivatives 2 to 6. In addition, significant differences in the Ki values were observed within the two series of inhibitors, whereby those containing a nitro group were most effective.", "contents": "Inhibition studies on Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase. A series of viral neuraminidase inhibitors showing no structural analogy to neuraminic acids have been tested to find whether they are effective inhibitors of V. cholerae neuraminidase, too. Here we report the results obtained with the N-phenyloxamic acid derivatives 2 to 6 (R-NH-CO-COOR'; R = -C6H5NO2, -C6H5OH, -C6H5NH2; R' = -H, -C2H5; see Table 1) and with simple aromatic compounds structurally related to R, i.e. 4-nitroaniline (7), N-acetyl-4-nitroaniline (8), 4-nitrophenol (9), 2,4-dinitrophenol (10), and 4-aminophenol (11) (see Table 2). The inhibitory effects of 2 to 11 were studied according to the method of Dixon[19] in 0.1m sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.5, 2mM CaCl2, at 37 degrees C using the benzyl-alpha-ketoside of N-acetyl-D-neuraminic acid (1) as a substrate. The compounds 2 to 11 are shown to be competitive inhibitors of the enzymatic hydrolysis of the alpha-ketoside 1. The competitive inhibition kinetics are supported by the method of Lineweaver and Burk[20]. The inhibition constants (Ki) are found to be in the range of 0.03 to 5.7 mM. The simple aromatic compounds 7 to 11 show higher inhibitory activities than the phenyloxamic acid derivatives 2 to 6. In addition, significant differences in the Ki values were observed within the two series of inhibitors, whereby those containing a nitro group were most effective.", "PMID": 856712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11402", "title": "Miliary aneurysms and \"fibrinoid\" degeneration of cerebral blood vessels.", "content": "Three cases of intracerebral hemorrhage are described in which there was fibrinoid degeneration of cerebral arteries and arterioles or miliary aneurysms or both. Fibrous balls are shown to be sclerosed true aneurysms. These changes occurred in the absence of malignant hypertension and perhaps in the absence of any hypertension. A further point of  interest was the finding of fibrinoid at the site of apparent aneurysm formation in a small artery on the cerebral surface, a location at which miliary aneurysms are not generally thought to form. The presence of intracerebral hemorrhage in all three cases, and the ready demonstration of similar changes in other cases of intracerebral hemorrhage, suggest but do not prove that the fibrinoid degeneration or aneurysm leads to vessel rupture and to hemorrhage itself. Also unsettled is the question of whether miliary aneurysms form only at sites already displaying fibrinoid change. Our data suggest that pre-existing fibrinoid may not be a prerequisite for miliary aneurysm formation.", "contents": "Miliary aneurysms and \"fibrinoid\" degeneration of cerebral blood vessels. Three cases of intracerebral hemorrhage are described in which there was fibrinoid degeneration of cerebral arteries and arterioles or miliary aneurysms or both. Fibrous balls are shown to be sclerosed true aneurysms. These changes occurred in the absence of malignant hypertension and perhaps in the absence of any hypertension. A further point of  interest was the finding of fibrinoid at the site of apparent aneurysm formation in a small artery on the cerebral surface, a location at which miliary aneurysms are not generally thought to form. The presence of intracerebral hemorrhage in all three cases, and the ready demonstration of similar changes in other cases of intracerebral hemorrhage, suggest but do not prove that the fibrinoid degeneration or aneurysm leads to vessel rupture and to hemorrhage itself. Also unsettled is the question of whether miliary aneurysms form only at sites already displaying fibrinoid change. Our data suggest that pre-existing fibrinoid may not be a prerequisite for miliary aneurysm formation.", "PMID": 856713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11403", "title": "Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung. Classification and morphologic spectrum.", "content": "Thirty-eight cases of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung are described, and a classification based on clinical, gross, and microscopic criteria is proposed. The type I lesion is composed of single or multiple large cysts (more than 2 cm. in diameter), frequently producing mediastinal herniation. The cysts are lined by ciliated psuedostratified columnar epithelium. The walls of the cysts contain prominent smooth muscle and elastic tissue. Mucus producing cells are present in approximatley one-third of the cases, and cartilage in the wall is rarely seen. Relatively normal alveoli may be seen between the cysts. The prognosis is good. Radiographic analysis of the type I lesion can preoperatively suggest the diagnosis, especially with the typical multicystic pattern. The gross appearance of the lesion corresponds closely to the radiographic image and adds another dimension to the pathologist's evaluation of the disease. The type II lesion is composed of multiple small cysts (less than 1 cm. in diameter) lined by ciliated cuboidal to columnar epithelium. Structures resembling respiratory bronchioles and distended alveoli are present between the epithelium lined cysts. Mucous cells and cartilage are not present. Striated muscle fibers may be seen rarely. The type II lesion is associated with a high frequency of other congenital anomalies, and the prognosis is poor. The type III lesion is a large, bulky noncystic lesion producing mediastinal shift. Bronchiole-like structures are lined by ciliated cuboidal epithelium and separated by masses of alveolus-sized structures lined by nonciliated cuboidal epithelium. The prognosis is poor.", "contents": "Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung. Classification and morphologic spectrum. Thirty-eight cases of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung are described, and a classification based on clinical, gross, and microscopic criteria is proposed. The type I lesion is composed of single or multiple large cysts (more than 2 cm. in diameter), frequently producing mediastinal herniation. The cysts are lined by ciliated psuedostratified columnar epithelium. The walls of the cysts contain prominent smooth muscle and elastic tissue. Mucus producing cells are present in approximatley one-third of the cases, and cartilage in the wall is rarely seen. Relatively normal alveoli may be seen between the cysts. The prognosis is good. Radiographic analysis of the type I lesion can preoperatively suggest the diagnosis, especially with the typical multicystic pattern. The gross appearance of the lesion corresponds closely to the radiographic image and adds another dimension to the pathologist's evaluation of the disease. The type II lesion is composed of multiple small cysts (less than 1 cm. in diameter) lined by ciliated cuboidal to columnar epithelium. Structures resembling respiratory bronchioles and distended alveoli are present between the epithelium lined cysts. Mucous cells and cartilage are not present. Striated muscle fibers may be seen rarely. The type II lesion is associated with a high frequency of other congenital anomalies, and the prognosis is poor. The type III lesion is a large, bulky noncystic lesion producing mediastinal shift. Bronchiole-like structures are lined by ciliated cuboidal epithelium and separated by masses of alveolus-sized structures lined by nonciliated cuboidal epithelium. The prognosis is poor.", "PMID": 856714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11404", "title": "IgA nephropathy.", "content": "This presentation attempts to define the criteria for diagnosis of the suggested clinicopathologic entity of IgA nephropathy. Of 250 patients in whom renal biopsies with immunofluorescence, light and electron microscopic, and clinical data were available, 12 patients (4.8 per cent) showed predominance of IgA with localization mainly in the mesangium, a variable degree of mesangial cell proliferation, and increased mesangial matrix on light microscopy. Electron densities were restricted to the mesangium and paramesangial areas. IgA was accompanied by C3 only in two patients, by IgG and C3 in five, and by IgG, IgM, and C3 in five. Properdin was found in 11 of these 12 cases. There was a marked male predominance. All showed gross or microscopic hematuria and variable proteinuria. Ten had had normal renal function tests at the time of presentation, and there was no significant worsening of renal function in the 11 patients followed for six to 84 months after biopsy. No morphologic change was detected in two repeat biopsies six and seven years after the initial biopsies. These 12 patients appear to form a distinct clinicopathologic entity. They can only be separated from  other glomerular disorders with IgA when the morphologic and clinical findings are considered in combination with the finding of diffuse IgA predominance on renal biopsy.", "contents": "IgA nephropathy. This presentation attempts to define the criteria for diagnosis of the suggested clinicopathologic entity of IgA nephropathy. Of 250 patients in whom renal biopsies with immunofluorescence, light and electron microscopic, and clinical data were available, 12 patients (4.8 per cent) showed predominance of IgA with localization mainly in the mesangium, a variable degree of mesangial cell proliferation, and increased mesangial matrix on light microscopy. Electron densities were restricted to the mesangium and paramesangial areas. IgA was accompanied by C3 only in two patients, by IgG and C3 in five, and by IgG, IgM, and C3 in five. Properdin was found in 11 of these 12 cases. There was a marked male predominance. All showed gross or microscopic hematuria and variable proteinuria. Ten had had normal renal function tests at the time of presentation, and there was no significant worsening of renal function in the 11 patients followed for six to 84 months after biopsy. No morphologic change was detected in two repeat biopsies six and seven years after the initial biopsies. These 12 patients appear to form a distinct clinicopathologic entity. They can only be separated from  other glomerular disorders with IgA when the morphologic and clinical findings are considered in combination with the finding of diffuse IgA predominance on renal biopsy.", "PMID": 856715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11405", "title": "Adenocarcinoma of the rete testis: a review of the literature and presentation of a case with associated  asbestosis.", "content": "Although scattered reports of adenocarcinoma of the rete testis have previously appeared and criteria for the diagnosis of this tumor have been defined, previous cases have not been described in sufficient detail to provide an organized account of the nature and behavior of this neoplasm. The present report describes a case followed to autopsy and provides conclusive evidence that it is of rete testis origin. Previously reported cases of rete testis carcinoma are reviewed and the salient features summarized, showing that the tumor has a definite clinical and histologic pattern and that the prognosis appears poor. The present case occurred in a patient with severe pulmonary asbestosis. This association is unique, and its significance remains speculative.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma of the rete testis: a review of the literature and presentation of a case with associated  asbestosis. Although scattered reports of adenocarcinoma of the rete testis have previously appeared and criteria for the diagnosis of this tumor have been defined, previous cases have not been described in sufficient detail to provide an organized account of the nature and behavior of this neoplasm. The present report describes a case followed to autopsy and provides conclusive evidence that it is of rete testis origin. Previously reported cases of rete testis carcinoma are reviewed and the salient features summarized, showing that the tumor has a definite clinical and histologic pattern and that the prognosis appears poor. The present case occurred in a patient with severe pulmonary asbestosis. This association is unique, and its significance remains speculative.", "PMID": 856716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11406", "title": "Osteoid: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "Iliac crest bone biopsy specimens from 34 patients were examined with the electron microscope. Although the biopsy examinations were undertaken because of suspected metabolic or hematopoietic disease, neither clinically nor by light microscope was any evidence of disease identified. The layer of bone matrix between the osteoblast and the mineralized bone, usually referred to as \"osteoid,\" is found not to be a homogeneous mass but to show a constant sequence of maturation and organization of collagen fibrils and mucopolysaccharides. This pattern was found to be modified in a situation of rapid bone formation such as normal fetal bone or in disease states such as Paget's disease of bone. These observations are of paramount importance in the evaluation of metabolic diseases of bone and in the identification of bone formation by mesenchymal neoplasms.", "contents": "Osteoid: an ultrastructural study. Iliac crest bone biopsy specimens from 34 patients were examined with the electron microscope. Although the biopsy examinations were undertaken because of suspected metabolic or hematopoietic disease, neither clinically nor by light microscope was any evidence of disease identified. The layer of bone matrix between the osteoblast and the mineralized bone, usually referred to as \"osteoid,\" is found not to be a homogeneous mass but to show a constant sequence of maturation and organization of collagen fibrils and mucopolysaccharides. This pattern was found to be modified in a situation of rapid bone formation such as normal fetal bone or in disease states such as Paget's disease of bone. These observations are of paramount importance in the evaluation of metabolic diseases of bone and in the identification of bone formation by mesenchymal neoplasms.", "PMID": 856717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11407", "title": "Fatal anhydrous ammonia inhalation.", "content": "The morphologic and morphometric pulmonary alterations in a patient with anhydrous ammonia inhalation dying two months after exposure are described. Major pathologic findings included cylindrical bronchiectasis of the lower lobes, fibrous obliteration of small airways, and terminal nocardial pneumonia. Normal density of small airways was found, but the average diameter (0.50 mm.) was significantly less than that of controls (0.66 +/- 0.02). Fibrous obliteration of small airways may be characteristic of a late stage of bronchiolitis obliterans and is probably responsible for the chronic obstructive lung disease in the survivors of an episode of ammonia inhalation.", "contents": "Fatal anhydrous ammonia inhalation. The morphologic and morphometric pulmonary alterations in a patient with anhydrous ammonia inhalation dying two months after exposure are described. Major pathologic findings included cylindrical bronchiectasis of the lower lobes, fibrous obliteration of small airways, and terminal nocardial pneumonia. Normal density of small airways was found, but the average diameter (0.50 mm.) was significantly less than that of controls (0.66 +/- 0.02). Fibrous obliteration of small airways may be characteristic of a late stage of bronchiolitis obliterans and is probably responsible for the chronic obstructive lung disease in the survivors of an episode of ammonia inhalation.", "PMID": 856718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11408", "title": "Glomerulopathy and arteriolopathy in congenital nephrotic syndrome: light, electron, and fluorescence microscopy studies.", "content": "This report describes the light, electron, and fluorescence microscopy studies of the kidney from a one month old, prematurely born infant with the nephrotic syndrome. Light microscopy revealed enlargement of Bowman's space, an excessive number of glomerular epithelial cell nuclei, and cystic dilatation of cortical tubules. By electron microscopy two disparate types of glomerular lesions were found: a thin basement membrane with fusion of foot processes suggestive of lipoid nephrosis and linear electron-density in the basement membrane with excessive mesangial matrix and capillary collapse suggesting an antibasement membrane type of glomerulonephritis or mesangial sclerosis. Conspicuous cystic spaces were found in the proximal tubules only. In the arterioles there were cystic spaces in the endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, thickening of the basement membranes of endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, and excessive amounts of nonstriated fibrils in the subendothelial basement membrane. Masses of fibrin were noted in the lumina of veins, peritubular capillaries, and interstitium between veins and peritubular capillaries. Such multiple glomerular and arteriolar lesions have not been reported previously in congenital nephrotic syndrome. These lesions suggest an antigen-antibody reaction in the mother that might have been directed toward the glomerular basement membrane in the fetus, producing these lesions.", "contents": "Glomerulopathy and arteriolopathy in congenital nephrotic syndrome: light, electron, and fluorescence microscopy studies. This report describes the light, electron, and fluorescence microscopy studies of the kidney from a one month old, prematurely born infant with the nephrotic syndrome. Light microscopy revealed enlargement of Bowman's space, an excessive number of glomerular epithelial cell nuclei, and cystic dilatation of cortical tubules. By electron microscopy two disparate types of glomerular lesions were found: a thin basement membrane with fusion of foot processes suggestive of lipoid nephrosis and linear electron-density in the basement membrane with excessive mesangial matrix and capillary collapse suggesting an antibasement membrane type of glomerulonephritis or mesangial sclerosis. Conspicuous cystic spaces were found in the proximal tubules only. In the arterioles there were cystic spaces in the endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, thickening of the basement membranes of endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, and excessive amounts of nonstriated fibrils in the subendothelial basement membrane. Masses of fibrin were noted in the lumina of veins, peritubular capillaries, and interstitium between veins and peritubular capillaries. Such multiple glomerular and arteriolar lesions have not been reported previously in congenital nephrotic syndrome. These lesions suggest an antigen-antibody reaction in the mother that might have been directed toward the glomerular basement membrane in the fetus, producing these lesions.", "PMID": 856719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11409", "title": "Determination of prenatal sex ratio in man.", "content": "The sex of a conceptus at the early embryonic state was diagnosed in 1000 induced abortions. Specimens were obtained from women who terminated their pregnancies within 12 menstrual weeks on socio-economic indications. By making use of the triple checking procedures, such as the karyotypic analysis of Giemsa-stained slides, the fluorescent Y chromosome analysis and the Y-body test in interphase nuclei, the sex ratio was determined as 106.6 (516 males/484 females). The sex distribution in the chromosomally normal embryos was 481 in males to 448 in females; that gave the ratio of 107.4. A slight excess of males was already present at his stage of pregnancy. When the ratios were calculated in relation to the maternal age, the lower sex ratio was noted for embryos born to mothers over 30 years. Taking a Y-bearing embryo as male, the ratio in 71 chromosomally aberrant embryos was 97.2 (35 males/36 females). The sex ratio in the cases of chromosome abnormalities was not statistically different from that of thenormal embryos.", "contents": "Determination of prenatal sex ratio in man. The sex of a conceptus at the early embryonic state was diagnosed in 1000 induced abortions. Specimens were obtained from women who terminated their pregnancies within 12 menstrual weeks on socio-economic indications. By making use of the triple checking procedures, such as the karyotypic analysis of Giemsa-stained slides, the fluorescent Y chromosome analysis and the Y-body test in interphase nuclei, the sex ratio was determined as 106.6 (516 males/484 females). The sex distribution in the chromosomally normal embryos was 481 in males to 448 in females; that gave the ratio of 107.4. A slight excess of males was already present at his stage of pregnancy. When the ratios were calculated in relation to the maternal age, the lower sex ratio was noted for embryos born to mothers over 30 years. Taking a Y-bearing embryo as male, the ratio in 71 chromosomally aberrant embryos was 97.2 (35 males/36 females). The sex ratio in the cases of chromosome abnormalities was not statistically different from that of thenormal embryos.", "PMID": 856720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11410", "title": "Variants of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase in the Greek populations.", "content": "The frequency of variants of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase was determined among the nine Greek populations by studying a sample of 1570 unselected individuals. Average frequency of normal allele GALT=0.942, galactosemia gen GALTG=0.0021 and the Duarte variant gene GALTD=0.0548 were observed. Frequency of galactosemia heterozygotes among Greeks was similar to that in other Caucasian populations, but the frequency of the Duarte variant was considerably higher. With the exception of two populations, one with low (Epirus) and one with high (Thrace) frequencies, the polymorphism of the Duarte variant displays very similar frequencies in the various Greek population groups.", "contents": "Variants of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase in the Greek populations. The frequency of variants of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase was determined among the nine Greek populations by studying a sample of 1570 unselected individuals. Average frequency of normal allele GALT=0.942, galactosemia gen GALTG=0.0021 and the Duarte variant gene GALTD=0.0548 were observed. Frequency of galactosemia heterozygotes among Greeks was similar to that in other Caucasian populations, but the frequency of the Duarte variant was considerably higher. With the exception of two populations, one with low (Epirus) and one with high (Thrace) frequencies, the polymorphism of the Duarte variant displays very similar frequencies in the various Greek population groups.", "PMID": 856721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11411", "title": "Ring 11 chromosome (46,xx,r11(p15q25)).", "content": "A girl has a stable chromosome 11, which does not reveal loss of any chromosomal material. She demonstrates small stature, mild retardation, behavior problems, mild abnormal EEG, prominent sole furrow, increased deep tendon reflexes and hypothyroidism; this latter condition may have contributed to her retardation.", "contents": "Ring 11 chromosome (46,xx,r11(p15q25)). A girl has a stable chromosome 11, which does not reveal loss of any chromosomal material. She demonstrates small stature, mild retardation, behavior problems, mild abnormal EEG, prominent sole furrow, increased deep tendon reflexes and hypothyroidism; this latter condition may have contributed to her retardation.", "PMID": 856722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11412", "title": "Critical adjustment of cysteine and glutamine concentrations for improved clonal growth of WI-38 cells.", "content": "Clonal growth of WI-38 cells with a plating efficiency of 45% has been achieved in a synthetic nutrient mixture (MCDB 102) supplemented with either whole or dialyzed fetal bovine serum precisely. Deviation by a factor of three in either direction from the optimum concentration (9.0 x 10(-5) M) eliminates essentially all clonal growth. A high concentration of glutamine (2.5 x 10(-3) M) is also needed for optimum clonal growth.", "contents": "Critical adjustment of cysteine and glutamine concentrations for improved clonal growth of WI-38 cells. Clonal growth of WI-38 cells with a plating efficiency of 45% has been achieved in a synthetic nutrient mixture (MCDB 102) supplemented with either whole or dialyzed fetal bovine serum precisely. Deviation by a factor of three in either direction from the optimum concentration (9.0 x 10(-5) M) eliminates essentially all clonal growth. A high concentration of glutamine (2.5 x 10(-3) M) is also needed for optimum clonal growth.", "PMID": 856723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11413", "title": "Organogenesis in in vitro cultures of embryonic shoots of Abies balsamea (balsam fir).", "content": "Embryonic shoots of 15- to 20-year-old Abies balsamea (balsam fir) trees were soaked in (a) water for 15 min or 24 hr and (b) water with 1000 mg per 1 indolebutyric acid (IBA), N-dimethylaminosuccinamic acid (Alar-85), or 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PPZ), singly or in combination with 100 mg per 1 caffeic acid, for 15 min. After the soaking, the embryonic shoots were transferred to a nutrient medium. Nonsoaked (control) embryonic shoots elongated and often formed a basal callus but never showed organogenesis. The soaked embryonic shoots formed new apical buds, with or without bud scales, adventitious dwarf needles or shoots, and root- and embryo-like structures. One of the embryos germinated and formed an irregular shoot. No differences were found between the various soak treatments, except that the 15-min water soak was ineffective. The 24-hr water soak was as effective as the 15-min growth regulator treatments.", "contents": "Organogenesis in in vitro cultures of embryonic shoots of Abies balsamea (balsam fir). Embryonic shoots of 15- to 20-year-old Abies balsamea (balsam fir) trees were soaked in (a) water for 15 min or 24 hr and (b) water with 1000 mg per 1 indolebutyric acid (IBA), N-dimethylaminosuccinamic acid (Alar-85), or 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PPZ), singly or in combination with 100 mg per 1 caffeic acid, for 15 min. After the soaking, the embryonic shoots were transferred to a nutrient medium. Nonsoaked (control) embryonic shoots elongated and often formed a basal callus but never showed organogenesis. The soaked embryonic shoots formed new apical buds, with or without bud scales, adventitious dwarf needles or shoots, and root- and embryo-like structures. One of the embryos germinated and formed an irregular shoot. No differences were found between the various soak treatments, except that the 15-min water soak was ineffective. The 24-hr water soak was as effective as the 15-min growth regulator treatments.", "PMID": 856724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11414", "title": "Collagen prolyl hydroxylation in WI-38 fibroblast cultures: action of hydralazine.", "content": "The action of hydralazine on collagen prolyl hydroxylation was studied in a cell culture system using WI-38 fibroblasts. The prolyl hydroxylation level was determined by a method involving the digestion of collagen by bacterial collagenase and the examination of specific peptides. The presence of low concentrations of hydralazine (0.2 mM) in both \"young\" and \"old\" fibroblast cultures strongly inhibited collagen prolyl hydroxylation. The degree of inhibition was greater in serum-deficient cultures. No significant improvement in the degree of hydroxylation was observed by increasing either ascorbate or iron levels in the hydralazine-containing cultures in which hydroxylation was inhibited. Some of the reported side effects of hydralazine seen in patients might be related to its inhibitory effects on mixed function oxidative (MFO) hydroxylation systems. While the ascorbate dependence of the prolyl hydroxylase system of WI-38 decreased with the \"age\" of the culture, hydralazine inhibition of hydroxylation was dramatic with cultures of all \"ages\".", "contents": "Collagen prolyl hydroxylation in WI-38 fibroblast cultures: action of hydralazine. The action of hydralazine on collagen prolyl hydroxylation was studied in a cell culture system using WI-38 fibroblasts. The prolyl hydroxylation level was determined by a method involving the digestion of collagen by bacterial collagenase and the examination of specific peptides. The presence of low concentrations of hydralazine (0.2 mM) in both \"young\" and \"old\" fibroblast cultures strongly inhibited collagen prolyl hydroxylation. The degree of inhibition was greater in serum-deficient cultures. No significant improvement in the degree of hydroxylation was observed by increasing either ascorbate or iron levels in the hydralazine-containing cultures in which hydroxylation was inhibited. Some of the reported side effects of hydralazine seen in patients might be related to its inhibitory effects on mixed function oxidative (MFO) hydroxylation systems. While the ascorbate dependence of the prolyl hydroxylase system of WI-38 decreased with the \"age\" of the culture, hydralazine inhibition of hydroxylation was dramatic with cultures of all \"ages\".", "PMID": 856725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11415", "title": "In vitro culture of ovaries of a viviparous gall midge.", "content": "Ovaries of the viviparous pedogenetic gall midge Heteropeza pygmaea can be cultured in hemolymph obtained from X-ray-sterilized larvae of the same species. In this culture medium, formation of follicles is essentially the same as in vivo, and sometimes female larvae develop from these follicles. The ovaries of such larvae, in their turn, have been cultured in vitro to produce larvae. In this way, in vitro development from oogonium to larva has been maintained for several generations. When using hemolymph obtained from larvae grown under different conditions, the in vitro cultured ovaries produce a second type of egg which probably is male-determined. Ovarian development in vitro has been studied with differential interference contrast optics and time-lapse cinemicrography.", "contents": "In vitro culture of ovaries of a viviparous gall midge. Ovaries of the viviparous pedogenetic gall midge Heteropeza pygmaea can be cultured in hemolymph obtained from X-ray-sterilized larvae of the same species. In this culture medium, formation of follicles is essentially the same as in vivo, and sometimes female larvae develop from these follicles. The ovaries of such larvae, in their turn, have been cultured in vitro to produce larvae. In this way, in vitro development from oogonium to larva has been maintained for several generations. When using hemolymph obtained from larvae grown under different conditions, the in vitro cultured ovaries produce a second type of egg which probably is male-determined. Ovarian development in vitro has been studied with differential interference contrast optics and time-lapse cinemicrography.", "PMID": 856726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11416", "title": "[In vitro susceptibility of bacteroidaceae to cefoxitin and cephalothin (author's transl)].", "content": "The activity of the new cephamycin C derivatives cefoxitin against 102 clinical isolates of Bacteroidaceae (95 Bacteroides strains and 7 Fusobacterium-Sphaerophorus cultures) was determined by tube dilution and standardized agar diffusion tests and compared to that of cephalothin. Cefoxitin was more active than cephalothin against 56 Bacteroides fragilis strains, 19 Bacteroides thetaiota-omicron strains and two Bacteroides splanchnicus strains. The difference seemed less pronounced with five Bacteroides vulgatus and four Bacteroides variabilis cultures. Three Bacteroides melaninogenicus and six Bacteroides oralis strains displayed similar sensitivity to both cephalosporins. At concentrations of 32 microng/ml or less, cefoxitin inhibited 91% and cephalothin 33% of the Bacteroides strains. Two strains of Sphaerophorus varius were likewise much more sensitive to cefoxitin than to cephalothin (MIC values 8 micron8/ml of cefoxitin and 256 microng/ml of cephalothin). Three other Sphaerophorus strains (the species necrophorus and freundii/mortiferum) and two of Fusobacterium fusiforme (Fusobacterium nucleatum) strains were very similar in their susceptibility to both cephalosporins. Statistical analysis of the relationship between MIC and zone size diameter showed relatively high correlation coefficients for cefoxitin and cephalothin (r=-0.741 and r=-0.703 respectively).", "contents": "[In vitro susceptibility of bacteroidaceae to cefoxitin and cephalothin (author's transl)]. The activity of the new cephamycin C derivatives cefoxitin against 102 clinical isolates of Bacteroidaceae (95 Bacteroides strains and 7 Fusobacterium-Sphaerophorus cultures) was determined by tube dilution and standardized agar diffusion tests and compared to that of cephalothin. Cefoxitin was more active than cephalothin against 56 Bacteroides fragilis strains, 19 Bacteroides thetaiota-omicron strains and two Bacteroides splanchnicus strains. The difference seemed less pronounced with five Bacteroides vulgatus and four Bacteroides variabilis cultures. Three Bacteroides melaninogenicus and six Bacteroides oralis strains displayed similar sensitivity to both cephalosporins. At concentrations of 32 microng/ml or less, cefoxitin inhibited 91% and cephalothin 33% of the Bacteroides strains. Two strains of Sphaerophorus varius were likewise much more sensitive to cefoxitin than to cephalothin (MIC values 8 micron8/ml of cefoxitin and 256 microng/ml of cephalothin). Three other Sphaerophorus strains (the species necrophorus and freundii/mortiferum) and two of Fusobacterium fusiforme (Fusobacterium nucleatum) strains were very similar in their susceptibility to both cephalosporins. Statistical analysis of the relationship between MIC and zone size diameter showed relatively high correlation coefficients for cefoxitin and cephalothin (r=-0.741 and r=-0.703 respectively).", "PMID": 856727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11417", "title": "[Asepsis and antisepsis in the treatment of burn patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Among the main aspects to be considered when treating burns, the problem of infection control remains unsolved. Considerable financial resources are needed to prevent the transmission of organisms. To justify such investments in buildings and antiseptic measures, an extensive epidemiological hospital study was carried out from 1970 to 1974, involving 930 patients, and more than 25,000 wound biopsies as well as 10,000 contact cultures and environmental swabs. Bacteria from the environment of severly burned patients were counted every week. Serotyping was used for a specialized study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In 200 patients wound organisms were counted. The most important organisms were: Streptococcaceae (pyogenic streptococci, less frequently faecal and salivary streptococci). Pseudomonadaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, and Micrococcaceae (especially Micrococcus aureus). Povidon iodine, gentamicin and silver sulfadiazine were used for local disinfection. Antibiotics used were gentamicin, carbenicillin and polymyxin. Whereas from 1970 to 1972 P. aeruginosa was the predominant organism found in wounds, other gram-positive organisms increased from 1972 on. Wounds were colonized mainly in the course of the first two weeks of treatment. Special studies regarding P. aeruginosa revealed a predominance of serotypes 5 and 13 between 1970 and 1973, whereas types brought into the hospital were dominant from 1973 on. An analysis of furniture and equipment, water faucets and drains showed that Pseudomonas strains found in the water did not coincide with those found in wounds. Therefore, a contamination from this source seems unlikely. Strains found on furniture and equipment, however, also appeared in the wound flora. When the therapeutic routine was changed (to prevent patients passing through common treatment areas such as bathrooms and dressing areas) hospital organisms 5 and 13 could be eliminated almost completely. Thus, it is possible to achieve a considerable reduction in the rate of cross-infection among patients by, for instance, excluding common treatment areas from the therapy programme. Nevertheless, in the majority of cases wounds will still be colonized, in particular by bacteria that were already in the anal region or on the skin before the patient was injured. For this reason, the elimination of such organisms by topical bactericidal agents constitutes an an important factor in efforts to reduce the rate of septicaemic complications. In view of the persisting high mortality due to generalized infections this therapeutic aspect must also be exploited thoroughly in the future. Although in comparative studies of topical therapy using povidon iodine, silver sulfadiazine and gentamicin, organisms did appear in the course of the first two weeks; in the case of the PVP-I the colonization never reached 10(5) organisms per cm2, i.e. the danger threshold for generalized sepsis. There was no evidence of a correlation between number of organisms and depth of burns.", "contents": "[Asepsis and antisepsis in the treatment of burn patients (author's transl)]. Among the main aspects to be considered when treating burns, the problem of infection control remains unsolved. Considerable financial resources are needed to prevent the transmission of organisms. To justify such investments in buildings and antiseptic measures, an extensive epidemiological hospital study was carried out from 1970 to 1974, involving 930 patients, and more than 25,000 wound biopsies as well as 10,000 contact cultures and environmental swabs. Bacteria from the environment of severly burned patients were counted every week. Serotyping was used for a specialized study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In 200 patients wound organisms were counted. The most important organisms were: Streptococcaceae (pyogenic streptococci, less frequently faecal and salivary streptococci). Pseudomonadaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, and Micrococcaceae (especially Micrococcus aureus). Povidon iodine, gentamicin and silver sulfadiazine were used for local disinfection. Antibiotics used were gentamicin, carbenicillin and polymyxin. Whereas from 1970 to 1972 P. aeruginosa was the predominant organism found in wounds, other gram-positive organisms increased from 1972 on. Wounds were colonized mainly in the course of the first two weeks of treatment. Special studies regarding P. aeruginosa revealed a predominance of serotypes 5 and 13 between 1970 and 1973, whereas types brought into the hospital were dominant from 1973 on. An analysis of furniture and equipment, water faucets and drains showed that Pseudomonas strains found in the water did not coincide with those found in wounds. Therefore, a contamination from this source seems unlikely. Strains found on furniture and equipment, however, also appeared in the wound flora. When the therapeutic routine was changed (to prevent patients passing through common treatment areas such as bathrooms and dressing areas) hospital organisms 5 and 13 could be eliminated almost completely. Thus, it is possible to achieve a considerable reduction in the rate of cross-infection among patients by, for instance, excluding common treatment areas from the therapy programme. Nevertheless, in the majority of cases wounds will still be colonized, in particular by bacteria that were already in the anal region or on the skin before the patient was injured. For this reason, the elimination of such organisms by topical bactericidal agents constitutes an an important factor in efforts to reduce the rate of septicaemic complications. In view of the persisting high mortality due to generalized infections this therapeutic aspect must also be exploited thoroughly in the future. Although in comparative studies of topical therapy using povidon iodine, silver sulfadiazine and gentamicin, organisms did appear in the course of the first two weeks; in the case of the PVP-I the colonization never reached 10(5) organisms per cm2, i.e. the danger threshold for generalized sepsis. There was no evidence of a correlation between number of organisms and depth of burns.", "PMID": 856728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11418", "title": "[Early development of a child following rabies of the mother during pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of rabies in a pregnant woman who spontaneously delivered a premature baby before dying is presented. Although not vaccinated the baby did not develop rabies. The possibility of displacental transmission of rabies in humans is judged  as highly improbable on the basis of findings in other publications and in the case presented here.", "contents": "[Early development of a child following rabies of the mother during pregnancy (author's transl)]. A case of rabies in a pregnant woman who spontaneously delivered a premature baby before dying is presented. Although not vaccinated the baby did not develop rabies. The possibility of displacental transmission of rabies in humans is judged  as highly improbable on the basis of findings in other publications and in the case presented here.", "PMID": 856729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11419", "title": "The mechanical properties of the respiratory system during anesthesia.", "content": "1. Static compliance of the total respiratory system is decreased during anesthesia, 2. The fall in total static compliance is probably caused by a fall in lung compliance. 3. It seems unlikely that the fall in lung compliance is the primary event. The change in pleural pressures at FRC before and during anesthesia would answer this question, but the data are conflicting. 4. It is more likely that the position of the chest wall pressure-volume curve shifts to the right as a consequence of anesthesia, so that the position of equilibrium for the lung and chest wall at FRC is at a lower volume. The alteration in the chest wall is possibly because of loss of respiratory muscle tone. 5. FRC is reduced. Gas trapping occurs as a secondary event if FRC falls to below CC. 6. Lung compliance falls as a consequence of the fall in FRC, but only if FRC drops below CC, and closure occurs. No data of the correlation of change in lung compliance to the relationship of FRC to CC have been published. 7. A-aDo2 increases because of an increase in the amount of lung where ventilation is reduced compared to perfusion. Areas of zero ventilation (shunt) will also be produced. 8. The changes in lung compliance, FRC, and A-aDo2 appear to have similar characteristics. They are not influenced by depth or type of general anesthesia or the presence of neuromuscular blockade. They appear as soon as anesthesia is induced and are not progressive with time during anesthesia. They are less in the sitting position and in taller, thinner subjects. They appear to be only transiently affected by hyperinflations. 9. The fall in total respiratory system compliance may contribute to the apparent depression of the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide.", "contents": "The mechanical properties of the respiratory system during anesthesia. 1. Static compliance of the total respiratory system is decreased during anesthesia, 2. The fall in total static compliance is probably caused by a fall in lung compliance. 3. It seems unlikely that the fall in lung compliance is the primary event. The change in pleural pressures at FRC before and during anesthesia would answer this question, but the data are conflicting. 4. It is more likely that the position of the chest wall pressure-volume curve shifts to the right as a consequence of anesthesia, so that the position of equilibrium for the lung and chest wall at FRC is at a lower volume. The alteration in the chest wall is possibly because of loss of respiratory muscle tone. 5. FRC is reduced. Gas trapping occurs as a secondary event if FRC falls to below CC. 6. Lung compliance falls as a consequence of the fall in FRC, but only if FRC drops below CC, and closure occurs. No data of the correlation of change in lung compliance to the relationship of FRC to CC have been published. 7. A-aDo2 increases because of an increase in the amount of lung where ventilation is reduced compared to perfusion. Areas of zero ventilation (shunt) will also be produced. 8. The changes in lung compliance, FRC, and A-aDo2 appear to have similar characteristics. They are not influenced by depth or type of general anesthesia or the presence of neuromuscular blockade. They appear as soon as anesthesia is induced and are not progressive with time during anesthesia. They are less in the sitting position and in taller, thinner subjects. They appear to be only transiently affected by hyperinflations. 9. The fall in total respiratory system compliance may contribute to the apparent depression of the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide.", "PMID": 856730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11420", "title": "Immunogenicity of p-phenetidine, 2-hydroxy-p-phenetidine and their protein conjugates in guinea pigs, rabbits and man.", "content": "Guinea pigs were sensitized by p-phenetidine (PT), 2-hydroxy-p-phenetidine (HPT) as well as by conjugates prepared by reacting PT and HPT with proteins in vitro. Sensitization was evaluated by delayed skin reactivity and in vitro antigen-induced lymphocyte proleferation. HPT and HPT-protein conjugates were found to be the most effective sensitizing agents. Reaginic antibodies could be raised in both guinea pigs and rabbits by immunizing with PT- and HPT-protein conjugates but not by PT and HPT alone: these PCA antibodies showed strong cross-reactivity and could be elicited equally well with either  the PT- or HPT-protein derivatives. By contrast, no precipitating antibodies could be raised in either species even after repeated immunizations over a period of 4 months. Peripheral blood lymphocytes, from a few patients who gave a positive patch test with PT, could be stiumlated in vitro with phenacetin and to a lesser degree with PT and with a HPT-derivative of human serum albumin.", "contents": "Immunogenicity of p-phenetidine, 2-hydroxy-p-phenetidine and their protein conjugates in guinea pigs, rabbits and man. Guinea pigs were sensitized by p-phenetidine (PT), 2-hydroxy-p-phenetidine (HPT) as well as by conjugates prepared by reacting PT and HPT with proteins in vitro. Sensitization was evaluated by delayed skin reactivity and in vitro antigen-induced lymphocyte proleferation. HPT and HPT-protein conjugates were found to be the most effective sensitizing agents. Reaginic antibodies could be raised in both guinea pigs and rabbits by immunizing with PT- and HPT-protein conjugates but not by PT and HPT alone: these PCA antibodies showed strong cross-reactivity and could be elicited equally well with either  the PT- or HPT-protein derivatives. By contrast, no precipitating antibodies could be raised in either species even after repeated immunizations over a period of 4 months. Peripheral blood lymphocytes, from a few patients who gave a positive patch test with PT, could be stiumlated in vitro with phenacetin and to a lesser degree with PT and with a HPT-derivative of human serum albumin.", "PMID": 856731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11421", "title": "Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in mice. II. Sensitizing conditions for delayed-type hypersensitivity.", "content": "Conditions for the induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) in mice to serum proteins ware studied. DTH to bovine serum  albumin (BSA) was induced by a subcutaneous immunizaiton with the antigen emulsified with Freund's complete adjuvant. The level of DTH was found to be dempendent not only on the dose of antigen but also on the amount of mycobacteria included in the adjuvant. DTH to other serum proteins was also induced under the same sensitizing conditions as for BSA. Success in the adoptive transfer with lymphoie cells and suppressive effect of anti-thymocyte serum indicated that delayed-type reaction studied here was the manifestation of cell-mediated immunity.", "contents": "Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in mice. II. Sensitizing conditions for delayed-type hypersensitivity. Conditions for the induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) in mice to serum proteins ware studied. DTH to bovine serum  albumin (BSA) was induced by a subcutaneous immunizaiton with the antigen emulsified with Freund's complete adjuvant. The level of DTH was found to be dempendent not only on the dose of antigen but also on the amount of mycobacteria included in the adjuvant. DTH to other serum proteins was also induced under the same sensitizing conditions as for BSA. Success in the adoptive transfer with lymphoie cells and suppressive effect of anti-thymocyte serum indicated that delayed-type reaction studied here was the manifestation of cell-mediated immunity.", "PMID": 856732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11422", "title": "Experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis: reduced severity of clinical response following repeated injections of Micropolyspora faeni antigen.", "content": "Subcutaneous injection of soluble M. faeni antigen administered during a series of aerosol provocations to previously sensitized calves was found to diminish severity of clinical response. The mechanism by which response was reduced was not apparent.", "contents": "Experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis: reduced severity of clinical response following repeated injections of Micropolyspora faeni antigen. Subcutaneous injection of soluble M. faeni antigen administered during a series of aerosol provocations to previously sensitized calves was found to diminish severity of clinical response. The mechanism by which response was reduced was not apparent.", "PMID": 856733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11423", "title": "Diagnosis of reaginic allergy with house dust, animal dander and pollen allergens in adult patients. III. Case histories and combinations of case histories, skin tests and the radioallergosorbent test, RAST, compared with provocation tests.", "content": "Case histories alone and combined with the results of skin tests and/or the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) were compared with the results of provocation tests in 397 patients with asthma or allergic rhinitis. Case histories often turned out to be doubtful. The agreement between negative histories and negative provocation tests was 77% and that between positive histories and positive provocation tests 64%. When case histories were supported by concordant skin test or RAST results, the agreement with provocation tests increased to about 90%. When a scoring system for the combinations of different diagnostic methods was employed, a 100% agreement with provocation tests was obtained for cases with high scores. It is concluded that by using the case history in conjunction with RAST and/or skin test results, a reliable diagnosis can be achieved, eliminating the necessity of provocation tests.", "contents": "Diagnosis of reaginic allergy with house dust, animal dander and pollen allergens in adult patients. III. Case histories and combinations of case histories, skin tests and the radioallergosorbent test, RAST, compared with provocation tests. Case histories alone and combined with the results of skin tests and/or the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) were compared with the results of provocation tests in 397 patients with asthma or allergic rhinitis. Case histories often turned out to be doubtful. The agreement between negative histories and negative provocation tests was 77% and that between positive histories and positive provocation tests 64%. When case histories were supported by concordant skin test or RAST results, the agreement with provocation tests increased to about 90%. When a scoring system for the combinations of different diagnostic methods was employed, a 100% agreement with provocation tests was obtained for cases with high scores. It is concluded that by using the case history in conjunction with RAST and/or skin test results, a reliable diagnosis can be achieved, eliminating the necessity of provocation tests.", "PMID": 856734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11424", "title": "Dissociation of blastogenic factor production and lymphocyte transformation of guinea pig lymphocytes stimulated with tuberculin PPD.", "content": "In vitro lymphocyte transformation of guinea pig lymph node cells induced by tuberculin PPD was essentially eliminated by treatment with 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine and light. The remaining cell population was still capable of producing blastogenic factor and further, the amount of blastogenic factor released was comparable to that from the intact population in the same interval of culture. This result favors the conception that cells producing blastogenic factor in response to antigen are distinct from the cells responding to the antigen by DNA synthesis and proliferation.", "contents": "Dissociation of blastogenic factor production and lymphocyte transformation of guinea pig lymphocytes stimulated with tuberculin PPD. In vitro lymphocyte transformation of guinea pig lymph node cells induced by tuberculin PPD was essentially eliminated by treatment with 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine and light. The remaining cell population was still capable of producing blastogenic factor and further, the amount of blastogenic factor released was comparable to that from the intact population in the same interval of culture. This result favors the conception that cells producing blastogenic factor in response to antigen are distinct from the cells responding to the antigen by DNA synthesis and proliferation.", "PMID": 856735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11425", "title": "Statistical comparison of power spectra: a computer program.", "content": "A general computer program, of interest to neurobiologists, for comparison of uncorrelated power spectra is presented. The program, ALPHAF, is written in Fortran V language and is easily compiled and executed in any computer with a Fortran software package. The purpose of the program is to read power spectral density (PSD) values into a computer from digital tape and then perform the following functions: (1) compute and report power; (2) compute and report averages of the computed power values over selected frequency bands and (3) compute and report statistical standardised normal distributions for a frequency spectrum of interest. The standardised normal distribution statistic is derived by using equation 7.20, page 250 of Random data: Analysis and measurement procedures (Bendat and Piersol, 1971).", "contents": "Statistical comparison of power spectra: a computer program. A general computer program, of interest to neurobiologists, for comparison of uncorrelated power spectra is presented. The program, ALPHAF, is written in Fortran V language and is easily compiled and executed in any computer with a Fortran software package. The purpose of the program is to read power spectral density (PSD) values into a computer from digital tape and then perform the following functions: (1) compute and report power; (2) compute and report averages of the computed power values over selected frequency bands and (3) compute and report statistical standardised normal distributions for a frequency spectrum of interest. The standardised normal distribution statistic is derived by using equation 7.20, page 250 of Random data: Analysis and measurement procedures (Bendat and Piersol, 1971).", "PMID": 856736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11426", "title": "A physical model of time-dependent flow in the human air passages.", "content": "A physical model of the time-dependent, homogeneous, viscous and incompressible flow in the first twelve bronchial branches is described. The anatomical data given by Weibel (1963) are used. By means of these hypotheses we obtain the following equation: Palv(t) = K1V'B(t) + K2VB2'(T), where K1 and K2 are constants which depend on bronchial geometry and Palv(t) and VB(t) are the alveolar pressure and the mouth flow rate, respectively. Some results concerning laterobronchial pressure and velocities are given.", "contents": "A physical model of time-dependent flow in the human air passages. A physical model of the time-dependent, homogeneous, viscous and incompressible flow in the first twelve bronchial branches is described. The anatomical data given by Weibel (1963) are used. By means of these hypotheses we obtain the following equation: Palv(t) = K1V'B(t) + K2VB2'(T), where K1 and K2 are constants which depend on bronchial geometry and Palv(t) and VB(t) are the alveolar pressure and the mouth flow rate, respectively. Some results concerning laterobronchial pressure and velocities are given.", "PMID": 856737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11427", "title": "Influence of population on the classification of ECG-VCG's using linear regression techniques.", "content": "This paper describes the influence of different populations on statistical multivariate classification rules and classification results where the word \"population\" refers only to the frequency of diagnoses to be expected, the so-called prior probabilities. Using linear regression as a multivariate classification technique and six groups consisting of five pathological conditions and normals as test data, it has been shown: (a) That the population influences to a great extent the selection of the best ECG-VCG measurements for the classification rule. (b) That a mismatch of the populations in the learning and test sets can considerably decrease the number of correct classifications. (c) That a certain correction of the mismatch can be achieved when the prior probabilities in the learning and test sets are known, Further, the paper discusses the change of prior probabilities over the years at the Variety Club Heart Hospital in the University of Minnesota and its effect on the performance of the classification algorithm which has been used.", "contents": "Influence of population on the classification of ECG-VCG's using linear regression techniques. This paper describes the influence of different populations on statistical multivariate classification rules and classification results where the word \"population\" refers only to the frequency of diagnoses to be expected, the so-called prior probabilities. Using linear regression as a multivariate classification technique and six groups consisting of five pathological conditions and normals as test data, it has been shown: (a) That the population influences to a great extent the selection of the best ECG-VCG measurements for the classification rule. (b) That a mismatch of the populations in the learning and test sets can considerably decrease the number of correct classifications. (c) That a certain correction of the mismatch can be achieved when the prior probabilities in the learning and test sets are known, Further, the paper discusses the change of prior probabilities over the years at the Variety Club Heart Hospital in the University of Minnesota and its effect on the performance of the classification algorithm which has been used.", "PMID": 856738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11428", "title": "A random walk model of cellular kinetics.", "content": "The sorting out of biological cell mixtures into clusters of one cell type is modelled as a consequence of random cell and cluster motion, during which cells of like type cohere upon collision. After a description of the model and its motility rules, the results of several computer simulation studies are analysed and compared with both laboratory data and certain theoretical predictions. The model is found to be more biologically realistic than previous models with similar results. Suggestions for further reserach are discussed. An Appendix contains details about the data structures and algorithms employed in the simulation.", "contents": "A random walk model of cellular kinetics. The sorting out of biological cell mixtures into clusters of one cell type is modelled as a consequence of random cell and cluster motion, during which cells of like type cohere upon collision. After a description of the model and its motility rules, the results of several computer simulation studies are analysed and compared with both laboratory data and certain theoretical predictions. The model is found to be more biologically realistic than previous models with similar results. Suggestions for further reserach are discussed. An Appendix contains details about the data structures and algorithms employed in the simulation.", "PMID": 856739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11429", "title": "Semiautomatic processing of neurophysiological data: part II--a computer program for data reduction.", "content": "This paper describes a program for the processing of trains of nerve or muscle impulses (spikes). The program is designed to allow the efficient use of semiautomatic or manual measuring devices. It will handle up to six different sets of spikes and one cyclic,non-spike event (e.g., changing light intensity or limb position, etc.) Output may include computed interspike intervals and instantaneous frequencies, phase relationships between sets of spikes and between spikes and the non-spike event, and parameters of bursts found in the spike trains. Output is presented numerically and in the form of line-printer graphs,", "contents": "Semiautomatic processing of neurophysiological data: part II--a computer program for data reduction. This paper describes a program for the processing of trains of nerve or muscle impulses (spikes). The program is designed to allow the efficient use of semiautomatic or manual measuring devices. It will handle up to six different sets of spikes and one cyclic,non-spike event (e.g., changing light intensity or limb position, etc.) Output may include computed interspike intervals and instantaneous frequencies, phase relationships between sets of spikes and between spikes and the non-spike event, and parameters of bursts found in the spike trains. Output is presented numerically and in the form of line-printer graphs,", "PMID": 856740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11430", "title": "The epidemiology of drug promotion.", "content": "A survey was conducted on the promotion of 28 prescription drugs in the form of 40 different products marketed in the United States and Latin America by 23 multinational pharmaceutical companies. Striking differences were found in the manner in which the identical drug, marketed by the identical company or its foreign affiliate, was described to physicians in the United States and to physicians in Latin America. In the United States, the listed indications were usually few in number, while the contraindications, warnings, and potential adverse reactions were given in extensive detail. In Latin America, the listed indications were far more numerous, while the hazards were usually minimized, glossed over, or totally ignored. The differences were not simply between the United States on the  one hand and all the Latin American countries on the other. There were substantial differences within Latin America, with the same global company telling one story in Mexico, another in Central America, a third in Ecuador and Colombia, and yet another in Brazil. The companies have sought to defend these practices by contending that they are not breaking any Latin American laws. In some countries, however, such promotion is in clear violation of the law. The corporate ethics and social responsibilities concerned here call for examination and action.", "contents": "The epidemiology of drug promotion. A survey was conducted on the promotion of 28 prescription drugs in the form of 40 different products marketed in the United States and Latin America by 23 multinational pharmaceutical companies. Striking differences were found in the manner in which the identical drug, marketed by the identical company or its foreign affiliate, was described to physicians in the United States and to physicians in Latin America. In the United States, the listed indications were usually few in number, while the contraindications, warnings, and potential adverse reactions were given in extensive detail. In Latin America, the listed indications were far more numerous, while the hazards were usually minimized, glossed over, or totally ignored. The differences were not simply between the United States on the  one hand and all the Latin American countries on the other. There were substantial differences within Latin America, with the same global company telling one story in Mexico, another in Central America, a third in Ecuador and Colombia, and yet another in Brazil. The companies have sought to defend these practices by contending that they are not breaking any Latin American laws. In some countries, however, such promotion is in clear violation of the law. The corporate ethics and social responsibilities concerned here call for examination and action.", "PMID": 856741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11431", "title": "National health insurance policy in the United States: a case of non-decision-making.", "content": "Despite the vast range of commentaries and research on the current health care crisis, little research attention has been focused specifically on the lack of federal response to this crisis. As a way of focusing analysis on the specifics of Congressional inaction, it is suggested that both the range of health care proposals and the current debates in Congress may be seen as part of an ongoing bargaining process over legitimate alternatives for modication of health care delivery. It is argued that the lack of any new health care legislation may be seen as the result of a series of non-decision by conservative Congressional representatives of the dominant medical interest groups. These non-decisions have successfully excluded any challenges to those interests by reliance upon a predominant \"mobilization of bias\" to effectively define and/or divert these challenges as illegitimate attempts at change. The changes which eventually evolve from Congressional compromise may represent a modification of the prevailing bias concerning legitimate alternatives, but are unlikely to modify the relation of the controlling interests involved.", "contents": "National health insurance policy in the United States: a case of non-decision-making. Despite the vast range of commentaries and research on the current health care crisis, little research attention has been focused specifically on the lack of federal response to this crisis. As a way of focusing analysis on the specifics of Congressional inaction, it is suggested that both the range of health care proposals and the current debates in Congress may be seen as part of an ongoing bargaining process over legitimate alternatives for modication of health care delivery. It is argued that the lack of any new health care legislation may be seen as the result of a series of non-decision by conservative Congressional representatives of the dominant medical interest groups. These non-decisions have successfully excluded any challenges to those interests by reliance upon a predominant \"mobilization of bias\" to effectively define and/or divert these challenges as illegitimate attempts at change. The changes which eventually evolve from Congressional compromise may represent a modification of the prevailing bias concerning legitimate alternatives, but are unlikely to modify the relation of the controlling interests involved.", "PMID": 856742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11432", "title": "Women in male-dominated health professions.", "content": "Analysis of survey data on six health professions in Michigan suggests the extent to which sex-role stereotypes are reflected in the distribution of women within and among those professions which typically function as independent practitioners. The particular emphasis of the analysis is the structural or organizational aspects of the professions which facilitate or hinder the recruitment and participation of women. Distribution of women among professions is associated with relative levels of sex-segregation and with the relative availability of career opportunities in nonentrepreneurial settings. Implications of these findings for future trends in the sex structure of the health professions are discussed and a research agenda on women health professionals  is proposed.", "contents": "Women in male-dominated health professions. Analysis of survey data on six health professions in Michigan suggests the extent to which sex-role stereotypes are reflected in the distribution of women within and among those professions which typically function as independent practitioners. The particular emphasis of the analysis is the structural or organizational aspects of the professions which facilitate or hinder the recruitment and participation of women. Distribution of women among professions is associated with relative levels of sex-segregation and with the relative availability of career opportunities in nonentrepreneurial settings. Implications of these findings for future trends in the sex structure of the health professions are discussed and a research agenda on women health professionals  is proposed.", "PMID": 856743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11433", "title": "\"Thinking the unthinkable\": the prospect of compulsory sterilization in India.", "content": "The National Population Policy Statement adopted by the Government of India in April 1976 gave states the mandate to adopt coercive and compulsory sterilization measures toward the end of bringing under control the nation's massive population growth. Many states have since adopted stringent measures which penalize couples having three or more children, and four states additionally have proposed legislation for compulsory sterilization. While the demographic impact of compulsory sterilization after the third child is undisputed, the administrative feasibility of such and undertaking has been widely questioned, particularly in light of the inadequacy of India's medical infrastructure in the rural areas. Critics further have raised questions concerning the social  and ethical implications of compulsory sterilization and of measures which penalize the poor through means which may have adverse effects on their health and welfare. Finally, opponents of the new sterilization measures have suggested that they divert attention from the need for more basic changes in the nation's economic and social structure. While the need for bringing down India's continued high birth rate is widely recognized, alternative population measures-e.g. increased abortion facilities and an enforcement of the raised age at marriage-have been advocated in lieu of the compulsory sterilization measures currently being proposed.", "contents": "\"Thinking the unthinkable\": the prospect of compulsory sterilization in India. The National Population Policy Statement adopted by the Government of India in April 1976 gave states the mandate to adopt coercive and compulsory sterilization measures toward the end of bringing under control the nation's massive population growth. Many states have since adopted stringent measures which penalize couples having three or more children, and four states additionally have proposed legislation for compulsory sterilization. While the demographic impact of compulsory sterilization after the third child is undisputed, the administrative feasibility of such and undertaking has been widely questioned, particularly in light of the inadequacy of India's medical infrastructure in the rural areas. Critics further have raised questions concerning the social  and ethical implications of compulsory sterilization and of measures which penalize the poor through means which may have adverse effects on their health and welfare. Finally, opponents of the new sterilization measures have suggested that they divert attention from the need for more basic changes in the nation's economic and social structure. While the need for bringing down India's continued high birth rate is widely recognized, alternative population measures-e.g. increased abortion facilities and an enforcement of the raised age at marriage-have been advocated in lieu of the compulsory sterilization measures currently being proposed.", "PMID": 856744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11434", "title": "Social class, political powere, and the state and their implications in medicine.", "content": "This three-part article presents an analysis of the distribution of power and of the nature of the state in Western industrialized societies, and details their implications in medicine. Part I presents a critique of contemporary theories of the Western system of power; discusses the countervailing pluralist and power elite theories, as well as those of bureaucratic and professional control; and concludes with an examination of the Marxist theories of economic determinism, structural determinism, and corporate statism. Part II presents a Marxist theory of the role, nature, and characteristics of state intervention. Part III focuses on the mode of that intervention and the reasons for its growth, with an added analysis of the attributes of state intervention in the health sector and of the dialectical relationship between its growth and the current fiscal crisis of the state. In all three parts, the focus is on Western European countries and on North America, with many examples and categories drawn from the area of medicine.", "contents": "Social class, political powere, and the state and their implications in medicine. This three-part article presents an analysis of the distribution of power and of the nature of the state in Western industrialized societies, and details their implications in medicine. Part I presents a critique of contemporary theories of the Western system of power; discusses the countervailing pluralist and power elite theories, as well as those of bureaucratic and professional control; and concludes with an examination of the Marxist theories of economic determinism, structural determinism, and corporate statism. Part II presents a Marxist theory of the role, nature, and characteristics of state intervention. Part III focuses on the mode of that intervention and the reasons for its growth, with an added analysis of the attributes of state intervention in the health sector and of the dialectical relationship between its growth and the current fiscal crisis of the state. In all three parts, the focus is on Western European countries and on North America, with many examples and categories drawn from the area of medicine.", "PMID": 856745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11435", "title": "Health indexes sensitive to medical care variation.", "content": "Data from the fifteen Hospital Regions of England and Wales were used to determine the utility of health outcome indexes, derived from existing health statistics, for monitoring the quality and effectiveness of health services. Outcome measures reflect not only the impact of the system of care but also the sociodemographic characteristics of the population. An attempt therefore was made to identify those outcome measures most sensitive to variations in medical care and least affected by sociodemographic differences. In general, most indexes examined in this paper appear to be more sensitive to variations in the sociodemographic characteristics of the population. However, thosoutcome measures related to provision of care in hospital appear to relatively more sensitive to variation in medical care than those which are community based. This suggests that, at least for monitoring the effectiveness of medical care in the community, it may be necessary to move away from the more \"traditional\" health indexes toward measures that take into consideration the different patterns of care and the social and behavioral aspects of health.", "contents": "Health indexes sensitive to medical care variation. Data from the fifteen Hospital Regions of England and Wales were used to determine the utility of health outcome indexes, derived from existing health statistics, for monitoring the quality and effectiveness of health services. Outcome measures reflect not only the impact of the system of care but also the sociodemographic characteristics of the population. An attempt therefore was made to identify those outcome measures most sensitive to variations in medical care and least affected by sociodemographic differences. In general, most indexes examined in this paper appear to be more sensitive to variations in the sociodemographic characteristics of the population. However, thosoutcome measures related to provision of care in hospital appear to relatively more sensitive to variation in medical care than those which are community based. This suggests that, at least for monitoring the effectiveness of medical care in the community, it may be necessary to move away from the more \"traditional\" health indexes toward measures that take into consideration the different patterns of care and the social and behavioral aspects of health.", "PMID": 856746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11436", "title": "Incontinentia pigmenti achromians (Ito's hypomelanosis).", "content": "A 2-year-old Mexican girl had hypochromic lesions characteristic of incontinentia pigmenti achromians on the right half of the body. Extra cutaneous alterations were: dacryostenosis, bilateral genu valgus,ataxic gait, language retardation, hydrocephaly and abnormal electroencephalogram. Electron microscopy showed numerous Langerhans cells in the epidermis.", "contents": "Incontinentia pigmenti achromians (Ito's hypomelanosis). A 2-year-old Mexican girl had hypochromic lesions characteristic of incontinentia pigmenti achromians on the right half of the body. Extra cutaneous alterations were: dacryostenosis, bilateral genu valgus,ataxic gait, language retardation, hydrocephaly and abnormal electroencephalogram. Electron microscopy showed numerous Langerhans cells in the epidermis.", "PMID": 856747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11437", "title": "Some observations on the carbohydrate composition of purified transferrin.", "content": "Five subfractions were isolated on DEAE-cellulose from samples of a commercially available human transferrin preparation and their carbohydrate composition was analysed. Hexosamine, galactose and total hexose were determined in four subfractions and sialic acid in all five. The data obtained indicate that the excess number of electrophoretic bands observed in transferrin from this source is due to the loss of carbohydrates which only affects sialic acid and none of the other sugar types. The availability of the penultimate galactose residues as the terminal residues in the subfractions deficient in sialic acid was also confirmed by a biological test utilizing the rat liver. The reason for the gradual loss of sialic acid from transferrin is unknown. Freezing-thawing and lyophilization did not detectably affect the sialic acid content of purified transferrin. However, free sialic acid did appear in some preparations on storage. It is concluded that similar changes in the carbohydrate composition of other plasma glycoproteins before, during, or after purification can be expected to exert an adverse effect on their usefulness as metabolic tracers.", "contents": "Some observations on the carbohydrate composition of purified transferrin. Five subfractions were isolated on DEAE-cellulose from samples of a commercially available human transferrin preparation and their carbohydrate composition was analysed. Hexosamine, galactose and total hexose were determined in four subfractions and sialic acid in all five. The data obtained indicate that the excess number of electrophoretic bands observed in transferrin from this source is due to the loss of carbohydrates which only affects sialic acid and none of the other sugar types. The availability of the penultimate galactose residues as the terminal residues in the subfractions deficient in sialic acid was also confirmed by a biological test utilizing the rat liver. The reason for the gradual loss of sialic acid from transferrin is unknown. Freezing-thawing and lyophilization did not detectably affect the sialic acid content of purified transferrin. However, free sialic acid did appear in some preparations on storage. It is concluded that similar changes in the carbohydrate composition of other plasma glycoproteins before, during, or after purification can be expected to exert an adverse effect on their usefulness as metabolic tracers.", "PMID": 856748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11438", "title": "Thermophilic aminopeptidase. IV. Cooperative effects in ANS binding by the thermophilic aminopeptidase I from B. stearothermophilus.", "content": "Aminopeptidase I is a membrane-bound metalloenzyme isolated from B. stearothermophilus which is thermostable and requires Co2+ for activity. The Co, Zn, and metal-free enzyme were titrated with ANS, and cooperative binding was noted with the active Co enzyme but not with the Zn (5% active) or apo (inactive) enzymes. There are a number of sites for ANS on each of the three enzyme forms and the agreement between the association constants of the Zn enzyme (identical and independent sites) and the non-cooperative sites of the Co enzyme suggest that these sites are intrinsically similar. However, binding to the first of these sites in the Co enzyme triggers a cooperative binding of a second molecule of ANS, and this cooperative binding is related to a concomitant decrease in enzymatic activity. The correspondence can be shown by comparison of the inhibition constant for the hydrolysis of Gly-Leu-Tyr (Ki-1=13,300 cm3/mmol) and the association constant for the cooperating site (12,500 cm3/mmol). The significance of these observations is discussed in terms of the nature of the binding sites and the possible consequences of the interactions on the regulation of aminopeptidase I activity.", "contents": "Thermophilic aminopeptidase. IV. Cooperative effects in ANS binding by the thermophilic aminopeptidase I from B. stearothermophilus. Aminopeptidase I is a membrane-bound metalloenzyme isolated from B. stearothermophilus which is thermostable and requires Co2+ for activity. The Co, Zn, and metal-free enzyme were titrated with ANS, and cooperative binding was noted with the active Co enzyme but not with the Zn (5% active) or apo (inactive) enzymes. There are a number of sites for ANS on each of the three enzyme forms and the agreement between the association constants of the Zn enzyme (identical and independent sites) and the non-cooperative sites of the Co enzyme suggest that these sites are intrinsically similar. However, binding to the first of these sites in the Co enzyme triggers a cooperative binding of a second molecule of ANS, and this cooperative binding is related to a concomitant decrease in enzymatic activity. The correspondence can be shown by comparison of the inhibition constant for the hydrolysis of Gly-Leu-Tyr (Ki-1=13,300 cm3/mmol) and the association constant for the cooperating site (12,500 cm3/mmol). The significance of these observations is discussed in terms of the nature of the binding sites and the possible consequences of the interactions on the regulation of aminopeptidase I activity.", "PMID": 856749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11439", "title": "Conformational studies on cyclic dipeptides.", "content": "An analysis of 11 crystal structures of cyclic dipeptides so far reported in the literature is made, with main reference to the internal parameters of these molecules. Preferred conformations of the side chains of cyclic dipeptides with different alpha-amino acid residues have been studied by classical energy calculations. The possible conformations of the DKP ring are also studied. The significance of the non-bonded interaction in deciding the pathway for conformational change has also been investigated. The agreement between theoretical results and experimental observations is quite good, both with respect to the conformation of these molecules as well as the enthalpy difference as estimated from n.m.r. studies between different conformers.", "contents": "Conformational studies on cyclic dipeptides. An analysis of 11 crystal structures of cyclic dipeptides so far reported in the literature is made, with main reference to the internal parameters of these molecules. Preferred conformations of the side chains of cyclic dipeptides with different alpha-amino acid residues have been studied by classical energy calculations. The possible conformations of the DKP ring are also studied. The significance of the non-bonded interaction in deciding the pathway for conformational change has also been investigated. The agreement between theoretical results and experimental observations is quite good, both with respect to the conformation of these molecules as well as the enthalpy difference as estimated from n.m.r. studies between different conformers.", "PMID": 856750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11440", "title": "Controversies and realities of therapy for varicosis.", "content": "Proponents of surgical eradication of varicose veins claim a high cure rate. Proponents of the conservative methods of multiple injections of sclerosing agents claim that this money-saving ambulatory method avoids hospitalization and loss of working time, that the end results are quite satisfactory and that any recurrences can be easily dealt with by reinjections. Both methods are effective. Both have their indications. Many surgeons use sclerotherapy after surgery as complementary therapy. Radical views recommending surgery or injections exclusively are contrary to the principles of good medical care and do injustice to the patient. A simple venographic technic demonstrating the status of the greater saphenous veins is described.", "contents": "Controversies and realities of therapy for varicosis. Proponents of surgical eradication of varicose veins claim a high cure rate. Proponents of the conservative methods of multiple injections of sclerosing agents claim that this money-saving ambulatory method avoids hospitalization and loss of working time, that the end results are quite satisfactory and that any recurrences can be easily dealt with by reinjections. Both methods are effective. Both have their indications. Many surgeons use sclerotherapy after surgery as complementary therapy. Radical views recommending surgery or injections exclusively are contrary to the principles of good medical care and do injustice to the patient. A simple venographic technic demonstrating the status of the greater saphenous veins is described.", "PMID": 856751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11441", "title": "Serum immunoglobulins after surgical operations.", "content": "Serum concentrations of IgG, IgM and IgA were determined before and after surgery in 38 patients Eighteen patients who were anesthetized for less than 2.5 hours showed a slight decrease of serum IgG levels on the first and third postoperative days. The fall in serum levels of IgG on the first and third postoperative days was significant in 20 patients who underwent surgical operations which lasted more than 2.5 hours. Serum IgM increased on the third and seventh postoperative days. Alterations of IgA levels were minimal. The incidence of postoperative surgical infection was much higher in the group of patients which had lengthier operations. Though the number of patients was small for statistical evaluation, a correlation was observed between serum levels of IgG and IgM and the risk of developing surgical infection. Possible mechanisms underlying these changes in serum immunoglobulins are briefly discussed. We suggest that the duration of exposure to an anesthetic agent may be more important than the severity of surgical trauma in causing alterations of serum immunoglobulins.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulins after surgical operations. Serum concentrations of IgG, IgM and IgA were determined before and after surgery in 38 patients Eighteen patients who were anesthetized for less than 2.5 hours showed a slight decrease of serum IgG levels on the first and third postoperative days. The fall in serum levels of IgG on the first and third postoperative days was significant in 20 patients who underwent surgical operations which lasted more than 2.5 hours. Serum IgM increased on the third and seventh postoperative days. Alterations of IgA levels were minimal. The incidence of postoperative surgical infection was much higher in the group of patients which had lengthier operations. Though the number of patients was small for statistical evaluation, a correlation was observed between serum levels of IgG and IgM and the risk of developing surgical infection. Possible mechanisms underlying these changes in serum immunoglobulins are briefly discussed. We suggest that the duration of exposure to an anesthetic agent may be more important than the severity of surgical trauma in causing alterations of serum immunoglobulins.", "PMID": 856752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11442", "title": "Improving diagnostic accuracy: a comparison of interactive and Delphi consultations.", "content": "Consultation among physicians on difficult diagnostic problems is commonly used to improve the accuracy of medical decisions. Such consultation is most often informal and interactive. Nevertheless, behavioral studies suggest that non-interactive techniques may be more effective problem solving methods. Of these the Delphi approach, involving pooling and feedback of anonymously contributed information, has generated particular interest. To assess the relative effectiveness of independent decision making, interactive group consultation, and Delphi techniques in a clinical setting we compared the diagnostic accuracy of 17 radiologists interpreting radiologic examinations in these settings. Interactive consultation improved performance by 69% compared to radiologists interpreting the studies individually. In addition, two Delphi strategies each produced an additional 20% mean improvement in accuracy over interactive consultation. Whereas interactive consultation improved the accuracy of the best individual readers by only 6%, a Delphi model improved their performance by 25%. Thus, Delphi was an effective, easily applied method of clinical consultation whose usefulness in other clinical setting should be evaluated.", "contents": "Improving diagnostic accuracy: a comparison of interactive and Delphi consultations. Consultation among physicians on difficult diagnostic problems is commonly used to improve the accuracy of medical decisions. Such consultation is most often informal and interactive. Nevertheless, behavioral studies suggest that non-interactive techniques may be more effective problem solving methods. Of these the Delphi approach, involving pooling and feedback of anonymously contributed information, has generated particular interest. To assess the relative effectiveness of independent decision making, interactive group consultation, and Delphi techniques in a clinical setting we compared the diagnostic accuracy of 17 radiologists interpreting radiologic examinations in these settings. Interactive consultation improved performance by 69% compared to radiologists interpreting the studies individually. In addition, two Delphi strategies each produced an additional 20% mean improvement in accuracy over interactive consultation. Whereas interactive consultation improved the accuracy of the best individual readers by only 6%, a Delphi model improved their performance by 25%. Thus, Delphi was an effective, easily applied method of clinical consultation whose usefulness in other clinical setting should be evaluated.", "PMID": 856753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11443", "title": "Comparative efficacy of coronary vasodilatory methods.", "content": "The relative efficacy and sequelae of several coronary vasodilator methods were compared in dogs. Maximal coronary vasodilation with least apparent side effect was achieved with infusion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) at the rate of approximately 600 microng/minute (approximately 20 microng/kg/minute). This method increased conductance to 7 to 8 times control levels and may have fully depleted vasodilator reserve. Bolus injections of ATP or papaverine alone increased conductances three to four fold and approximated the effects of 15 seconds of occlusion of the circumflex coronary artery. Duration of effect was variable. Diatrizoate injections were somewhat less effective vasodilators and produced greater electrocardiographic and systemic effects. Bolus injections of mixtures of ATP and papaverine demonstrated additive effects, and increased conductance 5 to 6 times control levels. In further exploring the diagnostic value of vasodilatory redistribution of myocardial blood flow or appearance of collateral circulation as a sign of a hemodynamically significant stenosis, selective intracoronary infusion of ATP is a promising vasodilatory method.", "contents": "Comparative efficacy of coronary vasodilatory methods. The relative efficacy and sequelae of several coronary vasodilator methods were compared in dogs. Maximal coronary vasodilation with least apparent side effect was achieved with infusion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) at the rate of approximately 600 microng/minute (approximately 20 microng/kg/minute). This method increased conductance to 7 to 8 times control levels and may have fully depleted vasodilator reserve. Bolus injections of ATP or papaverine alone increased conductances three to four fold and approximated the effects of 15 seconds of occlusion of the circumflex coronary artery. Duration of effect was variable. Diatrizoate injections were somewhat less effective vasodilators and produced greater electrocardiographic and systemic effects. Bolus injections of mixtures of ATP and papaverine demonstrated additive effects, and increased conductance 5 to 6 times control levels. In further exploring the diagnostic value of vasodilatory redistribution of myocardial blood flow or appearance of collateral circulation as a sign of a hemodynamically significant stenosis, selective intracoronary infusion of ATP is a promising vasodilatory method.", "PMID": 856754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11444", "title": "Transcatheter electrocoagulation: a therapeutic angiographic technique for vessel occlusion.", "content": "Previous work has shown that localized electrocoagulation of blood vessels using direct current applied by catheter placed electrodes is feasible. In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that clot size and thrombosis of vessels are directly related to the product of the amount and duration of the current. Surgically created splenic hemorrhage was well controlled in 9 of 10 animals. The vessels remained permanently occluded after electrocoagulation in 8 of 9 animals. Pathological studies of all the vessels showed intimal damage at the sites of occlusion. These experiments indicate that clot formation may be a product of both intimal damage and platelet attraction to the positive electrode. The technique has advantages over embolization since no foreign material is injected and a localized clot is produced at the tip of the guidewire. There are certain disadvantages and further refinements must be developed to establish transcatheter electrocoagulation as a useful clinical technique for vessel occlusion.", "contents": "Transcatheter electrocoagulation: a therapeutic angiographic technique for vessel occlusion. Previous work has shown that localized electrocoagulation of blood vessels using direct current applied by catheter placed electrodes is feasible. In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that clot size and thrombosis of vessels are directly related to the product of the amount and duration of the current. Surgically created splenic hemorrhage was well controlled in 9 of 10 animals. The vessels remained permanently occluded after electrocoagulation in 8 of 9 animals. Pathological studies of all the vessels showed intimal damage at the sites of occlusion. These experiments indicate that clot formation may be a product of both intimal damage and platelet attraction to the positive electrode. The technique has advantages over embolization since no foreign material is injected and a localized clot is produced at the tip of the guidewire. There are certain disadvantages and further refinements must be developed to establish transcatheter electrocoagulation as a useful clinical technique for vessel occlusion.", "PMID": 856756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11445", "title": "Aerobic work capacity in sedentary men and active athletes in Israel.", "content": "Maximal oxygen uptake (Vo2max) was estimated in 1,200 sedentary men aged 18 to 50 years and in 400 active athletes aged 18 to 30 years participating in 10 different kinds of sport. The Vo2 in the 18- to 30-year-old sedentary group was 34.3 +/- 9.7 (SD) ml - kg-1 - min-1, and in the 31- to 40- and 41- to 50-year age groups a similar value of 28.1 +/- 9.9 ml - kg-1 - min-1 was recorded. The results in the sedentary group were lower than those recorded in active populations in other countries by 20 to 40%, possibly due to lack of physical activity. The mean Vo2max in 400 active athletes was 54.8 +/- 10.0 ml - kg-1 - min-1, which is very similar to Vo2max values recorded in active populations in other countries. The difference between the mean Vo2max of the 18- to 30-year-old sedentary group and that of the active one was found to be signifcant (P less than 0.005). The highest mean Vo2max values among the athletes were recorded in the group of long-distance runners (60.8 ml - kg-1 - min-1) and cyclists (61.9 ml - min-1), while unexpectedly low mean Vo2max values were recorded in the group of swimmers (50.1 +/- 8.1 ml - kg-1 - min-1) and football players (51.7 +/- 9.1 ml - kg-1 - min-1).", "contents": "Aerobic work capacity in sedentary men and active athletes in Israel. Maximal oxygen uptake (Vo2max) was estimated in 1,200 sedentary men aged 18 to 50 years and in 400 active athletes aged 18 to 30 years participating in 10 different kinds of sport. The Vo2 in the 18- to 30-year-old sedentary group was 34.3 +/- 9.7 (SD) ml - kg-1 - min-1, and in the 31- to 40- and 41- to 50-year age groups a similar value of 28.1 +/- 9.9 ml - kg-1 - min-1 was recorded. The results in the sedentary group were lower than those recorded in active populations in other countries by 20 to 40%, possibly due to lack of physical activity. The mean Vo2max in 400 active athletes was 54.8 +/- 10.0 ml - kg-1 - min-1, which is very similar to Vo2max values recorded in active populations in other countries. The difference between the mean Vo2max of the 18- to 30-year-old sedentary group and that of the active one was found to be signifcant (P less than 0.005). The highest mean Vo2max values among the athletes were recorded in the group of long-distance runners (60.8 ml - kg-1 - min-1) and cyclists (61.9 ml - min-1), while unexpectedly low mean Vo2max values were recorded in the group of swimmers (50.1 +/- 8.1 ml - kg-1 - min-1) and football players (51.7 +/- 9.1 ml - kg-1 - min-1).", "PMID": 856762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11446", "title": "Aerobic work capacity in high school students in Israel.", "content": "Maximal oxygen uptake (Vo2max) was predicted in 1,951 high school students aged 14 to 19 years--1,061 girls and 890 boys--from five different types of high school. The schools represented most of the ethnic groups. The mean Vo2max in the boys was 41.3 +/- 9.4 (SD), and in the girls, 34.7 +/- 10.1 ml - kg-1 - min-1; it was highest at the age of 16 in the boys, and at ages 14 and 15 in the girls. Significant ethnic differences in Vo2max were recorded; Vo2max was highest in students of Middle Eastern and North African origin [boys 42.7 +/- 9.3 (SD), girls 35.9 +/- 14.5], and lowest in the subjects of European and North American origin (boys 39.8 +/- 9.2, girls 33.2 +/- 9.3). Israel-born students showed average values (boys 40.7 +/- 9.6, girls 35.2 +/- 10.9). Significant differences in mean Vo2max values were observed in the general and agricultural high schools, and the lowest values in boys were oberved in the heshiva (parochial) high school, and in girls in the state religous high school. The differences in Vo2max in the various subpopulations in Israel can be attributed mainly to different patterns of physical activity and in part to ethnic origin.", "contents": "Aerobic work capacity in high school students in Israel. Maximal oxygen uptake (Vo2max) was predicted in 1,951 high school students aged 14 to 19 years--1,061 girls and 890 boys--from five different types of high school. The schools represented most of the ethnic groups. The mean Vo2max in the boys was 41.3 +/- 9.4 (SD), and in the girls, 34.7 +/- 10.1 ml - kg-1 - min-1; it was highest at the age of 16 in the boys, and at ages 14 and 15 in the girls. Significant ethnic differences in Vo2max were recorded; Vo2max was highest in students of Middle Eastern and North African origin [boys 42.7 +/- 9.3 (SD), girls 35.9 +/- 14.5], and lowest in the subjects of European and North American origin (boys 39.8 +/- 9.2, girls 33.2 +/- 9.3). Israel-born students showed average values (boys 40.7 +/- 9.6, girls 35.2 +/- 10.9). Significant differences in mean Vo2max values were observed in the general and agricultural high schools, and the lowest values in boys were oberved in the heshiva (parochial) high school, and in girls in the state religous high school. The differences in Vo2max in the various subpopulations in Israel can be attributed mainly to different patterns of physical activity and in part to ethnic origin.", "PMID": 856763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11447", "title": "Urographic excretion studies with metrizamide and \"Dimer\": a high dose comparison in dogs.", "content": "Metrizamide, a new non-ionic, triodinated contrast agent has been considerable for intravenous urography. Theory predicts that lower osmotic diuresis with this agent should lead to higher urinary iodine concentrations than with ionic agents, at equivalent iodine doses. However, a distinct advantage with metrizamide has not been observed with doses of 175 mgI/kg or less. In this study metrizamide and sodium locarmate were given intravenously to dehydrated dogs at a dose level of 600 mgI/kg. During the studies the concentrations and outputs of major urinary solutes were compared. Comparisons of urinary iodine concentrations and outputs showed that at this dose the predicted advantage with metrizamide can be observed.", "contents": "Urographic excretion studies with metrizamide and \"Dimer\": a high dose comparison in dogs. Metrizamide, a new non-ionic, triodinated contrast agent has been considerable for intravenous urography. Theory predicts that lower osmotic diuresis with this agent should lead to higher urinary iodine concentrations than with ionic agents, at equivalent iodine doses. However, a distinct advantage with metrizamide has not been observed with doses of 175 mgI/kg or less. In this study metrizamide and sodium locarmate were given intravenously to dehydrated dogs at a dose level of 600 mgI/kg. During the studies the concentrations and outputs of major urinary solutes were compared. Comparisons of urinary iodine concentrations and outputs showed that at this dose the predicted advantage with metrizamide can be observed.", "PMID": 856757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11448", "title": "Saturation kinetics of iodipamide.", "content": "To characterize the saturation kinetics of iodipamide, timed samples of blood, urine, and bile were taken from two unanesthetized dogs infused with iodipamide at increasing rates to achieve various steady state blood concentrations. Biliary excretion rate of iodipamide reached an asymptote with increasing blood concentration, indicating a biliary transport maximum (Tm) of 15.2 to 16.2 mgI/min. Urinary excretion was not a pure, first order process and urinary excretion rate was higher than the glomerular filtration rate corrected for plasma protein binding, suggesting that active tubular secretion may play a part. Extrarenal elimination followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Estimates of maximum rate (Vm) and Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) were obtained graphically. The estimated values of Vm were 4 to 6 times that of biliary Tm. In acute infusion experiments the iodipamide excreted in the bile and urine and that remaining in the organs analyzed accounted for only a fraction of the dose administered; no significant accumulation of iodipamide was found in the liver.", "contents": "Saturation kinetics of iodipamide. To characterize the saturation kinetics of iodipamide, timed samples of blood, urine, and bile were taken from two unanesthetized dogs infused with iodipamide at increasing rates to achieve various steady state blood concentrations. Biliary excretion rate of iodipamide reached an asymptote with increasing blood concentration, indicating a biliary transport maximum (Tm) of 15.2 to 16.2 mgI/min. Urinary excretion was not a pure, first order process and urinary excretion rate was higher than the glomerular filtration rate corrected for plasma protein binding, suggesting that active tubular secretion may play a part. Extrarenal elimination followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Estimates of maximum rate (Vm) and Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) were obtained graphically. The estimated values of Vm were 4 to 6 times that of biliary Tm. In acute infusion experiments the iodipamide excreted in the bile and urine and that remaining in the organs analyzed accounted for only a fraction of the dose administered; no significant accumulation of iodipamide was found in the liver.", "PMID": 856758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11449", "title": "Expimental segmental replacement of esophagus by biological tissues.", "content": "A method is described for segmental esophageal replacement in dogs, with one of three types of tissue substitute: pericardium, fascia lata and aortic homograft. The experiments involving the thoracic esophagus failed owing to the development of acute mediastinitis and sepsis. The most promising results were obtained in animals in which an aortic homograft was used to replace the cervical sigment of the esophagus. Eight of the 12 animals with aortic homograft survived and gained weight until killed one to six months after operation. The overall results suggest that aortic homograft may have a potential clinical application in cases in which esophageal replacement is necessary.", "contents": "Expimental segmental replacement of esophagus by biological tissues. A method is described for segmental esophageal replacement in dogs, with one of three types of tissue substitute: pericardium, fascia lata and aortic homograft. The experiments involving the thoracic esophagus failed owing to the development of acute mediastinitis and sepsis. The most promising results were obtained in animals in which an aortic homograft was used to replace the cervical sigment of the esophagus. Eight of the 12 animals with aortic homograft survived and gained weight until killed one to six months after operation. The overall results suggest that aortic homograft may have a potential clinical application in cases in which esophageal replacement is necessary.", "PMID": 856764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11450", "title": "Dichromatic absorptiometry of vertebral bone mineral content.", "content": "A dichromatic photon absorptiometric technique for the in vivo measurement of the bone mineral of the spine is discussed. A high purity, high activity 153Gd source which has photons of predominantly 44 and 100 keV was used as the transmission source. The transmission scans were performed on a modified Ohio Nuclear whole body rectillinear scanner. The precision of four measurements on three individuals and three measurements on one individual over a one month period was 2.3% (coefficient of variation). The accuracy determined by measurements of phantoms with known concentrations of dipotassium hydrogen phosphate solutions was 1.2% (standard error of estimate). This technique can be applied in most well equipped nuclear medicine departments.", "contents": "Dichromatic absorptiometry of vertebral bone mineral content. A dichromatic photon absorptiometric technique for the in vivo measurement of the bone mineral of the spine is discussed. A high purity, high activity 153Gd source which has photons of predominantly 44 and 100 keV was used as the transmission source. The transmission scans were performed on a modified Ohio Nuclear whole body rectillinear scanner. The precision of four measurements on three individuals and three measurements on one individual over a one month period was 2.3% (coefficient of variation). The accuracy determined by measurements of phantoms with known concentrations of dipotassium hydrogen phosphate solutions was 1.2% (standard error of estimate). This technique can be applied in most well equipped nuclear medicine departments.", "PMID": 856759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11451", "title": "Localization of the conduction delay occurring during coronary arteriography.", "content": "The effect of coronary arteriography on intraventricular conduction was studied in 12 atropinized, open-chest dogs. Left bundle-branch (LB) and cavitary (V) potentials were recorded from a bipolar electrode catheter positioned against the septum below the aortic valve. Subendocardial (SEE) and subepicardial (IME) bipolar potentials were obtained from distal and proximal poles of multipolar electrode needles. Conduction times from LB to V, LB or V to SEE and SEE to IME were obtained during control and during Renografin 76 (REN) and normal saline injections into the left and right coronary arteries. Significant QRS axis changes and increased QRS duration occurred in 6 of 12 dogs simultaneously with LB-SEE and V-SEE delay. In 6 without axis changes, REN produced significant delay and increased QRS duration. Only REN to LCA produced significant changes. Coronary arteriography alters conduction through the distal left ventricular Purkinje system without affecting transmural conduction.", "contents": "Localization of the conduction delay occurring during coronary arteriography. The effect of coronary arteriography on intraventricular conduction was studied in 12 atropinized, open-chest dogs. Left bundle-branch (LB) and cavitary (V) potentials were recorded from a bipolar electrode catheter positioned against the septum below the aortic valve. Subendocardial (SEE) and subepicardial (IME) bipolar potentials were obtained from distal and proximal poles of multipolar electrode needles. Conduction times from LB to V, LB or V to SEE and SEE to IME were obtained during control and during Renografin 76 (REN) and normal saline injections into the left and right coronary arteries. Significant QRS axis changes and increased QRS duration occurred in 6 of 12 dogs simultaneously with LB-SEE and V-SEE delay. In 6 without axis changes, REN produced significant delay and increased QRS duration. Only REN to LCA produced significant changes. Coronary arteriography alters conduction through the distal left ventricular Purkinje system without affecting transmural conduction.", "PMID": 856755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11452", "title": "Salt conservation in familial dysautonomia (Riley-Day syndrome).", "content": "In some patients with familial dysautonimia, plasma renin activity shows a paradoxical response to postural stimuli, i.e., levels of plasma renin activity are high when the patient is in the supine position and fall significantly during subsequent ambulation. Furthermore, there is no coordinated release of plasma renin activity and aldosterone. The aim of the present study was to determine whether these findings are accompanied by a disturbance of salt conservation. Six patients were studied in a summer camp while on normal and low-salt diets. Plasma and urinary aldosterone levels rose sharply and appropriately when four of the patients were placed on a low-sodium diet. In these subjects, urinary sodium output fell sharply although three of them failed to attain sodium equilibrium by the third day of the low-sodium regimen. Elevation of early morning plasma renin activity appeared to correlate with an inversion in the normal day-night rhythm in urinary volume.", "contents": "Salt conservation in familial dysautonomia (Riley-Day syndrome). In some patients with familial dysautonimia, plasma renin activity shows a paradoxical response to postural stimuli, i.e., levels of plasma renin activity are high when the patient is in the supine position and fall significantly during subsequent ambulation. Furthermore, there is no coordinated release of plasma renin activity and aldosterone. The aim of the present study was to determine whether these findings are accompanied by a disturbance of salt conservation. Six patients were studied in a summer camp while on normal and low-salt diets. Plasma and urinary aldosterone levels rose sharply and appropriately when four of the patients were placed on a low-sodium diet. In these subjects, urinary sodium output fell sharply although three of them failed to attain sodium equilibrium by the third day of the low-sodium regimen. Elevation of early morning plasma renin activity appeared to correlate with an inversion in the normal day-night rhythm in urinary volume.", "PMID": 856765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11453", "title": "Estimation of chemical composition and density from computed tomography carried out at a number of energies.", "content": "A method is presented by whichcomputed tomography scans carried out at a number of energies may be utilized to obtain cross-sectional images of density and atomic number in addition to the conventional array of linear attenuation coefficients. This type of analysis has been carried out for various substances of biological relevance. Computer simulated reconstructions of clinical situations suggest that the method shows promise for providing additional diagnostic information and might dispense to some extent with the necessity of injecting contrast agents into the patient.", "contents": "Estimation of chemical composition and density from computed tomography carried out at a number of energies. A method is presented by whichcomputed tomography scans carried out at a number of energies may be utilized to obtain cross-sectional images of density and atomic number in addition to the conventional array of linear attenuation coefficients. This type of analysis has been carried out for various substances of biological relevance. Computer simulated reconstructions of clinical situations suggest that the method shows promise for providing additional diagnostic information and might dispense to some extent with the necessity of injecting contrast agents into the patient.", "PMID": 856760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11454", "title": "The influence of film density on the radiologic detection of lung lesions.", "content": "Experiments were conducted on a series of chest radiographs to evaluate the effects of mean film density on reader performance. It was found that the false negative is not measurably affected, in agreement with earlier published data. It was also found, however, that the false positive rate increases with increasing film density. The causes and implications of these results are discussed.", "contents": "The influence of film density on the radiologic detection of lung lesions. Experiments were conducted on a series of chest radiographs to evaluate the effects of mean film density on reader performance. It was found that the false negative is not measurably affected, in agreement with earlier published data. It was also found, however, that the false positive rate increases with increasing film density. The causes and implications of these results are discussed.", "PMID": 856761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11455", "title": "Near drowning in the Dead Sea.", "content": "Seven cases of submersion in the Dead Sea are described. The clinical picture varied in severity and consisted of signs of pulmonary edema, chemical bronchitis, hypermagnesemia and hemoconcentration. Two of the patients died of hypotension and cardiac arrhythmia. The clinical findings were similar to those found in cases of drowning in seawather, but the presence of hypermangesemia is unique to this entity. The amount of aspirated water causing severe clinical signs seemed to be much smaller than is seen with ordinary seawater. Therapeutic guidelines, including assisted respiration, infusion of hypotonic solutions and corticosteroid therapy, are suggested.", "contents": "Near drowning in the Dead Sea. Seven cases of submersion in the Dead Sea are described. The clinical picture varied in severity and consisted of signs of pulmonary edema, chemical bronchitis, hypermagnesemia and hemoconcentration. Two of the patients died of hypotension and cardiac arrhythmia. The clinical findings were similar to those found in cases of drowning in seawather, but the presence of hypermangesemia is unique to this entity. The amount of aspirated water causing severe clinical signs seemed to be much smaller than is seen with ordinary seawater. Therapeutic guidelines, including assisted respiration, infusion of hypotonic solutions and corticosteroid therapy, are suggested.", "PMID": 856766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11456", "title": "Incidence of malignancy in Jewish women with postmenopausal bleeding.", "content": "Postmenopausal bleeding is associated with a relatively high incidence of malignancy. The lowest incidence reported in the literature was observed among Jewish women in Jerusalem, more than 21 years ago (1). A similar survey of Jewish women admitted to our Department for postmenopausal bleeding during 1962-74 is presented. Fifty-five of 397 cases (13.8%) of postmenopausal bleeding were due to malignancy. There were 34 women with endometrial carcinoma, 11 with cervical carcinoma, five with ovarian carcinoma, four with uterine sarcoma and one with vaginal sarcoma. In 86% of cases, benign pathological states were found, 42.8% being associated with atrophic endometrium. An active endometrium was found in 56 patients (14%), and in two of them the endometrium was secretory. Estrogen therapy was not an important causative factor in these cases. The low incidence of malignancy seems to be due to the fact that cervical carcinoma is less common among Jewish women. Nevertheless, 20% of the malignant tumors in this series were invasive epidermoid carcinomas of the cervix. The need for a cytologic screening program in this country must therefore be reevaluated.", "contents": "Incidence of malignancy in Jewish women with postmenopausal bleeding. Postmenopausal bleeding is associated with a relatively high incidence of malignancy. The lowest incidence reported in the literature was observed among Jewish women in Jerusalem, more than 21 years ago (1). A similar survey of Jewish women admitted to our Department for postmenopausal bleeding during 1962-74 is presented. Fifty-five of 397 cases (13.8%) of postmenopausal bleeding were due to malignancy. There were 34 women with endometrial carcinoma, 11 with cervical carcinoma, five with ovarian carcinoma, four with uterine sarcoma and one with vaginal sarcoma. In 86% of cases, benign pathological states were found, 42.8% being associated with atrophic endometrium. An active endometrium was found in 56 patients (14%), and in two of them the endometrium was secretory. Estrogen therapy was not an important causative factor in these cases. The low incidence of malignancy seems to be due to the fact that cervical carcinoma is less common among Jewish women. Nevertheless, 20% of the malignant tumors in this series were invasive epidermoid carcinomas of the cervix. The need for a cytologic screening program in this country must therefore be reevaluated.", "PMID": 856767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11457", "title": "Retroperitoneal dissection of a pancreatic pseudocyst to the left inguinal region.", "content": "We describe a patient in whom retroperitoneal dissection of an infected pseudocyst of the pancreas into the left inguinal region imitated an incarcerated hernia. The high level of diastase (32,000 units/ml) in the fluid from the inguinal region and the roentgenologically demonstrated communication between the pancreas and the left inguinal region proved that the source of the fluid was the pancreas. The appearance of a mass in the inguinal region in an alcoholic patient who has recently had pancreatitis should arouse suspicion of an origin in a dissecting pseudocyst of the pancreas.", "contents": "Retroperitoneal dissection of a pancreatic pseudocyst to the left inguinal region. We describe a patient in whom retroperitoneal dissection of an infected pseudocyst of the pancreas into the left inguinal region imitated an incarcerated hernia. The high level of diastase (32,000 units/ml) in the fluid from the inguinal region and the roentgenologically demonstrated communication between the pancreas and the left inguinal region proved that the source of the fluid was the pancreas. The appearance of a mass in the inguinal region in an alcoholic patient who has recently had pancreatitis should arouse suspicion of an origin in a dissecting pseudocyst of the pancreas.", "PMID": 856768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11458", "title": "[Significance of hair root status method].", "content": "The significance of proposition of the hair root status method is reported. The percentage composition of the hair root patterns of neighboring areas of the capillitium and the behavior of the percentage of the individual hair root shapes were examined at time zero and four weeks later. These examinations were carried out in the frontal, parietal and occipital regions of each of 10 male test persons with clinically normal hair growth and statistically evaluated by means of the multi-variate Hotelling T2 test [8]. The hair root pattern of neighboring areas is the same within the different regions of the capillitium (p less than 0.05). Thus the hair root patterns investigated in the different regions of the capillitium are representative of this respective region. The hair root patterns of males with clinically normal hair growth (for the frontal, parietal and occipital region) does not differ with time (p less than 0.05). Therefore, examination of the hair root pattern at four week intervals can be used for controlling the hair growth capacity and therapeutic effects. The significance of the hair root status method for controlling therapeutic effects may be relative small in the individual case in a person with normal hair growth, but useful when evaluated in a collective of subjects.", "contents": "[Significance of hair root status method]. The significance of proposition of the hair root status method is reported. The percentage composition of the hair root patterns of neighboring areas of the capillitium and the behavior of the percentage of the individual hair root shapes were examined at time zero and four weeks later. These examinations were carried out in the frontal, parietal and occipital regions of each of 10 male test persons with clinically normal hair growth and statistically evaluated by means of the multi-variate Hotelling T2 test [8]. The hair root pattern of neighboring areas is the same within the different regions of the capillitium (p less than 0.05). Thus the hair root patterns investigated in the different regions of the capillitium are representative of this respective region. The hair root patterns of males with clinically normal hair growth (for the frontal, parietal and occipital region) does not differ with time (p less than 0.05). Therefore, examination of the hair root pattern at four week intervals can be used for controlling the hair growth capacity and therapeutic effects. The significance of the hair root status method for controlling therapeutic effects may be relative small in the individual case in a person with normal hair growth, but useful when evaluated in a collective of subjects.", "PMID": 856769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11459", "title": "[Syphilis therapy--results of an inquiry].", "content": "In order to get some more information about the kind of treatment of syphilis in the F.R.G. a study among the 1578 practising dermatologists (without members of hospital staff) by means of questionaires was made. 1164 (79%) answered the inquiry. The study shows that nearly 50% of the answering dermatologists treat syphilis by several series of penicillin applications. On the other side, only one third of the respective dermatologists performs treatment by one series, giving penicillin from 15 to 21 Mega units. The study shows that the kind of therapy is rather age-dependend insofar as the older dermatologists prefer the multiple therapy series scheme, whereas the younger dermatologists are inclined to use the single series scheme. Furthermore geographical differences could be shown, e.g. most of the Bavarian dermatologists use the single series scheme. The kind of penicillin, way of application and the time intervals were rather uniform related to regions and schemes of therapy. Tetracycline and Erythromycin are used in case of penicillin allergy. In the opinion of less than 50% of dermatologists additional redications are necessary, whereby the younger ones prefere corticosteroides, the older ones potassium iodide. The benefits of uniformly performed therapy of syphilis by the single series scheme are discussed.", "contents": "[Syphilis therapy--results of an inquiry]. In order to get some more information about the kind of treatment of syphilis in the F.R.G. a study among the 1578 practising dermatologists (without members of hospital staff) by means of questionaires was made. 1164 (79%) answered the inquiry. The study shows that nearly 50% of the answering dermatologists treat syphilis by several series of penicillin applications. On the other side, only one third of the respective dermatologists performs treatment by one series, giving penicillin from 15 to 21 Mega units. The study shows that the kind of therapy is rather age-dependend insofar as the older dermatologists prefer the multiple therapy series scheme, whereas the younger dermatologists are inclined to use the single series scheme. Furthermore geographical differences could be shown, e.g. most of the Bavarian dermatologists use the single series scheme. The kind of penicillin, way of application and the time intervals were rather uniform related to regions and schemes of therapy. Tetracycline and Erythromycin are used in case of penicillin allergy. In the opinion of less than 50% of dermatologists additional redications are necessary, whereby the younger ones prefere corticosteroides, the older ones potassium iodide. The benefits of uniformly performed therapy of syphilis by the single series scheme are discussed.", "PMID": 856770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11460", "title": "Congenital hypopituitarism associated with neonatal hypoglycemia and microphallus: effect of GH therapy.", "content": "A case of congenital hypopituitarism with microphallus and severe neonatal hypoglycemia is described. The results of the clinical examination and of the tests of hypothalamo-pituitary function are discussed. It is reported that with GH replacement therapy a considerable growth of the penile size was obtained. The importance of evaluating the pituitary function in patients with micropenis and neonatal hypoglycemia is emphasized.", "contents": "Congenital hypopituitarism associated with neonatal hypoglycemia and microphallus: effect of GH therapy. A case of congenital hypopituitarism with microphallus and severe neonatal hypoglycemia is described. The results of the clinical examination and of the tests of hypothalamo-pituitary function are discussed. It is reported that with GH replacement therapy a considerable growth of the penile size was obtained. The importance of evaluating the pituitary function in patients with micropenis and neonatal hypoglycemia is emphasized.", "PMID": 856771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11461", "title": "[Hemihypertrophy, nevus sebaceous, multiple bone cysts and cerebroretinal angiomatosis: a complex phakomatosis].", "content": "Report on a girl, who died at the age of 6 1/2 years having exhibited different dysplasias which are characteristic features of several phakomatoses: congenital cutaneous pigmentations, fibrolipoma of the scalp, hypertrophy of the right leg, multiple cysts of the long bones (fibrous dysplasia), and an aneurysma racemosum of the retina and mid-brain (syndrome of Bonnet-Blanc-Dechaume).", "contents": "[Hemihypertrophy, nevus sebaceous, multiple bone cysts and cerebroretinal angiomatosis: a complex phakomatosis]. Report on a girl, who died at the age of 6 1/2 years having exhibited different dysplasias which are characteristic features of several phakomatoses: congenital cutaneous pigmentations, fibrolipoma of the scalp, hypertrophy of the right leg, multiple cysts of the long bones (fibrous dysplasia), and an aneurysma racemosum of the retina and mid-brain (syndrome of Bonnet-Blanc-Dechaume).", "PMID": 856772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11462", "title": "Haematological studies in a case of oculocerebrorenal syndrome.", "content": "A four-year-old boy affected by oculocerebrorenal syndrome had moderate anaemia. The haematological study indicated hyperhaemolysis probably due to an extra-erythrocytic factor. It is suggested that this factor might be related to the metabolic disturbance of the disease, particularly the hyperchloraemic acidosis.", "contents": "Haematological studies in a case of oculocerebrorenal syndrome. A four-year-old boy affected by oculocerebrorenal syndrome had moderate anaemia. The haematological study indicated hyperhaemolysis probably due to an extra-erythrocytic factor. It is suggested that this factor might be related to the metabolic disturbance of the disease, particularly the hyperchloraemic acidosis.", "PMID": 856773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11463", "title": "[Observations on the accent-method of Smith in the management of speech and voice disturbances. Part I (author's transl)].", "content": "One of the best known methods in northern Europe for the treatment of voice disorders is the \"accent-method\", which was devised by Svend Smith in Denmark. The method is based on the use of the stressed (\"accentuated\") syllable as a therapeutic tool to develop pronunciation and a natural attractive voice. Present theories of the physics and the physiology of voice function form the basis for the method, in addition to concepts from modern psychology and pedagogics. By using the technique, it is possible to develop a therapeutic field between patient and therapist within which voice and speech behavior can be treated as a whole. The method is described in detail in the present paper. In a forthcoming paper, the method will be discussed from the viewpoints of the physics and physiology of phonation as well as from pedagogical and psychological aspects,", "contents": "[Observations on the accent-method of Smith in the management of speech and voice disturbances. Part I (author's transl)]. One of the best known methods in northern Europe for the treatment of voice disorders is the \"accent-method\", which was devised by Svend Smith in Denmark. The method is based on the use of the stressed (\"accentuated\") syllable as a therapeutic tool to develop pronunciation and a natural attractive voice. Present theories of the physics and the physiology of voice function form the basis for the method, in addition to concepts from modern psychology and pedagogics. By using the technique, it is possible to develop a therapeutic field between patient and therapist within which voice and speech behavior can be treated as a whole. The method is described in detail in the present paper. In a forthcoming paper, the method will be discussed from the viewpoints of the physics and physiology of phonation as well as from pedagogical and psychological aspects,", "PMID": 856774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11464", "title": "[A comparison of the results of incus interposition in the Wullstein type III and type IV tympanoplasty (author's transl)].", "content": "Incus interposition for reconstruction of the sound conduction mechanism in a deep tympanic cavity can be effectively utilized in both Wullstein Type III and IV tympanoplasties. In the Type III tympanoplasty, in which the incus is interposed between malleus or tympanic membrane and stapes, the average post-operative air-bone gap approximates 16 db, while incus placement on the stapes footplate results in an air-bone gap of 23.5 db. There is no difference in change of bone conduction when all operative mehtods are compared. Improved results in reconstruction of the second conduction mechanism are best obtained by conserving or reconstructing the tympanic membrane and posterior bony external canal wall through improved audio-physiologic dynamics.", "contents": "[A comparison of the results of incus interposition in the Wullstein type III and type IV tympanoplasty (author's transl)]. Incus interposition for reconstruction of the sound conduction mechanism in a deep tympanic cavity can be effectively utilized in both Wullstein Type III and IV tympanoplasties. In the Type III tympanoplasty, in which the incus is interposed between malleus or tympanic membrane and stapes, the average post-operative air-bone gap approximates 16 db, while incus placement on the stapes footplate results in an air-bone gap of 23.5 db. There is no difference in change of bone conduction when all operative mehtods are compared. Improved results in reconstruction of the second conduction mechanism are best obtained by conserving or reconstructing the tympanic membrane and posterior bony external canal wall through improved audio-physiologic dynamics.", "PMID": 856775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11465", "title": "[On the pathogenesis of the K\u00fcttner tumor of the submandibular gland -- Analysis of 349 cases with chronic sialadenitis of the submandibular (author's transl)].", "content": "In view of the etiology and pathogenesis of the so-called K\u00fctter tumor (chronic sialadenitis of the submandibular gland) gland resections of 349 patients (salivary gland register at the Institute of Pathology, University of Hamburg; period 165--1974) were analyzed pathohistologically. In 143 cases (41%) a sialolithiasis of the submandibular gland occurred simultaneously. Regarding the degree of the inflammation 4 stages were distinguished (stage 1 = focal sialadenitis; stage 2= diffuse lymphocytic sialadenitis with salivary gland fibrosis; stage 3 = chronic sclerosing sialadenitis with salivary gland sclerosis; stage 4= chronic progressive sialadenitis with salivary gland cirrhosis). Twenty-five per cent of the cases were classified in stage 1, 19% in stage 2, 38% in stage 3, and 18% in stage 4. A predominance of the male sex (70%) was observed especially in stage 4. The initial stage is characterized by a periductally lymphocytic infiltration, ectasias of the ducts, and alteration of the secret in the duct lumens (spheroliths, microliths). In stages 2--3 an increase of the inflammatory infiltration with lymph follicles, considerable alterations of the ducts (metaplasias, dysplasias, regenerates of the ducts), and a parenchymal reduction were found. This process is combined with an increase of the interstitial connective tissue and a cicatrication of the salivary gland parenchyma. In the final stage, 4, a cirrhotic gland transformation with progressive loss of the parenchyma and considerable duct destruction appeared. From the pathogenetic course of the inflammation and the comparison with other forms of sialadenitis, the conclusion is drawn that two etiologic factors are important in the K\u00fcttner tumor: an initial disturbance of secretion with an obstructive electrolyte sialadenitis and an immune reaction of the salivary duct system with the final phase of an obstructive, progressive immunosialadenitis.", "contents": "[On the pathogenesis of the K\u00fcttner tumor of the submandibular gland -- Analysis of 349 cases with chronic sialadenitis of the submandibular (author's transl)]. In view of the etiology and pathogenesis of the so-called K\u00fctter tumor (chronic sialadenitis of the submandibular gland) gland resections of 349 patients (salivary gland register at the Institute of Pathology, University of Hamburg; period 165--1974) were analyzed pathohistologically. In 143 cases (41%) a sialolithiasis of the submandibular gland occurred simultaneously. Regarding the degree of the inflammation 4 stages were distinguished (stage 1 = focal sialadenitis; stage 2= diffuse lymphocytic sialadenitis with salivary gland fibrosis; stage 3 = chronic sclerosing sialadenitis with salivary gland sclerosis; stage 4= chronic progressive sialadenitis with salivary gland cirrhosis). Twenty-five per cent of the cases were classified in stage 1, 19% in stage 2, 38% in stage 3, and 18% in stage 4. A predominance of the male sex (70%) was observed especially in stage 4. The initial stage is characterized by a periductally lymphocytic infiltration, ectasias of the ducts, and alteration of the secret in the duct lumens (spheroliths, microliths). In stages 2--3 an increase of the inflammatory infiltration with lymph follicles, considerable alterations of the ducts (metaplasias, dysplasias, regenerates of the ducts), and a parenchymal reduction were found. This process is combined with an increase of the interstitial connective tissue and a cicatrication of the salivary gland parenchyma. In the final stage, 4, a cirrhotic gland transformation with progressive loss of the parenchyma and considerable duct destruction appeared. From the pathogenetic course of the inflammation and the comparison with other forms of sialadenitis, the conclusion is drawn that two etiologic factors are important in the K\u00fcttner tumor: an initial disturbance of secretion with an obstructive electrolyte sialadenitis and an immune reaction of the salivary duct system with the final phase of an obstructive, progressive immunosialadenitis.", "PMID": 856776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11466", "title": "A sodium sulfite-precipitation tests for assessment of colostral immunoglobulin transfer to calves.", "content": "A sodium sulfite-precipitation test utilizing 3 concentrations of sodium sulfite to evaluate the immune status of neonatal calves allowed scoring of serum immunoglobulin concentrations as less than 5 mg/ml, 5 to 15 mg/ml, and greater than 15 mg/ml. Of the 54 estimations for serums that contained greater than 5 mg/ml, 96% were correct; of the 30 estimations for serums that had between 5 and 15 mg/ml, 90% were correct; and of the 42 estimations for for serums with greater than 15 mg/ml, 93% were correct. It was concluded that this test can be used under field conditions to evaluate the immune status of neonatal calves.", "contents": "A sodium sulfite-precipitation tests for assessment of colostral immunoglobulin transfer to calves. A sodium sulfite-precipitation test utilizing 3 concentrations of sodium sulfite to evaluate the immune status of neonatal calves allowed scoring of serum immunoglobulin concentrations as less than 5 mg/ml, 5 to 15 mg/ml, and greater than 15 mg/ml. Of the 54 estimations for serums that contained greater than 5 mg/ml, 96% were correct; of the 30 estimations for serums that had between 5 and 15 mg/ml, 90% were correct; and of the 42 estimations for for serums with greater than 15 mg/ml, 93% were correct. It was concluded that this test can be used under field conditions to evaluate the immune status of neonatal calves.", "PMID": 856781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11467", "title": "Relation between formant frequencies and optimal octaves in vowel perception.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between the traditional concept of formant frequencies and the controversial concept of optimal octaves in the perception of the vowels/i, a, u/. The vowels (produced by a male speaker of General American English) were filtered through eight bandwidths (80-160, 160-315, 315-630, 630-1,250, 1,250-2,500, 2,500-5,000, 5,000-10,000, and 10,000-20,000 Hz) and presented to two groups of subjects. One group performed similarity ratings on pairs of filtered and nonfiltered stimuli; the other identified the individual filtered and nonfiltered vowels. The optimal bandwidths derived from the data of the two groups were compared to the formant frequencies of our speaker, to those reported in the literature, and to the optimal octaves published earlier by other authors. The results showed that there were specific bandwidths which allowed for correct perception and identification of each vowel, and that these bandwidths were compatible with both the optimal octaves and the formant frequencies reported in the literature for each vowel.", "contents": "Relation between formant frequencies and optimal octaves in vowel perception. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between the traditional concept of formant frequencies and the controversial concept of optimal octaves in the perception of the vowels/i, a, u/. The vowels (produced by a male speaker of General American English) were filtered through eight bandwidths (80-160, 160-315, 315-630, 630-1,250, 1,250-2,500, 2,500-5,000, 5,000-10,000, and 10,000-20,000 Hz) and presented to two groups of subjects. One group performed similarity ratings on pairs of filtered and nonfiltered stimuli; the other identified the individual filtered and nonfiltered vowels. The optimal bandwidths derived from the data of the two groups were compared to the formant frequencies of our speaker, to those reported in the literature, and to the optimal octaves published earlier by other authors. The results showed that there were specific bandwidths which allowed for correct perception and identification of each vowel, and that these bandwidths were compatible with both the optimal octaves and the formant frequencies reported in the literature for each vowel.", "PMID": 856777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11468", "title": "Echocardiography in the horse.", "content": "Echocardiograms were obtained from 25 standing, clinically normal horses, using an ultrasonic recording device. The echobeam penetrated the right thoracic wall in the area of the 4th to 5th intercostal space, with a frequency of 2.5 mHz. Measurements of left ventricular wall thickness generated a mean value of 3.2 +/- 0.18 (SEM)cm, whereas the left ventricular chamber diameter in diastole was 9.3 +/- 0.30 cm and in systole was 5.7 +/- 0.23 cm. The aortic root dimensions had a mean of 7.7 cm, with a SEM of 0.16. Mitral valve closing slope (E-F) was calculated to be 17.7 +/- 0.87 mm/second, and percentage of delta D, a correlate of ejection fraction, was 38.6 +/- 1.6%.", "contents": "Echocardiography in the horse. Echocardiograms were obtained from 25 standing, clinically normal horses, using an ultrasonic recording device. The echobeam penetrated the right thoracic wall in the area of the 4th to 5th intercostal space, with a frequency of 2.5 mHz. Measurements of left ventricular wall thickness generated a mean value of 3.2 +/- 0.18 (SEM)cm, whereas the left ventricular chamber diameter in diastole was 9.3 +/- 0.30 cm and in systole was 5.7 +/- 0.23 cm. The aortic root dimensions had a mean of 7.7 cm, with a SEM of 0.16. Mitral valve closing slope (E-F) was calculated to be 17.7 +/- 0.87 mm/second, and percentage of delta D, a correlate of ejection fraction, was 38.6 +/- 1.6%.", "PMID": 856782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11469", "title": "Identification of vowels with equated intensity. A preliminary study.", "content": "The ability of listeners to identify 10 vowels under two conditions was investigated. In both conditions the vowels were presented at a comfortable loudness level in a constant phonetic environment with equal stress. In the first condition, the vowels were presented with their natural intensity differences, and in the second condition they were presented with their intensities equated. The role of relative intensity differences for the identification of vowel sounds at various loudness levels is discussed, and the likelihood that intensity differences play a more important role in identifying those vowel sounds having similar characteristics (i.e., formant frequencies ranges) is considered.", "contents": "Identification of vowels with equated intensity. A preliminary study. The ability of listeners to identify 10 vowels under two conditions was investigated. In both conditions the vowels were presented at a comfortable loudness level in a constant phonetic environment with equal stress. In the first condition, the vowels were presented with their natural intensity differences, and in the second condition they were presented with their intensities equated. The role of relative intensity differences for the identification of vowel sounds at various loudness levels is discussed, and the likelihood that intensity differences play a more important role in identifying those vowel sounds having similar characteristics (i.e., formant frequencies ranges) is considered.", "PMID": 856778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11470", "title": "Effect of age and sex on the prevalence of intestinal parasitism in dogs.", "content": "The effects of age, sex, and neutering on the prevalence of canine intestinal parasitism were evaluated by fecal examination of 1,468 pet dogs admitted to the University of Missouri Veterinary Teaching Hospital during 1975. Evidence of hookworm infection was encountered in 35.8% of the dogs examined, whipworms in 18.5%, ascarids in 17.9%, tapeworms in 5.2%, and coccidia in 4.5%. Evidence of intestinal parasitism was not detected in 653 (44.4%) dogs. Whipworm infections were detected less often in young dogs than in older ones, whereas ascarid and coccidial infections were more prevalent in pups that in mature dogs. In dogs more than 6 months old, hookworm infections were the most common parasitism. Tapeworm infections were diagnosed sporadically in all age groups. For most of these parasites, castrated males and spayed females had decreased prevalence of infection, compared with their respective intact counterparts. There were significant (P less than 0.05) differences in the prevalence of both ascarid and hookworm infections between intact and spayed female dogs. Also, there were significant (P less than 0.001) differences between age categories for all parasites observed. Overall, parasitism tended to decrease with age.", "contents": "Effect of age and sex on the prevalence of intestinal parasitism in dogs. The effects of age, sex, and neutering on the prevalence of canine intestinal parasitism were evaluated by fecal examination of 1,468 pet dogs admitted to the University of Missouri Veterinary Teaching Hospital during 1975. Evidence of hookworm infection was encountered in 35.8% of the dogs examined, whipworms in 18.5%, ascarids in 17.9%, tapeworms in 5.2%, and coccidia in 4.5%. Evidence of intestinal parasitism was not detected in 653 (44.4%) dogs. Whipworm infections were detected less often in young dogs than in older ones, whereas ascarid and coccidial infections were more prevalent in pups that in mature dogs. In dogs more than 6 months old, hookworm infections were the most common parasitism. Tapeworm infections were diagnosed sporadically in all age groups. For most of these parasites, castrated males and spayed females had decreased prevalence of infection, compared with their respective intact counterparts. There were significant (P less than 0.05) differences in the prevalence of both ascarid and hookworm infections between intact and spayed female dogs. Also, there were significant (P less than 0.001) differences between age categories for all parasites observed. Overall, parasitism tended to decrease with age.", "PMID": 856783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11471", "title": "Brainstem wave V latencies to tone pip stimuli.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to examine the feasibility of using tone pip stimuli rather than conventional clicks in brainstem evoked response (BER) audiometry. Trains of 2000-Hz tone pips, 4000-HZ tone pips or clicks were presented at seven intensity levels to six normal young adults. Results demonstrated that BERs can be readily elicited by tone pips. This latter finding may be attributable to the differences in stimulus rise times. Tone pips appear to introduce greater frequency specificity to BER audiometry without a marked loss in the ability to elicit the response.", "contents": "Brainstem wave V latencies to tone pip stimuli. The present study was undertaken to examine the feasibility of using tone pip stimuli rather than conventional clicks in brainstem evoked response (BER) audiometry. Trains of 2000-Hz tone pips, 4000-HZ tone pips or clicks were presented at seven intensity levels to six normal young adults. Results demonstrated that BERs can be readily elicited by tone pips. This latter finding may be attributable to the differences in stimulus rise times. Tone pips appear to introduce greater frequency specificity to BER audiometry without a marked loss in the ability to elicit the response.", "PMID": 856779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11472", "title": "Word discrimination in the presence of competing speech with children.", "content": "This study was conducted to examine the auditory masking effects of classes of linguistic strings varying in syntactic and semantic constraints upon word discrimination abilities of children. Twelve fourth grade (age 9), normal hearing, native speakers of English served as subjects. Three half-lists of the Central Institute for the Deaf W-22 word lists were presented consecutively with one of three competing linguistic messages. Discrimination scores served as measures. A treatment-by-subject analysis of variance and t-tests for independent samples were used in the analysis of the data. No significant differences in word discrimination as a function of linguistic masker were found. Comparisons between the data obtained with the children of the present study and that of adult subjects of a similar investigation (Percept. Mot. Skills 41, 578-593, 1975) indicated no significant difference in mean discrimination scores under the grammatical and semantically anomalous conditions; however, significance was found for the ungrammatical masker. Selective listening and language processing were used in the discussion of the findings", "contents": "Word discrimination in the presence of competing speech with children. This study was conducted to examine the auditory masking effects of classes of linguistic strings varying in syntactic and semantic constraints upon word discrimination abilities of children. Twelve fourth grade (age 9), normal hearing, native speakers of English served as subjects. Three half-lists of the Central Institute for the Deaf W-22 word lists were presented consecutively with one of three competing linguistic messages. Discrimination scores served as measures. A treatment-by-subject analysis of variance and t-tests for independent samples were used in the analysis of the data. No significant differences in word discrimination as a function of linguistic masker were found. Comparisons between the data obtained with the children of the present study and that of adult subjects of a similar investigation (Percept. Mot. Skills 41, 578-593, 1975) indicated no significant difference in mean discrimination scores under the grammatical and semantically anomalous conditions; however, significance was found for the ungrammatical masker. Selective listening and language processing were used in the discussion of the findings", "PMID": 856780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11473", "title": "Transport of urea at low concentrations in Chlamydomonas reinhardi.", "content": "Urea transport into the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardi was investigated to further our understanding of controls operating on urea catabolism in this organism. Transport into cells grown with acetate and deprived of ammonia is a saturable process, mediated by at least two systems operating maximally at different external urea concentrations. The lower concentration system, with an apparent Km for urea of 5.1 micron, was the object of detailed study. Transport of urea from a saturating concentration (57 micron) into ammonia- and acetate-grown cells freshly suspended in ammonia-limited medium was not detected. Upon further culturing in the absence of ammonia, derepression occurred with transport ability, first appearing at about 1 h , reaching a maximum at about 2 h, and maintaining this maximum at least 5 h. In contrast to this, CO2-grown cells became derepressed more slowly, and maximum transport ability was not maintained. Addition of ammonia or methylamine (5 mM) during nitrogen deprivation prevented further increases in transport ability and caused loss of previously acquired transport ability. Cycloheximide (10 microng/ml) had a similar effect. Energy uncouplers or dark, anaerobic conditions depressed transport. By these criteria, transport from low urea concentrations is mediated by a process that requires protein synthesis and activation by cellular energy, and the process has a rapid rate of turnover and of deactivation by ammonia.", "contents": "Transport of urea at low concentrations in Chlamydomonas reinhardi. Urea transport into the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardi was investigated to further our understanding of controls operating on urea catabolism in this organism. Transport into cells grown with acetate and deprived of ammonia is a saturable process, mediated by at least two systems operating maximally at different external urea concentrations. The lower concentration system, with an apparent Km for urea of 5.1 micron, was the object of detailed study. Transport of urea from a saturating concentration (57 micron) into ammonia- and acetate-grown cells freshly suspended in ammonia-limited medium was not detected. Upon further culturing in the absence of ammonia, derepression occurred with transport ability, first appearing at about 1 h , reaching a maximum at about 2 h, and maintaining this maximum at least 5 h. In contrast to this, CO2-grown cells became derepressed more slowly, and maximum transport ability was not maintained. Addition of ammonia or methylamine (5 mM) during nitrogen deprivation prevented further increases in transport ability and caused loss of previously acquired transport ability. Cycloheximide (10 microng/ml) had a similar effect. Energy uncouplers or dark, anaerobic conditions depressed transport. By these criteria, transport from low urea concentrations is mediated by a process that requires protein synthesis and activation by cellular energy, and the process has a rapid rate of turnover and of deactivation by ammonia.", "PMID": 856784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11474", "title": "Cell surface topography of Candida and Leucosporidium yeasts as revealed by scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "The cell surface topography of the following yeast strains was examined by scanning electron microscopy: Candida slooffii, C. lipolytica, Leucosporidium frigidum, and L. nivalis. Multipolar and lateral budding were observed in the Candida yeasts in contrast to bipolar budding in the Leucosporidium species. The cell surface topography and the morphology of the bud and birth scars in these yeasts differed markedly. Apart from the bud and birth scars, the cells of C. slooffii showed a relatively smooth topography. The bud scars were seen as a circular ridge of wall material surrounding a markedly convex scar plug. Birth scars were raised, rounded structures, which appeared to distend upon cell growth. In contrast, bud scars of C. lipolytica were platelike, lacked a distinct annulus of wall material, and were much less protuberent than those of C. slooffii. Birth scars were a more permanent feature of these cells. The topography of Leucosporidium yeasts was characterized by the presence of numerous protrusions on the cell surface. In some cases, the entire cell surface was covered by these protrusions. There appeared to be some correlations between the age of the cell and the extent of surface protrusions and degree of surface convolution...", "contents": "Cell surface topography of Candida and Leucosporidium yeasts as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. The cell surface topography of the following yeast strains was examined by scanning electron microscopy: Candida slooffii, C. lipolytica, Leucosporidium frigidum, and L. nivalis. Multipolar and lateral budding were observed in the Candida yeasts in contrast to bipolar budding in the Leucosporidium species. The cell surface topography and the morphology of the bud and birth scars in these yeasts differed markedly. Apart from the bud and birth scars, the cells of C. slooffii showed a relatively smooth topography. The bud scars were seen as a circular ridge of wall material surrounding a markedly convex scar plug. Birth scars were raised, rounded structures, which appeared to distend upon cell growth. In contrast, bud scars of C. lipolytica were platelike, lacked a distinct annulus of wall material, and were much less protuberent than those of C. slooffii. Birth scars were a more permanent feature of these cells. The topography of Leucosporidium yeasts was characterized by the presence of numerous protrusions on the cell surface. In some cases, the entire cell surface was covered by these protrusions. There appeared to be some correlations between the age of the cell and the extent of surface protrusions and degree of surface convolution...", "PMID": 856785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11475", "title": "Third system for neutral amino acid transport in a marine pseudomonad.", "content": "Uptake of leucine by the marine pseudomonad B-16 is an energy-dependent, concentrative process. Respiratory inhibitors, uncouplers, and sulfhydryl reagents block transport. The uptake of leucine is Na+ dependent, although the relationship between the rate of leucine uptake and Na+ concentration depends, to some extent, on the ionic strength of the suspending assay medium and the manner in which cells are washed prior to assay. Leucine transport can be separated into at least two systems: a low-affinity system with an apparent Km of 1.3 X 10(-5) M, and a high-affinity system with an apparent Km of 1.9 X 10(-7) M. The high-affinity system shows a specificity unusual for bacterial systems in that both aromatic and aliphatic amino acids inhibit leucine transport, provided that they have hydrophobic side chains of a length greater than that of two carbon atoms. The system exhibits strict stereospecificity for the L form. Phenylalanine inhibition was investigated in more detail. The Ki for inhibition of leucine transport by phenylalanine is about 1.4 X 10(-7) M. Phenylalanine itself is transported by an energy-dependent process whose specificity is the same as the high-affinity leucine transport system, as is expected if both amino acids share the same transport system. Studies with protoplasts indicate that a periplasmic binding protein is not an essential part of this transport system. Fein and MacLeod (J. Bacteriol. 124:1177-1190, 1975) reported two neutral amino acid transport systems in strain B-16: the DAG system, serving glycine, D-alanine, D-serine, and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid; and the LIV system, serving L-leucine, L-isoleucine, L-valine, and L-alanine. The high-affinity system reported here is a third neutral amino acid transport system in this marine pseudomonad. We propose the name \"LIV-II\" system.", "contents": "Third system for neutral amino acid transport in a marine pseudomonad. Uptake of leucine by the marine pseudomonad B-16 is an energy-dependent, concentrative process. Respiratory inhibitors, uncouplers, and sulfhydryl reagents block transport. The uptake of leucine is Na+ dependent, although the relationship between the rate of leucine uptake and Na+ concentration depends, to some extent, on the ionic strength of the suspending assay medium and the manner in which cells are washed prior to assay. Leucine transport can be separated into at least two systems: a low-affinity system with an apparent Km of 1.3 X 10(-5) M, and a high-affinity system with an apparent Km of 1.9 X 10(-7) M. The high-affinity system shows a specificity unusual for bacterial systems in that both aromatic and aliphatic amino acids inhibit leucine transport, provided that they have hydrophobic side chains of a length greater than that of two carbon atoms. The system exhibits strict stereospecificity for the L form. Phenylalanine inhibition was investigated in more detail. The Ki for inhibition of leucine transport by phenylalanine is about 1.4 X 10(-7) M. Phenylalanine itself is transported by an energy-dependent process whose specificity is the same as the high-affinity leucine transport system, as is expected if both amino acids share the same transport system. Studies with protoplasts indicate that a periplasmic binding protein is not an essential part of this transport system. Fein and MacLeod (J. Bacteriol. 124:1177-1190, 1975) reported two neutral amino acid transport systems in strain B-16: the DAG system, serving glycine, D-alanine, D-serine, and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid; and the LIV system, serving L-leucine, L-isoleucine, L-valine, and L-alanine. The high-affinity system reported here is a third neutral amino acid transport system in this marine pseudomonad. We propose the name \"LIV-II\" system.", "PMID": 856786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11476", "title": "New R plasmid-mediated restriction-modification system of deoxyribonucleic acid conferred by group E R plasmids.", "content": "A new R plasmid-mediated restriction-modification system of deoxyribonucleic acid was identified. This system is specific for group E plasmids which have been detected in unidentified marine Vibrio fish pathogens.", "contents": "New R plasmid-mediated restriction-modification system of deoxyribonucleic acid conferred by group E R plasmids. A new R plasmid-mediated restriction-modification system of deoxyribonucleic acid was identified. This system is specific for group E plasmids which have been detected in unidentified marine Vibrio fish pathogens.", "PMID": 856787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11477", "title": "Phospholipid and fatty acid composition of methanol-utilizing bacteria.", "content": "Differences in phospholipid and fatty acid composition were found among bacteria using the serine or the ribulose monophosphate pathway for the assimilation of C1 compounds. These differences might be used as an additional criterion for the classification of methanol-utilizing bacteria.", "contents": "Phospholipid and fatty acid composition of methanol-utilizing bacteria. Differences in phospholipid and fatty acid composition were found among bacteria using the serine or the ribulose monophosphate pathway for the assimilation of C1 compounds. These differences might be used as an additional criterion for the classification of methanol-utilizing bacteria.", "PMID": 856788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11478", "title": "Occurrence and nature of chromatic adaptation in cyanobacteria.", "content": "Forty-four axenic strains of cyanobacteria that synthesize phycoerythrin were screened to ascertain the effect of light quality on pigment synthesis. Cellular pigment compositions were determined after photoautotrophic growth with low light fluxes (7.0 X 10(2) ergs/cm2 per s) of green, red, and white light, and in the case of facultative heterotrophs, after dark growth at the expense of sugars. Twelve strains did not adapt chromatically: the cells contained fixed proportions of phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, and allophycocyanin under the growth conditions used. In the remaining strains, the cellular ratio of phycoerythrin to phycocyanin was much higher after growth in green than in red light. Quantitative data on the cellular pigment contents, supplemented by measurements of the differential rates of pigment synthesis on representative strains, show that chromatic adaptation may involve a light-induced modulation either of phycoerythrin synthesis alone (7 strains) or of both phycoerythrin and phycocyanin synthesis (25 strains). Facultative hetrotrophs able to adapt chromatically have a phycobiliprotein composition after dark growth which closely resembles that after growth in red light. Light quality does not affect the differential rate of chlorophyll synthesis. The physiological and taxonomic implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Occurrence and nature of chromatic adaptation in cyanobacteria. Forty-four axenic strains of cyanobacteria that synthesize phycoerythrin were screened to ascertain the effect of light quality on pigment synthesis. Cellular pigment compositions were determined after photoautotrophic growth with low light fluxes (7.0 X 10(2) ergs/cm2 per s) of green, red, and white light, and in the case of facultative heterotrophs, after dark growth at the expense of sugars. Twelve strains did not adapt chromatically: the cells contained fixed proportions of phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, and allophycocyanin under the growth conditions used. In the remaining strains, the cellular ratio of phycoerythrin to phycocyanin was much higher after growth in green than in red light. Quantitative data on the cellular pigment contents, supplemented by measurements of the differential rates of pigment synthesis on representative strains, show that chromatic adaptation may involve a light-induced modulation either of phycoerythrin synthesis alone (7 strains) or of both phycoerythrin and phycocyanin synthesis (25 strains). Facultative hetrotrophs able to adapt chromatically have a phycobiliprotein composition after dark growth which closely resembles that after growth in red light. Light quality does not affect the differential rate of chlorophyll synthesis. The physiological and taxonomic implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 856789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11479", "title": "Heterogeneity and refined structtures of 3-O-methyl-D-mannose polysaccharides from Mycobacterium smegmatis.", "content": "The 3-O-methyl-D-mannose-containing polysaccharide (MMP) from Mycobacterium smegmatis, first described by Gray and Ballou (Gray, G. R., and Ballou, C. E. (1971) J. Biol. Chem. 246, 6835-6842) is now shown to be a mixture of at least four isomers separable by gel filtration owing to differences in size and degree of methylation. The major component is 3-O-methylmannose but all contain small amounts of mannose. The molecular weights range from 2040 to 2490 and all are nonreducing. After Smith degradation, all yield a single large and one or more small fragments that give 3-O-methylmannose as the sole product of complete acid hydrolysis. The large Smith-degraded MMP components (SD-MMP) are similar to intact MMP and vary from 1830 to 2130 daltons, consistent with the loss of a single mannose; whereas the smaller fragments are the size of tri- to hexasaccharides and result from fragmentation of incompletely methylated chains. Controlled acid hydrolysis of [methyl-3H]MMP releases 6% of the methyl groups as [3H]methanol at a rate characteristic for the hydrolysis of methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside. Proton magnetic resonance spectra of MMP and SD-MMP show a major methyl ether proton peak and a second small peak at higher field equivalent to about one methyl group per molecule. The results are consistent with the presence of an alpha-methyl aglycon at the reducing end of the chains. Methylation analysis of MMP isomers purified by high pressure liquid chromatography confirms that they are linear and unbranched. Methylation of [methyl-3H]MMP yields unlabeled tetra-O-methylmannose, showing that the chains are terminated by mannose. However, digestion of [methyl-3H]MMP with alpha-mannosidase releases mannose and exposes [methyl-3H]3-O-methylmannose. Smith degradation of [methyl-3H]MMP III yields a penta-to hexasaccharide product that can be resolved by high pressure liquid chromatography into two components. The distribution of radioactivity between these two fragments suggests that the chain was cleaved near the middle and that there must be an unmethylated mannose at that position. We conclude that the 3-O-methylmannose polysaccharides are linear unbranched chains of 11 to 14 sugar units, each terminated by a single mannose at the nonreducing end and by a methyl aglycon at the reducing end. Each isomer shows microheterogeneity, with 1 or 2 unmethylated mannose units near the middle of some but not all of the chains.", "contents": "Heterogeneity and refined structtures of 3-O-methyl-D-mannose polysaccharides from Mycobacterium smegmatis. The 3-O-methyl-D-mannose-containing polysaccharide (MMP) from Mycobacterium smegmatis, first described by Gray and Ballou (Gray, G. R., and Ballou, C. E. (1971) J. Biol. Chem. 246, 6835-6842) is now shown to be a mixture of at least four isomers separable by gel filtration owing to differences in size and degree of methylation. The major component is 3-O-methylmannose but all contain small amounts of mannose. The molecular weights range from 2040 to 2490 and all are nonreducing. After Smith degradation, all yield a single large and one or more small fragments that give 3-O-methylmannose as the sole product of complete acid hydrolysis. The large Smith-degraded MMP components (SD-MMP) are similar to intact MMP and vary from 1830 to 2130 daltons, consistent with the loss of a single mannose; whereas the smaller fragments are the size of tri- to hexasaccharides and result from fragmentation of incompletely methylated chains. Controlled acid hydrolysis of [methyl-3H]MMP releases 6% of the methyl groups as [3H]methanol at a rate characteristic for the hydrolysis of methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside. Proton magnetic resonance spectra of MMP and SD-MMP show a major methyl ether proton peak and a second small peak at higher field equivalent to about one methyl group per molecule. The results are consistent with the presence of an alpha-methyl aglycon at the reducing end of the chains. Methylation analysis of MMP isomers purified by high pressure liquid chromatography confirms that they are linear and unbranched. Methylation of [methyl-3H]MMP yields unlabeled tetra-O-methylmannose, showing that the chains are terminated by mannose. However, digestion of [methyl-3H]MMP with alpha-mannosidase releases mannose and exposes [methyl-3H]3-O-methylmannose. Smith degradation of [methyl-3H]MMP III yields a penta-to hexasaccharide product that can be resolved by high pressure liquid chromatography into two components. The distribution of radioactivity between these two fragments suggests that the chain was cleaved near the middle and that there must be an unmethylated mannose at that position. We conclude that the 3-O-methylmannose polysaccharides are linear unbranched chains of 11 to 14 sugar units, each terminated by a single mannose at the nonreducing end and by a methyl aglycon at the reducing end. Each isomer shows microheterogeneity, with 1 or 2 unmethylated mannose units near the middle of some but not all of the chains.", "PMID": 856790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11480", "title": "An alternating site sequence for oxidative phosphorylation suggested by measurement of substrate binding patterns and exchange reaction inhibitions.", "content": "Catalysis by beef heart submitochondrial particles of the medium Pi in equilibrium HOH, Pi in equilibrium ATP, and the ATP in equilibrium HOH exchanges is strongly inhibited while the ATPase and intermediate Pi in equilibrium HOH exchange are accelerated when medium ADP is removed by pyruvate kinase action. Arsenate readily blocks completely the Pi in equilibrium ATP and medium Pi in equilibrium HOH exchange reactions, but not the ATP in equilibrium HOH exchange reaction. The residual ATP in equilibrium HOH exchange in presence of arsenate is inhibited by 2,4-dinitrophenol. These results and other data are explained by an alternating site model for oxidative phosphorylation. In this model during net oxidative  phosphorylation ATP is formed at one site but is transitorily tightly bound and not released until ADP and Pi bind at a second site and the membrane ATPase complex is energized. Under conditions of net ATP hydrolysis, ATP binding at one site is accompanied by hydrolysis of the transitorily tightly bound ATP as a second site. Attractive features are only one site of input for conformational energization of the membrane ATPase, a single conformational transition that accounts for both the promotion of ADP and Pi binding in a competent mode and the release of tightly bound ATP, and a symmetry of catalytic sites. The Pi in equilibrium ATP exchange is not inhibited by increase in MgADP and MgATP at constant ratios, and the energy-linked ADP in equilibrium ATP exchange is not inhibited by increased concentrations of MgATP and Pi at a constant ratio. Such exchange patterns indicate a random binding and release of ADP and Pi.", "contents": "An alternating site sequence for oxidative phosphorylation suggested by measurement of substrate binding patterns and exchange reaction inhibitions. Catalysis by beef heart submitochondrial particles of the medium Pi in equilibrium HOH, Pi in equilibrium ATP, and the ATP in equilibrium HOH exchanges is strongly inhibited while the ATPase and intermediate Pi in equilibrium HOH exchange are accelerated when medium ADP is removed by pyruvate kinase action. Arsenate readily blocks completely the Pi in equilibrium ATP and medium Pi in equilibrium HOH exchange reactions, but not the ATP in equilibrium HOH exchange reaction. The residual ATP in equilibrium HOH exchange in presence of arsenate is inhibited by 2,4-dinitrophenol. These results and other data are explained by an alternating site model for oxidative phosphorylation. In this model during net oxidative  phosphorylation ATP is formed at one site but is transitorily tightly bound and not released until ADP and Pi bind at a second site and the membrane ATPase complex is energized. Under conditions of net ATP hydrolysis, ATP binding at one site is accompanied by hydrolysis of the transitorily tightly bound ATP as a second site. Attractive features are only one site of input for conformational energization of the membrane ATPase, a single conformational transition that accounts for both the promotion of ADP and Pi binding in a competent mode and the release of tightly bound ATP, and a symmetry of catalytic sites. The Pi in equilibrium ATP exchange is not inhibited by increase in MgADP and MgATP at constant ratios, and the energy-linked ADP in equilibrium ATP exchange is not inhibited by increased concentrations of MgATP and Pi at a constant ratio. Such exchange patterns indicate a random binding and release of ADP and Pi.", "PMID": 856791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11481", "title": "Binding of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in tissues.", "content": "Evidence is presented that the 5.8 S 25-hydroxycholecalciferol-binding protein found in the cytosols of all nucleated rat tissues is formed from two macromolecular substances: a heat-stable 4.1 S 25-hydroxycholecalciferol-binding protein which behaves identically with the serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol-binding protein, and a cytosolic heat-labile protein which appears to sediment around 4 S and does not show binding properties for 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. The 5.8 S complex is formed in vitro by incubating cytosols with appropriate amounts of serum. The complex is dissociated by heating, leaving the serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol-binding protein. Complex formation also occurred with serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol-binding proteins from other species. The widespread occurrence of the 4 S cytosolic component raises the possibility that the high affinity binding proteins for 25-hydroxycholecalciferol observed in nucleated tissues are largely the result of plasma contamination.", "contents": "Binding of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in tissues. Evidence is presented that the 5.8 S 25-hydroxycholecalciferol-binding protein found in the cytosols of all nucleated rat tissues is formed from two macromolecular substances: a heat-stable 4.1 S 25-hydroxycholecalciferol-binding protein which behaves identically with the serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol-binding protein, and a cytosolic heat-labile protein which appears to sediment around 4 S and does not show binding properties for 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. The 5.8 S complex is formed in vitro by incubating cytosols with appropriate amounts of serum. The complex is dissociated by heating, leaving the serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol-binding protein. Complex formation also occurred with serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol-binding proteins from other species. The widespread occurrence of the 4 S cytosolic component raises the possibility that the high affinity binding proteins for 25-hydroxycholecalciferol observed in nucleated tissues are largely the result of plasma contamination.", "PMID": 856792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11482", "title": "Chemical synthesis of phosphorylated retinoids. Their mannosyl acceptor activity in rat liver membranes.", "content": "Phosphorylated retinoids were synthesized by a modification of the procedure that Popj\u00e1k et al. (Popj\u00e1k, G., Cornforth, J. W., Cornforth, R. H., Ryhage, R., and Goodman, D. S. (1962) J. Biol. Chem. 237, 56-61) used to synthesize farnesylpyrophosphate. The all-trans-beta-retinyl phosphate; all-trans-9-(4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl)-3,7-dimethyl-2,4,6,8-nonatetraene-1-yl phosphate; perhydromonoeneretinyl phosphate; all-trans-beta-retinoyl phosphate; 13-cis-beta-retinoyl phosphate derivatives were tested as acceptors of [14C]mannose from GDP-[14C]mannose in a reaction catalyzed by rat liver membranes. The phosphate esters all functioned as acceptors of mannose to give a product chromatographically indistinguishable from endogenous mannosylretinyl phosphate. The mixed anhydrides, however, did not function as mannosyl acceptors. Neither class of compounds had any effect on the biosynthesis of dolichylmannosyl phosphate. Rat liver membranes did not catalyze the transfer of [14C]galactose from UDP-[14C]galactose to retinyl phosphate even at a concentration of retinyl phosphate (0.73 mM) which stimulated formation o mannosylretinyl phosphate by more than 50-fold...", "contents": "Chemical synthesis of phosphorylated retinoids. Their mannosyl acceptor activity in rat liver membranes. Phosphorylated retinoids were synthesized by a modification of the procedure that Popj\u00e1k et al. (Popj\u00e1k, G., Cornforth, J. W., Cornforth, R. H., Ryhage, R., and Goodman, D. S. (1962) J. Biol. Chem. 237, 56-61) used to synthesize farnesylpyrophosphate. The all-trans-beta-retinyl phosphate; all-trans-9-(4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl)-3,7-dimethyl-2,4,6,8-nonatetraene-1-yl phosphate; perhydromonoeneretinyl phosphate; all-trans-beta-retinoyl phosphate; 13-cis-beta-retinoyl phosphate derivatives were tested as acceptors of [14C]mannose from GDP-[14C]mannose in a reaction catalyzed by rat liver membranes. The phosphate esters all functioned as acceptors of mannose to give a product chromatographically indistinguishable from endogenous mannosylretinyl phosphate. The mixed anhydrides, however, did not function as mannosyl acceptors. Neither class of compounds had any effect on the biosynthesis of dolichylmannosyl phosphate. Rat liver membranes did not catalyze the transfer of [14C]galactose from UDP-[14C]galactose to retinyl phosphate even at a concentration of retinyl phosphate (0.73 mM) which stimulated formation o mannosylretinyl phosphate by more than 50-fold...", "PMID": 856793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11483", "title": "Solanum glaucophyllum as source of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.", "content": "Vitamin D-deficient rats given an aqueous extract of the South American plant Solanum glaucophyllum accumulate 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in their blood and intestines at the time they show enhanced intestinal calcium absorption. The identity of the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 was established by co-chromatography with 1,25-dihydroxy[23,24-3H]vitamin D3 on Sephadex LH-20 columns, microparticulate silica gel columns, a reversed-phase column developed under high pressure, and by a specific 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 binding assay. The chromatographic systems used are fully capable of resolving all of the known metabolites of vitamin D3. Serum of the S. glaucophyllum-treated rats showed 300 pg/ml of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and no detectable 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2. Similarly, intestine of such rats had 230 pg/g of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Control animals which received the vehicle instead of S. glaucophyllum had only 20 pg/ml of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in their serum and 4.4 pg/g of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 in their intestine. These results demonstrate that S. glaucophyllum extracts must be a source of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3; thus a significant basis for the calcinogenic properties of S. glaucophyllum must be the presence of a conjugated form of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, which is rendered available by digestion.", "contents": "Solanum glaucophyllum as source of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Vitamin D-deficient rats given an aqueous extract of the South American plant Solanum glaucophyllum accumulate 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in their blood and intestines at the time they show enhanced intestinal calcium absorption. The identity of the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 was established by co-chromatography with 1,25-dihydroxy[23,24-3H]vitamin D3 on Sephadex LH-20 columns, microparticulate silica gel columns, a reversed-phase column developed under high pressure, and by a specific 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 binding assay. The chromatographic systems used are fully capable of resolving all of the known metabolites of vitamin D3. Serum of the S. glaucophyllum-treated rats showed 300 pg/ml of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and no detectable 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2. Similarly, intestine of such rats had 230 pg/g of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Control animals which received the vehicle instead of S. glaucophyllum had only 20 pg/ml of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in their serum and 4.4 pg/g of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 in their intestine. These results demonstrate that S. glaucophyllum extracts must be a source of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3; thus a significant basis for the calcinogenic properties of S. glaucophyllum must be the presence of a conjugated form of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, which is rendered available by digestion.", "PMID": 856794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11484", "title": "Chemical structure of the galactomannan from the cell wall of Aspergillus niger.", "content": "The galactomannan of surface grown Aspergillus niger has been isolated by alkaline extraction of hyphal walls and characterized structurally. Its elution profile, from a column of Bio-Gel P-150, reveals a broad range of molecular sizes grouped into two fractions. Gas chromatographic and colorimetric analyses indicate that each fraction is composed of approximately equimolar quantities of galactose and mannose plus 12 to 14% glucose. Both have similar low optical rotations and contain acid labile galactose. Methylation, Smith degradation, acetolysis, reactivity with concanavalin A and beta-D-galactofuranosidase, plus digestionof galactose with D-galactose oxidase, were techniques employed to determine the polysaccharide's covalent structure. Results of these studies indicate that it is composed of a series of chains, 5 to 9 hexose units in length, connected by alpha1 leads to 6 bonds between mannopyranosyl moieties. The external portion of each chain consists of a galactose tri- or tetrasaccharide of the general structure Galf beta1 leads to 4 Galp(1-2) 1 leads to 4 Galp1 leads to. This segment is connected via a (1 leads to 2) linkage to the internal portion which is a di- to pentasaccharide of mannopyranosyl units joined in alpha1 leads to 2 glycoside linkage. Combination mild acid hydrolysis and methylation experiments indicate galactofuranosyl terminal units are attached only to galactose. The organization of glucose into the overall structure of the polymer has not been determined. Structural relationships of this polysaccharide to both fungal and yeast galactomannans are discussed.", "contents": "Chemical structure of the galactomannan from the cell wall of Aspergillus niger. The galactomannan of surface grown Aspergillus niger has been isolated by alkaline extraction of hyphal walls and characterized structurally. Its elution profile, from a column of Bio-Gel P-150, reveals a broad range of molecular sizes grouped into two fractions. Gas chromatographic and colorimetric analyses indicate that each fraction is composed of approximately equimolar quantities of galactose and mannose plus 12 to 14% glucose. Both have similar low optical rotations and contain acid labile galactose. Methylation, Smith degradation, acetolysis, reactivity with concanavalin A and beta-D-galactofuranosidase, plus digestionof galactose with D-galactose oxidase, were techniques employed to determine the polysaccharide's covalent structure. Results of these studies indicate that it is composed of a series of chains, 5 to 9 hexose units in length, connected by alpha1 leads to 6 bonds between mannopyranosyl moieties. The external portion of each chain consists of a galactose tri- or tetrasaccharide of the general structure Galf beta1 leads to 4 Galp(1-2) 1 leads to 4 Galp1 leads to. This segment is connected via a (1 leads to 2) linkage to the internal portion which is a di- to pentasaccharide of mannopyranosyl units joined in alpha1 leads to 2 glycoside linkage. Combination mild acid hydrolysis and methylation experiments indicate galactofuranosyl terminal units are attached only to galactose. The organization of glucose into the overall structure of the polymer has not been determined. Structural relationships of this polysaccharide to both fungal and yeast galactomannans are discussed.", "PMID": 856795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11485", "title": "Arginine deiminase from Mycoplasma arthritidis. Evidence for multiple forms.", "content": "Arginine deiminase (EC 3.5.3.6) from Mycoplasma arthritidis ATCC 14152 has been purified 6-fold by a new procedure, protamine sulfate fractionation and DEAE-agarose chromatography. The yield was 75 to 85%. The homogeneity of the final preparation was demonstrated by gel filtration, sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis, NH2-terminal analysis, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at two pH values. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 80,000 as measured by gel filtration. The dimeric nature of the enzyme is suggested by the molecular weight of 49,000 from sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. Isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels showed a major band corresponding to an isoelectric point of 7.0 and sometimes minor bands having lower isoelectric points. The ultraviolet spectrum exhibits a maximum at 278 nm. The enzyme has high affinity for L-arginine, with a Km value of 4 +/- 1 micronM at pH 7.2, 25 degrees. Mycoplasma arthritidis produces two distinct forms of arginine deiminase. Deiminase I is isolated from cells harvested during logarithmic phase; deiminase II is obtained from late logarithmic  or early stationary phase cells. The two forms are resolved by DEAE-agarose chromatography and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Deiminase II elutes later from a DEAE-agarose column and moves toward the anode faster than deiminase I at pH 9.5 The two forms also have different specific activities and 280:260 spectral ratios. Each form has the same Km and molecular weight. A third form of the enzyme, deiminase III, can be generated by incubating deiminase II at pH 9.8, or in 50% saturated ammonium sulfate, pH 7.0, at 25 degrees. The transformation can be followed by chromatography and is completed within 10 h. The specific activity of deiminase III is 1.3 times that of deiminase II. No change in molecular weight or subunit dissociation was observed during the transformation. Deiminiase III has the same specific activity, absorbance ratio A280:A260, and electrophoretic properties as deiminase I. Deiminase I undergoes no change upon incubation at pH 9.8 for several days.", "contents": "Arginine deiminase from Mycoplasma arthritidis. Evidence for multiple forms. Arginine deiminase (EC 3.5.3.6) from Mycoplasma arthritidis ATCC 14152 has been purified 6-fold by a new procedure, protamine sulfate fractionation and DEAE-agarose chromatography. The yield was 75 to 85%. The homogeneity of the final preparation was demonstrated by gel filtration, sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis, NH2-terminal analysis, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at two pH values. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 80,000 as measured by gel filtration. The dimeric nature of the enzyme is suggested by the molecular weight of 49,000 from sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. Isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels showed a major band corresponding to an isoelectric point of 7.0 and sometimes minor bands having lower isoelectric points. The ultraviolet spectrum exhibits a maximum at 278 nm. The enzyme has high affinity for L-arginine, with a Km value of 4 +/- 1 micronM at pH 7.2, 25 degrees. Mycoplasma arthritidis produces two distinct forms of arginine deiminase. Deiminase I is isolated from cells harvested during logarithmic phase; deiminase II is obtained from late logarithmic  or early stationary phase cells. The two forms are resolved by DEAE-agarose chromatography and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Deiminase II elutes later from a DEAE-agarose column and moves toward the anode faster than deiminase I at pH 9.5 The two forms also have different specific activities and 280:260 spectral ratios. Each form has the same Km and molecular weight. A third form of the enzyme, deiminase III, can be generated by incubating deiminase II at pH 9.8, or in 50% saturated ammonium sulfate, pH 7.0, at 25 degrees. The transformation can be followed by chromatography and is completed within 10 h. The specific activity of deiminase III is 1.3 times that of deiminase II. No change in molecular weight or subunit dissociation was observed during the transformation. Deiminiase III has the same specific activity, absorbance ratio A280:A260, and electrophoretic properties as deiminase I. Deiminase I undergoes no change upon incubation at pH 9.8 for several days.", "PMID": 856796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11486", "title": "Chromatin fractionation related to cell type and chromosome condensation but perhaps not to transcriptional activity.", "content": "A chromatin fractionation procedure has been developed that involves the shearing of swollen chromatin and the separation of chromatin fragments by sucrose gradient centrifugation. When chromatin from rapidly growing HeLa cells was fractionated, four partially resolved peaks were obtained. Partial characterization of the chromatin fractions indicated that each contained similar lengths of DNA formed in a complex with histones in nucleosomes. The most likely difference between the fractions is the degree of intra-or  interstrand association of the fibers of nucleosomes. Chromatins from chicken erythrocytes and mitotic chromosomes were analyzed by the procedure. These chromatins yielded gradient profiles that were distinctly different from each other and from interphase chromatin. These results suggested that the fractionation procedure reflected at least some of the differences in the structure of chromatin known to exist in vivo. The association of pulse-labeled RNA with a particular chromatin fraction is frequently used to support claims of successful separation of transcriptionally active chromatin from inactive chromatin. Since our data show that the slowly sedimenting fractions preferentially bind RNA whose synthesis was clearly not in progress at the start of the fractionation, this criterion is suspect. The presence of equal amounts of satellite DNA in all fractions of mouse L-cell chromatin indicated that the method did not fractionate on the basis of the in vivo transcriptional activity.", "contents": "Chromatin fractionation related to cell type and chromosome condensation but perhaps not to transcriptional activity. A chromatin fractionation procedure has been developed that involves the shearing of swollen chromatin and the separation of chromatin fragments by sucrose gradient centrifugation. When chromatin from rapidly growing HeLa cells was fractionated, four partially resolved peaks were obtained. Partial characterization of the chromatin fractions indicated that each contained similar lengths of DNA formed in a complex with histones in nucleosomes. The most likely difference between the fractions is the degree of intra-or  interstrand association of the fibers of nucleosomes. Chromatins from chicken erythrocytes and mitotic chromosomes were analyzed by the procedure. These chromatins yielded gradient profiles that were distinctly different from each other and from interphase chromatin. These results suggested that the fractionation procedure reflected at least some of the differences in the structure of chromatin known to exist in vivo. The association of pulse-labeled RNA with a particular chromatin fraction is frequently used to support claims of successful separation of transcriptionally active chromatin from inactive chromatin. Since our data show that the slowly sedimenting fractions preferentially bind RNA whose synthesis was clearly not in progress at the start of the fractionation, this criterion is suspect. The presence of equal amounts of satellite DNA in all fractions of mouse L-cell chromatin indicated that the method did not fractionate on the basis of the in vivo transcriptional activity.", "PMID": 856797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11487", "title": "Evidence for separate enzymes of pyruvate decarboxylation and pyruvate synthesis in soluble extracts of Clostridium pasteurianum.", "content": "Additional evidence to that already presented (Sauer, F. D., Bush, R. S., and Stevenson, I. L. (1976) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 445, 518-520) suggests that pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase isolated from Clostridium pasteurianum consists of two separate enzymes: (a) pyruvate lyase, which catalyzes the CoA and electron acceptor-dependent decarboxylation of pyruvate, and (b) pyruvate synthase, which catalyzes the reduced ferredoxin-dependent carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to pyruvate. The enzymes separated on Sephadex G-200 and with acrylamide gel electrophoresis but complete separation of one enzyme free of the other was not achieved. Extensive purification procedures were not used because both enzymes are unstable. The results confirm published reports that pyruvate lyase contains thiamin and a chromophore which participates in electron transfer. Pyruvate synthase, however, did not appear to be a thiamin enzyme and there was no evidence to indicate participation of an enzyme chromophore in the pyruvate synthase reaction.", "contents": "Evidence for separate enzymes of pyruvate decarboxylation and pyruvate synthesis in soluble extracts of Clostridium pasteurianum. Additional evidence to that already presented (Sauer, F. D., Bush, R. S., and Stevenson, I. L. (1976) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 445, 518-520) suggests that pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase isolated from Clostridium pasteurianum consists of two separate enzymes: (a) pyruvate lyase, which catalyzes the CoA and electron acceptor-dependent decarboxylation of pyruvate, and (b) pyruvate synthase, which catalyzes the reduced ferredoxin-dependent carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to pyruvate. The enzymes separated on Sephadex G-200 and with acrylamide gel electrophoresis but complete separation of one enzyme free of the other was not achieved. Extensive purification procedures were not used because both enzymes are unstable. The results confirm published reports that pyruvate lyase contains thiamin and a chromophore which participates in electron transfer. Pyruvate synthase, however, did not appear to be a thiamin enzyme and there was no evidence to indicate participation of an enzyme chromophore in the pyruvate synthase reaction.", "PMID": 856798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11488", "title": "Regulation of amino acid transport activity and growth rate of animal cells in culture.", "content": "Balb/3T3 mouse cells grown in cell culture contain the A and L systems for neutral amino acid transport. L-Alanine was used as a test amino acid for the A system and L-leucine for the L system. Transport activities for both transport systems are altered as the growth conditions for the cells are altered. When cell growth was arrested by allowing cells to approach confluency, or by the removal of serum or by the addition of protein synthesis inhibitors, System A transport activity decreased and System L activity increased significantly. The content of the cellular amino acids increased 2- to 3-fold whenever cell growth was arrested by the conditions stated above. Increased cellular amino acids, therefore, are associated with decreased transport activity of System A and increased activity of System L. Altering cellular amino acids by loading or depleting the cells produced the predicted responses for the rapidly exchanging L-system but System A was less responsive. It is possible that regulatory mechanisms operate for the A system other than the direct action of alterations in cellular amino acid levels. The implications of the amino acid transport activity changes observed here on various studies on the role of transport in cell growth regulation and malignant transformation are discussed.", "contents": "Regulation of amino acid transport activity and growth rate of animal cells in culture. Balb/3T3 mouse cells grown in cell culture contain the A and L systems for neutral amino acid transport. L-Alanine was used as a test amino acid for the A system and L-leucine for the L system. Transport activities for both transport systems are altered as the growth conditions for the cells are altered. When cell growth was arrested by allowing cells to approach confluency, or by the removal of serum or by the addition of protein synthesis inhibitors, System A transport activity decreased and System L activity increased significantly. The content of the cellular amino acids increased 2- to 3-fold whenever cell growth was arrested by the conditions stated above. Increased cellular amino acids, therefore, are associated with decreased transport activity of System A and increased activity of System L. Altering cellular amino acids by loading or depleting the cells produced the predicted responses for the rapidly exchanging L-system but System A was less responsive. It is possible that regulatory mechanisms operate for the A system other than the direct action of alterations in cellular amino acid levels. The implications of the amino acid transport activity changes observed here on various studies on the role of transport in cell growth regulation and malignant transformation are discussed.", "PMID": 856799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11489", "title": "Competition between globin messenger ribonucleic acids for a discriminating initiation factor.", "content": "Translation of messenger ribonucleic acids for alpha- and beta-globin chains was analyzed in an mRNA-dependent fractionated protein-synthesizing system derived from rabbit reticulocytes. The alpha/beta chain synthesis ratio is highly dependent on the concentration of unfractionated globin mRNAs; the ratio is 1.5 at low mRNA concentration and declines to 0.03 at a high concentration. Several lines of evidence support the conclusion that this effect is caused by competitive binding of the messengers to an initiation factor which preferentially associates with the beta-mRNA. Such a discriminating factor is present in the 0.5 M KCl wash fraction from ribosomes and it elutes from a diethylaminoethyl-cellulose column between 0.10 and 0.21 M KCl. Studies using purified preparations of initiation factors suggest that IF-M3 and IF-M4 may act synergistically to produce the activity of the discriminating initiation factor. Although the discriminating factor is required for translation of both messengers, its apparent binding constant to beta-mRNA is 50 times larger than to alpha-mRNA. The concentration of discriminating factor-mRNA complex does not limit the overall rate of protein synthesis in this cell-free system. Nevertheless, the relative effectiveness of different messengers is determined by the relative concentrations of their complexes with the discriminating factor.", "contents": "Competition between globin messenger ribonucleic acids for a discriminating initiation factor. Translation of messenger ribonucleic acids for alpha- and beta-globin chains was analyzed in an mRNA-dependent fractionated protein-synthesizing system derived from rabbit reticulocytes. The alpha/beta chain synthesis ratio is highly dependent on the concentration of unfractionated globin mRNAs; the ratio is 1.5 at low mRNA concentration and declines to 0.03 at a high concentration. Several lines of evidence support the conclusion that this effect is caused by competitive binding of the messengers to an initiation factor which preferentially associates with the beta-mRNA. Such a discriminating factor is present in the 0.5 M KCl wash fraction from ribosomes and it elutes from a diethylaminoethyl-cellulose column between 0.10 and 0.21 M KCl. Studies using purified preparations of initiation factors suggest that IF-M3 and IF-M4 may act synergistically to produce the activity of the discriminating initiation factor. Although the discriminating factor is required for translation of both messengers, its apparent binding constant to beta-mRNA is 50 times larger than to alpha-mRNA. The concentration of discriminating factor-mRNA complex does not limit the overall rate of protein synthesis in this cell-free system. Nevertheless, the relative effectiveness of different messengers is determined by the relative concentrations of their complexes with the discriminating factor.", "PMID": 856800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11490", "title": "Identification of D-threo-alpha-methylisocitrate as stereochemically specific substrate for bovine heart aconitase and inhibitor of TPN-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase.", "content": "DL-threo-alpha-Methylisocitrate (3-hydroxy-1,2,3-butanetricarboxylate) is a substrate for bovine heart aconitase and an inhibitor of TPN-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase from liver and heart. The isomer of alpha-methylisocitrate formed from alpha-methyl-cis-aconitate (cis-2-butane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate) by aconitase inhibits TPN-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase and has been identified as D-threo-alpha-methylisocitrate (2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-1,2,3-butanetricarboxylate) by optical rotation and circular dichroism studies. Mitochondrial bovine heart aconitase catalyzes a reversible reaction between D-threo-alpha-methylisocitrate (Km, 0.2 mM) and alpha-methyl-cis-aconitate (Km, 0.05 mM) at pH 7.4. However, formation of methylcitrate (2-hydroxy-1,2,3-butanetricarboxylate) from these substrates or utilization of synthetic methylcitrate for formation of these products could not be demonstrated with bovine heart aconitase. DL-threo-alpha-Methylisocitrate is also a substrate for aconitase from rat liver cytosol (Km, 0.1 mM); Vmax with citrate is approximately 1.4 times that with DL-threo-alpha-methylisocitrate. The ratio of activities for these substrates observed with the bovine heart enzyme is about 5. Formation of alpha-methyl-cis-aconitate from synthetic methylcitrate could not be detected spectrophotometrically with the liver aconitase; if it occurs with either the liver or the heart enzyme, the rate would be less than 0.1% that obtained with DL-threo-alpha-methylisocitrate. A new synthesis of methylcitric acid in good yields from diethyl alpha-methyl-beta-ketoglutarate (diethyl 2-methyl-3-oxoglutarate) and cyanide has been described. NMR spectroscopy indicates that this synthetic methylcitric acid contains the two racemic pairs of diastereoisomers.", "contents": "Identification of D-threo-alpha-methylisocitrate as stereochemically specific substrate for bovine heart aconitase and inhibitor of TPN-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase. DL-threo-alpha-Methylisocitrate (3-hydroxy-1,2,3-butanetricarboxylate) is a substrate for bovine heart aconitase and an inhibitor of TPN-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase from liver and heart. The isomer of alpha-methylisocitrate formed from alpha-methyl-cis-aconitate (cis-2-butane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate) by aconitase inhibits TPN-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase and has been identified as D-threo-alpha-methylisocitrate (2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-1,2,3-butanetricarboxylate) by optical rotation and circular dichroism studies. Mitochondrial bovine heart aconitase catalyzes a reversible reaction between D-threo-alpha-methylisocitrate (Km, 0.2 mM) and alpha-methyl-cis-aconitate (Km, 0.05 mM) at pH 7.4. However, formation of methylcitrate (2-hydroxy-1,2,3-butanetricarboxylate) from these substrates or utilization of synthetic methylcitrate for formation of these products could not be demonstrated with bovine heart aconitase. DL-threo-alpha-Methylisocitrate is also a substrate for aconitase from rat liver cytosol (Km, 0.1 mM); Vmax with citrate is approximately 1.4 times that with DL-threo-alpha-methylisocitrate. The ratio of activities for these substrates observed with the bovine heart enzyme is about 5. Formation of alpha-methyl-cis-aconitate from synthetic methylcitrate could not be detected spectrophotometrically with the liver aconitase; if it occurs with either the liver or the heart enzyme, the rate would be less than 0.1% that obtained with DL-threo-alpha-methylisocitrate. A new synthesis of methylcitric acid in good yields from diethyl alpha-methyl-beta-ketoglutarate (diethyl 2-methyl-3-oxoglutarate) and cyanide has been described. NMR spectroscopy indicates that this synthetic methylcitric acid contains the two racemic pairs of diastereoisomers.", "PMID": 856801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11491", "title": "Lipoprotein regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity in rat liver cell cultures.", "content": "A primary cell culture technique was used to study the effects of lipoproteins on rat hepatocyte 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase activity. In this system, lipoproteins prepared from normocholesterolemic rat and human plasma, including low density lipoproteins, did not inhibit hepatocyte HMG-CoA reductase activity whereas very low density lipoproteins and high density lipoproteins isolated from the same sources were stimulatory. A lipoprotein was isolated from the plasma of cholesterol-fed rats that did inhibit hepatocyte HMG-CoA reductase activity. An extensive chemical characterization of the inhibitory lipoprotein revealed that it was mainly d less than 1.019 g/ml and had beta mobility on lipoprotein electrophoresis. The lipoprotein was compared to the comparable density fraction in the normocholesterolemic rat plasma and there was no size difference appreciable by negatively stained electron micrographs. However, two important differences in chemical composition were evident: in the inhibitory lipoproteins the per cent of total apoprotein which was in the region of Mr = 35,000 was increased 1.5- to 2-fold, and there was a marked increase in cholesterol ester content. These chemical characteristics may be required for lipoproteins to regulate hepatocyte cholesterol synthesis. Primary cell culture of rat hepatocytes appears to be a useful system in which to study cholesterol metabolism in the liver.", "contents": "Lipoprotein regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity in rat liver cell cultures. A primary cell culture technique was used to study the effects of lipoproteins on rat hepatocyte 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase activity. In this system, lipoproteins prepared from normocholesterolemic rat and human plasma, including low density lipoproteins, did not inhibit hepatocyte HMG-CoA reductase activity whereas very low density lipoproteins and high density lipoproteins isolated from the same sources were stimulatory. A lipoprotein was isolated from the plasma of cholesterol-fed rats that did inhibit hepatocyte HMG-CoA reductase activity. An extensive chemical characterization of the inhibitory lipoprotein revealed that it was mainly d less than 1.019 g/ml and had beta mobility on lipoprotein electrophoresis. The lipoprotein was compared to the comparable density fraction in the normocholesterolemic rat plasma and there was no size difference appreciable by negatively stained electron micrographs. However, two important differences in chemical composition were evident: in the inhibitory lipoproteins the per cent of total apoprotein which was in the region of Mr = 35,000 was increased 1.5- to 2-fold, and there was a marked increase in cholesterol ester content. These chemical characteristics may be required for lipoproteins to regulate hepatocyte cholesterol synthesis. Primary cell culture of rat hepatocytes appears to be a useful system in which to study cholesterol metabolism in the liver.", "PMID": 856802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11492", "title": "Activation of epinephrine-sensitive adenylate cyclase in rat liver by cytosolic protein-nucleotide complex.", "content": "The cytosolic fraction from rat liver enhanced the basal and glucagon-sensitive adenylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1) of hepatic plasma membranes and revealed its (R)-(-)-epinephrine sensitivity. Such phenomena were usually obtained by the addition of low concentrations of GTP to the medium employed for the cyclase assay. Comparative studies of the behavior of the cytosolic factor and GTP in response to various treatments were performed. We present evidence that the stimulatory activity of the soluble factor was reduced after treatment by alkaline phosphatase, by the nucleotide phosphohydrolases present in the plasma membranes, and by trypsin. These results strongly suggest that the soluble activator is a nucleotide-protein complex and further demonstrate that GTP may be of physiological significance in the regulation of the adenylate cyclase system.", "contents": "Activation of epinephrine-sensitive adenylate cyclase in rat liver by cytosolic protein-nucleotide complex. The cytosolic fraction from rat liver enhanced the basal and glucagon-sensitive adenylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1) of hepatic plasma membranes and revealed its (R)-(-)-epinephrine sensitivity. Such phenomena were usually obtained by the addition of low concentrations of GTP to the medium employed for the cyclase assay. Comparative studies of the behavior of the cytosolic factor and GTP in response to various treatments were performed. We present evidence that the stimulatory activity of the soluble factor was reduced after treatment by alkaline phosphatase, by the nucleotide phosphohydrolases present in the plasma membranes, and by trypsin. These results strongly suggest that the soluble activator is a nucleotide-protein complex and further demonstrate that GTP may be of physiological significance in the regulation of the adenylate cyclase system.", "PMID": 856803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11493", "title": "Effects of free fatty acids on activity of hepatic microsomal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and on secretion of triglyceride and cholesterol by liver.", "content": "The output of triglyceride and cholesterol, and the activity of microsomal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) were measured following perfusion of the isolated rat liver with a medium containing free fatty acids. The activity of the enzyme and the output of cholesterol and triglyceride are regulated by the quantity and structure of the free fatty acid. The activity of HMG-CoA reductase was linearly proportional to uptake of oleic acid (18:1) by the liver. Output of triglyceride and cholesterol in the presence of oleate was also stimulated although, under these experimental conditions, the maximal secretory rate for cholesterol was observed while reductase activity was still increasing. When equimolar quantities of palmitic (16:0), oleic (18:1), or linoleic acid (18:2) were infused, the observed activity of the enzyme was in the order 18:1 greater than 18:2 = 16:0. Output of triglyceride was in the order 18:1 = 18:2 greater than 16:0. Output of free and esterified cholesterol was in the order 18:1 greater than 18:2 greater than 16:0. The stimulation by free fatty acids of hepatic cholesterogenesis, as estimated by the activity of HMG-CoA reductase, probably is the result of stimulation by free fatty acids of secretion of triglyceride in the very low density lipoprotein, and the obligatory requirement for cholesterol as a component of the lipoprotein.", "contents": "Effects of free fatty acids on activity of hepatic microsomal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and on secretion of triglyceride and cholesterol by liver. The output of triglyceride and cholesterol, and the activity of microsomal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) were measured following perfusion of the isolated rat liver with a medium containing free fatty acids. The activity of the enzyme and the output of cholesterol and triglyceride are regulated by the quantity and structure of the free fatty acid. The activity of HMG-CoA reductase was linearly proportional to uptake of oleic acid (18:1) by the liver. Output of triglyceride and cholesterol in the presence of oleate was also stimulated although, under these experimental conditions, the maximal secretory rate for cholesterol was observed while reductase activity was still increasing. When equimolar quantities of palmitic (16:0), oleic (18:1), or linoleic acid (18:2) were infused, the observed activity of the enzyme was in the order 18:1 greater than 18:2 = 16:0. Output of triglyceride was in the order 18:1 = 18:2 greater than 16:0. Output of free and esterified cholesterol was in the order 18:1 greater than 18:2 greater than 16:0. The stimulation by free fatty acids of hepatic cholesterogenesis, as estimated by the activity of HMG-CoA reductase, probably is the result of stimulation by free fatty acids of secretion of triglyceride in the very low density lipoprotein, and the obligatory requirement for cholesterol as a component of the lipoprotein.", "PMID": 856804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11494", "title": "Comparative properties of vertebrate parvalbumins.", "content": "Pure parvalbumins isolated from turtle, chicken, and rabbit white skeletal muscle have been characterized in terms of their physical, chemical, and immunological properties. As for the parvalbumins of most fish and amphibians, they have sedimentation constants S20,w of approximately 1.45 +/- 0.25 S and molecular weights of approximately 12,000, with little or no evidence for aggregation. They contain no tryptophan, at most one tyrosine, and a high proportion of phenylalanine, resulting in characteristic absorption spectra. All three parvalbumins contain 2 g atoms of calcium/mol bound with a KDiss less than or equal to 10(-6) M. Complete removal of calcium can be achieved by treatment with EDTA and EGTA or by a purified preparation of fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum. By a direct analytical procedure, the concentration of parvalbumins in white skeletal muscle from the turtle, chicken, and rabbit was estimated at approximately 9 to 11, 0.2 to 0.4, and 0.6 to 1.1 g/kg, respectively. No parvalbumin or immunologically cross-reacting material could be detected in chicken white breast muscle, and very little was found in rabbit red muscle. All three proteins are immunologically distinct. A \"minor\" isoparvalbumin (approximately 2% of the major component) was found in turtle muscle only.", "contents": "Comparative properties of vertebrate parvalbumins. Pure parvalbumins isolated from turtle, chicken, and rabbit white skeletal muscle have been characterized in terms of their physical, chemical, and immunological properties. As for the parvalbumins of most fish and amphibians, they have sedimentation constants S20,w of approximately 1.45 +/- 0.25 S and molecular weights of approximately 12,000, with little or no evidence for aggregation. They contain no tryptophan, at most one tyrosine, and a high proportion of phenylalanine, resulting in characteristic absorption spectra. All three parvalbumins contain 2 g atoms of calcium/mol bound with a KDiss less than or equal to 10(-6) M. Complete removal of calcium can be achieved by treatment with EDTA and EGTA or by a purified preparation of fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum. By a direct analytical procedure, the concentration of parvalbumins in white skeletal muscle from the turtle, chicken, and rabbit was estimated at approximately 9 to 11, 0.2 to 0.4, and 0.6 to 1.1 g/kg, respectively. No parvalbumin or immunologically cross-reacting material could be detected in chicken white breast muscle, and very little was found in rabbit red muscle. All three proteins are immunologically distinct. A \"minor\" isoparvalbumin (approximately 2% of the major component) was found in turtle muscle only.", "PMID": 856805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11495", "title": "Calorimetric study of microsomal membrane.", "content": "Differential scanning calorimetric measurements of normal rat liver microsomes reveal a single thermal transition at about 50 degrees. This transition is assigned to irreversible prorein denaturation. There is no evidence for a reversible lipid phase transition at any temperature above 0 degrees, indicating that the microsomal membrane is in teh fluid state under these conditions. Rats fed a fat-free diet which increases the degree of saturation of fatty acids in the membrane lipids do produce microsomal membranes exhibiting a reversible lipid phase transition. The NADH=dependent and NADPH-dependent enzymatic reductions of cytochrome c show linear Arrhenius behavior in the normal rat liver microsomes but reveal discontinuities and breaks in the Arrhenius plots at approximately the calorimetrically determined phase transition temperatures in microsomes from rats fed the fat-free diet. Hence, the fluidity of cell membranes can be altered by diet with consequent effects on membrane-supported functions. The data further show that the lipid organization of the membrane is not independent of the protein component and supports models of membrane structure where a separate class of lipids forms a boundary between the bulk phase and the proteins.", "contents": "Calorimetric study of microsomal membrane. Differential scanning calorimetric measurements of normal rat liver microsomes reveal a single thermal transition at about 50 degrees. This transition is assigned to irreversible prorein denaturation. There is no evidence for a reversible lipid phase transition at any temperature above 0 degrees, indicating that the microsomal membrane is in teh fluid state under these conditions. Rats fed a fat-free diet which increases the degree of saturation of fatty acids in the membrane lipids do produce microsomal membranes exhibiting a reversible lipid phase transition. The NADH=dependent and NADPH-dependent enzymatic reductions of cytochrome c show linear Arrhenius behavior in the normal rat liver microsomes but reveal discontinuities and breaks in the Arrhenius plots at approximately the calorimetrically determined phase transition temperatures in microsomes from rats fed the fat-free diet. Hence, the fluidity of cell membranes can be altered by diet with consequent effects on membrane-supported functions. The data further show that the lipid organization of the membrane is not independent of the protein component and supports models of membrane structure where a separate class of lipids forms a boundary between the bulk phase and the proteins.", "PMID": 856806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11496", "title": "Recombinations of subunits of Phaseolus vulgaris isolectins.", "content": "Phaseolus vulgaris phytohemagglutinin is formed in vivo by the combination of erythrocyte (E)-reactive and lymphocyte (L)-reactive subunits into five tetrameric isolectins:L4,L3E1, L2E2, L1E3, and E4. Evidence for phytohemagglutinin subunit structure is obtained by in vitro dissociation of native isolectins in 6 M guanidine HCl followed by removal of dissociating agents to allow subunit recombination. Dissociation and recombination of L4 yielded a single protein, electrophoretically indistinguishable from the native L4. Similar treatment of E4 also yielded a single protein indistinguishable from native E4. Treatment of L3E1, L2E2, L1E3, or a mixture of L4 and E4, yielded five distinct proteins electrophoretically similar to all five native phytohemagglutinin isolectins. Milligram quantities of all five recombinant isolectins were prepared either from L2E2 or a mixture of L4 and L1E3 proportioned to yield equimolar quantitives of the two subunits on dissociation. The recombinant isolectins were purified by affinity and SP-Sephadex ion exchange chromatography. Electrophoretic and chromatographic properties and the erythroagglutinating and mitogenic activities of recombinant isolectins were essentially identical with the native isolectins. The inclusion of 125I-labeled L4 in the dissociation results in a distribution of 125I-labeled L subunit among the purified recombinant isolectins proportional to their proposed subunit structures.", "contents": "Recombinations of subunits of Phaseolus vulgaris isolectins. Phaseolus vulgaris phytohemagglutinin is formed in vivo by the combination of erythrocyte (E)-reactive and lymphocyte (L)-reactive subunits into five tetrameric isolectins:L4,L3E1, L2E2, L1E3, and E4. Evidence for phytohemagglutinin subunit structure is obtained by in vitro dissociation of native isolectins in 6 M guanidine HCl followed by removal of dissociating agents to allow subunit recombination. Dissociation and recombination of L4 yielded a single protein, electrophoretically indistinguishable from the native L4. Similar treatment of E4 also yielded a single protein indistinguishable from native E4. Treatment of L3E1, L2E2, L1E3, or a mixture of L4 and E4, yielded five distinct proteins electrophoretically similar to all five native phytohemagglutinin isolectins. Milligram quantities of all five recombinant isolectins were prepared either from L2E2 or a mixture of L4 and L1E3 proportioned to yield equimolar quantitives of the two subunits on dissociation. The recombinant isolectins were purified by affinity and SP-Sephadex ion exchange chromatography. Electrophoretic and chromatographic properties and the erythroagglutinating and mitogenic activities of recombinant isolectins were essentially identical with the native isolectins. The inclusion of 125I-labeled L4 in the dissociation results in a distribution of 125I-labeled L subunit among the purified recombinant isolectins proportional to their proposed subunit structures.", "PMID": 856807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11497", "title": "Steroid hormone receptors in normal human lymphocytes. Induction of glucocorticoid receptor activity by phytohemagglutinin stimulation.", "content": "The presence of specific steroid hormone receptors in human lymphocytes was investigated in unstimulated and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated glass wool column-purified peripheral blood lymphocytes. Specific steroid binding in intact cells was determined by a whole cell competitive binding assay. Non-phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes had about 2700 specific glucocorticoid binding sites per cell; phytohemagglutinin stimulation induced a 2 to 3-fold increase in glucocorticoid receptor activity within 16 h of culture. No estrogen, androgen, or progestin binding sites were detected in either unstimulated or phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes. Scatchard analysis of glucocorticoid binding was consistent with a single class of receptor sites with a dissociation constant (Kd) of about 5.5 x 10(-9) M (correlation coefficient r = -0.96). Significant competition for radiolabeled dexamethasone binding was not observed with steroids lacking glucocorticoid activity. There was good agreement between relative binding affinities of various steroids to glucocorticoid receptor in lymphocytes and ability of these steroids to inhibit phytohemagglutinin-stimulated thymidine incorporation.", "contents": "Steroid hormone receptors in normal human lymphocytes. Induction of glucocorticoid receptor activity by phytohemagglutinin stimulation. The presence of specific steroid hormone receptors in human lymphocytes was investigated in unstimulated and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated glass wool column-purified peripheral blood lymphocytes. Specific steroid binding in intact cells was determined by a whole cell competitive binding assay. Non-phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes had about 2700 specific glucocorticoid binding sites per cell; phytohemagglutinin stimulation induced a 2 to 3-fold increase in glucocorticoid receptor activity within 16 h of culture. No estrogen, androgen, or progestin binding sites were detected in either unstimulated or phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes. Scatchard analysis of glucocorticoid binding was consistent with a single class of receptor sites with a dissociation constant (Kd) of about 5.5 x 10(-9) M (correlation coefficient r = -0.96). Significant competition for radiolabeled dexamethasone binding was not observed with steroids lacking glucocorticoid activity. There was good agreement between relative binding affinities of various steroids to glucocorticoid receptor in lymphocytes and ability of these steroids to inhibit phytohemagglutinin-stimulated thymidine incorporation.", "PMID": 856808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11498", "title": "Biosynthesis of mitochondrial DNA. Is 8 S DNA an artifact?", "content": "Sucrose density gradient fractionation of isolated rat liver mitochondrial DNA ordinarily yields two peaks, one at 39 S, the other at 27 S. However, when these mitochondria are first incubated with a labeled DNA precursor, a labeled peak at about 8 S is also observed. Is this low molecular weight 8 S DNA merely an artifact of contamination or breakdown, or is it a functioning part of the mitochondrial genome? That it is not a nuclear contaminant is shown by: (a) the absence of nuclei or nuclear fragments in active mitochondrial preparations; (b) the insensitivity of 8 S DNA synthesis to treatment of mitochondria with DNase and RNase; (c) the ability of inner membrane preparations to synthesize this DNA; (d) the ability of atractyloside to inhibit incorporation of [3H]dATP into 8 S and 39 S or 27 S DNA equally; (e) the labeling of 8 S DNA (as well as 39 S and 27 S DNA) but not of nuclear DNA after the administration in vivo of [3H]thymidine. The evidence that 8 S DNA is not an artifact resulting from DNA breakdown during mitochondrial incubation or DNA isolation is as follows: (a) 8 S DNA can be isolated from unincubated mitochondrial; (b) 8 S DNA becomes labeled when labeled DNA precursors are administered in vivo; (c) 8 S DNA biosynthesis continues in the complete absence of labeled 39 S or 27 S DNA (whose synthesis is repressed by ethidium bromide), making it unlikely that 8 S DNA is formed from the breakdown of 39 S or 27 S DNA; (d) substitution of milder methods of DNA extraction does not decrease 8 S DNA labeling; moreover, the usual conditions of extraction, when applied to purified 39 S and 27 S DNA, do not generate 8 S DNA, nor does an additional mitochondrial washing cycle; (e) the specific radioactivity of 8 S DNA is higher than that of 39 S or 27 S DNA, making it improbable that the latter forms are precursors of 8 S DNA. Since 8 S DNA is double-stranded, it is not identical to the 7 S fragment of D loop DNA. The hypothesis that the artifactual nicking of those DNA molecules which contain opposing D loops leads to the release of double-stranded fragments was tested. The DNA which was released was predominantly (and probably completely) single-stranded. We conclude that 8 S DNA is probably not an artifact and studies are in progress on its function.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of mitochondrial DNA. Is 8 S DNA an artifact? Sucrose density gradient fractionation of isolated rat liver mitochondrial DNA ordinarily yields two peaks, one at 39 S, the other at 27 S. However, when these mitochondria are first incubated with a labeled DNA precursor, a labeled peak at about 8 S is also observed. Is this low molecular weight 8 S DNA merely an artifact of contamination or breakdown, or is it a functioning part of the mitochondrial genome? That it is not a nuclear contaminant is shown by: (a) the absence of nuclei or nuclear fragments in active mitochondrial preparations; (b) the insensitivity of 8 S DNA synthesis to treatment of mitochondria with DNase and RNase; (c) the ability of inner membrane preparations to synthesize this DNA; (d) the ability of atractyloside to inhibit incorporation of [3H]dATP into 8 S and 39 S or 27 S DNA equally; (e) the labeling of 8 S DNA (as well as 39 S and 27 S DNA) but not of nuclear DNA after the administration in vivo of [3H]thymidine. The evidence that 8 S DNA is not an artifact resulting from DNA breakdown during mitochondrial incubation or DNA isolation is as follows: (a) 8 S DNA can be isolated from unincubated mitochondrial; (b) 8 S DNA becomes labeled when labeled DNA precursors are administered in vivo; (c) 8 S DNA biosynthesis continues in the complete absence of labeled 39 S or 27 S DNA (whose synthesis is repressed by ethidium bromide), making it unlikely that 8 S DNA is formed from the breakdown of 39 S or 27 S DNA; (d) substitution of milder methods of DNA extraction does not decrease 8 S DNA labeling; moreover, the usual conditions of extraction, when applied to purified 39 S and 27 S DNA, do not generate 8 S DNA, nor does an additional mitochondrial washing cycle; (e) the specific radioactivity of 8 S DNA is higher than that of 39 S or 27 S DNA, making it improbable that the latter forms are precursors of 8 S DNA. Since 8 S DNA is double-stranded, it is not identical to the 7 S fragment of D loop DNA. The hypothesis that the artifactual nicking of those DNA molecules which contain opposing D loops leads to the release of double-stranded fragments was tested. The DNA which was released was predominantly (and probably completely) single-stranded. We conclude that 8 S DNA is probably not an artifact and studies are in progress on its function.", "PMID": 856809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11499", "title": "Nonenzymatic glycosylation of hemoglobin.", "content": "The incubation of dialyzed hemoglobin A with a number of phosphorylated glycolytic intermediates leads to the formation of covalent hemoglobin adducts that co-chromatograph with hemoglobin AIb. Phosphorylated hexoses (glucose-6-P, fructose-6-P, fructose-1,6-P2) and trioses (glyceraldelyde-3-P, dihydroxyacetone-P) containing a free aldehyde or ketone can glycosylate hemoglobin A nonenzymatically. From 7 to 12% of the hemoglobin can be modified after a 72-h incubation of an equimolar mixture of hemoglobin A and the phosphorylated intermediate. No significant formation of adduct was seen with a sugar alone (glucose, fructose) or glycolytic intermediate which had a blocked aldehyde (glucose-1-P, glucose-1,6-P2, UDP-glucose). The addition of an equimolar amount of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate reduced adduct formation. Evidently, the phosphate is needed to orient and stabilize the intermediate in the bisphosphoglycerate pocket of hemoglobin so that the addition reaction can proceed. All of the hemoglobin A adducts were indistinguishable form hemoglobin AIb by ion exchange chromatography and isoelectric focusing. The hemoglobin A-glucose-6-P adduct and hemoglobin AIb had a NaB3H4-reducible linkage in the beta chain. The concentration of hemoglobin AIb is elevated in patients with diabetes mellitus. This presumably reflects the increased concentrations of glycolytic intermediates (glucose-6-P, fructose-6-P, fructose-1,6-P2, dihydroxyacetone-P) which were found to be significantly elevated in the red cells of diabetic patients as compared with normal controls.", "contents": "Nonenzymatic glycosylation of hemoglobin. The incubation of dialyzed hemoglobin A with a number of phosphorylated glycolytic intermediates leads to the formation of covalent hemoglobin adducts that co-chromatograph with hemoglobin AIb. Phosphorylated hexoses (glucose-6-P, fructose-6-P, fructose-1,6-P2) and trioses (glyceraldelyde-3-P, dihydroxyacetone-P) containing a free aldehyde or ketone can glycosylate hemoglobin A nonenzymatically. From 7 to 12% of the hemoglobin can be modified after a 72-h incubation of an equimolar mixture of hemoglobin A and the phosphorylated intermediate. No significant formation of adduct was seen with a sugar alone (glucose, fructose) or glycolytic intermediate which had a blocked aldehyde (glucose-1-P, glucose-1,6-P2, UDP-glucose). The addition of an equimolar amount of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate reduced adduct formation. Evidently, the phosphate is needed to orient and stabilize the intermediate in the bisphosphoglycerate pocket of hemoglobin so that the addition reaction can proceed. All of the hemoglobin A adducts were indistinguishable form hemoglobin AIb by ion exchange chromatography and isoelectric focusing. The hemoglobin A-glucose-6-P adduct and hemoglobin AIb had a NaB3H4-reducible linkage in the beta chain. The concentration of hemoglobin AIb is elevated in patients with diabetes mellitus. This presumably reflects the increased concentrations of glycolytic intermediates (glucose-6-P, fructose-6-P, fructose-1,6-P2, dihydroxyacetone-P) which were found to be significantly elevated in the red cells of diabetic patients as compared with normal controls.", "PMID": 856810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11500", "title": "Pseudosymmetry in the structure of myohemerythrin.", "content": "The three-dimensional structure of the protein myohemerythrin from retractor muscles of the sipunculan worn Themiste zostericola has been explored for the existance of approximately symmetry operators that locally interrelate portions of the molecule. First, the electron denisty distribution at 5.5 A resolution was examined. A local 2-fold axis that transposes the C-D helix pair into the A-B helix pair was found and refined by the method of least squares. The match in electron densities for a pure 2-fold rotation had a correlation coefficient of 0.56. Next, a comprehensive search was made for rotational symmetry in the Patterson function of an isolated molecule. The rotation function based on data to 6 A spacings showed a major peak, 72% of the self-peak height, that confirmed the result from electron density correlations. In addition, a pattern of lower level peaks revealed approximate point group symmetry as high as D4. Finally, the amino acid sequence has been inspected for evidence of a repeated structure. The level of amino acid identities between positions in the A-B and C-D helix pairs is 28%. Several factors are discussed to suggest that this homology, although low, is nonetheless significant.", "contents": "Pseudosymmetry in the structure of myohemerythrin. The three-dimensional structure of the protein myohemerythrin from retractor muscles of the sipunculan worn Themiste zostericola has been explored for the existance of approximately symmetry operators that locally interrelate portions of the molecule. First, the electron denisty distribution at 5.5 A resolution was examined. A local 2-fold axis that transposes the C-D helix pair into the A-B helix pair was found and refined by the method of least squares. The match in electron densities for a pure 2-fold rotation had a correlation coefficient of 0.56. Next, a comprehensive search was made for rotational symmetry in the Patterson function of an isolated molecule. The rotation function based on data to 6 A spacings showed a major peak, 72% of the self-peak height, that confirmed the result from electron density correlations. In addition, a pattern of lower level peaks revealed approximate point group symmetry as high as D4. Finally, the amino acid sequence has been inspected for evidence of a repeated structure. The level of amino acid identities between positions in the A-B and C-D helix pairs is 28%. Several factors are discussed to suggest that this homology, although low, is nonetheless significant.", "PMID": 856811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11501", "title": "Preparation and characterization of subfractions of bovine thyroid plasma membranes.", "content": "Two subfractions of bovine thyroid plasma membranes, light membranes (L-membranes) and heavy membranes (H-membranes), were obtained by a discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation of plasma membranes. Electron microscopy of the plasma membrane and its subfractions showed that the H-membranes were very similar to the plasma membrane fraction, both contained junctional complexes, long membrane sheets, and vesicles. In contrast, the L-membranes consisted mainly of short membrane sheets and vesicles, and only a few junctional complexes. The H-membranes had greater adenylate cyclase activity which responded to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) while this hormone had very little effect on the enzyme activity in the L-membranes. Despite the marked difference in TSH stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity in the H- and L-membrane fractions, specific binding of 125I-TSH was similar in both fractions. The L-membranes had higher specific activities of 5'-nucleotidase and Mg2+ATPase while (Na+ + K+)-ATPase and alkaline phosphatase activities were similar in the two subfractions. Protein kinase activity of H-membranes was not significantly stimulated by exogenous cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cAMP). Plasma membranes and H-membranes contained a substrate capable of being phosphorylated. Such phosphorylation was slightly increased by addition of soluble protein kinase. The phosphorylation of exogenous histone by protein kinase of plasma membranes and H-membranes was augmented by cAMP. In contrast, L-membranes had very little protein kinase activity even when exogenous histone was added. They were not a very good substrate for cytosolic protein kinase.", "contents": "Preparation and characterization of subfractions of bovine thyroid plasma membranes. Two subfractions of bovine thyroid plasma membranes, light membranes (L-membranes) and heavy membranes (H-membranes), were obtained by a discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation of plasma membranes. Electron microscopy of the plasma membrane and its subfractions showed that the H-membranes were very similar to the plasma membrane fraction, both contained junctional complexes, long membrane sheets, and vesicles. In contrast, the L-membranes consisted mainly of short membrane sheets and vesicles, and only a few junctional complexes. The H-membranes had greater adenylate cyclase activity which responded to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) while this hormone had very little effect on the enzyme activity in the L-membranes. Despite the marked difference in TSH stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity in the H- and L-membrane fractions, specific binding of 125I-TSH was similar in both fractions. The L-membranes had higher specific activities of 5'-nucleotidase and Mg2+ATPase while (Na+ + K+)-ATPase and alkaline phosphatase activities were similar in the two subfractions. Protein kinase activity of H-membranes was not significantly stimulated by exogenous cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cAMP). Plasma membranes and H-membranes contained a substrate capable of being phosphorylated. Such phosphorylation was slightly increased by addition of soluble protein kinase. The phosphorylation of exogenous histone by protein kinase of plasma membranes and H-membranes was augmented by cAMP. In contrast, L-membranes had very little protein kinase activity even when exogenous histone was added. They were not a very good substrate for cytosolic protein kinase.", "PMID": 856812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11502", "title": "Purification and characterization of core-associated polynucleotide 5'-triphosphatase from Vaccinia virus.", "content": "A core-associated enzyme, designated as polynucleotide 5'-triphosphatase, has been purified from vaccinia. Fractionation on ADP-agarose of the soluble extract from detergent-disrupted cores followed by chromatography on poly(U)-agarose produced an 80-fold purification of the enzyme. The enzyme has an approximate molecular weight of 113,000 and is composed of two polypeptides with approximate molecular weights of 90,000 and 26,000. Divalent metal ions are necessary for enzymatic activity, which occurs optimally at pH 8.4. The enzyme acts upon 5'-ATP- and 5'-GTP-terminated RNA and also on 5'-ATP-terminated poly(A), catalyzing the hydrolysis of only the gamma-phosphate. The presumed biological role of the enzyme based upon this specificity is the participation in the initial step in the sequence of reactions through which the primary 5' termini of vaccinia messenger RNA are capped with the groups m7G(5')ppp(5')NmpN-.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of core-associated polynucleotide 5'-triphosphatase from Vaccinia virus. A core-associated enzyme, designated as polynucleotide 5'-triphosphatase, has been purified from vaccinia. Fractionation on ADP-agarose of the soluble extract from detergent-disrupted cores followed by chromatography on poly(U)-agarose produced an 80-fold purification of the enzyme. The enzyme has an approximate molecular weight of 113,000 and is composed of two polypeptides with approximate molecular weights of 90,000 and 26,000. Divalent metal ions are necessary for enzymatic activity, which occurs optimally at pH 8.4. The enzyme acts upon 5'-ATP- and 5'-GTP-terminated RNA and also on 5'-ATP-terminated poly(A), catalyzing the hydrolysis of only the gamma-phosphate. The presumed biological role of the enzyme based upon this specificity is the participation in the initial step in the sequence of reactions through which the primary 5' termini of vaccinia messenger RNA are capped with the groups m7G(5')ppp(5')NmpN-.", "PMID": 856813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11503", "title": "Immunological cross-reaction between calf and Drosophila histones.", "content": "Antibodies elicited by purified calf thymus histone fractions are used to quantitate the immunological cross-reactions between calf and Drosophila histones. The index of dissimilarity between calf and Drosophila histones are: H4, 1.0; H2B, 1.0; H3, 1.6; H2A, 2.0; H1, 16. These values respectively correspond to 0, 0, 4, 6, and 27% difference in amino acid composition. The differences in amino acid composition assessed by immunological techniques are in agreement with values obtained by amino acid analysis (Alfageme, C. R., Zweidler, A., Mahowald, A., and Cohen, L. H. (1974) J Biol. Chem. 249, 3729-3736 and Oliver, D., and Chalkley, R. (1972) Exp. Cell. Res. 73, 295-302). The strong immunological cross-reaction between calf and Drosophila histones H4, H3, H2A, and H2B leads us to suggest that antibodies elicited against purified histone fractions derived from calf thymus can serve as \"universal\" reagents for various studies of chromatin-bound histones. The use of standard preparations of antisera will facilitate comparisons of results obtained in different laboratories with various experimental systems.", "contents": "Immunological cross-reaction between calf and Drosophila histones. Antibodies elicited by purified calf thymus histone fractions are used to quantitate the immunological cross-reactions between calf and Drosophila histones. The index of dissimilarity between calf and Drosophila histones are: H4, 1.0; H2B, 1.0; H3, 1.6; H2A, 2.0; H1, 16. These values respectively correspond to 0, 0, 4, 6, and 27% difference in amino acid composition. The differences in amino acid composition assessed by immunological techniques are in agreement with values obtained by amino acid analysis (Alfageme, C. R., Zweidler, A., Mahowald, A., and Cohen, L. H. (1974) J Biol. Chem. 249, 3729-3736 and Oliver, D., and Chalkley, R. (1972) Exp. Cell. Res. 73, 295-302). The strong immunological cross-reaction between calf and Drosophila histones H4, H3, H2A, and H2B leads us to suggest that antibodies elicited against purified histone fractions derived from calf thymus can serve as \"universal\" reagents for various studies of chromatin-bound histones. The use of standard preparations of antisera will facilitate comparisons of results obtained in different laboratories with various experimental systems.", "PMID": 856814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11504", "title": "A new antithrombogenic heparinized polymer.", "content": "A new antithrombogenic polymer was synthesized by photoinduced graft copolymerization of both a hydrophilic polymer and a cationic polymer to hydrophobic poly (vinyl chloride) copolymer, and by quarternizing and heparinizing the obtained graft copolymer. For polymers of various compositions obtained by the method described above, chemical composition, water absorption, membrane potential, and quantity of adsorbed heparin were determined and antithrombogenicity evaluated in vivo. Thus, it has been found that the polymer of excellent antithrombogenicity has a negative membrane potential, a moderate elution rate of heparin, adsorbs heparin in a quantity of approximately 15 wt-%, and has a degree of water adsorption of about 30 wt-%. Also, measurement of membrane potential was very useful for the estimation of the quantity of the adsorbed heparin and its change with time.", "contents": "A new antithrombogenic heparinized polymer. A new antithrombogenic polymer was synthesized by photoinduced graft copolymerization of both a hydrophilic polymer and a cationic polymer to hydrophobic poly (vinyl chloride) copolymer, and by quarternizing and heparinizing the obtained graft copolymer. For polymers of various compositions obtained by the method described above, chemical composition, water absorption, membrane potential, and quantity of adsorbed heparin were determined and antithrombogenicity evaluated in vivo. Thus, it has been found that the polymer of excellent antithrombogenicity has a negative membrane potential, a moderate elution rate of heparin, adsorbs heparin in a quantity of approximately 15 wt-%, and has a degree of water adsorption of about 30 wt-%. Also, measurement of membrane potential was very useful for the estimation of the quantity of the adsorbed heparin and its change with time.", "PMID": 856815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11505", "title": "Effect of collagen crosslinking on the rate of resorption of implanted collagen tubing in rabbits.", "content": "Collagen tubes were tanned with glutaraldehyde for different periods of time. Some were oxidized with periodate and sterilized with either 60Co (1.5 Mrad) or propylene oxide. The tubes were coated with polyfilamentous polyester fabric, filled with x-ray contrast material, and implanted subcutaneously in rats and rabbits. Rate of resorption was ascertained by x-ray procedure of progressive leakage of contrast material. A close relation between tanning time of the collagen fabric-combined prostheses and rate of their resorption in subcutis was found in both rats and rabbits. In rabbits, however, the implants were resorbed at a significantly faster rate than in rats. No effect of oxidation of collagen on the resorption was observed. Collagen tubes tanned for shorter time periods and sterilized with propylene oxide were more resistant to degradation than those sterilized with irradiation. This difference was absent, however, with material tanned for longer times. The mechanism of resorption of implanted collagen tubes was studied by morphological methods. The role of inflammatory cells in resorption is documented. The paper indicates the advantages as well as limits of the x-ray method of studying the resorption rate of biodegradable materials.", "contents": "Effect of collagen crosslinking on the rate of resorption of implanted collagen tubing in rabbits. Collagen tubes were tanned with glutaraldehyde for different periods of time. Some were oxidized with periodate and sterilized with either 60Co (1.5 Mrad) or propylene oxide. The tubes were coated with polyfilamentous polyester fabric, filled with x-ray contrast material, and implanted subcutaneously in rats and rabbits. Rate of resorption was ascertained by x-ray procedure of progressive leakage of contrast material. A close relation between tanning time of the collagen fabric-combined prostheses and rate of their resorption in subcutis was found in both rats and rabbits. In rabbits, however, the implants were resorbed at a significantly faster rate than in rats. No effect of oxidation of collagen on the resorption was observed. Collagen tubes tanned for shorter time periods and sterilized with propylene oxide were more resistant to degradation than those sterilized with irradiation. This difference was absent, however, with material tanned for longer times. The mechanism of resorption of implanted collagen tubes was studied by morphological methods. The role of inflammatory cells in resorption is documented. The paper indicates the advantages as well as limits of the x-ray method of studying the resorption rate of biodegradable materials.", "PMID": 856816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11506", "title": "Polytetrafluoroethylene-N-vinylpyrrolidone graft copolymers: affinity with plasma proteins.", "content": "N-vinylpyrrolidone was grafted onto films, grains, and tubes of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) using a radiation procedure. By controlling the experimental conditions, it was possible to obtain an analogous grafting percentage on films and grains. Kinetic grafting onto a tube might be used under certain conditions to preserve both size and water tightness. Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP)-grafted material became hydrophilic and slightly swollen according to the grafting percentage obtained. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of polymer surfaces showed preferential polymerization sites at a low radiation dose. A regular, velvet-like surface was obtained for a high grafting percentage induced at a low radiation intensity. Biological properties of PTFE were compared before and after PVP grafting. PTFE appeared to be a nonreactive polymer with respect to the blood-clotting proteins. No significant change was observed using different granulometric sizes of PTFE grains, and its noteworthy inertness was preserved after PVP grafting. Interactions between polymer surfaces and human plasma proteins were analyzed using 125I-isolated proteins. Fibrinogen and immunoglobulins have a high affinity for PTFE; on the other hand, albumin was weakly adsorbed on the polymer surface. Marked changes in protein adsorption were observed after PVP grafting. Hydrophilic group grafting induced an increase of albumin adsorption and a decrease of fibrinogen adsorption. Prothrombin affinity was not significatly affected by modified PTFE. Studies of serum protein adsorption using solid-phase radioimmunoassays were developed with monospecific and polyvalent antisera. After incubation of the whole serum protein and polymer, immunoglobulins were found to exhibit the major part of bound protein radioactivity on the polymer surface. No evidence of increasing adsorption of immunoglobulins from rabbit serum after immunization by PTFE or PTFE/PVP was observed. The immunoglobulin adsorption was submitted to a competitive effect with the other serum proteins. It was possible to postulate the competitive action of albumin, particularly after biological property changes induced by chemical grafting.", "contents": "Polytetrafluoroethylene-N-vinylpyrrolidone graft copolymers: affinity with plasma proteins. N-vinylpyrrolidone was grafted onto films, grains, and tubes of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) using a radiation procedure. By controlling the experimental conditions, it was possible to obtain an analogous grafting percentage on films and grains. Kinetic grafting onto a tube might be used under certain conditions to preserve both size and water tightness. Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP)-grafted material became hydrophilic and slightly swollen according to the grafting percentage obtained. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of polymer surfaces showed preferential polymerization sites at a low radiation dose. A regular, velvet-like surface was obtained for a high grafting percentage induced at a low radiation intensity. Biological properties of PTFE were compared before and after PVP grafting. PTFE appeared to be a nonreactive polymer with respect to the blood-clotting proteins. No significant change was observed using different granulometric sizes of PTFE grains, and its noteworthy inertness was preserved after PVP grafting. Interactions between polymer surfaces and human plasma proteins were analyzed using 125I-isolated proteins. Fibrinogen and immunoglobulins have a high affinity for PTFE; on the other hand, albumin was weakly adsorbed on the polymer surface. Marked changes in protein adsorption were observed after PVP grafting. Hydrophilic group grafting induced an increase of albumin adsorption and a decrease of fibrinogen adsorption. Prothrombin affinity was not significatly affected by modified PTFE. Studies of serum protein adsorption using solid-phase radioimmunoassays were developed with monospecific and polyvalent antisera. After incubation of the whole serum protein and polymer, immunoglobulins were found to exhibit the major part of bound protein radioactivity on the polymer surface. No evidence of increasing adsorption of immunoglobulins from rabbit serum after immunization by PTFE or PTFE/PVP was observed. The immunoglobulin adsorption was submitted to a competitive effect with the other serum proteins. It was possible to postulate the competitive action of albumin, particularly after biological property changes induced by chemical grafting.", "PMID": 856817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11507", "title": "Influence of the heat treatment of commercial amalgam alloys on the phase composition of the alloys and the creep of the resulting amalgams.", "content": "The influence of heat treatment of dental alloys at several temperatures on the phases present in the alloy and the creep of the resulting amalgam as well as the correlation between phase changes and the creep was investigated. A dependence of the creep on the temperature of the heat treatment of the alloy was established. Substantial phase changes were observed after the different heat treatments. No correlation was detected between the creep rate and the changes in phases present in the dental alloys. A thermodynamically oriented explanation of the relation between the creep of the amalgam and the state of (non-) equilibrium of the corresponding amalgam alloy was proposed and discussed.", "contents": "Influence of the heat treatment of commercial amalgam alloys on the phase composition of the alloys and the creep of the resulting amalgams. The influence of heat treatment of dental alloys at several temperatures on the phases present in the alloy and the creep of the resulting amalgam as well as the correlation between phase changes and the creep was investigated. A dependence of the creep on the temperature of the heat treatment of the alloy was established. Substantial phase changes were observed after the different heat treatments. No correlation was detected between the creep rate and the changes in phases present in the dental alloys. A thermodynamically oriented explanation of the relation between the creep of the amalgam and the state of (non-) equilibrium of the corresponding amalgam alloy was proposed and discussed.", "PMID": 856818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11508", "title": "Inhibition and enhancement of platelet aggregation by collagen derivatives.", "content": "Rat tail tendon tropocollagen rapidly caused the aggregation of blood platelets coincident with collagen multimerization. Several long-chain alkyl derivatives of collagen, however, were completely unable to induce platelet aggregation even at unusually high concentrations. These collagen derivatives varied in their polymerization properties , and the polymerization of tropocollagen derivatives was shown not necessarily to be a prerequisite for platelet aggregation. These collagen derivatives may enhance the antithrombogenic properties of collagenbased prosthese. A short-chain derivative, collagen-glycine ethyl ester, profoundly enhanced platelet aggregation in the absence of any measurable polymerization. This derivative may be useful as a growth-promoting burn dressing.", "contents": "Inhibition and enhancement of platelet aggregation by collagen derivatives. Rat tail tendon tropocollagen rapidly caused the aggregation of blood platelets coincident with collagen multimerization. Several long-chain alkyl derivatives of collagen, however, were completely unable to induce platelet aggregation even at unusually high concentrations. These collagen derivatives varied in their polymerization properties , and the polymerization of tropocollagen derivatives was shown not necessarily to be a prerequisite for platelet aggregation. These collagen derivatives may enhance the antithrombogenic properties of collagenbased prosthese. A short-chain derivative, collagen-glycine ethyl ester, profoundly enhanced platelet aggregation in the absence of any measurable polymerization. This derivative may be useful as a growth-promoting burn dressing.", "PMID": 856819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11509", "title": "Porous acrylic cement.", "content": "The use of acrylic bone cement has a number of shortcomings, viz., high curing temperatures that can cause thermal necrosis, release of toxic monomer, and a less than perfect cement-to-bone bond. However, by modifying the cement composition through the addition of a soluble, nontoxic filler such as sucrose or tricalcium phosphate which does not impair the workability of the material during surgery, a significant improvement in the performance of the cement can be achieved. Because the filler replaces part of the acrylic components, less heat is generated during curing while the filler itself acts as a heat sink. Also, less monomer, proportional to the amount replaced by the filler, diffuses from the implant site. Upon elution of the filler, a porous cement will be obtained provided that a critical minimum percentage loading is exceeded so that the filler crystals will make physical contact with each other. The value of this percentage depends on both crystal modification and size. In the 125-175 micron sucrose crystal size range, the critical minimum percentage lies in the range of 20-28 wt% loading. Above 30%, the interconnecting pore size increases sharply to a value which allows good tissue ingrowth into the pores. The introduction of filler and pores causes a drop in strength, but the diametral tensile strength of modified cement containing up to 40% pores and sucrose lies between .7 and 1.5 kg/mm2, respectively, which is still in the same range as that of bone.", "contents": "Porous acrylic cement. The use of acrylic bone cement has a number of shortcomings, viz., high curing temperatures that can cause thermal necrosis, release of toxic monomer, and a less than perfect cement-to-bone bond. However, by modifying the cement composition through the addition of a soluble, nontoxic filler such as sucrose or tricalcium phosphate which does not impair the workability of the material during surgery, a significant improvement in the performance of the cement can be achieved. Because the filler replaces part of the acrylic components, less heat is generated during curing while the filler itself acts as a heat sink. Also, less monomer, proportional to the amount replaced by the filler, diffuses from the implant site. Upon elution of the filler, a porous cement will be obtained provided that a critical minimum percentage loading is exceeded so that the filler crystals will make physical contact with each other. The value of this percentage depends on both crystal modification and size. In the 125-175 micron sucrose crystal size range, the critical minimum percentage lies in the range of 20-28 wt% loading. Above 30%, the interconnecting pore size increases sharply to a value which allows good tissue ingrowth into the pores. The introduction of filler and pores causes a drop in strength, but the diametral tensile strength of modified cement containing up to 40% pores and sucrose lies between .7 and 1.5 kg/mm2, respectively, which is still in the same range as that of bone.", "PMID": 856820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11510", "title": "Biodegradability and tissue reaction of random copolymers of L-leucine, L-aspartic acid, and L-aspartic acid esters.", "content": "A series of copoly(alpha-amino acids) with varying percentages of hydrophilic (L-aspartic acid) and hydrophobic monomers (L-leucine, beta-methyl-L-aspartate, and beta-benzyl-L-aspartate) were implanted subcutaneously in rats and the macroscopic degradation behavior was studied. Three groups of materials (A,B,C) with different ranges of hydrophilicity were distinguished: A) hydrophobic materials showed no degradation after 12 weeks; B) more hydrophilic materials revealed a gradual reduction in size of the samples, but were still present after 12 weeks; and C) hydrophilic copolymers disappeared within 24 hr. The tissue reactions caused by the materials of group A resembled that of silicone rubber, whereas those of group B showed a more cellular reaction.", "contents": "Biodegradability and tissue reaction of random copolymers of L-leucine, L-aspartic acid, and L-aspartic acid esters. A series of copoly(alpha-amino acids) with varying percentages of hydrophilic (L-aspartic acid) and hydrophobic monomers (L-leucine, beta-methyl-L-aspartate, and beta-benzyl-L-aspartate) were implanted subcutaneously in rats and the macroscopic degradation behavior was studied. Three groups of materials (A,B,C) with different ranges of hydrophilicity were distinguished: A) hydrophobic materials showed no degradation after 12 weeks; B) more hydrophilic materials revealed a gradual reduction in size of the samples, but were still present after 12 weeks; and C) hydrophilic copolymers disappeared within 24 hr. The tissue reactions caused by the materials of group A resembled that of silicone rubber, whereas those of group B showed a more cellular reaction.", "PMID": 856821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11511", "title": "The strength of LTI carbon dental implants.", "content": "In vitro mechanical tests have been performed on a variety of LTI pyrolytic carbon blade-type dental implants, and the test results have been analyzed using an analytical model. Tensile stresses at fracture were calculated to be about 5 X 10(4) psi and 8 X 10(3) psi in the LTI carbon coating and the graphite substrate, respectively. These values are close to their respective fracture strengths. The fracture loads predicted by the model are in good agreement with data obtained from the mechanical tests and are higher than forces expected in mastication.", "contents": "The strength of LTI carbon dental implants. In vitro mechanical tests have been performed on a variety of LTI pyrolytic carbon blade-type dental implants, and the test results have been analyzed using an analytical model. Tensile stresses at fracture were calculated to be about 5 X 10(4) psi and 8 X 10(3) psi in the LTI carbon coating and the graphite substrate, respectively. These values are close to their respective fracture strengths. The fracture loads predicted by the model are in good agreement with data obtained from the mechanical tests and are higher than forces expected in mastication.", "PMID": 856822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11512", "title": "Internalization of lectins in neuronal GERL.", "content": "Conjugates of ricin agglutinin and phytohemagglutinin with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were used for a cytochemical study of internalization of their plasma membrane \"receptors\" in cultured isolated mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons. Labeling of cells with lectin-HRP was done at 4 degrees C, and internalization was performed at 37 degrees C in a culture medium free of lectin-HRP. 15-20 min after incubation at 37 degrees C, lectin-HRP receptor complexes were seen in vesicles or tubules located near the plasma membrane. After 1-3 h at 37 degrees C, lectin-HRP-receptor complexes accumulated in vesicles and tubules corresponding to acid phosphatase-rich vesicles and tubules (GERL) at the trans aspect of the Golgi apparatus. A few coated vesicles and probably some dense bodies contained HRP after 3-6 h of incubation at 37 degrees C. Soluble HRP was not endocytosed under the conditions of this experiment or when it was present in the incubation medium at 37 degrees C. Internalization of lectin-HRP-receptor conjugates was decreased or inhibited by mitochondrial respiration inhibitors but not by cytochalasin B or colchicine. These studies indicate that lectin-labeled plasma membrane moieties of neurons are endocytosed primarily in elements of GERL.", "contents": "Internalization of lectins in neuronal GERL. Conjugates of ricin agglutinin and phytohemagglutinin with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were used for a cytochemical study of internalization of their plasma membrane \"receptors\" in cultured isolated mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons. Labeling of cells with lectin-HRP was done at 4 degrees C, and internalization was performed at 37 degrees C in a culture medium free of lectin-HRP. 15-20 min after incubation at 37 degrees C, lectin-HRP receptor complexes were seen in vesicles or tubules located near the plasma membrane. After 1-3 h at 37 degrees C, lectin-HRP-receptor complexes accumulated in vesicles and tubules corresponding to acid phosphatase-rich vesicles and tubules (GERL) at the trans aspect of the Golgi apparatus. A few coated vesicles and probably some dense bodies contained HRP after 3-6 h of incubation at 37 degrees C. Soluble HRP was not endocytosed under the conditions of this experiment or when it was present in the incubation medium at 37 degrees C. Internalization of lectin-HRP-receptor conjugates was decreased or inhibited by mitochondrial respiration inhibitors but not by cytochalasin B or colchicine. These studies indicate that lectin-labeled plasma membrane moieties of neurons are endocytosed primarily in elements of GERL.", "PMID": 856827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11513", "title": "Evaluation of indirect blood pressure measurement as a method of assessment of peripheral vascular disease.", "content": "In over 200 patients with peripheral vascular disease, pressure index (formula: see text) was compared with radiological grade; although calf P.I. had a better correlation, there was wide overlap between the groups. In 28 patients, resting calf P.I. was compared with functional impairment measured on a treadmill. At two rates of exercise, calf P.I. correlated poorly with functional impairment. In 35 patients, reproducibility of indirect pressure measurement was assessed; coefficients of variation ranged 0-10%; coefficient of variation of calf P.I. ranged 0-8%; coefficient of variation of calf P.I. ranged 0-8%. In 12 patients, indirect thigh systolic pressure was compared with and nearly always exceeded direct common femoral artery pressure; this was due to an effect of the cuff which reduced blood flow and reduced the pressure gradient. This methodological error has not previously been described and reduces the clinical value of the measurement.", "contents": "Evaluation of indirect blood pressure measurement as a method of assessment of peripheral vascular disease. In over 200 patients with peripheral vascular disease, pressure index (formula: see text) was compared with radiological grade; although calf P.I. had a better correlation, there was wide overlap between the groups. In 28 patients, resting calf P.I. was compared with functional impairment measured on a treadmill. At two rates of exercise, calf P.I. correlated poorly with functional impairment. In 35 patients, reproducibility of indirect pressure measurement was assessed; coefficients of variation ranged 0-10%; coefficient of variation of calf P.I. ranged 0-8%; coefficient of variation of calf P.I. ranged 0-8%. In 12 patients, indirect thigh systolic pressure was compared with and nearly always exceeded direct common femoral artery pressure; this was due to an effect of the cuff which reduced blood flow and reduced the pressure gradient. This methodological error has not previously been described and reduces the clinical value of the measurement.", "PMID": 856823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11514", "title": "An inflatable occluder for clinical use.", "content": "An arterial balloon occluder has been developed for use in surgical practice. Clinical and experimental assessment have confirmed it functions satisfactorily and is less traumatic than conventional clamps. It is less likely to crack atherosclerotic plaques as it occludes in the line of least resistance rather than crushing the artery from side to side. It also has other advantages. It gives precision control of arterial flow rather than the \"on\" or \"off\" effect of conventional clamps. The control is remote from the operating field and there are no clamp handles in the wound to catch on sutures. Occlusion around a catheter or cannula is easily achieved. Examples of its use in clinical practice are given which illustrate these points. We have found this to be a valuable additional vascular instrument.", "contents": "An inflatable occluder for clinical use. An arterial balloon occluder has been developed for use in surgical practice. Clinical and experimental assessment have confirmed it functions satisfactorily and is less traumatic than conventional clamps. It is less likely to crack atherosclerotic plaques as it occludes in the line of least resistance rather than crushing the artery from side to side. It also has other advantages. It gives precision control of arterial flow rather than the \"on\" or \"off\" effect of conventional clamps. The control is remote from the operating field and there are no clamp handles in the wound to catch on sutures. Occlusion around a catheter or cannula is easily achieved. Examples of its use in clinical practice are given which illustrate these points. We have found this to be a valuable additional vascular instrument.", "PMID": 856824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11515", "title": "Characterization of mitochondrial and cytoplasmic ribosomes from Paramecium aurelia.", "content": "The ribosomes extracted from the mitochondria of the ciliate, Paramecium aurelia, have been shown to sediment at 80S in sucrose gradients. The cytoplasmic ribosomes also sediment at 80S but can be distinguished from their mitochondrial counterparts by a number of criteria. Lowering of the Mg++ concentration, addition of EDTA, or high KCl concentrations results in the dissociation of the cytoplasmic ribosomes into 60S and 40S subunits, whereas the mitochondrial ribosomes dissociate into a single sedimentation class at 55S. Furthermore, the relative sensitivity of the two types of ribosome to dissociating conditions can be distinguished. Electron microscopy of negatively stained 80S particles from both sources has also shown that the two types can be differentiated. The cytoplasmic particles show dimensions of 270 X 220 A whereas the mitochondrial particles are larger (330 X 240 A). In addition, there are several distinctive morphological features. The incorporation of [14C]leucine into nascent polypeptides associated with both mitochondrial and cytoplasmic ribosomes has been shown: the incorporation into cytoplasmic 80S particles is resistant to erythromycin and chloramphenicol but sensitive to cycloheximide, whereas incorporation into the mitochondrial particles is sensitive to erythromycin and chloramphenicol but resistant to cycloheximide.", "contents": "Characterization of mitochondrial and cytoplasmic ribosomes from Paramecium aurelia. The ribosomes extracted from the mitochondria of the ciliate, Paramecium aurelia, have been shown to sediment at 80S in sucrose gradients. The cytoplasmic ribosomes also sediment at 80S but can be distinguished from their mitochondrial counterparts by a number of criteria. Lowering of the Mg++ concentration, addition of EDTA, or high KCl concentrations results in the dissociation of the cytoplasmic ribosomes into 60S and 40S subunits, whereas the mitochondrial ribosomes dissociate into a single sedimentation class at 55S. Furthermore, the relative sensitivity of the two types of ribosome to dissociating conditions can be distinguished. Electron microscopy of negatively stained 80S particles from both sources has also shown that the two types can be differentiated. The cytoplasmic particles show dimensions of 270 X 220 A whereas the mitochondrial particles are larger (330 X 240 A). In addition, there are several distinctive morphological features. The incorporation of [14C]leucine into nascent polypeptides associated with both mitochondrial and cytoplasmic ribosomes has been shown: the incorporation into cytoplasmic 80S particles is resistant to erythromycin and chloramphenicol but sensitive to cycloheximide, whereas incorporation into the mitochondrial particles is sensitive to erythromycin and chloramphenicol but resistant to cycloheximide.", "PMID": 856828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11516", "title": "Large-sized polysomes in Chironomus tentans salivary glands and their relation to Balbiani ring 75S RNA.", "content": "Polysomes from the salivary glands of Chironomus tentans were investigated to determine whether Balbiani ring 75S RNA is incorporated into polysomal structures, and thus probably acts as messenger RNA. A new extraction technique for obtaining ribonucleoproteins was applied that gives a high yield of polysomes with only moderate degradation of the cytoplasmic, high molecular weight RNA. The polysomes sedimented in a broad region (200-2,000S) with a peak value of about 700S, which suggested that they were partly of very large sizes. This was confirmed by visualization of the polysomes in the electron microscope: 400S polysomes contained mainly 11-16 ribosomes, and 1,500S polysomes about 60 ribosomes per polysome. However, polysomes containing 100 or more ribosomes were also observed. It was further established that most of the cytoplasmic 75S RNA was located in polysomes, preferentially in the most rapidly sedimenting ones. From the available information on Balbiani ring RNA in cytoplasm and the present demonstration of 75S RNA molecules in polysomes, it was concluded that at least some Balbiani ring RNA, generated as 75S RNA within the Balbiani rings, eventually enters polysomes without being measurably changed in size. The present information on the potential amino acid coding sequences in 75S RNA is discussed in relation to the large size of the polysomes observed.", "contents": "Large-sized polysomes in Chironomus tentans salivary glands and their relation to Balbiani ring 75S RNA. Polysomes from the salivary glands of Chironomus tentans were investigated to determine whether Balbiani ring 75S RNA is incorporated into polysomal structures, and thus probably acts as messenger RNA. A new extraction technique for obtaining ribonucleoproteins was applied that gives a high yield of polysomes with only moderate degradation of the cytoplasmic, high molecular weight RNA. The polysomes sedimented in a broad region (200-2,000S) with a peak value of about 700S, which suggested that they were partly of very large sizes. This was confirmed by visualization of the polysomes in the electron microscope: 400S polysomes contained mainly 11-16 ribosomes, and 1,500S polysomes about 60 ribosomes per polysome. However, polysomes containing 100 or more ribosomes were also observed. It was further established that most of the cytoplasmic 75S RNA was located in polysomes, preferentially in the most rapidly sedimenting ones. From the available information on Balbiani ring RNA in cytoplasm and the present demonstration of 75S RNA molecules in polysomes, it was concluded that at least some Balbiani ring RNA, generated as 75S RNA within the Balbiani rings, eventually enters polysomes without being measurably changed in size. The present information on the potential amino acid coding sequences in 75S RNA is discussed in relation to the large size of the polysomes observed.", "PMID": 856829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11517", "title": "A surgical treatment with an \"on-lay\" patch for experimental myocardial infarction.", "content": "The authors proposed a new operative method for acute myocardial infarction with a prosthetic \"on-lay\" patch in a dog model, and functional and morphological studies were made in the acute and long survival dogs. In this method, the following advantages were observed: Improvement of cardiac functions, reduction of mortality, prevention of ventricular aneurysm, prevention of the occurrence of arrhythmias and ventricular fibrillation, minimum reduction of the intracardiac capacity and no suture dehiscence resulting in cardiac rupture. It is shown that this surgical method can be applied securely to the emergent cases of acute myocardial infarction failing to respond to medical therapy.", "contents": "A surgical treatment with an \"on-lay\" patch for experimental myocardial infarction. The authors proposed a new operative method for acute myocardial infarction with a prosthetic \"on-lay\" patch in a dog model, and functional and morphological studies were made in the acute and long survival dogs. In this method, the following advantages were observed: Improvement of cardiac functions, reduction of mortality, prevention of ventricular aneurysm, prevention of the occurrence of arrhythmias and ventricular fibrillation, minimum reduction of the intracardiac capacity and no suture dehiscence resulting in cardiac rupture. It is shown that this surgical method can be applied securely to the emergent cases of acute myocardial infarction failing to respond to medical therapy.", "PMID": 856826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11518", "title": "Membrane fusion during secretion. A hypothesis based on electron microscope observation of Phytophthora Palmivora zoospores during encystment.", "content": "Interpretation of freeze-fracture and thin-section results shows that fusion of the peripheral vesicle with the plasmalemma of a Phytophthora palmivora zoospore occurs at several discrete sites and results in the formation and expansion of a particle-free bilayer membrane diaphragm and in the appearance of a polymorphic network of membrane-bounded tunnels, the lumina of which are continuous with the cytoplasm. The outer half of the bilayer membrane diaphragm appears continuous with the outer half of the plasma membrane; the inner half of the bilayer membrane diaphragm with the inner half of the peripheral vesicle membrane; and the inner half of the plasmalemma with the outer half of the peripheral vesicle membrane. Interpretation of our results leads us to formulate a hypothesis for a sequence of several intermediate stages involved in membrane fusion. The initial fusion event is viewed as a local catastrophe (Thom, R. 1972. Stabilit\u00e9 Structurelle et Morphogen\u00e8se. W. A. Benjamin Inc., Reading, Mass.) involving the sudden reorganization of apposed elements of the inner half of the plasmalemma and the outer half of the peripheral vesicle membrane. Fusion of apposed components at the rim of the perimeter of fusion results in the formation of a toroid hemi-micelle which provides continuity between the inner half of the plasmalemma and the outer half of the peripheral vesicle membrane. Simultaneously, apposed components at the site of fusion may reorganize into an inverted membrane micelle. A bilayer membrane diaphragm is then formed by apposition and flowing of components form the outer half of the plasmalemma and the inner (exoplasmic) half of the peripheral vesicle membrane. The existence of large areas of membrane contact before fusion may lead to several fusion events and the formation of a polymorphic network of membrane-bound tunnels.", "contents": "Membrane fusion during secretion. A hypothesis based on electron microscope observation of Phytophthora Palmivora zoospores during encystment. Interpretation of freeze-fracture and thin-section results shows that fusion of the peripheral vesicle with the plasmalemma of a Phytophthora palmivora zoospore occurs at several discrete sites and results in the formation and expansion of a particle-free bilayer membrane diaphragm and in the appearance of a polymorphic network of membrane-bounded tunnels, the lumina of which are continuous with the cytoplasm. The outer half of the bilayer membrane diaphragm appears continuous with the outer half of the plasma membrane; the inner half of the bilayer membrane diaphragm with the inner half of the peripheral vesicle membrane; and the inner half of the plasmalemma with the outer half of the peripheral vesicle membrane. Interpretation of our results leads us to formulate a hypothesis for a sequence of several intermediate stages involved in membrane fusion. The initial fusion event is viewed as a local catastrophe (Thom, R. 1972. Stabilit\u00e9 Structurelle et Morphogen\u00e8se. W. A. Benjamin Inc., Reading, Mass.) involving the sudden reorganization of apposed elements of the inner half of the plasmalemma and the outer half of the peripheral vesicle membrane. Fusion of apposed components at the rim of the perimeter of fusion results in the formation of a toroid hemi-micelle which provides continuity between the inner half of the plasmalemma and the outer half of the peripheral vesicle membrane. Simultaneously, apposed components at the site of fusion may reorganize into an inverted membrane micelle. A bilayer membrane diaphragm is then formed by apposition and flowing of components form the outer half of the plasmalemma and the inner (exoplasmic) half of the peripheral vesicle membrane. The existence of large areas of membrane contact before fusion may lead to several fusion events and the formation of a polymorphic network of membrane-bound tunnels.", "PMID": 856830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11519", "title": "Concentration of elements in mitotic chromatin as measured by x-ray microanalysis.", "content": "Unfixed frozen-dried and uncoated tissue sections of the mouse duodenum were placed on carbon planchets and analyzed in a scanning electron microscope fitted with energy dispersive X-ray equipment. Computer analysis of the X-ray spectra allowed elemental microanalysis of the nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitotic chromatin regions in the cryptal and villus enterocytes. The peak to continuum ratio of S, Cl, K, and Ca were higher in mitotic chromatin than any of the other sites measured. The redistribution of Ca at mitosis is postulated to help explain both chromosome condensation and assembly of the mitotic spindle apparatus.", "contents": "Concentration of elements in mitotic chromatin as measured by x-ray microanalysis. Unfixed frozen-dried and uncoated tissue sections of the mouse duodenum were placed on carbon planchets and analyzed in a scanning electron microscope fitted with energy dispersive X-ray equipment. Computer analysis of the X-ray spectra allowed elemental microanalysis of the nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitotic chromatin regions in the cryptal and villus enterocytes. The peak to continuum ratio of S, Cl, K, and Ca were higher in mitotic chromatin than any of the other sites measured. The redistribution of Ca at mitosis is postulated to help explain both chromosome condensation and assembly of the mitotic spindle apparatus.", "PMID": 856831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11520", "title": "Raynaud's phenomenon following long-term repeated action of great differences of temperature.", "content": "The aim of these investigations was to study the effects of chronic thermal trauma on the development of vasomotor disturbances of the hands. The investigations were performed on 597 workers of the Fishing Company. The incidence of vasomotor disturbances of the hands was compared in: (1) workers not exposed to thermal trauma; (2) workers with long-term exposure to cold; (3) workers exposed to alternating influence of cold and heat. Superficial temperature was determined, finger plethysmography, capillaroscopy and hand arteriography were carried out. The investigations demonstrated that long-term alternating exposure to thermal trauma causes development of vasomotor disturbances. Clinical manifestations of Raynaud's syndrome were found in nearly 50% of female workers in fish processing plant whose hands were exposed to the action of ice and hot water. The incidence of vasomotor disturbances in workers exposed to long-term effects of cold was low.", "contents": "Raynaud's phenomenon following long-term repeated action of great differences of temperature. The aim of these investigations was to study the effects of chronic thermal trauma on the development of vasomotor disturbances of the hands. The investigations were performed on 597 workers of the Fishing Company. The incidence of vasomotor disturbances of the hands was compared in: (1) workers not exposed to thermal trauma; (2) workers with long-term exposure to cold; (3) workers exposed to alternating influence of cold and heat. Superficial temperature was determined, finger plethysmography, capillaroscopy and hand arteriography were carried out. The investigations demonstrated that long-term alternating exposure to thermal trauma causes development of vasomotor disturbances. Clinical manifestations of Raynaud's syndrome were found in nearly 50% of female workers in fish processing plant whose hands were exposed to the action of ice and hot water. The incidence of vasomotor disturbances in workers exposed to long-term effects of cold was low.", "PMID": 856825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11521", "title": "Biochemical characterization of RNA and protein synthesis in erythrocyte development.", "content": "Newts (Triturus cristatus) made anemic with acetylphenylhydrazine (APH) fail to regenerate erythrocytes (RBC's) immediately and exhibit a latent period of 1.5-2 wk during which animals lack RBC's and are aplastic. With the establishment of erythroid regeneration at 10-14 days, relatively homogeneous populations of successive erythropoietic stages occur in the blood. This feature makes possible biochemical analyses of events in early, intermediate, and late developmental stages, respectively, each of which can be obtained in vivo with minimal contamination by other stages. Previous studies have described a primitive cell population referred to as \"erythroid precursor cells\" (EPC's) which precedes the appearance of definitive erythroid elements. The present studies show that EPC's and early erythroid cells are engaged mainly in ribosomal production, including synthesis of rRNA and ribosomal proteins. Moreover, EPC's and early erythroid cells also synthesize tRNA and a presumed Hb-mRNA which has been identified by its sedimentation rate at 9-12 s and its content of polyadenylic acid. In intermediate stages, there occurs a fourfold decrease in the level of RNA synthesis and, while rRNA continues to be formed, there is a disproportionate accumulation of the two major cytoplasmic rRNA species in favor of the large ribosomal subunit RNA. In late developmental stages, the level of RNA synthesis is markedly diminished with little or no evidence of formation of defined RNA classes. Correlated radioautographic and biochemical studies with radioactive delta-aminolevulinic acid and leucine indicate that EPC's and other early erythroid elements synthesize not only hemoglobin but also ferritin and ribosomal proteins. It is concluded that: (a) erythroid RNA synthesis is most pronounced in the early developmental stages, being manifested predominantly by rRNA production but including tRNA and Hb-mRNA; (b) intermediate developmental stages show both \"ribosomal wastage\" and decreased growth rate, marking a pivotal point between the transcriptional activities of early stages and translational activities of late stages; (c) EPC's represent a cell population already committed to RBC formation and are excluded from a role as the pluripotential stem cell.", "contents": "Biochemical characterization of RNA and protein synthesis in erythrocyte development. Newts (Triturus cristatus) made anemic with acetylphenylhydrazine (APH) fail to regenerate erythrocytes (RBC's) immediately and exhibit a latent period of 1.5-2 wk during which animals lack RBC's and are aplastic. With the establishment of erythroid regeneration at 10-14 days, relatively homogeneous populations of successive erythropoietic stages occur in the blood. This feature makes possible biochemical analyses of events in early, intermediate, and late developmental stages, respectively, each of which can be obtained in vivo with minimal contamination by other stages. Previous studies have described a primitive cell population referred to as \"erythroid precursor cells\" (EPC's) which precedes the appearance of definitive erythroid elements. The present studies show that EPC's and early erythroid cells are engaged mainly in ribosomal production, including synthesis of rRNA and ribosomal proteins. Moreover, EPC's and early erythroid cells also synthesize tRNA and a presumed Hb-mRNA which has been identified by its sedimentation rate at 9-12 s and its content of polyadenylic acid. In intermediate stages, there occurs a fourfold decrease in the level of RNA synthesis and, while rRNA continues to be formed, there is a disproportionate accumulation of the two major cytoplasmic rRNA species in favor of the large ribosomal subunit RNA. In late developmental stages, the level of RNA synthesis is markedly diminished with little or no evidence of formation of defined RNA classes. Correlated radioautographic and biochemical studies with radioactive delta-aminolevulinic acid and leucine indicate that EPC's and other early erythroid elements synthesize not only hemoglobin but also ferritin and ribosomal proteins. It is concluded that: (a) erythroid RNA synthesis is most pronounced in the early developmental stages, being manifested predominantly by rRNA production but including tRNA and Hb-mRNA; (b) intermediate developmental stages show both \"ribosomal wastage\" and decreased growth rate, marking a pivotal point between the transcriptional activities of early stages and translational activities of late stages; (c) EPC's represent a cell population already committed to RBC formation and are excluded from a role as the pluripotential stem cell.", "PMID": 856832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11522", "title": "Redox constituents in milk fat globule membranes and rough endoplasmic reticulum from lactating mammary gland.", "content": "Milk fat globule membranes (MFGM) and rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) membranes were isolated from milk and lactating mammary gland from the cow and were characterized by biochemical and electron microscope methods in terms of gross composition (proteins, phospholipids, neutral lipids, cholesterol, RNA, and DNA) and purity. Both fractions contained significant amounts of a b-type cytochrome with several properties similar to those of cytochrome b5 from liver, as well as a rotenone-insensitive NADH- and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase. The b-type cytochrome content in the apical plasma membrane-derived MFGM was of the same order of magnitude as it was in RER membranes. It was characterized by a high resistance to extraction by low- and high-salt concentrations and nonionic detergents. MFGM contained much more flavin and much higher activities of xanthine oxidase than the RER membranes. The same redox components were found in MFGM and mammary RER from women, rats, mice, and goats, but in absolute contents great differences between the species were noted. The cytochromes described here differed from liver cytochrome b5 in some spectral properties. The alpha-band of the reduced hepatic cytochrome b5 is asymmetric with a maximum at 555 nm that is split into two distinct peaks at low temperatures. The alpha-band of the b-type cytochromes from MFGM and mammary RER appears as one symmetrical peak at about 560 nm that is not split at low temperatures. When treated with cyanide, MFGM and mammary microsomes showed difference spectra of a reduced b-type cytochrome. Under the same conditions, liver microsomes gave a completely different spectrum. These findings demonstrate the presence of a b-type cytochrome and associated redox enzymes in MFGM, i.e., a derivative of the apical cell surface membrane that is regularly used for envelopment of the milk fat globule during secretion.", "contents": "Redox constituents in milk fat globule membranes and rough endoplasmic reticulum from lactating mammary gland. Milk fat globule membranes (MFGM) and rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) membranes were isolated from milk and lactating mammary gland from the cow and were characterized by biochemical and electron microscope methods in terms of gross composition (proteins, phospholipids, neutral lipids, cholesterol, RNA, and DNA) and purity. Both fractions contained significant amounts of a b-type cytochrome with several properties similar to those of cytochrome b5 from liver, as well as a rotenone-insensitive NADH- and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase. The b-type cytochrome content in the apical plasma membrane-derived MFGM was of the same order of magnitude as it was in RER membranes. It was characterized by a high resistance to extraction by low- and high-salt concentrations and nonionic detergents. MFGM contained much more flavin and much higher activities of xanthine oxidase than the RER membranes. The same redox components were found in MFGM and mammary RER from women, rats, mice, and goats, but in absolute contents great differences between the species were noted. The cytochromes described here differed from liver cytochrome b5 in some spectral properties. The alpha-band of the reduced hepatic cytochrome b5 is asymmetric with a maximum at 555 nm that is split into two distinct peaks at low temperatures. The alpha-band of the b-type cytochromes from MFGM and mammary RER appears as one symmetrical peak at about 560 nm that is not split at low temperatures. When treated with cyanide, MFGM and mammary microsomes showed difference spectra of a reduced b-type cytochrome. Under the same conditions, liver microsomes gave a completely different spectrum. These findings demonstrate the presence of a b-type cytochrome and associated redox enzymes in MFGM, i.e., a derivative of the apical cell surface membrane that is regularly used for envelopment of the milk fat globule during secretion.", "PMID": 856833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11523", "title": "Role of microtubule assembly in lysosomal enzyme secretion from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. A reevaluation.", "content": "The dose-related inhibition by colchicine of both lysosomal enzyme release and microtubule assembly was studied in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) exposed to the nonphagocytic stimulus, zymosan-treated serum (ZTS). Cells were pretreated with colchicine (60 min, 37 degrees C) with or without cytochalasin B (5 microng/ml, 10 min) and then stimulated with ZTS (10%). Microtubule numbers in both cytochalasin B-treated and untreated PMN were increased by stimulation and depressed below resting levels in a dose-response fashion by colchicine concentrations above 10(-7) M. These concentrations also inhibited enzyme release in a dose-response fashion although the inhibition of microtubule assembly was proportionately greater than the inhibition of enzyme release. Other aspects of PMN morphology were affected by colchicine. Cytochalasin B-treated PMN were rounded, and in thin sections the retracted plasma membrane appeared as invaginations oriented toward centrally located centrioles. Membrane invaginations were restricted to the cell periphery in cells treated with inhibitory concentrations of colchicine, and the centrioles and Golgi apparatus were displaced from their usual position. After stimulation and subsequent degranulation, the size and number of membrane invaginations greatly increased. They remained peripheral in cells pretreated with greater than 10(-7) M colchicine but were numerous in the pericentriolar region in cells treated with less than 10(-7) M. Similarly, untreated PMN that were permitted to phagocytose immune precipitates had many phagosomes adjacent to the centriole. After colchicine treatment, phagosomes were distributed randomly, without any preferential association with the centrioles. These data suggest that microtubules are involved in maintaining the internal organization of cells and the topologic relationships between organelles and the plasma membrane.", "contents": "Role of microtubule assembly in lysosomal enzyme secretion from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. A reevaluation. The dose-related inhibition by colchicine of both lysosomal enzyme release and microtubule assembly was studied in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) exposed to the nonphagocytic stimulus, zymosan-treated serum (ZTS). Cells were pretreated with colchicine (60 min, 37 degrees C) with or without cytochalasin B (5 microng/ml, 10 min) and then stimulated with ZTS (10%). Microtubule numbers in both cytochalasin B-treated and untreated PMN were increased by stimulation and depressed below resting levels in a dose-response fashion by colchicine concentrations above 10(-7) M. These concentrations also inhibited enzyme release in a dose-response fashion although the inhibition of microtubule assembly was proportionately greater than the inhibition of enzyme release. Other aspects of PMN morphology were affected by colchicine. Cytochalasin B-treated PMN were rounded, and in thin sections the retracted plasma membrane appeared as invaginations oriented toward centrally located centrioles. Membrane invaginations were restricted to the cell periphery in cells treated with inhibitory concentrations of colchicine, and the centrioles and Golgi apparatus were displaced from their usual position. After stimulation and subsequent degranulation, the size and number of membrane invaginations greatly increased. They remained peripheral in cells pretreated with greater than 10(-7) M colchicine but were numerous in the pericentriolar region in cells treated with less than 10(-7) M. Similarly, untreated PMN that were permitted to phagocytose immune precipitates had many phagosomes adjacent to the centriole. After colchicine treatment, phagosomes were distributed randomly, without any preferential association with the centrioles. These data suggest that microtubules are involved in maintaining the internal organization of cells and the topologic relationships between organelles and the plasma membrane.", "PMID": 856834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11524", "title": "Disappearance of afferent and efferent nerve terminals in the inner ear of the chick embryo after chronic treatment with beta-bungarotoxin.", "content": "Beta-Bungarotoxin(beta-BT) was applied to chick embryos at 3-day intervals beginning on the 4th day of incubation to see the effect of chronically and massively applied beta-BT, and to investigate the hair cell-nerve relationship in the developing inner ear by electron microscopy. On the 10th day of incubation, nerve terminals had achieved contact with differentiating hair cells, but the acoustico-vestibular ganglion cells of treated animals were decreased in number to one-third of those of the control. By the 14th day, most of the ganglion cells degenerated and disappeared, and only a few nerve terminals were seen in the neuroepithelium. At this time, most of the hair cells lacked synaptic contacts with nerve terminals; but their presynaptic specialization remained intact and they showed evidence of continuing differentiation. On the 17th day, the acoustico-vestibular ganglion cells were completely absent. All the hair cells were devoid of afferent and efferent innervation but were fully differentiated on the 21st day. Beta-BT was found to have a similar destructive effect on cultured spinal ganglion cells. The present study shows that beta-BT kills acoustico-vestibular and spinal nerve cells when applied chronically and massively during development. Furthermore, the differentiation of hair cells proceeds normally, and their presynaptic specializations are maintained when nerve terminals are absent during later developmental stages.", "contents": "Disappearance of afferent and efferent nerve terminals in the inner ear of the chick embryo after chronic treatment with beta-bungarotoxin. Beta-Bungarotoxin(beta-BT) was applied to chick embryos at 3-day intervals beginning on the 4th day of incubation to see the effect of chronically and massively applied beta-BT, and to investigate the hair cell-nerve relationship in the developing inner ear by electron microscopy. On the 10th day of incubation, nerve terminals had achieved contact with differentiating hair cells, but the acoustico-vestibular ganglion cells of treated animals were decreased in number to one-third of those of the control. By the 14th day, most of the ganglion cells degenerated and disappeared, and only a few nerve terminals were seen in the neuroepithelium. At this time, most of the hair cells lacked synaptic contacts with nerve terminals; but their presynaptic specialization remained intact and they showed evidence of continuing differentiation. On the 17th day, the acoustico-vestibular ganglion cells were completely absent. All the hair cells were devoid of afferent and efferent innervation but were fully differentiated on the 21st day. Beta-BT was found to have a similar destructive effect on cultured spinal ganglion cells. The present study shows that beta-BT kills acoustico-vestibular and spinal nerve cells when applied chronically and massively during development. Furthermore, the differentiation of hair cells proceeds normally, and their presynaptic specializations are maintained when nerve terminals are absent during later developmental stages.", "PMID": 856835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11525", "title": "Characterization of the cell cycle of cultured human diploid cells: effects of aging and hydrocortisone.", "content": "Age-related changes in the cytokinetics of human diploid cells in vitro have been compared in normal cultures and in cultures in which lifespan has been prolonged by the addition of hydrocortisone to the medium. For both cultures, with advancing age the fraction of cells in the actively proliferating pool decreased and the intercellular variation in cell cycle times increased. The average cell cycle time was prolonged during aging due almost entirely to changes in the duration of G1. The duration of S remained constant, while a small delay in G 2 was observed in late passage cells near the end of their lifespan. Although the same pattern of change in proliferative parameters occurred in both control and hydrocortisone-treated cultures, the changes were somewhat delayed in the presence of the steroid. The results are interpreted in terms of several cell cycle models and suggest that the events controlling cell proliferation are sensitive to hydrocortisone modulation during the G1 and possibly the G2 periods.", "contents": "Characterization of the cell cycle of cultured human diploid cells: effects of aging and hydrocortisone. Age-related changes in the cytokinetics of human diploid cells in vitro have been compared in normal cultures and in cultures in which lifespan has been prolonged by the addition of hydrocortisone to the medium. For both cultures, with advancing age the fraction of cells in the actively proliferating pool decreased and the intercellular variation in cell cycle times increased. The average cell cycle time was prolonged during aging due almost entirely to changes in the duration of G1. The duration of S remained constant, while a small delay in G 2 was observed in late passage cells near the end of their lifespan. Although the same pattern of change in proliferative parameters occurred in both control and hydrocortisone-treated cultures, the changes were somewhat delayed in the presence of the steroid. The results are interpreted in terms of several cell cycle models and suggest that the events controlling cell proliferation are sensitive to hydrocortisone modulation during the G1 and possibly the G2 periods.", "PMID": 856836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11526", "title": "Studies on a fractionated murine fibrosarcoma: a reproducible method for the cautious and a caution for the unwary.", "content": "A technique is described for the dissociation and fractionation by isopycnic centrifugation (4,000 x g, 60 minutes, 4 degrees C) in linear bovine albumin density gradients (12 ml, pH 5.2 real osmolality 333 mmol/Kg water, 1.030-1.075 g/cm3) of cells ( less than or equal to 3 x 10(7)/gradient) released by a strictly standardised combination of mechanical and enzymatic means from a transplantable methylcholanthrene induced BALB/c fibrosarcoma. Optimal conditions for reproducible localisation of cell bands with maintenance of both satisfactory resolution and satisfactory viable cell recovery ( greater than 80%) were established by means of a series of simultaneous double fractionation experiments. When rebanding was performed under these conditions the density of the median of the cell count of the refractioned cells shifted less than 0.0005 g/cm3. Experiments also showed that close adherence to certain aspects of the tissue dissociation and fractionation protocol was necessary to avoid reduced cell yields and viabilities, density-dependent selective cell lossses, reductions in resolution and shifts in the location of cell bands. Other aspects of the protocol were tolerant to variation without introducting artefacts.", "contents": "Studies on a fractionated murine fibrosarcoma: a reproducible method for the cautious and a caution for the unwary. A technique is described for the dissociation and fractionation by isopycnic centrifugation (4,000 x g, 60 minutes, 4 degrees C) in linear bovine albumin density gradients (12 ml, pH 5.2 real osmolality 333 mmol/Kg water, 1.030-1.075 g/cm3) of cells ( less than or equal to 3 x 10(7)/gradient) released by a strictly standardised combination of mechanical and enzymatic means from a transplantable methylcholanthrene induced BALB/c fibrosarcoma. Optimal conditions for reproducible localisation of cell bands with maintenance of both satisfactory resolution and satisfactory viable cell recovery ( greater than 80%) were established by means of a series of simultaneous double fractionation experiments. When rebanding was performed under these conditions the density of the median of the cell count of the refractioned cells shifted less than 0.0005 g/cm3. Experiments also showed that close adherence to certain aspects of the tissue dissociation and fractionation protocol was necessary to avoid reduced cell yields and viabilities, density-dependent selective cell lossses, reductions in resolution and shifts in the location of cell bands. Other aspects of the protocol were tolerant to variation without introducting artefacts.", "PMID": 856837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11527", "title": "Characterization of a depolarizing dopamine response in a vertebrate neuronal somatic cell hybrid.", "content": "The physiology and pharmacology of a depolarizing dopamine response was studied in the vertebrate neuronal somatic cell hybrid TCX11. The average resting membrane potential was -50 mV (S.D.=+/-7) with a membrane resistance of 40.5 mOhms (S.D.=+/-8) as determined from intracellular recordings. Depolarizing current pulses did not elicit an action potential. Cells displayed a linear current-voltage relationship when artificially depolarized up to +30 mV. Iontophoretically applied dopamine elicited a depolarizing response with a conductance increase and a reversal potential of -15 mV (S.D.=+/-4.7). Experiments altering medium ion concentrations demonstrated the conductance increase was to sodium and most likely potassium. The dopamine agonist ET495 (Piribedil) and the analogue epinine mimicked dopamine, while closely related biogenic amines, with the exception of noradrenaline, elicited no response. Apomorphine also elicited a depolarizing response but was much less efficacious than Piribedil. Noradrenaline was less potent than dopamine and appeared to act at the dopamine receptor. Methylation (3-methoxytyramine) or absence of the 3-hydroxy group (tyramine) of dopamine resulted in total loss of activity. The dopamine antagonists chlorpromazine, trifluoperazine, promazine, and bulbocapnine reversibly blocked the response to dopamine at medium concentrations less than 5 micronM. The adrenergic antagonist phentolamine blocked the response while phenoxybenzamine only reduced the response at higher concentrations. The acetylcholine antagonists alpha-bungarotoxin, hexamethonium, and scopolamine did not block the dopamine response. Both d-tubocurarine and atropine acted as antagonists. Collectively, these results demonstrate the presence of a receptor on a cultured cell line that is specific for dopamine, mediates a depolarizing and conductance increase response to dopamine, and displays the pharmacology most closely associated with dopamine receptors.", "contents": "Characterization of a depolarizing dopamine response in a vertebrate neuronal somatic cell hybrid. The physiology and pharmacology of a depolarizing dopamine response was studied in the vertebrate neuronal somatic cell hybrid TCX11. The average resting membrane potential was -50 mV (S.D.=+/-7) with a membrane resistance of 40.5 mOhms (S.D.=+/-8) as determined from intracellular recordings. Depolarizing current pulses did not elicit an action potential. Cells displayed a linear current-voltage relationship when artificially depolarized up to +30 mV. Iontophoretically applied dopamine elicited a depolarizing response with a conductance increase and a reversal potential of -15 mV (S.D.=+/-4.7). Experiments altering medium ion concentrations demonstrated the conductance increase was to sodium and most likely potassium. The dopamine agonist ET495 (Piribedil) and the analogue epinine mimicked dopamine, while closely related biogenic amines, with the exception of noradrenaline, elicited no response. Apomorphine also elicited a depolarizing response but was much less efficacious than Piribedil. Noradrenaline was less potent than dopamine and appeared to act at the dopamine receptor. Methylation (3-methoxytyramine) or absence of the 3-hydroxy group (tyramine) of dopamine resulted in total loss of activity. The dopamine antagonists chlorpromazine, trifluoperazine, promazine, and bulbocapnine reversibly blocked the response to dopamine at medium concentrations less than 5 micronM. The adrenergic antagonist phentolamine blocked the response while phenoxybenzamine only reduced the response at higher concentrations. The acetylcholine antagonists alpha-bungarotoxin, hexamethonium, and scopolamine did not block the dopamine response. Both d-tubocurarine and atropine acted as antagonists. Collectively, these results demonstrate the presence of a receptor on a cultured cell line that is specific for dopamine, mediates a depolarizing and conductance increase response to dopamine, and displays the pharmacology most closely associated with dopamine receptors.", "PMID": 856838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11528", "title": "Expression of liver and placental alkaline phosphatases in Chang liver cells.", "content": "This paper presents evidence that a protein characteristic of differentiated liver cells, liver alkaline phosphatase is synthesized by the Chang liver cell line. Liver alkaline phosphatase was demonstrated by immunochemical assay, 32P-labeling and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunofluorescence microscopy, and the fluorescence-activated cell sorter. The synthesis of the liver enzyme by the Chang liver cells is interpreted to indicate fidelity of the Chang cells to their origin from human liver tissue. Chang liver cells also synthesize a phosphatase which is similar if not indentical to the placental alkaline phosphatase. Since a placental-type alkaline phosphatase has been observed in a number of non-trophoblastic cell lines and also in some neoplasms, it does not seem reliable as an index of the origins of the cell line. Because of the claims that Chang liver cells are actually HeLa cells, HeLa cells were studied in tandem with the Chang cells. The results showed that the HeLa cells do not make the liver type phosphatase. The data are discussed in relation to the question of HeLa cell contamination of the Chang cell line and the validity of criteria normally used to identify cell lines.", "contents": "Expression of liver and placental alkaline phosphatases in Chang liver cells. This paper presents evidence that a protein characteristic of differentiated liver cells, liver alkaline phosphatase is synthesized by the Chang liver cell line. Liver alkaline phosphatase was demonstrated by immunochemical assay, 32P-labeling and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunofluorescence microscopy, and the fluorescence-activated cell sorter. The synthesis of the liver enzyme by the Chang liver cells is interpreted to indicate fidelity of the Chang cells to their origin from human liver tissue. Chang liver cells also synthesize a phosphatase which is similar if not indentical to the placental alkaline phosphatase. Since a placental-type alkaline phosphatase has been observed in a number of non-trophoblastic cell lines and also in some neoplasms, it does not seem reliable as an index of the origins of the cell line. Because of the claims that Chang liver cells are actually HeLa cells, HeLa cells were studied in tandem with the Chang cells. The results showed that the HeLa cells do not make the liver type phosphatase. The data are discussed in relation to the question of HeLa cell contamination of the Chang cell line and the validity of criteria normally used to identify cell lines.", "PMID": 856839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11529", "title": "Erythroid colony formation in cultures of human marrow: effect of leukocyte conditioned medium.", "content": "A method, based on the differing capacities of cells to adhere to a column of polyester fibres, has been described for separating human bone marrow cells into a nonadherent and an adherent fraction. The effect of this cell separation procedure on colony formation by erythroid progenitor cells was investigated. In contrast to the unseparated population, it was found that erythropoietin-dependent erythroid colony formation by nonadherent cells could be considerably enhanced by the addition of leukocyte conditioned medium to the cultures. Similar erythroid enhancing activity was also detected in a partially purified preparation of granulocytic colony stimulating activity obtained from human embryo kidney culture supernatants. Erythroid colony formation in the absence of added erythropoietin, by non-adherent bone marrow cells from patients with polycythemia rubra vera, were also enhanced by the addition of LCM to the cultures. This finding suggests that the enhancing factor in LCM may not be dependent on the presence of erythropoietin in the cultures for its activity. While the cellular mechanisms by which leukocyte conditioned medium enhances erythroid growth remain to be determined, the data presented provides strong evidence for the view that the plating efficiency of erythroid progenitor cells is determined not only be the concentration of erythropoietin, but also by the presence of leukocyte conditioned medium in the cultures.", "contents": "Erythroid colony formation in cultures of human marrow: effect of leukocyte conditioned medium. A method, based on the differing capacities of cells to adhere to a column of polyester fibres, has been described for separating human bone marrow cells into a nonadherent and an adherent fraction. The effect of this cell separation procedure on colony formation by erythroid progenitor cells was investigated. In contrast to the unseparated population, it was found that erythropoietin-dependent erythroid colony formation by nonadherent cells could be considerably enhanced by the addition of leukocyte conditioned medium to the cultures. Similar erythroid enhancing activity was also detected in a partially purified preparation of granulocytic colony stimulating activity obtained from human embryo kidney culture supernatants. Erythroid colony formation in the absence of added erythropoietin, by non-adherent bone marrow cells from patients with polycythemia rubra vera, were also enhanced by the addition of LCM to the cultures. This finding suggests that the enhancing factor in LCM may not be dependent on the presence of erythropoietin in the cultures for its activity. While the cellular mechanisms by which leukocyte conditioned medium enhances erythroid growth remain to be determined, the data presented provides strong evidence for the view that the plating efficiency of erythroid progenitor cells is determined not only be the concentration of erythropoietin, but also by the presence of leukocyte conditioned medium in the cultures.", "PMID": 856840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11530", "title": "The effect of 2-deoxyglucose on guinea pig polymorphonuclear leukocyte phagocytosis.", "content": "The effects of 2-deoxyglucose (DOG), an inhibitor of glycolysis, on guinea pig polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) obtained from peritoneal exudates was examined. ATP levels in PMN were reduced by 40% by one hour following an incubation with 2-deoxyglucose. When complement (C3) coated 14C-staphylococcus aureus, C3 coated lipopolysaccharide-paraffin oil droplets (LPS-PO), 14C-pneumococcus opsonized with IgG, or albumin coated paraffin oil droplets opsonized with IgG were added to cell suspensions containing DOG, the phagocytizing rate was 1,310+/-55 cpm/5 X 10(6) cells/15 minutes, 6+/-2 microng paraffin oil (PO)/10(7) cells/minute, 2,250+/-175 cpm/1 X 10(6) cells/20 minutes or 0.037+/-0.01 mg PO/10(7) cells/minute compared to control values of 5,970+/-275 cpm/5 X 10(6) cells/15 minutes, 35+/-3 microng PO/10(7) cells/15 minutes, 4,510+/-200 cpm/1 X 10(6) cells/20 minutes and 0.067+/-0.01 mg PO/10(7) cells/minute. In parallel studies the phagocytic index for latex was 0.74+/-0.28 in DOG compared to control of 2.36+/-1.13 and the phagocytic rate of albumin coated paraffin oil droplets was 0.029+/-0.01 mg PO/10(7) PMN/minute in DOG compared to control of 0.048 mg PO/10(7) cells/minute. When ATP levels were maintained by the simultaneous addition of 5 mM glucose or pyruvate to media containing DOG, latex ingestion was improved to 1.15+/-0.3 with glucose and 1.59+/-0.64 with pyruvate and albumin coated particles to 0.045+/-0.01 mg PO/10(7) PMN/minute with pyruvate. There was no improvement in the uptake of either the C3 dependent particles or IgG coated Pneumococci in media containing DOG and glucose and/or pyruvate. Following the removal of DOG from the extracellular medium and the addition of pyruvate or glucose, phagocytosis of C3 dependent LPS-PO was restored to normal values. Neither the binding of C3 or IgG coated particles to the PMN nor the lateral movement of glycoprotein utilizing concanavalin A capping was affected by DOG. Thus, the presence of DOG in the PMN containing adequate amounts of ATP will selectively and reversibly inhibit those surface events required for phagocytosis of C3 and IgG bound particles but not latex particles or albumin particles which non-specifically bind to PMN.", "contents": "The effect of 2-deoxyglucose on guinea pig polymorphonuclear leukocyte phagocytosis. The effects of 2-deoxyglucose (DOG), an inhibitor of glycolysis, on guinea pig polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) obtained from peritoneal exudates was examined. ATP levels in PMN were reduced by 40% by one hour following an incubation with 2-deoxyglucose. When complement (C3) coated 14C-staphylococcus aureus, C3 coated lipopolysaccharide-paraffin oil droplets (LPS-PO), 14C-pneumococcus opsonized with IgG, or albumin coated paraffin oil droplets opsonized with IgG were added to cell suspensions containing DOG, the phagocytizing rate was 1,310+/-55 cpm/5 X 10(6) cells/15 minutes, 6+/-2 microng paraffin oil (PO)/10(7) cells/minute, 2,250+/-175 cpm/1 X 10(6) cells/20 minutes or 0.037+/-0.01 mg PO/10(7) cells/minute compared to control values of 5,970+/-275 cpm/5 X 10(6) cells/15 minutes, 35+/-3 microng PO/10(7) cells/15 minutes, 4,510+/-200 cpm/1 X 10(6) cells/20 minutes and 0.067+/-0.01 mg PO/10(7) cells/minute. In parallel studies the phagocytic index for latex was 0.74+/-0.28 in DOG compared to control of 2.36+/-1.13 and the phagocytic rate of albumin coated paraffin oil droplets was 0.029+/-0.01 mg PO/10(7) PMN/minute in DOG compared to control of 0.048 mg PO/10(7) cells/minute. When ATP levels were maintained by the simultaneous addition of 5 mM glucose or pyruvate to media containing DOG, latex ingestion was improved to 1.15+/-0.3 with glucose and 1.59+/-0.64 with pyruvate and albumin coated particles to 0.045+/-0.01 mg PO/10(7) PMN/minute with pyruvate. There was no improvement in the uptake of either the C3 dependent particles or IgG coated Pneumococci in media containing DOG and glucose and/or pyruvate. Following the removal of DOG from the extracellular medium and the addition of pyruvate or glucose, phagocytosis of C3 dependent LPS-PO was restored to normal values. Neither the binding of C3 or IgG coated particles to the PMN nor the lateral movement of glycoprotein utilizing concanavalin A capping was affected by DOG. Thus, the presence of DOG in the PMN containing adequate amounts of ATP will selectively and reversibly inhibit those surface events required for phagocytosis of C3 and IgG bound particles but not latex particles or albumin particles which non-specifically bind to PMN.", "PMID": 856841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11531", "title": "The information content of titles in contraception literature.", "content": "This paper attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of a keyword or descriptor in the title, from the viewpoint of document selection and information retrieval for scientists engaged in contraception research. A total of 2152 document titles recorded in the Index Medicus during 1973-75 was examined. Another set of 567 contraception titles published in the Index Medicus during 1963-65 was also studied to determine if there were any changes in the information content of the titles over a 10-year period. Employing the Montgomery-Swanson method, it was found that 92.2% of the documents from the later period and 88.0% of those from the earlier period had at least one \"contraception term\" in their titles. The data obtained in this study exceed those of published reports. A brief review of some of the previous studies dealing with the retrieval capabilities of titles in various branches of medical and life sciences is presented. It is concluded that the title search method is a very effective means of retrieving pertinent documents in the field of contraceptive technology. A trend of improvement in the information content of the scientific titles is also noted.", "contents": "The information content of titles in contraception literature. This paper attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of a keyword or descriptor in the title, from the viewpoint of document selection and information retrieval for scientists engaged in contraception research. A total of 2152 document titles recorded in the Index Medicus during 1973-75 was examined. Another set of 567 contraception titles published in the Index Medicus during 1963-65 was also studied to determine if there were any changes in the information content of the titles over a 10-year period. Employing the Montgomery-Swanson method, it was found that 92.2% of the documents from the later period and 88.0% of those from the earlier period had at least one \"contraception term\" in their titles. The data obtained in this study exceed those of published reports. A brief review of some of the previous studies dealing with the retrieval capabilities of titles in various branches of medical and life sciences is presented. It is concluded that the title search method is a very effective means of retrieving pertinent documents in the field of contraceptive technology. A trend of improvement in the information content of the scientific titles is also noted.", "PMID": 856842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11532", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatography of nucleosides. Effect of silylating reagents and solvents.", "content": "The aims of this investigation were to study the completeness of silylation of nucleosides with three different reagents, bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA), bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide (BSA) and trimethylsilylimidazole (TMSI), and to investigate the effect of different solvents (acetonitrile, pyridine, dimethylformamide, chloroform, methylene chloride, hexane, benzene, and toluene) on quantitation of derivatization. Closed-tube silylations of the nucleosides were performed with BSTFA, BSA, and TMSI, and for the most complete silylation, the optimal time, temperature, and molar excess of reagent were: for BSTFA, 150 degrees-15 min and 225 molar excess; for TMSI, 60 degrees-3 h and 1000 molar excess; and for BSA, 120 degrees-2 h and 250 molar excess. Also, silylations of seven major and minor nucleosides were carried out using a 1000 molar excess of BSTFA, BSA, and TMSI at 25 degrees with 5 min sonication, and at optimal silylation conditions as described above for the three reagents. The silylating strengths were determined by the increase in RWR (= weight response of nucleoside/weight response of pyrene) values, and are summarized for the amino group containing nucleosides silylated at room temperature as BSTFA greater than TMSI greater than BSA, and for silylation under optimal conditions as BSTFA greater than BSA greater than TMSI. The efficiency of silylation for the hydroxyl group-containing nucleosides silylated at room temperature was BSTFA greater than TMSI greater than BSA, and for silylation under optimal conditions BSTFA greater than TMSI = BSA...", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatography of nucleosides. Effect of silylating reagents and solvents. The aims of this investigation were to study the completeness of silylation of nucleosides with three different reagents, bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA), bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide (BSA) and trimethylsilylimidazole (TMSI), and to investigate the effect of different solvents (acetonitrile, pyridine, dimethylformamide, chloroform, methylene chloride, hexane, benzene, and toluene) on quantitation of derivatization. Closed-tube silylations of the nucleosides were performed with BSTFA, BSA, and TMSI, and for the most complete silylation, the optimal time, temperature, and molar excess of reagent were: for BSTFA, 150 degrees-15 min and 225 molar excess; for TMSI, 60 degrees-3 h and 1000 molar excess; and for BSA, 120 degrees-2 h and 250 molar excess. Also, silylations of seven major and minor nucleosides were carried out using a 1000 molar excess of BSTFA, BSA, and TMSI at 25 degrees with 5 min sonication, and at optimal silylation conditions as described above for the three reagents. The silylating strengths were determined by the increase in RWR (= weight response of nucleoside/weight response of pyrene) values, and are summarized for the amino group containing nucleosides silylated at room temperature as BSTFA greater than TMSI greater than BSA, and for silylation under optimal conditions as BSTFA greater than BSA greater than TMSI. The efficiency of silylation for the hydroxyl group-containing nucleosides silylated at room temperature was BSTFA greater than TMSI greater than BSA, and for silylation under optimal conditions BSTFA greater than TMSI = BSA...", "PMID": 856843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11533", "title": "A comparison of reversed-phase and partition high-performance liquid chromatography of some digitalis glycosides.", "content": "Comparison of the data for adsorption and reversed-phase chromatography of digitalis glycosides shows the complementary nature of the two modes of separation. The correct choice for a particular problem should make possible a rapid and good separation with simple isocratic systems. Detection limits vary between 10 and 100 ng per injection and permit the analysis of by-products even in low-dosage pharmaceutical formulations. Quantitation is easily possible with both chromatographic techniques using external standardization. The reproducibility for repetitive chromatograms is about 1% relative standard deviation for manual injections by loop injectors and is even significantly better for automatic injection. Reversed-phase chromatography can offer some advantages with regard to sample preparation of pharmaceutical formulations.", "contents": "A comparison of reversed-phase and partition high-performance liquid chromatography of some digitalis glycosides. Comparison of the data for adsorption and reversed-phase chromatography of digitalis glycosides shows the complementary nature of the two modes of separation. The correct choice for a particular problem should make possible a rapid and good separation with simple isocratic systems. Detection limits vary between 10 and 100 ng per injection and permit the analysis of by-products even in low-dosage pharmaceutical formulations. Quantitation is easily possible with both chromatographic techniques using external standardization. The reproducibility for repetitive chromatograms is about 1% relative standard deviation for manual injections by loop injectors and is even significantly better for automatic injection. Reversed-phase chromatography can offer some advantages with regard to sample preparation of pharmaceutical formulations.", "PMID": 856844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11534", "title": "Separation of quinones and their derivatives by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "The separation of mixtures of quinones by high-performance liquid chromatography has been studied. The technique described is suitable for separating differently substituted quinones. Particularly convenient is the conversion of quinones into 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones, which makes the reliable identification of benzoquinones and naphthoquinones possible. Studies of the separation of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones of quinones and nitrophenols on Sephadex LH-20 gel indicated that the substances in question were not separated on the basis of differences in molecular weight; but the RF values were proportional to the dissociation constant.", "contents": "Separation of quinones and their derivatives by high-performance liquid chromatography. The separation of mixtures of quinones by high-performance liquid chromatography has been studied. The technique described is suitable for separating differently substituted quinones. Particularly convenient is the conversion of quinones into 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones, which makes the reliable identification of benzoquinones and naphthoquinones possible. Studies of the separation of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones of quinones and nitrophenols on Sephadex LH-20 gel indicated that the substances in question were not separated on the basis of differences in molecular weight; but the RF values were proportional to the dissociation constant.", "PMID": 856845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11535", "title": "Gas chromatographic separation of histamine and its metabolites.", "content": "A new, rapid and simple gas-liquid chromatographic method is described for the simultaneous determination of histamine, 1-methylhistamine, 4-imidazoleacetic acid and 1-methyl-4-imidazoleacetic acid. These compounds are derivatized at 60 degrees in one fast 30-min reaction with bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide-trimethylchlorosilane and are then separated on OV-17. No previous methylation of the acids is needed. A complete profile of the four metabolites can be obtained in 8 min with baseline resolution, and there are no tailing effects. The quantitative response curves are linear in the nanogram range, with detection limits of the order of 10 ng for the acids and 100 ng for the amines. The structures of these new trimethylsilyl derivatives have been verified by combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic separation of histamine and its metabolites. A new, rapid and simple gas-liquid chromatographic method is described for the simultaneous determination of histamine, 1-methylhistamine, 4-imidazoleacetic acid and 1-methyl-4-imidazoleacetic acid. These compounds are derivatized at 60 degrees in one fast 30-min reaction with bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide-trimethylchlorosilane and are then separated on OV-17. No previous methylation of the acids is needed. A complete profile of the four metabolites can be obtained in 8 min with baseline resolution, and there are no tailing effects. The quantitative response curves are linear in the nanogram range, with detection limits of the order of 10 ng for the acids and 100 ng for the amines. The structures of these new trimethylsilyl derivatives have been verified by combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.", "PMID": 856846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11536", "title": "Gas chromatographic determination of hydrocodone in serum.", "content": "A procedure for the determination of hydrocodone (dihydrocodeinone) in serum has been developed. Hydrocodone and N-isobutyldihydronorcodeinone, the internal standard, are extracted from serum by chloroform-isopropyl alcohol (9:1, v/v). The extracts are purified by back-extraction into 0.1 N sulfuric acid and a final basic extraction into benzene. The pentafluorophenylhydrazone derivatives are formed and determined using electron capture gas chromatography. As little as 1 ng/ml of hydrocodone in serum can be determined. A closely related compound and potential metabolite, dihydronorcodeinone, does not interfere. Serum hydrocodone levels were determined in dogs after oral and intravenous doses of 0.5 mg/kg, and in humans after a 10-mg oral dose of the bitartrate. A mean peak serum drug concentration of 23.6 ng/ml and a terminal half-life of 3.8 h resulted from the human study. The terminal half-life in serum was 1.8 h after the intravenous dose in dogs.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic determination of hydrocodone in serum. A procedure for the determination of hydrocodone (dihydrocodeinone) in serum has been developed. Hydrocodone and N-isobutyldihydronorcodeinone, the internal standard, are extracted from serum by chloroform-isopropyl alcohol (9:1, v/v). The extracts are purified by back-extraction into 0.1 N sulfuric acid and a final basic extraction into benzene. The pentafluorophenylhydrazone derivatives are formed and determined using electron capture gas chromatography. As little as 1 ng/ml of hydrocodone in serum can be determined. A closely related compound and potential metabolite, dihydronorcodeinone, does not interfere. Serum hydrocodone levels were determined in dogs after oral and intravenous doses of 0.5 mg/kg, and in humans after a 10-mg oral dose of the bitartrate. A mean peak serum drug concentration of 23.6 ng/ml and a terminal half-life of 3.8 h resulted from the human study. The terminal half-life in serum was 1.8 h after the intravenous dose in dogs.", "PMID": 856847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11537", "title": "[Preparative approach to mannobiose and laminaribiose (author's transl)].", "content": "For synthetic purposes mannobiose is isolated from the polysaccharide mannan of ivory nut flower. The chain length of mannan A is determined to approximately 15 mannose units on average with a definite distribution from 5 to 25 mannose units. Acetolysis is optimized and yields 41% mannobiose. The separation on Sephadex G-15 yields pure mannobiose, and in addition its higher homologues in gram amounts. Detection of the eluates is performed using a differential refractometer. Correspondingly laminaribiose can be obtained from the polysaccharides laminaran (brown algae Laminaria hyperborea) and pachyman (fungus Poria cocos Wolf, Bukuryo) by selectively optimized acetolysis in 30% yield. Depending on the starting material separations are favourably performed on silica gel or on Sephadex G-15. Laminaribiose and its higher homologues are obtained in gram amounts.", "contents": "[Preparative approach to mannobiose and laminaribiose (author's transl)]. For synthetic purposes mannobiose is isolated from the polysaccharide mannan of ivory nut flower. The chain length of mannan A is determined to approximately 15 mannose units on average with a definite distribution from 5 to 25 mannose units. Acetolysis is optimized and yields 41% mannobiose. The separation on Sephadex G-15 yields pure mannobiose, and in addition its higher homologues in gram amounts. Detection of the eluates is performed using a differential refractometer. Correspondingly laminaribiose can be obtained from the polysaccharides laminaran (brown algae Laminaria hyperborea) and pachyman (fungus Poria cocos Wolf, Bukuryo) by selectively optimized acetolysis in 30% yield. Depending on the starting material separations are favourably performed on silica gel or on Sephadex G-15. Laminaribiose and its higher homologues are obtained in gram amounts.", "PMID": 856848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11538", "title": "The use of omicron-phthalaldehyde for fluorescence detection in conventional amino acid analyzers. Sub-nanomole sensitivity in the analysis of phenylthiohydantoin-amino acids.", "content": "A conventional amino acid analyzer has been modified for fluorescence detection using omicron-phthalaldehyde. The original ninhydrin system is retained, and the amino acid analyzer can be used with either of the detection systems. The fluorescence detection is used for identification of PTH-amino acids after back hydrolysis, when nanomole amounts of proteins are sequenced. Impurities in the water and the chemicals used for buffer preparations are limiting factors for the sensitivity of the fluorescence detection system. A 100-fold increase in sensitivity above the original ninhydrin system is obtained.", "contents": "The use of omicron-phthalaldehyde for fluorescence detection in conventional amino acid analyzers. Sub-nanomole sensitivity in the analysis of phenylthiohydantoin-amino acids. A conventional amino acid analyzer has been modified for fluorescence detection using omicron-phthalaldehyde. The original ninhydrin system is retained, and the amino acid analyzer can be used with either of the detection systems. The fluorescence detection is used for identification of PTH-amino acids after back hydrolysis, when nanomole amounts of proteins are sequenced. Impurities in the water and the chemicals used for buffer preparations are limiting factors for the sensitivity of the fluorescence detection system. A 100-fold increase in sensitivity above the original ninhydrin system is obtained.", "PMID": 856849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11539", "title": "Profiles of prostaglandins A, B, E and F (series I and II) obtained by gas chromatography with multiple-ion detection.", "content": "A new method is presented for the simultaneous one-step derivatization of prostaglandins A1, A2, B1, B2, E1, E2, F1alpha and F2alpha with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide-piperidine. The procedure provides stable and reproducible trimethylsilyl derivatives that show good chromatographic properties on OV-17 and OV-225 columns, and precludes any significant degree of interconversion of the prostaglandins. The prostaglandins F, B and E are determined as the corresponding tetrakis(trimethylsilyl), bis(trimethylsilyl) and 9-enol-tetrakis(trimethylsilyl) derivatives, respectively. The enolization of prostaglandins E proceeds quantitatively only if piperidine is added to the acetamide. This mixture also produces the novel derivative 9-piperidyl-tris(trimethylsilyl)prostaglandin A. Evidence is also presented on the quantitative injection losses due to the type of syringe used (1micronl or 10 micronl). A modified extraction procedure has been applied to samples of human seminal fluid. The procedure, which involves the centrifugation of the samples, allows the recovery of all of the prostaglandins in one fraction, which is then derivatized and screened by combined gas-liquid chromatography-multiple-ion detection techniques in order to identify the individual compounds.", "contents": "Profiles of prostaglandins A, B, E and F (series I and II) obtained by gas chromatography with multiple-ion detection. A new method is presented for the simultaneous one-step derivatization of prostaglandins A1, A2, B1, B2, E1, E2, F1alpha and F2alpha with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide-piperidine. The procedure provides stable and reproducible trimethylsilyl derivatives that show good chromatographic properties on OV-17 and OV-225 columns, and precludes any significant degree of interconversion of the prostaglandins. The prostaglandins F, B and E are determined as the corresponding tetrakis(trimethylsilyl), bis(trimethylsilyl) and 9-enol-tetrakis(trimethylsilyl) derivatives, respectively. The enolization of prostaglandins E proceeds quantitatively only if piperidine is added to the acetamide. This mixture also produces the novel derivative 9-piperidyl-tris(trimethylsilyl)prostaglandin A. Evidence is also presented on the quantitative injection losses due to the type of syringe used (1micronl or 10 micronl). A modified extraction procedure has been applied to samples of human seminal fluid. The procedure, which involves the centrifugation of the samples, allows the recovery of all of the prostaglandins in one fraction, which is then derivatized and screened by combined gas-liquid chromatography-multiple-ion detection techniques in order to identify the individual compounds.", "PMID": 856850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11540", "title": "Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic analytical system for aflatoxins in wines with fluorescence detection.", "content": "An improved procedure using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection is described for the analysis of six aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2, B2alpha, and G2alpha). The method provides greater analytical speed, reproducibility, and resolution, as well as better accuracy and sensitivity than the previously available thin-layer chromatographic methods. Aflatoxins B1 and G1 were hydrated to enhance their fluorescence response. Analyses of both hydrated and unhydrated compounds by HPLC provided simultaneous qualitative and quantitative information. A typical HPLC run was complete in 15 min. The recoveries of four aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, and G2) from wines at the spiked level of 1 mug/l (1 ppb) were satisfactory. The method as applied to wine samples is sensitive at the 0.2 mug/l level.", "contents": "Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic analytical system for aflatoxins in wines with fluorescence detection. An improved procedure using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection is described for the analysis of six aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2, B2alpha, and G2alpha). The method provides greater analytical speed, reproducibility, and resolution, as well as better accuracy and sensitivity than the previously available thin-layer chromatographic methods. Aflatoxins B1 and G1 were hydrated to enhance their fluorescence response. Analyses of both hydrated and unhydrated compounds by HPLC provided simultaneous qualitative and quantitative information. A typical HPLC run was complete in 15 min. The recoveries of four aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, and G2) from wines at the spiked level of 1 mug/l (1 ppb) were satisfactory. The method as applied to wine samples is sensitive at the 0.2 mug/l level.", "PMID": 856851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11541", "title": "Fatty acids. XIII. The gas-liquid chromatographic behaviour of dimethylene-interrupted methyl cis-octadecenynoates.", "content": "All of the dimethylene-interrupted methyl cis-octadecenynoate isomers, except the delta13c,17a isomer, have been prepared by partial hydrogenation of the corresponding methyl octadecadiynoate. Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of the octadecenymoates has been carried out on Carbowax 20M, DEGA, DEGS, FFAP and Silar 10C stationary phases. The delta3,7 isomers decompose on chromatography. The equivalent chain lengths of all of the remaining methyl cis-octadecenynoates are reported.", "contents": "Fatty acids. XIII. The gas-liquid chromatographic behaviour of dimethylene-interrupted methyl cis-octadecenynoates. All of the dimethylene-interrupted methyl cis-octadecenynoate isomers, except the delta13c,17a isomer, have been prepared by partial hydrogenation of the corresponding methyl octadecadiynoate. Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of the octadecenymoates has been carried out on Carbowax 20M, DEGA, DEGS, FFAP and Silar 10C stationary phases. The delta3,7 isomers decompose on chromatography. The equivalent chain lengths of all of the remaining methyl cis-octadecenynoates are reported.", "PMID": 856853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11542", "title": "Separation of gentamicin C-complex into five components by Craig distribution.", "content": "A gentamicin C-complex preparation was separated preparatively into five components by Craig distribution. Gentamicins C1, C2, and C1a were the major components, whereas components C2a and C2b represented only 4% of the total C-complex mixture. Paper chromatographic analysis showed that the gentamicin C2b separated by Craig distribution was identical with a gentamicin isolated from Micromonospora purpurea var. JI-33 fermentation broth and identified as 6'-N-methylgentamicin C1a. Similarly, component C2a was identical with a previously separated gentamicin component tentatively identified as the 6'-C epimer of gentamicin C2.", "contents": "Separation of gentamicin C-complex into five components by Craig distribution. A gentamicin C-complex preparation was separated preparatively into five components by Craig distribution. Gentamicins C1, C2, and C1a were the major components, whereas components C2a and C2b represented only 4% of the total C-complex mixture. Paper chromatographic analysis showed that the gentamicin C2b separated by Craig distribution was identical with a gentamicin isolated from Micromonospora purpurea var. JI-33 fermentation broth and identified as 6'-N-methylgentamicin C1a. Similarly, component C2a was identical with a previously separated gentamicin component tentatively identified as the 6'-C epimer of gentamicin C2.", "PMID": 856852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11543", "title": "Isolation and determination of chlorinated organic pesticides by thin-layer chromatography and the application to toxicological analysis.", "content": "A sensitive method for the isolation and clean-up of chlorinated organic pesticides from tissues and biological materials is discussed. RF values of the pesticides in 26 solvent systems, and colours of the spots given with various chromogenic reagents, are reported. The limits of detection, and densitometric measurements, are also discussed. The average recovery has been found to be 94%. The distribution of endrin in different autopsy tissues from five different victims has been studied by the proposed technique.", "contents": "Isolation and determination of chlorinated organic pesticides by thin-layer chromatography and the application to toxicological analysis. A sensitive method for the isolation and clean-up of chlorinated organic pesticides from tissues and biological materials is discussed. RF values of the pesticides in 26 solvent systems, and colours of the spots given with various chromogenic reagents, are reported. The limits of detection, and densitometric measurements, are also discussed. The average recovery has been found to be 94%. The distribution of endrin in different autopsy tissues from five different victims has been studied by the proposed technique.", "PMID": 856854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11544", "title": "New gas chromatogrphic assay for the quantification of methadone. Application in human and animal studies.", "content": "A new gas chromatographic assay utilizing 2-dimethylamino-4,4-diphenyl-5-nonanone as the internal standard was developed for the quantification of methadone. The method involved extraction of methadone with 1-chlorobutane from tissue at pH 9.8, re-extraction of an aliquot of the organic solvent with 0.5 M sulphuric acid, alkalinization and final extraction into chloroform. The assay was used to determine the concentration of methadone (i) in whole blood samples from a normal volunteer following a single 9.4-mg oral dose of d-methadone hydrochloride, (ii) in whole blood, saliva and gastric juice from a methadone addict maintained on 90 mg of dimethadone hydrochloride per day, (iii) in mouse liver microsomes incubated with methadone, and (iv) in the perfusate of the isolated perfused rat liver.", "contents": "New gas chromatogrphic assay for the quantification of methadone. Application in human and animal studies. A new gas chromatographic assay utilizing 2-dimethylamino-4,4-diphenyl-5-nonanone as the internal standard was developed for the quantification of methadone. The method involved extraction of methadone with 1-chlorobutane from tissue at pH 9.8, re-extraction of an aliquot of the organic solvent with 0.5 M sulphuric acid, alkalinization and final extraction into chloroform. The assay was used to determine the concentration of methadone (i) in whole blood samples from a normal volunteer following a single 9.4-mg oral dose of d-methadone hydrochloride, (ii) in whole blood, saliva and gastric juice from a methadone addict maintained on 90 mg of dimethadone hydrochloride per day, (iii) in mouse liver microsomes incubated with methadone, and (iv) in the perfusate of the isolated perfused rat liver.", "PMID": 856855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11545", "title": "Simultaneous determination of anticonvulsant drugs by gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "A quantitative gas-liquid chromatographic method for the determination of blood levels of ethosuximide, phenobarbitone, primidone and diphenylhydantoin is described. All four compounds are determined using 1 ml of serum. A simple, direct extraction technique is employed. Ethosuximide is analysed without derivatization. Subsequent flash alkylation with trimethylanilinium hydroxide allows the simultaneous determination of phenobarbitone, primidone, and diphenylhydantoin.", "contents": "Simultaneous determination of anticonvulsant drugs by gas-liquid chromatography. A quantitative gas-liquid chromatographic method for the determination of blood levels of ethosuximide, phenobarbitone, primidone and diphenylhydantoin is described. All four compounds are determined using 1 ml of serum. A simple, direct extraction technique is employed. Ethosuximide is analysed without derivatization. Subsequent flash alkylation with trimethylanilinium hydroxide allows the simultaneous determination of phenobarbitone, primidone, and diphenylhydantoin.", "PMID": 856856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11546", "title": "Automated high-resolution gas chromatographic analysis of psychotropic drugs in biological fluids using open-tubular glass capillary columns. I. Determination of nomifensine in human plasma.", "content": "An automated high-resolution gas chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of low levels of the antidepressant psychotropic drug Nomifensine in human plasma. The drug is extracted from alkalinized plasma with diethyl ether and then back-extracted into an acidic aqueous phase. After subsequent extraction into diethyl ether the drug is analysed by gas-liquid chromatography as its heptafluorobutyrate derivative using an OV-101 open-tubular glass capillary column with a nitrogen-specific detector. The propyl and butyl analogues of Nomifensine are used as internal standards, added to the plasma before extraction. The method is accurate, specific and precise, and capable of measuring plasma concentrations down to a level of 2 ng/ml. A preliminary study of the pharmacokinetics of the drug, together with steady-state level measurements in normal individuals receiving therapeutic dosages of Nomifensine, has been made.", "contents": "Automated high-resolution gas chromatographic analysis of psychotropic drugs in biological fluids using open-tubular glass capillary columns. I. Determination of nomifensine in human plasma. An automated high-resolution gas chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of low levels of the antidepressant psychotropic drug Nomifensine in human plasma. The drug is extracted from alkalinized plasma with diethyl ether and then back-extracted into an acidic aqueous phase. After subsequent extraction into diethyl ether the drug is analysed by gas-liquid chromatography as its heptafluorobutyrate derivative using an OV-101 open-tubular glass capillary column with a nitrogen-specific detector. The propyl and butyl analogues of Nomifensine are used as internal standards, added to the plasma before extraction. The method is accurate, specific and precise, and capable of measuring plasma concentrations down to a level of 2 ng/ml. A preliminary study of the pharmacokinetics of the drug, together with steady-state level measurements in normal individuals receiving therapeutic dosages of Nomifensine, has been made.", "PMID": 856857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11547", "title": "Determination of doxorubicin hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparations using high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "An improved high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for the determination of doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin TM) in pharmaceutical preparations has been developed. A liquid-solid system using microporous silica (Zorbax) as the stationary phase and 3.8% 0.5 M sodium acetate buffer (pH 4.5) in isopropanol as the mobile phase gave optimum separation of doxorubicin hydrochloride from the excipient (lactose) and minor impurities. The doxorubicin hydrochloride content of a 10-mg vial can be determined in 25-30 min with a relative standard deviation of 3.2%. Results compare favorably with those obtained by established thin-layer chromatography and spectrophotometric procedures. The sensitivity of the method is sufficiently high (nanogram range) for possible use in metabolic or pharmacological studies.", "contents": "Determination of doxorubicin hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparations using high-pressure liquid chromatography. An improved high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for the determination of doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin TM) in pharmaceutical preparations has been developed. A liquid-solid system using microporous silica (Zorbax) as the stationary phase and 3.8% 0.5 M sodium acetate buffer (pH 4.5) in isopropanol as the mobile phase gave optimum separation of doxorubicin hydrochloride from the excipient (lactose) and minor impurities. The doxorubicin hydrochloride content of a 10-mg vial can be determined in 25-30 min with a relative standard deviation of 3.2%. Results compare favorably with those obtained by established thin-layer chromatography and spectrophotometric procedures. The sensitivity of the method is sufficiently high (nanogram range) for possible use in metabolic or pharmacological studies.", "PMID": 856858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11548", "title": "Ligand-exchange separations of amino acids. I. Distribution equilibria of some amino acids between ammoniacal copper(II) nitrate solutions and phosphonic, carboxylic and iminodiacetic ion exchangers in the copper(II) form.", "content": "The ligand-exchange process for the distribution of glycine, alanine and leucine between a copper(II) phosphonate resin and ammoniacal solutions of copper nitrate has been studied. The formation in both resin and solution phases of mixed CuA(NH3)+i complexes (i = 1-3) was demonstrated. A theoretical expression for the distribution coefficient, taking into account the various parameters upon which it depends, has been established and verified experimentally. Some experiments carried out with carboxylic and iminodiacetic resin in the Cu(II) form confirmed the validity of the theoretical model. The distribution of an amino acid by ligand exchange occurs as a complex phenomenon that brings many equilibria into play. However, by simplifying the theory with some approximations, it is possible to describe the distribution by means of two equilibria, one of ion exchange and the other of the formation in solution of mixed complexes. This simplified theory clearly displays how the ammonia and copper(II) concentrations affect the amino acid fixation. Some experimental graphs illustrate the variation of the distribution coefficients for different amino acids with each of these parameters. Finally, some observations on the selectivity that may be expected from this process are made. In particular, it is shown how the optimal conditions for the separation of two amino acids can be determined.", "contents": "Ligand-exchange separations of amino acids. I. Distribution equilibria of some amino acids between ammoniacal copper(II) nitrate solutions and phosphonic, carboxylic and iminodiacetic ion exchangers in the copper(II) form. The ligand-exchange process for the distribution of glycine, alanine and leucine between a copper(II) phosphonate resin and ammoniacal solutions of copper nitrate has been studied. The formation in both resin and solution phases of mixed CuA(NH3)+i complexes (i = 1-3) was demonstrated. A theoretical expression for the distribution coefficient, taking into account the various parameters upon which it depends, has been established and verified experimentally. Some experiments carried out with carboxylic and iminodiacetic resin in the Cu(II) form confirmed the validity of the theoretical model. The distribution of an amino acid by ligand exchange occurs as a complex phenomenon that brings many equilibria into play. However, by simplifying the theory with some approximations, it is possible to describe the distribution by means of two equilibria, one of ion exchange and the other of the formation in solution of mixed complexes. This simplified theory clearly displays how the ammonia and copper(II) concentrations affect the amino acid fixation. Some experimental graphs illustrate the variation of the distribution coefficients for different amino acids with each of these parameters. Finally, some observations on the selectivity that may be expected from this process are made. In particular, it is shown how the optimal conditions for the separation of two amino acids can be determined.", "PMID": 856859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11549", "title": "Application of an ion-cluster technique to the analysis of endogenous hydroxylated compounds. I. Preparation of a doublet by use of a mixture of trimethylsilylimidazole (TSIM) and TSIM-d3.", "content": "In order to apply the intensity-matching technique to polyhydroxysteroids in biological fluids, the doublet of [M]+ and [M+3]+ was prepared in the process of derivatization by use of a mixture of trimethylsilylimidazole (TSIM) and TSIM-d3 and was used for mass fragmentography. The molar ratio of TSIM and TSIM-d3 was defined by the reciprocal of the number of hydroxyl groups in steroids. This technique may be useful in identifying low levels of the endogenous polyhydroxysteroids of interest in biological fluids.", "contents": "Application of an ion-cluster technique to the analysis of endogenous hydroxylated compounds. I. Preparation of a doublet by use of a mixture of trimethylsilylimidazole (TSIM) and TSIM-d3. In order to apply the intensity-matching technique to polyhydroxysteroids in biological fluids, the doublet of [M]+ and [M+3]+ was prepared in the process of derivatization by use of a mixture of trimethylsilylimidazole (TSIM) and TSIM-d3 and was used for mass fragmentography. The molar ratio of TSIM and TSIM-d3 was defined by the reciprocal of the number of hydroxyl groups in steroids. This technique may be useful in identifying low levels of the endogenous polyhydroxysteroids of interest in biological fluids.", "PMID": 856860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11550", "title": "Comparison of electron-capture and electrolytic conductivity detection for the gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of some perfluoro derivatives of four agricultural chemicals.", "content": "The gas chromatographic response of four perfluoro derivatives, of four agricultural chemical [diethylstilbestrol] (DES) clopidol, linuron and carbofuran] was examined. The derivatives varied in fluorine content from 3 to 30 atoms per molecule. The sensitivities of the derivatives were found to be ca. 10-100 times greater by electron-capture detection than by electrolytic conductivity detection (halogen mode). The sensitivity also was found to increase with increasing fluorine content for all derivatives by electrolytic conductivity, whereas by electron capture, DES and clopidol exhibited similar responses with either the penta-, hepta-, or pentadeca-fluoro derivatives. The sensitivity of linuron and carbofuran derivatives by electron capture varied with increasing fluorine content. For detection by electron capture, the hepta-fluorobutyryl derivatives were preferred for DES and clopidol, and either the hepta-fluorobutyryl or the pentadecafluorooctanoyl derivatives for linuron and carbofuran. For detection by electrolytic conductivity, the pentadecafluorooctanoyl derivatives were superior for all four compounds.", "contents": "Comparison of electron-capture and electrolytic conductivity detection for the gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of some perfluoro derivatives of four agricultural chemicals. The gas chromatographic response of four perfluoro derivatives, of four agricultural chemical [diethylstilbestrol] (DES) clopidol, linuron and carbofuran] was examined. The derivatives varied in fluorine content from 3 to 30 atoms per molecule. The sensitivities of the derivatives were found to be ca. 10-100 times greater by electron-capture detection than by electrolytic conductivity detection (halogen mode). The sensitivity also was found to increase with increasing fluorine content for all derivatives by electrolytic conductivity, whereas by electron capture, DES and clopidol exhibited similar responses with either the penta-, hepta-, or pentadeca-fluoro derivatives. The sensitivity of linuron and carbofuran derivatives by electron capture varied with increasing fluorine content. For detection by electron capture, the hepta-fluorobutyryl derivatives were preferred for DES and clopidol, and either the hepta-fluorobutyryl or the pentadecafluorooctanoyl derivatives for linuron and carbofuran. For detection by electrolytic conductivity, the pentadecafluorooctanoyl derivatives were superior for all four compounds.", "PMID": 856861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11551", "title": "Protein binding of rifampicin to bovine serum albumin as measured by gel filtration.", "content": "A \"large zone-small zone elution method\" with Sephadex G-25 has been developed for the study of the interactions of [14C]rifampicin with bovine serum proteins. The method was demonstrated to be capable of yielding both qualitative and quantitative information about the binding reactions. However, its application requires a large amount of experimental work, and therefore it should be reserved for instances when other procedures are not applicable, e.g., with highly lipophilic ligands.", "contents": "Protein binding of rifampicin to bovine serum albumin as measured by gel filtration. A \"large zone-small zone elution method\" with Sephadex G-25 has been developed for the study of the interactions of [14C]rifampicin with bovine serum proteins. The method was demonstrated to be capable of yielding both qualitative and quantitative information about the binding reactions. However, its application requires a large amount of experimental work, and therefore it should be reserved for instances when other procedures are not applicable, e.g., with highly lipophilic ligands.", "PMID": 856862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11552", "title": "Concentration of headspace, airborne and aqueous volatiles on Chromosorb 105 for examination by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.", "content": "Techniques are described for the collection of volatile material from headspace vapours and the atmosphere and for the direct extraction of volatiles from aqueous solution by traps containing the porous polymer Chromosorb 105. The traps are inserted through a valve into a gas chromatograph which facilitates the desorption and transfer of the volatiles to high-resolution capillary columns. Selected applications of the technique are described.", "contents": "Concentration of headspace, airborne and aqueous volatiles on Chromosorb 105 for examination by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Techniques are described for the collection of volatile material from headspace vapours and the atmosphere and for the direct extraction of volatiles from aqueous solution by traps containing the porous polymer Chromosorb 105. The traps are inserted through a valve into a gas chromatograph which facilitates the desorption and transfer of the volatiles to high-resolution capillary columns. Selected applications of the technique are described.", "PMID": 856863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11553", "title": "Solid-phase radioimmunoassay of rubella virus immunoglobulin M antibodies: comparison with sucrose density gradient centrifugation test.", "content": "The solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) method developed in our laboratory for demonstrating rubella virus-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies (Kalimo et al., 1976) was further developed for demonstrating IgM antibodies. A total of 188 serum specimens were tested. The statistical probability of obtaining a false-positive IgM result, based on determinations of 100 rubella-negative sera, was below 0.001. Nonspecific inhibitors and IgM antibodies against other viruses tested did not interfere in the assay. In 2 out of 20 (10%) serum specimens with rheumatoid factor, a false-positive IgM result was obtained. The new RIA method was compared with sucrose density gradient centrifugation, followed by hemagglutination inhibition testing of the separated immunoglobulins with respect to demonstrating IgM antibodies. In patients with acute rubella infection, IgM antibodies were demonstrated by RIA in 9 out of 20 acute-phase sera and in all 20 early-convalescent-phase sera, compared with 7 out of 20 acute-phase sera and 19 out of 20 early-convalescent-phase sera by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The results obtained indicate that the RIA method is reliable and sensitive and suitable for routine diagnostic use.", "contents": "Solid-phase radioimmunoassay of rubella virus immunoglobulin M antibodies: comparison with sucrose density gradient centrifugation test. The solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) method developed in our laboratory for demonstrating rubella virus-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies (Kalimo et al., 1976) was further developed for demonstrating IgM antibodies. A total of 188 serum specimens were tested. The statistical probability of obtaining a false-positive IgM result, based on determinations of 100 rubella-negative sera, was below 0.001. Nonspecific inhibitors and IgM antibodies against other viruses tested did not interfere in the assay. In 2 out of 20 (10%) serum specimens with rheumatoid factor, a false-positive IgM result was obtained. The new RIA method was compared with sucrose density gradient centrifugation, followed by hemagglutination inhibition testing of the separated immunoglobulins with respect to demonstrating IgM antibodies. In patients with acute rubella infection, IgM antibodies were demonstrated by RIA in 9 out of 20 acute-phase sera and in all 20 early-convalescent-phase sera, compared with 7 out of 20 acute-phase sera and 19 out of 20 early-convalescent-phase sera by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The results obtained indicate that the RIA method is reliable and sensitive and suitable for routine diagnostic use.", "PMID": 856864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11554", "title": "Single phage-typing set for differentiating salmonellae.", "content": "A phage-typing system is described for characterizing commonly isolated salmonellae. Fifty-eight serovars representative of groups A, B, C1, C2, D, E1, E2, E3, and E4 were delineated by using a single set of 50 phages isolated from sewage. All of the 735 cultures used in this effort were typable and were distinguished and differentiated on the basis of the 347 phage patterns observed. All results were reproducible. Characteristic phage patterns were produced by a variety of Salmonella serovars isolated from a campus incident and a number of hospital and family outbreaks to indicate an existing epidemiological relationship.", "contents": "Single phage-typing set for differentiating salmonellae. A phage-typing system is described for characterizing commonly isolated salmonellae. Fifty-eight serovars representative of groups A, B, C1, C2, D, E1, E2, E3, and E4 were delineated by using a single set of 50 phages isolated from sewage. All of the 735 cultures used in this effort were typable and were distinguished and differentiated on the basis of the 347 phage patterns observed. All results were reproducible. Characteristic phage patterns were produced by a variety of Salmonella serovars isolated from a campus incident and a number of hospital and family outbreaks to indicate an existing epidemiological relationship.", "PMID": 856865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11555", "title": "Yersinia enterocolitica: recovery and characterization of two unusual isolates from a case of acute enteritis.", "content": "Enteritis caused by Yersinia enterocolitica appears to be an uncommon occurrence in the United States. Most of the reported cases have been caused by biochemically typical Y. enterocolitica serotype O:8, the most frequently encountered serotype in the United States. The present report describes the isolation of two biochemically and serologically unusual Y. enterocolitica isolates from a patient with acute enteritis. One strain was distinguished by the rapid fermentation of rhamnose and raffinose and by citrate utilization at 22 degrees C but not at 37 degrees C. The other isolate was sucrose negative, and at either temperature it lacked both the fermentative capability for rhamnose and raffinose and the ability to utilize sodium citrate. Neither strain was agglutinable with known Y. enterocolitica antisera. The rhamnose-positive isolate showed an increased resistance to ampicillin, cephalothin, colymycin, and penicillin when tested at 22 degrees C as compared to results obtained at 37 degrees C. The demonstration that one patient's serum contained agglutinins (1:64) against the sucrose-negative strain supports its etiological significance. The role of the rhamnose-positive strain in the patient's illness is speculative. It conceivably could have potentiated the pathogenicity of the sucrose-negative isolate.", "contents": "Yersinia enterocolitica: recovery and characterization of two unusual isolates from a case of acute enteritis. Enteritis caused by Yersinia enterocolitica appears to be an uncommon occurrence in the United States. Most of the reported cases have been caused by biochemically typical Y. enterocolitica serotype O:8, the most frequently encountered serotype in the United States. The present report describes the isolation of two biochemically and serologically unusual Y. enterocolitica isolates from a patient with acute enteritis. One strain was distinguished by the rapid fermentation of rhamnose and raffinose and by citrate utilization at 22 degrees C but not at 37 degrees C. The other isolate was sucrose negative, and at either temperature it lacked both the fermentative capability for rhamnose and raffinose and the ability to utilize sodium citrate. Neither strain was agglutinable with known Y. enterocolitica antisera. The rhamnose-positive isolate showed an increased resistance to ampicillin, cephalothin, colymycin, and penicillin when tested at 22 degrees C as compared to results obtained at 37 degrees C. The demonstration that one patient's serum contained agglutinins (1:64) against the sucrose-negative strain supports its etiological significance. The role of the rhamnose-positive strain in the patient's illness is speculative. It conceivably could have potentiated the pathogenicity of the sucrose-negative isolate.", "PMID": 856866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11556", "title": "beta-Glucosidase activity in mycobacteria.", "content": "A procedure to test beta-glucosidase was developed for identification of the mycobacteria. One hundred and thirty-three strains representing 17 species were assayed in a buffered system containing whole cells and the substrate p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucoside. Qualitative differences between species indicated that the test was useful in discriminating among the mycobacteria.", "contents": "beta-Glucosidase activity in mycobacteria. A procedure to test beta-glucosidase was developed for identification of the mycobacteria. One hundred and thirty-three strains representing 17 species were assayed in a buffered system containing whole cells and the substrate p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucoside. Qualitative differences between species indicated that the test was useful in discriminating among the mycobacteria.", "PMID": 856867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11557", "title": "Renal tubular effects of chronic phosphate depletion.", "content": "The effects of chronic phosphate depletion on renal tubular function were evaluated by micropuncture and free water clearance studies in the dog. Proximal tubular punctures demonstrated that chronic hypophosphatemia led to a reduction in ratio of tubular fluid to plasma inulin in late superficial tubular from 1.59+/-0.08 in control animals to 1.29+/-0.06 in phosphate-depleted dogs, with proportional inhibition of calcium and sodium reabsorption. The chronic decrease in proximal tubular fluid reabsorption was confirmed by the analysis of sustained water diuresis in conscious, phosphate-depleted dogs, before and after repletion of body PO4 stores, and in control animals. Urine flow rate/100 ml glomerular filtration rate (V/GFR) was significantly higher in PO4 DEPLETION THAN CONTROL (15.8+/-1.1 VS. 10.7+/-0.82). In addition, acetazolamide infusion did not increase V/GFR in phosphate-depleted dogs (15.8+/-1.1 vs. 17.16+/-0.9), supporting the conclusion that inhibition of proximal tubular fluid reabsorption was responsible for the elevated urine flow rate. PO4 repletion over 5 days reduced V/GFR to 9.2+/-0.7 despite no change in urine osmolality and no change in GFR, further suggesting a specific reversible alteration in proximal tubular reabsorption in phosphate depletion. Although hypercalciuria was a constant finding in phosphate depletion (fractional excretion of calcium of 2.04+/-0.4% vs. 0.47+/-0.13% in controls), the enhanced distal delivery of calcium was not a crucial factor; acute phosphate infusion reduced urinary calcium excretion to control values without affecting the reduced proximal tubular reabsorption in either intact or thyroparathyroidectomized phosphate-depleted dogs the change in distal nephron calcium reabsorption was independent of parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels since infusion of PTH failed to alter urinary calcium excretion. We conclude that chronic phosphate depletion leads to a reversible, sustained inhibition in proximal tubular reabsorptive fuction as well as a specific decrease in distal nephron calcium reabsorption. This latter reabsorptive defect is sensitive to phosplate infusion but not corrected by PTH.", "contents": "Renal tubular effects of chronic phosphate depletion. The effects of chronic phosphate depletion on renal tubular function were evaluated by micropuncture and free water clearance studies in the dog. Proximal tubular punctures demonstrated that chronic hypophosphatemia led to a reduction in ratio of tubular fluid to plasma inulin in late superficial tubular from 1.59+/-0.08 in control animals to 1.29+/-0.06 in phosphate-depleted dogs, with proportional inhibition of calcium and sodium reabsorption. The chronic decrease in proximal tubular fluid reabsorption was confirmed by the analysis of sustained water diuresis in conscious, phosphate-depleted dogs, before and after repletion of body PO4 stores, and in control animals. Urine flow rate/100 ml glomerular filtration rate (V/GFR) was significantly higher in PO4 DEPLETION THAN CONTROL (15.8+/-1.1 VS. 10.7+/-0.82). In addition, acetazolamide infusion did not increase V/GFR in phosphate-depleted dogs (15.8+/-1.1 vs. 17.16+/-0.9), supporting the conclusion that inhibition of proximal tubular fluid reabsorption was responsible for the elevated urine flow rate. PO4 repletion over 5 days reduced V/GFR to 9.2+/-0.7 despite no change in urine osmolality and no change in GFR, further suggesting a specific reversible alteration in proximal tubular reabsorption in phosphate depletion. Although hypercalciuria was a constant finding in phosphate depletion (fractional excretion of calcium of 2.04+/-0.4% vs. 0.47+/-0.13% in controls), the enhanced distal delivery of calcium was not a crucial factor; acute phosphate infusion reduced urinary calcium excretion to control values without affecting the reduced proximal tubular reabsorption in either intact or thyroparathyroidectomized phosphate-depleted dogs the change in distal nephron calcium reabsorption was independent of parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels since infusion of PTH failed to alter urinary calcium excretion. We conclude that chronic phosphate depletion leads to a reversible, sustained inhibition in proximal tubular reabsorptive fuction as well as a specific decrease in distal nephron calcium reabsorption. This latter reabsorptive defect is sensitive to phosplate infusion but not corrected by PTH.", "PMID": 856868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11558", "title": "Quantitative determination of antibody to capsular polysaccharide in infection with type III strains of group B Streptococcus.", "content": "The development of antibody in response to invasive infection with type III strains of group B Streptococcus was studied in sera from 31 infants and 4 adults by means of a quantitative radioactive antigen-binding assay. Low concentrations of antibody were consistently found in the acute sera of patients who developed clinical illness. Although adults with puerperal sepsis and infants with bone or joint infection uniformly demonstrated significant rises in serum antibody concentration after recovery, much lower levels of antibody were detected in convalescent sera from infants recovering from meningitis or sepsis. The median antibody concentration in sera from 43 parturients with type III strains of group B Streptococcus isolated from vaginal cultures whose neonates failed to develop symptomatic disease was significantly greater than that in sera from 29 mothers of infants with invasive, type III, group B streptococcal infection. Study of paired maternal and cord sera demonstrated a significant correlation between the antibody concentration in a mother's serum and that in her neonate.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of antibody to capsular polysaccharide in infection with type III strains of group B Streptococcus. The development of antibody in response to invasive infection with type III strains of group B Streptococcus was studied in sera from 31 infants and 4 adults by means of a quantitative radioactive antigen-binding assay. Low concentrations of antibody were consistently found in the acute sera of patients who developed clinical illness. Although adults with puerperal sepsis and infants with bone or joint infection uniformly demonstrated significant rises in serum antibody concentration after recovery, much lower levels of antibody were detected in convalescent sera from infants recovering from meningitis or sepsis. The median antibody concentration in sera from 43 parturients with type III strains of group B Streptococcus isolated from vaginal cultures whose neonates failed to develop symptomatic disease was significantly greater than that in sera from 29 mothers of infants with invasive, type III, group B streptococcal infection. Study of paired maternal and cord sera demonstrated a significant correlation between the antibody concentration in a mother's serum and that in her neonate.", "PMID": 856869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11559", "title": "Biliary lipid secretion in cholesterol gallstone disease. The effect of cholecystectomy and obesity.", "content": "Cholesterol gallstone disease is initiated in a liver which produces abnormal bile with excess cholesterol relative to bile salts and phospholipid. To define the responsible secretory mechanism(s), the rate of biliary lipid secretion was measured by a duodenal marker perfusion technique, while the bile salt pool was simultaneously estimated by isotope dilution. Two groups of control patients expected to have normal biliary lipid composition--14 subjects without hepatobiliary disease and 6 patients with pigment gallstones, were compared to two experimental groups expected to have abnormal bile--10 nonobese patients with cholesterol gallstones and 7 obese subjects without gallstones. Both control groups had nearly identical biliary lipid secretion rates, and a corresponding low relative molar concentration of cholesterol. Two different secretory mechanisms were found to be responsible for the abnormal bile in the experimental groups. In the nonobese patients with cholesterol gallstones, bile salt and phospholipid secretion rates were both significantly reduced. Conversely, the grossly obese subjects had an increased cholesterol secretion. To determine how cholecystectomy improves biliary lipid composition, three groups of gallstone patients --6 with pigment stones, 4 grossly obese with cholesterol stones, and 13 nonobese with cholesterol stones --were all examined after full recovery from surgery. In the nonobese patients with cholesterol gallstones, both bile salt and phospholipid secretion significantly increased, causing a definite improvement in bile composition. Cholecystectomy produced a similar but less marked trend in the obese patients with cholesterol stones, and in the patients with pigment stones. Cholesterol secretion, however, was unaffected by surgery. The bile salt pool was definitely small in the nonobese patients with cholesterol gallstones and became slightly smaller after cholecystectomy. The pool was significantly reduced by cholecystectomyin the patients with cholesterol gallstones. Removal of the gallbladder in all three groups caused a greater fraction of the pool to cycle around the enterohepatic circulation each hour. This more rapid cycling produced the increase in bile salt and phospolipid secretion, and was responsible for the improved composition found after cholecystectomy.", "contents": "Biliary lipid secretion in cholesterol gallstone disease. The effect of cholecystectomy and obesity. Cholesterol gallstone disease is initiated in a liver which produces abnormal bile with excess cholesterol relative to bile salts and phospholipid. To define the responsible secretory mechanism(s), the rate of biliary lipid secretion was measured by a duodenal marker perfusion technique, while the bile salt pool was simultaneously estimated by isotope dilution. Two groups of control patients expected to have normal biliary lipid composition--14 subjects without hepatobiliary disease and 6 patients with pigment gallstones, were compared to two experimental groups expected to have abnormal bile--10 nonobese patients with cholesterol gallstones and 7 obese subjects without gallstones. Both control groups had nearly identical biliary lipid secretion rates, and a corresponding low relative molar concentration of cholesterol. Two different secretory mechanisms were found to be responsible for the abnormal bile in the experimental groups. In the nonobese patients with cholesterol gallstones, bile salt and phospholipid secretion rates were both significantly reduced. Conversely, the grossly obese subjects had an increased cholesterol secretion. To determine how cholecystectomy improves biliary lipid composition, three groups of gallstone patients --6 with pigment stones, 4 grossly obese with cholesterol stones, and 13 nonobese with cholesterol stones --were all examined after full recovery from surgery. In the nonobese patients with cholesterol gallstones, both bile salt and phospholipid secretion significantly increased, causing a definite improvement in bile composition. Cholecystectomy produced a similar but less marked trend in the obese patients with cholesterol stones, and in the patients with pigment stones. Cholesterol secretion, however, was unaffected by surgery. The bile salt pool was definitely small in the nonobese patients with cholesterol gallstones and became slightly smaller after cholecystectomy. The pool was significantly reduced by cholecystectomyin the patients with cholesterol gallstones. Removal of the gallbladder in all three groups caused a greater fraction of the pool to cycle around the enterohepatic circulation each hour. This more rapid cycling produced the increase in bile salt and phospolipid secretion, and was responsible for the improved composition found after cholecystectomy.", "PMID": 856870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11560", "title": "Influence of chronic renal failure on protein synthesis and albumin metabolism in rat liver.", "content": "Chronic renal failure in rats leads to changes in hepatic protein synthesis and albumin metabolism at both the cellular and molecular level. In rats with chronic uremia (blood urea nitrogen  greater than 45 mg/100 ml 1 mo after surgical reduction in renal mass), cell-free protein synthesis is reduced 30--40% in liver membrane-bound polyribosomes. Albumin synthesis by membrane-bound polysomes in uremia is reduced even more than the reduction in total protein synthesis. Activity of free polysomes remains norma. There is also intracellular accumulation of albumin in liver of uremic rats and a concomitant decrease in serum albumin. In normal liver, most intracellular albumin is located in the microsomal fraction, whereas in liver from uremic animals the excess albumin is found in the free cytosol fraction. These results can be explained either by a defect in synthesis of albumin by membrane-bound polysomes with release of newly synthesized albumin into the cytosol or by a reduced ability of polysomes synthesizing albumin to associate with the membrane fraction in rats with chronic renal failure.", "contents": "Influence of chronic renal failure on protein synthesis and albumin metabolism in rat liver. Chronic renal failure in rats leads to changes in hepatic protein synthesis and albumin metabolism at both the cellular and molecular level. In rats with chronic uremia (blood urea nitrogen  greater than 45 mg/100 ml 1 mo after surgical reduction in renal mass), cell-free protein synthesis is reduced 30--40% in liver membrane-bound polyribosomes. Albumin synthesis by membrane-bound polysomes in uremia is reduced even more than the reduction in total protein synthesis. Activity of free polysomes remains norma. There is also intracellular accumulation of albumin in liver of uremic rats and a concomitant decrease in serum albumin. In normal liver, most intracellular albumin is located in the microsomal fraction, whereas in liver from uremic animals the excess albumin is found in the free cytosol fraction. These results can be explained either by a defect in synthesis of albumin by membrane-bound polysomes with release of newly synthesized albumin into the cytosol or by a reduced ability of polysomes synthesizing albumin to associate with the membrane fraction in rats with chronic renal failure.", "PMID": 856871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11561", "title": "Hemodialysis leukopenia. Pulmonary vascular leukostasis resulting from complement activation by dialyzer cellophane membranes.", "content": "Acute leukopenia occurs in all patients during the first hour of hemodialysis with cellophanemembrane equipment. This transient cytopenia specifically involves granulocytes and monocytes, cells which share plasma membrane reactivity towards activated complement components. The present studies document that complement is activated during exposure of plasma to dialyzer cellophane, and that upon reinfusion of this plasma into the venous circulation, granulocyte and monocyte entrapment in the pulmonary vasculature is induced. During early dialysis, conversion of both C3 and factor B can be demonstrated in plasma as it leaves the dialyzer. Moreover, simple incubation of human plasma with dialyzer cellophane causes conversion of C3 and factor B, accompanied by depletion of total hemolytic complement and C3 but sparing of hemolytic C1. Reinfusion of autologous, cellophane-incubated plasma into rabbits produces selective granulocytopenia and monocytopenia identical to that seen in dialyzed patients. Lungs from such animals reveal striking pulmonary vessel engorgement with granulocytes. The activated complement component(s) responsible for leukostasis has an approximate molecular weight of 7,000-20,000 daltons. Since it is generated in C2-deficient plasma and is associated with factor B conversion, it is suggested that activation of complement by dialysis is predominantly through the altermative pathway.", "contents": "Hemodialysis leukopenia. Pulmonary vascular leukostasis resulting from complement activation by dialyzer cellophane membranes. Acute leukopenia occurs in all patients during the first hour of hemodialysis with cellophanemembrane equipment. This transient cytopenia specifically involves granulocytes and monocytes, cells which share plasma membrane reactivity towards activated complement components. The present studies document that complement is activated during exposure of plasma to dialyzer cellophane, and that upon reinfusion of this plasma into the venous circulation, granulocyte and monocyte entrapment in the pulmonary vasculature is induced. During early dialysis, conversion of both C3 and factor B can be demonstrated in plasma as it leaves the dialyzer. Moreover, simple incubation of human plasma with dialyzer cellophane causes conversion of C3 and factor B, accompanied by depletion of total hemolytic complement and C3 but sparing of hemolytic C1. Reinfusion of autologous, cellophane-incubated plasma into rabbits produces selective granulocytopenia and monocytopenia identical to that seen in dialyzed patients. Lungs from such animals reveal striking pulmonary vessel engorgement with granulocytes. The activated complement component(s) responsible for leukostasis has an approximate molecular weight of 7,000-20,000 daltons. Since it is generated in C2-deficient plasma and is associated with factor B conversion, it is suggested that activation of complement by dialysis is predominantly through the altermative pathway.", "PMID": 856872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11562", "title": "Factor IX antigen by radioimmunoassay. Abnormal factor IX protein in patients on warfarin therapy and with hemophilia B.", "content": "Factor IX, isolated from normal human plasma, was homogenous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in urea and sodium dodecyl sulfate. On the latter, it migrated as a single polypeptide chain with or without reducing agents and had an apparent mol wt of 62,000. After iodination by chloramine-T, a single peak of 125I was found on gels. Immunoelectrophoresis in agarose with rabbit antifactor IX sera gave a single arc against both isolated and partially purified factor IX preparations. The rabbit antibody was specific as it failed to inhibit the activities of prothrombin or factors VII or X in normal plasma. At an additional 20-fold dilution, factor IX activity was inhibited 50%. In a double-antibody radioimmunoassay, excess rabbit anti-human factor IX precipitated 90-95% of the 125I-human factor IX. Control without specific antibody gave 6-8%. Dilutions of a pool of normal human plasma paralleled dilutions of the isolated preparation and were used for the standard curve. Of 39 plasma samples from normal donors, the mean factor IX antigen level was 93% of that of a separate normal pool. The radioimmunoassay detected the abnormal factor IX produced in patients on warfarin therapy. After Al(OH)3 adsorption of warfarin treated patient's plasma, factor IX antigen, but not activity, was present in the supernate. Samples from 28 patients on warfarin gave a mean factor IX clotting activity of 27% with a mean antigen of 69%. The antigen level from the warfarin group was significantly lower than the antigen level of the normal group (P less than 0.001). The factor IX antigen level was then assessed in 36 patients from 29 pedigrees with hemophilia B. The median antigen level was 17% of normal. The distribution of the antigen level was wide with two patients around 100% of normal; only two had levels below the limits of resolution of the radioimmunoassay as currently performed (less than 2%). Within each of the five pedigrees in which more than one affected member was tested, activity and antigen levels were the same. The degree of neutralization of the antibody's inhibition of normal plasma by patient's plasma was highly correlated. Additional evidence for the detection of abnormal protein was provided by immunodiffusion of plasmas concentrated by lyophilization. Reactions of complete identity occurred between normal, a warfarin treated and a hemophilia B subject's plasmas.", "contents": "Factor IX antigen by radioimmunoassay. Abnormal factor IX protein in patients on warfarin therapy and with hemophilia B. Factor IX, isolated from normal human plasma, was homogenous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in urea and sodium dodecyl sulfate. On the latter, it migrated as a single polypeptide chain with or without reducing agents and had an apparent mol wt of 62,000. After iodination by chloramine-T, a single peak of 125I was found on gels. Immunoelectrophoresis in agarose with rabbit antifactor IX sera gave a single arc against both isolated and partially purified factor IX preparations. The rabbit antibody was specific as it failed to inhibit the activities of prothrombin or factors VII or X in normal plasma. At an additional 20-fold dilution, factor IX activity was inhibited 50%. In a double-antibody radioimmunoassay, excess rabbit anti-human factor IX precipitated 90-95% of the 125I-human factor IX. Control without specific antibody gave 6-8%. Dilutions of a pool of normal human plasma paralleled dilutions of the isolated preparation and were used for the standard curve. Of 39 plasma samples from normal donors, the mean factor IX antigen level was 93% of that of a separate normal pool. The radioimmunoassay detected the abnormal factor IX produced in patients on warfarin therapy. After Al(OH)3 adsorption of warfarin treated patient's plasma, factor IX antigen, but not activity, was present in the supernate. Samples from 28 patients on warfarin gave a mean factor IX clotting activity of 27% with a mean antigen of 69%. The antigen level from the warfarin group was significantly lower than the antigen level of the normal group (P less than 0.001). The factor IX antigen level was then assessed in 36 patients from 29 pedigrees with hemophilia B. The median antigen level was 17% of normal. The distribution of the antigen level was wide with two patients around 100% of normal; only two had levels below the limits of resolution of the radioimmunoassay as currently performed (less than 2%). Within each of the five pedigrees in which more than one affected member was tested, activity and antigen levels were the same. The degree of neutralization of the antibody's inhibition of normal plasma by patient's plasma was highly correlated. Additional evidence for the detection of abnormal protein was provided by immunodiffusion of plasmas concentrated by lyophilization. Reactions of complete identity occurred between normal, a warfarin treated and a hemophilia B subject's plasmas.", "PMID": 856873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11563", "title": "Jejunal perfusion of simple and conjugated folates in celiac sprue.", "content": "The intestinal absorption of [3H]-pteroylmonoglutamate (simple folic acid) and pteroyl-micron[14C]glutamyl-gamma-hexaglutamate ([14C]PG-7, conjugated folic acid) was assessed by the method of jejunal perfusion in five patients with proven celiac sprue who were studied after a gluten-containing or a gluten-free diet, and in nine normal subjects. The luminal disappearance of each folate was markedly impaired after exposure of the patients to dietary gluten and improved by gluten restriction, but not to within the range found in the normal subjects. The luminal disappearance of each folate was markedly impaired after exposure of the patients to dietary gluten and improved by gluten restriction, but not to within the range found in the normal subjects. In each experiment, column chromatography of the luminal aspirates revealed similar spectra of hydrolytic products of [14C]PG-7, whereas the fraction of the distal aspirate chromatogram appearing as pteroyl-micron[14C]glutamyl-gamma-monoglutamate ([14C]-PG-1) was similar in all three groups. By accounting for the variable effects of absorption on the luminal appearance of [14C]PG-1 and by correcting for mucosal hydrolysis which was not followed by release of [14C]PG-1 to the luminal contents, the calculated rate of in vivo hydrolysis of [14C]PG-7 to [14C]PG-1 was found impaired in both celiac sprue groups, with significant improvement on treatment. In mucosal biopsies from the sprue patients, the in vitro activity of folate conjugase in whole homogenates was higher and the activity of disaccharidase lower than in a group of 12 normal mucosal biopsies. These in vitro data suggest that the predominant cellular location of mucosal folate conjugase is different from that of disaccharidase, whereas comparison with the results of in vivo hydrolysis suggests that measurement of the enzyme in whole mucosal homogenates overestimates its significant digestive activity. The present studies indicate that (a) the mucosal lesion of celiac sprue significantly limits the intestinal absorption of both simple and conjugated folate, and (b) malabsorption of conjugated folate results from a combination of impaired hydrolysis and decreased mucosal uptake of hydrolytic product.", "contents": "Jejunal perfusion of simple and conjugated folates in celiac sprue. The intestinal absorption of [3H]-pteroylmonoglutamate (simple folic acid) and pteroyl-micron[14C]glutamyl-gamma-hexaglutamate ([14C]PG-7, conjugated folic acid) was assessed by the method of jejunal perfusion in five patients with proven celiac sprue who were studied after a gluten-containing or a gluten-free diet, and in nine normal subjects. The luminal disappearance of each folate was markedly impaired after exposure of the patients to dietary gluten and improved by gluten restriction, but not to within the range found in the normal subjects. The luminal disappearance of each folate was markedly impaired after exposure of the patients to dietary gluten and improved by gluten restriction, but not to within the range found in the normal subjects. In each experiment, column chromatography of the luminal aspirates revealed similar spectra of hydrolytic products of [14C]PG-7, whereas the fraction of the distal aspirate chromatogram appearing as pteroyl-micron[14C]glutamyl-gamma-monoglutamate ([14C]-PG-1) was similar in all three groups. By accounting for the variable effects of absorption on the luminal appearance of [14C]PG-1 and by correcting for mucosal hydrolysis which was not followed by release of [14C]PG-1 to the luminal contents, the calculated rate of in vivo hydrolysis of [14C]PG-7 to [14C]PG-1 was found impaired in both celiac sprue groups, with significant improvement on treatment. In mucosal biopsies from the sprue patients, the in vitro activity of folate conjugase in whole homogenates was higher and the activity of disaccharidase lower than in a group of 12 normal mucosal biopsies. These in vitro data suggest that the predominant cellular location of mucosal folate conjugase is different from that of disaccharidase, whereas comparison with the results of in vivo hydrolysis suggests that measurement of the enzyme in whole mucosal homogenates overestimates its significant digestive activity. The present studies indicate that (a) the mucosal lesion of celiac sprue significantly limits the intestinal absorption of both simple and conjugated folate, and (b) malabsorption of conjugated folate results from a combination of impaired hydrolysis and decreased mucosal uptake of hydrolytic product.", "PMID": 856874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11564", "title": "Calcium and phosphate transport in isolated segments of rabbit Henle's loop.", "content": "Calcium and phosphate transport was examined in rabbit thin descending, thin ascending, and thick ascending limbs of Henle by in vitro perfusion of isolated tubular segments. Permeability coefficients for these segments with 45Ca and 32PO4 were determined for both lumen-to-bath and bath-to-lumen directions. Both the thin descending and thin ascending limbs were found to be relatively impermeable to both 45Ca and 32PO4. In neither segment were we able to show evidence for net transport of calcium or phosphate. In contrast, the thick ascending limb of Henle showed a decrease in calcium lumen-to-bath concentration from 0.97 +/- 0.02 to 0.88 +/- 0.02 when perfused at 4.8 nl min-1. 45Ca lumen-to-bath and bath-to-lumen fluxes were 19.96 +/- 1.05 and 9.89 +/- 0.02 peq-min-1-cm-1, respectively, and the potential difference was +3.8 +/- 0.3 mV (lumen positive). The observed calcium flux ratio was significantly higher than that predicted by Ussing's equation. When ouabain was added to the bath the potential difference fell to +1.1 +/- 0.3 mV, whereas the calcium efflux was only slightly diminished (29.5 +/- 5.3-23.7 +/- 5.1 peq-cm-1-min-1). Ouabain had no effect on the influx of Ca across the thick ascending limb of Henle. There was no net transport of phosphate across the thick ascending limb. Phosphate permeability was exceedingly low bidirectionally across the thick ascending limb. Our findings indicate: (a) all segments of Henle's loop are relatively impermeable to calcium and phosphate; (b) net transport of phosphate seems to be absent in Henle's loop; (c) net calcium reabsorption, which cannot be explained by passive mechanisms, occurs in the thick ascending limb.", "contents": "Calcium and phosphate transport in isolated segments of rabbit Henle's loop. Calcium and phosphate transport was examined in rabbit thin descending, thin ascending, and thick ascending limbs of Henle by in vitro perfusion of isolated tubular segments. Permeability coefficients for these segments with 45Ca and 32PO4 were determined for both lumen-to-bath and bath-to-lumen directions. Both the thin descending and thin ascending limbs were found to be relatively impermeable to both 45Ca and 32PO4. In neither segment were we able to show evidence for net transport of calcium or phosphate. In contrast, the thick ascending limb of Henle showed a decrease in calcium lumen-to-bath concentration from 0.97 +/- 0.02 to 0.88 +/- 0.02 when perfused at 4.8 nl min-1. 45Ca lumen-to-bath and bath-to-lumen fluxes were 19.96 +/- 1.05 and 9.89 +/- 0.02 peq-min-1-cm-1, respectively, and the potential difference was +3.8 +/- 0.3 mV (lumen positive). The observed calcium flux ratio was significantly higher than that predicted by Ussing's equation. When ouabain was added to the bath the potential difference fell to +1.1 +/- 0.3 mV, whereas the calcium efflux was only slightly diminished (29.5 +/- 5.3-23.7 +/- 5.1 peq-cm-1-min-1). Ouabain had no effect on the influx of Ca across the thick ascending limb of Henle. There was no net transport of phosphate across the thick ascending limb. Phosphate permeability was exceedingly low bidirectionally across the thick ascending limb. Our findings indicate: (a) all segments of Henle's loop are relatively impermeable to calcium and phosphate; (b) net transport of phosphate seems to be absent in Henle's loop; (c) net calcium reabsorption, which cannot be explained by passive mechanisms, occurs in the thick ascending limb.", "PMID": 856875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11565", "title": "Circulating immune complexes in subacute infective endocarditis and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Two out of five patients with subacute infective endocarditis and two patients with post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis had large amounts of soluble circulating immune complexes in their sera. The three others with endocarditis had less severe disease and minimal evidence of circulating immune complexes. Low serum complement was also found in two of the cases.", "contents": "Circulating immune complexes in subacute infective endocarditis and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. Two out of five patients with subacute infective endocarditis and two patients with post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis had large amounts of soluble circulating immune complexes in their sera. The three others with endocarditis had less severe disease and minimal evidence of circulating immune complexes. Low serum complement was also found in two of the cases.", "PMID": 856876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11566", "title": "Halothane macrophage migration inhibtiion factor test in halothane-associated hepatitis.", "content": "As an index of delayed hypersensitivity in vitro halothane macrophage migration inhibition factor tests (halothane-MIF tests) were performed on peripheral blood lymphocytes from five patients with halothane hepatitis. Twenty-two subjects exposed to halothane, but with no evidence of jaundice, five 'healthy' hospital anaesthetists, nine jaundiced subjects without halothane exposure, and 10 healthy subjects with no history of exposure to halothane were also tested. The halothane-MIF test was positive in four of the five patients with halothane-induced hepatitis; the negative result was in a patient on steroid treatment. The test was negative in all other subjects. Our findings suggest that the halothane-MIF test may be of value in the diagnosis of halothane-induced hepatitis and as a screeening procedure for the identification of susceptible subjects.", "contents": "Halothane macrophage migration inhibtiion factor test in halothane-associated hepatitis. As an index of delayed hypersensitivity in vitro halothane macrophage migration inhibition factor tests (halothane-MIF tests) were performed on peripheral blood lymphocytes from five patients with halothane hepatitis. Twenty-two subjects exposed to halothane, but with no evidence of jaundice, five 'healthy' hospital anaesthetists, nine jaundiced subjects without halothane exposure, and 10 healthy subjects with no history of exposure to halothane were also tested. The halothane-MIF test was positive in four of the five patients with halothane-induced hepatitis; the negative result was in a patient on steroid treatment. The test was negative in all other subjects. Our findings suggest that the halothane-MIF test may be of value in the diagnosis of halothane-induced hepatitis and as a screeening procedure for the identification of susceptible subjects.", "PMID": 856877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11567", "title": "Centrifugation techniques and reagent strips in the assessment of microhaematuria.", "content": "During a survey for bladder cancer in a healthy male population a surprisingly high incidence of significant microhaematuria was found and no urinary sample was completely free of blood. A study of the sensitivity of the different techniques for assessing microhaematuria seemed necessary. A semiquantitative centrifugation technique, developed for cytological purposes, was found to be the most sensitive. Blood could be detected in concentrations of less than 50 RBC/ml urine. With conventional analysis, performed carefully, the minimum detectable concentration was about 500 RBC/ml. Reagent strips, based on the orthotholidin peroxidase reaction and developed specifically for urine analysis, gave positive reactions in minimum concentrations of 1 000 000 RBC/ml (original Hemastix), 50 000 RBC/ml (new Hemastix), and 20 000 RBC/ml (Sangur-Test). Positive scores with lower concentrations could be obtained with the Sangur-Test strip when it was read with a magnifying glass. However, the degree of erythrocyturia that may be regarded as physiological and that which is pathological has yet to be defined.", "contents": "Centrifugation techniques and reagent strips in the assessment of microhaematuria. During a survey for bladder cancer in a healthy male population a surprisingly high incidence of significant microhaematuria was found and no urinary sample was completely free of blood. A study of the sensitivity of the different techniques for assessing microhaematuria seemed necessary. A semiquantitative centrifugation technique, developed for cytological purposes, was found to be the most sensitive. Blood could be detected in concentrations of less than 50 RBC/ml urine. With conventional analysis, performed carefully, the minimum detectable concentration was about 500 RBC/ml. Reagent strips, based on the orthotholidin peroxidase reaction and developed specifically for urine analysis, gave positive reactions in minimum concentrations of 1 000 000 RBC/ml (original Hemastix), 50 000 RBC/ml (new Hemastix), and 20 000 RBC/ml (Sangur-Test). Positive scores with lower concentrations could be obtained with the Sangur-Test strip when it was read with a magnifying glass. However, the degree of erythrocyturia that may be regarded as physiological and that which is pathological has yet to be defined.", "PMID": 856878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11568", "title": "Effect of local exercise and vessel occlusion on fibrinolytic activity.", "content": "Arterial occlusion of the upper limb did not affect the fibrinolytic activity in the venous blood of that limb; venous occlusion associated with venous distension resulted in a marked rise in activity. Local fibrinolytic activity was increased substantially by active exercise; passive exercise induced a smaller increase. Active exercise undertaken during arterial occlusion did not result in a rise in activator level. It is concluded from these results that blood flow into the venous system rather than accumulation of metabolites is responsible for the increased release of activator into the blood during local exercise and vessel occlusion.", "contents": "Effect of local exercise and vessel occlusion on fibrinolytic activity. Arterial occlusion of the upper limb did not affect the fibrinolytic activity in the venous blood of that limb; venous occlusion associated with venous distension resulted in a marked rise in activity. Local fibrinolytic activity was increased substantially by active exercise; passive exercise induced a smaller increase. Active exercise undertaken during arterial occlusion did not result in a rise in activator level. It is concluded from these results that blood flow into the venous system rather than accumulation of metabolites is responsible for the increased release of activator into the blood during local exercise and vessel occlusion.", "PMID": 856879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11569", "title": "Maintenance and use of cumulative haematology files on a laboratory computer.", "content": "A system is described for the maintenance of cumulative haematology records for selected patients using a laboratory minicomputer with limited storage capacity. Records are indexed by the patient's name and location since, as in the majority of hospital laboratories, there is no unique numbering scheme which covers all patients. The computer system imitates the procedures of manual filing, listing uncertain record matches for human decision. Applications include the production of a regularly updated printing of of cumulative files, the preparation of graphs from cumulative blood count records, and the provision of a summary and follow-up service for general practitioners.", "contents": "Maintenance and use of cumulative haematology files on a laboratory computer. A system is described for the maintenance of cumulative haematology records for selected patients using a laboratory minicomputer with limited storage capacity. Records are indexed by the patient's name and location since, as in the majority of hospital laboratories, there is no unique numbering scheme which covers all patients. The computer system imitates the procedures of manual filing, listing uncertain record matches for human decision. Applications include the production of a regularly updated printing of of cumulative files, the preparation of graphs from cumulative blood count records, and the provision of a summary and follow-up service for general practitioners.", "PMID": 856880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11570", "title": "Evaluation of a semi-automated platelet-counting system.", "content": "Coulter Electronics Ltd have produced a semi-automated platelet-counting system. Platelet-rich plasma may be obtained either by tube sedimentation or by means of the Thrombo-fuge, the latter being an instrument designed to produce accelerated sedimentation. The instrument is linear over the entire range of platelet counts, and machine reproducibility is good. Comparison of machine-rated with visual counts satisfied statistical evaluation. The technique can be handled by one operator and platelet counts can be achieved at the rate of 30 per hour by both methods although individual counts on the Thrombo-fuge may be obtained in approximately one-quarter of the time required for tube sedimentation. The throughput using the Thrombo-fuge could certainly be doubled were two sample plates supplied. Few problems were encountered during the evaluation and most could be avoided by meticulous technique. Visual counts must be performed when the sample haematocrit is greater than 50%-Discrepant counts have been obtained in patients with white cell counts exceeding 50 X 10(9)/1 and in patients with giant platelets. ESR elevation for any reason does not lead to serious discrepancy in results. The incidence of platelet clumping due to the presence of platelet agglutinins and of microclot formation due to inadequate mixing is probably much higher than is commonly thought, and certainly peripheral blood film scrutiny should never be omitted in patients with low counts. Careful examination of peripheral blood films must be combined with instrument counting for some time lest further causes of discrepant counting emerge.", "contents": "Evaluation of a semi-automated platelet-counting system. Coulter Electronics Ltd have produced a semi-automated platelet-counting system. Platelet-rich plasma may be obtained either by tube sedimentation or by means of the Thrombo-fuge, the latter being an instrument designed to produce accelerated sedimentation. The instrument is linear over the entire range of platelet counts, and machine reproducibility is good. Comparison of machine-rated with visual counts satisfied statistical evaluation. The technique can be handled by one operator and platelet counts can be achieved at the rate of 30 per hour by both methods although individual counts on the Thrombo-fuge may be obtained in approximately one-quarter of the time required for tube sedimentation. The throughput using the Thrombo-fuge could certainly be doubled were two sample plates supplied. Few problems were encountered during the evaluation and most could be avoided by meticulous technique. Visual counts must be performed when the sample haematocrit is greater than 50%-Discrepant counts have been obtained in patients with white cell counts exceeding 50 X 10(9)/1 and in patients with giant platelets. ESR elevation for any reason does not lead to serious discrepancy in results. The incidence of platelet clumping due to the presence of platelet agglutinins and of microclot formation due to inadequate mixing is probably much higher than is commonly thought, and certainly peripheral blood film scrutiny should never be omitted in patients with low counts. Careful examination of peripheral blood films must be combined with instrument counting for some time lest further causes of discrepant counting emerge.", "PMID": 856881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11571", "title": "A regional quality control trial of folate assays.", "content": "A regional quality control trial of folate assays is described. It is concluded that the trial is practical and useful in allowing inter-laboratory comparison of results, promoting discussion, and improving precision but it is impossible to assess accuracy. It was of no use in the comparison of assay methods, probably on account of the small number of laboratories participating.", "contents": "A regional quality control trial of folate assays. A regional quality control trial of folate assays is described. It is concluded that the trial is practical and useful in allowing inter-laboratory comparison of results, promoting discussion, and improving precision but it is impossible to assess accuracy. It was of no use in the comparison of assay methods, probably on account of the small number of laboratories participating.", "PMID": 856882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11572", "title": "An autoradiographic study of the development of the entorhinal and commissural afferents to the dentate gyrus of the rat.", "content": "The development of the entorhinal, ipsilateral associational, and commissural afferents to the dentate gyrus have been studied autoradiographically, following the injection of small amounts of tritiated proline into the medial and lateral parts of the entorhinal cortex, and into fields CA3c and CA4 of the hippocampus, in a series of rats, on the third, sixth, and twelfth postnatal days. Clear labeling of the entorhinal afferents were found at the third postnatal day, and from the earliest stage studied the afferents from the two parts of the entorhinal cortex appear to be spatially segregated within the stratum moleculare of the dentate gyrus: the fibers from the lateral entorhinal area occupying the outermost one-third, or so, of this stratum, while those from the medial entorhinal cortex occupy its middle zone. The ipsilateral hippocampo-dentate associational pathway is present at the third postnatal day, but the commissural projection (which shares with it the inner part of the stratum moleculare) could not be labeled until the sixth postnatal day. By the twelfth day the characteristic adult pattern of distribution of the terminals of the two hippocampo-dentate pathways is established. Although this pattern is best accounted for on the basis of a temporal competition for the available synaptic sites on the proximal parts of the dendrites of the granule cells, the spatial segregation of these two fiber systems from those arising in the entorhinal cortex, is probably due to the selective fasciculation of fibers in each group of afferents and to their early cytochemical specificity.", "contents": "An autoradiographic study of the development of the entorhinal and commissural afferents to the dentate gyrus of the rat. The development of the entorhinal, ipsilateral associational, and commissural afferents to the dentate gyrus have been studied autoradiographically, following the injection of small amounts of tritiated proline into the medial and lateral parts of the entorhinal cortex, and into fields CA3c and CA4 of the hippocampus, in a series of rats, on the third, sixth, and twelfth postnatal days. Clear labeling of the entorhinal afferents were found at the third postnatal day, and from the earliest stage studied the afferents from the two parts of the entorhinal cortex appear to be spatially segregated within the stratum moleculare of the dentate gyrus: the fibers from the lateral entorhinal area occupying the outermost one-third, or so, of this stratum, while those from the medial entorhinal cortex occupy its middle zone. The ipsilateral hippocampo-dentate associational pathway is present at the third postnatal day, but the commissural projection (which shares with it the inner part of the stratum moleculare) could not be labeled until the sixth postnatal day. By the twelfth day the characteristic adult pattern of distribution of the terminals of the two hippocampo-dentate pathways is established. Although this pattern is best accounted for on the basis of a temporal competition for the available synaptic sites on the proximal parts of the dendrites of the granule cells, the spatial segregation of these two fiber systems from those arising in the entorhinal cortex, is probably due to the selective fasciculation of fibers in each group of afferents and to their early cytochemical specificity.", "PMID": 856883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11573", "title": "Anatomy of the retina of the mink (Mustela vison).", "content": "The retina of the normal pigmented mink has been studied by light and electron microscopy. This retina resembles the typical vertebrate retinia in its patterns of lamination and synaptic interconnectivity. Rod and cone outer segments and receptor spherule and pedicle endings are found. At least two different types of horizontal cell processes are seen with the electron microscope, suggestive of rabbit A and B types. Ribbon and conventional synapses are found in both plexiform layers; conventional synapses are also present in the inner nuclear layer. Quantitative studies of the inner plexiform layer revealed amacrine:bipolar synapse ratios (3.3:1) similar to those of the cat and monkey. Other quantitative parameters also resembled those previously reported for species with retinas that predominantly contain concentric-type receptive fields.", "contents": "Anatomy of the retina of the mink (Mustela vison). The retina of the normal pigmented mink has been studied by light and electron microscopy. This retina resembles the typical vertebrate retinia in its patterns of lamination and synaptic interconnectivity. Rod and cone outer segments and receptor spherule and pedicle endings are found. At least two different types of horizontal cell processes are seen with the electron microscope, suggestive of rabbit A and B types. Ribbon and conventional synapses are found in both plexiform layers; conventional synapses are also present in the inner nuclear layer. Quantitative studies of the inner plexiform layer revealed amacrine:bipolar synapse ratios (3.3:1) similar to those of the cat and monkey. Other quantitative parameters also resembled those previously reported for species with retinas that predominantly contain concentric-type receptive fields.", "PMID": 856884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11574", "title": "Development of the geniculocortical pathway in rats.", "content": "Most cell of the dorsal laterial geniculate nucleus of rats are generated on fetal days 12 to 14. Their axons invade the telencephalon on fetal day 16 and run in the intermediate zone just below the cortical plate, reaching the visual area of fetal day 18. The axons do not invade the cortical plate significantly until close to birth (day 22 of gestation) and reach  their zone of terminal distribution between postnatal days 1 and 4. In subsequent days the projection becomes progressively more heavily distrubuted in layers IV and I, and synapses of thalamic origin can be identified in these layers. While cells destined for layers IV cross the intermediate zone at the time that thalamic axons first arrive, this coincidence of growth does not seem to be a factor which determines the specificity of patterns of thalamocortical connections since the cells reach layer IV several days before the axons. It is unclear why the axons should wait several days in the region immediately below the cortical plate before invading; although there is a parallel in previous studies on the development of the chick retinotectal pathway (Crossland et al., '75).", "contents": "Development of the geniculocortical pathway in rats. Most cell of the dorsal laterial geniculate nucleus of rats are generated on fetal days 12 to 14. Their axons invade the telencephalon on fetal day 16 and run in the intermediate zone just below the cortical plate, reaching the visual area of fetal day 18. The axons do not invade the cortical plate significantly until close to birth (day 22 of gestation) and reach  their zone of terminal distribution between postnatal days 1 and 4. In subsequent days the projection becomes progressively more heavily distrubuted in layers IV and I, and synapses of thalamic origin can be identified in these layers. While cells destined for layers IV cross the intermediate zone at the time that thalamic axons first arrive, this coincidence of growth does not seem to be a factor which determines the specificity of patterns of thalamocortical connections since the cells reach layer IV several days before the axons. It is unclear why the axons should wait several days in the region immediately below the cortical plate before invading; although there is a parallel in previous studies on the development of the chick retinotectal pathway (Crossland et al., '75).", "PMID": 856885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11575", "title": "Retinotectal projection of the adult winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus).", "content": "The winter flounder shifts the orinetation of its body 90 degrees at metamorphosis so that its left side is functionally ventral and its right side functionally dorsal. Concomitantly the left eye migrates onto the right side. The net result of these complex metamorphic changes is that the dorsoventral axes of the visual fields are perpendicular to the body rather than parallel as in most other teleosts. The developing flatfish may provide a resource for studying the formation of neural connections, for the change in orientation may necessitate some shift in connections in visuomotor pathways. As a baseline for developmental studies, we have established the retinotectal projection in adult winter flounder by means of anatomical tracing techniques (autoradiography and degeneration staining) and electrophysiological mapping techniques. The histological pattern of retinal afferents to the tectum is similar to that of other teleosts; afferents are confined to the superficial white and gray zone, with a few fibers coursing in the deep white zone. Electrophysiological mapping shows that the visuotectal projection is complete over the entire extent of the tectum, symmetrical for right and left fields and patterned normally.", "contents": "Retinotectal projection of the adult winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus). The winter flounder shifts the orinetation of its body 90 degrees at metamorphosis so that its left side is functionally ventral and its right side functionally dorsal. Concomitantly the left eye migrates onto the right side. The net result of these complex metamorphic changes is that the dorsoventral axes of the visual fields are perpendicular to the body rather than parallel as in most other teleosts. The developing flatfish may provide a resource for studying the formation of neural connections, for the change in orientation may necessitate some shift in connections in visuomotor pathways. As a baseline for developmental studies, we have established the retinotectal projection in adult winter flounder by means of anatomical tracing techniques (autoradiography and degeneration staining) and electrophysiological mapping techniques. The histological pattern of retinal afferents to the tectum is similar to that of other teleosts; afferents are confined to the superficial white and gray zone, with a few fibers coursing in the deep white zone. Electrophysiological mapping shows that the visuotectal projection is complete over the entire extent of the tectum, symmetrical for right and left fields and patterned normally.", "PMID": 856886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11576", "title": "The development of monamine-containing neurons in the brain and spinal cord of the salamander, Ambystoma mexicanum.", "content": "The distribution of monoamine-containing neurons in the CNS of the developing and adult axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, has been investigated using the histochemical fluorescence technique of Falck and Hillarp combined with microspectrofluorimetry. The earliest catecholamine-containing neurons to be detected are located in the ventral ependymal zone of the spinal cord at the time of hatching (Stage 41). Between stages 43 and 46, catecholamine fluorescence can be detected in neurons in the following regions: nucleus preopticus, the hypothalamic-infundibular region, and the brain stem reticular formation. 5-HT-containing neurons are only observed in the midbrain raphe region and are first detected at stage 44. In contrast to these early monoamine fluorescing groups, catecholamine-containing neurons are not routinely detectable in the  nucleus interpeduncularis until six months of age. All monoamine-containing neuronal groups detected in developing axolotls are also present in both sexes of the adult. However, the fluorescence intensity is less in monoamine-containing neurons observed in adults than in early developing subjects. All catecholamine-containing neuronal groups, with the exception of those located in the midbrain region (nucleus interpeduncularis, reticular zone) have fluorescent processes that contact the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The presence of CSF-contacting processes in the hypothalamic and spinal cord regions suggest that the CSF may act as a medium through which bioactive substances are transported from one brain region to another. Intense catecholamine fluorescence is observed in cells of the notochord prior to the detection of the monoamine-containing neurons in the CNS. A possible involvement of catecholamines in the inductive effects of the notochord during development is discussed.", "contents": "The development of monamine-containing neurons in the brain and spinal cord of the salamander, Ambystoma mexicanum. The distribution of monoamine-containing neurons in the CNS of the developing and adult axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, has been investigated using the histochemical fluorescence technique of Falck and Hillarp combined with microspectrofluorimetry. The earliest catecholamine-containing neurons to be detected are located in the ventral ependymal zone of the spinal cord at the time of hatching (Stage 41). Between stages 43 and 46, catecholamine fluorescence can be detected in neurons in the following regions: nucleus preopticus, the hypothalamic-infundibular region, and the brain stem reticular formation. 5-HT-containing neurons are only observed in the midbrain raphe region and are first detected at stage 44. In contrast to these early monoamine fluorescing groups, catecholamine-containing neurons are not routinely detectable in the  nucleus interpeduncularis until six months of age. All monoamine-containing neuronal groups detected in developing axolotls are also present in both sexes of the adult. However, the fluorescence intensity is less in monoamine-containing neurons observed in adults than in early developing subjects. All catecholamine-containing neuronal groups, with the exception of those located in the midbrain region (nucleus interpeduncularis, reticular zone) have fluorescent processes that contact the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The presence of CSF-contacting processes in the hypothalamic and spinal cord regions suggest that the CSF may act as a medium through which bioactive substances are transported from one brain region to another. Intense catecholamine fluorescence is observed in cells of the notochord prior to the detection of the monoamine-containing neurons in the CNS. A possible involvement of catecholamines in the inductive effects of the notochord during development is discussed.", "PMID": 856887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11577", "title": "Descending inputs to the octopus cell area of the cat cochlear nucleus: an electron microscopic study.", "content": "Large, unilateral lesions of the superior olivary complex (SOC) were made in 18 adult cats. Terminal degeneration was studied electron micrsocopically in the octopus cell area (OCA) of the caudal cochlear nuclei both ipsilateral and contralateral to lesions, after 1 to 14 postoperative days. Three synaptic types (OCA types 1, 2, and 3) have been previously described upon octopus cell somas and dendrites and types 1 and 2 identified as cochlear in origin. The present study shows a new synaptic ending (OCA type 4) on small octopus cell dendrites as well as dendrodendritic contacts. Following SOC ablations, type 4 endings degenerated in the OCA ipsilateral to the lesion. In the COA contralateral to the same lesion, however, degeneration was found in type 3 terminals ending upon more proximal octopus cell dendrities and upon somas. Ipsilateral terminal degeneration occurred between two and four postoperative days, was rare by seven days, and was gone by 14 days after these lesions. However, contralateral terminal degeneration was rare until four days, was most abundant after seven days, and was still present after 14 postoperative days. The different synaptic types and time courses of degeneration in the ipsilateral versus the contralateral OCA, suggested that type 4 endings originate from an ipsilateral source, such as the lesioned periolivary region, while type 3 endings originate from the contralateral SOC or from higher contralateral nuclei. Other evidence for these sources and possible functions of these descending inputs are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Descending inputs to the octopus cell area of the cat cochlear nucleus: an electron microscopic study. Large, unilateral lesions of the superior olivary complex (SOC) were made in 18 adult cats. Terminal degeneration was studied electron micrsocopically in the octopus cell area (OCA) of the caudal cochlear nuclei both ipsilateral and contralateral to lesions, after 1 to 14 postoperative days. Three synaptic types (OCA types 1, 2, and 3) have been previously described upon octopus cell somas and dendrites and types 1 and 2 identified as cochlear in origin. The present study shows a new synaptic ending (OCA type 4) on small octopus cell dendrites as well as dendrodendritic contacts. Following SOC ablations, type 4 endings degenerated in the OCA ipsilateral to the lesion. In the COA contralateral to the same lesion, however, degeneration was found in type 3 terminals ending upon more proximal octopus cell dendrities and upon somas. Ipsilateral terminal degeneration occurred between two and four postoperative days, was rare by seven days, and was gone by 14 days after these lesions. However, contralateral terminal degeneration was rare until four days, was most abundant after seven days, and was still present after 14 postoperative days. The different synaptic types and time courses of degeneration in the ipsilateral versus the contralateral OCA, suggested that type 4 endings originate from an ipsilateral source, such as the lesioned periolivary region, while type 3 endings originate from the contralateral SOC or from higher contralateral nuclei. Other evidence for these sources and possible functions of these descending inputs are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 856888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11578", "title": "The organization of the pulvinar in the grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). I. Cytoarchitecture and connections.", "content": "The posterior neocortex in the grey squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis, includes an extensive region which receives projections from the pulvinar. Previous studies have demonstrated that this cortical region can be subdivided on the basis of differences in cytoarchitecture and electrophysiologically defined representations of the visual field. The main purpose of the present paper was to determine whether these cortical subdivisions could be related to corresponding subdivisions in the pulvinar. The methods used to trace connections included anterograde degeneration, anterograde axonal transport of tritiated amino acids and the retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. The results indicate that the pulvinar in this species contains at least three main subdivisions which can be distinguished by their cytoarchitecture and their patterns of connections. A caudal subdivision contains large, evenly-spaced  neurons and receives bilateral input from the superficial, retinal-recipient layers of the superior colliculus. This caudal subdivision has reciprocal interconnections with a cytoarchitectonically distinct area in the temporal cortex. A rostro-lateral subdivision contains smaller, more lightly stained neurons which tend to form clusters. This subdivision receives only ipsilateral tectal input and projects to occipital area 18. This subdivision does not receive input from areas 17, 18, and 19, or from the temporal cortex. Finally, a rostro-medial subdivision is cytoarchitectonically similar to the rostro-lateral subdivision but receives little, if any, input from the superior colliculus. This rostro-medial area does, however, receive corticofugal projections from occipital areas 17, 18, and 19, and projects to area 19. These patterns of connections suggest that each of these subdivisions has close associations with the visual system. The question of whether similar subdivision are present in the visual thalamus of other species is discussed.", "contents": "The organization of the pulvinar in the grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). I. Cytoarchitecture and connections. The posterior neocortex in the grey squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis, includes an extensive region which receives projections from the pulvinar. Previous studies have demonstrated that this cortical region can be subdivided on the basis of differences in cytoarchitecture and electrophysiologically defined representations of the visual field. The main purpose of the present paper was to determine whether these cortical subdivisions could be related to corresponding subdivisions in the pulvinar. The methods used to trace connections included anterograde degeneration, anterograde axonal transport of tritiated amino acids and the retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. The results indicate that the pulvinar in this species contains at least three main subdivisions which can be distinguished by their cytoarchitecture and their patterns of connections. A caudal subdivision contains large, evenly-spaced  neurons and receives bilateral input from the superficial, retinal-recipient layers of the superior colliculus. This caudal subdivision has reciprocal interconnections with a cytoarchitectonically distinct area in the temporal cortex. A rostro-lateral subdivision contains smaller, more lightly stained neurons which tend to form clusters. This subdivision receives only ipsilateral tectal input and projects to occipital area 18. This subdivision does not receive input from areas 17, 18, and 19, or from the temporal cortex. Finally, a rostro-medial subdivision is cytoarchitectonically similar to the rostro-lateral subdivision but receives little, if any, input from the superior colliculus. This rostro-medial area does, however, receive corticofugal projections from occipital areas 17, 18, and 19, and projects to area 19. These patterns of connections suggest that each of these subdivisions has close associations with the visual system. The question of whether similar subdivision are present in the visual thalamus of other species is discussed.", "PMID": 856889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11579", "title": "Distinct auditory and lateral line nuclei in the midbrain catfishes.", "content": "The catfish torus semicircularis (TS) comprises two major nuclei, which are specialized to process separately inputs of three acousticolateral modalities: VIII nerve acoustic input in one, and lateral line mechanoreceptive and electroreceptive input in the other. Electrophysiological recording and mapping experiments demonstrate a medial auditory region, a lateral electroreceptive region, and an intercalated mechanoreceptive region in the TS Nissl and Golgi-Cox preparations distinguished two rostrocaudally elongate, nuclear divisions, which correlate, one with the auditory and the other with the mechano- and electroreceptive regions. The medially positioned auditory nucleus is here called the nucleus centralis. The nucleus centralis appears as a rostrally flattened cylinder of uniformly packed cells, covered dorsally and laterally by a fiber rind. Cells within this nucleus conform to one of three general cell types based upon somatic and dendritic morphology: type 1 cells, which are the most abundant\" have a single major primary dendrite and an axon typically arising from the same somatic pole; type 2 cells have two major primary dendrites and an axon, which issues from a third distinct somatic pole; and type 3 cells have several major primary dendrites and their axons are associated with one of the major somatic poles. No systematic orientation of dendrites could be found in the nucleus centralis. The laterally positioned lateral line nucleus, to be called the nucleus lateralis, includes two subdivisions: a large pars lateralis containing predominantly electroreceptive units, and a smaller, ventromedial pars medialis encompassing predominantly mechanoreceptive units. Each subdivision is found to be somatotopically organized, inputs from the head projecting to rostral areas and inputs from the tail to caudal areas. Although the cell types resemble those described for the nucleus centralis, a greater degree of cytoarchitectural orderliness is discernible: (a) cells in the nucleus lateralis group into four, alternating cell-poor cell-rich, layers; and (b) the dendritic fields of many type 1 and type 2 cells located in layer II tend to orient in a rostrodorsal-caudoventral attitude, perpendicular to the laminar planes. Fink-Heimer preparations of brains with unilateral, lateral line lobe lesions demonstrate heavy fiber and terminal degeneration confined to the nucleus lateralis on both sides. Lateral line fibers ascend bilaterally in the lateral halves of the lateral lemnisci. At the level of the dorsal oculomotor nucleus the lemniscal fibers in this portion split into two fascicles, one proceeding rostrally to innervate the rostral portion of the nucleus lateralis, and the other arching back dorsolaterally to innervate the caudal portions of the nucleus.", "contents": "Distinct auditory and lateral line nuclei in the midbrain catfishes. The catfish torus semicircularis (TS) comprises two major nuclei, which are specialized to process separately inputs of three acousticolateral modalities: VIII nerve acoustic input in one, and lateral line mechanoreceptive and electroreceptive input in the other. Electrophysiological recording and mapping experiments demonstrate a medial auditory region, a lateral electroreceptive region, and an intercalated mechanoreceptive region in the TS Nissl and Golgi-Cox preparations distinguished two rostrocaudally elongate, nuclear divisions, which correlate, one with the auditory and the other with the mechano- and electroreceptive regions. The medially positioned auditory nucleus is here called the nucleus centralis. The nucleus centralis appears as a rostrally flattened cylinder of uniformly packed cells, covered dorsally and laterally by a fiber rind. Cells within this nucleus conform to one of three general cell types based upon somatic and dendritic morphology: type 1 cells, which are the most abundant\" have a single major primary dendrite and an axon typically arising from the same somatic pole; type 2 cells have two major primary dendrites and an axon, which issues from a third distinct somatic pole; and type 3 cells have several major primary dendrites and their axons are associated with one of the major somatic poles. No systematic orientation of dendrites could be found in the nucleus centralis. The laterally positioned lateral line nucleus, to be called the nucleus lateralis, includes two subdivisions: a large pars lateralis containing predominantly electroreceptive units, and a smaller, ventromedial pars medialis encompassing predominantly mechanoreceptive units. Each subdivision is found to be somatotopically organized, inputs from the head projecting to rostral areas and inputs from the tail to caudal areas. Although the cell types resemble those described for the nucleus centralis, a greater degree of cytoarchitectural orderliness is discernible: (a) cells in the nucleus lateralis group into four, alternating cell-poor cell-rich, layers; and (b) the dendritic fields of many type 1 and type 2 cells located in layer II tend to orient in a rostrodorsal-caudoventral attitude, perpendicular to the laminar planes. Fink-Heimer preparations of brains with unilateral, lateral line lobe lesions demonstrate heavy fiber and terminal degeneration confined to the nucleus lateralis on both sides. Lateral line fibers ascend bilaterally in the lateral halves of the lateral lemnisci. At the level of the dorsal oculomotor nucleus the lemniscal fibers in this portion split into two fascicles, one proceeding rostrally to innervate the rostral portion of the nucleus lateralis, and the other arching back dorsolaterally to innervate the caudal portions of the nucleus.", "PMID": 856890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11580", "title": "A study of aging in the human abducens nucleus.", "content": "As part of a continuing study of the relationship between age and neuronal number within the human brainstem, the abducens nucleus was examined in a total of 20 brains. While the nucleus almost doubles in length between birth and adulthood; there is no significant change in cell number after birth. With the exception of some specimens which may indicate an individual variation, the average number of cells in this nucleus for all specimens examined was found to be 6,454. Approximately the same number is found in the nucleus of the newborn (6,500); confined within a length of 1.5 mm. With maturity, the nucleus enlarges to 3.0 mm but since the cell number does not significantly change, the cell density in any one section of the nucleus is considerably decreased, thus emphasizing the importance of absolute counts in such studies. At least among the brainstem nuclei already examined by various investigators it appears that neuronal loss is not a concomitant of aging as has been described for the cerebral and cerebellar cortices.", "contents": "A study of aging in the human abducens nucleus. As part of a continuing study of the relationship between age and neuronal number within the human brainstem, the abducens nucleus was examined in a total of 20 brains. While the nucleus almost doubles in length between birth and adulthood; there is no significant change in cell number after birth. With the exception of some specimens which may indicate an individual variation, the average number of cells in this nucleus for all specimens examined was found to be 6,454. Approximately the same number is found in the nucleus of the newborn (6,500); confined within a length of 1.5 mm. With maturity, the nucleus enlarges to 3.0 mm but since the cell number does not significantly change, the cell density in any one section of the nucleus is considerably decreased, thus emphasizing the importance of absolute counts in such studies. At least among the brainstem nuclei already examined by various investigators it appears that neuronal loss is not a concomitant of aging as has been described for the cerebral and cerebellar cortices.", "PMID": 856891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11581", "title": "Postnatal maturation of neurons in the rabbit superior colliculus.", "content": "The superior colliculi of Dutch-belted rabbits aged 1 to 30 days were prepared according to Nissl and Golgi techniques and examined in comparison to the neuronal populations in the adult. It was found that the laminar dimensions of the adult are attained at 15 to 20 days, presumably due to glial and dendritic enlargement. The largest neuron in the superficial gray, the vertical cell, was found to mature earliest and to display the least evidence of dendritic development postnatally. Its dendrites do elongate from 0 to 15 days, but there are no growth cones or other unusual dendritic configurations. The intrinsic neurons of the superficial gray, the piriform and stellate cells show more evidence of postnatal dendritic development. Particularly in the case of stellate cells, there are dendritic growth cones present at birth, and early in development spines are found on the soma and large dendrites. Only at 15 to 20 days do the dendritic arbors of these cells assume normal adult shapes and sizes. These and other observations suggest that there are two phases of postnatal cellular maturation in the upper layers of the superior colliculus, one involving the smaller \"interneurons.\" This phased maturation is compared with the known sequence of physiological maturation as studied by the method of receptive-field mapping.", "contents": "Postnatal maturation of neurons in the rabbit superior colliculus. The superior colliculi of Dutch-belted rabbits aged 1 to 30 days were prepared according to Nissl and Golgi techniques and examined in comparison to the neuronal populations in the adult. It was found that the laminar dimensions of the adult are attained at 15 to 20 days, presumably due to glial and dendritic enlargement. The largest neuron in the superficial gray, the vertical cell, was found to mature earliest and to display the least evidence of dendritic development postnatally. Its dendrites do elongate from 0 to 15 days, but there are no growth cones or other unusual dendritic configurations. The intrinsic neurons of the superficial gray, the piriform and stellate cells show more evidence of postnatal dendritic development. Particularly in the case of stellate cells, there are dendritic growth cones present at birth, and early in development spines are found on the soma and large dendrites. Only at 15 to 20 days do the dendritic arbors of these cells assume normal adult shapes and sizes. These and other observations suggest that there are two phases of postnatal cellular maturation in the upper layers of the superior colliculus, one involving the smaller \"interneurons.\" This phased maturation is compared with the known sequence of physiological maturation as studied by the method of receptive-field mapping.", "PMID": 856892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11582", "title": "An ultrastructural analysis of neurites in the basal lamina of capillaries in the chinchilla cochlear nucleus.", "content": "In an ultrastructural study of the chinchilla anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), we found innervated capillaries in the layer of granule cells that comprises the dorsolateral portion of the AVCN and forms a cap over the principal portion of the nucleus. In 66% of 215 capillaries we examined in the granule cell layer of various levels of the AVCN, we found structures having ultrastructural features of axons that (1) were within the brain parenchyma and were in direct contact with the pericapillary basal lamina, or (2) were separate fro, the adjacent neuropil and, often in the company of astrocytic processes, were completely enveloped by the pericapillary basal lamina. An analysis of serial sections confirmed that neurites within the pericapillary basal lamina were in continuity with neurites in the brain parenchyma. Most neurites within the basal lamina of capillaries were next to pericytes, but some neurites were next to endothelial cells. None of the neurites adjoining capillaries had the abundance of synaptic vesicles typical of autonomic vasomotor nerve endings and synaptic terminals. Consequently, they may be sensory, responding perhaps to changes in hydrostatic pressure or chemical composition of the blood or cerebrospinal fluid. However, we cannot exclude the possibility that neurites which accompany capillaries in the AVCN terminate elsewhere. In the AVCN the innervation of capillaries is restricted to the superficial layer of granule cells. In none of 177 capillaries of the principal portion of the AVCN did we find an example of a neurite in contact with the pericapillary basal lamina, a pericyte, or an endothelial cell, although it was sometimes necessary to examine specimens at various angles of tilt to confirm that the pericapillary glial sleeve was continuous. Furthermore, we found no innervated blood vessels among 266 capillaries examined in the granular and molecular layers of the cerebellar cortex.", "contents": "An ultrastructural analysis of neurites in the basal lamina of capillaries in the chinchilla cochlear nucleus. In an ultrastructural study of the chinchilla anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), we found innervated capillaries in the layer of granule cells that comprises the dorsolateral portion of the AVCN and forms a cap over the principal portion of the nucleus. In 66% of 215 capillaries we examined in the granule cell layer of various levels of the AVCN, we found structures having ultrastructural features of axons that (1) were within the brain parenchyma and were in direct contact with the pericapillary basal lamina, or (2) were separate fro, the adjacent neuropil and, often in the company of astrocytic processes, were completely enveloped by the pericapillary basal lamina. An analysis of serial sections confirmed that neurites within the pericapillary basal lamina were in continuity with neurites in the brain parenchyma. Most neurites within the basal lamina of capillaries were next to pericytes, but some neurites were next to endothelial cells. None of the neurites adjoining capillaries had the abundance of synaptic vesicles typical of autonomic vasomotor nerve endings and synaptic terminals. Consequently, they may be sensory, responding perhaps to changes in hydrostatic pressure or chemical composition of the blood or cerebrospinal fluid. However, we cannot exclude the possibility that neurites which accompany capillaries in the AVCN terminate elsewhere. In the AVCN the innervation of capillaries is restricted to the superficial layer of granule cells. In none of 177 capillaries of the principal portion of the AVCN did we find an example of a neurite in contact with the pericapillary basal lamina, a pericyte, or an endothelial cell, although it was sometimes necessary to examine specimens at various angles of tilt to confirm that the pericapillary glial sleeve was continuous. Furthermore, we found no innervated blood vessels among 266 capillaries examined in the granular and molecular layers of the cerebellar cortex.", "PMID": 856893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11583", "title": "Anatomy of interhemispheric connections in the visual system of Boston Siamese and ordinary cats.", "content": "In Siamese cats, previous studies have shown that a genetic mutation causes retinogeniculate fibers in each eye which arise from the temporal retina representing the 20 degrees of ipsilateral visual field adjacent to the vertical meridian to cross aberrantly in the optic chiasm, thereby terminating in the wrong lateral geniculate nucleus. The abnormality is expressed subsequently at the level of the visual cortex. This paper presents anatomical evidence that the pattern of commissural visual connections in the \"Boston\" variety of Siamese cat also is highly abnormal in comparison to that of ordinary cats. The topographical distribution of neurons supplying visual fibers to the splenium of the corpus callosum was studied in Boston Siamese and ordinary cats using the method of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) following localized cortical injections made through a recording micropipette. In ordinary cats, after an HRP injection at the border between cortical areas 17 and 18, which represents the vertical meridian of the visual field, HRP-labeled cells in areas 17 and 18 of the opposite hemisphere were found only immediately adjacent to the 17-18 border, thus confirming the results of previous investigations. In Boston Siamese cats, the border represents a region in the ipsilateral visual field roughly 20 degrees away from the vertical meridian, and the vertical meridian representation is displaced to sites within areas 17 and 18 proper. When HRP was injected at the 17-18 border, labeled cells in the opposite hemisphere were located well within area 17 near the suprasplenial sulcus, and also well within area 18; few labeled cells were found at the 17-18 border. When an HRP injection was placed at the vertical meridian representation, again few HRP-labeled cells were found at the opposite 17-18 border, but instead most were found in area 17 slightly medial to the border, and in area 18 slightly lateral to it. Thee findings were complemented in an autoradiographic study in which orthograde transport of tritiated proline after a localized cortical injection was used to demonstrate the distribution of callosal terminals. Thus the pattern of callosal connections revealed in Boston Siamese cats, although anatomically different from that of ordinary cats, was nevertheless consistent with the proposal that cortical sites representing similar visual field coordinates in each hemisphere are appropriately interconnected via the corpus callosum. The laminar distribution of callosal connections was examined briefly. Layer III pyramidal cells of areas 17 and 18 supplied the majority of terminals to the opposite 17-18 border. Pyramidal cells of Layers II and VI, and Layer IVa in area 18, made a smaller contribution. In areas 17 and 18, the same cortical layers (II, III, and VI; and IVa in 18) were again the major sites of callosal termination. A clear projection to the base of layer I was also noted. The laminar distribution of callosal connections in ordinary and Boston Siamese cats were not substantially different.", "contents": "Anatomy of interhemispheric connections in the visual system of Boston Siamese and ordinary cats. In Siamese cats, previous studies have shown that a genetic mutation causes retinogeniculate fibers in each eye which arise from the temporal retina representing the 20 degrees of ipsilateral visual field adjacent to the vertical meridian to cross aberrantly in the optic chiasm, thereby terminating in the wrong lateral geniculate nucleus. The abnormality is expressed subsequently at the level of the visual cortex. This paper presents anatomical evidence that the pattern of commissural visual connections in the \"Boston\" variety of Siamese cat also is highly abnormal in comparison to that of ordinary cats. The topographical distribution of neurons supplying visual fibers to the splenium of the corpus callosum was studied in Boston Siamese and ordinary cats using the method of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) following localized cortical injections made through a recording micropipette. In ordinary cats, after an HRP injection at the border between cortical areas 17 and 18, which represents the vertical meridian of the visual field, HRP-labeled cells in areas 17 and 18 of the opposite hemisphere were found only immediately adjacent to the 17-18 border, thus confirming the results of previous investigations. In Boston Siamese cats, the border represents a region in the ipsilateral visual field roughly 20 degrees away from the vertical meridian, and the vertical meridian representation is displaced to sites within areas 17 and 18 proper. When HRP was injected at the 17-18 border, labeled cells in the opposite hemisphere were located well within area 17 near the suprasplenial sulcus, and also well within area 18; few labeled cells were found at the 17-18 border. When an HRP injection was placed at the vertical meridian representation, again few HRP-labeled cells were found at the opposite 17-18 border, but instead most were found in area 17 slightly medial to the border, and in area 18 slightly lateral to it. Thee findings were complemented in an autoradiographic study in which orthograde transport of tritiated proline after a localized cortical injection was used to demonstrate the distribution of callosal terminals. Thus the pattern of callosal connections revealed in Boston Siamese cats, although anatomically different from that of ordinary cats, was nevertheless consistent with the proposal that cortical sites representing similar visual field coordinates in each hemisphere are appropriately interconnected via the corpus callosum. The laminar distribution of callosal connections was examined briefly. Layer III pyramidal cells of areas 17 and 18 supplied the majority of terminals to the opposite 17-18 border. Pyramidal cells of Layers II and VI, and Layer IVa in area 18, made a smaller contribution. In areas 17 and 18, the same cortical layers (II, III, and VI; and IVa in 18) were again the major sites of callosal termination. A clear projection to the base of layer I was also noted. The laminar distribution of callosal connections in ordinary and Boston Siamese cats were not substantially different.", "PMID": 856894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11584", "title": "The projection from the lateral geniculate nucleus onto the visual cortex in the cat. A quantitative study with horseradish-peroxidase.", "content": "Horseradish-peroxidase (HRP) was injected (9-18 microng in 0.03-0.06 micronl) into cortical areas 17, 18 or 19 of 11 adult cats. After survival times of 17 hours to 7 days, the thalamus was examined for retrogradely HRP labelled nerve cells in serial transverse sections. From these sections, the percentage of labelled cells occurring in each subdivision of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) was calculated for each animal. One case each for injections in areas 17, 18, and 19 was then chosen for nerve cell size measurements in each LGNd subdivision. The perikaryal area of each labelled cell (N=689), and of representative samples of unlabelled cells (N=1137), was measured by planimetry. Size distribution histograms, mean values, standard deviation, and statistical significance levels were obtained by computer. It was found that area 17 receives a projection almost exclusively from laminae A and Al, and that the projecting cells belong to all cell size classes. Area 18 receives a projection mainly from laminae C and Al, and from the medial interlaminar nucleus (MIN). The projecting cells belong mainly to the large cell size classes. Area 19 receives a projection largely from MIN, and also from the C-laminae and extrageniculate cell groups. The projecting cells belong to all cell size classes, with some emphasis on the large cells of lamina C. A significant projection was found to exist from the parvocellular laminae of LGNd onto area 19 and, to a lesser degree, area 18. In conclusion, as one goes from area 17 and 18 and to 19 the projection source shifts from the A-lamine through the C-laminae on to MIN and extrageniculate cell groups. The cells which project to area 18 are on the whole larger than those which project to areas 17 and 19. A significant proportion of the contralateral visual input to area 18 is relayed via lamina C. These results provide a quantitative confirmation and extension of previous anatomical findings, and are in close relationship with physiological results regarding parallel channel processing in the visual system.", "contents": "The projection from the lateral geniculate nucleus onto the visual cortex in the cat. A quantitative study with horseradish-peroxidase. Horseradish-peroxidase (HRP) was injected (9-18 microng in 0.03-0.06 micronl) into cortical areas 17, 18 or 19 of 11 adult cats. After survival times of 17 hours to 7 days, the thalamus was examined for retrogradely HRP labelled nerve cells in serial transverse sections. From these sections, the percentage of labelled cells occurring in each subdivision of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) was calculated for each animal. One case each for injections in areas 17, 18, and 19 was then chosen for nerve cell size measurements in each LGNd subdivision. The perikaryal area of each labelled cell (N=689), and of representative samples of unlabelled cells (N=1137), was measured by planimetry. Size distribution histograms, mean values, standard deviation, and statistical significance levels were obtained by computer. It was found that area 17 receives a projection almost exclusively from laminae A and Al, and that the projecting cells belong to all cell size classes. Area 18 receives a projection mainly from laminae C and Al, and from the medial interlaminar nucleus (MIN). The projecting cells belong mainly to the large cell size classes. Area 19 receives a projection largely from MIN, and also from the C-laminae and extrageniculate cell groups. The projecting cells belong to all cell size classes, with some emphasis on the large cells of lamina C. A significant projection was found to exist from the parvocellular laminae of LGNd onto area 19 and, to a lesser degree, area 18. In conclusion, as one goes from area 17 and 18 and to 19 the projection source shifts from the A-lamine through the C-laminae on to MIN and extrageniculate cell groups. The cells which project to area 18 are on the whole larger than those which project to areas 17 and 19. A significant proportion of the contralateral visual input to area 18 is relayed via lamina C. These results provide a quantitative confirmation and extension of previous anatomical findings, and are in close relationship with physiological results regarding parallel channel processing in the visual system.", "PMID": 856895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11585", "title": "Corticocortical fiber connections of the rabbit visual cortex: a fiber degeneration study.", "content": "Corticocortical fiber projections of the striate and occipital cortex of the rabbit, as degined by Rose (\"31), have been determined by fiber degeneration methods following the production of cortical lesions within each of 24 rabbits. We have assumed that the striate and occipital cortices correspond respectively to the visual cortical areas 1 and 2 (VI and V2) which have been demarcated electrophysiologically by Thompson et al. (\"50). A study of the ipsilateral fiber projections of the striate and occipital cortex of the rabbit reveals three distinct sets of associational corticocortical connections. (1) Neurons located in layers I-III of all regions of the striate cortex and the occipital cortex send fibers to terminate prodominantly in layer V, but also in layers IV and VI, immediately beneath the cells of origin; however, the cells in the supragranular layers have not been found to send fibers to any other region of cerebral cortex. (2) The binocular portions of VI and V2 appear to be interconnected ipsilaterally since cells in layers IV-VI of the lateral striate cortex have been shown to project to all layers of a restricted, adjacent portion of the medial occipital cortex; and the cells in layers  IV-VI of medial occipital cortex send a similar, restricted projection to the adjacent lateral striate cortex. (3) Nerve cells in layers IV-VI of the lateral striate cortex (binocular VI) send a restricted projection to the lateral portion of the occipital cortex. (4) After all lesions of the striate and/or occipital cortices, degenerating fibers are seen radiating away from the lesion in layer I; the origin of these degenerating fibers could not be determined. The following observations have been made concerning the origins and terminations of commissural corticortical fibers. (1) after ablation of most of the visual cortex of one side, commissural fibers are seen to terminate in all cortical layers in two narrow bands of visual cortex: one band occupies both sides of the striate-occipital boundary; the second band is found in the lateral portion of occipital cortex. (2) More punctate lesions reveal that commissural fibers arise from layers IV-VI of the lateral striate cortex and medial occipital cortex (binocular portions of V1 and V2 respectively) and end in homotopic areas of the contralateral cortex.", "contents": "Corticocortical fiber connections of the rabbit visual cortex: a fiber degeneration study. Corticocortical fiber projections of the striate and occipital cortex of the rabbit, as degined by Rose (\"31), have been determined by fiber degeneration methods following the production of cortical lesions within each of 24 rabbits. We have assumed that the striate and occipital cortices correspond respectively to the visual cortical areas 1 and 2 (VI and V2) which have been demarcated electrophysiologically by Thompson et al. (\"50). A study of the ipsilateral fiber projections of the striate and occipital cortex of the rabbit reveals three distinct sets of associational corticocortical connections. (1) Neurons located in layers I-III of all regions of the striate cortex and the occipital cortex send fibers to terminate prodominantly in layer V, but also in layers IV and VI, immediately beneath the cells of origin; however, the cells in the supragranular layers have not been found to send fibers to any other region of cerebral cortex. (2) The binocular portions of VI and V2 appear to be interconnected ipsilaterally since cells in layers IV-VI of the lateral striate cortex have been shown to project to all layers of a restricted, adjacent portion of the medial occipital cortex; and the cells in layers  IV-VI of medial occipital cortex send a similar, restricted projection to the adjacent lateral striate cortex. (3) Nerve cells in layers IV-VI of the lateral striate cortex (binocular VI) send a restricted projection to the lateral portion of the occipital cortex. (4) After all lesions of the striate and/or occipital cortices, degenerating fibers are seen radiating away from the lesion in layer I; the origin of these degenerating fibers could not be determined. The following observations have been made concerning the origins and terminations of commissural corticortical fibers. (1) after ablation of most of the visual cortex of one side, commissural fibers are seen to terminate in all cortical layers in two narrow bands of visual cortex: one band occupies both sides of the striate-occipital boundary; the second band is found in the lateral portion of occipital cortex. (2) More punctate lesions reveal that commissural fibers arise from layers IV-VI of the lateral striate cortex and medial occipital cortex (binocular portions of V1 and V2 respectively) and end in homotopic areas of the contralateral cortex.", "PMID": 856896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11586", "title": "Relationships between blood composition and fertility in dairy cows--a field study.", "content": "Three hundred and fifty-one lactating dairy cows, which were between 40 and 100 d post-calving, were selected from cows sampled during metabolic profile testing of 21 herds. Blood samples were analysed for packed cell volume (PCV), blood glucose and haemoglobin, and serum urea-N, albumin, total protein, inorganic phosphate, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cu and Fe. After adjusting for herd and date of sampling and each cow's age, stage of lactation, milk yield and interval from calving to first service, concentrations of albumin and K (P less than 0-01) and PCV (P less than 0-05) were inversely related and concentrantions of globulins (derived as the difference between total protein and albumin) directly related (P less than 0-05) to the number of services required for conception. Conception rates to first service were inversely related to lactation number but not to milk yield on day of sampling.", "contents": "Relationships between blood composition and fertility in dairy cows--a field study. Three hundred and fifty-one lactating dairy cows, which were between 40 and 100 d post-calving, were selected from cows sampled during metabolic profile testing of 21 herds. Blood samples were analysed for packed cell volume (PCV), blood glucose and haemoglobin, and serum urea-N, albumin, total protein, inorganic phosphate, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cu and Fe. After adjusting for herd and date of sampling and each cow's age, stage of lactation, milk yield and interval from calving to first service, concentrations of albumin and K (P less than 0-01) and PCV (P less than 0-05) were inversely related and concentrantions of globulins (derived as the difference between total protein and albumin) directly related (P less than 0-05) to the number of services required for conception. Conception rates to first service were inversely related to lactation number but not to milk yield on day of sampling.", "PMID": 856897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11587", "title": "A method of diagnosing intramammary infection in dairy cows for large experiments.", "content": "Diagnosis of microbial infections in the udders of cows in commercial dairy farms for large experiments cannot be without error. Limitations of sampling method and routine prevent collection of the necessary information for sure diagnosis. However, with an organized method of repeated bacteriological examinations using consistent and proven methods of aseptic sampling the errors were shown to be very low. A method based on bacteriological tests on aseptic milk samples was used in 32 herds (approximately 2000 cows) for a 3-year period. This is described and examined in terms of other criteria to validate its use in experimental work. With this method it was not difficult to differentiate between those quarters which regularly shed pathogens and those which did not. Other evidence indicated that it was reasonable to assume that this classification accurately distinguished between infected and uninfected quarters. The errors using this method were quite small: when measuring the state of infection of all quarters in the herds the errors did not exceed 1%. Some small modifications to the method described are suggested to improve further its diagnostic accuracy.", "contents": "A method of diagnosing intramammary infection in dairy cows for large experiments. Diagnosis of microbial infections in the udders of cows in commercial dairy farms for large experiments cannot be without error. Limitations of sampling method and routine prevent collection of the necessary information for sure diagnosis. However, with an organized method of repeated bacteriological examinations using consistent and proven methods of aseptic sampling the errors were shown to be very low. A method based on bacteriological tests on aseptic milk samples was used in 32 herds (approximately 2000 cows) for a 3-year period. This is described and examined in terms of other criteria to validate its use in experimental work. With this method it was not difficult to differentiate between those quarters which regularly shed pathogens and those which did not. Other evidence indicated that it was reasonable to assume that this classification accurately distinguished between infected and uninfected quarters. The errors using this method were quite small: when measuring the state of infection of all quarters in the herds the errors did not exceed 1%. Some small modifications to the method described are suggested to improve further its diagnostic accuracy.", "PMID": 856898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11588", "title": "Disinfection properties of some bovine teat dips.", "content": "The efficacy of 18 disinfectant teat dips was tested on teats artificially contaminated with a milk suspension of Staphylococcus aureus. A solution of Na hypochlorite with 40 g/l available chlorine was significantly more bactericidal than one containing 1 g/1 available chlorine and than most other disinfectants tested. The method was not able to distinguish differences in efficacy between solution containing 40g/1 and 10g/1 available chlorine nor between these and some of the iodophors containing 5 g/1 available iodine. The additon of 190-416 g/1 (15-33% v/v) glycerol significantly reduced the bactericidal properties of 3 iodophors (5 g/1 available iodine), but soluble lanolin at approximately 20 g/1 did not appear to lower the efficiency of NaOC1 (45 g/1 available chlorine) or of an iodophor (5 g/1 available iodine).", "contents": "Disinfection properties of some bovine teat dips. The efficacy of 18 disinfectant teat dips was tested on teats artificially contaminated with a milk suspension of Staphylococcus aureus. A solution of Na hypochlorite with 40 g/l available chlorine was significantly more bactericidal than one containing 1 g/1 available chlorine and than most other disinfectants tested. The method was not able to distinguish differences in efficacy between solution containing 40g/1 and 10g/1 available chlorine nor between these and some of the iodophors containing 5 g/1 available iodine. The additon of 190-416 g/1 (15-33% v/v) glycerol significantly reduced the bactericidal properties of 3 iodophors (5 g/1 available iodine), but soluble lanolin at approximately 20 g/1 did not appear to lower the efficiency of NaOC1 (45 g/1 available chlorine) or of an iodophor (5 g/1 available iodine).", "PMID": 856899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11589", "title": "Fractionation of whole casein on hydroxyapatite. Application to a study of buffalo kappa-casein.", "content": "When whole caseins from cow and Italian buffalo (Bubalus arnee) were fractionated by chromatography on a column of hydroxyapatite they behaved in a similar manner. kappa-Casein was eluted with 5 mM phosphate buffer, pH 6-8, containing 0-2 M-KCl, 4-5 M-urea and 2 mM-2-mercaptoethanol, but beta- and alphas-caseins were retained and could be eluted successively by a linear gradient from 5 mM to 250 mM-phosphate buffer. Buffalo kappa-casein preparations, obtained from bulk milk or from milks of individual animals by chromatography on hydroxyapatite, produced identical electrophoretic patterns at pH 8-6. By further fractionation of these kappa-caseins on DEAE-cellulose, in each case, at least 7 components were purified; they had different electrophoretic mobilities but were all sensitive towards chymosin. The major fraction migrated like component 1 of bovine kappa-casein B.", "contents": "Fractionation of whole casein on hydroxyapatite. Application to a study of buffalo kappa-casein. When whole caseins from cow and Italian buffalo (Bubalus arnee) were fractionated by chromatography on a column of hydroxyapatite they behaved in a similar manner. kappa-Casein was eluted with 5 mM phosphate buffer, pH 6-8, containing 0-2 M-KCl, 4-5 M-urea and 2 mM-2-mercaptoethanol, but beta- and alphas-caseins were retained and could be eluted successively by a linear gradient from 5 mM to 250 mM-phosphate buffer. Buffalo kappa-casein preparations, obtained from bulk milk or from milks of individual animals by chromatography on hydroxyapatite, produced identical electrophoretic patterns at pH 8-6. By further fractionation of these kappa-caseins on DEAE-cellulose, in each case, at least 7 components were purified; they had different electrophoretic mobilities but were all sensitive towards chymosin. The major fraction migrated like component 1 of bovine kappa-casein B.", "PMID": 856900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11590", "title": "Partial characterization of in vivo chemotactic activity: comparison to human C5a.", "content": "Spontaneous eosinophil chemotactic activity (SECA) can mediate the directed movement of human eosinophils and neutrophils. Preliminary characterization of SECA has been carried out. SECA is nondialyzable and heat-stable (56 degrees C, 30 min). Chromatography on Sephadex G-75 demonstrated that SECA had elutional and functional properties similar to C5a (prepared from endotoxin-activated normal sera). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) with the use of 15% bisacrylamide gels of lyophilized, chemotactically active column fractions demonstrated a single protein band of identical electrophoretic mobility from either SECA or C5a preparations. Enzymatic hydrolysis with carboxypeptidase B, a known inhibitor of C5a activity, significantly decreased chemotactic activities of C5a and SECA. The addition of purified anti-C5 to either SECA or C5a significantly inhibited chemotactic activity. SECA is naturally occurring chemotactic activity identical to human C5a. Thus C5a may be an important source of in vivo chemotactic activity in various inflammatory disorders.", "contents": "Partial characterization of in vivo chemotactic activity: comparison to human C5a. Spontaneous eosinophil chemotactic activity (SECA) can mediate the directed movement of human eosinophils and neutrophils. Preliminary characterization of SECA has been carried out. SECA is nondialyzable and heat-stable (56 degrees C, 30 min). Chromatography on Sephadex G-75 demonstrated that SECA had elutional and functional properties similar to C5a (prepared from endotoxin-activated normal sera). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) with the use of 15% bisacrylamide gels of lyophilized, chemotactically active column fractions demonstrated a single protein band of identical electrophoretic mobility from either SECA or C5a preparations. Enzymatic hydrolysis with carboxypeptidase B, a known inhibitor of C5a activity, significantly decreased chemotactic activities of C5a and SECA. The addition of purified anti-C5 to either SECA or C5a significantly inhibited chemotactic activity. SECA is naturally occurring chemotactic activity identical to human C5a. Thus C5a may be an important source of in vivo chemotactic activity in various inflammatory disorders.", "PMID": 856901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11591", "title": "Allergens in Hymenoptera venoms. IV. Comparison of venom and venom sac extracts.", "content": "Honeybee venom sac extract is compared with pure venom. All five known allergens of venom are present in venom sac extract. Enzyme analyses indicate that the sac extracts contain 11% to 16% venom. At least 10 additional components, several of which are proteins, are present in venom sac extract. Radioallergosorbent test (RAST) studies of yellow jacket venom and venom sac extract yielded a correlation of r = 0.94, with only some weakly reactive sera positive to only one preparation. A few sera were substantially more reactive with venom sac extract. Venom sac extracts appear to be suitable for in vitro diagnostic use, but the extraneous proteins and peptides may make them less suitable than pure venoms for use in immunotherapy.", "contents": "Allergens in Hymenoptera venoms. IV. Comparison of venom and venom sac extracts. Honeybee venom sac extract is compared with pure venom. All five known allergens of venom are present in venom sac extract. Enzyme analyses indicate that the sac extracts contain 11% to 16% venom. At least 10 additional components, several of which are proteins, are present in venom sac extract. Radioallergosorbent test (RAST) studies of yellow jacket venom and venom sac extract yielded a correlation of r = 0.94, with only some weakly reactive sera positive to only one preparation. A few sera were substantially more reactive with venom sac extract. Venom sac extracts appear to be suitable for in vitro diagnostic use, but the extraneous proteins and peptides may make them less suitable than pure venoms for use in immunotherapy.", "PMID": 856902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11592", "title": "Nutritional implications of renal disease. II. The dietitian's key role in studies of dialysis therapy.", "content": "As research develops better dialysis techniques, the dietitian's input in the management of patients with renal disease is vital, for their protein status must be \"fine tuned\" with individualized treatment and counseling. Her pivotal role is being demonstrated in the National Cooperative Dialysis Study of the National Institutes of Health, one phase of which is being conducted by three hospitals in San Francisco. In that study, close monitoring of the protein catabolic rate (PCR) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in predialysis patients, coupled with adjustments in therapeutic dietary regimens and counseling as indicated, shows promise of bringing such patients into good control, targeted at 80+/-10 per cent bun with a PCR of 1.1+/-0.3 gm. per kilogram per 24 hr. Various dietary techniques, either singly or in combination, are being employed in an attempt to control dietary intake.", "contents": "Nutritional implications of renal disease. II. The dietitian's key role in studies of dialysis therapy. As research develops better dialysis techniques, the dietitian's input in the management of patients with renal disease is vital, for their protein status must be \"fine tuned\" with individualized treatment and counseling. Her pivotal role is being demonstrated in the National Cooperative Dialysis Study of the National Institutes of Health, one phase of which is being conducted by three hospitals in San Francisco. In that study, close monitoring of the protein catabolic rate (PCR) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in predialysis patients, coupled with adjustments in therapeutic dietary regimens and counseling as indicated, shows promise of bringing such patients into good control, targeted at 80+/-10 per cent bun with a PCR of 1.1+/-0.3 gm. per kilogram per 24 hr. Various dietary techniques, either singly or in combination, are being employed in an attempt to control dietary intake.", "PMID": 856903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11593", "title": "Dietary management of children with uremia.", "content": "To a large extent,the principles of dietary management of children and adults with chronic renal failure are similar. Certainly, both require some degree of protein restriction to prevent the adverse effects that occur when uremic manifestations are present; the need for calories--to allow for adequate growth--is extremely important to uremic children. It is of lesser importance to adults. However, its strategic importance to children cannot be overemphasized and needs to be fully appreciated by dietitians who are increasingly being called on to care for uremic children referred to adult dialysis units.", "contents": "Dietary management of children with uremia. To a large extent,the principles of dietary management of children and adults with chronic renal failure are similar. Certainly, both require some degree of protein restriction to prevent the adverse effects that occur when uremic manifestations are present; the need for calories--to allow for adequate growth--is extremely important to uremic children. It is of lesser importance to adults. However, its strategic importance to children cannot be overemphasized and needs to be fully appreciated by dietitians who are increasingly being called on to care for uremic children referred to adult dialysis units.", "PMID": 856904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11594", "title": "Mental impairment in the elderly: medical-legal assessment.", "content": "As life expectancy has lengthened, research has been increasingly directed toward improving the quality of life in old age. Social agencies work in the field of socioeconomic factors, and medical research seeks the causes and remedies for mental deterioration. It is time to review the legal status of the mentally impaired elderly and to ensure that our lawmakers are cognizant of the changing situation. Before any characterization of mental capacity is made, a comprehensive investigation should be carried out to make sure that no potentially correctable physical disorder underlies perceived mental disabilities. In the past, the law has taken a global view of mental capacity. A person was adjudged either competent for all purposes or incompetent on a similar universal basis. A system is suggested to change this outdated approach and to assess separately the divisible components of mental capability. This would permit the courts to delineate their judgments and allow persons with partial mental incapacities to live a fuller life than if they had been declared totally incompetent.", "contents": "Mental impairment in the elderly: medical-legal assessment. As life expectancy has lengthened, research has been increasingly directed toward improving the quality of life in old age. Social agencies work in the field of socioeconomic factors, and medical research seeks the causes and remedies for mental deterioration. It is time to review the legal status of the mentally impaired elderly and to ensure that our lawmakers are cognizant of the changing situation. Before any characterization of mental capacity is made, a comprehensive investigation should be carried out to make sure that no potentially correctable physical disorder underlies perceived mental disabilities. In the past, the law has taken a global view of mental capacity. A person was adjudged either competent for all purposes or incompetent on a similar universal basis. A system is suggested to change this outdated approach and to assess separately the divisible components of mental capability. This would permit the courts to delineate their judgments and allow persons with partial mental incapacities to live a fuller life than if they had been declared totally incompetent.", "PMID": 856905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11595", "title": "Serum enzyme alterations in hypothyroidism before and after treatment.", "content": "Recognition of a pattern of elevations in commonly measured serum enzymes [creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and glutamate oxalacetate transaminase (SGOT)] can facilitate the diagnosis of hypothyroidism, especially when muscle weakness is a symptom. Elevated levels of serum cholesterol, total protein, and albumin further contribute to a chemical profile of hypothyroidism, which can be observed in a routine chemistry screening test such as that obtained with the SMA 12/60 AutoAnalyzer. An illustrative case concerns a 50-year-old man who presented with angina pectoris and leg weakness. Subsequently he was found to have severe hypothyroidism. Special attention is given to the serum enzyme values which initially were elevated and fell to normal levels during thyroid replacement therapy. Isoenzyme fractionation of LDH and CPK indicated skeletal muscle as the source of the elevated enzyme activity. The literature on enzyme abnormalities in hypothyroidism is reviewed, with special reference to hypothyroid myopathy.", "contents": "Serum enzyme alterations in hypothyroidism before and after treatment. Recognition of a pattern of elevations in commonly measured serum enzymes [creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and glutamate oxalacetate transaminase (SGOT)] can facilitate the diagnosis of hypothyroidism, especially when muscle weakness is a symptom. Elevated levels of serum cholesterol, total protein, and albumin further contribute to a chemical profile of hypothyroidism, which can be observed in a routine chemistry screening test such as that obtained with the SMA 12/60 AutoAnalyzer. An illustrative case concerns a 50-year-old man who presented with angina pectoris and leg weakness. Subsequently he was found to have severe hypothyroidism. Special attention is given to the serum enzyme values which initially were elevated and fell to normal levels during thyroid replacement therapy. Isoenzyme fractionation of LDH and CPK indicated skeletal muscle as the source of the elevated enzyme activity. The literature on enzyme abnormalities in hypothyroidism is reviewed, with special reference to hypothyroid myopathy.", "PMID": 856906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11596", "title": "Free radical theory of aging: effect of age, sex and dietary precursors on rat-brain docosahexanoic acid.", "content": "Increasing the peroxidizability of dietary fat has an adverse effect on the function of the central nervous system (CNS) in the rat. This effect may be influenced by the level of docosahexanoic acid, a highly unsaturated fatty acid, selectively concentrated in the phospholipids of brain membranes. This study was aimed at determining the influence of age, sex, and the nature of a dietary lipid supplement - linolenic acid (18:3w3), docosahexanoic acid (22:6w3), or the same amount of 22:6w3 in the form of menhaden oil triglycerides - on the rate of increase in the percentage of 22:6w3 in the whole-brain fatty acids of rats between the ages of 1 and 12 months. The dietary lipid supplements were reflected in linear increases in the brain 22:6w3 of female rats throughout the study. Between 6 and 12 months of age, the rate of incorporation of dietary 22:6w3 and its precursors into the brain 22:6w3 of male rats dropped. At 12 months it was about half that for females in the case of 22:6w3 and menhaden oil, and about zero for 18:3w3. It is suggested that dietary 22:6w3 and its precursors may modify CNS function by altering membrane function and peroxidizability through changes in the concentration of 22:6w3 in membrane phospholipids.", "contents": "Free radical theory of aging: effect of age, sex and dietary precursors on rat-brain docosahexanoic acid. Increasing the peroxidizability of dietary fat has an adverse effect on the function of the central nervous system (CNS) in the rat. This effect may be influenced by the level of docosahexanoic acid, a highly unsaturated fatty acid, selectively concentrated in the phospholipids of brain membranes. This study was aimed at determining the influence of age, sex, and the nature of a dietary lipid supplement - linolenic acid (18:3w3), docosahexanoic acid (22:6w3), or the same amount of 22:6w3 in the form of menhaden oil triglycerides - on the rate of increase in the percentage of 22:6w3 in the whole-brain fatty acids of rats between the ages of 1 and 12 months. The dietary lipid supplements were reflected in linear increases in the brain 22:6w3 of female rats throughout the study. Between 6 and 12 months of age, the rate of incorporation of dietary 22:6w3 and its precursors into the brain 22:6w3 of male rats dropped. At 12 months it was about half that for females in the case of 22:6w3 and menhaden oil, and about zero for 18:3w3. It is suggested that dietary 22:6w3 and its precursors may modify CNS function by altering membrane function and peroxidizability through changes in the concentration of 22:6w3 in membrane phospholipids.", "PMID": 856907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11597", "title": "Cataract: current concepts, signs and symptomatology--part I.", "content": "One of the most commonly encountered pathologies in all settings of optometric practice is cataract. The cataract patient generally has many misconceptions concerning his visual status and the difficulty of the situation is compounded by the astronomical amount of material, often outdated, which exists on the subject. This paper is the first of a two-part series presented with the purpose of providing the optometrist with an overview of lens structure, cataract formation, classification, and clinical implications. Part I is comprised of a discussion of lens architecture, the physiology of cataract formation and a classification (with illustrations) of the more commonly encountered cataract types.", "contents": "Cataract: current concepts, signs and symptomatology--part I. One of the most commonly encountered pathologies in all settings of optometric practice is cataract. The cataract patient generally has many misconceptions concerning his visual status and the difficulty of the situation is compounded by the astronomical amount of material, often outdated, which exists on the subject. This paper is the first of a two-part series presented with the purpose of providing the optometrist with an overview of lens structure, cataract formation, classification, and clinical implications. Part I is comprised of a discussion of lens architecture, the physiology of cataract formation and a classification (with illustrations) of the more commonly encountered cataract types.", "PMID": 856908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11598", "title": "Does this patient have primary open angle glaucoma?", "content": "An overview on the literature on primary open angle glaucoma that has appeared in the optometric and ophthalmological journals during the past ten years indicates a continuing reevaluation, and perhaps at times a seeming disagreement, regarding the parameters of this disease. Opinions have varied, and still do, on such matters as to whether or not the diagnosis of glaucoma is contingent upon a field defect, the existence of low tension glaucoma, the ramifications of ocular hypertension, what constitutes a glaucomatous appearance of the disc, field defects versus the appearance of the disc, field defects versus the appearance of the disc, and what constitutes an early glaucomatous field defect. Voices have been raised in some quarters that claim that waiting for a field defect to develop may not be in the best interest of the patient, and that the glaucoma suspect should be identified as early as possible. Treatment before the development of a field defect is enjoying support from some glaucoma authorities. Good clinical practice will permit the conscientious optometrist to identify those patients who have very early signs of this disease.", "contents": "Does this patient have primary open angle glaucoma? An overview on the literature on primary open angle glaucoma that has appeared in the optometric and ophthalmological journals during the past ten years indicates a continuing reevaluation, and perhaps at times a seeming disagreement, regarding the parameters of this disease. Opinions have varied, and still do, on such matters as to whether or not the diagnosis of glaucoma is contingent upon a field defect, the existence of low tension glaucoma, the ramifications of ocular hypertension, what constitutes a glaucomatous appearance of the disc, field defects versus the appearance of the disc, field defects versus the appearance of the disc, and what constitutes an early glaucomatous field defect. Voices have been raised in some quarters that claim that waiting for a field defect to develop may not be in the best interest of the patient, and that the glaucoma suspect should be identified as early as possible. Treatment before the development of a field defect is enjoying support from some glaucoma authorities. Good clinical practice will permit the conscientious optometrist to identify those patients who have very early signs of this disease.", "PMID": 856909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11599", "title": "Mydriatic angle-closure glaucoma--mechanism, evaluation and reversal.", "content": "Ocular mydriatics are diagnostic agents that generally facilitate a preferable ophthalmoscopic examination. However, the optometrist should be aware of certain iatrogenic side effects including the precipitation of an acute angle-closure. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the mechanism of mydriatic angle-closure glaucoma. In addition, a shallow anterior chamber is a fundamental ocular variable which should be evaluated before inducing mydriasis and/or cycloplegia. The technical procedures for the oblique illumination shadow test and the van Herick slit lamp test are presented, both of which provide an accurate estimation of the anterior chamber angle. The risk of precipitating an attack after reasonable circumspection by such evaluations approaches zero. However, should an attack occur, the procedures to rapidly lower the intraocular pressure and open the chamber angle are discussed.", "contents": "Mydriatic angle-closure glaucoma--mechanism, evaluation and reversal. Ocular mydriatics are diagnostic agents that generally facilitate a preferable ophthalmoscopic examination. However, the optometrist should be aware of certain iatrogenic side effects including the precipitation of an acute angle-closure. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the mechanism of mydriatic angle-closure glaucoma. In addition, a shallow anterior chamber is a fundamental ocular variable which should be evaluated before inducing mydriasis and/or cycloplegia. The technical procedures for the oblique illumination shadow test and the van Herick slit lamp test are presented, both of which provide an accurate estimation of the anterior chamber angle. The risk of precipitating an attack after reasonable circumspection by such evaluations approaches zero. However, should an attack occur, the procedures to rapidly lower the intraocular pressure and open the chamber angle are discussed.", "PMID": 856910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11600", "title": "Optic disc topography in glaucoma.", "content": "An optic disc with glaucomatous cupping is said to be characterized by its extensive excavation, pallor and displacement of disc vessels. All of these features, however, can occur in normal discs. The factors which influence these features in normal eyes are reviewed and an attempt is made to define the differential diagnostic features of the disc in glaucoma.", "contents": "Optic disc topography in glaucoma. An optic disc with glaucomatous cupping is said to be characterized by its extensive excavation, pallor and displacement of disc vessels. All of these features, however, can occur in normal discs. The factors which influence these features in normal eyes are reviewed and an attempt is made to define the differential diagnostic features of the disc in glaucoma.", "PMID": 856911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11601", "title": "A clinical evaluation of the non-contact tonometer.", "content": "Paired non-contact tonometer readings were taken on patients at the Boston City Hospital Eye Clinic before and after routine vision care that included Goldmann tonometry. The variability of NCT readings was determined and comparisons made between readings obtained with the NCT and Goldmann instruments. The regression equation relating the pre-Goldmann NCT findings (N1), to the Goldmann (G), was N1 = 1.01G + 1.97; and the equation relating the post-Goldmann NCT findings (N2), to the Goldman was N2 = .94G + 1.70. The N1 mean was 2.06 mm. higher than the mean G, while the N2 mean was .58 mm. higher than the mean G. The correlation coefficients and standard deviation of the differences for the two comparisons were, .88, 3.91, and .93, 3.07, respectively. The Goldmann findings therefore were seen to agree more closely with the NCT findings taken after them. The linear regression and correlation coefficients between the NCT and the Goldmann were generally in good agreement with those of prior studies, although the standard deviations of the differences between findings were larger in this study. This result is not surprising since no attempt was made to train Goldmann operators to criterion or to limit variability induced by differing observer criteria or by the use of only one Goldmann operator. The operators of the Goldmann tonometer had varying degrees of training as residents in ophthalmology. Interestingly, the agreement between pre-Goldmann NCT and post-Goldmann NCT findings was not good. This suggested that the taking of the Goldmann findings themselves may have had a significant effect on the tonometric readings and that the considerable time that frequently took place between the two sets of NCT readings could have affected the value. The standard deviation of the differences between pre- and post-Goldmann readings on the same patient was 3.27 as compared to that for paired readings which was 2.28. The data also showed a much better agreement between the NCT and the rechecked Goldmann findings than between the initial Goldmann findings and the rechecked Goldmann findings, indicating that where discrepancies existed, it was more likely that they were due to the Goldmann instrument.", "contents": "A clinical evaluation of the non-contact tonometer. Paired non-contact tonometer readings were taken on patients at the Boston City Hospital Eye Clinic before and after routine vision care that included Goldmann tonometry. The variability of NCT readings was determined and comparisons made between readings obtained with the NCT and Goldmann instruments. The regression equation relating the pre-Goldmann NCT findings (N1), to the Goldmann (G), was N1 = 1.01G + 1.97; and the equation relating the post-Goldmann NCT findings (N2), to the Goldman was N2 = .94G + 1.70. The N1 mean was 2.06 mm. higher than the mean G, while the N2 mean was .58 mm. higher than the mean G. The correlation coefficients and standard deviation of the differences for the two comparisons were, .88, 3.91, and .93, 3.07, respectively. The Goldmann findings therefore were seen to agree more closely with the NCT findings taken after them. The linear regression and correlation coefficients between the NCT and the Goldmann were generally in good agreement with those of prior studies, although the standard deviations of the differences between findings were larger in this study. This result is not surprising since no attempt was made to train Goldmann operators to criterion or to limit variability induced by differing observer criteria or by the use of only one Goldmann operator. The operators of the Goldmann tonometer had varying degrees of training as residents in ophthalmology. Interestingly, the agreement between pre-Goldmann NCT and post-Goldmann NCT findings was not good. This suggested that the taking of the Goldmann findings themselves may have had a significant effect on the tonometric readings and that the considerable time that frequently took place between the two sets of NCT readings could have affected the value. The standard deviation of the differences between pre- and post-Goldmann readings on the same patient was 3.27 as compared to that for paired readings which was 2.28. The data also showed a much better agreement between the NCT and the rechecked Goldmann findings than between the initial Goldmann findings and the rechecked Goldmann findings, indicating that where discrepancies existed, it was more likely that they were due to the Goldmann instrument.", "PMID": 856912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11602", "title": "[Ethanol perfusions during threatened premature labor. Special study of oxytocinase activity].", "content": "The anti-oxytocic effect of perfusions of ethanol have been studied in 19 cases of threatened premature labour. Ethanol has a muscle-relaxing action on the uterus which was demonstrated in 8 out of the 19 cases. Blood alcohol levels equal at least to 1 gm per litre seem to be necessary to have any chance of success and furthermore action has to be rapid and given in loading doses. There are secondary effects from ethanol perfusions which, the authors consider, considerably limit the use of this product in threatened premature labour. Furthermore, when levels of the ocytocinase effect on the serum was studied in 10 cases before and after transfusing the ethanol, the results showed that there was little likelihood that overactivity of ocytocinase could explain the lowering in the levels of oxytocins brought about by the use of ethanol.", "contents": "[Ethanol perfusions during threatened premature labor. Special study of oxytocinase activity]. The anti-oxytocic effect of perfusions of ethanol have been studied in 19 cases of threatened premature labour. Ethanol has a muscle-relaxing action on the uterus which was demonstrated in 8 out of the 19 cases. Blood alcohol levels equal at least to 1 gm per litre seem to be necessary to have any chance of success and furthermore action has to be rapid and given in loading doses. There are secondary effects from ethanol perfusions which, the authors consider, considerably limit the use of this product in threatened premature labour. Furthermore, when levels of the ocytocinase effect on the serum was studied in 10 cases before and after transfusing the ethanol, the results showed that there was little likelihood that overactivity of ocytocinase could explain the lowering in the levels of oxytocins brought about by the use of ethanol.", "PMID": 856913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11603", "title": "[Practical and psychological aspects of sperm collection].", "content": "The present study was made on 480 men who consulted in our laboratory for a sperm exam. Semen were collected by masturbation. Only in very few cases (3 p. 100) ejaculation could not be obtained. In most cases ejaculation was obtained after a few minutes. Earlier or usual practice of masturbation does not seem to be of any influence on the result of semen collection or on the time necessary until ejaculation. 75 p. 100 of the patients attached much importance to the exterior aspect of the collection room. Actually, apprehension or eventual difficulties seem to be linked with a lack of sufficient information on the physician's part before semen collection. This study gives evidence that semen collection could be systematically made in the laboratory itself. It allows better sperm exam conditions.", "contents": "[Practical and psychological aspects of sperm collection]. The present study was made on 480 men who consulted in our laboratory for a sperm exam. Semen were collected by masturbation. Only in very few cases (3 p. 100) ejaculation could not be obtained. In most cases ejaculation was obtained after a few minutes. Earlier or usual practice of masturbation does not seem to be of any influence on the result of semen collection or on the time necessary until ejaculation. 75 p. 100 of the patients attached much importance to the exterior aspect of the collection room. Actually, apprehension or eventual difficulties seem to be linked with a lack of sufficient information on the physician's part before semen collection. This study gives evidence that semen collection could be systematically made in the laboratory itself. It allows better sperm exam conditions.", "PMID": 856914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11604", "title": "[Prolonged ovarian pregnancy associated with an intrauterine pregnancy. Apropos of a case].", "content": "Case of advanced ovarian pregnancy are exceptional because ovarian pregnancy itself is very rare. The authors describe a case of prolonged ovarian pregnancy with retention of the dead fetus for more than a year and associated with an intra-uterine pregnancy. Usually ovarian pregnancy finishes in rupture which occurs before the end of the first trimester. It is then difficult to make out the intergrity of the organs and in particular of the tube and indeed to recognize them. On the other hand when the mass persists intact with the development of the pregnancy in a retort shape, it is easy to see how confusion is possible and arises between it and an intra-uterine pregnancy. In this case, however, the different anatomical forms are clear and an almost definite diagnosis can be made at the time of operation (the three first criteria of Spiegelbery).  The diagnosis of ovarian pregnancy is never made before operation. At the very best one can say, when things happen early, that an extra-uterine pregnancy has ruptured, or in certain particular circumstances like in the case we are reporting lithopedian. The presence of ovarian tissue in the wall of the sac--which is the fourth criterion of Spiegelberg-is easier to recognize in early accidents than in advanced cases of ovarian pregnancy in which the parenchyma of the ovary is compressed, distended and laminated by the increasing development of the fetus and the adnexae. The absence of the placenta being adherent to other organs than the ovary can then be kept as a worthwhile criterion of ovarian pregnancy.", "contents": "[Prolonged ovarian pregnancy associated with an intrauterine pregnancy. Apropos of a case]. Case of advanced ovarian pregnancy are exceptional because ovarian pregnancy itself is very rare. The authors describe a case of prolonged ovarian pregnancy with retention of the dead fetus for more than a year and associated with an intra-uterine pregnancy. Usually ovarian pregnancy finishes in rupture which occurs before the end of the first trimester. It is then difficult to make out the intergrity of the organs and in particular of the tube and indeed to recognize them. On the other hand when the mass persists intact with the development of the pregnancy in a retort shape, it is easy to see how confusion is possible and arises between it and an intra-uterine pregnancy. In this case, however, the different anatomical forms are clear and an almost definite diagnosis can be made at the time of operation (the three first criteria of Spiegelbery).  The diagnosis of ovarian pregnancy is never made before operation. At the very best one can say, when things happen early, that an extra-uterine pregnancy has ruptured, or in certain particular circumstances like in the case we are reporting lithopedian. The presence of ovarian tissue in the wall of the sac--which is the fourth criterion of Spiegelberg-is easier to recognize in early accidents than in advanced cases of ovarian pregnancy in which the parenchyma of the ovary is compressed, distended and laminated by the increasing development of the fetus and the adnexae. The absence of the placenta being adherent to other organs than the ovary can then be kept as a worthwhile criterion of ovarian pregnancy.", "PMID": 856915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11605", "title": "Genetic studies in inbred rats. VIII. The production of xenoantisera against Ag-B histocompatibility antigens.", "content": "Rabbit anti-rat xenoantisera were raised by intravenous injection of splenic lymphocytes. After absorption with the appropriate rat red blood cells for removal of 'species-specific' antibodies, many agglutinating specificities remained which were quite similar to the corresponding alloantisera with the exception of the Ag-B5 haplotype. In attempts to produce specific Ag-B xeno-antisera, two groups of histocompatibility antigens were discovered: one consisting of Ag-B1, Ag-B3, Ag-B4, Ag-B7 and Ag-B8 to which specific Ag-B antisera could be produced, and another comprised of Ag-B2, Ag-B5 and Ag-B6 to which specific Ag-B antisera could not be made by any of several methods. Xenoantisera produced by a rapid hyperimmunization technique and all alloantisera tested were cytotoxic, whereas no cytotoxic antibodies could be detected in the xenoantisera produced by a longer course of immunization.", "contents": "Genetic studies in inbred rats. VIII. The production of xenoantisera against Ag-B histocompatibility antigens. Rabbit anti-rat xenoantisera were raised by intravenous injection of splenic lymphocytes. After absorption with the appropriate rat red blood cells for removal of 'species-specific' antibodies, many agglutinating specificities remained which were quite similar to the corresponding alloantisera with the exception of the Ag-B5 haplotype. In attempts to produce specific Ag-B xeno-antisera, two groups of histocompatibility antigens were discovered: one consisting of Ag-B1, Ag-B3, Ag-B4, Ag-B7 and Ag-B8 to which specific Ag-B antisera could be produced, and another comprised of Ag-B2, Ag-B5 and Ag-B6 to which specific Ag-B antisera could not be made by any of several methods. Xenoantisera produced by a rapid hyperimmunization technique and all alloantisera tested were cytotoxic, whereas no cytotoxic antibodies could be detected in the xenoantisera produced by a longer course of immunization.", "PMID": 856916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11606", "title": "Clinical and immunologic evaluation of neuraminidase-specific influenza A virus vaccine in humans.", "content": "Groups of schoolchildren were immunized with an inactivated recombinant influenza virus vaccine specific for the neuraminidase antigen of Port Chalmers influenza A virus (Heq1N2Ch), a conventional biphasic Port Chalmers strain of influenza virus vaccine (H3ChN2Ch), or a placebo. Immunization with either virus vaccine was found to be safe and had no major adverse effects. Immunization with the Heq1N2Ch vaccine resulted in no specific hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody response to H3Ch antigen, although a specific neuraminidase antibody response to N2Ch antigen was observed in greater than 90% of the vaccinees. A subsequent natural outbreak of influenza virus resulted in serologically proven infection with H3Ch virus in 26% of vaccinees receiving H3ChN2Ch virus vaccine, 47% of those receiving Heq1N2Ch virus vaccine, and 44% of those receiving a placebo. However, the protective efficacy against illness was 74.3% for the H3ChN2Ch vaccine and only 51.4% for the Heq1N2Ch vaccine. Regardless of the type of vaccine employed, vaccinees with serologic evidence of infection and clinical illness were found to have very low titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting and neuraminidase antibody. However, vaccinees with serologically proved infection but without clinical illness were found to have titers of antibody to neuraminidase before infection that were four- to eightfold higher than titers in vaccinees who were infected and who had clinical illness.", "contents": "Clinical and immunologic evaluation of neuraminidase-specific influenza A virus vaccine in humans. Groups of schoolchildren were immunized with an inactivated recombinant influenza virus vaccine specific for the neuraminidase antigen of Port Chalmers influenza A virus (Heq1N2Ch), a conventional biphasic Port Chalmers strain of influenza virus vaccine (H3ChN2Ch), or a placebo. Immunization with either virus vaccine was found to be safe and had no major adverse effects. Immunization with the Heq1N2Ch vaccine resulted in no specific hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody response to H3Ch antigen, although a specific neuraminidase antibody response to N2Ch antigen was observed in greater than 90% of the vaccinees. A subsequent natural outbreak of influenza virus resulted in serologically proven infection with H3Ch virus in 26% of vaccinees receiving H3ChN2Ch virus vaccine, 47% of those receiving Heq1N2Ch virus vaccine, and 44% of those receiving a placebo. However, the protective efficacy against illness was 74.3% for the H3ChN2Ch vaccine and only 51.4% for the Heq1N2Ch vaccine. Regardless of the type of vaccine employed, vaccinees with serologic evidence of infection and clinical illness were found to have very low titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting and neuraminidase antibody. However, vaccinees with serologically proved infection but without clinical illness were found to have titers of antibody to neuraminidase before infection that were four- to eightfold higher than titers in vaccinees who were infected and who had clinical illness.", "PMID": 856917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11607", "title": "Antigenicity of cholera toxoid in humans.", "content": "A cholera toxoid was produced by heating of a purified cholera toxin and treatment of the resulting toxoid procholeragenoid with a formaldehyde solution. When given subcutaneously and intramuscularly to volunteers in doses of 3-100 microng, the toxoid produced no noteworthy side effects, but the injections produced a dose-dependent rise in level of toxin-neutralizing antibodies in serum. Administration of toxoid in combination with whole-cell vaccine induced antitoxin levels that seemed to be higher than those induced by toxoid alone, but statistical analysis revealed a significant difference only between titers after administration of 10 microng of toxoid alone and those after administration of 10 microng of toxoid in combination with whole-cell vaccine.", "contents": "Antigenicity of cholera toxoid in humans. A cholera toxoid was produced by heating of a purified cholera toxin and treatment of the resulting toxoid procholeragenoid with a formaldehyde solution. When given subcutaneously and intramuscularly to volunteers in doses of 3-100 microng, the toxoid produced no noteworthy side effects, but the injections produced a dose-dependent rise in level of toxin-neutralizing antibodies in serum. Administration of toxoid in combination with whole-cell vaccine induced antitoxin levels that seemed to be higher than those induced by toxoid alone, but statistical analysis revealed a significant difference only between titers after administration of 10 microng of toxoid alone and those after administration of 10 microng of toxoid in combination with whole-cell vaccine.", "PMID": 856918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11608", "title": "Possible endotoxemia in rabbits after intravenous injection of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B.", "content": "Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (SEB) administered intravenously may exert its toxicity by damaging capillary endothelium in the large intestine and, thereby, permit absorption of endotoxin into the circulation. To investigate this possibility, we measured an index of the level of plasma endotoxin. This index was the ability of plasma to cause gelation of limulus amebocyte lysate (GLAL), before and after intravenous administration of SEB (800-1,000 microng/kg of body weight) to 13 rabbits. All samples taken before administration of SEB were negative for GLAL, but GLAL activity was detectable in the plasma of 10 of the rabbits 12 hr after SEB was injected. Only rabbits that developed GLAL activity died; the levels of GLAL in plasma were comparable to those detected by other workers after administration of an intravenous, lethal dose of endotoxin to rabbits.", "contents": "Possible endotoxemia in rabbits after intravenous injection of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B. Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (SEB) administered intravenously may exert its toxicity by damaging capillary endothelium in the large intestine and, thereby, permit absorption of endotoxin into the circulation. To investigate this possibility, we measured an index of the level of plasma endotoxin. This index was the ability of plasma to cause gelation of limulus amebocyte lysate (GLAL), before and after intravenous administration of SEB (800-1,000 microng/kg of body weight) to 13 rabbits. All samples taken before administration of SEB were negative for GLAL, but GLAL activity was detectable in the plasma of 10 of the rabbits 12 hr after SEB was injected. Only rabbits that developed GLAL activity died; the levels of GLAL in plasma were comparable to those detected by other workers after administration of an intravenous, lethal dose of endotoxin to rabbits.", "PMID": 856919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11609", "title": "Sucrose teepol tellurite agar: a new selective indicator medium for isolation of Vibrio species.", "content": "Sucrose teepol tellurite (STT) agar is a more successful medium in positive-recognition palting procedures than thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose (TCBS) agar because STT agar yields higher isolation of typical colonies of Vibrio cholerae, which directly agglutinate in antiserum to V. cholerae, from patients and contacts infected with this organism. STT agar has a simple composition and, like TCBS agar, needs no sterilization. STT agar is highly selective for V. cholerae, nonagglutinating vibrios, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Growth of these bacteria from diarrhetic stool, from rectal swabs, and from stock cultures was compared on different media.", "contents": "Sucrose teepol tellurite agar: a new selective indicator medium for isolation of Vibrio species. Sucrose teepol tellurite (STT) agar is a more successful medium in positive-recognition palting procedures than thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose (TCBS) agar because STT agar yields higher isolation of typical colonies of Vibrio cholerae, which directly agglutinate in antiserum to V. cholerae, from patients and contacts infected with this organism. STT agar has a simple composition and, like TCBS agar, needs no sterilization. STT agar is highly selective for V. cholerae, nonagglutinating vibrios, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Growth of these bacteria from diarrhetic stool, from rectal swabs, and from stock cultures was compared on different media.", "PMID": 856920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11610", "title": "Second attacks of pneumonia due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae.", "content": "Long-term surveillance of pneumonia in a group that received prepaid medical care disclosed five cases of pneumonia due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae that recurred in immunocompetent persons after a lapse of two and one-half to 10 years. Diagnosis was confirmed by isolation of M. pneumoniae, by observation of changes in titer of antibody, and by chest films. In addition, a patient with a variable immunodeficiency syndrome that affected the bone marrow-derived (B-) cell system had recurrent infection with M. pneumoniae within a one-year interval. Naturally acquired immunity to infection with M. pneumoniae appears to be of limited duration.", "contents": "Second attacks of pneumonia due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Long-term surveillance of pneumonia in a group that received prepaid medical care disclosed five cases of pneumonia due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae that recurred in immunocompetent persons after a lapse of two and one-half to 10 years. Diagnosis was confirmed by isolation of M. pneumoniae, by observation of changes in titer of antibody, and by chest films. In addition, a patient with a variable immunodeficiency syndrome that affected the bone marrow-derived (B-) cell system had recurrent infection with M. pneumoniae within a one-year interval. Naturally acquired immunity to infection with M. pneumoniae appears to be of limited duration.", "PMID": 856921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11611", "title": "The styloid process syndrome: aetiological factors and surgical management.", "content": "The literature on the syndromes associated with the styloid process is reviewed. The anatomy and embryology of the styloid apparatus are then discussed in relation to the development of these conditions; attention is drawn to the significance of elongation of the process. Eighty styloids measured at post-mortem examination enabled a mean length to be determined as well as a range of normals. The possible aetiological factors are then listed. Four cases of elongated styloid process are described, three treated by excision via an external approach and the fourth presenting as an asymptomatic lump in the neck, not requiring treatment. The authors' preference for the external approach is explained.", "contents": "The styloid process syndrome: aetiological factors and surgical management. The literature on the syndromes associated with the styloid process is reviewed. The anatomy and embryology of the styloid apparatus are then discussed in relation to the development of these conditions; attention is drawn to the significance of elongation of the process. Eighty styloids measured at post-mortem examination enabled a mean length to be determined as well as a range of normals. The possible aetiological factors are then listed. Four cases of elongated styloid process are described, three treated by excision via an external approach and the fourth presenting as an asymptomatic lump in the neck, not requiring treatment. The authors' preference for the external approach is explained.", "PMID": 856922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11612", "title": "Sudden deafness and vaccination.", "content": "A 16-year-old female developed sudden unilateral deafness and acute vertigo two days after routine revaccination against tetanus and diphtheria. Eight other cases culled from the literature are reviewed, and the symptoms and findings from the VIIIth cranial nerve discussed. It is postulated that a local hypersensitivity reaction may account for this and some other forms of sudden sensorineural deafness.", "contents": "Sudden deafness and vaccination. A 16-year-old female developed sudden unilateral deafness and acute vertigo two days after routine revaccination against tetanus and diphtheria. Eight other cases culled from the literature are reviewed, and the symptoms and findings from the VIIIth cranial nerve discussed. It is postulated that a local hypersensitivity reaction may account for this and some other forms of sudden sensorineural deafness.", "PMID": 856923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11613", "title": "Equilibrial disturbances caused by hearing aids in hard of hearing children.", "content": "To 22 hard-of-hearing school pupils a 2 sec. tone pip of 1500 Hz was presented at 120 to 130 dB SPL's (equals 113-123 dB ISO) to both (=44) ears. In 32 of the ears (?) the sound stimulus elicited an ENG change and thus a possible disturbance of equilibrium, 2 cases of type A, 3-10 sec. nystagmus; I case of type B, with continuing nystagmus; 3 cases of type C, with strengthening nystagmus; and I case of type D, with direction-changing nystagmus, were found. We conclude that, in perceptive hearing defects, the maximum output of hearing aids should be limited to 120 dB, not only because of the effect on hearing thresholds. but also on the equilibrial sense. Again we recommend that hearing aids should not be used in those surroundings where loss of equilibrium is dangerous.", "contents": "Equilibrial disturbances caused by hearing aids in hard of hearing children. To 22 hard-of-hearing school pupils a 2 sec. tone pip of 1500 Hz was presented at 120 to 130 dB SPL's (equals 113-123 dB ISO) to both (=44) ears. In 32 of the ears (?) the sound stimulus elicited an ENG change and thus a possible disturbance of equilibrium, 2 cases of type A, 3-10 sec. nystagmus; I case of type B, with continuing nystagmus; 3 cases of type C, with strengthening nystagmus; and I case of type D, with direction-changing nystagmus, were found. We conclude that, in perceptive hearing defects, the maximum output of hearing aids should be limited to 120 dB, not only because of the effect on hearing thresholds. but also on the equilibrial sense. Again we recommend that hearing aids should not be used in those surroundings where loss of equilibrium is dangerous.", "PMID": 856924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11614", "title": "Steroidogenesis in human follicles approaching ovulation as judged from assays of follicular fluid.", "content": "Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) was given to patients at mid-cycle before the endogenous LH surge. Graafian follicles were aspirated 32-33 h later, before ovulation was expected, and the levels of several steroids in follicular fluid and in matching serum samples were measured by radioimmunoassay. Two types of Graafian follicle were identified at laparoscopy , based on the nature of the oocyte, granulosa cells and follicular fluid withdrawn from the follicles. Some were large, preovulatory and presumably becoming luteinized while others were generally smaller, non-ovulatory and still growing. The concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone (delta5 intermediates), androstenedione and testosterone were higher in non-ovulatory follicles, whereas large follicles usually contained high levels of progesterone, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, pregnenolone and oestradiol-17beta. A cluster analysis of these data grouped follicles into two distinct clusters, which accorded with their identification as ovulatory or non-ovulatory at laparoscopy. Levels of progesterone, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and oestradiol-17beta in follicular fluid were high in preovulatory follicles in comparison with plasma. Results in two patients indicated that plasma levels of these steroids were determined by the preovulatory follicle. Levels of plasma delta5 steroids were closer to follicular fluid concentrations, whereas DHEA was higher in plasma. The role of the theca and granulosa is discussed in relation to the synthesis of progesterone and oestradiol-17beta in follicles as ovulation approaches.", "contents": "Steroidogenesis in human follicles approaching ovulation as judged from assays of follicular fluid. Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) was given to patients at mid-cycle before the endogenous LH surge. Graafian follicles were aspirated 32-33 h later, before ovulation was expected, and the levels of several steroids in follicular fluid and in matching serum samples were measured by radioimmunoassay. Two types of Graafian follicle were identified at laparoscopy , based on the nature of the oocyte, granulosa cells and follicular fluid withdrawn from the follicles. Some were large, preovulatory and presumably becoming luteinized while others were generally smaller, non-ovulatory and still growing. The concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone (delta5 intermediates), androstenedione and testosterone were higher in non-ovulatory follicles, whereas large follicles usually contained high levels of progesterone, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, pregnenolone and oestradiol-17beta. A cluster analysis of these data grouped follicles into two distinct clusters, which accorded with their identification as ovulatory or non-ovulatory at laparoscopy. Levels of progesterone, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and oestradiol-17beta in follicular fluid were high in preovulatory follicles in comparison with plasma. Results in two patients indicated that plasma levels of these steroids were determined by the preovulatory follicle. Levels of plasma delta5 steroids were closer to follicular fluid concentrations, whereas DHEA was higher in plasma. The role of the theca and granulosa is discussed in relation to the synthesis of progesterone and oestradiol-17beta in follicles as ovulation approaches.", "PMID": 856925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11615", "title": "Effect of methallibure on gonadotrophic content, ovarian 32P uptake and gonadosomatic index in the freshwater catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch).", "content": "Gonadotrophin content in the pituitary gland and blood serum as well as ovarian 32P uptake were studied in response to methallibure treatment in H. fossilis. There was a marked reduction in the gonadotrophic activity of the pituitary gland and blood serum within 3 weeks of methallibure treatment (100 microng/g). A simultaneous significant reduction was also recorded in the ovarian activity of these fish. The fall in ovarian activity caused by methallibure could not be prevented by the administration of LH, FSH or LH+FSH. After cessation of methallibure treatment, LH+FSH (50 microng each) administration restored ovarian activity. It is evident from these results that methallibure alters the secretion of gonadotrophin, and also prevents its action on the ovary.", "contents": "Effect of methallibure on gonadotrophic content, ovarian 32P uptake and gonadosomatic index in the freshwater catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). Gonadotrophin content in the pituitary gland and blood serum as well as ovarian 32P uptake were studied in response to methallibure treatment in H. fossilis. There was a marked reduction in the gonadotrophic activity of the pituitary gland and blood serum within 3 weeks of methallibure treatment (100 microng/g). A simultaneous significant reduction was also recorded in the ovarian activity of these fish. The fall in ovarian activity caused by methallibure could not be prevented by the administration of LH, FSH or LH+FSH. After cessation of methallibure treatment, LH+FSH (50 microng each) administration restored ovarian activity. It is evident from these results that methallibure alters the secretion of gonadotrophin, and also prevents its action on the ovary.", "PMID": 856926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11616", "title": "Seasonal and circadian changes in the episodic release of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and testosterone in rams exposed to artificial photoperiods.", "content": "Six rams of an ancient breed of domesticated sheep (SOAY) were subjected to an artificial light r\u00e9gime of alternating periods of long days (16 h light: 8 h darkness) and short days (8 h light: 16 h darkness) which induced seasonal development and regression of the testes during a period of 36 weeks. Over 2000 blood samples were taken, and the changes in plasma levels of FSH, LH and testosterone were related to the cycle of testicular activity. During long days plasma levels of gonadotrophins became very low and the testes regressed to about 20% of their maximum size; there was a corresponding reduction in plasma testosterone levels. When the rams were returned to short days reproductive development was again stimulated after 2-3 weeks with a progressive increase in plasma FSH and LH levels and consequent hypertrophy of the testes. It took about 16 weeks of short days for testicular activity to become maximal. Blood samples collected at hourly intervals for 24 h on ten occasions during the study revealed transitory peaks in plasma FSH and LH levels indicative of episodic release. Changes in gonadotrophin secretion were modulated primarily by alterations in the frequency of episodic releas; less than 1 spike per 24 h during long days increased to a maximum of 10 spikes/24 h under short daylengths. The peaks of FSH release were of smaller amplitude than those of LH, although during periods of frequent episodic release basal levels of fsh were increased to a greater extent than those of LH. A circadian rhythm was observed in the plasma levels of FSH, LH and testosterone, which was related to increased gonadotrophin release during the dark phase of the 24 h cycle; changes in blood haematocrit were also observed. The circadian changes appeared to be correlated with the activity cycle of the animals which in turn was dictated by daylight. A possible interrelationship between the circadian cycle and the seasonal cycle is discussed.", "contents": "Seasonal and circadian changes in the episodic release of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and testosterone in rams exposed to artificial photoperiods. Six rams of an ancient breed of domesticated sheep (SOAY) were subjected to an artificial light r\u00e9gime of alternating periods of long days (16 h light: 8 h darkness) and short days (8 h light: 16 h darkness) which induced seasonal development and regression of the testes during a period of 36 weeks. Over 2000 blood samples were taken, and the changes in plasma levels of FSH, LH and testosterone were related to the cycle of testicular activity. During long days plasma levels of gonadotrophins became very low and the testes regressed to about 20% of their maximum size; there was a corresponding reduction in plasma testosterone levels. When the rams were returned to short days reproductive development was again stimulated after 2-3 weeks with a progressive increase in plasma FSH and LH levels and consequent hypertrophy of the testes. It took about 16 weeks of short days for testicular activity to become maximal. Blood samples collected at hourly intervals for 24 h on ten occasions during the study revealed transitory peaks in plasma FSH and LH levels indicative of episodic release. Changes in gonadotrophin secretion were modulated primarily by alterations in the frequency of episodic releas; less than 1 spike per 24 h during long days increased to a maximum of 10 spikes/24 h under short daylengths. The peaks of FSH release were of smaller amplitude than those of LH, although during periods of frequent episodic release basal levels of fsh were increased to a greater extent than those of LH. A circadian rhythm was observed in the plasma levels of FSH, LH and testosterone, which was related to increased gonadotrophin release during the dark phase of the 24 h cycle; changes in blood haematocrit were also observed. The circadian changes appeared to be correlated with the activity cycle of the animals which in turn was dictated by daylight. A possible interrelationship between the circadian cycle and the seasonal cycle is discussed.", "PMID": 856927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11617", "title": "Influence of oxygen tension on somatomedin activity in vitro.", "content": "Somatomedins are the intermediaries through which growth hormone acts on the epiphyseal growth plate to effect linear skeletal growth. Rat epiphyseal chondrocytes were isolated and cultured in vitro in the presence of somatomedin. Two sources of somatomedin were used, foetal calf serum and rat liver perfusates. The chondrocytes proliferated and synthesized sulphated glycosaminoglycans when grown in the presence of somatomedin from either source, but were not metabolically active in chemically defined medium alone. Some differences in the growth patterns in response to serum or liver somatomedins are reported and discussed. Chondrocyte metabolic activity in the presence of somatomedin in vitro showed a graded response to alterations in the atmospheric oxygen, being greatest at low oxygen pressure, and almost completely inhibited at 95% oxygen. A gradient of local oxygen tension has been reported to exist across the epiphyseal plate in vivo. The effects of somatomedin combined with changing oxygen levels may help to explain the divergence of cell proliferation and matrix synthesis seen in the various regions of the growth plate.", "contents": "Influence of oxygen tension on somatomedin activity in vitro. Somatomedins are the intermediaries through which growth hormone acts on the epiphyseal growth plate to effect linear skeletal growth. Rat epiphyseal chondrocytes were isolated and cultured in vitro in the presence of somatomedin. Two sources of somatomedin were used, foetal calf serum and rat liver perfusates. The chondrocytes proliferated and synthesized sulphated glycosaminoglycans when grown in the presence of somatomedin from either source, but were not metabolically active in chemically defined medium alone. Some differences in the growth patterns in response to serum or liver somatomedins are reported and discussed. Chondrocyte metabolic activity in the presence of somatomedin in vitro showed a graded response to alterations in the atmospheric oxygen, being greatest at low oxygen pressure, and almost completely inhibited at 95% oxygen. A gradient of local oxygen tension has been reported to exist across the epiphyseal plate in vivo. The effects of somatomedin combined with changing oxygen levels may help to explain the divergence of cell proliferation and matrix synthesis seen in the various regions of the growth plate.", "PMID": 856928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11618", "title": "In-vitro metabolism of [3H]testosterone by scalp and back skin: conversion of testosterone into 5alpha-androstane-3beta, 17beta-diol.", "content": "The in-vitro metabolism of [3H]testosterone by human scalp and back skin was examined for possible differences in enzyme activity in skin from these two areas, both of which contain large sebaceous glands but only one of which, the back, is prone to develop acne. Punch biopsy specimens of skin, obtained from the scalp and back of adult men, were minced and incubated with [3H]testosterone. The metabolic products were diluted with carrier steroids, then separated and measured by thin-layer chromatography and by gas chromatography on an instrument equipped with a splitter. The results showed that of the 5alpha-reduced metabolites identified, a major one in both the scalp and back skin incubations was 5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol. Formation of the androstanediol was especially pronounced in scalp skin where it accounted for up to 50% of the 5alpha-reduced metabolites produced. This finding that 5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol is a major product of testosterone metabolism in vitro by human skin containing sebaceous glands, supports the possibility, previously suggested by studies in the rat, that this steroid can stimulate sebum secretion.", "contents": "In-vitro metabolism of [3H]testosterone by scalp and back skin: conversion of testosterone into 5alpha-androstane-3beta, 17beta-diol. The in-vitro metabolism of [3H]testosterone by human scalp and back skin was examined for possible differences in enzyme activity in skin from these two areas, both of which contain large sebaceous glands but only one of which, the back, is prone to develop acne. Punch biopsy specimens of skin, obtained from the scalp and back of adult men, were minced and incubated with [3H]testosterone. The metabolic products were diluted with carrier steroids, then separated and measured by thin-layer chromatography and by gas chromatography on an instrument equipped with a splitter. The results showed that of the 5alpha-reduced metabolites identified, a major one in both the scalp and back skin incubations was 5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol. Formation of the androstanediol was especially pronounced in scalp skin where it accounted for up to 50% of the 5alpha-reduced metabolites produced. This finding that 5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol is a major product of testosterone metabolism in vitro by human skin containing sebaceous glands, supports the possibility, previously suggested by studies in the rat, that this steroid can stimulate sebum secretion.", "PMID": 856929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11619", "title": "Polydipsia induced in rats by second-order schedules of reinforcement.", "content": "Three rats were exposed to a second-order schedule in which fixed-interval components ended either with food or with a brief stimulus that was never paired with food. Food and the brief stimulus occurred in a random sequence (variable-ratio 2 overall schedule). Another three rats were exposed to a similar second-order schedule, the only difference being that the food or the stimulus was presented independently of operant behavior (fixed-time components). The three rats exposed to the fixed-interval components licked at a water spout after each food presentation. These rats also licked in the intervals after the brief stimulus. Although the discriminative properties of food and of the brief stimulus were identical in relation to subsequent reinforcement, licking after the stimulus was less than after food. The three rats exposed to the second-order schedules with fixed-time components also licked at the water spout after food, but these rats did not lick consistently after brief stimulus presentations.", "contents": "Polydipsia induced in rats by second-order schedules of reinforcement. Three rats were exposed to a second-order schedule in which fixed-interval components ended either with food or with a brief stimulus that was never paired with food. Food and the brief stimulus occurred in a random sequence (variable-ratio 2 overall schedule). Another three rats were exposed to a similar second-order schedule, the only difference being that the food or the stimulus was presented independently of operant behavior (fixed-time components). The three rats exposed to the fixed-interval components licked at a water spout after each food presentation. These rats also licked in the intervals after the brief stimulus. Although the discriminative properties of food and of the brief stimulus were identical in relation to subsequent reinforcement, licking after the stimulus was less than after food. The three rats exposed to the second-order schedules with fixed-time components also licked at the water spout after food, but these rats did not lick consistently after brief stimulus presentations.", "PMID": 856930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11620", "title": "Illness-alone exposure as a source of interference with the acquisition and retention of a taste aversion.", "content": "Four studies were conducted to explore the effects of unpaired lithium chloride (LiCl) injections, the unconditioned stimulus (US), on the acquisition and retention of a taste aversion. In Experiment 1, subjects were preexposed to a US; for one group the US was paired with a distinctive taste, whereas for a second group it was not. Following this preparation, both groups received the US paired with a novel taste. Only the US-alone group showed a retardation of subsequent taste-aversion conditioning. Experiment 2 indicated that an exposure to LiCl without a specific gustatory cue will interfere with the avoidance of a specific taste, regardless of whether the US experience occurs before or after a single taste-LiCl pairing. Following sucrose-LiCl pairings in Experiment 3A, LiCl-alone exposures retroactively interfered with the retention of the prior aversion to sucrose, with the level of post-US interference becoming an increasing function of the number of US-alone experiences. In Experiment 3B, the association of sucrose with LiCl did not interfere with the development of an almond aversion, whereas LiCl-alone exposures following the acquisition of a sucrose aversion proactively interfered with the development of a second taste aversion (almond). It is suggested that a physiological explanation will not adequately account for the present results of these experiments. The results are discussed within the framework of alternative associative models.", "contents": "Illness-alone exposure as a source of interference with the acquisition and retention of a taste aversion. Four studies were conducted to explore the effects of unpaired lithium chloride (LiCl) injections, the unconditioned stimulus (US), on the acquisition and retention of a taste aversion. In Experiment 1, subjects were preexposed to a US; for one group the US was paired with a distinctive taste, whereas for a second group it was not. Following this preparation, both groups received the US paired with a novel taste. Only the US-alone group showed a retardation of subsequent taste-aversion conditioning. Experiment 2 indicated that an exposure to LiCl without a specific gustatory cue will interfere with the avoidance of a specific taste, regardless of whether the US experience occurs before or after a single taste-LiCl pairing. Following sucrose-LiCl pairings in Experiment 3A, LiCl-alone exposures retroactively interfered with the retention of the prior aversion to sucrose, with the level of post-US interference becoming an increasing function of the number of US-alone experiences. In Experiment 3B, the association of sucrose with LiCl did not interfere with the development of an almond aversion, whereas LiCl-alone exposures following the acquisition of a sucrose aversion proactively interfered with the development of a second taste aversion (almond). It is suggested that a physiological explanation will not adequately account for the present results of these experiments. The results are discussed within the framework of alternative associative models.", "PMID": 856931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11621", "title": "Temporary transvenous cardiac pacemaking in rural family practice.", "content": "Interested family physicians with proper training and minimal extra equipment can now employ transvenous pacemaking. Some cardiac centers have developed training programs for general internists and family physicians. We believe that this valuable procedure can, with proper physician training, be offered to patients in rural areas as well as in cardiac centers. While the number of patients in this rural family practice who require this procedure has not been great (ten patients in four years), the need is often urgent when it does occur. Use of this treatment modality with consultation in a 44-bed hospital was found to be safe and practical, although sometimes technically difficult. This paper describes the training, techniques used, results, and complications in a rural community in southeastern Nebraska. It is suggested that every hospital caring for seriously ill cardiac patients should have at least one physician trained to perform this emergency procedure.", "contents": "Temporary transvenous cardiac pacemaking in rural family practice. Interested family physicians with proper training and minimal extra equipment can now employ transvenous pacemaking. Some cardiac centers have developed training programs for general internists and family physicians. We believe that this valuable procedure can, with proper physician training, be offered to patients in rural areas as well as in cardiac centers. While the number of patients in this rural family practice who require this procedure has not been great (ten patients in four years), the need is often urgent when it does occur. Use of this treatment modality with consultation in a 44-bed hospital was found to be safe and practical, although sometimes technically difficult. This paper describes the training, techniques used, results, and complications in a rural community in southeastern Nebraska. It is suggested that every hospital caring for seriously ill cardiac patients should have at least one physician trained to perform this emergency procedure.", "PMID": 856932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11622", "title": "The family physician as a \"therapeutic instrument\".", "content": "The doctor-patient relationship is the matrix of the family physician's diagnostic-therapeutic activity. To enhance the curative potential inherent in this relationship, the physician has to be able to make contact with the person in the patient. To achieve this, the physician must develop his potential for empathic observation, empathic listening, and introspective self-awareness. The use of these skills in a non-judgmental, non-condemning, and non-manipulative climate creates an optimum therapeutic setting. Rather than focusing upon the body of knowledge available in the behavioral sciences, or upon the pursuit of learning \"psychiatry\" or \"psychotherapy,\" the family physician should first develop his own personal skills. He should then apply them to his own patients, in his own setting, in order to discover the therapeutic approaches appropriate to this patients and their problems. The psychiatrist, psychologist, or any other behavioral scientist can be most helpful to the family physician if he is prepared to aid him in his own discoveries rather than attempt to teach him the accumulated knowledge from his own field.", "contents": "The family physician as a \"therapeutic instrument\". The doctor-patient relationship is the matrix of the family physician's diagnostic-therapeutic activity. To enhance the curative potential inherent in this relationship, the physician has to be able to make contact with the person in the patient. To achieve this, the physician must develop his potential for empathic observation, empathic listening, and introspective self-awareness. The use of these skills in a non-judgmental, non-condemning, and non-manipulative climate creates an optimum therapeutic setting. Rather than focusing upon the body of knowledge available in the behavioral sciences, or upon the pursuit of learning \"psychiatry\" or \"psychotherapy,\" the family physician should first develop his own personal skills. He should then apply them to his own patients, in his own setting, in order to discover the therapeutic approaches appropriate to this patients and their problems. The psychiatrist, psychologist, or any other behavioral scientist can be most helpful to the family physician if he is prepared to aid him in his own discoveries rather than attempt to teach him the accumulated knowledge from his own field.", "PMID": 856933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11623", "title": "The effect of the organization and status of family practice undergraduate programs on residency selection.", "content": "Family practice, as a medical specialty, is designed to help fill the void in primary care availability. In order to expose medical students to family practice and provide a basis for choosing a residency in the field, many medical schools have developed undergraduate programs in family practice. This paper reports the results of a survey conducted in March 1975 on the status of undergraduate programs with particular focus on the relationships between administrative status, size of program, faculty size, and type of undergraduate curricula to the number of graduates choosing family practice as a specialty. The data indicate that there is a relationship between the commitment of the school to family practice, the size of the program, and the presence of required courses in the curriculum to the success of the program, as measured by the proportion of students in each school who choose family practice residencies.", "contents": "The effect of the organization and status of family practice undergraduate programs on residency selection. Family practice, as a medical specialty, is designed to help fill the void in primary care availability. In order to expose medical students to family practice and provide a basis for choosing a residency in the field, many medical schools have developed undergraduate programs in family practice. This paper reports the results of a survey conducted in March 1975 on the status of undergraduate programs with particular focus on the relationships between administrative status, size of program, faculty size, and type of undergraduate curricula to the number of graduates choosing family practice as a specialty. The data indicate that there is a relationship between the commitment of the school to family practice, the size of the program, and the presence of required courses in the curriculum to the success of the program, as measured by the proportion of students in each school who choose family practice residencies.", "PMID": 856934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11624", "title": "Resident self-awareness through group process.", "content": "Too frequently the behavioral sciences have been conceived as another specialty from which will be derived new techniques to extend the physician's armamentarium. The doctor/patient relationship as well as referrals and consultations have been assumed to be reducible to ritualized protocols and treatments. The personality of the physician and his interpersonal style both with patients and colleagues have often been ignored as being beyond the purview of professional concern. Yet the person of the physician is subject to the influence of colleagues and patients as well as their factual reports. Traditionally, the physician has not received training to allow him/her more objectively to understand the dynamic social processes through which health care planning is formulated, delivered, and received. With such social skills training the physician is in a better position to understand the dynamic processes within the family itself. Both health-care teams and families exhibit similar problems with parental authority, sibling rivalry, differential learning styles, and different career priorities. It is, therefore, essential that an adequate behavioral science program be structured to include learning experiences in which the physician can gain a greater awareness of self, interpersonal style, professional role, and group dynamic processes. Simulated health-care team exercises and encounter groups are two avenues through which such learning can be approached.", "contents": "Resident self-awareness through group process. Too frequently the behavioral sciences have been conceived as another specialty from which will be derived new techniques to extend the physician's armamentarium. The doctor/patient relationship as well as referrals and consultations have been assumed to be reducible to ritualized protocols and treatments. The personality of the physician and his interpersonal style both with patients and colleagues have often been ignored as being beyond the purview of professional concern. Yet the person of the physician is subject to the influence of colleagues and patients as well as their factual reports. Traditionally, the physician has not received training to allow him/her more objectively to understand the dynamic social processes through which health care planning is formulated, delivered, and received. With such social skills training the physician is in a better position to understand the dynamic processes within the family itself. Both health-care teams and families exhibit similar problems with parental authority, sibling rivalry, differential learning styles, and different career priorities. It is, therefore, essential that an adequate behavioral science program be structured to include learning experiences in which the physician can gain a greater awareness of self, interpersonal style, professional role, and group dynamic processes. Simulated health-care team exercises and encounter groups are two avenues through which such learning can be approached.", "PMID": 856935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11625", "title": "Faculty evaluation by residents in a family medicine residency program.", "content": "Accountability in graduate medical education is dependent on the willingness of the residents and faculty to make their expectations and commitments explicit and to be held reponsible for fulfilling their commitments. In an effort to encourage accountability, residents in the University of Oklahoma Family Practice Residency Program evaluated the effectiveness of faculty members as learning facilitators. Several dimensions of the learning facilitator role were examined at a resident retreat and the results of the initial evaluations were discussed individually with each faculty member. A subsequent evaluation was conducted one year later, and a comparison of the results of the two evaluations suggests that such efforts can serve to stimulate modification of selected behaviors and thereby improve the quality of teaching in family practice residencies.", "contents": "Faculty evaluation by residents in a family medicine residency program. Accountability in graduate medical education is dependent on the willingness of the residents and faculty to make their expectations and commitments explicit and to be held reponsible for fulfilling their commitments. In an effort to encourage accountability, residents in the University of Oklahoma Family Practice Residency Program evaluated the effectiveness of faculty members as learning facilitators. Several dimensions of the learning facilitator role were examined at a resident retreat and the results of the initial evaluations were discussed individually with each faculty member. A subsequent evaluation was conducted one year later, and a comparison of the results of the two evaluations suggests that such efforts can serve to stimulate modification of selected behaviors and thereby improve the quality of teaching in family practice residencies.", "PMID": 856936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11626", "title": "Patient simulators in teaching patient education skills to family practice residents.", "content": "The University of Texas Medical Branch Family Medicine Residency includes in its curriculum the use of interviews with simulated patients for the teaching of patient education skills. Success with simulated cases requires careful programming of the stimulator, realistic situations, and objective evaluation and feedback for the residents. This paper describes the \"patient education guidelines\" which we used in programming a simulated patient, as well as specific objectives for the content of the residents' interviews and a rating form for evaluating the educational process used by the residents. The interviews with a simulated patient were video taped for review by faculty and residents, using the content objectives and the rating form as aids in the feedback session.", "contents": "Patient simulators in teaching patient education skills to family practice residents. The University of Texas Medical Branch Family Medicine Residency includes in its curriculum the use of interviews with simulated patients for the teaching of patient education skills. Success with simulated cases requires careful programming of the stimulator, realistic situations, and objective evaluation and feedback for the residents. This paper describes the \"patient education guidelines\" which we used in programming a simulated patient, as well as specific objectives for the content of the residents' interviews and a rating form for evaluating the educational process used by the residents. The interviews with a simulated patient were video taped for review by faculty and residents, using the content objectives and the rating form as aids in the feedback session.", "PMID": 856937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11627", "title": "Magnesium efflux in dialyzed squid axons.", "content": "The efflux of Mg++ from squid axons subject to internal solute control by dialysis is a function of ionized [Mg], [Na], [ATP], and [Na]o. The efflux of Mg++ from an axon with physiological concentrations of ATP, Na, and Mg inside into seawater is of the order of 2-4 pmol/cm2s but this efflux is strongly inhibited by increases in [Na]i, by decreases in [ATP]i, or by decreases in [Na]o. The efflux of Mg++ is largely independent of [Mg]i when ATP is at physiological levels, but in the absence of ATP reaches half the value of Mg efflux in be presence of ATP when [Mg]i is about 4 mM and [Na] 40 mM. Half-maximum responses to ATP occur at about 350 micronM ATP into seawater with Na either present or absent. The Mg efflux mechanism has many similarities to the Ca efflux system in squid axons especially with respect to the effects of ATP, Nao, and Na on the flux. The concentrations of free Mg and Ca in axoplasm differ, however, by a factor of 10(5) while the observed fluxes differ by a factor of 10(2).", "contents": "Magnesium efflux in dialyzed squid axons. The efflux of Mg++ from squid axons subject to internal solute control by dialysis is a function of ionized [Mg], [Na], [ATP], and [Na]o. The efflux of Mg++ from an axon with physiological concentrations of ATP, Na, and Mg inside into seawater is of the order of 2-4 pmol/cm2s but this efflux is strongly inhibited by increases in [Na]i, by decreases in [ATP]i, or by decreases in [Na]o. The efflux of Mg++ is largely independent of [Mg]i when ATP is at physiological levels, but in the absence of ATP reaches half the value of Mg efflux in be presence of ATP when [Mg]i is about 4 mM and [Na] 40 mM. Half-maximum responses to ATP occur at about 350 micronM ATP into seawater with Na either present or absent. The Mg efflux mechanism has many similarities to the Ca efflux system in squid axons especially with respect to the effects of ATP, Nao, and Na on the flux. The concentrations of free Mg and Ca in axoplasm differ, however, by a factor of 10(5) while the observed fluxes differ by a factor of 10(2).", "PMID": 856938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11628", "title": "A study of releasable Ca fractions in smooth muscle cells of the rabbit aorta.", "content": "The distribution of Ca in the cellular compartment of smooth muscle cells of the rabbit aorta has been studied by analyzing the effect of norepinephrine, caffeine, and DNP on 45Ca exchange and on the pattern of tension development. These three substances increase the release of 45Ca from the tissue, but DNP acts more slowly than norepinephrine or caffeine. Also, the effect of norepinephrine and caffeine on tension development occurs almost immediately, while that of DNP appears only after a delay of 5 min. Study of the effect of these substances on the Ca efflux has shown that norepinephrine and caffeine act probably on the same Ca compartment, while DNP seems to act on a different compartment with a slower exchange rate. The difference between these two pools could be further demonstrated by studying Ca release after loading the tissues with tracer in either K-rich solution or in a solution with reduced [Ca]o. The K depolarization results in an excessive loading of the cells with 45Ca. Exposing these cells during the efflux procedure to a solution containing DNP causes a much larger release of 45Ca than that observed after a loading procedure in normal solution. In contrast, the release of 45Ca elicited in such tissues by norepinephrine or caffeine disappears. This disappearance is due to the prolonged increase of the Ca exchangeability induced by K depolarization. During initial exposure to PSS the increased exchangeability causes an accelerated loss of tracer from the tissue compartment on which norepinephrine and caffeine act, while the DNP sensitive compartment is not affected. It is suggested that noradrenaline and caffeine act on the same calcium pool close to the membrane and that DNP acts mainly on the mitochondria.", "contents": "A study of releasable Ca fractions in smooth muscle cells of the rabbit aorta. The distribution of Ca in the cellular compartment of smooth muscle cells of the rabbit aorta has been studied by analyzing the effect of norepinephrine, caffeine, and DNP on 45Ca exchange and on the pattern of tension development. These three substances increase the release of 45Ca from the tissue, but DNP acts more slowly than norepinephrine or caffeine. Also, the effect of norepinephrine and caffeine on tension development occurs almost immediately, while that of DNP appears only after a delay of 5 min. Study of the effect of these substances on the Ca efflux has shown that norepinephrine and caffeine act probably on the same Ca compartment, while DNP seems to act on a different compartment with a slower exchange rate. The difference between these two pools could be further demonstrated by studying Ca release after loading the tissues with tracer in either K-rich solution or in a solution with reduced [Ca]o. The K depolarization results in an excessive loading of the cells with 45Ca. Exposing these cells during the efflux procedure to a solution containing DNP causes a much larger release of 45Ca than that observed after a loading procedure in normal solution. In contrast, the release of 45Ca elicited in such tissues by norepinephrine or caffeine disappears. This disappearance is due to the prolonged increase of the Ca exchangeability induced by K depolarization. During initial exposure to PSS the increased exchangeability causes an accelerated loss of tracer from the tissue compartment on which norepinephrine and caffeine act, while the DNP sensitive compartment is not affected. It is suggested that noradrenaline and caffeine act on the same calcium pool close to the membrane and that DNP acts mainly on the mitochondria.", "PMID": 856939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11629", "title": "A numerical taxonomic survey of Listeria and related bacteria.", "content": "A numerical taxonomic study was performed on named strains of Listeria, Erysipelothrix, Microbacterium thermosphactum, Lactobacillus, Streptococus, Propionibacterium, Kurthia and some possibly related bacteria using I43 unit characters covering a wide range of properties. The strains fell into six main clusters: (A) Listeria; (B) Microbacterium thermosphactum, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus; (C) Gemella, Erysipelothrix; (D) Kurthia and mainly aerobic corynebacteria; (E) Propionibacterium, Staphylococcus; (F) mainly Cellulomonas. The genus Listeria contained three subgroups corresponding to (I) Listeria monocytogenes, (2) Listeria grayi and (3) non-haemolytic listeria strains. Listeria murrayi did not appear to be sufficiently distinct from Listeria grayi to warrant separate species status. The genus Erysipelothrix was quite separate from the genus Listeria. Microbacterium thermosphactum was related to both the genera Listeria and Lactobacillus but formed a separate phenon that could appropriately be given generic rank. There were four distinct subgroups amongst the streptococci examined. Gemella strains appeared as a distinct phenon related to Erysipelothrix and the streptococci. The lactobacilli grouped into four phena largely corresponding to the subgenera Betabacterium, Streptobacterium and Thermobacterium and to the species Lactobacillus mali. Custers A, B, and C displayed a relatively close association to each other and it is recommended that all be included in the family Lactobacillaceae.", "contents": "A numerical taxonomic survey of Listeria and related bacteria. A numerical taxonomic study was performed on named strains of Listeria, Erysipelothrix, Microbacterium thermosphactum, Lactobacillus, Streptococus, Propionibacterium, Kurthia and some possibly related bacteria using I43 unit characters covering a wide range of properties. The strains fell into six main clusters: (A) Listeria; (B) Microbacterium thermosphactum, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus; (C) Gemella, Erysipelothrix; (D) Kurthia and mainly aerobic corynebacteria; (E) Propionibacterium, Staphylococcus; (F) mainly Cellulomonas. The genus Listeria contained three subgroups corresponding to (I) Listeria monocytogenes, (2) Listeria grayi and (3) non-haemolytic listeria strains. Listeria murrayi did not appear to be sufficiently distinct from Listeria grayi to warrant separate species status. The genus Erysipelothrix was quite separate from the genus Listeria. Microbacterium thermosphactum was related to both the genera Listeria and Lactobacillus but formed a separate phenon that could appropriately be given generic rank. There were four distinct subgroups amongst the streptococci examined. Gemella strains appeared as a distinct phenon related to Erysipelothrix and the streptococci. The lactobacilli grouped into four phena largely corresponding to the subgenera Betabacterium, Streptobacterium and Thermobacterium and to the species Lactobacillus mali. Custers A, B, and C displayed a relatively close association to each other and it is recommended that all be included in the family Lactobacillaceae.", "PMID": 856940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11630", "title": "Chloramphenicol acetylransferase-independent chloramphenicol resistance in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2).", "content": "Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) and S. lividans 66, which lack chloramphenicol acetyltraferase, gave rise to vhloramphenicol-sensitive (CmlS) variants spontaneously at frequencies of 0-5 to 2%. The fertility type of S. coelicolor in respect of the SCPI plasmid (SCPI+, SCPI- or NF) had no effect on chloramphenicol sensitivity or on the frequency at which CmlS variants arose. CmlS isolates spontaneously reverted to CmlR at frequencies one to three orders of magnitude lower than the frequency with which CmlS strains arose from CmlR. CmlR revertants obtained spontaneously from CmlS clones again produced CmlS isolates at the normal frequency of several per cent. Therefore, CmlS and CmlR are reversible phenotypes. In crosses between marked CmlR and CmlS S. coelicolor strains, transfer of chloramphenicol resistance into the sensitive strain apparently occurred independently of chromosomal recombination. Mapping experiments excluded the possibility that segregation of a chromosomal locus determines CmlR versus CmlS phenotype. In crosses between SCPI- strains, fertility was not significantly different in CmlR x CmlS, CmlR x CmlR and CmlS x CmlS combinations. Covalently closed circular DNA from CmlS and CmlR strains of S. coelicolor was indistinguishable in molecular weight and restriction endonuclease cleavage pattern. It is suggested that chloramphenicol resistance in S. coelicolor A3(2)  is affected by some kind of transposable genetic element that may be capable of extra-chromosomal existence.", "contents": "Chloramphenicol acetylransferase-independent chloramphenicol resistance in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) and S. lividans 66, which lack chloramphenicol acetyltraferase, gave rise to vhloramphenicol-sensitive (CmlS) variants spontaneously at frequencies of 0-5 to 2%. The fertility type of S. coelicolor in respect of the SCPI plasmid (SCPI+, SCPI- or NF) had no effect on chloramphenicol sensitivity or on the frequency at which CmlS variants arose. CmlS isolates spontaneously reverted to CmlR at frequencies one to three orders of magnitude lower than the frequency with which CmlS strains arose from CmlR. CmlR revertants obtained spontaneously from CmlS clones again produced CmlS isolates at the normal frequency of several per cent. Therefore, CmlS and CmlR are reversible phenotypes. In crosses between marked CmlR and CmlS S. coelicolor strains, transfer of chloramphenicol resistance into the sensitive strain apparently occurred independently of chromosomal recombination. Mapping experiments excluded the possibility that segregation of a chromosomal locus determines CmlR versus CmlS phenotype. In crosses between SCPI- strains, fertility was not significantly different in CmlR x CmlS, CmlR x CmlR and CmlS x CmlS combinations. Covalently closed circular DNA from CmlS and CmlR strains of S. coelicolor was indistinguishable in molecular weight and restriction endonuclease cleavage pattern. It is suggested that chloramphenicol resistance in S. coelicolor A3(2)  is affected by some kind of transposable genetic element that may be capable of extra-chromosomal existence.", "PMID": 856941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11631", "title": "Relationships between electrophoretic patterns of esterases from Salmonella.", "content": "Esterases of 85strains of the four biochemically-defined subgenera of Salmonella, when analysed by the acrylamide-agarose zymogram technique using several synthetic substrates, gave four principal bands (E1, E2, E3, E4) and two minor ones. The E1 esterase band hydrolysed alphs-naphthyl acetate, whereas the E2 band hydrolysed beta-naphthyl acetate. These bands were resistant to di-isofluoropropyl phosphate (DFP) and their electrophoretic distribution among the strains occurred within a relatively small MF range, MF being the distance moved by the esterase band as a percentage of the distance moved by the dye front. The E3 band hydrolysed alpha-naphthyl acetate and alpha-naphthyl napbuyyrate and, to a lesser degree, beta-naphthyl esters, whereas the E4 band hydrolysed alpha-naphthyl acetate. These bands were sensitive to DFP and their electrophoretic distribution among the strains occurred in a wide MF range. ALL Salmonella strains were closely related in terms of their esterase profiles. However, the divergences in electrophoretic distribution of bands E3 and E4 were sufficient to recognize the subgenera of most of the Salmonella strains analysed.", "contents": "Relationships between electrophoretic patterns of esterases from Salmonella. Esterases of 85strains of the four biochemically-defined subgenera of Salmonella, when analysed by the acrylamide-agarose zymogram technique using several synthetic substrates, gave four principal bands (E1, E2, E3, E4) and two minor ones. The E1 esterase band hydrolysed alphs-naphthyl acetate, whereas the E2 band hydrolysed beta-naphthyl acetate. These bands were resistant to di-isofluoropropyl phosphate (DFP) and their electrophoretic distribution among the strains occurred within a relatively small MF range, MF being the distance moved by the esterase band as a percentage of the distance moved by the dye front. The E3 band hydrolysed alpha-naphthyl acetate and alpha-naphthyl napbuyyrate and, to a lesser degree, beta-naphthyl esters, whereas the E4 band hydrolysed alpha-naphthyl acetate. These bands were sensitive to DFP and their electrophoretic distribution among the strains occurred in a wide MF range. ALL Salmonella strains were closely related in terms of their esterase profiles. However, the divergences in electrophoretic distribution of bands E3 and E4 were sufficient to recognize the subgenera of most of the Salmonella strains analysed.", "PMID": 856942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11632", "title": "Distinctive electrophoretic patterns of Esterases from Levinea malonatica, Levinea amalonatica and Citrobacter.", "content": "Esterases of 42 strains of Levinea malonatica, Levinea amalonatica and Citrobacter were analysed by horizontal slab electrophoresis in polyacrylamide-agarosegel using several synthetic substrates. On the basis of esterase zymograms a distinctive pattern was established for each of the three species. Levinea malonatica was characterized by two major bands: one hydrolysing acetate esters but not butyrate esters; and the other hydrolysing alpha-naphthyl acetate and reacting weakly with alpha-naphthyl butyrate and beta-naphthyl acetate. Levinea amalonatica showed one prominent band that hydrolysed alpha-naphthyl esters and reacter weakly with beta-naphthyl esters. Citrobacter strains showed one major band that hydrolysed alpha-naphthyl esters and appeared slightly more towards beta-naphthyl esters than that of L. amalonatica. Considerable variations in electrophoretic mobility were observed among Citrobacter strains. Levinea amalonatica was less variable. In addition, one minor anodal band reacting with beta-naphthyl acetate was observed in both L. malonatica and Citrobacter. The relative molecular sizes of the major esterase bands were determined by disc electrophoresis with gels of different acrylamide concentrations. The molecular size of the major band of Citrobacter appeared to be smaller than that of the corresponding esterase band of L. amalonatica.", "contents": "Distinctive electrophoretic patterns of Esterases from Levinea malonatica, Levinea amalonatica and Citrobacter. Esterases of 42 strains of Levinea malonatica, Levinea amalonatica and Citrobacter were analysed by horizontal slab electrophoresis in polyacrylamide-agarosegel using several synthetic substrates. On the basis of esterase zymograms a distinctive pattern was established for each of the three species. Levinea malonatica was characterized by two major bands: one hydrolysing acetate esters but not butyrate esters; and the other hydrolysing alpha-naphthyl acetate and reacting weakly with alpha-naphthyl butyrate and beta-naphthyl acetate. Levinea amalonatica showed one prominent band that hydrolysed alpha-naphthyl esters and reacter weakly with beta-naphthyl esters. Citrobacter strains showed one major band that hydrolysed alpha-naphthyl esters and appeared slightly more towards beta-naphthyl esters than that of L. amalonatica. Considerable variations in electrophoretic mobility were observed among Citrobacter strains. Levinea amalonatica was less variable. In addition, one minor anodal band reacting with beta-naphthyl acetate was observed in both L. malonatica and Citrobacter. The relative molecular sizes of the major esterase bands were determined by disc electrophoresis with gels of different acrylamide concentrations. The molecular size of the major band of Citrobacter appeared to be smaller than that of the corresponding esterase band of L. amalonatica.", "PMID": 856943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11633", "title": "A mechanism for the induction and regulation of human fibroblastoid interferon genetic expression.", "content": "Some commonly used inducers such as viruses and double-stranded RNA are known to inhibit cellular protein synthesis. We have now shown that conventional inhibitors of macromolecular synthesis such as cycloheximide, 2-(4-methyl-2, 6-dinitroanilino)-N-methyl propionamide (MDMP) and I-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB) can induce the production of significant amounts of interferon in human fibroblastoid cell lines. The interferon-inducing activity of these inhibitors depends on the concentration as well as the time of treatment with the inhibitors. These findings lead to the suggestion that the induction of human interferon may be mediated by a reduction in the critical concentration of a rapidly turning over repressor(s) which normally represses the interferon gene(s) in uninduced cells.", "contents": "A mechanism for the induction and regulation of human fibroblastoid interferon genetic expression. Some commonly used inducers such as viruses and double-stranded RNA are known to inhibit cellular protein synthesis. We have now shown that conventional inhibitors of macromolecular synthesis such as cycloheximide, 2-(4-methyl-2, 6-dinitroanilino)-N-methyl propionamide (MDMP) and I-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB) can induce the production of significant amounts of interferon in human fibroblastoid cell lines. The interferon-inducing activity of these inhibitors depends on the concentration as well as the time of treatment with the inhibitors. These findings lead to the suggestion that the induction of human interferon may be mediated by a reduction in the critical concentration of a rapidly turning over repressor(s) which normally represses the interferon gene(s) in uninduced cells.", "PMID": 856944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11634", "title": "Sensitivity of macrophages from different species to African swine fever (ASF) virus.", "content": "The swine white blood cells sensitive to African swine fever (ASF) virus are monocytes differentiated in vitro to macrophages. These cells have been characterized by their morphology, phagocytic capacity and the presence of receptors for swine immunoglobulin G in their membranes. ASF virus does not produce any detectable effect on macrophages from humans, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters or rats, whereas ASF virus-infected chicken macrophages show an enhancement of cellular DNA synthesis and an intense cytopathic effect. ASF virus, adapted to grow in VERO cells, produces a strong cytopathic effect in human macrophages leading to cell destruction. This effect is not associated with the synthesis of infectious virus, cellular or virus DNA nor with the formation of detectable virus-related structures.", "contents": "Sensitivity of macrophages from different species to African swine fever (ASF) virus. The swine white blood cells sensitive to African swine fever (ASF) virus are monocytes differentiated in vitro to macrophages. These cells have been characterized by their morphology, phagocytic capacity and the presence of receptors for swine immunoglobulin G in their membranes. ASF virus does not produce any detectable effect on macrophages from humans, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters or rats, whereas ASF virus-infected chicken macrophages show an enhancement of cellular DNA synthesis and an intense cytopathic effect. ASF virus, adapted to grow in VERO cells, produces a strong cytopathic effect in human macrophages leading to cell destruction. This effect is not associated with the synthesis of infectious virus, cellular or virus DNA nor with the formation of detectable virus-related structures.", "PMID": 856945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11635", "title": "Relationships between sons' feelings of being understood by their fathers and measures of the sons' psychological functioning.", "content": "Factor analysis of a questionnaire designed to measure a son's feeling of being understood by his father is reported. The questionnaire, which contained 12 paragraphs each purporting to be an aspect of the son's feeling of being understood by his father, was administered in small groups to a sample of 413 male college students along with three indices of son's level of general functioning--a self-concept scale, a somatic complaints inventory, and the degree of help-seeking behavior. Five interpretable factors were extracted from the data. The meaningfulness of the factors was substantiated by their significant correlations with certain of the other measures administered to the sample. Three of the factors were correlated positively (p less than .01) with Ss' self-concept, while two were correlated negatively (p less than .01) with the number of somatic complaints by the Ss'.", "contents": "Relationships between sons' feelings of being understood by their fathers and measures of the sons' psychological functioning. Factor analysis of a questionnaire designed to measure a son's feeling of being understood by his father is reported. The questionnaire, which contained 12 paragraphs each purporting to be an aspect of the son's feeling of being understood by his father, was administered in small groups to a sample of 413 male college students along with three indices of son's level of general functioning--a self-concept scale, a somatic complaints inventory, and the degree of help-seeking behavior. Five interpretable factors were extracted from the data. The meaningfulness of the factors was substantiated by their significant correlations with certain of the other measures administered to the sample. Three of the factors were correlated positively (p less than .01) with Ss' self-concept, while two were correlated negatively (p less than .01) with the number of somatic complaints by the Ss'.", "PMID": 856946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11636", "title": "Primitive nervous systems: peripheral habituation in decerebrate polyclad flatworms.", "content": "The response to a vibration stimulus recorded from the cords of the ventral submuscular plexus of the polyclad flatworm, Notoplana acticola, consists of a burst of action potentials. The response can be abolished by the application of MgCl2 to the sea water bathing the preparation. With repeated application of the stimulus, decreasing numbers of action potentials can be measured. This waning responsiveness can be dishabituated by applying a more intense vibration stimulus or with electrical shocks applied directly to the ventral nerve plexus. With electrical stimuli a number of shocks have to be applied before the response can be dishabituated. Changes in responsiveness can be measured simultaneously in a number of sites in the plexus even after the nerves between recording sites have been served. With different interstimulus intervals the extent of habituation changesmas interstimulus intervals increase from 1 to 5 sec, there appears to be a decrease in responsiveness which recovers when interstimulus intervals become longer than 5 sec.", "contents": "Primitive nervous systems: peripheral habituation in decerebrate polyclad flatworms. The response to a vibration stimulus recorded from the cords of the ventral submuscular plexus of the polyclad flatworm, Notoplana acticola, consists of a burst of action potentials. The response can be abolished by the application of MgCl2 to the sea water bathing the preparation. With repeated application of the stimulus, decreasing numbers of action potentials can be measured. This waning responsiveness can be dishabituated by applying a more intense vibration stimulus or with electrical shocks applied directly to the ventral nerve plexus. With electrical stimuli a number of shocks have to be applied before the response can be dishabituated. Changes in responsiveness can be measured simultaneously in a number of sites in the plexus even after the nerves between recording sites have been served. With different interstimulus intervals the extent of habituation changesmas interstimulus intervals increase from 1 to 5 sec, there appears to be a decrease in responsiveness which recovers when interstimulus intervals become longer than 5 sec.", "PMID": 856947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11637", "title": "Functional development in the Mauthner cell system of embryos and larvae of the zebra fish.", "content": "In the embryonic zebra fish as early as 40 hr after fertilization, the Mauthner cells (M-cells) initiate an escape response, elicited by tactile-vibrational stimulation. The initial part of this behavior is similar to the acoustic startle reflex seen during the larval stage which begins at 96 hr. The embryonic response is directional and is followed by a series of strong tail flexures which are more pronounced than those during swimming. In the embryo the M-cell fired at the beginning of the response and rarely fired again during subsequent contractions; in our experiments the M-cell did not mediate iterative movements of the tail. The M-cell system is probably involved in evoked hatching behavior, as the tactile response is sufficient to rupture the egg membrane and allow the animal to escape. The M-cell sometimes fired spontaneously, which suggests that it might function also in spontaneous hatching behavior which occurs in the absence of phasic stimulation. At 48 hr the M-cell has morphologically mature synapses on its soma and dendrites, but its cytoplasm is relatively undifferentiated; it has few oriented neurofilaments and no distinct axon hillock. During these stages the extracellular M-spike is longer in duration and smaller in amplitude than at later times when the cell is more mature morphologically. Our data suggest that long-term inhibitory control of the M-cell system begins to function at about the time of hatching. At this time the cell is morphologically mature and is richly supplied with synaptic endings over its soma and dendrites.", "contents": "Functional development in the Mauthner cell system of embryos and larvae of the zebra fish. In the embryonic zebra fish as early as 40 hr after fertilization, the Mauthner cells (M-cells) initiate an escape response, elicited by tactile-vibrational stimulation. The initial part of this behavior is similar to the acoustic startle reflex seen during the larval stage which begins at 96 hr. The embryonic response is directional and is followed by a series of strong tail flexures which are more pronounced than those during swimming. In the embryo the M-cell fired at the beginning of the response and rarely fired again during subsequent contractions; in our experiments the M-cell did not mediate iterative movements of the tail. The M-cell system is probably involved in evoked hatching behavior, as the tactile response is sufficient to rupture the egg membrane and allow the animal to escape. The M-cell sometimes fired spontaneously, which suggests that it might function also in spontaneous hatching behavior which occurs in the absence of phasic stimulation. At 48 hr the M-cell has morphologically mature synapses on its soma and dendrites, but its cytoplasm is relatively undifferentiated; it has few oriented neurofilaments and no distinct axon hillock. During these stages the extracellular M-spike is longer in duration and smaller in amplitude than at later times when the cell is more mature morphologically. Our data suggest that long-term inhibitory control of the M-cell system begins to function at about the time of hatching. At this time the cell is morphologically mature and is richly supplied with synaptic endings over its soma and dendrites.", "PMID": 856948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11638", "title": "The organization of the outer plexiform layer in the retina of the cat: electron microscopic observations.", "content": "The outer plexiform layer of the cat retina has been examined by electron microscopy of random and serial ultrathin sections in order that neural profiles might be positively identified and their synaptic relationships studied. Photoreceptors are interconnected by means of gap junctions as are the A horizontal cells. B horizontal cells and axon terminals do not appear to be engaged in any synapses apart from those with photoreceptors, while A horizontal cells make rare 'junctions' with cone bipolars only. Interplexiform cell processes probably account for all the conventional chemical synapses in the outer plexiform layer of cat retina.", "contents": "The organization of the outer plexiform layer in the retina of the cat: electron microscopic observations. The outer plexiform layer of the cat retina has been examined by electron microscopy of random and serial ultrathin sections in order that neural profiles might be positively identified and their synaptic relationships studied. Photoreceptors are interconnected by means of gap junctions as are the A horizontal cells. B horizontal cells and axon terminals do not appear to be engaged in any synapses apart from those with photoreceptors, while A horizontal cells make rare 'junctions' with cone bipolars only. Interplexiform cell processes probably account for all the conventional chemical synapses in the outer plexiform layer of cat retina.", "PMID": 856949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11639", "title": "Ultrastructure and synaptology of the initial axon segment of cat spinal motoneurons during early postnatal development.", "content": "The initial axon segment (IS) of spinal alpha-motoneurons has been studied in single and serial sections during the first three postnatal weeks in the cat. It was found that boutons of different ultrastructural types made synaptic contact with the IS during the first postnatal week but during the second postnatal week the boutons disappeared. The diameter of the IS was not observed to change from the first to the second postnatal week but a significant increase was noted from the second to the third week. The length and general ultrastructural appearance of the IS did not change significantly over the postnatal period studied. The results are discussed in relation to some aspects of the functional development of spinal motoneurons during the early postnatal period.", "contents": "Ultrastructure and synaptology of the initial axon segment of cat spinal motoneurons during early postnatal development. The initial axon segment (IS) of spinal alpha-motoneurons has been studied in single and serial sections during the first three postnatal weeks in the cat. It was found that boutons of different ultrastructural types made synaptic contact with the IS during the first postnatal week but during the second postnatal week the boutons disappeared. The diameter of the IS was not observed to change from the first to the second postnatal week but a significant increase was noted from the second to the third week. The length and general ultrastructural appearance of the IS did not change significantly over the postnatal period studied. The results are discussed in relation to some aspects of the functional development of spinal motoneurons during the early postnatal period.", "PMID": 856950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11640", "title": "Long-lasting morphological changes in dendritic spines of dentate granular cells following stimulation of the entorhinal area.", "content": "Stimulation of the perforant path induces a long-lasting increase in the area of dendritic spines, which are sites of termination of the stimulated pathway in the distal third of the dentate molecular layer. No enlarged spines were found in the proximal third of the dentate molecular layer, where the commissural afferents terminate. Following a single tetanic stimulus of 30 sec duration at 30/sec, spines became significantly larger by 15%, 38%, 35% and 23% within poststimulation intervals of 2-6 min, 10-60 min, 4-8 h, and 23 h, respectively. Axon terminals decreased their area by 15% within the 2-6 min interval and the vesicle density was decreased by 19% within the 10-60 min interval. Both changes were reversible and terminals resumed their prestimulation condition at longer intervals (greater than 4 h). The initial enlargement of spines was interpreted as being due to a glutamate-induced increase in the sodium permeability of the spine membrane, whereas for the long-lasting enlargement an increase in protein synthesis was postulated. The long-lasting enlargement of dendritic spines in the dentate molecular layer following a short train of stimuli delivered to the perforant path, supports the postulate which links such a change to the mechanism of long-lasting postactivation potentiation observed in this pathway.", "contents": "Long-lasting morphological changes in dendritic spines of dentate granular cells following stimulation of the entorhinal area. Stimulation of the perforant path induces a long-lasting increase in the area of dendritic spines, which are sites of termination of the stimulated pathway in the distal third of the dentate molecular layer. No enlarged spines were found in the proximal third of the dentate molecular layer, where the commissural afferents terminate. Following a single tetanic stimulus of 30 sec duration at 30/sec, spines became significantly larger by 15%, 38%, 35% and 23% within poststimulation intervals of 2-6 min, 10-60 min, 4-8 h, and 23 h, respectively. Axon terminals decreased their area by 15% within the 2-6 min interval and the vesicle density was decreased by 19% within the 10-60 min interval. Both changes were reversible and terminals resumed their prestimulation condition at longer intervals (greater than 4 h). The initial enlargement of spines was interpreted as being due to a glutamate-induced increase in the sodium permeability of the spine membrane, whereas for the long-lasting enlargement an increase in protein synthesis was postulated. The long-lasting enlargement of dendritic spines in the dentate molecular layer following a short train of stimuli delivered to the perforant path, supports the postulate which links such a change to the mechanism of long-lasting postactivation potentiation observed in this pathway.", "PMID": 856951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11641", "title": "Lack of evidence for glial cells originating from the external granular layer in mouse cerebellum.", "content": "In 25 day mice cerebella, a quantitative electron microscopic analysis showed that glial cells were not seen among 749 cells counted in the molecular layer. Likewise, a light microscopic autoradiographic study showed that labelled oligodendroglia and/or astroglia in the cerebellum were not derived from the external granular layer (EGL). Previous claims, that these cells derived from the EGL, may have arisen because other cell types, i.e., endothelial cells, pericytes, microglia, and other ectopic granule cells may have been misidentified as oligodendroglia and/or astroglia. It seems likely that the EGL is a unique germinal cell layer in the mammalian nervous system because it gives rise only to neurons, whereas cerebellar astrocytes and oligodendrocytes are derived from the subventricular layer of the fourth ventricle, as first suggested by Cajal in 1911.", "contents": "Lack of evidence for glial cells originating from the external granular layer in mouse cerebellum. In 25 day mice cerebella, a quantitative electron microscopic analysis showed that glial cells were not seen among 749 cells counted in the molecular layer. Likewise, a light microscopic autoradiographic study showed that labelled oligodendroglia and/or astroglia in the cerebellum were not derived from the external granular layer (EGL). Previous claims, that these cells derived from the EGL, may have arisen because other cell types, i.e., endothelial cells, pericytes, microglia, and other ectopic granule cells may have been misidentified as oligodendroglia and/or astroglia. It seems likely that the EGL is a unique germinal cell layer in the mammalian nervous system because it gives rise only to neurons, whereas cerebellar astrocytes and oligodendrocytes are derived from the subventricular layer of the fourth ventricle, as first suggested by Cajal in 1911.", "PMID": 856952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11642", "title": "Challenges to preventive medicine in the last quarter of the 20th century.", "content": "The challenges to preventive medicine in the next quarter century are as great as the opportunities they present. As a first step we need to agree that, despite the importance of improving medical care, our first priority must be the prevention of illness. On this basis we should proceed to formulate specific goals and means to achieve those goals. This task seems reasonably divisible into two categories: (1) the application of existing knowledge and the evaluation of those applications; and (2) the needs for new knowledge and new programs.", "contents": "Challenges to preventive medicine in the last quarter of the 20th century. The challenges to preventive medicine in the next quarter century are as great as the opportunities they present. As a first step we need to agree that, despite the importance of improving medical care, our first priority must be the prevention of illness. On this basis we should proceed to formulate specific goals and means to achieve those goals. This task seems reasonably divisible into two categories: (1) the application of existing knowledge and the evaluation of those applications; and (2) the needs for new knowledge and new programs.", "PMID": 856953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11643", "title": "Mortality and industrial employment. II. Industries with high mortality among young workers based on a social security sample.", "content": "Goldsmith and Hirschberg have published a preliminary report on mortality among a sample of social security recipients employed in 1965 and whose mortality experience was available through 1972. Among white males, but not among blacks or white females, mortality was higher among those age 16-20 in 1965 than among those 21-25. Among the industrial populations tabulated, young workers showed in a few cases significantly elevated standard mortality ratios, even when overall mortality was not increased. Accordingly, we have examined mortality for 1960-72 for those employed in 1960 for all the industrial groups (two digit SIC codes) to look for industries in which young workers have high mortality. Only those industries have been considered in which observed deaths at ages 11-30 (in 1960) exceed 10 and population at risk exceeds 200. Young workers appear to have significantly elevated mortality in: agricultural production (white males), metal mining (white males), real estate (white males), military and reserves (white males), miscellaneous business services (white females), and eating and drinking establishments (white females). For such industries, preventive measures should be considered.", "contents": "Mortality and industrial employment. II. Industries with high mortality among young workers based on a social security sample. Goldsmith and Hirschberg have published a preliminary report on mortality among a sample of social security recipients employed in 1965 and whose mortality experience was available through 1972. Among white males, but not among blacks or white females, mortality was higher among those age 16-20 in 1965 than among those 21-25. Among the industrial populations tabulated, young workers showed in a few cases significantly elevated standard mortality ratios, even when overall mortality was not increased. Accordingly, we have examined mortality for 1960-72 for those employed in 1960 for all the industrial groups (two digit SIC codes) to look for industries in which young workers have high mortality. Only those industries have been considered in which observed deaths at ages 11-30 (in 1960) exceed 10 and population at risk exceeds 200. Young workers appear to have significantly elevated mortality in: agricultural production (white males), metal mining (white males), real estate (white males), military and reserves (white males), miscellaneous business services (white females), and eating and drinking establishments (white females). For such industries, preventive measures should be considered.", "PMID": 856954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11644", "title": "The responsibility to report occupational health risks.", "content": "The physician is ethically obligated to improve medical knowledge and to transmit those improvements to colleagues. Some occupational physicians are restricted from such professional communication by their employers, and some of these potential communications have major significance in other fields of medicine. For example, the failure to report the cardiovascular toxic manifestations of aliphatic nitrates in explosives and munitions workers involved a number of large U.S. corporations over a period of several decades. Most occupational physicians feel a strong obligation to their corporate employers which poses a dilemma shared by salaried physicians in academic and governmental careers. The solution to the occupational medical communication problem will be materially aided by the recent promulgation of a set of ethical principles for occupational physicians, and would be further advanced by the development of a review process for complaints and by the initiation of a public censure procedure for corporations which do not permit their physicians the opportunity to practice ethically.", "contents": "The responsibility to report occupational health risks. The physician is ethically obligated to improve medical knowledge and to transmit those improvements to colleagues. Some occupational physicians are restricted from such professional communication by their employers, and some of these potential communications have major significance in other fields of medicine. For example, the failure to report the cardiovascular toxic manifestations of aliphatic nitrates in explosives and munitions workers involved a number of large U.S. corporations over a period of several decades. Most occupational physicians feel a strong obligation to their corporate employers which poses a dilemma shared by salaried physicians in academic and governmental careers. The solution to the occupational medical communication problem will be materially aided by the recent promulgation of a set of ethical principles for occupational physicians, and would be further advanced by the development of a review process for complaints and by the initiation of a public censure procedure for corporations which do not permit their physicians the opportunity to practice ethically.", "PMID": 856955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11645", "title": "Rapid prenatal diagnosis of the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.", "content": "Autoradiographic demonstration of 3H-hypoxanthine incorporation in small numbers of amniotic fluid cells cultured on coverslips is a rapid and practical technique in the prenatal diagnosis of the Lesch-Nyhan mutation. An affected male fetus, a normal male fetus, and a heterozygous female fetus were identified within 14 days after amniocentesis in three pregancies at risk for the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.", "contents": "Rapid prenatal diagnosis of the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Autoradiographic demonstration of 3H-hypoxanthine incorporation in small numbers of amniotic fluid cells cultured on coverslips is a rapid and practical technique in the prenatal diagnosis of the Lesch-Nyhan mutation. An affected male fetus, a normal male fetus, and a heterozygous female fetus were identified within 14 days after amniocentesis in three pregancies at risk for the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.", "PMID": 856956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11646", "title": "Reproductive ability of an adult female with Silver-Russell syndrome.", "content": "An adult female with typical features of Silver-Russell dwarfism gave birth to a viable infant. Despite the abnormalities in sexual development that may be associated with the Silver-Russell syndrome, fertility is not necessarily impaired, at least in females. The growth and development of children with the Silver-Russell syndrome have been studied (Silver, 1964; Tanner et al., 1975). There is, however, virtually no information available about adult patients with this syndrome. It is known that both male and female Silver-Russell dwarfs develop secondary sexual characteristics (Rimoin, 1969; McDowell and Sproles, 1973) but fertility of these patients has not been described previously.", "contents": "Reproductive ability of an adult female with Silver-Russell syndrome. An adult female with typical features of Silver-Russell dwarfism gave birth to a viable infant. Despite the abnormalities in sexual development that may be associated with the Silver-Russell syndrome, fertility is not necessarily impaired, at least in females. The growth and development of children with the Silver-Russell syndrome have been studied (Silver, 1964; Tanner et al., 1975). There is, however, virtually no information available about adult patients with this syndrome. It is known that both male and female Silver-Russell dwarfs develop secondary sexual characteristics (Rimoin, 1969; McDowell and Sproles, 1973) but fertility of these patients has not been described previously.", "PMID": 856957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11647", "title": "Autosomal recessive hydrotic ectodermal dysplasia.", "content": "First cousins, a male and a female, with a new type of hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia are described. They were each the result of first cousin marriage from the Egyptian Karaite community. They both had partial adontia, conical peg-shaped teeth, fine hair that did not grow long, normal sweating, eversion of lips, and pronounced facial similarity. The male had cleft lip on the right side while the female had a branchial cyst on the left side of the neck. The parents of both the cases were completely normal. The patients had distinct clinical similarity to the condition described by Witkop (1965) as 'Autosomal dominant dysplasia of nails and hypodontia' but the nails were less affected and the mode of inheritance was completely different.", "contents": "Autosomal recessive hydrotic ectodermal dysplasia. First cousins, a male and a female, with a new type of hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia are described. They were each the result of first cousin marriage from the Egyptian Karaite community. They both had partial adontia, conical peg-shaped teeth, fine hair that did not grow long, normal sweating, eversion of lips, and pronounced facial similarity. The male had cleft lip on the right side while the female had a branchial cyst on the left side of the neck. The parents of both the cases were completely normal. The patients had distinct clinical similarity to the condition described by Witkop (1965) as 'Autosomal dominant dysplasia of nails and hypodontia' but the nails were less affected and the mode of inheritance was completely different.", "PMID": 856958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11648", "title": "Occurrence of childhood cancers among sibs and estimation of familial risks.", "content": "An analysis which includes the majority of the cases of childhood cancer occurring in Britain over a period of about 20 years suggests that there is a small familial element in the aetiology of these diseases; aggregations within sibships were observed more frequently than would be expected by chance. Possible explanations of these findings are considered. Some, perhaps many, of the cases within such sibships may be due to associations between malignant disease and various genetically determined conditions at a suclinical level or in the heterozygous state. Alternatively, the observed familial aggregations may be attributable to the fact that sibs share a common environment. Childhood cancer in twins is discussed and findings compared with those from the United States. Attention is drawn to a number of interesting combinations of tumours in sibs, particularly brain tumours and bone cancers. The implications of the findings for genetic counselling are discussed; it is emphasized that, though there appears to be an increased risk that sibs of children with malignant disease will also be affected by such diseases, this amounts overall only to a doubling of the general population risk. Whether or not the explanation is a genetic one, the actual magnitude of the risk for such sibs is only about 1 in 300.", "contents": "Occurrence of childhood cancers among sibs and estimation of familial risks. An analysis which includes the majority of the cases of childhood cancer occurring in Britain over a period of about 20 years suggests that there is a small familial element in the aetiology of these diseases; aggregations within sibships were observed more frequently than would be expected by chance. Possible explanations of these findings are considered. Some, perhaps many, of the cases within such sibships may be due to associations between malignant disease and various genetically determined conditions at a suclinical level or in the heterozygous state. Alternatively, the observed familial aggregations may be attributable to the fact that sibs share a common environment. Childhood cancer in twins is discussed and findings compared with those from the United States. Attention is drawn to a number of interesting combinations of tumours in sibs, particularly brain tumours and bone cancers. The implications of the findings for genetic counselling are discussed; it is emphasized that, though there appears to be an increased risk that sibs of children with malignant disease will also be affected by such diseases, this amounts overall only to a doubling of the general population risk. Whether or not the explanation is a genetic one, the actual magnitude of the risk for such sibs is only about 1 in 300.", "PMID": 856959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11649", "title": "Further evidence for a racial difference in frequency of ABO hemolytic disease.", "content": "The results of a Coombs test on each infant, age of onset of jaundice, and of maximum recorded serum indirect bilirubin concentration were statisically analyzed on 2,428 consecutive newborn infants who were Rh compatible with their mothers and who weighed 2.5 kg or more. The incidence of ABO isoimmune hemolytic disease was estimated by subtracting the frequency of each of these observations in ABO compatible infants from the corresponding frequency in ABO incompatible infants. This subtraction decreased the contribution of extraneous causes for jaundice and a positive Coombs reaction. As expected, these signs of hemolytic disease were found more often in ABO incompatible infants than in compatible infants. Whether detected by a positive Coombs reaction, jaundice in the first 24 hours, serum bilirubin concentrations over 10 mg/dl, or any combination thereof, the incidence of ABO disease was much higher in black neonates than in white ones. These findings indicate that early discharge of newborn infants from the hospital should not be authorized without specific assessments, especially when the infant is ABO incompatible and black.", "contents": "Further evidence for a racial difference in frequency of ABO hemolytic disease. The results of a Coombs test on each infant, age of onset of jaundice, and of maximum recorded serum indirect bilirubin concentration were statisically analyzed on 2,428 consecutive newborn infants who were Rh compatible with their mothers and who weighed 2.5 kg or more. The incidence of ABO isoimmune hemolytic disease was estimated by subtracting the frequency of each of these observations in ABO compatible infants from the corresponding frequency in ABO incompatible infants. This subtraction decreased the contribution of extraneous causes for jaundice and a positive Coombs reaction. As expected, these signs of hemolytic disease were found more often in ABO incompatible infants than in compatible infants. Whether detected by a positive Coombs reaction, jaundice in the first 24 hours, serum bilirubin concentrations over 10 mg/dl, or any combination thereof, the incidence of ABO disease was much higher in black neonates than in white ones. These findings indicate that early discharge of newborn infants from the hospital should not be authorized without specific assessments, especially when the infant is ABO incompatible and black.", "PMID": 856960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11650", "title": "Morbidity in breast-fed and artificially fed infants.", "content": "One-half of the healthy newborn infants at a rural medical center were initially breast fed; the proportion declined to 4% by one year of age. Breast-feeding was associated with significantly less illnes during the first year, especially if continued beyond 41/2 months of age. Breat-fedding was associated with a higher level of parental education and, by inference, higher socioeconomic status. The health advantage of breast-feeding was still evident after controlling for parental educational status. In better educated families the difference in significant illness between infants who were artifically fed and those who were breast fed for prolonged periods of time was two- to threefold.", "contents": "Morbidity in breast-fed and artificially fed infants. One-half of the healthy newborn infants at a rural medical center were initially breast fed; the proportion declined to 4% by one year of age. Breast-feeding was associated with significantly less illnes during the first year, especially if continued beyond 41/2 months of age. Breat-fedding was associated with a higher level of parental education and, by inference, higher socioeconomic status. The health advantage of breast-feeding was still evident after controlling for parental educational status. In better educated families the difference in significant illness between infants who were artifically fed and those who were breast fed for prolonged periods of time was two- to threefold.", "PMID": 856961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11651", "title": "Serum bile acid patterns in neonatal hepatitis and extrahepatic biliary atresia.", "content": "Serum bile acid patterns were determined in 31 infants ranging in age from 4 days to 24 weeks. Fifteen infants with extrahepatic biliary atresia had a mean concentration of serum bile acids of 90 microng/ml +/- 47 SD;; 16 infants with neonatal hepatitis had a mean concentration of 60 +/- 35.5 SD. The chenodeoxycholate/cholate ratio was greater than one in 13 infants (87%) with atresia and in 10 infants (66%) with neonatal hepatitis. Except for the tendency of a higher total concentration of serum bile acids in infants with atresia, a single serum bile acid value does not differentiate neonatal hepatitis from extrahepatic biliary atresia. The high proportion of chenodeoxycholate in extrahepatic atresia is different from the pattern in other types of cholestatic disease and may reflect an underlying hepatitis.", "contents": "Serum bile acid patterns in neonatal hepatitis and extrahepatic biliary atresia. Serum bile acid patterns were determined in 31 infants ranging in age from 4 days to 24 weeks. Fifteen infants with extrahepatic biliary atresia had a mean concentration of serum bile acids of 90 microng/ml +/- 47 SD;; 16 infants with neonatal hepatitis had a mean concentration of 60 +/- 35.5 SD. The chenodeoxycholate/cholate ratio was greater than one in 13 infants (87%) with atresia and in 10 infants (66%) with neonatal hepatitis. Except for the tendency of a higher total concentration of serum bile acids in infants with atresia, a single serum bile acid value does not differentiate neonatal hepatitis from extrahepatic biliary atresia. The high proportion of chenodeoxycholate in extrahepatic atresia is different from the pattern in other types of cholestatic disease and may reflect an underlying hepatitis.", "PMID": 856962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11652", "title": "Glutaric aciduria: biochemical and morphologic considerations.", "content": "Biochemical and morphologic studies on a patient with glutaric aciduria are presented. Generalized aminoaciduria, alpha-aminoadipic aciduria, and saccharopinuria were noted just prior to death, as well as glutaconic aciduria greater than beta-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. Mutant liver mitochondria did not oxidize glutaryl-CoA to glutaconyl-CoA, indicating deficiency of glytaryl-CoA dehydrogenase. Autopsy revealed cerebral edema, ischemic neuronal changes, and striatal degeneration in the brain with fatty changes in liver, kidney, and myocardium.", "contents": "Glutaric aciduria: biochemical and morphologic considerations. Biochemical and morphologic studies on a patient with glutaric aciduria are presented. Generalized aminoaciduria, alpha-aminoadipic aciduria, and saccharopinuria were noted just prior to death, as well as glutaconic aciduria greater than beta-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. Mutant liver mitochondria did not oxidize glutaryl-CoA to glutaconyl-CoA, indicating deficiency of glytaryl-CoA dehydrogenase. Autopsy revealed cerebral edema, ischemic neuronal changes, and striatal degeneration in the brain with fatty changes in liver, kidney, and myocardium.", "PMID": 856963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11653", "title": "Timed urinary gonadotropin measurements in normal infants, children, and adults, and in patients with disorders of sexual maturation.", "content": "Timed urine collections-mostly over a three-hour period-were obtained from 58 newborn, 68 prepubertal children, 27 adolescents, and 51 adults. For comparison, similar samples were collected from 69 patients with presumptive abnormalities of sexual maturation. Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone were extracted by acetone precipitation and measured by radioimmunossay. Adult nem and women excreted approximately 11 times as much FSH and 33 times as much LH as perpubertal children. Elevated and/or diminished excretory values of gonadotropins were associated with appropriate diagnoses of abnormal pubertal advance or delay. Timed urinary FSH and LH measurements can provide a simple, sensitive, and accurate test of gonadotropin function in children.", "contents": "Timed urinary gonadotropin measurements in normal infants, children, and adults, and in patients with disorders of sexual maturation. Timed urine collections-mostly over a three-hour period-were obtained from 58 newborn, 68 prepubertal children, 27 adolescents, and 51 adults. For comparison, similar samples were collected from 69 patients with presumptive abnormalities of sexual maturation. Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone were extracted by acetone precipitation and measured by radioimmunossay. Adult nem and women excreted approximately 11 times as much FSH and 33 times as much LH as perpubertal children. Elevated and/or diminished excretory values of gonadotropins were associated with appropriate diagnoses of abnormal pubertal advance or delay. Timed urinary FSH and LH measurements can provide a simple, sensitive, and accurate test of gonadotropin function in children.", "PMID": 856964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11654", "title": "Theophylline poisoning.", "content": "Three cases of theophylline poisoning in young children, two of which occurred after erroneous administration of commonly prescribed pediatric drugs, are presented. The possible association of hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis with severe theophylline toxicity is discussed. Serial serum theophylline levels and half-life determinations for two patients suggest that, although serum half-lives (8.5 hours and 9.0 hours) may be slightly longer than average, drug disappearance followed first order kinetics even at extremely high erum theophylline levels.", "contents": "Theophylline poisoning. Three cases of theophylline poisoning in young children, two of which occurred after erroneous administration of commonly prescribed pediatric drugs, are presented. The possible association of hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis with severe theophylline toxicity is discussed. Serial serum theophylline levels and half-life determinations for two patients suggest that, although serum half-lives (8.5 hours and 9.0 hours) may be slightly longer than average, drug disappearance followed first order kinetics even at extremely high erum theophylline levels.", "PMID": 856965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11655", "title": "Self-disclosure as a function of self-concept and sex.", "content": "It was hypothesized that the amount of self-disclosure occurring in a dyadic interaction would be a function of the level of self-concept and the sex of the subjects, with high self-concept subjects and females disclosing more than low self-concept subjects and males. Two hundred and ten subject (105 females and 105 males) were measured for level of self-concept and then paired so that every possible combination of high, medium, and low self-concept subject paired with a partner of high, medium, or low self-concept, and a partner of the same or opposite sex, occurred. The amount of self-disclosure that occurred in the dyadic interaction was measured. It was found that self-concept was significantly related to the amount of self-disclosure. High self-concept subjects were more responsive to the level of self-concept of their partners than were other subjects. There was no relationship between the sex of the subject and the amount of self-disclosure.", "contents": "Self-disclosure as a function of self-concept and sex. It was hypothesized that the amount of self-disclosure occurring in a dyadic interaction would be a function of the level of self-concept and the sex of the subjects, with high self-concept subjects and females disclosing more than low self-concept subjects and males. Two hundred and ten subject (105 females and 105 males) were measured for level of self-concept and then paired so that every possible combination of high, medium, and low self-concept subject paired with a partner of high, medium, or low self-concept, and a partner of the same or opposite sex, occurred. The amount of self-disclosure that occurred in the dyadic interaction was measured. It was found that self-concept was significantly related to the amount of self-disclosure. High self-concept subjects were more responsive to the level of self-concept of their partners than were other subjects. There was no relationship between the sex of the subject and the amount of self-disclosure.", "PMID": 856966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11656", "title": "Temperament in early childhood.", "content": "The structure of temperament proposed by the New York Longitudinal Study (NYLS) of Thomas and collaborators (1963, 1968) was compared to Buss and Plomin's (1975) EASI temperament theory. An objective inventory was developed for the NYLS temperaments. Mothers rated 182 children on both NYLS and EASI temperaments. Only two of the nine NYLS dimensions, attention span-persistence and distractibility, were supported by factor analysis. The four EASI dimensions (emotionality, activity, sociability, and impulsivity) were replicated. A similar sociability factor emerged from both the NYLS and EASI systems, but other temperaments were unique. The NYLS and EASI systems were merged to form the Colorado Childhood Temperament Inventory, a parental rating instrument for children 1-6 years of age.", "contents": "Temperament in early childhood. The structure of temperament proposed by the New York Longitudinal Study (NYLS) of Thomas and collaborators (1963, 1968) was compared to Buss and Plomin's (1975) EASI temperament theory. An objective inventory was developed for the NYLS temperaments. Mothers rated 182 children on both NYLS and EASI temperaments. Only two of the nine NYLS dimensions, attention span-persistence and distractibility, were supported by factor analysis. The four EASI dimensions (emotionality, activity, sociability, and impulsivity) were replicated. A similar sociability factor emerged from both the NYLS and EASI systems, but other temperaments were unique. The NYLS and EASI systems were merged to form the Colorado Childhood Temperament Inventory, a parental rating instrument for children 1-6 years of age.", "PMID": 856967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11657", "title": "Development and standardization of instruments measuring four aspects of sex-roles in primary grade children.", "content": "Two instruments were developed and standardized on first-, second-, and third-grade boys and girls. The Toy Preference Test (TPT) measures sex-role preference, and/or Stereotypic Sex-Role Concepts of masculinity (SRCm) and femininity (SRCf), depending upon the instructions used for administration. The Rating Scale for Children (RSC) taps sex-role adoption. Subjects were at least third generation U.S. citizens from intact middle-class, Caucasian families. Mean scores for boys and girls were compared and retest reliability coefficients calculated by grade level. The RSC was highly reliable and differentiated sex-role adoption at all grade levels. Similarly, the TPT differentiated the sexes regarding sex-role preference at all grade levels but was reliable for only one sex at each grade level. Boys and girls did not significantly differ in stereotypic sex-role concepts on either the SRCm or SRCf. Reliability coefficients were significant except for the third-grade girls on SRCm, and second-grade boys on SRCf. Patterns of intertest correlations were computed and discussed.", "contents": "Development and standardization of instruments measuring four aspects of sex-roles in primary grade children. Two instruments were developed and standardized on first-, second-, and third-grade boys and girls. The Toy Preference Test (TPT) measures sex-role preference, and/or Stereotypic Sex-Role Concepts of masculinity (SRCm) and femininity (SRCf), depending upon the instructions used for administration. The Rating Scale for Children (RSC) taps sex-role adoption. Subjects were at least third generation U.S. citizens from intact middle-class, Caucasian families. Mean scores for boys and girls were compared and retest reliability coefficients calculated by grade level. The RSC was highly reliable and differentiated sex-role adoption at all grade levels. Similarly, the TPT differentiated the sexes regarding sex-role preference at all grade levels but was reliable for only one sex at each grade level. Boys and girls did not significantly differ in stereotypic sex-role concepts on either the SRCm or SRCf. Reliability coefficients were significant except for the third-grade girls on SRCm, and second-grade boys on SRCf. Patterns of intertest correlations were computed and discussed.", "PMID": 856968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11658", "title": "Sustained-release hormonal preparations XV: release of progesterone from cholesterol pellets in vivo.", "content": "Progesterone-sterol pellets were made that porvided a zero-order release of progesterone for 80 days. 4-(14)C-Progesterone was used to measure the release in vitro and in vivo. The dissolution rate in vitro (distilled water as the desorbing medium) for progesterone-cholesterol (59:41 w/w) and the progesterone-beta-sitosterol (47:53 w/w) pellets was 72 microng/100 mm2/24 hr. The average in vivo absorption from subcutaneously implanted pellets in rabbits was 2 +/- 0.1 microng/ml of plasma/cm2 of surface area. Of this amount, 20-25% was progesterone; the remainder was progesterone metabolites and conjugates. Zero-order release (plasma levels) was obtained for approximately 80 days or until about 70% of the available progesterone was exhausted. During this time, the level of excreted radioactivity in urine continuously decreased, indicating that monitoring only this parameter would lead to erroneous conclusions. A long-term effect and increased effectiveness were obtained with a 5-20-mg progesterone equivalent dose, using gel prepared from 2% methylcellulose as the suspending medium.", "contents": "Sustained-release hormonal preparations XV: release of progesterone from cholesterol pellets in vivo. Progesterone-sterol pellets were made that porvided a zero-order release of progesterone for 80 days. 4-(14)C-Progesterone was used to measure the release in vitro and in vivo. The dissolution rate in vitro (distilled water as the desorbing medium) for progesterone-cholesterol (59:41 w/w) and the progesterone-beta-sitosterol (47:53 w/w) pellets was 72 microng/100 mm2/24 hr. The average in vivo absorption from subcutaneously implanted pellets in rabbits was 2 +/- 0.1 microng/ml of plasma/cm2 of surface area. Of this amount, 20-25% was progesterone; the remainder was progesterone metabolites and conjugates. Zero-order release (plasma levels) was obtained for approximately 80 days or until about 70% of the available progesterone was exhausted. During this time, the level of excreted radioactivity in urine continuously decreased, indicating that monitoring only this parameter would lead to erroneous conclusions. A long-term effect and increased effectiveness were obtained with a 5-20-mg progesterone equivalent dose, using gel prepared from 2% methylcellulose as the suspending medium.", "PMID": 856969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11659", "title": "Renal function testing: differentiation between a nephrotoxic agent and diuretic drugs.", "content": "Preliminary studies indicate that it may be possible to differentiate the effects of a nephrotoxic substance from those of diuretic agents by the measurement of both urine and plasma osmolarity. The nephrotoxic substance, mercuric chloride, decreases urinary osmolality and increases plasma or serum osmolality. The diuretic agents, at exceedingly high dosages, may show a dose-related decrease in urine osmolality. However, serum osmolality either remains unchanged or is only slightly lowered. This difference in the serum response of animals treated with a nephrotoxin or diuretic agents may allow for the differentiation in toxicological studies.", "contents": "Renal function testing: differentiation between a nephrotoxic agent and diuretic drugs. Preliminary studies indicate that it may be possible to differentiate the effects of a nephrotoxic substance from those of diuretic agents by the measurement of both urine and plasma osmolarity. The nephrotoxic substance, mercuric chloride, decreases urinary osmolality and increases plasma or serum osmolality. The diuretic agents, at exceedingly high dosages, may show a dose-related decrease in urine osmolality. However, serum osmolality either remains unchanged or is only slightly lowered. This difference in the serum response of animals treated with a nephrotoxin or diuretic agents may allow for the differentiation in toxicological studies.", "PMID": 856970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11660", "title": "Instrumentation of an automatic capsule-filling machine.", "content": "Techniques similar to those used in instrumenting tablet presses were applied to an automatic capsule-filling machine. The dosing unit was modified to allow the bonding of strain gauges to the compression piston. The guages formed the arms of a Wheatstone bridge circuit. Thus, compression and ejection events were monitored by measuring the bridge unbalance voltage using a suitable amplifier-recording system. The instrumented piston was calibrated in a physical testing machine. Dosing unit rotation required the interposing of a mercury contact swivel between the amplifier and instrumented piston. The instrumentation system required only one minor, permanent modification to the machine, a cut in the dosator tube. Since the same dosator piston sensed both compression and ejection, only one of the two dosing units was instrumented and the other was removed from the machine. A solenoid switching system was devised which only permitted the feeding of empty gelatin shells into the filling cycle for the instrumented piston. Representative fillers were run at constant powder bed and piston heights. Oscilloscope tracings showed two stages in slug formation: (a) \"precompression,\" representing the force sensed during dipping of the dosator into the powder before actual compression, and (b) actual piston compression. Generally, the maximum slug compression force fell to zero rapidly on retraction of the piston, but in some cases a retention force was noted, possibly due to elastric rebound of the slug against the retracted piston. A negative deflection due to binding of the piston also was observed in tracings of one material. Lubricated batches exhibited ejection forces of less than 1 kg.", "contents": "Instrumentation of an automatic capsule-filling machine. Techniques similar to those used in instrumenting tablet presses were applied to an automatic capsule-filling machine. The dosing unit was modified to allow the bonding of strain gauges to the compression piston. The guages formed the arms of a Wheatstone bridge circuit. Thus, compression and ejection events were monitored by measuring the bridge unbalance voltage using a suitable amplifier-recording system. The instrumented piston was calibrated in a physical testing machine. Dosing unit rotation required the interposing of a mercury contact swivel between the amplifier and instrumented piston. The instrumentation system required only one minor, permanent modification to the machine, a cut in the dosator tube. Since the same dosator piston sensed both compression and ejection, only one of the two dosing units was instrumented and the other was removed from the machine. A solenoid switching system was devised which only permitted the feeding of empty gelatin shells into the filling cycle for the instrumented piston. Representative fillers were run at constant powder bed and piston heights. Oscilloscope tracings showed two stages in slug formation: (a) \"precompression,\" representing the force sensed during dipping of the dosator into the powder before actual compression, and (b) actual piston compression. Generally, the maximum slug compression force fell to zero rapidly on retraction of the piston, but in some cases a retention force was noted, possibly due to elastric rebound of the slug against the retracted piston. A negative deflection due to binding of the piston also was observed in tracings of one material. Lubricated batches exhibited ejection forces of less than 1 kg.", "PMID": 856971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11661", "title": "GLC analysis of acetazolamide in blood, plasma, and saliva following oral administration to normal subjects.", "content": "An electron-capture GLC assay for acetazolamide in biological fluids was developed. Extraction efficiency was 69-104%. The minimum detectable amount of acetazolamide was 10 ng/sample. Concentrations of acetazolamide were determined by GLC in blood, plasma, plasma water, and saliva after oral administration of a single 250-mg dose to five volunteers. Erythrocyte levels were calculated from whole blood and plasma data. Concentration of free drug in the plasma was measured in samples of plasma water obtained by microultrafiltration. Peak plasma levels of 10-18 microng/ml were reached 1-3 hr after the dose. At least 1 hr later, erythrocyte levels reached peak concentrations of 13-29 microng/ml. Over 31 hr, plasma levels declined more rapidly than erythrocyte levels. Saliva concentrations averaged 1% of those in plasma and decreased at a rate equal to that of plasma. Saliva levels were proportional to, but not equal to, water concentration. Saliva to plasma ratios were consistent for any given individual and, therefore, offer a means of monitoring drug dosage without resorting to frequent blood sampling.", "contents": "GLC analysis of acetazolamide in blood, plasma, and saliva following oral administration to normal subjects. An electron-capture GLC assay for acetazolamide in biological fluids was developed. Extraction efficiency was 69-104%. The minimum detectable amount of acetazolamide was 10 ng/sample. Concentrations of acetazolamide were determined by GLC in blood, plasma, plasma water, and saliva after oral administration of a single 250-mg dose to five volunteers. Erythrocyte levels were calculated from whole blood and plasma data. Concentration of free drug in the plasma was measured in samples of plasma water obtained by microultrafiltration. Peak plasma levels of 10-18 microng/ml were reached 1-3 hr after the dose. At least 1 hr later, erythrocyte levels reached peak concentrations of 13-29 microng/ml. Over 31 hr, plasma levels declined more rapidly than erythrocyte levels. Saliva concentrations averaged 1% of those in plasma and decreased at a rate equal to that of plasma. Saliva levels were proportional to, but not equal to, water concentration. Saliva to plasma ratios were consistent for any given individual and, therefore, offer a means of monitoring drug dosage without resorting to frequent blood sampling.", "PMID": 856972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11662", "title": "Pharmacokinetic analysis of drug concentration data obtained during repetitive drug administration.", "content": "A digital computer curve-fitting method, designed to estimate pharmacokinetic model constants by utilizing all drug concentration-time data collected during repetitive dosing studies, was applied to data manifesting systematic dose-to-dose variability in one or another of the pharmacokinetic parameters. The method accurately determined dose-to-dose changes in absorption or elimination rate constants or in the apparent volume of distribution, and it would be useful for detecting phenomena such as self-induction and self-inhibition that may occur during multiple-dose administration. The method can also be used to analyze multiple-dose data of drugs exhibiting capacity-limited elimination and to obtain estimates of the Michaelis-Menten parameters.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic analysis of drug concentration data obtained during repetitive drug administration. A digital computer curve-fitting method, designed to estimate pharmacokinetic model constants by utilizing all drug concentration-time data collected during repetitive dosing studies, was applied to data manifesting systematic dose-to-dose variability in one or another of the pharmacokinetic parameters. The method accurately determined dose-to-dose changes in absorption or elimination rate constants or in the apparent volume of distribution, and it would be useful for detecting phenomena such as self-induction and self-inhibition that may occur during multiple-dose administration. The method can also be used to analyze multiple-dose data of drugs exhibiting capacity-limited elimination and to obtain estimates of the Michaelis-Menten parameters.", "PMID": 856973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11663", "title": "Synthesis of 14C-meglumine salicylate and its disposition in humans after oral administration.", "content": "The synthesis of 14C-meglumine salicylate was accomplished by heating 14C-meglumine with salicylic acid, in equimolar ratios, in 2-propanol. The average radiochemical yield was 97.5%. Ten healthy adult male volunteers were given 1.2 g of the compound orally. Five took 1.2 g of 1-deoxy-1-[14C]-methylamino-D-glucitol salicylate (containing about 47 micronCi), and five others took 1.2 g of 1-deoxy-1-methylamino-D-[U-14 micronCi), and five others took 1.2 g of 1-deoxy-1-methylamino-D-[U-14C]-glucitol salicylate (containing about 45 micronCi). Urine and feces were collected for 5 days, and blood was sampled for 24 hr. The peak urinary excretion of meglumine and/or its metabolites occurred between 4 and 8 hr after administration (about 7.2% of the administered dose). Meglumine was excreted primarily in the feces (72.4% over 5 days) and, to a smaller extent, in urine (21.3% over 5 days). No activity was detected in blood. The excretion rate and percentage excreted were the same for both groups of subjects, suggesting that meglumine was not metabolized by N-demethylation or conversion to carbon dioxide. The highest blood salicylate level, 44.4 +/- 1.9 microng/ml, was observed 1 hr after administration. Urinary levels of salicylic acid and its metabolites were observed to be at a maximum at 8 hr. Total salicylate recovery was 94.7 +/- 1.5% in 48 hr. Salicyluric acid was the major metabolite, accounting for 69.5 +/- 3.6% of the dose. Salicylic acid accounted for 6.8 +/- 1.2%.", "contents": "Synthesis of 14C-meglumine salicylate and its disposition in humans after oral administration. The synthesis of 14C-meglumine salicylate was accomplished by heating 14C-meglumine with salicylic acid, in equimolar ratios, in 2-propanol. The average radiochemical yield was 97.5%. Ten healthy adult male volunteers were given 1.2 g of the compound orally. Five took 1.2 g of 1-deoxy-1-[14C]-methylamino-D-glucitol salicylate (containing about 47 micronCi), and five others took 1.2 g of 1-deoxy-1-methylamino-D-[U-14 micronCi), and five others took 1.2 g of 1-deoxy-1-methylamino-D-[U-14C]-glucitol salicylate (containing about 45 micronCi). Urine and feces were collected for 5 days, and blood was sampled for 24 hr. The peak urinary excretion of meglumine and/or its metabolites occurred between 4 and 8 hr after administration (about 7.2% of the administered dose). Meglumine was excreted primarily in the feces (72.4% over 5 days) and, to a smaller extent, in urine (21.3% over 5 days). No activity was detected in blood. The excretion rate and percentage excreted were the same for both groups of subjects, suggesting that meglumine was not metabolized by N-demethylation or conversion to carbon dioxide. The highest blood salicylate level, 44.4 +/- 1.9 microng/ml, was observed 1 hr after administration. Urinary levels of salicylic acid and its metabolites were observed to be at a maximum at 8 hr. Total salicylate recovery was 94.7 +/- 1.5% in 48 hr. Salicyluric acid was the major metabolite, accounting for 69.5 +/- 3.6% of the dose. Salicylic acid accounted for 6.8 +/- 1.2%.", "PMID": 856974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11664", "title": "Dissolution profiles for multisized prednisolone acetate suspensions.", "content": "Particle-size measurements and in vitro dissolution characteristics of commercial and formulated suspensions of prednisolone acetate were determined using a resistance particle counter and a spinning filter apparatus, respectively. Significant differences in dissolution rates were noted for the commercial suspensions. Particle size affected  dissolution but did not account for all observed variations in the dissolution rate. Formulation differences, specifically the presence of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, in suspensions seemed to be important in dissolution.", "contents": "Dissolution profiles for multisized prednisolone acetate suspensions. Particle-size measurements and in vitro dissolution characteristics of commercial and formulated suspensions of prednisolone acetate were determined using a resistance particle counter and a spinning filter apparatus, respectively. Significant differences in dissolution rates were noted for the commercial suspensions. Particle size affected  dissolution but did not account for all observed variations in the dissolution rate. Formulation differences, specifically the presence of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, in suspensions seemed to be important in dissolution.", "PMID": 856975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11665", "title": "Selective GLC determination of epinephrine, isoproterenol, and phenylephrine in pharmaceutical dosage forms.", "content": "A simple, specific GLC analytical procedure for the quantitation of epinephrine, isoproterenol, and phenylephrine in commercial tablets, powders, inhalation solutions, ophthalmic and nasal drops, and injectable preparations is presented. Samples are taken to dryness where required, the dried residue is reacted with an appropriate trimethylsilylating reagent, and the derivatives are eluted from a methyl silicone column using temperature programming. Quantitation of the flame-ionization detector signal is achieved relative to the dibenzyl succinate internal standard by an electric integrator. The results obtained by applying the method to the analysis of each of the three drugs in several simulated decomposed mixtures were in good agreement with theoretical values, even at impurity levels of up to 80% by weight. When applied to commercial formulations, the procedure was feasible for tablets, powders, and solutions at drug concentrations of 0.2% or greater. The commonly incorporated buffering and antioxidant excipients did not interfere.", "contents": "Selective GLC determination of epinephrine, isoproterenol, and phenylephrine in pharmaceutical dosage forms. A simple, specific GLC analytical procedure for the quantitation of epinephrine, isoproterenol, and phenylephrine in commercial tablets, powders, inhalation solutions, ophthalmic and nasal drops, and injectable preparations is presented. Samples are taken to dryness where required, the dried residue is reacted with an appropriate trimethylsilylating reagent, and the derivatives are eluted from a methyl silicone column using temperature programming. Quantitation of the flame-ionization detector signal is achieved relative to the dibenzyl succinate internal standard by an electric integrator. The results obtained by applying the method to the analysis of each of the three drugs in several simulated decomposed mixtures were in good agreement with theoretical values, even at impurity levels of up to 80% by weight. When applied to commercial formulations, the procedure was feasible for tablets, powders, and solutions at drug concentrations of 0.2% or greater. The commonly incorporated buffering and antioxidant excipients did not interfere.", "PMID": 856976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11666", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of isoniazid and its dosage forms.", "content": "A high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis is described for isoniazid as a drug entity and in its tablet and injectable dosage forms. After incorporation of the drug or dosage form in a solvent mixture and addition of an internal standard, tribenzylamine, an aliquot is chromatographed using a pellicular silica gel medium followed by UV spectrophotometric detection at 254 nm. The response of the chromatographic system was linear over a concentration range corresponding to 20-200% of the labelled amount of isoniazid. Comparison of the results with those obtained by the official USP XIX method indicates similar accuracy and precision. The advantages of the proposed method are its simplicity and rapidity, its potential for automation, and its specificity. The specificity was demonstrated in the presence of potential degradation products of isoniazid, other drugs used with isoniazid in combination dosage forms, and an adduct formed by the reaction of isoniazid with lactose in the tablet.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of isoniazid and its dosage forms. A high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis is described for isoniazid as a drug entity and in its tablet and injectable dosage forms. After incorporation of the drug or dosage form in a solvent mixture and addition of an internal standard, tribenzylamine, an aliquot is chromatographed using a pellicular silica gel medium followed by UV spectrophotometric detection at 254 nm. The response of the chromatographic system was linear over a concentration range corresponding to 20-200% of the labelled amount of isoniazid. Comparison of the results with those obtained by the official USP XIX method indicates similar accuracy and precision. The advantages of the proposed method are its simplicity and rapidity, its potential for automation, and its specificity. The specificity was demonstrated in the presence of potential degradation products of isoniazid, other drugs used with isoniazid in combination dosage forms, and an adduct formed by the reaction of isoniazid with lactose in the tablet.", "PMID": 856977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11667", "title": "Comparative pharmacokinetics of coumarin anticoagulants XXI: effect of plasma protein binding on distribution kinetics of warfarin in rats.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of plasma protein binding on the pharmacokinetic parameters for warfarin that are used conventionally to describe its distribution kinetics on the basis of the time course of plasma warfarin concentrations. Following rapid intravenous injection, warfarin concentrations in the plasma of 14 selected adult male rate declined triexponentially, with the terminal exponential phase starting at about 5 hr. The free fraction, f, of warfarin in the serum of individual animals ranged from 0.303 X 10(-2) to 2.89 X 10(-2). The parameters of the equation Ct = Pe-theta + Ae-alphat + Be-betat for plasma concentration Ct at time t were obtained from the experimental data by nonlinear least-squares computer fitting and varied markedly between animals. Strong and highly statistically significant positive correlations with f were obtained for P, B, and beta, but no significant correlation was found for A, theta, and alpha. Rate constants and apparent volumes for a three-compartment open mammillary model with elimination from the central compartment were calculated. No apparent correlation was found between f and the intercompartment distribution rate constants. However, strong positive correlations between f and the elimination rate constant, the volume of the central compartment, and the volume of distribution, V area, were observed. There also was a strong linear correlation between f ant total clearance. Excellent replication of the experimental data was obtained when the experiment were repeated in some animals after 2 weeks. A detailed analysis of practical pharmacokinetic problems associated with and revealed by such repeated experiments is presented.", "contents": "Comparative pharmacokinetics of coumarin anticoagulants XXI: effect of plasma protein binding on distribution kinetics of warfarin in rats. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of plasma protein binding on the pharmacokinetic parameters for warfarin that are used conventionally to describe its distribution kinetics on the basis of the time course of plasma warfarin concentrations. Following rapid intravenous injection, warfarin concentrations in the plasma of 14 selected adult male rate declined triexponentially, with the terminal exponential phase starting at about 5 hr. The free fraction, f, of warfarin in the serum of individual animals ranged from 0.303 X 10(-2) to 2.89 X 10(-2). The parameters of the equation Ct = Pe-theta + Ae-alphat + Be-betat for plasma concentration Ct at time t were obtained from the experimental data by nonlinear least-squares computer fitting and varied markedly between animals. Strong and highly statistically significant positive correlations with f were obtained for P, B, and beta, but no significant correlation was found for A, theta, and alpha. Rate constants and apparent volumes for a three-compartment open mammillary model with elimination from the central compartment were calculated. No apparent correlation was found between f and the intercompartment distribution rate constants. However, strong positive correlations between f and the elimination rate constant, the volume of the central compartment, and the volume of distribution, V area, were observed. There also was a strong linear correlation between f ant total clearance. Excellent replication of the experimental data was obtained when the experiment were repeated in some animals after 2 weeks. A detailed analysis of practical pharmacokinetic problems associated with and revealed by such repeated experiments is presented.", "PMID": 856978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11668", "title": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of drugs in biological fluids II: determination of an antiarrhythmic drug, tocainide, as its dansyl derivative using a fluorescence detector.", "content": "A sensitive and specific method is described for the determination of a new primary aliphatic amine antiarrhythmic drug, tocainide. Tocainide, together with an internal standard, is selectively extracted from plasma or blood and reacted with dansyl chloride. The highly fluorescent dansyl derivatives are separated using high-pressure liquid chromatography and measured using a fluorescence detector. The method can measure therapeutic and subtherapeutic concentrations of the drug (0.1-5.0 microng/ml of plasma) with a standard deviation of less than 2%.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of drugs in biological fluids II: determination of an antiarrhythmic drug, tocainide, as its dansyl derivative using a fluorescence detector. A sensitive and specific method is described for the determination of a new primary aliphatic amine antiarrhythmic drug, tocainide. Tocainide, together with an internal standard, is selectively extracted from plasma or blood and reacted with dansyl chloride. The highly fluorescent dansyl derivatives are separated using high-pressure liquid chromatography and measured using a fluorescence detector. The method can measure therapeutic and subtherapeutic concentrations of the drug (0.1-5.0 microng/ml of plasma) with a standard deviation of less than 2%.", "PMID": 856979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11669", "title": "GLC determination of methenamine in tablets.", "content": "A rapid and sensitive GLC method was developed for the quantitative determination of methenamine in tablets. The method was shown to possess several advantages over the official NF assay. After dissolution of the whole tablet in absolute ethanol and addition of an internal standard (pentylenetetrazol), an aliquot was injected into the gas chromatograph for analysis. The sample was chromatographed using a stainless steel column packed with 10% OV-17 on Chromosorb W-HP. Quantitation was achieved by measuring peak heights. The simplicity, directness, extreme rapidity, and accuracy of the method represents an improvement over the official method and the other proposed assays.", "contents": "GLC determination of methenamine in tablets. A rapid and sensitive GLC method was developed for the quantitative determination of methenamine in tablets. The method was shown to possess several advantages over the official NF assay. After dissolution of the whole tablet in absolute ethanol and addition of an internal standard (pentylenetetrazol), an aliquot was injected into the gas chromatograph for analysis. The sample was chromatographed using a stainless steel column packed with 10% OV-17 on Chromosorb W-HP. Quantitation was achieved by measuring peak heights. The simplicity, directness, extreme rapidity, and accuracy of the method represents an improvement over the official method and the other proposed assays.", "PMID": 856980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11670", "title": "Comparison of two spectrofluormetric procedures for quinidine determination in biological fluids.", "content": "Different methods for the spectrofluorometric determination of quinidine in plasma and urine were studied. The alkaline washings of plasma and urine extracts remove fluorescent metabolites, as shown by TLC analysis of urine extracts, and do not lead to a significant loss of alkaloids. The spectrofluormetric assays without alkaline washings of the benzene extract averaged 18% higher than the assays with alkaline washings. Since unchanged quinidine and hydroquinidine are responsible for antiarrhythmic activity, the method with alkaline washing is more appropriate for the control of quinidinemia than are other methods. The therapeutic plasma concentration range becomes 0.8-2.5 microng/ml with this methods.", "contents": "Comparison of two spectrofluormetric procedures for quinidine determination in biological fluids. Different methods for the spectrofluorometric determination of quinidine in plasma and urine were studied. The alkaline washings of plasma and urine extracts remove fluorescent metabolites, as shown by TLC analysis of urine extracts, and do not lead to a significant loss of alkaloids. The spectrofluormetric assays without alkaline washings of the benzene extract averaged 18% higher than the assays with alkaline washings. Since unchanged quinidine and hydroquinidine are responsible for antiarrhythmic activity, the method with alkaline washing is more appropriate for the control of quinidinemia than are other methods. The therapeutic plasma concentration range becomes 0.8-2.5 microng/ml with this methods.", "PMID": 856981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11671", "title": "Polarographic study of new antibacterial isoxazolium salts: 2,3-dialkyl-5-arylisoxazolium perchlorates.", "content": "The polarographic reduction of new antibacterial 2,3-dialkyl-5-arylisoxazolium salts is described. The electrode process involves an irreversible two-electron transfer and is pH independent within the 6.0-10.0 range. In more acidic media, hydrogen waves are observed; at higher pH values, a chemical degradation of the isoxazolium salt proceeds. Values of the half-wave potential of the salts are dependent on the polar contribution of the 5-aryl substituents in terms of the Hammett equation. The in vitro minimum inhibitory concentrations of these compounds are best correlated with Hansch PI values.", "contents": "Polarographic study of new antibacterial isoxazolium salts: 2,3-dialkyl-5-arylisoxazolium perchlorates. The polarographic reduction of new antibacterial 2,3-dialkyl-5-arylisoxazolium salts is described. The electrode process involves an irreversible two-electron transfer and is pH independent within the 6.0-10.0 range. In more acidic media, hydrogen waves are observed; at higher pH values, a chemical degradation of the isoxazolium salt proceeds. Values of the half-wave potential of the salts are dependent on the polar contribution of the 5-aryl substituents in terms of the Hammett equation. The in vitro minimum inhibitory concentrations of these compounds are best correlated with Hansch PI values.", "PMID": 856982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11672", "title": "Flavonoid constituents from Eupatorium altissimum L. (Compositae).", "content": "An aqueous ethanol extract of Eupatorium altissimum L. (Compositae) showed confirmed activity in the P-388 lymphocytic leukemia assay in mice, and the chloroform solubles showed both cytotoxic activity in the 9KB carcinoma of the nasopharynx cell culture assay and antitumor activity in the P-388 lymphocytic leukemia assay. Two flavones, eupatorin and 5-hydroxy-3',4',6,7-tetramethoxyflavone, were isolated and identified. Both were devoid of cytotoxic and antitumor activity.", "contents": "Flavonoid constituents from Eupatorium altissimum L. (Compositae). An aqueous ethanol extract of Eupatorium altissimum L. (Compositae) showed confirmed activity in the P-388 lymphocytic leukemia assay in mice, and the chloroform solubles showed both cytotoxic activity in the 9KB carcinoma of the nasopharynx cell culture assay and antitumor activity in the P-388 lymphocytic leukemia assay. Two flavones, eupatorin and 5-hydroxy-3',4',6,7-tetramethoxyflavone, were isolated and identified. Both were devoid of cytotoxic and antitumor activity.", "PMID": 856983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11673", "title": "Simultaneous GLC determination of acetaminophen, dichloralantipyrine, and isometheptene mucate.", "content": "A rapid GLC assay for acetaminophen, dichloralantipyrine, and isometheptene mucate in capsules was developed. These substances are chromatographed directly, using phenyl methyl silicone gum as the stationary phase. The standard calibration curves are linear up to 14 mg/ml, with a lower limit of sensitivity of 2 mg/ml. This method is simple and rapid and does not require derivative formation.", "contents": "Simultaneous GLC determination of acetaminophen, dichloralantipyrine, and isometheptene mucate. A rapid GLC assay for acetaminophen, dichloralantipyrine, and isometheptene mucate in capsules was developed. These substances are chromatographed directly, using phenyl methyl silicone gum as the stationary phase. The standard calibration curves are linear up to 14 mg/ml, with a lower limit of sensitivity of 2 mg/ml. This method is simple and rapid and does not require derivative formation.", "PMID": 856984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11674", "title": "Thermoregulatory responses as a function of core temperature in humans.", "content": "1. Six healthy humans were immersed sequentially in baths maintained at a steady temperature of either 28 +/- 1 or 38-8 +/- 1 degree C. 2. Metabolic heat production was calculated by respiratory gas analysis. A ventilated capsule was placed on the forehead and sweat secretion was calculated from psychrometric recordings. Convective heat loss from one hand to water-perfused glove provided a continuous measurement of vasomotor response. 3. Heat production, sweating, and vasomotor heat loss were proportional to core temperature. 4. Sweating and vasomotor response were parallel. Vasoconstriction was complete, before the onset of shivering. 5. The thresholds for heat loss and heat production were superimposed, without a 'dead band' core temperature.", "contents": "Thermoregulatory responses as a function of core temperature in humans. 1. Six healthy humans were immersed sequentially in baths maintained at a steady temperature of either 28 +/- 1 or 38-8 +/- 1 degree C. 2. Metabolic heat production was calculated by respiratory gas analysis. A ventilated capsule was placed on the forehead and sweat secretion was calculated from psychrometric recordings. Convective heat loss from one hand to water-perfused glove provided a continuous measurement of vasomotor response. 3. Heat production, sweating, and vasomotor heat loss were proportional to core temperature. 4. Sweating and vasomotor response were parallel. Vasoconstriction was complete, before the onset of shivering. 5. The thresholds for heat loss and heat production were superimposed, without a 'dead band' core temperature.", "PMID": 856985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11675", "title": "Trans-proximal tubular steady-state concentration differences studied by micro-puncture and tissue content of sodium and chloride at varying intraluminal sodium concentrations in vitro in rat kidney cortex slices: evidence for a multisite sodium transport system.", "content": "1. With the aid of micropuncture techniques, proximal tubular transepithelial concentration differences for Na (deltaC Na) and chloride (deltaC Cl) were measured in kidney cortex slices at bathing fluid Na concentrations from 10 to 400 m-mole. kg-1. Tissue content of water, Na and K was also measured in such slices. Under steady-state conditions of zero net flux of NaCl and water, deltaC Na represents the sum of active Na transport, factored by the tubular permeability coefficient added to a component of flux due to electrical forces. 2. The relation between bathing fluid Na concentraton and deltaC Na appeared sigmoid in form suggesting an allosteric mechanism for the transport step. 3. Transtubular potential difference, calculated from transepithelial Cl distribution ratios, did not appear constant at the various bathing fluid Na concentrations. Correcting for the effect of these potential differences on the value of each deltaC Na did not convert the sigmoid transport curve to a hyperbolic one, confirming the suggested allosteric nature of the active Na transport step. 4. Intracellular Na content varied linearly with bathing fluid Na concentrations implying free entry of this cation into the cell. This also suggests that the sigmoid transport curve is related to the properties of the active Na transport pump.", "contents": "Trans-proximal tubular steady-state concentration differences studied by micro-puncture and tissue content of sodium and chloride at varying intraluminal sodium concentrations in vitro in rat kidney cortex slices: evidence for a multisite sodium transport system. 1. With the aid of micropuncture techniques, proximal tubular transepithelial concentration differences for Na (deltaC Na) and chloride (deltaC Cl) were measured in kidney cortex slices at bathing fluid Na concentrations from 10 to 400 m-mole. kg-1. Tissue content of water, Na and K was also measured in such slices. Under steady-state conditions of zero net flux of NaCl and water, deltaC Na represents the sum of active Na transport, factored by the tubular permeability coefficient added to a component of flux due to electrical forces. 2. The relation between bathing fluid Na concentraton and deltaC Na appeared sigmoid in form suggesting an allosteric mechanism for the transport step. 3. Transtubular potential difference, calculated from transepithelial Cl distribution ratios, did not appear constant at the various bathing fluid Na concentrations. Correcting for the effect of these potential differences on the value of each deltaC Na did not convert the sigmoid transport curve to a hyperbolic one, confirming the suggested allosteric nature of the active Na transport step. 4. Intracellular Na content varied linearly with bathing fluid Na concentrations implying free entry of this cation into the cell. This also suggests that the sigmoid transport curve is related to the properties of the active Na transport pump.", "PMID": 856986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11676", "title": "Placental transport of sodium in the guinea-pig.", "content": "1. The mechanism of placental transport of Na was studied in guinea-pigs in placentae with intact umbilical blood circulation or in the preparation of the placenta perfused in situ. 2. A constant level of 22Na was maintained in maternal plasma for 60 min, and from the quantity of 22Na recovered from the foetus at the end of this period the influx of Na from mother to foetus was calculated. Ligation of the omphalomesenteric vessels (supplying the everted yolk sac with blood) had no effect on the influx, the corresponding values of influx in the control and treated foetuses being 0-235 +/- 0-020 and 0-247 +/- 0-029 micron-mole/min. g foetal weight (n = 6, the limits are S.E. of mean). The specific activity of Na in amniotic fluid was below that of the maternal or foetal plasma Na by two orders of magnitude. These observations indicate that the extraplacental transport of Na into the foetus is negligibly low. 3. The electrical potential difference (p.d.) and unidirectional fluxes of Na across the placenta perfused in situ were measured by means of 22Na and 24Na administered to the opposite sides of the placental barrier. The fluxes varied with the weight of the foetuses whose placentae were perfused. The flux from the maternal to the foetal side was 0-270 +/- 0-017 micronmole/min.g foetal weight, the flux from the foetal to the maternal side was 0-340 +/- 0-018 micronmole/min.g foetal weight (n = 38). The corresponding p.d. was - 20-7 +/- 1-2 mV (foetal side negative). 4. The active component of Na transport across the placenta was calculated from the unidirectional fluxes and the p.d. The active transport was directed from the foetal to the maternal side, and its rate was 0-211 +/- 0-015 micronmole/min.g foetal weight (n = 38). During perfusion of the placenta with KCN (10(-3) M) the active transport decreased by approximately one third. 5. The flux of Na from the foetal to the maternal side of the perfused placenta was higher than the flux from the maternal to the foetal side. A similar asymmetry of Na fluxes was observed in the non-perfused placenta, the flux from mother to foetus being 0-180 +/- 0-013 micronmole/min.g foetal weight and the flux from foetus to mother 0-235 +/- 0-024 micronmole/min.g foetal weight (n = 12). This indicates that the asymmetry of Na fluxes is caused by the anaesthesia and/or by the trauma of the operation rather than by the perfusion of the placenta. 6. The permeabilities of the perfused placenta to Na and sucrose measured simultaneously from the maternal to the foetal side were 0-0767 +/- 0-0183 and 0-324 +/- 0-0094 cm3/min (n = 7y, respectively. The permeability values bear the same relation to each other as the respective coefficients of free diffusion in water, suggesting that the passive transport of Na across the placenta takes place as simple diffusion through wide aqueous channels. 6...", "contents": "Placental transport of sodium in the guinea-pig. 1. The mechanism of placental transport of Na was studied in guinea-pigs in placentae with intact umbilical blood circulation or in the preparation of the placenta perfused in situ. 2. A constant level of 22Na was maintained in maternal plasma for 60 min, and from the quantity of 22Na recovered from the foetus at the end of this period the influx of Na from mother to foetus was calculated. Ligation of the omphalomesenteric vessels (supplying the everted yolk sac with blood) had no effect on the influx, the corresponding values of influx in the control and treated foetuses being 0-235 +/- 0-020 and 0-247 +/- 0-029 micron-mole/min. g foetal weight (n = 6, the limits are S.E. of mean). The specific activity of Na in amniotic fluid was below that of the maternal or foetal plasma Na by two orders of magnitude. These observations indicate that the extraplacental transport of Na into the foetus is negligibly low. 3. The electrical potential difference (p.d.) and unidirectional fluxes of Na across the placenta perfused in situ were measured by means of 22Na and 24Na administered to the opposite sides of the placental barrier. The fluxes varied with the weight of the foetuses whose placentae were perfused. The flux from the maternal to the foetal side was 0-270 +/- 0-017 micronmole/min.g foetal weight, the flux from the foetal to the maternal side was 0-340 +/- 0-018 micronmole/min.g foetal weight (n = 38). The corresponding p.d. was - 20-7 +/- 1-2 mV (foetal side negative). 4. The active component of Na transport across the placenta was calculated from the unidirectional fluxes and the p.d. The active transport was directed from the foetal to the maternal side, and its rate was 0-211 +/- 0-015 micronmole/min.g foetal weight (n = 38). During perfusion of the placenta with KCN (10(-3) M) the active transport decreased by approximately one third. 5. The flux of Na from the foetal to the maternal side of the perfused placenta was higher than the flux from the maternal to the foetal side. A similar asymmetry of Na fluxes was observed in the non-perfused placenta, the flux from mother to foetus being 0-180 +/- 0-013 micronmole/min.g foetal weight and the flux from foetus to mother 0-235 +/- 0-024 micronmole/min.g foetal weight (n = 12). This indicates that the asymmetry of Na fluxes is caused by the anaesthesia and/or by the trauma of the operation rather than by the perfusion of the placenta. 6. The permeabilities of the perfused placenta to Na and sucrose measured simultaneously from the maternal to the foetal side were 0-0767 +/- 0-0183 and 0-324 +/- 0-0094 cm3/min (n = 7y, respectively. The permeability values bear the same relation to each other as the respective coefficients of free diffusion in water, suggesting that the passive transport of Na across the placenta takes place as simple diffusion through wide aqueous channels. 6...", "PMID": 856987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11677", "title": "The effects of hypothalamic temperature variation and intracarotid cooling on behavioural thermoregulation in sheep.", "content": "1. Shorn-sheep, placed in cold environments, have been trained to turn on infra-red heaters. The effect, on this thermoregulatory behaviour, of warming and cooling the hypothalamus by means of a thermode has been examined. 2. At ambient temperatures of 5, 15, 25 and 35 degrees C; cooling the anterior hypothalamus by means of a thermode, for periods of 20 min, resulted in a marked increase in the rate of using the heaters. 3. At ambient temperatures of 5 and 15 degrees C, warming the anterior hypothalamus for periods of 20 min caused a considerable reduction in the rate of using the radiant heaters. 4. At an ambient temperature of 10 degrees C, a 2 hr period of hypothalamic cooling resulted in an increase in the rate at which the heaters were used for the first 70 min, but after this the effect was reduced and the reduction coincided with a rise of deep body temperature of about 0-75 degress C. 5. At an ambient temperature of 10 degress C, a 2 hr period of hypothalamic warming resulted in a reduction in the rate of operating the heaters during the first 85 min, but after this period the use of the heaters increased and this increase coincided with a fall of about 0-75 degrees C in deep body temperature. 6. At ambient temperatures of 15, 25 and 35 degrees C, the cephalic region was cooled by intracarotid injections of cold saline for periods of 15 min. This procedure lowered hypothalamic temperature by about 1 degree C and produced increases in the rate at which the heaters were used similar to those seen when the thermode was cooled. To elicit marked increases in the rate at which the heaters were used it was not necessary to lower hypothalamic temperature outside the normal range.", "contents": "The effects of hypothalamic temperature variation and intracarotid cooling on behavioural thermoregulation in sheep. 1. Shorn-sheep, placed in cold environments, have been trained to turn on infra-red heaters. The effect, on this thermoregulatory behaviour, of warming and cooling the hypothalamus by means of a thermode has been examined. 2. At ambient temperatures of 5, 15, 25 and 35 degrees C; cooling the anterior hypothalamus by means of a thermode, for periods of 20 min, resulted in a marked increase in the rate of using the heaters. 3. At ambient temperatures of 5 and 15 degrees C, warming the anterior hypothalamus for periods of 20 min caused a considerable reduction in the rate of using the radiant heaters. 4. At an ambient temperature of 10 degrees C, a 2 hr period of hypothalamic cooling resulted in an increase in the rate at which the heaters were used for the first 70 min, but after this the effect was reduced and the reduction coincided with a rise of deep body temperature of about 0-75 degress C. 5. At an ambient temperature of 10 degress C, a 2 hr period of hypothalamic warming resulted in a reduction in the rate of operating the heaters during the first 85 min, but after this period the use of the heaters increased and this increase coincided with a fall of about 0-75 degrees C in deep body temperature. 6. At ambient temperatures of 15, 25 and 35 degrees C, the cephalic region was cooled by intracarotid injections of cold saline for periods of 15 min. This procedure lowered hypothalamic temperature by about 1 degree C and produced increases in the rate at which the heaters were used similar to those seen when the thermode was cooled. To elicit marked increases in the rate at which the heaters were used it was not necessary to lower hypothalamic temperature outside the normal range.", "PMID": 856988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11678", "title": "The contribution of alterations in cardiac output to changes in arterial pressure reflexly evoked from the carotid sinus in the rabbit.", "content": "1. The reflex cardiovascular effects of changes in pressure within the vascularly isolated carotid sinus were examined in seventeen anaesthetized rabbits. The opposite sinus was denervated and both aortic nerves were divided, 2. Comparison of the mean values at sinus pressures of 40 and 200 mmHg showed a large reduction in systemic arterial pressure from 126 to 58 mmHg and a moderate reduction in heart rate, from 287 to 253 beats min-1. Cardiac output, measured by thermal dilution, showed only a small change, a fall from 160 to 148 ml. min-1 kg-1. 3. By contrast with this reduction in cardiac output of just over 7%, total peripheral resistance, derived by dividing mean arterial pressure by cardiac output, was halved, falling from 0-48 to 0-41 mmHg ml.-1 min kg. 4. Thus in the anaesthetized rabbit changes in cardiac output make only a small contribution to the changes in systemic pressure evoked by alterations in carotid sinus pressure. Changes in total peripheral resistance are principally responsible for the effect on systemic pressure. 5. Though the changes in output of the heart were small, there were considerable changes in the work done by the left ventricle which was approximately halved when carotid sinus pressure was raised from 40 to 200 mmHg.", "contents": "The contribution of alterations in cardiac output to changes in arterial pressure reflexly evoked from the carotid sinus in the rabbit. 1. The reflex cardiovascular effects of changes in pressure within the vascularly isolated carotid sinus were examined in seventeen anaesthetized rabbits. The opposite sinus was denervated and both aortic nerves were divided, 2. Comparison of the mean values at sinus pressures of 40 and 200 mmHg showed a large reduction in systemic arterial pressure from 126 to 58 mmHg and a moderate reduction in heart rate, from 287 to 253 beats min-1. Cardiac output, measured by thermal dilution, showed only a small change, a fall from 160 to 148 ml. min-1 kg-1. 3. By contrast with this reduction in cardiac output of just over 7%, total peripheral resistance, derived by dividing mean arterial pressure by cardiac output, was halved, falling from 0-48 to 0-41 mmHg ml.-1 min kg. 4. Thus in the anaesthetized rabbit changes in cardiac output make only a small contribution to the changes in systemic pressure evoked by alterations in carotid sinus pressure. Changes in total peripheral resistance are principally responsible for the effect on systemic pressure. 5. Though the changes in output of the heart were small, there were considerable changes in the work done by the left ventricle which was approximately halved when carotid sinus pressure was raised from 40 to 200 mmHg.", "PMID": 856989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11679", "title": "The effects of histamine on skeletal muscle vasculature in cats.", "content": "1. Experiments have been made to determine the vascular effects of histamine and the mechanism of histamine-induced oedema formation in cat skeletal muscle. 2. Histamine caused dose-dependent dilatation of resistance vessels and increased intravascular volume over the dose range 1 X 10(-10)-1 X 10(-8) mol/kg min. The dilatation of resistance vessels resulted in dose-dependent increases in capillary hydrostatic pressure. 3. Histamine increased vascular permeability, as measured by accumulation of [131I]human serum albumin in the tissue, during infusions at 1 X 10(-8) mol/kg min but no albumin accumulation could be detected at lower infusion rates. 4. Oedema formation during histamine infusion of 1 X 10(-10) and 1 X 10(-9) mol/kg min seemed to be due to increases in capillary hydrostatic pressure and independent of increased vascular permeability. During infusions of histamine 1 X 10(-8) mol/kg min oedema was due predominantly to increased vascular permeability and to a lesser extent, the increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure.", "contents": "The effects of histamine on skeletal muscle vasculature in cats. 1. Experiments have been made to determine the vascular effects of histamine and the mechanism of histamine-induced oedema formation in cat skeletal muscle. 2. Histamine caused dose-dependent dilatation of resistance vessels and increased intravascular volume over the dose range 1 X 10(-10)-1 X 10(-8) mol/kg min. The dilatation of resistance vessels resulted in dose-dependent increases in capillary hydrostatic pressure. 3. Histamine increased vascular permeability, as measured by accumulation of [131I]human serum albumin in the tissue, during infusions at 1 X 10(-8) mol/kg min but no albumin accumulation could be detected at lower infusion rates. 4. Oedema formation during histamine infusion of 1 X 10(-10) and 1 X 10(-9) mol/kg min seemed to be due to increases in capillary hydrostatic pressure and independent of increased vascular permeability. During infusions of histamine 1 X 10(-8) mol/kg min oedema was due predominantly to increased vascular permeability and to a lesser extent, the increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure.", "PMID": 856990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11680", "title": "Long-lasting increases in the tremor of human hand muscles following brief, strong effort.", "content": "1. Long-lasting (up to 4 h) increases in finger tremor were produced by intense brief effort to contract the muscle. 2. Similar increases resulted from intense effort which did not contract the muscle because the motor nerve was blocked. 3. Comparable contractions induced electrically failed to give rise to increased tremor. 4. Power spectral analysis (1-15 HZ) revealed that all frequencies of tremor were approximately equally increased. 5. It is concluded that these long-lasting increases in tremor are of central nervous origin.", "contents": "Long-lasting increases in the tremor of human hand muscles following brief, strong effort. 1. Long-lasting (up to 4 h) increases in finger tremor were produced by intense brief effort to contract the muscle. 2. Similar increases resulted from intense effort which did not contract the muscle because the motor nerve was blocked. 3. Comparable contractions induced electrically failed to give rise to increased tremor. 4. Power spectral analysis (1-15 HZ) revealed that all frequencies of tremor were approximately equally increased. 5. It is concluded that these long-lasting increases in tremor are of central nervous origin.", "PMID": 856991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11681", "title": "Increase in human intestinal permeability following ingestion of hypertonic solutions.", "content": "1. A simple oral loading technique involving the ingestion of solutions containing lactulose is described. Timed urinary excretion of lactulose, which is non-metabolizable, is used as an indicator of intestinal permeability, and measured by quantitative paper chromatography. 2. This technique has been used to investigate the intestinal permeability of apparently healthy adults following the ingestion of solutions made hypertonic by the addition of the solutes sucrose, glucose, mannitol, glycerol, urea and sodium chloride. 3. These experiments show that intestinal permeability to lactulose increases as the solute concentration in the ingested solution is increased. Susceptibility to this effect, though consistent for each individual, shows considerable variation between subjects. 4. Factors thought to be pernitent to the enhancement of intestinal permeability by hypertonic solutions, and some possible implications of this, are discussed.", "contents": "Increase in human intestinal permeability following ingestion of hypertonic solutions. 1. A simple oral loading technique involving the ingestion of solutions containing lactulose is described. Timed urinary excretion of lactulose, which is non-metabolizable, is used as an indicator of intestinal permeability, and measured by quantitative paper chromatography. 2. This technique has been used to investigate the intestinal permeability of apparently healthy adults following the ingestion of solutions made hypertonic by the addition of the solutes sucrose, glucose, mannitol, glycerol, urea and sodium chloride. 3. These experiments show that intestinal permeability to lactulose increases as the solute concentration in the ingested solution is increased. Susceptibility to this effect, though consistent for each individual, shows considerable variation between subjects. 4. Factors thought to be pernitent to the enhancement of intestinal permeability by hypertonic solutions, and some possible implications of this, are discussed.", "PMID": 856992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11682", "title": "Effects of glucagon on canine intestinal sodium and water fluxes and regional blood flow.", "content": "1. Glucagon (0-05 or 0-5 microng/kg. min) was infused into a mesenteric artery of a canine ileal segment from which transport was measured (direct infusion) or into a mesenteric artery of an adjacent non-perfused segment (indirect infusion). Unidirectional Na and H2O fluxes and arterial and mesenteric vein pressures and total and absorptive site blood flows were measured. 2. Direct glucagon infusion increased the absorptive and secretory fluxes of Na and H2O and absorptive site blood flow, and decreased absorptive site resistance and arterial and mesenteric vein pressure. Indirect glucagon infusion had the opposite effects. 3. Neither the direct arterial infusion of histamine (0-1-53 microng/kg. min) nor the I.V. infusion of glucose (0-2 g/min) or insulin (0-1 micron/kg) or glucose plus insulin, mimicked the effects of glucagon. 4. The unidirectional secretory and absorptive fluxes of both Na and H2O were linearly related to the calculated capillary pressure during glucagon infusion. 5. It was concluded that the effects of glucagon on gut transport were due to effects exerted through the cardiovascular system.", "contents": "Effects of glucagon on canine intestinal sodium and water fluxes and regional blood flow. 1. Glucagon (0-05 or 0-5 microng/kg. min) was infused into a mesenteric artery of a canine ileal segment from which transport was measured (direct infusion) or into a mesenteric artery of an adjacent non-perfused segment (indirect infusion). Unidirectional Na and H2O fluxes and arterial and mesenteric vein pressures and total and absorptive site blood flows were measured. 2. Direct glucagon infusion increased the absorptive and secretory fluxes of Na and H2O and absorptive site blood flow, and decreased absorptive site resistance and arterial and mesenteric vein pressure. Indirect glucagon infusion had the opposite effects. 3. Neither the direct arterial infusion of histamine (0-1-53 microng/kg. min) nor the I.V. infusion of glucose (0-2 g/min) or insulin (0-1 micron/kg) or glucose plus insulin, mimicked the effects of glucagon. 4. The unidirectional secretory and absorptive fluxes of both Na and H2O were linearly related to the calculated capillary pressure during glucagon infusion. 5. It was concluded that the effects of glucagon on gut transport were due to effects exerted through the cardiovascular system.", "PMID": 856993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11683", "title": "Substrate-limited function and metabolism of the isolated perfused rat kidney: effects of lactate and glucose.", "content": "1. The objective of this study was to determine the separate contributions of exogenous substrate and of kidney tissue to the support of function and metabolism in the isolated perfused rat kidney. The effects of the addition of L(+) [U-14C]lactate or D[U-14C]glucose either to a specially prepared substrate-free albumin (SFA) or to Fr. V bovine serum albumin (Fr. V-BSA) were compared. The Fr. V-BSA has significant quantities of lactate, citrate and free fatty acids associated with it. 2. Perfusion of the rat kidney with the Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution containing SFA, without addition of exogenous substrate, resulted in a lower % Na+ reabsorption (approximately 43%) than when the perfusions contained Fr. V-BSA (approximately 80%). Thus, kidney tissue can support at most 45% of Na+ reabsorption, while the substrates associated with the Fr. V-BSA can support approximately 30% of Na+ reabsorption. When the initial concentration of L(+)lactate in the perfusate containing SFA was progressively raised from 0 to 10 mM, % Na+ reabsorption increased to between 85 and 90%. 3. The apparent Km (0-59 mM) and the Vmax (0-67 micronmole g-1. min-1) for lactate oxidation in the presence of SFA were both significantly lower than when Fr. V-BSA was present (Km = 2-0 mM; Vmax = 1-1 micronmole g-1. min-1). The lower Km is interpreted as being due to the removal of substances from the Fr. V-BSA which competitively inhibit either the uptake or oxidation of lactate; the lower Vmax is considered to be related to the lower rate of Na+ reabsorption when SFA is present. 4. Addition of glucose enhanced gomerular filtration rate in the presence of both types of albumin. The resulting increase in the filtered load of Na+ in the presence of glucose was associated with either no change (Fr. V-BSA) or an increase (SFA) in fractional Na+ reabsorption. Although absolute Na+ reabsorptive rate was greater in the presence of glucose than in the presence of lactate, the oxidation rate of glucose, on a carbon-atom basis, was less than 50% of the oxidation rate of lactate. 5. The metabolism of glucose may regulate the permeability characteristics of the glomerulus and the tubular epithelium: by contrast, the high oxidation rate of lactate suggests it can provide direct support for a major fraction of the Na+ actively absorbed.", "contents": "Substrate-limited function and metabolism of the isolated perfused rat kidney: effects of lactate and glucose. 1. The objective of this study was to determine the separate contributions of exogenous substrate and of kidney tissue to the support of function and metabolism in the isolated perfused rat kidney. The effects of the addition of L(+) [U-14C]lactate or D[U-14C]glucose either to a specially prepared substrate-free albumin (SFA) or to Fr. V bovine serum albumin (Fr. V-BSA) were compared. The Fr. V-BSA has significant quantities of lactate, citrate and free fatty acids associated with it. 2. Perfusion of the rat kidney with the Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution containing SFA, without addition of exogenous substrate, resulted in a lower % Na+ reabsorption (approximately 43%) than when the perfusions contained Fr. V-BSA (approximately 80%). Thus, kidney tissue can support at most 45% of Na+ reabsorption, while the substrates associated with the Fr. V-BSA can support approximately 30% of Na+ reabsorption. When the initial concentration of L(+)lactate in the perfusate containing SFA was progressively raised from 0 to 10 mM, % Na+ reabsorption increased to between 85 and 90%. 3. The apparent Km (0-59 mM) and the Vmax (0-67 micronmole g-1. min-1) for lactate oxidation in the presence of SFA were both significantly lower than when Fr. V-BSA was present (Km = 2-0 mM; Vmax = 1-1 micronmole g-1. min-1). The lower Km is interpreted as being due to the removal of substances from the Fr. V-BSA which competitively inhibit either the uptake or oxidation of lactate; the lower Vmax is considered to be related to the lower rate of Na+ reabsorption when SFA is present. 4. Addition of glucose enhanced gomerular filtration rate in the presence of both types of albumin. The resulting increase in the filtered load of Na+ in the presence of glucose was associated with either no change (Fr. V-BSA) or an increase (SFA) in fractional Na+ reabsorption. Although absolute Na+ reabsorptive rate was greater in the presence of glucose than in the presence of lactate, the oxidation rate of glucose, on a carbon-atom basis, was less than 50% of the oxidation rate of lactate. 5. The metabolism of glucose may regulate the permeability characteristics of the glomerulus and the tubular epithelium: by contrast, the high oxidation rate of lactate suggests it can provide direct support for a major fraction of the Na+ actively absorbed.", "PMID": 856994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11684", "title": "Temperature and amplitude dependence of tension transients in glycerinated skeletal and insect fibrillar muscle.", "content": "1. Quick stretches and releases were applied to small bundles of glycerinated fibres of rabbit psoas and insect fibrillar flight muscle. The resulting tension changes were recorded at various temperatures and amplitudes of length change. The results from the two preparations had many features in common. At temperatures near 0 degrees C the asymmetry of the initial tension recovery after stretch and release originally reported in living frog fibres by Huxley & Simmons (1971 alpha) was very obvious. 2. The complete tension course could be described as an elastic change occurring simultaneously with the length change followed by recovery consisting of the sum of a number of exponential terms. These terms usually corresponded to the phases discernible without curve fitting, but in some cases a monotonic rise or fall of tension was seen to consist of two components only after curve fitting. 3. After either stretch or release there was a phase of rapid tension recovery towards the value before the length change. The rate constant of this phase increased as the amplitude of stretch or release was increased to about 2 nm/half sarcomere. At higher amplitudes it remained nearly constant 4. At temperatures near 0 degrees C there was a second and much slower continuation of the recovery after stretch. The rate constant of this second phase was much more sensitive to temperature than that of the first phase and it became slower with increasing amplitude of stretch. As the temperature was raised the speed of the second phase approached the speed of the first phase so that at room temperatures the initial tension recovery after stretch and release was nearly symmetrical. 5. Under many conditions these processes were followed by a change in the opposite direction, the 'delayed tension' described by earlier workers. This third phase of tension change had about the same temperature sensitivity as the second phase of the recovery seen after stretch. The tension due to stretch activation was not maintained in rabbit muscle, resulting in a fourth possible phase, a recovery of tension towards the value before the length change. This was absent or of low amplitude in insect flight muscle. 6. We interpret these tension changes on the basis of an extension of the non-linear model described by White & Thorson (1972). The elastic tension change and the initial fast recovery are both supposed to be properties of the attached cross-bridges, whilst the slower recovery is considered to be due to the detachment of cross-bridges which happened to be attached at the instant the length change was applied. The delayed tension reflects the approach to equilibrium of the number of attached bridges, changed by an effect of muscle length on the attachment rate. The fact that the delayed tension is not maintained in rabbit psoas muscle may be due to the effect of length on attachment rate being transitory.", "contents": "Temperature and amplitude dependence of tension transients in glycerinated skeletal and insect fibrillar muscle. 1. Quick stretches and releases were applied to small bundles of glycerinated fibres of rabbit psoas and insect fibrillar flight muscle. The resulting tension changes were recorded at various temperatures and amplitudes of length change. The results from the two preparations had many features in common. At temperatures near 0 degrees C the asymmetry of the initial tension recovery after stretch and release originally reported in living frog fibres by Huxley & Simmons (1971 alpha) was very obvious. 2. The complete tension course could be described as an elastic change occurring simultaneously with the length change followed by recovery consisting of the sum of a number of exponential terms. These terms usually corresponded to the phases discernible without curve fitting, but in some cases a monotonic rise or fall of tension was seen to consist of two components only after curve fitting. 3. After either stretch or release there was a phase of rapid tension recovery towards the value before the length change. The rate constant of this phase increased as the amplitude of stretch or release was increased to about 2 nm/half sarcomere. At higher amplitudes it remained nearly constant 4. At temperatures near 0 degrees C there was a second and much slower continuation of the recovery after stretch. The rate constant of this second phase was much more sensitive to temperature than that of the first phase and it became slower with increasing amplitude of stretch. As the temperature was raised the speed of the second phase approached the speed of the first phase so that at room temperatures the initial tension recovery after stretch and release was nearly symmetrical. 5. Under many conditions these processes were followed by a change in the opposite direction, the 'delayed tension' described by earlier workers. This third phase of tension change had about the same temperature sensitivity as the second phase of the recovery seen after stretch. The tension due to stretch activation was not maintained in rabbit muscle, resulting in a fourth possible phase, a recovery of tension towards the value before the length change. This was absent or of low amplitude in insect flight muscle. 6. We interpret these tension changes on the basis of an extension of the non-linear model described by White & Thorson (1972). The elastic tension change and the initial fast recovery are both supposed to be properties of the attached cross-bridges, whilst the slower recovery is considered to be due to the detachment of cross-bridges which happened to be attached at the instant the length change was applied. The delayed tension reflects the approach to equilibrium of the number of attached bridges, changed by an effect of muscle length on the attachment rate. The fact that the delayed tension is not maintained in rabbit psoas muscle may be due to the effect of length on attachment rate being transitory.", "PMID": 856995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11685", "title": "Rectification in Aplysia statocyst receptor cells.", "content": "1. Membrane slope resistance of Aplysia statocyst receptor cells was measured by passing constant current pulses, using a bridge circuit. In response to downward tilt all cells which responded exhibited depolarization but this could be accompanied by either decrease, increase or no measurable change in slope resistance, depending on resting membrane potential. 2. By altering membrane potential with d.c. and measuring slope resistance with constant current pulses, these cells are shown to exhibit both anomalous and delayed rectification. Either hyperpolarization or depolarization from one potential can cause the slope resistance to decrease by as much as a factor of 5. 3. The response to standard tilt can be changed from an increase in slope resistance to a decrease, or vice versa, by altering membrane potential. 4. When membrane potential was held constant during downward tilt, the slope resistance always decreased. 5. Slope resistance, the voltage response to standard tilts and the amplitude of membrane potential fluctuations all vary with average membrane potential in a similar manner. 6. These findings are incorporated into a circuit model in which anomalous and delayed rectification are represented by voltage-controlled elements. the response to tilt is always modelled as introducing a parallel conductance pathway with a large positive reversal potential. 7. The model demonstrates that slope resistance can be increased by adding a parallel shunt pathway if the latter brings the membrane out of the anomalous rectification region. 8. The model also demonstrates how delayed rectification can greatly alter the reversal potential inferred from measurements at potentials below actual reversal.", "contents": "Rectification in Aplysia statocyst receptor cells. 1. Membrane slope resistance of Aplysia statocyst receptor cells was measured by passing constant current pulses, using a bridge circuit. In response to downward tilt all cells which responded exhibited depolarization but this could be accompanied by either decrease, increase or no measurable change in slope resistance, depending on resting membrane potential. 2. By altering membrane potential with d.c. and measuring slope resistance with constant current pulses, these cells are shown to exhibit both anomalous and delayed rectification. Either hyperpolarization or depolarization from one potential can cause the slope resistance to decrease by as much as a factor of 5. 3. The response to standard tilt can be changed from an increase in slope resistance to a decrease, or vice versa, by altering membrane potential. 4. When membrane potential was held constant during downward tilt, the slope resistance always decreased. 5. Slope resistance, the voltage response to standard tilts and the amplitude of membrane potential fluctuations all vary with average membrane potential in a similar manner. 6. These findings are incorporated into a circuit model in which anomalous and delayed rectification are represented by voltage-controlled elements. the response to tilt is always modelled as introducing a parallel conductance pathway with a large positive reversal potential. 7. The model demonstrates that slope resistance can be increased by adding a parallel shunt pathway if the latter brings the membrane out of the anomalous rectification region. 8. The model also demonstrates how delayed rectification can greatly alter the reversal potential inferred from measurements at potentials below actual reversal.", "PMID": 856996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11686", "title": "Factors affecting the distribution of chloride ions in rat renal outer medulla.", "content": "1. The intracellular Cl- concentration, [Cl-]1, of rat renal outer medullary slices has been studied in iso-osmolal media containing 42, 93, 144, 189 or 225 mM chloride, [Cl-]0. Equilibrium values for [Cl-]1 were attained within 25-50 min from the start of incubation such that [Cl-]1/[Cl-]0 = 0-46. This ratio was independent of [Cl-]0 within the range studied. Intracellular Na+ was unaffected, and only minor variations of cell volume were observed (calculated from slice weight changes and [14C]carboxyl inulin spaces. 2. When [Cl-]0 = 189 mM, [Cl-]1 remained constant at 87 mM for up to 50 min, indicating that these figures may represnet the interstitial [Cl-] and mean intracellular [Cl-] respectively in outer medulla. 3. Omission of bicarbonate from medium containing 189 mM-Cl- caused an increase in [Cl-]1/[Cl-]0 to 0-58, which was not significantly affected by anoxia or by the presence of arsenite (5 X 10(-3) M) or 2,4-dinitrophenol (10(-3) M). Significant further increases were observed in the presence of iodoacetic acid (5 X 10(-3) M) (0-70), acetazolamide (10(-3) M or 5 M 10(-3) M) (0-71) and iodacetic acid plus 2,4-dinitrophenol (0-85). The addition of the diuretic agents ouabain, ethacrynic acid-cysteine and frusemide (all 10(-3) M) to 189 mM-Cl- media containing bicarbonate reduced [Cl-]1/[Cl-]0 to 0-36, 0-37 and 0-42 respectively. 4. The mean 36Cl- space of outer medulla after 50 min incubation in 189 mM Cl- medium was 49-7 +/- 2-1 micronl./100 mg wet wt. The volume of distribution was not significantly affected by ouabain, ethacrynic acid-cysteine or frusemide (10(-3) mM). 5. Net efflux of 36Cl- from slices loaded with isotope into 'cold' 189 mM Cl medium showed three components with rate constants of 69 X 10(-3), 18 X 10(-3) and 9-9 X 10(-5) sec-1 respectively. Efflux was not affected by ouabain, ethacrynic acid-cysteine or frusemide (10(-3) mM). 6. The main conclusions drawn from this study are: (i) the interstitial fluid Cl- concentration of normally hydrated rat outer medulla is approx. 189 mM; (ii) the [Cl-]1/[Cl-]0 ratio 0-46 may represent a chiefly passive distribution maintained by the opposing gradient of a second anion, probably bicarbonate; (iii) the energy required to maintain unequal distribution of Cl- in the absence of external bicarbonate is derived chiefly from glycolysis, with a small aerobic component; (iv) there may be two intracellular chloride pools whose net rates of Cl- exchange differ by a factor of approx. 180.", "contents": "Factors affecting the distribution of chloride ions in rat renal outer medulla. 1. The intracellular Cl- concentration, [Cl-]1, of rat renal outer medullary slices has been studied in iso-osmolal media containing 42, 93, 144, 189 or 225 mM chloride, [Cl-]0. Equilibrium values for [Cl-]1 were attained within 25-50 min from the start of incubation such that [Cl-]1/[Cl-]0 = 0-46. This ratio was independent of [Cl-]0 within the range studied. Intracellular Na+ was unaffected, and only minor variations of cell volume were observed (calculated from slice weight changes and [14C]carboxyl inulin spaces. 2. When [Cl-]0 = 189 mM, [Cl-]1 remained constant at 87 mM for up to 50 min, indicating that these figures may represnet the interstitial [Cl-] and mean intracellular [Cl-] respectively in outer medulla. 3. Omission of bicarbonate from medium containing 189 mM-Cl- caused an increase in [Cl-]1/[Cl-]0 to 0-58, which was not significantly affected by anoxia or by the presence of arsenite (5 X 10(-3) M) or 2,4-dinitrophenol (10(-3) M). Significant further increases were observed in the presence of iodoacetic acid (5 X 10(-3) M) (0-70), acetazolamide (10(-3) M or 5 M 10(-3) M) (0-71) and iodacetic acid plus 2,4-dinitrophenol (0-85). The addition of the diuretic agents ouabain, ethacrynic acid-cysteine and frusemide (all 10(-3) M) to 189 mM-Cl- media containing bicarbonate reduced [Cl-]1/[Cl-]0 to 0-36, 0-37 and 0-42 respectively. 4. The mean 36Cl- space of outer medulla after 50 min incubation in 189 mM Cl- medium was 49-7 +/- 2-1 micronl./100 mg wet wt. The volume of distribution was not significantly affected by ouabain, ethacrynic acid-cysteine or frusemide (10(-3) mM). 5. Net efflux of 36Cl- from slices loaded with isotope into 'cold' 189 mM Cl medium showed three components with rate constants of 69 X 10(-3), 18 X 10(-3) and 9-9 X 10(-5) sec-1 respectively. Efflux was not affected by ouabain, ethacrynic acid-cysteine or frusemide (10(-3) mM). 6. The main conclusions drawn from this study are: (i) the interstitial fluid Cl- concentration of normally hydrated rat outer medulla is approx. 189 mM; (ii) the [Cl-]1/[Cl-]0 ratio 0-46 may represent a chiefly passive distribution maintained by the opposing gradient of a second anion, probably bicarbonate; (iii) the energy required to maintain unequal distribution of Cl- in the absence of external bicarbonate is derived chiefly from glycolysis, with a small aerobic component; (iv) there may be two intracellular chloride pools whose net rates of Cl- exchange differ by a factor of approx. 180.", "PMID": 856997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11687", "title": "Sleep and respiration of rats during hypoxia.", "content": "1. The effects of hypoxia on slow-wave sleep (SWS) and of SWS on respiratory responses to hypoxia were investigated on rats provided with chronically implanted cortical electrodes. 2. During the daytime (5-7 hr periods) the proportion of time spent in SWS was 45% (S.E. +/- 1.0%) when the rats breathed air. Exposure to 10% O2 (equivalent to 18,000 ft.) reduced this proportion to 27% (S.E. +/- 2.5%). During hypoxia the intensity of e.e.g. activity in SWS (mean, rectified slow-wave voltage) rarely equalled the normal values characteristic of the same rats in fully developed SWS breathing air. The normal pattern of 5-15 min episodes of SWS was changed by hypoxia to a series of brief (2-3 min) incompletely developed episodes. 3. Addition of CO2 to inspired gas failed to prevent the reduction of SWS during hypoxia. CO2 in normal O2 did not alter sleep significantly. The effects of hypoxia on sleep therefore depend upon changes in O2 pressure rather than upon changes in CO2. 4. The effect of SWS on respiration of rats breathing air was to decrease frequency and minute volume by 10-20%. In hypoxia, however, the frequency increased markedly when the animals entered SWS ; minute volume was not significantly changed. It follows that stimulation of breathing by hypoxia is greater during SWS than during wakefulness. 5. The anomalous increase of respiratory frequency when hypoxic rats entered SWS was abolished by addition of CO2 to the hypoxic gas mixture. 6. Steady-state gaseous metabolism (Vo2 Vco2) was decreased 18 +/- 3% during hypoxia and was increased 31 +/- 4% during exposure to 5% CO2. The implications of these changes for interpretation of respiratory responses to O2 and CO2 are discussed.", "contents": "Sleep and respiration of rats during hypoxia. 1. The effects of hypoxia on slow-wave sleep (SWS) and of SWS on respiratory responses to hypoxia were investigated on rats provided with chronically implanted cortical electrodes. 2. During the daytime (5-7 hr periods) the proportion of time spent in SWS was 45% (S.E. +/- 1.0%) when the rats breathed air. Exposure to 10% O2 (equivalent to 18,000 ft.) reduced this proportion to 27% (S.E. +/- 2.5%). During hypoxia the intensity of e.e.g. activity in SWS (mean, rectified slow-wave voltage) rarely equalled the normal values characteristic of the same rats in fully developed SWS breathing air. The normal pattern of 5-15 min episodes of SWS was changed by hypoxia to a series of brief (2-3 min) incompletely developed episodes. 3. Addition of CO2 to inspired gas failed to prevent the reduction of SWS during hypoxia. CO2 in normal O2 did not alter sleep significantly. The effects of hypoxia on sleep therefore depend upon changes in O2 pressure rather than upon changes in CO2. 4. The effect of SWS on respiration of rats breathing air was to decrease frequency and minute volume by 10-20%. In hypoxia, however, the frequency increased markedly when the animals entered SWS ; minute volume was not significantly changed. It follows that stimulation of breathing by hypoxia is greater during SWS than during wakefulness. 5. The anomalous increase of respiratory frequency when hypoxic rats entered SWS was abolished by addition of CO2 to the hypoxic gas mixture. 6. Steady-state gaseous metabolism (Vo2 Vco2) was decreased 18 +/- 3% during hypoxia and was increased 31 +/- 4% during exposure to 5% CO2. The implications of these changes for interpretation of respiratory responses to O2 and CO2 are discussed.", "PMID": 856998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11688", "title": "Sodium efflux from voltage clamped squid giant axons.", "content": "1. The efflux of radioactive sodium was measured from squid axons during simultaneous voltage clamp experiments such that it was possible to determine the efflux of sodium associated with a measured voltage clamp current. 2. The extra efflux of sodium associated with voltage clamp pulses increased linearly with the magnitude of the depolarization above 40 mV. A 100 mV pulse of sufficient duration to produce all of the sodium current increased the rate constant of efflux by about 10(-6). 3. Application of 100 nM tetrodotoxin eliminated the sodium current and the extra efflux of radioactive sodium. 4. Cooling the axon increased the extra efflux/voltage clamp pulse slightly with a Q10 of 1/1-1. On the same axons cooling increased the integral of the sodium current with a Q10 of 1/1-4. 5. Replacing external sodium with Tris, dextrose or Mg-mannitol reduced the extra efflux of sodium by about 50%. The inward sodium current was replaced with an outward current as expected. 6. Replacing external sodium with lithium also reduced the extra efflux by about 50% but the currents seen in lithium were slightly larger than those in sodium. 7. The effect of replacing external sodium was not voltage dependent. Cooling reduced the effect so that there was less reduction of efflux on switching to Tris ASW in the cold than in the warm. 8. The extra efflux of sodium into sodium-free ASW is approximately the same as the integral of the sodium current. Adding external sodium produces a deviation from the independence principle such that there is more exchange of sodium than predicted. Such a deviation from prediction was noted by Hodgkin & Huxley (1952c). 9. Using the equations of Hodgkin & Huxley (1952c) modified to include the deviation from independence reported in this paper and its temperature dependence, one can predict the temperature dependence of the sodium efflux associated with action potentials and obtain much better agreement than is possibly without these phenomena. 10. This deviation from independence in the sodium fluxes is the type expected from some kind of mixing and binding of sodium within the membrane phase.", "contents": "Sodium efflux from voltage clamped squid giant axons. 1. The efflux of radioactive sodium was measured from squid axons during simultaneous voltage clamp experiments such that it was possible to determine the efflux of sodium associated with a measured voltage clamp current. 2. The extra efflux of sodium associated with voltage clamp pulses increased linearly with the magnitude of the depolarization above 40 mV. A 100 mV pulse of sufficient duration to produce all of the sodium current increased the rate constant of efflux by about 10(-6). 3. Application of 100 nM tetrodotoxin eliminated the sodium current and the extra efflux of radioactive sodium. 4. Cooling the axon increased the extra efflux/voltage clamp pulse slightly with a Q10 of 1/1-1. On the same axons cooling increased the integral of the sodium current with a Q10 of 1/1-4. 5. Replacing external sodium with Tris, dextrose or Mg-mannitol reduced the extra efflux of sodium by about 50%. The inward sodium current was replaced with an outward current as expected. 6. Replacing external sodium with lithium also reduced the extra efflux by about 50% but the currents seen in lithium were slightly larger than those in sodium. 7. The effect of replacing external sodium was not voltage dependent. Cooling reduced the effect so that there was less reduction of efflux on switching to Tris ASW in the cold than in the warm. 8. The extra efflux of sodium into sodium-free ASW is approximately the same as the integral of the sodium current. Adding external sodium produces a deviation from the independence principle such that there is more exchange of sodium than predicted. Such a deviation from prediction was noted by Hodgkin & Huxley (1952c). 9. Using the equations of Hodgkin & Huxley (1952c) modified to include the deviation from independence reported in this paper and its temperature dependence, one can predict the temperature dependence of the sodium efflux associated with action potentials and obtain much better agreement than is possibly without these phenomena. 10. This deviation from independence in the sodium fluxes is the type expected from some kind of mixing and binding of sodium within the membrane phase.", "PMID": 856999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11689", "title": "Renin release and autoregulation of blood flow in a new model of non-filtering non-transporting kidney.", "content": "1. A recently developed model of a non-filtering, non-transporting dog kidney, obtained by an in situ filling of tubules with low-viscosity oil, was applied for studies of renin release and autoregulation of renal blood flow (RBF). 2. Renal blood flow was partially autoregulated after oil blockade of tubules, as indicated by a mean autoregulation index (Semple-de Wardener (1959) of 0-5. This was comparable to autoregulation of the stop-flow kidney (index 0-6) and contrasted with abolition of autoregulation after hypertonic mannitol loading at stop-flow conditions (index 1-1). 3. The aortic construction at a suprarenal level, which decreased renal perfusion pressure of the oil-blocked kidney 35 +/- (S.E. of mean) 6 mmHg, produced an increase in arterial plasma renin activity of 1-8 +/- 0-1 ng. ml.-1 (P less than 0-02). Renin secretion rate decreased 33 to 70 ng.min-1 in three dogs in which renal perfusion pressure was reduced to 60--66 mmHg, but increased 110 +/- 41 ng.min-1 when pressure reductions were kept within the renal blood flow autoregulation range (n=8, P less than 0-025). 4. These results suggest that signals from the tubular receptor (macula densa) are not necessary for stimulation of renin release or autoregulation of renal blood flow.", "contents": "Renin release and autoregulation of blood flow in a new model of non-filtering non-transporting kidney. 1. A recently developed model of a non-filtering, non-transporting dog kidney, obtained by an in situ filling of tubules with low-viscosity oil, was applied for studies of renin release and autoregulation of renal blood flow (RBF). 2. Renal blood flow was partially autoregulated after oil blockade of tubules, as indicated by a mean autoregulation index (Semple-de Wardener (1959) of 0-5. This was comparable to autoregulation of the stop-flow kidney (index 0-6) and contrasted with abolition of autoregulation after hypertonic mannitol loading at stop-flow conditions (index 1-1). 3. The aortic construction at a suprarenal level, which decreased renal perfusion pressure of the oil-blocked kidney 35 +/- (S.E. of mean) 6 mmHg, produced an increase in arterial plasma renin activity of 1-8 +/- 0-1 ng. ml.-1 (P less than 0-02). Renin secretion rate decreased 33 to 70 ng.min-1 in three dogs in which renal perfusion pressure was reduced to 60--66 mmHg, but increased 110 +/- 41 ng.min-1 when pressure reductions were kept within the renal blood flow autoregulation range (n=8, P less than 0-025). 4. These results suggest that signals from the tubular receptor (macula densa) are not necessary for stimulation of renin release or autoregulation of renal blood flow.", "PMID": 857000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11690", "title": "Ouabain-sensitive ion fluxes in the smooth muscle of the guinea-pig's taenia coli.", "content": "1. Tissues with raised intracellular Na levels, produced by incubation in K-free media, were used throughout. The uptake of 42K by these Na-loaded tissues was followed for 10 min in the presence and absence of 1-37 X 10(-4) M ouabain, this being sufficient to inhibit Na pumping maximally. Subtraction of the uptake seen in the presence from that seen in the absence of ouabain gave estimates of the pumped ouabain-sensitive K uptake. 2. In Na-free (MgCl2) medium this depended on the [K]0 in a sigmoidal fashion with a half maximal [K]0 for activation of some 4mM. The maximal uptake of K was 3 m-mole/kg.min corresponding to a transmembrane flux of some 12-5 p-mole. cm-2.sec-1. 3. In the presence of Na the K activation curve became more obviously sigmoid and higher concentrations of K were needed to achieve a given active K influx. The results were well fitted by assuming that Na and K competed for two identical, non-interacting sites on the external pump face. 4. Addition of K during the efflux of 24Na into a Na-free (MgCl2) medium led to an increased rate of tracer loss. The magnitude of this increase depended on the [K] used in a hyperbolic fashion and it was abolished by addition of ouabain. The [K] causing half-maximal activation of ouabain-sensitive Na efflux was in the order of 1-2 mM. 5. When the [K] in the uptake media was 1-5 mM; Na, Li, Rb and Cs all inhibited ouabain-sensitive K uptake, the order of effectiveness being Rb greater than Cs greater than Na greater than Li. With a E1TKA10 OF 0-15 MM low concentrations of Cs and Rb were shown to stimulate K uptake. Such an effect is predicted by assuming two ion binding sites on the pump's outer face, and that the pump can translocate mixtures of K and either Rb or Cs...", "contents": "Ouabain-sensitive ion fluxes in the smooth muscle of the guinea-pig's taenia coli. 1. Tissues with raised intracellular Na levels, produced by incubation in K-free media, were used throughout. The uptake of 42K by these Na-loaded tissues was followed for 10 min in the presence and absence of 1-37 X 10(-4) M ouabain, this being sufficient to inhibit Na pumping maximally. Subtraction of the uptake seen in the presence from that seen in the absence of ouabain gave estimates of the pumped ouabain-sensitive K uptake. 2. In Na-free (MgCl2) medium this depended on the [K]0 in a sigmoidal fashion with a half maximal [K]0 for activation of some 4mM. The maximal uptake of K was 3 m-mole/kg.min corresponding to a transmembrane flux of some 12-5 p-mole. cm-2.sec-1. 3. In the presence of Na the K activation curve became more obviously sigmoid and higher concentrations of K were needed to achieve a given active K influx. The results were well fitted by assuming that Na and K competed for two identical, non-interacting sites on the external pump face. 4. Addition of K during the efflux of 24Na into a Na-free (MgCl2) medium led to an increased rate of tracer loss. The magnitude of this increase depended on the [K] used in a hyperbolic fashion and it was abolished by addition of ouabain. The [K] causing half-maximal activation of ouabain-sensitive Na efflux was in the order of 1-2 mM. 5. When the [K] in the uptake media was 1-5 mM; Na, Li, Rb and Cs all inhibited ouabain-sensitive K uptake, the order of effectiveness being Rb greater than Cs greater than Na greater than Li. With a E1TKA10 OF 0-15 MM low concentrations of Cs and Rb were shown to stimulate K uptake. Such an effect is predicted by assuming two ion binding sites on the pump's outer face, and that the pump can translocate mixtures of K and either Rb or Cs...", "PMID": 857001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11691", "title": "The use of lanthanum to estimate the numbers of extracellular cation-exchanging sites in the guinea-pig's taenia coli, and its effects on transmembrane monovalent ion movements.", "content": "1. Tissues were allowed to equilibrate in a Tris-buffered Krebs solution and were then exposed to similar solutions containing up to 5 mM-La. La caused shrinkage and significant losses of tissue K, Na, Mg and Ca. The shrinkage was exactly accountable for by a reduction in the extracellular space (e.c.s.) as measured by [14C]sucrose. No significant change was seen in tissue Cl content. Exposure for 1 hr to 5 mM-La led to a total cation loss of 24-3 +/- 1-6 m-equiv/kg or, correcting for the small change in Cl content, a loss of positive charge of 23-8 +/- 2-2 m-equiv/kg fresh wt. 2. Using the radioisotope 140La it was shown that this loss of cation was balanced by an uptake of La3+. 3. Subtraction of the ions in the measured [14C]sucrose space from the total tissue ion contents led to estimates of the \"cellular\" ion contents. The effects of 1 hr exposure to 5 mM-La on these were a loss of 12-9 +/- 2-4 m-equiv/kg of cation and a gain of 10-0 +/- 2-6 m-equiv/kg of Cl. 4. Similar changes in ion content were produced by La on \"Na-loaded\" and \"K-loaded\" tissues, these being tissues which by exposure to K-free or Na-free (high K) solutions had replaced all their K with Na or vice versa. 5. The uptakes of 24Na and 36Cl by Na-loaded tissues were both describable as the sum of two exponentail processes: a fast component (t 1/2 congruent to 1/2 min), which was presumed to be extracellular and a slower, presumed transmembrane, component. La reduced the rapid component of uptake of 24Na by an amount greater than that predicted by the reduction in the e.c.s., the extra amount lost being some 10--15 m-equiv/kg. La also reduced the amount of rapidly exchanging 36Cl, bwt this reduction was entirely accounted for by the change in the e.c.s. La reduced the rate constant of the slow component of 24Na uptake. 6. La reduced the rapidly exchanging component of 42K uptake by normal tissues by an amount equivalent to about 0-5 m-mole/kg fresh wt. of K in excess of the change in the extracellular space. 7. La had little effect on the effluxes of 36Cl and 42K from normal tissues. However, it reduced the size of the fastest component of exchange of 42K efflux from K-loaded tissues by an amount equal to some 10-15 m-equiv/kg in excess of the reduction in the e.c.s. A similar reduction in the rapidly exchanging component of 24Na efflux from normal tissues was also seen. La slowed the efflux of 24Na from Na-loaded tissues at times when the tracer lost could safely be regarded as intracellular. 8. The taenia coli when exposed to K-free solutions gains Na and loses K. In the presence of La the gain in Na was completely blocked. K was still lost, however, being accompanied by Cl and increased shrinkage. La also prevented the uptake of Na from high Na media by ion-depleted tissues (produced by exposure to sucrose media), while having little effect on the uptake of K from high K media by such tissues. 9 Tedia by such tissues. 9. The cation displaced by La in excess of that lost due to the reduction of the e.c.s...", "contents": "The use of lanthanum to estimate the numbers of extracellular cation-exchanging sites in the guinea-pig's taenia coli, and its effects on transmembrane monovalent ion movements. 1. Tissues were allowed to equilibrate in a Tris-buffered Krebs solution and were then exposed to similar solutions containing up to 5 mM-La. La caused shrinkage and significant losses of tissue K, Na, Mg and Ca. The shrinkage was exactly accountable for by a reduction in the extracellular space (e.c.s.) as measured by [14C]sucrose. No significant change was seen in tissue Cl content. Exposure for 1 hr to 5 mM-La led to a total cation loss of 24-3 +/- 1-6 m-equiv/kg or, correcting for the small change in Cl content, a loss of positive charge of 23-8 +/- 2-2 m-equiv/kg fresh wt. 2. Using the radioisotope 140La it was shown that this loss of cation was balanced by an uptake of La3+. 3. Subtraction of the ions in the measured [14C]sucrose space from the total tissue ion contents led to estimates of the \"cellular\" ion contents. The effects of 1 hr exposure to 5 mM-La on these were a loss of 12-9 +/- 2-4 m-equiv/kg of cation and a gain of 10-0 +/- 2-6 m-equiv/kg of Cl. 4. Similar changes in ion content were produced by La on \"Na-loaded\" and \"K-loaded\" tissues, these being tissues which by exposure to K-free or Na-free (high K) solutions had replaced all their K with Na or vice versa. 5. The uptakes of 24Na and 36Cl by Na-loaded tissues were both describable as the sum of two exponentail processes: a fast component (t 1/2 congruent to 1/2 min), which was presumed to be extracellular and a slower, presumed transmembrane, component. La reduced the rapid component of uptake of 24Na by an amount greater than that predicted by the reduction in the e.c.s., the extra amount lost being some 10--15 m-equiv/kg. La also reduced the amount of rapidly exchanging 36Cl, bwt this reduction was entirely accounted for by the change in the e.c.s. La reduced the rate constant of the slow component of 24Na uptake. 6. La reduced the rapidly exchanging component of 42K uptake by normal tissues by an amount equivalent to about 0-5 m-mole/kg fresh wt. of K in excess of the change in the extracellular space. 7. La had little effect on the effluxes of 36Cl and 42K from normal tissues. However, it reduced the size of the fastest component of exchange of 42K efflux from K-loaded tissues by an amount equal to some 10-15 m-equiv/kg in excess of the reduction in the e.c.s. A similar reduction in the rapidly exchanging component of 24Na efflux from normal tissues was also seen. La slowed the efflux of 24Na from Na-loaded tissues at times when the tracer lost could safely be regarded as intracellular. 8. The taenia coli when exposed to K-free solutions gains Na and loses K. In the presence of La the gain in Na was completely blocked. K was still lost, however, being accompanied by Cl and increased shrinkage. La also prevented the uptake of Na from high Na media by ion-depleted tissues (produced by exposure to sucrose media), while having little effect on the uptake of K from high K media by such tissues. 9 Tedia by such tissues. 9. The cation displaced by La in excess of that lost due to the reduction of the e.c.s...", "PMID": 857002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11692", "title": "The influence of sodium on calcium movements and catecholamine release in thin slices of bovine adrenal medulla.", "content": "1. 45Ca efflux and uptake, net Ca movements, and catecholamine secretion were studied in thin slices of bovine adrenal medulla. 2. There was a slow component of 45Ca wash-out which is attributed to efflux to intracellular Ca. This efflux was strongly influenced by cations in the external solution, being reduced by 50% when Mg replaced Ca, and the residual efflux being reduced by 80% when choline replaced Na. 3. None of the substitutes tested, choline, K, Li, Tris or sucrose, could replace Na in maintaining 45Ca efflux into Ca-free solution. The Na-dependent Ca efflux showed sigmoidal activation by Na, indicating a requirement for the co-operative action of two or more Na ions in the extrusion of each Ca. 4. In the presence of 3-6 mM-Ca, Na deprivation failed to reduce 45Ca efflux. When K, Li and choline replaced Na the rate constant of 45Ca efflux increased. 5. Ca-dependent 45Ca efflux was studied by adding back Ca to Ca-free solutions. Its activation by Ca was hyperbolic indicating that one external Ca is involved in the extrusion of each Ca, consistent with a Ca:Ca exchange process. The apparent affinity for Ca and the maximal efflux were different in the presence of different monovalent cations. 6. 45Ca uptake was increased when Li or choline replaced Na in a solution containing 3-6 mM-Ca. Net Ca uptake also increased, but to a much smaller extent, supporting the idea of a Ca:Ca exchange process. 7. Mg had little effect in activating or inhibiting 45Ca efflux. Co appeared to act as a weak agonist and weak inhibitor of Ca-dependent 45Ca efflux. Ba strongly activated 45Ca efflux.8. Elevation of [Na]t, with ouabain treatment, did not appreciably affect Na-dependent 45Ca efflux. This may indicate that while this Ca efflux is dependent on external Na, it is not dependent on the Na gradient. Elevation of [Na]i had rather little effect on 45Ca uptake. 9 Exposure of slices to Li or choline solutions evoked a Ca-dependent increase in catecholamine output. This could be attributed to the observed increase in net Ca uptake in these conditions. Sucrose and Tris solutions produced Ca-independent secretory responses with quite different time courses. These results emphasize the importance of the Na substitute used in determining the secretory effect of Na deprivation. 10. Elevation of [Na]i did not change basal catecholamine release, nor did it greatly affect the secretory response to Na deprivation. 11. Only some of the secretory effects of NA deprivation can be attributed to the influence of Na on Ca movements.", "contents": "The influence of sodium on calcium movements and catecholamine release in thin slices of bovine adrenal medulla. 1. 45Ca efflux and uptake, net Ca movements, and catecholamine secretion were studied in thin slices of bovine adrenal medulla. 2. There was a slow component of 45Ca wash-out which is attributed to efflux to intracellular Ca. This efflux was strongly influenced by cations in the external solution, being reduced by 50% when Mg replaced Ca, and the residual efflux being reduced by 80% when choline replaced Na. 3. None of the substitutes tested, choline, K, Li, Tris or sucrose, could replace Na in maintaining 45Ca efflux into Ca-free solution. The Na-dependent Ca efflux showed sigmoidal activation by Na, indicating a requirement for the co-operative action of two or more Na ions in the extrusion of each Ca. 4. In the presence of 3-6 mM-Ca, Na deprivation failed to reduce 45Ca efflux. When K, Li and choline replaced Na the rate constant of 45Ca efflux increased. 5. Ca-dependent 45Ca efflux was studied by adding back Ca to Ca-free solutions. Its activation by Ca was hyperbolic indicating that one external Ca is involved in the extrusion of each Ca, consistent with a Ca:Ca exchange process. The apparent affinity for Ca and the maximal efflux were different in the presence of different monovalent cations. 6. 45Ca uptake was increased when Li or choline replaced Na in a solution containing 3-6 mM-Ca. Net Ca uptake also increased, but to a much smaller extent, supporting the idea of a Ca:Ca exchange process. 7. Mg had little effect in activating or inhibiting 45Ca efflux. Co appeared to act as a weak agonist and weak inhibitor of Ca-dependent 45Ca efflux. Ba strongly activated 45Ca efflux.8. Elevation of [Na]t, with ouabain treatment, did not appreciably affect Na-dependent 45Ca efflux. This may indicate that while this Ca efflux is dependent on external Na, it is not dependent on the Na gradient. Elevation of [Na]i had rather little effect on 45Ca uptake. 9 Exposure of slices to Li or choline solutions evoked a Ca-dependent increase in catecholamine output. This could be attributed to the observed increase in net Ca uptake in these conditions. Sucrose and Tris solutions produced Ca-independent secretory responses with quite different time courses. These results emphasize the importance of the Na substitute used in determining the secretory effect of Na deprivation. 10. Elevation of [Na]i did not change basal catecholamine release, nor did it greatly affect the secretory response to Na deprivation. 11. Only some of the secretory effects of NA deprivation can be attributed to the influence of Na on Ca movements.", "PMID": 857003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11693", "title": "Intracerebroventricular taurine in rabbits: effects of normal body temperature, endotoxin fever and hyperthermia produced by PGE1 and amphetamine.", "content": "1. Intracerebroventricular (I.C.V.) injections of taurine into rabbits resting at an ambient temperature (Ta) of 10 degrees or 23 degrees C caused hypothermia but at 30 degrees C ambient temperature, rectal temperature was unchanged. 2. An I.C.V. bolus of 0=5 mg taurine immediately followed by a slow infusion of taurine (0-01--0-2 mg/min) into rabbits at 23 degrees C ambient temperature caused sedation and peripheral vasodilation and blocked the febrile response to Salmonella typhosa endotoxin (1 microng/kg i.v.). Sustained fevers, characteristic of fevers caused by central administration of pyrogens, developed after taurine infusions were stopped. Control infusions of taurine at the same rates in the same rabbits when they were afebrile had little effect on rectal temperature. 3. An I.C.V. injection of 0-5 mg taurine reduced the hyperthermia caused by prostaglandin E1 (PGE1; 2 microng) given I.C.V. A dose of 5-0 mg not only blocked PGE1 hyperthermia but also caused marked hypothermia. 4. Bilateral injections of taurine into the preoptic/anterior hypothalamic region, at sites where injections of Salmonella typhosa endotoxin caused long-lasting fevers, had no effect on rectal temperature. Similar injections into the reticular substance of the medulla oblongata, in the region believed to be concerned with a secondary temperature control function, were also without effect on body temperature. 5. Taurine (0-5 and 5-0 mg, I.C.V.) had no consistent effect on hyperthermia induced by amphetamine (2 mg/kg, I.V.) 6. We conclude that the hypothermic effect of taurine is not due to an action on the central neurone pool or pools concerned with the integrative control of thermoregulatory effectors. This amino acid appears to inhibit neuronal activity in efferent pathways which control peripheral vasomotor tone and heat production and to depress the level of arousal. Taurine delays the onset and extends the duration of endotoxin-induced fever, perhaps by two separate action: by inhibiting activity in central thermoregulatory pathways and by promoting accumulation of endogenous pyrogen in the brain.", "contents": "Intracerebroventricular taurine in rabbits: effects of normal body temperature, endotoxin fever and hyperthermia produced by PGE1 and amphetamine. 1. Intracerebroventricular (I.C.V.) injections of taurine into rabbits resting at an ambient temperature (Ta) of 10 degrees or 23 degrees C caused hypothermia but at 30 degrees C ambient temperature, rectal temperature was unchanged. 2. An I.C.V. bolus of 0=5 mg taurine immediately followed by a slow infusion of taurine (0-01--0-2 mg/min) into rabbits at 23 degrees C ambient temperature caused sedation and peripheral vasodilation and blocked the febrile response to Salmonella typhosa endotoxin (1 microng/kg i.v.). Sustained fevers, characteristic of fevers caused by central administration of pyrogens, developed after taurine infusions were stopped. Control infusions of taurine at the same rates in the same rabbits when they were afebrile had little effect on rectal temperature. 3. An I.C.V. injection of 0-5 mg taurine reduced the hyperthermia caused by prostaglandin E1 (PGE1; 2 microng) given I.C.V. A dose of 5-0 mg not only blocked PGE1 hyperthermia but also caused marked hypothermia. 4. Bilateral injections of taurine into the preoptic/anterior hypothalamic region, at sites where injections of Salmonella typhosa endotoxin caused long-lasting fevers, had no effect on rectal temperature. Similar injections into the reticular substance of the medulla oblongata, in the region believed to be concerned with a secondary temperature control function, were also without effect on body temperature. 5. Taurine (0-5 and 5-0 mg, I.C.V.) had no consistent effect on hyperthermia induced by amphetamine (2 mg/kg, I.V.) 6. We conclude that the hypothermic effect of taurine is not due to an action on the central neurone pool or pools concerned with the integrative control of thermoregulatory effectors. This amino acid appears to inhibit neuronal activity in efferent pathways which control peripheral vasomotor tone and heat production and to depress the level of arousal. Taurine delays the onset and extends the duration of endotoxin-induced fever, perhaps by two separate action: by inhibiting activity in central thermoregulatory pathways and by promoting accumulation of endogenous pyrogen in the brain.", "PMID": 857004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11694", "title": "Very small, very short-latency changes in human breathing induced by step changes of alveolar gas composition.", "content": "1. Three healthy young males were maintained for sessions of about 1 hr in a state of mild asphyxia (PA,O2 approximately 55, PA,CO2 approximately 45 torr), i.e. with moderately strong drives from both arterial and intracranial chemoreceptors. Tidal volume (VT), breath duration (TT) and duration of inspiration (TI) were recorded, and ventilation (VE) and duration of expiration (TE) were derived breath by breath. 2. The arterial chemoreceptor component of the drive was briefly and abruptly reduced, perhaps silenced, by three separate procedures: the inspiratory pathway was connected for two breaths to a second gas supply line containing, B, hypoxia with Pi,CO2 zero (removal of hypercapnia with maintained hypoxia); C, pure oxygen (removal of asphyxia); and D, oxygen with 40 torr added PCO2 (removal of hypoxia with maintained hypercapnia). In controls, A, the second inspiratory line contained the maintenance mixture so that the switch involved no change of inspiratory gas composition. Each type of test was repeated twenty-four times on each subject. 3. Responses attributable to silencing of arterial chemoreceptors (i.e. with 1 1/2--3 breath latencies about equal to the lung-to-ear circulation time) are reported elsewhere. 4. Very small responses, occurring only half a respiratory cycle after first inhalation of the test mixture, were detected by pooling all responses of each kind from all subjects. When hypoxia was withdrawn, with (C) or without (D) simultaneous withdrawal of hypercapnia, VT and VE were reduced by 3 and 2% respectively, probably because gas mixtures containing high oxygen concentrations are appreciably more viscous than hypoxic mixtures and so require more effort to breathe in and out. When hypercapnia was withdrawn with (C) or without (B) simultaneous withdrawal of hypoxia, TE was significantly lengthened (mean, + 65 +/- 18 msec), 5. The change of TE was discussed in relation to known effects of CO2 on airway receptors in the dog.", "contents": "Very small, very short-latency changes in human breathing induced by step changes of alveolar gas composition. 1. Three healthy young males were maintained for sessions of about 1 hr in a state of mild asphyxia (PA,O2 approximately 55, PA,CO2 approximately 45 torr), i.e. with moderately strong drives from both arterial and intracranial chemoreceptors. Tidal volume (VT), breath duration (TT) and duration of inspiration (TI) were recorded, and ventilation (VE) and duration of expiration (TE) were derived breath by breath. 2. The arterial chemoreceptor component of the drive was briefly and abruptly reduced, perhaps silenced, by three separate procedures: the inspiratory pathway was connected for two breaths to a second gas supply line containing, B, hypoxia with Pi,CO2 zero (removal of hypercapnia with maintained hypoxia); C, pure oxygen (removal of asphyxia); and D, oxygen with 40 torr added PCO2 (removal of hypoxia with maintained hypercapnia). In controls, A, the second inspiratory line contained the maintenance mixture so that the switch involved no change of inspiratory gas composition. Each type of test was repeated twenty-four times on each subject. 3. Responses attributable to silencing of arterial chemoreceptors (i.e. with 1 1/2--3 breath latencies about equal to the lung-to-ear circulation time) are reported elsewhere. 4. Very small responses, occurring only half a respiratory cycle after first inhalation of the test mixture, were detected by pooling all responses of each kind from all subjects. When hypoxia was withdrawn, with (C) or without (D) simultaneous withdrawal of hypercapnia, VT and VE were reduced by 3 and 2% respectively, probably because gas mixtures containing high oxygen concentrations are appreciably more viscous than hypoxic mixtures and so require more effort to breathe in and out. When hypercapnia was withdrawn with (C) or without (B) simultaneous withdrawal of hypoxia, TE was significantly lengthened (mean, + 65 +/- 18 msec), 5. The change of TE was discussed in relation to known effects of CO2 on airway receptors in the dog.", "PMID": 857005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11695", "title": "Body fluid changes which influence drinking in the water deprived rat.", "content": "1. After overnight deprivation of water both the cellular and extracellular fluid volumes are significantly reduced in the rat. 2. In the rat with functional kidneys oral, intragastric or intravenous preloads of 10 ml. water reduce the total water intake after 1 hr by 64-69%. These preloads restore plasma osmolality to pre-deprivation levels but have little effect on plasma volume. 3. In the same rats if the plasma volume is restored with an oral, intragastric or intravenous preload of 10 ml. of an isotonic balanced salt solution which has little effect on osmolality, drinking is significantly reduced by 20-26%. The reduction of drinking correlated with the volume of the preload of balanced salt. 4. Plasma analysis shown that 1 hr after an oral preload of 10 ml. isotonic balanced salt solution, the extracellular fluid volume of the deprived rats is restored to pre-deprivation levels but osmolality is unchanged. Three hr after the balanced salt preload, extracellular fluid volume is still at pre-deprivation levels and there has been a slight decrease in osmolality due to excretion of salt. 5. In rats which had been nephrectomized or had the ureters ligated so there could be no renal modification of the preloads, the effects of the preloads of water and balanced salt are the same as in rats with intact kidneys. 6. The results indicate that after water deprivation in the rat, changes in both the cellular and extracellular fluid compartment are stimuli to drinking.", "contents": "Body fluid changes which influence drinking in the water deprived rat. 1. After overnight deprivation of water both the cellular and extracellular fluid volumes are significantly reduced in the rat. 2. In the rat with functional kidneys oral, intragastric or intravenous preloads of 10 ml. water reduce the total water intake after 1 hr by 64-69%. These preloads restore plasma osmolality to pre-deprivation levels but have little effect on plasma volume. 3. In the same rats if the plasma volume is restored with an oral, intragastric or intravenous preload of 10 ml. of an isotonic balanced salt solution which has little effect on osmolality, drinking is significantly reduced by 20-26%. The reduction of drinking correlated with the volume of the preload of balanced salt. 4. Plasma analysis shown that 1 hr after an oral preload of 10 ml. isotonic balanced salt solution, the extracellular fluid volume of the deprived rats is restored to pre-deprivation levels but osmolality is unchanged. Three hr after the balanced salt preload, extracellular fluid volume is still at pre-deprivation levels and there has been a slight decrease in osmolality due to excretion of salt. 5. In rats which had been nephrectomized or had the ureters ligated so there could be no renal modification of the preloads, the effects of the preloads of water and balanced salt are the same as in rats with intact kidneys. 6. The results indicate that after water deprivation in the rat, changes in both the cellular and extracellular fluid compartment are stimuli to drinking.", "PMID": 857006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11696", "title": "Eye- and head movements in freely moving rabbits.", "content": "1. Eye- and head movements were recorded in unrestrained, spontaneously behaving rabbits with a new technique, based upon phase detection of signals induced in implanted coils by a rotating magnetic field. 2. Movements of the eye in space were exclusively saccadic. In the intersaccadic intervals the eyes were stabilized in space, even during vigorous head movements. Most of this stability was maintained in darkness, except for the occurrence of slow drift. 3. Many saccades were initiated while the head was stationary. They were accompanied by a similar, but slower head rotation with approximately the same amplitude. The displacement of the eye in space was a pure step without appreciable under- or over-shoot. The deviation of the eye in the head was mostly transient. 4. Other saccades were started while the head was moving and were possibly fast phases of a vestibulo-ocular reflex. The time course of the eye movement in space was identical for all saccades, whether the head was moving prior to the saccade or not. Eye movements without any head movement were not observed. 5. Saccades were mostly large (average 20-6 +/- 12-4 degrees S.D.) and never smaller than 1 degree. The relations of maximal velocity and duration to amplitude were similar to those reported for man. 6. Visual pursuit of moving objects, when elicited, was only saccadic and never smooth. 7. It is concluded that the co-ordination and dynamics of the rabbit's head- and eye movements are similar to those of primates. In the absence of foveal specilization, the eye movements are restricted to a rather global redirection of the visual field, possibly in particular of the binocular area.", "contents": "Eye- and head movements in freely moving rabbits. 1. Eye- and head movements were recorded in unrestrained, spontaneously behaving rabbits with a new technique, based upon phase detection of signals induced in implanted coils by a rotating magnetic field. 2. Movements of the eye in space were exclusively saccadic. In the intersaccadic intervals the eyes were stabilized in space, even during vigorous head movements. Most of this stability was maintained in darkness, except for the occurrence of slow drift. 3. Many saccades were initiated while the head was stationary. They were accompanied by a similar, but slower head rotation with approximately the same amplitude. The displacement of the eye in space was a pure step without appreciable under- or over-shoot. The deviation of the eye in the head was mostly transient. 4. Other saccades were started while the head was moving and were possibly fast phases of a vestibulo-ocular reflex. The time course of the eye movement in space was identical for all saccades, whether the head was moving prior to the saccade or not. Eye movements without any head movement were not observed. 5. Saccades were mostly large (average 20-6 +/- 12-4 degrees S.D.) and never smaller than 1 degree. The relations of maximal velocity and duration to amplitude were similar to those reported for man. 6. Visual pursuit of moving objects, when elicited, was only saccadic and never smooth. 7. It is concluded that the co-ordination and dynamics of the rabbit's head- and eye movements are similar to those of primates. In the absence of foveal specilization, the eye movements are restricted to a rather global redirection of the visual field, possibly in particular of the binocular area.", "PMID": 857007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11697", "title": "[Arteriography in a case of single coronary artery with myocardial ischaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Coronary arteriography is the only examination by which the diagnosis of single coronary artery may be made in vivo by demonstrating the presence of an entire coronary system arising from a common trunk. The discovery may be made under two distinct sets of circumstances: 1 degree Coronary ischaemia in a young subject. Arteriography confirms the diagnosis and the customary 2 degrees Coronary ischaemia in an older individual. Arteriography shows atherosclerotic lesions in a single coronary artery. The severity of the condition is related to the proximal character of the stenoses. The most logical therapeutic approach is aorto-coronary bypass if the quality of the distal network as seen at arteriography makes it possible.", "contents": "[Arteriography in a case of single coronary artery with myocardial ischaemia (author's transl)]. Coronary arteriography is the only examination by which the diagnosis of single coronary artery may be made in vivo by demonstrating the presence of an entire coronary system arising from a common trunk. The discovery may be made under two distinct sets of circumstances: 1 degree Coronary ischaemia in a young subject. Arteriography confirms the diagnosis and the customary 2 degrees Coronary ischaemia in an older individual. Arteriography shows atherosclerotic lesions in a single coronary artery. The severity of the condition is related to the proximal character of the stenoses. The most logical therapeutic approach is aorto-coronary bypass if the quality of the distal network as seen at arteriography makes it possible.", "PMID": 857008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11698", "title": "[Value of the technique of intravenous infusion of contrast media for the diagnosis of fluid processes (author's transl)].", "content": "The study covered 50 patients suffering from hepatic effusions; a solution used in contrast intravenous psychography was administered to them by the intravenous route, at similar doses to those used in intravenous psychography with infusions. This process which we have called Intravenous Viscerogramme, because of the similarity of the images obtained with those of the viscerographic phase of arteriography, has enabled the diagnosis of 35 hydatidiform cysts, one case of cholangiolar hamartoma and an abscess. Owing to the ease with which it can be carried out, we think that it can be used in the diagnosis of tumoral lesions of the liver. When the result is positive, radiological signs are obtained which enable identification of the lesion, thus avoiding resorting to more complex investigations such as angiography.", "contents": "[Value of the technique of intravenous infusion of contrast media for the diagnosis of fluid processes (author's transl)]. The study covered 50 patients suffering from hepatic effusions; a solution used in contrast intravenous psychography was administered to them by the intravenous route, at similar doses to those used in intravenous psychography with infusions. This process which we have called Intravenous Viscerogramme, because of the similarity of the images obtained with those of the viscerographic phase of arteriography, has enabled the diagnosis of 35 hydatidiform cysts, one case of cholangiolar hamartoma and an abscess. Owing to the ease with which it can be carried out, we think that it can be used in the diagnosis of tumoral lesions of the liver. When the result is positive, radiological signs are obtained which enable identification of the lesion, thus avoiding resorting to more complex investigations such as angiography.", "PMID": 857009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11699", "title": "[Precision bone densitometry using films without screens (author's transl)].", "content": "The new method of indirect bone densitometry proposed evaluates a coefficient of reduction related to the minerals of bone tissue (M.C.R.) by measurement of the blackness of a film without creen exposed to a well-defined monochromatic ray. The M.C.R. is closely related (R=0.98) to the mineral content measured experimentally in bone fragments. It represents a precise evaluation of the \"quality\" of bone tissue. A.M.C.R. less than normal is seen in hyperosteoidosis syndromes or in the case of increased intraosseous resorption. This relatively simple and cheap method is particularly useful in the detection and observation of osteomalacia, and in bone disorders associated with haemodialysis and hyperparathyroidism.", "contents": "[Precision bone densitometry using films without screens (author's transl)]. The new method of indirect bone densitometry proposed evaluates a coefficient of reduction related to the minerals of bone tissue (M.C.R.) by measurement of the blackness of a film without creen exposed to a well-defined monochromatic ray. The M.C.R. is closely related (R=0.98) to the mineral content measured experimentally in bone fragments. It represents a precise evaluation of the \"quality\" of bone tissue. A.M.C.R. less than normal is seen in hyperosteoidosis syndromes or in the case of increased intraosseous resorption. This relatively simple and cheap method is particularly useful in the detection and observation of osteomalacia, and in bone disorders associated with haemodialysis and hyperparathyroidism.", "PMID": 857010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11700", "title": "[Double contrast radiological study of the small intestine with duodeno-jejunal intubation. The technique used at the Nice University Hospital Centr with a report of first results (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have carried out 80 radiological studies by duodeno-jejunal intubation using a tube which they themselves perfected. The technique is simple and easily reveals organic lesions. Barium studies of the small intestine via duodeno-jejunal intubation further makes it possible to assess its tone and peristalsis. The authors feel this technique to be the most suitable for this technique purpose.", "contents": "[Double contrast radiological study of the small intestine with duodeno-jejunal intubation. The technique used at the Nice University Hospital Centr with a report of first results (author's transl)]. The authors have carried out 80 radiological studies by duodeno-jejunal intubation using a tube which they themselves perfected. The technique is simple and easily reveals organic lesions. Barium studies of the small intestine via duodeno-jejunal intubation further makes it possible to assess its tone and peristalsis. The authors feel this technique to be the most suitable for this technique purpose.", "PMID": 857011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11701", "title": "[Radiological study of the cervical spinal column in some neurological degenerative diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "This study presents the findings from a neuroradiological investigation of the cervical spinal canal in a number of diseases of the nervous system. It concerns the measurement of the sagittal and transversal diameters of the spinal canal at levels C3 through C6. The material for this investigation was made up of two main groups: A) 400 controls and B) 110 patients. The second group consisted of the following: 1) 20 patients suffering from Friedreich's Ataxia, 2) 14 patients with Steinert's disease, 3) 44 patients with lateral amyotrophic sclerosis, 4) 14 patients suffering from Charcot-Marie-Tooth's disease, and 5) 18 patients with muscular dystrophy. The results are as follow: 1) In patients with Friedreich's Ataxia both the sagittal and transversal diameters are smaller than those of the controls. 2) On the contrary, in Charcot-Marie-Tooth's disease the sagittal diameter is larger than the controls. 3) The transversal diameter in patients with muscular dystrophy is smaller than the controls and 4) the sagittal diameter of the vertebral canal decreases from the top (C3) downwards (C6) while the transversal diameter increases.", "contents": "[Radiological study of the cervical spinal column in some neurological degenerative diseases (author's transl)]. This study presents the findings from a neuroradiological investigation of the cervical spinal canal in a number of diseases of the nervous system. It concerns the measurement of the sagittal and transversal diameters of the spinal canal at levels C3 through C6. The material for this investigation was made up of two main groups: A) 400 controls and B) 110 patients. The second group consisted of the following: 1) 20 patients suffering from Friedreich's Ataxia, 2) 14 patients with Steinert's disease, 3) 44 patients with lateral amyotrophic sclerosis, 4) 14 patients suffering from Charcot-Marie-Tooth's disease, and 5) 18 patients with muscular dystrophy. The results are as follow: 1) In patients with Friedreich's Ataxia both the sagittal and transversal diameters are smaller than those of the controls. 2) On the contrary, in Charcot-Marie-Tooth's disease the sagittal diameter is larger than the controls. 3) The transversal diameter in patients with muscular dystrophy is smaller than the controls and 4) the sagittal diameter of the vertebral canal decreases from the top (C3) downwards (C6) while the transversal diameter increases.", "PMID": 857012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11702", "title": "[The use of arteriography in the pharmacological study of a vasodilator substance].", "content": "The administration of a vasodilator substance is followed by the development of a higher contrast gradient in a given film in comparison with a reference X-ray carried out in the same subject under comparable technical conditions. Comparative densitometric measurement of the contrast gradient in the two successive arteriographic series, one with and one without the injection, arterial or venous, of a vasodilator substance (Couramine-Rutine) represents a valuable method for the study in man of the action of the substance in a visceral territory. The present study was limited to the kedney (79 cases), ans the territory of the superior mesenteric (46 cases). The absence of any densitometric difference between the two renal series at too low doses of vasodilator substance leads to the supposition of the possibility of a threshold dose of pharmacological activity.", "contents": "[The use of arteriography in the pharmacological study of a vasodilator substance]. The administration of a vasodilator substance is followed by the development of a higher contrast gradient in a given film in comparison with a reference X-ray carried out in the same subject under comparable technical conditions. Comparative densitometric measurement of the contrast gradient in the two successive arteriographic series, one with and one without the injection, arterial or venous, of a vasodilator substance (Couramine-Rutine) represents a valuable method for the study in man of the action of the substance in a visceral territory. The present study was limited to the kedney (79 cases), ans the territory of the superior mesenteric (46 cases). The absence of any densitometric difference between the two renal series at too low doses of vasodilator substance leads to the supposition of the possibility of a threshold dose of pharmacological activity.", "PMID": 857013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11703", "title": "[An unusual dissecting cyst of the knee in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis].", "content": "An unusual synovial cyst of the knee in rheumatoid arthritis is reported. The communication with the knee joint anteriorly under the tibial insertion of the internal collateral ligament is in contrast with all the cases reported to date in the literature. The advantages of the air arthrogram (coupled with the arteriography) over the opaque contrast medium arthrography are shown to be superior for such special case.", "contents": "[An unusual dissecting cyst of the knee in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis]. An unusual synovial cyst of the knee in rheumatoid arthritis is reported. The communication with the knee joint anteriorly under the tibial insertion of the internal collateral ligament is in contrast with all the cases reported to date in the literature. The advantages of the air arthrogram (coupled with the arteriography) over the opaque contrast medium arthrography are shown to be superior for such special case.", "PMID": 857014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11704", "title": "[Double-contrast radiography of the small intestine].", "content": "On the basis of 170 double-contrast radiographic examinations of the small intestine, a description is given, in the first part of this paper, of the technique employed. Emphasis is laid, on the one hand, on duodenal intubation, which is easily effected with a Dotter-Bilbao tube and, on the other, on a study obtained by filling with a continuous barium column, the double-contrast being merely an adjunct. In the second part of the paper the results are analysed from a photographic and diagnostic standpoint: Photographically, duodenal intubation affords a clearer visualization of the jejunum but the chief merit of double-contrast radiography lies in the visualization of the ileum and the study it makes possible of the last ileal fold. With regard to diagnosis, from personal series, 20 % of organic lesions have been observed, although it must be admitted that this figure is certainly boosted by the selectivity of a specialized gastroenterologic unit. The interest of this technique rests also on the fact that the examination is very well tolerated by the patient and does not last more than two hours on an average.", "contents": "[Double-contrast radiography of the small intestine]. On the basis of 170 double-contrast radiographic examinations of the small intestine, a description is given, in the first part of this paper, of the technique employed. Emphasis is laid, on the one hand, on duodenal intubation, which is easily effected with a Dotter-Bilbao tube and, on the other, on a study obtained by filling with a continuous barium column, the double-contrast being merely an adjunct. In the second part of the paper the results are analysed from a photographic and diagnostic standpoint: Photographically, duodenal intubation affords a clearer visualization of the jejunum but the chief merit of double-contrast radiography lies in the visualization of the ileum and the study it makes possible of the last ileal fold. With regard to diagnosis, from personal series, 20 % of organic lesions have been observed, although it must be admitted that this figure is certainly boosted by the selectivity of a specialized gastroenterologic unit. The interest of this technique rests also on the fact that the examination is very well tolerated by the patient and does not last more than two hours on an average.", "PMID": 857015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11705", "title": "[Present possibilities of surgery in the treatment of metastases in the limbs].", "content": "Present-day techniques used in the surgical treatment of bony metastases of the limbs are described in relation to a series of 116 cases. Emphasis is laid on the possibilities of osteosynthesis or preventive arthroplasty.", "contents": "[Present possibilities of surgery in the treatment of metastases in the limbs]. Present-day techniques used in the surgical treatment of bony metastases of the limbs are described in relation to a series of 116 cases. Emphasis is laid on the possibilities of osteosynthesis or preventive arthroplasty.", "PMID": 857016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11706", "title": "Polycystic ovarian disease: clinical considerations.", "content": "Although the pathogenesis of the PCO syndrome remains obscure, several endocrine aberrations are clinically measurable in this syndrome. It has been shown that this syndrome is associated with inappropriate gonadotropin secretion and elevated serum LH, A and T levels. Various levels of E2 and E1 have been noted. The evaluation of these individuals should include studies to determine the state of androgen production in them. Treatment should be based upon an understanding of the pathophysiology, a thorough evaluation of androgen production and the patient's expectations based upon age, marital status and desire for pregnancy. The physician's expectations should be related to prevention of endometrial hyperplasia, the restoring of ovulation and amelioration of many of the androgenic side effects seen.", "contents": "Polycystic ovarian disease: clinical considerations. Although the pathogenesis of the PCO syndrome remains obscure, several endocrine aberrations are clinically measurable in this syndrome. It has been shown that this syndrome is associated with inappropriate gonadotropin secretion and elevated serum LH, A and T levels. Various levels of E2 and E1 have been noted. The evaluation of these individuals should include studies to determine the state of androgen production in them. Treatment should be based upon an understanding of the pathophysiology, a thorough evaluation of androgen production and the patient's expectations based upon age, marital status and desire for pregnancy. The physician's expectations should be related to prevention of endometrial hyperplasia, the restoring of ovulation and amelioration of many of the androgenic side effects seen.", "PMID": 857017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11707", "title": "Quantitative structure--activity relationships. 7. The bilinear model, a new model for nonlinear dependence of biological activity on hydrophobic character.", "content": "The bilinear model, log 1/C =a log P-b log (betaP+1) +C, a new model for nonlinear dependence of biological activity on hydrophobic character, is applied to 57 data sets of biological activity values in homologous series. From a comparison of the statistical parameters and the residuals obtained with the bilinear model and the parabolic model, the superiority of the bilinear model for a precise quantitative description of both linear and nonlinear parts of sturcture-activity relationships can be derived; the bilinear model explains the particular effect that in homologous series the relationship between biological activity and hydrophobic character is strictly linear for the lower members, while for higher members this relationship is nonlinear.", "contents": "Quantitative structure--activity relationships. 7. The bilinear model, a new model for nonlinear dependence of biological activity on hydrophobic character. The bilinear model, log 1/C =a log P-b log (betaP+1) +C, a new model for nonlinear dependence of biological activity on hydrophobic character, is applied to 57 data sets of biological activity values in homologous series. From a comparison of the statistical parameters and the residuals obtained with the bilinear model and the parabolic model, the superiority of the bilinear model for a precise quantitative description of both linear and nonlinear parts of sturcture-activity relationships can be derived; the bilinear model explains the particular effect that in homologous series the relationship between biological activity and hydrophobic character is strictly linear for the lower members, while for higher members this relationship is nonlinear.", "PMID": 857018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11708", "title": "Study of trans-cyclopropylbis (diketopiperazine) and chelating agents related to ICRF 159. Cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, and effects on scheduled and unscheduled DNA synthesis.", "content": "The cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, and DNA damaging potential of trans-cyclopropylbis (diketopiperazine) (3) and chelating agents related to ICRF 159 (1) were examined as a function of concentration and duration of exposure in the Chinese hamster cell line V79A. At a concentration of 10(-3) M, 1 and the trans-cyclopropanediamine tetraacid 8 and ester 7 proved to be cytotoxic and mutagenic. The trans-cyclopropyl analogue 3 of ICRF 159 and acyclic tetraacid 6 were less cytotoxic at all concentrations; analogue 3 exhibited no mutagenic activity at any of the concentrations tested. Compounds 1, 7, and 8, at lethal concentrations, exhibited significantly different mutation frequencies with 7 being sixfold more mutagenic than 8 at the same molar concentration. At 10(-3) M compounds 8 was several times more effective blocking DNA replication than other analogues but did not induce unscheduled DNA synthesis as did 1,3, and 6. With the exception of 8, there was an excellent correlation between mutagenesis and the induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Study of trans-cyclopropylbis (diketopiperazine) and chelating agents related to ICRF 159. Cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, and effects on scheduled and unscheduled DNA synthesis. The cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, and DNA damaging potential of trans-cyclopropylbis (diketopiperazine) (3) and chelating agents related to ICRF 159 (1) were examined as a function of concentration and duration of exposure in the Chinese hamster cell line V79A. At a concentration of 10(-3) M, 1 and the trans-cyclopropanediamine tetraacid 8 and ester 7 proved to be cytotoxic and mutagenic. The trans-cyclopropyl analogue 3 of ICRF 159 and acyclic tetraacid 6 were less cytotoxic at all concentrations; analogue 3 exhibited no mutagenic activity at any of the concentrations tested. Compounds 1, 7, and 8, at lethal concentrations, exhibited significantly different mutation frequencies with 7 being sixfold more mutagenic than 8 at the same molar concentration. At 10(-3) M compounds 8 was several times more effective blocking DNA replication than other analogues but did not induce unscheduled DNA synthesis as did 1,3, and 6. With the exception of 8, there was an excellent correlation between mutagenesis and the induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 857019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11709", "title": "3-Fluoro-1-hydroxypropan-2-one (fluorohydroxyacetone) and some esters. Syntheses and effects in BDF mice.", "content": "1-(Benzoyloxy), 1-(4-nitrobenzoyloxy), and 1-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyloxy) derivatives of 3-fluoro-, 3-chloro-, and 3-bromopropan-2-one were prepared by oxidation of the 1-benzoyloxy-3-halopropan-2-ols in turn prepared from the appropriate benzoyl chloride and 3-halo-1,2-propanediols, 1-Benzoyloxy-3-fluoropropan-2-one was allowed to react with acidic trimethyl orthoformate to yeild 1-benzoyloxy-2,2-dimethoxy-3-fluoropropane which upon basic hydrolysis afforded 2, 2-dimethoxy-3-fluoropropan-1-ol (fluorohydroxyacetone dimethyl ketal). This was deketalized with aqueous HCL to afford 3-fluoro-1-hydroxypropan-2-one (fluorohydroxyacetone), the title compound. By reacting 1-chloro-3-fluoropropan-2-one and 1, 3-dichloropropan-2-one with potassium acetate, 1-acetoxy-3-fluoropropan-2-one and 1-acetoxy-3-chloropropan-2-one (fluoro- and chlorohydroxyacetone acetate, respectively) were obtained. Similarly, sodium benzoate and 1-chloropropan-2-one produced 1-benzoyloxypropan-2-one. Stucture-activity relationships are discussed which relate chemical structure, alkylating ability, toxicity, and antitumor effects. Comparative toxicities in mice showed decreasing toxicity, on a molar basis, in the 1-benzoyloxy-3-halopropan-2-one series of bromo greater than fluoro greater than chloro. Ketones were much more toxic than the corresponding alcohols. In general the phosphate and benzoyloxy derivatives are more toxic than acetoxy compounds, with nitro-substituted benzoyloxy derivatives being much less toxic.", "contents": "3-Fluoro-1-hydroxypropan-2-one (fluorohydroxyacetone) and some esters. Syntheses and effects in BDF mice. 1-(Benzoyloxy), 1-(4-nitrobenzoyloxy), and 1-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyloxy) derivatives of 3-fluoro-, 3-chloro-, and 3-bromopropan-2-one were prepared by oxidation of the 1-benzoyloxy-3-halopropan-2-ols in turn prepared from the appropriate benzoyl chloride and 3-halo-1,2-propanediols, 1-Benzoyloxy-3-fluoropropan-2-one was allowed to react with acidic trimethyl orthoformate to yeild 1-benzoyloxy-2,2-dimethoxy-3-fluoropropane which upon basic hydrolysis afforded 2, 2-dimethoxy-3-fluoropropan-1-ol (fluorohydroxyacetone dimethyl ketal). This was deketalized with aqueous HCL to afford 3-fluoro-1-hydroxypropan-2-one (fluorohydroxyacetone), the title compound. By reacting 1-chloro-3-fluoropropan-2-one and 1, 3-dichloropropan-2-one with potassium acetate, 1-acetoxy-3-fluoropropan-2-one and 1-acetoxy-3-chloropropan-2-one (fluoro- and chlorohydroxyacetone acetate, respectively) were obtained. Similarly, sodium benzoate and 1-chloropropan-2-one produced 1-benzoyloxypropan-2-one. Stucture-activity relationships are discussed which relate chemical structure, alkylating ability, toxicity, and antitumor effects. Comparative toxicities in mice showed decreasing toxicity, on a molar basis, in the 1-benzoyloxy-3-halopropan-2-one series of bromo greater than fluoro greater than chloro. Ketones were much more toxic than the corresponding alcohols. In general the phosphate and benzoyloxy derivatives are more toxic than acetoxy compounds, with nitro-substituted benzoyloxy derivatives being much less toxic.", "PMID": 857020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11710", "title": "Adrenergic agents. 5. Conformational analysis of 1-alkylamino-3-aryloxy-2-propanols by proton magnetic resonance studies. Implications relating to the steric requirements of adrenoreceptors.", "content": "Two distinct chemical classes, namely, phenylethanolamines resembling the natural biogenic catecholamines and 1-alkylamino-3-aryloxy-2-propanols (aryloxpropanolamines), exert a distinct action as agonists and/or antagonists of adrenergic receptors. To explore the possibility that these two different kinds of chemicals might share a common ground-state conformation as an essential structural feature that satisfies the specific steric requiremetns for the active site of the receptor, a conformational analysis of some aryloxypropanolamines and related compounds was performed. On the basis of this NMR conformational analysis it is suggested that salts of 1-alkylamino-3-aryl-oxy-2-propanols in a nonpolar solvent may exist in a stable \"rigid\" conformation involving two intramolecular hydrogen bonds to form a 6-5 bicyclic chelated structure. Comparison of steremodels of this \"rigid\" bicyclic conformer with the conformationally preferred trans (phenyl to amino) rotamer of adrenergic phenylethanolamines, such as isoproterenol, indicates that all positions of the phenyl ring, the phenyl to oxygen or phenyl to carbon bonds, and the ammonium groups of both chemical classes may be superimposed nearly exactly. A major difference between the two species is the relative steric orientation of the alcoholic hydroxyl groups which are about 2 A removed when models of the two classes of adrenergic agents are superimposed. That a specific steric orientation of this alcoholic functionality may not be an absolute requirement for adrenergic activity is supported by the recent observation of significant activity in the homologue of N-tert-butylnorepinephrine in which a methylene group is inserted between the benzylic carbon and the hydroxyl group. Possibly the different steric location of the alcoholic hydroxyl group may be involved in the altered beta1- and beta2-adrenoreceptor selectivity of phenylethanolamines and phenoxypropanolamines.", "contents": "Adrenergic agents. 5. Conformational analysis of 1-alkylamino-3-aryloxy-2-propanols by proton magnetic resonance studies. Implications relating to the steric requirements of adrenoreceptors. Two distinct chemical classes, namely, phenylethanolamines resembling the natural biogenic catecholamines and 1-alkylamino-3-aryloxy-2-propanols (aryloxpropanolamines), exert a distinct action as agonists and/or antagonists of adrenergic receptors. To explore the possibility that these two different kinds of chemicals might share a common ground-state conformation as an essential structural feature that satisfies the specific steric requiremetns for the active site of the receptor, a conformational analysis of some aryloxypropanolamines and related compounds was performed. On the basis of this NMR conformational analysis it is suggested that salts of 1-alkylamino-3-aryl-oxy-2-propanols in a nonpolar solvent may exist in a stable \"rigid\" conformation involving two intramolecular hydrogen bonds to form a 6-5 bicyclic chelated structure. Comparison of steremodels of this \"rigid\" bicyclic conformer with the conformationally preferred trans (phenyl to amino) rotamer of adrenergic phenylethanolamines, such as isoproterenol, indicates that all positions of the phenyl ring, the phenyl to oxygen or phenyl to carbon bonds, and the ammonium groups of both chemical classes may be superimposed nearly exactly. A major difference between the two species is the relative steric orientation of the alcoholic hydroxyl groups which are about 2 A removed when models of the two classes of adrenergic agents are superimposed. That a specific steric orientation of this alcoholic functionality may not be an absolute requirement for adrenergic activity is supported by the recent observation of significant activity in the homologue of N-tert-butylnorepinephrine in which a methylene group is inserted between the benzylic carbon and the hydroxyl group. Possibly the different steric location of the alcoholic hydroxyl group may be involved in the altered beta1- and beta2-adrenoreceptor selectivity of phenylethanolamines and phenoxypropanolamines.", "PMID": 857021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11711", "title": "5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroguinolines. 4. Antiulcer and antisecretory activity of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinolinenitriles and -thioamides.", "content": "A number of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoling-8-nitriles and -8-thioamides and related compounds have been found to be potent inhibitors of basal gastric secretion in the pylorus-ligated rat and to afford protection against gastric erosions induced in rats by cold-restraint stress. Molecular manipulation has proved useful in determining factors necessary for such activity and structure-activity relationships are discussed. It has been shown that the most necessary requirements for activity are a pyridine nitrogen with its available lone pair and a primary or secondary thioamide. Also desirable is a six-membered carbocyclic ring with relative freedom from steric hinderance around the 8 position.", "contents": "5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroguinolines. 4. Antiulcer and antisecretory activity of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinolinenitriles and -thioamides. A number of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoling-8-nitriles and -8-thioamides and related compounds have been found to be potent inhibitors of basal gastric secretion in the pylorus-ligated rat and to afford protection against gastric erosions induced in rats by cold-restraint stress. Molecular manipulation has proved useful in determining factors necessary for such activity and structure-activity relationships are discussed. It has been shown that the most necessary requirements for activity are a pyridine nitrogen with its available lone pair and a primary or secondary thioamide. Also desirable is a six-membered carbocyclic ring with relative freedom from steric hinderance around the 8 position.", "PMID": 857022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11712", "title": "Piezoelectric transducers for oral force monitoring.", "content": "A wide variety of instruments have been developed for oral force monitoring. Most of the instruments, however, have employed bite elements which were too thick for measurement of biting forces when the teeth are nearly in contact and probably stretched the stomatognathic muscular system beyond its maximum power of contraction. This paper reports on the use of piezoelectric transducers (quartz crystals, 1.5 mm thick) to monitor quantitatively biting forces in humans.", "contents": "Piezoelectric transducers for oral force monitoring. A wide variety of instruments have been developed for oral force monitoring. Most of the instruments, however, have employed bite elements which were too thick for measurement of biting forces when the teeth are nearly in contact and probably stretched the stomatognathic muscular system beyond its maximum power of contraction. This paper reports on the use of piezoelectric transducers (quartz crystals, 1.5 mm thick) to monitor quantitatively biting forces in humans.", "PMID": 857023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11713", "title": "Risk of bladder tumors among benzidine workers and their serum properdin levels.", "content": "Serum properdin levels were determined for 21 benzidine operators at 6-month intervals for 2 years after termination of exposure to this carcinogen. Of this group, 7 developed bladder cancers within a 4-month period prior to the initial assay, and all 7 showed properdin levels below the median for the group as a whole. Two of the 3 workers who had had a brief exposure previously to beta-naphthylamine developed benign bladder tumors but had no malignant neoplasms up to 13 years later. The properdin assays of these 3 men remained consistently at or above the median values. No man developed a bladder tumor who was exposed less than 6 years to benzidine, even though 2 of these men showed low properdin levels. Of the 4 whose properdin levels were initially above the median but dropped below in subsequent assays, 3 developed bladder cancers 0.5, 4, and 9 years later. Only 1 man whose properdin level remained high in 1958-59 developed a bladder cancer 7 years later, and his immunologic picture may have been complicated by recovery from a larynx tumor in 1954. Recurrence of bladder tumors among the original 9 cases has occurred only among the 5 whose properdin levels remained below the median. The 1 whose ranking fell most dramatically (from 13 to 19) has had 13 recurrences in 13 years.", "contents": "Risk of bladder tumors among benzidine workers and their serum properdin levels. Serum properdin levels were determined for 21 benzidine operators at 6-month intervals for 2 years after termination of exposure to this carcinogen. Of this group, 7 developed bladder cancers within a 4-month period prior to the initial assay, and all 7 showed properdin levels below the median for the group as a whole. Two of the 3 workers who had had a brief exposure previously to beta-naphthylamine developed benign bladder tumors but had no malignant neoplasms up to 13 years later. The properdin assays of these 3 men remained consistently at or above the median values. No man developed a bladder tumor who was exposed less than 6 years to benzidine, even though 2 of these men showed low properdin levels. Of the 4 whose properdin levels were initially above the median but dropped below in subsequent assays, 3 developed bladder cancers 0.5, 4, and 9 years later. Only 1 man whose properdin level remained high in 1958-59 developed a bladder cancer 7 years later, and his immunologic picture may have been complicated by recovery from a larynx tumor in 1954. Recurrence of bladder tumors among the original 9 cases has occurred only among the 5 whose properdin levels remained below the median. The 1 whose ranking fell most dramatically (from 13 to 19) has had 13 recurrences in 13 years.", "PMID": 857024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11714", "title": "Growth kinetics of plasma cell myeloma.", "content": "The plasma cell labeling index(ex) (LI) of 128 patients with multiple myeloma at various stages of disease was compared as a function of tumor mass load and length of treatment. No significant differences in LI were noted for patients with various degrees of tumor reduction. Patients observed during the first 3 months of treatment had significantly higher LI than did untreated patients and those studied after longer intervals. In vivo cell-cycle analysis of myeloma cells by the halving time of the grain-count method failed to establish the length of the cell cycle but defined the length of S+G2 phases as being longer than 60 hours. Similar studies conducted in vitro defined a shorter combined length of S+G2 phase. In 2 patients in whom continuous infusion with [3H] thymidine was performed, the generation time was established as 8 days. Both patients had similar initial LI (5.7 and 6.6) but different growth fractions (19 and 47%). The measured tumor mass doubling time was much longer than the calculated one, suggesting the presence of considerable intrinsic cell loss (83 and 47%). These observations were summarized by a hypothetical two-compartment model for the growth kinetics of multiple myeloma.", "contents": "Growth kinetics of plasma cell myeloma. The plasma cell labeling index(ex) (LI) of 128 patients with multiple myeloma at various stages of disease was compared as a function of tumor mass load and length of treatment. No significant differences in LI were noted for patients with various degrees of tumor reduction. Patients observed during the first 3 months of treatment had significantly higher LI than did untreated patients and those studied after longer intervals. In vivo cell-cycle analysis of myeloma cells by the halving time of the grain-count method failed to establish the length of the cell cycle but defined the length of S+G2 phases as being longer than 60 hours. Similar studies conducted in vitro defined a shorter combined length of S+G2 phase. In 2 patients in whom continuous infusion with [3H] thymidine was performed, the generation time was established as 8 days. Both patients had similar initial LI (5.7 and 6.6) but different growth fractions (19 and 47%). The measured tumor mass doubling time was much longer than the calculated one, suggesting the presence of considerable intrinsic cell loss (83 and 47%). These observations were summarized by a hypothetical two-compartment model for the growth kinetics of multiple myeloma.", "PMID": 857025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11715", "title": "A preliminary Pharmacokinetic study of dianhydrogalactitol (NSC-132313) disposition in the dog.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of dianhydrogalactitol (DAG), NSC-132313, were studied in the beagle dog at doses of 3 mg - kg-1 and 6 mg - kg-1. DAG concentrations in plasma were determined by a gas chromatographic method capable of specifically detecting the parent drug and differentiating between it and products of its degradation or metabolism. Plasma disappearance time curves were generated and shown to follow simple two-compartment model behavior after iv administration of DAG. Distribution and elimination of DAG appeared to be dose-independent in the limited dose range studied. After iv administration, the drug was rapidly distributed throughout extracellular fluids (volume of the central compartment = 462 ml - kg-1) and subsequently was rapidly cleared (total body clearance = 23.4 ml - min-1 - kg-1) and eliminated (t1/2, b = 26.2 min) from the animal. Experiments (in vitro) with the use of radiolabeled DAG indicated that the drug binds reversibly and irreversibly to red blood cells.", "contents": "A preliminary Pharmacokinetic study of dianhydrogalactitol (NSC-132313) disposition in the dog. The pharmacokinetics of dianhydrogalactitol (DAG), NSC-132313, were studied in the beagle dog at doses of 3 mg - kg-1 and 6 mg - kg-1. DAG concentrations in plasma were determined by a gas chromatographic method capable of specifically detecting the parent drug and differentiating between it and products of its degradation or metabolism. Plasma disappearance time curves were generated and shown to follow simple two-compartment model behavior after iv administration of DAG. Distribution and elimination of DAG appeared to be dose-independent in the limited dose range studied. After iv administration, the drug was rapidly distributed throughout extracellular fluids (volume of the central compartment = 462 ml - kg-1) and subsequently was rapidly cleared (total body clearance = 23.4 ml - min-1 - kg-1) and eliminated (t1/2, b = 26.2 min) from the animal. Experiments (in vitro) with the use of radiolabeled DAG indicated that the drug binds reversibly and irreversibly to red blood cells.", "PMID": 857026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11716", "title": "An organ culture method for adult colon from germfree and conventional mice: effects of donor age and carcinogen treatment on epithelial mitotic activity.", "content": "An organ culture system by which adult mouse colon epithelium could be maintained in a modified form for several weeks was described. The effects of donor age and carcinogen pretreatment were studied as a preliminary to proposed experiments on the effect of carcinogen treatment in vitro on colon epithelium from mice of different ages. Mitotic activity was compared in explants of colon from germfree C57BL mice 5 weeks, 5 months, and 9 months old; no differences were detected. The effect of old age on mitotic activity was not studied, since colon epithelium from old (30 mo) conventional mice could not be maintained in culture. Colon explants from conventional mice that had been pretreated for 32 weeks with weekly doses of a carcinogen, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, appeared to have a higher potential for mitotic activity in vitro than did those from age-matched, untreated controls, but the difference was only significant at the 10% level. The epithelial cells were normal in ultrastructure, and the method may be valuable for studies of the direct effects of substances on adult colon epithelium.", "contents": "An organ culture method for adult colon from germfree and conventional mice: effects of donor age and carcinogen treatment on epithelial mitotic activity. An organ culture system by which adult mouse colon epithelium could be maintained in a modified form for several weeks was described. The effects of donor age and carcinogen pretreatment were studied as a preliminary to proposed experiments on the effect of carcinogen treatment in vitro on colon epithelium from mice of different ages. Mitotic activity was compared in explants of colon from germfree C57BL mice 5 weeks, 5 months, and 9 months old; no differences were detected. The effect of old age on mitotic activity was not studied, since colon epithelium from old (30 mo) conventional mice could not be maintained in culture. Colon explants from conventional mice that had been pretreated for 32 weeks with weekly doses of a carcinogen, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, appeared to have a higher potential for mitotic activity in vitro than did those from age-matched, untreated controls, but the difference was only significant at the 10% level. The epithelial cells were normal in ultrastructure, and the method may be valuable for studies of the direct effects of substances on adult colon epithelium.", "PMID": 857027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11717", "title": "Ultrastructural comparison of differentiation of stem cells of murine adenocarcinomas of colon and breast with their normal counterparts.", "content": "Two rats with chemically induced transplantable adenocarcinomas of the colon were given pulses of [3H]thymidine, and autoradiography with electron microscopes was used to compare the degrees of differentiation of the stem cells of the tumor and colon. The best differentiated portions of the tumor had acini composed of vacuolated, mucous, and argentaffin cells in various stages of differentiation. Vacuolated and mucous cells incorporated [3H]thymidine and corresponded in degree of differentiation to that of their labeled normal counterparts in the normal colon. An exceedingly undifferentiated labeled cell, hitherto undescribed, was identified in the tumor and crypts of the colon; this may be an undifferentiated colon stem cell that differentiates into vacuolated and mucous stem cells and/or into argentaffin cells. Normal stem cells of the breast and malignant stem cells of spontaneous adenocarcinomas of the breast of C3H mice had comparable degrees of differentiation. Since normal stem cells in these tissues were as undifferentiated as the least differentiated stem cells of the tumors, there is now no need to postulate dedifferentiation as a mechanism to explain the undifferentiated appearance of tumors.", "contents": "Ultrastructural comparison of differentiation of stem cells of murine adenocarcinomas of colon and breast with their normal counterparts. Two rats with chemically induced transplantable adenocarcinomas of the colon were given pulses of [3H]thymidine, and autoradiography with electron microscopes was used to compare the degrees of differentiation of the stem cells of the tumor and colon. The best differentiated portions of the tumor had acini composed of vacuolated, mucous, and argentaffin cells in various stages of differentiation. Vacuolated and mucous cells incorporated [3H]thymidine and corresponded in degree of differentiation to that of their labeled normal counterparts in the normal colon. An exceedingly undifferentiated labeled cell, hitherto undescribed, was identified in the tumor and crypts of the colon; this may be an undifferentiated colon stem cell that differentiates into vacuolated and mucous stem cells and/or into argentaffin cells. Normal stem cells of the breast and malignant stem cells of spontaneous adenocarcinomas of the breast of C3H mice had comparable degrees of differentiation. Since normal stem cells in these tissues were as undifferentiated as the least differentiated stem cells of the tumors, there is now no need to postulate dedifferentiation as a mechanism to explain the undifferentiated appearance of tumors.", "PMID": 857028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11718", "title": "Iodoacetate-induced inhibition and enhancement of spontaneous leukemia in AKR mice.", "content": "Either inhibition or enhancement of the spontaneous lymphoma exhibited by AKR mice was observed after treatment with different dosages of the sulfhydryl inhibitor, sodium iodoacetate. Treatment of the mice at 3 or 6 months of age with five ip injections of 0.10 mg of iodoacetate at 5-day intervals significnatly extended the survival of the animals. A single administration of this dosage elevated the responses of splenic lymphocytes to the T-cell mitogens phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A), and resulted in higher PHA and Con A response ratios than were noted for age-matched controls. Conversely, groups of 3- or 6-month-old AKR mice, subjected to the same regimen but with 0.01-mg dosages, exhibited an apparent accelerated development of the leukemia and survived for significantly shorter periods. In general, splenic lymphocytes harvested from mice given a single 0.01-mg treatment of iodoacetate were not as reactive as were control cell cultures when exposed to the T-cell mitogens.", "contents": "Iodoacetate-induced inhibition and enhancement of spontaneous leukemia in AKR mice. Either inhibition or enhancement of the spontaneous lymphoma exhibited by AKR mice was observed after treatment with different dosages of the sulfhydryl inhibitor, sodium iodoacetate. Treatment of the mice at 3 or 6 months of age with five ip injections of 0.10 mg of iodoacetate at 5-day intervals significnatly extended the survival of the animals. A single administration of this dosage elevated the responses of splenic lymphocytes to the T-cell mitogens phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A), and resulted in higher PHA and Con A response ratios than were noted for age-matched controls. Conversely, groups of 3- or 6-month-old AKR mice, subjected to the same regimen but with 0.01-mg dosages, exhibited an apparent accelerated development of the leukemia and survived for significantly shorter periods. In general, splenic lymphocytes harvested from mice given a single 0.01-mg treatment of iodoacetate were not as reactive as were control cell cultures when exposed to the T-cell mitogens.", "PMID": 857029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11719", "title": "Morphologic character of transforming renal cell cultures derived from Wistar rats given dimethylnitrosamine.", "content": "The morphologic character of kidney cells during serial subculture following isolation from Wistar rats treated several hours to 1 week previously with a carcinogenic dose of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN; 60 mg/kg body weight following protein deprivation) was compared with the appearance of cultures derived from normal control rats. Apart from early signs of cell toxicity, cultures from DMN-treated rats appeared similar to those from untreated rats for the first four passages. Control cells underwent senescence usually by subculture 4, whereas the test cultures survived to express morphologic transformation (usually at subculture 5) as dense macroscopic colonies of piled up cells. In 18 of the 20 test cultures, the cell populations that persisted in continuous culture following expression of morphologic transformation were exclusively mesenchymal, closely resembling DMN-induced renal mesenchymal tumor cells in continuous culture. In the remaining 2 test cultures from DMN-treated rats, a persisting population of abnormal epithelium was present in addition to morphologically transformed mesenchymal cells. The occurrence of populations of altered mesenchymal and epithelial cells characterized by prolonged survival in vitro following isolation from rats shortly after treatment with a carcinogenic dose of DMN was believed to be related to the long-term induction in the rat kidney of a high incidence of mesenchymal tumors and a lower incidence of cortical epithelial tumors by the same dose schedule.", "contents": "Morphologic character of transforming renal cell cultures derived from Wistar rats given dimethylnitrosamine. The morphologic character of kidney cells during serial subculture following isolation from Wistar rats treated several hours to 1 week previously with a carcinogenic dose of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN; 60 mg/kg body weight following protein deprivation) was compared with the appearance of cultures derived from normal control rats. Apart from early signs of cell toxicity, cultures from DMN-treated rats appeared similar to those from untreated rats for the first four passages. Control cells underwent senescence usually by subculture 4, whereas the test cultures survived to express morphologic transformation (usually at subculture 5) as dense macroscopic colonies of piled up cells. In 18 of the 20 test cultures, the cell populations that persisted in continuous culture following expression of morphologic transformation were exclusively mesenchymal, closely resembling DMN-induced renal mesenchymal tumor cells in continuous culture. In the remaining 2 test cultures from DMN-treated rats, a persisting population of abnormal epithelium was present in addition to morphologically transformed mesenchymal cells. The occurrence of populations of altered mesenchymal and epithelial cells characterized by prolonged survival in vitro following isolation from rats shortly after treatment with a carcinogenic dose of DMN was believed to be related to the long-term induction in the rat kidney of a high incidence of mesenchymal tumors and a lower incidence of cortical epithelial tumors by the same dose schedule.", "PMID": 857030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11720", "title": "Studies with cyclophosphamide labeled with phosphorus-32: nucleic acid alkylation and its effect on DNA synthesis in rat tumor and normal tissues.", "content": "The gross distribution of levels of [32P]cyclophosphamide ([32P]CY) in August female rats was similar in tumor, intestinal mucosa, spleen, bone marrow, and striated muscle tissue, with slightly higher levels in liver and kidney tissue. A triphasic association with nucleic acids was found and actual alkylation of DNA and RNA reached a maximum of 48 hours post treatment. There was no evidence of 32P-label reutilization that could have accounted for prolonged alkylation. We found that 100 mg CY/kg suppressed the incorporation of [3H]thymidine, [3H]deoxyuridine, and [14C]sodium formate into the DNA of the BICR-A15 carcinoma for at least 10 days. This correlated well with the observed regression of tumor volume. Bone marrow and intestinal mucosa, two tissues which limit chemotherapuetic treatment of the tumor, were less affected by 100 mg CY/kg. Bone marrow had regained normal levels of DNA precursor incorporation by 5 days, and intestinal mucosa had regained normal levels by 3 days. Results indicated that this differential in recovery time may assist in the successful scheduling of vital tissue-sparing drug regimens.", "contents": "Studies with cyclophosphamide labeled with phosphorus-32: nucleic acid alkylation and its effect on DNA synthesis in rat tumor and normal tissues. The gross distribution of levels of [32P]cyclophosphamide ([32P]CY) in August female rats was similar in tumor, intestinal mucosa, spleen, bone marrow, and striated muscle tissue, with slightly higher levels in liver and kidney tissue. A triphasic association with nucleic acids was found and actual alkylation of DNA and RNA reached a maximum of 48 hours post treatment. There was no evidence of 32P-label reutilization that could have accounted for prolonged alkylation. We found that 100 mg CY/kg suppressed the incorporation of [3H]thymidine, [3H]deoxyuridine, and [14C]sodium formate into the DNA of the BICR-A15 carcinoma for at least 10 days. This correlated well with the observed regression of tumor volume. Bone marrow and intestinal mucosa, two tissues which limit chemotherapuetic treatment of the tumor, were less affected by 100 mg CY/kg. Bone marrow had regained normal levels of DNA precursor incorporation by 5 days, and intestinal mucosa had regained normal levels by 3 days. Results indicated that this differential in recovery time may assist in the successful scheduling of vital tissue-sparing drug regimens.", "PMID": 857031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11721", "title": "A potent pancreatic carcinogen in Syrian hamsters: N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine.", "content": "N-Nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP), a further postulated beta-metabolite of di-n-propylnitrosamine, induced a high incidence of pancreatic duct adenomas and adenocarcinomas as early as 13 weeks in Syrian hamsters receiving weekly sc injections for life and a few pancreatic adenomas, after 28 weeks, in those given a single sc dose. Compared to related compounds, N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine and N-nitrosobis(2-acetoxy-propyl)amine which are also pancreatic carcinogens, BOP induced only a few neoplasms of the lung, liver, and kidney and none in the nasal cavity, larynx, and trachea. The results therefore indicate progress in developing a more specific model for pancreatic carcinogenesis studies.", "contents": "A potent pancreatic carcinogen in Syrian hamsters: N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine. N-Nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP), a further postulated beta-metabolite of di-n-propylnitrosamine, induced a high incidence of pancreatic duct adenomas and adenocarcinomas as early as 13 weeks in Syrian hamsters receiving weekly sc injections for life and a few pancreatic adenomas, after 28 weeks, in those given a single sc dose. Compared to related compounds, N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine and N-nitrosobis(2-acetoxy-propyl)amine which are also pancreatic carcinogens, BOP induced only a few neoplasms of the lung, liver, and kidney and none in the nasal cavity, larynx, and trachea. The results therefore indicate progress in developing a more specific model for pancreatic carcinogenesis studies.", "PMID": 857032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11722", "title": "Immunobiology of heterotransplanted human tumors in nude mice.", "content": "The immunobiology of heterotransplanted human tumors was investigated following transplantation into nude mice of human bronchogenic, colon, rectal, ovarian, gastric, endometrial, vaginal, bladder, renal, esophageal, embryonic cell, pancreatic, and breast carcinoma, as well as fibrosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, malignant melanoma, astrocytoma, Wilm's tumor, endometrial hyperplasia, and hydatidiform mole. Several of these tumors were passaged up to 15 generations. During these passages no changes in latency period for tumor development or in histology were noted. There were significant differences between several tumors in the minimum number of cells required for successful transplantation; such differences were independent of the basic biologic aggressiveness of the individual tumors. Nude mice that received transplants of fibrosarcoma and endometrial carcinoma had increased serum IgM and numbers of spleen cells and complement receptor lymphocytes. No such changes were noted for mice that received transplants of malignant melanoma, In contrast, there were no apparent differences in the responses of nude mice, who were given transplants of human tumors, to be T-cell mitogens concanavalin A or phytohemagglutinin or in the number of theta-bearing spleen cells. The success rate for transplantation was significantly improved when explants, rather than single-cell suspensions, were performed. Tumors transplanted to nude mice derived from strictly homozygous matings behaved like tumors transplanted to mice born of heterozygous mothers. Finally, despite the dramatic size of subcutaneous tumor nodules, there were no examples of invasion or distant metastases.", "contents": "Immunobiology of heterotransplanted human tumors in nude mice. The immunobiology of heterotransplanted human tumors was investigated following transplantation into nude mice of human bronchogenic, colon, rectal, ovarian, gastric, endometrial, vaginal, bladder, renal, esophageal, embryonic cell, pancreatic, and breast carcinoma, as well as fibrosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, malignant melanoma, astrocytoma, Wilm's tumor, endometrial hyperplasia, and hydatidiform mole. Several of these tumors were passaged up to 15 generations. During these passages no changes in latency period for tumor development or in histology were noted. There were significant differences between several tumors in the minimum number of cells required for successful transplantation; such differences were independent of the basic biologic aggressiveness of the individual tumors. Nude mice that received transplants of fibrosarcoma and endometrial carcinoma had increased serum IgM and numbers of spleen cells and complement receptor lymphocytes. No such changes were noted for mice that received transplants of malignant melanoma, In contrast, there were no apparent differences in the responses of nude mice, who were given transplants of human tumors, to be T-cell mitogens concanavalin A or phytohemagglutinin or in the number of theta-bearing spleen cells. The success rate for transplantation was significantly improved when explants, rather than single-cell suspensions, were performed. Tumors transplanted to nude mice derived from strictly homozygous matings behaved like tumors transplanted to mice born of heterozygous mothers. Finally, despite the dramatic size of subcutaneous tumor nodules, there were no examples of invasion or distant metastases.", "PMID": 857033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11723", "title": "Production of casein and the presence of estrogen receptors in human breast cancer.", "content": "The relationship between the presence of estrogen receptors and casein (evaluated on a semiquantitative basis with a specific immunofluorescence method) was statistically analyzed in 50 cases of human breast carcinomas. No significant correlation was found between these two parameters, whereas a relationship was established between the production of casein and the degree of histological differentiation. The results of this study, like those of other studies, revealed a lack of correlation between the presence of estrogen receptors and the degree of histologic differentiation.", "contents": "Production of casein and the presence of estrogen receptors in human breast cancer. The relationship between the presence of estrogen receptors and casein (evaluated on a semiquantitative basis with a specific immunofluorescence method) was statistically analyzed in 50 cases of human breast carcinomas. No significant correlation was found between these two parameters, whereas a relationship was established between the production of casein and the degree of histological differentiation. The results of this study, like those of other studies, revealed a lack of correlation between the presence of estrogen receptors and the degree of histologic differentiation.", "PMID": 857034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11724", "title": "Inhibition of effector cell function in human antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity by sera from cancer patients.", "content": "The effect of sera from 256 human cancer patients on the human antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay was studied. The cancer sera were compared to normal sera for their ability to alter the effector function of lymphocytes following 30 minutes' treatment at 37 degrees C. Even with this brief treatment, 74% of the 256 cancer sera inhibited effector activity. In most instances this inhibition was greater in patients with metastatic disease than in those without. Patients with colon and prostate cancer showed a statistically significant increase in inhibition among patients with disseminated disease (P less than 0.02 and P less than 0.01, respectively). An opposite effect was noted only in melanomas. It is suggested that the inhibition of the effector function in ADCC is a potential in vitro measure of the immunologic status of cancer patients.", "contents": "Inhibition of effector cell function in human antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity by sera from cancer patients. The effect of sera from 256 human cancer patients on the human antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay was studied. The cancer sera were compared to normal sera for their ability to alter the effector function of lymphocytes following 30 minutes' treatment at 37 degrees C. Even with this brief treatment, 74% of the 256 cancer sera inhibited effector activity. In most instances this inhibition was greater in patients with metastatic disease than in those without. Patients with colon and prostate cancer showed a statistically significant increase in inhibition among patients with disseminated disease (P less than 0.02 and P less than 0.01, respectively). An opposite effect was noted only in melanomas. It is suggested that the inhibition of the effector function in ADCC is a potential in vitro measure of the immunologic status of cancer patients.", "PMID": 857035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11725", "title": "Characteristics in youth indicative of adult-onset Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "From the college entrance health data of 50,000 male former students, the records of 45 who eventually died of Hodgkin's disease were compared with those of 180 surviving classmates with reference to certain indicator characteristics. Risk ratios of Hodgkin's disease tended to be lower for men who had experienced various common contagious diseases in childhood. This reduced incidence of clinical contagions may signify that: 1) Inadequate early challenge of immune mechanisms left subjects more susceptible to later Hodgkin's disease, whether or not it is of infectious origin; 2) heightened immune mechanisms that led to subclinical attacks of early contagious diseases promoted an autoimmune response that evolved as Hodgkin's disease; or 3) early childhood infections eliminated some subjects who otherwise would have attended college and ultimately developed adult-onset Hodgkin's disease. Also, Hodgkin's disease risk was higher for students who had reported early death of a parent, particularly from cancer. Moreover, the risk tended to be increased among collegians who were obese, heavy cigarette smokers, and coffee drinkers. None of these indicator characteristics was associated with 89 fatal lymphomas of other types that occurred in the same study population.", "contents": "Characteristics in youth indicative of adult-onset Hodgkin's disease. From the college entrance health data of 50,000 male former students, the records of 45 who eventually died of Hodgkin's disease were compared with those of 180 surviving classmates with reference to certain indicator characteristics. Risk ratios of Hodgkin's disease tended to be lower for men who had experienced various common contagious diseases in childhood. This reduced incidence of clinical contagions may signify that: 1) Inadequate early challenge of immune mechanisms left subjects more susceptible to later Hodgkin's disease, whether or not it is of infectious origin; 2) heightened immune mechanisms that led to subclinical attacks of early contagious diseases promoted an autoimmune response that evolved as Hodgkin's disease; or 3) early childhood infections eliminated some subjects who otherwise would have attended college and ultimately developed adult-onset Hodgkin's disease. Also, Hodgkin's disease risk was higher for students who had reported early death of a parent, particularly from cancer. Moreover, the risk tended to be increased among collegians who were obese, heavy cigarette smokers, and coffee drinkers. None of these indicator characteristics was associated with 89 fatal lymphomas of other types that occurred in the same study population.", "PMID": 857036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11726", "title": "Note on comparison of small proportions in large-scale experiments.", "content": "A statistical confidence interval procedure was given for comparison of a treatment to a control where the response of each experimental unit was binary, e.g., presence or absence of a tumor. The method was appropriate when the two sample sizes were moderately large but the number of positive responses was small. The confidence interval was for the ratio of the two response rates.", "contents": "Note on comparison of small proportions in large-scale experiments. A statistical confidence interval procedure was given for comparison of a treatment to a control where the response of each experimental unit was binary, e.g., presence or absence of a tumor. The method was appropriate when the two sample sizes were moderately large but the number of positive responses was small. The confidence interval was for the ratio of the two response rates.", "PMID": 857037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11727", "title": "Human colon adenocarcinoma cells. II. Tumorigenic and organoid expression in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "A human colon epithelial tumor cell line (LS174T) recultured in vitro following passage through hamsters displayed differences in its cell doubling time and synthesis of carcinoembryonic antigen when compared with the cells grown solely in vitro. These animal-passaged cells more closely resembled the parent tumor cell line (LS180) derived from the primary tumor than LS174T, the trypsinized variant of LS180. Analysis of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes indicated that the tumor cells recovered from the hamsters were free of xenogeneic host tissue. Furthermore, LS174T grafted to athymic (nude) mice grew as a mucinous adenocarcinoma microscopically resembling the original tumor. The altered growth potential of LS174T was also demonstrated on confluent feeder monolayers of normal cells and by uninhibited multiplication in vitro. These results suggest that, at least in this one case, short-term passage of long-term cultured cells into xenogeneic hosts may effect a phenotypic reversion such that the cells regain properties observed in the primary tumor and the initial in vitro explant.", "contents": "Human colon adenocarcinoma cells. II. Tumorigenic and organoid expression in vivo and in vitro. A human colon epithelial tumor cell line (LS174T) recultured in vitro following passage through hamsters displayed differences in its cell doubling time and synthesis of carcinoembryonic antigen when compared with the cells grown solely in vitro. These animal-passaged cells more closely resembled the parent tumor cell line (LS180) derived from the primary tumor than LS174T, the trypsinized variant of LS180. Analysis of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes indicated that the tumor cells recovered from the hamsters were free of xenogeneic host tissue. Furthermore, LS174T grafted to athymic (nude) mice grew as a mucinous adenocarcinoma microscopically resembling the original tumor. The altered growth potential of LS174T was also demonstrated on confluent feeder monolayers of normal cells and by uninhibited multiplication in vitro. These results suggest that, at least in this one case, short-term passage of long-term cultured cells into xenogeneic hosts may effect a phenotypic reversion such that the cells regain properties observed in the primary tumor and the initial in vitro explant.", "PMID": 857038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11728", "title": "Selective induction of intestinal tumors in rats by methyl(acetoxymethyl)nitrosamine, an ester of the presumed reactive metabolite of dimethylnitrosamine.", "content": "Methyl(acetoxymethyl)nitrosamine (DMN-OAc) was synthesized and tested for toxicity and carcinogenicity in rats to test the hypothesis that alpha-hydroxylation is required for metabolic activation of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) to a reactive, proximate carcinogen. The acute median lethal doses (LD50) of DMN-OAc and DMN injected ip into 5-week-old male Sprague-Dawley (Charles River (CD) rats were determined to be 0.19 and 0.59 mmole/kg body weight or 25 mg DMN-OAc/kg and 44 mg DMN/kg body weight, respectively. Single ip injections of one-half the LD50 DMN-OAc (13 mg/kg body weight) in 5-week-old rats of both sexes resulted in a high incidence of epithelial tumors of the intestinal tract. Mean survival times for rats with intestinal tumors were 353 days for males and 433 days for females. Tumors were rarely found at other sites. DMN at equivalent toxic (one-half the LD50, 22 mg/kg) and molar (= one-sixth LD50, 7.0 mg/kg) dose levels, yielded (as expected) tumors of kidneys, lungs, and occasionally other organs, but at a much lower incidence. The finding of the potent carcinogenicity of DMN-OAc supported the postulate that alpha-hydroxylation of DMN in vivo generates a proximate carcinogen.", "contents": "Selective induction of intestinal tumors in rats by methyl(acetoxymethyl)nitrosamine, an ester of the presumed reactive metabolite of dimethylnitrosamine. Methyl(acetoxymethyl)nitrosamine (DMN-OAc) was synthesized and tested for toxicity and carcinogenicity in rats to test the hypothesis that alpha-hydroxylation is required for metabolic activation of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) to a reactive, proximate carcinogen. The acute median lethal doses (LD50) of DMN-OAc and DMN injected ip into 5-week-old male Sprague-Dawley (Charles River (CD) rats were determined to be 0.19 and 0.59 mmole/kg body weight or 25 mg DMN-OAc/kg and 44 mg DMN/kg body weight, respectively. Single ip injections of one-half the LD50 DMN-OAc (13 mg/kg body weight) in 5-week-old rats of both sexes resulted in a high incidence of epithelial tumors of the intestinal tract. Mean survival times for rats with intestinal tumors were 353 days for males and 433 days for females. Tumors were rarely found at other sites. DMN at equivalent toxic (one-half the LD50, 22 mg/kg) and molar (= one-sixth LD50, 7.0 mg/kg) dose levels, yielded (as expected) tumors of kidneys, lungs, and occasionally other organs, but at a much lower incidence. The finding of the potent carcinogenicity of DMN-OAc supported the postulate that alpha-hydroxylation of DMN in vivo generates a proximate carcinogen.", "PMID": 857039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11729", "title": "Pharmacokinetic prediction of tissue residues.", "content": "The applications of pharmacokinetic modeling to the prediction of tissue residues of drugs in food-producing animals are reviewed. The properties of the one-compartment open model are discussed, and the application of this model to the serum levels, urine outputs, and tissue residues of sulfamethazine and its metabolites in sheep is described. The properties of the two-compartment model are discussed, and the application of this model to the serum levels and urine outputs of dicloxacillin in humans is described. Complexities encountered with drugs such as pentobarbital, the tetracyclines, etidronate, and salicylate are discussed as examples of pharmacokinetic behavior that make both modeling and tissue residue prediction difficult.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic prediction of tissue residues. The applications of pharmacokinetic modeling to the prediction of tissue residues of drugs in food-producing animals are reviewed. The properties of the one-compartment open model are discussed, and the application of this model to the serum levels, urine outputs, and tissue residues of sulfamethazine and its metabolites in sheep is described. The properties of the two-compartment model are discussed, and the application of this model to the serum levels and urine outputs of dicloxacillin in humans is described. Complexities encountered with drugs such as pentobarbital, the tetracyclines, etidronate, and salicylate are discussed as examples of pharmacokinetic behavior that make both modeling and tissue residue prediction difficult.", "PMID": 857040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11730", "title": "Application of pharmacokinetic methods to the drug residue profile.", "content": "A pharmacokinetic approach to the delineation of a drug residue profile in food-producing animals has been presented. It is recognized that the determination of a drug withdrawal period is one of the costly developmental procedures in drug development for food animals; thus it is believed that in the early developmental phases, a thorough pharmacokinetic characterization of a drug in the target species would greatly facilitate the design and quality of studies conducted in the later phases of new drug development. It is suggested that drugs that are intended for use in food animals can be characterized kinetically in less costly studies, the results of which might be used to determine the feasibility of developing a drug that might cause serious residue problems. It is also suggested that the pharmacokinetic modeling of a drug in the target animal may provide an essential data base for calculating dosage rates and intervals that directly relate to the efficacy aspects of drug development.", "contents": "Application of pharmacokinetic methods to the drug residue profile. A pharmacokinetic approach to the delineation of a drug residue profile in food-producing animals has been presented. It is recognized that the determination of a drug withdrawal period is one of the costly developmental procedures in drug development for food animals; thus it is believed that in the early developmental phases, a thorough pharmacokinetic characterization of a drug in the target species would greatly facilitate the design and quality of studies conducted in the later phases of new drug development. It is suggested that drugs that are intended for use in food animals can be characterized kinetically in less costly studies, the results of which might be used to determine the feasibility of developing a drug that might cause serious residue problems. It is also suggested that the pharmacokinetic modeling of a drug in the target animal may provide an essential data base for calculating dosage rates and intervals that directly relate to the efficacy aspects of drug development.", "PMID": 857041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11731", "title": "Experiences in dealing with drug-related bound residues.", "content": "Although more than 90% of the radioactivity was excreted in the urine and feces within 10 days of oral treatment of sheep with a single dose of p [14C]toluoyl chloride phenylhydrazone (TCPH), persistent blood residues (5-6 ppm) were observed for at least 21 days. The 14C residues were largely localized in erythrocytes and covalently bound to both heme and globin. Only the phenyl group of the phenylhydrazine part of TCPH was present as 14C bound residues. An analytical procedure to measure the level of phenyl groups incorporated in heme, based on their oxidation to benzoic acid, was developed to monitor residues in treated animals. Relay metabolism in rats was studied by feeding sheep blood containing 14C residues form [14C]TCPH treatment. No retention of 14C residues in rat tissues was observed, which contrasted with the TCPH metabolism. A 90-day relay toxicity study in rats, which were fed dried blood from treated sheep containing up to 2,000 times the potential exposure to residues in the human diet, indicated no observable toxic responses. It is concluded that these data support a tolerance of 6 ppm TCPH equivalents in blood.", "contents": "Experiences in dealing with drug-related bound residues. Although more than 90% of the radioactivity was excreted in the urine and feces within 10 days of oral treatment of sheep with a single dose of p [14C]toluoyl chloride phenylhydrazone (TCPH), persistent blood residues (5-6 ppm) were observed for at least 21 days. The 14C residues were largely localized in erythrocytes and covalently bound to both heme and globin. Only the phenyl group of the phenylhydrazine part of TCPH was present as 14C bound residues. An analytical procedure to measure the level of phenyl groups incorporated in heme, based on their oxidation to benzoic acid, was developed to monitor residues in treated animals. Relay metabolism in rats was studied by feeding sheep blood containing 14C residues form [14C]TCPH treatment. No retention of 14C residues in rat tissues was observed, which contrasted with the TCPH metabolism. A 90-day relay toxicity study in rats, which were fed dried blood from treated sheep containing up to 2,000 times the potential exposure to residues in the human diet, indicated no observable toxic responses. It is concluded that these data support a tolerance of 6 ppm TCPH equivalents in blood.", "PMID": 857042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11732", "title": "Methodology for the determination of bioavailability of labeled residues.", "content": "Methods are described for the determination of bioavailability of lipo- and hydro- soluble compounds in the rat. These procedures involve catheterization of the portal vein and/or intestinal lymphatics to study absorption in unanesthetized animals. Catheterization of the common bile duct prevents recycling of materials through the entero-porto-hepato-biliary circulation (EPHBC). Steady-state conditions are ensured by constant infusion of bile or a solution of bile acids into the stomach or duodenum. The techniques and physiological considerations discussed in detail here have resulted in new proposed animal preparations, of value in the accurate determination of the bioavailability of labeled residues ingested by the second species. Since intake must be adequate to permit meaningful conclusions, the concentration of radioactivity in the harvested homogenized tissue is increased by lyophilization. The lyophilized material is compressed into pellets of adequate size. The animals, kept in restraining cages to prevent coprophagy, are allowed to eat the labeled residue spontaneously, if necessary, for 48 and even 72 hr. Bile, urine, and feces are collected for a sufficient length of time to allow quantitative excretion of the labeled residue, if no absorption takes place. Collection of these excreta must be complete. It is essential to account for most-if not all-of the radioactivity administered. Data so obtained allow an accurate balance between intake and excretion of the labeled residue. The presence of radioactivity in the intestinal wall, carcass, liver, and urine is indicative of absorption. The appearance of radioactivity in the bile also indicates absorption, in addition to suggesting that the compound(s) may undergo EPHBC. The extent of recovery of the administered radioactivity in the luminal contents and feces indicates the extent to which the labeled residue is not bioavailable. Evaluation of data obtained with these new animal models should permit corresponding upward adjustments of the minimum levels of residues allowable in the tissue of animals intended for human consumption.", "contents": "Methodology for the determination of bioavailability of labeled residues. Methods are described for the determination of bioavailability of lipo- and hydro- soluble compounds in the rat. These procedures involve catheterization of the portal vein and/or intestinal lymphatics to study absorption in unanesthetized animals. Catheterization of the common bile duct prevents recycling of materials through the entero-porto-hepato-biliary circulation (EPHBC). Steady-state conditions are ensured by constant infusion of bile or a solution of bile acids into the stomach or duodenum. The techniques and physiological considerations discussed in detail here have resulted in new proposed animal preparations, of value in the accurate determination of the bioavailability of labeled residues ingested by the second species. Since intake must be adequate to permit meaningful conclusions, the concentration of radioactivity in the harvested homogenized tissue is increased by lyophilization. The lyophilized material is compressed into pellets of adequate size. The animals, kept in restraining cages to prevent coprophagy, are allowed to eat the labeled residue spontaneously, if necessary, for 48 and even 72 hr. Bile, urine, and feces are collected for a sufficient length of time to allow quantitative excretion of the labeled residue, if no absorption takes place. Collection of these excreta must be complete. It is essential to account for most-if not all-of the radioactivity administered. Data so obtained allow an accurate balance between intake and excretion of the labeled residue. The presence of radioactivity in the intestinal wall, carcass, liver, and urine is indicative of absorption. The appearance of radioactivity in the bile also indicates absorption, in addition to suggesting that the compound(s) may undergo EPHBC. The extent of recovery of the administered radioactivity in the luminal contents and feces indicates the extent to which the labeled residue is not bioavailable. Evaluation of data obtained with these new animal models should permit corresponding upward adjustments of the minimum levels of residues allowable in the tissue of animals intended for human consumption.", "PMID": 857043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11733", "title": "Covalent binding and endogenous incorporation as illustrated by nitroso carcinogens.", "content": "Serious problems of interpretation may arise when metabolic studies are carried out with radioactively labeled drugs and other foreign chemicals. Detection of free or bound radioactivity in tissues or body fluids may indicate the presence of the unchanged chemical or of various products of its decomposition. Some radioactivity may, however, represent incorporation of certain metabolites of foreign chemicals into body constituents by normal biosynthetic pathways. The interpretation of the results of such metabolic experiments from the standpoint of safety evaluation will be profoundly different if the radioactivity represents covalent binding to a cellular macromolecule than if it results from normal endogenous incorporation. These two distinct types of binding of radioactivity to body constituents are well illustrated by experimental studies with some carcinogenic nitroso compounds, such as dimethylnitrosamine and N-methylnitrosourea. Dimethylnitrosamine requires metabolic activation by microsomal enzymes and yields formaldehyde and a chemically reactive methylating intermediate, probably a methyl carbonium ion. The latter reacts with nucleophilic sites in nucleic acids and proteins, and also with water to yield methanol. N-Methylnitrosourea does not require metabolic activation but yields the same methylating intermediate spontaneously under physiologic conditions. Both formaldehyde and methanol are metabolized largely to CO2, but they also enter the one-carbon metabolic pool and became biosynthetically incorporated into nucleic acids, proteins, and other cell components. Alkylation of cellular constituents is associated with various biological effects, including cytotoxicity, carcinogensis, and mutagenesis, and the same effects are produced by the activated forms of a variety of other chemical carcinogens. It is clearly of paramount importance to distinguish between these two types of incorporation of radioactivity.", "contents": "Covalent binding and endogenous incorporation as illustrated by nitroso carcinogens. Serious problems of interpretation may arise when metabolic studies are carried out with radioactively labeled drugs and other foreign chemicals. Detection of free or bound radioactivity in tissues or body fluids may indicate the presence of the unchanged chemical or of various products of its decomposition. Some radioactivity may, however, represent incorporation of certain metabolites of foreign chemicals into body constituents by normal biosynthetic pathways. The interpretation of the results of such metabolic experiments from the standpoint of safety evaluation will be profoundly different if the radioactivity represents covalent binding to a cellular macromolecule than if it results from normal endogenous incorporation. These two distinct types of binding of radioactivity to body constituents are well illustrated by experimental studies with some carcinogenic nitroso compounds, such as dimethylnitrosamine and N-methylnitrosourea. Dimethylnitrosamine requires metabolic activation by microsomal enzymes and yields formaldehyde and a chemically reactive methylating intermediate, probably a methyl carbonium ion. The latter reacts with nucleophilic sites in nucleic acids and proteins, and also with water to yield methanol. N-Methylnitrosourea does not require metabolic activation but yields the same methylating intermediate spontaneously under physiologic conditions. Both formaldehyde and methanol are metabolized largely to CO2, but they also enter the one-carbon metabolic pool and became biosynthetically incorporated into nucleic acids, proteins, and other cell components. Alkylation of cellular constituents is associated with various biological effects, including cytotoxicity, carcinogensis, and mutagenesis, and the same effects are produced by the activated forms of a variety of other chemical carcinogens. It is clearly of paramount importance to distinguish between these two types of incorporation of radioactivity.", "PMID": 857044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11734", "title": "Biomedical responses of rats to chronic exposure to dietary cadmium fed in ad libitum and equalized regimes.", "content": "Forty 100 g male rats were fed, in groups of eight, either 0, 5, or 25 ppm cadmium in a purified diet for 14 wk. Three groups were fed each of the levels of cadmium on an ad libitum basis. Two other groups were fed either 0 or 5 ppm cadmium in amounts that were equalized to that consumed by the 25 ppm group fed ad libitum. Cadmium ingestion decreased daily diet consumption, weight gain, and terminal body weight. These parameters were not significantly different in rats whose diet consumption was equalized. Packed cell volume and serum iron as well as serum zinc were decreased in the rats fed 25 ppm cadmium. These effects were not related to diet intake. No major differences were observed in serum ceruloplasmin, glucose, protein, leucine aminopeptidase activity, or copper in any of the groups. Blood urea nitrogen and renal leucine aminopeptidase activity were decreased by cadmium ingestion in the rats fed ad libitum only. In contrast, serum alkaline phosphatase activity was elevated by cadmium in the equalized-intake groups only. Cadmium and zinc concentrations were elevated and the iron concentration was decreased in the kidney, liver, and intestinal mucosa of the cadmium-fed rats irrespective of level of diet consumption. The increased uptake of cadmium in these tissues was coincident with the increased content of the cadmium-binding protein, metallothionein, in the cytosol fraction. The results indicate that some parameters of chronic cadmium toxicity are associated with diet consumption whereas others are not.", "contents": "Biomedical responses of rats to chronic exposure to dietary cadmium fed in ad libitum and equalized regimes. Forty 100 g male rats were fed, in groups of eight, either 0, 5, or 25 ppm cadmium in a purified diet for 14 wk. Three groups were fed each of the levels of cadmium on an ad libitum basis. Two other groups were fed either 0 or 5 ppm cadmium in amounts that were equalized to that consumed by the 25 ppm group fed ad libitum. Cadmium ingestion decreased daily diet consumption, weight gain, and terminal body weight. These parameters were not significantly different in rats whose diet consumption was equalized. Packed cell volume and serum iron as well as serum zinc were decreased in the rats fed 25 ppm cadmium. These effects were not related to diet intake. No major differences were observed in serum ceruloplasmin, glucose, protein, leucine aminopeptidase activity, or copper in any of the groups. Blood urea nitrogen and renal leucine aminopeptidase activity were decreased by cadmium ingestion in the rats fed ad libitum only. In contrast, serum alkaline phosphatase activity was elevated by cadmium in the equalized-intake groups only. Cadmium and zinc concentrations were elevated and the iron concentration was decreased in the kidney, liver, and intestinal mucosa of the cadmium-fed rats irrespective of level of diet consumption. The increased uptake of cadmium in these tissues was coincident with the increased content of the cadmium-binding protein, metallothionein, in the cytosol fraction. The results indicate that some parameters of chronic cadmium toxicity are associated with diet consumption whereas others are not.", "PMID": 857045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11735", "title": "Biliary excretion of cadmium in rat. II. The role of metallothionein in the hepatobiliary transport of cadmium.", "content": "Intravenous injection of 109Cd-labeled CdCl2 (1 mg/kg) to control rats and rats that had been injected with CdCl2 (0.25 mg/kg) 24 hr earlier showed that there was a decrease in the biliary excretion of 109Cd in the latter group. The 24 hr pretreatment with CdCl2 resulted in induced synthesis of metallothionein in rat liver and kidney. The binding of cadmium to liver tissue was increased and the renal accumulation of cadmium was unaltered on cadmium pretreatment. Rat liver metallothionein was isolated from rats injected repeatedly with CdCl2. Intravenous injection of cadmium-bound metallothionein gave a different distribution of cadmium in the tissues and biological fluids as compared to injection of CdCl2. A major percentage of cadmium was deposited in the kidney with urinary excretion after injection of rat cadmium-metallothionein to control rats. The biliary excretion of cadmium after cadmium-metallothionein injection was minimal. About 90% of cadmium in the kidney cortex and urine could be recovered as cadmium-thionein in sephadex gel filtration, 3 hr after cadmium-thionein injection.", "contents": "Biliary excretion of cadmium in rat. II. The role of metallothionein in the hepatobiliary transport of cadmium. Intravenous injection of 109Cd-labeled CdCl2 (1 mg/kg) to control rats and rats that had been injected with CdCl2 (0.25 mg/kg) 24 hr earlier showed that there was a decrease in the biliary excretion of 109Cd in the latter group. The 24 hr pretreatment with CdCl2 resulted in induced synthesis of metallothionein in rat liver and kidney. The binding of cadmium to liver tissue was increased and the renal accumulation of cadmium was unaltered on cadmium pretreatment. Rat liver metallothionein was isolated from rats injected repeatedly with CdCl2. Intravenous injection of cadmium-bound metallothionein gave a different distribution of cadmium in the tissues and biological fluids as compared to injection of CdCl2. A major percentage of cadmium was deposited in the kidney with urinary excretion after injection of rat cadmium-metallothionein to control rats. The biliary excretion of cadmium after cadmium-metallothionein injection was minimal. About 90% of cadmium in the kidney cortex and urine could be recovered as cadmium-thionein in sephadex gel filtration, 3 hr after cadmium-thionein injection.", "PMID": 857046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11736", "title": "Cadmium-induced enteropathy: comparative toxicity of cadmium chloride and cadmium-thionein.", "content": "In protecting the body against the noxious effects of dietary cadmium ions, cadmium is bound to metallothionein in the proximal intestine, and subsequently excreted into the lumen with desquamation of the epithelium. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which cadmium in the form of intestinal cadmium-thionein is absorbed from the intestinal lumen and to appraise the toxicity of cadmium-thionein on the intestinal mucosa. With open-ended duodenal perfusion, equivalent amounts of cadmium administered as CdCl2 or cadmium-thionein entered the mucosa, but significantly less cadmium from the perfusate of cadmium-thionein passed into the body. Exposure of the mucosa to CdCl2 for 1 hr led to minor abnormalities in the form of broadening of villi with pseudostratification of epithelium, and swelling of mitochondria, whereas cadmium-thionein produced extensive necrosis of absorptive cells. The results suggest that cadmium-thionein may play a paradoxical role, providing protection against the cadmium ion in the intracellular milieu, but promoting cadmium toxicity when it is present in sufficient amounts in the lumen of the intestine.", "contents": "Cadmium-induced enteropathy: comparative toxicity of cadmium chloride and cadmium-thionein. In protecting the body against the noxious effects of dietary cadmium ions, cadmium is bound to metallothionein in the proximal intestine, and subsequently excreted into the lumen with desquamation of the epithelium. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which cadmium in the form of intestinal cadmium-thionein is absorbed from the intestinal lumen and to appraise the toxicity of cadmium-thionein on the intestinal mucosa. With open-ended duodenal perfusion, equivalent amounts of cadmium administered as CdCl2 or cadmium-thionein entered the mucosa, but significantly less cadmium from the perfusate of cadmium-thionein passed into the body. Exposure of the mucosa to CdCl2 for 1 hr led to minor abnormalities in the form of broadening of villi with pseudostratification of epithelium, and swelling of mitochondria, whereas cadmium-thionein produced extensive necrosis of absorptive cells. The results suggest that cadmium-thionein may play a paradoxical role, providing protection against the cadmium ion in the intracellular milieu, but promoting cadmium toxicity when it is present in sufficient amounts in the lumen of the intestine.", "PMID": 857047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11737", "title": "Renal trauma in children.", "content": "Recent experience with two cases of renal trauma led us to review 57 admissions to Children's Memorial Hospital, CHICAGO, DURING THE LAST 15 YEARS. It became apparent that a clearly defined approach to the management of renal trauma was lacking. A uniform investigation of such patients to include early intravenous pyelography and followed by renal scan or arteriography when pyelography is inconclusive in assessing the exact nature of the renal damage is recommended. The importance of these studies in diagnosing associated congenital anomalies and solitary kidney is also shown. Criteria for management by early surgical intervention or conservative approach are presented. The ultimate aim in management is to preserve the greatest possible amount of functioning renal tissue with the least risk and morbidity to the patient.", "contents": "Renal trauma in children. Recent experience with two cases of renal trauma led us to review 57 admissions to Children's Memorial Hospital, CHICAGO, DURING THE LAST 15 YEARS. It became apparent that a clearly defined approach to the management of renal trauma was lacking. A uniform investigation of such patients to include early intravenous pyelography and followed by renal scan or arteriography when pyelography is inconclusive in assessing the exact nature of the renal damage is recommended. The importance of these studies in diagnosing associated congenital anomalies and solitary kidney is also shown. Criteria for management by early surgical intervention or conservative approach are presented. The ultimate aim in management is to preserve the greatest possible amount of functioning renal tissue with the least risk and morbidity to the patient.", "PMID": 857048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11738", "title": "An effective prehospital emergency system.", "content": "An Emergency Medical Services (EMS) system with the capabilities of rapid response, patient extrication, basic life support, advanced life support, radio communication, and transportation provides appropriate care for a wide spectrum of injured and acutely ill patients. The validity of the selective dual response system in demonstrated by: 1) rapid provision of basic life support, 2) appropriate availability of advanced life support, 3) conservation of educational and fiscal resources, and 4) the enchancement of knowledge and manipulative skill expertise of relatively few, but busy, EMT-paramedics who are provided close medical supervision and support.", "contents": "An effective prehospital emergency system. An Emergency Medical Services (EMS) system with the capabilities of rapid response, patient extrication, basic life support, advanced life support, radio communication, and transportation provides appropriate care for a wide spectrum of injured and acutely ill patients. The validity of the selective dual response system in demonstrated by: 1) rapid provision of basic life support, 2) appropriate availability of advanced life support, 3) conservation of educational and fiscal resources, and 4) the enchancement of knowledge and manipulative skill expertise of relatively few, but busy, EMT-paramedics who are provided close medical supervision and support.", "PMID": 857049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11739", "title": "Lightning injuries.", "content": "The course of three patients apparently struck by lightning is reviewed. The circumstances of the injury and the power of the lightning discharge are uncontrollable variables affecting morbidity and mortality. Immediate cardiopulmonary resuscitation followed by careful clinical monitoring and aggressive treatment of involved organ systems will help most patients to complete recovery.", "contents": "Lightning injuries. The course of three patients apparently struck by lightning is reviewed. The circumstances of the injury and the power of the lightning discharge are uncontrollable variables affecting morbidity and mortality. Immediate cardiopulmonary resuscitation followed by careful clinical monitoring and aggressive treatment of involved organ systems will help most patients to complete recovery.", "PMID": 857050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11740", "title": "Fatal systemic mycotic infections in the burned child.", "content": "Two cases of systemic phycomycotic burn wound infection occurred in severely burned children. Both patients, although treated aggressively, died after systemic colonization through the burn wound by fungi. Modern burn therapy has increased survival of many severely burned children but opportunistic fungal infection remains as an ominous threat. Early recognition, wide excision or amputation, and systemic antifungal agents comprise the current clinical armamentarium against systemic fungal invasion of burn wounds.", "contents": "Fatal systemic mycotic infections in the burned child. Two cases of systemic phycomycotic burn wound infection occurred in severely burned children. Both patients, although treated aggressively, died after systemic colonization through the burn wound by fungi. Modern burn therapy has increased survival of many severely burned children but opportunistic fungal infection remains as an ominous threat. Early recognition, wide excision or amputation, and systemic antifungal agents comprise the current clinical armamentarium against systemic fungal invasion of burn wounds.", "PMID": 857051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11741", "title": "[Hydraulic haemostasis in transurethral resection of the prostate (author's transl)].", "content": "The method described for T.U.R. of the prostate merits the name of hydraulic haemostasis. Its principle consists of placing the irrigation recipient at a height of 90 cm, using it in combination with the Iglesias continuous irrigation-suction resector with a low intravesical pressure. Per- and postoperative bleeding is minimised and the \"T.U.R.\", syndrome is absent, despite reports in the world literature. Two modifications to the Iglesias resector are presented: the optic protector and a new system of suction orifices.", "contents": "[Hydraulic haemostasis in transurethral resection of the prostate (author's transl)]. The method described for T.U.R. of the prostate merits the name of hydraulic haemostasis. Its principle consists of placing the irrigation recipient at a height of 90 cm, using it in combination with the Iglesias continuous irrigation-suction resector with a low intravesical pressure. Per- and postoperative bleeding is minimised and the \"T.U.R.\", syndrome is absent, despite reports in the world literature. Two modifications to the Iglesias resector are presented: the optic protector and a new system of suction orifices.", "PMID": 857052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11742", "title": "[Simple renal cysts in the adult. Anatomical study. Aetio-pathogenic considerations, based upon 57 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of 57 cases of simple cysts of the kidney in adults, the authors describe the histological nature of their wall. They stress the extremely common presence of smooth muscle fibres, drawing no inference that they might be of calyceal origin. The congenital or acquired nature of these cysts, as well as their origin is discussed.", "contents": "[Simple renal cysts in the adult. Anatomical study. Aetio-pathogenic considerations, based upon 57 cases (author's transl)]. On the basis of 57 cases of simple cysts of the kidney in adults, the authors describe the histological nature of their wall. They stress the extremely common presence of smooth muscle fibres, drawing no inference that they might be of calyceal origin. The congenital or acquired nature of these cysts, as well as their origin is discussed.", "PMID": 857053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11743", "title": "[A rare association of hamartomas of the kidney, renal insufficiency, Bourneville disease and arterial hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of a clinical case, the authors review the principal signs of Bourneville tuberose sclerosis and show the renal manifestations which may be encountered. The most common is the presence in both kidneys of tumours which are hamartomas. In addition, this patient suffered from hypertension and renal insufficiency. Their frequency and pathogenesis are discussed in the context of this disease.", "contents": "[A rare association of hamartomas of the kidney, renal insufficiency, Bourneville disease and arterial hypertension (author's transl)]. On the basis of a clinical case, the authors review the principal signs of Bourneville tuberose sclerosis and show the renal manifestations which may be encountered. The most common is the presence in both kidneys of tumours which are hamartomas. In addition, this patient suffered from hypertension and renal insufficiency. Their frequency and pathogenesis are discussed in the context of this disease.", "PMID": 857054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11744", "title": "[Congenital segmental duplication of the lumbar ureter (author's transl)].", "content": "In a 23-year-old man attacks of nephritic colic led to the discovery of an obstruction on the left lumbar ureter. Segmental resection of the ureter was performed, removing 10 mm of malformed, obstructed ureter. This was an incomplete duplication, the two ureteral segments lying side-by-side, each with its own musculature, for a distance of 7mm. Above and below the anomaly, the ureter was normal. This exceptional malformation is compared with other internal obstructions of the ureter.", "contents": "[Congenital segmental duplication of the lumbar ureter (author's transl)]. In a 23-year-old man attacks of nephritic colic led to the discovery of an obstruction on the left lumbar ureter. Segmental resection of the ureter was performed, removing 10 mm of malformed, obstructed ureter. This was an incomplete duplication, the two ureteral segments lying side-by-side, each with its own musculature, for a distance of 7mm. Above and below the anomaly, the ureter was normal. This exceptional malformation is compared with other internal obstructions of the ureter.", "PMID": 857055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11745", "title": "Bacteriophage conversion of spore-negative mutants to spore-positive in Bacillus pumilus.", "content": "A pseudolysogenic phage, PMB1, was isolated from soil on the basis of its ability to increase the sporulation frequency of the oligosporogenic Bacillus pumilus strain NRS 576 (sporulation frequency, less than 1%). Several spore-negative mutants (sporulation frequency, less than 10-8) derived from strain NRS 576, which were converted to spore positive by infection with PMB1, were subsequently identified. PMB1 repeatedly grown on a given spore-negative mutant (e.g., GW2) converted GW2 cells to spore positive. Each plaque-forming unit initiated the conversion of a spore-positive clone in semisolid agar overlays. GW2 cells remained spore positive as long as they maintained PMB1. Return of PMB1-converted cells to the orginal spore-negative phenotype correlated with loss of PMB1. In liquid media, PMB1 infection increased the sporulation frequency of mutant GW2 over 106-fold. More than half of the spore-negative mutants we isolated from strain NRS 576 were converted to spore positive by PMB1 infection. PMB1-induced spores of the spore-negative mutant GW2 were somewhat more heat sensitive than uninfected or PMB1-infected spores of the spore positive parent of GW2. PMB1-induced spores of GW2 do not differ from wild-type spores in morphology by phase-contrast microscopy, dipicolinic acid content, or rate of sedimentation through Renografin gradients.", "contents": "Bacteriophage conversion of spore-negative mutants to spore-positive in Bacillus pumilus. A pseudolysogenic phage, PMB1, was isolated from soil on the basis of its ability to increase the sporulation frequency of the oligosporogenic Bacillus pumilus strain NRS 576 (sporulation frequency, less than 1%). Several spore-negative mutants (sporulation frequency, less than 10-8) derived from strain NRS 576, which were converted to spore positive by infection with PMB1, were subsequently identified. PMB1 repeatedly grown on a given spore-negative mutant (e.g., GW2) converted GW2 cells to spore positive. Each plaque-forming unit initiated the conversion of a spore-positive clone in semisolid agar overlays. GW2 cells remained spore positive as long as they maintained PMB1. Return of PMB1-converted cells to the orginal spore-negative phenotype correlated with loss of PMB1. In liquid media, PMB1 infection increased the sporulation frequency of mutant GW2 over 106-fold. More than half of the spore-negative mutants we isolated from strain NRS 576 were converted to spore positive by PMB1 infection. PMB1-induced spores of the spore-negative mutant GW2 were somewhat more heat sensitive than uninfected or PMB1-infected spores of the spore positive parent of GW2. PMB1-induced spores of GW2 do not differ from wild-type spores in morphology by phase-contrast microscopy, dipicolinic acid content, or rate of sedimentation through Renografin gradients.", "PMID": 857056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11746", "title": "Control of protein synthesis by a temperature-sensitive mutant of reovirus 3. I. Temperature-sensitive function of ts261-b mutant.", "content": "The ability of a temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant of reovirus, ts261-b, to synthesize virus-specific RNAs and proteins during infection at the nonpermissive temperature (37 degrees C) was investigated. The relative amounts of the mutant virus-specific single-stranded (ss) RNA's and double-stranded (ds) RNA's synthesized in cells at 37 degrees C were 20 to 25% as much as those synthesized in the wild-type virus-infected cells. The 10 segments of the mutant ds RNAs and the three size classes of the ss RNAs were synthesized in the usual proportions. The methylation of the mutant viral mRNA's (ss RNAs) was not blocked at 37 degrees C in infected cells. A striking temperature-sensitive restricted function of the ts261-b mutant was expressed in the synthesis of the viral proteins. This study, which uses an in vitro protein-synthesizing system reconstituted with an endogenous polysomal fraction and a postribosomal supernatant from reovirus-infected cells, has demonstrated that the endogenous polysomes obtained from ts261-b mutant-infected cells at 37 degrees C are not active in the synthesis of the viral polypeptides of known molecular weights, and the amounts of the mutant viral polypeptides synthesized in vitro by these polysomes are 5 to 9% of those synthesized by the corresponding fraction from wild-type-infected cells. The impaired protein-synthesizing capacity of the mutant virus-specific polysomes can be restored during maintenance of the infected cells at 30 degrees C after shift-down from 37 degrees C. The in vitro synthesis of viral polypeptides of known size by the active endogenous polysomes derived from cells infected at the permissive temperature is accelerated by the addition of the postribosomal supernatant obtained from cells infected at the permissive temperature. The postribosomal supernatant from mutant-infected cells at 37 degrees C did not have a stimulatory effect, but rather, it inhibited in vitro viral protein synthesis.", "contents": "Control of protein synthesis by a temperature-sensitive mutant of reovirus 3. I. Temperature-sensitive function of ts261-b mutant. The ability of a temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant of reovirus, ts261-b, to synthesize virus-specific RNAs and proteins during infection at the nonpermissive temperature (37 degrees C) was investigated. The relative amounts of the mutant virus-specific single-stranded (ss) RNA's and double-stranded (ds) RNA's synthesized in cells at 37 degrees C were 20 to 25% as much as those synthesized in the wild-type virus-infected cells. The 10 segments of the mutant ds RNAs and the three size classes of the ss RNAs were synthesized in the usual proportions. The methylation of the mutant viral mRNA's (ss RNAs) was not blocked at 37 degrees C in infected cells. A striking temperature-sensitive restricted function of the ts261-b mutant was expressed in the synthesis of the viral proteins. This study, which uses an in vitro protein-synthesizing system reconstituted with an endogenous polysomal fraction and a postribosomal supernatant from reovirus-infected cells, has demonstrated that the endogenous polysomes obtained from ts261-b mutant-infected cells at 37 degrees C are not active in the synthesis of the viral polypeptides of known molecular weights, and the amounts of the mutant viral polypeptides synthesized in vitro by these polysomes are 5 to 9% of those synthesized by the corresponding fraction from wild-type-infected cells. The impaired protein-synthesizing capacity of the mutant virus-specific polysomes can be restored during maintenance of the infected cells at 30 degrees C after shift-down from 37 degrees C. The in vitro synthesis of viral polypeptides of known size by the active endogenous polysomes derived from cells infected at the permissive temperature is accelerated by the addition of the postribosomal supernatant obtained from cells infected at the permissive temperature. The postribosomal supernatant from mutant-infected cells at 37 degrees C did not have a stimulatory effect, but rather, it inhibited in vitro viral protein synthesis.", "PMID": 857057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11747", "title": "[A case of fish tape-worm infection treated with paromomycin and an observation on its mode of action. II. With special reference to aminosidine (author's transl)].", "content": "A female adult suffering from fish tape-worm infection was successfully treated with a single oral administration of 4,000 mg aminosidine, a paromomycin. The drug concentration in the segments of the worm removed were as high as 600 mg/ml or more, meanwhile, serum level and urinary recovery in the patient were very low. Consequently, it was presumed that some acute effect, such as neuro-muscular toxicity, of the drug, which was well absorbed into parasite, but ill-absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract of human, is one of the mode of antihelminthic activity, in this case.", "contents": "[A case of fish tape-worm infection treated with paromomycin and an observation on its mode of action. II. With special reference to aminosidine (author's transl)]. A female adult suffering from fish tape-worm infection was successfully treated with a single oral administration of 4,000 mg aminosidine, a paromomycin. The drug concentration in the segments of the worm removed were as high as 600 mg/ml or more, meanwhile, serum level and urinary recovery in the patient were very low. Consequently, it was presumed that some acute effect, such as neuro-muscular toxicity, of the drug, which was well absorbed into parasite, but ill-absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract of human, is one of the mode of antihelminthic activity, in this case.", "PMID": 857058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11748", "title": "[Ototoxic effect of BB-K8 administered to pregnant guinea pigs on development of inner ear of intrauterine litters (author's transl)].", "content": "Transplacental ototoxic effects of BB-K8 on development of inner ear in intrauterine guinea pigs were evaluated by differential frequency pinna reflex test in range of 20 kHZ to 500 HZ and histopathological examination of spiral and vestibular organs in new born guinea pigs from pregnant ones given BB-K8 i.m. during gestation. Twenty-five pregnant guinea pigs of the Hartley strain and 63 new-born guinea pigs from the pregnant ones were used in the study. Following antibiotics were given i.m. daily to the 20 pregnant guinea pigs from 7th day of gestation for 56 days. BB-K8 was given at the dose level of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg, respectively. Kanamycin (KM) was administered at the dose level of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg, respectively. Physiological saline solution (1.0 ml/kg) was given i.m. to the pregnant guinea pigs for 56 days. The differential frequency pinna reflex test was performed in the frequency range from 20 kHZ to 500 HZ to determine an extent of frequency of pinna reflex loss. The test was carried out before the start of administration of the antibiotics and once a week during the administration. After the last injection of the antibiotics, intravital perfusion fixation was carried out in the new born animals under anesthesia with nembutal. Histopathological examination was made in celloidin serial sections of the cochlea and vestibulum of the new born animals to observe an extent or degree of hair cell damage. (1) The differential frequency pinna reflex test revealed that new born guinea pigs from the pregnant ones given BB-K8 and KM respectively at the dose level of 100 mg/kg did not show occurrence of pinna reflex loss at any frequency tested. At the dose level of 200 mg/kg, BB-K8 did not result in transplacental hearing impairment in new born guinea pigs, but KM caused transplacental pinna reflex loss in the highest frequencies from 20 k to 15 kHZ in 3 of 10 animals. (2) Histopathological examination detected that unilateral incomplete loss of outer hair cells of the spiral organ confined to the basal end of cochlea was found in 3 of 13 new born guinea pigs from the pregnant ones treated with BB-K8 (100 mg/kg). In the animals, slight damage of hair cells in the vestibular organs occurred in 100%. These hair cell damages were enhanced slightly in the new born guinea pigs from the pregnant ones treated with BB-K8 (200 mg/kg) and much more in the new born ones from the pregnant ones treated with KM (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg). (3) These results suggest that BB-K8 has a mild potency to cause transplacental ototoxic damage in the inner ear of intrauterine guinea pigs within the pregnant ones treated for 56 days (normal gestation period approximately 70 days).", "contents": "[Ototoxic effect of BB-K8 administered to pregnant guinea pigs on development of inner ear of intrauterine litters (author's transl)]. Transplacental ototoxic effects of BB-K8 on development of inner ear in intrauterine guinea pigs were evaluated by differential frequency pinna reflex test in range of 20 kHZ to 500 HZ and histopathological examination of spiral and vestibular organs in new born guinea pigs from pregnant ones given BB-K8 i.m. during gestation. Twenty-five pregnant guinea pigs of the Hartley strain and 63 new-born guinea pigs from the pregnant ones were used in the study. Following antibiotics were given i.m. daily to the 20 pregnant guinea pigs from 7th day of gestation for 56 days. BB-K8 was given at the dose level of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg, respectively. Kanamycin (KM) was administered at the dose level of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg, respectively. Physiological saline solution (1.0 ml/kg) was given i.m. to the pregnant guinea pigs for 56 days. The differential frequency pinna reflex test was performed in the frequency range from 20 kHZ to 500 HZ to determine an extent of frequency of pinna reflex loss. The test was carried out before the start of administration of the antibiotics and once a week during the administration. After the last injection of the antibiotics, intravital perfusion fixation was carried out in the new born animals under anesthesia with nembutal. Histopathological examination was made in celloidin serial sections of the cochlea and vestibulum of the new born animals to observe an extent or degree of hair cell damage. (1) The differential frequency pinna reflex test revealed that new born guinea pigs from the pregnant ones given BB-K8 and KM respectively at the dose level of 100 mg/kg did not show occurrence of pinna reflex loss at any frequency tested. At the dose level of 200 mg/kg, BB-K8 did not result in transplacental hearing impairment in new born guinea pigs, but KM caused transplacental pinna reflex loss in the highest frequencies from 20 k to 15 kHZ in 3 of 10 animals. (2) Histopathological examination detected that unilateral incomplete loss of outer hair cells of the spiral organ confined to the basal end of cochlea was found in 3 of 13 new born guinea pigs from the pregnant ones treated with BB-K8 (100 mg/kg). In the animals, slight damage of hair cells in the vestibular organs occurred in 100%. These hair cell damages were enhanced slightly in the new born guinea pigs from the pregnant ones treated with BB-K8 (200 mg/kg) and much more in the new born ones from the pregnant ones treated with KM (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg). (3) These results suggest that BB-K8 has a mild potency to cause transplacental ototoxic damage in the inner ear of intrauterine guinea pigs within the pregnant ones treated for 56 days (normal gestation period approximately 70 days).", "PMID": 857059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11749", "title": "[Clinical and bacteriological study on Flavobacterium meningosepticum (author's transl)].", "content": "The present study concerns in vitro observations on the susceptibility to antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents of the strains of F. meningosepticum isolated from various clinical specimens at the Clinical Laboratory of Juntendo University Hospital and the assessment of their clinical significance of the patient, when they are isolated from clinical specimens. 1) Fifty-two % of the strains was isolated from sputum, 20% from urine and 8% from pus and exudate. Only 2 strains were obtained from blood and one strain from cerebro-spinal fluid. 2) The patients with F. meningosepticum from sputum had respiratory distress due to the basic disorder of central nervous system, respiratory system or cardiovascular system. An endotracheal tube or a tracheal canule was placed in most of the patients to assure a patient airway, and they received massive antibiotic therapy. Most of the patients with infected urine had functional and structural abnormality of the urinary tract, as well as a history of instrumentation, and had previously received antibiotic therapy. The bacteremia due to F. meningosepticum occurred after major operation in 2 patients, and one of them suffered from hydrocephalus associated with meningitis, moreover, in whom the organism was isolated from cerebro-spinal fluid. The route of infection with F. meningosepticum cannot be assessed certainly, but the correlation with catheterization or canulation strongly suggests that the instrumentation is required for the organism to become established. 3) In vitro test for sensitivity to 19 chemotherapeutic agents were done with the strains of F. meningosepticum isolated at the laboratory from August 1974 through July 1976. A large number of the strains were highly resistant to SB-PC, CB-PC, DKB, LCM, CL and NF, and resistant to AB-PC, CEZ and AMK. All strains were highly sensitive to MINO, DOTC and CLDM in this order, and were sensitive to EM, PA and NA. The relative sensitivity was found to TC, CP, GM and PPA.", "contents": "[Clinical and bacteriological study on Flavobacterium meningosepticum (author's transl)]. The present study concerns in vitro observations on the susceptibility to antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents of the strains of F. meningosepticum isolated from various clinical specimens at the Clinical Laboratory of Juntendo University Hospital and the assessment of their clinical significance of the patient, when they are isolated from clinical specimens. 1) Fifty-two % of the strains was isolated from sputum, 20% from urine and 8% from pus and exudate. Only 2 strains were obtained from blood and one strain from cerebro-spinal fluid. 2) The patients with F. meningosepticum from sputum had respiratory distress due to the basic disorder of central nervous system, respiratory system or cardiovascular system. An endotracheal tube or a tracheal canule was placed in most of the patients to assure a patient airway, and they received massive antibiotic therapy. Most of the patients with infected urine had functional and structural abnormality of the urinary tract, as well as a history of instrumentation, and had previously received antibiotic therapy. The bacteremia due to F. meningosepticum occurred after major operation in 2 patients, and one of them suffered from hydrocephalus associated with meningitis, moreover, in whom the organism was isolated from cerebro-spinal fluid. The route of infection with F. meningosepticum cannot be assessed certainly, but the correlation with catheterization or canulation strongly suggests that the instrumentation is required for the organism to become established. 3) In vitro test for sensitivity to 19 chemotherapeutic agents were done with the strains of F. meningosepticum isolated at the laboratory from August 1974 through July 1976. A large number of the strains were highly resistant to SB-PC, CB-PC, DKB, LCM, CL and NF, and resistant to AB-PC, CEZ and AMK. All strains were highly sensitive to MINO, DOTC and CLDM in this order, and were sensitive to EM, PA and NA. The relative sensitivity was found to TC, CP, GM and PPA.", "PMID": 857060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11750", "title": "Conversion of percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage to internal drainage in obstructive jaundice.", "content": "Conversion of percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage to an internal drainage is safe and effective in rerouting bile back to the intestinal tract in obstructive jaundice without major operative procedure. The method consists of insertion of a drainage tube with several side holes beyond the bile duct stricture. Usually, a single lumen tube is used. However, double lumen tube is preferred when the amount of bile discharge is excessive. This simple technique is found to be useful in the management of obstructive jaundice not only for preoperative decompression of biliary tree but also for the inoperable lesions.", "contents": "Conversion of percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage to internal drainage in obstructive jaundice. Conversion of percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage to an internal drainage is safe and effective in rerouting bile back to the intestinal tract in obstructive jaundice without major operative procedure. The method consists of insertion of a drainage tube with several side holes beyond the bile duct stricture. Usually, a single lumen tube is used. However, double lumen tube is preferred when the amount of bile discharge is excessive. This simple technique is found to be useful in the management of obstructive jaundice not only for preoperative decompression of biliary tree but also for the inoperable lesions.", "PMID": 857061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11751", "title": "Postoperative choledochofiberscopic removal of intrahepatic stones.", "content": "An  endoscopic approach for the diagnosis and treatment of intrahepatic stones is presented based on the experience of 4 cases, in which complete removal of intrahepatic stones was done by postoperative choledochoscopy. Postoperative choledochoscopy for the diagnosis and treatment of gallstone disease is not difficult to perform. The choledochofiberscope is inserted into the bile duct via choledochal fistula 3 weeks after the operation. Stones are crushed or grasped with forceps under direct vision. In some cases, the stricture in the intrahepatic biliary tree is dilated with the use of a  high frequency waves cutting knife to facilitate stone removal. In fact, over 410 stones were successfully removed in one case by 28 postoperative choledochoscopies without any complications. The details of the choledochofiberscope developed by us with the close cooperation of Machida Company of Tokyo was presented. Postoperative choledochoscopy seems to be a safe and simple procedure and is useful in the treatment of intrahepatic stones.", "contents": "Postoperative choledochofiberscopic removal of intrahepatic stones. An  endoscopic approach for the diagnosis and treatment of intrahepatic stones is presented based on the experience of 4 cases, in which complete removal of intrahepatic stones was done by postoperative choledochoscopy. Postoperative choledochoscopy for the diagnosis and treatment of gallstone disease is not difficult to perform. The choledochofiberscope is inserted into the bile duct via choledochal fistula 3 weeks after the operation. Stones are crushed or grasped with forceps under direct vision. In some cases, the stricture in the intrahepatic biliary tree is dilated with the use of a  high frequency waves cutting knife to facilitate stone removal. In fact, over 410 stones were successfully removed in one case by 28 postoperative choledochoscopies without any complications. The details of the choledochofiberscope developed by us with the close cooperation of Machida Company of Tokyo was presented. Postoperative choledochoscopy seems to be a safe and simple procedure and is useful in the treatment of intrahepatic stones.", "PMID": 857062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11752", "title": "Value of lymphocyte reactivity induced by phytohemagglutinin in the treatment of malignant diseases.", "content": "An improved micromethod for evaluating in vitro lymphocyte blastogenetic activity, a modification of the method of Park and Good, is devised and used in 111 stomach cancer, 34 colorectal cancer, and 22 breast cancer cases. Follow-up information on the lymphocyte blastogenetic activity levels was available in 28 stomach cancer patients after the clinically complete removal of the tumor. In 16 patients with early stomach cancer the lymphocyte blastogenetic level did not differ greatly from a control values from healthy volunteers. However, in 66 advanced stomach cancer cases, statistically lower levels were encountered. After the complete removal of the tumor in 28 stomach cancer patients, the lymphocyte blastogenetic values rose postoperatively. The lymphocyte blastogenetic levels in patients with curative colorectal cancer or curative breast cancer were significantly higher than those patients with non-curative tumors.", "contents": "Value of lymphocyte reactivity induced by phytohemagglutinin in the treatment of malignant diseases. An improved micromethod for evaluating in vitro lymphocyte blastogenetic activity, a modification of the method of Park and Good, is devised and used in 111 stomach cancer, 34 colorectal cancer, and 22 breast cancer cases. Follow-up information on the lymphocyte blastogenetic activity levels was available in 28 stomach cancer patients after the clinically complete removal of the tumor. In 16 patients with early stomach cancer the lymphocyte blastogenetic level did not differ greatly from a control values from healthy volunteers. However, in 66 advanced stomach cancer cases, statistically lower levels were encountered. After the complete removal of the tumor in 28 stomach cancer patients, the lymphocyte blastogenetic values rose postoperatively. The lymphocyte blastogenetic levels in patients with curative colorectal cancer or curative breast cancer were significantly higher than those patients with non-curative tumors.", "PMID": 857063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11753", "title": "[Risk factors in aortic valve prosthesis].", "content": "The paper is devoted to the determination of the prognostic value of preoperative and intraoperative symptoms observed in aortic valve prosthetic replacement, as well as to the development of a quantitative criterion of the severity of the patient's state for the evaluation of the risk factor of surgery. The peculiarities of the clinical pattern were analysed in 117 patients operated on for aortic valve pathology. The computerization of the assessment of individual symptoms and their combinations (36 symptoms, 114 signs pertaining to the patient's history, objective, instrumental and radio-surgical examinations) was carried out on the \"Minsk-22\" computer. The leading factors in the assessment of cardiovascular lesions include the systolic and diastolic pressure, the degree of heart size enlargement, the end diastolic pressure in the left ventricle. Among the independent factors, of greatest prognostic value are the degree of calcification of the aortic valve cusps, the duration of the disease, and the period after the onset of subjective symptoms. The duration of the operative procedure and of the perfusion serves as an additional valuable guideline in making the prognosis of aortic valve replacement.", "contents": "[Risk factors in aortic valve prosthesis]. The paper is devoted to the determination of the prognostic value of preoperative and intraoperative symptoms observed in aortic valve prosthetic replacement, as well as to the development of a quantitative criterion of the severity of the patient's state for the evaluation of the risk factor of surgery. The peculiarities of the clinical pattern were analysed in 117 patients operated on for aortic valve pathology. The computerization of the assessment of individual symptoms and their combinations (36 symptoms, 114 signs pertaining to the patient's history, objective, instrumental and radio-surgical examinations) was carried out on the \"Minsk-22\" computer. The leading factors in the assessment of cardiovascular lesions include the systolic and diastolic pressure, the degree of heart size enlargement, the end diastolic pressure in the left ventricle. Among the independent factors, of greatest prognostic value are the degree of calcification of the aortic valve cusps, the duration of the disease, and the period after the onset of subjective symptoms. The duration of the operative procedure and of the perfusion serves as an additional valuable guideline in making the prognosis of aortic valve replacement.", "PMID": 857064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11754", "title": "[Thromboembolic complications after aortic valve prosthesis].", "content": "The presented analysis covers the results of aortic valve replacement in 155 patients followed-up for 1 to 11 years after surgery. Actuarial statistics permitted to reveal the dynamics of survival and of good results of different institutions. No anticoagulation whatsoever was given to 85 patients, while 70 others received Phenylin, 30-60 mg/day. Thromboembolism was found to be the leading complication affecting the survival rate and the stability of good results in the late postoperative period. Among the patients receiving no anticoagulants the incidence of thromboembolism proved significantly higher than among those treated with Phenylin.", "contents": "[Thromboembolic complications after aortic valve prosthesis]. The presented analysis covers the results of aortic valve replacement in 155 patients followed-up for 1 to 11 years after surgery. Actuarial statistics permitted to reveal the dynamics of survival and of good results of different institutions. No anticoagulation whatsoever was given to 85 patients, while 70 others received Phenylin, 30-60 mg/day. Thromboembolism was found to be the leading complication affecting the survival rate and the stability of good results in the late postoperative period. Among the patients receiving no anticoagulants the incidence of thromboembolism proved significantly higher than among those treated with Phenylin.", "PMID": 857065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11755", "title": "[Echocardiographic diagnosis of rheumatic mitral valve insufficiency].", "content": "Echocardiography was used for the examination of 45 patients with rheumatic mitral valve insufficiency. Echocardiographic data were found to permit making the diagnosis of mitral valve disease and differentiating within the group of mitral valve disease as such. A mitral disease with prevailing insufficiency is characterized on an echocardiogramme by a unidirectional diastolic movement of thickened mitral cusps, by an increased general excursion of the mitral valve, dilatation of the left ventricular cavity, increased systolic excursion of the ventricular septum, and a significant dilatation of the left atrial cavity. \"Pure\" mitral insufficiency is characterized by a dilatation of the left heart, vari-directional movements of the mitral cusps during the diastole, and a marked lack of their closure during the systole.", "contents": "[Echocardiographic diagnosis of rheumatic mitral valve insufficiency]. Echocardiography was used for the examination of 45 patients with rheumatic mitral valve insufficiency. Echocardiographic data were found to permit making the diagnosis of mitral valve disease and differentiating within the group of mitral valve disease as such. A mitral disease with prevailing insufficiency is characterized on an echocardiogramme by a unidirectional diastolic movement of thickened mitral cusps, by an increased general excursion of the mitral valve, dilatation of the left ventricular cavity, increased systolic excursion of the ventricular septum, and a significant dilatation of the left atrial cavity. \"Pure\" mitral insufficiency is characterized by a dilatation of the left heart, vari-directional movements of the mitral cusps during the diastole, and a marked lack of their closure during the systole.", "PMID": 857066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11756", "title": "[Prognosis for immediate results of mitral commissurotomy].", "content": "To reveal the symptoms characterizing the relative danger of a surgical intervention the preoperative data of 417 patients subjected to isolated mitral commissurotomy were analyzed. The immediate result of mitral commissurotomy was shown to depend not only on the severity of the preoperative state of the patient, but also by additional factors. These factors appeared to vary in patients with different severity of the disease. Thus, a negative result of the operation in the group of the most severely sick patients was attributed to the presence of 4 (or more) of the following 6 signs: severe oedema (internal one including), reduced diuresis, cachexia, increased sedimentation rate (over 8mm/hour), colour index over 0.9, pulmonary artery pressure over 100 mm Hg. With 4 or more signs present the incidence of mortality comprised 0.75. Among those with 3 signs or less, the mortality rate comprised about 0.06 (t approximately 5.1). Thus, patients with similar severity of the disease could be divided into two groups sharply distinguished in their surgical prognosis.", "contents": "[Prognosis for immediate results of mitral commissurotomy]. To reveal the symptoms characterizing the relative danger of a surgical intervention the preoperative data of 417 patients subjected to isolated mitral commissurotomy were analyzed. The immediate result of mitral commissurotomy was shown to depend not only on the severity of the preoperative state of the patient, but also by additional factors. These factors appeared to vary in patients with different severity of the disease. Thus, a negative result of the operation in the group of the most severely sick patients was attributed to the presence of 4 (or more) of the following 6 signs: severe oedema (internal one including), reduced diuresis, cachexia, increased sedimentation rate (over 8mm/hour), colour index over 0.9, pulmonary artery pressure over 100 mm Hg. With 4 or more signs present the incidence of mortality comprised 0.75. Among those with 3 signs or less, the mortality rate comprised about 0.06 (t approximately 5.1). Thus, patients with similar severity of the disease could be divided into two groups sharply distinguished in their surgical prognosis.", "PMID": 857067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11757", "title": "[Intravital study of energy metabolism in the liver in mitral valve stenosis].", "content": "In 42 patients with mitral stenosis an intravital study was conducted comparing the liver energy exchange with the biochemical blood serum parameters and morpho-histochemical characteristics of the biopsy material. A correlation was established between the energy exchange and the clinical stage of the disease, the pigment function of the liver and the severity of its structural changes.", "contents": "[Intravital study of energy metabolism in the liver in mitral valve stenosis]. In 42 patients with mitral stenosis an intravital study was conducted comparing the liver energy exchange with the biochemical blood serum parameters and morpho-histochemical characteristics of the biopsy material. A correlation was established between the energy exchange and the clinical stage of the disease, the pigment function of the liver and the severity of its structural changes.", "PMID": 857068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11758", "title": "[Comparative evaluation of the ultrastructure of the left atrium before and after mitral commissurotomy].", "content": "The left atrium myocardium of patients with mitral stenosis was subjected to electron microscopy with quantitative analysis of the pictures prior to and 10-15 minutes following mitral commissurotomy. The control was served by the left atrium myocardium of a man free from mitral disease, the specimen being obtained during surgery for an anterior mediastinum lypoma. In the left atrium myocardium of patients with mitral stenosis changes were revealed that demonstrated a severe decompensation of both the energy and contractile apparatus of the cardiac myocytes. Following mitral commissurotomy the activity of the bioenergy apparatus of the cardiac cells normalizes.", "contents": "[Comparative evaluation of the ultrastructure of the left atrium before and after mitral commissurotomy]. The left atrium myocardium of patients with mitral stenosis was subjected to electron microscopy with quantitative analysis of the pictures prior to and 10-15 minutes following mitral commissurotomy. The control was served by the left atrium myocardium of a man free from mitral disease, the specimen being obtained during surgery for an anterior mediastinum lypoma. In the left atrium myocardium of patients with mitral stenosis changes were revealed that demonstrated a severe decompensation of both the energy and contractile apparatus of the cardiac myocytes. Following mitral commissurotomy the activity of the bioenergy apparatus of the cardiac cells normalizes.", "PMID": 857069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11759", "title": "[Effect of the respiratory phases on the right jugular vein pulsation curve and pulmonary hemodynamics in mitral valve stenosis].", "content": "In patients with mitral stenosis the main and early changes in the pulsation curve of the right jugular vein consist in an elevation of the y-collapse. The height of the y-collapse correlates with the degree of venous congestion in the lungs, i.e. a parallelism exists between the signs of venous congestion in the pulmonary and general circulation systems. The degree of venous congestion in the lungs of patients with mitral stenosis varies with the phases of respiration. An elevation of the v-collapse in mitral stenosis cases is observed at early stages of the disease, simultaneously with the disorders in venous circulation in the upper lobes. The mechanism of circulatory disorders in the veins of the general circulation system may be due to not only pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular insufficiency, but also to the changes in the intrathoracic pressure secondary to the changes in pulmonary parenchyma.", "contents": "[Effect of the respiratory phases on the right jugular vein pulsation curve and pulmonary hemodynamics in mitral valve stenosis]. In patients with mitral stenosis the main and early changes in the pulsation curve of the right jugular vein consist in an elevation of the y-collapse. The height of the y-collapse correlates with the degree of venous congestion in the lungs, i.e. a parallelism exists between the signs of venous congestion in the pulmonary and general circulation systems. The degree of venous congestion in the lungs of patients with mitral stenosis varies with the phases of respiration. An elevation of the v-collapse in mitral stenosis cases is observed at early stages of the disease, simultaneously with the disorders in venous circulation in the upper lobes. The mechanism of circulatory disorders in the veins of the general circulation system may be due to not only pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular insufficiency, but also to the changes in the intrathoracic pressure secondary to the changes in pulmonary parenchyma.", "PMID": 857070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11760", "title": "[Sensitivity to insulin in acute myocardial infarct].", "content": "The standard test for sensitivity of insulin was conducted in 20 patients with acute large-focal myocardial infarction, and in 9 of them it was repeated 3 weeks later. The study includes only those patients who had no diabetes mellitus symptoms prior to the admission to the clinic, and whose immediate relatives were free of this disease. The test was conducted in the morning on an empty stomach, insulin was administered intravenously by infusion of 5 U/l m2 of body surface. Blood sugar measurements were made in samples procured 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min. following insulin administration. The blood sugar level was determined by the orthotoluidine method. In patients with acute myocardial infarction less distinct and slower deceleration of the reduction of the blood sugar level was noted in response to the intravenous insulin injection than during the repeated examination on the 22nd-24th day of the disease, which indicates a decreased sensitivity of insulin during the acute period of myocardial infarction. Reduction of insulin sensitivity seems to be one of the causes of frequent carbohydrates metabolism disorders in patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[Sensitivity to insulin in acute myocardial infarct]. The standard test for sensitivity of insulin was conducted in 20 patients with acute large-focal myocardial infarction, and in 9 of them it was repeated 3 weeks later. The study includes only those patients who had no diabetes mellitus symptoms prior to the admission to the clinic, and whose immediate relatives were free of this disease. The test was conducted in the morning on an empty stomach, insulin was administered intravenously by infusion of 5 U/l m2 of body surface. Blood sugar measurements were made in samples procured 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min. following insulin administration. The blood sugar level was determined by the orthotoluidine method. In patients with acute myocardial infarction less distinct and slower deceleration of the reduction of the blood sugar level was noted in response to the intravenous insulin injection than during the repeated examination on the 22nd-24th day of the disease, which indicates a decreased sensitivity of insulin during the acute period of myocardial infarction. Reduction of insulin sensitivity seems to be one of the causes of frequent carbohydrates metabolism disorders in patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 857071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11761", "title": "[Albumin metabolism in congestive circulatory insufficiency].", "content": "The examination was conducted in 78 patients with congestive circulatory insufficiency. Albumin metabolism was studied in these patients with the aid of 1(131)--labelled albumin after Metthews. The half-life of albumin was studied, as well as the decay speed factor and the synthesis rate. The plasma albumin level was determined. Changes in the half-life duration were revealed. Patients with Stage III dystrophic circulatory insufficiency were shown to have a reduced plasma albumin level, a shortened albumin half-life, and increased synthesis rate and decay factors. Patients with Stage II-A and B circulatory insufficiency had varying changes of these parameters differing from the normal range.", "contents": "[Albumin metabolism in congestive circulatory insufficiency]. The examination was conducted in 78 patients with congestive circulatory insufficiency. Albumin metabolism was studied in these patients with the aid of 1(131)--labelled albumin after Metthews. The half-life of albumin was studied, as well as the decay speed factor and the synthesis rate. The plasma albumin level was determined. Changes in the half-life duration were revealed. Patients with Stage III dystrophic circulatory insufficiency were shown to have a reduced plasma albumin level, a shortened albumin half-life, and increased synthesis rate and decay factors. Patients with Stage II-A and B circulatory insufficiency had varying changes of these parameters differing from the normal range.", "PMID": 857072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11762", "title": "Urinary prostaglandins: site of entry into renal tubular fluid.", "content": "The stop-flow technique was used in dogs to determine the site of entry of urinary prostaglandins (PG) into tubular fluid. The proximal tubule was localized by the peak (U/PPAH)/(U/PIn) and the distal tubule and collecting duct by the peak U/PIn and the minimum (U/PNa)/(U/PIn). The peak of prostaglandin E (PGE) concentration was located 4.8+/-0.8 (SEM) ml distal to the proximal tubule and 4.6+/-0.8 (SEM) ml proximal to the distal nephron. At its peak, PGE was concentrated 6.3-fold over baseline, whereas inulin was concentrated 1.4-fold at its peak. The height of the PGE peak but not its location was increased by an i.v. infusion of angiotensin II at 20 ng/kg of body wt per min. Indomethacin abolished the PG peak. In a single experiment, prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) exhibited an excretion pattern similar to PGE. These data indicate that the site of entry of PG into tubular fluid is most likely in the loop of Henle. This is consistent with the hypothesis that PG synthesized in the medulla can be transported to the cortex via tubular fluid. Whether PG in the tubular fluid can influence renal function remains to be determined.", "contents": "Urinary prostaglandins: site of entry into renal tubular fluid. The stop-flow technique was used in dogs to determine the site of entry of urinary prostaglandins (PG) into tubular fluid. The proximal tubule was localized by the peak (U/PPAH)/(U/PIn) and the distal tubule and collecting duct by the peak U/PIn and the minimum (U/PNa)/(U/PIn). The peak of prostaglandin E (PGE) concentration was located 4.8+/-0.8 (SEM) ml distal to the proximal tubule and 4.6+/-0.8 (SEM) ml proximal to the distal nephron. At its peak, PGE was concentrated 6.3-fold over baseline, whereas inulin was concentrated 1.4-fold at its peak. The height of the PGE peak but not its location was increased by an i.v. infusion of angiotensin II at 20 ng/kg of body wt per min. Indomethacin abolished the PG peak. In a single experiment, prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) exhibited an excretion pattern similar to PGE. These data indicate that the site of entry of PG into tubular fluid is most likely in the loop of Henle. This is consistent with the hypothesis that PG synthesized in the medulla can be transported to the cortex via tubular fluid. Whether PG in the tubular fluid can influence renal function remains to be determined.", "PMID": 857073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11763", "title": "Effect of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on impaired calcium transport by the sarcoplasmic reticulum in experimental uremia.", "content": "In the fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum from skeletal muscle of rabbits with experimental uremia, defective calcium ion transport is found. An impairment of all parameters is observed (initial rate of uptake, storing capacity with and without oxalate, and concentrating ability). In vivo administration of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D3)(2 X 27 ng X kg of body wt-1 X day-1 and 6 X 27 ng X kg-1 X day-1, respectively) improved the kinetic parameters. The low dose improved storing capacity, and the higher dose, in addition to the storing capacity, also corrected concentrating ability and the initial rate of uptake. It is concluded that active calcium transport in the sarcoplasmic reticulum is impaired by uremia and that this defect is responsive to the administration of 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D3.", "contents": "Effect of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on impaired calcium transport by the sarcoplasmic reticulum in experimental uremia. In the fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum from skeletal muscle of rabbits with experimental uremia, defective calcium ion transport is found. An impairment of all parameters is observed (initial rate of uptake, storing capacity with and without oxalate, and concentrating ability). In vivo administration of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D3)(2 X 27 ng X kg of body wt-1 X day-1 and 6 X 27 ng X kg-1 X day-1, respectively) improved the kinetic parameters. The low dose improved storing capacity, and the higher dose, in addition to the storing capacity, also corrected concentrating ability and the initial rate of uptake. It is concluded that active calcium transport in the sarcoplasmic reticulum is impaired by uremia and that this defect is responsive to the administration of 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D3.", "PMID": 857074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11764", "title": "Effect of uremia on nutritionally-induced variations in protein metabolism.", "content": "The effect of uremia on nutritionally-induced variations in protein metabolism was studied in growing rats with chronic, moderate uremia. Plasma and muscle protein synthetic activities and related values were measured from incorporation rates of 14C-leucine infused over a six-hour period. Synthetic activities were compared in the postabsorptive (2 to 14 hr after feeding) and in the fasting (18 to 24 hr after feeding) states. Differences between uremic and control rats were seen in fasting: plasma and intracellular leucine declined in control rats as fasting developed; they rose in uremic rats. In fasting uremic rats, a smaller percent of leucine efflux from extracellular fluid was used for protein synthesis. In a second study, muscle protein synthesis (Sm) and net urea nitrogen production (UNPr) were compared between control and uremic rats which were a) food-deprived but given carbohydrate for 36 hr, and b) fasted for 36 hr. Fasting, as contrasted with carbohydrate feeding, was associated with depressed muscle protein synthesis and increased UNPr in both control and uremic rats; the changes were greater in uremic rats. We conclude that food deprivation for more than 14 hr incurred greater catabolic responses of body protein in moderately uremic rats. The effect was mediated in part by greater suppression of muscle protein synthesis. In contrast, moderate uremia had little discernible effect upon protein metabolism in the postabsorptive state or food deprived state when gluconeogenesis was suppressed with glucose administration.", "contents": "Effect of uremia on nutritionally-induced variations in protein metabolism. The effect of uremia on nutritionally-induced variations in protein metabolism was studied in growing rats with chronic, moderate uremia. Plasma and muscle protein synthetic activities and related values were measured from incorporation rates of 14C-leucine infused over a six-hour period. Synthetic activities were compared in the postabsorptive (2 to 14 hr after feeding) and in the fasting (18 to 24 hr after feeding) states. Differences between uremic and control rats were seen in fasting: plasma and intracellular leucine declined in control rats as fasting developed; they rose in uremic rats. In fasting uremic rats, a smaller percent of leucine efflux from extracellular fluid was used for protein synthesis. In a second study, muscle protein synthesis (Sm) and net urea nitrogen production (UNPr) were compared between control and uremic rats which were a) food-deprived but given carbohydrate for 36 hr, and b) fasted for 36 hr. Fasting, as contrasted with carbohydrate feeding, was associated with depressed muscle protein synthesis and increased UNPr in both control and uremic rats; the changes were greater in uremic rats. We conclude that food deprivation for more than 14 hr incurred greater catabolic responses of body protein in moderately uremic rats. The effect was mediated in part by greater suppression of muscle protein synthesis. In contrast, moderate uremia had little discernible effect upon protein metabolism in the postabsorptive state or food deprived state when gluconeogenesis was suppressed with glucose administration.", "PMID": 857075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11765", "title": "Effects of high dialysate calcium concentration on bone remodelling, serum biochemistry, and parathyroid hormone in patients with renal osteodystrophy.", "content": "The influence of a dialysate calcium concentration of 8.0 mg/100 ml (treatment period 2) vs. 7.0 mg/100 ml (treatment period 1) on plasma calcium, phosphorus, serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH), bone histology, intestinal calcium absorption, and calcium transfer across the dialysis membrane was investigated in six patients with renal osteodystrophy undergoing intermittent hemodialysis. During the periods 1 and 2, the plasma calcium changes before and after dialysis were not significantly different. A significant increase in mean postdialysis plasma calcium level was observed during both periods when compared to mean predialysis level. A significant, inverse relation was found between predialysis plasma calcium and the increase in plasma calcium during hemodialysis runs. Calcium transfer across the dialysis membrane and fractional intestinal absorption of calcium in the postdialysis state were determined in four out of the six patients. During period 2, calcium transfer was higher in all four patients but intestinal calcium absorption was moderately higher only in one and strikingly lower in the remaining three patients when compared to period 1. Although brought up to 8.0 mg/100 ml, this higher dialysate calcium significantly decreased the level of serum iPTH only in one out of the six patients; in this patient, osteoclast count, active resorption surface, and periosteocytic osteolysis decreased. In a second patient, although the level of serum iPTH seemed to decrease markedly osteoclastic and osteocytic resorption did not change. In the remaining four patients, the level of serum iPTH was unchanged and bone resorption parameters were found unchanged or aggravated. It is concluded that providing additional calcium (using a dialysate calcium concentration of 8.0 mg/100 ml), the goal of which was to decrease secondary hyperparathyroidism, proved to be successful only in one patient and failed to do so in the five others. Secondary hyperparathyroidism was even found aggravated in three of them. Thus, the use of a dialysate calcium concentration of 8.0 mg/100 ml did not result in any advantage over that of 7.0 mg/100 ml in five out of six patients studied.", "contents": "Effects of high dialysate calcium concentration on bone remodelling, serum biochemistry, and parathyroid hormone in patients with renal osteodystrophy. The influence of a dialysate calcium concentration of 8.0 mg/100 ml (treatment period 2) vs. 7.0 mg/100 ml (treatment period 1) on plasma calcium, phosphorus, serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH), bone histology, intestinal calcium absorption, and calcium transfer across the dialysis membrane was investigated in six patients with renal osteodystrophy undergoing intermittent hemodialysis. During the periods 1 and 2, the plasma calcium changes before and after dialysis were not significantly different. A significant increase in mean postdialysis plasma calcium level was observed during both periods when compared to mean predialysis level. A significant, inverse relation was found between predialysis plasma calcium and the increase in plasma calcium during hemodialysis runs. Calcium transfer across the dialysis membrane and fractional intestinal absorption of calcium in the postdialysis state were determined in four out of the six patients. During period 2, calcium transfer was higher in all four patients but intestinal calcium absorption was moderately higher only in one and strikingly lower in the remaining three patients when compared to period 1. Although brought up to 8.0 mg/100 ml, this higher dialysate calcium significantly decreased the level of serum iPTH only in one out of the six patients; in this patient, osteoclast count, active resorption surface, and periosteocytic osteolysis decreased. In a second patient, although the level of serum iPTH seemed to decrease markedly osteoclastic and osteocytic resorption did not change. In the remaining four patients, the level of serum iPTH was unchanged and bone resorption parameters were found unchanged or aggravated. It is concluded that providing additional calcium (using a dialysate calcium concentration of 8.0 mg/100 ml), the goal of which was to decrease secondary hyperparathyroidism, proved to be successful only in one patient and failed to do so in the five others. Secondary hyperparathyroidism was even found aggravated in three of them. Thus, the use of a dialysate calcium concentration of 8.0 mg/100 ml did not result in any advantage over that of 7.0 mg/100 ml in five out of six patients studied.", "PMID": 857076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11766", "title": "[Th clinical picture of retinal thrombosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Besides the acute arterial occlusion and simple venous thrombosis, the clinical symptomatology may include signs of chronic arterial insufficiency, i.e. progressive blurring of vision, absolute visual field defects, cotton wool exudates, capillary occlusion and increased retinal circulation time. The poor visual prognosis is caused by progressive macular degeneration. In the case of acute arterial thrombosis, fragmentation of the blood column and absence of arterial pulsation are indicative of pronounced retinal ischemia. The ophthalmoscopic aspect of a visible embolus may be a hint for the prognosis of eventual recanalisation.", "contents": "[Th clinical picture of retinal thrombosis (author's transl)]. Besides the acute arterial occlusion and simple venous thrombosis, the clinical symptomatology may include signs of chronic arterial insufficiency, i.e. progressive blurring of vision, absolute visual field defects, cotton wool exudates, capillary occlusion and increased retinal circulation time. The poor visual prognosis is caused by progressive macular degeneration. In the case of acute arterial thrombosis, fragmentation of the blood column and absence of arterial pulsation are indicative of pronounced retinal ischemia. The ophthalmoscopic aspect of a visible embolus may be a hint for the prognosis of eventual recanalisation.", "PMID": 857077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11767", "title": "[Trabeculectomy: surgical technique, results, indications (author's transl)].", "content": "In this teaching-course special emphasis is given on surgical techniques and postoperative care of trabeculectomy. The follow-up of 114 eyes of 103 patients is reported. High tension in the early postoperative phase allowed no prediction of the later results. After 3 months 11%, and after one year 39% of the operated eyes with simple glaucoma had a tension higher than 22 mm Hg, even if drugs were given. Different sites of the excision in regard to the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal gave no statistically different results. The filtering blebs have the tendency to develop in two directions, either scarring or becoming cystic. The cystic filtering blebs give better functional results. The development of the filtering bleb was inversely proportional to the height of the tension but went parallel to the facility of outflow. The visual acuity diminished in 35%, mostly due to cataract-formation and improved in 3%. Different complications happened in 6%. The authors consider the trabeculectomy to be the operation of choice for almost all forms of glaucoma.", "contents": "[Trabeculectomy: surgical technique, results, indications (author's transl)]. In this teaching-course special emphasis is given on surgical techniques and postoperative care of trabeculectomy. The follow-up of 114 eyes of 103 patients is reported. High tension in the early postoperative phase allowed no prediction of the later results. After 3 months 11%, and after one year 39% of the operated eyes with simple glaucoma had a tension higher than 22 mm Hg, even if drugs were given. Different sites of the excision in regard to the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal gave no statistically different results. The filtering blebs have the tendency to develop in two directions, either scarring or becoming cystic. The cystic filtering blebs give better functional results. The development of the filtering bleb was inversely proportional to the height of the tension but went parallel to the facility of outflow. The visual acuity diminished in 35%, mostly due to cataract-formation and improved in 3%. Different complications happened in 6%. The authors consider the trabeculectomy to be the operation of choice for almost all forms of glaucoma.", "PMID": 857078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11768", "title": "[Some aspects of congenital glaucoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The following paper on certain aspects of congenital glaucoma was read at a meeting for advanced medical education. Particular emphasis was placed on a review of the theories and concepts dealing with pathogenetic factors of congenital glaucoma. Two main concepts appeared to be most prominent in past and current literature: 1. The concept of a membrane obstructing the chamber angle, 2. underdevelopment or malformation of all or some structure of the chamber angle region. In order to clarify the above mentioned concepts, three stages of development of normal human chamber angles were demonstrated by light and electronmicroscopy. Aspects of surgical treatment of congenital glaucoma were discussed. Light and electronmicroscopic findings in some trabeculectomy specimens were shown. In eyes which underwent repeated surgery, marked scar tissue was seen in the area of trabecular meshwork, thus obliterating aqueous pathways. In those cases, an excision of trabecular tissue (trabeculectomy) was recommended rather than destruction of remaining trabecular tissue (trabeculotomy).", "contents": "[Some aspects of congenital glaucoma (author's transl)]. The following paper on certain aspects of congenital glaucoma was read at a meeting for advanced medical education. Particular emphasis was placed on a review of the theories and concepts dealing with pathogenetic factors of congenital glaucoma. Two main concepts appeared to be most prominent in past and current literature: 1. The concept of a membrane obstructing the chamber angle, 2. underdevelopment or malformation of all or some structure of the chamber angle region. In order to clarify the above mentioned concepts, three stages of development of normal human chamber angles were demonstrated by light and electronmicroscopy. Aspects of surgical treatment of congenital glaucoma were discussed. Light and electronmicroscopic findings in some trabeculectomy specimens were shown. In eyes which underwent repeated surgery, marked scar tissue was seen in the area of trabecular meshwork, thus obliterating aqueous pathways. In those cases, an excision of trabecular tissue (trabeculectomy) was recommended rather than destruction of remaining trabecular tissue (trabeculotomy).", "PMID": 857079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11769", "title": "[Approaches in medical treatment in glaucoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The developments concern methods of application and therapeutic agents. Regarding drug aplication Ocusert has to be mentioned: inserted in the cul de sac of the eye once a week it releases a low concentration of a substance continuously and with a constant rate. For acetazolamid (Diamox) it has been shown, that in long term treatment much lower concentrations than usual are effective. Efforts regarding new local agents reducing intraocular pressure are stimulating as well as inhibiting the sympathetic tone. The practically most important discovery so far is Clonidine, whose pressure lowering mechanism is not quite clarified yet and which, due to other problems, demands a very critical indication. Beta-receptor-blocking agents, such as Propranolol could become somewhat important, as well as for some special indications the chemical sympathectomy by 6-Hydroxydopamine. The sympatholytic agent Guanethidine proves to be very valuable in special cases. Besides the pressure reducing treatment medicamentally achieved increase of the blood supply to the optic nerve becomes more important. It becomes more and more evident that the elevation of the stroke volume--thus heart output--by cardiac therapy is important what demands collaboration with colleagues of other disciplines.", "contents": "[Approaches in medical treatment in glaucoma (author's transl)]. The developments concern methods of application and therapeutic agents. Regarding drug aplication Ocusert has to be mentioned: inserted in the cul de sac of the eye once a week it releases a low concentration of a substance continuously and with a constant rate. For acetazolamid (Diamox) it has been shown, that in long term treatment much lower concentrations than usual are effective. Efforts regarding new local agents reducing intraocular pressure are stimulating as well as inhibiting the sympathetic tone. The practically most important discovery so far is Clonidine, whose pressure lowering mechanism is not quite clarified yet and which, due to other problems, demands a very critical indication. Beta-receptor-blocking agents, such as Propranolol could become somewhat important, as well as for some special indications the chemical sympathectomy by 6-Hydroxydopamine. The sympatholytic agent Guanethidine proves to be very valuable in special cases. Besides the pressure reducing treatment medicamentally achieved increase of the blood supply to the optic nerve becomes more important. It becomes more and more evident that the elevation of the stroke volume--thus heart output--by cardiac therapy is important what demands collaboration with colleagues of other disciplines.", "PMID": 857080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11770", "title": "[Neuroradiology and the chiasmatic angle syndrom (author's transl)].", "content": "Many diagnostic procedures are available. The main methods are briefly reviewed. Standard X-rays of the skull are always needed. In doubtful cases polytomography is essential. Bone scintigraphy reveals early signs of changes in the bony macrostructures. Brain scintigraphy is still very useful in observing 1. the blood-flow in both intracranial and intraorbital regions, and 2. the cranio-orbital distribution of the radiotracer. Brain scintigraphy is particularly important in detecting meningiomas and vascular lesions. The dynamic study and the comprehensive survey it gives are still not replaced by computer tomography (CT) scanning, which however represents the most powerful advance in this field. The most suitable methods for exploring precise details of vascularisation and structural delineation remain the classical carotid and vertebral angiographies, the orbital and cavernous sinus phlebographies and also the cerebral pneumography. During the last years the accuracy of these methods has greatly increased through technological advance. In many cases they have become indispensable.", "contents": "[Neuroradiology and the chiasmatic angle syndrom (author's transl)]. Many diagnostic procedures are available. The main methods are briefly reviewed. Standard X-rays of the skull are always needed. In doubtful cases polytomography is essential. Bone scintigraphy reveals early signs of changes in the bony macrostructures. Brain scintigraphy is still very useful in observing 1. the blood-flow in both intracranial and intraorbital regions, and 2. the cranio-orbital distribution of the radiotracer. Brain scintigraphy is particularly important in detecting meningiomas and vascular lesions. The dynamic study and the comprehensive survey it gives are still not replaced by computer tomography (CT) scanning, which however represents the most powerful advance in this field. The most suitable methods for exploring precise details of vascularisation and structural delineation remain the classical carotid and vertebral angiographies, the orbital and cavernous sinus phlebographies and also the cerebral pneumography. During the last years the accuracy of these methods has greatly increased through technological advance. In many cases they have become indispensable.", "PMID": 857081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11771", "title": "[Chiasmatic syndrome--clinical value of the visual evoked responses (VER) to the diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The VER is compared with that of other neuroophthalmological examinations in 25 patients presenting lesions of the anterior optic pathways (of which 18 were of an expansive nature). The authors believe that visual field plotting and VER are indispensable complementary examinations, giving results which orientate subsequent investigations towards a chiasmatic or prechiasmatic syndrome. In 15 cases of chiasmatic syndrome of tumoral origin (thus in 30 optic nerves), visual fields and VER showed early pathological changes. In originally unilateral forms, VER changes are usually bilateral even when visual field changes are still unilateral. This draws attention to the fact that some process may be injuring either both optic nerves, or the optic chiasma. In cases where the patients are too young, or collaboration is insufficient, to enable visual fields to be plotted, evolution may be studied by VER. In post-surgical follow-up, or during therapy (eg. irradiation), VER recuperation carries a good prognosis. If no VER improvement occurs the expansive process has caused irreparable optic nerve atrophy. Nevertheless, frequent visual field study remains the best diagnostic method of chiasmatic syndromes and their evolution. An earlier diagnosis may be made in the majority of cases by the dual study of visual fields and VER.", "contents": "[Chiasmatic syndrome--clinical value of the visual evoked responses (VER) to the diagnosis (author's transl)]. The VER is compared with that of other neuroophthalmological examinations in 25 patients presenting lesions of the anterior optic pathways (of which 18 were of an expansive nature). The authors believe that visual field plotting and VER are indispensable complementary examinations, giving results which orientate subsequent investigations towards a chiasmatic or prechiasmatic syndrome. In 15 cases of chiasmatic syndrome of tumoral origin (thus in 30 optic nerves), visual fields and VER showed early pathological changes. In originally unilateral forms, VER changes are usually bilateral even when visual field changes are still unilateral. This draws attention to the fact that some process may be injuring either both optic nerves, or the optic chiasma. In cases where the patients are too young, or collaboration is insufficient, to enable visual fields to be plotted, evolution may be studied by VER. In post-surgical follow-up, or during therapy (eg. irradiation), VER recuperation carries a good prognosis. If no VER improvement occurs the expansive process has caused irreparable optic nerve atrophy. Nevertheless, frequent visual field study remains the best diagnostic method of chiasmatic syndromes and their evolution. An earlier diagnosis may be made in the majority of cases by the dual study of visual fields and VER.", "PMID": 857082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11772", "title": "[Neurosurgery of chiasma syndromes (author's transl)].", "content": "The conditions for the success of surgical interventions within the chiasmal region are careful preparation of the patient, ideal general anesthesia, precise surgical technique especially improved by the use of the microscope and bipolar coagulation. The surgical results also depend on the age of the patient, on his general condition, on the volume of the tumoral lesion and on the extent and kind of implication of the vascular and nervous structures of this region. The lesions are classified into extraparenchymatous lesions, intraparenchymatous lesions, giant aneurysms and inflammatory lesions. The extensive extraparenchymatous lesions represent the most important group: they comprise the pituitary adenomas, the cranio-pharyngiomas, the meningiomas and finally rarer tumors like the chordomas, or other tumors of the sphenoid. In these regions the choice of access is extremely important: transphenoidal, subfrontal intracranial or mixed. Among the intraparenchymatous lesions one has to mention first of all the gliomas of the chiasm and then the ectopic pinealomas. The giant aneurysm in older persons is improved the symptomatology by ligation of the internal carotid. The inflammatory arachnoidal lesions of the chiasm (specific or nonspecific) generally profit from an intervention aiming to disconnect the adhesions. X-ray therapy represents very often an indispensable component of the surgical treatment of the tumoral lesions. Apart from death the complications are postoperative infection, aggravation of the neuro-ophthalmological symptoms, the neuro-psychological consequences and the endocrinological and hypothalamic complications. Early diagnosis represents the best means to diminish the importance of the complications. An alternative complication is the tumor recurrence.", "contents": "[Neurosurgery of chiasma syndromes (author's transl)]. The conditions for the success of surgical interventions within the chiasmal region are careful preparation of the patient, ideal general anesthesia, precise surgical technique especially improved by the use of the microscope and bipolar coagulation. The surgical results also depend on the age of the patient, on his general condition, on the volume of the tumoral lesion and on the extent and kind of implication of the vascular and nervous structures of this region. The lesions are classified into extraparenchymatous lesions, intraparenchymatous lesions, giant aneurysms and inflammatory lesions. The extensive extraparenchymatous lesions represent the most important group: they comprise the pituitary adenomas, the cranio-pharyngiomas, the meningiomas and finally rarer tumors like the chordomas, or other tumors of the sphenoid. In these regions the choice of access is extremely important: transphenoidal, subfrontal intracranial or mixed. Among the intraparenchymatous lesions one has to mention first of all the gliomas of the chiasm and then the ectopic pinealomas. The giant aneurysm in older persons is improved the symptomatology by ligation of the internal carotid. The inflammatory arachnoidal lesions of the chiasm (specific or nonspecific) generally profit from an intervention aiming to disconnect the adhesions. X-ray therapy represents very often an indispensable component of the surgical treatment of the tumoral lesions. Apart from death the complications are postoperative infection, aggravation of the neuro-ophthalmological symptoms, the neuro-psychological consequences and the endocrinological and hypothalamic complications. Early diagnosis represents the best means to diminish the importance of the complications. An alternative complication is the tumor recurrence.", "PMID": 857083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11773", "title": "[Advantages and disadvantages of general anesthesia in eye surgery, seen by the ophthalmosurgeon (author's transl)].", "content": "General anesthesia in eye surgery necessitates additional investments in equipment, instruments, rooms and employees. It therefore increases the cost of operation. An anaesthesist, not familiar with the specialties of ophthalmic surgery, is a real risk. The advantages of general anesthesia outweigh by far the disadvantages: optimal observation survey and, if necessary supplementary care of the intubationned patient is guaranteed. The surgical treatment can be performed on the completely immobilized patient without any hurry, eventually additionally in controlled hypotension. Special emphasis has to be put on the postoperative care, especially on an immediate, rigorous mobilization of the patient. Under these conditions, the three-years-statistic clearly demonstrates, that the postoperative complications are as rare as those after operations performed in local anesthesia.", "contents": "[Advantages and disadvantages of general anesthesia in eye surgery, seen by the ophthalmosurgeon (author's transl)]. General anesthesia in eye surgery necessitates additional investments in equipment, instruments, rooms and employees. It therefore increases the cost of operation. An anaesthesist, not familiar with the specialties of ophthalmic surgery, is a real risk. The advantages of general anesthesia outweigh by far the disadvantages: optimal observation survey and, if necessary supplementary care of the intubationned patient is guaranteed. The surgical treatment can be performed on the completely immobilized patient without any hurry, eventually additionally in controlled hypotension. Special emphasis has to be put on the postoperative care, especially on an immediate, rigorous mobilization of the patient. Under these conditions, the three-years-statistic clearly demonstrates, that the postoperative complications are as rare as those after operations performed in local anesthesia.", "PMID": 857084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11774", "title": "[Pediatric anesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "The progress of understanding the special physiology and pathology of the small child, as well as the perfection of the technical equipment for pediatric anesthesia are responsible for the fact that today practically every child even during very difficult surgical interventions can be kept with security in general anesthesia. A survey of the problems occuring in pediatric anesthesia includes the following items: preoperative examination, preparation for anesthesia and surgical intervention, techniques of anesthesia, special dangers for the newborn and small children (fluid ratio, decrease of body temperature, hypoglycemia) and postoperative treatment. The author comes to the conclusion that the best conditions for general anesthesia of the small child are only present in a children's hospital where the necessary infrastructure is available. The pediatric anesthesist strongly wish therefore that also the specialists like the ophthalmologist make use of the specialised children's hospital for operative purposes.", "contents": "[Pediatric anesthesia (author's transl)]. The progress of understanding the special physiology and pathology of the small child, as well as the perfection of the technical equipment for pediatric anesthesia are responsible for the fact that today practically every child even during very difficult surgical interventions can be kept with security in general anesthesia. A survey of the problems occuring in pediatric anesthesia includes the following items: preoperative examination, preparation for anesthesia and surgical intervention, techniques of anesthesia, special dangers for the newborn and small children (fluid ratio, decrease of body temperature, hypoglycemia) and postoperative treatment. The author comes to the conclusion that the best conditions for general anesthesia of the small child are only present in a children's hospital where the necessary infrastructure is available. The pediatric anesthesist strongly wish therefore that also the specialists like the ophthalmologist make use of the specialised children's hospital for operative purposes.", "PMID": 857085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11775", "title": "Evaluation of mouse lines for maternal performance and growth of offspring.", "content": "Crossfostering sets of mice each containing four dams representative of three selected lines (M, W, and B) and one control (C) were prepared in each of two populations (P and Q) to compare nursing ability of the mother and the intrinsic growth potential of the offspring among lines within populations. The descending order of line performance for the nursing ability, as measured by mean 12-day weight of eight offspring within a nursed litter, was M (8.48 g),W (8,47 g), B (7.88 g) and C (7.22 g) in population P; and W (10.16 g), M(9.83 g), B (9.56 g), and C (9.01 g) in population Q. Dams from line W had the heaviest body weight after parturition and consumed 176.7 g of feed in population P and 191.7 g in population Q during 12 days of lactation. The order of lines for growth potential measured by 42-day weight was W (30.83 g), B (24.60 g), M (24.36 g), and C (22.61 g) in population P; and W (40.19 g), B (31.35 g), M (29.98 g), and C (27.81 g) in population Q. These results were compared with those from a conventional line comparison where mothers reared their own offspring. Between the two comparisons, line order differed for nursing ability in population P but not in population Q, and did not differ for 42-day weight.", "contents": "Evaluation of mouse lines for maternal performance and growth of offspring. Crossfostering sets of mice each containing four dams representative of three selected lines (M, W, and B) and one control (C) were prepared in each of two populations (P and Q) to compare nursing ability of the mother and the intrinsic growth potential of the offspring among lines within populations. The descending order of line performance for the nursing ability, as measured by mean 12-day weight of eight offspring within a nursed litter, was M (8.48 g),W (8,47 g), B (7.88 g) and C (7.22 g) in population P; and W (10.16 g), M(9.83 g), B (9.56 g), and C (9.01 g) in population Q. Dams from line W had the heaviest body weight after parturition and consumed 176.7 g of feed in population P and 191.7 g in population Q during 12 days of lactation. The order of lines for growth potential measured by 42-day weight was W (30.83 g), B (24.60 g), M (24.36 g), and C (22.61 g) in population P; and W (40.19 g), B (31.35 g), M (29.98 g), and C (27.81 g) in population Q. These results were compared with those from a conventional line comparison where mothers reared their own offspring. Between the two comparisons, line order differed for nursing ability in population P but not in population Q, and did not differ for 42-day weight.", "PMID": 857086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11776", "title": "Susceptibility of laboratory animals to infection by spotted fever group rickettsiae.", "content": "An attempt was made to find a suitable animal model for studies of spotted fever group rickettsiae. Inbred and outbred mice, the guinea pig, ferret, gerbil, hamster, wild rabbit, cotton rat, sheep, and miniature swine were tested. Of these, only certain strains of the mouse [Mai:(S) and BALB/cJ] and the guinea pig [Hla:(HA)] exhibited, overtly, the desired characteristics of disease. Other laboratory animals (such as sheep or rabbits) can be used for the production of antiserum against the spotted fever group of rickettsiae; however, these rickettsiae apparently have little or no effect on several other animal species. The lack of overt disease might explain the role of these animals or related genera as reservoirs for the tick-borne spotted fever rickettsiae.", "contents": "Susceptibility of laboratory animals to infection by spotted fever group rickettsiae. An attempt was made to find a suitable animal model for studies of spotted fever group rickettsiae. Inbred and outbred mice, the guinea pig, ferret, gerbil, hamster, wild rabbit, cotton rat, sheep, and miniature swine were tested. Of these, only certain strains of the mouse [Mai:(S) and BALB/cJ] and the guinea pig [Hla:(HA)] exhibited, overtly, the desired characteristics of disease. Other laboratory animals (such as sheep or rabbits) can be used for the production of antiserum against the spotted fever group of rickettsiae; however, these rickettsiae apparently have little or no effect on several other animal species. The lack of overt disease might explain the role of these animals or related genera as reservoirs for the tick-borne spotted fever rickettsiae.", "PMID": 857087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11777", "title": "Adynamic ileus in the rat induced by chloral hydrate.", "content": "During neurophysiologic studies in the rat [Crl:COBS CD(SD)BR], chloral hydrate was given intraperitoneally to produce anesthesia for brain electrode implantation. The incidental occurrence of adynamic ileus in six of these rats, 5-16 days after surgery, prompted further investigation. Pathological evaluations and transmission experiments using ingesta and viscera from affected rats failed to reveal an infectious agent. Subsequently chloral hydrate-induced adynamic ileus leading to morbidity or death was experimentally produced in 14 of 27 rats, 3--36 days after intraperitoneal administration of the anesthetic at a dose of 400 mg/kg body weight and concentrations of 125--275 mg/ml. The experimentally produced condition was characterized by lethargy, anorexia, abdominal distension, ruffled hair coat, inactivity, drowsy expression, constipation, and death. Gross pathologic findings included gaseous distension and atony of the cecum and segments of the small intestine. Small intestine contents varied from liquid to solid. The colon and rectum contained only a few dry hard fecal pellets. A few animals showed excess abdominal fluid. Microscopic findings were limited to focal chronic serositis and serosal fibrosis affecting the visceral peritoneum. On the basis of the experimental studies, it was concluded that the condition described was not an infectious disease but was an abnormal physiologic condition produced by the irritating or pharmacologic action of chloral hydrate given at high concentrations in the abdominal cavity.", "contents": "Adynamic ileus in the rat induced by chloral hydrate. During neurophysiologic studies in the rat [Crl:COBS CD(SD)BR], chloral hydrate was given intraperitoneally to produce anesthesia for brain electrode implantation. The incidental occurrence of adynamic ileus in six of these rats, 5-16 days after surgery, prompted further investigation. Pathological evaluations and transmission experiments using ingesta and viscera from affected rats failed to reveal an infectious agent. Subsequently chloral hydrate-induced adynamic ileus leading to morbidity or death was experimentally produced in 14 of 27 rats, 3--36 days after intraperitoneal administration of the anesthetic at a dose of 400 mg/kg body weight and concentrations of 125--275 mg/ml. The experimentally produced condition was characterized by lethargy, anorexia, abdominal distension, ruffled hair coat, inactivity, drowsy expression, constipation, and death. Gross pathologic findings included gaseous distension and atony of the cecum and segments of the small intestine. Small intestine contents varied from liquid to solid. The colon and rectum contained only a few dry hard fecal pellets. A few animals showed excess abdominal fluid. Microscopic findings were limited to focal chronic serositis and serosal fibrosis affecting the visceral peritoneum. On the basis of the experimental studies, it was concluded that the condition described was not an infectious disease but was an abnormal physiologic condition produced by the irritating or pharmacologic action of chloral hydrate given at high concentrations in the abdominal cavity.", "PMID": 857088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11778", "title": "Pregnancy diagnosis in the guinea pig.", "content": "A method for diagnosing pregnancy in the guinea pig by manual palpation was developed. Using this technique, pregnancy was detected between the 15th and 30th day of gestation with 98% accuracy. The 2% error consisted of animals that were pregnant but diagnosed as nonpregnant. Common mistakes that led to diagnosing nonpregnant animals as pregnant were: (1) palpation of fecal pellets; (2) palpation of left kidney; and (3) palpation of the sartorius muscle. Common errors that led to diagnosing pregnant animals as nonpregnant were: (1) failure to search the entire abdomen; (2) too close apposition of thumb and forefingers while searching the abdomen; and (3) failure to deprive animals of feed before palpation.", "contents": "Pregnancy diagnosis in the guinea pig. A method for diagnosing pregnancy in the guinea pig by manual palpation was developed. Using this technique, pregnancy was detected between the 15th and 30th day of gestation with 98% accuracy. The 2% error consisted of animals that were pregnant but diagnosed as nonpregnant. Common mistakes that led to diagnosing nonpregnant animals as pregnant were: (1) palpation of fecal pellets; (2) palpation of left kidney; and (3) palpation of the sartorius muscle. Common errors that led to diagnosing pregnant animals as nonpregnant were: (1) failure to search the entire abdomen; (2) too close apposition of thumb and forefingers while searching the abdomen; and (3) failure to deprive animals of feed before palpation.", "PMID": 857089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11779", "title": "Bronchopulmonary lavage of small laboratory animals.", "content": "A procedure was developed for performing multiple-wash, saline, bronchopulmonary lavages in living small animals. Animals were anesthetized with halothane in oxygen, intubated with tracheal catheters made from intravenous cannulas, and maintained on a flow-through anesthetic system which allowed positive pressure ventilation and fluid instillation. Wash volumes were calculated from lung pressure-volume measurements of individual animals, and lavages were accomplished by instillation and withdrawal of four washes of warmed saline. Wash volume for the mouse, gerbil, hamster, rat, guinea pig, and rabbit ranged from 0.7 ml for the mouse to 31 ml for the rabbit. The percent of wash fluid recovered ranged from 73% for the rabbit to 90% for the rat. Cell recovery data for the hamster, rat, guinea pig, and rabbit were related to body size with the hamster having the lowest count and the rabbit the highest count. The mouse, hamster, and rabbit tolerated the procedure well, but evidence of lung damage was found in the rat, guinea pig, and gerbil. Cell recovery was similar to that reported for lavages of excised lungs.", "contents": "Bronchopulmonary lavage of small laboratory animals. A procedure was developed for performing multiple-wash, saline, bronchopulmonary lavages in living small animals. Animals were anesthetized with halothane in oxygen, intubated with tracheal catheters made from intravenous cannulas, and maintained on a flow-through anesthetic system which allowed positive pressure ventilation and fluid instillation. Wash volumes were calculated from lung pressure-volume measurements of individual animals, and lavages were accomplished by instillation and withdrawal of four washes of warmed saline. Wash volume for the mouse, gerbil, hamster, rat, guinea pig, and rabbit ranged from 0.7 ml for the mouse to 31 ml for the rabbit. The percent of wash fluid recovered ranged from 73% for the rabbit to 90% for the rat. Cell recovery data for the hamster, rat, guinea pig, and rabbit were related to body size with the hamster having the lowest count and the rabbit the highest count. The mouse, hamster, and rabbit tolerated the procedure well, but evidence of lung damage was found in the rat, guinea pig, and gerbil. Cell recovery was similar to that reported for lavages of excised lungs.", "PMID": 857090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11780", "title": "An autoclavable isolator for operating on the adult gnotobiotic dog.", "content": "An isolator, in which complex operations can be performed on a large gnotobiotic dog, was designed and fabricated of lightweight stainless steel. This \"T\" shaped chamber is 20-40 inches wide, 96 inches long, and 38-58 inches high. It has two 18-inch diameter entry ports and a pair of gloves mounted beneath each of four plate glass windows. The isolator rests on a 12-inch high stainless steel pallet and is moved about the laboratory by a portable hydraulic platform lift. It is readily sterilized in an autoclave at temperatures up to 285 degrees F (140 degrees C) and can be cleaned and resterilized in less than 8 hours. Although the isolator is more expensive than one made of flexible plastic film, it has the advantages of not being readily punctured and it requires less labor to clean and sterilize between uses. Thus, it is more secure and, in the long run, more economical.", "contents": "An autoclavable isolator for operating on the adult gnotobiotic dog. An isolator, in which complex operations can be performed on a large gnotobiotic dog, was designed and fabricated of lightweight stainless steel. This \"T\" shaped chamber is 20-40 inches wide, 96 inches long, and 38-58 inches high. It has two 18-inch diameter entry ports and a pair of gloves mounted beneath each of four plate glass windows. The isolator rests on a 12-inch high stainless steel pallet and is moved about the laboratory by a portable hydraulic platform lift. It is readily sterilized in an autoclave at temperatures up to 285 degrees F (140 degrees C) and can be cleaned and resterilized in less than 8 hours. Although the isolator is more expensive than one made of flexible plastic film, it has the advantages of not being readily punctured and it requires less labor to clean and sterilize between uses. Thus, it is more secure and, in the long run, more economical.", "PMID": 857091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11781", "title": "Hematologic, biochemical, and physiologic indices of the sacred baboon (Papio hamadryas).", "content": "Hematologic, biochemical, and physiologic indices for a recently imported group of sacred baboons, Papio hamadryas, were studied over a 6-week period. Hematologic values were in agreement with results recorded for other species of baboons. Blood biochemical data were consistent with findings previously reported for other baboons and for man except that alkaline phosphatase levels were higher than previously for other baboons but similar to those reported for man; lactic dehydrogenase levels were higher than for man but lower than for other baboons; cholesterol levels were within the range for baboons but lower than for man; and creatinine and uric acid levels were lower and amylase levels were higher than those for man. Temperature and respiration and pulse rates were in agreement with those reported for other baboons.", "contents": "Hematologic, biochemical, and physiologic indices of the sacred baboon (Papio hamadryas). Hematologic, biochemical, and physiologic indices for a recently imported group of sacred baboons, Papio hamadryas, were studied over a 6-week period. Hematologic values were in agreement with results recorded for other species of baboons. Blood biochemical data were consistent with findings previously reported for other baboons and for man except that alkaline phosphatase levels were higher than previously for other baboons but similar to those reported for man; lactic dehydrogenase levels were higher than for man but lower than for other baboons; cholesterol levels were within the range for baboons but lower than for man; and creatinine and uric acid levels were lower and amylase levels were higher than those for man. Temperature and respiration and pulse rates were in agreement with those reported for other baboons.", "PMID": 857092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11782", "title": "Aspects of British general practitioners' prescribing.", "content": "Some criteria for the rational prescribing of pharmaceuticals were considered in relationship to the prescribing of a sample of British general practitioners. In particular, interest was focused on the criteria of effectiveness and safety in what is prescribed. Actual prescriptions were examined for one complete given month and the physicians writing these were judged on the criteria, using carefully specified definitions. Next the professional, educational, and demographic characteristics of the selected physicians were examined and an attempt was made to account for the manner in which physicians were judged on the two rationality criteria in terms of these characteristics. Ninety characteristics were originally considered. In the event it was shown that a reasonable discrimination of physicians' prescribing could be made on the basis of five such characteristics.", "contents": "Aspects of British general practitioners' prescribing. Some criteria for the rational prescribing of pharmaceuticals were considered in relationship to the prescribing of a sample of British general practitioners. In particular, interest was focused on the criteria of effectiveness and safety in what is prescribed. Actual prescriptions were examined for one complete given month and the physicians writing these were judged on the criteria, using carefully specified definitions. Next the professional, educational, and demographic characteristics of the selected physicians were examined and an attempt was made to account for the manner in which physicians were judged on the two rationality criteria in terms of these characteristics. Ninety characteristics were originally considered. In the event it was shown that a reasonable discrimination of physicians' prescribing could be made on the basis of five such characteristics.", "PMID": 857097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11783", "title": "Prepaid group practice under universal health insurance in Canada.", "content": "This paper describes the experience of the two prepaid group practice plans in Ontario before and after universal health insurance. Both plans were capitalized, before national health insurance, by member contributions and both have had persistent problems with enrollment constraints and professional opposition. The Sault Ste. Marie Plan began in 1963, six years before Canadian medicare. The plan was paid a capitation fee for medical services but did not share in savings from its reduced hospital use. After universal insurance sharing in decreased hospital use was offset by regulations which allowed plan members to use non-plan physicians at Plan expense. Payments to non-plan physicians now take up 20 per cent of Plan income. Active enrollment of members has been replaced by a Ministry of Health registration system which is based on overall utilization. The St. Catharine's Plan began at the same time as universal insurance in 1969. Its out-of-plan use averaged about 40 per cent of total income. Most recently this program has shifted from capitation to cost-reimbursement payment. In Canada present trends include cost containment, financing by general tax revenues rather than premiums and increased categorical benefits. Under Canadian universal health insurance prepaid group practice has an uncertain future.", "contents": "Prepaid group practice under universal health insurance in Canada. This paper describes the experience of the two prepaid group practice plans in Ontario before and after universal health insurance. Both plans were capitalized, before national health insurance, by member contributions and both have had persistent problems with enrollment constraints and professional opposition. The Sault Ste. Marie Plan began in 1963, six years before Canadian medicare. The plan was paid a capitation fee for medical services but did not share in savings from its reduced hospital use. After universal insurance sharing in decreased hospital use was offset by regulations which allowed plan members to use non-plan physicians at Plan expense. Payments to non-plan physicians now take up 20 per cent of Plan income. Active enrollment of members has been replaced by a Ministry of Health registration system which is based on overall utilization. The St. Catharine's Plan began at the same time as universal insurance in 1969. Its out-of-plan use averaged about 40 per cent of total income. Most recently this program has shifted from capitation to cost-reimbursement payment. In Canada present trends include cost containment, financing by general tax revenues rather than premiums and increased categorical benefits. Under Canadian universal health insurance prepaid group practice has an uncertain future.", "PMID": 857098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11784", "title": "Statistical mechanical treatment of protein conformation. 6. Elimination of empirical rules for prediction by use of a high-order probability. Correlation between the amino acid sequences and conformations for homologous neurotoxin proteins.", "content": "One-dimensional short-range interaction models for specific-sequence copolymers of amino acids have been developed in this series of papers. In this paper, a general method for predicting protein conformation (that is based on a one-dimensional short-range interaction model, and eliminates the need for the empirical rules introduced in papers III and IV) is described. The present method involves the use of conformational (or conformational-sequence) probabilities of higher order than the first- or second-order probabilities used in papers IV and V, i.e., it treats a sequence of any number of residues; it thus alters the predictive methods that involved empirical rules in papers III and IV, and low-order (first- or second-order) probabilities in papers IV and V. The general method is applied here to the prediction of the backbone conformations of proteins, using the three-state model [helical (h), extended (epilson), and other coil (c) states] proposed in the theoretical formulation of paper II. The statistical weights in the three-state model are evaluated from the atomic coordinates of the x-ray structures of 26 proteins. The conformational-sequence probabilities (taken for three consecutive residues for numerical computation in this paper) are calculated for all possible triads (i.e., for all possible combinations of the three states, h, epilson, and c for each residue) for bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor and clostridial flavodoxin, in order to select the most probable conformations of these proteins. The predicted results for these proteins are compared to those predicted in paper III and to those observed experimentally. The method is applied further to the prediction of the backbone structures of homologous neurotoxin proteins whose amino acid sequences are known but whose x-ray structures are not. The effects of variation in the amino acid sequence on the conformations of the backbones are discussed from the point of view of the homologies in the amino acid sequences of 19 neurotoxins. Application of the present general predictive method to a four- and a multistate model is also described.", "contents": "Statistical mechanical treatment of protein conformation. 6. Elimination of empirical rules for prediction by use of a high-order probability. Correlation between the amino acid sequences and conformations for homologous neurotoxin proteins. One-dimensional short-range interaction models for specific-sequence copolymers of amino acids have been developed in this series of papers. In this paper, a general method for predicting protein conformation (that is based on a one-dimensional short-range interaction model, and eliminates the need for the empirical rules introduced in papers III and IV) is described. The present method involves the use of conformational (or conformational-sequence) probabilities of higher order than the first- or second-order probabilities used in papers IV and V, i.e., it treats a sequence of any number of residues; it thus alters the predictive methods that involved empirical rules in papers III and IV, and low-order (first- or second-order) probabilities in papers IV and V. The general method is applied here to the prediction of the backbone conformations of proteins, using the three-state model [helical (h), extended (epilson), and other coil (c) states] proposed in the theoretical formulation of paper II. The statistical weights in the three-state model are evaluated from the atomic coordinates of the x-ray structures of 26 proteins. The conformational-sequence probabilities (taken for three consecutive residues for numerical computation in this paper) are calculated for all possible triads (i.e., for all possible combinations of the three states, h, epilson, and c for each residue) for bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor and clostridial flavodoxin, in order to select the most probable conformations of these proteins. The predicted results for these proteins are compared to those predicted in paper III and to those observed experimentally. The method is applied further to the prediction of the backbone structures of homologous neurotoxin proteins whose amino acid sequences are known but whose x-ray structures are not. The effects of variation in the amino acid sequence on the conformations of the backbones are discussed from the point of view of the homologies in the amino acid sequences of 19 neurotoxins. Application of the present general predictive method to a four- and a multistate model is also described.", "PMID": 857093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11785", "title": "Alternative regression approaches to the analysis of medical care survey data.", "content": "In a multivariate analysis of ambulatory care utilization of a subsample of the 1970 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data the dependent variables representing utilization, acute conditions and chronic conditions were found to have discrete variable properties violating normality assumptions of standard regression analysis. Focusing on the utilization variable, alternative multivariate approaches were compared with results obtained from standard least squares analysis. These were Poisson-based multivariate regression, logit analysis, and discriminant analysis. While the fixed interval measure of utlization had an L-shaped frequency distribution with considerable departure from normality, it was found that more theoretically appropriate alternatives provided only marginal gains over the standard least squares techniques.", "contents": "Alternative regression approaches to the analysis of medical care survey data. In a multivariate analysis of ambulatory care utilization of a subsample of the 1970 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data the dependent variables representing utilization, acute conditions and chronic conditions were found to have discrete variable properties violating normality assumptions of standard regression analysis. Focusing on the utilization variable, alternative multivariate approaches were compared with results obtained from standard least squares analysis. These were Poisson-based multivariate regression, logit analysis, and discriminant analysis. While the fixed interval measure of utlization had an L-shaped frequency distribution with considerable departure from normality, it was found that more theoretically appropriate alternatives provided only marginal gains over the standard least squares techniques.", "PMID": 857099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11786", "title": "Monte Carlo calculations on polypeptide chains. 10. A study of the kinetics of the helix--coli transition.", "content": "A stochastic model of the kinetics of the helix--coil transition based on the equilibrium statistical mechanical theory of Lifson and Roig is presented. A Monte Carlo simulation of the kinetics based on the stochastic model was used to study the kinetics of the helix--coil transition. Kinetics simulations were conducted from several initial values of the fractional hydrogen bonding parameter theta to each equilibrium value of theta. A spectrum of relaxation times and characteristic weighting constants is reported for each kinetics simulation. The chain lengths used in this study were 15, 34, and 85 residues. It was found that at each chain length the relaxation times depend only on the equilibrium value of 0 while the characteristic weighting constants depend on both the initial and equilibrium values of theta. The mean relaxation time was calculated for several relaxations at chain lengths 15, 34, and 85. It was found that the mean relaxation time does not reflect the correct order of magnitude of the slowest relaxation process. In addition, it was found that pure random coil species do not survive long enough to be measured by nmr spectroscopy and therefore values of t greater than or equal to 10(-1)s do not reflect a relaxation time of the helix--coil transition.", "contents": "Monte Carlo calculations on polypeptide chains. 10. A study of the kinetics of the helix--coli transition. A stochastic model of the kinetics of the helix--coil transition based on the equilibrium statistical mechanical theory of Lifson and Roig is presented. A Monte Carlo simulation of the kinetics based on the stochastic model was used to study the kinetics of the helix--coil transition. Kinetics simulations were conducted from several initial values of the fractional hydrogen bonding parameter theta to each equilibrium value of theta. A spectrum of relaxation times and characteristic weighting constants is reported for each kinetics simulation. The chain lengths used in this study were 15, 34, and 85 residues. It was found that at each chain length the relaxation times depend only on the equilibrium value of 0 while the characteristic weighting constants depend on both the initial and equilibrium values of theta. The mean relaxation time was calculated for several relaxations at chain lengths 15, 34, and 85. It was found that the mean relaxation time does not reflect the correct order of magnitude of the slowest relaxation process. In addition, it was found that pure random coil species do not survive long enough to be measured by nmr spectroscopy and therefore values of t greater than or equal to 10(-1)s do not reflect a relaxation time of the helix--coil transition.", "PMID": 857094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11787", "title": "FP/MIS: a management information system for a community family planning clinic.", "content": "The management information system (FP/MIS) used by the Howard University Center for Family Planning Services, which operates community family planning clinics in Washington, D.C. is described. The system was developed to satisfy program objectives in patient management, program planning and evaluation, resource management, federal reporting systems and clinical, epidemiological and health services research. The data collection forms used in the system and the output from the four data display groups--patient profile, resource management, quality of care and epidemiology-are described along with examples of their use.", "contents": "FP/MIS: a management information system for a community family planning clinic. The management information system (FP/MIS) used by the Howard University Center for Family Planning Services, which operates community family planning clinics in Washington, D.C. is described. The system was developed to satisfy program objectives in patient management, program planning and evaluation, resource management, federal reporting systems and clinical, epidemiological and health services research. The data collection forms used in the system and the output from the four data display groups--patient profile, resource management, quality of care and epidemiology-are described along with examples of their use.", "PMID": 857100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11788", "title": "Hydrodynamic properties and unperturbed dimensions of poly(gamma-hydroxy-L-proline) in aqueous solution.", "content": "Intrinsic viscosities and sedimentation coefficients have been measured as a function of molecular weight for poly(gamma-hydroxy-L-proline) in water. The molecular weight range covered is 9,000-35,000. High molecular weight poly(gamma-hydroxy-L-proline) in water has the hydrodynamic behavior of a random coil immersed in a good solvent, as judged by d ln [eta]/d ln M, d ln so/d ln M, dbeta/dM, and the size of beta[= nu rho (-1)]/1/3etaM-2/3(1 - nurho)-1]. The characteristic ratio, ((r2)o/nplp2) infinity, is found to be 15.9 +/- 1.6, which is not significantly different from the result of 13.7 +/- 0.9 obtained for poly(L-proline) by Mattice and Mandelkern under the same conditions. This observation casts doubt on the importance of intrachain hydrogen bonded bridges from the hydroxyl group to a carbonyl oxygen via a water molecule. The characteristic ratios and the effects of calcium chloride on the hydroynamic properties suggest that poly(L-proline) and poly(gamma-hydroxy-L-proline) possess a similar source of flexibility which is often overlooked. Two possibilities for this flexibility are a second energy minimum about the Calpha-C' bond and cis-trans isomerization about the peptide bond.", "contents": "Hydrodynamic properties and unperturbed dimensions of poly(gamma-hydroxy-L-proline) in aqueous solution. Intrinsic viscosities and sedimentation coefficients have been measured as a function of molecular weight for poly(gamma-hydroxy-L-proline) in water. The molecular weight range covered is 9,000-35,000. High molecular weight poly(gamma-hydroxy-L-proline) in water has the hydrodynamic behavior of a random coil immersed in a good solvent, as judged by d ln [eta]/d ln M, d ln so/d ln M, dbeta/dM, and the size of beta[= nu rho (-1)]/1/3etaM-2/3(1 - nurho)-1]. The characteristic ratio, ((r2)o/nplp2) infinity, is found to be 15.9 +/- 1.6, which is not significantly different from the result of 13.7 +/- 0.9 obtained for poly(L-proline) by Mattice and Mandelkern under the same conditions. This observation casts doubt on the importance of intrachain hydrogen bonded bridges from the hydroxyl group to a carbonyl oxygen via a water molecule. The characteristic ratios and the effects of calcium chloride on the hydroynamic properties suggest that poly(L-proline) and poly(gamma-hydroxy-L-proline) possess a similar source of flexibility which is often overlooked. Two possibilities for this flexibility are a second energy minimum about the Calpha-C' bond and cis-trans isomerization about the peptide bond.", "PMID": 857095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11789", "title": "An approach to reducing the adverse effects of broken appointments in primary care systems: development of a decision rule based on estimated conditional probabilities.", "content": "A method is presented for adjusting the scheduling of appointments in ambulatory health care centers to reduce the deleterious effects of broken appointments. The essence of the methodology calls for scheduling and \"expected number\" of patients for a given clinic session. This \"expected number\" is calculated from estimated probabilities of appointment breaking, conditioned on patient characteristics which are deemed to be related to appointment-breaking rates, and on which number appointment within a specified time period is being made for the patient. The two ill effects of appointment breaking that are considered here are the diminution of efficiency of operation and interference with continuity of patient care. Ways of using this methodology to ameliorate each of these effects are outlined, with one of these way serving to alleviate both effects. This method is meant to be of quite general applicability, although its development was motivated by the problems of a localized particular situation.", "contents": "An approach to reducing the adverse effects of broken appointments in primary care systems: development of a decision rule based on estimated conditional probabilities. A method is presented for adjusting the scheduling of appointments in ambulatory health care centers to reduce the deleterious effects of broken appointments. The essence of the methodology calls for scheduling and \"expected number\" of patients for a given clinic session. This \"expected number\" is calculated from estimated probabilities of appointment breaking, conditioned on patient characteristics which are deemed to be related to appointment-breaking rates, and on which number appointment within a specified time period is being made for the patient. The two ill effects of appointment breaking that are considered here are the diminution of efficiency of operation and interference with continuity of patient care. Ways of using this methodology to ameliorate each of these effects are outlined, with one of these way serving to alleviate both effects. This method is meant to be of quite general applicability, although its development was motivated by the problems of a localized particular situation.", "PMID": 857101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11790", "title": "Preferential and absolute adsorption to poly[N5-(3-hydroxypropyl)-L-glutamine] in water/2-chloroethanol solvent mixtures.", "content": "Preferential adsorption to poly[N5-(3-hydroxypropyl)-L-glutamine] (PHPG) in water/2-chloroethanol solvent mixtures has been determined by measuring density increments at constant concentration and at constant chemical potential. At low alcohol concentrations, decreasing preferential adsorption of 2-chloroethanol is observed. When the organic solvent content is increased, an inversion of preferential adsorption occurs, water being preferentially adsorbed. The inversion zone parallels the conformational transition curve. As an explanation it is proposed that a competition occurs between noninteracting helicogenic 2-chloroethanol, which stabilizes hydrophobic interactions, and the hydrophilic interactions of water with  PHPG. The former retains a helical structure, whereas the latter induces a helix-to-coil transition.", "contents": "Preferential and absolute adsorption to poly[N5-(3-hydroxypropyl)-L-glutamine] in water/2-chloroethanol solvent mixtures. Preferential adsorption to poly[N5-(3-hydroxypropyl)-L-glutamine] (PHPG) in water/2-chloroethanol solvent mixtures has been determined by measuring density increments at constant concentration and at constant chemical potential. At low alcohol concentrations, decreasing preferential adsorption of 2-chloroethanol is observed. When the organic solvent content is increased, an inversion of preferential adsorption occurs, water being preferentially adsorbed. The inversion zone parallels the conformational transition curve. As an explanation it is proposed that a competition occurs between noninteracting helicogenic 2-chloroethanol, which stabilizes hydrophobic interactions, and the hydrophilic interactions of water with  PHPG. The former retains a helical structure, whereas the latter induces a helix-to-coil transition.", "PMID": 857096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11791", "title": "Differential effects of a phone reminder on appointment keeping for patients with long and short between-visit intervals.", "content": "In the Harborview Medical Center pediatrics clinic, we were interested in testing whether a phone call would increase appointment-keeping behavior and whether the call would have a differential effect depending on the interval between appointments. Ninety-eight patients were studied who had scheduled appointments 3 to 264 days in advance and still had these appointments 3 days prior to appointment time. Patients who were randomly placed in an experimental condition received a reminder call. Control patients received no call. The results indicate some difference between compliance rates of the experimental and control conditions in the expected direction (X2=3.715, df=1, p less than .05). Patients whose visits were scheduled more than 14 days prior to the appointment time (\"long-interval\" patients) were separated from patients whose appointments were scheduled more recently. A significant difference in appointment-keeping rates between the experimental and control groups was found (X2=4.908, df=1, p less than .025), but only for the \"long-interval\" patients. Therefore, the use of a phone cue is particularly recommended for these patients.", "contents": "Differential effects of a phone reminder on appointment keeping for patients with long and short between-visit intervals. In the Harborview Medical Center pediatrics clinic, we were interested in testing whether a phone call would increase appointment-keeping behavior and whether the call would have a differential effect depending on the interval between appointments. Ninety-eight patients were studied who had scheduled appointments 3 to 264 days in advance and still had these appointments 3 days prior to appointment time. Patients who were randomly placed in an experimental condition received a reminder call. Control patients received no call. The results indicate some difference between compliance rates of the experimental and control conditions in the expected direction (X2=3.715, df=1, p less than .05). Patients whose visits were scheduled more than 14 days prior to the appointment time (\"long-interval\" patients) were separated from patients whose appointments were scheduled more recently. A significant difference in appointment-keeping rates between the experimental and control groups was found (X2=4.908, df=1, p less than .025), but only for the \"long-interval\" patients. Therefore, the use of a phone cue is particularly recommended for these patients.", "PMID": 857102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11792", "title": "Sociocultural barriers to medical care among Mexican Americans in Texas: a summary report of research conducted by the Southwest Medical Sociology Ad Hoc Committee.", "content": "This paper summarizes research findings from members of the Southwest Medical Sociology Ad Hoc Committee concerning sociocultural barriers to medical care among Mexican Americans in Texas. Committee members individually, or in two-person groups, studied a number of factors concerning Mexican-American medical care in Texas such as: 1) mortality, morbidity, and other health status indicators; 2) health manpower and educational needs; 3) political factors impeding economical health care; 4) alienation, familism, and their relationship to utilization of the health services; 5) language and communication barriers; and 6) folk medicine. Findings include documentation that structural alienation of Mexican-Americans from mainstream Anglo-American middle-class society is carried over into their relation with utilization of the health care delivery system; that their emphasis on familism works alternatively to encourage and discourage their seeking access to health care; the language differences serve to perpetuate certain cultural differences that are inimical to health care delivery; and that curanderismo can be seen as complementing other types of health care. The report concludes with a number of recommendations for accomplishing cultural integration that will lead to better care for this segment of the health population.", "contents": "Sociocultural barriers to medical care among Mexican Americans in Texas: a summary report of research conducted by the Southwest Medical Sociology Ad Hoc Committee. This paper summarizes research findings from members of the Southwest Medical Sociology Ad Hoc Committee concerning sociocultural barriers to medical care among Mexican Americans in Texas. Committee members individually, or in two-person groups, studied a number of factors concerning Mexican-American medical care in Texas such as: 1) mortality, morbidity, and other health status indicators; 2) health manpower and educational needs; 3) political factors impeding economical health care; 4) alienation, familism, and their relationship to utilization of the health services; 5) language and communication barriers; and 6) folk medicine. Findings include documentation that structural alienation of Mexican-Americans from mainstream Anglo-American middle-class society is carried over into their relation with utilization of the health care delivery system; that their emphasis on familism works alternatively to encourage and discourage their seeking access to health care; the language differences serve to perpetuate certain cultural differences that are inimical to health care delivery; and that curanderismo can be seen as complementing other types of health care. The report concludes with a number of recommendations for accomplishing cultural integration that will lead to better care for this segment of the health population.", "PMID": 857103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11793", "title": "Borderline hypertension. An overview.", "content": "Borderline hypertension is widespread. Though the increased blood pressure appears to be innocent, and upon rest frequently returns to the normal range, signs of complex and profound alteration of the physiologic control of the circulation can already be found. The pathophysiology of borderline hypertension is of particular interest since it may reveal clues about the processes which initiate the hypertension rather than the consequences of the primary blood pressure elevation. Patients with borderline hypertension are at a higher risk of developing future sustained hypertension and its consequences. The risk, however, is not sufficient to justify treatment in all cases. Patients must be followed to observe blood pressure trends and treatment attempted in the selected minority which has the highest risk. The determination of risk is based on repeated measurements of blood pressure and on the assessment of risk factors for atherosclerosis and for future hypertension.", "contents": "Borderline hypertension. An overview. Borderline hypertension is widespread. Though the increased blood pressure appears to be innocent, and upon rest frequently returns to the normal range, signs of complex and profound alteration of the physiologic control of the circulation can already be found. The pathophysiology of borderline hypertension is of particular interest since it may reveal clues about the processes which initiate the hypertension rather than the consequences of the primary blood pressure elevation. Patients with borderline hypertension are at a higher risk of developing future sustained hypertension and its consequences. The risk, however, is not sufficient to justify treatment in all cases. Patients must be followed to observe blood pressure trends and treatment attempted in the selected minority which has the highest risk. The determination of risk is based on repeated measurements of blood pressure and on the assessment of risk factors for atherosclerosis and for future hypertension.", "PMID": 857104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11794", "title": "Hypertension in the elderly.", "content": "The available data indicate that classical hypertension, defined here as a diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 95 mm Hg, is a widely prevalent and as important a risk factor for the cardiovascular diseases in those aged 65 and over as it is in those under 65. The limited available data also indicate that pure systolic hypertension, defined here as a systolic blood pressure exceeding 160 mm Hg with a diastolic pressure under 95 mm Hg, also very common at age 65 and over, is also related to excess cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the elderly. However, it is not clear whether this latter relationship is indicative of cause and effect, or merely reflects the fact that in the elderly pure systolic hypertension is a sign of extensive sclerosis of large arteries. The results of Veterans Administration studies on antihypertensive therapy indicate that the elderly patient with classical hypertension is amenable to effective treatment, and that the benefits of such treatment significantly outweigh the risks. Great care is needed in the use of drugs for the management of hypertension in elderly patients, especially to minimize risk of hypotensive episodes and their possible harmful consequences; but with judicious and careful therapy, hypertension of this type can be controlled with reduction in excess risk of morbidity and mortality, at least for those with average diastolic pressures greater than or equal to 105 mm Hg. The lack of data on the benefits of treatment for those with pure systolic hypertension precludes any recommendations in regard to pharmacologic treatment of this condition.", "contents": "Hypertension in the elderly. The available data indicate that classical hypertension, defined here as a diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 95 mm Hg, is a widely prevalent and as important a risk factor for the cardiovascular diseases in those aged 65 and over as it is in those under 65. The limited available data also indicate that pure systolic hypertension, defined here as a systolic blood pressure exceeding 160 mm Hg with a diastolic pressure under 95 mm Hg, also very common at age 65 and over, is also related to excess cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the elderly. However, it is not clear whether this latter relationship is indicative of cause and effect, or merely reflects the fact that in the elderly pure systolic hypertension is a sign of extensive sclerosis of large arteries. The results of Veterans Administration studies on antihypertensive therapy indicate that the elderly patient with classical hypertension is amenable to effective treatment, and that the benefits of such treatment significantly outweigh the risks. Great care is needed in the use of drugs for the management of hypertension in elderly patients, especially to minimize risk of hypotensive episodes and their possible harmful consequences; but with judicious and careful therapy, hypertension of this type can be controlled with reduction in excess risk of morbidity and mortality, at least for those with average diastolic pressures greater than or equal to 105 mm Hg. The lack of data on the benefits of treatment for those with pure systolic hypertension precludes any recommendations in regard to pharmacologic treatment of this condition.", "PMID": 857105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11795", "title": "Surgical management of renovascular hypertension in older patients.", "content": "In hypertensive patients over 50 years of age, the high prevalence of renovascular hypertension (31 per cent), the low operative risk for its correction (1 to 2 per cent), and the frequency of benefit from operation (80 to 87 per cent) support an aggressive attitude toward screening and management. Diastolic hypertension  greater than 105 mm Hg in the older patient warrants investigation. If such a patient has advanced atherosclerosis with evidence of significant cardiac disease or cerebrovascular disease, the indications for operative management of renovascular hypertension correlated with the severity of hypertension, difficulty of control, and imminence of renal function deterioration. If complicating risk factors are not severe, any patient with diastolic hypertension greater than 105 mm Hg is considered an appropriate operative candidate. In contrast, when risk factors are severe, operative management is undertaken only when hypertension is difficult to control or deterioration of renal function is thought to be secondary to the renal artery stenosis. In these patients the risk of operation is obviously greater and the long term benefits are more limited. Nevertheless, based on our experience, we feel the risk of poorly controlled hypertension or impending renal failure is even higher and justifies operative intervention. Hypertension accelerates the progress of atherosclerosis, and halting or slowing the unrelenting course of atherosclerosis is worthwhile objective if this can be done without unnecessary risk.", "contents": "Surgical management of renovascular hypertension in older patients. In hypertensive patients over 50 years of age, the high prevalence of renovascular hypertension (31 per cent), the low operative risk for its correction (1 to 2 per cent), and the frequency of benefit from operation (80 to 87 per cent) support an aggressive attitude toward screening and management. Diastolic hypertension  greater than 105 mm Hg in the older patient warrants investigation. If such a patient has advanced atherosclerosis with evidence of significant cardiac disease or cerebrovascular disease, the indications for operative management of renovascular hypertension correlated with the severity of hypertension, difficulty of control, and imminence of renal function deterioration. If complicating risk factors are not severe, any patient with diastolic hypertension greater than 105 mm Hg is considered an appropriate operative candidate. In contrast, when risk factors are severe, operative management is undertaken only when hypertension is difficult to control or deterioration of renal function is thought to be secondary to the renal artery stenosis. In these patients the risk of operation is obviously greater and the long term benefits are more limited. Nevertheless, based on our experience, we feel the risk of poorly controlled hypertension or impending renal failure is even higher and justifies operative intervention. Hypertension accelerates the progress of atherosclerosis, and halting or slowing the unrelenting course of atherosclerosis is worthwhile objective if this can be done without unnecessary risk.", "PMID": 857106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11796", "title": "[Diverticulitis of the colon, indications and results of surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "155 operations performed on patients with diverticulitis of the colon at the Department of Surgery, University of Mainz Medical School, were analyzed retrospectively. Mortality was 5.4% in elective surgical interventions. Primary resection was possible only in a few of the emergency cases. In cases with ileus apalliative colostomy was performed mostly as a first step of surgical therapy: if perforation had occurred into the abdominal cavity simple closure, drainage and colostomy, or eventration of the perforated region were the first steps of surgical therapy. Mortality in the emergency patients was 45.5% due to the bad general condition after longstanding ileus or due to continuing smouldering fecal peritonitis after perforation. This bad prognosis does support our view, that colectomy should be done early in patients with chronic recurrent diverticulitis.", "contents": "[Diverticulitis of the colon, indications and results of surgery (author's transl)]. 155 operations performed on patients with diverticulitis of the colon at the Department of Surgery, University of Mainz Medical School, were analyzed retrospectively. Mortality was 5.4% in elective surgical interventions. Primary resection was possible only in a few of the emergency cases. In cases with ileus apalliative colostomy was performed mostly as a first step of surgical therapy: if perforation had occurred into the abdominal cavity simple closure, drainage and colostomy, or eventration of the perforated region were the first steps of surgical therapy. Mortality in the emergency patients was 45.5% due to the bad general condition after longstanding ileus or due to continuing smouldering fecal peritonitis after perforation. This bad prognosis does support our view, that colectomy should be done early in patients with chronic recurrent diverticulitis.", "PMID": 857107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11797", "title": "[Surgical therapy of carcinoma of the colon and rectum (author's transl)].", "content": "Carcinoma of the colon and rectum have a much better prognosis and a higher 5 years survival rate than other tumors of the gastro-intestinal tract. In spite of this, further improvements in therapy seem to be possible; cure rates could be improved by early diagnosis, and by a combination of 3 forms of therapy: preoperative X-ray therapy, radical surgery involving colon or rectum plus regional lymph-nodes, and adequate chemotherapy. A special problem is iso- and metachronic multiplicity. Recurrent disease may be diagnosed early enough by careful postoperative controls especially during the first postoperative year and can be managed surgically with good results.", "contents": "[Surgical therapy of carcinoma of the colon and rectum (author's transl)]. Carcinoma of the colon and rectum have a much better prognosis and a higher 5 years survival rate than other tumors of the gastro-intestinal tract. In spite of this, further improvements in therapy seem to be possible; cure rates could be improved by early diagnosis, and by a combination of 3 forms of therapy: preoperative X-ray therapy, radical surgery involving colon or rectum plus regional lymph-nodes, and adequate chemotherapy. A special problem is iso- and metachronic multiplicity. Recurrent disease may be diagnosed early enough by careful postoperative controls especially during the first postoperative year and can be managed surgically with good results.", "PMID": 857108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11798", "title": "Diet-induced changes in the fatty acid composition of mouse hepatocyte plasma membranes.", "content": "Hepatocyte plasma membranes were isolated from the livers of mice fed either a low fat diet or high fat diets containing polyunsaturated or saturated fat. The combined rate and isopycnic ultracentrifugation technique which was used produced highly purified hepatocyte plasma membrane fractions. The efficacy of the procedure was checked by electron microscopy and the assay to marker enzymes for the different subcellular organelles. Mice were maintained on a low fat diet until 60-70 days of age, when they were fed high fat diets containing polyunsaturated fat. The hepatocyte plasma membrane lipids of mice fed the polyunsaturated fat diet for 4 wk contained increased proportions of the major dietary unsaturated fatty acid, linoleic acid, and increased proportions of arachidonic acid. The proportion of linoleic and arachidonic acids decreased with continued feeding of the polyunsaturated fat diet. The hepatocyte plasma membrane lipids of mice fed the saturated fat diet contained increased proportions of oleic acid.", "contents": "Diet-induced changes in the fatty acid composition of mouse hepatocyte plasma membranes. Hepatocyte plasma membranes were isolated from the livers of mice fed either a low fat diet or high fat diets containing polyunsaturated or saturated fat. The combined rate and isopycnic ultracentrifugation technique which was used produced highly purified hepatocyte plasma membrane fractions. The efficacy of the procedure was checked by electron microscopy and the assay to marker enzymes for the different subcellular organelles. Mice were maintained on a low fat diet until 60-70 days of age, when they were fed high fat diets containing polyunsaturated fat. The hepatocyte plasma membrane lipids of mice fed the polyunsaturated fat diet for 4 wk contained increased proportions of the major dietary unsaturated fatty acid, linoleic acid, and increased proportions of arachidonic acid. The proportion of linoleic and arachidonic acids decreased with continued feeding of the polyunsaturated fat diet. The hepatocyte plasma membrane lipids of mice fed the saturated fat diet contained increased proportions of oleic acid.", "PMID": 857109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11799", "title": "Fatty acids of cerebrosides in different regions of the developing foetal brain.", "content": "The fatty acid composition of cerebrosides of developing foetal human brain and regional variations, if any, during intrauterine life were studied. While palmitic and stearic acids were the predominant normal fatty acids throughout intrauterine life, long chain fatty acids, like lignoceric and nervonic acids, which were low at early gestational ages, rapidly accumulated at term. Regional differences were observed in the concentrations of long chain normal fatty acids especially at term. Medulla oblongata showed a greater accumulation of long chain fatty acids as compared to the cerebellum and cerebrum. The distribution of 2-hydroxy fatty acids in different regions showed a pattern predominantly that of long chain carbon units, even at 34 wk of foetal life. A higher ratio of lignoeric to stearic acid in the case of normal fatty acids, probably indicative of chain elongation, was also evident in the case of medulla oblongata and cerebellum as compared to the cerebrum. The significance of these qualitative alterations in relation to rapid growth of brain prior to term and the process of myelination has been discussed.", "contents": "Fatty acids of cerebrosides in different regions of the developing foetal brain. The fatty acid composition of cerebrosides of developing foetal human brain and regional variations, if any, during intrauterine life were studied. While palmitic and stearic acids were the predominant normal fatty acids throughout intrauterine life, long chain fatty acids, like lignoceric and nervonic acids, which were low at early gestational ages, rapidly accumulated at term. Regional differences were observed in the concentrations of long chain normal fatty acids especially at term. Medulla oblongata showed a greater accumulation of long chain fatty acids as compared to the cerebellum and cerebrum. The distribution of 2-hydroxy fatty acids in different regions showed a pattern predominantly that of long chain carbon units, even at 34 wk of foetal life. A higher ratio of lignoeric to stearic acid in the case of normal fatty acids, probably indicative of chain elongation, was also evident in the case of medulla oblongata and cerebellum as compared to the cerebrum. The significance of these qualitative alterations in relation to rapid growth of brain prior to term and the process of myelination has been discussed.", "PMID": 857110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11800", "title": "Relative utilization of fatty acids for synthesis of ketone bodies and complex lipids in the liver of developing rats.", "content": "The regulation of hepatic ketogenesis, as related to the metabolism of fatty acids through oxidative and synthetic pathways, was studied in developing rats. [1-14C] palmitate was used as a substrate to determine the proportions of free fatty acids utilized for the production of ketone bodies, CO2 and complex lipids. Similar developmental patterns of hepatic ketogenesis were obtained by measuring the production of either [14C] acetoacetate from exogenous [1-14C] palmitate or the sum of unlabeled acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate from endogenous fatty acids. The production of total ketone bodies was low during the late fetal stage and at birth, but increased rapidly to a miximum value within 24 hr after brith. The maximal ketogenic capacity appeared to be maintained for the first 10 days of life. 14CO2 production from [1-14C] palmitate increased by two- to fourfold during the suckling period, from its initial low rate seen at birth. The capacity for synthesis of total complex lipids was low at birth and had increased by day 3 to a maximal value, which was comparable to that of adult fed rats. The high lipogenic capacity lasted throughout the remaining suckling period. When ketogenesis was inhibited by 4-pentenoic acid, the rate of synthesis of complex lipids did not increase despite an increase in unutilized fatty acids. During the mid-suckling period, approximately equal amounts of [1-14C] palmitate were utilized for the synthesis of ketone plus CO2 and for complex lipid synthesis. By contrast, in adult fed rats, the incorporation of fatty acids into complex lipids was four times higher than that of ketone plus CO2. These observations suggest that stimulated hepatic ketogenesis in suckling rats results from the rapid oxidation of fatty acids and consequent increased production of acetyl CoA, but not from impaired capacity for synthesis of complex lipids.", "contents": "Relative utilization of fatty acids for synthesis of ketone bodies and complex lipids in the liver of developing rats. The regulation of hepatic ketogenesis, as related to the metabolism of fatty acids through oxidative and synthetic pathways, was studied in developing rats. [1-14C] palmitate was used as a substrate to determine the proportions of free fatty acids utilized for the production of ketone bodies, CO2 and complex lipids. Similar developmental patterns of hepatic ketogenesis were obtained by measuring the production of either [14C] acetoacetate from exogenous [1-14C] palmitate or the sum of unlabeled acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate from endogenous fatty acids. The production of total ketone bodies was low during the late fetal stage and at birth, but increased rapidly to a miximum value within 24 hr after brith. The maximal ketogenic capacity appeared to be maintained for the first 10 days of life. 14CO2 production from [1-14C] palmitate increased by two- to fourfold during the suckling period, from its initial low rate seen at birth. The capacity for synthesis of total complex lipids was low at birth and had increased by day 3 to a maximal value, which was comparable to that of adult fed rats. The high lipogenic capacity lasted throughout the remaining suckling period. When ketogenesis was inhibited by 4-pentenoic acid, the rate of synthesis of complex lipids did not increase despite an increase in unutilized fatty acids. During the mid-suckling period, approximately equal amounts of [1-14C] palmitate were utilized for the synthesis of ketone plus CO2 and for complex lipid synthesis. By contrast, in adult fed rats, the incorporation of fatty acids into complex lipids was four times higher than that of ketone plus CO2. These observations suggest that stimulated hepatic ketogenesis in suckling rats results from the rapid oxidation of fatty acids and consequent increased production of acetyl CoA, but not from impaired capacity for synthesis of complex lipids.", "PMID": 857111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11801", "title": "Erucic acid and phospholipids of newborn rat heart cells in culture.", "content": "Erucic acid (delta 13-docosenoic acid), labeled with 14C in the 1- or 14-position, was incorporated into fetal calf serum and fed to beating, neonatal rat myocardial cell in culture. Uptake of the docosenoic acid during the first 6 hr of incubation was 41 nM/hr/mg protein in 7-day old cells and 29 nM/hr/mg protein in 14-day old cells. Fifty-seven percent of the 14C-activity was taken up from the medium in 24 hr, of which 77% was in the cells and 23% was unaccounted for. Of the 14C-activity taken up, 26% was in extractable lipid, with two-thirds in neutral lipid and one-third in phospholipid. Within the neutral lipid fraction, 88% of the 14C-activity was present in triglycerides; while in phospholipids, 66% of the 14C-activity was in phosphatidylcholine (PC); 14% in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE); 6% in sphinogomyelin (SPH) and 1% or less in cardiolipin (DPG). PC had the highest specific activity, followed by SPH and PE. The specific activity of PE was one-half that of SPH when the 14C-erucic acid substrate was labeled at the carboxyl position, but increased to equal that of SPH when the substrate was labeled at the double bond. The fatty acids of PC, PE, and SPH were influenced by erucic acid in the growth medium, but the amounts of each phospholipid were not affected. It is proposed that the altered fatty acid composition associated with incorporation of erucic acid or its metabolites into PC, PE, and SPH may affect integrity and function of heart cell membranes.", "contents": "Erucic acid and phospholipids of newborn rat heart cells in culture. Erucic acid (delta 13-docosenoic acid), labeled with 14C in the 1- or 14-position, was incorporated into fetal calf serum and fed to beating, neonatal rat myocardial cell in culture. Uptake of the docosenoic acid during the first 6 hr of incubation was 41 nM/hr/mg protein in 7-day old cells and 29 nM/hr/mg protein in 14-day old cells. Fifty-seven percent of the 14C-activity was taken up from the medium in 24 hr, of which 77% was in the cells and 23% was unaccounted for. Of the 14C-activity taken up, 26% was in extractable lipid, with two-thirds in neutral lipid and one-third in phospholipid. Within the neutral lipid fraction, 88% of the 14C-activity was present in triglycerides; while in phospholipids, 66% of the 14C-activity was in phosphatidylcholine (PC); 14% in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE); 6% in sphinogomyelin (SPH) and 1% or less in cardiolipin (DPG). PC had the highest specific activity, followed by SPH and PE. The specific activity of PE was one-half that of SPH when the 14C-erucic acid substrate was labeled at the carboxyl position, but increased to equal that of SPH when the substrate was labeled at the double bond. The fatty acids of PC, PE, and SPH were influenced by erucic acid in the growth medium, but the amounts of each phospholipid were not affected. It is proposed that the altered fatty acid composition associated with incorporation of erucic acid or its metabolites into PC, PE, and SPH may affect integrity and function of heart cell membranes.", "PMID": 857112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11802", "title": "Influence of fasting-refeeding and dietary linoleate on liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and phospholipid fatty acid composition in rats adapted to a purified diet.", "content": "Responses to refeeding after fasting were studied in male rats fed a purified casein-sucrose diet containing 5% safflower oil. After a 48 hr fast, the rats were fed either the same diet or the same diet minus oil (fat-free diet). These experiments were designed to distinguish changes due to fasting and refeeding alone without a change of diet from those changes caused by refeeding a diet of different composition. In the first experiment, rats were refed for 3 or 7 days. In rats refed either diet, liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity was elevated above refasting levels, but after 7 days, activity in rats refed the 5% safflower oil diet was significantly lower than in those refed the fat-free diet. The amount of liver arachidonate in rats refed the safflower oil diet was the same during refeeding as before fasting. In the second experiment, rats were refed the fat-free diet for 1, 2, 3, or 7 days. Liver G6PD and fatty acid synthetase were measured, as well as fatty acids in liver total lipids and phospholipids. G6PD activity increased above prefasting levels after one day refeeding and continued to increase for 7 days. Fatty acid synthetase activity increased for the first 3 days of refeeding, with no additional increase after 7 days. In all rats refed the fat-free diet, the proportions of arachidonate and linoleate in liver phospholipids diminished with time, and eicosatrienoate appeared. These results show that (a) maintenance of liver phospholipid arachidonate did not prevent increased G6PD activity in early refeeding, but the elevated G6PD activity later declined when phospholipid arachidonate was maintained by feeding a source of linoleate; (b) the metabolic state of fasted-refed rats had not returned to prefasting conditions even after 7 days of refeeding a linoleate-rich diet to which the rats were adapted before fasting.", "contents": "Influence of fasting-refeeding and dietary linoleate on liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and phospholipid fatty acid composition in rats adapted to a purified diet. Responses to refeeding after fasting were studied in male rats fed a purified casein-sucrose diet containing 5% safflower oil. After a 48 hr fast, the rats were fed either the same diet or the same diet minus oil (fat-free diet). These experiments were designed to distinguish changes due to fasting and refeeding alone without a change of diet from those changes caused by refeeding a diet of different composition. In the first experiment, rats were refed for 3 or 7 days. In rats refed either diet, liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity was elevated above refasting levels, but after 7 days, activity in rats refed the 5% safflower oil diet was significantly lower than in those refed the fat-free diet. The amount of liver arachidonate in rats refed the safflower oil diet was the same during refeeding as before fasting. In the second experiment, rats were refed the fat-free diet for 1, 2, 3, or 7 days. Liver G6PD and fatty acid synthetase were measured, as well as fatty acids in liver total lipids and phospholipids. G6PD activity increased above prefasting levels after one day refeeding and continued to increase for 7 days. Fatty acid synthetase activity increased for the first 3 days of refeeding, with no additional increase after 7 days. In all rats refed the fat-free diet, the proportions of arachidonate and linoleate in liver phospholipids diminished with time, and eicosatrienoate appeared. These results show that (a) maintenance of liver phospholipid arachidonate did not prevent increased G6PD activity in early refeeding, but the elevated G6PD activity later declined when phospholipid arachidonate was maintained by feeding a source of linoleate; (b) the metabolic state of fasted-refed rats had not returned to prefasting conditions even after 7 days of refeeding a linoleate-rich diet to which the rats were adapted before fasting.", "PMID": 857113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11803", "title": "Identification of the trans isomers of octadecenoic acid in human milk.", "content": "The presence of trans octadecenoic acid isomers was detected and analyzed in 24 hr pooled samples of human milk. Amounts of the trans isomers of the C18 monoenes ranged from 2% to 4% of the total fatty acids. For purposes of comparison, three commonly used brands of infant formula were also analyzed and found to contain 0.1% to 1.3% of trans monoene isomers. Data indicate that breast-fed and bottle-fed infants are receiving minimal levels of trans fatty acids via milk.", "contents": "Identification of the trans isomers of octadecenoic acid in human milk. The presence of trans octadecenoic acid isomers was detected and analyzed in 24 hr pooled samples of human milk. Amounts of the trans isomers of the C18 monoenes ranged from 2% to 4% of the total fatty acids. For purposes of comparison, three commonly used brands of infant formula were also analyzed and found to contain 0.1% to 1.3% of trans monoene isomers. Data indicate that breast-fed and bottle-fed infants are receiving minimal levels of trans fatty acids via milk.", "PMID": 857114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11804", "title": "[A case of toxoplasmosis detected by the Sabin-Feldman test].", "content": "A case of abortion in a mother who suffered a two month abortion was diagnosed and the course of the infection was followed up by before and during the therapy, using the Sabin - Feldman test.", "contents": "[A case of toxoplasmosis detected by the Sabin-Feldman test]. A case of abortion in a mother who suffered a two month abortion was diagnosed and the course of the infection was followed up by before and during the therapy, using the Sabin - Feldman test.", "PMID": 857115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11805", "title": "[The antigenic relationship between Syringospora albicans, Candida rhagii and the salmonella C1 group O antigen].", "content": "The immune sera for Syringospora albicans and Candida rhagii agglutinated Salmonella cholerae suis (0 6,7). The immune serum for S. cholerae suis agglutinated Syringospora albicans and Candida rhagii. Absorption and agglutination cross test demonstrated common antigenic factors in the tested fungus species and in S. cholerae suis (0 6,7).", "contents": "[The antigenic relationship between Syringospora albicans, Candida rhagii and the salmonella C1 group O antigen]. The immune sera for Syringospora albicans and Candida rhagii agglutinated Salmonella cholerae suis (0 6,7). The immune serum for S. cholerae suis agglutinated Syringospora albicans and Candida rhagii. Absorption and agglutination cross test demonstrated common antigenic factors in the tested fungus species and in S. cholerae suis (0 6,7).", "PMID": 857116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11806", "title": "[Immunological reactions related to drugs].", "content": "Drugs, when bound with proteins invivo, become immunogenic. The immunogenic response is usually unnoticed, but occasionally it may be the cause of reactions which induce tissue damages. The immunologic mechanisms which induce tissue damages are classified in four types: 1) anaphylactic, 2) cytolytic, reactions mediated by immune complex, 4) delayed type hypersensitivity reactions. Besides these reactions certain drugs induce autoantibodies which give lupus signs. In the diagnosis of drug-induced reactions the history after drug intake is considered important. The prophylaxis and treatment of these reactions are discussed briefly.", "contents": "[Immunological reactions related to drugs]. Drugs, when bound with proteins invivo, become immunogenic. The immunogenic response is usually unnoticed, but occasionally it may be the cause of reactions which induce tissue damages. The immunologic mechanisms which induce tissue damages are classified in four types: 1) anaphylactic, 2) cytolytic, reactions mediated by immune complex, 4) delayed type hypersensitivity reactions. Besides these reactions certain drugs induce autoantibodies which give lupus signs. In the diagnosis of drug-induced reactions the history after drug intake is considered important. The prophylaxis and treatment of these reactions are discussed briefly.", "PMID": 857117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11807", "title": "[Methods for the preparation of a pure soluble antigen from Toxoplasma gondii].", "content": "In this study we report 4 methods for separating leucocytes from toxoplasma found in peritoneal exudate of infected mice. a) Passage through No: 26 needle, b) glass adherence, c) passage through glass wool, d) sonic vibration. Experiment showed that sonic vibration at 60 watt; 60 seconds was the best way to destroy selectively almost all leucocytes present in the preparation. In order to prepare a soluble antigen  from clean toxoplasmas sonic vibration at 70 watt, 60 second was found sufficient to destroy all parasites present in the suspension. We suggest that this pure T. gondii antigen, may give more reliable results in passive hemagglutination, precipitation and complement fixation tests.", "contents": "[Methods for the preparation of a pure soluble antigen from Toxoplasma gondii]. In this study we report 4 methods for separating leucocytes from toxoplasma found in peritoneal exudate of infected mice. a) Passage through No: 26 needle, b) glass adherence, c) passage through glass wool, d) sonic vibration. Experiment showed that sonic vibration at 60 watt; 60 seconds was the best way to destroy selectively almost all leucocytes present in the preparation. In order to prepare a soluble antigen  from clean toxoplasmas sonic vibration at 70 watt, 60 second was found sufficient to destroy all parasites present in the suspension. We suggest that this pure T. gondii antigen, may give more reliable results in passive hemagglutination, precipitation and complement fixation tests.", "PMID": 857118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11808", "title": "[West Nile arbovirus antibodies with hemagglutination inhibition (HI) in residents of Southeast Anatolia].", "content": "937 sera collected from different persons in Southeast Anatolia were studied for antibodies against West Nile - Virus by HI test. 763 out of 937 sera were from the research area, 42 from the neighboring districts and 21 from soldiers recently come to the research area, the features of the remaining 111 sera, except the ages of 4 could not be recorded. In the sera from the research area the West Nile antibodies were positive in 41.80%. The positive ratios were 40.49% in Diyarbakir, 47.83% in Mardin, 44.82% in Siirt, 38.09% in Urfa and 41.17% in El\u00e2zi\u011f. In 916 sera, the positive ratio was 40.06%. The ratio increased with the age, 5 out of 21 sera from soldiers were positive. It seems that in research area an active West Nile virus or a closely related one is found. We think that in neighboring areas some active foci of West Nile wirus are found.", "contents": "[West Nile arbovirus antibodies with hemagglutination inhibition (HI) in residents of Southeast Anatolia]. 937 sera collected from different persons in Southeast Anatolia were studied for antibodies against West Nile - Virus by HI test. 763 out of 937 sera were from the research area, 42 from the neighboring districts and 21 from soldiers recently come to the research area, the features of the remaining 111 sera, except the ages of 4 could not be recorded. In the sera from the research area the West Nile antibodies were positive in 41.80%. The positive ratios were 40.49% in Diyarbakir, 47.83% in Mardin, 44.82% in Siirt, 38.09% in Urfa and 41.17% in El\u00e2zi\u011f. In 916 sera, the positive ratio was 40.06%. The ratio increased with the age, 5 out of 21 sera from soldiers were positive. It seems that in research area an active West Nile virus or a closely related one is found. We think that in neighboring areas some active foci of West Nile wirus are found.", "PMID": 857119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11809", "title": "[The mycological and bacteriological flora of cigarettes and its relation to human throat culture and inhalation air].", "content": "In our research we studied the mycological and bacteriological flora of both filtered and non-filtered Turkish cigarettes. We also studied by bacteriologic and mycologic methods, the specimens taken from throath of healthy people of varied ages who smoke and who do not smoke, and the flora of inhalation air from different area.", "contents": "[The mycological and bacteriological flora of cigarettes and its relation to human throat culture and inhalation air]. In our research we studied the mycological and bacteriological flora of both filtered and non-filtered Turkish cigarettes. We also studied by bacteriologic and mycologic methods, the specimens taken from throath of healthy people of varied ages who smoke and who do not smoke, and the flora of inhalation air from different area.", "PMID": 857120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11810", "title": "[Evaluation of new media for the isolation of salmonella and shigella].", "content": "Two hundred stool specimens were studied by using direct and indirect methods on XLD, HE, EMB and SS culture media. The results were consistent with the previous studies. As the media currently used in Turkey seem inadequate in the bacteriological diagnosis of salmonella and shigella infections, the introduction of the more satisfactory media such as XLD and HE is suggested for routine use.", "contents": "[Evaluation of new media for the isolation of salmonella and shigella]. Two hundred stool specimens were studied by using direct and indirect methods on XLD, HE, EMB and SS culture media. The results were consistent with the previous studies. As the media currently used in Turkey seem inadequate in the bacteriological diagnosis of salmonella and shigella infections, the introduction of the more satisfactory media such as XLD and HE is suggested for routine use.", "PMID": 857121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11811", "title": "[A case of pulmonary moniliasis following the misuse of antibiotics].", "content": "Our patient is a 30 year old, married female, with one daughter. She has been coughing about 200-250 cc purulent, blood stained sputum per day for the last three years. In the microscopic examination of sputum, abundant leukocytes, a small quantity of red blood cells and epithelia were found. Elastic fibres were absent. In cultures C. albicans and beta hemolytic streptococci were isolated. Coughing, sputum, and scattered moist rales at the bases (see the chest x-rays) were found clinically. Other systems were normal. An amelioration began on the third day of mycostatin treatment. There was complete healing by the tenth day of the treatment.", "contents": "[A case of pulmonary moniliasis following the misuse of antibiotics]. Our patient is a 30 year old, married female, with one daughter. She has been coughing about 200-250 cc purulent, blood stained sputum per day for the last three years. In the microscopic examination of sputum, abundant leukocytes, a small quantity of red blood cells and epithelia were found. Elastic fibres were absent. In cultures C. albicans and beta hemolytic streptococci were isolated. Coughing, sputum, and scattered moist rales at the bases (see the chest x-rays) were found clinically. Other systems were normal. An amelioration began on the third day of mycostatin treatment. There was complete healing by the tenth day of the treatment.", "PMID": 857122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11812", "title": "Introducing medical students to family therapy using simulated family interviews.", "content": "Small groups of medical students are introduced to the subject of family therapy using a technique involving the simulation of family interviews. The students are called upon to enact a situation in which family members visit their general practitioner with a problem relating to one of the children, and the diffusion of this problem within the family is traced during the course of the simulation. Discussion is focused on the feelings evoked by the simulation, the psychodynamics of the simulated family and the quality of the relationship between the general practitioner and the family as it arises out of the interview. An effort is made to help the students to get in touch with some of their feelings towards disturbed families and to mobilize these feelings towards the effective management of the family's problems. By role playing the general practitioner, students can prepare themselves for their future professional roles in a situation which allows for feedback from colleagues and experimentation. At the same time, when family members are role-played, the process of identification and empathy with patients is enhanced. The technique is potentially stressful because of the unusual demands that it makes upon the students in terms of personal involvement, but the experience derived from successive groups of students over a 2 year period has been consistently rewarding, and most students have expressed an enthusiastic interest in the exercise.", "contents": "Introducing medical students to family therapy using simulated family interviews. Small groups of medical students are introduced to the subject of family therapy using a technique involving the simulation of family interviews. The students are called upon to enact a situation in which family members visit their general practitioner with a problem relating to one of the children, and the diffusion of this problem within the family is traced during the course of the simulation. Discussion is focused on the feelings evoked by the simulation, the psychodynamics of the simulated family and the quality of the relationship between the general practitioner and the family as it arises out of the interview. An effort is made to help the students to get in touch with some of their feelings towards disturbed families and to mobilize these feelings towards the effective management of the family's problems. By role playing the general practitioner, students can prepare themselves for their future professional roles in a situation which allows for feedback from colleagues and experimentation. At the same time, when family members are role-played, the process of identification and empathy with patients is enhanced. The technique is potentially stressful because of the unusual demands that it makes upon the students in terms of personal involvement, but the experience derived from successive groups of students over a 2 year period has been consistently rewarding, and most students have expressed an enthusiastic interest in the exercise.", "PMID": 857123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11813", "title": "Clinical factual recall and patient management skill in general practice.", "content": "A battery of assessment measures, including MCQ measures of factual recall, MEQ measures of problem-solving skills, measures of attitudes, intelligence and ability, and personality factors, was administered to the trainee intakes of a number of post-graduate training courses for general practice on a pre-course/post-course basis (trainee sample N = 80). The tests were administered in parallel to a similar number of registered general practitioners (N = 80). The trainees in the sample were also regularly assessed by their teachers, hospital consultants and registered general practitioners by means of rating scales described below. In this paper, attention is focused on the MCQ and MEQ measures. The results show significant improvement in post-test scores, particularly among the poorer students and particularly in the crucial area of problem solving skills. This was related to the organizational structure of th courses: the poorer students gained greatest benefit from courses which featured the regular and frequent use of seminars and group teaching methods. Below we have given the correlations between the pre- and post-test scores for both the best students and poorest students as determined by the in-course performance measure, the rating scales used by the consultants and general practitioner tutors.", "contents": "Clinical factual recall and patient management skill in general practice. A battery of assessment measures, including MCQ measures of factual recall, MEQ measures of problem-solving skills, measures of attitudes, intelligence and ability, and personality factors, was administered to the trainee intakes of a number of post-graduate training courses for general practice on a pre-course/post-course basis (trainee sample N = 80). The tests were administered in parallel to a similar number of registered general practitioners (N = 80). The trainees in the sample were also regularly assessed by their teachers, hospital consultants and registered general practitioners by means of rating scales described below. In this paper, attention is focused on the MCQ and MEQ measures. The results show significant improvement in post-test scores, particularly among the poorer students and particularly in the crucial area of problem solving skills. This was related to the organizational structure of th courses: the poorer students gained greatest benefit from courses which featured the regular and frequent use of seminars and group teaching methods. Below we have given the correlations between the pre- and post-test scores for both the best students and poorest students as determined by the in-course performance measure, the rating scales used by the consultants and general practitioner tutors.", "PMID": 857124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11814", "title": "The degrees of MD and ChM in British and Irish universities, 1953-70.", "content": "About 80% of MBs who proceed to MD or ChM do so within 15 years of obtaining their primary medical qualification. Using this measurement as a yardstick, an attempt is made to draw a valid reflection of the award of thses postgraduate degrees in the twenty university medical schools during the period 1953-70. London produced half as many MDs and ChMs as expected, Oxbridge considerably more and Scotland about half the expected ChMs.", "contents": "The degrees of MD and ChM in British and Irish universities, 1953-70. About 80% of MBs who proceed to MD or ChM do so within 15 years of obtaining their primary medical qualification. Using this measurement as a yardstick, an attempt is made to draw a valid reflection of the award of thses postgraduate degrees in the twenty university medical schools during the period 1953-70. London produced half as many MDs and ChMs as expected, Oxbridge considerably more and Scotland about half the expected ChMs.", "PMID": 857125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11815", "title": "Measuring medical students' empathy: a validation study.", "content": "The aim of this study was to validate the empathy scale (Hogan, 1969) for use in the context of medical education in Australia. Empathy Scale scores of students in their first clinical year at Monash University were correlated with patient ratings, self ratings, and peer ratings of empathy. Inter-rater and intra-rater reliability were assessed. Correlations were also obtained between Empathy Scale scores and course marks in psychiatry. Of the empathy ratings only those by peers correlated significantly with Empathy Scale scores (r = 0-45, P less than 0-05, n = 29). Empathy Scale scores were unrelated to academic performance. In a separate part of the study, not connected to the establishing of criterion-related validity, Empathy Scale scores of the medical student group were found to be significantly higher (t=4-44, df = 52, P less than 0-001) than the scores of psychiatric patients with a diagnosis of \"personality disorder\". This study provides some support for the Empathy Scale as a measure of interpersonal effectiveness, but has not established it as a valid measure of empathy in a clinical setting.", "contents": "Measuring medical students' empathy: a validation study. The aim of this study was to validate the empathy scale (Hogan, 1969) for use in the context of medical education in Australia. Empathy Scale scores of students in their first clinical year at Monash University were correlated with patient ratings, self ratings, and peer ratings of empathy. Inter-rater and intra-rater reliability were assessed. Correlations were also obtained between Empathy Scale scores and course marks in psychiatry. Of the empathy ratings only those by peers correlated significantly with Empathy Scale scores (r = 0-45, P less than 0-05, n = 29). Empathy Scale scores were unrelated to academic performance. In a separate part of the study, not connected to the establishing of criterion-related validity, Empathy Scale scores of the medical student group were found to be significantly higher (t=4-44, df = 52, P less than 0-001) than the scores of psychiatric patients with a diagnosis of \"personality disorder\". This study provides some support for the Empathy Scale as a measure of interpersonal effectiveness, but has not established it as a valid measure of empathy in a clinical setting.", "PMID": 857126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11816", "title": "The relative role of \"A\" level chemistry, physics and biology in the medical course.", "content": "The performance of 209 students in the 2nd MBBS, first clinical year and final MBBS examinations has been compared retrospectively with their grades in chemistry, physics and biology at \"A\" level. The mean grade has also been determined for students from different social classes and secondary education. Significant differences in marks for biology were found between successful and not so successful students, especially in the pre-clinical part of the course. Significnat differences in marks and significant correlations were also found for physics but not to any great extent for chemistry. The relative role of these three basic sciences in the medical course is discussed. The suggestion is made that there is a need for a re-appraisal of the privleged position of chemistry and an unquestioned science requirement for entry to medical school.", "contents": "The relative role of \"A\" level chemistry, physics and biology in the medical course. The performance of 209 students in the 2nd MBBS, first clinical year and final MBBS examinations has been compared retrospectively with their grades in chemistry, physics and biology at \"A\" level. The mean grade has also been determined for students from different social classes and secondary education. Significant differences in marks for biology were found between successful and not so successful students, especially in the pre-clinical part of the course. Significnat differences in marks and significant correlations were also found for physics but not to any great extent for chemistry. The relative role of these three basic sciences in the medical course is discussed. The suggestion is made that there is a need for a re-appraisal of the privleged position of chemistry and an unquestioned science requirement for entry to medical school.", "PMID": 857127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11817", "title": "Paediatric option of MRCP examination: a survey into the results of candidates electing to take the paediatrics option in MCRP (UK) Part II.", "content": "Five surveys on the performance of candidates in the paediatric option of MCRP(UK) Part II examination show the paediatric candidates to be at a disadvantage in the written part. The paediatric candidate is later in his career to obtain his MRCP (UK), as the mean interval from qualification to success at Part II is 41-7 months compared with 34 months for non-paediatric candidates (P = 0-0026). Lower marks were scored by paediatric candidates in the written section on the whole (P = 0-055), slide identification (P = 0-015), data interpretation (P = 0-065) and non-paediatric case histories P = 0-023) as seen in those candidates who passed each part at first attempt, the discrepancy being wider in those having more attempts to pass. In the oral examination the paediatric candidate scored higher (P = 0-07) but no significant difference in the clinical marks. Although it appears that few paediatricians have been severely penalized by the present system, it does require the paediatric candidate to orientate his preparation for Part II towards his books rather than towards his clinical practice, which is contrary to the aim of the Part II examination of the MRCP(UK). Plans have been announced by the Presidents of the three Royal Colleges of Physicians of the United Kingdom for an entirely paediatric Part II.", "contents": "Paediatric option of MRCP examination: a survey into the results of candidates electing to take the paediatrics option in MCRP (UK) Part II. Five surveys on the performance of candidates in the paediatric option of MCRP(UK) Part II examination show the paediatric candidates to be at a disadvantage in the written part. The paediatric candidate is later in his career to obtain his MRCP (UK), as the mean interval from qualification to success at Part II is 41-7 months compared with 34 months for non-paediatric candidates (P = 0-0026). Lower marks were scored by paediatric candidates in the written section on the whole (P = 0-055), slide identification (P = 0-015), data interpretation (P = 0-065) and non-paediatric case histories P = 0-023) as seen in those candidates who passed each part at first attempt, the discrepancy being wider in those having more attempts to pass. In the oral examination the paediatric candidate scored higher (P = 0-07) but no significant difference in the clinical marks. Although it appears that few paediatricians have been severely penalized by the present system, it does require the paediatric candidate to orientate his preparation for Part II towards his books rather than towards his clinical practice, which is contrary to the aim of the Part II examination of the MRCP(UK). Plans have been announced by the Presidents of the three Royal Colleges of Physicians of the United Kingdom for an entirely paediatric Part II.", "PMID": 857128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11818", "title": "Sodium, water and acid-base balance: teaching transient and steady states.", "content": "We suggest that medical teaching should give greater emphasis to the interpretation of measurements in patients with chronic disturbances of homeostatic mechanisms, and some principles are outlined. The single principle which is most useful in reducing confusion is that in the steady state excretion rate is equal to intake or metabolic production rate, and rarely helps to decide the nature of a homeostatic disturbance.", "contents": "Sodium, water and acid-base balance: teaching transient and steady states. We suggest that medical teaching should give greater emphasis to the interpretation of measurements in patients with chronic disturbances of homeostatic mechanisms, and some principles are outlined. The single principle which is most useful in reducing confusion is that in the steady state excretion rate is equal to intake or metabolic production rate, and rarely helps to decide the nature of a homeostatic disturbance.", "PMID": 857129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11819", "title": "Motivations for studying dentistry among first-year dental students.", "content": "Reasons for choosing dentistry as a profession were analysed among first-year dental students at the University of Toronto. The motivations of various sub-groups were also examined. It was found that an extrinsic motivation, financial rewards, was the most widespread, although the other widely chosen motivations referred mainly to intrinsic aspects of the profession such as working with and for people, stimulating work, and being autonomous. Cross-tabulation analysis and mutli-variate analysis of the motivations of various socio-demographic sub-groups were carried out. Three sub-groups showed more extrinsic orientations than the class as a whole: those of \"other\" religious preference; students feeling different from their classmates; and those from medium-sized towns. The most intrinsically oriented groups were: older students; those high in SES; and Jewish students.", "contents": "Motivations for studying dentistry among first-year dental students. Reasons for choosing dentistry as a profession were analysed among first-year dental students at the University of Toronto. The motivations of various sub-groups were also examined. It was found that an extrinsic motivation, financial rewards, was the most widespread, although the other widely chosen motivations referred mainly to intrinsic aspects of the profession such as working with and for people, stimulating work, and being autonomous. Cross-tabulation analysis and mutli-variate analysis of the motivations of various socio-demographic sub-groups were carried out. Three sub-groups showed more extrinsic orientations than the class as a whole: those of \"other\" religious preference; students feeling different from their classmates; and those from medium-sized towns. The most intrinsically oriented groups were: older students; those high in SES; and Jewish students.", "PMID": 857130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11820", "title": "[Shunt operations of the small intestine in cases of extreme adiposity (author's transl)].", "content": "Report is made about 15 patients suffering from most serious adiposity; owing to complete inefficiency of conservative methods of therapy whatsoever, a shunt operation of the small intestine according to Payne Dewind, modified after Baden, was carried out in these patients. After a period of observation, weight decrease amounted to 40 to 50 p.c. of the starting weight. Side effects having manifested immediately after operation, such as weariness, giddy sensations, nausea, flatulence, sweating stages, etc., disappeared after about six months. The highly increased frequency of stools was reduced--after two years--to one to two defectations per day. Increased blood pressure values returned to normal.", "contents": "[Shunt operations of the small intestine in cases of extreme adiposity (author's transl)]. Report is made about 15 patients suffering from most serious adiposity; owing to complete inefficiency of conservative methods of therapy whatsoever, a shunt operation of the small intestine according to Payne Dewind, modified after Baden, was carried out in these patients. After a period of observation, weight decrease amounted to 40 to 50 p.c. of the starting weight. Side effects having manifested immediately after operation, such as weariness, giddy sensations, nausea, flatulence, sweating stages, etc., disappeared after about six months. The highly increased frequency of stools was reduced--after two years--to one to two defectations per day. Increased blood pressure values returned to normal.", "PMID": 857134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11821", "title": "[Reversal of intestinal segments for therapy of malabsorption after small bowel resection. Experiments on animals (author's transl)].", "content": "Following massive small bowel resection malnutrition occurs as a result of impaired digestion and malabsorption. Of the numerous methods of operation suggested to improve intestinal absorption only the reversal of intestinal segments seems to be promising. Since so far this method was used clinically only in single cases, the method was studied experimentally in 50 minipigs (divided in 4 groups: 90 p.c.-small bowel resection without reversal, with primary or secondary reversal, and normal controls). The reversed segments 5 or 10 cm in length were inserted in the middle or at the end of the remaining jejunum or ileum. In comparison with the animals without intestinal reversal the animals with reversed segments showed a significant increase of intestinal transit time and of absorptive capacity, a nearly normal weight development and a considerably better adaptation of the remaining small bowel. In contrast to that the animals without reversal showed after an average of 3 months extreme cachexia. These encouraging experimental results with reversed segments in short bowel syndrome justifies in our opinion the application of this therapeutic principle in humans.", "contents": "[Reversal of intestinal segments for therapy of malabsorption after small bowel resection. Experiments on animals (author's transl)]. Following massive small bowel resection malnutrition occurs as a result of impaired digestion and malabsorption. Of the numerous methods of operation suggested to improve intestinal absorption only the reversal of intestinal segments seems to be promising. Since so far this method was used clinically only in single cases, the method was studied experimentally in 50 minipigs (divided in 4 groups: 90 p.c.-small bowel resection without reversal, with primary or secondary reversal, and normal controls). The reversed segments 5 or 10 cm in length were inserted in the middle or at the end of the remaining jejunum or ileum. In comparison with the animals without intestinal reversal the animals with reversed segments showed a significant increase of intestinal transit time and of absorptive capacity, a nearly normal weight development and a considerably better adaptation of the remaining small bowel. In contrast to that the animals without reversal showed after an average of 3 months extreme cachexia. These encouraging experimental results with reversed segments in short bowel syndrome justifies in our opinion the application of this therapeutic principle in humans.", "PMID": 857135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11822", "title": "[Rupture of the uterus (author's transl)].", "content": "There have been made investigations at 142 Patients, who have delivered after earlier operations of the uterus. At 10 cases (7%) there occured a rupture in the scar. At 6 cases the rupture was detected by postnatal manual control of the cavum uteri. At 4 cases the rupture was found whilst the repeated caesarean section. The letality of mothers and children was 0. It is demanded, to give severe indication for caesarean section and not to perform it in all concerned cases. It is necessary to keep the concerned women under surveillance in late pregnancy and under delivery. If spontaneous delivery is prolongated or complicated secondary section is to be performed.", "contents": "[Rupture of the uterus (author's transl)]. There have been made investigations at 142 Patients, who have delivered after earlier operations of the uterus. At 10 cases (7%) there occured a rupture in the scar. At 6 cases the rupture was detected by postnatal manual control of the cavum uteri. At 4 cases the rupture was found whilst the repeated caesarean section. The letality of mothers and children was 0. It is demanded, to give severe indication for caesarean section and not to perform it in all concerned cases. It is necessary to keep the concerned women under surveillance in late pregnancy and under delivery. If spontaneous delivery is prolongated or complicated secondary section is to be performed.", "PMID": 857136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11823", "title": "[The practicability of the gravlee-jet-wash-technique--results of a laboratory (author's transl)].", "content": "The matter of examination were 171 jet-wash-proofs of 166 patients. In working up the material we aimed to get \"sedimentsmears\" and \"specimens\" by the aid of the cellbloc-technique. In the case of seventeen patients there was no material to be evaluated. Counting the 13 cases which were found necessary to be repeated because the quantity of material was too little, 17,5% of the cases finally could not be diagnosed. Using the histology of curettage, or the surgery preparations of 148 patients, we had something to compare with the results of the jet-wash-proofs. 11 out of 13 endometrial carcinomata (84,6%) were registered by the aid of the jet-wash-technique; this was contrasted with two false positive results out of 148 cases. The reasons of false positive and false negative results are being discussed. The efficiency of the jet-wash-technique depends on the prooftaking method, the way the material is worked up, and the kind of the dammage of the endometrium. The results show, that the use of a jet-washer is now, after a phase of learning, a diagnostical completion for the recognition of the endometrial carcinoma in high risk patients.", "contents": "[The practicability of the gravlee-jet-wash-technique--results of a laboratory (author's transl)]. The matter of examination were 171 jet-wash-proofs of 166 patients. In working up the material we aimed to get \"sedimentsmears\" and \"specimens\" by the aid of the cellbloc-technique. In the case of seventeen patients there was no material to be evaluated. Counting the 13 cases which were found necessary to be repeated because the quantity of material was too little, 17,5% of the cases finally could not be diagnosed. Using the histology of curettage, or the surgery preparations of 148 patients, we had something to compare with the results of the jet-wash-proofs. 11 out of 13 endometrial carcinomata (84,6%) were registered by the aid of the jet-wash-technique; this was contrasted with two false positive results out of 148 cases. The reasons of false positive and false negative results are being discussed. The efficiency of the jet-wash-technique depends on the prooftaking method, the way the material is worked up, and the kind of the dammage of the endometrium. The results show, that the use of a jet-washer is now, after a phase of learning, a diagnostical completion for the recognition of the endometrial carcinoma in high risk patients.", "PMID": 857137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11824", "title": "Towards a unified theory for immunogenetic systems. I. Probing the serologic field--a meta-serologic approach.", "content": "A serologic field (SEF) is produced by the in vitro studies of antibody-antigen interactions and usually includes serologic information processing (SIF). SIF can be regarded as the process whereby essentially \"meaningless\" raw data or experimental observables emanating from an input reality are structuralized and hence falsified into a \"meaningful\" pattern, Gestalt or output image. According to this \"black box model\", different \"fact categories\" (FC) can be identified in SEF. Traditional serology generally confounds its FC whereby fact category mistakes (FCM) are produced. Some FCM are structurally similar to the description of \"mice\" as four-letter animals or as a four-legged word--i.e. facts about \"thing-properties\" (animals, legs) are confounded with facts about \"language-properties\" (letters, words). In SEF, antibody and antigen molecules (thing-properties) are similarly endowed with \"empty symbols\" (language-properties). Due to such FCM, radically new meanings are assigned to experimental observables if the serologic language and/or theory is changed. The present meta-serologic approach consists of the design of a meta-serologic symbol language (SL-2) which includes the contemporary (simple-complex) conceptual framework (language and theory) as a limiting case. Consequently, some truly radical and revolutionary Gestalt switches will be generated when a specified SEF is mapped onto SL-2.", "contents": "Towards a unified theory for immunogenetic systems. I. Probing the serologic field--a meta-serologic approach. A serologic field (SEF) is produced by the in vitro studies of antibody-antigen interactions and usually includes serologic information processing (SIF). SIF can be regarded as the process whereby essentially \"meaningless\" raw data or experimental observables emanating from an input reality are structuralized and hence falsified into a \"meaningful\" pattern, Gestalt or output image. According to this \"black box model\", different \"fact categories\" (FC) can be identified in SEF. Traditional serology generally confounds its FC whereby fact category mistakes (FCM) are produced. Some FCM are structurally similar to the description of \"mice\" as four-letter animals or as a four-legged word--i.e. facts about \"thing-properties\" (animals, legs) are confounded with facts about \"language-properties\" (letters, words). In SEF, antibody and antigen molecules (thing-properties) are similarly endowed with \"empty symbols\" (language-properties). Due to such FCM, radically new meanings are assigned to experimental observables if the serologic language and/or theory is changed. The present meta-serologic approach consists of the design of a meta-serologic symbol language (SL-2) which includes the contemporary (simple-complex) conceptual framework (language and theory) as a limiting case. Consequently, some truly radical and revolutionary Gestalt switches will be generated when a specified SEF is mapped onto SL-2.", "PMID": 857131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11825", "title": "Retrospectroscope: the single breath test of diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide.", "content": "In this paper I briefly review the significance of the single breath test of diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO). I then attempt to answer the question of why this simple test has not become widely used in the past twenty years. The reasons are primarily due to failure in communication between research workers and practicing physicians. The practicing clinicians have difficulty with mathematical analyses and do not appreciate the limits for which the test is valid. Under steady-state conditions DLCO measures the transfer factor for the whole lungs, i.e. the volume of CO taken up by pulmonary capillary blood from alveolar gas when the alveolar CO pressure is one. It is independent of regional inhomogeneities. DL is the product of Krogh's K and alveolar volume. Krogh's K tends to become constant near total lung capacity while DL does not. For this reason K will probably vary less than DL and should always be reported when doing this test. In terms of the simple lung model with a single homogeneous alveolar compartment K is equal to DL per unit alveolar volume. I expect the measurement of K and DLCO by the modified Krogh single breath test to become a screening test for lung disease in its early stages.", "contents": "Retrospectroscope: the single breath test of diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide. In this paper I briefly review the significance of the single breath test of diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO). I then attempt to answer the question of why this simple test has not become widely used in the past twenty years. The reasons are primarily due to failure in communication between research workers and practicing physicians. The practicing clinicians have difficulty with mathematical analyses and do not appreciate the limits for which the test is valid. Under steady-state conditions DLCO measures the transfer factor for the whole lungs, i.e. the volume of CO taken up by pulmonary capillary blood from alveolar gas when the alveolar CO pressure is one. It is independent of regional inhomogeneities. DL is the product of Krogh's K and alveolar volume. Krogh's K tends to become constant near total lung capacity while DL does not. For this reason K will probably vary less than DL and should always be reported when doing this test. In terms of the simple lung model with a single homogeneous alveolar compartment K is equal to DL per unit alveolar volume. I expect the measurement of K and DLCO by the modified Krogh single breath test to become a screening test for lung disease in its early stages.", "PMID": 857132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11826", "title": "[Therapy with alllopurinol and benzbromarone, single and combined. Renal elimination of lithogenous and colloid protective substances (author's transl)].", "content": "12 hyperuremic male patients got during two comparative tests for 16 days 300 mg/die Allopurinol or 100 mg/die Benzbromarone or a combination of 100 mg Allopurinol with 20 mg Benzbromarone. During this time the renal elimination of uric acid, sodium, calcium, magnesium and citrate war measured and the renal clearance of uric acid, creatinine and sodium was determinated. Without any therapy the combination of 100 mg Allopurinol with 20 mg Benzbromarone per die reduces the elimination of uric acid significantly under the original value in the 24-hour-urine. The elimination of the uric acid increases with 300 mg/die Allopurinol. The clearance ratio of uric acid and creatinine rises 33% to 60%. With 100 mg/die Benzbromarone this value goes up to 233% compared with the results without therapy. At the same time the therapy with Brenzbromarone makes the clearance ratio of uric acid to sodium rise significantly to 257%. Under the 3 types of therapy there is no significant change in the 24-hours-urine of the clearance of creatinine and sodium, the clearance ratio of sodium to creatinine and the elimination ratio of sodium, calcium, magnesium and citrate. Hyperuremic patients with urolithic diathesis need Allopurinol therapy without any combination.", "contents": "[Therapy with alllopurinol and benzbromarone, single and combined. Renal elimination of lithogenous and colloid protective substances (author's transl)]. 12 hyperuremic male patients got during two comparative tests for 16 days 300 mg/die Allopurinol or 100 mg/die Benzbromarone or a combination of 100 mg Allopurinol with 20 mg Benzbromarone. During this time the renal elimination of uric acid, sodium, calcium, magnesium and citrate war measured and the renal clearance of uric acid, creatinine and sodium was determinated. Without any therapy the combination of 100 mg Allopurinol with 20 mg Benzbromarone per die reduces the elimination of uric acid significantly under the original value in the 24-hour-urine. The elimination of the uric acid increases with 300 mg/die Allopurinol. The clearance ratio of uric acid and creatinine rises 33% to 60%. With 100 mg/die Benzbromarone this value goes up to 233% compared with the results without therapy. At the same time the therapy with Brenzbromarone makes the clearance ratio of uric acid to sodium rise significantly to 257%. Under the 3 types of therapy there is no significant change in the 24-hours-urine of the clearance of creatinine and sodium, the clearance ratio of sodium to creatinine and the elimination ratio of sodium, calcium, magnesium and citrate. Hyperuremic patients with urolithic diathesis need Allopurinol therapy without any combination.", "PMID": 857138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11827", "title": "Basic pressure: an important feature of the vascular system.", "content": "Starling's concept, \"mean systemic pressure\", is considered and its implications discussed. It is argued that since cardiovascular capacity and blood volume must obviously always be identical, any addition to or loss from the blood must simply compel an identical change in vascular capacity, without necessarily being associated with any change in venous return. Reasons are given for a need to differentiate between pressure and compression, and for appreciating that though the two are usually equal to one another, the second is not the cause of the first (as it is often thought to be). Indeed, the origin of blood pressure is the net osmotic pressure of plasma. We have demonstrated experimentally that Starling's method of measuring \"mean systemic pressure\" did not correspond to mean vascular compression during life. Moreover, when we remeasured mean systemic pressure by a method not much different from Starling's own, we arrived at quite a different figure. This fact we have attempted to explain. Finally we have described an entity which we hold to be more closely representative of mean systemic compression during life, and have shown how to arrive at it.", "contents": "Basic pressure: an important feature of the vascular system. Starling's concept, \"mean systemic pressure\", is considered and its implications discussed. It is argued that since cardiovascular capacity and blood volume must obviously always be identical, any addition to or loss from the blood must simply compel an identical change in vascular capacity, without necessarily being associated with any change in venous return. Reasons are given for a need to differentiate between pressure and compression, and for appreciating that though the two are usually equal to one another, the second is not the cause of the first (as it is often thought to be). Indeed, the origin of blood pressure is the net osmotic pressure of plasma. We have demonstrated experimentally that Starling's method of measuring \"mean systemic pressure\" did not correspond to mean vascular compression during life. Moreover, when we remeasured mean systemic pressure by a method not much different from Starling's own, we arrived at quite a different figure. This fact we have attempted to explain. Finally we have described an entity which we hold to be more closely representative of mean systemic compression during life, and have shown how to arrive at it.", "PMID": 857133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11828", "title": "[Are diabetic angio- and neuropathies avoidable? (author's transl)].", "content": "By an early start of a good and consistently continued therapy, it is possible to slow for several decades the evolution of diabetic angio- and neuropathy and to keep them so mild that, even after 30 and 40 years duration of diabetes, the majority of well controlled patients preserve normal, age adjusted activity. The influence of good control of the diabetes on long-term diabetes, on micro- and macroangiopathy, on the duration of diabetes, on the fitness of the patient, on growth of diabetic children, on the outcome of pregnancy in diabetic women are reported. A rare, special benign form of diabetes is mentioned.", "contents": "[Are diabetic angio- and neuropathies avoidable? (author's transl)]. By an early start of a good and consistently continued therapy, it is possible to slow for several decades the evolution of diabetic angio- and neuropathy and to keep them so mild that, even after 30 and 40 years duration of diabetes, the majority of well controlled patients preserve normal, age adjusted activity. The influence of good control of the diabetes on long-term diabetes, on micro- and macroangiopathy, on the duration of diabetes, on the fitness of the patient, on growth of diabetic children, on the outcome of pregnancy in diabetic women are reported. A rare, special benign form of diabetes is mentioned.", "PMID": 857139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11829", "title": "[Lactic acidosis after administration of guanidine derivatives (buformine, phenformine) (author's transl)].", "content": "Three patients are reported on, who at the time of admittance showed a decompensated metabolic acidosis, elevated concentrations of serum lactate and a reduced kidney funktion. All the patients had taken guanidine derivates (phenformine, buformine) because of diabetes mellitus. The serum biguanid concentrations, however, were elevated in only two cases. Therapy of the lactic acidosis has to be directed at the underlying disease. In biguanid incluced acidosis, haemodialysis with simultaneous administration of sodium bicarbonate is indicated.", "contents": "[Lactic acidosis after administration of guanidine derivatives (buformine, phenformine) (author's transl)]. Three patients are reported on, who at the time of admittance showed a decompensated metabolic acidosis, elevated concentrations of serum lactate and a reduced kidney funktion. All the patients had taken guanidine derivates (phenformine, buformine) because of diabetes mellitus. The serum biguanid concentrations, however, were elevated in only two cases. Therapy of the lactic acidosis has to be directed at the underlying disease. In biguanid incluced acidosis, haemodialysis with simultaneous administration of sodium bicarbonate is indicated.", "PMID": 857140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11830", "title": "[Similarities and differences after head injuries in children and adults (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of a systematic neurological and electro-encephalographical follow-up study in 344 head injured adults and 116 children were compared. The results show that posttraumatic EEG abnormalities lasting more than 24 hours, are equally frequent in children (53%) and in adults (49%). Mostly short lasting neurological signs of focal tissue damage are however significantly more frequent in children (30% vs. 13% and EEG-abnormalities (foci and general slowing) are on the average more pronounced. The recovery of EEG abnormalities follows the same pattern as in adults, occurs however faster among children. In both groups the normalization of general slowing precedes that of focal abnormalities only in 25% of the cases. Amnesias on the average last shorter in infants. Their duration seems of lesser significance for the judgement of the severity of the trauma in children than in adults. 6 months after the trauma children complain less frequently about headache, dizziness, or impaired memory and diminished ability to concentrate; emotional lability and impairement of drive, however, are more frequent than in adults. The results indicate an equal diagnostic and prognostic importance of systematic EEG studies (within 2 days, after 1 week and 6 month after the trauma) in both groups.", "contents": "[Similarities and differences after head injuries in children and adults (author's transl)]. The results of a systematic neurological and electro-encephalographical follow-up study in 344 head injured adults and 116 children were compared. The results show that posttraumatic EEG abnormalities lasting more than 24 hours, are equally frequent in children (53%) and in adults (49%). Mostly short lasting neurological signs of focal tissue damage are however significantly more frequent in children (30% vs. 13% and EEG-abnormalities (foci and general slowing) are on the average more pronounced. The recovery of EEG abnormalities follows the same pattern as in adults, occurs however faster among children. In both groups the normalization of general slowing precedes that of focal abnormalities only in 25% of the cases. Amnesias on the average last shorter in infants. Their duration seems of lesser significance for the judgement of the severity of the trauma in children than in adults. 6 months after the trauma children complain less frequently about headache, dizziness, or impaired memory and diminished ability to concentrate; emotional lability and impairement of drive, however, are more frequent than in adults. The results indicate an equal diagnostic and prognostic importance of systematic EEG studies (within 2 days, after 1 week and 6 month after the trauma) in both groups.", "PMID": 857141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11831", "title": "[Sports accidents of tennis players (author's transl)].", "content": "An analysis of 144 sports accidents of 275 tennis players in Switzerland (203 men, 72 women) showed fractures of bones in 5,5% open wounds in 14,5%, torsions in 33% and other injuries in 47%. The head was injured in 9,5 and the legs in 76%, the arms in 11,5% and the trunk in 11,5%. Two fifth of all leg injuries were on the left side, three fifth on the right side. The arms were hurt in 98% on the right and only in 2% on the left side. Causes of accidents were in 21% slipping on wet ground, in 17% related to the rackets, in 33% a too speedy start with damage to muscles and tendons, in 14% stepping on tennisballs lying on the ground. A tennis sport accident required an average of 35,8 days of treatment by a medical doctor and an average of 0,7 days of clinical treatment. Already 33% of the men and 26% of the women suffered from the so called \"tennis-elbow\".", "contents": "[Sports accidents of tennis players (author's transl)]. An analysis of 144 sports accidents of 275 tennis players in Switzerland (203 men, 72 women) showed fractures of bones in 5,5% open wounds in 14,5%, torsions in 33% and other injuries in 47%. The head was injured in 9,5 and the legs in 76%, the arms in 11,5% and the trunk in 11,5%. Two fifth of all leg injuries were on the left side, three fifth on the right side. The arms were hurt in 98% on the right and only in 2% on the left side. Causes of accidents were in 21% slipping on wet ground, in 17% related to the rackets, in 33% a too speedy start with damage to muscles and tendons, in 14% stepping on tennisballs lying on the ground. A tennis sport accident required an average of 35,8 days of treatment by a medical doctor and an average of 0,7 days of clinical treatment. Already 33% of the men and 26% of the women suffered from the so called \"tennis-elbow\".", "PMID": 857142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11832", "title": "Polyribosomes and messenger RNA from rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "Rat liver mitochondrial polyribosomes were isolated free from cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein contaminations in a number of criteria (sedimentation and buoyant density patterns, ribosomal RNA composition). Heterogeneous poly A containing RNA from mitochondrial polysomes was purified by two-stage cellulose chromatography. This RNA was in vitro labelled with 125I up to specific activity approximately 10(6)-10(7) cts.min-1.microng-1 and used for hybridization experiments with separate complementary strands of mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA fragments. The proportions of mitochondrial poly A containing RNA that is complementary to heavy and light strands of mtDNA were respectively 31.5% and 8.3%. Besides, a significant RNA fraction was complementary to unique sequences of nuclear DNA (2-3 copies per haploid genome). The hybrids that were formed possessed a high Tm indicative of a perfect base pairing. A dual intracellular origin of mitochondrial messenger RNA is discussed.", "contents": "Polyribosomes and messenger RNA from rat liver mitochondria. Rat liver mitochondrial polyribosomes were isolated free from cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein contaminations in a number of criteria (sedimentation and buoyant density patterns, ribosomal RNA composition). Heterogeneous poly A containing RNA from mitochondrial polysomes was purified by two-stage cellulose chromatography. This RNA was in vitro labelled with 125I up to specific activity approximately 10(6)-10(7) cts.min-1.microng-1 and used for hybridization experiments with separate complementary strands of mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA fragments. The proportions of mitochondrial poly A containing RNA that is complementary to heavy and light strands of mtDNA were respectively 31.5% and 8.3%. Besides, a significant RNA fraction was complementary to unique sequences of nuclear DNA (2-3 copies per haploid genome). The hybrids that were formed possessed a high Tm indicative of a perfect base pairing. A dual intracellular origin of mitochondrial messenger RNA is discussed.", "PMID": 857143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11833", "title": "[Factors causing apneas in otherwise healthy newborns: a neurophysiological Concept (author's transl)].", "content": "The possible origins of apneic spells in otherwise healthy neonates are reviewed. An analysis is made of how breathing is organized by the central and peripheral neuronal system, and how the overall control of breathing is sometimes inhibited by various active sleep mechanisms. From the neurophysiological point of view, a review is also made of various therapeutical approaches for the prevention or reduction of apneas. The hypothetical correlation between the sudden infant dealth syndrome and neonatal apneas is disussed briefly.", "contents": "[Factors causing apneas in otherwise healthy newborns: a neurophysiological Concept (author's transl)]. The possible origins of apneic spells in otherwise healthy neonates are reviewed. An analysis is made of how breathing is organized by the central and peripheral neuronal system, and how the overall control of breathing is sometimes inhibited by various active sleep mechanisms. From the neurophysiological point of view, a review is also made of various therapeutical approaches for the prevention or reduction of apneas. The hypothetical correlation between the sudden infant dealth syndrome and neonatal apneas is disussed briefly.", "PMID": 857144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11834", "title": "[Treatment of phenylketonuria: psychological results of a 5-year follow-up study (author's transl)].", "content": "In addition to earlier reports findings of a psychological five-year-follow-up of PKU-children are presented. Intelligence and motor development of these children depend significantly on age at onset of therapy and quality of dietary control. After dietary treatment over several years older PKU-children with late onset of therapy display no structural change as far as cognitive and motor development are concerned. Furthermore, a psychodiagnostic approach is presented to predict quality of dietary control. Although this approach did not yet yeald positive results because of insufficient sample-size it should be applied to further studies in the future.", "contents": "[Treatment of phenylketonuria: psychological results of a 5-year follow-up study (author's transl)]. In addition to earlier reports findings of a psychological five-year-follow-up of PKU-children are presented. Intelligence and motor development of these children depend significantly on age at onset of therapy and quality of dietary control. After dietary treatment over several years older PKU-children with late onset of therapy display no structural change as far as cognitive and motor development are concerned. Furthermore, a psychodiagnostic approach is presented to predict quality of dietary control. Although this approach did not yet yeald positive results because of insufficient sample-size it should be applied to further studies in the future.", "PMID": 857145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11835", "title": "[Vitamine A acid therapy in autosomal dominantichtyosis (author's transl)].", "content": "In autosomal dominant ichthyosis, a permanent cure is impossible, and symptomatic treatment is most important. At present, known therapeutic procedures have had little or no influence in this disease. Following the application of 0.1% vitamin A acid ointment, especially in children, the skin became free of scales within a few weeks. After improvement, a maintenance dosage of one application per week in most cases was sufficient to avoid any recurrence. Possible side effects of this treatment are mentioned. Sereral possibilities regarding the mode of action of vitamin A acid are discussed.", "contents": "[Vitamine A acid therapy in autosomal dominantichtyosis (author's transl)]. In autosomal dominant ichthyosis, a permanent cure is impossible, and symptomatic treatment is most important. At present, known therapeutic procedures have had little or no influence in this disease. Following the application of 0.1% vitamin A acid ointment, especially in children, the skin became free of scales within a few weeks. After improvement, a maintenance dosage of one application per week in most cases was sufficient to avoid any recurrence. Possible side effects of this treatment are mentioned. Sereral possibilities regarding the mode of action of vitamin A acid are discussed.", "PMID": 857146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11836", "title": "[Subglottic stenosis of the larynx following prolonged translaryngeal endotracheal and nasotracheal intubation in infancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Illness or injury prompting respiratory support, choice of size of the endotracheal tube, the extent of mechanical mucous membrane damage, the duration of intubation as well as additional bacterial and chemical toxins are the main factors for the development of subglottic stenosis following prolonged intubation. All this has to be considered when translaryngeal endotracheal or nasotracheal intubation has to be performed. The evaluation of 56 cases of postintubation subglottic stenoses showed an almost complete neglect of these decisive parameters as shown by the resulting serious consequenses for the somatic and intellectual development of the befallen children.", "contents": "[Subglottic stenosis of the larynx following prolonged translaryngeal endotracheal and nasotracheal intubation in infancy (author's transl)]. Illness or injury prompting respiratory support, choice of size of the endotracheal tube, the extent of mechanical mucous membrane damage, the duration of intubation as well as additional bacterial and chemical toxins are the main factors for the development of subglottic stenosis following prolonged intubation. All this has to be considered when translaryngeal endotracheal or nasotracheal intubation has to be performed. The evaluation of 56 cases of postintubation subglottic stenoses showed an almost complete neglect of these decisive parameters as shown by the resulting serious consequenses for the somatic and intellectual development of the befallen children.", "PMID": 857147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11837", "title": "[Pseudohypoaldsteronism. A further case report (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical symptomatology and diagnostic procedures of pseudohypoaldosteronism in an 8 days old male newborn infant are described. The course of the disease was initially characterized by failure to thrive, renal salt loss, hyponatremia and hyperkalemia. Daily treatment with 3 g sodium chloride improved symptoms. Hydrocortisone and desoxycortiscosteronacetate were without any effect. Urinary aldosterone excretion was increased 10 to 20 times of normal. 17 ketosteroid and pregananetriol were normal. The infant died of ulcerative enterocolitis at the age of 1 1/2 years. Beside the first description of the disease by Cheek et al. (1958) 13 further publications have been collected from the literature. Symptoms at the beginning, sex, serum electrolytes, aldosterone excretion, somatic development, observation period, treatment and duration of therapy are compared with the presented case report.", "contents": "[Pseudohypoaldsteronism. A further case report (author's transl)]. The clinical symptomatology and diagnostic procedures of pseudohypoaldosteronism in an 8 days old male newborn infant are described. The course of the disease was initially characterized by failure to thrive, renal salt loss, hyponatremia and hyperkalemia. Daily treatment with 3 g sodium chloride improved symptoms. Hydrocortisone and desoxycortiscosteronacetate were without any effect. Urinary aldosterone excretion was increased 10 to 20 times of normal. 17 ketosteroid and pregananetriol were normal. The infant died of ulcerative enterocolitis at the age of 1 1/2 years. Beside the first description of the disease by Cheek et al. (1958) 13 further publications have been collected from the literature. Symptoms at the beginning, sex, serum electrolytes, aldosterone excretion, somatic development, observation period, treatment and duration of therapy are compared with the presented case report.", "PMID": 857148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11838", "title": "[Incidence of peculia cytoplasmic structures in the cytotrophoblast cells in pre-eclampsia].", "content": "Occurrence of glomerular-bodies or nucleolus-like bodies in the cytotrophoblast cells of the human placenta in praeeclampsia is described. Structural details and intra-cytoplasmatic localization of nucleolus-like-bodies are discussed. Function of this structure is recently unknown but it is remarkable that it occurs in great number at one of the most serious pathological process in pregnancy--at praeeclampsia.", "contents": "[Incidence of peculia cytoplasmic structures in the cytotrophoblast cells in pre-eclampsia]. Occurrence of glomerular-bodies or nucleolus-like bodies in the cytotrophoblast cells of the human placenta in praeeclampsia is described. Structural details and intra-cytoplasmatic localization of nucleolus-like-bodies are discussed. Function of this structure is recently unknown but it is remarkable that it occurs in great number at one of the most serious pathological process in pregnancy--at praeeclampsia.", "PMID": 857149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11839", "title": "[Membranous glomerulonephritis caused by HBs (Australia) antigen-antibody complexes].", "content": "Authors describe a case of chronic aggressive hepatitis with persistent HBs (Australia) antigenaemia and nephrosis syndrome. The renal process microscbically appeared to be membranous glomerulonephritis. By immunofluorescent method antigen deposits IgG, IgM, C3 and HBs of the granular type have been revealed on the glomerular basal membranes. Deposits of the IgA were partially of granular, partially of linear type. Electronmicroscopically on the glomerular basale membrane subepithelial deposits were seen. The results of this study indicate that in the case reported diffuse membranus glomerulonephritis occurred due to HBs antigen-antibody immuno-deposits on the glomerular basal membrane.", "contents": "[Membranous glomerulonephritis caused by HBs (Australia) antigen-antibody complexes]. Authors describe a case of chronic aggressive hepatitis with persistent HBs (Australia) antigenaemia and nephrosis syndrome. The renal process microscbically appeared to be membranous glomerulonephritis. By immunofluorescent method antigen deposits IgG, IgM, C3 and HBs of the granular type have been revealed on the glomerular basal membranes. Deposits of the IgA were partially of granular, partially of linear type. Electronmicroscopically on the glomerular basale membrane subepithelial deposits were seen. The results of this study indicate that in the case reported diffuse membranus glomerulonephritis occurred due to HBs antigen-antibody immuno-deposits on the glomerular basal membrane.", "PMID": 857150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11840", "title": "[The Duffy blood group system in the determination of paternity].", "content": "Authors report in detail recent achievments the investigation of Duffy's blood group system. Genetics of the system is shortly reviewed. Results of their own population-genetical investigation--carried out on 723 non-related persons by the aid of anti-Fy(a) and anti-Fy(b) serum--are also described. According to the author's data frequency of the phenotype Fy(a+b-)=19,63%, of the phenotype Fy(a+b)=50,91%, and of the phenotype Fy(a-b+)=29.46%. Data of the gene-frequency: Fya=0,451; Fyb=0,549. Presence of the gene Fy(-) was not revealed. The Duffy system--among others--was examined in 299 cases of discussed paternity. In 30 cases (10.3%) paternity was excluded on the base of it. In 31 men (8.29%) out of 374 the paternity cystem. Maximal (theoretical) chance of exclusion calculated from the data got in own investigations: 18.625%. Examined and calculated values of the chance of exclusion in cases of opposed homozygotes (12.26%) and in cases of the lack of characteristics (6.36%) were similar to a suitable degree. Technical problems of the investigation are further discussed. Author recommend the use of the examination of Duffy system in cases of discussed paternity.", "contents": "[The Duffy blood group system in the determination of paternity]. Authors report in detail recent achievments the investigation of Duffy's blood group system. Genetics of the system is shortly reviewed. Results of their own population-genetical investigation--carried out on 723 non-related persons by the aid of anti-Fy(a) and anti-Fy(b) serum--are also described. According to the author's data frequency of the phenotype Fy(a+b-)=19,63%, of the phenotype Fy(a+b)=50,91%, and of the phenotype Fy(a-b+)=29.46%. Data of the gene-frequency: Fya=0,451; Fyb=0,549. Presence of the gene Fy(-) was not revealed. The Duffy system--among others--was examined in 299 cases of discussed paternity. In 30 cases (10.3%) paternity was excluded on the base of it. In 31 men (8.29%) out of 374 the paternity cystem. Maximal (theoretical) chance of exclusion calculated from the data got in own investigations: 18.625%. Examined and calculated values of the chance of exclusion in cases of opposed homozygotes (12.26%) and in cases of the lack of characteristics (6.36%) were similar to a suitable degree. Technical problems of the investigation are further discussed. Author recommend the use of the examination of Duffy system in cases of discussed paternity.", "PMID": 857151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11841", "title": "Mouse oocyte dominant-lethal response to chronic gamma irradiation.", "content": "Adult mouse females were given 500 rad of chronic gamma rays at 0.01 rad/min and mated to unirradiated males during seven successive weeks to score the frequency of dominant-lethal mutations. Total dominant lethality was increased for any of the weeks post-radiation. Post-implantation dominant lethal yields were low, ranging from 2.5 to 6.1% for individual weeks p.r.", "contents": "Mouse oocyte dominant-lethal response to chronic gamma irradiation. Adult mouse females were given 500 rad of chronic gamma rays at 0.01 rad/min and mated to unirradiated males during seven successive weeks to score the frequency of dominant-lethal mutations. Total dominant lethality was increased for any of the weeks post-radiation. Post-implantation dominant lethal yields were low, ranging from 2.5 to 6.1% for individual weeks p.r.", "PMID": 857152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11842", "title": "Culture of pre-implantation Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus) embryos in vitro.", "content": "Pre-implantation embryos from Chinese hamsters (Cricetulus griseus) were cultivated under completely defined conditions. The embryos were placed in drops of chemically defined medium under liquid paraffin and cultured in an atmosphere of 10% CO2 in air. By this method, development will proceed in vitro from the two-cell stage up to the blastula within 72 h. It is possible to stop the cultivation at different stages of development, to fix the embryos and analyse the chromosomes. The method described in detail seems to be appropriate for examination of the induction of genetic defects during the first days of embryogenesis.", "contents": "Culture of pre-implantation Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus) embryos in vitro. Pre-implantation embryos from Chinese hamsters (Cricetulus griseus) were cultivated under completely defined conditions. The embryos were placed in drops of chemically defined medium under liquid paraffin and cultured in an atmosphere of 10% CO2 in air. By this method, development will proceed in vitro from the two-cell stage up to the blastula within 72 h. It is possible to stop the cultivation at different stages of development, to fix the embryos and analyse the chromosomes. The method described in detail seems to be appropriate for examination of the induction of genetic defects during the first days of embryogenesis.", "PMID": 857153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11843", "title": "Chromosomal radiosensitivity and karyotype in mice using cultured peripheral blood lymphocytes, and comparison with this system in man.", "content": "The frequencies were studied X-ray-induced dicentric chromosomes and deletions in peripheral blood lymphocytes of mouse and man, cultured in vitro. After doses of 100 and 200 rad, (a) the mouse was equally sensitive as man to the induction of dicentrics, and (b) the frequency of deletions was higher in the mouse, reaching statistical significance at the 200 rad level only. At the 200 rad level, the mouse with normal karyotype was compared with the T(1;13)70H translocation heterozygote and the Ts(1(13))7OH tertiary trisomic of normal appearance. No differences were found either with respect to dicentrics or to deletions. At the 100 rad level, the normal mouse was compared with the tertiary trisomic mouse of the affected phenotype and with the tobacco mouse. The frequency of dicentrics was significantly higher in the phenotypically abnormal trisomics, whereas the deletion frequency was higher in the tobacco mice. C-banding of the slides enabled the locating of breaks in constitutive hetero-chromatin and euchromatin. When exchanges were classified into three categories, i.e. those between eu- and euchromatin, eu- and hetero-, and hetero- and heterochromatin, there was a preference for the first and the last whereas only few occurred between chromatins of contrasting type. Differences between previous determinations of the chromosomal radiosensitivity of mouse and man, using peripheral blood lymphocytes (i.e. man is twice as sensitive as mouse), and the one presented here could be attributed to differences in harvest time of the mouse peripheral blood lymphocytes. Thus the so-called \"arm number\" hypothesis of Brewen et al. [5] is not confirmed by the present results.", "contents": "Chromosomal radiosensitivity and karyotype in mice using cultured peripheral blood lymphocytes, and comparison with this system in man. The frequencies were studied X-ray-induced dicentric chromosomes and deletions in peripheral blood lymphocytes of mouse and man, cultured in vitro. After doses of 100 and 200 rad, (a) the mouse was equally sensitive as man to the induction of dicentrics, and (b) the frequency of deletions was higher in the mouse, reaching statistical significance at the 200 rad level only. At the 200 rad level, the mouse with normal karyotype was compared with the T(1;13)70H translocation heterozygote and the Ts(1(13))7OH tertiary trisomic of normal appearance. No differences were found either with respect to dicentrics or to deletions. At the 100 rad level, the normal mouse was compared with the tertiary trisomic mouse of the affected phenotype and with the tobacco mouse. The frequency of dicentrics was significantly higher in the phenotypically abnormal trisomics, whereas the deletion frequency was higher in the tobacco mice. C-banding of the slides enabled the locating of breaks in constitutive hetero-chromatin and euchromatin. When exchanges were classified into three categories, i.e. those between eu- and euchromatin, eu- and hetero-, and hetero- and heterochromatin, there was a preference for the first and the last whereas only few occurred between chromatins of contrasting type. Differences between previous determinations of the chromosomal radiosensitivity of mouse and man, using peripheral blood lymphocytes (i.e. man is twice as sensitive as mouse), and the one presented here could be attributed to differences in harvest time of the mouse peripheral blood lymphocytes. Thus the so-called \"arm number\" hypothesis of Brewen et al. [5] is not confirmed by the present results.", "PMID": 857154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11844", "title": "The effect of x-ray induced mitotic delay on chromosome aberration yields in human lymphocytes.", "content": "The extent to which X-ray induced mitotic delay at 150 and 400 rad influences chromosome aberration yields was examined in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The dicentric was used as a marker and aberrations yields were obtained for mixed cultures prepared from equal numbers of normal and irradiated cells. The cultures were terminated following incubation times of 36-120 h. Greater mitotic delay of the order of a few hours was observed at the higher dose. However most reduction in the number of lymphocytes arriving at metaphase by 48 h may be ascribed to interphase death or failure to transform. Analysis of the dicentric distributions which were expected to follow Poisson statistics indicated that cells containing dicentrics were delayed relative to irradiated but aberration-free cells. Cells with one dicentric moved more easily through the first cell cycle than cells containing two dicentrics. Following accidental partial body irradiation, selection in culture favouring the unirradiated lymphocytes does not distort the aberration yield sufficiently to warrant incubation times in excess of the standard 48-52 h.", "contents": "The effect of x-ray induced mitotic delay on chromosome aberration yields in human lymphocytes. The extent to which X-ray induced mitotic delay at 150 and 400 rad influences chromosome aberration yields was examined in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The dicentric was used as a marker and aberrations yields were obtained for mixed cultures prepared from equal numbers of normal and irradiated cells. The cultures were terminated following incubation times of 36-120 h. Greater mitotic delay of the order of a few hours was observed at the higher dose. However most reduction in the number of lymphocytes arriving at metaphase by 48 h may be ascribed to interphase death or failure to transform. Analysis of the dicentric distributions which were expected to follow Poisson statistics indicated that cells containing dicentrics were delayed relative to irradiated but aberration-free cells. Cells with one dicentric moved more easily through the first cell cycle than cells containing two dicentrics. Following accidental partial body irradiation, selection in culture favouring the unirradiated lymphocytes does not distort the aberration yield sufficiently to warrant incubation times in excess of the standard 48-52 h.", "PMID": 857155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11845", "title": "The inhibition of repair in UV irradiated human cells.", "content": "We have used three different assay procedures to determine the effects of hydroxyurea on excision repair in UV-irradiated HeLa cells. The results were as follows. (a) At the cytological level, incubation of UV-irradiated metaphase cells with hydroxyurea caused chromosome decondensation. (b) Using a modified alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation technique involving minimal lysis before centrifugation, we found a marked retardation in the sedimentation of DNA from UV-irradiated cells incubated for a short period with hydroxyurea. (c) The effect of hydroxyurea on the incorporation of[3H]thymidine by UV-irradiated G1 cells was found to depend on the concentration of thymidine present in the medium. Normal primary human cells resemble HeLa cells in the response of chromosomes and DNA to UV plus hydroxyurea. Xeroderma pigmentosum cells, deficient in excision repair, are not sensitive to hydroxyurea in our assays. Chromosome decondensation and retarded DNA sedimentation occur also after incubation of irradiated HeLa cells with deoxyadenosine, but not thymidine, at concentrations which inhibit semiconservative DNA synthesis. The effects of hydroxyurea or deoxyadenosine on chromosomes and DNA are not seen if all four deoxyribonucleoside precursors of DNA are supplied exogenously. These results point to an inhibition of repair DNA synthesis by hydroxyurea (or deoxyadenosine), at the level of the supply of DNA precursors, i.e. in the same way that these agents inhibit semiconservative DNA synthesis. In the presence of these inhibitors, single-strand gaps accumulate in the DNA.", "contents": "The inhibition of repair in UV irradiated human cells. We have used three different assay procedures to determine the effects of hydroxyurea on excision repair in UV-irradiated HeLa cells. The results were as follows. (a) At the cytological level, incubation of UV-irradiated metaphase cells with hydroxyurea caused chromosome decondensation. (b) Using a modified alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation technique involving minimal lysis before centrifugation, we found a marked retardation in the sedimentation of DNA from UV-irradiated cells incubated for a short period with hydroxyurea. (c) The effect of hydroxyurea on the incorporation of[3H]thymidine by UV-irradiated G1 cells was found to depend on the concentration of thymidine present in the medium. Normal primary human cells resemble HeLa cells in the response of chromosomes and DNA to UV plus hydroxyurea. Xeroderma pigmentosum cells, deficient in excision repair, are not sensitive to hydroxyurea in our assays. Chromosome decondensation and retarded DNA sedimentation occur also after incubation of irradiated HeLa cells with deoxyadenosine, but not thymidine, at concentrations which inhibit semiconservative DNA synthesis. The effects of hydroxyurea or deoxyadenosine on chromosomes and DNA are not seen if all four deoxyribonucleoside precursors of DNA are supplied exogenously. These results point to an inhibition of repair DNA synthesis by hydroxyurea (or deoxyadenosine), at the level of the supply of DNA precursors, i.e. in the same way that these agents inhibit semiconservative DNA synthesis. In the presence of these inhibitors, single-strand gaps accumulate in the DNA.", "PMID": 857156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11846", "title": "Spinocerebellar ataxia and HLA linkage: risk prediction by HLA typing.", "content": "To determine the possibility of genetic linkage of spinocerebellar ataxia with the histocompatibility loci, we performed HLA typing and linkage analysis on 19 members of a kindred in which spinocerebellar ataxia was segregating in an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. The ataxia locus was located on chromosome 6 at 12-cM distance from the HLA complex with lod score of 3.15 (odds is greater than 1400:1 favoring linkage over chance findings). Thus, the presence of the ataxia gene in members of this kindred at risk can be predicted with about 90 per cent accuracy by means of HLA typing in informative matings.", "contents": "Spinocerebellar ataxia and HLA linkage: risk prediction by HLA typing. To determine the possibility of genetic linkage of spinocerebellar ataxia with the histocompatibility loci, we performed HLA typing and linkage analysis on 19 members of a kindred in which spinocerebellar ataxia was segregating in an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. The ataxia locus was located on chromosome 6 at 12-cM distance from the HLA complex with lod score of 3.15 (odds is greater than 1400:1 favoring linkage over chance findings). Thus, the presence of the ataxia gene in members of this kindred at risk can be predicted with about 90 per cent accuracy by means of HLA typing in informative matings.", "PMID": 857157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11847", "title": "Mid-trimester abortion by dilatation and evacuation: a safe and practical alternative.", "content": "Abortions by dilatation and evacuation after the 12th menstrual week of pregnancy are said to be both hazardous and impractical. To evaluate this hypothesis, we compared the safety and feasibility of 6213 abortions by this means and 8662 induced by intra-amniotic instillation of saline during the 13th to the 20th week of pregnancy. Abortions by dilatation and evacuation had a lower rate for major complica-tions (0.69 vs. 1.78 per cent; P is less than 0.001) and lower rates for treatment of complications, including antibiotic administration (2.22 vs. 5.65 per cent; P is less than 0.001), blood transfusion (0.19 vs. 0.91 per cent; P is less than 0.001), and curettage or manual evacuation of the uterus (0.98 vs. 34.10 per cent; P is less than 0.001). Such abortions also had a lower rate for failure of the method to produced abortion (0.11 vs. 2.52 per cent; P is less than 0.001). Although large, randomized trials are required to determine the appropriate role of mid-trimester abortion by this means, this method appears safe and practical through the 20th week of pregnancy.", "contents": "Mid-trimester abortion by dilatation and evacuation: a safe and practical alternative. Abortions by dilatation and evacuation after the 12th menstrual week of pregnancy are said to be both hazardous and impractical. To evaluate this hypothesis, we compared the safety and feasibility of 6213 abortions by this means and 8662 induced by intra-amniotic instillation of saline during the 13th to the 20th week of pregnancy. Abortions by dilatation and evacuation had a lower rate for major complica-tions (0.69 vs. 1.78 per cent; P is less than 0.001) and lower rates for treatment of complications, including antibiotic administration (2.22 vs. 5.65 per cent; P is less than 0.001), blood transfusion (0.19 vs. 0.91 per cent; P is less than 0.001), and curettage or manual evacuation of the uterus (0.98 vs. 34.10 per cent; P is less than 0.001). Such abortions also had a lower rate for failure of the method to produced abortion (0.11 vs. 2.52 per cent; P is less than 0.001). Although large, randomized trials are required to determine the appropriate role of mid-trimester abortion by this means, this method appears safe and practical through the 20th week of pregnancy.", "PMID": 857158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11848", "title": "Altered relation of two collagen types in osteogenesis imperfecta.", "content": "To ascertain if the features of osteogenesis imperfecta could be due to an abnormality in two genetically distinct collagens, Type III and Type I, we measured, in pepsin digests of skin, the ratio of the alpha 1, (III) to alpha 1 (I) chains derived from the two types, using a method of interrupted polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. In 40 control subjects this ratio decreased from about 0.45 in early fetal life to a mean (+/-2 S.D.) of 0.14 +/- 0.06 in 14 adults. Seven of nine adult patients with mild osteogenesis imperfecta had ratios of more than 4 S.D., above this mean, as did two of five patients with severe osteogenesis imperfecta. The increased ratio was probably due to a reduction of Type I collagen. If this reduction were generalized it could contribute to the bony fragility of osteogenesis imperfecta, since mineralized bone contains Type I collagen only.", "contents": "Altered relation of two collagen types in osteogenesis imperfecta. To ascertain if the features of osteogenesis imperfecta could be due to an abnormality in two genetically distinct collagens, Type III and Type I, we measured, in pepsin digests of skin, the ratio of the alpha 1, (III) to alpha 1 (I) chains derived from the two types, using a method of interrupted polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. In 40 control subjects this ratio decreased from about 0.45 in early fetal life to a mean (+/-2 S.D.) of 0.14 +/- 0.06 in 14 adults. Seven of nine adult patients with mild osteogenesis imperfecta had ratios of more than 4 S.D., above this mean, as did two of five patients with severe osteogenesis imperfecta. The increased ratio was probably due to a reduction of Type I collagen. If this reduction were generalized it could contribute to the bony fragility of osteogenesis imperfecta, since mineralized bone contains Type I collagen only.", "PMID": 857159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11849", "title": "When may research be stopped?", "content": "The prohibition of research with recombinant DNA must rely upon some argument that both establishes a principle, applicable to research in any sphere, identifying kinds of defect or hazard that are intolerable, and shows that recombinant DNA research is intolerably defective or hazardous in the ways specified by that principle. No such argument succeeds. Of arguments proposed to defend prohibition it may be fairly said either that the major premise (the principle of prohibition) is false, or when sound principles are put forward, that the minor premise (specifying recombinant DNA research as defective or hazardous in the ways called for) is far from established. There is no valid practical syllogism, having true premises, whose conclusion is that research with recombinant DNA should be stopped.", "contents": "When may research be stopped? The prohibition of research with recombinant DNA must rely upon some argument that both establishes a principle, applicable to research in any sphere, identifying kinds of defect or hazard that are intolerable, and shows that recombinant DNA research is intolerably defective or hazardous in the ways specified by that principle. No such argument succeeds. Of arguments proposed to defend prohibition it may be fairly said either that the major premise (the principle of prohibition) is false, or when sound principles are put forward, that the minor premise (specifying recombinant DNA research as defective or hazardous in the ways called for) is far from established. There is no valid practical syllogism, having true premises, whose conclusion is that research with recombinant DNA should be stopped.", "PMID": 857160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11850", "title": "Study on the chemical nature of sterols contained in Bulgarian sunflower oil.", "content": "The free sterols, the sterol esters and the sterol glycosides of the crude sunflower oil as well as those of the technical lecithin, the pitch and the deodorizer distillate of the latter oil were isolated by preparative TLC. The nature of sterols contained in the isolated sterol derivatives was elucidated by GLC and combinded GLC-MS. Major sterols of all examined sterol fractions are sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol, the amount of sitosterol being prevalent. Unknown sterol with a molecular weight of 428 is present in sterols of the crude oil and the deodorizer distillate. Sterols of the deodorizer distillate contain an unknown sterol with a molecular weight of 430. Stigmasterol is present in the sterol fraction of the deodorizer distillate in high amounts. It was established that delta7-sterols of the crude oil occur only in esterified form. The hydrolysis of the sterol derivatives in acid medium leads to dehydration products known as steroid dienes and disteroid ethers. Hydrolysis without dehydration was achieved by enzyme preparations. Some sterols of the crude oil were esterified with the same higher fatty acids contained in the glycerides of the sunflower oil.", "contents": "Study on the chemical nature of sterols contained in Bulgarian sunflower oil. The free sterols, the sterol esters and the sterol glycosides of the crude sunflower oil as well as those of the technical lecithin, the pitch and the deodorizer distillate of the latter oil were isolated by preparative TLC. The nature of sterols contained in the isolated sterol derivatives was elucidated by GLC and combinded GLC-MS. Major sterols of all examined sterol fractions are sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol, the amount of sitosterol being prevalent. Unknown sterol with a molecular weight of 428 is present in sterols of the crude oil and the deodorizer distillate. Sterols of the deodorizer distillate contain an unknown sterol with a molecular weight of 430. Stigmasterol is present in the sterol fraction of the deodorizer distillate in high amounts. It was established that delta7-sterols of the crude oil occur only in esterified form. The hydrolysis of the sterol derivatives in acid medium leads to dehydration products known as steroid dienes and disteroid ethers. Hydrolysis without dehydration was achieved by enzyme preparations. Some sterols of the crude oil were esterified with the same higher fatty acids contained in the glycerides of the sunflower oil.", "PMID": 857161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11851", "title": "[Evaluation of nutrition by means of an electronic data processing method for controlling and influencing adequate planning of the structure of the diet].", "content": "Electronic data processing is more used also in the analysis, control and surveillance of human nutrition. The present paper deals with a method that permits to evaluate the nutritional structure of all-day canteen feeding by means of a computer program based on the dishes actually delivered by the canteen. Apart from the energy value, the values for animal and vegetable proteins, fats, carbohydrates, calcium, vitamin A and vitamin C have been adopted as criteria. The evaluation was based on a specific scoring system. The results obtained are made available to the respoective institutions in the form of graphs. The qualitative and quantitative effects produced by this method of evaluation have been studied in 10 selected canteens during a period of 3 years.", "contents": "[Evaluation of nutrition by means of an electronic data processing method for controlling and influencing adequate planning of the structure of the diet]. Electronic data processing is more used also in the analysis, control and surveillance of human nutrition. The present paper deals with a method that permits to evaluate the nutritional structure of all-day canteen feeding by means of a computer program based on the dishes actually delivered by the canteen. Apart from the energy value, the values for animal and vegetable proteins, fats, carbohydrates, calcium, vitamin A and vitamin C have been adopted as criteria. The evaluation was based on a specific scoring system. The results obtained are made available to the respoective institutions in the form of graphs. The qualitative and quantitative effects produced by this method of evaluation have been studied in 10 selected canteens during a period of 3 years.", "PMID": 857162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11852", "title": "[Effects of two special diets on the body weight of rats].", "content": "The authors studied the effects of 2 special diets on the weight behaviour of male Wistar rats (aged 4--5 weeks) from Sch\u00f6nerlinde near Berlin up to the age of 35 weeks. The weight behaviour of rats fed a standard diet (commercially available pellets) lies between those of the experimental rats and near that of the rats on low-fat (3%) diet. The one special diet that contains 3% of fat is low-fat (8.4% of the gross energy of the feed) and high-protein (69.3% of the gross energy); the other diet that contains 50% of fat is high-fat (76% of the gross energy). The two diets (containing 331 and 612 kcal/100 g, respectively) are not isocaloric but the animals on the low-fat diet ate twice as much as the animals on the high-fat diet. The rats on the high-protein low-fat diet were prone to copious sweating. It was generally noticed that the animals on the high-fat diet became to a greater extent hypokinetic with increasing age. The weight difference between the two dietary groups increased with increasing age, reaching its maximum value (77%) at the age of 24 weeks and then decreasing to 60% (at the age of 35 weeks). Up to the age of 12 weeks, the rats are in the more \"dynamic\" phase of weight increase; and from the 16th week, in the more \"static\" phase of weight increase.", "contents": "[Effects of two special diets on the body weight of rats]. The authors studied the effects of 2 special diets on the weight behaviour of male Wistar rats (aged 4--5 weeks) from Sch\u00f6nerlinde near Berlin up to the age of 35 weeks. The weight behaviour of rats fed a standard diet (commercially available pellets) lies between those of the experimental rats and near that of the rats on low-fat (3%) diet. The one special diet that contains 3% of fat is low-fat (8.4% of the gross energy of the feed) and high-protein (69.3% of the gross energy); the other diet that contains 50% of fat is high-fat (76% of the gross energy). The two diets (containing 331 and 612 kcal/100 g, respectively) are not isocaloric but the animals on the low-fat diet ate twice as much as the animals on the high-fat diet. The rats on the high-protein low-fat diet were prone to copious sweating. It was generally noticed that the animals on the high-fat diet became to a greater extent hypokinetic with increasing age. The weight difference between the two dietary groups increased with increasing age, reaching its maximum value (77%) at the age of 24 weeks and then decreasing to 60% (at the age of 35 weeks). Up to the age of 12 weeks, the rats are in the more \"dynamic\" phase of weight increase; and from the 16th week, in the more \"static\" phase of weight increase.", "PMID": 857163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11853", "title": "Short-term fasting in the treatment of obesity.", "content": "Short-term fasting (five days) accompanied by negative nitrogen balance induced protein sparing effect in the realimentation period at obese persons on the hypocaloric diet. To utilise the starvation induced activation of mechanism compensating the losses of body protein 5-day starvation was alternated with 3-day intervals on 500 kcal diet (60 g of protein), the cycle was repeated five-times. The results of repeated estimations of body composition (densitometry) revealed, that at this regimen the losses of the body fat were in a marked preponderance over the lean body mass (63% versus 37% of the weight decrease). The repeated periods of starvation are well tolerated and appeared to be effective and safe (provided that states with contraindication of starvation are excluded).", "contents": "Short-term fasting in the treatment of obesity. Short-term fasting (five days) accompanied by negative nitrogen balance induced protein sparing effect in the realimentation period at obese persons on the hypocaloric diet. To utilise the starvation induced activation of mechanism compensating the losses of body protein 5-day starvation was alternated with 3-day intervals on 500 kcal diet (60 g of protein), the cycle was repeated five-times. The results of repeated estimations of body composition (densitometry) revealed, that at this regimen the losses of the body fat were in a marked preponderance over the lean body mass (63% versus 37% of the weight decrease). The repeated periods of starvation are well tolerated and appeared to be effective and safe (provided that states with contraindication of starvation are excluded).", "PMID": 857164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11854", "title": "[Amino acid composition of unresorbed peptide fractions in the contents of the distal part of rat small intestine. 1. Nitrogen-free diet and diets with casein, sunflower protein isolate and defatted sunflower seeds].", "content": "After feeding with protein containing diets the protein quantity increases in the aqueous supernatant (U1), in the trichloracetic acid soluble (U2) and precipitable (S2) fractions of the content of the distal part of the small intestine of rats. Independent of the dietary proteins the amino acid composition of both fractions (S2 and the peptides from U2) is similar in relation to protein-free feeding; a similarity with the amino acid composition of the dietary proteins doesn't exist. In relation to fraction S2 the peptides of fraction U2 show anording to the higher content of amino acids, which are difficult to liberate by protein cleavage, a high proteolytic degradation.", "contents": "[Amino acid composition of unresorbed peptide fractions in the contents of the distal part of rat small intestine. 1. Nitrogen-free diet and diets with casein, sunflower protein isolate and defatted sunflower seeds]. After feeding with protein containing diets the protein quantity increases in the aqueous supernatant (U1), in the trichloracetic acid soluble (U2) and precipitable (S2) fractions of the content of the distal part of the small intestine of rats. Independent of the dietary proteins the amino acid composition of both fractions (S2 and the peptides from U2) is similar in relation to protein-free feeding; a similarity with the amino acid composition of the dietary proteins doesn't exist. In relation to fraction S2 the peptides of fraction U2 show anording to the higher content of amino acids, which are difficult to liberate by protein cleavage, a high proteolytic degradation.", "PMID": 857165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11855", "title": "Experimental infection of pregnant goats with Akabane virus.", "content": "Ten pregnant goats were inoculated  intravenously with a newly isolated strain of Akabane virus. As a result, vertical infection and experimental reproduction of congenital morphological abnormality were accomplished. Fetuses were removed from two of them 10 days after inoculation and used for recovery of the virus. Clinically, the goats were free from any abnormal sign. Mild viremia was demonstrated in one of them inoculated with the virus at 30 days of pregnancy, but the fetus removed from this goat was negative for virus recovery. No viremia was demonstrated in the other one inoculated with the virus at 55 days of pregnancy, but two fetuses removed from it were positive for virus recovery. No abnormal clinical signs were observed in eight goats inoculated with the virus at 40 approximately 115 days of pregnancy, but leukopenia was noticed in five of these goats. Viremia was demonstrated in all the goats. It persisted for 2 to approximately 4 days. Seven goats were held under observation up to the time of spontaneous parturition. Ten neonatal kids were obtained. All of them were normal, except three which were particularly weak and one which was mummified fetus. When precolostral serum was examined, it contained neutralizing antibody against Akabane virus in five of eight neonatal kids. Two fetuses (120 days of intrauterine life) were removed from the remaining one pregnant goat 80 days after inoculation.  Congenital morphological anomaly was reproduced in one of them. The other was a normal fetus. Serum collected from the umbilical cord was positive for neutralizing antibody against Akabane virus in both fetuses.", "contents": "Experimental infection of pregnant goats with Akabane virus. Ten pregnant goats were inoculated  intravenously with a newly isolated strain of Akabane virus. As a result, vertical infection and experimental reproduction of congenital morphological abnormality were accomplished. Fetuses were removed from two of them 10 days after inoculation and used for recovery of the virus. Clinically, the goats were free from any abnormal sign. Mild viremia was demonstrated in one of them inoculated with the virus at 30 days of pregnancy, but the fetus removed from this goat was negative for virus recovery. No viremia was demonstrated in the other one inoculated with the virus at 55 days of pregnancy, but two fetuses removed from it were positive for virus recovery. No abnormal clinical signs were observed in eight goats inoculated with the virus at 40 approximately 115 days of pregnancy, but leukopenia was noticed in five of these goats. Viremia was demonstrated in all the goats. It persisted for 2 to approximately 4 days. Seven goats were held under observation up to the time of spontaneous parturition. Ten neonatal kids were obtained. All of them were normal, except three which were particularly weak and one which was mummified fetus. When precolostral serum was examined, it contained neutralizing antibody against Akabane virus in five of eight neonatal kids. Two fetuses (120 days of intrauterine life) were removed from the remaining one pregnant goat 80 days after inoculation.  Congenital morphological anomaly was reproduced in one of them. The other was a normal fetus. Serum collected from the umbilical cord was positive for neutralizing antibody against Akabane virus in both fetuses.", "PMID": 857166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11856", "title": "Circadian changes of the duration of action of local anaesthetic agents.", "content": "A statistically significant circadian rhythm of the duration of local anaesthesia produced by lidocaine and betoxycaine was found in both human skin and teeth. In adult subjects with diurnal activity and nocturnal rest the longest duration was found around 15.00 (3 p.m.) with a large peak-trough difference amounting to more than 100% of the 24 h mean. Such chronopharmacologic rhythm might be related to circadian rhythms in catecholamine secretion and/or in circadian changes of cell membrane properties.", "contents": "Circadian changes of the duration of action of local anaesthetic agents. A statistically significant circadian rhythm of the duration of local anaesthesia produced by lidocaine and betoxycaine was found in both human skin and teeth. In adult subjects with diurnal activity and nocturnal rest the longest duration was found around 15.00 (3 p.m.) with a large peak-trough difference amounting to more than 100% of the 24 h mean. Such chronopharmacologic rhythm might be related to circadian rhythms in catecholamine secretion and/or in circadian changes of cell membrane properties.", "PMID": 857167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11857", "title": "The influence of temperature upon reserpine-induced supersensitivity of guinea-pig isolated atria to isoprenaline and salbutamol.", "content": "1. The aim of this investigation was to determine whether supersensitivity of isolated atria to sympathomimetic amines following pretreatment with reserpine was evident at low temperatures, which alone induced supersensitivity. 2. Cumulative dose-response curves for the positive inotropic and chronotropic responses of isolated guinea-pig atria to isoprenaline and the partial agonist salbutamol were plotted as a percentage of the maximum response to isoprenaline. 3. In atria from reserpine-pretreated guinea-pigs set up at 38 degrees C, supersensitivity of both rate and tension responses was observed as a shift of the curves to the left and an increase of the maximum responses to salbutamol. Tension responses were potentiated more than rate responses. At 30 degrees C the supersensitivity became less apparent and at 25 degrees C was virtually absent. 4. The dose-response curves in untreated atria at low temperatures revealed that hypothermia itself produced supersensitivity of rate and tension responses. The dose-response curves were displaced to the left and the salbutamol maxima were raised so that at 25 degrees C it became almost a full agonist. The hypothermia-induced supersensitivity was therefore sufficient to mask any supersensitivity resulting from pretreatment with reserpine. 5. The hypothermia-induced supersensitivity of the rate response was dependent upon the method of plotting. When plotted in absolute units of beats per min no supersensitivity of the rate response was evident. Supersensitivity of the tension response at the lower temperatures and of both rate and tension responses following pretreatment with reserpine were independent of the plotting method.", "contents": "The influence of temperature upon reserpine-induced supersensitivity of guinea-pig isolated atria to isoprenaline and salbutamol. 1. The aim of this investigation was to determine whether supersensitivity of isolated atria to sympathomimetic amines following pretreatment with reserpine was evident at low temperatures, which alone induced supersensitivity. 2. Cumulative dose-response curves for the positive inotropic and chronotropic responses of isolated guinea-pig atria to isoprenaline and the partial agonist salbutamol were plotted as a percentage of the maximum response to isoprenaline. 3. In atria from reserpine-pretreated guinea-pigs set up at 38 degrees C, supersensitivity of both rate and tension responses was observed as a shift of the curves to the left and an increase of the maximum responses to salbutamol. Tension responses were potentiated more than rate responses. At 30 degrees C the supersensitivity became less apparent and at 25 degrees C was virtually absent. 4. The dose-response curves in untreated atria at low temperatures revealed that hypothermia itself produced supersensitivity of rate and tension responses. The dose-response curves were displaced to the left and the salbutamol maxima were raised so that at 25 degrees C it became almost a full agonist. The hypothermia-induced supersensitivity was therefore sufficient to mask any supersensitivity resulting from pretreatment with reserpine. 5. The hypothermia-induced supersensitivity of the rate response was dependent upon the method of plotting. When plotted in absolute units of beats per min no supersensitivity of the rate response was evident. Supersensitivity of the tension response at the lower temperatures and of both rate and tension responses following pretreatment with reserpine were independent of the plotting method.", "PMID": 857168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11858", "title": "Effects of hexoestrol on the contractility of the isolated, blood-perfused canine papillary muscle and of the guinea-pig ileum.", "content": "The effects of hexoestrol were studied on the blood flow and the tension development of the isolated, blood-perfused papillary muscle of the dog, as well as on the contractions of the guinea-pig ileum induced by acetylcholine, histamine or BaCl2. Hexoestrol caused an increase in coronary blood flow and a negative inotropic effect in a dose-dependent manner. High doses of hexoestrol produced a loss of contractility of the papillary muscle without significant alterations of the amplitude and shape of the electrical activity recorded extracellularly. Hexoestrol had a strong non-selective relaxant effect on the guinea-pig ileum and was 10-20 times more potent than papaverine in antagonizing contractions induced by the 3 agonists. These results indicate that hexoestrol probably acts by blocking certain steps in the process by which extracellular and/or superficially bound Ca ions move to the contractile machinery in cardiac and in smooth muscle cells. Thus, it may bear some resemblance to the so-called calcium antagonists.", "contents": "Effects of hexoestrol on the contractility of the isolated, blood-perfused canine papillary muscle and of the guinea-pig ileum. The effects of hexoestrol were studied on the blood flow and the tension development of the isolated, blood-perfused papillary muscle of the dog, as well as on the contractions of the guinea-pig ileum induced by acetylcholine, histamine or BaCl2. Hexoestrol caused an increase in coronary blood flow and a negative inotropic effect in a dose-dependent manner. High doses of hexoestrol produced a loss of contractility of the papillary muscle without significant alterations of the amplitude and shape of the electrical activity recorded extracellularly. Hexoestrol had a strong non-selective relaxant effect on the guinea-pig ileum and was 10-20 times more potent than papaverine in antagonizing contractions induced by the 3 agonists. These results indicate that hexoestrol probably acts by blocking certain steps in the process by which extracellular and/or superficially bound Ca ions move to the contractile machinery in cardiac and in smooth muscle cells. Thus, it may bear some resemblance to the so-called calcium antagonists.", "PMID": 857169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11859", "title": "Angiotensin II-induced contractions of rabbit splenic capsular strips and release of prostaglandins. Use of radioimmunoassays for prostaglandins E1 and E2.", "content": "Rabbit splenic capsular strips contract in response to angiotensin II and simultaneously release prostaglandins E and F into the bath fluid. Contractions, though not sustained, and prostaglandin release are dependent on the concentrations of angiotensin II. Addition of indometacin to the bath fluid inhibits prostaglandin release and potentiates the angiotensin II-induced contractions. Similarly, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid, another blocker of prostaglandin synthesis, potentiates contractions elicited by angiotensin II. Exogenous prostaglandin E1 (300 ng/ml) tends to decrease angiotensin II-induced contractions, while prostaglandin E2 (300 ng/ml) as well as prostaglandin F2alpha (300 ng/ml) significantly increase the contractions produced by angiotensin II. The prostaglandin endoperoxide analogues (15S)-hydroxy-9alpha,11alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5Z,13 E-dienoic acid and (15S)-hydroxy-11alpha,9alpha-(epoxymethano)-prosta-5Z,13 E-dienoic acid in concentrations of 300 ng/ml are either without effect or weak smooth muscle stimulants of their own, but do not influence the effect of angiotensin II. By the simultaneous use of sensitive and specific radioimmunoassays for prostaglandins E1 and E2 the prostaglandin E-like substance released by the rabbit splenic capsular strips was found to resemble serologically much more the dienoic prostaglandin E2 than prostaglandin E1. The potentation of the effect of angiotensin II by indometacin and 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid might be caused by inhibition of synthesis of prostaglandins or related compounds in the splenic tissue. However, an undefined sensitizing effect of indometacin and 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid, not related to their effect on prostaglandin synthetase, on the smooth muscle preparation cannot be excluded.", "contents": "Angiotensin II-induced contractions of rabbit splenic capsular strips and release of prostaglandins. Use of radioimmunoassays for prostaglandins E1 and E2. Rabbit splenic capsular strips contract in response to angiotensin II and simultaneously release prostaglandins E and F into the bath fluid. Contractions, though not sustained, and prostaglandin release are dependent on the concentrations of angiotensin II. Addition of indometacin to the bath fluid inhibits prostaglandin release and potentiates the angiotensin II-induced contractions. Similarly, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid, another blocker of prostaglandin synthesis, potentiates contractions elicited by angiotensin II. Exogenous prostaglandin E1 (300 ng/ml) tends to decrease angiotensin II-induced contractions, while prostaglandin E2 (300 ng/ml) as well as prostaglandin F2alpha (300 ng/ml) significantly increase the contractions produced by angiotensin II. The prostaglandin endoperoxide analogues (15S)-hydroxy-9alpha,11alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5Z,13 E-dienoic acid and (15S)-hydroxy-11alpha,9alpha-(epoxymethano)-prosta-5Z,13 E-dienoic acid in concentrations of 300 ng/ml are either without effect or weak smooth muscle stimulants of their own, but do not influence the effect of angiotensin II. By the simultaneous use of sensitive and specific radioimmunoassays for prostaglandins E1 and E2 the prostaglandin E-like substance released by the rabbit splenic capsular strips was found to resemble serologically much more the dienoic prostaglandin E2 than prostaglandin E1. The potentation of the effect of angiotensin II by indometacin and 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid might be caused by inhibition of synthesis of prostaglandins or related compounds in the splenic tissue. However, an undefined sensitizing effect of indometacin and 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid, not related to their effect on prostaglandin synthetase, on the smooth muscle preparation cannot be excluded.", "PMID": 857170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11860", "title": "Influence of hydrostatic pressure gradients on net transfer of sodium and water across isolated rat colonic mucosa.", "content": "1. The dependence of net transfer of water and sodium on hydrostatic pressure gradients from the serosal to the mucosal side was investigated in everted sacs of the stripped mucosa of the rat colon. 2. In the range of 3-20 cm H2O both, net sodium and water transfer were linearly dependent on hydrostatic pressure. The hydraulic permeability coefficient was 1.1 ml per gram dry weight, hour and cm H2O. At a pressure gradient of 5.8 cm H2O the net movement of water from the mucosal to the serosal side ceased. Above this pressure a net movement in the opposite direction occurs. Sodium net movement from the mucosal to the serosal side ceased at 11 cm H2O. The fluid, which appears-driven by higher values of hydrostatic pressure-on the mucosal side, is  hypotonic. 3. Oxyphenisation increases the hydraulic permeability of the colonic epithelium. The fluid, which appears--driven by the hydrostatic pressure gradient--on the mucosal side, is isotonic.", "contents": "Influence of hydrostatic pressure gradients on net transfer of sodium and water across isolated rat colonic mucosa. 1. The dependence of net transfer of water and sodium on hydrostatic pressure gradients from the serosal to the mucosal side was investigated in everted sacs of the stripped mucosa of the rat colon. 2. In the range of 3-20 cm H2O both, net sodium and water transfer were linearly dependent on hydrostatic pressure. The hydraulic permeability coefficient was 1.1 ml per gram dry weight, hour and cm H2O. At a pressure gradient of 5.8 cm H2O the net movement of water from the mucosal to the serosal side ceased. Above this pressure a net movement in the opposite direction occurs. Sodium net movement from the mucosal to the serosal side ceased at 11 cm H2O. The fluid, which appears-driven by higher values of hydrostatic pressure-on the mucosal side, is  hypotonic. 3. Oxyphenisation increases the hydraulic permeability of the colonic epithelium. The fluid, which appears--driven by the hydrostatic pressure gradient--on the mucosal side, is isotonic.", "PMID": 857171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11861", "title": "Formation of chlorpromazine sulphoxide and monodesmethylchlorpromazine by microsomes of small intestine.", "content": "The metabolism of chlorpromazine by microsomal preparations of the small intestine from guinea pig and rat was studied. 35S-chlorpromazine was incubated with these preparations in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer at 37 degrees C. Control values were obtained by performing the assay at 0 degrees C. The metabolites were extracted with dichloroethane and separated by TLC. In incubations with intestinal microsomes from guinea pigs chlorpromazine sulphoxide and monodesmethyl chlorpromazine were identified as main metabolites. The apparent Michaelis constant for sulphoxidation of chlorpromazine is approximately 20-30 micronM and for N-demethylation in the range of 30-100 micronM. Using microsomal preparations from rat intestine, however, noteworthy formation of chlorpromazine metabolites could not be found. This observation can be explained by the fact that the cytochrome P450 content of rat intestinal microsomes was extremely low compared with that determined in guinea pig microsomes.", "contents": "Formation of chlorpromazine sulphoxide and monodesmethylchlorpromazine by microsomes of small intestine. The metabolism of chlorpromazine by microsomal preparations of the small intestine from guinea pig and rat was studied. 35S-chlorpromazine was incubated with these preparations in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer at 37 degrees C. Control values were obtained by performing the assay at 0 degrees C. The metabolites were extracted with dichloroethane and separated by TLC. In incubations with intestinal microsomes from guinea pigs chlorpromazine sulphoxide and monodesmethyl chlorpromazine were identified as main metabolites. The apparent Michaelis constant for sulphoxidation of chlorpromazine is approximately 20-30 micronM and for N-demethylation in the range of 30-100 micronM. Using microsomal preparations from rat intestine, however, noteworthy formation of chlorpromazine metabolites could not be found. This observation can be explained by the fact that the cytochrome P450 content of rat intestinal microsomes was extremely low compared with that determined in guinea pig microsomes.", "PMID": 857172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11862", "title": "Glomerular cell proliferation in human and experimental glomerulonephritis. Light- and electron-microscopical, and autoradiographic observations.", "content": "Three mitoses of endothelial glomerular cells have been observed by electron microscopy in 3 different nephropathies (a mixed membranous and proliferative glomerulonephritis, an intracapillary glomerulonephritis, and a mixed IgG-IgM cryoglobulinemia). Further light- and electron-microscopical and autoradiographic investigations on the occurrence and nature of the dividing cells responsible for glomerular hypercellularity in glomerulonephritis have been carried out in rats with an immunocomplex-induced glomerulonephritis. A statistically significant difference between treated and control animals have been found in the number of mitoses and DNA-synthesizing nuclei. All dividing glomerular cells observed by electron microscopy were endothelial. It is therefore proved that in glomerulonephritis an actual glomerular cell proliferation does occur; proliferating cells are suggested to be endothelial in nature.", "contents": "Glomerular cell proliferation in human and experimental glomerulonephritis. Light- and electron-microscopical, and autoradiographic observations. Three mitoses of endothelial glomerular cells have been observed by electron microscopy in 3 different nephropathies (a mixed membranous and proliferative glomerulonephritis, an intracapillary glomerulonephritis, and a mixed IgG-IgM cryoglobulinemia). Further light- and electron-microscopical and autoradiographic investigations on the occurrence and nature of the dividing cells responsible for glomerular hypercellularity in glomerulonephritis have been carried out in rats with an immunocomplex-induced glomerulonephritis. A statistically significant difference between treated and control animals have been found in the number of mitoses and DNA-synthesizing nuclei. All dividing glomerular cells observed by electron microscopy were endothelial. It is therefore proved that in glomerulonephritis an actual glomerular cell proliferation does occur; proliferating cells are suggested to be endothelial in nature.", "PMID": 857173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11863", "title": "Control of plasma aldosterone during hemodialysis in patients with terminal renal failure.", "content": "The control of plasma aldosterone during hemodialysis was investigated in 31 patients with terminal renal failure. While before hemodialysis renin predominantly influenced aldosterone, this effect dissipated during hemodialysis. In addition, no relationship was observed between changes in aldosterone and those in sodium, potassium and plasma cortisol. In a group of 10 patients isokalemic and isonatremic hemodialysis failed to document an effect sodium or potassium on hemodialysis induced changes in aldosterone. Our data suggest that none of the four factors - renin, ACTH, sodium and potassium - had constantly caused the observed changes in aldosterone during hemodialysis.", "contents": "Control of plasma aldosterone during hemodialysis in patients with terminal renal failure. The control of plasma aldosterone during hemodialysis was investigated in 31 patients with terminal renal failure. While before hemodialysis renin predominantly influenced aldosterone, this effect dissipated during hemodialysis. In addition, no relationship was observed between changes in aldosterone and those in sodium, potassium and plasma cortisol. In a group of 10 patients isokalemic and isonatremic hemodialysis failed to document an effect sodium or potassium on hemodialysis induced changes in aldosterone. Our data suggest that none of the four factors - renin, ACTH, sodium and potassium - had constantly caused the observed changes in aldosterone during hemodialysis.", "PMID": 857174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11864", "title": "Plasma and urine amino acid concentrations in children with chronic renal insufficiency.", "content": "Amino acids were determined in plasma and urine from controls and children with chronic renal insufficiency. Significant differences were found in the mean plasma concentration of serine, threonine, glutamic acid, tyrosine, arginine, cystine and glycine in children with severe renal failure. There was a marked increase in clearance of the majority of amino acids when glomerular filtration rate (GFR) fell below 30 ml/min/1.73 m2: the exceptions were the basic amino acids and cystine which did not change. As GFR decreased there was a significant reduction in the percentage tubular reabsorption of individual amino acids. Children with severe renal failure excreted up to 40% of the filtered load of amino acids in the urine. This significant increase in urinary amino acid loss may contribute to the derangement of plasma amino acid conentrations found in uraemia.", "contents": "Plasma and urine amino acid concentrations in children with chronic renal insufficiency. Amino acids were determined in plasma and urine from controls and children with chronic renal insufficiency. Significant differences were found in the mean plasma concentration of serine, threonine, glutamic acid, tyrosine, arginine, cystine and glycine in children with severe renal failure. There was a marked increase in clearance of the majority of amino acids when glomerular filtration rate (GFR) fell below 30 ml/min/1.73 m2: the exceptions were the basic amino acids and cystine which did not change. As GFR decreased there was a significant reduction in the percentage tubular reabsorption of individual amino acids. Children with severe renal failure excreted up to 40% of the filtered load of amino acids in the urine. This significant increase in urinary amino acid loss may contribute to the derangement of plasma amino acid conentrations found in uraemia.", "PMID": 857175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11865", "title": "Erythrocyte electrolyte content and sodium efflux in chronic renal failure.", "content": "The cation content of the eythrocyte was studied in 36 patients with chronic renal failure; A normal or high erythrocyte potassium was found. Erythrocytes sodium values showed a wide range, from very high to very low, and the rate constant for Na efflux was found to be higher than normal. The interpretation of these findings is discussed. It is suggested that the higher than normal. The interpretation of these findings is discussed. It is suggested that the high erythrocyte K content may reflect abnormal total body K, may be explained on the basis of a young red cell population or may be related to abnormal function of the erythrocyte cation pump. It is probable that the development of these changes in chronic renal failure depends on many factors.", "contents": "Erythrocyte electrolyte content and sodium efflux in chronic renal failure. The cation content of the eythrocyte was studied in 36 patients with chronic renal failure; A normal or high erythrocyte potassium was found. Erythrocytes sodium values showed a wide range, from very high to very low, and the rate constant for Na efflux was found to be higher than normal. The interpretation of these findings is discussed. It is suggested that the higher than normal. The interpretation of these findings is discussed. It is suggested that the high erythrocyte K content may reflect abnormal total body K, may be explained on the basis of a young red cell population or may be related to abnormal function of the erythrocyte cation pump. It is probable that the development of these changes in chronic renal failure depends on many factors.", "PMID": 857176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11866", "title": "Effects of hemodialysis and saline loading on body fluid compartments, plasma renin activity and blood pressure in patients on chronic hemodialysis.", "content": "The influence of one hemodialysis session and of subsequent loading by 1.5-2 liters N saline on blood pressure, PRA and body fluid compartments was assessed in seven patients with chronic renal failure on maintenance hemodialysis. Dialysis caused only slight decreases in plasma volume, ECV and in TEBS. Lying mean blood pressure by 5-10 mm Hg and PRA increased by 30%. Saline loading resulted in a significant increase in plasma volume by 0.4 liters and in blood pressure by 10-5 mm Hg, but in a decrease in PRA by 40%. The changes in mean blood pressure correlated positively with the changes in plasma volume, and negatively with the changes in PRA. It is concluded that the renin-angiotensin system in patients on chronic hemodialysis still functions as one of the adjustment mechanisms for the circulatory homeostasis, when challenged by volume loss or volume and sodium loading.", "contents": "Effects of hemodialysis and saline loading on body fluid compartments, plasma renin activity and blood pressure in patients on chronic hemodialysis. The influence of one hemodialysis session and of subsequent loading by 1.5-2 liters N saline on blood pressure, PRA and body fluid compartments was assessed in seven patients with chronic renal failure on maintenance hemodialysis. Dialysis caused only slight decreases in plasma volume, ECV and in TEBS. Lying mean blood pressure by 5-10 mm Hg and PRA increased by 30%. Saline loading resulted in a significant increase in plasma volume by 0.4 liters and in blood pressure by 10-5 mm Hg, but in a decrease in PRA by 40%. The changes in mean blood pressure correlated positively with the changes in plasma volume, and negatively with the changes in PRA. It is concluded that the renin-angiotensin system in patients on chronic hemodialysis still functions as one of the adjustment mechanisms for the circulatory homeostasis, when challenged by volume loss or volume and sodium loading.", "PMID": 857177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11867", "title": "Echocardiography in uraemic pericarditis with effusion.", "content": "Serial chest radiology and echocardiography were performed in seven patients undergoing chronic haemodialysis who developed pericarditis. Echocardiography was helpful in making an early diagnosis of a pericardial effusion in the absence of specific clinical or radiological signs of an effusion. It also enabled changes in the thickness of a pericardial effusion to be detected, which was of value when clinical features suggestive of cardiac tamponade occurred during dialysis, and showed that the effusion could increase in size despite the use of regional heparinisation for dialysis. Resolution of a pericardial effusion could be defined accurately using echocardiography, whereas this was not possible clinically or radiologically. It is concluded that serial echocardiography is a good method of monitoring a pericardial effusion in dialysis patients.", "contents": "Echocardiography in uraemic pericarditis with effusion. Serial chest radiology and echocardiography were performed in seven patients undergoing chronic haemodialysis who developed pericarditis. Echocardiography was helpful in making an early diagnosis of a pericardial effusion in the absence of specific clinical or radiological signs of an effusion. It also enabled changes in the thickness of a pericardial effusion to be detected, which was of value when clinical features suggestive of cardiac tamponade occurred during dialysis, and showed that the effusion could increase in size despite the use of regional heparinisation for dialysis. Resolution of a pericardial effusion could be defined accurately using echocardiography, whereas this was not possible clinically or radiologically. It is concluded that serial echocardiography is a good method of monitoring a pericardial effusion in dialysis patients.", "PMID": 857178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11868", "title": "The role of prostaglandins in the natriuresis of acutely salt-loaded rats.", "content": "Mechanisms determining the natriuresis in ECV expansion are not yet completely known. The present study was therefore performed to investigate (1) the extent to which prostaglandins (PG) are involved in the natriuresis of ECV expansion and (2) by which mechanisms PG may affect renal Na absorption. In nonexpanded rats the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor indomethacin (INDO) had no effect on renal function. In 16 Sprague-Dawley rats EVC expansion with isotonic saline corresponding to an increase in body weight of 10% was induced and maintained for 60 min. Ten animals received an oral dose of 10 mg/kg BW of INDO prior to ECV expansion. Six animals served as controls (C). Blood pressure (INDO: 132 +/- 4 (SE); C: 130 +/- 3 mm Hg), GFR (INDO: 12.5 +/- 1.0; C: 10.5 +/- 0.9 ml/min/kg BW), fractional K excretion (INDO: 32.1 +/- 2.6; C: 43.4 +/- 4.8%), CH2O and Na-k-ATPase activities in renal cortex, medulla and papilla did not significantly differ in either group. Significant differences were observed in urinary flow rate (INDO: 0.82 +/- 0.8; C: 1.82 +/- 0.23 ml/min/kg KG) and fractional Na absorption (INDO: 91.9 +/- 1.1; C: 81.7 +/- 1.2%). The results indicate that PG are involved in the natriuresis following acute expansion of the ECV and suggest that PG may inhibit the intrinsic tubular capacity for Na absorption in the rat.", "contents": "The role of prostaglandins in the natriuresis of acutely salt-loaded rats. Mechanisms determining the natriuresis in ECV expansion are not yet completely known. The present study was therefore performed to investigate (1) the extent to which prostaglandins (PG) are involved in the natriuresis of ECV expansion and (2) by which mechanisms PG may affect renal Na absorption. In nonexpanded rats the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor indomethacin (INDO) had no effect on renal function. In 16 Sprague-Dawley rats EVC expansion with isotonic saline corresponding to an increase in body weight of 10% was induced and maintained for 60 min. Ten animals received an oral dose of 10 mg/kg BW of INDO prior to ECV expansion. Six animals served as controls (C). Blood pressure (INDO: 132 +/- 4 (SE); C: 130 +/- 3 mm Hg), GFR (INDO: 12.5 +/- 1.0; C: 10.5 +/- 0.9 ml/min/kg BW), fractional K excretion (INDO: 32.1 +/- 2.6; C: 43.4 +/- 4.8%), CH2O and Na-k-ATPase activities in renal cortex, medulla and papilla did not significantly differ in either group. Significant differences were observed in urinary flow rate (INDO: 0.82 +/- 0.8; C: 1.82 +/- 0.23 ml/min/kg KG) and fractional Na absorption (INDO: 91.9 +/- 1.1; C: 81.7 +/- 1.2%). The results indicate that PG are involved in the natriuresis following acute expansion of the ECV and suggest that PG may inhibit the intrinsic tubular capacity for Na absorption in the rat.", "PMID": 857179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11869", "title": "Effect of fructose and mannitol on dog renal cortical adenine nucleotide content, in vivo.", "content": "The renal cortex of anesthetized dogs was found to contain per gram lyophilized dry weight 9.5+/-0.6 micronmol ATP, 3.2+/-0.5 MICRONMOL ADP, 0.68+/-0.3 MICRONMOL AMP, and 22.5+/-4.4 micronmol Pi. These amounts were unchanged by the administration of moderate amounts of saline or hypertonic mannitol in load doses of about 20mmol/kg. Fructose in doses of 5 mmol/kg was found to cause a marked decrease in cortical ATP content. In doses of 20 mmol/kg fructose not only caused a decrease in ATP, but in total adenine nucleotides and Pi content as well. These results are consistent with the mode of action proposed for fructose, in rat kidney.", "contents": "Effect of fructose and mannitol on dog renal cortical adenine nucleotide content, in vivo. The renal cortex of anesthetized dogs was found to contain per gram lyophilized dry weight 9.5+/-0.6 micronmol ATP, 3.2+/-0.5 MICRONMOL ADP, 0.68+/-0.3 MICRONMOL AMP, and 22.5+/-4.4 micronmol Pi. These amounts were unchanged by the administration of moderate amounts of saline or hypertonic mannitol in load doses of about 20mmol/kg. Fructose in doses of 5 mmol/kg was found to cause a marked decrease in cortical ATP content. In doses of 20 mmol/kg fructose not only caused a decrease in ATP, but in total adenine nucleotides and Pi content as well. These results are consistent with the mode of action proposed for fructose, in rat kidney.", "PMID": 857180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11870", "title": "Diphenylhydantoin-induced acute renal failure.", "content": "A case of acute renal failure developing at two separate times after the use of diphenylhydantoin is described. On both occasions the patient also had other manifestations of a hypersensitivity reaction and recovered normal renal function after the withdrawal of the drug and institution of corticosteroid therapy.", "contents": "Diphenylhydantoin-induced acute renal failure. A case of acute renal failure developing at two separate times after the use of diphenylhydantoin is described. On both occasions the patient also had other manifestations of a hypersensitivity reaction and recovered normal renal function after the withdrawal of the drug and institution of corticosteroid therapy.", "PMID": 857181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11871", "title": "Monitoring of intracranial pressure in patients with severe head injury.", "content": "Direct measurements of intracranial pressure in 100 patients with severe cranio-cerebral injuries showed that the development and progress of the post-traumatic brain edema did not follow any definite pattern. Likewise, the clinical findings did not allow any clear conclusions to be drawn regarding the height of the intracranial pressure. Among the different osmotic and saline diuretics tested, only mannitol and sorbitol seemed to be able to produce a rapid and effective lowering of acutely raised pressure. Indeed, even here the duration of the action varied very widely. Apart from the usual routine treatment, dexamethasone in very high doses was able significantly to reduce the frequency of pathological rises of pressure. By means of high doses of steroids and monitoring of the intracranial pressure, the mortality after severe brain injuries can be significantly reduced.", "contents": "Monitoring of intracranial pressure in patients with severe head injury. Direct measurements of intracranial pressure in 100 patients with severe cranio-cerebral injuries showed that the development and progress of the post-traumatic brain edema did not follow any definite pattern. Likewise, the clinical findings did not allow any clear conclusions to be drawn regarding the height of the intracranial pressure. Among the different osmotic and saline diuretics tested, only mannitol and sorbitol seemed to be able to produce a rapid and effective lowering of acutely raised pressure. Indeed, even here the duration of the action varied very widely. Apart from the usual routine treatment, dexamethasone in very high doses was able significantly to reduce the frequency of pathological rises of pressure. By means of high doses of steroids and monitoring of the intracranial pressure, the mortality after severe brain injuries can be significantly reduced.", "PMID": 857182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11872", "title": "[External ventricular drainage--a new aspect in the operative treatment of head injury (author's transl)].", "content": "It is not only for CSF-removal in conservative treatment of oedema and control of the effectiveness of osmo-onco-therapy, contricosteroids, anticholinergics and aldosterone-antagonists, that external CSF drainage in severe cerebral trauma has proved of value. It has also made it possible to assess objectively the indications for bitemporal craniotomy in raised intracrainial pressure with an acute midbrain syndrome caused by tentorial herniation. Continuous monitoring of ICP permits an intervention at the right time and prevents one from operating too late, namely at a moment, when manifest neurological signs already indicate cerebral decompensaervative steps failing, a bitemporal craniectomy is indicated: in this way we lower intracranial pressure, liberate the rostral brain stem out of its strangulation and improve cerebral perfusion and metabolism.", "contents": "[External ventricular drainage--a new aspect in the operative treatment of head injury (author's transl)]. It is not only for CSF-removal in conservative treatment of oedema and control of the effectiveness of osmo-onco-therapy, contricosteroids, anticholinergics and aldosterone-antagonists, that external CSF drainage in severe cerebral trauma has proved of value. It has also made it possible to assess objectively the indications for bitemporal craniotomy in raised intracrainial pressure with an acute midbrain syndrome caused by tentorial herniation. Continuous monitoring of ICP permits an intervention at the right time and prevents one from operating too late, namely at a moment, when manifest neurological signs already indicate cerebral decompensaervative steps failing, a bitemporal craniectomy is indicated: in this way we lower intracranial pressure, liberate the rostral brain stem out of its strangulation and improve cerebral perfusion and metabolism.", "PMID": 857183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11873", "title": "[Glucose tolerance test and some pathways of glucose metabolism in patients with craniocerebral trauma].", "content": "Intravenous glucose tolerance test was done and concentrations of lactic acid and pyruvic acid were determined together with the lactic acid/pyruvic acid index and lactic dehydrogenase activity in fasting venous blood and 35 and 90 min. after glucose load. The investigations were carried out in 30 patients with cerebral concussion and 20 patients with cerebral contusion on the 1st, 3rd and 7th days after trauma. Thirty healthy subjects served as controls. Presence of hyperglycaemia in fasting state and impairment of glucose tolerance were demonstrated in the first week of the disease. These disturbances were accompanied by significant decrease of the activity of lactic and pyruvic acid metabolism during the first three days after trauma. The values of lactic acid/pyruvic acid index and LDH activity were not changed significantly. Disturbances of carbohydrate metabolism persisted during the first week after trauma and were more frequent, more intense and persisted longer in patients with brain contusion than in those with brain concussion but showed no significant differences related to the degree of trauma.", "contents": "[Glucose tolerance test and some pathways of glucose metabolism in patients with craniocerebral trauma]. Intravenous glucose tolerance test was done and concentrations of lactic acid and pyruvic acid were determined together with the lactic acid/pyruvic acid index and lactic dehydrogenase activity in fasting venous blood and 35 and 90 min. after glucose load. The investigations were carried out in 30 patients with cerebral concussion and 20 patients with cerebral contusion on the 1st, 3rd and 7th days after trauma. Thirty healthy subjects served as controls. Presence of hyperglycaemia in fasting state and impairment of glucose tolerance were demonstrated in the first week of the disease. These disturbances were accompanied by significant decrease of the activity of lactic and pyruvic acid metabolism during the first three days after trauma. The values of lactic acid/pyruvic acid index and LDH activity were not changed significantly. Disturbances of carbohydrate metabolism persisted during the first week after trauma and were more frequent, more intense and persisted longer in patients with brain contusion than in those with brain concussion but showed no significant differences related to the degree of trauma.", "PMID": 857184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11874", "title": "[Behavior of the local lymphatic system after aorta-iliaco-femoro-popliteal reconstruction].", "content": "As a result of the observation of oedemas of the lower extremities and lymphorrhoea in the immediate postoperative course of surgical reconstruction of the aorto-iliaco-femoro-popliteal arterial axis (and on the basis of similar cases in the literature), the participation of the lower extremity return circulation in this facet of vascular surgery has been documented. The venous system was never impaired whereas the local lymphatic system was always damaged by surgical aggression on the arterial vessels. However, the extensive anatomical lesions shown up by lymphography are not reflected in evident clinical signs; whenever oedema or lymphorrhoea of the surgical wounds are observed, these symptoms are always of slight importance and easily and quickly resolved. At long-term follow-up, no clinical evidence of impairment ot the venous and lymphatic venous return circulation was ever encountered. For prophylactic purposes the lymphatic structure encountered during the operation should be carefully ligated to counteract another dangerous complication: infection.", "contents": "[Behavior of the local lymphatic system after aorta-iliaco-femoro-popliteal reconstruction]. As a result of the observation of oedemas of the lower extremities and lymphorrhoea in the immediate postoperative course of surgical reconstruction of the aorto-iliaco-femoro-popliteal arterial axis (and on the basis of similar cases in the literature), the participation of the lower extremity return circulation in this facet of vascular surgery has been documented. The venous system was never impaired whereas the local lymphatic system was always damaged by surgical aggression on the arterial vessels. However, the extensive anatomical lesions shown up by lymphography are not reflected in evident clinical signs; whenever oedema or lymphorrhoea of the surgical wounds are observed, these symptoms are always of slight importance and easily and quickly resolved. At long-term follow-up, no clinical evidence of impairment ot the venous and lymphatic venous return circulation was ever encountered. For prophylactic purposes the lymphatic structure encountered during the operation should be carefully ligated to counteract another dangerous complication: infection.", "PMID": 857191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11875", "title": "[Electromanometric extradural recording of intracranial pressure].", "content": "The author studied experimentally the method of continuous electromanometric extradural recording of intracranial pressure. In the experiments a pressure chamber is introduced into the cranial bone extradurally. The pressure is transduced to a measuring set based on Elema-Schonander electromanometer. The pressure changes are being transduced by means of a hydraulic system. The experimental material comprised 12 dogs. Intracranial pressure measurements were carried out under condtions of considerable dynamic changes of this pressure caused by removal of cerebrospinal fluid, intravenous infusion of distilled water, expanding body (a baloon placed in the extradural space), brain oedema. The investigations confirmed the value of the method. Furthermore it was found that measurements of intracranial pressure by means of suboccipital tap give false results. The results of the reported experiments served for introduction of the method for clinical use.", "contents": "[Electromanometric extradural recording of intracranial pressure]. The author studied experimentally the method of continuous electromanometric extradural recording of intracranial pressure. In the experiments a pressure chamber is introduced into the cranial bone extradurally. The pressure is transduced to a measuring set based on Elema-Schonander electromanometer. The pressure changes are being transduced by means of a hydraulic system. The experimental material comprised 12 dogs. Intracranial pressure measurements were carried out under condtions of considerable dynamic changes of this pressure caused by removal of cerebrospinal fluid, intravenous infusion of distilled water, expanding body (a baloon placed in the extradural space), brain oedema. The investigations confirmed the value of the method. Furthermore it was found that measurements of intracranial pressure by means of suboccipital tap give false results. The results of the reported experiments served for introduction of the method for clinical use.", "PMID": 857187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11876", "title": "[Adenocarcinoma of the jejunum].", "content": "An uncommon case of annular, jejunum-constricting adenocarcinoma with subocclusive attacks in a woman of 56 is reported. The patient had been suffering from disturbances in the intestinal passages for some 5 months. The suspected diagnosis based on a fleeting objective symptom was confirmed by radiology with barium meal.", "contents": "[Adenocarcinoma of the jejunum]. An uncommon case of annular, jejunum-constricting adenocarcinoma with subocclusive attacks in a woman of 56 is reported. The patient had been suffering from disturbances in the intestinal passages for some 5 months. The suspected diagnosis based on a fleeting objective symptom was confirmed by radiology with barium meal.", "PMID": 857193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11877", "title": "[Clinical study of a new preparation in the treatment of anorectal varices].", "content": "Sterectal is a new antihemorrhoidal drug which contains prednacinolone, lidocaine hidrochloride and ephedrine hidrochloride. The results of the double blind, between patient, clinical study carried out in order to detect effectiveness of Sterectal compared with placebo show that the new drug owns a more rapid onset of therapeutic activity and exhibits a greater reduction in symptom severity than placebo. Both treatments were well tolerated.", "contents": "[Clinical study of a new preparation in the treatment of anorectal varices]. Sterectal is a new antihemorrhoidal drug which contains prednacinolone, lidocaine hidrochloride and ephedrine hidrochloride. The results of the double blind, between patient, clinical study carried out in order to detect effectiveness of Sterectal compared with placebo show that the new drug owns a more rapid onset of therapeutic activity and exhibits a greater reduction in symptom severity than placebo. Both treatments were well tolerated.", "PMID": 857192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11878", "title": "[Functional changes in the esophagus and action of pentagastrin on the competence of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) after esophageal vagotomy].", "content": "In pursuance of an investigation of oesophageal physiopathology, a study has been made of the problem of the functional regulation of the inferior oesophageal sphincter in the light of new findings. Experiments carried out on six dogs made it possible to study functional modifications of the oesophagus after vagotomy, completing the technique by administering pentagastrin for the first time in vivo. Radiological and mano metric controls showed in the post-operative period a dilated oesophagus with a fall, in the lower third, of normal pressure values that did not undergo change, unlike what happened in the non-denervated oesophagus after administration of pentagastrin. The results obtained show that the integrity of the nervous structures is not only necessary for the perfect coordination of oesophageal peristalsis, but vital for normal functional response of the inferior oesophageal sphincter, since gastrin action is always mediated by release of acetylcholine by the post-gangliar vagal nerve endings.", "contents": "[Functional changes in the esophagus and action of pentagastrin on the competence of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) after esophageal vagotomy]. In pursuance of an investigation of oesophageal physiopathology, a study has been made of the problem of the functional regulation of the inferior oesophageal sphincter in the light of new findings. Experiments carried out on six dogs made it possible to study functional modifications of the oesophagus after vagotomy, completing the technique by administering pentagastrin for the first time in vivo. Radiological and mano metric controls showed in the post-operative period a dilated oesophagus with a fall, in the lower third, of normal pressure values that did not undergo change, unlike what happened in the non-denervated oesophagus after administration of pentagastrin. The results obtained show that the integrity of the nervous structures is not only necessary for the perfect coordination of oesophageal peristalsis, but vital for normal functional response of the inferior oesophageal sphincter, since gastrin action is always mediated by release of acetylcholine by the post-gangliar vagal nerve endings.", "PMID": 857194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11879", "title": "[Reccurrent lingual hemiatrophy].", "content": "The author reported a 45-year-old woman with numerous developmental anomalies in whom lingual hemiatrophy preceded by strong occipital headaches followed tonsillectomy. After treatment considerable regeneration of tongue nuscle took place. The course of the disease was recurrent. In the differential diagnosis the author considered inflammatory processes, neoplastic diseases, developmental anomalies and toxic effect of procaine used in tonsillectomy as well as the possibility of deeply situated adhaesions in the vicinity of the hypoglossal nerve.", "contents": "[Reccurrent lingual hemiatrophy]. The author reported a 45-year-old woman with numerous developmental anomalies in whom lingual hemiatrophy preceded by strong occipital headaches followed tonsillectomy. After treatment considerable regeneration of tongue nuscle took place. The course of the disease was recurrent. In the differential diagnosis the author considered inflammatory processes, neoplastic diseases, developmental anomalies and toxic effect of procaine used in tonsillectomy as well as the possibility of deeply situated adhaesions in the vicinity of the hypoglossal nerve.", "PMID": 857188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11880", "title": "[Hazards of uncontrolled administration of dehydrating agents].", "content": "A 38-year-old male patient was admitted to a neurosurgical hospital department because of hemiparesis and speech disturbances which had developed during an acute febrile disease. In view of supposed brain tumour the patient had been given prior to admission to the neurosurgical department high doses of dehydrating agents which resulted in high grade dehydration of the patient. During 10 days it was possible to achieve compensation of water and electrolyte disturbances and simultaneously hemiparesis regressed and function of speech improved. Angiography ruled out presence of brain tumour. The patient had no neurological disturbances during follow-up examination 6 months after discharge from the hospital. In the case the cerebral distrubances were due probably to venous thrombosis and intensive dehydrating therapy had contributed considerably to the severe condition of the patient.", "contents": "[Hazards of uncontrolled administration of dehydrating agents]. A 38-year-old male patient was admitted to a neurosurgical hospital department because of hemiparesis and speech disturbances which had developed during an acute febrile disease. In view of supposed brain tumour the patient had been given prior to admission to the neurosurgical department high doses of dehydrating agents which resulted in high grade dehydration of the patient. During 10 days it was possible to achieve compensation of water and electrolyte disturbances and simultaneously hemiparesis regressed and function of speech improved. Angiography ruled out presence of brain tumour. The patient had no neurological disturbances during follow-up examination 6 months after discharge from the hospital. In the case the cerebral distrubances were due probably to venous thrombosis and intensive dehydrating therapy had contributed considerably to the severe condition of the patient.", "PMID": 857189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11881", "title": "[Occlusions and perforations caused by carcinoma of the colon and rectum].", "content": "A group of 137 patients observed at the Emergency Surgery and First Aid Division of the Fatebenefratelli Hospital of Milan between 1971 and 1974 is examined. The patients all presented a clinical picture of occlusion and/or perforation of the colon and rectum due to carcinoma, requiring emergency surgery. The clinical material examined is analysed and the surgical treatment adopted and the results obtained reported. Post-operative mortality was 16.8% in cases of occlusion, 21.6% in cases of perforation, and 36.4% in mixed cases. 63 patients, i.e. 46%, were subjected to more or less extensive resection and the mortality in this group was 11.2%; in the remaining 74 patients, ax only palliative measures were possible and mortality was 28.3%. It is observed, finally, that among emergency colon operations, right colectomy carried out immediately offers encouraging results, while resection of the left colon, apart from certain special cases, should be preceded by decompressive colostomy.", "contents": "[Occlusions and perforations caused by carcinoma of the colon and rectum]. A group of 137 patients observed at the Emergency Surgery and First Aid Division of the Fatebenefratelli Hospital of Milan between 1971 and 1974 is examined. The patients all presented a clinical picture of occlusion and/or perforation of the colon and rectum due to carcinoma, requiring emergency surgery. The clinical material examined is analysed and the surgical treatment adopted and the results obtained reported. Post-operative mortality was 16.8% in cases of occlusion, 21.6% in cases of perforation, and 36.4% in mixed cases. 63 patients, i.e. 46%, were subjected to more or less extensive resection and the mortality in this group was 11.2%; in the remaining 74 patients, ax only palliative measures were possible and mortality was 28.3%. It is observed, finally, that among emergency colon operations, right colectomy carried out immediately offers encouraging results, while resection of the left colon, apart from certain special cases, should be preceded by decompressive colostomy.", "PMID": 857195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11882", "title": "[Traumatic thrombosis of the peripheral arteries].", "content": "Ten cases of post-traumatic arterial thrombosis are described. The anatomopathological, diagnosis and therapeutic aspects of peripheral artery lesions of this type are examined. Surgical exploration followed by reconstruction are dictated by the presence and degree of seriousness of ischaemia; they are not subordinate to arteriography, itself not always necessary. Resection of the confused segment and reconstruction is the management of choice. Thrombectomy and thromboendarteriectomy cannot be considered as rational operations, even though they can be used in a few special cases, such as iatrogenic forms. Reconstruction is best achieved by direct anastomosis or with the aid of venous grafts. A prosthesis, on the other hand, is liable to produce less satisfactory long-term results.", "contents": "[Traumatic thrombosis of the peripheral arteries]. Ten cases of post-traumatic arterial thrombosis are described. The anatomopathological, diagnosis and therapeutic aspects of peripheral artery lesions of this type are examined. Surgical exploration followed by reconstruction are dictated by the presence and degree of seriousness of ischaemia; they are not subordinate to arteriography, itself not always necessary. Resection of the confused segment and reconstruction is the management of choice. Thrombectomy and thromboendarteriectomy cannot be considered as rational operations, even though they can be used in a few special cases, such as iatrogenic forms. Reconstruction is best achieved by direct anastomosis or with the aid of venous grafts. A prosthesis, on the other hand, is liable to produce less satisfactory long-term results.", "PMID": 857196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11883", "title": "[Electroencephalographic studies in patients with vertebrobasilar insufficiency].", "content": "Thirty-seven patients with vertebrobasilar arterial insufficiency were divided into two groups depending on their clinical condition. In the group of patients with more severe clinical manifestations the intensity of EEG changes was correspondingly greater. In this group in 7 patients the EEG background activity was disturbed, in 4 of them focal changes were present in the left temporal area. Of the patients with less severe clinical changes the background activity was disturbed in 1 cases only.", "contents": "[Electroencephalographic studies in patients with vertebrobasilar insufficiency]. Thirty-seven patients with vertebrobasilar arterial insufficiency were divided into two groups depending on their clinical condition. In the group of patients with more severe clinical manifestations the intensity of EEG changes was correspondingly greater. In this group in 7 patients the EEG background activity was disturbed, in 4 of them focal changes were present in the left temporal area. Of the patients with less severe clinical changes the background activity was disturbed in 1 cases only.", "PMID": 857185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11884", "title": "[Case of false meningeal hematoma in a patient with meningioma of the cerebral convexity].", "content": "The authors presented a case of meningioma of cerebral convexity which produced in cerebral angiography findings resembling meningeal haematoma (false meningeal haematoma). On the basis of a survey of literature the authors discuss other intracranial pathological processes which may give rise to similar angiographic changes. They believe that the possibility of false meningeal haematoma should be taken into account in the choice of surgical treatment.", "contents": "[Case of false meningeal hematoma in a patient with meningioma of the cerebral convexity]. The authors presented a case of meningioma of cerebral convexity which produced in cerebral angiography findings resembling meningeal haematoma (false meningeal haematoma). On the basis of a survey of literature the authors discuss other intracranial pathological processes which may give rise to similar angiographic changes. They believe that the possibility of false meningeal haematoma should be taken into account in the choice of surgical treatment.", "PMID": 857190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11885", "title": "[Reconstructive surgery of the biliary tract].", "content": "Reconstructive surgery of the bile ways involves a great commitment owing to the technical difficulties, the diversity of the nature, site and extent of the alteration to be treated, and because of the particular anatomical structure of the formations which have to be operated. The conditions that can benefit most from this type of surgery are represented by preoperative lesions of the bile ways and particularly stenoses which but not only follow such lesions if they are not treated in time, but may also follow other processes of a benign nature such as calculosis, cholangitis, anomalies of the bile ways treated wrongly during previous cholecystectomy, and at times malignant processes. Reconstructive surgery in bile way surgery means direct re-establishment of the duct to enable bile to flow from the liver to the duodenum. It presupposes a number of local conditions, such as the circumscription of the condition so that the stenotic segment can be removed and long-lasting end-to-end anastomosis effected. When it is possible, this must be considered the ideal procedure since it offers anatomophysiological recovery of bile way function. Operations have also been performed using various vein, artery, appendix, fascia lata, etc. grafts and prostheses using foreign matter such as rubber, vitallium,dacron, etc. tubes but results have always been hazardous and debatable. Personal cases and techniques are reported.", "contents": "[Reconstructive surgery of the biliary tract]. Reconstructive surgery of the bile ways involves a great commitment owing to the technical difficulties, the diversity of the nature, site and extent of the alteration to be treated, and because of the particular anatomical structure of the formations which have to be operated. The conditions that can benefit most from this type of surgery are represented by preoperative lesions of the bile ways and particularly stenoses which but not only follow such lesions if they are not treated in time, but may also follow other processes of a benign nature such as calculosis, cholangitis, anomalies of the bile ways treated wrongly during previous cholecystectomy, and at times malignant processes. Reconstructive surgery in bile way surgery means direct re-establishment of the duct to enable bile to flow from the liver to the duodenum. It presupposes a number of local conditions, such as the circumscription of the condition so that the stenotic segment can be removed and long-lasting end-to-end anastomosis effected. When it is possible, this must be considered the ideal procedure since it offers anatomophysiological recovery of bile way function. Operations have also been performed using various vein, artery, appendix, fascia lata, etc. grafts and prostheses using foreign matter such as rubber, vitallium,dacron, etc. tubes but results have always been hazardous and debatable. Personal cases and techniques are reported.", "PMID": 857197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11886", "title": "[Nervous system changes in patients treated with penicillin during the period of symptomatic and early asymptomatic syphilis].", "content": "The results of cerebrospinal fluid examination of 451 patients treated for syphilis were analysed. In 34 patients abnormalities were found in the protein level, cell number and serological investigations. Thus, there is an absolute indication to cerebrospinal fluid examination in each case in which serological tests remain positive despite adequate specific therapy.", "contents": "[Nervous system changes in patients treated with penicillin during the period of symptomatic and early asymptomatic syphilis]. The results of cerebrospinal fluid examination of 451 patients treated for syphilis were analysed. In 34 patients abnormalities were found in the protein level, cell number and serological investigations. Thus, there is an absolute indication to cerebrospinal fluid examination in each case in which serological tests remain positive despite adequate specific therapy.", "PMID": 857186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11887", "title": "[Muscular malformation of the wrist in an initial carpal tunnel syndrome. Clinical case].", "content": "A carpal canal syndrome in a young female subject was found at the operating table to be due to a wrist muscle abnormality. An extra muscle leaving the styloid process of the radius in the direction of the transverse ligament of the carpus, and an abnormal distal development of the muscular belly of the superficial flexor of the third finger, had led to compression on the median nerve corresponding to the carpal canal. Check on motor and sensitive conduction of the median nerve revealed nerve damage at wrist level. Removal of the extra muscle and section of the transverse ligament of the carpus resolved the painful symptomatology. Control of nervous conduction two months after operation confirmed the improvement.", "contents": "[Muscular malformation of the wrist in an initial carpal tunnel syndrome. Clinical case]. A carpal canal syndrome in a young female subject was found at the operating table to be due to a wrist muscle abnormality. An extra muscle leaving the styloid process of the radius in the direction of the transverse ligament of the carpus, and an abnormal distal development of the muscular belly of the superficial flexor of the third finger, had led to compression on the median nerve corresponding to the carpal canal. Check on motor and sensitive conduction of the median nerve revealed nerve damage at wrist level. Removal of the extra muscle and section of the transverse ligament of the carpus resolved the painful symptomatology. Control of nervous conduction two months after operation confirmed the improvement.", "PMID": 857198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11888", "title": "[Appendectomy and colo-rectal carcinoma. Clinico-statistical and experimental studies].", "content": "A clinico-statistical investigation has been carried out with a view to establishing whether or not there is any correlation between appendicectomy and onset of colorectal cancer. The analysis showed that the frequencies of appendicectomy in the sample studied and in the control sample were not statistically different. On the other hand, it was observed that in patients suffering from colorectal carcinoma, the age at which appendicectomy was performed is is greater than in control subjects, with a constant mean interval in males and females (17 years). Experimental research on appendicectomized rats confirmed that the incidence of clinically induced tumours is no greater than that observed in control animals.", "contents": "[Appendectomy and colo-rectal carcinoma. Clinico-statistical and experimental studies]. A clinico-statistical investigation has been carried out with a view to establishing whether or not there is any correlation between appendicectomy and onset of colorectal cancer. The analysis showed that the frequencies of appendicectomy in the sample studied and in the control sample were not statistically different. On the other hand, it was observed that in patients suffering from colorectal carcinoma, the age at which appendicectomy was performed is is greater than in control subjects, with a constant mean interval in males and females (17 years). Experimental research on appendicectomized rats confirmed that the incidence of clinically induced tumours is no greater than that observed in control animals.", "PMID": 857199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11889", "title": "[Sarcomas of the small intestine].", "content": "Four cases of sarcoma of the small intestine (2 leiomyosarcoma, 1 fibrosarcoma, and 1 Hodgkin's disease) are described. In each case, diagnosis was the outcome of surgery: emergency operation for acute abdomen in three cases (2 mechanical ileus, 1 perforation); exploratory laparotomy for recurrent haemorrhage following negative X-ray examination per os and clyster of the digestive tract on a number of occasions. The relevant literature is surveyed. Attention is drawn to the different anatomopathological and clinical forms, and to the difficulty of diagnosis.", "contents": "[Sarcomas of the small intestine]. Four cases of sarcoma of the small intestine (2 leiomyosarcoma, 1 fibrosarcoma, and 1 Hodgkin's disease) are described. In each case, diagnosis was the outcome of surgery: emergency operation for acute abdomen in three cases (2 mechanical ileus, 1 perforation); exploratory laparotomy for recurrent haemorrhage following negative X-ray examination per os and clyster of the digestive tract on a number of occasions. The relevant literature is surveyed. Attention is drawn to the different anatomopathological and clinical forms, and to the difficulty of diagnosis.", "PMID": 857200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11890", "title": "[Semeiology of bronchogenic carcinoma. Limitations of explorative thoracotomy].", "content": "Modern methods of semeiological detection of bronchiogenic cancer are discussed in the light of experience gained in a hospital chest surgery centre. Emphasis is laid on the advantages offered by new advances in nuclear diagnosis and bronchial endoscopy. The limitations of exploratory thoractomy are explained. Attention is drawn to the by no means inconsiderable number of cases in which early knowledge of the nature of the process could not be obtained. A series of illustrative cases are presented.", "contents": "[Semeiology of bronchogenic carcinoma. Limitations of explorative thoracotomy]. Modern methods of semeiological detection of bronchiogenic cancer are discussed in the light of experience gained in a hospital chest surgery centre. Emphasis is laid on the advantages offered by new advances in nuclear diagnosis and bronchial endoscopy. The limitations of exploratory thoractomy are explained. Attention is drawn to the by no means inconsiderable number of cases in which early knowledge of the nature of the process could not be obtained. A series of illustrative cases are presented.", "PMID": 857201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11891", "title": "[Use of discriminating function in the study of lipid metabolism in normal subjects of various ages].", "content": "Analysis of the discriminating function was applied to 15 plasma lipid parameters: palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids, total NEFA, total lipids, triglycerides, phospholipids, total cholesterol, alpha and beta lipoproteic cholesterol, and lipoproteic alpha: beta, cholesterol: triglycerides and cholesterol: phospholipids ratios, in 84 healthy, normosomic subjects, divided into young, presenile and aged. Highly significant discrimination was obtained between all three groups. The coefficients of discrimination of all the variables employed in individual comparisons are illustrated. A brief account is given of the importance of biohumoral data in the detection of aging, and of the theoretical and practical utility of an investigation of this kind.", "contents": "[Use of discriminating function in the study of lipid metabolism in normal subjects of various ages]. Analysis of the discriminating function was applied to 15 plasma lipid parameters: palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids, total NEFA, total lipids, triglycerides, phospholipids, total cholesterol, alpha and beta lipoproteic cholesterol, and lipoproteic alpha: beta, cholesterol: triglycerides and cholesterol: phospholipids ratios, in 84 healthy, normosomic subjects, divided into young, presenile and aged. Highly significant discrimination was obtained between all three groups. The coefficients of discrimination of all the variables employed in individual comparisons are illustrated. A brief account is given of the importance of biohumoral data in the detection of aging, and of the theoretical and practical utility of an investigation of this kind.", "PMID": 857202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11892", "title": "[S-adenosylmethionine as a regulator of protein synthesis. Influence on plasmatic fibrinogen].", "content": "S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) is a physiological compound which plays an important role in numerous biological processes, such as transmethylations, transulphurations and aminopropylations. Starting from a study about the usefulness of the SAMe to normalize protein synthesis in old age, the drug was found to have an interesting action with respect to fibrinogen. Later research regarding a large number of patients, led us to discover after treatment for 40 days with 60 mg/die of SAMe, highly significant variations in fibrinogen values with constant normalization of this parameter, in both hypo- and hyper-fibrinogenemia. So far we don't know anything about the action of the drug on various metabolic stages of the fibrinogen; interestingly however our data exclude a rise in fibrinolysis.", "contents": "[S-adenosylmethionine as a regulator of protein synthesis. Influence on plasmatic fibrinogen]. S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) is a physiological compound which plays an important role in numerous biological processes, such as transmethylations, transulphurations and aminopropylations. Starting from a study about the usefulness of the SAMe to normalize protein synthesis in old age, the drug was found to have an interesting action with respect to fibrinogen. Later research regarding a large number of patients, led us to discover after treatment for 40 days with 60 mg/die of SAMe, highly significant variations in fibrinogen values with constant normalization of this parameter, in both hypo- and hyper-fibrinogenemia. So far we don't know anything about the action of the drug on various metabolic stages of the fibrinogen; interestingly however our data exclude a rise in fibrinolysis.", "PMID": 857203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11893", "title": "[Acute hemodialysis with a single needle].", "content": "The problems of vascular access in acute haemodialysis are illustrated in brief. On the basis of the literature and personal experience, the usefulness of percutaneous cannulation of the femoral vein is maintained and its technical advantages, reasonable simplicity and practicability are recalled. Finally the use is proposed of a technique based on a new single needle capable of speedily resolving the problem of vascular access in acute patients.", "contents": "[Acute hemodialysis with a single needle]. The problems of vascular access in acute haemodialysis are illustrated in brief. On the basis of the literature and personal experience, the usefulness of percutaneous cannulation of the femoral vein is maintained and its technical advantages, reasonable simplicity and practicability are recalled. Finally the use is proposed of a technique based on a new single needle capable of speedily resolving the problem of vascular access in acute patients.", "PMID": 857204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11894", "title": "Congenital malformations in infants of diabetic mothers.", "content": "Congenital malformations are contributing greatly to the perinatal morbidity and mortality of the infant of the diabetic mother. Can we discover the cause or causes of these lesions? Can they be prevented? Are they consistently detecable? The answers to these questions will significantly benefit all pregnancies as well as those complicated by diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "Congenital malformations in infants of diabetic mothers. Congenital malformations are contributing greatly to the perinatal morbidity and mortality of the infant of the diabetic mother. Can we discover the cause or causes of these lesions? Can they be prevented? Are they consistently detecable? The answers to these questions will significantly benefit all pregnancies as well as those complicated by diabetes mellitus.", "PMID": 857205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11895", "title": "Laterality and prognosis in ovarian cancer.", "content": "Data from the End Results Group file at the National Cancer Institute indicate that in primary ovarian cancer neither the stage of disease at diagnosis nor patient survival is related to which of the two ovaries is first involved. Women with cancer in both ovaries have lower survival rates than women with unilateral cancer, though if the disease is still limited to the ovaries at the time of diagnosis this difference is small.", "contents": "Laterality and prognosis in ovarian cancer. Data from the End Results Group file at the National Cancer Institute indicate that in primary ovarian cancer neither the stage of disease at diagnosis nor patient survival is related to which of the two ovaries is first involved. Women with cancer in both ovaries have lower survival rates than women with unilateral cancer, though if the disease is still limited to the ovaries at the time of diagnosis this difference is small.", "PMID": 857206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11896", "title": "Microglandular hyperplasia in vaginal adenosis associated with oral contraceptives and prenatal diethylstilbestrol exposure.", "content": "Eight cases of microglandular hyperplasia arising in vaginal adenosis are presented. Five of the patients were known to have taken oral contraceptives and a sixth was pregnant at the time the lesion was discovered; a history of prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) was present in 5 cases. It is important to differentiate microglandular hyperplasia, which is benign, from clear cell adenocarcinoma, which also arises in a background of vaginal adenosis.", "contents": "Microglandular hyperplasia in vaginal adenosis associated with oral contraceptives and prenatal diethylstilbestrol exposure. Eight cases of microglandular hyperplasia arising in vaginal adenosis are presented. Five of the patients were known to have taken oral contraceptives and a sixth was pregnant at the time the lesion was discovered; a history of prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) was present in 5 cases. It is important to differentiate microglandular hyperplasia, which is benign, from clear cell adenocarcinoma, which also arises in a background of vaginal adenosis.", "PMID": 857207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11897", "title": "Vaginal vault reconstruction.", "content": "This report describes a new surgical technic for vaginal vault reconstruction performed on 116 patients either at the time of vaginal hysterectomy or in cases of post-hysterectomy vault suspension for vault prolapse. The repair maintains and restores proper vaginal vault support, preserves or increases overall vaginal length and preserves the proper angle of the vaginal canal. High extraperitoneal plication of the uterosacral ligaments is used to prevent enterocele, and provides hammock-like support of the vaginal vault. The paracervical fascia of the vaginal cuff is closed transversely in the midline rather than anterior-posteriorly.", "contents": "Vaginal vault reconstruction. This report describes a new surgical technic for vaginal vault reconstruction performed on 116 patients either at the time of vaginal hysterectomy or in cases of post-hysterectomy vault suspension for vault prolapse. The repair maintains and restores proper vaginal vault support, preserves or increases overall vaginal length and preserves the proper angle of the vaginal canal. High extraperitoneal plication of the uterosacral ligaments is used to prevent enterocele, and provides hammock-like support of the vaginal vault. The paracervical fascia of the vaginal cuff is closed transversely in the midline rather than anterior-posteriorly.", "PMID": 857208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11898", "title": "Plasma hormones in clomiphene citrate therapy.", "content": "Daily plasma follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estrone (E1), estradiol-17beta (E2), progesterone (P), androstenedione (A), and testosterone (T) were measured in six clomiphene citrate (Clomid) treated cycles. Three patients ovulated and 1 of them conceived during the study cycle. Three other patients failed to ovulate in spite of some evidence of ovarian response to clomiphene treatment in 2 of them. Plasma gonadotropin levels, of LH in particular, rose during the clomiphene therapy and reached a peak during Day 5 to Day 7 of therapy. Levels of plasma estrogens, both E1 and E2, gradually rose, reflecting follicular maturation in the ovary. When E2 reached a critical level as in the normal ovulatory cycle, it triggered an LH surge which consequently initiated ovulation. When the E2 level was inadequate or excessive, ovulation failed in spite of an LH surge. Following ovulation, plasma P rose and fell in a manner similar to the normal ovulatory cycle, with occasional values that exceeded the normal range. Levels of androgens, both A and T, rose during clomiphene therapy in some cases and T seemed to fluctuate in correlation with LH level. The possible local inhibitory influence of high E2 and T levels on follicular maturation in the ovary during clomiphene therapy is suspected in some cycles in which ovarian response was evident, but ovulation failed to occur.", "contents": "Plasma hormones in clomiphene citrate therapy. Daily plasma follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estrone (E1), estradiol-17beta (E2), progesterone (P), androstenedione (A), and testosterone (T) were measured in six clomiphene citrate (Clomid) treated cycles. Three patients ovulated and 1 of them conceived during the study cycle. Three other patients failed to ovulate in spite of some evidence of ovarian response to clomiphene treatment in 2 of them. Plasma gonadotropin levels, of LH in particular, rose during the clomiphene therapy and reached a peak during Day 5 to Day 7 of therapy. Levels of plasma estrogens, both E1 and E2, gradually rose, reflecting follicular maturation in the ovary. When E2 reached a critical level as in the normal ovulatory cycle, it triggered an LH surge which consequently initiated ovulation. When the E2 level was inadequate or excessive, ovulation failed in spite of an LH surge. Following ovulation, plasma P rose and fell in a manner similar to the normal ovulatory cycle, with occasional values that exceeded the normal range. Levels of androgens, both A and T, rose during clomiphene therapy in some cases and T seemed to fluctuate in correlation with LH level. The possible local inhibitory influence of high E2 and T levels on follicular maturation in the ovary during clomiphene therapy is suspected in some cycles in which ovarian response was evident, but ovulation failed to occur.", "PMID": 857209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11899", "title": "Amniotic fluid cortisol as an index of fetal lung maturity.", "content": "Amniotic fluid cortisol concentration was compared with lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio, gestational age, and eventual birth-weight in a large series of normal and high-risk human pregnancies in an effort to determine whether cortisol could be used as a reliable indicator of fetal maturity. It appears that when used alone amniotic fluid cortisol is of limited clinical value as an antepartum predictor of fetal respiratory status because of unacceptable percentages of false positive and false negative predictions. Whether amniotic fluid cortisol can be used as an adjunct in the evaluation of high-risk pregnancies with \"transitional\" L/S ratios remains to be explored.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid cortisol as an index of fetal lung maturity. Amniotic fluid cortisol concentration was compared with lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio, gestational age, and eventual birth-weight in a large series of normal and high-risk human pregnancies in an effort to determine whether cortisol could be used as a reliable indicator of fetal maturity. It appears that when used alone amniotic fluid cortisol is of limited clinical value as an antepartum predictor of fetal respiratory status because of unacceptable percentages of false positive and false negative predictions. Whether amniotic fluid cortisol can be used as an adjunct in the evaluation of high-risk pregnancies with \"transitional\" L/S ratios remains to be explored.", "PMID": 857210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11900", "title": "Placental transfer and metabolism of betamethasone in human pregnancy.", "content": "The concentration of betamethasone has been measured in maternal peripheral plasma, umbilical cord artery and vein, and amniotic fluid following maternal administration of betamethasone phosphate and betamethasone acetate on 3 consecutive days. Betamethasone was measured by radioimmunoassay following column chromatography. The findings show that betamethasone is transferred across the human placenta, circulates in the fetus and appears in amniotic fluid. During the 3 days after the start of treatment, levels of the betamethasone were similar in maternal and umbilical cord blood and in amniotic fluid. Thereafter, although levels in the mother were measurable for up to 7 days after the initial injection, the drug was detected in the cord plasma of only one baby. In vitro incubation studies of human placental tissue with 3H betamethasone identified 11-keto betamethasone as the major metabolite of betamethasone.", "contents": "Placental transfer and metabolism of betamethasone in human pregnancy. The concentration of betamethasone has been measured in maternal peripheral plasma, umbilical cord artery and vein, and amniotic fluid following maternal administration of betamethasone phosphate and betamethasone acetate on 3 consecutive days. Betamethasone was measured by radioimmunoassay following column chromatography. The findings show that betamethasone is transferred across the human placenta, circulates in the fetus and appears in amniotic fluid. During the 3 days after the start of treatment, levels of the betamethasone were similar in maternal and umbilical cord blood and in amniotic fluid. Thereafter, although levels in the mother were measurable for up to 7 days after the initial injection, the drug was detected in the cord plasma of only one baby. In vitro incubation studies of human placental tissue with 3H betamethasone identified 11-keto betamethasone as the major metabolite of betamethasone.", "PMID": 857211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11901", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of bilateral renal agenesis.", "content": "Bilateral renal agenesis (BRA), or Potter's syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder in which agenesis of the kidneys is associated with pulmonary hypoplasia and characteristic facial features. Oligohydramnios or virtual absence of amniotic fluid is found in most pregnancies with BRA. Clinical observation and serial ultrasonography scans made it possible to diagnose BRA prenatally in a fetus at risk. Postmortem examination confirmed the diagnosis.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of bilateral renal agenesis. Bilateral renal agenesis (BRA), or Potter's syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder in which agenesis of the kidneys is associated with pulmonary hypoplasia and characteristic facial features. Oligohydramnios or virtual absence of amniotic fluid is found in most pregnancies with BRA. Clinical observation and serial ultrasonography scans made it possible to diagnose BRA prenatally in a fetus at risk. Postmortem examination confirmed the diagnosis.", "PMID": 857212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11902", "title": "Analysis of variables affecting perinatal mortality: St. Louis City Hospital, 1969-1975.", "content": "A marked drop in perinatal mortality at St. Louis City Hospital No. 1 (SLCH) from 1974 to 1975 (39.7 vs 20.6 per 1000 births) prompted a detailed analysis of various factors which might have effected the change. Comparisons were also made between SLCH and St. Mary's Health Center (SMHC), a private hospital affiliated with St. Louis University. The significant drop in perinatal mortality at SLCH in 1975 seems to be due to a combination of various factors: 1) improvement in antepartum care, 2) increase use of cesarean sections, and 3) the influence of intrapartum fetal monitoring.", "contents": "Analysis of variables affecting perinatal mortality: St. Louis City Hospital, 1969-1975. A marked drop in perinatal mortality at St. Louis City Hospital No. 1 (SLCH) from 1974 to 1975 (39.7 vs 20.6 per 1000 births) prompted a detailed analysis of various factors which might have effected the change. Comparisons were also made between SLCH and St. Mary's Health Center (SMHC), a private hospital affiliated with St. Louis University. The significant drop in perinatal mortality at SLCH in 1975 seems to be due to a combination of various factors: 1) improvement in antepartum care, 2) increase use of cesarean sections, and 3) the influence of intrapartum fetal monitoring.", "PMID": 857213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11903", "title": "Postpartum spontaneous rupture of ovarian artery aneurysm.", "content": "A case of spontaneous rupture of a right ovarian artery aneurysm after delivery is presented. Search of the literature revealed 3 similar cases of spontaneous rupture during early peurperium and 1 case of spontaneous rupture of an ovarian artery on the third postpartum day with no abnormal findings of the vessel at the site of rupture.", "contents": "Postpartum spontaneous rupture of ovarian artery aneurysm. A case of spontaneous rupture of a right ovarian artery aneurysm after delivery is presented. Search of the literature revealed 3 similar cases of spontaneous rupture during early peurperium and 1 case of spontaneous rupture of an ovarian artery on the third postpartum day with no abnormal findings of the vessel at the site of rupture.", "PMID": 857214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11904", "title": "The incidence of gestational diabetes.", "content": "The incidnece of gestational diabetes has been quoted as being between 1 and 2%. The criteria used to establish this incidence may be in error, leading to identification of fewer patients. Using the criteria established by O'Sullivan et al, we were able to determine the incidence of gestational diabetes to be 6.0% in a private patient population. In addition, in previous pregnancies of these gestational diabetic patients, the incidence of congenital abnormalities was 13.6%, and perinatal mortality was 4.5 per cent.", "contents": "The incidence of gestational diabetes. The incidnece of gestational diabetes has been quoted as being between 1 and 2%. The criteria used to establish this incidence may be in error, leading to identification of fewer patients. Using the criteria established by O'Sullivan et al, we were able to determine the incidence of gestational diabetes to be 6.0% in a private patient population. In addition, in previous pregnancies of these gestational diabetic patients, the incidence of congenital abnormalities was 13.6%, and perinatal mortality was 4.5 per cent.", "PMID": 857215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11905", "title": "The conservative management of toxemia: a brief report of effective perinatal concepts.", "content": "Toxemia remains inscrutable. Modern perinatal medical facilities have, however, been able to reduce perinatal mortality in this and other chronic illnesses affecting mother and baby by the increased ability to assess fetal maturity and monitor continued welfare. Modern advances in neonatal intensive care have aided inestimably in improving the results. A 5-year experience with a conscientious but conservative approach to toxemia is presented, with perinatal mortality identical to that of the overall population at 11/1000 live births. Results are compared to older data on neonatal mortality from toxemia, emphasizing the importance of cooperative efforts by the obstetrician and neonatologist in any successful perinatal program.", "contents": "The conservative management of toxemia: a brief report of effective perinatal concepts. Toxemia remains inscrutable. Modern perinatal medical facilities have, however, been able to reduce perinatal mortality in this and other chronic illnesses affecting mother and baby by the increased ability to assess fetal maturity and monitor continued welfare. Modern advances in neonatal intensive care have aided inestimably in improving the results. A 5-year experience with a conscientious but conservative approach to toxemia is presented, with perinatal mortality identical to that of the overall population at 11/1000 live births. Results are compared to older data on neonatal mortality from toxemia, emphasizing the importance of cooperative efforts by the obstetrician and neonatologist in any successful perinatal program.", "PMID": 857216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11906", "title": "Differential diagnostic aspects between optic neurititis and chiasm tumors.", "content": "Two patients with a pituitary tumor were first considered to have an optic neuritis from the clinical picture. The electrophysiological examination with VECPs gave results which did not offer a definite differentiation between both diseases, whereas perimetry and X-ray examination were decisive.", "contents": "Differential diagnostic aspects between optic neurititis and chiasm tumors. Two patients with a pituitary tumor were first considered to have an optic neuritis from the clinical picture. The electrophysiological examination with VECPs gave results which did not offer a definite differentiation between both diseases, whereas perimetry and X-ray examination were decisive.", "PMID": 857217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11907", "title": "[Statistical contribution on symptomatic dry eye].", "content": "Optical mark page reader forms to establish the case history were statistically evaluated with regard to the question 'Do you often have the feeling of having sand in the eye. Out of a total of 5,833 patients, 684 (11.7%) answered this question with 'yes'. Women stated with 15.1% relatively more often than men with 9.7% this clinical symptom. Of these 684 patients who subjectively complained of feeling of sand, 241 had an ophthalmological examination. In 92 patients (38.2%) the Bengal-Rosa 1% test was specifically performed due to the specific past history and the clinical symptoms stated on questions by the physician; in all cases signs of a keratoconjunctivitis sicca of different degree were found by slit-lamp microscopy, i.e., at least 4.5% keratoconjunctivitis sicca patients on our whole collective can be expected. The result of a thorough examination in these 92 patients (39 men and 53 women) with ophthalmologically confirmed keratoconjunctivitis sicca showed that in 25 (of 53) women there was an imbalance of the sex hormones. Besides degenerative diseases due to age, diseases of the connective tissue and those caused by an auto immune mechansim were found.", "contents": "[Statistical contribution on symptomatic dry eye]. Optical mark page reader forms to establish the case history were statistically evaluated with regard to the question 'Do you often have the feeling of having sand in the eye. Out of a total of 5,833 patients, 684 (11.7%) answered this question with 'yes'. Women stated with 15.1% relatively more often than men with 9.7% this clinical symptom. Of these 684 patients who subjectively complained of feeling of sand, 241 had an ophthalmological examination. In 92 patients (38.2%) the Bengal-Rosa 1% test was specifically performed due to the specific past history and the clinical symptoms stated on questions by the physician; in all cases signs of a keratoconjunctivitis sicca of different degree were found by slit-lamp microscopy, i.e., at least 4.5% keratoconjunctivitis sicca patients on our whole collective can be expected. The result of a thorough examination in these 92 patients (39 men and 53 women) with ophthalmologically confirmed keratoconjunctivitis sicca showed that in 25 (of 53) women there was an imbalance of the sex hormones. Besides degenerative diseases due to age, diseases of the connective tissue and those caused by an auto immune mechansim were found.", "PMID": 857218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11908", "title": "Pterygium in Qatar.", "content": "The incidence of pterygium in Qatar is 6.2%, which is less than expected. Laying stress on the climatic conditions, the etiological factors have been discussed. 450 cases of pterygia were operated on by a modified bare scleral technique followed by beta-irradiation. No recurrence occurred in 90% following the first operation. The final good result (98.8%) is in favour of the adopted surgical technique and post-operative care.", "contents": "Pterygium in Qatar. The incidence of pterygium in Qatar is 6.2%, which is less than expected. Laying stress on the climatic conditions, the etiological factors have been discussed. 450 cases of pterygia were operated on by a modified bare scleral technique followed by beta-irradiation. No recurrence occurred in 90% following the first operation. The final good result (98.8%) is in favour of the adopted surgical technique and post-operative care.", "PMID": 857219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11909", "title": "Functional evaluation in central retinitis pigmentosa.", "content": "Three patients with central retinitis pigmentosa were investigated in a 5-year follow-up study. The psychophysical and electrophysiological data show the involement of both the central and peripheral photoreceptors and their continuous functional deterioration with time. This conclusion could be demonstrated under all conditions of testing indicating the polymorphism of the disease. The results and the lack of genetical involvement make it difficult to relate this condition to the classical pigmentary retinal degeneration. This data emphasizes the importance of clinical reevaluations and serial electrophysiological testing in order to differentiate between the stationary periods and the progressive deterioration in this disease.", "contents": "Functional evaluation in central retinitis pigmentosa. Three patients with central retinitis pigmentosa were investigated in a 5-year follow-up study. The psychophysical and electrophysiological data show the involement of both the central and peripheral photoreceptors and their continuous functional deterioration with time. This conclusion could be demonstrated under all conditions of testing indicating the polymorphism of the disease. The results and the lack of genetical involvement make it difficult to relate this condition to the classical pigmentary retinal degeneration. This data emphasizes the importance of clinical reevaluations and serial electrophysiological testing in order to differentiate between the stationary periods and the progressive deterioration in this disease.", "PMID": 857220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11910", "title": "Effects of radiation after enucleation without implantation on orbital development of patients with retinoblastoma.", "content": "Orbital growth of the patients treated with enucleation and radiation in infancy for retinoblastoma was studied by roentgenographic measurements. The patients radiated following enucleation without implantation were found to be many in the present series, and the effects of radiation and the insertion of an implant to the development of the orbit in infancy were discussed. Judging from the results of statistical analysis of roentgenographic measurements of the orbit, growth retardation of the orbit radiated after enucleation was greater than that of the orbit only enucleated. Radiation therapy after enucleation for intraocular malignant tumor in infancy should be avoided as much as possible unless the extrascleral invasion is found at operation.", "contents": "Effects of radiation after enucleation without implantation on orbital development of patients with retinoblastoma. Orbital growth of the patients treated with enucleation and radiation in infancy for retinoblastoma was studied by roentgenographic measurements. The patients radiated following enucleation without implantation were found to be many in the present series, and the effects of radiation and the insertion of an implant to the development of the orbit in infancy were discussed. Judging from the results of statistical analysis of roentgenographic measurements of the orbit, growth retardation of the orbit radiated after enucleation was greater than that of the orbit only enucleated. Radiation therapy after enucleation for intraocular malignant tumor in infancy should be avoided as much as possible unless the extrascleral invasion is found at operation.", "PMID": 857221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11911", "title": "[Role of the trabecular meshwork in chamber water exchange based on model experiments].", "content": "On the basis of our experiments with models, we suppose that the trabecular meshwork possesses a pump mechanism with a sucking and compressing effect, forming a basic hydrodynamic mechanism together with the humour aqueous production and the uveal and episcleral outflow. This mechanism is able - in spite of the changes of certain factors - to keep the aqueous outflow and the intraocular pressure at a standard level in normal physiologic circumstances. Finally, it is possible that this mechanism can be influenced by the neurohormonal system, or in other words, it may be the physical manifestation of the neurohormonal effects.", "contents": "[Role of the trabecular meshwork in chamber water exchange based on model experiments]. On the basis of our experiments with models, we suppose that the trabecular meshwork possesses a pump mechanism with a sucking and compressing effect, forming a basic hydrodynamic mechanism together with the humour aqueous production and the uveal and episcleral outflow. This mechanism is able - in spite of the changes of certain factors - to keep the aqueous outflow and the intraocular pressure at a standard level in normal physiologic circumstances. Finally, it is possible that this mechanism can be influenced by the neurohormonal system, or in other words, it may be the physical manifestation of the neurohormonal effects.", "PMID": 857222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11912", "title": "Choristoma osseum orbitae. A clinicopathological case report.", "content": "A brief description is given of a congenital bone formation in the orbit lying on the surface of the outer canthus of the left eye, without any connection to the bulb.", "contents": "Choristoma osseum orbitae. A clinicopathological case report. A brief description is given of a congenital bone formation in the orbit lying on the surface of the outer canthus of the left eye, without any connection to the bulb.", "PMID": 857223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11913", "title": "Experimental determination of spinal motion segment behavior.", "content": "The mechanical behavior of the human spine is complex. Most of the studies in the past have predominantly dealt with axial compression. Some attempts have been made to study spinal behavior resulting from the application of other types of loads. However, coupled motions have not been documented. In the present discussion we have attempted to develop a system that makes it possible to determine the complete elastic behavior of the spine and to present some results of three dimensional studies, including the coupling effects. Some of the conclusions are as follows: 1. The mechanical behavior of the spinal motion segments can be documented by application of 12 physiologic loads to the upper vertebra and measuring the resulting six components of the three dimensional motion. 2. Each physiologic load (a force or a moment) produces one main motion and five coupled motions. 3. Seventy-two load displacement curves are required for a complete description of the elastic behavior of a single motion segment.", "contents": "Experimental determination of spinal motion segment behavior. The mechanical behavior of the human spine is complex. Most of the studies in the past have predominantly dealt with axial compression. Some attempts have been made to study spinal behavior resulting from the application of other types of loads. However, coupled motions have not been documented. In the present discussion we have attempted to develop a system that makes it possible to determine the complete elastic behavior of the spine and to present some results of three dimensional studies, including the coupling effects. Some of the conclusions are as follows: 1. The mechanical behavior of the spinal motion segments can be documented by application of 12 physiologic loads to the upper vertebra and measuring the resulting six components of the three dimensional motion. 2. Each physiologic load (a force or a moment) produces one main motion and five coupled motions. 3. Seventy-two load displacement curves are required for a complete description of the elastic behavior of a single motion segment.", "PMID": 857224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11914", "title": "Effects of preload on load displacement curves of the lumbar spine.", "content": "Elastic mechanical properties of the spine are a function of the axial preload as well as the physiologic loads. The published literature does not take into account the effect of the preload. In this study we have presented a new technique for applying large preloads together with 12 physiologic loads and for measuring the resulting three dimensional motion. Some of the conclusions regarding the elastic behavior of the lumbar spine are: (1) The application of any one of the 12 physiologic loads produces a three dimensional motion consisting of three translations and three rotations. (2) The main as well as the coupled motion curve is affected by the inclusion of preloads. (3) As represented by the main motion curves, the spine becomes more flexible in the presence of preloads with the physiologic forces directed laterally or anteriorly, or moments producing lateral bending or flexion. (4) The spine becomes less flexible in the presence of preload when it is subjected to axial tension or axial torsion. (5) No appreciable change due to the preloads is noticed in the load displacement curves when axial compression, posteriorly directed force, or extension moment is applied.", "contents": "Effects of preload on load displacement curves of the lumbar spine. Elastic mechanical properties of the spine are a function of the axial preload as well as the physiologic loads. The published literature does not take into account the effect of the preload. In this study we have presented a new technique for applying large preloads together with 12 physiologic loads and for measuring the resulting three dimensional motion. Some of the conclusions regarding the elastic behavior of the lumbar spine are: (1) The application of any one of the 12 physiologic loads produces a three dimensional motion consisting of three translations and three rotations. (2) The main as well as the coupled motion curve is affected by the inclusion of preloads. (3) As represented by the main motion curves, the spine becomes more flexible in the presence of preloads with the physiologic forces directed laterally or anteriorly, or moments producing lateral bending or flexion. (4) The spine becomes less flexible in the presence of preload when it is subjected to axial tension or axial torsion. (5) No appreciable change due to the preloads is noticed in the load displacement curves when axial compression, posteriorly directed force, or extension moment is applied.", "PMID": 857225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11915", "title": "A sonic tool for spinal fusion.", "content": "The application of sonic energy to bone cutting problems is reported. The basic principle of the resonant tool, its adaptation for surgery, the experimental results of its use in animals, and clinical experience are reported. This sonic tool is found to introduce no significant tissue destruction. It does have several desirable characteristics for routine use in orthopedics.", "contents": "A sonic tool for spinal fusion. The application of sonic energy to bone cutting problems is reported. The basic principle of the resonant tool, its adaptation for surgery, the experimental results of its use in animals, and clinical experience are reported. This sonic tool is found to introduce no significant tissue destruction. It does have several desirable characteristics for routine use in orthopedics.", "PMID": 857226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11916", "title": "Aging and degeneration in the lumbar intervertebral disc.", "content": "1. The maintenance of the nucleus pulposus matrix in the adult human disc is dependent on the functional integrity of the cartilage end plate cells. 2. Cartilage end plate senescence is followed by compensatory cartilaginous metaplasia of annulus fibrosus cells. 3. It is proposed that disc narrowing and collapse are related to metabolic failure of matrix production by end plate and annulus fibrosus cells. 4. Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposits, a visible manifestation of a metabolic abnormality, are found frequently in the annulus fibrosus and cartilage end plates of elderly patients with degenerative disc disease.", "contents": "Aging and degeneration in the lumbar intervertebral disc. 1. The maintenance of the nucleus pulposus matrix in the adult human disc is dependent on the functional integrity of the cartilage end plate cells. 2. Cartilage end plate senescence is followed by compensatory cartilaginous metaplasia of annulus fibrosus cells. 3. It is proposed that disc narrowing and collapse are related to metabolic failure of matrix production by end plate and annulus fibrosus cells. 4. Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposits, a visible manifestation of a metabolic abnormality, are found frequently in the annulus fibrosus and cartilage end plates of elderly patients with degenerative disc disease.", "PMID": 857227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11917", "title": "Quantitative electromyographic studies of back muscle activity relatated to posture and loading.", "content": "The myoelectric activity of some of the posterior muscles of the back was studied quantitatively using signal amplitude estimation and power spectrum analysis. Surface electrodes were placed on both sides of the trunk at T4, T8, L1, L3, and L5 levels. Four different angles of forward flexion were studied during external loading of the spine with 200 N. At 30 degrees of forward flexion studies were made when the load was increased from 0 to 300 N. Asymmetric loading was studied with the trunk erect, in lateral flexion, and in rotation. The myoelectric activity increased when the angle of flexion increased and when the external load was increaed at a fixed angle of flexion. During asymmetric loading, comparatively higher activity was found on the contralateral side in the lumbar region and on the ipsilateral side in the thoracic region. The magnitude of the power spectrum changes correlated well with the amplitude of the myoelectric signal. Spectral changes increased when the signal amplitude increased, indicating localized muscle fatigue.", "contents": "Quantitative electromyographic studies of back muscle activity relatated to posture and loading. The myoelectric activity of some of the posterior muscles of the back was studied quantitatively using signal amplitude estimation and power spectrum analysis. Surface electrodes were placed on both sides of the trunk at T4, T8, L1, L3, and L5 levels. Four different angles of forward flexion were studied during external loading of the spine with 200 N. At 30 degrees of forward flexion studies were made when the load was increased from 0 to 300 N. Asymmetric loading was studied with the trunk erect, in lateral flexion, and in rotation. The myoelectric activity increased when the angle of flexion increased and when the external load was increaed at a fixed angle of flexion. During asymmetric loading, comparatively higher activity was found on the contralateral side in the lumbar region and on the ipsilateral side in the thoracic region. The magnitude of the power spectrum changes correlated well with the amplitude of the myoelectric signal. Spectral changes increased when the signal amplitude increased, indicating localized muscle fatigue.", "PMID": 857228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11918", "title": "Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of the nasal mucosa.", "content": "We attempted to study the nasal mucosa of children (both normal and diseased) under light microscopy followed by both scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Combined methods of microscopy are valuable tools in establishing the diagnosis and lead to a better understanding of disease and its management. For this reason we found it necessary to study the ultrastructural details of the cells of the nasal mucosa. Through scanning electron microscopy we studied the functional aspects and the nature of the surface of these cells. Ultrastructural details of these cells were studied with the aid of transmission electron microscopy.", "contents": "Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of the nasal mucosa. We attempted to study the nasal mucosa of children (both normal and diseased) under light microscopy followed by both scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Combined methods of microscopy are valuable tools in establishing the diagnosis and lead to a better understanding of disease and its management. For this reason we found it necessary to study the ultrastructural details of the cells of the nasal mucosa. Through scanning electron microscopy we studied the functional aspects and the nature of the surface of these cells. Ultrastructural details of these cells were studied with the aid of transmission electron microscopy.", "PMID": 857229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11919", "title": "The iso-enzyme of alkaline phosphatase in neutrophils during pregnancy.", "content": "The alkaline phosphatase from neutrophils of pregnant women and normal males has been extracted, subjected to various inhibitory procedures and to electrophoresis. It is demonstrated that the iso-enzyme obtained from each group is indistinguishable from the skeletal iso-enzyme, in contrast to the serum iso-enzyme of pregnancy which is placental.", "contents": "The iso-enzyme of alkaline phosphatase in neutrophils during pregnancy. The alkaline phosphatase from neutrophils of pregnant women and normal males has been extracted, subjected to various inhibitory procedures and to electrophoresis. It is demonstrated that the iso-enzyme obtained from each group is indistinguishable from the skeletal iso-enzyme, in contrast to the serum iso-enzyme of pregnancy which is placental.", "PMID": 857230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11920", "title": "Thorotrast-induced bilateral carcinoma of the kidney.", "content": "A case of transitional cell carcinoma in the left kidney 25 years after urinary tract investigations, and squamous cell carcinoma in the right kidney 6 years later is described. Thorotrast was identified in the kidneys and in the reticulo-endothelial system post mortem and was presumably the contrast material used for the original retrograde pyelogram. When retained in the kidneys after retrograde pyelography Thorotrast produces a characteristic radiological and histological appearance and can be identified by the spectrum of radiation which it emits. The authors believe that this report of bilateral renal carcinomas related to Thorotrast is unique.", "contents": "Thorotrast-induced bilateral carcinoma of the kidney. A case of transitional cell carcinoma in the left kidney 25 years after urinary tract investigations, and squamous cell carcinoma in the right kidney 6 years later is described. Thorotrast was identified in the kidneys and in the reticulo-endothelial system post mortem and was presumably the contrast material used for the original retrograde pyelogram. When retained in the kidneys after retrograde pyelography Thorotrast produces a characteristic radiological and histological appearance and can be identified by the spectrum of radiation which it emits. The authors believe that this report of bilateral renal carcinomas related to Thorotrast is unique.", "PMID": 857231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11921", "title": "Allergy and infection.", "content": "The majority of infectious asthma in children is of viral etiology. The respiratory syncytial and parainfluenza viruses are the etiologic agents in most young children, whereas rhinovirus primarily initiates asthmatic episodes in older children. Short-term or alternate day maintenance corticosteroid therapy probably does not significantly increase the asthmatic child's susceptibility to infection.", "contents": "Allergy and infection. The majority of infectious asthma in children is of viral etiology. The respiratory syncytial and parainfluenza viruses are the etiologic agents in most young children, whereas rhinovirus primarily initiates asthmatic episodes in older children. Short-term or alternate day maintenance corticosteroid therapy probably does not significantly increase the asthmatic child's susceptibility to infection.", "PMID": 857233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11922", "title": "Determination of bile acid concentration in human amniotic fluid for prenatal diagnosis of intestinal obstruction.", "content": "Bile acid concentration was measured in amniotic fluid obtained for standard indications from 11 healthy pregnant women without polyhydramnios (28 to 42 weeks of gestation) and from 9 patients with polyhydramnios (28 to 38 weeks of gestation). Two of the latter women delivered infants with intestinal obstruction distal to the papilla of Vater, a condition that causes regurgitation of bile into the amniotic fluid. In the women without polyhydramios, the total bile acid concentration ranged from 1.4 to 2.4 micronmol/liter. In the seven patients with polyhydramnios not associated with fetal intestinal obstruction, the bile acid concentration in amniotic fluid was not significantly different (0.9 to 1.9 micronmol/liter). By contrast, the bile acid concentration in amniotic fluid specimens from the two patients with polyhydramnios who gave birth to children with intestinal obstruction was considerably elevated (30.3 to 83.1 micronmol/liter). These findings suggest that determination of bile acid concentration in amniotic fluid permits prenatal diagnosis of intestinal obstruction distal to the papilla of Vater.", "contents": "Determination of bile acid concentration in human amniotic fluid for prenatal diagnosis of intestinal obstruction. Bile acid concentration was measured in amniotic fluid obtained for standard indications from 11 healthy pregnant women without polyhydramnios (28 to 42 weeks of gestation) and from 9 patients with polyhydramnios (28 to 38 weeks of gestation). Two of the latter women delivered infants with intestinal obstruction distal to the papilla of Vater, a condition that causes regurgitation of bile into the amniotic fluid. In the women without polyhydramios, the total bile acid concentration ranged from 1.4 to 2.4 micronmol/liter. In the seven patients with polyhydramnios not associated with fetal intestinal obstruction, the bile acid concentration in amniotic fluid was not significantly different (0.9 to 1.9 micronmol/liter). By contrast, the bile acid concentration in amniotic fluid specimens from the two patients with polyhydramnios who gave birth to children with intestinal obstruction was considerably elevated (30.3 to 83.1 micronmol/liter). These findings suggest that determination of bile acid concentration in amniotic fluid permits prenatal diagnosis of intestinal obstruction distal to the papilla of Vater.", "PMID": 857234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11923", "title": "The respiratory mechanism of aerosol inhalation in the treatment of partial airway obstruction.", "content": "There is a sensory system within the mucosa of the nose and supraglottic larynx that appears to be both mechanosensitive and chemosensitive. Our data suggest that the respiratory modification produced by microaerosol inhalation represents a mechanoreceptor rather than chemoreceptor response. Furthermore, the sensitivity of this reflex system appears aged-dependent, the data indicating a more active response early in life. From a clinical perspective, it is postulated that aerosol inhalation reflex alters the pattern of breathing, resulting in improved respiratory flow rates during partial upper airway obstruction. The mechanism of a favorable clinical response to mist inhalation has not been previously appreciated in this context.", "contents": "The respiratory mechanism of aerosol inhalation in the treatment of partial airway obstruction. There is a sensory system within the mucosa of the nose and supraglottic larynx that appears to be both mechanosensitive and chemosensitive. Our data suggest that the respiratory modification produced by microaerosol inhalation represents a mechanoreceptor rather than chemoreceptor response. Furthermore, the sensitivity of this reflex system appears aged-dependent, the data indicating a more active response early in life. From a clinical perspective, it is postulated that aerosol inhalation reflex alters the pattern of breathing, resulting in improved respiratory flow rates during partial upper airway obstruction. The mechanism of a favorable clinical response to mist inhalation has not been previously appreciated in this context.", "PMID": 857235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11924", "title": "Pulmonary edema associated with croup and epiglottitis.", "content": "Two children, ages 9 and 2 1/2 years, with clinical diagnoses of laryngotracheitis (croup) and epiglottis, respectively, developed florid pulmonary edema without evidence of cardiac enlargement. Both children responded to vigorous therapy, which included endotracheal intubation, mechanical ventilation with high oxygen concentrations and positive end expiratory pressure, diuretics, and support of the intravascular volume with colloid infusions. Swan-Ganz catheterization was performed in the child with epiglottitis to elucidate any hemodynamic malfunction. Pulmonary artery occluded pressure was found to be normal. We postulate that pulmonary edema may be the result of any of three major physiologic alterations: alveolar hypoxia, increased alveolar-capillary transmural pressure gradient, and a catechol-mediated shift of blood volume from the systemic to the pulmonary circulation. These alterations acting in concert would increase the volume of blood presented to the pulmonary capillaries, the pore size in those capillaries, and the hydrostatic pressure gradient promoting transduation. Failure of pulmonary lymphatics to effectively clear this fluid would result in pulmonary edema. Although pulmonary edema associated with acute upper airway obstruction is unusual, physicians should be altered to its possible appearance and the need for early and vigorous therapeutic measures.", "contents": "Pulmonary edema associated with croup and epiglottitis. Two children, ages 9 and 2 1/2 years, with clinical diagnoses of laryngotracheitis (croup) and epiglottis, respectively, developed florid pulmonary edema without evidence of cardiac enlargement. Both children responded to vigorous therapy, which included endotracheal intubation, mechanical ventilation with high oxygen concentrations and positive end expiratory pressure, diuretics, and support of the intravascular volume with colloid infusions. Swan-Ganz catheterization was performed in the child with epiglottitis to elucidate any hemodynamic malfunction. Pulmonary artery occluded pressure was found to be normal. We postulate that pulmonary edema may be the result of any of three major physiologic alterations: alveolar hypoxia, increased alveolar-capillary transmural pressure gradient, and a catechol-mediated shift of blood volume from the systemic to the pulmonary circulation. These alterations acting in concert would increase the volume of blood presented to the pulmonary capillaries, the pore size in those capillaries, and the hydrostatic pressure gradient promoting transduation. Failure of pulmonary lymphatics to effectively clear this fluid would result in pulmonary edema. Although pulmonary edema associated with acute upper airway obstruction is unusual, physicians should be altered to its possible appearance and the need for early and vigorous therapeutic measures.", "PMID": 857236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11925", "title": "Growth, course, and prognosis after surgery for Crohn's disease in children and adolescents.", "content": "Surgery is often performed because of growth failure when Crohn's disease occurs in children and adolescents, but the long-term responses of such therapy are not known. Thirty-seven children and adolescents were followed from 2 to 26 years after resections for Crohn's disease. Twenty-eight patients had disease that involved both the colon and terminal ileum; disease was limited to the small intestine in eight patients and to the stomach in one. At the time of surgery 16 patients were at or below the third percentile for weight and only 16 had reached puberty (all of these were older than 14.5 years). Fourteen patients (11 prepubertal, 3 pubertal) had severe impairment of linear growth; height and was at or below the third percentile or linear growth was absent for more than a year. At the time of the first operation, seven patients had incomplete resections and have had persistent disease. The remaining 30 patients had complete resections as determined by gross and histological criteria. Of these, 12 have had recurrences and 18 have been free of disease. Of the 11 prepubertal patients with preoperative linear growth failure, only two had catch-up growth after surgery. The remaining nine and all of the pubertal patients have either failed to grow or have maintained their height in their preoperative percentile. Catch-up growth after surgery for Crohn's disease occurs only in those children who are operated on before puberty and in whom there is no early recurrence. The recurrence rate for this group of patients was 30%; most recurrences occurred within two years of the initial resection. Growth failure, therefore, may be considered an important indication for surgery in the prepubertal child with Crohn's disease, but it probably is not an indication after onset of puberty.", "contents": "Growth, course, and prognosis after surgery for Crohn's disease in children and adolescents. Surgery is often performed because of growth failure when Crohn's disease occurs in children and adolescents, but the long-term responses of such therapy are not known. Thirty-seven children and adolescents were followed from 2 to 26 years after resections for Crohn's disease. Twenty-eight patients had disease that involved both the colon and terminal ileum; disease was limited to the small intestine in eight patients and to the stomach in one. At the time of surgery 16 patients were at or below the third percentile for weight and only 16 had reached puberty (all of these were older than 14.5 years). Fourteen patients (11 prepubertal, 3 pubertal) had severe impairment of linear growth; height and was at or below the third percentile or linear growth was absent for more than a year. At the time of the first operation, seven patients had incomplete resections and have had persistent disease. The remaining 30 patients had complete resections as determined by gross and histological criteria. Of these, 12 have had recurrences and 18 have been free of disease. Of the 11 prepubertal patients with preoperative linear growth failure, only two had catch-up growth after surgery. The remaining nine and all of the pubertal patients have either failed to grow or have maintained their height in their preoperative percentile. Catch-up growth after surgery for Crohn's disease occurs only in those children who are operated on before puberty and in whom there is no early recurrence. The recurrence rate for this group of patients was 30%; most recurrences occurred within two years of the initial resection. Growth failure, therefore, may be considered an important indication for surgery in the prepubertal child with Crohn's disease, but it probably is not an indication after onset of puberty.", "PMID": 857237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11926", "title": "Use of the pigmentometer, a new device for measuring skin albedo: relating skin color with a series of physiological measures.", "content": "Use of the Pigmentometer, a new device for measuring skin albedo: Relating skin color with a series of physiological measures. An apparatus has been described for the indirect measurement of skin albedo in human subjects. This device operates on the principle of the reflectance of light as influenced by the lightness or darkness of the skin. This new equipment was used to examine the relationship between lightness or darkness of the skin and the basal level and responsivity of some autonomic nervous system physiological variables in a series of 46 black and 47 white male and female subjects. It was observed that blacks had significantly lower (darker) skin albedo (PI), a significantly higher skin resistance (SR) and amplitude of the galvanic skin response (GSR), and an insignificant higher basal heart rate (HR). Pearson Product-Movement correlations between all measures from the total population showed significant relationships between PI and SR, SR and GSR and HR and HRR (heart rate response). The further separation of the total population into subgroups of blacks, whites, males, females, and black and white male and female goups, respectively, altered some of these differences and relationships previously observed. These results appeared to support the premise that race is more responsible for influencing the measured physiological responses, particularly SR, than is the lightness or darkness of the skin.", "contents": "Use of the pigmentometer, a new device for measuring skin albedo: relating skin color with a series of physiological measures. Use of the Pigmentometer, a new device for measuring skin albedo: Relating skin color with a series of physiological measures. An apparatus has been described for the indirect measurement of skin albedo in human subjects. This device operates on the principle of the reflectance of light as influenced by the lightness or darkness of the skin. This new equipment was used to examine the relationship between lightness or darkness of the skin and the basal level and responsivity of some autonomic nervous system physiological variables in a series of 46 black and 47 white male and female subjects. It was observed that blacks had significantly lower (darker) skin albedo (PI), a significantly higher skin resistance (SR) and amplitude of the galvanic skin response (GSR), and an insignificant higher basal heart rate (HR). Pearson Product-Movement correlations between all measures from the total population showed significant relationships between PI and SR, SR and GSR and HR and HRR (heart rate response). The further separation of the total population into subgroups of blacks, whites, males, females, and black and white male and female goups, respectively, altered some of these differences and relationships previously observed. These results appeared to support the premise that race is more responsible for influencing the measured physiological responses, particularly SR, than is the lightness or darkness of the skin.", "PMID": 857232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11927", "title": "Evaluation of congenital neutropenic disorders by in vitro bone marrow culture.", "content": "The congenital neutropenias are a heterogenous group of diseases whose etiology and pathogenesis are largely unknown. We studied nine neutropenic patients from seven families. Evaluation included peripheral blood cell and differential cell counts, epinephrine and typhoid vaccine stimulation studies. Rebuck skin windows, and bone marrow aspirations for morphological assessment and for in vitro culture in liquid suspension and in agar plates. Parallel cultures were set up with and without colony-stimulating activity (CSA), and peripheral leukocytes were assayed for cellular production of CSA. Patients were initially classified on the basis of their clinical course: benign, mild, moderately severe, or severe disease. One patient in the moderately severe group had an immunoglobulin disorder. Morphologically normal mature granulocytes were seen in bone marrow aspirates of two patients, and maturational defects of varying degree were seen in the remaining seven. Colony formation in agar was markedly reduced below normal in three of seven, moderately reduced in two of seven, and greater than normal in two patients. Colonies in six of seven patients consisted exclusively of macrophages. Marrow from all but one of the nine patients demonstrated poor neutrophil development in suspension culture, and addition of CSA did not result in augmented granulocytic proliferation or maturation. A scheme of normal neutrophil maturation is proposed, and the nine patients were categorized according to this scheme. Four patterns of congenital neutropenia emerged: type 1 was the most benign form of disease with essentially normal clinical and in vitro parameters, and a defect considered to be due to a small committed stem cell pool, abnormal release, or excessive utilization peripherally; type 2 had mild disease with presumed defective committed stem cell differentiation along the granulocyte line; type 3 included benign to severe clinical expression with an apparent defect at the level of the committed granulocyte precursor more severe than in type 2; type 4 disease had varied clinical expression but evidence for a defect at the level of the pluripotent stem cell.", "contents": "Evaluation of congenital neutropenic disorders by in vitro bone marrow culture. The congenital neutropenias are a heterogenous group of diseases whose etiology and pathogenesis are largely unknown. We studied nine neutropenic patients from seven families. Evaluation included peripheral blood cell and differential cell counts, epinephrine and typhoid vaccine stimulation studies. Rebuck skin windows, and bone marrow aspirations for morphological assessment and for in vitro culture in liquid suspension and in agar plates. Parallel cultures were set up with and without colony-stimulating activity (CSA), and peripheral leukocytes were assayed for cellular production of CSA. Patients were initially classified on the basis of their clinical course: benign, mild, moderately severe, or severe disease. One patient in the moderately severe group had an immunoglobulin disorder. Morphologically normal mature granulocytes were seen in bone marrow aspirates of two patients, and maturational defects of varying degree were seen in the remaining seven. Colony formation in agar was markedly reduced below normal in three of seven, moderately reduced in two of seven, and greater than normal in two patients. Colonies in six of seven patients consisted exclusively of macrophages. Marrow from all but one of the nine patients demonstrated poor neutrophil development in suspension culture, and addition of CSA did not result in augmented granulocytic proliferation or maturation. A scheme of normal neutrophil maturation is proposed, and the nine patients were categorized according to this scheme. Four patterns of congenital neutropenia emerged: type 1 was the most benign form of disease with essentially normal clinical and in vitro parameters, and a defect considered to be due to a small committed stem cell pool, abnormal release, or excessive utilization peripherally; type 2 had mild disease with presumed defective committed stem cell differentiation along the granulocyte line; type 3 included benign to severe clinical expression with an apparent defect at the level of the committed granulocyte precursor more severe than in type 2; type 4 disease had varied clinical expression but evidence for a defect at the level of the pluripotent stem cell.", "PMID": 857238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11928", "title": "Maintenance of protection in patients treated for stinging insect hypersensitivity: a booster injection program.", "content": "A program of annual booster injections of mixed stinging insect whole body extract was given to 133 patients who had previously had three years or more of immunological treatment for systemic reactions of Hymenoptera stings. Two patients who were restung had mild symptoms that were evidenced by a few scattering hives with itching. No patient on a dose of 0.2 ml of 1:10 dilution extract had any reaction when they were restung. It is believed, therefore, that this program merits continuation with that dosage for a period long enough to determine its true effectiveness. There is some indication that this is an improvement over the program which stops treatment after three years. There is further support for the belief that this condition and the treatment are dose related. There is also evidence for my belief that this sensitivity, and the treatment, differ from the usual atopic sensitivity in antibody-antigen response.", "contents": "Maintenance of protection in patients treated for stinging insect hypersensitivity: a booster injection program. A program of annual booster injections of mixed stinging insect whole body extract was given to 133 patients who had previously had three years or more of immunological treatment for systemic reactions of Hymenoptera stings. Two patients who were restung had mild symptoms that were evidenced by a few scattering hives with itching. No patient on a dose of 0.2 ml of 1:10 dilution extract had any reaction when they were restung. It is believed, therefore, that this program merits continuation with that dosage for a period long enough to determine its true effectiveness. There is some indication that this is an improvement over the program which stops treatment after three years. There is further support for the belief that this condition and the treatment are dose related. There is also evidence for my belief that this sensitivity, and the treatment, differ from the usual atopic sensitivity in antibody-antigen response.", "PMID": 857239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11929", "title": "Organochlorine compounds in human blood plasma and milk.", "content": "Organochlorine insecticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's were assessed in human blood and milk collected from Israeli mothers 2-4 days ater childbirth during 1975. The concentration of total DDT (sigma DDT) was similar in whole plasma and milk (74 ppb versus 72 ppb) and higher in plasma-extracted lipids than in milk-extracted lipids: 15.12 ppm versus 5.77 ppm. Levels of gemma-BHC, dieldrin, and heptachlor epoxide were higher in whole plasma and plasma-extracted lipids than in whole milk or in milk-extracted lipids. PCB's had similar concentrations in extracted lipids of plasma and milk but were significantly higher in whole milk than in whole plasma. Higher percentages of organochlorine insecticides and PCBs were excreted in milk from mothers between 20 and 29 than between 30 and 39, although the younger group had lower levels of these compounds in plasma. Overweight women excreted lower quantities of organochlorine insecticides and PCB's than did women of normal weight", "contents": "Organochlorine compounds in human blood plasma and milk. Organochlorine insecticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's were assessed in human blood and milk collected from Israeli mothers 2-4 days ater childbirth during 1975. The concentration of total DDT (sigma DDT) was similar in whole plasma and milk (74 ppb versus 72 ppb) and higher in plasma-extracted lipids than in milk-extracted lipids: 15.12 ppm versus 5.77 ppm. Levels of gemma-BHC, dieldrin, and heptachlor epoxide were higher in whole plasma and plasma-extracted lipids than in whole milk or in milk-extracted lipids. PCB's had similar concentrations in extracted lipids of plasma and milk but were significantly higher in whole milk than in whole plasma. Higher percentages of organochlorine insecticides and PCBs were excreted in milk from mothers between 20 and 29 than between 30 and 39, although the younger group had lower levels of these compounds in plasma. Overweight women excreted lower quantities of organochlorine insecticides and PCB's than did women of normal weight", "PMID": 857240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11930", "title": "Pesticide and other chemical residues in total diet samples (X).", "content": "Since 1964 the Food and Drug Administration Total Diet study has reported residues of pesticides and other chemicals ingested in the diet of a young adult male, statisically the Nation's largest eater. During the tenth year of the study, pesticide residues remained at the relatively low levels previously reported. Thirty market baskets were collected in 30 cites which ranged in population from less than 50,000 to 1,000,000 or more. Averages and ranges of residues are reported from August 1973 through July 1974 by food class. Individual items in the dairy and meat composites in four market baskets were analyzed for pesticides; results are included. Data for lead,  cadmium, selenium, mercury, arsenic, and zinc are also included. Results of recovery studies within various classes of residues are also presented.", "contents": "Pesticide and other chemical residues in total diet samples (X). Since 1964 the Food and Drug Administration Total Diet study has reported residues of pesticides and other chemicals ingested in the diet of a young adult male, statisically the Nation's largest eater. During the tenth year of the study, pesticide residues remained at the relatively low levels previously reported. Thirty market baskets were collected in 30 cites which ranged in population from less than 50,000 to 1,000,000 or more. Averages and ranges of residues are reported from August 1973 through July 1974 by food class. Individual items in the dairy and meat composites in four market baskets were analyzed for pesticides; results are included. Data for lead,  cadmium, selenium, mercury, arsenic, and zinc are also included. Results of recovery studies within various classes of residues are also presented.", "PMID": 857241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11931", "title": "DDT residues in air in the Mississippi delta, 1975.", "content": "In a previous publication the authors reported on 88 percent decrease in sigma DDT (DDT plus metabolities) in air between 1972 and 1974 in the Mississippi Delta. This period was the first two years after the use of DDT was banned in the United States. The present report shows an additional 36 percent decrease in sigma DDT levels in air between 1974 and 1975. Thus in the past three years sigma DDT in air has decreased by 92 percent, a much more rapid decrease than had been expected.", "contents": "DDT residues in air in the Mississippi delta, 1975. In a previous publication the authors reported on 88 percent decrease in sigma DDT (DDT plus metabolities) in air between 1972 and 1974 in the Mississippi Delta. This period was the first two years after the use of DDT was banned in the United States. The present report shows an additional 36 percent decrease in sigma DDT levels in air between 1974 and 1975. Thus in the past three years sigma DDT in air has decreased by 92 percent, a much more rapid decrease than had been expected.", "PMID": 857242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11932", "title": "[Lcoc-regional sarcoid reaction. Sarcoidosis and malignant tumors].", "content": "On the basis of eight cases, the authors consider the relationship between sarcoidosis and malignant tumours. The development of a malignant tumour simultaneously or during the years following the onset of sarcoidosis is a rarely seen phenomenon. Only seven cases out of 580 of sarcoidosis were noted in this series. The absence of comparison with control groups of similar age and sex as well as of prolonged observation in a certain number of sarcoidosis patients cured or lost from sight prevents any valid statistical assessment, but the average age (51 years) of the patients at the time of discovery of the tumour is that of the risk of spontaneous development of carcinoma. Thus the association \"sarcoidosis-malignant tumour\" would appear to be purely a question of chance. The finding of sarcoid-type histopathological reactions in lymph nodes involved in the spread of a malignant tumour often represents the residual expression or reactivated by the tumour of old sarcoidosis which had gone unnoticed. The development of a malignant tumour is capable of provoking in old sarcoidosis patients a late recurrence of the disease.", "contents": "[Lcoc-regional sarcoid reaction. Sarcoidosis and malignant tumors]. On the basis of eight cases, the authors consider the relationship between sarcoidosis and malignant tumours. The development of a malignant tumour simultaneously or during the years following the onset of sarcoidosis is a rarely seen phenomenon. Only seven cases out of 580 of sarcoidosis were noted in this series. The absence of comparison with control groups of similar age and sex as well as of prolonged observation in a certain number of sarcoidosis patients cured or lost from sight prevents any valid statistical assessment, but the average age (51 years) of the patients at the time of discovery of the tumour is that of the risk of spontaneous development of carcinoma. Thus the association \"sarcoidosis-malignant tumour\" would appear to be purely a question of chance. The finding of sarcoid-type histopathological reactions in lymph nodes involved in the spread of a malignant tumour often represents the residual expression or reactivated by the tumour of old sarcoidosis which had gone unnoticed. The development of a malignant tumour is capable of provoking in old sarcoidosis patients a late recurrence of the disease.", "PMID": 857243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11933", "title": "[Esophageal localizations of Crohn's disease].", "content": "Oesophageal localisations of Crohn's disease are perhaps not as rare as is classically supposed. The chance discovery of an oesophageal localisation of Crohn's disease led the authors to undertake routine study of the oesophagus in their last 18 patients suffering from the disorder. Each patient underwent endoscopic examination of the oesophagus with multiple biopsies. In 3 of them an oesophageal localisation of Crohn's disease could be demonstrated histologically with in addition, evidence of an epithelioid granuloma in 2 patients out of 3. The value of endoscopic biopsy thus appears to be certain in the diagnosis of this localisation, the influence of which on the course of the disease is not precisely known.", "contents": "[Esophageal localizations of Crohn's disease]. Oesophageal localisations of Crohn's disease are perhaps not as rare as is classically supposed. The chance discovery of an oesophageal localisation of Crohn's disease led the authors to undertake routine study of the oesophagus in their last 18 patients suffering from the disorder. Each patient underwent endoscopic examination of the oesophagus with multiple biopsies. In 3 of them an oesophageal localisation of Crohn's disease could be demonstrated histologically with in addition, evidence of an epithelioid granuloma in 2 patients out of 3. The value of endoscopic biopsy thus appears to be certain in the diagnosis of this localisation, the influence of which on the course of the disease is not precisely known.", "PMID": 857244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11934", "title": "Multiple myeloma: uncommon or uncommonly diagnosed?", "content": "The experience of a solo practitioner suggests that the incidence of multiple myeloma is higher than the widely reported figure of 2.7/100,000. Only by early recognition and treatment will the survival rate be increased. Measurement of the sedimentation rate may be helpful in spotting the disease, for a rapid rate in patients with bone pain and anemia suggests multiple myeloma.", "contents": "Multiple myeloma: uncommon or uncommonly diagnosed? The experience of a solo practitioner suggests that the incidence of multiple myeloma is higher than the widely reported figure of 2.7/100,000. Only by early recognition and treatment will the survival rate be increased. Measurement of the sedimentation rate may be helpful in spotting the disease, for a rapid rate in patients with bone pain and anemia suggests multiple myeloma.", "PMID": 857246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11935", "title": "Infectious complications of alcoholism.", "content": "Physicians must remain attuned to the increased incidence of infectious complications in alcoholics as compared with the general population. Prompt diagnosis and vigorous early treatment of pneumonia and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis may reverse and otherwise grave prognosis. Althought many mechanisms of host defenses seem affected by alcohol ingestion, the precise mechanisms of increased bacterial susceptibility in alcoholism remain unclear.", "contents": "Infectious complications of alcoholism. Physicians must remain attuned to the increased incidence of infectious complications in alcoholics as compared with the general population. Prompt diagnosis and vigorous early treatment of pneumonia and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis may reverse and otherwise grave prognosis. Althought many mechanisms of host defenses seem affected by alcohol ingestion, the precise mechanisms of increased bacterial susceptibility in alcoholism remain unclear.", "PMID": 857247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11936", "title": "Alcohol and the upper gastrointestinal tract and pancreas.", "content": "Alcohol relaxes the lower esophageal sphincter, stimulates acid secretion, and reduces the gastric mucosal barrier to hydrogen ion back-diffusion. These actions may result in esophagitis, acute gastritis, and ulcer formation. Although excessive alcohol consumption commonly produces acute and chronic pancreatitis, and pathogenesis is unclear.", "contents": "Alcohol and the upper gastrointestinal tract and pancreas. Alcohol relaxes the lower esophageal sphincter, stimulates acid secretion, and reduces the gastric mucosal barrier to hydrogen ion back-diffusion. These actions may result in esophagitis, acute gastritis, and ulcer formation. Although excessive alcohol consumption commonly produces acute and chronic pancreatitis, and pathogenesis is unclear.", "PMID": 857248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11937", "title": "Submaximal treadmill exercise testing of patients with coronary artery disease.", "content": "The submaximal treadmill exercise test is a valuable noninvasive tool for the diagnosis of overt or latent coronary artery disease (CAD). When submaximal heart rates of 80% to 90% of the predicted maximal rates are attained and when ST-segment depression of at least 1 mm is taken as a criterion of ischemia, testing by any of the various exercise protocols with continuous ECG monitoring affords reasonable specificity and sensitivity. The objectives of testing are to (1) diagnose and determine the severity of CAD, (2) assess functional capacity, (3) observe the natural history of disease, (4) evaluate the effects of medical and surgical treatment, and (5) evaluate responses to physical conditioning or to programs directed toward prevention of CAD. Proper precautions and safety standards minimize the risk of exercise testing.", "contents": "Submaximal treadmill exercise testing of patients with coronary artery disease. The submaximal treadmill exercise test is a valuable noninvasive tool for the diagnosis of overt or latent coronary artery disease (CAD). When submaximal heart rates of 80% to 90% of the predicted maximal rates are attained and when ST-segment depression of at least 1 mm is taken as a criterion of ischemia, testing by any of the various exercise protocols with continuous ECG monitoring affords reasonable specificity and sensitivity. The objectives of testing are to (1) diagnose and determine the severity of CAD, (2) assess functional capacity, (3) observe the natural history of disease, (4) evaluate the effects of medical and surgical treatment, and (5) evaluate responses to physical conditioning or to programs directed toward prevention of CAD. Proper precautions and safety standards minimize the risk of exercise testing.", "PMID": 857249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11938", "title": "Common ear diseases: recognition and management.", "content": "External otitis is directly related to patient habit patterns. It is easily treated, but the habits must be changed to effect permanent cure. Serous otitis media is the most common cause of conductive hearing loss, and its presence my predispose to development of purulent otitis media. Removal of middle ear fluid may be advisable in persistent serous otitis and is recommended in acute purulent otitis.", "contents": "Common ear diseases: recognition and management. External otitis is directly related to patient habit patterns. It is easily treated, but the habits must be changed to effect permanent cure. Serous otitis media is the most common cause of conductive hearing loss, and its presence my predispose to development of purulent otitis media. Removal of middle ear fluid may be advisable in persistent serous otitis and is recommended in acute purulent otitis.", "PMID": 857250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11939", "title": "Sedative action of low doses of dopaminergic agents.", "content": "The activity of rats receiving low doses of dopaminergic agonists and neuroleptics was tested in the \"open-field\" test. Apomorphine, piribedil, L-DOPA, and nomifensine given at low doses (1-500 mug/ig) depressed the activity of animals. Spiperone and chlorpromazine given at low doses increased the activity, particularly in respect of one of the parameters investigated: the time of walking. Low doses of pimozide, haloperidol, and fluphenazine did not affect measurably the animal behavior. Spiperone counteracted the sedation induced by low doses of apomorphine, piribedil, and nomifensine. Chlorpromazine prevented the sedation produced by apomorphine. In the rats with a lesion of the substantia nigra only nomifensine retained its sedative action, while apomorphine and piribedil ceased to produce it. The reported results further support the hypothesis about the existence and the role of dopaminergic autoreceptors.", "contents": "Sedative action of low doses of dopaminergic agents. The activity of rats receiving low doses of dopaminergic agonists and neuroleptics was tested in the \"open-field\" test. Apomorphine, piribedil, L-DOPA, and nomifensine given at low doses (1-500 mug/ig) depressed the activity of animals. Spiperone and chlorpromazine given at low doses increased the activity, particularly in respect of one of the parameters investigated: the time of walking. Low doses of pimozide, haloperidol, and fluphenazine did not affect measurably the animal behavior. Spiperone counteracted the sedation induced by low doses of apomorphine, piribedil, and nomifensine. Chlorpromazine prevented the sedation produced by apomorphine. In the rats with a lesion of the substantia nigra only nomifensine retained its sedative action, while apomorphine and piribedil ceased to produce it. The reported results further support the hypothesis about the existence and the role of dopaminergic autoreceptors.", "PMID": 857245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11940", "title": "Role of angiotensin in thirst.", "content": "Angiotensin is a potent dipsogenic substance and causes elevated water intake in some pathological conditions but as yet no physiological role for angiotensin in normal thirst has been proven. If angiotensin is important in normal drinking, then it should contribute to the drinking which follows water deprivation. The rehydration of bilaterally nephrectomized rats, rats with bilateral ureteric ligation and control rats was compared after 21 hours of water deprivation. The total intake during the 6 hour rehydration was the same in the 3 groups despite the differences in the level of circulating angiotensin. Thus the renal renin-angiotensin system is not essential for deprivation-induced drinking. Another way to test any contribution to drinking by angiotensin is the administration of the competitive angiotensin inhibitor, saralasin acetate. In a control experiment saralasin acetate was found to block the dipsogenic effect of intravenous angiotensin. The infusion of saralasin acetate in a wide range of doses did not, however, affect the drinking following ligation of the inferior vena cava. Thus angiotensin is not essential for drinking following caval ligation. Two possible explanations for these results are that angiotensin is not normally involved in these types of thirst or that there is redundancy in the control of drinking with compensation for blocked mechanisms.", "contents": "Role of angiotensin in thirst. Angiotensin is a potent dipsogenic substance and causes elevated water intake in some pathological conditions but as yet no physiological role for angiotensin in normal thirst has been proven. If angiotensin is important in normal drinking, then it should contribute to the drinking which follows water deprivation. The rehydration of bilaterally nephrectomized rats, rats with bilateral ureteric ligation and control rats was compared after 21 hours of water deprivation. The total intake during the 6 hour rehydration was the same in the 3 groups despite the differences in the level of circulating angiotensin. Thus the renal renin-angiotensin system is not essential for deprivation-induced drinking. Another way to test any contribution to drinking by angiotensin is the administration of the competitive angiotensin inhibitor, saralasin acetate. In a control experiment saralasin acetate was found to block the dipsogenic effect of intravenous angiotensin. The infusion of saralasin acetate in a wide range of doses did not, however, affect the drinking following ligation of the inferior vena cava. Thus angiotensin is not essential for drinking following caval ligation. Two possible explanations for these results are that angiotensin is not normally involved in these types of thirst or that there is redundancy in the control of drinking with compensation for blocked mechanisms.", "PMID": 857251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11941", "title": "Absence of sodium appetite in cyclophosphamide and DOCA treated house mice.", "content": "Intraperitoneal administration of cyclophosphamide 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg significantly lowered plasma sodium and significantly increased plasma potassium but did not result in saline preference in a strain of wild-derived house mice given a choice between water and saline (0.15M) to drink. Deoxycorticosterone acetate treatment in dosages up to 1.5 mg for four days also failed to increase salt intake, The data suggest a possible absence of a sodium appetite mechanism in this species.", "contents": "Absence of sodium appetite in cyclophosphamide and DOCA treated house mice. Intraperitoneal administration of cyclophosphamide 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg significantly lowered plasma sodium and significantly increased plasma potassium but did not result in saline preference in a strain of wild-derived house mice given a choice between water and saline (0.15M) to drink. Deoxycorticosterone acetate treatment in dosages up to 1.5 mg for four days also failed to increase salt intake, The data suggest a possible absence of a sodium appetite mechanism in this species.", "PMID": 857252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11942", "title": "LSD and d-amphetamine effects on fixed interval responding in the rat.", "content": "Food-deprived rats were trained to press a key which produced a food pellet for the first press after 3 min had elapsed (FI 3 min). Daily sessions consisted of 10 such intervals. Graded doses of LSD (0.04 - 1.28 mg/kg) and a d-amphetamine (0.5 - 2.0 mg/kg) were given 30 min before sessions. LSD produced a decrease in response rate at doses of 0.32 mg/kg and above, but did not disrupt the typical FI pattern of responding except at the highest dose (1.28 mg/kg). Amphetamine did not significantly alter the overall response rate, but caused a dose-related disruption of the FI response pattern, with previously low response rates increased more than higher rates, and occasional decreases in the previously highest rates. The experiment was repeated using the same rats responding on a multiple FIFR schedule. The presence of a 2000 Hz tone signalled FR periods; the tone was absent during FI periods. During the FR components, a pellet was produced after 30 responses had been emitted. The FI components were unchanged. LSD (0.08 - 0.32 mg/kg) again produced decreases in FI rate without altering the pattern, and amphetamine again altered the FI pattern without significantly changing overall rate.", "contents": "LSD and d-amphetamine effects on fixed interval responding in the rat. Food-deprived rats were trained to press a key which produced a food pellet for the first press after 3 min had elapsed (FI 3 min). Daily sessions consisted of 10 such intervals. Graded doses of LSD (0.04 - 1.28 mg/kg) and a d-amphetamine (0.5 - 2.0 mg/kg) were given 30 min before sessions. LSD produced a decrease in response rate at doses of 0.32 mg/kg and above, but did not disrupt the typical FI pattern of responding except at the highest dose (1.28 mg/kg). Amphetamine did not significantly alter the overall response rate, but caused a dose-related disruption of the FI response pattern, with previously low response rates increased more than higher rates, and occasional decreases in the previously highest rates. The experiment was repeated using the same rats responding on a multiple FIFR schedule. The presence of a 2000 Hz tone signalled FR periods; the tone was absent during FI periods. During the FR components, a pellet was produced after 30 responses had been emitted. The FI components were unchanged. LSD (0.08 - 0.32 mg/kg) again produced decreases in FI rate without altering the pattern, and amphetamine again altered the FI pattern without significantly changing overall rate.", "PMID": 857253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11943", "title": "Behavioral and biochemical effects of the carbamate insecticide, MOBAM.", "content": "Decreases in rat plasma, erythrocyte and brain cholinesterase levels after intraperitoneal injection of 1 to 5 mg/kg of 4-benzothienyl-N-methylcarbamate (MOBAM) were compared with decrements in both spontaneous motor activity and conditioned avoidance performance produced by this compound. Significant effects were observed with all five measured phenomena at dosages producing no obvious clinical signs. In albino rats, a dosage of 2 mg/kg significantly depressed plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase activity, and decreased motor activity 15 min after injection but only higher dosages (3 and 5 mg/kg) significantly depressed brain cholinesterase activity and avoidance performance. In Long-Evans rats, both brain cholinesterase activity and avoidance performance were significantly reduced by the lower (2 mg/kg) dosage. The avoidance impairments observed after 3 mg/kg could be prevented by prior injection with atropine sulfate. It is suggested that both central and peripheral cholinesterase changes are important in determining the nature of the behavioral effects observed after exposure to this compound.", "contents": "Behavioral and biochemical effects of the carbamate insecticide, MOBAM. Decreases in rat plasma, erythrocyte and brain cholinesterase levels after intraperitoneal injection of 1 to 5 mg/kg of 4-benzothienyl-N-methylcarbamate (MOBAM) were compared with decrements in both spontaneous motor activity and conditioned avoidance performance produced by this compound. Significant effects were observed with all five measured phenomena at dosages producing no obvious clinical signs. In albino rats, a dosage of 2 mg/kg significantly depressed plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase activity, and decreased motor activity 15 min after injection but only higher dosages (3 and 5 mg/kg) significantly depressed brain cholinesterase activity and avoidance performance. In Long-Evans rats, both brain cholinesterase activity and avoidance performance were significantly reduced by the lower (2 mg/kg) dosage. The avoidance impairments observed after 3 mg/kg could be prevented by prior injection with atropine sulfate. It is suggested that both central and peripheral cholinesterase changes are important in determining the nature of the behavioral effects observed after exposure to this compound.", "PMID": 857254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11944", "title": "Effects of three monoamine oxidase inhibitors on ethanol preference in mice.", "content": "These experiments investigated the effects of pargyline, N-[2-(o-Chlorophenoxy)-ethyl]-cyclopropylamine (Lilly 51641), and nialamide on voluntary ethanol consumption of C57BL/6J mice. Both pargyline and Lilly 51641 reduced ethanol preference; in contrast, nialamide did not affect preference, despite the fact that it inhibited MAO activity by more than 90%. A subsequent experiment determined that both pargyline and Lilly 51641 produced substantially greater elevations in acetaldehyde levels than did nialamide. It is suggested that increased acetaldehyde is the mechanism responsible for the reduction in ethanol preference observed with pargyline and Lilly 51641.", "contents": "Effects of three monoamine oxidase inhibitors on ethanol preference in mice. These experiments investigated the effects of pargyline, N-[2-(o-Chlorophenoxy)-ethyl]-cyclopropylamine (Lilly 51641), and nialamide on voluntary ethanol consumption of C57BL/6J mice. Both pargyline and Lilly 51641 reduced ethanol preference; in contrast, nialamide did not affect preference, despite the fact that it inhibited MAO activity by more than 90%. A subsequent experiment determined that both pargyline and Lilly 51641 produced substantially greater elevations in acetaldehyde levels than did nialamide. It is suggested that increased acetaldehyde is the mechanism responsible for the reduction in ethanol preference observed with pargyline and Lilly 51641.", "PMID": 857255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11945", "title": "Open field behavior and gross motor development in offspring of nursing rat mothers given penfluridol.", "content": "Nursing rat mothers were injected with penfluridol, a dopamine receptor blocking agent, at Day 1, 3, 5 and 7 after delivery, and their offspring were investigated at 6-18 days of age for various aspects of motor behavior development, and at 4, 8 and 12 weeks of age for open field behavior. No deficits were found in the development of locomotion, air righting, startle response and eye opening. Open field ambulation decreased from an abnormally high level at 4 weeks of age to an abnormally low level at 8 and 12 weeks of age. The ability to habituate to an open field decreased from a normal level at 4 weeks of age to an abnormally low level after 8 weeks of age. The behavior deficits were related to a decreased functional activity of the mesolimbic dopamine neuron system, and the possible relation to a clinical dysfunction among children - minimal brain dysfunction - was discussed.", "contents": "Open field behavior and gross motor development in offspring of nursing rat mothers given penfluridol. Nursing rat mothers were injected with penfluridol, a dopamine receptor blocking agent, at Day 1, 3, 5 and 7 after delivery, and their offspring were investigated at 6-18 days of age for various aspects of motor behavior development, and at 4, 8 and 12 weeks of age for open field behavior. No deficits were found in the development of locomotion, air righting, startle response and eye opening. Open field ambulation decreased from an abnormally high level at 4 weeks of age to an abnormally low level at 8 and 12 weeks of age. The ability to habituate to an open field decreased from a normal level at 4 weeks of age to an abnormally low level after 8 weeks of age. The behavior deficits were related to a decreased functional activity of the mesolimbic dopamine neuron system, and the possible relation to a clinical dysfunction among children - minimal brain dysfunction - was discussed.", "PMID": 857256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11946", "title": "A new device for the rapid measurement of impaired motor function in mice.", "content": "Measurement of the ability of mice to balance on a rotating rod or cone is often used as a measure of impaired motor function. In most of these procedures the mice must be trained prior to the test. In the new screen test described in this paper, untrained mice are used in a 60 sec test which measures the ability of mice to either climb to the top of or cling to the bottom of a horizontal screen. The ED50 values obtained for failure to reach the top of the horizontal screen are similar to those obtained with the rotarod; the values for falling from the screen are somewhat higher. With both of the horizontal screen measures there were fewer control failures than in the rotarod procedure.", "contents": "A new device for the rapid measurement of impaired motor function in mice. Measurement of the ability of mice to balance on a rotating rod or cone is often used as a measure of impaired motor function. In most of these procedures the mice must be trained prior to the test. In the new screen test described in this paper, untrained mice are used in a 60 sec test which measures the ability of mice to either climb to the top of or cling to the bottom of a horizontal screen. The ED50 values obtained for failure to reach the top of the horizontal screen are similar to those obtained with the rotarod; the values for falling from the screen are somewhat higher. With both of the horizontal screen measures there were fewer control failures than in the rotarod procedure.", "PMID": 857257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11947", "title": "Protein synthesis inhibition alters Drosophila mating behavior.", "content": "Fruit fly Drosophila pseudoobscura virgin AR females mate preferentially with AR males given a choice between AR and or males. However, AR females which mated with or males when young show a significant change in sexual selection in favor of or over AR males in subsequent simultaneous choice tests. Ingestion of food moistened with 4 ml cycloheximide (400 microng/ml) produces 75% protein synthesis inhibition in the female flies. Females exposed to cycloheximide (CXM) immediately after their initial copulation with or males resemble virgin flies in their choice of mates, and mate preferentially with AR males. Females exposed to CXM before their initial copulatory experience with or males resemble or-experienced but untreated (no CXM) flies in their choice of mates, and mate preferentially with or males. The change in sexual preference shown by females with prior copulatory experience resembles learning in that it is subject to disruption by CXM in ways analogous to those reported in the literature.", "contents": "Protein synthesis inhibition alters Drosophila mating behavior. Fruit fly Drosophila pseudoobscura virgin AR females mate preferentially with AR males given a choice between AR and or males. However, AR females which mated with or males when young show a significant change in sexual selection in favor of or over AR males in subsequent simultaneous choice tests. Ingestion of food moistened with 4 ml cycloheximide (400 microng/ml) produces 75% protein synthesis inhibition in the female flies. Females exposed to cycloheximide (CXM) immediately after their initial copulation with or males resemble virgin flies in their choice of mates, and mate preferentially with AR males. Females exposed to CXM before their initial copulatory experience with or males resemble or-experienced but untreated (no CXM) flies in their choice of mates, and mate preferentially with or males. The change in sexual preference shown by females with prior copulatory experience resembles learning in that it is subject to disruption by CXM in ways analogous to those reported in the literature.", "PMID": 857258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11948", "title": "Effects of apomorphine on self-stimulation behaviour in dorsal and ventral area of lateral hypothalamus in mice.", "content": "Intraperitoneal injections of low doses of apomorphine, a dopaminergic receptor agonist, depressed briefly, and then enhanced self-stimulation behaviour in the dorsal area of lateral hypothalamus. In contrast, only depressant effects were observed in the ventral area. These differential effects suggest the presence of a dopaminergic componant in the dorsal hypothalamic self-stimulation system.", "contents": "Effects of apomorphine on self-stimulation behaviour in dorsal and ventral area of lateral hypothalamus in mice. Intraperitoneal injections of low doses of apomorphine, a dopaminergic receptor agonist, depressed briefly, and then enhanced self-stimulation behaviour in the dorsal area of lateral hypothalamus. In contrast, only depressant effects were observed in the ventral area. These differential effects suggest the presence of a dopaminergic componant in the dorsal hypothalamic self-stimulation system.", "PMID": 857259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11949", "title": "A determination by an analysis of X-ray attenuation in aluminium of the intesity distribution at its point of origin in a thick  tungsten target of bremsstrahlung excited by constant potentials of 60-140 kV.", "content": "A recently described, computer aided method of attenuation analysis has been applied to free-air chamber measurements of the attenuation by up to 30mm A1 of the exposure rate of a narrow beam of X-radiation excited  at a thick W target in a Be window tube by constant potentials of 60, 80, 100, 120 and 140 kV.  It has been shown that the general characteristics of the intensity distributions of the bremsstahlung at its point of origin within the target found by an earlier analysis are fully confirmed but that, for radiation excited at potentials appreciably above the K-absorption edge of the tungsten target, the attenuation measurements must first be corrected for the pressure of target characteristic K-fluorescence radiation. A method for doing this from published estimates of the relative amounts of  W K-fluorescence at various filtrations in radiation excited by the same potentials is described, and it is shown that these amounts come into reasonable agreement when translated to the target surface. Curves of the intensity distribution of the bremsstrahlung at its point of origin within the target are presented which are consistent with attenuation data corrected according to these estimates. They show a good general agreement with theoretical expectation.", "contents": "A determination by an analysis of X-ray attenuation in aluminium of the intesity distribution at its point of origin in a thick  tungsten target of bremsstrahlung excited by constant potentials of 60-140 kV. A recently described, computer aided method of attenuation analysis has been applied to free-air chamber measurements of the attenuation by up to 30mm A1 of the exposure rate of a narrow beam of X-radiation excited  at a thick W target in a Be window tube by constant potentials of 60, 80, 100, 120 and 140 kV.  It has been shown that the general characteristics of the intensity distributions of the bremsstahlung at its point of origin within the target found by an earlier analysis are fully confirmed but that, for radiation excited at potentials appreciably above the K-absorption edge of the tungsten target, the attenuation measurements must first be corrected for the pressure of target characteristic K-fluorescence radiation. A method for doing this from published estimates of the relative amounts of  W K-fluorescence at various filtrations in radiation excited by the same potentials is described, and it is shown that these amounts come into reasonable agreement when translated to the target surface. Curves of the intensity distribution of the bremsstrahlung at its point of origin within the target are presented which are consistent with attenuation data corrected according to these estimates. They show a good general agreement with theoretical expectation.", "PMID": 857260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11950", "title": "An analysis of the Z-dependence of photon and electron interactions.", "content": "A comprehensive analysis has been completed of the dependence of photon and electron interactions upon atomic number. The calculations were specifically biased towards the application of the data to biological tissues and their substitutes. The photon interactions considered in the survey included all the partial attenuation and energy absorption cross-sections. The electron interactions analysed were collision and radiation stopping powers and angular scattering powers. The derived Z-exponents are tabulated for different energies and elemental groupings and indicate the inadequacy of existing Z-exponents. In particular, the continued use of the single exponent 3.94 for photoelectric attenuation (per atom) is put in question.", "contents": "An analysis of the Z-dependence of photon and electron interactions. A comprehensive analysis has been completed of the dependence of photon and electron interactions upon atomic number. The calculations were specifically biased towards the application of the data to biological tissues and their substitutes. The photon interactions considered in the survey included all the partial attenuation and energy absorption cross-sections. The electron interactions analysed were collision and radiation stopping powers and angular scattering powers. The derived Z-exponents are tabulated for different energies and elemental groupings and indicate the inadequacy of existing Z-exponents. In particular, the continued use of the single exponent 3.94 for photoelectric attenuation (per atom) is put in question.", "PMID": 857261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11951", "title": "Three-dimensional imaging in the position camera using Fourier techniques.", "content": "A mathematical algorithm for three-dimensional reconstructions in the positron camera is described. Fouier techniques have been adapted for use in analysing the data from cameras with limited detector configuration. Noise instabilities from random fluctuations in the data are discussed and treated. The technique is tested on a computer-generated phantom and the results are presented. Ways of incorporating the effects of Compton scattering and detector response into the algorithm are discussed. It is concluded that the method is feasible and practical for obtaining accurate reconstructions.", "contents": "Three-dimensional imaging in the position camera using Fourier techniques. A mathematical algorithm for three-dimensional reconstructions in the positron camera is described. Fouier techniques have been adapted for use in analysing the data from cameras with limited detector configuration. Noise instabilities from random fluctuations in the data are discussed and treated. The technique is tested on a computer-generated phantom and the results are presented. Ways of incorporating the effects of Compton scattering and detector response into the algorithm are discussed. It is concluded that the method is feasible and practical for obtaining accurate reconstructions.", "PMID": 857262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11952", "title": "Imaging 123I with a scintillation camera. A study of detection performance and quality factor concepts.", "content": "Image quality, resolution and sensitivity of a scintillation camera equipped with various collimators have been investigated using high purity 123I. Pulse height distributions of 123I from a thyroid phantom partly in air and partly immersed in water demonstrate the substantial septa penetration of the 440 and 529 keV gamma rays of 123I with high resolution collimators. Line spread functions recorded first with the line source in air and then in water show that the area under the 'wings' is attributed mainly to septa penetration but with a marked contribution from scattering in water. The modulation transfer function evaluated from the line spread functions shows a sudden drop at low frequencies for high resolution collimators due to their high degree of septa penetration. The two concepts of 'figure of merit' also used are Qb=Sa [MTF]2, where Sa is the plane sensitivity and Qc=S2/(S+2B), where S is the true signal from the object and B is the total background or noise due to septa penetration and scatter. The image reproduction per unit time which is described by Qb is best for a high resolution converging collimator. The statistical accuracy per unit time which is used in dynamic studies is described by Qc and is best for a medium energy collimator.", "contents": "Imaging 123I with a scintillation camera. A study of detection performance and quality factor concepts. Image quality, resolution and sensitivity of a scintillation camera equipped with various collimators have been investigated using high purity 123I. Pulse height distributions of 123I from a thyroid phantom partly in air and partly immersed in water demonstrate the substantial septa penetration of the 440 and 529 keV gamma rays of 123I with high resolution collimators. Line spread functions recorded first with the line source in air and then in water show that the area under the 'wings' is attributed mainly to septa penetration but with a marked contribution from scattering in water. The modulation transfer function evaluated from the line spread functions shows a sudden drop at low frequencies for high resolution collimators due to their high degree of septa penetration. The two concepts of 'figure of merit' also used are Qb=Sa [MTF]2, where Sa is the plane sensitivity and Qc=S2/(S+2B), where S is the true signal from the object and B is the total background or noise due to septa penetration and scatter. The image reproduction per unit time which is described by Qb is best for a high resolution converging collimator. The statistical accuracy per unit time which is used in dynamic studies is described by Qc and is best for a medium energy collimator.", "PMID": 857263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11953", "title": "Measurements of the microscopic structure of cortical bone.", "content": "A technique is described in which the microstructure of cortical bone is analysed in terms of distributions of possible paths which ionizing particles take as they transverse the soft-tissue cavities and mineralized component. Measurements are restricted to transverse planes in the long bones, but a method is suggested for generating approximate omnidirectional path-length distributions from the measured transverse distributions. Results are presented for some long bones of a 50 year old man,  a 9 year old boy and a young adult beagle, and these suggest that considerable structural differences occur between the two species. Values of some commonly quoted structural parameters are also given. For example, mean transverse cavity path lengths range between 67 and 99 micron in the long bones of the adult man compared with 29 micron in the beagle femur; the corresponding mean path lengths through the mineralized component are 830-1040 and 1500 micron. Finally, the total cavity plus periosteal surface for cortical bone in adult man is estimated to be about 6 m2.", "contents": "Measurements of the microscopic structure of cortical bone. A technique is described in which the microstructure of cortical bone is analysed in terms of distributions of possible paths which ionizing particles take as they transverse the soft-tissue cavities and mineralized component. Measurements are restricted to transverse planes in the long bones, but a method is suggested for generating approximate omnidirectional path-length distributions from the measured transverse distributions. Results are presented for some long bones of a 50 year old man,  a 9 year old boy and a young adult beagle, and these suggest that considerable structural differences occur between the two species. Values of some commonly quoted structural parameters are also given. For example, mean transverse cavity path lengths range between 67 and 99 micron in the long bones of the adult man compared with 29 micron in the beagle femur; the corresponding mean path lengths through the mineralized component are 830-1040 and 1500 micron. Finally, the total cavity plus periosteal surface for cortical bone in adult man is estimated to be about 6 m2.", "PMID": 857264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11954", "title": "The calculation of the spectral distribution of natural ultraviolet radiation under clear day conditions.", "content": "Empirical equations based upon experimental measurements of Bener (1972) have been developed which allow the computation of the spectral distribution of global ultraviolet radiation encountered at sea level under clear day conditions for any desired time of day, day of year and geographical latitude.", "contents": "The calculation of the spectral distribution of natural ultraviolet radiation under clear day conditions. Empirical equations based upon experimental measurements of Bener (1972) have been developed which allow the computation of the spectral distribution of global ultraviolet radiation encountered at sea level under clear day conditions for any desired time of day, day of year and geographical latitude.", "PMID": 857265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11955", "title": "Ultrasonic backscattering from human tissue: a realistic model.", "content": "The propagation of ultrasound pulses in inhomogeneous media is described, and it is shown that they are scattered by fluctuations in density and compressibility. It is proposed that some of the echoes recorded by diagnostic pulse echo equipment are produced in this way. The precise form of the acoustic field backscattered from tissues is calculated using realistic approximations about the nature of tissue inhomogeneitics and the form of the pulses used. It is shown that only limited information about tissue structure is contained in these signals, and the restrictions imposed by the use of typical pulses are indicated. The implications of this analysis for methods of tissue characterization and clinical imaging are discussed.", "contents": "Ultrasonic backscattering from human tissue: a realistic model. The propagation of ultrasound pulses in inhomogeneous media is described, and it is shown that they are scattered by fluctuations in density and compressibility. It is proposed that some of the echoes recorded by diagnostic pulse echo equipment are produced in this way. The precise form of the acoustic field backscattered from tissues is calculated using realistic approximations about the nature of tissue inhomogeneitics and the form of the pulses used. It is shown that only limited information about tissue structure is contained in these signals, and the restrictions imposed by the use of typical pulses are indicated. The implications of this analysis for methods of tissue characterization and clinical imaging are discussed.", "PMID": 857266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11956", "title": "A two-beam acoustic system for tissue analysis.", "content": "In the 'thermo-acoustic sensing technique' (TAST), a burst of sound, called the 'thermometer' beam is passed through tissue and its transit time is measured. A focused sound field, called the heating field, then warms a small volume in the path of the therometer beam, in proportion to the absorption. Finally, the therometer beam burst is repeated and its transit time subtracted from that of the initial thermometer burst. This difference measures the velocity perturbation in the tissue produced by the heating field. The transit time difference is td = K integral of infinity-infinity IP dchi where K is the instrument constant, I the heating field intensity, and P a perturbation factor which characterizes the tissues. The integration is carried out along the path of the thermometer beam. The perturbation factor is P = (formula: see text) where C is the specific heat, rho the denisty, V the velocity of sound, (formula: see text) the temperature coefficient of velocity and alpha the heating field absorption coefficient which is apparently sensitive to tissue structure and condition. Experiments on a fixed human brain showed an ability to distinguish between various tissue types combined with a spatial resolution of better than 3 mm. Should predictions based on the data and theory prove correct, TAST may become a non-invasive alternative to biopsy.", "contents": "A two-beam acoustic system for tissue analysis. In the 'thermo-acoustic sensing technique' (TAST), a burst of sound, called the 'thermometer' beam is passed through tissue and its transit time is measured. A focused sound field, called the heating field, then warms a small volume in the path of the therometer beam, in proportion to the absorption. Finally, the therometer beam burst is repeated and its transit time subtracted from that of the initial thermometer burst. This difference measures the velocity perturbation in the tissue produced by the heating field. The transit time difference is td = K integral of infinity-infinity IP dchi where K is the instrument constant, I the heating field intensity, and P a perturbation factor which characterizes the tissues. The integration is carried out along the path of the thermometer beam. The perturbation factor is P = (formula: see text) where C is the specific heat, rho the denisty, V the velocity of sound, (formula: see text) the temperature coefficient of velocity and alpha the heating field absorption coefficient which is apparently sensitive to tissue structure and condition. Experiments on a fixed human brain showed an ability to distinguish between various tissue types combined with a spatial resolution of better than 3 mm. Should predictions based on the data and theory prove correct, TAST may become a non-invasive alternative to biopsy.", "PMID": 857267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11957", "title": "Monogamy in mammals.", "content": "This review considers the behavioral, ecological, and reproductive characteristics of mammals exhibiting monogamy, i.e., mating exclusivity. From a discussion of the life histories of selected species of monogamous primates, carnivores, rodents and ungulates, several trends emerge. Two forms of monogamy occur, Type I, facultative, and Type II, obligate. The selective pressures leading to these two forms of monogamy may have been different. Facultative monogamy may result when a species exists at very low densities, with males and females being so spaced that only a single member of the opposite sex is available for mating. Obligate monogamy appears to occur when a solitary female cannot rear a litter without aid from conspecifics, but the carrying capacity of the habitat is insufficient to allow more than one female to breed simultaneously within the same home range. Within both types of monogamy, the following traits are typically seen: (1) adults show little sexual dimorphism either physically or behaviorally: (2) the adult male and female exhibit infrequent socio-sexual interactions except during the early stages of pair bond formation. Additional trends specific to mammals exhibiting obligate monogamy are: (1) the young exhibit delayed sexual maturation in the presence of the parents, and thus only the adult pair breeds; (2) the older juveniles aid in rearing young siblings; and (3) the adult male (father) aids in the rearing of young by any or all of the following: carrying, feeding, defending, and socializing offspring.", "contents": "Monogamy in mammals. This review considers the behavioral, ecological, and reproductive characteristics of mammals exhibiting monogamy, i.e., mating exclusivity. From a discussion of the life histories of selected species of monogamous primates, carnivores, rodents and ungulates, several trends emerge. Two forms of monogamy occur, Type I, facultative, and Type II, obligate. The selective pressures leading to these two forms of monogamy may have been different. Facultative monogamy may result when a species exists at very low densities, with males and females being so spaced that only a single member of the opposite sex is available for mating. Obligate monogamy appears to occur when a solitary female cannot rear a litter without aid from conspecifics, but the carrying capacity of the habitat is insufficient to allow more than one female to breed simultaneously within the same home range. Within both types of monogamy, the following traits are typically seen: (1) adults show little sexual dimorphism either physically or behaviorally: (2) the adult male and female exhibit infrequent socio-sexual interactions except during the early stages of pair bond formation. Additional trends specific to mammals exhibiting obligate monogamy are: (1) the young exhibit delayed sexual maturation in the presence of the parents, and thus only the adult pair breeds; (2) the older juveniles aid in rearing young siblings; and (3) the adult male (father) aids in the rearing of young by any or all of the following: carrying, feeding, defending, and socializing offspring.", "PMID": 857268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11958", "title": "Critical evaluation of renal masses' angiography.", "content": "152 consecutive space occupying renal lesions (54 cancers, 66 single or multiple cysts, 18 pseudotumors, 8 inflammatory lesions, 3 hydronephroses, 3 hehatomas) were studied by selective angiography, considering the signs noted in the three phases: arterial, nephrographic, and venous. The frequency of each of these angiographic signs in the different forms of renal pathology was evaluated. Based on this study, pathognomonic angiographic signs were identified for the various types of pathology. For each angiographic sign the 'diagnostic value' was calculated in order to differentiate malignant from benign space-occupying lesions. Dependent on the angiographic phase they are in, these signs constitute the arterial, nephrographic, and venous 'symptom constellation' characteristic of each lesion. The relationship between angiographic signs and either histologic type or size of tumor were analyzed. The causes of false positives and false negatives were investigated. The value of certain angiographic signs for a correct diagnosis of the cases judged as suspect or misinterpreted was discussed.", "contents": "Critical evaluation of renal masses' angiography. 152 consecutive space occupying renal lesions (54 cancers, 66 single or multiple cysts, 18 pseudotumors, 8 inflammatory lesions, 3 hydronephroses, 3 hehatomas) were studied by selective angiography, considering the signs noted in the three phases: arterial, nephrographic, and venous. The frequency of each of these angiographic signs in the different forms of renal pathology was evaluated. Based on this study, pathognomonic angiographic signs were identified for the various types of pathology. For each angiographic sign the 'diagnostic value' was calculated in order to differentiate malignant from benign space-occupying lesions. Dependent on the angiographic phase they are in, these signs constitute the arterial, nephrographic, and venous 'symptom constellation' characteristic of each lesion. The relationship between angiographic signs and either histologic type or size of tumor were analyzed. The causes of false positives and false negatives were investigated. The value of certain angiographic signs for a correct diagnosis of the cases judged as suspect or misinterpreted was discussed.", "PMID": 857269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11959", "title": "A new topometric method of determining the position of the venous angle on cerebral phlebograms.", "content": "The authors devised their own craniometric method of determining the normal position of the venous angle on the lateral phlebogram. The fundamental principles of the method are as follows: (1) two auxiliary lines; i.e. (a) a horizontal line the nasion - the tuberculum sellae (N-TS); (b)a diagonal line the nasion - the tabula interna (N-Ti); (2) the two auxiliary lines form the angle alpha, which is equal to 20.44+/- 4.2 degree; (3) the proportional position of the venous angle (the point of intersection S on the diagonal N-Ti) is the ratio of the distance N-S to the total length of the diagonal N-Ti,i.e.: (formula: see text). The value is equal to 49.8 +/- 4.6%. The present method takes into consideration both the length and the height of the skull, has a small statistical dispersion and is simpler than the other available methods.", "contents": "A new topometric method of determining the position of the venous angle on cerebral phlebograms. The authors devised their own craniometric method of determining the normal position of the venous angle on the lateral phlebogram. The fundamental principles of the method are as follows: (1) two auxiliary lines; i.e. (a) a horizontal line the nasion - the tuberculum sellae (N-TS); (b)a diagonal line the nasion - the tabula interna (N-Ti); (2) the two auxiliary lines form the angle alpha, which is equal to 20.44+/- 4.2 degree; (3) the proportional position of the venous angle (the point of intersection S on the diagonal N-Ti) is the ratio of the distance N-S to the total length of the diagonal N-Ti,i.e.: (formula: see text). The value is equal to 49.8 +/- 4.6%. The present method takes into consideration both the length and the height of the skull, has a small statistical dispersion and is simpler than the other available methods.", "PMID": 857270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11960", "title": "Influence of the route of administration of prostaglandin E1 on rat gastric secretion.", "content": "Changes in gastric secretion induced by the subcutaneous, intraduodenal or intragastric administration of prostaglandin E 1 (PGE1) were evaluated in pylorus-ligated rats. Subcutaneous and intraduodenal injections produced a dose-related inhibition in both total acid and volume of gastric secretion. Dose-response curves for inhibition obtained by these routes were parallel, although PGE1 was more potent when given subcutaneously. Gastric administration produced a dose-related decrease in acid and an increase in volume. The slope of the dose-response curve for acid inhibition with this route was flatter than with subcutaneous or intraduodenal administrations. The present results suggest that PGE1 inhibits gastric secretion by the same mechanism of action when given subcutaneously or into the duodenum, while the effects observed after gastric administration are consequences of local actions. The difference in potency of PGE1 given subcutaneously and in the duodenum would seem to be due to differences in absorption from the site of administration and/or to a greater metabolism of PGE1 during its absorption from the intestines.", "contents": "Influence of the route of administration of prostaglandin E1 on rat gastric secretion. Changes in gastric secretion induced by the subcutaneous, intraduodenal or intragastric administration of prostaglandin E 1 (PGE1) were evaluated in pylorus-ligated rats. Subcutaneous and intraduodenal injections produced a dose-related inhibition in both total acid and volume of gastric secretion. Dose-response curves for inhibition obtained by these routes were parallel, although PGE1 was more potent when given subcutaneously. Gastric administration produced a dose-related decrease in acid and an increase in volume. The slope of the dose-response curve for acid inhibition with this route was flatter than with subcutaneous or intraduodenal administrations. The present results suggest that PGE1 inhibits gastric secretion by the same mechanism of action when given subcutaneously or into the duodenum, while the effects observed after gastric administration are consequences of local actions. The difference in potency of PGE1 given subcutaneously and in the duodenum would seem to be due to differences in absorption from the site of administration and/or to a greater metabolism of PGE1 during its absorption from the intestines.", "PMID": 857271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11961", "title": "Effects of prostaglandins on baseline pressure and responses to noradrenaline in a perfused rat mesenteric artery preparation. PGE1 as an antagonist of PGE2.", "content": "Concentrations of PGE1, PGE2, PGA1, PGA2 and PGF2alpha ranging from 10 to 10(5) pg/ml (2.8 x 10(-11) to 2.8 x 10(-7)M) were perfused through a rat mesenteric vascular bed preparation and their effects on baseline pressure and responses to noradrenaline noted. PGs A2 and FEalpha elevated baseline pressure at concentrations of 100 pg/ml and above but the other three PGs had little or no effect. PGs E2, A1 and F2alpha markedly potentiated responses to noradrenaline at all concentrations studied. In contrast PGs E1 and A2 caused a clear potentiation at 10 pg/ml but at higher concentrations the effect disappeared and concentrations of above 10(4) pg/ml were actually inhibitiory. E1 could antagonize the vascular effects of E2. These results offer possible explanations for some of the confusing findings reported in the literature.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandins on baseline pressure and responses to noradrenaline in a perfused rat mesenteric artery preparation. PGE1 as an antagonist of PGE2. Concentrations of PGE1, PGE2, PGA1, PGA2 and PGF2alpha ranging from 10 to 10(5) pg/ml (2.8 x 10(-11) to 2.8 x 10(-7)M) were perfused through a rat mesenteric vascular bed preparation and their effects on baseline pressure and responses to noradrenaline noted. PGs A2 and FEalpha elevated baseline pressure at concentrations of 100 pg/ml and above but the other three PGs had little or no effect. PGs E2, A1 and F2alpha markedly potentiated responses to noradrenaline at all concentrations studied. In contrast PGs E1 and A2 caused a clear potentiation at 10 pg/ml but at higher concentrations the effect disappeared and concentrations of above 10(4) pg/ml were actually inhibitiory. E1 could antagonize the vascular effects of E2. These results offer possible explanations for some of the confusing findings reported in the literature.", "PMID": 857272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11962", "title": "Stimulative effect of prostaglandins on production of hexosamine-containing substances by cultured fibroblasts (2) early effect of various prostaglandins at various doses.", "content": "Early effects of various prostaglandins on the production of hexosamine-containing substances by cultrued fibroblasts, which were derived from a rat carrageenin granuloma, were studied. At hte stationary phase, the cells were exposed for 6 h to one of the prostaglandin A1 (PGA1), A2, B1, B2, D2, F1 alpha, E1, E2 or arachidonic acid in various concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 10 microng/ml for all the stimuli and from 10 pg to 10 microng/ml for PGF2alpha. The activity of the cells in incorporating 3H-glucosamine into hexosamine-containing substances (acidic glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins) during this period was compared with that of control cells. All the stimuli tested showed more or less stimulative effect on the synthesis of hexosamine-containing substances at their specific concentrations. PGF2alpha was found to be the most potent stimulant and its stimulative effect was found significant even at the low concentration of 100 pg/ml. PGD2, F1alpha and E2 were the next potent stimuli. Their optimum dose were aroung 1 microng/ml but they still had significant stimulation at the concentration of 0.01 microng/ml. Effect of PGE2 was rather mild. Stimulation by PGA1, A2, B1 and B2 or arachidonic acid was seen at high dose, and it seemed to be non-specific. The results suggested that these prostaglandins such as PGF2alpha, D2, F1alpha and E2 play some important role on regulating the production of intercellular ground substances.", "contents": "Stimulative effect of prostaglandins on production of hexosamine-containing substances by cultured fibroblasts (2) early effect of various prostaglandins at various doses. Early effects of various prostaglandins on the production of hexosamine-containing substances by cultrued fibroblasts, which were derived from a rat carrageenin granuloma, were studied. At hte stationary phase, the cells were exposed for 6 h to one of the prostaglandin A1 (PGA1), A2, B1, B2, D2, F1 alpha, E1, E2 or arachidonic acid in various concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 10 microng/ml for all the stimuli and from 10 pg to 10 microng/ml for PGF2alpha. The activity of the cells in incorporating 3H-glucosamine into hexosamine-containing substances (acidic glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins) during this period was compared with that of control cells. All the stimuli tested showed more or less stimulative effect on the synthesis of hexosamine-containing substances at their specific concentrations. PGF2alpha was found to be the most potent stimulant and its stimulative effect was found significant even at the low concentration of 100 pg/ml. PGD2, F1alpha and E2 were the next potent stimuli. Their optimum dose were aroung 1 microng/ml but they still had significant stimulation at the concentration of 0.01 microng/ml. Effect of PGE2 was rather mild. Stimulation by PGA1, A2, B1 and B2 or arachidonic acid was seen at high dose, and it seemed to be non-specific. The results suggested that these prostaglandins such as PGF2alpha, D2, F1alpha and E2 play some important role on regulating the production of intercellular ground substances.", "PMID": 857273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11963", "title": "Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and contractility in the rabbit and rat uterus by ibuprofen.", "content": "Sixty uterine strips were excised from 8 pregnant and 7 post partum rabbits and stimulated electrically in vitro until they developed maximum isometric tension. The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, Ibuprofen, at concentrations of 125, 250 and 500 microng/ml, significantly reduced tension of the 55 experimental uteri (P less than 0.001) within 7.5 minutes, in comparison with the pretreatment value. Tension in 15 solvent-treated controls remained stable during the same observation period. The reduction in tension was greater in the post partum than the pregnant uteri (P greater than 0.05). Sixteen additional uterine strips, excised from 4 pregnant and 4 post partum rabbits were treated either with 500 microng Ibuprofen or solvent for 7.5 minutes. Radioimmunoassay showed that Ibuprofen significantly reduced the uterine levels of PGF (P less than 0.001) and PGE (P less than 0.001 post partum; P less than 0.05 pregnant) and again the effect was greater in the post partum uteri. These findings suggest that the suppression of uterine function by Ibuprofen is mediated by inhibition of PG-synthesis. In a subsequent study, 36 rats were treated with Ibuprofen on days 20 and 21 of pregnancy, at the ineffective dose level of 4 mg/day and the effective levels of 12, 20 and 30 mg/day. In comparison with the first group, spontaneous labor was significantly delayed in the other three groups (P less than 0.05, P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.001, respectively). In addition, 7 rats were treated with 30 mg/day Ibuprofen and 7 with solvent on days 19 and 20 of pregnancy. On day 21, the Ibuprofen-treated rats showed a significant (P less than 0.001) reduction in the uterine PGF and PGE concentrations, indicating that the prolongation of pregnancy is mediated by an inhibition of uterine PG-synthesis.", "contents": "Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and contractility in the rabbit and rat uterus by ibuprofen. Sixty uterine strips were excised from 8 pregnant and 7 post partum rabbits and stimulated electrically in vitro until they developed maximum isometric tension. The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, Ibuprofen, at concentrations of 125, 250 and 500 microng/ml, significantly reduced tension of the 55 experimental uteri (P less than 0.001) within 7.5 minutes, in comparison with the pretreatment value. Tension in 15 solvent-treated controls remained stable during the same observation period. The reduction in tension was greater in the post partum than the pregnant uteri (P greater than 0.05). Sixteen additional uterine strips, excised from 4 pregnant and 4 post partum rabbits were treated either with 500 microng Ibuprofen or solvent for 7.5 minutes. Radioimmunoassay showed that Ibuprofen significantly reduced the uterine levels of PGF (P less than 0.001) and PGE (P less than 0.001 post partum; P less than 0.05 pregnant) and again the effect was greater in the post partum uteri. These findings suggest that the suppression of uterine function by Ibuprofen is mediated by inhibition of PG-synthesis. In a subsequent study, 36 rats were treated with Ibuprofen on days 20 and 21 of pregnancy, at the ineffective dose level of 4 mg/day and the effective levels of 12, 20 and 30 mg/day. In comparison with the first group, spontaneous labor was significantly delayed in the other three groups (P less than 0.05, P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.001, respectively). In addition, 7 rats were treated with 30 mg/day Ibuprofen and 7 with solvent on days 19 and 20 of pregnancy. On day 21, the Ibuprofen-treated rats showed a significant (P less than 0.001) reduction in the uterine PGF and PGE concentrations, indicating that the prolongation of pregnancy is mediated by an inhibition of uterine PG-synthesis.", "PMID": 857274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11964", "title": "The effect of a 10 cm2, 0.5% 15-ME-PGF2alpha methyl ester intravaginal silastic device on abortion and plasma prostaglandin concentration.", "content": "Intravaginal insertion of a 10 cm2 silastic device with an 0.5% concentration of 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha methyl ester alone successfully induced abortion in 27 of 48 patients in the midtrimester and in an additional 11 patients with a concomitant infusion of oxytocin. The mean abortion time for the 38 successful induction was 15.35 hours. In 8 of the 10 patients who failed to abort even with concomitant oxytocin therapy, abortion was induced by serial intramuscular injections of 15-ME-PCF2alpha; the remaining 2 failures underwent surgical evacuation. The plasma levels of 15-ME-PGF2alpha methyl ester in the 11 patients studied varied widely over the first 2 hours after insertion of the device. The maximum mean level was achieved at 2 hours, maintained at 4 hours and then dropped sharply at 8 hours and declined over the abortion period in undelivered patients. Vomiting and diarrhea were the most common side effects and in general well tolerated by the patients. However, there was an adverse reaction in a single patient who experienced almost constant nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. The device was removed 1 hour 50 minutes after insertion and the patient aborted spontaneously 7 hours later. Intravaginal insertion of a silastic device is an effective means of prostaglandin abortion, but further investigation is required to determine the most effective device which would provide a slow, continuous release of the prostaglandin.", "contents": "The effect of a 10 cm2, 0.5% 15-ME-PGF2alpha methyl ester intravaginal silastic device on abortion and plasma prostaglandin concentration. Intravaginal insertion of a 10 cm2 silastic device with an 0.5% concentration of 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha methyl ester alone successfully induced abortion in 27 of 48 patients in the midtrimester and in an additional 11 patients with a concomitant infusion of oxytocin. The mean abortion time for the 38 successful induction was 15.35 hours. In 8 of the 10 patients who failed to abort even with concomitant oxytocin therapy, abortion was induced by serial intramuscular injections of 15-ME-PCF2alpha; the remaining 2 failures underwent surgical evacuation. The plasma levels of 15-ME-PGF2alpha methyl ester in the 11 patients studied varied widely over the first 2 hours after insertion of the device. The maximum mean level was achieved at 2 hours, maintained at 4 hours and then dropped sharply at 8 hours and declined over the abortion period in undelivered patients. Vomiting and diarrhea were the most common side effects and in general well tolerated by the patients. However, there was an adverse reaction in a single patient who experienced almost constant nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. The device was removed 1 hour 50 minutes after insertion and the patient aborted spontaneously 7 hours later. Intravaginal insertion of a silastic device is an effective means of prostaglandin abortion, but further investigation is required to determine the most effective device which would provide a slow, continuous release of the prostaglandin.", "PMID": 857275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11965", "title": "The effect of prostaglandin F2alpha on the counter-current transfer of 85krypton in the ovarian pedicle of the sheep.", "content": "A miniature Geiger-M\u00fcller probe was inserted into the corpus luteum in five anesthetized ewes. A similar probe was inserted into either the lumen of the adjacent fallopian tube or the opposite ovary. Overall, 17 infusions of 85Krypton-saline into the uterine vein were carried out in the five subjects. After each two minute infusion into the uterine vein, an increase in radioactivity was registered in the adjacent corpus luteum within 30 - 60 seconds. Maximum radioactivity was registered 1 - 3 minutes after the start of the infusion and within 10 minutes radioactivity had dropped to background [corrected] levels. In two out of three sheep a similar kpattern of 85Krypton transfer was registered in the adjacent fallopian tube. Only a negligible amount of radioactivity above background level was registered in the contralateral control ovary, a result in keeping with the known rapid clearance of 85Krypton from the circulation. There was no indication of any change in pattern of the counter current transfer of 85Krypton during the infusion of PGF2alpha (10 microng/hr) into the ovarian pedicle. These results suggest that the previously observed slow transfer of PGF2alpha itself in the ovarian pedicle may be due to physical rather than pharmacological properties of this prostaglandin.", "contents": "The effect of prostaglandin F2alpha on the counter-current transfer of 85krypton in the ovarian pedicle of the sheep. A miniature Geiger-M\u00fcller probe was inserted into the corpus luteum in five anesthetized ewes. A similar probe was inserted into either the lumen of the adjacent fallopian tube or the opposite ovary. Overall, 17 infusions of 85Krypton-saline into the uterine vein were carried out in the five subjects. After each two minute infusion into the uterine vein, an increase in radioactivity was registered in the adjacent corpus luteum within 30 - 60 seconds. Maximum radioactivity was registered 1 - 3 minutes after the start of the infusion and within 10 minutes radioactivity had dropped to background [corrected] levels. In two out of three sheep a similar kpattern of 85Krypton transfer was registered in the adjacent fallopian tube. Only a negligible amount of radioactivity above background level was registered in the contralateral control ovary, a result in keeping with the known rapid clearance of 85Krypton from the circulation. There was no indication of any change in pattern of the counter current transfer of 85Krypton during the infusion of PGF2alpha (10 microng/hr) into the ovarian pedicle. These results suggest that the previously observed slow transfer of PGF2alpha itself in the ovarian pedicle may be due to physical rather than pharmacological properties of this prostaglandin.", "PMID": 857276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11966", "title": "[Motility of the rat ureter in vitro. Responses to cholinergic drugs (author's transl)].", "content": "The motility of the rat ureter has been studied in vitro. Sixteen per cent of isolated rat ureters present spontaneous motility which depends on the electrolytic composition of the nutritious solution employed. It seems that the cholinergic component in organs from animals previously reserpinized acts as stimulator since 56.6% of ureters with spontaneous motility was observed in vitro. The action or nicotine proves the existence of stimulating nicotinic receptors in the ureter wall. Acetylcholine acts as excitator as increases peristaltic frequency. Atropine, likewise, proves the existence of stimulating muscarinic receptors. Urine dilutions of 1:100 have also proves their ability for producing peristaltic motility in vitro.", "contents": "[Motility of the rat ureter in vitro. Responses to cholinergic drugs (author's transl)]. The motility of the rat ureter has been studied in vitro. Sixteen per cent of isolated rat ureters present spontaneous motility which depends on the electrolytic composition of the nutritious solution employed. It seems that the cholinergic component in organs from animals previously reserpinized acts as stimulator since 56.6% of ureters with spontaneous motility was observed in vitro. The action or nicotine proves the existence of stimulating nicotinic receptors in the ureter wall. Acetylcholine acts as excitator as increases peristaltic frequency. Atropine, likewise, proves the existence of stimulating muscarinic receptors. Urine dilutions of 1:100 have also proves their ability for producing peristaltic motility in vitro.", "PMID": 857277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11967", "title": "[Tubular permeability maintained in post-ischemic acute renal failure (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of nearly total renal ischemia during a two hour period on glomerular filtration and urine composition was studied in relation to tubular permeability and tubular obstruction, two mechanisms that could explain renal insuficiency after iscehmia. Studies on creatinine clearance, micropuncture and microinjection of 14C-inulin into the proximal tubules by means of a hydraulic system were performed before and after the period of ischemia. Thirty minutes after the withdrawal of arterial obstruction, the animals exhibited a maintained diuresis, 50 per cent reduction in glomerular filtration in the superficial nephrons and in the total kidney, a reduction in the proximal fractional absorption of water, and also an increase in the urinary elimination of sodium. The glomerular filtrate of cortical nephorns obtained by micropuncture in anterior areas of the proximal tubules did not differ significantly from the one obtained by micropuncture in more distal areas. The inulin injected into the proximal tubules of a kidney was entirely eliminated by it.", "contents": "[Tubular permeability maintained in post-ischemic acute renal failure (author's transl)]. The effect of nearly total renal ischemia during a two hour period on glomerular filtration and urine composition was studied in relation to tubular permeability and tubular obstruction, two mechanisms that could explain renal insuficiency after iscehmia. Studies on creatinine clearance, micropuncture and microinjection of 14C-inulin into the proximal tubules by means of a hydraulic system were performed before and after the period of ischemia. Thirty minutes after the withdrawal of arterial obstruction, the animals exhibited a maintained diuresis, 50 per cent reduction in glomerular filtration in the superficial nephrons and in the total kidney, a reduction in the proximal fractional absorption of water, and also an increase in the urinary elimination of sodium. The glomerular filtrate of cortical nephorns obtained by micropuncture in anterior areas of the proximal tubules did not differ significantly from the one obtained by micropuncture in more distal areas. The inulin injected into the proximal tubules of a kidney was entirely eliminated by it.", "PMID": 857278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11968", "title": "Behavioural and electroencephalographic effects of intracerebral microinjections of sodium pentobarbital.", "content": "The effects of intracerebral microinjections of Nembutal into different brain areas, with the purpose of reproducing the behavioural and EEG signs of barbiturate narcosis, have been studied and analyzed. Cats were implanted for polygraphic study of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and bilateral brain canulae were also placed in strategic brain areas. The most striking results was the controlateral turning after unilateral injections of Nembutal in the nigra, suggesting a loss of balance among the actions of the nigro-striatal-cortical pathways on both sides. The sequence of events produced by intravestibular injections of Nembutal suggests that the drug, when injected intraperitoneally, acts also upon the vestibular system. This data stresses the importance of localized intracerebral microinjections of drugs to determine and differentiate their action mechanisms when injected in an intraperitoneal or intravenous way.", "contents": "Behavioural and electroencephalographic effects of intracerebral microinjections of sodium pentobarbital. The effects of intracerebral microinjections of Nembutal into different brain areas, with the purpose of reproducing the behavioural and EEG signs of barbiturate narcosis, have been studied and analyzed. Cats were implanted for polygraphic study of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and bilateral brain canulae were also placed in strategic brain areas. The most striking results was the controlateral turning after unilateral injections of Nembutal in the nigra, suggesting a loss of balance among the actions of the nigro-striatal-cortical pathways on both sides. The sequence of events produced by intravestibular injections of Nembutal suggests that the drug, when injected intraperitoneally, acts also upon the vestibular system. This data stresses the importance of localized intracerebral microinjections of drugs to determine and differentiate their action mechanisms when injected in an intraperitoneal or intravenous way.", "PMID": 857279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11969", "title": "[Spectrofluorometric determination of dopamine in small areas of rat brain (author's transl)].", "content": "A method for the extraction and quantification of Dopamine from small areas of rat brain has been developed. The extraction with solvents eliminates the column cromatography separations and allows the simultaneous processing of a good number of samples. Sample retrieval is quite high (70%) and very reproducible. The evaluation was made from areas with a minimal weight of 0.225 g. The quantification of Dopamine was obtained using spectrofluorometric techniques, reading the fluorescence of the trihydroxy indol derivate. The linear relation between the instrument readings and the concentration of Dopamine is from 0 to 0.5 microng/ml. The maximal concentration of Dopamine was found in the decorticated cerebral hemispheres (1.485 microng/g), the next highest values in the diencephalon (1.046 microng/), and the minimal concentration in the cerebellum (0.283 microng/g). The concentration of the whole brain was 0.701 microng/g.", "contents": "[Spectrofluorometric determination of dopamine in small areas of rat brain (author's transl)]. A method for the extraction and quantification of Dopamine from small areas of rat brain has been developed. The extraction with solvents eliminates the column cromatography separations and allows the simultaneous processing of a good number of samples. Sample retrieval is quite high (70%) and very reproducible. The evaluation was made from areas with a minimal weight of 0.225 g. The quantification of Dopamine was obtained using spectrofluorometric techniques, reading the fluorescence of the trihydroxy indol derivate. The linear relation between the instrument readings and the concentration of Dopamine is from 0 to 0.5 microng/ml. The maximal concentration of Dopamine was found in the decorticated cerebral hemispheres (1.485 microng/g), the next highest values in the diencephalon (1.046 microng/), and the minimal concentration in the cerebellum (0.283 microng/g). The concentration of the whole brain was 0.701 microng/g.", "PMID": 857280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11970", "title": "Arterial-venous differences across the lungs in plasma triglyceride concentration.", "content": "Arterial-venous differences in plasma triglyceride across the lungs were determined in healthy human subjects before, during and following infusion of a soybean oil emulsion into the superior vena cava. Samples were acquired from the pulmonary and brachial arteries. A significantly greater mean concentration of triglyceride in venous as opposed to arterial blood was evident following 12 min of infusion (pless than 0.001), with a tendency for the retained lipid to be released during the postinfusion period. It could be calculated that during infusion the lungs retained about 20% of the available triglyceride, or 3 mmol/min.", "contents": "Arterial-venous differences across the lungs in plasma triglyceride concentration. Arterial-venous differences in plasma triglyceride across the lungs were determined in healthy human subjects before, during and following infusion of a soybean oil emulsion into the superior vena cava. Samples were acquired from the pulmonary and brachial arteries. A significantly greater mean concentration of triglyceride in venous as opposed to arterial blood was evident following 12 min of infusion (pless than 0.001), with a tendency for the retained lipid to be released during the postinfusion period. It could be calculated that during infusion the lungs retained about 20% of the available triglyceride, or 3 mmol/min.", "PMID": 857281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11971", "title": "Drive and performance of ventilatory system during rebreathing.", "content": "In eight normal subjects, eight patients with asthma, and six patients with chronic obstructive lung disease, the first derivative of occlusion pressure at FRC during rebreathing has been studied. The maximal dP/dt was always lower in patients. Such a behavior may depend on reduced neuronal discharge as well as on reduced effectiveness of the contraction of the respiratory muscles. Though (dP/dt)max. may provide a reliable measure of the sensitivity of the respiratory center only in a homogeneous group, the results of plotting its value against ventilation and end-tidal Pco2 confirm the failure of the thoracomuscular system to convert the output of respiratory centers into increase of pulmonary pressure and ventilation.", "contents": "Drive and performance of ventilatory system during rebreathing. In eight normal subjects, eight patients with asthma, and six patients with chronic obstructive lung disease, the first derivative of occlusion pressure at FRC during rebreathing has been studied. The maximal dP/dt was always lower in patients. Such a behavior may depend on reduced neuronal discharge as well as on reduced effectiveness of the contraction of the respiratory muscles. Though (dP/dt)max. may provide a reliable measure of the sensitivity of the respiratory center only in a homogeneous group, the results of plotting its value against ventilation and end-tidal Pco2 confirm the failure of the thoracomuscular system to convert the output of respiratory centers into increase of pulmonary pressure and ventilation.", "PMID": 857282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11972", "title": "Bronchial inhalation challenge by plethysmography in asthmatic children.", "content": "A new technique for breath-by-breath controlled bronchial inhalation test is described, using the body plethysmographic method. The values of airway resistance (Raw) and of thoracic gas volume at resting expiratory level (TGV) have been compared to the data of total pulmonary flow resistance (R1), measured with the intraesophageal catheter method, and of functional residual capacity (FRC). The dynamic lung compliance (C1 dyn) was calcualted, too; the mechanical parameters of breathing (R1; Raw; C1 dyn) have been investigated on the same breathing cycles before, during and after respiratory challenges in symptom-free asthmatic children. Regarding the breath-to-breath variation of the parameters, a respiratory challenge is usually considered as positive, if the R1 or Raw values increase 100% or more. Out of 39 assays, \"positive\" challenges were observed in 14 casis regarding R1 values and in 11 cases regarding Raw values. \"Doubtful\" tests - i.e. +50% less than or equal to R1 or Raw less than 100% - were observed in 5 assays regarding R1 and in 7 cases regarding Raw. A decrease of more than 40% of C1 dyn was observed in 12 out of the 19 'positive' or 'doubtful-positive' challenges; the largest spontaneous breath-to-breath variation being +/- 25%. Such a decrease of C1 dyn is suggested as a sign of peripheral bronchial obstruction. An increase of more than 25% of TGV was observed in 11 out of 19 assays, considered \"positive\" or \"doubtful-positive\". A correlation being observed between C1 dyn decrease and TGV increase this latter parameter is suggested to be an additional sign of bronchial obstruction. Beside the practical problem of the interpretation of a respiratory challenge, these results are discussed from the phatophysiological point of view.", "contents": "Bronchial inhalation challenge by plethysmography in asthmatic children. A new technique for breath-by-breath controlled bronchial inhalation test is described, using the body plethysmographic method. The values of airway resistance (Raw) and of thoracic gas volume at resting expiratory level (TGV) have been compared to the data of total pulmonary flow resistance (R1), measured with the intraesophageal catheter method, and of functional residual capacity (FRC). The dynamic lung compliance (C1 dyn) was calcualted, too; the mechanical parameters of breathing (R1; Raw; C1 dyn) have been investigated on the same breathing cycles before, during and after respiratory challenges in symptom-free asthmatic children. Regarding the breath-to-breath variation of the parameters, a respiratory challenge is usually considered as positive, if the R1 or Raw values increase 100% or more. Out of 39 assays, \"positive\" challenges were observed in 14 casis regarding R1 values and in 11 cases regarding Raw values. \"Doubtful\" tests - i.e. +50% less than or equal to R1 or Raw less than 100% - were observed in 5 assays regarding R1 and in 7 cases regarding Raw. A decrease of more than 40% of C1 dyn was observed in 12 out of the 19 'positive' or 'doubtful-positive' challenges; the largest spontaneous breath-to-breath variation being +/- 25%. Such a decrease of C1 dyn is suggested as a sign of peripheral bronchial obstruction. An increase of more than 25% of TGV was observed in 11 out of 19 assays, considered \"positive\" or \"doubtful-positive\". A correlation being observed between C1 dyn decrease and TGV increase this latter parameter is suggested to be an additional sign of bronchial obstruction. Beside the practical problem of the interpretation of a respiratory challenge, these results are discussed from the phatophysiological point of view.", "PMID": 857283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11973", "title": "[Anatomo clinical aspects of a case of ischaemic necrosis of the spinal cord in a patient with a dissecting aneurysm of the aorta (author's transl)].", "content": "Neurological complications of dissecting aneurysm of the aorta are not frequently described in the literature. A case of infarction of the spinal cord secondary to aortic aneurysm is presented. The ischemic zone extended from D5-D6 to L2-L3, showing the typical double-funnel-like configuration. Such localization is explained by the blood circulation in the spinal cord. The rupture of a dissecting aortic aneurysm in the toracic and abdominal tract, by occluding the segmental branches to the spinal cord, causes a decrease in blood flow which is responsible for the neurological manifestations. In the present case ischemia is mainly due to the involvement of the artery of Adamkiewicz, while the relative sparing found at the inferior lumbar level is justified by the existence of vessels which take origin below the aneurysm and are tributary to the cauda equina. The histological findings are in agreement with previous observations of a selective necrosis of the gray matter.", "contents": "[Anatomo clinical aspects of a case of ischaemic necrosis of the spinal cord in a patient with a dissecting aneurysm of the aorta (author's transl)]. Neurological complications of dissecting aneurysm of the aorta are not frequently described in the literature. A case of infarction of the spinal cord secondary to aortic aneurysm is presented. The ischemic zone extended from D5-D6 to L2-L3, showing the typical double-funnel-like configuration. Such localization is explained by the blood circulation in the spinal cord. The rupture of a dissecting aortic aneurysm in the toracic and abdominal tract, by occluding the segmental branches to the spinal cord, causes a decrease in blood flow which is responsible for the neurological manifestations. In the present case ischemia is mainly due to the involvement of the artery of Adamkiewicz, while the relative sparing found at the inferior lumbar level is justified by the existence of vessels which take origin below the aneurysm and are tributary to the cauda equina. The histological findings are in agreement with previous observations of a selective necrosis of the gray matter.", "PMID": 857284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11974", "title": "[Clinical and pathological observations on a case of granulomatous encephalitis (probable criptococcal infection) (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of granulomatous encephalitis in a 42 year old woman is reported. During the course of her illness, she showed over a short period of time a left hemiparesis, epileptic seizures and severe impairment of consciousness. Bilateral carotic angiography showed no evidence of an expansive lesion, while brain-scan presented an hyperactive area in the right parasagittal region. The cerebrospinal fluid examination demonstrated an increasing hyperproteinosis and death occurred 45 days after the first symptoms appeared. At post mortem in addition to brain edema, a soft, grey-brown discoloured area, of the size of hazel nut was found in the right limbic convolution. Histologically the abnormal tissue revealed a granulomatous structure formed by thick masses of lymphocytes, plasmacells and epithelioid cells among which vessel neoformation and hemorrhages were noted. Remarkable perivascular infiltrations were seen in the white matter, in the gray matter and in the leptomeninges also far away from the granulomatous focus. Many round yeast-like elements were observed free in the tissue as well as inglobated in large histiocytes. Although morphologically they resembled Cryptococcus neoformans organisms, the specific staining techniques for the mycoses were negative. The authors, after reviewing the various histopathological pictures of cryptococcosis in the nervous system and the modern diagnostic procedures for this mycotic infection during life, discuss the range of so-called primitive granulomatous encephalites.", "contents": "[Clinical and pathological observations on a case of granulomatous encephalitis (probable criptococcal infection) (author's transl)]. A case of granulomatous encephalitis in a 42 year old woman is reported. During the course of her illness, she showed over a short period of time a left hemiparesis, epileptic seizures and severe impairment of consciousness. Bilateral carotic angiography showed no evidence of an expansive lesion, while brain-scan presented an hyperactive area in the right parasagittal region. The cerebrospinal fluid examination demonstrated an increasing hyperproteinosis and death occurred 45 days after the first symptoms appeared. At post mortem in addition to brain edema, a soft, grey-brown discoloured area, of the size of hazel nut was found in the right limbic convolution. Histologically the abnormal tissue revealed a granulomatous structure formed by thick masses of lymphocytes, plasmacells and epithelioid cells among which vessel neoformation and hemorrhages were noted. Remarkable perivascular infiltrations were seen in the white matter, in the gray matter and in the leptomeninges also far away from the granulomatous focus. Many round yeast-like elements were observed free in the tissue as well as inglobated in large histiocytes. Although morphologically they resembled Cryptococcus neoformans organisms, the specific staining techniques for the mycoses were negative. The authors, after reviewing the various histopathological pictures of cryptococcosis in the nervous system and the modern diagnostic procedures for this mycotic infection during life, discuss the range of so-called primitive granulomatous encephalites.", "PMID": 857285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11975", "title": "[Lumbar myelography with metrizamid (author's transl)].", "content": "A series of lumbar myelographies -- 105 in 98 patients - was carried out with water-soluble Metrizamid (Amipaque R) in a concentration of 170 mg I/ml and showed side-effects in 32% and a quality of contrast similar to that of other water-soluble contrast media used before. The side effects were mild, of short duration and needed no treatment. There were no epileptic fits, tonic or clonic carried out 1 - 12 months later showed no signs of arachnoiditis. Dangers of more serious complications appeared to increase, the higher the level of injection into the spinal canal. A short survey of contrast media used in myelography and earlier experience of experimental or clinical side effects caused by Medtrizamid in myelography follows.", "contents": "[Lumbar myelography with metrizamid (author's transl)]. A series of lumbar myelographies -- 105 in 98 patients - was carried out with water-soluble Metrizamid (Amipaque R) in a concentration of 170 mg I/ml and showed side-effects in 32% and a quality of contrast similar to that of other water-soluble contrast media used before. The side effects were mild, of short duration and needed no treatment. There were no epileptic fits, tonic or clonic carried out 1 - 12 months later showed no signs of arachnoiditis. Dangers of more serious complications appeared to increase, the higher the level of injection into the spinal canal. A short survey of contrast media used in myelography and earlier experience of experimental or clinical side effects caused by Medtrizamid in myelography follows.", "PMID": 857286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11976", "title": "[Suction-radiography in mammography (author's transl)].", "content": "The value of the suction apparatus used in over 500 examinations as a simple addition to mammography has been convincing in our hands. Suction of 30 mm Hg, produced with a test-rubber bulb, achieves distension or stretching of the mamma. This leads to changes of position, shape and density of normal and pathologic structures and gives further information, compared with routine mammography. It is often possible to distinguish between spaces filled with fluid (cysts, hematomata) and solid tumours, pseudotumours and genuine growths, and between benign and malignant tumours. One essential indication is the \"small\" breast of various types (constitutional, post-operative and in men), because often suction will enable us to do a mammography. Suction radiographs are added in every 10th patient to previously taken compression radiographs with, of course, large and coned radiographs, which will yield a safe diagnosis in one half of the cases or confirm suspected findings.", "contents": "[Suction-radiography in mammography (author's transl)]. The value of the suction apparatus used in over 500 examinations as a simple addition to mammography has been convincing in our hands. Suction of 30 mm Hg, produced with a test-rubber bulb, achieves distension or stretching of the mamma. This leads to changes of position, shape and density of normal and pathologic structures and gives further information, compared with routine mammography. It is often possible to distinguish between spaces filled with fluid (cysts, hematomata) and solid tumours, pseudotumours and genuine growths, and between benign and malignant tumours. One essential indication is the \"small\" breast of various types (constitutional, post-operative and in men), because often suction will enable us to do a mammography. Suction radiographs are added in every 10th patient to previously taken compression radiographs with, of course, large and coned radiographs, which will yield a safe diagnosis in one half of the cases or confirm suspected findings.", "PMID": 857287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11977", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of space-occupying lesions of kidneys (comparison between IVP, angiography and ultra-sound) (author's transl)].", "content": "On 77 IVP's it can be shown that correct assessment of the identity of space-occupying lesions of the kidneys is difficult (correct diagnosis in 39% of cystic and 10% of solid conditions). Improvement can be expected from early tomography of IVP's by improved pictures of the parenchyma, mainly with ultra-sound which separates cystic from solid conditions. Correlation of these techniques appears sufficient for cystic processes. Angiography is indicated for solid tumors and doubtful ultra-sound findings.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of space-occupying lesions of kidneys (comparison between IVP, angiography and ultra-sound) (author's transl)]. On 77 IVP's it can be shown that correct assessment of the identity of space-occupying lesions of the kidneys is difficult (correct diagnosis in 39% of cystic and 10% of solid conditions). Improvement can be expected from early tomography of IVP's by improved pictures of the parenchyma, mainly with ultra-sound which separates cystic from solid conditions. Correlation of these techniques appears sufficient for cystic processes. Angiography is indicated for solid tumors and doubtful ultra-sound findings.", "PMID": 857288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11978", "title": "[Nontuberculous infectious osteoarthritis in adults (excluding spondylodiscitis) in rheumatology].", "content": "Analysis of twenty five personal observations of septic osteoarthritis compared with information from the literature led the authors to the following conclusions: 1) Diagnosis of septic osteo-arthritis must be considered when confronted with a picture of acute or subacute arthritis generally inflamed with variable fever, raised sedimentation rates and frequently polymorph neutrophilia, above all especially if there are particular antecedents (local trauma or intra-articular injection, conditions which favor infections: diabetes, alcoholism, impaired immunity, corticosteroid therapy or various therapeutic immuno-suppresives). 2) It may be established on absolute criteria (isolation of the organism at the site of the lesions) or, in the absence of direct bacteriological evidence, by a body of evidence amongst which 4 arguments are of particular value: identification of a pathogenic organism in one or more blood cultures and/or at the site of a closed infection, postive serology and particularly elevation of the antistaphylolysine titres, rapid-onset radiological changes of destruction and/or reconstruction. plus hypercellularity of the fluid greater than 100,000 cells/mm3. 3) Medical treatment sometimes includes local treatment (joint aspiration, local injection of antibiotics) and in all cases immobilisation during the acute phase and systemic antibiotics. The latter will vary according to the organism responsible and its sensitivity. It seems useful to continue this for twelve weeks at the minimum in the normal form, initially making use of the combination of 2 antibiotics and preferably using continuous perfusion and/or intramuscular routes during the first half of treatment. 4) The consistently good results of such medical treatment seem to limit considerably the place of surgery for which the indications have become rare during the acute phase and even more so at later stages.", "contents": "[Nontuberculous infectious osteoarthritis in adults (excluding spondylodiscitis) in rheumatology]. Analysis of twenty five personal observations of septic osteoarthritis compared with information from the literature led the authors to the following conclusions: 1) Diagnosis of septic osteo-arthritis must be considered when confronted with a picture of acute or subacute arthritis generally inflamed with variable fever, raised sedimentation rates and frequently polymorph neutrophilia, above all especially if there are particular antecedents (local trauma or intra-articular injection, conditions which favor infections: diabetes, alcoholism, impaired immunity, corticosteroid therapy or various therapeutic immuno-suppresives). 2) It may be established on absolute criteria (isolation of the organism at the site of the lesions) or, in the absence of direct bacteriological evidence, by a body of evidence amongst which 4 arguments are of particular value: identification of a pathogenic organism in one or more blood cultures and/or at the site of a closed infection, postive serology and particularly elevation of the antistaphylolysine titres, rapid-onset radiological changes of destruction and/or reconstruction. plus hypercellularity of the fluid greater than 100,000 cells/mm3. 3) Medical treatment sometimes includes local treatment (joint aspiration, local injection of antibiotics) and in all cases immobilisation during the acute phase and systemic antibiotics. The latter will vary according to the organism responsible and its sensitivity. It seems useful to continue this for twelve weeks at the minimum in the normal form, initially making use of the combination of 2 antibiotics and preferably using continuous perfusion and/or intramuscular routes during the first half of treatment. 4) The consistently good results of such medical treatment seem to limit considerably the place of surgery for which the indications have become rare during the acute phase and even more so at later stages.", "PMID": 857289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11979", "title": "Kinetics of small lymphocytes in normal and nude mice after splenectomy.", "content": "Autoradiography and various quantitations on lymphoid tissues have been used to evaluate the kinetics of small lymphocytes in normal (+/nu or +/+) and congenitally athymic nude (nu/nu) NMRI mice 1 month after splenectomy or sham-splenectomy. The results indicate that splenectomy causes depressed thymic activity and diminished numbers of T lymphocytes in peripheral lymphoid tissues. The total number of cells in these tissues as well as the blast cell activity, were within normal limits. Bone marrow lymphocyte numbers and kinetics as well as blood lymphocyte levels in splenectomized and sham-splenectomized normal animals were comparable. Blood lymphocyte numbers were at normal levels in splenectomized nude mice, in spite of reduced numbers of bone marrow and thoracic duct lymphocytes. It is suggested that increased number of newly-formed lymphocytes, found in lymph nodes and blood of splenectomized mice, are released from the lympho-myeloid organs in compensation for the loss of long-lived, thymus-derived cells.", "contents": "Kinetics of small lymphocytes in normal and nude mice after splenectomy. Autoradiography and various quantitations on lymphoid tissues have been used to evaluate the kinetics of small lymphocytes in normal (+/nu or +/+) and congenitally athymic nude (nu/nu) NMRI mice 1 month after splenectomy or sham-splenectomy. The results indicate that splenectomy causes depressed thymic activity and diminished numbers of T lymphocytes in peripheral lymphoid tissues. The total number of cells in these tissues as well as the blast cell activity, were within normal limits. Bone marrow lymphocyte numbers and kinetics as well as blood lymphocyte levels in splenectomized and sham-splenectomized normal animals were comparable. Blood lymphocyte numbers were at normal levels in splenectomized nude mice, in spite of reduced numbers of bone marrow and thoracic duct lymphocytes. It is suggested that increased number of newly-formed lymphocytes, found in lymph nodes and blood of splenectomized mice, are released from the lympho-myeloid organs in compensation for the loss of long-lived, thymus-derived cells.", "PMID": 857290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11980", "title": "ADP-induced refractory state of platelets in vitro. II. Functional and ultra studies on gel filtered platelets.", "content": "Gelfiltered platelets (GFP) in calcium free Tyrode solution containing albumin, glucose and adenosine deaminase were preincubated with 1 micronM 14C-ADP or 0.15 M NaCl (control) at 37 degrees C. The breakdown of extracellular 14C-ADP was markedly inhibited in this medium. No aggregation took place without fibrinogen, but the platelets underwent a disc to sphere transformation with development of refactoriness towards ADP. Presence of 2 mM CaCl2 in the incubation medium did not prevent refractoriness as reported earlier with washed rabbit platelets. When the ADP degrading enzyme, apyrase, was added at 30 min of incubation a partial recovery of the aggregability was observed. Electron microscopic studies showed that the partial restoration of the aggregation response, due to ADP degradation by apyrase, was accompanied by a return of discoidal morphology of the platelets. The ultrastructural studies showed further that spherical form with large number of pseudopods is not by itself a necessary or sufficient indication of platelets in a refractory state. However, the results indicated that spherical platelets are more vulnerable to external factors. It was concluded that refractoriness was mainly caused by a direct effect on the platelets by ADP itself, but the studies also suggested that deteriorating, irreversible, intracellular changes may take place when platelets are in spherical shape. An artificial medium, mechanical stress, incubation at 37 degrees C are factors that probably speed up these changes.", "contents": "ADP-induced refractory state of platelets in vitro. II. Functional and ultra studies on gel filtered platelets. Gelfiltered platelets (GFP) in calcium free Tyrode solution containing albumin, glucose and adenosine deaminase were preincubated with 1 micronM 14C-ADP or 0.15 M NaCl (control) at 37 degrees C. The breakdown of extracellular 14C-ADP was markedly inhibited in this medium. No aggregation took place without fibrinogen, but the platelets underwent a disc to sphere transformation with development of refactoriness towards ADP. Presence of 2 mM CaCl2 in the incubation medium did not prevent refractoriness as reported earlier with washed rabbit platelets. When the ADP degrading enzyme, apyrase, was added at 30 min of incubation a partial recovery of the aggregability was observed. Electron microscopic studies showed that the partial restoration of the aggregation response, due to ADP degradation by apyrase, was accompanied by a return of discoidal morphology of the platelets. The ultrastructural studies showed further that spherical form with large number of pseudopods is not by itself a necessary or sufficient indication of platelets in a refractory state. However, the results indicated that spherical platelets are more vulnerable to external factors. It was concluded that refractoriness was mainly caused by a direct effect on the platelets by ADP itself, but the studies also suggested that deteriorating, irreversible, intracellular changes may take place when platelets are in spherical shape. An artificial medium, mechanical stress, incubation at 37 degrees C are factors that probably speed up these changes.", "PMID": 857291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11981", "title": "Cytogenetic studies in preleukaemia using the G-banding staining technique.", "content": "15 patients with preleukaemia were cytogenetically studied during the preleukaemic state by using the G-banding staining technique. It was found that 9 patients had a completely normal karyotype, while the other 6 showed various chromosomal abnormalities, numerical (trisomies in 5 cases) and structural (deletion in 1 case and a marker chromosome in 1 case). The abnormalities concerned group C in all 6 cases, while group A was involved in 3 cases. G-banding technique revealed that trisomy C affected the chromosomes nos 8 (2 cases) and 9 (3 cases); also a deleted chromosome 11 (11q-) was identified in 1 case and a marker chromosome in 1, the origin of which was established as a translocation between chromosomes 3 and 6. The abnormalities of group A concerned chromosome no 3. The abnormalities found in our cases, using the G-banding technique, were similar to those described in acute leukaemia.", "contents": "Cytogenetic studies in preleukaemia using the G-banding staining technique. 15 patients with preleukaemia were cytogenetically studied during the preleukaemic state by using the G-banding staining technique. It was found that 9 patients had a completely normal karyotype, while the other 6 showed various chromosomal abnormalities, numerical (trisomies in 5 cases) and structural (deletion in 1 case and a marker chromosome in 1 case). The abnormalities concerned group C in all 6 cases, while group A was involved in 3 cases. G-banding technique revealed that trisomy C affected the chromosomes nos 8 (2 cases) and 9 (3 cases); also a deleted chromosome 11 (11q-) was identified in 1 case and a marker chromosome in 1, the origin of which was established as a translocation between chromosomes 3 and 6. The abnormalities of group A concerned chromosome no 3. The abnormalities found in our cases, using the G-banding technique, were similar to those described in acute leukaemia.", "PMID": 857292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11982", "title": "Inverse relationship between splenomegaly and stem cell compartment size in mice treated with nitrogen mustard.", "content": "Following the administration of similar doses of nitrogen mustard (4 mg/kg) to different strains of mice, wide variations in the subsequent degree of splenomegaly were observed, implying strain differences in the role of the spleen in the compensatory erythropoietic response to haematopoietic stress. This investigation was undertaken to determine whether or not these differences were related to the size of the haematopoietic stem cell compartment size in the various strains of mice. Groups of 4 different strains of mice (Swiss Webster, A/J, C57BL/6J and CS1/ASH) were injected i.v. with nitrogen mustard (4 mg/kg body weight) and autopsied at regular intervals up to 20 d post-injection. At autopsy, the wet weight of the spleen was determined. Subsequently, groups of the same 4 strains of mice were exposed to single doses of wholebody gamma-irradiation in the range of 500-900 rads. 9 d after gamma-irradiation the mice were autopsied, their spleens removed, and the number of endogenous spleen colonies determined. The greatest degree of splenomegaly was observed in the C57BL/6J mice. The Swiss Webster mice showed no splenomegaly during the time period studied. There existed a linear inverse relationship between the maximum degree of splenomegaly observed and the dose of wholebody gamma-irradiation required to completely eliminate endogenous spleen colonies. This data is in accord with the hypothesis that there exists an inverse relationship between the extent of splenomegaly observed following haematopoietic stress and the haematopoietic stem cell compartment size.", "contents": "Inverse relationship between splenomegaly and stem cell compartment size in mice treated with nitrogen mustard. Following the administration of similar doses of nitrogen mustard (4 mg/kg) to different strains of mice, wide variations in the subsequent degree of splenomegaly were observed, implying strain differences in the role of the spleen in the compensatory erythropoietic response to haematopoietic stress. This investigation was undertaken to determine whether or not these differences were related to the size of the haematopoietic stem cell compartment size in the various strains of mice. Groups of 4 different strains of mice (Swiss Webster, A/J, C57BL/6J and CS1/ASH) were injected i.v. with nitrogen mustard (4 mg/kg body weight) and autopsied at regular intervals up to 20 d post-injection. At autopsy, the wet weight of the spleen was determined. Subsequently, groups of the same 4 strains of mice were exposed to single doses of wholebody gamma-irradiation in the range of 500-900 rads. 9 d after gamma-irradiation the mice were autopsied, their spleens removed, and the number of endogenous spleen colonies determined. The greatest degree of splenomegaly was observed in the C57BL/6J mice. The Swiss Webster mice showed no splenomegaly during the time period studied. There existed a linear inverse relationship between the maximum degree of splenomegaly observed and the dose of wholebody gamma-irradiation required to completely eliminate endogenous spleen colonies. This data is in accord with the hypothesis that there exists an inverse relationship between the extent of splenomegaly observed following haematopoietic stress and the haematopoietic stem cell compartment size.", "PMID": 857293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11983", "title": "The haemostatic effect of 51CR-labelled blood platelets. An experimental study in the rabbit.", "content": "The haemostatic effect of 51Cr-labelled platelets was studied in 5 rabbits made thrombocytopenic (35,000/micronl blood) by whole body ionizing irradiation. Bleeding times were recorded after standardized cuts on the inner side of the rabbit's ear, a method with an acceptable reproducibility. The animals were then each transfused with concentrates of labelled platelets from 2 healthy donor rabbits. This increased the platelet counts to about 2 x 10(5)/micronl blood. Bleeding time values were markably prolonged before transfusion and became normalized when tested 1 and 4 h after transfusion. In 3 control experiments, where unlabelled platelet rich plasma was transfused to thrombocytopenic recipients, a similar shortening of the bleeding time was observed. It is concluded that 51Cr-labelled platelets retain haemostatic ability comparable to non-labelled platelets, when circulating in a recipient animal.", "contents": "The haemostatic effect of 51CR-labelled blood platelets. An experimental study in the rabbit. The haemostatic effect of 51Cr-labelled platelets was studied in 5 rabbits made thrombocytopenic (35,000/micronl blood) by whole body ionizing irradiation. Bleeding times were recorded after standardized cuts on the inner side of the rabbit's ear, a method with an acceptable reproducibility. The animals were then each transfused with concentrates of labelled platelets from 2 healthy donor rabbits. This increased the platelet counts to about 2 x 10(5)/micronl blood. Bleeding time values were markably prolonged before transfusion and became normalized when tested 1 and 4 h after transfusion. In 3 control experiments, where unlabelled platelet rich plasma was transfused to thrombocytopenic recipients, a similar shortening of the bleeding time was observed. It is concluded that 51Cr-labelled platelets retain haemostatic ability comparable to non-labelled platelets, when circulating in a recipient animal.", "PMID": 857294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11984", "title": "In vitro detection of cell-mediated immunity to antigens associated with Hodgkin's granulomas.", "content": "Inhibition of the migration of peripheral blood leucocytes with extracts of homologous spleen granulomas was demonstrated in 2 out of 19 patients with Hodgkin's disease prior to any irradiation or cytostatic therapy. These patients were the only ones in the material classified as stage IA. Furthermore, leucocyte migration was inhibited in 2 out of 3 patients tested shortly after high voltage irradiation against mantle-fields. Based on these findings it is concluded that lymphocytes, which are sensitized specifically against components of the granulomas, might occur in Hodgkin patients with restricted involvement of lymph nodes, and probable patients with more widespread disease might regain their specific cell-mediated immunity after radiotherapy.", "contents": "In vitro detection of cell-mediated immunity to antigens associated with Hodgkin's granulomas. Inhibition of the migration of peripheral blood leucocytes with extracts of homologous spleen granulomas was demonstrated in 2 out of 19 patients with Hodgkin's disease prior to any irradiation or cytostatic therapy. These patients were the only ones in the material classified as stage IA. Furthermore, leucocyte migration was inhibited in 2 out of 3 patients tested shortly after high voltage irradiation against mantle-fields. Based on these findings it is concluded that lymphocytes, which are sensitized specifically against components of the granulomas, might occur in Hodgkin patients with restricted involvement of lymph nodes, and probable patients with more widespread disease might regain their specific cell-mediated immunity after radiotherapy.", "PMID": 857295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11985", "title": "Streptokinase resistance in medical patients in Oslo.", "content": "The streptokinase titrated initial dose (TID) was estimated in 31 2 patients consecutively admitted to a medical department in Oslo. 93% had a TID below 250,000 IU, 97% below 425,000 IU and 98.5% below 650,000 IU. No differences were found between the two sexes. The highest values were found in patients 50--60 years old. Otherwise, no differences were found between different age groups from 10 to 90 years of age. Two patients with extremely high TID values were both anamnestically prone to streptococcal infections. It is concluded that our standard initial dose of 250,000 IU of streptokinase is sufcient for the great majority of our patients. Pre-treatment test for TID is recommended only when recent streptococcal infections are suspected.", "contents": "Streptokinase resistance in medical patients in Oslo. The streptokinase titrated initial dose (TID) was estimated in 31 2 patients consecutively admitted to a medical department in Oslo. 93% had a TID below 250,000 IU, 97% below 425,000 IU and 98.5% below 650,000 IU. No differences were found between the two sexes. The highest values were found in patients 50--60 years old. Otherwise, no differences were found between different age groups from 10 to 90 years of age. Two patients with extremely high TID values were both anamnestically prone to streptococcal infections. It is concluded that our standard initial dose of 250,000 IU of streptokinase is sufcient for the great majority of our patients. Pre-treatment test for TID is recommended only when recent streptococcal infections are suspected.", "PMID": 857296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11986", "title": "Effect of preimmunization with native and methylated carrier on class-specific anti-hapten and anti-carrier antibody response.", "content": "Effects of priming with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and methylated BSA (MBSA) on the primary anti-2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) response were studied in the chicken. A new radioimmunoassay of class-specific antibodies (RIACA) was used to quantitate IgM and IgG antibodies against BSA and DNP. The anti-DNP antibody response after priming with BSA was dose-dependent: large doses of BSA suppressed and the smallest dose augmented it. In contrast, no dose dependence was observed between MBSA and the anti-hapten response. All doses of MBSA enhanced the primary anti-DNP antibody response of both immunoglobulin classes. No corresponding differences in anti-BSA antibodies were observed between BSA- and MBSA-primed groups. This suggests that the anticarrier antibodies as such are not the agent suppressing the anti-hapten response when large doses of native carrier are used for priming. A more probable explanation of this phenomenon is a competition between carrier-specific B cells and hapten-specific B cells for common T cells. A less obvious explanation is the generation of more helper cells or less suppressor cells when priming with MBSA than with BSA.", "contents": "Effect of preimmunization with native and methylated carrier on class-specific anti-hapten and anti-carrier antibody response. Effects of priming with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and methylated BSA (MBSA) on the primary anti-2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) response were studied in the chicken. A new radioimmunoassay of class-specific antibodies (RIACA) was used to quantitate IgM and IgG antibodies against BSA and DNP. The anti-DNP antibody response after priming with BSA was dose-dependent: large doses of BSA suppressed and the smallest dose augmented it. In contrast, no dose dependence was observed between MBSA and the anti-hapten response. All doses of MBSA enhanced the primary anti-DNP antibody response of both immunoglobulin classes. No corresponding differences in anti-BSA antibodies were observed between BSA- and MBSA-primed groups. This suggests that the anticarrier antibodies as such are not the agent suppressing the anti-hapten response when large doses of native carrier are used for priming. A more probable explanation of this phenomenon is a competition between carrier-specific B cells and hapten-specific B cells for common T cells. A less obvious explanation is the generation of more helper cells or less suppressor cells when priming with MBSA than with BSA.", "PMID": 857297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11987", "title": "Kinetics of theta-positive and theta-negative lymphocytes in thymus-deprived and normal mice. An autoradiographic study.", "content": "Life spans and proliferative kinetics of theta-positive (theta +) and theta-negative (theta -) cells were evaluated in normal, neonatally thymectomized (NeoTx) and sham-thymectomized (ShamTx) Balb/c mice. This was done by exposing cell suspensions, incubated with anti-theta antiserum + complement, to a dye exclusion test followed by fixation and autoradiography. Results from normal mice given [3H]thymidine injections 5 weeks before being killed indicated that long-lived theta + and theta - cells constituted about equal percentages of the respective populations in peripheral lymphoid tissues. Long-lived theta + cells constituted a relatively high percentage of theta + cells in the bone marrow, whereas a minority of the theta - lymphocytes were long-lived. Results from NeoTx and ShamTx mice, given intensive injections of [3H]thymidine, showed that the theta - cells of the mesenteric nodes were renewed at comparable rates in both groups of mice, whereas the theta + cells were more rapidly renewed in NeoTx mice than in sham-operated littermates. In the bone marrow, the majority of both theta - and theta + cells were very rapidly renewed, indicating a production of these cells in the bone marrow of Sham Tx mice and also in NeoTx mice, in which the number of bone-marrow theta + cells was significantly higher than in Sham Tx littermates.", "contents": "Kinetics of theta-positive and theta-negative lymphocytes in thymus-deprived and normal mice. An autoradiographic study. Life spans and proliferative kinetics of theta-positive (theta +) and theta-negative (theta -) cells were evaluated in normal, neonatally thymectomized (NeoTx) and sham-thymectomized (ShamTx) Balb/c mice. This was done by exposing cell suspensions, incubated with anti-theta antiserum + complement, to a dye exclusion test followed by fixation and autoradiography. Results from normal mice given [3H]thymidine injections 5 weeks before being killed indicated that long-lived theta + and theta - cells constituted about equal percentages of the respective populations in peripheral lymphoid tissues. Long-lived theta + cells constituted a relatively high percentage of theta + cells in the bone marrow, whereas a minority of the theta - lymphocytes were long-lived. Results from NeoTx and ShamTx mice, given intensive injections of [3H]thymidine, showed that the theta - cells of the mesenteric nodes were renewed at comparable rates in both groups of mice, whereas the theta + cells were more rapidly renewed in NeoTx mice than in sham-operated littermates. In the bone marrow, the majority of both theta - and theta + cells were very rapidly renewed, indicating a production of these cells in the bone marrow of Sham Tx mice and also in NeoTx mice, in which the number of bone-marrow theta + cells was significantly higher than in Sham Tx littermates.", "PMID": 857298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11988", "title": "Stimulation of human fetal lymphocytes by lipopolysaccharide B in culture.", "content": "Cultures of Isopaque-Ficoll-isolated lymphocytes from three human sources were compared with respect to the effect of mitogens. The cell sources were maternal blood immediately after delivery, cord blood, and blood obtained by heart puncture of 10-20-week aborted fetuses. Lipopolysaccharide B (LPS) induced incorporation of tritiated thymidine, blastic transformation, and mitotic activity in cord and fetal, but not maternal, cells. The stimulation reached a maximum on days 4-8 of culture. It was stronger than the spontaneous transformation often displayed by fetal cells. If fetal cells spontaneously occurring in the blood of pregnant women were to react in a similar way, it should be possible to selectively stimulate the fetal cells with LPS. Such transformed fetal cells could then be isolated from cultures of maternal blood samples and used for antenatal diagnosis of fetal disease.", "contents": "Stimulation of human fetal lymphocytes by lipopolysaccharide B in culture. Cultures of Isopaque-Ficoll-isolated lymphocytes from three human sources were compared with respect to the effect of mitogens. The cell sources were maternal blood immediately after delivery, cord blood, and blood obtained by heart puncture of 10-20-week aborted fetuses. Lipopolysaccharide B (LPS) induced incorporation of tritiated thymidine, blastic transformation, and mitotic activity in cord and fetal, but not maternal, cells. The stimulation reached a maximum on days 4-8 of culture. It was stronger than the spontaneous transformation often displayed by fetal cells. If fetal cells spontaneously occurring in the blood of pregnant women were to react in a similar way, it should be possible to selectively stimulate the fetal cells with LPS. Such transformed fetal cells could then be isolated from cultures of maternal blood samples and used for antenatal diagnosis of fetal disease.", "PMID": 857299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11989", "title": "[Significance of brain scintigraphy for the course of clarification of neurologic-neurosurgical patients].", "content": "The results of a retrospective study on 835 patients in which brain scan was performed during their ambulant and clinical examination are presented. In 18.6% of the cases the scan gave correct results which highly determined the further diagnostic procedure. In 37.5% of the cases the radioisotope brain scan revealed positive results which besides other findings contributed to the decision on the further diagnostic procedure. In 30.5% of the cases the results of the scan were correct but of low diagnostic value, since the further procedure was determined by other diagnostic methods. In 7.4% of the cases the brain scan gave false positive results indicating a focal brain lesion. In these cases the cerebral scintigraphy gave rise to redundant and riskful neuroradiological investigations. In 1.8% of the cases in which retrospectively a threatening brain lesion could be established, the brain scan gave false negative results. The results of this investigation indicate that brain scanning although being a harmless diagnostic method, can induce redundant and riskful further examination. The application of isotope brain scan as diagnostic procedure requires a precise indication even more so, since computerized transverse axial tomography, a harmless screening method of high resolution is now available.", "contents": "[Significance of brain scintigraphy for the course of clarification of neurologic-neurosurgical patients]. The results of a retrospective study on 835 patients in which brain scan was performed during their ambulant and clinical examination are presented. In 18.6% of the cases the scan gave correct results which highly determined the further diagnostic procedure. In 37.5% of the cases the radioisotope brain scan revealed positive results which besides other findings contributed to the decision on the further diagnostic procedure. In 30.5% of the cases the results of the scan were correct but of low diagnostic value, since the further procedure was determined by other diagnostic methods. In 7.4% of the cases the brain scan gave false positive results indicating a focal brain lesion. In these cases the cerebral scintigraphy gave rise to redundant and riskful neuroradiological investigations. In 1.8% of the cases in which retrospectively a threatening brain lesion could be established, the brain scan gave false negative results. The results of this investigation indicate that brain scanning although being a harmless diagnostic method, can induce redundant and riskful further examination. The application of isotope brain scan as diagnostic procedure requires a precise indication even more so, since computerized transverse axial tomography, a harmless screening method of high resolution is now available.", "PMID": 857300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11990", "title": "[Modifications of the pupil in acute subdural hematoma].", "content": "This study is based on the observation of 81 operated acute subdural haematoma. The various coordinates concerning the clinical aspects and the evolution are analysed in function of the presence or absence of pre-operatory anisoria. The discussion abords the gravity of this sign and its value in localizing the lesion, as well as the clinical distinction between ipsi-lateral and contra-lateral mydriasis. Possible subdivisions in cases of contra-lateral relative mydriasis, as well as their probable pathophysiological mechanisms and respective clinical and prognostic implications are also examined.", "contents": "[Modifications of the pupil in acute subdural hematoma]. This study is based on the observation of 81 operated acute subdural haematoma. The various coordinates concerning the clinical aspects and the evolution are analysed in function of the presence or absence of pre-operatory anisoria. The discussion abords the gravity of this sign and its value in localizing the lesion, as well as the clinical distinction between ipsi-lateral and contra-lateral mydriasis. Possible subdivisions in cases of contra-lateral relative mydriasis, as well as their probable pathophysiological mechanisms and respective clinical and prognostic implications are also examined.", "PMID": 857301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11991", "title": "[Is the current legal protection of psychiatric patients sufficient? 179th Decision of the Psychiatric Appeals Commission of the Zurich Canton 1963-74].", "content": "179 decisions of the Psychiatric Commission of Appeals of the Canton of Zurich in the years 1963 to 1974. Only every 200th patient admitted to 6 psychiatric clinics in the Canton of Zurich appealed against hospitalization to a commission of appeals, although 20 to 40% of all patients deny the need for hospitalization at least in the beginning. More detailed information of the patients as to the possibilities to appeal did not increase the number of appeals. Males, skilled workers, schizophrenic and manic patients are overrepresented, females, unskilled labourers, depressed patients or such with brain-damage are underrepresented among the appealers. The appeals were made on repeated admissions rather than on first hospital stays and after some weeks rather than in the early days after after admission. The majority of appeals (142) was settled in two ways: 1) the clinic authorities agreed to discharge the patient; 2) the commission of appeals was not competent for the complaint in question. 37 appeals led to personal examination of the appealer. The appeal was given suit in 3 cases only. Cases of illegal \"dumping\" were not observed. Patients under guardianship tend to appeal at least as frequently as those not under tutorage. If the commission of appeals were given competence also for those under guardianship - as demands the European Convention on Human Right - this would satisfy the needs of this group of patients. However, an initial control of all hospitalizations by court or other officials is uncalled for. It would only impair the personal rights of the patients, delay their discharge and foster seemingly but not truly voluntary admissions.", "contents": "[Is the current legal protection of psychiatric patients sufficient? 179th Decision of the Psychiatric Appeals Commission of the Zurich Canton 1963-74]. 179 decisions of the Psychiatric Commission of Appeals of the Canton of Zurich in the years 1963 to 1974. Only every 200th patient admitted to 6 psychiatric clinics in the Canton of Zurich appealed against hospitalization to a commission of appeals, although 20 to 40% of all patients deny the need for hospitalization at least in the beginning. More detailed information of the patients as to the possibilities to appeal did not increase the number of appeals. Males, skilled workers, schizophrenic and manic patients are overrepresented, females, unskilled labourers, depressed patients or such with brain-damage are underrepresented among the appealers. The appeals were made on repeated admissions rather than on first hospital stays and after some weeks rather than in the early days after after admission. The majority of appeals (142) was settled in two ways: 1) the clinic authorities agreed to discharge the patient; 2) the commission of appeals was not competent for the complaint in question. 37 appeals led to personal examination of the appealer. The appeal was given suit in 3 cases only. Cases of illegal \"dumping\" were not observed. Patients under guardianship tend to appeal at least as frequently as those not under tutorage. If the commission of appeals were given competence also for those under guardianship - as demands the European Convention on Human Right - this would satisfy the needs of this group of patients. However, an initial control of all hospitalizations by court or other officials is uncalled for. It would only impair the personal rights of the patients, delay their discharge and foster seemingly but not truly voluntary admissions.", "PMID": 857302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11992", "title": "Ability of spirometry, flow-volume curves and the nitrogen closing volume test to detect smokers. A population study.", "content": "Vital capacity, FEV1 and various measurements of forced expiratory flows as well as closing volume (CV), closing capacity (CC), the mean slope of the alveolar plateau (phase III), the maximal amplitude of the cardiogenic oscillations (N2-osc), and other variables obtained from the nitrogen CV-test were measured in random samples of 50- (n = 221) and 60-year-old (n - 410) men in Gothenburg. All the variables were significantly different in smokers consuming 15 g or more tobacco daily compared with asymptomatic non-smokers. Reference values were established from measurements in the non-smokers without respiratory symptoms, and the sensitivities of the measured variables to tobacco smoking were assessed. Phase III revealed the highest sensitivity, being abnormal in about 40-60 % of subjects smoking 15 g or more tobacco daily and in about 30-35 % of subjects smoking less. CV and FEV1 were approximately equally sensitive, being abnormal in about 10-30 % of subjects smoking 15 g or more daily and in about 5-20 % in subjects smoking less. Other measurements of maximal expiratory flow rates gave values below minus two standard deviations for the appropriate reference group in less than 15 % of the smokers. However, when we took the skewed distribution of reference values into account we found a two- to sixfold increase of the sensitivities of these variables in the 50-year-old smokers, in which abnormal values were obtained in about 30-40 % of subjects smoking 15 g or more daily and in about 10-15 % in subjects smoking less. Taking all variables obtained from the CV-test in conjunction, one or more abnormal valves were obtained in 60-70 % of the subjects smoking 15 g or more daily. To the extent that sensitivity to smoking reflects sensitivity to abnormalities in small airways, phase III appeared to be the most efficient single measurement for detection of this condition in the present age groups.", "contents": "Ability of spirometry, flow-volume curves and the nitrogen closing volume test to detect smokers. A population study. Vital capacity, FEV1 and various measurements of forced expiratory flows as well as closing volume (CV), closing capacity (CC), the mean slope of the alveolar plateau (phase III), the maximal amplitude of the cardiogenic oscillations (N2-osc), and other variables obtained from the nitrogen CV-test were measured in random samples of 50- (n = 221) and 60-year-old (n - 410) men in Gothenburg. All the variables were significantly different in smokers consuming 15 g or more tobacco daily compared with asymptomatic non-smokers. Reference values were established from measurements in the non-smokers without respiratory symptoms, and the sensitivities of the measured variables to tobacco smoking were assessed. Phase III revealed the highest sensitivity, being abnormal in about 40-60 % of subjects smoking 15 g or more tobacco daily and in about 30-35 % of subjects smoking less. CV and FEV1 were approximately equally sensitive, being abnormal in about 10-30 % of subjects smoking 15 g or more daily and in about 5-20 % in subjects smoking less. Other measurements of maximal expiratory flow rates gave values below minus two standard deviations for the appropriate reference group in less than 15 % of the smokers. However, when we took the skewed distribution of reference values into account we found a two- to sixfold increase of the sensitivities of these variables in the 50-year-old smokers, in which abnormal values were obtained in about 30-40 % of subjects smoking 15 g or more daily and in about 10-15 % in subjects smoking less. Taking all variables obtained from the CV-test in conjunction, one or more abnormal valves were obtained in 60-70 % of the subjects smoking 15 g or more daily. To the extent that sensitivity to smoking reflects sensitivity to abnormalities in small airways, phase III appeared to be the most efficient single measurement for detection of this condition in the present age groups.", "PMID": 857303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11993", "title": "Pregnancy in Swedish teenagers. Perinatal problems and social situation.", "content": "Teenage pregnancies are considered a major problem, socially and medically, in the USA. In the present study, the scope of the problem in a Swedish population was investigated. Primiparas age 17 or less constituted 2% of all 8945 women delivered of babies at the University Hospital in Link\u00f6ping, 1969-72. The most common obstetrical complications and operations did not occur more often in this age group. The incidence of deliveries before the 36th gestational week was increased 3-fold but no significant differences in intra-uterine growth retardation, asphyxia or perinatal mortality were found. One to two years after the delivery, 70% of the young mothers lived in ordinary nuclear families. Their economic position was worse than in a control group of women 21-29 years old. Barely 10% reached the median income of the control group. This disadvantageous situation was not thought to be caused by their early pregnancies, but rather considered part of the life pattern of an underprivileged group otherwise characterized by a low occupational status of their own fathers, a low educational level and a high frequency of teenage pregnancy among their own mothers.", "contents": "Pregnancy in Swedish teenagers. Perinatal problems and social situation. Teenage pregnancies are considered a major problem, socially and medically, in the USA. In the present study, the scope of the problem in a Swedish population was investigated. Primiparas age 17 or less constituted 2% of all 8945 women delivered of babies at the University Hospital in Link\u00f6ping, 1969-72. The most common obstetrical complications and operations did not occur more often in this age group. The incidence of deliveries before the 36th gestational week was increased 3-fold but no significant differences in intra-uterine growth retardation, asphyxia or perinatal mortality were found. One to two years after the delivery, 70% of the young mothers lived in ordinary nuclear families. Their economic position was worse than in a control group of women 21-29 years old. Barely 10% reached the median income of the control group. This disadvantageous situation was not thought to be caused by their early pregnancies, but rather considered part of the life pattern of an underprivileged group otherwise characterized by a low occupational status of their own fathers, a low educational level and a high frequency of teenage pregnancy among their own mothers.", "PMID": 857304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11994", "title": "Diabetics in school. Knowledge and attitudes of school staff in relation to juvenile diabetics.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to assess whether the schools satisfy the special requirements of diabetic pupils. Both school staff and parents were of the opinion that diabetic pupils need special consideration at school. However, the results reveal an inadequate knowledge of the basic facts about diabetes and its treatment--a situation which could have dangerous consequences for the child and complicate its schooling in a number of ways. The treatment of juvenile diabetes may also become difficult to manage. Most school staff seemed to lack any source of information about diabetes. The contact between parents and school was not always sufficient and information from the hospital was seldom adequate. At present the school cannot be expected to participate in the treatment of diabetes in the way that could be desired. Improved information of school staff on the subject is recommended, as well as early and repeated contacts between hospital and school. These conclusions are drawn from an investigation in which 308 school staff members and the parents of 61 diabetic pupils answered questiomaires.", "contents": "Diabetics in school. Knowledge and attitudes of school staff in relation to juvenile diabetics. The purpose of this study was to assess whether the schools satisfy the special requirements of diabetic pupils. Both school staff and parents were of the opinion that diabetic pupils need special consideration at school. However, the results reveal an inadequate knowledge of the basic facts about diabetes and its treatment--a situation which could have dangerous consequences for the child and complicate its schooling in a number of ways. The treatment of juvenile diabetes may also become difficult to manage. Most school staff seemed to lack any source of information about diabetes. The contact between parents and school was not always sufficient and information from the hospital was seldom adequate. At present the school cannot be expected to participate in the treatment of diabetes in the way that could be desired. Improved information of school staff on the subject is recommended, as well as early and repeated contacts between hospital and school. These conclusions are drawn from an investigation in which 308 school staff members and the parents of 61 diabetic pupils answered questiomaires.", "PMID": 857305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11995", "title": "Electrocardiographic findings in men and women aged 18 to 65.", "content": "In an epidemiological study--the REBUS study--about 2500 men and women aged 18 to 65 underwent an electrocardiographic (ECG) examination at rest and a subsample of about 1000 persons also performed an ECG exercise test. The ECG recordings were coded according to the modified Minnesota code (2). At rest, 55% of the population had normal ECGs. In the subsample the figure was 65%, indicating a certain selection. During and/or after the exercise test 80% of the men and 70% of the women had no major ST- and T-wave changes, arrhythmias or ectopic beats. In both men and women the percentage of abnormal changes in the exercise ECG rose with age, for the men from 45 years, and for the women from the age of 35. ST depressions were most common abnormal changes recorded. At rest, 20% of the women and 9% of the men had ST depressions. The corresponding figures (major and minor changes) during and/or after the exercise  test were 78% and 60% for the women and the men respectively. Out of 184 major ST depressions recorded during the exercise test (codes 4.1--4.4) 14 (7%) were not present immediately after the test. During and/or after the exercise test, 8% of the men and 20% of the women, having no ST changes at rest, had ST changes of the major type. Those subjects who had arrhythmias or ectopic beats at rest, had in general no such changes during and/or after the exercise test.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic findings in men and women aged 18 to 65. In an epidemiological study--the REBUS study--about 2500 men and women aged 18 to 65 underwent an electrocardiographic (ECG) examination at rest and a subsample of about 1000 persons also performed an ECG exercise test. The ECG recordings were coded according to the modified Minnesota code (2). At rest, 55% of the population had normal ECGs. In the subsample the figure was 65%, indicating a certain selection. During and/or after the exercise test 80% of the men and 70% of the women had no major ST- and T-wave changes, arrhythmias or ectopic beats. In both men and women the percentage of abnormal changes in the exercise ECG rose with age, for the men from 45 years, and for the women from the age of 35. ST depressions were most common abnormal changes recorded. At rest, 20% of the women and 9% of the men had ST depressions. The corresponding figures (major and minor changes) during and/or after the exercise  test were 78% and 60% for the women and the men respectively. Out of 184 major ST depressions recorded during the exercise test (codes 4.1--4.4) 14 (7%) were not present immediately after the test. During and/or after the exercise test, 8% of the men and 20% of the women, having no ST changes at rest, had ST changes of the major type. Those subjects who had arrhythmias or ectopic beats at rest, had in general no such changes during and/or after the exercise test.", "PMID": 857306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11996", "title": "Childhood accidents. Three epidemiological studies on the etiology.", "content": "Three studies on childhood accidents are presented. The aim was to study the importance of different factors regarding the accidents in question. The following factors have then been taken into consideration: the enviromental hazard, the accident proneness, the supervision and the education. Methodologically the investigations were carried out with an epidemiological technique. One is of a descriptive nature and the other two more analytically oriented. The studies are based on two different 1-year-materials consisting of accidents among children recorded in the emergency departments of Ostersund Hospital and the University Hospital in Uppsala. The results indicate that risk factors in the children's physical milieu played an important role in the occurrence of the accidents: clearly identifiable risk factors in the environment could be connected with 52% of the accidents, whereas some deficiency in supervision was noted in 20%. The investigators could identify a number of specific risk factors. Attempts were made to examine how frequency and type of childhood accidents vary with the population structure and social structure in well-defined housing areas, but the results were hard to evaluate because of methodological problems. The results are presented against the background of a detailed discussion on central methodological problems in epidemiological accident research. It is pointed out in particular that epidemiological methods have clear limitations in attempts at studying the low-frequency events that each individual type of accident in fact comprises. It is of great importance that in future research, side by side with the traditional epidemiological methods, other techniques are tested with the aim of obtaining maximal usable information from a detailed study of individual accidents and their backgrounds.", "contents": "Childhood accidents. Three epidemiological studies on the etiology. Three studies on childhood accidents are presented. The aim was to study the importance of different factors regarding the accidents in question. The following factors have then been taken into consideration: the enviromental hazard, the accident proneness, the supervision and the education. Methodologically the investigations were carried out with an epidemiological technique. One is of a descriptive nature and the other two more analytically oriented. The studies are based on two different 1-year-materials consisting of accidents among children recorded in the emergency departments of Ostersund Hospital and the University Hospital in Uppsala. The results indicate that risk factors in the children's physical milieu played an important role in the occurrence of the accidents: clearly identifiable risk factors in the environment could be connected with 52% of the accidents, whereas some deficiency in supervision was noted in 20%. The investigators could identify a number of specific risk factors. Attempts were made to examine how frequency and type of childhood accidents vary with the population structure and social structure in well-defined housing areas, but the results were hard to evaluate because of methodological problems. The results are presented against the background of a detailed discussion on central methodological problems in epidemiological accident research. It is pointed out in particular that epidemiological methods have clear limitations in attempts at studying the low-frequency events that each individual type of accident in fact comprises. It is of great importance that in future research, side by side with the traditional epidemiological methods, other techniques are tested with the aim of obtaining maximal usable information from a detailed study of individual accidents and their backgrounds.", "PMID": 857307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11997", "title": "[Hepatitis B: new aspects, practical implications. Virology and epidemiology].", "content": "Although neither A nor B hepatitis virus (HAV, HBV) has been grown in cell or organ cultures, both agents have been identified and characterized. The subsequent ability to diagnose hepatitis A and B has led to the recognition of a third form of viral hepatitis, \"non A--non B hepatitis\". It has been possible to eliminate HBV from blood used for transfusion and from blood products, and the combined results of hepatitis research have led to a better understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of viral hepatitis. The most important development, though, has been production of a vaccine with the prospect of controlling at least hepatitis B in the near future by active immunization. However, immunization experiments in man should proceed with the utmost caution and one must not underestimate the difficulties which still have to be overcome before vaccination against hepatitis B becomes routine.", "contents": "[Hepatitis B: new aspects, practical implications. Virology and epidemiology]. Although neither A nor B hepatitis virus (HAV, HBV) has been grown in cell or organ cultures, both agents have been identified and characterized. The subsequent ability to diagnose hepatitis A and B has led to the recognition of a third form of viral hepatitis, \"non A--non B hepatitis\". It has been possible to eliminate HBV from blood used for transfusion and from blood products, and the combined results of hepatitis research have led to a better understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of viral hepatitis. The most important development, though, has been production of a vaccine with the prospect of controlling at least hepatitis B in the near future by active immunization. However, immunization experiments in man should proceed with the utmost caution and one must not underestimate the difficulties which still have to be overcome before vaccination against hepatitis B becomes routine.", "PMID": 857308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11998", "title": "[Therapy of hepatitis B. Practical implications].", "content": "There is as yet no specific treatment for viral hepatitis, and in an uncomplicated course no further action apart from moderate bedrest is necessary. The patient should however, be isolated in a special ward. In fulminant hepatic failure the benefit of glucocorticoid therapy is still controverted and appears to depend on an early beginning. Treatment with HBsAg-rich human serum in fulminant hepatitis B is still under evaluation. In chronic active hepatitis the administration of azathioprine in combination with glucocorticoids is highly effective, and it appears to be irrelevant whether HBsAg is present in plasma or not; however, the best results have been achieved in \"lupoid\" hepatitis. The use of transfer factor, laevamisol or thymosin to suppress T-cell action on antibody production of the B-cells cannot yet be finally evaluated with respect to its effectiveness in chronic active hepatitis. Prevention is of major importance in solving the problems involved in hepatitis B infections. Recent experience with active immunization using HBsAg-rich sera or purified formalin inactivated HBsAg preparations suggest the possibility of successful vaccination against hepatitis B in the near future, but the precondition for obtaining sufficient quantities of vaccine is to find suitable culture media for the virus.", "contents": "[Therapy of hepatitis B. Practical implications]. There is as yet no specific treatment for viral hepatitis, and in an uncomplicated course no further action apart from moderate bedrest is necessary. The patient should however, be isolated in a special ward. In fulminant hepatic failure the benefit of glucocorticoid therapy is still controverted and appears to depend on an early beginning. Treatment with HBsAg-rich human serum in fulminant hepatitis B is still under evaluation. In chronic active hepatitis the administration of azathioprine in combination with glucocorticoids is highly effective, and it appears to be irrelevant whether HBsAg is present in plasma or not; however, the best results have been achieved in \"lupoid\" hepatitis. The use of transfer factor, laevamisol or thymosin to suppress T-cell action on antibody production of the B-cells cannot yet be finally evaluated with respect to its effectiveness in chronic active hepatitis. Prevention is of major importance in solving the problems involved in hepatitis B infections. Recent experience with active immunization using HBsAg-rich sera or purified formalin inactivated HBsAg preparations suggest the possibility of successful vaccination against hepatitis B in the near future, but the precondition for obtaining sufficient quantities of vaccine is to find suitable culture media for the virus.", "PMID": 857309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_11999", "title": "[Detection of 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid in human amniotic fluid].", "content": "Studies of the bile acids of human meconium suggest that a fetal pathway of bile acid synthesis exists which leads to formation of 3beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid, a bile acid not found in serum of healthy pregnant women. To obtain additional support for this hypothesis, cholic, chenodeoxycholic, and 3beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid were measured in amniotic fluid specimens from 18 pregnant women without liver disease. The finding of a considerable percentage of 3beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid (mean: 34 molar %; range 3-71 molar % of total bile acids) in amniotic fluid strengthens the hypothesis that a fetal pathway of bile acid synthesis exists which begins with oxidation of the cholesterol side chain.", "contents": "[Detection of 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid in human amniotic fluid]. Studies of the bile acids of human meconium suggest that a fetal pathway of bile acid synthesis exists which leads to formation of 3beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid, a bile acid not found in serum of healthy pregnant women. To obtain additional support for this hypothesis, cholic, chenodeoxycholic, and 3beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid were measured in amniotic fluid specimens from 18 pregnant women without liver disease. The finding of a considerable percentage of 3beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid (mean: 34 molar %; range 3-71 molar % of total bile acids) in amniotic fluid strengthens the hypothesis that a fetal pathway of bile acid synthesis exists which begins with oxidation of the cholesterol side chain.", "PMID": 857310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12000", "title": "[How reliable is radiology in the diagnosis of large bowel carcinoma?].", "content": "In 262 patients with clinically suspect cancer of the large bowel, results of barium enemas were evaluated. Testing method was coloscopy. Out of 62 cases in which barium enema revealed a \"typical\" carcinoma, 17 were false positive. In 81 of 110 cases in which the result of barium enema was questionable, a malignant lesion could be ruled out. In 17 out of 90 cases with negative radiologic findings a carcinoma was found.", "contents": "[How reliable is radiology in the diagnosis of large bowel carcinoma?]. In 262 patients with clinically suspect cancer of the large bowel, results of barium enemas were evaluated. Testing method was coloscopy. Out of 62 cases in which barium enema revealed a \"typical\" carcinoma, 17 were false positive. In 81 of 110 cases in which the result of barium enema was questionable, a malignant lesion could be ruled out. In 17 out of 90 cases with negative radiologic findings a carcinoma was found.", "PMID": 857311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12001", "title": "[Radiation injuries of the intestine. Review of 40 cases].", "content": "Among 442 patients treated by radiotherapy for intrapelvic carcinoma, the clinical findings in 40 patients with intestinal and urological complications are recorded. The incidence and clinical features of radiation injuries, the factors which may predispose to these injuries and the methods of medical and surgical treatment are discussed.", "contents": "[Radiation injuries of the intestine. Review of 40 cases]. Among 442 patients treated by radiotherapy for intrapelvic carcinoma, the clinical findings in 40 patients with intestinal and urological complications are recorded. The incidence and clinical features of radiation injuries, the factors which may predispose to these injuries and the methods of medical and surgical treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 857312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12002", "title": "[Effect of somatostatin on canine exocrine pancreas secretion stimulated by pancreozymin, secretin or test meal].", "content": "In 4 dogs with pancreatic and gastric fistulae the effect of somatostatin (SST) on the pancreas was investigated during stimulation by pancreozymin-secretin or by a test meal. The pancreozymin-secretin-induced enzyme output and bile flow, as well as the enzyme concentration and duodenal volume during test meal stimulation were significantly reduced by SST. SST caused a less marked decrease in bicarbonate concentration, while volume and bicarbonate output did not change.", "contents": "[Effect of somatostatin on canine exocrine pancreas secretion stimulated by pancreozymin, secretin or test meal]. In 4 dogs with pancreatic and gastric fistulae the effect of somatostatin (SST) on the pancreas was investigated during stimulation by pancreozymin-secretin or by a test meal. The pancreozymin-secretin-induced enzyme output and bile flow, as well as the enzyme concentration and duodenal volume during test meal stimulation were significantly reduced by SST. SST caused a less marked decrease in bicarbonate concentration, while volume and bicarbonate output did not change.", "PMID": 857313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12003", "title": "[Aneurysm of the abdominal aorta. Diagnostic, prognostic, and the therapeutic knowledge after review of cases and the literature].", "content": "Report on 80 patients with aneurysm of the abdominal aorta seen in this clinic during the period January 1968 to December 1974. They are divided into three groups, viz. asymptomatic, symptomatic and ruptured. The indication for and urgency of surgery are discussed and the results in 62 surgical cases are compared with those in 18 where surgery was not performed. The difficulties encountered in the diagnosis of ruptured aneurysm of the abdominal aorta are outlined. Only in these cases can the prognosis still be decisively improved by early recognition and immediate treatment.", "contents": "[Aneurysm of the abdominal aorta. Diagnostic, prognostic, and the therapeutic knowledge after review of cases and the literature]. Report on 80 patients with aneurysm of the abdominal aorta seen in this clinic during the period January 1968 to December 1974. They are divided into three groups, viz. asymptomatic, symptomatic and ruptured. The indication for and urgency of surgery are discussed and the results in 62 surgical cases are compared with those in 18 where surgery was not performed. The difficulties encountered in the diagnosis of ruptured aneurysm of the abdominal aorta are outlined. Only in these cases can the prognosis still be decisively improved by early recognition and immediate treatment.", "PMID": 857314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12004", "title": "[Radiologic diagnosis of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Value of abdominal radiography, ultrasonic tomography and abdominal aortography].", "content": "Radiological diagnosis of arteriosclerotic abdominal aortic aneurysm is discussed. This review is based on the evaluation of 70 abdominal plain films and 58 aortograms. In addition, 11 aneurysms have been examined by ultrasound tomography (grey-scale technique). In 15% of patients referred with suspicion of aneurysm, the diagnosis could not be confirmed radiologically or operatively. The diagnosis of abdominal aortic aneurysm can be established in 80% of patients on the basis of the abdominal plain films. Ultrasonography gives better results as a screening method, since it renders a definite diagnosis possible in about 98% of cases and unnecessary arteriography can thus be avoided. However, preoperative abdominal aortography remains indispensable for demonstration of the exact anatomic details and pathologic changes in the large abdominal and pelvic arteries. The risk involved in this examination are minimal. Suprarenal or combined supra- and infrarenal aneurysm were found in 9% (5 patients), and renal artery stenosis or obstruction in 12% (7 cases). Obstruction or stenosis of the celiac artery and the superior mesenteric artery were present in only 2 patients with suprarenal expansion of the aneurysm. The angiographic-anatomic correlation is excellent, and only very infrequently is it impossible to determine exactly the distal extent of the aneurysm (2 patients).", "contents": "[Radiologic diagnosis of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Value of abdominal radiography, ultrasonic tomography and abdominal aortography]. Radiological diagnosis of arteriosclerotic abdominal aortic aneurysm is discussed. This review is based on the evaluation of 70 abdominal plain films and 58 aortograms. In addition, 11 aneurysms have been examined by ultrasound tomography (grey-scale technique). In 15% of patients referred with suspicion of aneurysm, the diagnosis could not be confirmed radiologically or operatively. The diagnosis of abdominal aortic aneurysm can be established in 80% of patients on the basis of the abdominal plain films. Ultrasonography gives better results as a screening method, since it renders a definite diagnosis possible in about 98% of cases and unnecessary arteriography can thus be avoided. However, preoperative abdominal aortography remains indispensable for demonstration of the exact anatomic details and pathologic changes in the large abdominal and pelvic arteries. The risk involved in this examination are minimal. Suprarenal or combined supra- and infrarenal aneurysm were found in 9% (5 patients), and renal artery stenosis or obstruction in 12% (7 cases). Obstruction or stenosis of the celiac artery and the superior mesenteric artery were present in only 2 patients with suprarenal expansion of the aneurysm. The angiographic-anatomic correlation is excellent, and only very infrequently is it impossible to determine exactly the distal extent of the aneurysm (2 patients).", "PMID": 857315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12005", "title": "[Pharmacokinetic effect of various antibiotics in the tissues].", "content": "The tissular pharmacokinetics of antibiotics were studied by sacrificing rats in groups of 6 at various intervals after the injection of ampicillin, cephalothin, doxycycline, gentamicin and sisomicin. A microbiological method was used to determine levels in 10 organs. The antibiotic penetrated rapidly into all the tissues but with very different affinities depending on the organ involved. The concentration of doxycycline in the tissues was always higher than in the serum and this relationship was maintained throughout the investigation. This was not true of ampicillin which disappeared a little more slowly from the organs, particularly the renal medulla, than from the serum. The aminosides showed a marked accumulation and prolonged persistence in the renal cortex: 4 weeks after injection concentrations were found which were above the maximum levels in the serum. When daily injections of 4 mg/kg aminoside were given, concentrations above 350 mug/g were found after 7 days. These findings permit a better understanding of antibiotic effectiveness and toxicity.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetic effect of various antibiotics in the tissues]. The tissular pharmacokinetics of antibiotics were studied by sacrificing rats in groups of 6 at various intervals after the injection of ampicillin, cephalothin, doxycycline, gentamicin and sisomicin. A microbiological method was used to determine levels in 10 organs. The antibiotic penetrated rapidly into all the tissues but with very different affinities depending on the organ involved. The concentration of doxycycline in the tissues was always higher than in the serum and this relationship was maintained throughout the investigation. This was not true of ampicillin which disappeared a little more slowly from the organs, particularly the renal medulla, than from the serum. The aminosides showed a marked accumulation and prolonged persistence in the renal cortex: 4 weeks after injection concentrations were found which were above the maximum levels in the serum. When daily injections of 4 mg/kg aminoside were given, concentrations above 350 mug/g were found after 7 days. These findings permit a better understanding of antibiotic effectiveness and toxicity.", "PMID": 857316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12006", "title": "[Primary and secondary hypertension in polyclinical patients].", "content": "Hypertension was found in 854 (10.4%) of 8228 patients (3657 females, 4571 males) seen in our outpatient clinic during 1975. Essential (primary) hypertension was found in 92.9% (n = 793) of all hypertensives. Among secondary forms of hypertension (7.1%) renal hypertension, with a rate of 5.8%, was the commonest form (hypertension of renal-parenchymatous origin 4.9%, renovascular hypertension 0.8%, hypertension associated with unilateral hydronephrosis 0.1%. In 2 patients (0.2%) the underlying disease was primary aldosteronism and in 5 (0.6%) coarctation of the aorta. In 4 female patients (0.5%) the hypertension was caused by oral contraceptives. Patients with essential hypertension had higher body weight than those with normal blood pressure. These differences were statistically significant in young and middle-aged patients. Our results show a very high percentage of essential hypertension. In only 18 (2.1%) of 854 hypertensives was a curable form of high blood pressure found (hypertension caused by renal artery stenosis, hydronephrosis, aldosterone producing adenoma of the adrenal gland and oral contraceptives). The very low percentage of curable forms of hypertension should be kept in mind when deciding on expensive procedures in a search for secondary forms of high blood pressure.", "contents": "[Primary and secondary hypertension in polyclinical patients]. Hypertension was found in 854 (10.4%) of 8228 patients (3657 females, 4571 males) seen in our outpatient clinic during 1975. Essential (primary) hypertension was found in 92.9% (n = 793) of all hypertensives. Among secondary forms of hypertension (7.1%) renal hypertension, with a rate of 5.8%, was the commonest form (hypertension of renal-parenchymatous origin 4.9%, renovascular hypertension 0.8%, hypertension associated with unilateral hydronephrosis 0.1%. In 2 patients (0.2%) the underlying disease was primary aldosteronism and in 5 (0.6%) coarctation of the aorta. In 4 female patients (0.5%) the hypertension was caused by oral contraceptives. Patients with essential hypertension had higher body weight than those with normal blood pressure. These differences were statistically significant in young and middle-aged patients. Our results show a very high percentage of essential hypertension. In only 18 (2.1%) of 854 hypertensives was a curable form of high blood pressure found (hypertension caused by renal artery stenosis, hydronephrosis, aldosterone producing adenoma of the adrenal gland and oral contraceptives). The very low percentage of curable forms of hypertension should be kept in mind when deciding on expensive procedures in a search for secondary forms of high blood pressure.", "PMID": 857317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12007", "title": "Echo-detecting characteristics of neurons in inferior colliculus of unanesthetized bats.", "content": "Neurons in the inferior colliculus of echolocating bats responded well to two stimuli presented in close temporal sequence. Favorable recovery of responsiveness was seen with stimuli having durations, intensities, and interpulse intervals similar to the natural biosonar signals reaching the ears during the various phases of echolocation. Some units responded to a subthreshold simulated echo but only when preceded by a loud initial pulse. These units appear to be specialized for echo-detection.", "contents": "Echo-detecting characteristics of neurons in inferior colliculus of unanesthetized bats. Neurons in the inferior colliculus of echolocating bats responded well to two stimuli presented in close temporal sequence. Favorable recovery of responsiveness was seen with stimuli having durations, intensities, and interpulse intervals similar to the natural biosonar signals reaching the ears during the various phases of echolocation. Some units responded to a subthreshold simulated echo but only when preceded by a loud initial pulse. These units appear to be specialized for echo-detection.", "PMID": 857318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12008", "title": "Acute dermatomyositis-polymyositis and malignancy.", "content": "A partial review of selected published case reports of AD-P associated with malignancy has been enhanced by the presentation of pertinent data on 15 unreported examples of the association. It is noteworthy that the first case in current literature of AD-P associated with a malignancy was described in 1916. The brief clinical report of a patient with proximal muscle weakness and skin lesions, with the obvious association with a malignancy (adenocarcinoma of the stomach), describes an example that has been repeated many times with different types of tumors but with essentially no variations in the clinical findings. In 1959 Williams identified 590 cases of AD with an overall tumor rate of 15%, and recently Barnes identified 258 cases of AD associated with a malignancy. The original designation, dermatomyositis or AD, has now been expanded to include proximal muscle polymyositis with systemic involvement, which syndrome at the current state of the art is indistinguishable clinically and pathologically from AD except for the lack of skin lesions. It may be that at some future time one or more immunologic features may differnetiate the clinical entity polymyositis from AD and further subdivide each of these entitites from similar clinical syndromes associated with a malignancy. However, the problem in management in either AD or polymyositis is similar. A number of patients with a malignancy and muscle weakness or neuropathy have been reported. These associations have been mentioned briefly, but insufficient data are available to determine whether these should be considered as a variant of AD-P or only casually related conditions with certain clinical features in common. Most of the patients described in the literature of AD-P with an associated malignancy have had skin lesions; a minority only have lacked this feature. However, unless a patient is followed carefully, it is possible for a transient or evanescent erythema or insignificant skin lesions to be present and not recorded in the case record.", "contents": "Acute dermatomyositis-polymyositis and malignancy. A partial review of selected published case reports of AD-P associated with malignancy has been enhanced by the presentation of pertinent data on 15 unreported examples of the association. It is noteworthy that the first case in current literature of AD-P associated with a malignancy was described in 1916. The brief clinical report of a patient with proximal muscle weakness and skin lesions, with the obvious association with a malignancy (adenocarcinoma of the stomach), describes an example that has been repeated many times with different types of tumors but with essentially no variations in the clinical findings. In 1959 Williams identified 590 cases of AD with an overall tumor rate of 15%, and recently Barnes identified 258 cases of AD associated with a malignancy. The original designation, dermatomyositis or AD, has now been expanded to include proximal muscle polymyositis with systemic involvement, which syndrome at the current state of the art is indistinguishable clinically and pathologically from AD except for the lack of skin lesions. It may be that at some future time one or more immunologic features may differnetiate the clinical entity polymyositis from AD and further subdivide each of these entitites from similar clinical syndromes associated with a malignancy. However, the problem in management in either AD or polymyositis is similar. A number of patients with a malignancy and muscle weakness or neuropathy have been reported. These associations have been mentioned briefly, but insufficient data are available to determine whether these should be considered as a variant of AD-P or only casually related conditions with certain clinical features in common. Most of the patients described in the literature of AD-P with an associated malignancy have had skin lesions; a minority only have lacked this feature. However, unless a patient is followed carefully, it is possible for a transient or evanescent erythema or insignificant skin lesions to be present and not recorded in the case record.", "PMID": 857319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12009", "title": "Basic principles of computed axial tomography.", "content": "Computer tomography (CT) is a radiological imaging method which yields transverse tomographic images reflecting with high accuracy the spatial distribution of x-ray attenuation in the part examined. The contrast resolution achieved by CT permits the visualization of soft tissue structure heretofore invisible with conventional radiographic procedure. The CT image is reconstructed by a computer applied algorithm, from a series of x-ray attenuation measurements obtained at different angles around the subject, by means of radiation detectors; The signal to noise ratio for these measurements is optimized by reducing the contribution of scattered radiation and of system noise. The CT principle of image reconstruction is also applicable in nuclear medicine imaging, with the goal of achieving contrast improvement and quantitative assessment of radionuclide distribution over conventional \"projection\" techniques. In this application, however, the attenuation of the radiation in the tissue interposed between the radionuclide and the detector must be taken into account to yield quantitatively accurate images. Furthermore, the variation of the field of view of the collimator as a function of distance contributes another unwanted variable to the reconstruction process. A mathematically rigorous tomographic reconstruction which would account for these variables is unavailable for gamma ray-emitting radionuclides, although approximate solutions of that problem have led to the satisfactory images of the head. Images of larger inhomogeneous organs are less quantitative. The detection of coincidence annihilation counting of positron-emitting radionuclides allows the accurate correction for the attenuation of that radiation in tissues and permits depth independent collimation which renders these radionuclide particularly suitable for their imaging by CT. A number of CT devices designed for the imaging of positron emitting radionuclides are yielding nuclear medicine images of quality and potential clinical usefulness unequaled by more conventional projection techniques.", "contents": "Basic principles of computed axial tomography. Computer tomography (CT) is a radiological imaging method which yields transverse tomographic images reflecting with high accuracy the spatial distribution of x-ray attenuation in the part examined. The contrast resolution achieved by CT permits the visualization of soft tissue structure heretofore invisible with conventional radiographic procedure. The CT image is reconstructed by a computer applied algorithm, from a series of x-ray attenuation measurements obtained at different angles around the subject, by means of radiation detectors; The signal to noise ratio for these measurements is optimized by reducing the contribution of scattered radiation and of system noise. The CT principle of image reconstruction is also applicable in nuclear medicine imaging, with the goal of achieving contrast improvement and quantitative assessment of radionuclide distribution over conventional \"projection\" techniques. In this application, however, the attenuation of the radiation in the tissue interposed between the radionuclide and the detector must be taken into account to yield quantitatively accurate images. Furthermore, the variation of the field of view of the collimator as a function of distance contributes another unwanted variable to the reconstruction process. A mathematically rigorous tomographic reconstruction which would account for these variables is unavailable for gamma ray-emitting radionuclides, although approximate solutions of that problem have led to the satisfactory images of the head. Images of larger inhomogeneous organs are less quantitative. The detection of coincidence annihilation counting of positron-emitting radionuclides allows the accurate correction for the attenuation of that radiation in tissues and permits depth independent collimation which renders these radionuclide particularly suitable for their imaging by CT. A number of CT devices designed for the imaging of positron emitting radionuclides are yielding nuclear medicine images of quality and potential clinical usefulness unequaled by more conventional projection techniques.", "PMID": 857320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12010", "title": "Computed cranial tomography and radionuclide cisternography in hydrocephalus.", "content": "Computerized Cranial Tomographic scanning has replaced radionuclide cisternography in screening both adult and pediatric patients for hydrocephalus. Nevertheless, cisternography provides indispensable information about the CSF clearance capacity and remains a valuable adjunct to the excellent anatomic detail provided by CCT scans. In patients without emergency symptoms, cisternography provides the best indication as to whether or not diversionary shunting is likely to relieve the patient's symptoms.", "contents": "Computed cranial tomography and radionuclide cisternography in hydrocephalus. Computerized Cranial Tomographic scanning has replaced radionuclide cisternography in screening both adult and pediatric patients for hydrocephalus. Nevertheless, cisternography provides indispensable information about the CSF clearance capacity and remains a valuable adjunct to the excellent anatomic detail provided by CCT scans. In patients without emergency symptoms, cisternography provides the best indication as to whether or not diversionary shunting is likely to relieve the patient's symptoms.", "PMID": 857321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12011", "title": "Medical and psychosocial problems of the aged.", "content": "A survey of chronic illness in the 65-year-and-over age group in general practice is presented. Some medical and psychosocial problems encountered in this age group are discussed.", "contents": "Medical and psychosocial problems of the aged. A survey of chronic illness in the 65-year-and-over age group in general practice is presented. Some medical and psychosocial problems encountered in this age group are discussed.", "PMID": 857322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12012", "title": "Geriatric care in a provincial hospital.", "content": "Much of the work of the public medical wards at Grey's Hospital is concerned with the care of aged persons. In the absence of separate geriatric facilities, this work forms an integral part of internal medicine. During the last decade two surveys, and experience gained, have determined a comprehensive approach to the social and medical problems encountered. While team work can accomplish much, the responsibility for care of the aged currently remains divided among a number of government and private agencies. Without a unified policy and further expenditure of a certain amount of money, many of our senior citizens will continue to be denied easy access to health care facilities.", "contents": "Geriatric care in a provincial hospital. Much of the work of the public medical wards at Grey's Hospital is concerned with the care of aged persons. In the absence of separate geriatric facilities, this work forms an integral part of internal medicine. During the last decade two surveys, and experience gained, have determined a comprehensive approach to the social and medical problems encountered. While team work can accomplish much, the responsibility for care of the aged currently remains divided among a number of government and private agencies. Without a unified policy and further expenditure of a certain amount of money, many of our senior citizens will continue to be denied easy access to health care facilities.", "PMID": 857323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12013", "title": "A socio-economic, health and cultural survey in Soweto.", "content": "The socio-economic, health and nutritional status of 186 families in Diepkloof, Soweto, was studied. The results, detailed in the text, reveal considerable socio-economic ills, of which the most important is the observation that 30% of the families existed below the poverty datum line, even when there was more than one wage-earner. More emphasis on health education and the promotion by health personnel of a better understanding of the backgrounds of clinic and hospital patients are urgent priorities for health services.", "contents": "A socio-economic, health and cultural survey in Soweto. The socio-economic, health and nutritional status of 186 families in Diepkloof, Soweto, was studied. The results, detailed in the text, reveal considerable socio-economic ills, of which the most important is the observation that 30% of the families existed below the poverty datum line, even when there was more than one wage-earner. More emphasis on health education and the promotion by health personnel of a better understanding of the backgrounds of clinic and hospital patients are urgent priorities for health services.", "PMID": 857324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12014", "title": "Serum levels of anticonvulsants and haematological sequelae in black epileptics.", "content": "Serum levels of phenytoin and phenobarbitone were studied in a group of Black adult epileptics. Therapeutically satisfactory levels of phenytoin were observed in only 11,3% of patients, and of phenobarbitone, in 63,9%. An overall non-compliance rate of about 50% was noted. The possible reasons for this are discussed. Folate deficiency was not a major problem in this group of patients.", "contents": "Serum levels of anticonvulsants and haematological sequelae in black epileptics. Serum levels of phenytoin and phenobarbitone were studied in a group of Black adult epileptics. Therapeutically satisfactory levels of phenytoin were observed in only 11,3% of patients, and of phenobarbitone, in 63,9%. An overall non-compliance rate of about 50% was noted. The possible reasons for this are discussed. Folate deficiency was not a major problem in this group of patients.", "PMID": 857325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12015", "title": "[Value of scintigraphy in the treatment of single nodules of the thyroid].", "content": "The value of radionuclide scanning of the thyroid gland was investigated in 125 patients with solitary thyroid nodules. Fifty-seven of the 95 patients with 'cold' nodules underwent surgery. The incidence of malignant nodules in this group was 16%; therefore surgery is recommended for all solitary 'cold' nodules. Of the 30 patients with 'warm' nodules, 20 were treated surgically and in only 1 patient was the nodule malignant. This incidence is probably not significant. Surgery is, however, also recommended for all solitary 'warm' nodules because of the possibility of toxic change. Accurate planning of the surgical procedure depends on any function of the nodule in question and this can be determined with certainty only by radionuclide scanning.", "contents": "[Value of scintigraphy in the treatment of single nodules of the thyroid]. The value of radionuclide scanning of the thyroid gland was investigated in 125 patients with solitary thyroid nodules. Fifty-seven of the 95 patients with 'cold' nodules underwent surgery. The incidence of malignant nodules in this group was 16%; therefore surgery is recommended for all solitary 'cold' nodules. Of the 30 patients with 'warm' nodules, 20 were treated surgically and in only 1 patient was the nodule malignant. This incidence is probably not significant. Surgery is, however, also recommended for all solitary 'warm' nodules because of the possibility of toxic change. Accurate planning of the surgical procedure depends on any function of the nodule in question and this can be determined with certainty only by radionuclide scanning.", "PMID": 857326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12016", "title": "Morphology of colony variants of the rough form of Dermatophilus spp.", "content": "A technique is described for the preparation of intact colonies of Dermatophilus and their study under the scanning electron microscope. Using this technique with 38 strains of the organism it is possible to describe for the first time the patterns of colony morphology and to study the relationship of hyphae, cocci and zoospores in situ. Colonies were found to possess both vegetative and aerial hyphae. The various patterns of mycelial activity and structure that were seen raised serious doubts about the previous concepts of the mode of propagation and thus the classification of Dermatophilus within the Actinomycetales.", "contents": "Morphology of colony variants of the rough form of Dermatophilus spp. A technique is described for the preparation of intact colonies of Dermatophilus and their study under the scanning electron microscope. Using this technique with 38 strains of the organism it is possible to describe for the first time the patterns of colony morphology and to study the relationship of hyphae, cocci and zoospores in situ. Colonies were found to possess both vegetative and aerial hyphae. The various patterns of mycelial activity and structure that were seen raised serious doubts about the previous concepts of the mode of propagation and thus the classification of Dermatophilus within the Actinomycetales.", "PMID": 857327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12017", "title": "[Coccidioides immitis: isolation from soil samples in San Luis and Mendoza provinces].", "content": "By using the double pour plate method, Yeasts Extract Agar (YE) which contained a high concentration of chloramphenicol-streptomycin sulfate and cycloheximide,, and by inoculating mice intraperitoneally, we succeed in the isolation of different strains of Coccidicides immitis from 12 samples of the soils collected in the province of San Luis and from 1 of the province of Mendoza (Argentina), a 70% of the samples turned out positive. Identification of the strains was based on macro- and micro-morphology of the colonies, pathogenicity for mice and the capacity to transform in shaked cultures.", "contents": "[Coccidioides immitis: isolation from soil samples in San Luis and Mendoza provinces]. By using the double pour plate method, Yeasts Extract Agar (YE) which contained a high concentration of chloramphenicol-streptomycin sulfate and cycloheximide,, and by inoculating mice intraperitoneally, we succeed in the isolation of different strains of Coccidicides immitis from 12 samples of the soils collected in the province of San Luis and from 1 of the province of Mendoza (Argentina), a 70% of the samples turned out positive. Identification of the strains was based on macro- and micro-morphology of the colonies, pathogenicity for mice and the capacity to transform in shaked cultures.", "PMID": 857328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12018", "title": "Studies on mediators of cellular immunity in experimental coccidioidomycosis.", "content": "The time course of delayed hypersensitivity (DH) to spherulin was regularly detected 3 days before and up to 140 days after sensitization of guniea pigs by repeated testing with the in vitro macrophage migration inhibition method. The properties of mycelial and spherule-derived coccidioidins in dermal sensitivity reactions were studied with regard to infected or vaccinated with Coccidioides immitis guinea pigs. The mediators for cellular immunity such as promotion of phagocytosis, skin reactive and fungicidal factors can be found in the supernatant of lymphocyte cultures from vaccinated or infected animals with mild disease in much greater quantity than those in control or infected with severe disease. Cell-mediated immunity to Coccidioides immitis involves both macrophages and lymphocytes, but the latter was the most likely mediator of the intracellular killing observedl", "contents": "Studies on mediators of cellular immunity in experimental coccidioidomycosis. The time course of delayed hypersensitivity (DH) to spherulin was regularly detected 3 days before and up to 140 days after sensitization of guniea pigs by repeated testing with the in vitro macrophage migration inhibition method. The properties of mycelial and spherule-derived coccidioidins in dermal sensitivity reactions were studied with regard to infected or vaccinated with Coccidioides immitis guinea pigs. The mediators for cellular immunity such as promotion of phagocytosis, skin reactive and fungicidal factors can be found in the supernatant of lymphocyte cultures from vaccinated or infected animals with mild disease in much greater quantity than those in control or infected with severe disease. Cell-mediated immunity to Coccidioides immitis involves both macrophages and lymphocytes, but the latter was the most likely mediator of the intracellular killing observedl", "PMID": 857329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12019", "title": "Coinsurance and the demand for physician services: four years later.", "content": "In 1971 a study was made of the effects of a 25-percent coinsurance provision on the demand for physician services under a comprehensive prepaid plan for medical care. Comparing physician utilization rates in 1966 (the year before coinsurance was introduced) and 1968 (the first calendar year after the change) showed that coinsurance led to a 24-percent decline in the per capita number of all physician visits that held true regardless of how the data were examined--whether by demographic characteristics of the study population, physician specialization, or place of visit. This effect of coinsurance could be temporary--a kind of shock effect that would wear off. Since there was no conclusive proof of this hypothesis, the authors conducted a followup study, comparing physician utilization rates in 1972 and 1968. They found no evidence of any upward trend in the use of physician services. The overall utilization rate was much the same in 1972 as in 1968, and the rates of the demographic subgroups and types of visits were either much the same or slightly lower. Equally important was the finding that the plan had become relatively unattractive for families in the lowest socioeconomic group who constituted a smaller proportion of the 1972 plan membership than of the pre-coinsurance membership.", "contents": "Coinsurance and the demand for physician services: four years later. In 1971 a study was made of the effects of a 25-percent coinsurance provision on the demand for physician services under a comprehensive prepaid plan for medical care. Comparing physician utilization rates in 1966 (the year before coinsurance was introduced) and 1968 (the first calendar year after the change) showed that coinsurance led to a 24-percent decline in the per capita number of all physician visits that held true regardless of how the data were examined--whether by demographic characteristics of the study population, physician specialization, or place of visit. This effect of coinsurance could be temporary--a kind of shock effect that would wear off. Since there was no conclusive proof of this hypothesis, the authors conducted a followup study, comparing physician utilization rates in 1972 and 1968. They found no evidence of any upward trend in the use of physician services. The overall utilization rate was much the same in 1972 as in 1968, and the rates of the demographic subgroups and types of visits were either much the same or slightly lower. Equally important was the finding that the plan had become relatively unattractive for families in the lowest socioeconomic group who constituted a smaller proportion of the 1972 plan membership than of the pre-coinsurance membership.", "PMID": 857330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12020", "title": "Penetrating wounds of the neck: principles and some controversies.", "content": "Some of the principles, pitfalls, and controversies in the management of penetrating wounds of the neck have been reviewed. All three policies to exploration of the neck advocated by different authors have merit and can be considered optimal under certain circumstances. Since delayed surgical treatment of major vascular and esophageal injuries results in higher morbidity and mortality, exploratory operations are appropriate when such injuries are suspected, even though preoperative studies are inconclusive. A systematic approach to the management of penetrating wounds of the base of the neck has been outlined. The role of a shount to maintain adequate cerebral blood flow during repair of carotid artery injuries has been discussed. In patients who have severe preoperative neurologic deficit and no blood flow in the injured carotid artery at operation, ligation of the artery rather than repair of injury appears to be indicated.", "contents": "Penetrating wounds of the neck: principles and some controversies. Some of the principles, pitfalls, and controversies in the management of penetrating wounds of the neck have been reviewed. All three policies to exploration of the neck advocated by different authors have merit and can be considered optimal under certain circumstances. Since delayed surgical treatment of major vascular and esophageal injuries results in higher morbidity and mortality, exploratory operations are appropriate when such injuries are suspected, even though preoperative studies are inconclusive. A systematic approach to the management of penetrating wounds of the base of the neck has been outlined. The role of a shount to maintain adequate cerebral blood flow during repair of carotid artery injuries has been discussed. In patients who have severe preoperative neurologic deficit and no blood flow in the injured carotid artery at operation, ligation of the artery rather than repair of injury appears to be indicated.", "PMID": 857331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12021", "title": "Vascular trauma.", "content": "The word \"spasm\" has been purposefully omitted as it is essentially a nonentity in vascular trauma. The surgeon's ability to repair and salvage extremities has increased greatly in the last 30 years. Problem areas still exist, especially in those patients with carotid trauma and neurologic deficit and patients with massive trauma to the extremities with involvement of bone, arteries, veins, nerves, and soft tissue. There is a place and a time for primary amputation, but its role in trauma surgery has definitely decreased and should continue to do so, as long as in so doing we do not jeopardize the life of the patient.", "contents": "Vascular trauma. The word \"spasm\" has been purposefully omitted as it is essentially a nonentity in vascular trauma. The surgeon's ability to repair and salvage extremities has increased greatly in the last 30 years. Problem areas still exist, especially in those patients with carotid trauma and neurologic deficit and patients with massive trauma to the extremities with involvement of bone, arteries, veins, nerves, and soft tissue. There is a place and a time for primary amputation, but its role in trauma surgery has definitely decreased and should continue to do so, as long as in so doing we do not jeopardize the life of the patient.", "PMID": 857332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12022", "title": "Fractures and dislocations encountered by the general surgeon: general principles.", "content": "The definitive treatment selected for the care of a fracture is dependent upon what will offer the best cosmesis and function for the individual patient. Closed reductions and immobilization which require the joints to be in abnormal positions may offer an anatomic reduction but after the fracture is healed, joint function may be poor. Consequently, immobilization in the functional position with early motion and acceptance of some deformity is often better in terms of the ultimate use of the extremity. Traction treatment which requires prolonged recumbency is dangerous in the elderly because of the threat of thromboembolic phenomena and pneumonia. Therefore, open reduction and internal fixation with early mobilization of such patients is preferred. The type of treatment used is based on an evaluation of the entire patient and not just the radiographic interpretation of the fracture.", "contents": "Fractures and dislocations encountered by the general surgeon: general principles. The definitive treatment selected for the care of a fracture is dependent upon what will offer the best cosmesis and function for the individual patient. Closed reductions and immobilization which require the joints to be in abnormal positions may offer an anatomic reduction but after the fracture is healed, joint function may be poor. Consequently, immobilization in the functional position with early motion and acceptance of some deformity is often better in terms of the ultimate use of the extremity. Traction treatment which requires prolonged recumbency is dangerous in the elderly because of the threat of thromboembolic phenomena and pneumonia. Therefore, open reduction and internal fixation with early mobilization of such patients is preferred. The type of treatment used is based on an evaluation of the entire patient and not just the radiographic interpretation of the fracture.", "PMID": 857333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12023", "title": "Urologic injuries.", "content": "We have reviewed our experience in 311 cases of urologic trauma seen at Detroit General Hospital. A properly organized emergency surgery team is necessary to handle these types of injures effectively. We feel that, whenever possible, evaluation of any patient suspected of genitourinary trauma should be accomplished by a urologist before the patient enters the operating room. We approach renal injuries with a conservative viewpoint, trying to preserve as much renal tissue as possible, yet realizing that at time an aggressive approach to renal injuries is necessary to accomplish this and to save the patient's life. The injuries of the renal pelvis and ureter should be treated by debridement and a water-tight anastomosis with a fine absorbable material. It is our impression that patients suffering from gunshot wounds, because an ideal anastomosis is not possible, do better with a stented anastomosis. Ruptures of the bladder are simple to repair and attention is focused on the diagnosis and exploration of associated ureteral injuries. The prostatomembranous disruptions are without question one of the most difficult injuries in urology. Although we attempt to stent the urethra in order to align the ends, we condemn a vigorous attempt with interlocking sounds or other instruments since they may lead to iatrogenic injuries of the urogenital diaphragm. In these cases suprapubic cystostomy drainage and secondary repair is indicated. Our results with a group of patients with injuries of the anterior urethra showed that the overwhelming majority of these patients did well with a suprapubic cystostomy and drainage with no immediate repair.", "contents": "Urologic injuries. We have reviewed our experience in 311 cases of urologic trauma seen at Detroit General Hospital. A properly organized emergency surgery team is necessary to handle these types of injures effectively. We feel that, whenever possible, evaluation of any patient suspected of genitourinary trauma should be accomplished by a urologist before the patient enters the operating room. We approach renal injuries with a conservative viewpoint, trying to preserve as much renal tissue as possible, yet realizing that at time an aggressive approach to renal injuries is necessary to accomplish this and to save the patient's life. The injuries of the renal pelvis and ureter should be treated by debridement and a water-tight anastomosis with a fine absorbable material. It is our impression that patients suffering from gunshot wounds, because an ideal anastomosis is not possible, do better with a stented anastomosis. Ruptures of the bladder are simple to repair and attention is focused on the diagnosis and exploration of associated ureteral injuries. The prostatomembranous disruptions are without question one of the most difficult injuries in urology. Although we attempt to stent the urethra in order to align the ends, we condemn a vigorous attempt with interlocking sounds or other instruments since they may lead to iatrogenic injuries of the urogenital diaphragm. In these cases suprapubic cystostomy drainage and secondary repair is indicated. Our results with a group of patients with injuries of the anterior urethra showed that the overwhelming majority of these patients did well with a suprapubic cystostomy and drainage with no immediate repair.", "PMID": 857334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12024", "title": "Vaccination with Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccine on a farm with atrophic rhinitis: an evaluation of a field experiment.", "content": "On a farm where Atrophic rhinitis (AR) occurred the animals were vaccinated with a Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccine. The immune state of the sows was checked and also the effect of this vaccination on the antibody titre of the piglets. Groups of pregnant sows were vaccinated once or twice before the partus, another group of sows only had their piglets vaccinated and a third group were used as control. The serum titres of the sows were low, not higher than 1:100 before vaccination. A double vaccination of the pregnant sows induced the piglets to produce antibodies in a sufficiently high titre during the first 7 weeks of life. Vaccination only against Bordetella bronchiseptica did not protect the piglets against AR. Piglets of the vaccinated sows showed two types of titre progress. It is not recommended to vaccinate the piglets only. The rapid plate agglutination was found extremely useful for the early diagnosis of Bordetella bronchiseptica infection.", "contents": "Vaccination with Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccine on a farm with atrophic rhinitis: an evaluation of a field experiment. On a farm where Atrophic rhinitis (AR) occurred the animals were vaccinated with a Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccine. The immune state of the sows was checked and also the effect of this vaccination on the antibody titre of the piglets. Groups of pregnant sows were vaccinated once or twice before the partus, another group of sows only had their piglets vaccinated and a third group were used as control. The serum titres of the sows were low, not higher than 1:100 before vaccination. A double vaccination of the pregnant sows induced the piglets to produce antibodies in a sufficiently high titre during the first 7 weeks of life. Vaccination only against Bordetella bronchiseptica did not protect the piglets against AR. Piglets of the vaccinated sows showed two types of titre progress. It is not recommended to vaccinate the piglets only. The rapid plate agglutination was found extremely useful for the early diagnosis of Bordetella bronchiseptica infection.", "PMID": 857335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12025", "title": "Effects of feed restriction on heat production, body temperature and respiratory evaporation in the White Leghorn hen on a \"tropical\" day.", "content": "The effects of a shift in the time of feeding on heat production, body temperature and respiratory evaporation in the White Leghorn hen were studied on a \"tropical\" day. The thermogenic effect of feed at an ambient temperature of 35 degrees C, as compared to 20 degrees C, was delayed for 2 to 3 hours, its magnitude was not as great and the duration was prolonged for 8 to 10 hours. Depriving the chickens of their feed between 0500 to 1200 hours, between 0830 to 1730 hours or for the whole period on a \"tropical\" day at two different humidity levels did not result in a significant decrease in heat stress during the period with the highest ambient temperature. An ambient temperature range was found in which the body temperature increased while heat production decreased.", "contents": "Effects of feed restriction on heat production, body temperature and respiratory evaporation in the White Leghorn hen on a \"tropical\" day. The effects of a shift in the time of feeding on heat production, body temperature and respiratory evaporation in the White Leghorn hen were studied on a \"tropical\" day. The thermogenic effect of feed at an ambient temperature of 35 degrees C, as compared to 20 degrees C, was delayed for 2 to 3 hours, its magnitude was not as great and the duration was prolonged for 8 to 10 hours. Depriving the chickens of their feed between 0500 to 1200 hours, between 0830 to 1730 hours or for the whole period on a \"tropical\" day at two different humidity levels did not result in a significant decrease in heat stress during the period with the highest ambient temperature. An ambient temperature range was found in which the body temperature increased while heat production decreased.", "PMID": 857336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12026", "title": "Rotavirus infections in calves. II. Experimental infections with a Dutch isolate.", "content": "Rotaviruses were observed electron microscopically in clarified faecal samples from calves with diarrhoea. Several herds with a history of scouring among neonatal calves were shown to be infected with rotaviruses. A bacteria-free faecal filtrate from a rotavirus positive sample administered orally induced diarrhoea in one out of two colostrum-deprived calves. Both calves excreted rotaviruses in their faeces and serum antibody responses were demonstrated by complement-fixation and indirect immunofluorescence tests and by immune electron microscopy. Purified rotavirus from faeces of the first calf induced profuse diarrhoea in three other colostrum-deprived calves, with subsequent shedding of the virus in the faeces. These calves also showed a serum antibody response. All calves recovered in one to seven days without treatment. Two colostrum-fed calves were removed from a rotavirus-affected dairy farm within 36 hours after birth and studied at the Institute. Both animals excreted rotaviruses and developed severe diarrhoea, although they had circulating maternal antibodies. Attempts to grow this rotavirus in cell cultures were not successful.", "contents": "Rotavirus infections in calves. II. Experimental infections with a Dutch isolate. Rotaviruses were observed electron microscopically in clarified faecal samples from calves with diarrhoea. Several herds with a history of scouring among neonatal calves were shown to be infected with rotaviruses. A bacteria-free faecal filtrate from a rotavirus positive sample administered orally induced diarrhoea in one out of two colostrum-deprived calves. Both calves excreted rotaviruses in their faeces and serum antibody responses were demonstrated by complement-fixation and indirect immunofluorescence tests and by immune electron microscopy. Purified rotavirus from faeces of the first calf induced profuse diarrhoea in three other colostrum-deprived calves, with subsequent shedding of the virus in the faeces. These calves also showed a serum antibody response. All calves recovered in one to seven days without treatment. Two colostrum-fed calves were removed from a rotavirus-affected dairy farm within 36 hours after birth and studied at the Institute. Both animals excreted rotaviruses and developed severe diarrhoea, although they had circulating maternal antibodies. Attempts to grow this rotavirus in cell cultures were not successful.", "PMID": 857337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12027", "title": "Mediastinal cyst in a dog.", "content": "An eleven-month-old long-haired German pointer with a cyst on the medial side of the left lung is described. The content was a mucous liquid in a quantity of 400 ml. The cyst was the cause of a heavy dyspnoca. After removal of the cyst, the animal improved quickly. The origin of the cyst could not be determined definitely probably it was a congenital bronchogenic cyst.", "contents": "Mediastinal cyst in a dog. An eleven-month-old long-haired German pointer with a cyst on the medial side of the left lung is described. The content was a mucous liquid in a quantity of 400 ml. The cyst was the cause of a heavy dyspnoca. After removal of the cyst, the animal improved quickly. The origin of the cyst could not be determined definitely probably it was a congenital bronchogenic cyst.", "PMID": 857338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12028", "title": "Responses of crayfish muscle preparations to nerve stimulation with various patterns of impulse sequence. Effects of intermittent, intercalated and adaptational types of impulse sequence.", "content": "The present study was carried out with an attempt to see what effects would be produced by various patterns of impulse trains other than pulses of a definite frequency in nerve-muscle systems of the crayfish. Single axons of nerves of the opener, the slow closer and the fast closer of the crayfish claw were stimulated and the tension development of muscles were recorded. The impulse trains tested are as follows: (i) intermittent stimulation; e.g., paired (doublet) and triplet stimuli, (ii) the intercalated stimulation during stimulation by constant-frequency pulses and (iii) the adaptational type of stimulation, i.e. a train of pulses of which interval gradually increases as seen in the process of the adaptation in the sensory nerve. Results obtained are as follows. Intermittent doublet stimuli produced a greater tension than the monotonous stimulation of the same average frequency. Repetitive triplet or quadruplet stimuli caused further increments in the tension development. Intercalation of a stimulus during usual monotonous stimulation induced a catch-like effect on the tension. Intercalated triplet stimuli provoked a stronger catch action. With the adaptational type of stimulation, an initial rapid tension development occurred with a least latency and this was followed by a maintained tension. There are certain temporal configurations of stimuli which produced a greater tension or a more physiologically meaningful time course of tension development. This suggests the significance of nervous coding.", "contents": "Responses of crayfish muscle preparations to nerve stimulation with various patterns of impulse sequence. Effects of intermittent, intercalated and adaptational types of impulse sequence. The present study was carried out with an attempt to see what effects would be produced by various patterns of impulse trains other than pulses of a definite frequency in nerve-muscle systems of the crayfish. Single axons of nerves of the opener, the slow closer and the fast closer of the crayfish claw were stimulated and the tension development of muscles were recorded. The impulse trains tested are as follows: (i) intermittent stimulation; e.g., paired (doublet) and triplet stimuli, (ii) the intercalated stimulation during stimulation by constant-frequency pulses and (iii) the adaptational type of stimulation, i.e. a train of pulses of which interval gradually increases as seen in the process of the adaptation in the sensory nerve. Results obtained are as follows. Intermittent doublet stimuli produced a greater tension than the monotonous stimulation of the same average frequency. Repetitive triplet or quadruplet stimuli caused further increments in the tension development. Intercalation of a stimulus during usual monotonous stimulation induced a catch-like effect on the tension. Intercalated triplet stimuli provoked a stronger catch action. With the adaptational type of stimulation, an initial rapid tension development occurred with a least latency and this was followed by a maintained tension. There are certain temporal configurations of stimuli which produced a greater tension or a more physiologically meaningful time course of tension development. This suggests the significance of nervous coding.", "PMID": 857339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12029", "title": "Detection of A, B and H(O) antigens in normal and neoplastic epithelium of the urinary bladder by the specific red cell adherence test (SRCA).", "content": "A, B and H(O) blood group antigens in some tissues are readily demonstrable by the specific red cell adherence test (SRCA) which is a modification of Coomb's mixed cell adherence technique. Paraffin-embedded tissue sections obtained from tumors of the urinary bladder were submitted to SRCA. Normal bladder epithelium adjacent to neoplastic lesions and the leukoplakia were found to contain the three antigens. The antigens were completely absent in 18 cases and partially present in one of the bladder carcinoma. It was also suggested that the prognosis of the tumor correlates with the antigen loss. SRCA is sensitive, reproducible and technically easy for detection of tissue antigens, and it would be expected to play a crucial role for demonstration of immunological dedifferentiation in tissues which normally keep the antigens.", "contents": "Detection of A, B and H(O) antigens in normal and neoplastic epithelium of the urinary bladder by the specific red cell adherence test (SRCA). A, B and H(O) blood group antigens in some tissues are readily demonstrable by the specific red cell adherence test (SRCA) which is a modification of Coomb's mixed cell adherence technique. Paraffin-embedded tissue sections obtained from tumors of the urinary bladder were submitted to SRCA. Normal bladder epithelium adjacent to neoplastic lesions and the leukoplakia were found to contain the three antigens. The antigens were completely absent in 18 cases and partially present in one of the bladder carcinoma. It was also suggested that the prognosis of the tumor correlates with the antigen loss. SRCA is sensitive, reproducible and technically easy for detection of tissue antigens, and it would be expected to play a crucial role for demonstration of immunological dedifferentiation in tissues which normally keep the antigens.", "PMID": 857340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12030", "title": "Clincial and edidemiological studies on hepatitis B in children.", "content": "Sera from children with various clinical categories of hepatitis were examined for hepatitis B surface (HBs) antigen (Ag) by radiommunoassay and for antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) by the passive hemagglutination test. It was found that frequencies of HBsAg and anti-HBs in 56 cases of acute hepatitis were 55% (31/56) and 11% (6/56), respectively. All of 4 patients with chronic hepatitis were found to have persistent HBs antigenemia. As for hepatitis in infant under the age of 6 months HBs Ag was detected in 2 each of 31 cases of neonatal hepatitis and of 15 cases of anicteric hepatitis. The data suggest the importance of HB virus as an etiologic agent of acute and chronic hepatitis in children in this country, however, other agents were supposed to be responsible for hepatitis in early infancy. Anti-HBs Ab was first detected in 15% of a group of children age from 3 to 5 years in Rishiri Island and in 12% of children aged from 6 to 9 years in Sapporo City. Frequency increased gradually through school age in both areas. Thus, HB virus infection seems to be common in the childhood population in urban as well as rural area of Hokkaido district.", "contents": "Clincial and edidemiological studies on hepatitis B in children. Sera from children with various clinical categories of hepatitis were examined for hepatitis B surface (HBs) antigen (Ag) by radiommunoassay and for antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) by the passive hemagglutination test. It was found that frequencies of HBsAg and anti-HBs in 56 cases of acute hepatitis were 55% (31/56) and 11% (6/56), respectively. All of 4 patients with chronic hepatitis were found to have persistent HBs antigenemia. As for hepatitis in infant under the age of 6 months HBs Ag was detected in 2 each of 31 cases of neonatal hepatitis and of 15 cases of anicteric hepatitis. The data suggest the importance of HB virus as an etiologic agent of acute and chronic hepatitis in children in this country, however, other agents were supposed to be responsible for hepatitis in early infancy. Anti-HBs Ab was first detected in 15% of a group of children age from 3 to 5 years in Rishiri Island and in 12% of children aged from 6 to 9 years in Sapporo City. Frequency increased gradually through school age in both areas. Thus, HB virus infection seems to be common in the childhood population in urban as well as rural area of Hokkaido district.", "PMID": 857341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12031", "title": "Biological fate of 32P malathion in Gallus domesticus (desi poultry birds).", "content": "During this study, a minor surgical technique was developed for the separation of urine and faeces in birds and fate of 32P malathion was studied, following a single oral dose of 394 mg/kg. The birds showed characteristic signs and symptoms of organophosphorus poisoning and the results suggested that the compound is rapidly absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract, significant quantities being detected in plasma after 0.5 h of ingestion. Highest concentration of 32P was present during 6 to 8 h of administration. At 6 h, 32P was highest in liver followed by other organs. With the lapse of time the concentration of 32P in various organs decreased at 48 h, it was not detected except in liver, kidney, lung and spleen when only traces were observed. The cumulative urinary and faecal excretion study revealed that within 24 h 90% is rapidly excreted mainly via the urine and only small amounts in the faeces. Metabolism studies showed that the compound is quickly metabolised. Because of the rapid turnover of the compound, this study indicated that the accumulation of this compound is unlikely in the body system.", "contents": "Biological fate of 32P malathion in Gallus domesticus (desi poultry birds). During this study, a minor surgical technique was developed for the separation of urine and faeces in birds and fate of 32P malathion was studied, following a single oral dose of 394 mg/kg. The birds showed characteristic signs and symptoms of organophosphorus poisoning and the results suggested that the compound is rapidly absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract, significant quantities being detected in plasma after 0.5 h of ingestion. Highest concentration of 32P was present during 6 to 8 h of administration. At 6 h, 32P was highest in liver followed by other organs. With the lapse of time the concentration of 32P in various organs decreased at 48 h, it was not detected except in liver, kidney, lung and spleen when only traces were observed. The cumulative urinary and faecal excretion study revealed that within 24 h 90% is rapidly excreted mainly via the urine and only small amounts in the faeces. Metabolism studies showed that the compound is quickly metabolised. Because of the rapid turnover of the compound, this study indicated that the accumulation of this compound is unlikely in the body system.", "PMID": 857342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12032", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of vinyl chloride in the rat.", "content": "When rats are exposed to [14C]vinyl chloride in a closed system, the vinyl chloride present in the atmosphere equilibrates with the animals' organism within 15 min. The course of equilibration could be determined using rats which had been given 6-nitro-1,2,3-benzothiadiazole. This compound completely blocks metabolism of vinyl chloride. The enzymes responsible for metabolism of vinyl chloride are saturated at an atmospheric concentration of vinyl chloride of 250 ppm. Pharmacokinetic analysis shows that no significant cumulation of vinyl chloride or its major metabolites is to be expected on repeated administration of vinyl chlorides. This may be consistent with the theory that a reactive, shortly living, metabolite which occurs in low concentration only, may be responsible for the toxic effects of vinyl chloride.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of vinyl chloride in the rat. When rats are exposed to [14C]vinyl chloride in a closed system, the vinyl chloride present in the atmosphere equilibrates with the animals' organism within 15 min. The course of equilibration could be determined using rats which had been given 6-nitro-1,2,3-benzothiadiazole. This compound completely blocks metabolism of vinyl chloride. The enzymes responsible for metabolism of vinyl chloride are saturated at an atmospheric concentration of vinyl chloride of 250 ppm. Pharmacokinetic analysis shows that no significant cumulation of vinyl chloride or its major metabolites is to be expected on repeated administration of vinyl chlorides. This may be consistent with the theory that a reactive, shortly living, metabolite which occurs in low concentration only, may be responsible for the toxic effects of vinyl chloride.", "PMID": 857343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12033", "title": "Effect of talc injected intravenously in guinea pigs.", "content": "The pulmonary angiothrombotic lesions in narcotic addicts attributed to the talc present in drug tablets were studied experimentally in guinea pigs following repeated intravenous administration of a suspension of talc dust (75 mg per animal). In early periods there was a moderate localization of talc particles in the alveolar capillaries of lung, liver and abdominal lymph nodes. The vascular injury in the pulmonary tissue was in the form of mild proliferation of the endothelial cells. In addition, many nodular collections comprising macrophages and lymphocytes developed around such vascular structures. At later periods (150 days) the only significant reaction obtained was moderate thickening of interalveolar septa and the lesions were in no way comparable to the human reports. The significance of these findings has been discussed.", "contents": "Effect of talc injected intravenously in guinea pigs. The pulmonary angiothrombotic lesions in narcotic addicts attributed to the talc present in drug tablets were studied experimentally in guinea pigs following repeated intravenous administration of a suspension of talc dust (75 mg per animal). In early periods there was a moderate localization of talc particles in the alveolar capillaries of lung, liver and abdominal lymph nodes. The vascular injury in the pulmonary tissue was in the form of mild proliferation of the endothelial cells. In addition, many nodular collections comprising macrophages and lymphocytes developed around such vascular structures. At later periods (150 days) the only significant reaction obtained was moderate thickening of interalveolar septa and the lesions were in no way comparable to the human reports. The significance of these findings has been discussed.", "PMID": 857344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12034", "title": "The binding of CS2 in central nervous system of control and phenobarbitone-pretreated rats.", "content": "The binding of 35S- and 14C-labelled CS2 in rat central nervous system (CNS) was studied in control and phenobarbitone-pretreated rats in vivo and in vitro. Animals received CS2 through intraperitoneal injection in olive oil. Samples were taken for analysis 3 and 6 h after the injection. Sulphur atoms were bound to rat brain more highly than carbon atoms in control and phenobarbitone-pretreated rats in vivo. The phenobarbitone pretreatment increased the cerebral binding of sulphur and decreased that of carbon. Main part of the bound sulphur and carbon was detected in the trichloroacetic acid (TCA) precipitable fraction in both test groups. Pretreatment with phenobarbitone or with polychlorinated hydrocarbon (PCB) mixture did not increase significantly the binding of CS2 sulphur in brain microsomes in vitro. The present findings suggest that a considerable amount of injected CS2 is retained in the nervous system and that phenobarbitone pretreatment of test subjects may also alter brain metabolism of CS2.", "contents": "The binding of CS2 in central nervous system of control and phenobarbitone-pretreated rats. The binding of 35S- and 14C-labelled CS2 in rat central nervous system (CNS) was studied in control and phenobarbitone-pretreated rats in vivo and in vitro. Animals received CS2 through intraperitoneal injection in olive oil. Samples were taken for analysis 3 and 6 h after the injection. Sulphur atoms were bound to rat brain more highly than carbon atoms in control and phenobarbitone-pretreated rats in vivo. The phenobarbitone pretreatment increased the cerebral binding of sulphur and decreased that of carbon. Main part of the bound sulphur and carbon was detected in the trichloroacetic acid (TCA) precipitable fraction in both test groups. Pretreatment with phenobarbitone or with polychlorinated hydrocarbon (PCB) mixture did not increase significantly the binding of CS2 sulphur in brain microsomes in vitro. The present findings suggest that a considerable amount of injected CS2 is retained in the nervous system and that phenobarbitone pretreatment of test subjects may also alter brain metabolism of CS2.", "PMID": 857345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12035", "title": "Semichronic oral toxicity of cadmium. 2. Studies on dogs.", "content": "Cadmium in the form of CdCl2 was administered with the feed in concentrations of 0, 1, 3, 10 and 30 ppm over a period of 3 months to groups of 2 male and 2 female beagle dogs each. The appearance, behaviour food consumption, growth and mortality of the treated dogs in all groups was not affected. In the groups up to 30 ppm cadmium caused no detectable harm to blood, liver or kidneys. The systolic and diastolic blood pressure of the treated animals of all groups up to 30 ppm was within the normal range. The autopsies and histopathological investigations revealed no evidence of any damage. Cadmium accumulated dose-dependently above all in the kidneys and liver. The dogs tolerated concentrations of up to 30 ppm cadmium in their feed over a period of 3 months without harm.", "contents": "Semichronic oral toxicity of cadmium. 2. Studies on dogs. Cadmium in the form of CdCl2 was administered with the feed in concentrations of 0, 1, 3, 10 and 30 ppm over a period of 3 months to groups of 2 male and 2 female beagle dogs each. The appearance, behaviour food consumption, growth and mortality of the treated dogs in all groups was not affected. In the groups up to 30 ppm cadmium caused no detectable harm to blood, liver or kidneys. The systolic and diastolic blood pressure of the treated animals of all groups up to 30 ppm was within the normal range. The autopsies and histopathological investigations revealed no evidence of any damage. Cadmium accumulated dose-dependently above all in the kidneys and liver. The dogs tolerated concentrations of up to 30 ppm cadmium in their feed over a period of 3 months without harm.", "PMID": 857346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12036", "title": "Cytogenic investigations on leucocytes of cattle intoxicated with fluoride.", "content": "Cattle which grazed in the vicinity of a plant manufacturing enamel and which displayed signs of chronic fluoride poisoning such as osteosclerosis and mottled enamel or dental fluorosis were investigated for the presence of structural chromatid and chromosome aberrations. Venous blood was incubated for 48 h, and 100 cells were analyzed for each animal. No statistical difference in the incidence of such anomalies was observed between the controls and the intoxicated animals.", "contents": "Cytogenic investigations on leucocytes of cattle intoxicated with fluoride. Cattle which grazed in the vicinity of a plant manufacturing enamel and which displayed signs of chronic fluoride poisoning such as osteosclerosis and mottled enamel or dental fluorosis were investigated for the presence of structural chromatid and chromosome aberrations. Venous blood was incubated for 48 h, and 100 cells were analyzed for each animal. No statistical difference in the incidence of such anomalies was observed between the controls and the intoxicated animals.", "PMID": 857347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12037", "title": "Toxicological evaluation of Norpace after intravenous administration to rat and dog.", "content": "Norpace (disopyramide phosphate) is a drug for treating cardiac arrhythmias. It has been evaluated for potential toxicological effects in albino rats and Beagle dogs, to provide safety support for clinical studies involving intravenous infusion. The compound was dissolved in Sodium Chloride for Injection, U.S.P. and administered daily by continuous intravenous infusion to groups of rats and dogs. Dose levels to 4.95 mg/kg/h for 14 and 28 consecutive days, respectively were employed. Rats received the formulation for 6--12 h daily; dogs were infused for 6 h daily. Conventional physical, cardiovascular, hematology, clinical chemistry and postmortem gross and microscopic examinations were performed. No compound-related changes were observed in the physical examinations (including ophthalmic), blood pressure (rat), ECG (dog), body weight, or clinical lab parameters evaluated; Food consumption was unontinuous restraining procedure employed during infusions reduced food consumption in all dogs, however, Postmortem examination did not reveal any lesions unique to treated animals. Some dogs exhibited intravenous fibrin thrombi at the site of injection. Organizing blood clots were occasionally present in the thoracic cavity of the rat. These findings were considered related to the infusion technique employed, rather than the drug administered. It was concluded that daily intravenous infusions of Norpace at doses up to 4.65 mg/kg/h to rats and dogs for 14 and 28 consecutive rays respectively, cause no biologically meaningful detrimental effects.", "contents": "Toxicological evaluation of Norpace after intravenous administration to rat and dog. Norpace (disopyramide phosphate) is a drug for treating cardiac arrhythmias. It has been evaluated for potential toxicological effects in albino rats and Beagle dogs, to provide safety support for clinical studies involving intravenous infusion. The compound was dissolved in Sodium Chloride for Injection, U.S.P. and administered daily by continuous intravenous infusion to groups of rats and dogs. Dose levels to 4.95 mg/kg/h for 14 and 28 consecutive days, respectively were employed. Rats received the formulation for 6--12 h daily; dogs were infused for 6 h daily. Conventional physical, cardiovascular, hematology, clinical chemistry and postmortem gross and microscopic examinations were performed. No compound-related changes were observed in the physical examinations (including ophthalmic), blood pressure (rat), ECG (dog), body weight, or clinical lab parameters evaluated; Food consumption was unontinuous restraining procedure employed during infusions reduced food consumption in all dogs, however, Postmortem examination did not reveal any lesions unique to treated animals. Some dogs exhibited intravenous fibrin thrombi at the site of injection. Organizing blood clots were occasionally present in the thoracic cavity of the rat. These findings were considered related to the infusion technique employed, rather than the drug administered. It was concluded that daily intravenous infusions of Norpace at doses up to 4.65 mg/kg/h to rats and dogs for 14 and 28 consecutive rays respectively, cause no biologically meaningful detrimental effects.", "PMID": 857348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12038", "title": "[Clinical staging classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (author's transl)].", "content": "The Ann Arbor classification of malignant lymphomas is interpreted in detail, and, in consideration of the diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, modifications are proposed.", "contents": "[Clinical staging classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (author's transl)]. The Ann Arbor classification of malignant lymphomas is interpreted in detail, and, in consideration of the diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, modifications are proposed.", "PMID": 857349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12039", "title": "[A retrospective analysis of cases with non-Hodgkin-lymphomas treated in the radiological clinic of the Kiel University between 1969 and 1975].", "content": "141 cases with malignant Non-Hodgkin-lymphomas are reported. The stage and results of radiological and/or cytostatic treatment as performed at the radiological clinic of the Kiel University have been related to the histological diagnosis according to the Kiel classification. Therewith, the differentiation by the pathologist between low-grade and high-grade malignancies is evidently clinically relevant.", "contents": "[A retrospective analysis of cases with non-Hodgkin-lymphomas treated in the radiological clinic of the Kiel University between 1969 and 1975]. 141 cases with malignant Non-Hodgkin-lymphomas are reported. The stage and results of radiological and/or cytostatic treatment as performed at the radiological clinic of the Kiel University have been related to the histological diagnosis according to the Kiel classification. Therewith, the differentiation by the pathologist between low-grade and high-grade malignancies is evidently clinically relevant.", "PMID": 857350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12040", "title": "[Radiation therapy in renal adenocarcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Sole irradiation treatment for renal carcinoma or its metastases has to be regarded as only a palliative therapy, whereas postoperative radiation therapy brings about a distinct diminution of the frequency of local recurrences, and, at least in advanced tumor stages, an improvement of the 5-year survival rate. Long-term preirradiation (ca 3000 rd TD within 3 weeks, and operation after another three weeks) or short-term pre-irradiation (ca 1200 to 2000 rd TD within 2 or 4 days, and operation the next day) are tolerated well and do involve no disturbances of the wound healing. Surgical treatment is not complicated by short-term irradiation, but often is easier following long-term irradiation; beyond this, the latter may just render possible a radical extirpation of the renal tumor. It appears from first results that decrease of distant spread and improvement of recovery rates in advanced tumor stages may be within reach, particularly in connection with post-operative irradiation.", "contents": "[Radiation therapy in renal adenocarcinoma (author's transl)]. Sole irradiation treatment for renal carcinoma or its metastases has to be regarded as only a palliative therapy, whereas postoperative radiation therapy brings about a distinct diminution of the frequency of local recurrences, and, at least in advanced tumor stages, an improvement of the 5-year survival rate. Long-term preirradiation (ca 3000 rd TD within 3 weeks, and operation after another three weeks) or short-term pre-irradiation (ca 1200 to 2000 rd TD within 2 or 4 days, and operation the next day) are tolerated well and do involve no disturbances of the wound healing. Surgical treatment is not complicated by short-term irradiation, but often is easier following long-term irradiation; beyond this, the latter may just render possible a radical extirpation of the renal tumor. It appears from first results that decrease of distant spread and improvement of recovery rates in advanced tumor stages may be within reach, particularly in connection with post-operative irradiation.", "PMID": 857351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12041", "title": "[Intensification of the oncolysis by clostridia by means of radio-frequency hyperthermy in experiments on animals--dependence on dosage and on intervals (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of a local pretreatment by radio-frequency hyperthermy upon the capability of germination and, hence, upon the oncolysis by intravenously given spores of oncolytic clostridia (M55) was tested with 2305 NMRI-mice carrying neck tumors. Using two different experimental tumors (Ehrlich adenocarcinoma and Harding-Passey-melanoma) it is possible to show the dependence of the intensification on the thermic dose. Additionally, there is a distinct dependence of the extent of oncolysis on the time interval between the hyperthermy treatment and the administration of clostridia. The intensification effect in both the tumors is mostly marked twelve hours after hyperthermy. The rapidly growing Ehrlich adenocarcinoma regenerates more quickly than the slowly growing Harding-Passey-melanoma. A period of 12 hours between hyperthermy and injection of clostridia represents a favourable interval for the timing of slowly as well as of rapidly growing tumors.", "contents": "[Intensification of the oncolysis by clostridia by means of radio-frequency hyperthermy in experiments on animals--dependence on dosage and on intervals (author's transl)]. The effect of a local pretreatment by radio-frequency hyperthermy upon the capability of germination and, hence, upon the oncolysis by intravenously given spores of oncolytic clostridia (M55) was tested with 2305 NMRI-mice carrying neck tumors. Using two different experimental tumors (Ehrlich adenocarcinoma and Harding-Passey-melanoma) it is possible to show the dependence of the intensification on the thermic dose. Additionally, there is a distinct dependence of the extent of oncolysis on the time interval between the hyperthermy treatment and the administration of clostridia. The intensification effect in both the tumors is mostly marked twelve hours after hyperthermy. The rapidly growing Ehrlich adenocarcinoma regenerates more quickly than the slowly growing Harding-Passey-melanoma. A period of 12 hours between hyperthermy and injection of clostridia represents a favourable interval for the timing of slowly as well as of rapidly growing tumors.", "PMID": 857352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12042", "title": "Allogeneic and semiallogeneic immunizations with a strong transplantation antigen (Ag-B).", "content": "A comparison has been made between the alloantibody response evoked by graded doses of cells being allogeneic and semiallogeneic with the host. The responses were measured by hemagglutination and complement-dependent lymphocytotoxicity. In the strain combination of rats used (DA leads to HO), a marked difference in the optimal dose was found after i.v. injection of lymphocytes. Although semiallogeneic cells gave the better antigenic stimulus at lower cell doses (0.3 and 3 X 10(6) cells), allogeneic cells were better at higher cell doses (30 and 150 X 10(6) cells). Immunization experiments with allogeneic and semiallogeneic erythrocytes or mitomycin- or heat-treated lymphocytes indicated that the antigenicity of the cells was not directly related to the cell surface concentration of antigen and was independent on the proliferative capacity of the lymphocytes; it was, however, curtailed by heat treatment of these cells. The 3 X 10(6), but not the 0.3 or 30 X 10(6) dose of semiallogeneic cells primed efficiently for a secondary hemagglutinin and cytotoxic response. I.v. injected 51Cr-labelled allogeneic and semiallogeneic lymphocytes showed different localized patterns. Between 4 and 24 hr after injection allogeneic lymphocytes were apparently more rapidly lost from the recipient lymph nodes. Collectively, these data indicate that the different immunizing properties of i.v. injected allogeneic and semiallogeneic lymphocytes are not simple consequences of the antigen dose transferred, but suggest that different localization patterns might influence the ability of these cells to induce cytotoxic and hemagglutinating alloantibody formation.", "contents": "Allogeneic and semiallogeneic immunizations with a strong transplantation antigen (Ag-B). A comparison has been made between the alloantibody response evoked by graded doses of cells being allogeneic and semiallogeneic with the host. The responses were measured by hemagglutination and complement-dependent lymphocytotoxicity. In the strain combination of rats used (DA leads to HO), a marked difference in the optimal dose was found after i.v. injection of lymphocytes. Although semiallogeneic cells gave the better antigenic stimulus at lower cell doses (0.3 and 3 X 10(6) cells), allogeneic cells were better at higher cell doses (30 and 150 X 10(6) cells). Immunization experiments with allogeneic and semiallogeneic erythrocytes or mitomycin- or heat-treated lymphocytes indicated that the antigenicity of the cells was not directly related to the cell surface concentration of antigen and was independent on the proliferative capacity of the lymphocytes; it was, however, curtailed by heat treatment of these cells. The 3 X 10(6), but not the 0.3 or 30 X 10(6) dose of semiallogeneic cells primed efficiently for a secondary hemagglutinin and cytotoxic response. I.v. injected 51Cr-labelled allogeneic and semiallogeneic lymphocytes showed different localized patterns. Between 4 and 24 hr after injection allogeneic lymphocytes were apparently more rapidly lost from the recipient lymph nodes. Collectively, these data indicate that the different immunizing properties of i.v. injected allogeneic and semiallogeneic lymphocytes are not simple consequences of the antigen dose transferred, but suggest that different localization patterns might influence the ability of these cells to induce cytotoxic and hemagglutinating alloantibody formation.", "PMID": 857353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12043", "title": "Possible evidence for a new C-locus specificity: studies of the serum Pullium.", "content": "We have presented data from our own experience and from the first serum exchange of the HLA Workshop of the Americas that indicate the serum Pul may identify a new low-frequency specificity of the C locus. One informative family has been studied, and the results are consistant with a C-locus inheritance pattern. No correlation was found with antisera that identify known antigens of the A, B, or C locus. One additional serum, also available for study, seems to react with the same specificity as the serum Pul.", "contents": "Possible evidence for a new C-locus specificity: studies of the serum Pullium. We have presented data from our own experience and from the first serum exchange of the HLA Workshop of the Americas that indicate the serum Pul may identify a new low-frequency specificity of the C locus. One informative family has been studied, and the results are consistant with a C-locus inheritance pattern. No correlation was found with antisera that identify known antigens of the A, B, or C locus. One additional serum, also available for study, seems to react with the same specificity as the serum Pul.", "PMID": 857354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12044", "title": "New observations on pressure-induced motor disturbances in a small mammal.", "content": "New observations on pressure-induced motor disturbances in a small mammal. Undersea Biomed. Res. 4(1):1-8.-Adult and baby mice were subjected to helium pressures up to 120 atm. Pressure-induced changes in motor acitivity (tremors and convulsions) were monitored both visually and with a noninvasive mechanical transducer. A study of five rates of compression showed that adult convulsion pressure thresholds (Pc) fell from a maximum of 90 atm at 20 atm/hr to a minimum of 63 atm at 610 atm/hr, Pc for baby mice rose from 53 atm at 8 days to reach the adult value (85-90 atm) at 21 days of age. Measurements of accommodation, or the decline in motor disturbances at constant pressure, are described. Animals allowed to accommodate for five hours at a pressure 9% higher than the first Pc (85 atm) and then compressed further showed a significantly higher second Pc (114 atm) than animals allowed one hour to accommodate (100 atm). The effects on including nitrogen in the heliox compression mixture on accommodation are also described.", "contents": "New observations on pressure-induced motor disturbances in a small mammal. New observations on pressure-induced motor disturbances in a small mammal. Undersea Biomed. Res. 4(1):1-8.-Adult and baby mice were subjected to helium pressures up to 120 atm. Pressure-induced changes in motor acitivity (tremors and convulsions) were monitored both visually and with a noninvasive mechanical transducer. A study of five rates of compression showed that adult convulsion pressure thresholds (Pc) fell from a maximum of 90 atm at 20 atm/hr to a minimum of 63 atm at 610 atm/hr, Pc for baby mice rose from 53 atm at 8 days to reach the adult value (85-90 atm) at 21 days of age. Measurements of accommodation, or the decline in motor disturbances at constant pressure, are described. Animals allowed to accommodate for five hours at a pressure 9% higher than the first Pc (85 atm) and then compressed further showed a significantly higher second Pc (114 atm) than animals allowed one hour to accommodate (100 atm). The effects on including nitrogen in the heliox compression mixture on accommodation are also described.", "PMID": 857355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12045", "title": "Changes in left ventricular activity during apnea and face immersion.", "content": "Apneic face immersion in water has been analyzed with respect to its effects upon heart rate and ventricular function in a group of highly trained teenaged swimmers of both sexes. Both parameters have been studied on a beat-by-beat basis throughout the maneuvers and analysis of the systolic time intervals has provided a noninvasive tool for studying changes in ventricular function. It was observed that the pre-ejection period of systole is lengthened, while left ventricular ejection time shows little change with apnea, face  wetting (27 degrees C), or a combination of these. This decrease in ventricular function, however, lags behind the previously well-recognized decrease in heart rate, a difference which is particularly obvious when face immersion is performed in the postexercise state. This suggests ventricular function changes are regulated separately from heart rate changes and thus may be a secondary effect. Analysis of the face immersion reflex on a beat-by-beat basis has also revealed a more rapid development of bradycardia with colder (15 degrees C) water. A model has been developed to describe the face immersion reflex in the light of these findings and previous information.", "contents": "Changes in left ventricular activity during apnea and face immersion. Apneic face immersion in water has been analyzed with respect to its effects upon heart rate and ventricular function in a group of highly trained teenaged swimmers of both sexes. Both parameters have been studied on a beat-by-beat basis throughout the maneuvers and analysis of the systolic time intervals has provided a noninvasive tool for studying changes in ventricular function. It was observed that the pre-ejection period of systole is lengthened, while left ventricular ejection time shows little change with apnea, face  wetting (27 degrees C), or a combination of these. This decrease in ventricular function, however, lags behind the previously well-recognized decrease in heart rate, a difference which is particularly obvious when face immersion is performed in the postexercise state. This suggests ventricular function changes are regulated separately from heart rate changes and thus may be a secondary effect. Analysis of the face immersion reflex on a beat-by-beat basis has also revealed a more rapid development of bradycardia with colder (15 degrees C) water. A model has been developed to describe the face immersion reflex in the light of these findings and previous information.", "PMID": 857356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12046", "title": "Converting standard air decompression tables for no-stop diving from altitude or habitat.", "content": "Using the phase equilibration theory of Hills (1966), as modified by Hennessy and Hempleman (1977), it is possible to predict formulas for converting standard air decompression tables for no-stop diving at altitude or from a normoxic habitat, breathing air. For diving following equilibration at altitude, the Royal Navy, Royal Naval Physiological Laboratory, and Haldane-type rules appear to be too conservative, with the opposite result for diving after excursion to altitude. Predictions in the latter case are in fair agreement with the Swiss (Boni, Schibli, Nussberger, and B\u00fchlmann 1976) no-stop altitude tables. In the case of habitats, close agreement is found between the Hamilton, Kenyon, Freitag, and Schreiner (1973) normoxic tables for no-stop downward excursions and indefinite dive upward-excursions on air. In the case of flying directly after no-stop diving, the US Navy rule of using repetitive group D appears to be conservative for dives less than 50 fsw, and possibly unsafe for dives over 50 fsw. It is concluded that for no-stop diving a single tissue and single safe ascent pressure formula are all that is necessary to generate equivalent air dives. This enforces the hypothesis that it is the volume of gas released on ascent that governs marginal type I bends, and that in a no-stop ascent, all excess dissolved gas is released in the worst case.", "contents": "Converting standard air decompression tables for no-stop diving from altitude or habitat. Using the phase equilibration theory of Hills (1966), as modified by Hennessy and Hempleman (1977), it is possible to predict formulas for converting standard air decompression tables for no-stop diving at altitude or from a normoxic habitat, breathing air. For diving following equilibration at altitude, the Royal Navy, Royal Naval Physiological Laboratory, and Haldane-type rules appear to be too conservative, with the opposite result for diving after excursion to altitude. Predictions in the latter case are in fair agreement with the Swiss (Boni, Schibli, Nussberger, and B\u00fchlmann 1976) no-stop altitude tables. In the case of habitats, close agreement is found between the Hamilton, Kenyon, Freitag, and Schreiner (1973) normoxic tables for no-stop downward excursions and indefinite dive upward-excursions on air. In the case of flying directly after no-stop diving, the US Navy rule of using repetitive group D appears to be conservative for dives less than 50 fsw, and possibly unsafe for dives over 50 fsw. It is concluded that for no-stop diving a single tissue and single safe ascent pressure formula are all that is necessary to generate equivalent air dives. This enforces the hypothesis that it is the volume of gas released on ascent that governs marginal type I bends, and that in a no-stop ascent, all excess dissolved gas is released in the worst case.", "PMID": 857357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12047", "title": "Evidence of bacteremia and endotoxemia in mice undergoing hyperbaric stress.", "content": "Swiss albino mice were exposed to normoxic (PO2 approximately 0.2 ATA) helium at 1, 20 or 35 ATA for 2 or 48 h and examined for the presence of bacteria and endotoxin in selected tissues. Among mice exposed to 35 ATA for 48 h and tested immediately after decompression for bacteria in liver and peritoneal cavities, 6 of 30 (20%) contained gram-negative rods and 27 of 30 (90%) contained gram-positive cocci. Incidence of infection was considerably less in mice exposed to 35 ATA for 2 h or exposed to 1 ATA. Evidence of presence of gram-negative rods and /or escape of free endotoxin from the intestine was provided by demonstration  that limulus lysate is coagulated (presumptive evidence of endotoxin) by liver homogenates in 70% of the mice exposed to 35 ATA for 48 h, 68% of those exposed to 20 ATA and 14% of those exposed to 1 ATA. Mice subjected to the hyperbaric stress of 35 ATA for 48 h were shown to be increasingly susceptible to injection with purified lipopolysaccharide. The LD50 was 0.24 mg for hyperbaric exposed mice and 0.39 mg for the control groups. These data suggest that hyperbaric stress, but not necessarily decompression, results in a short-term presence in mouse tissues of microbial agents originating from the gut. This invasion temporarily renders that host more susceptible to additional endotoxic challenge.", "contents": "Evidence of bacteremia and endotoxemia in mice undergoing hyperbaric stress. Swiss albino mice were exposed to normoxic (PO2 approximately 0.2 ATA) helium at 1, 20 or 35 ATA for 2 or 48 h and examined for the presence of bacteria and endotoxin in selected tissues. Among mice exposed to 35 ATA for 48 h and tested immediately after decompression for bacteria in liver and peritoneal cavities, 6 of 30 (20%) contained gram-negative rods and 27 of 30 (90%) contained gram-positive cocci. Incidence of infection was considerably less in mice exposed to 35 ATA for 2 h or exposed to 1 ATA. Evidence of presence of gram-negative rods and /or escape of free endotoxin from the intestine was provided by demonstration  that limulus lysate is coagulated (presumptive evidence of endotoxin) by liver homogenates in 70% of the mice exposed to 35 ATA for 48 h, 68% of those exposed to 20 ATA and 14% of those exposed to 1 ATA. Mice subjected to the hyperbaric stress of 35 ATA for 48 h were shown to be increasingly susceptible to injection with purified lipopolysaccharide. The LD50 was 0.24 mg for hyperbaric exposed mice and 0.39 mg for the control groups. These data suggest that hyperbaric stress, but not necessarily decompression, results in a short-term presence in mouse tissues of microbial agents originating from the gut. This invasion temporarily renders that host more susceptible to additional endotoxic challenge.", "PMID": 857358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12048", "title": "Does the evoked response measure inert gas narcosis?", "content": "The purpose of this review is to examine the validity of change in the cortical evoked response as a measure of inert gas narcosis in humans. Three criteria are defined which must all be met if a nonbehavioral measure is to be accepted as an indicator of narcosis. The evoked response is assessed in terms of these criteria. Two classes of experiments which have used the evoked response in hyperbaric ocnditions are identified. The first class allows the evoked response to be assessed against more than one of these criteria. The outcome of every experiment in this class supports the view that the evoked response is not a valid measure of narcosis. The second class of experiment assumed that the evoked response is a measure of narcosis and were not designed to assess validity appropriately. Arguments by Kinney and associates in support of the assumption of validity are shown to be unsound. Possible explanations for inability to demonstrate validity are discussed and it is suggested that factors other than narcotic potency of the breathing gas mixture determine or at least play a major role in determining amplitude of the evoked response.", "contents": "Does the evoked response measure inert gas narcosis? The purpose of this review is to examine the validity of change in the cortical evoked response as a measure of inert gas narcosis in humans. Three criteria are defined which must all be met if a nonbehavioral measure is to be accepted as an indicator of narcosis. The evoked response is assessed in terms of these criteria. Two classes of experiments which have used the evoked response in hyperbaric ocnditions are identified. The first class allows the evoked response to be assessed against more than one of these criteria. The outcome of every experiment in this class supports the view that the evoked response is not a valid measure of narcosis. The second class of experiment assumed that the evoked response is a measure of narcosis and were not designed to assess validity appropriately. Arguments by Kinney and associates in support of the assumption of validity are shown to be unsound. Possible explanations for inability to demonstrate validity are discussed and it is suggested that factors other than narcotic potency of the breathing gas mixture determine or at least play a major role in determining amplitude of the evoked response.", "PMID": 857359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12049", "title": "Eustachian tubal function during immersion.", "content": "The effects of head-out immersion on active and passive middle ear pressure equilibration were studied in three otologically normal scuba divers. Results were compared with the equilibration capacity recorded in the nonimmersed sitting and supine positions. Head-out immersion had only a minor effect on the ability to equilibrate the middle ear pressure actively during descent; passive ear clearing during ascent was slightly more difficult compared with this capacity in the sitting nonimmersed position. In the supine position ear clearing was significantly more difficult during both ascent and descent, which indicates that it is preferable to assume an upright body posture during exposures to pressure changes in dry pressure chambers. Mechanisms that might influence the ability to equilibrate the middle ears are discussed.", "contents": "Eustachian tubal function during immersion. The effects of head-out immersion on active and passive middle ear pressure equilibration were studied in three otologically normal scuba divers. Results were compared with the equilibration capacity recorded in the nonimmersed sitting and supine positions. Head-out immersion had only a minor effect on the ability to equilibrate the middle ear pressure actively during descent; passive ear clearing during ascent was slightly more difficult compared with this capacity in the sitting nonimmersed position. In the supine position ear clearing was significantly more difficult during both ascent and descent, which indicates that it is preferable to assume an upright body posture during exposures to pressure changes in dry pressure chambers. Mechanisms that might influence the ability to equilibrate the middle ears are discussed.", "PMID": 857360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12050", "title": "Anterior urethral injury: etiology, diagnosis, and initial management.", "content": "Urethral injuries below the urogenital diaphragm may result from external trauma or instrumentation. The most severe complication is the development of a urethral stricture. Proper care of the acute injury will diminish this possibility. In the hands of an experienced perineal surgeon repair of the externally traumatized urethra should consist of urethral debridement, mobilization, spatulation, and primary anastomosis. If an experienced surgeon is not immediately available, a suprapubic tube should be placed after draining the perineum. When major injuries occur requiring life-saving procedures and immediate care of other problems, the urine should be diverted with a suprapubic tube and urethral repair carried out later.", "contents": "Anterior urethral injury: etiology, diagnosis, and initial management. Urethral injuries below the urogenital diaphragm may result from external trauma or instrumentation. The most severe complication is the development of a urethral stricture. Proper care of the acute injury will diminish this possibility. In the hands of an experienced perineal surgeon repair of the externally traumatized urethra should consist of urethral debridement, mobilization, spatulation, and primary anastomosis. If an experienced surgeon is not immediately available, a suprapubic tube should be placed after draining the perineum. When major injuries occur requiring life-saving procedures and immediate care of other problems, the urine should be diverted with a suprapubic tube and urethral repair carried out later.", "PMID": 857361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12051", "title": "Penetrating renal injuries and the management of renal pedicle injury.", "content": "Injury to the upper urinary tract from penetrating trauma frequently is associated with injury to other abdominal organs. Management of the renal injury requires knowledge of the effect of injury of these other organs on the renal repair. Frequently the associated injury may dictate a need for nephrectomy when a complicated procedure would be necessary for repair of the kidney, but one should always keep in mind the high incidence of acute renal failure found in penetrating abdominal injuries and make a maximum effort to converse renal parenchyma in these patients. If renal repair is attempted, watertight repair of the renal collecting system, adequate debridement of injured renal tissue, accurate assessment of the presence or absence of blast effect, meticulous hemostasis, and adequate drainage are imperative.", "contents": "Penetrating renal injuries and the management of renal pedicle injury. Injury to the upper urinary tract from penetrating trauma frequently is associated with injury to other abdominal organs. Management of the renal injury requires knowledge of the effect of injury of these other organs on the renal repair. Frequently the associated injury may dictate a need for nephrectomy when a complicated procedure would be necessary for repair of the kidney, but one should always keep in mind the high incidence of acute renal failure found in penetrating abdominal injuries and make a maximum effort to converse renal parenchyma in these patients. If renal repair is attempted, watertight repair of the renal collecting system, adequate debridement of injured renal tissue, accurate assessment of the presence or absence of blast effect, meticulous hemostasis, and adequate drainage are imperative.", "PMID": 857362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12052", "title": "A personal view of the immediate management of pelvic fracture urethral injuries.", "content": "1. The best treatment for all but the most severe urethral injuries associated with pelvic fractures must surely be suprapubic catheter drainage without local exploration. 2. The free drainage of exudates from an injured urethra is be obstructed by the larger sizes of standard-shaft indwelling catheter; the use of a standard shaft catheter in an injured urethra requires careful consideration in relation to the individual problem and should not be a routine; however, a fenestrated catheter may have some positive advantages. 3. The results of treating the less severe fracture-dislocation injuries by suprapubic catheter are sufficiently good to make any attempt at immediate local readjustment of incomplete dislocations inadvisable for all but those with a special experience of the surgery of the traumatized urethra. 4. If abdominopelvic exploration has to be undertaken for non-urologic indications, the repositioning of a dislocated bladder base by the aligned sling-suture technique is a relatively simple procedure which can be swiftly and reliably accomplished by an emergency surgeon. 5. The treatment of a urethral injury, even if severely dislocated, is not in itself a matter of immediate urgency once suprapubic catheter drainage has been established; however, exploration for continued bleeding may be. If bleeding is controlled by local tamponade there may be considerable advantage in postponing definitive resolution of a massive urethral dislocation for a week or so because the patient is usually fitter and the procedure is less likely to be complicated by serious hemorrhage. When a particular urethral injury is considered suitable for a delayed primary repositioning, the patient may be fit enough to transfer to the care of a urologic department with special experience of these problems.", "contents": "A personal view of the immediate management of pelvic fracture urethral injuries. 1. The best treatment for all but the most severe urethral injuries associated with pelvic fractures must surely be suprapubic catheter drainage without local exploration. 2. The free drainage of exudates from an injured urethra is be obstructed by the larger sizes of standard-shaft indwelling catheter; the use of a standard shaft catheter in an injured urethra requires careful consideration in relation to the individual problem and should not be a routine; however, a fenestrated catheter may have some positive advantages. 3. The results of treating the less severe fracture-dislocation injuries by suprapubic catheter are sufficiently good to make any attempt at immediate local readjustment of incomplete dislocations inadvisable for all but those with a special experience of the surgery of the traumatized urethra. 4. If abdominopelvic exploration has to be undertaken for non-urologic indications, the repositioning of a dislocated bladder base by the aligned sling-suture technique is a relatively simple procedure which can be swiftly and reliably accomplished by an emergency surgeon. 5. The treatment of a urethral injury, even if severely dislocated, is not in itself a matter of immediate urgency once suprapubic catheter drainage has been established; however, exploration for continued bleeding may be. If bleeding is controlled by local tamponade there may be considerable advantage in postponing definitive resolution of a massive urethral dislocation for a week or so because the patient is usually fitter and the procedure is less likely to be complicated by serious hemorrhage. When a particular urethral injury is considered suitable for a delayed primary repositioning, the patient may be fit enough to transfer to the care of a urologic department with special experience of these problems.", "PMID": 857363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12053", "title": "Histological and ultrastructural changes in rat kidney following cadmium injection.", "content": "Cadmium injection in rats affects the genito-urinary system. The renal effects are generally considered to be mainly tubular. Light microscopy of 29 specimens confirms cellular damage in the glomeruli with changes in glomerular capillaries. Electron microscopic changes in the glomerulari confirm changes in the podocytes, thickening of the basement lamina, the occurrence of electron dense deposits in association with the capillary endothelium with platelet and polymorphonuclear cell accumulations which suggests opening of the endothelial junction of the glomerular vessels.", "contents": "Histological and ultrastructural changes in rat kidney following cadmium injection. Cadmium injection in rats affects the genito-urinary system. The renal effects are generally considered to be mainly tubular. Light microscopy of 29 specimens confirms cellular damage in the glomeruli with changes in glomerular capillaries. Electron microscopic changes in the glomerulari confirm changes in the podocytes, thickening of the basement lamina, the occurrence of electron dense deposits in association with the capillary endothelium with platelet and polymorphonuclear cell accumulations which suggests opening of the endothelial junction of the glomerular vessels.", "PMID": 857364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12054", "title": "Changes in blood flow and vasculature of the dog kidney undergoing normothermic and hypothermic ischaemia.", "content": "In 11 mongrel dogs both kidneys have been subjected to a 2 h ischaemic period. One kidney was cooled by perfusing the renal artery at 4 degrees C while the contralateral normothermic kidney was clamped for 2 h. Studying the renal blood flow using the Xenon wash out technique, sequential renal scanning and angiography, marked differences between hypo- and normothermic ischaemia kidneys were observed. One or two hours following hypothermic perfusion a marked decrease of blood flow in the first compartment and vasoconstriction was evident, while within this period following normothermic ischaemia an enhanced renal blood flow was observed. After 24 h renal blood flow and renal function tested by 131I-Hippuran clearance returned to normal values. Angiographic studies corresponding to the preoperative findings. In contrast, normothermic ischaemia kidneys showed a decreased renal blood flow, impairment of kidney function in isotope studies and pathological angiographic changes.", "contents": "Changes in blood flow and vasculature of the dog kidney undergoing normothermic and hypothermic ischaemia. In 11 mongrel dogs both kidneys have been subjected to a 2 h ischaemic period. One kidney was cooled by perfusing the renal artery at 4 degrees C while the contralateral normothermic kidney was clamped for 2 h. Studying the renal blood flow using the Xenon wash out technique, sequential renal scanning and angiography, marked differences between hypo- and normothermic ischaemia kidneys were observed. One or two hours following hypothermic perfusion a marked decrease of blood flow in the first compartment and vasoconstriction was evident, while within this period following normothermic ischaemia an enhanced renal blood flow was observed. After 24 h renal blood flow and renal function tested by 131I-Hippuran clearance returned to normal values. Angiographic studies corresponding to the preoperative findings. In contrast, normothermic ischaemia kidneys showed a decreased renal blood flow, impairment of kidney function in isotope studies and pathological angiographic changes.", "PMID": 857365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12055", "title": "[Life expectancy in penile carcinoma (statistical evaluation of 150 penile carcinomas in the period 1912-1970)].", "content": "In the period 1912-1970 in the G\u00f6ttingen area, 150 patients suffering from penis carcinoma were investigated and/or treated. With regard to method of treatment, three periods can be distinguished: 1912-1930, 1931-1948, and 1949-1970. During the first period, treatment was chiefly radiotherapy, in the second chiefly surgery, and in the third combined radiotherapy and surgery. Independent of the type of therapy and period of observation, the 3-, 5-, and 10-year survival rates were 52.5%, 46.7%, and 31.4%, respectively. The greatest life expectancy was that following combined surgical and high-voltage therapy. The importance of lymphography is emphasized.", "contents": "[Life expectancy in penile carcinoma (statistical evaluation of 150 penile carcinomas in the period 1912-1970)]. In the period 1912-1970 in the G\u00f6ttingen area, 150 patients suffering from penis carcinoma were investigated and/or treated. With regard to method of treatment, three periods can be distinguished: 1912-1930, 1931-1948, and 1949-1970. During the first period, treatment was chiefly radiotherapy, in the second chiefly surgery, and in the third combined radiotherapy and surgery. Independent of the type of therapy and period of observation, the 3-, 5-, and 10-year survival rates were 52.5%, 46.7%, and 31.4%, respectively. The greatest life expectancy was that following combined surgical and high-voltage therapy. The importance of lymphography is emphasized.", "PMID": 857366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12056", "title": "[Results of radical perineal prostatectomy: 14 years' experience (author's transl)].", "content": "One hundred radical perineal prostatectomies are reported, which were performed during the past 14 years. In this series were 36 patients with stage C carcinomas, which could not be operated radically by total prostatectomy. This shows the difficulties in preoperative staging of these tumors. In spite of doing routinely a vesiculography and a lymphography these tumors were frequently undervalued. The 5-year survival rates, being 66.6% in stage A/B and C carcinomas correspond nearly to the results of Belt. The postoperative incontinence rate was 10%. Only two patients retained their potency. There were no postoperative mortalities.", "contents": "[Results of radical perineal prostatectomy: 14 years' experience (author's transl)]. One hundred radical perineal prostatectomies are reported, which were performed during the past 14 years. In this series were 36 patients with stage C carcinomas, which could not be operated radically by total prostatectomy. This shows the difficulties in preoperative staging of these tumors. In spite of doing routinely a vesiculography and a lymphography these tumors were frequently undervalued. The 5-year survival rates, being 66.6% in stage A/B and C carcinomas correspond nearly to the results of Belt. The postoperative incontinence rate was 10%. Only two patients retained their potency. There were no postoperative mortalities.", "PMID": 857367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12057", "title": "[Pelvic lymphadenectomy as a staging operation for prostate carcinome (author's transl)].", "content": "As a staging operation for prostate carcinomas in clinical stages B (6/27) and C (21/27), 27 pelvic lymphadenectomies were performed. In stage B, a radical prostatectomy was performed; patients in stage C also received radiation. Preoperatively, lymphographic and histologic findings that were in agreement were available for only 74%. The immediate mortality was 0%, the postoperative morbidity 29%.", "contents": "[Pelvic lymphadenectomy as a staging operation for prostate carcinome (author's transl)]. As a staging operation for prostate carcinomas in clinical stages B (6/27) and C (21/27), 27 pelvic lymphadenectomies were performed. In stage B, a radical prostatectomy was performed; patients in stage C also received radiation. Preoperatively, lymphographic and histologic findings that were in agreement were available for only 74%. The immediate mortality was 0%, the postoperative morbidity 29%.", "PMID": 857368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12058", "title": "[Clinical pathology and treatment of upper urinary tract urothelial tumors--a 10-year review (author's transl)].", "content": "Fifty-four patients with upper urinary tract urothelial tumors were treated from 1966 to 1975 at the Urologische Klinik und Poliklinik der Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg. The neoplasms were multicentric in 13 patients (24%). All of the tumors were classified according to the WHO classification and the recommendation of the UICC. The correlations between histologic grade of malignancy and local spread are statistically significant. Lymph node metastases were found primarily with grade 3 tumors and infiltration into outer muscle layer. Nephroureterectomy with radical lymphadenomectomy via transabdominal approach and frozen-section histology of marginal nodes are recommended. The overall 5-year survival rate was 65% (+/- 16%) in all patients with malignant disease.", "contents": "[Clinical pathology and treatment of upper urinary tract urothelial tumors--a 10-year review (author's transl)]. Fifty-four patients with upper urinary tract urothelial tumors were treated from 1966 to 1975 at the Urologische Klinik und Poliklinik der Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg. The neoplasms were multicentric in 13 patients (24%). All of the tumors were classified according to the WHO classification and the recommendation of the UICC. The correlations between histologic grade of malignancy and local spread are statistically significant. Lymph node metastases were found primarily with grade 3 tumors and infiltration into outer muscle layer. Nephroureterectomy with radical lymphadenomectomy via transabdominal approach and frozen-section histology of marginal nodes are recommended. The overall 5-year survival rate was 65% (+/- 16%) in all patients with malignant disease.", "PMID": 857370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12059", "title": "Ileal substitute of ureter with reflux-plasty by terminal intussusception of bowel: animal experiments and clinical experience.", "content": "The conflicting results reported after substitution of the ureter by isolated bowel segments suggest that the procedure is still hazardous. This induced us to check experimentally the performance of the ileal ureter with antireflux-plasty before using it clinically. The antireflux mechanism is constructed by intussuscepting the terminal 8 cm. of an isolated ileal segment into each other thus forming a nipple. After vesicoileostomy the nipple protrudes into the urinary bladder. In the pig vesicoileorenal reflux was prevented, and anterograde urinary flow from the kidney through the ileal ureter into the bladder was unobstructed. Finally, the case of a patient is recorded who was submitted to the same procedure successfully.", "contents": "Ileal substitute of ureter with reflux-plasty by terminal intussusception of bowel: animal experiments and clinical experience. The conflicting results reported after substitution of the ureter by isolated bowel segments suggest that the procedure is still hazardous. This induced us to check experimentally the performance of the ileal ureter with antireflux-plasty before using it clinically. The antireflux mechanism is constructed by intussuscepting the terminal 8 cm. of an isolated ileal segment into each other thus forming a nipple. After vesicoileostomy the nipple protrudes into the urinary bladder. In the pig vesicoileorenal reflux was prevented, and anterograde urinary flow from the kidney through the ileal ureter into the bladder was unobstructed. Finally, the case of a patient is recorded who was submitted to the same procedure successfully.", "PMID": 857371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12060", "title": "[Prevention of thromboembolic complications in transurethral resection of the prostate (author's transl)].", "content": "1. The effect of 2 X 500 ml Dextran 70 i.v. for prevention of postoperative deep vein thrombosis in patients with transurethral resection of the prostate was investigated in a controlled, prospective and randomized study. The diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis was made by means of the 125I-fibrinogen test. 2. A total of 86 patients were studied. Two out of 47 in the control group developed deep vein thrombosis and 3 out of 39 in the dextran group. The total number of all thromboembolic complications in the control group is 19.2% as compared to 7.7% in the dextran group. This difference is statistically seen not significant. 3. Dextran prophylaxis showed no side effects. 4. A search of the literature on thromboembolic complications in urology shows the following. The incidence of deep vein thrombosis is general urology is about the same as in general surgery, i.e. every third patient develops deep vein thrombosis. There are no studies which would show that the number of fatal pulmonary emboli can be significantly reduced by any sort of preventive method in urologic patients. 5. The incidence of deep vein thrombosis in open prostatectomies is around 50%. In transurethral resection, however, this figure is between 5 and 10%. But nevertheless there are fatal pulmonary emboli. There exist no studies showing a significant reduction in the incidence of deep vein thrombosis after prostatectomy by any form of prevention. In order to avoid the postthrombotic syndrom and fatal complications, a prevention of thromboembolism seems reasonable, if this form of prevention has minimal side effects.", "contents": "[Prevention of thromboembolic complications in transurethral resection of the prostate (author's transl)]. 1. The effect of 2 X 500 ml Dextran 70 i.v. for prevention of postoperative deep vein thrombosis in patients with transurethral resection of the prostate was investigated in a controlled, prospective and randomized study. The diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis was made by means of the 125I-fibrinogen test. 2. A total of 86 patients were studied. Two out of 47 in the control group developed deep vein thrombosis and 3 out of 39 in the dextran group. The total number of all thromboembolic complications in the control group is 19.2% as compared to 7.7% in the dextran group. This difference is statistically seen not significant. 3. Dextran prophylaxis showed no side effects. 4. A search of the literature on thromboembolic complications in urology shows the following. The incidence of deep vein thrombosis is general urology is about the same as in general surgery, i.e. every third patient develops deep vein thrombosis. There are no studies which would show that the number of fatal pulmonary emboli can be significantly reduced by any sort of preventive method in urologic patients. 5. The incidence of deep vein thrombosis in open prostatectomies is around 50%. In transurethral resection, however, this figure is between 5 and 10%. But nevertheless there are fatal pulmonary emboli. There exist no studies showing a significant reduction in the incidence of deep vein thrombosis after prostatectomy by any form of prevention. In order to avoid the postthrombotic syndrom and fatal complications, a prevention of thromboembolism seems reasonable, if this form of prevention has minimal side effects.", "PMID": 857369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12061", "title": "Dynamics of acute retention in prostatic patient and role of adrenergic receptors.", "content": "The dynamic changes in the lower urinary tract associated with acute retention in the prostatic patient were investigated by pressure studies. These revealed that the site of maximal urethral pressure was in the prostatic segment, the bladder neck was not tightly closed, and the normal tone of the external sphincter was inhibited. Bladder decompression altered these findings, and alpha-adrenergic blockade produced a reduction in all pressure parameters in the posterior urethra. The significance of the findings is discussed in relation to present-day knowledge of lower tract urodynamics. It is concluded that certain cases of acute retention in the prostatic patient may be initiated by stimulation of the prostatic alpha-adrenergic receptors, and may then be perpetuated by a secondary fall in intravesical pressure together with a supplementaty \"feed-back\" stimulation of these receptors due to the bladder overdistention itself. Decompression and/or alpha-adrenergic block may sometimes reverse this process.", "contents": "Dynamics of acute retention in prostatic patient and role of adrenergic receptors. The dynamic changes in the lower urinary tract associated with acute retention in the prostatic patient were investigated by pressure studies. These revealed that the site of maximal urethral pressure was in the prostatic segment, the bladder neck was not tightly closed, and the normal tone of the external sphincter was inhibited. Bladder decompression altered these findings, and alpha-adrenergic blockade produced a reduction in all pressure parameters in the posterior urethra. The significance of the findings is discussed in relation to present-day knowledge of lower tract urodynamics. It is concluded that certain cases of acute retention in the prostatic patient may be initiated by stimulation of the prostatic alpha-adrenergic receptors, and may then be perpetuated by a secondary fall in intravesical pressure together with a supplementaty \"feed-back\" stimulation of these receptors due to the bladder overdistention itself. Decompression and/or alpha-adrenergic block may sometimes reverse this process.", "PMID": 857372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12062", "title": "Varicocelectomy and infertility.", "content": "Eighty males with varicocele underwent internal spermatic vein ligation as therapy for infertility. Semen quality improved in 78 per cent following ligation, and 51 per cent of wives became pregnant. The results in this series compare favorably with previous studies. We believe that spermatic vein ligation is a very successful adjunct in the treatment of the infertile male with varicocele.", "contents": "Varicocelectomy and infertility. Eighty males with varicocele underwent internal spermatic vein ligation as therapy for infertility. Semen quality improved in 78 per cent following ligation, and 51 per cent of wives became pregnant. The results in this series compare favorably with previous studies. We believe that spermatic vein ligation is a very successful adjunct in the treatment of the infertile male with varicocele.", "PMID": 857373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12063", "title": "Prolapsing urethral polyp in child with hypospadias.", "content": "This report details the first published case of a urethral polyp presenting as a prolapse through the proximally displaced meatus of a child with hypospadias. Urethral obstruction, a symptom common to other reported urethral polyps, was absent. The congenital nature suggests a benign neoplastic process as the etiologic factor.", "contents": "Prolapsing urethral polyp in child with hypospadias. This report details the first published case of a urethral polyp presenting as a prolapse through the proximally displaced meatus of a child with hypospadias. Urethral obstruction, a symptom common to other reported urethral polyps, was absent. The congenital nature suggests a benign neoplastic process as the etiologic factor.", "PMID": 857374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12064", "title": "Nonpapillary carcinoma in situ and atypical hyperplasia in cancerous bladders: further studies of surgically removed bladders by mapping.", "content": "Complete mapping of epithelium has been performed in 10 bladders surigcally removed for cancer. In all cases, in areas adjacent to or distant from the visible tumors, nonpapillary carcinoma in situ and related lesions such as atypical hyperplasia could be demonstrated. More importantly, in 5 of the 10 bladders, areas of occult invasive carcinoma derived from such abnormal epithelia have been recorded. These findings fully confirm prior observations and raise the number of totally mapped bladders to 20. The histologic findings in the entire series of 20 cases are discussed and the distribution of cancer and precancerous lesions tabulated. It is suggested that the areas of the bladder most frequently affected by precancerous lesions are the left and right lateral walls and the posterior wall. The trigone and the dome are less frequently involved. The need for aggressive assessment of bladder epithelium in patients with tumors of the bladder and/or early radical treatment for patients with non papillary carcinoma in situ is discussed in light of these observations.", "contents": "Nonpapillary carcinoma in situ and atypical hyperplasia in cancerous bladders: further studies of surgically removed bladders by mapping. Complete mapping of epithelium has been performed in 10 bladders surigcally removed for cancer. In all cases, in areas adjacent to or distant from the visible tumors, nonpapillary carcinoma in situ and related lesions such as atypical hyperplasia could be demonstrated. More importantly, in 5 of the 10 bladders, areas of occult invasive carcinoma derived from such abnormal epithelia have been recorded. These findings fully confirm prior observations and raise the number of totally mapped bladders to 20. The histologic findings in the entire series of 20 cases are discussed and the distribution of cancer and precancerous lesions tabulated. It is suggested that the areas of the bladder most frequently affected by precancerous lesions are the left and right lateral walls and the posterior wall. The trigone and the dome are less frequently involved. The need for aggressive assessment of bladder epithelium in patients with tumors of the bladder and/or early radical treatment for patients with non papillary carcinoma in situ is discussed in light of these observations.", "PMID": 857375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12065", "title": "Educational objectives for residency training in urology.", "content": "A description of the development of educational objectives for urologic residency training is presented. The purpose of these objectives is to define the knowledge and skills expected of urology residents at the completion of their training. Twenty-six urologists from residency programs throughout the country, one resident, and one medical educator formed a task force for the Society of University Urologists to write these objectives. During a one-year period, fifty-five sets of objectives were drafted, reviewed, and revised into the present form. Discussion of the methodological problems and implications for residents and program directors are included.", "contents": "Educational objectives for residency training in urology. A description of the development of educational objectives for urologic residency training is presented. The purpose of these objectives is to define the knowledge and skills expected of urology residents at the completion of their training. Twenty-six urologists from residency programs throughout the country, one resident, and one medical educator formed a task force for the Society of University Urologists to write these objectives. During a one-year period, fifty-five sets of objectives were drafted, reviewed, and revised into the present form. Discussion of the methodological problems and implications for residents and program directors are included.", "PMID": 857376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12066", "title": "Laryngeal involvement by systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Indirect laryngeal photography with the rod laryngeal telescope provided an excellent method of documenting evolution of the laryngeal pathology in two cases of systemic lupus erythematosus. This disease may have mucosal or serosal manifestations in the larynx. Currently, management of mucosal disease includes acute and long-term corticosteroid therapy, and should the airway become compromised by edema or scarring, then tracheostomy and specific laryngeal reconstruction during a quiescent period in the disease is required. The course of serosal involvement, notably cricoarytenoid arthritis, may be followed by observing vocal cord motion sequentially and assessing the degree of throat pain. Oral corticosteroids in maintenance dosages is the accepted modality of treatment, with dosage being boosted for exacerbations.", "contents": "Laryngeal involvement by systemic lupus erythematosus. Indirect laryngeal photography with the rod laryngeal telescope provided an excellent method of documenting evolution of the laryngeal pathology in two cases of systemic lupus erythematosus. This disease may have mucosal or serosal manifestations in the larynx. Currently, management of mucosal disease includes acute and long-term corticosteroid therapy, and should the airway become compromised by edema or scarring, then tracheostomy and specific laryngeal reconstruction during a quiescent period in the disease is required. The course of serosal involvement, notably cricoarytenoid arthritis, may be followed by observing vocal cord motion sequentially and assessing the degree of throat pain. Oral corticosteroids in maintenance dosages is the accepted modality of treatment, with dosage being boosted for exacerbations.", "PMID": 857377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12067", "title": "Some aspects of cervical chordoma.", "content": "This paper reviews 13 cases of chordoma in the cervical spine and base of the skull which have been seen at the Pack Medical Foundation over the past 25 years. Chordomas are dysonto genetic, malignant, slow-growing neoplasms that arise in remnants of the embryonic notochord. Concealed along the axial skeleton, these slow-growing tumors are usually well entrenched before they are accurately diagnosed. The majority of the chordomas of the spine occur in the sacroccygeal region. Of the 13 cases in the area of the cervical spine, 39% occurred in the region of the base of the skull and 61% in the area of the cervical spine. The treatment of the cervical tumors consisted of laminectomy to relieve the pressure on the cord and to remove as much of the neoplasm as possible. Some of the tumors at the base of the skull were nonresectable and were treated with radiotherapy. Radiotherapy was ultimately used in every case, either in combination with surgery or as a primary or subsequent method of management. The overall prognosis for palliation was fair but ineffective for cure.", "contents": "Some aspects of cervical chordoma. This paper reviews 13 cases of chordoma in the cervical spine and base of the skull which have been seen at the Pack Medical Foundation over the past 25 years. Chordomas are dysonto genetic, malignant, slow-growing neoplasms that arise in remnants of the embryonic notochord. Concealed along the axial skeleton, these slow-growing tumors are usually well entrenched before they are accurately diagnosed. The majority of the chordomas of the spine occur in the sacroccygeal region. Of the 13 cases in the area of the cervical spine, 39% occurred in the region of the base of the skull and 61% in the area of the cervical spine. The treatment of the cervical tumors consisted of laminectomy to relieve the pressure on the cord and to remove as much of the neoplasm as possible. Some of the tumors at the base of the skull were nonresectable and were treated with radiotherapy. Radiotherapy was ultimately used in every case, either in combination with surgery or as a primary or subsequent method of management. The overall prognosis for palliation was fair but ineffective for cure.", "PMID": 857379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12068", "title": "[Results of subdiaphragmatic vagotomy for perforated ulcer in the region of the pylorus and duodenum].", "content": "Within the recent 7 years in the clinic 400 operations of trunk vagotomy with drainage of the stomach were performed for complicated ulcers of the duodenum, 110 of them - in perforating ulcer. The postoperative mortality was 1.8%. The immediate and late results were studied within the terms from 6 months to 6 years. Good results were obtained in 79.9%, satisfactory - in 17.6%. Poor issues were noted in 1 patient, who was reoperated upon gastric resection being performed.", "contents": "[Results of subdiaphragmatic vagotomy for perforated ulcer in the region of the pylorus and duodenum]. Within the recent 7 years in the clinic 400 operations of trunk vagotomy with drainage of the stomach were performed for complicated ulcers of the duodenum, 110 of them - in perforating ulcer. The postoperative mortality was 1.8%. The immediate and late results were studied within the terms from 6 months to 6 years. Good results were obtained in 79.9%, satisfactory - in 17.6%. Poor issues were noted in 1 patient, who was reoperated upon gastric resection being performed.", "PMID": 857383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12069", "title": "[Effect of different types of vagotomy on the contractile activity of the gall bladder].", "content": "Based on the analysis of serial cholecystography, performed in 112 patients, the authors concluded that trunk and selective vagotomy associated with economic gastric resection, selective proximal vagotomy with and without drainage of the stomach do not essentially influence the contractile capacity of the gallbladder. Following selective and trunk vagotomy in early postoperative terms dilation of the gallbladder was noted, which, however, was transitory. Selective proximal vagotomy with and without drainage of the stomach does not influence the size of the gallbladder.", "contents": "[Effect of different types of vagotomy on the contractile activity of the gall bladder]. Based on the analysis of serial cholecystography, performed in 112 patients, the authors concluded that trunk and selective vagotomy associated with economic gastric resection, selective proximal vagotomy with and without drainage of the stomach do not essentially influence the contractile capacity of the gallbladder. Following selective and trunk vagotomy in early postoperative terms dilation of the gallbladder was noted, which, however, was transitory. Selective proximal vagotomy with and without drainage of the stomach does not influence the size of the gallbladder.", "PMID": 857384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12070", "title": "XXXII Wherry Memorial Lecture. The ear surgeon of tomorrow. Tympanomastoidectomy techniques and classification.", "content": "The ear surgery of the past 40 years (1936-1976) has been reviewed to demonstrate how this has influenced the development of modern microsurgery and the ear surgery of the future. The ear surgeon of tomorrow must have complete knowledge of the surgical anatomy and surgical pathology of the temporal bone, that pathology which has been produced by my generation of ear surgeons, and all techniques of all surgeons, for there is no single approach to surgery of the temporal bone. Only with complete and total knowledge of the temporal bone obtained by personal dissection can the surgeon succeed in the first operation. In unsheltered private practice, the patient will rarely give the surgeon a second chance. Residual postoperative cholesteatoma is divided into two types, encapsulated and exfoliative. In carcinoma of the external auditory canal, parotidectomy is advocated in continuity with the block resection of the external auditory canal. The classification of tympanoplasty is presented. Fenestration of the horizontal semicircular canal remains the operation of choice in bilateral congenital conductive deafness with stenosis of the external auditory canal, particularly in adult Treacher Collins syndrome. The evolution of the stapes techniques is presented with a view toward the diagnosis of future complications, and the postauricular transcanal approach is recommended for the removal of glomus tumors in the hypotympanum and removal of the jugular bulb.", "contents": "XXXII Wherry Memorial Lecture. The ear surgeon of tomorrow. Tympanomastoidectomy techniques and classification. The ear surgery of the past 40 years (1936-1976) has been reviewed to demonstrate how this has influenced the development of modern microsurgery and the ear surgery of the future. The ear surgeon of tomorrow must have complete knowledge of the surgical anatomy and surgical pathology of the temporal bone, that pathology which has been produced by my generation of ear surgeons, and all techniques of all surgeons, for there is no single approach to surgery of the temporal bone. Only with complete and total knowledge of the temporal bone obtained by personal dissection can the surgeon succeed in the first operation. In unsheltered private practice, the patient will rarely give the surgeon a second chance. Residual postoperative cholesteatoma is divided into two types, encapsulated and exfoliative. In carcinoma of the external auditory canal, parotidectomy is advocated in continuity with the block resection of the external auditory canal. The classification of tympanoplasty is presented. Fenestration of the horizontal semicircular canal remains the operation of choice in bilateral congenital conductive deafness with stenosis of the external auditory canal, particularly in adult Treacher Collins syndrome. The evolution of the stapes techniques is presented with a view toward the diagnosis of future complications, and the postauricular transcanal approach is recommended for the removal of glomus tumors in the hypotympanum and removal of the jugular bulb.", "PMID": 857380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12071", "title": "[Value of thermal fractionation of lactate dehydrogenase and the protein composition of the blood in the differential diagnosis of the phases of acute pancreatitis].", "content": "Under examination were seventy nine patients with acute pancreatitis (23 patients with edematous form and 56 - with necrotic one). To test the method of thermal fractionation the studies were conducted in patients with hepatic lesions (the Botkin disease - 15 patients, hepatic cirrhosis - 15 patients). The most pronounced shifts were found in destructive processes in the pancreas, whereas no significant changes were noted in edematous form of acute pancreatitis. In necrotic pancreatitis structural changes in the liver were observed. The employed methods of investigation can prove to be useful for estimation of acute pancreatitis phases and the degree of liver involvement in the inflammatory process.", "contents": "[Value of thermal fractionation of lactate dehydrogenase and the protein composition of the blood in the differential diagnosis of the phases of acute pancreatitis]. Under examination were seventy nine patients with acute pancreatitis (23 patients with edematous form and 56 - with necrotic one). To test the method of thermal fractionation the studies were conducted in patients with hepatic lesions (the Botkin disease - 15 patients, hepatic cirrhosis - 15 patients). The most pronounced shifts were found in destructive processes in the pancreas, whereas no significant changes were noted in edematous form of acute pancreatitis. In necrotic pancreatitis structural changes in the liver were observed. The employed methods of investigation can prove to be useful for estimation of acute pancreatitis phases and the degree of liver involvement in the inflammatory process.", "PMID": 857385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12072", "title": "[Rare diseases of the small intestine in emergency surgery].", "content": "The work is based on the analysis of clinical observations over 18 patients with a rare pathology of the small intestine, who needed an urgent operative intervention. These included 7 patients with intestinal phlegmon, 1 - with terminal ileitis, 1 adult patient - with intestinal invagination, 3 patients - with benign tumors of the small intestine, 6 patients with intestinal infarction. The absence of characteristic symptoms for each of these lesions was the main cause of an erroneous diagnosis preoperatively.", "contents": "[Rare diseases of the small intestine in emergency surgery]. The work is based on the analysis of clinical observations over 18 patients with a rare pathology of the small intestine, who needed an urgent operative intervention. These included 7 patients with intestinal phlegmon, 1 - with terminal ileitis, 1 adult patient - with intestinal invagination, 3 patients - with benign tumors of the small intestine, 6 patients with intestinal infarction. The absence of characteristic symptoms for each of these lesions was the main cause of an erroneous diagnosis preoperatively.", "PMID": 857386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12073", "title": "[Comparative assessment of truncal and selective vagotomy combined with gastric drainage in the treatment of duodenal ulcer].", "content": "Comparative estimation of trunk and selective vagotomy associated with stomach drainage operations in treatment of duodenal ulcer revealed no essential advantages of selective vagotomy in comparison with trunk one. At the same time, technically trunk vagotomy is a more simple procedure and a more reliable one in relation to ulcer cure. The question concerning high-risk of calculi formation in the gallbladder after trunk vagotomy in females is unsolved yet and needs further studies.", "contents": "[Comparative assessment of truncal and selective vagotomy combined with gastric drainage in the treatment of duodenal ulcer]. Comparative estimation of trunk and selective vagotomy associated with stomach drainage operations in treatment of duodenal ulcer revealed no essential advantages of selective vagotomy in comparison with trunk one. At the same time, technically trunk vagotomy is a more simple procedure and a more reliable one in relation to ulcer cure. The question concerning high-risk of calculi formation in the gallbladder after trunk vagotomy in females is unsolved yet and needs further studies.", "PMID": 857387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12074", "title": "[Corrosion of the matallic constructions and matallosis of the tissues in the treatment of bone fractures].", "content": "Under observation were 192 patients in whom metallic construction were with-drawn. Clinical and metallographic findings indicated that till present time surgical specialists employ unjeustifiable big variety of stainless steels and titan alloys. Corrosion was noted in 18%, tissue metallosis--in 25%, fracture of fixators--in 12%, inflammatory response--in 11%. Compaound metallic constructions produced from different metals and alloys were subjected to corrosion 3 times as fregquntly. To thoroughly study the metallosis of tissues these were investigated by meands of a special analysis and histochemistry.", "contents": "[Corrosion of the matallic constructions and matallosis of the tissues in the treatment of bone fractures]. Under observation were 192 patients in whom metallic construction were with-drawn. Clinical and metallographic findings indicated that till present time surgical specialists employ unjeustifiable big variety of stainless steels and titan alloys. Corrosion was noted in 18%, tissue metallosis--in 25%, fracture of fixators--in 12%, inflammatory response--in 11%. Compaound metallic constructions produced from different metals and alloys were subjected to corrosion 3 times as fregquntly. To thoroughly study the metallosis of tissues these were investigated by meands of a special analysis and histochemistry.", "PMID": 857388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12075", "title": "Reconstructive procedures on the denervated gullet.", "content": "The loss of function of the vagus nerve resulting from radical tumor surgery may require some sort of pharyngeal rehabilitation. This may be accomplished by excision of the denervated muscularis as in partial pharyngectomy. This allows the remainder of the newly formed gullet to be innervated, with 80% to 90% of the innervation provided by the vagus nerve of the contralateral side. Extramucosal myotomy, temporary tracheostomy, and a bypass nasogastric feeding tube are required. However, nasal regurgitation may occur in velopharyngeal insufficiency. A technique is described by using two nasopharyngeal local flaps to narrow the velopharyngeal entrance on the paralyzed side.", "contents": "Reconstructive procedures on the denervated gullet. The loss of function of the vagus nerve resulting from radical tumor surgery may require some sort of pharyngeal rehabilitation. This may be accomplished by excision of the denervated muscularis as in partial pharyngectomy. This allows the remainder of the newly formed gullet to be innervated, with 80% to 90% of the innervation provided by the vagus nerve of the contralateral side. Extramucosal myotomy, temporary tracheostomy, and a bypass nasogastric feeding tube are required. However, nasal regurgitation may occur in velopharyngeal insufficiency. A technique is described by using two nasopharyngeal local flaps to narrow the velopharyngeal entrance on the paralyzed side.", "PMID": 857381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12076", "title": "Povidone-iodine: an adjunct in the treatmen of wound infections, dehiscences, and fistulas in head and neck surgery.", "content": "Extensive research has been done to elucidate the cellular and biochemical events of a healing wound. Similarly, new techniques are continually being investigated which would stimulate and augment the reparative process. This paper describes the uses and biochemistry of povidone-iodine which has gained widespread acceptance as a surgical preparation. However, its use as a topical agent for treating head and neck wound infections, dehiscences, and salivary fistulas has gained little recognition. Povidone-iodine is a unique compound formed by binding free iodine to polyvinylpyrrolidone. Previously, the toxic effects of iodine limited its use to preparation of the skin for surgery. When bound to the pyrrolidine molecule, iodine becomes water soluble and markedly less toxic. As a result, the broad antimicrobial spectrum of iodine may be used topically to control wound sepsis. It can be applied to mucosal surfaces without producing burns. The brown color acts as an indicator of its clinical effectiveness. When the dressings become light yellow or pale, free iodine is no longer being released and the dressing should be changed. Povidone-iodine is not a panacea for correcting interruption in the healing process during the postoperative period. The basic management of wound infections, dehiscences, and fistulas remains unchanged. Incision and drainage, debridement and flap contracture, lateralization, and diversion are necessary to initiate the healing process. Familarity with each phase of healing provides the basis for managing each of these surgical problems. Topical povidone-iodine not only controls wound sepsis but augments wound healing. The physiologic correlation with each phase of wound healing for these various surgical problems is elaborated and clinical cases presented.", "contents": "Povidone-iodine: an adjunct in the treatmen of wound infections, dehiscences, and fistulas in head and neck surgery. Extensive research has been done to elucidate the cellular and biochemical events of a healing wound. Similarly, new techniques are continually being investigated which would stimulate and augment the reparative process. This paper describes the uses and biochemistry of povidone-iodine which has gained widespread acceptance as a surgical preparation. However, its use as a topical agent for treating head and neck wound infections, dehiscences, and salivary fistulas has gained little recognition. Povidone-iodine is a unique compound formed by binding free iodine to polyvinylpyrrolidone. Previously, the toxic effects of iodine limited its use to preparation of the skin for surgery. When bound to the pyrrolidine molecule, iodine becomes water soluble and markedly less toxic. As a result, the broad antimicrobial spectrum of iodine may be used topically to control wound sepsis. It can be applied to mucosal surfaces without producing burns. The brown color acts as an indicator of its clinical effectiveness. When the dressings become light yellow or pale, free iodine is no longer being released and the dressing should be changed. Povidone-iodine is not a panacea for correcting interruption in the healing process during the postoperative period. The basic management of wound infections, dehiscences, and fistulas remains unchanged. Incision and drainage, debridement and flap contracture, lateralization, and diversion are necessary to initiate the healing process. Familarity with each phase of healing provides the basis for managing each of these surgical problems. Topical povidone-iodine not only controls wound sepsis but augments wound healing. The physiologic correlation with each phase of wound healing for these various surgical problems is elaborated and clinical cases presented.", "PMID": 857382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12077", "title": "[Diagnosis of benign neoplasms of the mediastinum].", "content": "An analysis of 252 patients with benign tumore and cysts of the mediastinum indicated that high per cent (35%) of diagnostic errors is conditioned by the absence of clinical signs typical for this pathology, as well as rather similar roentgenological symptomatics in its different forms.  Following resection of large neoplasms, when it proved unfeasible to close the pleural defect (the removed tumor bed) by suturing its margins, the aughors performed alloplasty with lyophilized pericardium or dura mater. Pleural alloplasty was employed in 18 (8.7%) patients. In all 206 operated patients no significant postoperative complications were observed. There were no lethal issues. Ii is felt that plastic repair of pleural defects should be considered absolutely essential while removing benign mediastinal neoplasms.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of benign neoplasms of the mediastinum]. An analysis of 252 patients with benign tumore and cysts of the mediastinum indicated that high per cent (35%) of diagnostic errors is conditioned by the absence of clinical signs typical for this pathology, as well as rather similar roentgenological symptomatics in its different forms.  Following resection of large neoplasms, when it proved unfeasible to close the pleural defect (the removed tumor bed) by suturing its margins, the aughors performed alloplasty with lyophilized pericardium or dura mater. Pleural alloplasty was employed in 18 (8.7%) patients. In all 206 operated patients no significant postoperative complications were observed. There were no lethal issues. Ii is felt that plastic repair of pleural defects should be considered absolutely essential while removing benign mediastinal neoplasms.", "PMID": 857389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12078", "title": "Pigmented villonodular tenosynovitis of the temporomandibular joint.", "content": "A case report of pigmented villonodular tenosynovitis involving the temporomandibular joint is presented. The lesion had destroyed the ascending ramus and condyle of the mandible, anterior cartilaginous wall of the external auditory meatus, and a large part of the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Surgery included resection of a portion of the mandible, temporal squama, and dura of the temporal lobe with replacement by a fascia temporalis graft. Four years postoperatively, the patient is free of any evidence of recurrent disease. A discussion of the differential diagnosis of an infratemporal mass, natural history, and pathology of pigmented villonodular tenosynovitis are discussed herein.", "contents": "Pigmented villonodular tenosynovitis of the temporomandibular joint. A case report of pigmented villonodular tenosynovitis involving the temporomandibular joint is presented. The lesion had destroyed the ascending ramus and condyle of the mandible, anterior cartilaginous wall of the external auditory meatus, and a large part of the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Surgery included resection of a portion of the mandible, temporal squama, and dura of the temporal lobe with replacement by a fascia temporalis graft. Four years postoperatively, the patient is free of any evidence of recurrent disease. A discussion of the differential diagnosis of an infratemporal mass, natural history, and pathology of pigmented villonodular tenosynovitis are discussed herein.", "PMID": 857378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12079", "title": "[Effect of vagotomy on the motor function of the gallbladder].", "content": "409 roentgenological studies were performed, using the method of serial cholecystography prior to and after giving a bile-expelling breakfast, in 102 patients with duodenal ulcer, in 174 patients after trunk and in 89 patients after selective vagotomy with pyloroplasty. It was found that the volume of the gallbladder beyond the digestion act following trunk vagotomy is increased by 20%, on the average, by 30%--after selective vagotomy. It is concluded that there are no principal differences in the influence of trunk and selcetive vagotomy on the tonus and motility of the gallbladder.", "contents": "[Effect of vagotomy on the motor function of the gallbladder]. 409 roentgenological studies were performed, using the method of serial cholecystography prior to and after giving a bile-expelling breakfast, in 102 patients with duodenal ulcer, in 174 patients after trunk and in 89 patients after selective vagotomy with pyloroplasty. It was found that the volume of the gallbladder beyond the digestion act following trunk vagotomy is increased by 20%, on the average, by 30%--after selective vagotomy. It is concluded that there are no principal differences in the influence of trunk and selcetive vagotomy on the tonus and motility of the gallbladder.", "PMID": 857390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12080", "title": "[Change in the architectonics of the azygous visceral arteries after surgical interventions on the abdominal cavity organs].", "content": "Study of angiograms in 100 patients subjected to resections of the stomach, small and large intestine, splenectomy, cholecystectomy etc. indicated that following these operations one might detect characteristic changes in the architectonics of azygous visceral arteries and their branches conditioned by the extent and kind of surgical intervention. Angiography enable an estimation of the mechanism of compensation or disorders of the blood circulation after resection or removal of the organ. The knowledge of alterations in the architectonics following the operation is of great importgnosis and intensive therapy myoglobinuria showed an abortive character.", "contents": "[Change in the architectonics of the azygous visceral arteries after surgical interventions on the abdominal cavity organs]. Study of angiograms in 100 patients subjected to resections of the stomach, small and large intestine, splenectomy, cholecystectomy etc. indicated that following these operations one might detect characteristic changes in the architectonics of azygous visceral arteries and their branches conditioned by the extent and kind of surgical intervention. Angiography enable an estimation of the mechanism of compensation or disorders of the blood circulation after resection or removal of the organ. The knowledge of alterations in the architectonics following the operation is of great importgnosis and intensive therapy myoglobinuria showed an abortive character.", "PMID": 857391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12081", "title": "[Extended operations in kidney tumor].", "content": "The authors treated 220 patients with renal tumors. In 22 cases nephrectomy was supplemented by extensive operations: a removal of tumor thrombus from the inferior vena cava--in 6, lymphadenectomy--in 11. Hemicolonectomy was performed in 1 patient, resection of the pancreatic tail and splenectomy--in 3, resection of the diaphragm, the XII and XIth ribs--in one. Eight patients show an over 3 years survival. All operations were accomplished from the thoracoabdominal access, which is considered by the authors to be the method of choice in patients with tumor of the kidneys. The authors emphasized the necessity of the complex examination of patients with subsequent working out of the unique roentgenotopographic scheme.", "contents": "[Extended operations in kidney tumor]. The authors treated 220 patients with renal tumors. In 22 cases nephrectomy was supplemented by extensive operations: a removal of tumor thrombus from the inferior vena cava--in 6, lymphadenectomy--in 11. Hemicolonectomy was performed in 1 patient, resection of the pancreatic tail and splenectomy--in 3, resection of the diaphragm, the XII and XIth ribs--in one. Eight patients show an over 3 years survival. All operations were accomplished from the thoracoabdominal access, which is considered by the authors to be the method of choice in patients with tumor of the kidneys. The authors emphasized the necessity of the complex examination of patients with subsequent working out of the unique roentgenotopographic scheme.", "PMID": 857392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12082", "title": "[Complications of a paranephric novocaine block for renal colic].", "content": "Under observation were 12 patients, in whom following paranephral novocain blockade subcapsular and paranephral hematomas, purulent paranephritis, abscesses and carbuncles of the kidneys developed. All patients were subjected to surgery. In such cases to eliminate renal colic it would be more safe to perform other kinds of theapeutic procedures (the injection of spasmolytic, the blockade after M. Ju. Lorin-Epshtein method, etc) which are not at all inferior in their effect to paranephral novocain blockade.", "contents": "[Complications of a paranephric novocaine block for renal colic]. Under observation were 12 patients, in whom following paranephral novocain blockade subcapsular and paranephral hematomas, purulent paranephritis, abscesses and carbuncles of the kidneys developed. All patients were subjected to surgery. In such cases to eliminate renal colic it would be more safe to perform other kinds of theapeutic procedures (the injection of spasmolytic, the blockade after M. Ju. Lorin-Epshtein method, etc) which are not at all inferior in their effect to paranephral novocain blockade.", "PMID": 857393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12083", "title": "[Clinical aspects and operative treatment of complicated peptic ulcer in children].", "content": "Due to peculiar course of ulcerous process in children, manifested not only by gross morphological changes in the zone of ulcer location but also by profound functional disturbances, it is recommended to resort to surgical interventions prior to the onset of stomach decompensation and development of grave homeostatic disorders. Gastric resection is thought by the authors to be the operation of choice.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects and operative treatment of complicated peptic ulcer in children]. Due to peculiar course of ulcerous process in children, manifested not only by gross morphological changes in the zone of ulcer location but also by profound functional disturbances, it is recommended to resort to surgical interventions prior to the onset of stomach decompensation and development of grave homeostatic disorders. Gastric resection is thought by the authors to be the operation of choice.", "PMID": 857394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12084", "title": "[Late results of reconstructive and plastic operations in bladder exstrophy].", "content": "During the period of 1961-1975 in the Child Surgery Clinic of Leningrad Medical Institute of Pediatrics reparative-plastic operations for the urinary bladder extrophy were performed in 39 patients. Most of children were operated upon at the age under 1 year. In 36 patients plastic reconstruction of the urinary bladder, sphincter and urethra was performed with local tissues after the Young technic in the G. A. Bairov modification. Late results of surgical treatment were studied in 26 patients within the terms from 1 to 14 years. Good results were gained in 10 patients, satisfactory--in 9, poor--in 7, one of them died.", "contents": "[Late results of reconstructive and plastic operations in bladder exstrophy]. During the period of 1961-1975 in the Child Surgery Clinic of Leningrad Medical Institute of Pediatrics reparative-plastic operations for the urinary bladder extrophy were performed in 39 patients. Most of children were operated upon at the age under 1 year. In 36 patients plastic reconstruction of the urinary bladder, sphincter and urethra was performed with local tissues after the Young technic in the G. A. Bairov modification. Late results of surgical treatment were studied in 26 patients within the terms from 1 to 14 years. Good results were gained in 10 patients, satisfactory--in 9, poor--in 7, one of them died.", "PMID": 857395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12085", "title": "Polioencephalomalacia of dogs with thiamine deficiency.", "content": "A naturally occurring neurological disease occurred in six dogs fed cooked meat. Clinical signs were anorexia, progressive spastic paraparesis, recumbency, convulsions and death. The disease was characterized by bilaterally symmetrical spongy change and necrosis of brainstem nuclei with a lesion distribution pattern similar to that in thiamine deficient foxes and cats. An associated thiamine deficiency was evidenced by decreased thiamine levels in the blood of one dog and in the food of another, and rapid remission of clinical signs in a dog given thiamine hydrochloride. Thermal destruction of thiamine through cooking of the foods probably caused the dietary deficiency.", "contents": "Polioencephalomalacia of dogs with thiamine deficiency. A naturally occurring neurological disease occurred in six dogs fed cooked meat. Clinical signs were anorexia, progressive spastic paraparesis, recumbency, convulsions and death. The disease was characterized by bilaterally symmetrical spongy change and necrosis of brainstem nuclei with a lesion distribution pattern similar to that in thiamine deficient foxes and cats. An associated thiamine deficiency was evidenced by decreased thiamine levels in the blood of one dog and in the food of another, and rapid remission of clinical signs in a dog given thiamine hydrochloride. Thermal destruction of thiamine through cooking of the foods probably caused the dietary deficiency.", "PMID": 857396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12086", "title": "Triaryl phosphate poisoning in cattle.", "content": "Clinical signs, pathologic changes and biochemical changes occurred in cattle with natural and experimental triaryl phosphate poisoning. Natural poisoning was caused by triaryl phosphates escaping from a gas pipeline compressor station. The clinical signs were posterior motor paralysis, dyspnea, diarrhea and agalactia. Experimental doses of 1/2-1 gm/kg body weight of these organophosphate compounds caused depression of cholinesterase and axonal degeneration in the spinal cord.", "contents": "Triaryl phosphate poisoning in cattle. Clinical signs, pathologic changes and biochemical changes occurred in cattle with natural and experimental triaryl phosphate poisoning. Natural poisoning was caused by triaryl phosphates escaping from a gas pipeline compressor station. The clinical signs were posterior motor paralysis, dyspnea, diarrhea and agalactia. Experimental doses of 1/2-1 gm/kg body weight of these organophosphate compounds caused depression of cholinesterase and axonal degeneration in the spinal cord.", "PMID": 857397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12087", "title": "Hypothalamic hamartoma in a dog.", "content": "A 10-month-old female, Wire-haired Pointing Griffon dog had a hamartoma of the hypothalamus. Episodes of sudden flaccid collapse had increased in frequency and duration for 7 months. Cerebrospinal fluid pressure was normal. A flat, pedunculated mass, 2.5 X 3.0 X 0.9 cm, covered the brain stem between the pituitary gland and pons. Its 1.2-cm-diameter connection to the hypothalamus obliterated the mammillary bodies and extended to the tuber cinereum, distorting the hypothalamus and displacing the third ventricle which also divided the rostral part of the mass. The tissue of the hamartoma resembled gray matter with bullous cytoplasmic vacuolation of many neurons, spongiform change, gemistocytosis and microscopic foci of calcification.", "contents": "Hypothalamic hamartoma in a dog. A 10-month-old female, Wire-haired Pointing Griffon dog had a hamartoma of the hypothalamus. Episodes of sudden flaccid collapse had increased in frequency and duration for 7 months. Cerebrospinal fluid pressure was normal. A flat, pedunculated mass, 2.5 X 3.0 X 0.9 cm, covered the brain stem between the pituitary gland and pons. Its 1.2-cm-diameter connection to the hypothalamus obliterated the mammillary bodies and extended to the tuber cinereum, distorting the hypothalamus and displacing the third ventricle which also divided the rostral part of the mass. The tissue of the hamartoma resembled gray matter with bullous cytoplasmic vacuolation of many neurons, spongiform change, gemistocytosis and microscopic foci of calcification.", "PMID": 857398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12088", "title": "Ochratoxin A and citrinin induced nephrosis in Beagle dogs. I. Clinical and clinicopathological features.", "content": "Ochratoxin A and citrinin, both mycotoxins, were given separately and combined to young Beagle dogs for 14 days. Ochratoxin A, 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg, was given by capsule, and citrinin, 5 and 10 mg/kg, was dissolved in ethanol and given by intraperitoneal injection. Clinical signs of toxicosis in dogs given 10 mg/kg citrinin and the higher combined doses included anorexia, retching, tenesmus, weight loss, prostration and death. Severity of the clinical disease and mortality were increased when the mycotoxins were combined, which indicated synergism. The clinicopathological abnormalities reflected renal damage, in that glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase increased in the urine of the dogs with clinical signs of poisoning. Serum lactic dehydrogenase was increased in dogs given 10 mg/kg citrinin. Cellular and granular casts, ketones, protein and glucose were in the urine of dogs given large doses of citrinin alone or combined with ochratoxin A. Serum concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride in the dogs given high doses of each group.", "contents": "Ochratoxin A and citrinin induced nephrosis in Beagle dogs. I. Clinical and clinicopathological features. Ochratoxin A and citrinin, both mycotoxins, were given separately and combined to young Beagle dogs for 14 days. Ochratoxin A, 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg, was given by capsule, and citrinin, 5 and 10 mg/kg, was dissolved in ethanol and given by intraperitoneal injection. Clinical signs of toxicosis in dogs given 10 mg/kg citrinin and the higher combined doses included anorexia, retching, tenesmus, weight loss, prostration and death. Severity of the clinical disease and mortality were increased when the mycotoxins were combined, which indicated synergism. The clinicopathological abnormalities reflected renal damage, in that glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase increased in the urine of the dogs with clinical signs of poisoning. Serum lactic dehydrogenase was increased in dogs given 10 mg/kg citrinin. Cellular and granular casts, ketones, protein and glucose were in the urine of dogs given large doses of citrinin alone or combined with ochratoxin A. Serum concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride in the dogs given high doses of each group.", "PMID": 857399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12089", "title": "Hepatic midzonal necrosis in a pig fed aflatoxin and a horse fed moldy hay.", "content": "A 35-kg Duroc pig died 3 days after eating a ration containing aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2. It had hemorrhagic enteritis and extensive midzonal necrosis in the liver. A 13-year-old Quarterhorse that died 2 days after eating moldy hay had hemorrhagic enteritis, fatty degeneration of the myocardium and renal tubules, and extensive total midzonal necrosis of the liver.", "contents": "Hepatic midzonal necrosis in a pig fed aflatoxin and a horse fed moldy hay. A 35-kg Duroc pig died 3 days after eating a ration containing aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2. It had hemorrhagic enteritis and extensive midzonal necrosis in the liver. A 13-year-old Quarterhorse that died 2 days after eating moldy hay had hemorrhagic enteritis, fatty degeneration of the myocardium and renal tubules, and extensive total midzonal necrosis of the liver.", "PMID": 857400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12090", "title": "Corynebacterium equi enteritis in foals.", "content": "Corynebacterium equi is a pathogen associated with respiratory disease in the foal. This paper discusses two cases of Corynebacterium equi infection, one acute and one chronic, in which the major damage was intestinal. Necrosis of Peyer's patches was the only lesion seen in the small intestine of both foals. The foal with acute disease had distinct green-tan focal necrosis and thickened mucosa of the large intestine. In the foal with chronic disease, the mucosa of the large intestine was thickened, rugose, and mottled red-tan. Histologically, the predominant lesions were villous atrophy, mucosal necrosis, mesenteric lymph node necrosis and large numbers of periodic acid Schiff (PAS)-positive macrophages filled with gram-positive pleomorphic bacilli. Electron microscopy of intestinal mucosa showed bacilli undergoing binary fission in macrophages and bacilli free in the lamina propria.", "contents": "Corynebacterium equi enteritis in foals. Corynebacterium equi is a pathogen associated with respiratory disease in the foal. This paper discusses two cases of Corynebacterium equi infection, one acute and one chronic, in which the major damage was intestinal. Necrosis of Peyer's patches was the only lesion seen in the small intestine of both foals. The foal with acute disease had distinct green-tan focal necrosis and thickened mucosa of the large intestine. In the foal with chronic disease, the mucosa of the large intestine was thickened, rugose, and mottled red-tan. Histologically, the predominant lesions were villous atrophy, mucosal necrosis, mesenteric lymph node necrosis and large numbers of periodic acid Schiff (PAS)-positive macrophages filled with gram-positive pleomorphic bacilli. Electron microscopy of intestinal mucosa showed bacilli undergoing binary fission in macrophages and bacilli free in the lamina propria.", "PMID": 857401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12091", "title": "Field trials in sheep with the anthelmintic thiophanate.", "content": "Productivity and tolerance trials were conducted with the anthelmintic thiophanate (Nemafax; May & Baker) in sheep in the United Kingdom. Tolerance studies, conducted in sheep of various types under several management systems, in which thiophanate was given orally at recommended dosage (50 to 100 mg/kg), or multiples thereof, in single or repeated doses showed that treatment was in all cases well tolerated. Thiophanate administered at 75 mg per kg or 250 mg per kg to groups of growing lambs with low faecal egg counts produced no post treatment depression of weight gain. When breeding ewes were treated with thiophanate at 150 mg per kg on days 14, 21 and 28 after introduction of rams to the flock, the anthelmintic produced no adverse effect on lambing performance. Trials to assess the beneficial effects of treatment were conducted in weaned lambs naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. Groups of lambs were treated monthly with either thiophanate or tetramisole at recommended dosages. The two anthelmintics produced similar weight gains in the lambs and these were significantly better than those of untreated controls. In untreated controls faecal egg counts increased markedly and the clinical condition of these animals deteriorated.", "contents": "Field trials in sheep with the anthelmintic thiophanate. Productivity and tolerance trials were conducted with the anthelmintic thiophanate (Nemafax; May & Baker) in sheep in the United Kingdom. Tolerance studies, conducted in sheep of various types under several management systems, in which thiophanate was given orally at recommended dosage (50 to 100 mg/kg), or multiples thereof, in single or repeated doses showed that treatment was in all cases well tolerated. Thiophanate administered at 75 mg per kg or 250 mg per kg to groups of growing lambs with low faecal egg counts produced no post treatment depression of weight gain. When breeding ewes were treated with thiophanate at 150 mg per kg on days 14, 21 and 28 after introduction of rams to the flock, the anthelmintic produced no adverse effect on lambing performance. Trials to assess the beneficial effects of treatment were conducted in weaned lambs naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. Groups of lambs were treated monthly with either thiophanate or tetramisole at recommended dosages. The two anthelmintics produced similar weight gains in the lambs and these were significantly better than those of untreated controls. In untreated controls faecal egg counts increased markedly and the clinical condition of these animals deteriorated.", "PMID": 857402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12092", "title": "[Importance of roentgeno-radioisotope diagnosis in precise determination of the TNM system classification of rectal cancer].", "content": "The authors share their experience with the use of special methods of roentgeno-radioisotope investigation (selective inferior mesentericography, intravenous pelvic phlebography, vaso-vesiculography, direct inferior lymphography, scanning of hepatic lymph nodes) for precise determination of the lesion stage in 151 patients with rectal cancer. Diagnostic findings obtained by means of selective inferior mesentericography, intravenous pelvic phlebography and vaso-vesiculography allows the division of T category to be based on the anatomical principle of the organ and adjacent tissues structure. Lymphography and lymphoscanning render it possible to pinpoint further the category NX, thus differentiating NX, N0, N1, N2. The diagnostic data obtained were carefully checked during surgical interventions and by histological assay of the operative material. The results of the work have proved the methods employed to be highly reliable.", "contents": "[Importance of roentgeno-radioisotope diagnosis in precise determination of the TNM system classification of rectal cancer]. The authors share their experience with the use of special methods of roentgeno-radioisotope investigation (selective inferior mesentericography, intravenous pelvic phlebography, vaso-vesiculography, direct inferior lymphography, scanning of hepatic lymph nodes) for precise determination of the lesion stage in 151 patients with rectal cancer. Diagnostic findings obtained by means of selective inferior mesentericography, intravenous pelvic phlebography and vaso-vesiculography allows the division of T category to be based on the anatomical principle of the organ and adjacent tissues structure. Lymphography and lymphoscanning render it possible to pinpoint further the category NX, thus differentiating NX, N0, N1, N2. The diagnostic data obtained were carefully checked during surgical interventions and by histological assay of the operative material. The results of the work have proved the methods employed to be highly reliable.", "PMID": 857410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12093", "title": "[Determination of nitrogen, fluorine and phosphorus in osseous tissues by photonuclear activation].", "content": "A method of instrumental photonuclear activational analysis is developed for estimation of nitrogen, fluorine and phosphorus in bone tissue samples. The irradiation with maximal energy 15.6 MeV, obtained on linear accelerator of electrons LUE-25 RIMR AMN USSR, was used for activation. Estimations were carried out by the relative method with recording the intensity of positron radiation of 13N, 18F and 30P in samples and standards by means of device for gamma-gamma-coincidence. In chosen regimens of the analysis the statistical errors of nitrogen and phosphorus estimation did not esceed 1.5%, of fluorine-5%; the sensitivity of the method for nitrogen was found to be 0.06% for fluorine-0.006%, for phosphorus-0.12%; on analysis of recovery the relative standard deviation in results accounted for nitrogen-5.4%, for fluorine-6.7% for phosphorus 6.2%. Correctness in concentrations of the elements, estimated by the method described, correlated with the data, obtained in activation with reactor neutrons and with 14MeV generator neutrons.", "contents": "[Determination of nitrogen, fluorine and phosphorus in osseous tissues by photonuclear activation]. A method of instrumental photonuclear activational analysis is developed for estimation of nitrogen, fluorine and phosphorus in bone tissue samples. The irradiation with maximal energy 15.6 MeV, obtained on linear accelerator of electrons LUE-25 RIMR AMN USSR, was used for activation. Estimations were carried out by the relative method with recording the intensity of positron radiation of 13N, 18F and 30P in samples and standards by means of device for gamma-gamma-coincidence. In chosen regimens of the analysis the statistical errors of nitrogen and phosphorus estimation did not esceed 1.5%, of fluorine-5%; the sensitivity of the method for nitrogen was found to be 0.06% for fluorine-0.006%, for phosphorus-0.12%; on analysis of recovery the relative standard deviation in results accounted for nitrogen-5.4%, for fluorine-6.7% for phosphorus 6.2%. Correctness in concentrations of the elements, estimated by the method described, correlated with the data, obtained in activation with reactor neutrons and with 14MeV generator neutrons.", "PMID": 857403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12094", "title": "[Complex diagnosis of early forms of cancer of the large intestine].", "content": "The complex diagnosis of early forms of cancer of the large intestine should comprise the knowledge of the clinical picture, analysis of the disease, the results of rectoromanoscopy, irrogoscopy, colonofibroscopy, and cytological diagnosis. The use of the mentioned technics would help to improve the diagnosis of early forms of colonic cancer.", "contents": "[Complex diagnosis of early forms of cancer of the large intestine]. The complex diagnosis of early forms of cancer of the large intestine should comprise the knowledge of the clinical picture, analysis of the disease, the results of rectoromanoscopy, irrogoscopy, colonofibroscopy, and cytological diagnosis. The use of the mentioned technics would help to improve the diagnosis of early forms of colonic cancer.", "PMID": 857411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12095", "title": "[Heparin-aspirin complex, its physico-chemical and physiologic properties].", "content": "A method is developed for isolation of fibrinolytic and anticoagulant complex heparin-aspirin. The complex possessed the highest activity when the ratio of heparin to aspirin was 10 : 1. In vitro and in vivo the complex obtained showed high anticoagulant and fibrinolytic activity with respect to unstabilized fibrin both in absence and in presence of epsilon-aminocaproic acid as well as it had the thrombolytic effect on the fresh thrombus. The total fibrinolytic activity, nonenzymatic fibrinolysis and the anticoagulation activity in blood plasma were increased after chronic administration per os and after repeated intramuscular administration of the complex. The most distinct increase in fibrinolytic properties of blood occurred after intravenous administration of the heparin-aspirin complex.", "contents": "[Heparin-aspirin complex, its physico-chemical and physiologic properties]. A method is developed for isolation of fibrinolytic and anticoagulant complex heparin-aspirin. The complex possessed the highest activity when the ratio of heparin to aspirin was 10 : 1. In vitro and in vivo the complex obtained showed high anticoagulant and fibrinolytic activity with respect to unstabilized fibrin both in absence and in presence of epsilon-aminocaproic acid as well as it had the thrombolytic effect on the fresh thrombus. The total fibrinolytic activity, nonenzymatic fibrinolysis and the anticoagulation activity in blood plasma were increased after chronic administration per os and after repeated intramuscular administration of the complex. The most distinct increase in fibrinolytic properties of blood occurred after intravenous administration of the heparin-aspirin complex.", "PMID": 857406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12096", "title": "[Spread of pancreatic cancer into the adjacent organs].", "content": "Observations over 250 patients with cancer of the pancreas allowed the author to present the data on metastasization and proliferation of cancer in the adjacent organs. Proliferation on the pancreatic head cancer was observed in 55.4% of patients and most frequently in upper mesenterial vessels, the portal vein, hepatic and splenic artery. In cancer located in distal portions of the gland proliferation was noted in 60% of observations, and mainly in the hepatoduodenal ligament and mesentery of the small and large intestine. Metastasization was more frequently noted both in tumor located in distal portions of the gland and in generalization of the process. Thus, cancer of distal portions of the pancreas shows a more aggressive course than cancer of the pancreatic head.", "contents": "[Spread of pancreatic cancer into the adjacent organs]. Observations over 250 patients with cancer of the pancreas allowed the author to present the data on metastasization and proliferation of cancer in the adjacent organs. Proliferation on the pancreatic head cancer was observed in 55.4% of patients and most frequently in upper mesenterial vessels, the portal vein, hepatic and splenic artery. In cancer located in distal portions of the gland proliferation was noted in 60% of observations, and mainly in the hepatoduodenal ligament and mesentery of the small and large intestine. Metastasization was more frequently noted both in tumor located in distal portions of the gland and in generalization of the process. Thus, cancer of distal portions of the pancreas shows a more aggressive course than cancer of the pancreatic head.", "PMID": 857412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12097", "title": "[Biogenic amines and adrenal cortical function in breast cancer].", "content": "Under study were the content of serotonin and 11-OCS in blood and diurnal excretion of 5-OIAA, adrenaline and noradrenaline in 71 pateints with breast cancer. The data obtained indicated that the examined patients, compared with the control group, show a reliably higher concentration of serotonin and 11-OCS in blood (70.4% and 19.5% correspondingly), an insignificantly increased excretion of 5-OIAA, a markedly increased diurnal excretion of adrenaline (by 96.4%), whereas a decreased excretion of noradrenaline (by 73.1%). The character of changes in the indices under study was definitely dependent on the stage of the disease (in stages 1-11 these changes were mostly pronounced), and patients' age (in young patients the adrenal cortex activity was rather intensive, whereas in aged patients biologically active substances were manifest).", "contents": "[Biogenic amines and adrenal cortical function in breast cancer]. Under study were the content of serotonin and 11-OCS in blood and diurnal excretion of 5-OIAA, adrenaline and noradrenaline in 71 pateints with breast cancer. The data obtained indicated that the examined patients, compared with the control group, show a reliably higher concentration of serotonin and 11-OCS in blood (70.4% and 19.5% correspondingly), an insignificantly increased excretion of 5-OIAA, a markedly increased diurnal excretion of adrenaline (by 96.4%), whereas a decreased excretion of noradrenaline (by 73.1%). The character of changes in the indices under study was definitely dependent on the stage of the disease (in stages 1-11 these changes were mostly pronounced), and patients' age (in young patients the adrenal cortex activity was rather intensive, whereas in aged patients biologically active substances were manifest).", "PMID": 857413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12098", "title": "[Patey mastectomy in the combined treatment of breast cancer].", "content": "Based on the findings of direct upper lymphography performed before and during the operation, the degree of radicality of the Patey surgery and radical mastectomy after the Holstead technic was studied in breast cancer patients. It has been shown that in technical respect the Patey operation is inferior in radicality to radical mastectomy and should be performed only on strict indications. It is believed that, it is not yet the time to use the Patey surgery in wide practice instead of radical mastectomy, since even the latter sometimes fails to provide the removal of all regional lymph nodes.", "contents": "[Patey mastectomy in the combined treatment of breast cancer]. Based on the findings of direct upper lymphography performed before and during the operation, the degree of radicality of the Patey surgery and radical mastectomy after the Holstead technic was studied in breast cancer patients. It has been shown that in technical respect the Patey operation is inferior in radicality to radical mastectomy and should be performed only on strict indications. It is believed that, it is not yet the time to use the Patey surgery in wide practice instead of radical mastectomy, since even the latter sometimes fails to provide the removal of all regional lymph nodes.", "PMID": 857414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12099", "title": "[Effect of insulin and steroid hormones on the conformation and activity of enzyme proteins].", "content": "An immediate effect of hormones (insulin, oxytocin, glucocorticoids and sex hormones) on the conformation and activity of enzymatically active proteins (hexokinase, glutamate dehydrogenase) was studied. Hormone-enzyme complex of insulin-hexokinase was shown to be formed. This process was accompanied by dissociation of the enzyme into two dimers without a loss of the catalytic activity but with disappearance of the property to be inhibited by glucocorticoids. The effect of insulin on the hexokinase activity was postulated to occur due to reaction of thiol-disulphide exchange between disulphide group of insulin and free sulfhydryl group of hexokinase. The inhibitory effect of sex hormones on the glutamate dehydrogenase activity was shown to be determined by their association with the enzymatically active protein. This phenomenon did not occur under conditions of stabilization of the quaternary structure of the enzyme. If the guanidine groups of glutamate dehydrogenase were blocked the inhibitory effect of sex hormones was found to decrease. These data demonstrate the importance of the guanidine groups in binding of sex hormones.", "contents": "[Effect of insulin and steroid hormones on the conformation and activity of enzyme proteins]. An immediate effect of hormones (insulin, oxytocin, glucocorticoids and sex hormones) on the conformation and activity of enzymatically active proteins (hexokinase, glutamate dehydrogenase) was studied. Hormone-enzyme complex of insulin-hexokinase was shown to be formed. This process was accompanied by dissociation of the enzyme into two dimers without a loss of the catalytic activity but with disappearance of the property to be inhibited by glucocorticoids. The effect of insulin on the hexokinase activity was postulated to occur due to reaction of thiol-disulphide exchange between disulphide group of insulin and free sulfhydryl group of hexokinase. The inhibitory effect of sex hormones on the glutamate dehydrogenase activity was shown to be determined by their association with the enzymatically active protein. This phenomenon did not occur under conditions of stabilization of the quaternary structure of the enzyme. If the guanidine groups of glutamate dehydrogenase were blocked the inhibitory effect of sex hormones was found to decrease. These data demonstrate the importance of the guanidine groups in binding of sex hormones.", "PMID": 857407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12100", "title": "[Fast and highly-sensitive method of quantitative determination of carnosine and anserine in animal tissues].", "content": "A method is described for separation of carnosine and anserine and of the amino acids constituting them by means of thin-layer chromatography. For quantitative estimation the amino acids and dipeptides were treated with 7-chlorine-4-nitrobenzeno-2-hydroxy-1,3-diazol (NBD-chloride) and subsequently separated by chromatography on silica gel and estimated by absorption at 456-470 nm. Systems of solvents were developed for separation of both free and chemically modified amino acids and dipeptides; optimal conditions were chosen for preparation of tissue extracts and their treatment with NBD-chloride. By this method carnosine and anserine could be stimated in extract from 0.02-0.2 mg of muscular tissue. The time required for the analyses was about 3-5 hrs.", "contents": "[Fast and highly-sensitive method of quantitative determination of carnosine and anserine in animal tissues]. A method is described for separation of carnosine and anserine and of the amino acids constituting them by means of thin-layer chromatography. For quantitative estimation the amino acids and dipeptides were treated with 7-chlorine-4-nitrobenzeno-2-hydroxy-1,3-diazol (NBD-chloride) and subsequently separated by chromatography on silica gel and estimated by absorption at 456-470 nm. Systems of solvents were developed for separation of both free and chemically modified amino acids and dipeptides; optimal conditions were chosen for preparation of tissue extracts and their treatment with NBD-chloride. By this method carnosine and anserine could be stimated in extract from 0.02-0.2 mg of muscular tissue. The time required for the analyses was about 3-5 hrs.", "PMID": 857404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12101", "title": "[Reasons for the untimely diagnosis of bronchial cancer].", "content": "The work deals with the study of the causes of diagnosing advanced bronchial cancer. Based on a retrospective analysis of case reports and roentgenological findings in 200 patients, it is believed to be mandatory to carry on complete roentgenological examination of patients at early stages of patients' address for medical aid, and also to take into account the topography of neoplastic process and roentgenological manifestations of different stages of impaired bronchial patency.", "contents": "[Reasons for the untimely diagnosis of bronchial cancer]. The work deals with the study of the causes of diagnosing advanced bronchial cancer. Based on a retrospective analysis of case reports and roentgenological findings in 200 patients, it is believed to be mandatory to carry on complete roentgenological examination of patients at early stages of patients' address for medical aid, and also to take into account the topography of neoplastic process and roentgenological manifestations of different stages of impaired bronchial patency.", "PMID": 857415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12102", "title": "[Mediation of the lithium increase in rat liver tryptophan pyrrolase activity by 11-hydroxycorticosteroids].", "content": "After a single intraperitoneal administration lithium carbonate (50 and 100 mg per kg of body weight) caused an increase in the tryptophane pyrrolase activity in rat liver tissue by 50-80% within 5 hrs and did not affect the enzyme within 1, 3 and 20 hrs. Content of lithium was quite unaltered in rat blood serum after administration of lithium carbonate at a dose of 50 mg/kg; it slightly exceeded the therapeutic level at a dose of 100 mg/kg. Addition of the lithium preparation (7-10(-3)-7-10(-5) M) to liver homogenates did not change the tryptophane pyrrolase activity in vitro. The same doses of lithium (50 and 100 mg/kg) caused a 2.5-fold increase in content of 11-hydrocorticosteroids in rat blood plasma; the effect was prevented by previous administration of dexamethasone. In experiments with adrenalectomized rats lithium did not affect the enzymatic activity. Repeated administration of lithium (50 mg/kg) within 10 days did not affect the tryptophane pyrrolase activity and did not alter the content of 11-hydroxycorticosteroids in rat blood plasma. The data obtained suggest that the increase in the tryptophane pyrrolase activity, caused by lithium, is mediated through the elevation in content of 11-hydroxycorticosteroids in blood.", "contents": "[Mediation of the lithium increase in rat liver tryptophan pyrrolase activity by 11-hydroxycorticosteroids]. After a single intraperitoneal administration lithium carbonate (50 and 100 mg per kg of body weight) caused an increase in the tryptophane pyrrolase activity in rat liver tissue by 50-80% within 5 hrs and did not affect the enzyme within 1, 3 and 20 hrs. Content of lithium was quite unaltered in rat blood serum after administration of lithium carbonate at a dose of 50 mg/kg; it slightly exceeded the therapeutic level at a dose of 100 mg/kg. Addition of the lithium preparation (7-10(-3)-7-10(-5) M) to liver homogenates did not change the tryptophane pyrrolase activity in vitro. The same doses of lithium (50 and 100 mg/kg) caused a 2.5-fold increase in content of 11-hydrocorticosteroids in rat blood plasma; the effect was prevented by previous administration of dexamethasone. In experiments with adrenalectomized rats lithium did not affect the enzymatic activity. Repeated administration of lithium (50 mg/kg) within 10 days did not affect the tryptophane pyrrolase activity and did not alter the content of 11-hydroxycorticosteroids in rat blood plasma. The data obtained suggest that the increase in the tryptophane pyrrolase activity, caused by lithium, is mediated through the elevation in content of 11-hydroxycorticosteroids in blood.", "PMID": 857405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12103", "title": "[Distribution of nitrazepam and its metabolites in the subcellular fractions of several white rat organs].", "content": "After intraperitoneal administration into rats at a dose of 100 mg per kg of body weight nitrazepame (mogadone, eunoktine) was enzymatically reduced with the subsequent acetylation. Derivatives of nitrazepame were found in cellular fragments and nuclei, in mitochondrial, microsomal and soluble fractions of liver, lungs, heart and brain tissues. Reduction of the substrate was shown to occur in soluble and microsomal fractions of liver tissue and acetylation--in mitochondria of lungs and liver tissue. Nitrazepame metabolites were quite uniformly distributed over cell organelles of heart and brain tissues; this suggests that they originate in the organs from other tissues, where the processes of reduction and acetylation take place. Nitrazepame and its derivatives penetrated into brain very effectively; this phenomenon is considered as an essential one for their pharmocological activity.", "contents": "[Distribution of nitrazepam and its metabolites in the subcellular fractions of several white rat organs]. After intraperitoneal administration into rats at a dose of 100 mg per kg of body weight nitrazepame (mogadone, eunoktine) was enzymatically reduced with the subsequent acetylation. Derivatives of nitrazepame were found in cellular fragments and nuclei, in mitochondrial, microsomal and soluble fractions of liver, lungs, heart and brain tissues. Reduction of the substrate was shown to occur in soluble and microsomal fractions of liver tissue and acetylation--in mitochondria of lungs and liver tissue. Nitrazepame metabolites were quite uniformly distributed over cell organelles of heart and brain tissues; this suggests that they originate in the organs from other tissues, where the processes of reduction and acetylation take place. Nitrazepame and its derivatives penetrated into brain very effectively; this phenomenon is considered as an essential one for their pharmocological activity.", "PMID": 857409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12104", "title": "[Effect of complex treatment on the level of steroid and thyroid hormones in lung cancer].", "content": "Following the termination of chemoradiation therapy of patients with lung cancer a decreased level of 17-OCS and 17-KS with the urine is observed. A combination of chemoradiation therapy with testosterone-propionate or prednisolone renders a stabilizing effect on the level of corticosteroids excretion. Chemoradiation therapy, used simultabolism. The application of the hormones involved lessens the number of complications during chemoradiation therapy and increases the survival rate in these patients.", "contents": "[Effect of complex treatment on the level of steroid and thyroid hormones in lung cancer]. Following the termination of chemoradiation therapy of patients with lung cancer a decreased level of 17-OCS and 17-KS with the urine is observed. A combination of chemoradiation therapy with testosterone-propionate or prednisolone renders a stabilizing effect on the level of corticosteroids excretion. Chemoradiation therapy, used simultabolism. The application of the hormones involved lessens the number of complications during chemoradiation therapy and increases the survival rate in these patients.", "PMID": 857416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12105", "title": "[Effect of N-nitroso-N'-methylurea on the cellular kinetics in tumors].", "content": "Single intrafemoral injection of NMU in the dosage of 80 mg/Kh in mice with ascites leucemia L1210 induced considerable disorders in the tumor cell cycle. The passage of phase S by cells was markedly retarded during the period from 1 hour to 6 days, while after injection of the substance under study a maximum duration of phase G2 increased from 4 to 12 hours. Inhibition of phase S onset was provisional, and already 6 hours following NMU injection all cells entered phase S. In mice mammary tumors the  label index fell markedly (by 90%) during the period from 6 hours to 8 days after NMU injection. The intensity of 3H-thymidine incorporation during the whole period of observation was approximately twice reduced.", "contents": "[Effect of N-nitroso-N'-methylurea on the cellular kinetics in tumors]. Single intrafemoral injection of NMU in the dosage of 80 mg/Kh in mice with ascites leucemia L1210 induced considerable disorders in the tumor cell cycle. The passage of phase S by cells was markedly retarded during the period from 1 hour to 6 days, while after injection of the substance under study a maximum duration of phase G2 increased from 4 to 12 hours. Inhibition of phase S onset was provisional, and already 6 hours following NMU injection all cells entered phase S. In mice mammary tumors the  label index fell markedly (by 90%) during the period from 6 hours to 8 days after NMU injection. The intensity of 3H-thymidine incorporation during the whole period of observation was approximately twice reduced.", "PMID": 857417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12106", "title": "Radioimmunoassay inhibition method for confirming the specificity of positive hepatitis B surface antigen reactions and for survey of antibodies to the antigen.", "content": "Studies were conducted to determine the hepatitis B surface antigen antibody (anti-HBS) levels and antibody subtype specificities required in order for anti-HBS sera of human origin to be suitable for use in radioimmunoassay (RIA) inhibition tests for determining the specificity of positive reactions for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBSAg). Also, the RIA inhibition method was evaluated for detection of anti-HBS in sera of laboratory personnel. Only anti-HBS sera with complement-fixing (CF) antibody titers of 1:32 or higher effectively inhibited HBSAg-positive sera with demonstrable CF activity, and complete inhibition was obtained only for antigens having CF titers of 1:64 or lower. Higher-titered antigens could be inhibited when diluted 1:10-1:100. The low-titered HBSAg preparation supplied with AusRIA kits (Abbott Laboratories) was effectively inhibited by low-titered anti-HBS sera, and when used in RIA inhibition tests on sera from laboratory personnel, the tests detected anti-HBS in approximately 14% of the individuals tested, a slightly greater number than those showing anti-HBS in passive hemagglutination tests. Inhibition of HBSAg-positive sera by the anti-HBS sera could not be related to the d and y subtype specificities of the antigens or antisera; the antisera were no more effective in inhibiting antigens of the homologous subtype than those of the heterologous subtype.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay inhibition method for confirming the specificity of positive hepatitis B surface antigen reactions and for survey of antibodies to the antigen. Studies were conducted to determine the hepatitis B surface antigen antibody (anti-HBS) levels and antibody subtype specificities required in order for anti-HBS sera of human origin to be suitable for use in radioimmunoassay (RIA) inhibition tests for determining the specificity of positive reactions for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBSAg). Also, the RIA inhibition method was evaluated for detection of anti-HBS in sera of laboratory personnel. Only anti-HBS sera with complement-fixing (CF) antibody titers of 1:32 or higher effectively inhibited HBSAg-positive sera with demonstrable CF activity, and complete inhibition was obtained only for antigens having CF titers of 1:64 or lower. Higher-titered antigens could be inhibited when diluted 1:10-1:100. The low-titered HBSAg preparation supplied with AusRIA kits (Abbott Laboratories) was effectively inhibited by low-titered anti-HBS sera, and when used in RIA inhibition tests on sera from laboratory personnel, the tests detected anti-HBS in approximately 14% of the individuals tested, a slightly greater number than those showing anti-HBS in passive hemagglutination tests. Inhibition of HBSAg-positive sera by the anti-HBS sera could not be related to the d and y subtype specificities of the antigens or antisera; the antisera were no more effective in inhibiting antigens of the homologous subtype than those of the heterologous subtype.", "PMID": 857418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12107", "title": "Mitogenic effect of syngeneic peritoneal fluids and their relation to lymphocyte trapping.", "content": "Syngeneic peritoneal fluids, i.e. tumor ascitic fluid (TAF); peritoneal exudate fluid (PEF) or normal peritoneal washouts, induce a mitogenic effect in the spleens and lymph nodes of syngeneic animals. Fractions of TAF and PEF of MW less than 1,000 are also effective mitogenic stimulators. The mesenteric lymph nodes, thymus and nonlymphoid tissues, i.e. lung, kidney and liver, are not stimulated. The mitogenic effect peaks at day 3 with a second minor peak at day 7 and disappears by day 9. The mitogenic effect is unrelated to the ability of TAF and PEF to abrogate lymphocyte trapping.", "contents": "Mitogenic effect of syngeneic peritoneal fluids and their relation to lymphocyte trapping. Syngeneic peritoneal fluids, i.e. tumor ascitic fluid (TAF); peritoneal exudate fluid (PEF) or normal peritoneal washouts, induce a mitogenic effect in the spleens and lymph nodes of syngeneic animals. Fractions of TAF and PEF of MW less than 1,000 are also effective mitogenic stimulators. The mesenteric lymph nodes, thymus and nonlymphoid tissues, i.e. lung, kidney and liver, are not stimulated. The mitogenic effect peaks at day 3 with a second minor peak at day 7 and disappears by day 9. The mitogenic effect is unrelated to the ability of TAF and PEF to abrogate lymphocyte trapping.", "PMID": 857419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12108", "title": "[Dynamics of incorporation of 35S-thiamine and its phosphorus esters into the liver cells of white rats of different ages].", "content": "Metabolites of 35S-thiamin as well as its mono- and diphosphorous esters were administered at a dose of 150 nM/kg intraperitoneally into rats of various age. The total accumulation of thelabel was increased in liver cell fractions in ontogenesis. Dynamics of 35S-thiamin accumulation was shown to have a biphase type and the phosphorous esters--a monophase one within 30-240 min after administration of the label. The major part of thiamin was accumulated in soluble and nuclear fractions of liver cells and the phosphorous esters (especially thiamin diphosphate)--in mitochondrial fraction. In adult rats the highest amount of the labelled preparations was observed in liver mitochondria as compared with other cell fractions. Ageing of animals was accompanied by the increase in metabolism of vitamin B1 in liver cell fractions.", "contents": "[Dynamics of incorporation of 35S-thiamine and its phosphorus esters into the liver cells of white rats of different ages]. Metabolites of 35S-thiamin as well as its mono- and diphosphorous esters were administered at a dose of 150 nM/kg intraperitoneally into rats of various age. The total accumulation of thelabel was increased in liver cell fractions in ontogenesis. Dynamics of 35S-thiamin accumulation was shown to have a biphase type and the phosphorous esters--a monophase one within 30-240 min after administration of the label. The major part of thiamin was accumulated in soluble and nuclear fractions of liver cells and the phosphorous esters (especially thiamin diphosphate)--in mitochondrial fraction. In adult rats the highest amount of the labelled preparations was observed in liver mitochondria as compared with other cell fractions. Ageing of animals was accompanied by the increase in metabolism of vitamin B1 in liver cell fractions.", "PMID": 857408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12109", "title": "\"VA\", a new type of erythrocyte polyagglutination characterized by depressed H receptors and associated with hemolytic anemia. I. Serological and hematological observations.", "content": "This report describes a case of persistent polyagglutinability restriced to the red blood cells, and associated with hemolytic anemia in a 20-year-old male. AIME WITH NORMAL INTERVALS. His red blood cells were weakly agglutinated by almost all adult sera. No autoagglutination was noted and the direct antihuman globulin test was negative. Polyagglutinability of his red blood cells was clearly distinguishable from T, Tn and Tk. No reaction was noted with Dolichos biflorus and peanut extracts. The cells differed from normal erythrocytes in their positive reactions with various snail agglutinins and their weak reaction with a range of anti-H reagents. There was normal aggregation by Polybrene. MN determinants were normally expressed. The symbol \"VA\" is roposed for this type of polyagglutination.", "contents": "\"VA\", a new type of erythrocyte polyagglutination characterized by depressed H receptors and associated with hemolytic anemia. I. Serological and hematological observations. This report describes a case of persistent polyagglutinability restriced to the red blood cells, and associated with hemolytic anemia in a 20-year-old male. AIME WITH NORMAL INTERVALS. His red blood cells were weakly agglutinated by almost all adult sera. No autoagglutination was noted and the direct antihuman globulin test was negative. Polyagglutinability of his red blood cells was clearly distinguishable from T, Tn and Tk. No reaction was noted with Dolichos biflorus and peanut extracts. The cells differed from normal erythrocytes in their positive reactions with various snail agglutinins and their weak reaction with a range of anti-H reagents. There was normal aggregation by Polybrene. MN determinants were normally expressed. The symbol \"VA\" is roposed for this type of polyagglutination.", "PMID": 857420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12110", "title": "Colton blood groups in Canadian Caucasians: frequencies, inheritance and linkage analysis.", "content": "In a series of 726 random Caucasian adults tested with anti-Coa and anti-Cob allele frequencies were Coa 0.9470, Cob 0.0530. The distribution of Colton phenotypes in 205 children of 57 selected families was in accordance with expectation. A linkage analysis of Co and 26 other loci indicates that Co is not closely linked to AcP1, ABO, AK1, Ch, Do, GLO, Gm, GPT, HLA, Hp, K, Lu, MN, PGM1 or Rh and does not lie between PGD and PGM1 on chromosome 1.", "contents": "Colton blood groups in Canadian Caucasians: frequencies, inheritance and linkage analysis. In a series of 726 random Caucasian adults tested with anti-Coa and anti-Cob allele frequencies were Coa 0.9470, Cob 0.0530. The distribution of Colton phenotypes in 205 children of 57 selected families was in accordance with expectation. A linkage analysis of Co and 26 other loci indicates that Co is not closely linked to AcP1, ABO, AK1, Ch, Do, GLO, Gm, GPT, HLA, Hp, K, Lu, MN, PGM1 or Rh and does not lie between PGD and PGM1 on chromosome 1.", "PMID": 857421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12111", "title": "Anti-Lu14: a Lutheran antibody defining the product of an allele at the Lu8 blood group locus.", "content": "A 'new' Lutheran-related antibody, named anti-Lu14, reacts with approximately 2.4% of random bloods. Red cells of the rare Lu:-8 phenotype are Lu:14. The data indicate, with a high probability, that the Lu 14 antigen is a product of an allele of Lu8 and that Lu14 and Lu8 comprise a third pair of alleles at the Lutheran locus. Red cells of the original Sw (a+) propositus are Lu:14. By coincidence, he has inherited two low-incidence genes. This observation may explain the discrepancy in different families concerning a possible relationship between Swa and Lutheran. Pedigree information now suggests that Swa is not a Lutheran gene.", "contents": "Anti-Lu14: a Lutheran antibody defining the product of an allele at the Lu8 blood group locus. A 'new' Lutheran-related antibody, named anti-Lu14, reacts with approximately 2.4% of random bloods. Red cells of the rare Lu:-8 phenotype are Lu:14. The data indicate, with a high probability, that the Lu 14 antigen is a product of an allele of Lu8 and that Lu14 and Lu8 comprise a third pair of alleles at the Lutheran locus. Red cells of the original Sw (a+) propositus are Lu:14. By coincidence, he has inherited two low-incidence genes. This observation may explain the discrepancy in different families concerning a possible relationship between Swa and Lutheran. Pedigree information now suggests that Swa is not a Lutheran gene.", "PMID": 857422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12112", "title": "Subtypes of HBsAg in eastern and south-eastern Europe.", "content": "A total of 481 serum samples was collected from asymptomatic carriers of HBSAg as well as some patients with acute and chronic hepatitis, type B. The sera were obtained mainly from blood banks in the following countries: Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, and the European part of the Soviet Union. Asymptomatic carriers of HBsAg from Poland and Hungary showed a preponderance of adw subtype over ayw subtype (Poland -80.7% adw, Hungary -72.2% adw). Carriers from the remaining countries showed the reverse situation: Bulgaria -71.5% ayw, Yugoslavia -79.0% ayw, Romania -82.8% ayw, Soviet Union -87.5% ayw. No individuals were found among these indigenous populations to have the adr or ayr subtypes but two carriers appeared to have the unusual subtype adyw.", "contents": "Subtypes of HBsAg in eastern and south-eastern Europe. A total of 481 serum samples was collected from asymptomatic carriers of HBSAg as well as some patients with acute and chronic hepatitis, type B. The sera were obtained mainly from blood banks in the following countries: Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, and the European part of the Soviet Union. Asymptomatic carriers of HBsAg from Poland and Hungary showed a preponderance of adw subtype over ayw subtype (Poland -80.7% adw, Hungary -72.2% adw). Carriers from the remaining countries showed the reverse situation: Bulgaria -71.5% ayw, Yugoslavia -79.0% ayw, Romania -82.8% ayw, Soviet Union -87.5% ayw. No individuals were found among these indigenous populations to have the adr or ayr subtypes but two carriers appeared to have the unusual subtype adyw.", "PMID": 857423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12113", "title": "An immunological investigation of hemophilia B with a tentative classification of the disease into five variants.", "content": "23 patients with hemophilia B have been investigated by means of several immunological methods. 16 patients (69.9%) had no detectable factor XI antigen. Five had a normal factor IX antigen and the electrophoretic mobility of this abnormal factor IX was similar to that of its normal counterpart. One of these five patients had hemophilia Bm, since ox brain thromboplastin clotting time was severely prolonged. The remaining two patients had reduced or decreased factor IX antigen. Several patients showed a slight protongation of ox brain thromboplastin time due to an associated slight factor VII deficiency. On the basis of these results, a tentative classification of hemophilia B into five variants is proposed, namely: hemctor IX antigen; hemophilia Bra, or with reduced factor IX antigen; hemophilia Bm, or with normal factor IX antigen and severely prolonged ox brain thromboplastin; hemophilia B patients is feasible only by means of a battery of tests, namely:factor IX activity assay, factor IX antigen determination, ox brain thromboplastin clotting time, factor VII activity assay.", "contents": "An immunological investigation of hemophilia B with a tentative classification of the disease into five variants. 23 patients with hemophilia B have been investigated by means of several immunological methods. 16 patients (69.9%) had no detectable factor XI antigen. Five had a normal factor IX antigen and the electrophoretic mobility of this abnormal factor IX was similar to that of its normal counterpart. One of these five patients had hemophilia Bm, since ox brain thromboplastin clotting time was severely prolonged. The remaining two patients had reduced or decreased factor IX antigen. Several patients showed a slight protongation of ox brain thromboplastin time due to an associated slight factor VII deficiency. On the basis of these results, a tentative classification of hemophilia B into five variants is proposed, namely: hemctor IX antigen; hemophilia Bra, or with reduced factor IX antigen; hemophilia Bm, or with normal factor IX antigen and severely prolonged ox brain thromboplastin; hemophilia B patients is feasible only by means of a battery of tests, namely:factor IX activity assay, factor IX antigen determination, ox brain thromboplastin clotting time, factor VII activity assay.", "PMID": 857424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12114", "title": "Identification of sialosylparagloboside as the erythrocyte receptor for an 'anti-p' antibody.", "content": "A human antibody which preferentially agglutinates p erythrocytes is inhibited specifically by the glycolipid sialosylparagloboside, NeuNAc (alpha,2 leads to 3)Gal(beta,1 leads t0 4)GlcNAc(beta,1 leads to 3)Gal(beta,1 leads to 4)Glc-Cer and forms a precipitin band with this compound in agarose gel. Erythrocytes treated with neuraminidase are no longer agglutinated by this antibody, but the agglutination is not affected by papain treatment. Sialosylparagloboside is not a biosynthetic precursor of any of the P antigens, but it contains the lacto-N-neotetraose structure which is also present in the P1 glycolipid.", "contents": "Identification of sialosylparagloboside as the erythrocyte receptor for an 'anti-p' antibody. A human antibody which preferentially agglutinates p erythrocytes is inhibited specifically by the glycolipid sialosylparagloboside, NeuNAc (alpha,2 leads to 3)Gal(beta,1 leads t0 4)GlcNAc(beta,1 leads to 3)Gal(beta,1 leads to 4)Glc-Cer and forms a precipitin band with this compound in agarose gel. Erythrocytes treated with neuraminidase are no longer agglutinated by this antibody, but the agglutination is not affected by papain treatment. Sialosylparagloboside is not a biosynthetic precursor of any of the P antigens, but it contains the lacto-N-neotetraose structure which is also present in the P1 glycolipid.", "PMID": 857425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12115", "title": "H, A and A1 reactivity in two Polynesian groups.", "content": "Polynesian O bloods from Samoans and Tokelau Islanders have the same mean H reactivity as Caucasian, and their A1 bloods the same A1 content. However, Polynesian A1 bloods have significantly greater H reactivity than Caucasian, and the Tokelau Islanders also showed enhanced A and IT. It is suggested that the Polynesian AHI molecular conformation must differ from the Caucasian pattern, providing an arrangement of antigen sites more favourable to some antigen-antibody reactions.", "contents": "H, A and A1 reactivity in two Polynesian groups. Polynesian O bloods from Samoans and Tokelau Islanders have the same mean H reactivity as Caucasian, and their A1 bloods the same A1 content. However, Polynesian A1 bloods have significantly greater H reactivity than Caucasian, and the Tokelau Islanders also showed enhanced A and IT. It is suggested that the Polynesian AHI molecular conformation must differ from the Caucasian pattern, providing an arrangement of antigen sites more favourable to some antigen-antibody reactions.", "PMID": 857426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12116", "title": "High prevalence of e antigen among healthy blood donors carrying hepatitis B surface antigen in Japan.", "content": "Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was detected by an immune adherence haemagglutination method in the serum samples of 292 voluntary, apparently healthy blood donors at four regional blood centres in Japan. Their serum samples were concentrated 3-fold and tested for e antigen (e Ag) and antibody to e (anti-e) by immunodiffusion. The e Ag was found in 41 samples (14.0%) and anti-e in 57 (18.6%). When 100 randomly selected serum samples containing HBsAg were tested as they were (unconcentrated), and at 3- and 5-fold concentrations, e Ag was detected in 3, 16 and 27, respectively, and anti-e in 10, 21 and 26. Subtypes of HBsAg were similar in carriers with e Ag and with anti-e. There is a high prevalence of e Ag in healthy individuals in Japan. There are also high rates of vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus from mothers to children, as well as a high incidence in the past of post-transfusion hepatitis. This is further evidence that e antigen is a marker for the infectivity of hepatitis B virus in carriers.", "contents": "High prevalence of e antigen among healthy blood donors carrying hepatitis B surface antigen in Japan. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was detected by an immune adherence haemagglutination method in the serum samples of 292 voluntary, apparently healthy blood donors at four regional blood centres in Japan. Their serum samples were concentrated 3-fold and tested for e antigen (e Ag) and antibody to e (anti-e) by immunodiffusion. The e Ag was found in 41 samples (14.0%) and anti-e in 57 (18.6%). When 100 randomly selected serum samples containing HBsAg were tested as they were (unconcentrated), and at 3- and 5-fold concentrations, e Ag was detected in 3, 16 and 27, respectively, and anti-e in 10, 21 and 26. Subtypes of HBsAg were similar in carriers with e Ag and with anti-e. There is a high prevalence of e Ag in healthy individuals in Japan. There are also high rates of vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus from mothers to children, as well as a high incidence in the past of post-transfusion hepatitis. This is further evidence that e antigen is a marker for the infectivity of hepatitis B virus in carriers.", "PMID": 857427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12117", "title": "Normal lymphocyte transfer reaction in humans and its possible mechanism.", "content": "This study illustrates the development of the skin reaction in human recipients to injected allogeneic lymphocytes from two aspects: the capacity of lymphocytes to elicit the reaction, and the ability of the recipient to react. The reaction is expressed by local skin induration and is biphasic. The first phase seems to be a hostgraft reaction; the second may require proliferation of graft cells as well as the reaction of host cells. Circulating fetal lymphocytes collected from a 12-week human embryo caused no reaction in an adult recipient; those from a 15-week embryo usually caused the first phase, with little or no second phase reaction, while those from 22- and 30-week fetuses and from a mature infant caused a normal, biphasic reaction. So, usually, did 22-week splenic lymphocytes, but fetal thymic lymphocytes usually provoked no reaction in adults. In premature infants given adult cells either both phases or the second were reduced; in normal infants the second response may be reduced but after six years of age the reaction is like that seen in adults.", "contents": "Normal lymphocyte transfer reaction in humans and its possible mechanism. This study illustrates the development of the skin reaction in human recipients to injected allogeneic lymphocytes from two aspects: the capacity of lymphocytes to elicit the reaction, and the ability of the recipient to react. The reaction is expressed by local skin induration and is biphasic. The first phase seems to be a hostgraft reaction; the second may require proliferation of graft cells as well as the reaction of host cells. Circulating fetal lymphocytes collected from a 12-week human embryo caused no reaction in an adult recipient; those from a 15-week embryo usually caused the first phase, with little or no second phase reaction, while those from 22- and 30-week fetuses and from a mature infant caused a normal, biphasic reaction. So, usually, did 22-week splenic lymphocytes, but fetal thymic lymphocytes usually provoked no reaction in adults. In premature infants given adult cells either both phases or the second were reduced; in normal infants the second response may be reduced but after six years of age the reaction is like that seen in adults.", "PMID": 857428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12118", "title": "[Antithrombin III deficiency and tendency to thrombosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Antithrombin III (AT III) was determined in 290 patients with deep venous thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism by immunological methods (radial immunodiffusion, Laurell technique) and by biological activity (heparin cofactor activity and anti-Xa activity). Patients with venous thrombosis had a significantly lower AT III concentration, as determined by the immunological methods or biological method (heparin cofactor activity), than normal persons without any history of venous thrombosis. A decreased level of AT III was found in 27 patients. In these patients the immunoreactive antithrombin III was decreased to the same degree as biological activity (heparin cofactor activity or anti-Xa activity). Thirteen out of these 27 patients belonged to 9 families and, hence, congenital AT III deficiency can be assumed in these cases. The aetiology was unknown in the other half. Patients with AT III deficiency are prone to spontaneous and/or recurrent venous thrombosis. A high incidence of pulmonary embolism and particularly, of fatal pulmonary embolism is remarkable. In more than half of the patients the first thrombotic event occurred before the age of 35. The treatment of choice in such patients is with oral anticoagulants of the coumarin group.", "contents": "[Antithrombin III deficiency and tendency to thrombosis (author's transl)]. Antithrombin III (AT III) was determined in 290 patients with deep venous thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism by immunological methods (radial immunodiffusion, Laurell technique) and by biological activity (heparin cofactor activity and anti-Xa activity). Patients with venous thrombosis had a significantly lower AT III concentration, as determined by the immunological methods or biological method (heparin cofactor activity), than normal persons without any history of venous thrombosis. A decreased level of AT III was found in 27 patients. In these patients the immunoreactive antithrombin III was decreased to the same degree as biological activity (heparin cofactor activity or anti-Xa activity). Thirteen out of these 27 patients belonged to 9 families and, hence, congenital AT III deficiency can be assumed in these cases. The aetiology was unknown in the other half. Patients with AT III deficiency are prone to spontaneous and/or recurrent venous thrombosis. A high incidence of pulmonary embolism and particularly, of fatal pulmonary embolism is remarkable. In more than half of the patients the first thrombotic event occurred before the age of 35. The treatment of choice in such patients is with oral anticoagulants of the coumarin group.", "PMID": 857429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12119", "title": "[Inhibition of postprandial increase in serum triglycerides by somatostatin in man (author's transl)].", "content": "A test meal containing 100 g neutral fat was administered to 10 healthy subjects. Serum concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, free fatty acids and gastrin were determined during an infusion of 1000 microng somatostatin/h over 3 hours. In comparison with a control group (infusion of normal saline solution), somatostatin caused almost complete suppression of the triglyceride increase. The free fatty acids showed a slight increase under somatostatin while there was no change in the cholesterol levels. Gastrin release was also completely blocked by somatostatin. The suppression of the serum triglycerides may be explained by the inhibition of digestion and absorption of fat in the small intestine under the influence of somatostatin which suppresses exocrine pancreatic secretion.", "contents": "[Inhibition of postprandial increase in serum triglycerides by somatostatin in man (author's transl)]. A test meal containing 100 g neutral fat was administered to 10 healthy subjects. Serum concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, free fatty acids and gastrin were determined during an infusion of 1000 microng somatostatin/h over 3 hours. In comparison with a control group (infusion of normal saline solution), somatostatin caused almost complete suppression of the triglyceride increase. The free fatty acids showed a slight increase under somatostatin while there was no change in the cholesterol levels. Gastrin release was also completely blocked by somatostatin. The suppression of the serum triglycerides may be explained by the inhibition of digestion and absorption of fat in the small intestine under the influence of somatostatin which suppresses exocrine pancreatic secretion.", "PMID": 857430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12120", "title": "[The clinical relevance of scintigraphic adrenal imaging (author's transl)].", "content": "Labelled steroid precursors have been found to be valuable in scintigraphic imaging of localized adrenal disease or even in adrenal hyperplasia. Scanning procedures are non-invasive diagnostic methods and, in the case of the adrenals the images reflect anatomical as well as functional changes in the organs, constituting an advantage over angiographic methods. However, careful preparation of the patient, sophisticated technical prerequisites and a case-oriented programme of the procedure favouring either dexamethasone suppression, comparsion with phantom measurements adrenal profiles and/or multichannel analysis are  necessary for the attainment of optimum results on scintigraphy.", "contents": "[The clinical relevance of scintigraphic adrenal imaging (author's transl)]. Labelled steroid precursors have been found to be valuable in scintigraphic imaging of localized adrenal disease or even in adrenal hyperplasia. Scanning procedures are non-invasive diagnostic methods and, in the case of the adrenals the images reflect anatomical as well as functional changes in the organs, constituting an advantage over angiographic methods. However, careful preparation of the patient, sophisticated technical prerequisites and a case-oriented programme of the procedure favouring either dexamethasone suppression, comparsion with phantom measurements adrenal profiles and/or multichannel analysis are  necessary for the attainment of optimum results on scintigraphy.", "PMID": 857431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12121", "title": "[Interactions between oxygen under high pressure and drugs (author's transl)].", "content": "A. The clinical applications of oxygen under high pressure (OHP) are limited by oxygen toxicity. Hence, an investigation was carried out in mice on the influence of drugs on the lethal effect of OHP. 1. The lethal effect of OHP is diminished by phenobarbitone, propranolol, clonidine, succinate and tris buffer. 2. The lethal effect of OHP is enhanced by methamphetamine, acetazolamide and guanethidine. 3. The lethal effect of OHP is enhanced by reserpine two hours after administration, but diminished 12 hours after administration. B. The clinical usage of OHP is often necessarily connected with drug therapy. Hence, alteration in drug effects under OHP were investigated in mice and rats. 1. The convulsion threshold of pentetrazol is reduced under OHP by 26%. 2. The duration of the hypnotic effect of hexobarbitone is reduced under OHP by 27%. 3. The analgesic effect of morphine is unchanged by OHP. Practical aspects with regard to the use of drugs during clinical use of OHP are discussed.", "contents": "[Interactions between oxygen under high pressure and drugs (author's transl)]. A. The clinical applications of oxygen under high pressure (OHP) are limited by oxygen toxicity. Hence, an investigation was carried out in mice on the influence of drugs on the lethal effect of OHP. 1. The lethal effect of OHP is diminished by phenobarbitone, propranolol, clonidine, succinate and tris buffer. 2. The lethal effect of OHP is enhanced by methamphetamine, acetazolamide and guanethidine. 3. The lethal effect of OHP is enhanced by reserpine two hours after administration, but diminished 12 hours after administration. B. The clinical usage of OHP is often necessarily connected with drug therapy. Hence, alteration in drug effects under OHP were investigated in mice and rats. 1. The convulsion threshold of pentetrazol is reduced under OHP by 26%. 2. The duration of the hypnotic effect of hexobarbitone is reduced under OHP by 27%. 3. The analgesic effect of morphine is unchanged by OHP. Practical aspects with regard to the use of drugs during clinical use of OHP are discussed.", "PMID": 857432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12122", "title": "[The efficacy of guanidine hydrochloride in the treatment of Werdnig-Hoffmann disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The use of guanidine hydrochloride is reported in the treatment of 4 cases of Werdnig-Hoffmann disease. Improvement was achieved in two cases. Amelioration was initially observed in the third patient, but a relapse occurred during temporary discontinuation of therapy and the disease progressed, albeit at a slower rate, after resumption of therapy. The final case was a terminal one in which, however, slight temporary improvement occurred in response to therapy. A maximum dosage of 0.4 g (based on the assumption of an average body weight of 15 kg in these children) was reached by gradual increments. Side effects like shortlasting vomiting were observed only in case 1. The pharmacological action of guanidine hydrochloride is discussed. According to Otsuka and Endon the mechanism of action may be based on an increase in the end-plate potential amplitude. However, an augmented supply of spinal transmitters may also play a role in the mediation to the pharmacological action.", "contents": "[The efficacy of guanidine hydrochloride in the treatment of Werdnig-Hoffmann disease (author's transl)]. The use of guanidine hydrochloride is reported in the treatment of 4 cases of Werdnig-Hoffmann disease. Improvement was achieved in two cases. Amelioration was initially observed in the third patient, but a relapse occurred during temporary discontinuation of therapy and the disease progressed, albeit at a slower rate, after resumption of therapy. The final case was a terminal one in which, however, slight temporary improvement occurred in response to therapy. A maximum dosage of 0.4 g (based on the assumption of an average body weight of 15 kg in these children) was reached by gradual increments. Side effects like shortlasting vomiting were observed only in case 1. The pharmacological action of guanidine hydrochloride is discussed. According to Otsuka and Endon the mechanism of action may be based on an increase in the end-plate potential amplitude. However, an augmented supply of spinal transmitters may also play a role in the mediation to the pharmacological action.", "PMID": 857433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12123", "title": "[The advantages of multiple choice tests in undergraduate teaching of pharmacology (author's transl)].", "content": "Multiple-choice tests in pharmacology were carried out with students who had no previous experience in this kind of examination. The curriculum in pharmacology was divided into four parts. Each part was followed by a test consisting of 90 questions. A special arrangement was made for those students who voluntarily participated in all four tests during academic year. Pass marks in all four completed tests were considered equivalent to a successful outcome in the one oral examination which is, at present, obligatory. In order to encourage a high level of participation amongst the students, failure in one or more of the tests had no adverse consequences. As a result, a markedly increased attendance at lectures, as well as a positive feed back of information for the faculty, were ascertained and assessment of the efficiency of the teaching methods facilitated. Application of multiple choice tests to the teaching of Pharmacology to undergraduate students proved to be recommendable, both as a test procedure and of advantage in the actual learning process.", "contents": "[The advantages of multiple choice tests in undergraduate teaching of pharmacology (author's transl)]. Multiple-choice tests in pharmacology were carried out with students who had no previous experience in this kind of examination. The curriculum in pharmacology was divided into four parts. Each part was followed by a test consisting of 90 questions. A special arrangement was made for those students who voluntarily participated in all four tests during academic year. Pass marks in all four completed tests were considered equivalent to a successful outcome in the one oral examination which is, at present, obligatory. In order to encourage a high level of participation amongst the students, failure in one or more of the tests had no adverse consequences. As a result, a markedly increased attendance at lectures, as well as a positive feed back of information for the faculty, were ascertained and assessment of the efficiency of the teaching methods facilitated. Application of multiple choice tests to the teaching of Pharmacology to undergraduate students proved to be recommendable, both as a test procedure and of advantage in the actual learning process.", "PMID": 857434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12124", "title": "[Therapeutic results in sarcoma of the uterus (author's transl)].", "content": "60 cases of sarcoma of the uterine body were treated at the Ist Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Vienna University, during the period 1960 to 1971. Treatment consisted of combined surgery and irradiation (37 cases), surgery alone (8 cases) and irradiation only (14 cases). The 5-year survival rate was 53.3%.", "contents": "[Therapeutic results in sarcoma of the uterus (author's transl)]. 60 cases of sarcoma of the uterine body were treated at the Ist Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Vienna University, during the period 1960 to 1971. Treatment consisted of combined surgery and irradiation (37 cases), surgery alone (8 cases) and irradiation only (14 cases). The 5-year survival rate was 53.3%.", "PMID": 857435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12125", "title": "[The clinical value of radioimmunological oestradiol assays in the diagnosis of menstrual disorders. Evidence suggesting the presence of an ovarian \"inhibin\" (author's transl)].", "content": "The radioimmunoassay of oestradiol 17 beta (E2) from the blood without chromatography was evaluated in regard to the diagnosis of menstrual cycle disturbances. Two significantly different classes were distinguished, viz. 1. Women with higher E2 values, consisting of three groups: normal controls, cases of oligomenorrhoea, and WHO II (normogonadotropic, clomiphen-positive amenorrhoea). 2. Women with lower E2 values, consisting of two groups: WHO I (hypogonadotropic, clomiphen-negative amenorrhoea) and WHO III (hypergonadotropic amenorrhoea). Within these classes no significant differences were found between the groups. Only values below 43.1 pg/ml can be assigned with 95% certainty to the low-value class and only values above 108.8 pg/ml can be assigned with 95% certainty to the high-value class. The fact that 40% of all E2 values in hypergonadotropic, (i.e. ovarian) amenorrhoea fell within the range of the double standard deviation of the normal group and, likewise, the fact that physiological doses of oestrogen cannot reduce postmenopausal FSH to the level found in women of reproductive age suggest that E2 is not the only FSH-reducing factor, which leads us to postulate the existence of an ovarian \"inhibin\".", "contents": "[The clinical value of radioimmunological oestradiol assays in the diagnosis of menstrual disorders. Evidence suggesting the presence of an ovarian \"inhibin\" (author's transl)]. The radioimmunoassay of oestradiol 17 beta (E2) from the blood without chromatography was evaluated in regard to the diagnosis of menstrual cycle disturbances. Two significantly different classes were distinguished, viz. 1. Women with higher E2 values, consisting of three groups: normal controls, cases of oligomenorrhoea, and WHO II (normogonadotropic, clomiphen-positive amenorrhoea). 2. Women with lower E2 values, consisting of two groups: WHO I (hypogonadotropic, clomiphen-negative amenorrhoea) and WHO III (hypergonadotropic amenorrhoea). Within these classes no significant differences were found between the groups. Only values below 43.1 pg/ml can be assigned with 95% certainty to the low-value class and only values above 108.8 pg/ml can be assigned with 95% certainty to the high-value class. The fact that 40% of all E2 values in hypergonadotropic, (i.e. ovarian) amenorrhoea fell within the range of the double standard deviation of the normal group and, likewise, the fact that physiological doses of oestrogen cannot reduce postmenopausal FSH to the level found in women of reproductive age suggest that E2 is not the only FSH-reducing factor, which leads us to postulate the existence of an ovarian \"inhibin\".", "PMID": 857436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12126", "title": "[Case report of a Gartner's duct carcinoma of the vagina (author's transl)].", "content": "A case report is presented of a malignant tumour of the vagina arising from the mesonephric duct (Gartner's duct) in a 34-year-old woman. The diagnostic difficulties are illustrated on the basis of the course, clinical findings and cytological and histological reports. In an attempt to classify the histological picture amongst the great diversity of forms of mesonephric tumours it would appear advantageous to distinguish between a mesonephric tubulopapillary \"Gartner's duct type\" and a metamesonephric \"clear-cell type\". Management by extended radical operation and subsequent combination chemotherapy, as carried out in this patients, appears promising.", "contents": "[Case report of a Gartner's duct carcinoma of the vagina (author's transl)]. A case report is presented of a malignant tumour of the vagina arising from the mesonephric duct (Gartner's duct) in a 34-year-old woman. The diagnostic difficulties are illustrated on the basis of the course, clinical findings and cytological and histological reports. In an attempt to classify the histological picture amongst the great diversity of forms of mesonephric tumours it would appear advantageous to distinguish between a mesonephric tubulopapillary \"Gartner's duct type\" and a metamesonephric \"clear-cell type\". Management by extended radical operation and subsequent combination chemotherapy, as carried out in this patients, appears promising.", "PMID": 857437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12127", "title": "[Nutritional status, food consumption and food supply of studies in Saudi Aribia. I. Anthropometric data].", "content": "A field study about the nutritional status was made in school classes with boys 6 to 19 years old in different regions of Saudi-Arabia. It is reported about 341 pupils in regard to weight, height, skinfold-thickness, circumferences and other body-size measurements. In comparison with anthropometric measurements of comparable surveys in other countries, the Saudi-Arabian school boys were found to be smaller and leaner than boys from the USA, Europe, other Arabian countries and well-to-do Indian boys.", "contents": "[Nutritional status, food consumption and food supply of studies in Saudi Aribia. I. Anthropometric data]. A field study about the nutritional status was made in school classes with boys 6 to 19 years old in different regions of Saudi-Arabia. It is reported about 341 pupils in regard to weight, height, skinfold-thickness, circumferences and other body-size measurements. In comparison with anthropometric measurements of comparable surveys in other countries, the Saudi-Arabian school boys were found to be smaller and leaner than boys from the USA, Europe, other Arabian countries and well-to-do Indian boys.", "PMID": 857438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12128", "title": "Study on the effect of food irradiation on some blood serum enzymes in rats.", "content": "The effect of feeding an irradiated diet on the activities of some blood serum enzymes in rats have been studied. This study revealed some significant changes of SGOT due to sex differences. The results obtained failed to show any significant changes in the enzyme activities of SGPT and serum LDH neither in relation to sex nor to the irradiation doses studied.", "contents": "Study on the effect of food irradiation on some blood serum enzymes in rats. The effect of feeding an irradiated diet on the activities of some blood serum enzymes in rats have been studied. This study revealed some significant changes of SGOT due to sex differences. The results obtained failed to show any significant changes in the enzyme activities of SGPT and serum LDH neither in relation to sex nor to the irradiation doses studied.", "PMID": 857439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12129", "title": "Protein and amino acid pattern in juvinile diabetes.", "content": "A number of 21 diabetic juveniles and 20 controls comprised the material of this study. Serum total proteins and their electrophoretic separated fractions were estimated. Serum free amino acids were also investigated. Results showed that serum proteins were within normal range. An average increase of 49.5% in total free amino acids was reported. In general, the data for all the detected amino acids showed an average increase when compared with normal values. The significance of these findings in relation to the normal values were discussed.", "contents": "Protein and amino acid pattern in juvinile diabetes. A number of 21 diabetic juveniles and 20 controls comprised the material of this study. Serum total proteins and their electrophoretic separated fractions were estimated. Serum free amino acids were also investigated. Results showed that serum proteins were within normal range. An average increase of 49.5% in total free amino acids was reported. In general, the data for all the detected amino acids showed an average increase when compared with normal values. The significance of these findings in relation to the normal values were discussed.", "PMID": 857440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12130", "title": "[Liver cirrhosis--classification, etiology, pathogenesis, progress, reversibility].", "content": "On the basis of our modern knowledge of structure and function of the liver at first the cause of the liver cirrhosis and the essential possibilities of classification are discussed. A further important problem is the question of progression and regression of the liver cirrhosis. Here special immunomechanisms play a part, the possible influences of which on a progressing of the disease are demonstrated in detail. Of particular importance are, apart from this, the influence of the virus hepatitis and the question, how many liver cirrhoses are of hepatitic genesis. Also, the importance of alcohol and the mechanisms which from an alcoholic liver damage form a cirrhosis are treated. Finally the author deals with the evidence of the diagnostics of biopsy, in which case, apart from the diagnostics, first of all the prognostic judgment of the development of the cirrhotic process is of importance.", "contents": "[Liver cirrhosis--classification, etiology, pathogenesis, progress, reversibility]. On the basis of our modern knowledge of structure and function of the liver at first the cause of the liver cirrhosis and the essential possibilities of classification are discussed. A further important problem is the question of progression and regression of the liver cirrhosis. Here special immunomechanisms play a part, the possible influences of which on a progressing of the disease are demonstrated in detail. Of particular importance are, apart from this, the influence of the virus hepatitis and the question, how many liver cirrhoses are of hepatitic genesis. Also, the importance of alcohol and the mechanisms which from an alcoholic liver damage form a cirrhosis are treated. Finally the author deals with the evidence of the diagnostics of biopsy, in which case, apart from the diagnostics, first of all the prognostic judgment of the development of the cirrhotic process is of importance.", "PMID": 857441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12131", "title": "[Immunopathological aspects of liver cirrhosis].", "content": "After a short historical retrospect and a comment on the nomenclature and on the notion of chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis the diagnostic criteria and immunopathological peculiarities of virus-induced HBsAg-positive, non-virus-induced autoimmune, drug-induced and finally cryptogenic chronically progressing liver diseases are discussed. Immunoserology and immunohistology are nowadays to be regarded as the most important enrichments in the diagnostic spectre for the differentiation of chronic inflammatory liver diseases. In order to complete the diagnostic programme and to understand the pathogenesis of cryptogenic chronic hepatitides as soon as possible an establishment of the hepatitis-A- and C-serology is necessary. Apart from a further analysis of the group of the non-B-hepatitides the diagnostic use of other markers of virus hepatitides will be able to adopt a definite attitude to the unclarified question of virus-induced autoimmunopathies in liver diseases. The primary biliary cirrhosis with the morphologic findings of a chronically destructing, non-purulent cholangitis is an immunologically conditioned liver diseases of unknown etiology, which in contrast to the autoimmune chronic active hepatitides and liver cirrhoses is not to be influenced in the course by therapeutic measures.", "contents": "[Immunopathological aspects of liver cirrhosis]. After a short historical retrospect and a comment on the nomenclature and on the notion of chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis the diagnostic criteria and immunopathological peculiarities of virus-induced HBsAg-positive, non-virus-induced autoimmune, drug-induced and finally cryptogenic chronically progressing liver diseases are discussed. Immunoserology and immunohistology are nowadays to be regarded as the most important enrichments in the diagnostic spectre for the differentiation of chronic inflammatory liver diseases. In order to complete the diagnostic programme and to understand the pathogenesis of cryptogenic chronic hepatitides as soon as possible an establishment of the hepatitis-A- and C-serology is necessary. Apart from a further analysis of the group of the non-B-hepatitides the diagnostic use of other markers of virus hepatitides will be able to adopt a definite attitude to the unclarified question of virus-induced autoimmunopathies in liver diseases. The primary biliary cirrhosis with the morphologic findings of a chronically destructing, non-purulent cholangitis is an immunologically conditioned liver diseases of unknown etiology, which in contrast to the autoimmune chronic active hepatitides and liver cirrhoses is not to be influenced in the course by therapeutic measures.", "PMID": 857442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12132", "title": "[Liver cirrhosis and diabetes mellitus].", "content": "Statistically there exists an increased coincidence between liver cirrhosis and diabetes mellitus. The higher frequency of cirrhosis in diabetics compared with the normal population is to be explained partly from the higher risk of hepatitis. In addition to this the diabetic suffers from disturbances which further the development of cirrhosis, such as fatty degeneration of the liver, abuse of alcohol, more frequent inflammatory diseases of the bile duct and others. When a diabetes mellitus exists in liver cirrhosis it is to be differed between a diabetes due to absolute or relative insulin deficit and disturbances of carbohydrate clearance which are associated with normal or increased insulin levels. The latter form can be denoted as so-called liver diabetes. Main cause of this carbohydrate intolerance is an insulin resistance, partly by deminution of the metabolically active liver parenchyma, partly by the diminished reactivity of the peripheral tissues. By prophylactic measures and differentiated therapy may be favourably influenced lesions of the liver in diabetes mellitus as well as disturbances of the carbohydrate metabolism.", "contents": "[Liver cirrhosis and diabetes mellitus]. Statistically there exists an increased coincidence between liver cirrhosis and diabetes mellitus. The higher frequency of cirrhosis in diabetics compared with the normal population is to be explained partly from the higher risk of hepatitis. In addition to this the diabetic suffers from disturbances which further the development of cirrhosis, such as fatty degeneration of the liver, abuse of alcohol, more frequent inflammatory diseases of the bile duct and others. When a diabetes mellitus exists in liver cirrhosis it is to be differed between a diabetes due to absolute or relative insulin deficit and disturbances of carbohydrate clearance which are associated with normal or increased insulin levels. The latter form can be denoted as so-called liver diabetes. Main cause of this carbohydrate intolerance is an insulin resistance, partly by deminution of the metabolically active liver parenchyma, partly by the diminished reactivity of the peripheral tissues. By prophylactic measures and differentiated therapy may be favourably influenced lesions of the liver in diabetes mellitus as well as disturbances of the carbohydrate metabolism.", "PMID": 857443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12133", "title": "[Conservative therapy of liver cirrhosis].", "content": "After a short survey on the history of the therapy of liver cirrhosis the importance of the prevention of alcoholism is emphasized. A \"liver diet\" is regarded as unnecessary, prednisolone is recommended for the treatment of the active cirrhosis. After a short description of the principles of the therapy of biliary cirrhoses, of haemochromatosis and of Wilson's hepatocerebral degeneration the use of restriction of salt, saluretics and aldosterone antagonists in the treatment of ascites is discussed in detail. After description of the conservative therapy of the haemorrhage from varices with the compression sound, intraarterial octapressin infusion and combat against consumption coagulopathy finally the prophylaxis of the hepatoportal encephalopathy with reduction of the protein intake and the restriction of the formation of toxic products of protein metabolism in the intestine by application of neomycin or lactulose, respectively, is described.", "contents": "[Conservative therapy of liver cirrhosis]. After a short survey on the history of the therapy of liver cirrhosis the importance of the prevention of alcoholism is emphasized. A \"liver diet\" is regarded as unnecessary, prednisolone is recommended for the treatment of the active cirrhosis. After a short description of the principles of the therapy of biliary cirrhoses, of haemochromatosis and of Wilson's hepatocerebral degeneration the use of restriction of salt, saluretics and aldosterone antagonists in the treatment of ascites is discussed in detail. After description of the conservative therapy of the haemorrhage from varices with the compression sound, intraarterial octapressin infusion and combat against consumption coagulopathy finally the prophylaxis of the hepatoportal encephalopathy with reduction of the protein intake and the restriction of the formation of toxic products of protein metabolism in the intestine by application of neomycin or lactulose, respectively, is described.", "PMID": 857444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12134", "title": "[Laboratory diagnosis in kidney- and bladder diseases].", "content": "The laboratory diagnostic spectre in diseases of the kidneys and the urinary bladder is demonstrated in form of a 3-step-programme. The concentration of suitable investigation methods in complexes allows a rational and economical diagnostics for patient and physician. A standardisation of the diagnostics in out-patient department and clinic essentially contributes to the reduction of excessive work in overcharged laboratories as well as to the shortening of the patient's stay in the hospital.", "contents": "[Laboratory diagnosis in kidney- and bladder diseases]. The laboratory diagnostic spectre in diseases of the kidneys and the urinary bladder is demonstrated in form of a 3-step-programme. The concentration of suitable investigation methods in complexes allows a rational and economical diagnostics for patient and physician. A standardisation of the diagnostics in out-patient department and clinic essentially contributes to the reduction of excessive work in overcharged laboratories as well as to the shortening of the patient's stay in the hospital.", "PMID": 857445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12135", "title": "[Use of the leukocyte migration test in the clinical diagnosis of liver diseases].", "content": "A simple performance of the leucocyte migration test is described and its use in the clinical laboratory diagnostics is recommended. The reduction of the methodical expenditure is prerequisite of a broad use and obtaining of experiences in large groups. The possible loss of specifity can be compensated by critical inclusion into the general picture. The test can help in the decision, whether the indication of an immunosuppressive therapy is necessary.", "contents": "[Use of the leukocyte migration test in the clinical diagnosis of liver diseases]. A simple performance of the leucocyte migration test is described and its use in the clinical laboratory diagnostics is recommended. The reduction of the methodical expenditure is prerequisite of a broad use and obtaining of experiences in large groups. The possible loss of specifity can be compensated by critical inclusion into the general picture. The test can help in the decision, whether the indication of an immunosuppressive therapy is necessary.", "PMID": 857446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12136", "title": "[Function of the left ventricle in the acute phase of myocardial infarct].", "content": "In the acute phase of myocardial infarction in 22 patients intraventricular pressure measurements (left and right heart catheters) were performed. In addition to this in 17 cases a qualitative and quantitative angiocardiographical judgment of the function of the left ventricle was done. A group of 9 patients with healthy heart served as control group. The group with infarction showed typical findings deviating from the normal. Stroke volume, cardiac output and stroke work of the left ventricle were significantly decreased. The systolic ejection fraction which was highly significantly reduced in contrast to the normal value proved as a particularly sensitive index. The contractility parameters dp/dt max. and VCE(dp/dt max.) were also highly significantly reduced; aortic mean pressure and heart rate did not show any significant changes. A compensation of the decrease of the heart function depending on contractility is achieved in the acute phase of the myocardial infarction by a significant increase of the wall stiffness, in which case apparently the ventricle practically exclusively by this means strives for an optimum filling pressure in order to maintain a sufficiently large stroke volume. The practically unchanged enddiastolic ventricle volume excluded at least for the uncomplicated infarction in the acute stage an essential participation of Frank-Starling's compensation mechanism.", "contents": "[Function of the left ventricle in the acute phase of myocardial infarct]. In the acute phase of myocardial infarction in 22 patients intraventricular pressure measurements (left and right heart catheters) were performed. In addition to this in 17 cases a qualitative and quantitative angiocardiographical judgment of the function of the left ventricle was done. A group of 9 patients with healthy heart served as control group. The group with infarction showed typical findings deviating from the normal. Stroke volume, cardiac output and stroke work of the left ventricle were significantly decreased. The systolic ejection fraction which was highly significantly reduced in contrast to the normal value proved as a particularly sensitive index. The contractility parameters dp/dt max. and VCE(dp/dt max.) were also highly significantly reduced; aortic mean pressure and heart rate did not show any significant changes. A compensation of the decrease of the heart function depending on contractility is achieved in the acute phase of the myocardial infarction by a significant increase of the wall stiffness, in which case apparently the ventricle practically exclusively by this means strives for an optimum filling pressure in order to maintain a sufficiently large stroke volume. The practically unchanged enddiastolic ventricle volume excluded at least for the uncomplicated infarction in the acute stage an essential participation of Frank-Starling's compensation mechanism.", "PMID": 857447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12137", "title": "[Steatosis of the liver cells--subclinical liver damage or more?].", "content": "The basis of the results are histological investigations of the preparations of liver biopsy of 134 donors who were evident in the SGPT-screening and of 100 patients with viral hepatitis after normalisation of the clinical and the laboratory-chemical findings. The liver casts were got by means of Menghini's method. In patients with hepatitis we found in 43% and in donors in 44% a small-droplet to medium size droplet fatty change in the liver cells. A large-droplet fatty change in the liver cells occurred in the patients with hepatitis only in 2% of the cases, in the donors, however, in 25%. Factors which favour the fatty change in the liver cells, such as adiposis, alcohol and prednisone therapy, were excluded. Our results increase the suspicion that in one part of the clinically healthy donors who are evident in the SGPT-screening we have to do with persons who are in the healing phase of a viral hepatitis with abortive course. Therefore, these persons should be excluded from blood donation. Donors and patients with the findings of a large-droplet fatty change in the liver cells must be investigated systemically. Blood donors with the findings of a fatty liver may remain in the team of donors.", "contents": "[Steatosis of the liver cells--subclinical liver damage or more?]. The basis of the results are histological investigations of the preparations of liver biopsy of 134 donors who were evident in the SGPT-screening and of 100 patients with viral hepatitis after normalisation of the clinical and the laboratory-chemical findings. The liver casts were got by means of Menghini's method. In patients with hepatitis we found in 43% and in donors in 44% a small-droplet to medium size droplet fatty change in the liver cells. A large-droplet fatty change in the liver cells occurred in the patients with hepatitis only in 2% of the cases, in the donors, however, in 25%. Factors which favour the fatty change in the liver cells, such as adiposis, alcohol and prednisone therapy, were excluded. Our results increase the suspicion that in one part of the clinically healthy donors who are evident in the SGPT-screening we have to do with persons who are in the healing phase of a viral hepatitis with abortive course. Therefore, these persons should be excluded from blood donation. Donors and patients with the findings of a large-droplet fatty change in the liver cells must be investigated systemically. Blood donors with the findings of a fatty liver may remain in the team of donors.", "PMID": 857448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12138", "title": "[Prognostic significance of serum iron level, hemoglobin and rheumatoid factor titre in rheumatoid arthritis].", "content": "On the basis of the results of a five-year examination of the course on 120 patients with rheumatoid arthritis the authors adopt a definite attitude to the prognostic significance of hypersiderinaemia, anaemia and height of the titre of the rheumatoid factor. With the help of the chi2-test and the rank correlation after Spearman the statistical relations to stage, activity, clinical and radiological progressing as well as to the number of the affected joints were examined. In seropositive patients we found a correlation of the titre of rheumatoid factor and stage. Furthermore a clear correlation existed to clinical and radiological progressing as well as to the number of the affected joints. Early highly positive titres of the rheumatoid factor as an expression of high immunologic activity suggest an unfavourable prognosis in the majority of cases. Constant anaemia and hyposiderinaemia as symptoms of a high basis activity of the disease also showed close relations to the progressing. From this result indications for the early use of important therapeutic measures. For the prognostic judgement of the course of the disease of rheumatoid arthritis it is necessary to have at disposal further methodically simply determinable parameters for the recognition of the basis activity and the immunologic activity.", "contents": "[Prognostic significance of serum iron level, hemoglobin and rheumatoid factor titre in rheumatoid arthritis]. On the basis of the results of a five-year examination of the course on 120 patients with rheumatoid arthritis the authors adopt a definite attitude to the prognostic significance of hypersiderinaemia, anaemia and height of the titre of the rheumatoid factor. With the help of the chi2-test and the rank correlation after Spearman the statistical relations to stage, activity, clinical and radiological progressing as well as to the number of the affected joints were examined. In seropositive patients we found a correlation of the titre of rheumatoid factor and stage. Furthermore a clear correlation existed to clinical and radiological progressing as well as to the number of the affected joints. Early highly positive titres of the rheumatoid factor as an expression of high immunologic activity suggest an unfavourable prognosis in the majority of cases. Constant anaemia and hyposiderinaemia as symptoms of a high basis activity of the disease also showed close relations to the progressing. From this result indications for the early use of important therapeutic measures. For the prognostic judgement of the course of the disease of rheumatoid arthritis it is necessary to have at disposal further methodically simply determinable parameters for the recognition of the basis activity and the immunologic activity.", "PMID": 857449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12139", "title": "[Idiopathic adrenal cortex dystrophy with the clinical picture of Addison's disease].", "content": "Clinical and autopsy findings are reported of three cases of Addisons disease due to idiopathic dystrophy of the adrenal cortex as seen in two women, 20 and 37 years of age respectively as well as a boy of 14 years. Idiopathic dystrophy of the adrenal cortex as a cause of Addisons disease has become aware of more and more frequently for some years. Its classification as an auto-aggression disease has been made a subject for discussion. Morphological findings and immunological investigations with three own cases confirm this conception. This disease should be reminded of with regard to the problem of clinically diagnosing it and the fatal prognosis of untreated cases.", "contents": "[Idiopathic adrenal cortex dystrophy with the clinical picture of Addison's disease]. Clinical and autopsy findings are reported of three cases of Addisons disease due to idiopathic dystrophy of the adrenal cortex as seen in two women, 20 and 37 years of age respectively as well as a boy of 14 years. Idiopathic dystrophy of the adrenal cortex as a cause of Addisons disease has become aware of more and more frequently for some years. Its classification as an auto-aggression disease has been made a subject for discussion. Morphological findings and immunological investigations with three own cases confirm this conception. This disease should be reminded of with regard to the problem of clinically diagnosing it and the fatal prognosis of untreated cases.", "PMID": 857450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12140", "title": "[Dependence of lactate on pulse rate, performance and cardiac volume performance quotient in rehabilitated myocardial infarct patients during bicycle ergometry].", "content": "All males of the district Cottbus who suffered from an acute myocardial infarction between 1 June 1973 and 30 June 1974 and survived the first rehabilitation phase of a definite myocardial infarction were included in the study. Their arterial lactate level, the oxygen intake, the heart rate and heart size were determined by means of standardized ergometry and radiology. Patients who had performed a rehabilitation training programme showed a higher efficiency and equal values of lactate level and heart rate compared with the patients without training programme. A close correlation also existed between lactate level and heart rate. There was no dependence on the age of the patient or the degree of heart insufficiency. These results allow to conclude that the lactate level can be used for the determination of the training intensity of patients after an acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[Dependence of lactate on pulse rate, performance and cardiac volume performance quotient in rehabilitated myocardial infarct patients during bicycle ergometry]. All males of the district Cottbus who suffered from an acute myocardial infarction between 1 June 1973 and 30 June 1974 and survived the first rehabilitation phase of a definite myocardial infarction were included in the study. Their arterial lactate level, the oxygen intake, the heart rate and heart size were determined by means of standardized ergometry and radiology. Patients who had performed a rehabilitation training programme showed a higher efficiency and equal values of lactate level and heart rate compared with the patients without training programme. A close correlation also existed between lactate level and heart rate. There was no dependence on the age of the patient or the degree of heart insufficiency. These results allow to conclude that the lactate level can be used for the determination of the training intensity of patients after an acute myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 857451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12141", "title": "[Digitalis intoxication: specifity and significance of cardiac and extracardiac symptoms. part I: Patients with digitalis-induced arrhythmias (author's transl)].", "content": "In 1164 cases clinical and electrocardiographical findings were correlated with serum digoxin concentrations (SDC). The diagnosis of digitalis intoxication was based on rhythm disturbances which disappeared on withdrawel of the drug. The mean SDC for patients with digitalis-induced arrhythmias was 3.07 ng/ml compared to 1.02 ng/ml for patients with normal Ecg's and 1.01 ng/ml for patients with rhythm disturbances of other origin. Taking 2.0 ng/ml as the lower limit of digitalis intoxication a more than 85% coincidence was found between the diagnosis based on serial Ecg's and on SDC levels. No signs of cardiac toxicity were found in patients with SDC's less than 1.6 ng/ml, some patients, however, showed normal Ecg's despite SDC's up to 4.5 ng/ml. Patients with SDC's greater than 1.9 ng/ml and normal Ecg's were significantly younger than patients with digitalis-induced arrhythmias at comparable SDC's. Although no definite diagnosis of cardiac toxicity could be established in 327 cases, the clinical data of patients with SDC's of 2.0 ng/ml and greater resemble closely those with digitalis-induced arrhythmias while patients with SDC's less than 2.0 ng/ml showed close resemblance to patients with no cardiac evidence of toxicity with regard to: mean age, kidney function, mean digoxin dosage and mean body weight. Patients with elevated SDC's showed a 45% incidence of severely impaired kidney function in contrast to 28% of the patients with  SDC's less than 2.0 ng/ml. Even in patients with normal kidney function the correlation between the orally administered digoxin dosage and SDC levels was poor. The correlation was significantly better when dogoxin was administered intravenously. Therefore knowing the amount of digoxin taken (according to the patient's statement) seems of little benefit in the evaluation of digitalis toxicity. In patients with digitalis-induced arrhythmias mean age and mean body weight were significantly lower, mean creatinine concentration and the incidence of severe cardiac insufficency and of typical ST-T-changes were significantly higher. There was no significant difference in mean potassium concentration and incidence of coronary artery disease compared to nontoxic patients. Compared to patients with cardiac arrhythmias of other origin there were no significant differences in mean age, mean potassium and creatinine concentrations and cardiac insufficiency while the incidence of coronary artery disease was significantly higher among patients with rhythm disturbances of other origin. Every type of rhythm disturbance can be digitalis-induced. Among our patients the incidence of digitalis-induced second-degree atrioventricular block (Wenckebach), ventricular bigeminy, nonparoxysmal nodal tachycardia and PAT with block was significantly higher while patients with rhythm disturbances of other origin showed an equally high incidence of PVB's and prolongation of PQ interval...", "contents": "[Digitalis intoxication: specifity and significance of cardiac and extracardiac symptoms. part I: Patients with digitalis-induced arrhythmias (author's transl)]. In 1164 cases clinical and electrocardiographical findings were correlated with serum digoxin concentrations (SDC). The diagnosis of digitalis intoxication was based on rhythm disturbances which disappeared on withdrawel of the drug. The mean SDC for patients with digitalis-induced arrhythmias was 3.07 ng/ml compared to 1.02 ng/ml for patients with normal Ecg's and 1.01 ng/ml for patients with rhythm disturbances of other origin. Taking 2.0 ng/ml as the lower limit of digitalis intoxication a more than 85% coincidence was found between the diagnosis based on serial Ecg's and on SDC levels. No signs of cardiac toxicity were found in patients with SDC's less than 1.6 ng/ml, some patients, however, showed normal Ecg's despite SDC's up to 4.5 ng/ml. Patients with SDC's greater than 1.9 ng/ml and normal Ecg's were significantly younger than patients with digitalis-induced arrhythmias at comparable SDC's. Although no definite diagnosis of cardiac toxicity could be established in 327 cases, the clinical data of patients with SDC's of 2.0 ng/ml and greater resemble closely those with digitalis-induced arrhythmias while patients with SDC's less than 2.0 ng/ml showed close resemblance to patients with no cardiac evidence of toxicity with regard to: mean age, kidney function, mean digoxin dosage and mean body weight. Patients with elevated SDC's showed a 45% incidence of severely impaired kidney function in contrast to 28% of the patients with  SDC's less than 2.0 ng/ml. Even in patients with normal kidney function the correlation between the orally administered digoxin dosage and SDC levels was poor. The correlation was significantly better when dogoxin was administered intravenously. Therefore knowing the amount of digoxin taken (according to the patient's statement) seems of little benefit in the evaluation of digitalis toxicity. In patients with digitalis-induced arrhythmias mean age and mean body weight were significantly lower, mean creatinine concentration and the incidence of severe cardiac insufficency and of typical ST-T-changes were significantly higher. There was no significant difference in mean potassium concentration and incidence of coronary artery disease compared to nontoxic patients. Compared to patients with cardiac arrhythmias of other origin there were no significant differences in mean age, mean potassium and creatinine concentrations and cardiac insufficiency while the incidence of coronary artery disease was significantly higher among patients with rhythm disturbances of other origin. Every type of rhythm disturbance can be digitalis-induced. Among our patients the incidence of digitalis-induced second-degree atrioventricular block (Wenckebach), ventricular bigeminy, nonparoxysmal nodal tachycardia and PAT with block was significantly higher while patients with rhythm disturbances of other origin showed an equally high incidence of PVB's and prolongation of PQ interval...", "PMID": 857452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12142", "title": "[Digitalis intoxication: specifity and significance of cardiac and extracardiac symptoms. part II. Patients with extracardiac symptoms of digitalis intoxications (author's transl)].", "content": "In 1148 cases the serum digoxin concentration (SDC) was correlated with the extracardiac signs of digitalis intoxication. There is a considerably overlap of SDC levels of patients with and without extracardiac signs of toxicity even though the mean SDC's of these two groups differ significantly. An increasing percentage of clinical intoxicated patients with increasing SDC levels was found at digoxin concentrations of 2.0 ng/ml and higher. At lower SDC levels patients with and without extracardiac signs of digitalis intoxication did not differ significantly in their mean SDC but in mean age and in mean creatinine concentration indicating that at least part of the symptoms in these patients might be due to a more severe illness. We could show that many of the extracardiac signs of digitalis intoxication are also seen in patients with impaired kidney function at low SDC levels and may lead to a wrong diagnosis. The most common complaint in patients with SDC's of 2.0 ng/ml and more is nausea (39.4%), followed by tiredness (30.4%), dizzyness (23.7%), vomiting (23.1%), headache (16.0%), visual disturbances (13,5%), colour (yellow) seeing (6;7%), diarrhea (4.2%) and severe neuro-psychiatric disturbances (3.8%). In patients with digitalis-induced arrhythmias the sequence of symptoms is the same only with a somewhat higher percentage rate. Only about one half of the patients with digitalis-induced arrhythmias and SDC values up to 2.5 ng/ml showed also extracardiac signs of intoxication. Therefore these signs are not to be taken as early symptoms of digitalis intoxication. Divided into subgroups (patients with/without digitalis-induced arrhythmias, patients with SDC values of more/less than 2.0 ng/ml) the patients with and without extracardiac signs of digitalis toxicity are compared with each other in regard to: mean body height and weight, concentration of digoxin, potassium and creatinine, digoxin dosage and mean age. The greatest differences were found between patients with combined cardiac and extracardiac signs of intoxication and patients with neither cardiac nor extracardiac signs of intoxication: These intoxicated patients are of significantly higher mean age and lower body weight, their mean concentration of digoxin and creatinine and the digoxin dosage administered are significantly greater, but there is no significant difference in potassium concentration. An important group of patients, namely the elderly with impaired kidney function, are especially prone to develop digitalis intoxication. In this group, however, the extracardial symptoms are of little benefit in the diagnosis of digitalis intoxication. In these patients rhythm disturbances and intoxication-like symptoms are frequently caused by other reasons. In most cases the SDC value can clarify the diagnosis without withdrawal of the drug.", "contents": "[Digitalis intoxication: specifity and significance of cardiac and extracardiac symptoms. part II. Patients with extracardiac symptoms of digitalis intoxications (author's transl)]. In 1148 cases the serum digoxin concentration (SDC) was correlated with the extracardiac signs of digitalis intoxication. There is a considerably overlap of SDC levels of patients with and without extracardiac signs of toxicity even though the mean SDC's of these two groups differ significantly. An increasing percentage of clinical intoxicated patients with increasing SDC levels was found at digoxin concentrations of 2.0 ng/ml and higher. At lower SDC levels patients with and without extracardiac signs of digitalis intoxication did not differ significantly in their mean SDC but in mean age and in mean creatinine concentration indicating that at least part of the symptoms in these patients might be due to a more severe illness. We could show that many of the extracardiac signs of digitalis intoxication are also seen in patients with impaired kidney function at low SDC levels and may lead to a wrong diagnosis. The most common complaint in patients with SDC's of 2.0 ng/ml and more is nausea (39.4%), followed by tiredness (30.4%), dizzyness (23.7%), vomiting (23.1%), headache (16.0%), visual disturbances (13,5%), colour (yellow) seeing (6;7%), diarrhea (4.2%) and severe neuro-psychiatric disturbances (3.8%). In patients with digitalis-induced arrhythmias the sequence of symptoms is the same only with a somewhat higher percentage rate. Only about one half of the patients with digitalis-induced arrhythmias and SDC values up to 2.5 ng/ml showed also extracardiac signs of intoxication. Therefore these signs are not to be taken as early symptoms of digitalis intoxication. Divided into subgroups (patients with/without digitalis-induced arrhythmias, patients with SDC values of more/less than 2.0 ng/ml) the patients with and without extracardiac signs of digitalis toxicity are compared with each other in regard to: mean body height and weight, concentration of digoxin, potassium and creatinine, digoxin dosage and mean age. The greatest differences were found between patients with combined cardiac and extracardiac signs of intoxication and patients with neither cardiac nor extracardiac signs of intoxication: These intoxicated patients are of significantly higher mean age and lower body weight, their mean concentration of digoxin and creatinine and the digoxin dosage administered are significantly greater, but there is no significant difference in potassium concentration. An important group of patients, namely the elderly with impaired kidney function, are especially prone to develop digitalis intoxication. In this group, however, the extracardial symptoms are of little benefit in the diagnosis of digitalis intoxication. In these patients rhythm disturbances and intoxication-like symptoms are frequently caused by other reasons. In most cases the SDC value can clarify the diagnosis without withdrawal of the drug.", "PMID": 857453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12143", "title": "[The relation between the electrophysiological parameters of the right atrium and the AV-node conduction (author's transl)].", "content": "40 patients were examined with the extrastimulus method at 3 different driving rates (80, 100 and 120/min). It was found that the atrial conduction velocity during the relative refractory period sometimes explains a paradoxical conduction of a premature atrial beat. The AV-node conduction is mainly determined by the correlation between the functional refractory period of the right atrium (FRPRA) and the effective retractory period of the AV-node (ERPAVN). With increasing driving rate the FRPRA shortened while ERPAVN lengthened. This explains why in this study the number of patients in which the ERPAVN could be reached progressively increased from 23 at a driving rate of 80/min to 31 and 33, respectively, at the driving rates of 100 and 120/min.", "contents": "[The relation between the electrophysiological parameters of the right atrium and the AV-node conduction (author's transl)]. 40 patients were examined with the extrastimulus method at 3 different driving rates (80, 100 and 120/min). It was found that the atrial conduction velocity during the relative refractory period sometimes explains a paradoxical conduction of a premature atrial beat. The AV-node conduction is mainly determined by the correlation between the functional refractory period of the right atrium (FRPRA) and the effective retractory period of the AV-node (ERPAVN). With increasing driving rate the FRPRA shortened while ERPAVN lengthened. This explains why in this study the number of patients in which the ERPAVN could be reached progressively increased from 23 at a driving rate of 80/min to 31 and 33, respectively, at the driving rates of 100 and 120/min.", "PMID": 857454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12144", "title": "[Vectorcardiographic examiniations in the syndrome of Wolff-Parkinson-White (author's transl)].", "content": "In 37 cases of WPW-syndrome the delta and the 10 msec instantaneous vectors of the QRS and the ST and T vectors were determined by a triaxicardiometer (TMC) analogue computer. The Descartes' coordinates were calculated from the polarcoordinates by the application of circular functions and the 12 conventional leads were numerically and graphically reconstructed from them by coeffificients. In the case of WPW-syndrome the chambers are activated partly by the ventricular pre-excitation, partly by the normally generated and conducted impulse. The delta vector is formed by the pre-excitation, it is oriented toward the right posterior superior, the right posterior inferior and the right anterior superior spatial octants. The early ventricular depolarization is spreading on a myogenic way, when reaching the conduction system, it is partially activated. Related to the ventricular pre-excitation the normally generated and conducted impulses have a delay. This \"phasic aberrant conduction\" is the cause of a \"fusion beat\" or functional block. If the pre-excitation, spreading on myogenic way reaches one fascicle, a bifascicular block-like WPW-syndrome is resulted. If the early ventricular excitation penetrates two fascicles, a monofascicular block-like WPW-syndrome is developed. If the early excitation of the three fascicles or of the bundle of His takes place by the activation of the James bundle, delta-wave is not generated, the ventricular depolarization remains normal (LGL-syndrome), but in such a case the normally conducted sinus impulses are also delayed.", "contents": "[Vectorcardiographic examiniations in the syndrome of Wolff-Parkinson-White (author's transl)]. In 37 cases of WPW-syndrome the delta and the 10 msec instantaneous vectors of the QRS and the ST and T vectors were determined by a triaxicardiometer (TMC) analogue computer. The Descartes' coordinates were calculated from the polarcoordinates by the application of circular functions and the 12 conventional leads were numerically and graphically reconstructed from them by coeffificients. In the case of WPW-syndrome the chambers are activated partly by the ventricular pre-excitation, partly by the normally generated and conducted impulse. The delta vector is formed by the pre-excitation, it is oriented toward the right posterior superior, the right posterior inferior and the right anterior superior spatial octants. The early ventricular depolarization is spreading on a myogenic way, when reaching the conduction system, it is partially activated. Related to the ventricular pre-excitation the normally generated and conducted impulses have a delay. This \"phasic aberrant conduction\" is the cause of a \"fusion beat\" or functional block. If the pre-excitation, spreading on myogenic way reaches one fascicle, a bifascicular block-like WPW-syndrome is resulted. If the early ventricular excitation penetrates two fascicles, a monofascicular block-like WPW-syndrome is developed. If the early excitation of the three fascicles or of the bundle of His takes place by the activation of the James bundle, delta-wave is not generated, the ventricular depolarization remains normal (LGL-syndrome), but in such a case the normally conducted sinus impulses are also delayed.", "PMID": 857455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12145", "title": "[Systolic time intervals and abnormal left ventricular contraction in coronary heart disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Systolic time intervals (STI) were determined in relation to haemodynamic and angiographic data in 72 patients (pts.) with chronic cornary heart disease (CHD). Routine right-and left-heart catheterization was performed with a view to coronary surgery and/or left ventricular (LV) aneurysmectomy. LV and pulmonary pressure were measured before LV and coronary angiography. Non-invasive investigation (not simultaneously done with catheterization) included the registration of phono-and apexcardiogram and the carotid pulse. The following time intervals were averaged over a period of 5 beats: electromechanical systole (QA2), left ventricular ejection time (LVET), pre-ejection period (PEP), electro-mechanical interval (EMI), isovolumetric contraction and relaxation period (IVCT and IVRP), and the ratio PEP/LVET. LV angiography showed normal con-raction in 24 pts., localized dyskinesis in 25 pts., aneurysm in 12 and generalized dyskinesis in another 11 pts. (groups 1-4). in pts. with chronic CHD, PEP and IVCT are prortionally prolonged (r=0.816***). QA2 and (even more) LVET are shortened. The correlation of LVET and QA2 with heart rate remains significant (p less than 0.005). Prolongation of PEP and IVCT and shortening of LVET and AQ2 increase with the extent of LV contraction abnormality. The degree of STI abnormality correlates with an increase in pulmonary pressure. Shortening of LVET does not correlate with lengthening of PEP. PEP/LVET ratio increases significantly with LV dyskinesis: being 0.394+/-0.085 in pts. with normal contraction, 0.448+/-0.076 with normal contraction, 0.448+/-0.076 with localized dyskinesis, 0.541+/-0.167 with generalized dyskinesis and 0.565+/-0.093 with LV aneurysm. -IVRP is prolonged (to 0.131+/-0.019 sec) without significant differences between the four groups. Non-invasive findings in chronic CHD roughly classify pts. into groups with definite LV contraction abnormality. However, clear estimation of the actual pressure in the (diastolic) LV and in the pulmonary circulation from non-invasive data is of course not possible.", "contents": "[Systolic time intervals and abnormal left ventricular contraction in coronary heart disease (author's transl)]. Systolic time intervals (STI) were determined in relation to haemodynamic and angiographic data in 72 patients (pts.) with chronic cornary heart disease (CHD). Routine right-and left-heart catheterization was performed with a view to coronary surgery and/or left ventricular (LV) aneurysmectomy. LV and pulmonary pressure were measured before LV and coronary angiography. Non-invasive investigation (not simultaneously done with catheterization) included the registration of phono-and apexcardiogram and the carotid pulse. The following time intervals were averaged over a period of 5 beats: electromechanical systole (QA2), left ventricular ejection time (LVET), pre-ejection period (PEP), electro-mechanical interval (EMI), isovolumetric contraction and relaxation period (IVCT and IVRP), and the ratio PEP/LVET. LV angiography showed normal con-raction in 24 pts., localized dyskinesis in 25 pts., aneurysm in 12 and generalized dyskinesis in another 11 pts. (groups 1-4). in pts. with chronic CHD, PEP and IVCT are prortionally prolonged (r=0.816***). QA2 and (even more) LVET are shortened. The correlation of LVET and QA2 with heart rate remains significant (p less than 0.005). Prolongation of PEP and IVCT and shortening of LVET and AQ2 increase with the extent of LV contraction abnormality. The degree of STI abnormality correlates with an increase in pulmonary pressure. Shortening of LVET does not correlate with lengthening of PEP. PEP/LVET ratio increases significantly with LV dyskinesis: being 0.394+/-0.085 in pts. with normal contraction, 0.448+/-0.076 with normal contraction, 0.448+/-0.076 with localized dyskinesis, 0.541+/-0.167 with generalized dyskinesis and 0.565+/-0.093 with LV aneurysm. -IVRP is prolonged (to 0.131+/-0.019 sec) without significant differences between the four groups. Non-invasive findings in chronic CHD roughly classify pts. into groups with definite LV contraction abnormality. However, clear estimation of the actual pressure in the (diastolic) LV and in the pulmonary circulation from non-invasive data is of course not possible.", "PMID": 857456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12146", "title": "[Initial serum potassium level in relation to cardiac arrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "In 565 patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted to a coronary care unit within 12 hours of the onset of symptoms, serum potassium level was determined on admission. The incidence of dysrhythmias occurring during the first 12 hours was referred to the initial serum potassium level. Hypopotassemia (less than or equal to 3.5 mmol/l) was seen in 9.2% and associated with a significantly higher incidence of ventricular arrhythmias in 33% as compared to 18% in the control group. Especially ventricular fibrillation was significantly more frequent in the hypokalaemic (14%) than in the normokalaemic (3%) patients (P less than 0.01). Hyperpotassemia (less than or equal to 5.1 mmol/l) was found in 6% with a higher incidence of second and third degree AV block and left-bundle branch block. This group was much more prone to severe haemodynamic complications and therefore had a bad prognosis with a high clinic mortality of 53%. There was no relation between supraventricular arrhythmias, sinuatrial bradyarrhythmias and intraventricular block other than left bundle branch block to serum potassium level.", "contents": "[Initial serum potassium level in relation to cardiac arrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. In 565 patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted to a coronary care unit within 12 hours of the onset of symptoms, serum potassium level was determined on admission. The incidence of dysrhythmias occurring during the first 12 hours was referred to the initial serum potassium level. Hypopotassemia (less than or equal to 3.5 mmol/l) was seen in 9.2% and associated with a significantly higher incidence of ventricular arrhythmias in 33% as compared to 18% in the control group. Especially ventricular fibrillation was significantly more frequent in the hypokalaemic (14%) than in the normokalaemic (3%) patients (P less than 0.01). Hyperpotassemia (less than or equal to 5.1 mmol/l) was found in 6% with a higher incidence of second and third degree AV block and left-bundle branch block. This group was much more prone to severe haemodynamic complications and therefore had a bad prognosis with a high clinic mortality of 53%. There was no relation between supraventricular arrhythmias, sinuatrial bradyarrhythmias and intraventricular block other than left bundle branch block to serum potassium level.", "PMID": 857457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12147", "title": "[Comparative studies of thresholds after implantation of pacemaker leads of different size (author's transl)].", "content": "Within the first 14 days after implantation, thresholds were measured at three transvenous pacemaker electrodes with different surface areas. It should be verified, 1. to what extent a correlation existed between maximal threshold increase and electrode surface, 2. how electrode impedance and 3. how the amplitudes of the R-wave voltages developed. The results were: At initial implantation, thresholds were all the lower the smaller the electrode-surface area was. On overage, 9-10 days after implantation the highest thresholds were reached. Thereby, in small surface area electrodes the threshold-increase factor was greater than in larger ones. In all cases the current threshold increase exceeded that one for voltage thresholds. 14 days later, thresholds had dropped again compared to the maximum. And this decrease was depending on the electrode-surface area also. The electrode impedance decreased after implantation to rise later on once more to 80-88% of the original value. The magnitude of the detected R-wave was independent on electrode-surface area. Indeed, using small surface electrodes, signal reductions up to 50% could be found. But 14 days later they reached again 80-95% of the initial amplitude. The key finding there is that when applying small surface-area electrodes and presuming suitable initial thresholds it seems to be possible to connect low-output pacemakers (output 5,4 V and impluse duration 0.25 ms or 4 V at 0.5 ms) to those electrodes. By this reduction of the safety margin, a considerable increase in pacemaker lifetime could be achieved.", "contents": "[Comparative studies of thresholds after implantation of pacemaker leads of different size (author's transl)]. Within the first 14 days after implantation, thresholds were measured at three transvenous pacemaker electrodes with different surface areas. It should be verified, 1. to what extent a correlation existed between maximal threshold increase and electrode surface, 2. how electrode impedance and 3. how the amplitudes of the R-wave voltages developed. The results were: At initial implantation, thresholds were all the lower the smaller the electrode-surface area was. On overage, 9-10 days after implantation the highest thresholds were reached. Thereby, in small surface area electrodes the threshold-increase factor was greater than in larger ones. In all cases the current threshold increase exceeded that one for voltage thresholds. 14 days later, thresholds had dropped again compared to the maximum. And this decrease was depending on the electrode-surface area also. The electrode impedance decreased after implantation to rise later on once more to 80-88% of the original value. The magnitude of the detected R-wave was independent on electrode-surface area. Indeed, using small surface electrodes, signal reductions up to 50% could be found. But 14 days later they reached again 80-95% of the initial amplitude. The key finding there is that when applying small surface-area electrodes and presuming suitable initial thresholds it seems to be possible to connect low-output pacemakers (output 5,4 V and impluse duration 0.25 ms or 4 V at 0.5 ms) to those electrodes. By this reduction of the safety margin, a considerable increase in pacemaker lifetime could be achieved.", "PMID": 857458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12148", "title": "[Hemodynamic study on a new antihypertensive drug (a pyridopyridazine) in the treatment of hypertensive crisis and resistent hypertension. First findings in man (author's transl)].", "content": "Hypertension presents many unsolved therapeutical problems. On this reason further examinations on new antihypertensive agents are needed. BQ 22-708 is a pyridopyridazine with peripheral vasodilating activities, which has been shown in animal experiments marked antihypertensive properties of dihydralazine-type. A hemodynamic study revealed now similar effects in man, as could be demonstrated in 5 patients with resistent hypertension and additional hypertensive crisis in two cases. At these patients BQ 22-708 in doses between 5 and 15 mg reduced the mean arterial pressure by 48 mm Hg, but at the same time increased heart rate. Peripheral resistance was significantly reduced by 30-60%. Cardiac output increased. Stroke volume remained unchanged in patients without heart failure, but in those with cardiac insufficiency increased. There was a slight but non-significant reduction in pulmonary artery pressure and capillary wedge pressure, wheras right atrial pressure remained unchanged. The onset of drug activity was noticed 10-20 minutes after application of a single dose BQ 22-708 and lasted for about 5-6 hours. Therefore BQ 22-708 may prove to be useful in the therapy of resistent hypertension.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic study on a new antihypertensive drug (a pyridopyridazine) in the treatment of hypertensive crisis and resistent hypertension. First findings in man (author's transl)]. Hypertension presents many unsolved therapeutical problems. On this reason further examinations on new antihypertensive agents are needed. BQ 22-708 is a pyridopyridazine with peripheral vasodilating activities, which has been shown in animal experiments marked antihypertensive properties of dihydralazine-type. A hemodynamic study revealed now similar effects in man, as could be demonstrated in 5 patients with resistent hypertension and additional hypertensive crisis in two cases. At these patients BQ 22-708 in doses between 5 and 15 mg reduced the mean arterial pressure by 48 mm Hg, but at the same time increased heart rate. Peripheral resistance was significantly reduced by 30-60%. Cardiac output increased. Stroke volume remained unchanged in patients without heart failure, but in those with cardiac insufficiency increased. There was a slight but non-significant reduction in pulmonary artery pressure and capillary wedge pressure, wheras right atrial pressure remained unchanged. The onset of drug activity was noticed 10-20 minutes after application of a single dose BQ 22-708 and lasted for about 5-6 hours. Therefore BQ 22-708 may prove to be useful in the therapy of resistent hypertension.", "PMID": 857459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12149", "title": "[Osteotomy of the pelvis (Chiari) (author's transl)].", "content": "Judging by 203 cases the pelvic displacement osteotomie by Chiari has proven to be a very effective method to correct the deficient femoral head cover of the dysplastic acetabulum, in many cases however it is difficult to normalize the roof angle. We examined 51-joints in which the pelvic osteotomie by Chiari had been performed just before and particularily after growth had come to an end, in view of the prophylaxis of arthrosis of this operation. Hereby we observed that development or increase of anthrotic signs on an average of 10 1/2 years was less frequent than could be expected without the osteotomy, the clinical condition remaining approximately the same as before the operation, but nevertheless did not deteriorate.", "contents": "[Osteotomy of the pelvis (Chiari) (author's transl)]. Judging by 203 cases the pelvic displacement osteotomie by Chiari has proven to be a very effective method to correct the deficient femoral head cover of the dysplastic acetabulum, in many cases however it is difficult to normalize the roof angle. We examined 51-joints in which the pelvic osteotomie by Chiari had been performed just before and particularily after growth had come to an end, in view of the prophylaxis of arthrosis of this operation. Hereby we observed that development or increase of anthrotic signs on an average of 10 1/2 years was less frequent than could be expected without the osteotomy, the clinical condition remaining approximately the same as before the operation, but nevertheless did not deteriorate.", "PMID": 857460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12150", "title": "[Quadriceps femoris muscle during immobilisation and remobilisation (author's transl)].", "content": "40 patients of which one leg had been immobilized in a pop cast for 3 and 12 weeks have been investigated with view to the quadriceps muscle. Mechanical and electromyographic investigations revealed the muscular changes under immobilisation and their recovery after removal of the cast. After 12 weeks of immobilisation and 24 weeks of remobilisation the muscle mass is still diminished.", "contents": "[Quadriceps femoris muscle during immobilisation and remobilisation (author's transl)]. 40 patients of which one leg had been immobilized in a pop cast for 3 and 12 weeks have been investigated with view to the quadriceps muscle. Mechanical and electromyographic investigations revealed the muscular changes under immobilisation and their recovery after removal of the cast. After 12 weeks of immobilisation and 24 weeks of remobilisation the muscle mass is still diminished.", "PMID": 857461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12151", "title": "[Reaction of synovial membranes in knee joint with primary extra-articular systemic diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Postmortal histologic examinations of the synovial membrane of both knee joints were conducted in 85 selected cases. The following conditions were given priority: diabetes mellitus, advanced renal insufficiency, liver cirrhosis with ascites, chronic insufficiency of the right heart, vericose syndrome of the lower extremities, tumours compressing organs of the pelvis minor as well as a few rare infectious and tumerous diseases. Comparison of the histomorphologic findings revealed consistancies such as pronounced ultravillous branching of the synovial membrane with villous hyalinosis in diabetes mellitus, increased, coarse villi formation in renal insufficiency and liver cirrhosis, edema of the synovial membrane in chronic insufficiency of the right heart and renal insufficiency as well as a number of nonspecific reactions of the synovial membrane in obstruction of venous drainage. In the context of generalized fibrotic processes such as in Ormond's disease and scleroderma, similar reactions of the synovial membrane are pronounced. Arthralgic complaints and secondary arthroses in those systemic diseases not primarily involving joints can be at least partially clarified by histomorphologic findings.", "contents": "[Reaction of synovial membranes in knee joint with primary extra-articular systemic diseases (author's transl)]. Postmortal histologic examinations of the synovial membrane of both knee joints were conducted in 85 selected cases. The following conditions were given priority: diabetes mellitus, advanced renal insufficiency, liver cirrhosis with ascites, chronic insufficiency of the right heart, vericose syndrome of the lower extremities, tumours compressing organs of the pelvis minor as well as a few rare infectious and tumerous diseases. Comparison of the histomorphologic findings revealed consistancies such as pronounced ultravillous branching of the synovial membrane with villous hyalinosis in diabetes mellitus, increased, coarse villi formation in renal insufficiency and liver cirrhosis, edema of the synovial membrane in chronic insufficiency of the right heart and renal insufficiency as well as a number of nonspecific reactions of the synovial membrane in obstruction of venous drainage. In the context of generalized fibrotic processes such as in Ormond's disease and scleroderma, similar reactions of the synovial membrane are pronounced. Arthralgic complaints and secondary arthroses in those systemic diseases not primarily involving joints can be at least partially clarified by histomorphologic findings.", "PMID": 857462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12152", "title": "[Reactive-periodical variations of vegetative parameters following orthopedic operations (author's transl)].", "content": "Continuous examinations during 4-6 weeks following various orthopedic operations of circulatory, retinuous improvement of the factors examined. E.g. frequency of resting pulse showed periodic variations with, in parts, regressive tendencies. In individual cases the maxima and minima of these variations showed considerable differences, but had a peak of frequency at 6-7 days. Similar variations of stabilizations of circulation were seen in 7 amputees of the lower limb, at rest and when learning to walk. Such variations with mainly circaseptan periodicity are unspecific accompanying reactions as part of vegetative adaptation, as known elsewhere. Similar investigations on 15 patients, walking after replacement of the hip joint and before the operation, are reported on. During the first 3-5 postoperative weeks circulatory findings were much worse, but 2 years later the values at rest and when walking were much improved, because of better walking economy.", "contents": "[Reactive-periodical variations of vegetative parameters following orthopedic operations (author's transl)]. Continuous examinations during 4-6 weeks following various orthopedic operations of circulatory, retinuous improvement of the factors examined. E.g. frequency of resting pulse showed periodic variations with, in parts, regressive tendencies. In individual cases the maxima and minima of these variations showed considerable differences, but had a peak of frequency at 6-7 days. Similar variations of stabilizations of circulation were seen in 7 amputees of the lower limb, at rest and when learning to walk. Such variations with mainly circaseptan periodicity are unspecific accompanying reactions as part of vegetative adaptation, as known elsewhere. Similar investigations on 15 patients, walking after replacement of the hip joint and before the operation, are reported on. During the first 3-5 postoperative weeks circulatory findings were much worse, but 2 years later the values at rest and when walking were much improved, because of better walking economy.", "PMID": 857463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12153", "title": "[The influence of the countersink geometry on the cortical screw force (author's transl)].", "content": "In vitro examinations on deformation and relaxation were carried out on cortical countersink of different geometry under a compression load of up to 2000 N through a screw head. Conical countersink showed plastic deformations of an average of 1300 N whereas with spherical countersink they did not occur at the same load. After reaching the load of 2000 N and keeping the deformation constant we saw a significantly stronger reduction of force with the conical countersink then with the spherical type. As far as fracture fixation is concerned a smaller postoperative reduction of screw force can be expected if applying a cortical screw with a spherical head in a spherical countersink.", "contents": "[The influence of the countersink geometry on the cortical screw force (author's transl)]. In vitro examinations on deformation and relaxation were carried out on cortical countersink of different geometry under a compression load of up to 2000 N through a screw head. Conical countersink showed plastic deformations of an average of 1300 N whereas with spherical countersink they did not occur at the same load. After reaching the load of 2000 N and keeping the deformation constant we saw a significantly stronger reduction of force with the conical countersink then with the spherical type. As far as fracture fixation is concerned a smaller postoperative reduction of screw force can be expected if applying a cortical screw with a spherical head in a spherical countersink.", "PMID": 857464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12154", "title": "[Legal claim of integration (author's transl)].", "content": "For more than 100 years in different sectors the attempt has been made to define rehabilitation and to make it significant in the practice of rehabilitation. If you watch especially the past 70 years in Germany, then the legislature concerning the protection of health, the provident measures, the case of invalidity is so progressive and from year to year becoming more extensive, that there is actually always an area, in which there is a legal way to help the disabled. Nevertheless there are always gaps within a measure of rehabilitation which are necessary to be filled in common efforts. In the Federal Republic of Germany there is a legal clain of rehabilitative measures in a comprehensive way indeed, in which we think of the necessity of a federal rehabilitation law, since certain methods in the arrangement and exhausting of previous legislature for the disabled is often too difficult. In spite of best legal conditions, however, it has to be considered, and the dynamics in the accomplishment not only of the particular functions, but also of the special aims always will be significant for the understanding of a society. Legal claim of integration should therefore never be in doubt.", "contents": "[Legal claim of integration (author's transl)]. For more than 100 years in different sectors the attempt has been made to define rehabilitation and to make it significant in the practice of rehabilitation. If you watch especially the past 70 years in Germany, then the legislature concerning the protection of health, the provident measures, the case of invalidity is so progressive and from year to year becoming more extensive, that there is actually always an area, in which there is a legal way to help the disabled. Nevertheless there are always gaps within a measure of rehabilitation which are necessary to be filled in common efforts. In the Federal Republic of Germany there is a legal clain of rehabilitative measures in a comprehensive way indeed, in which we think of the necessity of a federal rehabilitation law, since certain methods in the arrangement and exhausting of previous legislature for the disabled is often too difficult. In spite of best legal conditions, however, it has to be considered, and the dynamics in the accomplishment not only of the particular functions, but also of the special aims always will be significant for the understanding of a society. Legal claim of integration should therefore never be in doubt.", "PMID": 857465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12155", "title": "[Medial-and simultaneous anterior-transfer of the tibial tuberosity (author's transl)].", "content": "Because of the triangular cross-section of the tibia medial transfer of the tuberosity according to Hauser and Roux leads to a backward displacement of the insertion of the patellar ligament accompained by rotation. This mechanically unfavourable effect can be made good by a change in technique of removing the tuberosity. It is not removed as a flat disk of bone but as a bone-block of triganular shape in cross-section and fixed on the medial surface of the tibia with a special flat-headed screw. The technique is described in detail.", "contents": "[Medial-and simultaneous anterior-transfer of the tibial tuberosity (author's transl)]. Because of the triangular cross-section of the tibia medial transfer of the tuberosity according to Hauser and Roux leads to a backward displacement of the insertion of the patellar ligament accompained by rotation. This mechanically unfavourable effect can be made good by a change in technique of removing the tuberosity. It is not removed as a flat disk of bone but as a bone-block of triganular shape in cross-section and fixed on the medial surface of the tibia with a special flat-headed screw. The technique is described in detail.", "PMID": 857466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12156", "title": "[On the differential diagnosis of shadows due to calcigerous soft tissue in the extremities (author's transl)].", "content": "We report a case of an unusual compact limy shading of the soft part in the lower leg, obviously caused by unphysique material the origin of which even retrospectively could not be clarified. Pathological compact limy shadings of the soft parts of the extremities are possible because of numerous reasons. Hereby the tissue calcination will be defined from the real ossifications and the direct exogene shades. Deficient knowledge of the pathophysiology often makes a preoperative difference very difficult with equivalent reoentgenological statements. The own difficulties in diagnosis of the case in question will be shown.", "contents": "[On the differential diagnosis of shadows due to calcigerous soft tissue in the extremities (author's transl)]. We report a case of an unusual compact limy shading of the soft part in the lower leg, obviously caused by unphysique material the origin of which even retrospectively could not be clarified. Pathological compact limy shadings of the soft parts of the extremities are possible because of numerous reasons. Hereby the tissue calcination will be defined from the real ossifications and the direct exogene shades. Deficient knowledge of the pathophysiology often makes a preoperative difference very difficult with equivalent reoentgenological statements. The own difficulties in diagnosis of the case in question will be shown.", "PMID": 857467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12157", "title": "[Directional selectivity of neurons of the superior colliculi of the lamina quadrigemina in visually deprived rabbits].", "content": "The reactivity of neurones in the superior colliculi to the movement of the optic stimulus was studied in monocularly and binocularly deprived rabbits (MD and BD). Deprivation was effected by suturing the eyelids before the eyes opened. The neurones were classified into three groups by the degree of their directional selectivity (absolute, relative and zero). The effect of a prolonged (ten weeks or more) early MD consisted in the absence of collicular units with absolute selectivity. Proceeding from the existence of such units in the MD type rabbits in the third week of their life, it is suggested that prolongation of the MD time leads to their functional reduction. As the recorded characteristics of unit responses do not change in BD rabbits, it is assumed that the MD effect is not linked to limiting the  function of vision and is just a consequence of a prolonged asymmetry of optic stimulation. The deprivation effect at the collicular level in different vertebrates is discussed.", "contents": "[Directional selectivity of neurons of the superior colliculi of the lamina quadrigemina in visually deprived rabbits]. The reactivity of neurones in the superior colliculi to the movement of the optic stimulus was studied in monocularly and binocularly deprived rabbits (MD and BD). Deprivation was effected by suturing the eyelids before the eyes opened. The neurones were classified into three groups by the degree of their directional selectivity (absolute, relative and zero). The effect of a prolonged (ten weeks or more) early MD consisted in the absence of collicular units with absolute selectivity. Proceeding from the existence of such units in the MD type rabbits in the third week of their life, it is suggested that prolongation of the MD time leads to their functional reduction. As the recorded characteristics of unit responses do not change in BD rabbits, it is assumed that the MD effect is not linked to limiting the  function of vision and is just a consequence of a prolonged asymmetry of optic stimulation. The deprivation effect at the collicular level in different vertebrates is discussed.", "PMID": 857472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12158", "title": "[Effect of motor activity of adolescents on visual evoked cortical potentials].", "content": "Light flashes, indifferent to the subject, of 5 msec duration and of 0.27 joule intensity, were presented during school period to two groups of children with different levels of motor activity. The school children whose mobility was by 40 to 45% below the physiological norm exhibited longer latencies of late P3 and O3 components of averaged visual evoked potentials. It is assumed that the longer latencies are due to a lowered level of functional activity of the non-specific brain structures working in conditions of hypokinesia in a more synchronized regime. The introduction of a daily lesson of physical exercises of enhanced motor activity suffices to compensate for disturbances in the brain integrative activity, caused by hypokinesia.", "contents": "[Effect of motor activity of adolescents on visual evoked cortical potentials]. Light flashes, indifferent to the subject, of 5 msec duration and of 0.27 joule intensity, were presented during school period to two groups of children with different levels of motor activity. The school children whose mobility was by 40 to 45% below the physiological norm exhibited longer latencies of late P3 and O3 components of averaged visual evoked potentials. It is assumed that the longer latencies are due to a lowered level of functional activity of the non-specific brain structures working in conditions of hypokinesia in a more synchronized regime. The introduction of a daily lesson of physical exercises of enhanced motor activity suffices to compensate for disturbances in the brain integrative activity, caused by hypokinesia.", "PMID": 857468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12159", "title": "[Evoked potentials in cortical and subcortical structures of the visual system to photic and acoustic stimuli under conditions of early light deprivation].", "content": "Rabbits raised during one month in the dark have exhibited a lower amplitude and longer peak latencies of evoked potentials (EP) to photic stimuli in the visual cortex and the lateral geniculate body with a simultaneous increase of amplitude and decrease of EP latencies in these formations to acoustic stimuli. Similar changes have been observed in the EP amplitude as well as unvaried latencies in the superior colliculus. An assumption has been made that under light deprivation monosensory units change after the type of function deficit, while polysensory ones, change after activity increase type. The later sets in as a result of compensatory processes due to enhanced activity from the receptors of other sensory systems (auditory, olfactory, somaestetic, and others).", "contents": "[Evoked potentials in cortical and subcortical structures of the visual system to photic and acoustic stimuli under conditions of early light deprivation]. Rabbits raised during one month in the dark have exhibited a lower amplitude and longer peak latencies of evoked potentials (EP) to photic stimuli in the visual cortex and the lateral geniculate body with a simultaneous increase of amplitude and decrease of EP latencies in these formations to acoustic stimuli. Similar changes have been observed in the EP amplitude as well as unvaried latencies in the superior colliculus. An assumption has been made that under light deprivation monosensory units change after the type of function deficit, while polysensory ones, change after activity increase type. The later sets in as a result of compensatory processes due to enhanced activity from the receptors of other sensory systems (auditory, olfactory, somaestetic, and others).", "PMID": 857473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12160", "title": "Social goals, health policy and the dynamics of development as bases for health education.", "content": "Among the most powerful social forces in this century is self determination of nations and of people. The relatively recent phenomenon of community participation in health decisions in some countries is but one aspect of the larger societal value. We can assume that self care, mutual care and collaborative involvement between providers and citizens flow from the concept of self determination. Although the pace is uneven and varies greatly among different communities and in different countries, there is a global movement towards health by the people. This is reflected in the decline of professional dominance of the health field as people in communities assume greater responsiblity for tasks previously monopolized by the health professionals. At the macro level, communities are making decisions in the allocation of resources for health and setting health priorities. At the macro level, health education is increasingly concerned in assisting consumers to develop skills in self diagnosis, self help and self care. However, if health is a human right, it must also be appropriated responsibly by those who claim it. Many healthy problems have their roots in community life. Today, major reductions in death and disability cannot be expected from curative services; instead, future progress will have to result from changes in the environment and lifestyle. Environmental changes will require in turn the cooperation of non-health sectors. Traditionally, professionals and others in these sectors have been reluctant to touch health planning and health policy due to medical dominance and a general attitude that health care belongs to the health professions. A primary task in health education is therefore to build stable linkages with other workers and the public in order that health status may be improved by finding areas of common concern and by institutionalizing joint efforts in seeking solutions through multipurpose planning. In-service training and continuing education for professionals and decision-makers are important strategies in this connection. The fostering of community capabilities for health planning and citizen responsibility in health matters is a priority in health education. This represents an investment in health resource development since the basic resources for collaboration in health improvement are people themselves, both professional and lay. Through community participation, all of us become both shapers of societal goals and governmental policies concerning health and health care, and recipients of the fruits of those goals and policies.", "contents": "Social goals, health policy and the dynamics of development as bases for health education. Among the most powerful social forces in this century is self determination of nations and of people. The relatively recent phenomenon of community participation in health decisions in some countries is but one aspect of the larger societal value. We can assume that self care, mutual care and collaborative involvement between providers and citizens flow from the concept of self determination. Although the pace is uneven and varies greatly among different communities and in different countries, there is a global movement towards health by the people. This is reflected in the decline of professional dominance of the health field as people in communities assume greater responsiblity for tasks previously monopolized by the health professionals. At the macro level, communities are making decisions in the allocation of resources for health and setting health priorities. At the macro level, health education is increasingly concerned in assisting consumers to develop skills in self diagnosis, self help and self care. However, if health is a human right, it must also be appropriated responsibly by those who claim it. Many healthy problems have their roots in community life. Today, major reductions in death and disability cannot be expected from curative services; instead, future progress will have to result from changes in the environment and lifestyle. Environmental changes will require in turn the cooperation of non-health sectors. Traditionally, professionals and others in these sectors have been reluctant to touch health planning and health policy due to medical dominance and a general attitude that health care belongs to the health professions. A primary task in health education is therefore to build stable linkages with other workers and the public in order that health status may be improved by finding areas of common concern and by institutionalizing joint efforts in seeking solutions through multipurpose planning. In-service training and continuing education for professionals and decision-makers are important strategies in this connection. The fostering of community capabilities for health planning and citizen responsibility in health matters is a priority in health education. This represents an investment in health resource development since the basic resources for collaboration in health improvement are people themselves, both professional and lay. Through community participation, all of us become both shapers of societal goals and governmental policies concerning health and health care, and recipients of the fruits of those goals and policies.", "PMID": 857480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12161", "title": "[Cortical evoked potentials in children with lesions at different levels of the brain stem].", "content": "Analysis was made of EPs in the occipital and central cortical areas of injured rhombencephalic and basal diencephalic parts of the brainstem. Localization of the pathological focus in the rhombencephalon brought about facilitation of the EP as expressed in stability of its forms in different subjects, increased amplitude and distinctness of early components in the occipital projection area. When the basal diencephalic structures are injured the EPs are reduced. The most affected in the occipital area are the early waves, and in the associative area, the late components of response. The results so obtained help to elucidate the role of the brainstem structures in the EP genesis.", "contents": "[Cortical evoked potentials in children with lesions at different levels of the brain stem]. Analysis was made of EPs in the occipital and central cortical areas of injured rhombencephalic and basal diencephalic parts of the brainstem. Localization of the pathological focus in the rhombencephalon brought about facilitation of the EP as expressed in stability of its forms in different subjects, increased amplitude and distinctness of early components in the occipital projection area. When the basal diencephalic structures are injured the EPs are reduced. The most affected in the occipital area are the early waves, and in the associative area, the late components of response. The results so obtained help to elucidate the role of the brainstem structures in the EP genesis.", "PMID": 857469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12162", "title": "[Effect of neurotropic substances on a change in evoked potential amplitude following hypothalamic stimulation].", "content": "Records of evoked responses to clicks in the cortex, reticular formation and hippocampus as well as determination of thresholds of hypothalamus stimulation eliciting fear and rage reactions, have shown that after emotional excitation the hypothalamus excitability is enhanced and the thresholds of perception of foreign signals are higher causing a slackening of attention to them. Trifluoperasine and galoperidol in a dose of 0,5 mg/kg, diazepam (0.5 and 1,0 mg/kg), benactizine (0,5 and 1,0 mg/kg), chlordiazepoxid (2.5 and 5 mg/kg), amitriptiline (2,5 and 5,0 mg/kg), imipramine (2,5 and 5,0 mg/kg) normalize the attention after emotional excitation by reducing the excitability of the hypothalamus. Pentobarbital (1,0 and 2,0 mg/kg), chlorpromazine (0,5 and 1,0 mg/kg) as well as trifluorasine and galoperidol in a dose of 1,0 mg/kg, deepen the attention disturbances after emotional excitation due to a blockade of inhibitory effects of the basolateral amygdala and dorsal hippocampus on the hypothalamus.", "contents": "[Effect of neurotropic substances on a change in evoked potential amplitude following hypothalamic stimulation]. Records of evoked responses to clicks in the cortex, reticular formation and hippocampus as well as determination of thresholds of hypothalamus stimulation eliciting fear and rage reactions, have shown that after emotional excitation the hypothalamus excitability is enhanced and the thresholds of perception of foreign signals are higher causing a slackening of attention to them. Trifluoperasine and galoperidol in a dose of 0,5 mg/kg, diazepam (0.5 and 1,0 mg/kg), benactizine (0,5 and 1,0 mg/kg), chlordiazepoxid (2.5 and 5 mg/kg), amitriptiline (2,5 and 5,0 mg/kg), imipramine (2,5 and 5,0 mg/kg) normalize the attention after emotional excitation by reducing the excitability of the hypothalamus. Pentobarbital (1,0 and 2,0 mg/kg), chlorpromazine (0,5 and 1,0 mg/kg) as well as trifluorasine and galoperidol in a dose of 1,0 mg/kg, deepen the attention disturbances after emotional excitation due to a blockade of inhibitory effects of the basolateral amygdala and dorsal hippocampus on the hypothalamus.", "PMID": 857474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12163", "title": "The real challenge: a self-health system with genuine commitment.", "content": "Major concepts and principles of health education have succeeded when they have been applied in the field with genuine commitment as illustrated by the programme at the Rural Health Training Centre in India and demonstrated by health education projects in Indonesia, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Thailand. But community health programmes have either failed or their progress  been retarded by lack of true commitment to these concepts and principles. At the political, administrative and technical levels of administration, commitment can be developed and strengthened by involvement in health education programmes which apply and adapt health education concepts and principles. Commitment spreads vertically and horizontally, and health education faculty in the schools of public health should facilitate this process. Health education with commitment should operate as a self-reliant health care delivery system to meet the primary health needs of people. Its evolution and development into a self-health system which links and involves the individual, family, community, school, work place, institutions and the total environment in an integrated self-care process is a challenge to be faced. Though the individual and his family assume responsibility for their health, each component of the system has an important role in maintaining and promoting it. In addition there are facilitating systems like the drug industry, whose participation will be crucial for effective functioning of the self-health system. Development of self-health systems is the emerging challenge which the health education specialists of the future will have to meet and they have to be trained adequately in new areas of knowledge, relationships, experience and skills. The new role, in addition to traditional skills, requires a high degree of competence in pioneering, innovating, planning, coordinating and evaluating education for self-health care measures. Above all, health education specialists should be continuously engaged in action research activities which reinforce their commitment  to the principles and concepts of health education and promote its spread to all the key levels of the administration.", "contents": "The real challenge: a self-health system with genuine commitment. Major concepts and principles of health education have succeeded when they have been applied in the field with genuine commitment as illustrated by the programme at the Rural Health Training Centre in India and demonstrated by health education projects in Indonesia, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Thailand. But community health programmes have either failed or their progress  been retarded by lack of true commitment to these concepts and principles. At the political, administrative and technical levels of administration, commitment can be developed and strengthened by involvement in health education programmes which apply and adapt health education concepts and principles. Commitment spreads vertically and horizontally, and health education faculty in the schools of public health should facilitate this process. Health education with commitment should operate as a self-reliant health care delivery system to meet the primary health needs of people. Its evolution and development into a self-health system which links and involves the individual, family, community, school, work place, institutions and the total environment in an integrated self-care process is a challenge to be faced. Though the individual and his family assume responsibility for their health, each component of the system has an important role in maintaining and promoting it. In addition there are facilitating systems like the drug industry, whose participation will be crucial for effective functioning of the self-health system. Development of self-health systems is the emerging challenge which the health education specialists of the future will have to meet and they have to be trained adequately in new areas of knowledge, relationships, experience and skills. The new role, in addition to traditional skills, requires a high degree of competence in pioneering, innovating, planning, coordinating and evaluating education for self-health care measures. Above all, health education specialists should be continuously engaged in action research activities which reinforce their commitment  to the principles and concepts of health education and promote its spread to all the key levels of the administration.", "PMID": 857481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12164", "title": "[Influence of the mesencephalic reticular formation on the synchronization of cortical evoked potentials].", "content": "It has been shown in experiments on alert rabbits that evoked potentials (EP) of the visual and motor cortex to a millisecond stimulation of the midbrain reticular formation (RF) have a greater similarity (due to increased amplitude and coherence of the theta-rhythmic components) as compared with preceding background activity and evoked potentials to a photic flash. The EPs of these neocortical areas to a photic flash had a more similar form after preliminary RF stimulation. The similarity of evoked responses to stimulation of RF increased after its repeated presentations. The summate poststimulus histogram in which the responses of individual units (24 neurones) of the visual cortex to a single RF stimulation were summed up, proved to be similar in form to EP recorded on the surface of the visual cortex after a similar RF stimulation.", "contents": "[Influence of the mesencephalic reticular formation on the synchronization of cortical evoked potentials]. It has been shown in experiments on alert rabbits that evoked potentials (EP) of the visual and motor cortex to a millisecond stimulation of the midbrain reticular formation (RF) have a greater similarity (due to increased amplitude and coherence of the theta-rhythmic components) as compared with preceding background activity and evoked potentials to a photic flash. The EPs of these neocortical areas to a photic flash had a more similar form after preliminary RF stimulation. The similarity of evoked responses to stimulation of RF increased after its repeated presentations. The summate poststimulus histogram in which the responses of individual units (24 neurones) of the visual cortex to a single RF stimulation were summed up, proved to be similar in form to EP recorded on the surface of the visual cortex after a similar RF stimulation.", "PMID": 857470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12165", "title": "Health: an essential component of long-term economic and social development.", "content": "Isolated growth of the economy in a developing country, without due consideration of social aspects, does not necessarily increase the welfare of all its population. In such cases, there will always be a large group with poor education and negligible health care. Health services in these countries should not try to duplicate those of the technologically developed nations and should be more health-oriented than disease-oriented. This entails wider utilization of auxiliary and paramedical personnel and, above all, community  involvement. At the same time, the teaching of medicine should be based on the needs of the country rather than try to emulate developed countries' programmes, which can only result in dissatisfaction among physicians and/or in emigration. The Inter-American Development Bank considers that health is a component of long-term economic development; it is therefore fostering and participating in the expansion of rural health services with strong emphasis placed on community participation. In this process health education, both of the public and of local and national authorities, is paramount. Of particular importance is the interaction of health officials and the community itself in order to enlist the rural dweller in spontaneous and active participation that will ensure the success of health programmes.", "contents": "Health: an essential component of long-term economic and social development. Isolated growth of the economy in a developing country, without due consideration of social aspects, does not necessarily increase the welfare of all its population. In such cases, there will always be a large group with poor education and negligible health care. Health services in these countries should not try to duplicate those of the technologically developed nations and should be more health-oriented than disease-oriented. This entails wider utilization of auxiliary and paramedical personnel and, above all, community  involvement. At the same time, the teaching of medicine should be based on the needs of the country rather than try to emulate developed countries' programmes, which can only result in dissatisfaction among physicians and/or in emigration. The Inter-American Development Bank considers that health is a component of long-term economic development; it is therefore fostering and participating in the expansion of rural health services with strong emphasis placed on community participation. In this process health education, both of the public and of local and national authorities, is paramount. Of particular importance is the interaction of health officials and the community itself in order to enlist the rural dweller in spontaneous and active participation that will ensure the success of health programmes.", "PMID": 857482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12166", "title": "[Evolution of the functional properties of neurons during the process of elaborating a conditioned reflex].", "content": "A comparison was made between unit responses of the motor and auditory cortical zones and the parvocellular (auditory) and magnocellular nuclei of the medial geniculate body (MGB) to test presentations of sound and electro-cutaneous stimulation of the limb, both in units recorded before elaboration of conditioned connections and in those recorded in the course of defensive motor conditioning to sound. It has been found that in the course of conditioning, the functional properties of the neurones in the projection structures were changing towards an increase in the number of bimodal cells and a reduction of the number of monomodal cells which respond to a stimulus adequate for the given structure. The number of monomodal cells which in the tests reacted to a non-adequate stimulus became greater. Such changes were not manifested in the magnocellular part of MGB which plays the part of an associative nucleus in the subcortical auditory system.", "contents": "[Evolution of the functional properties of neurons during the process of elaborating a conditioned reflex]. A comparison was made between unit responses of the motor and auditory cortical zones and the parvocellular (auditory) and magnocellular nuclei of the medial geniculate body (MGB) to test presentations of sound and electro-cutaneous stimulation of the limb, both in units recorded before elaboration of conditioned connections and in those recorded in the course of defensive motor conditioning to sound. It has been found that in the course of conditioning, the functional properties of the neurones in the projection structures were changing towards an increase in the number of bimodal cells and a reduction of the number of monomodal cells which respond to a stimulus adequate for the given structure. The number of monomodal cells which in the tests reacted to a non-adequate stimulus became greater. Such changes were not manifested in the magnocellular part of MGB which plays the part of an associative nucleus in the subcortical auditory system.", "PMID": 857475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12167", "title": "[Measures and criterion of confidence of nerve cell impulse responses].", "content": "A new method for evaluation of phasic spike responses is proposed. It is based on defining the time interval deltat in which spikes occur after the stimuli so often that the probability of finding a similar or more \"suspicious\" interval when the response is known to be absent (i.e., probability of error) is minimal. The offered response measure combines on the probability basis two different parameters: the time interval deltat and the number of trials containing at least one spike in deltat. The deltat interval may have any duration and location acceptable in the physiological sense, and is not supposed to be chosen a priori. This approach has been proved to be adequate and unambiguous. A technique is also proposed for estimating the error probability without using the characteristics of distribution of interspike intervals, which for this reason can be applied to any neurone. By means of this technique a table for non-parametric estimation of significance of spike responses has been compiled.", "contents": "[Measures and criterion of confidence of nerve cell impulse responses]. A new method for evaluation of phasic spike responses is proposed. It is based on defining the time interval deltat in which spikes occur after the stimuli so often that the probability of finding a similar or more \"suspicious\" interval when the response is known to be absent (i.e., probability of error) is minimal. The offered response measure combines on the probability basis two different parameters: the time interval deltat and the number of trials containing at least one spike in deltat. The deltat interval may have any duration and location acceptable in the physiological sense, and is not supposed to be chosen a priori. This approach has been proved to be adequate and unambiguous. A technique is also proposed for estimating the error probability without using the characteristics of distribution of interspike intervals, which for this reason can be applied to any neurone. By means of this technique a table for non-parametric estimation of significance of spike responses has been compiled.", "PMID": 857471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12168", "title": "[Effect of aminazine on elaboration and extinction of an instrumental alimentary reflex in puppies].", "content": "The role of the adrenoreactive structures of the stem reticular formation in the elaboration and extinction of a food-procuring reflex of lever pressing was studied in 40 to 50 days old puppies. A 0.05 mg/kg dose of chlorpromazine proved more effective than a 0.5 mg/kg dose, in reducing both the rate of formation and of extiction of the reflex. The change in the course of elaboration was connected with the appearance of the phenomenon of reinforcement anticipation, which is not inherent in normal puppies of an early age. It is assumed that a 0.05 mg/kg dose diminishes the adrenergic ascending influences which prevail in normal puppies of the given age, while a 0.5 mg/kg dose exerts not only an adreno- but a cholinolytic action as well, without changing the balance between the systems or influencing the behaviour of the puppies.", "contents": "[Effect of aminazine on elaboration and extinction of an instrumental alimentary reflex in puppies]. The role of the adrenoreactive structures of the stem reticular formation in the elaboration and extinction of a food-procuring reflex of lever pressing was studied in 40 to 50 days old puppies. A 0.05 mg/kg dose of chlorpromazine proved more effective than a 0.5 mg/kg dose, in reducing both the rate of formation and of extiction of the reflex. The change in the course of elaboration was connected with the appearance of the phenomenon of reinforcement anticipation, which is not inherent in normal puppies of an early age. It is assumed that a 0.05 mg/kg dose diminishes the adrenergic ascending influences which prevail in normal puppies of the given age, while a 0.5 mg/kg dose exerts not only an adreno- but a cholinolytic action as well, without changing the balance between the systems or influencing the behaviour of the puppies.", "PMID": 857477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12169", "title": "Interaction between consumers and providers of health services: new roles and their implications.", "content": "In the last few years, there has been an active effort in Italy to involve the population in solving health problems at the community level. This movement had its origin in the industrial setting, where workers succeeded in promoting legislation which gives them control over matters affecting their health. This experience lead to the development of a health education methodology based on the following principles: (a) the assessment of health needs must be based on the subjective experience of the people who have acquired knowledge and interest in health problems; (b) the evaluation of health needs by professionals serves to complement and integrate the assessment of needs as experienced by the community; (c) the self-diagnosis of the community -- in particular of homogenous community groups exposed to similar health risks and experiencing the same needs--and the diagnosis of the professionals must undergo cross-validation and be accepted by both parties; (d) on the basis of this mutual agreement, community health programmes should be planned and carried out jointly by the professionals and the people.", "contents": "Interaction between consumers and providers of health services: new roles and their implications. In the last few years, there has been an active effort in Italy to involve the population in solving health problems at the community level. This movement had its origin in the industrial setting, where workers succeeded in promoting legislation which gives them control over matters affecting their health. This experience lead to the development of a health education methodology based on the following principles: (a) the assessment of health needs must be based on the subjective experience of the people who have acquired knowledge and interest in health problems; (b) the evaluation of health needs by professionals serves to complement and integrate the assessment of needs as experienced by the community; (c) the self-diagnosis of the community -- in particular of homogenous community groups exposed to similar health risks and experiencing the same needs--and the diagnosis of the professionals must undergo cross-validation and be accepted by both parties; (d) on the basis of this mutual agreement, community health programmes should be planned and carried out jointly by the professionals and the people.", "PMID": 857483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12170", "title": "[Cortical neuron activity in the presence of sound combined with electrophoretic application of L-glutamate].", "content": "Unit activity in the sensorimotor cortex of rats immobilized by d-tubocurarine, was studied at random and paired presentations of sound and microionophoretic application of L-glutamate. 54% of the studied units exhibited specific plastic changes of spike activity in the course of the pairings; the changes were manifested in a significant increase or modification of the initial response to the sound. These activity reorganizations differed from those appearing during pseudoconditioning. Simultaneous records of the activity of two units have revealed that a micropool of units manifesting specific plastic properties is restricted to a sphere with a radius of up to 200 micronm. It has been assumed that one of the conditions of formation of plasticity in the activity of individual units is the regularity and intensity of the response to the unconditioned stimulus.", "contents": "[Cortical neuron activity in the presence of sound combined with electrophoretic application of L-glutamate]. Unit activity in the sensorimotor cortex of rats immobilized by d-tubocurarine, was studied at random and paired presentations of sound and microionophoretic application of L-glutamate. 54% of the studied units exhibited specific plastic changes of spike activity in the course of the pairings; the changes were manifested in a significant increase or modification of the initial response to the sound. These activity reorganizations differed from those appearing during pseudoconditioning. Simultaneous records of the activity of two units have revealed that a micropool of units manifesting specific plastic properties is restricted to a sphere with a radius of up to 200 micronm. It has been assumed that one of the conditions of formation of plasticity in the activity of individual units is the regularity and intensity of the response to the unconditioned stimulus.", "PMID": 857476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12171", "title": "[Compensatory capabilities of the symmetrical regions of the dominant and subdominant hemispheres of the human brain].", "content": "A comparison was made between the EEG characteristics and spectral power of EEG frequencies in symmetrical parts of both cerebral hemispheres in order to elucidate the involvement of these areas in compensatory processes in patients with tumours localized in one of the cerebral hemispheres, before and after the removal of the tumour. Before the operation, the presence of a focus of pathological activity causing inactivation of adjacent cortical cells, is attended with activation of cells in the symmetrical areas of the intact hemisphere. Elimination of the pathological focus results in the fluctuation of interhemispheric asymmetry; for certain time periods inactivation in the sick hemisphere is replaced by activation, while in the intact hemisphere activation changes over to inactivation. The revealed properties are termed by the authors as interhemispheric compensatory conjugation of reactions. They probably reflect the potential possibilities of different areas in the process of compensation.", "contents": "[Compensatory capabilities of the symmetrical regions of the dominant and subdominant hemispheres of the human brain]. A comparison was made between the EEG characteristics and spectral power of EEG frequencies in symmetrical parts of both cerebral hemispheres in order to elucidate the involvement of these areas in compensatory processes in patients with tumours localized in one of the cerebral hemispheres, before and after the removal of the tumour. Before the operation, the presence of a focus of pathological activity causing inactivation of adjacent cortical cells, is attended with activation of cells in the symmetrical areas of the intact hemisphere. Elimination of the pathological focus results in the fluctuation of interhemispheric asymmetry; for certain time periods inactivation in the sick hemisphere is replaced by activation, while in the intact hemisphere activation changes over to inactivation. The revealed properties are termed by the authors as interhemispheric compensatory conjugation of reactions. They probably reflect the potential possibilities of different areas in the process of compensation.", "PMID": 857478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12172", "title": "Health administrators and health education: some mixed feelings.", "content": "It is no secret that many health administrators still consider systematic or professional health education as a discipline towards which one has to pay a certain lip service, but which in its most common interpretation (i.e. imparting knowledge) has no formal place in the health services. Yet with the growing dissatisfaction of the public with the quality of health care and the growing costs incurred in the  different parts of the health services, especially the hospital sector, the authorities could certainly use a skilled group of people, trained both in the health and medical fields and in pedagogic techniques, who would serve as a bridge between health services on the one side, and the population, and especially the politicians, on the other. In parts of the world where ignorance, superstition and harmful traditions still prevail, there is no doubt that health educators are of the utmost importance. In the more or highly developed parts of the world, where consumer participation in daily work and decision-making is becoming more and more common and more and more difficult, there is an urgent need for education of the public and politicians, and also of the medical profession in \"community health\" as different from \"individual health\". This is by far the most difficult task, and will require special training, both in background knoweledge and in techniques to reach the population. These considerations serve to reinforce the pressing demand of the World Health Organization for the \"professionalization of health education activities without regard to the educational background of the agents who carry out the activity\" -- an area where the International Union for Health Education has also an important responsibility.", "contents": "Health administrators and health education: some mixed feelings. It is no secret that many health administrators still consider systematic or professional health education as a discipline towards which one has to pay a certain lip service, but which in its most common interpretation (i.e. imparting knowledge) has no formal place in the health services. Yet with the growing dissatisfaction of the public with the quality of health care and the growing costs incurred in the  different parts of the health services, especially the hospital sector, the authorities could certainly use a skilled group of people, trained both in the health and medical fields and in pedagogic techniques, who would serve as a bridge between health services on the one side, and the population, and especially the politicians, on the other. In parts of the world where ignorance, superstition and harmful traditions still prevail, there is no doubt that health educators are of the utmost importance. In the more or highly developed parts of the world, where consumer participation in daily work and decision-making is becoming more and more common and more and more difficult, there is an urgent need for education of the public and politicians, and also of the medical profession in \"community health\" as different from \"individual health\". This is by far the most difficult task, and will require special training, both in background knoweledge and in techniques to reach the population. These considerations serve to reinforce the pressing demand of the World Health Organization for the \"professionalization of health education activities without regard to the educational background of the agents who carry out the activity\" -- an area where the International Union for Health Education has also an important responsibility.", "PMID": 857484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12173", "title": "[Effect of defocusing a visual stimulus on a human evoked potential].", "content": "A study was made of EP recorded in the visual projection area of the cerebral cortex in children with normal sight and in those with disturbed refraction when presented with blank and checkered patterns, the dimensions of the chess squares equalling 10, 20, 40, 60 and 120 angular minutes. In children with normal sight the patterns were defocussed by eyeglass lenses of --1 to +/- 6 dioptries. The investigation revealed a different EP configuration on the presentation of blank and checkered patterns. There was a similarity between the EP change when a blank pattern was replaced by a checkered one, and when the checkered pattern was made sharper. It is assumed that these EP changes results from enhanced lateral inhibition due to the contrast boundaries of the checkered pattern, The experiments carried out on children with disturbed refraction indicated that the maximal EP amplitude corresponded to the optimal optic correction, which shows that theuse of EP is a promising cue in determing vision acuity.", "contents": "[Effect of defocusing a visual stimulus on a human evoked potential]. A study was made of EP recorded in the visual projection area of the cerebral cortex in children with normal sight and in those with disturbed refraction when presented with blank and checkered patterns, the dimensions of the chess squares equalling 10, 20, 40, 60 and 120 angular minutes. In children with normal sight the patterns were defocussed by eyeglass lenses of --1 to +/- 6 dioptries. The investigation revealed a different EP configuration on the presentation of blank and checkered patterns. There was a similarity between the EP change when a blank pattern was replaced by a checkered one, and when the checkered pattern was made sharper. It is assumed that these EP changes results from enhanced lateral inhibition due to the contrast boundaries of the checkered pattern, The experiments carried out on children with disturbed refraction indicated that the maximal EP amplitude corresponded to the optimal optic correction, which shows that theuse of EP is a promising cue in determing vision acuity.", "PMID": 857479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12174", "title": "Environmental health education: a different orientation.", "content": "The indiviual behaviour, group habits and corporate activities that are the keys to environmental prevention are markedly different in character from the personal hygiene and illness behaviours of primary care and patient education. Education for personal care is oriented towards the educatee's own future behaviour and related to the internal processes of his or her physiological organism. It is learning that is aimed both at children and adults. In contrast, in environmental prevention, education is oriented to changing present behaviour related to external stressers and feedbacks. In most programmes this learning is aimed at adults. The health education impact on environmental risks differs in three distinct types of environmental programmes i.e.: (1) when control applies cost-effective technological advances (sewer systems, etc.) which usually bring about behaviour change with little educational effort; (2) when the programme aims at correcting infectious or injurious conditions which require adequate motivation on the part of the people; and (3) when the focus is on social stressers and behaviours, on the reduction of chronic diseases and mental disorders, an area where education and community organization have then a major role to play. Do techniques that effectively develop awareness, communicate information, develop individual or group know-how, and thus lead to preventive action differ between patient behaviour education and environmental health education? The answer must be a partial but important \"yes\". In environmental prevention programmes the motivating appeal has to be more altruistic, more \"other\" oriented, and the programme has to be group involving. The behaviours to be changed are not one's own alone, but those common among individuals or corporate bodies around one. In fact, health education faces five challenging problems in the area of environmental risk prevention. First, how do we most quickly and effectively communicate our concern about some stresser or behavioural matter to a specific population? Second, how can we keep voluntary community organizations, which we have helped to develop, from faltering or expiring after three or four years of useful endeavour? Third, how do we reach the populations typified by anomic personalities--the withdrawn, disillusioned or apathetic? Fourth, how do we identify key influential people and interest them in becoming involved in our environmental programmes, in participating in the setting of priorities and contributing to their realization? And last but not least, how can we best ensure that health education services will be provided to community organizations long enough in order to obtain confirmation that the population's behaviour changes have become self-continuing habits or customs?", "contents": "Environmental health education: a different orientation. The indiviual behaviour, group habits and corporate activities that are the keys to environmental prevention are markedly different in character from the personal hygiene and illness behaviours of primary care and patient education. Education for personal care is oriented towards the educatee's own future behaviour and related to the internal processes of his or her physiological organism. It is learning that is aimed both at children and adults. In contrast, in environmental prevention, education is oriented to changing present behaviour related to external stressers and feedbacks. In most programmes this learning is aimed at adults. The health education impact on environmental risks differs in three distinct types of environmental programmes i.e.: (1) when control applies cost-effective technological advances (sewer systems, etc.) which usually bring about behaviour change with little educational effort; (2) when the programme aims at correcting infectious or injurious conditions which require adequate motivation on the part of the people; and (3) when the focus is on social stressers and behaviours, on the reduction of chronic diseases and mental disorders, an area where education and community organization have then a major role to play. Do techniques that effectively develop awareness, communicate information, develop individual or group know-how, and thus lead to preventive action differ between patient behaviour education and environmental health education? The answer must be a partial but important \"yes\". In environmental prevention programmes the motivating appeal has to be more altruistic, more \"other\" oriented, and the programme has to be group involving. The behaviours to be changed are not one's own alone, but those common among individuals or corporate bodies around one. In fact, health education faces five challenging problems in the area of environmental risk prevention. First, how do we most quickly and effectively communicate our concern about some stresser or behavioural matter to a specific population? Second, how can we keep voluntary community organizations, which we have helped to develop, from faltering or expiring after three or four years of useful endeavour? Third, how do we reach the populations typified by anomic personalities--the withdrawn, disillusioned or apathetic? Fourth, how do we identify key influential people and interest them in becoming involved in our environmental programmes, in participating in the setting of priorities and contributing to their realization? And last but not least, how can we best ensure that health education services will be provided to community organizations long enough in order to obtain confirmation that the population's behaviour changes have become self-continuing habits or customs?", "PMID": 857485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12175", "title": "Stimulating community involvement through mass organizations in Cuba: the women's role.", "content": "Among the foundations of the Cuban health system is the principle of active participation by the community, an expression of the mass policy introduced as part of the revolutionary process in 1959. At present every action launched by the Ministry of Public Health is carried out with the cooperation of the mass organizations and, depending on its nature, the public health problem to be solved is the responsibility of the Committee for the Defense of the Revolution, the Federation of Cuban Women, the National Association of Small Farmers or the trade unions. The role played by Cuban women over the years is worth mentioning. The Federation of Cuban Women (FMC), which was created in 1960, groups at present about two million women, nearly 75% of the country's female population over 14 years old. FMC members  carry out a number of activities in the field of public health, and help to raise the consciousness of women concerning health and hygiene. A total of 35,000 FMC health representatives have participated in all the actions programmed by the Ministry of Public Health, among them the mother and child care programme, antipolio vaccinations, blood donation campaigns, environmental sanitation and the fight against parasitic diseases. There are at present more than 47,000 FMC health brigades, composed of women who have followed health and sanitation courses. Under the public health system, each health area is comprised of 25-30,000 inhabitants, sub-divided into sectors of 3-5,000 inhabitants each. These sectors are divided into sub-sectors composed of 300 inhabitants, in each of which a FMC health brigade functions, its members being local inhabitants. Acting as the link between the mass organization, the Ministry of Public Health and the community, this brigade carries out a variety of preventive activities for the promotion of health. Monthly health meetings are held, during which educational materials provided by the Ministry are discussed, with subjects ranging from disease prevention in women and children, to pre-and post-natal care, and to sex education. It is this constant link between divulgation, information and education which has made possible the achievement of almost every goal in the field of public health.", "contents": "Stimulating community involvement through mass organizations in Cuba: the women's role. Among the foundations of the Cuban health system is the principle of active participation by the community, an expression of the mass policy introduced as part of the revolutionary process in 1959. At present every action launched by the Ministry of Public Health is carried out with the cooperation of the mass organizations and, depending on its nature, the public health problem to be solved is the responsibility of the Committee for the Defense of the Revolution, the Federation of Cuban Women, the National Association of Small Farmers or the trade unions. The role played by Cuban women over the years is worth mentioning. The Federation of Cuban Women (FMC), which was created in 1960, groups at present about two million women, nearly 75% of the country's female population over 14 years old. FMC members  carry out a number of activities in the field of public health, and help to raise the consciousness of women concerning health and hygiene. A total of 35,000 FMC health representatives have participated in all the actions programmed by the Ministry of Public Health, among them the mother and child care programme, antipolio vaccinations, blood donation campaigns, environmental sanitation and the fight against parasitic diseases. There are at present more than 47,000 FMC health brigades, composed of women who have followed health and sanitation courses. Under the public health system, each health area is comprised of 25-30,000 inhabitants, sub-divided into sectors of 3-5,000 inhabitants each. These sectors are divided into sub-sectors composed of 300 inhabitants, in each of which a FMC health brigade functions, its members being local inhabitants. Acting as the link between the mass organization, the Ministry of Public Health and the community, this brigade carries out a variety of preventive activities for the promotion of health. Monthly health meetings are held, during which educational materials provided by the Ministry are discussed, with subjects ranging from disease prevention in women and children, to pre-and post-natal care, and to sex education. It is this constant link between divulgation, information and education which has made possible the achievement of almost every goal in the field of public health.", "PMID": 857486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12176", "title": "Improving out-patient care through participation: the Newark experiment in staff and patient involvement.", "content": "Several studies have confirmed that well-organized health services and vital health information are critical in insuring that consumers utilize health services and practice preventive health habits adequately. Inaccessibility actively discourages the consumer while the lack of on-going health education activities limits his ability to practice life-promoting health habits. Recent work of the Health Education Project (HEP) at the College of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey in Newark, has demonstrated tangible ways of eliminating some of the barriers that limit consumers in receiving health services in an out-patient setting. Redesigning the health services in ways that reflect consumer and provider needs and involving the staff and consumers in this process has been a dominant aim of the project which has resulted in the elimination of unnecessary laboratory work, improved coordination of human resources, and increased staff and patient morale. Health education activities are now integrated into the clinic routines as a result of structural changes in outpatient procedures. The work of HEP has been focused on multi-racial, inner-city health problems. Nonetheless, its findings in terms of how to deal with organizational aspects of delivering health services and ways to develop comprehensive health education activities should be of use to health providers and consumers in many other settings. The second part of the paper deals with special aspect of the project, namely, the development of low-cost, community oriented videotapes which are used regularly both in the outpatient department and in various community settings as a teaching tool for providing consumers with critical health information. Tailored to specific teaching objectives and interwoven into health education discussion groups, the videotapes use recognizable local settings and residents to stress the relevance and importance of controlling and taking charge of one's health care. Among the outcomes of the use of these videotapes have been increased demands by consumers for physician continuity, information concerning medication and laboratory tests, and, in general, more information  about how to  stay healthy.", "contents": "Improving out-patient care through participation: the Newark experiment in staff and patient involvement. Several studies have confirmed that well-organized health services and vital health information are critical in insuring that consumers utilize health services and practice preventive health habits adequately. Inaccessibility actively discourages the consumer while the lack of on-going health education activities limits his ability to practice life-promoting health habits. Recent work of the Health Education Project (HEP) at the College of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey in Newark, has demonstrated tangible ways of eliminating some of the barriers that limit consumers in receiving health services in an out-patient setting. Redesigning the health services in ways that reflect consumer and provider needs and involving the staff and consumers in this process has been a dominant aim of the project which has resulted in the elimination of unnecessary laboratory work, improved coordination of human resources, and increased staff and patient morale. Health education activities are now integrated into the clinic routines as a result of structural changes in outpatient procedures. The work of HEP has been focused on multi-racial, inner-city health problems. Nonetheless, its findings in terms of how to deal with organizational aspects of delivering health services and ways to develop comprehensive health education activities should be of use to health providers and consumers in many other settings. The second part of the paper deals with special aspect of the project, namely, the development of low-cost, community oriented videotapes which are used regularly both in the outpatient department and in various community settings as a teaching tool for providing consumers with critical health information. Tailored to specific teaching objectives and interwoven into health education discussion groups, the videotapes use recognizable local settings and residents to stress the relevance and importance of controlling and taking charge of one's health care. Among the outcomes of the use of these videotapes have been increased demands by consumers for physician continuity, information concerning medication and laboratory tests, and, in general, more information  about how to  stay healthy.", "PMID": 857487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12177", "title": "Detection and identification of natural water-soluble colouring matters in foods.", "content": "The natural colouring matters of foods can be isolated and identified simultaneously with the synthetic dyes by the benzalkonium method. In the course of isolation anthocyanins, carmine, betanin, caramel and riboflavin are separated from synthetic dyes, as well as from one another, with the exception of first two, which are separated from one another by chromatography or distinguished by oxidation.", "contents": "Detection and identification of natural water-soluble colouring matters in foods. The natural colouring matters of foods can be isolated and identified simultaneously with the synthetic dyes by the benzalkonium method. In the course of isolation anthocyanins, carmine, betanin, caramel and riboflavin are separated from synthetic dyes, as well as from one another, with the exception of first two, which are separated from one another by chromatography or distinguished by oxidation.", "PMID": 857488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12178", "title": "[Pesticide residues in dried apples (author's transl)].", "content": "60 samples of dried apple cubes, flakes and powder imported from april 1975 to may 1975 were analyzed for organochlorine and organophoshorus pesticides. All values lay well below the maximum limits for pesticide residues allowed in the Fed. Rep. of Germany. The level of total DDT in apple powder was significantly higher than in cubes and flakes.", "contents": "[Pesticide residues in dried apples (author's transl)]. 60 samples of dried apple cubes, flakes and powder imported from april 1975 to may 1975 were analyzed for organochlorine and organophoshorus pesticides. All values lay well below the maximum limits for pesticide residues allowed in the Fed. Rep. of Germany. The level of total DDT in apple powder was significantly higher than in cubes and flakes.", "PMID": 857489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12179", "title": "[Patulin in foods of vegetable origin. 2. Several kinds of fruit and vegetables and fruit and vegetable products (author's transl)].", "content": "Patulin was found in fruit with spontaneous brown rot (bananas, pineapples, grapes, peaches, apricots) as well as in moldy compots and in sallow-thorn juice. Fruit, vegetables and fruit and vegetable product were artificially infected with Penicillium expansum, P. urticae and Byssochlamys nivea; patulin was subsequently found in peaches, apricots, greengages, bananas, strawberries, honeydew melons, tomatoes, red and green paprika, cucumbers and carrots; in several kinds of compot, in tomato juice and tomato pulp --but not in ketchup. The influence of the temperature on growth and toxin production is different in the various fungal strains; in the temperature range of 5 degrees C to 25 degrees C, however, the possibility of patulin synthesis must nearly always be expected.", "contents": "[Patulin in foods of vegetable origin. 2. Several kinds of fruit and vegetables and fruit and vegetable products (author's transl)]. Patulin was found in fruit with spontaneous brown rot (bananas, pineapples, grapes, peaches, apricots) as well as in moldy compots and in sallow-thorn juice. Fruit, vegetables and fruit and vegetable product were artificially infected with Penicillium expansum, P. urticae and Byssochlamys nivea; patulin was subsequently found in peaches, apricots, greengages, bananas, strawberries, honeydew melons, tomatoes, red and green paprika, cucumbers and carrots; in several kinds of compot, in tomato juice and tomato pulp --but not in ketchup. The influence of the temperature on growth and toxin production is different in the various fungal strains; in the temperature range of 5 degrees C to 25 degrees C, however, the possibility of patulin synthesis must nearly always be expected.", "PMID": 857490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12180", "title": "[A contribution to the distinction of biogenic vinegar and vinegar made from synthetic acetic acid by determining the specific 14C-radioactivity (author's transl)].", "content": "The method of Simon et al. [2] for the separation of the acetic acid from vinegar prior to the determination of the specific 14C-radioactivity has been modified. The precipitation as calcium acetate and the preparation of free acetic acid by addition of diphosphoric acid has been replaced by an extraction procedure with diisopropylether which is faster and cheaper. On the Austrian market glacial acetic acid (Merck, p.A.) having the natural spezific 14C-radioactitivity was found. The natural specific 14C-radioactivity is therfore necessary but not sufficient to prove the biogenic origin of vinegar.", "contents": "[A contribution to the distinction of biogenic vinegar and vinegar made from synthetic acetic acid by determining the specific 14C-radioactivity (author's transl)]. The method of Simon et al. [2] for the separation of the acetic acid from vinegar prior to the determination of the specific 14C-radioactivity has been modified. The precipitation as calcium acetate and the preparation of free acetic acid by addition of diphosphoric acid has been replaced by an extraction procedure with diisopropylether which is faster and cheaper. On the Austrian market glacial acetic acid (Merck, p.A.) having the natural spezific 14C-radioactitivity was found. The natural specific 14C-radioactivity is therfore necessary but not sufficient to prove the biogenic origin of vinegar.", "PMID": 857491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12181", "title": "Heavy metal determination in sea water and in marine organisms with the aid of flameless ASS. IV: Description of a routine method for the determination of cadmium in small samples of biological material.", "content": "Some important environmental poisons, e.g. the element cadmium, are rather volatile during flameless AAS determination. This causes difficulties the in case of matrices consisting of large amounts of salts and organic materials. Therefore, as an example in the case of cadmium, a detailed method has been developed. The following method is now used for determinations in large series of samples. Its main advantages are: the sample size must not exceed the mg to microng range; the digestion takes place in small polypropylene tubes and in the graphite tube itself; to obtain high accuracy, a special device for the flamless AAS is used. An intercalibration exercise will be described elsewhere.", "contents": "Heavy metal determination in sea water and in marine organisms with the aid of flameless ASS. IV: Description of a routine method for the determination of cadmium in small samples of biological material. Some important environmental poisons, e.g. the element cadmium, are rather volatile during flameless AAS determination. This causes difficulties the in case of matrices consisting of large amounts of salts and organic materials. Therefore, as an example in the case of cadmium, a detailed method has been developed. The following method is now used for determinations in large series of samples. Its main advantages are: the sample size must not exceed the mg to microng range; the digestion takes place in small polypropylene tubes and in the graphite tube itself; to obtain high accuracy, a special device for the flamless AAS is used. An intercalibration exercise will be described elsewhere.", "PMID": 857492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12182", "title": "Identification of the lipid components of honey.", "content": "The constituent lipids of Greek Honey have been isolated and studied by an initial simple extraction procedure (comparable to that of counter-current distribution) and consequent chromatographic separation on a silicic acid column. The fractions collected were subjected to: (I) qualitative T.L.C before or after saponification and (II) gas-chromatographic analysis of methyl esters. In addition to the fatty acids mentioned by other investigators, honey has been found to contain a number of neutral lipids, albeit in small amounts, i.e. hydrocarbons, waxes, cholesterol esters, fatty acid esters, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, sterols, dihydroxy and trihydroxy compounds, as well as some esters of polyols. The probable nature of another three unknown constituents is also discussed.", "contents": "Identification of the lipid components of honey. The constituent lipids of Greek Honey have been isolated and studied by an initial simple extraction procedure (comparable to that of counter-current distribution) and consequent chromatographic separation on a silicic acid column. The fractions collected were subjected to: (I) qualitative T.L.C before or after saponification and (II) gas-chromatographic analysis of methyl esters. In addition to the fatty acids mentioned by other investigators, honey has been found to contain a number of neutral lipids, albeit in small amounts, i.e. hydrocarbons, waxes, cholesterol esters, fatty acid esters, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, sterols, dihydroxy and trihydroxy compounds, as well as some esters of polyols. The probable nature of another three unknown constituents is also discussed.", "PMID": 857493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12183", "title": "[Determination of aflatoxins in milk and milk products (author's transl)].", "content": "During the period from September 1972 till December 1974 260 samples of milk, 41 of milk powder, 54 of yoghurt, 80 of fresh cheese, 65 of camembert, 77 of hard cheese and 134 of processed cheese were investigated for their contents of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2, and M1. In all products containing toxin only aflatoxin M1 could be detected. The average values of aflatoxin M1 concentration during the period of investigation amounted to: 0.07 microng/1 for milk, 0.50 microng/kg for milk powder, 0.20 microng/kg for yoghurt, 0.23 microng/kg for fresh cheese, 0.43 microng/kg for hard cheese, 0.26 microng/kg for processed cheese, and 0.31 microng/kg for camembert. As maximum values the following concentrations were found: milk 0.33 microng/1, milk powder 2.0 microng/kg, yoghurt 0.47 microng/kg, fresh cheese 0.51 microng/kg, camembert 0.73 microng/kg, hard cheese 1.3 microng/kg, and processed cheese 0.55 microng/kg.", "contents": "[Determination of aflatoxins in milk and milk products (author's transl)]. During the period from September 1972 till December 1974 260 samples of milk, 41 of milk powder, 54 of yoghurt, 80 of fresh cheese, 65 of camembert, 77 of hard cheese and 134 of processed cheese were investigated for their contents of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2, and M1. In all products containing toxin only aflatoxin M1 could be detected. The average values of aflatoxin M1 concentration during the period of investigation amounted to: 0.07 microng/1 for milk, 0.50 microng/kg for milk powder, 0.20 microng/kg for yoghurt, 0.23 microng/kg for fresh cheese, 0.43 microng/kg for hard cheese, 0.26 microng/kg for processed cheese, and 0.31 microng/kg for camembert. As maximum values the following concentrations were found: milk 0.33 microng/1, milk powder 2.0 microng/kg, yoghurt 0.47 microng/kg, fresh cheese 0.51 microng/kg, camembert 0.73 microng/kg, hard cheese 1.3 microng/kg, and processed cheese 0.55 microng/kg.", "PMID": 857494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12184", "title": "[The behavior of polyphosphates during production and storage of long keeping milk products (author's transl)].", "content": "Polyphosphates added as stabilizers in the production process if liquid sterilized milk products are completely hydrolyzed to mono- and diphosphates. The diphosphate is further hydrolyzed during storage of the products. The extent of hydrolysis of diphosphate depends upon the processing conditions and may vary from production to production. During spray-drying of milk, the polyphosphates added are only partially hydrolyzed; further degradation of the polyphosphates takes place during storage.", "contents": "[The behavior of polyphosphates during production and storage of long keeping milk products (author's transl)]. Polyphosphates added as stabilizers in the production process if liquid sterilized milk products are completely hydrolyzed to mono- and diphosphates. The diphosphate is further hydrolyzed during storage of the products. The extent of hydrolysis of diphosphate depends upon the processing conditions and may vary from production to production. During spray-drying of milk, the polyphosphates added are only partially hydrolyzed; further degradation of the polyphosphates takes place during storage.", "PMID": 857495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12185", "title": "The adsorption of volatile aroma constituents by foods. VIII. Adsorption of volatile carbonyl compounds by amino acids.", "content": "The adsorption of some volatile aldehydes and ketones by 22 dry amino-acids was studied. The adsorbed amounts decreased approximately in the order: propanal, biacetyl, hexenal, hexanal, acetone, pentan-3-one, nonan-3-one, undecanal and nonan-5-one, but there were great differences in the adsorption capacity of the amino acids. Lys adsorbed best and often irreversible, arg, his, phe, trp, pro, and val (leu, ile) very good. With cys, thiazolidinecarboxylic acids were formed. In most cases of adsorption exceeding 100 mmol/mol, except for the monoketones, strong discoloration, probably of the maillard type, was observed. Propanal and hexanal were to a great extend converted to aldol addition and condensation products. Tyr and hyp adsorbed less than the corresponding amino-acids without hydroxyl groups. This is attributed to stronger crystal-lattice forces.", "contents": "The adsorption of volatile aroma constituents by foods. VIII. Adsorption of volatile carbonyl compounds by amino acids. The adsorption of some volatile aldehydes and ketones by 22 dry amino-acids was studied. The adsorbed amounts decreased approximately in the order: propanal, biacetyl, hexenal, hexanal, acetone, pentan-3-one, nonan-3-one, undecanal and nonan-5-one, but there were great differences in the adsorption capacity of the amino acids. Lys adsorbed best and often irreversible, arg, his, phe, trp, pro, and val (leu, ile) very good. With cys, thiazolidinecarboxylic acids were formed. In most cases of adsorption exceeding 100 mmol/mol, except for the monoketones, strong discoloration, probably of the maillard type, was observed. Propanal and hexanal were to a great extend converted to aldol addition and condensation products. Tyr and hyp adsorbed less than the corresponding amino-acids without hydroxyl groups. This is attributed to stronger crystal-lattice forces.", "PMID": 857496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12186", "title": "[On the heavy-metal-contamination of vension (author's transl)].", "content": "A survey is given on the heavy-metal-contamination of venison (total number of samples: 224) with special consideration of geographical and ecological aspects. In the liver of rabbits, and average of 0.55 ppm Hg and 1.10 ppm Pb was found, which was more than ten resp. three times the amount found in the livers of roe, red deer and wild boars. The mean Cd-content of wild-boars'-livers was 0.06 ppm, a value double as high as in rabbits, roes and red deer. The regional or ecological differences were of minor importance. Whereas the Hg- and Pb-values did not show any remarkable dependency on the animals' age, the Cd-values were higher in older animals. The Hg-values of the hair were in the range of 0.1 ppm.", "contents": "[On the heavy-metal-contamination of vension (author's transl)]. A survey is given on the heavy-metal-contamination of venison (total number of samples: 224) with special consideration of geographical and ecological aspects. In the liver of rabbits, and average of 0.55 ppm Hg and 1.10 ppm Pb was found, which was more than ten resp. three times the amount found in the livers of roe, red deer and wild boars. The mean Cd-content of wild-boars'-livers was 0.06 ppm, a value double as high as in rabbits, roes and red deer. The regional or ecological differences were of minor importance. Whereas the Hg- and Pb-values did not show any remarkable dependency on the animals' age, the Cd-values were higher in older animals. The Hg-values of the hair were in the range of 0.1 ppm.", "PMID": 857497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12187", "title": "[On the presence and the content of aflatoxin M in commercial cheese samples (author's transl)].", "content": "Between May 10 and August 9 1976, a total of 197 commercial cheese samples were tested on their aflatoxin M1 content; 136 samples (69%) were positive. The highest value was at 0.23 mug/kg, the average value of all positive samples was at 0.09 mug/kg. In more than half of the positive samples (54%), only traces of aflatoxin M1 could be detected, 21% contained up to 0.1 mug/kg and 14% more than 0.1 mug/kg. In soft cheese definitely less aflatoxin was found (57% positive samples) than in other cheese varieties (83--85% positive samples). Supplemental feeding of concentrates during spring season and pasture grazing of dairy cows resulted in more respectively less aflatoxin-positive cheese samples. This was especially true in soft cheese. The other cheeses with longer ripening periods showed the same effect, however, less pronounced with a clear lag phase. Inspite of many positive identity reactions on aflatoxin M1, a routine control of cheeses so far cannot be recommended because of the negative results on mass spectrometry.", "contents": "[On the presence and the content of aflatoxin M in commercial cheese samples (author's transl)]. Between May 10 and August 9 1976, a total of 197 commercial cheese samples were tested on their aflatoxin M1 content; 136 samples (69%) were positive. The highest value was at 0.23 mug/kg, the average value of all positive samples was at 0.09 mug/kg. In more than half of the positive samples (54%), only traces of aflatoxin M1 could be detected, 21% contained up to 0.1 mug/kg and 14% more than 0.1 mug/kg. In soft cheese definitely less aflatoxin was found (57% positive samples) than in other cheese varieties (83--85% positive samples). Supplemental feeding of concentrates during spring season and pasture grazing of dairy cows resulted in more respectively less aflatoxin-positive cheese samples. This was especially true in soft cheese. The other cheeses with longer ripening periods showed the same effect, however, less pronounced with a clear lag phase. Inspite of many positive identity reactions on aflatoxin M1, a routine control of cheeses so far cannot be recommended because of the negative results on mass spectrometry.", "PMID": 857498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12188", "title": "[On the determination of chlorocholine chloride (CCC) in cereals (author's transl)].", "content": "For the determination of CCC residues samples of grains and straw of four varieties of spring wheat and oat were extracted with ethanol. CCC was purified by column chromatography with an ion exchanger and alumina as well as by TLC. After its identification by the Rf and a colour reaction on the thin layer plate a colorimetric method with dipicrylamine was used for the quantitative estimation of CCC. The recovery rate amounts to 98+/-5% for wheat grains and straw and to 80 +/- 5% for oat grains. The detection limit is at 0.1 ppm. The amounts of CCC reach in wheat grains 0.3--0.7 ppm, in wheat straw 1--7 ppm and in oat grains 0.9--3.4 ppm in the dry matter. In oat straw CCC could not be detected with this method.", "contents": "[On the determination of chlorocholine chloride (CCC) in cereals (author's transl)]. For the determination of CCC residues samples of grains and straw of four varieties of spring wheat and oat were extracted with ethanol. CCC was purified by column chromatography with an ion exchanger and alumina as well as by TLC. After its identification by the Rf and a colour reaction on the thin layer plate a colorimetric method with dipicrylamine was used for the quantitative estimation of CCC. The recovery rate amounts to 98+/-5% for wheat grains and straw and to 80 +/- 5% for oat grains. The detection limit is at 0.1 ppm. The amounts of CCC reach in wheat grains 0.3--0.7 ppm, in wheat straw 1--7 ppm and in oat grains 0.9--3.4 ppm in the dry matter. In oat straw CCC could not be detected with this method.", "PMID": 857499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12189", "title": "[Proof of polychlorinated biphenyls in milk (author's transl)].", "content": "Today organochloric compounds are found in all kind of food; of those compounds HCB, HCH, Dieldrin, DDT and PCB are ubiquitous. This paper informs about PCB-residues in milk, analysed in our laboratory.", "contents": "[Proof of polychlorinated biphenyls in milk (author's transl)]. Today organochloric compounds are found in all kind of food; of those compounds HCB, HCH, Dieldrin, DDT and PCB are ubiquitous. This paper informs about PCB-residues in milk, analysed in our laboratory.", "PMID": 857500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12190", "title": "[Endangering of health by ingestion of soft-polyvinylchloride (author's transl)].", "content": "Four trials to evaluate the pathogenicity of Soft-Polyvinylchloride were conductet by feeding pigs soft plastic objects. The plastic objects contained ca. 60-75% softening agents. Only in one trial did the plastic object remain in the pigs stomach. The object remained in the stomach 102 days and caused lesions of the mucous membranes. In the stomach the soft plastic became very hard and the projections of the object became pointed, resembling needles. The amount of softening agent in the object had been reduced from 69,8% to 42%. The danger, especially to children, after eatingf such plastics, either consciously or involontary, is therefore demonstrated. Aspects of state food laws concerning this problem are also discussed in the article.", "contents": "[Endangering of health by ingestion of soft-polyvinylchloride (author's transl)]. Four trials to evaluate the pathogenicity of Soft-Polyvinylchloride were conductet by feeding pigs soft plastic objects. The plastic objects contained ca. 60-75% softening agents. Only in one trial did the plastic object remain in the pigs stomach. The object remained in the stomach 102 days and caused lesions of the mucous membranes. In the stomach the soft plastic became very hard and the projections of the object became pointed, resembling needles. The amount of softening agent in the object had been reduced from 69,8% to 42%. The danger, especially to children, after eatingf such plastics, either consciously or involontary, is therefore demonstrated. Aspects of state food laws concerning this problem are also discussed in the article.", "PMID": 857501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12191", "title": "The blood acid-base changes in acute cyanide poisoning in the rat in comparison with those in acute anoxic anoxia: with special reference to the relation with the time to death.", "content": "Rats were given orally various doses of NaCN (20,15,10, and 7 mg of CN per kg). When respiration stopped, the chest was opened and heart blood was taken anaerobically, and blood acid-base, lactate, and glucose determinations were made. As a control to chemical anoxia by cyanide, indentical determinations were made in the rat acutely made anoxic by exposure to N2. The time to the cessation of respiration ranged 2,4 to 14 and 2.3 to 9.3 minutes in cyanide and N2 experiments, respectively. The Po2 at the time of the sampling was much higher in cyanide experiments than in N2 experiments. the Pco2 became lower as the time to the cessation of respiration became longer in cyanide group, and it was considered to diffusion of CO2 into extravascular spae method, described by Oya and coworkers was modified. In this way, venous blood from pregnant and nonpregnant women in blood stains can be reliably differentiated up to at least 19 months storage although as a qualitative test only. 1--3 cm2 of cloth stained with blood is needed and even less from placental blood stains.", "contents": "The blood acid-base changes in acute cyanide poisoning in the rat in comparison with those in acute anoxic anoxia: with special reference to the relation with the time to death. Rats were given orally various doses of NaCN (20,15,10, and 7 mg of CN per kg). When respiration stopped, the chest was opened and heart blood was taken anaerobically, and blood acid-base, lactate, and glucose determinations were made. As a control to chemical anoxia by cyanide, indentical determinations were made in the rat acutely made anoxic by exposure to N2. The time to the cessation of respiration ranged 2,4 to 14 and 2.3 to 9.3 minutes in cyanide and N2 experiments, respectively. The Po2 at the time of the sampling was much higher in cyanide experiments than in N2 experiments. the Pco2 became lower as the time to the cessation of respiration became longer in cyanide group, and it was considered to diffusion of CO2 into extravascular spae method, described by Oya and coworkers was modified. In this way, venous blood from pregnant and nonpregnant women in blood stains can be reliably differentiated up to at least 19 months storage although as a qualitative test only. 1--3 cm2 of cloth stained with blood is needed and even less from placental blood stains.", "PMID": 857502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12192", "title": "Throat-skeleton fractures by strangulation.", "content": "The frequency of throat-skeleton fractures was investigated in a series of 30 unselected cases of strangulation. Less than half of the victims showed fractures. From the data obtained, it seems to prove that this is a connection between the frequency of fractures and the age of the victims. The radiological investigation shows that this connection is based on the degree of ossification of the throat-skeleton. This ossification starts often already at early age and should be considered as a process of ageing. Notwithstanding the irregular occurrence of throat-skeleton fractures, these injuries are obviously of a vast diagnostic value.", "contents": "Throat-skeleton fractures by strangulation. The frequency of throat-skeleton fractures was investigated in a series of 30 unselected cases of strangulation. Less than half of the victims showed fractures. From the data obtained, it seems to prove that this is a connection between the frequency of fractures and the age of the victims. The radiological investigation shows that this connection is based on the degree of ossification of the throat-skeleton. This ossification starts often already at early age and should be considered as a process of ageing. Notwithstanding the irregular occurrence of throat-skeleton fractures, these injuries are obviously of a vast diagnostic value.", "PMID": 857503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12193", "title": "Chromatographic determination of some corticosteroids, with special reference to horse doping.", "content": "Some chromatographic procedures, which can be used to detect and determine certain corticosteroids in samples from race horses, are described. These procedures include thin-layer, gas and high pressure liquid chromatography.", "contents": "Chromatographic determination of some corticosteroids, with special reference to horse doping. Some chromatographic procedures, which can be used to detect and determine certain corticosteroids in samples from race horses, are described. These procedures include thin-layer, gas and high pressure liquid chromatography.", "PMID": 857504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12194", "title": "A study on fungal radioresistance and sensitivity.", "content": "Lower doses of gamma and X-rays (5 and 1 Krad, respectively) stimulated the spore germination and growth of 7 tested fungi. Higher doses (500 and 100 Krad, respectively) revealed that Epicoccum nigrum was the most radioresistant, while Alternaria humicola, Stemphylium verruculosum, Rhizopus nigricans, and Cladosporium herbarum were of moderate resistance. Aspergillus niger and Penicillium oxalicum were the most radiosensitive. Protein and polysaccharide synthesis were inhibited in the mycelium developed from irradiated spores; the inhibition was a function of dose. Study of the different factors (morphological, biological, and biochemical) indicates that variability in fungal resistance to ionizing radiation is, most probably, an inherent character, connected with mycelial water content and the natural production of a chemical substance(s) that acts as a radioprotector(s).", "contents": "A study on fungal radioresistance and sensitivity. Lower doses of gamma and X-rays (5 and 1 Krad, respectively) stimulated the spore germination and growth of 7 tested fungi. Higher doses (500 and 100 Krad, respectively) revealed that Epicoccum nigrum was the most radioresistant, while Alternaria humicola, Stemphylium verruculosum, Rhizopus nigricans, and Cladosporium herbarum were of moderate resistance. Aspergillus niger and Penicillium oxalicum were the most radiosensitive. Protein and polysaccharide synthesis were inhibited in the mycelium developed from irradiated spores; the inhibition was a function of dose. Study of the different factors (morphological, biological, and biochemical) indicates that variability in fungal resistance to ionizing radiation is, most probably, an inherent character, connected with mycelial water content and the natural production of a chemical substance(s) that acts as a radioprotector(s).", "PMID": 857505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12195", "title": "[The effect of biocides on the microflora of soils and their degradation. I. The selection of suitable biocides and ways of selective influences in soil-microorganisms (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of 544 biocides on soil-microflora was investigated by a special plate-test and by a soil-test. Fungi were particularly sensitive to active substances. They were more inhibited by a greater number of substances, by lower concentrations and by a larger time-interval than bacteria. A differentiated sensitivity of fungi becomes apparent. The pseudomonads, a species of Agrobacter (AIA), flavobacteria and some coryneforme bacteria were relatively resistant. Actinomyces responded similar to fungi. The plate-test is suitable as preliminary test for the selection of substances retarding the degradation of straw. These organisms already favoured by treatments with active substance locate in higher quantities in such soils where the biological balance was disturbed in after the injection. Therefore, the effect of the active substance exceeds that of the injection. The displacement-effect by bacteria resistant to active substances and little active against cellulose plays a minor role in opposite to bacteria active against cellulose, because bacteria don't develop any homogeneous protective coat. A priority effect is therefore excluded.", "contents": "[The effect of biocides on the microflora of soils and their degradation. I. The selection of suitable biocides and ways of selective influences in soil-microorganisms (author's transl)]. The influence of 544 biocides on soil-microflora was investigated by a special plate-test and by a soil-test. Fungi were particularly sensitive to active substances. They were more inhibited by a greater number of substances, by lower concentrations and by a larger time-interval than bacteria. A differentiated sensitivity of fungi becomes apparent. The pseudomonads, a species of Agrobacter (AIA), flavobacteria and some coryneforme bacteria were relatively resistant. Actinomyces responded similar to fungi. The plate-test is suitable as preliminary test for the selection of substances retarding the degradation of straw. These organisms already favoured by treatments with active substance locate in higher quantities in such soils where the biological balance was disturbed in after the injection. Therefore, the effect of the active substance exceeds that of the injection. The displacement-effect by bacteria resistant to active substances and little active against cellulose plays a minor role in opposite to bacteria active against cellulose, because bacteria don't develop any homogeneous protective coat. A priority effect is therefore excluded.", "PMID": 857506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12196", "title": "[The effect of biocides on the microflora of soils and their degradation. II. Correlations between a changed population of micro-organisms and the degradation of straw (author's transl)].", "content": "Fungi are of precedent importance for the decomposition of straw in comparison with bacteria and actinomycetes. Several genera and species are able to replace one another. For the fungi, by biocides easier reduced than other kinds of organisms, an inhibition of the decomposition of straw by application of fungicides is possible. An unrestricted or promoted flora of bacteria is not able to replace a restricted flora of fungi. The decomposition of straw cannot be stopped completely. Certain types of fungi locate in higher quantities as a result of the elimination of the competition by bacteria and in dependence on the used antibiotic. Then the special intensity of the decomposition of straw depends on the cellulase-activity of the in each case located fungi. In order to stop the decomposition of straw completely it is necessary to inhibit both the physiologically active bacteria (pseudomonads and bacteria) and the fungi for a longer period of time. Combinations of bactericides and fungicides can bring about synergistic decomposition retarding effects. A persistent stimulation of the straw-decomposition by application of active substances was not successful.", "contents": "[The effect of biocides on the microflora of soils and their degradation. II. Correlations between a changed population of micro-organisms and the degradation of straw (author's transl)]. Fungi are of precedent importance for the decomposition of straw in comparison with bacteria and actinomycetes. Several genera and species are able to replace one another. For the fungi, by biocides easier reduced than other kinds of organisms, an inhibition of the decomposition of straw by application of fungicides is possible. An unrestricted or promoted flora of bacteria is not able to replace a restricted flora of fungi. The decomposition of straw cannot be stopped completely. Certain types of fungi locate in higher quantities as a result of the elimination of the competition by bacteria and in dependence on the used antibiotic. Then the special intensity of the decomposition of straw depends on the cellulase-activity of the in each case located fungi. In order to stop the decomposition of straw completely it is necessary to inhibit both the physiologically active bacteria (pseudomonads and bacteria) and the fungi for a longer period of time. Combinations of bactericides and fungicides can bring about synergistic decomposition retarding effects. A persistent stimulation of the straw-decomposition by application of active substances was not successful.", "PMID": 857507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12197", "title": "Bacterial stalk rot of Maize, its symptoms and host-range.", "content": "Stalk rot of maize, caused by Erwinia carotovora f. sp. zeae Sabet (re-designated as Pectobacterium chrysanthemi pathovar. zeae by KELMAN 1974) showed first premature withering and drying up of the uppermost leaves which was soon followed by the lower leaves. The rot either extended from the base upwards (basal rot) or from the top downwards (top rot). In the case of basal rot, the leaves become yellow and the infected tissue becomes brown, soft, and water soaked. Internally, the stalk turns into a soft mass of disintegrated tissue. At this stage the plants usually topple over. A foul odour, accompanied with the presence of dipterous larvae on and in decaying tissues, are the characteristic symptoms of this disease. With the advance of the disease the stalk finally dries up into a conglomeration of dry and shredded or disjointed fibrous tissue. The top rot begins with wilting and drying up ot the tips of middle leaves of the whorl. A decay that continues rapidly spreads downwards throughout the stalk and the affected plants soon droop. The host range studies were suggestive of the fact that the maize pathogen, apart from causing the disease on maize, could produce soft rot in potato, carrot, onion, sugarbeet, sweet potato, papaya, cabbage, and many other plants and could also infect Sorghum vulgare, Pennisetum typhoidium, tobacco, and tomato.", "contents": "Bacterial stalk rot of Maize, its symptoms and host-range. Stalk rot of maize, caused by Erwinia carotovora f. sp. zeae Sabet (re-designated as Pectobacterium chrysanthemi pathovar. zeae by KELMAN 1974) showed first premature withering and drying up of the uppermost leaves which was soon followed by the lower leaves. The rot either extended from the base upwards (basal rot) or from the top downwards (top rot). In the case of basal rot, the leaves become yellow and the infected tissue becomes brown, soft, and water soaked. Internally, the stalk turns into a soft mass of disintegrated tissue. At this stage the plants usually topple over. A foul odour, accompanied with the presence of dipterous larvae on and in decaying tissues, are the characteristic symptoms of this disease. With the advance of the disease the stalk finally dries up into a conglomeration of dry and shredded or disjointed fibrous tissue. The top rot begins with wilting and drying up ot the tips of middle leaves of the whorl. A decay that continues rapidly spreads downwards throughout the stalk and the affected plants soon droop. The host range studies were suggestive of the fact that the maize pathogen, apart from causing the disease on maize, could produce soft rot in potato, carrot, onion, sugarbeet, sweet potato, papaya, cabbage, and many other plants and could also infect Sorghum vulgare, Pennisetum typhoidium, tobacco, and tomato.", "PMID": 857508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12198", "title": "Studies on certain aspects of chemical control of bacterial stalk rot disease of maize.", "content": "Sandoz seed dressing 6335 showing high efficacy in checking the growth of the maize stalk rot pathogen Erwinia carotovora f. sp. zeae Sabet in culture. Brestan, Antracol, Difolatan, Aratan, Duter, Ceresan wet, Flit-406, Cuman, Blitox-50, Streptocycline, Agrimycin, Terramycin, Actidione, Aureomycin, Chloromycetin, Penicillin G, and Streptomycin were moderately effective. The rest of the 35 chemicals was negligible in its influence. 15 different chemicals, namely Agrimycin, Streptocycline, Chloromycetin, Sodium penicillin G, Actidione, Terramycin, Aureomycin, Sandoz seed dressing 6335, Antracol, Aratan, Blitox-50, Diflotan-80, Ceresan wet, Cuman and Brestan 60 could also control the disease, but only when the plants were treated in vivo immediately after inoculation. They could not show any effectiveness, however, after 24, 48, and 72 hours of inoculation, showing their failure to control, once the infection has taken place by the pathogen.", "contents": "Studies on certain aspects of chemical control of bacterial stalk rot disease of maize. Sandoz seed dressing 6335 showing high efficacy in checking the growth of the maize stalk rot pathogen Erwinia carotovora f. sp. zeae Sabet in culture. Brestan, Antracol, Difolatan, Aratan, Duter, Ceresan wet, Flit-406, Cuman, Blitox-50, Streptocycline, Agrimycin, Terramycin, Actidione, Aureomycin, Chloromycetin, Penicillin G, and Streptomycin were moderately effective. The rest of the 35 chemicals was negligible in its influence. 15 different chemicals, namely Agrimycin, Streptocycline, Chloromycetin, Sodium penicillin G, Actidione, Terramycin, Aureomycin, Sandoz seed dressing 6335, Antracol, Aratan, Blitox-50, Diflotan-80, Ceresan wet, Cuman and Brestan 60 could also control the disease, but only when the plants were treated in vivo immediately after inoculation. They could not show any effectiveness, however, after 24, 48, and 72 hours of inoculation, showing their failure to control, once the infection has taken place by the pathogen.", "PMID": 857509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12199", "title": "[Effect of early feeding with glucose solution on the incidence of hypoglycemia in dysmature and hypotrophic newborn infants].", "content": "Dysmature and small-for-date infants we fed with solution glucosi 20% in a first group of the 12th hour of life, in a second group of the 6th hour. The blood-glucose value in the first three days of life we found in the second group significant greater than in the first group. The hypoglycemia-rate in the first group was 9,2% in the second group 0,6%.", "contents": "[Effect of early feeding with glucose solution on the incidence of hypoglycemia in dysmature and hypotrophic newborn infants]. Dysmature and small-for-date infants we fed with solution glucosi 20% in a first group of the 12th hour of life, in a second group of the 6th hour. The blood-glucose value in the first three days of life we found in the second group significant greater than in the first group. The hypoglycemia-rate in the first group was 9,2% in the second group 0,6%.", "PMID": 857510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12200", "title": "[Pregnancy and diabetes].", "content": "There is a mutual effect between gravidity and diabetes. Diabetes can have disadvantageous effect over gravidity, but the state of gravidity can contribute to the earlier diagnosis of diabetes. The author had 4850 cases of gravidity of 1686 women, indiscriminately, suffering from diabetes observed and on the basis of his observation he found that the manifestations of diabetes in the state of gravidity are respectively infrequent nowadays but the number of manifestation increases parallel with the fatness of women. The transitional diabetogen effect, the pathologic gravidities and the huge-embryos are, however, able to indicate the early stage of diabetes, that other methods or medical examinations could not still indicate. The birth of huge-embryos is the earliest and most characteristic praediabetic sign and it can appear 30 to 50 years before the development of diabetic trouble of metabolism. The number of pathological gravidities increases parallel with the advance of diabetic manifestation. The author emphasises on basis of his observations the importance of obstetrical and pregnancy-anamnesis in the prevention of diabetic manifestation and in the reduction of foetal losses.", "contents": "[Pregnancy and diabetes]. There is a mutual effect between gravidity and diabetes. Diabetes can have disadvantageous effect over gravidity, but the state of gravidity can contribute to the earlier diagnosis of diabetes. The author had 4850 cases of gravidity of 1686 women, indiscriminately, suffering from diabetes observed and on the basis of his observation he found that the manifestations of diabetes in the state of gravidity are respectively infrequent nowadays but the number of manifestation increases parallel with the fatness of women. The transitional diabetogen effect, the pathologic gravidities and the huge-embryos are, however, able to indicate the early stage of diabetes, that other methods or medical examinations could not still indicate. The birth of huge-embryos is the earliest and most characteristic praediabetic sign and it can appear 30 to 50 years before the development of diabetic trouble of metabolism. The number of pathological gravidities increases parallel with the advance of diabetic manifestation. The author emphasises on basis of his observations the importance of obstetrical and pregnancy-anamnesis in the prevention of diabetic manifestation and in the reduction of foetal losses.", "PMID": 857511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12201", "title": "[Isolated thrombotic omphalovasculitis with marginal insertion--a rare umbilical cord complication].", "content": "Report about 2 cases of a rare umbilical cord complication, the isolated omphalovasculitis thrombotica with marginal insertion and about their effects at the feto-placentare unity. Reference is given to an eventual embolic cause of praenatal thrombosis. It will be recommended a regular histological examination of the marginal respectively velamentous insertion for clarification of unclearly fetal deaths.", "contents": "[Isolated thrombotic omphalovasculitis with marginal insertion--a rare umbilical cord complication]. Report about 2 cases of a rare umbilical cord complication, the isolated omphalovasculitis thrombotica with marginal insertion and about their effects at the feto-placentare unity. Reference is given to an eventual embolic cause of praenatal thrombosis. It will be recommended a regular histological examination of the marginal respectively velamentous insertion for clarification of unclearly fetal deaths.", "PMID": 857512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12202", "title": "[Umbilical cord complication as the cause for intrauterine death].", "content": "The general set of problems is discussed with reference to 3 stillbirths due to complications caused by the umbilical cord. As far as data and information on cases within this clinic are concerned, out of total of 149 dead births per 13369 births, in 12 cases (8,1%) there is definite evidence of the interrelation between complications with the umbilical cord and intra-uterine fetal death. With another 7 cases (4,7%) an interrelation is likely to be there.", "contents": "[Umbilical cord complication as the cause for intrauterine death]. The general set of problems is discussed with reference to 3 stillbirths due to complications caused by the umbilical cord. As far as data and information on cases within this clinic are concerned, out of total of 149 dead births per 13369 births, in 12 cases (8,1%) there is definite evidence of the interrelation between complications with the umbilical cord and intra-uterine fetal death. With another 7 cases (4,7%) an interrelation is likely to be there.", "PMID": 857513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12203", "title": "[Role of mother's milk in the development of intestinal microflora in newborn infants].", "content": "A study was made of the quantitative and qualitative composition of the intestinal microbial flora in neonates the first 4 days after birth, depending on the type of feeding (crude and sterilized maternal milk). As soon as the 1st day after birth there was revealed a greater bacterial contamination of the neonatal intestine fed with sterilized milk in comparison with with the children given crude maternal milk. It is suggested that the existing order of feeding neonates devoid of maternal milk should be revised.", "contents": "[Role of mother's milk in the development of intestinal microflora in newborn infants]. A study was made of the quantitative and qualitative composition of the intestinal microbial flora in neonates the first 4 days after birth, depending on the type of feeding (crude and sterilized maternal milk). As soon as the 1st day after birth there was revealed a greater bacterial contamination of the neonatal intestine fed with sterilized milk in comparison with with the children given crude maternal milk. It is suggested that the existing order of feeding neonates devoid of maternal milk should be revised.", "PMID": 857514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12204", "title": "[Immunologic transformation against pertussis in children following a second revaccination with ADPT-vaccine].", "content": "Immunological reconstruction was studied in children aged 6 years after the second revaccination with absorbed, pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine (APDT) in a strictly controlled trial. Antipertussis protective antibodies were determined in the sera in the passive hemagglutination test and the antigen neutralization test, whose results were characterized by the following regularities: the average (1:160--1:640) and the high (1:1280 and over) antibody titres were recorded 1 to 1.5 months after the vaccination in 46.9--48.9% of the persons vaccinated. Determination of the changes of the immunoglobulins A, M, and G at various periods after the second revaccination demonstrated that 1 to 1.5 months after the revaccination (that is at the peak of the antipertussis antibodies formation) 55.7--50.0% of the children displayed an elevation of the IgA and IgM against the background of the IgG reduction in 69.7% of cases.", "contents": "[Immunologic transformation against pertussis in children following a second revaccination with ADPT-vaccine]. Immunological reconstruction was studied in children aged 6 years after the second revaccination with absorbed, pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine (APDT) in a strictly controlled trial. Antipertussis protective antibodies were determined in the sera in the passive hemagglutination test and the antigen neutralization test, whose results were characterized by the following regularities: the average (1:160--1:640) and the high (1:1280 and over) antibody titres were recorded 1 to 1.5 months after the vaccination in 46.9--48.9% of the persons vaccinated. Determination of the changes of the immunoglobulins A, M, and G at various periods after the second revaccination demonstrated that 1 to 1.5 months after the revaccination (that is at the peak of the antipertussis antibodies formation) 55.7--50.0% of the children displayed an elevation of the IgA and IgM against the background of the IgG reduction in 69.7% of cases.", "PMID": 857515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12205", "title": "[Selecting a method of erythrocyte fixation for the passive hemagglutination test according to the nature of the sensitin].", "content": "Quantitative methods were applied to the study of the interaction of albumins, fraction I of Plague bacilli, diphtheria toxoid fractions differing by mol wt, flagellin of typhoid bacilli, 19S- and 7S-fractions of normal human, cholera horse, and paratyphoid B donkey sera with erythrocytes, fixed by 10 different methods. Fixation with acetaldehyde proved to be optimal for the binding of all the proteins, including flagellin, but the latter sensitized erythrocytes formalinized after Vainbach better. The significance of the method of erythrocyte fixation and of the nature of sensitin in the process of the erythrocyte loading without any utilization of the conjugating agents was demonstrated.", "contents": "[Selecting a method of erythrocyte fixation for the passive hemagglutination test according to the nature of the sensitin]. Quantitative methods were applied to the study of the interaction of albumins, fraction I of Plague bacilli, diphtheria toxoid fractions differing by mol wt, flagellin of typhoid bacilli, 19S- and 7S-fractions of normal human, cholera horse, and paratyphoid B donkey sera with erythrocytes, fixed by 10 different methods. Fixation with acetaldehyde proved to be optimal for the binding of all the proteins, including flagellin, but the latter sensitized erythrocytes formalinized after Vainbach better. The significance of the method of erythrocyte fixation and of the nature of sensitin in the process of the erythrocyte loading without any utilization of the conjugating agents was demonstrated.", "PMID": 857516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12206", "title": "[Heterogeneity of natural populations of staphylococci].", "content": "It was revealed by the replique method that the Staphylococcus aureus populations were (in the primary cultures of material obtained from sick and healthy individuals) heterogeneous by phage type, pathogenicity signs and by the resistance to the antibacterial preparations. The extent of heterogeneity could be assessed by the number of variants and by the percentage of the most numerous variant. It differed in different groups of the patients examined. The extent of heterogeneity decreased in cloning the subcultures; this was in favour of the fact that heterogeneity of the primary cultures was caused chiefly by the entrance into the human organism of staphylococci of different biotypes. The replique method permitted to reveal the changes in the clonic structure of the staphylococcus population in the course of the disease, the effect of antibacterial therapy, the appearance of exogenous staphylococci, and their further fate.", "contents": "[Heterogeneity of natural populations of staphylococci]. It was revealed by the replique method that the Staphylococcus aureus populations were (in the primary cultures of material obtained from sick and healthy individuals) heterogeneous by phage type, pathogenicity signs and by the resistance to the antibacterial preparations. The extent of heterogeneity could be assessed by the number of variants and by the percentage of the most numerous variant. It differed in different groups of the patients examined. The extent of heterogeneity decreased in cloning the subcultures; this was in favour of the fact that heterogeneity of the primary cultures was caused chiefly by the entrance into the human organism of staphylococci of different biotypes. The replique method permitted to reveal the changes in the clonic structure of the staphylococcus population in the course of the disease, the effect of antibacterial therapy, the appearance of exogenous staphylococci, and their further fate.", "PMID": 857517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12207", "title": "[Development of an IHI test for detection of immunoglobulins of different classes].", "content": "The authors elaborated a method of obtaining stable erythrocytic diagnostic agent intended for titration of immunoglobulins A, M and G in the human blood serum by means of the indirect hemagglutination inhibition test (IHI). The suggested microdroplet method of conducting the IHI test permits to reveal (X +/- m): IgG--0.29 +/- 0.15 microng/ml, IgM--1.56 +/- 0.2 microng/ml, and IgA--0.16 +/- 0.07 microng/ml. The test is highly specific, simple and can be used in practical serological laboratories. The result is obtained in 2 1/2--3 hours.", "contents": "[Development of an IHI test for detection of immunoglobulins of different classes]. The authors elaborated a method of obtaining stable erythrocytic diagnostic agent intended for titration of immunoglobulins A, M and G in the human blood serum by means of the indirect hemagglutination inhibition test (IHI). The suggested microdroplet method of conducting the IHI test permits to reveal (X +/- m): IgG--0.29 +/- 0.15 microng/ml, IgM--1.56 +/- 0.2 microng/ml, and IgA--0.16 +/- 0.07 microng/ml. The test is highly specific, simple and can be used in practical serological laboratories. The result is obtained in 2 1/2--3 hours.", "PMID": 857518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12208", "title": "[Serum immunoglobulins in patients with food poisoning, salmonellosis, typical and atypical dysentery].", "content": "A study was made of 350 patients suffering from food toxinfections and dysentery; the quantitative variations in the Ig content were determined in the blood serum by Mancicni's method, depending on the period and the severity of the disease. A total of 768 investigations were conducted. Distinct shifts in the IgA and IgM were revealed in the patients with food poisoning and salmonellosis pursuing a moderately severe course; IgG content varied within the normal range during the whole observation period. At the acute period of dysentery the content of all the three immunoglobulin classes (both in the typical and atypical course of the process) displayed no significant differences from that in the healthy individuals; during the convalescence in typical and atypical (gastroenterocolitic) course of dysentery the Ig content constituted, respectively: IgA--292.0 +/- 11.5 and 387 +/- 14.1, IgM--84.8 +/- 3.1 and 104.0 +/- 8.0; Ig G--1500 +/- 38.0 and 1730.0 +/- 62.7.", "contents": "[Serum immunoglobulins in patients with food poisoning, salmonellosis, typical and atypical dysentery]. A study was made of 350 patients suffering from food toxinfections and dysentery; the quantitative variations in the Ig content were determined in the blood serum by Mancicni's method, depending on the period and the severity of the disease. A total of 768 investigations were conducted. Distinct shifts in the IgA and IgM were revealed in the patients with food poisoning and salmonellosis pursuing a moderately severe course; IgG content varied within the normal range during the whole observation period. At the acute period of dysentery the content of all the three immunoglobulin classes (both in the typical and atypical course of the process) displayed no significant differences from that in the healthy individuals; during the convalescence in typical and atypical (gastroenterocolitic) course of dysentery the Ig content constituted, respectively: IgA--292.0 +/- 11.5 and 387 +/- 14.1, IgM--84.8 +/- 3.1 and 104.0 +/- 8.0; Ig G--1500 +/- 38.0 and 1730.0 +/- 62.7.", "PMID": 857519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12209", "title": "[Unusual small forms in the growth cycle of halprowia (chlamydia) and their possible relation to manifestations of L-transformation].", "content": "The authors carried out a comparative electron-microscopic study of the ultrastructure and the developmental cycle of 15 Halprowiae (chlamydiae) strains isolated in different pathology from man and animals. Halprowiae were cultivated in the yolk sac epithelium of the developing chick embryos and in the L-cell monolayer cultures without any special action of the antibiotics and medicines. Formation of minute round structures (\"minute forms\"), 50--120 nm in diameter, separating from the protoplast into the periplasmic space and surrounded with cytoplasmic membrane by the vegetative forms of a number of strains (MP, AP-23, 25-SM, LB-1, MyB), is described. Along with minute forms, Halprowiae formed polymorphous giant bodies with long protrusions into the inclusion cavity; there was also a separation of vesicles of the cell wall membrane. This apparently indicated a structural derangement of the cell wall in these vegetative forms of Halprowiae. On the basis of similarity of the mentioned structures detected in Halprowiae reproduction to the known morphological characteristics of the L-form bacteria a possibility of L-transformation in Halprowiae during the normal developmental cycle as a peculiar compensatory adaptation to the action of host cell is supposed.", "contents": "[Unusual small forms in the growth cycle of halprowia (chlamydia) and their possible relation to manifestations of L-transformation]. The authors carried out a comparative electron-microscopic study of the ultrastructure and the developmental cycle of 15 Halprowiae (chlamydiae) strains isolated in different pathology from man and animals. Halprowiae were cultivated in the yolk sac epithelium of the developing chick embryos and in the L-cell monolayer cultures without any special action of the antibiotics and medicines. Formation of minute round structures (\"minute forms\"), 50--120 nm in diameter, separating from the protoplast into the periplasmic space and surrounded with cytoplasmic membrane by the vegetative forms of a number of strains (MP, AP-23, 25-SM, LB-1, MyB), is described. Along with minute forms, Halprowiae formed polymorphous giant bodies with long protrusions into the inclusion cavity; there was also a separation of vesicles of the cell wall membrane. This apparently indicated a structural derangement of the cell wall in these vegetative forms of Halprowiae. On the basis of similarity of the mentioned structures detected in Halprowiae reproduction to the known morphological characteristics of the L-form bacteria a possibility of L-transformation in Halprowiae during the normal developmental cycle as a peculiar compensatory adaptation to the action of host cell is supposed.", "PMID": 857520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12210", "title": "[Cholera vibrio fractions. I. Isolation of alkaline extracts of cholera vibrios and a study of their biological properties].", "content": "The authors suggest a well-reproducible method of preparation of a biologically-active fraction of an alkaline extract of cholera vibrio from the strain 569B of Inaba serological type consisting in a preliminary triple removal of endotoxin (O-antigen) of the causative agent from the microbial cell suspension with trichloracetic acid with the subsequent extraction of the microbial mass and neutralization of the extract obtained capable of effective detection of the state of specific sensitization of the organism to cholera vibrio. Preparations of the alkaline extracts (cholera allergen) obtained were standard by chemical composition, they were characterized by a high protein content (up to 77%) and were practically nontoxic. These preparations can be used as a bacterial allergen for the experimental investigations.", "contents": "[Cholera vibrio fractions. I. Isolation of alkaline extracts of cholera vibrios and a study of their biological properties]. The authors suggest a well-reproducible method of preparation of a biologically-active fraction of an alkaline extract of cholera vibrio from the strain 569B of Inaba serological type consisting in a preliminary triple removal of endotoxin (O-antigen) of the causative agent from the microbial cell suspension with trichloracetic acid with the subsequent extraction of the microbial mass and neutralization of the extract obtained capable of effective detection of the state of specific sensitization of the organism to cholera vibrio. Preparations of the alkaline extracts (cholera allergen) obtained were standard by chemical composition, they were characterized by a high protein content (up to 77%) and were practically nontoxic. These preparations can be used as a bacterial allergen for the experimental investigations.", "PMID": 857521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12211", "title": "[Bactericidal effect of cationic proteins of cellular origin on staphylococci].", "content": "A study was made of the bactericidal action of thymus histones, histone-like substance, from the nuclei of rabbit leukocytes and lysosomal cation proteins from the same leukocyte on different staphylococcus cultures. The majority of the strains of coagulasoneagative staphylococci perished under the effect of the preparations tested; cultures forming this enzyme retained their viability, irrespective of their virulence for mice, their capacity to the lecithinase formation and to mannite fermentation. The preparations studied possessed a different bactericidal activity. It is supposed that there existed an correlation between the sensitivity of staphylococcus strains to the antimicrobial action of the leukocytic cation proteins and the index of phagocytosis completion of hese microbes.", "contents": "[Bactericidal effect of cationic proteins of cellular origin on staphylococci]. A study was made of the bactericidal action of thymus histones, histone-like substance, from the nuclei of rabbit leukocytes and lysosomal cation proteins from the same leukocyte on different staphylococcus cultures. The majority of the strains of coagulasoneagative staphylococci perished under the effect of the preparations tested; cultures forming this enzyme retained their viability, irrespective of their virulence for mice, their capacity to the lecithinase formation and to mannite fermentation. The preparations studied possessed a different bactericidal activity. It is supposed that there existed an correlation between the sensitivity of staphylococcus strains to the antimicrobial action of the leukocytic cation proteins and the index of phagocytosis completion of hese microbes.", "PMID": 857522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12212", "title": "[Immunoglobulins and their specific activity in cholera].", "content": "The authors studied the quantitative content of nonspecific immunoglobulins and antibodies of the IgG-, IgA-, and IgM-classes to the O-antigen of the cholera vibrio. There proved to be no marked dynamics of the quantitative immunoglobulins indices of various classes established at periods from the 3rd and the 18th day from the beginning of the disease in persons who sustained cholera. In persons who sustained cholera in the nonendemic focus of the disease serum antibodies were represented chiefly by the IgM-antibodies. The formation of IgA-antibodies in the persons examined differed from the regularities detected for the IgG- and IgM-classes and were characterized by rapidity and short duration. No correlation was found between the immunoglobulin levels of various classes and the serum antibody levels in case of cholera affection.", "contents": "[Immunoglobulins and their specific activity in cholera]. The authors studied the quantitative content of nonspecific immunoglobulins and antibodies of the IgG-, IgA-, and IgM-classes to the O-antigen of the cholera vibrio. There proved to be no marked dynamics of the quantitative immunoglobulins indices of various classes established at periods from the 3rd and the 18th day from the beginning of the disease in persons who sustained cholera. In persons who sustained cholera in the nonendemic focus of the disease serum antibodies were represented chiefly by the IgM-antibodies. The formation of IgA-antibodies in the persons examined differed from the regularities detected for the IgG- and IgM-classes and were characterized by rapidity and short duration. No correlation was found between the immunoglobulin levels of various classes and the serum antibody levels in case of cholera affection.", "PMID": 857523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12213", "title": "[Group-specific antibodies to meningococcus of serogroup A in different forms of meningococcal infection].", "content": "The authors present analysis of the data obtained in titration in the passive hemagglutination test of the sera obtained from 2498 persons with erythrocytes sensitized with specific polysaccharide of group A meningococcus. It appeared that in children aged under one year, even in those suffering from a generalized form of meningococcus infection, antibodies almost failed to be produced, whereas in older children the mean geometrical of the titre on the 5th-14th days of the disease constituted 1:343. The mean titres in the localized forms (nasopharyngitis and carriership) constituted 1:29.5 and 1:15.1, respectively; in the case of detection in the nasopharynx of meningococcus of group A the mean titre was 1:61. One to two months after sustaining any form of the infection the antibodies disappeared almost completely. Thus, the detected antibodies served as the indices of a recent meningococcus infection, including the asymptomatic one. From 12 to 49% of the persons with antibodies to meningococcus A in titres of 1:20 and over were found in the collective bodies in which meningitis patients were present. No antibodies were revealed in the donor sera collected in the localities with complete absence of meningitis, but in the localities with the recorded meningitis morbidity the sera contained antibodies to meningococcus of group A, the percentage varying from 1.5 to 40 depending on the epidemic curve level. A conclusion was drawn that detection in the collective bodies of over 10% of the persons reacting positively in the passive hemagglutination test with polysaccharide of group A meningococcus pointed to the threatening epidemic situation, despite the seeming welfare.", "contents": "[Group-specific antibodies to meningococcus of serogroup A in different forms of meningococcal infection]. The authors present analysis of the data obtained in titration in the passive hemagglutination test of the sera obtained from 2498 persons with erythrocytes sensitized with specific polysaccharide of group A meningococcus. It appeared that in children aged under one year, even in those suffering from a generalized form of meningococcus infection, antibodies almost failed to be produced, whereas in older children the mean geometrical of the titre on the 5th-14th days of the disease constituted 1:343. The mean titres in the localized forms (nasopharyngitis and carriership) constituted 1:29.5 and 1:15.1, respectively; in the case of detection in the nasopharynx of meningococcus of group A the mean titre was 1:61. One to two months after sustaining any form of the infection the antibodies disappeared almost completely. Thus, the detected antibodies served as the indices of a recent meningococcus infection, including the asymptomatic one. From 12 to 49% of the persons with antibodies to meningococcus A in titres of 1:20 and over were found in the collective bodies in which meningitis patients were present. No antibodies were revealed in the donor sera collected in the localities with complete absence of meningitis, but in the localities with the recorded meningitis morbidity the sera contained antibodies to meningococcus of group A, the percentage varying from 1.5 to 40 depending on the epidemic curve level. A conclusion was drawn that detection in the collective bodies of over 10% of the persons reacting positively in the passive hemagglutination test with polysaccharide of group A meningococcus pointed to the threatening epidemic situation, despite the seeming welfare.", "PMID": 857524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12214", "title": "[Comparative analysis of the clinico-constitutional and premorbid features of epilepsy in inbred and outbred families].", "content": "By means of clinico-catamnestical and anthropological methods the author examined 162 epileptic patients in the initial period (up to 5 years) and 473--in the florid period of the disease (5--24 years). The author demonstrates distinct clinical (the traits of the onset, development of the process, personality changes, invalidization), morphological (dysgenesia) and premorbid characterological and intellectual traits in patients of consanguineous and nonconsanguineous families. The results demonstrate a correlation between the fenotypical traits of epilepsy and the constitutional morphological and premorbid features. The achieved data point to the necessity of a differentiated approach to therapeutical measures and sociolabour rehabilitation in patients of consanguineous and nonconsanguineous families.", "contents": "[Comparative analysis of the clinico-constitutional and premorbid features of epilepsy in inbred and outbred families]. By means of clinico-catamnestical and anthropological methods the author examined 162 epileptic patients in the initial period (up to 5 years) and 473--in the florid period of the disease (5--24 years). The author demonstrates distinct clinical (the traits of the onset, development of the process, personality changes, invalidization), morphological (dysgenesia) and premorbid characterological and intellectual traits in patients of consanguineous and nonconsanguineous families. The results demonstrate a correlation between the fenotypical traits of epilepsy and the constitutional morphological and premorbid features. The achieved data point to the necessity of a differentiated approach to therapeutical measures and sociolabour rehabilitation in patients of consanguineous and nonconsanguineous families.", "PMID": 857525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12215", "title": "[Thomsen's myotonia (clinico-morphologic study)].", "content": "The report deals with the results of a clinico-morphological study of 14 patients with Thomsen's myotonia. The muscles obtained during biopsy were studied by electron microscopy. It was established that in patients with a mild and moderate degree of the disease the muscle fibres did not differ from normal ones. Only in patients with severe forms of the disease was it possible to detect focal changes of the myofebrillar apparatus, a moderate hypertrophy of the sacrotubular system and an enlargement in the size of the mitochondria. These changes as it is assumed, are morphological expression of the myotonic phenomenon and reflect the changed functional relationships in the link Ca-troponin-actomyosine complex.", "contents": "[Thomsen's myotonia (clinico-morphologic study)]. The report deals with the results of a clinico-morphological study of 14 patients with Thomsen's myotonia. The muscles obtained during biopsy were studied by electron microscopy. It was established that in patients with a mild and moderate degree of the disease the muscle fibres did not differ from normal ones. Only in patients with severe forms of the disease was it possible to detect focal changes of the myofebrillar apparatus, a moderate hypertrophy of the sacrotubular system and an enlargement in the size of the mitochondria. These changes as it is assumed, are morphological expression of the myotonic phenomenon and reflect the changed functional relationships in the link Ca-troponin-actomyosine complex.", "PMID": 857526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12216", "title": "[Role of genotypic and environmental factors in the origin of cerebral circulatory disorders in young persons].", "content": "The paper is concerned with the results of a comparative analysis of clinical signs in cerebral crises, strokes and other symptoms seen in 2 groups of patients younger than 45 years of age, and differing only in the presence (104 cases) or absence (108 cases) of hereditary-familial aggravation by a cardio-vascular pathology. Although in the first group of patients there was a certain tendency towards a more severe disorder of cerebral circulation, it was not possible to mark any statistically significant differences in the clinico-biochemical indices. At the same time different negative environmental influences (alcohol abuse, brain injuries, severe acute and chronic mental traumatization, frequent exacerbations of focal chronic infections of the ENT and the lungs, etc.) and a combination of 2 or 3 of them were significantly more frequently seen in patients without hereditary aggravation (34.8%) rather then with it (10.7%). A conclusion is being made that genotypical factors do not play a decisive role in the etiology of cerebral vascular disorders in young people. They only condition a lesser stability of the organism to unfavourable environmental factors and their different combinations.", "contents": "[Role of genotypic and environmental factors in the origin of cerebral circulatory disorders in young persons]. The paper is concerned with the results of a comparative analysis of clinical signs in cerebral crises, strokes and other symptoms seen in 2 groups of patients younger than 45 years of age, and differing only in the presence (104 cases) or absence (108 cases) of hereditary-familial aggravation by a cardio-vascular pathology. Although in the first group of patients there was a certain tendency towards a more severe disorder of cerebral circulation, it was not possible to mark any statistically significant differences in the clinico-biochemical indices. At the same time different negative environmental influences (alcohol abuse, brain injuries, severe acute and chronic mental traumatization, frequent exacerbations of focal chronic infections of the ENT and the lungs, etc.) and a combination of 2 or 3 of them were significantly more frequently seen in patients without hereditary aggravation (34.8%) rather then with it (10.7%). A conclusion is being made that genotypical factors do not play a decisive role in the etiology of cerebral vascular disorders in young people. They only condition a lesser stability of the organism to unfavourable environmental factors and their different combinations.", "PMID": 857527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12217", "title": "[Rheoencephalographic findings in migrainous cephalalgia and their dynamics during treatment with stugeron].", "content": "A REG study of 90 patients with migraine headaches demonstrated that a significant role in their genesis is played by regional hypertonia of cerebral vessels and phenomena of cerebral angiodystonia with a tendency towards spastic reactions rather than hypotonic. The use of stugeron for preventive treatment of migrain cephalgia was effective in 85 of the 100 treated patients and especially in those cases where there was an increased tone of the cerebral vessels according to the REG data. The most constant changes demonstrated by the REG were normalization of the vascular tone, more expressed in initial hypertone and to a less extent its influence on the cerebral blood flux (more frequently towards its increase and a decrease of hemispheric asymmetry). The authors consider it expedient to use REG methods when prescribing stugeron.", "contents": "[Rheoencephalographic findings in migrainous cephalalgia and their dynamics during treatment with stugeron]. A REG study of 90 patients with migraine headaches demonstrated that a significant role in their genesis is played by regional hypertonia of cerebral vessels and phenomena of cerebral angiodystonia with a tendency towards spastic reactions rather than hypotonic. The use of stugeron for preventive treatment of migrain cephalgia was effective in 85 of the 100 treated patients and especially in those cases where there was an increased tone of the cerebral vessels according to the REG data. The most constant changes demonstrated by the REG were normalization of the vascular tone, more expressed in initial hypertone and to a less extent its influence on the cerebral blood flux (more frequently towards its increase and a decrease of hemispheric asymmetry). The authors consider it expedient to use REG methods when prescribing stugeron.", "PMID": 857528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12218", "title": "[State of iodine metabolism in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy].", "content": "Using a radioisotope concurrent analysis the authors studied the concentration of general thyroxine (T4), the coefficient of effective thyroxine, the equivalent content of free thyroxine in the blood serum and the fixating capabilities of plasma protein in relation to T3 in patients with temporal epilepsy. The study depicted complex changes of the hormonal activity of the thyroid gland. Considering the amount of the index of free thyroxine and coefficient of effective thyroxine, the state of the thyroid gland in cases of dissociated indices was qualified as hypo-, hyper- and euthyroid (respectively in 3, 8 and 10 patients). The authors discuss the possible pathogenetical significance of changes in the hormonal activity of the thyroid gland.", "contents": "[State of iodine metabolism in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy]. Using a radioisotope concurrent analysis the authors studied the concentration of general thyroxine (T4), the coefficient of effective thyroxine, the equivalent content of free thyroxine in the blood serum and the fixating capabilities of plasma protein in relation to T3 in patients with temporal epilepsy. The study depicted complex changes of the hormonal activity of the thyroid gland. Considering the amount of the index of free thyroxine and coefficient of effective thyroxine, the state of the thyroid gland in cases of dissociated indices was qualified as hypo-, hyper- and euthyroid (respectively in 3, 8 and 10 patients). The authors discuss the possible pathogenetical significance of changes in the hormonal activity of the thyroid gland.", "PMID": 857529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12219", "title": "[Serotonin metabolism in children with different forms of oligophrenia].", "content": "The authors examined the serotonin and 5-oxyindolacetic acid content in the blood plasma and diurnal urine excretion of 5 OIAA of 37 children from 7--12 years of age with sthenic and asthenic forms of mental retardation. It was possible to show an increase of the initial serotonin and 5-OIAA level in the blood plasma of patients with the asthenic variant. In a prolonged loading with reserpine there was a disturbance of the corresponding adaptive mechanisms. It is assumed that the serotoninergic brain structures may be involved in the pathogenesis and formation of the clinical forms of oligophrenia.", "contents": "[Serotonin metabolism in children with different forms of oligophrenia]. The authors examined the serotonin and 5-oxyindolacetic acid content in the blood plasma and diurnal urine excretion of 5 OIAA of 37 children from 7--12 years of age with sthenic and asthenic forms of mental retardation. It was possible to show an increase of the initial serotonin and 5-OIAA level in the blood plasma of patients with the asthenic variant. In a prolonged loading with reserpine there was a disturbance of the corresponding adaptive mechanisms. It is assumed that the serotoninergic brain structures may be involved in the pathogenesis and formation of the clinical forms of oligophrenia.", "PMID": 857530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12220", "title": "[Characteristics of tyrosine balance and oxidation in oligophrenia of different origin].", "content": "The author conducted a study of the tyrosine balance and the urine excretion of its metabolites: paraoxyphenylpyruvic and homogentistic acid in 39 oligophrenic patients of a nontypical and of 90 with an exogenous genesis. In exogenic forms of oligophrenia the oxidation of tyrosine was characterized by hypertyrosinemia, hypertyrosinuria, a drop of paraoxyphenylpyruvic acid excretion. In genotypical oligophrenia the most typical were high indices of tyrosinemia, tyrosinuria, excretion of paraphenylpyruvic acid and homogentistic acid.", "contents": "[Characteristics of tyrosine balance and oxidation in oligophrenia of different origin]. The author conducted a study of the tyrosine balance and the urine excretion of its metabolites: paraoxyphenylpyruvic and homogentistic acid in 39 oligophrenic patients of a nontypical and of 90 with an exogenous genesis. In exogenic forms of oligophrenia the oxidation of tyrosine was characterized by hypertyrosinemia, hypertyrosinuria, a drop of paraoxyphenylpyruvic acid excretion. In genotypical oligophrenia the most typical were high indices of tyrosinemia, tyrosinuria, excretion of paraphenylpyruvic acid and homogentistic acid.", "PMID": 857531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12221", "title": "[Importance of scintigraphy in the treatment of hepatic echinococcus].", "content": "Report of 105 cases operated upon for hydatid disease of the liver. In all cases scintigraphy was performed preoperatively. The authors came to the following conclusions: 1) Scintigraphy of the liver shows in a great percentage (73%) of cases accurate localisation, dimension and number of cysts. 2) This examination is of great importance to the surageon as it enables him to choose the most appropriate approach to the cyst, reducing at the same time of spilling its content. 3) In one third of the cases in which the cyst was located under the diaphgragme the x-ray finding was negative. Particularly in that cases scintigraphy was of great help.", "contents": "[Importance of scintigraphy in the treatment of hepatic echinococcus]. Report of 105 cases operated upon for hydatid disease of the liver. In all cases scintigraphy was performed preoperatively. The authors came to the following conclusions: 1) Scintigraphy of the liver shows in a great percentage (73%) of cases accurate localisation, dimension and number of cysts. 2) This examination is of great importance to the surageon as it enables him to choose the most appropriate approach to the cyst, reducing at the same time of spilling its content. 3) In one third of the cases in which the cyst was located under the diaphgragme the x-ray finding was negative. Particularly in that cases scintigraphy was of great help.", "PMID": 857532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12222", "title": "[Surgical treatment of complications of liver echinococcosis (analysis of 20-year materials].", "content": "Analysing our twenty years' materials--394 cases, we found a high percentage of complications--79 percent. Cases of infections suppurations and calcifications due to parasites were most numerous 41 percent. Next, but surgically more interesting were cases of perforations in the abdominal cavity, then penetrations into the bile ducts, the diaphragm and the thorax, and finally cases of the gall bladder affected by the perycyst due to parasites. Solutions of several characteristic cases form every group, are presented in the paper. The conclusion drawn on the basis of our materials is that each case, while respecting the basic principles, requires its own solution.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of complications of liver echinococcosis (analysis of 20-year materials]. Analysing our twenty years' materials--394 cases, we found a high percentage of complications--79 percent. Cases of infections suppurations and calcifications due to parasites were most numerous 41 percent. Next, but surgically more interesting were cases of perforations in the abdominal cavity, then penetrations into the bile ducts, the diaphragm and the thorax, and finally cases of the gall bladder affected by the perycyst due to parasites. Solutions of several characteristic cases form every group, are presented in the paper. The conclusion drawn on the basis of our materials is that each case, while respecting the basic principles, requires its own solution.", "PMID": 857533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12223", "title": "[Anatomo-functional basis of the liver resection technique in the treatment of hepatic echinococcosis].", "content": "Hepatic resection of segments or lobes in same cases the hydatid desease of liver is necessary surgical therapy. The articl presents anatomy's bases for major hepatic resection. It's also present preoperativne care, technic of surgical therapy and postoperativ therapy. The standard liver functional testes should always be performed, in case functional insuffitiency we recomended different metods of temporary support.", "contents": "[Anatomo-functional basis of the liver resection technique in the treatment of hepatic echinococcosis]. Hepatic resection of segments or lobes in same cases the hydatid desease of liver is necessary surgical therapy. The articl presents anatomy's bases for major hepatic resection. It's also present preoperativne care, technic of surgical therapy and postoperativ therapy. The standard liver functional testes should always be performed, in case functional insuffitiency we recomended different metods of temporary support.", "PMID": 857534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12224", "title": "[Some interesting cases of pulmonary echinococcosis].", "content": "The authors had the opportunity in the interim of the past fifteen years to treat at the hospital in Zadar 277 patients suffering from hydatid disease of different body organs. The most frequently affected was the liver--56.3%, followed by the lungs--24.9% and 18.8% were other organs. Out of the 69 cases of affected lungs, the authors chose several which they considered to be most interesting. These consisted of: 1. A fistula between the cyst in the liver and the right lung. 2. A syndrome of the middle lung lobe caused by the hydatid cyst. 3. The Cumbo's symptom following a perforated lung cyst as a definite sign of hydatid cyst. 4. A hydatid cyst in a two years old child complicated with pneumothorax, peripnemocyst and perforation of the cyst itself in the bronchus. And finally 6. The case of a primary liver cyst which perforated in the vena cava caudalis with secondary dissemination in both lungs.", "contents": "[Some interesting cases of pulmonary echinococcosis]. The authors had the opportunity in the interim of the past fifteen years to treat at the hospital in Zadar 277 patients suffering from hydatid disease of different body organs. The most frequently affected was the liver--56.3%, followed by the lungs--24.9% and 18.8% were other organs. Out of the 69 cases of affected lungs, the authors chose several which they considered to be most interesting. These consisted of: 1. A fistula between the cyst in the liver and the right lung. 2. A syndrome of the middle lung lobe caused by the hydatid cyst. 3. The Cumbo's symptom following a perforated lung cyst as a definite sign of hydatid cyst. 4. A hydatid cyst in a two years old child complicated with pneumothorax, peripnemocyst and perforation of the cyst itself in the bronchus. And finally 6. The case of a primary liver cyst which perforated in the vena cava caudalis with secondary dissemination in both lungs.", "PMID": 857535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12225", "title": "[Echinococcosis of the bone system].", "content": "In the above exposition the basic characteristics of bone localization of echinococcus have been shown specially stressing its specific shape of exogen growth, its malign course, bad prognosis, long asymptomatic course, then diagnostic and differential diagnostic difficulties. We specially stress surgical problems, the value of radical surgery whin possible. Our three cases of echinococcus of the ribs prove the validity of radical surgery. Although we are most often forced to have steady palliative interventions we wished to stress their importance. From the above mentioned cases it is clear that they rarely lead to complete cure or to long remissionss which prolong and make easier patient's life. As far as the psyche of the patient is concerned it gives the patient hope for recovery, and the surgeon the power for endurance and patience.", "contents": "[Echinococcosis of the bone system]. In the above exposition the basic characteristics of bone localization of echinococcus have been shown specially stressing its specific shape of exogen growth, its malign course, bad prognosis, long asymptomatic course, then diagnostic and differential diagnostic difficulties. We specially stress surgical problems, the value of radical surgery whin possible. Our three cases of echinococcus of the ribs prove the validity of radical surgery. Although we are most often forced to have steady palliative interventions we wished to stress their importance. From the above mentioned cases it is clear that they rarely lead to complete cure or to long remissionss which prolong and make easier patient's life. As far as the psyche of the patient is concerned it gives the patient hope for recovery, and the surgeon the power for endurance and patience.", "PMID": 857536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12226", "title": "[Renal echinococcus].", "content": "Incidence of renal hydatid cyst is rare and its diagnosis should be made with the utmost care and after subjecting the patient to intensive investigations to exclude other pathologies. Because of the rarity of the disease and because of the clinical similarity with other surgical lesions affecting the kidney, mainly renal tumours and simple renal cysts, the authors are encouraged to record thirty-nine cases of renal hydatid cysts. The value of investigations as aids in the diagnosis has been discussed. The direct consequence of uncertain diagnosis is the risk of performing unwarranted ablative surgery, whereas conservative treatment is currently advocated by the majority of investigators. We followed the policy of saving as much renal tissue in each case, and we obtained results that encourage us to believe that nephrectomy for renal hydatidosis can be avoided in a great many cases with complete therapeutic success. With the exception of cystectomy and marsupialisation--which is recommended as a lifesaving procedure, the method of our choice consisted of a partial pericystectomy, i.e. resection of the pericystium exteriorized until it was flush with the renal parenchyma.", "contents": "[Renal echinococcus]. Incidence of renal hydatid cyst is rare and its diagnosis should be made with the utmost care and after subjecting the patient to intensive investigations to exclude other pathologies. Because of the rarity of the disease and because of the clinical similarity with other surgical lesions affecting the kidney, mainly renal tumours and simple renal cysts, the authors are encouraged to record thirty-nine cases of renal hydatid cysts. The value of investigations as aids in the diagnosis has been discussed. The direct consequence of uncertain diagnosis is the risk of performing unwarranted ablative surgery, whereas conservative treatment is currently advocated by the majority of investigators. We followed the policy of saving as much renal tissue in each case, and we obtained results that encourage us to believe that nephrectomy for renal hydatidosis can be avoided in a great many cases with complete therapeutic success. With the exception of cystectomy and marsupialisation--which is recommended as a lifesaving procedure, the method of our choice consisted of a partial pericystectomy, i.e. resection of the pericystium exteriorized until it was flush with the renal parenchyma.", "PMID": 857537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12227", "title": "[Dumping syndrome after selective vagotomy and pyloroplasty].", "content": "We have analysed the late complications (3--6 years after the operation) in 48 patients we treated by selective vagotomy and pyloroplasty because of duodenal ulcer. Authors have encountered six patients with so severe postoperative dumping syndrome that revison surgery has been performed. By reoperation there was no evidence of peptic disease but gastroduodenitis. After additional antrectomy dumping symptoms disappeared in all but one patient and radiologically the rate of test meal emptying of the stomach was reduced.", "contents": "[Dumping syndrome after selective vagotomy and pyloroplasty]. We have analysed the late complications (3--6 years after the operation) in 48 patients we treated by selective vagotomy and pyloroplasty because of duodenal ulcer. Authors have encountered six patients with so severe postoperative dumping syndrome that revison surgery has been performed. By reoperation there was no evidence of peptic disease but gastroduodenitis. After additional antrectomy dumping symptoms disappeared in all but one patient and radiologically the rate of test meal emptying of the stomach was reduced.", "PMID": 857538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12228", "title": "[Mediastinal pancreatic pseudocyst].", "content": "This article presents a case of pseudocyst of the pancreas, clinically manifested as a benign tumor of the mediastinum. The cyst had spread from the retroperitoneum into the posterior lower mediastinum behind the oesophagus. The diagnosis was proved by the histological examination of the Wall and by analysis of amylase of the cyst contents, for the intraoperatively discovered cyst of the pancreas, the wide drainage into the pleural cavity has been an effective procedure. According to the data of the literature the mediastinal location of the pseudocyst of the pancreas is very rare.", "contents": "[Mediastinal pancreatic pseudocyst]. This article presents a case of pseudocyst of the pancreas, clinically manifested as a benign tumor of the mediastinum. The cyst had spread from the retroperitoneum into the posterior lower mediastinum behind the oesophagus. The diagnosis was proved by the histological examination of the Wall and by analysis of amylase of the cyst contents, for the intraoperatively discovered cyst of the pancreas, the wide drainage into the pleural cavity has been an effective procedure. According to the data of the literature the mediastinal location of the pseudocyst of the pancreas is very rare.", "PMID": 857539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12229", "title": "[Pancreatic pseudocysts and cysts treated during the last 10 years].", "content": "In the period from 1965 to 1975, in our department were treated ten pseudocysts and cysts of the pancreas. All of them, except two, were operated. Operation was performed in eight patients (external drainage 2 cases, internal drainage 5 cases and excision in 1 selected case), and in two patients occured spontaneous regression. Diagnostic problems, review of treatment and postoperative results were taken into consideration. The most satisfactory results of treatment of uncomplicated pseudocysts have been obtained by internal drainage.", "contents": "[Pancreatic pseudocysts and cysts treated during the last 10 years]. In the period from 1965 to 1975, in our department were treated ten pseudocysts and cysts of the pancreas. All of them, except two, were operated. Operation was performed in eight patients (external drainage 2 cases, internal drainage 5 cases and excision in 1 selected case), and in two patients occured spontaneous regression. Diagnostic problems, review of treatment and postoperative results were taken into consideration. The most satisfactory results of treatment of uncomplicated pseudocysts have been obtained by internal drainage.", "PMID": 857540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12230", "title": "[Unusual diseases which may create the picture of acute appendicitis].", "content": "Five specialy interesting cases operated under the clinical picture of acute appendicitis have been described by authors. Another completely different disease have been found during the operation, which required spread surgical treatment combined with blood transfusion even if we didn't identified the blood group. For this reason you have to pay attention while making a final diagnosis because the mistakes are very common, about 25% in out patient department while 1--3% in clinical conditions.", "contents": "[Unusual diseases which may create the picture of acute appendicitis]. Five specialy interesting cases operated under the clinical picture of acute appendicitis have been described by authors. Another completely different disease have been found during the operation, which required spread surgical treatment combined with blood transfusion even if we didn't identified the blood group. For this reason you have to pay attention while making a final diagnosis because the mistakes are very common, about 25% in out patient department while 1--3% in clinical conditions.", "PMID": 857541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12231", "title": "[Is an early diagnosis of neoplastic processes of the rectum possible?].", "content": "The better operative results and lasting cure of malignant tumors can be ascribed to early detection rather than to the improvement of surgical techniques. In the cancer of the breast and gynecological carcinoma the importance of early detection has been more emphasized than in cancers of other location. On a total of 5210 rectoscopies performed the authors detected 285 malignant tumors of the rectum. On the average the diagnosis was made 9 months after the appearance of the first symptoms. In 74% of cases the tumors were detected already by the digital examination, while in 46.9% of the rest of the patients inoperable carcinoma was involved. By obligatory digital examination in all cases of \"hemorrhoidal\" complaints and additional rectoscopy neoplasms of the rectum can be detected at an early time and more patients can be afforded lasting cure.", "contents": "[Is an early diagnosis of neoplastic processes of the rectum possible?]. The better operative results and lasting cure of malignant tumors can be ascribed to early detection rather than to the improvement of surgical techniques. In the cancer of the breast and gynecological carcinoma the importance of early detection has been more emphasized than in cancers of other location. On a total of 5210 rectoscopies performed the authors detected 285 malignant tumors of the rectum. On the average the diagnosis was made 9 months after the appearance of the first symptoms. In 74% of cases the tumors were detected already by the digital examination, while in 46.9% of the rest of the patients inoperable carcinoma was involved. By obligatory digital examination in all cases of \"hemorrhoidal\" complaints and additional rectoscopy neoplasms of the rectum can be detected at an early time and more patients can be afforded lasting cure.", "PMID": 857542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12232", "title": "[Surgical problems of acute cholangio-pancreatitis in man and in experiment].", "content": "The article tried to find a relationship between billiary tract disease and pancreatitis. Reflux of duodenal contents into the pancreatic duct is the mechanism responsible for activation of pancreatic enzymes. They cause a varying degree of vascular damage and leading to changes from oedema to frank infraction. If this view of pathogenesis is correct it should also explain the relationship between pancreatitis and known aetiological factors.", "contents": "[Surgical problems of acute cholangio-pancreatitis in man and in experiment]. The article tried to find a relationship between billiary tract disease and pancreatitis. Reflux of duodenal contents into the pancreatic duct is the mechanism responsible for activation of pancreatic enzymes. They cause a varying degree of vascular damage and leading to changes from oedema to frank infraction. If this view of pathogenesis is correct it should also explain the relationship between pancreatitis and known aetiological factors.", "PMID": 857543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12233", "title": "[Hurthle's tumor of the thyroid gland].", "content": "Refering to last five years experiance in treatment 12 cases of the H\u00fcrthle--cell adenomas and one case of H\u00fcrthle--cell carcinoma, the author describes characteristics, diagnosis, treatment and aspecialy pathohystological picture of H\u00fcrthle--cell toumors of thyroid gland. This material from Surgical clinec Rebro in Zagreb is interesting because of distinction of this toumors, theirs hormonal and metabolic activity, especialy a difference between benign adenoma and malignant carcinoma, in regard of clinical and patohystological aspect of H\u00fcrthle--cell toumors. On base of this resaults the operative treatment was performed. Preoperative diagnosis was made with rely hight rate of security, using punction, scintigraphy and clinical observation. At the adenomas subtotal resection, but at the carcinoma total thyreoidectomy was performed.", "contents": "[Hurthle's tumor of the thyroid gland]. Refering to last five years experiance in treatment 12 cases of the H\u00fcrthle--cell adenomas and one case of H\u00fcrthle--cell carcinoma, the author describes characteristics, diagnosis, treatment and aspecialy pathohystological picture of H\u00fcrthle--cell toumors of thyroid gland. This material from Surgical clinec Rebro in Zagreb is interesting because of distinction of this toumors, theirs hormonal and metabolic activity, especialy a difference between benign adenoma and malignant carcinoma, in regard of clinical and patohystological aspect of H\u00fcrthle--cell toumors. On base of this resaults the operative treatment was performed. Preoperative diagnosis was made with rely hight rate of security, using punction, scintigraphy and clinical observation. At the adenomas subtotal resection, but at the carcinoma total thyreoidectomy was performed.", "PMID": 857544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12234", "title": "[Fracture and pseudoarthrosis of the scafoid bone].", "content": "Individuality, which is so expressed in medicine has found as well its application in fractures and pseudoarthroses of scaphoid bone. In the treatment of fracture and pseudoarthrosis of scaphoid bone in each case, patient's occupation, age, body constitution, intensity of pains, functional status of fist and extent of osteonecrotic changes should be considered. In our work we have obtained the best results in \"early\" pseudoarthrosis by surgical treatment according to Matti-u and Russe-u and in the \"late\" ones by the method of complete extirpation of necrotic scaphoid. As fist and wrist-joint are very mobile, the slightest fist injury can provoke difficult functional disturbances. Therefore, during the treatment of fracture and pseudoarthrosis of scaphoid bone, a special attention should be paid to the consequences, which in these cases should be minimal.", "contents": "[Fracture and pseudoarthrosis of the scafoid bone]. Individuality, which is so expressed in medicine has found as well its application in fractures and pseudoarthroses of scaphoid bone. In the treatment of fracture and pseudoarthrosis of scaphoid bone in each case, patient's occupation, age, body constitution, intensity of pains, functional status of fist and extent of osteonecrotic changes should be considered. In our work we have obtained the best results in \"early\" pseudoarthrosis by surgical treatment according to Matti-u and Russe-u and in the \"late\" ones by the method of complete extirpation of necrotic scaphoid. As fist and wrist-joint are very mobile, the slightest fist injury can provoke difficult functional disturbances. Therefore, during the treatment of fracture and pseudoarthrosis of scaphoid bone, a special attention should be paid to the consequences, which in these cases should be minimal.", "PMID": 857545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12235", "title": "[Indication and surgical treatment of elbow fractures].", "content": "The authors give a report of own cases and operative indication they have applied. There are pointed up the fractures in children where minimal operative surgery has advantage comparing to exact and rigid fixation. By adolescent the main attention is payed to save the articulation surface and to restore function of the joint trying to connect that all to rigid fixation. Abundant alenthesis with large devastation of soft tissue is not desirable because it is in collision with the later joint function.--The problem of early rehabilitation is discussed giving advantage to autorehabilitation.", "contents": "[Indication and surgical treatment of elbow fractures]. The authors give a report of own cases and operative indication they have applied. There are pointed up the fractures in children where minimal operative surgery has advantage comparing to exact and rigid fixation. By adolescent the main attention is payed to save the articulation surface and to restore function of the joint trying to connect that all to rigid fixation. Abundant alenthesis with large devastation of soft tissue is not desirable because it is in collision with the later joint function.--The problem of early rehabilitation is discussed giving advantage to autorehabilitation.", "PMID": 857546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12236", "title": "[Surgical treatment of forearm fractures].", "content": "Ten years of experience and the results of therapy in fractures of forearm bones are presented. Conservative therapy as the majority of surgical methods requires immobilization that results in lately started rehabilitation and because of that in bad functional result too. The development of pseudoarthrosis after these treatments is not rare. By the application of compressive osteosynthesis, negative aspects of other methods are decline, immobilization is not necessary and early rehabilitation enables quicker and complete efficiency of the injured extremity.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of forearm fractures]. Ten years of experience and the results of therapy in fractures of forearm bones are presented. Conservative therapy as the majority of surgical methods requires immobilization that results in lately started rehabilitation and because of that in bad functional result too. The development of pseudoarthrosis after these treatments is not rare. By the application of compressive osteosynthesis, negative aspects of other methods are decline, immobilization is not necessary and early rehabilitation enables quicker and complete efficiency of the injured extremity.", "PMID": 857547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12237", "title": "[Surgical procedure in the treatment of pertrochanteric fractures].", "content": "The authors discuss the problem of treatment of pretrochanteric fractures and emphasize that this type of fracture generally heals well and that it is characterized by fast callus formation. Conservative therapy in coxofemoral plaster often leads to serious complications and has a high mortality rate. Lasting extension according to Russel demands a long hospitalization period and significantly diminishes the number of surgical beds available. Surgical therapy has several advantages: it has far fewer complications and a mortality rate which is only about half as great as in conservative therapy. The authors evaluate their results obtained in 120 cases of pertrochanteric fractures treated surgically as satisfactory. In 106 cases osteosynthesis according to the AO technique and in the remaining 16 cases osteosynthesis using 3 to 4 Kirschner wires percutaneously were performed.", "contents": "[Surgical procedure in the treatment of pertrochanteric fractures]. The authors discuss the problem of treatment of pretrochanteric fractures and emphasize that this type of fracture generally heals well and that it is characterized by fast callus formation. Conservative therapy in coxofemoral plaster often leads to serious complications and has a high mortality rate. Lasting extension according to Russel demands a long hospitalization period and significantly diminishes the number of surgical beds available. Surgical therapy has several advantages: it has far fewer complications and a mortality rate which is only about half as great as in conservative therapy. The authors evaluate their results obtained in 120 cases of pertrochanteric fractures treated surgically as satisfactory. In 106 cases osteosynthesis according to the AO technique and in the remaining 16 cases osteosynthesis using 3 to 4 Kirschner wires percutaneously were performed.", "PMID": 857548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12238", "title": "[Our experiences with total hip prosthesis model \"St. George\"].", "content": "The advantages of the total prosthesis of the hip in the treatment of some degenerative diseases and single traumatic impairments of the hip are described, and the main characteristics of the St. Georg model total prosthesis of the hip are discussed. The results obtained in 92 cases of total prosthesis of the hip have been satisfactory. Special attention has been paid to measures for the prevention of infections. Among the patients treated only one developed infection. The author points to the fact that it is possible to replace an infected prosthesis and achieve complete cure by using bone cement mixed with an antibiotic. The functional results obtained are good: pain is either completely relived, or significantly diminished on walking and movement. During the author's five-year experience signs of wear of the prosthesis have not been recorded in any case.", "contents": "[Our experiences with total hip prosthesis model \"St. George\"]. The advantages of the total prosthesis of the hip in the treatment of some degenerative diseases and single traumatic impairments of the hip are described, and the main characteristics of the St. Georg model total prosthesis of the hip are discussed. The results obtained in 92 cases of total prosthesis of the hip have been satisfactory. Special attention has been paid to measures for the prevention of infections. Among the patients treated only one developed infection. The author points to the fact that it is possible to replace an infected prosthesis and achieve complete cure by using bone cement mixed with an antibiotic. The functional results obtained are good: pain is either completely relived, or significantly diminished on walking and movement. During the author's five-year experience signs of wear of the prosthesis have not been recorded in any case.", "PMID": 857549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12239", "title": "[Use of K\u00fcntscher's distractor].", "content": "Kuntscher's distractor is very simply constructed apparatus with a great power of traction, by which remarkable dislocations of shortening of extremity bone fragments can be gradually corrected. It is applied in acute and especially in not correctly grown fractures with shortening and in pseudoarthrosis. By that, closed osteosynthesis according to K\u00fcntscher is enabled, and side dislocation of hyperdistended fragments is slightly corrected during the treatment. We have distractor successfully applied in 12 patients with not correctly grown bone fractures, in pseudoarthrosis, and we did a stable osteosynthesis too. It has been usefully applied in contusions of extremities, draining according to Willeneger.", "contents": "[Use of K\u00fcntscher's distractor]. Kuntscher's distractor is very simply constructed apparatus with a great power of traction, by which remarkable dislocations of shortening of extremity bone fragments can be gradually corrected. It is applied in acute and especially in not correctly grown fractures with shortening and in pseudoarthrosis. By that, closed osteosynthesis according to K\u00fcntscher is enabled, and side dislocation of hyperdistended fragments is slightly corrected during the treatment. We have distractor successfully applied in 12 patients with not correctly grown bone fractures, in pseudoarthrosis, and we did a stable osteosynthesis too. It has been usefully applied in contusions of extremities, draining according to Willeneger.", "PMID": 857550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12240", "title": "[Use of palacos in osteosynthesis for the connection of fragments (combined internal fixation)].", "content": "Internal fixations have become a frequent approach in surgery due to the profound studies dealing with biomechanical details of fractures and quality of metal devices. In the beginning, it seemed practically possible to manage easily, almost all the fractures by using various internal fixation devices excluding, naturally, those which have retained or shall retain probably some indications of further cure by closed methods. Moreover, certain doubts remain still open, particularly for the reason whether all internal fixations have been sufficiently rigid and if so, shall it be indispensable to count on the introduction of additional materials in order to strenghten these fractures. The outcome of the daily practice 1rd traumatho to approach the use of the bone cement, initially to help the fixation of new joints. Later the use of the bone cement was applied for the shaft and pathological fractures in combination with autogenous cancellous bone. Thus, the new notion was borne in traumathology which in the form of combined internal fixation has become a familiar term throughout the professional literature. Cases of the experience gained and this particular approache in surgery will be a subject of the report.", "contents": "[Use of palacos in osteosynthesis for the connection of fragments (combined internal fixation)]. Internal fixations have become a frequent approach in surgery due to the profound studies dealing with biomechanical details of fractures and quality of metal devices. In the beginning, it seemed practically possible to manage easily, almost all the fractures by using various internal fixation devices excluding, naturally, those which have retained or shall retain probably some indications of further cure by closed methods. Moreover, certain doubts remain still open, particularly for the reason whether all internal fixations have been sufficiently rigid and if so, shall it be indispensable to count on the introduction of additional materials in order to strenghten these fractures. The outcome of the daily practice 1rd traumatho to approach the use of the bone cement, initially to help the fixation of new joints. Later the use of the bone cement was applied for the shaft and pathological fractures in combination with autogenous cancellous bone. Thus, the new notion was borne in traumathology which in the form of combined internal fixation has become a familiar term throughout the professional literature. Cases of the experience gained and this particular approache in surgery will be a subject of the report.", "PMID": 857551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12241", "title": "[Metabolic disorders and current treatment of the surgical patient with pancreatitis].", "content": "Very frequently in acute and chronic pancreatitis, the surgical treatment is indispensable. The disease itself is accompanied by metabolic disturbances, protein deficiency, hepatic lesion, by diabetes and malabsorption syndrome. Following the laboratory parameters we were able to perform partial or total hyperalimentation, correction of acid-base dis-equilibrium and to obtain the positive nitrogen balance, and in this way keep the patients in optimal conditions pre- and postoperatively.", "contents": "[Metabolic disorders and current treatment of the surgical patient with pancreatitis]. Very frequently in acute and chronic pancreatitis, the surgical treatment is indispensable. The disease itself is accompanied by metabolic disturbances, protein deficiency, hepatic lesion, by diabetes and malabsorption syndrome. Following the laboratory parameters we were able to perform partial or total hyperalimentation, correction of acid-base dis-equilibrium and to obtain the positive nitrogen balance, and in this way keep the patients in optimal conditions pre- and postoperatively.", "PMID": 857552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12242", "title": "Surgical treatment of aorto-iliac atherosclerosis.", "content": "216 limbs in 180 patients were operated upon for aorto-iliac atherosclerosis during the period of 1967 to 1974. 45% were operated on for rest-pain or gangrene, while 55% had intermittent claudication. Four year patency following semi-closed end-arterectomy was 85% whereas 83% and 74% 4 year patencies were observed after open endarterectomy and synthetic by-pass grafting. However, synthetic by-pass grafts were used in patients with the most extensive atherosclerosis. Femoro-femoral and axillo-femoral subcutaneous by-pass grafts may be useful alternatives when contraindication exists against direct reconstruction of the aorta or the iliac arteries. The operative mortality was 6.7%. Eleven patients were reoperated for bleeding and 10 for early reocclusion. A good result was obtained in 14 of these cases. The indications for the different operative techniques are discussed. It is concluded that both prosthetic by-pass grafting and endarterectomy have a definite place in the treatment of aorto-iliac atherosclerosis.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of aorto-iliac atherosclerosis. 216 limbs in 180 patients were operated upon for aorto-iliac atherosclerosis during the period of 1967 to 1974. 45% were operated on for rest-pain or gangrene, while 55% had intermittent claudication. Four year patency following semi-closed end-arterectomy was 85% whereas 83% and 74% 4 year patencies were observed after open endarterectomy and synthetic by-pass grafting. However, synthetic by-pass grafts were used in patients with the most extensive atherosclerosis. Femoro-femoral and axillo-femoral subcutaneous by-pass grafts may be useful alternatives when contraindication exists against direct reconstruction of the aorta or the iliac arteries. The operative mortality was 6.7%. Eleven patients were reoperated for bleeding and 10 for early reocclusion. A good result was obtained in 14 of these cases. The indications for the different operative techniques are discussed. It is concluded that both prosthetic by-pass grafting and endarterectomy have a definite place in the treatment of aorto-iliac atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 857553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12243", "title": "Endarterectomy for femoro-popliteal atherosclerosis.", "content": "303 limbs in 270 patients were operated by endarterectomy for femoro-popliteal atherosclerosis from January 1967 to April 1975. 236 reconstructions were carried out as semi-closed endarterectomy. Sixty-seven open endarterectomies were performed during the same period. In the 2 groups 37% and 33% respectively of the patients were treated for rest-pain and distal gangrene. The remaining patients had intermittent claudication as the main symptom. The operative mortality of the two groups were 2.5% and 4.5% respectively. Although the early results were encouraging, the long-term patency following semi-closed endarterectomy was significantly lower than after saphenous vein by-pass. Open endarterectomies had the same 5-year patency as vein by-pass grafts. This may at least partly be due to case selection, since open endarterectomy was mainly used for short obstructions in limbs with good run-off. Even if fair results may be obtained when semi-closed endarterectomy is performed between 2 arteriotomies above the knee in limbs with good run off, we recommend this method only to be used in cases with insufficient vein for by-pass grafting and sometimes for the treatment of short obstructions of the superficial femoral artery. Since the choice of operative method often has to be done during operation, familiarity with both methods is necessary.", "contents": "Endarterectomy for femoro-popliteal atherosclerosis. 303 limbs in 270 patients were operated by endarterectomy for femoro-popliteal atherosclerosis from January 1967 to April 1975. 236 reconstructions were carried out as semi-closed endarterectomy. Sixty-seven open endarterectomies were performed during the same period. In the 2 groups 37% and 33% respectively of the patients were treated for rest-pain and distal gangrene. The remaining patients had intermittent claudication as the main symptom. The operative mortality of the two groups were 2.5% and 4.5% respectively. Although the early results were encouraging, the long-term patency following semi-closed endarterectomy was significantly lower than after saphenous vein by-pass. Open endarterectomies had the same 5-year patency as vein by-pass grafts. This may at least partly be due to case selection, since open endarterectomy was mainly used for short obstructions in limbs with good run-off. Even if fair results may be obtained when semi-closed endarterectomy is performed between 2 arteriotomies above the knee in limbs with good run off, we recommend this method only to be used in cases with insufficient vein for by-pass grafting and sometimes for the treatment of short obstructions of the superficial femoral artery. Since the choice of operative method often has to be done during operation, familiarity with both methods is necessary.", "PMID": 857554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12244", "title": "Local complications following surgical treatment of lower limb atherosclerosis.", "content": "654 arterial reconstructions for lower limb atherosclerosis were performed during the period January 1967-April 1975. Ten significant infections were seen in the material. Necrosis of the wound edges was observed in 20 limbs. Marked oedema was noticed in 148 limbs, most after femoro-popliteal repair. Forty-two early reocclusions (6.4%) and 39 haemorrhagic complications (5.9%) were observed. About 2/3 of these cases were successfully reoperated with reestablished circulation. Immediate exploration of the reconstructed arterial segment is therefore justified when such complications occur in the early postoperative period. Most early reocclusions were due to insufficient endarterectomy, mostly performed by ringstripping. Ringstripping between two arteriotomies and a better intraoperative control of the endarterectomized arterial segment might have prevented some of these reocclusions. When bleeding occurred in the early postoperative phase local repair was usually successful. Haemorrhage occurring later in the postoperative period had a poorer outcome. As they are often related to infection, such cases should be treated by ligation of the artery and a by-pass through an uninvolved area if the limb is threatened.", "contents": "Local complications following surgical treatment of lower limb atherosclerosis. 654 arterial reconstructions for lower limb atherosclerosis were performed during the period January 1967-April 1975. Ten significant infections were seen in the material. Necrosis of the wound edges was observed in 20 limbs. Marked oedema was noticed in 148 limbs, most after femoro-popliteal repair. Forty-two early reocclusions (6.4%) and 39 haemorrhagic complications (5.9%) were observed. About 2/3 of these cases were successfully reoperated with reestablished circulation. Immediate exploration of the reconstructed arterial segment is therefore justified when such complications occur in the early postoperative period. Most early reocclusions were due to insufficient endarterectomy, mostly performed by ringstripping. Ringstripping between two arteriotomies and a better intraoperative control of the endarterectomized arterial segment might have prevented some of these reocclusions. When bleeding occurred in the early postoperative phase local repair was usually successful. Haemorrhage occurring later in the postoperative period had a poorer outcome. As they are often related to infection, such cases should be treated by ligation of the artery and a by-pass through an uninvolved area if the limb is threatened.", "PMID": 857555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12245", "title": "Trauma to the liver: twelve years experience.", "content": "54 patients operated upon for liver injuries are reported. Hemoperitoneum, estimated blood loss and transfusions given in volumes more than 4 000 ml, and four or more associated injuries, worsened the prognosis markedly. It is also important to make a careful search for possible associated injuries at the operation for liver trauma, in order to decrease mortality and morbidity.", "contents": "Trauma to the liver: twelve years experience. 54 patients operated upon for liver injuries are reported. Hemoperitoneum, estimated blood loss and transfusions given in volumes more than 4 000 ml, and four or more associated injuries, worsened the prognosis markedly. It is also important to make a careful search for possible associated injuries at the operation for liver trauma, in order to decrease mortality and morbidity.", "PMID": 857556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12246", "title": "Endoscopic papillotomy (EPT) with removal of common bile duct stones.", "content": "Endoscopic papillotomy with removal of common bile duct stones was successfully performed in 14 patients. In 11 patients stones were found after cholecystectomy. In the remaining 3 patients there was a high operative risk. No serious complications occurred. Consequently the removal of choledocholithiasis by endoscopic papillotomy is an alternative to traditional treatment.", "contents": "Endoscopic papillotomy (EPT) with removal of common bile duct stones. Endoscopic papillotomy with removal of common bile duct stones was successfully performed in 14 patients. In 11 patients stones were found after cholecystectomy. In the remaining 3 patients there was a high operative risk. No serious complications occurred. Consequently the removal of choledocholithiasis by endoscopic papillotomy is an alternative to traditional treatment.", "PMID": 857557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12247", "title": "Acute effects of truncal vagotomy on gastric wall tissue gases in the dog.", "content": "Acute effects of truncal vagotomy on gastric wall tissue gases were studied in the dog by means of implanted Silastic tonometers. It was concluded that vagal denervation produces a significant fall of tissue PO2 in both corpus and antrum. Simultaneously, corpus PCO2 markedly decreases whereas antral PCO2 remains unchanged. The findings may be explained by a dual mechanism: reduced gastric blood flow and decreased metabolic activity in the parietal cell area. It is possible that reduction in CO2 accumulation decreases the supply of carbonic acid to the anhydrase system, thereby reducing the formation of hydrogen ions for acid production.", "contents": "Acute effects of truncal vagotomy on gastric wall tissue gases in the dog. Acute effects of truncal vagotomy on gastric wall tissue gases were studied in the dog by means of implanted Silastic tonometers. It was concluded that vagal denervation produces a significant fall of tissue PO2 in both corpus and antrum. Simultaneously, corpus PCO2 markedly decreases whereas antral PCO2 remains unchanged. The findings may be explained by a dual mechanism: reduced gastric blood flow and decreased metabolic activity in the parietal cell area. It is possible that reduction in CO2 accumulation decreases the supply of carbonic acid to the anhydrase system, thereby reducing the formation of hydrogen ions for acid production.", "PMID": 857558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12248", "title": "Enkephalins inhibit intestinal motility: mode of action.", "content": "In the guinea pig isolated terminal ileum the opioid pentapeptides, methionine-enkephalin and leucine-enkephalin, dose-dependently inhibit contractile responses induced by electrical field stimulation releasing endogenous acetylcholine, and by specific noncholinergic compounds including histamine, barium chloride, and beta-acetyl-digoxin. Tissue levels of cAMP and cGMP remain unchanged. We conclude that enkephalins exert their effects by a direct action at or within the muscle cell and may play a physiological role in the local control of the gut smooth muscle motility.", "contents": "Enkephalins inhibit intestinal motility: mode of action. In the guinea pig isolated terminal ileum the opioid pentapeptides, methionine-enkephalin and leucine-enkephalin, dose-dependently inhibit contractile responses induced by electrical field stimulation releasing endogenous acetylcholine, and by specific noncholinergic compounds including histamine, barium chloride, and beta-acetyl-digoxin. Tissue levels of cAMP and cGMP remain unchanged. We conclude that enkephalins exert their effects by a direct action at or within the muscle cell and may play a physiological role in the local control of the gut smooth muscle motility.", "PMID": 857559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12249", "title": "Significance of endotoxaemia in experimental \"galactosamine-hepatitis\" in the rat.", "content": "The course of galactosamine hepatitis induced by 1.0 g/kg i.p. injected galactosamine (Ga1N) was investigated a sequential study in normal rats, in colectomized rats, and in rats being endotoxin resistent against both exogenous and endogenous endotoxin. Clinical symptoms of Ga1N-hepatitis such as pyrogen reaction, disseminated intravascular coagulation, arterial hypotension, and hypoglycaemia correlated significantly with the development of endotoxaemia, which was detected by means of the limulus gelation test (L.G.T.) Ga1N refractoriness was found after colectomy, a situation, in which gram negative bacterias and their endotoxins were eliminated. Ga1N refractoriness was also observed in case of endotoxin resistence. It is concluded that endotoxins contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of \"Ga1N-hepatitis\" and its clinical symptoms.", "contents": "Significance of endotoxaemia in experimental \"galactosamine-hepatitis\" in the rat. The course of galactosamine hepatitis induced by 1.0 g/kg i.p. injected galactosamine (Ga1N) was investigated a sequential study in normal rats, in colectomized rats, and in rats being endotoxin resistent against both exogenous and endogenous endotoxin. Clinical symptoms of Ga1N-hepatitis such as pyrogen reaction, disseminated intravascular coagulation, arterial hypotension, and hypoglycaemia correlated significantly with the development of endotoxaemia, which was detected by means of the limulus gelation test (L.G.T.) Ga1N refractoriness was found after colectomy, a situation, in which gram negative bacterias and their endotoxins were eliminated. Ga1N refractoriness was also observed in case of endotoxin resistence. It is concluded that endotoxins contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of \"Ga1N-hepatitis\" and its clinical symptoms.", "PMID": 857560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12250", "title": "Wound healing and complications of the liver after percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography.", "content": "A total of 10 autopsy cases who had received percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) were examed and analysed from the view point of chronological changes of hepatic damage caused by the puncture. The conclusion obtained on the process of simple healing can be summarized as follows: (1) Hemocoagulation or hematoma formation on the hepatic surface and intra-peritoneal hemorrhage were seen until the 7th day after PTC but not in cases of the 13th day or later, while the scar of puncture was recognizable on the hepatic capsule in cases of up to the 16th day but was not remaining in ones of the 41st day and later. (2) Damage of the hepatic parenchyma was existing until the 7th day, which, however, was repaired by the 13th day. (3) Intra-hepatic hematoma was seen until the 13th day but faded away thereafter. Namely, intrahepatic trauma caused by PTC seems to be completely cured without leaving any scar in about a half month. However, the puncture trace on the diaphragm was seen in one case of the 42nd day after PTC examination, therefore the nature of diaphragmatic trauma seems to be somewhat different from that of the liver, including its capsule. Besides, discussions are also made on some hepatic complications caused by PTC, as well as on clinical significance of this kind of pathomorphological study.", "contents": "Wound healing and complications of the liver after percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. A total of 10 autopsy cases who had received percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) were examed and analysed from the view point of chronological changes of hepatic damage caused by the puncture. The conclusion obtained on the process of simple healing can be summarized as follows: (1) Hemocoagulation or hematoma formation on the hepatic surface and intra-peritoneal hemorrhage were seen until the 7th day after PTC but not in cases of the 13th day or later, while the scar of puncture was recognizable on the hepatic capsule in cases of up to the 16th day but was not remaining in ones of the 41st day and later. (2) Damage of the hepatic parenchyma was existing until the 7th day, which, however, was repaired by the 13th day. (3) Intra-hepatic hematoma was seen until the 13th day but faded away thereafter. Namely, intrahepatic trauma caused by PTC seems to be completely cured without leaving any scar in about a half month. However, the puncture trace on the diaphragm was seen in one case of the 42nd day after PTC examination, therefore the nature of diaphragmatic trauma seems to be somewhat different from that of the liver, including its capsule. Besides, discussions are also made on some hepatic complications caused by PTC, as well as on clinical significance of this kind of pathomorphological study.", "PMID": 857561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12251", "title": "The role of bone remodelling in the healing of extraction socket in rats.", "content": "Bone remodelling of post-extraction socket was studied in the past by various methods. In the present work, the process was studied with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The SEM is essential for a three-dimensional description, particularly when hard tissues are involved. Initiation of healing on the first week was characterized by formation of delicate spongy bone. The trabeculae were distributed in a centrifugal pattern around the interradicular bone. Socket healing on the second week consisted of thickened, regularly distributed trabeculae. This was accompanied by resorption and flattening of the peri-socket sharp ridges. The third and fourth weeks were characterized by small bone marrow spaces and a gradual transformation of the trabecular bone to one of cortical-compact nature. The typical characteristics of resorbing, resting and forming surfaces were detected in all phases of socket healing. Two major patterns of ossification could be shown: Firstly, calcification of collagen bundles in osteoblastic lacunae. Concentrations of such lacunae were related to periosteal activity and were also found in areas most probably occupied previously by blood vessels. Another pattern of mineralization was in the form of globular calcospherites and is reminiscent of calcification of ground substance.", "contents": "The role of bone remodelling in the healing of extraction socket in rats. Bone remodelling of post-extraction socket was studied in the past by various methods. In the present work, the process was studied with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The SEM is essential for a three-dimensional description, particularly when hard tissues are involved. Initiation of healing on the first week was characterized by formation of delicate spongy bone. The trabeculae were distributed in a centrifugal pattern around the interradicular bone. Socket healing on the second week consisted of thickened, regularly distributed trabeculae. This was accompanied by resorption and flattening of the peri-socket sharp ridges. The third and fourth weeks were characterized by small bone marrow spaces and a gradual transformation of the trabecular bone to one of cortical-compact nature. The typical characteristics of resorbing, resting and forming surfaces were detected in all phases of socket healing. Two major patterns of ossification could be shown: Firstly, calcification of collagen bundles in osteoblastic lacunae. Concentrations of such lacunae were related to periosteal activity and were also found in areas most probably occupied previously by blood vessels. Another pattern of mineralization was in the form of globular calcospherites and is reminiscent of calcification of ground substance.", "PMID": 857562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12252", "title": "Fine structure of the retinal epithelium of the spectacled caiman (Caiman sclerops).", "content": "The fine structure of the retinal epithelium, Bruch's membrane and choriocapillaries has been studied by electron microscopy in the spectacled caiman (Caiman sclerops). The retinal epithelium throughout most of the retina is morphologically very typical of that described for other vertebrates. This typical appearance involves a single layer of pigmented cuboidal cells with extensive basal (scleral) infoldings and numerous apical (vitreal) processes enclosing photoreceptor outer segments. A semicircular area of the retinal epithelium in the superior fundus is, however, further specialized as a tapetum lucidum. The reflecting material consists of a large array of guanine, diffusely scattered within the epithelial cells. Centrally in the tapetal area, no melanosomes are found, indicating a non-occlusible tapetum. At the edge of the tapetum, however, both guanine crystals and melanosomes are found within the epithelial cells. In most other respects, the morphology of the epithelial layer in the tapetal region is not strikingly different from that in the non-tapetal area. Bruch's membrane everywhere displays the typical pentalaminate structure described for most vertebrates. The choriocapillaris is also typical in that numerous fenestrations are present in the endothelium bordering Bruch's membrane.", "contents": "Fine structure of the retinal epithelium of the spectacled caiman (Caiman sclerops). The fine structure of the retinal epithelium, Bruch's membrane and choriocapillaries has been studied by electron microscopy in the spectacled caiman (Caiman sclerops). The retinal epithelium throughout most of the retina is morphologically very typical of that described for other vertebrates. This typical appearance involves a single layer of pigmented cuboidal cells with extensive basal (scleral) infoldings and numerous apical (vitreal) processes enclosing photoreceptor outer segments. A semicircular area of the retinal epithelium in the superior fundus is, however, further specialized as a tapetum lucidum. The reflecting material consists of a large array of guanine, diffusely scattered within the epithelial cells. Centrally in the tapetal area, no melanosomes are found, indicating a non-occlusible tapetum. At the edge of the tapetum, however, both guanine crystals and melanosomes are found within the epithelial cells. In most other respects, the morphology of the epithelial layer in the tapetal region is not strikingly different from that in the non-tapetal area. Bruch's membrane everywhere displays the typical pentalaminate structure described for most vertebrates. The choriocapillaris is also typical in that numerous fenestrations are present in the endothelium bordering Bruch's membrane.", "PMID": 857563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12253", "title": "Intra-acinar nerve terminals in four rodent parotid glands.", "content": "The distribution of autonomic nerves was studied at the ultrastructural level in guinea pig, hamster, mouse and rat parotid glands employing potassium permanganate fixation/staining technique. In the periacinar connective tissue numerous unmyelinated nerves were observed in all the glands examined. Two types of axonal enlargements were encountered, one contained small, dense-cored vesicles (500-600 A in diameter) as well as a few large (approximately 1,000 A in diameter), the other exhibited numerous agranular vesicles (500-600 A in diameter). In all glands, axons devoid of Schwann cell investment were visualized at the base of the acinar cells, inside the basement membrane and in intimate contact with gland cells. In addition, axonal enlargements of both types were encountered in the intervening space between neighbouring acinar cells. Whereas nerve terminals within the gland epithelium were extremely common in the rat, mouse and hamster, their frequency was much lower in the guinea pig. In addition, only parenchymal varicosities of the adrenergic (dense-cored vesicles) type were encountered in the latter species. No intraepithelial nerves were observed in the striated ducts. However, axonal enlargements were present in the subepithelial connective tissue and were most numerous in the hamster parotid gland. The above findings confirm the dual innervation of the serous acinar cells of the guinea pig, hamster, mouse and rat parotid glands by both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves. Furthermore, there exists a close membrane-to-membrane contact between autonomic nerves and salivary gland cells.", "contents": "Intra-acinar nerve terminals in four rodent parotid glands. The distribution of autonomic nerves was studied at the ultrastructural level in guinea pig, hamster, mouse and rat parotid glands employing potassium permanganate fixation/staining technique. In the periacinar connective tissue numerous unmyelinated nerves were observed in all the glands examined. Two types of axonal enlargements were encountered, one contained small, dense-cored vesicles (500-600 A in diameter) as well as a few large (approximately 1,000 A in diameter), the other exhibited numerous agranular vesicles (500-600 A in diameter). In all glands, axons devoid of Schwann cell investment were visualized at the base of the acinar cells, inside the basement membrane and in intimate contact with gland cells. In addition, axonal enlargements of both types were encountered in the intervening space between neighbouring acinar cells. Whereas nerve terminals within the gland epithelium were extremely common in the rat, mouse and hamster, their frequency was much lower in the guinea pig. In addition, only parenchymal varicosities of the adrenergic (dense-cored vesicles) type were encountered in the latter species. No intraepithelial nerves were observed in the striated ducts. However, axonal enlargements were present in the subepithelial connective tissue and were most numerous in the hamster parotid gland. The above findings confirm the dual innervation of the serous acinar cells of the guinea pig, hamster, mouse and rat parotid glands by both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves. Furthermore, there exists a close membrane-to-membrane contact between autonomic nerves and salivary gland cells.", "PMID": 857564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12254", "title": "Chronically denervated rat carotid bodies.", "content": "The ninth nerve was severed and the rat carotid body studied in the light and electron microscopes and after formaldehyde-induced fluorescence for its catecholamine content from 3 weeks to 13 months after operation. Minimal changes in the carotid body were observed. Hyperthrophy of the capsule cell was noticed up to about 2 months, after which time these cells appeared normal. Lysosomes in the capsule cells occurred more frequently and were larger than in normal carotid bodies. Discernible pathological alterations did not occur in the glomus cells, despite the absence of afferent terminals upon them. Atrophy of the carotid body was not noticed. The catecholamine content of the denervated carotid body was comparable to its innervated control and no nerve terminals were found on the glomus cells. Autonomic ganglion cells intrinsic to the carotid body varied in number from 1 to 8 and in location. The glomus cells do not receive any significant autonomic innervation, and the ganglion cells in the carotid body, perhaps sympathetic, probably innervate blood vessels. It is concluded that deafferentation has minimal morphological effects on the carotid body. The reactions of other receptor cells to deafferentation are compared with those of the glomus cells.", "contents": "Chronically denervated rat carotid bodies. The ninth nerve was severed and the rat carotid body studied in the light and electron microscopes and after formaldehyde-induced fluorescence for its catecholamine content from 3 weeks to 13 months after operation. Minimal changes in the carotid body were observed. Hyperthrophy of the capsule cell was noticed up to about 2 months, after which time these cells appeared normal. Lysosomes in the capsule cells occurred more frequently and were larger than in normal carotid bodies. Discernible pathological alterations did not occur in the glomus cells, despite the absence of afferent terminals upon them. Atrophy of the carotid body was not noticed. The catecholamine content of the denervated carotid body was comparable to its innervated control and no nerve terminals were found on the glomus cells. Autonomic ganglion cells intrinsic to the carotid body varied in number from 1 to 8 and in location. The glomus cells do not receive any significant autonomic innervation, and the ganglion cells in the carotid body, perhaps sympathetic, probably innervate blood vessels. It is concluded that deafferentation has minimal morphological effects on the carotid body. The reactions of other receptor cells to deafferentation are compared with those of the glomus cells.", "PMID": 857565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12255", "title": "A functional analysis of fusion of the tibia and fibula in the rat and mouse.", "content": "The distal diaphyseal shafts of the rat tibia and fibula fuse postnatally, a process initiated by the seventh day with the formation of secondary cartilage that is subsequently replaced by endochondral ossification. The histological appearance of this fusion process is described. A homologous process occurs postnatally in the mouse. An analysis of some of the pertinent recent developmental, comparative and paleontological data indicated that extrinsic, biomechanical factors probably played a significant causal role in tibia-fibula fusions. The production of secondary cartilage is evoked by extrinsic forces, and these fusions were analyzed within the present concepts of intrinsic and extrinisic factors in skeletogenesis. It was concluded that the fusions currently reported fit well within the hypothesis of the functional matrix and that, such fusions between skeletal tissues are secondary, compensatory and mechanically obligatory responses to the prior demands of functionally related nonskeletal tissues and organs.", "contents": "A functional analysis of fusion of the tibia and fibula in the rat and mouse. The distal diaphyseal shafts of the rat tibia and fibula fuse postnatally, a process initiated by the seventh day with the formation of secondary cartilage that is subsequently replaced by endochondral ossification. The histological appearance of this fusion process is described. A homologous process occurs postnatally in the mouse. An analysis of some of the pertinent recent developmental, comparative and paleontological data indicated that extrinsic, biomechanical factors probably played a significant causal role in tibia-fibula fusions. The production of secondary cartilage is evoked by extrinsic forces, and these fusions were analyzed within the present concepts of intrinsic and extrinisic factors in skeletogenesis. It was concluded that the fusions currently reported fit well within the hypothesis of the functional matrix and that, such fusions between skeletal tissues are secondary, compensatory and mechanically obligatory responses to the prior demands of functionally related nonskeletal tissues and organs.", "PMID": 857566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12256", "title": "The appearance of the otter brain.", "content": "On ten otter brains the appearance of the exterior and interior brain structures was studied. Viewed from above there are two forms of brain, a triangular and a longitudinal one. In the triangular form the gyri are sufficiently developed with a considerable number of transient gyri and in the longitudinal form the gyri are wider and separated by considerably deep sulci. The olfactory bulbs, the olfactory tract, the gyrus olfactorius medialis and the gyrus olfactorius lateralis are less pronounced in the triangular form than in the longitudinal one. In the triangular form of the brain all gyri, except for the gyrus sylvius, are vertically positioned. The brain stem is wider in the triangular form and narrower in the longitudinal one. On the medial aspect of the brain, the cingulate gyrus, on which transient gyri are apparent, is well marked. The cingulate gyrus is slightly wider than in the longitudinal form. Below the splenium corporis  callosi there is the tuberculum gyri dentati to be found by a shallow sulcus which is separated from the gyrus corporis callosi. By scaling the brain matter from outside, the pes hippocampi is exhibited. In the longitudinal form it is more sloping and separated from the base of the brain by a thin layer of brain substance. In the triangular form of the brain the cerebellum is covered by the posterior portions of the hemisphere and in the longitudinal form projects rather backward. On the frontal sections of the cerebrum the subcortical grey masses are sufficiently developed.", "contents": "The appearance of the otter brain. On ten otter brains the appearance of the exterior and interior brain structures was studied. Viewed from above there are two forms of brain, a triangular and a longitudinal one. In the triangular form the gyri are sufficiently developed with a considerable number of transient gyri and in the longitudinal form the gyri are wider and separated by considerably deep sulci. The olfactory bulbs, the olfactory tract, the gyrus olfactorius medialis and the gyrus olfactorius lateralis are less pronounced in the triangular form than in the longitudinal one. In the triangular form of the brain all gyri, except for the gyrus sylvius, are vertically positioned. The brain stem is wider in the triangular form and narrower in the longitudinal one. On the medial aspect of the brain, the cingulate gyrus, on which transient gyri are apparent, is well marked. The cingulate gyrus is slightly wider than in the longitudinal form. Below the splenium corporis  callosi there is the tuberculum gyri dentati to be found by a shallow sulcus which is separated from the gyrus corporis callosi. By scaling the brain matter from outside, the pes hippocampi is exhibited. In the longitudinal form it is more sloping and separated from the base of the brain by a thin layer of brain substance. In the triangular form of the brain the cerebellum is covered by the posterior portions of the hemisphere and in the longitudinal form projects rather backward. On the frontal sections of the cerebrum the subcortical grey masses are sufficiently developed.", "PMID": 857567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12257", "title": "[The fine structure of baroreceptor's nerve endings in the wall of carotid sinus in cats].", "content": "The baroreceptor endings of the sinus nerve extend into the region of the external media, to the media-adventitia border, and into the adventitia of the wall of the carotid sinus. The size of the receptors, tightly filled with mitochondria, varies between 600 and 5,700 nm in diameter. The endings are accompanied by densely structured Schwann's cells, come into contact with the muscular-elastic system or are surrounded by the collagenous material of the vessel wall. This functional junction makes the reception of the tension in the vessel wall possible. Glycogen granules could be demonstrated in some axon endings. In kittens and older cats, numerous receptors were regularly found with various degrees of structural change: homogeneous and lamellar transformation of mitochondria, lamellar aggregates, lysis of axoplasm matrix, irregularities of tubules and vesicles. These modifications may be evaluated as the morphological expression of degeneration and regeneration processes. Physiological detrition is considered to be the cause for this.", "contents": "[The fine structure of baroreceptor's nerve endings in the wall of carotid sinus in cats]. The baroreceptor endings of the sinus nerve extend into the region of the external media, to the media-adventitia border, and into the adventitia of the wall of the carotid sinus. The size of the receptors, tightly filled with mitochondria, varies between 600 and 5,700 nm in diameter. The endings are accompanied by densely structured Schwann's cells, come into contact with the muscular-elastic system or are surrounded by the collagenous material of the vessel wall. This functional junction makes the reception of the tension in the vessel wall possible. Glycogen granules could be demonstrated in some axon endings. In kittens and older cats, numerous receptors were regularly found with various degrees of structural change: homogeneous and lamellar transformation of mitochondria, lamellar aggregates, lysis of axoplasm matrix, irregularities of tubules and vesicles. These modifications may be evaluated as the morphological expression of degeneration and regeneration processes. Physiological detrition is considered to be the cause for this.", "PMID": 857568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12258", "title": "Induction of mitosis in the differentiating Purkinje cells of the cerebellum.", "content": "The neonate rats of 5 days postnatal age were exposed to low-level X-ray irradiation or were administered microquantities of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea directly into the cerebellum. Following the initial phase of cell degeneration and phagocytosis of the debris, the surviving Purkinje cells showed recovery of their differentiation. During this stage some Purkinje cells were observed to undergo mitosis, and they were identified in light- and electron-microscopic preparations. The relationship between tetraploidy in the Purkinje cells during their postnatal differentiation and induction of mitosis in them by experimental means is discussed.", "contents": "Induction of mitosis in the differentiating Purkinje cells of the cerebellum. The neonate rats of 5 days postnatal age were exposed to low-level X-ray irradiation or were administered microquantities of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea directly into the cerebellum. Following the initial phase of cell degeneration and phagocytosis of the debris, the surviving Purkinje cells showed recovery of their differentiation. During this stage some Purkinje cells were observed to undergo mitosis, and they were identified in light- and electron-microscopic preparations. The relationship between tetraploidy in the Purkinje cells during their postnatal differentiation and induction of mitosis in them by experimental means is discussed.", "PMID": 857569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12259", "title": "[Light and electron microscopic study on the morphological changes in muscle fibers appearing after autologous muscle transplantation].", "content": "The extensor digitorum longus muscle of the rat was denervated and transplanted onto the vastus lateralis muscle of the same limb 1 or 2 weeks after denervation. The morphological changes appearing after transplantation were examined by light and electron microscopy. Only three to four superficial layers of muscle fibers remained unchanged after transplantation. The other parts of the transplanted muscle degenerated nearly entirely during the first 10 days. The myofibrils were removed by macrophages, thus within the tubes of basal lamina no contractile material could be observed. In a second period, regeneration of myofilaments took place. 6 weeks after transplantation, newly formed muscle could be observed, capable of normal function. The diameter of the fibres, however, was smaller and the connective tissue between the fibres markedly increased as compared to the normal muscle of the other side. The importance of the findings for muscle transplantation, especially the relationship between satellite cells and myoblasts, is discussed.", "contents": "[Light and electron microscopic study on the morphological changes in muscle fibers appearing after autologous muscle transplantation]. The extensor digitorum longus muscle of the rat was denervated and transplanted onto the vastus lateralis muscle of the same limb 1 or 2 weeks after denervation. The morphological changes appearing after transplantation were examined by light and electron microscopy. Only three to four superficial layers of muscle fibers remained unchanged after transplantation. The other parts of the transplanted muscle degenerated nearly entirely during the first 10 days. The myofibrils were removed by macrophages, thus within the tubes of basal lamina no contractile material could be observed. In a second period, regeneration of myofilaments took place. 6 weeks after transplantation, newly formed muscle could be observed, capable of normal function. The diameter of the fibres, however, was smaller and the connective tissue between the fibres markedly increased as compared to the normal muscle of the other side. The importance of the findings for muscle transplantation, especially the relationship between satellite cells and myoblasts, is discussed.", "PMID": 857570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12260", "title": "Age-related changes in the cellular population of the growth plate of normal mouse.", "content": "Age-related changes in the number of cartilage cells within the proximal growth plate of the humerus were determined in normal ICR male mice. The rates of reduction in the number of proliferative and hypertrophic chondrocytes were calculated and compared during the animals' first 6 months of life. It was found that during the period of highest growth activity, between weanling and sexual maturation, the rate of cell production is hardly decreased, thus maintaining the thickness of the cartilaginous growth plate and thereby enabling an extensive bone growth. A close correlation was found between the following skeletal activities: decrease in longitudinal bone growth, narrowing of the epiphyseal growth plate and a decrease in the proliferative activity of young chondrocytes.", "contents": "Age-related changes in the cellular population of the growth plate of normal mouse. Age-related changes in the number of cartilage cells within the proximal growth plate of the humerus were determined in normal ICR male mice. The rates of reduction in the number of proliferative and hypertrophic chondrocytes were calculated and compared during the animals' first 6 months of life. It was found that during the period of highest growth activity, between weanling and sexual maturation, the rate of cell production is hardly decreased, thus maintaining the thickness of the cartilaginous growth plate and thereby enabling an extensive bone growth. A close correlation was found between the following skeletal activities: decrease in longitudinal bone growth, narrowing of the epiphyseal growth plate and a decrease in the proliferative activity of young chondrocytes.", "PMID": 857571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12261", "title": "The syndrome of continuous muscle fiber activity. Evidence to suggest proximal neurogenic causation.", "content": "Four patients with the syndrome of continuous muscle fiber activity were seen in a period of 6 years. Young females predominated. Remarkable improvement followed phenytoin sodium and carbamazepine administration in three patients, one of whom was \"cured\" within 4 years. In the remaining patient the response was inconstant. Electromyography showed abnormal spontaneous activity with diphasic and triphasic potentials appearing as doublets and multiplets. Waxing and waning was observed. D-tubocurarine and succinylcholine abolished the spontaneous activity excluding the muscle and the myoneural junction as its source. Spinal anesthesia, thiopental sodium, sleep and baclofen had no effect on it, ruling out a central source. In three patients, nerve blocks at the knee and elbow or wrist abolished this activity pointing to a proximal site of origin in the nerve somewhere between the spinal cord and the nerve block. In the remaining patient such a block significantly reduced but did not abolished the activity suggesting a dual source above and below the block. Finally successive examinations in one of our patients led us to believe that this activity may arise from different sites at varying times. It appears that regardless of the site of origin of the activity in the motor axon the counter part clinical syndrome remains the same.", "contents": "The syndrome of continuous muscle fiber activity. Evidence to suggest proximal neurogenic causation. Four patients with the syndrome of continuous muscle fiber activity were seen in a period of 6 years. Young females predominated. Remarkable improvement followed phenytoin sodium and carbamazepine administration in three patients, one of whom was \"cured\" within 4 years. In the remaining patient the response was inconstant. Electromyography showed abnormal spontaneous activity with diphasic and triphasic potentials appearing as doublets and multiplets. Waxing and waning was observed. D-tubocurarine and succinylcholine abolished the spontaneous activity excluding the muscle and the myoneural junction as its source. Spinal anesthesia, thiopental sodium, sleep and baclofen had no effect on it, ruling out a central source. In three patients, nerve blocks at the knee and elbow or wrist abolished this activity pointing to a proximal site of origin in the nerve somewhere between the spinal cord and the nerve block. In the remaining patient such a block significantly reduced but did not abolished the activity suggesting a dual source above and below the block. Finally successive examinations in one of our patients led us to believe that this activity may arise from different sites at varying times. It appears that regardless of the site of origin of the activity in the motor axon the counter part clinical syndrome remains the same.", "PMID": 857572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12262", "title": "The benign form of multiple sclerosis. Anatomo-clinical aspects.", "content": "The present paper is a study of three cases presenting the pathological aspect of chronic, non-evolutive multiple sclerosis, corresponding to a clinical picture of benign multiple sclerosis. The first case was discovered at autopsy, the second patient had two subclinical attacks of multiple sclerosis, with a twenty-year evolution (forme fruste), and in the third case the course of the chronic multiple sclerosis ran parallel to that of a cerebral and visceral arteriopathy. Anatomic study of the demyelinating lesions revealed their non-evolutive aspect and the presence within the plaques of lesions of the walls of small vessels with the perivascular adventitial fibrosis. The vascular changes appear to play a primordial role in the lack of evolution of the demyelinating areas, manifested clinically by a stationary, benign picture.", "contents": "The benign form of multiple sclerosis. Anatomo-clinical aspects. The present paper is a study of three cases presenting the pathological aspect of chronic, non-evolutive multiple sclerosis, corresponding to a clinical picture of benign multiple sclerosis. The first case was discovered at autopsy, the second patient had two subclinical attacks of multiple sclerosis, with a twenty-year evolution (forme fruste), and in the third case the course of the chronic multiple sclerosis ran parallel to that of a cerebral and visceral arteriopathy. Anatomic study of the demyelinating lesions revealed their non-evolutive aspect and the presence within the plaques of lesions of the walls of small vessels with the perivascular adventitial fibrosis. The vascular changes appear to play a primordial role in the lack of evolution of the demyelinating areas, manifested clinically by a stationary, benign picture.", "PMID": 857573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12263", "title": "The effects of caloric stimulation of the labyrinth on the soleus motor pool in man.", "content": "The effects of caloric stimulation of the labyrinth on the soleus motor pool have been investigated using the Achilles tendon reflex, the H reflex, and the vibratory inhibition of the H reflex. The excitability of the myotatic reflex are is augmented from the beginning of irrigation and remains so until the end of nystagmus. The effects are bilateral and roughly symmetrical. The observed effects are due to simultaneous activation of non-specific, probably reticular, and specific, doubtless vestibular, , mechanisms. The Achilles tendon reflex is more facilitated than the H reflex, and the vibratory inhibition of the H reflex is not modified following irrigation of the ear canal. These results indicate a simultaneous facilitation of alpha and gamma extensor motoneurones but gamma effects clearly predominate. This interpretation is in good agreement with the findings of the animal neurophysiology. The vibratory inhibition argues against a modification of presynaptic inhibition. Before interpreting this fact as different from animal mechanisms, one must take into account the particular experimental conditions realized in man: the stimulus is complex and interactions between various nervous structures are possible.", "contents": "The effects of caloric stimulation of the labyrinth on the soleus motor pool in man. The effects of caloric stimulation of the labyrinth on the soleus motor pool have been investigated using the Achilles tendon reflex, the H reflex, and the vibratory inhibition of the H reflex. The excitability of the myotatic reflex are is augmented from the beginning of irrigation and remains so until the end of nystagmus. The effects are bilateral and roughly symmetrical. The observed effects are due to simultaneous activation of non-specific, probably reticular, and specific, doubtless vestibular, , mechanisms. The Achilles tendon reflex is more facilitated than the H reflex, and the vibratory inhibition of the H reflex is not modified following irrigation of the ear canal. These results indicate a simultaneous facilitation of alpha and gamma extensor motoneurones but gamma effects clearly predominate. This interpretation is in good agreement with the findings of the animal neurophysiology. The vibratory inhibition argues against a modification of presynaptic inhibition. Before interpreting this fact as different from animal mechanisms, one must take into account the particular experimental conditions realized in man: the stimulus is complex and interactions between various nervous structures are possible.", "PMID": 857574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12264", "title": "Cervical cord atrophy--a pattern of presentation.", "content": "This paper introduces the concept of veno-occlusive disease of the upper cervical cord by way of clinical report on 7 patients in whom a remarkable sequence of clinical events was encountered, commencing with weakness of an upper limb, followed by similar symptoms in the ipsilateral lower limb, the contralateral lower limb and finally the contralateral upper limb. In each patient there was wasting of the small muscles of both hands due to a lower motor neuron lesion at a level of the eighth cervical segment. In each case a tumour in the region of the foramen magnum was excluded.", "contents": "Cervical cord atrophy--a pattern of presentation. This paper introduces the concept of veno-occlusive disease of the upper cervical cord by way of clinical report on 7 patients in whom a remarkable sequence of clinical events was encountered, commencing with weakness of an upper limb, followed by similar symptoms in the ipsilateral lower limb, the contralateral lower limb and finally the contralateral upper limb. In each patient there was wasting of the small muscles of both hands due to a lower motor neuron lesion at a level of the eighth cervical segment. In each case a tumour in the region of the foramen magnum was excluded.", "PMID": 857575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12265", "title": "Ultrastructure of muscle biopsies in recent, short-term and long-term juvenile diabetes.", "content": "Muscle biopsies from juvenile diabetics were studied by electron microscopy and the results correlated to earlier published light microscopical abnormalities of the same biopsies. A total of 32 striated muscle biopsies from 29 juvenile recent, short-term and long-term diabetes were examined. The ages ranged from 16 to 43 years with a diabetes duration from 1 week to 32 years. The material was compared with biopsies from healthy persons of the same ages. The electron microscopy revealed degenerative changes of the striated muscle fibres which signify a neurogenic atrophy. No myopathic alterations were found. The capillaries in both the recent and long-term diabetics showed an extremely pronounced pinocytosis indicating an increased metabolic activity. In the long-term group the intramuscular capillaries both from upper and lower extremities displayed a definitely thickened basement membrane. In the recent and short-term group the capillary wall alterations were debatable. The motor end plate in the recent diabetics revealed minimal alterations. Contrary to this the long-term group showed severe alterations with occasional disappearance of the nerve fibres.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of muscle biopsies in recent, short-term and long-term juvenile diabetes. Muscle biopsies from juvenile diabetics were studied by electron microscopy and the results correlated to earlier published light microscopical abnormalities of the same biopsies. A total of 32 striated muscle biopsies from 29 juvenile recent, short-term and long-term diabetes were examined. The ages ranged from 16 to 43 years with a diabetes duration from 1 week to 32 years. The material was compared with biopsies from healthy persons of the same ages. The electron microscopy revealed degenerative changes of the striated muscle fibres which signify a neurogenic atrophy. No myopathic alterations were found. The capillaries in both the recent and long-term diabetics showed an extremely pronounced pinocytosis indicating an increased metabolic activity. In the long-term group the intramuscular capillaries both from upper and lower extremities displayed a definitely thickened basement membrane. In the recent and short-term group the capillary wall alterations were debatable. The motor end plate in the recent diabetics revealed minimal alterations. Contrary to this the long-term group showed severe alterations with occasional disappearance of the nerve fibres.", "PMID": 857576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12266", "title": "Social aspects in myasthenia gravis.", "content": "The myasthenics in Finland (n = 240) have been registered and treated in one center for more than 10 years. Of this material, an investigation was performed of their medico-social state as of 1 January, 1975. The study comprised 88 per cent (210) of the patients. In the working age (16-64 years) were 181 patients. Compared to the total Finnish population, the myasthenic patients lived more often in urban districts, had had more intermediate-school and university--but less vocational-school education, and belong as a whole to \"higher\" social classes. The severity and the variability of the disease naturally influenced the disability. A change from severe to slight symptoms occurred in 38 per cent, and 12 per cent of the myasthenics were in complete remission (2/3 of whom had had severe symptoms). One third (72) got a full pension because of myasthenia, and about one tenth (25) because of some other reason. Of these who got a full pension for myasthenia, 7 per cent were in complete remission without any myasthenic symptoms. The influence of thymectomy on the degree of disability was impressive, since more than 50 per cent of disabled myasthenic patients returned to work thereafter. Thus, because of the unpredictable, but on the long term quite favourable course, a full pension should not be prescribed early (during the first 5 years) of the disease. An active treatment may also change the outlook for even the most severely disabled patients.", "contents": "Social aspects in myasthenia gravis. The myasthenics in Finland (n = 240) have been registered and treated in one center for more than 10 years. Of this material, an investigation was performed of their medico-social state as of 1 January, 1975. The study comprised 88 per cent (210) of the patients. In the working age (16-64 years) were 181 patients. Compared to the total Finnish population, the myasthenic patients lived more often in urban districts, had had more intermediate-school and university--but less vocational-school education, and belong as a whole to \"higher\" social classes. The severity and the variability of the disease naturally influenced the disability. A change from severe to slight symptoms occurred in 38 per cent, and 12 per cent of the myasthenics were in complete remission (2/3 of whom had had severe symptoms). One third (72) got a full pension because of myasthenia, and about one tenth (25) because of some other reason. Of these who got a full pension for myasthenia, 7 per cent were in complete remission without any myasthenic symptoms. The influence of thymectomy on the degree of disability was impressive, since more than 50 per cent of disabled myasthenic patients returned to work thereafter. Thus, because of the unpredictable, but on the long term quite favourable course, a full pension should not be prescribed early (during the first 5 years) of the disease. An active treatment may also change the outlook for even the most severely disabled patients.", "PMID": 857577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12267", "title": "Fibroblast cultures in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Alterations in synthesis and secretion of collagen and noncollagen proteins.", "content": "Primary skin fibroblast cultures were grown from forearm pinch skin biopsies obtained from 24 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and ten normal controls matched for sex and age. The first subcultures were grown for 7 days and incubated with L-(3H)-proline for 24 hours. Intracellular collagen incorporation was significantly decreased (2.2 X) and extracellular collagen incorporation significantly increased (1.8 X) in fibroblast cultures from patients with DMD by both collagenase assay and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The synthesis of noncollagen proteins showed low values from the DMD fibroblast cultures. The alterations in synthesis and secretion of collagen and noncollagen proteins were characteristic only for the log phase of DMD fibroblasts.", "contents": "Fibroblast cultures in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Alterations in synthesis and secretion of collagen and noncollagen proteins. Primary skin fibroblast cultures were grown from forearm pinch skin biopsies obtained from 24 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and ten normal controls matched for sex and age. The first subcultures were grown for 7 days and incubated with L-(3H)-proline for 24 hours. Intracellular collagen incorporation was significantly decreased (2.2 X) and extracellular collagen incorporation significantly increased (1.8 X) in fibroblast cultures from patients with DMD by both collagenase assay and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The synthesis of noncollagen proteins showed low values from the DMD fibroblast cultures. The alterations in synthesis and secretion of collagen and noncollagen proteins were characteristic only for the log phase of DMD fibroblasts.", "PMID": 857578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12268", "title": "Lysozyme activity in cerebrospinal fluid. Studies in inflammatory and non-inflammatory CNS disorders.", "content": "Lysozyme activity was measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 114 patients with inflammatory (bacterial and serous meningitis, polyradiculitis, encephalitis) and non-inflammatory (multiple sclerosis, CNS tumors, cerebral vascular diseases) CNS diseases. Highly elevated values were found consistently in patients with bacterial meningitis. Elevated values were found also in patients with encephalitis, polyradiculitis, multiple sclerosis and CNS tumors, but a considerable overlapping between these groups and normal controls precludes the use of CSF lysozyme measurements as a diagnostic aid in the latter disease groups. Simultaneous measurements of lysozyme, albumin and IgG in CSF and serum suggested that the mechanism for increased CSF lysozyme values in bacterial meningitis is mainly a breakdown of the blood/brain barrier, whereas the increased CSF lysozyme values in the remaining groups of patients are more likely caused by production of lysozyme by cells within the meninges (neutrophilic granulocytes, monocytes?).", "contents": "Lysozyme activity in cerebrospinal fluid. Studies in inflammatory and non-inflammatory CNS disorders. Lysozyme activity was measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 114 patients with inflammatory (bacterial and serous meningitis, polyradiculitis, encephalitis) and non-inflammatory (multiple sclerosis, CNS tumors, cerebral vascular diseases) CNS diseases. Highly elevated values were found consistently in patients with bacterial meningitis. Elevated values were found also in patients with encephalitis, polyradiculitis, multiple sclerosis and CNS tumors, but a considerable overlapping between these groups and normal controls precludes the use of CSF lysozyme measurements as a diagnostic aid in the latter disease groups. Simultaneous measurements of lysozyme, albumin and IgG in CSF and serum suggested that the mechanism for increased CSF lysozyme values in bacterial meningitis is mainly a breakdown of the blood/brain barrier, whereas the increased CSF lysozyme values in the remaining groups of patients are more likely caused by production of lysozyme by cells within the meninges (neutrophilic granulocytes, monocytes?).", "PMID": 857579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12269", "title": "Meningoencephalitis due to Acanthamoeba SP. Pathogenesis and clinico-pathological study.", "content": "Amebic Meningoencephalitis (AM) and Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) are infectious diseases essentially confined to the Central Nervous System (CNS) and caused by free-living amebas of the genus Acanthamoeba (A.) and Naegleria (N.) respectively. AM due to A. sp. (Acanthamoeba castellanii and Acanthamoeba culbertsoni) have been reported in chronically ill debilitated individuals, some of them under immunosuppressive therapy, or in immunologically impaired patients without a history of recent swimming in contrast to cases due to N. sp. which usually occurs in healthy, young individuals with a recent history of swimming in man-made lakes or heated swimming pools. AM due to A.sp. is characterized by a subacute or chronic granulomatous meningoencephalitis involving mainly the midbrain, basal areas of the temporal and occipital lobes and posterior fossa structures. CNS lesions in AM are perhaps secondary and the portal of entry in humans is probably from the lower respiratory tract, genitourinary system or skin reaching the CNS by hematogenous spread. The predominant host reaction is usually composed of lymphocytes, plasma cells, monocytes and multinucleated foreign body giant cells. Necrosis is moderate and hemorrhage scant or absent. Cysts as well as trophozoites may be seen within the CNS lesions. PAM is due to Naegleria fowleri and is characterized by an hemorrhagic necrotizing meningoencephalities with an acute inflammatory response. Only trophozoites are found in lesions. The portal of entry is through the olfactory neuroepithelium. CNS tissues fixed in formalin may be used for further identification and taxonomical classification of the causative protoza using immunofluorescent antibody techniques (IFAT) and electron microscopic methods.", "contents": "Meningoencephalitis due to Acanthamoeba SP. Pathogenesis and clinico-pathological study. Amebic Meningoencephalitis (AM) and Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) are infectious diseases essentially confined to the Central Nervous System (CNS) and caused by free-living amebas of the genus Acanthamoeba (A.) and Naegleria (N.) respectively. AM due to A. sp. (Acanthamoeba castellanii and Acanthamoeba culbertsoni) have been reported in chronically ill debilitated individuals, some of them under immunosuppressive therapy, or in immunologically impaired patients without a history of recent swimming in contrast to cases due to N. sp. which usually occurs in healthy, young individuals with a recent history of swimming in man-made lakes or heated swimming pools. AM due to A.sp. is characterized by a subacute or chronic granulomatous meningoencephalitis involving mainly the midbrain, basal areas of the temporal and occipital lobes and posterior fossa structures. CNS lesions in AM are perhaps secondary and the portal of entry in humans is probably from the lower respiratory tract, genitourinary system or skin reaching the CNS by hematogenous spread. The predominant host reaction is usually composed of lymphocytes, plasma cells, monocytes and multinucleated foreign body giant cells. Necrosis is moderate and hemorrhage scant or absent. Cysts as well as trophozoites may be seen within the CNS lesions. PAM is due to Naegleria fowleri and is characterized by an hemorrhagic necrotizing meningoencephalities with an acute inflammatory response. Only trophozoites are found in lesions. The portal of entry is through the olfactory neuroepithelium. CNS tissues fixed in formalin may be used for further identification and taxonomical classification of the causative protoza using immunofluorescent antibody techniques (IFAT) and electron microscopic methods.", "PMID": 857580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12270", "title": "Neuraxonal dystrophy of the brain in patients receiving antineoplastic chemotherapy.", "content": "The present report describes the neuropathological change found in the brainstem of four patients who were treated with combined chemotherapy for various types of malignant disease. The change consists of localized axonal swellings, the so-called \"axonal spheroids\" located predominantly in the medial lemniscus, the fibers from the olivary nuclei and around some of the cranial nerve nuclei. In addition to the brain change, all four patients had shown histological evidence of hepatic injury, although none of the patients exhibited overt clinical or chemical evidence of hepatic insufficiency. Neither did these patients show any clinical neurological deficit that could be related to the pathological findings. The neuroaxonal changes are most likely the result of altered metabolism as a consequence of the chemotherapy.", "contents": "Neuraxonal dystrophy of the brain in patients receiving antineoplastic chemotherapy. The present report describes the neuropathological change found in the brainstem of four patients who were treated with combined chemotherapy for various types of malignant disease. The change consists of localized axonal swellings, the so-called \"axonal spheroids\" located predominantly in the medial lemniscus, the fibers from the olivary nuclei and around some of the cranial nerve nuclei. In addition to the brain change, all four patients had shown histological evidence of hepatic injury, although none of the patients exhibited overt clinical or chemical evidence of hepatic insufficiency. Neither did these patients show any clinical neurological deficit that could be related to the pathological findings. The neuroaxonal changes are most likely the result of altered metabolism as a consequence of the chemotherapy.", "PMID": 857581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12271", "title": "CS2 binding to rat spinal neurofilaments.", "content": "The binding of CS2 sulphur to rat spinal cord neurofilaments was studied 3 and 6 h after the intraperitoneal injection of 1.3 mmol of CS2 in control and phenobarbitone pretreated rats. The binding of CS2 carbon was studied similarly 3 h after the injection. The binding of CS2 sulphur was 31% higher in the control neurofilaments than that in the phenobarbitone pretreated group. Half of the neurofilament associated CS2 sulphur was bound to protein in both groups as studied by electrophoresis. Approximately 30% of the neurofilament associated CS2 sulphur was detected 6 h after the injection of that at 3 h in both groups. All of the neurofilament associated CS2 carbon was bound to protein in control group 3 h after the injection. The  binding of CS2 carbon was 4.7 times less than that of sulphur at the same time. The present data may indicate that the high binding of CS2 to the neurofilament protein contributes to the increase in neurofilaments in chronic CS2 intoxication.", "contents": "CS2 binding to rat spinal neurofilaments. The binding of CS2 sulphur to rat spinal cord neurofilaments was studied 3 and 6 h after the intraperitoneal injection of 1.3 mmol of CS2 in control and phenobarbitone pretreated rats. The binding of CS2 carbon was studied similarly 3 h after the injection. The binding of CS2 sulphur was 31% higher in the control neurofilaments than that in the phenobarbitone pretreated group. Half of the neurofilament associated CS2 sulphur was bound to protein in both groups as studied by electrophoresis. Approximately 30% of the neurofilament associated CS2 sulphur was detected 6 h after the injection of that at 3 h in both groups. All of the neurofilament associated CS2 carbon was bound to protein in control group 3 h after the injection. The  binding of CS2 carbon was 4.7 times less than that of sulphur at the same time. The present data may indicate that the high binding of CS2 to the neurofilament protein contributes to the increase in neurofilaments in chronic CS2 intoxication.", "PMID": 857582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12272", "title": "Autoradiographic investigation of cell proliferation in the brain of spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Cell proliferation in the brain of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and control Wistar rats of various ages was autoradiographically investigated using [3H]thymidine. The brain of SHR showed an increase in labeled cells. The increase of labeled cells was seen in the early stage of the development of hypertension when there were still no definite morphological changes in the cerebral vessel walls or brain parenchyma. The labeled cells tended to increase in number with the age of the animals. The distribution of these cells corresponded with areas of increased vascular permeability and cerebrovascular lesions, that is, water-shed regions. The labeled cells consisted of endothelial and adventitial cells of the intracerebral arterioles and pial arteries as well as glial cells. Arachnoid cells, subarachnoid cells, medial smooth muscle cells of the pial arteries were also labeled, though less intensely. The significance of labeled endothelial cells in the development of cerebrovascular changes and sequential parenchymal changes is discussed.", "contents": "Autoradiographic investigation of cell proliferation in the brain of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Cell proliferation in the brain of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and control Wistar rats of various ages was autoradiographically investigated using [3H]thymidine. The brain of SHR showed an increase in labeled cells. The increase of labeled cells was seen in the early stage of the development of hypertension when there were still no definite morphological changes in the cerebral vessel walls or brain parenchyma. The labeled cells tended to increase in number with the age of the animals. The distribution of these cells corresponded with areas of increased vascular permeability and cerebrovascular lesions, that is, water-shed regions. The labeled cells consisted of endothelial and adventitial cells of the intracerebral arterioles and pial arteries as well as glial cells. Arachnoid cells, subarachnoid cells, medial smooth muscle cells of the pial arteries were also labeled, though less intensely. The significance of labeled endothelial cells in the development of cerebrovascular changes and sequential parenchymal changes is discussed.", "PMID": 857583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12273", "title": "Ultrastructure of striated muscle of the rat after temporary ischemia.", "content": "Twenty-six anterior tibial muscle specimens were analyzed with the electron microscope 2 h, 1, 4, 18, 45, 90 and 226 days after temporary ischaemia of the rat hind leg produced by pneumatic tourniquet for 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 h. No ultrastructural alterations were seen after 1 h ischaemia, but reversible disappearance of muscle glycogen and swelling of muscle and nerve mitochondria occurred after 2 h ischaemia. Irreversible alterations such as disappearance of the Z-line, disruption of cell membrane and vacuolation of muscle mitochondria were observed after ischaemia of 3 h and longer in a part of the muscle fibres. Ischaemia for 6 h was followed by autolysis of all the muscle fibres within the specimens. Autolysis and phagocytosis of the remnants of the affected fibres was present on the 4th day. On that day regenerative phenomena were also observed, such as satellite cells and young myotubes. The fine structure of the muscle fibres was normal on the 18th day after the temporary ishcaemia, although some size variation of the muscle fibres was still observed. Degeneration of a part of the presynaptic nerve endings of motor end-plates with or without simultaneous degeneration of the postsynaptic muscle fibre was seen after ischaemia lasting 3 h or longer. Motor end-plates were first seen on the 45th day in the muscle subjected to 6 h ischaemia and were most likely regenerated ones.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of striated muscle of the rat after temporary ischemia. Twenty-six anterior tibial muscle specimens were analyzed with the electron microscope 2 h, 1, 4, 18, 45, 90 and 226 days after temporary ischaemia of the rat hind leg produced by pneumatic tourniquet for 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 h. No ultrastructural alterations were seen after 1 h ischaemia, but reversible disappearance of muscle glycogen and swelling of muscle and nerve mitochondria occurred after 2 h ischaemia. Irreversible alterations such as disappearance of the Z-line, disruption of cell membrane and vacuolation of muscle mitochondria were observed after ischaemia of 3 h and longer in a part of the muscle fibres. Ischaemia for 6 h was followed by autolysis of all the muscle fibres within the specimens. Autolysis and phagocytosis of the remnants of the affected fibres was present on the 4th day. On that day regenerative phenomena were also observed, such as satellite cells and young myotubes. The fine structure of the muscle fibres was normal on the 18th day after the temporary ishcaemia, although some size variation of the muscle fibres was still observed. Degeneration of a part of the presynaptic nerve endings of motor end-plates with or without simultaneous degeneration of the postsynaptic muscle fibre was seen after ischaemia lasting 3 h or longer. Motor end-plates were first seen on the 45th day in the muscle subjected to 6 h ischaemia and were most likely regenerated ones.", "PMID": 857584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12274", "title": "Microvasculature of rat striated muscle after temporary ischemia.", "content": "The structure and distribution of the capillaries of the rat anterior tibial muscle were analyzed by electronmicroscopy and microangiography 2 h and 1, 4, 18, 45 and 90 days after temporary ischaemia for 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 h. Degeneration of some capillaries was seen first after ischaemia for 3 h, more extensive degeneration after ischaemia for 4 h, and after ischaemia for 6 h all the capillaries were undergoing degeneration when analyzed 1 day after the ischemia. Capillaries with normal ultrastructure were seen 45 days after the ischaemia. When examined 18 and 45 days after 3-6 h of ischaemia the capillary density was increased by about twofold but it decreased thereafter. At 18th and 45th days after 3-6 h of ischaemia the endothelial fraction of the capillary area was increased and the luminal fraction decreased. Microangiography of the anterior tibial muscles demonstrate the increase in the capillarization 18 and 45 days after 3-6 h of ischaemia.", "contents": "Microvasculature of rat striated muscle after temporary ischemia. The structure and distribution of the capillaries of the rat anterior tibial muscle were analyzed by electronmicroscopy and microangiography 2 h and 1, 4, 18, 45 and 90 days after temporary ischaemia for 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 h. Degeneration of some capillaries was seen first after ischaemia for 3 h, more extensive degeneration after ischaemia for 4 h, and after ischaemia for 6 h all the capillaries were undergoing degeneration when analyzed 1 day after the ischemia. Capillaries with normal ultrastructure were seen 45 days after the ischaemia. When examined 18 and 45 days after 3-6 h of ischaemia the capillary density was increased by about twofold but it decreased thereafter. At 18th and 45th days after 3-6 h of ischaemia the endothelial fraction of the capillary area was increased and the luminal fraction decreased. Microangiography of the anterior tibial muscles demonstrate the increase in the capillarization 18 and 45 days after 3-6 h of ischaemia.", "PMID": 857585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12275", "title": "Membrane structures of human oligodendroglioma.", "content": "Plasma membrane particles of four human oligodendrogliomas were distributed at random, and their average number per micronm2 plasma membrane was 1090+/-233 on face A and 230+/-46 on face B. Gap junction was occasionally visible, usually small in size and composed of a polygonal aggregate of several subunits: isodiametric particles, about 70-80 A in diameter, on face A and pits, about 30-40 A in diameter, on face B. Tight junction in two oligodendrogliomas was characterized by a meshwork of circular or ramifying crests on face A and complementary furrows on face B. It was often continuous in distribution, consisting of 5 or more strands. In addition, many particulate structures, occasionally fibrillar ones, of ridge materials were often visible in the bottoms of furrows, and a few particles were scatteredly found on the tops of crests. The ridge materials, if added together on crests and furrows, were linearly continuous in some case and discontinuous in other.", "contents": "Membrane structures of human oligodendroglioma. Plasma membrane particles of four human oligodendrogliomas were distributed at random, and their average number per micronm2 plasma membrane was 1090+/-233 on face A and 230+/-46 on face B. Gap junction was occasionally visible, usually small in size and composed of a polygonal aggregate of several subunits: isodiametric particles, about 70-80 A in diameter, on face A and pits, about 30-40 A in diameter, on face B. Tight junction in two oligodendrogliomas was characterized by a meshwork of circular or ramifying crests on face A and complementary furrows on face B. It was often continuous in distribution, consisting of 5 or more strands. In addition, many particulate structures, occasionally fibrillar ones, of ridge materials were often visible in the bottoms of furrows, and a few particles were scatteredly found on the tops of crests. The ridge materials, if added together on crests and furrows, were linearly continuous in some case and discontinuous in other.", "PMID": 857586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12276", "title": "[Ringed fibres in skeletal muscles--a contribution to the statement of these structures in unselected obductions (author's transl)].", "content": "26 muscles with one or more ringed fibres, corresponding to 2,83%, have been found in 939 muscles out of 313 unselected obductions. Taking into consideration that in the M. rectus femoris alone. 21 ringed fibres were found, raises the quota to 6.7%. After desintegration into primary diseases, the cardiovascular illnesses have been accompanied with ringed fibres in 20.6%, in comparison to the other disease groups which have been rarely or not at all affected. Apart from one case probably traumatic ringed fibres formation, individuals above 49 years old are exclusively striken, at which by far the male sex prevails. The number of ringed fibres continually increases with the age, and all cases with 20 or more ringed fibres have exceeded the 60th year. Besides there is also a relation between the ringed fibres frequency and the atrophy degree of the muscle. The fact that this relation is not reversible the presence of an additional dispositional factor must be concluded. The distribution pattern of the ringed fibres is non-uniform, they occur partly disseminated or also partly flock formed, heaped up ringed fibres. They are mostly simple closed circular fibres. Compound forms are sporadically observed. A coincidence of sarcoplasmic masses was in all cases not traceable. The information at hand will be discussed. The frequent appearance in cardiovascular illnesses leads back to stress factors like hypoxidosis, acidosis etc. by reduced cardiac output, the frequency in age to multifactor reasons. The preponderance of catabolic metabolism, electrolyte shifting and disturbances of transmineralisation is particularly made responsible. Etiological traumas play an additional role particularly in younger individuals. The frequent occurrence in the male sex is referred to the different gender-dependent gauge conditions of the two fibre types.", "contents": "[Ringed fibres in skeletal muscles--a contribution to the statement of these structures in unselected obductions (author's transl)]. 26 muscles with one or more ringed fibres, corresponding to 2,83%, have been found in 939 muscles out of 313 unselected obductions. Taking into consideration that in the M. rectus femoris alone. 21 ringed fibres were found, raises the quota to 6.7%. After desintegration into primary diseases, the cardiovascular illnesses have been accompanied with ringed fibres in 20.6%, in comparison to the other disease groups which have been rarely or not at all affected. Apart from one case probably traumatic ringed fibres formation, individuals above 49 years old are exclusively striken, at which by far the male sex prevails. The number of ringed fibres continually increases with the age, and all cases with 20 or more ringed fibres have exceeded the 60th year. Besides there is also a relation between the ringed fibres frequency and the atrophy degree of the muscle. The fact that this relation is not reversible the presence of an additional dispositional factor must be concluded. The distribution pattern of the ringed fibres is non-uniform, they occur partly disseminated or also partly flock formed, heaped up ringed fibres. They are mostly simple closed circular fibres. Compound forms are sporadically observed. A coincidence of sarcoplasmic masses was in all cases not traceable. The information at hand will be discussed. The frequent appearance in cardiovascular illnesses leads back to stress factors like hypoxidosis, acidosis etc. by reduced cardiac output, the frequency in age to multifactor reasons. The preponderance of catabolic metabolism, electrolyte shifting and disturbances of transmineralisation is particularly made responsible. Etiological traumas play an additional role particularly in younger individuals. The frequent occurrence in the male sex is referred to the different gender-dependent gauge conditions of the two fibre types.", "PMID": 857587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12277", "title": "[Hypertrophy of the transversal tubular system in target fibres. An electron microscopic study (author's transl)].", "content": "In a muscle biopsy from a patient suffering about 2 years from an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis groups of atrophic fibres and target fibres were observed. By electron microscopic examination, amongst numerous parallel or spinal cisternae near the plasma membrane, single-membrane bound smooth tubular elements with a constant diameter of 200-300 A occur in the central and intermediary zone of some target fibres. The connexion between these tubules and the terminal cisternae (triads) of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, suggest that this phenomenon seems to be a proliferation of the transversal-tubular system due to the partial denervation. Only a mechanical displacement of the T-tubules as a result of the destruction of the muscle fibres is not plausible, because the T-system volumetrically amounts only 0.3-0.5% of the muscle fibre.", "contents": "[Hypertrophy of the transversal tubular system in target fibres. An electron microscopic study (author's transl)]. In a muscle biopsy from a patient suffering about 2 years from an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis groups of atrophic fibres and target fibres were observed. By electron microscopic examination, amongst numerous parallel or spinal cisternae near the plasma membrane, single-membrane bound smooth tubular elements with a constant diameter of 200-300 A occur in the central and intermediary zone of some target fibres. The connexion between these tubules and the terminal cisternae (triads) of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, suggest that this phenomenon seems to be a proliferation of the transversal-tubular system due to the partial denervation. Only a mechanical displacement of the T-tubules as a result of the destruction of the muscle fibres is not plausible, because the T-system volumetrically amounts only 0.3-0.5% of the muscle fibre.", "PMID": 857588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12278", "title": "Presence of zinc, aluminum, magnesium in striopalledodentate (SPD) calcifications (Fahr's disease): electron probe study.", "content": "SPD calcifications from four cases of Fahr's disease were studied with an electron microprobe of Castaing, and found to contain different elements, among them Zn, Al, Mg. The presence of the elements is underlined not because of presumption as to their importance on the pathogenesis of this disease, but because of their rare identification in cerebral calcifications. A1 and Mg have been localized previously in cerebral calcification, but this is the first report of morphological localization of a high concentration of zinc in the brain. Two of these cases had hypoparathyroidism.", "contents": "Presence of zinc, aluminum, magnesium in striopalledodentate (SPD) calcifications (Fahr's disease): electron probe study. SPD calcifications from four cases of Fahr's disease were studied with an electron microprobe of Castaing, and found to contain different elements, among them Zn, Al, Mg. The presence of the elements is underlined not because of presumption as to their importance on the pathogenesis of this disease, but because of their rare identification in cerebral calcifications. A1 and Mg have been localized previously in cerebral calcification, but this is the first report of morphological localization of a high concentration of zinc in the brain. Two of these cases had hypoparathyroidism.", "PMID": 857589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12279", "title": "Simple hysterectomy in the presence of invasive cervical cancer.", "content": "During the years 1956-69, 74 cases of invasive cervical carcinoma treated by simple hysterectomy were referred to the Norwegian Radium Hospital. The 5 year survival for those with free operative borders was 77.1% as compared with 30.7% for those cases in which the tumour was transected during operation. Before operation for a supposed benign condition, cancer should always be ruled out. If simple hysterectomy is performed and cervical cancer found in the specimen, immediate postoperative megavoltage radiotherapy affords the best chance of cure.", "contents": "Simple hysterectomy in the presence of invasive cervical cancer. During the years 1956-69, 74 cases of invasive cervical carcinoma treated by simple hysterectomy were referred to the Norwegian Radium Hospital. The 5 year survival for those with free operative borders was 77.1% as compared with 30.7% for those cases in which the tumour was transected during operation. Before operation for a supposed benign condition, cancer should always be ruled out. If simple hysterectomy is performed and cervical cancer found in the specimen, immediate postoperative megavoltage radiotherapy affords the best chance of cure.", "PMID": 857590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12280", "title": "Ultrasonic diagnosis of placenta praevia.", "content": "741 women suspected of placenta praevia were submitted to ultrasonic scanning during the second and/or third trimesterr of pregnancy. In 61 an abnormal placental site was diagnosed. During Caesarean section, carried out in 46 of these cases, the location was compared with the ultrasound findings. The scanning diagnosis during the last trimester correlated with the findings at delivery. At scanning after the 35th week the diagnosis differed in only 4 cases. In all 4 there was a question of a low-lying placenta versus partial placenta praevia. During the second trimester diagnosis of low-lying placenta were revised in several cases at later scans. It is discussed whether these early diagnoses of an abnormal placental site, which later becomes normal, indicate a migrating placenta and/or an uncertainty of the scanning method. Early diagnosis of low-lying placentae should be checked by repeat scans.", "contents": "Ultrasonic diagnosis of placenta praevia. 741 women suspected of placenta praevia were submitted to ultrasonic scanning during the second and/or third trimesterr of pregnancy. In 61 an abnormal placental site was diagnosed. During Caesarean section, carried out in 46 of these cases, the location was compared with the ultrasound findings. The scanning diagnosis during the last trimester correlated with the findings at delivery. At scanning after the 35th week the diagnosis differed in only 4 cases. In all 4 there was a question of a low-lying placenta versus partial placenta praevia. During the second trimester diagnosis of low-lying placenta were revised in several cases at later scans. It is discussed whether these early diagnoses of an abnormal placental site, which later becomes normal, indicate a migrating placenta and/or an uncertainty of the scanning method. Early diagnosis of low-lying placentae should be checked by repeat scans.", "PMID": 857591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12281", "title": "Ultrastructure of the human placenta at term. Observations on placentas from newborn children of smoking and non-smoking mothers.", "content": "The placenta was chosen as a possible model for evaluating the vascular injury and tissue injury provoked by tobacco smoking in the human body. Full term placentas from 4 smokers and 3 non-smokers were studied in the transmission electron microscope. Pronounced changes were found in the group of smokers. The characteristic findings were broadening of the basement membrane of the placental villus, increase in collagen content of the villus, decrease in vascularisation and intimal changes in the villous capillaries and arterioles, with pronounced intimal oedema. Since similar changes have been reported previously from human umbilical arteries, and since these changes also can be induced in animal arteries by exposure to carbon monoxide or perfusion with nicotine, this study supports the concept that tobacco smoking is harmful to the human vascular system and tissues.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the human placenta at term. Observations on placentas from newborn children of smoking and non-smoking mothers. The placenta was chosen as a possible model for evaluating the vascular injury and tissue injury provoked by tobacco smoking in the human body. Full term placentas from 4 smokers and 3 non-smokers were studied in the transmission electron microscope. Pronounced changes were found in the group of smokers. The characteristic findings were broadening of the basement membrane of the placental villus, increase in collagen content of the villus, decrease in vascularisation and intimal changes in the villous capillaries and arterioles, with pronounced intimal oedema. Since similar changes have been reported previously from human umbilical arteries, and since these changes also can be induced in animal arteries by exposure to carbon monoxide or perfusion with nicotine, this study supports the concept that tobacco smoking is harmful to the human vascular system and tissues.", "PMID": 857592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12282", "title": "Abnormal ureteral peristaltic activity during pregnancy.", "content": "Ureteral peristalsis in five pregnant patients with signs of acute renal outflow obstruction was studied with the aid of a new technique for recording intraureteral pressure (ureterometry). With this technique it is possible to record the intraureteral pressure at three different levels in the ureter simultaneously. The rate of propagation and direction of the peristaltic waves can thus be determined. Retrograd peristalsis was found in three of the five patients and in one patient and in one patient no peristaltic activity was present at all. The fifth patient demonstrated normal antegrade peristalsis. The findings at renography in the acute stage were in accordance with the ureterometric data.", "contents": "Abnormal ureteral peristaltic activity during pregnancy. Ureteral peristalsis in five pregnant patients with signs of acute renal outflow obstruction was studied with the aid of a new technique for recording intraureteral pressure (ureterometry). With this technique it is possible to record the intraureteral pressure at three different levels in the ureter simultaneously. The rate of propagation and direction of the peristaltic waves can thus be determined. Retrograd peristalsis was found in three of the five patients and in one patient and in one patient no peristaltic activity was present at all. The fifth patient demonstrated normal antegrade peristalsis. The findings at renography in the acute stage were in accordance with the ureterometric data.", "PMID": 857593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12283", "title": "Spontaneous rupture of the uterus in the third trimester with  a living fetus expelled into the abdominal cavity.", "content": "A case of rupture of the uterus during pregnancy with the living fetus expelled intra-abdominally is reported. The main symptoms were slowly increasing abdominal colicky pains. During the first five days of the hospital stay the woman's condition deteriorated and a paralytic ileus developed. The fetal lie changed between the second and third day from longitudinal to transverse and the fetus became situated at the umbilical level. At the same time the fetal heart sounds could no longer be detected and the tense uterine wall grew soft. The changed fetal lie and the paralytic ileus were radiologically substantiated. In spite of a delayed diagnosis the child and the mother were both saved. The etiology was possibly damage to the fundal wall at an earlier curettage carried out because of a spontaneous abortion. The differential diagnosis is discussed from the obstetrical as well as from the radiological and other methodological points of view.", "contents": "Spontaneous rupture of the uterus in the third trimester with  a living fetus expelled into the abdominal cavity. A case of rupture of the uterus during pregnancy with the living fetus expelled intra-abdominally is reported. The main symptoms were slowly increasing abdominal colicky pains. During the first five days of the hospital stay the woman's condition deteriorated and a paralytic ileus developed. The fetal lie changed between the second and third day from longitudinal to transverse and the fetus became situated at the umbilical level. At the same time the fetal heart sounds could no longer be detected and the tense uterine wall grew soft. The changed fetal lie and the paralytic ileus were radiologically substantiated. In spite of a delayed diagnosis the child and the mother were both saved. The etiology was possibly damage to the fundal wall at an earlier curettage carried out because of a spontaneous abortion. The differential diagnosis is discussed from the obstetrical as well as from the radiological and other methodological points of view.", "PMID": 857594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12284", "title": "A case of massive, unilateral oedema of the ovary simulating tumour.", "content": "This paper describes the first reported Scandinavian case of massive unilateral oedema of the ovary. It represents the tenth such case in the literature. The probable pathogenesis is partial torsion of the mes-ovarium. If suspected clinically, such ovaries might be conserved.", "contents": "A case of massive, unilateral oedema of the ovary simulating tumour. This paper describes the first reported Scandinavian case of massive unilateral oedema of the ovary. It represents the tenth such case in the literature. The probable pathogenesis is partial torsion of the mes-ovarium. If suspected clinically, such ovaries might be conserved.", "PMID": 857595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12285", "title": "Histamine metabolism in normal pregnancy and in toxaemia of pregnancy.", "content": "The urinary excretion of histamine and its metabolites, methylhistamine, methylimidazoleacetic acid and imidazoleacetic acid, was measured under standardized dietary conditions in 24 women with normal pregnancies and in eleven patients with toxaemia of pregnancy. In addition, histamine metabolism was studied in five healthy women at delivery and in four other healthy pregnant women during treatment with aminoguanidine, which is an inhibitor of diamino oxidase (histaminase). A slight increase in the urinary excretion of methylimidazoleacetic acid was observed in normal pregnancy as well as in toxaemia of pregnancy compared to non-pregnant women. In two toxaemic patients and in one of the healthy subjects the urinary excretion of unmetabolized histamine was moderately increased. Despite the very high diamino oxidase activity in the plasma and in the uterus during pregnancy, there were no signs of altered catabolism of endogenous histamine in the pregnant women. Smoking increased the urinary excretion of the quantitatively dominant histamine metabolite, methylimidazolacetic acid, in pregnant subjects as it also does in nonpregnant subjects. The necessity of standardized dietary conditions in the study of histamine metabolism in man was again emphasized.", "contents": "Histamine metabolism in normal pregnancy and in toxaemia of pregnancy. The urinary excretion of histamine and its metabolites, methylhistamine, methylimidazoleacetic acid and imidazoleacetic acid, was measured under standardized dietary conditions in 24 women with normal pregnancies and in eleven patients with toxaemia of pregnancy. In addition, histamine metabolism was studied in five healthy women at delivery and in four other healthy pregnant women during treatment with aminoguanidine, which is an inhibitor of diamino oxidase (histaminase). A slight increase in the urinary excretion of methylimidazoleacetic acid was observed in normal pregnancy as well as in toxaemia of pregnancy compared to non-pregnant women. In two toxaemic patients and in one of the healthy subjects the urinary excretion of unmetabolized histamine was moderately increased. Despite the very high diamino oxidase activity in the plasma and in the uterus during pregnancy, there were no signs of altered catabolism of endogenous histamine in the pregnant women. Smoking increased the urinary excretion of the quantitatively dominant histamine metabolite, methylimidazolacetic acid, in pregnant subjects as it also does in nonpregnant subjects. The necessity of standardized dietary conditions in the study of histamine metabolism in man was again emphasized.", "PMID": 857596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12286", "title": "A comparative study of uterine activity in labour induced with prostaglandin F2alpha or oxytocin and in spontaneous labour.  II. Characteristics of uterine activity and their effect on the progress of labour.", "content": "In 76 women with spontaneous labour or labour induced with oxytocin or PGF2alpha, intra-uterine pressure was recorded during the first stage of labour. A statistical analysis was performed of the intensity and frequency of contractions, the total uterine activity and the variability of peak-to-peak intervals and amplitudes of contractions. The duration of the latent phase was shortened by 50% in induced labour compared with spontaneous, while the active phase was less affected. However, the intensity and frequency of contractions and the uterine activity in Montevideo Units were of the same magnitude in spontaneous as in induced labour, apart from two cases of hyperactivity found in the induction groups. The variability of intervals between contractions and amplitudes of contractions were also of the same degree in all groups and no overall tendency towards greater regularity was seen during progress of labour. If irregular intervals between contractions were noted, when active cervical dilatation had begun, the progress of labour was slower and more uterine work was needed for dilatation than when the uterine activity was more regular.", "contents": "A comparative study of uterine activity in labour induced with prostaglandin F2alpha or oxytocin and in spontaneous labour.  II. Characteristics of uterine activity and their effect on the progress of labour. In 76 women with spontaneous labour or labour induced with oxytocin or PGF2alpha, intra-uterine pressure was recorded during the first stage of labour. A statistical analysis was performed of the intensity and frequency of contractions, the total uterine activity and the variability of peak-to-peak intervals and amplitudes of contractions. The duration of the latent phase was shortened by 50% in induced labour compared with spontaneous, while the active phase was less affected. However, the intensity and frequency of contractions and the uterine activity in Montevideo Units were of the same magnitude in spontaneous as in induced labour, apart from two cases of hyperactivity found in the induction groups. The variability of intervals between contractions and amplitudes of contractions were also of the same degree in all groups and no overall tendency towards greater regularity was seen during progress of labour. If irregular intervals between contractions were noted, when active cervical dilatation had begun, the progress of labour was slower and more uterine work was needed for dilatation than when the uterine activity was more regular.", "PMID": 857597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12287", "title": "Effects of calorizations and repeated unidirectional angular accelerations on the nystagmus of unilaterally labyrinthectomized cats.", "content": "Right unilateral labyrinthectomy of cats resulted in a left-beating, spontaneous nystagmus that was still weakly present in most animals when recorded in darkness 2 months after surgery. Cats given cold calorizations of the non-operated ear during the month following surgery showed no differences in behavior, optokinetic nystagmus, spontaneous nystagmus, or rotation-induced nystagmus when compared with operated cats which received no caloric stimulation. All operated cats showed a reduction in optokinetic responses that was more marked to CCW stimulus and that persisted through the second month after surgery. Most nystagmic responses to angular accelerations were bidirectionally diminished by more than 50%, 1 month after surgery. A series of 15 unidirectional habituation trials was ineffective in producing a directional imbalance in the nystagmic responses of operated cats, but the series was effective with non-operated Control animals. It appears that an intact vestibular system may be necessary for directionally specific habituation effects to evidence themselves. One month after the habituation series, all operated cats showed improved nystagmic output while Control cats showed a trend toward equalization of responses for the two directions.", "contents": "Effects of calorizations and repeated unidirectional angular accelerations on the nystagmus of unilaterally labyrinthectomized cats. Right unilateral labyrinthectomy of cats resulted in a left-beating, spontaneous nystagmus that was still weakly present in most animals when recorded in darkness 2 months after surgery. Cats given cold calorizations of the non-operated ear during the month following surgery showed no differences in behavior, optokinetic nystagmus, spontaneous nystagmus, or rotation-induced nystagmus when compared with operated cats which received no caloric stimulation. All operated cats showed a reduction in optokinetic responses that was more marked to CCW stimulus and that persisted through the second month after surgery. Most nystagmic responses to angular accelerations were bidirectionally diminished by more than 50%, 1 month after surgery. A series of 15 unidirectional habituation trials was ineffective in producing a directional imbalance in the nystagmic responses of operated cats, but the series was effective with non-operated Control animals. It appears that an intact vestibular system may be necessary for directionally specific habituation effects to evidence themselves. One month after the habituation series, all operated cats showed improved nystagmic output while Control cats showed a trend toward equalization of responses for the two directions.", "PMID": 857599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12288", "title": "Electron probe determination of relative ion distribution in the inner ear.", "content": "The relative amounts of potassium and chlorine present in various parts of the inner ear were studied by using an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer in conjunction with a scanning electron microscope. Whereas the amount of chlorine was high in all compartments investigated, potassium was high in endolymphatic spaces and low in perilymphatic spaces. High contents of potassium and chlorine were also found in the tectorial membrane, in the inner sulcus and in the cupula of the semicircular canal. It is concluded that the tectorial membrane and the cupula do not present a barrier to ions and that therefore the sensory hairs in the inner ear are exposed to the ionic environment provided by the endolymph.", "contents": "Electron probe determination of relative ion distribution in the inner ear. The relative amounts of potassium and chlorine present in various parts of the inner ear were studied by using an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer in conjunction with a scanning electron microscope. Whereas the amount of chlorine was high in all compartments investigated, potassium was high in endolymphatic spaces and low in perilymphatic spaces. High contents of potassium and chlorine were also found in the tectorial membrane, in the inner sulcus and in the cupula of the semicircular canal. It is concluded that the tectorial membrane and the cupula do not present a barrier to ions and that therefore the sensory hairs in the inner ear are exposed to the ionic environment provided by the endolymph.", "PMID": 857598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12289", "title": "A comparison of the furosemide and glycerol tests for Meniere's disease. With special reference to the bilateral lesion.", "content": "The feasibility of furosemide test for the detection of endolymphatic hydrops has previously been discussed (Authors, 1973, 1975). The glycerol test also has been reported as being effective for the same purpose but only in Meniere patients with fluctuating hearing loss (Klockhoff & Lindblom, 1966). In 48 patients with Meniere's disease, both the furosemide test (F-test) and the glycerol test (G-test) were performed on 51 ears including 3 cases of bilateral involvement. The average value of urine volume in the F-test was significantly greater than that for the G-test. The decrease in tinnitus was 40% in the former, 45% in the latter. The F-test yielded a positive rate of 73%, and the G-test, 45%. The results were thus: positive in the both tests, i.e., F+: G+ were 17 (33%); F+: G-, 20 (39%); F-: G+, 6 (12%), and both negative, F-: G-, only (16%). The side effects of the F-test were nil, but those of the G-test were as follows: headache (29%), nausea (4%), and increase in tinnitus (9%). The response increase of the hydropic labyrinth caused by the two kinds of systemic dehydration over-lapped in part and differed in part, as a result of the differing diuretic mechanisms and their respective affinities to the cochlea and the vestibulum. The furosemide test may be based on the action of the vestibular response type, which is caused by natriuretic dehydration accompanying the more sensitive response increase in caloric-induced nystagmus, while the glycerol test may be based on the action of the cochlear response type, owing to osmotic diuresis manifested as hearing shift. The correlation between labyrinthine hydrops and dehydration was discussed and it was concluded that these double test were quite adequate methods for choice of treatment of not only unilateral Meniere's disease in its various stages but also in bilateral involvements.", "contents": "A comparison of the furosemide and glycerol tests for Meniere's disease. With special reference to the bilateral lesion. The feasibility of furosemide test for the detection of endolymphatic hydrops has previously been discussed (Authors, 1973, 1975). The glycerol test also has been reported as being effective for the same purpose but only in Meniere patients with fluctuating hearing loss (Klockhoff & Lindblom, 1966). In 48 patients with Meniere's disease, both the furosemide test (F-test) and the glycerol test (G-test) were performed on 51 ears including 3 cases of bilateral involvement. The average value of urine volume in the F-test was significantly greater than that for the G-test. The decrease in tinnitus was 40% in the former, 45% in the latter. The F-test yielded a positive rate of 73%, and the G-test, 45%. The results were thus: positive in the both tests, i.e., F+: G+ were 17 (33%); F+: G-, 20 (39%); F-: G+, 6 (12%), and both negative, F-: G-, only (16%). The side effects of the F-test were nil, but those of the G-test were as follows: headache (29%), nausea (4%), and increase in tinnitus (9%). The response increase of the hydropic labyrinth caused by the two kinds of systemic dehydration over-lapped in part and differed in part, as a result of the differing diuretic mechanisms and their respective affinities to the cochlea and the vestibulum. The furosemide test may be based on the action of the vestibular response type, which is caused by natriuretic dehydration accompanying the more sensitive response increase in caloric-induced nystagmus, while the glycerol test may be based on the action of the cochlear response type, owing to osmotic diuresis manifested as hearing shift. The correlation between labyrinthine hydrops and dehydration was discussed and it was concluded that these double test were quite adequate methods for choice of treatment of not only unilateral Meniere's disease in its various stages but also in bilateral involvements.", "PMID": 857600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12290", "title": "Ultrastructural changes of the nerve elements following disruption of the organ of Corti. I. Nerve elements in the organ of Corti.", "content": "3-137 days after disruption of the guinea pig organ of Corti by perilymphatic perfusion with 20% streptomycin (SM), ultrastructural changes of the nerve fibers in the organ were observed. Most of nerve fibers began to degenerate after a latent period of 4 days. On the other hand, a number of fibers survived reactively enlarged and later developed into myelinated and unmyelinated fibers by becoming enclosed in Schwann cells which entered the organ of Corti through the habenula perforata. Regeneration and sprouting of the surviving nerve fibers also occurred. The fibers became mature, but atrophied after 60 days and then gradually disappeared. The regenerating fibers were mainly of the myelinated and unmyelinated efferent type. Retrograde degeneration occurred in both afferent and efferent fibers. In the less damaged organ of Corti perfused with 2% SM or Ringer's solution, Schwann cell invasion was not found.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes of the nerve elements following disruption of the organ of Corti. I. Nerve elements in the organ of Corti. 3-137 days after disruption of the guinea pig organ of Corti by perilymphatic perfusion with 20% streptomycin (SM), ultrastructural changes of the nerve fibers in the organ were observed. Most of nerve fibers began to degenerate after a latent period of 4 days. On the other hand, a number of fibers survived reactively enlarged and later developed into myelinated and unmyelinated fibers by becoming enclosed in Schwann cells which entered the organ of Corti through the habenula perforata. Regeneration and sprouting of the surviving nerve fibers also occurred. The fibers became mature, but atrophied after 60 days and then gradually disappeared. The regenerating fibers were mainly of the myelinated and unmyelinated efferent type. Retrograde degeneration occurred in both afferent and efferent fibers. In the less damaged organ of Corti perfused with 2% SM or Ringer's solution, Schwann cell invasion was not found.", "PMID": 857602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12291", "title": "The catabolism of glucose, glutamate pyruvate and acetate in Neisseria elongata subsp. glycolytica.", "content": "Activities corresponding to the enzymes glucokinase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, pyridine nucleotide independent malate dehydrogenase, and glutamate dehydrogenase were found in cell free extracts from Neisseria elongata subsp. gkcolytica. Activities corresponding to 6-phosphogluconate dehydrase and 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate aldolase were not found. Glucose was catabolized only vira the pentose phosphate pathway. The radiorespirometric findings suggest an extensive recycling of the triose and fructose phosphates. There was no evidence for formation of pyruvate from glucose. Glutamate was oxidized via the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Pyruvate and acetate were obviously catabolized by the glyoxylic and tricarboxylic acid cycles, as in N. elongata.", "contents": "The catabolism of glucose, glutamate pyruvate and acetate in Neisseria elongata subsp. glycolytica. Activities corresponding to the enzymes glucokinase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, pyridine nucleotide independent malate dehydrogenase, and glutamate dehydrogenase were found in cell free extracts from Neisseria elongata subsp. gkcolytica. Activities corresponding to 6-phosphogluconate dehydrase and 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate aldolase were not found. Glucose was catabolized only vira the pentose phosphate pathway. The radiorespirometric findings suggest an extensive recycling of the triose and fructose phosphates. There was no evidence for formation of pyruvate from glucose. Glutamate was oxidized via the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Pyruvate and acetate were obviously catabolized by the glyoxylic and tricarboxylic acid cycles, as in N. elongata.", "PMID": 857608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12292", "title": "Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia like microbes isolated from mammals and water in Norway and Denmark.", "content": "Data pertaining to 149 strains belonging to genus Yersinia are summarized in this paper. Yersinia enterocolitica (Y.e.) was isolated from the faeces of 31 of 305 small rodents and from 5 of 31 shrews (Soricidae) trapped at five localities in Norway and one locality in Denmark. Isolations were obtained from 9 of 29 water samples collected within the trapping areas. Three of 25 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from one locality in Norway harbored Y.e. in their faeces. Y.e. serotype 16 was isolated from one zoologist suffering from diarrhoea. A total of 85 strains from small rodents, shrews, water and foxes showed biochemical properties intermediate to Y.e. and Y. pseudotuberculosis. Another three strains were classified as Y. pseudotuberculosis on biochemical basis. They were obtained from small rodents in Denmark. Serological examination of 59 small rodents naturally infected with Y.e. and related microbes, revealed two cases of low antibody titres (80) against homologous isolates. Pathological examination of 44 of these animals gave a negative result. Strains antigenically related to the same serotypes were frequently isolated from both terrestrial ecosystems and adjacent freshwater. Strains related to serotype 6 dominated both in red fox and in their small rodent prey. No evidence was found for a dynamical significance of Y.e. in populations of small rodents. The results indicate that Y.e. and Yersinia like microbes have a broad occurrence in terrestial ecosystems.", "contents": "Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia like microbes isolated from mammals and water in Norway and Denmark. Data pertaining to 149 strains belonging to genus Yersinia are summarized in this paper. Yersinia enterocolitica (Y.e.) was isolated from the faeces of 31 of 305 small rodents and from 5 of 31 shrews (Soricidae) trapped at five localities in Norway and one locality in Denmark. Isolations were obtained from 9 of 29 water samples collected within the trapping areas. Three of 25 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from one locality in Norway harbored Y.e. in their faeces. Y.e. serotype 16 was isolated from one zoologist suffering from diarrhoea. A total of 85 strains from small rodents, shrews, water and foxes showed biochemical properties intermediate to Y.e. and Y. pseudotuberculosis. Another three strains were classified as Y. pseudotuberculosis on biochemical basis. They were obtained from small rodents in Denmark. Serological examination of 59 small rodents naturally infected with Y.e. and related microbes, revealed two cases of low antibody titres (80) against homologous isolates. Pathological examination of 44 of these animals gave a negative result. Strains antigenically related to the same serotypes were frequently isolated from both terrestrial ecosystems and adjacent freshwater. Strains related to serotype 6 dominated both in red fox and in their small rodent prey. No evidence was found for a dynamical significance of Y.e. in populations of small rodents. The results indicate that Y.e. and Yersinia like microbes have a broad occurrence in terrestial ecosystems.", "PMID": 857609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12293", "title": "The compliance curve for the flow limiting segments of the airway. I. Model studies.", "content": "By means of a pilot-static tube airway compliance curves describing the cross-sectional area (A) as a function of transmural pressure (Ptm) were constructed for several locations in the elastic airway of a mechanical model of the lung. From these curves local relations between elastic recoil pressure of the lung (Pel) and maximal expiratory flow (Vmax) were calculated and compared with the experimentally determined Pel-Vmax curve for the entire airway, i.e. all parts in series. Theory and experiments showed that the latter was the lower borderline of all the local Pel-Vmax curves. This means that the maximal flow through the entire airway at a given Pel is determined by the segment of the airway, having the smallest Vmax, just as the maximal strength of a chain is determined by its weakest link. The relation between the critical transmural pressure (Ptm-) and the corresponding cross-sectional area (A-) was derived from the experimental Pel-Vmax curve. This Ptm--A- curve had a composed appearance, which was found to reflect parts of the different local Ptm-A curves and transitions between them because of movement of the flow limiting site within the airway. The Ptm--A- curve depends on the elastic properties of the flow limiting segment, and the slope of this curve (dA-/dPtm-) is the compliance of the flow limiting segment. Significant frictional pressure losses upstream from the site of flow limitation caused underestimation of both A- and dA-/dPtm-, but downstream pressure losses had no influence on the Ptm--A- curve.", "contents": "The compliance curve for the flow limiting segments of the airway. I. Model studies. By means of a pilot-static tube airway compliance curves describing the cross-sectional area (A) as a function of transmural pressure (Ptm) were constructed for several locations in the elastic airway of a mechanical model of the lung. From these curves local relations between elastic recoil pressure of the lung (Pel) and maximal expiratory flow (Vmax) were calculated and compared with the experimentally determined Pel-Vmax curve for the entire airway, i.e. all parts in series. Theory and experiments showed that the latter was the lower borderline of all the local Pel-Vmax curves. This means that the maximal flow through the entire airway at a given Pel is determined by the segment of the airway, having the smallest Vmax, just as the maximal strength of a chain is determined by its weakest link. The relation between the critical transmural pressure (Ptm-) and the corresponding cross-sectional area (A-) was derived from the experimental Pel-Vmax curve. This Ptm--A- curve had a composed appearance, which was found to reflect parts of the different local Ptm-A curves and transitions between them because of movement of the flow limiting site within the airway. The Ptm--A- curve depends on the elastic properties of the flow limiting segment, and the slope of this curve (dA-/dPtm-) is the compliance of the flow limiting segment. Significant frictional pressure losses upstream from the site of flow limitation caused underestimation of both A- and dA-/dPtm-, but downstream pressure losses had no influence on the Ptm--A- curve.", "PMID": 857610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12294", "title": "Scanning electron microscopic study on the distribution of epithelial cells in the Eustachian tube.", "content": "Canine Eustachian tube epithelium was examined by means of the scanning electron microscope. The part of the tube at the bone-cartilage junction was found to be the most active. It is here that goblet cells and large numbers of ciliated cells were found. Cilia were dense and covered by a mucus blanket. Near the tympanic end of the Eustachian tube, goblet cells were more numerous and ciliated cells less so. Near the pharyngeal end, goblet cells were numerous, while cilia were scanty and not uniform in length. Our findings support the concept that middle ear clearance is carried out by an active mucociliary mechanism as in other parts of the upper respiratory system.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopic study on the distribution of epithelial cells in the Eustachian tube. Canine Eustachian tube epithelium was examined by means of the scanning electron microscope. The part of the tube at the bone-cartilage junction was found to be the most active. It is here that goblet cells and large numbers of ciliated cells were found. Cilia were dense and covered by a mucus blanket. Near the tympanic end of the Eustachian tube, goblet cells were more numerous and ciliated cells less so. Near the pharyngeal end, goblet cells were numerous, while cilia were scanty and not uniform in length. Our findings support the concept that middle ear clearance is carried out by an active mucociliary mechanism as in other parts of the upper respiratory system.", "PMID": 857601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12295", "title": "Evidence for a rate-sensitive regulatory mechanism in myogenic microvascular control.", "content": "To reveal a possible rate-sensitive component in the myogenic control, changes of total and segmental vascular resistances in sympathectomized skeletal muscle in response to alteration of vascular transmural pressure (extravascular pressure) by 40 mmHg were compared when the pressure change was applied at two distinctly different rates (15 and 120 s). The papaverine-dilated vascular bed showed an entirely passive behaviour, whereas the normal, myogenically reactive vascular bed responded with active constriction upon transmural pressure increase and active dilation upon pressure decrease. These responses were especially pronounced in the microvessels where a clearcut two-component effector response was observed. The magnitude of the initial component was distinctly correlated to the rate at which the transmural pressure stimulus was applied, whereas the later steady state component during the static pressure change was rate-independent. At the high rate of pressure increase, the initial rate-dependent microvascular constrictor response was some ten times larger than the steady state response. These observations indicate the existence of a rate-sensitive as well as a static component in the myogenic response to changed transmural pressure, an interpretation strongly supported by a previous analogous study on isolated single-unit vascular smooth muscle (Johansson and Mellander 1975). It is concluded that the microvessels in skeletal muscle are highly responsive to myogenic stimuli and that emphasis should be placed on the dynamic rather than the static characteristics of the stimulus. Such rate-sensitivity in myogenic control would seem to facilitate prompt and proper vascular adjustments, for instance in myogenic autoregulation.", "contents": "Evidence for a rate-sensitive regulatory mechanism in myogenic microvascular control. To reveal a possible rate-sensitive component in the myogenic control, changes of total and segmental vascular resistances in sympathectomized skeletal muscle in response to alteration of vascular transmural pressure (extravascular pressure) by 40 mmHg were compared when the pressure change was applied at two distinctly different rates (15 and 120 s). The papaverine-dilated vascular bed showed an entirely passive behaviour, whereas the normal, myogenically reactive vascular bed responded with active constriction upon transmural pressure increase and active dilation upon pressure decrease. These responses were especially pronounced in the microvessels where a clearcut two-component effector response was observed. The magnitude of the initial component was distinctly correlated to the rate at which the transmural pressure stimulus was applied, whereas the later steady state component during the static pressure change was rate-independent. At the high rate of pressure increase, the initial rate-dependent microvascular constrictor response was some ten times larger than the steady state response. These observations indicate the existence of a rate-sensitive as well as a static component in the myogenic response to changed transmural pressure, an interpretation strongly supported by a previous analogous study on isolated single-unit vascular smooth muscle (Johansson and Mellander 1975). It is concluded that the microvessels in skeletal muscle are highly responsive to myogenic stimuli and that emphasis should be placed on the dynamic rather than the static characteristics of the stimulus. Such rate-sensitivity in myogenic control would seem to facilitate prompt and proper vascular adjustments, for instance in myogenic autoregulation.", "PMID": 857611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12296", "title": "Middle ear pressure during and after prolonged nasotracheal and/or nasogastric intubation.", "content": "Changes in middle ear pressure during and after prolonged nasotracheal and/or nasogastric intubation were studied in 47 patients who had been intubated, for various reasons, during 1-24 days. All the patients had a negative middle ear pressure; in 84% of the ears the pressure was -200 mm of water or less. In most ears the pressure fell rapidly after the intubation, being most negative before extubation and during the first 2 days after. In all patients who could be followed the pressure returned to normal. The normalization was slow, depending upon the duration in intubation. Possible causes, such as abolished ventilation of the rhinopharynx, insufficient swallowing, mechanical occlusion of the tubal orifice, and the influence of anaesthetic gases are discussed. During the period after extubation the most probable cause is irritative and inflammatory reaction of the mucosa, leading to internal tubal occlusion.", "contents": "Middle ear pressure during and after prolonged nasotracheal and/or nasogastric intubation. Changes in middle ear pressure during and after prolonged nasotracheal and/or nasogastric intubation were studied in 47 patients who had been intubated, for various reasons, during 1-24 days. All the patients had a negative middle ear pressure; in 84% of the ears the pressure was -200 mm of water or less. In most ears the pressure fell rapidly after the intubation, being most negative before extubation and during the first 2 days after. In all patients who could be followed the pressure returned to normal. The normalization was slow, depending upon the duration in intubation. Possible causes, such as abolished ventilation of the rhinopharynx, insufficient swallowing, mechanical occlusion of the tubal orifice, and the influence of anaesthetic gases are discussed. During the period after extubation the most probable cause is irritative and inflammatory reaction of the mucosa, leading to internal tubal occlusion.", "PMID": 857606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12297", "title": "Hemifacial spasm. Nerve block with phenol under electromyographic control.", "content": "Seven cases of hemifacial spasm are described. Six were operated upon with intra-osseal exposure of the facial nerve. In all 6 cases transient peripheral facial paresis developed. When the paresis disappeared the patients had a recurrence of the spasms. As an alternative to surgical procedures a method for selective nerve block under E. M. G. control with 3% phenol is described and 5 cases have been treated with this method. Ambulatory treatment with deposition of 3% phenol in the main branch of the facial nerve appears to have an equally good effect to the surgical methods hitherto used. Examination with E. M. G. suggested that the hemifacial spasm is of central origin.", "contents": "Hemifacial spasm. Nerve block with phenol under electromyographic control. Seven cases of hemifacial spasm are described. Six were operated upon with intra-osseal exposure of the facial nerve. In all 6 cases transient peripheral facial paresis developed. When the paresis disappeared the patients had a recurrence of the spasms. As an alternative to surgical procedures a method for selective nerve block under E. M. G. control with 3% phenol is described and 5 cases have been treated with this method. Ambulatory treatment with deposition of 3% phenol in the main branch of the facial nerve appears to have an equally good effect to the surgical methods hitherto used. Examination with E. M. G. suggested that the hemifacial spasm is of central origin.", "PMID": 857605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12298", "title": "Discrimination of frequency ramps in subjects with cochlear hearing loss.", "content": "The auditory sensitivity for detecting linear frequency sweeps of a continuous pure tone has been studied in ten young subjects with cochlear hearing loss. The mean thresholds were elevated by a factor of 2.8 as compared with a normal group over the whole range of ramp durations studied (10-500 msec). The results show that this elevation is most likely caused mainly by the cochlear lesion per se, other possible factors having only a minor effect. No clear correlations could be found between thresholds for frequency change and results of other pure tone audiometric tests. Such tests thus cannot predict a subject's frequency discrimination.", "contents": "Discrimination of frequency ramps in subjects with cochlear hearing loss. The auditory sensitivity for detecting linear frequency sweeps of a continuous pure tone has been studied in ten young subjects with cochlear hearing loss. The mean thresholds were elevated by a factor of 2.8 as compared with a normal group over the whole range of ramp durations studied (10-500 msec). The results show that this elevation is most likely caused mainly by the cochlear lesion per se, other possible factors having only a minor effect. No clear correlations could be found between thresholds for frequency change and results of other pure tone audiometric tests. Such tests thus cannot predict a subject's frequency discrimination.", "PMID": 857603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12299", "title": "Effect of hypoxia on mitochondrial mass and cytochrome concentrations in rat heart and liver during postnatal development.", "content": "Cytochrome concentrations of rat heart and liver mitochondria were measured postnatally from newborn animals to young adults. Mitochondrial cytochrome aa3 concentration increased shortly after birth in both tissues, this concentration being in a newborn animal 0.149 +/- 0.027 nmol/mg protein in liver and 0.333 +/- 0.082 nmol/mg protein in heart. The respective values from a two week old animal were 0.216 +/- 0.031 and 0.583 +/- 0.100. Postnatally cytochromes c+c1 and b increased markedly in the heart, but in the liver of newborn animals the cytochrome content was more close to the adult values. The amount of mitochondrial protein increased after birth, too. In a newborn animal the mitochondrial protein values were 39.7 +/- 3.6 mg/g wet weight in liver and 26.6 +/- 6.5 mg/g wet weight in heart. In adult animals the respective values were 71.5 +/- 4.8 and 80.7 +/- 13.1. The effect of postnatal hypoxia (10% O2, 24 h and 48 h) on liver and heart mitochondrial cytochrome concentration and protein values of newborn animals were investigated. During hypoxia the amount of mitochondrial protein remained about at the level of a newborn animal. The postnatal increase in the mitochondrial cytochrome concentration, which was smaller in the liver than in the heart, was also inhibited by hypoxia.", "contents": "Effect of hypoxia on mitochondrial mass and cytochrome concentrations in rat heart and liver during postnatal development. Cytochrome concentrations of rat heart and liver mitochondria were measured postnatally from newborn animals to young adults. Mitochondrial cytochrome aa3 concentration increased shortly after birth in both tissues, this concentration being in a newborn animal 0.149 +/- 0.027 nmol/mg protein in liver and 0.333 +/- 0.082 nmol/mg protein in heart. The respective values from a two week old animal were 0.216 +/- 0.031 and 0.583 +/- 0.100. Postnatally cytochromes c+c1 and b increased markedly in the heart, but in the liver of newborn animals the cytochrome content was more close to the adult values. The amount of mitochondrial protein increased after birth, too. In a newborn animal the mitochondrial protein values were 39.7 +/- 3.6 mg/g wet weight in liver and 26.6 +/- 6.5 mg/g wet weight in heart. In adult animals the respective values were 71.5 +/- 4.8 and 80.7 +/- 13.1. The effect of postnatal hypoxia (10% O2, 24 h and 48 h) on liver and heart mitochondrial cytochrome concentration and protein values of newborn animals were investigated. During hypoxia the amount of mitochondrial protein remained about at the level of a newborn animal. The postnatal increase in the mitochondrial cytochrome concentration, which was smaller in the liver than in the heart, was also inhibited by hypoxia.", "PMID": 857612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12300", "title": "Contractility, muscle mass and agonist sensitivity of isolated portal veins from normo- and hypertensive rats.", "content": "Properties of the longitudinal smooth muscle of portal veins from normotensive Wistar rats, adult (NCR) and young (NCRy); spontaneously hypertensive Okamoto rats, adult (SHR) and young (SHRy); and adult Wistar rats with renal hypertension (RHR) were studied in vitro and histologically. Some aortic strips from SHR and SHRy were compared with controls. In response to noradrenaline (NA) and acetylcholine (ACh) greater maximum force was developed by veins from all hypertensive groups than by those from control rats. Cross-sectional area of the longitudinal muscle of veins from SHR but nor SHRy nor RHR was greater than control. Maximum stress in response to agonists was greater in both SHR and RHR than NCR. ED50-values for NA and ACh were lower in portal veins from SHR than NCR but not from RHR nor SHRy compared to controls. Denervation did not abolish any of the differences between SHR and NCR. Aortic strips from SHR developed less maximum force to NA and ED50 was greater than those from NCR, i.e. opposite to the findings in portal veins. Low levels of external Ca2+ reveal altered calcium handling in veins from SHR compared to controls. It is concluded that portal veins from hypertensive rats are functionally different from those of normotensive rats and differ in SHR compared to RHR. It is suggested that the altered functional properties of portal vein, but not of aorta, in several respects resemble those of arterial resistance vessels. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of mechanisms of hypertension in these animal models.", "contents": "Contractility, muscle mass and agonist sensitivity of isolated portal veins from normo- and hypertensive rats. Properties of the longitudinal smooth muscle of portal veins from normotensive Wistar rats, adult (NCR) and young (NCRy); spontaneously hypertensive Okamoto rats, adult (SHR) and young (SHRy); and adult Wistar rats with renal hypertension (RHR) were studied in vitro and histologically. Some aortic strips from SHR and SHRy were compared with controls. In response to noradrenaline (NA) and acetylcholine (ACh) greater maximum force was developed by veins from all hypertensive groups than by those from control rats. Cross-sectional area of the longitudinal muscle of veins from SHR but nor SHRy nor RHR was greater than control. Maximum stress in response to agonists was greater in both SHR and RHR than NCR. ED50-values for NA and ACh were lower in portal veins from SHR than NCR but not from RHR nor SHRy compared to controls. Denervation did not abolish any of the differences between SHR and NCR. Aortic strips from SHR developed less maximum force to NA and ED50 was greater than those from NCR, i.e. opposite to the findings in portal veins. Low levels of external Ca2+ reveal altered calcium handling in veins from SHR compared to controls. It is concluded that portal veins from hypertensive rats are functionally different from those of normotensive rats and differ in SHR compared to RHR. It is suggested that the altered functional properties of portal vein, but not of aorta, in several respects resemble those of arterial resistance vessels. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of mechanisms of hypertension in these animal models.", "PMID": 857613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12301", "title": "Thresholds for linear frequency ramps of a continuous pure tone.", "content": "The human auditory sensitivity in detecting linear frequency ramps of a continuous pure tone has been studied. It is shown that for short ramp durations (less than 200 msec) discrimination depends on the difference between base and plateau frequencies, the mean threshold being about 3 Hz at 1 kHz. For longer ramp durations (greater than 200 msec), discrimination was found to be based on detection of the actual frequency sweep. No significant difference was found between thresholds for upward and downward sweeps. Expressed in Hz, the threshold for frequency change was approximately constant for base frequencies up to 1 kHz, above which it increased, reaching approximately 14 Hz at 4 kHz. There was no significant difference in the threshold for frequency change from 40 to 80 dB HL but at 20 dB HL the threshold was significantly higher than at 40 dB HL. Intra-individual variation in thresholds was found to be smaller than inter-individual variation. The results are discussed in relation to previous frequency discrimination data, where either tone pulse pairs, continuous frequency modulation or frequency ramps were used as stimuli.", "contents": "Thresholds for linear frequency ramps of a continuous pure tone. The human auditory sensitivity in detecting linear frequency ramps of a continuous pure tone has been studied. It is shown that for short ramp durations (less than 200 msec) discrimination depends on the difference between base and plateau frequencies, the mean threshold being about 3 Hz at 1 kHz. For longer ramp durations (greater than 200 msec), discrimination was found to be based on detection of the actual frequency sweep. No significant difference was found between thresholds for upward and downward sweeps. Expressed in Hz, the threshold for frequency change was approximately constant for base frequencies up to 1 kHz, above which it increased, reaching approximately 14 Hz at 4 kHz. There was no significant difference in the threshold for frequency change from 40 to 80 dB HL but at 20 dB HL the threshold was significantly higher than at 40 dB HL. Intra-individual variation in thresholds was found to be smaller than inter-individual variation. The results are discussed in relation to previous frequency discrimination data, where either tone pulse pairs, continuous frequency modulation or frequency ramps were used as stimuli.", "PMID": 857604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12302", "title": "Social-demographic aspects in the attitudes towards mental illness in a Finnish population.", "content": "Attitudes towards mental illness were studied in a random population of 1,000 subjects from southern and northern Finland using a Likert-type attitude scale. Correlations between attitudes and social-demographic variables were studied with one-way variance analysis and with specific multivariable techniques (AID and MCA). The best correlations were established between educational standard and attitudes, and between age and attitudes; higher education and younger age correlated with positive attitudes. Even social group and attitudes seemed to be distinctly correlated: the higher the social status, the more positive the attitudes. No difference could be demonstrated between residents from southern and northern Finland; rural subjects, however, possessed distinctly more negative attitudes than urban residents. According to the authors the most striking result was the observation that females show somewhat (statistically very significantly) more negative attitudes than males. It could also be established that the attitudes of female subjects varied greatly in various groups of variables.", "contents": "Social-demographic aspects in the attitudes towards mental illness in a Finnish population. Attitudes towards mental illness were studied in a random population of 1,000 subjects from southern and northern Finland using a Likert-type attitude scale. Correlations between attitudes and social-demographic variables were studied with one-way variance analysis and with specific multivariable techniques (AID and MCA). The best correlations were established between educational standard and attitudes, and between age and attitudes; higher education and younger age correlated with positive attitudes. Even social group and attitudes seemed to be distinctly correlated: the higher the social status, the more positive the attitudes. No difference could be demonstrated between residents from southern and northern Finland; rural subjects, however, possessed distinctly more negative attitudes than urban residents. According to the authors the most striking result was the observation that females show somewhat (statistically very significantly) more negative attitudes than males. It could also be established that the attitudes of female subjects varied greatly in various groups of variables.", "PMID": 857614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12303", "title": "Oxypurine and 6-thiopurine nucleoside triphosphate formation in human erythrocytes.", "content": "A variety of oxypurines and 6-thiopurines could be transformed by intact erythrocytes to their nucleoside triphosphate forms when incubations were extended for up to 24 hrs. The specific nucleotide monophosphate kinases which accomplish these reactions in erythrocytes were not identified but their ability to utilize 6-thioIMP, 6-thioXMP and 6-methylthioGMP as substrates, albeit very slowly, is clearly implied by these results. S-methylation of 6-thiopurines was demonstrated in erythrocytes incubated with physiological amounts of methionine-(CH3-3H). 6-Methylthioguanosine triphosphate and 6-methylmercaptopurine riboside triphosphate were formed in micromolar amounts, probably from the corresponding thiopurine nucleotides by methyl transfer from S-adenosylmethionine.", "contents": "Oxypurine and 6-thiopurine nucleoside triphosphate formation in human erythrocytes. A variety of oxypurines and 6-thiopurines could be transformed by intact erythrocytes to their nucleoside triphosphate forms when incubations were extended for up to 24 hrs. The specific nucleotide monophosphate kinases which accomplish these reactions in erythrocytes were not identified but their ability to utilize 6-thioIMP, 6-thioXMP and 6-methylthioGMP as substrates, albeit very slowly, is clearly implied by these results. S-methylation of 6-thiopurines was demonstrated in erythrocytes incubated with physiological amounts of methionine-(CH3-3H). 6-Methylthioguanosine triphosphate and 6-methylmercaptopurine riboside triphosphate were formed in micromolar amounts, probably from the corresponding thiopurine nucleotides by methyl transfer from S-adenosylmethionine.", "PMID": 857615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12304", "title": "Oncocytic cysts of the larynx.", "content": "Oncocytic cysts make up a pathologically well-defined sub-group of cystic lesions in the larynx. As a rule they originate from the ventricle and occur in middle-aged or elderly persons. Clinically these tumours are uncharacteristic. Such oncocytic cysts are interpretable as retention cysts rather than actual new growths. The question concerning their rare occurrence is discussed on the basis of 5 cases diagnosed within a period of 2 months.", "contents": "Oncocytic cysts of the larynx. Oncocytic cysts make up a pathologically well-defined sub-group of cystic lesions in the larynx. As a rule they originate from the ventricle and occur in middle-aged or elderly persons. Clinically these tumours are uncharacteristic. Such oncocytic cysts are interpretable as retention cysts rather than actual new growths. The question concerning their rare occurrence is discussed on the basis of 5 cases diagnosed within a period of 2 months.", "PMID": 857607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12305", "title": "Metabolism of intravenous adenine in the pig.", "content": "1. Adenine administered either parenterally or orally is less toxic to the pig than to other species; doses of 100 mg/kg are rapidly catabolised and excreted largely as soluble purine end-products in the urine. 2. The low toxicity is explained by the excretion of less than 1% of the dose as 2,8-dihydroxyadenine. 3. These results suggest that adenine dosages which give rise to kidney damage must be above a threshold-like level which varies in the different mammalian species, and is higher in the pig than in the rat, dog, rabbit or man.", "contents": "Metabolism of intravenous adenine in the pig. 1. Adenine administered either parenterally or orally is less toxic to the pig than to other species; doses of 100 mg/kg are rapidly catabolised and excreted largely as soluble purine end-products in the urine. 2. The low toxicity is explained by the excretion of less than 1% of the dose as 2,8-dihydroxyadenine. 3. These results suggest that adenine dosages which give rise to kidney damage must be above a threshold-like level which varies in the different mammalian species, and is higher in the pig than in the rat, dog, rabbit or man.", "PMID": 857616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12306", "title": "Purine and pyrimidine nucleotide concentrations in cells with decreased hypoxanthine-guanine-phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) activity.", "content": "1. In order to investigate the role of purine ribonucleotides in the regulation of de novo purine synthesis in living human cells deficient in HGPRT, intracellular ribonucleotide concentrations have been measured in HGPRT lymphoblasts, fibroblasts and erythrocytes and in appropriate HGPRT controls by high pressure liquid chromatography. 2. Purine Purine ribonucleotide concentrations were not reduced in HGPRT cells, supporting the hypothesis that accelerated purine biosynthesis de novo results from increased availability of PP-ribose-P and not from altered feedback regulation by purine ribonucleotides in HGPRT deficient cells. 3. Striking increases in intracellular concentrations of some pyrimidine nucleotides and nucleotide sugars were detected in HGPRT lymphoblasts and erythrocytes, but not in fibroblasts. 4. The possibiiity that this abnormality of pyrimidine metabolism might result from coordinate regulation of purine and pyrimidine synthesis de novo by PP-ribose-P was not substantiated by measurements of rates of pyrimidine synthesis and experimental elevation of intracellular concentrations of PP-ribose-P following incubation of cells with inorganic phosphate.", "contents": "Purine and pyrimidine nucleotide concentrations in cells with decreased hypoxanthine-guanine-phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) activity. 1. In order to investigate the role of purine ribonucleotides in the regulation of de novo purine synthesis in living human cells deficient in HGPRT, intracellular ribonucleotide concentrations have been measured in HGPRT lymphoblasts, fibroblasts and erythrocytes and in appropriate HGPRT controls by high pressure liquid chromatography. 2. Purine Purine ribonucleotide concentrations were not reduced in HGPRT cells, supporting the hypothesis that accelerated purine biosynthesis de novo results from increased availability of PP-ribose-P and not from altered feedback regulation by purine ribonucleotides in HGPRT deficient cells. 3. Striking increases in intracellular concentrations of some pyrimidine nucleotides and nucleotide sugars were detected in HGPRT lymphoblasts and erythrocytes, but not in fibroblasts. 4. The possibiiity that this abnormality of pyrimidine metabolism might result from coordinate regulation of purine and pyrimidine synthesis de novo by PP-ribose-P was not substantiated by measurements of rates of pyrimidine synthesis and experimental elevation of intracellular concentrations of PP-ribose-P following incubation of cells with inorganic phosphate.", "PMID": 857617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12307", "title": "Effects of inosine on purine synthesis in normal and HGPRT-deficient human fibroblasts.", "content": "1. Incubation of normal and HGPRT-deficient fibroblasts with inosine results in increased PP-ribose-P concentrations. 2. The increased PP-ribose-P concentrations are accompanied by decreased rates of purine synthesis de novo, more marked in normal cells 3. Increased purine nucleotide concentrations during incubation with inosine provide a likely explanation for the inhibition of purine synthesis in normal cells 4. The lack of accelerated purine synthesis in mutant cells under these conditions is not fully explained by consideration of PP-ribose-P and purine nucleotide concentations.", "contents": "Effects of inosine on purine synthesis in normal and HGPRT-deficient human fibroblasts. 1. Incubation of normal and HGPRT-deficient fibroblasts with inosine results in increased PP-ribose-P concentrations. 2. The increased PP-ribose-P concentrations are accompanied by decreased rates of purine synthesis de novo, more marked in normal cells 3. Increased purine nucleotide concentrations during incubation with inosine provide a likely explanation for the inhibition of purine synthesis in normal cells 4. The lack of accelerated purine synthesis in mutant cells under these conditions is not fully explained by consideration of PP-ribose-P and purine nucleotide concentations.", "PMID": 857618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12308", "title": "Serum uric acid levels in England and Scotland.", "content": "A survey of serum uric acid levels in 766 subjects in England and 337 in Glasgow was carried out. There was no difference in the frequency distribution of uric acid or the mean levels in the two countries. A serum uric acid of 7 mg/100 ml or over was found in 7.2% of the men and 0.4% of the women. The previously described sex difference and association of serum uric acid with weight were confirmed. No association was found with social class. The suggestion of an increase in uric acid levels in the United Kingdom over the past 14 years is discussed.", "contents": "Serum uric acid levels in England and Scotland. A survey of serum uric acid levels in 766 subjects in England and 337 in Glasgow was carried out. There was no difference in the frequency distribution of uric acid or the mean levels in the two countries. A serum uric acid of 7 mg/100 ml or over was found in 7.2% of the men and 0.4% of the women. The previously described sex difference and association of serum uric acid with weight were confirmed. No association was found with social class. The suggestion of an increase in uric acid levels in the United Kingdom over the past 14 years is discussed.", "PMID": 857619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12309", "title": "Gout disease. Its natural history based on 1,000 observations.", "content": "Gout disease in our country as both exogenous factors (dietary habits, professions, etc.) and endogenous factors (sex, inheritance, etc.) play a polygenic role in its incidence. Those conditions resulting in hyperuricemia (diseases, drugs, etc.) facilitate the clinical manifestations. But a genetic determinant in the articular reaction in front of an accumulation of uric acid crystals or in the development of such crystallization is a fundamental factor in the manifestation of the disease. In our series we were able to confirm the high incidence of arterial hypertension, renal lithiasis and renal participation in gout. The role of lead and of certain professions in favouring the hyperuricemia is suggested. A classification of gout, from a functional point of view, must include both the clinical form and the analysis of the whole renal function, and the renal handling of uric acid. This is mandatory not only for the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease but to set the basis of its adequate management.", "contents": "Gout disease. Its natural history based on 1,000 observations. Gout disease in our country as both exogenous factors (dietary habits, professions, etc.) and endogenous factors (sex, inheritance, etc.) play a polygenic role in its incidence. Those conditions resulting in hyperuricemia (diseases, drugs, etc.) facilitate the clinical manifestations. But a genetic determinant in the articular reaction in front of an accumulation of uric acid crystals or in the development of such crystallization is a fundamental factor in the manifestation of the disease. In our series we were able to confirm the high incidence of arterial hypertension, renal lithiasis and renal participation in gout. The role of lead and of certain professions in favouring the hyperuricemia is suggested. A classification of gout, from a functional point of view, must include both the clinical form and the analysis of the whole renal function, and the renal handling of uric acid. This is mandatory not only for the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease but to set the basis of its adequate management.", "PMID": 857620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12310", "title": "Recurrent gouty phlebitis without articular gout.", "content": "A case of recurrent, superficial phlebitis in the lower extremities, with raised blood uric acid levels, responsive to colchicine and to urate pool depletion, but unassociated with articular complaint is reported. The possibility that such a phlebitis may represent an isolated, critical manifestation of acute gout is stressed.", "contents": "Recurrent gouty phlebitis without articular gout. A case of recurrent, superficial phlebitis in the lower extremities, with raised blood uric acid levels, responsive to colchicine and to urate pool depletion, but unassociated with articular complaint is reported. The possibility that such a phlebitis may represent an isolated, critical manifestation of acute gout is stressed.", "PMID": 857621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12311", "title": "Typing of uric acid level in cerebrospinal fluid in neurological and psychiatric diseases.", "content": "The increasing number of latent and manifest hyperuricemia is important concerning differential diagnosis in neurological and psychiatric diseases. The pathological importance of hyperuricemia in these diseases is particularly unknown. The possibility of a physiological regulative function of uric acid in central nervous system may be discussed. Therefore uric acid typing in cerebrospinal fluid were made of 173 patients with neurological and psychiatric diseases. On an average the uric acid level in cerebrospinal fluid is 1:10 of the blood uric acid level. In advanced age a lower level could be found. High level for example were found after L-Dopa treatment and epileptical seizures. These results and possible pathophysiological correlation to the correspondant diseases are discussed.", "contents": "Typing of uric acid level in cerebrospinal fluid in neurological and psychiatric diseases. The increasing number of latent and manifest hyperuricemia is important concerning differential diagnosis in neurological and psychiatric diseases. The pathological importance of hyperuricemia in these diseases is particularly unknown. The possibility of a physiological regulative function of uric acid in central nervous system may be discussed. Therefore uric acid typing in cerebrospinal fluid were made of 173 patients with neurological and psychiatric diseases. On an average the uric acid level in cerebrospinal fluid is 1:10 of the blood uric acid level. In advanced age a lower level could be found. High level for example were found after L-Dopa treatment and epileptical seizures. These results and possible pathophysiological correlation to the correspondant diseases are discussed.", "PMID": 857622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12312", "title": "Multi-centre trial of naproxen and phenylbutazone in acute gout.", "content": "Naproxen 750 mg as a single dose followed by 250 mg three times daily has been compared with phenylbutazone 200 mg four times daily for 48 hours followed by 200 mg three times daily for the treatment of acute gout in an open study on 41 patients. The drugs were equally effective with few and relatively mild side effects. Naproxen is a useful alternative agent for the treatment of acute gout.", "contents": "Multi-centre trial of naproxen and phenylbutazone in acute gout. Naproxen 750 mg as a single dose followed by 250 mg three times daily has been compared with phenylbutazone 200 mg four times daily for 48 hours followed by 200 mg three times daily for the treatment of acute gout in an open study on 41 patients. The drugs were equally effective with few and relatively mild side effects. Naproxen is a useful alternative agent for the treatment of acute gout.", "PMID": 857623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12313", "title": "Purine excretion in complete adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency: effect of diet and allopurinol therapy.", "content": "1. Abnormal amounts of adenine, 8-hydroxyadenine and 2,8-dihydroxyadenine are found in the urine of homozygotes for APRTase deficiency and are diagnostic of this condition. 2. The renal complication is due to the excessive amounts of 2,8-dihydroxyadenine excreted since it is removed by allopurinol which blocks 2,8-dihydroxyadenine formation. 3. Uric acid metabolism and the excretion of the other minor purine bases is normal, at least in childhood, in homozygotes for APRTase deficiency. 4. Patients with the defect appear to be very sensitive to dietary purine. At least some of the adenine metabolites may have a dietary origin.", "contents": "Purine excretion in complete adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency: effect of diet and allopurinol therapy. 1. Abnormal amounts of adenine, 8-hydroxyadenine and 2,8-dihydroxyadenine are found in the urine of homozygotes for APRTase deficiency and are diagnostic of this condition. 2. The renal complication is due to the excessive amounts of 2,8-dihydroxyadenine excreted since it is removed by allopurinol which blocks 2,8-dihydroxyadenine formation. 3. Uric acid metabolism and the excretion of the other minor purine bases is normal, at least in childhood, in homozygotes for APRTase deficiency. 4. Patients with the defect appear to be very sensitive to dietary purine. At least some of the adenine metabolites may have a dietary origin.", "PMID": 857624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12314", "title": "Regional flaps in ablative surgery in the head and neck.", "content": "Nondelayed regional skin flaps for reconstruction following radical ablative surgery in the head and neck have become a significant advance. Radical extirpation of large, recurrent or postirradiation persistent cancer would be prohibitive without the use of regional skin flaps in reconstruction. The incorporation of portions of rib, clavicle or scapula within a skin flap has allowed reconstruction of the mandible for both functional and cosmetic improvement.", "contents": "Regional flaps in ablative surgery in the head and neck. Nondelayed regional skin flaps for reconstruction following radical ablative surgery in the head and neck have become a significant advance. Radical extirpation of large, recurrent or postirradiation persistent cancer would be prohibitive without the use of regional skin flaps in reconstruction. The incorporation of portions of rib, clavicle or scapula within a skin flap has allowed reconstruction of the mandible for both functional and cosmetic improvement.", "PMID": 857625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12315", "title": "The couvade syndrome.", "content": "This is a psychophysiologic reaction to a woman's pregnancy on the part of  her spouse. Nausea, vomiting, cramps or appetite disturbance occur in the husband early in pregnancy or near term. Anthropologists have found that ritual couvades dates back to ancient rituals regulating the behavior of the husband of a woman in labor. The modern syndrome is usually a self-limited condition but may indicate fears and anxieties that can be relieved by the understanding approach of the family physician.", "contents": "The couvade syndrome. This is a psychophysiologic reaction to a woman's pregnancy on the part of  her spouse. Nausea, vomiting, cramps or appetite disturbance occur in the husband early in pregnancy or near term. Anthropologists have found that ritual couvades dates back to ancient rituals regulating the behavior of the husband of a woman in labor. The modern syndrome is usually a self-limited condition but may indicate fears and anxieties that can be relieved by the understanding approach of the family physician.", "PMID": 857626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12316", "title": "Comparative effects of ajmaline on intermittent bundle branch block and the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.", "content": "Phase 4 or phase 3 block or both occurred in the His bundle branch system of 11 patients with intermittent bundle branch block and in the anomalous bundle of 6 of 46 patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (13%). Administration of a single dose of ajmaline (50 mg intravenously) in these patients caused a similar response: expansion of the range of phase 3 and phase 4 block at the expense of the intermediate normal conduction range and total interruption of conduction in the affected fascicle when the effect of the drug was maximal. The great similarity in physiologic behavior and pharmacologic response in these groups of patients suggests that the anomalous bundle was probably diseased or abnormal in the six patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White conduction. In addition, ajmaline caused the first appearance of phase 4 or phase 3 block, or both, but not total interruption of conduction in 26 of the 46 patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White conduction (56.5%). Ajmaline does not cause fascicular block in normal subjects; thus this finding suggests either that the anomalous bundle is diseased or that the safety margin for conduction in the anomalous bundle is much narrower than in the bundle branch system. The conduction-depressing action of ajmaline may be greater at relatively rapid or relatively slow rates of stimulation, and smaller or absent at intermediate rates.", "contents": "Comparative effects of ajmaline on intermittent bundle branch block and the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Phase 4 or phase 3 block or both occurred in the His bundle branch system of 11 patients with intermittent bundle branch block and in the anomalous bundle of 6 of 46 patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (13%). Administration of a single dose of ajmaline (50 mg intravenously) in these patients caused a similar response: expansion of the range of phase 3 and phase 4 block at the expense of the intermediate normal conduction range and total interruption of conduction in the affected fascicle when the effect of the drug was maximal. The great similarity in physiologic behavior and pharmacologic response in these groups of patients suggests that the anomalous bundle was probably diseased or abnormal in the six patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White conduction. In addition, ajmaline caused the first appearance of phase 4 or phase 3 block, or both, but not total interruption of conduction in 26 of the 46 patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White conduction (56.5%). Ajmaline does not cause fascicular block in normal subjects; thus this finding suggests either that the anomalous bundle is diseased or that the safety margin for conduction in the anomalous bundle is much narrower than in the bundle branch system. The conduction-depressing action of ajmaline may be greater at relatively rapid or relatively slow rates of stimulation, and smaller or absent at intermediate rates.", "PMID": 857627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12317", "title": "Systolic and diastolic ventricular function in cardiac amyloidosis. Studies in six cases diagnosed with endomyocardial biopsy.", "content": "Five cases of cardiac amyloidosis diagnosed after endomyocardial biopsy are described. Systolic function was normal in three cases as assessed by cardiac index, ejection fraction and maximal velocity of contractile element shortening at zero developed pressure. The diastolic dip and plateau wave form was a characteristic but not an invariable finding. Increased ventricular end-diastolic pressure but normal end-diastolic volume indexes in all cases implied a disorder of diastolic compliance. The diastolic pressure-volume plots suggested a sudden decrease in distensibility after normal early filling of the ventricle. The functional defect did not necessarily differ from that of other diseases of heart muscle. Therefore, hemodynamic data should not be relied upon for diagnostic purposes. Electron microscopy was the most reliable aid in making the diagnosis from the endomyocardial biopsy specimens especially in the presence of fibrosis. It may not be valid to assume a diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis from the finding of amyloid in other organs.", "contents": "Systolic and diastolic ventricular function in cardiac amyloidosis. Studies in six cases diagnosed with endomyocardial biopsy. Five cases of cardiac amyloidosis diagnosed after endomyocardial biopsy are described. Systolic function was normal in three cases as assessed by cardiac index, ejection fraction and maximal velocity of contractile element shortening at zero developed pressure. The diastolic dip and plateau wave form was a characteristic but not an invariable finding. Increased ventricular end-diastolic pressure but normal end-diastolic volume indexes in all cases implied a disorder of diastolic compliance. The diastolic pressure-volume plots suggested a sudden decrease in distensibility after normal early filling of the ventricle. The functional defect did not necessarily differ from that of other diseases of heart muscle. Therefore, hemodynamic data should not be relied upon for diagnostic purposes. Electron microscopy was the most reliable aid in making the diagnosis from the endomyocardial biopsy specimens especially in the presence of fibrosis. It may not be valid to assume a diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis from the finding of amyloid in other organs.", "PMID": 857628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12318", "title": "Chronotropic effect of acetylstrophanthidin infusion into the canine sinus nodal artery.", "content": "Studies were performed to determine the chronotropic effect of acetylstrophanthidin during constant infusion through cannulation of the sinus nodal artery. Ten mongrel dogs weighing 13.5 to 18 kg were studied under sodium thiamylal anesthesia. Epicardial atrial and ventricular electrograms were recorded. The sinus nodal artery was cannulated and infused for 20 minutes at a rate of 2 cc/min with a solution containing acetylstrophanthidin, 0.5 microng/cc. Mean results for the group of 10 animals were determined. There was a gradual acceleration of the atrial rate of 45 beats/min after 6 to 8 minutes of infusion. The peak atrial rate of 175 beats/min was achieved by 10 to 12 minutes. This tachycardia persisted for 2 to 4 minutes without atrioventricular block or premature beats. By 12 to 14 minutes, there was a gradual slowing of atrial rate followed by bradycardia, sinus pauses and atrial arrest. Sinus nodal arterial infusion of acetylstrophanthidin produces an initial positive chronotropic effect and, if maintained, a depression of atrial rate and, terminally, atrial arrest. The gradual time course of development and decline of the tachycardia suggests that the \"paroxysmal\" atrial tachycardia caused by digitalis excess is the result of enhanced pacemaker automatically rather than reentry, and thus is not truly paroxysmal.", "contents": "Chronotropic effect of acetylstrophanthidin infusion into the canine sinus nodal artery. Studies were performed to determine the chronotropic effect of acetylstrophanthidin during constant infusion through cannulation of the sinus nodal artery. Ten mongrel dogs weighing 13.5 to 18 kg were studied under sodium thiamylal anesthesia. Epicardial atrial and ventricular electrograms were recorded. The sinus nodal artery was cannulated and infused for 20 minutes at a rate of 2 cc/min with a solution containing acetylstrophanthidin, 0.5 microng/cc. Mean results for the group of 10 animals were determined. There was a gradual acceleration of the atrial rate of 45 beats/min after 6 to 8 minutes of infusion. The peak atrial rate of 175 beats/min was achieved by 10 to 12 minutes. This tachycardia persisted for 2 to 4 minutes without atrioventricular block or premature beats. By 12 to 14 minutes, there was a gradual slowing of atrial rate followed by bradycardia, sinus pauses and atrial arrest. Sinus nodal arterial infusion of acetylstrophanthidin produces an initial positive chronotropic effect and, if maintained, a depression of atrial rate and, terminally, atrial arrest. The gradual time course of development and decline of the tachycardia suggests that the \"paroxysmal\" atrial tachycardia caused by digitalis excess is the result of enhanced pacemaker automatically rather than reentry, and thus is not truly paroxysmal.", "PMID": 857629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12319", "title": "New practical treadmill protocol for clinical use.", "content": "A new continuous treadmill protocol (USAFSAM) has been designed using a constant treadmill speed (3.3 miles/hour) and regular equal increments in treadmill grade (5%/3min). The constant treadmill speed requires only initial adaptation in patient stride, reduces technician adjustments and produces less electrocardiographic motion artifact than do protocols using multiple or higher treadmill speeds, or both. The regular equal increments in treadmill grade are easy to implement and provide a larger number of work loads than do protocols that are discontinuous or require larger changes in work load. The USAFSAM protocol was compared with the older Balke-Ware protocol in 26 healthy men (aged 30 to 59 years). Each fasting subject completed two maximal treadmill tests from each protocol. Measurements included minute heart rate from the electrocardiogram, auscultatory blood pressures and oxygen consumption obtained with standard techniques. Similarities in between-protocol measurements for submaximal and maximal treadmill efforts were impressive; differences were small and unimportant. Further, both protocols showed equal reproducibility for the measurements noted. Importantly, time to maximal effort was reduced by 24% with the USAFSAM protocol. The USAFSAM treadmill protocol has since been used in more than 500 clinical and screening examinations, thus confirming its advantages and practicality for routine clinical stress testing. Normal reference values previously established for the Balke-Ware protocol are shown to apply to the new USAFSAM protocol as well.", "contents": "New practical treadmill protocol for clinical use. A new continuous treadmill protocol (USAFSAM) has been designed using a constant treadmill speed (3.3 miles/hour) and regular equal increments in treadmill grade (5%/3min). The constant treadmill speed requires only initial adaptation in patient stride, reduces technician adjustments and produces less electrocardiographic motion artifact than do protocols using multiple or higher treadmill speeds, or both. The regular equal increments in treadmill grade are easy to implement and provide a larger number of work loads than do protocols that are discontinuous or require larger changes in work load. The USAFSAM protocol was compared with the older Balke-Ware protocol in 26 healthy men (aged 30 to 59 years). Each fasting subject completed two maximal treadmill tests from each protocol. Measurements included minute heart rate from the electrocardiogram, auscultatory blood pressures and oxygen consumption obtained with standard techniques. Similarities in between-protocol measurements for submaximal and maximal treadmill efforts were impressive; differences were small and unimportant. Further, both protocols showed equal reproducibility for the measurements noted. Importantly, time to maximal effort was reduced by 24% with the USAFSAM protocol. The USAFSAM treadmill protocol has since been used in more than 500 clinical and screening examinations, thus confirming its advantages and practicality for routine clinical stress testing. Normal reference values previously established for the Balke-Ware protocol are shown to apply to the new USAFSAM protocol as well.", "PMID": 857630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12320", "title": "Desmosome-like junctions between Sertoli and germ cells in the rat testis.", "content": "Desosome-like junctions between Sertoli cells and germ cells (spermatogonia, spermatocytes and non-elongate spermatids) were observed in the adult rat testis. At all levels, certain features were characteristic of this relationship, the most prominent being a densification of the subsurface aspect of the plasma membranes of each cell. The Sertoli cell counterpart demonstrated an abundance of cytoplasmic fibrils which converged on the density, but no such feature was evident in the germ cell counterpart. The width of the intercellular space was variable, ranging in some regions from approximately 3-5 nm, to other regions of approximately 14-18 nm, the latter being representative of most areas of contact. A poorly represented, and often discontinuous, intermediate dense line was observed in the intercellular space. Hypertonic fixative solutions containg dextrose were utilized to provoke tissue shrinkage and exaggeration of the intercellular space within the basal compartment of the testis. Cell separation was evident over most regions of the cells, except where desmosome-like contacts were present. Forces transmitted from one cell to another at desmosome-like contacts resulted in tearing of cellular fragments, while junctional regions of both cells remained intact. These observations indicate that desmosome-like junctions are strong adhesive sites between germ cells and Sertoli cells.", "contents": "Desmosome-like junctions between Sertoli and germ cells in the rat testis. Desosome-like junctions between Sertoli cells and germ cells (spermatogonia, spermatocytes and non-elongate spermatids) were observed in the adult rat testis. At all levels, certain features were characteristic of this relationship, the most prominent being a densification of the subsurface aspect of the plasma membranes of each cell. The Sertoli cell counterpart demonstrated an abundance of cytoplasmic fibrils which converged on the density, but no such feature was evident in the germ cell counterpart. The width of the intercellular space was variable, ranging in some regions from approximately 3-5 nm, to other regions of approximately 14-18 nm, the latter being representative of most areas of contact. A poorly represented, and often discontinuous, intermediate dense line was observed in the intercellular space. Hypertonic fixative solutions containg dextrose were utilized to provoke tissue shrinkage and exaggeration of the intercellular space within the basal compartment of the testis. Cell separation was evident over most regions of the cells, except where desmosome-like contacts were present. Forces transmitted from one cell to another at desmosome-like contacts resulted in tearing of cellular fragments, while junctional regions of both cells remained intact. These observations indicate that desmosome-like junctions are strong adhesive sites between germ cells and Sertoli cells.", "PMID": 857631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12321", "title": "Movement of spermatocytes from the basal to the adluminal compartment of the rat testis.", "content": "The progressive movement of primary spermatocytes from the basal to the adluminal compartment of the seminiferous tubule was studied after testes were fixed with standard and hypertonic solutions. In stages VI, VII and VIII of the cycle (classification of Leblond and Clermont, '52), preleptotene spermatocytes were observed within the basal compartment of the seminiferous tubule. Resting on the basal lamina, these cells were bound tightly to neighboring Sertoli cells by desmosome-like junctions. In late stage VIII and early stage IX, basal processes of Sertoli cells were observed between the newly formed leptotene cells and the basal lamina, and in stage IX, the Sertoli processes met to form a junction of the zonula adherens type. This junction formed a permeability barrier which restricted the free access of fixative into the spaces around leptotene cells. Evidence for this was found in the absence of the shrinkage artifact produced with hypertonic solutions in earlier stages. In longitudinal sections, the permeability barrier was first observed in an area of the tubule in which sperm release was also taking place. In mid-stage IX and in stage X, sertoli-Sertoli junctional specializations formed de novo below the leptotene spermatocyte, while those from the preceding stages, present above the leptotene spermatocytes, remained intact. Thus, tight junctions were in evidence for a considerable period of the time, both above and below the leptotene spermatocytes. At no time in the process of germ cell movement toward the lumen did these cells exhibit evidence of amoeboid movement or lose desmosome-like contacts with the surrounding Sertoli cells. From this study it is concluded that the Sertoli cells play an active role in the transfer of spermatocytes to the adluminal compartment. A transient intermediate compartment of the seminiferous tubule is described, one which allows for the continual maintenance of the blood-testis barrier during transit of spermatocytes from the basal to the adluminal compartment.", "contents": "Movement of spermatocytes from the basal to the adluminal compartment of the rat testis. The progressive movement of primary spermatocytes from the basal to the adluminal compartment of the seminiferous tubule was studied after testes were fixed with standard and hypertonic solutions. In stages VI, VII and VIII of the cycle (classification of Leblond and Clermont, '52), preleptotene spermatocytes were observed within the basal compartment of the seminiferous tubule. Resting on the basal lamina, these cells were bound tightly to neighboring Sertoli cells by desmosome-like junctions. In late stage VIII and early stage IX, basal processes of Sertoli cells were observed between the newly formed leptotene cells and the basal lamina, and in stage IX, the Sertoli processes met to form a junction of the zonula adherens type. This junction formed a permeability barrier which restricted the free access of fixative into the spaces around leptotene cells. Evidence for this was found in the absence of the shrinkage artifact produced with hypertonic solutions in earlier stages. In longitudinal sections, the permeability barrier was first observed in an area of the tubule in which sperm release was also taking place. In mid-stage IX and in stage X, sertoli-Sertoli junctional specializations formed de novo below the leptotene spermatocyte, while those from the preceding stages, present above the leptotene spermatocytes, remained intact. Thus, tight junctions were in evidence for a considerable period of the time, both above and below the leptotene spermatocytes. At no time in the process of germ cell movement toward the lumen did these cells exhibit evidence of amoeboid movement or lose desmosome-like contacts with the surrounding Sertoli cells. From this study it is concluded that the Sertoli cells play an active role in the transfer of spermatocytes to the adluminal compartment. A transient intermediate compartment of the seminiferous tubule is described, one which allows for the continual maintenance of the blood-testis barrier during transit of spermatocytes from the basal to the adluminal compartment.", "PMID": 857632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12322", "title": "The ultrastructure of endocrine cells in the corpus of the stomach of human fetuses.", "content": "The ultrastructural development of endocrine cells from the corpus of fetal human stomachs is described. Samples were taken from fetuses ranging in fertilization age from 6-8 to 22 weeks. The identifying features used for the classification of the various types of endocrine cells were their basal locations in the epithelium, the presence and morphology of their characteristic granules and the sizes of the mitochondria. Five types of endocrine cells with specific granules were found:D, EC, ECL, AL and D1. The type and number of endocrine cells increased as development proceeded. The endocrine cells were confined to the epithelium, they did not reach the lumen and they appeared to develop in situ. The D, EC and ECL cells were the most numerous. The fetal endocrine cells resembled morphologically those found in the stomachs of various adult animals. The EC, ECL and D1 cells contained small slender mitochondria with few cristae. Intramitochondrial granules were absent in all the cell types. Agranular electron-lucent cells with small mitochondria were considered to be immature endocine cells. The advanced stage of differentiation observed in these cells suggest that they may be capable of producing and storing biogenic amines and polypeptide hormones. Their possible involvement in the synthesis of serotonin, enteroglucagon and intrinsic factor is discussed.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of endocrine cells in the corpus of the stomach of human fetuses. The ultrastructural development of endocrine cells from the corpus of fetal human stomachs is described. Samples were taken from fetuses ranging in fertilization age from 6-8 to 22 weeks. The identifying features used for the classification of the various types of endocrine cells were their basal locations in the epithelium, the presence and morphology of their characteristic granules and the sizes of the mitochondria. Five types of endocrine cells with specific granules were found:D, EC, ECL, AL and D1. The type and number of endocrine cells increased as development proceeded. The endocrine cells were confined to the epithelium, they did not reach the lumen and they appeared to develop in situ. The D, EC and ECL cells were the most numerous. The fetal endocrine cells resembled morphologically those found in the stomachs of various adult animals. The EC, ECL and D1 cells contained small slender mitochondria with few cristae. Intramitochondrial granules were absent in all the cell types. Agranular electron-lucent cells with small mitochondria were considered to be immature endocine cells. The advanced stage of differentiation observed in these cells suggest that they may be capable of producing and storing biogenic amines and polypeptide hormones. Their possible involvement in the synthesis of serotonin, enteroglucagon and intrinsic factor is discussed.", "PMID": 857633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12323", "title": "A retropharyngeal approach to the avian brain stem.", "content": "The surgical steps used to expose the ventral surface of the chicken's rhombencephalon are detailed. Both acute and chronic experimental preparations can be obtained with this technique. Text material and illustrations provide information on the morphological relationships of the brain stem, skull and other significant structures encountered during the operative procedure.", "contents": "A retropharyngeal approach to the avian brain stem. The surgical steps used to expose the ventral surface of the chicken's rhombencephalon are detailed. Both acute and chronic experimental preparations can be obtained with this technique. Text material and illustrations provide information on the morphological relationships of the brain stem, skull and other significant structures encountered during the operative procedure.", "PMID": 857634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12324", "title": "Spatial distribution of DNA-synthesizing cells in colonic crypts of the guinea pig.", "content": "The ascending colon of a guinea pig injected with tritiated thymidine was cut serially, autoradiographed and stained with periodic-acid Schiff-hematoxylin. Maps of transversely sectioned crypts were prepared with the use of a microscope eye-piece projector. The number and angular positions of pulselabelled (DNA-synthesizing) cells around the circumference of transverse sections of the crypt were recorded. A method of 'statistics of the circumference' was applied in order to find the variances of angular distances between labelled cells and thereby to find the type of arrangement of DNA-synthesizinbg cells in the crypt. The spatial distribution of DNA-synthesizing cells both around the crypt circumference and along the crypt, was found to be non-random. While the pattern of non-randommess around the crypt circumference is such that the DNA-synthesizing cells tend to occupy positions in the crypt circumference at maximal distances from each other, DNA-synthesizing cells along the crypt tend to occupy positions at minimal distances from each other. DNA-synthesizing cells are arranged in the crypt in rows, each consisting of several cells and each parallel to the long axis of the crypt. Apparently the dividing cell of the crypt produces either two proliferating or two differentiating cells. No evidence of differential mitosis could be found.", "contents": "Spatial distribution of DNA-synthesizing cells in colonic crypts of the guinea pig. The ascending colon of a guinea pig injected with tritiated thymidine was cut serially, autoradiographed and stained with periodic-acid Schiff-hematoxylin. Maps of transversely sectioned crypts were prepared with the use of a microscope eye-piece projector. The number and angular positions of pulselabelled (DNA-synthesizing) cells around the circumference of transverse sections of the crypt were recorded. A method of 'statistics of the circumference' was applied in order to find the variances of angular distances between labelled cells and thereby to find the type of arrangement of DNA-synthesizinbg cells in the crypt. The spatial distribution of DNA-synthesizing cells both around the crypt circumference and along the crypt, was found to be non-random. While the pattern of non-randommess around the crypt circumference is such that the DNA-synthesizing cells tend to occupy positions in the crypt circumference at maximal distances from each other, DNA-synthesizing cells along the crypt tend to occupy positions at minimal distances from each other. DNA-synthesizing cells are arranged in the crypt in rows, each consisting of several cells and each parallel to the long axis of the crypt. Apparently the dividing cell of the crypt produces either two proliferating or two differentiating cells. No evidence of differential mitosis could be found.", "PMID": 857635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12325", "title": "The caudal luminous organs of lanternfishes: general innervation and ultrastructure.", "content": "Neuroanatomical, light and electron microscopic investigations of the caudal luminous organs of two lanternfish species, Stenobrachius leucopsarus and Parvilux ingens, were conducted in a search for morphological correlates underlying their luminescent behavior and control mechanisms. Complex neural pathways involving the spinal nerves and the sympathetic nerve chain of the caudal peduncle are associated with profuse segmental innervation to both the supracaudal and infracaudal organs. Neural composition of these segmental subunits indicates that pre-ganglionic (spinal) as well as post-ganglionic (sympathetic) fibers are involved in the neural control of luminescence of these organs. Neuro-photocyte units, in which multiple nerve branches are sandwiched between two lamellar photocytes and establish large surface areas of close appposition, as well as gap junctions apparently interconnecting all photocytes throughout the luminous organs, may account for the very rapid and simultaneous displays of spontaneous or electrically driven luminescence. The organization of the caudal luminous organs is compared with that of lanternfish photophores. Relatively few granular and agranular synaptic vesicles are present in some nerve processes of the photocyte units, suggesting that adrenergic neurotransmission as well as electrotonic spread of excitation may be involved at the neuro-photocyte junctions.", "contents": "The caudal luminous organs of lanternfishes: general innervation and ultrastructure. Neuroanatomical, light and electron microscopic investigations of the caudal luminous organs of two lanternfish species, Stenobrachius leucopsarus and Parvilux ingens, were conducted in a search for morphological correlates underlying their luminescent behavior and control mechanisms. Complex neural pathways involving the spinal nerves and the sympathetic nerve chain of the caudal peduncle are associated with profuse segmental innervation to both the supracaudal and infracaudal organs. Neural composition of these segmental subunits indicates that pre-ganglionic (spinal) as well as post-ganglionic (sympathetic) fibers are involved in the neural control of luminescence of these organs. Neuro-photocyte units, in which multiple nerve branches are sandwiched between two lamellar photocytes and establish large surface areas of close appposition, as well as gap junctions apparently interconnecting all photocytes throughout the luminous organs, may account for the very rapid and simultaneous displays of spontaneous or electrically driven luminescence. The organization of the caudal luminous organs is compared with that of lanternfish photophores. Relatively few granular and agranular synaptic vesicles are present in some nerve processes of the photocyte units, suggesting that adrenergic neurotransmission as well as electrotonic spread of excitation may be involved at the neuro-photocyte junctions.", "PMID": 857636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12326", "title": "Light and electron microscopic observations on noradrenergic nerves and striated muscle cells of the guinea pig urethra.", "content": "Neurohistochemical and electron microscopic techniques have been used to determine the arrangement and distribution of noradrenergic nerves and striated muscle in the wall of the guinea pig urethra. Fluorescent, catecholamine - containing nerves were observed among striated muscle cells only in the junctional zone between an inner layer of smooth muscle and an outer layer of striated cells. In this region considerable intermixing of the two types of muscle cell occurred. Electron microscopy has shown that noradrenergic terminal regions containing characteristic small dense-cored vesicles were invariable associated with smooth muscle cells; such nerves were never observed forming neuroeffector relationships with striated cells. These findings indicate that noradrenergic 'sympathetic' fibres are not directly involved in the functional control of urethral striated muscle.", "contents": "Light and electron microscopic observations on noradrenergic nerves and striated muscle cells of the guinea pig urethra. Neurohistochemical and electron microscopic techniques have been used to determine the arrangement and distribution of noradrenergic nerves and striated muscle in the wall of the guinea pig urethra. Fluorescent, catecholamine - containing nerves were observed among striated muscle cells only in the junctional zone between an inner layer of smooth muscle and an outer layer of striated cells. In this region considerable intermixing of the two types of muscle cell occurred. Electron microscopy has shown that noradrenergic terminal regions containing characteristic small dense-cored vesicles were invariable associated with smooth muscle cells; such nerves were never observed forming neuroeffector relationships with striated cells. These findings indicate that noradrenergic 'sympathetic' fibres are not directly involved in the functional control of urethral striated muscle.", "PMID": 857637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12327", "title": "Observations on destruction of spermatozoa in the cauda epididymidis and proximal vas deferens of non-seasonal male mammals.", "content": "The electron microscope has been used to examine luminal spermatozoa from the cauda epididymidis and proximal vas deferens of rats, mice, hamsters and guinea pigs. Free in the lumen of all species are accumulations of a dense material within which are vesicles, granules and dense bodies, as well as spermatozoa. The spermatozoa are undergoing a process of degeneration as judged by a loss of plasma membrane from both heads and tails and further disruption of acrosomal membranes, mitochondrial sheaths and outer dense fibers. Disruption of spermatozoa also occurs outside these obvious dense masses when the luminal protein precipitated by the fixation procedure has contact with the spermatozoon. Intact spermatozoa are separated from luminal material by a clear \"halo\".", "contents": "Observations on destruction of spermatozoa in the cauda epididymidis and proximal vas deferens of non-seasonal male mammals. The electron microscope has been used to examine luminal spermatozoa from the cauda epididymidis and proximal vas deferens of rats, mice, hamsters and guinea pigs. Free in the lumen of all species are accumulations of a dense material within which are vesicles, granules and dense bodies, as well as spermatozoa. The spermatozoa are undergoing a process of degeneration as judged by a loss of plasma membrane from both heads and tails and further disruption of acrosomal membranes, mitochondrial sheaths and outer dense fibers. Disruption of spermatozoa also occurs outside these obvious dense masses when the luminal protein precipitated by the fixation procedure has contact with the spermatozoon. Intact spermatozoa are separated from luminal material by a clear \"halo\".", "PMID": 857638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12328", "title": "The influence of egg consumption on the serum cholesterol level in human subjects.", "content": "The influence of whole fresh eggs on the serum cholesterol level in men and women was studied independently in hospitalized patients in Sofia, Prague and Urbana-Champaign. The patients were fed two eggs or the equivalent of two eggs in a custard base or milk shake in addition to the foods that were consumed in their diet pattern. The serum cholesterol level was determined before and at periods varying from 5 hr to 54 days after the consumption of the eggs. The mixed fatty acid composition of the total lipids in the serum and the erythrocytes was also determined. In the majority of patients, the serum cholesterol level did not change significantly 5 hr after the consumption of 465 mg of cholesterol in an egg custard base or milk shake or after up to 54 days of continued consumption of two whole eggs per day. The serum cholesterol level of some subjects increased and others decreased at all three experimental sites. A comparison of the mixed fatty acid composition of the total serum lipids obtained from men and women who had received treatment for other reasons than cardiovascular disease with those that had been treated for cardiovascular disease indicated that the serum from both groups contained a substantial amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The lipids extracted from the red blood cells obtained from patients in Urbana-Champaign and Sofia did not differ significantly in linoleic and arachidonic acid content.", "contents": "The influence of egg consumption on the serum cholesterol level in human subjects. The influence of whole fresh eggs on the serum cholesterol level in men and women was studied independently in hospitalized patients in Sofia, Prague and Urbana-Champaign. The patients were fed two eggs or the equivalent of two eggs in a custard base or milk shake in addition to the foods that were consumed in their diet pattern. The serum cholesterol level was determined before and at periods varying from 5 hr to 54 days after the consumption of the eggs. The mixed fatty acid composition of the total lipids in the serum and the erythrocytes was also determined. In the majority of patients, the serum cholesterol level did not change significantly 5 hr after the consumption of 465 mg of cholesterol in an egg custard base or milk shake or after up to 54 days of continued consumption of two whole eggs per day. The serum cholesterol level of some subjects increased and others decreased at all three experimental sites. A comparison of the mixed fatty acid composition of the total serum lipids obtained from men and women who had received treatment for other reasons than cardiovascular disease with those that had been treated for cardiovascular disease indicated that the serum from both groups contained a substantial amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The lipids extracted from the red blood cells obtained from patients in Urbana-Champaign and Sofia did not differ significantly in linoleic and arachidonic acid content.", "PMID": 857639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12329", "title": "Milk composition and thiamine transfer in thiamine deficient rats.", "content": "Milk composition was determined in rats maintained on a thiamine deficient diet from the 10th day of pregnancy. Percentage of thiamine transfer was reduced after the 14th postpartum day. Milk composition of thiamine deficient dams 18 days postpartum revealed similar protein and amino acid levels in both thiamine deficient and control rats, whereas milk protein fractions showed some differences. Milk lactose levels were depressed in thiamine deficient rats. Fatty acid content was higher in milk of thiamine deficient than in pair fed and adlibitum controls. The supply of a larger proportion of calories from lipids rather than carbohydrates may have clinical significance.", "contents": "Milk composition and thiamine transfer in thiamine deficient rats. Milk composition was determined in rats maintained on a thiamine deficient diet from the 10th day of pregnancy. Percentage of thiamine transfer was reduced after the 14th postpartum day. Milk composition of thiamine deficient dams 18 days postpartum revealed similar protein and amino acid levels in both thiamine deficient and control rats, whereas milk protein fractions showed some differences. Milk lactose levels were depressed in thiamine deficient rats. Fatty acid content was higher in milk of thiamine deficient than in pair fed and adlibitum controls. The supply of a larger proportion of calories from lipids rather than carbohydrates may have clinical significance.", "PMID": 857640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12330", "title": "Factors affecting the exchange of tocopherol between red blood cells and plasma.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to clarify factors that affect the equilibrium distribution of alpha-tocopherol between red blood cells and plasma. Plasma labeled with 14C-alpha-tocopherol was incubated with red cells for 4 to 6 hr and the distribution of the tocopherol determined in the two compartments (red blood cell (RBC: plasma ratio). Use of heparin as anticoagulant gave a higher RBC: plasma ratio than acid citrate dextrose. The RBC:plasma ratio was affected by the hematocrit of the incubation mixture, higher ratios being obtained with lower hematocrits. The ratio was not related to the plasma concentration of alpha-toxopherol, indicating that the red cell was not saturated up to four times normal plasma levels. Of possible clinical significance was the finding that the RBC: plasma ratio was related to the total lipid concentration of plasma. Red cell content of alpha-tocopherol decreased as plasma lipids increased, until at three times normal plasma lipid concentration the red cells had one-third or less of their normal concentration of alpha-tocopherol. The implications of this observation on the relationship between plasma and tissue aplha-tocopherol are discussed.", "contents": "Factors affecting the exchange of tocopherol between red blood cells and plasma. The purpose of this study was to clarify factors that affect the equilibrium distribution of alpha-tocopherol between red blood cells and plasma. Plasma labeled with 14C-alpha-tocopherol was incubated with red cells for 4 to 6 hr and the distribution of the tocopherol determined in the two compartments (red blood cell (RBC: plasma ratio). Use of heparin as anticoagulant gave a higher RBC: plasma ratio than acid citrate dextrose. The RBC:plasma ratio was affected by the hematocrit of the incubation mixture, higher ratios being obtained with lower hematocrits. The ratio was not related to the plasma concentration of alpha-toxopherol, indicating that the red cell was not saturated up to four times normal plasma levels. Of possible clinical significance was the finding that the RBC: plasma ratio was related to the total lipid concentration of plasma. Red cell content of alpha-tocopherol decreased as plasma lipids increased, until at three times normal plasma lipid concentration the red cells had one-third or less of their normal concentration of alpha-tocopherol. The implications of this observation on the relationship between plasma and tissue aplha-tocopherol are discussed.", "PMID": 857641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12331", "title": "Newborn body compositon and its relationship to linear growth.", "content": "Anthropometric measurements were made on 4,952 newborns from a Peruvian urgan population. Newborns characterized by high subcutaneous fat and high muscle had significantly greater birth weights and recumbent lengths when compared to their counterparts with low subcutaneous fat and muscle. Similarly, newborns characterized by high muscle and low fat had significantly greater birth weights and recumbent lengths that newborns characterized by low muscle and high fat. It is postulated that an increase in newborn protein and calorie reserves results in a greater increase in birth weight and recumbent length than an increase in calorie reserves alone. Evaluations of maternal antropometric characteristics indicate that variations in birth weight and recumbent length of the newborn are affected more by maternal nutritional status than by maternal stature.", "contents": "Newborn body compositon and its relationship to linear growth. Anthropometric measurements were made on 4,952 newborns from a Peruvian urgan population. Newborns characterized by high subcutaneous fat and high muscle had significantly greater birth weights and recumbent lengths when compared to their counterparts with low subcutaneous fat and muscle. Similarly, newborns characterized by high muscle and low fat had significantly greater birth weights and recumbent lengths that newborns characterized by low muscle and high fat. It is postulated that an increase in newborn protein and calorie reserves results in a greater increase in birth weight and recumbent length than an increase in calorie reserves alone. Evaluations of maternal antropometric characteristics indicate that variations in birth weight and recumbent length of the newborn are affected more by maternal nutritional status than by maternal stature.", "PMID": 857642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12332", "title": "Vitamin E status of Chinese population in Taiwan.", "content": "Vitamin E status of Chinese population with different age groups was studied by determining plasma vitamin E levels (PE) and hydrogen peroxide-induced erythrocyte hemolysis (HPEH). The mean PE of 99 adults, ages 23 to 78, was 1.05 +/- 0.47 mg/100 ml. There was no significant difference between sexes. PE was negatively correlated with HPEH (P less than 0.01). There was a significant positive correlation (P less than 0.01) between PE and plasma cholesterol level. The mean PE of four young men of Yami tribesmen, ages 16 to 19, was 0.60 +/- 0.10 mg/100 ml. HPEH was low. After daily supplementation of 200 mg dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate for 16 days, PE increased 54%, but the plasma cholesterol was not affected. The mean PE of 39 elementary school children ages 12 to 13, was 0.70 +/- 0.31 mg/100 ml. The mean PE of 20 newborn infants was 0.23 +/- 0.08 mg/100 ml. HPEH was as high as 56.5 +/- 31.9% indicating a state of vitamin E deficiency. PE of total population was positively correlated with age (P less than 0.01). It was concluded that the vitamin E status of Chinese population in Taiwan was comparable to that of population groups in many other parts of the world.", "contents": "Vitamin E status of Chinese population in Taiwan. Vitamin E status of Chinese population with different age groups was studied by determining plasma vitamin E levels (PE) and hydrogen peroxide-induced erythrocyte hemolysis (HPEH). The mean PE of 99 adults, ages 23 to 78, was 1.05 +/- 0.47 mg/100 ml. There was no significant difference between sexes. PE was negatively correlated with HPEH (P less than 0.01). There was a significant positive correlation (P less than 0.01) between PE and plasma cholesterol level. The mean PE of four young men of Yami tribesmen, ages 16 to 19, was 0.60 +/- 0.10 mg/100 ml. HPEH was low. After daily supplementation of 200 mg dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate for 16 days, PE increased 54%, but the plasma cholesterol was not affected. The mean PE of 39 elementary school children ages 12 to 13, was 0.70 +/- 0.31 mg/100 ml. The mean PE of 20 newborn infants was 0.23 +/- 0.08 mg/100 ml. HPEH was as high as 56.5 +/- 31.9% indicating a state of vitamin E deficiency. PE of total population was positively correlated with age (P less than 0.01). It was concluded that the vitamin E status of Chinese population in Taiwan was comparable to that of population groups in many other parts of the world.", "PMID": 857643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12333", "title": "Metabolic regulation as a control for lipid disorders. II. Influence of (--)-hydroxycitrate on genetically and experimentally induced hypertriglyceridemia in the rat.", "content": "These studies were designed to determine whether genetically and experimentally induced hypertriglyceridemia were correlated with hyperlipogenesis, and whether inhibiting fatty acid synthesis would reduce serum triglyceride levels. Hypertrigylceridemia, resulting from genetic obesity in Zucker rats and fructose feeding or Triton administration to Charles River rats, was examined in relation to in vivo rates of heatic fatty acid synthesis, and the influence of (--)-hydroxycitrate (a potent competitive inhibitor of ATP citrate lyase) on serum triglyceride levels and lipogenesis was determined. Zucker obese rats demonstrated significantly increased rates of fatty acid synthesis and levels of serum triglycerides compared to their lean litter mates; lipogenic rates and circulating triglycerides were reduced markedly by the oral administration of (--)-hydroxycitrate. Fructose administered in the diet or drinking water induced a hypertriglyceridemia which was associated with a marked increase in hepatic lipogenesis, and (--)-hydroxycitrate reduced significantly both parameters. In contrast to the significant role that increased rates of lipogenesis apparently played in the development of hypertriglyceridemia in the Zucker rat and fructose-fed rat, Triton given intravenously produced a marked rise in serum triglycerides which could not be accounted for, to an appreciate extent, by increased rates of fatty acid synthesis. (--)-Hydroxycitrate reduced serum triglyceride levels and hepatic lipogenic rates equivalently in the Triton-treated and nontreated rats.", "contents": "Metabolic regulation as a control for lipid disorders. II. Influence of (--)-hydroxycitrate on genetically and experimentally induced hypertriglyceridemia in the rat. These studies were designed to determine whether genetically and experimentally induced hypertriglyceridemia were correlated with hyperlipogenesis, and whether inhibiting fatty acid synthesis would reduce serum triglyceride levels. Hypertrigylceridemia, resulting from genetic obesity in Zucker rats and fructose feeding or Triton administration to Charles River rats, was examined in relation to in vivo rates of heatic fatty acid synthesis, and the influence of (--)-hydroxycitrate (a potent competitive inhibitor of ATP citrate lyase) on serum triglyceride levels and lipogenesis was determined. Zucker obese rats demonstrated significantly increased rates of fatty acid synthesis and levels of serum triglycerides compared to their lean litter mates; lipogenic rates and circulating triglycerides were reduced markedly by the oral administration of (--)-hydroxycitrate. Fructose administered in the diet or drinking water induced a hypertriglyceridemia which was associated with a marked increase in hepatic lipogenesis, and (--)-hydroxycitrate reduced significantly both parameters. In contrast to the significant role that increased rates of lipogenesis apparently played in the development of hypertriglyceridemia in the Zucker rat and fructose-fed rat, Triton given intravenously produced a marked rise in serum triglycerides which could not be accounted for, to an appreciate extent, by increased rates of fatty acid synthesis. (--)-Hydroxycitrate reduced serum triglyceride levels and hepatic lipogenic rates equivalently in the Triton-treated and nontreated rats.", "PMID": 857644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12334", "title": "Variation among commercial activated partial thromboplastin time reagents in response to heparin.", "content": "The activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) has been advocated for monitoring heparin effect. This study was designed to determine the in vitro sensitivity to heparin of commercially available APTT reagents. Heparin was added in increasing concentrations to pooled citrated plasma. Fibrometer APTT determinations were performed at each concentration using General Diagnostics, Ortho, Dade, Hyland, and BBL reagents. A tilt-tube kaolin-activated partial thromboplastin time was also tested using a Sigma partial thromboplastin prepared by the method of Bell and Alton. The General Diagnostics, Sigma, and Ortho reagents displayed linear heparin sensitivity; the General Diagnostics APTT was prolonged 1 1/2-2 1/2 times in a plasma heparin range that prolonged a modified in-vitro Lee-White clotting times 2-3 times. The other reagents were either insensitive, too sensitive, or nonlinear in heparin response. Thus, commercial reagents vary widely in their in-vitro sensitivity to heparin.", "contents": "Variation among commercial activated partial thromboplastin time reagents in response to heparin. The activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) has been advocated for monitoring heparin effect. This study was designed to determine the in vitro sensitivity to heparin of commercially available APTT reagents. Heparin was added in increasing concentrations to pooled citrated plasma. Fibrometer APTT determinations were performed at each concentration using General Diagnostics, Ortho, Dade, Hyland, and BBL reagents. A tilt-tube kaolin-activated partial thromboplastin time was also tested using a Sigma partial thromboplastin prepared by the method of Bell and Alton. The General Diagnostics, Sigma, and Ortho reagents displayed linear heparin sensitivity; the General Diagnostics APTT was prolonged 1 1/2-2 1/2 times in a plasma heparin range that prolonged a modified in-vitro Lee-White clotting times 2-3 times. The other reagents were either insensitive, too sensitive, or nonlinear in heparin response. Thus, commercial reagents vary widely in their in-vitro sensitivity to heparin.", "PMID": 857645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12335", "title": "Correlates of successful outcome in crisis intervention therapy.", "content": "The present study examines the correlates of successful outcome (subsequent inpatient or outpatient treatment) of 305 outpatient cases treated by crisis intervention therapy. Although the two measures of outcome were correlated with each, the respective relationships with the predictor variables were sometimes different. Demographic variables and therapist's characteristics were not correlated with either outcome measures. Past responses to stress (prior state hospitalization and suicidal behavior) were predictors of subsequent inpatient treatment, but not subsequent outpatient treatment. On the other hand, current precipitating events did not predict inpatient treatment, but did predict subsequent outpatient treatment. Several statistically nonsignificant relationships which either replicate or disagree with previous findings are also discussed.", "contents": "Correlates of successful outcome in crisis intervention therapy. The present study examines the correlates of successful outcome (subsequent inpatient or outpatient treatment) of 305 outpatient cases treated by crisis intervention therapy. Although the two measures of outcome were correlated with each, the respective relationships with the predictor variables were sometimes different. Demographic variables and therapist's characteristics were not correlated with either outcome measures. Past responses to stress (prior state hospitalization and suicidal behavior) were predictors of subsequent inpatient treatment, but not subsequent outpatient treatment. On the other hand, current precipitating events did not predict inpatient treatment, but did predict subsequent outpatient treatment. Several statistically nonsignificant relationships which either replicate or disagree with previous findings are also discussed.", "PMID": 857646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12336", "title": "A partial evaluation of an introductory training program in behavior modification for psychatric nurses.", "content": "The paper describes the procedures and evaluation of a four-session introductory training program in behavior modification. The program focuses on (a) basic operant therapy principles and techniques, (b) behavioral observation and recording procedures, (c) major steps in developing individual behavior modification programs, (d) an overview of target behaviors to which behavioral techniques have been successfully applied, and (e) clarification of the psychiatric nurse's role as a behavioral engineer. Training utilized lecturettes, group discussion, practice in recording behavior seen on videotape, daily practice in behavior observation, and a film demonstrating behavioral techniques. Nurses improved signifcantly in basic behavior observation skill, program planning, and in their perceptions of the changeability of a variety of behaviors . Improvements were not maintained at a 4-month follow-up. The importance of continuing training beyond an introductory stage is discussed. Subsequent stages of training necessary are described.", "contents": "A partial evaluation of an introductory training program in behavior modification for psychatric nurses. The paper describes the procedures and evaluation of a four-session introductory training program in behavior modification. The program focuses on (a) basic operant therapy principles and techniques, (b) behavioral observation and recording procedures, (c) major steps in developing individual behavior modification programs, (d) an overview of target behaviors to which behavioral techniques have been successfully applied, and (e) clarification of the psychiatric nurse's role as a behavioral engineer. Training utilized lecturettes, group discussion, practice in recording behavior seen on videotape, daily practice in behavior observation, and a film demonstrating behavioral techniques. Nurses improved signifcantly in basic behavior observation skill, program planning, and in their perceptions of the changeability of a variety of behaviors . Improvements were not maintained at a 4-month follow-up. The importance of continuing training beyond an introductory stage is discussed. Subsequent stages of training necessary are described.", "PMID": 857647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12337", "title": "A systems approach to the child, school, family, and community in an urban area.", "content": "Fifteen eighth-grade students, their parents, teachers, and relevant school administrators received a multilevel systems consultation from a community mental health center. Clients were conceptualized and worked with in terms of the subsystem to which they belonged and with regard to the interrelationships of the other subsystems comprising the school-community system. Theoretical considerations following Lewin's life-space concept are described as a basis for this approach in contrast to more traditional ones which typically fail to treat directly, simultaneously, and/or sequentially all client subsystems, e.g., child, school, family, and community. The consultation is described as a case example with each client contributing to the evaluation of the intervention. Although the consultation could not be carried out entirely along the lines originally conceived, it serves as a helpful model for making a more potent impact in school interventions.", "contents": "A systems approach to the child, school, family, and community in an urban area. Fifteen eighth-grade students, their parents, teachers, and relevant school administrators received a multilevel systems consultation from a community mental health center. Clients were conceptualized and worked with in terms of the subsystem to which they belonged and with regard to the interrelationships of the other subsystems comprising the school-community system. Theoretical considerations following Lewin's life-space concept are described as a basis for this approach in contrast to more traditional ones which typically fail to treat directly, simultaneously, and/or sequentially all client subsystems, e.g., child, school, family, and community. The consultation is described as a case example with each client contributing to the evaluation of the intervention. Although the consultation could not be carried out entirely along the lines originally conceived, it serves as a helpful model for making a more potent impact in school interventions.", "PMID": 857648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12338", "title": "Coping patterns of law enforcement officers in simulated and naturalistic stress.", "content": "Psychophysiological and self-report measures of reactivity were obtained from 135 police deputies exposed to a stressful film. Subjects categorized according to trait anxiety level and character defense pattern were encouraged to anticipate benign or threatening experiences or were given no preparatory information. In general, information abetted stress reduction; individual personality variables also influenced reactivity. The vigilant coper group uniformly demonstrated intolerance for uncertainty, whereas the responses of the neutral and avoider groups were separable according to anxiety level, in which lower anxiety facilitated adaptation to the stressor. The dramatic correspondence of supervisory ratings of field performance and the data for the no-warning condition suggests that the demands for success in law enforcement service were approximated by the simulated stress procedure.", "contents": "Coping patterns of law enforcement officers in simulated and naturalistic stress. Psychophysiological and self-report measures of reactivity were obtained from 135 police deputies exposed to a stressful film. Subjects categorized according to trait anxiety level and character defense pattern were encouraged to anticipate benign or threatening experiences or were given no preparatory information. In general, information abetted stress reduction; individual personality variables also influenced reactivity. The vigilant coper group uniformly demonstrated intolerance for uncertainty, whereas the responses of the neutral and avoider groups were separable according to anxiety level, in which lower anxiety facilitated adaptation to the stressor. The dramatic correspondence of supervisory ratings of field performance and the data for the no-warning condition suggests that the demands for success in law enforcement service were approximated by the simulated stress procedure.", "PMID": 857649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12339", "title": "The dimensions of life quality in a community.", "content": "In this study the dimensions of the quality of life construct were investigated; 454 residents of a large suburban community were asked questions on life changes, psychiatric distress, happiness, and effective participation in life concerns. Selected variables from this survey were factor-analyzed in order to define the dimensions of life quality and six demographic variables; age, sex, marital status, education, income, and religious participation were studied to see how they influenced those dimensions. The results of the analysis revealed that life quality is measurable in terms of a person's happiness, his community participation, and his preferences, answering three major questions that person may pose for himself: (1) How well do I like the life I lead? (2) In what meaningful ways do I spend my time? (3) Why? Each of the six demographic variables influenced these dimensions. Marital status and age, two life-cycle statistics, had the most powerful effects on quality-of-life ratings.", "contents": "The dimensions of life quality in a community. In this study the dimensions of the quality of life construct were investigated; 454 residents of a large suburban community were asked questions on life changes, psychiatric distress, happiness, and effective participation in life concerns. Selected variables from this survey were factor-analyzed in order to define the dimensions of life quality and six demographic variables; age, sex, marital status, education, income, and religious participation were studied to see how they influenced those dimensions. The results of the analysis revealed that life quality is measurable in terms of a person's happiness, his community participation, and his preferences, answering three major questions that person may pose for himself: (1) How well do I like the life I lead? (2) In what meaningful ways do I spend my time? (3) Why? Each of the six demographic variables influenced these dimensions. Marital status and age, two life-cycle statistics, had the most powerful effects on quality-of-life ratings.", "PMID": 857650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12340", "title": "The syndrome of abuse dwarfism (psychosocial dwarfism or reversible hyposomatotropism).", "content": "In abuse dwarfism the behavioral signs include some or all of the following: (1) a history of unusual eating and drinking behavior, reversible on change of domicile, such as eating from a garbage can and drinking from a toilet bowl, stealing food, alleged picky eating and rejecting food at the table, polydipsia and polyphagia, possibly alternating with vomiting and possibly also with self-starvation; (2) a history of such behavioral symptoms as enuresis, encopresis, social apathy or inertia, defiant aggressiveness, sudden tantrums, crying spasms, insomnia, eccentric sleeping and waking schedule, pain agnosia, and self-injury, all occurring only in the growth-retarding environment; (3) retarded motor development, with improvement on removal of the child from the domiclle of abuse; (4) retarded intellectual growht, reversible on change of domicile by as much as 30 to 50 IQ points; and (5) a history of pathologic family relationships, including unusual cruelty and neglect, either somatic or psychic or both.", "contents": "The syndrome of abuse dwarfism (psychosocial dwarfism or reversible hyposomatotropism). In abuse dwarfism the behavioral signs include some or all of the following: (1) a history of unusual eating and drinking behavior, reversible on change of domicile, such as eating from a garbage can and drinking from a toilet bowl, stealing food, alleged picky eating and rejecting food at the table, polydipsia and polyphagia, possibly alternating with vomiting and possibly also with self-starvation; (2) a history of such behavioral symptoms as enuresis, encopresis, social apathy or inertia, defiant aggressiveness, sudden tantrums, crying spasms, insomnia, eccentric sleeping and waking schedule, pain agnosia, and self-injury, all occurring only in the growth-retarding environment; (3) retarded motor development, with improvement on removal of the child from the domiclle of abuse; (4) retarded intellectual growht, reversible on change of domicile by as much as 30 to 50 IQ points; and (5) a history of pathologic family relationships, including unusual cruelty and neglect, either somatic or psychic or both.", "PMID": 857651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12341", "title": "Immunological studies on an aberrant form of ataxia telangiectasia.", "content": "We describe two brothers with ataxia telangiectasia (AT) of which one was unique in that he had no detectable IgG and IgA concentrations in the serum or saliva. The other brother had the more common IgA deficiency in the serum and saliva. Neither patient had a history of undue sinopulmonary infections. In spite of the absence of these immunoglobulins in the sera, there were cells in the bone marrow and peripheral blood that stained with fluorescein-labeled anti-IgG and anit-IgA. Both patients had demonstrable humoral antibody and cell-mediated immune responses to the antigens tested. We also discuss possible pathophysiological mechanisms causing the above defects.", "contents": "Immunological studies on an aberrant form of ataxia telangiectasia. We describe two brothers with ataxia telangiectasia (AT) of which one was unique in that he had no detectable IgG and IgA concentrations in the serum or saliva. The other brother had the more common IgA deficiency in the serum and saliva. Neither patient had a history of undue sinopulmonary infections. In spite of the absence of these immunoglobulins in the sera, there were cells in the bone marrow and peripheral blood that stained with fluorescein-labeled anti-IgG and anit-IgA. Both patients had demonstrable humoral antibody and cell-mediated immune responses to the antigens tested. We also discuss possible pathophysiological mechanisms causing the above defects.", "PMID": 857652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12342", "title": "Hypopituitarism following extirpation of a pharyngeal pituitary.", "content": "A neonate without external malformation had undergone removal of a nasopharyngeal mass containing anterior and posterior pituitary tissue. Numerous endocrine evaluations since that time have confirmed polyhormonal hypopituitarism. Endocrine replacement has resulted in a healthy, normal child except for short stature. The literature dealing with pharyngeal pituitary, congenital absence of the pituitary, cyclopia, and other malformations of the pituitary suggests only vague theories to explain the infrequent anomalies found in this area. We propose that laminagrams of the sphenoid of newborns with sighus may aid in early diagnosis and appropriate replacement therapy.", "contents": "Hypopituitarism following extirpation of a pharyngeal pituitary. A neonate without external malformation had undergone removal of a nasopharyngeal mass containing anterior and posterior pituitary tissue. Numerous endocrine evaluations since that time have confirmed polyhormonal hypopituitarism. Endocrine replacement has resulted in a healthy, normal child except for short stature. The literature dealing with pharyngeal pituitary, congenital absence of the pituitary, cyclopia, and other malformations of the pituitary suggests only vague theories to explain the infrequent anomalies found in this area. We propose that laminagrams of the sphenoid of newborns with sighus may aid in early diagnosis and appropriate replacement therapy.", "PMID": 857653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12343", "title": "Urinary excretion of phenobarbital in a neonate having withdrawal symptoms.", "content": "Utilizing methods of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-computer systems operated in a chemical ionization mode, metabolites of mephobarbital were demostrated in urines collected from two infants whose mother was treated with mephobarbital during pregnancy. Identification of the major metabolite in one infant was possibe for 22 days after delivery. The urinary half-life of mephobartial was 30 hours and the half-life of phenobarbital was 48 hours. Both infants demonstrated withdrawal symptoms for four to six months and manifested the physical phenotype of infants exposed in utero to anticonvulsant agents.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of phenobarbital in a neonate having withdrawal symptoms. Utilizing methods of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-computer systems operated in a chemical ionization mode, metabolites of mephobarbital were demostrated in urines collected from two infants whose mother was treated with mephobarbital during pregnancy. Identification of the major metabolite in one infant was possibe for 22 days after delivery. The urinary half-life of mephobartial was 30 hours and the half-life of phenobarbital was 48 hours. Both infants demonstrated withdrawal symptoms for four to six months and manifested the physical phenotype of infants exposed in utero to anticonvulsant agents.", "PMID": 857654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12344", "title": "Vertigo as a presenting symptom of multiple sclerosis in childhood.", "content": "We describe a case of childhood multiple sclerosis with vertigo as a presenting finding. A review of 14 casts at The Children's Hospital of Denver disclosed that vertigo was a presenting symptom in four of these. This ratio closely approximates the adult incidence. With the application of objective vestibular testing, this rate is probably much higher. Pediatricians should bear in mind childhood multiple sclerosis when faced with unexplained vertigo in a child.", "contents": "Vertigo as a presenting symptom of multiple sclerosis in childhood. We describe a case of childhood multiple sclerosis with vertigo as a presenting finding. A review of 14 casts at The Children's Hospital of Denver disclosed that vertigo was a presenting symptom in four of these. This ratio closely approximates the adult incidence. With the application of objective vestibular testing, this rate is probably much higher. Pediatricians should bear in mind childhood multiple sclerosis when faced with unexplained vertigo in a child.", "PMID": 857655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12345", "title": "Colonoscopic polypectomy in children.", "content": "Three children, 30 to 36 months of age, had solitary juvenile polyps in the sigmoid colon and rectal bleeding of varying severity, In all three patients, the polyps were removed without the use of general anesthesia through a standard 100-cm colonoscope used to examine adult patients. No untoward effects were encountered. Colonoscopic polypectomy is an effective therapeutic procedure and obviates the need for either anxious waiting in the mildly symptomatic patient or colotomy and polypectomy in the child with profuse rectal bleeding.", "contents": "Colonoscopic polypectomy in children. Three children, 30 to 36 months of age, had solitary juvenile polyps in the sigmoid colon and rectal bleeding of varying severity, In all three patients, the polyps were removed without the use of general anesthesia through a standard 100-cm colonoscope used to examine adult patients. No untoward effects were encountered. Colonoscopic polypectomy is an effective therapeutic procedure and obviates the need for either anxious waiting in the mildly symptomatic patient or colotomy and polypectomy in the child with profuse rectal bleeding.", "PMID": 857656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12346", "title": "Comparison of the effects of cholic acid and chenic acid feeding on rates of cholesterol synthesis in the liver of the rat.", "content": "To compare the ability of cholic acid and chenic acid to suppress cholesterol synthesis in the liver, these two bile acids were fed in varying amounts to rats for either 66 hr or 6 weeks. In both instances there were significant changes in the bile acid pool in the small intestine and suppression of the rate of cholesterol synthesis in the liver. The administration of cholic acid, however, consistently produced greater suppression of the rate of cholesterol synthesis from octanoate or of microsomal HMG CoA reductase activity than did the administration of a similar amount of chenic acid. Furthermore, this difference was present whether the rates of cholesterogenesis were measured at high-substrate concentrations, ie, under conditions where Vmax was apparently achieved, or under circumstances where there was essentially no extracellular substrate present. These findings do not support the view that the superiority of chenic acid for dissolution of gallstones is secondary to its greater effect as an inhibitor of hepatic cholesterol synthesis.", "contents": "Comparison of the effects of cholic acid and chenic acid feeding on rates of cholesterol synthesis in the liver of the rat. To compare the ability of cholic acid and chenic acid to suppress cholesterol synthesis in the liver, these two bile acids were fed in varying amounts to rats for either 66 hr or 6 weeks. In both instances there were significant changes in the bile acid pool in the small intestine and suppression of the rate of cholesterol synthesis in the liver. The administration of cholic acid, however, consistently produced greater suppression of the rate of cholesterol synthesis from octanoate or of microsomal HMG CoA reductase activity than did the administration of a similar amount of chenic acid. Furthermore, this difference was present whether the rates of cholesterogenesis were measured at high-substrate concentrations, ie, under conditions where Vmax was apparently achieved, or under circumstances where there was essentially no extracellular substrate present. These findings do not support the view that the superiority of chenic acid for dissolution of gallstones is secondary to its greater effect as an inhibitor of hepatic cholesterol synthesis.", "PMID": 857658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12347", "title": "Intractable diarrhea. Intestinal perfusion studies and plasma VIP concentrations in patients with pancreatic cholera syndrome and surreptitious ingestion of laxatives and diuretics.", "content": "Small-intestinal perfusion studies with a triple-lumen tube were performed in the jejunum and ileum of 11 patients with a presumptive diagnosis of pancreatic cholera syndrome (PCS). Ultimately PCS was proven to be present in only 3 patients, whereas 6 were discovered to be taking either laxatives or diuretics surreptitiously. In 2 of the 11 patients the cause of the diarrhea could not be determined. In PCS the major abnormality which we observed was that the jejunal mucosa secreted rather than absorbed when perfused with a plasma-like solution. By contrast, the ileum of the PCS patients absorbed a plasma-like solution in a normal fashion; however, one patient failed to absorb sodium and chloride when a solution with low (50 mM) sodium chloride concentration was perfused in the ileum. The volume of endogenous fluid was high in both the jejunum and ileum, presumably because of proximal small-intestinal secretion. Glucose stimulated sodium movement in an absorptive direction in each patient. Studies were repeated in one PCS patient after tumor removal, and his intestinal absorption of water and electrolytes was normal. Patients with diarrhea due to surreptitious ingestion of laxatives and diuretics showed normal absorption in the jejunum and ileum. This study shows that proximal small-bowel secretion was the major cause for diarrhea in our 3 patients with PCS. This cannot be a consequence of diarrhea per se since it was not found in patients with long-standing diarrhea due to surrepitious drug ingestion. Small-intestinal perfusion studies may be helpful in the diagnosis and management of selected cases of severe chronic diarrhea. On the other hand, measurement of plasma VIP concentration, especially by methods currently used in the United States, is of little use and may be misleading.", "contents": "Intractable diarrhea. Intestinal perfusion studies and plasma VIP concentrations in patients with pancreatic cholera syndrome and surreptitious ingestion of laxatives and diuretics. Small-intestinal perfusion studies with a triple-lumen tube were performed in the jejunum and ileum of 11 patients with a presumptive diagnosis of pancreatic cholera syndrome (PCS). Ultimately PCS was proven to be present in only 3 patients, whereas 6 were discovered to be taking either laxatives or diuretics surreptitiously. In 2 of the 11 patients the cause of the diarrhea could not be determined. In PCS the major abnormality which we observed was that the jejunal mucosa secreted rather than absorbed when perfused with a plasma-like solution. By contrast, the ileum of the PCS patients absorbed a plasma-like solution in a normal fashion; however, one patient failed to absorb sodium and chloride when a solution with low (50 mM) sodium chloride concentration was perfused in the ileum. The volume of endogenous fluid was high in both the jejunum and ileum, presumably because of proximal small-intestinal secretion. Glucose stimulated sodium movement in an absorptive direction in each patient. Studies were repeated in one PCS patient after tumor removal, and his intestinal absorption of water and electrolytes was normal. Patients with diarrhea due to surreptitious ingestion of laxatives and diuretics showed normal absorption in the jejunum and ileum. This study shows that proximal small-bowel secretion was the major cause for diarrhea in our 3 patients with PCS. This cannot be a consequence of diarrhea per se since it was not found in patients with long-standing diarrhea due to surrepitious drug ingestion. Small-intestinal perfusion studies may be helpful in the diagnosis and management of selected cases of severe chronic diarrhea. On the other hand, measurement of plasma VIP concentration, especially by methods currently used in the United States, is of little use and may be misleading.", "PMID": 857657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12348", "title": "The association of heartburn with gastritis.", "content": "Esophageal, fundal, antral, and duodenal mucosal biopsies from 10 patients with heartburn were compared with biopsies from 18 patients with dyspepsia but without heartburn or radiographic or endoscopic evidence of peptic ulcer disease, gastric retention, or esophageal stricture. There was a highly significnt correlation between heartburn and antral gastritis and duodentitis (P less than 0.01). It is suggested that histologic reflux changes are determined by the severity of reflux and reparative potential of the esophageal mucosa. Heartburn, on the other hand, is more related to the nature of the refluxed fluid. The fluid most likely to induce heartburn is one containing duodenal fluid, which is also believed to be an important cause of antral gastritis.", "contents": "The association of heartburn with gastritis. Esophageal, fundal, antral, and duodenal mucosal biopsies from 10 patients with heartburn were compared with biopsies from 18 patients with dyspepsia but without heartburn or radiographic or endoscopic evidence of peptic ulcer disease, gastric retention, or esophageal stricture. There was a highly significnt correlation between heartburn and antral gastritis and duodentitis (P less than 0.01). It is suggested that histologic reflux changes are determined by the severity of reflux and reparative potential of the esophageal mucosa. Heartburn, on the other hand, is more related to the nature of the refluxed fluid. The fluid most likely to induce heartburn is one containing duodenal fluid, which is also believed to be an important cause of antral gastritis.", "PMID": 857659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12349", "title": "Is reduced release of gastrin the mechanism of ulcer healing after gastroenterostomy?", "content": "Until recently in this unit gastroenterostomy was the operation of choice for patients with duodenal ulcer whose maximal acid output (MAO) is less than 30 mmol/hr. Ulceration (jejunal) has recurred in only 2.1%. Unlike partial gastrectomy, which has a peak incidence of ulcer recurrence in the first two years, the incidence of ulcer recurrence remains constant throughout the years after gastroenterostomy. In looking for the explanation of this low recurrence rate we have studied the effect of the operation upon serum gastrin responses to standardized test meals 3 weeks and 26 weeks after operation in 9 patients. Nine normal subjects acted as controls. Six months after operation the responses were significantly lowered, a fall in the serum levels of gastrin at 30, 45, 60 and 90 min after means suggesting that gastroenterostomy reduces both the gastric and intestinal phases of acid secretion. The mean integrated gastrin response (IGR) throughout the postprandial 90 min is also significantly lower 6 months after surgery. The overall mean reduction was 31.1%.", "contents": "Is reduced release of gastrin the mechanism of ulcer healing after gastroenterostomy? Until recently in this unit gastroenterostomy was the operation of choice for patients with duodenal ulcer whose maximal acid output (MAO) is less than 30 mmol/hr. Ulceration (jejunal) has recurred in only 2.1%. Unlike partial gastrectomy, which has a peak incidence of ulcer recurrence in the first two years, the incidence of ulcer recurrence remains constant throughout the years after gastroenterostomy. In looking for the explanation of this low recurrence rate we have studied the effect of the operation upon serum gastrin responses to standardized test meals 3 weeks and 26 weeks after operation in 9 patients. Nine normal subjects acted as controls. Six months after operation the responses were significantly lowered, a fall in the serum levels of gastrin at 30, 45, 60 and 90 min after means suggesting that gastroenterostomy reduces both the gastric and intestinal phases of acid secretion. The mean integrated gastrin response (IGR) throughout the postprandial 90 min is also significantly lower 6 months after surgery. The overall mean reduction was 31.1%.", "PMID": 857660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12350", "title": "Possible relationship between the rate of ethanol metabolism and the severity of hepatic damage in chronic alcoholics.", "content": "The rate of ethanol metabolism (EMR) was determined in alcoholic patients with or without hepatic necrosis, steatosis, and/or cirrhosis. Fifty six cases were studied after 9-25 days of abstinence (mean 15 days). A significant increase in EMR (P less than 0.01) was found in alcoholics with hepatic necrosis (265 +/- 20.5 mg/kg/hr) compared with alcoholics with normal liver histology (154 +/- 17) and nonalcoholic controls (159 +/- 15). In alcoholics with liver steatosis but without necrosis a lesser increase in EMR (207 +/- 20, P less than 0.05 was also observed. Patients with slight fibrosis but without other abnormalities in their liver biopsies and cirrhotics with overt liver failure (jaundice, ascites) showed EMR similar to controls.", "contents": "Possible relationship between the rate of ethanol metabolism and the severity of hepatic damage in chronic alcoholics. The rate of ethanol metabolism (EMR) was determined in alcoholic patients with or without hepatic necrosis, steatosis, and/or cirrhosis. Fifty six cases were studied after 9-25 days of abstinence (mean 15 days). A significant increase in EMR (P less than 0.01) was found in alcoholics with hepatic necrosis (265 +/- 20.5 mg/kg/hr) compared with alcoholics with normal liver histology (154 +/- 17) and nonalcoholic controls (159 +/- 15). In alcoholics with liver steatosis but without necrosis a lesser increase in EMR (207 +/- 20, P less than 0.05 was also observed. Patients with slight fibrosis but without other abnormalities in their liver biopsies and cirrhotics with overt liver failure (jaundice, ascites) showed EMR similar to controls.", "PMID": 857661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12351", "title": "Endogenous hypergastrinemia and cell proliferation in the fundic mucosa in dogs.", "content": "Endogenous hypergastrinemia (P less than 0.01) was produced in 4 dogs with a Heidenhain pouch through surgical exclusion of the pyloric antrum. This was followed by acid hypersecrection and increased DNA synthesis and mitotic activity (P less than 0.01) in the mucosa of the Heidenhain pouch. The acid hypersecretion induced by histamine in beeswax in 4 other dogs did not increase the proliferative parameters in the pouch mucosa of the latter. A positive correlation (r = 0.84, P less than 0.01) was found between the serum gastrin levels and the DNA synthesis index values measured in the 4 animals before antral exclusion, after antral exclusion, and after antrectomy. These data support the hypothesis that the trophic effect of gastrin on the fundic mucosa can be elicited by physiological doses of endogenous hormone.", "contents": "Endogenous hypergastrinemia and cell proliferation in the fundic mucosa in dogs. Endogenous hypergastrinemia (P less than 0.01) was produced in 4 dogs with a Heidenhain pouch through surgical exclusion of the pyloric antrum. This was followed by acid hypersecrection and increased DNA synthesis and mitotic activity (P less than 0.01) in the mucosa of the Heidenhain pouch. The acid hypersecretion induced by histamine in beeswax in 4 other dogs did not increase the proliferative parameters in the pouch mucosa of the latter. A positive correlation (r = 0.84, P less than 0.01) was found between the serum gastrin levels and the DNA synthesis index values measured in the 4 animals before antral exclusion, after antral exclusion, and after antrectomy. These data support the hypothesis that the trophic effect of gastrin on the fundic mucosa can be elicited by physiological doses of endogenous hormone.", "PMID": 857662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12352", "title": "The influence of prednisolone on hepatic function in normal subjects. Effects on galactose elimination capacity, sulfobromophthalein transport maximum and storage capacity, and D-glucaric acid output.", "content": "In view of the importance of liver tests in the follow-up of patients under treatment with corticosteroid hormones, 20 mg of prednisolone were given by mouth to normal volunteers for 4 days and hepatic function was assessed before and during treatment. Despite significant falls in plasma cortisol and serum bilirubin concentrations, the galactose elimination capacity, the BSP tests, and the urinary D-glucaric acid output remained essentially unchanged. Consequently no pharmacological effect of this corticosteroid hormone on the examined tests could be detected.", "contents": "The influence of prednisolone on hepatic function in normal subjects. Effects on galactose elimination capacity, sulfobromophthalein transport maximum and storage capacity, and D-glucaric acid output. In view of the importance of liver tests in the follow-up of patients under treatment with corticosteroid hormones, 20 mg of prednisolone were given by mouth to normal volunteers for 4 days and hepatic function was assessed before and during treatment. Despite significant falls in plasma cortisol and serum bilirubin concentrations, the galactose elimination capacity, the BSP tests, and the urinary D-glucaric acid output remained essentially unchanged. Consequently no pharmacological effect of this corticosteroid hormone on the examined tests could be detected.", "PMID": 857663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12353", "title": "Effect of bile duct obstruction on pancreatic enzyme secretion and intestinal proteolytic enzyme activity in the rat.", "content": "The role of bile in regulation of intestinal proteolytic activity in rats was investigated by studying the effects of bile diversion and bile duct obstruction on pancreatic protease secretion and on recovery of protease from the intestine. Diversion of bile and pancreatic juice from the intestine caused a large increase in pancreatic enzyme secretion; replacement of bile partially suppressed this response. Bile duct obstruction resulted (3-4 days postobstruction) in a threefold increase in pancreatic juice chymotrypsin but caused a large decreases in intestinal trypsin and chymotrypsin activities and total proteolytic activity. Recovery of pancreatic juice protein (labeled with 14C) from intestinal contents was markedly decreased in bile duct obstruction, indicating a more rapid rate of degradation and absorption of pancreatic jucie protein. The evidence suggests that interruption of bile flow results in an accelerated rate of degradation of pancreatic proteolytic enzymes, and that the increase in pancreatic enzyme secretion is an adaptation to decreased intestinal proteolytic activity.", "contents": "Effect of bile duct obstruction on pancreatic enzyme secretion and intestinal proteolytic enzyme activity in the rat. The role of bile in regulation of intestinal proteolytic activity in rats was investigated by studying the effects of bile diversion and bile duct obstruction on pancreatic protease secretion and on recovery of protease from the intestine. Diversion of bile and pancreatic juice from the intestine caused a large increase in pancreatic enzyme secretion; replacement of bile partially suppressed this response. Bile duct obstruction resulted (3-4 days postobstruction) in a threefold increase in pancreatic juice chymotrypsin but caused a large decreases in intestinal trypsin and chymotrypsin activities and total proteolytic activity. Recovery of pancreatic juice protein (labeled with 14C) from intestinal contents was markedly decreased in bile duct obstruction, indicating a more rapid rate of degradation and absorption of pancreatic jucie protein. The evidence suggests that interruption of bile flow results in an accelerated rate of degradation of pancreatic proteolytic enzymes, and that the increase in pancreatic enzyme secretion is an adaptation to decreased intestinal proteolytic activity.", "PMID": 857664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12354", "title": "Reevaluation of triethers as markers for triglycerides during gastric emptying.", "content": "The validity of using triethers as markers for triglycerides during gastric emptying was investigated. Rats were given a lipid mixture containing [75Se]triether plus [131I]triolein or [3H]triether plus [14C]triolein intragastrically. Similar studies were performed on humans using a homogenized test meal to which was added [75Se]triether plus corn oil. Analysis of gastric contents at various time intervals after administration of the test meal did not show evidence of separation of triglyceride and triether in the stomach. It is discussed that the disappointing results of other workers using [3H]triether may be due to an artifact associated with instability of the tritium-to-triether bond in the preparation used.", "contents": "Reevaluation of triethers as markers for triglycerides during gastric emptying. The validity of using triethers as markers for triglycerides during gastric emptying was investigated. Rats were given a lipid mixture containing [75Se]triether plus [131I]triolein or [3H]triether plus [14C]triolein intragastrically. Similar studies were performed on humans using a homogenized test meal to which was added [75Se]triether plus corn oil. Analysis of gastric contents at various time intervals after administration of the test meal did not show evidence of separation of triglyceride and triether in the stomach. It is discussed that the disappointing results of other workers using [3H]triether may be due to an artifact associated with instability of the tritium-to-triether bond in the preparation used.", "PMID": 857665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12355", "title": "Untreated gastric pseudolymphoma.", "content": "Gastric pseudolymphoma is an inflammatory process that may simulate malignancy. In most reported cases, the initial diagnosis has been malignant lymphoma and treatment has been applied accordingly. We report a case of gastric pseudolymphoma wherein the diagnosis was made from multiple surgical biopsies, and follow-up now exceeds 11 years. To our knowledge no other case of untreated gastric pseudolymphoma has been reported. This case may more closely represent the biologic nature of this presumably benign condition.", "contents": "Untreated gastric pseudolymphoma. Gastric pseudolymphoma is an inflammatory process that may simulate malignancy. In most reported cases, the initial diagnosis has been malignant lymphoma and treatment has been applied accordingly. We report a case of gastric pseudolymphoma wherein the diagnosis was made from multiple surgical biopsies, and follow-up now exceeds 11 years. To our knowledge no other case of untreated gastric pseudolymphoma has been reported. This case may more closely represent the biologic nature of this presumably benign condition.", "PMID": 857666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12356", "title": "Levels of satisfaction among hospital pharmacists.", "content": "Hospital pharmacists in a Midwestern, metropolitan area were surveyed to determine levels of job satisfaction. Of the 195 pharmacists who received the 120-item questionnaire, 132 (68%) responded. The questionnaire included facet-free questions which reflect the overall satisfaction of an individual with his job. Results to these questions were compared to those for professional, managerial and nonprofessional workers in two University of Michigan Surveys of Working Conditions. Also included in the survey were facet-specific job satisfaction measures from the Minnesota Job Satisfaction Questionnaire. The study found an overall pattern of less satisfaction among hospital pharmacists than among workers included in the Michigan surveys. The data indicate that hospital pharmacists might be less committed to their jobs and more likely to change jobs than other employees. Compared to other employees, hospital pharmacists showed a greater commitment to the work ethic and were more dissatisfied with their general life situation. The average general job satisfaction score of the respondents was 2.53, on a five-point scale, indicating something less than \"satisfied\". Pharmacists were least satisfied with the lack of opportunity for advancement, staffing practices, employer's policies and practices, and compensation practices. Compensation relative to others and amount of compensation were the sources of greatest satisfaction. Staff pharmacists had the lowest level of satisfaction; clinical pharmacists the highest--other personnel categories compared were directors, associate and assistant directors, and supervisors. The profession of pharmacy should decide whether or not to be concerned with the general low level of satisfaction among hospital pharmacists.", "contents": "Levels of satisfaction among hospital pharmacists. Hospital pharmacists in a Midwestern, metropolitan area were surveyed to determine levels of job satisfaction. Of the 195 pharmacists who received the 120-item questionnaire, 132 (68%) responded. The questionnaire included facet-free questions which reflect the overall satisfaction of an individual with his job. Results to these questions were compared to those for professional, managerial and nonprofessional workers in two University of Michigan Surveys of Working Conditions. Also included in the survey were facet-specific job satisfaction measures from the Minnesota Job Satisfaction Questionnaire. The study found an overall pattern of less satisfaction among hospital pharmacists than among workers included in the Michigan surveys. The data indicate that hospital pharmacists might be less committed to their jobs and more likely to change jobs than other employees. Compared to other employees, hospital pharmacists showed a greater commitment to the work ethic and were more dissatisfied with their general life situation. The average general job satisfaction score of the respondents was 2.53, on a five-point scale, indicating something less than \"satisfied\". Pharmacists were least satisfied with the lack of opportunity for advancement, staffing practices, employer's policies and practices, and compensation practices. Compensation relative to others and amount of compensation were the sources of greatest satisfaction. Staff pharmacists had the lowest level of satisfaction; clinical pharmacists the highest--other personnel categories compared were directors, associate and assistant directors, and supervisors. The profession of pharmacy should decide whether or not to be concerned with the general low level of satisfaction among hospital pharmacists.", "PMID": 857667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12357", "title": "Involving staff pharmacists in management decisions.", "content": "Various administrative techniques used to bring staff pharmacists in a decentralized, satellite pharmacy system into the managerial decision-making process are discussed. These techniques include a staff pharmacist on-call procedure to discourage absenteeism, and the concept of a head pharmacist to serve as a link with departmental administration. The head pharmacist works in the satelite pharmacy, is responsible for its daily operation and is the spokesman for the satellite. Active roles for the head pharmacist in the selection and evaluation of technicians are outlines. Management skills are developed in head pharmacists through a program of special classes and discussion groups. It is concluded that this program has improved the credibility of administrative decisions and has tapped an underused source of ideas and talent.", "contents": "Involving staff pharmacists in management decisions. Various administrative techniques used to bring staff pharmacists in a decentralized, satellite pharmacy system into the managerial decision-making process are discussed. These techniques include a staff pharmacist on-call procedure to discourage absenteeism, and the concept of a head pharmacist to serve as a link with departmental administration. The head pharmacist works in the satelite pharmacy, is responsible for its daily operation and is the spokesman for the satellite. Active roles for the head pharmacist in the selection and evaluation of technicians are outlines. Management skills are developed in head pharmacists through a program of special classes and discussion groups. It is concluded that this program has improved the credibility of administrative decisions and has tapped an underused source of ideas and talent.", "PMID": 857668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12358", "title": "Model for drug usage review in a hospital.", "content": "A five-component conceptual model for drug usage review is discussed as it applies to hospitals. The components of the model are: (1) authority, (2) operational and demographic characteristics of the delivery system and the population served, respectively, (3) the existing profile of drug usage, (4) standards of appropriateness and review of drug usage, and (5) scheme of evaluation to measure the impact of review. A drug usage review program in a hospital should: (1) improve the level of patient care and often reduce the cost of care, (2) improve the management and use of hospital resources, (3) clarify the drug component of patient care and better integrate pharmaceutical services with other hospital services, and (4) improve the fact-finding capacity that can help identify and solve hospital problems.", "contents": "Model for drug usage review in a hospital. A five-component conceptual model for drug usage review is discussed as it applies to hospitals. The components of the model are: (1) authority, (2) operational and demographic characteristics of the delivery system and the population served, respectively, (3) the existing profile of drug usage, (4) standards of appropriateness and review of drug usage, and (5) scheme of evaluation to measure the impact of review. A drug usage review program in a hospital should: (1) improve the level of patient care and often reduce the cost of care, (2) improve the management and use of hospital resources, (3) clarify the drug component of patient care and better integrate pharmaceutical services with other hospital services, and (4) improve the fact-finding capacity that can help identify and solve hospital problems.", "PMID": 857669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12359", "title": "In vitro technetium-99m red blood cell labeling using commercial stannous pyrophosphate.", "content": "A simple and rapid technique of preparing technetium-99m-labeled erythrocytes using commercial stannous pyrophosphate as the reducing agent was developed. The technique involves incubating red cells with stannous pyrophosphate, centrifugation, and addition of Tc-99m pertechnetate to the red cell fraction. A mean red cell labeling efficiency of 94% was achieved in 10 patient samples and less than 5% in vitro dissolution of Tc-99m red blood cells occurred up to two hours after preparation.", "contents": "In vitro technetium-99m red blood cell labeling using commercial stannous pyrophosphate. A simple and rapid technique of preparing technetium-99m-labeled erythrocytes using commercial stannous pyrophosphate as the reducing agent was developed. The technique involves incubating red cells with stannous pyrophosphate, centrifugation, and addition of Tc-99m pertechnetate to the red cell fraction. A mean red cell labeling efficiency of 94% was achieved in 10 patient samples and less than 5% in vitro dissolution of Tc-99m red blood cells occurred up to two hours after preparation.", "PMID": 857670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12360", "title": "Stability of aspirin in propoxyphene compound dosage forms.", "content": "The stability of aspirin in propoxyphene compound capsules made by three manufacturers, stored under a variety of temperature and humidity conditions, was compared. The cotton packing was removed from 100-capsule bottles, and the containers were stored (capped) under the following conditions: 25 c37 C and 50 C at both high (90%) and low (10%) humidity. No desiccant was removed from the bottles if originally present. The products tested were Darvon Compound-65 (two formulations) (Lilly), SK-65 Compound (Smith Kline & French) and Dolene Compound-65 (Lederle). Under all conditions, the stability of aspirin in the SK-65 Compound product was greater than that of Darvon Compound-65 which in turn was greater than Dolene Compound-65. Further, the rate of aspirin decomposition was greater in the latter product than in the others.", "contents": "Stability of aspirin in propoxyphene compound dosage forms. The stability of aspirin in propoxyphene compound capsules made by three manufacturers, stored under a variety of temperature and humidity conditions, was compared. The cotton packing was removed from 100-capsule bottles, and the containers were stored (capped) under the following conditions: 25 c37 C and 50 C at both high (90%) and low (10%) humidity. No desiccant was removed from the bottles if originally present. The products tested were Darvon Compound-65 (two formulations) (Lilly), SK-65 Compound (Smith Kline & French) and Dolene Compound-65 (Lederle). Under all conditions, the stability of aspirin in the SK-65 Compound product was greater than that of Darvon Compound-65 which in turn was greater than Dolene Compound-65. Further, the rate of aspirin decomposition was greater in the latter product than in the others.", "PMID": 857671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12361", "title": "Estimation of acetylcysteine and its preparations.", "content": "A sensitive, reproducible spectrophotometric procedure using Ellman's reagent for the determination of acetylcysteine in pharmaceutical dosage froms is presented. The method is based on the measurement of the absorbance of the anion of 2-nitro-5-thiolbenzoic acid at 412 nm, liberated as a result of the reaction of acetylcysteine and an alkaline solution of 5-5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid). The optimum conditions for the reaction, speed of reaction and linearity relationship between concentration and absorbance are reported. It is concluded that the proposed method is simple, rapid and accurate for the determination of small quantities of acetylcysteine.", "contents": "Estimation of acetylcysteine and its preparations. A sensitive, reproducible spectrophotometric procedure using Ellman's reagent for the determination of acetylcysteine in pharmaceutical dosage froms is presented. The method is based on the measurement of the absorbance of the anion of 2-nitro-5-thiolbenzoic acid at 412 nm, liberated as a result of the reaction of acetylcysteine and an alkaline solution of 5-5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid). The optimum conditions for the reaction, speed of reaction and linearity relationship between concentration and absorbance are reported. It is concluded that the proposed method is simple, rapid and accurate for the determination of small quantities of acetylcysteine.", "PMID": 857672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12362", "title": "The 'problem' radical hysterectomy.", "content": "This is a study of 243 radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy procedures performed for gynecologic malignancy. The term 'problem' radical hysterectomy was applied to those patients with one of the following conditions: (1) recent cervical conization (within 21 days). (2) previous total or supravaginal hysterectomy, (3) pregnancy, or (4) previous pelvic radiation. There were 88 patients in theses categories. One hundred and fifty-five patients had none of these predisposing problems which might influence operative or postoperative complications. There were two deaths (0.82 per cent). There was no statistically significant difference in operative injuries to the bladder, ureters, or rectum or in the mean operative time and mean blood loss across the categories. However, there was a statistically significant difference across the categories in postoperative complicatons, both major and minor. The greatest incidence of such complications occurred in patients who had previous radiation therapy and the second greatest incidence was in patients who had recent cervical conization. Pregnant patients had the least number of complications.", "contents": "The 'problem' radical hysterectomy. This is a study of 243 radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy procedures performed for gynecologic malignancy. The term 'problem' radical hysterectomy was applied to those patients with one of the following conditions: (1) recent cervical conization (within 21 days). (2) previous total or supravaginal hysterectomy, (3) pregnancy, or (4) previous pelvic radiation. There were 88 patients in theses categories. One hundred and fifty-five patients had none of these predisposing problems which might influence operative or postoperative complications. There were two deaths (0.82 per cent). There was no statistically significant difference in operative injuries to the bladder, ureters, or rectum or in the mean operative time and mean blood loss across the categories. However, there was a statistically significant difference across the categories in postoperative complicatons, both major and minor. The greatest incidence of such complications occurred in patients who had previous radiation therapy and the second greatest incidence was in patients who had recent cervical conization. Pregnant patients had the least number of complications.", "PMID": 857673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12363", "title": "Laser treatment of cervical and vaginal neoplasia.", "content": "The conservative management of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (with electrodiathermocautery and cryosurgery) is unsuitable for the treatment of similar vaginal lesions because of complications of scarring, stenosis, and fistulas. A new modality of treatment with the use of a carbon dioxide laser beam was evaluated for the treatment of cervical and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia. Histopathologic examination of cervical tissue after laser beam therapy showed that most of the tissue destruction resulted from evaporation of tissue and that the zone of tissue necrosis was much less than after cryosurgery or electrocautery. Laser therapy was used in 50 patients, 46 of whom had varying degrees of cervical and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia. Treatment failures occurred in five patients (10 per cent). The experience of this study suggests that the major value of laser treatment of the lower genital tract will be in the management of vaginal intraepithelial lesions, while similar results in the treatment of cervical neoplasia may be achieved by much simpler methods.", "contents": "Laser treatment of cervical and vaginal neoplasia. The conservative management of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (with electrodiathermocautery and cryosurgery) is unsuitable for the treatment of similar vaginal lesions because of complications of scarring, stenosis, and fistulas. A new modality of treatment with the use of a carbon dioxide laser beam was evaluated for the treatment of cervical and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia. Histopathologic examination of cervical tissue after laser beam therapy showed that most of the tissue destruction resulted from evaporation of tissue and that the zone of tissue necrosis was much less than after cryosurgery or electrocautery. Laser therapy was used in 50 patients, 46 of whom had varying degrees of cervical and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia. Treatment failures occurred in five patients (10 per cent). The experience of this study suggests that the major value of laser treatment of the lower genital tract will be in the management of vaginal intraepithelial lesions, while similar results in the treatment of cervical neoplasia may be achieved by much simpler methods.", "PMID": 857674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12364", "title": "Progestational agents and blood coagulation. VIII. Effect of low-dose, alternate-day, estrogen-progestin combinations on blood coagulation factors in man, with a special note on the effect of freezing of blood samples.", "content": "Changes in the blood coagulation system were studied in three groups of 20 patients each. The first group received 0.5 mg. of norethindrone daily, plus 0.06 mg. of ethinyl estradiol on alternate days from cycle Day 5 through 25. The second group, all of whom had been fitted with an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD), received no hormonal treatment and served as a control group. The third group received 0.5 mg. of norethindrone daily, combined with 0.045 mg. of ethinyl estradiol given on alternate days from cycle Day 5 through 25. Blood samples were drawn prior to the initiation of the study and after three months of treatment. Tests of the following parameters of the blood coagulation system were performed: direct platelet count; platelet adhesiveness; prothrombin time; thrombin time; fibrinogen; factor II assay; activity of factors V, VII, VIII, IX, and X; antithrombin III; and fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products. For a number of these factors, both fresh and frozen blood samples were examined. It was concluded that the two treatment regimens, with the use of alternate-day estrogen administration over a three-month period, had no clinically significant effect on the blood coagulation system.", "contents": "Progestational agents and blood coagulation. VIII. Effect of low-dose, alternate-day, estrogen-progestin combinations on blood coagulation factors in man, with a special note on the effect of freezing of blood samples. Changes in the blood coagulation system were studied in three groups of 20 patients each. The first group received 0.5 mg. of norethindrone daily, plus 0.06 mg. of ethinyl estradiol on alternate days from cycle Day 5 through 25. The second group, all of whom had been fitted with an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD), received no hormonal treatment and served as a control group. The third group received 0.5 mg. of norethindrone daily, combined with 0.045 mg. of ethinyl estradiol given on alternate days from cycle Day 5 through 25. Blood samples were drawn prior to the initiation of the study and after three months of treatment. Tests of the following parameters of the blood coagulation system were performed: direct platelet count; platelet adhesiveness; prothrombin time; thrombin time; fibrinogen; factor II assay; activity of factors V, VII, VIII, IX, and X; antithrombin III; and fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products. For a number of these factors, both fresh and frozen blood samples were examined. It was concluded that the two treatment regimens, with the use of alternate-day estrogen administration over a three-month period, had no clinically significant effect on the blood coagulation system.", "PMID": 857675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12365", "title": "The effect of time of cord clamping and maternal blood pressure on placental transfusion with cesarean section.", "content": "We measured the residual placental blood volume (RPBV) of 20 infants delivered at term by cesarean section of women not in labor. In all cases, the umbilical cord was clamped within 40 seconds of birth. RPBV decreased significantly with increasing age at cord clamping. In addition, RPBV for infants with cords clamped within 20 seconds of birth correlated inversely with maternal systolic blood pressure (mean RPBV = 54.8 ml. per kilogram at 105 torr and 28.4  ml. per kilogram at 148 torr). However, RPBV did not correlate with maternal blood pressure for the whole group of 20 infants or for those with cords clamped later than 20 seconds after birth. These data indicated that in infants delivered by cesarean section placental transfusion is time related during the first 40 seconds of life and that maternal blood pressure also influences the magnitude of placental transfusion during the first 20 seconds after birth. Analysis of data from this study combined with data from a previous study shows that after 40 seconds the net flow between placenta and infant reverses and that cord clamping delayed beyond this point is accompanied by a rise in RPBV back to the level found when the cord was clamped before 20 seconds.", "contents": "The effect of time of cord clamping and maternal blood pressure on placental transfusion with cesarean section. We measured the residual placental blood volume (RPBV) of 20 infants delivered at term by cesarean section of women not in labor. In all cases, the umbilical cord was clamped within 40 seconds of birth. RPBV decreased significantly with increasing age at cord clamping. In addition, RPBV for infants with cords clamped within 20 seconds of birth correlated inversely with maternal systolic blood pressure (mean RPBV = 54.8 ml. per kilogram at 105 torr and 28.4  ml. per kilogram at 148 torr). However, RPBV did not correlate with maternal blood pressure for the whole group of 20 infants or for those with cords clamped later than 20 seconds after birth. These data indicated that in infants delivered by cesarean section placental transfusion is time related during the first 40 seconds of life and that maternal blood pressure also influences the magnitude of placental transfusion during the first 20 seconds after birth. Analysis of data from this study combined with data from a previous study shows that after 40 seconds the net flow between placenta and infant reverses and that cord clamping delayed beyond this point is accompanied by a rise in RPBV back to the level found when the cord was clamped before 20 seconds.", "PMID": 857676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12366", "title": "Multiphasic prolactin secretion during parturition in human subjects.", "content": "Prolactin (PRL) secretion in the periparturitional period in patients undergoing labor and vaginal delivery follows a remarkable multiphasic pattern not found in patients who underwent elective cesarean section without labor. There is a highly significant decline in PRL levels during active labor which reaches a nadir about two hours prior to delivery. Immediately after delivery, a surge of PRL is noted, reaching peak levels within two hours post partum. Thereafter, PRL levels fall, reaching a second nadir about nine hours post partum, and this low level is maintained for nine to 24 hours after delivery. This multiphasic pattern of PRL secretion is not correlated with changes in serum concentrations of cortisol, progesterone, estradiol, or estrone. PRL levels in all pregnant patients at term were unaffected by the administration of synthetic narcotic analgesic agents, anesthesia, or the stress of operation. It is concluded that PRL secretion in the pregnant patient at term is unresponsive to usual stimuli and that the multiphasic pattern of PRL secretion uniquely found with labor and vaginal delivery may be associated with dopaminergic neuroendocrine processes during human parturition.", "contents": "Multiphasic prolactin secretion during parturition in human subjects. Prolactin (PRL) secretion in the periparturitional period in patients undergoing labor and vaginal delivery follows a remarkable multiphasic pattern not found in patients who underwent elective cesarean section without labor. There is a highly significant decline in PRL levels during active labor which reaches a nadir about two hours prior to delivery. Immediately after delivery, a surge of PRL is noted, reaching peak levels within two hours post partum. Thereafter, PRL levels fall, reaching a second nadir about nine hours post partum, and this low level is maintained for nine to 24 hours after delivery. This multiphasic pattern of PRL secretion is not correlated with changes in serum concentrations of cortisol, progesterone, estradiol, or estrone. PRL levels in all pregnant patients at term were unaffected by the administration of synthetic narcotic analgesic agents, anesthesia, or the stress of operation. It is concluded that PRL secretion in the pregnant patient at term is unresponsive to usual stimuli and that the multiphasic pattern of PRL secretion uniquely found with labor and vaginal delivery may be associated with dopaminergic neuroendocrine processes during human parturition.", "PMID": 857677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12367", "title": "Human grief: a model for prediction and intervention.", "content": "The prevalent approach to understanding of and clinical intervention in the process of mourning employs a model based on stages of bereavement. This paper suggests a theoretical conception that is not tied to a fixed order of emotional states. Two dimensions--closeness of relationship and mourner's perception of preventability of the death--are identified as prime predictors of the intensity and duration of bereavement.", "contents": "Human grief: a model for prediction and intervention. The prevalent approach to understanding of and clinical intervention in the process of mourning employs a model based on stages of bereavement. This paper suggests a theoretical conception that is not tied to a fixed order of emotional states. Two dimensions--closeness of relationship and mourner's perception of preventability of the death--are identified as prime predictors of the intensity and duration of bereavement.", "PMID": 857678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12368", "title": "Birth outcomes in the offspring of mentally disordered women.", "content": "The course of pregnancy and birth were studied among schizophrenic, neurotic depressive, and personality-disordered women, compared to a normal control group. The lighter birthweight of schizophrenic women's offspring was found more strongly related to the severity and chronicity of their mental illness than to the diagnosis itself. Children of neurotic depressive women had lower APGAR scores and more fetal deaths.", "contents": "Birth outcomes in the offspring of mentally disordered women. The course of pregnancy and birth were studied among schizophrenic, neurotic depressive, and personality-disordered women, compared to a normal control group. The lighter birthweight of schizophrenic women's offspring was found more strongly related to the severity and chronicity of their mental illness than to the diagnosis itself. Children of neurotic depressive women had lower APGAR scores and more fetal deaths.", "PMID": 857679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12369", "title": "Initial clinical interaction and premature discontinuance in treatment.", "content": "This exploratory study suggests that continuance of the therapeutic relationship is more the responsibility of the clinician than of the patient. Two interactional variables--stimulus-response congruence and content relevance--were operationalized and their effect on patient continuance tested. Results suggest that, as indicators of viability of the treatment relationship, these variables may be purposefully employed to control for patient continuance.", "contents": "Initial clinical interaction and premature discontinuance in treatment. This exploratory study suggests that continuance of the therapeutic relationship is more the responsibility of the clinician than of the patient. Two interactional variables--stimulus-response congruence and content relevance--were operationalized and their effect on patient continuance tested. Results suggest that, as indicators of viability of the treatment relationship, these variables may be purposefully employed to control for patient continuance.", "PMID": 857680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12370", "title": "The right to treatment and the right to refuse treatment.", "content": "This paper examines the legal status of the questions of right to treatment of institutionalized patients and of the need for patients' consent to treatment. The history of judicial involvement in these questions is outlined, and the directions and implications of current litigation are discussed.", "contents": "The right to treatment and the right to refuse treatment. This paper examines the legal status of the questions of right to treatment of institutionalized patients and of the need for patients' consent to treatment. The history of judicial involvement in these questions is outlined, and the directions and implications of current litigation are discussed.", "PMID": 857681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12371", "title": "Informal admission of patients to state psychiatric institutions.", "content": "Informal hospital admission procedures require no written application by patients and provide that patients must be released upon their demand to leave the hospital. Statistics indicate that informal admission is infrequently used by hospital staff where the more restrictive conditional voluntary procedure is available. Origins of staff reluctance to use informal admission are discussed.", "contents": "Informal admission of patients to state psychiatric institutions. Informal hospital admission procedures require no written application by patients and provide that patients must be released upon their demand to leave the hospital. Statistics indicate that informal admission is infrequently used by hospital staff where the more restrictive conditional voluntary procedure is available. Origins of staff reluctance to use informal admission are discussed.", "PMID": 857682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12372", "title": "An assessment of accountability areas by psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers.", "content": "Sixty-nine psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers rated the usefulness of fifteen studies representing seven broad areas of accountability. Although respondents differed in experience, training, and position in the hospital hierarchy, their ratings were highly similar. Results suggest that, in the hospital under study, members of the three professions respond as members of a single profession--clinician.", "contents": "An assessment of accountability areas by psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers. Sixty-nine psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers rated the usefulness of fifteen studies representing seven broad areas of accountability. Although respondents differed in experience, training, and position in the hospital hierarchy, their ratings were highly similar. Results suggest that, in the hospital under study, members of the three professions respond as members of a single profession--clinician.", "PMID": 857683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12373", "title": "The development and application of indices of health: general methods and a summary of results.", "content": "A multidisciplinary group has developed a health index questionnaire designed to measure the social, emotional, and physical function of free-living populations. The strategy has been found to be generally applicable, capable of application by lay interviewers, acceptable to interviewees, and amenable to index construction. Furthermore, initial evaluations of the resulting health indices suggest that they are biologically and clinically valid. These health indices have been successfully applied in a randomized trial of innovative primary care services. The comceptualization of individual sections of the health index questionnaire for each of these three functional areas, the generation of the instrument, and the evaluation of questionnaire responses for their biologic and clinical validity are summarized here.", "contents": "The development and application of indices of health: general methods and a summary of results. A multidisciplinary group has developed a health index questionnaire designed to measure the social, emotional, and physical function of free-living populations. The strategy has been found to be generally applicable, capable of application by lay interviewers, acceptable to interviewees, and amenable to index construction. Furthermore, initial evaluations of the resulting health indices suggest that they are biologically and clinically valid. These health indices have been successfully applied in a randomized trial of innovative primary care services. The comceptualization of individual sections of the health index questionnaire for each of these three functional areas, the generation of the instrument, and the evaluation of questionnaire responses for their biologic and clinical validity are summarized here.", "PMID": 857684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12374", "title": "Metals in municipal landfill leachate and their health effects.", "content": "The leachate from five municipal landfills (containing no industrial waste or sewage sludge) was studied in 1975 by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Copper was not present in concentrations above EPA standards. Zinc concentrations decreased with age of the site and were below standards. The amounts of cadmium and chromium appear to vary greatly from site to site. Lead, selenium, iron, and mercury were present at each site in concentrations above standards, regardless of site age. Although raw leachate contains concentrations of heavy metals in excess of the drinking water standards, it is not clear how likely it would be for these recorded levels to be found in drinking water supplies or for contamination to reach the human body. Before leachate reaches an aquifer, it is subject to the attenuating effect of the unsaturated zone. If municipal solid waste is placed directly into ground water, or if leachate is allowed to drain directly into surface water, severe damage to water quality can result. Further study of the environmental effects of leachate are being undertaken by the Environmental Protection Agency.", "contents": "Metals in municipal landfill leachate and their health effects. The leachate from five municipal landfills (containing no industrial waste or sewage sludge) was studied in 1975 by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Copper was not present in concentrations above EPA standards. Zinc concentrations decreased with age of the site and were below standards. The amounts of cadmium and chromium appear to vary greatly from site to site. Lead, selenium, iron, and mercury were present at each site in concentrations above standards, regardless of site age. Although raw leachate contains concentrations of heavy metals in excess of the drinking water standards, it is not clear how likely it would be for these recorded levels to be found in drinking water supplies or for contamination to reach the human body. Before leachate reaches an aquifer, it is subject to the attenuating effect of the unsaturated zone. If municipal solid waste is placed directly into ground water, or if leachate is allowed to drain directly into surface water, severe damage to water quality can result. Further study of the environmental effects of leachate are being undertaken by the Environmental Protection Agency.", "PMID": 857685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12375", "title": "Factors affecting the choice of hospital-based ambulatory care by the urban poor.", "content": "This study of patients in the outpatient department at an urban hospital revealed that almost all could have reached a neighborhood center in less time and only a small number came to the hospital rather than a neighborhood center out of medical necessity. When the patients were asked about their willingness to obtain treatment at a neighborhood center, 48 per cent were willing, 52 per cent were not. These responses did not vary by demographic or medical characteristics but rather by the patients' stated priorities regarding medical care. Eighty per cent of those willing to change sites stressed convenience of access as a first priority compared with only 17 per ccent of those not willing to change. Emphasis on quality of care (45 per cent) or on familarity with the site (37 per cent) distinguished the group not willing to change. The findings suggest that successful efforts to persuade patients to utilize a neighborhood center must base their appeal on patients' individual priorities.", "contents": "Factors affecting the choice of hospital-based ambulatory care by the urban poor. This study of patients in the outpatient department at an urban hospital revealed that almost all could have reached a neighborhood center in less time and only a small number came to the hospital rather than a neighborhood center out of medical necessity. When the patients were asked about their willingness to obtain treatment at a neighborhood center, 48 per cent were willing, 52 per cent were not. These responses did not vary by demographic or medical characteristics but rather by the patients' stated priorities regarding medical care. Eighty per cent of those willing to change sites stressed convenience of access as a first priority compared with only 17 per ccent of those not willing to change. Emphasis on quality of care (45 per cent) or on familarity with the site (37 per cent) distinguished the group not willing to change. The findings suggest that successful efforts to persuade patients to utilize a neighborhood center must base their appeal on patients' individual priorities.", "PMID": 857686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12376", "title": "Peer sex education training and evaluation.", "content": "Human sexuality has been recognized as an important developmental, emotional, and medical concern on the college campus. The Peer Sex Education Program at the University of Massachusetts/Amherst has been developed as a model for the use of trained students in an educational, referral, and counseling role. This paper describes the program and outlines the methodology used in the documentation and evaluation of various program aspects. Aspects described include the program's rationale and background, the recruiting process, roles and responsibilities, training and supervision models, community development, and delivery of service. Categories of documentation and evaluation considered include effort, performance, adequacy of performance, efficiency, and process. These are related to consumer acceptance and satisfaction, outcome measures of knowledge, attitude, and behavior, effectiveness of referral and other functions, and effect of program on the peer educators' growth and development. The allocation of energy and resources between program development, service delivery and evaluation needs is highlighted.", "contents": "Peer sex education training and evaluation. Human sexuality has been recognized as an important developmental, emotional, and medical concern on the college campus. The Peer Sex Education Program at the University of Massachusetts/Amherst has been developed as a model for the use of trained students in an educational, referral, and counseling role. This paper describes the program and outlines the methodology used in the documentation and evaluation of various program aspects. Aspects described include the program's rationale and background, the recruiting process, roles and responsibilities, training and supervision models, community development, and delivery of service. Categories of documentation and evaluation considered include effort, performance, adequacy of performance, efficiency, and process. These are related to consumer acceptance and satisfaction, outcome measures of knowledge, attitude, and behavior, effectiveness of referral and other functions, and effect of program on the peer educators' growth and development. The allocation of energy and resources between program development, service delivery and evaluation needs is highlighted.", "PMID": 857687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12377", "title": "The epidemiology of recurrent otitis media.", "content": "Nearly one-half of 165 children with episodes of acute otitis media had at least one recurrent acute episode within the year. Males had significantly more recurrences. Most (60 per cent) of the recurrent episodes occurred within four months of the index episode. Hearing loss persisted beyond two weeks in 8 per cent of testable children. This experience suggests that prophylactic antibiotic use within the first few months after an episode of acute otitis media in young children should be evaluated.", "contents": "The epidemiology of recurrent otitis media. Nearly one-half of 165 children with episodes of acute otitis media had at least one recurrent acute episode within the year. Males had significantly more recurrences. Most (60 per cent) of the recurrent episodes occurred within four months of the index episode. Hearing loss persisted beyond two weeks in 8 per cent of testable children. This experience suggests that prophylactic antibiotic use within the first few months after an episode of acute otitis media in young children should be evaluated.", "PMID": 857688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12378", "title": "[On the monitoring of neuromuscular blockade during anaesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "Objective evaluation of muscle relaxation during surgery is possible only by indirect stimulation of a skeletal muscle by means of a peripheral nerve stimulator. Most frequently the ulnar nerve is electrically stimulated and the resulting contraction of the hand muscles, i.e., twitching of the fingers is observed. This direct observation of the finger twitches induced by a nerve stimulator provides valuable information a) on the actual magnitude of neuromuscular blockade, b) on the development of a dual block following suxamethonium, c) on the need for more muscle relaxant, d) on the reversal of muscle paralysis by a cholinesterase inhibiting agent, and finally e) on the differential diagnosis of prolonged postoperative apnoea. By employing a nerve stimulator, the neuromuscular blocking agents can be titrated according to the surgical requirements and overdosage can be avoided. The clinical judgement of muscle relaxation by the anaesthesiologist should be accompanied by a more quantitative and objective evaluation, making use of the nerve stimulator.", "contents": "[On the monitoring of neuromuscular blockade during anaesthesia (author's transl)]. Objective evaluation of muscle relaxation during surgery is possible only by indirect stimulation of a skeletal muscle by means of a peripheral nerve stimulator. Most frequently the ulnar nerve is electrically stimulated and the resulting contraction of the hand muscles, i.e., twitching of the fingers is observed. This direct observation of the finger twitches induced by a nerve stimulator provides valuable information a) on the actual magnitude of neuromuscular blockade, b) on the development of a dual block following suxamethonium, c) on the need for more muscle relaxant, d) on the reversal of muscle paralysis by a cholinesterase inhibiting agent, and finally e) on the differential diagnosis of prolonged postoperative apnoea. By employing a nerve stimulator, the neuromuscular blocking agents can be titrated according to the surgical requirements and overdosage can be avoided. The clinical judgement of muscle relaxation by the anaesthesiologist should be accompanied by a more quantitative and objective evaluation, making use of the nerve stimulator.", "PMID": 857689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12379", "title": "[Long-lasting neuromuscular effects of non-depolarizing muscle relaxants, as measured by tetanic stimulation (author's transl)].", "content": "Spontaneous decurarization after single doses of tubocurarine (d-Tc) 0.44+/-0.04 mg/kg, pancuronium (PANC) 0.093+/-0.013 mg/kg, gallamine (GALL) 1.69+/-0.31 mg/kg and alcuronium (ALC) 0.193+/-0.02 mg/kg b.w. was investigated by means of tetanic stimulation of the ulnar nerve in 37 routinely anaesthesized adults of either sex. Tetani of 4-5 s and 30-400 Hz were sustained prior to muscle relaxation during light anaesthesia. After the injection of muscle relaxants the frequency of incomplete myographic black-out revealed slight underestimation of the doses of both GALL and ALC. However, no significant differences could be found between the drugs investigated, as far as latency of recovery is concerned. Recovery time to 30 Hz (=75-80% receptor occlusion) was 110+/-37, 109+/-66, 92+/-25 and 90+/-35 minutes for d-Tc, GALL, PANC and ALC, respectively. Up to 100 Hz (=50% receptor occlusion) it was 328+/-69, 327+/-83, 282+/-88 and 218+/-66 minutes for d-Tc, ALC, GALL and PANC, respectively. Myographic recurarization rather frequently occurred with ALC, GALL and d-Tc. The use of antidotes seems urgently to be indicated whenever non-depolarizing muscle relaxants have been applied in the above mentioned range of dosage.", "contents": "[Long-lasting neuromuscular effects of non-depolarizing muscle relaxants, as measured by tetanic stimulation (author's transl)]. Spontaneous decurarization after single doses of tubocurarine (d-Tc) 0.44+/-0.04 mg/kg, pancuronium (PANC) 0.093+/-0.013 mg/kg, gallamine (GALL) 1.69+/-0.31 mg/kg and alcuronium (ALC) 0.193+/-0.02 mg/kg b.w. was investigated by means of tetanic stimulation of the ulnar nerve in 37 routinely anaesthesized adults of either sex. Tetani of 4-5 s and 30-400 Hz were sustained prior to muscle relaxation during light anaesthesia. After the injection of muscle relaxants the frequency of incomplete myographic black-out revealed slight underestimation of the doses of both GALL and ALC. However, no significant differences could be found between the drugs investigated, as far as latency of recovery is concerned. Recovery time to 30 Hz (=75-80% receptor occlusion) was 110+/-37, 109+/-66, 92+/-25 and 90+/-35 minutes for d-Tc, GALL, PANC and ALC, respectively. Up to 100 Hz (=50% receptor occlusion) it was 328+/-69, 327+/-83, 282+/-88 and 218+/-66 minutes for d-Tc, ALC, GALL and PANC, respectively. Myographic recurarization rather frequently occurred with ALC, GALL and d-Tc. The use of antidotes seems urgently to be indicated whenever non-depolarizing muscle relaxants have been applied in the above mentioned range of dosage.", "PMID": 857690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12380", "title": "Enflurane metabolism and postoperative renal function.", "content": "Inorganic fluoride concentrations in blood and urine were measured in 22 gynaecological patients during and after anaesthesia with enflurane and post-operative renal function was investigated. Ten patients (group I) were given 0.6 vol.% enflurane, and 12 patients (group II) a mixture of 0.6 and 0.8 vol.% enflurane. The serum fluoride concentration of arterial blood reached, in group I, after 120 min 18,99 micronmol/1 whereas in group II the concentration was 21 micronmol/1. One hour after the end of anaesthesia the fluoride concentration in venous blood were nearly identical in both groups and decreased in the following 12 h evenly. In all patients relatively high postoperative fluoride concentrations were observed in the urines. No evidence of renal dysfunction was found after anaesthesia.", "contents": "Enflurane metabolism and postoperative renal function. Inorganic fluoride concentrations in blood and urine were measured in 22 gynaecological patients during and after anaesthesia with enflurane and post-operative renal function was investigated. Ten patients (group I) were given 0.6 vol.% enflurane, and 12 patients (group II) a mixture of 0.6 and 0.8 vol.% enflurane. The serum fluoride concentration of arterial blood reached, in group I, after 120 min 18,99 micronmol/1 whereas in group II the concentration was 21 micronmol/1. One hour after the end of anaesthesia the fluoride concentration in venous blood were nearly identical in both groups and decreased in the following 12 h evenly. In all patients relatively high postoperative fluoride concentrations were observed in the urines. No evidence of renal dysfunction was found after anaesthesia.", "PMID": 857691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12381", "title": "Appraisal of the dislocation of central venous catheter tips using subclavian and arm veins.", "content": "The most dramatic of the complications resulting from central venous catheterization is perforation of the heart. We studied the complications reported in the literature and undertook an original investigation of the dislocations of peripherally and infraclavicularly inserted catheters while moving the arm and shoulder in patients during autopsy. In a postmortem examination of three patients it was found that the greatest displacement, up to eight centimetres, of the tips of the catheters occurred when they were inserted through the basilic vein. The tips of infraclavicular inserted catheters did not move at all during movements of the arm. Only by extreme movements of the shoulder we were able to show a maximal displacement of two centimetres. Advancement of the catheter tip occurred during adduction and flexion of the elbow joint and not during abduction. Our experimental evidence suggests that the best site for a catheter tip is the upper part of the right atrium. We therefore recommend the subclavian route for in-dwelling central venous catheters rather than insertion through an arm vein, as this minimizes the risk of cardiac perforation due to its great stability.", "contents": "Appraisal of the dislocation of central venous catheter tips using subclavian and arm veins. The most dramatic of the complications resulting from central venous catheterization is perforation of the heart. We studied the complications reported in the literature and undertook an original investigation of the dislocations of peripherally and infraclavicularly inserted catheters while moving the arm and shoulder in patients during autopsy. In a postmortem examination of three patients it was found that the greatest displacement, up to eight centimetres, of the tips of the catheters occurred when they were inserted through the basilic vein. The tips of infraclavicular inserted catheters did not move at all during movements of the arm. Only by extreme movements of the shoulder we were able to show a maximal displacement of two centimetres. Advancement of the catheter tip occurred during adduction and flexion of the elbow joint and not during abduction. Our experimental evidence suggests that the best site for a catheter tip is the upper part of the right atrium. We therefore recommend the subclavian route for in-dwelling central venous catheters rather than insertion through an arm vein, as this minimizes the risk of cardiac perforation due to its great stability.", "PMID": 857692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12382", "title": "Alteration of protein-binding during storage of human plasma preparations.", "content": "The influence of the storage of plasma preparations on binding was studied in different drugs. No alteration on only a slight alteration of binding was found if the plasma preparations were kept deep-frozen, or at temperatures between +3 degrees and +4 degrees C, for up to 12 months. More marked changes were found for some drugs if the plasma preparations were lyophilized or stored at +32 degrees C, for 6 and 12 months.", "contents": "Alteration of protein-binding during storage of human plasma preparations. The influence of the storage of plasma preparations on binding was studied in different drugs. No alteration on only a slight alteration of binding was found if the plasma preparations were kept deep-frozen, or at temperatures between +3 degrees and +4 degrees C, for up to 12 months. More marked changes were found for some drugs if the plasma preparations were lyophilized or stored at +32 degrees C, for 6 and 12 months.", "PMID": 857693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12383", "title": "Morpho-histology of the alimentary canal of an Indian fresh-water perch, Colisa fasciata (Bloch) in relation to food and feeding habits.", "content": "The morpho-histology of the alimentary canal in an Indian freshwater perch, Colisa fasciata (Bloch) in relation to food and feeding habits has been described. C. fasciata is an omnivorous, mid-feeder. The mouth is protractile. The alimentary canal comprises the lip, buccal cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, pyloric caeca, a long and coiled intestine and the rectum. The teeth on the roof and floor of the buccal cavity, jaw teeth, pharyngeal teeth and horny pad teeth are all adapted to the nature of the food ingested. The nature and disposition of taste-buds and mucous cells on the lips suggests that the fish is a taste-feeder. The presence of taste-buds in the anterior oesophagus indicates that the gustatory sense extends upto the oesophagus. The stomach is divided into the cardiac and pyloric regions. The surface epithelium of the cardiac stomach secretes mucous and the glandular epithelium contains numerous gastric glands. The pyloric caeca are paired. The intestine is divided into anterior, middle and posterior regions. The R.L.G. (relative length of the gut) varies from 4--5. Mucosal folds are simple.", "contents": "Morpho-histology of the alimentary canal of an Indian fresh-water perch, Colisa fasciata (Bloch) in relation to food and feeding habits. The morpho-histology of the alimentary canal in an Indian freshwater perch, Colisa fasciata (Bloch) in relation to food and feeding habits has been described. C. fasciata is an omnivorous, mid-feeder. The mouth is protractile. The alimentary canal comprises the lip, buccal cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, pyloric caeca, a long and coiled intestine and the rectum. The teeth on the roof and floor of the buccal cavity, jaw teeth, pharyngeal teeth and horny pad teeth are all adapted to the nature of the food ingested. The nature and disposition of taste-buds and mucous cells on the lips suggests that the fish is a taste-feeder. The presence of taste-buds in the anterior oesophagus indicates that the gustatory sense extends upto the oesophagus. The stomach is divided into the cardiac and pyloric regions. The surface epithelium of the cardiac stomach secretes mucous and the glandular epithelium contains numerous gastric glands. The pyloric caeca are paired. The intestine is divided into anterior, middle and posterior regions. The R.L.G. (relative length of the gut) varies from 4--5. Mucosal folds are simple.", "PMID": 857694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12384", "title": "Paranasal sinuses of the adult buffalo (bubalus bubalis).", "content": "In addition to sinus conchalis, four paranasal sinuses; sinus frontalis, sinus lacrimalis, sinus maxillaris and sinus palatinus have been found to occur in adult buffalo. The sinus sphenoidalis was not noticeable, whereas all other paranasal sinuses were well developed. The sinus frontalis in buffalo differs from that in ox, in that, in buffalo it does not involve any part of os-temporale; its sinus frontalis caudolateralis subdivided by the septum sinuum frontalium transversus rostralis; another transverse septum, the septum frontalium transversus caudalis separates the sinus frontalis from its diverticulum nuchale; the diverticulum nuchale is much more extensive due to well developed os parietale in this species than in ox and is further subdivisible into four subcompartments. The sinus lacrimalis, sinus maxillaris and sinus palatinus do not present much appreciable differences from those in ox. The topographic description of all the compartments, diverticulae, septae and communication of the paranasal sinuses in buffalo has been presented. The most suitable site of trephining the sinuses has been suggested.", "contents": "Paranasal sinuses of the adult buffalo (bubalus bubalis). In addition to sinus conchalis, four paranasal sinuses; sinus frontalis, sinus lacrimalis, sinus maxillaris and sinus palatinus have been found to occur in adult buffalo. The sinus sphenoidalis was not noticeable, whereas all other paranasal sinuses were well developed. The sinus frontalis in buffalo differs from that in ox, in that, in buffalo it does not involve any part of os-temporale; its sinus frontalis caudolateralis subdivided by the septum sinuum frontalium transversus rostralis; another transverse septum, the septum frontalium transversus caudalis separates the sinus frontalis from its diverticulum nuchale; the diverticulum nuchale is much more extensive due to well developed os parietale in this species than in ox and is further subdivisible into four subcompartments. The sinus lacrimalis, sinus maxillaris and sinus palatinus do not present much appreciable differences from those in ox. The topographic description of all the compartments, diverticulae, septae and communication of the paranasal sinuses in buffalo has been presented. The most suitable site of trephining the sinuses has been suggested.", "PMID": 857695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12385", "title": "The different types of neuronal cells in the retina of the owl as revealed by phase contrast microscopy.", "content": "Observations on the retina of the owl by employing phase contrast microscopy revealed the presence of double cones, single cones and rods. Horizontal cells, bipolar cells (two types), muller cells, amacrine cells (two types) and ganglion cells were distinguished.", "contents": "The different types of neuronal cells in the retina of the owl as revealed by phase contrast microscopy. Observations on the retina of the owl by employing phase contrast microscopy revealed the presence of double cones, single cones and rods. Horizontal cells, bipolar cells (two types), muller cells, amacrine cells (two types) and ganglion cells were distinguished.", "PMID": 857696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12386", "title": "Terminal innervation ratios and fiber type grouping in normal porcine skeletal muscle.", "content": "Terminal innervation ratios were determined in normal porcine semiendinosus to test the hypothesis that intramuscular collateral branching of subterminal axons gives rise to fiber type grouping. Innervation ratios were near 1.00 in both the lateral pale portion which exhibits type II predominance and in the medial red portion which exhibits extensive grouping of type I fibers. Type grouping observed in porcine skeletal muscle is not the result of multi-fiber innervation by subterminal axons, but, rather, may be the manifestation of a unique motor unit topography.", "contents": "Terminal innervation ratios and fiber type grouping in normal porcine skeletal muscle. Terminal innervation ratios were determined in normal porcine semiendinosus to test the hypothesis that intramuscular collateral branching of subterminal axons gives rise to fiber type grouping. Innervation ratios were near 1.00 in both the lateral pale portion which exhibits type II predominance and in the medial red portion which exhibits extensive grouping of type I fibers. Type grouping observed in porcine skeletal muscle is not the result of multi-fiber innervation by subterminal axons, but, rather, may be the manifestation of a unique motor unit topography.", "PMID": 857697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12387", "title": "[The stress of the human hip joint. VI. A functional analysis of the cartilage thickness in the human femoral head (author's transl)].", "content": "The distribution of cartilage thickness was ascertained in 11 femoral heads. The greatest thickness of cartilage was always found lateral of the fovea capitis at the medial margin of the pressure area (\"Druckb\u00fcndelzone\") of the cancellous bone, whereas the dorsomedial part of the head showed a zone of thinning, extending to the medial margin of the fovea capitis. The decrease in cartilage thickness occurred less rapidly in the lateral part of the joint than in the medial part. In the case of coxa vara, a changed pattern of cartilage thickness was observed, with a maximum thickness located more towards the lateral edge of the cartilage and a reduction in cartilage at the lateral margin of the fovea. The results are put in relation to the stress of the hip joint and are explained according to Pauwels' conceptions of the causal histogenesis and preservation of the mesenchymal supporting tissues. Differences in cartilage thickness are discussed as being a functional adaptation to local stress.", "contents": "[The stress of the human hip joint. VI. A functional analysis of the cartilage thickness in the human femoral head (author's transl)]. The distribution of cartilage thickness was ascertained in 11 femoral heads. The greatest thickness of cartilage was always found lateral of the fovea capitis at the medial margin of the pressure area (\"Druckb\u00fcndelzone\") of the cancellous bone, whereas the dorsomedial part of the head showed a zone of thinning, extending to the medial margin of the fovea capitis. The decrease in cartilage thickness occurred less rapidly in the lateral part of the joint than in the medial part. In the case of coxa vara, a changed pattern of cartilage thickness was observed, with a maximum thickness located more towards the lateral edge of the cartilage and a reduction in cartilage at the lateral margin of the fovea. The results are put in relation to the stress of the hip joint and are explained according to Pauwels' conceptions of the causal histogenesis and preservation of the mesenchymal supporting tissues. Differences in cartilage thickness are discussed as being a functional adaptation to local stress.", "PMID": 857698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12388", "title": "Electron microscopic detection of calcium binding to the duodenal absorptive cell plasma membranes.", "content": "Electron dense structures (EDS) were observed on the plasma membranes of duodenal absorptive cells of chicks of various physiological states regarding the calcium binding protein (CaBP). EDS were seen only when calcium was added to formal-glutaraldehyde fixative in cacodylate buffer and the material was post-osmicated in phosphate buffer. Microvillar, lateral and basal plasma membranes showed the EDS and these were seen always in the inner dark layer of the three-layered unit membrane. No EDS were seen in the embryonic material and some were present in material from chicks two days after hatching. There were more in that of 6-week-old normal and vitamin D replete animals. The absorptive cells from chicks, fed on a diet supplemented with cestrum powder, known to mimic the effects of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, showed the highest number of EDS. On the basis of this distinct correlation of EDS frequency with amounts of CaBP known to be present in chick duodenum, it seems that EDS, precipitated calcium phosphate, strongly suggest the sites of CaBP.", "contents": "Electron microscopic detection of calcium binding to the duodenal absorptive cell plasma membranes. Electron dense structures (EDS) were observed on the plasma membranes of duodenal absorptive cells of chicks of various physiological states regarding the calcium binding protein (CaBP). EDS were seen only when calcium was added to formal-glutaraldehyde fixative in cacodylate buffer and the material was post-osmicated in phosphate buffer. Microvillar, lateral and basal plasma membranes showed the EDS and these were seen always in the inner dark layer of the three-layered unit membrane. No EDS were seen in the embryonic material and some were present in material from chicks two days after hatching. There were more in that of 6-week-old normal and vitamin D replete animals. The absorptive cells from chicks, fed on a diet supplemented with cestrum powder, known to mimic the effects of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, showed the highest number of EDS. On the basis of this distinct correlation of EDS frequency with amounts of CaBP known to be present in chick duodenum, it seems that EDS, precipitated calcium phosphate, strongly suggest the sites of CaBP.", "PMID": 857699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12389", "title": "Experimental analysis of the origin of the wing musculature in avian embryos.", "content": "Interspecific grafts of somites, as well as parts of the somatic plate mesoderm, have been made between quail and chick embryos (stages 12--14 H. H.)  at the level of the prospective wing bud in order to examine the relationship between somites and wing bud myogenesis. The stability of the natural quail nuclear labelling makes it possible to follow the developmental fate of grafted mesodermal cells in the host embryo. Embryos examined after subsequent incubation periods of 3--7 days show the following distribution of somatic and somitic cells within the wing bud: as soon as the three zones of different cell density within the mesoderm can be distinguished, cells of somitic origin are limited to the prospective myogenic area which is made up of mixed population of somatic and somitic cells, whereas the prospective chondrogenic area as well as the subectodermal zone only consists of cells originated from the somatic plate mesoderm. After further incubation, single muscle blastema are present which were also seen to be a mixture of somatic and somitic cells. The cells of muscular bundles are of somitic origin, while the muscle connective tissue cells are derived from the somatic plate mesoderm. After grafting into the coelomic cavity or on the chorio-allantoic membrane, fragments of the somatic plate mesoderm previously isolated from quail embryos (stage 14 H.H.) at the level of the prospective wing bud exhibit well developed skeletal elements, but fail to differentiate any musculature. These experimental investigations support previous evidence for a somitic origin of wing bud myogenic cells. Histological and scanning electron microscopic studies of the brachial somites and the adjacent somatic plate mesoderm of chick embryo (stages 13--15 H.H.) reveal that migration of still undifferentiated somitic cells into the brachial somatic plate mesoderm begins to take place in embryos at stage 14.", "contents": "Experimental analysis of the origin of the wing musculature in avian embryos. Interspecific grafts of somites, as well as parts of the somatic plate mesoderm, have been made between quail and chick embryos (stages 12--14 H. H.)  at the level of the prospective wing bud in order to examine the relationship between somites and wing bud myogenesis. The stability of the natural quail nuclear labelling makes it possible to follow the developmental fate of grafted mesodermal cells in the host embryo. Embryos examined after subsequent incubation periods of 3--7 days show the following distribution of somatic and somitic cells within the wing bud: as soon as the three zones of different cell density within the mesoderm can be distinguished, cells of somitic origin are limited to the prospective myogenic area which is made up of mixed population of somatic and somitic cells, whereas the prospective chondrogenic area as well as the subectodermal zone only consists of cells originated from the somatic plate mesoderm. After further incubation, single muscle blastema are present which were also seen to be a mixture of somatic and somitic cells. The cells of muscular bundles are of somitic origin, while the muscle connective tissue cells are derived from the somatic plate mesoderm. After grafting into the coelomic cavity or on the chorio-allantoic membrane, fragments of the somatic plate mesoderm previously isolated from quail embryos (stage 14 H.H.) at the level of the prospective wing bud exhibit well developed skeletal elements, but fail to differentiate any musculature. These experimental investigations support previous evidence for a somitic origin of wing bud myogenic cells. Histological and scanning electron microscopic studies of the brachial somites and the adjacent somatic plate mesoderm of chick embryo (stages 13--15 H.H.) reveal that migration of still undifferentiated somitic cells into the brachial somatic plate mesoderm begins to take place in embryos at stage 14.", "PMID": 857700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12390", "title": "Do oculomotor neuroblasts migrate across the midline in the retal rat brain?", "content": "Toluidine blue-stained semithin sections and Cajal-Castro preparations are used to study in rat fetuses whether oculomotor neuroblasts migrate across the midline at a certain period of development. In confirmation of previous studies, a group of oculomotor neuroblasts was detected which first grow cytoplasmic processes into the mesencephalic midline, and afterwards translocate their somata towards the midline, between the 12th and the 15th days of gestation. At this moment a midline mass of neuroblasts characterizes the meeting at this landmark of both left and right migrating neuroblastic groups. No crossing oculomotor axons yet are demonstrable with reduced silver techniques. In further stages of development the neuroblasts continue their migration until they arrive at the contralateral nucleus at the 16th and 17th day of gestation. At the midline the mass of neuroblasts disappears gradually and crossed oculomotor axons become visible. The electron microscope was then used to study ultrastructurally the migrating motoneurons. It was discovered that no preexisting structure guides their movement by contact. Their leading processes show no filopodial activity, and contain abundant microtubules and thick bundles of neurofilaments in eccentric position. The neuroblasts carry their axon across the midline as a trailing process.", "contents": "Do oculomotor neuroblasts migrate across the midline in the retal rat brain? Toluidine blue-stained semithin sections and Cajal-Castro preparations are used to study in rat fetuses whether oculomotor neuroblasts migrate across the midline at a certain period of development. In confirmation of previous studies, a group of oculomotor neuroblasts was detected which first grow cytoplasmic processes into the mesencephalic midline, and afterwards translocate their somata towards the midline, between the 12th and the 15th days of gestation. At this moment a midline mass of neuroblasts characterizes the meeting at this landmark of both left and right migrating neuroblastic groups. No crossing oculomotor axons yet are demonstrable with reduced silver techniques. In further stages of development the neuroblasts continue their migration until they arrive at the contralateral nucleus at the 16th and 17th day of gestation. At the midline the mass of neuroblasts disappears gradually and crossed oculomotor axons become visible. The electron microscope was then used to study ultrastructurally the migrating motoneurons. It was discovered that no preexisting structure guides their movement by contact. Their leading processes show no filopodial activity, and contain abundant microtubules and thick bundles of neurofilaments in eccentric position. The neuroblasts carry their axon across the midline as a trailing process.", "PMID": 857701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12391", "title": "The pigment architecture of the human occipital lobe.", "content": "With the aid of steromicroscopical examination of pigment preparations uo to 1,000 micronm thick the various areas of the occipital lobe of the human brain are described. In the occipital lobe there are three main cortical types, forming the striate, the parastriate area, and the peristriate zone. The parastriate area is a horseshoe-shaped fringe area adjacent to the primary visual field. It is conspicuously marked by a relatively dark stripe of pigmented granule cells dividing the fourth layer into a light upper, a  pigmented middle, and a light lower zone, a unique feature of the parastriate area, which is not to be found in any other isocortical area. This three-fold layer disappears abruptly as one passes from the parastriate to a peristriate area, permitting the definitive determination of this boundary. The peristriate zone is quite large in the inferior and the lateral parts of the occipital lobe and comparatively small in the superior parts. Its peripheral boundaries do not coincide with the limits of the occipital lobe. Parts of the cuneus on the one side are covered by parietal and temporal areas, whereas peristriate areas on the other side penetrate widely into the temporal lobe along the medial occipitotemporal and to a lesser extent the parahippocampal gyrus. As regards pigment architecture, the peristriate zone is divisble into ten areas. A relatively simply organized area accompaines the parastriate area. The structure of the cortex changes gradually until one reaches the various fringe areas adjacent to the parietal and temporal areas. The limit adjoining the temporal areas is sharply traceable, since the lower of two light cortical stripes vanishes abruptly when passing from a peristriate to a temporal area. The most highly developed field, the area peristriata magnopyramidalis, occupies part of the inferolateral margin of the occipital lobe. It displays a wealth of large pyramids in the lower reaches of the third layer, which contain tightly packed and densely stained pigment granules forming large rounded aggregates in the basal cytoplasm. Pyramids of this type give the field a close resemblance to association fields such as the posterior speech area, where they are commonly encountered as the predominant neurons of the third layer.", "contents": "The pigment architecture of the human occipital lobe. With the aid of steromicroscopical examination of pigment preparations uo to 1,000 micronm thick the various areas of the occipital lobe of the human brain are described. In the occipital lobe there are three main cortical types, forming the striate, the parastriate area, and the peristriate zone. The parastriate area is a horseshoe-shaped fringe area adjacent to the primary visual field. It is conspicuously marked by a relatively dark stripe of pigmented granule cells dividing the fourth layer into a light upper, a  pigmented middle, and a light lower zone, a unique feature of the parastriate area, which is not to be found in any other isocortical area. This three-fold layer disappears abruptly as one passes from the parastriate to a peristriate area, permitting the definitive determination of this boundary. The peristriate zone is quite large in the inferior and the lateral parts of the occipital lobe and comparatively small in the superior parts. Its peripheral boundaries do not coincide with the limits of the occipital lobe. Parts of the cuneus on the one side are covered by parietal and temporal areas, whereas peristriate areas on the other side penetrate widely into the temporal lobe along the medial occipitotemporal and to a lesser extent the parahippocampal gyrus. As regards pigment architecture, the peristriate zone is divisble into ten areas. A relatively simply organized area accompaines the parastriate area. The structure of the cortex changes gradually until one reaches the various fringe areas adjacent to the parietal and temporal areas. The limit adjoining the temporal areas is sharply traceable, since the lower of two light cortical stripes vanishes abruptly when passing from a peristriate to a temporal area. The most highly developed field, the area peristriata magnopyramidalis, occupies part of the inferolateral margin of the occipital lobe. It displays a wealth of large pyramids in the lower reaches of the third layer, which contain tightly packed and densely stained pigment granules forming large rounded aggregates in the basal cytoplasm. Pyramids of this type give the field a close resemblance to association fields such as the posterior speech area, where they are commonly encountered as the predominant neurons of the third layer.", "PMID": 857702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12392", "title": "The effect of a synthetic progestine on the fine structure of the epididymal head (stereological analysis).", "content": "The alterations induced in principal cells of the epididymal head tissue of the rat by administration of a synthetic progestine (R2323, ethinyl-norgestrienone) were studied by electron microscopy. A total of 3 male, sex mature rats was applicated ethinyl-norgestrienone during a 3 months period in low dosage (60 mug) per day and was studied with 5 control animals. Stereological methods devised by Weibel (1969) and Rohr et al. (1976) were applied to light and electron micrographs. The calculated values are related to 1 cm3 of epididymal tissue, 1 cm3 of epididymal cell and 1 cm3 of epididymal cell cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus was further subdivided; the values for the Golgi compartments are therefore  refered to 1 cm3 of Golgi apparatus was further subdivided; the values for the Golgi compartments are therefore refered to 1 cm3 of Golgi apparatus. In the treated animals there was, related to the unit of epididymal tissue, a significant decrease in the volume density of the interductular tissue, whereas that for the lumina was significantly higher. The volume density of the glandular epithelium remains unchanged. Refered to the unit volume of principal cell cytoplasm the rough endoplasmic reticulum shows a signficant decrease by 6.5%, whereas the smooth endoplasmic retiuclum is increased by 6.3%. The volume density of the lysosomes was calculated to be 4.3% (Control 2.5%). The stereological data of the Golgi apparatus indicate a vacuolar transformation: Increased volume of vacuoles, decreased volume fraction of saccules and vesicles. However, the volume density of the whole Golgi apparatus remains unchanged. An impaired secretory activity of the principal cells could be assumed.", "contents": "The effect of a synthetic progestine on the fine structure of the epididymal head (stereological analysis). The alterations induced in principal cells of the epididymal head tissue of the rat by administration of a synthetic progestine (R2323, ethinyl-norgestrienone) were studied by electron microscopy. A total of 3 male, sex mature rats was applicated ethinyl-norgestrienone during a 3 months period in low dosage (60 mug) per day and was studied with 5 control animals. Stereological methods devised by Weibel (1969) and Rohr et al. (1976) were applied to light and electron micrographs. The calculated values are related to 1 cm3 of epididymal tissue, 1 cm3 of epididymal cell and 1 cm3 of epididymal cell cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus was further subdivided; the values for the Golgi compartments are therefore  refered to 1 cm3 of Golgi apparatus was further subdivided; the values for the Golgi compartments are therefore refered to 1 cm3 of Golgi apparatus. In the treated animals there was, related to the unit of epididymal tissue, a significant decrease in the volume density of the interductular tissue, whereas that for the lumina was significantly higher. The volume density of the glandular epithelium remains unchanged. Refered to the unit volume of principal cell cytoplasm the rough endoplasmic reticulum shows a signficant decrease by 6.5%, whereas the smooth endoplasmic retiuclum is increased by 6.3%. The volume density of the lysosomes was calculated to be 4.3% (Control 2.5%). The stereological data of the Golgi apparatus indicate a vacuolar transformation: Increased volume of vacuoles, decreased volume fraction of saccules and vesicles. However, the volume density of the whole Golgi apparatus remains unchanged. An impaired secretory activity of the principal cells could be assumed.", "PMID": 857703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12393", "title": "Structure of northern elephant seal population breeding on San Nicholas Island, California, in 1971.", "content": "The structure of the population of northern elephant seals, Mirounga angustirostris, on San Nicolas Island, California, was studied during the 1970 and 1971 breeding season. At the population peak on 31 January 1971, there were 77 males, 306 females, 315 pups, and 6 yearlings on shore. The breeding population was subdivided into 15 groups, containing from 3 to 75 breeding animals. Fourteen of the groups were considered territories defended by individual males, and one group, the largest, was controlled by three males in a social hierarchy. The relatively small size of the San Nicolas population and the large amount of available beach space allowed the existence of numerous small breeding groups. Female elephant seals, although gregarious, apparently prefer to be in small groups when conditions permit it. It is likely that the same males that were territorial would have formed the nucleus of a social hierarchy if space had been limited enough to cause all of the females in the population to congregate in one large group.", "contents": "Structure of northern elephant seal population breeding on San Nicholas Island, California, in 1971. The structure of the population of northern elephant seals, Mirounga angustirostris, on San Nicolas Island, California, was studied during the 1970 and 1971 breeding season. At the population peak on 31 January 1971, there were 77 males, 306 females, 315 pups, and 6 yearlings on shore. The breeding population was subdivided into 15 groups, containing from 3 to 75 breeding animals. Fourteen of the groups were considered territories defended by individual males, and one group, the largest, was controlled by three males in a social hierarchy. The relatively small size of the San Nicolas population and the large amount of available beach space allowed the existence of numerous small breeding groups. Female elephant seals, although gregarious, apparently prefer to be in small groups when conditions permit it. It is likely that the same males that were territorial would have formed the nucleus of a social hierarchy if space had been limited enough to cause all of the females in the population to congregate in one large group.", "PMID": 857710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12394", "title": "An ethology-based catalogue of facial/vocal behaviour in infancy.", "content": "The ethological approach is suggested as a fruitful research strategy in the study of how infants express emotions. This approach led to the development of a large catalogue of facial/vocal behaviour which was used in the systematic observation of 75 girl and boy infants, who in the last quarter of the first year of life were placed in a series of standardized laboratory situations. Each of the 42 facial expressions contained in the catalogue is precisely defined according to the expressive elements of the brow, eyes, mouth and other facial regions. The vocalizations are also operationally defined. The possible ways that the facial expressions and vocalizations could be combined in the expression of emotional behaviour in infants are discussed.", "contents": "An ethology-based catalogue of facial/vocal behaviour in infancy. The ethological approach is suggested as a fruitful research strategy in the study of how infants express emotions. This approach led to the development of a large catalogue of facial/vocal behaviour which was used in the systematic observation of 75 girl and boy infants, who in the last quarter of the first year of life were placed in a series of standardized laboratory situations. Each of the 42 facial expressions contained in the catalogue is precisely defined according to the expressive elements of the brow, eyes, mouth and other facial regions. The vocalizations are also operationally defined. The possible ways that the facial expressions and vocalizations could be combined in the expression of emotional behaviour in infants are discussed.", "PMID": 857711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12395", "title": "A new simple spirometric index for use with bronchial provocation tests.", "content": "Spirometric indices such as the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), the maximal expiratory flow rate (MEFR) and the maximal midexpiratory flow rate (MMFR) can be criticized for use with bronchial provocation tests since they are either partly effort-dependent or dependent on the forced vital capacity (FVC). These criticisms can be avoided by the use of a new index corresponding to the volume of air expired in one second starting at 75% of the control FVC, called the (FEV1)-25. This study was performed to evaluate the relative sensitivity of the (FEV1)-25 and the classical FEV1 in detecting airway obstruction caused by an inhaled carbachol aerosol in 20 asthmatic subjects. The mean fall in (FEV1)-25 of 46% following carbachol inhalation compared with a mean fall in FEV1 of 35% indicates that, in addition to its theoretical advantages, the (FEV1)-25 is a sensitive index for use with bronchial provocation tests.", "contents": "A new simple spirometric index for use with bronchial provocation tests. Spirometric indices such as the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), the maximal expiratory flow rate (MEFR) and the maximal midexpiratory flow rate (MMFR) can be criticized for use with bronchial provocation tests since they are either partly effort-dependent or dependent on the forced vital capacity (FVC). These criticisms can be avoided by the use of a new index corresponding to the volume of air expired in one second starting at 75% of the control FVC, called the (FEV1)-25. This study was performed to evaluate the relative sensitivity of the (FEV1)-25 and the classical FEV1 in detecting airway obstruction caused by an inhaled carbachol aerosol in 20 asthmatic subjects. The mean fall in (FEV1)-25 of 46% following carbachol inhalation compared with a mean fall in FEV1 of 35% indicates that, in addition to its theoretical advantages, the (FEV1)-25 is a sensitive index for use with bronchial provocation tests.", "PMID": 857712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12396", "title": "Enrichment of human X- and Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa by density gradient centrifugation.", "content": "Human spermatozoa (120--180 Mill/0.6 ml Tyrode solution) were laid on the top of a continous density gradient column consisting of 4--16% bovine serum albumin. The columns were then centifuged at 1500--1600 rpm (200-240 g) at 20 degrees C or 4 degrees C for 15 min. By this procedure the spermatozoa sedimented within the tubes of normal distribution curves. The mean percentages of y-spermatozoa gradually decreased from 62,3 +/- 6,1% (max. 70%) in the upper fractions to 42,4 +/- 3,8% (min. 37%) in the bottom fractions. These results could be verified by inseminations of rabbit does with spermatozoa separated by the same technique.", "contents": "Enrichment of human X- and Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa by density gradient centrifugation. Human spermatozoa (120--180 Mill/0.6 ml Tyrode solution) were laid on the top of a continous density gradient column consisting of 4--16% bovine serum albumin. The columns were then centifuged at 1500--1600 rpm (200-240 g) at 20 degrees C or 4 degrees C for 15 min. By this procedure the spermatozoa sedimented within the tubes of normal distribution curves. The mean percentages of y-spermatozoa gradually decreased from 62,3 +/- 6,1% (max. 70%) in the upper fractions to 42,4 +/- 3,8% (min. 37%) in the bottom fractions. These results could be verified by inseminations of rabbit does with spermatozoa separated by the same technique.", "PMID": 857704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12397", "title": "Sperm motile efficiency.", "content": "To provide an alternative to presently available subjective ways of measuring sperm motility which often yield inconsistent data, we devised a method for determining sperm motile efficiency with it one can express objectively the amount of active sperm movement. Using a melangeur for counting white cell, semen is diluted 20-fold in normal saline solution. With the diluted semen on Thoma's hemocytometer, spermatozoa passing its small quarter line in one minute are counted, and the value is divided by the estimated number of spermatozoa per ml. The quotient is multiplied by 100 and expressed by %/min. This shows the active movement of a spermatozoon per minute. In the present study, we measured sperm motile efficiency in 162 male sterility patients, 64 cases showed values of 49%/min or less, with a mean of 20.3%/min, 46, between 50%/min and 99%/min, with a mean of 70.1%/min; and the remaining 52 over 100%/min, with a mean of 195.9%/min. Among these there were 10 cases of successful pregnancy with a mean sperm motile efficiency of 152.7%/min, and 69.0%/min at the lowest. Our new method requiring no special equipment can easily identify active sperm movement and is easily reproducible,", "contents": "Sperm motile efficiency. To provide an alternative to presently available subjective ways of measuring sperm motility which often yield inconsistent data, we devised a method for determining sperm motile efficiency with it one can express objectively the amount of active sperm movement. Using a melangeur for counting white cell, semen is diluted 20-fold in normal saline solution. With the diluted semen on Thoma's hemocytometer, spermatozoa passing its small quarter line in one minute are counted, and the value is divided by the estimated number of spermatozoa per ml. The quotient is multiplied by 100 and expressed by %/min. This shows the active movement of a spermatozoon per minute. In the present study, we measured sperm motile efficiency in 162 male sterility patients, 64 cases showed values of 49%/min or less, with a mean of 20.3%/min, 46, between 50%/min and 99%/min, with a mean of 70.1%/min; and the remaining 52 over 100%/min, with a mean of 195.9%/min. Among these there were 10 cases of successful pregnancy with a mean sperm motile efficiency of 152.7%/min, and 69.0%/min at the lowest. Our new method requiring no special equipment can easily identify active sperm movement and is easily reproducible,", "PMID": 857706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12398", "title": "Controlled trial of 6-month and 9-month regimens of daily and intermittent streptomycin plus isoniazid plus pyrazinamide for pulmonary tuberculosis in Hong Kong. The results up to 30 months.", "content": "A comparison was made between 6-month and 9-month regimens of streptomycin plus isoniazid plus pyrazinamide given daily, 3 times a week, or twice a week in the treatment of newly diagnosed, smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis in Chinese patients. At 6 months, the twice-weekly regimen was marginally inferior; treatment failed for 5 (4 per cent) of 126 patients with drug-susceptible strains before treatment compared with 2 (1 per cent) of 141 on the 3-times-weekly regimen and none of 137 on the daily regimen. The results for patients with pretreatment strains resistant to isoniazid, to streptomycin, or to both drugs were not as good, treatment failing for 10 (30 per cent) of 33 on the daily regimen, 15 (37 per cent) of 41 on the 3-times-weekly regimen, and 14 (39 per cent) of 36 on the twice-weekly regimen. In contrast, the relapse rates after chemotherapy were similar for patients with drug-susceptible and drug-resistance strains before treatment and for patients on the daily and intermittent regimens. By 30 months, 35 (21 per cent) of 167 patients with susceptible strains who were treated for 6 months and 10 (6 per cent) of 179 treated for 9 months had relapsed, all with strains still susceptible to isoniazid and streptomycin. The relapse rates for patients with resistant strains were 7 (24 per cent) of 29 and 1 (4 per cent) of 26, respectively. Drug toxicity was not a special problem.", "contents": "Controlled trial of 6-month and 9-month regimens of daily and intermittent streptomycin plus isoniazid plus pyrazinamide for pulmonary tuberculosis in Hong Kong. The results up to 30 months. A comparison was made between 6-month and 9-month regimens of streptomycin plus isoniazid plus pyrazinamide given daily, 3 times a week, or twice a week in the treatment of newly diagnosed, smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis in Chinese patients. At 6 months, the twice-weekly regimen was marginally inferior; treatment failed for 5 (4 per cent) of 126 patients with drug-susceptible strains before treatment compared with 2 (1 per cent) of 141 on the 3-times-weekly regimen and none of 137 on the daily regimen. The results for patients with pretreatment strains resistant to isoniazid, to streptomycin, or to both drugs were not as good, treatment failing for 10 (30 per cent) of 33 on the daily regimen, 15 (37 per cent) of 41 on the 3-times-weekly regimen, and 14 (39 per cent) of 36 on the twice-weekly regimen. In contrast, the relapse rates after chemotherapy were similar for patients with drug-susceptible and drug-resistance strains before treatment and for patients on the daily and intermittent regimens. By 30 months, 35 (21 per cent) of 167 patients with susceptible strains who were treated for 6 months and 10 (6 per cent) of 179 treated for 9 months had relapsed, all with strains still susceptible to isoniazid and streptomycin. The relapse rates for patients with resistant strains were 7 (24 per cent) of 29 and 1 (4 per cent) of 26, respectively. Drug toxicity was not a special problem.", "PMID": 857713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12399", "title": "Diagnosis of tuberculosis in children using fluorescence microscopic examination of gastric washings.", "content": "In a clinical setting where malnutrition and far-advanced tuberculosis are common, experience with fluorescence microscopy of gastric washings was evaluated in 536 specimens. These specimens were obtained from 191 Haitian children whose illness was difficult to diagnose. Using the culture of gastric washings as a disease indicator, the prevalence of positive specimens was 24 per cent. The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value were 58 per cent, 95 per cent, and 81 per cent, respectively. The agreement (J statistic) was +53 per cent. Combining the results of several series showed no differences in the sensitivity and specificity between fluorescence microscopy of gastric washings and fluorescence microscopic examination of sputum specimens. Among 49 children with positive fluorescence microscopy of gastric washings, pulmonary tuberculosis was bacteriologically confirmed in 85 per cent. Positive fluorescence microscopy of gastric washings was more frequent among children with far-advanced and miliary disease than children with less severe disease. The sensitivity and specificity of fluorescence microscopy of gastric washings make it a useful diagnostic tool in childhood tuberculosis, particularly in the presence of negative cutaneous reaction to purified protein derivative, extensive disease, or severe malnutrition.", "contents": "Diagnosis of tuberculosis in children using fluorescence microscopic examination of gastric washings. In a clinical setting where malnutrition and far-advanced tuberculosis are common, experience with fluorescence microscopy of gastric washings was evaluated in 536 specimens. These specimens were obtained from 191 Haitian children whose illness was difficult to diagnose. Using the culture of gastric washings as a disease indicator, the prevalence of positive specimens was 24 per cent. The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value were 58 per cent, 95 per cent, and 81 per cent, respectively. The agreement (J statistic) was +53 per cent. Combining the results of several series showed no differences in the sensitivity and specificity between fluorescence microscopy of gastric washings and fluorescence microscopic examination of sputum specimens. Among 49 children with positive fluorescence microscopy of gastric washings, pulmonary tuberculosis was bacteriologically confirmed in 85 per cent. Positive fluorescence microscopy of gastric washings was more frequent among children with far-advanced and miliary disease than children with less severe disease. The sensitivity and specificity of fluorescence microscopy of gastric washings make it a useful diagnostic tool in childhood tuberculosis, particularly in the presence of negative cutaneous reaction to purified protein derivative, extensive disease, or severe malnutrition.", "PMID": 857714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12400", "title": "Light scattering determination of various characteristic paramenters of spermatozoa motility in a serie of human sperm.", "content": "In this paper are presented the results obtained by the light scattering method of systematic study of different parameters characterizing spermatozoa motility in a series of human sperms, one hour and five hours after ejaculation. These results are relative to the concentration of spermatozoa, the percentage and the number of motile spermatozoa, the characteristic velocity and the velocity distributions. All these parameters are discussed one by one, the advantages (objectivity, small quantity of not diluted sperm, short time needed for measurements) and the limits of the light scattering method being pointed out. A comparison is made with results obtained by conventional methods. The fineness of this study shows that this method can be used with success in fundamental research as well as in a routine functional sperm study, allowing an objective and precise analysis of motility in a given population as a complex factor.", "contents": "Light scattering determination of various characteristic paramenters of spermatozoa motility in a serie of human sperm. In this paper are presented the results obtained by the light scattering method of systematic study of different parameters characterizing spermatozoa motility in a series of human sperms, one hour and five hours after ejaculation. These results are relative to the concentration of spermatozoa, the percentage and the number of motile spermatozoa, the characteristic velocity and the velocity distributions. All these parameters are discussed one by one, the advantages (objectivity, small quantity of not diluted sperm, short time needed for measurements) and the limits of the light scattering method being pointed out. A comparison is made with results obtained by conventional methods. The fineness of this study shows that this method can be used with success in fundamental research as well as in a routine functional sperm study, allowing an objective and precise analysis of motility in a given population as a complex factor.", "PMID": 857705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12401", "title": "Testosterone excretion in chronic prostatis.", "content": "Urinary testosterone and epitestosterone were assayed in 60 men: 7 normals and 53 patients with chronic prostatitis (of these 8 patients had prostatis free of complications, 45 had prostatitis with disturbances of generative and copulative functions). In 73.1% of patients considerable reduction of testosterone excretion was revealed. Reduction of testicular endocrine function is in direct correlative dependence on severity of clinical symptoms, duration of disease and form of chronic prostatis. Disturbances of genital hormone metabolism are of considerable importance in case of chronic prostatitis and its complications.", "contents": "Testosterone excretion in chronic prostatis. Urinary testosterone and epitestosterone were assayed in 60 men: 7 normals and 53 patients with chronic prostatitis (of these 8 patients had prostatis free of complications, 45 had prostatitis with disturbances of generative and copulative functions). In 73.1% of patients considerable reduction of testosterone excretion was revealed. Reduction of testicular endocrine function is in direct correlative dependence on severity of clinical symptoms, duration of disease and form of chronic prostatis. Disturbances of genital hormone metabolism are of considerable importance in case of chronic prostatitis and its complications.", "PMID": 857709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12402", "title": "Enrichment of X-spermatozoa and in vitro penetration through cervical mucus.", "content": "Using the Sephadex Gel-filtration method (Steeno - 1975) we carried out a review of the data on the possibility of enriching X-spermatozoa. The testing procedure followed consisted of determining Y-chromatin positive spermatozoa after staining with quinacrine-mustard. We were able to confirm the data recorded by Steeno, according to which an enrichment of about 80-90% can be achieved after penetration through the Sephadex Gel filter. In addition to these investigations we also carried out tests with the enriched X-spermatozoa material to determine in vitro penetration through cervical mucus. No decline in the progressive motility of the spermatozoa was observed. After the Gel-filtration sufficient numbers of these were still able to cover penetration distances of 60 mm/hour. The enrichment effect of the X-spermatozoa declined at the beginning of in vitro penetration, but there was no further change in the subsequent course of penetration.", "contents": "Enrichment of X-spermatozoa and in vitro penetration through cervical mucus. Using the Sephadex Gel-filtration method (Steeno - 1975) we carried out a review of the data on the possibility of enriching X-spermatozoa. The testing procedure followed consisted of determining Y-chromatin positive spermatozoa after staining with quinacrine-mustard. We were able to confirm the data recorded by Steeno, according to which an enrichment of about 80-90% can be achieved after penetration through the Sephadex Gel filter. In addition to these investigations we also carried out tests with the enriched X-spermatozoa material to determine in vitro penetration through cervical mucus. No decline in the progressive motility of the spermatozoa was observed. After the Gel-filtration sufficient numbers of these were still able to cover penetration distances of 60 mm/hour. The enrichment effect of the X-spermatozoa declined at the beginning of in vitro penetration, but there was no further change in the subsequent course of penetration.", "PMID": 857708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12403", "title": "The relationship of childhood respiratory illness to adult obstructive airway disease.", "content": "This study of a general population sample reveals close relationships between histories of childhood respiratory disorders and pevalences of symptoms, obstructive airway diseases, and ventilatory impairment in 2,626 adults more than 20 years of age. Although a history of pediatric respiratory illness is associated with relatively mild impairment of ventilatory function in young adults, subjects with such a history shown an excessive decline in function with advancing years and with cigarette use. Because some of the data are retrospective and subject to the bias of preferential recall of childhood events, these observations cannot be regarded as definitive. However, present observations are compatible with the hypothesis that pediatric respiratory illness represents an important risk factor for the development of obstructive airway diseases in adult life. It is suggested that these childhood respiratory illnesses cause the adult lung to be unusually susceptible to the adverse effects of a variety of bronchial irritants and infectious agents.", "contents": "The relationship of childhood respiratory illness to adult obstructive airway disease. This study of a general population sample reveals close relationships between histories of childhood respiratory disorders and pevalences of symptoms, obstructive airway diseases, and ventilatory impairment in 2,626 adults more than 20 years of age. Although a history of pediatric respiratory illness is associated with relatively mild impairment of ventilatory function in young adults, subjects with such a history shown an excessive decline in function with advancing years and with cigarette use. Because some of the data are retrospective and subject to the bias of preferential recall of childhood events, these observations cannot be regarded as definitive. However, present observations are compatible with the hypothesis that pediatric respiratory illness represents an important risk factor for the development of obstructive airway diseases in adult life. It is suggested that these childhood respiratory illnesses cause the adult lung to be unusually susceptible to the adverse effects of a variety of bronchial irritants and infectious agents.", "PMID": 857715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12404", "title": "Pulmonary function in granite dust exposure: a four-year follow-up.", "content": "Pulmonary function studies were performed on 974 workers in Vermont granite sheds in 1974. Of these subjects, 668 had been studied 4 years earlier and had remained in jobs in which their exposure to granite dust had not changed based on dust concentrations measured during 1970. The yearly decrement in pulmonary function observed in the 668 granite shed workers was excessive (0.07 to 0.08 liter per year for forced vital capacity and 0.05 to 0.07 liter per year for forced expiratory volume in 1 sec). This exceeded the expected decrement derived from several other occupational and population groups. Studies from this laboratory and published cross-sectional and longitudinal data consistently indicate a decrement of no more than 0.03 to 0.04 liter per year in both forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1 sec. The observed decrements were independent of exposure groups and not accounted for by cigarette smoking. In 528 additional granite shed workers, decrements in ventilatory capacity had been measured for one, 2, or 3 years and were consistently of the same order of magnitude. Dust concentrations within defined jobs and between granite sheds showed great variability. Despite this, a suggestive relationship between exposure and decrement in ventilatory function was demonstrated at the end of 2 years; however, at the end of 4 years the relationship could no longer be shown with these exposure groupings. The difficulty in characterizing individual dust exposures and projecting dust concentrations for several years is considered to account for the absence of a dose-response relationship at the 4-year follow-up. The results of this study suggest that our previous estimates of annual deterioration in ventilatory capacity attributable to work in granite sheds are underestimates. We conclude that present dust concentrations in Vermont granite sheds cause excessive deterioration of lung capacity. To prevent these effects, dust concentrations must be lowered.", "contents": "Pulmonary function in granite dust exposure: a four-year follow-up. Pulmonary function studies were performed on 974 workers in Vermont granite sheds in 1974. Of these subjects, 668 had been studied 4 years earlier and had remained in jobs in which their exposure to granite dust had not changed based on dust concentrations measured during 1970. The yearly decrement in pulmonary function observed in the 668 granite shed workers was excessive (0.07 to 0.08 liter per year for forced vital capacity and 0.05 to 0.07 liter per year for forced expiratory volume in 1 sec). This exceeded the expected decrement derived from several other occupational and population groups. Studies from this laboratory and published cross-sectional and longitudinal data consistently indicate a decrement of no more than 0.03 to 0.04 liter per year in both forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1 sec. The observed decrements were independent of exposure groups and not accounted for by cigarette smoking. In 528 additional granite shed workers, decrements in ventilatory capacity had been measured for one, 2, or 3 years and were consistently of the same order of magnitude. Dust concentrations within defined jobs and between granite sheds showed great variability. Despite this, a suggestive relationship between exposure and decrement in ventilatory function was demonstrated at the end of 2 years; however, at the end of 4 years the relationship could no longer be shown with these exposure groupings. The difficulty in characterizing individual dust exposures and projecting dust concentrations for several years is considered to account for the absence of a dose-response relationship at the 4-year follow-up. The results of this study suggest that our previous estimates of annual deterioration in ventilatory capacity attributable to work in granite sheds are underestimates. We conclude that present dust concentrations in Vermont granite sheds cause excessive deterioration of lung capacity. To prevent these effects, dust concentrations must be lowered.", "PMID": 857716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12405", "title": "Studies with an intravas nylon device in rat.", "content": "Contraceptive efficacy of an intravas device (IVD) was investigated in rat. The IVD used consisted of a nylon suture which did not occlude the lumen of the vas completely and permitted a free passage of spermatozoa. Its presence for periods ranging from 15 to 180 days did not produce any changes in the histology of the testis and epididymis; In the vas deferens the tall columnar ciliated epithelium was replaced by squamous epithelium. A spermatic granuloma developed on the vas at the entry of the IVD and its frequency of occurrence and size increased with the passage of time. The device caused an increase in the vasal protein, sialic acid and phospholipid content, and a decrease in the level of glycogen and alkaline phosphatase activity at 15 days. The level of portein, glycogen and alkaline phosphatase activity returned to normalcy at 90 days but the sialic acid and phospholipid content remained elevated. Notwithstanding these alterations the device failed to affect the spermatozoal number, morphology, motility and their fertilizing ability. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Studies with an intravas nylon device in rat. Contraceptive efficacy of an intravas device (IVD) was investigated in rat. The IVD used consisted of a nylon suture which did not occlude the lumen of the vas completely and permitted a free passage of spermatozoa. Its presence for periods ranging from 15 to 180 days did not produce any changes in the histology of the testis and epididymis; In the vas deferens the tall columnar ciliated epithelium was replaced by squamous epithelium. A spermatic granuloma developed on the vas at the entry of the IVD and its frequency of occurrence and size increased with the passage of time. The device caused an increase in the vasal protein, sialic acid and phospholipid content, and a decrease in the level of glycogen and alkaline phosphatase activity at 15 days. The level of portein, glycogen and alkaline phosphatase activity returned to normalcy at 90 days but the sialic acid and phospholipid content remained elevated. Notwithstanding these alterations the device failed to affect the spermatozoal number, morphology, motility and their fertilizing ability. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 857707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12406", "title": "Diagnostic accuracy of transtracheal aspiration bacteriologic studies.", "content": "The diagnostic accuracy of transtracheal aspiration bacteriologic studies was examined in 488 patients. Twenty-three patients had bacteremic pneumonia, and in each instance the blood culture isolate was also recovered from the transtracheal aspirate. Clinical correlations in 119 patients with negative cultures of transtracheal aspirate indicated that 71 had an alternative diagnosis to explain an abnormal chest radiograph, and 44 appeared to have a bacterial infection but had received antimicrobial drugs before specimen collection. According to clinical parameters and final diagnosis, the incidence of false-negative cultures was 1 per cent among patients sampled before administration of antimicrobial drugs, and the incidence of false-positive cultures was 21 per cent.", "contents": "Diagnostic accuracy of transtracheal aspiration bacteriologic studies. The diagnostic accuracy of transtracheal aspiration bacteriologic studies was examined in 488 patients. Twenty-three patients had bacteremic pneumonia, and in each instance the blood culture isolate was also recovered from the transtracheal aspirate. Clinical correlations in 119 patients with negative cultures of transtracheal aspirate indicated that 71 had an alternative diagnosis to explain an abnormal chest radiograph, and 44 appeared to have a bacterial infection but had received antimicrobial drugs before specimen collection. According to clinical parameters and final diagnosis, the incidence of false-negative cultures was 1 per cent among patients sampled before administration of antimicrobial drugs, and the incidence of false-positive cultures was 21 per cent.", "PMID": 857717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12407", "title": "Volume dependence of instantaneous time constants derived from the maximal expiratory flow-volume curve. A new approach to the analysis of forced expiration.", "content": "A simple expansion of the information in the maximal expiratory flow-volume curve was used to measure the convexity to the volume axis of maximal expiratory flow-volume curves produced by 11 asymptomatic smokers and 11 asymptomatic nonsmokers. The ratio of remaining volume to maximal flow was equal to the product of upstream resistance and chord compliance. This \"instantaneous time constant\" increased more near residual volume in the smokers. Using this method, plethysmographically obtained maximal expiratory flow-volume curves were more sensitive than spirometrically obtained maximal expiratory flow-volume curves. This method compared favorably with moment analysis and helium response of maximal expiratory flow as a separator of asymptomatic smokers and nonsmokers.", "contents": "Volume dependence of instantaneous time constants derived from the maximal expiratory flow-volume curve. A new approach to the analysis of forced expiration. A simple expansion of the information in the maximal expiratory flow-volume curve was used to measure the convexity to the volume axis of maximal expiratory flow-volume curves produced by 11 asymptomatic smokers and 11 asymptomatic nonsmokers. The ratio of remaining volume to maximal flow was equal to the product of upstream resistance and chord compliance. This \"instantaneous time constant\" increased more near residual volume in the smokers. Using this method, plethysmographically obtained maximal expiratory flow-volume curves were more sensitive than spirometrically obtained maximal expiratory flow-volume curves. This method compared favorably with moment analysis and helium response of maximal expiratory flow as a separator of asymptomatic smokers and nonsmokers.", "PMID": 857718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12408", "title": "Effect of kallidin, substance P, and other basic polypeptides on the production of respiratory macromolecules.", "content": "When canine tracheal explants were incubated in culture medium 199 in the presence of D-glucosamine labeled with carbon-14 for 24 hours, a significant amount of radioactivity was found in the secreted macromolecules. When kallidin was present in the culture medium, the amount of radioactivity associated with a portion of these macromolecules was increased. A met-lys-bradykinin derivative had a similar effect, but bradykinin did not. When hexadimethrine, an inhibitor of kinin formation, was present in the culture medium, the amount of radioactivity in the macro-molecular fraction was decreased. Substance P and the structurally related polypeptides, physalaemin and eledoisin, also enhanced the production of tracheal macromolecules; they were several-fold more active than kallidin. The effect of polypeptides on the activities of glycosyltransferases was also investigated. One of the enzymes present in a microsomal fraction prepared from the mucosal lining of canine trachea was uridine diphosphate (UDP)-galactose:mucin galactosyltransferase, which required a 25 mM concentration of maganese ions to be present in the assay mixture to obtain maximal enzymatic activity. When the concentration of manganese ions was decreased to 2.5 mM, there was less than one third of the maximal enzymatic activity, but full activity could be restored by the addition of kallidin. Several other basic polypeptides had a similar effect on the enzymatic activity. Kallidin had little or no effect on the activities of several other glycosyltransferases. The results suggest that basic polypeptides may be important in controlling the synthesis and/or release of respiratory glycoproteins.", "contents": "Effect of kallidin, substance P, and other basic polypeptides on the production of respiratory macromolecules. When canine tracheal explants were incubated in culture medium 199 in the presence of D-glucosamine labeled with carbon-14 for 24 hours, a significant amount of radioactivity was found in the secreted macromolecules. When kallidin was present in the culture medium, the amount of radioactivity associated with a portion of these macromolecules was increased. A met-lys-bradykinin derivative had a similar effect, but bradykinin did not. When hexadimethrine, an inhibitor of kinin formation, was present in the culture medium, the amount of radioactivity in the macro-molecular fraction was decreased. Substance P and the structurally related polypeptides, physalaemin and eledoisin, also enhanced the production of tracheal macromolecules; they were several-fold more active than kallidin. The effect of polypeptides on the activities of glycosyltransferases was also investigated. One of the enzymes present in a microsomal fraction prepared from the mucosal lining of canine trachea was uridine diphosphate (UDP)-galactose:mucin galactosyltransferase, which required a 25 mM concentration of maganese ions to be present in the assay mixture to obtain maximal enzymatic activity. When the concentration of manganese ions was decreased to 2.5 mM, there was less than one third of the maximal enzymatic activity, but full activity could be restored by the addition of kallidin. Several other basic polypeptides had a similar effect on the enzymatic activity. Kallidin had little or no effect on the activities of several other glycosyltransferases. The results suggest that basic polypeptides may be important in controlling the synthesis and/or release of respiratory glycoproteins.", "PMID": 857719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12409", "title": "Regional lung function in spontaneous pneumothorax.", "content": "Using xenon-133, we measured regional lung volumes in three seated young men with 25 to 40 per cent pneumothorax. There was no gravitational gradient of regional lung expansion in the lung affected by the pneumothorax. There was no gravitational gradient of regional lung expansion in the lung affected by the pneumothorax, whereas an apex-to-base gradient of regional volume was apparent on the contralateral, normal side. When over-all lung volume increased from residual volume to 20 per cent of vital capacity, there was little volume change in the lungs with pneumothoraces. These lungs received relatively small fractions of boluses inhaled at residual volume and bolus distributuion was even from apex to base on the sides with the pneumothoraces. Regional washout half-times were not prolonged in lungs with pneumothoraces and did not differ from apex to base, whereas in unaffected lungs, half-times at the apex exceeded those at the base. The results indicated that regional volume and half-time gradients were absent when gravitational gradients of pleural surface pressure were abolished by pneumothorax. Lungs with pneumothorax demonstrated uniform airway closure at low lung volumes, and it is suggested that this is the chief cause of ventilation maldistribution in spontaneous pneumothorax.", "contents": "Regional lung function in spontaneous pneumothorax. Using xenon-133, we measured regional lung volumes in three seated young men with 25 to 40 per cent pneumothorax. There was no gravitational gradient of regional lung expansion in the lung affected by the pneumothorax. There was no gravitational gradient of regional lung expansion in the lung affected by the pneumothorax, whereas an apex-to-base gradient of regional volume was apparent on the contralateral, normal side. When over-all lung volume increased from residual volume to 20 per cent of vital capacity, there was little volume change in the lungs with pneumothoraces. These lungs received relatively small fractions of boluses inhaled at residual volume and bolus distributuion was even from apex to base on the sides with the pneumothoraces. Regional washout half-times were not prolonged in lungs with pneumothoraces and did not differ from apex to base, whereas in unaffected lungs, half-times at the apex exceeded those at the base. The results indicated that regional volume and half-time gradients were absent when gravitational gradients of pleural surface pressure were abolished by pneumothorax. Lungs with pneumothorax demonstrated uniform airway closure at low lung volumes, and it is suggested that this is the chief cause of ventilation maldistribution in spontaneous pneumothorax.", "PMID": 857721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12410", "title": "Dimethyl ethanolamine-induced asthma.", "content": "Progressively severe sneezing, rhinorrhea, cough, wheezing, and dyspnea developed in a spray-painter, apparently in relation to exposure to a particular spray paint. A monitoring of exposure at work revealed the development of symptoms and a decrease in peak flow rates. Subsequent challenges in the laboratory performed under conditions resembling occupational exposure resulted in dual asthmatic responses on exposure to the whole paint (98 per cent methyl methacrylate emulsion and 2 per cent dimethyl ethanolamine solution) and to dimethyl ethanolamine solution (2 per cent) alone. Water, methyl methacrylate emulsion, and 1,4 dioxane (0.6 per cent) used as a thinner in the dimethyl ethanolamine did not produce a response in the airways. Allergy skin tests with dimethyl ethanolamine and a mixture of dimethyl ethanolamine and human serum albumin were negative. To our knowledge, this is the first report of asthma and/or rhinitis induced specifically by dimethyl ethanolamine. The mechanism of the specific reactivity is not known.", "contents": "Dimethyl ethanolamine-induced asthma. Progressively severe sneezing, rhinorrhea, cough, wheezing, and dyspnea developed in a spray-painter, apparently in relation to exposure to a particular spray paint. A monitoring of exposure at work revealed the development of symptoms and a decrease in peak flow rates. Subsequent challenges in the laboratory performed under conditions resembling occupational exposure resulted in dual asthmatic responses on exposure to the whole paint (98 per cent methyl methacrylate emulsion and 2 per cent dimethyl ethanolamine solution) and to dimethyl ethanolamine solution (2 per cent) alone. Water, methyl methacrylate emulsion, and 1,4 dioxane (0.6 per cent) used as a thinner in the dimethyl ethanolamine did not produce a response in the airways. Allergy skin tests with dimethyl ethanolamine and a mixture of dimethyl ethanolamine and human serum albumin were negative. To our knowledge, this is the first report of asthma and/or rhinitis induced specifically by dimethyl ethanolamine. The mechanism of the specific reactivity is not known.", "PMID": 857720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12411", "title": "Availability of active amphotericin B after filtration through membrane filters.", "content": "The availability of active amphotericin B after filtration of the intravenous form of the drug through in-line filters was examined. Filtration through circular filters of 25-mm diameter and 0.45-micronm pore size resulted in little loss of active drug, although a marked decrease in flow occurred with time. Filtration through either circular or cylindrical filters with 0.22-micronm pores resulted both in significant losses of active drug and in marked decreases in flow. Thus, membrane filters of 0.22-micronm pore size are not suitable for use in intravenous administration of amphotericin B. The use of filters of 0.45-micronm pore size is appropriate only in situations in which decreased flow is acceptable.", "contents": "Availability of active amphotericin B after filtration through membrane filters. The availability of active amphotericin B after filtration of the intravenous form of the drug through in-line filters was examined. Filtration through circular filters of 25-mm diameter and 0.45-micronm pore size resulted in little loss of active drug, although a marked decrease in flow occurred with time. Filtration through either circular or cylindrical filters with 0.22-micronm pores resulted both in significant losses of active drug and in marked decreases in flow. Thus, membrane filters of 0.22-micronm pore size are not suitable for use in intravenous administration of amphotericin B. The use of filters of 0.45-micronm pore size is appropriate only in situations in which decreased flow is acceptable.", "PMID": 857722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12412", "title": "The detection of asympatomatic coronary artery disease.", "content": "In summary, near-maximal or maximal exercise testing has a sensitivity of approximately 60% and a specificity of approximately 90% for coronary atherosclerotic heart disease. When screening asympatomatic men with exercise testing, an abnormal response identifies a group of men at very high risk for coronary artery disease. However, the predictive value limitations are obvious and the false-positive problem must be realized. At present, there is no second line of noninvasive studies that can separate an exercise-test false positive from a true positive with certainty. Risk-factor consideration may help separate them; The sensitivity limitations of exercise testing must be especially considered when evaluating people at high risk for CAD. An abnormal test response does not absolutely predict the presence of CAD and a normal response does not rule out its possibility. In appropriate instances where coronary angiography can be performed at minimal risk and when it is justified for reasons of public safety or individual well-being, this procedure can give a reasonably definitive answer. Creation of iatrogenic \"cardiac cripples\" can be the most common complication of screening tests and should be avoided. Therefore, good clinical judgment needs to be used in conjunction with any screening test.", "contents": "The detection of asympatomatic coronary artery disease. In summary, near-maximal or maximal exercise testing has a sensitivity of approximately 60% and a specificity of approximately 90% for coronary atherosclerotic heart disease. When screening asympatomatic men with exercise testing, an abnormal response identifies a group of men at very high risk for coronary artery disease. However, the predictive value limitations are obvious and the false-positive problem must be realized. At present, there is no second line of noninvasive studies that can separate an exercise-test false positive from a true positive with certainty. Risk-factor consideration may help separate them; The sensitivity limitations of exercise testing must be especially considered when evaluating people at high risk for CAD. An abnormal test response does not absolutely predict the presence of CAD and a normal response does not rule out its possibility. In appropriate instances where coronary angiography can be performed at minimal risk and when it is justified for reasons of public safety or individual well-being, this procedure can give a reasonably definitive answer. Creation of iatrogenic \"cardiac cripples\" can be the most common complication of screening tests and should be avoided. Therefore, good clinical judgment needs to be used in conjunction with any screening test.", "PMID": 857728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12413", "title": "[Treatment of primitive trigeminal neuralgia by differential thermocoagulation of Gasser's ganglion (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report their experience in the Treatment of essential Trigeminal Neuralgia with controlled increments of radiofrequency heating from an electrode inserted in the Gasserian ganglion or the posterior rootlets. Assuming that the less myelinated small fibers (A delta and C) are more sensitive to the heat than the heavily myelinated A beta and A alpha fibers, graduate controlled thermo coagulation could produce a differential destruction of pain fibers. 30 patients were treated with this method since 10 months. In all cases, the patients experienced immediate relief. There was no mortality and no neurological morbidity outside the trigeminal nerve. The most serious undesired result has been the production of anesthesia or marked hypesthesia in 10% of our cases.", "contents": "[Treatment of primitive trigeminal neuralgia by differential thermocoagulation of Gasser's ganglion (author's transl)]. The authors report their experience in the Treatment of essential Trigeminal Neuralgia with controlled increments of radiofrequency heating from an electrode inserted in the Gasserian ganglion or the posterior rootlets. Assuming that the less myelinated small fibers (A delta and C) are more sensitive to the heat than the heavily myelinated A beta and A alpha fibers, graduate controlled thermo coagulation could produce a differential destruction of pain fibers. 30 patients were treated with this method since 10 months. In all cases, the patients experienced immediate relief. There was no mortality and no neurological morbidity outside the trigeminal nerve. The most serious undesired result has been the production of anesthesia or marked hypesthesia in 10% of our cases.", "PMID": 857723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12414", "title": "Papillary eccrine adenoma.", "content": "We studied in 14 patients a distinctive eccrine sweat gland tumor that we have termed papillary eccrine adenoma. There was a majority of black patients, and the tumors were located most often on the distal extremities. Eleven patients were followed up for an average of 35 months after excision of the tumor. No tumor metastasized but one recurred, and since re-excision the patient has been followed up 30 months further regrowth. Although previously regarded sometimes as malignant, the papillary eccrine adenoma is considered benign on the basis of our experience. Excision, with assurance from pathologic examination that the surgical margins are free of tumor, is the treatment of choice. Recognition of the neoplasm is based on the microscopic appearance of a pattern of structures resembling eccrine ducts, usually dilated, associated with intraluminal papillations.", "contents": "Papillary eccrine adenoma. We studied in 14 patients a distinctive eccrine sweat gland tumor that we have termed papillary eccrine adenoma. There was a majority of black patients, and the tumors were located most often on the distal extremities. Eleven patients were followed up for an average of 35 months after excision of the tumor. No tumor metastasized but one recurred, and since re-excision the patient has been followed up 30 months further regrowth. Although previously regarded sometimes as malignant, the papillary eccrine adenoma is considered benign on the basis of our experience. Excision, with assurance from pathologic examination that the surgical margins are free of tumor, is the treatment of choice. Recognition of the neoplasm is based on the microscopic appearance of a pattern of structures resembling eccrine ducts, usually dilated, associated with intraluminal papillations.", "PMID": 857729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12415", "title": "[About 500 carcinomas of the skin of the face (author's transl)].", "content": "After having studied etiological and histological cases of 500 malignant growth of the face's skin the authors think that: -- carcinomas of lips and ears are chiefly men's cancers and above all squamous cell-tumors. Ear-tumors beeing serious. For the other parts of the face, cancers are more frequently met in females than in males. Squamous cell-tumors are perhaps more frequent than usually said; -- as for treatment the authors had rather use surgery with immediate plastic reconstruction.", "contents": "[About 500 carcinomas of the skin of the face (author's transl)]. After having studied etiological and histological cases of 500 malignant growth of the face's skin the authors think that: -- carcinomas of lips and ears are chiefly men's cancers and above all squamous cell-tumors. Ear-tumors beeing serious. For the other parts of the face, cancers are more frequently met in females than in males. Squamous cell-tumors are perhaps more frequent than usually said; -- as for treatment the authors had rather use surgery with immediate plastic reconstruction.", "PMID": 857724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12416", "title": "Psychogenic purpura.", "content": "Two young women had painful ecchymoses of their extremities. In one, this purpuric syndrome followed a chronic course and resulted in severe joint disability. In the other woman, the problem was transient and relatively benign. Emotional factors in their disease were of major importance. No abnormalities of hemostasis or immune function were found. These cases demonstrate the many problems encountered in the diagnosis and management of such patients.", "contents": "Psychogenic purpura. Two young women had painful ecchymoses of their extremities. In one, this purpuric syndrome followed a chronic course and resulted in severe joint disability. In the other woman, the problem was transient and relatively benign. Emotional factors in their disease were of major importance. No abnormalities of hemostasis or immune function were found. These cases demonstrate the many problems encountered in the diagnosis and management of such patients.", "PMID": 857730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12417", "title": "[A description of surgery of the vidian nerve (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors expound a method wihch is initially surgical, for approaching the vidian nerve while preserving the innermost periosteal lining of the pterygomaxillary fossa, thereby avoiding the disadvantages of cutting into the contents of this fossa.", "contents": "[A description of surgery of the vidian nerve (author's transl)]. The authors expound a method wihch is initially surgical, for approaching the vidian nerve while preserving the innermost periosteal lining of the pterygomaxillary fossa, thereby avoiding the disadvantages of cutting into the contents of this fossa.", "PMID": 857725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12418", "title": "Elastosis perforans serpiginosa induced by penicillamine.", "content": "A patient with Wilson disease, under prolonged treatment with penicillamine, developed lesions of elastosis perforans serpiginosa (EPS). Examination of biopsy specimens by light microscopy revealed the characteristic changes of EPS. Examination by transmission electron microscopy revealed structural changes in the elastic fibers not previously described. The appearance of the lesions by scanning electron microscopy is described for the first time. It is suggested that penicillamine induced EPS may be morphologically distinct from the idiopathic form.", "contents": "Elastosis perforans serpiginosa induced by penicillamine. A patient with Wilson disease, under prolonged treatment with penicillamine, developed lesions of elastosis perforans serpiginosa (EPS). Examination of biopsy specimens by light microscopy revealed the characteristic changes of EPS. Examination by transmission electron microscopy revealed structural changes in the elastic fibers not previously described. The appearance of the lesions by scanning electron microscopy is described for the first time. It is suggested that penicillamine induced EPS may be morphologically distinct from the idiopathic form.", "PMID": 857731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12419", "title": "Enzyme polymorphism and function during embryonic development.", "content": "Alterations in multiple molecular forms of enzymes have been described during normal embryogenesis. Changes in electrophoretic patterns, which differ from the normal isozyme ontogeny, occur in embryos and their yolk-sacs during incipient maldevelopment secondary to teratogen exposure. One such isozyme change, in response to a teratogenic regimen using 9-methyl pteroylglutamic acid (PGA), is persistence of lactate dehydrogenase-5 (LDH-5) beyond its time of normal involution in the rat yolk-sac. Since LDH-5 is an allosteric regulatory enzyme which favors anaerobic metabolism, the cellular respiration of 9-methyl PGA-treated embryos was investigated and found to be depressed. However, no changes were found in the oxidative metabolism of visceral yolk-sacs from similarly treated pregnancies. A possible explanation for the unchanged oxygen consumption is the observed simultaneous quantitative alterations in other LDH-yolk-sac isozymes following 9-methyl PGA treatment. Other potential causes include known changes in isozymes other than LDH, limitation of enzyme function by its substrate or co-factor or the presence of a functionally inert LDH-5 isozyme. Changes in LDH and other isozyme patterns and their associated metabolic alterations may eventually prove useful in predicting chemical teratogenicity.", "contents": "Enzyme polymorphism and function during embryonic development. Alterations in multiple molecular forms of enzymes have been described during normal embryogenesis. Changes in electrophoretic patterns, which differ from the normal isozyme ontogeny, occur in embryos and their yolk-sacs during incipient maldevelopment secondary to teratogen exposure. One such isozyme change, in response to a teratogenic regimen using 9-methyl pteroylglutamic acid (PGA), is persistence of lactate dehydrogenase-5 (LDH-5) beyond its time of normal involution in the rat yolk-sac. Since LDH-5 is an allosteric regulatory enzyme which favors anaerobic metabolism, the cellular respiration of 9-methyl PGA-treated embryos was investigated and found to be depressed. However, no changes were found in the oxidative metabolism of visceral yolk-sacs from similarly treated pregnancies. A possible explanation for the unchanged oxygen consumption is the observed simultaneous quantitative alterations in other LDH-yolk-sac isozymes following 9-methyl PGA treatment. Other potential causes include known changes in isozymes other than LDH, limitation of enzyme function by its substrate or co-factor or the presence of a functionally inert LDH-5 isozyme. Changes in LDH and other isozyme patterns and their associated metabolic alterations may eventually prove useful in predicting chemical teratogenicity.", "PMID": 857726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12420", "title": "Foot ulceration and vertebral osteomyelitis with Corynebacterium haemolyticum.", "content": "Diphtheroid or \"coryneform\" bacilli are usually considered to be nonpathogenic \"normal flora\" of human skin and mucous membranes. Because bacterial cultures are frequently contaminated with these organisms, the correct diagnosis and proper treatment may be delayed by the failure to recognize serious infections caused by them. This is a report of a 71-year-old woman with a diabetic foot ulcer and Corynebacterium haemolyticum osteomyelitis with bacteremia.", "contents": "Foot ulceration and vertebral osteomyelitis with Corynebacterium haemolyticum. Diphtheroid or \"coryneform\" bacilli are usually considered to be nonpathogenic \"normal flora\" of human skin and mucous membranes. Because bacterial cultures are frequently contaminated with these organisms, the correct diagnosis and proper treatment may be delayed by the failure to recognize serious infections caused by them. This is a report of a 71-year-old woman with a diabetic foot ulcer and Corynebacterium haemolyticum osteomyelitis with bacteremia.", "PMID": 857732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12421", "title": "Enzyme tests in diseases of the prostate.", "content": "Enzyme tests in diseases of the prostate focus primarily on the use of serum acid phosphatase assays in patients with suspected or histologically proved adenocarcinoma of the prostate. The purpose of this review is to consider various potential clinical uses of the assay, to examine the data available concerning the performance of the test in given clinical situations and to define those situations in which the test is actually useful. Included in this discussion will be sources of false positive and false negative values, predictive values of the test in clinical settings and efforts to minimize shortcomings.", "contents": "Enzyme tests in diseases of the prostate. Enzyme tests in diseases of the prostate focus primarily on the use of serum acid phosphatase assays in patients with suspected or histologically proved adenocarcinoma of the prostate. The purpose of this review is to consider various potential clinical uses of the assay, to examine the data available concerning the performance of the test in given clinical situations and to define those situations in which the test is actually useful. Included in this discussion will be sources of false positive and false negative values, predictive values of the test in clinical settings and efforts to minimize shortcomings.", "PMID": 857727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12422", "title": "Panniculitis of the legs with urate crystal deposition.", "content": "Dark red nodules that drained an opaque amber liquid developed on the extensor surfaces of both legs in a 69-year-old woman receiving furosemide and spironolactone for congestive heart failure. In addition to asymptomatic cholelithiasis, the serum amylase, lipase, and uric acid levels were elevated. Other skin signs and joint manifestations of gout were absent. A biopsy revealed a granuloma with the needle-like crystals characteristic of gout.", "contents": "Panniculitis of the legs with urate crystal deposition. Dark red nodules that drained an opaque amber liquid developed on the extensor surfaces of both legs in a 69-year-old woman receiving furosemide and spironolactone for congestive heart failure. In addition to asymptomatic cholelithiasis, the serum amylase, lipase, and uric acid levels were elevated. Other skin signs and joint manifestations of gout were absent. A biopsy revealed a granuloma with the needle-like crystals characteristic of gout.", "PMID": 857733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12423", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity in lichen planus. In vitro tests with extracts from lichen planus lesions.", "content": "Extracts were prepared from lichen planus lesions and from healthy epidermis of normal controls. Their effect on the migration and lymphocyte transformation of autologous leukocytes was studied. On the whole, the ranges of variation and mean values of the autologous leukocyte migration indices obtained in the presence of LP skin extract or sediment from 10 LP patients did not significantly differ from those recorded in the presence of similar extracts prepared from the epidermis of 12 normal controls. Two assays with LP skin sediment antigen and one assay with LP supernatant antigen, however, fell within the range of significant changes in migration. Lymphocyte transformation, as indicated by increased thymidine uptake, was significantly stimulated by LP epidermis in 1 case of 5 LP patients. Extracts from normal epidermis did not affect the transformation of autologous lymphocytes. The phytohemagglutinin response of lymphocytes from LP patients was the same as that of normal controls. The results do not indicate that cell-mediated immunity toward epidermal antigens play any significant role in the etiopathogenesis of lichen planus.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity in lichen planus. In vitro tests with extracts from lichen planus lesions. Extracts were prepared from lichen planus lesions and from healthy epidermis of normal controls. Their effect on the migration and lymphocyte transformation of autologous leukocytes was studied. On the whole, the ranges of variation and mean values of the autologous leukocyte migration indices obtained in the presence of LP skin extract or sediment from 10 LP patients did not significantly differ from those recorded in the presence of similar extracts prepared from the epidermis of 12 normal controls. Two assays with LP skin sediment antigen and one assay with LP supernatant antigen, however, fell within the range of significant changes in migration. Lymphocyte transformation, as indicated by increased thymidine uptake, was significantly stimulated by LP epidermis in 1 case of 5 LP patients. Extracts from normal epidermis did not affect the transformation of autologous lymphocytes. The phytohemagglutinin response of lymphocytes from LP patients was the same as that of normal controls. The results do not indicate that cell-mediated immunity toward epidermal antigens play any significant role in the etiopathogenesis of lichen planus.", "PMID": 857734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12424", "title": "A non-invasive microscopic method for measuring epidermal thickness in vivo.", "content": "Some improvements are reported of a relatively unknown method for measuring the thickness of the epidermis in vivo. The excursion of a microscope tube is measured when focussing respectively on the summits of the dermal capillary loops and on the epidermal surface. With this method values may be produced with a standard deviation in the order of 10 micron. Averaged epidermal thickness on the flexor forearm was 60 +/- 1 micron, the spread being the standard error of the mean. In principle the thickness of the horny layer can be determined with this method by measuring thicknesses before and after stripping of the horny layer.", "contents": "A non-invasive microscopic method for measuring epidermal thickness in vivo. Some improvements are reported of a relatively unknown method for measuring the thickness of the epidermis in vivo. The excursion of a microscope tube is measured when focussing respectively on the summits of the dermal capillary loops and on the epidermal surface. With this method values may be produced with a standard deviation in the order of 10 micron. Averaged epidermal thickness on the flexor forearm was 60 +/- 1 micron, the spread being the standard error of the mean. In principle the thickness of the horny layer can be determined with this method by measuring thicknesses before and after stripping of the horny layer.", "PMID": 857735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12425", "title": "Ultrastructure of the contrasting types of keratinization seen in the tail epidermis of the laboratory mouse Mus musculus.", "content": "The mouse tail epidermis undergoes contrasting forms of keratinization. Around the hair follicle there is a granular layer containing keratohyalin granules, and nuclei are absent from the horny layer. In the scale regions keratohyalin is not formed and nuclear remnants are retained in the horny cells as in parakeratosis generally. These findings from light microscopy were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. The complete breakdown of organelles in the follicular regions contrastred with the retention of effete nuclei in the scales. Some of these nuclear remnants were pyknotic as in abnormal human parakeratosis, but most were further degraded with loss of nuclear membranes. In the boundary zone between the follicular and scale regions the epidermal cells had a few small keratohyalin granules and also showed incomplete degradation of nuclear remnants in the horny cells. The change from living epidermal cells to dead keratinized cells was abrupt in both the follicular and scale regions. In both sites the plasma membranes of the horny cells were thickened and there was a cytoplasmic meshwork of microfibrils in the cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the contrasting types of keratinization seen in the tail epidermis of the laboratory mouse Mus musculus. The mouse tail epidermis undergoes contrasting forms of keratinization. Around the hair follicle there is a granular layer containing keratohyalin granules, and nuclei are absent from the horny layer. In the scale regions keratohyalin is not formed and nuclear remnants are retained in the horny cells as in parakeratosis generally. These findings from light microscopy were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. The complete breakdown of organelles in the follicular regions contrastred with the retention of effete nuclei in the scales. Some of these nuclear remnants were pyknotic as in abnormal human parakeratosis, but most were further degraded with loss of nuclear membranes. In the boundary zone between the follicular and scale regions the epidermal cells had a few small keratohyalin granules and also showed incomplete degradation of nuclear remnants in the horny cells. The change from living epidermal cells to dead keratinized cells was abrupt in both the follicular and scale regions. In both sites the plasma membranes of the horny cells were thickened and there was a cytoplasmic meshwork of microfibrils in the cells.", "PMID": 857736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12426", "title": "The sensitizing capacity of naturally occurring quinones. Experimental studies in guinea pigs. I. Naphthoquinones and related compounds.", "content": "Experimental studies on the sensitization capacity of naturally occurring naphthoquinones derived from plants and woods have been carried out with 6 compounds. With 4 of these substances (desoxylapachol, menadione, lapachenole andmacassar quinone) guinea pigs could be sensitized. Desoxylapachol, sensitizer from teak wood, and lapachenole, sensitizer from perobawood proved to be the most effective ones. Experiments with macassar quinone (oxidation product of a naphthalene constituent of macassar ebony) still demonstrate that even ortho-naphthoquinones are capable to induce contact allergy. Allergic cross reactions could be obtained with 9 out of 14 different napthoquinones. In animals sensitized with desoxylapachol menadione and lapachol showed the strongest eliciting effect. Furthermore the study demonstrated that the sensitizing effect of naphthoquinones depends on the length and position of the side chain attached to the quinoid ring as well as on the substitution of the carbon atom adjacent to the side chain bearing C-atom. With compounds substituted at this C-atom (e.g. position 3 of lapachol or didimethylallylnaphthoquinone) sensitization could not be obtained.", "contents": "The sensitizing capacity of naturally occurring quinones. Experimental studies in guinea pigs. I. Naphthoquinones and related compounds. Experimental studies on the sensitization capacity of naturally occurring naphthoquinones derived from plants and woods have been carried out with 6 compounds. With 4 of these substances (desoxylapachol, menadione, lapachenole andmacassar quinone) guinea pigs could be sensitized. Desoxylapachol, sensitizer from teak wood, and lapachenole, sensitizer from perobawood proved to be the most effective ones. Experiments with macassar quinone (oxidation product of a naphthalene constituent of macassar ebony) still demonstrate that even ortho-naphthoquinones are capable to induce contact allergy. Allergic cross reactions could be obtained with 9 out of 14 different napthoquinones. In animals sensitized with desoxylapachol menadione and lapachol showed the strongest eliciting effect. Furthermore the study demonstrated that the sensitizing effect of naphthoquinones depends on the length and position of the side chain attached to the quinoid ring as well as on the substitution of the carbon atom adjacent to the side chain bearing C-atom. With compounds substituted at this C-atom (e.g. position 3 of lapachol or didimethylallylnaphthoquinone) sensitization could not be obtained.", "PMID": 857737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12427", "title": "The dermal inflammatory reaction in initial psoriatic lesions.", "content": "The cellular infiltrate in the dermis of incipient psoriatic lesions was qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated using cytochemical methods for the differentiation of inflammatory cells. The greatest intensity of the dermal infiltrate was always in the center of early lesions. It was shown that most of the inflammatory cells within the perivascular areas of the upper dermis were macrophages, monocytes and lymphocytes. The number of mast cells was not increased; eosinophils and plasma cells could not be detected. Only seldom could a single or a few polymorphonuclear leucocytes be seen in lesions at a more advanced stage. These findings are discussed in the light of known immunological and functional mechanisms.", "contents": "The dermal inflammatory reaction in initial psoriatic lesions. The cellular infiltrate in the dermis of incipient psoriatic lesions was qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated using cytochemical methods for the differentiation of inflammatory cells. The greatest intensity of the dermal infiltrate was always in the center of early lesions. It was shown that most of the inflammatory cells within the perivascular areas of the upper dermis were macrophages, monocytes and lymphocytes. The number of mast cells was not increased; eosinophils and plasma cells could not be detected. Only seldom could a single or a few polymorphonuclear leucocytes be seen in lesions at a more advanced stage. These findings are discussed in the light of known immunological and functional mechanisms.", "PMID": 857738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12428", "title": "The HLA system and the arthropathies associated with psoriasis.", "content": "Histocompatibility typing was carried out in 74 patients with psoriasis and an inflammatory arthropathy. In 40 patients with peripheral arthropathy characterized by distal interphalangeal joint involvement, 13 (32-5%) were HLA-B27 positive, significantly higher than the control frequency (P = 5-8 X 10 (-6). 26 of the 40 patients did not have ankylosing spondylitis or radiological sacroiliitis and 7 were HLA-B27 positive, also significantly higher than in controls (P = 0-0049). All 7 patients with psoriasis and ankylosing spondylitis without peripheral arthropathy were HLA-B27 positive. The 10 patients with ankylosing spindylitis or radiological sacroliitis who were HLA-B27 negative all had peripheral arthropathy. It is suggested that being HLA-B27 positive increases the risk of a psoriatic patient developing both peripheral arthropathy and ankylosing spondylitis. In addition, some of the genes involved in susceptibility to psoriasis also have a role in the pathogenesis of both types of arthropathy. A hypothesis is put forward that some of the genes for psoriasis may be aetiologically important in some HLA-B27 negative patients with ankylosing spondylitis.", "contents": "The HLA system and the arthropathies associated with psoriasis. Histocompatibility typing was carried out in 74 patients with psoriasis and an inflammatory arthropathy. In 40 patients with peripheral arthropathy characterized by distal interphalangeal joint involvement, 13 (32-5%) were HLA-B27 positive, significantly higher than the control frequency (P = 5-8 X 10 (-6). 26 of the 40 patients did not have ankylosing spondylitis or radiological sacroiliitis and 7 were HLA-B27 positive, also significantly higher than in controls (P = 0-0049). All 7 patients with psoriasis and ankylosing spondylitis without peripheral arthropathy were HLA-B27 positive. The 10 patients with ankylosing spindylitis or radiological sacroliitis who were HLA-B27 negative all had peripheral arthropathy. It is suggested that being HLA-B27 positive increases the risk of a psoriatic patient developing both peripheral arthropathy and ankylosing spondylitis. In addition, some of the genes involved in susceptibility to psoriasis also have a role in the pathogenesis of both types of arthropathy. A hypothesis is put forward that some of the genes for psoriasis may be aetiologically important in some HLA-B27 negative patients with ankylosing spondylitis.", "PMID": 857739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12429", "title": "Lysosomal activation by neutral saccharides in cell cultures of synovium.", "content": "On exposure to sucrose or neutral polysaccharides, cell cultures from human synovium showed cytoplasmic vacuolation, increased numbers of lysosomes, and ultrastructural changes simulating those described in rheumatoid synovial intima and similarly treated embryonic caritlage and bone. These changes were accompanied by raised intracellular lysosomal enzyme activity without corresponding increases in the extracellular level of these enzymes. Structural changes and enzymic responses were less intense during exposure to the neutral polysaccharides. The secretion of large polymers of hyaluronic acid was consistently decreased during sucrose treatment. Evidence of heightened hyaluronidase-like activity was found in cellular extracts of sucrose-treated cultures, but not in the culture medium.", "contents": "Lysosomal activation by neutral saccharides in cell cultures of synovium. On exposure to sucrose or neutral polysaccharides, cell cultures from human synovium showed cytoplasmic vacuolation, increased numbers of lysosomes, and ultrastructural changes simulating those described in rheumatoid synovial intima and similarly treated embryonic caritlage and bone. These changes were accompanied by raised intracellular lysosomal enzyme activity without corresponding increases in the extracellular level of these enzymes. Structural changes and enzymic responses were less intense during exposure to the neutral polysaccharides. The secretion of large polymers of hyaluronic acid was consistently decreased during sucrose treatment. Evidence of heightened hyaluronidase-like activity was found in cellular extracts of sucrose-treated cultures, but not in the culture medium.", "PMID": 857740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12430", "title": "Chondrocalcinosis in primary hyperparathyroidism. Influence of age, metabolic bone disease, and parathyroidectomy.", "content": "Chondrocalcinosis is known to be common in hyperparathyroidism. In order to  discover the effect of parathyroidectomy on chondrocalcinosis and to investigate this association further, we studied two groups of patients. In one group were 41 postparathyroidectomy patients, and in the other 100 admissions to the acute geriatric unit. The total incidence of chondrocalcinosis in the parathyroidectomy group was 32%, and in the elderly control group 11%. There was little or no osteoarthrosis in these patients. It was found that chondrocalcinosis occurred in the normal population from the age of 75 and in the hyperparathyroid group from the age of 45. In both groups the incidence rose steadily with age. In the hyperparathyroid group alone, preoperative serum calcium levels were no different in those without chondrocalcinosis, suggesting that hypercalcaemia alone is not a sufficient stimulus for chondrocalcinosis. Those with chondrocalcinosis had higher mean preoperative alkaline phosphatase levels, nearly twice as much radiological bone disease, and were older. Parathyroidectomy had no effect on attacks of pseudogout or on preexisting cartilage calcification. A connection with high levels of circulating parathyroid hormone is suggested, and a link with physical age-related changes in cartilage postulated.", "contents": "Chondrocalcinosis in primary hyperparathyroidism. Influence of age, metabolic bone disease, and parathyroidectomy. Chondrocalcinosis is known to be common in hyperparathyroidism. In order to  discover the effect of parathyroidectomy on chondrocalcinosis and to investigate this association further, we studied two groups of patients. In one group were 41 postparathyroidectomy patients, and in the other 100 admissions to the acute geriatric unit. The total incidence of chondrocalcinosis in the parathyroidectomy group was 32%, and in the elderly control group 11%. There was little or no osteoarthrosis in these patients. It was found that chondrocalcinosis occurred in the normal population from the age of 75 and in the hyperparathyroid group from the age of 45. In both groups the incidence rose steadily with age. In the hyperparathyroid group alone, preoperative serum calcium levels were no different in those without chondrocalcinosis, suggesting that hypercalcaemia alone is not a sufficient stimulus for chondrocalcinosis. Those with chondrocalcinosis had higher mean preoperative alkaline phosphatase levels, nearly twice as much radiological bone disease, and were older. Parathyroidectomy had no effect on attacks of pseudogout or on preexisting cartilage calcification. A connection with high levels of circulating parathyroid hormone is suggested, and a link with physical age-related changes in cartilage postulated.", "PMID": 857741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12431", "title": "Correlation between levels of DNA antibodies and clinical disease activity in SLE.", "content": "Sera were tested from 23 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus followed over a period of 1 to 5 years. Antibodies to native DNA were measured and correlated retrospectively with clinical evidence of disease activity. The overall degree of correlation between the presence of DNA antibodies and evidence of disease activity was good (P less than 0-001). Of 206 sera tested, only 4 had a normal DNA antibody at a time when significant clinical activity was noted. In contrast, 34 sera had mild to moderately raised DNA antibody levels at times of clinical remission. Although DNA antibodies are a useful investigation in the monitoring of disease activity, changes in therapy should not necessarily be made on DNA antibody levels alone.", "contents": "Correlation between levels of DNA antibodies and clinical disease activity in SLE. Sera were tested from 23 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus followed over a period of 1 to 5 years. Antibodies to native DNA were measured and correlated retrospectively with clinical evidence of disease activity. The overall degree of correlation between the presence of DNA antibodies and evidence of disease activity was good (P less than 0-001). Of 206 sera tested, only 4 had a normal DNA antibody at a time when significant clinical activity was noted. In contrast, 34 sera had mild to moderately raised DNA antibody levels at times of clinical remission. Although DNA antibodies are a useful investigation in the monitoring of disease activity, changes in therapy should not necessarily be made on DNA antibody levels alone.", "PMID": 857742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12432", "title": "Inhibition of Fc-rosette formation by synovial fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Human red cells sensitized with one of the Rh antisera (Ripley) form rosettes (Fc-rosette) with human B lymphocytes and the rosettes are well inhibited by aggregated human IgG. As synovial fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis are usually hypocomplementaemic and frequently contain immune complexes, they were used for the inhibition of Fc-rosette formations in this study. The Fc-rosette inhibitory rates were inversely correlated with the levels of CH50 and C4 in the synovial fluids. Fractionation studies of the synovial fluids by ultracentrifugation and Sephadex G200 gel filtration indicated that main inhibitory activities were present in macromolecular fractions. Reduction and alkylation of the synovial fluids resulted in marked reductions of inhibitory activities. The tested synovial fluids did not contain anti-HLA activity as assessed by the microcytotoxicity test. The Fc-rosette inhibitory rates were not correlated with the levels of C3 and immunoglobulins, nor with the activity of rheumatoid factors in the synovial fluids. These results indicate that the Fc-rosette formations are inhibited by the immune complexes contained in the synovial fluids and it was confirmed that the Fc-rosette inhibition test is a simple and sensitive method for the detection of circulating immune complexes.", "contents": "Inhibition of Fc-rosette formation by synovial fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Human red cells sensitized with one of the Rh antisera (Ripley) form rosettes (Fc-rosette) with human B lymphocytes and the rosettes are well inhibited by aggregated human IgG. As synovial fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis are usually hypocomplementaemic and frequently contain immune complexes, they were used for the inhibition of Fc-rosette formations in this study. The Fc-rosette inhibitory rates were inversely correlated with the levels of CH50 and C4 in the synovial fluids. Fractionation studies of the synovial fluids by ultracentrifugation and Sephadex G200 gel filtration indicated that main inhibitory activities were present in macromolecular fractions. Reduction and alkylation of the synovial fluids resulted in marked reductions of inhibitory activities. The tested synovial fluids did not contain anti-HLA activity as assessed by the microcytotoxicity test. The Fc-rosette inhibitory rates were not correlated with the levels of C3 and immunoglobulins, nor with the activity of rheumatoid factors in the synovial fluids. These results indicate that the Fc-rosette formations are inhibited by the immune complexes contained in the synovial fluids and it was confirmed that the Fc-rosette inhibition test is a simple and sensitive method for the detection of circulating immune complexes.", "PMID": 857743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12433", "title": "Role of ineffective erythropoiesis in the anaemia of rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The importance of inadequate haemoglobin synthesis and ineffective erythropoiesis in the anaemia of rheumatoid arthritis was studied by measuring the incorporation of 15N glycine into haemoglobin haem and early labelled bilirubin in a patient with severe anaemia before and after response to gold therapy. Initially, total erythroid haem turnover was decreased but haem turnover due to ineffective erythropoiesis was markedly increased, accounting for 29% of total erythroid haem turnover. Gold therapy resulted in marked clinical improvement, accompanied by a rise in haemoglobin to normal. Total erythroid haem turnover increased and the percentage ineffective erythropoiesis fell to normal. Ineffective erythropoiesis may thus be an important reversible factor in the production of the anaemia of rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Role of ineffective erythropoiesis in the anaemia of rheumatoid arthritis. The importance of inadequate haemoglobin synthesis and ineffective erythropoiesis in the anaemia of rheumatoid arthritis was studied by measuring the incorporation of 15N glycine into haemoglobin haem and early labelled bilirubin in a patient with severe anaemia before and after response to gold therapy. Initially, total erythroid haem turnover was decreased but haem turnover due to ineffective erythropoiesis was markedly increased, accounting for 29% of total erythroid haem turnover. Gold therapy resulted in marked clinical improvement, accompanied by a rise in haemoglobin to normal. Total erythroid haem turnover increased and the percentage ineffective erythropoiesis fell to normal. Ineffective erythropoiesis may thus be an important reversible factor in the production of the anaemia of rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 857744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12434", "title": "Arthropathy of Wilson's disease. Study of clinical and radiological features in 32 patients.", "content": "The principal clinical features and radiological findings relating to the locomotor system have  been studied in 32 consecutive hospital admissions of patients with Wilson's disease. 5 of these patients were recently diagnosed and had as yet received no treatment, while 27 were routine admissions for follow-up and biochemical supervision of their illness. No patient was specifically included or excluded from the series because of the presence or absence of locomotor symptoms. The most common radiological abnormality was a generalized increase of radiolucency, interpreted as skeletal demineralization (21 cases), followed by premature osteoarthrosis (8 cases). Changes in the spine were common and included osteochondritis, reduction of intervertebral joint spaces, osteoarthrosis, and a tendency to squaring of vertebral bodies. Other bony changes included fluffy irregularity of femoral trochanters, osteochondritis dissecans of the knees, osteophytic protrusions at bone ends, and bunches of tongue-like osteophytes at joint margins. The symptoms associated with these radiological abnormalities comprised back pain and stiffness with restricted movement, pain and stiffness of knees, hips, and wrists, and tenderness to pressure over margins of affected joints. Joint hypermobility was also observed in 9 patients. Episodes of acute polyarthritis with serological changes were seen in 5 cases; all these episodes appeared to be related directly to treatment with penicillamine.", "contents": "Arthropathy of Wilson's disease. Study of clinical and radiological features in 32 patients. The principal clinical features and radiological findings relating to the locomotor system have  been studied in 32 consecutive hospital admissions of patients with Wilson's disease. 5 of these patients were recently diagnosed and had as yet received no treatment, while 27 were routine admissions for follow-up and biochemical supervision of their illness. No patient was specifically included or excluded from the series because of the presence or absence of locomotor symptoms. The most common radiological abnormality was a generalized increase of radiolucency, interpreted as skeletal demineralization (21 cases), followed by premature osteoarthrosis (8 cases). Changes in the spine were common and included osteochondritis, reduction of intervertebral joint spaces, osteoarthrosis, and a tendency to squaring of vertebral bodies. Other bony changes included fluffy irregularity of femoral trochanters, osteochondritis dissecans of the knees, osteophytic protrusions at bone ends, and bunches of tongue-like osteophytes at joint margins. The symptoms associated with these radiological abnormalities comprised back pain and stiffness with restricted movement, pain and stiffness of knees, hips, and wrists, and tenderness to pressure over margins of affected joints. Joint hypermobility was also observed in 9 patients. Episodes of acute polyarthritis with serological changes were seen in 5 cases; all these episodes appeared to be related directly to treatment with penicillamine.", "PMID": 857745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12435", "title": "Surgical experience with Cushing's disease.", "content": "During the period 1952 to 1976 at Vanderbilt University Hospital 119 patients with pituitary-dependent hypercortisolism or Cushing's disease were studied. The less severe cases, which constitute a majority, were treated by pituitary irradiation with endocrinologic cure or improvement in two-thirds of the treated patients. Bilateral total adrenalectomy was reserved for the most severe cases and for failures of pituitary irradiation. In 29 patients with total bilateral adrenalectomy there was one postoperative death. Two of 28 survivors had incomplete relief of hypercortisolism and required additional therapy for its control. One patient with recent operation is improved and another with early improvement died suddenly at home three months after operation. The 24 other adrenalectomized patients, followed 6 months to 20 years, were considered endocrinologic cures of Cushing's disease. One patient in the group who had not received pituitary irradiation developed signs of expanding pituitary tumor after adrenalectomy (Nelson's syndrome) with satisfactory response to radiation therapy.", "contents": "Surgical experience with Cushing's disease. During the period 1952 to 1976 at Vanderbilt University Hospital 119 patients with pituitary-dependent hypercortisolism or Cushing's disease were studied. The less severe cases, which constitute a majority, were treated by pituitary irradiation with endocrinologic cure or improvement in two-thirds of the treated patients. Bilateral total adrenalectomy was reserved for the most severe cases and for failures of pituitary irradiation. In 29 patients with total bilateral adrenalectomy there was one postoperative death. Two of 28 survivors had incomplete relief of hypercortisolism and required additional therapy for its control. One patient with recent operation is improved and another with early improvement died suddenly at home three months after operation. The 24 other adrenalectomized patients, followed 6 months to 20 years, were considered endocrinologic cures of Cushing's disease. One patient in the group who had not received pituitary irradiation developed signs of expanding pituitary tumor after adrenalectomy (Nelson's syndrome) with satisfactory response to radiation therapy.", "PMID": 857746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12436", "title": "Is rib resection necessary for relief of thoracic outlet syndrome?", "content": "Between 1966 and 1975, 425 patients with thoracic outlet symptoms were studied: 146 operative procedures were carried out in 103 of these patients. Division of soft tissues, only, in 129 cases offered relief of symptoms. In 10 cases bone resections (four cervical ribs, one second rib, one clavicle, and four first ribs) were done in an attempt to relieve the outlet problems. Preoperative evaluation included neurological consultation, x-rays of the neck and chest, detailed non-invasive oscillographic recordings of arterial flow during various outlet maneuvers, angiograms and in many instances electromyograms and nerve conduction studies. The axillary surgical approach to be various compression areas was preferred in that hyperabduction of the arm and costoclavicular maneuvers could be carried out under direct observation of the involved vessels. Accurate appraisal of the compression point could be assessed before and after the involved structure was divided or removed. Complications were limited to two hematomas postoperatively, and transient paralysis of the diaphragm in one patient. In all patients the vessel compression was relieved at the time of operation. In no instance was the first rib emperically removed as a \"cure all\" procedure. Six months following operation, patients were reevaluated and all except 8 patients (11 operative procedures) had relief of symptoms for a success rate of 92.5%.", "contents": "Is rib resection necessary for relief of thoracic outlet syndrome? Between 1966 and 1975, 425 patients with thoracic outlet symptoms were studied: 146 operative procedures were carried out in 103 of these patients. Division of soft tissues, only, in 129 cases offered relief of symptoms. In 10 cases bone resections (four cervical ribs, one second rib, one clavicle, and four first ribs) were done in an attempt to relieve the outlet problems. Preoperative evaluation included neurological consultation, x-rays of the neck and chest, detailed non-invasive oscillographic recordings of arterial flow during various outlet maneuvers, angiograms and in many instances electromyograms and nerve conduction studies. The axillary surgical approach to be various compression areas was preferred in that hyperabduction of the arm and costoclavicular maneuvers could be carried out under direct observation of the involved vessels. Accurate appraisal of the compression point could be assessed before and after the involved structure was divided or removed. Complications were limited to two hematomas postoperatively, and transient paralysis of the diaphragm in one patient. In all patients the vessel compression was relieved at the time of operation. In no instance was the first rib emperically removed as a \"cure all\" procedure. Six months following operation, patients were reevaluated and all except 8 patients (11 operative procedures) had relief of symptoms for a success rate of 92.5%.", "PMID": 857747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12437", "title": "Primary common duct stones.", "content": "Thirty patients were identified as having primary common duct stones. Criteria for diagnosis included at least a two year symptom free interval following cholecystectomy; soft, light brown stones or sludge present in the common duct; and the absence of a long cystic duct remnant or a biliary stricture from the previous surgery. The average age of the 30 patients was 66 years. The interval between cholecystectomy and the diagnosis of primary common duct stones averaged 12 years. Acute cholangitis was a frequent mode of presentation. At the time of surgery the bile duct was often dilated out of proportion to the serum bilirubin. In only one of the 30 patients was ampullary stenosis present. Twenty-six of the 30 patients had only stone extraction and insertion of a T tube for treatment of their primary common duct stones. Twenty-two of the 26 were followed for an average of four years and nine months with no evidence of recurrent stones in 82% (18/22). Four developed recurrent primary common duct stones one, five, five, and 7 years later. It is concluded that most patients with primary common duct stones do well after stone extraction alone.", "contents": "Primary common duct stones. Thirty patients were identified as having primary common duct stones. Criteria for diagnosis included at least a two year symptom free interval following cholecystectomy; soft, light brown stones or sludge present in the common duct; and the absence of a long cystic duct remnant or a biliary stricture from the previous surgery. The average age of the 30 patients was 66 years. The interval between cholecystectomy and the diagnosis of primary common duct stones averaged 12 years. Acute cholangitis was a frequent mode of presentation. At the time of surgery the bile duct was often dilated out of proportion to the serum bilirubin. In only one of the 30 patients was ampullary stenosis present. Twenty-six of the 30 patients had only stone extraction and insertion of a T tube for treatment of their primary common duct stones. Twenty-two of the 26 were followed for an average of four years and nine months with no evidence of recurrent stones in 82% (18/22). Four developed recurrent primary common duct stones one, five, five, and 7 years later. It is concluded that most patients with primary common duct stones do well after stone extraction alone.", "PMID": 857748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12438", "title": "New trends in esophageal replacement for benign disease.", "content": "In the past three years 21 patients have required esophageal replacement for benign disease: 6 patients with caustic stricture, 5 with reflux esophagitis, 5 with neuromotor abnormalities, 2 with strictures following radiation therapy, 1 with iatrogenic perforation, 1 with monilial esophagitis, and 1 with esophageal atresia. Esophageal substitution was achieved using isoperistaltic left colon 17 patients and stomach in 4. The preoperative evaluation, postoperative complications, and results of esophageal replacement in these patients are discussed. Changing trends in the benign conditions requiring esophageal substitution are reviewed.", "contents": "New trends in esophageal replacement for benign disease. In the past three years 21 patients have required esophageal replacement for benign disease: 6 patients with caustic stricture, 5 with reflux esophagitis, 5 with neuromotor abnormalities, 2 with strictures following radiation therapy, 1 with iatrogenic perforation, 1 with monilial esophagitis, and 1 with esophageal atresia. Esophageal substitution was achieved using isoperistaltic left colon 17 patients and stomach in 4. The preoperative evaluation, postoperative complications, and results of esophageal replacement in these patients are discussed. Changing trends in the benign conditions requiring esophageal substitution are reviewed.", "PMID": 857749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12439", "title": "Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for massive pulmonary thromboembolism.", "content": "This study was undertaken to determine whether extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) could modify the effects of massive lethal thromboembolism and prevent death. Twenty anesthetized dogs were prepared for venoarterial perfusion with a demand pump and membrane lung and were perfused slowly for 1 1/2 hours to lessen homologous blood shock; 1 ml per kilogram of 24-hour-old tantalum-impregnated thrombus was injected intravenously. The dogs had profound systemic hypotension with an elevated mean pulmonary artery pressure (62.9 +/-4.5 mm Hg) immediately after embolization. Control animals generally died within 15 minutes. Four of the 10 ECMO-supported animals lived for six days, at which time they were restudied and killed. Not only can ECMO maintain an animal that would otherwise die quickly of massive pulmonary thromboembolism, but such support, even though temporary, can greatly improve the chances of survival.", "contents": "Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for massive pulmonary thromboembolism. This study was undertaken to determine whether extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) could modify the effects of massive lethal thromboembolism and prevent death. Twenty anesthetized dogs were prepared for venoarterial perfusion with a demand pump and membrane lung and were perfused slowly for 1 1/2 hours to lessen homologous blood shock; 1 ml per kilogram of 24-hour-old tantalum-impregnated thrombus was injected intravenously. The dogs had profound systemic hypotension with an elevated mean pulmonary artery pressure (62.9 +/-4.5 mm Hg) immediately after embolization. Control animals generally died within 15 minutes. Four of the 10 ECMO-supported animals lived for six days, at which time they were restudied and killed. Not only can ECMO maintain an animal that would otherwise die quickly of massive pulmonary thromboembolism, but such support, even though temporary, can greatly improve the chances of survival.", "PMID": 857750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12440", "title": "Tree-shaped pulmonary veins in infracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage.", "content": "Three consecutive patients undergoing corrective operation for the infracardiac type of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (TAPVD) were found to have tree-shaped pulmonary veins. Preoperative angiocardiography revealed that in 2 patients the superior and inferior pulmonary veins drained separately, bilaterally, into the vertical vein. In the third patient the right pulmonary veins united to connect with the vertical vein, while the left superior and inferior pulmonary veins drained separately into the vertical vein. At operation inferior pulmonary veins connecting separately with the vertical vein were found to be located posterior to the pericardium. In the previous literature dealing with successful repair of infracardiac TAPVD, there is no mention of the tree-shaped pulmonary veins described in this report. As this particular type of pulmonary vein does not seem to be uncommon, its possible presence should be kept in mind during operation, as it may dictate the selection of surgical procedures.", "contents": "Tree-shaped pulmonary veins in infracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. Three consecutive patients undergoing corrective operation for the infracardiac type of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (TAPVD) were found to have tree-shaped pulmonary veins. Preoperative angiocardiography revealed that in 2 patients the superior and inferior pulmonary veins drained separately, bilaterally, into the vertical vein. In the third patient the right pulmonary veins united to connect with the vertical vein, while the left superior and inferior pulmonary veins drained separately into the vertical vein. At operation inferior pulmonary veins connecting separately with the vertical vein were found to be located posterior to the pericardium. In the previous literature dealing with successful repair of infracardiac TAPVD, there is no mention of the tree-shaped pulmonary veins described in this report. As this particular type of pulmonary vein does not seem to be uncommon, its possible presence should be kept in mind during operation, as it may dictate the selection of surgical procedures.", "PMID": 857751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12441", "title": "Ascending aorta-abdominal aorta bypass: indications, technique, and report of 12 patients.", "content": "Use of the supraceliac segment of the abdominal aorta for ascending aorta-abdominal aorta bypass (AAAAB) offers a new technique for management of certain difficult surgical problems. Since 1973, we have performed AAAAB in 12 patients: 4 with recurrent coarctation of the thoracic aorta; 4 with coarctation of the thoracic aorta and associated cardiac lesions requiring a concomitant intracardiac procedure; 2 with recurrent aortoiliac occlusive disease (AIOD); 1 with interruption of the aortic arch requiring concomitant pulmonary artery banding; and 1 with coarctation of the abdominal aorta. In 3 of these patients (2 with recurrent AIOD and 1 with coarctation of the abdominal aorta) the distal anastomosis was made to the distal abdominal aorta or femoral arteries. Ten patients (83.3%) experienced satisfactory results; 2 patients (16.6%) died. The technique of AAAAB provides a practical solution to complex situations in which previous procedures preclude a standard operative approach, or when necessary concomitant procedures would otherwise require a two-stage operation.", "contents": "Ascending aorta-abdominal aorta bypass: indications, technique, and report of 12 patients. Use of the supraceliac segment of the abdominal aorta for ascending aorta-abdominal aorta bypass (AAAAB) offers a new technique for management of certain difficult surgical problems. Since 1973, we have performed AAAAB in 12 patients: 4 with recurrent coarctation of the thoracic aorta; 4 with coarctation of the thoracic aorta and associated cardiac lesions requiring a concomitant intracardiac procedure; 2 with recurrent aortoiliac occlusive disease (AIOD); 1 with interruption of the aortic arch requiring concomitant pulmonary artery banding; and 1 with coarctation of the abdominal aorta. In 3 of these patients (2 with recurrent AIOD and 1 with coarctation of the abdominal aorta) the distal anastomosis was made to the distal abdominal aorta or femoral arteries. Ten patients (83.3%) experienced satisfactory results; 2 patients (16.6%) died. The technique of AAAAB provides a practical solution to complex situations in which previous procedures preclude a standard operative approach, or when necessary concomitant procedures would otherwise require a two-stage operation.", "PMID": 857752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12442", "title": "Coronary venous arterialization: acute hemodynamic, metabolic, and chronic anatomical observations.", "content": "Nine dogs that had anastomosis of the internal mammary artery (IMA) to the left anterior descending coronary vein (LADV) were studied acutely on right-heart bypass. Occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LADA) and LADV without venous arterialization resulted in a significant decline in stroke work, total coronary flow, and myocardial oxygen uptake; with reactive hyperemia an increase in lactate and pyruvate consumption resulted. Occlusion of the LADA and LADV with VA did not change these variables greatly, except for a marked increase in total coronary flow with reactive hyperemia. Chronic venous arterialization in 14 dogs was associated with a 14% mortality, while 10 controls had a 40% mortality. Dogs were killed at six weeks, and prior angiography in 9 showed patency of the IMA to the heart without filling of cardiac veins. All dogs had infarcts in the distribution of the LADA; these infarcts were smaller in dogs with venous arterialization. The anastomoses were obliterated by mature or maturing fibrous tissue, with alteration of the vein so that it was frequently not discernible, while the IMA was well preserved. Distal veins had foci of intimal proliferation, subintimal fibrosis, and medial hypertrophy. Although venous arterialzaiton provides protection for the acutely ischemic myocardium, this effect does not persist, perhaps because of anastomotic occlusion due to fibrous proliferation.", "contents": "Coronary venous arterialization: acute hemodynamic, metabolic, and chronic anatomical observations. Nine dogs that had anastomosis of the internal mammary artery (IMA) to the left anterior descending coronary vein (LADV) were studied acutely on right-heart bypass. Occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LADA) and LADV without venous arterialization resulted in a significant decline in stroke work, total coronary flow, and myocardial oxygen uptake; with reactive hyperemia an increase in lactate and pyruvate consumption resulted. Occlusion of the LADA and LADV with VA did not change these variables greatly, except for a marked increase in total coronary flow with reactive hyperemia. Chronic venous arterialization in 14 dogs was associated with a 14% mortality, while 10 controls had a 40% mortality. Dogs were killed at six weeks, and prior angiography in 9 showed patency of the IMA to the heart without filling of cardiac veins. All dogs had infarcts in the distribution of the LADA; these infarcts were smaller in dogs with venous arterialization. The anastomoses were obliterated by mature or maturing fibrous tissue, with alteration of the vein so that it was frequently not discernible, while the IMA was well preserved. Distal veins had foci of intimal proliferation, subintimal fibrosis, and medial hypertrophy. Although venous arterialzaiton provides protection for the acutely ischemic myocardium, this effect does not persist, perhaps because of anastomotic occlusion due to fibrous proliferation.", "PMID": 857753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12443", "title": "The subxiphoid approach in the treatment of pericardial effusion.", "content": "Subxiphoid pericardiotomy for diagnosis and treatment of pericardial effusion is a safe procedure. Not only does it appear to be safer than aspiration, but it yields more information because of its ability to obtain pericardial tissue. The recurrence rate of pericardial effusion is lower using subxiphoid pericardiotomy. For these reasons it is the technique of choice for diagnosis and treatment of nontraumatic pericardial effusion.", "contents": "The subxiphoid approach in the treatment of pericardial effusion. Subxiphoid pericardiotomy for diagnosis and treatment of pericardial effusion is a safe procedure. Not only does it appear to be safer than aspiration, but it yields more information because of its ability to obtain pericardial tissue. The recurrence rate of pericardial effusion is lower using subxiphoid pericardiotomy. For these reasons it is the technique of choice for diagnosis and treatment of nontraumatic pericardial effusion.", "PMID": 857754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12444", "title": "Radiolucent retractor for operative coronary angiography.", "content": "A new retractor has been designed for sternal separation during cardiac operations. This retractor has the advantage of radiolucent blades that allow visualization of the entire heart by roentgenographic techniques without compromise of surgical exposure during the course of operation. The retractor also has swivel blades that provide excellent conformity to the sternal edges without pressure points, which tend to produce fractures.", "contents": "Radiolucent retractor for operative coronary angiography. A new retractor has been designed for sternal separation during cardiac operations. This retractor has the advantage of radiolucent blades that allow visualization of the entire heart by roentgenographic techniques without compromise of surgical exposure during the course of operation. The retractor also has swivel blades that provide excellent conformity to the sternal edges without pressure points, which tend to produce fractures.", "PMID": 857755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12445", "title": "An improved introducer for the sutureless myocardial pacemaker lead.", "content": "Although the sutureless myocardial pacemaker lead has proved a useful advance, the introducer supplied with it has had the disadvantages of requiring bimanual operation, creating forces directed toward the myocardium, and producing release of the lead head in a rotating motion. An improved introducer, described here, has overcome these problems and has further simplified the application of this useful device.", "contents": "An improved introducer for the sutureless myocardial pacemaker lead. Although the sutureless myocardial pacemaker lead has proved a useful advance, the introducer supplied with it has had the disadvantages of requiring bimanual operation, creating forces directed toward the myocardium, and producing release of the lead head in a rotating motion. An improved introducer, described here, has overcome these problems and has further simplified the application of this useful device.", "PMID": 857756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12446", "title": "Anemia in primary hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "Although anemia has not been widely appreciated as a complication of primary hyperparathyroidism, 5.1% of the individuals with this disorder seen at the Massachusetts General Hospital since 1962 had a normochromic, normocytic anemia that could not be related to blood loss,a deficiency state, or uremia. The anemic group had more advanced bone disease and higher levels of serum calcium, alkaline phosphatase, and parathyroid hormone than the nonanemic group. Results of bone marrow biopsies performed in five patients showed variable degrees of myelofibrosis. However, none of the patients had hepatosplenomegaly, a myelophthisic peripheral blood smear, leukopenia, or thrombocytopenia. Removal of the abnormal parathyroid glands led to improvement or correction of the anemia.", "contents": "Anemia in primary hyperparathyroidism. Although anemia has not been widely appreciated as a complication of primary hyperparathyroidism, 5.1% of the individuals with this disorder seen at the Massachusetts General Hospital since 1962 had a normochromic, normocytic anemia that could not be related to blood loss,a deficiency state, or uremia. The anemic group had more advanced bone disease and higher levels of serum calcium, alkaline phosphatase, and parathyroid hormone than the nonanemic group. Results of bone marrow biopsies performed in five patients showed variable degrees of myelofibrosis. However, none of the patients had hepatosplenomegaly, a myelophthisic peripheral blood smear, leukopenia, or thrombocytopenia. Removal of the abnormal parathyroid glands led to improvement or correction of the anemia.", "PMID": 857757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12447", "title": "Jejunoileal bypass as a treatment of morbid obesity.", "content": "Seventy-five morbidly obese patients underwent jejunoileal bypass between December 1968 and October 1975. The average weight of 45 patients who had had the bypasses for over two years stabilized at 62.4% of the maximum preoperative value. Postoperative complications included recurrent diarrhea in 11% (8/74) and serum electrolyte deficits in 64% (48/75), most of which were transient. Potassium and calcium deficiencies were usually correctable by oral supplementation, but hypomagnesemia persisted in 23% (16/71) despite supplementation. Nine percent (4/43) had biopsy-proved hepatic cirrhosis after one year. Other complications were polyarthralgia, bone demineralization, renal stones, and vasculitis. Three patients required reanastomosis to original bowel continuity; all rapidly regained weight. One died of vasculitis and hepatic failure attributable to the bypass. Jejunoileal bypass is suitable only in morbidly obese patients with particularly high motivation, whose risk factors outweigh those risks incurred through bypass.", "contents": "Jejunoileal bypass as a treatment of morbid obesity. Seventy-five morbidly obese patients underwent jejunoileal bypass between December 1968 and October 1975. The average weight of 45 patients who had had the bypasses for over two years stabilized at 62.4% of the maximum preoperative value. Postoperative complications included recurrent diarrhea in 11% (8/74) and serum electrolyte deficits in 64% (48/75), most of which were transient. Potassium and calcium deficiencies were usually correctable by oral supplementation, but hypomagnesemia persisted in 23% (16/71) despite supplementation. Nine percent (4/43) had biopsy-proved hepatic cirrhosis after one year. Other complications were polyarthralgia, bone demineralization, renal stones, and vasculitis. Three patients required reanastomosis to original bowel continuity; all rapidly regained weight. One died of vasculitis and hepatic failure attributable to the bypass. Jejunoileal bypass is suitable only in morbidly obese patients with particularly high motivation, whose risk factors outweigh those risks incurred through bypass.", "PMID": 857758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12448", "title": "Reflex and reticular modulation of first-order proprioceptive neurons of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus.", "content": "Several investigations have shown that the vagus nerve and the reticular formation can affect the reflex responses of the masticatory muscles. The present research has been devoted to analyze the mechanism of such modulations of the masseteric reflex in the lamb. Extracellular records of the electrical activity of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (MTN) was carried out in immobilized lambs by means of tungsten microelectrodes. Units were found which responded to lowering the jaw and to stretching the masseter muscle: they were identified as the first-order neurons of the masticatory proprioception on the basis of their electrophysiological properties. Single-shock or repetitive electrical stimulations of the cervical vagus nerve and of the bulbo-pontine reticular formation could affect the unitary discharge of the MTN: different patterns of activation and inhibition of the MTN units were seen; however, the activation was the most prominent effect. The responses did not depend upon the circulatory effects of the vagal stimulation. Thus the conclusion can be reached that the vagus and the reticular substance can modulate the masseteric reflex at level of the perikarya of the afferent pathway. Such a statement is supported also by the presence of synaptic boutons on the soma of the MTN neurons.", "contents": "Reflex and reticular modulation of first-order proprioceptive neurons of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus. Several investigations have shown that the vagus nerve and the reticular formation can affect the reflex responses of the masticatory muscles. The present research has been devoted to analyze the mechanism of such modulations of the masseteric reflex in the lamb. Extracellular records of the electrical activity of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (MTN) was carried out in immobilized lambs by means of tungsten microelectrodes. Units were found which responded to lowering the jaw and to stretching the masseter muscle: they were identified as the first-order neurons of the masticatory proprioception on the basis of their electrophysiological properties. Single-shock or repetitive electrical stimulations of the cervical vagus nerve and of the bulbo-pontine reticular formation could affect the unitary discharge of the MTN: different patterns of activation and inhibition of the MTN units were seen; however, the activation was the most prominent effect. The responses did not depend upon the circulatory effects of the vagal stimulation. Thus the conclusion can be reached that the vagus and the reticular substance can modulate the masseteric reflex at level of the perikarya of the afferent pathway. Such a statement is supported also by the presence of synaptic boutons on the soma of the MTN neurons.", "PMID": 857759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12449", "title": "Improved results with femoropopliteal vein grafts for limb salvage.", "content": "Over a ten-year period from 1966 to 1975, 154 femoropopliteal vein grafts were performed for limb salvage in 139 patients, including 42 diabetics. The average patient age was 70 years. The one-month operative mortality was 2.9% (four patients). Average preoperative Doppler ankle pressure was 46 mm Hg, with an average ankle-arm systolic blood pressure index (ASPI) of 0.33. The average postoperative Doppler ankle pressure was 96 mm Hg, with an ASPI of 0.76. Five-year vein graft patency was 72%. Poor quality of vein was a statistically significant cause of graft failure (P less than .015). Small saphenous veins of good quality and arm veins gave satisfactory results. Diabetics had a lower, but not statistically significantly decreased, five-year patency. Because of this high success rate and low operative mortality, we recommend an attempt at limb salvage by femoropopliteal vein grafting in patients threatened with limb loss because of atherosclerotic occlusive disease of the femoropopliteal segment.", "contents": "Improved results with femoropopliteal vein grafts for limb salvage. Over a ten-year period from 1966 to 1975, 154 femoropopliteal vein grafts were performed for limb salvage in 139 patients, including 42 diabetics. The average patient age was 70 years. The one-month operative mortality was 2.9% (four patients). Average preoperative Doppler ankle pressure was 46 mm Hg, with an average ankle-arm systolic blood pressure index (ASPI) of 0.33. The average postoperative Doppler ankle pressure was 96 mm Hg, with an ASPI of 0.76. Five-year vein graft patency was 72%. Poor quality of vein was a statistically significant cause of graft failure (P less than .015). Small saphenous veins of good quality and arm veins gave satisfactory results. Diabetics had a lower, but not statistically significantly decreased, five-year patency. Because of this high success rate and low operative mortality, we recommend an attempt at limb salvage by femoropopliteal vein grafting in patients threatened with limb loss because of atherosclerotic occlusive disease of the femoropopliteal segment.", "PMID": 857760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12450", "title": "Electroenterography after cholecystectomy. The role of high epidural analgesia.", "content": "The electrical activity of the stomach and intestine was monitored during the postoperative period in 30 patients who underwent cholecystectomy. All patients received standard general anesthesia with artificial ventilation during operation; some received high epidural analgesia during surgery and postoperatively, and others, fentanyl analgesia during surgery and nicomorphine afterwards. Electroenterography (EEnG) showed that electrical activity decreased following surgery and returned to base line on the third or fourth day after operation. A marked increase in amplitude and frequency of EEnG oscillations was recorded in 80% of the patients who received bupivacaine injections into the epidural space. A decrease was almost always recorded after nicomorphine injections. During the postoperative period, eating caused a considerable increase in the amplitude and frequency of the electrical activity of the stomach and intestine in patients treated by epidural analgesia, whereas no observable change was recorded in patients treated by nicomorphine injections. It appears that high epidural analgesia may be useful in the treatment of postoperative adynamic ileus.", "contents": "Electroenterography after cholecystectomy. The role of high epidural analgesia. The electrical activity of the stomach and intestine was monitored during the postoperative period in 30 patients who underwent cholecystectomy. All patients received standard general anesthesia with artificial ventilation during operation; some received high epidural analgesia during surgery and postoperatively, and others, fentanyl analgesia during surgery and nicomorphine afterwards. Electroenterography (EEnG) showed that electrical activity decreased following surgery and returned to base line on the third or fourth day after operation. A marked increase in amplitude and frequency of EEnG oscillations was recorded in 80% of the patients who received bupivacaine injections into the epidural space. A decrease was almost always recorded after nicomorphine injections. During the postoperative period, eating caused a considerable increase in the amplitude and frequency of the electrical activity of the stomach and intestine in patients treated by epidural analgesia, whereas no observable change was recorded in patients treated by nicomorphine injections. It appears that high epidural analgesia may be useful in the treatment of postoperative adynamic ileus.", "PMID": 857761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12451", "title": "Thermography. A noninvasive method for diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis.", "content": "Thermography is a simple, rapid, and noninvasive method for the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis (DVT). A comparative study between thermography and conventional phlebography has been performed in 121 legs. The thermographic criteria for diagnosis of DVT are described; posterior views were found to be advantageous in interpretation. The diagnostic agreement between the two methods was 90.1%. The localization diagnosis was somewhat less correct. The thermographic method is a reliable alternative in the diagnosis of acute DVT.", "contents": "Thermography. A noninvasive method for diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis. Thermography is a simple, rapid, and noninvasive method for the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis (DVT). A comparative study between thermography and conventional phlebography has been performed in 121 legs. The thermographic criteria for diagnosis of DVT are described; posterior views were found to be advantageous in interpretation. The diagnostic agreement between the two methods was 90.1%. The localization diagnosis was somewhat less correct. The thermographic method is a reliable alternative in the diagnosis of acute DVT.", "PMID": 857762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12452", "title": "Transmembrane bone morphogenesis across multiple-walled diffusion chambers. New evidence for a diffusible bone morphogenetic property.", "content": "Bone generation and regeneration are associated with a bone morphogen that recruits mesenchymal cells for differentiation into bone. Experiments with particulate bone matrix gelatin implanted in multiple-walled diffusion chambers suggest that bone morphogen is a rapidly diffusible molecule, and consists of a noncollagenous bone morphogenetic protein (BMP). When particulate bone matrix gelatin is implanted inside of diffusion chambers constructed of two to five membranes, ranging from 300 to 750 cu micronm in total thickness, large deposits of bone develop on the outside. The volumes of the deposits of new bone are inversely proportional to the thickness (or distance) of transmission of the BMP. Transmission for long distances through interstitial fluid can be accounted for by a low molecular mass hydrophobic BMP, disseminated according to the laws of diffusion.", "contents": "Transmembrane bone morphogenesis across multiple-walled diffusion chambers. New evidence for a diffusible bone morphogenetic property. Bone generation and regeneration are associated with a bone morphogen that recruits mesenchymal cells for differentiation into bone. Experiments with particulate bone matrix gelatin implanted in multiple-walled diffusion chambers suggest that bone morphogen is a rapidly diffusible molecule, and consists of a noncollagenous bone morphogenetic protein (BMP). When particulate bone matrix gelatin is implanted inside of diffusion chambers constructed of two to five membranes, ranging from 300 to 750 cu micronm in total thickness, large deposits of bone develop on the outside. The volumes of the deposits of new bone are inversely proportional to the thickness (or distance) of transmission of the BMP. Transmission for long distances through interstitial fluid can be accounted for by a low molecular mass hydrophobic BMP, disseminated according to the laws of diffusion.", "PMID": 857763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12453", "title": "Evaluation of posterior gastropexy for gastroesophageal reflux.", "content": "The efficacy of posterior gastropexy as an antireflux procedure and its mechanism of action were studied by manometry and cinefluorography in a canine model. Gastroesophageal incompetence was produced in 13 dogs by dividing the vagi below the diaphragm and displacing the gastroesophageal junction into the chest. Reflux was associated with a decrease in the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure measurements and in its response to abdominal compression. Posterior gastropexy done in seven dogs, improved both the resting and compression pressures in the LES, increased the length of the LES, and corrected reflux in five dogs. Replacement of the LES in the abdomen and crural (Allison) repair resulted in a similar increase in LES pressures and restored competence in four of the six animals. Neither procedure was able to restore the LES response to abdominal compression. Posterior gastropexy, like Allison repair, improves LES function by replacing it below the diaphragm, but does not produce a new valve.", "contents": "Evaluation of posterior gastropexy for gastroesophageal reflux. The efficacy of posterior gastropexy as an antireflux procedure and its mechanism of action were studied by manometry and cinefluorography in a canine model. Gastroesophageal incompetence was produced in 13 dogs by dividing the vagi below the diaphragm and displacing the gastroesophageal junction into the chest. Reflux was associated with a decrease in the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure measurements and in its response to abdominal compression. Posterior gastropexy done in seven dogs, improved both the resting and compression pressures in the LES, increased the length of the LES, and corrected reflux in five dogs. Replacement of the LES in the abdomen and crural (Allison) repair resulted in a similar increase in LES pressures and restored competence in four of the six animals. Neither procedure was able to restore the LES response to abdominal compression. Posterior gastropexy, like Allison repair, improves LES function by replacing it below the diaphragm, but does not produce a new valve.", "PMID": 857764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12454", "title": "Portacaval diversion for severe hypercholesterolemia. Report of a case with measurements of glucose tolerance, insulin, and glucagon levels.", "content": "An end-to-side portacaval shunt was performed in a patient with severe coronary arteriosclerosis and type IIa hypercholesterolemia. By one year postoperatively there was a decrease of serum cholesterol concentration of more than 40%. No adverse side effects were noted. Intravenous and oral glucose tolerance tests were performed and were within normal range preoperatively and postoperatively. However, preoperatively, during the oral test, the serum insulin levels exceeded the normal range. In addition, glucagon levels revealed less tendency to suppression during the preoperative oral tests. Psychological testing revealed no abnormalitites, and serum ammonia levels were only slightly elevated.", "contents": "Portacaval diversion for severe hypercholesterolemia. Report of a case with measurements of glucose tolerance, insulin, and glucagon levels. An end-to-side portacaval shunt was performed in a patient with severe coronary arteriosclerosis and type IIa hypercholesterolemia. By one year postoperatively there was a decrease of serum cholesterol concentration of more than 40%. No adverse side effects were noted. Intravenous and oral glucose tolerance tests were performed and were within normal range preoperatively and postoperatively. However, preoperatively, during the oral test, the serum insulin levels exceeded the normal range. In addition, glucagon levels revealed less tendency to suppression during the preoperative oral tests. Psychological testing revealed no abnormalitites, and serum ammonia levels were only slightly elevated.", "PMID": 857765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12455", "title": "Biliary lithiasis associated with ascariasis in a Nigerian woman.", "content": "We report the occurrence of gallstones and intrahepatic stones in association with ascarid invasion of the biliary tract in a 51-year-old Nigerian woman. Although biliary stones are known to be caused by products of Ascaris worms, no etiological association was demonstrable in this case. Invasion of the biliary tract by Ascaris worms is reported as rare in our environment where intestinal ascariasis is extremely common. It is suggested that the rarity is apparent rather than real and that it is important to bear this condition in mind in view of modern rapid migration of populations.", "contents": "Biliary lithiasis associated with ascariasis in a Nigerian woman. We report the occurrence of gallstones and intrahepatic stones in association with ascarid invasion of the biliary tract in a 51-year-old Nigerian woman. Although biliary stones are known to be caused by products of Ascaris worms, no etiological association was demonstrable in this case. Invasion of the biliary tract by Ascaris worms is reported as rare in our environment where intestinal ascariasis is extremely common. It is suggested that the rarity is apparent rather than real and that it is important to bear this condition in mind in view of modern rapid migration of populations.", "PMID": 857766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12456", "title": "Benign gastrocolic fistula healing with conservative management.", "content": "We report a case of gastrocolic fistula resulting from a benign gastric ulcer, diagnosed by barium meal and endoscopy. The fistula healed with conservative management and treatment with carbenoxolone sodium. To our knowledge this is the first reported case of successful conservative treatment of a benign gastrocolic fistula using carbenoxolone.", "contents": "Benign gastrocolic fistula healing with conservative management. We report a case of gastrocolic fistula resulting from a benign gastric ulcer, diagnosed by barium meal and endoscopy. The fistula healed with conservative management and treatment with carbenoxolone sodium. To our knowledge this is the first reported case of successful conservative treatment of a benign gastrocolic fistula using carbenoxolone.", "PMID": 857767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12457", "title": "Intermittent dislocation of the liver. A syndrome associated with volvulus of the transverse colon and stomach and obstructive jaundice.", "content": "Displacement of the right lobe of the liver into the left upper abdominal quadrant can occur only if the diaphragmatic attachments are congenitally absent or traumatically disrupted. To our knowledge, the former situation has not been previously described in an adult patient. A young man with a lifelong history of unexplained intermittent, bizarre upper abdominal pain was found to have a freely movable right lobe of the liver that was attached only to the inferior vena cava. When this lobe was intermittently displaced into the left upper abdomen, volvuli of both the stomach and transverse colon developed. Stretching and tension of the common bile duct on the round ligament resulted in intermittent jaundice. At operation, these findings were confirmed, and the right liver lobe was secured to the diaphragm in its normal position. In addition, the mesenteric attachments of the liver, stomach, and colon were plicated. The patient has had complete relief of all symptoms for the two years since his operation.", "contents": "Intermittent dislocation of the liver. A syndrome associated with volvulus of the transverse colon and stomach and obstructive jaundice. Displacement of the right lobe of the liver into the left upper abdominal quadrant can occur only if the diaphragmatic attachments are congenitally absent or traumatically disrupted. To our knowledge, the former situation has not been previously described in an adult patient. A young man with a lifelong history of unexplained intermittent, bizarre upper abdominal pain was found to have a freely movable right lobe of the liver that was attached only to the inferior vena cava. When this lobe was intermittently displaced into the left upper abdomen, volvuli of both the stomach and transverse colon developed. Stretching and tension of the common bile duct on the round ligament resulted in intermittent jaundice. At operation, these findings were confirmed, and the right liver lobe was secured to the diaphragm in its normal position. In addition, the mesenteric attachments of the liver, stomach, and colon were plicated. The patient has had complete relief of all symptoms for the two years since his operation.", "PMID": 857768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12458", "title": "Metallic foreign bodies in the stomach.", "content": "We present a case of a patient who ingested 648 metallic objects that formed an intertwining mass within the stomach, requiring operative removal. Of interest was the absence of symptoms and complications after 11 years of continual ingestion. To our knowledge, this is the second heaviest accumulation of metallic foreign objects removed from the stomach of a living patient.", "contents": "Metallic foreign bodies in the stomach. We present a case of a patient who ingested 648 metallic objects that formed an intertwining mass within the stomach, requiring operative removal. Of interest was the absence of symptoms and complications after 11 years of continual ingestion. To our knowledge, this is the second heaviest accumulation of metallic foreign objects removed from the stomach of a living patient.", "PMID": 857769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12459", "title": "Bypass enteritis or obstructive volvulus?", "content": "In a consecutive series of 40 Scott-type jejunoileal shunts for morbid obesity, only two patients had the bypassed bowel drained end-to-side into the midsigmoid colon. In both of these patients, typical \"bypass enteritis\" as described by Passaro developed, but they were found to have volvulus at the sigmoid anastomosis. Both were cured by take-down of the anastomosis and reimplantation of the bypassed bowel into the transverse colon. No antibiotic treatment was found necessary. We suspect that obstruction of a mechanical nature plays a basic role in most, if not all, cases of \"bypassed enteritis.\"", "contents": "Bypass enteritis or obstructive volvulus? In a consecutive series of 40 Scott-type jejunoileal shunts for morbid obesity, only two patients had the bypassed bowel drained end-to-side into the midsigmoid colon. In both of these patients, typical \"bypass enteritis\" as described by Passaro developed, but they were found to have volvulus at the sigmoid anastomosis. Both were cured by take-down of the anastomosis and reimplantation of the bypassed bowel into the transverse colon. No antibiotic treatment was found necessary. We suspect that obstruction of a mechanical nature plays a basic role in most, if not all, cases of \"bypassed enteritis.\"", "PMID": 857770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12460", "title": "Immunological potency of a subunit influenza vaccine in adults.", "content": "The immunological potency of a subunit influenza vaccine (from A/England/42/72 virus) and of two commercial whole-virus vaccines (containing either A/England/42/72 or A/Hong Kong/68 virus) was studied in adults in an industrial plant. Serum samples were taken in vaccinated and control non-vaccinated subjects prior to and three weeks and five months after the vaccination.  Most of the vaccinees developed high levels of hamagglutination inhibiting antibodies against all the type A influenza viruses employed in the test; these antigens included a new strain (A/Dunedin/73) that had not previously circulated in Czechoslovakia. The antibody response after the subunit vaccine was somewhat better than after the whole-virus vaccines administration. The whole-virus vaccine from the A/England/42/72 virus was more efficient in inducing antibody response against the more recent isolates than the A/Hong Kong/68 virus vaccine.", "contents": "Immunological potency of a subunit influenza vaccine in adults. The immunological potency of a subunit influenza vaccine (from A/England/42/72 virus) and of two commercial whole-virus vaccines (containing either A/England/42/72 or A/Hong Kong/68 virus) was studied in adults in an industrial plant. Serum samples were taken in vaccinated and control non-vaccinated subjects prior to and three weeks and five months after the vaccination.  Most of the vaccinees developed high levels of hamagglutination inhibiting antibodies against all the type A influenza viruses employed in the test; these antigens included a new strain (A/Dunedin/73) that had not previously circulated in Czechoslovakia. The antibody response after the subunit vaccine was somewhat better than after the whole-virus vaccines administration. The whole-virus vaccine from the A/England/42/72 virus was more efficient in inducing antibody response against the more recent isolates than the A/Hong Kong/68 virus vaccine.", "PMID": 857771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12461", "title": "Maturation defect of a temperature-sensitive mutant of western equine encephalitis virus.", "content": "The defective step of a temperature-sensitive mutant of western equine encephalitis virus, which synthesize viral RNA but not mature virus at the restrictive temperature, was studied. Cells infected with the mutant virus at the restrictive temperature synthesized the same intracellular viral RNA as that in wild type infection. Cells infected with the mutant at the restrictive temperature formed three proteins (E1, E2 and C) which migrated to positions identical with those of purified virions and a precursor protein of E2 (PE2). The mutant virus was also able to form cytoplasmic nucleocapsids sedimenting at 140S as in the case of wild type infection. On the other hand, cells infected with the mutant could not induce a significant amount of hemadsorbing ability and the ability induced at the permissive temperature disappeared immediately after shifting up to the restrictive temperature. These results suggested that the mutant virus produced a defective envelope protein responsible for hemagglutination at the restrictive temperature. Owing to the incompleteness of the modification of the cell plasma membrane by the envelope proteins, viral nucleocapsids in the mutant infected cells could not bind to the plasma membrane.", "contents": "Maturation defect of a temperature-sensitive mutant of western equine encephalitis virus. The defective step of a temperature-sensitive mutant of western equine encephalitis virus, which synthesize viral RNA but not mature virus at the restrictive temperature, was studied. Cells infected with the mutant virus at the restrictive temperature synthesized the same intracellular viral RNA as that in wild type infection. Cells infected with the mutant at the restrictive temperature formed three proteins (E1, E2 and C) which migrated to positions identical with those of purified virions and a precursor protein of E2 (PE2). The mutant virus was also able to form cytoplasmic nucleocapsids sedimenting at 140S as in the case of wild type infection. On the other hand, cells infected with the mutant could not induce a significant amount of hemadsorbing ability and the ability induced at the permissive temperature disappeared immediately after shifting up to the restrictive temperature. These results suggested that the mutant virus produced a defective envelope protein responsible for hemagglutination at the restrictive temperature. Owing to the incompleteness of the modification of the cell plasma membrane by the envelope proteins, viral nucleocapsids in the mutant infected cells could not bind to the plasma membrane.", "PMID": 857772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12462", "title": "Hamster brain tumor cells persistently infected with measles-subacute sclerosing panencephalitis virus.", "content": "A persistent infection was established in a cell line derived from a hamster brain tumor (HBT) with the HBS strain of measles-subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) virus. The persistently infected cells (HBT-M) were studied with regard to their growth in vitro and their transplantability in vivo. Although the growth of the HBT-M cells paralleled that of the HBT cells in vitro their transplantability was decreased in weanling hamsters. Hydrocortisone treatment of the hamsters abrogated the lowered transplantability restoring the tumor-producing capacity to levels comparable to the HBT cells. The decreased cell growth of the HBT-M cells in vivo was attributed to the acquisition of measles virus (MV) antigens and the host immune response directed against these new antigens.", "contents": "Hamster brain tumor cells persistently infected with measles-subacute sclerosing panencephalitis virus. A persistent infection was established in a cell line derived from a hamster brain tumor (HBT) with the HBS strain of measles-subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) virus. The persistently infected cells (HBT-M) were studied with regard to their growth in vitro and their transplantability in vivo. Although the growth of the HBT-M cells paralleled that of the HBT cells in vitro their transplantability was decreased in weanling hamsters. Hydrocortisone treatment of the hamsters abrogated the lowered transplantability restoring the tumor-producing capacity to levels comparable to the HBT cells. The decreased cell growth of the HBT-M cells in vivo was attributed to the acquisition of measles virus (MV) antigens and the host immune response directed against these new antigens.", "PMID": 857773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12463", "title": "[Autoradiographic study of mesothelial proliferation in white mice under experimental conditions].", "content": "The proliferative activity (mitotic cycle, proliferative pool) of the mesothelium of the parietal peritoneum of white mice acted upon by distilled water was studied autoradiographically with H3-thymidine. The mesothelium regenerated due to high mitotic activity and increased amount of polynuclear cells. The latter are formed as a result of amitotic and mitotic division of the nucleus without plasmotomy. The distribution of cells at the stage of DNA synthesis and mitosis in all the parietal peritoneum speaks of the absence of special proliferation zones.", "contents": "[Autoradiographic study of mesothelial proliferation in white mice under experimental conditions]. The proliferative activity (mitotic cycle, proliferative pool) of the mesothelium of the parietal peritoneum of white mice acted upon by distilled water was studied autoradiographically with H3-thymidine. The mesothelium regenerated due to high mitotic activity and increased amount of polynuclear cells. The latter are formed as a result of amitotic and mitotic division of the nucleus without plasmotomy. The distribution of cells at the stage of DNA synthesis and mitosis in all the parietal peritoneum speaks of the absence of special proliferation zones.", "PMID": 857774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12464", "title": "[Histochemical characteristics of the epithelial secretions of the avian muscular stomach].", "content": "The work was devoted to a histochemical studying of the covering lamina and other epithelial secretions of the avian muscular stomach. It has been shown that in its histochemical properties the secreted mucin is similar to mucous secretions of the enterodermal lining of the mammalian stomach and contains neutral polysaccharides, sulfo- and slilosaccharides. The protein component is represented by aminoacid residues of lysin, cystine, cystein. Formation of the mechanically firm structure--lamina is based on the substances of carbohydrate--protein nature secreted by the epithelial lining of the stomach.", "contents": "[Histochemical characteristics of the epithelial secretions of the avian muscular stomach]. The work was devoted to a histochemical studying of the covering lamina and other epithelial secretions of the avian muscular stomach. It has been shown that in its histochemical properties the secreted mucin is similar to mucous secretions of the enterodermal lining of the mammalian stomach and contains neutral polysaccharides, sulfo- and slilosaccharides. The protein component is represented by aminoacid residues of lysin, cystine, cystein. Formation of the mechanically firm structure--lamina is based on the substances of carbohydrate--protein nature secreted by the epithelial lining of the stomach.", "PMID": 857775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12465", "title": "[Interaction of fibers from the retina and visual region of the cortex in several subcortical visual formations of rats].", "content": "The medial nucleus of the optic tract, the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus and the superior colliculus have been studied using the light (Nissl, Golgi, Viktorov) and electron microscopic methods in normal rats and in rats which survived for different periods after enucleation or occipital cortical lesions. Data were obtained on differences in terminal patterns of the afferent pathways. The study of the neuronal and synaptic organization of subcortical visual centers showed the distinctions and correlation between the complexity of neuronal and synaptic organization. Three types of interrelations between the optic and cortical pathways on the efferent neurons of the investigated structures are suggested.", "contents": "[Interaction of fibers from the retina and visual region of the cortex in several subcortical visual formations of rats]. The medial nucleus of the optic tract, the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus and the superior colliculus have been studied using the light (Nissl, Golgi, Viktorov) and electron microscopic methods in normal rats and in rats which survived for different periods after enucleation or occipital cortical lesions. Data were obtained on differences in terminal patterns of the afferent pathways. The study of the neuronal and synaptic organization of subcortical visual centers showed the distinctions and correlation between the complexity of neuronal and synaptic organization. Three types of interrelations between the optic and cortical pathways on the efferent neurons of the investigated structures are suggested.", "PMID": 857776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12466", "title": "[Morphologic changes in synapses following conduction block in a medium of diminished ionic strength].", "content": "The moment of the conduction block was determined in the 10th sympathetic ganglion of the frog with the help of electrophysiological control of the total synaptic activity. After supravital staining with methylene blue the morphology of the synaptic pericellular apparatus was studied. It has been shown that most of synapses are in the intermediate phase (after Majorov) and have swollen, loosing their dye synaptic bouttons against the background of non-stained bodies of nerve cells. A supposition is made that due to the presence of single synapses with less pronounced changes under complete block of conducting it can not be excluded that the block may develop in the transition of the synapse from the phase of stained pericellular apparatus into an intermediate phase.", "contents": "[Morphologic changes in synapses following conduction block in a medium of diminished ionic strength]. The moment of the conduction block was determined in the 10th sympathetic ganglion of the frog with the help of electrophysiological control of the total synaptic activity. After supravital staining with methylene blue the morphology of the synaptic pericellular apparatus was studied. It has been shown that most of synapses are in the intermediate phase (after Majorov) and have swollen, loosing their dye synaptic bouttons against the background of non-stained bodies of nerve cells. A supposition is made that due to the presence of single synapses with less pronounced changes under complete block of conducting it can not be excluded that the block may develop in the transition of the synapse from the phase of stained pericellular apparatus into an intermediate phase.", "PMID": 857777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12467", "title": "[Morphologic changes in the internal organs and blood under conditions of disrupted lymph flow].", "content": "The histological study has shown that under conditions of the disturbed lymph outflow along the thoracic duct the intraorganic architecture of the vascular system of kidneys, liver, heart, lungs and pancreas undergoes reorganization and in the parenchyma and stroma of the organs there appear morphological changes. The intraorganic lymphatic and venous vessels were sharply dilated and considerable oedema of the perivascular connective tissue developed. Then, due to congestion of the lymph the interalveolar septa of the lung and the hepatic connective tissue fibres became hoarse and denser. In the heart and kidneys the protein dystrophy was mildly pronounced. The investigation of blood has demonstrated lymphocytopenia. The urea contained 1% of sugar.", "contents": "[Morphologic changes in the internal organs and blood under conditions of disrupted lymph flow]. The histological study has shown that under conditions of the disturbed lymph outflow along the thoracic duct the intraorganic architecture of the vascular system of kidneys, liver, heart, lungs and pancreas undergoes reorganization and in the parenchyma and stroma of the organs there appear morphological changes. The intraorganic lymphatic and venous vessels were sharply dilated and considerable oedema of the perivascular connective tissue developed. Then, due to congestion of the lymph the interalveolar septa of the lung and the hepatic connective tissue fibres became hoarse and denser. In the heart and kidneys the protein dystrophy was mildly pronounced. The investigation of blood has demonstrated lymphocytopenia. The urea contained 1% of sugar.", "PMID": 857778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12468", "title": "[Sequential demonstration of nucleic acids and protein fractions in the same cells].", "content": "Some combinations are suggested to reveal cell components in the following sequence: 1) RNA--DNA--total proteins; 2) RNA--DNA--histones; 3) RNA--DNA--histones--total proteins; 4) RNA--DNA--acidic proteins. RNA is stained with pyronin Y (in the mixture with methyl green). DNA--by the Feulgen procedure (with TCA hydrolysis), histones and total proteins--by Alfert--Geschwind's method and acidic proteins--according to the technique of Smetana and Bush. The details of the whole procedure, adopted for formol-fixed smears are described.", "contents": "[Sequential demonstration of nucleic acids and protein fractions in the same cells]. Some combinations are suggested to reveal cell components in the following sequence: 1) RNA--DNA--total proteins; 2) RNA--DNA--histones; 3) RNA--DNA--histones--total proteins; 4) RNA--DNA--acidic proteins. RNA is stained with pyronin Y (in the mixture with methyl green). DNA--by the Feulgen procedure (with TCA hydrolysis), histones and total proteins--by Alfert--Geschwind's method and acidic proteins--according to the technique of Smetana and Bush. The details of the whole procedure, adopted for formol-fixed smears are described.", "PMID": 857779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12469", "title": "[Morphologic changes in the myocardium outside the zone of an experimental infarct].", "content": "By means of histological and electron-microscopic methods of investigation it was established that in the areas of the myocardium remote from the zone of the ligated coronary artery at early periods of the experiment there were noted impairment of the circulation and also dystrophic and necrobiotic changes in myocytes. Therefore the extra-infarction regions of the myocardium may not be considered as intact. An important role in the development of changes in the contractile elements of the myocardium was played by impairment of the circulation in the areas of the cardiac muscle remote from infarction, their acute functional overloading and also activation of the sympathoadrenal system.", "contents": "[Morphologic changes in the myocardium outside the zone of an experimental infarct]. By means of histological and electron-microscopic methods of investigation it was established that in the areas of the myocardium remote from the zone of the ligated coronary artery at early periods of the experiment there were noted impairment of the circulation and also dystrophic and necrobiotic changes in myocytes. Therefore the extra-infarction regions of the myocardium may not be considered as intact. An important role in the development of changes in the contractile elements of the myocardium was played by impairment of the circulation in the areas of the cardiac muscle remote from infarction, their acute functional overloading and also activation of the sympathoadrenal system.", "PMID": 857780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12470", "title": "[Menetrier's disease associated with a rectal polyp].", "content": "A rare case of concomitance of Menetrier's disease and malignant polyp of the rectum in a 53-year old man is described. Histological and histochemical investigations of the polyp and the gastric mucosa showed that the latter was characterized by pronounced hypertrophy with the presence of numerous cysts of different sizes. In malignant areas of the polyp the slackening of Schick's test and activity of some enzymes were observed. The assumption was put forward that morphogenesis of such proliferation is based on similar disregenerative processes, despite different morphological manifestations of these processes depending on their localization.", "contents": "[Menetrier's disease associated with a rectal polyp]. A rare case of concomitance of Menetrier's disease and malignant polyp of the rectum in a 53-year old man is described. Histological and histochemical investigations of the polyp and the gastric mucosa showed that the latter was characterized by pronounced hypertrophy with the presence of numerous cysts of different sizes. In malignant areas of the polyp the slackening of Schick's test and activity of some enzymes were observed. The assumption was put forward that morphogenesis of such proliferation is based on similar disregenerative processes, despite different morphological manifestations of these processes depending on their localization.", "PMID": 857781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12471", "title": "Neuroepidemiology. Incidents, incidence, and coincidence.", "content": "Neuroepidemiology is concerned with the study of incidents of neurological disease occurring in a community. It deals with the distribution and dynamics of neurological disease in human populations and the factors that affect these patterns. To estimate the magnitude of the disease burden in the population, the neuroepidemiologist calculates indices of disease, such as mortality, prevalence, and incidence. In studying factors associated with disease, the investigator must establish whether the relationship (1) is artifactual, (2) appears to be the result of a chance occurrence or coincidence, and (3) has any biologic significance. The clinical neurologist is the central figure in neuroepidemiologic investigations. The greater the accuracy and completeness of the neurologist's information, the better the quality of neuroepidemiologic studies based on these data.", "contents": "Neuroepidemiology. Incidents, incidence, and coincidence. Neuroepidemiology is concerned with the study of incidents of neurological disease occurring in a community. It deals with the distribution and dynamics of neurological disease in human populations and the factors that affect these patterns. To estimate the magnitude of the disease burden in the population, the neuroepidemiologist calculates indices of disease, such as mortality, prevalence, and incidence. In studying factors associated with disease, the investigator must establish whether the relationship (1) is artifactual, (2) appears to be the result of a chance occurrence or coincidence, and (3) has any biologic significance. The clinical neurologist is the central figure in neuroepidemiologic investigations. The greater the accuracy and completeness of the neurologist's information, the better the quality of neuroepidemiologic studies based on these data.", "PMID": 857782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12472", "title": "Catecholamine-induced muscle weakness.", "content": "Infusions of epinephrine or levarterenol bitartrate into a rabbit nerve-muscle preparation decreased the force of the evoked twitch of anterior tibial and gastrocnemius-soleus muscles. The adverse effect of the catecholamines was not directly on skeletal muscle. The alpha-receptor blocking drug phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride prevented the adverse effect of the catecholamines if it was given prior to catecholamine infusions and unmasked a weak augmentation of twitch tension. Taken with the finding of abnormal accumulation of catecholamine in human dystrophic muscles, the production of an experimental myopathy resembling human dystrophy by the monoamine oxidase inhibitor pargyline hydrochloride, and the finding of excessive levels of catecholamines in the tissues and urine of dystrophic animals, these experiments support the hypothesis that catecholamines could play a pathogenetic role in some dystrophic diseases of muscle.", "contents": "Catecholamine-induced muscle weakness. Infusions of epinephrine or levarterenol bitartrate into a rabbit nerve-muscle preparation decreased the force of the evoked twitch of anterior tibial and gastrocnemius-soleus muscles. The adverse effect of the catecholamines was not directly on skeletal muscle. The alpha-receptor blocking drug phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride prevented the adverse effect of the catecholamines if it was given prior to catecholamine infusions and unmasked a weak augmentation of twitch tension. Taken with the finding of abnormal accumulation of catecholamine in human dystrophic muscles, the production of an experimental myopathy resembling human dystrophy by the monoamine oxidase inhibitor pargyline hydrochloride, and the finding of excessive levels of catecholamines in the tissues and urine of dystrophic animals, these experiments support the hypothesis that catecholamines could play a pathogenetic role in some dystrophic diseases of muscle.", "PMID": 857783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12473", "title": "The cellular pathology of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis. A golgi-electronmicroscopic study.", "content": "A cerebral biopsy specimen from a 4-year-old girl with a moderately advanced stage of the late infantile form of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis was observed in routine cell and fiber stains and in Golgi and electronmicroscopic preparations. There was no evidence of neuronal degeneration or loss. Golgi impregnations identified a fusiform enlargement of proximal axon segments of most pyramidal neurons and some polymorphic neurons but not of other cortical neuronal classes. Typical curvilinear inclusions were found in all cells and appeared to be impacted within the dilated proximal axon segments of pyramidal neurons. The numbers of type II synapses on the axon hillock and dilated proximal axon segments of pyramidal neurons were much reduced, whereas type I synapses remained abundant in the neuropil.", "contents": "The cellular pathology of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis. A golgi-electronmicroscopic study. A cerebral biopsy specimen from a 4-year-old girl with a moderately advanced stage of the late infantile form of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis was observed in routine cell and fiber stains and in Golgi and electronmicroscopic preparations. There was no evidence of neuronal degeneration or loss. Golgi impregnations identified a fusiform enlargement of proximal axon segments of most pyramidal neurons and some polymorphic neurons but not of other cortical neuronal classes. Typical curvilinear inclusions were found in all cells and appeared to be impacted within the dilated proximal axon segments of pyramidal neurons. The numbers of type II synapses on the axon hillock and dilated proximal axon segments of pyramidal neurons were much reduced, whereas type I synapses remained abundant in the neuropil.", "PMID": 857784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12474", "title": "Transient global amnesia due to a dominant hemisphere tumor.", "content": "Transient global amnesia is generally regarded as a benign syndrome of probable vascular etiology. We describe a man who experienced a single episode of transient global amnesia and subsequently developed a progressive dominant hemispheric syndrome. Neuroradiologic investigations and the patient's subsequent death strongly suggest that his disease was due to a left temporal-parietal mass lesion. Although the syndrome is most often benign, such patients should be examined for mass lesions.", "contents": "Transient global amnesia due to a dominant hemisphere tumor. Transient global amnesia is generally regarded as a benign syndrome of probable vascular etiology. We describe a man who experienced a single episode of transient global amnesia and subsequently developed a progressive dominant hemispheric syndrome. Neuroradiologic investigations and the patient's subsequent death strongly suggest that his disease was due to a left temporal-parietal mass lesion. Although the syndrome is most often benign, such patients should be examined for mass lesions.", "PMID": 857785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12475", "title": "IgE studies on respiratory tract allergies.", "content": "The IgE content was determined and specific IgE antibodies were identified in serum samples and nasal secretions of 40 control subjects, 103 patients with nasal allergy, and 37 patients with bronchial asthma using a radioimmunosorbent test an both the serum samples and nasal secretions of allergic patients. Approximately 70% of the serum samples and nasal secretions obtained from patients with positive house dust skin test results were found to contain specific IgE antibodies to mites. The results of this study proved the usefulness of the determination of IgE and specific IgE antibodies in the diagnosis and study of the pathogenesis of respiratory tract allergies. The IgE in nasal secretions was much more closely related to pathogenesis of respiratory allergies than was IgE in serum samples. However, unless more concentrated nasal secretions are assayed, the diagnostic value is limited.", "contents": "IgE studies on respiratory tract allergies. The IgE content was determined and specific IgE antibodies were identified in serum samples and nasal secretions of 40 control subjects, 103 patients with nasal allergy, and 37 patients with bronchial asthma using a radioimmunosorbent test an both the serum samples and nasal secretions of allergic patients. Approximately 70% of the serum samples and nasal secretions obtained from patients with positive house dust skin test results were found to contain specific IgE antibodies to mites. The results of this study proved the usefulness of the determination of IgE and specific IgE antibodies in the diagnosis and study of the pathogenesis of respiratory tract allergies. The IgE in nasal secretions was much more closely related to pathogenesis of respiratory allergies than was IgE in serum samples. However, unless more concentrated nasal secretions are assayed, the diagnostic value is limited.", "PMID": 857786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12476", "title": "A reevaluation of the Frey syndrome following parotid surgery.", "content": "The Frey syndrome, or gustatory sweating, is an accepted complication of parotid gland surgery that may occur with varying degrees of secerity. Since misdirection of auriculotemporal secretomotor nerve fibers has been found to play an important role in the development of the syndrome, a study was initiated to attempt mechanical interference with the regenerating fibers of the nerve. A superiorly based muscle flap from the sternocleidomastoid muscle was developed to cover the operative wound after either partial or complete parotidectomy. Results in 35 patients with such a muscle flap were compared with those in 35 control patients for the presence of absence of the Frey syndrome; the muscle flap was shown to be ineffective in preventing occurrence of gustatory sweating. Moreover, gustatory sweating to varying degrees was present in 34 patients with the muscle flap and in 33 control patients. Also, only 23 of the 70 patients had subjective complaints related to the syndrome, none of whom was incapacitated ore required additional measures for care.", "contents": "A reevaluation of the Frey syndrome following parotid surgery. The Frey syndrome, or gustatory sweating, is an accepted complication of parotid gland surgery that may occur with varying degrees of secerity. Since misdirection of auriculotemporal secretomotor nerve fibers has been found to play an important role in the development of the syndrome, a study was initiated to attempt mechanical interference with the regenerating fibers of the nerve. A superiorly based muscle flap from the sternocleidomastoid muscle was developed to cover the operative wound after either partial or complete parotidectomy. Results in 35 patients with such a muscle flap were compared with those in 35 control patients for the presence of absence of the Frey syndrome; the muscle flap was shown to be ineffective in preventing occurrence of gustatory sweating. Moreover, gustatory sweating to varying degrees was present in 34 patients with the muscle flap and in 33 control patients. Also, only 23 of the 70 patients had subjective complaints related to the syndrome, none of whom was incapacitated ore required additional measures for care.", "PMID": 857787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12477", "title": "Endolymphatic sac surgery for hearing conservation in Meniere disease.", "content": "Thirty-five patients with Meniere disease underwent endolymphatic sac decompression and drainage with a Silastic sac-mastoid shunt. On the basis of patients' responses to a questionnaire and on analysis of preoperative and postoperative audiometric studies, we found the method to be an effective means for conservation or improvement of hearing and for relief of vertigo in patients with positive glycerol tests. Of the 35 patients, eight had negative glycerol tests and did not benefit from surgery (P less than .001). Of the 27 patients with positive glycerol tests, 70.4% (19) had no further vertigo, and 18,5% (5) had decreased frequency or severity of attacks (an overall relief of vertigo in 88.9%). Hearing was improved in 16 (59.2%) and stabilized in five (18.5%). Subjectively, 85.2% (23/35) of the patients were satisfied with the hearing results of their operation.", "contents": "Endolymphatic sac surgery for hearing conservation in Meniere disease. Thirty-five patients with Meniere disease underwent endolymphatic sac decompression and drainage with a Silastic sac-mastoid shunt. On the basis of patients' responses to a questionnaire and on analysis of preoperative and postoperative audiometric studies, we found the method to be an effective means for conservation or improvement of hearing and for relief of vertigo in patients with positive glycerol tests. Of the 35 patients, eight had negative glycerol tests and did not benefit from surgery (P less than .001). Of the 27 patients with positive glycerol tests, 70.4% (19) had no further vertigo, and 18,5% (5) had decreased frequency or severity of attacks (an overall relief of vertigo in 88.9%). Hearing was improved in 16 (59.2%) and stabilized in five (18.5%). Subjectively, 85.2% (23/35) of the patients were satisfied with the hearing results of their operation.", "PMID": 857788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12478", "title": "Anaerobic bacteria in chronic otitis media.", "content": "The bacteriology of 70 consecutive cases of active chronic otitis media was studied. Using appropriate technology, anaerobic bacteria were recovered in 33%, Bacteroides species accounting for one half of them. They were always found in mixed infections involving the average of 3.8 bacteria, 1.9 anaerobic, and 1.9 facultative species. The bacteriology was relatively stable from one ear to the other in the ten bilateral cases studied. The results were alike in the groups differing with respect to local antimicrobial therapy or appearance of the middle ear discharge. The cases with chronic otitis in spite of previous radical surgery presented more often with anaerobic infection than the unoperated ones, and none of them yielded sterile cultures. The recognition of anerobic middle ear infections may be clinically significant because the susceptibilities of the organisms to antimicrobial agents and to air are characteristically different from those of aerobic or facultative bacteria.", "contents": "Anaerobic bacteria in chronic otitis media. The bacteriology of 70 consecutive cases of active chronic otitis media was studied. Using appropriate technology, anaerobic bacteria were recovered in 33%, Bacteroides species accounting for one half of them. They were always found in mixed infections involving the average of 3.8 bacteria, 1.9 anaerobic, and 1.9 facultative species. The bacteriology was relatively stable from one ear to the other in the ten bilateral cases studied. The results were alike in the groups differing with respect to local antimicrobial therapy or appearance of the middle ear discharge. The cases with chronic otitis in spite of previous radical surgery presented more often with anaerobic infection than the unoperated ones, and none of them yielded sterile cultures. The recognition of anerobic middle ear infections may be clinically significant because the susceptibilities of the organisms to antimicrobial agents and to air are characteristically different from those of aerobic or facultative bacteria.", "PMID": 857789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12479", "title": "Surgery and histopathology of the stapes in osteogenesis imperfecta tarda.", "content": "Fourteen stapedectomies were performed on ten patients with osteogenesis imperfecta tarda. Clinically, the footplates were softer and more tenuously fixed than in otosclerosis and floating footplates seemed more common. Stapes and stapes fragments from all 14 operations were examined microscopically. The histopathology of osteogenesis imperfecta was contrasted to that of otosclerosis. We believe that the greater degree of structural disorganization and greater area occupied by resorption spaces clearly distinguish the new bone formed in osteogenesis imperfecta from otosclerosis.", "contents": "Surgery and histopathology of the stapes in osteogenesis imperfecta tarda. Fourteen stapedectomies were performed on ten patients with osteogenesis imperfecta tarda. Clinically, the footplates were softer and more tenuously fixed than in otosclerosis and floating footplates seemed more common. Stapes and stapes fragments from all 14 operations were examined microscopically. The histopathology of osteogenesis imperfecta was contrasted to that of otosclerosis. We believe that the greater degree of structural disorganization and greater area occupied by resorption spaces clearly distinguish the new bone formed in osteogenesis imperfecta from otosclerosis.", "PMID": 857790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12480", "title": "Massive neuraxial spread of aural rhabdomyosarcoma.", "content": "An embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma that initially was seen as a polyp in the external auditory canal underwent uncontrollable direct extension along the facial nerve through the internal auditory meatus, with encasement of the base of the brain and entire spinal cord despite radical surgery, supervoltage irradiation, and multidrug chemotherapy. This degree of massive neuraxial spread without systemic metastases appears to be unique.", "contents": "Massive neuraxial spread of aural rhabdomyosarcoma. An embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma that initially was seen as a polyp in the external auditory canal underwent uncontrollable direct extension along the facial nerve through the internal auditory meatus, with encasement of the base of the brain and entire spinal cord despite radical surgery, supervoltage irradiation, and multidrug chemotherapy. This degree of massive neuraxial spread without systemic metastases appears to be unique.", "PMID": 857791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12481", "title": "Tuberculin sensitivity of cattle inoculated with atypical mycobacteria isolated from cattle, feral pigs and trought water.", "content": "Each of 12 cattle was inoculated either subcutaneously and intradermally or into a mesenteric lymph node with 1 of 8 species of liver atypical mycobacteria isolated from cattle, cattle trough water and feral pigs. Seventy-eight days after inoculation the cattle were tuberculin tested with bovine PPD, avian PPD and homologous heat-concentrated syntheic medium tuberculins. They were killed 85 days after inoculation. Organisms were cultured from caseous granulomas at all sites in cattle inoculated with M. avium serotype 2. M. simiae was recovered from a granuloma at the subcutaneous site. Acid-fast bacilli were isolated from the mesenteric lymph node inoculated with trough water organisms. At 72 h, all the cattle had produced skin reactions of 4 mm or more to the homologous tuberculins and all except 1 produced a similar response to avian PPD. Only isolates of bovine origin sensitised cattle to bovine PPD to this degree, and these reactions were less than the corresponding response to avian PPD.", "contents": "Tuberculin sensitivity of cattle inoculated with atypical mycobacteria isolated from cattle, feral pigs and trought water. Each of 12 cattle was inoculated either subcutaneously and intradermally or into a mesenteric lymph node with 1 of 8 species of liver atypical mycobacteria isolated from cattle, cattle trough water and feral pigs. Seventy-eight days after inoculation the cattle were tuberculin tested with bovine PPD, avian PPD and homologous heat-concentrated syntheic medium tuberculins. They were killed 85 days after inoculation. Organisms were cultured from caseous granulomas at all sites in cattle inoculated with M. avium serotype 2. M. simiae was recovered from a granuloma at the subcutaneous site. Acid-fast bacilli were isolated from the mesenteric lymph node inoculated with trough water organisms. At 72 h, all the cattle had produced skin reactions of 4 mm or more to the homologous tuberculins and all except 1 produced a similar response to avian PPD. Only isolates of bovine origin sensitised cattle to bovine PPD to this degree, and these reactions were less than the corresponding response to avian PPD.", "PMID": 857792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12482", "title": "Synchronisation of oestrus in beef cattle artificial breeding programs using prostaglandin F2alpha.", "content": "PGF2alpha either as a subcutaneous injection (8 or 10mg) or intrauterine infusion (dose 5 mg) successfully synchronised oestrus in beef cattle AI programs. The beef cattle programs were managed by 1 of the following 2 systems. 1. Two 10-day insemination periods, 1 for the first and the second for the repeat inseminations. Oestrus was detected and oestrus cows inseminated for the first 4 days of the first period. On the fifth day all cows not inseminated were treated with PGF2alpha. The treated cattle came into oestrus and were inseminated over the following 2 to 5 days. 2. Two PGF2alpha treatments 10 days appart followed by two 4-day insemination perids. During the first 4-day period, cows exhibiting synchronised oestrus were inseminated. Cows returning to oestrus were inseminated during the second 4-day period, about 18 days after the first, period. Synchronisation of oestrus was not sharp, oestrus being distributed over 7 days, with the majority of cows being in oestrus on the third (42.3%) and fourth (22.4%) days. The route of administration of PGF2alpha (injection or infusion) did not effect oestrus synchronisation. PGF2alpha by either route of administration did not effect the fertility of cows inseminated at either the synchronised or subsequent oestrus. Pregnancy rates at the synchronised oestrus were higher when cows were inseminated after dectection of oestrus than when they were inseminated without reference to oestrus at a fixed time 3 days after PGF2alpha treatment (mass injection). Oestrus synchronisation greatly reduced the input of time, labour and feed required during the total program. However, oestrus synchronisation did not alter the overall efficiency of artificial breeding programs measured in terms of the proportion of cattle entering a program that were inseminated and became pregnant. The main problem encountered was drug wastage through unknowingly treating cows and heifers that were not cycling.", "contents": "Synchronisation of oestrus in beef cattle artificial breeding programs using prostaglandin F2alpha. PGF2alpha either as a subcutaneous injection (8 or 10mg) or intrauterine infusion (dose 5 mg) successfully synchronised oestrus in beef cattle AI programs. The beef cattle programs were managed by 1 of the following 2 systems. 1. Two 10-day insemination periods, 1 for the first and the second for the repeat inseminations. Oestrus was detected and oestrus cows inseminated for the first 4 days of the first period. On the fifth day all cows not inseminated were treated with PGF2alpha. The treated cattle came into oestrus and were inseminated over the following 2 to 5 days. 2. Two PGF2alpha treatments 10 days appart followed by two 4-day insemination perids. During the first 4-day period, cows exhibiting synchronised oestrus were inseminated. Cows returning to oestrus were inseminated during the second 4-day period, about 18 days after the first, period. Synchronisation of oestrus was not sharp, oestrus being distributed over 7 days, with the majority of cows being in oestrus on the third (42.3%) and fourth (22.4%) days. The route of administration of PGF2alpha (injection or infusion) did not effect oestrus synchronisation. PGF2alpha by either route of administration did not effect the fertility of cows inseminated at either the synchronised or subsequent oestrus. Pregnancy rates at the synchronised oestrus were higher when cows were inseminated after dectection of oestrus than when they were inseminated without reference to oestrus at a fixed time 3 days after PGF2alpha treatment (mass injection). Oestrus synchronisation greatly reduced the input of time, labour and feed required during the total program. However, oestrus synchronisation did not alter the overall efficiency of artificial breeding programs measured in terms of the proportion of cattle entering a program that were inseminated and became pregnant. The main problem encountered was drug wastage through unknowingly treating cows and heifers that were not cycling.", "PMID": 857793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12483", "title": "Some causes of wastage in beef cattle artificial breeding.", "content": "Causes of reproductive loss in beef cattle AI programs were inadequate oestrus detection, use of vasectomised bulls, reduced inseminator efficiency, inadequate nutrition and infectious reproductive diseases (vibriosis and IPV). Nine case histories were presented detailing the symptoms and diagnosis of low reproductive performance.", "contents": "Some causes of wastage in beef cattle artificial breeding. Causes of reproductive loss in beef cattle AI programs were inadequate oestrus detection, use of vasectomised bulls, reduced inseminator efficiency, inadequate nutrition and infectious reproductive diseases (vibriosis and IPV). Nine case histories were presented detailing the symptoms and diagnosis of low reproductive performance.", "PMID": 857794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12484", "title": "Studies on heat output from the hand of frostbite subjects.", "content": "We studied 12 subjects, who had suffered first- to third-degree frostbite at high altitude during winter, at Delhi, India. At normal sea level pressure there (PB 740 mm Hg) and in a decompression chamber at a simulated altitude of 4085 m, the studies were at both 26 degrees C and 6.8 degrees C. A group of control (non-frostbite) subjects of comparable age were also studied for their heat output at 26 degrees C, PB 740 mm Hg. Heat output from the hands of a group of mountaineers from the sea level was also studied at 2121 m at 25 degrees C and 4485 m at 7 degrees C. The results indicated that the frostbite subjects had a significantly higher heat ouput at PB 740 mm Hg and 26 degrees C than the non-frostbite subjects. When the former were tested at sea level (PB 740 mm Hg) at 6.8 degrees C, the hand heat output showed a marked and significant decrease. On testing them at a simulated altitude of 4085 m at 26 degrees C and at 6.8 degrees C, a very highly significant reduction in hand heat output was observed compared to their initial value at sea level (740 mm Hg) and 26 degrees C. Their hand heat output also showed a very highly significant decrease compared to mountaineers at 4485 m and 7 degrees C.", "contents": "Studies on heat output from the hand of frostbite subjects. We studied 12 subjects, who had suffered first- to third-degree frostbite at high altitude during winter, at Delhi, India. At normal sea level pressure there (PB 740 mm Hg) and in a decompression chamber at a simulated altitude of 4085 m, the studies were at both 26 degrees C and 6.8 degrees C. A group of control (non-frostbite) subjects of comparable age were also studied for their heat output at 26 degrees C, PB 740 mm Hg. Heat output from the hands of a group of mountaineers from the sea level was also studied at 2121 m at 25 degrees C and 4485 m at 7 degrees C. The results indicated that the frostbite subjects had a significantly higher heat ouput at PB 740 mm Hg and 26 degrees C than the non-frostbite subjects. When the former were tested at sea level (PB 740 mm Hg) at 6.8 degrees C, the hand heat output showed a marked and significant decrease. On testing them at a simulated altitude of 4085 m at 26 degrees C and at 6.8 degrees C, a very highly significant reduction in hand heat output was observed compared to their initial value at sea level (740 mm Hg) and 26 degrees C. Their hand heat output also showed a very highly significant decrease compared to mountaineers at 4485 m and 7 degrees C.", "PMID": 857795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12485", "title": "Microvascular pressure responses of second-generation rats chronically exposed to 2 G centrifugation.", "content": "The purpose of thses studies was to compare systemic arterial and microvascular pressures in the second generation of rats reared in a 2-G centrifuge with pressure data from animals subjected to 1 G centrifugation. Systemic arterial pressures were measured in anesthetized animals via carotid catheters and microvascular pressures were measured in mesenteric arterioles by a micropipette servo-null system. Systemic arterial pressures in the 1-G and 2-G groups were not significantly different from each other, but both were considerably higher than those reported for normal rats. In the microcirculation, pressures in the terminal arterioles (20 to 35 micron) were significantly higher in the 2-G animals, but pressures at the level of the smaller (10 to 15 micron) precapillary arterioles were not significantly different between the two groups. The pressure responses to intravenous infusion of norepinephrine were also compared in the two groups and found to be significantly less in the 2-G animals. It is concluded that both 1 G and 2 G chronic centrifugation will elevate arterial blood pressure, and that 2 G, of itself, will affect the pressure distribution in the microcirculation as well as attenuate the pressor effects of norepinephrine.", "contents": "Microvascular pressure responses of second-generation rats chronically exposed to 2 G centrifugation. The purpose of thses studies was to compare systemic arterial and microvascular pressures in the second generation of rats reared in a 2-G centrifuge with pressure data from animals subjected to 1 G centrifugation. Systemic arterial pressures were measured in anesthetized animals via carotid catheters and microvascular pressures were measured in mesenteric arterioles by a micropipette servo-null system. Systemic arterial pressures in the 1-G and 2-G groups were not significantly different from each other, but both were considerably higher than those reported for normal rats. In the microcirculation, pressures in the terminal arterioles (20 to 35 micron) were significantly higher in the 2-G animals, but pressures at the level of the smaller (10 to 15 micron) precapillary arterioles were not significantly different between the two groups. The pressure responses to intravenous infusion of norepinephrine were also compared in the two groups and found to be significantly less in the 2-G animals. It is concluded that both 1 G and 2 G chronic centrifugation will elevate arterial blood pressure, and that 2 G, of itself, will affect the pressure distribution in the microcirculation as well as attenuate the pressor effects of norepinephrine.", "PMID": 857796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12486", "title": "Noninvasive determination of cardiac output by a modified acetylene rebreathing procedure utilizing mass spectrometer measurements.", "content": "A modified acetylene rebreathing technique for measuring cardiac output has been developed utilizing a mass spectrometer for measuring gas concentrations. Helium serves as an indicator of mixing and system volume. The disappearance rate of acetylene is proportional to pulmonary capillary blood flow, which is taken as an index of cardiac output. The method also provides an estimate of pulmonary tissue volume. The technique was assessed by comparing 22 simultaneous acetylene and dye-dilution cardiac outputs measured at rest and during exercise in six healthy subjects. There was no significant difference between the mean acetylene and dye-dilution cardiac output values (11.5 l/min vs. 11.24 l/min, respectively). The correlation coefficient was 0.94 and the S.E.M. difference was 0.53 l. The effect of the procedure on cardiac output was evaluated in a separate study of six subjects. There was a significant positive correlation between respiratory rate and cardiac output; but the magnitude of this effect was small, indicating that accurate measurements may be made at spontaneous respiratory rates.", "contents": "Noninvasive determination of cardiac output by a modified acetylene rebreathing procedure utilizing mass spectrometer measurements. A modified acetylene rebreathing technique for measuring cardiac output has been developed utilizing a mass spectrometer for measuring gas concentrations. Helium serves as an indicator of mixing and system volume. The disappearance rate of acetylene is proportional to pulmonary capillary blood flow, which is taken as an index of cardiac output. The method also provides an estimate of pulmonary tissue volume. The technique was assessed by comparing 22 simultaneous acetylene and dye-dilution cardiac outputs measured at rest and during exercise in six healthy subjects. There was no significant difference between the mean acetylene and dye-dilution cardiac output values (11.5 l/min vs. 11.24 l/min, respectively). The correlation coefficient was 0.94 and the S.E.M. difference was 0.53 l. The effect of the procedure on cardiac output was evaluated in a separate study of six subjects. There was a significant positive correlation between respiratory rate and cardiac output; but the magnitude of this effect was small, indicating that accurate measurements may be made at spontaneous respiratory rates.", "PMID": 857797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12487", "title": "Athletic endurance training - advantage for space flight?: The significance of physical fitness for selection and training of spacelab crews.", "content": "While intensive physical exercise has been part of the conditioning of astronauts and consmonauts for spaceflights, its benefits have been questioned. After reviewing the pertinent literature, it is concluded that the morphological and functional changes obtained with athletic endurance training are rather  specific and of no general advantage for the tolerance to space stresses. Particularly during gravitational loads, in the relaxed subject, these changes allow a more pronounced shift of fluid into the lower extremities, with the possible consequence of a reduced tolerance. This unfavourable response, obviously, is accentuated through immersion and weightlessness. The aerobic work capacity is also more impaired in athletes. Based on these conclusions, recommendations for crews and passengers of future Spacelab missions are given with respect to selection and pre-and in-flight physical exercise.", "contents": "Athletic endurance training - advantage for space flight?: The significance of physical fitness for selection and training of spacelab crews. While intensive physical exercise has been part of the conditioning of astronauts and consmonauts for spaceflights, its benefits have been questioned. After reviewing the pertinent literature, it is concluded that the morphological and functional changes obtained with athletic endurance training are rather  specific and of no general advantage for the tolerance to space stresses. Particularly during gravitational loads, in the relaxed subject, these changes allow a more pronounced shift of fluid into the lower extremities, with the possible consequence of a reduced tolerance. This unfavourable response, obviously, is accentuated through immersion and weightlessness. The aerobic work capacity is also more impaired in athletes. Based on these conclusions, recommendations for crews and passengers of future Spacelab missions are given with respect to selection and pre-and in-flight physical exercise.", "PMID": 857798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12488", "title": "Variation of forearm, hand, and finger blood flow indices with ambient temperature.", "content": "Impedance plethysmography was used to measure bilateral blood flow in the forearms, hands, and digits of seven healthy male subjects. The objectives were to determine the degree of symmetry between right and left body segments and to quantify the extent of vasomotor change at ambient temperatures ranging from 10 degrees to 46 degrees C. The mean forearm blood flow index ranged from 3.9 ml/(100 ml . min) at 10 degrees C to 7.5 ml/(100 ml . min) at 46 degrees C. Mean hand blood flow indices increased from 1.6 ml/(100 ml . min) at 10 degrees C to 10.7 ml (100 ml . min) at 46 degrees C. Finger blood flow indices in the proximal and medial phalanges of the five digits ranged from less than 1.0 ml/(100 ml . min) at 10 degrees C to over 27.0 ml/(100 ml . min) at 46 degrees C. Although each subject demonstrated variations in right and left side blood flow during any selected experiment the grouped mean flow indices exhibited no statistically significant side dominance. These experiments quantify the vasomotor alterations in the upper extremities and indicate that the more distal body segments exhibit relatively larger vasomotor responses to changes in ambient temperature than do the more proximal body segments.", "contents": "Variation of forearm, hand, and finger blood flow indices with ambient temperature. Impedance plethysmography was used to measure bilateral blood flow in the forearms, hands, and digits of seven healthy male subjects. The objectives were to determine the degree of symmetry between right and left body segments and to quantify the extent of vasomotor change at ambient temperatures ranging from 10 degrees to 46 degrees C. The mean forearm blood flow index ranged from 3.9 ml/(100 ml . min) at 10 degrees C to 7.5 ml/(100 ml . min) at 46 degrees C. Mean hand blood flow indices increased from 1.6 ml/(100 ml . min) at 10 degrees C to 10.7 ml (100 ml . min) at 46 degrees C. Finger blood flow indices in the proximal and medial phalanges of the five digits ranged from less than 1.0 ml/(100 ml . min) at 10 degrees C to over 27.0 ml/(100 ml . min) at 46 degrees C. Although each subject demonstrated variations in right and left side blood flow during any selected experiment the grouped mean flow indices exhibited no statistically significant side dominance. These experiments quantify the vasomotor alterations in the upper extremities and indicate that the more distal body segments exhibit relatively larger vasomotor responses to changes in ambient temperature than do the more proximal body segments.", "PMID": 857799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12489", "title": "Optokinetic motion sickness: continuous head movements attenuate the visual induction of apparent self-rotation and symptoms of motion sickness.", "content": "Symptoms of motion sickness are sometimes experienced during exposure to optokinetic stimulation. Two experimetns were performed to compare the symptoms of motion sickness  elicited when subjects were exposed to incremental changes in optokinetic stimulation while sitting passively and while continuously executing shoulder-to-shoulder head movements. In the first experiment, a fixed head-movement frequency (20 cpm) was used, wheras in the second the subjects varied the frequency of their head movements in order to maintain suppression of illusory self-rotation. In both experiments, subjects in the head-moving condition had fewer and less severe symptoms of motion sickness and experienced illusory self-rotation after longer exposure times and at higher optokinetic velocities than in the head-stationary condition. Subjects in th- head-movement condition of the second experiment increased the frequency of their head movements as the velocity of optokinetic stimulation increased. The symptoms of motion sickness elicited during optokinetic stimulation tended to be dizziness, headache, eye-strain, and stomach awareness appearing in no fixed order. The pattern and constellation of symptoms are unlike those elicited by vestibular stimulation.", "contents": "Optokinetic motion sickness: continuous head movements attenuate the visual induction of apparent self-rotation and symptoms of motion sickness. Symptoms of motion sickness are sometimes experienced during exposure to optokinetic stimulation. Two experimetns were performed to compare the symptoms of motion sickness  elicited when subjects were exposed to incremental changes in optokinetic stimulation while sitting passively and while continuously executing shoulder-to-shoulder head movements. In the first experiment, a fixed head-movement frequency (20 cpm) was used, wheras in the second the subjects varied the frequency of their head movements in order to maintain suppression of illusory self-rotation. In both experiments, subjects in the head-moving condition had fewer and less severe symptoms of motion sickness and experienced illusory self-rotation after longer exposure times and at higher optokinetic velocities than in the head-stationary condition. Subjects in th- head-movement condition of the second experiment increased the frequency of their head movements as the velocity of optokinetic stimulation increased. The symptoms of motion sickness elicited during optokinetic stimulation tended to be dizziness, headache, eye-strain, and stomach awareness appearing in no fixed order. The pattern and constellation of symptoms are unlike those elicited by vestibular stimulation.", "PMID": 857800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12490", "title": "Responses to temperate, cold, and hot environments and the effect of physical training.", "content": "Ten young men underwent several tests before and after a training program: a bicycle ergometer test and 60 min of moderate exercise performed at a temperate 24 degrees C; the same work load performed in heat (40.0 degrees C DB, 30.4 degrees C WB) for 3 h; and cold (10 degrees C) exposure for 60 min. Training consisted of 13 1-h sessions of hard, strenuous, and exhaustive work performed in temperate conditions four times a week. Training resulted in substantial decreases in heart rate and rectal temperature responses to exercise in temperate, minor increases in hot, and no significant changes in cold conditions. Subjects who showed good responses to heat, also showed good responses at 24 degrees C, and poor compensatory responses to cold, which were indicated by relatively low heat production and rectal temperature values, and relatively high body heat loss and extremities temperature values. Subjects who showed poor heat tolerance also showed poor responses in temperate and good compensatory responses in cold conditions. Positive correlation coefficients were found between rectal temperatures in the three environments, and between heart rate and sweat rate responses in temperate and hot conditions. The results indicated that moderately severe training causes minor tolerance improvements in heat and no changes in cold, and that responses in temperate, cold, and hot environments are interdependent.", "contents": "Responses to temperate, cold, and hot environments and the effect of physical training. Ten young men underwent several tests before and after a training program: a bicycle ergometer test and 60 min of moderate exercise performed at a temperate 24 degrees C; the same work load performed in heat (40.0 degrees C DB, 30.4 degrees C WB) for 3 h; and cold (10 degrees C) exposure for 60 min. Training consisted of 13 1-h sessions of hard, strenuous, and exhaustive work performed in temperate conditions four times a week. Training resulted in substantial decreases in heart rate and rectal temperature responses to exercise in temperate, minor increases in hot, and no significant changes in cold conditions. Subjects who showed good responses to heat, also showed good responses at 24 degrees C, and poor compensatory responses to cold, which were indicated by relatively low heat production and rectal temperature values, and relatively high body heat loss and extremities temperature values. Subjects who showed poor heat tolerance also showed poor responses in temperate and good compensatory responses in cold conditions. Positive correlation coefficients were found between rectal temperatures in the three environments, and between heart rate and sweat rate responses in temperate and hot conditions. The results indicated that moderately severe training causes minor tolerance improvements in heat and no changes in cold, and that responses in temperate, cold, and hot environments are interdependent.", "PMID": 857801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12491", "title": "Direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy for a more accurate baseline evaluation in aircrew members.", "content": "The currently required Federal Aviation Agency visual evaluation for commercial and airline pilots often does not detect quiescent retinal disease, unless there is a specific history or a current change in visual acuity which dictates the need for a dilated ophthalmoscopic evaluation. Statistics indicate that there may be a significant number of undetected retinal changes which can cause sudden and irreversible alterations in visual acuity during an airman's career. The requirements for an ophthalmoscopic examination should include, at the time of entry as an aircrew member into the aviation industry, a dilated fundus examination by the binocular indirect and direct ophthalmoscopic methods. In addition, documentary photography, visual fields, and other specific studies as indicated for these patients would be accomplished. These studies should be required by both the Federal Aviation Agency and the military services just as baseline ECG's chest films, SMA 12, and other laboratory studies are utilized.", "contents": "Direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy for a more accurate baseline evaluation in aircrew members. The currently required Federal Aviation Agency visual evaluation for commercial and airline pilots often does not detect quiescent retinal disease, unless there is a specific history or a current change in visual acuity which dictates the need for a dilated ophthalmoscopic evaluation. Statistics indicate that there may be a significant number of undetected retinal changes which can cause sudden and irreversible alterations in visual acuity during an airman's career. The requirements for an ophthalmoscopic examination should include, at the time of entry as an aircrew member into the aviation industry, a dilated fundus examination by the binocular indirect and direct ophthalmoscopic methods. In addition, documentary photography, visual fields, and other specific studies as indicated for these patients would be accomplished. These studies should be required by both the Federal Aviation Agency and the military services just as baseline ECG's chest films, SMA 12, and other laboratory studies are utilized.", "PMID": 857802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12492", "title": "Multicenter evaluation of synovectomy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Report of results at the end of three years.", "content": "A controlled multicenter evaluation of synovectomy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis followed 59 patients for 3 years. Finger joints and knees were studied. After 1 year synovectomized joints were better than controls in several features. After 3 years these differences had disappeared in the fingers, but swelling remained less in synovectomized knees. Recurrences were as frequent in synovectomized as in control finger joints, but were slightly less frequent in synovectomized than in control knees. Radiologic bony erosions in fingers and knees of both groups progressed equally during the 3 years.", "contents": "Multicenter evaluation of synovectomy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Report of results at the end of three years. A controlled multicenter evaluation of synovectomy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis followed 59 patients for 3 years. Finger joints and knees were studied. After 1 year synovectomized joints were better than controls in several features. After 3 years these differences had disappeared in the fingers, but swelling remained less in synovectomized knees. Recurrences were as frequent in synovectomized as in control finger joints, but were slightly less frequent in synovectomized than in control knees. Radiologic bony erosions in fingers and knees of both groups progressed equally during the 3 years.", "PMID": 857803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12493", "title": "Chalky joint effusion. The result of massive synovial deposition of calcium apatite in progressive systemic sclerosis.", "content": "A patient with long-standing progressive systemic sclerosis developed calcification of the suprapatellar pouch. Chalky white synovial fluid from the knee joint contained many crystals that were characterized as apatite by X-ray diffraction. In this case massive amounts of cystals were presumably shed into the fluid from the heavily calcified synovium.", "contents": "Chalky joint effusion. The result of massive synovial deposition of calcium apatite in progressive systemic sclerosis. A patient with long-standing progressive systemic sclerosis developed calcification of the suprapatellar pouch. Chalky white synovial fluid from the knee joint contained many crystals that were characterized as apatite by X-ray diffraction. In this case massive amounts of cystals were presumably shed into the fluid from the heavily calcified synovium.", "PMID": 857804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12494", "title": "Antigen-induced arthritis in mice. I. Induction of arthritis in various strains of mice.", "content": "Antigen-induced arthritis was established in the mouse by immunizaiton with methylated bovine serum albumin (mBSA) in complete Freund's adjuvant with B  pertusis vaccine. The knee joint was injected after 21 days with mBSA in saline. The arthritis was chronic, antigen-specific, and T-cell dependent in hypothmic nu/nu mice. C57BL and balb/c mice were susceptible, whereas CBA mice were relatively resistant. Susceptibility was dominant; one gene was loosely linked to the \"b\" allele of the H-2 complex of C57BL mice.", "contents": "Antigen-induced arthritis in mice. I. Induction of arthritis in various strains of mice. Antigen-induced arthritis was established in the mouse by immunizaiton with methylated bovine serum albumin (mBSA) in complete Freund's adjuvant with B  pertusis vaccine. The knee joint was injected after 21 days with mBSA in saline. The arthritis was chronic, antigen-specific, and T-cell dependent in hypothmic nu/nu mice. C57BL and balb/c mice were susceptible, whereas CBA mice were relatively resistant. Susceptibility was dominant; one gene was loosely linked to the \"b\" allele of the H-2 complex of C57BL mice.", "PMID": 857805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12495", "title": "Permeability of inner and outer layers of rat and rabbit aortic wall. Two new microscopic test with trypan blue.", "content": "Two new permeability tests are described for use with intravenously injected trypan blue. One depends on the demonstration of trypan blue by its specific red fluorescence in green light at 570 nm, while the other is a surface microscopy technique at low magnification, using illumination from a fibre-optics light source. The routes of entry of the trypan blue-albumin complex into the rat and rabbit aorta appear to be from both the inner and outer surfaces. Over the period 1/4-24 h after injection of the dye, more entered from the outer surface than the inner surface in the rat aorta and rather more in the rabbit thoracic aorta. The arch of the rabbit aorta showed in general rather greater entry from the inner surface. Trypan blue that has entered the aortic wall is partly taken up by the elastic lamellae. Elastic competes successfully for the dye and captures it from the trypan blue-albumin complex; this uptake is blocked by deamination with nitrous acid.", "contents": "Permeability of inner and outer layers of rat and rabbit aortic wall. Two new microscopic test with trypan blue. Two new permeability tests are described for use with intravenously injected trypan blue. One depends on the demonstration of trypan blue by its specific red fluorescence in green light at 570 nm, while the other is a surface microscopy technique at low magnification, using illumination from a fibre-optics light source. The routes of entry of the trypan blue-albumin complex into the rat and rabbit aorta appear to be from both the inner and outer surfaces. Over the period 1/4-24 h after injection of the dye, more entered from the outer surface than the inner surface in the rat aorta and rather more in the rabbit thoracic aorta. The arch of the rabbit aorta showed in general rather greater entry from the inner surface. Trypan blue that has entered the aortic wall is partly taken up by the elastic lamellae. Elastic competes successfully for the dye and captures it from the trypan blue-albumin complex; this uptake is blocked by deamination with nitrous acid.", "PMID": 857806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12496", "title": "Synthesis and removal of different cholesterol esters by aortic smooth muscle cells in culture.", "content": "The incorporation of 3H-labelled oleic acid and of 14C-labelled linoleic acid into phospholipid, triglyceride and cholesterol ester in smooth muscle cells grown in incubation medium supplemented with either 5% normal or 5% hyperlipemic serum has been studied. Both fatty acids were incorporated into cholesterol esters to a greater extent when cells grown in incubation medium containing hyperlipemic serum. Oleic acid was incorporated into cholesterol esters in preference to linoleic acid. The addition of hyperlipemic serum to the incubation medium did not increase the incorporation fo either 3H-labelled oleic acid or of 14C-labelled linoleic acid into phospholipid or triglyceride. The removal of labelled lipid fractions has also been followed for four days in cells pulse labelled for 24 hours with 3H-labelled oleic acid and 14C-labelled linoleic acid. Both 3H- and 14C-labelled cholesterol esters were removed more rapidly when the smooth muscle cells were grown in medium containing normal serum than in medium containing hyperlipemic serum. The removal of both phospholipid and triglyceride was similar in normal and hyperlipemic serum. Comparison of the 3H/14C ratio indicated that the cholesterol oleate and cholesterol linoleate were removed at similar rates.", "contents": "Synthesis and removal of different cholesterol esters by aortic smooth muscle cells in culture. The incorporation of 3H-labelled oleic acid and of 14C-labelled linoleic acid into phospholipid, triglyceride and cholesterol ester in smooth muscle cells grown in incubation medium supplemented with either 5% normal or 5% hyperlipemic serum has been studied. Both fatty acids were incorporated into cholesterol esters to a greater extent when cells grown in incubation medium containing hyperlipemic serum. Oleic acid was incorporated into cholesterol esters in preference to linoleic acid. The addition of hyperlipemic serum to the incubation medium did not increase the incorporation fo either 3H-labelled oleic acid or of 14C-labelled linoleic acid into phospholipid or triglyceride. The removal of labelled lipid fractions has also been followed for four days in cells pulse labelled for 24 hours with 3H-labelled oleic acid and 14C-labelled linoleic acid. Both 3H- and 14C-labelled cholesterol esters were removed more rapidly when the smooth muscle cells were grown in medium containing normal serum than in medium containing hyperlipemic serum. The removal of both phospholipid and triglyceride was similar in normal and hyperlipemic serum. Comparison of the 3H/14C ratio indicated that the cholesterol oleate and cholesterol linoleate were removed at similar rates.", "PMID": 857807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12497", "title": "Uptake and metabolism of 3H-fatty acid labelled lecithin by normal and atherosclerotic intima in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "Following the intravenous injection of tracer doses of 3H-fatty acid labelled lecithin into normally fed rabbits, minimal incorporation into serum cholesterol ester over a 6-hour period was observed. The labelled phospholipid was rapidly removed from the serum primarily by R.E. tissues with little uptake by the aorta. The uptake and metabolism of 3H-fatty acid labelled lecithin by explants of normal and cholesterol-fed rabbit aortas was also investigated in vitro for periods up to 8 days. Low uptake and incorporation into cholesterol ester was observed for the normal aortic explants. The labelled phospholid was taken up to a greater extent by explants from cholesterol-fed rabbit aortas and the fatty acid incorporated into both triglyceride and cholesterol ester in the explants. The incorporation of fatty acid into cholesterol ester from phospholipid was associated with hydrolysis of the phospholipid and re-incorporation of the fatty acid into cholesterol ester, rather than by the action of lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase.", "contents": "Uptake and metabolism of 3H-fatty acid labelled lecithin by normal and atherosclerotic intima in vivo and in vitro. Following the intravenous injection of tracer doses of 3H-fatty acid labelled lecithin into normally fed rabbits, minimal incorporation into serum cholesterol ester over a 6-hour period was observed. The labelled phospholipid was rapidly removed from the serum primarily by R.E. tissues with little uptake by the aorta. The uptake and metabolism of 3H-fatty acid labelled lecithin by explants of normal and cholesterol-fed rabbit aortas was also investigated in vitro for periods up to 8 days. Low uptake and incorporation into cholesterol ester was observed for the normal aortic explants. The labelled phospholid was taken up to a greater extent by explants from cholesterol-fed rabbit aortas and the fatty acid incorporated into both triglyceride and cholesterol ester in the explants. The incorporation of fatty acid into cholesterol ester from phospholipid was associated with hydrolysis of the phospholipid and re-incorporation of the fatty acid into cholesterol ester, rather than by the action of lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase.", "PMID": 857808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12498", "title": "Preventive trials and the \"diet-heart\" question: wait for results or act now.", "content": "Is the relationship between coronary heart disease risk factors and the risk of disease causal? Direct evidence would have to come, of necessity, from preventive trials. However, the difficult nature of such trials carries the inherent danger of false negative results; even positive results may be open to challenge. With regard to demonstrating specifically a preventive effect of lowering serum lipid levels through nutritional changes alone, this evidence may never be forthcoming since ongoing trials intervene simultaneously on multiple factors; against this disadvantage, the strengths of such trials are reviewed. The view is stated and discussed that preventive action in the community is justified now, without waiting for the results of preventive trials, however important they will be eventually to help the development of optimally effective programs.", "contents": "Preventive trials and the \"diet-heart\" question: wait for results or act now. Is the relationship between coronary heart disease risk factors and the risk of disease causal? Direct evidence would have to come, of necessity, from preventive trials. However, the difficult nature of such trials carries the inherent danger of false negative results; even positive results may be open to challenge. With regard to demonstrating specifically a preventive effect of lowering serum lipid levels through nutritional changes alone, this evidence may never be forthcoming since ongoing trials intervene simultaneously on multiple factors; against this disadvantage, the strengths of such trials are reviewed. The view is stated and discussed that preventive action in the community is justified now, without waiting for the results of preventive trials, however important they will be eventually to help the development of optimally effective programs.", "PMID": 857809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12499", "title": "Pre- and post-natal development of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic triglyceride hydrolase activity in rat tissues.", "content": "The ontogenic development of lipoprotein lipase and liver triglyceride hydrolase was studied in the rat. The enzyme activity measured in extrahepatic tissues fulfilled the criteria of lipoprotein lipase from the onset of measurable activity, i.e. it was inhibited by protamine and 1 M NaCl and showed requirement for serum and heparin for optimal activity. In the liver, measurable amounts of triglyceride hydrolase, active at pH 8.6 were detected 6 days prior to birth. However, till the fourth postnatal day about 50% of this activity was inhibited by NaCl and its sensitivity towards protamine was also higher than that of the enzyme in adult liver. Three patterns of development of enzymic activity were observed in extrahepatic tissues. In the lung, the lipoprotein activity reached the adult values one day prior to birth, while in the kidney only 30% of adult activity were found at birth. A linear increase of enzyme activity was observed in the heart; only 25% of adult activity were detected at birth and 100% were reached only 20 days after birth. The increase in lipoprotein lipase activity in the heart was accompanied by morphological differentiation of cardiocytes and by a progressive development of the capillary bed, which might be related to the pattern of development of enzyme activity in this organ. Adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity in inguinal fat fell from values 15 times than adult values between the 4th and 40th postnatal days. The enzyme activity in epididymal fat increased steeply between day 10 and 40, at which time it exceeded the adult values very considerably. These findings indicate that the regulation of the development of lipoprotein lipase activity in extrahepatic tissues is governed by local factors, which can differ even in the same type of tissue, as exemplified by the difference between inguinal and epididymal fat.", "contents": "Pre- and post-natal development of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic triglyceride hydrolase activity in rat tissues. The ontogenic development of lipoprotein lipase and liver triglyceride hydrolase was studied in the rat. The enzyme activity measured in extrahepatic tissues fulfilled the criteria of lipoprotein lipase from the onset of measurable activity, i.e. it was inhibited by protamine and 1 M NaCl and showed requirement for serum and heparin for optimal activity. In the liver, measurable amounts of triglyceride hydrolase, active at pH 8.6 were detected 6 days prior to birth. However, till the fourth postnatal day about 50% of this activity was inhibited by NaCl and its sensitivity towards protamine was also higher than that of the enzyme in adult liver. Three patterns of development of enzymic activity were observed in extrahepatic tissues. In the lung, the lipoprotein activity reached the adult values one day prior to birth, while in the kidney only 30% of adult activity were found at birth. A linear increase of enzyme activity was observed in the heart; only 25% of adult activity were detected at birth and 100% were reached only 20 days after birth. The increase in lipoprotein lipase activity in the heart was accompanied by morphological differentiation of cardiocytes and by a progressive development of the capillary bed, which might be related to the pattern of development of enzyme activity in this organ. Adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity in inguinal fat fell from values 15 times than adult values between the 4th and 40th postnatal days. The enzyme activity in epididymal fat increased steeply between day 10 and 40, at which time it exceeded the adult values very considerably. These findings indicate that the regulation of the development of lipoprotein lipase activity in extrahepatic tissues is governed by local factors, which can differ even in the same type of tissue, as exemplified by the difference between inguinal and epididymal fat.", "PMID": 857810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12500", "title": "The special hemodynamics and metabolism in severe disturbances of peripheral blood flow and their treatment.", "content": "Hemodynamic investigations were carried out in the various stages of a peripheral arterial occlusive disease, primarily using venous occlusion plethysmography, and simultaneous metabolic determinations were performed in groups of 60 patients. As a rule, there were poorly collateralized occlusions at several levels in the severe stages of the peripheral blood-flow disorders. Venous occlusion plethysmography shows a pathological profile of reactive hyperemia. The parameters of resting blood flow in the severe stages were not found to be lowered in any patient; their average value was higher than that of a healthy comparison group (60 limbs). The oxygen saturation in the femoral vein in almost equal to that in the femoral artery in the exercise period in these severe stages, i.e. no oxygen utilization takes place in the periphery. While a rise in various enzyme activities could be observed after ergometric exercise in patients in stage II according to Fontaine, this is not possible in stages III and IV. There were no significant differences in measurements of the arteriovenous lactate-pyruvate difference, the pO2, the pH, the standard bicarbonate the hematocrit and the viscometry. In the severe stages, there is thus a situation of anaerobic metabolism and an accumulation of acid metabolites. An attempt is made to explain why a systematically perfomed vasodilatation has no positive effect but can lead to undesired side-effects such as a borrowing-lending phenomenon. Intra-arterial vasodilatation with short-acting vasodilators can only lead to a necessary blood-flow when the vascular occlusion is compensated by a well collateralized cirulation. In the severe stages, a fall in the perfusion pressure and blocking of the terminal blood vessel is possible. In advanced stages of a blood flow disorder it is therefore necessar during the first infusion to demonstrate by venous plethymography a quantitative increase in blood flow and to exclude a local peripheral steal effect. Various other possibilities of therapy are indicated.", "contents": "The special hemodynamics and metabolism in severe disturbances of peripheral blood flow and their treatment. Hemodynamic investigations were carried out in the various stages of a peripheral arterial occlusive disease, primarily using venous occlusion plethysmography, and simultaneous metabolic determinations were performed in groups of 60 patients. As a rule, there were poorly collateralized occlusions at several levels in the severe stages of the peripheral blood-flow disorders. Venous occlusion plethysmography shows a pathological profile of reactive hyperemia. The parameters of resting blood flow in the severe stages were not found to be lowered in any patient; their average value was higher than that of a healthy comparison group (60 limbs). The oxygen saturation in the femoral vein in almost equal to that in the femoral artery in the exercise period in these severe stages, i.e. no oxygen utilization takes place in the periphery. While a rise in various enzyme activities could be observed after ergometric exercise in patients in stage II according to Fontaine, this is not possible in stages III and IV. There were no significant differences in measurements of the arteriovenous lactate-pyruvate difference, the pO2, the pH, the standard bicarbonate the hematocrit and the viscometry. In the severe stages, there is thus a situation of anaerobic metabolism and an accumulation of acid metabolites. An attempt is made to explain why a systematically perfomed vasodilatation has no positive effect but can lead to undesired side-effects such as a borrowing-lending phenomenon. Intra-arterial vasodilatation with short-acting vasodilators can only lead to a necessary blood-flow when the vascular occlusion is compensated by a well collateralized cirulation. In the severe stages, a fall in the perfusion pressure and blocking of the terminal blood vessel is possible. In advanced stages of a blood flow disorder it is therefore necessar during the first infusion to demonstrate by venous plethymography a quantitative increase in blood flow and to exclude a local peripheral steal effect. Various other possibilities of therapy are indicated.", "PMID": 857811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12501", "title": "The relationship of abnormal circulating insulin levels to atherosclerosis.", "content": "The evidence linking insulin with atherosclerosis can be divided into two parts. First, there is evidence that a proportion of subjects who have atherosclerosis or who are at risk of developing atherosclerosis hav elevated circulating insulin levels. The high insulin levels may be associated with another metabolic abnormality such as obesity, hypertriglyceridaemia, uraemia or consumption of oral contraceptives, may be inappropriate to the blood sugar levels as in mild diabetes, or may be of exogenous origin as in insulin-treated diabetics. The tissues of these subjects are exposed to high concentrations of insulin, and it seems reasonable to suggest that elevated insulin levels may have pathological effects on these tissues. Secondly, there is increasing evidence that the arterial wall is an insulin sensitive tissue. Exposure of arterial tissue to insulin results in proliferation of smooth muscle cells, inhibition of lipolysis, and synthesis of cholesterol, phospholipid and triglyceride. Chronic exposure to high concentrations of insulin results in the development of lipid filled lesions similar to those of early atherosclerosis. Thus, insulin has the ability to promote changes in the artery which, in the long term, may progress to atherosclerosis. The two lines of evidence together suggest that high levels of circulating insulin may have a role in the development of atherosclerosis.", "contents": "The relationship of abnormal circulating insulin levels to atherosclerosis. The evidence linking insulin with atherosclerosis can be divided into two parts. First, there is evidence that a proportion of subjects who have atherosclerosis or who are at risk of developing atherosclerosis hav elevated circulating insulin levels. The high insulin levels may be associated with another metabolic abnormality such as obesity, hypertriglyceridaemia, uraemia or consumption of oral contraceptives, may be inappropriate to the blood sugar levels as in mild diabetes, or may be of exogenous origin as in insulin-treated diabetics. The tissues of these subjects are exposed to high concentrations of insulin, and it seems reasonable to suggest that elevated insulin levels may have pathological effects on these tissues. Secondly, there is increasing evidence that the arterial wall is an insulin sensitive tissue. Exposure of arterial tissue to insulin results in proliferation of smooth muscle cells, inhibition of lipolysis, and synthesis of cholesterol, phospholipid and triglyceride. Chronic exposure to high concentrations of insulin results in the development of lipid filled lesions similar to those of early atherosclerosis. Thus, insulin has the ability to promote changes in the artery which, in the long term, may progress to atherosclerosis. The two lines of evidence together suggest that high levels of circulating insulin may have a role in the development of atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 857812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12502", "title": "Comparison of hypocholesterolemic activity for cyclic analogs of clofibrate in normolipemic rats.", "content": "Chronic administration of ethyl 2-methyl-2(4-chlorophenoxy)-propionate [clofibrate,  CPIB], ethyl 6-cyclohexylchroman-2carboxylate, and ethyl 6-phenylchroman-2-carboxylate to normolipemic rats, in vivo, reduced serum cholesterol levels and inhibitid the activiry of hepatic 3-hydroxy-3methyl-glutaryl Coenzyme A. Only clofibrate was found to lower liver cholesterol content after pretreatment for 4 or 18 days. The cyclic analogs, ethyl 6-cholorochromone-2-carboxylate and 9-chloro-2,3-dihydro-5H-1,4-dioxepino [6,5-b] benzofuran were inaffective as cholesterol lowering agents in normolipemic rats. These findings indicate that appropriate modification of clofibrate can lead to the development of compounds which are selective and equally effective to clofibrate as potential hypocholesterolemic agents. Results obtained in these studies are also discussed in terms of the known structural requirements of biological activity for this series of cyclic analogs in the Triton WR-1339 hyperlipemic rat model and modes of action of the parent compound.", "contents": "Comparison of hypocholesterolemic activity for cyclic analogs of clofibrate in normolipemic rats. Chronic administration of ethyl 2-methyl-2(4-chlorophenoxy)-propionate [clofibrate,  CPIB], ethyl 6-cyclohexylchroman-2carboxylate, and ethyl 6-phenylchroman-2-carboxylate to normolipemic rats, in vivo, reduced serum cholesterol levels and inhibitid the activiry of hepatic 3-hydroxy-3methyl-glutaryl Coenzyme A. Only clofibrate was found to lower liver cholesterol content after pretreatment for 4 or 18 days. The cyclic analogs, ethyl 6-cholorochromone-2-carboxylate and 9-chloro-2,3-dihydro-5H-1,4-dioxepino [6,5-b] benzofuran were inaffective as cholesterol lowering agents in normolipemic rats. These findings indicate that appropriate modification of clofibrate can lead to the development of compounds which are selective and equally effective to clofibrate as potential hypocholesterolemic agents. Results obtained in these studies are also discussed in terms of the known structural requirements of biological activity for this series of cyclic analogs in the Triton WR-1339 hyperlipemic rat model and modes of action of the parent compound.", "PMID": 857813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12503", "title": "Plasma renin activity in men with relation to the presence of ischaemic heart disease.", "content": "Plasma renin activity (PRA) stimulated by upright posture was measured, in 300 men aged 45-64 years, by a radio-immunoassay of angiotensin I. The subjucts examined were divided into six groups, comparable in mean age, each containing 50 subjects: group 1, normotensives without manifest atherosclerosis; group 2, normotensives with angina pectoris definite; group 3, normotensives with a history of a transmural myocardial infarction; groups 4 to 6, patients with benign essential hypertension, without manifest atherosclerosis in group 4, with angina pectoris in group 5 and with a history of myocardial infarction in group 6. Significant differences in mean PRA were found between corresponding groups of hypertensives and normotensives, the values in hypertensives being lower. The precentage of low renin values  was higher in hypertensives with ischaemic heart disease than in other groups.  An analysis of 3-year cardiovascular mortality revealed no significant difference in mortality due to ischaemic heart disease between high-renin and low renin sub-groups.", "contents": "Plasma renin activity in men with relation to the presence of ischaemic heart disease. Plasma renin activity (PRA) stimulated by upright posture was measured, in 300 men aged 45-64 years, by a radio-immunoassay of angiotensin I. The subjucts examined were divided into six groups, comparable in mean age, each containing 50 subjects: group 1, normotensives without manifest atherosclerosis; group 2, normotensives with angina pectoris definite; group 3, normotensives with a history of a transmural myocardial infarction; groups 4 to 6, patients with benign essential hypertension, without manifest atherosclerosis in group 4, with angina pectoris in group 5 and with a history of myocardial infarction in group 6. Significant differences in mean PRA were found between corresponding groups of hypertensives and normotensives, the values in hypertensives being lower. The precentage of low renin values  was higher in hypertensives with ischaemic heart disease than in other groups.  An analysis of 3-year cardiovascular mortality revealed no significant difference in mortality due to ischaemic heart disease between high-renin and low renin sub-groups.", "PMID": 857814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12504", "title": "The effects of supplemental dietary cholesterol and exercise on blood cholesterol and atherosclerosis in the goat.", "content": "The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of supplemental dietary cholesterol and treadmill exercise on blood plasma cholesterol and development of atherosclerosis in young goats. Eighteen two-week-old goats, assigned to four groups for 22 weeks, were fed 100 g whole milk and, after 14 weeks, 50 g corn and cob meal daily/kg body weight. The four groups received, respectively, 250, 175, 100 and 25 mg cholesterol/kg body weight daily in the milk. From week 10 to week 22 of the experiment half of the goats in each group were exercised on a motorized treadmill at a rate of 6.4 km/h for 15 min daily, five days per week. Addition of cholesterol to the diet increased the mean plasma cholesterol in each of the four groups, but between-group comparisons were statistically significant for only the 250-mg group versus the 25-mg group. Exercise had no effect on plasma  cholesterol. Analysis of serial blood samples of 16 of the goats during one day of the experiment indicated no significant diurnal variations. Six males, three exercised and three nonexercised, were sacrificed; all had extensive aortic sudanophilia. Histological preparations from sudanophilic areas of all aortas showed areas of intimal thickening composed of foam cells. These same areas stained strongly for lipid with Oil Red 0. No histological evidence of calcium deposition or fibrous plaques was found.", "contents": "The effects of supplemental dietary cholesterol and exercise on blood cholesterol and atherosclerosis in the goat. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of supplemental dietary cholesterol and treadmill exercise on blood plasma cholesterol and development of atherosclerosis in young goats. Eighteen two-week-old goats, assigned to four groups for 22 weeks, were fed 100 g whole milk and, after 14 weeks, 50 g corn and cob meal daily/kg body weight. The four groups received, respectively, 250, 175, 100 and 25 mg cholesterol/kg body weight daily in the milk. From week 10 to week 22 of the experiment half of the goats in each group were exercised on a motorized treadmill at a rate of 6.4 km/h for 15 min daily, five days per week. Addition of cholesterol to the diet increased the mean plasma cholesterol in each of the four groups, but between-group comparisons were statistically significant for only the 250-mg group versus the 25-mg group. Exercise had no effect on plasma  cholesterol. Analysis of serial blood samples of 16 of the goats during one day of the experiment indicated no significant diurnal variations. Six males, three exercised and three nonexercised, were sacrificed; all had extensive aortic sudanophilia. Histological preparations from sudanophilic areas of all aortas showed areas of intimal thickening composed of foam cells. These same areas stained strongly for lipid with Oil Red 0. No histological evidence of calcium deposition or fibrous plaques was found.", "PMID": 857815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12505", "title": "Incidence of congenital heart disease in Blackpool 1957-1971.", "content": "In the 15 years from 1957 to 1971, there were 57 979 births in a circumscribed population in North-West England. The requirements for a valid survey of the incidence of congenital heart disease were largely met. The necropsy rate for all stillbirths and neonatal deaths in the population was 93 per cent. Diagnosis of the type of heart lesion was by necropsy in 50 per cent, cardiac catheterisation in 19 per cent, operation in 5 per cent, and clinical observations only in 26 per cent. The incidence of congenital heart disease was 6-8 per 1000 total births and 5-9 per 1000 live births. The overall incidence has remained unchanged over the 15 years, but there were trends suggesting an increase in the incidence of uncomplicated ventricular septal defect and of endocardial cushion defect and a decrease in the incidence of ventricular septal defect with right ventricular outflow obstruction and of hypoplastic left heart. We have observed seasonal variations in total incidence and in incidence of some common individual lesions.", "contents": "Incidence of congenital heart disease in Blackpool 1957-1971. In the 15 years from 1957 to 1971, there were 57 979 births in a circumscribed population in North-West England. The requirements for a valid survey of the incidence of congenital heart disease were largely met. The necropsy rate for all stillbirths and neonatal deaths in the population was 93 per cent. Diagnosis of the type of heart lesion was by necropsy in 50 per cent, cardiac catheterisation in 19 per cent, operation in 5 per cent, and clinical observations only in 26 per cent. The incidence of congenital heart disease was 6-8 per 1000 total births and 5-9 per 1000 live births. The overall incidence has remained unchanged over the 15 years, but there were trends suggesting an increase in the incidence of uncomplicated ventricular septal defect and of endocardial cushion defect and a decrease in the incidence of ventricular septal defect with right ventricular outflow obstruction and of hypoplastic left heart. We have observed seasonal variations in total incidence and in incidence of some common individual lesions.", "PMID": 857816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12506", "title": "Ventricular haemangioendothelioma diagnosed in life.", "content": "A case of right ventricular outflow obstruction is described in which the electrocardiogram and chest x-ray film suggested a cardiac tumour. Cardiac catheterisation confirmed outflow obstruction and angiography showed a tumour. At operation a haemangioendothelioma was found.", "contents": "Ventricular haemangioendothelioma diagnosed in life. A case of right ventricular outflow obstruction is described in which the electrocardiogram and chest x-ray film suggested a cardiac tumour. Cardiac catheterisation confirmed outflow obstruction and angiography showed a tumour. At operation a haemangioendothelioma was found.", "PMID": 857817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12507", "title": "Syphilitic ostial occlusion.", "content": "A patient presenting the picture of congestive cardiomyopathy was found to have syphilitic obliteration of the left coronary artery. Aortic regurgitation, angina, and myocardial infarction were notably absent.", "contents": "Syphilitic ostial occlusion. A patient presenting the picture of congestive cardiomyopathy was found to have syphilitic obliteration of the left coronary artery. Aortic regurgitation, angina, and myocardial infarction were notably absent.", "PMID": 857819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12508", "title": "A new cell line from a human chondrosarcoma.", "content": "Morphological and growth characteristics are described of a rapidly growing cell line with epithelioid and giant-cell characteristics derived from a chondrosarcoma in a male patient 65 years of age. This cell line is of considerable interest because in these cells cross-reacting antigens with known animal oncorna-viruses are present. Biochemically, the cells contain particles with a density of 1-16 with \"cores\" of density 1'23 associated with a reverse-transcriptase-like enzyme and with 70S RNA. Occasionally, virus-like particles were demonstrated by electron microscope in material derived from the culture medium.", "contents": "A new cell line from a human chondrosarcoma. Morphological and growth characteristics are described of a rapidly growing cell line with epithelioid and giant-cell characteristics derived from a chondrosarcoma in a male patient 65 years of age. This cell line is of considerable interest because in these cells cross-reacting antigens with known animal oncorna-viruses are present. Biochemically, the cells contain particles with a density of 1-16 with \"cores\" of density 1'23 associated with a reverse-transcriptase-like enzyme and with 70S RNA. Occasionally, virus-like particles were demonstrated by electron microscope in material derived from the culture medium.", "PMID": 857824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12509", "title": "Effect of inhaled plutonium dioxide on development of urethan-induced  pulmonary adenomas.", "content": "Mice were exposed to plutonium dioxide (PuO2) aerosols 2 weeks before or after urethan injection. Both exposures reduced the number and size of adenomas. The incidence of arrested metaphases showed no consistently significant differences between plutonium-exposed and mock-exposed animals. The results are discussed in relation to recent electron microscopic evidence of degenerative changes in the type II epithelial cells of the mouse lung following PuO2 inhalation. It is concluded that damage at the cellular level may account for the observed reduction in growth of pulmonary adenomas in mice whose lungs contained plutonium particles.", "contents": "Effect of inhaled plutonium dioxide on development of urethan-induced  pulmonary adenomas. Mice were exposed to plutonium dioxide (PuO2) aerosols 2 weeks before or after urethan injection. Both exposures reduced the number and size of adenomas. The incidence of arrested metaphases showed no consistently significant differences between plutonium-exposed and mock-exposed animals. The results are discussed in relation to recent electron microscopic evidence of degenerative changes in the type II epithelial cells of the mouse lung following PuO2 inhalation. It is concluded that damage at the cellular level may account for the observed reduction in growth of pulmonary adenomas in mice whose lungs contained plutonium particles.", "PMID": 857826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12510", "title": "Effects of C. parvum on growth and induction of intracerebral tumours in mice.", "content": "An investigation was made into the effect of Corynebacterium parvum therapy on cerebral tumours in mice. I.v. C. parvum caused a slight but significant increase in the survival of BALB/c mice injected intracerebrally (i.c.) with not more than 50 Meth A cells. C. parvum was most effective if given on the same day or 5 days after tumour. If this interval was increased there was no effect. Multiple i.v. injections were no more effective than a single dose. I.v. C. parvum had no influence on the survival of C57BL mice injected i.c. with Lewis tumour cells, and had little effect on the induction of i.c. or s.c. tumours by methylcholanthrene. It was concluded that C. parvum therapy was of little use in the treatment of cerebral tumour in mice. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of C. parvum on growth and induction of intracerebral tumours in mice. An investigation was made into the effect of Corynebacterium parvum therapy on cerebral tumours in mice. I.v. C. parvum caused a slight but significant increase in the survival of BALB/c mice injected intracerebrally (i.c.) with not more than 50 Meth A cells. C. parvum was most effective if given on the same day or 5 days after tumour. If this interval was increased there was no effect. Multiple i.v. injections were no more effective than a single dose. I.v. C. parvum had no influence on the survival of C57BL mice injected i.c. with Lewis tumour cells, and had little effect on the induction of i.c. or s.c. tumours by methylcholanthrene. It was concluded that C. parvum therapy was of little use in the treatment of cerebral tumour in mice. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 857825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12511", "title": "Localization of malanin pigmentation in the skin with Wood's lamp.", "content": "Examination of the skin or hair with Wood's lamp has long been used to aid in the clinical diagnosis of some cutaneous disorders. A new observation reported here illustrates that Wood's light can be used to determine the depth of melanin pigmentation in the skin: contrast in epidermal pigmentation is increased while contrast in dermal pigmentation is decreased under Wood's lamp illumination compared to ambient visible light. The principles underlying this phenomenon are discussed. Use of the Wood's lamp to localize abnormal melanin pigmentation in the skin can be a guide to clinical diagnosis of hypermelanosis.", "contents": "Localization of malanin pigmentation in the skin with Wood's lamp. Examination of the skin or hair with Wood's lamp has long been used to aid in the clinical diagnosis of some cutaneous disorders. A new observation reported here illustrates that Wood's light can be used to determine the depth of melanin pigmentation in the skin: contrast in epidermal pigmentation is increased while contrast in dermal pigmentation is decreased under Wood's lamp illumination compared to ambient visible light. The principles underlying this phenomenon are discussed. Use of the Wood's lamp to localize abnormal melanin pigmentation in the skin can be a guide to clinical diagnosis of hypermelanosis.", "PMID": 857837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12512", "title": "A histological study of normal vulval skin from infancy to old age.", "content": "A number of histological parameters in clinically normal skin from the vulva throughout the female life span were studied. These are compared and evaluated to establish a base line to assist with the interpretation of diseased vulval skin.", "contents": "A histological study of normal vulval skin from infancy to old age. A number of histological parameters in clinically normal skin from the vulva throughout the female life span were studied. These are compared and evaluated to establish a base line to assist with the interpretation of diseased vulval skin.", "PMID": 857838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12513", "title": "Multiple lesions of the lip exhibiting the \"Jadassohn phenomenon\". Review of the literature and report of a case.", "content": "The clinical and microscopic features of multiple, superficial lesions of the lip and adjacent mucosa in an elderly woman are reported. The lesions had been present for many years apparently without symptoms. A histologically confusing picture gave rise to diagnostic problems. Characteristic nests of basaloid cells were present at all levels of the acanthotic epithelium together with microcysts, horn pearls and squamous cell eddies. Review of the literature revealed no previous report on similar lesions of the oral mucosa and it is suggested that the lesions closely coincide with the Jadassohn type of intra-epidermal epithelioma.", "contents": "Multiple lesions of the lip exhibiting the \"Jadassohn phenomenon\". Review of the literature and report of a case. The clinical and microscopic features of multiple, superficial lesions of the lip and adjacent mucosa in an elderly woman are reported. The lesions had been present for many years apparently without symptoms. A histologically confusing picture gave rise to diagnostic problems. Characteristic nests of basaloid cells were present at all levels of the acanthotic epithelium together with microcysts, horn pearls and squamous cell eddies. Review of the literature revealed no previous report on similar lesions of the oral mucosa and it is suggested that the lesions closely coincide with the Jadassohn type of intra-epidermal epithelioma.", "PMID": 857839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12514", "title": "Toxic epidermal necrolysis in two patients with pustular psoriasis.", "content": "Two cases of toxic epidermal necrolysis are described in patients suffering from pustular psoriasis. In one of these cases there were no recognized predisposing causes. In the other, although there were alternative possibilities, we consider that the most likely cause of the toxic epidermal necrolysis was pustular psoriasis.", "contents": "Toxic epidermal necrolysis in two patients with pustular psoriasis. Two cases of toxic epidermal necrolysis are described in patients suffering from pustular psoriasis. In one of these cases there were no recognized predisposing causes. In the other, although there were alternative possibilities, we consider that the most likely cause of the toxic epidermal necrolysis was pustular psoriasis.", "PMID": 857840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12515", "title": "Monocyte recruitment in tuberculosis and sarcoidosis.", "content": "Monocytopoiesis and blood monocytes were investigated in nine patients with active tuberculosis and in six patients with active sarcoidosis in order to obtain information on monocyte consumption in these two types of granuloma. All patients with tuberculosis demonstrated a marked increase in proliferation activity of monocytopoiesis and premature monocyte marrow release. These changes indicate a high monocyte consumption which probably is caused by a high macrophage death rate due to the high macrophage-toxicity of tubercle bacilli. Thus, tuberculous lesions are an example of a \"high turnover granuloma\". In sarcoidosis monocytopoiesis showed no significant deviations from the normal. This indicates a low macrophage turnover or \"low turnover granuloma\". Thus, any hypothetical agent assumed to be involved in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis would have to possess low macrophage-toxicity.", "contents": "Monocyte recruitment in tuberculosis and sarcoidosis. Monocytopoiesis and blood monocytes were investigated in nine patients with active tuberculosis and in six patients with active sarcoidosis in order to obtain information on monocyte consumption in these two types of granuloma. All patients with tuberculosis demonstrated a marked increase in proliferation activity of monocytopoiesis and premature monocyte marrow release. These changes indicate a high monocyte consumption which probably is caused by a high macrophage death rate due to the high macrophage-toxicity of tubercle bacilli. Thus, tuberculous lesions are an example of a \"high turnover granuloma\". In sarcoidosis monocytopoiesis showed no significant deviations from the normal. This indicates a low macrophage turnover or \"low turnover granuloma\". Thus, any hypothetical agent assumed to be involved in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis would have to possess low macrophage-toxicity.", "PMID": 857843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12516", "title": "Haematologic profile of natural populations: red cell parameters.", "content": "Age-sex specific reference values and frequency distribution of erythrocyte parameters were derived from a representative sample of a natural population consisting of 1094 men and 1284 women between 10 and 96 years of age. Some differences have been found between previously reported reference values and those presented here, the importance of which lies not so much in their magnitude as in the fact that the latter are based upon a probability sample of a natural population unselected as to disease and are presented as percentile distributions by age and sex rather than as the more frequently used normal distribution. These results are intended for use as reference data both for clinical and for population estimates of haematological parameters.", "contents": "Haematologic profile of natural populations: red cell parameters. Age-sex specific reference values and frequency distribution of erythrocyte parameters were derived from a representative sample of a natural population consisting of 1094 men and 1284 women between 10 and 96 years of age. Some differences have been found between previously reported reference values and those presented here, the importance of which lies not so much in their magnitude as in the fact that the latter are based upon a probability sample of a natural population unselected as to disease and are presented as percentile distributions by age and sex rather than as the more frequently used normal distribution. These results are intended for use as reference data both for clinical and for population estimates of haematological parameters.", "PMID": 857844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12517", "title": "Neutrophil accumulation in vivo following the administration of chemotactic factors.", "content": "Intravenously administered 51Cr-labelled homologous neutrophils accumulated at guinea-pig skin sites prepared by intradermal injection of factors derived from complement-activated serum, possessing in vitro chemotactic activity. There was a strong correlation between the in vitro potency of Sephadex G-100 fractions of the activated serum and their ability to evoke neutrophil accumulation in vivo. These experiments suggest that agents which are chemotactic for neutrophils in vitro also induce the localization of this cell in vivo.", "contents": "Neutrophil accumulation in vivo following the administration of chemotactic factors. Intravenously administered 51Cr-labelled homologous neutrophils accumulated at guinea-pig skin sites prepared by intradermal injection of factors derived from complement-activated serum, possessing in vitro chemotactic activity. There was a strong correlation between the in vitro potency of Sephadex G-100 fractions of the activated serum and their ability to evoke neutrophil accumulation in vivo. These experiments suggest that agents which are chemotactic for neutrophils in vitro also induce the localization of this cell in vivo.", "PMID": 857847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12518", "title": "Benzene inhibition of in vitro rabbit reticulocyte haem synthesis at delta aminolaevulinic acid synthetase: reversal of benzene toxicity by pyridoxine.", "content": "Benzene (0.113 M) inhibited haem and protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes. This inhibition of haem synthesis was found when L-2-[14C]-glycine was used as the radioactive precursor. However, when 4-[14C]delta-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) was used, there was no significant inhibition. Since ALA measures the haem synthetic pathway beyond the enzyme delta-aminolaevulinic acid synthetase (ALA synthetase), these results suggest that benzene inhibits haem synthesis at or before ALA synthetase. This was confirmed by demonstrating that 1 mM ALA both protected against and reversed the benzene inhibition of reticulocyte protein synthesis. In addition, 1 mM pyridoxine both protected against and reversed the benzene inhibition of reticulocyte protein synthesis. In addition, ImM pyridoxine both protected against and reversed the benzene inhibition of reticulocyte haem and protein synthesis. These results indicate that benzene (or a metabolite) either competes with pyridoxal phosphate at ALA synthetase or competes with pyridoxine for pyridoxal phosphokinase. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for the possible roles of ALA synthetase and the haemin-controlled repressor in benzene-induced aplastic anaemia.", "contents": "Benzene inhibition of in vitro rabbit reticulocyte haem synthesis at delta aminolaevulinic acid synthetase: reversal of benzene toxicity by pyridoxine. Benzene (0.113 M) inhibited haem and protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes. This inhibition of haem synthesis was found when L-2-[14C]-glycine was used as the radioactive precursor. However, when 4-[14C]delta-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) was used, there was no significant inhibition. Since ALA measures the haem synthetic pathway beyond the enzyme delta-aminolaevulinic acid synthetase (ALA synthetase), these results suggest that benzene inhibits haem synthesis at or before ALA synthetase. This was confirmed by demonstrating that 1 mM ALA both protected against and reversed the benzene inhibition of reticulocyte protein synthesis. In addition, 1 mM pyridoxine both protected against and reversed the benzene inhibition of reticulocyte protein synthesis. In addition, ImM pyridoxine both protected against and reversed the benzene inhibition of reticulocyte haem and protein synthesis. These results indicate that benzene (or a metabolite) either competes with pyridoxal phosphate at ALA synthetase or competes with pyridoxine for pyridoxal phosphokinase. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for the possible roles of ALA synthetase and the haemin-controlled repressor in benzene-induced aplastic anaemia.", "PMID": 857848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12519", "title": "Haemoglobin Radcliffe (alpha2beta299(Gi)Ala): a high oxygen-affinity variant causing familial polycythaemia.", "content": "Three members of an Oxfordshire family have polycythaemia. In each case their whole-blood oxygen affinity is increased. This is due to a previously undescribed haemoglobin variant which has been named haemoglobin Radcliffe (alpha2beta299(Gl)Ala). In addition to having a high oxygen affinity haemoglobin Radcliffe shows virtually no haem-haem interaction and a diminished Bohr effect. It is synthesized at the same rate and is as stable as haemoglobin A. X-ray analysis indicates that crystals of deoxyhaemoglobin Radcliffe are isomorphous with those of deoxyhaemoglobin A. Solutions of haemoglobin Radcliffe were also studied by high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The structure/function relationships of haemoglobin Radcliffe are discussed in the light of these studies.", "contents": "Haemoglobin Radcliffe (alpha2beta299(Gi)Ala): a high oxygen-affinity variant causing familial polycythaemia. Three members of an Oxfordshire family have polycythaemia. In each case their whole-blood oxygen affinity is increased. This is due to a previously undescribed haemoglobin variant which has been named haemoglobin Radcliffe (alpha2beta299(Gl)Ala). In addition to having a high oxygen affinity haemoglobin Radcliffe shows virtually no haem-haem interaction and a diminished Bohr effect. It is synthesized at the same rate and is as stable as haemoglobin A. X-ray analysis indicates that crystals of deoxyhaemoglobin Radcliffe are isomorphous with those of deoxyhaemoglobin A. Solutions of haemoglobin Radcliffe were also studied by high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The structure/function relationships of haemoglobin Radcliffe are discussed in the light of these studies.", "PMID": 857849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12520", "title": "Reversal of ineffective erythropoiesis in pernicious anaemia following vitamin B12 therapy.", "content": "Ineffective erythropoiesis was quantitated in a series of patients with pernicious anaemia at different times in relation to vitamin B12 therapy by measuring the incorporation of [15N]delta aminolaevulinic acid and [15N]glycine into early labelled bilirubin. Prior to therapy ineffective erythropoiesis was grossly increased but this was reversed within 24 h of giving vitamin B12, suggesting that most of the existing megaloblasts are enabled to mature into circulating red cells.", "contents": "Reversal of ineffective erythropoiesis in pernicious anaemia following vitamin B12 therapy. Ineffective erythropoiesis was quantitated in a series of patients with pernicious anaemia at different times in relation to vitamin B12 therapy by measuring the incorporation of [15N]delta aminolaevulinic acid and [15N]glycine into early labelled bilirubin. Prior to therapy ineffective erythropoiesis was grossly increased but this was reversed within 24 h of giving vitamin B12, suggesting that most of the existing megaloblasts are enabled to mature into circulating red cells.", "PMID": 857850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12521", "title": "Defective platelet lipid peroxidation in myeloproliferative disorders: a possible defect of prostaglandin synthesis.", "content": "Platelet lipid peroxidation induced by the sulphydryl blocking reagent n-ethylmaleimide [NEM] was measured by production of malonyldialdehyde [MDA]. Lipid peroxidation was decreased in five of 10 patients with proven myeloproliferative disease. The low levels of lipid peroxidation correlated well with in vitro and in vivo tests of platelet function and the bleeding and bruising problems. The reduction in lipid peroxidation with NEM may be due to one or more of the following: [i] an aged platelet population; [ii] an abnormal cell line; [iii] a reduction of the cyclo-oxygenase enzyme activity in the platelet prostaglandin synthetic pathway; [iv] a reduction of the substrate for platelet prostaglandin synthesis, Arachidonic acid; and [v] an abnormality of phospholipase A activation.", "contents": "Defective platelet lipid peroxidation in myeloproliferative disorders: a possible defect of prostaglandin synthesis. Platelet lipid peroxidation induced by the sulphydryl blocking reagent n-ethylmaleimide [NEM] was measured by production of malonyldialdehyde [MDA]. Lipid peroxidation was decreased in five of 10 patients with proven myeloproliferative disease. The low levels of lipid peroxidation correlated well with in vitro and in vivo tests of platelet function and the bleeding and bruising problems. The reduction in lipid peroxidation with NEM may be due to one or more of the following: [i] an aged platelet population; [ii] an abnormal cell line; [iii] a reduction of the cyclo-oxygenase enzyme activity in the platelet prostaglandin synthetic pathway; [iv] a reduction of the substrate for platelet prostaglandin synthesis, Arachidonic acid; and [v] an abnormality of phospholipase A activation.", "PMID": 857851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12522", "title": "Inherited sialoglycoprotein deficiencies in human erythrocytes of type En[a-].", "content": "We have investigated the membranes of erythrocytes from a family in which there is a genetic defect [previously described as the En[a-] condition[ resulting in the loss of the major erythrocyte sialoglycoprotein [PAS-i]. The results show that two different types of sialoglycoprotein deficiency can be distinguished within this family. We suggest that the En[a-] group of variants is more appropriately described as a class of sialoglycoprotein deficient erythrocytes. Using a new technique it is shown that the blood group M antigen of normal erythrocytes is found only on the erythrocyte sialoglycoprotein while in this family the M antigen is found on membrane components other than the sialoglycoprotein. Our results suggest that the amino acid sequence of the sialoglycoprotein is important in defining the difference between the blood group M and N antigens in normal erythrocytes.", "contents": "Inherited sialoglycoprotein deficiencies in human erythrocytes of type En[a-]. We have investigated the membranes of erythrocytes from a family in which there is a genetic defect [previously described as the En[a-] condition[ resulting in the loss of the major erythrocyte sialoglycoprotein [PAS-i]. The results show that two different types of sialoglycoprotein deficiency can be distinguished within this family. We suggest that the En[a-] group of variants is more appropriately described as a class of sialoglycoprotein deficient erythrocytes. Using a new technique it is shown that the blood group M antigen of normal erythrocytes is found only on the erythrocyte sialoglycoprotein while in this family the M antigen is found on membrane components other than the sialoglycoprotein. Our results suggest that the amino acid sequence of the sialoglycoprotein is important in defining the difference between the blood group M and N antigens in normal erythrocytes.", "PMID": 857852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12523", "title": "Immunoglobulin synthesis in hairy cell leukaemia.", "content": "In vitro studies were performed with leukaemic cells from two patients with hairy cell leukaemia in order to define the nature and kinetics of immunoglobulin synthesis by the neoplastic cells. Both patients had clinically and morphologically well-defined disease and their cells contained abundant tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. One patient had associated macroglobulinaemia. The hairy cells had B-lymphocyte characteristics as determined by fluorescent immunoglobulin staining and surface receptor properties. They synthesized monoclonal IgM and IgG respectively in vitro. The kinetics of immunoglobulin synthesis were different in cells from the two patients as measured by equilibration time, intracellular degradation, and secretion. Permanent cell lines were established with cells from these patients. The lines grow as typical B-lymphoblastoid cultures and continue to produce tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and immunoglobulin. These studies unequivocally demonstrate the B-lymphocyte nature of the hairy cells in these patients and provide evidence for their clonal origin both in terms of immunoglobulin and enzyme synthesis.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin synthesis in hairy cell leukaemia. In vitro studies were performed with leukaemic cells from two patients with hairy cell leukaemia in order to define the nature and kinetics of immunoglobulin synthesis by the neoplastic cells. Both patients had clinically and morphologically well-defined disease and their cells contained abundant tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. One patient had associated macroglobulinaemia. The hairy cells had B-lymphocyte characteristics as determined by fluorescent immunoglobulin staining and surface receptor properties. They synthesized monoclonal IgM and IgG respectively in vitro. The kinetics of immunoglobulin synthesis were different in cells from the two patients as measured by equilibration time, intracellular degradation, and secretion. Permanent cell lines were established with cells from these patients. The lines grow as typical B-lymphoblastoid cultures and continue to produce tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and immunoglobulin. These studies unequivocally demonstrate the B-lymphocyte nature of the hairy cells in these patients and provide evidence for their clonal origin both in terms of immunoglobulin and enzyme synthesis.", "PMID": 857855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12524", "title": "Altered haem--haem interaction and tissue-oxygen supply: a theoretical analysis.", "content": "On the basis of its assumed invariance, the haem--haem interaction or shape of the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve is frequently ignored when considering the potential effect of haemoglobin-oxygen affinity (as characterized by the P50) on oxygen transport. This report reviews some experimental evidence with respect to this assumption and demonstrates the potential effect of altered haem--haem interaction on tissue-oxygen supply as distinguished from the effect of P50 or position change. Theoretically, haem--haem interaction values in the range that has been reported for apparently healthy human subjects can substantially modify oxygen transport to tissues, in some cases equalling or exceeding the effect from a similar range of P50 values. It is not presently clear to what extent this range may represent true variation as opposed to random technical error, but the possible implications for oxygen transport indicate that a more systematic evaluation of the problem is desirable.", "contents": "Altered haem--haem interaction and tissue-oxygen supply: a theoretical analysis. On the basis of its assumed invariance, the haem--haem interaction or shape of the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve is frequently ignored when considering the potential effect of haemoglobin-oxygen affinity (as characterized by the P50) on oxygen transport. This report reviews some experimental evidence with respect to this assumption and demonstrates the potential effect of altered haem--haem interaction on tissue-oxygen supply as distinguished from the effect of P50 or position change. Theoretically, haem--haem interaction values in the range that has been reported for apparently healthy human subjects can substantially modify oxygen transport to tissues, in some cases equalling or exceeding the effect from a similar range of P50 values. It is not presently clear to what extent this range may represent true variation as opposed to random technical error, but the possible implications for oxygen transport indicate that a more systematic evaluation of the problem is desirable.", "PMID": 857856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12525", "title": "Pathophysiological changes in serum erythropoiesis stimulating activity.", "content": "The mouse fetal liver cell bioassay has been used to study serum levels of erythropoiesis stimulating activity (ESA) in patients with a variety of haematological disturbances. The results indicate that this assay system provides a quantitative measurement of ESA, the concentration of which varies predictably in a manner which is consistent with it having a function as an in vivo regulator of erythropoiesis. Dose-response curves for serum ESA show highly significant parallelism with those obtained from sheep plasma erythropoietin and the International Reference Preparation of human urinary erythropoietin.", "contents": "Pathophysiological changes in serum erythropoiesis stimulating activity. The mouse fetal liver cell bioassay has been used to study serum levels of erythropoiesis stimulating activity (ESA) in patients with a variety of haematological disturbances. The results indicate that this assay system provides a quantitative measurement of ESA, the concentration of which varies predictably in a manner which is consistent with it having a function as an in vivo regulator of erythropoiesis. Dose-response curves for serum ESA show highly significant parallelism with those obtained from sheep plasma erythropoietin and the International Reference Preparation of human urinary erythropoietin.", "PMID": 857857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12526", "title": "Factor XI and platelets: Evidence that platelets contain only minimal factor XI activity and antigen.", "content": "Factor-XI activity of platelets has been studied in platelet-rich plasmas and isolated platelet suspensions. Fresh platelets in both environments had little or no measurable factor-XI activity. Frozen and thawed platelet-rich normal plasma had markedly elevated apparent factor-XI activity and factor-XI activity as compared to platelet-poor plasma. Frozen and thawed platelet-rich and platelet-poor normal plasmas had equivalent factor-XI antigen. Platelets isolated from normal blood and from factor-XI deficient blood had the same small amounts of apparent factor-XI activity, which increased slightly on freezing and thawing. The data indicates that minimal factor XI is associated with the platelet. The markedly elevated apparent factor-XI activity of frozen and thawed platelet-rich plasma is shown to reflect the interaction of a platelet activator with plasma clotting factors to produce a later activated-clotting-intermediate.", "contents": "Factor XI and platelets: Evidence that platelets contain only minimal factor XI activity and antigen. Factor-XI activity of platelets has been studied in platelet-rich plasmas and isolated platelet suspensions. Fresh platelets in both environments had little or no measurable factor-XI activity. Frozen and thawed platelet-rich normal plasma had markedly elevated apparent factor-XI activity and factor-XI activity as compared to platelet-poor plasma. Frozen and thawed platelet-rich and platelet-poor normal plasmas had equivalent factor-XI antigen. Platelets isolated from normal blood and from factor-XI deficient blood had the same small amounts of apparent factor-XI activity, which increased slightly on freezing and thawing. The data indicates that minimal factor XI is associated with the platelet. The markedly elevated apparent factor-XI activity of frozen and thawed platelet-rich plasma is shown to reflect the interaction of a platelet activator with plasma clotting factors to produce a later activated-clotting-intermediate.", "PMID": 857858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12527", "title": "Isolation and characterization of an actin-like protein from membranes of human red cells.", "content": "The existence of an actin-like protein in human red-cell membranes has been confirmed. The protein was extracted from acetone-treated ghosts and purified by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation. The protein undergoes G-F transformation and forms filaments in the presence of 0.1 M KCl. The filaments can be \"decorated\" by muscle heavy meromyosin. The protein has the same molecular weight as muscle actin and interacts with muscle myosin. All these properties show that the protein closely resembles muscle actin.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of an actin-like protein from membranes of human red cells. The existence of an actin-like protein in human red-cell membranes has been confirmed. The protein was extracted from acetone-treated ghosts and purified by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation. The protein undergoes G-F transformation and forms filaments in the presence of 0.1 M KCl. The filaments can be \"decorated\" by muscle heavy meromyosin. The protein has the same molecular weight as muscle actin and interacts with muscle myosin. All these properties show that the protein closely resembles muscle actin.", "PMID": 857859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12528", "title": "Depression of the platelet count after inoculation of mice with L1210 or L5178Y cells.", "content": "The inoculation of L1210 or L5178Y leukaemia cells decreased the platelet count of the recipient mouse before extensive infiltration of marrow was expected by either tumour line. The decrease was more pronounced after intravenous inoculation of L1210 leukaemia than after intraperitoneal inoculation. Inoculation of L5178Y cells by both routes caused an initial decrease but the count recovered to 80% of normal before becoming markedly depressed prior to death of the host. Implantation of diffusion chambers containing L1210 cells also decreased the platelet count, which later returned to normal.", "contents": "Depression of the platelet count after inoculation of mice with L1210 or L5178Y cells. The inoculation of L1210 or L5178Y leukaemia cells decreased the platelet count of the recipient mouse before extensive infiltration of marrow was expected by either tumour line. The decrease was more pronounced after intravenous inoculation of L1210 leukaemia than after intraperitoneal inoculation. Inoculation of L5178Y cells by both routes caused an initial decrease but the count recovered to 80% of normal before becoming markedly depressed prior to death of the host. Implantation of diffusion chambers containing L1210 cells also decreased the platelet count, which later returned to normal.", "PMID": 857860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12529", "title": "The effect of altering thyroid hormone concentrations on plasma gonadotrophins in postmenopausal women.", "content": "Plasma gonadotrophin levels were measured at frequent intervals in six postmenopausal thyrotoxic women treated with carbimazole. All patients showed an increasing follicle stimulating hormone/luteinizing hormone (FSH/LH) ratio as the thyroid hormone concentrations fell to normal and then into the hypothyroid range. Although the increased FSH/LH ratio was primarily due to a rise of FSH, two patients had a rise of both gonadotrophins. It is suggested that menstrual irregularities occurring in premenopausal women with disorders of thyroid metabolism may be related to similar changes.", "contents": "The effect of altering thyroid hormone concentrations on plasma gonadotrophins in postmenopausal women. Plasma gonadotrophin levels were measured at frequent intervals in six postmenopausal thyrotoxic women treated with carbimazole. All patients showed an increasing follicle stimulating hormone/luteinizing hormone (FSH/LH) ratio as the thyroid hormone concentrations fell to normal and then into the hypothyroid range. Although the increased FSH/LH ratio was primarily due to a rise of FSH, two patients had a rise of both gonadotrophins. It is suggested that menstrual irregularities occurring in premenopausal women with disorders of thyroid metabolism may be related to similar changes.", "PMID": 857863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12530", "title": "Ripening of the cervix with extra-amniotic prostaglandin E2 in viscous gel before induction of labour.", "content": "A metohod of extra-amniotic prostaglandin administration to achieve ripening of the cervix as a preliminary to induction of labour is described. Compared with a control group the method achieved a 25 per cent reduction in the length of the induced labour, a fall in the incidence of maternal pyrexia and fetal distress, an improvement in neonatal condition of the infants and a reduction in the need to resort to Caesarean section.", "contents": "Ripening of the cervix with extra-amniotic prostaglandin E2 in viscous gel before induction of labour. A metohod of extra-amniotic prostaglandin administration to achieve ripening of the cervix as a preliminary to induction of labour is described. Compared with a control group the method achieved a 25 per cent reduction in the length of the induced labour, a fall in the incidence of maternal pyrexia and fetal distress, an improvement in neonatal condition of the infants and a reduction in the need to resort to Caesarean section.", "PMID": 857864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12531", "title": "Maternal plasma glucose and free fatty acid concentrations related to infant birth weight.", "content": "A new and specific method is used for the measurement of plasma free fatty acids (FFA) in pregnancy. Fasting plasma FFA and glucose concentrations were measured serially in twenty normal and twelve overweight women in pregnancy and related to infant birth weight. Large variation between individuals was noted for FFA and no change was found with advancing gestation. Studies of the day-to-day variation in the same women at 20 and 36 weeks gestation showed wide variations in concentrations. No significant change in glucose concentration was noted with advancing gestation, but postnatal values were significantly higher. Small variability of glucose concentrations was noted in both the serial and day-to-day studies. In normal-weight women a positive correlation between the observed birth weight of their infants and the fasting plasma glucose levels was found at 20 and 40 weeks and also with the mean of 5 levels measured in pregnancy. No similar correlation was found for the group of overweight women.", "contents": "Maternal plasma glucose and free fatty acid concentrations related to infant birth weight. A new and specific method is used for the measurement of plasma free fatty acids (FFA) in pregnancy. Fasting plasma FFA and glucose concentrations were measured serially in twenty normal and twelve overweight women in pregnancy and related to infant birth weight. Large variation between individuals was noted for FFA and no change was found with advancing gestation. Studies of the day-to-day variation in the same women at 20 and 36 weeks gestation showed wide variations in concentrations. No significant change in glucose concentration was noted with advancing gestation, but postnatal values were significantly higher. Small variability of glucose concentrations was noted in both the serial and day-to-day studies. In normal-weight women a positive correlation between the observed birth weight of their infants and the fasting plasma glucose levels was found at 20 and 40 weeks and also with the mean of 5 levels measured in pregnancy. No similar correlation was found for the group of overweight women.", "PMID": 857865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12532", "title": "Arterial blood gases in pre-eclampsia.", "content": "Arterial blood gases, physiological dead space and percentage pulmonary venous admixture (physiological shunt) were measured in 31 patients with proteinuric pre-eclampsia. There was no difference in pulmonary function in 22 patients with moderate pre-eclampsia when compared with normal pregnancy, but in 9 patients with severe pre-eclampsia, there was a significant increase in alveolar-to-arterial PO2 difference and physiological shunt, indicating a degree of pulmonary ventilation/perfusion imbalance. There was no accompanying hypoxaemia, suggesting that the impairment was of no clinical importance.", "contents": "Arterial blood gases in pre-eclampsia. Arterial blood gases, physiological dead space and percentage pulmonary venous admixture (physiological shunt) were measured in 31 patients with proteinuric pre-eclampsia. There was no difference in pulmonary function in 22 patients with moderate pre-eclampsia when compared with normal pregnancy, but in 9 patients with severe pre-eclampsia, there was a significant increase in alveolar-to-arterial PO2 difference and physiological shunt, indicating a degree of pulmonary ventilation/perfusion imbalance. There was no accompanying hypoxaemia, suggesting that the impairment was of no clinical importance.", "PMID": 857866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12533", "title": "Amniotic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in pregnancy complicated by diabetes.", "content": "The lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio in the amniotic fluid of 57 patients attending an antenatal diabetic clinic was determined. The L/S ratio in Class A, B and C patients (White, 1965) showed a similar rise with gestation to nondiabetic patients; 89 per cent in this group had an L/S ratio above 2 : 1, but of these 27 per cent developed mild or moderate respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). In Class D, F and R diabetic patients there was a little correlation of the L/S ratio with gestational age and in this group 55 per cent of the infants developed some form of RDS. The value of measuring amniotic fluid L/S ratios in the diabetic pregnancy is questioned.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in pregnancy complicated by diabetes. The lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio in the amniotic fluid of 57 patients attending an antenatal diabetic clinic was determined. The L/S ratio in Class A, B and C patients (White, 1965) showed a similar rise with gestation to nondiabetic patients; 89 per cent in this group had an L/S ratio above 2 : 1, but of these 27 per cent developed mild or moderate respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). In Class D, F and R diabetic patients there was a little correlation of the L/S ratio with gestational age and in this group 55 per cent of the infants developed some form of RDS. The value of measuring amniotic fluid L/S ratios in the diabetic pregnancy is questioned.", "PMID": 857867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12534", "title": "Excretion urography before and after surgical treatment of procidentia.", "content": "Excretion urography in 18 patients with procidentia confirmed the presence of a significant incidence of urinary tract obstruction and its relief following corrective surgery.", "contents": "Excretion urography before and after surgical treatment of procidentia. Excretion urography in 18 patients with procidentia confirmed the presence of a significant incidence of urinary tract obstruction and its relief following corrective surgery.", "PMID": 857868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12535", "title": "Treatment of recurrent pregnancy hypertension by prophylactic anticoagulation.", "content": "A patient is described who had two pregnancies complicated by severe pre-eclampsia in the second trimester which resulted in intrauterine death. During the third pregnancy anticoagulant therapy with warfarin was instituted at 14 weeks gestation and a healthy female infant was delivered at 38 weeks gestation.", "contents": "Treatment of recurrent pregnancy hypertension by prophylactic anticoagulation. A patient is described who had two pregnancies complicated by severe pre-eclampsia in the second trimester which resulted in intrauterine death. During the third pregnancy anticoagulant therapy with warfarin was instituted at 14 weeks gestation and a healthy female infant was delivered at 38 weeks gestation.", "PMID": 857869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12536", "title": "Microfilaria malayi in uveitis: case report.", "content": "A case of uveitis with microfilariae in the anterior chamber is reported. The organism was recovered from the aqueous and identified as Brugia malayi.", "contents": "Microfilaria malayi in uveitis: case report. A case of uveitis with microfilariae in the anterior chamber is reported. The organism was recovered from the aqueous and identified as Brugia malayi.", "PMID": 857871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12537", "title": "Behaviour of the iris vasculature in central retinal vein occlusion: a fluorescein angiographic study of the vascular response of the retina and the iris.", "content": "The findings in iris fluorescein angiograms of 48 eyes with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) were correlated with the predominant retinal vascular response. In 24 eyes with the non-ischaemic type of CRVO there were no or only minimal iris vessel changes, whereas in all 24 eyes with ischaemic type of CRVO there was iris vessel dilatation and leakage with or without neovascularisation. These findings support the hypothesis that hypoxic retina may be a cause of rubeosis iridis in CRVO.", "contents": "Behaviour of the iris vasculature in central retinal vein occlusion: a fluorescein angiographic study of the vascular response of the retina and the iris. The findings in iris fluorescein angiograms of 48 eyes with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) were correlated with the predominant retinal vascular response. In 24 eyes with the non-ischaemic type of CRVO there were no or only minimal iris vessel changes, whereas in all 24 eyes with ischaemic type of CRVO there was iris vessel dilatation and leakage with or without neovascularisation. These findings support the hypothesis that hypoxic retina may be a cause of rubeosis iridis in CRVO.", "PMID": 857872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12538", "title": "Trabeculotomy in pseudoexfoliation of the lens capsule.", "content": "Trabeculotomy was performed on 12 eyes of 11 patients with glaucoma associated with pseudoexfoliation of the lens capsule. Pressure was lowered in all eyes, in 10 eyes to 15 mmHg or less, 7 with no medication but 3 with medication. A subconjunctival bleb was present in 5 patients but was not necessary for a good result. These results suggest that the raised intraocular pressure which often occurs in pseudoexfoliation of the lens capsule is due to interference with flow of aqueous across the trabecular meshwork. Trabeculotomy seems a safe and effective operation in glaucoma associated with pseudoexfoliation of the lens capsule.", "contents": "Trabeculotomy in pseudoexfoliation of the lens capsule. Trabeculotomy was performed on 12 eyes of 11 patients with glaucoma associated with pseudoexfoliation of the lens capsule. Pressure was lowered in all eyes, in 10 eyes to 15 mmHg or less, 7 with no medication but 3 with medication. A subconjunctival bleb was present in 5 patients but was not necessary for a good result. These results suggest that the raised intraocular pressure which often occurs in pseudoexfoliation of the lens capsule is due to interference with flow of aqueous across the trabecular meshwork. Trabeculotomy seems a safe and effective operation in glaucoma associated with pseudoexfoliation of the lens capsule.", "PMID": 857873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12539", "title": "Episcleral traumatic conjunctival inclusion cyst.", "content": "A hugh episcleral traumatic conjunctival inclusion cyst enveloping almost the whole eye, which appeared in the left phthisical eye of a young woman who sustained a perforating ocular injury a few years before enucleation, is described.", "contents": "Episcleral traumatic conjunctival inclusion cyst. A hugh episcleral traumatic conjunctival inclusion cyst enveloping almost the whole eye, which appeared in the left phthisical eye of a young woman who sustained a perforating ocular injury a few years before enucleation, is described.", "PMID": 857874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12540", "title": "Nitrogen retention in rats fed on diets enriched with arginine and glycine. 2. Effect of diethyl ether anaesthesia on N retention.", "content": "1. Adult rats were subjected to a brief period of diethyl ether anaesthesia and were given diets with 200 or 100 g casein/kg with or without arginine plus glycine supplementation in the post-anaesthesia period. Nitrogen retention was measured as well as liver protein content and liver and muscle transaminase activities (L-aspartate aminotransferase (GOT), (EC 2.6.1.1), and L-alanine aminotransferase (GPT)(EC 2.6.1.2). 2. Results demonstrated that anaesthesia-stressed rats consuming the high-protein diet with supplemental arginine and glycine retained twice as much N as did rats given the diet with 200 g casein/kg alone, for the first 5 d post-anaesthesia. 3. Anaesthesia-stressed animals consuming the diets with 100 g casein/kg with or without arginine plus glycine supplementation did not differ from each other in N retention. 4. Liver protein content increased after anaesthesia in rats given the high-protein diets; liver transaminase activity increased, whereas muscle transaminase activity decreased, in animals consuming the high protein diets. 5. Possible mechanisms to account for these results are discussed.", "contents": "Nitrogen retention in rats fed on diets enriched with arginine and glycine. 2. Effect of diethyl ether anaesthesia on N retention. 1. Adult rats were subjected to a brief period of diethyl ether anaesthesia and were given diets with 200 or 100 g casein/kg with or without arginine plus glycine supplementation in the post-anaesthesia period. Nitrogen retention was measured as well as liver protein content and liver and muscle transaminase activities (L-aspartate aminotransferase (GOT), (EC 2.6.1.1), and L-alanine aminotransferase (GPT)(EC 2.6.1.2). 2. Results demonstrated that anaesthesia-stressed rats consuming the high-protein diet with supplemental arginine and glycine retained twice as much N as did rats given the diet with 200 g casein/kg alone, for the first 5 d post-anaesthesia. 3. Anaesthesia-stressed animals consuming the diets with 100 g casein/kg with or without arginine plus glycine supplementation did not differ from each other in N retention. 4. Liver protein content increased after anaesthesia in rats given the high-protein diets; liver transaminase activity increased, whereas muscle transaminase activity decreased, in animals consuming the high protein diets. 5. Possible mechanisms to account for these results are discussed.", "PMID": 857875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12541", "title": "The effect of wheat fibre on plasma lipids and faecal steroid excretion in man.", "content": "1. The effect of isoenergetic substitution of bran and wholemeal bread for white flour and white bread was investigated in six healthy volunteers in a metabolic unit. 2. A 21 d high-fibre experimental period was preceded and followed by a 14 d control period, so that each experiment lasted 7 weeks. Blood samples were taken on each of the last 3 d and faeces collected (using carmine markers) for the last 6 d of each diet period. 3. Plasma cholesterol, triglycerides and serum calcium concentrations were not altered by the addition of wheat fibre. 4. Wheat fibre caused a significant increase in faecal bulk and frequency. Faecal steroid excretion was the same in the last week of the first control and the high-fibre periods but increased in the subsequent control period.", "contents": "The effect of wheat fibre on plasma lipids and faecal steroid excretion in man. 1. The effect of isoenergetic substitution of bran and wholemeal bread for white flour and white bread was investigated in six healthy volunteers in a metabolic unit. 2. A 21 d high-fibre experimental period was preceded and followed by a 14 d control period, so that each experiment lasted 7 weeks. Blood samples were taken on each of the last 3 d and faeces collected (using carmine markers) for the last 6 d of each diet period. 3. Plasma cholesterol, triglycerides and serum calcium concentrations were not altered by the addition of wheat fibre. 4. Wheat fibre caused a significant increase in faecal bulk and frequency. Faecal steroid excretion was the same in the last week of the first control and the high-fibre periods but increased in the subsequent control period.", "PMID": 857876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12542", "title": "Endogenous loss of leucine and methionine in adult male rats.", "content": "1. The fractional rate of loss of 14C and body-weight was measured in adult male rats after giving 14C-labelled methionine or leucine and maintaining rats for 30 d on a low-protein or a specific methionine+cystine-free diet: carcasses were then analysed for protein and fat 14C radioactivity. 2. The fractional loss of 14CO2 from [14C]methionine or [14C]leucine between day 20 and day 30 was always greater than the fractional loss of body-weight. 3. Carcass protein 14C radioactivity after giving [14C]leucine was higher than after giving [14C]methionine, but fat 14C radioactivity after either 14C-labelled amino acid was only a small proportion of the total body 14C radioactivity. 4. After correction of the fractional loss of 14CO2 for urinary 14C loss, but not body-weight loss, absolute amino acid loss was calculated using published values for methionine and leucine content of rats. 5. The best estimates of endogenous amino acid loss obtained using I-14C-labelled amino acids, expressed as mg/kg body-weight 0.75 per day were leucine 79, methionine 38.", "contents": "Endogenous loss of leucine and methionine in adult male rats. 1. The fractional rate of loss of 14C and body-weight was measured in adult male rats after giving 14C-labelled methionine or leucine and maintaining rats for 30 d on a low-protein or a specific methionine+cystine-free diet: carcasses were then analysed for protein and fat 14C radioactivity. 2. The fractional loss of 14CO2 from [14C]methionine or [14C]leucine between day 20 and day 30 was always greater than the fractional loss of body-weight. 3. Carcass protein 14C radioactivity after giving [14C]leucine was higher than after giving [14C]methionine, but fat 14C radioactivity after either 14C-labelled amino acid was only a small proportion of the total body 14C radioactivity. 4. After correction of the fractional loss of 14CO2 for urinary 14C loss, but not body-weight loss, absolute amino acid loss was calculated using published values for methionine and leucine content of rats. 5. The best estimates of endogenous amino acid loss obtained using I-14C-labelled amino acids, expressed as mg/kg body-weight 0.75 per day were leucine 79, methionine 38.", "PMID": 857877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12543", "title": "The true absorption of cyst(e)ine from the ovine small intestine.", "content": "Na234SO4 was infused into the rumen of a sheep fed a dried grass diet. 2. The digesta at the pylorus which contained 35S-labelled cyst(e)ine synthesized by the rumen microflora was collected and mixed with chromium EDTA. This material was infused into the duodenum of 35S free sheep. 3. Ileal digesta was subsequently collected and analysed for cyst(e)ine 35S and Cr. 4. The proportion of the labelled cyst(e)ine truly absorbed from the small intestine was 0-72 +/- 0-004.", "contents": "The true absorption of cyst(e)ine from the ovine small intestine. Na234SO4 was infused into the rumen of a sheep fed a dried grass diet. 2. The digesta at the pylorus which contained 35S-labelled cyst(e)ine synthesized by the rumen microflora was collected and mixed with chromium EDTA. This material was infused into the duodenum of 35S free sheep. 3. Ileal digesta was subsequently collected and analysed for cyst(e)ine 35S and Cr. 4. The proportion of the labelled cyst(e)ine truly absorbed from the small intestine was 0-72 +/- 0-004.", "PMID": 857878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12544", "title": "Studies on gene control regions. 2. Enzymatic joining of chemically synthesized lactose operator deoxyribonucleic acid segments.", "content": "The T4 polynucleotide ligase catalyzed joining of six chemically synthesized deoxypolynucleotides corresponding to lactose operator DNA has been investigated. Joining was studied using various combinations of segments. Joining reactions involving multiple sites and the formation of duplex operator DNA were complete in a few hours. Joining reactions involving a single site and the formation of only one strand of operator DNA required several days and repeated annealing in order to go to completion. These studies have permitted the synthesis on a preparative scale (several nanomoles) of operator duplexes and operator single strands.", "contents": "Studies on gene control regions. 2. Enzymatic joining of chemically synthesized lactose operator deoxyribonucleic acid segments. The T4 polynucleotide ligase catalyzed joining of six chemically synthesized deoxypolynucleotides corresponding to lactose operator DNA has been investigated. Joining was studied using various combinations of segments. Joining reactions involving multiple sites and the formation of duplex operator DNA were complete in a few hours. Joining reactions involving a single site and the formation of only one strand of operator DNA required several days and repeated annealing in order to go to completion. These studies have permitted the synthesis on a preparative scale (several nanomoles) of operator duplexes and operator single strands.", "PMID": 857879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12545", "title": "Cross-complexing pattern of plant histones.", "content": "Pea histones H2a, H2b, H3, and H4 have been isolated and their interactions studied by fluorescence anisotropy, light scatter, and circular dichroism. Histones H3 and H4 are almost identical in plants and animals, but plant histones H2a and H2b differ markedly from their mammalian counterparts. Pea H2b has a molecular weight approximately 20% greater than that of calf thymus H2b; the amino acid compositions of the two proteins are different. Calf thymus H2a exists as a single molecular weight species, while pea H2a exists as two species which differ by about 1500 daltons. The larger plant H2a is about 19% greater in molecular weight than calf thymus H2a. The smaller is about 8% greater. Despite these differences between calf and pea histones, the strong interactions between histone pairs H3 and H4, H2b and H4, and H2a and H2b, previously demonstrated for calf histones, also exist for pea histones. There are also weak interactions between pea H2a and H4 and between pea H2b and H3, and an interaction of intermediate strength between H2a and H3. The cross-complexing pattern of the plant histones is therefore the same as that reported for calf thymus histones [D'Anna, J. A., Jr., and Isenberg, I. (1974), Biochemistry 13, 4992], despite the dissimilarities of H2a and H2b.", "contents": "Cross-complexing pattern of plant histones. Pea histones H2a, H2b, H3, and H4 have been isolated and their interactions studied by fluorescence anisotropy, light scatter, and circular dichroism. Histones H3 and H4 are almost identical in plants and animals, but plant histones H2a and H2b differ markedly from their mammalian counterparts. Pea H2b has a molecular weight approximately 20% greater than that of calf thymus H2b; the amino acid compositions of the two proteins are different. Calf thymus H2a exists as a single molecular weight species, while pea H2a exists as two species which differ by about 1500 daltons. The larger plant H2a is about 19% greater in molecular weight than calf thymus H2a. The smaller is about 8% greater. Despite these differences between calf and pea histones, the strong interactions between histone pairs H3 and H4, H2b and H4, and H2a and H2b, previously demonstrated for calf histones, also exist for pea histones. There are also weak interactions between pea H2a and H4 and between pea H2b and H3, and an interaction of intermediate strength between H2a and H3. The cross-complexing pattern of the plant histones is therefore the same as that reported for calf thymus histones [D'Anna, J. A., Jr., and Isenberg, I. (1974), Biochemistry 13, 4992], despite the dissimilarities of H2a and H2b.", "PMID": 857880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12546", "title": "A spectroscopic and kinetic investigation of anion binding to ascorbate oxidase.", "content": "The binding of azide, fluoride, and cyanide to ascorbate oxidase has been investigated in detail. Both azide and fluorid inhibit the enzyme competitively with respect to ascorbic acid and noncompetitively with respect to oxygen. Cyanide inhibition is much more complex and also results in inactivation of the enzyme. The binding of azide and fluoride to the resting enzyme is partially competitive. Fluoride binds more strongly to the resting enzyme, while azide binds more strongly to the functioning enzyme. It is proposed that both azide and fluoride bind to type 2 copper and that this copper is also part of an ascorbate binding site. It seems likely that type 2 copper is a reductant binding site in all of the \"blue\" oxidases. This proposal is used to explain the effect of fluoride on the enzymes and also to suggest a mechanism for the internal electron transfer which is necessary for the reduction of oxygen to water.", "contents": "A spectroscopic and kinetic investigation of anion binding to ascorbate oxidase. The binding of azide, fluoride, and cyanide to ascorbate oxidase has been investigated in detail. Both azide and fluorid inhibit the enzyme competitively with respect to ascorbic acid and noncompetitively with respect to oxygen. Cyanide inhibition is much more complex and also results in inactivation of the enzyme. The binding of azide and fluoride to the resting enzyme is partially competitive. Fluoride binds more strongly to the resting enzyme, while azide binds more strongly to the functioning enzyme. It is proposed that both azide and fluoride bind to type 2 copper and that this copper is also part of an ascorbate binding site. It seems likely that type 2 copper is a reductant binding site in all of the \"blue\" oxidases. This proposal is used to explain the effect of fluoride on the enzymes and also to suggest a mechanism for the internal electron transfer which is necessary for the reduction of oxygen to water.", "PMID": 857881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12547", "title": "Interaction of analogues of coenzyme A with choline acetyltransferase.", "content": "The finding that methyl methanethiolsulfonate appears to inhibit choline acetyltransferase from squid ganglia not by reacting with a thiol group of the enzyme but by reacting with the thiol group of coenzyme A to form a competitive inhibitor of acetyl coenzyme A led to the synthesis of the ethyl, propyl, and 3-carboxy-4-nitrophenyl disulfides of CoA. The methyl disulfide of 1,N6-etheno-C0A, a fluorescent ligand, was also prepared. All the disulfides are powerful inhibitors of ChA, their Ki values being very similar. The Km values for acetylpropionyl-, and butyryl-CoA were also found to be similar; however, modification of the acyl group alter the Km values for choline. CoA, and dethia-CoA, showed similar abilities to be bound to ChA; however, the 3'-phospho groups of acetyl CoA and CoA appear to be of importance in interacting with the enzyme. 8-Anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate is a competitive inhibitor of acetyl-CoA binding.", "contents": "Interaction of analogues of coenzyme A with choline acetyltransferase. The finding that methyl methanethiolsulfonate appears to inhibit choline acetyltransferase from squid ganglia not by reacting with a thiol group of the enzyme but by reacting with the thiol group of coenzyme A to form a competitive inhibitor of acetyl coenzyme A led to the synthesis of the ethyl, propyl, and 3-carboxy-4-nitrophenyl disulfides of CoA. The methyl disulfide of 1,N6-etheno-C0A, a fluorescent ligand, was also prepared. All the disulfides are powerful inhibitors of ChA, their Ki values being very similar. The Km values for acetylpropionyl-, and butyryl-CoA were also found to be similar; however, modification of the acyl group alter the Km values for choline. CoA, and dethia-CoA, showed similar abilities to be bound to ChA; however, the 3'-phospho groups of acetyl CoA and CoA appear to be of importance in interacting with the enzyme. 8-Anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate is a competitive inhibitor of acetyl-CoA binding.", "PMID": 857882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12548", "title": "Studies of the subunit structure of wheat germ ribonucleic acid polymerase II.", "content": "We have previously presented a rapid, high yield method for the large scale purification of homogeneous RNA polymerase II from wheat germ (Jendrisak, J.J., and Burgess, R.R.(1975), Biochemistry 14, 4639), and we now report a detailed study of its subunit structure. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate indicates that polypeptides with molecular weights of 220 000, 140 000, 40 000, 27 000, 25 000, 21 000, 20 000, 17 800, 17 000, 16 500, 16 000, and approximately 14 000 are associated with the enzyme. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, by which the subunits were separated in the first dimension in the presence of 8 M urea at pH 8.7 and in the second dimension in the presence of 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, indicates that the 40 000 molecular weight component is composed of two nearly identical polypeptides and that the low molecular weight components (smaller than or equal to 40 000) are acidic proteins except for the 25 000 molecular weight polypeptide.", "contents": "Studies of the subunit structure of wheat germ ribonucleic acid polymerase II. We have previously presented a rapid, high yield method for the large scale purification of homogeneous RNA polymerase II from wheat germ (Jendrisak, J.J., and Burgess, R.R.(1975), Biochemistry 14, 4639), and we now report a detailed study of its subunit structure. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate indicates that polypeptides with molecular weights of 220 000, 140 000, 40 000, 27 000, 25 000, 21 000, 20 000, 17 800, 17 000, 16 500, 16 000, and approximately 14 000 are associated with the enzyme. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, by which the subunits were separated in the first dimension in the presence of 8 M urea at pH 8.7 and in the second dimension in the presence of 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, indicates that the 40 000 molecular weight component is composed of two nearly identical polypeptides and that the low molecular weight components (smaller than or equal to 40 000) are acidic proteins except for the 25 000 molecular weight polypeptide.", "PMID": 857883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12549", "title": "Chemical synthesis of an octanucleotide complementary to a portion of the cohesive end of P2 DNA and studies on the stability of duplex formation with P2 DNA.", "content": "A pyrimidine octanucleotide complementary to one of the cohesive ends of P2 DNA was chemically synthesized. Its sequence, d(C-T-T-T-C-C-C-C-OH), was verified by labeling it at the 5' end, followed by partial enzyme digestion and separation by a two-dimensional fingerprinting system. A single ribo-G residue was added to its 3' end using calf thymus deoxynucleotidyl terminal transferase. The resulting nonanucleotide primer was used in a detailed study on the stability of the duplexes formed in the partial as well as complete repair synthesis catalyzed by DNA polymerase I, at 5 degrees C in the presence of 70 mM potassium phosphate and 70 mM NaCl. The nonanucleotide primer was able to form a stable duplex with P2 DNA template only in the presence of DNA polymerase I. When the chain lengths of pyrimidine oligonucleotides were varied from 4 to 8 to test their abilities to serve as primers for the enzymatic repair synthesis, it was revealed that the minimum length required for the primer function is 8. Using the nonanucleotide as the primer and the right-hand cohesive end of the DNA as the template, repair synthesis was initiated simultaneously at the 3' end of the primer as well as at the right-hand 3' end of the DNA. This resulted in a decrease in the efficiency of repair synthesis at the 3' end of the primer, possibly due to the displacement of the primer by the enzyme. The enzyme was unable to displace the primer, when the primer was extended to a 13-mer prior to the initiation of repair synthesis at the 3'-OH end of the DNA. These data suggest that the strand displacement by DNA polymerase I at 5 degrees C in the presence of 70 mM potassium phosphate and 70 mM NaCl is not significant when the duplex is at least 13 nucleotides long. The efficiency of the repair synthesis at the 3'-OH end of the DNA-primer duplex could be increased by blocking the repair synthesis at the 3'-OH end of the DNA by converting it to 3'- phosphate. This method could be useful in DNA sequence analysis, where such specific repair synthesis is desired.", "contents": "Chemical synthesis of an octanucleotide complementary to a portion of the cohesive end of P2 DNA and studies on the stability of duplex formation with P2 DNA. A pyrimidine octanucleotide complementary to one of the cohesive ends of P2 DNA was chemically synthesized. Its sequence, d(C-T-T-T-C-C-C-C-OH), was verified by labeling it at the 5' end, followed by partial enzyme digestion and separation by a two-dimensional fingerprinting system. A single ribo-G residue was added to its 3' end using calf thymus deoxynucleotidyl terminal transferase. The resulting nonanucleotide primer was used in a detailed study on the stability of the duplexes formed in the partial as well as complete repair synthesis catalyzed by DNA polymerase I, at 5 degrees C in the presence of 70 mM potassium phosphate and 70 mM NaCl. The nonanucleotide primer was able to form a stable duplex with P2 DNA template only in the presence of DNA polymerase I. When the chain lengths of pyrimidine oligonucleotides were varied from 4 to 8 to test their abilities to serve as primers for the enzymatic repair synthesis, it was revealed that the minimum length required for the primer function is 8. Using the nonanucleotide as the primer and the right-hand cohesive end of the DNA as the template, repair synthesis was initiated simultaneously at the 3' end of the primer as well as at the right-hand 3' end of the DNA. This resulted in a decrease in the efficiency of repair synthesis at the 3' end of the primer, possibly due to the displacement of the primer by the enzyme. The enzyme was unable to displace the primer, when the primer was extended to a 13-mer prior to the initiation of repair synthesis at the 3'-OH end of the DNA. These data suggest that the strand displacement by DNA polymerase I at 5 degrees C in the presence of 70 mM potassium phosphate and 70 mM NaCl is not significant when the duplex is at least 13 nucleotides long. The efficiency of the repair synthesis at the 3'-OH end of the DNA-primer duplex could be increased by blocking the repair synthesis at the 3'-OH end of the DNA by converting it to 3'- phosphate. This method could be useful in DNA sequence analysis, where such specific repair synthesis is desired.", "PMID": 857884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12550", "title": "Energy transfer and the distribution of excitation energy in the photosynthetic apparatus of spinach chloroplasts.", "content": "Equations are derived from our model of the photochemical apparatus of photosynthesis to show that the yield of energy transfer from Photosystem II to Photosystem I, phi T(II leads to I), can be obtained from measurements on an individual sample of chloroplasts frozen to -196 degrees C by comparing the sum of two specifically defined fluorescence excitation spectra with the absorption spectrum of the sample. Then, given that value of phiT(II leads to I), the fraction of the quanta absorbed by the photochemical apparatus which is distributed initially to Photosystem I, alpha, can be determined as a function of the wavelength of excitation from the same fluorescence excitation spectra. The results obtained in this study of individual samples of chloroplasts frozen to -196 degrees C in the absence of divalent cations, namely, that phi T(II leads to I)varies from a minimum value of 0.10 when the Photosystem II reaction centers are all open to a maximum value of 0.25 when the centers are all closed and that alpha has a value of about 0.30 which is almost independent of wavelength for wavelength shorter than 675 nm (alpha increases rapidly toward unity at wavelength longer than 675 nm), agrees quite well with results obtained previously from comparative measurements of chloroplasts frozen to -196 degrees C in the presence and absence of divalent cations.", "contents": "Energy transfer and the distribution of excitation energy in the photosynthetic apparatus of spinach chloroplasts. Equations are derived from our model of the photochemical apparatus of photosynthesis to show that the yield of energy transfer from Photosystem II to Photosystem I, phi T(II leads to I), can be obtained from measurements on an individual sample of chloroplasts frozen to -196 degrees C by comparing the sum of two specifically defined fluorescence excitation spectra with the absorption spectrum of the sample. Then, given that value of phiT(II leads to I), the fraction of the quanta absorbed by the photochemical apparatus which is distributed initially to Photosystem I, alpha, can be determined as a function of the wavelength of excitation from the same fluorescence excitation spectra. The results obtained in this study of individual samples of chloroplasts frozen to -196 degrees C in the absence of divalent cations, namely, that phi T(II leads to I)varies from a minimum value of 0.10 when the Photosystem II reaction centers are all open to a maximum value of 0.25 when the centers are all closed and that alpha has a value of about 0.30 which is almost independent of wavelength for wavelength shorter than 675 nm (alpha increases rapidly toward unity at wavelength longer than 675 nm), agrees quite well with results obtained previously from comparative measurements of chloroplasts frozen to -196 degrees C in the presence and absence of divalent cations.", "PMID": 857885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12551", "title": "The preparation of lipid-depleted bacteriorhodopsin.", "content": "Bacteriorhodopsin, the protein of the purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium, was freed to the extent of 90-95% from the natural membrane lipids without loss of function. The residual lipid corresponded to less than 1 mol/mol of bacteriorhodopsin. Delipidation was achieved by treatment of the purple membrane with a mixture of the detergent dimethyldodecylamine oxide and sodium chloride. The detergent was removed by dialysis or by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Analysis of the lipids removed and those still bound to bacteriorhodopsin was facilitated by the use of purple membrane preparations labelled with 35S, 32P, or 14C. The composition of the residual lipids associated with bacteriorhodopsin was similar to that of the total lipid in the purple membrane.", "contents": "The preparation of lipid-depleted bacteriorhodopsin. Bacteriorhodopsin, the protein of the purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium, was freed to the extent of 90-95% from the natural membrane lipids without loss of function. The residual lipid corresponded to less than 1 mol/mol of bacteriorhodopsin. Delipidation was achieved by treatment of the purple membrane with a mixture of the detergent dimethyldodecylamine oxide and sodium chloride. The detergent was removed by dialysis or by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Analysis of the lipids removed and those still bound to bacteriorhodopsin was facilitated by the use of purple membrane preparations labelled with 35S, 32P, or 14C. The composition of the residual lipids associated with bacteriorhodopsin was similar to that of the total lipid in the purple membrane.", "PMID": 857886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12552", "title": "Positron lifetimes in phospholipid dispersions.", "content": "Positron lifetimes have been determined in phospholipid dispersions. In fluid phosphatidylcholines, a lifetime of 3.3 ns is found, and a lifetime of 2.8 ns is found for frozen phosphatidylcholines. In dispersions where fluid and frozen phases coexist due to lateral phase separation, an intermediate lifetime is found.", "contents": "Positron lifetimes in phospholipid dispersions. Positron lifetimes have been determined in phospholipid dispersions. In fluid phosphatidylcholines, a lifetime of 3.3 ns is found, and a lifetime of 2.8 ns is found for frozen phosphatidylcholines. In dispersions where fluid and frozen phases coexist due to lateral phase separation, an intermediate lifetime is found.", "PMID": 857887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12553", "title": "A calorimetric examination of stable and fusing lipid bilayer vesicles.", "content": "Mixed lipid samples containing dimyristoylglycerophosphocholine and small amounts of myristic acid were examined calorimetrically. Examination of multilamellar and small vesicle samples indicated that upon heating small vesicles combine to form more extended structures. An exothermic peak (at 19 . 5 degrees C) can be associated with the structural transformation. The enthalpy for this process, which may be interpreted as vesicle-vesicle fusion, is found to be approx.--2 kcal/mol.", "contents": "A calorimetric examination of stable and fusing lipid bilayer vesicles. Mixed lipid samples containing dimyristoylglycerophosphocholine and small amounts of myristic acid were examined calorimetrically. Examination of multilamellar and small vesicle samples indicated that upon heating small vesicles combine to form more extended structures. An exothermic peak (at 19 . 5 degrees C) can be associated with the structural transformation. The enthalpy for this process, which may be interpreted as vesicle-vesicle fusion, is found to be approx.--2 kcal/mol.", "PMID": 857888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12554", "title": "The reactivity of human erythrocyte membrane cholesterol with a cholesterol oxidase.", "content": "Cholesterol oxidase (EC 1.1.3.6, Brevibacterium sp.), which catalyzes the reaction: cholesterol + O2 leads to  delta4-cholestenone + H2O2, has no effect on the cholesterol of intact (human) erythrocytes and of \"resealed\" ghosts, when it is present only outside these ghosts. The cholesterol of \"leaky\" ghosts, of \"resealed\" ghosts with enzyme trapped within, and of \"inside-out\" vesicles, was completely oxidized. This pattern indicates that the inner ((cytoplasmic) membrane surface must be exposed to the enzyme for the reaction to occur, and that outer surface cholesterol only becomes reactive after the membrane  has been degraded by the oxidation of inner surface cholesterol. The enzymatic oxidations followed monotonic first-order kinetics, and hence gave no evidence to support the two states of cholesterol in the membrane that had been postulated earlier from studies on the plasma lipoprotein extraction of cholesterol from the membrane.", "contents": "The reactivity of human erythrocyte membrane cholesterol with a cholesterol oxidase. Cholesterol oxidase (EC 1.1.3.6, Brevibacterium sp.), which catalyzes the reaction: cholesterol + O2 leads to  delta4-cholestenone + H2O2, has no effect on the cholesterol of intact (human) erythrocytes and of \"resealed\" ghosts, when it is present only outside these ghosts. The cholesterol of \"leaky\" ghosts, of \"resealed\" ghosts with enzyme trapped within, and of \"inside-out\" vesicles, was completely oxidized. This pattern indicates that the inner ((cytoplasmic) membrane surface must be exposed to the enzyme for the reaction to occur, and that outer surface cholesterol only becomes reactive after the membrane  has been degraded by the oxidation of inner surface cholesterol. The enzymatic oxidations followed monotonic first-order kinetics, and hence gave no evidence to support the two states of cholesterol in the membrane that had been postulated earlier from studies on the plasma lipoprotein extraction of cholesterol from the membrane.", "PMID": 857889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12555", "title": "Topographical dissection of sheep erythrocyte membrane phospholipids by taurocholate and glycocholate.", "content": "1. Glycocholate and taurocholate removed significant amounts of membrane phospholipid from intact sheep erythrocytes before lysis of the cells occurred. The pre-lytic extract was enriched in sphingomyelin and correspondingly depleted in phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylethanolamine when compared to the original membrane. 2. In contrast, the phospholipid profiles of glycocholate and taurocholate extracts of unsealed ghosts, made at the same bile salt concentrations, were similar to that of the whole membrane. 3. These observations are related to the topography of the phospholipids in the membrane and to some aspects of bile formation.", "contents": "Topographical dissection of sheep erythrocyte membrane phospholipids by taurocholate and glycocholate. 1. Glycocholate and taurocholate removed significant amounts of membrane phospholipid from intact sheep erythrocytes before lysis of the cells occurred. The pre-lytic extract was enriched in sphingomyelin and correspondingly depleted in phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylethanolamine when compared to the original membrane. 2. In contrast, the phospholipid profiles of glycocholate and taurocholate extracts of unsealed ghosts, made at the same bile salt concentrations, were similar to that of the whole membrane. 3. These observations are related to the topography of the phospholipids in the membrane and to some aspects of bile formation.", "PMID": 857891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12556", "title": "On the specific association of porcine erythrocyte catalase caused by formation of disulfide cross-links.", "content": "Porcine erythrocyte catalase (hydrogen-peroxide:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.6) has been purified from porcine blood by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, ammonium sulfate fractionation and CM-cellulose column chromatography. The purified enzyme was found to associate into larger molecules than the native one when it was stored at 4degrees C for more than one week. The associated molecules can be detected by gel filtration on a Bio-gel A-1.5 m column and disc gel electrophoresis as well as ultracentrifugal analysis. Molecular weights of the associated catalase molecules were about 500 000, 750 000, 1 000 000 and so forth estimated by gel filtration and disc gel electrophoresis, corresponding to dimer, trimer and tetramer respectively, of a native molecule (monomer) with a molecular weight of about 250 000. The association of catalase molecules is found to be time-dependent and to proceed seemingly from monomer through dimer as an intermediate. From the effects of several thiol reagents or reducing reagents on the association process and spectrophotometric titration of SH groups, it is inferred that this specific association of procine erythrocyte catalase is caused by formation of intermolecular disulfide cross-links due to air oxidation of SH groups in the protein moiety.", "contents": "On the specific association of porcine erythrocyte catalase caused by formation of disulfide cross-links. Porcine erythrocyte catalase (hydrogen-peroxide:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.6) has been purified from porcine blood by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, ammonium sulfate fractionation and CM-cellulose column chromatography. The purified enzyme was found to associate into larger molecules than the native one when it was stored at 4degrees C for more than one week. The associated molecules can be detected by gel filtration on a Bio-gel A-1.5 m column and disc gel electrophoresis as well as ultracentrifugal analysis. Molecular weights of the associated catalase molecules were about 500 000, 750 000, 1 000 000 and so forth estimated by gel filtration and disc gel electrophoresis, corresponding to dimer, trimer and tetramer respectively, of a native molecule (monomer) with a molecular weight of about 250 000. The association of catalase molecules is found to be time-dependent and to proceed seemingly from monomer through dimer as an intermediate. From the effects of several thiol reagents or reducing reagents on the association process and spectrophotometric titration of SH groups, it is inferred that this specific association of procine erythrocyte catalase is caused by formation of intermolecular disulfide cross-links due to air oxidation of SH groups in the protein moiety.", "PMID": 857892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12557", "title": "Purification and molecular properties of bovine heart pyruvate kinase.", "content": "A rapid method is presented for the purification of pyruvate kinase (ATP : pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.40) from bovine heart. The enzyme obtained is homogeneous by criteria of sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation and has a specific activity of 260 units/mg. It is a tetramer of 220 000 daltons and S020,w = 10.0 S and possesses no free amino-terminal residue. The amino acid composition is similar to that of the M1 isozyme of rabbit and bovine skeletal muscle. The enzyme is subject to polymerisation to a hexamer of the basic tetramer. The polymeric species has a molecular weight of 1320 000, is promoted at low ionic strength and is undetectable at ionic strength greater than 0.2 by either sedimentation equilibrium or sedimentation velocity measurements. The polymerisation is independent of temperature in the range 5--20degrees C implying that charge interactions rather than apolar interactions are responsible for the process.", "contents": "Purification and molecular properties of bovine heart pyruvate kinase. A rapid method is presented for the purification of pyruvate kinase (ATP : pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.40) from bovine heart. The enzyme obtained is homogeneous by criteria of sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation and has a specific activity of 260 units/mg. It is a tetramer of 220 000 daltons and S020,w = 10.0 S and possesses no free amino-terminal residue. The amino acid composition is similar to that of the M1 isozyme of rabbit and bovine skeletal muscle. The enzyme is subject to polymerisation to a hexamer of the basic tetramer. The polymeric species has a molecular weight of 1320 000, is promoted at low ionic strength and is undetectable at ionic strength greater than 0.2 by either sedimentation equilibrium or sedimentation velocity measurements. The polymerisation is independent of temperature in the range 5--20degrees C implying that charge interactions rather than apolar interactions are responsible for the process.", "PMID": 857893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12558", "title": "Carboxylesterases of human brain extract. Purification and properties of a butyrylesterase.", "content": "1. A carboxylesterase (carboxylic-ester hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.1) from human brain extract was prepared to purity using DEAE-cellulose, Sephadex G-200, and fractionation with (NH4)2SO4. The yield was about 20%. 2. Esters of butyric acid were split faster than esters of acetic, propionic and valeric acid, and the enzyme is tentatively designated as a butyrylesterase. Thiocholine esters were split at low rates. 3. The molecular weight was estimated as 340 000 using gel chromatography on Sephadex G-200. In isoelectric focussing the enzyme was resolved into several peaks (pI 4.0--4.7). The low isoelectric point does not seem to be due to terminal sialic acid residues. 4. The enzyme was irreversibly inhibited by diethyl-p-nitrophenyl phosphate (ki = 206 mol-1 - 1 - s-1) and by diisopropylfluorophosphate. The carboxylesterase inhibitor bis-p-nitrophenyl phosphate and eserine did not inhibit the enzyme. 5. The enzyme was progressively inhibited by p-hydroxy-mercuribenzoate, and reactivated by dithiothreitol and 2-mercaptoethanol. N-Ethylmaleimide inactivated the enzyme very slowly, whereas iodoacetate and iodoacetamide were without effect. 6. Ca2+, Mg2+, and Zn2+ or EDTA did not influence the enzyme activity.", "contents": "Carboxylesterases of human brain extract. Purification and properties of a butyrylesterase. 1. A carboxylesterase (carboxylic-ester hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.1) from human brain extract was prepared to purity using DEAE-cellulose, Sephadex G-200, and fractionation with (NH4)2SO4. The yield was about 20%. 2. Esters of butyric acid were split faster than esters of acetic, propionic and valeric acid, and the enzyme is tentatively designated as a butyrylesterase. Thiocholine esters were split at low rates. 3. The molecular weight was estimated as 340 000 using gel chromatography on Sephadex G-200. In isoelectric focussing the enzyme was resolved into several peaks (pI 4.0--4.7). The low isoelectric point does not seem to be due to terminal sialic acid residues. 4. The enzyme was irreversibly inhibited by diethyl-p-nitrophenyl phosphate (ki = 206 mol-1 - 1 - s-1) and by diisopropylfluorophosphate. The carboxylesterase inhibitor bis-p-nitrophenyl phosphate and eserine did not inhibit the enzyme. 5. The enzyme was progressively inhibited by p-hydroxy-mercuribenzoate, and reactivated by dithiothreitol and 2-mercaptoethanol. N-Ethylmaleimide inactivated the enzyme very slowly, whereas iodoacetate and iodoacetamide were without effect. 6. Ca2+, Mg2+, and Zn2+ or EDTA did not influence the enzyme activity.", "PMID": 857894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12559", "title": "Purification and properties of human liver peptidase.", "content": "The peptidase from human liver was purified using L-Leu-L-Leu as a substrate, in adapted purification techniques including treatment with n-butanol, acetone precipitation, ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, Sephadex G-150 gel filtration and CM-cellulose chromatography. The purified enzyme exhibited homogeneity in disc electrophoresis. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 130 000 by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. The isoelectric point of the enzyme was found to be pH 5.6. The enzyme was activated by Mn2+ and inhibited by o-phenanthroline. L-Leu-L-Leu and L-Phe were hydrolyzed effectively by the peptidase. By electrophoresis on Cellogel, the electrophoretic mobility of purified enzyme was same as that of the peptidase in serum of patients with hepatic disease.", "contents": "Purification and properties of human liver peptidase. The peptidase from human liver was purified using L-Leu-L-Leu as a substrate, in adapted purification techniques including treatment with n-butanol, acetone precipitation, ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, Sephadex G-150 gel filtration and CM-cellulose chromatography. The purified enzyme exhibited homogeneity in disc electrophoresis. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 130 000 by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. The isoelectric point of the enzyme was found to be pH 5.6. The enzyme was activated by Mn2+ and inhibited by o-phenanthroline. L-Leu-L-Leu and L-Phe were hydrolyzed effectively by the peptidase. By electrophoresis on Cellogel, the electrophoretic mobility of purified enzyme was same as that of the peptidase in serum of patients with hepatic disease.", "PMID": 857895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12560", "title": "Studies on the enzymatic hydrolysis of polyglutamyl folates by chicken liver folyl poly-gamma-glutamyl carboxypeptidase. II. Structural studies.", "content": "Further studies on the purified chicken hepatic folyl poly-gamma-glutamyl carboxypeptidase (peptidyl-L-glutamate hydrolase, EC 3.4.12.10) have elucidated some of the structural characteristics of the enzyme. Various analytical studies described reveal 424 amino acid residues in the isolated native enzyme with molecular weight of around 57 900. beta-Mercaptoethanol (14.3 mM) activated the enzyme 2.2-fold and induced reductive cleavage of an interchain disulfide linkage resulting in the splitting of the native enzyme into two active polypeptides (molecular weights 43 000 and 18 000). The constituent polypeptides have identical NH2-terminal residues (valine) and exhibit a high degree of sequence homology as revealed by finger print analyses of their tryptic digests. The 10-fold greater sensitivity of the reductively cleaved enzyme to p-chloromercuribenzoate would imply that active site related sulfhydryl groups are not readily accessible in the native enzyme. Ionic strength effects in the presence of Mn2+ and Na+ and the presence of low urea concentration (0.55 M) result in a further up to 5-fold stimulation of reductively cleaved native enzyme. Citrate inhibited and phosphate induced autolytic degradation of the enzyme. The physiological role of gamma-glutamyl carboxypeptidase has been discussed.", "contents": "Studies on the enzymatic hydrolysis of polyglutamyl folates by chicken liver folyl poly-gamma-glutamyl carboxypeptidase. II. Structural studies. Further studies on the purified chicken hepatic folyl poly-gamma-glutamyl carboxypeptidase (peptidyl-L-glutamate hydrolase, EC 3.4.12.10) have elucidated some of the structural characteristics of the enzyme. Various analytical studies described reveal 424 amino acid residues in the isolated native enzyme with molecular weight of around 57 900. beta-Mercaptoethanol (14.3 mM) activated the enzyme 2.2-fold and induced reductive cleavage of an interchain disulfide linkage resulting in the splitting of the native enzyme into two active polypeptides (molecular weights 43 000 and 18 000). The constituent polypeptides have identical NH2-terminal residues (valine) and exhibit a high degree of sequence homology as revealed by finger print analyses of their tryptic digests. The 10-fold greater sensitivity of the reductively cleaved enzyme to p-chloromercuribenzoate would imply that active site related sulfhydryl groups are not readily accessible in the native enzyme. Ionic strength effects in the presence of Mn2+ and Na+ and the presence of low urea concentration (0.55 M) result in a further up to 5-fold stimulation of reductively cleaved native enzyme. Citrate inhibited and phosphate induced autolytic degradation of the enzyme. The physiological role of gamma-glutamyl carboxypeptidase has been discussed.", "PMID": 857896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12561", "title": "[Study fo sterols from brown seaweeds of the genus Cytoseira. Identification by gas-liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (author's transl)].", "content": "All the samples of brown seaweeds (Cystoseria) that we have studied present the same deltas sterols fucosterol, 22 trans-dehydrocholesterol, brassicasterol, 24-methylene cholesterol as well as cystosterol, a new C27 sterol. This sterol has been submitted to gas-liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis.", "contents": "[Study fo sterols from brown seaweeds of the genus Cytoseira. Identification by gas-liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (author's transl)]. All the samples of brown seaweeds (Cystoseria) that we have studied present the same deltas sterols fucosterol, 22 trans-dehydrocholesterol, brassicasterol, 24-methylene cholesterol as well as cystosterol, a new C27 sterol. This sterol has been submitted to gas-liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis.", "PMID": 857897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12562", "title": "Stereoconfiguration of bisphosphatidic and semilysobisphosphatidic acids from cultured hamster fibroblasts (BHK cells).", "content": "Monolayers of hamster fibroblasts (BHK cells) were incubated in Eagle's minimal essential medium under conditions where an increase in the levels of all cellular bisphosphatidic acids takes place. Bisphosphatidic acid and semilysobisphosphatidic were isolated from these cells and subjected to strong alkaline hydrolysis. Stereochemical analysis of the hydrolysis products revealed that the majority of the molecules of both lipids are derivatives of sn-1-glycerophospho-sn-1'-glycerol, the structure previously found to be the \"backbone\" of lysobisphosphatidic acid, (bis(monoacylglycerol)phosphate) from BHK cells and other sources. This finding suggests a close metabolic relationship between the three bisphosphatidic acid derivatives of BHK cells.", "contents": "Stereoconfiguration of bisphosphatidic and semilysobisphosphatidic acids from cultured hamster fibroblasts (BHK cells). Monolayers of hamster fibroblasts (BHK cells) were incubated in Eagle's minimal essential medium under conditions where an increase in the levels of all cellular bisphosphatidic acids takes place. Bisphosphatidic acid and semilysobisphosphatidic were isolated from these cells and subjected to strong alkaline hydrolysis. Stereochemical analysis of the hydrolysis products revealed that the majority of the molecules of both lipids are derivatives of sn-1-glycerophospho-sn-1'-glycerol, the structure previously found to be the \"backbone\" of lysobisphosphatidic acid, (bis(monoacylglycerol)phosphate) from BHK cells and other sources. This finding suggests a close metabolic relationship between the three bisphosphatidic acid derivatives of BHK cells.", "PMID": 857898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12563", "title": "Squalene epoxidase and oxidosqualene lanosterol-cyclase activities in cholesterogenic and non-cholesterogenic tissues.", "content": "Squalene epoxidase and oxidosqualene lanosterol-cyclase activities have been studied in normal mammalian cholesterogenic and non-cholesterogenic tissues. This paper describes the kinetic conditions of measurement of these two enzymatic acitivities and their results. Oxidosqualene lanosterol-cyclase is a widespread enzyme, present in all cholesterogenic and non-cholesterogenic tissues. However, the level of squalene epoxidase is very low in non-cholesterogenic tissues. However, the level of squalene epoxidase is very low in non-cholesterogenic tissues. The effects of subcellular fractionizing and of the physico-chemical state of squalene incubated in vitro on squalene epoxidase activity are discussed.", "contents": "Squalene epoxidase and oxidosqualene lanosterol-cyclase activities in cholesterogenic and non-cholesterogenic tissues. Squalene epoxidase and oxidosqualene lanosterol-cyclase activities have been studied in normal mammalian cholesterogenic and non-cholesterogenic tissues. This paper describes the kinetic conditions of measurement of these two enzymatic acitivities and their results. Oxidosqualene lanosterol-cyclase is a widespread enzyme, present in all cholesterogenic and non-cholesterogenic tissues. However, the level of squalene epoxidase is very low in non-cholesterogenic tissues. However, the level of squalene epoxidase is very low in non-cholesterogenic tissues. The effects of subcellular fractionizing and of the physico-chemical state of squalene incubated in vitro on squalene epoxidase activity are discussed.", "PMID": 857899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12564", "title": "Long-chain diglycerol tetraethers from Thermoplasma acidophilum.", "content": "The C40 isopranol-containing glycerol ether residues which characterize the complex lipids of the extreme thermoacidophile Thermoplasma acidophilum were isolated and purified from the glycolipid and phospholipid fractions. The glycerol ether, as well as the acetate and methoxy derivatives were characterized by thin-layer, gel-permeation and gas-liquid chromatography, infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry and by vapor phase osmometry. The glycerol ethers are proposed to be unique fully saturated diglycerol tetraethers, primarily C86H172O6, Mr 1300, which contain two sn-2,3-glycerol residues bridged through ether linkages by two C40 isopranoid branched diols.", "contents": "Long-chain diglycerol tetraethers from Thermoplasma acidophilum. The C40 isopranol-containing glycerol ether residues which characterize the complex lipids of the extreme thermoacidophile Thermoplasma acidophilum were isolated and purified from the glycolipid and phospholipid fractions. The glycerol ether, as well as the acetate and methoxy derivatives were characterized by thin-layer, gel-permeation and gas-liquid chromatography, infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry and by vapor phase osmometry. The glycerol ethers are proposed to be unique fully saturated diglycerol tetraethers, primarily C86H172O6, Mr 1300, which contain two sn-2,3-glycerol residues bridged through ether linkages by two C40 isopranoid branched diols.", "PMID": 857900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12565", "title": "The polar lipids of group B Streptococci. I. Glucosylated diphosphatidylglycerol, a novel glycopholipid.", "content": "1. From group B Streptococci a novel glycophospholipid was isolated, which contained D-glucose, glycerol, acyl groups and phosphorus in a molar ratio of approx. 1:3:4:2. It was established to be 2'-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-, 1',3'-bis-(1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho)-glycerol. 2. The structure of the deacylated core was accomplished by analyses of the breakdown products obtained on (i) strong alkaline hydrolysis, (ii) Smith-degradation, and (iii) periodate oxidation with subsequent hydrazinolysis. The four acyl groups were located by sequential degradation of the native lipid with phospholipase A2 and 98% acetic acid. 2. In group B Streptococci approximately 25% of diphosphatidylglycerol occurs in the form of its glucosylated derivative which accounts for 18% of the lipid phosphorus. The glucosylated phosphatidylglycerol analogue could not be detected. A phosphoglucolipid, however, was present, which was tentatively identified as glycerophosphodiglucosyldiacylglycerol.", "contents": "The polar lipids of group B Streptococci. I. Glucosylated diphosphatidylglycerol, a novel glycopholipid. 1. From group B Streptococci a novel glycophospholipid was isolated, which contained D-glucose, glycerol, acyl groups and phosphorus in a molar ratio of approx. 1:3:4:2. It was established to be 2'-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-, 1',3'-bis-(1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho)-glycerol. 2. The structure of the deacylated core was accomplished by analyses of the breakdown products obtained on (i) strong alkaline hydrolysis, (ii) Smith-degradation, and (iii) periodate oxidation with subsequent hydrazinolysis. The four acyl groups were located by sequential degradation of the native lipid with phospholipase A2 and 98% acetic acid. 2. In group B Streptococci approximately 25% of diphosphatidylglycerol occurs in the form of its glucosylated derivative which accounts for 18% of the lipid phosphorus. The glucosylated phosphatidylglycerol analogue could not be detected. A phosphoglucolipid, however, was present, which was tentatively identified as glycerophosphodiglucosyldiacylglycerol.", "PMID": 857901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12566", "title": "Snake venom toxins. The amino acid sequence of toxin Vi2, a homologue of pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, from Dendroaspis polylepis polylepis (black mamba) venom.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of venom component Vi2, a protein of low toxicity from Dendroaspis polylepis polylepis venom was determined by automatic sequence analysis in combination with sequence studies on tryptic peptides. This protein, the most retarded fraction of this venom on a cation-exchange resin, is a homologue of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor consisting of a single chain of 57 amino acid residues containing six half-cystine residues. The active site lysyl residue of bovine trypsin inhibitor is conserved in Vi2 although large differences are found in the rest of the molecule.", "contents": "Snake venom toxins. The amino acid sequence of toxin Vi2, a homologue of pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, from Dendroaspis polylepis polylepis (black mamba) venom. The amino acid sequence of venom component Vi2, a protein of low toxicity from Dendroaspis polylepis polylepis venom was determined by automatic sequence analysis in combination with sequence studies on tryptic peptides. This protein, the most retarded fraction of this venom on a cation-exchange resin, is a homologue of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor consisting of a single chain of 57 amino acid residues containing six half-cystine residues. The active site lysyl residue of bovine trypsin inhibitor is conserved in Vi2 although large differences are found in the rest of the molecule.", "PMID": 857902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12567", "title": "Isolation of phosphorylated acid chloroform/methanol-soluble proteins from live frog muscle.", "content": "About 6-7% of the total proteins from trichloroacetic acid-washed and freeze-dried frog muscle could be extracted with acid chloroform/methanol. Three of these proteins were found to be phosphorylated in  the live frog. They were purified to apparent homogeneity by gel chromatography and preparative gel electrophoresis. The apparent molecular weights, determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, were 34 000, 19 000 and 10 000. Each phosphorylated protein contained 3 mol of a covalently bound neutral sugar but they did not contain any tightly bound lipids. All three proteins incorporated 32P into serine phosphate. The 10 000 dalton protein, which had the highest specific radioactivity contained an unusually high proportion of serine, 14% of the total amino acids. It also did not stain with Coomassie Blue.", "contents": "Isolation of phosphorylated acid chloroform/methanol-soluble proteins from live frog muscle. About 6-7% of the total proteins from trichloroacetic acid-washed and freeze-dried frog muscle could be extracted with acid chloroform/methanol. Three of these proteins were found to be phosphorylated in  the live frog. They were purified to apparent homogeneity by gel chromatography and preparative gel electrophoresis. The apparent molecular weights, determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, were 34 000, 19 000 and 10 000. Each phosphorylated protein contained 3 mol of a covalently bound neutral sugar but they did not contain any tightly bound lipids. All three proteins incorporated 32P into serine phosphate. The 10 000 dalton protein, which had the highest specific radioactivity contained an unusually high proportion of serine, 14% of the total amino acids. It also did not stain with Coomassie Blue.", "PMID": 857903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12568", "title": "ATP binding to human hemoglobin in the presence and absence of magnesium ions investigated with 31P NMR spectroscopy and ultrafiltration.", "content": "The addition of 3 mM hemoglobin to 1-10 mM ATP solutions at pH 6.75 resulted in a linear relationship between the change in chemical shift (deltadelta) of the gamma-phosphate of ATP and the percent ATP bound to hemoglobin. The data points obtained with oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin fell on the same straight line. In the presence of 3 mM Mg2+, the delta delta decreased curvilinearly as the percent ATP bound was raised. In this case, the percent ATP bound to deoxyhemoglobin was greater than to oxyhemoglobin at the same delta delta value, indicating that the extra ATP binding occurs through groups other than phosphate.", "contents": "ATP binding to human hemoglobin in the presence and absence of magnesium ions investigated with 31P NMR spectroscopy and ultrafiltration. The addition of 3 mM hemoglobin to 1-10 mM ATP solutions at pH 6.75 resulted in a linear relationship between the change in chemical shift (deltadelta) of the gamma-phosphate of ATP and the percent ATP bound to hemoglobin. The data points obtained with oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin fell on the same straight line. In the presence of 3 mM Mg2+, the delta delta decreased curvilinearly as the percent ATP bound was raised. In this case, the percent ATP bound to deoxyhemoglobin was greater than to oxyhemoglobin at the same delta delta value, indicating that the extra ATP binding occurs through groups other than phosphate.", "PMID": 857904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12569", "title": "A hydrophobic quencher of protein fluorescence: 2,2,2-trichloroethanol.", "content": "Previously the neutral fluorescence quenching probe, acrylamide, was employed to determine the degree of exposure of tryptophan residues in  proteins. A less polar neutral quencher 2,2,2-trichloroethanol (trichloroethanol) was used in the present work to investigate whether it would preferentially interact with apolar regions of proteins. For most proteins studied, the degree of quenching by trichloroethanol is found to be about the same as with acrylamide. However, for human and bovine serum albumin hydrophobic interactions between trichloroethanol and these proteins occur, leading to an exalted quenching. The fluorescence quencher thus senses the presence of a hydrophobic domain in the vicinity of the tryptophan residues in these proteins. Trichloroethanol is shown to induce conformational changes in certain proteins and to be a potentially useful quencher for proteins having predominantly tyrosine emission.", "contents": "A hydrophobic quencher of protein fluorescence: 2,2,2-trichloroethanol. Previously the neutral fluorescence quenching probe, acrylamide, was employed to determine the degree of exposure of tryptophan residues in  proteins. A less polar neutral quencher 2,2,2-trichloroethanol (trichloroethanol) was used in the present work to investigate whether it would preferentially interact with apolar regions of proteins. For most proteins studied, the degree of quenching by trichloroethanol is found to be about the same as with acrylamide. However, for human and bovine serum albumin hydrophobic interactions between trichloroethanol and these proteins occur, leading to an exalted quenching. The fluorescence quencher thus senses the presence of a hydrophobic domain in the vicinity of the tryptophan residues in these proteins. Trichloroethanol is shown to induce conformational changes in certain proteins and to be a potentially useful quencher for proteins having predominantly tyrosine emission.", "PMID": 857905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12570", "title": "The properties of Corbicula sandai apoferritin.", "content": "Corbicula sandai apoferritin possesses physical properties different from apoferritins of other species. The native molecular weight was estimated from its s020,w of 18.7 S to be about 503 000. Empirical molecular weight estimation methods in denaturing solvents yielded a molecular weight estimate for the constituent polypeptide chain of 23 000. The circular dichroic spectrum of C. sandai apoferritin was significantly different from other apoferritins and it was immunologically unreactive with rabbit anti-human ferritin antisera.", "contents": "The properties of Corbicula sandai apoferritin. Corbicula sandai apoferritin possesses physical properties different from apoferritins of other species. The native molecular weight was estimated from its s020,w of 18.7 S to be about 503 000. Empirical molecular weight estimation methods in denaturing solvents yielded a molecular weight estimate for the constituent polypeptide chain of 23 000. The circular dichroic spectrum of C. sandai apoferritin was significantly different from other apoferritins and it was immunologically unreactive with rabbit anti-human ferritin antisera.", "PMID": 857906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12571", "title": "Preparation of monoiodotyrosine-13-glucagon.", "content": "Glucagon was iodinated with the lactoperoxidase method at pH 10.0 in the presence of propylene glycol using a substitution of 0.3 g-atom I/mol glucagon. Under these conditions the reactivity of the iodine to tyrosine at position 13 is found to be 4-fold that of the tyrosine at position 10. The amount of diiodotyrosine was less than one-twentieth that of the monoiodotyrosine at either tyrosine residue. Relatively pure monoiodo[125I]tyrosine-13-glucagon can be separated from other iodoglucagons by means of DEAE-chromatography. Such a homogeneous preparation with a known position of the iodine makes it possible to study a specific interaction between the monoiodoglucagon and the glucagon antisera or the glucagon receptor.", "contents": "Preparation of monoiodotyrosine-13-glucagon. Glucagon was iodinated with the lactoperoxidase method at pH 10.0 in the presence of propylene glycol using a substitution of 0.3 g-atom I/mol glucagon. Under these conditions the reactivity of the iodine to tyrosine at position 13 is found to be 4-fold that of the tyrosine at position 10. The amount of diiodotyrosine was less than one-twentieth that of the monoiodotyrosine at either tyrosine residue. Relatively pure monoiodo[125I]tyrosine-13-glucagon can be separated from other iodoglucagons by means of DEAE-chromatography. Such a homogeneous preparation with a known position of the iodine makes it possible to study a specific interaction between the monoiodoglucagon and the glucagon antisera or the glucagon receptor.", "PMID": 857907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12572", "title": "Application of affinity electrophoresis to the study of antigen-immunoadsorbent association equilibrium.", "content": "Affinity electrophoresis is used to study the interaction of complementary biological molecules. Using Scatchard plots, this method gives a partition ratio between immunoadsorbent and soluble antigen or antibody. In the present work, affinity electrophoresis, used to study the interaction between human serum albumin and its insolubilized antibodies, allows a measure of the system's affinity under specific conditions, in particular, the electric field.", "contents": "Application of affinity electrophoresis to the study of antigen-immunoadsorbent association equilibrium. Affinity electrophoresis is used to study the interaction of complementary biological molecules. Using Scatchard plots, this method gives a partition ratio between immunoadsorbent and soluble antigen or antibody. In the present work, affinity electrophoresis, used to study the interaction between human serum albumin and its insolubilized antibodies, allows a measure of the system's affinity under specific conditions, in particular, the electric field.", "PMID": 857908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12573", "title": "A carbon monoxide derivative of ruthenium (II) myoglobin probe of heme protein conformation.", "content": "A synthetic carbon monoxide complex of ruthenium (II) myoglobin has been reconstituted from apomyoglobin and the carbon monoxide of ruthenium (II) mesoporphyrin IX. This synthetic myoglobin complex shows an absorption spectrum with normal Soret and beta bands, and a split alpha band. The alpha-band splitting is not observed in the spectrum of the carbon monoxide derivative of ruthenium (II) mesoporphyrin IX in pyridine, even though the width of the alpha band in pyridine is narrower than in theprotein. The separation between two alpha bands in the spectrum of the protein is reduced from 7.5 to 6 nm in the presence of 2 M NaCl. This observation is interpreted in terms of perturbation of concentrated NaCl on the protein. The separation between the maxima of two alpha bands in the spectrum of the ruthenium (II) myoglobin also becomes smaller with decrease in pH from 7 to 4.5, and this process involves the distal histidine. The alpha band splitting in this protein complex is interpreted in terms of rhombic distortion of the square planar symmetry of the metal porphyrin in the protein.", "contents": "A carbon monoxide derivative of ruthenium (II) myoglobin probe of heme protein conformation. A synthetic carbon monoxide complex of ruthenium (II) myoglobin has been reconstituted from apomyoglobin and the carbon monoxide of ruthenium (II) mesoporphyrin IX. This synthetic myoglobin complex shows an absorption spectrum with normal Soret and beta bands, and a split alpha band. The alpha-band splitting is not observed in the spectrum of the carbon monoxide derivative of ruthenium (II) mesoporphyrin IX in pyridine, even though the width of the alpha band in pyridine is narrower than in theprotein. The separation between two alpha bands in the spectrum of the protein is reduced from 7.5 to 6 nm in the presence of 2 M NaCl. This observation is interpreted in terms of perturbation of concentrated NaCl on the protein. The separation between the maxima of two alpha bands in the spectrum of the ruthenium (II) myoglobin also becomes smaller with decrease in pH from 7 to 4.5, and this process involves the distal histidine. The alpha band splitting in this protein complex is interpreted in terms of rhombic distortion of the square planar symmetry of the metal porphyrin in the protein.", "PMID": 857909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12574", "title": "Protein sequencing by computer graphics.", "content": "A computer graphics system has been used to fit a putative sequence to an electron density map of a sea snake neurotoxic protein at 2.2 A resolution. The complete sequence of this small protein could be determined from the map with very little ambiguity. In two places probable errors in the published chemical sequence were detected. This is the first instance in which a complete three-dimensional structure was solved with the use of computer graphics alone, without the construction of a physical model.", "contents": "Protein sequencing by computer graphics. A computer graphics system has been used to fit a putative sequence to an electron density map of a sea snake neurotoxic protein at 2.2 A resolution. The complete sequence of this small protein could be determined from the map with very little ambiguity. In two places probable errors in the published chemical sequence were detected. This is the first instance in which a complete three-dimensional structure was solved with the use of computer graphics alone, without the construction of a physical model.", "PMID": 857910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12575", "title": "Specific refractoriness of adenylate cyclase in skin to epinephrine, prostaglandin E, histamine and AMP.", "content": "The cyclic AMP level  in pig skin (epidermis) increases markedly after incubation with epinephrine, prostaglandin E, histamine or adenosine 5'-monophosphate. This increase is transient and \"spiking\" is the consistent response to these four stimulators. The \"spiking\" is due to a non-responsiveness or refractoriness which develops within minutes and is specific to any one stimulating hormone but not to the others. The addition of inhibitors of protein syntheses did not prevent the development of the refractoriness. Adenylate cyclase and phosphodiesterase activities measured in skin homogenates prepared from skin samples taken before, during and after the \"spiking\" did not change significantly. The hormone-induced refractoriness in this skin system appears to be due to a specific, localized loss of function of the adenylate cyclase system.", "contents": "Specific refractoriness of adenylate cyclase in skin to epinephrine, prostaglandin E, histamine and AMP. The cyclic AMP level  in pig skin (epidermis) increases markedly after incubation with epinephrine, prostaglandin E, histamine or adenosine 5'-monophosphate. This increase is transient and \"spiking\" is the consistent response to these four stimulators. The \"spiking\" is due to a non-responsiveness or refractoriness which develops within minutes and is specific to any one stimulating hormone but not to the others. The addition of inhibitors of protein syntheses did not prevent the development of the refractoriness. Adenylate cyclase and phosphodiesterase activities measured in skin homogenates prepared from skin samples taken before, during and after the \"spiking\" did not change significantly. The hormone-induced refractoriness in this skin system appears to be due to a specific, localized loss of function of the adenylate cyclase system.", "PMID": 857911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12576", "title": "The effect of serum protein fractions on liposome-cell interactions in cultured cells and the perfused rat liver.", "content": "We have studied the interactions of liposomes with human skin fibroblasts and mouse P815Y mastocytoma cells in culture, and the perfused rat liver, with the following findings. 1. In all the systems studied serum was found to cause an increase in the uptake of a [14C]cholesterol label into cells from anionic and neutral liposomes and a decrease in the uptake of the label from cationic liposomes. 2. Evidence suggests that albumin enhances the exchange/transfer of [14C]-cholesterol between liposomes and cultured cells. 3. With [14C]cholesterol in the liposome bilayer and [3H]methotrexate entrapped in the aqueous spaces of the liposome, the alpha- and beta-globulin fractions of serum decreased the transfer of both labels from cationic liposomes into cultured cells and the perfused rat liver. The beta-globulin fraction caused increased leakage of methotrexate from fluid liposomes of all charges. 4. The alpha- and beta-globulin fractions of serum appear to enhance the uptake of anionic liposomes into the perfused rat liver.", "contents": "The effect of serum protein fractions on liposome-cell interactions in cultured cells and the perfused rat liver. We have studied the interactions of liposomes with human skin fibroblasts and mouse P815Y mastocytoma cells in culture, and the perfused rat liver, with the following findings. 1. In all the systems studied serum was found to cause an increase in the uptake of a [14C]cholesterol label into cells from anionic and neutral liposomes and a decrease in the uptake of the label from cationic liposomes. 2. Evidence suggests that albumin enhances the exchange/transfer of [14C]-cholesterol between liposomes and cultured cells. 3. With [14C]cholesterol in the liposome bilayer and [3H]methotrexate entrapped in the aqueous spaces of the liposome, the alpha- and beta-globulin fractions of serum decreased the transfer of both labels from cationic liposomes into cultured cells and the perfused rat liver. The beta-globulin fraction caused increased leakage of methotrexate from fluid liposomes of all charges. 4. The alpha- and beta-globulin fractions of serum appear to enhance the uptake of anionic liposomes into the perfused rat liver.", "PMID": 857912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12577", "title": "On arabinose as a component of brain hyaluronate. Confirmation by chromatographic, enzymatic and chemical ionization-mass spectrometric analyses.", "content": "The controversy about the presence of the pentose arabinose in brain hyaluronate was reinvestigated using modern analytical tehcnics. The purified bovine brain hyaluronate contained the neutral sugars: arabinose, 0.18%; glucose, 0.05%; and fucose, 0.22%. The confirmation of the presence of arabinose was obtained by paper and thin layer chromatography of the neutral sugars in deionized hyaluronate hydrolysate. Gas-liquid chromatography of the aldononitrile peracetate of the pentose isolated by preparative paper chromatography gave a single distinct peak, corresponding to standard arabinose on three columns packed with three different phases. Chemical ionization data and mass spectrum of the aldononitrile peracetate derivative agreed with those of the authentic arabinonitrile tetracetate. Analysis of the isolated pentose with the help of the enzymes L-arabinose isomerase and L-ribulose kinase, which are specific for their substrates, further established its identity as L-arabinose.", "contents": "On arabinose as a component of brain hyaluronate. Confirmation by chromatographic, enzymatic and chemical ionization-mass spectrometric analyses. The controversy about the presence of the pentose arabinose in brain hyaluronate was reinvestigated using modern analytical tehcnics. The purified bovine brain hyaluronate contained the neutral sugars: arabinose, 0.18%; glucose, 0.05%; and fucose, 0.22%. The confirmation of the presence of arabinose was obtained by paper and thin layer chromatography of the neutral sugars in deionized hyaluronate hydrolysate. Gas-liquid chromatography of the aldononitrile peracetate of the pentose isolated by preparative paper chromatography gave a single distinct peak, corresponding to standard arabinose on three columns packed with three different phases. Chemical ionization data and mass spectrum of the aldononitrile peracetate derivative agreed with those of the authentic arabinonitrile tetracetate. Analysis of the isolated pentose with the help of the enzymes L-arabinose isomerase and L-ribulose kinase, which are specific for their substrates, further established its identity as L-arabinose.", "PMID": 857913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12578", "title": "Immobilized ACP and electrofocusing used to purify the palmityl-CoA-ACP-transacylase from Mycobacterium smegmatis.", "content": "This paper describes the first purification to electrophoretic and chromatographic homogeneity of a palmityl-CoA-ACP-transacylase. Palmityl-CoA-ACP-transacylase of Mycobacterium smegmatis shows two interconvertible forms in monomer-oligomer correlation. Taking advantage of this interconvertibility properties a 800-fold purification of the enzyme was recently achieved (Kervabon et al (1976) Biochimie, 58, 647-656). The present report describes the use of immobilized ACP and electrofocusing to obtain a 880-fold and a 5 500-fold purification respectively. The enzyme thus purified, pI 4.7, showed a single band upon polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Chromatography on Sephadex G-150 revealed only the peak of the monomer. When the enzyme solution containing 200 microng/ml of protein was concentrated by vacuum dialysis to approximatively 1 mg/ml, gel electrophoresis showed two bands one corresponding to the monomer and the other to the oligomer formed.", "contents": "Immobilized ACP and electrofocusing used to purify the palmityl-CoA-ACP-transacylase from Mycobacterium smegmatis. This paper describes the first purification to electrophoretic and chromatographic homogeneity of a palmityl-CoA-ACP-transacylase. Palmityl-CoA-ACP-transacylase of Mycobacterium smegmatis shows two interconvertible forms in monomer-oligomer correlation. Taking advantage of this interconvertibility properties a 800-fold purification of the enzyme was recently achieved (Kervabon et al (1976) Biochimie, 58, 647-656). The present report describes the use of immobilized ACP and electrofocusing to obtain a 880-fold and a 5 500-fold purification respectively. The enzyme thus purified, pI 4.7, showed a single band upon polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Chromatography on Sephadex G-150 revealed only the peak of the monomer. When the enzyme solution containing 200 microng/ml of protein was concentrated by vacuum dialysis to approximatively 1 mg/ml, gel electrophoresis showed two bands one corresponding to the monomer and the other to the oligomer formed.", "PMID": 857915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12579", "title": "Evidence that proteins bound to the polysomal messenger RNA exist also free in the cytoplasm of HeLa cells.", "content": "The cytoplasm of HeLa cells contains a series of proteins with affinity for RNA. These proteins were detected by affinity chromatography on RNA-Sepharose. Several proteins are tightly bound to RNA; there is no preference for mRNA as the same proteins bind to any free RNA, even poly(A). At least two of these proteins coincide with proteins of genuine ps-mRNP-proteins (Mr. 50 000 and 75 000). The column yields a protein (Mr. 37 000) which has an affinity for the matrix rather than for the coupled RNA. Complexes formed from mRNA and cytosol proteins do not bind to ribosomes, whereas ps-mRNPs does. We suggest that some of the polysomal mRNP proteins pre-exist unbound in the cytosol.", "contents": "Evidence that proteins bound to the polysomal messenger RNA exist also free in the cytoplasm of HeLa cells. The cytoplasm of HeLa cells contains a series of proteins with affinity for RNA. These proteins were detected by affinity chromatography on RNA-Sepharose. Several proteins are tightly bound to RNA; there is no preference for mRNA as the same proteins bind to any free RNA, even poly(A). At least two of these proteins coincide with proteins of genuine ps-mRNP-proteins (Mr. 50 000 and 75 000). The column yields a protein (Mr. 37 000) which has an affinity for the matrix rather than for the coupled RNA. Complexes formed from mRNA and cytosol proteins do not bind to ribosomes, whereas ps-mRNPs does. We suggest that some of the polysomal mRNP proteins pre-exist unbound in the cytosol.", "PMID": 857916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12580", "title": "[Effects of glucocorticosteroids on enzymatic activity in the urea cycle in fetal rat liver].", "content": "The five urea cycle enzyme activities of rat liver are followed during late fetal period and the first day of life. All five enzymes exhibit relatively low activities in foetal liver and a rapid postnatal increase. Lack of glucocorticosteroid (after hypophysectomy in utero) induces an important decrease of activity of three enzymes: carbamyl phosphate synthetase, ornithine transcarbamylase and argininosuccinate synthetase. Treatment with hydrocortisone acetate on decapitated fetuses results in a marked stimulation of the activity of four of the enzymes: carbamyl phosphate synthetase, ornithine transcarbamylase, argininosuccinate synthetase and arginase. Premature induction of carbamyl phosphate synthetase activity is obtained after intraperitoneal injection with hydrocortisone acetate at 16,5 days of gestation.", "contents": "[Effects of glucocorticosteroids on enzymatic activity in the urea cycle in fetal rat liver]. The five urea cycle enzyme activities of rat liver are followed during late fetal period and the first day of life. All five enzymes exhibit relatively low activities in foetal liver and a rapid postnatal increase. Lack of glucocorticosteroid (after hypophysectomy in utero) induces an important decrease of activity of three enzymes: carbamyl phosphate synthetase, ornithine transcarbamylase and argininosuccinate synthetase. Treatment with hydrocortisone acetate on decapitated fetuses results in a marked stimulation of the activity of four of the enzymes: carbamyl phosphate synthetase, ornithine transcarbamylase, argininosuccinate synthetase and arginase. Premature induction of carbamyl phosphate synthetase activity is obtained after intraperitoneal injection with hydrocortisone acetate at 16,5 days of gestation.", "PMID": 857917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12581", "title": "An iron-containing superoxide dismutase from the strict anaerobe Desulfovibrio desulfuricans (Norway 4).", "content": "Superoxide dismutase, the enzyme which catalyzes the dismutation of superoxide free radicals (formula: see text) has been purified to homogeneity from the strict anaerobe sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio desulfuricans (Norway 4). Its molecular weight is 43,000 and it is composed of two subunits of equal size which are not covalently bound. The enzyme was found to contain iron by atomic absorption and the absence of acid-labile sulfur indicates that it is not an iron-sulfur protein. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum revealed that iron occurs in a high spin ferric form. The ultraviolet and visible absorption spectra of the enzyme are presented, as are the results of amino-acid analysis. The data reported allow to conclude that this superoxide dismutase isolated from a strict anaerobe exhibits similar physico-chemical properties as compared to the iron-containing dismutases found in aerobic microorganisms. The significance of the presence of a superoxide dismutase in this strict anaerobe sulfate reducer is discussed.", "contents": "An iron-containing superoxide dismutase from the strict anaerobe Desulfovibrio desulfuricans (Norway 4). Superoxide dismutase, the enzyme which catalyzes the dismutation of superoxide free radicals (formula: see text) has been purified to homogeneity from the strict anaerobe sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio desulfuricans (Norway 4). Its molecular weight is 43,000 and it is composed of two subunits of equal size which are not covalently bound. The enzyme was found to contain iron by atomic absorption and the absence of acid-labile sulfur indicates that it is not an iron-sulfur protein. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum revealed that iron occurs in a high spin ferric form. The ultraviolet and visible absorption spectra of the enzyme are presented, as are the results of amino-acid analysis. The data reported allow to conclude that this superoxide dismutase isolated from a strict anaerobe exhibits similar physico-chemical properties as compared to the iron-containing dismutases found in aerobic microorganisms. The significance of the presence of a superoxide dismutase in this strict anaerobe sulfate reducer is discussed.", "PMID": 857918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12582", "title": "[Mechanism of histone action on mitochondrial energetics. Proton and cation transport across membrane].", "content": "The effect of lysine-rich histone on mitochondria was studied with respect to the cation transport and proton uptake across the membrane. Histone does not affect Ca2+ uptake or level in mitochondria. It extrudes Mg2+ by 30% with the utilization of substrates; in the presence of rotenone extrusion drops to about 18%. Dinitrophenol and ADP prevent the effect of histone. Mg2+ uptake is inhibited by 12% by histone. K+ extrusion by histone (by 50%) which depends on the oxidation of substrates, is enhanced by phosphate, and Mg2+ decreases (by 50%) the K+ extrusion. Histone prevents to some extent extrusion of K+ by Ca2+. Histone does not affect Na+ level in mitochondria, it blocks (by 50%) Na+ uptake in the presence of gramicidin, probably by forming a gramicidin-histone complex. Histone blocks proton uptake by mitochondria incubated in the presence of valinomycin or DNP. In the presence of DNP valinomycin-induced H+ uptake is not affected by histone. H+ uptake induced by nigericin is not affected by histone as well.", "contents": "[Mechanism of histone action on mitochondrial energetics. Proton and cation transport across membrane]. The effect of lysine-rich histone on mitochondria was studied with respect to the cation transport and proton uptake across the membrane. Histone does not affect Ca2+ uptake or level in mitochondria. It extrudes Mg2+ by 30% with the utilization of substrates; in the presence of rotenone extrusion drops to about 18%. Dinitrophenol and ADP prevent the effect of histone. Mg2+ uptake is inhibited by 12% by histone. K+ extrusion by histone (by 50%) which depends on the oxidation of substrates, is enhanced by phosphate, and Mg2+ decreases (by 50%) the K+ extrusion. Histone prevents to some extent extrusion of K+ by Ca2+. Histone does not affect Na+ level in mitochondria, it blocks (by 50%) Na+ uptake in the presence of gramicidin, probably by forming a gramicidin-histone complex. Histone blocks proton uptake by mitochondria incubated in the presence of valinomycin or DNP. In the presence of DNP valinomycin-induced H+ uptake is not affected by histone. H+ uptake induced by nigericin is not affected by histone as well.", "PMID": 857919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12583", "title": "[The state of phospholipase D in solution and its catalytic activity].", "content": "Functioning of water-soluble phospholipase D from cotton seeds is studied on two phases contact area (liquid-liquid, liquid-solid substance) and on the surface of mixed lecitine and sodium dodecylsulphate micelles. It is found that water-soluble phospholipase D, which normally has no catalytic activity, is capable to hydrolyse its substrates in the presence of organic solvents, solid adsorbents and sodium dodecylsulphate. The data obtained show that in all the cases studied the activation observed is due to adsorption immobilization of the enzyme. K lambda and K alpha constants are introduced, which are characteristics of immobilyzing ability of agents-matrices for immobilization. Phase transitions, which take place in heterogenous system (enzyme-activator-substrate-water solution), are found to be a necessary condition for the enzyme activation. A hypothesis, that catalytical activity of water-soluble phospholipase D is inherent of the adsorbed enzyme, is discussed on the basis of the data on comparative study of adsorbed and water-soluble enzymes.", "contents": "[The state of phospholipase D in solution and its catalytic activity]. Functioning of water-soluble phospholipase D from cotton seeds is studied on two phases contact area (liquid-liquid, liquid-solid substance) and on the surface of mixed lecitine and sodium dodecylsulphate micelles. It is found that water-soluble phospholipase D, which normally has no catalytic activity, is capable to hydrolyse its substrates in the presence of organic solvents, solid adsorbents and sodium dodecylsulphate. The data obtained show that in all the cases studied the activation observed is due to adsorption immobilization of the enzyme. K lambda and K alpha constants are introduced, which are characteristics of immobilyzing ability of agents-matrices for immobilization. Phase transitions, which take place in heterogenous system (enzyme-activator-substrate-water solution), are found to be a necessary condition for the enzyme activation. A hypothesis, that catalytical activity of water-soluble phospholipase D is inherent of the adsorbed enzyme, is discussed on the basis of the data on comparative study of adsorbed and water-soluble enzymes.", "PMID": 857920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12584", "title": "[Inhibition of nonenzymatic ATP hydrolysis by its binding with the cationic detergent micelles].", "content": "The rate of ATP hydrolysis is shown to decrease sharply by its binding with mycelles formed from cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) (pH 9.0, 20 degrees C). Under these conditions only trace amounts of hydrolytic products have been found in the reaction mixture after a two-months standing. In the absence of mycelles the ATP hydrolysis is practically completed in 7 days. The energies of ATP, ADP and Pi binding with mycelles and at the interface of the \"octane - water\" system with previously adsorbed CTAB have been measured. The estimates demonstrate that the binding of one negative charge of phosphate anion or that of nucleotides with CTAB at the interface of the \"octane - water\" system corresponds to the change in free energy, i.e. -3.5 ccal/mol. The sharp deceleration of ATP hydrolysis cannot be due to the shift in the equilibrium of ATP hydrolysis reaction towards the formation of the pyrophosphate bond under conditions when all reaction components are bound to the surface of the mycelles.", "contents": "[Inhibition of nonenzymatic ATP hydrolysis by its binding with the cationic detergent micelles]. The rate of ATP hydrolysis is shown to decrease sharply by its binding with mycelles formed from cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) (pH 9.0, 20 degrees C). Under these conditions only trace amounts of hydrolytic products have been found in the reaction mixture after a two-months standing. In the absence of mycelles the ATP hydrolysis is practically completed in 7 days. The energies of ATP, ADP and Pi binding with mycelles and at the interface of the \"octane - water\" system with previously adsorbed CTAB have been measured. The estimates demonstrate that the binding of one negative charge of phosphate anion or that of nucleotides with CTAB at the interface of the \"octane - water\" system corresponds to the change in free energy, i.e. -3.5 ccal/mol. The sharp deceleration of ATP hydrolysis cannot be due to the shift in the equilibrium of ATP hydrolysis reaction towards the formation of the pyrophosphate bond under conditions when all reaction components are bound to the surface of the mycelles.", "PMID": 857921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12585", "title": "[Study of nystatin effect on nuclear proteases of dog kidney causing degradation of acid-soluble proteins of chromatin].", "content": "A relationship between the previously observed degradation of dog kidney chromatin histones induced by polyene antibiotics, and a change in enzymatic activity of neutral histone protease or proteases localized on the outer nuclear membrane was studied. It was shown that in the course of proteolysis of chromatin isolated from the nuclei after treatment by Triton X-100 nistatin inhibits neutral histone proteases as can be evidenced from the amount of the amino groups formed and the data of electrophoretic analysis of chromatin histones. The inhibitory effect of nistatin is sharply enhanced with an increase in its concentration. It is found that in the course of proteolysis of chromatin isolated from the nuclei untreated with Triton X-100, nistatin increases the degree of acid-soluble protein degradation. The latter effect is probably due to the stimulation of the enzymatic activity of proteases localized on the outer nuclear membrane by nistatin.", "contents": "[Study of nystatin effect on nuclear proteases of dog kidney causing degradation of acid-soluble proteins of chromatin]. A relationship between the previously observed degradation of dog kidney chromatin histones induced by polyene antibiotics, and a change in enzymatic activity of neutral histone protease or proteases localized on the outer nuclear membrane was studied. It was shown that in the course of proteolysis of chromatin isolated from the nuclei after treatment by Triton X-100 nistatin inhibits neutral histone proteases as can be evidenced from the amount of the amino groups formed and the data of electrophoretic analysis of chromatin histones. The inhibitory effect of nistatin is sharply enhanced with an increase in its concentration. It is found that in the course of proteolysis of chromatin isolated from the nuclei untreated with Triton X-100, nistatin increases the degree of acid-soluble protein degradation. The latter effect is probably due to the stimulation of the enzymatic activity of proteases localized on the outer nuclear membrane by nistatin.", "PMID": 857922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12586", "title": "[Interaction of aspartate aminotransferase with aminooxyalkylcelluloses].", "content": "Interaction of aspartate aminotransferase with various aminooxycelluloses capable of reacting with carbonyl compounds to form oximes has been studied with respect to the distance of the H2NO-groups from the polymer matrix. Aminotransferase does not react with aminooxycelluloses, when the amono-oxygroups are located at small distances from the matrix. When these celluloses interact with the enzyme in the presence of the substrate amino acid, we manage to obtain the amino-form of amino-transferase containing no pyridoxylidine form quantitatively. The cellulose with the H2NO-groups located at considerable distances from the polysaccharide matrix, form the \"aminotransferase oxime--aminooxycellulose\" complex, which is subsequently split either to a choloenzyme or apoenzyme of PLP and aminooxycellulose, depending on the experimental conditions used. The adsorbents under study may present some interest both in terms of isolation and purfication of pyridoxal enzymes and their effects on enzymatic systems, which contain carbonylic compounds.", "contents": "[Interaction of aspartate aminotransferase with aminooxyalkylcelluloses]. Interaction of aspartate aminotransferase with various aminooxycelluloses capable of reacting with carbonyl compounds to form oximes has been studied with respect to the distance of the H2NO-groups from the polymer matrix. Aminotransferase does not react with aminooxycelluloses, when the amono-oxygroups are located at small distances from the matrix. When these celluloses interact with the enzyme in the presence of the substrate amino acid, we manage to obtain the amino-form of amino-transferase containing no pyridoxylidine form quantitatively. The cellulose with the H2NO-groups located at considerable distances from the polysaccharide matrix, form the \"aminotransferase oxime--aminooxycellulose\" complex, which is subsequently split either to a choloenzyme or apoenzyme of PLP and aminooxycellulose, depending on the experimental conditions used. The adsorbents under study may present some interest both in terms of isolation and purfication of pyridoxal enzymes and their effects on enzymatic systems, which contain carbonylic compounds.", "PMID": 857923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12587", "title": "[Activation of latent RNAse activity of RNP particles from rat skeletal muscles].", "content": "The dependence of activation of latent RNAse of RNP particles isolated from rat skeletal muscles, on the concentration of K+ and Mg2+ in the incubation medium and on temperature was studied. During a short-term exposure (20 min 18 degrees) of RNP particles in the buffers containing K+ at concentrations varying from 0.05 M to 0.25 M and Mg2+ at concentrations from 0.001 M to 0.01 M no effect of endogenous ribonuclease was observed. It was shown that a significant activation of latent RNAse occurs during the incubation at room temperature in 24 hours provided that the incubation medium contains Mg2+ at concentrations not higher that 0.004 M. In the presence of 0.004 M Mg2+ degradation of polysomal mRNA and partial degradation of 18 S--rRNA takes place. At Mg2+ concentration as low as 0.001 M not only mRNA but also both rRNAs are accessible to the action of activated ribonuclease. 20 min heating of RNP particles up to 55 degrees C causes insignificant degradation of the polysomes and 18 S--rRNA. The increase in temperature by 5 degrees c results in the activation of latent RNAse followed by an almost complete degradation of mRNA and rRNA. The relationship between the integrity of the ribosomal structure and activation of latent ribonuclease is discussed.", "contents": "[Activation of latent RNAse activity of RNP particles from rat skeletal muscles]. The dependence of activation of latent RNAse of RNP particles isolated from rat skeletal muscles, on the concentration of K+ and Mg2+ in the incubation medium and on temperature was studied. During a short-term exposure (20 min 18 degrees) of RNP particles in the buffers containing K+ at concentrations varying from 0.05 M to 0.25 M and Mg2+ at concentrations from 0.001 M to 0.01 M no effect of endogenous ribonuclease was observed. It was shown that a significant activation of latent RNAse occurs during the incubation at room temperature in 24 hours provided that the incubation medium contains Mg2+ at concentrations not higher that 0.004 M. In the presence of 0.004 M Mg2+ degradation of polysomal mRNA and partial degradation of 18 S--rRNA takes place. At Mg2+ concentration as low as 0.001 M not only mRNA but also both rRNAs are accessible to the action of activated ribonuclease. 20 min heating of RNP particles up to 55 degrees C causes insignificant degradation of the polysomes and 18 S--rRNA. The increase in temperature by 5 degrees c results in the activation of latent RNAse followed by an almost complete degradation of mRNA and rRNA. The relationship between the integrity of the ribosomal structure and activation of latent ribonuclease is discussed.", "PMID": 857924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12588", "title": "Erythrocyte catechol-o-methyltransferase activity in primary affective disorder.", "content": "Previous studies have suggested that the activity of erythrocyte catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) may be reduced in women with bipolar and particularly unipolar affective illness. More recently, increased COMT activity in both men and women with affective disorder was reported. The activity of COMT in erythrocytes was determined in 184 outpatients with primary affective disorder at the Lithium Clinic of the New York State Psychiatric Institute. COMT activity was determined by a modification of the Axelrod and Cohn method with dopamine as substrate. This change resulted in an apparent threefold increase in the values for COMT activity; however, when both methods were compared, the results correlated (r = 0.97, p less than 0.001, N = 37). We found that the values for women were not significantly lower than those for men. In addition, there was no difference between patients with affective disorder and controls. Further, no difference was demonstrated between patients diagnosed as bipolar or uni-polar. Parameters such as mood, medication, and inpatient or outpatient status had no effect on COMT activity. The results of previous studies are discussed in an attempt to reconcile the different results.", "contents": "Erythrocyte catechol-o-methyltransferase activity in primary affective disorder. Previous studies have suggested that the activity of erythrocyte catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) may be reduced in women with bipolar and particularly unipolar affective illness. More recently, increased COMT activity in both men and women with affective disorder was reported. The activity of COMT in erythrocytes was determined in 184 outpatients with primary affective disorder at the Lithium Clinic of the New York State Psychiatric Institute. COMT activity was determined by a modification of the Axelrod and Cohn method with dopamine as substrate. This change resulted in an apparent threefold increase in the values for COMT activity; however, when both methods were compared, the results correlated (r = 0.97, p less than 0.001, N = 37). We found that the values for women were not significantly lower than those for men. In addition, there was no difference between patients with affective disorder and controls. Further, no difference was demonstrated between patients diagnosed as bipolar or uni-polar. Parameters such as mood, medication, and inpatient or outpatient status had no effect on COMT activity. The results of previous studies are discussed in an attempt to reconcile the different results.", "PMID": 857937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12589", "title": "Coexisting tardive dyskinesia and parkinsonism: a case report.", "content": "A case report is presented of a patient with remitting tardive dyskinesia coexistent with neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism. The patient received benztropine and physostigmine challenges on successive days and the effects on both syndromes are described. The clinical course of both diseases is discussed in terms of a balance hypothesis between dopaminergic and cholinergic neurotransmission.", "contents": "Coexisting tardive dyskinesia and parkinsonism: a case report. A case report is presented of a patient with remitting tardive dyskinesia coexistent with neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism. The patient received benztropine and physostigmine challenges on successive days and the effects on both syndromes are described. The clinical course of both diseases is discussed in terms of a balance hypothesis between dopaminergic and cholinergic neurotransmission.", "PMID": 857938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12590", "title": "Reduction of progesterone release rate through silicone membranes by plasma polymerization.", "content": "An investigation was performed to determine the effectiveness of thin plasma-polymerized films and CASING for controlling the flux of progesterone through poly-(dimethyl siloxane) membranes. It was concluded that up to 40-fold reductions in flux could be achieved with plasma-polymerized films. The principal factors affecting the extent of flux reduction were the nature of the monomer used (ethylene, ethane and tetrafluoroethylene), the film thickness, and the deposition conditions. CASING (Crosslinking by Activated Species of Inert Gases) of the poly-(dimethyl siloxane) membrane surface also proved effective in reducing the flux of progesterone through it.", "contents": "Reduction of progesterone release rate through silicone membranes by plasma polymerization. An investigation was performed to determine the effectiveness of thin plasma-polymerized films and CASING for controlling the flux of progesterone through poly-(dimethyl siloxane) membranes. It was concluded that up to 40-fold reductions in flux could be achieved with plasma-polymerized films. The principal factors affecting the extent of flux reduction were the nature of the monomer used (ethylene, ethane and tetrafluoroethylene), the film thickness, and the deposition conditions. CASING (Crosslinking by Activated Species of Inert Gases) of the poly-(dimethyl siloxane) membrane surface also proved effective in reducing the flux of progesterone through it.", "PMID": 857946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12591", "title": "Shear-induced hemolysis with commercial and glow discharge silicones.", "content": "The hemolytic characteristics of 14 different polydimethyl-siloxane materials were studied, using a rotating disk device to shear whole human blood for 6000 sec. Disk surfaces included commercial Silastic products with and without silica filler, coatings formed from hexa-methyl and tetra-methyl disiloxane monomer vapors by glow discharge, and heparinized silicones. Results are presented in the form of kinetic hemolysis curves (KHC)--plots of plasma hemoglobin vs. time--and analyzed in terms of the slopes of these curves in the 1500-6000 sec region where the KHC is nearly linear. It was found that most silicone products are low-hemolysis materials, comparable to polyethylene (PE) but often about 20% less ehmolytic; one product was superior by about 40%. The only consistent exceptions to this were the glow discharge surfaces from HEXA-methyl disiloxane (15-80% poorer than PE) and heparinized surfaces (70-280% more hemolytic than PE).", "contents": "Shear-induced hemolysis with commercial and glow discharge silicones. The hemolytic characteristics of 14 different polydimethyl-siloxane materials were studied, using a rotating disk device to shear whole human blood for 6000 sec. Disk surfaces included commercial Silastic products with and without silica filler, coatings formed from hexa-methyl and tetra-methyl disiloxane monomer vapors by glow discharge, and heparinized silicones. Results are presented in the form of kinetic hemolysis curves (KHC)--plots of plasma hemoglobin vs. time--and analyzed in terms of the slopes of these curves in the 1500-6000 sec region where the KHC is nearly linear. It was found that most silicone products are low-hemolysis materials, comparable to polyethylene (PE) but often about 20% less ehmolytic; one product was superior by about 40%. The only consistent exceptions to this were the glow discharge surfaces from HEXA-methyl disiloxane (15-80% poorer than PE) and heparinized surfaces (70-280% more hemolytic than PE).", "PMID": 857947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12592", "title": "Evidence for conformeric states of rhodopsin.", "content": "Spectrophotometric measurements of metarhodopsin II appearance are made on five different kinds of rhodopsin preparations. Although the preparations differ greatly in their rhodopsin: phospholipid ratio, the meta II kinetics in all of them are strikingly similar in certain respects. Meta II appearance kinetics in all of the preparations are best described by two and only two exponentials. The ratio of these two rates is always about 5. The fast fraction: slow fraction ratio depends upon temperature. These fractions are reversibly convertible in the dark, and are interconverted on a time-scale which is long compared to the meta II appearance rate. It is shown that the kinetics of the earlier step in the bleaching sequence, viz., lumi-leads to meta I, is also described by double exponentials. Again the ratio of rates is ca. 5 and the fast-slow fractions correspond to those found in the meta I leads to meta II step. It is proposed that these facts support an hypothesis for the existence of two conformeric states of rhodopsin which are in thermal equilibrium. Thermodynamic parameters associated with this proposed equilibrium are presented.", "contents": "Evidence for conformeric states of rhodopsin. Spectrophotometric measurements of metarhodopsin II appearance are made on five different kinds of rhodopsin preparations. Although the preparations differ greatly in their rhodopsin: phospholipid ratio, the meta II kinetics in all of them are strikingly similar in certain respects. Meta II appearance kinetics in all of the preparations are best described by two and only two exponentials. The ratio of these two rates is always about 5. The fast fraction: slow fraction ratio depends upon temperature. These fractions are reversibly convertible in the dark, and are interconverted on a time-scale which is long compared to the meta II appearance rate. It is shown that the kinetics of the earlier step in the bleaching sequence, viz., lumi-leads to meta I, is also described by double exponentials. Again the ratio of rates is ca. 5 and the fast-slow fractions correspond to those found in the meta I leads to meta II step. It is proposed that these facts support an hypothesis for the existence of two conformeric states of rhodopsin which are in thermal equilibrium. Thermodynamic parameters associated with this proposed equilibrium are presented.", "PMID": 857948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12593", "title": "A proposed model for rhodopsin in photoreceptor membranes.", "content": "Transient electric birefringence studies have been made on bovine rhodopsin solubilized in the detergent lauryldimethylamine oxide from glutaraldehyde fixed rod outer segment (ROS) membranes. It was found that fixation caused no appreciable differences in the measured relaxation times when compared with unfixed ROS. On the basis of these findings a model for the orientation of rhodopsin in photoreceptor membranes is proposed which accounts for translational diffusion and two modes of rotational diffusion. The proposed model is related to a number of experimentally determined biophysical properties reported in the literature.", "contents": "A proposed model for rhodopsin in photoreceptor membranes. Transient electric birefringence studies have been made on bovine rhodopsin solubilized in the detergent lauryldimethylamine oxide from glutaraldehyde fixed rod outer segment (ROS) membranes. It was found that fixation caused no appreciable differences in the measured relaxation times when compared with unfixed ROS. On the basis of these findings a model for the orientation of rhodopsin in photoreceptor membranes is proposed which accounts for translational diffusion and two modes of rotational diffusion. The proposed model is related to a number of experimentally determined biophysical properties reported in the literature.", "PMID": 857949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12594", "title": "Photoreactions of bacteriorhodopsin.", "content": "Bacteriorhodopsin is a membrane-bound light energy transducer which generates an electrochemical proton gradient. It undergoes a cyclic photoreaction in which five intermediates have been identified. During the cycle it releases a proton from one surface of the membrane and takes up a proton on the opposite surface. The active chromophore consists of retinal bound through a Schiff base to the protein. The Schiff base is deprotonized during the photoreaction cycle and appears to be involved in the transport of protons through the membrane. The retinal may also undergo an isomerization.", "contents": "Photoreactions of bacteriorhodopsin. Bacteriorhodopsin is a membrane-bound light energy transducer which generates an electrochemical proton gradient. It undergoes a cyclic photoreaction in which five intermediates have been identified. During the cycle it releases a proton from one surface of the membrane and takes up a proton on the opposite surface. The active chromophore consists of retinal bound through a Schiff base to the protein. The Schiff base is deprotonized during the photoreaction cycle and appears to be involved in the transport of protons through the membrane. The retinal may also undergo an isomerization.", "PMID": 857950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12595", "title": "What does Halobacterium tell us about photoreception?", "content": "A photosensory mechanism is proposed for Halobacterium halobium based on the observation of light-induced motor responses. Possible mechanisms of signal transduction in Halobacterium are discussed. Bacteriorhodopsin and the visual pigment rhodopsin are compared with respect to their structural and functional properties. The conclusion is drawn that Halobacterium may help to understand primary photochemical events of rhodopsin rather than the transduction mechanism of visual photoreceptors.", "contents": "What does Halobacterium tell us about photoreception? A photosensory mechanism is proposed for Halobacterium halobium based on the observation of light-induced motor responses. Possible mechanisms of signal transduction in Halobacterium are discussed. Bacteriorhodopsin and the visual pigment rhodopsin are compared with respect to their structural and functional properties. The conclusion is drawn that Halobacterium may help to understand primary photochemical events of rhodopsin rather than the transduction mechanism of visual photoreceptors.", "PMID": 857951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12596", "title": "Mechanism of disintegration of biological cells in ultrasonic cavitation.", "content": "On the basis of elastic waves released by imploding cavitation bubbles, a mechanism for biological cell disintegration in high intensity ultrasound has been proposed. Comparison of this mechanism with the published results on yeast cells shows many points of agreement suggesting that yeast cell disintegration in ultrasonic cavitation occurs by shear stresses developed by viscous dissipative eddies arising from shock waves.", "contents": "Mechanism of disintegration of biological cells in ultrasonic cavitation. On the basis of elastic waves released by imploding cavitation bubbles, a mechanism for biological cell disintegration in high intensity ultrasound has been proposed. Comparison of this mechanism with the published results on yeast cells shows many points of agreement suggesting that yeast cell disintegration in ultrasonic cavitation occurs by shear stresses developed by viscous dissipative eddies arising from shock waves.", "PMID": 857952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12597", "title": "Ferrous iron oxidation and uranium extraction by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans.", "content": "The microbiological oxidation of ferrous iron in batch and continuous systems has been investigated in relation to uranium extraction from a low-grade ore by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. The influence of the parameters, agitation, and aeration on oxygen saturation concentration, rate of oxygen mass transfer, and rate of ferrous iron oxidation was demonstrated. The kinetic values, Vmax and K were determined using an adapted Monod equation for different dilution rates and initial concentrations of ferrous iron. The power requirements for initial leaching conditions were also calculated. Uranium extraction as high as 68% has been realized during nine days of treatment. Regrinding the leach residue and its subsequent leaching yielded 87% uranium solubilization.", "contents": "Ferrous iron oxidation and uranium extraction by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. The microbiological oxidation of ferrous iron in batch and continuous systems has been investigated in relation to uranium extraction from a low-grade ore by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. The influence of the parameters, agitation, and aeration on oxygen saturation concentration, rate of oxygen mass transfer, and rate of ferrous iron oxidation was demonstrated. The kinetic values, Vmax and K were determined using an adapted Monod equation for different dilution rates and initial concentrations of ferrous iron. The power requirements for initial leaching conditions were also calculated. Uranium extraction as high as 68% has been realized during nine days of treatment. Regrinding the leach residue and its subsequent leaching yielded 87% uranium solubilization.", "PMID": 857953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12598", "title": "[Effect of antidromic impulses on the afferent flow in A-delta fibers of a cutaneous nerve].", "content": "Analysis of the afferent activity in the myelinated Adetla-fibers was carried out using the modified colliding impulses method. Frequency characteristics of the orthodromic impulses pattern without any preliminary electrical stimulation of Adelta-fibers and after its application to the nerve were compared. It was found that the antidromic impulses appearing under the electrical stimulation of the nerve caused an increase in the frequency of impulses in the afferent pattern in adequate stimulation of the cutaneous receptors.", "contents": "[Effect of antidromic impulses on the afferent flow in A-delta fibers of a cutaneous nerve]. Analysis of the afferent activity in the myelinated Adetla-fibers was carried out using the modified colliding impulses method. Frequency characteristics of the orthodromic impulses pattern without any preliminary electrical stimulation of Adelta-fibers and after its application to the nerve were compared. It was found that the antidromic impulses appearing under the electrical stimulation of the nerve caused an increase in the frequency of impulses in the afferent pattern in adequate stimulation of the cutaneous receptors.", "PMID": 857962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12599", "title": "[Intravascular pressure and spontaneous lymph node contractions].", "content": "Interrelations between the spontaneous contractile activity and the level of intravascular pressure were studied on the isolated sections of lymphatic vessels. Spontaneous contraction proved to appear when the intravascular pressure was 1.5 cm H2O and decreased when it reached 10 cm H2O. The latent period of the origination of spontaneous contractile activity in rapid rise of pressure was shorter than such in its gradual rise. The amplitude and frequency of spontaneous contractions changed not only depending on the intravascular pressure value, but also on the rate of their change.", "contents": "[Intravascular pressure and spontaneous lymph node contractions]. Interrelations between the spontaneous contractile activity and the level of intravascular pressure were studied on the isolated sections of lymphatic vessels. Spontaneous contraction proved to appear when the intravascular pressure was 1.5 cm H2O and decreased when it reached 10 cm H2O. The latent period of the origination of spontaneous contractile activity in rapid rise of pressure was shorter than such in its gradual rise. The amplitude and frequency of spontaneous contractions changed not only depending on the intravascular pressure value, but also on the rate of their change.", "PMID": 857963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12600", "title": "[Role of the kallikrein-kinin system of the kidneys in sodium and water transport and changes in it under the influence of indomethacin].", "content": "A direct relationship between the level of the kallikrein activity in the urine, and diuresis, natriuresis and the capacity of the kidneys to concentrate the urine in healthy rats was revealed. Low doses of indometacin (2 mg/kg, for 5 days) increased the kallikrein activity in the urine four-fold, with a simultaneous rise of diuresis; high doses (5 mg/kg, for 5 days) cut the kallikrein activity in the urine by half and decreased natriuresis three-fold. At the same time there was also a decreased capacity to concentrate the urine. Thus, indometacin changed not only the prostaglandine synthesis, but also that of kallikrein, this influencing the functional state of the kidney.", "contents": "[Role of the kallikrein-kinin system of the kidneys in sodium and water transport and changes in it under the influence of indomethacin]. A direct relationship between the level of the kallikrein activity in the urine, and diuresis, natriuresis and the capacity of the kidneys to concentrate the urine in healthy rats was revealed. Low doses of indometacin (2 mg/kg, for 5 days) increased the kallikrein activity in the urine four-fold, with a simultaneous rise of diuresis; high doses (5 mg/kg, for 5 days) cut the kallikrein activity in the urine by half and decreased natriuresis three-fold. At the same time there was also a decreased capacity to concentrate the urine. Thus, indometacin changed not only the prostaglandine synthesis, but also that of kallikrein, this influencing the functional state of the kidney.", "PMID": 857964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12601", "title": "[Distribution of labeled cortisol in the tissues and media of the eye].", "content": "Incorporation of cortizol-3H and its uptake by the tissues and media of the eye was studied to expose the target tissue for the given hormone. Cortizol distribution was investigated in the sclera, ciliary body, cornea, iris, the lens capsule, aqeous humour, and the vitreous body. It was shown that the eye tissues and media had different intensity of cortizol incorporation, as well as different character of its elimination. The sclera, cornea, ciliary body and the lens capsule proved to be the target tissues for cortizol.", "contents": "[Distribution of labeled cortisol in the tissues and media of the eye]. Incorporation of cortizol-3H and its uptake by the tissues and media of the eye was studied to expose the target tissue for the given hormone. Cortizol distribution was investigated in the sclera, ciliary body, cornea, iris, the lens capsule, aqeous humour, and the vitreous body. It was shown that the eye tissues and media had different intensity of cortizol incorporation, as well as different character of its elimination. The sclera, cornea, ciliary body and the lens capsule proved to be the target tissues for cortizol.", "PMID": 857965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12602", "title": "[Plasma renin and erythropoietic activity following a decrease in extracellular volume].", "content": "A reduction of the extracellular volume of the peritoneal dialysis in rats induced modifications in plasma renin activity, plasma erythropoietic activity, and in renin activity in the renal cortex. A significant increase in the renin and erythropoietic activity was revealed in the experimental animals. It is assumed that renin and erythropoietin could be regarded as two links of the same broad control system, responsible for optimum tissue oxygen supply.", "contents": "[Plasma renin and erythropoietic activity following a decrease in extracellular volume]. A reduction of the extracellular volume of the peritoneal dialysis in rats induced modifications in plasma renin activity, plasma erythropoietic activity, and in renin activity in the renal cortex. A significant increase in the renin and erythropoietic activity was revealed in the experimental animals. It is assumed that renin and erythropoietin could be regarded as two links of the same broad control system, responsible for optimum tissue oxygen supply.", "PMID": 857966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12603", "title": "[Lipid peroxidation and degeneration of the retinal photoreceptors in rats with avitaminosis E].", "content": "Alimentary E-avitaminosis in rats was accompanied (in vivo) by a sharply intensified formation of the lipid peroxidation products (hydroperoxides, dialkylperosides, \"intermolecular links\") in the retina and by degeneration of photoreceptors (chiefly of the external rod segment layer). Discussion of the experimental data obtained is based upon the views on the antioxidant alpha-tocopherol action mechanism in vivo.", "contents": "[Lipid peroxidation and degeneration of the retinal photoreceptors in rats with avitaminosis E]. Alimentary E-avitaminosis in rats was accompanied (in vivo) by a sharply intensified formation of the lipid peroxidation products (hydroperoxides, dialkylperosides, \"intermolecular links\") in the retina and by degeneration of photoreceptors (chiefly of the external rod segment layer). Discussion of the experimental data obtained is based upon the views on the antioxidant alpha-tocopherol action mechanism in vivo.", "PMID": 857967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12604", "title": "[Effect of chronic administration of carbon tetrachloride on turnover of individual RNA fractions in rat liver tissue].", "content": "During the carbon tetrachloride treatment of rats (for 24 weeks) the 5-H3-uridine content and incorporation into different rat liver RNA fractions after a short-term exposure of labeled precursor were studied. These fractions were obtained by preparative 2.5% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis from the nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA extracted by thermal phenol fractionation. CCl4 administration resulted in a decrease in the level of transfer and ribosomal RNAs in the rat liver. Chronic CCl4 treatment led to disturbances of the turnover simultaneousness of different components of rapidly labled RNA.", "contents": "[Effect of chronic administration of carbon tetrachloride on turnover of individual RNA fractions in rat liver tissue]. During the carbon tetrachloride treatment of rats (for 24 weeks) the 5-H3-uridine content and incorporation into different rat liver RNA fractions after a short-term exposure of labeled precursor were studied. These fractions were obtained by preparative 2.5% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis from the nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA extracted by thermal phenol fractionation. CCl4 administration resulted in a decrease in the level of transfer and ribosomal RNAs in the rat liver. Chronic CCl4 treatment led to disturbances of the turnover simultaneousness of different components of rapidly labled RNA.", "PMID": 857968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12605", "title": "[Effect of UV-irradiation on human serum under normal and pathologic conditions].", "content": "The influence of the wide UV-spectrum on the level of dien conjugations in the blood serum of donors and patients with various pathological processes was studied. The level of dien conjugations increased statistically significantly in the lipid sera of donors after UV-irradiation; but it proved to decrease in the patients with inflammatory diseases. As to the patients with benign and malignant tumours, UV-irradiation showed practically no influence on the dien conjugation level in the blood serum lipids. This method can be used to elaborate the differential-diagnostic criteria of diseases of tumour and inflammatory nature.", "contents": "[Effect of UV-irradiation on human serum under normal and pathologic conditions]. The influence of the wide UV-spectrum on the level of dien conjugations in the blood serum of donors and patients with various pathological processes was studied. The level of dien conjugations increased statistically significantly in the lipid sera of donors after UV-irradiation; but it proved to decrease in the patients with inflammatory diseases. As to the patients with benign and malignant tumours, UV-irradiation showed practically no influence on the dien conjugation level in the blood serum lipids. This method can be used to elaborate the differential-diagnostic criteria of diseases of tumour and inflammatory nature.", "PMID": 857969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12606", "title": "[Mechanism of the effect of aspirin on the functional properties of thrombocytes].", "content": "As shown the inhibitory effect of aspirin administered in vivo on platelet aggregation and factor 3 release in vitro was due to the action of aspirin on the blood platelets and plasma cofactors: plasma from aspirinized rats dimished aggregability of platelets from untreated animals; plasma from untreated rats increased the aggregability and factor 3 availability of platelets from aspirinized animals.", "contents": "[Mechanism of the effect of aspirin on the functional properties of thrombocytes]. As shown the inhibitory effect of aspirin administered in vivo on platelet aggregation and factor 3 release in vitro was due to the action of aspirin on the blood platelets and plasma cofactors: plasma from aspirinized rats dimished aggregability of platelets from untreated animals; plasma from untreated rats increased the aggregability and factor 3 availability of platelets from aspirinized animals.", "PMID": 857970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12607", "title": "[Adrenergic and cholinergic structures of guinea pig lungs under normal conditions and in experimental bronchial asthma].", "content": "Fluorescent and histochemical methods were applied to the study of the morpho-functional condition of the adrenergic and cholinergic nervous system of the bronchopumonary apparatus in guinea pigs under normal conditions and during sensitization (subcutaneous and inhalant) with tick Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus ticks. There was revealed a marked excitation of the adrenergic nervous system, and a reduction of the acetylcholine esterase activity in the bronchopulmonary tissue during the animal sensitization.", "contents": "[Adrenergic and cholinergic structures of guinea pig lungs under normal conditions and in experimental bronchial asthma]. Fluorescent and histochemical methods were applied to the study of the morpho-functional condition of the adrenergic and cholinergic nervous system of the bronchopumonary apparatus in guinea pigs under normal conditions and during sensitization (subcutaneous and inhalant) with tick Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus ticks. There was revealed a marked excitation of the adrenergic nervous system, and a reduction of the acetylcholine esterase activity in the bronchopulmonary tissue during the animal sensitization.", "PMID": 857971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12608", "title": "[Sensitivity of the lymphocyte RNA-synthesizing system of patients with different malignant neoplasms to phytohemagglutinin and dexamethasone].", "content": "RNA biosynthesis catalyzed with DNA-dependent RNA polymerase was demonstrated in the reconstructed system containing isolated lymphocyte nuclei, Mg2+ or Mn2+ salts, ammonium sulphate, in the presence of four nucleosidetriphosphates. Both the Mg2+ and Mn2+-dependent forms of this enzyme were revealed in the nuclei of normal lymphocytes and those of patients suffering from melanoma, carcinoma of the lung and sarcoma. The activities of both forms of RNA-polymerase were greater in the nuclei of the lymphocytes from sick individuals than in the normal analogues. DNA-dependent RNA-polymerase sensitivity to dexamethasone and PHA of the nuclei of lymphocytes obtained from patients with carcinoma of the lung, melanoma, and sarcoma was decreased in comparison with the normal.", "contents": "[Sensitivity of the lymphocyte RNA-synthesizing system of patients with different malignant neoplasms to phytohemagglutinin and dexamethasone]. RNA biosynthesis catalyzed with DNA-dependent RNA polymerase was demonstrated in the reconstructed system containing isolated lymphocyte nuclei, Mg2+ or Mn2+ salts, ammonium sulphate, in the presence of four nucleosidetriphosphates. Both the Mg2+ and Mn2+-dependent forms of this enzyme were revealed in the nuclei of normal lymphocytes and those of patients suffering from melanoma, carcinoma of the lung and sarcoma. The activities of both forms of RNA-polymerase were greater in the nuclei of the lymphocytes from sick individuals than in the normal analogues. DNA-dependent RNA-polymerase sensitivity to dexamethasone and PHA of the nuclei of lymphocytes obtained from patients with carcinoma of the lung, melanoma, and sarcoma was decreased in comparison with the normal.", "PMID": 857972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12609", "title": "[Hormontal treatment of pre-tumorous diseases of the testis in rats].", "content": "Tumours and proliferates of the testes from spermatogenic epithelium were treated with estrogens, and those from the interstitial cells-with androgens and 17-hydrosyprogesterone caproate. Depression of the folliculo-stimulating function of the pituitary body with a simultaneous stimulation of the luteinizing hormones (LH) production under the effect of estrogen led to cessation of teratoma and seminoma growth, and to the resolution of the proliferates. When androgens or 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate were used, depression of the LH led to cessation of the tumour growth, and to the resolution of proliferion of proliferates from the interstitial cells.", "contents": "[Hormontal treatment of pre-tumorous diseases of the testis in rats]. Tumours and proliferates of the testes from spermatogenic epithelium were treated with estrogens, and those from the interstitial cells-with androgens and 17-hydrosyprogesterone caproate. Depression of the folliculo-stimulating function of the pituitary body with a simultaneous stimulation of the luteinizing hormones (LH) production under the effect of estrogen led to cessation of teratoma and seminoma growth, and to the resolution of the proliferates. When androgens or 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate were used, depression of the LH led to cessation of the tumour growth, and to the resolution of proliferion of proliferates from the interstitial cells.", "PMID": 857973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12610", "title": "[Hematopoiesis in an organ culture of embryonal human liver].", "content": "It was shown by the method of multiple organ cultures on millipore filters that hemopoiesis preferably of erythroid type remained for more than one and a half months in the human embryo liver culture. General morphology of 7--50-day cultures was studied and described. Myeloid population of the cells (CFU conut) was exhausted practically by the 14--16th days of cultivation.", "contents": "[Hematopoiesis in an organ culture of embryonal human liver]. It was shown by the method of multiple organ cultures on millipore filters that hemopoiesis preferably of erythroid type remained for more than one and a half months in the human embryo liver culture. General morphology of 7--50-day cultures was studied and described. Myeloid population of the cells (CFU conut) was exhausted practically by the 14--16th days of cultivation.", "PMID": 857974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12611", "title": "[Study of a trophoblast cell culture in vitro].", "content": "The authors obtained trophoblast culture from an early chorion of human embryo. Trophoblastic cells of the main 4 types described were: giant cells, with processes, fibro-blast-like, and round. All the cells were rich in RNA, glycoproteins, had a set of enzymes of the Krebs pentose cycle, but low activity of succinic dehydrogenase. A marked cytooxic effect of lymphocytes from healthy pregnant woman on the allogenous cells of the trophoblast culature and the absence of any interaction between the neoatal lymphocytes with the latter was revealed.", "contents": "[Study of a trophoblast cell culture in vitro]. The authors obtained trophoblast culture from an early chorion of human embryo. Trophoblastic cells of the main 4 types described were: giant cells, with processes, fibro-blast-like, and round. All the cells were rich in RNA, glycoproteins, had a set of enzymes of the Krebs pentose cycle, but low activity of succinic dehydrogenase. A marked cytooxic effect of lymphocytes from healthy pregnant woman on the allogenous cells of the trophoblast culature and the absence of any interaction between the neoatal lymphocytes with the latter was revealed.", "PMID": 857975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12612", "title": "[Influence of cultivation temperature on blast-transformation of lymphocytes from humans of different ages].", "content": "Studies on the effect of temperature in tissue culture upon the phytohemagglutinin blast-transformation of lymphocytes obtained from persons aged 20 to 35 and 90 to 102 years were carried out. The tissue culture temperature of 39 degrees C increased the blast-transformation index as compared with control (37 degrees C), whereas the temperature of 41 degrees C sharply decreased it. The effect of temperature upon the blast-transformation process in tissue culture had some peculiarities depending on donor's age.", "contents": "[Influence of cultivation temperature on blast-transformation of lymphocytes from humans of different ages]. Studies on the effect of temperature in tissue culture upon the phytohemagglutinin blast-transformation of lymphocytes obtained from persons aged 20 to 35 and 90 to 102 years were carried out. The tissue culture temperature of 39 degrees C increased the blast-transformation index as compared with control (37 degrees C), whereas the temperature of 41 degrees C sharply decreased it. The effect of temperature upon the blast-transformation process in tissue culture had some peculiarities depending on donor's age.", "PMID": 857976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12613", "title": "[Circadian rhythm of the number of DNA-syns and following adrenalectomy].", "content": "The diurnal changes of mitosis and DNA-synthesizing cells count in the tongue epithelium of intact and adrenalectomized mice were studied. A partial desynchronization of mitotic division, as well as diminution of mitotic index variation amplitude and prolongation of high mitotic activity were observed in the operated animals in the course of 24 hours. The average 24-hour mitotic index in the basal layer of the tongue epithelium was the same in the intact and the operated animals. The rhythm of the DNA synthesis failed to differe from control. Thus, adrenalectomy in mice led to distrubances of the diurnal mitotic rhythm in the tongue epithelium, but had no effect on the rhythm of the DNA synthesis and the level of the proliferative activity.", "contents": "[Circadian rhythm of the number of DNA-syns and following adrenalectomy]. The diurnal changes of mitosis and DNA-synthesizing cells count in the tongue epithelium of intact and adrenalectomized mice were studied. A partial desynchronization of mitotic division, as well as diminution of mitotic index variation amplitude and prolongation of high mitotic activity were observed in the operated animals in the course of 24 hours. The average 24-hour mitotic index in the basal layer of the tongue epithelium was the same in the intact and the operated animals. The rhythm of the DNA synthesis failed to differe from control. Thus, adrenalectomy in mice led to distrubances of the diurnal mitotic rhythm in the tongue epithelium, but had no effect on the rhythm of the DNA synthesis and the level of the proliferative activity.", "PMID": 857977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12614", "title": "[Morhologic study of the hearts of rats exposed aboard biosatellites].", "content": "The hearts of rats exposed for 22.5 and 19.5 days aboard the biosatellites Cosmos-605 and Cosmos-782 were examined histologically and histochemically. Prolonged space flight induced no essential structural or metabolic changes in the myocardium of rats. The absolute weight of the heart remained unchanged. A short-term increase in the phosphorylase activity of the myocardium recorded 10 to 11 hours after the flight can be attributed to the complex of stress effects accompanying the recovery of the biosatellites.", "contents": "[Morhologic study of the hearts of rats exposed aboard biosatellites]. The hearts of rats exposed for 22.5 and 19.5 days aboard the biosatellites Cosmos-605 and Cosmos-782 were examined histologically and histochemically. Prolonged space flight induced no essential structural or metabolic changes in the myocardium of rats. The absolute weight of the heart remained unchanged. A short-term increase in the phosphorylase activity of the myocardium recorded 10 to 11 hours after the flight can be attributed to the complex of stress effects accompanying the recovery of the biosatellites.", "PMID": 857978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12615", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of the myocardium of mice with experimental infection caused by Coxsackie virus A13].", "content": "Diffuse myocarditis with alteation and proliferation was described in adult BALB/c mice infected with Coxsacke A13 virus. A marked tendency to sclerotic processes 30 to 60 days after the infection was noted; this can underly the reduction of the functional activity of the myocardium and lead to the development of cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of the myocardium of mice with experimental infection caused by Coxsackie virus A13]. Diffuse myocarditis with alteation and proliferation was described in adult BALB/c mice infected with Coxsacke A13 virus. A marked tendency to sclerotic processes 30 to 60 days after the infection was noted; this can underly the reduction of the functional activity of the myocardium and lead to the development of cardiomyopathy.", "PMID": 857979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12616", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of the seminiferous tubules of white rats exposed to boric acid].", "content": "Boric acid in a dose of 1 g/kg was given orally to albino rats for a period of 2 weeks, daily. Changes in the nucleus and the cytoplasm of both the spermatozoids and spermatides were revealed at the early stages of their formation. The appearance of numerous multinuclear cells with an even and odd number of nuclei (from 2 to 10 and over) was noted. The formation of multinuclear cells can be apparently attributed to the action of boric acid on the prolonged processes of meiotic division of the spermatogenic epithelium cells (spermatocytes, spermatides).", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of the seminiferous tubules of white rats exposed to boric acid]. Boric acid in a dose of 1 g/kg was given orally to albino rats for a period of 2 weeks, daily. Changes in the nucleus and the cytoplasm of both the spermatozoids and spermatides were revealed at the early stages of their formation. The appearance of numerous multinuclear cells with an even and odd number of nuclei (from 2 to 10 and over) was noted. The formation of multinuclear cells can be apparently attributed to the action of boric acid on the prolonged processes of meiotic division of the spermatogenic epithelium cells (spermatocytes, spermatides).", "PMID": 857981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12617", "title": "Cranio-tubular dysplasia.", "content": "A general description of the different syndromes of cranio-tubular dysplasia is given and 3 cases are described. Surgery can be difficult because of the marble hard bone. The possibility of complications such as recurrence, profuse bleeding and medullary compression with fatal results is stressed. The results of treatment remain poor.", "contents": "Cranio-tubular dysplasia. A general description of the different syndromes of cranio-tubular dysplasia is given and 3 cases are described. Surgery can be difficult because of the marble hard bone. The possibility of complications such as recurrence, profuse bleeding and medullary compression with fatal results is stressed. The results of treatment remain poor.", "PMID": 857998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12618", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in conscious and anaesthetized dogs.", "content": "1. Temporal effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on heart rate and blood pressure in conscious dogs were compared to those in anaesthetized dogs. 2. In conscious dogs, THC in doses of 0.25 and 0.1 mg/kg resulted in maximal heart rate reductions of 48 and 41%, respectively, and in no significant change in blood pressure. 3. In anaesthetized animals THC in doses of 0.5 and 0.25 mg/kg caused a peak reduction in heart rate of 38 and 34%, and of blood pressure of 24 and 8%, respectively. 4. The results demonstrate that the bradycardia in response to THC in dogs is independent of the concomitant anaesthesia. 5. We conclude that the discrepancy between heart rate response to THC in dogs and in man is due to a species difference.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in conscious and anaesthetized dogs. 1. Temporal effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on heart rate and blood pressure in conscious dogs were compared to those in anaesthetized dogs. 2. In conscious dogs, THC in doses of 0.25 and 0.1 mg/kg resulted in maximal heart rate reductions of 48 and 41%, respectively, and in no significant change in blood pressure. 3. In anaesthetized animals THC in doses of 0.5 and 0.25 mg/kg caused a peak reduction in heart rate of 38 and 34%, and of blood pressure of 24 and 8%, respectively. 4. The results demonstrate that the bradycardia in response to THC in dogs is independent of the concomitant anaesthesia. 5. We conclude that the discrepancy between heart rate response to THC in dogs and in man is due to a species difference.", "PMID": 858008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12619", "title": "Time course of lithium-induced alterations in renal and endocrine function in normal and Brattleboro rats with hypothalamic diabetes insipidus.", "content": "1. A lithium chloride (1.1 g/kg) supplemented diet was given to Long Evans (LE) and Brattleboro (DI) rats to investigate its actions in the presence (LE) and absence (DI) of vasopressin. 2. During the first 24 h, Li-supplemented LE rats displayed an initial water deficit (drinking less than renal output), increased plasma antidiuretic (ADH) titres and slightly increased plasma renin activities (PRA) and plasma osmolarities. Such changes were qualitatively similar to those seen in rats fed a normal diet, but deprived of water for 24 hours. After 12 days, the Li-supplemented rats had elevated plasma ADH titres, but reduced pituitary oxytocic and antidiuretic activities. 3. The urinary losses of Na, K and Cl exceeded dietary intakes in LE rats on the introduction of the Li-supplement, and the urinary osmolarity fell by 50%. Electrolyte balances were gradually re-established, although drinking and urine production increased in parallel to reach twice the control values by day 12 of the supplement. 4. Aldosterone and corticosterone secretory rates and their peripheral plasma concentrations were unchanged both after 24 h and 28 days of the Li-supplement. 5. Li elicited no water deficit or saluresis in DI rats, and although the polyuria and polydipsia were exacerbated, urinary osmolarity did not change over the 12 day observation period. 6. Li increased Ca excretion in both rat types; after 12 days the PRA of DI but not LE animals were increased. 7. It is concluded that the overall renal actions of Li are tempered by vasopressin rather than adrenocorticosteroids.", "contents": "Time course of lithium-induced alterations in renal and endocrine function in normal and Brattleboro rats with hypothalamic diabetes insipidus. 1. A lithium chloride (1.1 g/kg) supplemented diet was given to Long Evans (LE) and Brattleboro (DI) rats to investigate its actions in the presence (LE) and absence (DI) of vasopressin. 2. During the first 24 h, Li-supplemented LE rats displayed an initial water deficit (drinking less than renal output), increased plasma antidiuretic (ADH) titres and slightly increased plasma renin activities (PRA) and plasma osmolarities. Such changes were qualitatively similar to those seen in rats fed a normal diet, but deprived of water for 24 hours. After 12 days, the Li-supplemented rats had elevated plasma ADH titres, but reduced pituitary oxytocic and antidiuretic activities. 3. The urinary losses of Na, K and Cl exceeded dietary intakes in LE rats on the introduction of the Li-supplement, and the urinary osmolarity fell by 50%. Electrolyte balances were gradually re-established, although drinking and urine production increased in parallel to reach twice the control values by day 12 of the supplement. 4. Aldosterone and corticosterone secretory rates and their peripheral plasma concentrations were unchanged both after 24 h and 28 days of the Li-supplement. 5. Li elicited no water deficit or saluresis in DI rats, and although the polyuria and polydipsia were exacerbated, urinary osmolarity did not change over the 12 day observation period. 6. Li increased Ca excretion in both rat types; after 12 days the PRA of DI but not LE animals were increased. 7. It is concluded that the overall renal actions of Li are tempered by vasopressin rather than adrenocorticosteroids.", "PMID": 858009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12620", "title": "Aspirin at therapeutic concentrations does not affect 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake by platelets.", "content": "Aspirin at therapeutic concentrations does not inhibit the uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) by blood platelets nor induce release of 5-HT from platelets, although platelet aggregation responses to collagen and arachidonic acid (which are dependent on platelet prostaglandin synthesis) are abolished. This does not support an earlier claim that aspirin's effects on platelet function include inhibition of 5-HT transport.", "contents": "Aspirin at therapeutic concentrations does not affect 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake by platelets. Aspirin at therapeutic concentrations does not inhibit the uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) by blood platelets nor induce release of 5-HT from platelets, although platelet aggregation responses to collagen and arachidonic acid (which are dependent on platelet prostaglandin synthesis) are abolished. This does not support an earlier claim that aspirin's effects on platelet function include inhibition of 5-HT transport.", "PMID": 858010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12621", "title": "Community psychiatry in a London borough. An eleven-year analysis of a socio-medical service for psychiatric illness.", "content": "A study, covering the years 1964-67, of an integrated psychiatric service for a population of 92,000 was described in this Journal in 1969. This paper describes the continuation of this study to cover the further period 1967-75 and comments on data relating to the whole 11-year period. In this comment, the needs of this psychiatric service have been compared with data from other workers and with current Guidelines from the Department of Health and Social Security.", "contents": "Community psychiatry in a London borough. An eleven-year analysis of a socio-medical service for psychiatric illness. A study, covering the years 1964-67, of an integrated psychiatric service for a population of 92,000 was described in this Journal in 1969. This paper describes the continuation of this study to cover the further period 1967-75 and comments on data relating to the whole 11-year period. In this comment, the needs of this psychiatric service have been compared with data from other workers and with current Guidelines from the Department of Health and Social Security.", "PMID": 858012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12622", "title": "Psychiatric Decision Making.", "content": "Questionnaire replies from 43 experienced psychiatrists showed wide variation in the ways they would manage a common type of neurotic problem. There were considerable differences in the nature and duration of treatment and in the use of other members of the psychiatric team. The conclusions have implications for training and for the use of health care resources.", "contents": "Psychiatric Decision Making. Questionnaire replies from 43 experienced psychiatrists showed wide variation in the ways they would manage a common type of neurotic problem. There were considerable differences in the nature and duration of treatment and in the use of other members of the psychiatric team. The conclusions have implications for training and for the use of health care resources.", "PMID": 858013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12623", "title": "The course and outcome in depressive illness. A follow-up study of 122 cases in Madurai, India.", "content": "One hundred and nine out of one hundred and twenty-two cases of endogenous depression were followed-up after their index diagnosis 3-13 years earlier. No recurrence occurred in 28 cases. Forty-two cases turned out to be bipolar and 21 remained unipolar. Manic episodes outnumbered the depressive ones. The change of polarity from depression to mania occurred within three years after the initial depression, though in others the shift occurred between three years and twelve years. The number of episodes of depression before the onset of mania varied from 1 to 3. While the onset of depression before the age of 40 years predisposed to recurrences, there was risk of chronicity in those patients who developed the illness after 40.", "contents": "The course and outcome in depressive illness. A follow-up study of 122 cases in Madurai, India. One hundred and nine out of one hundred and twenty-two cases of endogenous depression were followed-up after their index diagnosis 3-13 years earlier. No recurrence occurred in 28 cases. Forty-two cases turned out to be bipolar and 21 remained unipolar. Manic episodes outnumbered the depressive ones. The change of polarity from depression to mania occurred within three years after the initial depression, though in others the shift occurred between three years and twelve years. The number of episodes of depression before the onset of mania varied from 1 to 3. While the onset of depression before the age of 40 years predisposed to recurrences, there was risk of chronicity in those patients who developed the illness after 40.", "PMID": 858014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12624", "title": "The use of Prostaglandin F2 Alpha in selective visceral angiography.", "content": "Prostaglandin F2 Alpha has been used in 33 superior mesenteric and ten splenic  angiographic studies. In each instance, improved anatomic detail was obtained after injection of the Prostaglandin. Unlike other vasodilating drugs, the use of Prostaglandin F2 Alpha improved the arterial as well as the venous phase of each study. No systemic haemodynamic changes or significant side effects were observed after injecting the drug, and it appears that Prostaglandin F2 Alpha is an ideal choice as a pharmacologic aid in angiography.", "contents": "The use of Prostaglandin F2 Alpha in selective visceral angiography. Prostaglandin F2 Alpha has been used in 33 superior mesenteric and ten splenic  angiographic studies. In each instance, improved anatomic detail was obtained after injection of the Prostaglandin. Unlike other vasodilating drugs, the use of Prostaglandin F2 Alpha improved the arterial as well as the venous phase of each study. No systemic haemodynamic changes or significant side effects were observed after injecting the drug, and it appears that Prostaglandin F2 Alpha is an ideal choice as a pharmacologic aid in angiography.", "PMID": 858018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12625", "title": "Xeroradiography of the hand in patients with renal osteodystrophy.", "content": "The hands of 40 patients with chronic renal failure and varying degrees of renal osteodystrophy were studied. The xerograph and radiograph of each patient were compared, assessing the degree of subperiosteal erosion, and of vascular, capsular and ectopic calcification. While the changes of osteodystrophy were clearly demonstrated on the xeroradiographs, they were also seen on the radiographs, even when only minor changes were present. The authors prefer the xeroradiograph for the measurement of the metacarpal cortical thickness, because of the sharp medial border of the cortex afforded by the \"edge enhancement\" of this technique.", "contents": "Xeroradiography of the hand in patients with renal osteodystrophy. The hands of 40 patients with chronic renal failure and varying degrees of renal osteodystrophy were studied. The xerograph and radiograph of each patient were compared, assessing the degree of subperiosteal erosion, and of vascular, capsular and ectopic calcification. While the changes of osteodystrophy were clearly demonstrated on the xeroradiographs, they were also seen on the radiographs, even when only minor changes were present. The authors prefer the xeroradiograph for the measurement of the metacarpal cortical thickness, because of the sharp medial border of the cortex afforded by the \"edge enhancement\" of this technique.", "PMID": 858019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12626", "title": "Eye dose measurements using conventional and rare-earth screens during tomography of the para-nasal sinuses.", "content": "Eye dose measurements have been performed when using medium speed conventional and rare-earth screen-film combinations during tomography of the para-nasal sinuses. The measurements show that using conventional intensifying screens with the A.P. view a total eye dose of about 20 rad may be given during an examination. This eye dose can be reduced by 98% using the P.A. position. If rare-earth screen/film combinations are employed the eye dose measured in the A.P. view was reduced by 75% of that obtained with conventional screens without detectable loss of image quality. A total eye dose reduction of about 99.5% was measured in the P.A. view with the rare-earth systems.", "contents": "Eye dose measurements using conventional and rare-earth screens during tomography of the para-nasal sinuses. Eye dose measurements have been performed when using medium speed conventional and rare-earth screen-film combinations during tomography of the para-nasal sinuses. The measurements show that using conventional intensifying screens with the A.P. view a total eye dose of about 20 rad may be given during an examination. This eye dose can be reduced by 98% using the P.A. position. If rare-earth screen/film combinations are employed the eye dose measured in the A.P. view was reduced by 75% of that obtained with conventional screens without detectable loss of image quality. A total eye dose reduction of about 99.5% was measured in the P.A. view with the rare-earth systems.", "PMID": 858020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12627", "title": "Bladder trauma in the long-distance runner: \"10,000 metres haematuria\".", "content": "Profuse, short-lived haematuria occurring as an occasional event in a number of long-distance runners has been found to originate from lesions in the bladder. These lesions are either ecchymosis or frank contusions which have a typical distribution. They are sited on the inter-ureteric bar, the posterior half of the rim of the internal meatus and on the posterior bladder wall in which position there is \"mirroring\" of the trigonal lesions. The possible mode of injury is discussed.", "contents": "Bladder trauma in the long-distance runner: \"10,000 metres haematuria\". Profuse, short-lived haematuria occurring as an occasional event in a number of long-distance runners has been found to originate from lesions in the bladder. These lesions are either ecchymosis or frank contusions which have a typical distribution. They are sited on the inter-ureteric bar, the posterior half of the rim of the internal meatus and on the posterior bladder wall in which position there is \"mirroring\" of the trigonal lesions. The possible mode of injury is discussed.", "PMID": 858032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12628", "title": "Cinoxacin concentrations in plasma, urine and prostatic tissue after oral administration to man.", "content": "Cinoxacin, a synthetic antibacterial compound, was given orally in a dose of 500 mg to 8 patients undergoing transurethral prostatectomy. The drug was well absorbed and the peak plasma level (mean 13.9 mcg/ml) occurred 1 or 2 hours after administration. Concentrations of cinoxacin in the urine reached a peak (mean 236.5 mcg/ml) 4 to 6 hours after dosing, and remained higher than the mean MIC for most common urinary pathogens for 12 hours after administration. The concentration of cinoxacin in prostatic tissue 2.5-4 hours after administration varied between 0.6 and 6.3 mcg/g. The individual variations were unrelated to the concurrent plasma level and appeared to be influenced more by inter-subject variation than by the physicochemical properties of the drug. In 1 patient the cinoxacin level was estimated in renal tissue (70.1 mcg/g), in muscle (12.6 mcg/g), and in perirenal fat (4.7 mcg/g).", "contents": "Cinoxacin concentrations in plasma, urine and prostatic tissue after oral administration to man. Cinoxacin, a synthetic antibacterial compound, was given orally in a dose of 500 mg to 8 patients undergoing transurethral prostatectomy. The drug was well absorbed and the peak plasma level (mean 13.9 mcg/ml) occurred 1 or 2 hours after administration. Concentrations of cinoxacin in the urine reached a peak (mean 236.5 mcg/ml) 4 to 6 hours after dosing, and remained higher than the mean MIC for most common urinary pathogens for 12 hours after administration. The concentration of cinoxacin in prostatic tissue 2.5-4 hours after administration varied between 0.6 and 6.3 mcg/g. The individual variations were unrelated to the concurrent plasma level and appeared to be influenced more by inter-subject variation than by the physicochemical properties of the drug. In 1 patient the cinoxacin level was estimated in renal tissue (70.1 mcg/g), in muscle (12.6 mcg/g), and in perirenal fat (4.7 mcg/g).", "PMID": 858034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12629", "title": "A small cluster of Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Nine cases of Hodgkin's disease and one of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia occurred in 1972-5 in an area of less than 1 km. Clinical, social, and drug histories provided no relevant information, and definite patient-to-patient contacts before the onset of disease were not established. There was a higher incidence of malignant neoplasms in first-degree relatives of the patients than in those of a small control group living in the same area. There was no apparent reason for this cluster of cases, but geographical, climatic, and entomological studies are being carried out.", "contents": "A small cluster of Hodgkin's disease. Nine cases of Hodgkin's disease and one of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia occurred in 1972-5 in an area of less than 1 km. Clinical, social, and drug histories provided no relevant information, and definite patient-to-patient contacts before the onset of disease were not established. There was a higher incidence of malignant neoplasms in first-degree relatives of the patients than in those of a small control group living in the same area. There was no apparent reason for this cluster of cases, but geographical, climatic, and entomological studies are being carried out.", "PMID": 858039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12630", "title": "Congenital heart disease and prenatal exposure to exogenous sex hormones.", "content": "One-hundred and four infants with congenital heart disease were identified from their birth certificates and matched with normal controls. Their gestational histories were examined to see whether they had been exposed to exogenous sex hormones. Exposure was 8-5 times more common among the infants with malformations than among controls. A history of hormone exposure was more common among those patients with multiple malformations, and the exposed infants were also more likely to have died (and to have died earlier) than those who had not been exposed, which suggests that hormone exposure causes severe types of malformations. The commonest type of exposure was to hormone pregnancy tests, which was needless exposure. Only two of the mothers of malformed infants had inadvertently used oral contraceptives in the first trimester.", "contents": "Congenital heart disease and prenatal exposure to exogenous sex hormones. One-hundred and four infants with congenital heart disease were identified from their birth certificates and matched with normal controls. Their gestational histories were examined to see whether they had been exposed to exogenous sex hormones. Exposure was 8-5 times more common among the infants with malformations than among controls. A history of hormone exposure was more common among those patients with multiple malformations, and the exposed infants were also more likely to have died (and to have died earlier) than those who had not been exposed, which suggests that hormone exposure causes severe types of malformations. The commonest type of exposure was to hormone pregnancy tests, which was needless exposure. Only two of the mothers of malformed infants had inadvertently used oral contraceptives in the first trimester.", "PMID": 858045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12631", "title": "Chlamydial infection of the urogenital tract in promiscuous and non-promiscuous women.", "content": "Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the urogenital tract of women presumed to be non-promiscuous, and in presumably promiscuous women attending a Special Clinic in Manchester was studied. Two hundred female members of hospital staff, who formed the non-promiscuous group, were found to have a 1% incidence of chlamydial infection. This compared with an incidence of 26% among 200 women attending the clinic. Among the clinic patients, chlamydial infection was significantly linked with the presence of gonorrhoea, mixed infections, and other sexually transmissible diseases--such as, trichomoniasis. No correlation could be made be made between the incidence of chlamydial infection and the use of oral contraceptives.", "contents": "Chlamydial infection of the urogenital tract in promiscuous and non-promiscuous women. Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the urogenital tract of women presumed to be non-promiscuous, and in presumably promiscuous women attending a Special Clinic in Manchester was studied. Two hundred female members of hospital staff, who formed the non-promiscuous group, were found to have a 1% incidence of chlamydial infection. This compared with an incidence of 26% among 200 women attending the clinic. Among the clinic patients, chlamydial infection was significantly linked with the presence of gonorrhoea, mixed infections, and other sexually transmissible diseases--such as, trichomoniasis. No correlation could be made be made between the incidence of chlamydial infection and the use of oral contraceptives.", "PMID": 858067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12632", "title": "Characterization of an activating factor required for hydrolysis of Gm2 ganglioside catalyzed by hexosaminidase A.", "content": "Separation of the hexosaminidase A (EC 3.2.1.52) and B isozymes of human liver by ion-exchange chromatography results in recovery of greater than 80% of the activity in crude extracts when synthetic substrates are used to monitor enzyme activity. Only 15% of hexosaminidase activity toward the N-acetylgalactosaminyl (N-acetylneuraminyl) galactosyl glucosylceramide (Gm2 ganglioside) substrate is recovered and all of this activity is associated with the hexosaminidase A Fraction. The low level of Gm2 ganglioside hydrolase activity in the hexosaminidase A fraction could be enhanced by coincubation with column fractions which contain hexosaminidase B. The activating factor, which has been partially purified by gel filtration, is a heat-stable protein with a molecular weight of 36 000 and is without enzyme activity toward hexosaminidase substrates. Highly purified hexosaminidase A or crude hexosaminidase A recovered after gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 has no Gm2 ganglioside hydrolase activity. The Gm2 ganglioside hydrolase activity of these hexosaminidase. A preparations can be completely restored by addition of activating factor. The activating factor does not affect the rate of hydrolysis of synthetic substrate or asialo Gm2 ganglioside catalyzed by hexosaminidase A.", "contents": "Characterization of an activating factor required for hydrolysis of Gm2 ganglioside catalyzed by hexosaminidase A. Separation of the hexosaminidase A (EC 3.2.1.52) and B isozymes of human liver by ion-exchange chromatography results in recovery of greater than 80% of the activity in crude extracts when synthetic substrates are used to monitor enzyme activity. Only 15% of hexosaminidase activity toward the N-acetylgalactosaminyl (N-acetylneuraminyl) galactosyl glucosylceramide (Gm2 ganglioside) substrate is recovered and all of this activity is associated with the hexosaminidase A Fraction. The low level of Gm2 ganglioside hydrolase activity in the hexosaminidase A fraction could be enhanced by coincubation with column fractions which contain hexosaminidase B. The activating factor, which has been partially purified by gel filtration, is a heat-stable protein with a molecular weight of 36 000 and is without enzyme activity toward hexosaminidase substrates. Highly purified hexosaminidase A or crude hexosaminidase A recovered after gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 has no Gm2 ganglioside hydrolase activity. The Gm2 ganglioside hydrolase activity of these hexosaminidase. A preparations can be completely restored by addition of activating factor. The activating factor does not affect the rate of hydrolysis of synthetic substrate or asialo Gm2 ganglioside catalyzed by hexosaminidase A.", "PMID": 858083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12633", "title": "The thermal denaturation of bovine cardiac G-actin.", "content": "The thermal denaturation of bovine cardiac G-actin has been studied by ultraviolet difference spectroscopy and circular dichroism between pH 7.5 and 10.5. As with proteins previously studied, thermal unfolding is incomplete compared with unfolding by urea or GuHCl. However, the same conformational change is observed over the pH range studied, and the available evidence indicates it is a two-state transition. Thermodynamic analysis of the data shows that deltaHo and deltaSo are strongly dependent on the temperature, that deltaCp is 1300 cal deg-1 mol-1, and that G-actin has a temperature of maximum stability near -5 degrees C.", "contents": "The thermal denaturation of bovine cardiac G-actin. The thermal denaturation of bovine cardiac G-actin has been studied by ultraviolet difference spectroscopy and circular dichroism between pH 7.5 and 10.5. As with proteins previously studied, thermal unfolding is incomplete compared with unfolding by urea or GuHCl. However, the same conformational change is observed over the pH range studied, and the available evidence indicates it is a two-state transition. Thermodynamic analysis of the data shows that deltaHo and deltaSo are strongly dependent on the temperature, that deltaCp is 1300 cal deg-1 mol-1, and that G-actin has a temperature of maximum stability near -5 degrees C.", "PMID": 858084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12634", "title": "Glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase activity in pregnant mouse mammary gland: hormonal influences studied in tissue culture.", "content": "Glutathione-insulin trandhydrogenase (GIT) activity has been shown to be stimulated in culture of explants of pregnant mouse mammary gland by a mixture of insulin, cortisol, and prolactin. Since this hormone mixture stimulates lactogenesis in vitro it is possible that the increase in GIT activity is functionally related to one of the processes of milk secretion or ejection. Oxytocin is degraded by GIT and the interaction of this hormone with its mammary gland receptors may be influenced by the change in enzyme activity. The increase in GIT activity caused by insulin, cortisol, and prolactin in vitro can be prevented by the addition of progesterone or oxytocin to the culture medium.", "contents": "Glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase activity in pregnant mouse mammary gland: hormonal influences studied in tissue culture. Glutathione-insulin trandhydrogenase (GIT) activity has been shown to be stimulated in culture of explants of pregnant mouse mammary gland by a mixture of insulin, cortisol, and prolactin. Since this hormone mixture stimulates lactogenesis in vitro it is possible that the increase in GIT activity is functionally related to one of the processes of milk secretion or ejection. Oxytocin is degraded by GIT and the interaction of this hormone with its mammary gland receptors may be influenced by the change in enzyme activity. The increase in GIT activity caused by insulin, cortisol, and prolactin in vitro can be prevented by the addition of progesterone or oxytocin to the culture medium.", "PMID": 858085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12635", "title": "Duplex formation of complementary oligoribonucleotides corresponding to the dihydrouridine loop neck region of several transfer ribonucleic acids.", "content": "Formation of short, double-stranded RNA helices by the complementary oligoribonucleotides GpApGpC, GpCpUpC, and ApGpCpUpC was established by the temperature-dependent changes in uv hypochromicity and circular dichroism spectra. These studies provide additional thermodynamic data on duplex formation. Duplexes (formula: see text) are especially significant as they: (1) correspond to a natural sequence, the dihydrouridine loop neck region, common to several tRNA molecules; (2) correspond to a proposed, partial recognition site for yeast phenylalanyl-tRNA ligase (EC 6.1.1.20); and (3) represent the first demonstration of a duplex with four base pairs, one of which is an A--U pair. These duplexes should serve as models for studies on tRNA-ligase interaction.", "contents": "Duplex formation of complementary oligoribonucleotides corresponding to the dihydrouridine loop neck region of several transfer ribonucleic acids. Formation of short, double-stranded RNA helices by the complementary oligoribonucleotides GpApGpC, GpCpUpC, and ApGpCpUpC was established by the temperature-dependent changes in uv hypochromicity and circular dichroism spectra. These studies provide additional thermodynamic data on duplex formation. Duplexes (formula: see text) are especially significant as they: (1) correspond to a natural sequence, the dihydrouridine loop neck region, common to several tRNA molecules; (2) correspond to a proposed, partial recognition site for yeast phenylalanyl-tRNA ligase (EC 6.1.1.20); and (3) represent the first demonstration of a duplex with four base pairs, one of which is an A--U pair. These duplexes should serve as models for studies on tRNA-ligase interaction.", "PMID": 858086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12636", "title": "Relationship of potassium ion transport and ATP synthesis in pea cotyledon mitochondria.", "content": "Simultaneous monitoring of ATP synthesis and K+ movements across pea mitochondrial membranes revealed information about the competition of the two processes for mitochondrial energy. In the presence of valinomycin and at low extramitochondrial K+ concentration, ADP could be phosphorylated rapidly. This occurred with a decrease in net potassium ion uptake. At higher external K+ concentrations respiratory energy was unavailable for ATP synthesis and only a portion of added ADP could be phosphorylated within a reasonable time. Magnesium ions were shown to have an inhibitor effect on the K+ uptake, and stimulated a greater rate of ATP synthesis. When valinomycin and ADP were added simultaneously so that phosphorylation of the ADP and enhancement of K+ uptake could complete for mitochondrial energy, K+ uptake was preferred over ATP synthesis.", "contents": "Relationship of potassium ion transport and ATP synthesis in pea cotyledon mitochondria. Simultaneous monitoring of ATP synthesis and K+ movements across pea mitochondrial membranes revealed information about the competition of the two processes for mitochondrial energy. In the presence of valinomycin and at low extramitochondrial K+ concentration, ADP could be phosphorylated rapidly. This occurred with a decrease in net potassium ion uptake. At higher external K+ concentrations respiratory energy was unavailable for ATP synthesis and only a portion of added ADP could be phosphorylated within a reasonable time. Magnesium ions were shown to have an inhibitor effect on the K+ uptake, and stimulated a greater rate of ATP synthesis. When valinomycin and ADP were added simultaneously so that phosphorylation of the ADP and enhancement of K+ uptake could complete for mitochondrial energy, K+ uptake was preferred over ATP synthesis.", "PMID": 858087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12637", "title": "Stoichiometry and accessibility of histone 3 sulfhydryl groups in chromatin subunits.", "content": "The accessibility of the sulfhydrl groups of histone 3(H3) in chromatin subunit particles has been investigated by reaction with p-hydroxymercuribenzoate. The resuls indicate that the carboxy-terminal regions of H3 are buried in the native particle, and suggest the presence of 2 mol of H3 per chromatin monomer.", "contents": "Stoichiometry and accessibility of histone 3 sulfhydryl groups in chromatin subunits. The accessibility of the sulfhydrl groups of histone 3(H3) in chromatin subunit particles has been investigated by reaction with p-hydroxymercuribenzoate. The resuls indicate that the carboxy-terminal regions of H3 are buried in the native particle, and suggest the presence of 2 mol of H3 per chromatin monomer.", "PMID": 858088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12638", "title": "In vivo incorporation of isotopically labelled amino acids into vertebrate proteins: L-[Me-3H]methionine incorporation into chicken egg white lysozyme.", "content": "The in vivo incorporation of L-[Me-3H]methionine into egg white lysozyme of the laying hen has been examined. Using a versatile synthetic chicken diet which consisted of 75% free amino-acid ration and 25% normal laying ration, 5-8% incorporation of the [3H]methionine into lysozyme was demonstrated. The utility of this vertebrate in vivo incorporation technique is discussed in terms of its application to the incorporation of 13C-enriched amino acids into vertebrate proteins as a prelude to macromolecular 13C nuclear magnetic resonance studies.", "contents": "In vivo incorporation of isotopically labelled amino acids into vertebrate proteins: L-[Me-3H]methionine incorporation into chicken egg white lysozyme. The in vivo incorporation of L-[Me-3H]methionine into egg white lysozyme of the laying hen has been examined. Using a versatile synthetic chicken diet which consisted of 75% free amino-acid ration and 25% normal laying ration, 5-8% incorporation of the [3H]methionine into lysozyme was demonstrated. The utility of this vertebrate in vivo incorporation technique is discussed in terms of its application to the incorporation of 13C-enriched amino acids into vertebrate proteins as a prelude to macromolecular 13C nuclear magnetic resonance studies.", "PMID": 858089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12639", "title": "Significance of unilateral diminished activity in renal scanning.", "content": "Renal scanning is an important diagnostic aid in assessing kidney function; the authors have attempted to correlate the results of renal scanning with the findings from intravenous pyelography and the final diagnosis. In non-mass lesions of the kidney the renal scan correlated well with the intravenous pyelogram and the final diagnosis. In mass lesions, a diminished uptake of isotope corresponding to the site of the lesion seen on the intravenous pyelogram was suggestive of a cyst; diminished uptake of isotope in the whole kidney including the mass lesion on the renal scan was suggestive of renal carcinoma. Review of the literature showed only one previous reference to such an observation.", "contents": "Significance of unilateral diminished activity in renal scanning. Renal scanning is an important diagnostic aid in assessing kidney function; the authors have attempted to correlate the results of renal scanning with the findings from intravenous pyelography and the final diagnosis. In non-mass lesions of the kidney the renal scan correlated well with the intravenous pyelogram and the final diagnosis. In mass lesions, a diminished uptake of isotope corresponding to the site of the lesion seen on the intravenous pyelogram was suggestive of a cyst; diminished uptake of isotope in the whole kidney including the mass lesion on the renal scan was suggestive of renal carcinoma. Review of the literature showed only one previous reference to such an observation.", "PMID": 858098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12640", "title": "Facial fractures and snowmobile accidents.", "content": "Snowmobile accidents are now common in winter; there is a local pattern of facial fractures associated with accidents involving these machines. Facial fractures connected with snowmobile accidents over a period of two successive winters were reviewed; 14 were found to be of special interest because of their severity and localized extent. Compared with motor vehicle accidents most of these fractures were isolated; the patients often had suffered only minimal trauma elsewhere. After reviewing the histories of these patients it was clear that alcohol, night driving, inadequate facial protection and the use of unknown terrain were common precipitating factors. Elimination of these hazards and the use of appropriate protective head-gear would probably reduced the number and severity of such injuries.", "contents": "Facial fractures and snowmobile accidents. Snowmobile accidents are now common in winter; there is a local pattern of facial fractures associated with accidents involving these machines. Facial fractures connected with snowmobile accidents over a period of two successive winters were reviewed; 14 were found to be of special interest because of their severity and localized extent. Compared with motor vehicle accidents most of these fractures were isolated; the patients often had suffered only minimal trauma elsewhere. After reviewing the histories of these patients it was clear that alcohol, night driving, inadequate facial protection and the use of unknown terrain were common precipitating factors. Elimination of these hazards and the use of appropriate protective head-gear would probably reduced the number and severity of such injuries.", "PMID": 858100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12641", "title": "An approach to solving problems of growth retardation in the child and teenager.", "content": "The physician who looks after children and teenagers is often confronted with the problem of short stature or growth failure. Common causes of growth failure include genetic background, intrauterine disease, malnutrition, chronic illness and hormonal disorders; some cases are attributed to mental retardation or primary central nervous system disease. A major concern in the evaluation of these patients is when, and how extensively, to investigate the problem.  From a practical standpoint assessment can be related to height percentiles. The aims of treatment are a) to identify and treat appropriately the patients in whom there is an organic cause and b) to provide psychologic counselling and support.", "contents": "An approach to solving problems of growth retardation in the child and teenager. The physician who looks after children and teenagers is often confronted with the problem of short stature or growth failure. Common causes of growth failure include genetic background, intrauterine disease, malnutrition, chronic illness and hormonal disorders; some cases are attributed to mental retardation or primary central nervous system disease. A major concern in the evaluation of these patients is when, and how extensively, to investigate the problem.  From a practical standpoint assessment can be related to height percentiles. The aims of treatment are a) to identify and treat appropriately the patients in whom there is an organic cause and b) to provide psychologic counselling and support.", "PMID": 858106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12642", "title": "A simplified antepartum high-risk pregnancy scoring form: statistical analysis of 5459 cases.", "content": "An antenatal high-risk assessment form has facilitated the identification of the fetus at risk, Although such a form in general has potential limitations its simplicity and demonstrated ability to assist in high-risk selection makes it worth including in an antenatal high-risk program.", "contents": "A simplified antepartum high-risk pregnancy scoring form: statistical analysis of 5459 cases. An antenatal high-risk assessment form has facilitated the identification of the fetus at risk, Although such a form in general has potential limitations its simplicity and demonstrated ability to assist in high-risk selection makes it worth including in an antenatal high-risk program.", "PMID": 858117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12643", "title": "Dose response evaluation of adriamycin in human neoplasia.", "content": "Because patients treated with 60-90 mg/m2 every three to four weeks reach cardiotoxic doses of 550 mg/m2 within 36 weeks, prolonged treatment with Adriamycin is limited. The purpose of this study was to determine whether lower doses could be given over longer periods without loss of efficacy. Good risk patients treated with 75, 60, or 45 mg/m2 had remission rates of 25, 27, and 19%; poor risk patients treated with 50 and 25 mg/m2 had remission rates of 16 and 12% respectively. Although a dose response was identified, there were no statistically significant differences in remission rates, durations of remission, or toxicities in the dose schedules studied. Irreversible congestive heart failure occurred in five patients with cumulative doses of 240-390 mg/m2. Unless rapid remission induction is urgent, we recommend 60 mg/m2 X four doses and measurement of myocardial function if treatment is to continue.", "contents": "Dose response evaluation of adriamycin in human neoplasia. Because patients treated with 60-90 mg/m2 every three to four weeks reach cardiotoxic doses of 550 mg/m2 within 36 weeks, prolonged treatment with Adriamycin is limited. The purpose of this study was to determine whether lower doses could be given over longer periods without loss of efficacy. Good risk patients treated with 75, 60, or 45 mg/m2 had remission rates of 25, 27, and 19%; poor risk patients treated with 50 and 25 mg/m2 had remission rates of 16 and 12% respectively. Although a dose response was identified, there were no statistically significant differences in remission rates, durations of remission, or toxicities in the dose schedules studied. Irreversible congestive heart failure occurred in five patients with cumulative doses of 240-390 mg/m2. Unless rapid remission induction is urgent, we recommend 60 mg/m2 X four doses and measurement of myocardial function if treatment is to continue.", "PMID": 858124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12644", "title": "Combination chemotherapy of metastatic malignant schwannoma with vincristine, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, and imidazole carboxamide: a case report.", "content": "This report describes a patient with a 15-year history of schwannoma (peripheral nerve sheath sarcoma) who developed extensive pulmonary metastases associated with hypoxemia. Treatment with chemotherapy consisting of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, Adriamycin, and imidazole carboxamide resulted in a complete remission lasting 17+ months. Malignant schwannoma should probably be regarded as a drug sensitive neoplasm.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy of metastatic malignant schwannoma with vincristine, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, and imidazole carboxamide: a case report. This report describes a patient with a 15-year history of schwannoma (peripheral nerve sheath sarcoma) who developed extensive pulmonary metastases associated with hypoxemia. Treatment with chemotherapy consisting of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, Adriamycin, and imidazole carboxamide resulted in a complete remission lasting 17+ months. Malignant schwannoma should probably be regarded as a drug sensitive neoplasm.", "PMID": 858125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12645", "title": "Adriamycin therapy in advanced mycosis fungoides.", "content": "Thirteen patients with advanced mycosis fungoides received induction therapy with Adriamycin, 60/m2 I.V. repeated at 21-day intervals. Ten patients had extensive skin tumors; all patients had lymph node enlargement with mycosis fungoides involvement in eight; four patients had biopsy-proven visceral involvement. Only two patients had received no prior therapy. The overall response rate with Adriamycin therapy was 85% with three patients (23%) achieving a biopsy-proven complete remission and five patients (39%) partial remissions. The median number of courses to maximum response was two (range two to four). The principle toxicity was myelosuppression, but this was not severe and the entire group received more than 90% of the intended doses of Adriamycin. One patient developed probable Adriamycin cariotoxicity. Maintenance therapy for patients achieving a remission was methotrexate 15 mg/m2 I.M. twice weekly and cyclophosphamide 750 mg/m2 I.V. every 21 days. The median duration of complete remission was 32+ weeks (range 16+-40+ weeks) while the median duration of partial remission was 18 weeks (range 8-111+ weeks). Adriamycin has proven to be an effective induction agent in the treatment of advanced mycosis fungoides and its incorporation into combination chemotherapy regimens is warranted.", "contents": "Adriamycin therapy in advanced mycosis fungoides. Thirteen patients with advanced mycosis fungoides received induction therapy with Adriamycin, 60/m2 I.V. repeated at 21-day intervals. Ten patients had extensive skin tumors; all patients had lymph node enlargement with mycosis fungoides involvement in eight; four patients had biopsy-proven visceral involvement. Only two patients had received no prior therapy. The overall response rate with Adriamycin therapy was 85% with three patients (23%) achieving a biopsy-proven complete remission and five patients (39%) partial remissions. The median number of courses to maximum response was two (range two to four). The principle toxicity was myelosuppression, but this was not severe and the entire group received more than 90% of the intended doses of Adriamycin. One patient developed probable Adriamycin cariotoxicity. Maintenance therapy for patients achieving a remission was methotrexate 15 mg/m2 I.M. twice weekly and cyclophosphamide 750 mg/m2 I.V. every 21 days. The median duration of complete remission was 32+ weeks (range 16+-40+ weeks) while the median duration of partial remission was 18 weeks (range 8-111+ weeks). Adriamycin has proven to be an effective induction agent in the treatment of advanced mycosis fungoides and its incorporation into combination chemotherapy regimens is warranted.", "PMID": 858126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12646", "title": "Hormonal sensitivity of human breast tumors in vitro: pentose-shunt activity.", "content": "Recent studies indicated that response to endocrine therapy might be predicted in human breast carcinomas using the sensitivity of the pentose-shunt pathway to hormones in organ culture. Thirty breast tumors were examined using this histochemical method, and three independent assessments were made. There was poor agreement between the observers, and we consider that this test is not reproducible in its present form.", "contents": "Hormonal sensitivity of human breast tumors in vitro: pentose-shunt activity. Recent studies indicated that response to endocrine therapy might be predicted in human breast carcinomas using the sensitivity of the pentose-shunt pathway to hormones in organ culture. Thirty breast tumors were examined using this histochemical method, and three independent assessments were made. There was poor agreement between the observers, and we consider that this test is not reproducible in its present form.", "PMID": 858127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12647", "title": "Detection of metastatic malignant melanoma by chest roentgenography.", "content": "The latest premortem chest roentgenogram on 17 patients with known metastatic malignant melanoma was examined and the results were compared with the findings in the chest at autopsy. In nine of the 17, disease not visible on the roentgenogram was found at autopsy. Preliminary data would indicate that a significant number of these metastases could have been identified premortem by other radiographic modalities, e.g., tomography.", "contents": "Detection of metastatic malignant melanoma by chest roentgenography. The latest premortem chest roentgenogram on 17 patients with known metastatic malignant melanoma was examined and the results were compared with the findings in the chest at autopsy. In nine of the 17, disease not visible on the roentgenogram was found at autopsy. Preliminary data would indicate that a significant number of these metastases could have been identified premortem by other radiographic modalities, e.g., tomography.", "PMID": 858128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12648", "title": "Seminoma in Klinefelter's syndrome with 47, XXY, 15s+ karyotype.", "content": "A 32-year-old man was found to have seminoma of the right testis which had been subjected to orchiopexy for cryptorchism 14 years earlier. The left testis was small and firm, and the patient was further studied for hypogonadism. Chromosome analysis revealed a karyotype of 47, XXY, 15s+ with an extra X chromosome and enlarged and fluorescent satellites on chromosome 15. The satellites were also found in the mother as well as in two sisters and one brother out of his four siblings. Endocrine studies, histological pictures of the biopsied left testis and dermatoglyphic analysis were compatible with Klinefelter's syndrome. To our knowledge this is the first reported case of seminoma associated with the syndrome. Several implications are discussed for the rare occurrence of a germinal cell tumor in Klinefelter's syndrome.", "contents": "Seminoma in Klinefelter's syndrome with 47, XXY, 15s+ karyotype. A 32-year-old man was found to have seminoma of the right testis which had been subjected to orchiopexy for cryptorchism 14 years earlier. The left testis was small and firm, and the patient was further studied for hypogonadism. Chromosome analysis revealed a karyotype of 47, XXY, 15s+ with an extra X chromosome and enlarged and fluorescent satellites on chromosome 15. The satellites were also found in the mother as well as in two sisters and one brother out of his four siblings. Endocrine studies, histological pictures of the biopsied left testis and dermatoglyphic analysis were compatible with Klinefelter's syndrome. To our knowledge this is the first reported case of seminoma associated with the syndrome. Several implications are discussed for the rare occurrence of a germinal cell tumor in Klinefelter's syndrome.", "PMID": 858129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12649", "title": "Plasma immunoglobulin levels in patients with breast cancer.", "content": "The plasma levels of the immunoglobulins IgA, IgG and IgM have been measured in 55 patients with benign breast disease, 28, 68 and 22 patients with early breast cancer one day before, 10-14 days after and three-six months after mastectomy, respectively, and 35 normal healthy control women. The mean levels of IgA, IgG and IgM were similar for all groups examined except for IgG levels in breast cancer patients 10-14 days after mastectomy. In this latter case there was a significant decrease in IgG level shortly after mastectomy but at three-six months after surgery the amounts of plasma IgG were within the normal range. There was no correlation between the amounts of immunoglobulin measured at 10-14 days after surgery, and time to recurrence of the disease.", "contents": "Plasma immunoglobulin levels in patients with breast cancer. The plasma levels of the immunoglobulins IgA, IgG and IgM have been measured in 55 patients with benign breast disease, 28, 68 and 22 patients with early breast cancer one day before, 10-14 days after and three-six months after mastectomy, respectively, and 35 normal healthy control women. The mean levels of IgA, IgG and IgM were similar for all groups examined except for IgG levels in breast cancer patients 10-14 days after mastectomy. In this latter case there was a significant decrease in IgG level shortly after mastectomy but at three-six months after surgery the amounts of plasma IgG were within the normal range. There was no correlation between the amounts of immunoglobulin measured at 10-14 days after surgery, and time to recurrence of the disease.", "PMID": 858130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12650", "title": "Plasma prostaglandins across the tumor bed of patients with gynecologic malignancy.", "content": "Prostaglandin E produced by tumors has recently been implicated as a mechanism by which tumors may subvert the immune system and grow despite their antigenicity. Arterial and venous determinations of prostaglandin E were performed in eleven patients with gynecologic malignancy. No significant difference was found when arterial and venous levels were compared and there was no difference in venous PGE levels when subjects with cancer were compared to patients with benign gynecologic disease.", "contents": "Plasma prostaglandins across the tumor bed of patients with gynecologic malignancy. Prostaglandin E produced by tumors has recently been implicated as a mechanism by which tumors may subvert the immune system and grow despite their antigenicity. Arterial and venous determinations of prostaglandin E were performed in eleven patients with gynecologic malignancy. No significant difference was found when arterial and venous levels were compared and there was no difference in venous PGE levels when subjects with cancer were compared to patients with benign gynecologic disease.", "PMID": 858131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12651", "title": "The prediction of tumor regression in human squamous carcinoma by means of the potential tumor doubling time.", "content": "Thirty-three patients with locally advanced epidermoid cancer of the mouth were investigated by means of the potential tumor doubling time prior to each of four weekly infusions of methotrexate. The agent used to induce metaphase arrest was vincristine sulphate 2 mg intravenous push and the methotrexate was given in a dose of 100 mg/M2 body surface. In twenty-one patients the investigation was completed. It was found that in those patients where the P.T.D.T. was maintained at its original level there was a greater than 50% reduction in the size of the lesion, whereas when the P.T.D.T. became greatly prolonged there was no such reduction. It is suggested that the P.T.D.T. provides a simple same day method of evaluating one parameter in the cell kinetics of accessible tumors and that this information can be used to individualize chemotherapy schedules.", "contents": "The prediction of tumor regression in human squamous carcinoma by means of the potential tumor doubling time. Thirty-three patients with locally advanced epidermoid cancer of the mouth were investigated by means of the potential tumor doubling time prior to each of four weekly infusions of methotrexate. The agent used to induce metaphase arrest was vincristine sulphate 2 mg intravenous push and the methotrexate was given in a dose of 100 mg/M2 body surface. In twenty-one patients the investigation was completed. It was found that in those patients where the P.T.D.T. was maintained at its original level there was a greater than 50% reduction in the size of the lesion, whereas when the P.T.D.T. became greatly prolonged there was no such reduction. It is suggested that the P.T.D.T. provides a simple same day method of evaluating one parameter in the cell kinetics of accessible tumors and that this information can be used to individualize chemotherapy schedules.", "PMID": 858132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12652", "title": "Carcinoma of the breast: the prognostic significance of extranodal extension of axillary disease.", "content": "A retrospective study to determine the effect of extranodal axillary disease on prognosis in invasive carcinoma of the breast was undertaken in a series of 152 cases. It was found that extranodal disease has an unfavorable effect on prognosis in those patients with three or less involved axillary nodes and no effect on prognosis in those patients with four or more involved axillary nodes. Extranodal axillary disease was found to have no influence on the interval between surgery and initial recurrence nor on the anatomic distribution of the recurrence, local or remote.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the breast: the prognostic significance of extranodal extension of axillary disease. A retrospective study to determine the effect of extranodal axillary disease on prognosis in invasive carcinoma of the breast was undertaken in a series of 152 cases. It was found that extranodal disease has an unfavorable effect on prognosis in those patients with three or less involved axillary nodes and no effect on prognosis in those patients with four or more involved axillary nodes. Extranodal axillary disease was found to have no influence on the interval between surgery and initial recurrence nor on the anatomic distribution of the recurrence, local or remote.", "PMID": 858133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12653", "title": "A new deoxyuridine-5'-triphosphatase in Yoshida sarcoma cells involved in deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate metabolism.", "content": "A magnesium-independent deoxyuridine-5'-triphosphatase was found in Yoshida sarcoma cells but not in normal rat liver. The phosphatase is specific for deoxyuridine 5'-diphosphate and deoxyuridine triphosphate, and its Km for deoxyuridine triphosphate is 2.7 X 10(-7) M. The enzyme was not inhibited by fluoride and required no divalent cations. Thus it differs from known nucleotide phosphatases. Deoxyuridine monophosphokinase, which is detectable in a crude extract of normal rat liver, could not be detected in an extract of Yoshida sarcoma cells. However, with hydroxylapatite column chromatography of the extract, a deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate kinase activity as high as that in normal rat liver was found in fractions separated from the phosphatase activity. Thus the absence of detectable deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate kinase activity in the crude extract of Yoshida sarcoma cells is due to the presence of this nucleotide phosphatase.", "contents": "A new deoxyuridine-5'-triphosphatase in Yoshida sarcoma cells involved in deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate metabolism. A magnesium-independent deoxyuridine-5'-triphosphatase was found in Yoshida sarcoma cells but not in normal rat liver. The phosphatase is specific for deoxyuridine 5'-diphosphate and deoxyuridine triphosphate, and its Km for deoxyuridine triphosphate is 2.7 X 10(-7) M. The enzyme was not inhibited by fluoride and required no divalent cations. Thus it differs from known nucleotide phosphatases. Deoxyuridine monophosphokinase, which is detectable in a crude extract of normal rat liver, could not be detected in an extract of Yoshida sarcoma cells. However, with hydroxylapatite column chromatography of the extract, a deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate kinase activity as high as that in normal rat liver was found in fractions separated from the phosphatase activity. Thus the absence of detectable deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate kinase activity in the crude extract of Yoshida sarcoma cells is due to the presence of this nucleotide phosphatase.", "PMID": 858139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12654", "title": "Development and characterization of established cell lines from primary and metastatic regions of human endometrial adenocarcinoma.", "content": "Cell lines designated SNG-P and SNG-M were established from operation specimens of primary and metastatic regions of human endometrial adenocarcinoma. The cell lines grew well without interruption for over 13 months and were subcultivated more than 65 times. They continue to exhibit stable growth. The cultured cells appeared epithelial in shape, showing a pavement arrangement and multilayering without contact inhibition. The cytology revealed anaplastic and pleomorphic features. Upon electron microscopic observation, most of the cultured cells were characterized by highly indented nuclei with multiple large nucleoli and by desmosomal cell contact. The chromosomal number varied widely and showed aneuploidy, but the modal chromosomal number was stable at the diploid range. No marker chromosome could be identified. Both of these cell lines, SNG-P and SNG-M, were transplanted to an immune-depressed hamster cheek pouch and produced a tumor resembling the original.", "contents": "Development and characterization of established cell lines from primary and metastatic regions of human endometrial adenocarcinoma. Cell lines designated SNG-P and SNG-M were established from operation specimens of primary and metastatic regions of human endometrial adenocarcinoma. The cell lines grew well without interruption for over 13 months and were subcultivated more than 65 times. They continue to exhibit stable growth. The cultured cells appeared epithelial in shape, showing a pavement arrangement and multilayering without contact inhibition. The cytology revealed anaplastic and pleomorphic features. Upon electron microscopic observation, most of the cultured cells were characterized by highly indented nuclei with multiple large nucleoli and by desmosomal cell contact. The chromosomal number varied widely and showed aneuploidy, but the modal chromosomal number was stable at the diploid range. No marker chromosome could be identified. Both of these cell lines, SNG-P and SNG-M, were transplanted to an immune-depressed hamster cheek pouch and produced a tumor resembling the original.", "PMID": 858140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12655", "title": "Effect of prolonged administration of gastrin on experimental carcinogenesis in rat stomach induced by N-methyl-N' -nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine.", "content": "The effects of gastrin on gastric acid secretion and on the incidence of gastric carcinoma induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoquanidine were investigated in rats. At Week 50 after the start of the experiment, it was found that prolonged administration of gastrin after treatment with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoquanidine resulted in a significant increase in gastric acid secretion and a significant reduction in the incidence of adenocarcinomas of the glandular stomach. The administration of gastrin did not influence the histological appearance of the few gastric adenocarcinomas that did develop.", "contents": "Effect of prolonged administration of gastrin on experimental carcinogenesis in rat stomach induced by N-methyl-N' -nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. The effects of gastrin on gastric acid secretion and on the incidence of gastric carcinoma induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoquanidine were investigated in rats. At Week 50 after the start of the experiment, it was found that prolonged administration of gastrin after treatment with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoquanidine resulted in a significant increase in gastric acid secretion and a significant reduction in the incidence of adenocarcinomas of the glandular stomach. The administration of gastrin did not influence the histological appearance of the few gastric adenocarcinomas that did develop.", "PMID": 858141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12656", "title": "Prenatal multicarcinogenesis by ethylnitrosourea in mice.", "content": "The Role of prenatal age, sex, and the maternal background upon the incidence, multiplicity, and spectrum of tumors induced by ethylnitrosourea has been studied in the offspring of reciprocal hybrids of the same genotype. The first generation (F1) offspring of C57BL/6J X C3HeB/FeJ and the reciprocal hybrids were observed throughout their life-span for tumor development following single i.p. injections of ethylnitrosourea (60 microng/g) given to pregnant mothers at 12, 14, 16, or 18 days of gestation. Animals exposed to ethylnitrosourea survived on the average for only 90 weeks. They developed by that age tumors in lungs, livers, ovaries, nervous system, and forestomach. Control mice killed at 90 weeks were essentially free of tumors. The fetal age at the time of administration of the carcinogen was one of the most significant modulators of tumor development in lung, liver, ovaries, and nervous system. The sex of the animals influenced the rate of development of liver tumors, whereas maternal background affected the multiplicity of lung tumors.", "contents": "Prenatal multicarcinogenesis by ethylnitrosourea in mice. The Role of prenatal age, sex, and the maternal background upon the incidence, multiplicity, and spectrum of tumors induced by ethylnitrosourea has been studied in the offspring of reciprocal hybrids of the same genotype. The first generation (F1) offspring of C57BL/6J X C3HeB/FeJ and the reciprocal hybrids were observed throughout their life-span for tumor development following single i.p. injections of ethylnitrosourea (60 microng/g) given to pregnant mothers at 12, 14, 16, or 18 days of gestation. Animals exposed to ethylnitrosourea survived on the average for only 90 weeks. They developed by that age tumors in lungs, livers, ovaries, nervous system, and forestomach. Control mice killed at 90 weeks were essentially free of tumors. The fetal age at the time of administration of the carcinogen was one of the most significant modulators of tumor development in lung, liver, ovaries, and nervous system. The sex of the animals influenced the rate of development of liver tumors, whereas maternal background affected the multiplicity of lung tumors.", "PMID": 858142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12657", "title": "Effects of 6-thioguanine on RNA biosynthesis in regenerating rat liver.", "content": "6-Thioguanine, at a dose of 40 mg/kg body weight, was administered to rats at 12 hr after partial hepatectomy; 6 hr later, liver polysomes and cell sap were isolated and utilized to measure the effects of this antimetabolite on protein synthesis in vitro. When radioactive leucine was used to label peptides synthesized in vitro, no difference was observed between polyacrylamide gradient gel scans of systems derived from control regenerating liver and those from 6-thioguanine-treated regenerating liver. However, when radioactive tyrosine was used as the tracer to monitor synthesized peptides, a depression in the 30,000-molecular weight region of scans of products synthesized in systems derived from 6-thioguanine-treated regenerating liver was observed. Recombination experiments showed this effect to be due to the polysome component of the system. When equal amounts of polyadenylic acid-containing RNA from 6-thioguanine-treated or control regenerating liver were added to a wheat germ in vitro protein-synthesizing system, polyacrylamide gel scans of the products synthesized in the presence of radioactive tyrosine showed that more peptides were synthesized from polyadenylic acid-containing RNA from 6-thioguanine-treated rats than from control polyadenylic acid-containing RNA. That this phenomenon might be the result of incorporation of the analog into RNA was shown by the finding that all types of RNA containing 6-thioguainine, with the greatest concentration occurring in polyadenylic acid-containing RNA.", "contents": "Effects of 6-thioguanine on RNA biosynthesis in regenerating rat liver. 6-Thioguanine, at a dose of 40 mg/kg body weight, was administered to rats at 12 hr after partial hepatectomy; 6 hr later, liver polysomes and cell sap were isolated and utilized to measure the effects of this antimetabolite on protein synthesis in vitro. When radioactive leucine was used to label peptides synthesized in vitro, no difference was observed between polyacrylamide gradient gel scans of systems derived from control regenerating liver and those from 6-thioguanine-treated regenerating liver. However, when radioactive tyrosine was used as the tracer to monitor synthesized peptides, a depression in the 30,000-molecular weight region of scans of products synthesized in systems derived from 6-thioguanine-treated regenerating liver was observed. Recombination experiments showed this effect to be due to the polysome component of the system. When equal amounts of polyadenylic acid-containing RNA from 6-thioguanine-treated or control regenerating liver were added to a wheat germ in vitro protein-synthesizing system, polyacrylamide gel scans of the products synthesized in the presence of radioactive tyrosine showed that more peptides were synthesized from polyadenylic acid-containing RNA from 6-thioguanine-treated rats than from control polyadenylic acid-containing RNA. That this phenomenon might be the result of incorporation of the analog into RNA was shown by the finding that all types of RNA containing 6-thioguainine, with the greatest concentration occurring in polyadenylic acid-containing RNA.", "PMID": 858143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12658", "title": "The development of prostatic adenocarcinoma in Nb rats following prolonged sex hormone administration.", "content": "The low spontaneous incidence of grossly recognizable adenocarcinomas of the dorsal lobe of the prostate in Nb rats over 13 months old (0.45%) was increased to 18.38% in 130 rats by prolonged treatment with pellets of suitable sex hormones. Although testosterone propionate alone was effective, if the testosterone propionate was combined with treatment by estrone carcinomas of the prostate occurred after a shorter interval. Tumors tended to metastasize and transplanted readily, and all were autonomous, with a single exception that exhibited the growth pattern of a typical estrogen-dependent tumor.", "contents": "The development of prostatic adenocarcinoma in Nb rats following prolonged sex hormone administration. The low spontaneous incidence of grossly recognizable adenocarcinomas of the dorsal lobe of the prostate in Nb rats over 13 months old (0.45%) was increased to 18.38% in 130 rats by prolonged treatment with pellets of suitable sex hormones. Although testosterone propionate alone was effective, if the testosterone propionate was combined with treatment by estrone carcinomas of the prostate occurred after a shorter interval. Tumors tended to metastasize and transplanted readily, and all were autonomous, with a single exception that exhibited the growth pattern of a typical estrogen-dependent tumor.", "PMID": 858144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12659", "title": "[Structure of chromogen I of the Morgan-Elson reaction].", "content": "Alkaline treatment of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3,4:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-aldehydo-D-glucose, or of the analogous D-mannose derivative, gave the same crystalline material, unambiguously identified as 2-acetamido-2,3-dideoxy-alpha-D-erythro-hex-2-enofuranose (3) by n.m.r. and mass spectrometry, and crystallography. Treatment of 3 with methanol in acidic medium gave methyl 2-acetamido-2,3-dideoxy-alpha,beta-D-erythro-hex-2-enofuranoside (11). The identical compound was obtained from Chromogen I under identical conditions.", "contents": "[Structure of chromogen I of the Morgan-Elson reaction]. Alkaline treatment of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3,4:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-aldehydo-D-glucose, or of the analogous D-mannose derivative, gave the same crystalline material, unambiguously identified as 2-acetamido-2,3-dideoxy-alpha-D-erythro-hex-2-enofuranose (3) by n.m.r. and mass spectrometry, and crystallography. Treatment of 3 with methanol in acidic medium gave methyl 2-acetamido-2,3-dideoxy-alpha,beta-D-erythro-hex-2-enofuranoside (11). The identical compound was obtained from Chromogen I under identical conditions.", "PMID": 858145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12660", "title": "Preparation and antitumor activity of o-palmitoyldextran phosphates, o-palmitoyldextrans, and dextran phosphate.", "content": "Dextran was modified by introduction of palmitoly and phosphate groups. The derivatives were analyzed by sequential periodate oxidation-sodium borohydride reduction. Only one of these derivatives showed a significant growth-inhibitory effect when administered alone, while a second derivative showed, in combination therapy with an ineffective dose of Mitomycin C, a marked synergistic effect.", "contents": "Preparation and antitumor activity of o-palmitoyldextran phosphates, o-palmitoyldextrans, and dextran phosphate. Dextran was modified by introduction of palmitoly and phosphate groups. The derivatives were analyzed by sequential periodate oxidation-sodium borohydride reduction. Only one of these derivatives showed a significant growth-inhibitory effect when administered alone, while a second derivative showed, in combination therapy with an ineffective dose of Mitomycin C, a marked synergistic effect.", "PMID": 858146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12661", "title": "Elasticity of frozen aortic valve homografts.", "content": "Homograft aortic valves were treated and stored in different ways and then tested for elastic qualities. It appears from the findings that the most satisfactory long-term storage technique is to flash-freeze the valves in the presence of dimethyl sulphoxide immediately after dissection.", "contents": "Elasticity of frozen aortic valve homografts. Homograft aortic valves were treated and stored in different ways and then tested for elastic qualities. It appears from the findings that the most satisfactory long-term storage technique is to flash-freeze the valves in the presence of dimethyl sulphoxide immediately after dissection.", "PMID": 858149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12662", "title": "Praecordial mapping of Q waves and RS ratio changes in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "The theory related to the loss of R waves and appearance of Q waves in acute myocardial infarction is discussed. A method of praecordial mapping of RS ratio changes and the appearance of Q waves that occur in acute myocardial infarction is described. The serial changes in these electrocardiographic signs in 17 patients during acute infarction are recorded. The potential value of these serial measurements in delineating the extent of myocardial injury in patients with acute infarction, and evaluating the effects of any treatment aimed at limiting infarct size is discussed.", "contents": "Praecordial mapping of Q waves and RS ratio changes in acute myocardial infarction. The theory related to the loss of R waves and appearance of Q waves in acute myocardial infarction is discussed. A method of praecordial mapping of RS ratio changes and the appearance of Q waves that occur in acute myocardial infarction is described. The serial changes in these electrocardiographic signs in 17 patients during acute infarction are recorded. The potential value of these serial measurements in delineating the extent of myocardial injury in patients with acute infarction, and evaluating the effects of any treatment aimed at limiting infarct size is discussed.", "PMID": 858150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12663", "title": "Muscular reflex and baroreflex influences on heart rate during isometric contractions.", "content": "Isometric hindlimb contractions were induced in anaesthetised dogs by stimulation of appropriate spinal ventral roots. During such contractions there were appreciable reflex systemic pressor responses accompanied by small increases in heart rate. The heart rate responses during contractions were small because the primary cardioacceleratory reflexes from muscle were partly masked during contractions by opposing baroreceptor-cardiodepressor reflexes.", "contents": "Muscular reflex and baroreflex influences on heart rate during isometric contractions. Isometric hindlimb contractions were induced in anaesthetised dogs by stimulation of appropriate spinal ventral roots. During such contractions there were appreciable reflex systemic pressor responses accompanied by small increases in heart rate. The heart rate responses during contractions were small because the primary cardioacceleratory reflexes from muscle were partly masked during contractions by opposing baroreceptor-cardiodepressor reflexes.", "PMID": 858151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12664", "title": "Postnatal development of the suprachiasmatic hypothalamic nucleus of the rat.", "content": "Light and electron microscopy of newborn, four day, one, two, three and five week old rats revealed principally a progressive increase in the diversity and number of synaptic contacts in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). The major increase in synaptic diversity occurred between four days and one week of age. Correlation between this finding and the adult synaptic morphology of SCN (G\u00fclder, 1976) on the one hand, and the ontogeny of circadian rhythms on the other were made. This suggested that the retinal afferents arriving on day four form asymmetrical contacts with dendrites. While increase in synaptic number was progressive, it was most marked between three and five weeks of age. By five weeks, most features of the adult SCN were present. No significant morphological effects were evident as a result of neonatal retinal lesions.", "contents": "Postnatal development of the suprachiasmatic hypothalamic nucleus of the rat. Light and electron microscopy of newborn, four day, one, two, three and five week old rats revealed principally a progressive increase in the diversity and number of synaptic contacts in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). The major increase in synaptic diversity occurred between four days and one week of age. Correlation between this finding and the adult synaptic morphology of SCN (G\u00fclder, 1976) on the one hand, and the ontogeny of circadian rhythms on the other were made. This suggested that the retinal afferents arriving on day four form asymmetrical contacts with dendrites. While increase in synaptic number was progressive, it was most marked between three and five weeks of age. By five weeks, most features of the adult SCN were present. No significant morphological effects were evident as a result of neonatal retinal lesions.", "PMID": 858156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12665", "title": "The organisation of the lamina ganglionaris of the crabs Scylla serrata and Leptograpsus variegatus.", "content": "The gross structure and neuronal elements of the first optic ganglion of two crabs, Scylla serrata and Leptograpsus variegatus, are described on the basis of Golgi (selective silver) and reduced silver preparations. Of the eight retinula cells of each ommatidium, seven end within the lamina, while the eighth cell sends a long fibre to the external medulla. Five types on monopolar neurons are described, three types of large tangential fibres, and one fibre which may be centrifugal. The marked stratification of the lamina is produced by several features. The main synaptic region, the plexiform layer, is divided by a band of tangential fibres; the short retinula fibres end at two levels in the plexiform layer; and two types of monopolar cells have arboriasations confined to the distal or proximal parts of the plexiform layer. The information presently available concerning the retina-lamina projection in Crustacea is examined. Some of the implications of retina and lamina structure are discussed in conjunction with what is known about their electrophysiology.", "contents": "The organisation of the lamina ganglionaris of the crabs Scylla serrata and Leptograpsus variegatus. The gross structure and neuronal elements of the first optic ganglion of two crabs, Scylla serrata and Leptograpsus variegatus, are described on the basis of Golgi (selective silver) and reduced silver preparations. Of the eight retinula cells of each ommatidium, seven end within the lamina, while the eighth cell sends a long fibre to the external medulla. Five types on monopolar neurons are described, three types of large tangential fibres, and one fibre which may be centrifugal. The marked stratification of the lamina is produced by several features. The main synaptic region, the plexiform layer, is divided by a band of tangential fibres; the short retinula fibres end at two levels in the plexiform layer; and two types of monopolar cells have arboriasations confined to the distal or proximal parts of the plexiform layer. The information presently available concerning the retina-lamina projection in Crustacea is examined. Some of the implications of retina and lamina structure are discussed in conjunction with what is known about their electrophysiology.", "PMID": 858157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12666", "title": "The autonomic innervation of rabbit salivary glands studied electron microscopically after 5-hydroxydopamine administration.", "content": "In submandibular glands of rabbits both adrenergic and cholinergic axons are intimately associated with parenchymal cells of the intercalary ducts and the granular tubules, lying beneath the basement membrane and often in the space between the parenchymal cell and an associated myoepithelial cell. The submandibular acini receive a less intimate and less plentiful innervation by adrenergic and cholinergic axons which remain outside the basement membrane and are still associated with Schwann cells. Occasional axons of both adrenergic and cholinergic type occur beneath the basement membrane of submandibular striated ducts in intimate association with basal parts of the cells. In the parotid glands numerous adrenergic and cholinergic axons are found beneath the basement membrane of acini and intercalary ducts in intimate association with the cells.", "contents": "The autonomic innervation of rabbit salivary glands studied electron microscopically after 5-hydroxydopamine administration. In submandibular glands of rabbits both adrenergic and cholinergic axons are intimately associated with parenchymal cells of the intercalary ducts and the granular tubules, lying beneath the basement membrane and often in the space between the parenchymal cell and an associated myoepithelial cell. The submandibular acini receive a less intimate and less plentiful innervation by adrenergic and cholinergic axons which remain outside the basement membrane and are still associated with Schwann cells. Occasional axons of both adrenergic and cholinergic type occur beneath the basement membrane of submandibular striated ducts in intimate association with basal parts of the cells. In the parotid glands numerous adrenergic and cholinergic axons are found beneath the basement membrane of acini and intercalary ducts in intimate association with the cells.", "PMID": 858158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12667", "title": "Cell membrane structure of vascular smooth muscle of circle of Willis.", "content": "Cell membranes of vascular smooth muscles of the circle of Willis were studied in thin sections and freeze-replicas. The cell membranes were differentiated into a caveolae intracellulares zone and caveolae-free zone, both of which were generally arranged in an alternate manner and parallel to the major axis of the smooth muscle cell. In the former zone, the caveolae intracellulares, about 600 A in diameter, were neatly oriented in one to several rows running parallel to the longitudinal axis of the muscle cell with a center-to center distance of about 800 A. The latter zone was of variable width and smooth, apart from membrane particles or scattered caveolae, and corresponded mainly to the dense area and partially to the myofibril area beneath the cell membrane. Membrane particles were generally more numerous on face A than on face B, and their average number per micronm2 was about twice as many inside the rows of the caveolae as outside. Rosette formations of membrane particles were often evident at the stomal rims of the caveolae. Adherentes and gap junctins were occasionally found on the caveolae-free areas which often protruded externally. Tight junctions appeared as a collection of scattered strands, which frequently showed free ends and were parallel to each other and also to the major axis of the smooth muscle cell.", "contents": "Cell membrane structure of vascular smooth muscle of circle of Willis. Cell membranes of vascular smooth muscles of the circle of Willis were studied in thin sections and freeze-replicas. The cell membranes were differentiated into a caveolae intracellulares zone and caveolae-free zone, both of which were generally arranged in an alternate manner and parallel to the major axis of the smooth muscle cell. In the former zone, the caveolae intracellulares, about 600 A in diameter, were neatly oriented in one to several rows running parallel to the longitudinal axis of the muscle cell with a center-to center distance of about 800 A. The latter zone was of variable width and smooth, apart from membrane particles or scattered caveolae, and corresponded mainly to the dense area and partially to the myofibril area beneath the cell membrane. Membrane particles were generally more numerous on face A than on face B, and their average number per micronm2 was about twice as many inside the rows of the caveolae as outside. Rosette formations of membrane particles were often evident at the stomal rims of the caveolae. Adherentes and gap junctins were occasionally found on the caveolae-free areas which often protruded externally. Tight junctions appeared as a collection of scattered strands, which frequently showed free ends and were parallel to each other and also to the major axis of the smooth muscle cell.", "PMID": 858159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12668", "title": "The nervous system of the early echinopluteus.", "content": "An ectodermal network of nerve cells has been observed in the echinopluteus. It seems to connect the ectodermal cell bodies with each other and with deeper parts of the nerve system. Together with the neurohumour containing parts of the ventral and oral ciliated bands, the nerve cells probably provide the larva with the capacity of coordinating muscular and ciliary responses to mechanical, chemical and electrical stimulation.", "contents": "The nervous system of the early echinopluteus. An ectodermal network of nerve cells has been observed in the echinopluteus. It seems to connect the ectodermal cell bodies with each other and with deeper parts of the nerve system. Together with the neurohumour containing parts of the ventral and oral ciliated bands, the nerve cells probably provide the larva with the capacity of coordinating muscular and ciliary responses to mechanical, chemical and electrical stimulation.", "PMID": 858160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12669", "title": "Fine structure of the gap junction in the tunicate heart.", "content": "The plasma membranes of the tunicate heart exhibit an abundance of macular gap junctions distributed widely over the membrane surface. A study of these junctions by the freeze-etch technique was undertaken in an effort to elucidate the fine structure of this important membrane modification in a primitive heart. In cross or near-cross fractured junctions the junctional particles in contiguous membranes appear to be paired in register and to meet in the midline. In favorable face views, the junctional particles are seen to be disposed in hexagonal array. The individual particles display a distinct rosette-like substructure consistent with a six-membered ring of globular protein molecules clustered around a central channel. Similar junctional-type particles can be found in nonjunctional areas of membrane suggesting that the transport mechanism which they may represent is not restricted to the gap junction.", "contents": "Fine structure of the gap junction in the tunicate heart. The plasma membranes of the tunicate heart exhibit an abundance of macular gap junctions distributed widely over the membrane surface. A study of these junctions by the freeze-etch technique was undertaken in an effort to elucidate the fine structure of this important membrane modification in a primitive heart. In cross or near-cross fractured junctions the junctional particles in contiguous membranes appear to be paired in register and to meet in the midline. In favorable face views, the junctional particles are seen to be disposed in hexagonal array. The individual particles display a distinct rosette-like substructure consistent with a six-membered ring of globular protein molecules clustered around a central channel. Similar junctional-type particles can be found in nonjunctional areas of membrane suggesting that the transport mechanism which they may represent is not restricted to the gap junction.", "PMID": 858161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12670", "title": "Effect of partial hepatectomy on the interrenal tissues of Xenopus laevis (Daudin).", "content": "Partial hepatectomy was carried out on Xenopus laevis to investigate its influence on the endocrine system. In addition to other endocrine effects, a marked hypertrophy and stimulation of the interrenal gland was observed. Activated cells contain mitochondria with extended and irregularly coiled tubules embedded in a low electron dense matrix. Hepatectomy induces two phases of proliferation [3 and 35 days postoperative (p.o.)]. After 106 days p.o. giant mitochondria possessing narrow and closely packed, parallel tubules surrounded by an electron dense matrix indicate a phase of inactivation. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus proliferate after hepatectomy. During activation the high lipid content seen in controls in decreased significantly.", "contents": "Effect of partial hepatectomy on the interrenal tissues of Xenopus laevis (Daudin). Partial hepatectomy was carried out on Xenopus laevis to investigate its influence on the endocrine system. In addition to other endocrine effects, a marked hypertrophy and stimulation of the interrenal gland was observed. Activated cells contain mitochondria with extended and irregularly coiled tubules embedded in a low electron dense matrix. Hepatectomy induces two phases of proliferation [3 and 35 days postoperative (p.o.)]. After 106 days p.o. giant mitochondria possessing narrow and closely packed, parallel tubules surrounded by an electron dense matrix indicate a phase of inactivation. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus proliferate after hepatectomy. During activation the high lipid content seen in controls in decreased significantly.", "PMID": 858162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12671", "title": "Sterol synthesis. A novel reductive rearrangement of an alpha,beta-unsaturated steroidal epoxide; a new chemical synthesis of 5alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3beta, 15alpha-diol.", "content": "Reduction of 3beta-benzoyloxy-14alpha,15alpha-epoxy-5alpha-cholest-7-ene with either lithium triethylboro-hydride or lithium aluminum hydride (4 molar excess) gave 5-alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3beta,15alpha-diol in high yield. Reduction of the epoxy ester with lithium triethylborodeuteride or lithium aluminum deuteride (4 molar excess) gave [7alpha-2-H]-5alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3beta,15alpha-diol. Reduction of 2beta-benzoyloxy-14alpha,15alpha-epoxy-5alpha-cholest-7-ene with a large excess (24 molar excess) of lithium aluminum hydride gave, in addition to the expected 5alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3beta,15alpha-diol, a significant yield (33%) of 5alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3beta-o1. Reduction of the epoxy ester with a large excess (24 molar excess) of lithium aluminum deuteride gave [7alpha-2H]-5alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3beta,15alpha-diol and 5alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3beta-o1 which contained two atoms of stably bound deuterium.", "contents": "Sterol synthesis. A novel reductive rearrangement of an alpha,beta-unsaturated steroidal epoxide; a new chemical synthesis of 5alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3beta, 15alpha-diol. Reduction of 3beta-benzoyloxy-14alpha,15alpha-epoxy-5alpha-cholest-7-ene with either lithium triethylboro-hydride or lithium aluminum hydride (4 molar excess) gave 5-alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3beta,15alpha-diol in high yield. Reduction of the epoxy ester with lithium triethylborodeuteride or lithium aluminum deuteride (4 molar excess) gave [7alpha-2-H]-5alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3beta,15alpha-diol. Reduction of 2beta-benzoyloxy-14alpha,15alpha-epoxy-5alpha-cholest-7-ene with a large excess (24 molar excess) of lithium aluminum hydride gave, in addition to the expected 5alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3beta,15alpha-diol, a significant yield (33%) of 5alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3beta-o1. Reduction of the epoxy ester with a large excess (24 molar excess) of lithium aluminum deuteride gave [7alpha-2H]-5alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3beta,15alpha-diol and 5alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3beta-o1 which contained two atoms of stably bound deuterium.", "PMID": 858170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12672", "title": "A method for 13C enrichment of phospholipid acyl chains using Tetrahymena.", "content": "A method has been devised for obtaining highly 13C enriched (20-25%) phospholipids and membranes from the ciliate Tetrahymena, the enrichment occurring in the acyl chains. This method provides both phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine with enriched chains. The central feature of the method is the monoaxenic growth of Tetrahymena on an E. coli mutant which has a high incorporation of exogenous acetate into fatty acid chains. The 13C NMR spectra of the phospholipids are sufficiently enriched to permit NMR relaxation studies.", "contents": "A method for 13C enrichment of phospholipid acyl chains using Tetrahymena. A method has been devised for obtaining highly 13C enriched (20-25%) phospholipids and membranes from the ciliate Tetrahymena, the enrichment occurring in the acyl chains. This method provides both phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine with enriched chains. The central feature of the method is the monoaxenic growth of Tetrahymena on an E. coli mutant which has a high incorporation of exogenous acetate into fatty acid chains. The 13C NMR spectra of the phospholipids are sufficiently enriched to permit NMR relaxation studies.", "PMID": 858171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12673", "title": "Prevention of the development of renal hypertension by anteroventral third ventricular tissue lesions.", "content": "Several reports have suggested that a central action of the renin-angiotensin system plays a role in the development of renal hypertension. Based on the identification of the anteroventral thrid ventricle (AV3V) as a site of central angiotensin dipsogenic and pressor mechanisms, the present study examined the effect of electrolytic lesions in the AV3V region on the development of renal hypertension in rats. Lesioning alone produced a temporary but profound adipsia and, in one-half of the rats, a substantial transient elevation in arterial pressure. After lesioned rats had recovered normal drinking and blood pressure, unilateral nephrectomy with figure-of-eight wrapping of the remaining kidney failed to produce the hypertension and increased drinking observed after renal wrapping in shamlesioned rats. The possibility that the failure of lesioned rats to increase water intake after wrapping prevents hypertension development was ruled out by experiments demonstrating that normal rats exhibited identical rises in arterial pressure after wrapping regardless of whether or not they were allowed to increase water intake. The fact that unanesthetized lesioned rats exhibit attenuated drinking and pressor responses to systemically administered angiotensin suggests this mechanism as a possible explanation for the failure of AVV-lesioned rats to increase drinking and blood pressure after renal wrapping.", "contents": "Prevention of the development of renal hypertension by anteroventral third ventricular tissue lesions. Several reports have suggested that a central action of the renin-angiotensin system plays a role in the development of renal hypertension. Based on the identification of the anteroventral thrid ventricle (AV3V) as a site of central angiotensin dipsogenic and pressor mechanisms, the present study examined the effect of electrolytic lesions in the AV3V region on the development of renal hypertension in rats. Lesioning alone produced a temporary but profound adipsia and, in one-half of the rats, a substantial transient elevation in arterial pressure. After lesioned rats had recovered normal drinking and blood pressure, unilateral nephrectomy with figure-of-eight wrapping of the remaining kidney failed to produce the hypertension and increased drinking observed after renal wrapping in shamlesioned rats. The possibility that the failure of lesioned rats to increase water intake after wrapping prevents hypertension development was ruled out by experiments demonstrating that normal rats exhibited identical rises in arterial pressure after wrapping regardless of whether or not they were allowed to increase water intake. The fact that unanesthetized lesioned rats exhibit attenuated drinking and pressor responses to systemically administered angiotensin suggests this mechanism as a possible explanation for the failure of AVV-lesioned rats to increase drinking and blood pressure after renal wrapping.", "PMID": 858173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12674", "title": "Influence of thiazide on salt hypertension.", "content": "This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of chronic diuretic therapy with chlorothiazide on the course of salt hypertension in hypertension-resistant (R) and hypertension-sensitive (S) strains of rats. Investigation of the effects of chlorothiazide on blood pressure, 24-hour urinary 24Na and aldosterone excretion, and plasma renin activity (PRA) produced the following observations: (1) Chlorothiazide failed to prevent the development of salt hypertension in S rats. (2) After 12 weeks, S rats on high salt puls chlorothiazide exhibited a rapid fall in blood pressure to levels indistinguishable from those of S rats on low salt. (3) Chlorothiazide significantly increased urinary 24Na excretion only in S rats on high salt (P less than 0.01). (4) Chlorothiazide significantly increased PRA and urinary aldosterone excretion in both strains on low or high salt diets (P less than 0.001). (5) Morbidity and mortality of salt hypertension were alleviated by chlorothiazide treatment. The unique aspect of this study is the finding that chlorothiazide did not abolish the hypertensiogenic action of salt in S rats.", "contents": "Influence of thiazide on salt hypertension. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of chronic diuretic therapy with chlorothiazide on the course of salt hypertension in hypertension-resistant (R) and hypertension-sensitive (S) strains of rats. Investigation of the effects of chlorothiazide on blood pressure, 24-hour urinary 24Na and aldosterone excretion, and plasma renin activity (PRA) produced the following observations: (1) Chlorothiazide failed to prevent the development of salt hypertension in S rats. (2) After 12 weeks, S rats on high salt puls chlorothiazide exhibited a rapid fall in blood pressure to levels indistinguishable from those of S rats on low salt. (3) Chlorothiazide significantly increased urinary 24Na excretion only in S rats on high salt (P less than 0.01). (4) Chlorothiazide significantly increased PRA and urinary aldosterone excretion in both strains on low or high salt diets (P less than 0.001). (5) Morbidity and mortality of salt hypertension were alleviated by chlorothiazide treatment. The unique aspect of this study is the finding that chlorothiazide did not abolish the hypertensiogenic action of salt in S rats.", "PMID": 858174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12675", "title": "Volume-pressure relationships during development of mineralocorticoid hypertension in man.", "content": "Serial measurements of urinary sodium excretion, sodium space, plasma volume, and plasma renin concentration were made during the development of hypertension in patients who were exposed to an excess of endogenous or exogenous mineralocorticoid activity. Five patients with primary aldosteronism due to adenoma were followed during spironolactone treatment, for 35-55 days after the drug had been stopped, and finally, after surgery. Blood pressure rose continuously after stopping spironolactone. Sodium balance, however, showed an initial phase of sodium gain, followed by a phase of gradual sodium loss. Sodium space and exchangeable sodium rose by 5.0 +/- 0.48 liters/1.73 m2 of body surface area (BSA) (P less than 0.005) and by 865 +/- 97 mEq/1.73 m2 BSA (P less than 0.005), respectively; the values were maximal after 10-15 days, declined afterward, but remained higher than during spironolactone treatment. Plasma and blood volumes rose by 624 +/- 90 ml/1.73 m2 BSA (P less than 0.005) and by 327 +/- 74 ml/1.73 m2 BSA (P less than 0.01), respectively; they were maximal after 20-25 days, and then returned to their initial values. Exchangeable sodium, during the phase of sodium loss, was inversely correlated with the rise in blood pressure (P less than 0.01). Renin fell during the phase of sodium gain, and remained low afterwards. Blood pressure and sodium space declined after surgery, but plasma volume showed no change. The postsurgery values of these parameters were not significantly different from those measured during spironolactone treatment. Two subjects with adrenocortical insufficiency, who were followed for 45-60 days during treatment with dexamethasone and 9alpha-fluorocortisol acetate, also showed a transient rise in sodium space and plasma volume. The results suggest a redistribution of body fluids during development of hypertension. They also suggest that the tendency of body fluid volumes to return to normal is pressure-dependent. The long-term effects of mineralocorticoid excess on the interrelations between pressure, volume, and renin bear some resemblance to the pattern observed in patients with established essential hypertension, i.e., pressure remains elevated despite a decrease of volume, and renin is \"inappropriately\" suppressed in relation to the sodium and volume status.", "contents": "Volume-pressure relationships during development of mineralocorticoid hypertension in man. Serial measurements of urinary sodium excretion, sodium space, plasma volume, and plasma renin concentration were made during the development of hypertension in patients who were exposed to an excess of endogenous or exogenous mineralocorticoid activity. Five patients with primary aldosteronism due to adenoma were followed during spironolactone treatment, for 35-55 days after the drug had been stopped, and finally, after surgery. Blood pressure rose continuously after stopping spironolactone. Sodium balance, however, showed an initial phase of sodium gain, followed by a phase of gradual sodium loss. Sodium space and exchangeable sodium rose by 5.0 +/- 0.48 liters/1.73 m2 of body surface area (BSA) (P less than 0.005) and by 865 +/- 97 mEq/1.73 m2 BSA (P less than 0.005), respectively; the values were maximal after 10-15 days, declined afterward, but remained higher than during spironolactone treatment. Plasma and blood volumes rose by 624 +/- 90 ml/1.73 m2 BSA (P less than 0.005) and by 327 +/- 74 ml/1.73 m2 BSA (P less than 0.01), respectively; they were maximal after 20-25 days, and then returned to their initial values. Exchangeable sodium, during the phase of sodium loss, was inversely correlated with the rise in blood pressure (P less than 0.01). Renin fell during the phase of sodium gain, and remained low afterwards. Blood pressure and sodium space declined after surgery, but plasma volume showed no change. The postsurgery values of these parameters were not significantly different from those measured during spironolactone treatment. Two subjects with adrenocortical insufficiency, who were followed for 45-60 days during treatment with dexamethasone and 9alpha-fluorocortisol acetate, also showed a transient rise in sodium space and plasma volume. The results suggest a redistribution of body fluids during development of hypertension. They also suggest that the tendency of body fluid volumes to return to normal is pressure-dependent. The long-term effects of mineralocorticoid excess on the interrelations between pressure, volume, and renin bear some resemblance to the pattern observed in patients with established essential hypertension, i.e., pressure remains elevated despite a decrease of volume, and renin is \"inappropriately\" suppressed in relation to the sodium and volume status.", "PMID": 858175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12676", "title": "Isolation of a hypertension-producing compound from normal human urine.", "content": "A protein fraction has been isolated from normal human urine which, when injected over a period of 10-15 days in normal rats, produced sustained hypertension. On cessation of injection, the blood pressure fell to normal level within 7-10 days. The hypertension was accompanied by expansion of plasma volume, retention of sodium, and alteration in urinary Na/K ratio. Further, it led to hypertrophy of the adrenal cortex and increased circulating aldosterone without a change in plasma corticosterone values. These results suggest that the protein fraction increased arterial pressure in rats through direct stimulation of aldosterone production resulting in sodium retention and volume expansion.", "contents": "Isolation of a hypertension-producing compound from normal human urine. A protein fraction has been isolated from normal human urine which, when injected over a period of 10-15 days in normal rats, produced sustained hypertension. On cessation of injection, the blood pressure fell to normal level within 7-10 days. The hypertension was accompanied by expansion of plasma volume, retention of sodium, and alteration in urinary Na/K ratio. Further, it led to hypertrophy of the adrenal cortex and increased circulating aldosterone without a change in plasma corticosterone values. These results suggest that the protein fraction increased arterial pressure in rats through direct stimulation of aldosterone production resulting in sodium retention and volume expansion.", "PMID": 858176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12677", "title": "Pressor and stereoidogenic actions of [des-Asp1]angiotensin I dependency on conversion to angiotensin III.", "content": "In the conscious rat, angiotensin III, [des-Asp1]angiotensin II, stimulates aldosterone biosynthesis and exhibits 30-50% of the pressor potency of angiotensin II. A potential precursor of the biologically active heptapeptide is [des-Asp1]angiotensin I, the C-terminal nonapeptide of angiotensin I. The in vivo pressor and the in vivo and in vitro steroidogenic actions of [des-Asp1]angiotensin I were investigated in the presence and absence of an inhibitor of converting enzyme. The pressor responses to [des-Asp1]angiotensin I and [des-Asp1]angiotensin II were similar and showed comparable changes in responsiveness when the rats were maintained on diets with different sodium content. The pressor activity of [des-Asp1]angiotensin I was attenuated progressively by pretreatment with increasing doses of converting enzyme inhibitor and was totally abolished in five of seven rats at an inhibitor dose of 1,200 microng/kg. In isolated zona glomerulosa cells from rats on normal sodium diets, angiotensin I and [des-Asp1]angiotensin I had only weak steroidogenic effects relative to angiotensin III. The administration of [des-Asp1]angiotensin I, 1 nmol/kg, subcutaneously to six rats on normal sodium diets resulted in a rise in the 6-hour urinary aldosterone excretion from 46.5 +/- 6.6 to 99.5 +/- 11.8 ng (P less than 0.01). Treatment with converting enzyme inhibitor (2 mg/kg) prevented this steroidogenic response to [des-Asp1]angiotensin I. These in vivo studies in the conscious rat show that the administration of [des-Asp1]angiotensin I results in increases in both blood pressure and urinary aldosterone excretion which are dependent on the hydrolysis of the nonapeptide by converting enzymes to angiotensin III. If [des-Asp1]angiotensin I is formed in this species, then it will be an immediate precursor of angiotensin III.", "contents": "Pressor and stereoidogenic actions of [des-Asp1]angiotensin I dependency on conversion to angiotensin III. In the conscious rat, angiotensin III, [des-Asp1]angiotensin II, stimulates aldosterone biosynthesis and exhibits 30-50% of the pressor potency of angiotensin II. A potential precursor of the biologically active heptapeptide is [des-Asp1]angiotensin I, the C-terminal nonapeptide of angiotensin I. The in vivo pressor and the in vivo and in vitro steroidogenic actions of [des-Asp1]angiotensin I were investigated in the presence and absence of an inhibitor of converting enzyme. The pressor responses to [des-Asp1]angiotensin I and [des-Asp1]angiotensin II were similar and showed comparable changes in responsiveness when the rats were maintained on diets with different sodium content. The pressor activity of [des-Asp1]angiotensin I was attenuated progressively by pretreatment with increasing doses of converting enzyme inhibitor and was totally abolished in five of seven rats at an inhibitor dose of 1,200 microng/kg. In isolated zona glomerulosa cells from rats on normal sodium diets, angiotensin I and [des-Asp1]angiotensin I had only weak steroidogenic effects relative to angiotensin III. The administration of [des-Asp1]angiotensin I, 1 nmol/kg, subcutaneously to six rats on normal sodium diets resulted in a rise in the 6-hour urinary aldosterone excretion from 46.5 +/- 6.6 to 99.5 +/- 11.8 ng (P less than 0.01). Treatment with converting enzyme inhibitor (2 mg/kg) prevented this steroidogenic response to [des-Asp1]angiotensin I. These in vivo studies in the conscious rat show that the administration of [des-Asp1]angiotensin I results in increases in both blood pressure and urinary aldosterone excretion which are dependent on the hydrolysis of the nonapeptide by converting enzymes to angiotensin III. If [des-Asp1]angiotensin I is formed in this species, then it will be an immediate precursor of angiotensin III.", "PMID": 858177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12678", "title": "Socially handicapped children.", "content": "There is general agreement that adverse environmental circumstances have a stunting effect on child development, even if account is taken of a possible genetic component in the variation of intelligence. A short account of relevant investigations is followed by a summary of some aspects of an interdisciplinary study recently completed by the authors which included interviews with parents as well as psychological tests and ratings on their children in school.", "contents": "Socially handicapped children. There is general agreement that adverse environmental circumstances have a stunting effect on child development, even if account is taken of a possible genetic component in the variation of intelligence. A short account of relevant investigations is followed by a summary of some aspects of an interdisciplinary study recently completed by the authors which included interviews with parents as well as psychological tests and ratings on their children in school.", "PMID": 858172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12679", "title": "Histamine receptors in the coronary circulation of the dog. Effects of mepyramine and metiamide on responses to histamine infusions.", "content": "The effect of histamine on coronary blood flow  (CBF) was studied in anaesthetized grayhounds. CBF and systemic blood pressure were measured using electromagnetic flow transducers and catheters in the aorta during infusions of drugs into the left circumflex coronary artery. Histamine infusions (5, 10, and 20 microng/min) produced dose-related increases in CBF without changing heart rate or blood pressure. Metiamide (100 microng/min) given simultaneously produced a parallel displacement of the histamine dose-response curve to the right (P less than 0.05) with a dose ratio of 2. Mepyramine (100 microng/min) produced a larger parallel displacement of the dose-response curve (dose ratio = 4). Together, metiamide and mepyramine greatly reduced the histamine response (dose ratio = 16), showing that the metiamide blockade is augmented in the presence of mepyramine. Similarly, mepyramine blockade is augmented in the presence of metiamide. The increase in CBF produced by histamine infusion (20 microng/min) was similar to the peak flow response of reactive hyperemia following 8-second occlusions. However, mepyramine and metiamide together had no effect on the peak flow response, duration, or total repayment of flow debt in reactive hyperemia. These results show that histamine-induced coronary vasodilation is mediated by both H1 and H2 receptors. However, the vasodilation of reactive hyperemia after brief coronary artery occlusions does not appear to involve histamine.", "contents": "Histamine receptors in the coronary circulation of the dog. Effects of mepyramine and metiamide on responses to histamine infusions. The effect of histamine on coronary blood flow  (CBF) was studied in anaesthetized grayhounds. CBF and systemic blood pressure were measured using electromagnetic flow transducers and catheters in the aorta during infusions of drugs into the left circumflex coronary artery. Histamine infusions (5, 10, and 20 microng/min) produced dose-related increases in CBF without changing heart rate or blood pressure. Metiamide (100 microng/min) given simultaneously produced a parallel displacement of the histamine dose-response curve to the right (P less than 0.05) with a dose ratio of 2. Mepyramine (100 microng/min) produced a larger parallel displacement of the dose-response curve (dose ratio = 4). Together, metiamide and mepyramine greatly reduced the histamine response (dose ratio = 16), showing that the metiamide blockade is augmented in the presence of mepyramine. Similarly, mepyramine blockade is augmented in the presence of metiamide. The increase in CBF produced by histamine infusion (20 microng/min) was similar to the peak flow response of reactive hyperemia following 8-second occlusions. However, mepyramine and metiamide together had no effect on the peak flow response, duration, or total repayment of flow debt in reactive hyperemia. These results show that histamine-induced coronary vasodilation is mediated by both H1 and H2 receptors. However, the vasodilation of reactive hyperemia after brief coronary artery occlusions does not appear to involve histamine.", "PMID": 858178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12680", "title": "Renal responses of the fetal lamb to fetal or maternal volume expansion.", "content": "Fetal and maternal glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal plasma flow (RPF), urine volume, sodium excretion, and fractional sodium reabsorption were measured in a chronically instrumented sheep preparation. Fetal GFR was essentially stable between 110 and 135 days of gestation (term = 147 days). There was a significant increase in GFR after 135 days. After the infusion of 50 ml of normal saline over a 30-minute period, fetal GFR and sodium excretion increased significantly. Fractional sodium reabsorption was significantly decreased. Thus, the fetus is capable of responding to volume expansion with saline with an increase in GFR and a decrease in fractional sodium reabsorption. After the infusion of 1000 ml of normal saline into the ewe in 1 hour, maternal GFR and RPF rose significantly. Sodium excretion rose 6-fold and fractional sodium reabsorption fell significantly. After the infusion of saline into the ewe, there was no change in fetal GFR, RPF, sodium excretion, urine volume, or fractional sodium reabsorption. Since there were no changes in fetal renal function after maternal volume expansion with saline there was no evidence for the transplacental passage of a natriuretic factor from ewe to fetus.", "contents": "Renal responses of the fetal lamb to fetal or maternal volume expansion. Fetal and maternal glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal plasma flow (RPF), urine volume, sodium excretion, and fractional sodium reabsorption were measured in a chronically instrumented sheep preparation. Fetal GFR was essentially stable between 110 and 135 days of gestation (term = 147 days). There was a significant increase in GFR after 135 days. After the infusion of 50 ml of normal saline over a 30-minute period, fetal GFR and sodium excretion increased significantly. Fractional sodium reabsorption was significantly decreased. Thus, the fetus is capable of responding to volume expansion with saline with an increase in GFR and a decrease in fractional sodium reabsorption. After the infusion of 1000 ml of normal saline into the ewe in 1 hour, maternal GFR and RPF rose significantly. Sodium excretion rose 6-fold and fractional sodium reabsorption fell significantly. After the infusion of saline into the ewe, there was no change in fetal GFR, RPF, sodium excretion, urine volume, or fractional sodium reabsorption. Since there were no changes in fetal renal function after maternal volume expansion with saline there was no evidence for the transplacental passage of a natriuretic factor from ewe to fetus.", "PMID": 858179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12681", "title": "Reflex regulation of sympathetic activity in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.", "content": "The influence that the pressure-sensitive receptors in the cardiovascular system have on renal nerve activity and on heart rate was compared in normotensive rats (NTR) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The cardiovascular receptors were stimulated by raising the blood pressure (BP) with intravenous phenylephrine. The duration of silence in the record of renal sympathetic nerve activity produced by a number of different rises in BP was measured. We found that the pressure that was just able to produce a silence in the nerve activity (threshold pressure) was higher in the SHR (170 mm Hg) than in the NTR (130 mm Hg). Also, comparable rises in BP above the threshold  pressure in the SHR and NTR were less effective in the SHR in producing a complete inhibition of sympathetic nerve activity as judged by the short duration of inhibition. In contrast, we found that the changes in heart rate produced by rises in BP above threshold pressure were similar in NTR and SHR although the threshold pressure was somewhat higher in the latter. It was, therefore, concluded that the cardiovascular pressure receptors, apart from being reset to operate at a higher pressure level in the SHR, are less able to inhibit ongoing sympathetic activity than in the NTR. It is suggested that this is most likely due to a high sympathetic activity in the SHR.", "contents": "Reflex regulation of sympathetic activity in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. The influence that the pressure-sensitive receptors in the cardiovascular system have on renal nerve activity and on heart rate was compared in normotensive rats (NTR) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The cardiovascular receptors were stimulated by raising the blood pressure (BP) with intravenous phenylephrine. The duration of silence in the record of renal sympathetic nerve activity produced by a number of different rises in BP was measured. We found that the pressure that was just able to produce a silence in the nerve activity (threshold pressure) was higher in the SHR (170 mm Hg) than in the NTR (130 mm Hg). Also, comparable rises in BP above the threshold  pressure in the SHR and NTR were less effective in the SHR in producing a complete inhibition of sympathetic nerve activity as judged by the short duration of inhibition. In contrast, we found that the changes in heart rate produced by rises in BP above threshold pressure were similar in NTR and SHR although the threshold pressure was somewhat higher in the latter. It was, therefore, concluded that the cardiovascular pressure receptors, apart from being reset to operate at a higher pressure level in the SHR, are less able to inhibit ongoing sympathetic activity than in the NTR. It is suggested that this is most likely due to a high sympathetic activity in the SHR.", "PMID": 858180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12682", "title": "Relationship between epicardial ST-segment elevation, regional myocardial blood flow, and extent of myocardial infarction in awake dogs.", "content": "This study was designed to examine the relationship between epicardial ST change (EpST) and regional myocardial blood flow (RMBF) following coronary occlusion and extent of myocardial infarction (MI) in awake dogs. Fifteen min and two hr after coronary occlusion simultaneous measurements of EpST and RMBF were made. Six days later histologic MI and RMBF were determined in transmural myocardial samples from each electrode site. Greatest ST elevation occurred at sites of greatest ischemia and MI. However, 15 min after occlusion 29% of sites with greater than 50% MI and 39% of sites with greater than 50% reduction in RMBF did not demonstrate ST elevation greater than 2 mV. There were poor correlations between EpST and MI (r = 0.59) and RMBF (r = 0.57). Comparable relationships were observed two hr after occlusion. In the present study, there were not close quantitative or qualitative relationships between EpST and MI or RMBF. A good correlation was observed between RMBF at two hr and MI (r = 0.89).", "contents": "Relationship between epicardial ST-segment elevation, regional myocardial blood flow, and extent of myocardial infarction in awake dogs. This study was designed to examine the relationship between epicardial ST change (EpST) and regional myocardial blood flow (RMBF) following coronary occlusion and extent of myocardial infarction (MI) in awake dogs. Fifteen min and two hr after coronary occlusion simultaneous measurements of EpST and RMBF were made. Six days later histologic MI and RMBF were determined in transmural myocardial samples from each electrode site. Greatest ST elevation occurred at sites of greatest ischemia and MI. However, 15 min after occlusion 29% of sites with greater than 50% MI and 39% of sites with greater than 50% reduction in RMBF did not demonstrate ST elevation greater than 2 mV. There were poor correlations between EpST and MI (r = 0.59) and RMBF (r = 0.57). Comparable relationships were observed two hr after occlusion. In the present study, there were not close quantitative or qualitative relationships between EpST and MI or RMBF. A good correlation was observed between RMBF at two hr and MI (r = 0.89).", "PMID": 858182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12683", "title": "The origin of ventricular arrhythmias 24 hours following experimental anterior septal coronary artery occlusion.", "content": "The anterior septal coronary artery was acutely ligated in 16 open-chest anesthetized dogs to produce an infarct of the septal myocardium. Twenty-four hours following occlusion complete epicardial mapping and extensive plunge electrode recording techniques were used to localize the sites of origin and patterns of activation of the ventricular tachyarrhythmias that developed during recovery. The earliest electrical activity for 13 individual rhythms was recorded from surviving septal subendocardial Purkinje fibers at the margins of the infarct, in the right or left ventricle, directly underlying the sites of earliest epicardial breakthrough. The sites of origin were verified by demonstrating unchanged activation sequences during pacing through the electrode sites which recorded the earliest activity. None of the arrhythmias arose from the His bundle or bundle branches despite the fact that these tissues course directly through the necrotic septum. The data presented supports the hypothesis that ventricular arrhythmias occuring in the 24-36 hour post acute infarction period may originate in the surviving subendocardial Purkinje system. Our experimental model shows that in cases in which a malignant rhythm arises from a focus, whether it is due to enhanced automaticity or local re-entry, epicardial mapping alone may not identify the source of the arrhythmias. Extensive endocardial mapping may provide a more rational basis for surgical interventions designed to abolish these arrhythmias.", "contents": "The origin of ventricular arrhythmias 24 hours following experimental anterior septal coronary artery occlusion. The anterior septal coronary artery was acutely ligated in 16 open-chest anesthetized dogs to produce an infarct of the septal myocardium. Twenty-four hours following occlusion complete epicardial mapping and extensive plunge electrode recording techniques were used to localize the sites of origin and patterns of activation of the ventricular tachyarrhythmias that developed during recovery. The earliest electrical activity for 13 individual rhythms was recorded from surviving septal subendocardial Purkinje fibers at the margins of the infarct, in the right or left ventricle, directly underlying the sites of earliest epicardial breakthrough. The sites of origin were verified by demonstrating unchanged activation sequences during pacing through the electrode sites which recorded the earliest activity. None of the arrhythmias arose from the His bundle or bundle branches despite the fact that these tissues course directly through the necrotic septum. The data presented supports the hypothesis that ventricular arrhythmias occuring in the 24-36 hour post acute infarction period may originate in the surviving subendocardial Purkinje system. Our experimental model shows that in cases in which a malignant rhythm arises from a focus, whether it is due to enhanced automaticity or local re-entry, epicardial mapping alone may not identify the source of the arrhythmias. Extensive endocardial mapping may provide a more rational basis for surgical interventions designed to abolish these arrhythmias.", "PMID": 858183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12684", "title": "Combined dopamine and nitroprusside therapy in congestive heart failure. Greater augmentation of cardiac performance by addition of inotropic stimulation to afterload reduction.", "content": "The hemodynamic benefits of combining administration of dopamine with nitroprusside (NP) were evaluated in nine patients with chronic congestive heart failure due to ischemic, idiopathic myocardial or valvular cardiac disease. NP alone (68 microng/min) produced decline in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) from 25.4 to 14.1 mm Hg (p less than 0.01) but modest increase in cardiac index (CI) from 2.41 to 3.02 L/min/m2 (P less than 0.05). Dopamine alone (6 microng/kg/min) caused an elevation of CI to 3.36 (P less than 0.01) but without decrease of LVEDP. Simultaneous infusion of the two agents resulted in favorable alterations in both hemodynamic variables: LVEDP decreased to 15.7 (P less than 0.01) and CI increased to 3.52 (P less than 0.01). It is concluded that dopamine substantially enhances the effectiveness of nitroprusside therapy in congestive heart failure by providing concomitantly the principal beneficial actions of the vasodilator and dopamine used separately. Thus combined dopamine with NP treatment considerably raises low CI while markedly reducing elevated LVEDP and provides a potentially efficacious pharmacologic modality for the treatment of severe congestive heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction.", "contents": "Combined dopamine and nitroprusside therapy in congestive heart failure. Greater augmentation of cardiac performance by addition of inotropic stimulation to afterload reduction. The hemodynamic benefits of combining administration of dopamine with nitroprusside (NP) were evaluated in nine patients with chronic congestive heart failure due to ischemic, idiopathic myocardial or valvular cardiac disease. NP alone (68 microng/min) produced decline in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) from 25.4 to 14.1 mm Hg (p less than 0.01) but modest increase in cardiac index (CI) from 2.41 to 3.02 L/min/m2 (P less than 0.05). Dopamine alone (6 microng/kg/min) caused an elevation of CI to 3.36 (P less than 0.01) but without decrease of LVEDP. Simultaneous infusion of the two agents resulted in favorable alterations in both hemodynamic variables: LVEDP decreased to 15.7 (P less than 0.01) and CI increased to 3.52 (P less than 0.01). It is concluded that dopamine substantially enhances the effectiveness of nitroprusside therapy in congestive heart failure by providing concomitantly the principal beneficial actions of the vasodilator and dopamine used separately. Thus combined dopamine with NP treatment considerably raises low CI while markedly reducing elevated LVEDP and provides a potentially efficacious pharmacologic modality for the treatment of severe congestive heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction.", "PMID": 858184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12685", "title": "Electrophysiologic delineation of the specialized atrioventricular conduction system in two patients with corrected transposition of the great arteries in situs inversus (I,D,D).", "content": "Electrophysiologic delineation of the atrioventricular conduction system at surgery is described in two patients with corrected transpostion of the great arteries in situs inversus. Intra-atrial electrograms were recorded in one patient from sites immediately adjacent to the coronary sinus located in the left-sided right atrium. The intraventricular portion of the atrioventricular conduction system was identified in both patients along the posterior and inferior margin of the ventricular septal defect, in contrast to the superior and anterior location found in corrected transposition of the great arteries in situs solitus. In contrast to the superior and anterior location found in corrected transposition of the great arteries in situs solitus. The course of the conduction system in the hearts of these two patients and a possible relationship to the cardiac loop and dual origin of the atrioventricular node is discussed. These cases illustrate the usefulness of segmental diagnosis of congenital heart disease and of electrophysiologic identification of the specialized atrioventricular conduction system at surgery.", "contents": "Electrophysiologic delineation of the specialized atrioventricular conduction system in two patients with corrected transposition of the great arteries in situs inversus (I,D,D). Electrophysiologic delineation of the atrioventricular conduction system at surgery is described in two patients with corrected transpostion of the great arteries in situs inversus. Intra-atrial electrograms were recorded in one patient from sites immediately adjacent to the coronary sinus located in the left-sided right atrium. The intraventricular portion of the atrioventricular conduction system was identified in both patients along the posterior and inferior margin of the ventricular septal defect, in contrast to the superior and anterior location found in corrected transposition of the great arteries in situs solitus. In contrast to the superior and anterior location found in corrected transposition of the great arteries in situs solitus. The course of the conduction system in the hearts of these two patients and a possible relationship to the cardiac loop and dual origin of the atrioventricular node is discussed. These cases illustrate the usefulness of segmental diagnosis of congenital heart disease and of electrophysiologic identification of the specialized atrioventricular conduction system at surgery.", "PMID": 858185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12686", "title": "Natural history of ventricular septal defect. A study involving 790 cases.", "content": "The development of 790 untreated patients affected by ventricular septal defect (VSD) has been the object of a 25-year study. Of these patients, 72% had had at least one catheterization; 13% had several. The mean observation interval is six years, and the average age at the latest data is 19.5 years. This study covers 4717 patient-years. For the entire population, the incidence rate or aortic regurgitation is 6.3% (4.3 for 1000 patient-years) and that of bacterial endocarditis is 3.7% (2.4 for 1000 patient-years). Twenty-five patients died, 15 of them between the ages of one and 39. Of the 499 cases with several clinical examinations, 71% remained stable. In 21%, changes suggesting some level of closure developed; in 7%, infundibular stenosis began to evolve and in 1% pulmonary vascular disease began to appear or became accentuated. These different rates are studied and discussed in relation to patients' age, VSD type, and various follow-up characteristics.", "contents": "Natural history of ventricular septal defect. A study involving 790 cases. The development of 790 untreated patients affected by ventricular septal defect (VSD) has been the object of a 25-year study. Of these patients, 72% had had at least one catheterization; 13% had several. The mean observation interval is six years, and the average age at the latest data is 19.5 years. This study covers 4717 patient-years. For the entire population, the incidence rate or aortic regurgitation is 6.3% (4.3 for 1000 patient-years) and that of bacterial endocarditis is 3.7% (2.4 for 1000 patient-years). Twenty-five patients died, 15 of them between the ages of one and 39. Of the 499 cases with several clinical examinations, 71% remained stable. In 21%, changes suggesting some level of closure developed; in 7%, infundibular stenosis began to evolve and in 1% pulmonary vascular disease began to appear or became accentuated. These different rates are studied and discussed in relation to patients' age, VSD type, and various follow-up characteristics.", "PMID": 858186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12687", "title": "Coronary spasm, variant angina, and recurrent myocardial infarctions.", "content": "A 24-year-old male student had three myocardial infarctions, one prior to and two following the angiographic documentation of normal coronary arteries. A spontaneous episode of variant angina prompted repeat coronary angiography, during which intravenous ergonovine caused spasm of the left anterior descending coronary artery, transient ST-segment elevation, and ischemic chest pain; the previously normal right coronary artery was found to be occluded proximally. This constellation of clinical and angiographic findings suggests that coronary spasm can cause acute myocardial infarction as well as variant angina.", "contents": "Coronary spasm, variant angina, and recurrent myocardial infarctions. A 24-year-old male student had three myocardial infarctions, one prior to and two following the angiographic documentation of normal coronary arteries. A spontaneous episode of variant angina prompted repeat coronary angiography, during which intravenous ergonovine caused spasm of the left anterior descending coronary artery, transient ST-segment elevation, and ischemic chest pain; the previously normal right coronary artery was found to be occluded proximally. This constellation of clinical and angiographic findings suggests that coronary spasm can cause acute myocardial infarction as well as variant angina.", "PMID": 858188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12688", "title": "Simultaneous measurement of secondary and tertiary tricyclic antidepressants by GC/MS chemical ionization mass fragmentography.", "content": "We present a method for measuring seven commonly used tricyclic antidepressants in plasma. This method is suitable for monitoring therapeutic concentrations and for screening drug overdoses in cases where the identity of the abused tricyclic antidepressant may not be known. Drugs from alkalinized plasma are extracted into hexane in one step; two injections into the gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer follow. The tertiary amines (amitriptyline, doxepin, and imipramine) are analyzed by direct injection; the secondary amines (nortriptyline, desmethyldoxepin, desipramine, and protriptyline) are analyzed after derivitization with trifluoroacetic anhydride. Clomipramine and desmethyltrimipramine are suitable internal standards. Chemical ionization mass fragmentography, with methane as the reactant gas, is used. While maintaining specificity for these drugs, concentrations in human plasma ranging from 5 to 500 microng/liter can be measured. The coefficients of variation are about 4 to 11%.", "contents": "Simultaneous measurement of secondary and tertiary tricyclic antidepressants by GC/MS chemical ionization mass fragmentography. We present a method for measuring seven commonly used tricyclic antidepressants in plasma. This method is suitable for monitoring therapeutic concentrations and for screening drug overdoses in cases where the identity of the abused tricyclic antidepressant may not be known. Drugs from alkalinized plasma are extracted into hexane in one step; two injections into the gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer follow. The tertiary amines (amitriptyline, doxepin, and imipramine) are analyzed by direct injection; the secondary amines (nortriptyline, desmethyldoxepin, desipramine, and protriptyline) are analyzed after derivitization with trifluoroacetic anhydride. Clomipramine and desmethyltrimipramine are suitable internal standards. Chemical ionization mass fragmentography, with methane as the reactant gas, is used. While maintaining specificity for these drugs, concentrations in human plasma ranging from 5 to 500 microng/liter can be measured. The coefficients of variation are about 4 to 11%.", "PMID": 858192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12689", "title": "A stopped-flow clinical analyzer in which immobilized-enzyme reaction loops are used.", "content": "A stopped-flow clinical analyzer is described that makes use of a reaction loop containing immobilized enzyme(s) for the determination of the analyte/substrate. The analyzer has been evaluated by determining glucose with immobilized glucose oxidase. The stopped-flow mixing system was constructed at a current cost of less than  $500. The analyzer separates the enzymatic reaction from a followup, spectrophotometric indicator reaction. This separation allows the enzymatic reaction to be used in either a fixed-time, kinetic mode or in an equilibrium mode. Likewise, the indicator reaction can be used in either mode. Results for glucose in blood serum indicate that good precision and accuracy can be obtained.", "contents": "A stopped-flow clinical analyzer in which immobilized-enzyme reaction loops are used. A stopped-flow clinical analyzer is described that makes use of a reaction loop containing immobilized enzyme(s) for the determination of the analyte/substrate. The analyzer has been evaluated by determining glucose with immobilized glucose oxidase. The stopped-flow mixing system was constructed at a current cost of less than  $500. The analyzer separates the enzymatic reaction from a followup, spectrophotometric indicator reaction. This separation allows the enzymatic reaction to be used in either a fixed-time, kinetic mode or in an equilibrium mode. Likewise, the indicator reaction can be used in either mode. Results for glucose in blood serum indicate that good precision and accuracy can be obtained.", "PMID": 858193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12690", "title": "Choice of monitoring isotope in double label radioimmunoassays with nonimmunological separation techniques.", "content": "We discuss the suitability of some radioactive isotopes as volume markers in radioimmunoassays, from a radiochemical point of view. For three eligible isotopes (22Na, 60Co, and 75Se) we studied the concentration of the marker in the precipitate formed in the separation phase of radioimmunoassays. For all those kinds of separations tested (charcoal, ammonium sulfate, polyethylene glycol, and ethanol), binding or coprecipitation was virtually absent or negligible with 22Na but 75Se was strongly concentrated in the precipitate. Concentration of 60Co occurred only with charcoal and ethanol precipitation. Because heavy metals tend to bind to serum proteins, we conclude that of all radioactive isotopes commercially available only 22Na should be used in radioimmunoassays with nonimmunological separation methods.", "contents": "Choice of monitoring isotope in double label radioimmunoassays with nonimmunological separation techniques. We discuss the suitability of some radioactive isotopes as volume markers in radioimmunoassays, from a radiochemical point of view. For three eligible isotopes (22Na, 60Co, and 75Se) we studied the concentration of the marker in the precipitate formed in the separation phase of radioimmunoassays. For all those kinds of separations tested (charcoal, ammonium sulfate, polyethylene glycol, and ethanol), binding or coprecipitation was virtually absent or negligible with 22Na but 75Se was strongly concentrated in the precipitate. Concentration of 60Co occurred only with charcoal and ethanol precipitation. Because heavy metals tend to bind to serum proteins, we conclude that of all radioactive isotopes commercially available only 22Na should be used in radioimmunoassays with nonimmunological separation methods.", "PMID": 858194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12691", "title": "Plasma lactate dehydrogenase activity will be increased if detergent and platelets are present.", "content": "Plasma lactate dehydrogenase activity is artifactually increased when analyzed on the SMAC (Technicon) continuous-flow analyzer. The factors responsible are incomplete centrifugation and the presence of detergent in the dilution buffer. The contribution of platelet lactate dehydrogenase in the plasma is demonstrated with a case of thrombocytosis.", "contents": "Plasma lactate dehydrogenase activity will be increased if detergent and platelets are present. Plasma lactate dehydrogenase activity is artifactually increased when analyzed on the SMAC (Technicon) continuous-flow analyzer. The factors responsible are incomplete centrifugation and the presence of detergent in the dilution buffer. The contribution of platelet lactate dehydrogenase in the plasma is demonstrated with a case of thrombocytosis.", "PMID": 858195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12692", "title": "Furildioxime method for nickel analysis in serum and urine by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry.", "content": "We describe a method of analysis for nickel in serum and urine. After the sample (1 ml) has been subjected to acid digestion, Ni(II) is extracted into methylisobutylketone as a furildioximate complex, and is measured by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The method is more sensitive and more convenient than previous methods, and is less subject to nickel contamination because the digestion and extraction steps are performed in a single tube. Analytical recovery of Ni(II) (10 or 20 microng/liter) added to 20 specimens of serum or urine averaged 101% (range, 94 to 107). The following values (mean +/- SD) were obtained for nickel concentrations in specimens of serum and urine from 19 healthy adults living in central Connecticut: serum = 3.1 +/- 1.6 microng/liter; urine = 2.7 +/- 1.6 microng/liter. The method provides a practical means for monitoring occupational exposures of workers to nickel compounds.", "contents": "Furildioxime method for nickel analysis in serum and urine by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. We describe a method of analysis for nickel in serum and urine. After the sample (1 ml) has been subjected to acid digestion, Ni(II) is extracted into methylisobutylketone as a furildioximate complex, and is measured by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The method is more sensitive and more convenient than previous methods, and is less subject to nickel contamination because the digestion and extraction steps are performed in a single tube. Analytical recovery of Ni(II) (10 or 20 microng/liter) added to 20 specimens of serum or urine averaged 101% (range, 94 to 107). The following values (mean +/- SD) were obtained for nickel concentrations in specimens of serum and urine from 19 healthy adults living in central Connecticut: serum = 3.1 +/- 1.6 microng/liter; urine = 2.7 +/- 1.6 microng/liter. The method provides a practical means for monitoring occupational exposures of workers to nickel compounds.", "PMID": 858204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12693", "title": "Binding of dye to albumin, as studied by ultrafiltration.", "content": "We describe a procedure for measuring the binding of small molecules to proteins by means of a dynamic ultrafiltration system. A continuous binding curve is obtained by continuously monitoring the absorbance of ultrafiltrate as a function of ultrafiltrate volume, and corrections are made for the retention of the small molecule by the membrane and the leakage of the protein through the membrane. The method is applied to the binding of bromcresol green to human albumin. Some major sources of uncertainties in the method are discussed.", "contents": "Binding of dye to albumin, as studied by ultrafiltration. We describe a procedure for measuring the binding of small molecules to proteins by means of a dynamic ultrafiltration system. A continuous binding curve is obtained by continuously monitoring the absorbance of ultrafiltrate as a function of ultrafiltrate volume, and corrections are made for the retention of the small molecule by the membrane and the leakage of the protein through the membrane. The method is applied to the binding of bromcresol green to human albumin. Some major sources of uncertainties in the method are discussed.", "PMID": 858205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12694", "title": "Deficiency of propionyl-Co A carboxylase and methylcrotonyl-Co A carboxylase in a patient with methylcrotonylglycinuria.", "content": "The enzymes 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase and propionyl-CoA carboxylase were studied in fibroblasts derived from a patient with 3-methylcrotonylglycinuria and from control individuals. There was a parallel defect in the activities of both enzymes in extracts of the cells of the patient. Supplementation with biotin of the medium in which the cells were grown restored the activity of both carboxylases to the normal range. Kinetic analysis of the activities of the carboxylases obtained from cells grown in biotin revealed KM values for each enzyme that approximated normal. These data indicate that the primary defect in this patient is in the enzyme holocarboxylase synthetase which is responsible for activating biotin and transferring it to the apocarboxylase proteins.", "contents": "Deficiency of propionyl-Co A carboxylase and methylcrotonyl-Co A carboxylase in a patient with methylcrotonylglycinuria. The enzymes 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase and propionyl-CoA carboxylase were studied in fibroblasts derived from a patient with 3-methylcrotonylglycinuria and from control individuals. There was a parallel defect in the activities of both enzymes in extracts of the cells of the patient. Supplementation with biotin of the medium in which the cells were grown restored the activity of both carboxylases to the normal range. Kinetic analysis of the activities of the carboxylases obtained from cells grown in biotin revealed KM values for each enzyme that approximated normal. These data indicate that the primary defect in this patient is in the enzyme holocarboxylase synthetase which is responsible for activating biotin and transferring it to the apocarboxylase proteins.", "PMID": 858206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12695", "title": "A new sulfur amino acid, named hawkinsin, identified in a baby with transient tyrosinemia and her mother.", "content": "An unknown compound present in the urine of a girl with prolonged transient tyrosinemia and her mother was isolated and identified as (2-L-cystein-S-yl-1,4-dihydroxycyclohex-5-en-1-yl)-acetic acid (IVa). The new amino acid was named hawkinsin (Haw) and characterized by gas  chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of its penta-trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivative and of its desulfuration components. Haw was compared with the synthetic reference compound using GC-MS, IR, TLC, PC, ion-exchange chromatogrpahy and high-voltage electrophoresis. IVa and (2,6-bis-L-cystein-S-yl-1,4-dihydroxycyclohexyl-1)-acetic acid were synthesized from 4-quinolacetic acid, the latter was prepared in two different ways. It is postulated that Haw originates from an intermediate in the 4-hydroxy-phenylpuruvate hydroxylase reaction (EC 1.14.2.2), and that mother and child are heterozygous for an inborn error of metabolism characterized by a defect in this hydroxylase system, which is unable to rearrange the intermediate to homogentisic acid.", "contents": "A new sulfur amino acid, named hawkinsin, identified in a baby with transient tyrosinemia and her mother. An unknown compound present in the urine of a girl with prolonged transient tyrosinemia and her mother was isolated and identified as (2-L-cystein-S-yl-1,4-dihydroxycyclohex-5-en-1-yl)-acetic acid (IVa). The new amino acid was named hawkinsin (Haw) and characterized by gas  chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of its penta-trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivative and of its desulfuration components. Haw was compared with the synthetic reference compound using GC-MS, IR, TLC, PC, ion-exchange chromatogrpahy and high-voltage electrophoresis. IVa and (2,6-bis-L-cystein-S-yl-1,4-dihydroxycyclohexyl-1)-acetic acid were synthesized from 4-quinolacetic acid, the latter was prepared in two different ways. It is postulated that Haw originates from an intermediate in the 4-hydroxy-phenylpuruvate hydroxylase reaction (EC 1.14.2.2), and that mother and child are heterozygous for an inborn error of metabolism characterized by a defect in this hydroxylase system, which is unable to rearrange the intermediate to homogentisic acid.", "PMID": 858207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12696", "title": "Hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia.", "content": "With the availability of reliable methods for measurement of magnesium in body fluids, a great deal of information has accumulated on magnesium homeostasis. We reviewed the pertinent data on various aspects of magnesium metabolism. The conditions associated with hypo- and hypermagnesemia and the clinical and laboratory findings as well as the management of these disorders are discussed. Finally, the effects of renal failure on magnesium homeostasis are presented.", "contents": "Hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia. With the availability of reliable methods for measurement of magnesium in body fluids, a great deal of information has accumulated on magnesium homeostasis. We reviewed the pertinent data on various aspects of magnesium metabolism. The conditions associated with hypo- and hypermagnesemia and the clinical and laboratory findings as well as the management of these disorders are discussed. Finally, the effects of renal failure on magnesium homeostasis are presented.", "PMID": 858210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12697", "title": "Hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia.", "content": "This report discusses the various aspects of the hypercalcemic and hypocalcemic disorders. We first describe the physicochemical state of serum calcium and the interpretation of a rise or a fall in total serum calcium. The various diseases associated with alterations in the concentration of serum calcium are presented. The clinical manifestations of the hypercalcemic and hypocalcemic disorders and their management are described.", "contents": "Hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia. This report discusses the various aspects of the hypercalcemic and hypocalcemic disorders. We first describe the physicochemical state of serum calcium and the interpretation of a rise or a fall in total serum calcium. The various diseases associated with alterations in the concentration of serum calcium are presented. The clinical manifestations of the hypercalcemic and hypocalcemic disorders and their management are described.", "PMID": 858211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12698", "title": "Studies on digitalis. XI. Digitoxin metabolism in patients with impaired renal function.", "content": "The metabolic pattern of cardioactive and conjugated digitoxin metabolites was studied in 10 uremic patients on maintenance treatment with digitoxin 24 hr after the last dose (mean dose, 0.060 mg/day). Urine was collected over 24 hr. The mean serum digitoxin level was 9.4 ng/ml, and urine level was 6.8 ng/ml. The metabolic pattern of cardioactive metabolites was studied in 5 patients on hemodialysis. Their mean serum digitoxin level was 6.3 ng/ml and urine level was 7.3 ng/ml, on a digitoxin dose of 0.072 mg/day. Unchanged digitoxin was the main cardioactive substance present in both serum and urine of uremic patients. Uremic patients had significantly less unchanged digitoxin and had more hydroxylated (DG-3) and hydroxylated and hydrolyzed (DG-2, DG-1, and DG-0) metabolites than control patients. The extent of conjugation was the same in the two groups. Our data suggest that uremic patients produce more digitoxose than control patients and that digitoxin elimination is more rapid in uremic patients. The altered pattern of digitoxin metabolites is most consistent with uremia-induced changes in hydroxylation and hydrolysis. The hemodialysis group had a pattern of digitoxin and cardioactive metabolites similar to control patients, indicating that patients on hemodialysis differ from other uremic patients with respect to digitoxin metabolism.", "contents": "Studies on digitalis. XI. Digitoxin metabolism in patients with impaired renal function. The metabolic pattern of cardioactive and conjugated digitoxin metabolites was studied in 10 uremic patients on maintenance treatment with digitoxin 24 hr after the last dose (mean dose, 0.060 mg/day). Urine was collected over 24 hr. The mean serum digitoxin level was 9.4 ng/ml, and urine level was 6.8 ng/ml. The metabolic pattern of cardioactive metabolites was studied in 5 patients on hemodialysis. Their mean serum digitoxin level was 6.3 ng/ml and urine level was 7.3 ng/ml, on a digitoxin dose of 0.072 mg/day. Unchanged digitoxin was the main cardioactive substance present in both serum and urine of uremic patients. Uremic patients had significantly less unchanged digitoxin and had more hydroxylated (DG-3) and hydroxylated and hydrolyzed (DG-2, DG-1, and DG-0) metabolites than control patients. The extent of conjugation was the same in the two groups. Our data suggest that uremic patients produce more digitoxose than control patients and that digitoxin elimination is more rapid in uremic patients. The altered pattern of digitoxin metabolites is most consistent with uremia-induced changes in hydroxylation and hydrolysis. The hemodialysis group had a pattern of digitoxin and cardioactive metabolites similar to control patients, indicating that patients on hemodialysis differ from other uremic patients with respect to digitoxin metabolism.", "PMID": 858212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12699", "title": "Spironolactone and canrenoate-K: relative potency at steady state.", "content": "Relative dose ratios of the mineralocorticoid antagonists spironolactone (100 mg and 200 mg daily) and canrenoate-K (200 mg daily) at steady state were defined in six healthy subjects with fludrecortisone as the mineralocorticoid agonist. The urine log 10 Na/K responses during spironolactone treatments were consistent with the law of mass action. The potency of canrenoate-K was 0.68 (95% C.L. 0.53 to 0.89) that of spironolactone on a weight basis. Approximately 72% of the renal antimineralocorticoid activity of spironolactone could attributed to the metabolite canrenone. The results at steady state are contrasted with those of a previously study comparing single doses of spironolactone and canrenoate-K.", "contents": "Spironolactone and canrenoate-K: relative potency at steady state. Relative dose ratios of the mineralocorticoid antagonists spironolactone (100 mg and 200 mg daily) and canrenoate-K (200 mg daily) at steady state were defined in six healthy subjects with fludrecortisone as the mineralocorticoid agonist. The urine log 10 Na/K responses during spironolactone treatments were consistent with the law of mass action. The potency of canrenoate-K was 0.68 (95% C.L. 0.53 to 0.89) that of spironolactone on a weight basis. Approximately 72% of the renal antimineralocorticoid activity of spironolactone could attributed to the metabolite canrenone. The results at steady state are contrasted with those of a previously study comparing single doses of spironolactone and canrenoate-K.", "PMID": 858213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12700", "title": "Investigation of the non-jaundiced patient by percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography.", "content": "The investigation of the non-jaundiced patient by percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) and the indications for this examination are presented. Diagnostic examinations were obtained in all 15 patients studied despite the absence of jaundice at the time of examination. Complications were minimal. The value of this method particularly after previous biliary surgery is emphasized. It is suggested that PTC may be of great value, and safely used in non-jaundiced patients.", "contents": "Investigation of the non-jaundiced patient by percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. The investigation of the non-jaundiced patient by percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) and the indications for this examination are presented. Diagnostic examinations were obtained in all 15 patients studied despite the absence of jaundice at the time of examination. Complications were minimal. The value of this method particularly after previous biliary surgery is emphasized. It is suggested that PTC may be of great value, and safely used in non-jaundiced patients.", "PMID": 858214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12701", "title": "Radiology of the Eustachian fossa.", "content": "The Eustachian fossa, when visualised in contrast radiography and cinefluorography, shows a wide variety of shapes and sizes. Moreover, the fossa also exhibits varying degrees of changes during swallowing. Brief accounts of the technique of contrast radiography and the appearance of the normal nasopharyngograms are given to facilitate the understanding of the radiological features of the fossa.", "contents": "Radiology of the Eustachian fossa. The Eustachian fossa, when visualised in contrast radiography and cinefluorography, shows a wide variety of shapes and sizes. Moreover, the fossa also exhibits varying degrees of changes during swallowing. Brief accounts of the technique of contrast radiography and the appearance of the normal nasopharyngograms are given to facilitate the understanding of the radiological features of the fossa.", "PMID": 858215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12702", "title": "The accuracy of bolus ascending phlebography in demonstrating the ilio-femoral segment.", "content": "The phlebograms of the ilio-femoral segment obtained by a bolus technique in 100 patients were reviewed. The technique of bolus phlebography from bipedal injections is described in detail. In 92% of the phlebograms the ilio-femoral segment was considered to be sufficiently well opacified to exclude thrombus. Follow-up of the patients confirmed the accuracy of the method.", "contents": "The accuracy of bolus ascending phlebography in demonstrating the ilio-femoral segment. The phlebograms of the ilio-femoral segment obtained by a bolus technique in 100 patients were reviewed. The technique of bolus phlebography from bipedal injections is described in detail. In 92% of the phlebograms the ilio-femoral segment was considered to be sufficiently well opacified to exclude thrombus. Follow-up of the patients confirmed the accuracy of the method.", "PMID": 858217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12703", "title": "Useful radiological signs in acute appendicitis in children.", "content": "Straight X-rays of 92 control patients with acute appendicitis and 92 control subjects were studied for radiographic abnormalities. Disturbance in intestinal gas pattern was the most common abnormality. Presence of a faecolith, free peritoneal fluid, scoliosis and a soft tissue mass were useful supporting signs. Loss of the properitoneal fat line and the right psoas outline were not reliable signs as they occurred with equal frequency in both groups.", "contents": "Useful radiological signs in acute appendicitis in children. Straight X-rays of 92 control patients with acute appendicitis and 92 control subjects were studied for radiographic abnormalities. Disturbance in intestinal gas pattern was the most common abnormality. Presence of a faecolith, free peritoneal fluid, scoliosis and a soft tissue mass were useful supporting signs. Loss of the properitoneal fat line and the right psoas outline were not reliable signs as they occurred with equal frequency in both groups.", "PMID": 858218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12704", "title": "The radiological approach to leiomyoma of the oesophagus with a long-term follow-up.", "content": "Long-term follow-up of leiomyomas in the oesophagus is discussed from the radiological point of view. It is the authors' impression that surgical intervention is not a matter of urgency in the treatment of these tumours as their tendency to undergo malignant change is very rare. Nine cases of leiomyoma of the oesophagus were followed for periods ranging from 1 to 15 years. None showed malignant degeneration.", "contents": "The radiological approach to leiomyoma of the oesophagus with a long-term follow-up. Long-term follow-up of leiomyomas in the oesophagus is discussed from the radiological point of view. It is the authors' impression that surgical intervention is not a matter of urgency in the treatment of these tumours as their tendency to undergo malignant change is very rare. Nine cases of leiomyoma of the oesophagus were followed for periods ranging from 1 to 15 years. None showed malignant degeneration.", "PMID": 858219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12705", "title": "Coronary angiography in complicated acute myocardial infarcts.", "content": "Left ventriculography with selective coronary angiography was performed on 13 patients with acute myocardial infarcts complicated by cardiogenic shock of left ventricular failure and hypotension. Twelve patients (92-3%) tolerated the procedure well. Irreversible ventricular fibrillation resulting in death occurred in one patient 7-7%) during the opacification of the left coronary artery. Seven (87-5%) of the eight patients treated surgically and two (50%) of the four patients treated medically died. This study shows that although acute myocardial infarction increases the risk of coronary angiography, it is justifiable if surgical therapy is contemplated.", "contents": "Coronary angiography in complicated acute myocardial infarcts. Left ventriculography with selective coronary angiography was performed on 13 patients with acute myocardial infarcts complicated by cardiogenic shock of left ventricular failure and hypotension. Twelve patients (92-3%) tolerated the procedure well. Irreversible ventricular fibrillation resulting in death occurred in one patient 7-7%) during the opacification of the left coronary artery. Seven (87-5%) of the eight patients treated surgically and two (50%) of the four patients treated medically died. This study shows that although acute myocardial infarction increases the risk of coronary angiography, it is justifiable if surgical therapy is contemplated.", "PMID": 858220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12706", "title": "Calcification of the intrarenal branches of the renal arteries.", "content": "Mild to extensive calcification of the intrarenal branches of the renal arteries seen in 13 patients over a period of 12 months is described. This type of renal vascular calcification appeared to be associated with generalised atherosclerosis in patients of advancing age. The association of diabetes mellitus and intrarenal arterial calcification could not be supported by the cases presented here.", "contents": "Calcification of the intrarenal branches of the renal arteries. Mild to extensive calcification of the intrarenal branches of the renal arteries seen in 13 patients over a period of 12 months is described. This type of renal vascular calcification appeared to be associated with generalised atherosclerosis in patients of advancing age. The association of diabetes mellitus and intrarenal arterial calcification could not be supported by the cases presented here.", "PMID": 858221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12707", "title": "Pseudocysts: diagnosis in the adult by total body opacification.", "content": "Recent use of higher doses of contrast material for excretory urography in adults has made differentiation between cystic and solid masses feasible in adults just as it has been in children. The first two adults to have the cystic nature of their pseudocysts ascertained by total body opacification are presented. In one case, the mass was not palpable because the abdomen was markedly tender, suggesting that total body opacification may be helpful in the examination of the acute abdomen. The second case suggests the importance of the prone position.", "contents": "Pseudocysts: diagnosis in the adult by total body opacification. Recent use of higher doses of contrast material for excretory urography in adults has made differentiation between cystic and solid masses feasible in adults just as it has been in children. The first two adults to have the cystic nature of their pseudocysts ascertained by total body opacification are presented. In one case, the mass was not palpable because the abdomen was markedly tender, suggesting that total body opacification may be helpful in the examination of the acute abdomen. The second case suggests the importance of the prone position.", "PMID": 858222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12708", "title": "Necropsy of animals for scientific research.", "content": "Techniques for the necropsying of animals and the trimming of tissues for histologic sections have been described for scientific research. It has been helpful to refer to the description, records, fixatives, and to other special procedures. The comment explains the reasons for using some of the procedures.", "contents": "Necropsy of animals for scientific research. Techniques for the necropsying of animals and the trimming of tissues for histologic sections have been described for scientific research. It has been helpful to refer to the description, records, fixatives, and to other special procedures. The comment explains the reasons for using some of the procedures.", "PMID": 858223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12709", "title": "XAD-2 resin drug extraction methods for biologic samples.", "content": "The XAD-2 resin extraction procedure is rapidly becoming an important tool for both the clinical and forensic toxicology laboratory. Although different investigators use different elution solvents and techniques, the basic procedure is to adsorb drugs onto the XAD-2 resin and then elute these drugs with an appropriate organic solvent. A number of parameters have been shown to be involved in obtaining good results. These include pH of sample, flow rate, type and volume of eluting solvent. These parameters can be adjusted so that maximum overall drug recoveries are obtained. Since XAD-2 extraction of urine by Fujimoto and Wang [2] was introduced, the procedure has been extended to all types of biologic specimens. Various elution techniques have been reported [12, 13], namely, the differential elution of drugs from the resin into acid and neutral, and basic drug fractions. Overall, the techniques vary from rapid simple procedures for drugs of abuse in urine to more elaborate methods of extraction of autopsy material. The extraction procedure itself is flexible enough so as to suit the needs of almost any toxicology laboratory.", "contents": "XAD-2 resin drug extraction methods for biologic samples. The XAD-2 resin extraction procedure is rapidly becoming an important tool for both the clinical and forensic toxicology laboratory. Although different investigators use different elution solvents and techniques, the basic procedure is to adsorb drugs onto the XAD-2 resin and then elute these drugs with an appropriate organic solvent. A number of parameters have been shown to be involved in obtaining good results. These include pH of sample, flow rate, type and volume of eluting solvent. These parameters can be adjusted so that maximum overall drug recoveries are obtained. Since XAD-2 extraction of urine by Fujimoto and Wang [2] was introduced, the procedure has been extended to all types of biologic specimens. Various elution techniques have been reported [12, 13], namely, the differential elution of drugs from the resin into acid and neutral, and basic drug fractions. Overall, the techniques vary from rapid simple procedures for drugs of abuse in urine to more elaborate methods of extraction of autopsy material. The extraction procedure itself is flexible enough so as to suit the needs of almost any toxicology laboratory.", "PMID": 858225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12710", "title": "A congenital pulmonary anomaly (hamartoma) in a seven-month-old bovine fetus.", "content": "A case of an unusually large congenital pulmonary malformation (hamartoma) in a seven-month-old aborted Holstein fetus is reported. This was the dam's sixth gestation; the previous five had terminated in November or early December with delivery of a normal, live calf. Abortion was spontaneous without prior clinical signs noted by the herdsman. The condition of the aborted fetus indicated abortion followed closely intrauterine fetal death, which probably resulted from vascular insufficiency owing to crowding in the fetal thorax by the massive pulmonary malformation.", "contents": "A congenital pulmonary anomaly (hamartoma) in a seven-month-old bovine fetus. A case of an unusually large congenital pulmonary malformation (hamartoma) in a seven-month-old aborted Holstein fetus is reported. This was the dam's sixth gestation; the previous five had terminated in November or early December with delivery of a normal, live calf. Abortion was spontaneous without prior clinical signs noted by the herdsman. The condition of the aborted fetus indicated abortion followed closely intrauterine fetal death, which probably resulted from vascular insufficiency owing to crowding in the fetal thorax by the massive pulmonary malformation.", "PMID": 858251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12711", "title": "Intracutaneous cornifying epithelioma (\"keratoacanthoma\") of dogs and keratoacanthoma of man.", "content": "The intracutaneous cornifying epithelioma (\"keratoacanthoma\") of dogs was compared with keratoacanthoma of man based on findings in the literature and in house studies. The two tumors differ at the following points: epithelium of origin, rate of growth, infiltration, spontaneous involution, breed predisposition (Norwegian Elkhound, generalized form), occurrence in dogs at a younger or middle age. The development of this tumor in dogs seems to be comparable with the development of so-called keratoacanthoma in Mastomys natalensis, which is virus-induced. Further investigations have been initiated to uncover the possible virus nature of the intracutaneous cornifying epthelioma (so-called keratoacanthoma) in dogs.", "contents": "Intracutaneous cornifying epithelioma (\"keratoacanthoma\") of dogs and keratoacanthoma of man. The intracutaneous cornifying epithelioma (\"keratoacanthoma\") of dogs was compared with keratoacanthoma of man based on findings in the literature and in house studies. The two tumors differ at the following points: epithelium of origin, rate of growth, infiltration, spontaneous involution, breed predisposition (Norwegian Elkhound, generalized form), occurrence in dogs at a younger or middle age. The development of this tumor in dogs seems to be comparable with the development of so-called keratoacanthoma in Mastomys natalensis, which is virus-induced. Further investigations have been initiated to uncover the possible virus nature of the intracutaneous cornifying epthelioma (so-called keratoacanthoma) in dogs.", "PMID": 858252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12712", "title": "Experimentally induced pine needle abortion in range cattle.", "content": "Pine needle-induced abortion in cattle is a serious problem in many areas of western United States and Canada. Field observations on pine needle abortion indicate that this condition is stress related. The results of this research indicate that the pine needle-induced abortion occurs much more readily if cows are under stress.", "contents": "Experimentally induced pine needle abortion in range cattle. Pine needle-induced abortion in cattle is a serious problem in many areas of western United States and Canada. Field observations on pine needle abortion indicate that this condition is stress related. The results of this research indicate that the pine needle-induced abortion occurs much more readily if cows are under stress.", "PMID": 858253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12713", "title": "B-chromosome systems in the pocket mouse, Perognathus baileyi: meiosis and C-band studies.", "content": "The heterochromatin characteristics and meiotic behavior of the B-chromosome system of the pocket mouse, Perognathus baileyi, and described. B-chromosomes are associated both with a meiotic accumulation mechanism and with an increase in average chiasma frequency in the A-chromosome set in males. Three morphological classes of B-chromosomes are recognizable, and the mechanisms of origin of each are discussed.", "contents": "B-chromosome systems in the pocket mouse, Perognathus baileyi: meiosis and C-band studies. The heterochromatin characteristics and meiotic behavior of the B-chromosome system of the pocket mouse, Perognathus baileyi, and described. B-chromosomes are associated both with a meiotic accumulation mechanism and with an increase in average chiasma frequency in the A-chromosome set in males. Three morphological classes of B-chromosomes are recognizable, and the mechanisms of origin of each are discussed.", "PMID": 858258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12714", "title": "Comparative study of human chromosome replication in primary cultures of embryonic fibroblasts and in cultures of peripheral blood leucocytes. III. Distribution of AT- and GC-nucleotide pairs along the length of chromosomes 1, 2, 3, and 16 in the two types of human cells.", "content": "Distributions of AT- and GC-base pairs along the length of chromosomes 1, 2, 3 and 16 in primary cultures of embryonic fibroblasts and of peripheral blood leucocytes were studied by autoradiography with: 1. 3H-thymidine and 3H-deoxycytidine; 2. 3H-deoxyadenosine and 3H-deoxyguanosine. It has been shown that the two types of cells differ in the DNA content and proportion of AT- and GC-nucleotide pairs in the centromeric heterochromatin of chromosome I: this region contains more DNA in fibroblasts than in leucocytes mainly due to AT-pairs. In both types of cells the telomeric region of the short arm of this chromosome contains more GC- than AT-pairs. Similar results were obtained for C-heterochromatin of chromosome 16: the frequencies of labelling of this region by 3H-deoxyadenosine and 3H-thymidine in fibroblast cultures were higher than in case of 3H-deoxycytidine and 3H-deoxygyanosine, and in leucocyte cultures these frequencies were almost equal. No differences in the distributions of base pairs along the length of chromosome 2 and 3 were established in the two types of cells. -- The nature of the established phenomenon may be connected with under-replication or loss in another way of part of the genetic material in the process of development and differentiation of cell systems.", "contents": "Comparative study of human chromosome replication in primary cultures of embryonic fibroblasts and in cultures of peripheral blood leucocytes. III. Distribution of AT- and GC-nucleotide pairs along the length of chromosomes 1, 2, 3, and 16 in the two types of human cells. Distributions of AT- and GC-base pairs along the length of chromosomes 1, 2, 3 and 16 in primary cultures of embryonic fibroblasts and of peripheral blood leucocytes were studied by autoradiography with: 1. 3H-thymidine and 3H-deoxycytidine; 2. 3H-deoxyadenosine and 3H-deoxyguanosine. It has been shown that the two types of cells differ in the DNA content and proportion of AT- and GC-nucleotide pairs in the centromeric heterochromatin of chromosome I: this region contains more DNA in fibroblasts than in leucocytes mainly due to AT-pairs. In both types of cells the telomeric region of the short arm of this chromosome contains more GC- than AT-pairs. Similar results were obtained for C-heterochromatin of chromosome 16: the frequencies of labelling of this region by 3H-deoxyadenosine and 3H-thymidine in fibroblast cultures were higher than in case of 3H-deoxycytidine and 3H-deoxygyanosine, and in leucocyte cultures these frequencies were almost equal. No differences in the distributions of base pairs along the length of chromosome 2 and 3 were established in the two types of cells. -- The nature of the established phenomenon may be connected with under-replication or loss in another way of part of the genetic material in the process of development and differentiation of cell systems.", "PMID": 858259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12715", "title": "Random segregation of sister chromatids in developing chick retinal cells demonstrated in vivo using the fluorescence plus Giemsa technique.", "content": "Experiments were designed to test whether nonrandom segregation of sister chromatids at mitosis has a role in the production of cell diversity during embryogenesis, Segregation was examined in vivo in retinal cells from embryonic chicks. Chromatids were labelled with bromouracil and stained by the fluorescence plus Giemsa technique. No evidence of nonrandom segregation was observed in a frequency distribution of pairs of bifilarly labelled sister chromatids at the third metaphase after the start of labeling. Nor was there evidence that chromatids from homologous chromosomes segregated nonrandomly. Nonrandom segregation is probab;y not a mechanism for cell diversification.", "contents": "Random segregation of sister chromatids in developing chick retinal cells demonstrated in vivo using the fluorescence plus Giemsa technique. Experiments were designed to test whether nonrandom segregation of sister chromatids at mitosis has a role in the production of cell diversity during embryogenesis, Segregation was examined in vivo in retinal cells from embryonic chicks. Chromatids were labelled with bromouracil and stained by the fluorescence plus Giemsa technique. No evidence of nonrandom segregation was observed in a frequency distribution of pairs of bifilarly labelled sister chromatids at the third metaphase after the start of labeling. Nor was there evidence that chromatids from homologous chromosomes segregated nonrandomly. Nonrandom segregation is probab;y not a mechanism for cell diversification.", "PMID": 858260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12716", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of isolated Chironomus polytene chromosomes.", "content": "Individual polytene chromosomes have been isolated from Chironomus stigmaterus for scanning electron microscope observations. The three dimensional ultrastructure of these chromosomes consists of a series of chromatin strands extended in the interbands and more tightly coiled or folded in the banded regions. The nucleolus is observed to be a dense disc or doughnut shaped structure surrounding the chromosome while the Balbiani Rings appear as diffuse regions consisting of both fibrillar and granular elements.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of isolated Chironomus polytene chromosomes. Individual polytene chromosomes have been isolated from Chironomus stigmaterus for scanning electron microscope observations. The three dimensional ultrastructure of these chromosomes consists of a series of chromatin strands extended in the interbands and more tightly coiled or folded in the banded regions. The nucleolus is observed to be a dense disc or doughnut shaped structure surrounding the chromosome while the Balbiani Rings appear as diffuse regions consisting of both fibrillar and granular elements.", "PMID": 858261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12717", "title": "Synaptonemal complex karyotyping in spermatocytes of the Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus). I. Morphology of the autosomal complement in spread preparations.", "content": "Using the Counce-Meyer spreading technique, in over 70 spermatocytes it was possible consistently to obtain whole, flattened nuclei containing complete sets of pachytene SCs. The SCs are visible in both the phase and electron microscopes. Each SC is morphologically intact, preferentially stained, and attached to the nuclear envelope by a dense, terminal plaque. It is thus possible to trace each SC for its entire length. Also, a structure representing the kinetochore is clearly visible in each autosomal SC. Karyotypes comparable to the somatic karyotype can be constructed by arranging SCs according to length and kinetochore position. The observed regularity of SC morphology implies structural stability sufficient to withstand the stresses imposed by the procedure.--A coarse network of closely packed nuclear annuli connecting SC attachment plaques often provides end-to-end associations and may tend to immobilize SCs during processing.--Three kinds of perturbation of SC structure are encountered. Twists in the SC frequently occur, but no regular pattern or correspondence with chiasma distribution is observed. SCs occasionally hook around each other without disruption, but in two instances the unpaired axis of the X apparently was interlocked within an autosomal SC. Streching of the SC is infrequent; it is conspicous when it occurs and is usaully associated with other obvious distortions of the nucleus.--Distinctive morphologies of the X and Y chromosomes facilitate their identification inall preparations.--During zygotene, autosomal synapsis, i.e., the formation of SCs from the pairing of single axial elements, initiates at distal ends and terminates at the kinetochore region; neither initiation nor termination is synchronous among all autosomes.", "contents": "Synaptonemal complex karyotyping in spermatocytes of the Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus). I. Morphology of the autosomal complement in spread preparations. Using the Counce-Meyer spreading technique, in over 70 spermatocytes it was possible consistently to obtain whole, flattened nuclei containing complete sets of pachytene SCs. The SCs are visible in both the phase and electron microscopes. Each SC is morphologically intact, preferentially stained, and attached to the nuclear envelope by a dense, terminal plaque. It is thus possible to trace each SC for its entire length. Also, a structure representing the kinetochore is clearly visible in each autosomal SC. Karyotypes comparable to the somatic karyotype can be constructed by arranging SCs according to length and kinetochore position. The observed regularity of SC morphology implies structural stability sufficient to withstand the stresses imposed by the procedure.--A coarse network of closely packed nuclear annuli connecting SC attachment plaques often provides end-to-end associations and may tend to immobilize SCs during processing.--Three kinds of perturbation of SC structure are encountered. Twists in the SC frequently occur, but no regular pattern or correspondence with chiasma distribution is observed. SCs occasionally hook around each other without disruption, but in two instances the unpaired axis of the X apparently was interlocked within an autosomal SC. Streching of the SC is infrequent; it is conspicous when it occurs and is usaully associated with other obvious distortions of the nucleus.--Distinctive morphologies of the X and Y chromosomes facilitate their identification inall preparations.--During zygotene, autosomal synapsis, i.e., the formation of SCs from the pairing of single axial elements, initiates at distal ends and terminates at the kinetochore region; neither initiation nor termination is synchronous among all autosomes.", "PMID": 858262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12718", "title": "Cytological localization of the genes for the four classes of ribosomal RNA (25S, 18S, 5.8S and 5S) in polytene chromosomes of Phaseolus coccineus.", "content": "Homologous tritiated 25S, 18S and 5.8S rRNAs were used separately for in situ hybridization to the polytene chromosomes of the embryo suspensor cells of phaseolus coccineus. Hybridization occurred at the same chromosomal sites which were labeled in previous in situ hybridization experiments with 25 + 18S rRNAs in the same material (Avanzi et al., 1972), namely: nucleolus organizing system (satellite, nucleolar constriction and organizer) of chromosome pairs I (S1) and V (S2), proximal heterochromatic segment of the long arm of chromosome pair I, and terminal heterochromatic segment of chromosome pair II. Competition hybridization experiments confirmed for P. coccineus the high sequence homology between 25S and 18S rRNA already known for other plants. Homologous 125I-5S rRNA was found to hybridize to three sites in the polytene chromosomes of P. coccineus: the proximal heterochromatic segment in the long arm of chromosome pair I (which also bears the sequences complementary to 25S, 18S and 5.8S RNAs), most of the proximal heterochromatic segment plus a small portion of adjoining euchromatin in the long arm of chromosome pair VI and the large intercalary heterochromatic segment in the same chromosome pair. Simultaneous labeling of the two 5S RNA sites in chromosome VI was quite rare (3%), the rule being labelling of one site to the exclusion of the other, with a labeling frequency of 43.7% and 53.3% for sites no. 1 and no. 2 respectively. These results are interpreted as being due to differential hybridizability of chromosomal sites such as described in other materials.", "contents": "Cytological localization of the genes for the four classes of ribosomal RNA (25S, 18S, 5.8S and 5S) in polytene chromosomes of Phaseolus coccineus. Homologous tritiated 25S, 18S and 5.8S rRNAs were used separately for in situ hybridization to the polytene chromosomes of the embryo suspensor cells of phaseolus coccineus. Hybridization occurred at the same chromosomal sites which were labeled in previous in situ hybridization experiments with 25 + 18S rRNAs in the same material (Avanzi et al., 1972), namely: nucleolus organizing system (satellite, nucleolar constriction and organizer) of chromosome pairs I (S1) and V (S2), proximal heterochromatic segment of the long arm of chromosome pair I, and terminal heterochromatic segment of chromosome pair II. Competition hybridization experiments confirmed for P. coccineus the high sequence homology between 25S and 18S rRNA already known for other plants. Homologous 125I-5S rRNA was found to hybridize to three sites in the polytene chromosomes of P. coccineus: the proximal heterochromatic segment in the long arm of chromosome pair I (which also bears the sequences complementary to 25S, 18S and 5.8S RNAs), most of the proximal heterochromatic segment plus a small portion of adjoining euchromatin in the long arm of chromosome pair VI and the large intercalary heterochromatic segment in the same chromosome pair. Simultaneous labeling of the two 5S RNA sites in chromosome VI was quite rare (3%), the rule being labelling of one site to the exclusion of the other, with a labeling frequency of 43.7% and 53.3% for sites no. 1 and no. 2 respectively. These results are interpreted as being due to differential hybridizability of chromosomal sites such as described in other materials.", "PMID": 858263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12719", "title": "Effect of different denaturing agents on the detectability of specific DNA sequences of various base compositions by in situ hybridisation.", "content": "In situ hybridisation of certain AT rich and GC rich satellite DNA complementary RNAs (cRNAs) to their homologous chromosomes at their respective optimal rate temperatures (TOPTS) after denaturation with various reagents (0.2 N HCl, 0.07 N NaOH, 90% formamide and heat) led to the following conclusions. -- Heat denaturation of chromosomal DNA in 0.1 X SSC at 100 degrees C gives significantly higher grain counts regardless of DNA base composition, HCl denaturation discriminates markedly against GC rich DNA. Chromosome morphology is best preserved after HCl and heat denaturation.", "contents": "Effect of different denaturing agents on the detectability of specific DNA sequences of various base compositions by in situ hybridisation. In situ hybridisation of certain AT rich and GC rich satellite DNA complementary RNAs (cRNAs) to their homologous chromosomes at their respective optimal rate temperatures (TOPTS) after denaturation with various reagents (0.2 N HCl, 0.07 N NaOH, 90% formamide and heat) led to the following conclusions. -- Heat denaturation of chromosomal DNA in 0.1 X SSC at 100 degrees C gives significantly higher grain counts regardless of DNA base composition, HCl denaturation discriminates markedly against GC rich DNA. Chromosome morphology is best preserved after HCl and heat denaturation.", "PMID": 858264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12720", "title": "Frequencies of chromosome polymorphism in pairs no. 1, 9, and 13 in three geographical variants of black rats, rattus rattus.", "content": "Frequencies of the acrocentric and subtelocentric polymorphism in pairs no. 1, 9 and 13 chromosomes have been examined in 358 black rats. Rattus rattus, distributed over several countries of Asia, Austrailia and United States. The black rats are divided into three geographical types by the different chromosome numbers, such as Asian (2n=42), Ceylon (2n=40) and Oceanian types (2n=38). Pairs no. 13 polymorphism was found widely in these all types, but the pair no. 1 and 9 polymorphisms were found in only Asian type black rats. In the Asian type rats, however, those distributed in northern India and Pakistan showed always the subtelocentric pairs no. 1 and 9 like as those in Ceylon and Oceanien type rats have developed in India or Pakistan from the Asian type. The present study also suggests that inversion of the pair no. 13 could have occurred in earlier period than those of the pairs no. 1 and 9.", "contents": "Frequencies of chromosome polymorphism in pairs no. 1, 9, and 13 in three geographical variants of black rats, rattus rattus. Frequencies of the acrocentric and subtelocentric polymorphism in pairs no. 1, 9 and 13 chromosomes have been examined in 358 black rats. Rattus rattus, distributed over several countries of Asia, Austrailia and United States. The black rats are divided into three geographical types by the different chromosome numbers, such as Asian (2n=42), Ceylon (2n=40) and Oceanian types (2n=38). Pairs no. 13 polymorphism was found widely in these all types, but the pair no. 1 and 9 polymorphisms were found in only Asian type black rats. In the Asian type rats, however, those distributed in northern India and Pakistan showed always the subtelocentric pairs no. 1 and 9 like as those in Ceylon and Oceanien type rats have developed in India or Pakistan from the Asian type. The present study also suggests that inversion of the pair no. 13 could have occurred in earlier period than those of the pairs no. 1 and 9.", "PMID": 858265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12721", "title": "The safety and value of naloxone as a therapeutic aid.", "content": "The safety and value of naloxone as a therapeutic aid was demonstrated in a large population of narcotic dependent persons over a two-year period. Naloxone was used to precipitate the narcotic withdrawal syndrome. This withdrawal syndrome was rated according to a previously developed scale. Retrospectively, naloxone rating scores were correlated with the patients' initial dose of methadone. With patients who received 0.8 mg naloxone, good correlation was obtained between the naloxone test score and the optimum methadone dose (mg), as indicated by the patients' physical status during the initial three days of methadone treatment. Three hundred and sixty-three tests were administered to 343 persons and no individuals developed any serious effects such as convulsions, syncope or cardiovascular collapse.", "contents": "The safety and value of naloxone as a therapeutic aid. The safety and value of naloxone as a therapeutic aid was demonstrated in a large population of narcotic dependent persons over a two-year period. Naloxone was used to precipitate the narcotic withdrawal syndrome. This withdrawal syndrome was rated according to a previously developed scale. Retrospectively, naloxone rating scores were correlated with the patients' initial dose of methadone. With patients who received 0.8 mg naloxone, good correlation was obtained between the naloxone test score and the optimum methadone dose (mg), as indicated by the patients' physical status during the initial three days of methadone treatment. Three hundred and sixty-three tests were administered to 343 persons and no individuals developed any serious effects such as convulsions, syncope or cardiovascular collapse.", "PMID": 858271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12722", "title": "Discharge patterns of residents from halfway houses for male alcoholics.", "content": "Length of stay (LOS) data for male alcoholics discharged from eitht halfway houses were examined in the light of the hypothesis that the rate of discharge would be a linear function of time. In general, the hypothesis was confirmed, although the rate of discharge for four houses was significantly accelerated during the first two weeks of residence. Further analysis showed that both resident characteristics and house structure (defined in terms of the number of hours of formal activities each week) contributed significantly to LOS. Resident characteristics accounted for 5.3% of the variance in LOS when house structure was controlled, and structure accounted for 1.6% of variance when resident characteristics were controlled. No significant interaction effects were detected. Implications of these results are discussed.", "contents": "Discharge patterns of residents from halfway houses for male alcoholics. Length of stay (LOS) data for male alcoholics discharged from eitht halfway houses were examined in the light of the hypothesis that the rate of discharge would be a linear function of time. In general, the hypothesis was confirmed, although the rate of discharge for four houses was significantly accelerated during the first two weeks of residence. Further analysis showed that both resident characteristics and house structure (defined in terms of the number of hours of formal activities each week) contributed significantly to LOS. Resident characteristics accounted for 5.3% of the variance in LOS when house structure was controlled, and structure accounted for 1.6% of variance when resident characteristics were controlled. No significant interaction effects were detected. Implications of these results are discussed.", "PMID": 858272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12723", "title": "[\"Cold\" thyroid nodules (author's transl)].", "content": "Out of 541 thyroid operations during the past 6 years 419 were selected on the basis of standardised histology and evaluated statistically. 31 carcinomas were found. In 246 cases there was a cold nodule in the scintigram and in 88 cases an inhomogenous distribution of activity. Both of them clearly influenced the indication for operation. There were 24 carcinomas among the cold nodules and 4 among the inhomogeneous activity distributions. 64.5% were follicular, 29% papillary and 3.2% mixed; thus differentiated carcinomas outnumbered the other forms. 26 patients with carcinoma had a bilateral thyroidectomy, of these 5 had carcinomatous involvement of both thyroid lobes.", "contents": "[\"Cold\" thyroid nodules (author's transl)]. Out of 541 thyroid operations during the past 6 years 419 were selected on the basis of standardised histology and evaluated statistically. 31 carcinomas were found. In 246 cases there was a cold nodule in the scintigram and in 88 cases an inhomogenous distribution of activity. Both of them clearly influenced the indication for operation. There were 24 carcinomas among the cold nodules and 4 among the inhomogeneous activity distributions. 64.5% were follicular, 29% papillary and 3.2% mixed; thus differentiated carcinomas outnumbered the other forms. 26 patients with carcinoma had a bilateral thyroidectomy, of these 5 had carcinomatous involvement of both thyroid lobes.", "PMID": 858273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12724", "title": "[Gliadin-induced migration inhibition of peripheral leucocytes by the agarose-plate technique in patients with coeliac disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Sensitisation to gliadin was studied--using a modified leucocyte-migration inhibtion test after Clausen--in patients with coeliac disease (10 patients), ulcerative colitis (9), terminal ileitis (9), bacterial diarrhoea (9), and other gastro-intestinal diseases (14). Only the group of patients with coeliac disease had such specific sensitisation. The migration index, at 0.72 +/- 0.06, was significantly lower in them than in other groups. This reaction is disease-specific and indicates that in coeliac disease cellular immune mechanisms also play a role. The specificity of the reaction can also be used diagnostically.", "contents": "[Gliadin-induced migration inhibition of peripheral leucocytes by the agarose-plate technique in patients with coeliac disease (author's transl)]. Sensitisation to gliadin was studied--using a modified leucocyte-migration inhibtion test after Clausen--in patients with coeliac disease (10 patients), ulcerative colitis (9), terminal ileitis (9), bacterial diarrhoea (9), and other gastro-intestinal diseases (14). Only the group of patients with coeliac disease had such specific sensitisation. The migration index, at 0.72 +/- 0.06, was significantly lower in them than in other groups. This reaction is disease-specific and indicates that in coeliac disease cellular immune mechanisms also play a role. The specificity of the reaction can also be used diagnostically.", "PMID": 858274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12725", "title": "Contribution of functional groups of 19-nor-progestogens to binding to progesterone and estradiol-17beta receptors in rabbit uterus.", "content": "The structural elements of 19-norprogestogens which may be essential for binding to progesterone and estradiol-17beta(E2) receptors were investigated in the rabbit uterine cytosol. The kinetic study showed that 19-nor-progestogens are competitive inhibitors of progesterone-receptor (8S) binding and E2-receptor binding. The affinities of steroids for the progesterone receptor were as follows: norethindrone (Ki of 2.3 X 10(-9)M) greater than 5alpha-dihydronorethindrone greater than norethindrone acetate greater than lynestrenol greater than 17alpha-ethynyl-estra-4-ene-3beta, 17beta-diol greater than ethynodiol diacetate (Ki of 1.3 X 10(-7) M). The affinities of steroids for the E2 receptor were as follows: ethynodiol diacetate (Ki of 1.3 X 10(-7)M) greater than 17alpha-ethynyl-estra-4-ene-3beta, 17beta-diol greater than norethindrone acetate greater than norethindrone greater than 5alpha-dihydronorethindrone greater than lynestrenol (Ki of 8.4 X 10(-7)M). The results indicate that 3-ketone and 17beta-hydroxyl groups, and the plane of ring A/B of 19-norprogestogen are important for binding to the progesterone receptor. The affinities of 19-nor-progestogens for the E2 receptor were very weak. Their affinities for the E2 receptor increased with addition of acetate or hydroxyl groups at the 3beta and 17beta positions, and were decreased by the elimination of a 3 oxygen function or the reduction of ring A.", "contents": "Contribution of functional groups of 19-nor-progestogens to binding to progesterone and estradiol-17beta receptors in rabbit uterus. The structural elements of 19-norprogestogens which may be essential for binding to progesterone and estradiol-17beta(E2) receptors were investigated in the rabbit uterine cytosol. The kinetic study showed that 19-nor-progestogens are competitive inhibitors of progesterone-receptor (8S) binding and E2-receptor binding. The affinities of steroids for the progesterone receptor were as follows: norethindrone (Ki of 2.3 X 10(-9)M) greater than 5alpha-dihydronorethindrone greater than norethindrone acetate greater than lynestrenol greater than 17alpha-ethynyl-estra-4-ene-3beta, 17beta-diol greater than ethynodiol diacetate (Ki of 1.3 X 10(-7) M). The affinities of steroids for the E2 receptor were as follows: ethynodiol diacetate (Ki of 1.3 X 10(-7)M) greater than 17alpha-ethynyl-estra-4-ene-3beta, 17beta-diol greater than norethindrone acetate greater than norethindrone greater than 5alpha-dihydronorethindrone greater than lynestrenol (Ki of 8.4 X 10(-7)M). The results indicate that 3-ketone and 17beta-hydroxyl groups, and the plane of ring A/B of 19-norprogestogen are important for binding to the progesterone receptor. The affinities of 19-nor-progestogens for the E2 receptor were very weak. Their affinities for the E2 receptor increased with addition of acetate or hydroxyl groups at the 3beta and 17beta positions, and were decreased by the elimination of a 3 oxygen function or the reduction of ring A.", "PMID": 858280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12726", "title": "Alpha-amanitin administration results in a temporary inhibition of hepatic enzyme induction by triiodothyronine: further evidence favoring a long-lived mediator of thyroid hormone action.", "content": "Alpha-amanitin was shown to inhibit triiodothyronine (T3)-induced increases in mitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPD) and cytoplasmic malic enzyme activity in the livers of male Sprague-Dawley rats. A 3-fold increase in alpha-GPD observed 24 h after the iv injection of 3 microngT3/100 g BW was completely inhibited by administration of alpha-amanitin at 0 and 8 h. Similarly, alpha-amanitin blocked a two- to four-fold increase in malic enzyme 24 h following iv injection of 3 mg T3/100 g BW into euthyroid rats. After the initial inhibition of enzyme induction by alpha-amanitin was dissipated, however, a delayed but striking increase in enzyme activity occurred. In hypothyroid animals, alpha-GPD activity rose after the initial 24 h inhibition and reached levels at 72 h equal to those observed in hypothyroid rats treated with T3 only. In euthyroid animals treated with T3 and alpha-amanitin, a delayed increase in malic enzyme activity was observed at 72 h and attained values at 96 h similar to those in euthyroid animals injected with T3 only. The  delayed rise in enzyme response is most easily explained by the formation of a long-lived intermediate during the exposure of the nuclear sites to T3.", "contents": "Alpha-amanitin administration results in a temporary inhibition of hepatic enzyme induction by triiodothyronine: further evidence favoring a long-lived mediator of thyroid hormone action. Alpha-amanitin was shown to inhibit triiodothyronine (T3)-induced increases in mitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPD) and cytoplasmic malic enzyme activity in the livers of male Sprague-Dawley rats. A 3-fold increase in alpha-GPD observed 24 h after the iv injection of 3 microngT3/100 g BW was completely inhibited by administration of alpha-amanitin at 0 and 8 h. Similarly, alpha-amanitin blocked a two- to four-fold increase in malic enzyme 24 h following iv injection of 3 mg T3/100 g BW into euthyroid rats. After the initial inhibition of enzyme induction by alpha-amanitin was dissipated, however, a delayed but striking increase in enzyme activity occurred. In hypothyroid animals, alpha-GPD activity rose after the initial 24 h inhibition and reached levels at 72 h equal to those observed in hypothyroid rats treated with T3 only. In euthyroid animals treated with T3 and alpha-amanitin, a delayed increase in malic enzyme activity was observed at 72 h and attained values at 96 h similar to those in euthyroid animals injected with T3 only. The  delayed rise in enzyme response is most easily explained by the formation of a long-lived intermediate during the exposure of the nuclear sites to T3.", "PMID": 858281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12727", "title": "In vivo progesterone treatment enhances [3H]estradiol retention by neural tissue of the female rat.", "content": "[3H]Estradiol retention was examined for neural tissues of ovariectomized rats as a function of various progesterone pretreatments. Short-term progesterone pretreatment (6 or 24 h) with a 50 mg pellet of progesteron sc resulted in increased in vivo retention of [3H]estradiol when measured at 6 or 24 h following withdrawal of the progesterone source. This increase was greatest in arcuate-median eminence tissue. A less pronounced increase was seen in the preoptic-anterior hypothalamus and cerebral cortex, and no increase was seen in the amygdala or mammilary bodies. Following long term progesterone pretreatment increased [3H]estradiol retention was observed in vivo at 48, 72, 96 or 120 h in the continued presence of the progesterone source for arcuate-median eminence, preoptic-anterior hypothalamus, amygdala and cerebral cortex. Also, when progesterone pretreatment was 24 h, [3H]estradiol retention was still increased at 36, 48, 60 and 72 h following removal of the progesterone source for arcuate-median eminence, preoptic-anterior hypothalamus, amygdala and cerebral cortex. Our demonstration that progesterone pretreatment can significantly increase [3H]estradiol retention by neural tissue suggests a possible mechanism by which progesterone can regulate the timing of ovulation and sex behavior. Furthermore, our observations are in keeping with the finding that progesterone has little or no effect at the organismal or tissue level unless estrogen is present.", "contents": "In vivo progesterone treatment enhances [3H]estradiol retention by neural tissue of the female rat. [3H]Estradiol retention was examined for neural tissues of ovariectomized rats as a function of various progesterone pretreatments. Short-term progesterone pretreatment (6 or 24 h) with a 50 mg pellet of progesteron sc resulted in increased in vivo retention of [3H]estradiol when measured at 6 or 24 h following withdrawal of the progesterone source. This increase was greatest in arcuate-median eminence tissue. A less pronounced increase was seen in the preoptic-anterior hypothalamus and cerebral cortex, and no increase was seen in the amygdala or mammilary bodies. Following long term progesterone pretreatment increased [3H]estradiol retention was observed in vivo at 48, 72, 96 or 120 h in the continued presence of the progesterone source for arcuate-median eminence, preoptic-anterior hypothalamus, amygdala and cerebral cortex. Also, when progesterone pretreatment was 24 h, [3H]estradiol retention was still increased at 36, 48, 60 and 72 h following removal of the progesterone source for arcuate-median eminence, preoptic-anterior hypothalamus, amygdala and cerebral cortex. Our demonstration that progesterone pretreatment can significantly increase [3H]estradiol retention by neural tissue suggests a possible mechanism by which progesterone can regulate the timing of ovulation and sex behavior. Furthermore, our observations are in keeping with the finding that progesterone has little or no effect at the organismal or tissue level unless estrogen is present.", "PMID": 858282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12728", "title": "Calcitonin secretion in vitro. III. Synergistic secretory effects of enteric polypeptide hormones.", "content": "Crude and highly purified preparations of enteric peptide hormones were shown to stimulate trout calcitonin (tCT) secretion in vitro. Since the maximal stimulatory effects of crude pancreozymin/secretin preparations were seen to be greater than the secretory effects obtained with the individual purified enteric peptides, the current study has focused on the secretory effects of several combinations of enteric peptides. The additive and synergistic secretory effects of various specific peptide combinations are demonstrated. Marked (85-fold) stimulation tCT secretion occurs in response to combinations of synthetic secretin (5 X 10(-5)M) with pentagastrin (10(-6)M) or the carboxylterminal octapeptide of pancreozymin (10(-6)M). These findings have significance with regard to the potentiation of hormone action, and are preliminary evidence for the presence of separate receptors for various enteric peptide secretagogues on C-cells.", "contents": "Calcitonin secretion in vitro. III. Synergistic secretory effects of enteric polypeptide hormones. Crude and highly purified preparations of enteric peptide hormones were shown to stimulate trout calcitonin (tCT) secretion in vitro. Since the maximal stimulatory effects of crude pancreozymin/secretin preparations were seen to be greater than the secretory effects obtained with the individual purified enteric peptides, the current study has focused on the secretory effects of several combinations of enteric peptides. The additive and synergistic secretory effects of various specific peptide combinations are demonstrated. Marked (85-fold) stimulation tCT secretion occurs in response to combinations of synthetic secretin (5 X 10(-5)M) with pentagastrin (10(-6)M) or the carboxylterminal octapeptide of pancreozymin (10(-6)M). These findings have significance with regard to the potentiation of hormone action, and are preliminary evidence for the presence of separate receptors for various enteric peptide secretagogues on C-cells.", "PMID": 858283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12729", "title": "Adrenal cortex of mice: circadian cycle of mitotic activity and volume of cell nuclei.", "content": "Male mice (19--20 g) were observed to have mitotic peaks in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex during morning hours and in the first half of the day, while high values of nuclear volumes were characteristic of the said mice in the second half of the day and at night. In the zona glomerulosa, the mitotic index was increased in the second half of the day and in the evening hours, and the nuclear volume was greater at night-time.", "contents": "Adrenal cortex of mice: circadian cycle of mitotic activity and volume of cell nuclei. Male mice (19--20 g) were observed to have mitotic peaks in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex during morning hours and in the first half of the day, while high values of nuclear volumes were characteristic of the said mice in the second half of the day and at night. In the zona glomerulosa, the mitotic index was increased in the second half of the day and in the evening hours, and the nuclear volume was greater at night-time.", "PMID": 858284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12730", "title": "Incorporation of [U-C14-A1-glucose in vitro by different parts of the rabbit Fallopian tube and uterus.", "content": "The in vitro incorporation of E1U-C14]-glucose by ampullary and isthmic segments of the Fallopian tube and the uterus was determined in the intact (estrous), ovariectomized, ovariectomized plus estrogen and ovarietcomized plus estrogen + progesterone treated rabbit. In the intact animal the ampulla incorporated glucose at a faster rate than the isthmus; uterine uptake is minimal. Ovariectomy reduced the rate of incorporation below normal values in all the tissues. EDP (estradiol dipropionate) administered to ovariectomized rabbit increased the incorporation rate. Progesterone antagonized the EDP-induced uptake. The relative rate and pattern of incorporation by the three tissues were, however, determined by the dosage of estrogen and the estrogen/progesterone ratio.", "contents": "Incorporation of [U-C14-A1-glucose in vitro by different parts of the rabbit Fallopian tube and uterus. The in vitro incorporation of E1U-C14]-glucose by ampullary and isthmic segments of the Fallopian tube and the uterus was determined in the intact (estrous), ovariectomized, ovariectomized plus estrogen and ovarietcomized plus estrogen + progesterone treated rabbit. In the intact animal the ampulla incorporated glucose at a faster rate than the isthmus; uterine uptake is minimal. Ovariectomy reduced the rate of incorporation below normal values in all the tissues. EDP (estradiol dipropionate) administered to ovariectomized rabbit increased the incorporation rate. Progesterone antagonized the EDP-induced uptake. The relative rate and pattern of incorporation by the three tissues were, however, determined by the dosage of estrogen and the estrogen/progesterone ratio.", "PMID": 858285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12731", "title": "Effects of cycloheximide on experimental epilepsy induced by daily amygdaloid stimulation in rabbits.", "content": "Daily electrical stimulation of the amygdala caused a progressive change in electrographic afterdischarge and behavioral responses that ultimately resulted in generalized convulsions (kindling). Cycloheximide blocked the completion of kindling when administered 4 hours prior to daily electrical stimulations of the amygdala, but exerted no effect when administered shortly before the stimulation. The temporal relation between administration of cycloheximide and stimulation of the amygdala revealed that the blockade of kindling by cycloheximide was due to the suppression of focal afterdischarge rather than to the persistent inhibition of cerebral protein synthesis during the interstimulus periods.", "contents": "Effects of cycloheximide on experimental epilepsy induced by daily amygdaloid stimulation in rabbits. Daily electrical stimulation of the amygdala caused a progressive change in electrographic afterdischarge and behavioral responses that ultimately resulted in generalized convulsions (kindling). Cycloheximide blocked the completion of kindling when administered 4 hours prior to daily electrical stimulations of the amygdala, but exerted no effect when administered shortly before the stimulation. The temporal relation between administration of cycloheximide and stimulation of the amygdala revealed that the blockade of kindling by cycloheximide was due to the suppression of focal afterdischarge rather than to the persistent inhibition of cerebral protein synthesis during the interstimulus periods.", "PMID": 858292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12732", "title": "Anticonvulsant action of diazepam: increase of cortical postsynaptic inhibition.", "content": "The action of intravenously administered diazepam (Valium) on postsynaptic inhibition was studied in cat motor cortex. The efficacy of postsynaptic inhibition of pyramidal tract cells was measured as the ability to suppress action potential generation. Diazepam increased the suppression of action potentials by inhibition. This effect may explain the anticonvulsant action of diazepam.", "contents": "Anticonvulsant action of diazepam: increase of cortical postsynaptic inhibition. The action of intravenously administered diazepam (Valium) on postsynaptic inhibition was studied in cat motor cortex. The efficacy of postsynaptic inhibition of pyramidal tract cells was measured as the ability to suppress action potential generation. Diazepam increased the suppression of action potentials by inhibition. This effect may explain the anticonvulsant action of diazepam.", "PMID": 858293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12733", "title": "Electrophysiological studies in two patients with cherry red spot--myoclonus syndrome.", "content": "Two unrelated patients with the cherry red spot--myoclonus syndrome, a rare chronic neuronal storage disorder that begins in childhood with progressive myoclonus, cherry red spots at the macula, and easily controlled seizures, but no dementia, have been investigated electrophysiologically in order to characterize the myoclonic and electroencephalographic features of this syndrome. Phenomenologically, the disease most closely resembles the Ramsay Hunt syndrome, although certain unique features are noted and the patients are not photosensitive. Pathologically and clinically, the disease is related to mucolipidosis type I and atypical cases of GM1 gangliosidosis, and the EEGs obtained from our patients are identical to those seen in mucolipidosis type I. Because of the unusual clinical picture presented in this disease, there should be no difficulty in differentiating it from other more malignant storage disorders and progressive myoclonus epilepsies of childhood. Electrophysiological findings suggest that the myoclonic jerks do not originate cortically, but the specific subcortical generators have not been identified.", "contents": "Electrophysiological studies in two patients with cherry red spot--myoclonus syndrome. Two unrelated patients with the cherry red spot--myoclonus syndrome, a rare chronic neuronal storage disorder that begins in childhood with progressive myoclonus, cherry red spots at the macula, and easily controlled seizures, but no dementia, have been investigated electrophysiologically in order to characterize the myoclonic and electroencephalographic features of this syndrome. Phenomenologically, the disease most closely resembles the Ramsay Hunt syndrome, although certain unique features are noted and the patients are not photosensitive. Pathologically and clinically, the disease is related to mucolipidosis type I and atypical cases of GM1 gangliosidosis, and the EEGs obtained from our patients are identical to those seen in mucolipidosis type I. Because of the unusual clinical picture presented in this disease, there should be no difficulty in differentiating it from other more malignant storage disorders and progressive myoclonus epilepsies of childhood. Electrophysiological findings suggest that the myoclonic jerks do not originate cortically, but the specific subcortical generators have not been identified.", "PMID": 858294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12734", "title": "Effectiveness of daily phenobarbital in the prevention of febrile seizure recurrences in \"simple\" febrile convulsions and \"epilepsy triggered by fever\".", "content": "Of 290 children with an initial febrile convulsion, 216 met Livingston's criteria for a \"simple\" febrile convulsion and 74 for \"epilepsy triggered by fever.\" Daily phenobarbital produced a significant decrease in febrile seizure recurrences in both groups, as compared to children who received phenobarbital at the onset of fever and those who received no phenobarbital prophylaxis. Although statistically significant in both groups, the effectiveness of daily phenobarbital was more pronounced in the \"epilepsy with fever\" children.", "contents": "Effectiveness of daily phenobarbital in the prevention of febrile seizure recurrences in \"simple\" febrile convulsions and \"epilepsy triggered by fever\". Of 290 children with an initial febrile convulsion, 216 met Livingston's criteria for a \"simple\" febrile convulsion and 74 for \"epilepsy triggered by fever.\" Daily phenobarbital produced a significant decrease in febrile seizure recurrences in both groups, as compared to children who received phenobarbital at the onset of fever and those who received no phenobarbital prophylaxis. Although statistically significant in both groups, the effectiveness of daily phenobarbital was more pronounced in the \"epilepsy with fever\" children.", "PMID": 858295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12735", "title": "Rapid heterolysis of indophenyl acetate by a constituent of a preparation of horse serum cholinesterase.", "content": "A transient phase for the hydrolysis of indophenyl acetate by the commercial preparation of horse serum cholinesterase was observed on a stopped-flow spectrophotometer. It was found that the transient process is a reaction of the ester with a major component of the preparation and is not caused by the serum cholinesterase enzyme. This noncholinesterase component was isolated and the dependence of its concentration and that of the ester upon the transient liberation of the indophenolate ion were determined. Studies with the isolated component and subsequent analyses have led to the tentative identification of the burst active component as serum alpha1-acid glycoprotein.", "contents": "Rapid heterolysis of indophenyl acetate by a constituent of a preparation of horse serum cholinesterase. A transient phase for the hydrolysis of indophenyl acetate by the commercial preparation of horse serum cholinesterase was observed on a stopped-flow spectrophotometer. It was found that the transient process is a reaction of the ester with a major component of the preparation and is not caused by the serum cholinesterase enzyme. This noncholinesterase component was isolated and the dependence of its concentration and that of the ester upon the transient liberation of the indophenolate ion were determined. Studies with the isolated component and subsequent analyses have led to the tentative identification of the burst active component as serum alpha1-acid glycoprotein.", "PMID": 858296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12736", "title": "The influence of heat stress on plasma volume and intravascular proteins in sedentary females.", "content": "23 untrained femal subjects underwent a standardised thermal dehydration. Plasma volume (PV), hematocrit (HCT), total intravascular protein concentration (TPC), albumin concentration (AC), total globulin concentration (TGC) were determined before, immediately, 90 min and 180 min after the heat stress. The intravascular protein masses (IPM) were calculated from PV and protein concentration. In comparison to men the loss of body weight and PV was smaller. Consequently the TPC does not increase to the same amount in men. A tendency for a diminution of IPM could be observed but this shift was not significant, compared to males. According to these findings the colloid osmotic capacity remained on a relatively high level. Opposite to men the IPM of globulins increased in females after thermal dehydration.", "contents": "The influence of heat stress on plasma volume and intravascular proteins in sedentary females. 23 untrained femal subjects underwent a standardised thermal dehydration. Plasma volume (PV), hematocrit (HCT), total intravascular protein concentration (TPC), albumin concentration (AC), total globulin concentration (TGC) were determined before, immediately, 90 min and 180 min after the heat stress. The intravascular protein masses (IPM) were calculated from PV and protein concentration. In comparison to men the loss of body weight and PV was smaller. Consequently the TPC does not increase to the same amount in men. A tendency for a diminution of IPM could be observed but this shift was not significant, compared to males. According to these findings the colloid osmotic capacity remained on a relatively high level. Opposite to men the IPM of globulins increased in females after thermal dehydration.", "PMID": 858303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12737", "title": "Prediction of maximal aerobic power in man.", "content": "A general prediction formula has been derived for predicting maximal aerobic power (VO2 max) based on nonlinear relationship between aerobic stress and cardiorespiratory strains imposed on the subject during submaximal exercise on bicycle ergometer. The validity of the prediction formula has been tested for the data consisting of 135 observations on 45 moderately active young subjects who were asked to exercise on the bicycle ergometer at three submaximal and one maximal work rate. It has been found that product moment correlations of aerobic stress with respiratory strain and cardiac strain expressed logarithmically were 0.7651 and 0.7457 respectively. These correlations were significant (P less than 0.001). The multiple correlation between observed and estimated aerobic stress expressed logarithmically in terms of cardiorespiratory strains was 0.8142 which was significant (P less than 0.001). There is a significant improvement in multiple correlation from the product moment correlations of aerobic stress with either of two strains expressed logarithmically. It has been conclusively established that combined index of cardioresiratory strains will be better predictor of aerobic stress than either respiratory or cardiac strain alone as commonly employed by several workers.", "contents": "Prediction of maximal aerobic power in man. A general prediction formula has been derived for predicting maximal aerobic power (VO2 max) based on nonlinear relationship between aerobic stress and cardiorespiratory strains imposed on the subject during submaximal exercise on bicycle ergometer. The validity of the prediction formula has been tested for the data consisting of 135 observations on 45 moderately active young subjects who were asked to exercise on the bicycle ergometer at three submaximal and one maximal work rate. It has been found that product moment correlations of aerobic stress with respiratory strain and cardiac strain expressed logarithmically were 0.7651 and 0.7457 respectively. These correlations were significant (P less than 0.001). The multiple correlation between observed and estimated aerobic stress expressed logarithmically in terms of cardiorespiratory strains was 0.8142 which was significant (P less than 0.001). There is a significant improvement in multiple correlation from the product moment correlations of aerobic stress with either of two strains expressed logarithmically. It has been conclusively established that combined index of cardioresiratory strains will be better predictor of aerobic stress than either respiratory or cardiac strain alone as commonly employed by several workers.", "PMID": 858304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12738", "title": "Systemic lupus erythematosus in a boy with a review of the Japanese literature.", "content": "A 3-year-old boy with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with no skin rash whatever throughout the course of the disease is described, and the possibility of occurrence without skin rash is stressed. Seventeen cases of SLE in male children were collected from the Japanese literature and reviewed. Death occurred in 4 patients. Not only renal but also pancreatic involvement was found to be of significance in causing death in childhood SLE.", "contents": "Systemic lupus erythematosus in a boy with a review of the Japanese literature. A 3-year-old boy with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with no skin rash whatever throughout the course of the disease is described, and the possibility of occurrence without skin rash is stressed. Seventeen cases of SLE in male children were collected from the Japanese literature and reviewed. Death occurred in 4 patients. Not only renal but also pancreatic involvement was found to be of significance in causing death in childhood SLE.", "PMID": 858305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12739", "title": "Presence of type III collagen in bone from a patient with osteogenesis imperfecta.", "content": "Samples of bone from a patient with osteogenesis imperfecta were found to synthesize and contain type III collagen as well as type I collagen. Normal bone contains only type I collagen except in the lining cells of the bone marrow cavities. In the patient's tissue, type III collagen was localized in nonfibrillar structures in discrete areas of the bone. These and previous studies indicate that certain types of osteogenesis imperfecta may be caused by a failure of normal bone maturation and the sites in which the type III collagen is found appear to be defects in the bone.", "contents": "Presence of type III collagen in bone from a patient with osteogenesis imperfecta. Samples of bone from a patient with osteogenesis imperfecta were found to synthesize and contain type III collagen as well as type I collagen. Normal bone contains only type I collagen except in the lining cells of the bone marrow cavities. In the patient's tissue, type III collagen was localized in nonfibrillar structures in discrete areas of the bone. These and previous studies indicate that certain types of osteogenesis imperfecta may be caused by a failure of normal bone maturation and the sites in which the type III collagen is found appear to be defects in the bone.", "PMID": 858306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12740", "title": "Extraneous HLA antigens in severe combined immunodeficiency disease (scid). Survey of the literature and report of one new case.", "content": "In a female infant with severe combined immunodeficiency disease extraneous HLA specificities were found which could neither have been inherited from the father nor the mother. The case is reported in detail and a survey of the literature with similar observations is given. The different explanations of this phenomenon are discussed.", "contents": "Extraneous HLA antigens in severe combined immunodeficiency disease (scid). Survey of the literature and report of one new case. In a female infant with severe combined immunodeficiency disease extraneous HLA specificities were found which could neither have been inherited from the father nor the mother. The case is reported in detail and a survey of the literature with similar observations is given. The different explanations of this phenomenon are discussed.", "PMID": 858307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12741", "title": "Neonatal hypophosphatasia with elevated serum parathyroid hormone.", "content": "Two cases of neonatal hypophosphatasia are described. In case 1, hypercalcemia developed at 2 1/2 months of age and continued until death at 10 1/2 months of age. Serum calcium levels decreased transiently in response to phosphate supplementation, prednisolone, and calcitonin. Significantly elevated levels of PTH were detected at 2 1/2 months of age. At autopsy, no parathyroid glands were found. In case 2, hypercalcemia was not detected in his course. Elevated level of serum PTH was recorded on the 17th day of life. A post-mortem examination revealed the presence of one normal parathyroid gland.", "contents": "Neonatal hypophosphatasia with elevated serum parathyroid hormone. Two cases of neonatal hypophosphatasia are described. In case 1, hypercalcemia developed at 2 1/2 months of age and continued until death at 10 1/2 months of age. Serum calcium levels decreased transiently in response to phosphate supplementation, prednisolone, and calcitonin. Significantly elevated levels of PTH were detected at 2 1/2 months of age. At autopsy, no parathyroid glands were found. In case 2, hypercalcemia was not detected in his course. Elevated level of serum PTH was recorded on the 17th day of life. A post-mortem examination revealed the presence of one normal parathyroid gland.", "PMID": 858308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12742", "title": "Parthenogenetic reptiles: new subjects for laboratory research.", "content": "Problems preventing establishment of laboratory colonies of parthenogenetic lizards have been solved. Now, productive colonies of these lizards, which have remarkably little genetic variation, can be readily established and used not only for research on parthenogenesis but also for many kinds of experiments for which reptile systems are desirable. Research colonies can provide valuable specimens while reducing the exploitation of natural populations.", "contents": "Parthenogenetic reptiles: new subjects for laboratory research. Problems preventing establishment of laboratory colonies of parthenogenetic lizards have been solved. Now, productive colonies of these lizards, which have remarkably little genetic variation, can be readily established and used not only for research on parthenogenesis but also for many kinds of experiments for which reptile systems are desirable. Research colonies can provide valuable specimens while reducing the exploitation of natural populations.", "PMID": 858345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12743", "title": "6,10,14-Trimethylpentadecan-2-one and 6,10,14-trimethyl-5-trans, 9-trans, 13-pentadecatrien-2-one from the androgenic glands of the male crab Carcinus maenas.", "content": "2 C18 isoprenoid ketones, hexahydrofarnesylacetone (1) and farnesylacetone (2) have been identified for the first time in lipid extracts from the androgenic glands of the male crab Carcinus maenas, using coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The 2 compounds prepared by synthesis, are biologically active, inhibiting the incorporation of 3H-leucine in Crustaceans ovaries subcultures.", "contents": "6,10,14-Trimethylpentadecan-2-one and 6,10,14-trimethyl-5-trans, 9-trans, 13-pentadecatrien-2-one from the androgenic glands of the male crab Carcinus maenas. 2 C18 isoprenoid ketones, hexahydrofarnesylacetone (1) and farnesylacetone (2) have been identified for the first time in lipid extracts from the androgenic glands of the male crab Carcinus maenas, using coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The 2 compounds prepared by synthesis, are biologically active, inhibiting the incorporation of 3H-leucine in Crustaceans ovaries subcultures.", "PMID": 858346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12744", "title": "Effects of L-lysine administration on certain aspects of ascorbic acid metabolism in weanling rats.", "content": "L-lysine administration to male weanling rats at a dose of 110.4 mg (25% LD50) per 100 g body weight per day for 15 days reduced the liver total ascorbic acid level. The biosynthesis as well as the degradation of L-ascorbic acid was diminished under these conditions. The fall in liver total ascorbic acid level after L-lysine administration was ascribed to its reduced synthesis.", "contents": "Effects of L-lysine administration on certain aspects of ascorbic acid metabolism in weanling rats. L-lysine administration to male weanling rats at a dose of 110.4 mg (25% LD50) per 100 g body weight per day for 15 days reduced the liver total ascorbic acid level. The biosynthesis as well as the degradation of L-ascorbic acid was diminished under these conditions. The fall in liver total ascorbic acid level after L-lysine administration was ascribed to its reduced synthesis.", "PMID": 858347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12745", "title": "The effects of acetylation on the binding region of cartilage proteoglycans to hyaluronic acid.", "content": "Proteoglycans in cartilage are found as aggregates and as monomers. Evidence has been obtained indicating that hyaluronic acid, normally present in this tissue, binds together monomers into large molecular weight aggregates. In this investigation, the interacting region of the protein backbone has been studied. The results unequivocally demonstrated that the epsilon amino groups of lysine are involved in hyaluronic acid binding to proteoglycans and that their blocking by acetylation either prevents reaggregation or disaggregates the high mol.w aggregates.", "contents": "The effects of acetylation on the binding region of cartilage proteoglycans to hyaluronic acid. Proteoglycans in cartilage are found as aggregates and as monomers. Evidence has been obtained indicating that hyaluronic acid, normally present in this tissue, binds together monomers into large molecular weight aggregates. In this investigation, the interacting region of the protein backbone has been studied. The results unequivocally demonstrated that the epsilon amino groups of lysine are involved in hyaluronic acid binding to proteoglycans and that their blocking by acetylation either prevents reaggregation or disaggregates the high mol.w aggregates.", "PMID": 858349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12746", "title": "Serum and liver radioactivity levels in mice after intraperitoneal and subcutaneous injection of [14C]orotic acid.", "content": "[14C]Orotic acid was rapidly distributed in blood after both i.p. and s.c. injection but was not completely absorbed from the peritoneal cavity until 20 min after injection. S.c. injection should be an acceptable alternative to i.p. injection although the incorporation into the liver acid soluble- and RNA-fractions was somewhat delayed after the s.c. injection.", "contents": "Serum and liver radioactivity levels in mice after intraperitoneal and subcutaneous injection of [14C]orotic acid. [14C]Orotic acid was rapidly distributed in blood after both i.p. and s.c. injection but was not completely absorbed from the peritoneal cavity until 20 min after injection. S.c. injection should be an acceptable alternative to i.p. injection although the incorporation into the liver acid soluble- and RNA-fractions was somewhat delayed after the s.c. injection.", "PMID": 858350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12747", "title": "Keto acids and free amino acids during leaf growth in Bauhinia purpurea L.", "content": "The biosynthesis of keto acids and free amino acids was studied during the growth of Bauhinia purpurea leaves. Alpha-KGA, OAA, pyruvic acid and PEP are the important keto acids observed at various stages. The first 2 metabolites show a progressive increase and PEP leads to OAA pathway is very active during the process of growth.", "contents": "Keto acids and free amino acids during leaf growth in Bauhinia purpurea L. The biosynthesis of keto acids and free amino acids was studied during the growth of Bauhinia purpurea leaves. Alpha-KGA, OAA, pyruvic acid and PEP are the important keto acids observed at various stages. The first 2 metabolites show a progressive increase and PEP leads to OAA pathway is very active during the process of growth.", "PMID": 858351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12748", "title": "Chdromosome aberrations in mice by the antifungal antibiotic, nystatin.", "content": "Nystatin, a fungicide of current medical use, was tested in mice for its effect on chromosomes of bone marrow cells. A significant increase of aberrations, mostly of chromatid type, was observed over a period of from 15 min to 15 days following the application of the drug. Our data indicate a non-random distribution of the breaks.", "contents": "Chdromosome aberrations in mice by the antifungal antibiotic, nystatin. Nystatin, a fungicide of current medical use, was tested in mice for its effect on chromosomes of bone marrow cells. A significant increase of aberrations, mostly of chromatid type, was observed over a period of from 15 min to 15 days following the application of the drug. Our data indicate a non-random distribution of the breaks.", "PMID": 858352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12749", "title": "The defensive function of cyanogenesis in natural populations.", "content": "Detailed ecological studies of some maritime populations of Lotus corniculatus L. have shown that the distribution of the cyanogenic form of this plant is directly related to the distribution and density of molluscs which graze selectively the acyanogenic form. This work, on a genetic polymorphism, is interpreted as giving direct evidence of chemical defence in natural populations.", "contents": "The defensive function of cyanogenesis in natural populations. Detailed ecological studies of some maritime populations of Lotus corniculatus L. have shown that the distribution of the cyanogenic form of this plant is directly related to the distribution and density of molluscs which graze selectively the acyanogenic form. This work, on a genetic polymorphism, is interpreted as giving direct evidence of chemical defence in natural populations.", "PMID": 858353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12750", "title": "Sex chromosome polymorphism in Oryzomys longicaudatus philippii (Rodentia, Cricetidae).", "content": "Oryzomys longicaudatus philippii has a diploid number 2N = 56 (N.F. = 70). A polymorphism of X-chromosomes is described and a duplication as causal mechanism is postulated. The degree of chromosomal differences among the 4 karyological forms of O. longicaudatus and between those forms with O. l. philippii, enable us to postulate the level of full species for all of them.", "contents": "Sex chromosome polymorphism in Oryzomys longicaudatus philippii (Rodentia, Cricetidae). Oryzomys longicaudatus philippii has a diploid number 2N = 56 (N.F. = 70). A polymorphism of X-chromosomes is described and a duplication as causal mechanism is postulated. The degree of chromosomal differences among the 4 karyological forms of O. longicaudatus and between those forms with O. l. philippii, enable us to postulate the level of full species for all of them.", "PMID": 858354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12751", "title": "Effects of diethylstilbestrol on the production of various extracellular products of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "The synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol at a subinhibitory level of 1.75 microng/ml diminished the production of staphylococcal alpha toxin, coagulase, deoxyribonuclease and penicillinase. Thus, the reported host beneficial effects of diethylstilbestrol may be partially related to its retardive action of certain toxins, or enzymes of S. aureus.", "contents": "Effects of diethylstilbestrol on the production of various extracellular products of Staphylococcus aureus. The synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol at a subinhibitory level of 1.75 microng/ml diminished the production of staphylococcal alpha toxin, coagulase, deoxyribonuclease and penicillinase. Thus, the reported host beneficial effects of diethylstilbestrol may be partially related to its retardive action of certain toxins, or enzymes of S. aureus.", "PMID": 858357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12752", "title": "Hornet ventilation noise: rhythm and energy content.", "content": "A new technique is used to measure the hornet's wing movement. It enables one to measure precisely the frequency of this movement, even in the presence of spurious 'noise'. This autocorrelation technique revealed that the hornet's wing stroke is divided into 3 smaller strokes when they are tired. The energy content in each stage can be measured using the autocorrelator.", "contents": "Hornet ventilation noise: rhythm and energy content. A new technique is used to measure the hornet's wing movement. It enables one to measure precisely the frequency of this movement, even in the presence of spurious 'noise'. This autocorrelation technique revealed that the hornet's wing stroke is divided into 3 smaller strokes when they are tired. The energy content in each stage can be measured using the autocorrelator.", "PMID": 858359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12753", "title": "'Binding' of glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid to synaptosomal fractions of 6 regions of the feline brain; effects of strychnine.", "content": "GABA (6 X 10(-6) M) binding to synaptosome-enriched fractions of cat CNS exhibited a clear rostro-caudal gradient, whereas glycine (6 X 10(-6) M) binding was greatest to particles of cerebellar cortex, and this was followed by medulla approximately equal to caudate nucleus larger than or equal to cerebral cortex larger than or equal to pons larger than corona radiata. Strychnine-SO4 (10(-3) or 10(-4) M) inhibited the binding of GABA and glycine in all brain regions studied; at 10(-5) M this drug inhibited the binding of both GABA and glycine only to particles of the cerebral cortex.", "contents": "'Binding' of glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid to synaptosomal fractions of 6 regions of the feline brain; effects of strychnine. GABA (6 X 10(-6) M) binding to synaptosome-enriched fractions of cat CNS exhibited a clear rostro-caudal gradient, whereas glycine (6 X 10(-6) M) binding was greatest to particles of cerebellar cortex, and this was followed by medulla approximately equal to caudate nucleus larger than or equal to cerebral cortex larger than or equal to pons larger than corona radiata. Strychnine-SO4 (10(-3) or 10(-4) M) inhibited the binding of GABA and glycine in all brain regions studied; at 10(-5) M this drug inhibited the binding of both GABA and glycine only to particles of the cerebral cortex.", "PMID": 858361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12754", "title": "Periodicity in body temperature in man.", "content": "Body temperatures and self-assessed mood scales were recorded for 7 weeks or more by male volunteers. Auto-correlations of temperatures from the 21 subjects show evidence of a significant peak at the 20-day-interval. The self-assessed measure of 'Alertness' (from 18 of them) also shows some evidence of rhythmicity, at the 22-day-period.", "contents": "Periodicity in body temperature in man. Body temperatures and self-assessed mood scales were recorded for 7 weeks or more by male volunteers. Auto-correlations of temperatures from the 21 subjects show evidence of a significant peak at the 20-day-interval. The self-assessed measure of 'Alertness' (from 18 of them) also shows some evidence of rhythmicity, at the 22-day-period.", "PMID": 858362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12755", "title": "Effects of cerebral lateral, ventricular infusions of phloridzin on feeding and body weight in Gallus domesticus (L.).", "content": "Contrary to earlier findings in rats, cerebral lateral ventricular infusions of 1 X 10(-3) M or 2 X 10(-3) M solutions of phloridzin at a rate of 2.5 micronl/min for 90 min had no significant stimulating effects on food intake and weight gain in hens and cocks. These different responses to intraventricular phloridzin might reflect a difference of sensitivity to the inhibitory action of phloridzin on glucose transport in cerebral cells or certain peculiarities of mechanisms controlling food intake in chickens.", "contents": "Effects of cerebral lateral, ventricular infusions of phloridzin on feeding and body weight in Gallus domesticus (L.). Contrary to earlier findings in rats, cerebral lateral ventricular infusions of 1 X 10(-3) M or 2 X 10(-3) M solutions of phloridzin at a rate of 2.5 micronl/min for 90 min had no significant stimulating effects on food intake and weight gain in hens and cocks. These different responses to intraventricular phloridzin might reflect a difference of sensitivity to the inhibitory action of phloridzin on glucose transport in cerebral cells or certain peculiarities of mechanisms controlling food intake in chickens.", "PMID": 858363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12756", "title": "[Evaluation of the carotid blood distribution in the rat using radioactive microspheres (author's transl)].", "content": "The carotid blood distribution has been evaluated using radioactive microspheres in 13 regions of the head and in 10 cerebral structures of rats, and the intracerebral distribution of blood has been studied comparatively after injection of microspheres into the left cardiac ventricle or into the internal carotid artery. The principal results indicate that the cerebral tissue is not supplied by the external carotid blood, whereas about 30% of the internal carotid blood goes to the brain, and that pontomedullary region receives its blood mainly from the vertebral artery.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the carotid blood distribution in the rat using radioactive microspheres (author's transl)]. The carotid blood distribution has been evaluated using radioactive microspheres in 13 regions of the head and in 10 cerebral structures of rats, and the intracerebral distribution of blood has been studied comparatively after injection of microspheres into the left cardiac ventricle or into the internal carotid artery. The principal results indicate that the cerebral tissue is not supplied by the external carotid blood, whereas about 30% of the internal carotid blood goes to the brain, and that pontomedullary region receives its blood mainly from the vertebral artery.", "PMID": 858365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12757", "title": "Electrotonic synapses in the visceral ganglion of Planorbis.", "content": "In the visceral ganglion of Planorbis the postsynaptic neurones of the characterized dopamine neurone are connected by non-rectifying electrotonic junctions. The coupling, which is reduced by stimulation of the dopamine neurone and by applied dopamine, may be important in the generation of burst activity. Specialized areas of close apposition of membranes in the neuropile are considered to be the morphological correlate of electrotonic coupling.", "contents": "Electrotonic synapses in the visceral ganglion of Planorbis. In the visceral ganglion of Planorbis the postsynaptic neurones of the characterized dopamine neurone are connected by non-rectifying electrotonic junctions. The coupling, which is reduced by stimulation of the dopamine neurone and by applied dopamine, may be important in the generation of burst activity. Specialized areas of close apposition of membranes in the neuropile are considered to be the morphological correlate of electrotonic coupling.", "PMID": 858366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12758", "title": "Electrophysiological evidence for chemosensitivity to adenosine, adenine and sugars in Spodoptera exempta and related species.", "content": "Electrophysiological studies show that Spodoptera exempta and closely related species possess a receptor with specific sensitivity towards adenosine and adenine. 2 other types of receptors responded to certain sugars. The functional significance of these receptors in controlling chemoresponses of the larvae is discussed.", "contents": "Electrophysiological evidence for chemosensitivity to adenosine, adenine and sugars in Spodoptera exempta and related species. Electrophysiological studies show that Spodoptera exempta and closely related species possess a receptor with specific sensitivity towards adenosine and adenine. 2 other types of receptors responded to certain sugars. The functional significance of these receptors in controlling chemoresponses of the larvae is discussed.", "PMID": 858367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12759", "title": "Presynaptic excitability decrease in the extensor group II afferent terminations.", "content": "The excitability of the extensor secondary afferent terminals is decreased by volleys applied to the flexor group II afferents. This presynaptic excitability decrease was completely abolished after bicuculline, indicating GABA may act as transmitter in this circuit.", "contents": "Presynaptic excitability decrease in the extensor group II afferent terminations. The excitability of the extensor secondary afferent terminals is decreased by volleys applied to the flexor group II afferents. This presynaptic excitability decrease was completely abolished after bicuculline, indicating GABA may act as transmitter in this circuit.", "PMID": 858368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12760", "title": "Effects of ibotenic acid, quisqualic acid and their relatives on the excitability of an identifiable giant neurone of an African giant snail (Achatina fulica F\u00e9russac).", "content": "An identifiable giant neurone, PON (periodically oscillating neurone), of Achatina fulica Ferussac, inhibited by erythro-beta-hydroxy-L-glutamic acid, was also inhibited by 2 relatives of beta-hydroxy glutamic acid, ibotenic acid and quisqualic acid. These substances similarly showed the effect on the neurone even in the chloride-free medium.", "contents": "Effects of ibotenic acid, quisqualic acid and their relatives on the excitability of an identifiable giant neurone of an African giant snail (Achatina fulica F\u00e9russac). An identifiable giant neurone, PON (periodically oscillating neurone), of Achatina fulica Ferussac, inhibited by erythro-beta-hydroxy-L-glutamic acid, was also inhibited by 2 relatives of beta-hydroxy glutamic acid, ibotenic acid and quisqualic acid. These substances similarly showed the effect on the neurone even in the chloride-free medium.", "PMID": 858370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12761", "title": "Neuronal accumulation and metabolism of 3H-1-norepinephrine in rat portal vein: evidence in relation to possible uneven alpha receptor distribution.", "content": "The rate of accumulation and metabolism of 3H-1-norepinephrine in the neuronal plexus of rat portal vein produces a small transmitter concentration gradient across the longitudinal smooth muscle layer which cannot account for the prejunctional supersensitivity observed and suggests localization of the alpha-adrenergic receptors adjacent to the nerve plexus.", "contents": "Neuronal accumulation and metabolism of 3H-1-norepinephrine in rat portal vein: evidence in relation to possible uneven alpha receptor distribution. The rate of accumulation and metabolism of 3H-1-norepinephrine in the neuronal plexus of rat portal vein produces a small transmitter concentration gradient across the longitudinal smooth muscle layer which cannot account for the prejunctional supersensitivity observed and suggests localization of the alpha-adrenergic receptors adjacent to the nerve plexus.", "PMID": 858371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12762", "title": "Differential effects of opiates on the incorporation of [14C] thiamine in the central nervous system of the rat.", "content": "Opiate agonist (morphine), pure antagonist (naloxone), mixed agonist-antagonist (nalorphine) and analgesically inactive enantiomorph (dextrorphan) produced differential stereoselective effects on the incorporation of [14C] thiamine in the central nervous system of the rats. The possible role of thiamine in opiate effects and its implications are discussed.", "contents": "Differential effects of opiates on the incorporation of [14C] thiamine in the central nervous system of the rat. Opiate agonist (morphine), pure antagonist (naloxone), mixed agonist-antagonist (nalorphine) and analgesically inactive enantiomorph (dextrorphan) produced differential stereoselective effects on the incorporation of [14C] thiamine in the central nervous system of the rats. The possible role of thiamine in opiate effects and its implications are discussed.", "PMID": 858372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12763", "title": "Examination of the potential mutagenicity of hair dye constituents using the micronucleus test.", "content": "12 compounds which are constituents of hair dyes or chemically related aromatic amines, aminophenols, their nitroderivatives and aromatic hydroxyderivatives were examined for evidence of mutagenic potential by means of the micronucleus test. None of the compounds tested caused an increase in the incidence of micronucleated erythrocytes after oral dosing.", "contents": "Examination of the potential mutagenicity of hair dye constituents using the micronucleus test. 12 compounds which are constituents of hair dyes or chemically related aromatic amines, aminophenols, their nitroderivatives and aromatic hydroxyderivatives were examined for evidence of mutagenic potential by means of the micronucleus test. None of the compounds tested caused an increase in the incidence of micronucleated erythrocytes after oral dosing.", "PMID": 858374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12764", "title": "On the influence of Ca-DTPA on delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in rats.", "content": "In rats red cell delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase is inhibited by Ca-DTPA only after treatment with toxic doses or with fractionated therapeutic doses. Zn-DTPA does not influence the activity of the enzyme even after administration of high doses.", "contents": "On the influence of Ca-DTPA on delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in rats. In rats red cell delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase is inhibited by Ca-DTPA only after treatment with toxic doses or with fractionated therapeutic doses. Zn-DTPA does not influence the activity of the enzyme even after administration of high doses.", "PMID": 858375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12765", "title": "6-Hydroxydopamine effect on the retina: an autoradiographic study.", "content": "Labelled uridine uptake was studied in the control and 6-hydroxydopamine-treated retina by autoradiography. Decrease labelled uridine uptake was detected in the 6-hydroxydopamine-treated retinas.", "contents": "6-Hydroxydopamine effect on the retina: an autoradiographic study. Labelled uridine uptake was studied in the control and 6-hydroxydopamine-treated retina by autoradiography. Decrease labelled uridine uptake was detected in the 6-hydroxydopamine-treated retinas.", "PMID": 858376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12766", "title": "[Fibre type and glycoside concentrations of human skeletal muscle (author's transl)].", "content": "In 2 patients digitalized with digoxin or betamethyldigoxin, postmortal glycoside concentrations were determined in 7 different skeletal muscle specimens by radioimmunoassay. In the same specimens, planimetric measurements of histochemical fibre types I and II were carried out. There were higher glycoside concentrations in predominantly type I fibre muscle biopsies.", "contents": "[Fibre type and glycoside concentrations of human skeletal muscle (author's transl)]. In 2 patients digitalized with digoxin or betamethyldigoxin, postmortal glycoside concentrations were determined in 7 different skeletal muscle specimens by radioimmunoassay. In the same specimens, planimetric measurements of histochemical fibre types I and II were carried out. There were higher glycoside concentrations in predominantly type I fibre muscle biopsies.", "PMID": 858377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12767", "title": "Neuroendocrine effects of a non-steroidal compound of testicular origin.", "content": "The effects of the compound (+)-1,4-diphenylbutane-2,3-diol (DPB, synthetized in the testes) on gonadotropin secretion have been studied in castrated male rats. DPB, when injected subcutaneously, does not modify serum levels of LH and FSH. On the contrary, the local implantation of DPB in the median eminence of the hypothalamus results in a significant elevation of serum FSH. It is suggested that DPB may play a physiological role in the control of FSH release.", "contents": "Neuroendocrine effects of a non-steroidal compound of testicular origin. The effects of the compound (+)-1,4-diphenylbutane-2,3-diol (DPB, synthetized in the testes) on gonadotropin secretion have been studied in castrated male rats. DPB, when injected subcutaneously, does not modify serum levels of LH and FSH. On the contrary, the local implantation of DPB in the median eminence of the hypothalamus results in a significant elevation of serum FSH. It is suggested that DPB may play a physiological role in the control of FSH release.", "PMID": 858378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12768", "title": "A turbidimetric method for the screening of amylase-producing mutants of Aspergillus niger.", "content": "The method is based on the assumption that extracellular amylase, which is produced by strains of Aspergillus niger in liquid culture, hydrolyses the starch in the media and brings about a corresponding decrease in the turbidity of the media. Mutant strains which produced different quantities of amylase exhibited different degrees of decrease in turbidity of the media. The results showed that a greater degree of decrease in turbidity was observed for a higher quantity of amylase produced.", "contents": "A turbidimetric method for the screening of amylase-producing mutants of Aspergillus niger. The method is based on the assumption that extracellular amylase, which is produced by strains of Aspergillus niger in liquid culture, hydrolyses the starch in the media and brings about a corresponding decrease in the turbidity of the media. Mutant strains which produced different quantities of amylase exhibited different degrees of decrease in turbidity of the media. The results showed that a greater degree of decrease in turbidity was observed for a higher quantity of amylase produced.", "PMID": 858380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12769", "title": "The effect of organophosphorus compounds on respiration by rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "Rat liver mitochondria from normal and chronically intoxicated rats were prepared by standard methods. Three organophosphorus compounds were assayed: Parathion, Malathion and Dimetoate. Oxygen uptake and respiratory control ratio were measured by a polarographic method. The addition of the pesticides at the reaction vessel (containing normal mitochondria) or pretreatment of the animals with these compounds, decreased state 3, state 4 and 2,4-dinitrophenol stimulated respiration with glutamate-malate as substrate in the presence of malonate. The mentioned states were not significantly altered when succinate was used as substrate. Respiratory control ratio decreased in the presence of the pesticides with both substrates. Mitochondrial respiration results obtained in vivo and in vitro suggest that the three mentioned organophosphorus compounds behave as inhibitors of the mitochondrial electron-transport system. The decrease of the respiratory control ratio may be related to a possible change in the permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane.", "contents": "The effect of organophosphorus compounds on respiration by rat liver mitochondria. Rat liver mitochondria from normal and chronically intoxicated rats were prepared by standard methods. Three organophosphorus compounds were assayed: Parathion, Malathion and Dimetoate. Oxygen uptake and respiratory control ratio were measured by a polarographic method. The addition of the pesticides at the reaction vessel (containing normal mitochondria) or pretreatment of the animals with these compounds, decreased state 3, state 4 and 2,4-dinitrophenol stimulated respiration with glutamate-malate as substrate in the presence of malonate. The mentioned states were not significantly altered when succinate was used as substrate. Respiratory control ratio decreased in the presence of the pesticides with both substrates. Mitochondrial respiration results obtained in vivo and in vitro suggest that the three mentioned organophosphorus compounds behave as inhibitors of the mitochondrial electron-transport system. The decrease of the respiratory control ratio may be related to a possible change in the permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane.", "PMID": 858381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12770", "title": "[Study on the amide of 2-chlorobornan-4-carboxylic acid].", "content": "During the study of the transpositions undergone by the amide of canphen-4-carboxylic acid on treatment with concentrated hydrochloric acid, the formation of the amide of 2-chlorobornan-4-carboxylic acid alone, arising in two polymorphous forms, has been confirmed. Its reduction produced 2-chloro-4-aminomethylbornane; the detachment of hydrochloric acid at the amide of canphen-1-carboxylic acid.", "contents": "[Study on the amide of 2-chlorobornan-4-carboxylic acid]. During the study of the transpositions undergone by the amide of canphen-4-carboxylic acid on treatment with concentrated hydrochloric acid, the formation of the amide of 2-chlorobornan-4-carboxylic acid alone, arising in two polymorphous forms, has been confirmed. Its reduction produced 2-chloro-4-aminomethylbornane; the detachment of hydrochloric acid at the amide of canphen-1-carboxylic acid.", "PMID": 858382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12771", "title": "The synthesis of (+/-)-1-ethylenedioxy-trans-2-(beta-R,S-hydroxypropyl)-3-(beta-acetoxyethyl)cyclopentane.", "content": "The synthesis of (+/-)-1-ethylenedioxy-trans-2-(beta-R,S-hydroxypropyl)-3-(beta-acetoxyethyl)cyclopentane (IV), starting from (+/-)-1-ethylenedioxy-trans-2-propargyl-3-(beta-hydroxyethyl)cyclopentane (I) by indirect hydration with mercuric acetate and hydrogen sulphide, is reported.", "contents": "The synthesis of (+/-)-1-ethylenedioxy-trans-2-(beta-R,S-hydroxypropyl)-3-(beta-acetoxyethyl)cyclopentane. The synthesis of (+/-)-1-ethylenedioxy-trans-2-(beta-R,S-hydroxypropyl)-3-(beta-acetoxyethyl)cyclopentane (IV), starting from (+/-)-1-ethylenedioxy-trans-2-propargyl-3-(beta-hydroxyethyl)cyclopentane (I) by indirect hydration with mercuric acetate and hydrogen sulphide, is reported.", "PMID": 858383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12772", "title": "[Analysis of an instrumental defense response on dogs following stimulation of the head of the caudate nucleus].", "content": "In chronic experiments on dogs taught to instrumental avoiding of electrical shock, changes in organization and regulation of movements on electrical stimulation of head of the caudate nucleus via implanted electrodes, were studied. The preliminary low-frequency stimulation increased the latency, altered the posture readjustment, EMGs, and mechanograms of movements. Markedness of the changes depended on the strength of stimulating current. The high-frequency (50 Hz) stimulation either does not affect the response or completely inhibits it. Stimulation against the background of avoiding movements caused its caudal cessation. The quantitative analysis of the movement parameters showed the cessation to be not adequate to analogous cessation of movement under ordinary conditions of cessation of the conditioned stimulus. The data obtained suggest an effect of head of the caudate nucleus on the processes of programming, organization, and regulation of movement.", "contents": "[Analysis of an instrumental defense response on dogs following stimulation of the head of the caudate nucleus]. In chronic experiments on dogs taught to instrumental avoiding of electrical shock, changes in organization and regulation of movements on electrical stimulation of head of the caudate nucleus via implanted electrodes, were studied. The preliminary low-frequency stimulation increased the latency, altered the posture readjustment, EMGs, and mechanograms of movements. Markedness of the changes depended on the strength of stimulating current. The high-frequency (50 Hz) stimulation either does not affect the response or completely inhibits it. Stimulation against the background of avoiding movements caused its caudal cessation. The quantitative analysis of the movement parameters showed the cessation to be not adequate to analogous cessation of movement under ordinary conditions of cessation of the conditioned stimulus. The data obtained suggest an effect of head of the caudate nucleus on the processes of programming, organization, and regulation of movement.", "PMID": 858418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12773", "title": "[Neuronal organization of the central mechanisms of reflexes from vibrissae].", "content": "Functional characteristics (size of receptive fields, directional sensitivity, threshold sensitivity to amplitude, and speed of vibrissae deflection) of neurons in the rat cortical zone of vibrissae representation, were studied. Histological control showed that in the IV cortical layer these neurons form somatotopically structured barrel-shaped cytoarchitectonic clusters. It was found that each \"barrel\" consisted of several neuronal groups--elementary neuronal ensembles--which selectively detected different stimulus parameters: direction, speed, and amplitude of deflection of the corresponding vibrissa. The data obtained show that temporal and power competition of adjacent ensembles, on the basis of lateral inhibition, is an important mechanism for signal processing and selection of dominant afferent inputs.", "contents": "[Neuronal organization of the central mechanisms of reflexes from vibrissae]. Functional characteristics (size of receptive fields, directional sensitivity, threshold sensitivity to amplitude, and speed of vibrissae deflection) of neurons in the rat cortical zone of vibrissae representation, were studied. Histological control showed that in the IV cortical layer these neurons form somatotopically structured barrel-shaped cytoarchitectonic clusters. It was found that each \"barrel\" consisted of several neuronal groups--elementary neuronal ensembles--which selectively detected different stimulus parameters: direction, speed, and amplitude of deflection of the corresponding vibrissa. The data obtained show that temporal and power competition of adjacent ensembles, on the basis of lateral inhibition, is an important mechanism for signal processing and selection of dominant afferent inputs.", "PMID": 858421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12774", "title": "[Effect of prolonged preliminary static stretching of de-efferented muscle on the dynamic response of muscle receptors].", "content": "Speed of adaptation of muscle receptor discharges during static stretching of the muscle was shown to depend on the grade and duration of muscle tension reducing which, in its turn, is the function of muscle length. The increase in the receptor firing rate during the dynamic phase of muscle stretching (the dynamic response) depends both on the grade and speed of stretching and on whether the muscle is \"balanced\" after previous stretching. The data obtained suggest insignificant increase in the relaxed muscle length on changing of angle in the talocrural joint within the physiological range.", "contents": "[Effect of prolonged preliminary static stretching of de-efferented muscle on the dynamic response of muscle receptors]. Speed of adaptation of muscle receptor discharges during static stretching of the muscle was shown to depend on the grade and duration of muscle tension reducing which, in its turn, is the function of muscle length. The increase in the receptor firing rate during the dynamic phase of muscle stretching (the dynamic response) depends both on the grade and speed of stretching and on whether the muscle is \"balanced\" after previous stretching. The data obtained suggest insignificant increase in the relaxed muscle length on changing of angle in the talocrural joint within the physiological range.", "PMID": 858424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12775", "title": "[Character of organ volume vessels during pressor reflexes].", "content": "In acute experiments on cats, responses of the resistance and capacity vessels of small intestine, spleen, kidneys, and m. gastrocnemius were studied during pressor sinocarotid reflex and electrical stimulation of the sciatic and brachial afferents. It was shown that, against the background of constrictory responses of the resistance vessels in these organs, both the constrictory and the dilatory responses of the capicitance vessels could occur or not. Correlation analysis revealed no dependence between the markedness and character of the capacitance vessel responses and the changes of the venous blood oxygenation during pressor reflexes. The regulatory mechanisms determining, different characters of the capacitance vessels during neurogenic effects and the methodical conditions revealing the true nature of changes occurring in the postcapillary bed, are discussed.", "contents": "[Character of organ volume vessels during pressor reflexes]. In acute experiments on cats, responses of the resistance and capacity vessels of small intestine, spleen, kidneys, and m. gastrocnemius were studied during pressor sinocarotid reflex and electrical stimulation of the sciatic and brachial afferents. It was shown that, against the background of constrictory responses of the resistance vessels in these organs, both the constrictory and the dilatory responses of the capicitance vessels could occur or not. Correlation analysis revealed no dependence between the markedness and character of the capacitance vessel responses and the changes of the venous blood oxygenation during pressor reflexes. The regulatory mechanisms determining, different characters of the capacitance vessels during neurogenic effects and the methodical conditions revealing the true nature of changes occurring in the postcapillary bed, are discussed.", "PMID": 858426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12776", "title": "[Effect of stretch on the contractile response of isolated portal vein smooth muscle].", "content": "The character of spontaneous activity of the isolated preparation was shown to be affected only by the first stretching stimulus which was due to release of the intracellular Ca. Active contractile responses to stretching at the peak of the contracture due to perfusion of the preparations with the Krebs sodiumless solution, are directly correlated with the speed of the stretching. Stretching of the preparations in calciumless solution elicited no active response.", "contents": "[Effect of stretch on the contractile response of isolated portal vein smooth muscle]. The character of spontaneous activity of the isolated preparation was shown to be affected only by the first stretching stimulus which was due to release of the intracellular Ca. Active contractile responses to stretching at the peak of the contracture due to perfusion of the preparations with the Krebs sodiumless solution, are directly correlated with the speed of the stretching. Stretching of the preparations in calciumless solution elicited no active response.", "PMID": 858427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12777", "title": "[Effect of destruction of the median eminence on thermoregulation].", "content": "In male rats of 180-240 g weight, alterations of general thermoregulation and of functional activity of the suprarenal cortex, thyroid gland, and enterochromaffine system were studied after electrolytic lesion of the hypothalamic mesial eminence. In thermoneutral conditions, functions of the suprarenal cortex and thyroid gland remained unchanged while activity of the enterochromaffine system was reduced. Cooling decreased abruptly the reaction of thermoregulation and the functional activity of the endocrine glands. The data suggest the neurosecretory granules of the hypothalamic mesial eminence to participate in regulation of the organism temperature homeostasis in rats.", "contents": "[Effect of destruction of the median eminence on thermoregulation]. In male rats of 180-240 g weight, alterations of general thermoregulation and of functional activity of the suprarenal cortex, thyroid gland, and enterochromaffine system were studied after electrolytic lesion of the hypothalamic mesial eminence. In thermoneutral conditions, functions of the suprarenal cortex and thyroid gland remained unchanged while activity of the enterochromaffine system was reduced. Cooling decreased abruptly the reaction of thermoregulation and the functional activity of the endocrine glands. The data suggest the neurosecretory granules of the hypothalamic mesial eminence to participate in regulation of the organism temperature homeostasis in rats.", "PMID": 858428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12778", "title": "Mother's home time and the production of child quality.", "content": "This paper deals with the effect of mother's time spent out of the labor force, and presumably in the home, on the \"production\" of child quality, where child quality is measured by intelligence (iq), level of schooling attained, and market earning power. The results indicate that mother's home time is most effective in producing (male) child quality for mothers who have attained relatively high levels of schooling. The results suggest that education programs which devote equal school resources to all (male) children do not necessarily provide equal educational opportunity and that the influence of family background on economic success is indirect, operating through home investments in children.", "contents": "Mother's home time and the production of child quality. This paper deals with the effect of mother's time spent out of the labor force, and presumably in the home, on the \"production\" of child quality, where child quality is measured by intelligence (iq), level of schooling attained, and market earning power. The results indicate that mother's home time is most effective in producing (male) child quality for mothers who have attained relatively high levels of schooling. The results suggest that education programs which devote equal school resources to all (male) children do not necessarily provide equal educational opportunity and that the influence of family background on economic success is indirect, operating through home investments in children.", "PMID": 858432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12779", "title": "A vital statistics-based procedure for estimating conception rates.", "content": "A method for estimating conception rates, using vital statistics data, is developed and applied to data on five-year age groups of California women for 1971. The approach is deterministic and allocates total exposure time to the known pregnancy outcomes of live birth, spontaneous abortion, and induced abortion. The population at risk is defined to exclude women who are known to be sterile or sexually inactive. Early fetal loss, premarital conception, and contraceptive use are taken into account. Estimates are made of the fecundability which would obtain if no contraception were used.", "contents": "A vital statistics-based procedure for estimating conception rates. A method for estimating conception rates, using vital statistics data, is developed and applied to data on five-year age groups of California women for 1971. The approach is deterministic and allocates total exposure time to the known pregnancy outcomes of live birth, spontaneous abortion, and induced abortion. The population at risk is defined to exclude women who are known to be sterile or sexually inactive. Early fetal loss, premarital conception, and contraceptive use are taken into account. Estimates are made of the fecundability which would obtain if no contraception were used.", "PMID": 858433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12780", "title": "Spline interpolation of demographic data.", "content": "There are many problems in demography involving the smoothing or interpolation of data. Usually a solution is obtained by fitting a polynomial or a suitable model curve. Often, however, fitting a spline proves to be a simple recourse. Splines, were invented nearly 30 years ago and have been shown to have desirable properties. Although spline functions are by no means unknown to demographers, no simple and direct explanation of their application exists. We hope to remedy this deficiency with this expository piece.", "contents": "Spline interpolation of demographic data. There are many problems in demography involving the smoothing or interpolation of data. Usually a solution is obtained by fitting a polynomial or a suitable model curve. Often, however, fitting a spline proves to be a simple recourse. Splines, were invented nearly 30 years ago and have been shown to have desirable properties. Although spline functions are by no means unknown to demographers, no simple and direct explanation of their application exists. We hope to remedy this deficiency with this expository piece.", "PMID": 858435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12781", "title": "Antibodies against the hepatitis B surface antigen in diabetics.", "content": "The frequency of antibodies to the hepatitis B surface antigen was determined in 406 diabetics in two study series separated in time (1971-1972 and 1974-1975). In the 1971-1972 series, the antibody frequency in insulin and orally treated patients was significantly higher, and the incidence of hepatitis was also greater. The decline in the antibody frequency in the 1974-1975 series is primarily attributed to improved hygienic measures. Anti-HBs was more frequently demonstrable in insulin-dependent diabetics than in orally treated patients. Since the duration of diabetes was about three times as long in this treatment group and the frequency of metabolic checks twice as great, the raised antibody frequency in insulin-injecting diabetics was attributed to greater exposure to the virus.", "contents": "Antibodies against the hepatitis B surface antigen in diabetics. The frequency of antibodies to the hepatitis B surface antigen was determined in 406 diabetics in two study series separated in time (1971-1972 and 1974-1975). In the 1971-1972 series, the antibody frequency in insulin and orally treated patients was significantly higher, and the incidence of hepatitis was also greater. The decline in the antibody frequency in the 1974-1975 series is primarily attributed to improved hygienic measures. Anti-HBs was more frequently demonstrable in insulin-dependent diabetics than in orally treated patients. Since the duration of diabetes was about three times as long in this treatment group and the frequency of metabolic checks twice as great, the raised antibody frequency in insulin-injecting diabetics was attributed to greater exposure to the virus.", "PMID": 858442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12782", "title": "Study of the coefficient of glucose assimilation during muscular exercise in diabetic adolescents deprived of insulin.", "content": "In six insulin deprived adolescent diabetics, the influence of muscular effort equal to 50% of the VO2 max on the coefficient of glucose assimilation was evaluated. During an IVTT the coefficient of glucose assimilation at rest was (0.59). 10(-2) +/- 0.14 and it did not increase during physical activity. A minimal concentration of insulin is apparently indispensable to increase glucose utilisation during muscular effort. At higher concentrations other factors probably intervene to enhance glucose assimilation.", "contents": "Study of the coefficient of glucose assimilation during muscular exercise in diabetic adolescents deprived of insulin. In six insulin deprived adolescent diabetics, the influence of muscular effort equal to 50% of the VO2 max on the coefficient of glucose assimilation was evaluated. During an IVTT the coefficient of glucose assimilation at rest was (0.59). 10(-2) +/- 0.14 and it did not increase during physical activity. A minimal concentration of insulin is apparently indispensable to increase glucose utilisation during muscular effort. At higher concentrations other factors probably intervene to enhance glucose assimilation.", "PMID": 858443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12783", "title": "HLA antigen in Jewish patients with juvenile diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Fifteen diabetic families and fifty non related diabetic patients were studied for their HLA antigen pattern. The patient group was compared to controls matched to compensate for ethnic variations. In this group the data analysis revealed a decrease in HLA-A1 as opposed to increased HLA-A2 frequency, both of no statistical significance; HLA-Aw26 was found significantly increased (p less than .0005; corrected p less than .015); HLA-B8 was found to be increased (p = ,0025) but not significantly after correction (p = .075). Family analysis revealed that whenever B8 was present it was inherited to the affected sib only. Where B8 was not present, the same haplotypes were shared by healthy and affected sibs. Bw16 although not significantly increased, was found in all patients but one, when part of the family pattern, although non affected sibs shared it as well,", "contents": "HLA antigen in Jewish patients with juvenile diabetes mellitus. Fifteen diabetic families and fifty non related diabetic patients were studied for their HLA antigen pattern. The patient group was compared to controls matched to compensate for ethnic variations. In this group the data analysis revealed a decrease in HLA-A1 as opposed to increased HLA-A2 frequency, both of no statistical significance; HLA-Aw26 was found significantly increased (p less than .0005; corrected p less than .015); HLA-B8 was found to be increased (p = ,0025) but not significantly after correction (p = .075). Family analysis revealed that whenever B8 was present it was inherited to the affected sib only. Where B8 was not present, the same haplotypes were shared by healthy and affected sibs. Bw16 although not significantly increased, was found in all patients but one, when part of the family pattern, although non affected sibs shared it as well,", "PMID": 858444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12784", "title": "Aspects of the six-month developmental examination in a longitudinal study.", "content": "In a longitudinal study concerned with the early detection of delayed and aberrant development, the findings at the six-month examination have been studied in some detail. All births within a given catchment area were included and the results on 1200 babies seen at this age are reported. The findings illustrated that under ordinary clinic conditions not all children achieved the \"milestones\" expected of them at a particular age. The examinations were carried out in child health clinics by a heterogeneous group of doctors with widely varying training and experience, and this is reflected in the differences between the findings of the more and the less experienced doctors. The problems of follow-up and their implications for total population surveillance programmes are considered. A positive approach to routine developmental examinations is advocated, with the emphasis not only on early detection of developmental problems but also on enabling all children to achieve their optimum potential.", "contents": "Aspects of the six-month developmental examination in a longitudinal study. In a longitudinal study concerned with the early detection of delayed and aberrant development, the findings at the six-month examination have been studied in some detail. All births within a given catchment area were included and the results on 1200 babies seen at this age are reported. The findings illustrated that under ordinary clinic conditions not all children achieved the \"milestones\" expected of them at a particular age. The examinations were carried out in child health clinics by a heterogeneous group of doctors with widely varying training and experience, and this is reflected in the differences between the findings of the more and the less experienced doctors. The problems of follow-up and their implications for total population surveillance programmes are considered. A positive approach to routine developmental examinations is advocated, with the emphasis not only on early detection of developmental problems but also on enabling all children to achieve their optimum potential.", "PMID": 858446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12785", "title": "Early feeding history of children with learning disorders.", "content": "The infant feeding histories of 29 children with learning disorders were compared with those of 53 control children referred for other neurological conditions. 13-8% of children with learning disorders had been breast-fed, compared with 47-2% of the control children. There was no difference between the two groups in protein content of the formulas used for bottle-feeding.", "contents": "Early feeding history of children with learning disorders. The infant feeding histories of 29 children with learning disorders were compared with those of 53 control children referred for other neurological conditions. 13-8% of children with learning disorders had been breast-fed, compared with 47-2% of the control children. There was no difference between the two groups in protein content of the formulas used for bottle-feeding.", "PMID": 858447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12786", "title": "Nervous endemic cretinism in Eastern Nepal.", "content": "31 children and adolescents from the mountainous region of Eastern Nepal were examined in order to outline the clinical pattern of cretinism found there. They correspond to the description of nervous endemic cretinism found elsewhere: psychomotor retardation, deafness, and a variable degree of spastic diplegia. There was no clinical evidence of hypothyroidism. The disorder appears to be related to gestational iodine deficiency and it is suggested that injections of iodinated poppyseed oil (\"Lipiodol\") would be the most suitable form of prophylaxis.", "contents": "Nervous endemic cretinism in Eastern Nepal. 31 children and adolescents from the mountainous region of Eastern Nepal were examined in order to outline the clinical pattern of cretinism found there. They correspond to the description of nervous endemic cretinism found elsewhere: psychomotor retardation, deafness, and a variable degree of spastic diplegia. There was no clinical evidence of hypothyroidism. The disorder appears to be related to gestational iodine deficiency and it is suggested that injections of iodinated poppyseed oil (\"Lipiodol\") would be the most suitable form of prophylaxis.", "PMID": 858448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12787", "title": "The deprived child in adoption.", "content": "There has been an increasing number of older children adopted in Manitoba, Canada, often with adverse results because of early deprivation of the children concerned. 33 children from adoption \"breakdowns\" and 12 control adoptions were studied. Assessment was made of the time of placement, number of previous moves, development and intelligence quotients, and the behaviour pattern of the children. There were no differences between the control and adoptive breakdown groups with regard to the motivation of the adopting parents, the degree to which the adopted child was considered at risk, or the manner in which placement was carried out. Common to both groups was the difficult behaviour of the children which appeared to stem from early experiences of deprivation. Adopting parents should be told about the possible problems arising from environmental deprivation and appropriate counselling should be given before adoption and after placement. Specific policies in the placement of such high-risk children are given.", "contents": "The deprived child in adoption. There has been an increasing number of older children adopted in Manitoba, Canada, often with adverse results because of early deprivation of the children concerned. 33 children from adoption \"breakdowns\" and 12 control adoptions were studied. Assessment was made of the time of placement, number of previous moves, development and intelligence quotients, and the behaviour pattern of the children. There were no differences between the control and adoptive breakdown groups with regard to the motivation of the adopting parents, the degree to which the adopted child was considered at risk, or the manner in which placement was carried out. Common to both groups was the difficult behaviour of the children which appeared to stem from early experiences of deprivation. Adopting parents should be told about the possible problems arising from environmental deprivation and appropriate counselling should be given before adoption and after placement. Specific policies in the placement of such high-risk children are given.", "PMID": 858449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12788", "title": "[Infusion of plasma volume expanders in the evaluation of left ventricular function (author's transl)].", "content": "39 patients, subdivided in four groups [I) previous myocardial infarction; II) ischaemic heart disease; III) hypertension; IV) cerebrovascular disease] were administered i.v. low molecular weight dextran in the course of right heart catheterization. The curves of the left ventricular function were determined by the LVSWI-LVFP relationship measured before the test, after the first 150 ml of dextran infusion, at the point of maximal increase of the LVSWI, and at the end of the infusion. The initial values of the LVSWI and SV were lower in the first group with respect to the other three (P less than 0.001), not significantly unlike those of the LVFP. During dextran infusion it is possible to observe an increase of the LVFP in all four groups (P less than 0.01), and of the SV (P less than 0.02) and LVSWI (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.05, respectively) in the first and the third groups. At the end of the test, different values of the LVSWI (P less than 0.001) and the LVFP (P less than 0.01) were observed in the four groups. The calculated deltaSI/deltaLVFP indices were not significantly different in the four groups, whereas a P less than 0.001 was obtained for the values of the deltaV/deltaLVFP indices (56, 67, 73 and 138 ml/mmHg for the groups I, II, III and IV, respectively). Dextran infusion proved to be a useful test for the hemodynamic assessment of different cardiovascular diseases.", "contents": "[Infusion of plasma volume expanders in the evaluation of left ventricular function (author's transl)]. 39 patients, subdivided in four groups [I) previous myocardial infarction; II) ischaemic heart disease; III) hypertension; IV) cerebrovascular disease] were administered i.v. low molecular weight dextran in the course of right heart catheterization. The curves of the left ventricular function were determined by the LVSWI-LVFP relationship measured before the test, after the first 150 ml of dextran infusion, at the point of maximal increase of the LVSWI, and at the end of the infusion. The initial values of the LVSWI and SV were lower in the first group with respect to the other three (P less than 0.001), not significantly unlike those of the LVFP. During dextran infusion it is possible to observe an increase of the LVFP in all four groups (P less than 0.01), and of the SV (P less than 0.02) and LVSWI (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.05, respectively) in the first and the third groups. At the end of the test, different values of the LVSWI (P less than 0.001) and the LVFP (P less than 0.01) were observed in the four groups. The calculated deltaSI/deltaLVFP indices were not significantly different in the four groups, whereas a P less than 0.001 was obtained for the values of the deltaV/deltaLVFP indices (56, 67, 73 and 138 ml/mmHg for the groups I, II, III and IV, respectively). Dextran infusion proved to be a useful test for the hemodynamic assessment of different cardiovascular diseases.", "PMID": 858464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12789", "title": "[Bis-(hydroxy-2-ethylthyo)-1,10-decano in hyperlipaemic therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors studied the effectiveness and biological tolerability of Tiadenol [Bis-(hydroxy-2-ethylthyo)-1,10-decano] against clofibrate, in a group of 38 hyperlipaemic (volunteers) subjects, with or without atherosclerotic disease. The results showed that the new hypolipidaemic drug has a great effect on cholesterolemia and trigliceridaemia, as does clofibrate. The statistic examination confirmed the results. This research didn't show any side-effects of the drug, which has a very good biological tolerability.", "contents": "[Bis-(hydroxy-2-ethylthyo)-1,10-decano in hyperlipaemic therapy (author's transl)]. The authors studied the effectiveness and biological tolerability of Tiadenol [Bis-(hydroxy-2-ethylthyo)-1,10-decano] against clofibrate, in a group of 38 hyperlipaemic (volunteers) subjects, with or without atherosclerotic disease. The results showed that the new hypolipidaemic drug has a great effect on cholesterolemia and trigliceridaemia, as does clofibrate. The statistic examination confirmed the results. This research didn't show any side-effects of the drug, which has a very good biological tolerability.", "PMID": 858465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12790", "title": "[Chronic pericarditis from radiation (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of chronic pericarditis with effusion in a 25 years old white man, 19 months after therapeutic irradiation of the mediastinum with a total dose of 4.350 rads for Hodgkin's disease. Pericardiectomy was followed by improvement of functional capacity persistent 7 months after operation.", "contents": "[Chronic pericarditis from radiation (author's transl)]. A case of chronic pericarditis with effusion in a 25 years old white man, 19 months after therapeutic irradiation of the mediastinum with a total dose of 4.350 rads for Hodgkin's disease. Pericardiectomy was followed by improvement of functional capacity persistent 7 months after operation.", "PMID": 858466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12791", "title": "[Neurological complications during therapy with 17 MDCAA (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of a 39 years old woman on therapy with Monodicloroacetilajmaline for repetitive crises of Ventricular Tachycardia is shown. We have observed neurological symptoms by central compromission of 3rd, 4th, 6th pair of cranial nerves, cutaneous symptoms and a neurodisletic crisis. We particularly analyse the dosage of the drug in relation to the progression of symptoms and also the possible pathogenesis. Symptoms disappeared completely about 20 days after withdrawal of the drug.", "contents": "[Neurological complications during therapy with 17 MDCAA (author's transl)]. A case of a 39 years old woman on therapy with Monodicloroacetilajmaline for repetitive crises of Ventricular Tachycardia is shown. We have observed neurological symptoms by central compromission of 3rd, 4th, 6th pair of cranial nerves, cutaneous symptoms and a neurodisletic crisis. We particularly analyse the dosage of the drug in relation to the progression of symptoms and also the possible pathogenesis. Symptoms disappeared completely about 20 days after withdrawal of the drug.", "PMID": 858468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12792", "title": "Basal and calcium-stimulated gastroesophageal sphincter pressure in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.", "content": "Basal lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure was measured in 6 patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) and hypergastrinemia, and in 6 patients with duodenal ulcer and normogastrinemia. Basal LES pressure in ZES patients, 17.0 +/- 3.7 (mean +/- SE) mm Hg was similar to basal LES pressure in duodenal ulcer patients, 18.3 +/- 3.5 mm Hg (P greater than 0.10). LES pressure and serum gastrin concentration were not related in the ZES patients, r = 0.03, or in the duodenal ulcer patients, r = 0.20. Intravenous infusion of calcium gluconate in ZES patients produced a marked rise in serum gastrin concentration, delta = 1580 +/- 1110 pg per ml (P less than 0.001), and a moderate but significant rise in LES pressure, delta = 5.9 +/- 0.9 mm Hg (P less than 0.05). In duodenal ulcer patients calcium infusion produced only slight rises in gastrin concentration, delta = 10 +/- 12 pg per ml, and LES pressure, delta = 2.1 +/- 0.5 mm Hg, which were not significant (P greater than 0.10). This study suggests that basal LES pressure is not regulated by blood gastrin levels in the ZES. We interpret the calcium infusion study to show that the LES pressure in patients with ZES may respond to acute changes in endogenous gastrin levels.", "contents": "Basal and calcium-stimulated gastroesophageal sphincter pressure in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Basal lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure was measured in 6 patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) and hypergastrinemia, and in 6 patients with duodenal ulcer and normogastrinemia. Basal LES pressure in ZES patients, 17.0 +/- 3.7 (mean +/- SE) mm Hg was similar to basal LES pressure in duodenal ulcer patients, 18.3 +/- 3.5 mm Hg (P greater than 0.10). LES pressure and serum gastrin concentration were not related in the ZES patients, r = 0.03, or in the duodenal ulcer patients, r = 0.20. Intravenous infusion of calcium gluconate in ZES patients produced a marked rise in serum gastrin concentration, delta = 1580 +/- 1110 pg per ml (P less than 0.001), and a moderate but significant rise in LES pressure, delta = 5.9 +/- 0.9 mm Hg (P less than 0.05). In duodenal ulcer patients calcium infusion produced only slight rises in gastrin concentration, delta = 10 +/- 12 pg per ml, and LES pressure, delta = 2.1 +/- 0.5 mm Hg, which were not significant (P greater than 0.10). This study suggests that basal LES pressure is not regulated by blood gastrin levels in the ZES. We interpret the calcium infusion study to show that the LES pressure in patients with ZES may respond to acute changes in endogenous gastrin levels.", "PMID": 858470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12793", "title": "Quantificantion of gastric solid-liquid discrimination during digestion of ordinary meals.", "content": "A method has been developed and validated that simultaneously quantifies gastric secretion and the emptying of solids and liquids after an ordinary mixed meal. Using this technique in healthy persons, it is possible to: (1) measure the transformation of the meal in the stomach, where partial digestion and solubilization reduced the volume of the solids by one-fifth, while endogenous secretion increased 3 times the volume of the liquid phase; (2) distinguish the gastric emptying pattern for solid and liquid meal components from the emptying of gastric juice; and (3) quantify the discriminatory function of the stomach which \"filters\" solids as it allows liquid to empty into the duodenum.", "contents": "Quantificantion of gastric solid-liquid discrimination during digestion of ordinary meals. A method has been developed and validated that simultaneously quantifies gastric secretion and the emptying of solids and liquids after an ordinary mixed meal. Using this technique in healthy persons, it is possible to: (1) measure the transformation of the meal in the stomach, where partial digestion and solubilization reduced the volume of the solids by one-fifth, while endogenous secretion increased 3 times the volume of the liquid phase; (2) distinguish the gastric emptying pattern for solid and liquid meal components from the emptying of gastric juice; and (3) quantify the discriminatory function of the stomach which \"filters\" solids as it allows liquid to empty into the duodenum.", "PMID": 858471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12794", "title": "Endotoxin and bacteria in portal blood.", "content": "In order to determine whether endotoxin is normally found in the portal system, intraoperative samples of portal and peripheral blood were drawn from 34 consecutive elective abdominal surgery patients. The limulus lysate test was used to detect endotoxin. Ninety-seven per cent of patients had a positive limulus test in portal blood. Twelve of these patients were tested for portal bacteremia and only one showed growth. Four patients also had systemic endotoxemia. Three of these had liver disease and one had a gram-negative sepsis. This study demonstrates that endotoxin is a normal constituent of portal venous blood in man and does not represent a pathological process. It is suggested that the Kupffer cells of the liver normally protect the systemic circulation from endotoxin, and that endotoxin is present in systemic blood only when liver function is impaired or gram-negative bacteremia is present.", "contents": "Endotoxin and bacteria in portal blood. In order to determine whether endotoxin is normally found in the portal system, intraoperative samples of portal and peripheral blood were drawn from 34 consecutive elective abdominal surgery patients. The limulus lysate test was used to detect endotoxin. Ninety-seven per cent of patients had a positive limulus test in portal blood. Twelve of these patients were tested for portal bacteremia and only one showed growth. Four patients also had systemic endotoxemia. Three of these had liver disease and one had a gram-negative sepsis. This study demonstrates that endotoxin is a normal constituent of portal venous blood in man and does not represent a pathological process. It is suggested that the Kupffer cells of the liver normally protect the systemic circulation from endotoxin, and that endotoxin is present in systemic blood only when liver function is impaired or gram-negative bacteremia is present.", "PMID": 858472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12795", "title": "Upper esophageal responses to intraluminal distention in man.", "content": "This investigation determined the site(s) of elicitation and origin of secondary peristalsis in the human esophagus and characterized the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) and proximal esophageal body responses accompanying intraluminal distention. In 7 normal persons, an intraluminal transducer probe manometrically recorded the UES and 5- and 10-cm levels of the esophageal body. A second probe with a balloon attached 2 cm above the proximal strain gauge was located so that the balloon was 3 and 4 cm below the UES and 4 distentions were done. The balloon probe was moved in 2-cm increments (four distensions at each site) until lower esophageal sphincter pressures were recorded. No secondary peristalsis occurred after distention in the proximal 6 cm. The incidence of secondary peristalsis increased as the distention site moved distally. Sixty-nine per cent of secondary peristaltic waves orignated in the esophageal body proximal to the distention site. The UES pressure significantly increased over resting pressure (augmentation) during 63% of distentions. The esophagus proximal to the balloon and below the UES usually responded to distention with augmentation. Augmentation of the UES and proximal esophageal body in response to esophageal intraluminal distention and the resultant initiation of secondary peristalsis above the distention site comprise a highly integrated pressure barrier to esophagopharyngeal reflex.", "contents": "Upper esophageal responses to intraluminal distention in man. This investigation determined the site(s) of elicitation and origin of secondary peristalsis in the human esophagus and characterized the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) and proximal esophageal body responses accompanying intraluminal distention. In 7 normal persons, an intraluminal transducer probe manometrically recorded the UES and 5- and 10-cm levels of the esophageal body. A second probe with a balloon attached 2 cm above the proximal strain gauge was located so that the balloon was 3 and 4 cm below the UES and 4 distentions were done. The balloon probe was moved in 2-cm increments (four distensions at each site) until lower esophageal sphincter pressures were recorded. No secondary peristalsis occurred after distention in the proximal 6 cm. The incidence of secondary peristalsis increased as the distention site moved distally. Sixty-nine per cent of secondary peristaltic waves orignated in the esophageal body proximal to the distention site. The UES pressure significantly increased over resting pressure (augmentation) during 63% of distentions. The esophagus proximal to the balloon and below the UES usually responded to distention with augmentation. Augmentation of the UES and proximal esophageal body in response to esophageal intraluminal distention and the resultant initiation of secondary peristalsis above the distention site comprise a highly integrated pressure barrier to esophagopharyngeal reflex.", "PMID": 858473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12796", "title": "Clomiphene citrate therapy in a patient with Laennec's cirrhosis.", "content": "Clomiphene citrate therapy was initiated in a male with Laennec's cirrhosis complicated by gynecomastia, testicular atrophy, impotence, and loss of libido. The patient had abstained from alcohol and had stable hepatic function tests for 1 year before starting therapy. Luteinizing hormone and endogenous testosterone levels were maximally elevated with low dose therapy (50 mg per day). Follicle-stimulating hormone was maximally elevated with a dose of 100 mg per day and the elevation of total estrogen levels was not affected by increasing the dose. During treatment increase in testicular size was noted with resolution of impotence and improvement of libido which continued for 6 months after cessation of therapy. Gynecomastia remained unchanged despite the increased serum testosterone. Serum prolactin was normal before and after the clomiphene citrate. Semen initially unobtainable was analyzed after completion of therapy. The patient relapsed 8 months after the course of clomiphene citrate therapy.", "contents": "Clomiphene citrate therapy in a patient with Laennec's cirrhosis. Clomiphene citrate therapy was initiated in a male with Laennec's cirrhosis complicated by gynecomastia, testicular atrophy, impotence, and loss of libido. The patient had abstained from alcohol and had stable hepatic function tests for 1 year before starting therapy. Luteinizing hormone and endogenous testosterone levels were maximally elevated with low dose therapy (50 mg per day). Follicle-stimulating hormone was maximally elevated with a dose of 100 mg per day and the elevation of total estrogen levels was not affected by increasing the dose. During treatment increase in testicular size was noted with resolution of impotence and improvement of libido which continued for 6 months after cessation of therapy. Gynecomastia remained unchanged despite the increased serum testosterone. Serum prolactin was normal before and after the clomiphene citrate. Semen initially unobtainable was analyzed after completion of therapy. The patient relapsed 8 months after the course of clomiphene citrate therapy.", "PMID": 858474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12797", "title": "Multiple adenomatous neoplasms arising in columnarlined (Barrett's) esophagus.", "content": "Multiple polypoid masses were found in the esophagus of a 62-year-old man. He underwent esophageal resection because exfoliative and brush cytological studies were positive for adenocarcinoma. The surgical specimen showed that the esophagus was lined by columnar epithelial cells which were focally hyperplastic, forming polypoid masses. In both the masses and the mucosa between them, there were atypical epithelial cell changes, ranging from dysplasia to focal carcinoma. These findings reinforce the concept that the Barrett's (columnar) epithelium is a premalignant lesion deserving periodical screening.", "contents": "Multiple adenomatous neoplasms arising in columnarlined (Barrett's) esophagus. Multiple polypoid masses were found in the esophagus of a 62-year-old man. He underwent esophageal resection because exfoliative and brush cytological studies were positive for adenocarcinoma. The surgical specimen showed that the esophagus was lined by columnar epithelial cells which were focally hyperplastic, forming polypoid masses. In both the masses and the mucosa between them, there were atypical epithelial cell changes, ranging from dysplasia to focal carcinoma. These findings reinforce the concept that the Barrett's (columnar) epithelium is a premalignant lesion deserving periodical screening.", "PMID": 858475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12798", "title": "Ischemic bowel disease attributable to ergot.", "content": "A 50-year-old woman developed ischemic colitis temporally related to ingestion of a large dose of ergotamine tartrate. The patient did not have cardiovascular, metabolic, or inflammatory conditions predisposing to bowel ischemia. To our knowledge, this is the first patient proved to have developed bowel ischemia secondary to ergot toxicity.", "contents": "Ischemic bowel disease attributable to ergot. A 50-year-old woman developed ischemic colitis temporally related to ingestion of a large dose of ergotamine tartrate. The patient did not have cardiovascular, metabolic, or inflammatory conditions predisposing to bowel ischemia. To our knowledge, this is the first patient proved to have developed bowel ischemia secondary to ergot toxicity.", "PMID": 858476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12799", "title": "VIP innervation of the gallbladder.", "content": "By immunohistochemistry, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was localized to nerve fibres and nerve cell bodies in the gallbladder wall of several mammals, including man. There is thus a morphological basis for accepting the powerful actions of VIP on gallbladder motility as physiological. VIP (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide), first thought of as a gut hormone, has recently been localized to a widely distributed system of nerves in the gut wall 1,2. In addition, nerves displaying VIP immunoreactivity are present in the wall of brain vessels and in the hypothalamus 1,3. Among known effects of VIP are relaxation of the gallbladder and inhibition of CCK-induced gallbladder contraction4,5. These observations prompted a search for VIP in the gallbladder wall. The present report deals with the immunohistochemical demonstration of VIP nerves in the gallbladder of several species, including man.", "contents": "VIP innervation of the gallbladder. By immunohistochemistry, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was localized to nerve fibres and nerve cell bodies in the gallbladder wall of several mammals, including man. There is thus a morphological basis for accepting the powerful actions of VIP on gallbladder motility as physiological. VIP (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide), first thought of as a gut hormone, has recently been localized to a widely distributed system of nerves in the gut wall 1,2. In addition, nerves displaying VIP immunoreactivity are present in the wall of brain vessels and in the hypothalamus 1,3. Among known effects of VIP are relaxation of the gallbladder and inhibition of CCK-induced gallbladder contraction4,5. These observations prompted a search for VIP in the gallbladder wall. The present report deals with the immunohistochemical demonstration of VIP nerves in the gallbladder of several species, including man.", "PMID": 858483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12800", "title": "[Inhibition of uterine contraction in emergencies (author's transl)].", "content": "During the first stage of labour 48 parturients were treated with the tocolytic agent TH 1165 a (Fenoterol-hydrobromide) because of danger to the foetus. The product was slowly injected i.v. in doses of 50 mcg (35 pat.) and 25 mcg (9 pat.) and on 4 patients in doses of 35 mcg. We investigated the effects of this therapy on labour, on the mother's and the child's circulation and on the foetal acid-base balance and foetal gas partial pressure. Whilst the different TH 1165a doses were not markedly different in their tocolytic effect, we discovered that side-effects occurred considerably more often and more intensively when higher doses of TH 116A WERE ADMINISTERED. We therefore recommend one i.v. injection of 25 mcg TH 1165a for clinical uterine relaxation in emergencies during labour. To guard against a vena cava compression syndrome, the injection should always be given with the patient in a lateral position. In emergency uterine relaxation the cardiac tocography (supplemented if necessary by micro blood gas analysis) should be monitored. In order tnce-only syringe containing 25 mcg TH1165a.", "contents": "[Inhibition of uterine contraction in emergencies (author's transl)]. During the first stage of labour 48 parturients were treated with the tocolytic agent TH 1165 a (Fenoterol-hydrobromide) because of danger to the foetus. The product was slowly injected i.v. in doses of 50 mcg (35 pat.) and 25 mcg (9 pat.) and on 4 patients in doses of 35 mcg. We investigated the effects of this therapy on labour, on the mother's and the child's circulation and on the foetal acid-base balance and foetal gas partial pressure. Whilst the different TH 1165a doses were not markedly different in their tocolytic effect, we discovered that side-effects occurred considerably more often and more intensively when higher doses of TH 116A WERE ADMINISTERED. We therefore recommend one i.v. injection of 25 mcg TH 1165a for clinical uterine relaxation in emergencies during labour. To guard against a vena cava compression syndrome, the injection should always be given with the patient in a lateral position. In emergency uterine relaxation the cardiac tocography (supplemented if necessary by micro blood gas analysis) should be monitored. In order tnce-only syringe containing 25 mcg TH1165a.", "PMID": 858484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12801", "title": "[Preliminary report on the treatment of ovarian cancer with adriamycin following full conventional treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "In 22 cases with advanced ovarian cancer, chemotherapy with Adriamycin was employed. All patients had previous operation, triple drug pulsechemotherapy, intraperitoneal radioactive gold instillations and external radiation. A remission was achieved in 36.4% of the patients. The side effects and complication of treatment with Adriamycin are reported and discussed.", "contents": "[Preliminary report on the treatment of ovarian cancer with adriamycin following full conventional treatment (author's transl)]. In 22 cases with advanced ovarian cancer, chemotherapy with Adriamycin was employed. All patients had previous operation, triple drug pulsechemotherapy, intraperitoneal radioactive gold instillations and external radiation. A remission was achieved in 36.4% of the patients. The side effects and complication of treatment with Adriamycin are reported and discussed.", "PMID": 858485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12802", "title": "[Is population politics possible (author's transl)].", "content": "Population politics by the state is discussed. Forcible population politics by the state is condemned. The state is based on law and order. Free consent of the individual is necessary for population politics of the state.", "contents": "[Is population politics possible (author's transl)]. Population politics by the state is discussed. Forcible population politics by the state is condemned. The state is based on law and order. Free consent of the individual is necessary for population politics of the state.", "PMID": 858486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12803", "title": "[Perinatal mortality in twin birds (author's transl)].", "content": "A retrospective investigation of 146 twin births (1% of all births in our obstetric hospital in 15 years) was presented. Compared with a normal control group, the average age of the women with twin pregnancies was higher on the whole and the number of primaparate was lower. Half of the women had an EPH gestosis. Forty-one percent of the births were premature. Perinatal mortality was 9.5% (first twin: 6.4%; second twin: 13.6%). The higher rate of complications accompanying twin pregnancies during the pregnancy itself and during the birth make intensive supervision necessary.", "contents": "[Perinatal mortality in twin birds (author's transl)]. A retrospective investigation of 146 twin births (1% of all births in our obstetric hospital in 15 years) was presented. Compared with a normal control group, the average age of the women with twin pregnancies was higher on the whole and the number of primaparate was lower. Half of the women had an EPH gestosis. Forty-one percent of the births were premature. Perinatal mortality was 9.5% (first twin: 6.4%; second twin: 13.6%). The higher rate of complications accompanying twin pregnancies during the pregnancy itself and during the birth make intensive supervision necessary.", "PMID": 858487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12804", "title": "[Hysterosalpingographic finding tubal sterilization: their importance for the pathologic hysterosalpingogram(author's transl)].", "content": "110 tubal sterilizations by Pomeroy's technique were performed in the years 1973--75. 78 cases were examined by hysterosalpingography. In 14 cases the ligature was located close to the intersitial portion of the tube (proximal type), in 52 cases in the isthmic ampullary junction or close to the ampulla (distal type) and in 12 cases on one side proximal type and on the other distal type. In 2 cases of the latter group failure of the ligature was confirmed by contrast medium in the pelvic cavity. The occluded portion of the tube was on the average longer after coeliotomy in comparison with laparotomy. Occluded tubes with smooth distribution of contrast-medium showed good peristaltic activity. Hydrosalpinx never developped, although often reported in the literature. A spill over of contrast-medium into the surrounding tissue was observed only in two cases. This low incidence indicates that the phenomenon is not caused by application of to high pressure.", "contents": "[Hysterosalpingographic finding tubal sterilization: their importance for the pathologic hysterosalpingogram(author's transl)]. 110 tubal sterilizations by Pomeroy's technique were performed in the years 1973--75. 78 cases were examined by hysterosalpingography. In 14 cases the ligature was located close to the intersitial portion of the tube (proximal type), in 52 cases in the isthmic ampullary junction or close to the ampulla (distal type) and in 12 cases on one side proximal type and on the other distal type. In 2 cases of the latter group failure of the ligature was confirmed by contrast medium in the pelvic cavity. The occluded portion of the tube was on the average longer after coeliotomy in comparison with laparotomy. Occluded tubes with smooth distribution of contrast-medium showed good peristaltic activity. Hydrosalpinx never developped, although often reported in the literature. A spill over of contrast-medium into the surrounding tissue was observed only in two cases. This low incidence indicates that the phenomenon is not caused by application of to high pressure.", "PMID": 858488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12805", "title": "Effect of metronidazole on the C3H/HeJ mouse and growth of the C3HBA mammary adenocarcinoma.", "content": "Metronidazole (0.6 mg/gm) was injected intraperitoneally at 12 hour intervals for 10 days into C3H/HeJ mice with established C3HBA mammary adenocarcinomas. Tumor growth, total white cell count and body weight were decreased by 3 days. Heart rate and rectal temperature were depressed most following the initial injections but were less depressed by 10 days. Hemoglobin and hematocrit were not changed. Plasma assays of total protein, uric acid, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase and calcium were not affected. It was not possible to separate the tumors treated with metronidazole from control tumors, based on cellular differences. Blood vessels in most of the tumors in the drug treated animals were larger and appeared engorged with blood.", "contents": "Effect of metronidazole on the C3H/HeJ mouse and growth of the C3HBA mammary adenocarcinoma. Metronidazole (0.6 mg/gm) was injected intraperitoneally at 12 hour intervals for 10 days into C3H/HeJ mice with established C3HBA mammary adenocarcinomas. Tumor growth, total white cell count and body weight were decreased by 3 days. Heart rate and rectal temperature were depressed most following the initial injections but were less depressed by 10 days. Hemoglobin and hematocrit were not changed. Plasma assays of total protein, uric acid, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase and calcium were not affected. It was not possible to separate the tumors treated with metronidazole from control tumors, based on cellular differences. Blood vessels in most of the tumors in the drug treated animals were larger and appeared engorged with blood.", "PMID": 858527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12806", "title": "Response of the developing rat brain to varying doses and dose-rates of gamma-radiation.", "content": "Pregnant rats were irradiated on day 18 of gestation at doses of 40, 80, 160, 200 and 240 rads delivered at 1, 3, 10 and 47 rads/min. Postnatal growth patterns were followed by changes in weight, DNA, protein and RNA in the cerebral hemispheres (cortex) and rest-of-brain (RB) at birth, 21, 63 and 160 days of age. Reductions in the parameters studied were independent of dose-rate at 40 and 80 rads in both the cortex and RB. At the higher doses, as dose-rate increased, brain size decreased (1 greater than 3 greater than 10 and 47 rads/min). Comparisons are made between effects produced by prenatal irradiation in rat and man during a comparable developmental stage.", "contents": "Response of the developing rat brain to varying doses and dose-rates of gamma-radiation. Pregnant rats were irradiated on day 18 of gestation at doses of 40, 80, 160, 200 and 240 rads delivered at 1, 3, 10 and 47 rads/min. Postnatal growth patterns were followed by changes in weight, DNA, protein and RNA in the cerebral hemispheres (cortex) and rest-of-brain (RB) at birth, 21, 63 and 160 days of age. Reductions in the parameters studied were independent of dose-rate at 40 and 80 rads in both the cortex and RB. At the higher doses, as dose-rate increased, brain size decreased (1 greater than 3 greater than 10 and 47 rads/min). Comparisons are made between effects produced by prenatal irradiation in rat and man during a comparable developmental stage.", "PMID": 858528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12807", "title": "Use of rabbit antisera in the preparation of factor-XII-free platelet-rich and platelet-poor plasma.", "content": "Antibodies were raised in rabbits against purified human factor XII and insolubilized on Sepharose. This preparation of insolubilized anti-factor XII antibody was used to prepare factor-XII-free human platelet-rich and plate-poor plasma for use in the study of platelet coagulant activities.", "contents": "Use of rabbit antisera in the preparation of factor-XII-free platelet-rich and platelet-poor plasma. Antibodies were raised in rabbits against purified human factor XII and insolubilized on Sepharose. This preparation of insolubilized anti-factor XII antibody was used to prepare factor-XII-free human platelet-rich and plate-poor plasma for use in the study of platelet coagulant activities.", "PMID": 858558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12808", "title": "Studies on the chemistry of human platelet factor 4.", "content": "The chemical characteristics of several PF4 preparations have been examined by gel electrophoresis, amino acid analysis and NH2-terminal amino acid sequence determination. Preparations of PF4 from gel filtration and from affinity chromatography appeared identical. A single NH2-terminal sequence was determined as follows: NH2-Glu-Ala-Glu-Glu-Asp-Gly-Asp-Leu-Gin-SCMCys-Leu-SCMCys-Val-Lys-Thr-Thr-Ser-Gln-Val-Arg-. The molecular weight of the PF4 subunits, which seem to be identical, was 7,100 based on the recovery of NH2-terminal glutamic acid.", "contents": "Studies on the chemistry of human platelet factor 4. The chemical characteristics of several PF4 preparations have been examined by gel electrophoresis, amino acid analysis and NH2-terminal amino acid sequence determination. Preparations of PF4 from gel filtration and from affinity chromatography appeared identical. A single NH2-terminal sequence was determined as follows: NH2-Glu-Ala-Glu-Glu-Asp-Gly-Asp-Leu-Gin-SCMCys-Leu-SCMCys-Val-Lys-Thr-Thr-Ser-Gln-Val-Arg-. The molecular weight of the PF4 subunits, which seem to be identical, was 7,100 based on the recovery of NH2-terminal glutamic acid.", "PMID": 858559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12809", "title": "[Diagnosis of peripheral arterial vascular disorders using Doppler-ultrasonography].", "content": "Most important in vascular surgery is the exact preoperative diagnosis. The Doppler-ultrasonography is an exact and simple method to estimate localization and different changes in the peripheral arteries; the results allow a dependable preselection for necessary preoperative angiography. Advantages and results of Doppler-ultrasonography are described. Two cases are demonstrated.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of peripheral arterial vascular disorders using Doppler-ultrasonography]. Most important in vascular surgery is the exact preoperative diagnosis. The Doppler-ultrasonography is an exact and simple method to estimate localization and different changes in the peripheral arteries; the results allow a dependable preselection for necessary preoperative angiography. Advantages and results of Doppler-ultrasonography are described. Two cases are demonstrated.", "PMID": 858576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12810", "title": "[Surgical treatment of chronic pancreatitis. Indications and early results].", "content": "A report is given on 28 resections on patients with chronic pancreatitis with a high frequency of severe destructive lesions in the head of the pancreas. Pseudocysts, single, multiple or extrapancreatic were present in almost 50%. Strictures of the Ductus Wirsungianus were found in 24 cases and 50% had multiple pancreatic stones. In these cases 12 partial and 9 total duodenopancreatectomies and 7 distal resections were performed. All patients with distal resections survived. Only one patient died in the group with partial and total duodenopancreatectomy, which accounts for a postoperative letality of 4.8%. Postoperative there were 4 reoccurrences of pancreatitis, due to further alcohol abusus, 1 patient died from alcohol intoxication. Patients with total seemed to do better than with partial pancreatectomy at a survey 18 months after operation.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of chronic pancreatitis. Indications and early results]. A report is given on 28 resections on patients with chronic pancreatitis with a high frequency of severe destructive lesions in the head of the pancreas. Pseudocysts, single, multiple or extrapancreatic were present in almost 50%. Strictures of the Ductus Wirsungianus were found in 24 cases and 50% had multiple pancreatic stones. In these cases 12 partial and 9 total duodenopancreatectomies and 7 distal resections were performed. All patients with distal resections survived. Only one patient died in the group with partial and total duodenopancreatectomy, which accounts for a postoperative letality of 4.8%. Postoperative there were 4 reoccurrences of pancreatitis, due to further alcohol abusus, 1 patient died from alcohol intoxication. Patients with total seemed to do better than with partial pancreatectomy at a survey 18 months after operation.", "PMID": 858577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12811", "title": "[Therapy of eczematous diseases in general practice].", "content": "The treatment of the different diseases which are comprised under the determination of \"eczema\" is mainly an anti-inflammatory treatment. Thus, topical corticosteroids play a large role. Development of more potent topical corticosteroids has lead to increasing numbers of unwanted side effects. In local therapy of eczema it is important to consider the phase of the disease when one chooses the vehicle: wet dressings, lotions, creams or ointments are applied according to the actual state of the skin. Special localisations also have to be considered e.g. in scrotal or perianal exzema.", "contents": "[Therapy of eczematous diseases in general practice]. The treatment of the different diseases which are comprised under the determination of \"eczema\" is mainly an anti-inflammatory treatment. Thus, topical corticosteroids play a large role. Development of more potent topical corticosteroids has lead to increasing numbers of unwanted side effects. In local therapy of eczema it is important to consider the phase of the disease when one chooses the vehicle: wet dressings, lotions, creams or ointments are applied according to the actual state of the skin. Special localisations also have to be considered e.g. in scrotal or perianal exzema.", "PMID": 858584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12812", "title": "[Clinical aspects of lung mycoses].", "content": "The clinical picture of pulmonary mycoses is described and discussed. The diagnosis of tropical pulmonary mycoses is--in contrast to the native mycoses--relatively simple with respective serological tests and intracutaneous reactions. For the diagnosis the differentiation of fungi or molds is of utmost importance.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects of lung mycoses]. The clinical picture of pulmonary mycoses is described and discussed. The diagnosis of tropical pulmonary mycoses is--in contrast to the native mycoses--relatively simple with respective serological tests and intracutaneous reactions. For the diagnosis the differentiation of fungi or molds is of utmost importance.", "PMID": 858585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12813", "title": "Community mental health services in Alabama after Wyatt.", "content": "The author believes that the growth of the community mental health system in Alabama has suffered as a result of the Wyatt decision. The state has a limited number of dollars to invest in mental health, and the Wyatt court order requires that the state allocate a large portion of its resources to upgrade its institutional system. That demand on resources has interfered with the development of community services, and it comes at a time when many patients are being released from institutions and need such services. Because the centers must care for increasing numbers of released patients, other important preventive services, such as consultation and education, are receiving less attention than they should.", "contents": "Community mental health services in Alabama after Wyatt. The author believes that the growth of the community mental health system in Alabama has suffered as a result of the Wyatt decision. The state has a limited number of dollars to invest in mental health, and the Wyatt court order requires that the state allocate a large portion of its resources to upgrade its institutional system. That demand on resources has interfered with the development of community services, and it comes at a time when many patients are being released from institutions and need such services. Because the centers must care for increasing numbers of released patients, other important preventive services, such as consultation and education, are receiving less attention than they should.", "PMID": 858597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12814", "title": "Michigan's system for protecting patients' rights.", "content": "Michigan's approach to protecting patients' rights is based on the statutory guarantee of those rights, through the 1975 mental health code, and on a set of specific administrative procedures. An office of recipient rights was established in the Department of Mental Health, and rights advisers appointed in all 23 state institutions. When a complaint is filed, the institution is allowed to act first, to investigate the complaint and provide a remedy if it is substantiated. The state office monitors the institution's actions and intervenes when necessary or when a complainant appeals the outcome. During the first 17 months, 2258 complaints were filed. Of the 1866 resolved in that period, 572, or 31%, were substantiated and resulted in remedial action.", "contents": "Michigan's system for protecting patients' rights. Michigan's approach to protecting patients' rights is based on the statutory guarantee of those rights, through the 1975 mental health code, and on a set of specific administrative procedures. An office of recipient rights was established in the Department of Mental Health, and rights advisers appointed in all 23 state institutions. When a complaint is filed, the institution is allowed to act first, to investigate the complaint and provide a remedy if it is substantiated. The state office monitors the institution's actions and intervenes when necessary or when a complainant appeals the outcome. During the first 17 months, 2258 complaints were filed. Of the 1866 resolved in that period, 572, or 31%, were substantiated and resulted in remedial action.", "PMID": 858601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12815", "title": "\"De novo\" trisomy 1q32 leads to 1qter and monosomy 3p25 leads to 3pter.", "content": "Minor abnormalities are described in an 11-month-old female in which a \"de novo\" trisomy 1q32 leads to lqter and a monosomy 3p25 leads to ter has been produced. The amount of the exceeding material in this case is less than that found in previous reports of partial trisomy 1q and in cases of parental 1q balanced translocations which has originated recurrent abortions.", "contents": "\"De novo\" trisomy 1q32 leads to 1qter and monosomy 3p25 leads to 3pter. Minor abnormalities are described in an 11-month-old female in which a \"de novo\" trisomy 1q32 leads to lqter and a monosomy 3p25 leads to ter has been produced. The amount of the exceeding material in this case is less than that found in previous reports of partial trisomy 1q and in cases of parental 1q balanced translocations which has originated recurrent abortions.", "PMID": 858619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12816", "title": "A girl with partial long-arm deletion of chromosome 11 and familial pericentric inversion of chromosome 9.", "content": "A girl with 46, XX, del (11) (q23), inv (9) (p13, q13) is described. The patient shows many dysplastic signs mainly of the face and skull. The pericentric inversion of chromosome 9 has been inherited from the mother (46, XX, inv (9) (p13, q13)).", "contents": "A girl with partial long-arm deletion of chromosome 11 and familial pericentric inversion of chromosome 9. A girl with 46, XX, del (11) (q23), inv (9) (p13, q13) is described. The patient shows many dysplastic signs mainly of the face and skull. The pericentric inversion of chromosome 9 has been inherited from the mother (46, XX, inv (9) (p13, q13)).", "PMID": 858620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12817", "title": "Dermatoglyphic differences between 45,X and other chromosomal abnormalities of Turner syndrome.", "content": "The dermatoglyphic findings in 87 patients with Turner syndrome are summarized. Comparisons are made between the 50 cases with 45,X karyotypes and the remaining 37 with different chromosomal abnormalities including 19 patients with an X long arm isochromosome cell line. The results indicate differences between the 45,X patients and the other chromosomal types which are in the same direction as the changes reported between Turner syndrome and normal controls.", "contents": "Dermatoglyphic differences between 45,X and other chromosomal abnormalities of Turner syndrome. The dermatoglyphic findings in 87 patients with Turner syndrome are summarized. Comparisons are made between the 50 cases with 45,X karyotypes and the remaining 37 with different chromosomal abnormalities including 19 patients with an X long arm isochromosome cell line. The results indicate differences between the 45,X patients and the other chromosomal types which are in the same direction as the changes reported between Turner syndrome and normal controls.", "PMID": 858621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12818", "title": "Partial trisomy 12p due to t(12;21)pat translocation.", "content": "Partial trisomy (interchromosomal duplication) of the short arm of chromosome No. 12 was observed in an infant girl with psychomotor retardation, prominent forehead, ptosis of the right eyelid, esotropia/exotropia, flat nose, hypotonia and other anomalies. A comparison of her features with those in five reported cases with a similar chromosomal imbalance shows certain features common to all, but the material is too limited for definitive characterization of a trisomy 12p syndrome.", "contents": "Partial trisomy 12p due to t(12;21)pat translocation. Partial trisomy (interchromosomal duplication) of the short arm of chromosome No. 12 was observed in an infant girl with psychomotor retardation, prominent forehead, ptosis of the right eyelid, esotropia/exotropia, flat nose, hypotonia and other anomalies. A comparison of her features with those in five reported cases with a similar chromosomal imbalance shows certain features common to all, but the material is too limited for definitive characterization of a trisomy 12p syndrome.", "PMID": 858622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12819", "title": "The localization of rDNA in small, nucleolus-like structures in human diplotene oocyte nuclei.", "content": "Small, nucleolus-like structures were demostrated in the nuclei of human diplotene oocytes. At least some of these bodies were shown to be true micronucleoli by virtue of their ability to bind rRNA during RNA-DNA hybridization in situ.", "contents": "The localization of rDNA in small, nucleolus-like structures in human diplotene oocyte nuclei. Small, nucleolus-like structures were demostrated in the nuclei of human diplotene oocytes. At least some of these bodies were shown to be true micronucleoli by virtue of their ability to bind rRNA during RNA-DNA hybridization in situ.", "PMID": 858623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12820", "title": "Genetic variants of cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase (MDH:EC:1.1.1.37) in populations in England and the Indian subcontinent. A new S-MDH variant.", "content": "A new variant malate dehydrogenase is described, designated S-MDHInd to indicate its discovery in the Indian subcontinent pending full comparison with all other variants. It occurred during a survey of the incidence of variant S-MDH phenotypes in 4149 subjects in north-east England and 1494 subjects from several populations in the Indian region. The variants previously thought to be restricted to the New Guinea region and to African populations occurred in three English subjects in northeast England. The incidence of variant S-MDH phenotypes in other populations is summarised.", "contents": "Genetic variants of cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase (MDH:EC:1.1.1.37) in populations in England and the Indian subcontinent. A new S-MDH variant. A new variant malate dehydrogenase is described, designated S-MDHInd to indicate its discovery in the Indian subcontinent pending full comparison with all other variants. It occurred during a survey of the incidence of variant S-MDH phenotypes in 4149 subjects in north-east England and 1494 subjects from several populations in the Indian region. The variants previously thought to be restricted to the New Guinea region and to African populations occurred in three English subjects in northeast England. The incidence of variant S-MDH phenotypes in other populations is summarised.", "PMID": 858624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12821", "title": "Y to X translocation in man.", "content": "Five new cases are added to the single published instance of Yq to Xp translocation(Xt) in man. It is shown that the anomaly can occur as a mutational event during meiosis, and can be inherited from a parent, but also that it can arise in a 47,XXY embryo. In individuals with 46,XXt karyotype the gonadal development, sexual differentiation, gonadal function and fertility are within the range of normal females. They do not present overt or discrete signs of virilisation. However, somatic stigmata, and more specifically short stature, are present in all patients. There is no uniform pattern of Xt inactivation which varies from random to apparently preferential inactivation. This phenomenon may be important for the better understanding of X-inactivation which for the Xt the authors believe is random but followed by differential proliferation of the resulting two types of cells.", "contents": "Y to X translocation in man. Five new cases are added to the single published instance of Yq to Xp translocation(Xt) in man. It is shown that the anomaly can occur as a mutational event during meiosis, and can be inherited from a parent, but also that it can arise in a 47,XXY embryo. In individuals with 46,XXt karyotype the gonadal development, sexual differentiation, gonadal function and fertility are within the range of normal females. They do not present overt or discrete signs of virilisation. However, somatic stigmata, and more specifically short stature, are present in all patients. There is no uniform pattern of Xt inactivation which varies from random to apparently preferential inactivation. This phenomenon may be important for the better understanding of X-inactivation which for the Xt the authors believe is random but followed by differential proliferation of the resulting two types of cells.", "PMID": 858625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12822", "title": "Haplotype analysis of the linkage group HLA-A:HAL-B:Bf and its bearing on the interpretation of the linkage disequilibrium.", "content": "The analysis of 650 HLA-A:HAL-B:Bf three-factor haplotypes revealed significant associations only between alleles of the very closely linked genes HLA-A and HLA-B, and  Bf, respectively. Most striking is the highly significnat association of the rare Bf variant F1 with HLA-B18 and of S1 with HLA-B13, HLA-B14, and HLA-Bw21. Only random allele distributions were observed when considering the somewhat more distant genes HLA-A and Bf or the higher order interaction at all three genes. From these findings it seems likely that the linkage disequilibrium within the MHC is not due to selective forces, but rather due to a short evolutionary period.", "contents": "Haplotype analysis of the linkage group HLA-A:HAL-B:Bf and its bearing on the interpretation of the linkage disequilibrium. The analysis of 650 HLA-A:HAL-B:Bf three-factor haplotypes revealed significant associations only between alleles of the very closely linked genes HLA-A and HLA-B, and  Bf, respectively. Most striking is the highly significnat association of the rare Bf variant F1 with HLA-B18 and of S1 with HLA-B13, HLA-B14, and HLA-Bw21. Only random allele distributions were observed when considering the somewhat more distant genes HLA-A and Bf or the higher order interaction at all three genes. From these findings it seems likely that the linkage disequilibrium within the MHC is not due to selective forces, but rather due to a short evolutionary period.", "PMID": 858626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12823", "title": "UV-light induced sister chromatid exchanges in xeroderma pigmentosum lymphocytes.", "content": "Cultured lymphocytes from 9 patients with clinically different types of xeroderma pigmentosum were exposed to ultraviolet light at 24 h. An increased rate of sister chromatid exchanges were observed in 6 patients (128--148% increase in three, 34--51% in three), but not in three patients with deSanctis-Cacchione syndrome (xeroderma pigmentosum with mental defect), compared to simultaneously cultured controls. A positive result could be useful as preliminary cytogenetic diagnostic test. The results are interpreted as an expression of UV-light induced chromosomal instability due to impaired DNA repair.", "contents": "UV-light induced sister chromatid exchanges in xeroderma pigmentosum lymphocytes. Cultured lymphocytes from 9 patients with clinically different types of xeroderma pigmentosum were exposed to ultraviolet light at 24 h. An increased rate of sister chromatid exchanges were observed in 6 patients (128--148% increase in three, 34--51% in three), but not in three patients with deSanctis-Cacchione syndrome (xeroderma pigmentosum with mental defect), compared to simultaneously cultured controls. A positive result could be useful as preliminary cytogenetic diagnostic test. The results are interpreted as an expression of UV-light induced chromosomal instability due to impaired DNA repair.", "PMID": 858627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12824", "title": "12pter to 12p12.2: possible assignment of human triose phosphate isomerase.", "content": "Red cell triose-phosphate isomerase (TPI) was determined, together with other enzymes, in three patients with chromosome 12 abnormalities. In patient No. 1 (trisomy of the segment 12 pter leads to 12q 12) and in patient No. 2 (trisomy of the segment 12pter leads to 12p 12.1), the TPI activity was significantly increased. In patient No. 3 (deletion of the segment 12 p 11 leads to 12 p 12.2), the TPI activity was in the normal range. These results suggest that the human TPI locus is located on the chromosome 12 short arm, between 12p ter and 12 p 12.2.", "contents": "12pter to 12p12.2: possible assignment of human triose phosphate isomerase. Red cell triose-phosphate isomerase (TPI) was determined, together with other enzymes, in three patients with chromosome 12 abnormalities. In patient No. 1 (trisomy of the segment 12 pter leads to 12q 12) and in patient No. 2 (trisomy of the segment 12pter leads to 12p 12.1), the TPI activity was significantly increased. In patient No. 3 (deletion of the segment 12 p 11 leads to 12 p 12.2), the TPI activity was in the normal range. These results suggest that the human TPI locus is located on the chromosome 12 short arm, between 12p ter and 12 p 12.2.", "PMID": 858628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12825", "title": "[Hospital hygiene from the point of view of the medical administration (author's transl)].", "content": "The task of medical administration in hospital hygiene is external control, promotion and counseling. This applies, for example, to the personel sector when establishing the internal institutions: hygiene committee, hospital hygienist, hygiene commissioner, specialist hygiene nurse. In addition, it is however necessary to improve the structural and functional facilities and possibilities within the framework of the hospital finance law. This includes early, supraregional guidance in cases of hospital planning as well as cooperation in hygiene committees. Medical administration can only create the necessary preconditions for good hospital hygiene. It is , however, the task of the members of the personel themselves to make full use of them.", "contents": "[Hospital hygiene from the point of view of the medical administration (author's transl)]. The task of medical administration in hospital hygiene is external control, promotion and counseling. This applies, for example, to the personel sector when establishing the internal institutions: hygiene committee, hospital hygienist, hygiene commissioner, specialist hygiene nurse. In addition, it is however necessary to improve the structural and functional facilities and possibilities within the framework of the hospital finance law. This includes early, supraregional guidance in cases of hospital planning as well as cooperation in hygiene committees. Medical administration can only create the necessary preconditions for good hospital hygiene. It is , however, the task of the members of the personel themselves to make full use of them.", "PMID": 858634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12826", "title": "Fractures of the lateral part of the distal tibial epiphysis (Tillaux or Kleiger fracture).", "content": "Six cases of fracture of the lateral part of the distal tibial epiphysis are presented. Five were operated on and 1 was treated with a plaster cast only. The results were excellent, and we advocate operative treatment of this fracture if more than minimal dislocation exists.", "contents": "Fractures of the lateral part of the distal tibial epiphysis (Tillaux or Kleiger fracture). Six cases of fracture of the lateral part of the distal tibial epiphysis are presented. Five were operated on and 1 was treated with a plaster cast only. The results were excellent, and we advocate operative treatment of this fracture if more than minimal dislocation exists.", "PMID": 858636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12827", "title": "Changes in blood glucose after head injury and its prognostic significance.", "content": "In patients with brain injury a correlation was found between the states of consciousness and the fasting (basal) blood-sugar level. Deep coma was associated with a high blood-sugar level, whereas when consciousness was regained a prompt decrease in the blood-sugar level was observed. It is concluded that brain lesions which affect the state of consciousness also influence the fasting glucose level. The degree and course of the blood-sugar changes may have prognostic significance.", "contents": "Changes in blood glucose after head injury and its prognostic significance. In patients with brain injury a correlation was found between the states of consciousness and the fasting (basal) blood-sugar level. Deep coma was associated with a high blood-sugar level, whereas when consciousness was regained a prompt decrease in the blood-sugar level was observed. It is concluded that brain lesions which affect the state of consciousness also influence the fasting glucose level. The degree and course of the blood-sugar changes may have prognostic significance.", "PMID": 858637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12828", "title": "Hyperbaric oxygen treatment as an adjuvant to reconstructive vascular surgery in trauma.", "content": "A series of 7 young, healthy persons suffering severe vascular trauma and acute ischaemia of their limbs is presented. Standard vascular repair, although technically successful, failed to achieve satisfactory restoration of the circulation and the limbs remained severely ischaemic. Hyperbaric oxygen treatment at 2-8 atm (approximately 290 kPa) prevented the development of gangrene in all cases. This treatment is considered to be a very useful adjuvant to reconstructive vascular surgery in cases which come to repair late after injury.", "contents": "Hyperbaric oxygen treatment as an adjuvant to reconstructive vascular surgery in trauma. A series of 7 young, healthy persons suffering severe vascular trauma and acute ischaemia of their limbs is presented. Standard vascular repair, although technically successful, failed to achieve satisfactory restoration of the circulation and the limbs remained severely ischaemic. Hyperbaric oxygen treatment at 2-8 atm (approximately 290 kPa) prevented the development of gangrene in all cases. This treatment is considered to be a very useful adjuvant to reconstructive vascular surgery in cases which come to repair late after injury.", "PMID": 858638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12829", "title": "Intestinal injury due to non-penetrating abdominal trauma.", "content": "Five cases of intestinal injury alone due to non-penetrating abdominal trauma are presented. The possible mechanisms of intestinal injury are discussed, together with the presentation, investigation and management of these cases.", "contents": "Intestinal injury due to non-penetrating abdominal trauma. Five cases of intestinal injury alone due to non-penetrating abdominal trauma are presented. The possible mechanisms of intestinal injury are discussed, together with the presentation, investigation and management of these cases.", "PMID": 858639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12830", "title": "Linear tomography and the injured wrist.", "content": "Linear tomography was used in the investigation of recent wrist injuries. By providing greater bony detail than conventional radiographs it proved a useful aid in the study of the suspected wrist fracture, and in the differentiation of the old from the recent fracture of the scaphoid. Such additional information may affect the clinical management of the injury, for instance when an injury is shown to be longstanding.", "contents": "Linear tomography and the injured wrist. Linear tomography was used in the investigation of recent wrist injuries. By providing greater bony detail than conventional radiographs it proved a useful aid in the study of the suspected wrist fracture, and in the differentiation of the old from the recent fracture of the scaphoid. Such additional information may affect the clinical management of the injury, for instance when an injury is shown to be longstanding.", "PMID": 858640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12831", "title": "Factitious subcutaneous emphysema: a case report.", "content": "A case is described of a young man who produced surgical emphysema of his left forearm using a 2-ml syringe with a modified needle. It is believed that this is the second reported example of this type of artefact. Other cases may occur with the present high incidence of drug abuse and increasing general access to syringes.", "contents": "Factitious subcutaneous emphysema: a case report. A case is described of a young man who produced surgical emphysema of his left forearm using a 2-ml syringe with a modified needle. It is believed that this is the second reported example of this type of artefact. Other cases may occur with the present high incidence of drug abuse and increasing general access to syringes.", "PMID": 858641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12832", "title": "Bilateral simultaneous rupture of the quadriceps tendon: a case report.", "content": "We report a case of bilateral simultaneous rupture of the quadriceps tendon, in which there was no predisposing cause for the rupture. The condition is extremely rare, there being but five previously reported cases in the literature (Steiner and Palmer, 1949; Wetzler and Merkow, 1950; Preston and Adicoff, 1962; Dalal and Whittam, 1966; Levy et al., 1971). In only two of these cases (Steiner and Palmer, 1949; Dalal and Whittam, 1966) was there no predisposing cause.", "contents": "Bilateral simultaneous rupture of the quadriceps tendon: a case report. We report a case of bilateral simultaneous rupture of the quadriceps tendon, in which there was no predisposing cause for the rupture. The condition is extremely rare, there being but five previously reported cases in the literature (Steiner and Palmer, 1949; Wetzler and Merkow, 1950; Preston and Adicoff, 1962; Dalal and Whittam, 1966; Levy et al., 1971). In only two of these cases (Steiner and Palmer, 1949; Dalal and Whittam, 1966) was there no predisposing cause.", "PMID": 858642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12833", "title": "Cholesteryl de-esterifying enzyme from Staphylococcus aureus: separation from alpha toxin, purification, and some properties.", "content": "A cholesteryl de-esterifying enzyme found in partially purified preparations of alpha toxin produced by the Wood 46 strain on Staphylococcus aureus has been separated from other staphylococcal proteins and from alpha toxin by isoelectric focusing and gel filtration. Preparations of alpha toxin from Bi-Gel P-60 columns and of the cholesteryl esterase from Bio-Gel P-200 columns showed a high degree of purity, as determined by analytical ultracentrifugation, gel diffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of the cholesteryl esterase determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate was 25,500 and on Bio-Gel P-300 columns it was 175,000, indicating an associating system. The density of the enzyme was lower than expected for simple proteins (about 1.19 g/ml). Chloroform-methanol extracts showed the presence of a neutral lipid that did not contain cholesterol. This material, possibly a glycolipid, might play a role in the stabilization of the enzymatically active protomer. The isoelectric point of the esterase was 9.1. Cholesteryl esterase was labile and lost its activity easily. It could bind reversibly to agarose-containing gels. After elution, it was enzymatically inactive, with an isoelectric point of less than 6.2. The W46M mutant of the Wood 46 strain, which does not produce alpha toxin, also does not produce cholesteryl esterase.", "contents": "Cholesteryl de-esterifying enzyme from Staphylococcus aureus: separation from alpha toxin, purification, and some properties. A cholesteryl de-esterifying enzyme found in partially purified preparations of alpha toxin produced by the Wood 46 strain on Staphylococcus aureus has been separated from other staphylococcal proteins and from alpha toxin by isoelectric focusing and gel filtration. Preparations of alpha toxin from Bi-Gel P-60 columns and of the cholesteryl esterase from Bio-Gel P-200 columns showed a high degree of purity, as determined by analytical ultracentrifugation, gel diffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of the cholesteryl esterase determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate was 25,500 and on Bio-Gel P-300 columns it was 175,000, indicating an associating system. The density of the enzyme was lower than expected for simple proteins (about 1.19 g/ml). Chloroform-methanol extracts showed the presence of a neutral lipid that did not contain cholesterol. This material, possibly a glycolipid, might play a role in the stabilization of the enzymatically active protomer. The isoelectric point of the esterase was 9.1. Cholesteryl esterase was labile and lost its activity easily. It could bind reversibly to agarose-containing gels. After elution, it was enzymatically inactive, with an isoelectric point of less than 6.2. The W46M mutant of the Wood 46 strain, which does not produce alpha toxin, also does not produce cholesteryl esterase.", "PMID": 858644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12834", "title": "Induction of the synthesis of cell wall alpha-1,3-glucan in the yeastlike form of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis strain IVIC Pb9 by fetal calf serum.", "content": "In vitro subculturing of the yeastlike form of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis strain IVIC Pb9 leads to the disappearance of alpha-1,3-glucan as a main component of its cell wall. However, the addition of fetal calf serum to the growth medium induces the synthesis of this polysaccharide. It is suggested that the synthesis of alpha-1,3-glucan in the cell wall of the yeastlike form of P. brasiliensis is induced by external factors.", "contents": "Induction of the synthesis of cell wall alpha-1,3-glucan in the yeastlike form of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis strain IVIC Pb9 by fetal calf serum. In vitro subculturing of the yeastlike form of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis strain IVIC Pb9 leads to the disappearance of alpha-1,3-glucan as a main component of its cell wall. However, the addition of fetal calf serum to the growth medium induces the synthesis of this polysaccharide. It is suggested that the synthesis of alpha-1,3-glucan in the cell wall of the yeastlike form of P. brasiliensis is induced by external factors.", "PMID": 858645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12835", "title": "Transfection of Streptococcus sanguis by phage deoxyribonucleic acid isolated from Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "Streptococcus sanguis ATCC 10556 cells were infected with free phage DNA of S, mutans strain PK 1. Two transformants were isolated which made colonies with large mucoid forms on mitis-salivarius agar. Both transformants had an increased ability to synthesize insoluble glucan and showed an adhesive nature on glass surfaces. These characteristics of the transformants bear a resemblance to S. mutans. These transformants had many physiological characteristics by which they could be recognized as S. sanguis. However, they resembled S. salivarius in forming a large amount of soluble fructan. Furthermore, the transformant cells did not produce ammonia from arginine, whereas their parent cells did.", "contents": "Transfection of Streptococcus sanguis by phage deoxyribonucleic acid isolated from Streptococcus mutans. Streptococcus sanguis ATCC 10556 cells were infected with free phage DNA of S, mutans strain PK 1. Two transformants were isolated which made colonies with large mucoid forms on mitis-salivarius agar. Both transformants had an increased ability to synthesize insoluble glucan and showed an adhesive nature on glass surfaces. These characteristics of the transformants bear a resemblance to S. mutans. These transformants had many physiological characteristics by which they could be recognized as S. sanguis. However, they resembled S. salivarius in forming a large amount of soluble fructan. Furthermore, the transformant cells did not produce ammonia from arginine, whereas their parent cells did.", "PMID": 858646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12836", "title": "Scanning electron microscopic study of virulent Yersinia pestis and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis type 1.", "content": "Virulent Yersinia pestis was grown on heart infusion blood agar and examined by scanning electron microscopy, exposing the fraction 1 envelope antigen on cell surfaces as a lumpy coating that spilled into the surrounding milieu. The amount of antigen depended on both the duration and temperature of incubation. Comparison of the cultures grown at 37 degrees C for 24, 48, and 72 h with those grown at 22 degrees C for identical periods demonstrated that the antigen increased in amount with the length of incubation, and that the overall production of antigen was much greater of 37 degrees C than at 22 degrees C. These experiments visually confirmed the findings of our previous immunological studies. Moreover, we established that the closely related, virulent organism Y. pseudotuberculosis bears no such antigenic coating at any temperature or incubation period. In addition, the emergence of multiple flagella was noted when Y. pseudotuberculosis was grown at 22 degrees C in a liquid medium, whereas Y. pestis remained without these organelles. These observations preceptibly corroborated the absence of fraction 1 envelope antigen and the presence of flagella, respectively, for distinguishing Y. pseudotuberculosis from Y. pestis.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopic study of virulent Yersinia pestis and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis type 1. Virulent Yersinia pestis was grown on heart infusion blood agar and examined by scanning electron microscopy, exposing the fraction 1 envelope antigen on cell surfaces as a lumpy coating that spilled into the surrounding milieu. The amount of antigen depended on both the duration and temperature of incubation. Comparison of the cultures grown at 37 degrees C for 24, 48, and 72 h with those grown at 22 degrees C for identical periods demonstrated that the antigen increased in amount with the length of incubation, and that the overall production of antigen was much greater of 37 degrees C than at 22 degrees C. These experiments visually confirmed the findings of our previous immunological studies. Moreover, we established that the closely related, virulent organism Y. pseudotuberculosis bears no such antigenic coating at any temperature or incubation period. In addition, the emergence of multiple flagella was noted when Y. pseudotuberculosis was grown at 22 degrees C in a liquid medium, whereas Y. pestis remained without these organelles. These observations preceptibly corroborated the absence of fraction 1 envelope antigen and the presence of flagella, respectively, for distinguishing Y. pseudotuberculosis from Y. pestis.", "PMID": 858647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12837", "title": "Recovery of the bursa of Fabricius in chickens after cyclophosphamide treatment: a histological study.", "content": "Chickens were injected posthatching with cyclophosphamide in three different doses (total 8, 10, 11 mg). Histomorphological analysis of bursal tissue was performed up to 11 weeks of age. A probable biphasic recovery was observed in the majority of the chickens. The first phase of recovery is characterized by the appearance of solitary thioninophilic cells in reticuloepithelial follicles, followed in a few follicles by a redevelopment similar to embryonal follicular genesis. The late phase of recovery starts from week 7 on by infiltration of reticuloepithelial follicles with mature plasma cells in the manner of a peripheral lymphoid organ followed by thioninophilic lymphoid cells. The latter cells populate the follicles successively. Different transitions to normal follicles then take place. These investigations confirm observations of a reconstitution of bursal compartments starting some weeks later than the recovery of thymus, which takes place 2 weeks after cyclophosphamide treatment.", "contents": "Recovery of the bursa of Fabricius in chickens after cyclophosphamide treatment: a histological study. Chickens were injected posthatching with cyclophosphamide in three different doses (total 8, 10, 11 mg). Histomorphological analysis of bursal tissue was performed up to 11 weeks of age. A probable biphasic recovery was observed in the majority of the chickens. The first phase of recovery is characterized by the appearance of solitary thioninophilic cells in reticuloepithelial follicles, followed in a few follicles by a redevelopment similar to embryonal follicular genesis. The late phase of recovery starts from week 7 on by infiltration of reticuloepithelial follicles with mature plasma cells in the manner of a peripheral lymphoid organ followed by thioninophilic lymphoid cells. The latter cells populate the follicles successively. Different transitions to normal follicles then take place. These investigations confirm observations of a reconstitution of bursal compartments starting some weeks later than the recovery of thymus, which takes place 2 weeks after cyclophosphamide treatment.", "PMID": 858648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12838", "title": "The influence of temperature of ingested fluid on stomach emptying time.", "content": "The influence of the temperature of ingested water on the stomach emptying time of solid material was studied in healthy volunteers using a telemetric pH measurement device. The time of discharge of the indigestible capsule from the stomach into the duodenum is statistically faster when administered with 250 ml of water at 5 degrees C, 15.91+/-10.04 min. (mean+/-SD) than it is with water at 20-25 degrees C, 48.18+/-28.97 min (mean+/-SD) or at 45 degrees C 71.42+/-37.08 min. (mean+/-SD). It seems that the interindividual variation is larger than the intra-individual one. These observations suggest that enteric coated preparations and drugs which are inactivated by gastric fluid or irritate gastric mucosa should be administered only with ice water (4-6 degrees C), and stomach washings (with charcoal) in order to remove a poisoning agent should be performed with warm water (45 degrees C).", "contents": "The influence of temperature of ingested fluid on stomach emptying time. The influence of the temperature of ingested water on the stomach emptying time of solid material was studied in healthy volunteers using a telemetric pH measurement device. The time of discharge of the indigestible capsule from the stomach into the duodenum is statistically faster when administered with 250 ml of water at 5 degrees C, 15.91+/-10.04 min. (mean+/-SD) than it is with water at 20-25 degrees C, 48.18+/-28.97 min (mean+/-SD) or at 45 degrees C 71.42+/-37.08 min. (mean+/-SD). It seems that the interindividual variation is larger than the intra-individual one. These observations suggest that enteric coated preparations and drugs which are inactivated by gastric fluid or irritate gastric mucosa should be administered only with ice water (4-6 degrees C), and stomach washings (with charcoal) in order to remove a poisoning agent should be performed with warm water (45 degrees C).", "PMID": 858649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12839", "title": "Time sequence of direct vascular and inotropic effects following intravenous administration of digoxin in normal man.", "content": "The effects of a bolus injection of digoxin upon hemodynamics and left ventricular function were studied in 5 normal volunteers using cardiac ultrasound, ECG, carotid pulse pressure, and arterial blood pressure recording. Whereas the injection was followed by an immediate rise of the systemic vascular resistance, the inotropic action upon the myocardium followed with a delay of 10 to 30 minutes after injection.", "contents": "Time sequence of direct vascular and inotropic effects following intravenous administration of digoxin in normal man. The effects of a bolus injection of digoxin upon hemodynamics and left ventricular function were studied in 5 normal volunteers using cardiac ultrasound, ECG, carotid pulse pressure, and arterial blood pressure recording. Whereas the injection was followed by an immediate rise of the systemic vascular resistance, the inotropic action upon the myocardium followed with a delay of 10 to 30 minutes after injection.", "PMID": 858650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12840", "title": "Clinical evaluation of intravenous minocycline.", "content": "24 patients with severe infections were treated with intravenous minocycline 100 mg every 12 hours. Average blood levels were within therapeutic ranges during the first 12 hours after the initial dose. Determination of efficacy of therapy in 23 of the patients who were evaluable showed that clinical and bacteriological results were satisfactory in 20 patients, unsatisfactory in 2, and questionable in 1. One patient developed a fatal secondary infection which may have been related to prior therapy with minocycline. No toxicities or side-effects were observed.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of intravenous minocycline. 24 patients with severe infections were treated with intravenous minocycline 100 mg every 12 hours. Average blood levels were within therapeutic ranges during the first 12 hours after the initial dose. Determination of efficacy of therapy in 23 of the patients who were evaluable showed that clinical and bacteriological results were satisfactory in 20 patients, unsatisfactory in 2, and questionable in 1. One patient developed a fatal secondary infection which may have been related to prior therapy with minocycline. No toxicities or side-effects were observed.", "PMID": 858651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12841", "title": "Analysis of bladder configuration and pressure from pressoreceptor stimulation in rabbits.", "content": "In a previous study (B\u00f6deker, J., Vogt, W., K\u00f6lln, C.-P., and Nagel, R.: Invest. Urol., 12: 461, 1975.) pressoreceptor stimulation induced micturition at less than normal bladder filling. Furthermore, urethral pressure profile decreased in both maximal and mean values. In the present investigation the effects of pressoreceptor stimulation on bladder configuration, intravesical pressure, and vesicoureteral reflux were studied. With pressoreceptor stimulation, the bladder outlet became more funnel-shaped; the change in bladder configuration occurred without alteration in intravesical pressure; and vesicoureteral reflux could not be demonstrated.", "contents": "Analysis of bladder configuration and pressure from pressoreceptor stimulation in rabbits. In a previous study (B\u00f6deker, J., Vogt, W., K\u00f6lln, C.-P., and Nagel, R.: Invest. Urol., 12: 461, 1975.) pressoreceptor stimulation induced micturition at less than normal bladder filling. Furthermore, urethral pressure profile decreased in both maximal and mean values. In the present investigation the effects of pressoreceptor stimulation on bladder configuration, intravesical pressure, and vesicoureteral reflux were studied. With pressoreceptor stimulation, the bladder outlet became more funnel-shaped; the change in bladder configuration occurred without alteration in intravesical pressure; and vesicoureteral reflux could not be demonstrated.", "PMID": 858661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12842", "title": "Determination of renal plasma flow using the gamma scintillation camera.", "content": "An experimental technique has been devised to determine effective renal plasma flow, using the gamma scintillation camera. This involves a computer analysis of the first 3 min of the renal histogram and does not require serum or urine collections. This technique is not sufficiently accurate to provide an exact value of plasma flow, but it can be used to provide an approximate value and hence used as a screening tool.", "contents": "Determination of renal plasma flow using the gamma scintillation camera. An experimental technique has been devised to determine effective renal plasma flow, using the gamma scintillation camera. This involves a computer analysis of the first 3 min of the renal histogram and does not require serum or urine collections. This technique is not sufficiently accurate to provide an exact value of plasma flow, but it can be used to provide an approximate value and hence used as a screening tool.", "PMID": 858662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12843", "title": "A new quantitative procedure for proteinuria.", "content": "Abnormalities of tubular cells were treated by administration of nephrotoxin and studied by specialized gel filtration methods to discern early quantitative and qualitative changes in proteinuria. Dogs given nephrotoxic doses of Diglycoaldehyde, alpha-(hydroxymethyl)-alpha1-(6-hydroxy-9H-purine-9-yl) 60 mg per kg per day intravenously, for 3 days showed a marked reduction in effective renal plasma flow from 264.91 +/- 90.05 ml per min to 125.0 +/- 19.0 ml per min as measured by 131I sodium iodohippurate, and corresponding decrease in total renal perfusion by 131I xenon wash-out from 222.2 +/- 8.6 to 124.0 +/- 28.38. However, after treating four dogs with 20 mg per kg, an increase in effective renal plasma flow was obtained. Histologic changes of glomerular and tubular damage were demonstrated. Urine from this same series of animals was examined on a daily basis by sucrose-acrylamide gradient gel centrifugation together with ultraviolet scanning. Specific patterns were also obtained using dialyzed urine which eliminated molecules greater than 3500 mol wt. The ultraviolet pattern data were digitized and analyzed on computers to augment pattern recognition. These techniques indicted that molecules (3500 mol wt or less) were excreted in response to a known nephrotoxic agent, establishing early distinctive changes in tubular cells and also relating to alteration in renal function.", "contents": "A new quantitative procedure for proteinuria. Abnormalities of tubular cells were treated by administration of nephrotoxin and studied by specialized gel filtration methods to discern early quantitative and qualitative changes in proteinuria. Dogs given nephrotoxic doses of Diglycoaldehyde, alpha-(hydroxymethyl)-alpha1-(6-hydroxy-9H-purine-9-yl) 60 mg per kg per day intravenously, for 3 days showed a marked reduction in effective renal plasma flow from 264.91 +/- 90.05 ml per min to 125.0 +/- 19.0 ml per min as measured by 131I sodium iodohippurate, and corresponding decrease in total renal perfusion by 131I xenon wash-out from 222.2 +/- 8.6 to 124.0 +/- 28.38. However, after treating four dogs with 20 mg per kg, an increase in effective renal plasma flow was obtained. Histologic changes of glomerular and tubular damage were demonstrated. Urine from this same series of animals was examined on a daily basis by sucrose-acrylamide gradient gel centrifugation together with ultraviolet scanning. Specific patterns were also obtained using dialyzed urine which eliminated molecules greater than 3500 mol wt. The ultraviolet pattern data were digitized and analyzed on computers to augment pattern recognition. These techniques indicted that molecules (3500 mol wt or less) were excreted in response to a known nephrotoxic agent, establishing early distinctive changes in tubular cells and also relating to alteration in renal function.", "PMID": 858663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12844", "title": "Comparison of the renal hemodynamic response to unilateral and bilateral ureteral occlusion.", "content": "The renal hemodynamic response to 24 hr of unilateral and bilateral ureteral occlusion was studied in female dogs. The renal blood flow rose initially and then decreased to be significantly below postobstruction levels in both models. After 24 hr, the ureteral pressure was elevated in bilateral ureteral obstruction but was near control levels in unilateral ureteral obstruction, implying increased preglomerular vascular resistance in unilateral ureteral obstruction and increased postglomerular vascular resistance in bilateral ureteral obstruction.", "contents": "Comparison of the renal hemodynamic response to unilateral and bilateral ureteral occlusion. The renal hemodynamic response to 24 hr of unilateral and bilateral ureteral occlusion was studied in female dogs. The renal blood flow rose initially and then decreased to be significantly below postobstruction levels in both models. After 24 hr, the ureteral pressure was elevated in bilateral ureteral obstruction but was near control levels in unilateral ureteral obstruction, implying increased preglomerular vascular resistance in unilateral ureteral obstruction and increased postglomerular vascular resistance in bilateral ureteral obstruction.", "PMID": 858664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12845", "title": "Dynamics of upper urinary tract. III. The activity of renal pelvis during pressure variations.", "content": "In one phase of an analysis of renal pelvis activity in pigs \"in vivo,\" controlled pressure changes were induced in the pelvis and electromyogram registrations were taken from both pelvis and ureter. Animals were anesthetized and the changes in intrapelvic pressure were effected by drainage or infusion via a catheter introduced into the pelvis through the parenchyma of the kidney. Frequency of pelvic activity increased temporarily under pressure increase and reduced temporarily under pressure fall. These phenomena were more emphatic when rapid pelvic pressure rise was induced by infusion. The observations lend weight to previous observations of changing pelvic activity during pressure and diuresis change, and also support the hypothesis that pelvic function is a stretch response, i.e., that the smooth muscle of the pelvis reacts just as does other smooth muscle. Observation of cessation in ureter activity during drainage while pelvic activity continues suggests that, under normal conditions, ureteric activity depends not on conduction of a pelvic impulse alone, but on a combination of such an impulse with a urine bolus.", "contents": "Dynamics of upper urinary tract. III. The activity of renal pelvis during pressure variations. In one phase of an analysis of renal pelvis activity in pigs \"in vivo,\" controlled pressure changes were induced in the pelvis and electromyogram registrations were taken from both pelvis and ureter. Animals were anesthetized and the changes in intrapelvic pressure were effected by drainage or infusion via a catheter introduced into the pelvis through the parenchyma of the kidney. Frequency of pelvic activity increased temporarily under pressure increase and reduced temporarily under pressure fall. These phenomena were more emphatic when rapid pelvic pressure rise was induced by infusion. The observations lend weight to previous observations of changing pelvic activity during pressure and diuresis change, and also support the hypothesis that pelvic function is a stretch response, i.e., that the smooth muscle of the pelvis reacts just as does other smooth muscle. Observation of cessation in ureter activity during drainage while pelvic activity continues suggests that, under normal conditions, ureteric activity depends not on conduction of a pelvic impulse alone, but on a combination of such an impulse with a urine bolus.", "PMID": 858665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12846", "title": "Ureteral muscle tone in prevention of vesicoureteral reflux.", "content": "Three experiments were devised to examine three aspects of the mechanism of the ureterovesical valve in dogs: muscle defects, orientation of muscle in the submucosal segment of the ureter, and the support afforded by the firm bladder base. The ureterovesical valve mechanism of the dog was found to be inefficient when the roof of the submucosal segment was denuded in situ of its muscle. The valve remained efficient when the extravesical ureter, with its circular and oblique arrangement of muscle, was substituted for the normal submucosal ureter with its longitudinally disposed muscle. The efficiency of the ureterovescial junction was not impaired by substituting a floating bed of bladder muscle for the firm platform of the bladder base in which it is normally embedded. The bladder muscle of the hiatus was not effective in the prevention of vesicoureteral reflux if the submucosal segment was rendered inefficient as a sphincter by excision of the muscle in its roof or by excision of the segment. Muscle in the submucosal segment, arranged in either longitudinal or circular fashion, was an effective activator of the mechanical valve. Presumably, the tonic action of the smooth muscle is the activator that ensures the efficiency of the one-way flow flap-trap regulator of the ureterovesical junction.", "contents": "Ureteral muscle tone in prevention of vesicoureteral reflux. Three experiments were devised to examine three aspects of the mechanism of the ureterovesical valve in dogs: muscle defects, orientation of muscle in the submucosal segment of the ureter, and the support afforded by the firm bladder base. The ureterovesical valve mechanism of the dog was found to be inefficient when the roof of the submucosal segment was denuded in situ of its muscle. The valve remained efficient when the extravesical ureter, with its circular and oblique arrangement of muscle, was substituted for the normal submucosal ureter with its longitudinally disposed muscle. The efficiency of the ureterovescial junction was not impaired by substituting a floating bed of bladder muscle for the firm platform of the bladder base in which it is normally embedded. The bladder muscle of the hiatus was not effective in the prevention of vesicoureteral reflux if the submucosal segment was rendered inefficient as a sphincter by excision of the muscle in its roof or by excision of the segment. Muscle in the submucosal segment, arranged in either longitudinal or circular fashion, was an effective activator of the mechanical valve. Presumably, the tonic action of the smooth muscle is the activator that ensures the efficiency of the one-way flow flap-trap regulator of the ureterovesical junction.", "PMID": 858666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12847", "title": "Urogenitodynamics of the male bladder neck. 1. During continence.", "content": "The dynamic behavior of the male bladder neck during urinary continence was studied by electromyography in dogs and rabbits. On vesical filling, increased electrical activity in the form of biphasic potentials was recorded from the anterolateral segment of the bladder neck. These biphasic potentials became more frequent and higher in voltage with further filling of the bladder. Concurrently, the posterior segment showed no significant electromyographic changes. These findings indicate muscular contraction of only the anterolateral part of the bladder neck during vesical filling. We conclude that the sphincteric function of the bladder neck during urinary continence is achieved by the active muscular contraction of its anterolateral segment. We postulate that the posterior segment is mainly concerned with the genital function of the bladder neck.", "contents": "Urogenitodynamics of the male bladder neck. 1. During continence. The dynamic behavior of the male bladder neck during urinary continence was studied by electromyography in dogs and rabbits. On vesical filling, increased electrical activity in the form of biphasic potentials was recorded from the anterolateral segment of the bladder neck. These biphasic potentials became more frequent and higher in voltage with further filling of the bladder. Concurrently, the posterior segment showed no significant electromyographic changes. These findings indicate muscular contraction of only the anterolateral part of the bladder neck during vesical filling. We conclude that the sphincteric function of the bladder neck during urinary continence is achieved by the active muscular contraction of its anterolateral segment. We postulate that the posterior segment is mainly concerned with the genital function of the bladder neck.", "PMID": 858667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12848", "title": "Particles produced during a mixed infection by two tobamoviruses contain coat proteins of both viruses.", "content": "Particles from plants mixedly infected with two tobamoviruses, whose particles differ in density, were all of a single, intermediate density, suggesting that they contain both coat proteins and that the proteins occur in the same proportion in all particles. Plants inoculated with the genome-containing particles of one of the tobamoviruses together with the noninfective, short, coat protein messenger-containing particles of the other yielded only particles with the density of the first;.there was no evidence of complementation.", "contents": "Particles produced during a mixed infection by two tobamoviruses contain coat proteins of both viruses. Particles from plants mixedly infected with two tobamoviruses, whose particles differ in density, were all of a single, intermediate density, suggesting that they contain both coat proteins and that the proteins occur in the same proportion in all particles. Plants inoculated with the genome-containing particles of one of the tobamoviruses together with the noninfective, short, coat protein messenger-containing particles of the other yielded only particles with the density of the first;.there was no evidence of complementation.", "PMID": 858668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12849", "title": "Characteristics of a live avian influenza virus.", "content": "Two avian influenza viruses were employed; a virulent wild-type (WT) parent and the cold variant (CV) which was an attenuated virus derived by genetic recombination at 25 C. The attenuated virus grows in embryonated eggs and chicken tracheal organ cultures. Infectious virus could be recovered from lung and turbinate. Infection with attenuated virus provided protection against infection with wild virus.", "contents": "Characteristics of a live avian influenza virus. Two avian influenza viruses were employed; a virulent wild-type (WT) parent and the cold variant (CV) which was an attenuated virus derived by genetic recombination at 25 C. The attenuated virus grows in embryonated eggs and chicken tracheal organ cultures. Infectious virus could be recovered from lung and turbinate. Infection with attenuated virus provided protection against infection with wild virus.", "PMID": 858670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12850", "title": "Life-cycle: simulating the problems of aging and the aged.", "content": "A review of the problems that led to the development of a social simulation game, entitled \"Life-Cycle\" and an explanation of the objectives of the game and how it is used in the training of health care personnel in geriatrics is presented. Additionally, the results of a controlled experimental evaluation of the game's impact upon participants in terms of change in emotional responses and attitudes toward the elderly is covered.", "contents": "Life-cycle: simulating the problems of aging and the aged. A review of the problems that led to the development of a social simulation game, entitled \"Life-Cycle\" and an explanation of the objectives of the game and how it is used in the training of health care personnel in geriatrics is presented. Additionally, the results of a controlled experimental evaluation of the game's impact upon participants in terms of change in emotional responses and attitudes toward the elderly is covered.", "PMID": 858671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12851", "title": "Health care planning and education via gaming-simulation: a two-stage experiment.", "content": "A two-stage process of gaming-simulation design was conducted: the first stage of design concerned national planning for hemophilia care; the second stage of design was for gaming-simulation concerning the problems of hemophilia patients and health care providers. The planning design was intended to be adaptable to large-scale planning for a variety of health care problems. The educational game was designed using data developed in designing the planning game. A broad range of policy-makers participated in the planning game.", "contents": "Health care planning and education via gaming-simulation: a two-stage experiment. A two-stage process of gaming-simulation design was conducted: the first stage of design concerned national planning for hemophilia care; the second stage of design was for gaming-simulation concerning the problems of hemophilia patients and health care providers. The planning design was intended to be adaptable to large-scale planning for a variety of health care problems. The educational game was designed using data developed in designing the planning game. A broad range of policy-makers participated in the planning game.", "PMID": 858672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12852", "title": "National nutrition planning in developing countries via gaming-simulation.", "content": "A nutrition game designed for the Food Policy and Nutrition Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations to aid in planning national nutrition education programs in Third World countries is described. The Simulated Nutrition System Game allows high-level ministerial staff in developing countries to discuss, via a common language created by SNUS I, the issues, problems, and complexities of national nutrition programs.", "contents": "National nutrition planning in developing countries via gaming-simulation. A nutrition game designed for the Food Policy and Nutrition Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations to aid in planning national nutrition education programs in Third World countries is described. The Simulated Nutrition System Game allows high-level ministerial staff in developing countries to discuss, via a common language created by SNUS I, the issues, problems, and complexities of national nutrition programs.", "PMID": 858673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12853", "title": "Cytochemical localization of adenylate cyclase activity in the theca folliculi of the mouse Graafian follicle.", "content": "The adenylate cyclase activity in the theca folliculi of the mouse Graafian follicle was investigated using the electron microscopic cytochemistry. Deposits of reaction product are recognized on the plasma membrane of the fibroblast, theca cell and transitional cell from the fibroblast-like cell to the theca cell (partially or incompletely differentiated theca cell) after incubation with adenylyl-imidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP) as an effective substrate for adenylate cyclase. This fact indicates that these cells have the receptor on the plasma membrane, and the adenylate cyclase-cyclic AMP system is important for the steroid secretion or the collagen fiber production. It is difficult to clarify by this method the relationship between the adenylate cyclase activity and the functional differentiation of the theca cell.", "contents": "Cytochemical localization of adenylate cyclase activity in the theca folliculi of the mouse Graafian follicle. The adenylate cyclase activity in the theca folliculi of the mouse Graafian follicle was investigated using the electron microscopic cytochemistry. Deposits of reaction product are recognized on the plasma membrane of the fibroblast, theca cell and transitional cell from the fibroblast-like cell to the theca cell (partially or incompletely differentiated theca cell) after incubation with adenylyl-imidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP) as an effective substrate for adenylate cyclase. This fact indicates that these cells have the receptor on the plasma membrane, and the adenylate cyclase-cyclic AMP system is important for the steroid secretion or the collagen fiber production. It is difficult to clarify by this method the relationship between the adenylate cyclase activity and the functional differentiation of the theca cell.", "PMID": 858674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12854", "title": "Dapsone for treatment of pruritic dermatitis (dermatitis herpetiformis and subcorneal pustular dermatosis) in dogs.", "content": "Pruritic dermatitis in 4 dogs was not responsive to treatment with corticosteroids and antibiotics. Histologic findings in 3 cases were suggestive of subcorneal pustular dermatosis, and those in the 4th case were compatible with dermatitis herpetiformis. All 4 dogs responded rapidly and completely to treatment with dapsone.", "contents": "Dapsone for treatment of pruritic dermatitis (dermatitis herpetiformis and subcorneal pustular dermatosis) in dogs. Pruritic dermatitis in 4 dogs was not responsive to treatment with corticosteroids and antibiotics. Histologic findings in 3 cases were suggestive of subcorneal pustular dermatosis, and those in the 4th case were compatible with dermatitis herpetiformis. All 4 dogs responded rapidly and completely to treatment with dapsone.", "PMID": 858685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12855", "title": "Ebstein's anomaly: a report of 3 cases in the dog.", "content": "Three young unrelated dogs were diagnosed as having the canine counterpart of Ebstein's anomaly, an eponymic term for a cardiac malformation in man. All of the dogs had systolic murmurs in the tricuspid area, and all had radiographic evidence of cardiac enlargement, particularly of the right atrium. Electrocardiography indicated atrial disease or right atrial enlargement and right ventricular conduction defects. The defect was confirmed by means of cardiac catheterization in all 3 dogs. Open heart surgery was performed on 2 of the dogs--plastic reconstruction of the tricuspid annulus and placement of a prosthetic valve in 1 and closure of an atrial septal defect in the other; both of these dogs died (1 day and 1 month after surgery).", "contents": "Ebstein's anomaly: a report of 3 cases in the dog. Three young unrelated dogs were diagnosed as having the canine counterpart of Ebstein's anomaly, an eponymic term for a cardiac malformation in man. All of the dogs had systolic murmurs in the tricuspid area, and all had radiographic evidence of cardiac enlargement, particularly of the right atrium. Electrocardiography indicated atrial disease or right atrial enlargement and right ventricular conduction defects. The defect was confirmed by means of cardiac catheterization in all 3 dogs. Open heart surgery was performed on 2 of the dogs--plastic reconstruction of the tricuspid annulus and placement of a prosthetic valve in 1 and closure of an atrial septal defect in the other; both of these dogs died (1 day and 1 month after surgery).", "PMID": 858686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12856", "title": "Adult heartworms in arteries and veins of a dog.", "content": "A 5-year-old terrier-type dog with a 3-week history of progressive lameness, swelling, and pain in the left hindlimb suddenly became paralyzed in the right hindlimb. Because of a poor prognosis, the dog was euthanatized. Necropsy revealed mature heartworms (Dirofilaria immitis) in the femoral arteries as well as in the right side of the heart and pulmonary arteries. Extensive ischemic necrosis in the muscles of the hindlimbs was attributed to occlusion of the femoral arteries by heartworms.", "contents": "Adult heartworms in arteries and veins of a dog. A 5-year-old terrier-type dog with a 3-week history of progressive lameness, swelling, and pain in the left hindlimb suddenly became paralyzed in the right hindlimb. Because of a poor prognosis, the dog was euthanatized. Necropsy revealed mature heartworms (Dirofilaria immitis) in the femoral arteries as well as in the right side of the heart and pulmonary arteries. Extensive ischemic necrosis in the muscles of the hindlimbs was attributed to occlusion of the femoral arteries by heartworms.", "PMID": 858687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12857", "title": "Cytology of normal and inflamed conjunctivas in dogs and cats.", "content": "Conjunctival scrapings from normal dogs and cats were compared with conjunctival scrapings from dogs and cats with conjunctivitis. Normal scrapings usually contained sheets of epithelial cells and small numbers of bacteria. Goblet cells were not seen unless the scraping was made from the fornix. In the absence of other signs of ocular disease, an occasional leukocyte was considered normal. The changes in scrapings from inflamed conjunctivas included increased numbers of degenerating epithelial cells, fibrin, inflammatory cells, bacteria, and inclusion bodies.", "contents": "Cytology of normal and inflamed conjunctivas in dogs and cats. Conjunctival scrapings from normal dogs and cats were compared with conjunctival scrapings from dogs and cats with conjunctivitis. Normal scrapings usually contained sheets of epithelial cells and small numbers of bacteria. Goblet cells were not seen unless the scraping was made from the fornix. In the absence of other signs of ocular disease, an occasional leukocyte was considered normal. The changes in scrapings from inflamed conjunctivas included increased numbers of degenerating epithelial cells, fibrin, inflammatory cells, bacteria, and inclusion bodies.", "PMID": 858688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12858", "title": "A re-examination of the biphasic theory of skeletal muscle growth.", "content": "Because of the importance of fibre diameter measurements it was decided to re-evaluate the biphasic theory of skeletal muscle growth and development. This theory proposes an initial memophasic distribution of muscle fibres which changes to a biphasic distribution during development. The theory is based on observations made on certain muscles in mice, where two distinct populations of fibre diameters (20 and 40 micronm) contribute to the biphasic distribution. In the present investigation corss sections of frozen biceps brachii of mice in rigor mortis were examined. The rigor state was used to avoid complications produced by thaw-rigor contraction. The diameters of the outermost and innermost fibres were found to be significantly different. However, if the outer and inner fibres were combined to form one group, no significant difference between this group and other random groups was found. The distributions of all groups were monophasic. The diameters of isolated fibres from mice and rats also displayed a monophasic distribution. This evidence leads to the conclusion that the biphasic theory of muscle growth is untenable. Some of the variables which may occur in fibre size and shape are discussed.", "contents": "A re-examination of the biphasic theory of skeletal muscle growth. Because of the importance of fibre diameter measurements it was decided to re-evaluate the biphasic theory of skeletal muscle growth and development. This theory proposes an initial memophasic distribution of muscle fibres which changes to a biphasic distribution during development. The theory is based on observations made on certain muscles in mice, where two distinct populations of fibre diameters (20 and 40 micronm) contribute to the biphasic distribution. In the present investigation corss sections of frozen biceps brachii of mice in rigor mortis were examined. The rigor state was used to avoid complications produced by thaw-rigor contraction. The diameters of the outermost and innermost fibres were found to be significantly different. However, if the outer and inner fibres were combined to form one group, no significant difference between this group and other random groups was found. The distributions of all groups were monophasic. The diameters of isolated fibres from mice and rats also displayed a monophasic distribution. This evidence leads to the conclusion that the biphasic theory of muscle growth is untenable. Some of the variables which may occur in fibre size and shape are discussed.", "PMID": 858691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12859", "title": "Histochemistry of blood and bone marrow cells  in pangolins.", "content": "Blood and bone marrow cells of pangolins have been examined histochemically. Sudanophilia, PAS positivity and acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase reactivity were confined to cells of the granulocytic and monocytic series, while peroxidase reactivity was confined to cells of the erythroid series. In this latter respect the pangolin is unique among mammals so far studied.", "contents": "Histochemistry of blood and bone marrow cells  in pangolins. Blood and bone marrow cells of pangolins have been examined histochemically. Sudanophilia, PAS positivity and acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase reactivity were confined to cells of the granulocytic and monocytic series, while peroxidase reactivity was confined to cells of the erythroid series. In this latter respect the pangolin is unique among mammals so far studied.", "PMID": 858692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12860", "title": "Stages of spermatids in the domestic fowl: a light microscope study using Araldite sections.", "content": "Ten stages in spermatid maturation have been identified in the testis of the domestic fowl, using Araldite-embedded material. Identification of stages 1-3 was dependent on the position of the idiosome and the proacrosome granule. Stages 4-8 were identified by the shape of the acrosome, shape and length of nucleus, and the shape of the cell, The presence of the manchette and the mitochondrial sheath helped identify stages 9 and 10. It is suggested that the identification of stages of spermatids in this manner may be of use in ascertaining whether or no a seminiferous epithelial cycle is present in this species.", "contents": "Stages of spermatids in the domestic fowl: a light microscope study using Araldite sections. Ten stages in spermatid maturation have been identified in the testis of the domestic fowl, using Araldite-embedded material. Identification of stages 1-3 was dependent on the position of the idiosome and the proacrosome granule. Stages 4-8 were identified by the shape of the acrosome, shape and length of nucleus, and the shape of the cell, The presence of the manchette and the mitochondrial sheath helped identify stages 9 and 10. It is suggested that the identification of stages of spermatids in this manner may be of use in ascertaining whether or no a seminiferous epithelial cycle is present in this species.", "PMID": 858693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12861", "title": "Experimental modification of muscle migration in the rabbit.", "content": "The insertion of the M. semimenbranosus was translocated distally through distances of 0, 5, 10, and 20 mm in 8 weeks old rabbits. Markers were placed in the bone to allow measurements of the distance that each muslce migrated during growth. Rabbits were sacrificed after 3 months. The results showed that the further distally a muscle is moved, the further it will migrate proximally during this time. This may indicate that there are factors other than, or in addition to, the growth of the bone that control migration.", "contents": "Experimental modification of muscle migration in the rabbit. The insertion of the M. semimenbranosus was translocated distally through distances of 0, 5, 10, and 20 mm in 8 weeks old rabbits. Markers were placed in the bone to allow measurements of the distance that each muslce migrated during growth. Rabbits were sacrificed after 3 months. The results showed that the further distally a muscle is moved, the further it will migrate proximally during this time. This may indicate that there are factors other than, or in addition to, the growth of the bone that control migration.", "PMID": 858694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12862", "title": "Contiguous allografts of male and female gonadal primordia in the rat.", "content": "Male and femal gonadal primordia from fetal rats were grafted in contiguity under the kidney capsule of normal, castrated and spayed adult host rats. Irrespective of the gonadal status of the host, growth and differentiation of primary overian follicles were suppressed when a fetal testis was grafted close to a fetal ovary. Instead, cystic or tubular structures developed, some of them containing atretic ova in their lumina. The testis grafts, on the other hand, always differentiated extremely well. This is supportive evidence for the concept that the early fetal testis elaborates a substance or substances which are capable or preventing proper development of follicles in ovarian primordia trasplanted next to them.", "contents": "Contiguous allografts of male and female gonadal primordia in the rat. Male and femal gonadal primordia from fetal rats were grafted in contiguity under the kidney capsule of normal, castrated and spayed adult host rats. Irrespective of the gonadal status of the host, growth and differentiation of primary overian follicles were suppressed when a fetal testis was grafted close to a fetal ovary. Instead, cystic or tubular structures developed, some of them containing atretic ova in their lumina. The testis grafts, on the other hand, always differentiated extremely well. This is supportive evidence for the concept that the early fetal testis elaborates a substance or substances which are capable or preventing proper development of follicles in ovarian primordia trasplanted next to them.", "PMID": 858695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12863", "title": "On the incremental lines in human dentine as revealed by tetracycline labeling.", "content": "Growth of human dentine was investigated in extracted permanent teeth exhibiting more than two tetracycline lines. It was concluded that: (1) The secretory activity of an odontoblast varies considerably during its life cycle, and likewise the rate of migration of the odontoblast cell body varies. Odontoblast secretion and migration as a general rule start slowly, reach a peak and then slow up as dentine production nears completion. (3) The activity of a particular odontoblast varies with the type of tooth with which it is associated and with its position within the tooth, as well as with the particular stage reached in its life cycle.", "contents": "On the incremental lines in human dentine as revealed by tetracycline labeling. Growth of human dentine was investigated in extracted permanent teeth exhibiting more than two tetracycline lines. It was concluded that: (1) The secretory activity of an odontoblast varies considerably during its life cycle, and likewise the rate of migration of the odontoblast cell body varies. Odontoblast secretion and migration as a general rule start slowly, reach a peak and then slow up as dentine production nears completion. (3) The activity of a particular odontoblast varies with the type of tooth with which it is associated and with its position within the tooth, as well as with the particular stage reached in its life cycle.", "PMID": 858696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12864", "title": "Tubulo-vascular relationships in the developing kidney.", "content": "The postnatal development of the tubulo-vascular relationships in the kidney was studied in 60 rats. The kidney is relatively immature at birth and only the juxtamedullary glomeruli are present. As their loops of Henle develop they grow down into the medulla around the previously developed collecting ducts, forming tubulovascular 'units' around whose periphery the shorter loops of the more peripheral glomeruli grow down. The bundles of vasa recta develop in loose interstitial tissue which lies between the tubulo-vascular units so that the peripheral vessels of the bundles, which are ascending vasa recta, lie in close relationship with the descending short loops of Henle. Thus, the vascular bundles do not form the central axis around which the medullary components develop but rather take up the available space left after the tubulo-vascular units have developed. Development is virtually complete by the fourth week of postnatal life.", "contents": "Tubulo-vascular relationships in the developing kidney. The postnatal development of the tubulo-vascular relationships in the kidney was studied in 60 rats. The kidney is relatively immature at birth and only the juxtamedullary glomeruli are present. As their loops of Henle develop they grow down into the medulla around the previously developed collecting ducts, forming tubulovascular 'units' around whose periphery the shorter loops of the more peripheral glomeruli grow down. The bundles of vasa recta develop in loose interstitial tissue which lies between the tubulo-vascular units so that the peripheral vessels of the bundles, which are ascending vasa recta, lie in close relationship with the descending short loops of Henle. Thus, the vascular bundles do not form the central axis around which the medullary components develop but rather take up the available space left after the tubulo-vascular units have developed. Development is virtually complete by the fourth week of postnatal life.", "PMID": 858697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12865", "title": "The surface of dog articular cartilage: a scanning electron microscope study.", "content": "The surface of dog articular cartilage attached to subchondral bone shows many humps on its surface when examined with the scanning electron microscope. The situation here contrasts with that in man and rabbit where large numbers of pits are seen of the surface. Such species variations cast doubts on the idea that pits and humps play a vital role in joint mechanics and lubrication. Ridges and undulations were not found in normal dog cartilage attached to bone, but complex systems of ridges did develop when the cartilage was cut or detached from bone.", "contents": "The surface of dog articular cartilage: a scanning electron microscope study. The surface of dog articular cartilage attached to subchondral bone shows many humps on its surface when examined with the scanning electron microscope. The situation here contrasts with that in man and rabbit where large numbers of pits are seen of the surface. Such species variations cast doubts on the idea that pits and humps play a vital role in joint mechanics and lubrication. Ridges and undulations were not found in normal dog cartilage attached to bone, but complex systems of ridges did develop when the cartilage was cut or detached from bone.", "PMID": 858698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12866", "title": "Determination of urethane in wines by gas-liquid chromatography and its confirmation by mass spectrometry.", "content": "A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC)-mass spectral (MS) method for the determination and confirmation of urethane in wines has been developed. Analyses of domestic and imported wines indicated urethane to be present at levels ranging from 1 to 20 microng/L. Recoveries of urethane from wines fortified at 10 ppb (microng/L) ranged from 50 to 100% with an average value of 71%. GLC-MS was used to confirm the identity of urethane in wine extracts in which GLC indicated the presence of urethane.", "contents": "Determination of urethane in wines by gas-liquid chromatography and its confirmation by mass spectrometry. A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC)-mass spectral (MS) method for the determination and confirmation of urethane in wines has been developed. Analyses of domestic and imported wines indicated urethane to be present at levels ranging from 1 to 20 microng/L. Recoveries of urethane from wines fortified at 10 ppb (microng/L) ranged from 50 to 100% with an average value of 71%. GLC-MS was used to confirm the identity of urethane in wine extracts in which GLC indicated the presence of urethane.", "PMID": 858699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12867", "title": "Rapid spectrophotometric determination of ascorbic acid in citrus fruits.", "content": "A new spectrophotometric method has been developed for determining ascorbic acid in citrus fruits. The method is based on interaction between dimethoxydiquinone and ascorbic acid, followed by extraction with chloroform. The resulting chloroform solution gives a maximum absorption at 530 nm, a determination limit of 22.0 microng/ml, and a linear range from 22.0 to 97.5 microng/ml. The molar absorptivity of the chloroform solution was 1.62 x 10(3). The reaction was quantitative over the pH range from 3.0 to 7.0. Ascorbic acid in citrus fruits was successfully determined by this method. Comparison of results with those obtained by using the AOAC method showed excellent agreement; the average recovery for the analysis of orange, grapefruit, and lemon juices was 100 +/- 0.3%.", "contents": "Rapid spectrophotometric determination of ascorbic acid in citrus fruits. A new spectrophotometric method has been developed for determining ascorbic acid in citrus fruits. The method is based on interaction between dimethoxydiquinone and ascorbic acid, followed by extraction with chloroform. The resulting chloroform solution gives a maximum absorption at 530 nm, a determination limit of 22.0 microng/ml, and a linear range from 22.0 to 97.5 microng/ml. The molar absorptivity of the chloroform solution was 1.62 x 10(3). The reaction was quantitative over the pH range from 3.0 to 7.0. Ascorbic acid in citrus fruits was successfully determined by this method. Comparison of results with those obtained by using the AOAC method showed excellent agreement; the average recovery for the analysis of orange, grapefruit, and lemon juices was 100 +/- 0.3%.", "PMID": 858700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12868", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic headspace technique for determination of vinyl chloride in corn oil and three food-simulating solvents.", "content": "A gas-liquid chromatographic headspace technique for the determination of vinyl chloride (VC) in corn oil, 50% ethanol, 3% acetic acid, and n-heptane is described. These food-simulating solvents and the corn oil are placed in septum-sealed bottles and heated to 90 degrees C, and aliquots of headspace vapor are injected into a gas-liquid chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector. VC may be quantitated at concentrations of 1 ppb  or less. This technique was used to measure the migration of VC into corn oil and 50% ethanol from 2 unplasticized polyvinyl chloride sheets containing 0.28 and 0.44 ppm residual monomer.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic headspace technique for determination of vinyl chloride in corn oil and three food-simulating solvents. A gas-liquid chromatographic headspace technique for the determination of vinyl chloride (VC) in corn oil, 50% ethanol, 3% acetic acid, and n-heptane is described. These food-simulating solvents and the corn oil are placed in septum-sealed bottles and heated to 90 degrees C, and aliquots of headspace vapor are injected into a gas-liquid chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector. VC may be quantitated at concentrations of 1 ppb  or less. This technique was used to measure the migration of VC into corn oil and 50% ethanol from 2 unplasticized polyvinyl chloride sheets containing 0.28 and 0.44 ppm residual monomer.", "PMID": 858701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12869", "title": "Mass spectral coding technique for identification of drugs and related compounds in reference compendia.", "content": "A modification of the spectral abbreviation technique originally described by Hites and Biemann is proposed for identifying compounds through a coding of mass spectral data. Data from 2 closely related compounds (trimethadione and paramethadione), acquired by using 3 instruments, are presented. The technique appears to overcome observed differences in low resolution spectra when the same compound is analyzed by electron impact on mass spectrometers differing in design, manufacturer, principle of ion separation,, and operator. A list of spectra coded by this technique could constitute a rapid manual system of reproducing mass spectral data, using the significant high mass ions of low abundance as well as the frequently more abundant lower mass ions. This system is compared with existing systems.", "contents": "Mass spectral coding technique for identification of drugs and related compounds in reference compendia. A modification of the spectral abbreviation technique originally described by Hites and Biemann is proposed for identifying compounds through a coding of mass spectral data. Data from 2 closely related compounds (trimethadione and paramethadione), acquired by using 3 instruments, are presented. The technique appears to overcome observed differences in low resolution spectra when the same compound is analyzed by electron impact on mass spectrometers differing in design, manufacturer, principle of ion separation,, and operator. A list of spectra coded by this technique could constitute a rapid manual system of reproducing mass spectral data, using the significant high mass ions of low abundance as well as the frequently more abundant lower mass ions. This system is compared with existing systems.", "PMID": 858702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12870", "title": "Spectroscopic and chromatographic identification of dimethylamphetamines.", "content": "The qualitative analysis of the 6 isomeric dimethylamphetamines (both methyl groups on the aromatic ring) is described. Their ultraviolet, mass, and proton magnetic resonance spectra are similar, but infrared spectra allow a positive identification to be made, and reference spectra are provided. Melting point and gas-liquid and thin layer chromatographic data are also presented.", "contents": "Spectroscopic and chromatographic identification of dimethylamphetamines. The qualitative analysis of the 6 isomeric dimethylamphetamines (both methyl groups on the aromatic ring) is described. Their ultraviolet, mass, and proton magnetic resonance spectra are similar, but infrared spectra allow a positive identification to be made, and reference spectra are provided. Melting point and gas-liquid and thin layer chromatographic data are also presented.", "PMID": 858703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12871", "title": "Confirming heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide in food samples by gas-liquid chromatography of their photoderivates.", "content": "The food sample extract is cleaned up on a Florisil column and the 6% ethyl ether in petroleum ether cluate is subjected to repeated concentrations, using a micro-Snyder column, to expel volatile materials that absorb ultraviolet (UV) light. The sample and standard solutions of heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide are placed in quartz cells and exposed to UV radiation in the dark. Characteristic photoderivatives of the respective pesticides which form in the sample extract are identified and measured by comparison with those formed in the irradiated standard solutions, using electron capture gas-liquid chromatography. Recoveries of the 2 pesticides from 13 products, fortified at levels from 0.01 to 0.3 ppm and determined after derivatization, ranged from 67 to 110%.", "contents": "Confirming heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide in food samples by gas-liquid chromatography of their photoderivates. The food sample extract is cleaned up on a Florisil column and the 6% ethyl ether in petroleum ether cluate is subjected to repeated concentrations, using a micro-Snyder column, to expel volatile materials that absorb ultraviolet (UV) light. The sample and standard solutions of heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide are placed in quartz cells and exposed to UV radiation in the dark. Characteristic photoderivatives of the respective pesticides which form in the sample extract are identified and measured by comparison with those formed in the irradiated standard solutions, using electron capture gas-liquid chromatography. Recoveries of the 2 pesticides from 13 products, fortified at levels from 0.01 to 0.3 ppm and determined after derivatization, ranged from 67 to 110%.", "PMID": 858704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12872", "title": "Aluminum oxide cleanup of feed grade fats for residues of dieldrin.", "content": "A method is described for the analysis of dieldrin in feed grade fats. Fat samples in petroleum ether are cleaned up by column chromatography on 10% deactivated aluminum oxide followed by Florisil and analyzed by electron capture gas chromatography. Fourteen laboratories tested the method for determining dieldrin in naturally contaminated feed grade fats. Recoveries averaged greater than 90% with a coefficient of variation of 13% (0.54 ppm +/- 0.07), indicating that the method is sufficiently reproducible to be used by different laboratories for detecting dieldrin in feed grade fats.", "contents": "Aluminum oxide cleanup of feed grade fats for residues of dieldrin. A method is described for the analysis of dieldrin in feed grade fats. Fat samples in petroleum ether are cleaned up by column chromatography on 10% deactivated aluminum oxide followed by Florisil and analyzed by electron capture gas chromatography. Fourteen laboratories tested the method for determining dieldrin in naturally contaminated feed grade fats. Recoveries averaged greater than 90% with a coefficient of variation of 13% (0.54 ppm +/- 0.07), indicating that the method is sufficiently reproducible to be used by different laboratories for detecting dieldrin in feed grade fats.", "PMID": 858705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12873", "title": "Ultraviolet determination of chlordimeform in cattle dipping baths and sprays.", "content": "A simple and reliable method has been developed for determining chlordimeform. A preliminary cleanup converts chlordimeform to its hydrochloride and removes ultraviolet-absorbing impurities. The aqueous acid phase containing chlordimeform. HCL is diluted and passed through a silica gel column. The column efflucent is used as the reference solution and a portion not eluted through silica gel is used as the sample solution in the spectrophotometer. The absorbance at 240 nm is measured, and chlordimeform concentration is determined from the calibration graph. The method applied to solutions of acaricides gives good results in the range of 0.02-0.06% w/v chlordimeform; higher concentrations may be determined by appropriate dilution.", "contents": "Ultraviolet determination of chlordimeform in cattle dipping baths and sprays. A simple and reliable method has been developed for determining chlordimeform. A preliminary cleanup converts chlordimeform to its hydrochloride and removes ultraviolet-absorbing impurities. The aqueous acid phase containing chlordimeform. HCL is diluted and passed through a silica gel column. The column efflucent is used as the reference solution and a portion not eluted through silica gel is used as the sample solution in the spectrophotometer. The absorbance at 240 nm is measured, and chlordimeform concentration is determined from the calibration graph. The method applied to solutions of acaricides gives good results in the range of 0.02-0.06% w/v chlordimeform; higher concentrations may be determined by appropriate dilution.", "PMID": 858706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12874", "title": "Gas chromatographic determination of residual methylene chloride and trichloroethylene in decaffeinated instant and ground coffee with electrolytic conductivity and electron capture detection.", "content": "A method is described for the quantitative determination of residual methylene chloride (MC) and trichloroethylene (TCE) in decaffeinated instant and ground roasted coffees. The residual solvents were isolated by a closed system vacuum distillation technique with toluene as a carrier solvent, chromatographed on Chromosorb 102, detected by both electron capture and electrolytic conductivity detectors, and quantitated by comparison with an internal standard. Average recoveries of MC from instant and ground coffees spiked at 1, 10, and 25 ppm were 100.0 (88-113), 93.2 (92-95), and 97.7% (94-102%); and for TCE, 97.2 (92-101), 96.2 (95-99), and 96.5% (92-100%), respectively. The results from both detectors are compared. At lower attenuations, levels less than 1 ppm can be readily measured. The procedure developed was applied to domestic and imported coffee samples.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic determination of residual methylene chloride and trichloroethylene in decaffeinated instant and ground coffee with electrolytic conductivity and electron capture detection. A method is described for the quantitative determination of residual methylene chloride (MC) and trichloroethylene (TCE) in decaffeinated instant and ground roasted coffees. The residual solvents were isolated by a closed system vacuum distillation technique with toluene as a carrier solvent, chromatographed on Chromosorb 102, detected by both electron capture and electrolytic conductivity detectors, and quantitated by comparison with an internal standard. Average recoveries of MC from instant and ground coffees spiked at 1, 10, and 25 ppm were 100.0 (88-113), 93.2 (92-95), and 97.7% (94-102%); and for TCE, 97.2 (92-101), 96.2 (95-99), and 96.5% (92-100%), respectively. The results from both detectors are compared. At lower attenuations, levels less than 1 ppm can be readily measured. The procedure developed was applied to domestic and imported coffee samples.", "PMID": 858707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12875", "title": "Aflatoxins in Egyptian foodstuffs.", "content": "Six samples each of wheat, corn, lentils, beans, fenugreek, peanuts, and cottonseed cake from various areas of Egypt were analyzed for aflatoxins both at the time of collection and after 12 months' storage. Aflatoxin was found at low levels (3 to 12 ppb total aflatoxins in 14 of 42 samples, as follows: 1 sample each of corn, lentils, and beans; 2 peanut samples; 3 fenugreek samples; and 6 cottonseed cake samples. None of the samples contained aflatoxins above 11.7 ppb.", "contents": "Aflatoxins in Egyptian foodstuffs. Six samples each of wheat, corn, lentils, beans, fenugreek, peanuts, and cottonseed cake from various areas of Egypt were analyzed for aflatoxins both at the time of collection and after 12 months' storage. Aflatoxin was found at low levels (3 to 12 ppb total aflatoxins in 14 of 42 samples, as follows: 1 sample each of corn, lentils, and beans; 2 peanut samples; 3 fenugreek samples; and 6 cottonseed cake samples. None of the samples contained aflatoxins above 11.7 ppb.", "PMID": 858708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12876", "title": "Radiologic diagnosis of loosening and infection in hip prostheses.", "content": "Unexplained pain following prosthetic replacement of the hip should be evaluated by a review of serial plain radiographs, hip aspiration and arthrography. The distinction between infection and loosening cannot be established on plain films. The preoperative diagnosis of infection and/or loosening should be attempted by hip aspiration and arthrography. Neither of the latter studies is definitive but in combination they correlate well with the surgical findings.", "contents": "Radiologic diagnosis of loosening and infection in hip prostheses. Unexplained pain following prosthetic replacement of the hip should be evaluated by a review of serial plain radiographs, hip aspiration and arthrography. The distinction between infection and loosening cannot be established on plain films. The preoperative diagnosis of infection and/or loosening should be attempted by hip aspiration and arthrography. Neither of the latter studies is definitive but in combination they correlate well with the surgical findings.", "PMID": 858735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12877", "title": "Suprahepatic membranous obstruction of inferior vena cava.", "content": "A case of suprahepatic membranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava is presented. A congenital anomaly of the Eustachian valve with superimposed thrombosis is the probable cause. The diagnosis is made by cavography.", "contents": "Suprahepatic membranous obstruction of inferior vena cava. A case of suprahepatic membranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava is presented. A congenital anomaly of the Eustachian valve with superimposed thrombosis is the probable cause. The diagnosis is made by cavography.", "PMID": 858736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12878", "title": "[Direct image of hepatic lipoma].", "content": "The authors report an unusual case of hepatic lipoma the originality of which consists in the demonstration on the radiograph of a large translucid image in the hepatic area suggestive of a lipoma.", "contents": "[Direct image of hepatic lipoma]. The authors report an unusual case of hepatic lipoma the originality of which consists in the demonstration on the radiograph of a large translucid image in the hepatic area suggestive of a lipoma.", "PMID": 858737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12879", "title": "An aid to knee arthrography.", "content": "Towels, intravenous pyelogram compression device, and fluoroscopy with phototimed, small focal spot-filming allow for simple, virtually foolproof knee arthrograms in real time.", "contents": "An aid to knee arthrography. Towels, intravenous pyelogram compression device, and fluoroscopy with phototimed, small focal spot-filming allow for simple, virtually foolproof knee arthrograms in real time.", "PMID": 858739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12880", "title": "Dissecting aneurysm of the cavernous portion of the internal carotid artery.", "content": "A case of dissecting aneurysm involving the cavernous portion of the internal carotid artery, a site not previously described, is presented. The dissection was presumed due to arteriosclerosis and was complicated by a carotid-cavernous sinus fistula.", "contents": "Dissecting aneurysm of the cavernous portion of the internal carotid artery. A case of dissecting aneurysm involving the cavernous portion of the internal carotid artery, a site not previously described, is presented. The dissection was presumed due to arteriosclerosis and was complicated by a carotid-cavernous sinus fistula.", "PMID": 858738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12881", "title": "Chitinous fibrils in the lorica of the flagellate chrysophyte Poteriochromonas stipitata (syn. Ochromonas malhamensis).", "content": "Ordered microfibrils are formed on the membrane of the cytoplasmic tail of the alga Poteriochromonas after attachment to a substrate. The ultrastructure of native and extracted stalk fibrils was studied with electron microscope methods. In addition, the structural polysaccharide was characterized by hydrolyses, separation of the monomers by thin-layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography and amino acid analysis, and by X-ray diffraction. The alkali-resistant fibrils yielded mostly glucosamine upon extensive hydrolysis, and showed X-ray diffraction patterns similar to those of fugal chitin. It is concluded that the resistant core of the fibrils is chitinous.", "contents": "Chitinous fibrils in the lorica of the flagellate chrysophyte Poteriochromonas stipitata (syn. Ochromonas malhamensis). Ordered microfibrils are formed on the membrane of the cytoplasmic tail of the alga Poteriochromonas after attachment to a substrate. The ultrastructure of native and extracted stalk fibrils was studied with electron microscope methods. In addition, the structural polysaccharide was characterized by hydrolyses, separation of the monomers by thin-layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography and amino acid analysis, and by X-ray diffraction. The alkali-resistant fibrils yielded mostly glucosamine upon extensive hydrolysis, and showed X-ray diffraction patterns similar to those of fugal chitin. It is concluded that the resistant core of the fibrils is chitinous.", "PMID": 858740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12882", "title": "Biosynthesis and axonal transport of rat neurohypophysial proteins and peptides.", "content": "35S-cysteine injected adjacent to the supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the rat is rapidly incorporated into proteins. These 35S-cysteine-labeled proteins in the SON (1-24 h after injection) were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the distribution of radioactive proteins on the gels was analyzed. 1 h after injection, about 73% of the radioactivity appeared in two peaks (both about 20,000 mol wt). With time, these peaks (putative precursors of neurophysin) decreased, as a 12,000 mol wt peak (containing two distinct neurophysins) increased in radioactivity. Both the 20,000- and 12,000-mol wt proteins are transported into the axonal (median eminence) and nerve terminal (posterior pituitary) regions of the rat hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system. Conversion of the larger precursor protein to the smaller neurophysin appears to occur, in large part, intra-axonally during axonal transport. Six distinct 35S-cysteine-labeled peptides (less than 2500 mol wt), in addition to arginine vasopressin and oxytocin, are also synthesized in the SON and transported to the posterior pituitary where they are released together with labeled neurophysin by potassium depolarization in the presence of extracellular calcium. These data provide support for the hypothesis that the neurohypophysial peptides (vasopressin and oxytocin) and neurophysins are derived from the post-translational clevage of protein precursors synthesized in the SON, and that the conversion process can occur in the neurosecretory granule during axonal transport.", "contents": "Biosynthesis and axonal transport of rat neurohypophysial proteins and peptides. 35S-cysteine injected adjacent to the supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the rat is rapidly incorporated into proteins. These 35S-cysteine-labeled proteins in the SON (1-24 h after injection) were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the distribution of radioactive proteins on the gels was analyzed. 1 h after injection, about 73% of the radioactivity appeared in two peaks (both about 20,000 mol wt). With time, these peaks (putative precursors of neurophysin) decreased, as a 12,000 mol wt peak (containing two distinct neurophysins) increased in radioactivity. Both the 20,000- and 12,000-mol wt proteins are transported into the axonal (median eminence) and nerve terminal (posterior pituitary) regions of the rat hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system. Conversion of the larger precursor protein to the smaller neurophysin appears to occur, in large part, intra-axonally during axonal transport. Six distinct 35S-cysteine-labeled peptides (less than 2500 mol wt), in addition to arginine vasopressin and oxytocin, are also synthesized in the SON and transported to the posterior pituitary where they are released together with labeled neurophysin by potassium depolarization in the presence of extracellular calcium. These data provide support for the hypothesis that the neurohypophysial peptides (vasopressin and oxytocin) and neurophysins are derived from the post-translational clevage of protein precursors synthesized in the SON, and that the conversion process can occur in the neurosecretory granule during axonal transport.", "PMID": 858741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12883", "title": "Ribosome processing in HeLa cells. Studies on structural aspects of precursor and mature ribosomes.", "content": "Mature ribosomes, their subunits, and their ribonucleoprotein precursors were extracted from HeLa cells and prepared for electron microscopy by a method based on adsorption of nucleic acid to a charged grid. Images so obtained revealed the presence of two types of ribonuclease-sensitive fibrils of consistent morphology. One of these types of fibril is present on the 80S and 55S nucleolar ribonucleoprotein precursors and the mature 60S subunit. The other type is restricted to the 80S precursor. The morphology of the fibrils and their distribution in the various preparations suggest identification with known secondary structural features of isolated pre-rRNA.", "contents": "Ribosome processing in HeLa cells. Studies on structural aspects of precursor and mature ribosomes. Mature ribosomes, their subunits, and their ribonucleoprotein precursors were extracted from HeLa cells and prepared for electron microscopy by a method based on adsorption of nucleic acid to a charged grid. Images so obtained revealed the presence of two types of ribonuclease-sensitive fibrils of consistent morphology. One of these types of fibril is present on the 80S and 55S nucleolar ribonucleoprotein precursors and the mature 60S subunit. The other type is restricted to the 80S precursor. The morphology of the fibrils and their distribution in the various preparations suggest identification with known secondary structural features of isolated pre-rRNA.", "PMID": 858742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12884", "title": "Basal lamina of embryonic salivary epithelia. Production by the epithelium and role in maintaining lobular morphology.", "content": "The role of the basal lamina in maintaining the normal morphology of mouse embryo submandibular epithelia was assessed by examining its production as well as the cellular and organ culture changes associated with its removal and replacement. The lamina was removed from epithelia isolated free of mesenchyme by brief treatment with testicular hyaluronidase in the absence of calcium. The treatment causes rounding-up of the cells, loss of cellular cohesion, appearance of microvilli, and changes in the organization of cytoskeletal structures. The lamina is not removed and the cellular alterations do not occur in the absence of hyaluronidase in calcium-free medium or when both enzyme and calcium are present, possibly because digestion of chondroitin sulfate, a component of the lamina, is inhibited by calcium. Within 2 h after treatment, in the absence of mesenchyme or biological substrata, the epithelia deposits a new lamina, which is identical by several criteria to the preexisting lamina, and reverses the cellular alterations. Epithelia treated with hyaluronidase lose lobular morphology during culture with mesenchyme. Delaying culture with mesenchyme, to allow restoration of the lamina and of normal cellular architecture, prevents the loss of lobular morphology. The results indicate that the basal lamina imposes morphologic stability on the epithelium, while the mesenchyme apparently affects processes involved in changes in morphology, possibly by selective degradation of the basal lamina.", "contents": "Basal lamina of embryonic salivary epithelia. Production by the epithelium and role in maintaining lobular morphology. The role of the basal lamina in maintaining the normal morphology of mouse embryo submandibular epithelia was assessed by examining its production as well as the cellular and organ culture changes associated with its removal and replacement. The lamina was removed from epithelia isolated free of mesenchyme by brief treatment with testicular hyaluronidase in the absence of calcium. The treatment causes rounding-up of the cells, loss of cellular cohesion, appearance of microvilli, and changes in the organization of cytoskeletal structures. The lamina is not removed and the cellular alterations do not occur in the absence of hyaluronidase in calcium-free medium or when both enzyme and calcium are present, possibly because digestion of chondroitin sulfate, a component of the lamina, is inhibited by calcium. Within 2 h after treatment, in the absence of mesenchyme or biological substrata, the epithelia deposits a new lamina, which is identical by several criteria to the preexisting lamina, and reverses the cellular alterations. Epithelia treated with hyaluronidase lose lobular morphology during culture with mesenchyme. Delaying culture with mesenchyme, to allow restoration of the lamina and of normal cellular architecture, prevents the loss of lobular morphology. The results indicate that the basal lamina imposes morphologic stability on the epithelium, while the mesenchyme apparently affects processes involved in changes in morphology, possibly by selective degradation of the basal lamina.", "PMID": 858743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12885", "title": "Enzyme-selective detector systems for high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "This paper describes the performance of absorbance and fluorescence detectors in two configurations of post-column reactors for selectively detecting and quantitating isonenzymes eluted form a high-pressure liquid chromatography column. Superb resolution of the isoenzymes of lactic dehydrogenase is illustrated by the use of new ion-exchange materials.", "contents": "Enzyme-selective detector systems for high-pressure liquid chromatography. This paper describes the performance of absorbance and fluorescence detectors in two configurations of post-column reactors for selectively detecting and quantitating isonenzymes eluted form a high-pressure liquid chromatography column. Superb resolution of the isoenzymes of lactic dehydrogenase is illustrated by the use of new ion-exchange materials.", "PMID": 858758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12886", "title": "Epoxide-diol metabolic pathway of cytenamide in the rat.", "content": "Cytenamide administered intraperitoneally to rats is biotransformed to cytenamide-10,11-epoxide and 10,11-dihydro-10,11-dihydroxycytenamide. These metabolites were separated by chromatographic methods and their structures elucidated by mass spectrometry. The structure of the epoxide was confirmed by direct comparison with an authentic sample. The formation of a chemical artifact, cytenamide-syn-11-hydroxylactone, in the urine was observed. The formation of these metabolites in vitro was demonstrated by incubation of cytenamide with rat liver microsomes.", "contents": "Epoxide-diol metabolic pathway of cytenamide in the rat. Cytenamide administered intraperitoneally to rats is biotransformed to cytenamide-10,11-epoxide and 10,11-dihydro-10,11-dihydroxycytenamide. These metabolites were separated by chromatographic methods and their structures elucidated by mass spectrometry. The structure of the epoxide was confirmed by direct comparison with an authentic sample. The formation of a chemical artifact, cytenamide-syn-11-hydroxylactone, in the urine was observed. The formation of these metabolites in vitro was demonstrated by incubation of cytenamide with rat liver microsomes.", "PMID": 858759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12887", "title": "Simultaneous determination of cis-trans isomeric retinals by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of geometric isomers of retinal in a mixture has been developed. The method can be applied to problems such as determination of optimal conditions for the preparation of a particular isomer, or the investigation of novel photoproducts from retinal. Aprotic solvent effects on cis-trans isomerization are discussed.", "contents": "Simultaneous determination of cis-trans isomeric retinals by high-performance liquid chromatography. A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of geometric isomers of retinal in a mixture has been developed. The method can be applied to problems such as determination of optimal conditions for the preparation of a particular isomer, or the investigation of novel photoproducts from retinal. Aprotic solvent effects on cis-trans isomerization are discussed.", "PMID": 858760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12888", "title": "Preparation of trimethylsilyl derivatives of thiamphenicol.", "content": "The silylation of thiamphenicol has been investigated. Treatment of thiamphenicol with hexamethyldisilazane or N-trimethylsilylimidazole, either alone or in the presence of trimethylchlorosilane, in acetonitrile or pyridine yields the bis(trimethylsily) (TMS) ether derivative. These procedures, however, cause to some extent the formation of 1-(p-methylsulphonylphenyl)-2-monochloroacetamido-1,3-propanediol. Silylation with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide gives, depending on the solvent used, the mono-, bis- and tris-TMS derivatives.", "contents": "Preparation of trimethylsilyl derivatives of thiamphenicol. The silylation of thiamphenicol has been investigated. Treatment of thiamphenicol with hexamethyldisilazane or N-trimethylsilylimidazole, either alone or in the presence of trimethylchlorosilane, in acetonitrile or pyridine yields the bis(trimethylsily) (TMS) ether derivative. These procedures, however, cause to some extent the formation of 1-(p-methylsulphonylphenyl)-2-monochloroacetamido-1,3-propanediol. Silylation with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide gives, depending on the solvent used, the mono-, bis- and tris-TMS derivatives.", "PMID": 858761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12889", "title": "Gas chromatographic determination of some chlorothyl phthalimide compounds.", "content": "The use of small-bore glass columns packed with low liquid-phase-loaded insert supports has provided the capability for the separation and quantitative determination of a series of chloroethyl phthalimides. Compounds such as N-(2-chlorovinyl) and N-(1,2-DICHLOROETHYL) PHTHALIMIDE HAVE BEEN MEASURED WITH A RELATIVE STANDARD DEVIATION OF NO MORE THAN 1.4%. The N-(1-chloroethyl) phthalimide compound is not stable even in thisinert system, but it can be stabilized by the room temperature preparation of the N-(1-ethoxyethyl) phthalimide derivative. Methods of standards preparation, calibration, and analysis of N-(1,2-dichloroethyl) phthalimide reaction mixtures are presented.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic determination of some chlorothyl phthalimide compounds. The use of small-bore glass columns packed with low liquid-phase-loaded insert supports has provided the capability for the separation and quantitative determination of a series of chloroethyl phthalimides. Compounds such as N-(2-chlorovinyl) and N-(1,2-DICHLOROETHYL) PHTHALIMIDE HAVE BEEN MEASURED WITH A RELATIVE STANDARD DEVIATION OF NO MORE THAN 1.4%. The N-(1-chloroethyl) phthalimide compound is not stable even in thisinert system, but it can be stabilized by the room temperature preparation of the N-(1-ethoxyethyl) phthalimide derivative. Methods of standards preparation, calibration, and analysis of N-(1,2-dichloroethyl) phthalimide reaction mixtures are presented.", "PMID": 858762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12890", "title": "Combined gas-liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of pemoline in biological samples.", "content": "A description is given of a gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method for the detection and determination of pemoline in biological samples. On treatment with hydrochloric acid, pemoline is converted into 5-phenyl-2,4-dioxooxazolidine, an acidic compound, which can be easily extracted with dichloromethane and determined by GLC. A combined GLC-mass spectrometric method is described.", "contents": "Combined gas-liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of pemoline in biological samples. A description is given of a gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method for the detection and determination of pemoline in biological samples. On treatment with hydrochloric acid, pemoline is converted into 5-phenyl-2,4-dioxooxazolidine, an acidic compound, which can be easily extracted with dichloromethane and determined by GLC. A combined GLC-mass spectrometric method is described.", "PMID": 858763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12891", "title": "Gas chromatographic determination of sulphur compounds in town gas.", "content": "The gas chromatographic (GC) determination of the sulphur compounds in town gas (in the Nagoya area) was studied by using a flame-photometric detector (FPD) and the cold-trap method with liquid oxygen. The column packings used were 25% TCEP on Shimalite (AW, DMCS), 25% TCP on Shimalite (AW, DMCS), 10% PPE on Shimalite TPA, Porapak Q and silica gel. The major components identified were carbonyl sulphide, hydrogen sulphide, carbon disulphide, thiophene and tetrahydrothiophene (THT). The identities of thiophene and THT were also confirmed by GC combined with the use of a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The average concentrations and standard deviations of thiophene and THT were 8.8 +/- 1.8and 124 +/- 35 ng per 0.051, respectively. The latter value corresponds to 0.7 ppm, which is relatively high for the concentration of an odorant.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic determination of sulphur compounds in town gas. The gas chromatographic (GC) determination of the sulphur compounds in town gas (in the Nagoya area) was studied by using a flame-photometric detector (FPD) and the cold-trap method with liquid oxygen. The column packings used were 25% TCEP on Shimalite (AW, DMCS), 25% TCP on Shimalite (AW, DMCS), 10% PPE on Shimalite TPA, Porapak Q and silica gel. The major components identified were carbonyl sulphide, hydrogen sulphide, carbon disulphide, thiophene and tetrahydrothiophene (THT). The identities of thiophene and THT were also confirmed by GC combined with the use of a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The average concentrations and standard deviations of thiophene and THT were 8.8 +/- 1.8and 124 +/- 35 ng per 0.051, respectively. The latter value corresponds to 0.7 ppm, which is relatively high for the concentration of an odorant.", "PMID": 858764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12892", "title": "Simple ureas derived from diisocyanates and their liquid chromatography on a 5-cm column.", "content": "Aliphatic and aromatic diisocyanates were converted to ureas by a chromophoric derivatizing reagent. The ureas were isolated in the pure form characterized by various methods including nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. A chromatographic analytical separation of the urea test solutions was established. The method was used to demonstrate the derivatization of the isocyanates and direct determination of the produced ureas from the reaction mixture.", "contents": "Simple ureas derived from diisocyanates and their liquid chromatography on a 5-cm column. Aliphatic and aromatic diisocyanates were converted to ureas by a chromophoric derivatizing reagent. The ureas were isolated in the pure form characterized by various methods including nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. A chromatographic analytical separation of the urea test solutions was established. The method was used to demonstrate the derivatization of the isocyanates and direct determination of the produced ureas from the reaction mixture.", "PMID": 858765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12893", "title": "[Identification of eleven urea herbicides by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography. I. Application to natural waters (author's transl)].", "content": "By the combined use of two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography and gas chromatography (with an electron capture detector), the authors succeeded in separating and identifying eleven urea herbicides at levels of up to 4 ppb. The method has been applied to natural surface waters.", "contents": "[Identification of eleven urea herbicides by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography. I. Application to natural waters (author's transl)]. By the combined use of two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography and gas chromatography (with an electron capture detector), the authors succeeded in separating and identifying eleven urea herbicides at levels of up to 4 ppb. The method has been applied to natural surface waters.", "PMID": 858766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12894", "title": "Serum somatomedin activity depressed after glucagon administration in man.", "content": "The variations in serum somatomedin (SM) activity were compared in 14 subjects after glucagon injection (1 mg im), and in 10 controls. A significant decrease in SM activity was observed 30 and 60 min after glucagon (p less than 0.01 to less than 0.001) whereas no significant change was noted in the controls. Analysis of the dose-response curves suggests that this decrease reflects depressed SM concentration. No correlation was found between the variations of growth hormone (GH), cortisol, or fatty acids and those of SM activity. The maximum variations in glycemia, insulin and SM activity occured during the same time interval. These results suggest that glucagon may play some role in the regulation of circulating SM.", "contents": "Serum somatomedin activity depressed after glucagon administration in man. The variations in serum somatomedin (SM) activity were compared in 14 subjects after glucagon injection (1 mg im), and in 10 controls. A significant decrease in SM activity was observed 30 and 60 min after glucagon (p less than 0.01 to less than 0.001) whereas no significant change was noted in the controls. Analysis of the dose-response curves suggests that this decrease reflects depressed SM concentration. No correlation was found between the variations of growth hormone (GH), cortisol, or fatty acids and those of SM activity. The maximum variations in glycemia, insulin and SM activity occured during the same time interval. These results suggest that glucagon may play some role in the regulation of circulating SM.", "PMID": 858774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12895", "title": "Stimulatory effects of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid on growth hormone and prolactin release in humans.", "content": "A dose of 2.5 g of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) was administered intravenously to 6 healthy male volunteers. A significant increase in plasma GH was observed at 30, 45, 60 and 90 min after injection. The plasma prolactin level increased significantly at 45 and 60 min after GHB injection. These responses were not found after the saline vehicle injection in the same subjects. It is conceivable that GHB could modify the release of serotonin from the nerve terminals and then stimulate the release of GH and prolactin.", "contents": "Stimulatory effects of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid on growth hormone and prolactin release in humans. A dose of 2.5 g of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) was administered intravenously to 6 healthy male volunteers. A significant increase in plasma GH was observed at 30, 45, 60 and 90 min after injection. The plasma prolactin level increased significantly at 45 and 60 min after GHB injection. These responses were not found after the saline vehicle injection in the same subjects. It is conceivable that GHB could modify the release of serotonin from the nerve terminals and then stimulate the release of GH and prolactin.", "PMID": 858775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12896", "title": "Glycosylated hemoglobins and long-term blood glucose control in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The glycosylated minor hemoglobin components Hb A1a+b and HbA1c are elevated in insulin-dependent juvenile diabetic patients, 3.2+/-0.7 (+/-1 SD) and 10.0+/-1.9% of total hemoglobin respectively, versus 2.1+/-0.4 and 4.9+/-0.7% in a normal non-diabetic control population. Total glycosylated hemoglobin components, Hb A1a+b+c, correlated with the degree of diabetic blood glucose regulation as measured by antecedent 24-h urinary glucose excretion determined in 220 diabetic patients immediately before, 1, 2, and 3 months prior to the HB A1a+b+c measurement. This assay for long-term blood glucose regulation was utilized to determine the effect of hyperglycemia on plasma cholesterol levels in 112 diabetic patients. Hb A1a+b+c levels correlated with plasma cholesterol levels, suggesting that long-term hyperglycemia is associated with hypercholesterolemia. It is suggested that glycosylated hemoglobin measurement is a good index of long-term blood glucose levels in diabetic patients.", "contents": "Glycosylated hemoglobins and long-term blood glucose control in diabetes mellitus. The glycosylated minor hemoglobin components Hb A1a+b and HbA1c are elevated in insulin-dependent juvenile diabetic patients, 3.2+/-0.7 (+/-1 SD) and 10.0+/-1.9% of total hemoglobin respectively, versus 2.1+/-0.4 and 4.9+/-0.7% in a normal non-diabetic control population. Total glycosylated hemoglobin components, Hb A1a+b+c, correlated with the degree of diabetic blood glucose regulation as measured by antecedent 24-h urinary glucose excretion determined in 220 diabetic patients immediately before, 1, 2, and 3 months prior to the HB A1a+b+c measurement. This assay for long-term blood glucose regulation was utilized to determine the effect of hyperglycemia on plasma cholesterol levels in 112 diabetic patients. Hb A1a+b+c levels correlated with plasma cholesterol levels, suggesting that long-term hyperglycemia is associated with hypercholesterolemia. It is suggested that glycosylated hemoglobin measurement is a good index of long-term blood glucose levels in diabetic patients.", "PMID": 858776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12897", "title": "The concentration of angiotensins I and II in blood from the pulmonary artery and left ventricle of man.", "content": "The concentrations of angiotensin I (AI) and II (AII) were determined by radioimmunoassay in blood from the main pulmonary artery (MPA) and left ventricule (LV) of ten subjects with rheumatic valvular heart disease. The levels of AI were consistently higher in MPA plasma (21.8+/-2.4 pmol/1) than in LV plasma (14.7+/-2.0 pmol/1), paired t, P less than 0.001. The levels of AII were consistently lower in MPA plasma (21.8+/-4.7 pmol/1) than in LV plasma (33.8+/-7.2 pmol/1), paired t, P less than 0.001. The AII antiserum cross-reacted with three metabolites of the hormone, [des-Asp1]angiotensin II, [des-(Asp1, Arg2)angiotensin II [des-(Asp1, Arg2 Val,3]angiotensin II. To characterize the nature of circulating AII immunoreactive material, paper chromatography was used to separate AII from its immunoreactive metabolites. The results showed that 84-100% of the AII immunoreactive material from both MPA and LV plasma chromatographed with the mobility of authentic angiotensin II. The mean pulmonary conversion of endogenous AI was 33+/-4.8% and the net extraction of AII by peripheral tissues was 33+/-4.1%.", "contents": "The concentration of angiotensins I and II in blood from the pulmonary artery and left ventricle of man. The concentrations of angiotensin I (AI) and II (AII) were determined by radioimmunoassay in blood from the main pulmonary artery (MPA) and left ventricule (LV) of ten subjects with rheumatic valvular heart disease. The levels of AI were consistently higher in MPA plasma (21.8+/-2.4 pmol/1) than in LV plasma (14.7+/-2.0 pmol/1), paired t, P less than 0.001. The levels of AII were consistently lower in MPA plasma (21.8+/-4.7 pmol/1) than in LV plasma (33.8+/-7.2 pmol/1), paired t, P less than 0.001. The AII antiserum cross-reacted with three metabolites of the hormone, [des-Asp1]angiotensin II, [des-(Asp1, Arg2)angiotensin II [des-(Asp1, Arg2 Val,3]angiotensin II. To characterize the nature of circulating AII immunoreactive material, paper chromatography was used to separate AII from its immunoreactive metabolites. The results showed that 84-100% of the AII immunoreactive material from both MPA and LV plasma chromatographed with the mobility of authentic angiotensin II. The mean pulmonary conversion of endogenous AI was 33+/-4.8% and the net extraction of AII by peripheral tissues was 33+/-4.1%.", "PMID": 858777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12898", "title": "Studies on human sexual development. V. Concentrations of testosterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and progesterone in human amniotic fluid throughout gestation.", "content": "Concentrations of unconjugated testosterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone (170HP) and progesterone were measured by radioimmunoassay in amniotic fluid (AF) specimens from normal pregnancies of 9-40 weeks gestation. In two-thirds of samples from pregnancies with male fetuses. AF testosterone exceeded the upper limit found in female samples, with minimal overlap in the 12-18 week period of gestation. Although AF testosterone levels associated with male and female fetuses were both significantly lower toward term, the sex-difference persisted. Between 9-19 weeks gestation, fetal sex was also found to influence AF 170HP, a steroid thought to be predominantly of placental and fetal adrenal origin; in this case, female levels exceeded male. Awareness of the influence of sex and gestation upon AF concentrations of these steroids is an important prerequisite for their application to the prenatal diagnosis of endocrine disease (e.g., congenital adrenal hyperplasia). There was no sex difference in AF progesterone concentrations at 12-18 weeks gestation. The median progesterone concentration at 34-40 weeks was higher with female fetuses, but this difference may be related to a difference in gestational age between  AF samples obtained from male and female fetuses.", "contents": "Studies on human sexual development. V. Concentrations of testosterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and progesterone in human amniotic fluid throughout gestation. Concentrations of unconjugated testosterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone (170HP) and progesterone were measured by radioimmunoassay in amniotic fluid (AF) specimens from normal pregnancies of 9-40 weeks gestation. In two-thirds of samples from pregnancies with male fetuses. AF testosterone exceeded the upper limit found in female samples, with minimal overlap in the 12-18 week period of gestation. Although AF testosterone levels associated with male and female fetuses were both significantly lower toward term, the sex-difference persisted. Between 9-19 weeks gestation, fetal sex was also found to influence AF 170HP, a steroid thought to be predominantly of placental and fetal adrenal origin; in this case, female levels exceeded male. Awareness of the influence of sex and gestation upon AF concentrations of these steroids is an important prerequisite for their application to the prenatal diagnosis of endocrine disease (e.g., congenital adrenal hyperplasia). There was no sex difference in AF progesterone concentrations at 12-18 weeks gestation. The median progesterone concentration at 34-40 weeks was higher with female fetuses, but this difference may be related to a difference in gestational age between  AF samples obtained from male and female fetuses.", "PMID": 858779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12899", "title": "Comparison of serum calcitonin levels after a 1-minute calcium injection and after pentagastrin injection in the diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma.", "content": "A 1-min calcium injection was compared with a pentagastrin injection as provocative measures in stimulating calcitonin secretion in 4 patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma. In all cases the calcium injection resulted in a greater rise in serum calcitonin concentration. The patients tolerated the calcium injection well. However, two patients experienced substernal pressure and dyspnea following the pentagastrin injection. It is concluded that a 1-min calcium injection is a safe, rapid and effective procedure in the diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma.", "contents": "Comparison of serum calcitonin levels after a 1-minute calcium injection and after pentagastrin injection in the diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma. A 1-min calcium injection was compared with a pentagastrin injection as provocative measures in stimulating calcitonin secretion in 4 patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma. In all cases the calcium injection resulted in a greater rise in serum calcitonin concentration. The patients tolerated the calcium injection well. However, two patients experienced substernal pressure and dyspnea following the pentagastrin injection. It is concluded that a 1-min calcium injection is a safe, rapid and effective procedure in the diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma.", "PMID": 858780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12900", "title": "The binding of a synthetic progestin, R5020 to transcortin and serum albumin.", "content": "R5020 (17,21-dimethyl-19-nor-4,9-pregnadiene-3,20-dione), a synthetic progestin, was tested for its binding to purified human transcortin, albumin and human serum. Scatchard analysis showed that R5020 bound relatively weakly to transcortin (Kass = 8 X 10(6)M-1); in 20% human serum or albumin greater than 90% was bound with low Kass and an indeterminate number of binding sites.", "contents": "The binding of a synthetic progestin, R5020 to transcortin and serum albumin. R5020 (17,21-dimethyl-19-nor-4,9-pregnadiene-3,20-dione), a synthetic progestin, was tested for its binding to purified human transcortin, albumin and human serum. Scatchard analysis showed that R5020 bound relatively weakly to transcortin (Kass = 8 X 10(6)M-1); in 20% human serum or albumin greater than 90% was bound with low Kass and an indeterminate number of binding sites.", "PMID": 858781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12901", "title": "Anaerobic vibrio-like organisms cultured from blood: Desulfovibrio desulfuricans and Succinivibrio species.", "content": "Two unusual anaerobic vibrio-like organisms were recovered from blood cultures of two patients. One isolate was identified as Desulfovibrio desulfuricans. It appeared to be the cause of a 24-h episode of fever, chills, and profuse perspiration. This is apparently the first documented report of human infection due to this organism. The second isolate was a Succinivibrio species. It has rarely been described as a cause of bacteremia. The clinical significance of the organism remains unclear.", "contents": "Anaerobic vibrio-like organisms cultured from blood: Desulfovibrio desulfuricans and Succinivibrio species. Two unusual anaerobic vibrio-like organisms were recovered from blood cultures of two patients. One isolate was identified as Desulfovibrio desulfuricans. It appeared to be the cause of a 24-h episode of fever, chills, and profuse perspiration. This is apparently the first documented report of human infection due to this organism. The second isolate was a Succinivibrio species. It has rarely been described as a cause of bacteremia. The clinical significance of the organism remains unclear.", "PMID": 858783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12902", "title": "Bacteriological variation among Bordetella bronchiseptica isolates from dogs and other species.", "content": "Bacteriological properties of 50 isolates of Bordetella bronchiseptica were compared. Phase variation, which involved colonial morphology and its associated characters of hemagglutination, hemolysis, acriflavine agglutination; crystal violet staining, flagellation, and fimbriation, occurred among these isolates. Organisms representing the three observed morphotypes did not have different growth rates, nor were any differences in their bacteriological characteristics observed after repeated subculture on agar. There were also variations in antimicrobial drug susceptibility, especially to sulfonamide-trimethoprim, and in nitrate reduction. The relationships among these variable parameters were not apparent. None of the observed variations could be attributed to differences in the species of origin.", "contents": "Bacteriological variation among Bordetella bronchiseptica isolates from dogs and other species. Bacteriological properties of 50 isolates of Bordetella bronchiseptica were compared. Phase variation, which involved colonial morphology and its associated characters of hemagglutination, hemolysis, acriflavine agglutination; crystal violet staining, flagellation, and fimbriation, occurred among these isolates. Organisms representing the three observed morphotypes did not have different growth rates, nor were any differences in their bacteriological characteristics observed after repeated subculture on agar. There were also variations in antimicrobial drug susceptibility, especially to sulfonamide-trimethoprim, and in nitrate reduction. The relationships among these variable parameters were not apparent. None of the observed variations could be attributed to differences in the species of origin.", "PMID": 858784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12903", "title": "Diagnostic antigens and antisera in tablet form.", "content": "Diagnostic antigen suspensions and antisera can be prepared in tablet form with no loss in potency.", "contents": "Diagnostic antigens and antisera in tablet form. Diagnostic antigen suspensions and antisera can be prepared in tablet form with no loss in potency.", "PMID": 858785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12904", "title": "Limits to conceptual rule-learing by schizophrenic patients.", "content": "Two studies of conceptual rule-learning by 36 hospitalized psychiatric patients revealed that (a) while all were clinically diagnosed as schizophrenic, they differed widely in their ability to discover abstract rules; (b) the Whitaker Index of Schizophrenic Thinking (WIST) strongly predicted the patients' ability to learn and to apply a conceptual rule; and (c) regardless of severity of conceptual impairment, the patients were unaffected by modest levels of externally generated irrelevant information as presented through the modality of vision. Deficits in abstractive ability, when they exist, are believed to be due to a schizophrenic patient's inability to prevent task-irrelevant information that originates in long-term memory from spilling into and despoiling the operations of working memory.", "contents": "Limits to conceptual rule-learing by schizophrenic patients. Two studies of conceptual rule-learning by 36 hospitalized psychiatric patients revealed that (a) while all were clinically diagnosed as schizophrenic, they differed widely in their ability to discover abstract rules; (b) the Whitaker Index of Schizophrenic Thinking (WIST) strongly predicted the patients' ability to learn and to apply a conceptual rule; and (c) regardless of severity of conceptual impairment, the patients were unaffected by modest levels of externally generated irrelevant information as presented through the modality of vision. Deficits in abstractive ability, when they exist, are believed to be due to a schizophrenic patient's inability to prevent task-irrelevant information that originates in long-term memory from spilling into and despoiling the operations of working memory.", "PMID": 858786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12905", "title": "Psychosocial correlates of obesity control.", "content": "Biosocial and behavioral data on 287 obese females (168 of whom belonged to 9 successful groups and 119 of whom belonged to 8 unsuccessful groups) were collected by means of the Rating of Self Status (ROSS) scale to determine the distinguishing characteristics of (a) successful vs. unsuccessful groups; and (b) successful vs. unsuccessful individuals regardless of their group membership. Factor analysis of ROSS data identified 24 separate variables. Multi-variate analysis of variance (MANOVA) that compared successful with unsuccessful groups resulted in differences that were not significant (p = .30). Subsequent MANOVA that contrasted remediably and irremediably obese persons, regardless of their group membership, yielded highly significant (p less than .001) overall results and significant differences (ps ranged from .10 to .001) on 10 of the 24 ROSS factors.", "contents": "Psychosocial correlates of obesity control. Biosocial and behavioral data on 287 obese females (168 of whom belonged to 9 successful groups and 119 of whom belonged to 8 unsuccessful groups) were collected by means of the Rating of Self Status (ROSS) scale to determine the distinguishing characteristics of (a) successful vs. unsuccessful groups; and (b) successful vs. unsuccessful individuals regardless of their group membership. Factor analysis of ROSS data identified 24 separate variables. Multi-variate analysis of variance (MANOVA) that compared successful with unsuccessful groups resulted in differences that were not significant (p = .30). Subsequent MANOVA that contrasted remediably and irremediably obese persons, regardless of their group membership, yielded highly significant (p less than .001) overall results and significant differences (ps ranged from .10 to .001) on 10 of the 24 ROSS factors.", "PMID": 858787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12906", "title": "Paired-associate learning of affective words in chronic schizophrenics.", "content": "This study investigated the acquisition of affective and neutral words in a paired-associate list by chronic schizophrenics and normals. Ten paired associates in which stimulus terms were nonsense syllables and response terms were words (five affective and five neutral) were learned by 30 chronic schizophrenics (15 male, 15 female) and 30 normals (15 male, 15 female) according to an anticipation procedure. The schizophrenics learned significantly fewer affective words than neutral words, while normals learned an equal number of affective and neutral words. This effect, however, progressively diminished throughout trials for the schizophrenics such that no differences were observed in the final trial for the two types of response words. These results are discussed in terms of habituation of an anxiety response evoked by the affective words.", "contents": "Paired-associate learning of affective words in chronic schizophrenics. This study investigated the acquisition of affective and neutral words in a paired-associate list by chronic schizophrenics and normals. Ten paired associates in which stimulus terms were nonsense syllables and response terms were words (five affective and five neutral) were learned by 30 chronic schizophrenics (15 male, 15 female) and 30 normals (15 male, 15 female) according to an anticipation procedure. The schizophrenics learned significantly fewer affective words than neutral words, while normals learned an equal number of affective and neutral words. This effect, however, progressively diminished throughout trials for the schizophrenics such that no differences were observed in the final trial for the two types of response words. These results are discussed in terms of habituation of an anxiety response evoked by the affective words.", "PMID": 858788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12907", "title": "Prior time uncertainty reduction of foreperiod duration under two different levels of event uncertainty in process and reactive schizophrenia.", "content": "Process and reactive schizophrenic Ss judged stimulus durations of .50 and .55 seconds. Stimulus was 1, 3 or 5 dark dots and was preceded by variable foreperiod duration of 1, 3 or 5 seconds. Judgment of stimulus duration was found to be a monotonically increasing function of foreperiod duration. When pitch of the auditory warning signal was correlated with foreperiod duration so that it functioned as prior time information, such monotonic function was eliminated for process schizophrenics only when the numerosity of dots was constant from trial to trial. The effect of prior time information that concerned foreperiod duration was negligible for both process and reactive schizophrenics when the numerosity of dots was variable from trial to trial. Uniqueness of process schizophrenia was shown to be associated with prior time uncertainty reduction of foreperiod duration in the context of minimal event uncertainty of stimulus.", "contents": "Prior time uncertainty reduction of foreperiod duration under two different levels of event uncertainty in process and reactive schizophrenia. Process and reactive schizophrenic Ss judged stimulus durations of .50 and .55 seconds. Stimulus was 1, 3 or 5 dark dots and was preceded by variable foreperiod duration of 1, 3 or 5 seconds. Judgment of stimulus duration was found to be a monotonically increasing function of foreperiod duration. When pitch of the auditory warning signal was correlated with foreperiod duration so that it functioned as prior time information, such monotonic function was eliminated for process schizophrenics only when the numerosity of dots was constant from trial to trial. The effect of prior time information that concerned foreperiod duration was negligible for both process and reactive schizophrenics when the numerosity of dots was variable from trial to trial. Uniqueness of process schizophrenia was shown to be associated with prior time uncertainty reduction of foreperiod duration in the context of minimal event uncertainty of stimulus.", "PMID": 858789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12908", "title": "The 16 PF and CPI: a comparison.", "content": "This study assessed the cross-inventory generalizability of personality characterizations for Cattell's 16 PF and Gough's CPI. The univariate and multivariate relationships of these scales to their measures of impression management and general aptitude also were explored. Although many PF and CPI content scales and highly similar descriptions, all were found to have poor and inconsistent cross-inventory convergences. The 16 PF and CPI correlates of the desirability scales were found to be similar and consistent with prior research, although the number and magnitude of those for some CPI scales seemed somewhat inappropriate (as were some between the CPI and general aptitude). The relationships of the desirability scales to the content scales of each inventory were found to be heavily dependent upon rotation after factor analysis. It was concluded that the high degree of scale dissimilarity between the 16 PF and CPI must caution against clinical and research generalization across these two inventories. In addition, further investigation of these current impression management scales seems worth pursuing because they appeared to represent the most consistent characteristics measured.", "contents": "The 16 PF and CPI: a comparison. This study assessed the cross-inventory generalizability of personality characterizations for Cattell's 16 PF and Gough's CPI. The univariate and multivariate relationships of these scales to their measures of impression management and general aptitude also were explored. Although many PF and CPI content scales and highly similar descriptions, all were found to have poor and inconsistent cross-inventory convergences. The 16 PF and CPI correlates of the desirability scales were found to be similar and consistent with prior research, although the number and magnitude of those for some CPI scales seemed somewhat inappropriate (as were some between the CPI and general aptitude). The relationships of the desirability scales to the content scales of each inventory were found to be heavily dependent upon rotation after factor analysis. It was concluded that the high degree of scale dissimilarity between the 16 PF and CPI must caution against clinical and research generalization across these two inventories. In addition, further investigation of these current impression management scales seems worth pursuing because they appeared to represent the most consistent characteristics measured.", "PMID": 858790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12909", "title": "Modification and factorial analysis of the Leyton Obsessional Inventory.", "content": "The Leyton Obsessional Inventory was modified into a paper-and-pencil form to facilitate its group administration. Factor analysis was carried out on the modified version replies of 173 college students. The factors obtained were compared to those extracted by Cooper and Kelleher (1973) for the original inventory. Similarities and differences in factors were attributed to cultural factors and differences in the sample populations. The treatment implication of obtaining multiple symptom factors in future studies with obsessional patients was stressed.", "contents": "Modification and factorial analysis of the Leyton Obsessional Inventory. The Leyton Obsessional Inventory was modified into a paper-and-pencil form to facilitate its group administration. Factor analysis was carried out on the modified version replies of 173 college students. The factors obtained were compared to those extracted by Cooper and Kelleher (1973) for the original inventory. Similarities and differences in factors were attributed to cultural factors and differences in the sample populations. The treatment implication of obtaining multiple symptom factors in future studies with obsessional patients was stressed.", "PMID": 858791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12910", "title": "Development of a state measure of obsessive compulsive behavior.", "content": "The Reaction Inventory-Interference was developed to identify obsessional thoughts and compulsive acts, which interfere with an individual's daily activities. The 50 items in the inventory were administered to 172 Ss. On the basis of item test correlations, 40 items were retained for subsequent analyses. The estimate of internal consistency for the 40 item inventory was .95. The correlation between the 40-item inventory and the \"symptom\" score on the Leyton Obsessional Inventory was .66. Factor analysis of the 40-item inventory yielded nine factors.", "contents": "Development of a state measure of obsessive compulsive behavior. The Reaction Inventory-Interference was developed to identify obsessional thoughts and compulsive acts, which interfere with an individual's daily activities. The 50 items in the inventory were administered to 172 Ss. On the basis of item test correlations, 40 items were retained for subsequent analyses. The estimate of internal consistency for the 40 item inventory was .95. The correlation between the 40-item inventory and the \"symptom\" score on the Leyton Obsessional Inventory was .66. Factor analysis of the 40-item inventory yielded nine factors.", "PMID": 858792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12911", "title": "The structure of the Wechsler Memory Scale: a replication.", "content": "The Wechsler Memory Scale was administered to 112 patients who had been referred to a clinical psychologist for investigations of cognitive functioning with regard to possible or actual organic pathology of the brain. The aim was to replicate the factor structure of this test found in a previous study. The three-factor structure found in the previous study was replicated very closely, and it also was determined that only a total Digit Span score was needed, as little unique information was provided by the Digits Forwards and Digits Backwards scores. It also was found that the visual reproduction subtest had a significant verbal component.", "contents": "The structure of the Wechsler Memory Scale: a replication. The Wechsler Memory Scale was administered to 112 patients who had been referred to a clinical psychologist for investigations of cognitive functioning with regard to possible or actual organic pathology of the brain. The aim was to replicate the factor structure of this test found in a previous study. The three-factor structure found in the previous study was replicated very closely, and it also was determined that only a total Digit Span score was needed, as little unique information was provided by the Digits Forwards and Digits Backwards scores. It also was found that the visual reproduction subtest had a significant verbal component.", "PMID": 858793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12912", "title": "The validity of two clinical tests of visual-motor perception.", "content": "The study investigated the relative efficiency of the Bender and MPD as assessors of achievement-related errors in visual-motor perception. Clinical experience with these two tests suggests that beyond first grade the MPD is more sensitive than the Bender for purposes of measuring deficits in visual-motor perception that interfere with effective classroom learning. The sample was composed of 153 third-grade children from two upper-middle-class elementary schools in a surburban school system in central Ohio. For three of the four achievement criteria, the results were clearly congruent with the hypothesis stated above. That is, SpCD errors from the MPD not only showed significantly higher negative rs with the criteria (reading vocabulary, reading comprehension, and mathematics computation) than Koppitz errors from the Bender, but also accounted for a much higher proportion of the variance in these criteria. Thus, the findings suggest that psychologists engaged in the assessment of older children seriously should consider adding the MPD to their assessment battery.", "contents": "The validity of two clinical tests of visual-motor perception. The study investigated the relative efficiency of the Bender and MPD as assessors of achievement-related errors in visual-motor perception. Clinical experience with these two tests suggests that beyond first grade the MPD is more sensitive than the Bender for purposes of measuring deficits in visual-motor perception that interfere with effective classroom learning. The sample was composed of 153 third-grade children from two upper-middle-class elementary schools in a surburban school system in central Ohio. For three of the four achievement criteria, the results were clearly congruent with the hypothesis stated above. That is, SpCD errors from the MPD not only showed significantly higher negative rs with the criteria (reading vocabulary, reading comprehension, and mathematics computation) than Koppitz errors from the Bender, but also accounted for a much higher proportion of the variance in these criteria. Thus, the findings suggest that psychologists engaged in the assessment of older children seriously should consider adding the MPD to their assessment battery.", "PMID": 858794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12913", "title": "Attraction to psychotherapy: influences of therapist status and therapist-patient age similarity.", "content": "Therapist-patient age similarity and therapist status were examined in relation to interpersonal attraction in the psychotherapy dyad. Psychiatric inpatients who comprised three age groupings were assigned randomly to one of four audiovisual treatments that depicted a dyadic psychotherapy situation (N = 60). For each treatment, therapist age and status were differentially presented on color slides with the same accompanying audiotape. Results indicated that age similarity was significantly (p less than .05) more relevant for the younger patients, whereas therapist status had greater significance for older patients. There were several significant interactions that concerned therapist-patient age similarity and therapist status effects on psychotherapeutic attraction. These results suggest that therapist-patient matching on age and/or therapist status should be considered carefully as a potential influence on therapeutic outcome.", "contents": "Attraction to psychotherapy: influences of therapist status and therapist-patient age similarity. Therapist-patient age similarity and therapist status were examined in relation to interpersonal attraction in the psychotherapy dyad. Psychiatric inpatients who comprised three age groupings were assigned randomly to one of four audiovisual treatments that depicted a dyadic psychotherapy situation (N = 60). For each treatment, therapist age and status were differentially presented on color slides with the same accompanying audiotape. Results indicated that age similarity was significantly (p less than .05) more relevant for the younger patients, whereas therapist status had greater significance for older patients. There were several significant interactions that concerned therapist-patient age similarity and therapist status effects on psychotherapeutic attraction. These results suggest that therapist-patient matching on age and/or therapist status should be considered carefully as a potential influence on therapeutic outcome.", "PMID": 858795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12914", "title": "Seeking admission to a veterans hospital: impression management.", "content": "Psychiatric and medical patients can present a self-image consistent with their personal goals of early discharge or of lengthy hospitalization. Impression management to gain hospitalization may be a different process. A 2 X 2 X 2 ANACOVA tested whether type of problem (medical or psychiatric), first or multiple admission, or path of least resistance had any effect on impression management to gain hospitalization. Results were generally negative. The only significant variable was chronological age. Older patients endorsed more items flattering the hospital. These results were independent of degree of illness as judged by the patients and by physicians.", "contents": "Seeking admission to a veterans hospital: impression management. Psychiatric and medical patients can present a self-image consistent with their personal goals of early discharge or of lengthy hospitalization. Impression management to gain hospitalization may be a different process. A 2 X 2 X 2 ANACOVA tested whether type of problem (medical or psychiatric), first or multiple admission, or path of least resistance had any effect on impression management to gain hospitalization. Results were generally negative. The only significant variable was chronological age. Older patients endorsed more items flattering the hospital. These results were independent of degree of illness as judged by the patients and by physicians.", "PMID": 858796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12915", "title": "Maintaining a sense of contact with the patient during therapist absences.", "content": "The problems that therapist absences cause patients are discussed, and methods to handle such absences are illustrated by case examples. It is pointed out that breaks in appointments may be stressful for both patient and therapist, but they also can be viewed as an integral part of therapy. The creative use of task assignments during absences furthers treatment goals. Often positive results accrue as patients learn to deal with separation and discover that they can function independently of the therapist.", "contents": "Maintaining a sense of contact with the patient during therapist absences. The problems that therapist absences cause patients are discussed, and methods to handle such absences are illustrated by case examples. It is pointed out that breaks in appointments may be stressful for both patient and therapist, but they also can be viewed as an integral part of therapy. The creative use of task assignments during absences furthers treatment goals. Often positive results accrue as patients learn to deal with separation and discover that they can function independently of the therapist.", "PMID": 858797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12916", "title": "Effects of antidepressive program on verbal behavior.", "content": "At time of admission 50 hospitalized male patients assigned to one of two groups judged as depressed and nondepressed completed one form of the Depression Adjective Check List (DACL). Depressed patients were placed in a highly specific treatment regime: Antidepressive program (adp), which required display of assertive behavior for termination of treatment. After removal from the program ADP patients received an alternate form of the DACL, and 2 weeks postadmission all patients completed a third form of testing. Significant decrease in number of dysphoric mood items selected posttreatment was found for the ADP group as compared with nondepressed patients. Lower depression scores were obtained after ADP across the period studied. Length of time in ADP was related negatively to initial depression scores. Results are interpreted in terms of reinforcement contingencies that sustain depressive verbal behavior.", "contents": "Effects of antidepressive program on verbal behavior. At time of admission 50 hospitalized male patients assigned to one of two groups judged as depressed and nondepressed completed one form of the Depression Adjective Check List (DACL). Depressed patients were placed in a highly specific treatment regime: Antidepressive program (adp), which required display of assertive behavior for termination of treatment. After removal from the program ADP patients received an alternate form of the DACL, and 2 weeks postadmission all patients completed a third form of testing. Significant decrease in number of dysphoric mood items selected posttreatment was found for the ADP group as compared with nondepressed patients. Lower depression scores were obtained after ADP across the period studied. Length of time in ADP was related negatively to initial depression scores. Results are interpreted in terms of reinforcement contingencies that sustain depressive verbal behavior.", "PMID": 858798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12917", "title": "Changing negative attributions to mental patients by means of demythologizing seminars.", "content": "As compared with a group of matched controls, psychiatric clients exposed to demythologizing seminars made significant and positive changes in the qualities that they attributed to the mental patient. Implications of this study for further research were discussed.", "contents": "Changing negative attributions to mental patients by means of demythologizing seminars. As compared with a group of matched controls, psychiatric clients exposed to demythologizing seminars made significant and positive changes in the qualities that they attributed to the mental patient. Implications of this study for further research were discussed.", "PMID": 858799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12918", "title": "Some personality characteristics of soldiers exposed to extreme war stress: a follow-up study of post-hospital adjustment.", "content": "A group of 17 Israeli soldier psychiatric casualties of the Yom Kippur war were readministered the MMPI and intensively interviewed a year after they had been discharged from a psychiatric ward. A comparison between the hospitalization and post-hospitalization MMPI profiles yielded no significant difference on any of the scales. Thus, the degree of emotional distress experienced by these veterans continues to be extraordinarily high and is characterized by extreme depression, anxiety and extensive physical complaints. The interview reports are completely consistent with the MMPI data. These data emphasize the prolonged effect of combat stress and highlight the special problems that these men face in re-entering their social community.", "contents": "Some personality characteristics of soldiers exposed to extreme war stress: a follow-up study of post-hospital adjustment. A group of 17 Israeli soldier psychiatric casualties of the Yom Kippur war were readministered the MMPI and intensively interviewed a year after they had been discharged from a psychiatric ward. A comparison between the hospitalization and post-hospitalization MMPI profiles yielded no significant difference on any of the scales. Thus, the degree of emotional distress experienced by these veterans continues to be extraordinarily high and is characterized by extreme depression, anxiety and extensive physical complaints. The interview reports are completely consistent with the MMPI data. These data emphasize the prolonged effect of combat stress and highlight the special problems that these men face in re-entering their social community.", "PMID": 858800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12919", "title": "Group embedded figures test performance in different instrumental behavior styles.", "content": "Group Embedded Figure Test (GEFT) performance of male psychiatric clinic outpatients differed significantly between persons with active and those with passive styles of instrumental behavior as measured by the Millon-Illinois Self Report Inventory. Actives were able to identify the simple figure within a complex ground significantly better than passives and thus demonstrated an independence from field not found in passives.", "contents": "Group embedded figures test performance in different instrumental behavior styles. Group Embedded Figure Test (GEFT) performance of male psychiatric clinic outpatients differed significantly between persons with active and those with passive styles of instrumental behavior as measured by the Millon-Illinois Self Report Inventory. Actives were able to identify the simple figure within a complex ground significantly better than passives and thus demonstrated an independence from field not found in passives.", "PMID": 858801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12920", "title": "Assessment of cognitive recovery in alcoholics by use of the trail-making test.", "content": "Cognitive recovery among male alcoholics and controls was investigated with the Trail-Making Test as an index of cognitive impairment. The test was administered twice to all Ss with an interval of approximately 1 year between testings. A reported measures analysis of variance showed that the controls performed significantly better than the alcoholics at both administrations, although the alcoholics did improve between the pre-and posttests. Reported drinking episodes that occurred between the pre-and posttests appeared to have no effect on cognitive recovery in the alcoholic group when relapsed and abstinent subgroups were compared.", "contents": "Assessment of cognitive recovery in alcoholics by use of the trail-making test. Cognitive recovery among male alcoholics and controls was investigated with the Trail-Making Test as an index of cognitive impairment. The test was administered twice to all Ss with an interval of approximately 1 year between testings. A reported measures analysis of variance showed that the controls performed significantly better than the alcoholics at both administrations, although the alcoholics did improve between the pre-and posttests. Reported drinking episodes that occurred between the pre-and posttests appeared to have no effect on cognitive recovery in the alcoholic group when relapsed and abstinent subgroups were compared.", "PMID": 858802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12921", "title": "A comparison between volunteer drug-abusers and non-drug-abusers on measures of social skills.", "content": "This study assessed specific behavior patterns of volunteering \"had\" drug-abusers in comparison to non-drug-abusers on self-report and behavioral measures of social skills. It was hypothesized that the individual's behavior is affected both by his group affiliation and by the immediate situational variables. Twelve drug-abusers and 12 university students were asked to interact with trained role-players in simulated social situations geared to elicit assertiveness and heterosexual dating behaviors. Task requirements as well as environmental social consequences (role-player's responses) were manipulated. Contingent on the situation type, both groups demonstrated basically the same level of social efficiency on verbal measures, but showed different performances on nonverbal measures. Preferential social interaction responses were found to be affected by the varied environmental feedback. The relevance of an \"interactionist\" approach to research on drug abuse and some crucial methodological factors are discussed.", "contents": "A comparison between volunteer drug-abusers and non-drug-abusers on measures of social skills. This study assessed specific behavior patterns of volunteering \"had\" drug-abusers in comparison to non-drug-abusers on self-report and behavioral measures of social skills. It was hypothesized that the individual's behavior is affected both by his group affiliation and by the immediate situational variables. Twelve drug-abusers and 12 university students were asked to interact with trained role-players in simulated social situations geared to elicit assertiveness and heterosexual dating behaviors. Task requirements as well as environmental social consequences (role-player's responses) were manipulated. Contingent on the situation type, both groups demonstrated basically the same level of social efficiency on verbal measures, but showed different performances on nonverbal measures. Preferential social interaction responses were found to be affected by the varied environmental feedback. The relevance of an \"interactionist\" approach to research on drug abuse and some crucial methodological factors are discussed.", "PMID": 858803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12922", "title": "Warfarin elimination and responsiveness in patients with renal dysfunction.", "content": "Plasma warfarin half-life was estimated in four patients with renal dysfunction and five normal control subjects. Hypoprothrombinemic responsiveness to a single oral dose of warfarin (0.75 mg/kg) was also evaluated for both groups. The mean warfarin half-life of 29.9+/-5.0 (S.E.M.) hours for renal patients was significantly shorter than the 44.8+/-6.0 hours half-life for normal controls (P less than 0.05). Additionally, a positive correlation was found between warfarin half-life and creatinine clearance. Pharmacologic responsiveness to warfarin was comparable for both groups. It therefore appears that patients with renal dysfunction do not possess an increased susceptibility, either pharmacokinetic or pharmacologic, to the hypoprothrombinemic effect of warfarin.", "contents": "Warfarin elimination and responsiveness in patients with renal dysfunction. Plasma warfarin half-life was estimated in four patients with renal dysfunction and five normal control subjects. Hypoprothrombinemic responsiveness to a single oral dose of warfarin (0.75 mg/kg) was also evaluated for both groups. The mean warfarin half-life of 29.9+/-5.0 (S.E.M.) hours for renal patients was significantly shorter than the 44.8+/-6.0 hours half-life for normal controls (P less than 0.05). Additionally, a positive correlation was found between warfarin half-life and creatinine clearance. Pharmacologic responsiveness to warfarin was comparable for both groups. It therefore appears that patients with renal dysfunction do not possess an increased susceptibility, either pharmacokinetic or pharmacologic, to the hypoprothrombinemic effect of warfarin.", "PMID": 858804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12923", "title": "Physical and behavioral aspects of sexual maturation in male golden hamsters.", "content": "Male golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) were examined from 3 to 9 wk of age for morphological, physiological, and behavioral indices of sexual maturation. Although each of the eight variables selected for measurement displayed a unique developmental profile, a principal-components analysis of these variables resulted in the extraction of two principal components, one tentatively labeled physical and gross behavioral maturation (accounting for 66% of the total variance) and the other designated perfection of mounting orientation (accounting for an additional 12% of the variance). This result indicates that puberty in the male hamster is best viewed as two independent processes, rather than as a unitary process, or as an arbitrary term applied to a variety of unrelated developmental phenomena. Advantages of using multi-variate composite scores and selected univariate measurements are discussed; as are methods of comparing developmental changes in different variables. A second experiment confirmed an unexpectedly early onset of androgen secretion and an unusual pattern of body weight gain.", "contents": "Physical and behavioral aspects of sexual maturation in male golden hamsters. Male golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) were examined from 3 to 9 wk of age for morphological, physiological, and behavioral indices of sexual maturation. Although each of the eight variables selected for measurement displayed a unique developmental profile, a principal-components analysis of these variables resulted in the extraction of two principal components, one tentatively labeled physical and gross behavioral maturation (accounting for 66% of the total variance) and the other designated perfection of mounting orientation (accounting for an additional 12% of the variance). This result indicates that puberty in the male hamster is best viewed as two independent processes, rather than as a unitary process, or as an arbitrary term applied to a variety of unrelated developmental phenomena. Advantages of using multi-variate composite scores and selected univariate measurements are discussed; as are methods of comparing developmental changes in different variables. A second experiment confirmed an unexpectedly early onset of androgen secretion and an unusual pattern of body weight gain.", "PMID": 858817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12924", "title": "Grooming behavior in cats with pontile lesions and cats with tectal lesions.", "content": "Because an abnormal grooming behavior that is mediated by the superior colliculi is elicited from cats with pontile lesions, an ablation study of these structures was conducted to specify quantitatively the changes in grooming behavior. Cats that underwent the surgical procedure except for the lesion and cats with lesions of the auditory and visual cortices served as control groups. Time-lapse motion pictures of the cats in their home cages were taken, and statistical analyses of the grooming behavior shown on the films indicated that cats with pontile lesions and cats with tectal lesions spent less time grooming, had shorter grooming bouts, and failed to exhibit the normal temporal pattern of grooming behaviors. Other studies revealed that cats with pontile or tectal lesions were deficient in removing tapes stuck on their fur. A sensory-loss hypothesis appeared to account for some of the changes, but a deficit in endogenous control of the grooming behaviors also was indicated. The literature on grooming behavior related to peripheral versus endogenous control was reviewed, and the role of the superior colliculi as a higher order integrative center for complex behaviors is emphasized.", "contents": "Grooming behavior in cats with pontile lesions and cats with tectal lesions. Because an abnormal grooming behavior that is mediated by the superior colliculi is elicited from cats with pontile lesions, an ablation study of these structures was conducted to specify quantitatively the changes in grooming behavior. Cats that underwent the surgical procedure except for the lesion and cats with lesions of the auditory and visual cortices served as control groups. Time-lapse motion pictures of the cats in their home cages were taken, and statistical analyses of the grooming behavior shown on the films indicated that cats with pontile lesions and cats with tectal lesions spent less time grooming, had shorter grooming bouts, and failed to exhibit the normal temporal pattern of grooming behaviors. Other studies revealed that cats with pontile or tectal lesions were deficient in removing tapes stuck on their fur. A sensory-loss hypothesis appeared to account for some of the changes, but a deficit in endogenous control of the grooming behaviors also was indicated. The literature on grooming behavior related to peripheral versus endogenous control was reviewed, and the role of the superior colliculi as a higher order integrative center for complex behaviors is emphasized.", "PMID": 858818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12925", "title": "Development of obesity in diabetic mice pair-fed with lean siblings.", "content": "The role of hyperphagia -n the obesity of the diabetic mouse, C57BL/6J db/db, was investigated. Ingestion patterns and the amount of food for diabetic mice were controlled by yoking their food intake to that of nonobese siblings obtaining their food by bar pressing. Over a period of 6 wk, young (initial ages were 28 days) pair-fed diabetic mice accumulated 42% more body weight and approximately five times more extractable carcass lipid than did their siblings. Weight gain and absolute levels of carcass fat were reduced in food-restricted siabetic mice compared with dbs on unrestricted food intake. However, carcass fat as percentage of wet carcass weight was virtually identical in the restricted and unrestricted dbs (47.6% vs. 49.6%). From these results it is concluded that the heightened adiposity of the diabetic mouse does not require hyperphagia for its expression and thus represents a metabolic obesity.", "contents": "Development of obesity in diabetic mice pair-fed with lean siblings. The role of hyperphagia -n the obesity of the diabetic mouse, C57BL/6J db/db, was investigated. Ingestion patterns and the amount of food for diabetic mice were controlled by yoking their food intake to that of nonobese siblings obtaining their food by bar pressing. Over a period of 6 wk, young (initial ages were 28 days) pair-fed diabetic mice accumulated 42% more body weight and approximately five times more extractable carcass lipid than did their siblings. Weight gain and absolute levels of carcass fat were reduced in food-restricted siabetic mice compared with dbs on unrestricted food intake. However, carcass fat as percentage of wet carcass weight was virtually identical in the restricted and unrestricted dbs (47.6% vs. 49.6%). From these results it is concluded that the heightened adiposity of the diabetic mouse does not require hyperphagia for its expression and thus represents a metabolic obesity.", "PMID": 858819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12926", "title": "Orogastric determinants of drinking in rats: interaction between absorptive and peripheral controls.", "content": "Water intake of water-deprived rats, drinking with absorption prevented by pyloric occlusion, was compared with that of rats drinking normally. Drinking without absorption, under the control of only orogastric factors, was not graded in response to varied deprivation (Experiment 1). Orogastric controls effectively inhibited intake after absorbed water, but not isotonic saline, preloads (Experiment 2). The extent of orogastric inhibition was directly related to absorbed preload volume (Experiment 3). With large absorbed water preloads (9 ml), intakes with and without absorption were equal. Normal function of orogastric controls may thus be based on their interaction with absorption, which progressively enhances peripheral inhibition of drinking.", "contents": "Orogastric determinants of drinking in rats: interaction between absorptive and peripheral controls. Water intake of water-deprived rats, drinking with absorption prevented by pyloric occlusion, was compared with that of rats drinking normally. Drinking without absorption, under the control of only orogastric factors, was not graded in response to varied deprivation (Experiment 1). Orogastric controls effectively inhibited intake after absorbed water, but not isotonic saline, preloads (Experiment 2). The extent of orogastric inhibition was directly related to absorbed preload volume (Experiment 3). With large absorbed water preloads (9 ml), intakes with and without absorption were equal. Normal function of orogastric controls may thus be based on their interaction with absorption, which progressively enhances peripheral inhibition of drinking.", "PMID": 858820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12927", "title": "Obesity, dieting, and the expression of \"obese\" characteristics.", "content": "Obese,normal, and underweight college-age subjects were divided into sub-groups of dieters and nondieters. Consumption following a preload was found to vary as a function of dieting, not obesity, with dieters exhibiting the \"obese\" response (absence of caloric compensation) irrespective of weight classification. Similarly, elevated levels of free fatty acids, normally found in the obese, were associated with dieting rather than obesity per se. Implications of these findings for current theories of obesity are discussed.", "contents": "Obesity, dieting, and the expression of \"obese\" characteristics. Obese,normal, and underweight college-age subjects were divided into sub-groups of dieters and nondieters. Consumption following a preload was found to vary as a function of dieting, not obesity, with dieters exhibiting the \"obese\" response (absence of caloric compensation) irrespective of weight classification. Similarly, elevated levels of free fatty acids, normally found in the obese, were associated with dieting rather than obesity per se. Implications of these findings for current theories of obesity are discussed.", "PMID": 858821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12928", "title": "Mechanism and reconstruction of pes cavus.", "content": "Many important factors are involved in the surgical treatment of pes cavus. Among these factors are the location of the deformity--frontal, sagittal, or transverse planes--and whether there is an associated muscle weakness. Biomechanical analysis will help to determine whether the cavus foot is rigid or nonrigid and how it functions. Neurologic and radiologic tests must also be used to determine the type of operative procedure required for correction of the deformity.", "contents": "Mechanism and reconstruction of pes cavus. Many important factors are involved in the surgical treatment of pes cavus. Among these factors are the location of the deformity--frontal, sagittal, or transverse planes--and whether there is an associated muscle weakness. Biomechanical analysis will help to determine whether the cavus foot is rigid or nonrigid and how it functions. Neurologic and radiologic tests must also be used to determine the type of operative procedure required for correction of the deformity.", "PMID": 858904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12929", "title": "The pivotal metatarsal osteotomy: a modification of the metatarsal metaphyseal osteotomy.", "content": "The presence of cancellous bone determines the choice of location for osteotomies in the metatarsals. The head and base have good cancellous bone, whereas the shaft has cortical bone and a medullary canal which make it a poor choice of osteotomy site. Many practitioners are now using a transverse metaphyseal osteotomy; however, the authors choose the pivotal metaphyseal osteotomy as the procedure of choice using a 10- or 12-mm Pivotal Osteotomy Blade attached to an oscillating power source.", "contents": "The pivotal metatarsal osteotomy: a modification of the metatarsal metaphyseal osteotomy. The presence of cancellous bone determines the choice of location for osteotomies in the metatarsals. The head and base have good cancellous bone, whereas the shaft has cortical bone and a medullary canal which make it a poor choice of osteotomy site. Many practitioners are now using a transverse metaphyseal osteotomy; however, the authors choose the pivotal metaphyseal osteotomy as the procedure of choice using a 10- or 12-mm Pivotal Osteotomy Blade attached to an oscillating power source.", "PMID": 858905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12930", "title": "Alternate method of reducing metatarsus primus adductus angle.", "content": "Dr. Evins suggests a relatively simple technique to reduce the metatarsus primus adductus angle associated with hallux abducto valgus. It is used in conjunction with other bunionectomies--often with the modified McBride bunionectomy or the Reverdin osteotomy--with satisfactory results and often makes the Logroscino double osteotomy unnecessary.", "contents": "Alternate method of reducing metatarsus primus adductus angle. Dr. Evins suggests a relatively simple technique to reduce the metatarsus primus adductus angle associated with hallux abducto valgus. It is used in conjunction with other bunionectomies--often with the modified McBride bunionectomy or the Reverdin osteotomy--with satisfactory results and often makes the Logroscino double osteotomy unnecessary.", "PMID": 858907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12931", "title": "Interfacing national health insurance and income maintenance: why health and welfare reform go together.", "content": "The current debate on national health insurance has not given sufficient attention to the impact of various proposals upon income maintenance programs. Health and welfare benefits are difficult to coordinate and frequently work at cross purposes. Health care benefits are one of several in-kind forms of income that can affect the economic behavior and well-being of welfare recipients. As an in-kind form of income, subsidized health insurance for low income persons can undermine the objectives of public assistance, particularly the willingness to work, by making some individuals worse off when income rises. Five national health insurance proposals are analyzed to determine how each will interface with cash transfer programs. Most of these proposals perpetuate many of the benefit coordination problems that now exist with the Medicaid program. The article concludes by delineating some of the difficult policy decisions that must be made if health and welfare reforms are to be meaningful.", "contents": "Interfacing national health insurance and income maintenance: why health and welfare reform go together. The current debate on national health insurance has not given sufficient attention to the impact of various proposals upon income maintenance programs. Health and welfare benefits are difficult to coordinate and frequently work at cross purposes. Health care benefits are one of several in-kind forms of income that can affect the economic behavior and well-being of welfare recipients. As an in-kind form of income, subsidized health insurance for low income persons can undermine the objectives of public assistance, particularly the willingness to work, by making some individuals worse off when income rises. Five national health insurance proposals are analyzed to determine how each will interface with cash transfer programs. Most of these proposals perpetuate many of the benefit coordination problems that now exist with the Medicaid program. The article concludes by delineating some of the difficult policy decisions that must be made if health and welfare reforms are to be meaningful.", "PMID": 858910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12932", "title": "Electron probe x-ray microanalysis of small granulated cells in rat sympathetic ganglia after sequential aldehyde and dichromate treatment.", "content": "Rat adrenal medulla and celiac-mesenteric sympathetic ganglia were fixed by a glutaraldehyde/formaldehyde-potassium dichromate-osmium treatment sequence and plastic-embedded. Fine sections were examined by electron probe x-ray microanalysis. Comparable peaks for chromium (Kalpha = 5.4 keV) were obtained from cytoplasmic fields containing membrane-bounded inclusion granules in both adrenomedullary noradrenaline cells and a type (type II) of sympathetic small granulated cell whose inclusion granules closely resemble those of the adrenomedullary noradrenaline cell. Chromium was not detected in granules within adrenomedullary adrenaline cells nor in two other sympathetic small granualted cell types. In no material was chromium detected in agranular cytoplasmic or nuclear fields. Since chromium binds to the Schiff monobase formed by glutaraldehyde and noradrenaline during fixation, we infer that noradrenaline is present in the granules of the type II sympathetic small granulated cell, as well as in adrenomedullary noradrenaline cells.", "contents": "Electron probe x-ray microanalysis of small granulated cells in rat sympathetic ganglia after sequential aldehyde and dichromate treatment. Rat adrenal medulla and celiac-mesenteric sympathetic ganglia were fixed by a glutaraldehyde/formaldehyde-potassium dichromate-osmium treatment sequence and plastic-embedded. Fine sections were examined by electron probe x-ray microanalysis. Comparable peaks for chromium (Kalpha = 5.4 keV) were obtained from cytoplasmic fields containing membrane-bounded inclusion granules in both adrenomedullary noradrenaline cells and a type (type II) of sympathetic small granulated cell whose inclusion granules closely resemble those of the adrenomedullary noradrenaline cell. Chromium was not detected in granules within adrenomedullary adrenaline cells nor in two other sympathetic small granualted cell types. In no material was chromium detected in agranular cytoplasmic or nuclear fields. Since chromium binds to the Schiff monobase formed by glutaraldehyde and noradrenaline during fixation, we infer that noradrenaline is present in the granules of the type II sympathetic small granulated cell, as well as in adrenomedullary noradrenaline cells.", "PMID": 858911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12933", "title": "An electron stain for elastic fibers using orcein.", "content": "Orcein was found to be useful as an electron-opaque stain for elastic fibers in epoxy-sections. Ultra-thin sections of aorta were treated with elastica stain containing 0.1-0.3% orcein and counterstained in uranyl acetate and lead citrate. Elastic fibers were densely and specifically demonstrated in the stroma and near smooth muscle cells. The result of orcein staining has a comparable appearance under both light and electron microscopes.", "contents": "An electron stain for elastic fibers using orcein. Orcein was found to be useful as an electron-opaque stain for elastic fibers in epoxy-sections. Ultra-thin sections of aorta were treated with elastica stain containing 0.1-0.3% orcein and counterstained in uranyl acetate and lead citrate. Elastic fibers were densely and specifically demonstrated in the stroma and near smooth muscle cells. The result of orcein staining has a comparable appearance under both light and electron microscopes.", "PMID": 858912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12934", "title": "Neutropenia induced by systemic infusion of chemotactic factors.", "content": "Autologous plasma, when exposed to complement-activating agents that generate leukotactic activity, induces transient neutropenia after infusion into rabbits. Trypsinized human C5 as well as the chemotactic fragment isolated from zymosan-activated human serum also induces transient neutropenia in rabbits, as do chemotactically active synthetic tripeptides. In each instance the neutropenia-inducing activity parallels the chemotactic activity. Thus, neutropenia-inducing activity and chemotactic activity seem to be related physiologic responses of neutrophils. In vivo margination and/or agglutination of leukocytes may underlie this phenomenon of neutropenia.", "contents": "Neutropenia induced by systemic infusion of chemotactic factors. Autologous plasma, when exposed to complement-activating agents that generate leukotactic activity, induces transient neutropenia after infusion into rabbits. Trypsinized human C5 as well as the chemotactic fragment isolated from zymosan-activated human serum also induces transient neutropenia in rabbits, as do chemotactically active synthetic tripeptides. In each instance the neutropenia-inducing activity parallels the chemotactic activity. Thus, neutropenia-inducing activity and chemotactic activity seem to be related physiologic responses of neutrophils. In vivo margination and/or agglutination of leukocytes may underlie this phenomenon of neutropenia.", "PMID": 858915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12935", "title": "Effect of concanavalin A on the classical complement pathway.", "content": "Lysis of sheep erythrocytes (E) sensitized with anti-Forssman antiserum (EA) is inhibited by the action of concanavalin A (Con A) on whole guinea pig complement (GPC). The degree of inhibition observed for a given quantity of GPC was dependent on the Con A concentration. Specifically, Con A inhibits the activity of the early acting complement components C1 and C2 in the fluid phase, but has no significant effect on lysis once these components are bound to EA. Results of tmax experiments performed in the presence or absence of Con A showed that inhibition of C2 activity results from a direct interaction between Con A and C2 and not from a decreased number of effective EAC14 sites. Furthermore, since Con A pretreated or untreated EAC14 cells had the same tmax value, Con A and C2 apparently do not compete for the same binding site on the indicator cells. The lectin has no observable effect on either fluid phase or cell-bound C4 activity. Under similar conditions, wheat germ or soy bean agglutinin, leucoagglutinin or pokeweed mitogen did not inhibit hemolysis.", "contents": "Effect of concanavalin A on the classical complement pathway. Lysis of sheep erythrocytes (E) sensitized with anti-Forssman antiserum (EA) is inhibited by the action of concanavalin A (Con A) on whole guinea pig complement (GPC). The degree of inhibition observed for a given quantity of GPC was dependent on the Con A concentration. Specifically, Con A inhibits the activity of the early acting complement components C1 and C2 in the fluid phase, but has no significant effect on lysis once these components are bound to EA. Results of tmax experiments performed in the presence or absence of Con A showed that inhibition of C2 activity results from a direct interaction between Con A and C2 and not from a decreased number of effective EAC14 sites. Furthermore, since Con A pretreated or untreated EAC14 cells had the same tmax value, Con A and C2 apparently do not compete for the same binding site on the indicator cells. The lectin has no observable effect on either fluid phase or cell-bound C4 activity. Under similar conditions, wheat germ or soy bean agglutinin, leucoagglutinin or pokeweed mitogen did not inhibit hemolysis.", "PMID": 858916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12936", "title": "Further studies on the identification of the subcomponents of the first component of complement after affinity chromatography of human serum on IgG-sepharose.", "content": "Affinity chromatography of serum on IgG covalently linked to Sepharose results in the retention of the proteins of the first component of complement (C1). A fraction called pool II is eluted from this column with 0.025 M EDTA and has previously been shown to contain C1s and a novel protein believed to be part of the C1 complex and called C1t. C1r has now been located in pool II and these three proteins were purified by DEAE cellulose chromatography. C1r and C1s were recovered in the proenzyme form and their identity was established by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis before and after reduction and alkylation, and on the basis of their esterolytic activities toward different substrates. The properties of C1r from pool II are contrasted with those of the protein recovered from the pool III eluate of the affinity column and previously thought to be C1r.", "contents": "Further studies on the identification of the subcomponents of the first component of complement after affinity chromatography of human serum on IgG-sepharose. Affinity chromatography of serum on IgG covalently linked to Sepharose results in the retention of the proteins of the first component of complement (C1). A fraction called pool II is eluted from this column with 0.025 M EDTA and has previously been shown to contain C1s and a novel protein believed to be part of the C1 complex and called C1t. C1r has now been located in pool II and these three proteins were purified by DEAE cellulose chromatography. C1r and C1s were recovered in the proenzyme form and their identity was established by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis before and after reduction and alkylation, and on the basis of their esterolytic activities toward different substrates. The properties of C1r from pool II are contrasted with those of the protein recovered from the pool III eluate of the affinity column and previously thought to be C1r.", "PMID": 858917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12937", "title": "Inherited polymorphism of guinea pig factor B and C4: evidence for genetic linkage between the C4 and Bf loci.", "content": "An inherited structural polymorphism of the guinea pig complement protein C4 and of factor B of the alternative pathway was demonstrated by use of high voltage agarose electrophoresis combined with a subsequent immunofixation technique. No polymorphism of guinea pig C3 could be shown. Three common allelic genes were proven to code for C4-S, C4-S1, and C4-F, respectively. Two common allelic genes are responsible for the Bf-F and Bf-S phenotype expression. A strong linkage disequilibrium between both C4 and Bf was demonstrated.", "contents": "Inherited polymorphism of guinea pig factor B and C4: evidence for genetic linkage between the C4 and Bf loci. An inherited structural polymorphism of the guinea pig complement protein C4 and of factor B of the alternative pathway was demonstrated by use of high voltage agarose electrophoresis combined with a subsequent immunofixation technique. No polymorphism of guinea pig C3 could be shown. Three common allelic genes were proven to code for C4-S, C4-S1, and C4-F, respectively. Two common allelic genes are responsible for the Bf-F and Bf-S phenotype expression. A strong linkage disequilibrium between both C4 and Bf was demonstrated.", "PMID": 858918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12938", "title": "Mechanisms of humoral cytotoxicity testing: the role of rabbit serum, xenoantibody, and human IgM.", "content": "The reproducibility and sensitivity of a humoral microcytotoxicity assay which detects anti-astrocytoma antibodies depends on a consistent, effective complement preparation. Rabbit serum mixed 1/1 with human cord serum proved to be an ideal preparation with full complementarity and low nonspecific cytotoxicity. Human cord serum provided consistent small amounts of human IgM and did not contribute additional complement activity. The inhibition of xenoantibody by human IgM is the critical mechanism which determines the efficacy of the complement. Human IgM in a final concentration of 10 mg/dl in the rabbit serum produced a preparation with 10 to 15% nonspecific cytotoxicity against astrocytoma target cells. This residual nonspecific cytotoxicity serves a catalytic function and is necessary for the detection of weak specific antibodies.", "contents": "Mechanisms of humoral cytotoxicity testing: the role of rabbit serum, xenoantibody, and human IgM. The reproducibility and sensitivity of a humoral microcytotoxicity assay which detects anti-astrocytoma antibodies depends on a consistent, effective complement preparation. Rabbit serum mixed 1/1 with human cord serum proved to be an ideal preparation with full complementarity and low nonspecific cytotoxicity. Human cord serum provided consistent small amounts of human IgM and did not contribute additional complement activity. The inhibition of xenoantibody by human IgM is the critical mechanism which determines the efficacy of the complement. Human IgM in a final concentration of 10 mg/dl in the rabbit serum produced a preparation with 10 to 15% nonspecific cytotoxicity against astrocytoma target cells. This residual nonspecific cytotoxicity serves a catalytic function and is necessary for the detection of weak specific antibodies.", "PMID": 858919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12939", "title": "Binding of dexamethasone by the subcellular fractions of mouse epidermis and dermis.", "content": "The binding of the potent anticarcinogenic agent, dexamethasone, to mouse epidermal and dermal subcellular fractions was investigated. When applied to mouse skin, 3H-labeled dexamethasone remained associated, after extensive dialysis, with epidermal and dermal cytosol, microsomes, microsomes, mitochondria, and chromatin. The specific activity of dexamethasone binding to these fractions was from 2 to 5 times as high in the epidermis as in the dermis. Epidermal chromatin had the highest specific activity fo binding. Dexamethasone was not associated with the cytosol protein receptor which was previously found to specifically bind tumor promoters and polycyclic hydrocarbon carcinogens.", "contents": "Binding of dexamethasone by the subcellular fractions of mouse epidermis and dermis. The binding of the potent anticarcinogenic agent, dexamethasone, to mouse epidermal and dermal subcellular fractions was investigated. When applied to mouse skin, 3H-labeled dexamethasone remained associated, after extensive dialysis, with epidermal and dermal cytosol, microsomes, microsomes, mitochondria, and chromatin. The specific activity of dexamethasone binding to these fractions was from 2 to 5 times as high in the epidermis as in the dermis. Epidermal chromatin had the highest specific activity fo binding. Dexamethasone was not associated with the cytosol protein receptor which was previously found to specifically bind tumor promoters and polycyclic hydrocarbon carcinogens.", "PMID": 858945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12940", "title": "Phenothiazine phototoxicity: an experimental study on chlorpromazine and its metabolites.", "content": "Chlorpromazine (CPZ) metabolites were studied for their phototoxic potency with the mouse tail technique. The demethylated metabolites were more phototoxic potency with the mouse tail technique. The demethylated metabolites were more phototoxic than CPZ, while CPZ-sulfoxide, 7-hydroxy-CPZ, and 2-chlorphenothiazine were less phototoxic. The phototoxicity of CPZ and desmethyl-CPZ preexposed to UVA was lost, while that of CPZ-sulfoxide was retained. By thin-layer chromatography, CPZ-sulfoxide and promazine were identified as photoproducts of CPZ; the sulfoxide was fairly stable to radiation.", "contents": "Phenothiazine phototoxicity: an experimental study on chlorpromazine and its metabolites. Chlorpromazine (CPZ) metabolites were studied for their phototoxic potency with the mouse tail technique. The demethylated metabolites were more phototoxic potency with the mouse tail technique. The demethylated metabolites were more phototoxic than CPZ, while CPZ-sulfoxide, 7-hydroxy-CPZ, and 2-chlorphenothiazine were less phototoxic. The phototoxicity of CPZ and desmethyl-CPZ preexposed to UVA was lost, while that of CPZ-sulfoxide was retained. By thin-layer chromatography, CPZ-sulfoxide and promazine were identified as photoproducts of CPZ; the sulfoxide was fairly stable to radiation.", "PMID": 858946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12941", "title": "Formation of secretory and circulating antibodies after immunization with live and inactivated influenza virus vaccines.", "content": "The formation of secretory and circulating antibodies in volunteer teenagers and adults immunized intranasally with live and inactivated influenza virus vaccines has been studied. The antibody response to the vaccine was directly dependent upon the amount of virus contained in the inoculum. The live vaccine was more effective than the inactivated vaccine in stimulating the production of secretory antibodies. Antibody levels in serum before immunization did not affect the production of secretory and circulatory antibodies. However, production of both of these antibodies was observed to be inversely correlated with the initial level of secretory antibodies. Secretory antibodies were shown to have a wider spectrum of activity against type A influenza viruses than circulating antibodies. Antibody titers in nasal secretions were correlated with the concentration of IgA in total protein but could not be correlated with concentrations of IgG.", "contents": "Formation of secretory and circulating antibodies after immunization with live and inactivated influenza virus vaccines. The formation of secretory and circulating antibodies in volunteer teenagers and adults immunized intranasally with live and inactivated influenza virus vaccines has been studied. The antibody response to the vaccine was directly dependent upon the amount of virus contained in the inoculum. The live vaccine was more effective than the inactivated vaccine in stimulating the production of secretory antibodies. Antibody levels in serum before immunization did not affect the production of secretory and circulatory antibodies. However, production of both of these antibodies was observed to be inversely correlated with the initial level of secretory antibodies. Secretory antibodies were shown to have a wider spectrum of activity against type A influenza viruses than circulating antibodies. Antibody titers in nasal secretions were correlated with the concentration of IgA in total protein but could not be correlated with concentrations of IgG.", "PMID": 858947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12942", "title": "Effect of a protein-sparing diet and brief fast on nitrogen metabolism in mildly obese subjects.", "content": "Five young, mildly obese females consumed a formula diet providing total calories at 1.2 X basal energy expenditure and egg white protein, 1.5 gm./kg. ideal body weight (IBW), for 1 week (period 1). During period 2, lasting 3 weeks, a protein-sparing modified fast (PSMF) consisted of similar amounts of egg white without nonprotein calories followed by a 1-week total fast (period 3). In the final period (4), a PSMF with the use of meat protein, 1.5 gm./kg. IBW, alone was given for 1 week. Nitrogen balance (Nbal) measurements were made in all periods, and periods 2, 3, and 4 were compared with period 1. No significant difference existed between period 1 and period 2, although Nbal improved weekly during period 2. Nitrogen excretion in period 3 was similar to that found after 3 weeks of total fasting and was significantly negative, whereas positive balances occurred in period 4 with both periods being significantly different from period 1. Thus nitrogen equilibrium in the PSMF can be achieved with the use of protein free from fat, confirming earlier experience with meat protein. The metabolic adaption which occurs during toal fasting and results in reduced nitrogen loss develops in the course of PSMF. After a deficit in lean body mass is produced, net protein anabolism can be achieved by a PSMF despite insufficinet dietary energy.", "contents": "Effect of a protein-sparing diet and brief fast on nitrogen metabolism in mildly obese subjects. Five young, mildly obese females consumed a formula diet providing total calories at 1.2 X basal energy expenditure and egg white protein, 1.5 gm./kg. ideal body weight (IBW), for 1 week (period 1). During period 2, lasting 3 weeks, a protein-sparing modified fast (PSMF) consisted of similar amounts of egg white without nonprotein calories followed by a 1-week total fast (period 3). In the final period (4), a PSMF with the use of meat protein, 1.5 gm./kg. IBW, alone was given for 1 week. Nitrogen balance (Nbal) measurements were made in all periods, and periods 2, 3, and 4 were compared with period 1. No significant difference existed between period 1 and period 2, although Nbal improved weekly during period 2. Nitrogen excretion in period 3 was similar to that found after 3 weeks of total fasting and was significantly negative, whereas positive balances occurred in period 4 with both periods being significantly different from period 1. Thus nitrogen equilibrium in the PSMF can be achieved with the use of protein free from fat, confirming earlier experience with meat protein. The metabolic adaption which occurs during toal fasting and results in reduced nitrogen loss develops in the course of PSMF. After a deficit in lean body mass is produced, net protein anabolism can be achieved by a PSMF despite insufficinet dietary energy.", "PMID": 858966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12943", "title": "Physiologic and biologic behavior of autologous canine 131L-fibrinogen labeled by a chloramine-T method.", "content": "Autologous canine 131I-fibrinogen labeled by a chloramine-T method was examined to determine whether the fibrinogen had been altered by the iodination procedure as suggested by other investigators. Before and after radioiodination, clottability of the fibrinogen was always equal to or greater than 89 percent. Gel chromatography studies revealed that labeled fibrinogen behaved as unlabeled fibrinogen and no high molecular weight material was found. Gamma camera scintigraphy reflected the chromatography results, as iodinated material did not appear in the liver or spleen until 48 to 72 hours. The slow-moving component of the whole blood clearance curves, respresenting undenatured fibrinogen, had a mean half-life of 61.4 +/- 5.1 hours (+/- S.E.M.) and comprised 51.5 +/- 7.5 percent of the initial activity. Similarly, a mean falf-life of 53.4 +/- 2.0 hours and 59.6 +/- 7.7 percent initial activity wwere attributed to fibrinogen according to the plasma clearance curves as determined by trichloracetic acid precipitation. The results clearly demonstrated that chloramine-T iodination of fibrinogen can yield an excellent product, biologically and chemically, which is free from macroaggregates.", "contents": "Physiologic and biologic behavior of autologous canine 131L-fibrinogen labeled by a chloramine-T method. Autologous canine 131I-fibrinogen labeled by a chloramine-T method was examined to determine whether the fibrinogen had been altered by the iodination procedure as suggested by other investigators. Before and after radioiodination, clottability of the fibrinogen was always equal to or greater than 89 percent. Gel chromatography studies revealed that labeled fibrinogen behaved as unlabeled fibrinogen and no high molecular weight material was found. Gamma camera scintigraphy reflected the chromatography results, as iodinated material did not appear in the liver or spleen until 48 to 72 hours. The slow-moving component of the whole blood clearance curves, respresenting undenatured fibrinogen, had a mean half-life of 61.4 +/- 5.1 hours (+/- S.E.M.) and comprised 51.5 +/- 7.5 percent of the initial activity. Similarly, a mean falf-life of 53.4 +/- 2.0 hours and 59.6 +/- 7.7 percent initial activity wwere attributed to fibrinogen according to the plasma clearance curves as determined by trichloracetic acid precipitation. The results clearly demonstrated that chloramine-T iodination of fibrinogen can yield an excellent product, biologically and chemically, which is free from macroaggregates.", "PMID": 858967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12944", "title": "A simple radioimmunological method for the determination or renal renin activity in the rat.", "content": "A RIA method for the measurement of RRA is described, based upon the incubation of two dilutions of kidney extract with a fixed amount of EDTA-anticoagulated anephric rat plasma. The RIA of the generated angiotensin I is carried out with the commercially available NEN Kit. Recovery  of angiotensin I added to the incubation mixture was 98 percent. There were 113 kidneys with a wide range of renin activity (52 to 1,274 ng. angiotensinl/mg. of kidney per hour) assayed. The within-assay coefficient of variation was uniform throughout the range, equalling 4.4 percent. The between-assay variance was practically identical with the within-assay variance. The confidence interval to the mean RRA level of one pair of readings was 5.4 percent of this mean.", "contents": "A simple radioimmunological method for the determination or renal renin activity in the rat. A RIA method for the measurement of RRA is described, based upon the incubation of two dilutions of kidney extract with a fixed amount of EDTA-anticoagulated anephric rat plasma. The RIA of the generated angiotensin I is carried out with the commercially available NEN Kit. Recovery  of angiotensin I added to the incubation mixture was 98 percent. There were 113 kidneys with a wide range of renin activity (52 to 1,274 ng. angiotensinl/mg. of kidney per hour) assayed. The within-assay coefficient of variation was uniform throughout the range, equalling 4.4 percent. The between-assay variance was practically identical with the within-assay variance. The confidence interval to the mean RRA level of one pair of readings was 5.4 percent of this mean.", "PMID": 858968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12945", "title": "Simple micro-assay methods for enzymes of purine metabolism.", "content": "Xanthine oxidase, guanase, 5'-nucleotidase, and adenosine deaminase in human epidermis were demonstrated and accurately assayed with about 20 microng. of tissue by the new micro-assay methods which rely on the isolation of isotopically labeled end products from the substrates by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membranes. These assay methods are rapid, reliable, and sensitive and are highly suitable for studies of small amount of human tissue. Theses methods for the separation of purine derivatives with cellulose acetate membrane will also permit the assays of purine nucleoside phosphorylase and nucleoside kinase.", "contents": "Simple micro-assay methods for enzymes of purine metabolism. Xanthine oxidase, guanase, 5'-nucleotidase, and adenosine deaminase in human epidermis were demonstrated and accurately assayed with about 20 microng. of tissue by the new micro-assay methods which rely on the isolation of isotopically labeled end products from the substrates by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membranes. These assay methods are rapid, reliable, and sensitive and are highly suitable for studies of small amount of human tissue. Theses methods for the separation of purine derivatives with cellulose acetate membrane will also permit the assays of purine nucleoside phosphorylase and nucleoside kinase.", "PMID": 858969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12946", "title": "Hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase activity in hamsters on a lithogenic diet.", "content": "The activity of hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme for liver cholesterol biosynthesis, has been determined in young hamsters given a diet known to produce cholesterol gallstones in this species and compared to the activity found in chow-fed hamsters. None of the hamsters fed the lithogenic diet for 15 days or less developed gallstones but 74 percent of those on the diet for 26 to 49 days had cholesterol gallstones. None of the chow-fed animals developed gallstones. The mean HMG CoA reductase activity of hamsters on the lithogenic diet at 4 to 6 hours after the onset of the dark period was 20 times greater than in hamsters in the fasting state and 12 times that of fed hamsters on the chow diet. These greatly elevated enzyme activities were found as early as 2 to 15 days on the lighogenic diet and thus long before the gallstones appeared. The percentage of the bile acid pool represented by chenodeoxycholic acid was significantly higher, and that cholic acid correspondingly lower on the gallstone-inducing diet. This shift in bile acid composition may have contributed to gallstone formation. No significant accumulation of cholesterol was noted in liver or carcass. Increased synthesis of cholesterol induced by the greatly stimulated enzyme activity in hamsters on the lithogenic diet could account for the increased secretion of cholesterol in bile noted by others with subsequent supersaturation of gallbladder bile with respect to cholesterol, and then gallstone formation.", "contents": "Hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase activity in hamsters on a lithogenic diet. The activity of hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme for liver cholesterol biosynthesis, has been determined in young hamsters given a diet known to produce cholesterol gallstones in this species and compared to the activity found in chow-fed hamsters. None of the hamsters fed the lithogenic diet for 15 days or less developed gallstones but 74 percent of those on the diet for 26 to 49 days had cholesterol gallstones. None of the chow-fed animals developed gallstones. The mean HMG CoA reductase activity of hamsters on the lithogenic diet at 4 to 6 hours after the onset of the dark period was 20 times greater than in hamsters in the fasting state and 12 times that of fed hamsters on the chow diet. These greatly elevated enzyme activities were found as early as 2 to 15 days on the lighogenic diet and thus long before the gallstones appeared. The percentage of the bile acid pool represented by chenodeoxycholic acid was significantly higher, and that cholic acid correspondingly lower on the gallstone-inducing diet. This shift in bile acid composition may have contributed to gallstone formation. No significant accumulation of cholesterol was noted in liver or carcass. Increased synthesis of cholesterol induced by the greatly stimulated enzyme activity in hamsters on the lithogenic diet could account for the increased secretion of cholesterol in bile noted by others with subsequent supersaturation of gallbladder bile with respect to cholesterol, and then gallstone formation.", "PMID": 858970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12947", "title": "Effects of volume expansion and parathyroid hormone on total renal blood flow and its intracortical distribution.", "content": "Clearance and renal blood flow studies were performed during hydropenia, 2.5 and 10 percent steady-state saline expansion, and acute administration of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in chronically thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) dogs and during hydropenia and 10 percent expansion in intact dogs. Renal cortical blood flow distribution was measured with radioactive microspheres In TPTX dogs, 2.5 percent expansion increased sodium excretion but did not alter total or intracortical blood flow. With 10 percent expansion, sodium excretion and juxtamedullary (zone 4) blood flow increased in both TPTX and intact dogs. There was no correlation between the changes in sodium excretion and zone 4 fractional blood flow in either group. Although the acute administration of PTH to TPTX dogs did not alter total or intracortical blood flow, control period hemodynamic data revealed an inner shift of flow in TPTX as compated to intact dogs.These results indicate that (1)  massive (10 percent), but not mild (2.5 percent), volume expansion produces an inner shift of cortical blood flow; (2) this shift does not correlate with sodium excretion, nor is it influenced by thyroparathyroidectomy: and (3) PTH does not acutely alter renal blood flow distribution, but its chronic absence is associated with a shift of flow to the inner cortex.", "contents": "Effects of volume expansion and parathyroid hormone on total renal blood flow and its intracortical distribution. Clearance and renal blood flow studies were performed during hydropenia, 2.5 and 10 percent steady-state saline expansion, and acute administration of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in chronically thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) dogs and during hydropenia and 10 percent expansion in intact dogs. Renal cortical blood flow distribution was measured with radioactive microspheres In TPTX dogs, 2.5 percent expansion increased sodium excretion but did not alter total or intracortical blood flow. With 10 percent expansion, sodium excretion and juxtamedullary (zone 4) blood flow increased in both TPTX and intact dogs. There was no correlation between the changes in sodium excretion and zone 4 fractional blood flow in either group. Although the acute administration of PTH to TPTX dogs did not alter total or intracortical blood flow, control period hemodynamic data revealed an inner shift of flow in TPTX as compated to intact dogs.These results indicate that (1)  massive (10 percent), but not mild (2.5 percent), volume expansion produces an inner shift of cortical blood flow; (2) this shift does not correlate with sodium excretion, nor is it influenced by thyroparathyroidectomy: and (3) PTH does not acutely alter renal blood flow distribution, but its chronic absence is associated with a shift of flow to the inner cortex.", "PMID": 858971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12948", "title": "Effect of pharmacologic doses of vasopressin on sodium reabsorption in the rat kidney.", "content": "Administration of pharmacologic doses of vasopressin (50 mU./min./kg.) to the rat resulted in significant increases in both the urinary excretion of sodium (0.02 +/- 0.02 to 6.24 +/- 0.76 micronEq/min.) and the urine flow rate (4.5 +/- 0.5 to 30.5 +/- 6.0 micronl/min). Simultaneous free-flow micropuncture studies demonstrated a decrease in end-proximal TF/Pinulin ratios from 2.82 +/- 0.15 to 1.90 +/- 0.90 (p less than 0.01), indicating decreased water reabsorption in this portion of the nephron. To reduce the influence of the pressor effect of these doses of vasopressin on the kidney, the aorta was constricted proximal to the renal arteries and this resulted in a decrease in urinary sodium excretion to 2.87 +/- 0.57 micronEq/min. and in urine flow rates to 16.6 +/- 3.6 micronl/min. compared with animals given vasopressin alone. End-proximal TF/Pinulin ratio was 2.01 +/- 0.15, a value not significantly different than that in animals given vasopressin alone, suggesting a continued proximal inhibitory effect of vasopressin. It is concluded that pharmacologic doses of vasopressin inhibit sodium reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule as well as in distal portions of the nephron. The magnitude of sodium excretion observed is a function both of vasopressin inhibition of sodium reabsorption and the pressor effect of vasopressin.", "contents": "Effect of pharmacologic doses of vasopressin on sodium reabsorption in the rat kidney. Administration of pharmacologic doses of vasopressin (50 mU./min./kg.) to the rat resulted in significant increases in both the urinary excretion of sodium (0.02 +/- 0.02 to 6.24 +/- 0.76 micronEq/min.) and the urine flow rate (4.5 +/- 0.5 to 30.5 +/- 6.0 micronl/min). Simultaneous free-flow micropuncture studies demonstrated a decrease in end-proximal TF/Pinulin ratios from 2.82 +/- 0.15 to 1.90 +/- 0.90 (p less than 0.01), indicating decreased water reabsorption in this portion of the nephron. To reduce the influence of the pressor effect of these doses of vasopressin on the kidney, the aorta was constricted proximal to the renal arteries and this resulted in a decrease in urinary sodium excretion to 2.87 +/- 0.57 micronEq/min. and in urine flow rates to 16.6 +/- 3.6 micronl/min. compared with animals given vasopressin alone. End-proximal TF/Pinulin ratio was 2.01 +/- 0.15, a value not significantly different than that in animals given vasopressin alone, suggesting a continued proximal inhibitory effect of vasopressin. It is concluded that pharmacologic doses of vasopressin inhibit sodium reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule as well as in distal portions of the nephron. The magnitude of sodium excretion observed is a function both of vasopressin inhibition of sodium reabsorption and the pressor effect of vasopressin.", "PMID": 858972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12949", "title": "Improved ECG monitoring during cardiac catheterization using radiotransparent electrodes and chest leads.", "content": "Improved electrocardiographic monitoring during cardiac catheterization and angiography is achieved when precordial leads can be used and base line wander and muscle artifact are eliminated or reduced. This can be realized with the use of radiotransparent gold electrodes applied to the chest in C1 and C6 locations. Radiotransparency of the electrodes enables them to be situated on the chest wall throughout the diagnostic procedures without interfering with the radiographic image. The electrical stability of gold helps to eliminate base line drift; the precordial location is less subject to movement and muscle artifact and less restricting for the patient. The electrodes are made from gold film vacuum-deposited on 2 mil mylar with a copper wire five-thousandths of an inch in diameter mounted between two layers of plastic tape. The benefits of this arrangement have been observed in a series of ten patients undergoing cardiac catheterization.", "contents": "Improved ECG monitoring during cardiac catheterization using radiotransparent electrodes and chest leads. Improved electrocardiographic monitoring during cardiac catheterization and angiography is achieved when precordial leads can be used and base line wander and muscle artifact are eliminated or reduced. This can be realized with the use of radiotransparent gold electrodes applied to the chest in C1 and C6 locations. Radiotransparency of the electrodes enables them to be situated on the chest wall throughout the diagnostic procedures without interfering with the radiographic image. The electrical stability of gold helps to eliminate base line drift; the precordial location is less subject to movement and muscle artifact and less restricting for the patient. The electrodes are made from gold film vacuum-deposited on 2 mil mylar with a copper wire five-thousandths of an inch in diameter mounted between two layers of plastic tape. The benefits of this arrangement have been observed in a series of ten patients undergoing cardiac catheterization.", "PMID": 858975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12950", "title": "High fidelity ECG in the diagnosis of occult coronary artery disease: a study of patients with normal conventional ECG.", "content": "High fidelity (HF) electrocardiography (ECGY) was performed on four groups of patients with a normal resting electrocardiogram (ECG). Two groups (A and B) consisted of normal subjects over or under the age of 40, while the other two groups of patients (C and D) underwent coronary arteriography because of chest pain. HR ECG components within the initial portion of the QRS complex were significantly more common among patients with advanced coronary disease. The difference between the normal groups and the group with documented coronary artery disease (CAD) became more significant when the number of leads showing the HF ECG components was counted. Precordial leads were more sensitive in predicting the presence or absence of CAD than limb leads. HF ECG components in the terminal portion of the QRS complex did not differentiate between normals and patients with coronary artery disease, unless the number of leads showing these HF ECG components was considered. It seems that abnormal HF ECG components can point to minor areas of fibrosis caused by coronary artery disease even if the resting conventional ECG is normal.", "contents": "High fidelity ECG in the diagnosis of occult coronary artery disease: a study of patients with normal conventional ECG. High fidelity (HF) electrocardiography (ECGY) was performed on four groups of patients with a normal resting electrocardiogram (ECG). Two groups (A and B) consisted of normal subjects over or under the age of 40, while the other two groups of patients (C and D) underwent coronary arteriography because of chest pain. HR ECG components within the initial portion of the QRS complex were significantly more common among patients with advanced coronary disease. The difference between the normal groups and the group with documented coronary artery disease (CAD) became more significant when the number of leads showing the HF ECG components was counted. Precordial leads were more sensitive in predicting the presence or absence of CAD than limb leads. HF ECG components in the terminal portion of the QRS complex did not differentiate between normals and patients with coronary artery disease, unless the number of leads showing these HF ECG components was considered. It seems that abnormal HF ECG components can point to minor areas of fibrosis caused by coronary artery disease even if the resting conventional ECG is normal.", "PMID": 858976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12951", "title": "Analysis of discrepancies between VCG and ECG interpretation of anterior wall myocardial infarction.", "content": "In 247 cases in which an old anterior myocardial infarction (MI) was suspected and in which SVEC III-lead system vectorcardiograms (VCGs) and matching conventional 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs) were available, records were analyzed to investigate the diagnostic agreement or discrepancy between the two techniques. The frequency of agreement (155 cases) exceeded the frequency of disagreement (92 cases), but the frequency of disagreement even with lumped subgroups was high. Eighty percent of this disagreement was between positive VCG and negative ECG diagnostic consensus. The positive MI group by ECG diagnosis showed smaller R waves and larger S waves and larger S waves in leads V2 and V3 and smaller R/S ratios in leads V2 and V4 than the negative MI groupe by ECG, while small R waves or QS patterns and large S waves in just lead V1 were the only positive finding in the positive MI group by VCG. The important VCG characteristic for positive MI diagnosis was abnormal posterior deviation of the initial QRS vectors. The high incidence of discrepancies shown by positive VCG and negative ECG diagnoses resulted from the fact that, in spite of the presence of a fairly well developed R wave in precordial leads, the initial QRS vectors were displaced posteriorly. In 8 of 18 cases classified into negative VCG and positive ECG diagnostic group, poor R wave progression did not necessarily result in the posterior displacement of the initial QRS vectors. In contrast to the difficulties in applying ECG criteria for anterior MI (variability of QRS patterns in precordial leads), an orthogenal VCG (representing the phasic changes in the depolarization process) seems to clarify the equivocal situation in the ECG diagnosis of MI.", "contents": "Analysis of discrepancies between VCG and ECG interpretation of anterior wall myocardial infarction. In 247 cases in which an old anterior myocardial infarction (MI) was suspected and in which SVEC III-lead system vectorcardiograms (VCGs) and matching conventional 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs) were available, records were analyzed to investigate the diagnostic agreement or discrepancy between the two techniques. The frequency of agreement (155 cases) exceeded the frequency of disagreement (92 cases), but the frequency of disagreement even with lumped subgroups was high. Eighty percent of this disagreement was between positive VCG and negative ECG diagnostic consensus. The positive MI group by ECG diagnosis showed smaller R waves and larger S waves and larger S waves in leads V2 and V3 and smaller R/S ratios in leads V2 and V4 than the negative MI groupe by ECG, while small R waves or QS patterns and large S waves in just lead V1 were the only positive finding in the positive MI group by VCG. The important VCG characteristic for positive MI diagnosis was abnormal posterior deviation of the initial QRS vectors. The high incidence of discrepancies shown by positive VCG and negative ECG diagnoses resulted from the fact that, in spite of the presence of a fairly well developed R wave in precordial leads, the initial QRS vectors were displaced posteriorly. In 8 of 18 cases classified into negative VCG and positive ECG diagnostic group, poor R wave progression did not necessarily result in the posterior displacement of the initial QRS vectors. In contrast to the difficulties in applying ECG criteria for anterior MI (variability of QRS patterns in precordial leads), an orthogenal VCG (representing the phasic changes in the depolarization process) seems to clarify the equivocal situation in the ECG diagnosis of MI.", "PMID": 858977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12952", "title": "Bi-morphic atrial flutter.", "content": "A case of atrial flutter whose classic \"saw-tooth\" morphology, resistant to full doses of digoxin and quinidine, was changed to an unusual form by low energy direct current shock is presented. The atrial and ventricular rates remained identical in spite of the different F wave pattern before and after attempted cardioversions. 0.5 mg digoxin was given after cardioversion failed and the patient reverted to normal sinus rhythm. This case strengthens the theory of rapidly discharging atrial focus as a mechanism of atrial flutter and the case for a change in intra-atrial conductions as cause for change in atrial electrograms.", "contents": "Bi-morphic atrial flutter. A case of atrial flutter whose classic \"saw-tooth\" morphology, resistant to full doses of digoxin and quinidine, was changed to an unusual form by low energy direct current shock is presented. The atrial and ventricular rates remained identical in spite of the different F wave pattern before and after attempted cardioversions. 0.5 mg digoxin was given after cardioversion failed and the patient reverted to normal sinus rhythm. This case strengthens the theory of rapidly discharging atrial focus as a mechanism of atrial flutter and the case for a change in intra-atrial conductions as cause for change in atrial electrograms.", "PMID": 858978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12953", "title": "Alternation of retrograde conduction times.", "content": "A patient with idionodal rhythm with alternation of retrograde conduction times is described. The idionodal escape rhythm is associated with alternating slow and relatively fast retrograde conduction times to the atria. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are discussed.", "contents": "Alternation of retrograde conduction times. A patient with idionodal rhythm with alternation of retrograde conduction times is described. The idionodal escape rhythm is associated with alternating slow and relatively fast retrograde conduction times to the atria. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are discussed.", "PMID": 858979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12954", "title": "Steroid production by isolated rabbit ovarian follicles: effects of luteinizing hormone from mating to implantation.", "content": "Follicles were isolated from rabbits before and after mating and the effects of LH on steroidogenesis were studied using an incubation technique. Before mating testosterone was the major steroid produced in response to LH. Mating or administration of ovine LH in vivo caused the follicles to produce mainly progesterone and these follicles were refractory to LH in vitro. Up to 72 h after mating, LH would stimulate follicles to produce progesterone. At 96 h after mating, the testosterone response to LH was again manifest. These results suggest that the responsiveness of rabbit follicles to LH is dependent on the endocrine status of the animal when the ovaries were removed.", "contents": "Steroid production by isolated rabbit ovarian follicles: effects of luteinizing hormone from mating to implantation. Follicles were isolated from rabbits before and after mating and the effects of LH on steroidogenesis were studied using an incubation technique. Before mating testosterone was the major steroid produced in response to LH. Mating or administration of ovine LH in vivo caused the follicles to produce mainly progesterone and these follicles were refractory to LH in vitro. Up to 72 h after mating, LH would stimulate follicles to produce progesterone. At 96 h after mating, the testosterone response to LH was again manifest. These results suggest that the responsiveness of rabbit follicles to LH is dependent on the endocrine status of the animal when the ovaries were removed.", "PMID": 858986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12955", "title": "Circadian rhythm of pineal uptake  of 32P in domestic fowl.", "content": "The uptake of radioactive phosphorus by the pineal gland in White Leghorn cockerels (Gallus domesticus) showed a diurnal variation with maxima in the light phase and minima in the dark phase of the light: dark cycle. Constant light caused the rhythm to disappear while constant dark had no effect other than lowering the amplitude of the variations. These data indicate that the rhythm in pineal uptake of 32P is circadian.", "contents": "Circadian rhythm of pineal uptake  of 32P in domestic fowl. The uptake of radioactive phosphorus by the pineal gland in White Leghorn cockerels (Gallus domesticus) showed a diurnal variation with maxima in the light phase and minima in the dark phase of the light: dark cycle. Constant light caused the rhythm to disappear while constant dark had no effect other than lowering the amplitude of the variations. These data indicate that the rhythm in pineal uptake of 32P is circadian.", "PMID": 858987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12956", "title": "Biosynthetic events of hydrid regeneration. II. Patterns and profiles of RNA synthesis during distal morphogenesis.", "content": "The pattern of RNA synthesis during the first 48 h of distal regeneration in Hydra oligactis has been investigated. In addition the RNA synthetic profiles during selected time periods have been studied. RNA synthesis was found to increase five-fold during the first 3 h of regeneration and remained high throughout the rest of the 48 h period. An additional increase was observed 27-30 h following subhypostomal excision, immediately preceding the appearance of the first tentacle pair. The RNA synthetic level then returned to that found at 3 h of regeneration. This pattern was similar to that reported previously for DNA synthesis. Profiles of radioactively labeled RNA remained constant during most of the times studied, showing the presence of newly synthesized 28S, 18S, 5S, and 4S RNA. During two time periods, 28-32 h and 36-40, a novel 8S RNA species was observed. The occurrence of this species coincided with times of increased overall RNA synthesis and immediately preceded tentacle elaboration.", "contents": "Biosynthetic events of hydrid regeneration. II. Patterns and profiles of RNA synthesis during distal morphogenesis. The pattern of RNA synthesis during the first 48 h of distal regeneration in Hydra oligactis has been investigated. In addition the RNA synthetic profiles during selected time periods have been studied. RNA synthesis was found to increase five-fold during the first 3 h of regeneration and remained high throughout the rest of the 48 h period. An additional increase was observed 27-30 h following subhypostomal excision, immediately preceding the appearance of the first tentacle pair. The RNA synthetic level then returned to that found at 3 h of regeneration. This pattern was similar to that reported previously for DNA synthesis. Profiles of radioactively labeled RNA remained constant during most of the times studied, showing the presence of newly synthesized 28S, 18S, 5S, and 4S RNA. During two time periods, 28-32 h and 36-40, a novel 8S RNA species was observed. The occurrence of this species coincided with times of increased overall RNA synthesis and immediately preceded tentacle elaboration.", "PMID": 858988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12957", "title": "The pattern of cell division during growth of the blastema of regenerating newt forelimbs.", "content": "Pulse and continuous labelling with tritiated thymidine are used for a quantitative study of cell division rates in regeneration blastemas. Proliferation is initially uniform; later a proximo-distal gradient develops in the mesenchyme, with the highest labelling index at the tip, where practically all cells are shown to be dividing. In the ectoderm there appear to be two growth bands, one close to the stump and the other close to the tip. The results are consistent with the progress zone theory, and agree well with the numerical estimates of growth rates used in our previously reported simulation.", "contents": "The pattern of cell division during growth of the blastema of regenerating newt forelimbs. Pulse and continuous labelling with tritiated thymidine are used for a quantitative study of cell division rates in regeneration blastemas. Proliferation is initially uniform; later a proximo-distal gradient develops in the mesenchyme, with the highest labelling index at the tip, where practically all cells are shown to be dividing. In the ectoderm there appear to be two growth bands, one close to the stump and the other close to the tip. The results are consistent with the progress zone theory, and agree well with the numerical estimates of growth rates used in our previously reported simulation.", "PMID": 858989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12958", "title": "The effect of synchronous and asynchronous egg transfer on foetal weight in mice selected for large and small body size.", "content": "The weight difference between large, small and unselected strains of mice were maintained when blastocysts of each genotype were transferred to unselected control recipients, suggesting that foetal genotype was an important factor in determining prenatal body size. The asynchronous transfer of large, small and unselected embryos resulted in a highly significant (P less than 0-001) elevation of foetal weight compared with synchronously transferred groups, genetically small mice attaining a foetal weight greater than the normal large strain. This result suggested that foetal genotype did not limit the capacity of each strain for prenatal growth. It is postulated that foetal genotype exercises its control over embryonic growth by affecting the state of embryonic development at implantation.", "contents": "The effect of synchronous and asynchronous egg transfer on foetal weight in mice selected for large and small body size. The weight difference between large, small and unselected strains of mice were maintained when blastocysts of each genotype were transferred to unselected control recipients, suggesting that foetal genotype was an important factor in determining prenatal body size. The asynchronous transfer of large, small and unselected embryos resulted in a highly significant (P less than 0-001) elevation of foetal weight compared with synchronously transferred groups, genetically small mice attaining a foetal weight greater than the normal large strain. This result suggested that foetal genotype did not limit the capacity of each strain for prenatal growth. It is postulated that foetal genotype exercises its control over embryonic growth by affecting the state of embryonic development at implantation.", "PMID": 858990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12959", "title": "The location and mechanism of hyperosmotic fluid secretion in the rectum of the saline-water mosquito larvae Aedes taeniorhynchus.", "content": "1. Ligation between the anterior and posterior segments of the rectum in vitro was used to demonstrate that the posterior rectum is the site of hyperosmotic secretion to the lumen side. Observations were consistent with a reabsorptive function for the anterior rectum. These results support predictions from ultrastructural studies of these two segments. 2. The initial potential of the rectal lumen, relative to the haemocoel side, was of opposite polarity in the anterior (-10 mV) and posterior (+ 10 mV) segments and these values decreased to -2 and +6 mV respectively in ligated recta which had secreted for 2 h. 3. A comparison of these potential difference measurements with concentration differences developed across the rectal epithelium under the same experimental conditions indicates that Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Cl- are all actively transported by the posterior segment to the lumen side. 4. The influence of different haemolymph concentrations of Na+, K+, and Cl- on the potential differences across the basal cell border and across the whole  rectal epithelium are reported. Based on this and previous data, we propose a model for the organization of transport processes within the single celltype present in the posterior rectal epithelium.", "contents": "The location and mechanism of hyperosmotic fluid secretion in the rectum of the saline-water mosquito larvae Aedes taeniorhynchus. 1. Ligation between the anterior and posterior segments of the rectum in vitro was used to demonstrate that the posterior rectum is the site of hyperosmotic secretion to the lumen side. Observations were consistent with a reabsorptive function for the anterior rectum. These results support predictions from ultrastructural studies of these two segments. 2. The initial potential of the rectal lumen, relative to the haemocoel side, was of opposite polarity in the anterior (-10 mV) and posterior (+ 10 mV) segments and these values decreased to -2 and +6 mV respectively in ligated recta which had secreted for 2 h. 3. A comparison of these potential difference measurements with concentration differences developed across the rectal epithelium under the same experimental conditions indicates that Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Cl- are all actively transported by the posterior segment to the lumen side. 4. The influence of different haemolymph concentrations of Na+, K+, and Cl- on the potential differences across the basal cell border and across the whole  rectal epithelium are reported. Based on this and previous data, we propose a model for the organization of transport processes within the single celltype present in the posterior rectal epithelium.", "PMID": 858991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12960", "title": "Correlation of the startle reflex and Mauthner cell auditory responses in unrestrained goldfish.", "content": "Stainless-steel electrodes were implanted near the left or right. Mauthner cells (M-cells) of goldfish to determine if these cells can initiate the startle reflex evoked by a brief sinusoidal sound stimulus. Recordings of the M-cell extracellular spike were obtained for the duration of 10 experiments. Fish with chronic implants were allowed to free-swim and exposed to at least 10 consecutive sound stimuli consisting of 2 cycles of 200 Hz. Seventy-three startle responses were analysed. In 34 cases the implanted M-cell electrode was contralateral to the contracting musculature, and in each of these cases, a M-cell spike preceded the EMG response by 1-1-2-1 ms. In the reamining 39 cases the electrode was ipsilateral to the active musculature, and the M-cell only fired in one of these trails. There were no startle responses and no M-cell firings in an additional 52 tests. Since the M-cell activates contralateral motoneurones, the results indicate it is responsible for initiation of the startle reflex.", "contents": "Correlation of the startle reflex and Mauthner cell auditory responses in unrestrained goldfish. Stainless-steel electrodes were implanted near the left or right. Mauthner cells (M-cells) of goldfish to determine if these cells can initiate the startle reflex evoked by a brief sinusoidal sound stimulus. Recordings of the M-cell extracellular spike were obtained for the duration of 10 experiments. Fish with chronic implants were allowed to free-swim and exposed to at least 10 consecutive sound stimuli consisting of 2 cycles of 200 Hz. Seventy-three startle responses were analysed. In 34 cases the implanted M-cell electrode was contralateral to the contracting musculature, and in each of these cases, a M-cell spike preceded the EMG response by 1-1-2-1 ms. In the reamining 39 cases the electrode was ipsilateral to the active musculature, and the M-cell only fired in one of these trails. There were no startle responses and no M-cell firings in an additional 52 tests. Since the M-cell activates contralateral motoneurones, the results indicate it is responsible for initiation of the startle reflex.", "PMID": 858992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12961", "title": "A circadian rhythm in the locomotive behaviour of the giant garden slug Limax maximus.", "content": "The locomotor activity of the garden slug Limax maximus was examined for components of circadian rhythmicity. Behavioural (running wheel) studies clearly demonstrated that the activity satisfies the principal criteria of circadian rhythmicity. In constant darkness at a constant temperature, the locomotor activity freeran with a period of about 24 h (range 23-6-24-6 h). The rhythm was also expressed in constant light with a period for individual slugs that tended to be shorter in LL than in DD. The period of the rhythm was temperature compensated (11-5-21-5 degrees C) with a Q10 approximately equal to 1-00. The locomotor rhythm could be entrained to 24 h LD cycles such that the circadian activity peak occurred during the dark. The phase angle between the onset of activity and lights-off was not fixed, but was a function of the photoperiod of the entraining light cycle.", "contents": "A circadian rhythm in the locomotive behaviour of the giant garden slug Limax maximus. The locomotor activity of the garden slug Limax maximus was examined for components of circadian rhythmicity. Behavioural (running wheel) studies clearly demonstrated that the activity satisfies the principal criteria of circadian rhythmicity. In constant darkness at a constant temperature, the locomotor activity freeran with a period of about 24 h (range 23-6-24-6 h). The rhythm was also expressed in constant light with a period for individual slugs that tended to be shorter in LL than in DD. The period of the rhythm was temperature compensated (11-5-21-5 degrees C) with a Q10 approximately equal to 1-00. The locomotor rhythm could be entrained to 24 h LD cycles such that the circadian activity peak occurred during the dark. The phase angle between the onset of activity and lights-off was not fixed, but was a function of the photoperiod of the entraining light cycle.", "PMID": 858993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12962", "title": "The effect of external salinity on drinking rate and rectal secretion in the larvae of the saline-water mosquito Aedes taeniorhynchus.", "content": "1. The drinking rate of the saline-water mosquito larva Aedes taeniorhyncus (100 nl.mg-1.h-1) is unaffected by the salinity of the external medium, but is directly  proportional to the surface area of the animal. 2. Haemolymph Na+, Mg2+, K+, Cl-, SO42- and osmotic concentrations were measured in larvae adapted to 10%, 100% and 200% seawater and were found to be regulated within a narrow range. 3. With the exception of potassium, ionic concentrations in rectal secretion were found to increase with increasing concentrations of the sea water in which larvae were reared. 4. The osmotic concentration of rectal secretion was unaffected by changes in haemolymph osmotic concentration but did rise when sodium or chloride concentrations of the haemolymph were increased. High levels of these ions also stimulated the rate of fluid secretion. 5. Transport of chloride and sodium by the rectum exhibits the kinetics of allosteric rather than classical enzymes.", "contents": "The effect of external salinity on drinking rate and rectal secretion in the larvae of the saline-water mosquito Aedes taeniorhynchus. 1. The drinking rate of the saline-water mosquito larva Aedes taeniorhyncus (100 nl.mg-1.h-1) is unaffected by the salinity of the external medium, but is directly  proportional to the surface area of the animal. 2. Haemolymph Na+, Mg2+, K+, Cl-, SO42- and osmotic concentrations were measured in larvae adapted to 10%, 100% and 200% seawater and were found to be regulated within a narrow range. 3. With the exception of potassium, ionic concentrations in rectal secretion were found to increase with increasing concentrations of the sea water in which larvae were reared. 4. The osmotic concentration of rectal secretion was unaffected by changes in haemolymph osmotic concentration but did rise when sodium or chloride concentrations of the haemolymph were increased. High levels of these ions also stimulated the rate of fluid secretion. 5. Transport of chloride and sodium by the rectum exhibits the kinetics of allosteric rather than classical enzymes.", "PMID": 858994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12963", "title": "Molecular  similarities between the Qa-2 alloantigen and other gene products of the 17th chromosome of the mouse.", "content": "The alloantigen Qa-2, whose gene is located on the 17th chromosome between H-2D and Tla, is identified as a molecule of 43,000 daltons which is associated with beta 2-microglobulin. Qa-2 comprises approximately 0.15% of the iodinateable cell surface protein of lymph node cells. Sequential precipitations demonstrated that Qa-2 is distinct from H-2D and H-2K molecules.", "contents": "Molecular  similarities between the Qa-2 alloantigen and other gene products of the 17th chromosome of the mouse. The alloantigen Qa-2, whose gene is located on the 17th chromosome between H-2D and Tla, is identified as a molecule of 43,000 daltons which is associated with beta 2-microglobulin. Qa-2 comprises approximately 0.15% of the iodinateable cell surface protein of lymph node cells. Sequential precipitations demonstrated that Qa-2 is distinct from H-2D and H-2K molecules.", "PMID": 858995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12964", "title": "Estrogen binding by leukocytes during phagocytosis,.", "content": "Estradiol binds covalently to normal leukocytes during phagocytosis. The binding involves three cell types, neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes and at least two reaction mechanisms, one involving the peroxidase of neutrophils and monocytes (myeloperoxidase [MPO]) and possibly the eosinophil peroxidase, and the second involving catalase. Binding is markedly reduced when leukocytes from patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), severe leukocytic glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, and familial lipochrome histiocytosis are employed and two populations of neutrophils, one which binds estradiol and one which does not, can be demonstrated in the blood of a CGD carrier. Leukocytes from patients with hereditary MPO deficiency also bind estradiol poorly although the defect is not as severe as in CGD. These findings are discussed in relation to the inactivation of estrogens during infection and the possible role of estrogens in neutrophil function.", "contents": "Estrogen binding by leukocytes during phagocytosis,. Estradiol binds covalently to normal leukocytes during phagocytosis. The binding involves three cell types, neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes and at least two reaction mechanisms, one involving the peroxidase of neutrophils and monocytes (myeloperoxidase [MPO]) and possibly the eosinophil peroxidase, and the second involving catalase. Binding is markedly reduced when leukocytes from patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), severe leukocytic glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, and familial lipochrome histiocytosis are employed and two populations of neutrophils, one which binds estradiol and one which does not, can be demonstrated in the blood of a CGD carrier. Leukocytes from patients with hereditary MPO deficiency also bind estradiol poorly although the defect is not as severe as in CGD. These findings are discussed in relation to the inactivation of estrogens during infection and the possible role of estrogens in neutrophil function.", "PMID": 858996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12965", "title": "Hapten-specific delayed hypersensitivity to epsilon-2,4-dinitrophenyl-L-lysine-Ficoll in guinea pigs immunized with 2,4-dinitrophenyl-keyhole limpet hemocyanin.", "content": "After active immunization with 2,4-dinitrophenyl-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (DNP-KLH), 2,4-dinitropheynl-L-lysine (DNPL)-Ficoll may elicit indurated, erythematous skin reactions lasting 24-72 h. Histological sections of these reactions, examined by microscope techniques, showed they contained polymorphonuclear leukocytes and perivascularly situated lymphocytes and macrophages, but had very few basophils. Consequently, the reaction was interpreted as having an immediate component and a component typical of delayed hypersensitivity; this indicated that the delayed reaction could be specific for the DNP hapten. Although this delayed type of skin reaction was not transferred to recipients with anti-DNP-KLH serum, one pool of that serum did sensitize guinea pigs so that they could respond with a different skin reaction after challenge with DNPL-Ficoll. This reaction was soft, pale pink, and lasted for 24 h. Histologically, it contained only a few polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It differed from the delayed reaction in actively immunized animals in that it lacked induration, and was devoid of lymphocytes and macrophages.", "contents": "Hapten-specific delayed hypersensitivity to epsilon-2,4-dinitrophenyl-L-lysine-Ficoll in guinea pigs immunized with 2,4-dinitrophenyl-keyhole limpet hemocyanin. After active immunization with 2,4-dinitrophenyl-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (DNP-KLH), 2,4-dinitropheynl-L-lysine (DNPL)-Ficoll may elicit indurated, erythematous skin reactions lasting 24-72 h. Histological sections of these reactions, examined by microscope techniques, showed they contained polymorphonuclear leukocytes and perivascularly situated lymphocytes and macrophages, but had very few basophils. Consequently, the reaction was interpreted as having an immediate component and a component typical of delayed hypersensitivity; this indicated that the delayed reaction could be specific for the DNP hapten. Although this delayed type of skin reaction was not transferred to recipients with anti-DNP-KLH serum, one pool of that serum did sensitize guinea pigs so that they could respond with a different skin reaction after challenge with DNPL-Ficoll. This reaction was soft, pale pink, and lasted for 24 h. Histologically, it contained only a few polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It differed from the delayed reaction in actively immunized animals in that it lacked induration, and was devoid of lymphocytes and macrophages.", "PMID": 858997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12966", "title": "Antigen-induced locomotor responses in lymphocytes.", "content": "The effect of protein antigens on the locomotion of lymphocytes from the lymph nodes draining the site of antigenic challenge in immunized mice, and from the same nodes in control mice, was studied in filters using a checkerboard assay in which the absolute concentration and the concentration gradient of attractant was varied in a series of chambers. Serum albumin (HSA or BSA) was chemokinetic for unimmunized lymphocytes inasmuch as the distance migrated into filters by cells in its presence varied with the absolute concentration of albumin, but not with the concentration gradient, indicating an influence of the serum albumin on the rate but not on the direction of locomotion. Ovalbumin and nonalbumin proteins did not show this effect. Using the same assay, the migration of primed lymphocytes in the presence of the priming antigen was shown to be influenced by the antigen gradient in a way that suggested a positive chemotactic response of the lymphocytes to antigen. This response was only shown clearly when the cells were in a chemokinetic medium containing serum albumin.", "contents": "Antigen-induced locomotor responses in lymphocytes. The effect of protein antigens on the locomotion of lymphocytes from the lymph nodes draining the site of antigenic challenge in immunized mice, and from the same nodes in control mice, was studied in filters using a checkerboard assay in which the absolute concentration and the concentration gradient of attractant was varied in a series of chambers. Serum albumin (HSA or BSA) was chemokinetic for unimmunized lymphocytes inasmuch as the distance migrated into filters by cells in its presence varied with the absolute concentration of albumin, but not with the concentration gradient, indicating an influence of the serum albumin on the rate but not on the direction of locomotion. Ovalbumin and nonalbumin proteins did not show this effect. Using the same assay, the migration of primed lymphocytes in the presence of the priming antigen was shown to be influenced by the antigen gradient in a way that suggested a positive chemotactic response of the lymphocytes to antigen. This response was only shown clearly when the cells were in a chemokinetic medium containing serum albumin.", "PMID": 858998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12967", "title": "Production of the second component of complement by human monocytes: stimulation by antigen-activated lymphocytes or lymphokines.", "content": "Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells cultured in the presence of antigen produced hemolytically active second complement component earlier and in larger amounts than did control cultures of the same cells without antigen. The increased amount of C2 in culture supernates came primarily from the adherent cell population and was due to increased synthesis as demonstrated by inhibition with 10(-4) M cycloheximide. Purified adherent monocytes produced more C2 when exposed to lymphokine-rich supernates from antigen-stimulated lymphocytes than when exposed to control supernates from unstimulated lymphocyte cultures. The increased synthesis of C2, which appeared to be mediated by a lymphokine, was partially inhibited specifically by 0.025 M alpha-L(-) fucose, a sugar which has previously been shown in inhibit the response of macrophages to migration inhibitory factor.", "contents": "Production of the second component of complement by human monocytes: stimulation by antigen-activated lymphocytes or lymphokines. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells cultured in the presence of antigen produced hemolytically active second complement component earlier and in larger amounts than did control cultures of the same cells without antigen. The increased amount of C2 in culture supernates came primarily from the adherent cell population and was due to increased synthesis as demonstrated by inhibition with 10(-4) M cycloheximide. Purified adherent monocytes produced more C2 when exposed to lymphokine-rich supernates from antigen-stimulated lymphocytes than when exposed to control supernates from unstimulated lymphocyte cultures. The increased synthesis of C2, which appeared to be mediated by a lymphokine, was partially inhibited specifically by 0.025 M alpha-L(-) fucose, a sugar which has previously been shown in inhibit the response of macrophages to migration inhibitory factor.", "PMID": 858999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12968", "title": "Association and dissociation of aggregated IgG from rat peritoneal macrophages.", "content": "Stable aggregated IgG (A-IgG) of various sizes, having high biological activity, were incubated at 4 degree C with adhering peritoneal macrophages from normal rats and the kinetics of A-IgG binding to the cell surface were studied. Equilibrium constants were high (2.8-11.7 X 10(8) M-1) and varied as a function of aggregate size. The maximum number of A-IgG bound per cell varied from 230,000 for A-IgG9 to 90,000 for A-IgG74. Binding was 50% inhibited by near physiological concentrations of monomeric IgC. These data suggest that A-IgG are bound at multiple sites by attachment of Fc frgments to Fc receptors present on the macrophage surface with larger A-IgG being more avidly bound. Dissociation was slower for larger A-IgG while no clear trend was seen relating associating rates and aggregate size. Thus, differences in the avidity of binding of A-IgG are due primarily to slower dissociation of larger A-IgG. Dissociationissociation of A-IgG was slower from cells exposed initially to higher doses of A-IgG and dissociation did not follow simple first order kinetics. Thus, the avidity of binding appears to be heterogeneous in a population of similar sized A-IgG. As expected, association was dose-dependent, more rapid than dissociation, and followed pseudo first order kinetics. Based on all of the above data, it is proposed that binding of A-IgG proceeds in two steps. First, A-IgG are loosely bound to perhaps a single Fc receptor. Then, depending upon the availability and mobility of Fc receptors, additional Fc fragments are attached and the A-IgG becomes more firmly attached. Thus binding is slow, but once attached A-IgG are avidly held.", "contents": "Association and dissociation of aggregated IgG from rat peritoneal macrophages. Stable aggregated IgG (A-IgG) of various sizes, having high biological activity, were incubated at 4 degree C with adhering peritoneal macrophages from normal rats and the kinetics of A-IgG binding to the cell surface were studied. Equilibrium constants were high (2.8-11.7 X 10(8) M-1) and varied as a function of aggregate size. The maximum number of A-IgG bound per cell varied from 230,000 for A-IgG9 to 90,000 for A-IgG74. Binding was 50% inhibited by near physiological concentrations of monomeric IgC. These data suggest that A-IgG are bound at multiple sites by attachment of Fc frgments to Fc receptors present on the macrophage surface with larger A-IgG being more avidly bound. Dissociation was slower for larger A-IgG while no clear trend was seen relating associating rates and aggregate size. Thus, differences in the avidity of binding of A-IgG are due primarily to slower dissociation of larger A-IgG. Dissociationissociation of A-IgG was slower from cells exposed initially to higher doses of A-IgG and dissociation did not follow simple first order kinetics. Thus, the avidity of binding appears to be heterogeneous in a population of similar sized A-IgG. As expected, association was dose-dependent, more rapid than dissociation, and followed pseudo first order kinetics. Based on all of the above data, it is proposed that binding of A-IgG proceeds in two steps. First, A-IgG are loosely bound to perhaps a single Fc receptor. Then, depending upon the availability and mobility of Fc receptors, additional Fc fragments are attached and the A-IgG becomes more firmly attached. Thus binding is slow, but once attached A-IgG are avidly held.", "PMID": 859000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12969", "title": "Prostaglandin production by rheumatoid synovial cells: stimulation by a factor from human mononuclear Cells.", "content": "Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (lymphocyte-monocyte) in culture release a solube factor which can stimulate, up to 200-fold, production of prostaglandin E2 by isolated, adherent, rheumatoid synovial cells. Production of the factor by the mononuclear cells is enhanced by phytohemagglutinin. This factor is similar in apparent mol vt (10,000-20,000) to that which also stimulates collagenase production by the same cells.", "contents": "Prostaglandin production by rheumatoid synovial cells: stimulation by a factor from human mononuclear Cells. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (lymphocyte-monocyte) in culture release a solube factor which can stimulate, up to 200-fold, production of prostaglandin E2 by isolated, adherent, rheumatoid synovial cells. Production of the factor by the mononuclear cells is enhanced by phytohemagglutinin. This factor is similar in apparent mol vt (10,000-20,000) to that which also stimulates collagenase production by the same cells.", "PMID": 859001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12970", "title": "Generation of natural killer cells: an autonomous function of the bone marrow.", "content": "Generation of natural killer (NK) cells in spleens from radiation chimeras produced between pairs of histocompatible 'high' and 'low' NK-reactive mouse strains has been investigated. Spleen cells of high-reactive recipients reconstituted with bone marrow from low-reactive mice were found to be low reactive. Conversely, spleen cells of low mice grafted with bone marrow or fetal liver cells from high donors were high reactive. Similarly, the age-related changes of NK activity were shown to be expressed at the bone marrow precursor cell level. These results indicate that the generation of natural killer cells is an inborn and autonomous function of the bone marrow and does not depend on the genotype or other influences of the host environment.", "contents": "Generation of natural killer cells: an autonomous function of the bone marrow. Generation of natural killer (NK) cells in spleens from radiation chimeras produced between pairs of histocompatible 'high' and 'low' NK-reactive mouse strains has been investigated. Spleen cells of high-reactive recipients reconstituted with bone marrow from low-reactive mice were found to be low reactive. Conversely, spleen cells of low mice grafted with bone marrow or fetal liver cells from high donors were high reactive. Similarly, the age-related changes of NK activity were shown to be expressed at the bone marrow precursor cell level. These results indicate that the generation of natural killer cells is an inborn and autonomous function of the bone marrow and does not depend on the genotype or other influences of the host environment.", "PMID": 859002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12971", "title": "[Investigation of a new method for the determination of glucose, using the Greiner Selective Analyzer II (GSA II) (author's transl)].", "content": "The hexokinase method and a method using glucose dehydrogenase are compared. In general, the two methods show good agreement. The samples were not deproteinized and were obtained from fasting patients of the medical, surgical, rheumatological and hemodialysis clinics. The possible influence of anticoagulants, preservatives and hemoglobin on the determination of glucose with glucose dehydrogenase was checked; there was no evidence of interference. Among the carbohydrates which were tested, only 2-deoxyglucose gave a positive reaction. In addition, this is a reliable and cheap method. The multiplication factor for the photometric analysis remains stable for seven days with a linearity between 0.55 and 44.4 mmol/1 glucose.", "contents": "[Investigation of a new method for the determination of glucose, using the Greiner Selective Analyzer II (GSA II) (author's transl)]. The hexokinase method and a method using glucose dehydrogenase are compared. In general, the two methods show good agreement. The samples were not deproteinized and were obtained from fasting patients of the medical, surgical, rheumatological and hemodialysis clinics. The possible influence of anticoagulants, preservatives and hemoglobin on the determination of glucose with glucose dehydrogenase was checked; there was no evidence of interference. Among the carbohydrates which were tested, only 2-deoxyglucose gave a positive reaction. In addition, this is a reliable and cheap method. The multiplication factor for the photometric analysis remains stable for seven days with a linearity between 0.55 and 44.4 mmol/1 glucose.", "PMID": 859003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12972", "title": "Quantitative determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme catalytic concentrations in serum using immunological methods.", "content": "For the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme catalytic concentrations in serum two methods based on immunological reactions are presented: One method uses inhibiting antibodies, which selectively block the activity of creatine kinase M subunits (\"Inhibition Test\"). This test is used for routine measurements of creatine kinase MB catalytic concentration; Another method uses precipitating antibodies, which allows a quantitative differentiation of creatine kinase isoenzymes MM, MB and BB (\"Precipitation Test\"). This test is used as a control for the Inhibition Test for the possible presence of creatine kinase BB activities in doubtful cases. Procedures, specificity, correlation and application of these methods are discussed.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme catalytic concentrations in serum using immunological methods. For the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme catalytic concentrations in serum two methods based on immunological reactions are presented: One method uses inhibiting antibodies, which selectively block the activity of creatine kinase M subunits (\"Inhibition Test\"). This test is used for routine measurements of creatine kinase MB catalytic concentration; Another method uses precipitating antibodies, which allows a quantitative differentiation of creatine kinase isoenzymes MM, MB and BB (\"Precipitation Test\"). This test is used as a control for the Inhibition Test for the possible presence of creatine kinase BB activities in doubtful cases. Procedures, specificity, correlation and application of these methods are discussed.", "PMID": 859004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12973", "title": "The effects of hydrocortisone and bacterial lipopolysaccharide on the anti-erythrocyte response in the spleens of adult Triturus viridescens.", "content": "The effects of hydrocortisone (HC) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) have been tested separately and in combination, on the antigen-binding response of splenocytes of the newt. Triturus viridescens immunized with horse erythrocytes (HRBC). The timing of the presentation of each was made relative to when challenge with either low (0.0025%) or high (25%) doses of the immunogen (HRBC) was effected. Our results showed inhibition of both low and high dose responses by HC and additionally suggested that the helper-cell population of the newt is HC-sensitive. LPS given four days prior to antigen challenge initiated the generation of antigen-binding cells which enhanced the low, but not the high dose response. The use of LPS in conjunction with HC provided suggestive evidence that those LPS stimulated cells which had enhanced the low immunogen dose antigen-binding cell response were HC-resistant. Thus LPS may stimulate a non-helper cell population in the newt which is HC-resistant. The use of these two immunologic probes has provided supportive evidence on the heterogeneity of the lymphoid population of the newt, Triturus viridescens.", "contents": "The effects of hydrocortisone and bacterial lipopolysaccharide on the anti-erythrocyte response in the spleens of adult Triturus viridescens. The effects of hydrocortisone (HC) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) have been tested separately and in combination, on the antigen-binding response of splenocytes of the newt. Triturus viridescens immunized with horse erythrocytes (HRBC). The timing of the presentation of each was made relative to when challenge with either low (0.0025%) or high (25%) doses of the immunogen (HRBC) was effected. Our results showed inhibition of both low and high dose responses by HC and additionally suggested that the helper-cell population of the newt is HC-sensitive. LPS given four days prior to antigen challenge initiated the generation of antigen-binding cells which enhanced the low, but not the high dose response. The use of LPS in conjunction with HC provided suggestive evidence that those LPS stimulated cells which had enhanced the low immunogen dose antigen-binding cell response were HC-resistant. Thus LPS may stimulate a non-helper cell population in the newt which is HC-resistant. The use of these two immunologic probes has provided supportive evidence on the heterogeneity of the lymphoid population of the newt, Triturus viridescens.", "PMID": 859006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12974", "title": "Progesterone-induced DNA polymerase activity in full-grown oocytes of Xenopus laevis (1).", "content": "DNA polymerase activity increases in full-grown oocytes of Xenopus laevis during in vitro progesterone-induced maturation. This increase is inhibited by cycloheximide. The presence of the oocyte's nucleus (germinal vesicle) seems essential for the induction of this increase: in previously enucleated oocytes, the level of DNA polymerase activity does not change during progesterone treatment. Furthermore, a new form of DNA polymerase is detectable by DEAE chromatography in in vitro matured oocytes.", "contents": "Progesterone-induced DNA polymerase activity in full-grown oocytes of Xenopus laevis (1). DNA polymerase activity increases in full-grown oocytes of Xenopus laevis during in vitro progesterone-induced maturation. This increase is inhibited by cycloheximide. The presence of the oocyte's nucleus (germinal vesicle) seems essential for the induction of this increase: in previously enucleated oocytes, the level of DNA polymerase activity does not change during progesterone treatment. Furthermore, a new form of DNA polymerase is detectable by DEAE chromatography in in vitro matured oocytes.", "PMID": 859007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12975", "title": "Rifampicin-resistant mutant supporting bacteriophage growth on stationary phase Achromobacter cells.", "content": "A rifampicin-resistant Achromobacter mutant with an altered RNA polymerase was isolated. The mutant supports phage alpha3a growth in both log and stationary phase cells. Phage growth on stationary phase cells is sensitive to aeration and growth only occurs at oxygen concentrations of less than 5-2 p.p.m. The rifampicin-resistant mutant is similar to the spontaneous mutant strain 14 reported by Woods (1976) in that both mutants support stationary-phase phage growth under micro-aerophilic conditions. The isolation of the rifampicin-resistant mutant with an altered RNA polymerase suggests that the phenomenon of stationary phase phage growth could be due to a change in the template specificity of the Achromobacter RNA polymerase. Plaque morphology mutants which grow on log and/or stationary phase cells of the Achromobacter wild type, strain 14 and rifampicin-resistant strains are also described.", "contents": "Rifampicin-resistant mutant supporting bacteriophage growth on stationary phase Achromobacter cells. A rifampicin-resistant Achromobacter mutant with an altered RNA polymerase was isolated. The mutant supports phage alpha3a growth in both log and stationary phase cells. Phage growth on stationary phase cells is sensitive to aeration and growth only occurs at oxygen concentrations of less than 5-2 p.p.m. The rifampicin-resistant mutant is similar to the spontaneous mutant strain 14 reported by Woods (1976) in that both mutants support stationary-phase phage growth under micro-aerophilic conditions. The isolation of the rifampicin-resistant mutant with an altered RNA polymerase suggests that the phenomenon of stationary phase phage growth could be due to a change in the template specificity of the Achromobacter RNA polymerase. Plaque morphology mutants which grow on log and/or stationary phase cells of the Achromobacter wild type, strain 14 and rifampicin-resistant strains are also described.", "PMID": 859010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12976", "title": "Neurofilamentous changes in goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) brain in relation to environmental temperature.", "content": "The presence of neurofilaments in the synaptic boutons in the brains of goldfish maintained at 5 degrees C for 177 days or more is reported. Neurofilaments are not found in boutons of control fish kept at 15degreesC. It is suggested that the neurofilaments may be equated with neurofibrillary rings seen by light microscopy. Neurofilaments have been implicated in axoplasmic transport and, therefore, irregularities in the occurrence or appearance of these filaments may reflect alterations in their functions. The unusual occurrence of neurofilaments in the boutons of cold temperature goldfish may be an expression of early degenerative changes or may represent a modification of axoplasmic transport. The suitability of goldfish as a model for the study of the functional effects of neurofibrillary/neurofilamentous accumulations is discussed.", "contents": "Neurofilamentous changes in goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) brain in relation to environmental temperature. The presence of neurofilaments in the synaptic boutons in the brains of goldfish maintained at 5 degrees C for 177 days or more is reported. Neurofilaments are not found in boutons of control fish kept at 15degreesC. It is suggested that the neurofilaments may be equated with neurofibrillary rings seen by light microscopy. Neurofilaments have been implicated in axoplasmic transport and, therefore, irregularities in the occurrence or appearance of these filaments may reflect alterations in their functions. The unusual occurrence of neurofilaments in the boutons of cold temperature goldfish may be an expression of early degenerative changes or may represent a modification of axoplasmic transport. The suitability of goldfish as a model for the study of the functional effects of neurofibrillary/neurofilamentous accumulations is discussed.", "PMID": 859011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12977", "title": "An in vitro study of the susceptibility of cells from a meningioma of human origin for measles virus.", "content": "A cell culture from a meningioma of human origin was found permissive for the Edmonston strain of measles virus. Virus was isolated from the supernatant of infected cell sheet as soon as 48 hr post-inoculation. Cytopathic effect, observed by light microscopy, exhibited syncitia plus intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions. Electron microscopy enabled viral nucleocapsids to be observed first in the cytoplasm and secondly within the nucleus of infected cells.", "contents": "An in vitro study of the susceptibility of cells from a meningioma of human origin for measles virus. A cell culture from a meningioma of human origin was found permissive for the Edmonston strain of measles virus. Virus was isolated from the supernatant of infected cell sheet as soon as 48 hr post-inoculation. Cytopathic effect, observed by light microscopy, exhibited syncitia plus intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions. Electron microscopy enabled viral nucleocapsids to be observed first in the cytoplasm and secondly within the nucleus of infected cells.", "PMID": 859012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12978", "title": "Differential radiosensitivity of mouse embryonic neurons and glia in cell culture.", "content": "The responses of neurons and glial cells to ultraviolet and gamma-radiation were studied in cell cultures of embryonic mouse brains. A decrease in the ratio of glia to neurons occurred after both forms of irradiation. [3H]thymidine labelling followed by autoradiography revealed that all glia were capable of replication wereas 70% of neurons were non-replicating under the conditions of the study. Ultraviolet radiation caused a decrease in the proportion of replicating neurons but did not affect the proportion of replicating glia, whereas gamma-radiation caused a decrease in DNA replication in both cell types. Levels of ultraviolet radiation-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis were lower in neurons than in glia. It is concluded that sensitivity to both ionizing and ultraviolet radiation of neurons and glial cells in embryonic brain cultures is determined primarily by the capacity for and state of DNA replication. Neurons which have already reached the stage of ternimal differentiation are more resistant than replicating neurons of glial cells.", "contents": "Differential radiosensitivity of mouse embryonic neurons and glia in cell culture. The responses of neurons and glial cells to ultraviolet and gamma-radiation were studied in cell cultures of embryonic mouse brains. A decrease in the ratio of glia to neurons occurred after both forms of irradiation. [3H]thymidine labelling followed by autoradiography revealed that all glia were capable of replication wereas 70% of neurons were non-replicating under the conditions of the study. Ultraviolet radiation caused a decrease in the proportion of replicating neurons but did not affect the proportion of replicating glia, whereas gamma-radiation caused a decrease in DNA replication in both cell types. Levels of ultraviolet radiation-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis were lower in neurons than in glia. It is concluded that sensitivity to both ionizing and ultraviolet radiation of neurons and glial cells in embryonic brain cultures is determined primarily by the capacity for and state of DNA replication. Neurons which have already reached the stage of ternimal differentiation are more resistant than replicating neurons of glial cells.", "PMID": 859013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12979", "title": "Transsphenoidal decompression of the optic nerve and chiasm. Visual results in 62 patients.", "content": "A review of recent experience with transsphenoidal for lesion in and about the sella turcica establishes the value of this approach for the management of patients which visual loss. The lesions encountered consisted of pituitary adenoma in 45 cases, craniopharyngioma in 10 cases, and miscellaneous tumours involving the sella in the remaining seven cases. Sixty of the 62 patients in this series had quantitative determination of preoperative and postoperative visual status; after surgery, vision was improved in 81%, unchanged in 11%, and worse in 5%. Two patients (3%) died during the immediate postoperative period before their visual status could be evaluated.", "contents": "Transsphenoidal decompression of the optic nerve and chiasm. Visual results in 62 patients. A review of recent experience with transsphenoidal for lesion in and about the sella turcica establishes the value of this approach for the management of patients which visual loss. The lesions encountered consisted of pituitary adenoma in 45 cases, craniopharyngioma in 10 cases, and miscellaneous tumours involving the sella in the remaining seven cases. Sixty of the 62 patients in this series had quantitative determination of preoperative and postoperative visual status; after surgery, vision was improved in 81%, unchanged in 11%, and worse in 5%. Two patients (3%) died during the immediate postoperative period before their visual status could be evaluated.", "PMID": 859014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12980", "title": "The mechanism of spinal cord cavitation following spinal cord transection. Part 3: Delayed grafting with and without spinal cord retransection.", "content": "Cavitation adjacent to transection of spinal cords can be successfully eliminated by a second operation 1 week after the initial spinal cord transection. The second operation consists of removal of the necrotic spinal cord tissue, thus producing a gap. Segments of autogenous sciatic nerve are inserted into the gap between the spinal cord stumps. If the spinal cord is injured by retransection at the second operation, cavitation again occurs in the spinal cord stumps resulting in separation of the nerve grafts from the spinal cord. The results of the present experiments support the concept that lysosomal spinal cord autotomy, which causes spinal cord cavitation, is a self-limiting process and that once the spinal cord has completed the autotomy, the process will not occur again unless the spinal cord is agiain traumatized.", "contents": "The mechanism of spinal cord cavitation following spinal cord transection. Part 3: Delayed grafting with and without spinal cord retransection. Cavitation adjacent to transection of spinal cords can be successfully eliminated by a second operation 1 week after the initial spinal cord transection. The second operation consists of removal of the necrotic spinal cord tissue, thus producing a gap. Segments of autogenous sciatic nerve are inserted into the gap between the spinal cord stumps. If the spinal cord is injured by retransection at the second operation, cavitation again occurs in the spinal cord stumps resulting in separation of the nerve grafts from the spinal cord. The results of the present experiments support the concept that lysosomal spinal cord autotomy, which causes spinal cord cavitation, is a self-limiting process and that once the spinal cord has completed the autotomy, the process will not occur again unless the spinal cord is agiain traumatized.", "PMID": 859015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12981", "title": "Traumatic aneurysm of peripheral cerebral arteries. Report of two cases.", "content": "The authors describe two cases of traumatic aneurysm of peripheral cerebral arteries. Surgical treatment as soon as possible after the diagnosis has been made is advised to avoid the high risk of delayed hemorrhage.", "contents": "Traumatic aneurysm of peripheral cerebral arteries. Report of two cases. The authors describe two cases of traumatic aneurysm of peripheral cerebral arteries. Surgical treatment as soon as possible after the diagnosis has been made is advised to avoid the high risk of delayed hemorrhage.", "PMID": 859016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12982", "title": "Spontaneous disappearance of a cerebral arteriovenous malformation in infancy. Case report.", "content": "The authors report a case of the disappearance of an arteriovenous malformation in infancy, demostrated by follow-up angiography performed 7 months after the original angiograms. Some possible mechansims whereby a cerebral arteriovenous anomaly is thrombosed are discussed.", "contents": "Spontaneous disappearance of a cerebral arteriovenous malformation in infancy. Case report. The authors report a case of the disappearance of an arteriovenous malformation in infancy, demostrated by follow-up angiography performed 7 months after the original angiograms. Some possible mechansims whereby a cerebral arteriovenous anomaly is thrombosed are discussed.", "PMID": 859017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12983", "title": "Lead encephalopathy simulating a cerebral neoplasm in an adult. Case report.", "content": "The clinical and pathological findiing in an adult with lead encephalopathy due to moonshine consumption are presented. The remarkable focality of of the edema led both the clinicians and radiologists to consider this a cerebral glioma.", "contents": "Lead encephalopathy simulating a cerebral neoplasm in an adult. Case report. The clinical and pathological findiing in an adult with lead encephalopathy due to moonshine consumption are presented. The remarkable focality of of the edema led both the clinicians and radiologists to consider this a cerebral glioma.", "PMID": 859018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12984", "title": "Lumbar spinal abscess managed conservatively. Case report.", "content": "The authors report the case of a patient with spinal abscess in whom operation was withheld because of severe concomitant medical problems. Conservative management resulted in apparent cure.", "contents": "Lumbar spinal abscess managed conservatively. Case report. The authors report the case of a patient with spinal abscess in whom operation was withheld because of severe concomitant medical problems. Conservative management resulted in apparent cure.", "PMID": 859019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12985", "title": "Iatrogenic failure of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Case report.", "content": "A previous undescribed cause of ventriculoperitoneal shunt malfunction is presented. Limitation of abdominal excursion by a spica cast used to correct congenital hip dislocation reduced cerebrospinal fluid flow through a shunt. This easily correctable cause of \"shunt failure\" nearly resulted in replacement of a working shunt.", "contents": "Iatrogenic failure of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Case report. A previous undescribed cause of ventriculoperitoneal shunt malfunction is presented. Limitation of abdominal excursion by a spica cast used to correct congenital hip dislocation reduced cerebrospinal fluid flow through a shunt. This easily correctable cause of \"shunt failure\" nearly resulted in replacement of a working shunt.", "PMID": 859020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12986", "title": "Extracranial holded for brain retractors. Technical note.", "content": "A new extracranial holder for brain retractors is described. It is suitable for solid incorporation onto the sliding rails of the operating table, and has been satisfactory employed in the operating room for over a year.", "contents": "Extracranial holded for brain retractors. Technical note. A new extracranial holder for brain retractors is described. It is suitable for solid incorporation onto the sliding rails of the operating table, and has been satisfactory employed in the operating room for over a year.", "PMID": 859021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12987", "title": "Differentiation of reversible ischemia from end-stage renal failure in nephrotic children with 131I-hippurate dynamic scintigraphy.", "content": "In renal failure associated with the nephrotic syndrome, therapeutic strategy is highly dependent upon the cause of the renal failure. Dynamic hippurate scintigraphy was studied in five pediatric patients. Four had nephrotic syndrome, and of these, three had acute renal failure. The fifth patient had end-stage renal failure. Specific alteration in renal hippurate kinetics offers a noninvasive assessment of renal failure in this clinical setting.", "contents": "Differentiation of reversible ischemia from end-stage renal failure in nephrotic children with 131I-hippurate dynamic scintigraphy. In renal failure associated with the nephrotic syndrome, therapeutic strategy is highly dependent upon the cause of the renal failure. Dynamic hippurate scintigraphy was studied in five pediatric patients. Four had nephrotic syndrome, and of these, three had acute renal failure. The fifth patient had end-stage renal failure. Specific alteration in renal hippurate kinetics offers a noninvasive assessment of renal failure in this clinical setting.", "PMID": 859022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12988", "title": "Radionuclide lymphangiography in the evaluation of pediatric patients with lower-extremity edema: concis communication.", "content": "The results of 99mTc-sulfur colloid lymphangiography in seven pediatric patients with lower-extremity edema were reviewed. Three scintigraphic patterns were identified: (A) normal uptake in the ilioinguinal nodes bilaterally, found in edema as a result of extrinsic venous obstruction; (B) diffusely increased activity over the involved extremity, with decreased visualization of the ipsilateral ilioinguinal nodes, found in secondary lymphedema; and (c) markedly decreased uptake by the ilioinguinal nodes on the affected side, found in primary (idiopathic) lymphedema. These preliminary results suggest that radionuclide lymphangiography is a useful procedure in the evaluation of pediatric patients with limb swelling.", "contents": "Radionuclide lymphangiography in the evaluation of pediatric patients with lower-extremity edema: concis communication. The results of 99mTc-sulfur colloid lymphangiography in seven pediatric patients with lower-extremity edema were reviewed. Three scintigraphic patterns were identified: (A) normal uptake in the ilioinguinal nodes bilaterally, found in edema as a result of extrinsic venous obstruction; (B) diffusely increased activity over the involved extremity, with decreased visualization of the ipsilateral ilioinguinal nodes, found in secondary lymphedema; and (c) markedly decreased uptake by the ilioinguinal nodes on the affected side, found in primary (idiopathic) lymphedema. These preliminary results suggest that radionuclide lymphangiography is a useful procedure in the evaluation of pediatric patients with limb swelling.", "PMID": 859023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12989", "title": "Gallium-67 scanning at 6 hr in active inflammatory bowel disease: case report.", "content": "Gallium citrate scanning at 6 hr was used to evaluate a patient with active ulcerative colitis. The localization of 67Ga in the colon correlated with the extent of the inflammatory process. When either colonoscopy or radiographic contrast studies are contraindicated, 67Ga scanning at 6 hr may prove useful in the evaluation of active inflammatory bowel disease.", "contents": "Gallium-67 scanning at 6 hr in active inflammatory bowel disease: case report. Gallium citrate scanning at 6 hr was used to evaluate a patient with active ulcerative colitis. The localization of 67Ga in the colon correlated with the extent of the inflammatory process. When either colonoscopy or radiographic contrast studies are contraindicated, 67Ga scanning at 6 hr may prove useful in the evaluation of active inflammatory bowel disease.", "PMID": 859024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12990", "title": "Radioactive labeling of protein carboxyl groups on factor VIII: use of carbodiimides for nuclear medicine.", "content": "Carbodiimides have been used to study macromolecular structure and to produce immunologically active antigens. We have used this method to label a labile coagulation protein, factor VIII, with 14C-glycine-ethyl-ester. No discernible chemical change, loss of biologic function in vitro, or alteration of the plasma disappearance of factor VIII resulted. The carbodiimide labeling method has potentially broad application because many biologic molecules contain carboxyl groups that are generally not critical to their chemical or immunologic character. This method can be used to incorporate short-lived positron emitters, such as 11C and 13N, into biologic compounds, or to attach ligands to useful antibodies for subsequent chelation to radioactive metals, such as 111In. Carbodiimides are especially useful for radionuclidic labeling of labile proteins because of the mild conditions, rapid reaction, and firmly attached label.", "contents": "Radioactive labeling of protein carboxyl groups on factor VIII: use of carbodiimides for nuclear medicine. Carbodiimides have been used to study macromolecular structure and to produce immunologically active antigens. We have used this method to label a labile coagulation protein, factor VIII, with 14C-glycine-ethyl-ester. No discernible chemical change, loss of biologic function in vitro, or alteration of the plasma disappearance of factor VIII resulted. The carbodiimide labeling method has potentially broad application because many biologic molecules contain carboxyl groups that are generally not critical to their chemical or immunologic character. This method can be used to incorporate short-lived positron emitters, such as 11C and 13N, into biologic compounds, or to attach ligands to useful antibodies for subsequent chelation to radioactive metals, such as 111In. Carbodiimides are especially useful for radionuclidic labeling of labile proteins because of the mild conditions, rapid reaction, and firmly attached label.", "PMID": 859025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12991", "title": "Scintigraphic findings in ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "A prospective study of bone scintigraphic findings has been carried out in 63 patients, firmly diagnosed as having ankylosing spondylitis. In addition to abnormal uptake of the radiotracer at the sacroiliac joints, a peripheral arthropathy has been a common finding, particularly in the proximal joints, occurring in up to 50% of patients. Increased uptake of radiotracer in the spine has also been found both diffusely and focally. Focal increases have been noted at the apophyseal joints in 40% of patients and in three patients with a sterile intervertebral diskitis, an unusual complication of this disease only diagnosed in two patients after bone scintigraphy.", "contents": "Scintigraphic findings in ankylosing spondylitis. A prospective study of bone scintigraphic findings has been carried out in 63 patients, firmly diagnosed as having ankylosing spondylitis. In addition to abnormal uptake of the radiotracer at the sacroiliac joints, a peripheral arthropathy has been a common finding, particularly in the proximal joints, occurring in up to 50% of patients. Increased uptake of radiotracer in the spine has also been found both diffusely and focally. Focal increases have been noted at the apophyseal joints in 40% of patients and in three patients with a sterile intervertebral diskitis, an unusual complication of this disease only diagnosed in two patients after bone scintigraphy.", "PMID": 859035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12992", "title": "The role of Ga-67 citrate imaging and diagnostic ultrasound in patients with suspected abdominal abscesses.", "content": "Fifty patients with suspected abdominal abscesses were examined by [67Ga[ Gallium citrate imaging and abdominal sonography. Fifteen of the patients had a proven intra-abdominal abscess; Gallium-67 images were positive in 13 (87%), while the sonogram detected the abscess in 11 (73%). Nineteen patients had true-negative radionuclide images and sonography, and one had a false-positive result by both procedures. The remaining 15 patients did not have abdominal abscesses, but did have other abnormalities (e.g., pyelonephritis, extra-abdominal sites of inflammation) which were detected by the nuclide study. Gallium-67 imaging and abdominal ultrasound have similar sensitivity for detection of abdominal abscesses. A significant advantage of Gallium imaging is its ability to detect other inflammatory foci (both within and outside the abdomen).", "contents": "The role of Ga-67 citrate imaging and diagnostic ultrasound in patients with suspected abdominal abscesses. Fifty patients with suspected abdominal abscesses were examined by [67Ga[ Gallium citrate imaging and abdominal sonography. Fifteen of the patients had a proven intra-abdominal abscess; Gallium-67 images were positive in 13 (87%), while the sonogram detected the abscess in 11 (73%). Nineteen patients had true-negative radionuclide images and sonography, and one had a false-positive result by both procedures. The remaining 15 patients did not have abdominal abscesses, but did have other abnormalities (e.g., pyelonephritis, extra-abdominal sites of inflammation) which were detected by the nuclide study. Gallium-67 imaging and abdominal ultrasound have similar sensitivity for detection of abdominal abscesses. A significant advantage of Gallium imaging is its ability to detect other inflammatory foci (both within and outside the abdomen).", "PMID": 859036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12993", "title": "Location of the site of bacterial bile-salt deconjugation by combining abdominal scintigraphy with expired C-14.", "content": "A combined 14CO2 bile-salt breath and scintigraphic test has proved useful in determining the site of bile-salt deconjugation by bacteria. Data suggest that the procedure can be shortened to less than 8 hr with Tc-99m sulfur colloid abdominal scintigrams added to locate the labeled meal. Moreover the cumulative 14CO2 excretion, which is an indes of the rate of bile-salt deconjugation, gives clearer separation than peak specific activity between normals and either high or low deviations from normal, The test should be helpful in a number of difficult diagnostic problems involving chronic diarrhea, and offers as well both as well both a guide to appropriate therapy and a monitor for relapse in enfected blind-loop syndromes,", "contents": "Location of the site of bacterial bile-salt deconjugation by combining abdominal scintigraphy with expired C-14. A combined 14CO2 bile-salt breath and scintigraphic test has proved useful in determining the site of bile-salt deconjugation by bacteria. Data suggest that the procedure can be shortened to less than 8 hr with Tc-99m sulfur colloid abdominal scintigrams added to locate the labeled meal. Moreover the cumulative 14CO2 excretion, which is an indes of the rate of bile-salt deconjugation, gives clearer separation than peak specific activity between normals and either high or low deviations from normal, The test should be helpful in a number of difficult diagnostic problems involving chronic diarrhea, and offers as well both as well both a guide to appropriate therapy and a monitor for relapse in enfected blind-loop syndromes,", "PMID": 859037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12994", "title": "Technetium-99m phytate as a bone-marrow imaging agent: biodistribution studies in animals: concise communication.", "content": "Technetium-99m phytate has been suggested as a bone-marrow imaging agent. This article compares the biodistribution of Tc-99m labeled \"bone marrow\" phytate, sulfur colloid, and diphosphonate in young rats and rabbits. Autoclaved bone marrow phytate revealed significant long-base depositon, but 96% of this activity was associated with compact bone and only 4% with bone marrow. This distribution is similar to that of diphosphonate, but significantly different from that of sulfur colloid. Technetium-99m-phytate is not recommended as a bone-marrow imaging agent.", "contents": "Technetium-99m phytate as a bone-marrow imaging agent: biodistribution studies in animals: concise communication. Technetium-99m phytate has been suggested as a bone-marrow imaging agent. This article compares the biodistribution of Tc-99m labeled \"bone marrow\" phytate, sulfur colloid, and diphosphonate in young rats and rabbits. Autoclaved bone marrow phytate revealed significant long-base depositon, but 96% of this activity was associated with compact bone and only 4% with bone marrow. This distribution is similar to that of diphosphonate, but significantly different from that of sulfur colloid. Technetium-99m-phytate is not recommended as a bone-marrow imaging agent.", "PMID": 859038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12995", "title": "Increased lactate dehydrogenase activity in buccal epithelium of zinc-deficient rats.", "content": "Previous studies by us and by others have shown that the body weight of rats fed a zinc-deficient diet is significantly lower than that of pair fed controls, but marked hyperplasia and parakeratosis are seen  intra-orally in the buccal epithelium. No histologic changes occur in palatal epithelium. This investigation was undertaken to assay lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the buccal and palatal epithelium in rats fed a zinc-deficient diet. Weanling male Simonsen rats were fed a diet containing 1.2 ppm zinc for a 30-day period. Pair fed controls were fed the same diet containint 40 ppm zinc. LDH levels were determined by ultramicrochemical assay. In the buccal epithelium, a more than twofold increase over that of controls was observed in zinc-deficient rats, but there was no change in the palatal epithelium. Thse results support the conclusion of others of an organ-specific sensitivity of LDH to zinc deprivation. No increases in LDH activity in zinc-deficient rats, as observed in the hyperplastic buccal epithelium in this study, have previously been reported.", "contents": "Increased lactate dehydrogenase activity in buccal epithelium of zinc-deficient rats. Previous studies by us and by others have shown that the body weight of rats fed a zinc-deficient diet is significantly lower than that of pair fed controls, but marked hyperplasia and parakeratosis are seen  intra-orally in the buccal epithelium. No histologic changes occur in palatal epithelium. This investigation was undertaken to assay lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the buccal and palatal epithelium in rats fed a zinc-deficient diet. Weanling male Simonsen rats were fed a diet containing 1.2 ppm zinc for a 30-day period. Pair fed controls were fed the same diet containint 40 ppm zinc. LDH levels were determined by ultramicrochemical assay. In the buccal epithelium, a more than twofold increase over that of controls was observed in zinc-deficient rats, but there was no change in the palatal epithelium. Thse results support the conclusion of others of an organ-specific sensitivity of LDH to zinc deprivation. No increases in LDH activity in zinc-deficient rats, as observed in the hyperplastic buccal epithelium in this study, have previously been reported.", "PMID": 859040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12996", "title": "NADH-FMN oxidoreductase activity and iron content of organs from riboflavin and iron-deficient rats.", "content": "NADH-FMN oxidoreductase has been proposed as an enzyme involved in the release of iron from ferritin. The effects of riboflavin and/or iron deficiencies and of dietary allopurinol on the activities of this enzyme and on the iron contents of liver, kidney and duodenum were investigated. Allopurinol, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, did not affect organ enzyme activities nor iron contents. Riboflavin-deficient rats and iron-deficient rats both had significantly lower organ enzyme activities and iron contrnts than controls. Organ enzyme activities and iron contents of rats fed a diet deficient in both iron and riboflavin were significantly lower than those of controls. After dietary iron and/or riboflavin repletion, organ enzyme activities and iron contents increased. Rats fed an irons-overload diet had enzyme activities similar to that of controls, but organ iron contents were significantly increased over those of controls. Effects  of riboflavin and/or deficiencies in rats on NADH-FMN oxidoreductase activities and iron contents of liver, kidney and duodenum appeared to be reversible by riboflavin and/or iron supplementation. The data support the view that NADH-FMN oxidoreductase may be a controlling enxyme in iron release from ferritin.", "contents": "NADH-FMN oxidoreductase activity and iron content of organs from riboflavin and iron-deficient rats. NADH-FMN oxidoreductase has been proposed as an enzyme involved in the release of iron from ferritin. The effects of riboflavin and/or iron deficiencies and of dietary allopurinol on the activities of this enzyme and on the iron contents of liver, kidney and duodenum were investigated. Allopurinol, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, did not affect organ enzyme activities nor iron contents. Riboflavin-deficient rats and iron-deficient rats both had significantly lower organ enzyme activities and iron contrnts than controls. Organ enzyme activities and iron contents of rats fed a diet deficient in both iron and riboflavin were significantly lower than those of controls. After dietary iron and/or riboflavin repletion, organ enzyme activities and iron contents increased. Rats fed an irons-overload diet had enzyme activities similar to that of controls, but organ iron contents were significantly increased over those of controls. Effects  of riboflavin and/or deficiencies in rats on NADH-FMN oxidoreductase activities and iron contents of liver, kidney and duodenum appeared to be reversible by riboflavin and/or iron supplementation. The data support the view that NADH-FMN oxidoreductase may be a controlling enxyme in iron release from ferritin.", "PMID": 859041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12997", "title": "Thiamin metabolism in vitamin B6 or vitamin B12 deficient rats.", "content": "To clarify the  effect of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) or vitamin B12 deficiency on thiamine metabolism, the following two experiments were carried out. In experiment 1, rats were separated into two groups. The first group was fed a complete diet and the second group was fed a vitamin B6 and B12 deficient diet for 25 days. The groups were pair fed. In experiment 2 rats were separated into four groups and fed for 25 days. Group 1 was fed a complete diet; group 2, a vitamin B6 deficient diet; group 3, a vitamin B12 deficient diet; group 4, a thiamin deficient diet. Diet intake was restricted to 10 g/day. Fecal thiamin content increased in B6-B12 (vitamin B6 and B12), B6 (vitamin B6), and B12 (vitamin B12) deficient rats as compared to controls. Thiamin levels in blood, sciatic nerve, liver, heart and kidney decreased in B6-B12, B6, and B12 deficient rats.", "contents": "Thiamin metabolism in vitamin B6 or vitamin B12 deficient rats. To clarify the  effect of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) or vitamin B12 deficiency on thiamine metabolism, the following two experiments were carried out. In experiment 1, rats were separated into two groups. The first group was fed a complete diet and the second group was fed a vitamin B6 and B12 deficient diet for 25 days. The groups were pair fed. In experiment 2 rats were separated into four groups and fed for 25 days. Group 1 was fed a complete diet; group 2, a vitamin B6 deficient diet; group 3, a vitamin B12 deficient diet; group 4, a thiamin deficient diet. Diet intake was restricted to 10 g/day. Fecal thiamin content increased in B6-B12 (vitamin B6 and B12), B6 (vitamin B6), and B12 (vitamin B12) deficient rats as compared to controls. Thiamin levels in blood, sciatic nerve, liver, heart and kidney decreased in B6-B12, B6, and B12 deficient rats.", "PMID": 859042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12998", "title": "Accumulation and depletion of zinc in rat liver and kidney metallothionens.", "content": "The accumulations of zinc in liver and kidneys of rats fed various dietary levels of this element was investigated. Zinc started to accumulate in rat liver when 1,000 ppm or higher levels of this element were fed in the diet, but not when the dietary zinc level was 500 ppm less. Almost all of the accumulated zinc in the soluble fraction was found to be present in the metallothionein (MT) fractions. When rats were fed a diet supplemented with 2,000 ppm, zinc, the metal rapidly accumulated in MT in the liver and kidneys. The accumulated zinc was, however, depleted to the pre-supplementation level after only 3 days of feeding a zinc deficient diet. While rats were fed the zinc deficient diet, in which the element was simultaneously depleted from MT, significant increased excretion of the metal occurred in the feces urine. No evidence was found to indicate that zinc was excreted in the bile in association with MT. It was therefore concluded that MT is probably, as one of its possible biological roles, more involved in accumulation of excessive zinc rather than in storage of the metal for later utilization.", "contents": "Accumulation and depletion of zinc in rat liver and kidney metallothionens. The accumulations of zinc in liver and kidneys of rats fed various dietary levels of this element was investigated. Zinc started to accumulate in rat liver when 1,000 ppm or higher levels of this element were fed in the diet, but not when the dietary zinc level was 500 ppm less. Almost all of the accumulated zinc in the soluble fraction was found to be present in the metallothionein (MT) fractions. When rats were fed a diet supplemented with 2,000 ppm, zinc, the metal rapidly accumulated in MT in the liver and kidneys. The accumulated zinc was, however, depleted to the pre-supplementation level after only 3 days of feeding a zinc deficient diet. While rats were fed the zinc deficient diet, in which the element was simultaneously depleted from MT, significant increased excretion of the metal occurred in the feces urine. No evidence was found to indicate that zinc was excreted in the bile in association with MT. It was therefore concluded that MT is probably, as one of its possible biological roles, more involved in accumulation of excessive zinc rather than in storage of the metal for later utilization.", "PMID": 859043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_12999", "title": "Effects of diet on growth and survival of rats fed toxic levels of tartrazine (FD & C Yellow No. 5) and sunset yellow FCF (FD & C Yellow No. 6).", "content": "Tests were conducted on the effects of diet on the response of immature male rats to massive doses of tartrazine (FD&C Yellow No.5) and Sunset Yellow FCF (FD&C Yellow No. 6). When incorporated at a 5% level in a stock diet, tartrazine and Sunset Yellow FCF had no grossly observable toxic effects. When fed with a purified diet, however, both tartrazine and Sunset Yellow FCF at 5%  level in the diet resulted in a marked retardation in growth, an unthrifty appearance of the fur and death of 50% or more of the rats within an experimental period of 14 days. The toxic effects obtained by feeding the latter diets were counteracted by the concurrent feeding of blond psyllium seed powder, carrot root powder, alfalfa leaf meal and wheat bran. Supplements of the known nutrients had little if any protective effect. Supplements of purified cellulose were without protective effect for the rats fed tartrazine but had a moderate protective effect for those fed Sunset Yellow FCF.", "contents": "Effects of diet on growth and survival of rats fed toxic levels of tartrazine (FD & C Yellow No. 5) and sunset yellow FCF (FD & C Yellow No. 6). Tests were conducted on the effects of diet on the response of immature male rats to massive doses of tartrazine (FD&C Yellow No.5) and Sunset Yellow FCF (FD&C Yellow No. 6). When incorporated at a 5% level in a stock diet, tartrazine and Sunset Yellow FCF had no grossly observable toxic effects. When fed with a purified diet, however, both tartrazine and Sunset Yellow FCF at 5%  level in the diet resulted in a marked retardation in growth, an unthrifty appearance of the fur and death of 50% or more of the rats within an experimental period of 14 days. The toxic effects obtained by feeding the latter diets were counteracted by the concurrent feeding of blond psyllium seed powder, carrot root powder, alfalfa leaf meal and wheat bran. Supplements of the known nutrients had little if any protective effect. Supplements of purified cellulose were without protective effect for the rats fed tartrazine but had a moderate protective effect for those fed Sunset Yellow FCF.", "PMID": 859044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13000", "title": "Role of estrogen as a cause of fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome.", "content": "Fatty liver-hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS), a nutritional disorder previously reported only in laying chickens was induced in immature male and female chickens, 11 weeks of age, of broiler and egg-laying breeds. Force-feeding three times a day for 21 days, amounts of feed equal to 125% and 150% of ad libitum intake, produced a gradient response in hepatic steatosis (measured by percentage of fat in the liver, and the ratio of fat to the fat-free dry weight), but not FLHS. Intramuscular injection of beta-estradiol-17-dipropionate at 2 mg/kg body weight, three times weekly for 21 days, produced a gradient response in hemorrhagic score and an increase in ad libitum feed intake. There was no significant difference between sex or breed in the score values used to evaluate FLHS, but females of both breeds accumulated significantly more fat in the liver than males. Testosterone dipropionate at 25 mg/kg of body weight, injected three times per week in immature females force-fed at the 150% level, produced increases in food intake and liver fat as did estrogen, but no hepatic hemorrhaging. The data implicate estrogen as a factor in the production of FLHS along with the necessity for the chicken to be in a positive energy balance creating sufficient hepatic fat for FLHS to occur.", "contents": "Role of estrogen as a cause of fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome. Fatty liver-hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS), a nutritional disorder previously reported only in laying chickens was induced in immature male and female chickens, 11 weeks of age, of broiler and egg-laying breeds. Force-feeding three times a day for 21 days, amounts of feed equal to 125% and 150% of ad libitum intake, produced a gradient response in hepatic steatosis (measured by percentage of fat in the liver, and the ratio of fat to the fat-free dry weight), but not FLHS. Intramuscular injection of beta-estradiol-17-dipropionate at 2 mg/kg body weight, three times weekly for 21 days, produced a gradient response in hemorrhagic score and an increase in ad libitum feed intake. There was no significant difference between sex or breed in the score values used to evaluate FLHS, but females of both breeds accumulated significantly more fat in the liver than males. Testosterone dipropionate at 25 mg/kg of body weight, injected three times per week in immature females force-fed at the 150% level, produced increases in food intake and liver fat as did estrogen, but no hepatic hemorrhaging. The data implicate estrogen as a factor in the production of FLHS along with the necessity for the chicken to be in a positive energy balance creating sufficient hepatic fat for FLHS to occur.", "PMID": 859045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13001", "title": "Bradycardia in thiamin deficiency and the role of glyoxylate.", "content": "1. Method of recording the heart rate in rats is described. 2. It was found that during the course of developing thiamin deficiency, the heart rate of rats dropped from 448 to 220 beats/min. (There was no difference between male and female rats.) 3. A number of metabolic products were injected into the normal rats and only glyoxylate was shown to cause a significant drop in heart rate. 4. Graded amounts of Na-glyoxylate were injected peritoneally into the normal rats and blood samples were taken at intervals to test the amount of glyoxylate present. It was found that peak concentration appeared 6 min after injection and thereafter declined or disappeared, depending on the amount of glyoxylate administered. 5. It was found that glyoxylate accumulates in the body of thiamin-deficient rats and in the pair-fed rats reared on restricted diet for a long period. 6. Drop in heart rate depended on the appearance of glyoxylic acid present in the blood rather than on the reduction of body weight.", "contents": "Bradycardia in thiamin deficiency and the role of glyoxylate. 1. Method of recording the heart rate in rats is described. 2. It was found that during the course of developing thiamin deficiency, the heart rate of rats dropped from 448 to 220 beats/min. (There was no difference between male and female rats.) 3. A number of metabolic products were injected into the normal rats and only glyoxylate was shown to cause a significant drop in heart rate. 4. Graded amounts of Na-glyoxylate were injected peritoneally into the normal rats and blood samples were taken at intervals to test the amount of glyoxylate present. It was found that peak concentration appeared 6 min after injection and thereafter declined or disappeared, depending on the amount of glyoxylate administered. 5. It was found that glyoxylate accumulates in the body of thiamin-deficient rats and in the pair-fed rats reared on restricted diet for a long period. 6. Drop in heart rate depended on the appearance of glyoxylic acid present in the blood rather than on the reduction of body weight.", "PMID": 859046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13002", "title": "Effect of vitamin B6 on L-glutamate dehydrogenase activity in mice brain.", "content": "Investigations were carried out to obtain information on the effect of vitamin B6 level on L-glutamate dehydrogenase activity in mice brain. Subcutaneous and intracerebral injection of pyridoxal phosphate or pyridoxamine resulted in a significant enhancement of the L-glutamate dehydrogenase activity. In the case of pyridoxine, much larger doses and more prolonged time were necessary to exhibit the effect. The above effect of vitamin B6 was much more evidently observed in vitamin B6-deficient animals.", "contents": "Effect of vitamin B6 on L-glutamate dehydrogenase activity in mice brain. Investigations were carried out to obtain information on the effect of vitamin B6 level on L-glutamate dehydrogenase activity in mice brain. Subcutaneous and intracerebral injection of pyridoxal phosphate or pyridoxamine resulted in a significant enhancement of the L-glutamate dehydrogenase activity. In the case of pyridoxine, much larger doses and more prolonged time were necessary to exhibit the effect. The above effect of vitamin B6 was much more evidently observed in vitamin B6-deficient animals.", "PMID": 859047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13003", "title": "Long-term effect of medium-chain triglyceride on hepatic enzymes catalyzing lipogenesis and cholesterogenesis in rats.", "content": "This study was conducted to investigate the long-term effect of dietary medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) as compared with that of corn oil feeding on lipid metabolism in rats. Both serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels in MCT-fed rats showed significant decrease during the experimental period of eight weeks, although liver cholesterol and triglyceride contents were not distinguishable between the two groups. Significant elevation of the activity of lipogenic enzymes, such as fatty acid synthetase (FAS) and malic enzyme (ME) of the liver, was observed in MCT-fed rats without any fat accumulation of the liver (fatty liver). The increase of lipogenic enzyme activity was accompanied by a significant reduction of essential fatty acids (EFA) such as 18:2 (omega6) and 20:4 (omega6) in total liver lipid. In contrast, hepatic beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl CoA(HMG-CoA) reductase activity was significantly decreased in MCT-fed rats, that would play an important role in achieving hypocholesterolemia. From these results obtained in a long-term experiment, it is concluded that exogenous MCT depresses the key enzyme catalyzing cholesterol synthesis with a concomitant elevation of lipogenic enzyme activity in the rat liver.", "contents": "Long-term effect of medium-chain triglyceride on hepatic enzymes catalyzing lipogenesis and cholesterogenesis in rats. This study was conducted to investigate the long-term effect of dietary medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) as compared with that of corn oil feeding on lipid metabolism in rats. Both serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels in MCT-fed rats showed significant decrease during the experimental period of eight weeks, although liver cholesterol and triglyceride contents were not distinguishable between the two groups. Significant elevation of the activity of lipogenic enzymes, such as fatty acid synthetase (FAS) and malic enzyme (ME) of the liver, was observed in MCT-fed rats without any fat accumulation of the liver (fatty liver). The increase of lipogenic enzyme activity was accompanied by a significant reduction of essential fatty acids (EFA) such as 18:2 (omega6) and 20:4 (omega6) in total liver lipid. In contrast, hepatic beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl CoA(HMG-CoA) reductase activity was significantly decreased in MCT-fed rats, that would play an important role in achieving hypocholesterolemia. From these results obtained in a long-term experiment, it is concluded that exogenous MCT depresses the key enzyme catalyzing cholesterol synthesis with a concomitant elevation of lipogenic enzyme activity in the rat liver.", "PMID": 859048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13004", "title": "Cholesterol ester storage disease: clinical, biochemical, and pathological studies.", "content": "Of three siblings affected with cholesterol ester storage disease, two died at ages 7 and 9 years, respectively, with hepatic scarring and portal hypertension. Lipid storage was documented in both patients, as were esophageal varices and aortic plaques in the older child. The third affected sibling, followed to 13 years of age, has hepatomegaly, hyperlipidemia, short stature, adrenal calcification, and acid lipase deficiency. Leukocyte extracts demonstrated deficiency of acid lipase in this patient. This autosomal recessive condition may be allelic with Wolman disease with a more malignant course in this family than in most reported cases.", "contents": "Cholesterol ester storage disease: clinical, biochemical, and pathological studies. Of three siblings affected with cholesterol ester storage disease, two died at ages 7 and 9 years, respectively, with hepatic scarring and portal hypertension. Lipid storage was documented in both patients, as were esophageal varices and aortic plaques in the older child. The third affected sibling, followed to 13 years of age, has hepatomegaly, hyperlipidemia, short stature, adrenal calcification, and acid lipase deficiency. Leukocyte extracts demonstrated deficiency of acid lipase in this patient. This autosomal recessive condition may be allelic with Wolman disease with a more malignant course in this family than in most reported cases.", "PMID": 859064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13005", "title": "Identification of heterozygote carriers of congenital adrenal hyperplasia by radioimmunoassay of serum 17-OH progesterone.", "content": "The response to administered adrenocorticotropin (ACTH, Cortrosyn) of 26 heterozygotes (parents of children with adrenal 21-hydroxylase deficiency) and of 14 controls are compared. The mean plasma levels of 4-pregnene-3, 20-dione-17, 21-diol (17-OH progesterone) were significantly greater in the heterozygotes 60 minutes (p less than 0.02) and 90 minutes (p less than 0.05) after stimulation with Cortrosyn than in controls. There is, however, considerable overlap. The results would indicate a partial enzyme deficiency in the parents of diseased subjects. There was no significant difference in the response of plasma cortisol.", "contents": "Identification of heterozygote carriers of congenital adrenal hyperplasia by radioimmunoassay of serum 17-OH progesterone. The response to administered adrenocorticotropin (ACTH, Cortrosyn) of 26 heterozygotes (parents of children with adrenal 21-hydroxylase deficiency) and of 14 controls are compared. The mean plasma levels of 4-pregnene-3, 20-dione-17, 21-diol (17-OH progesterone) were significantly greater in the heterozygotes 60 minutes (p less than 0.02) and 90 minutes (p less than 0.05) after stimulation with Cortrosyn than in controls. There is, however, considerable overlap. The results would indicate a partial enzyme deficiency in the parents of diseased subjects. There was no significant difference in the response of plasma cortisol.", "PMID": 859065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13006", "title": "Thrombosis of the left coronary artery in a newborn infant.", "content": "A unique occurrence of antenatal thrombosis of the left main coronary artery in a term infant is presented. The clinical features are indistinguishable from those of several other forms of congenital heart disease. The etiology of the thrombosis is unknown.", "contents": "Thrombosis of the left coronary artery in a newborn infant. A unique occurrence of antenatal thrombosis of the left main coronary artery in a term infant is presented. The clinical features are indistinguishable from those of several other forms of congenital heart disease. The etiology of the thrombosis is unknown.", "PMID": 859067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13007", "title": "Amniotic fluid infections in an African city.", "content": "Amniotic fluid infections were the most common cause of perinatal death in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (21.8/1,000 live births). Most such infections appear to originate in the fetal membranes near the cervical os. The high rate of spread of these local infections into the amniotic fluid in Addis Ababa appears related to a lack of antimicrobial activity in amniotic fluids. Factors that adversely affected nutrition in the gravid woman, lack of prenatal medical care, and low water usage were associated with the high rate of fatal infections.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid infections in an African city. Amniotic fluid infections were the most common cause of perinatal death in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (21.8/1,000 live births). Most such infections appear to originate in the fetal membranes near the cervical os. The high rate of spread of these local infections into the amniotic fluid in Addis Ababa appears related to a lack of antimicrobial activity in amniotic fluids. Factors that adversely affected nutrition in the gravid woman, lack of prenatal medical care, and low water usage were associated with the high rate of fatal infections.", "PMID": 859070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13008", "title": "Computer interpreted fetal monitoring data. Discriminant analysis or perinatal data as a model for prediction of neurologic status at one year of age.", "content": "Intrapartum fetal monitoring may be useful in discriminating short-term and long-term infant outcomes. In order to develop a model for the classification of infants for measures of outcome and to evaluate the discriminatory value of selected perinatal data, 61 data files, which included computer interpreted fetal electroencephalogram and fetal heart rate, one and five minute Apoar scores, results of neonatal neurologic examination, and results of neurologic examination at one year of age, were submitted to computerized discriminant function analysis. For the classification of infants for neurologic status at one year, using FEEG patterns alone, 64% of the 42 normal infnats and 63% of the 19 abnormal infants were correctly classified. Using intrapartum FEEG and FHR patterns simultaneously, 69% of the 42 normal infants and 63% of the 19 abnormal infants were correctly classified. Combining intrapartum data with postpartum data, including one minute and five minute Apgar scores and neonatal neurologic examinations, 81% of the 42 normal infants and 79% of  the 19 abnormal infants could be correctly classified. These results suggest that brain damage may already be present before birth, during labor, and that the risk of abnormal neurologic outcome at one year can be detected for a large percentage of infants using computer interpreted monitoring data during labor.", "contents": "Computer interpreted fetal monitoring data. Discriminant analysis or perinatal data as a model for prediction of neurologic status at one year of age. Intrapartum fetal monitoring may be useful in discriminating short-term and long-term infant outcomes. In order to develop a model for the classification of infants for measures of outcome and to evaluate the discriminatory value of selected perinatal data, 61 data files, which included computer interpreted fetal electroencephalogram and fetal heart rate, one and five minute Apoar scores, results of neonatal neurologic examination, and results of neurologic examination at one year of age, were submitted to computerized discriminant function analysis. For the classification of infants for neurologic status at one year, using FEEG patterns alone, 64% of the 42 normal infnats and 63% of the 19 abnormal infants were correctly classified. Using intrapartum FEEG and FHR patterns simultaneously, 69% of the 42 normal infants and 63% of the 19 abnormal infants were correctly classified. Combining intrapartum data with postpartum data, including one minute and five minute Apgar scores and neonatal neurologic examinations, 81% of the 42 normal infants and 79% of  the 19 abnormal infants could be correctly classified. These results suggest that brain damage may already be present before birth, during labor, and that the risk of abnormal neurologic outcome at one year can be detected for a large percentage of infants using computer interpreted monitoring data during labor.", "PMID": 859072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13009", "title": "Comparison of the intestinal surface damage caused by Eimeria mivati, E. necatrix, E. maxima, E. brunetti, and E. acervulina by scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "Eimeria brunetti, an intestinal coccidial parasite of poultry, caused the most severe mucosal damage when compared to E. mivati, E. necatrix, and E. maxima. The damage caused by E. brunetti was observed in the ileum and large intestine and consisted of complete villar destruction in these areas. Oocysts of E. brunetti were observed in tissue debris. E. necatrix (jejunum) enlarged isolated villi causing the lamina propria core to extrude through the villus tip. Damage to the mucosal surface is not as severe as lesions observed on the serosal surface would indicate. E. maxima (jejunum) caused epithelial sloughing and isolated patches of exposed connective tissue. Oocysts of E. maxima were observed under the surface epithelial layer. E. mivati damaged the villus tips of the duodenum and caused sloughing of the villar epithelia exposuncated and clubbed the duodenal villi. E. mivati oocysts were observed in the infected epithelia.", "contents": "Comparison of the intestinal surface damage caused by Eimeria mivati, E. necatrix, E. maxima, E. brunetti, and E. acervulina by scanning electron microscopy. Eimeria brunetti, an intestinal coccidial parasite of poultry, caused the most severe mucosal damage when compared to E. mivati, E. necatrix, and E. maxima. The damage caused by E. brunetti was observed in the ileum and large intestine and consisted of complete villar destruction in these areas. Oocysts of E. brunetti were observed in tissue debris. E. necatrix (jejunum) enlarged isolated villi causing the lamina propria core to extrude through the villus tip. Damage to the mucosal surface is not as severe as lesions observed on the serosal surface would indicate. E. maxima (jejunum) caused epithelial sloughing and isolated patches of exposed connective tissue. Oocysts of E. maxima were observed under the surface epithelial layer. E. mivati damaged the villus tips of the duodenum and caused sloughing of the villar epithelia exposuncated and clubbed the duodenal villi. E. mivati oocysts were observed in the infected epithelia.", "PMID": 859075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13010", "title": "Experimental study of Eimeria robertsoni (Protozoa, Eimeriidae) in the snowshoe hare, Lepus americanus.", "content": "A 6 1/2-day prepatent period and a patent period of at least 22 days followed single oocyst infection of a young coccidia-free hare with Eimeria robertsoni. Size of oocysts increased significantly during patency and was negatively correlated with oocyst output. Oryctolagus cuniculus remained negative after inoculation per os of E. robertsoni of snowshoe hare origin.", "contents": "Experimental study of Eimeria robertsoni (Protozoa, Eimeriidae) in the snowshoe hare, Lepus americanus. A 6 1/2-day prepatent period and a patent period of at least 22 days followed single oocyst infection of a young coccidia-free hare with Eimeria robertsoni. Size of oocysts increased significantly during patency and was negatively correlated with oocyst output. Oryctolagus cuniculus remained negative after inoculation per os of E. robertsoni of snowshoe hare origin.", "PMID": 859077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13011", "title": "Eimeria haematodi sp. n. (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) from the rainbow lorikeet, Trichoglossus haematodus, in Papua New Guinea.", "content": "Eimeria haematodi sp. n. is described from the rainbow lorikeet, Trichoglossus haematodus, in Papua New Guinea. Oocysts ovoid to slightly pyriform, and measured 24.7 to 40.0 by 20.8 to 35.0 micronm (32.3 by 27.6 micronm). Oocyst wall approximately 1.5 micronm thick and two-layered. Micropyle (5 to 7 micronm) and oocyst residuum (10 to 12 micron) present; polar granule absent. Sporocysts ellipsoidal, 12.0 to 17.0 by 7.9 to 9.8 micronm (13.3 by 8.4 micronm), with thin convex Stieda body, and granular sporocyst residuum (4.0 to 5.0 micronm). Thirteen out of 30 wild lorikeets (43.3%) were infected with E. haematodi.", "contents": "Eimeria haematodi sp. n. (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) from the rainbow lorikeet, Trichoglossus haematodus, in Papua New Guinea. Eimeria haematodi sp. n. is described from the rainbow lorikeet, Trichoglossus haematodus, in Papua New Guinea. Oocysts ovoid to slightly pyriform, and measured 24.7 to 40.0 by 20.8 to 35.0 micronm (32.3 by 27.6 micronm). Oocyst wall approximately 1.5 micronm thick and two-layered. Micropyle (5 to 7 micronm) and oocyst residuum (10 to 12 micron) present; polar granule absent. Sporocysts ellipsoidal, 12.0 to 17.0 by 7.9 to 9.8 micronm (13.3 by 8.4 micronm), with thin convex Stieda body, and granular sporocyst residuum (4.0 to 5.0 micronm). Thirteen out of 30 wild lorikeets (43.3%) were infected with E. haematodi.", "PMID": 859078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13012", "title": "Toxoplasmosis in nude mice.", "content": "Immunity to the intracellular protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii, in mice is of the premunition type. Chemoprophylaxis with sulfadiazine normally permits mice to develop immunity to virulent organisms. However, nude (nu/nu) mice, which lack the thymus, failed to develop immunity to toxoplasma during 3 weeks of drug therapy while their hirsute littermates developed immunity during this period. When nude mice were injected intraperitoneally with thymus cells from hirsute littermates, they became able to develop immunity to toxoplasma during drug prophylaxis. The injection of bone marrow cells or high-titered specific antibody did not prolong survival after sulfadiazine was discontinued. Therefore, it appears that immunity to toxoplasma in mice is dependent upon active cellular immunity while the role of antibody is uncertain.", "contents": "Toxoplasmosis in nude mice. Immunity to the intracellular protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii, in mice is of the premunition type. Chemoprophylaxis with sulfadiazine normally permits mice to develop immunity to virulent organisms. However, nude (nu/nu) mice, which lack the thymus, failed to develop immunity to toxoplasma during 3 weeks of drug therapy while their hirsute littermates developed immunity during this period. When nude mice were injected intraperitoneally with thymus cells from hirsute littermates, they became able to develop immunity to toxoplasma during drug prophylaxis. The injection of bone marrow cells or high-titered specific antibody did not prolong survival after sulfadiazine was discontinued. Therefore, it appears that immunity to toxoplasma in mice is dependent upon active cellular immunity while the role of antibody is uncertain.", "PMID": 859079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13013", "title": "Dactylogyrus atripinnei sp. n. from the blackfin sucker in Tennessee.", "content": "A new species of Dactylogyrus, D. atripinnei, is described from the blackfin sucker, Moxostoma atripinne Bailey, collected from the Barren River drainage in Tennessee.", "contents": "Dactylogyrus atripinnei sp. n. from the blackfin sucker in Tennessee. A new species of Dactylogyrus, D. atripinnei, is described from the blackfin sucker, Moxostoma atripinne Bailey, collected from the Barren River drainage in Tennessee.", "PMID": 859080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13014", "title": "In vitro development of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae.", "content": "Early cercarial embryos of Schistosoma mansoni developed to swimming cercariae within seven days in vitro, via the same sequence of stages as reported in vivo. The presence of living Biomphalaria glabrata cells (Bge line) was indispensable for proper development. Cultured cercariae were water-sensitive, gave no cercarienh\u00fcllen reaction, and appeared to lack the surface glycocalyx. Further development was not detected in mice or hamsters.", "contents": "In vitro development of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. Early cercarial embryos of Schistosoma mansoni developed to swimming cercariae within seven days in vitro, via the same sequence of stages as reported in vivo. The presence of living Biomphalaria glabrata cells (Bge line) was indispensable for proper development. Cultured cercariae were water-sensitive, gave no cercarienh\u00fcllen reaction, and appeared to lack the surface glycocalyx. Further development was not detected in mice or hamsters.", "PMID": 859081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13015", "title": "Relationship between nuclear morphology and the phases of the cell cycle during cercarial development of the digenetic trematode Trichobilharzia ocellata.", "content": "During the proliferative phase of cercarial development in the digenetic trematode Trichobilharzia ocellata, nuclei varied in size, appearance of the chromatin, and intensity of Feulgen staining. On the basis of interphase nuclear morphology six nuclear classes were identified. Data from microspectrophotometric determinations and 3H-TdR labeling experiments were used to correlate each kind of interphase nucleus with a phase of the cell cycle. Marked variability in nuclear area developed between cells by time they reached late G1. Increases in nuclear area could not be correlated with the onset of DNA synthesis. Throughout all stages of development of T. ocellata cercariae, proliferating cells divide mitotically; meiotic divisions were never seen. Thus, the mode of reproduction appears to be asexual. No evidence was found to support previous suggestions of diploid parthenogenesis.", "contents": "Relationship between nuclear morphology and the phases of the cell cycle during cercarial development of the digenetic trematode Trichobilharzia ocellata. During the proliferative phase of cercarial development in the digenetic trematode Trichobilharzia ocellata, nuclei varied in size, appearance of the chromatin, and intensity of Feulgen staining. On the basis of interphase nuclear morphology six nuclear classes were identified. Data from microspectrophotometric determinations and 3H-TdR labeling experiments were used to correlate each kind of interphase nucleus with a phase of the cell cycle. Marked variability in nuclear area developed between cells by time they reached late G1. Increases in nuclear area could not be correlated with the onset of DNA synthesis. Throughout all stages of development of T. ocellata cercariae, proliferating cells divide mitotically; meiotic divisions were never seen. Thus, the mode of reproduction appears to be asexual. No evidence was found to support previous suggestions of diploid parthenogenesis.", "PMID": 859082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13016", "title": "Cell cycle analysis in developing cercariae of Trichobilharzia ocellata (Trematoda: Schistosomatidae).", "content": "Cellular proliferation has been analyzed during cercarial development of the digenetic trematode Trichobilharzia ocellata. Prior to the tail-bud stage (about 1,000 cells), cells were actively involved in cellular proliferation. The mean cell cycle was 15.2 hr. The time for mitosis was 1.6 hr; for G1, 5.6 hr; for G2, 3.2 hr, and for the S phase, 4.8 hr. Beginning with the tail-bud stage, an increasing proportion of cells accumulate in the G1 phase. Cytological evidence of changes in the amount of cytoplasm per cell revealed that these noncycling cells were differentiating. During organ development and differentiation, the proportion of proliferating cells decreases and by the 2,000-celled stage proliferation ceases. Our results do not support a germinal lineage theory of cercarial development since none of the observed nuclear types could be unequivocally identified as belonging to the germ line.", "contents": "Cell cycle analysis in developing cercariae of Trichobilharzia ocellata (Trematoda: Schistosomatidae). Cellular proliferation has been analyzed during cercarial development of the digenetic trematode Trichobilharzia ocellata. Prior to the tail-bud stage (about 1,000 cells), cells were actively involved in cellular proliferation. The mean cell cycle was 15.2 hr. The time for mitosis was 1.6 hr; for G1, 5.6 hr; for G2, 3.2 hr, and for the S phase, 4.8 hr. Beginning with the tail-bud stage, an increasing proportion of cells accumulate in the G1 phase. Cytological evidence of changes in the amount of cytoplasm per cell revealed that these noncycling cells were differentiating. During organ development and differentiation, the proportion of proliferating cells decreases and by the 2,000-celled stage proliferation ceases. Our results do not support a germinal lineage theory of cercarial development since none of the observed nuclear types could be unequivocally identified as belonging to the germ line.", "PMID": 859083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13017", "title": "Occurrence of a sporocyst generation of Fasciola gigantica in the mollusc Lymnaea rubiginosa.", "content": "Thirty laboratory-reared, juvenile Lymnae rubiginosa were exposed to 20 miracidia each of Fasciola gigantica. Eight days postinfection snails were dissected, and clearly recognizable sporocysts were recovered from the mantle collar and renal vein. Behavior of sporocysts and mother rediae differed markedly. These observations contradict those of direct metamorphosis of miracidium into redia as reported by Ogambo-Ongoma and Goodman (1976).", "contents": "Occurrence of a sporocyst generation of Fasciola gigantica in the mollusc Lymnaea rubiginosa. Thirty laboratory-reared, juvenile Lymnae rubiginosa were exposed to 20 miracidia each of Fasciola gigantica. Eight days postinfection snails were dissected, and clearly recognizable sporocysts were recovered from the mantle collar and renal vein. Behavior of sporocysts and mother rediae differed markedly. These observations contradict those of direct metamorphosis of miracidium into redia as reported by Ogambo-Ongoma and Goodman (1976).", "PMID": 859085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13018", "title": "A new family of pseudophyllidean cestodes from the deep-sea teleost Acanthochaenus lutkenii Gill 1884.", "content": "An unusual pseudophylidean cestode, Philogythos atlanticus gen. et sp. n., from the intestine of the deep-sea teleost Acanthochaenus lutkenii (Stephanoberycidae) is described. A new family, Philobythiidae, is erected to accomodate the genus. Distinguishing characteristics of the species are: bothriate scolex with apical disk, lateral genital pores, small cirrus pouch and unarmed cirrus, postovarian vitellarium, uterus with preformed diverticula, and oncospheres contained within capsules.", "contents": "A new family of pseudophyllidean cestodes from the deep-sea teleost Acanthochaenus lutkenii Gill 1884. An unusual pseudophylidean cestode, Philogythos atlanticus gen. et sp. n., from the intestine of the deep-sea teleost Acanthochaenus lutkenii (Stephanoberycidae) is described. A new family, Philobythiidae, is erected to accomodate the genus. Distinguishing characteristics of the species are: bothriate scolex with apical disk, lateral genital pores, small cirrus pouch and unarmed cirrus, postovarian vitellarium, uterus with preformed diverticula, and oncospheres contained within capsules.", "PMID": 859086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13019", "title": "Permeability studies on taeniid metacestodes: II. Antibody-mediated effects on membrane permeability in larvae of Taenia taeniaeformis and Taenia crassiceps.", "content": "Incubation in immune rat serum (IRS) was shown to increase the rate of absorption of 125I RNase-A but not 125I BSA by larvae of Taenia taeniaeformis and T. crassiceps. This effect required a heat labile factor in serum, and partial activity could be restored in heat-treated IRS by adding normal rat serum (NRS) as a source of complement. In addition, the effectiveness of IRS in altering permeability was shown to be dependent on the concentration of functional complement. Both live and dead larvae incubated in NRS rapidly depleted hemolytic complement levels in the surrounding medium. Immunoglobulin fractions from IRS separated by anion exchange chromatography and and gel filtration were tested in the presence of excess complement for their ability to affect uptake of 125I RNase-A. Enhanced permeability was observed in larvae incubated in each fraction. The results show that antibodies in conjunction with complement are capable of disrupting larval permeability control in vitro. The observation that larvae were able to restore normal control as complement levels declined suggests that the parasites may overcome this immunologic effector mechanism by interfering with complement function.", "contents": "Permeability studies on taeniid metacestodes: II. Antibody-mediated effects on membrane permeability in larvae of Taenia taeniaeformis and Taenia crassiceps. Incubation in immune rat serum (IRS) was shown to increase the rate of absorption of 125I RNase-A but not 125I BSA by larvae of Taenia taeniaeformis and T. crassiceps. This effect required a heat labile factor in serum, and partial activity could be restored in heat-treated IRS by adding normal rat serum (NRS) as a source of complement. In addition, the effectiveness of IRS in altering permeability was shown to be dependent on the concentration of functional complement. Both live and dead larvae incubated in NRS rapidly depleted hemolytic complement levels in the surrounding medium. Immunoglobulin fractions from IRS separated by anion exchange chromatography and and gel filtration were tested in the presence of excess complement for their ability to affect uptake of 125I RNase-A. Enhanced permeability was observed in larvae incubated in each fraction. The results show that antibodies in conjunction with complement are capable of disrupting larval permeability control in vitro. The observation that larvae were able to restore normal control as complement levels declined suggests that the parasites may overcome this immunologic effector mechanism by interfering with complement function.", "PMID": 859087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13020", "title": "Status of the genus Cyrnea (Nematoda: Spiruroidea) in wild turkeys from the southeastern United States.", "content": "Two species of Cyrnea are reported from 706 wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) from 25 localities in 9 southeastern states. Cyrnea (Cyrnea) neeli sp. n. in birds from Alabama and Florida is differentiated primarily by distal processes of the left spicule and spicule lengths. Specimens from wild turkeys previously reported as C. eurycerca are identified as C. coloni. The configuration of caudal papillae of C. colini is redescribed. Neither species occurred in birds from montainous regions, and C. neeli sp. n. was restricted to Florida and southern Alabama. Poults less than 1-month old were not infected. Infections peaked in early fall and then declined rapidly.", "contents": "Status of the genus Cyrnea (Nematoda: Spiruroidea) in wild turkeys from the southeastern United States. Two species of Cyrnea are reported from 706 wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) from 25 localities in 9 southeastern states. Cyrnea (Cyrnea) neeli sp. n. in birds from Alabama and Florida is differentiated primarily by distal processes of the left spicule and spicule lengths. Specimens from wild turkeys previously reported as C. eurycerca are identified as C. coloni. The configuration of caudal papillae of C. colini is redescribed. Neither species occurred in birds from montainous regions, and C. neeli sp. n. was restricted to Florida and southern Alabama. Poults less than 1-month old were not infected. Infections peaked in early fall and then declined rapidly.", "PMID": 859088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13021", "title": "Spironoura tikasinghi sp. n. (Nematoda: Kathlaniidae) from a turtle in Trinidad, W. I.", "content": "Spironoura tikasinghi sp. n. from the cecum and small intestine of a turtle, Geoemyda punctularia, from Trinidad, is characterized by having spicules 530 to 570 micronm, and a gubernaculum 310 to 340 micronm long. It is compared with other species from South and Central America, and with those reported from turtles.", "contents": "Spironoura tikasinghi sp. n. (Nematoda: Kathlaniidae) from a turtle in Trinidad, W. I. Spironoura tikasinghi sp. n. from the cecum and small intestine of a turtle, Geoemyda punctularia, from Trinidad, is characterized by having spicules 530 to 570 micronm, and a gubernaculum 310 to 340 micronm long. It is compared with other species from South and Central America, and with those reported from turtles.", "PMID": 859089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13022", "title": "Some ecological aspects of Ergasilus centrarchidarum Wright (Crustacea: Copepoda) on largemouth and spotted bass in Lake Fort Smith, Arkansas.", "content": "Certain ecological aspects of Ergasilus centrarchidarum on largemouth and spotted bass from Lake Fort Smith, Arkansas, were studied during July 1970 through June 1971. There were no significant differences in E. centrarchidarum intensities between host sexes. E. centrarchidarum tended to increase in abundance with the age of the hosts through the first 3 years, then declined in older hosts. Maximum abundance and egg production occurred during the summer months. Optimum temperatures for abundance and egg production ranged from 24 to 29 C. There was no evidence of antagonism among E. centrarchidarum and other concomitant species of gill parasites.", "contents": "Some ecological aspects of Ergasilus centrarchidarum Wright (Crustacea: Copepoda) on largemouth and spotted bass in Lake Fort Smith, Arkansas. Certain ecological aspects of Ergasilus centrarchidarum on largemouth and spotted bass from Lake Fort Smith, Arkansas, were studied during July 1970 through June 1971. There were no significant differences in E. centrarchidarum intensities between host sexes. E. centrarchidarum tended to increase in abundance with the age of the hosts through the first 3 years, then declined in older hosts. Maximum abundance and egg production occurred during the summer months. Optimum temperatures for abundance and egg production ranged from 24 to 29 C. There was no evidence of antagonism among E. centrarchidarum and other concomitant species of gill parasites.", "PMID": 859091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13023", "title": "Membrane potential-dependent and-independent tension in the canine tracheal muscle.", "content": "We used the double sucrose gap apparatus to describe properties of electromechanical coupling in canine trachealis muscle, during infusion of elevated K+ and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). With 59 mM K+ and 5-HT, quasi-steady-state relationships of membrane depolarization and tension indicate electromechanical coupling, but for a given increase in tension much smaller membrane depolarizations were seen with 5-HT than with 59 mM K+. Evoked displacements of the membrane potential with anodal or cathodal current caused relaxations or contractions, respectively, and graded displacements resulted in graded tension changes. Reversal of 59 mM K+ membrane depolarization with long anodal current pulses resulted in nearly complete reversal of K+ tension, but reversal of 5-HT membrane depolarization caused tension reversal of only 20 to 40%. Data partially define electromechanical coupling in canine trachealis muscle provide evidence for membrane potential-independent tension with 5-HT at concentrations giving near threshold to maximal 5-HT tension.", "contents": "Membrane potential-dependent and-independent tension in the canine tracheal muscle. We used the double sucrose gap apparatus to describe properties of electromechanical coupling in canine trachealis muscle, during infusion of elevated K+ and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). With 59 mM K+ and 5-HT, quasi-steady-state relationships of membrane depolarization and tension indicate electromechanical coupling, but for a given increase in tension much smaller membrane depolarizations were seen with 5-HT than with 59 mM K+. Evoked displacements of the membrane potential with anodal or cathodal current caused relaxations or contractions, respectively, and graded displacements resulted in graded tension changes. Reversal of 59 mM K+ membrane depolarization with long anodal current pulses resulted in nearly complete reversal of K+ tension, but reversal of 5-HT membrane depolarization caused tension reversal of only 20 to 40%. Data partially define electromechanical coupling in canine trachealis muscle provide evidence for membrane potential-independent tension with 5-HT at concentrations giving near threshold to maximal 5-HT tension.", "PMID": 859102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13024", "title": "The release of acetylcholine elicited by extracts of black widow spider glands: studies using rat superior cervical ganglia and inhibitors of electrically stimulated release.", "content": "An extract of the venom glands of black widow spiders (BWGE) induces the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from the superior cervical ganglia of rats. The release of ACh follows first-order kinetics, which suggests that the venom either lowers the ganglionic store of ACh, or continually reduces the rate of release. Since ganglionic ACh did not decrease in the presence of BWGE, it is likely that the venom continually reduces the rate of release. The rate constant for BWGE-induced release of ACh is depressed about 45% by treatment of the ganglion with either botulinum toxin or a low Ca++/high Mg++Ringer's solution. The rate constant is depressed about 30% by treatment of the ganglion with 8.3 microng/ml of cytochalasin-B. Since these agents inhibit the release of ACh which is elicited by electrical stimulation of the ganglion, it is suggested that one action of BWGE is the stimulation of some step in the physiological mechanism involved in the release of neurotransmitters. Treatment of the ganglion with tetrodotoxin had no effect on the rate constant for release induced by BWGE. The action of BWGE on the ganglion was not reversible after 10 minutes. When treated with BWGE, ganglia whose stores of transmitter had been labeled by electrical stimulation in the presence of [3H]choline released ACh having uniform specific activity. The data suggest the presence of more than one activity in the extracts.", "contents": "The release of acetylcholine elicited by extracts of black widow spider glands: studies using rat superior cervical ganglia and inhibitors of electrically stimulated release. An extract of the venom glands of black widow spiders (BWGE) induces the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from the superior cervical ganglia of rats. The release of ACh follows first-order kinetics, which suggests that the venom either lowers the ganglionic store of ACh, or continually reduces the rate of release. Since ganglionic ACh did not decrease in the presence of BWGE, it is likely that the venom continually reduces the rate of release. The rate constant for BWGE-induced release of ACh is depressed about 45% by treatment of the ganglion with either botulinum toxin or a low Ca++/high Mg++Ringer's solution. The rate constant is depressed about 30% by treatment of the ganglion with 8.3 microng/ml of cytochalasin-B. Since these agents inhibit the release of ACh which is elicited by electrical stimulation of the ganglion, it is suggested that one action of BWGE is the stimulation of some step in the physiological mechanism involved in the release of neurotransmitters. Treatment of the ganglion with tetrodotoxin had no effect on the rate constant for release induced by BWGE. The action of BWGE on the ganglion was not reversible after 10 minutes. When treated with BWGE, ganglia whose stores of transmitter had been labeled by electrical stimulation in the presence of [3H]choline released ACh having uniform specific activity. The data suggest the presence of more than one activity in the extracts.", "PMID": 859103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13025", "title": "Effects of dopaminergic agonists and antagonists of feeding in intact and 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats.", "content": "The effects on food intake of treatments which alter central dopaminergic function were examined in rats. Doses of d-amphetamine that increased the conversion of 3H-tyrosine to 3H-dopamine in the brain were found to decrease food intake, an effect that was reduced by the systemic administration of the dopaminergic antagonists alpha-methyltyrosine, haloperidol or spiroperidol. The dopaminergic agonists, apomorphine, dopa, cocaine and methylphenidated, also reduced feeding and these effects were attenuated by low doses of spiroperidol. In larger doses, spiroperidol itself decreased feeding, and this effect was potentiated by alpha-methyltyrosine. The ability of dopaminergic agonists and antagonists to inhibit food intake was also observed in rats treated with 6-hhyroxydopamine so as to produce a selective 83% depletion of dopamine. In these animals, d-amphetamine was found to be less effective as an anorexic agent, whereas dopa, apomorphine, alpha-methyltyrosine and spiroperidol each was more effective in reducing food intake. These alterations in sensitivity may reflect neurochemical changes which occur at residual dopaminergic synapses after subtotal lesions of dopaminergic neurons. We conclude that both increases and decreases in central dopaminergic activity can reduce feeding and propose that some intermediate rate of dopamine release provides an optimal level of neuronal activity for feeding by the hungry animal.", "contents": "Effects of dopaminergic agonists and antagonists of feeding in intact and 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats. The effects on food intake of treatments which alter central dopaminergic function were examined in rats. Doses of d-amphetamine that increased the conversion of 3H-tyrosine to 3H-dopamine in the brain were found to decrease food intake, an effect that was reduced by the systemic administration of the dopaminergic antagonists alpha-methyltyrosine, haloperidol or spiroperidol. The dopaminergic agonists, apomorphine, dopa, cocaine and methylphenidated, also reduced feeding and these effects were attenuated by low doses of spiroperidol. In larger doses, spiroperidol itself decreased feeding, and this effect was potentiated by alpha-methyltyrosine. The ability of dopaminergic agonists and antagonists to inhibit food intake was also observed in rats treated with 6-hhyroxydopamine so as to produce a selective 83% depletion of dopamine. In these animals, d-amphetamine was found to be less effective as an anorexic agent, whereas dopa, apomorphine, alpha-methyltyrosine and spiroperidol each was more effective in reducing food intake. These alterations in sensitivity may reflect neurochemical changes which occur at residual dopaminergic synapses after subtotal lesions of dopaminergic neurons. We conclude that both increases and decreases in central dopaminergic activity can reduce feeding and propose that some intermediate rate of dopamine release provides an optimal level of neuronal activity for feeding by the hungry animal.", "PMID": 859104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13026", "title": "Vascular responses to the monoenoic prostaglandin precursor dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid in the perfused canine lung.", "content": "Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA; 2 mg/kg i.v.), the monoenoic prostaglandin (PG) precursor was reported earlier to produce systemic hypotension in the intact dog. It is shown here to produce pulmonary vasoconstriction when given (50-500 microng/kg) in the pulmonary artery of the isolated perfused canine lung lobe. This effect is similar to that of arachidonic acid (AA), the bisenoic PG precursor. PGF1alpha was vasopressor in both preparations. The DGLA response at 100 microng/kg in the lung was nearly identical with that of AA25 microng/kg; DGLA 200 microng/kg=AA50 microng/kg;DGLA 300microng/kg=AA 100 microng/kg. The DGLA 100 microng/kg response was nearly equal to that with PGF1alpha 1 microng/kg. The equipressor dose ratio, DGLA/AA, varied 2.5 to f1 and DGLA/PGF1alpha was 100:1. DGLA and AA vascular responses were blocked by indomethacin. Linoleic acid, used as a control fatty acid, had no pulmonary pressor action. When a dextran-based artificial perfusate was used, the vasopressor response to DGLA was essentially unchanged from that in the blood-perfused lobe. The effects of DGLA appear to be due to conversion to vasoactive products in the PG biosynthetic pathway. These products are less potent than those formed in the metabolism of AA.", "contents": "Vascular responses to the monoenoic prostaglandin precursor dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid in the perfused canine lung. Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA; 2 mg/kg i.v.), the monoenoic prostaglandin (PG) precursor was reported earlier to produce systemic hypotension in the intact dog. It is shown here to produce pulmonary vasoconstriction when given (50-500 microng/kg) in the pulmonary artery of the isolated perfused canine lung lobe. This effect is similar to that of arachidonic acid (AA), the bisenoic PG precursor. PGF1alpha was vasopressor in both preparations. The DGLA response at 100 microng/kg in the lung was nearly identical with that of AA25 microng/kg; DGLA 200 microng/kg=AA50 microng/kg;DGLA 300microng/kg=AA 100 microng/kg. The DGLA 100 microng/kg response was nearly equal to that with PGF1alpha 1 microng/kg. The equipressor dose ratio, DGLA/AA, varied 2.5 to f1 and DGLA/PGF1alpha was 100:1. DGLA and AA vascular responses were blocked by indomethacin. Linoleic acid, used as a control fatty acid, had no pulmonary pressor action. When a dextran-based artificial perfusate was used, the vasopressor response to DGLA was essentially unchanged from that in the blood-perfused lobe. The effects of DGLA appear to be due to conversion to vasoactive products in the PG biosynthetic pathway. These products are less potent than those formed in the metabolism of AA.", "PMID": 859105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13027", "title": "Meperidine effects on schedule-controlled responding.", "content": "The effect of meperidine were studied on responding by pigeons under a multiple fixed-ratio, fixed-interval schedule of food presentation. Low doses of meperidine (0.3-3 mg/kg) generally increased and higher doses decreased responding under the fixed-interval component of the multiple schedule. The responding under the fixed-ratio component was usually unaffected by low doses and decreased by doses greater than 3 mg/kg of meperidine. Naloxone (1 mg/kg) antagonized the rate increases in the fixed-interval component; however, no dose of naloxone (1-56 mg/kg) or cyclazocine (0.1-3 mg/kg) antagonized the rate decreases produced by meperidine under either schedule component. The effects of morphine and meperidine were compared in two birds treated daily with methadone. In a bird maintained on a daily dose of 120 mg/kg (p.o.) of methadone, there was a 10-fold shift of the dose-effect curve for morphine but no shift of the meperidine dose-effect curve. In a bird maintained on a daily dose of 30 mg/kg (p.o.) of methadone, there was a 3- to 5-fold shift of the morphine dose-effect curve, but again no shift of the meperidine dose-effect curve. Thus, the rate-decreasing effects of meperidine were not antagonized by narcotic antagonists, nor did they show cross-tolerance to methadone.", "contents": "Meperidine effects on schedule-controlled responding. The effect of meperidine were studied on responding by pigeons under a multiple fixed-ratio, fixed-interval schedule of food presentation. Low doses of meperidine (0.3-3 mg/kg) generally increased and higher doses decreased responding under the fixed-interval component of the multiple schedule. The responding under the fixed-ratio component was usually unaffected by low doses and decreased by doses greater than 3 mg/kg of meperidine. Naloxone (1 mg/kg) antagonized the rate increases in the fixed-interval component; however, no dose of naloxone (1-56 mg/kg) or cyclazocine (0.1-3 mg/kg) antagonized the rate decreases produced by meperidine under either schedule component. The effects of morphine and meperidine were compared in two birds treated daily with methadone. In a bird maintained on a daily dose of 120 mg/kg (p.o.) of methadone, there was a 10-fold shift of the dose-effect curve for morphine but no shift of the meperidine dose-effect curve. In a bird maintained on a daily dose of 30 mg/kg (p.o.) of methadone, there was a 3- to 5-fold shift of the morphine dose-effect curve, but again no shift of the meperidine dose-effect curve. Thus, the rate-decreasing effects of meperidine were not antagonized by narcotic antagonists, nor did they show cross-tolerance to methadone.", "PMID": 859106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13028", "title": "Application of A. C.-polarography in a study of p-nitroanisole metabolism and its kinetic properties.", "content": "Phase sensitive alternating current polarography was introduced for the simultaneous determination of p-nitroanisole and its metabolites p-nitrophenol and p-nitrocatechol in kinetic studies with rat liver microsomes. The substrate p-nitroanisole disappears rather rapidly while p-nitrophenol is formed. First traces of a second oxidation product, p-nitrocatechol, can be detected only after a few minutes after the initiation of the reaction. This suggest that O-demethylation of p-nitroanisole is the primary reaction which is followed by aromatic ortho hydroxylation of p-nitrophenol. After incubation times longer than 15 minutes, appreciable amounts of p-nitrocatechol are found which shows optical absorption characteristics similar to those of p-nitrophenol (absorption maximum at 440 nm). It is concluded from these kinetic experiments that optical determination of the primary metabolite during the initial reaction phase constitutes a reliable measure of microsomal O-demethylation activity. Phenobarbital induction differentially increases O-demethylation and ring-ortho-hydroxylation activities. From this and respective inhibition studies it is concluded that possibly multiple forms of cytochrome P-450 are involved in the metabolism of either p-nitroanisole or p-nitrophenol.", "contents": "Application of A. C.-polarography in a study of p-nitroanisole metabolism and its kinetic properties. Phase sensitive alternating current polarography was introduced for the simultaneous determination of p-nitroanisole and its metabolites p-nitrophenol and p-nitrocatechol in kinetic studies with rat liver microsomes. The substrate p-nitroanisole disappears rather rapidly while p-nitrophenol is formed. First traces of a second oxidation product, p-nitrocatechol, can be detected only after a few minutes after the initiation of the reaction. This suggest that O-demethylation of p-nitroanisole is the primary reaction which is followed by aromatic ortho hydroxylation of p-nitrophenol. After incubation times longer than 15 minutes, appreciable amounts of p-nitrocatechol are found which shows optical absorption characteristics similar to those of p-nitrophenol (absorption maximum at 440 nm). It is concluded from these kinetic experiments that optical determination of the primary metabolite during the initial reaction phase constitutes a reliable measure of microsomal O-demethylation activity. Phenobarbital induction differentially increases O-demethylation and ring-ortho-hydroxylation activities. From this and respective inhibition studies it is concluded that possibly multiple forms of cytochrome P-450 are involved in the metabolism of either p-nitroanisole or p-nitrophenol.", "PMID": 859107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13029", "title": "A study of the binding of sulfur to rat liver microsomes which occurs concurrently with the metabolism of O, O-diethyl O-p-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate (parathion) to O, O-diethyl O-p-nitrophenyl phosphate (paraoxon).", "content": "In order to investigate the nature of the sulfur that is bound to liver microsomes concurrently with the metabolism of parathion to paraoxon, an isolated rat liver microsomal preparation was labeled with [35S] parathion and the purified product was examined by chemical degradation. Characterization of the degradation products by thin-layer chromatography indicated that the sulfur is bound as a polysulfide or hydrodisulfide formed by the combination of a reactive form of sulfur, released from parathion, with cysteine residues of the microsomal protein. Preliminary investigations revealed similar binding occurs when the microsomal preparation is replaced with purified rabbit cytochrome P-450 plus NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase and NADPH.", "contents": "A study of the binding of sulfur to rat liver microsomes which occurs concurrently with the metabolism of O, O-diethyl O-p-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate (parathion) to O, O-diethyl O-p-nitrophenyl phosphate (paraoxon). In order to investigate the nature of the sulfur that is bound to liver microsomes concurrently with the metabolism of parathion to paraoxon, an isolated rat liver microsomal preparation was labeled with [35S] parathion and the purified product was examined by chemical degradation. Characterization of the degradation products by thin-layer chromatography indicated that the sulfur is bound as a polysulfide or hydrodisulfide formed by the combination of a reactive form of sulfur, released from parathion, with cysteine residues of the microsomal protein. Preliminary investigations revealed similar binding occurs when the microsomal preparation is replaced with purified rabbit cytochrome P-450 plus NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase and NADPH.", "PMID": 859108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13030", "title": "Images on serving marijuana, alcoholic beverages, and soft drinks.", "content": "The images on serving marijuana, beer, bourbon, and soft drinks at a small informal party were compared with use of a posttest only with a control group experimental design. A total of 249 Ss were randomly assigned and received one of four shopping lists of a person planning the party. The four shopping lists were identical except for the fifth product; i.e., Ss received a shopping list including either marijuana, beer, bourbon, or soft drinks. Significant differences in images between the four products were found.", "contents": "Images on serving marijuana, alcoholic beverages, and soft drinks. The images on serving marijuana, beer, bourbon, and soft drinks at a small informal party were compared with use of a posttest only with a control group experimental design. A total of 249 Ss were randomly assigned and received one of four shopping lists of a person planning the party. The four shopping lists were identical except for the fifth product; i.e., Ss received a shopping list including either marijuana, beer, bourbon, or soft drinks. Significant differences in images between the four products were found.", "PMID": 859123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13031", "title": "Relationship of MMPI scores of drug-abusers to personal variables and type of treatment program.", "content": "The MMPI scores for drug-abusers admitted to a multimodality treatment program (N=324) were analyzed to determine the extent of MMPI scale differences due to basic personal variables (age, sex, race), as well as type of program entered (drug-free vs. methadone-based) and program environment (residential vs. ambulatory). The results support the view that the MMPI group profile for drug-abusers, characterized by a substantially elevated Pd scale and somewhat less elevated scores on most other diagnostic scales, is relatively invariant and not substantially affected by personal background or program differences.", "contents": "Relationship of MMPI scores of drug-abusers to personal variables and type of treatment program. The MMPI scores for drug-abusers admitted to a multimodality treatment program (N=324) were analyzed to determine the extent of MMPI scale differences due to basic personal variables (age, sex, race), as well as type of program entered (drug-free vs. methadone-based) and program environment (residential vs. ambulatory). The results support the view that the MMPI group profile for drug-abusers, characterized by a substantially elevated Pd scale and somewhat less elevated scores on most other diagnostic scales, is relatively invariant and not substantially affected by personal background or program differences.", "PMID": 859124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13032", "title": "[Painful and transient spasm of the cardioesophageal sphincter (author's transl)].", "content": "The writers describe a painful and transient spasm of the lower esophageal sphincter. Clinically, it is a matter of total aphagia, which is painful and prolonged, and occurs during eating; it always responds to medical treatment (rehydratation and antispasmodics), and it does not exceed 48 hours. An X-ray examination is both essential and characteristic: it visualizes the spasm of the lower esophageal sphincter in its full extent, the food gap, the sideration of the thoracic esophagus, and the disappearance of the air pocket. A perfect understanding of these clinical and and radiological signs enables a recognition of the functional nature of this medically curable condition, and thus aids patients of all ages to avoid an unecessary surgical operation.", "contents": "[Painful and transient spasm of the cardioesophageal sphincter (author's transl)]. The writers describe a painful and transient spasm of the lower esophageal sphincter. Clinically, it is a matter of total aphagia, which is painful and prolonged, and occurs during eating; it always responds to medical treatment (rehydratation and antispasmodics), and it does not exceed 48 hours. An X-ray examination is both essential and characteristic: it visualizes the spasm of the lower esophageal sphincter in its full extent, the food gap, the sideration of the thoracic esophagus, and the disappearance of the air pocket. A perfect understanding of these clinical and and radiological signs enables a recognition of the functional nature of this medically curable condition, and thus aids patients of all ages to avoid an unecessary surgical operation.", "PMID": 859133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13033", "title": "[A study of the lower urinary apparatus using 105 mm ampliphotography (author's transl)].", "content": "The exploration of the lower urinary apparatus was carried out using a 105 mm ampliphotography system. 230 examinations were performed according to several techniques: descending and micturition cystography; urethrocystography or retrograde and voiding cystography; cystography with suprapublic puncture; and cystometrography. An analysis of the results enabled an evaluation of the method. The morphological study may appear inadequate if electronic enlargement is not employed. The dynamic study is excellent in the diagnosis of diseases of the neck and uretheral stenosis. The limits of the amplifier field should not lead to a failure to recognize a possible vesicoureteral reflux. A decrease in the exposure dose makes it a technique of choice in children on the condition that the rate of exposures is not excessive and electronic enlargement is not performed too frequently.", "contents": "[A study of the lower urinary apparatus using 105 mm ampliphotography (author's transl)]. The exploration of the lower urinary apparatus was carried out using a 105 mm ampliphotography system. 230 examinations were performed according to several techniques: descending and micturition cystography; urethrocystography or retrograde and voiding cystography; cystography with suprapublic puncture; and cystometrography. An analysis of the results enabled an evaluation of the method. The morphological study may appear inadequate if electronic enlargement is not employed. The dynamic study is excellent in the diagnosis of diseases of the neck and uretheral stenosis. The limits of the amplifier field should not lead to a failure to recognize a possible vesicoureteral reflux. A decrease in the exposure dose makes it a technique of choice in children on the condition that the rate of exposures is not excessive and electronic enlargement is not performed too frequently.", "PMID": 859135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13034", "title": "The contribution of an adult educationalist to a trainers' group.", "content": "I have summarized my findings as a non-medically qualified educationalist attending regularly at meetings of a group of general-practitioner trainers. I believe that it is essential for trainers to learn to draw general principles from specific examples in order to help trainees to learn. Two other contributions an educationalist can make are promoting counselling relationships and helping trainers understand more deeply their own relationships with their patients.", "contents": "The contribution of an adult educationalist to a trainers' group. I have summarized my findings as a non-medically qualified educationalist attending regularly at meetings of a group of general-practitioner trainers. I believe that it is essential for trainers to learn to draw general principles from specific examples in order to help trainees to learn. Two other contributions an educationalist can make are promoting counselling relationships and helping trainers understand more deeply their own relationships with their patients.", "PMID": 859143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13035", "title": "Continuing education for general practice--a learning system.", "content": "A learning system for continuing education for general practitioners is described and illustrated by examples from educational programmes held in Doncaster. The work that needs to be done by organizers in planning, organizing, implementing, and evaluating educational programmes is outlined. I hope that this will help other organizers of continuing education.", "contents": "Continuing education for general practice--a learning system. A learning system for continuing education for general practitioners is described and illustrated by examples from educational programmes held in Doncaster. The work that needs to be done by organizers in planning, organizing, implementing, and evaluating educational programmes is outlined. I hope that this will help other organizers of continuing education.", "PMID": 859144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13036", "title": "The opinions of postgraduate tutors on continuing education for general practitioners.", "content": "The recent big increase in learning opportunities for general practitioners, particularly in postgraduate medical centres, has been accompanied by increasing suspicion that educational activities may not be fulfilling the aims of continuing education, and that there is dissatisfaction with existing courses.This study took place in the north-western region, and 18 clinical tutors were interviewed using a structured interview schedule.Very few of the clinical tutors were aware of the existence of the book The Future General Practitioner-Learning and Teaching, and most activities consisted of lectures, lecturers usually being local and regional consultants, with occasional national authorities. Small group teaching rarely occurred, and all the centres had been supplied with videotape equipment.Most of the tutors had attended a course on audiovisual aids, or a meeting organized by the National Association of Clinical Tutors, but the tutors appeared ill at ease when answering questions about educational aims and objectives, and most tutors were unable to identify an educational objective from a group of statements.", "contents": "The opinions of postgraduate tutors on continuing education for general practitioners. The recent big increase in learning opportunities for general practitioners, particularly in postgraduate medical centres, has been accompanied by increasing suspicion that educational activities may not be fulfilling the aims of continuing education, and that there is dissatisfaction with existing courses.This study took place in the north-western region, and 18 clinical tutors were interviewed using a structured interview schedule.Very few of the clinical tutors were aware of the existence of the book The Future General Practitioner-Learning and Teaching, and most activities consisted of lectures, lecturers usually being local and regional consultants, with occasional national authorities. Small group teaching rarely occurred, and all the centres had been supplied with videotape equipment.Most of the tutors had attended a course on audiovisual aids, or a meeting organized by the National Association of Clinical Tutors, but the tutors appeared ill at ease when answering questions about educational aims and objectives, and most tutors were unable to identify an educational objective from a group of statements.", "PMID": 859145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13037", "title": "Users and non-users of doctors--implications for self-care.", "content": "Sixty patients who visited their general practitioner were matched with 60 patients registered with the same doctor, who were of the same sex and in the same ten-year age group, and who had not visited the doctor for at least one year, but had recently experienced symptoms similar to those presented by the attending patients.Comparison of the 60 pairs revealed the following differences, all substantial although not all statistically significant. The patients who visited the doctor perceived themselves as less healthy, fewer had attempted self-treatment, more reported serious personal problems, and fewer reported obstacles to visiting the doctor.Differences between the pairs were negligible for total number of current ailments, effectiveness of self-treatment, if used, optimism about the healing powers of doctors, and fear of troubling their doctor with trivia.", "contents": "Users and non-users of doctors--implications for self-care. Sixty patients who visited their general practitioner were matched with 60 patients registered with the same doctor, who were of the same sex and in the same ten-year age group, and who had not visited the doctor for at least one year, but had recently experienced symptoms similar to those presented by the attending patients.Comparison of the 60 pairs revealed the following differences, all substantial although not all statistically significant. The patients who visited the doctor perceived themselves as less healthy, fewer had attempted self-treatment, more reported serious personal problems, and fewer reported obstacles to visiting the doctor.Differences between the pairs were negligible for total number of current ailments, effectiveness of self-treatment, if used, optimism about the healing powers of doctors, and fear of troubling their doctor with trivia.", "PMID": 859146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13038", "title": "The relationship between psychoneurotic status and psychoactive drug prescription in general practice.", "content": "Psychoneurotic scores in a sample of all patients between the ages of 17 and 70 in a group practice have been studied, and the relationship with psychoactive drug prescribing examined. In addition some social factors have been studied, namely, the use of alcohol and tobacco, and self-medication.The psychoneurotic scores of those prescribed psychoactive drugs are significantly higher than those for the general population, but do not fall after treatment.", "contents": "The relationship between psychoneurotic status and psychoactive drug prescription in general practice. Psychoneurotic scores in a sample of all patients between the ages of 17 and 70 in a group practice have been studied, and the relationship with psychoactive drug prescribing examined. In addition some social factors have been studied, namely, the use of alcohol and tobacco, and self-medication.The psychoneurotic scores of those prescribed psychoactive drugs are significantly higher than those for the general population, but do not fall after treatment.", "PMID": 859150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13039", "title": "Evidence to the Royal Commission on the NHS. From the Royal College of General Practitioners.", "content": "1. It is the right of everyone in the UK to have access to personal and continuing primary health care of a high standard (para. 4.1).2. The primary health care service should be built on general practice (paras 2.3 to 2.10, 4.1 to 4.3).3. The nature of the most important health problems today means inevitably that the main burden of care will fall on the primary health service (paras 3.2 to 3.7).4. It follows that the NHS must be reorientated around primary health care; the functions and size of the hospital service will then depend on the responsibilities of the primary health care sector (para. 4.2).5. It also follows that primary health care must attract a higher priority in the allocation of resources (paras 4.4, 5.2 to 5.8).6. Setting standards of performance is a high priority for all the health professions and the NHS itself (paras 3.6, 3.7).7. In medicine, professional standards will not improve unless medical education is radically reshaped by the implementation of the recommendations of the Committee of Enquiry into the Regulation of the Medical Profession (para. 5.4).8. Inadequate care by some general practitioners today is acknowledged (paras 2.12, 2.13); the main causes are examined (para. 2.15) and remedies are suggested (paras 4.4, 5.4 to 5.6).9. The special problems of primary care in parts of conurbations are described (paras 2.14 to 2.17); a proposal to deal with this exceptional situation is made (para. 5.7).10. Primary health care should be provided normally by functionally integrated teams of general practitioners, nurses, health visitors and, where appropriate, social workers, supported by receptionists and secretarial staff (paras 2.4, 2.10).11. Within the primary health care team ultimate responsibility must rest with general practitioners (para. 4.1).12. To provide good primary health care we need:i) Appropriate manpower (para. 5.2).ii) Adequate premises (para. 5.3).iii) Effective education (paras 5.4, 5.5).iv) A modern record/information system (para. 5.6).13. General practitioners should remain independent contractors so that patients have an independent medical adviser in a State dominated health service (para. 4.7).14. The administration of the NHS should work on the principle that bureaucratic interventions between patients and the health professions should be kept to an absolute minimum (para. 4.4).", "contents": "Evidence to the Royal Commission on the NHS. From the Royal College of General Practitioners. 1. It is the right of everyone in the UK to have access to personal and continuing primary health care of a high standard (para. 4.1).2. The primary health care service should be built on general practice (paras 2.3 to 2.10, 4.1 to 4.3).3. The nature of the most important health problems today means inevitably that the main burden of care will fall on the primary health service (paras 3.2 to 3.7).4. It follows that the NHS must be reorientated around primary health care; the functions and size of the hospital service will then depend on the responsibilities of the primary health care sector (para. 4.2).5. It also follows that primary health care must attract a higher priority in the allocation of resources (paras 4.4, 5.2 to 5.8).6. Setting standards of performance is a high priority for all the health professions and the NHS itself (paras 3.6, 3.7).7. In medicine, professional standards will not improve unless medical education is radically reshaped by the implementation of the recommendations of the Committee of Enquiry into the Regulation of the Medical Profession (para. 5.4).8. Inadequate care by some general practitioners today is acknowledged (paras 2.12, 2.13); the main causes are examined (para. 2.15) and remedies are suggested (paras 4.4, 5.4 to 5.6).9. The special problems of primary care in parts of conurbations are described (paras 2.14 to 2.17); a proposal to deal with this exceptional situation is made (para. 5.7).10. Primary health care should be provided normally by functionally integrated teams of general practitioners, nurses, health visitors and, where appropriate, social workers, supported by receptionists and secretarial staff (paras 2.4, 2.10).11. Within the primary health care team ultimate responsibility must rest with general practitioners (para. 4.1).12. To provide good primary health care we need:i) Appropriate manpower (para. 5.2).ii) Adequate premises (para. 5.3).iii) Effective education (paras 5.4, 5.5).iv) A modern record/information system (para. 5.6).13. General practitioners should remain independent contractors so that patients have an independent medical adviser in a State dominated health service (para. 4.7).14. The administration of the NHS should work on the principle that bureaucratic interventions between patients and the health professions should be kept to an absolute minimum (para. 4.4).", "PMID": 859151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13040", "title": "The workload of a commercial deputizing service.", "content": "The analysis of 1,098 calls to a commercial deputizing service during a period of four weeks is described. Approximately 20 per cent of the calls were for illnesses considered potentially life-threatening while in 22 per cent telephone advice was given and the patient was not visited by the deputy on call.", "contents": "The workload of a commercial deputizing service. The analysis of 1,098 calls to a commercial deputizing service during a period of four weeks is described. Approximately 20 per cent of the calls were for illnesses considered potentially life-threatening while in 22 per cent telephone advice was given and the patient was not visited by the deputy on call.", "PMID": 859152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13041", "title": "Recurrent pregnancies during oral contraception.", "content": "The records of the Royal College of General Practitioners' Oral Contraception Study were examined for those women who had become pregnant while using combined oral contraceptive pills. Analysis reveals that these women are much more likely than average to have further failures if they resume taking the Pill (seven failures in 35 women-years, compared with one in 500 women-years for the whole study). This finding could occur through some factor in the patient's personality (patient failure) or through some factor in the patient's metabolism.", "contents": "Recurrent pregnancies during oral contraception. The records of the Royal College of General Practitioners' Oral Contraception Study were examined for those women who had become pregnant while using combined oral contraceptive pills. Analysis reveals that these women are much more likely than average to have further failures if they resume taking the Pill (seven failures in 35 women-years, compared with one in 500 women-years for the whole study). This finding could occur through some factor in the patient's personality (patient failure) or through some factor in the patient's metabolism.", "PMID": 859153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13042", "title": "One trainee's clinical experience.", "content": "I report my clinical experience as a trainee. I am doubtful about the usefulness of hospital medical and accident and emergency posts, but obstetric and paediatric posts are highly relevant. There was little experience and teaching in the general practice year about psychiatry and gynaecology. It seems possible that trainees are not seeing enough chronic illness or associated problems, such as obtaining social services, therapy in chronic cases, and correct delegation to practice nurses. These points all suggest that the work of doctors undergoing vocational training should be monitored, at least at present.", "contents": "One trainee's clinical experience. I report my clinical experience as a trainee. I am doubtful about the usefulness of hospital medical and accident and emergency posts, but obstetric and paediatric posts are highly relevant. There was little experience and teaching in the general practice year about psychiatry and gynaecology. It seems possible that trainees are not seeing enough chronic illness or associated problems, such as obtaining social services, therapy in chronic cases, and correct delegation to practice nurses. These points all suggest that the work of doctors undergoing vocational training should be monitored, at least at present.", "PMID": 859154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13043", "title": "Classifying disease in general practice.", "content": "I have developed a system of classifying diseases in general practice based on headings relevant to general practice which are built up in a hierarchy. I believe this is better than abbreviating the International Classification of Disease with the addition of individual symptoms.Ideally, a classification ought to include occupational diseases and psychosocial problems, and it must be accompanied by a terminology defining as precisely as possible the different categories based on criteria relevant to ordinary general practice. It should still follow the main divisions of the International Classification of Disease as far as possible.I believe that general practice will not progress any further unless it is prepared to loosen its traditional allegiance to hospitalorientated disease classifications, which are, for our purpose, inappropriately rigid.", "contents": "Classifying disease in general practice. I have developed a system of classifying diseases in general practice based on headings relevant to general practice which are built up in a hierarchy. I believe this is better than abbreviating the International Classification of Disease with the addition of individual symptoms.Ideally, a classification ought to include occupational diseases and psychosocial problems, and it must be accompanied by a terminology defining as precisely as possible the different categories based on criteria relevant to ordinary general practice. It should still follow the main divisions of the International Classification of Disease as far as possible.I believe that general practice will not progress any further unless it is prepared to loosen its traditional allegiance to hospitalorientated disease classifications, which are, for our purpose, inappropriately rigid.", "PMID": 859155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13044", "title": "A comparison of three systems of classifying presenting problems in general practice.", "content": "Three internationally recognized systems have been devised for classifying presenting problems in general practice. They are: the Royal College of General Practitioners' (1963) classification, the US Ambulatory Medical Care Classification of Symptoms (NAMCS), and the World Organization of Colleges and Academies of General Practice/Family Medicine (WONCA, 1976) classification which is known as An International Classification of Health Problems of Primary Care (ICHPPC).These three systems were compared in over 8,000 consultations conducted by 81 randomly selected British general practitioners in Nottinghamshire.For all ages of patient, the NAMCS, which has only 197 categories, was the most specific, and the least specific was the classification of the Royal College of General Practitioners.", "contents": "A comparison of three systems of classifying presenting problems in general practice. Three internationally recognized systems have been devised for classifying presenting problems in general practice. They are: the Royal College of General Practitioners' (1963) classification, the US Ambulatory Medical Care Classification of Symptoms (NAMCS), and the World Organization of Colleges and Academies of General Practice/Family Medicine (WONCA, 1976) classification which is known as An International Classification of Health Problems of Primary Care (ICHPPC).These three systems were compared in over 8,000 consultations conducted by 81 randomly selected British general practitioners in Nottinghamshire.For all ages of patient, the NAMCS, which has only 197 categories, was the most specific, and the least specific was the classification of the Royal College of General Practitioners.", "PMID": 859156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13045", "title": "Induction of ovulation with clomiphene citrate.", "content": "There are specific indications for the use of clomiphene. When used with the simple precautions that have been outlined, it is a safe, relatively inexpensive and convenient method of ovulation induction. Clomiphene certainly deserves its prominent place in the treatment of the infertile woman.", "contents": "Induction of ovulation with clomiphene citrate. There are specific indications for the use of clomiphene. When used with the simple precautions that have been outlined, it is a safe, relatively inexpensive and convenient method of ovulation induction. Clomiphene certainly deserves its prominent place in the treatment of the infertile woman.", "PMID": 859159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13046", "title": "Attitudes towards euthanasia.", "content": "There are an infinite variety of attitudes to euthanasia, each individual response to the concept being influenced by many factors. Consequently there is a literature on the subject ranging from the popular article to papers in specialized journals. This study, however, has taken a well defined sample of people, inviting them to answer a questionnaire which was designed to elicit their attitudes to euthanasia in a way which could be analysed statistically. Nor surprisingly attitudes appeared to 'harden' as those answering the questionnaire grew more experienced in dealing with patients and also more professionally established. Thus it was found that of the seven groups questioned practising physicians showed more positive attitudes to euthanasia and their responses did not differ significantly from those of senior medical students. It is these groups which actually or potentially have to resolve the clinical dilemma posed by the dying patient.", "contents": "Attitudes towards euthanasia. There are an infinite variety of attitudes to euthanasia, each individual response to the concept being influenced by many factors. Consequently there is a literature on the subject ranging from the popular article to papers in specialized journals. This study, however, has taken a well defined sample of people, inviting them to answer a questionnaire which was designed to elicit their attitudes to euthanasia in a way which could be analysed statistically. Nor surprisingly attitudes appeared to 'harden' as those answering the questionnaire grew more experienced in dealing with patients and also more professionally established. Thus it was found that of the seven groups questioned practising physicians showed more positive attitudes to euthanasia and their responses did not differ significantly from those of senior medical students. It is these groups which actually or potentially have to resolve the clinical dilemma posed by the dying patient.", "PMID": 859163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13047", "title": "Studies on antagonism between human skin bacteria.", "content": "Antagonism by an antibiotic-producing Staphylococcus epidermidis strain (S6+) against other bacteria was studied semi-quantitatively on solid media and quantitatively in liquid batch culture. Parallel experiments were performed with a similar but non-antibiotic producing strain (S6-). On solid media strain S6+ in the logarithmic growth phase unilaterally inhibited members of all gram-positive species tested, whereas S6- had no effect. In liquid media, more complex interactions were observed, including mutual and reversed antagonisms. The relevance of these findings to the ecology of human skin is discussed.", "contents": "Studies on antagonism between human skin bacteria. Antagonism by an antibiotic-producing Staphylococcus epidermidis strain (S6+) against other bacteria was studied semi-quantitatively on solid media and quantitatively in liquid batch culture. Parallel experiments were performed with a similar but non-antibiotic producing strain (S6-). On solid media strain S6+ in the logarithmic growth phase unilaterally inhibited members of all gram-positive species tested, whereas S6- had no effect. In liquid media, more complex interactions were observed, including mutual and reversed antagonisms. The relevance of these findings to the ecology of human skin is discussed.", "PMID": 859169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13048", "title": "Osmotic relations of nerve fiber.", "content": "The volumetric elastic modulus of the sheath and the osmotic swelling pressure of the axoplasmic polymer network of the giant axon of Loligo vulgaris were measured. Evidence was obtained that (1) the elastic modulus of the sheath, (2) the swelling pressure of axoplasm, and (3) the effective osmotic pressure difference due to mobile solutes  determine axonal volume. The contributions of the sheath and the axoplasm were significant because the effective osmotic pressure due to mobile solutes was a small fraction of the theoretical bulk osmotic pressure due to these solutes. The giant axon was converted from an imperfect to a near perfect osmometer by minimizing the contribution of the sheath and the axoplasmic gel.", "contents": "Osmotic relations of nerve fiber. The volumetric elastic modulus of the sheath and the osmotic swelling pressure of the axoplasmic polymer network of the giant axon of Loligo vulgaris were measured. Evidence was obtained that (1) the elastic modulus of the sheath, (2) the swelling pressure of axoplasm, and (3) the effective osmotic pressure difference due to mobile solutes  determine axonal volume. The contributions of the sheath and the axoplasm were significant because the effective osmotic pressure due to mobile solutes was a small fraction of the theoretical bulk osmotic pressure due to these solutes. The giant axon was converted from an imperfect to a near perfect osmometer by minimizing the contribution of the sheath and the axoplasmic gel.", "PMID": 859170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13049", "title": "Fractures and dislocations of the extremities in children.", "content": "A prospective study of 410 fractures seen in 398 children during 1 year was carried out. Fractures were more common on the left, and the upper extremities were more frequently injured than the lower extremities. The two commonest sites were the hand and the distal forearm. The radius was the bone most commonly fractured. Fifty-seven (13.9%) of the fractures involved epiphyses and 67 (16.3%) were torus fractures. Of the 398 patients 236 were males. There was a slightly increased incidence of fractures in the summer months and in older patients.", "contents": "Fractures and dislocations of the extremities in children. A prospective study of 410 fractures seen in 398 children during 1 year was carried out. Fractures were more common on the left, and the upper extremities were more frequently injured than the lower extremities. The two commonest sites were the hand and the distal forearm. The radius was the bone most commonly fractured. Fifty-seven (13.9%) of the fractures involved epiphyses and 67 (16.3%) were torus fractures. Of the 398 patients 236 were males. There was a slightly increased incidence of fractures in the summer months and in older patients.", "PMID": 859186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13050", "title": "Fracture healing in the sciatically denervated rat.", "content": "Fractures of the fibula were produced in rats with sciatic denervation. The denervated rats exhibited more rapid fracture healing than controls. Fifteen days following injury, enhanced union was measured by histologic assessment (p less than 0.001), and biomechanical testing including fracture stress (p less than 0.005), elastic modulus (p less than 0.005), strain at failure (p = 0.01) and energy to failure (p = 0.05).", "contents": "Fracture healing in the sciatically denervated rat. Fractures of the fibula were produced in rats with sciatic denervation. The denervated rats exhibited more rapid fracture healing than controls. Fifteen days following injury, enhanced union was measured by histologic assessment (p less than 0.001), and biomechanical testing including fracture stress (p less than 0.005), elastic modulus (p less than 0.005), strain at failure (p = 0.01) and energy to failure (p = 0.05).", "PMID": 859187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13051", "title": "Objective assessment of the trauma patient in a surgical intensive care unit.", "content": "A 6-month study using the Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (TISS) to evaluate trauma patients admitted to a surgical intensive care unit showed a correlation between severity of illness and TISS score at the same time. The TISS is useful in the ICU, where numerous complex interventions are made in caring for acutely ill and injured patients.", "contents": "Objective assessment of the trauma patient in a surgical intensive care unit. A 6-month study using the Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (TISS) to evaluate trauma patients admitted to a surgical intensive care unit showed a correlation between severity of illness and TISS score at the same time. The TISS is useful in the ICU, where numerous complex interventions are made in caring for acutely ill and injured patients.", "PMID": 859188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13052", "title": "Accelerated tumor growth following experimental burns.", "content": "When mice are given a 30% scald burn, the growth of subsequently inoculated Ehrlich ascites tumor is markedly accelerated. This effect, which parallels the well documented suppression of cell-mediated immunity occurring postburn, disappears 10 days postinjury. Possible clinical implications are discussed and an illustrative case report is presented.", "contents": "Accelerated tumor growth following experimental burns. When mice are given a 30% scald burn, the growth of subsequently inoculated Ehrlich ascites tumor is markedly accelerated. This effect, which parallels the well documented suppression of cell-mediated immunity occurring postburn, disappears 10 days postinjury. Possible clinical implications are discussed and an illustrative case report is presented.", "PMID": 859189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13053", "title": "Persistent hemothorax secondary to malposition of a subclavian venous catheter.", "content": "In a group of seven patients with percutaneous subclavian catheters in the pleural space, three were found to have continued blood loss from the catheter tip, and in four patients thoracotomy was prevented by discontinuing blood administration through the subclavian catheter during a re-evaluation phase.", "contents": "Persistent hemothorax secondary to malposition of a subclavian venous catheter. In a group of seven patients with percutaneous subclavian catheters in the pleural space, three were found to have continued blood loss from the catheter tip, and in four patients thoracotomy was prevented by discontinuing blood administration through the subclavian catheter during a re-evaluation phase.", "PMID": 859191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13054", "title": "Irreducible fracture dislocation of the ankle due to posterior dislocation of the fibula.", "content": "In order to prevent permanent disability, a proper diagnosis of the fixed posterior fracture dislocation of the fibula with fracture dislocation of the ankle joint must be made. Full-length (knee to ankle) radiographs are necessary to make this diagnosis. Although a closed reduction has been described as successful, we feel that an open reduction is usually necessary. Freeing of the trapped fibula from behind the tibia results in a satisfactory reduction of this fracture dislocation. The reduction and fixation of the malleolar fragment is then simple, and an excellent result can be expected.", "contents": "Irreducible fracture dislocation of the ankle due to posterior dislocation of the fibula. In order to prevent permanent disability, a proper diagnosis of the fixed posterior fracture dislocation of the fibula with fracture dislocation of the ankle joint must be made. Full-length (knee to ankle) radiographs are necessary to make this diagnosis. Although a closed reduction has been described as successful, we feel that an open reduction is usually necessary. Freeing of the trapped fibula from behind the tibia results in a satisfactory reduction of this fracture dislocation. The reduction and fixation of the malleolar fragment is then simple, and an excellent result can be expected.", "PMID": 859193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13055", "title": "Atrial septal defect due to blunt thoracic trauma.", "content": "The case report of an atrial septal defect with right-to-left shunting in an adult following blunt chest trauma is presented. To our knowledge a successfully repaired traumatic atrial septal defect has not been previously reported in the English-language literature.", "contents": "Atrial septal defect due to blunt thoracic trauma. The case report of an atrial septal defect with right-to-left shunting in an adult following blunt chest trauma is presented. To our knowledge a successfully repaired traumatic atrial septal defect has not been previously reported in the English-language literature.", "PMID": 859194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13056", "title": "Intraoperative localization of renal calculi during nephrolithotomy by ultrasound scanning.", "content": "An ultrasound B-scan probe has proved to be useful in the intraoperative localization of renal calculi. The probe is small, readily available and produces an anatomical cross-sectional image of the kidney. The use of a 10 MHz. frequency probe enables 2 to 3 mm. stones to be detected readily. Calibration of the screen and the use of a fine needle inserted into the kidney under ultrasound control provide for precise 3-dimensional localization of the stone to facilitate its removal. The method has been successful in accomplishing the complete removal of small stones or residual fragments in 7 of 11 patients in whom it has been used. The method requires some experience in the use of the probe and in the interpretation of the ultrasound image.", "contents": "Intraoperative localization of renal calculi during nephrolithotomy by ultrasound scanning. An ultrasound B-scan probe has proved to be useful in the intraoperative localization of renal calculi. The probe is small, readily available and produces an anatomical cross-sectional image of the kidney. The use of a 10 MHz. frequency probe enables 2 to 3 mm. stones to be detected readily. Calibration of the screen and the use of a fine needle inserted into the kidney under ultrasound control provide for precise 3-dimensional localization of the stone to facilitate its removal. The method has been successful in accomplishing the complete removal of small stones or residual fragments in 7 of 11 patients in whom it has been used. The method requires some experience in the use of the probe and in the interpretation of the ultrasound image.", "PMID": 859195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13057", "title": "Immunotherapy of disseminated renal cell carcinoma with transfer factor.", "content": "Ten patients with disseminated renal cell carcinoma have been treated with transfer factor as an immunostimulant. In 5 patients with metastatic disease evident at the time of initial diagnosis treatment involved removal of the primary tumor followed by transfer factor therapy. Of these patients 3 had a temporary stabilization of metastatic disease. Three patients with recurrent metastatic disease after previous nephrectomy were treated, 2 of whom showed a temporary stabilization of metastatic disease. There were 2 additional patients without clinically evident metastases but at a high risk for recurrent disease who were treated and remain free of disease. We used 5 immunologic parameters to evaluate the clinical effects of transfer factor. No objective clinical regression was noted in any patient treated with measurable disease.", "contents": "Immunotherapy of disseminated renal cell carcinoma with transfer factor. Ten patients with disseminated renal cell carcinoma have been treated with transfer factor as an immunostimulant. In 5 patients with metastatic disease evident at the time of initial diagnosis treatment involved removal of the primary tumor followed by transfer factor therapy. Of these patients 3 had a temporary stabilization of metastatic disease. Three patients with recurrent metastatic disease after previous nephrectomy were treated, 2 of whom showed a temporary stabilization of metastatic disease. There were 2 additional patients without clinically evident metastases but at a high risk for recurrent disease who were treated and remain free of disease. We used 5 immunologic parameters to evaluate the clinical effects of transfer factor. No objective clinical regression was noted in any patient treated with measurable disease.", "PMID": 859196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13058", "title": "Cystometrics during endoscopy of a ureterocele: determination of potential for reflux.", "content": "We describe a simple preoperative clinical test to determine whether a ureterocele that is unroofed will cause reflux postoperatively. The method is outlined and explained, and clinical examples are presented.", "contents": "Cystometrics during endoscopy of a ureterocele: determination of potential for reflux. We describe a simple preoperative clinical test to determine whether a ureterocele that is unroofed will cause reflux postoperatively. The method is outlined and explained, and clinical examples are presented.", "PMID": 859197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13059", "title": "The continent vesicostomy: clinical experiences in the adult.", "content": "During a 2-year period continent vesicostomy has been attempted in 17 adults and a continent stoma has been achieved in all but 4 patients. Operative morbidity is low and there has been no operative mortality. Definition of precise indications and contraindications must await further experience but this operative procedure seems to be a useful alternative in the management of neurogenic bladder and incontinence.", "contents": "The continent vesicostomy: clinical experiences in the adult. During a 2-year period continent vesicostomy has been attempted in 17 adults and a continent stoma has been achieved in all but 4 patients. Operative morbidity is low and there has been no operative mortality. Definition of precise indications and contraindications must await further experience but this operative procedure seems to be a useful alternative in the management of neurogenic bladder and incontinence.", "PMID": 859198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13060", "title": "Altered bladder function in staghorn calculus disease.", "content": "Disorders of the lower urinary tract that predispose to urinary infection were identified in 69 per cent of 62 patients with branched renal calculi. Within an average followup of 6.3 years control of these disorders was observed to reduce the rate of reinfection and the frequency of complications after operative stone removal.", "contents": "Altered bladder function in staghorn calculus disease. Disorders of the lower urinary tract that predispose to urinary infection were identified in 69 per cent of 62 patients with branched renal calculi. Within an average followup of 6.3 years control of these disorders was observed to reduce the rate of reinfection and the frequency of complications after operative stone removal.", "PMID": 859199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13061", "title": "Urinary fistulas: vaginal repair using a labial fat pad.", "content": "A technique is recommended to repair urinary fistulas vaginally using a pedicle of labial fat to separate the urothelial and vaginal layers. The technique was used in 6 patients with vesicovaginal and 4 patients with urethrovaginal fistulas. Anatomic results were successful in all cases and stress incontinence was cured in all patients who had this coexistent condition.", "contents": "Urinary fistulas: vaginal repair using a labial fat pad. A technique is recommended to repair urinary fistulas vaginally using a pedicle of labial fat to separate the urothelial and vaginal layers. The technique was used in 6 patients with vesicovaginal and 4 patients with urethrovaginal fistulas. Anatomic results were successful in all cases and stress incontinence was cured in all patients who had this coexistent condition.", "PMID": 859201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13062", "title": "Benign lesions of the tunica albuginea.", "content": "Although most testicular masses are malignant we present 7 cases to demonstrate that benign lesions of the tunica albuginea do occur and that these may be a source of diagnostic confusion. Consideration should be given to the possibility of a benign lesion of the tunica albuginea when the lesion is small, discrete, painless and projecting above the surface of the tunica albuginea. All of our patients were referred to us with a tentative diagnosis of testicular malignancy. We do not wish to decrease the importance of vigilance concerning testicular masses but the cases presented herein demonstrate that all masses of the testis are not malignant.", "contents": "Benign lesions of the tunica albuginea. Although most testicular masses are malignant we present 7 cases to demonstrate that benign lesions of the tunica albuginea do occur and that these may be a source of diagnostic confusion. Consideration should be given to the possibility of a benign lesion of the tunica albuginea when the lesion is small, discrete, painless and projecting above the surface of the tunica albuginea. All of our patients were referred to us with a tentative diagnosis of testicular malignancy. We do not wish to decrease the importance of vigilance concerning testicular masses but the cases presented herein demonstrate that all masses of the testis are not malignant.", "PMID": 859202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13063", "title": "Loop nephrostomy with the Cummings catheter.", "content": "Experience with the Cummings U-nephrostomy tube for more than 3 years in more than 30 cases has been favorable. Replacement in patients requiring long-term diversion has been necessary every 3 to 4 months because of ingrowth of tissue into the mushroom, causing an obstruction. Insertion of the new Cummings catheter by the technique outlined has been easy and free of complications.", "contents": "Loop nephrostomy with the Cummings catheter. Experience with the Cummings U-nephrostomy tube for more than 3 years in more than 30 cases has been favorable. Replacement in patients requiring long-term diversion has been necessary every 3 to 4 months because of ingrowth of tissue into the mushroom, causing an obstruction. Insertion of the new Cummings catheter by the technique outlined has been easy and free of complications.", "PMID": 859204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13064", "title": "Radioisotope bone scanning characteristics of metastatic skeletal deposits of prostatic adenocarcinoma.", "content": "Radioisotopic bone scans and metastatic bone surveys were conducted on patients with endocrine-unresponsive prostatic adenocarcinoma undergoing multiple drug chemotherapy. Three types of bone scans were observed--type I scans were characterized by asymmetric radioisotope activity and normal renal imaging, type II was characterized by symmetrical skeletal uptake and faint or absent renal imaging and type III showed symmetrical skeletal uptake with normal renal imaging and was interpreted as normal, although the bone surveys showed diffuse osteoblastic disease. The appearance of a type II scan was a grave prognostic indicator.", "contents": "Radioisotope bone scanning characteristics of metastatic skeletal deposits of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Radioisotopic bone scans and metastatic bone surveys were conducted on patients with endocrine-unresponsive prostatic adenocarcinoma undergoing multiple drug chemotherapy. Three types of bone scans were observed--type I scans were characterized by asymmetric radioisotope activity and normal renal imaging, type II was characterized by symmetrical skeletal uptake and faint or absent renal imaging and type III showed symmetrical skeletal uptake with normal renal imaging and was interpreted as normal, although the bone surveys showed diffuse osteoblastic disease. The appearance of a type II scan was a grave prognostic indicator.", "PMID": 859203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13065", "title": "The functional approach to the management of the pediatric neuropathic bladder: a clinical study.", "content": "A functional approach has been used in the management of the pediatric neuropathic bladder. Herein we report on our experience with incontinent children using pharmacologic manipulation with anticholinergic and sympathomimetic agents. Neuropharmacology and neuroanatomy as they apply to this approach are reviewed.", "contents": "The functional approach to the management of the pediatric neuropathic bladder: a clinical study. A functional approach has been used in the management of the pediatric neuropathic bladder. Herein we report on our experience with incontinent children using pharmacologic manipulation with anticholinergic and sympathomimetic agents. Neuropharmacology and neuroanatomy as they apply to this approach are reviewed.", "PMID": 859206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13066", "title": "Blow out of a colocystoplasty loop owing to bladder neck obstruction.", "content": "A case of blowout of the colonic segment of a colocystoplasty at its free end owing to late development of bladder neck obstruction is described. Prostatitis and secondary bladder neck contracture provided further hindrance to the already inefficient voiding mechanism and predisposed to the rupture of the decompensated bowel loop. This is an extreme example of proof that the colonic loop, except as an improved substitute for an ileal segment, cannot withstand high intraluminal pressures generated in the presence of bladder outlet obstruction.", "contents": "Blow out of a colocystoplasty loop owing to bladder neck obstruction. A case of blowout of the colonic segment of a colocystoplasty at its free end owing to late development of bladder neck obstruction is described. Prostatitis and secondary bladder neck contracture provided further hindrance to the already inefficient voiding mechanism and predisposed to the rupture of the decompensated bowel loop. This is an extreme example of proof that the colonic loop, except as an improved substitute for an ileal segment, cannot withstand high intraluminal pressures generated in the presence of bladder outlet obstruction.", "PMID": 859208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13067", "title": "Management of penile zipper injury.", "content": "A penile problem that physicians are confronted with in the emergency room is entrapment of the foreskin by a zipper fastener. A case presentation and a simple technique for its management are described.", "contents": "Management of penile zipper injury. A penile problem that physicians are confronted with in the emergency room is entrapment of the foreskin by a zipper fastener. A case presentation and a simple technique for its management are described.", "PMID": 859209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13068", "title": "Megalophallus in sickle cell disease.", "content": "A case of megalophallus in sickle cell disease with repeated episodes of priapism is reported. A possible cause of penile hypertrophy with preservation of potency is discussed. Corpus cavernography was helpful in the diagnostic evaluation.", "contents": "Megalophallus in sickle cell disease. A case of megalophallus in sickle cell disease with repeated episodes of priapism is reported. A possible cause of penile hypertrophy with preservation of potency is discussed. Corpus cavernography was helpful in the diagnostic evaluation.", "PMID": 859210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13069", "title": "Chylous ascites: an unusual complication following retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for testis tumor.", "content": "A 32-year-old man who had chylous ascites 6 weeks after retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for embryonal cell carcinoma of the testis is reported. To our knowledge there have been only 4 previous reports of this interesting and unusual complication. Diagnosis, pathophysiology and management are discussed.", "contents": "Chylous ascites: an unusual complication following retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for testis tumor. A 32-year-old man who had chylous ascites 6 weeks after retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for embryonal cell carcinoma of the testis is reported. To our knowledge there have been only 4 previous reports of this interesting and unusual complication. Diagnosis, pathophysiology and management are discussed.", "PMID": 859211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13070", "title": "A study of hypertension: participation of central adrenaergic mechanism on the angiotensin II-induced hypertension.", "content": "I. Interactions of angiotensin II and norepinephrine in the rat hypothalamus and other brainstem were studied by intraventricular perfusion or/and intravenous administration. (1) Intravenous administration of angiotensin reduced the hypothalamus norepinephrine content. (2) Intraventricularly perfused angiotensin reduced the hypothalamus norepinephrine but did not alter that in other parts of brainstem. Hypothalamus norepinephrine was reduced more by intravenous administration of angiotensin than by intraventricularly perfused angiotensin. II. The involvements of adrenergic mechanism in the central pressor effect of angiotensin II were studied through observation of blood pressure changes following injection of angiotensin II, phentolamine and propranolol into the rabbit lateral ventricle of rabbit brain.(1) Intraventricular administration of phentolamine suppressed the central mediated pressor respons of angiotensin. (2) Simultaneous intraventricular administration of propranolol enhanced the angiotensin pressor effect in anesthetized rabbits.", "contents": "A study of hypertension: participation of central adrenaergic mechanism on the angiotensin II-induced hypertension. I. Interactions of angiotensin II and norepinephrine in the rat hypothalamus and other brainstem were studied by intraventricular perfusion or/and intravenous administration. (1) Intravenous administration of angiotensin reduced the hypothalamus norepinephrine content. (2) Intraventricularly perfused angiotensin reduced the hypothalamus norepinephrine but did not alter that in other parts of brainstem. Hypothalamus norepinephrine was reduced more by intravenous administration of angiotensin than by intraventricularly perfused angiotensin. II. The involvements of adrenergic mechanism in the central pressor effect of angiotensin II were studied through observation of blood pressure changes following injection of angiotensin II, phentolamine and propranolol into the rabbit lateral ventricle of rabbit brain.(1) Intraventricular administration of phentolamine suppressed the central mediated pressor respons of angiotensin. (2) Simultaneous intraventricular administration of propranolol enhanced the angiotensin pressor effect in anesthetized rabbits.", "PMID": 859212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13071", "title": "Elevated coronary venous oxygen content during oxygen breathing in the ischemic myocardium under pacing-induced stress in dogs.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of oxygen inhalation on the stressed (pacing-induced) ischemic myocardium. In 13 open-chest dogs, the left anterior descending coronary artery was partially occluded, the coronary vein accompanying the artery was cannulated for coronary venous blood sampling and a myocardial strain gauge arch was sutured on the myocardium perfused with the partially occluded coronary artery in order to measure the myocardial contractile force. The heart rate was increased by left atrial pacing to increase myocardial oxygen consumption. Respiration was instituted either with oxygen or with room air. Increase of the heart rate caused an increase of blood flow through the partially occluded coronary artery, an increase of the local myocardial oxygen consumption and no consistent change of the local myocardial contractile force both during air breathing and oxygen breathing, provided that the heart rate was less than 200. These values decreased if the heart rate was increased more than 200 both during air and oxygen breathings. Coronary venous oxygen content from the local coronary vein accompanying the partially occluded coronary artery was 2.7 ml per 100 ml on the average during air breathing, while it was elevated to 3.8 ml per 100 ml during oxygen breathing. Although, pacing caused a similar change on coronary blood flow or myocardial contractile force both during air and oxygen breathings, elevated coronary venous oxygen content during oxygen breathing might indicate that ischemic myocardium becomes more aerobic during oxygen breathing. This may be one of the reasons why patient with coronary artery disease can perform more work without complaining chest pain during oxygen breathing.", "contents": "Elevated coronary venous oxygen content during oxygen breathing in the ischemic myocardium under pacing-induced stress in dogs. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of oxygen inhalation on the stressed (pacing-induced) ischemic myocardium. In 13 open-chest dogs, the left anterior descending coronary artery was partially occluded, the coronary vein accompanying the artery was cannulated for coronary venous blood sampling and a myocardial strain gauge arch was sutured on the myocardium perfused with the partially occluded coronary artery in order to measure the myocardial contractile force. The heart rate was increased by left atrial pacing to increase myocardial oxygen consumption. Respiration was instituted either with oxygen or with room air. Increase of the heart rate caused an increase of blood flow through the partially occluded coronary artery, an increase of the local myocardial oxygen consumption and no consistent change of the local myocardial contractile force both during air breathing and oxygen breathing, provided that the heart rate was less than 200. These values decreased if the heart rate was increased more than 200 both during air and oxygen breathings. Coronary venous oxygen content from the local coronary vein accompanying the partially occluded coronary artery was 2.7 ml per 100 ml on the average during air breathing, while it was elevated to 3.8 ml per 100 ml during oxygen breathing. Although, pacing caused a similar change on coronary blood flow or myocardial contractile force both during air and oxygen breathings, elevated coronary venous oxygen content during oxygen breathing might indicate that ischemic myocardium becomes more aerobic during oxygen breathing. This may be one of the reasons why patient with coronary artery disease can perform more work without complaining chest pain during oxygen breathing.", "PMID": 859213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13072", "title": "Prolongation of Q-I interval in atrial septal defect.", "content": "The present paper is concerned with Q-I interval and factors affecting this interval in 55 patients with atrial septal defect of ostium secundum type (ASD) in comparison with the interval in 60 healthy individuals and 37 patients with mitral stenosis. The results obtained are as follows: 1) Q-I interval was significantly greater in patients with ASD than in healthy individuals, and less than in patients with mitral stenosis. 2) The Q-I interval in ASD showed significant correlations with size of septal defect and age, but no correlation with other variables such as heart rate, blood pressure, and right heart catheterization data. 3) The interval was significantly shortened following the surgical closure of ASD. These findings suggest that left-to-right shunt at atrial level leads to prolongation of Q-I interval. Mechanisms for these results were discussed.", "contents": "Prolongation of Q-I interval in atrial septal defect. The present paper is concerned with Q-I interval and factors affecting this interval in 55 patients with atrial septal defect of ostium secundum type (ASD) in comparison with the interval in 60 healthy individuals and 37 patients with mitral stenosis. The results obtained are as follows: 1) Q-I interval was significantly greater in patients with ASD than in healthy individuals, and less than in patients with mitral stenosis. 2) The Q-I interval in ASD showed significant correlations with size of septal defect and age, but no correlation with other variables such as heart rate, blood pressure, and right heart catheterization data. 3) The interval was significantly shortened following the surgical closure of ASD. These findings suggest that left-to-right shunt at atrial level leads to prolongation of Q-I interval. Mechanisms for these results were discussed.", "PMID": 859215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13073", "title": "Electrophysiologic effects of diltiazem, a new slow channel inhibitor, on canine cardiac fibers.", "content": "The effect of diltiazem hydrochloride (CRD-401), a coronary vasodilator, was investigated in isolated perfused canine ventricular muscles and Purkinje fibers using microelectrodes. The drug at a concentration of 1 microng/ml lowered the level of action potential plateau and shortened the duration in both ventricular and Purkinje fibers without change in maximum rate of rise (Vmax) or resting potential. Contractile tension of ventricular muscle was markedly decreased with shortening of plateau. With higher drug concentrations (5 microng/ml), Vmax in both ventricular muscle and Purkinje fiber decreased about 20% without change in resting potential, and the effect on repolarization became more marked. The drug blocked spontaneous firing which appeared in depolarized Purkinje fibers and abolished the automaticity elicited in electrically depolarized ventricular muscles. Input resistance of ventricular muscle, measured by small, hyperpolarizing short pulses, was not changed appreciably by the drug; suggesting no change in potassium conductance. These results suggest that the drug is a slow channel inhibitor, and its clinical implication is discussed in terms of antiarrhythmic activity.", "contents": "Electrophysiologic effects of diltiazem, a new slow channel inhibitor, on canine cardiac fibers. The effect of diltiazem hydrochloride (CRD-401), a coronary vasodilator, was investigated in isolated perfused canine ventricular muscles and Purkinje fibers using microelectrodes. The drug at a concentration of 1 microng/ml lowered the level of action potential plateau and shortened the duration in both ventricular and Purkinje fibers without change in maximum rate of rise (Vmax) or resting potential. Contractile tension of ventricular muscle was markedly decreased with shortening of plateau. With higher drug concentrations (5 microng/ml), Vmax in both ventricular muscle and Purkinje fiber decreased about 20% without change in resting potential, and the effect on repolarization became more marked. The drug blocked spontaneous firing which appeared in depolarized Purkinje fibers and abolished the automaticity elicited in electrically depolarized ventricular muscles. Input resistance of ventricular muscle, measured by small, hyperpolarizing short pulses, was not changed appreciably by the drug; suggesting no change in potassium conductance. These results suggest that the drug is a slow channel inhibitor, and its clinical implication is discussed in terms of antiarrhythmic activity.", "PMID": 859216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13074", "title": "Echocardiographic demonstration of anomalous septum in cor triatriatum.", "content": "A 20-year-old male was admitted because of palpitation and dyspnea. A routine echocardiography revealed an abnormal echo in the left atrial outflow tract and was thought to have originated from the anomalo septum, and subsequently it was confirmed by operation.", "contents": "Echocardiographic demonstration of anomalous septum in cor triatriatum. A 20-year-old male was admitted because of palpitation and dyspnea. A routine echocardiography revealed an abnormal echo in the left atrial outflow tract and was thought to have originated from the anomalo septum, and subsequently it was confirmed by operation.", "PMID": 859217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13075", "title": "Left atrial infarction with saddle embolism.", "content": "Left atrial and left ventricular infarction with various atrial arrhythmias, multiple systemic arterial thromboembolism, and a large mural thrombus over the left atrial infarction is reported. In ischemic heart disease, systemic arterial thromboembolism may develop due to atrial infarction which is often overlooked in antemortem as well as in postmortem examinations. When a clinical diagnosis of atrial infarction is made, the possibility of a Stokes-Adams syndrome, thromboembolism, and rupture of the atrium should also be investigated.", "contents": "Left atrial infarction with saddle embolism. Left atrial and left ventricular infarction with various atrial arrhythmias, multiple systemic arterial thromboembolism, and a large mural thrombus over the left atrial infarction is reported. In ischemic heart disease, systemic arterial thromboembolism may develop due to atrial infarction which is often overlooked in antemortem as well as in postmortem examinations. When a clinical diagnosis of atrial infarction is made, the possibility of a Stokes-Adams syndrome, thromboembolism, and rupture of the atrium should also be investigated.", "PMID": 859218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13076", "title": "Emergency care of the reimplantation patient.", "content": "Emergency care of the reimplantation candidate involves care of the patient as well as the severed part. The part should be cooled rapidly to 0-4 C (32-39.2 F) after gentle cleansing with normal saline solution or Ringer's lactate. The stump should be gently irrigated with normal saline and pressure dressing applied. The suitability of the reimplantation candidate, chances for survival of the amputated part, and likelihood of eventual rehabilitation should be evaluated.", "contents": "Emergency care of the reimplantation patient. Emergency care of the reimplantation candidate involves care of the patient as well as the severed part. The part should be cooled rapidly to 0-4 C (32-39.2 F) after gentle cleansing with normal saline solution or Ringer's lactate. The stump should be gently irrigated with normal saline and pressure dressing applied. The suitability of the reimplantation candidate, chances for survival of the amputated part, and likelihood of eventual rehabilitation should be evaluated.", "PMID": 859220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13077", "title": "Pulsus paradoxus as a parameter in treatment of the asthmatic.", "content": "In 40 patients treated in the Billings Hospital emergency department for acute exacerbations of bronchial asthma, pulsus paradoxus was noted at presentation and at the time of admission to the hospital or discharge. No level of initial pulsus paradoxus predicting eventual admission was found. High initial pulsus paradoxus was more frequent in admitted patients. A correlation between the percent drop of pulsus paradoxus and success or failure of treatment was noted. Treatment failure was the most frequent criterion for admission.", "contents": "Pulsus paradoxus as a parameter in treatment of the asthmatic. In 40 patients treated in the Billings Hospital emergency department for acute exacerbations of bronchial asthma, pulsus paradoxus was noted at presentation and at the time of admission to the hospital or discharge. No level of initial pulsus paradoxus predicting eventual admission was found. High initial pulsus paradoxus was more frequent in admitted patients. A correlation between the percent drop of pulsus paradoxus and success or failure of treatment was noted. Treatment failure was the most frequent criterion for admission.", "PMID": 859219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13078", "title": "Cardiac arrests in children.", "content": "The management of cardiac arrests in infants and children is based upon principles common to management of arrests of all age groups. Specific pediatric disease states predispose the patient to arrest. Special adaptions and pharmacologic management are required for pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation.", "contents": "Cardiac arrests in children. The management of cardiac arrests in infants and children is based upon principles common to management of arrests of all age groups. Specific pediatric disease states predispose the patient to arrest. Special adaptions and pharmacologic management are required for pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation.", "PMID": 859221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13079", "title": "Primary chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis.", "content": "The case of a ten-year-old white male with longstanding, painful swelling and severe limitation of left elbow motion is reported. The lack of symptoms and signs characteristic of infection and the pseudosarcomatous radiological findings coupled with the pathological findings of chronic osteomyelitis outline the diagnosis of primary chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis. A detailed description is given of the clinical course to illustrate the diagnostic difficulties encountered in a case of this nature. The outcome was favorable.", "contents": "Primary chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis. The case of a ten-year-old white male with longstanding, painful swelling and severe limitation of left elbow motion is reported. The lack of symptoms and signs characteristic of infection and the pseudosarcomatous radiological findings coupled with the pathological findings of chronic osteomyelitis outline the diagnosis of primary chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis. A detailed description is given of the clinical course to illustrate the diagnostic difficulties encountered in a case of this nature. The outcome was favorable.", "PMID": 859232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13080", "title": "Localized tumor-like lesions in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease of the colon.", "content": "Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease of the colon may manifest roentgenographically as localized tumor-like lesions of the colon. Such lesions are often of inflammatory origin but are likely to be mistaken for polypoid carcinoma or infiltrating submucosal malignancy. Four patients with localized inflammatory lesions of the colon that mimicked a neoplastic process are reported. The clinical features and the radiological-pathological correlation of such lesions are presented.", "contents": "Localized tumor-like lesions in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease of the colon. Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease of the colon may manifest roentgenographically as localized tumor-like lesions of the colon. Such lesions are often of inflammatory origin but are likely to be mistaken for polypoid carcinoma or infiltrating submucosal malignancy. Four patients with localized inflammatory lesions of the colon that mimicked a neoplastic process are reported. The clinical features and the radiological-pathological correlation of such lesions are presented.", "PMID": 859233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13081", "title": "[Comparative characteristics of the I. T. Akulinichev and McFee systems in evaluating the electrical field of the heart].", "content": "The authors present a comparative assessment of A. T. Akulinichev's system, widely used in this country, and McFee's orthogonal corrected system for the presentation of the main parameters of the electric field of the heart in normal individuals. The obtained results were received from the examination of 120 normal individuals, the results were processed on a \"BESM-6\" computer with the aid of an information-measuring system.", "contents": "[Comparative characteristics of the I. T. Akulinichev and McFee systems in evaluating the electrical field of the heart]. The authors present a comparative assessment of A. T. Akulinichev's system, widely used in this country, and McFee's orthogonal corrected system for the presentation of the main parameters of the electric field of the heart in normal individuals. The obtained results were received from the examination of 120 normal individuals, the results were processed on a \"BESM-6\" computer with the aid of an information-measuring system.", "PMID": 859241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13082", "title": "[Role of mitral valve dysfunction in the development of cardiac insufficiency in postinfarct cardiosclerosis].", "content": "The clinical suggestion on the dysfunction of the mitral valve in 20 patients with post-infarction cardiosclerosis was confirmed by ventriculography (8 persons) and in autopsy (12 persons). The paper presents a clinical characteristics of the both groups of patients, the indices of the central hemodynamics, the end diastolic pressure in the left ventricle of the heart, coronaroangiography, as well as morphometric data of the examination of the hearts and of the extent of the scar lesions of the myocardium in patients who died of congestive cardiac insufficiency against the background of postinfarction cardiosclerosis combined with the papillary muscle affection.", "contents": "[Role of mitral valve dysfunction in the development of cardiac insufficiency in postinfarct cardiosclerosis]. The clinical suggestion on the dysfunction of the mitral valve in 20 patients with post-infarction cardiosclerosis was confirmed by ventriculography (8 persons) and in autopsy (12 persons). The paper presents a clinical characteristics of the both groups of patients, the indices of the central hemodynamics, the end diastolic pressure in the left ventricle of the heart, coronaroangiography, as well as morphometric data of the examination of the hearts and of the extent of the scar lesions of the myocardium in patients who died of congestive cardiac insufficiency against the background of postinfarction cardiosclerosis combined with the papillary muscle affection.", "PMID": 859242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13083", "title": "[Effect of exogenous catecholamines and pain action on the tissue respiration of the myocardium].", "content": "In vitro experiments employing the polarographic technique of in-rush currents have demonstrated that adrenalin and noradrenaline in concentrations approaching those found in blood of myocardial infarction patients during the early days of the disease inhibit the tissue respiration of the cardiac muscle by 10--50%. A 10-minute intensive pain stimulation was found to inhibit the aerobic processes in the myocardium by 20--24%. Hypercatecholaminemia observed in the acute period of myocardial infarction is suggested to play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiac insufficiency during myocardial infarction, since it causes histotoxic hypoxia of the intact portions of the cardiac muscle. The importance of eliminating the pain syndrome in patients with myocardial infarction and angina pectoris is emphasized.", "contents": "[Effect of exogenous catecholamines and pain action on the tissue respiration of the myocardium]. In vitro experiments employing the polarographic technique of in-rush currents have demonstrated that adrenalin and noradrenaline in concentrations approaching those found in blood of myocardial infarction patients during the early days of the disease inhibit the tissue respiration of the cardiac muscle by 10--50%. A 10-minute intensive pain stimulation was found to inhibit the aerobic processes in the myocardium by 20--24%. Hypercatecholaminemia observed in the acute period of myocardial infarction is suggested to play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiac insufficiency during myocardial infarction, since it causes histotoxic hypoxia of the intact portions of the cardiac muscle. The importance of eliminating the pain syndrome in patients with myocardial infarction and angina pectoris is emphasized.", "PMID": 859243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13084", "title": "[Hemodynamic observations in acute myocardial infarct].", "content": "A haemodynamic study was conducted in 96 patients with acute myocardial infarction. The method of right heart catheterization at the bedside using the Swan-Ganz floating balloon-tipped catheter is safe and feisible. An elevation of pressure in the pulmonary circulation was revealed in patients with transmural myocardial infarction and in those without clinical signs of heart failure. The pressure elevation is detected the more often the sooner after the onset of infarction the examination is conducted. To evaluate fast pressure changes heart catheterization is essential and cannot be substituted by any other technique of examination Digoxin administration during the acute phase of myocardial infarction fails to produce any significant reduction of the pulmonary circulation pressure, but a prompt reduction of the pulmonary circulation pressure can be achieved by way of Phentolamine infusion. The pulmonary circulation pressure measurements during the acute phase of myocardial infarction are believed to be an indispensable component of examinations for the heart failure therapy.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic observations in acute myocardial infarct]. A haemodynamic study was conducted in 96 patients with acute myocardial infarction. The method of right heart catheterization at the bedside using the Swan-Ganz floating balloon-tipped catheter is safe and feisible. An elevation of pressure in the pulmonary circulation was revealed in patients with transmural myocardial infarction and in those without clinical signs of heart failure. The pressure elevation is detected the more often the sooner after the onset of infarction the examination is conducted. To evaluate fast pressure changes heart catheterization is essential and cannot be substituted by any other technique of examination Digoxin administration during the acute phase of myocardial infarction fails to produce any significant reduction of the pulmonary circulation pressure, but a prompt reduction of the pulmonary circulation pressure can be achieved by way of Phentolamine infusion. The pulmonary circulation pressure measurements during the acute phase of myocardial infarction are believed to be an indispensable component of examinations for the heart failure therapy.", "PMID": 859247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13085", "title": "[Clinical and morphological correlational analysis of different forms of myocardial infarct].", "content": "On the basis of a mathematical analysis carried out by a \"Minsk--220\" computer, the correlation between the most essential morphological changes in the coronary arteries, the peculiarities of myocardial infarction, history and its clinical manifestations were studied in 320 myocardial infarction cases (148 males and 172 females over 50 years of age) with the distinction of 276 clinical and morphological signs. The numerical assessment of the conjugation indices of the morphological changes and the clinical-laboratory data permitted to evaluate the role of each of the examined factors in the genesis of primary and secondary myocardial infarctions, their spreading in the heart muscle, and their clinical manifestations. It has been demostrated that similar changes in the coronary arteries that create a background for a relative circulatory insufficiency are realized in different forms of myocardial infarction. Relative coronary insufficiency varies widely and becomes the leading cause of myocardial ischaemia. The effect of other factors is interpreted as modifying, and some of them--as triggering. The presented correlations analysis proves the rationale of assessing each case of myocardial infarction in terms of the probability theory of patho- and morphogenesis of ischaemic heart disease.", "contents": "[Clinical and morphological correlational analysis of different forms of myocardial infarct]. On the basis of a mathematical analysis carried out by a \"Minsk--220\" computer, the correlation between the most essential morphological changes in the coronary arteries, the peculiarities of myocardial infarction, history and its clinical manifestations were studied in 320 myocardial infarction cases (148 males and 172 females over 50 years of age) with the distinction of 276 clinical and morphological signs. The numerical assessment of the conjugation indices of the morphological changes and the clinical-laboratory data permitted to evaluate the role of each of the examined factors in the genesis of primary and secondary myocardial infarctions, their spreading in the heart muscle, and their clinical manifestations. It has been demostrated that similar changes in the coronary arteries that create a background for a relative circulatory insufficiency are realized in different forms of myocardial infarction. Relative coronary insufficiency varies widely and becomes the leading cause of myocardial ischaemia. The effect of other factors is interpreted as modifying, and some of them--as triggering. The presented correlations analysis proves the rationale of assessing each case of myocardial infarction in terms of the probability theory of patho- and morphogenesis of ischaemic heart disease.", "PMID": 859249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13086", "title": "[Rupture of the interventricular septum in acute myocardial infarct].", "content": "The authors examined ruptures of the interventricular septum in 12 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Septal ruptures comprise 8% of all cardiac ruptures that occur within the early days of infarction, they are poorly diagnosed, and most of such patients die before the end of the 1st--5th week due to acute left-ventricular insufficiency. Characteristic features suitable for making the diagnosis are lacking. A transverse systolic murmur and \"cat's purr\" are important, but rare signs. Systolic murmur, maximum at the apex, is seen more often than of transverse, which makes the differential diagnosis of papillary muscle rupture still more complicated.", "contents": "[Rupture of the interventricular septum in acute myocardial infarct]. The authors examined ruptures of the interventricular septum in 12 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Septal ruptures comprise 8% of all cardiac ruptures that occur within the early days of infarction, they are poorly diagnosed, and most of such patients die before the end of the 1st--5th week due to acute left-ventricular insufficiency. Characteristic features suitable for making the diagnosis are lacking. A transverse systolic murmur and \"cat's purr\" are important, but rare signs. Systolic murmur, maximum at the apex, is seen more often than of transverse, which makes the differential diagnosis of papillary muscle rupture still more complicated.", "PMID": 859250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13087", "title": "[Comparative evaluation of different physical load tests in patients who have had a myocardial infarct].", "content": "A comparative analysis of the results of exercise tests conducted in 2 groups of patients following myocardial infarction was done on the basis of data from the A.L. Myasnikov Institute of Cardiology, USSR Acad. Med. Sci., and the research group of medical rehabilitation of the Humboldt University, Berlin. Continuous and interrupted step-wisely growing bicycle exercises in sitting position were compared. The duration of each step comprised 5 min with pedalling at 60 rpm. With continuous tests every step increase the workload by 25 W. With stepwise tests in half of the patients the work load was increasing by 25 W every step, in the other half--by 16.7 W, the pause between the steps lasting 10 min. It was found that the main parameters of both types of tests did not differ in the two centers, as shown by statistical processing; an identical threshold capacity of the workload, equal elevations of the arterial pressure and heart contractions rate at the peak of the test were obtained. No differences were revealed in the criteria of test interruption with both types of examinations in the two centers. A slight tendency towards a greater elevation of the heart contractions rate and systolic arterial pressure was noted with continuous tests, in contrast to the step-wise. This results in a greater variance of the workability parameters when comparing the results. Therefore it seems preferable to conduct one type of tests--the continuous one.", "contents": "[Comparative evaluation of different physical load tests in patients who have had a myocardial infarct]. A comparative analysis of the results of exercise tests conducted in 2 groups of patients following myocardial infarction was done on the basis of data from the A.L. Myasnikov Institute of Cardiology, USSR Acad. Med. Sci., and the research group of medical rehabilitation of the Humboldt University, Berlin. Continuous and interrupted step-wisely growing bicycle exercises in sitting position were compared. The duration of each step comprised 5 min with pedalling at 60 rpm. With continuous tests every step increase the workload by 25 W. With stepwise tests in half of the patients the work load was increasing by 25 W every step, in the other half--by 16.7 W, the pause between the steps lasting 10 min. It was found that the main parameters of both types of tests did not differ in the two centers, as shown by statistical processing; an identical threshold capacity of the workload, equal elevations of the arterial pressure and heart contractions rate at the peak of the test were obtained. No differences were revealed in the criteria of test interruption with both types of examinations in the two centers. A slight tendency towards a greater elevation of the heart contractions rate and systolic arterial pressure was noted with continuous tests, in contrast to the step-wise. This results in a greater variance of the workability parameters when comparing the results. Therefore it seems preferable to conduct one type of tests--the continuous one.", "PMID": 859251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13088", "title": "[The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of vasopressin (SIADH) (author's transl)].", "content": "The syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (\"SIADH\") was first recognized 1935 by Roth et al. and described in detail 1957 by Schwartz et al. The clinical symptoms (hyponatremia, hypertonicity of urine and inability to excrete a water load) are caused by inadequately elevated ADH secretion under a variety of situations and diseases. Some recent work was focused on the pathogenesis of this syndrome and new clinical findings (low plasma levels of uric acid and potassium) as well as special forms (\"SIADH\" without elevated vasopressin levels in plasma) are thought to be of relevance. New therapeutical recommendations will be discussed.", "contents": "[The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of vasopressin (SIADH) (author's transl)]. The syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (\"SIADH\") was first recognized 1935 by Roth et al. and described in detail 1957 by Schwartz et al. The clinical symptoms (hyponatremia, hypertonicity of urine and inability to excrete a water load) are caused by inadequately elevated ADH secretion under a variety of situations and diseases. Some recent work was focused on the pathogenesis of this syndrome and new clinical findings (low plasma levels of uric acid and potassium) as well as special forms (\"SIADH\" without elevated vasopressin levels in plasma) are thought to be of relevance. New therapeutical recommendations will be discussed.", "PMID": 859283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13089", "title": "[Cardio-pulmonary parameters after myocardial infarction in the late period of recovery. Investigation at rest and during exercise (author's transl)].", "content": "From 22 patients in the late period of recovery from myocardial infarction, cardio-pulmonary data were recorded at rest and during exercise. The physical work was increased stepwise until patients reached their individual limit of exercise. According to the different work capacity four groups of patients were formed with the aim to demonstrate the adaption processes of cardio-pulmonary parameters until reaching the peak of work capacity. In one half of the patients we still found signs of cardial insufficiency at rest. After only slight physical work signs of cardiac insufficiency appeared also in the other half of patients.", "contents": "[Cardio-pulmonary parameters after myocardial infarction in the late period of recovery. Investigation at rest and during exercise (author's transl)]. From 22 patients in the late period of recovery from myocardial infarction, cardio-pulmonary data were recorded at rest and during exercise. The physical work was increased stepwise until patients reached their individual limit of exercise. According to the different work capacity four groups of patients were formed with the aim to demonstrate the adaption processes of cardio-pulmonary parameters until reaching the peak of work capacity. In one half of the patients we still found signs of cardial insufficiency at rest. After only slight physical work signs of cardiac insufficiency appeared also in the other half of patients.", "PMID": 859284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13090", "title": "[About degradation products of the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor in serum. II. Acid label derivatives of the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor (author's transl)].", "content": "Simultaneous to the liberation of the acid stable trypsin-plasmin-inhibitor from the inter-alpha-trypsininhibitor in vivo, acid labile degradation products are set free. The main product can be estimated by immunological methods. This product is not excreted by the kidney in contrast to the acid stable inhibitor. The product accumulates in serum in different diseases. An increased concentration of this product indicates also an increased turn-over of the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor in the case when the concentraton of the intact inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor or of the filtrable derivative are within normal range.", "contents": "[About degradation products of the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor in serum. II. Acid label derivatives of the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor (author's transl)]. Simultaneous to the liberation of the acid stable trypsin-plasmin-inhibitor from the inter-alpha-trypsininhibitor in vivo, acid labile degradation products are set free. The main product can be estimated by immunological methods. This product is not excreted by the kidney in contrast to the acid stable inhibitor. The product accumulates in serum in different diseases. An increased concentration of this product indicates also an increased turn-over of the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor in the case when the concentraton of the intact inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor or of the filtrable derivative are within normal range.", "PMID": 859285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13091", "title": "[Digoxin and beta-methyldigoxin concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma (author's transl)].", "content": "12 patients were treated for at least two days with digoxin or beta-methyldigoxin before a lumbar punction was done for diagnostic purposes. At the same time venous blood was drawn and both samples were radioimmunologically analysed for digoxin concentration. The relationship of concentrations from plasma to cerebrospinal fluid was 2 for beta-methyldigoxin and 8 for digoxin.", "contents": "[Digoxin and beta-methyldigoxin concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma (author's transl)]. 12 patients were treated for at least two days with digoxin or beta-methyldigoxin before a lumbar punction was done for diagnostic purposes. At the same time venous blood was drawn and both samples were radioimmunologically analysed for digoxin concentration. The relationship of concentrations from plasma to cerebrospinal fluid was 2 for beta-methyldigoxin and 8 for digoxin.", "PMID": 859286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13092", "title": "[Biochemical characterization of a new variant of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency with favism: G-6-PD Bielefeld (author's transl)].", "content": "A new variant of G-6-PD with favism has been detected in a German family. After partial purification the enzyme was biochemically characterized. It revealed normal electrophoretic mobility, normal thermostability and a flat pH-activity curve. The Km-value for G-6-P was reduced, whereas this value was normal for NADP. The substrate analogues 2-desoxy G-6-P, Gal-6-p and deamino-NADP were utilized to increased rates. The biochemical data were compatible with the benign clinical course.", "contents": "[Biochemical characterization of a new variant of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency with favism: G-6-PD Bielefeld (author's transl)]. A new variant of G-6-PD with favism has been detected in a German family. After partial purification the enzyme was biochemically characterized. It revealed normal electrophoretic mobility, normal thermostability and a flat pH-activity curve. The Km-value for G-6-P was reduced, whereas this value was normal for NADP. The substrate analogues 2-desoxy G-6-P, Gal-6-p and deamino-NADP were utilized to increased rates. The biochemical data were compatible with the benign clinical course.", "PMID": 859288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13093", "title": "Vascular calcifications under maintenance hemodialysis.", "content": "In a cross-sectional study X-rays of the forefoot and the pelvis of 101 adult dialysis patients were taken. Vascular calcifications (forefoot) were observed in 20 patients. The incidence was higher in patients who had been started on dialysis several years ago. However, in a longitudinal prospective study de novo appearance of vascular calcificaitons was observed only in 1 out of 50 dialysed patients, although hyperparathyreoidism and moderate hyperphosphatemia persisted. Vascular calcifications were seen only once in 138 uremic children (56 uremic children without dialysis; 82 uremic children on maintenance hemodialysis). However at autopsy visceral calcifications of the lung were found in three (out of 11) children who did not have vascular calcificaitons on X-rays.", "contents": "Vascular calcifications under maintenance hemodialysis. In a cross-sectional study X-rays of the forefoot and the pelvis of 101 adult dialysis patients were taken. Vascular calcifications (forefoot) were observed in 20 patients. The incidence was higher in patients who had been started on dialysis several years ago. However, in a longitudinal prospective study de novo appearance of vascular calcificaitons was observed only in 1 out of 50 dialysed patients, although hyperparathyreoidism and moderate hyperphosphatemia persisted. Vascular calcifications were seen only once in 138 uremic children (56 uremic children without dialysis; 82 uremic children on maintenance hemodialysis). However at autopsy visceral calcifications of the lung were found in three (out of 11) children who did not have vascular calcificaitons on X-rays.", "PMID": 859287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13094", "title": "Congenital nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia associated with glucosephosphate isomerase deficiency: variant Paderborn.", "content": "The deficient red cell enzyme glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI) was characterized in a patient of German origin who had already been described, with congenital nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia, and in his heterozygous parents. The variant enzyme differs from the known GPI variant enzyme differs from the known GPI variants by the electrophoretic mobility, the thermal stability, and the leukocyte activity. No differences are found between normal GPI and the variant regarding the affinity to fructose-6-phosphate, the pH optimum and the thermal optimum. Since the electrophoretic pattern and the properties of the parenteral GPI are identical the propositus seems to be homozygous for an abnormal allele and not double-heterozygous as some other cases with GPI deficiency are. Recently, immunological studies have shown that the variant differs from other similar variants. According to the birthplace of the patient the variant is called \"Paderborn\".", "contents": "Congenital nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia associated with glucosephosphate isomerase deficiency: variant Paderborn. The deficient red cell enzyme glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI) was characterized in a patient of German origin who had already been described, with congenital nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia, and in his heterozygous parents. The variant enzyme differs from the known GPI variant enzyme differs from the known GPI variants by the electrophoretic mobility, the thermal stability, and the leukocyte activity. No differences are found between normal GPI and the variant regarding the affinity to fructose-6-phosphate, the pH optimum and the thermal optimum. Since the electrophoretic pattern and the properties of the parenteral GPI are identical the propositus seems to be homozygous for an abnormal allele and not double-heterozygous as some other cases with GPI deficiency are. Recently, immunological studies have shown that the variant differs from other similar variants. According to the birthplace of the patient the variant is called \"Paderborn\".", "PMID": 859289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13095", "title": "A comparison of two Spanish tests of receptive language.", "content": "Twenty Spanish-speaking Mexican-American children were administered the receptive portion of the Screening Test of Spanish Grammar (STSG) and the Spanish version of the Test of Auditory Comprehension of Language (TACL). The correlation obtained between the two tests was not statistically significant. The correlation obtained between 24 syntactical items common to both tests was also not statistically significant. The probable reasons for the nonsignificant correlations obtained are discussed. In addition, a detailed critique of the Spanish version of the TACL is presented.", "contents": "A comparison of two Spanish tests of receptive language. Twenty Spanish-speaking Mexican-American children were administered the receptive portion of the Screening Test of Spanish Grammar (STSG) and the Spanish version of the Test of Auditory Comprehension of Language (TACL). The correlation obtained between the two tests was not statistically significant. The correlation obtained between 24 syntactical items common to both tests was also not statistically significant. The probable reasons for the nonsignificant correlations obtained are discussed. In addition, a detailed critique of the Spanish version of the TACL is presented.", "PMID": 859300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13096", "title": "Word discrimination for listeners with flat sensorineural hearing losses.", "content": "This study examined discrimination scores among listeners (742 ears) with flat sensorineural hearing losses. The discrimination data were analyzed in terms of degree of hearing impairment and subject age. Contrary to previous findings, the results showed that the average subject exhibited a discriminative ability of 70% or better for hearing levels less than 60 dB. A 10 to 20% decline in intelligibility, however, was found for losses 60 dB and greater. Listeners' performance decreased somewhat as a function of age especially for subjects with the greatest hearing losses. Finally, a subject's word discrimination was similar whether hearing loss was based on a three- or a five-frequency average.", "contents": "Word discrimination for listeners with flat sensorineural hearing losses. This study examined discrimination scores among listeners (742 ears) with flat sensorineural hearing losses. The discrimination data were analyzed in terms of degree of hearing impairment and subject age. Contrary to previous findings, the results showed that the average subject exhibited a discriminative ability of 70% or better for hearing levels less than 60 dB. A 10 to 20% decline in intelligibility, however, was found for losses 60 dB and greater. Listeners' performance decreased somewhat as a function of age especially for subjects with the greatest hearing losses. Finally, a subject's word discrimination was similar whether hearing loss was based on a three- or a five-frequency average.", "PMID": 859301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13097", "title": "A therapeutic model for communicative disorders among children who speak black English vernacular.", "content": "A therapeutic model of communicative pathology is proposed for children who speak black English  vernacular. The model establishes a conceptual framework in which normal communicative behavior encompasses linguistic features that characterize black English vernacular. The model accounts for children's linguistic utterances as being either variant or invariant with Standard English and black English vernacular. Variant linguistic features are classified as either developmental or pathological deviations. Both Standard English and Black English vernacular constitute normative referents against which pathological deviations are assessed.", "contents": "A therapeutic model for communicative disorders among children who speak black English vernacular. A therapeutic model of communicative pathology is proposed for children who speak black English  vernacular. The model establishes a conceptual framework in which normal communicative behavior encompasses linguistic features that characterize black English vernacular. The model accounts for children's linguistic utterances as being either variant or invariant with Standard English and black English vernacular. Variant linguistic features are classified as either developmental or pathological deviations. Both Standard English and Black English vernacular constitute normative referents against which pathological deviations are assessed.", "PMID": 859302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13098", "title": "Effects of stimulus intensity on speech perception by deaf children.", "content": "Ten monosyllabic, 10 trochaic, and 10 spondaic words were presented monaurally to 10 severely (70-95 dB HTL) and 10 profoundly (larger than 95 dB HTL) hearing-impaired children at sensation levels (SL) ranging from near detection to near discomfort. Two methods were used to evaluate word perception as a function of stimulus intensity: the percentage of words recognized correctly and the percentage of words categorized correctly as to stress pattern. Both word-recognition and categorization scores reached maxima at 24-36 dB SL for the severe group, supporting previous result. For the profoundly deaf group, word-recognition scores were low regardless of SL, but their perception of the stress patterns of words improved as a function of increasing intensity, reaching maxima at 12-30 dB SL. The procedure  and results described in this paper may be used by audiologists to help select optimal hearing aid volume settings for young hearing-impaired children.", "contents": "Effects of stimulus intensity on speech perception by deaf children. Ten monosyllabic, 10 trochaic, and 10 spondaic words were presented monaurally to 10 severely (70-95 dB HTL) and 10 profoundly (larger than 95 dB HTL) hearing-impaired children at sensation levels (SL) ranging from near detection to near discomfort. Two methods were used to evaluate word perception as a function of stimulus intensity: the percentage of words recognized correctly and the percentage of words categorized correctly as to stress pattern. Both word-recognition and categorization scores reached maxima at 24-36 dB SL for the severe group, supporting previous result. For the profoundly deaf group, word-recognition scores were low regardless of SL, but their perception of the stress patterns of words improved as a function of increasing intensity, reaching maxima at 12-30 dB SL. The procedure  and results described in this paper may be used by audiologists to help select optimal hearing aid volume settings for young hearing-impaired children.", "PMID": 859303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13099", "title": "Extended comprehension practice applied to an aphasic patient.", "content": "A 47-year-old aphasic patient was given extensive practice in the comprehension of single lexical items. Training was begun one month postonset and was discontinued four months postonset. Production practice was not administered during the treatment period. Comprehension and production improved as measured by a number of language assessment tests. The findings of this case study suggest that comprehension practice results in the improvement of verbal production. Discussion of the comprehension approach as a method of language training is included.", "contents": "Extended comprehension practice applied to an aphasic patient. A 47-year-old aphasic patient was given extensive practice in the comprehension of single lexical items. Training was begun one month postonset and was discontinued four months postonset. Production practice was not administered during the treatment period. Comprehension and production improved as measured by a number of language assessment tests. The findings of this case study suggest that comprehension practice results in the improvement of verbal production. Discussion of the comprehension approach as a method of language training is included.", "PMID": 859304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13100", "title": "Altered hemispheric functioning under alcohol.", "content": "The performance of right-handed students on a visual search task suggests that moderate doses of alcohol have a greater effect on right- than left-hemisphere neuropsychological functions.", "contents": "Altered hemispheric functioning under alcohol. The performance of right-handed students on a visual search task suggests that moderate doses of alcohol have a greater effect on right- than left-hemisphere neuropsychological functions.", "PMID": 859328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13101", "title": "Effects of alcohol and prediction outcome on extrafoveal signal detection.", "content": "Results of a choice reaction-time task in 24 men indicated that alcohol interferes with the response-selection stage of information processing.", "contents": "Effects of alcohol and prediction outcome on extrafoveal signal detection. Results of a choice reaction-time task in 24 men indicated that alcohol interferes with the response-selection stage of information processing.", "PMID": 859329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13102", "title": "Alcoholics' disposition to drink. Effects of abstinence and heavy drinking.", "content": "Disposition to drink in alcoholics decreased during a period of enforced abstinence, but increased when consumption of alcohol resumed.", "contents": "Alcoholics' disposition to drink. Effects of abstinence and heavy drinking. Disposition to drink in alcoholics decreased during a period of enforced abstinence, but increased when consumption of alcohol resumed.", "PMID": 859330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13103", "title": "Interational group therapy with alcoholics.", "content": "The techniques used and problems encountered in interactional group therapy with alcoholics are descussed.", "contents": "Interational group therapy with alcoholics. The techniques used and problems encountered in interactional group therapy with alcoholics are descussed.", "PMID": 859331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13104", "title": "Use of MMPI profiles for occupational classification of alcoholics.", "content": "Analysis of MMPI profile scores of 954 men alcoholics showed distinctive characteristics as a function of occupational category. The most occurate classification of alcoholics was obtained with patients from blue-collar occupations.", "contents": "Use of MMPI profiles for occupational classification of alcoholics. Analysis of MMPI profile scores of 954 men alcoholics showed distinctive characteristics as a function of occupational category. The most occurate classification of alcoholics was obtained with patients from blue-collar occupations.", "PMID": 859332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13105", "title": "Life change, its perception and alcohol addiction.", "content": "Alcohol addiction was associated with high life change and an attenuated perception of life change. The possible association of these factors with the perpetuation of the addiction is discussed.", "contents": "Life change, its perception and alcohol addiction. Alcohol addiction was associated with high life change and an attenuated perception of life change. The possible association of these factors with the perpetuation of the addiction is discussed.", "PMID": 859333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13106", "title": "Rehabilitation need patterns of men alcoholics.", "content": "The Human Service Scale questionnaire revealed 4 general rehabilitation-need patterns in a group of 376 men alcoholics.", "contents": "Rehabilitation need patterns of men alcoholics. The Human Service Scale questionnaire revealed 4 general rehabilitation-need patterns in a group of 376 men alcoholics.", "PMID": 859334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13107", "title": "A differential assessment model for alcoholism. The scales of the Alcohol Use Inventory.", "content": "The development and use of the Alcohol Use Inventory are discussed. The scales of the Inventory allow the measurement of multiple manifestations of alcohol problems.", "contents": "A differential assessment model for alcoholism. The scales of the Alcohol Use Inventory. The development and use of the Alcohol Use Inventory are discussed. The scales of the Inventory allow the measurement of multiple manifestations of alcohol problems.", "PMID": 859335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13108", "title": "Attitudes and patterns of alcohol use among Mexican Americans. Implications for service delivery.", "content": "The drinking patterns and attitudes of Mexican Americans are described in the context of developing alcoholism treatment programs which consider the unique aspects of the Mexican American culture.", "contents": "Attitudes and patterns of alcohol use among Mexican Americans. Implications for service delivery. The drinking patterns and attitudes of Mexican Americans are described in the context of developing alcoholism treatment programs which consider the unique aspects of the Mexican American culture.", "PMID": 859336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13109", "title": "Stages in the alcoholic process. Toward a cumulative, nonsequential index.", "content": "The creation and use of the Alcoholic Stages Index are described. The Index measures advancement in the alcoholic process on 4 nonsequential scales. A sample of 2440 alcoholism clinic patients was analyzed in a test of the validity of the scales.", "contents": "Stages in the alcoholic process. Toward a cumulative, nonsequential index. The creation and use of the Alcoholic Stages Index are described. The Index measures advancement in the alcoholic process on 4 nonsequential scales. A sample of 2440 alcoholism clinic patients was analyzed in a test of the validity of the scales.", "PMID": 859337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13110", "title": "Public television and public health. The case of alcoholism.", "content": "A series of programs on alcoholism broadcast on a public television network was more successful in heightening public awareness of alcohol problems than in stimulating corrective action.", "contents": "Public television and public health. The case of alcoholism. A series of programs on alcoholism broadcast on a public television network was more successful in heightening public awareness of alcohol problems than in stimulating corrective action.", "PMID": 859338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13111", "title": "Effects of ethanol on rat brain and heart acetylcholine.", "content": "Single doses of ethanol caused increased levels of acetylcholine in the brains of fed and fasted rats; heart acetylcholine levels were not affected.", "contents": "Effects of ethanol on rat brain and heart acetylcholine. Single doses of ethanol caused increased levels of acetylcholine in the brains of fed and fasted rats; heart acetylcholine levels were not affected.", "PMID": 859339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13112", "title": "Short-term effects of an educational program for drinking drivers.", "content": "In a study of persons convicted of driving while intoxicated, mean scores on two measures of alcohol impairment decreased in subjects who completed an educational safe driving program and in those did not, suggesting a need for new approaches to DWI problems.", "contents": "Short-term effects of an educational program for drinking drivers. In a study of persons convicted of driving while intoxicated, mean scores on two measures of alcohol impairment decreased in subjects who completed an educational safe driving program and in those did not, suggesting a need for new approaches to DWI problems.", "PMID": 859340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13113", "title": "Myocardial protection during ischemic cardiac arrest. A possible hazard with calcium-free cardioplegic infusates.", "content": "A number of cardioplegic and protective solutions have been described for the reduction of cellular damage during ischemic cardiac arrest. These solutions are designed to induce diastolic arrest rapidly and to combat the various deleterious effects of ischemia. The efficacy of three different infusates (Bretschneider, Kirsch and St. Thomas' Hospital) has been compared. The results indicate that, whereas some solutions are able to afford striking protection, others may be ineffective and may exacerbate damage. Until the mechanisms underlying ischemic damage and its prevention are understood, it would seem undesirable to advocate the use of solutions containing extremes of concentration or solutions devoid of ions normally found in the extracellular fluid.", "contents": "Myocardial protection during ischemic cardiac arrest. A possible hazard with calcium-free cardioplegic infusates. A number of cardioplegic and protective solutions have been described for the reduction of cellular damage during ischemic cardiac arrest. These solutions are designed to induce diastolic arrest rapidly and to combat the various deleterious effects of ischemia. The efficacy of three different infusates (Bretschneider, Kirsch and St. Thomas' Hospital) has been compared. The results indicate that, whereas some solutions are able to afford striking protection, others may be ineffective and may exacerbate damage. Until the mechanisms underlying ischemic damage and its prevention are understood, it would seem undesirable to advocate the use of solutions containing extremes of concentration or solutions devoid of ions normally found in the extracellular fluid.", "PMID": 859352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13114", "title": "Fistula of the sinus of Valsalva.", "content": "Operative repair of sinus of Valsalva aneurysms and fistulas was performed in 10 patients between 1960 and 1976. Associated cardiac defects were corrected in 6 patients. There were no postoperative deaths, and the 8 patients observed to date are still alive and well. Only 2 patients required a second operation. The employment of a transchanber or a transaortic approach or both continues to be a matter of individual preference.", "contents": "Fistula of the sinus of Valsalva. Operative repair of sinus of Valsalva aneurysms and fistulas was performed in 10 patients between 1960 and 1976. Associated cardiac defects were corrected in 6 patients. There were no postoperative deaths, and the 8 patients observed to date are still alive and well. Only 2 patients required a second operation. The employment of a transchanber or a transaortic approach or both continues to be a matter of individual preference.", "PMID": 859353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13115", "title": "Resection of cancer of lung and carina.", "content": "In 3-cases in which lung cancer had occurred in the right upper lobe bronchus and had infiltrated the carina, the right upper lobe (including the lower part of the trachea, the carina, and the right main bronchus) was resected, and a new carina was created by anastomosing the trachea with the left main bronchus and the right intermediate trunk. Surgical techniques and the method for anesthesia were described in these 3 cases. To evaluate the function of the reconstructed trachea and bronchus, we made cinebronchograms at the high speed of 100 or 150 frames per second. This bronchographic movie film helped us to determine the state of the reconstructed trachea and bronchus.", "contents": "Resection of cancer of lung and carina. In 3-cases in which lung cancer had occurred in the right upper lobe bronchus and had infiltrated the carina, the right upper lobe (including the lower part of the trachea, the carina, and the right main bronchus) was resected, and a new carina was created by anastomosing the trachea with the left main bronchus and the right intermediate trunk. Surgical techniques and the method for anesthesia were described in these 3 cases. To evaluate the function of the reconstructed trachea and bronchus, we made cinebronchograms at the high speed of 100 or 150 frames per second. This bronchographic movie film helped us to determine the state of the reconstructed trachea and bronchus.", "PMID": 859357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13116", "title": "Pacinian corpuscles and their relationship to the lymphatic system.", "content": "By means of well-roven methods of investigation the Pacinian corpuscles in the meso-jejunum of the cat were injected with vital stains (patent blue violet and Japanese ink), and the transport of dyestuffs through the lymphatic system established.", "contents": "Pacinian corpuscles and their relationship to the lymphatic system. By means of well-roven methods of investigation the Pacinian corpuscles in the meso-jejunum of the cat were injected with vital stains (patent blue violet and Japanese ink), and the transport of dyestuffs through the lymphatic system established.", "PMID": 859358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13117", "title": "Long term physiologic study of thoracic duct lymph and lymphocytes in rat and man.", "content": "Techniques for study of thoracic duct lymph and lymphocyte circulations in rats and in man are presented. Radiographic observations, measurements of lymph flow, lymphocyte output, blood lymphocyte level, intra-thoracic pressures and radioactive determinations in the lymph and blood of 51Cr labelled lymphocytes, indicate that the techniques are suitable for long-term study of thoracic duct circulations under physiologic conditions.", "contents": "Long term physiologic study of thoracic duct lymph and lymphocytes in rat and man. Techniques for study of thoracic duct lymph and lymphocyte circulations in rats and in man are presented. Radiographic observations, measurements of lymph flow, lymphocyte output, blood lymphocyte level, intra-thoracic pressures and radioactive determinations in the lymph and blood of 51Cr labelled lymphocytes, indicate that the techniques are suitable for long-term study of thoracic duct circulations under physiologic conditions.", "PMID": 859359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13118", "title": "The value of lymphangiography in chyluria: a report of three cases.", "content": "The lymphographic findings in three patients suffering from idiopathic chyluria are described. These findings included lymphangiectases and retrograde filling of kidney lymphatics;bilaterally in two and unilaterally in one patient. In the latter patient, the contrast was also seen entering the renal calyces and pelvis before passing to the bladder. The thoracic duct was patent in all three cases. The value of lymphangiography in patients with chyluria is emphasized.", "contents": "The value of lymphangiography in chyluria: a report of three cases. The lymphographic findings in three patients suffering from idiopathic chyluria are described. These findings included lymphangiectases and retrograde filling of kidney lymphatics;bilaterally in two and unilaterally in one patient. In the latter patient, the contrast was also seen entering the renal calyces and pelvis before passing to the bladder. The thoracic duct was patent in all three cases. The value of lymphangiography in patients with chyluria is emphasized.", "PMID": 859360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13119", "title": "Access to medical care and the local supply of physicians.", "content": "This paper focuses on one aspect of access to physicians' services, the time patients spend obtaining physicians' service. Patient time is divided into travel and waiting time components. Communities in which the patient's total time commitment tend to be the highest are generally the most populous cities. Pairwise comparisons between central cities and non-central cities in the 22 largest Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSAs) reveal that patient is higher in central cities in the vast majority of cases. Although the area physician-population ratio tends to have the anticipated negative impact on patient time, the ratio explains very little of the total intercommunity variation in the latter variable. Implications for physician manpower policy are discussed.", "contents": "Access to medical care and the local supply of physicians. This paper focuses on one aspect of access to physicians' services, the time patients spend obtaining physicians' service. Patient time is divided into travel and waiting time components. Communities in which the patient's total time commitment tend to be the highest are generally the most populous cities. Pairwise comparisons between central cities and non-central cities in the 22 largest Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSAs) reveal that patient is higher in central cities in the vast majority of cases. Although the area physician-population ratio tends to have the anticipated negative impact on patient time, the ratio explains very little of the total intercommunity variation in the latter variable. Implications for physician manpower policy are discussed.", "PMID": 859363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13120", "title": "[Health aspects of antibiotic manufacture with particular emphasis on respiratory and genital disturbances (author's transl)].", "content": "Sixty-seven workers employed in incapsulating and manufacturing antibiotics were studied by the authors by means of questionnaire, environmental survey, clinical examination and hematochemical, immunologic and microbiological determinations. The main features of respiratory and genital disturbances are discussed. Two cases of occupational asthma due to ampicillin were detected. Twenty-four out of forty-five female workers were found to be affected with vaginitis (due to Candida albicans in fourteen): a relationship with the working environment is hypothesized. The digestive tract disturbances are reported and the prevalence of dental discoloration is stressed. Finally the psycho-pathological pattern of the factory workers is outlined.", "contents": "[Health aspects of antibiotic manufacture with particular emphasis on respiratory and genital disturbances (author's transl)]. Sixty-seven workers employed in incapsulating and manufacturing antibiotics were studied by the authors by means of questionnaire, environmental survey, clinical examination and hematochemical, immunologic and microbiological determinations. The main features of respiratory and genital disturbances are discussed. Two cases of occupational asthma due to ampicillin were detected. Twenty-four out of forty-five female workers were found to be affected with vaginitis (due to Candida albicans in fourteen): a relationship with the working environment is hypothesized. The digestive tract disturbances are reported and the prevalence of dental discoloration is stressed. Finally the psycho-pathological pattern of the factory workers is outlined.", "PMID": 859374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13121", "title": "Prevalence of coronary heart disease risk factors in active children, 7 to 12 years of age.", "content": "Forty-seven active boys and girls, 7 to 12 years of age, underwent a comprehensive medical and physical evaluation in order to assess their prevalence of single and multiple coronary heart disease risk factors. Each subject received a densiometric determination of body composition, blood lipid analysis, pulmonary function and a physical work capacity test to assess their peak oxygen consumption (Vo2max). Obesity (greater than 25% fat), elevated triglycerides (greater than 100 mg %) and the presence of Type IV hyperlipoproteinemia appear to be the more predominant risk factors. Twenty-nine (62%) of the children had at least one risk factor. Of these, seventeen had two or more risk factors with one subject having as many as five factors.", "contents": "Prevalence of coronary heart disease risk factors in active children, 7 to 12 years of age. Forty-seven active boys and girls, 7 to 12 years of age, underwent a comprehensive medical and physical evaluation in order to assess their prevalence of single and multiple coronary heart disease risk factors. Each subject received a densiometric determination of body composition, blood lipid analysis, pulmonary function and a physical work capacity test to assess their peak oxygen consumption (Vo2max). Obesity (greater than 25% fat), elevated triglycerides (greater than 100 mg %) and the presence of Type IV hyperlipoproteinemia appear to be the more predominant risk factors. Twenty-nine (62%) of the children had at least one risk factor. Of these, seventeen had two or more risk factors with one subject having as many as five factors.", "PMID": 859401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13122", "title": "[Analysis of the performance of the clamping pads of jet injectors].", "content": "Nine shapes of clamping pads for injector syringes were tried out in the course of mass immunoprophylaxis (34 thousand injections). The reliable locking of injectors was judged about by the frequency and intensity of complications. Optimal shapes of clamping pads were determined, the ones suitable to be used for mass immunoprophylaxis that ensure, alongside a regular performance of high-quality subcutaneous injections, a firm fixation of the injector in the skin at the time of vaccination.", "contents": "[Analysis of the performance of the clamping pads of jet injectors]. Nine shapes of clamping pads for injector syringes were tried out in the course of mass immunoprophylaxis (34 thousand injections). The reliable locking of injectors was judged about by the frequency and intensity of complications. Optimal shapes of clamping pads were determined, the ones suitable to be used for mass immunoprophylaxis that ensure, alongside a regular performance of high-quality subcutaneous injections, a firm fixation of the injector in the skin at the time of vaccination.", "PMID": 859404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13123", "title": "[Apparatus for cryosurgery in gynecology].", "content": "A new cryosurgical apparatus, model AKT-01 for treatment of erosions, uterine cervix polyps, pointed condylomas and for cryocoagulation of the uterine mucosa has been designed. As a refrigerant nitrous oxide is employed in the apparatus. The latter made up of a cryoprobe, a stand and a cylinder with compressed nitrous oxide is mounted on a trolley. The cryogenic action on the tissue is exerted by interchangeable tips cooled down to--70 degrees with the cryogenic action lasting for 2--5 minutes.", "contents": "[Apparatus for cryosurgery in gynecology]. A new cryosurgical apparatus, model AKT-01 for treatment of erosions, uterine cervix polyps, pointed condylomas and for cryocoagulation of the uterine mucosa has been designed. As a refrigerant nitrous oxide is employed in the apparatus. The latter made up of a cryoprobe, a stand and a cylinder with compressed nitrous oxide is mounted on a trolley. The cryogenic action on the tissue is exerted by interchangeable tips cooled down to--70 degrees with the cryogenic action lasting for 2--5 minutes.", "PMID": 859405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13124", "title": "[Optical holography in ophthalmology].", "content": "Physical characteristics of the photography object determining the specificity of the holographic experiment are analyzed and the following procedures are cited, viz. the choice of an optimal wave length for the laser, of the peak exposure length and maximum permissible exposure of the corneal surface to a laser beam illuminating the eye. The data presented in the article may be used in assessing temporo-spatial and power characteristics of the laser units.", "contents": "[Optical holography in ophthalmology]. Physical characteristics of the photography object determining the specificity of the holographic experiment are analyzed and the following procedures are cited, viz. the choice of an optimal wave length for the laser, of the peak exposure length and maximum permissible exposure of the corneal surface to a laser beam illuminating the eye. The data presented in the article may be used in assessing temporo-spatial and power characteristics of the laser units.", "PMID": 859402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13125", "title": "[Means of manufacturing platinum microcathodes with a mirrored operating surface].", "content": "An arc-type discharge in a protective medium was used in manufacturing miniaturized cathodes with mirror working surface for memranous PO2 sesnsors. The obtaine thereby spherical fused end of the platinum wire has a diameter measuring from 35 to 120 micronm, being dependent both on the length of the wire and on the magnitude of the applied discharge voltage. Platinum should be fused into the glass capillary tube in the oxidizing zone of the flame.", "contents": "[Means of manufacturing platinum microcathodes with a mirrored operating surface]. An arc-type discharge in a protective medium was used in manufacturing miniaturized cathodes with mirror working surface for memranous PO2 sesnsors. The obtaine thereby spherical fused end of the platinum wire has a diameter measuring from 35 to 120 micronm, being dependent both on the length of the wire and on the magnitude of the applied discharge voltage. Platinum should be fused into the glass capillary tube in the oxidizing zone of the flame.", "PMID": 859408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13126", "title": "[An extracorporeal blood-correcting device].", "content": "An apparatus \"artificial kidney\" has been constructed to improve the equipment for controlling and regulating the blood composition in the extracorporeal loop. The apparatus provides for regeneration of the dialyzing solution, ensures individual action on the blood composition, eliminates the discharge from the body of such useful substances as vitamins and amino acids and reduces the consumption of the dialyzing solution. The unit is intended for treating patients with chronic renal insufficiency.", "contents": "[An extracorporeal blood-correcting device]. An apparatus \"artificial kidney\" has been constructed to improve the equipment for controlling and regulating the blood composition in the extracorporeal loop. The apparatus provides for regeneration of the dialyzing solution, ensures individual action on the blood composition, eliminates the discharge from the body of such useful substances as vitamins and amino acids and reduces the consumption of the dialyzing solution. The unit is intended for treating patients with chronic renal insufficiency.", "PMID": 859409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13127", "title": "[Present state and prospects for the development of medical mass spectrometry].", "content": "The Soviet-made mass-spectrometer, model MX-6202 has a number of features that distinguish it from foreign-made devices. The experience with its operation suggests it to be a promising piece of equipment in evaluating the state of gas exchange in the organism, the one that will find wide application in the medical practice. The progress of the mass-spectrometric technique clears the way for detailed, in-depth medical and medico-biological research.", "contents": "[Present state and prospects for the development of medical mass spectrometry]. The Soviet-made mass-spectrometer, model MX-6202 has a number of features that distinguish it from foreign-made devices. The experience with its operation suggests it to be a promising piece of equipment in evaluating the state of gas exchange in the organism, the one that will find wide application in the medical practice. The progress of the mass-spectrometric technique clears the way for detailed, in-depth medical and medico-biological research.", "PMID": 859412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13128", "title": "Factor IX levels in patients with hemophilia B (Christmas disease) following transfusion with concentrates of factor IX or fresh frozen plasma (FFP).", "content": "There has been no systematic re-examination of variables that may affect the level and duration of response of patients with hemophilia B (Christmas disease) to transfusion. Therefore, 49 of our transfusion episodes and 171 previously reported transfusions were evaluated. Mean calculated initial increase of Factor IX levels (delta %/unit (U) of procoagulant activity infused/kg) was 0.82 +/- 0.09% (mean +/-S.E.) in previously reported cases and 1.01 +/- 0.13% in our patients, after transfusion of concentrate; but only 0.05 +/- 0.11% after fresh frozen plasma (FFP). Response was not altered by acute hemorrhage, baseline Factor IX levels, or body weight. Proplex (Hyland) and Konyne (Cutter) produced similar responses. Following transfusion, the disappearance curve was biphasic. The mean T1/2 for the second component was 27.5 hrs, but the direct T1/2 was only 6.4 +/- 1.0 hr. Regardless of common clinical variables, increase of Factor IX following transfusion of American concentrates is 1.0% (or 0.01 U)/1 administered/kg. Appropriate frequency of transfusion depends upon an understanding of the biphasic disappearance of Factor IX. Importantly, the initial frequency of transfusion therapy should be based on a direct T1/2 of only 6 to 8 hrs.", "contents": "Factor IX levels in patients with hemophilia B (Christmas disease) following transfusion with concentrates of factor IX or fresh frozen plasma (FFP). There has been no systematic re-examination of variables that may affect the level and duration of response of patients with hemophilia B (Christmas disease) to transfusion. Therefore, 49 of our transfusion episodes and 171 previously reported transfusions were evaluated. Mean calculated initial increase of Factor IX levels (delta %/unit (U) of procoagulant activity infused/kg) was 0.82 +/- 0.09% (mean +/-S.E.) in previously reported cases and 1.01 +/- 0.13% in our patients, after transfusion of concentrate; but only 0.05 +/- 0.11% after fresh frozen plasma (FFP). Response was not altered by acute hemorrhage, baseline Factor IX levels, or body weight. Proplex (Hyland) and Konyne (Cutter) produced similar responses. Following transfusion, the disappearance curve was biphasic. The mean T1/2 for the second component was 27.5 hrs, but the direct T1/2 was only 6.4 +/- 1.0 hr. Regardless of common clinical variables, increase of Factor IX following transfusion of American concentrates is 1.0% (or 0.01 U)/1 administered/kg. Appropriate frequency of transfusion depends upon an understanding of the biphasic disappearance of Factor IX. Importantly, the initial frequency of transfusion therapy should be based on a direct T1/2 of only 6 to 8 hrs.", "PMID": 859444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13129", "title": "Body fat and adipose tissue cellularity in infants: a longitudinal study.", "content": "Body fat, fat cell size, and fat cell number were determined in a longitudinal study on 16 normal-weight infants during the age period 1-18 mo. The methods used included whole-body counting of 40K for determination of body fat and adipose tissue biopsies. A new method of calculation of body fat in infants is presented. No sex differences were found. Body fat expressed as per cent of body weight increased from 16.2% to 28.1%. From 1 to 12 mo of age the expansion of body fat was explained by and increase in fat cell size, while in the age period 12-18 mo it was mainly due to an increase in fat cell number. At 18 mo lthe fat cell size was the same as in 8-yr-old girls and 22-yr-old women (normal-weight females previously studied). The fat cell number at 18 mo, however, was far below the number at 8 yr of age, as well as the still higher number of the 22-yr-old women.", "contents": "Body fat and adipose tissue cellularity in infants: a longitudinal study. Body fat, fat cell size, and fat cell number were determined in a longitudinal study on 16 normal-weight infants during the age period 1-18 mo. The methods used included whole-body counting of 40K for determination of body fat and adipose tissue biopsies. A new method of calculation of body fat in infants is presented. No sex differences were found. Body fat expressed as per cent of body weight increased from 16.2% to 28.1%. From 1 to 12 mo of age the expansion of body fat was explained by and increase in fat cell size, while in the age period 12-18 mo it was mainly due to an increase in fat cell number. At 18 mo lthe fat cell size was the same as in 8-yr-old girls and 22-yr-old women (normal-weight females previously studied). The fat cell number at 18 mo, however, was far below the number at 8 yr of age, as well as the still higher number of the 22-yr-old women.", "PMID": 859445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13130", "title": "Effect of hyper- and hypothyroidism on platelet monoamine oxidase activity and serotonin metabolism.", "content": "We evaluated platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in 13 hyperthyroid and 9 hypothyroid patients. The platelet MAO activity of these patients did not differ from that of age- and sex-matched euthyroid control subjects. Nineteen hyperthyroid and twelve hypothyroid subjects had serum serotonin concentrations similar to those of age- and sex-matched euthyroid control subjects. We also determined the urinary excretion of 5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid (5-HlAA), serotonin, tryptamine, and tyramine in five hyperthyroid and four hypothyroid subjects. Two hyperthyroid patients had increased tyramine excretion; one of these patients also had increased tryptamine excretion. Three hypothyroid patients and one hyperthyroid patients had slightly decreased serotonin excretion. Both the hyper- and the hypothyroid subjects had normal urinary 5-HIAA excretion. There was no relationship between platelet MAO activity and monoamine excretion in the patients with thyroid dysfunction. We conclude that there is no systematic change in platelet MAO activity or serum serotonin concentration in patients with hyper- or hypothyroidism.", "contents": "Effect of hyper- and hypothyroidism on platelet monoamine oxidase activity and serotonin metabolism. We evaluated platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in 13 hyperthyroid and 9 hypothyroid patients. The platelet MAO activity of these patients did not differ from that of age- and sex-matched euthyroid control subjects. Nineteen hyperthyroid and twelve hypothyroid subjects had serum serotonin concentrations similar to those of age- and sex-matched euthyroid control subjects. We also determined the urinary excretion of 5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid (5-HlAA), serotonin, tryptamine, and tyramine in five hyperthyroid and four hypothyroid subjects. Two hyperthyroid patients had increased tyramine excretion; one of these patients also had increased tryptamine excretion. Three hypothyroid patients and one hyperthyroid patients had slightly decreased serotonin excretion. Both the hyper- and the hypothyroid subjects had normal urinary 5-HIAA excretion. There was no relationship between platelet MAO activity and monoamine excretion in the patients with thyroid dysfunction. We conclude that there is no systematic change in platelet MAO activity or serum serotonin concentration in patients with hyper- or hypothyroidism.", "PMID": 859446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13131", "title": "Relation between delayed skin reactivity and macrophage migration inhibition or lymphocyte transformation in tuberculin-type hypersensitivity and Jones-Mote hypersensitivity.", "content": "Precise time-course studies on delayed skin reaction, lymphocyte transformation and macrophage migration inhibition were carried out from day 3 to 270 and from day 3 to 120, respectively, in guinea pigs immunized with bovine gamma-globulin (BGG) in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and those immunized with BGG in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA). a) Delayed skin reactions could be elicited for a long period of time after immunization with BGG in CFA in the presence of prominent antibody production and were accompanied by induration. b) Delayed reactions could be elicited transiently after immunization with BGG in IFA and were not accompanied by induration. c) At the peak of hypersensitivity, infiltrating cells at the reaction sites were composed largely of mononuclear cells and basophils, respectively, in the animals immunized with BGG and CFA and those immunized with BGG in IFA. d) Uptake of 3H-thymidine by lymphocytes was increased remarkably in the presence of BGG when cells were obtained at early stages after immunization by both methods. e) Macrophage migration inhibition was strongly positive in animals immunized with BGG in CFA but weakly positive in those immunized with BGG in IFA. Increased lymphocyte transformation preceded the appearance of positive migration inhibition. f) After immunization with BGG in CFA, Jones-Mote hypersensitivity appeared to precede the development of tuberculin-type hypersensitivity.", "contents": "Relation between delayed skin reactivity and macrophage migration inhibition or lymphocyte transformation in tuberculin-type hypersensitivity and Jones-Mote hypersensitivity. Precise time-course studies on delayed skin reaction, lymphocyte transformation and macrophage migration inhibition were carried out from day 3 to 270 and from day 3 to 120, respectively, in guinea pigs immunized with bovine gamma-globulin (BGG) in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and those immunized with BGG in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA). a) Delayed skin reactions could be elicited for a long period of time after immunization with BGG in CFA in the presence of prominent antibody production and were accompanied by induration. b) Delayed reactions could be elicited transiently after immunization with BGG in IFA and were not accompanied by induration. c) At the peak of hypersensitivity, infiltrating cells at the reaction sites were composed largely of mononuclear cells and basophils, respectively, in the animals immunized with BGG and CFA and those immunized with BGG in IFA. d) Uptake of 3H-thymidine by lymphocytes was increased remarkably in the presence of BGG when cells were obtained at early stages after immunization by both methods. e) Macrophage migration inhibition was strongly positive in animals immunized with BGG in CFA but weakly positive in those immunized with BGG in IFA. Increased lymphocyte transformation preceded the appearance of positive migration inhibition. f) After immunization with BGG in CFA, Jones-Mote hypersensitivity appeared to precede the development of tuberculin-type hypersensitivity.", "PMID": 859455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13132", "title": "[Participation of sulfate reducing bacteria in copper precipitation].", "content": "Chemical precipitation of copper by hydrogen sulphide at three values of pH (3.0; 5.0; 7.0) did not result in complete elimination of the metal from a solution. If sulphate reducing bacteria and a source of organic substance, for instance, disintegrated reed, are introduced into the medium, the microorganisms begin to grow, the redox potential decreases, hydrogen sulphide is formed, and copper is completely eliminated from a solution within 10--15 days in model experiments.", "contents": "[Participation of sulfate reducing bacteria in copper precipitation]. Chemical precipitation of copper by hydrogen sulphide at three values of pH (3.0; 5.0; 7.0) did not result in complete elimination of the metal from a solution. If sulphate reducing bacteria and a source of organic substance, for instance, disintegrated reed, are introduced into the medium, the microorganisms begin to grow, the redox potential decreases, hydrogen sulphide is formed, and copper is completely eliminated from a solution within 10--15 days in model experiments.", "PMID": 859457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13133", "title": "[Repair of damage caused by 313 nm light and photoprotection in Candida guilliermondii].", "content": "The study of the effect of near-UV light (300-380 nm) on the yeast Candida guilliermondii has shown that certain doses of 313 nm light cause inactivation which is reversible after the cells have been kept for some time in a non-nutrient medium. The findings suggest a different nature of the lesions resulting in killing the cells irradiated with light of 313 and 254 nm. The data obtained are interpreted in terms of a new, yet unknown, repair mechanism, other than the classical dark reparation, which is involved in the recovery of cells inactivated by light of 313 nm. Non-lethal doses at 313 nm induce photoprotection of the cells against UV lesions. The effect was compared with the photoprotection described in literature, and was found to be different.", "contents": "[Repair of damage caused by 313 nm light and photoprotection in Candida guilliermondii]. The study of the effect of near-UV light (300-380 nm) on the yeast Candida guilliermondii has shown that certain doses of 313 nm light cause inactivation which is reversible after the cells have been kept for some time in a non-nutrient medium. The findings suggest a different nature of the lesions resulting in killing the cells irradiated with light of 313 and 254 nm. The data obtained are interpreted in terms of a new, yet unknown, repair mechanism, other than the classical dark reparation, which is involved in the recovery of cells inactivated by light of 313 nm. Non-lethal doses at 313 nm induce photoprotection of the cells against UV lesions. The effect was compared with the photoprotection described in literature, and was found to be different.", "PMID": 859465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13134", "title": "The obstetric performance of the grand multipara.", "content": "The computerized records of all women delivered between July, 1974, and June, 1975, at the Mater Mothers' Hospital were analysed, and the obstetric complications associated with grand multiparity were examined. Hypertension, preeclampsia, unstable lie, malpresentation and retained placenta are found to be more common in women of high parity. The low morbidity associated with these conditions in the data may have been related to the close supervision and active management carried out. Anaemia remained more frequent in the grand multiparous women despite modern antenatal care. Hypertension in the grand multiparous women could not be explained by age in the data presented. The cause for hypertension in this group of women remains obscure. Newborn babies of grand multiparas developed neonatal jaundice more frequently. The association between jaundice and oxytocic usage in the data only partially accounted for this observation.", "contents": "The obstetric performance of the grand multipara. The computerized records of all women delivered between July, 1974, and June, 1975, at the Mater Mothers' Hospital were analysed, and the obstetric complications associated with grand multiparity were examined. Hypertension, preeclampsia, unstable lie, malpresentation and retained placenta are found to be more common in women of high parity. The low morbidity associated with these conditions in the data may have been related to the close supervision and active management carried out. Anaemia remained more frequent in the grand multiparous women despite modern antenatal care. Hypertension in the grand multiparous women could not be explained by age in the data presented. The cause for hypertension in this group of women remains obscure. Newborn babies of grand multiparas developed neonatal jaundice more frequently. The association between jaundice and oxytocic usage in the data only partially accounted for this observation.", "PMID": 859474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13135", "title": "Some comments on heart valve testing and other observations.", "content": "Testing of cardiac valve prostheses has been conducted primarily to ascertain flow patterns, fatigue, and thrombogenicity. The authors present their observations on valve dynamics, strain factors, and clinical correlations resulting from extensive experience in testing valve prostheses. They emphasize the need to retest valves that have undergone even minor modification.", "contents": "Some comments on heart valve testing and other observations. Testing of cardiac valve prostheses has been conducted primarily to ascertain flow patterns, fatigue, and thrombogenicity. The authors present their observations on valve dynamics, strain factors, and clinical correlations resulting from extensive experience in testing valve prostheses. They emphasize the need to retest valves that have undergone even minor modification.", "PMID": 859468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13136", "title": "Papilloedema in an adolescent due to tetracycline.", "content": "Benign intracranial hypertension due to tetracycline is described in an adolescent female. Complete resolution of the condition occurred when the drug was withdrawn.", "contents": "Papilloedema in an adolescent due to tetracycline. Benign intracranial hypertension due to tetracycline is described in an adolescent female. Complete resolution of the condition occurred when the drug was withdrawn.", "PMID": 859475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13137", "title": "A pulsatile flow study comparing the Hancock porcine xenograft aortic valve prostheses models 242 and 250.", "content": "A modified version of the Hancock porcine xenograft aortic valve bioprosthesis has recently been introduced into clinical use. In this valve, the leaflet containing the septal shelf has been replaced by a leaflet from another valve, thus increasing the effective orifice area of the prosthesis without changing its external dimensions. Modified valves (model 250) have been subjected to pulsatile flow studies and compared to similar studies carried out on the current aortic valve xenografts (model 242) over a range of sizes (19-25 mm). The new model 250 valves caused significantly lower pressure drops or gradients than those of the previous model. They also allowed between 33 percent and 45 percent more flow (depending on size) at a gradient of 20 mmHg than did the model 242 valves. These results indicate that the new valves hould have clear clinical advantages over the current prostheses.", "contents": "A pulsatile flow study comparing the Hancock porcine xenograft aortic valve prostheses models 242 and 250. A modified version of the Hancock porcine xenograft aortic valve bioprosthesis has recently been introduced into clinical use. In this valve, the leaflet containing the septal shelf has been replaced by a leaflet from another valve, thus increasing the effective orifice area of the prosthesis without changing its external dimensions. Modified valves (model 250) have been subjected to pulsatile flow studies and compared to similar studies carried out on the current aortic valve xenografts (model 242) over a range of sizes (19-25 mm). The new model 250 valves caused significantly lower pressure drops or gradients than those of the previous model. They also allowed between 33 percent and 45 percent more flow (depending on size) at a gradient of 20 mmHg than did the model 242 valves. These results indicate that the new valves hould have clear clinical advantages over the current prostheses.", "PMID": 859469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13138", "title": "Drug analysis in the overdosed patient: its application to clinical toxicology.", "content": "A study was made of 187 patients suffering from overdosage by means of clinical records and drug analysis. Drugs were detected in 152 patients. The groups of drugs most frequently involved in these patients were sedatives (51-7%), tricyclic antidepressants (21-8%) and analgesics (11-2%). This overall pattern differed little from that determined by clinical diagnosis. However, discrepancies between clinical diagnosis and laboratory analysis were found in 43 patients. A retrospective assessment was made from clinical records of the influence of drug assay results upon clinical management. Decisions as to the need for admission to hospital and decisions relating to the management of patients suffering from overdoses of analgesics and tricyclic antidepressants were aided by drug analysis.", "contents": "Drug analysis in the overdosed patient: its application to clinical toxicology. A study was made of 187 patients suffering from overdosage by means of clinical records and drug analysis. Drugs were detected in 152 patients. The groups of drugs most frequently involved in these patients were sedatives (51-7%), tricyclic antidepressants (21-8%) and analgesics (11-2%). This overall pattern differed little from that determined by clinical diagnosis. However, discrepancies between clinical diagnosis and laboratory analysis were found in 43 patients. A retrospective assessment was made from clinical records of the influence of drug assay results upon clinical management. Decisions as to the need for admission to hospital and decisions relating to the management of patients suffering from overdoses of analgesics and tricyclic antidepressants were aided by drug analysis.", "PMID": 859482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13139", "title": "Burkitt's lymphoma in Australia.", "content": "An Australian case of Burkitt's lymphoma is reported. The clinical features of large ovarian masses and subsequent bone marrow invasion, as well as the results of investigations related to the Epstein-Barr virus, were more consistent with the American than the African type of Burkitt's lymphoma. After a good initial response to cyclophosphamide and vincristine, the tumour rapidly became resistant to these and other therapeutic measures and the patient died 10 months after diagnosis.", "contents": "Burkitt's lymphoma in Australia. An Australian case of Burkitt's lymphoma is reported. The clinical features of large ovarian masses and subsequent bone marrow invasion, as well as the results of investigations related to the Epstein-Barr virus, were more consistent with the American than the African type of Burkitt's lymphoma. After a good initial response to cyclophosphamide and vincristine, the tumour rapidly became resistant to these and other therapeutic measures and the patient died 10 months after diagnosis.", "PMID": 859483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13140", "title": "Immunization with influenza vaccine in patients with haematological malignant disease.", "content": "Fifty-eight patients with a variety of haematological lymphoproliferative or myeloproliferative disorders were given bivalent subunit influenza virus vaccine, and their antibody responses after vaccination were compared with those of a normal control group. Although geometric mean titres of the patient group showed lower initial antibody levels, smaller increments, and lower final titres, after vaccination 83% of this group achieved satisfactory antibody levels to the A/Pt Chalmers strain, and 57% to the B/Hong Kong strain. The lowest antibody levels and smallest responses occurred in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, and multiple myeloma. Four of seven patients who showed low antibody levels, and no response to the first injection, responded to a second dose.", "contents": "Immunization with influenza vaccine in patients with haematological malignant disease. Fifty-eight patients with a variety of haematological lymphoproliferative or myeloproliferative disorders were given bivalent subunit influenza virus vaccine, and their antibody responses after vaccination were compared with those of a normal control group. Although geometric mean titres of the patient group showed lower initial antibody levels, smaller increments, and lower final titres, after vaccination 83% of this group achieved satisfactory antibody levels to the A/Pt Chalmers strain, and 57% to the B/Hong Kong strain. The lowest antibody levels and smallest responses occurred in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, and multiple myeloma. Four of seven patients who showed low antibody levels, and no response to the first injection, responded to a second dose.", "PMID": 859489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13141", "title": "Amodiaquine agranulocytosis.", "content": "A case of profound neutropenia and severe infection after the administration of amodiaquine is presented. The recommended dose for malaria prophylaxis was administered.", "contents": "Amodiaquine agranulocytosis. A case of profound neutropenia and severe infection after the administration of amodiaquine is presented. The recommended dose for malaria prophylaxis was administered.", "PMID": 859490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13142", "title": "The substance reacting with SRBC (sheep red blood cells) and rabbit IgG. Isolation under mild conditions from rat thymus.", "content": "A factor reacting with SRBC and rabbit IgG was obtained under mild conditions from rat thymus and spleen. The isolation procedure includes incubation of thymocytes or splenocytes with IgG-cellulose adsorbent, destruction of cells, washing the adsorbent and elution of an adsorbed material at pH 2. This preparation as well as the purified substance previously obtained by affinity chromatography on IgG-cellulose columns were found to agglutinate both SRBC and autologous erythrocytes. Preincubation in 1% SDS leads to dissociation of the preparation into several components separated by gel electrophoresis. A probable relation of this structure to the rosette forming capacity of T-lymphocytes is discussed.", "contents": "The substance reacting with SRBC (sheep red blood cells) and rabbit IgG. Isolation under mild conditions from rat thymus. A factor reacting with SRBC and rabbit IgG was obtained under mild conditions from rat thymus and spleen. The isolation procedure includes incubation of thymocytes or splenocytes with IgG-cellulose adsorbent, destruction of cells, washing the adsorbent and elution of an adsorbed material at pH 2. This preparation as well as the purified substance previously obtained by affinity chromatography on IgG-cellulose columns were found to agglutinate both SRBC and autologous erythrocytes. Preincubation in 1% SDS leads to dissociation of the preparation into several components separated by gel electrophoresis. A probable relation of this structure to the rosette forming capacity of T-lymphocytes is discussed.", "PMID": 859501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13143", "title": "Repetitive sequences and hairpin-like structures in giant RNA of pigeon erythroid cells.", "content": "In giant molecules (greater than 45 S) of HnRNA from pigeon bone marrow and peripheral blood erythroid cells a correlation is demonstrated between the amounts of hairpin-like structures and the sequences transcribed from the DNA repetitions. The same correlation is observed in the greater than 45 S poly(A)+ and poly(A)- subfractions.", "contents": "Repetitive sequences and hairpin-like structures in giant RNA of pigeon erythroid cells. In giant molecules (greater than 45 S) of HnRNA from pigeon bone marrow and peripheral blood erythroid cells a correlation is demonstrated between the amounts of hairpin-like structures and the sequences transcribed from the DNA repetitions. The same correlation is observed in the greater than 45 S poly(A)+ and poly(A)- subfractions.", "PMID": 859502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13144", "title": "[On the psychosomatic theory of asthma bronchiale. A review (author's transl)].", "content": "Following a review of classical psychosomatic theory on asthma bronchiale new research findings leading to a revised formulation of an actual psyschosomatic concept of this disease are reviewed. Furthermore results of different research studies in the literature using behavior modification methods and structural family therapy are presented. Finally, clinical implications of the findings reviewed are proposed.", "contents": "[On the psychosomatic theory of asthma bronchiale. A review (author's transl)]. Following a review of classical psychosomatic theory on asthma bronchiale new research findings leading to a revised formulation of an actual psyschosomatic concept of this disease are reviewed. Furthermore results of different research studies in the literature using behavior modification methods and structural family therapy are presented. Finally, clinical implications of the findings reviewed are proposed.", "PMID": 859504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13145", "title": "[Potentially uropathogenic enterobacteria on the periurethral mucosa of urologically normal individuals (author's transl)].", "content": "Swabs from the periurethra from 160 urologically normal individuals, male and female, of various age groups were examined for potentially uropathogenic enterobacteria. Children from 0--3 years constantly showed (100%) high numbers of different enterobacteria. The frequency of identification and the number of these bacteria diminished abruptly with advancing age. In adult women we found a prevalence of 15%. The periurethral flora with regard to enterobacteria is probably the result of a dynamic equilibrium between contamination and elimination. The important role of contamination is documented by the massive seeding in the 0--3 years age group and the abrupt diminuition after successful bowel training. The mechanism of elimination is unknown. Personal hygiene, the pH of the periurethral mucosa, a special antibacterial substance and the ecological equilibrium of the periurethral flora are discussed as possible factors.", "contents": "[Potentially uropathogenic enterobacteria on the periurethral mucosa of urologically normal individuals (author's transl)]. Swabs from the periurethra from 160 urologically normal individuals, male and female, of various age groups were examined for potentially uropathogenic enterobacteria. Children from 0--3 years constantly showed (100%) high numbers of different enterobacteria. The frequency of identification and the number of these bacteria diminished abruptly with advancing age. In adult women we found a prevalence of 15%. The periurethral flora with regard to enterobacteria is probably the result of a dynamic equilibrium between contamination and elimination. The important role of contamination is documented by the massive seeding in the 0--3 years age group and the abrupt diminuition after successful bowel training. The mechanism of elimination is unknown. Personal hygiene, the pH of the periurethral mucosa, a special antibacterial substance and the ecological equilibrium of the periurethral flora are discussed as possible factors.", "PMID": 859505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13146", "title": "[Aplasia and hypoplasia of the lung (author's transl)].", "content": "The different forms of aplasia and hypoplasia of the lung are described. Differences in anatomic structure, prognosis and concomitant congenital anomalies suggest two special forms of hypoplasia of the lung: a) aplasia of one lobe of a lung with hypoplasia of the rest of the lung--b) hypoplasia of all parts of a lung. Bronchographic and angiographic studies are necessary for the differentiation between the special forms of hypoplasia of a lung and diseases with similar radiographic findings. The possible combination of hypoplasia of one lung with ipsilateral anomalies is pointed out.", "contents": "[Aplasia and hypoplasia of the lung (author's transl)]. The different forms of aplasia and hypoplasia of the lung are described. Differences in anatomic structure, prognosis and concomitant congenital anomalies suggest two special forms of hypoplasia of the lung: a) aplasia of one lobe of a lung with hypoplasia of the rest of the lung--b) hypoplasia of all parts of a lung. Bronchographic and angiographic studies are necessary for the differentiation between the special forms of hypoplasia of a lung and diseases with similar radiographic findings. The possible combination of hypoplasia of one lung with ipsilateral anomalies is pointed out.", "PMID": 859506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13147", "title": "[A short-term test using DDAVP for determination of the renal concentration capacity (author's transl)].", "content": "A short-term test to determine renal concentrating ability without any water deprivation has been described. It consists of osmolatity determinations in three onehour urine portions from spontaneous voidings following an intranasal application of 7 microng of the synthetic analogue of vasopressin-DDAVP per 0,5 m2 body surface. The values of maximal urine osmalatity over 900 mosm/Kg H2O following DDAVP are considered normal whereas values under 600 mosm are consistent with impaired renal function. If, however, the maximal urine osmolality is in the so called \"uncertain range\" i.e. from 600 to 900 mosm, it is advisable to perform in the same patients also the classical concentration test based on a prolonged dehydration (26 h).", "contents": "[A short-term test using DDAVP for determination of the renal concentration capacity (author's transl)]. A short-term test to determine renal concentrating ability without any water deprivation has been described. It consists of osmolatity determinations in three onehour urine portions from spontaneous voidings following an intranasal application of 7 microng of the synthetic analogue of vasopressin-DDAVP per 0,5 m2 body surface. The values of maximal urine osmalatity over 900 mosm/Kg H2O following DDAVP are considered normal whereas values under 600 mosm are consistent with impaired renal function. If, however, the maximal urine osmolality is in the so called \"uncertain range\" i.e. from 600 to 900 mosm, it is advisable to perform in the same patients also the classical concentration test based on a prolonged dehydration (26 h).", "PMID": 859507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13148", "title": "[Experiences with the hyperoxia test in neonates and infants with congenital heart malformations (author's transl)].", "content": "Hyperoxia test with arterialized capillary blood was performed in 63 neonates and infants suffering from congenital heart defect with shunt. The lowest values were found in neonates with transposition of the great arteries without major systemic-pulmonary shunt. In cases with left to right shunt requiring surgical intervention the pO2 increased less than in those not needing operation. Observations with this non-invasive mentod proved valuable in early recogniton of congenital heart defect of neonates and infants requiring urgent surgical treatment.", "contents": "[Experiences with the hyperoxia test in neonates and infants with congenital heart malformations (author's transl)]. Hyperoxia test with arterialized capillary blood was performed in 63 neonates and infants suffering from congenital heart defect with shunt. The lowest values were found in neonates with transposition of the great arteries without major systemic-pulmonary shunt. In cases with left to right shunt requiring surgical intervention the pO2 increased less than in those not needing operation. Observations with this non-invasive mentod proved valuable in early recogniton of congenital heart defect of neonates and infants requiring urgent surgical treatment.", "PMID": 859508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13149", "title": "Chilamydia trachomatis infection in patients with acute salpingitis.", "content": "We examined the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in the cervix and the fallopian tubes of patients with acute salpingitis. Cycloheximide-treated McCoy cells were used as the growth medium. For purposes of comparison, women with infections confined to the lower genital tract and women without signs of genital infections were also studied. C. trachomatis was isolated from the cervix in 19 of 53 patients with acute salpingitis, in one of 18 lower-genital-tract infections and in none of 12 without signs of genital infection. C. trachomatis was recovered from six of the 20 valid specimens from the fallopian tubes of the patients with acute salpingitis. Our results indicate that chlamydia is a common etiologic agent in acute salpingitis.", "contents": "Chilamydia trachomatis infection in patients with acute salpingitis. We examined the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in the cervix and the fallopian tubes of patients with acute salpingitis. Cycloheximide-treated McCoy cells were used as the growth medium. For purposes of comparison, women with infections confined to the lower genital tract and women without signs of genital infections were also studied. C. trachomatis was isolated from the cervix in 19 of 53 patients with acute salpingitis, in one of 18 lower-genital-tract infections and in none of 12 without signs of genital infection. C. trachomatis was recovered from six of the 20 valid specimens from the fallopian tubes of the patients with acute salpingitis. Our results indicate that chlamydia is a common etiologic agent in acute salpingitis.", "PMID": 859544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13150", "title": "Electrophoresis along cell membranes.", "content": "Bioelectric fields may segregate charged components floating in the plasma membranes of cells by a process of electrophoresis along the membrane. Molecules in cell membranes may be sorted to different portions of the cell surface by such electrical gradients. We present here a theory to support this hypothesis.", "contents": "Electrophoresis along cell membranes. Bioelectric fields may segregate charged components floating in the plasma membranes of cells by a process of electrophoresis along the membrane. Molecules in cell membranes may be sorted to different portions of the cell surface by such electrical gradients. We present here a theory to support this hypothesis.", "PMID": 859558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13151", "title": "Electrophoresis of concanavalin A receptors along embryonic muscle cell membrane.", "content": "Fluorescent concanavalin A (con A)-labelling showed that an electric field of 4 V cm-1 grossly redistributed con A receptors alone the plasma membranes of living muscle cells within 4 h. This field produced a voltage drop of 12 mV across these 30 micronm-wide cells. The movement of receptors was independent of cell metabolism and seemed to be electrophoretic in nature.", "contents": "Electrophoresis of concanavalin A receptors along embryonic muscle cell membrane. Fluorescent concanavalin A (con A)-labelling showed that an electric field of 4 V cm-1 grossly redistributed con A receptors alone the plasma membranes of living muscle cells within 4 h. This field produced a voltage drop of 12 mV across these 30 micronm-wide cells. The movement of receptors was independent of cell metabolism and seemed to be electrophoretic in nature.", "PMID": 859559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13152", "title": "DNA sequence of a region of the phi X174 genome coding for a ribosome binding site.", "content": "The DNA region corresponding to a newly identified ribosome binding site in phi X174 DNA is sequenced and mapped in relation to the physical map of phi X174. Assignments of the binding site to a specific gene are discussed, and the possibility of a second case of overlapping genes in phi X174 is considered.", "contents": "DNA sequence of a region of the phi X174 genome coding for a ribosome binding site. The DNA region corresponding to a newly identified ribosome binding site in phi X174 DNA is sequenced and mapped in relation to the physical map of phi X174. Assignments of the binding site to a specific gene are discussed, and the possibility of a second case of overlapping genes in phi X174 is considered.", "PMID": 859573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13153", "title": "Isolation and characterisation of the phiX174 ribosome binding sites.", "content": "Sequence information for four RNA ribosome binding sites has been obtained from phiX174 phiRNA synthesised in vitro. The ribosome binding sites have been assigned to sites on the phiX174 genome by comparison with known DNA sequence data.", "contents": "Isolation and characterisation of the phiX174 ribosome binding sites. Sequence information for four RNA ribosome binding sites has been obtained from phiX174 phiRNA synthesised in vitro. The ribosome binding sites have been assigned to sites on the phiX174 genome by comparison with known DNA sequence data.", "PMID": 859574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13154", "title": "Collagen-mineral axial relationship in calcified turkey leg tendon by X-ray and neutron diffraction.", "content": "The axial relationship between the collagen and mineral componetns in calcified turkey leg tendon was investigated using low-angle X-ray and neutron diffraction. The results indicate that the mineral is arranged with the same axial periodicity as the collagen and occupies the gap region of the collagen structure.", "contents": "Collagen-mineral axial relationship in calcified turkey leg tendon by X-ray and neutron diffraction. The axial relationship between the collagen and mineral componetns in calcified turkey leg tendon was investigated using low-angle X-ray and neutron diffraction. The results indicate that the mineral is arranged with the same axial periodicity as the collagen and occupies the gap region of the collagen structure.", "PMID": 859610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13155", "title": "Irreversible binding of 3-14C-antipyrine to hepatic protein in vivo and in metabolizing liver microsomes.", "content": "After i.p. injection of 3-14C-antipyrine (10 micronmole = 1.9 mg with 10 micronCi per 10 g of body weight) to mice radioactivity was irreversibly bound to liver proteins. The irreversible binding reached maximal values of 0.15 nmole/mg protein in liver microsomes after 30-60 min. During 60 min incubation with liver microsomes of mice and rabbits (phenobarbital pretreated) and a NAKPH-regenerating system 3-14C-antipyrine was irreversibly bound to microsomal protein at a rate of 1.5 nmole/mg protein (mouse) and 3 nmole/mg protein (rabbit). In identical incubates with rabbit liver microsomes the 4-hydroxylation of antipyrine was 24 nmole/mg protein in 60 min and formaldehyde production from antipyrine 3 nmole/mg protein in 60 min. In incubates with rabbit liver microsomes the binding rate was 80-90% inhibited by 1mM metyrapone, SKF 525-A and trichloropropene epoxide respectively; 4-hydroxylation was 70-80% inhibited by the same substances. In the presence of 1mM GSH, cysteine or ethylene diamine binding was 30-40% inhibited, whereas 4-hydroxylation showed no inhibition.", "contents": "Irreversible binding of 3-14C-antipyrine to hepatic protein in vivo and in metabolizing liver microsomes. After i.p. injection of 3-14C-antipyrine (10 micronmole = 1.9 mg with 10 micronCi per 10 g of body weight) to mice radioactivity was irreversibly bound to liver proteins. The irreversible binding reached maximal values of 0.15 nmole/mg protein in liver microsomes after 30-60 min. During 60 min incubation with liver microsomes of mice and rabbits (phenobarbital pretreated) and a NAKPH-regenerating system 3-14C-antipyrine was irreversibly bound to microsomal protein at a rate of 1.5 nmole/mg protein (mouse) and 3 nmole/mg protein (rabbit). In identical incubates with rabbit liver microsomes the 4-hydroxylation of antipyrine was 24 nmole/mg protein in 60 min and formaldehyde production from antipyrine 3 nmole/mg protein in 60 min. In incubates with rabbit liver microsomes the binding rate was 80-90% inhibited by 1mM metyrapone, SKF 525-A and trichloropropene epoxide respectively; 4-hydroxylation was 70-80% inhibited by the same substances. In the presence of 1mM GSH, cysteine or ethylene diamine binding was 30-40% inhibited, whereas 4-hydroxylation showed no inhibition.", "PMID": 859644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13156", "title": "The effect of 5,6-trans-25-hydroxycholecalciferol in relative vitamin D resistancy.", "content": "The relative vitamin D resistance in patients with chronic renal failure and in those with hypoparathyroidism is due to an impairment of 1-hydroxylation of cholecalciferol. 5,6-trans-25OHCC, which has a similar steric configuration as 1,25(OH)2CC was examined at a daily dose of 18,000 IU fro 14 days in both diseases. Intestinal 47calcium absorption as well as serum calcium level could be normalized in most patients with hypoparathyroidism. The improvement was less in patients with chronic renal failure, suggesting an additional depressing influence of uremia on calcium metabolism.", "contents": "The effect of 5,6-trans-25-hydroxycholecalciferol in relative vitamin D resistancy. The relative vitamin D resistance in patients with chronic renal failure and in those with hypoparathyroidism is due to an impairment of 1-hydroxylation of cholecalciferol. 5,6-trans-25OHCC, which has a similar steric configuration as 1,25(OH)2CC was examined at a daily dose of 18,000 IU fro 14 days in both diseases. Intestinal 47calcium absorption as well as serum calcium level could be normalized in most patients with hypoparathyroidism. The improvement was less in patients with chronic renal failure, suggesting an additional depressing influence of uremia on calcium metabolism.", "PMID": 859645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13157", "title": "Dopamine agonists and interaction with other neurotransmitter systems.", "content": "Studies on the interaction of two dopamine (DA) agonists (selected as most specific): apomorphine (APO) and 1,3-dimethyl-5-aminoadamantane (DMAA) with serotonin (5-HT) and noradrenaline (NA) brain systems have revealed that the drugs induce the activation of 5-HT and NA neurons in an indirect way (via primary DA stimulation). These interactions are relevant for some pharmacological effects of DA agonists.", "contents": "Dopamine agonists and interaction with other neurotransmitter systems. Studies on the interaction of two dopamine (DA) agonists (selected as most specific): apomorphine (APO) and 1,3-dimethyl-5-aminoadamantane (DMAA) with serotonin (5-HT) and noradrenaline (NA) brain systems have revealed that the drugs induce the activation of 5-HT and NA neurons in an indirect way (via primary DA stimulation). These interactions are relevant for some pharmacological effects of DA agonists.", "PMID": 859655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13158", "title": "Prostaglandin and thromboxane biosynthesis inhibitors.", "content": "All acidic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs suppress the activity of microsomal cyclo-oxygenase of arachidonic acid; therefore, these drugs are equipotent inhibitors of prostaglandin and thromboxane generation. A non-acidic anti-inflammatory agent, 1'-(isopropyl-2-indolyl)-3-pyridyl-3-ketone (L 8027), selectively inhibits biosynthesis of thromboxane A2 in blood platelets and in lungs.", "contents": "Prostaglandin and thromboxane biosynthesis inhibitors. All acidic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs suppress the activity of microsomal cyclo-oxygenase of arachidonic acid; therefore, these drugs are equipotent inhibitors of prostaglandin and thromboxane generation. A non-acidic anti-inflammatory agent, 1'-(isopropyl-2-indolyl)-3-pyridyl-3-ketone (L 8027), selectively inhibits biosynthesis of thromboxane A2 in blood platelets and in lungs.", "PMID": 859658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13159", "title": "Mediation of hyperthermia by prostaglandin E2: a new hypothesis.", "content": "In rat hypothalamus prostaglandin (PG) E2, unlike PGF2 or arachidonic acid shared the site of hyperthermic action with E. coli endotoxin. The in vitro catabolism of PGE2 in the hypothalami of endotoxin-treated rats was significantly suppressed. It is proposed that endotoxin fever in rats is due to the inhibition of PGE2 breakdown in the hypothalamus.", "contents": "Mediation of hyperthermia by prostaglandin E2: a new hypothesis. In rat hypothalamus prostaglandin (PG) E2, unlike PGF2 or arachidonic acid shared the site of hyperthermic action with E. coli endotoxin. The in vitro catabolism of PGE2 in the hypothalami of endotoxin-treated rats was significantly suppressed. It is proposed that endotoxin fever in rats is due to the inhibition of PGE2 breakdown in the hypothalamus.", "PMID": 859659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13160", "title": "[Quantitative histochemical study of monoamine oxidase in the rabbit hippocampal formation].", "content": "Distribution of monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the rabbit hippocampal formation was studied using the quantitative histochemical methods. Specific reduction of the nitro-blue tetrazolium was observed in the str. lacunosum-moleculare of hippocampal fields CA1 and CA2 and in str. moleculare of the fascia dentata. There is a large number of myelinated fibres in stratum alveus and Shaffer's collaterals with strong positive reaction. However, large amounts of diformazan were found in this stratum after incubation without a substrate. This and other data on spontaneous reduction of nitro-blue tetrazolium by myelin allow considering that the positive reaction of Glenner in alveus and collateralis of Shaffer is nonspecific. The diformazan in the str. pyramidale and str. granulare is nonspecific too, which was confirmed by preincubation in iproniazide and incubation without a substrate.", "contents": "[Quantitative histochemical study of monoamine oxidase in the rabbit hippocampal formation]. Distribution of monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the rabbit hippocampal formation was studied using the quantitative histochemical methods. Specific reduction of the nitro-blue tetrazolium was observed in the str. lacunosum-moleculare of hippocampal fields CA1 and CA2 and in str. moleculare of the fascia dentata. There is a large number of myelinated fibres in stratum alveus and Shaffer's collaterals with strong positive reaction. However, large amounts of diformazan were found in this stratum after incubation without a substrate. This and other data on spontaneous reduction of nitro-blue tetrazolium by myelin allow considering that the positive reaction of Glenner in alveus and collateralis of Shaffer is nonspecific. The diformazan in the str. pyramidale and str. granulare is nonspecific too, which was confirmed by preincubation in iproniazide and incubation without a substrate.", "PMID": 859668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13161", "title": "[Comparative characteristics of the dendritic spines of the 3 chief zones of the forebrain cortex of steppe and bog turtles].", "content": "A comparative study of dendritic spines in the principal cortical regions of the forebrain was performed for two turtle species by the Golgi and electron-microscopy methods. Common features of spines were revealed for every cortical region of both turtle species. Distribution peculiarities in the proximal, middle and distal sections of the spines, as well as their density, shape, length and ultrastructure were taken into account. Apart from similar features for two turtle species, there are some differences between spines of the same cortical region in Testudo horsfieldi and Emys orbicularis, which might be associated with ecological peculiarities of both species.", "contents": "[Comparative characteristics of the dendritic spines of the 3 chief zones of the forebrain cortex of steppe and bog turtles]. A comparative study of dendritic spines in the principal cortical regions of the forebrain was performed for two turtle species by the Golgi and electron-microscopy methods. Common features of spines were revealed for every cortical region of both turtle species. Distribution peculiarities in the proximal, middle and distal sections of the spines, as well as their density, shape, length and ultrastructure were taken into account. Apart from similar features for two turtle species, there are some differences between spines of the same cortical region in Testudo horsfieldi and Emys orbicularis, which might be associated with ecological peculiarities of both species.", "PMID": 859669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13162", "title": "[Convergence of visceral afferent impulsation on hypothalamic neurons following stimulation of the vagus and splanchnic nerves].", "content": "Responses of single hypothalamic units to stimulation of the vagal, splanchnic and sciatic nerves and to photic stimulation were studied in anaesthetized, curarized cats. Most of the reactive neurons of the posterior and anterior hypothalamus responded to stimulation of vagus and splanchnicus. The pattern of responses of these polysensory units reactive in most cases to sciatic nerve and (or) photic stimulation too, were mainly unidirectional, nonreciprocal and excitatory in case of stimulation of visceral afferents of parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves. Absence of reciprocal responses to stimulation of \"antagonistic\" autonomic nerves and predominance of \"convergence\" units with polysensory inputs suggest that the electrical reaction of most of posterior as well as anterior hypothalamic neurons are of nonspecific \"reticular\" type.", "contents": "[Convergence of visceral afferent impulsation on hypothalamic neurons following stimulation of the vagus and splanchnic nerves]. Responses of single hypothalamic units to stimulation of the vagal, splanchnic and sciatic nerves and to photic stimulation were studied in anaesthetized, curarized cats. Most of the reactive neurons of the posterior and anterior hypothalamus responded to stimulation of vagus and splanchnicus. The pattern of responses of these polysensory units reactive in most cases to sciatic nerve and (or) photic stimulation too, were mainly unidirectional, nonreciprocal and excitatory in case of stimulation of visceral afferents of parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves. Absence of reciprocal responses to stimulation of \"antagonistic\" autonomic nerves and predominance of \"convergence\" units with polysensory inputs suggest that the electrical reaction of most of posterior as well as anterior hypothalamic neurons are of nonspecific \"reticular\" type.", "PMID": 859670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13163", "title": "[Effect of acetylcholine and cholinolytics on the activity of Pacinian corpuscles].", "content": "The effect of acetylcholine and cholinergic antagonists (atropine, d-tubocurarine, hexamethonium) was studied as applied to isolated decapsulated preparations. Acetylcholine (10(-5)-10(-4) g/ml) enhanced the sensitivity of the receptors to mechanical stimuli due to increased excitability of the Ranvier node. The amplitude of the receptor potential decreased. Cholinergic drugs did not block the responses of receptors to mechanical stimuli. The results provide evidence against the role of acetylcholine as a transmitter in the Pacinian corpuscles.", "contents": "[Effect of acetylcholine and cholinolytics on the activity of Pacinian corpuscles]. The effect of acetylcholine and cholinergic antagonists (atropine, d-tubocurarine, hexamethonium) was studied as applied to isolated decapsulated preparations. Acetylcholine (10(-5)-10(-4) g/ml) enhanced the sensitivity of the receptors to mechanical stimuli due to increased excitability of the Ranvier node. The amplitude of the receptor potential decreased. Cholinergic drugs did not block the responses of receptors to mechanical stimuli. The results provide evidence against the role of acetylcholine as a transmitter in the Pacinian corpuscles.", "PMID": 859671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13164", "title": "[Effect of serotonin on neuronal activity in the visual region of the cerebral cortex evoked by direct cortical stimulation].", "content": "Neuronal responses in cortical area 17 evoked by direct stimulation of areas 18 and 19 were investigated in acute experiments on unanesthetized cats. It was found that microiontophoretic application of serotonine changed late components of phasic neuronal responses and influenced the diffuse-tonic responses. The question on serotonin participation in trace responses and regulation of the excitability of visual cortex neurons is discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of serotonin on neuronal activity in the visual region of the cerebral cortex evoked by direct cortical stimulation]. Neuronal responses in cortical area 17 evoked by direct stimulation of areas 18 and 19 were investigated in acute experiments on unanesthetized cats. It was found that microiontophoretic application of serotonine changed late components of phasic neuronal responses and influenced the diffuse-tonic responses. The question on serotonin participation in trace responses and regulation of the excitability of visual cortex neurons is discussed.", "PMID": 859672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13165", "title": "Effect of subtotal parathyroidectomy on dialysis dementia.", "content": "A case of dialysis dementia syndrome is reported which apparently responded to parathyroidectomy. Serial electroencephalograms reflected the changing clinical condition of the patient. Her brain calcium level was elevated which may inplicate secondary hyperparathyroidism as a cause of this neurologic syndrome. Further studies are indicated to elucidate the relationship of this disorder to parathormone excess.", "contents": "Effect of subtotal parathyroidectomy on dialysis dementia. A case of dialysis dementia syndrome is reported which apparently responded to parathyroidectomy. Serial electroencephalograms reflected the changing clinical condition of the patient. Her brain calcium level was elevated which may inplicate secondary hyperparathyroidism as a cause of this neurologic syndrome. Further studies are indicated to elucidate the relationship of this disorder to parathormone excess.", "PMID": 859679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13166", "title": "Post partum renal failure due to progressive systemic sclerosis treated with chronic hemodialysis.", "content": "An unusual case of progressive systemic sclerosis with rapidly progressing renal failure after a successful delivery is described. The presenting syndrome was malignant hypertension. The blood pressure was refractory to the various therapeutic measures which were instituted, including hemodialysis. The patient, therefore, underwent bilateral nephrectomy, following which the blood pressure returned to normal, and she survived on hemodialysis for 17 months. To the best of our knowledge, the patient presented herein is the only reported case of this kind of fetal and maternal salvage.", "contents": "Post partum renal failure due to progressive systemic sclerosis treated with chronic hemodialysis. An unusual case of progressive systemic sclerosis with rapidly progressing renal failure after a successful delivery is described. The presenting syndrome was malignant hypertension. The blood pressure was refractory to the various therapeutic measures which were instituted, including hemodialysis. The patient, therefore, underwent bilateral nephrectomy, following which the blood pressure returned to normal, and she survived on hemodialysis for 17 months. To the best of our knowledge, the patient presented herein is the only reported case of this kind of fetal and maternal salvage.", "PMID": 859680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13167", "title": "Increased incidence of malignancy in chronic renal failure.", "content": "We have analysed the causes of death in a group of patients with chronic renal failure--serum creatinine more that 225 mumol/l (2.5 mg/100 ml)--and find that there is an increased incidence of malignancy when compared with the fatality rates for cancers in England and Wales (p less than 0.0005). No patient in the series had received a transplant kidney or was therapeutically immunosuppressed for other reasons.", "contents": "Increased incidence of malignancy in chronic renal failure. We have analysed the causes of death in a group of patients with chronic renal failure--serum creatinine more that 225 mumol/l (2.5 mg/100 ml)--and find that there is an increased incidence of malignancy when compared with the fatality rates for cancers in England and Wales (p less than 0.0005). No patient in the series had received a transplant kidney or was therapeutically immunosuppressed for other reasons.", "PMID": 859681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13168", "title": "Closed loop dialysis: a complication of the Buselmeier shunt.", "content": "This report describes the development of a coil-fistula closed loop dialysis circuit, excluding the systemic circulation, as a complication of dialysis utilizing a variant of the Buselmeier shunt. This complication might theoretically occur with other types of dialysis circulation access systems. The presence of a closed loop system may be recognized by a rising hematocrit, rising viscosity, and progressive darkening of the blood in the dialysis circuit.", "contents": "Closed loop dialysis: a complication of the Buselmeier shunt. This report describes the development of a coil-fistula closed loop dialysis circuit, excluding the systemic circulation, as a complication of dialysis utilizing a variant of the Buselmeier shunt. This complication might theoretically occur with other types of dialysis circulation access systems. The presence of a closed loop system may be recognized by a rising hematocrit, rising viscosity, and progressive darkening of the blood in the dialysis circuit.", "PMID": 859682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13169", "title": "[Isoproterenol test in the diagnosis of coronary insufficiency].", "content": "Coronary performance was evaluated in 18 men and 6 women by i.v. infusion of increasing doses of isoproterenol and minute-by-minute ECG monitoring. The results appeared fully reliable. In some cases where the conditions for effort testing were satisfied a comparison was made with the cycle-ergometer findings. This shown the ISP test to be more precise, more sensitive and easier to perform technically.", "contents": "[Isoproterenol test in the diagnosis of coronary insufficiency]. Coronary performance was evaluated in 18 men and 6 women by i.v. infusion of increasing doses of isoproterenol and minute-by-minute ECG monitoring. The results appeared fully reliable. In some cases where the conditions for effort testing were satisfied a comparison was made with the cycle-ergometer findings. This shown the ISP test to be more precise, more sensitive and easier to perform technically.", "PMID": 859690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13170", "title": "[A case of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome].", "content": "A case of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, personally observed, is described. Stress is laid on the rarity of this syndrome (less than 200 cases in the world literature) and on its peculiar symptoms. The familial character of this syndrome was not proved in the case observed.", "contents": "[A case of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]. A case of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, personally observed, is described. Stress is laid on the rarity of this syndrome (less than 200 cases in the world literature) and on its peculiar symptoms. The familial character of this syndrome was not proved in the case observed.", "PMID": 859691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13171", "title": "[Use of the bronchofibroscope in the diagnosis and therapy of bronchopneumonial diseases].", "content": "After a brief description of the bronchofibroscopic technique used, a survey of the results obtained in 1200 diagnostic and therapeutic bronchofibroscopies is made. The importance of this method in the diagnosis of bronchogenic carcinoma, even in its first stage, is underlined.", "contents": "[Use of the bronchofibroscope in the diagnosis and therapy of bronchopneumonial diseases]. After a brief description of the bronchofibroscopic technique used, a survey of the results obtained in 1200 diagnostic and therapeutic bronchofibroscopies is made. The importance of this method in the diagnosis of bronchogenic carcinoma, even in its first stage, is underlined.", "PMID": 859692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13172", "title": "[Endoscopic-bronchographic comparison in chronic bronchitis].", "content": "A selective bronchographic and endoscopic comparison is made of some of the most significant pictures of chronic bronchitis, particularly as regards Ist and IInd order bronchi. Morphology is discussed and a number of problems in differential diagnosis are reviewed.", "contents": "[Endoscopic-bronchographic comparison in chronic bronchitis]. A selective bronchographic and endoscopic comparison is made of some of the most significant pictures of chronic bronchitis, particularly as regards Ist and IInd order bronchi. Morphology is discussed and a number of problems in differential diagnosis are reviewed.", "PMID": 859693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13173", "title": "[Functional re-education in various types of respiratory insufficiency].", "content": "The kinesitherapeutic and functional re-educational approach is indicated for each type of respiratory insufficiency, special attention being paid to those syndromes and diseases most frequently encountered in clinical practice. In the case of these (asthma, mucoviscidosis, emphysema, bronchorrhoea), the essential phases of kinesitherapy and re-education are outlined in greater detail. Clinically and psychologically, the conclusions sum up the attitude which should be assumed by the attending staff in cases of patients with respiratory insufficiency. Finally, the importance of physiopathological and clinical data and physiokinesitherapeutic experience are recalled.", "contents": "[Functional re-education in various types of respiratory insufficiency]. The kinesitherapeutic and functional re-educational approach is indicated for each type of respiratory insufficiency, special attention being paid to those syndromes and diseases most frequently encountered in clinical practice. In the case of these (asthma, mucoviscidosis, emphysema, bronchorrhoea), the essential phases of kinesitherapy and re-education are outlined in greater detail. Clinically and psychologically, the conclusions sum up the attitude which should be assumed by the attending staff in cases of patients with respiratory insufficiency. Finally, the importance of physiopathological and clinical data and physiokinesitherapeutic experience are recalled.", "PMID": 859694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13174", "title": "[Therapeutic results with a vitamin complex (A,E,B6) in fibrocystic mastopathies].", "content": "A vitamin complex of recognized therapeutic activity in mesenchymal degenerative processes was administered to women suffering from fibrocystic mastopathies. The clinical results and alterations to the mammographic picture after two-three months of treatment are reported.", "contents": "[Therapeutic results with a vitamin complex (A,E,B6) in fibrocystic mastopathies]. A vitamin complex of recognized therapeutic activity in mesenchymal degenerative processes was administered to women suffering from fibrocystic mastopathies. The clinical results and alterations to the mammographic picture after two-three months of treatment are reported.", "PMID": 859695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13175", "title": "[Benefits to be derived from space and aviation medicine].", "content": "Reference is made to the conquest of space and the biological, social, and general scientific advantages that this may involved. A project for a space-ship hospital is put forward. This would mainly benefit heart patients and those with functional injuries, especially where the lower extremities were involved.", "contents": "[Benefits to be derived from space and aviation medicine]. Reference is made to the conquest of space and the biological, social, and general scientific advantages that this may involved. A project for a space-ship hospital is put forward. This would mainly benefit heart patients and those with functional injuries, especially where the lower extremities were involved.", "PMID": 859696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13176", "title": "[EEG screening of candidates for underwater activity].", "content": "Following a review of a number of EEC recording technique, a screening technique for candidates for sporting and/or professional underwater activities is proposed in replacement of the routine examinations which are considered unsuitable. Modalities are described involving basic recordings in hyperpnoea and 12 tests in apnoea. Examples are given and the practical advantages of the proposed technique are discussed in the light of experience.", "contents": "[EEG screening of candidates for underwater activity]. Following a review of a number of EEC recording technique, a screening technique for candidates for sporting and/or professional underwater activities is proposed in replacement of the routine examinations which are considered unsuitable. Modalities are described involving basic recordings in hyperpnoea and 12 tests in apnoea. Examples are given and the practical advantages of the proposed technique are discussed in the light of experience.", "PMID": 859698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13177", "title": "[Role of psychodynamic factors in the etiology of possible psychological disorders in aviators].", "content": "The main psychodynamic factors governing the psychological balance of aviators are examined. Their alteration often lies behind the psychological disturbances observed in such subjects. On the other hand, importance must also be given to the constitutional factor as the background for one syndrome or another. Examination of this question is regarded as indispensable in the formation of prognosis an the planning of treatment.", "contents": "[Role of psychodynamic factors in the etiology of possible psychological disorders in aviators]. The main psychodynamic factors governing the psychological balance of aviators are examined. Their alteration often lies behind the psychological disturbances observed in such subjects. On the other hand, importance must also be given to the constitutional factor as the background for one syndrome or another. Examination of this question is regarded as indispensable in the formation of prognosis an the planning of treatment.", "PMID": 859699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13178", "title": "[Comparison of xeroradiography and photographic radiography in the study of breast pathology].", "content": "The peculiar characteristics of xeroradiography make it respond fully to the requirements of the radiographic represenattion of the breast. All the anatomical components of the breast are virtually identical as far as atomic number and low density are concerned. Xeroradiography has proved to be particularly suitable for highlighting the little difference in contrast between the various anatomical components of the breast. Pictures show the quality differences between traditional photographic mammography and xeromammography. The latter differs by its high power of resolution at all contrast levels thus making for easier identification of details and clearer outline, and by its broader exposure latitude making it possible to focus on a wider range of tissues. Visualization of dense, compact, youthful breasts [so-called opaque breasts] is also more reliable. Density differences can be exploited more effectively in cases of concomittance of two or more pathological situations such as: association of two mastopathic pictures, the presence of a small benignant formation or of a heteroplasia within an intensely dysplasic region. Thanks to a more smaller than immediate greater than interpretation of the picture, xeromammography also provides clearer evidence of the radiographic signs typical of benign neoformations and those typical of malignant forms.", "contents": "[Comparison of xeroradiography and photographic radiography in the study of breast pathology]. The peculiar characteristics of xeroradiography make it respond fully to the requirements of the radiographic represenattion of the breast. All the anatomical components of the breast are virtually identical as far as atomic number and low density are concerned. Xeroradiography has proved to be particularly suitable for highlighting the little difference in contrast between the various anatomical components of the breast. Pictures show the quality differences between traditional photographic mammography and xeromammography. The latter differs by its high power of resolution at all contrast levels thus making for easier identification of details and clearer outline, and by its broader exposure latitude making it possible to focus on a wider range of tissues. Visualization of dense, compact, youthful breasts [so-called opaque breasts] is also more reliable. Density differences can be exploited more effectively in cases of concomittance of two or more pathological situations such as: association of two mastopathic pictures, the presence of a small benignant formation or of a heteroplasia within an intensely dysplasic region. Thanks to a more smaller than immediate greater than interpretation of the picture, xeromammography also provides clearer evidence of the radiographic signs typical of benign neoformations and those typical of malignant forms.", "PMID": 859701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13179", "title": "[Aberrant pancreas in gastric site].", "content": "The conclusions contained in recent and past literature regarding the heterotopic pancreas are reviewed. A case of accessory pancreas located in the stomach, whose clinical, radiological and endoscopic aspects simulated a carcinomatous process, is reported. The case is studied anatomo-pathologically and important aspects, including surgical, noted.", "contents": "[Aberrant pancreas in gastric site]. The conclusions contained in recent and past literature regarding the heterotopic pancreas are reviewed. A case of accessory pancreas located in the stomach, whose clinical, radiological and endoscopic aspects simulated a carcinomatous process, is reported. The case is studied anatomo-pathologically and important aspects, including surgical, noted.", "PMID": 859702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13180", "title": "[Gastric leiomyoma. Presentation of a case].", "content": "The only case of gastric leiomyoma observed at the S. Croce Hospital of Cuneo, in over 15 years of surgical activity, is described. On the basis of the literature on the subject, the clinical aspects of the disease are then discussed.", "contents": "[Gastric leiomyoma. Presentation of a case]. The only case of gastric leiomyoma observed at the S. Croce Hospital of Cuneo, in over 15 years of surgical activity, is described. On the basis of the literature on the subject, the clinical aspects of the disease are then discussed.", "PMID": 859703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13181", "title": "[Clinico-radiological studies on 3 cases of bezoars].", "content": "Three cases of phytobezoar (2 in the stomach and 1 obstructing the ileum) are presented. The bezoar described are due to persimmon in one cases and to applies in two cases and have been observed during a period of over 10 years.", "contents": "[Clinico-radiological studies on 3 cases of bezoars]. Three cases of phytobezoar (2 in the stomach and 1 obstructing the ileum) are presented. The bezoar described are due to persimmon in one cases and to applies in two cases and have been observed during a period of over 10 years.", "PMID": 859704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13182", "title": "[Carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Our experience in 395 cases observed in a period of 10 years 1963-1973].", "content": "A personal series of 395 cases of malignant tumours of the large intestine observed at the Surgical Division of the Cuneo Hospital from 1963 to 1973 is reported. Of the series examined, 206 cases involved the sigmoid colon and rectum and 33 the remaining colon. The percentage in which radical surgery was possible was of the order of 52%. Survival at 5 years after the operation was: 1) carcinoma of the colon 30%, 2) of the sigmoid 42.1% and 3) of the rectum 45%.", "contents": "[Carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Our experience in 395 cases observed in a period of 10 years 1963-1973]. A personal series of 395 cases of malignant tumours of the large intestine observed at the Surgical Division of the Cuneo Hospital from 1963 to 1973 is reported. Of the series examined, 206 cases involved the sigmoid colon and rectum and 33 the remaining colon. The percentage in which radical surgery was possible was of the order of 52%. Survival at 5 years after the operation was: 1) carcinoma of the colon 30%, 2) of the sigmoid 42.1% and 3) of the rectum 45%.", "PMID": 859705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13183", "title": "[Electric stimulation of the heart : treatment indications and criteria for choosing of pacemakers. Contribution of the Ospedale Santa Croce in Cuneo].", "content": "The various types of emergency electrical heart stimulation for the short and medium terms or permanent, are reviewed along with choice criteria. The personal series represting 5 years experience at the Cuneo S. Croce Hospital is reported.", "contents": "[Electric stimulation of the heart : treatment indications and criteria for choosing of pacemakers. Contribution of the Ospedale Santa Croce in Cuneo]. The various types of emergency electrical heart stimulation for the short and medium terms or permanent, are reviewed along with choice criteria. The personal series represting 5 years experience at the Cuneo S. Croce Hospital is reported.", "PMID": 859707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13184", "title": "[Complications due to a change of electric circuit in patients with intracavitary pacemakers].", "content": "Two cases of electrolytic chemical necrosis of the right ventricle and tissue surrounding the pocket in patients with intracardial pacemakers are presented. The clinical signs of this condition include absence of normal ventricular electrical stimulation and inflammation and/or necrosis of the site if battery implantation.", "contents": "[Complications due to a change of electric circuit in patients with intracavitary pacemakers]. Two cases of electrolytic chemical necrosis of the right ventricle and tissue surrounding the pocket in patients with intracardial pacemakers are presented. The clinical signs of this condition include absence of normal ventricular electrical stimulation and inflammation and/or necrosis of the site if battery implantation.", "PMID": 859708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13185", "title": "[Conductivity of the dialysis bath. Measurement, significance and electrolyte and clinical correlations].", "content": "The problem of the conductivity of dialysing solution is discussed. Measurement technique is analysed, highlighting the possibility of error connected with variations in the temperature of the dialysis bath, its mixture, the presence of air bubbles and the presence of dissolved substances that are not electrical charge carriers, and stressing the absolute proportionality with free ions and not with total ions. On the basis of these observations, the lack of any real, reliable correlation between conductivity and electrolytic composition of the dialysing solution unless particular conditions are respected is pointed out. Most important of these are exact knowledge of the composition of the mother solution and the degree of purity of the water. In conclusion, the imprecision of the values given by clinical and technological tradition and widely accepted is pointed out. Such values do not correspond to correct measurement.", "contents": "[Conductivity of the dialysis bath. Measurement, significance and electrolyte and clinical correlations]. The problem of the conductivity of dialysing solution is discussed. Measurement technique is analysed, highlighting the possibility of error connected with variations in the temperature of the dialysis bath, its mixture, the presence of air bubbles and the presence of dissolved substances that are not electrical charge carriers, and stressing the absolute proportionality with free ions and not with total ions. On the basis of these observations, the lack of any real, reliable correlation between conductivity and electrolytic composition of the dialysing solution unless particular conditions are respected is pointed out. Most important of these are exact knowledge of the composition of the mother solution and the degree of purity of the water. In conclusion, the imprecision of the values given by clinical and technological tradition and widely accepted is pointed out. Such values do not correspond to correct measurement.", "PMID": 859709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13186", "title": "[Bronchopneumopathies during a course of brucellar infection].", "content": "The clinical polymorphism of brucellosis is well known fact. It is thought personally that respiratory system localizations are more frequent than have so far been reported in the literature and serious differential diagnosis problems arise with tuberculosis, neoplasia and pneumoconiosis. After discussing such problems, some cases of pleurobronchopneumopathies during brucellosis which were cured are reported.", "contents": "[Bronchopneumopathies during a course of brucellar infection]. The clinical polymorphism of brucellosis is well known fact. It is thought personally that respiratory system localizations are more frequent than have so far been reported in the literature and serious differential diagnosis problems arise with tuberculosis, neoplasia and pneumoconiosis. After discussing such problems, some cases of pleurobronchopneumopathies during brucellosis which were cured are reported.", "PMID": 859710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13187", "title": "Clinical survey of the forms, number and localization of retinal tears in cases of relapses and recurrences in retinal detachment.", "content": "This study deals with the clinical observations of the different forms and shapes of retinal tears, their number and localizations in cases of relapses and recurrences in retinal detachement surgery. Two groups of patients were considered, the first belongs to our own centre and the second to referred patient operated in other hospitals. 45.1% of both groups account for relapses. We find 7.35% of undetected retinal breaks. The greater number of tears are mainly distributed in the temporal quandrants. The most common shapes of breaks are the punched-out hole, fingernail-tip-like tears, small and medium horseshoe tears, oval and 'pebbled'-like (cluster of microholes) holes. Approximately 25% of the breaks were seen in areas where thermotherapy had not been applied and 15% of them were found beside most probably overtreated areas.", "contents": "Clinical survey of the forms, number and localization of retinal tears in cases of relapses and recurrences in retinal detachment. This study deals with the clinical observations of the different forms and shapes of retinal tears, their number and localizations in cases of relapses and recurrences in retinal detachement surgery. Two groups of patients were considered, the first belongs to our own centre and the second to referred patient operated in other hospitals. 45.1% of both groups account for relapses. We find 7.35% of undetected retinal breaks. The greater number of tears are mainly distributed in the temporal quandrants. The most common shapes of breaks are the punched-out hole, fingernail-tip-like tears, small and medium horseshoe tears, oval and 'pebbled'-like (cluster of microholes) holes. Approximately 25% of the breaks were seen in areas where thermotherapy had not been applied and 15% of them were found beside most probably overtreated areas.", "PMID": 859714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13188", "title": "Metastatic epibulbar carcinoma.", "content": "Epibulbar tumour developed in the left eye of a 53-year-old woman. Light and electron microscopic study of the tumour revealed undifferentiated metastatic carcinoma. The patient underwent surgical intervention because of mammary carcinoma 5 years before the development of the epibulbar tumour.", "contents": "Metastatic epibulbar carcinoma. Epibulbar tumour developed in the left eye of a 53-year-old woman. Light and electron microscopic study of the tumour revealed undifferentiated metastatic carcinoma. The patient underwent surgical intervention because of mammary carcinoma 5 years before the development of the epibulbar tumour.", "PMID": 859716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13189", "title": "Surface and shape of the optic disc in healthy subjects in various age groups. Application of computer picture processing.", "content": "The method of computer analysis with the Digital Image Transformer system for assessment of the shape of optic disc and optic cup and disc/cup ratio in healthy subjects is described. The relationship of these parameters of age was also studied.", "contents": "Surface and shape of the optic disc in healthy subjects in various age groups. Application of computer picture processing. The method of computer analysis with the Digital Image Transformer system for assessment of the shape of optic disc and optic cup and disc/cup ratio in healthy subjects is described. The relationship of these parameters of age was also studied.", "PMID": 859717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13190", "title": "Statistical study of pseudopapillits vascularis.", "content": "In pseudopapillitis vascularis the male sex is preponderant. There are two peaks of frequency in the male as well as in the female group, although 72% of the cases appear between 51 and 70 years of age. The onset may be sudden or progessive. The most important aetiological factors are diabetes, arterial hypertension and arteriosclerosis. The disease is bilateral in 46% of the cases. The vision is less than 3/10 in 77% of the cases. An improvement of the visual acuity is observed in 52% of the unilateral cases, but only in 15% of the bilateral cases. The treatment is ineffective. The biopsy of the temporal artery shows an obvious arteriosclerosis in more than two-thirds of the cases.", "contents": "Statistical study of pseudopapillits vascularis. In pseudopapillitis vascularis the male sex is preponderant. There are two peaks of frequency in the male as well as in the female group, although 72% of the cases appear between 51 and 70 years of age. The onset may be sudden or progessive. The most important aetiological factors are diabetes, arterial hypertension and arteriosclerosis. The disease is bilateral in 46% of the cases. The vision is less than 3/10 in 77% of the cases. An improvement of the visual acuity is observed in 52% of the unilateral cases, but only in 15% of the bilateral cases. The treatment is ineffective. The biopsy of the temporal artery shows an obvious arteriosclerosis in more than two-thirds of the cases.", "PMID": 859718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13191", "title": "Polyglycolic acid suture in retinal detachment surgery.", "content": "A resorbable suture, Dexon, was used in retinal surgery as a temporary encircling material. The mean loss of tensile strength was 18 days, which is too short to be effective in retinal surgery. The rate of tensile strength loss varies from 5 to 36 days, which makes the sutures not reliable in this specific surgery.", "contents": "Polyglycolic acid suture in retinal detachment surgery. A resorbable suture, Dexon, was used in retinal surgery as a temporary encircling material. The mean loss of tensile strength was 18 days, which is too short to be effective in retinal surgery. The rate of tensile strength loss varies from 5 to 36 days, which makes the sutures not reliable in this specific surgery.", "PMID": 859719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13192", "title": "[Intelligence prognosis for autistic children (author's transl)].", "content": "The degree of intelligence respectively development quotient, gained in the first test, proved to be a valuable prognosis for autistic children. This has been shown in repeated psychological tests with 13 autistic children (10 boys, 3 girls, aged 4.10-13.6). An at least minimal speech development has a better prognosis as consequence. Usually the patient gains an equal, sometimes an even better result in the second test if any development of speech can be registered. A correlation between progress of speech and improved intelligence and social interests was discovered. Therapeutic support of autistic children, nearly without the ability to speak, may improve development of social reaction and ability of learning. These results, waiting to be verified statistically, underline clearly the prognostic value of single indicators. They also indicate the high correlation between speech, intelligence and social integration.", "contents": "[Intelligence prognosis for autistic children (author's transl)]. The degree of intelligence respectively development quotient, gained in the first test, proved to be a valuable prognosis for autistic children. This has been shown in repeated psychological tests with 13 autistic children (10 boys, 3 girls, aged 4.10-13.6). An at least minimal speech development has a better prognosis as consequence. Usually the patient gains an equal, sometimes an even better result in the second test if any development of speech can be registered. A correlation between progress of speech and improved intelligence and social interests was discovered. Therapeutic support of autistic children, nearly without the ability to speak, may improve development of social reaction and ability of learning. These results, waiting to be verified statistically, underline clearly the prognostic value of single indicators. They also indicate the high correlation between speech, intelligence and social integration.", "PMID": 859721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13193", "title": "[Transcutaneous measurements of pO2 (ptcO2) in sick newborn babies (author's transl)].", "content": "PaO2 as well as transcutaneous pO2 (ptcO2) was measured simultaneously for 132 times in 34 sick newborns. PtcO2 data were obtained by the KONTRON 5300 Monitor, its electrode heated to 44 centigrades. The correlation coefficient \"r\" was rated at 0.98. The introduction of the ptcO2 method into routine clinical usage markedly enhanced efficiency and safety of oxygen treatment of sick newborns. However superficial burning of the skin at the measuring site might occur if the electrode is attached more than 6 hours.", "contents": "[Transcutaneous measurements of pO2 (ptcO2) in sick newborn babies (author's transl)]. PaO2 as well as transcutaneous pO2 (ptcO2) was measured simultaneously for 132 times in 34 sick newborns. PtcO2 data were obtained by the KONTRON 5300 Monitor, its electrode heated to 44 centigrades. The correlation coefficient \"r\" was rated at 0.98. The introduction of the ptcO2 method into routine clinical usage markedly enhanced efficiency and safety of oxygen treatment of sick newborns. However superficial burning of the skin at the measuring site might occur if the electrode is attached more than 6 hours.", "PMID": 859722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13194", "title": "[Acid-base balance during exchange transfusion (author's transl)].", "content": "During exchange transfusion with ACD blood severe metabolic acidosis may occur. ACD blood contains increasing amounts of acid which depends on the age of the blood. The mature newborn infant has different ways to compensate metabolic acidosis: the lungs, the immature kidneys and the conversion of citrate to bicarbonate. In preterm infants as well as in newborns with respiratory distress syndrome and mechanical ventilation the compensatory mechanisms may be reduced or even absent. Therefore ACD blood may lead to severe complications. To prevent acidosis adequate buffering with TRIS is recommended.", "contents": "[Acid-base balance during exchange transfusion (author's transl)]. During exchange transfusion with ACD blood severe metabolic acidosis may occur. ACD blood contains increasing amounts of acid which depends on the age of the blood. The mature newborn infant has different ways to compensate metabolic acidosis: the lungs, the immature kidneys and the conversion of citrate to bicarbonate. In preterm infants as well as in newborns with respiratory distress syndrome and mechanical ventilation the compensatory mechanisms may be reduced or even absent. Therefore ACD blood may lead to severe complications. To prevent acidosis adequate buffering with TRIS is recommended.", "PMID": 859723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13195", "title": "[Calcification of the urinary bladder, a rare finding in the newborn (author's transl)].", "content": "The rare X-ray finding of urinary bladder wall calcifications in a newborn is reported. The newborn suffered from micturition disturbance caused by urethral valves, bilateral hydroureter and bilateral hydronephrosis. No possible definite cause for the calcification of the bladder wall could be found. The calcifications could never be detected by X-ray after the age of 5 months.", "contents": "[Calcification of the urinary bladder, a rare finding in the newborn (author's transl)]. The rare X-ray finding of urinary bladder wall calcifications in a newborn is reported. The newborn suffered from micturition disturbance caused by urethral valves, bilateral hydroureter and bilateral hydronephrosis. No possible definite cause for the calcification of the bladder wall could be found. The calcifications could never be detected by X-ray after the age of 5 months.", "PMID": 859725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13196", "title": "Trace elements (zinc, cobalt, selenium, rubidium, bromine, gold) in human placenta and newborn liver at birth.", "content": "Concentrations of zinc, cobalt, selenium, rubidium, bromium, and gold have been determined by neutron activation analysis in 18 placental and 6 liver tissue samples at birth. Their respective mean concentrations +/- standard deviations (parts per million) were 58 +/- 10, 0.060 +/- 0.036, 1.90 +/- 0.41, 14.0 +/- 3.5, 26.9 +/- 14.3, and 0.31 +/- 0.14 in placenta, and 651 +/- 257, 0.156 +/- 0.077, 4.52 +/- 1.96, 9.2 +/- 3.7,11.2 +/- 4.1, and 0.12 +/- 0.06 in liver tissue. Thus, we observed that the mean concentrations of essential trace elements (zinc, cobalt, and selenium) were significantly higher in liver than in placenta, whereas the nonessential trace elements (rubidium, bromium, and gold) were found in significantly higher concentrations in placenta than in liver tissue.", "contents": "Trace elements (zinc, cobalt, selenium, rubidium, bromine, gold) in human placenta and newborn liver at birth. Concentrations of zinc, cobalt, selenium, rubidium, bromium, and gold have been determined by neutron activation analysis in 18 placental and 6 liver tissue samples at birth. Their respective mean concentrations +/- standard deviations (parts per million) were 58 +/- 10, 0.060 +/- 0.036, 1.90 +/- 0.41, 14.0 +/- 3.5, 26.9 +/- 14.3, and 0.31 +/- 0.14 in placenta, and 651 +/- 257, 0.156 +/- 0.077, 4.52 +/- 1.96, 9.2 +/- 3.7,11.2 +/- 4.1, and 0.12 +/- 0.06 in liver tissue. Thus, we observed that the mean concentrations of essential trace elements (zinc, cobalt, and selenium) were significantly higher in liver than in placenta, whereas the nonessential trace elements (rubidium, bromium, and gold) were found in significantly higher concentrations in placenta than in liver tissue.", "PMID": 859726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13197", "title": "Pubertal food intake, body length, weight, and composition in the well fed female rat.", "content": "Pubertal age, food intake, body length, weight, and composition were determined by direct measurements in 29 well fed female rats studied from birth to first estrus. The average birth and weaning weights of the 12 early maturing rats were 6.99 +/- 0.13 g and 50.13 +/- 1.16 g, respectively, and did not differ significantly from those of the 11 late maturers (6.97 +/- 0.16 g and 49.72 +/- 1.42 g, respectively). Mean values for all pubertal measurements are included in Table 1. At puberty, the late maturing animals were heavier, longer, and had attained a greater quantity of total body water than the early maturers. Although both groups ate the same total amounts of food, late maturing rats at vaginal opening and at first estrus consumed relatively less food per 100 g body weight than did early maturers. Estrus was simultaneous with vaginal opening in 10 (83%) of early and 4 (36%) of the late maturing rats. Despite the similarity in the proportions of total body water, fat, and protein in early and late maturers, a regression analysis, shown in Figure 1, indicates a significant decrease in the proportion of body water (P less than 0.001), and a significant increase in the proportion of body fat (P less than 0.05) with increasing age at first estrus. The percentage of body protein does not change with increasing age at first estrus (regression coefficient = 0.13).", "contents": "Pubertal food intake, body length, weight, and composition in the well fed female rat. Pubertal age, food intake, body length, weight, and composition were determined by direct measurements in 29 well fed female rats studied from birth to first estrus. The average birth and weaning weights of the 12 early maturing rats were 6.99 +/- 0.13 g and 50.13 +/- 1.16 g, respectively, and did not differ significantly from those of the 11 late maturers (6.97 +/- 0.16 g and 49.72 +/- 1.42 g, respectively). Mean values for all pubertal measurements are included in Table 1. At puberty, the late maturing animals were heavier, longer, and had attained a greater quantity of total body water than the early maturers. Although both groups ate the same total amounts of food, late maturing rats at vaginal opening and at first estrus consumed relatively less food per 100 g body weight than did early maturers. Estrus was simultaneous with vaginal opening in 10 (83%) of early and 4 (36%) of the late maturing rats. Despite the similarity in the proportions of total body water, fat, and protein in early and late maturers, a regression analysis, shown in Figure 1, indicates a significant decrease in the proportion of body water (P less than 0.001), and a significant increase in the proportion of body fat (P less than 0.05) with increasing age at first estrus. The percentage of body protein does not change with increasing age at first estrus (regression coefficient = 0.13).", "PMID": 859727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13198", "title": "Semen straw (French straw) in the uterus.", "content": "Four cases in which a french straw was deposited into the uterus in connection with insemination are descibed. Of these, two cows were slaughtered as they did not get into calf despite repeated inseminations. The two others were laparotomised, and the straw removed in the one case. This straw was partly embedded in the uterine wall. This cow conceived on being inseminated 14 days after operation. In the other case, no straw was found in the uterus. Contractions must have caused the straw to be pushed out. This cow conceived to the insemination during which the straw was deposited, in spite of the lumen of the uterine body and the entrances to both uterine horns being thoroughly examined by finger palpation the day after insemination. The causal circumstances and mode of action with deposition of french straws in the uterus is discussed.", "contents": "Semen straw (French straw) in the uterus. Four cases in which a french straw was deposited into the uterus in connection with insemination are descibed. Of these, two cows were slaughtered as they did not get into calf despite repeated inseminations. The two others were laparotomised, and the straw removed in the one case. This straw was partly embedded in the uterine wall. This cow conceived on being inseminated 14 days after operation. In the other case, no straw was found in the uterus. Contractions must have caused the straw to be pushed out. This cow conceived to the insemination during which the straw was deposited, in spite of the lumen of the uterine body and the entrances to both uterine horns being thoroughly examined by finger palpation the day after insemination. The causal circumstances and mode of action with deposition of french straws in the uterus is discussed.", "PMID": 859734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13199", "title": "A study of blood eosinophil counting in calves.", "content": "Blood eosinophils were determined in eight 7--13-month-old calves that had been reared under parasite-free conditions. Eosinophil counts were obtained by three methods, a) a direct count, b) a differential count and c) an indirect count (i.e. differential count x total leucocyte count). Methodological errors of these methods were determined. Upper limits of 1,000 eosinophils/micronl (direct count) and 9.5 per cent eosinophils (differential count) have been estimated an suitable working standards for calves of this age group. The distribution of eosinophils was skew, most direct counts being below 700 cells/micronl and most differential counts being below 7.5 per cent. A high degree of correlation was found between results obtained by either method, but an even higher correlation was found between direct and indirect counts.", "contents": "A study of blood eosinophil counting in calves. Blood eosinophils were determined in eight 7--13-month-old calves that had been reared under parasite-free conditions. Eosinophil counts were obtained by three methods, a) a direct count, b) a differential count and c) an indirect count (i.e. differential count x total leucocyte count). Methodological errors of these methods were determined. Upper limits of 1,000 eosinophils/micronl (direct count) and 9.5 per cent eosinophils (differential count) have been estimated an suitable working standards for calves of this age group. The distribution of eosinophils was skew, most direct counts being below 700 cells/micronl and most differential counts being below 7.5 per cent. A high degree of correlation was found between results obtained by either method, but an even higher correlation was found between direct and indirect counts.", "PMID": 859735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13200", "title": "Migration of connective thecal cells after ovulation. An ultrastructural study.", "content": "This paper describes the fine structure of the rabbit connective thecal cells in the developing corpus luteum 20 h after mating. These cells are characterized by an irregularly shaped soma containing the nucleus and the bulk of organelles and many thin and long prolongations. The observations reported here suggest that the migratory movements of the front thecal cells could be mediated by an anchoring contraction machinery of the cell prolongations.", "contents": "Migration of connective thecal cells after ovulation. An ultrastructural study. This paper describes the fine structure of the rabbit connective thecal cells in the developing corpus luteum 20 h after mating. These cells are characterized by an irregularly shaped soma containing the nucleus and the bulk of organelles and many thin and long prolongations. The observations reported here suggest that the migratory movements of the front thecal cells could be mediated by an anchoring contraction machinery of the cell prolongations.", "PMID": 859743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13201", "title": "Polymorphism of indomethacin. Part I. Preparation of polymorphic forms of indomethacin.", "content": "Technologically useful methods of preparing defined polymorphic forms of indomethacin (especially gemma-form) have been described. The influence of various crystallization parameters on the formation of individual form of indomethacin have been discussed.", "contents": "Polymorphism of indomethacin. Part I. Preparation of polymorphic forms of indomethacin. Technologically useful methods of preparing defined polymorphic forms of indomethacin (especially gemma-form) have been described. The influence of various crystallization parameters on the formation of individual form of indomethacin have been discussed.", "PMID": 859772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13202", "title": "A comparative study of dextran-70, warfarin and low-dose heparin for the prophylaxis of thrombo-embolism following total hip replacement.", "content": "In a randomized, controlled clinical study, dextran-70, warfarin, or low-dose heparin were administered to patients undergoing total hip replacement on one surgical unit in an attempt to prevent deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Calf vein thrombosis was detected by the 125I-fibrinogen uptake test. None of the methods prevented calf vein thrombosis (dextran-70, 51%; warfarin, 58-6%; heparin, 52-6%). Pulmonary embolism was completely prevented in patients treated with warfarin but occurred in 4% of patients treated with dextran-70 and 15-5% of those treated with low-dose heparin. The incidence of complications of therapy was small and comparable in each group. It is suggested that calf vein thrombosis is a frequent and in itself a non-serious complication of total hip replacement surgery and that emphasis might be placed more usefully on prevention of pulmonary embolism.", "contents": "A comparative study of dextran-70, warfarin and low-dose heparin for the prophylaxis of thrombo-embolism following total hip replacement. In a randomized, controlled clinical study, dextran-70, warfarin, or low-dose heparin were administered to patients undergoing total hip replacement on one surgical unit in an attempt to prevent deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Calf vein thrombosis was detected by the 125I-fibrinogen uptake test. None of the methods prevented calf vein thrombosis (dextran-70, 51%; warfarin, 58-6%; heparin, 52-6%). Pulmonary embolism was completely prevented in patients treated with warfarin but occurred in 4% of patients treated with dextran-70 and 15-5% of those treated with low-dose heparin. The incidence of complications of therapy was small and comparable in each group. It is suggested that calf vein thrombosis is a frequent and in itself a non-serious complication of total hip replacement surgery and that emphasis might be placed more usefully on prevention of pulmonary embolism.", "PMID": 859784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13203", "title": "Pseudo-obstruction and a sprue-like syndrome from stronglyloidiasis.", "content": "Symptomatic disease from Strongyloides stercoralis has been recognized for the first time in Trinidad. Five cases are reported, all showing clinical features suggestive of a sprue-like syndrome. Subtotal jejunal villous atrophy was seen in one case and partial villous atrophy in two. Three patients had laparotomies because of suspected partial intestinal obstruction. A sprue-like syndrome in certain Caribbean immigrants should arouse a suspicion of S. stercoralis.", "contents": "Pseudo-obstruction and a sprue-like syndrome from stronglyloidiasis. Symptomatic disease from Strongyloides stercoralis has been recognized for the first time in Trinidad. Five cases are reported, all showing clinical features suggestive of a sprue-like syndrome. Subtotal jejunal villous atrophy was seen in one case and partial villous atrophy in two. Three patients had laparotomies because of suspected partial intestinal obstruction. A sprue-like syndrome in certain Caribbean immigrants should arouse a suspicion of S. stercoralis.", "PMID": 859785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13204", "title": "Primary unruptured ovarian pregnancy with intrauterine device.", "content": "A case of intrafollicular and unruptured ovarian pregnancy associated with intrauterine device which meets the rigid criteria of Spiegelberg (1878) is presented. Clinically, unruptured cases can be confused with ovarian cysts. Intrauterine devices are highly effective for protection against uterine gestation and to a lesser degree against tubal gestation, but they have no effect in preventing ovarian gestation.", "contents": "Primary unruptured ovarian pregnancy with intrauterine device. A case of intrafollicular and unruptured ovarian pregnancy associated with intrauterine device which meets the rigid criteria of Spiegelberg (1878) is presented. Clinically, unruptured cases can be confused with ovarian cysts. Intrauterine devices are highly effective for protection against uterine gestation and to a lesser degree against tubal gestation, but they have no effect in preventing ovarian gestation.", "PMID": 859786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13205", "title": "Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis.", "content": "A case of pulmonary avleolar microlithiasis is reported. This is of especial interest as it is the first case to be reported from Africa South of the Sahara. The clinical presentation of the patient follows a similar pattern as that of cases already described by other workers. The diagnosis in this case was made in life by a combination of radiological examination and a lung biopsy. The clinical presentat on and aetiology of the condition are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis. A case of pulmonary avleolar microlithiasis is reported. This is of especial interest as it is the first case to be reported from Africa South of the Sahara. The clinical presentation of the patient follows a similar pattern as that of cases already described by other workers. The diagnosis in this case was made in life by a combination of radiological examination and a lung biopsy. The clinical presentat on and aetiology of the condition are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 859788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13206", "title": "The differential diagnosis of the short-limbed dwarfs presenting at birth.", "content": "Attention is drawn to the fact that in a number of types of short-limbed dwarfism a precise diagnosis can be made in the neonatal period. Examples are given and the prognostic and genetic implications are discussed. It is important to be able to advise parents of the likely outlook for the infant and of the genetic implication. Early diagnosis is therefore not merely an academic exercise.", "contents": "The differential diagnosis of the short-limbed dwarfs presenting at birth. Attention is drawn to the fact that in a number of types of short-limbed dwarfism a precise diagnosis can be made in the neonatal period. Examples are given and the prognostic and genetic implications are discussed. It is important to be able to advise parents of the likely outlook for the infant and of the genetic implication. Early diagnosis is therefore not merely an academic exercise.", "PMID": 859790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13207", "title": "Co-existent chronic lymphatic leukaemia with polycythaemia vera.", "content": "A patient presenting with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and iron deficiency anaemia who, following oral iron therapy, developed the clinical and pathological features of polycythaemia vera is reported. The relationship between these two diseases when co-existing is discussed.", "contents": "Co-existent chronic lymphatic leukaemia with polycythaemia vera. A patient presenting with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and iron deficiency anaemia who, following oral iron therapy, developed the clinical and pathological features of polycythaemia vera is reported. The relationship between these two diseases when co-existing is discussed.", "PMID": 859791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13208", "title": "Perforation of the right ventricle and cardiac tamponade caused by a venous catheter.", "content": "A case is reported in which a venous catheter perforated the right ventricle and caused cardiac tamponade. Methods recommended to avoid such complications include limiting the length of the radio-opaque catheter, and modifications to the catheter tip.", "contents": "Perforation of the right ventricle and cardiac tamponade caused by a venous catheter. A case is reported in which a venous catheter perforated the right ventricle and caused cardiac tamponade. Methods recommended to avoid such complications include limiting the length of the radio-opaque catheter, and modifications to the catheter tip.", "PMID": 859792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13209", "title": "Pneumothorax and hydrothorax after subclavian vein cannulation.", "content": "A patient is described who developed a right pneumothorax and a left hydrothorax following percutaneous subclavian vein cannulation. The prevention, diagnosis and treatment of this complication are discussed.", "contents": "Pneumothorax and hydrothorax after subclavian vein cannulation. A patient is described who developed a right pneumothorax and a left hydrothorax following percutaneous subclavian vein cannulation. The prevention, diagnosis and treatment of this complication are discussed.", "PMID": 859793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13210", "title": "Vitamin E and antioxidant activity.", "content": "Forty years after its discovery, vitamin E remains a biochemical Don Basilio, not to be trusted or believed but impossible to dismiss. It is a powerful antioxidant in vitro, in many animals and probably in the newborn. To assess its physiological role and possible therapeutic usefulness in the human adult we need to know more about the mechanisms which normally protect from autoxidative damage.", "contents": "Vitamin E and antioxidant activity. Forty years after its discovery, vitamin E remains a biochemical Don Basilio, not to be trusted or believed but impossible to dismiss. It is a powerful antioxidant in vitro, in many animals and probably in the newborn. To assess its physiological role and possible therapeutic usefulness in the human adult we need to know more about the mechanisms which normally protect from autoxidative damage.", "PMID": 859819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13211", "title": "Tolerance to the effects of delta9-THC on shuttle-box performance and body temperature.", "content": "Two groups of rats were trained in a shuttle-box and received delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC), either before or after being tested. The drug-before group showed tolerance--within 3-6 sessions--to the response-inhibiting effect of THC. The drug-after animals appeared also to be tolerant when they received delta9-THC before being tested. It is concluded that the tolerance to this effect probably is not learned, but has a physiological base. This is corroborated by the finding that during the same study all the animals developed tolerance to the hypothermic effect of delta9-THC.", "contents": "Tolerance to the effects of delta9-THC on shuttle-box performance and body temperature. Two groups of rats were trained in a shuttle-box and received delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC), either before or after being tested. The drug-before group showed tolerance--within 3-6 sessions--to the response-inhibiting effect of THC. The drug-after animals appeared also to be tolerant when they received delta9-THC before being tested. It is concluded that the tolerance to this effect probably is not learned, but has a physiological base. This is corroborated by the finding that during the same study all the animals developed tolerance to the hypothermic effect of delta9-THC.", "PMID": 859896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13212", "title": "Differences in placebo effects.", "content": "Constant volume injections of water and saline were evaluated in terms of their effects upon locomotor activity in the rat. Both solutions produced an overall decrease in activity and were found to be nonequivalent in their effect.", "contents": "Differences in placebo effects. Constant volume injections of water and saline were evaluated in terms of their effects upon locomotor activity in the rat. Both solutions produced an overall decrease in activity and were found to be nonequivalent in their effect.", "PMID": 859897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13213", "title": "A simple chronic microinjection system for use with chemitrodes.", "content": "An inexpensive, electrically operated microinjection system is described which is small enough to be mounted on the animal side of a standard Mercury commutator. This eliminates the troublesome swivel joint needed for chronic microinjection in freely moving animals. This system allows simultaneous electrical stimulation or recording and chemical stimulation via a chemitrode using a standard 4-channel Mercury commutator.", "contents": "A simple chronic microinjection system for use with chemitrodes. An inexpensive, electrically operated microinjection system is described which is small enough to be mounted on the animal side of a standard Mercury commutator. This eliminates the troublesome swivel joint needed for chronic microinjection in freely moving animals. This system allows simultaneous electrical stimulation or recording and chemical stimulation via a chemitrode using a standard 4-channel Mercury commutator.", "PMID": 859898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13214", "title": "Synthesis of certain 4-oxo-1.2.3.4-tetrahydroquinoline and benzazocine derivatives likely to possess analgesic activity.", "content": "Cyanoethylation of anthranilic acid afforded the N-cyanoethyl derivative which on treatment with ethanolic and methanolic hydrogen chloride yielded the corresponding diethyl and dimethyl esters respectively. Application of the Dieckmann's conditions to the N-acetyl derivatives of the two esters using sodium hydride and sodium ethoxide afforded different products. With the former, the expected products were obtained, while with the latter catalyst both esters furnished one and the same compound which was shown to be a benzazocine trione. The structure of the azocine was inferred from elemental analysis, spectroscopic data and formation of derivatives.", "contents": "Synthesis of certain 4-oxo-1.2.3.4-tetrahydroquinoline and benzazocine derivatives likely to possess analgesic activity. Cyanoethylation of anthranilic acid afforded the N-cyanoethyl derivative which on treatment with ethanolic and methanolic hydrogen chloride yielded the corresponding diethyl and dimethyl esters respectively. Application of the Dieckmann's conditions to the N-acetyl derivatives of the two esters using sodium hydride and sodium ethoxide afforded different products. With the former, the expected products were obtained, while with the latter catalyst both esters furnished one and the same compound which was shown to be a benzazocine trione. The structure of the azocine was inferred from elemental analysis, spectroscopic data and formation of derivatives.", "PMID": 859917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13215", "title": "Functional surgery for intractable conditions of the sole of the foot.", "content": "Our reasons for preferring local plantar flaps from the same foot for the repair of plantar defects are discussed. Four illustrative cases are shown.", "contents": "Functional surgery for intractable conditions of the sole of the foot. Our reasons for preferring local plantar flaps from the same foot for the repair of plantar defects are discussed. Four illustrative cases are shown.", "PMID": 859922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13216", "title": "A change in the technique of supratarsal fixation in upper blepharoplasty.", "content": "Fixation of the orbicularis muscle to the levator muscle in an upper blepharoplasty can create a higher supratarsal fold in selected caucasians. The technique that I introduced two years ago has been refined to eliminate one of the major problems (postoperative morbidity).", "contents": "A change in the technique of supratarsal fixation in upper blepharoplasty. Fixation of the orbicularis muscle to the levator muscle in an upper blepharoplasty can create a higher supratarsal fold in selected caucasians. The technique that I introduced two years ago has been refined to eliminate one of the major problems (postoperative morbidity).", "PMID": 859923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13217", "title": "Rupture of inflated breast implants in closed compression capsulotomy: case report.", "content": "A case is reported of bilateral rupture of inflatable implants from a closed capsulotomy, with ingrowth of fibrous tissue through the inflation valves.", "contents": "Rupture of inflated breast implants in closed compression capsulotomy: case report. A case is reported of bilateral rupture of inflatable implants from a closed capsulotomy, with ingrowth of fibrous tissue through the inflation valves.", "PMID": 859930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13218", "title": "Rupture of a silicone bag-gel breast implant by closed compression capsulotomy: case report.", "content": "A previously unreported complication of closed capsulotomy is presented--rupture of a silicone bag-gel breast implant with silicone granuloma formation. We make some suggestions as the pathophysiology involved, and speculate that the complication might be more likely with an implant containing a less cohesive gel.", "contents": "Rupture of a silicone bag-gel breast implant by closed compression capsulotomy: case report. A previously unreported complication of closed capsulotomy is presented--rupture of a silicone bag-gel breast implant with silicone granuloma formation. We make some suggestions as the pathophysiology involved, and speculate that the complication might be more likely with an implant containing a less cohesive gel.", "PMID": 859931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13219", "title": "Detection of a relatively radiolucent foreign body in the hand by xerography.", "content": "A case is presented in which a piece of wood, broken off in a hand, failed to show on a conventional radiograph and was clearly discernible on a xerogram.", "contents": "Detection of a relatively radiolucent foreign body in the hand by xerography. A case is presented in which a piece of wood, broken off in a hand, failed to show on a conventional radiograph and was clearly discernible on a xerogram.", "PMID": 859932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13220", "title": "Cultural factors in the training of psychiatric residents in an Hispanic urban community.", "content": "This paper describes a resident's experience with his first Puerto Rican patient who practiced spiritualism, also elaborating on the major problems encountered, in so far as training for psychiatric residents is concerned. Furthermore, an attempt is made to analyze the role that residency training programs should play in preparing the student psychiatrists to assume a more sophisticated role when confronted with such patients, who are so common in the urban ghettoes of the United States.", "contents": "Cultural factors in the training of psychiatric residents in an Hispanic urban community. This paper describes a resident's experience with his first Puerto Rican patient who practiced spiritualism, also elaborating on the major problems encountered, in so far as training for psychiatric residents is concerned. Furthermore, an attempt is made to analyze the role that residency training programs should play in preparing the student psychiatrists to assume a more sophisticated role when confronted with such patients, who are so common in the urban ghettoes of the United States.", "PMID": 859944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13221", "title": "Diverse constituencies and the public human service organization.", "content": "Clients, donors, and professionals are identified as three constituencies directly involved in public human service organizations. Each of these groups has different expectations from human service organizations, and these expectations reflect different needs. Concomitantly, each of these groups represents a different ideological perspective. Furthermore, the products or outcomes of human service organizations are generally only vaguely defined. Taken together, the combination of different needs, varying ideologies, and unclear goals renders many human service organizations prone to considerable conflict and inefficiency.", "contents": "Diverse constituencies and the public human service organization. Clients, donors, and professionals are identified as three constituencies directly involved in public human service organizations. Each of these groups has different expectations from human service organizations, and these expectations reflect different needs. Concomitantly, each of these groups represents a different ideological perspective. Furthermore, the products or outcomes of human service organizations are generally only vaguely defined. Taken together, the combination of different needs, varying ideologies, and unclear goals renders many human service organizations prone to considerable conflict and inefficiency.", "PMID": 859945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13222", "title": "Soviet psychotherapy: the tasks and methodological problems.", "content": "Soviet psychotherapy follows Western European traditional pre-psychoanalytical \"rationalistic\" methodology. On the other hand, Soviet therapists assign great importance to clinical diagnosis within the framework of the classical scheme of Kraepelin. Finally, methods close to behavior therapy, especially so-called \"training\" approaches, are popular.", "contents": "Soviet psychotherapy: the tasks and methodological problems. Soviet psychotherapy follows Western European traditional pre-psychoanalytical \"rationalistic\" methodology. On the other hand, Soviet therapists assign great importance to clinical diagnosis within the framework of the classical scheme of Kraepelin. Finally, methods close to behavior therapy, especially so-called \"training\" approaches, are popular.", "PMID": 859946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13223", "title": "On some difficulties of inpatient individual psychoanalytically oriented therapy.", "content": "I wish in this paper to examine some of the difficulties a therapist can encounter in the treatment of psychologically ill patients by individual psychoanalytically oriented therapy within the setting of a hospital community, particularly when he is responsible not only for the therapy itself but for the total management of the patient outside of sessions as well. I think that many of my colleagues in the same position will have had similar experiences to my own, but I cannot generalize too much and must be held solely responsible for the difficulties encountered as well as for my account of them.", "contents": "On some difficulties of inpatient individual psychoanalytically oriented therapy. I wish in this paper to examine some of the difficulties a therapist can encounter in the treatment of psychologically ill patients by individual psychoanalytically oriented therapy within the setting of a hospital community, particularly when he is responsible not only for the therapy itself but for the total management of the patient outside of sessions as well. I think that many of my colleagues in the same position will have had similar experiences to my own, but I cannot generalize too much and must be held solely responsible for the difficulties encountered as well as for my account of them.", "PMID": 859947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13224", "title": "Marital therapy in prison: one-partner 'couple therapy'.", "content": "The intent of this article is, first, to describe some currently available means of strengthening marital and family ties for the incarcerated offender, and to point out the inherent limitations of these processes. Second, we will describe common reactions of inmates to marital crises, especially impending divorce. Third, we will make some comments and recommendations about the conduct of 'marital therapy' when the therapist has access to only one spouse or partner. Inefficient and dysfunctional as such an approach may sound to the therapist accustomed to working with couples 'on the streets,' it is often the only alternative available to the correctional mental health professional when the imprisoned marital partner is in a state of acute pain, with both crisis intervention and follow-up treatment critical.", "contents": "Marital therapy in prison: one-partner 'couple therapy'. The intent of this article is, first, to describe some currently available means of strengthening marital and family ties for the incarcerated offender, and to point out the inherent limitations of these processes. Second, we will describe common reactions of inmates to marital crises, especially impending divorce. Third, we will make some comments and recommendations about the conduct of 'marital therapy' when the therapist has access to only one spouse or partner. Inefficient and dysfunctional as such an approach may sound to the therapist accustomed to working with couples 'on the streets,' it is often the only alternative available to the correctional mental health professional when the imprisoned marital partner is in a state of acute pain, with both crisis intervention and follow-up treatment critical.", "PMID": 859948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13225", "title": "The family romance fantasies of adopted children.", "content": "Despite the absence of psychoanalytic studies to support the position, family romance fantasies have been assumed to be similar in form and function in both the adopted child and the blood kin child. My studies, documented herein from the analyses of three adoptees, reveal that knowing one is adopted results in modifications of the fantasy and that certain types of adoptees seem incapable of effectively creating the paradigmatic family romance fantasy.", "contents": "The family romance fantasies of adopted children. Despite the absence of psychoanalytic studies to support the position, family romance fantasies have been assumed to be similar in form and function in both the adopted child and the blood kin child. My studies, documented herein from the analyses of three adoptees, reveal that knowing one is adopted results in modifications of the fantasy and that certain types of adoptees seem incapable of effectively creating the paradigmatic family romance fantasy.", "PMID": 859949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13226", "title": "On the occurrence of incest fantasies.", "content": "Incest fantasies are often regarded as suggesting important ego or superego deficits. Actually, some nonpsychotic patients are found to experience such fantasies. In these cases the phenomenon occurs when certain psychogenetic and psychodynamic factors are present.", "contents": "On the occurrence of incest fantasies. Incest fantasies are often regarded as suggesting important ego or superego deficits. Actually, some nonpsychotic patients are found to experience such fantasies. In these cases the phenomenon occurs when certain psychogenetic and psychodynamic factors are present.", "PMID": 859950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13227", "title": "The effects of social changes in chronic schizophrenia: a study of forty patients transferred from hospital to residential home.", "content": "Various clinical and social measures were applied to forty long-stay schizophrenic patients before and after transfer from hospital to a residential home and similarly to twenty-five patients retained in hospital. The results are used to test specific hypotheses concerning the relationship between social changes and clinical state in chronic schizophrenia.", "contents": "The effects of social changes in chronic schizophrenia: a study of forty patients transferred from hospital to residential home. Various clinical and social measures were applied to forty long-stay schizophrenic patients before and after transfer from hospital to a residential home and similarly to twenty-five patients retained in hospital. The results are used to test specific hypotheses concerning the relationship between social changes and clinical state in chronic schizophrenia.", "PMID": 859952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13228", "title": "Platelet serotonin concentration and monoamine oxidase activity in unmedicated chronic schizophrenic and in schizoaffective patients.", "content": "Elevated blood serotonin, perhaps secondary to reduced platelet MAO, has been reported in a group of chronic schizophrenic patients. We have failed to find elevated platelet serotonin, or any relationship between platelet serotonin and MAO either in a group of unmedicated chronic schizophrenic patients or in a group of schizoaffective patients. Possible reasons for these discrepancies are discussed.", "contents": "Platelet serotonin concentration and monoamine oxidase activity in unmedicated chronic schizophrenic and in schizoaffective patients. Elevated blood serotonin, perhaps secondary to reduced platelet MAO, has been reported in a group of chronic schizophrenic patients. We have failed to find elevated platelet serotonin, or any relationship between platelet serotonin and MAO either in a group of unmedicated chronic schizophrenic patients or in a group of schizoaffective patients. Possible reasons for these discrepancies are discussed.", "PMID": 859953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13229", "title": "The relation of deviant symptoms and behaviour in a normal population to subsequent delinquency and maladjustment.", "content": "A survey of more than 6000 school children in 1961 established norms for symptomatology and behavior at ages 5-15. A follow-up to 1968 identified all children from the survey attending a child guidance clinic or appearing in court within that time. Those thus identified contained a significantly high proportion of boys who were reported as having more than 3 deviant items (i.e. occurring in approximately 10% of subjects in 1961). Specific health and behavioural items were found to have been reported in 1961 in proportions which were significantly different for children later appearing in child guidance clinic from those appearing in court. The amount of concern expressed by their parents over psychological and behavioural items distinguished court from clinic boys, while the concern shown by parents over items of physical health showed little difference in these 2 groups.", "contents": "The relation of deviant symptoms and behaviour in a normal population to subsequent delinquency and maladjustment. A survey of more than 6000 school children in 1961 established norms for symptomatology and behavior at ages 5-15. A follow-up to 1968 identified all children from the survey attending a child guidance clinic or appearing in court within that time. Those thus identified contained a significantly high proportion of boys who were reported as having more than 3 deviant items (i.e. occurring in approximately 10% of subjects in 1961). Specific health and behavioural items were found to have been reported in 1961 in proportions which were significantly different for children later appearing in child guidance clinic from those appearing in court. The amount of concern expressed by their parents over psychological and behavioural items distinguished court from clinic boys, while the concern shown by parents over items of physical health showed little difference in these 2 groups.", "PMID": 859954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13230", "title": "[Selected promising radiological imaging techniques (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper informes about physical basics of computerized axial tomography.", "contents": "[Selected promising radiological imaging techniques (author's transl)]. This paper informes about physical basics of computerized axial tomography.", "PMID": 860019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13231", "title": "[The diagnosis of intracranial tumors by CT (computerized tomography) from a practical point of view (author's transl)].", "content": "In a historical abstract the mathematical basis of image reconstruction techniques and CT is reviewed. The enhancement of iodine contrast media is essential in CT diagnostic of space occupying intracranial lesions. Intracranial tumors usually show relatively characteristical but mostly non-specific absorption patterns. Additional clinical information is necessary for differential diagnostic evaluation. The development of tables with various tumor patterns is recommended. Absorption feature of primary and secondary brain-tumors with the surrounding edema is explained. Glioblastomas as well as metastases often show a distinct cerebral edema which has been observed in 64% of our patients with metastases and distinctly localized high dense foci in 69%. 6000 patients were investigated by CT and 1708 examinations were performed with contrast enhancement of other intravenously applicated contrast media.", "contents": "[The diagnosis of intracranial tumors by CT (computerized tomography) from a practical point of view (author's transl)]. In a historical abstract the mathematical basis of image reconstruction techniques and CT is reviewed. The enhancement of iodine contrast media is essential in CT diagnostic of space occupying intracranial lesions. Intracranial tumors usually show relatively characteristical but mostly non-specific absorption patterns. Additional clinical information is necessary for differential diagnostic evaluation. The development of tables with various tumor patterns is recommended. Absorption feature of primary and secondary brain-tumors with the surrounding edema is explained. Glioblastomas as well as metastases often show a distinct cerebral edema which has been observed in 64% of our patients with metastases and distinctly localized high dense foci in 69%. 6000 patients were investigated by CT and 1708 examinations were performed with contrast enhancement of other intravenously applicated contrast media.", "PMID": 860020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13232", "title": "[Computer tomography in intracranial hemorrhage (author's transl)].", "content": "For the detection of acute intracranial and intracerebral hemorrhage computer tomography C.T.- examination is of greatest importance. The diagnostic value exceeds angiographic findings. Especially in cases of urgency C.T. should be used as routine examination.", "contents": "[Computer tomography in intracranial hemorrhage (author's transl)]. For the detection of acute intracranial and intracerebral hemorrhage computer tomography C.T.- examination is of greatest importance. The diagnostic value exceeds angiographic findings. Especially in cases of urgency C.T. should be used as routine examination.", "PMID": 860021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13233", "title": "Scintigraphic evaluation of lymphoma: a comparative study of 67Ga-citrate and 111In-Bleomycin.", "content": "Sequential whole-body scans with both 67Ga-citrate and 111In-bleomycin were performed for 14 patients undergoing staging for Hodgkin's disease or other lymphomas. A comparison or these scans gave a sensitivity in detecting the pathologically-proved tumor sites of 84% for 67Ga-citrate and only 56% for 111In-bleomycin. In 12 patients, the gallium scan demonstrated the lesions more clearly; in the others, the uptake of the two radionuclides was equal. In no case was a clinically diagnosed or histologically proved lesion identified by 111In-bleomycin that was not also demonstrated by 67Ga-citrate. 111In-bleomycin does not complement the 67Ga-citrate scan in the scintigraphic evaluation of lymphomas.", "contents": "Scintigraphic evaluation of lymphoma: a comparative study of 67Ga-citrate and 111In-Bleomycin. Sequential whole-body scans with both 67Ga-citrate and 111In-bleomycin were performed for 14 patients undergoing staging for Hodgkin's disease or other lymphomas. A comparison or these scans gave a sensitivity in detecting the pathologically-proved tumor sites of 84% for 67Ga-citrate and only 56% for 111In-bleomycin. In 12 patients, the gallium scan demonstrated the lesions more clearly; in the others, the uptake of the two radionuclides was equal. In no case was a clinically diagnosed or histologically proved lesion identified by 111In-bleomycin that was not also demonstrated by 67Ga-citrate. 111In-bleomycin does not complement the 67Ga-citrate scan in the scintigraphic evaluation of lymphomas.", "PMID": 860022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13234", "title": "Psychophysical studies of detection errors in chest radiology.", "content": "In 62 of 124 cases analyzed, there occurred a failure to detect a pulmonary nodule which was retrospectively noted only after detection at a subsequent examination. The characteristics of the lesions and their surrounds were measured, and a computer analysis used, to identify that combination of parameters (the conspicuity, K) which was best capable of separating the group into populations of missed and detected lesions.", "contents": "Psychophysical studies of detection errors in chest radiology. In 62 of 124 cases analyzed, there occurred a failure to detect a pulmonary nodule which was retrospectively noted only after detection at a subsequent examination. The characteristics of the lesions and their surrounds were measured, and a computer analysis used, to identify that combination of parameters (the conspicuity, K) which was best capable of separating the group into populations of missed and detected lesions.", "PMID": 860023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13235", "title": "Coronary artery fistula seen as a mediastinal mass.", "content": "The authors describe a case of coronary artery fistula seen as a mediastinal mass on a chest radiograph. Such a diagnosis should be considered when a bulge is seen along the left cardiac border on the plain film.", "contents": "Coronary artery fistula seen as a mediastinal mass. The authors describe a case of coronary artery fistula seen as a mediastinal mass on a chest radiograph. Such a diagnosis should be considered when a bulge is seen along the left cardiac border on the plain film.", "PMID": 860024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13236", "title": "Dissecting hematoma of the aorta secondary to blunt chest trauma.", "content": "Two types of dissecting aortic hematoma occasionally follow blunt chest trauma. Localized subadventitial dissecting may occasionally accompany aortic laceration or transection. This subadventitial hematoma may itself rupture, or it may compress the true aortic lumen. In the presence of arteriosclerosis, classical (medial) dissecting hematoma may occur following blunt trauma. The trauma may be considerably less than that required to cause aortic rupture. Differentiation of the two forms may have practical significance. The treatment of aortic laceration is surgical repair, whether or not there is an associated subadventitial dissection. However, medial dissection following trauma is indistinguishable from spontaneous aortic dissection, and medical therapy may sometimes be the preferred method of treatment.", "contents": "Dissecting hematoma of the aorta secondary to blunt chest trauma. Two types of dissecting aortic hematoma occasionally follow blunt chest trauma. Localized subadventitial dissecting may occasionally accompany aortic laceration or transection. This subadventitial hematoma may itself rupture, or it may compress the true aortic lumen. In the presence of arteriosclerosis, classical (medial) dissecting hematoma may occur following blunt trauma. The trauma may be considerably less than that required to cause aortic rupture. Differentiation of the two forms may have practical significance. The treatment of aortic laceration is surgical repair, whether or not there is an associated subadventitial dissection. However, medial dissection following trauma is indistinguishable from spontaneous aortic dissection, and medical therapy may sometimes be the preferred method of treatment.", "PMID": 860025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13237", "title": "Innominate lines of the colon. Radiological--histological correlation.", "content": "Radiological-histological studies showed that the normal mucosal units of the colon are bounded by the innominate lines. The lines are superficial identations of the mucosa with depths of 0.23 mm. No histological difference was demonstrated according to the three radiographic types found. These lines are demonstrable in about 90% of double-contrast examinations using 60-70% w/v barium. The colon should be prepared with dietary restriction, magnesium citrate, and contact laxative under sufficient hydration. The lines can also be demonstrated at endoscopy with dye scattering.", "contents": "Innominate lines of the colon. Radiological--histological correlation. Radiological-histological studies showed that the normal mucosal units of the colon are bounded by the innominate lines. The lines are superficial identations of the mucosa with depths of 0.23 mm. No histological difference was demonstrated according to the three radiographic types found. These lines are demonstrable in about 90% of double-contrast examinations using 60-70% w/v barium. The colon should be prepared with dietary restriction, magnesium citrate, and contact laxative under sufficient hydration. The lines can also be demonstrated at endoscopy with dye scattering.", "PMID": 860026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13238", "title": "Pelvocalyceal wall opacification--a new radiological sign.", "content": "A new radiological sign is described consisting of opacification of the pelvocalyceal wall during the early stage of an excretory urogram. This sign is associated with acute infection in an obstructed urinary tract system.", "contents": "Pelvocalyceal wall opacification--a new radiological sign. A new radiological sign is described consisting of opacification of the pelvocalyceal wall during the early stage of an excretory urogram. This sign is associated with acute infection in an obstructed urinary tract system.", "PMID": 860028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13239", "title": "Renal microvasculature following papillary resection.", "content": "Surgical papillectomy was performed on 39 rabbits. Microvasculature initially remained normal. After cortical fibrosis occurred, a diversion of the blood flow from the cortex to the medulla was noted. Cortical atrophy following papillary loss is not secondary to microvasculature insufficiency, but is a consequence of obstruction of the collecting ducts. The physiologic changes which follow papillectomy are due to interruption of the loops of Henle and cortical scarring.", "contents": "Renal microvasculature following papillary resection. Surgical papillectomy was performed on 39 rabbits. Microvasculature initially remained normal. After cortical fibrosis occurred, a diversion of the blood flow from the cortex to the medulla was noted. Cortical atrophy following papillary loss is not secondary to microvasculature insufficiency, but is a consequence of obstruction of the collecting ducts. The physiologic changes which follow papillectomy are due to interruption of the loops of Henle and cortical scarring.", "PMID": 860029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13240", "title": "Malignant hemorrhagic renal cyst with occult neoplasm.", "content": "An asymptomatic hemorrhagic renal cyst was benign at angiography, nephrotomography, cystography, and cytologic examination. Malignancy was found at surgery. Malignancy cannot be excluded in a hemorrhagic cyst which is benign by all other criteria.", "contents": "Malignant hemorrhagic renal cyst with occult neoplasm. An asymptomatic hemorrhagic renal cyst was benign at angiography, nephrotomography, cystography, and cytologic examination. Malignancy was found at surgery. Malignancy cannot be excluded in a hemorrhagic cyst which is benign by all other criteria.", "PMID": 860030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13241", "title": "Skin necrosis following extravasation during peripheral phlebography.", "content": "Skin necrosis is an unusual complication following venography of the legs. The authors have found only four cases in the English literature. Two cases of skin necrosis following extravasation of  contrast medium are reported. Their pathogenesis, clinical course, and treatment are discussed along with methods of prevention.", "contents": "Skin necrosis following extravasation during peripheral phlebography. Skin necrosis is an unusual complication following venography of the legs. The authors have found only four cases in the English literature. Two cases of skin necrosis following extravasation of  contrast medium are reported. Their pathogenesis, clinical course, and treatment are discussed along with methods of prevention.", "PMID": 860031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13242", "title": "Storage and retrieval of radiographic images.", "content": "Storage and retrieval of radiographic images was studied to quantify existing procedures and determine the applicability of new technology. Storage practices were found to be consistent among different types of hospitals. About one third of American hospitals have serious problems, particularly lack of space. Most hospitals save radiographs 4-7 years after the latest examination, but one third fall outside this range. It does not appear that there is near-term technological solution for radiographic storage problems.", "contents": "Storage and retrieval of radiographic images. Storage and retrieval of radiographic images was studied to quantify existing procedures and determine the applicability of new technology. Storage practices were found to be consistent among different types of hospitals. About one third of American hospitals have serious problems, particularly lack of space. Most hospitals save radiographs 4-7 years after the latest examination, but one third fall outside this range. It does not appear that there is near-term technological solution for radiographic storage problems.", "PMID": 860032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13243", "title": "The tentorium in axial section. II. Lesion localization.", "content": "Most juxtatentorial lesions may be localized accurately on contrast-enhanced axial section CT scans by use of the opacified tentorial bands. Lesions that lie lateral edge of the diverging bands are supratentorial. Lesions that lie medial to the V-shaped tentorial bands are infratentorial and/or incisural. Flattening of the tentorial border of a lesion helps to identify its location. Use of the tentorial bands identifies transincisural extension of meningioma reliably, but does distinguish well between true transtentorial growth of meningioma and marked upward bulging of the tentorium from purely infratentorial meningioma.", "contents": "The tentorium in axial section. II. Lesion localization. Most juxtatentorial lesions may be localized accurately on contrast-enhanced axial section CT scans by use of the opacified tentorial bands. Lesions that lie lateral edge of the diverging bands are supratentorial. Lesions that lie medial to the V-shaped tentorial bands are infratentorial and/or incisural. Flattening of the tentorial border of a lesion helps to identify its location. Use of the tentorial bands identifies transincisural extension of meningioma reliably, but does distinguish well between true transtentorial growth of meningioma and marked upward bulging of the tentorium from purely infratentorial meningioma.", "PMID": 860033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13244", "title": "Cranial computed tomography in aphasia. Correlation of anatomical lesions with functional deficits.", "content": "A variety of aphasic patients were studied to determine the relationship betweeen lesion size, as demonstrated by cranial computed tomography (CCT), and the type of aphasia, as classified by the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination (BDAE). CCT demonstrated a variety of lesions. Those in nonfluent Broca's aphasics and fluent Wernicke's aphasics were separable into pre-Rolandic and post-Rolandic areas, respectively. Conduction, global, and anomic aphasics had different lesion sites. Correlation of lesion location by CCT with aphasia type supports Geschwind's concepts of aphasia.", "contents": "Cranial computed tomography in aphasia. Correlation of anatomical lesions with functional deficits. A variety of aphasic patients were studied to determine the relationship betweeen lesion size, as demonstrated by cranial computed tomography (CCT), and the type of aphasia, as classified by the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination (BDAE). CCT demonstrated a variety of lesions. Those in nonfluent Broca's aphasics and fluent Wernicke's aphasics were separable into pre-Rolandic and post-Rolandic areas, respectively. Conduction, global, and anomic aphasics had different lesion sites. Correlation of lesion location by CCT with aphasia type supports Geschwind's concepts of aphasia.", "PMID": 860034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13245", "title": "Peritoneal localization of gallium-67.", "content": "Diffuse abdominal localization of 67Ga was found in two patients with peritonitis; one due to M. tuberculosis, and the other presumably pyogenic, following multiple perforations of the small bowel due to necrotizing ulcerating enteritis. After 7 months of antituberculous treatment of the first patient, a normal gallium distribution was noted. It is suggested that gallium scanning may be useful in the diagnosis of peritonitis and perhaps of other serosal infections.", "contents": "Peritoneal localization of gallium-67. Diffuse abdominal localization of 67Ga was found in two patients with peritonitis; one due to M. tuberculosis, and the other presumably pyogenic, following multiple perforations of the small bowel due to necrotizing ulcerating enteritis. After 7 months of antituberculous treatment of the first patient, a normal gallium distribution was noted. It is suggested that gallium scanning may be useful in the diagnosis of peritonitis and perhaps of other serosal infections.", "PMID": 860035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13246", "title": "The importance of perfusion imaging in brain scintigraphy for subdural hematoma.", "content": "The authors report a case of subdural hematoma in a patient who showed bilateral perfusion defects, highly characteristic of subdural hematoma, but did not show the expected complementary static abnormalities. This appears to be the first such case in the literature.", "contents": "The importance of perfusion imaging in brain scintigraphy for subdural hematoma. The authors report a case of subdural hematoma in a patient who showed bilateral perfusion defects, highly characteristic of subdural hematoma, but did not show the expected complementary static abnormalities. This appears to be the first such case in the literature.", "PMID": 860036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13247", "title": "The lateral view in radionuclide imaging of the sacrum.", "content": "Radionuclide bone images in the anterior and posterior views failed to demonstrate a large metastatic tumor involving the sacrum which was obvious on the lateral view. Evaluation of the sacrum by radionuclide imaging may be incomplete without the lateral projection, particularly when there is a question of false-negative anterior and posterior views or difficulty in interpreting the radionuclide images.", "contents": "The lateral view in radionuclide imaging of the sacrum. Radionuclide bone images in the anterior and posterior views failed to demonstrate a large metastatic tumor involving the sacrum which was obvious on the lateral view. Evaluation of the sacrum by radionuclide imaging may be incomplete without the lateral projection, particularly when there is a question of false-negative anterior and posterior views or difficulty in interpreting the radionuclide images.", "PMID": 860037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13248", "title": "Osteochondritis of the tarsal navicula: radioisotopic appearances.", "content": "A case of K\u00f6hler's disease of the tarsal navicula is described as presenting with swelling, tenderness, and hyperthermia of the right foot. Scintigraphy revealed decreased uptake in the right midtarsal area. The ability of the pinhole collimator to image these tiny bones is demonstrated.", "contents": "Osteochondritis of the tarsal navicula: radioisotopic appearances. A case of K\u00f6hler's disease of the tarsal navicula is described as presenting with swelling, tenderness, and hyperthermia of the right foot. Scintigraphy revealed decreased uptake in the right midtarsal area. The ability of the pinhole collimator to image these tiny bones is demonstrated.", "PMID": 860038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13249", "title": "Cranio-carpo-tarsal dysplasia. A report of seven cases.", "content": "Clinical and radiographic features of seven cases of cranio-carpo-tarsal dysplasia are presented. Radiographs show bilateral dislocation of the hips, bilateral vertical talus deformity hand deformities, and characteristic skull changes.", "contents": "Cranio-carpo-tarsal dysplasia. A report of seven cases. Clinical and radiographic features of seven cases of cranio-carpo-tarsal dysplasia are presented. Radiographs show bilateral dislocation of the hips, bilateral vertical talus deformity hand deformities, and characteristic skull changes.", "PMID": 860039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13250", "title": "Infantile hepatic hemangioendothelioma: a surviving case.", "content": "A surviving case of infantile hepatic hemangioendothelioma is presented. The patient was treated with a combination of radiation therapy, cytotoxan, and prednisone, resulting in regression of the tumor.", "contents": "Infantile hepatic hemangioendothelioma: a surviving case. A surviving case of infantile hepatic hemangioendothelioma is presented. The patient was treated with a combination of radiation therapy, cytotoxan, and prednisone, resulting in regression of the tumor.", "PMID": 860040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13251", "title": "Juvenile aponeurotic fibroma. A review and report of a case with osseous involvement.", "content": "Juvenile aponeurotic fibroma with radiographic soft-tissue calcification and osseous involvement was seen in a six-month-old boy. This tumor and other fibromatoses in infancy and childhood are reviewed.", "contents": "Juvenile aponeurotic fibroma. A review and report of a case with osseous involvement. Juvenile aponeurotic fibroma with radiographic soft-tissue calcification and osseous involvement was seen in a six-month-old boy. This tumor and other fibromatoses in infancy and childhood are reviewed.", "PMID": 860041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13252", "title": "Ultrasonic characterization of solid renal lesions: echographic, angiographic and pathologic correlation.", "content": "Seventy-two patients with solid renal lesions were studied by renal echography and the echography and the results were correlated with angiography and pathologic examination of excised specimens. Thirty-one tumors were diagnosed by echography and were proved by angiography and pathology. Renal tumors are either more echo-producing or less echogenic than adjacent normal renal parenchyma. All angiographically hypervascular tumors and hypovascular tumors with areas of hemorrhage and necrosis are more echo-producing. Hypovascular homogenous renal carcinomas, transitional cell carcinoma invading the kidney, and metastases are less echo-producing. Pseudo-tumors have the same echo characteristics as surrounding and adjacent normal renal parenchyma.", "contents": "Ultrasonic characterization of solid renal lesions: echographic, angiographic and pathologic correlation. Seventy-two patients with solid renal lesions were studied by renal echography and the echography and the results were correlated with angiography and pathologic examination of excised specimens. Thirty-one tumors were diagnosed by echography and were proved by angiography and pathology. Renal tumors are either more echo-producing or less echogenic than adjacent normal renal parenchyma. All angiographically hypervascular tumors and hypovascular tumors with areas of hemorrhage and necrosis are more echo-producing. Hypovascular homogenous renal carcinomas, transitional cell carcinoma invading the kidney, and metastases are less echo-producing. Pseudo-tumors have the same echo characteristics as surrounding and adjacent normal renal parenchyma.", "PMID": 860042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13253", "title": "The role of radiation therapy in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid.", "content": "Postoperative radiation therapy was given for medullary carcinoma of the thyroid in 5 patients. Moderately high doses of radiation achieved local control. Four patients died of metastatic disease. The favorable response of this tumor to doxorubicin suggests that both postoperative irradiation and chemotherapy should be used in its treatment.", "contents": "The role of radiation therapy in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Postoperative radiation therapy was given for medullary carcinoma of the thyroid in 5 patients. Moderately high doses of radiation achieved local control. Four patients died of metastatic disease. The favorable response of this tumor to doxorubicin suggests that both postoperative irradiation and chemotherapy should be used in its treatment.", "PMID": 860043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13254", "title": "Response of extremely hypoxic cells to hyperthermia: survival and oxygen enhancement ratios.", "content": "Chinese hamster V79 cells and mouse EMT6 cells were made extremely hypoxic with a chamber technique that relies upon gas exchange rather than respiration-assisted oxygen depletion. Cells in these chambers were treated with heat (43degrees C) or heat plus x-irradiation, and colony-forming ability was determined. Hyperthermia: (a) kills exponentially growing V79 cells more efficiently than plateau-phase cells; (b) kills euoxic and extremely hypoxic cells equally; and (c) radiosensitizes euoxic and extremely hypoxic cells to the same degree, leaving the oxygen enhancement ratio unchanged.", "contents": "Response of extremely hypoxic cells to hyperthermia: survival and oxygen enhancement ratios. Chinese hamster V79 cells and mouse EMT6 cells were made extremely hypoxic with a chamber technique that relies upon gas exchange rather than respiration-assisted oxygen depletion. Cells in these chambers were treated with heat (43degrees C) or heat plus x-irradiation, and colony-forming ability was determined. Hyperthermia: (a) kills exponentially growing V79 cells more efficiently than plateau-phase cells; (b) kills euoxic and extremely hypoxic cells equally; and (c) radiosensitizes euoxic and extremely hypoxic cells to the same degree, leaving the oxygen enhancement ratio unchanged.", "PMID": 860045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13255", "title": "Regional distribution of coronary blood flow during left ventriculography in anesthetized dogs.", "content": "Changes in total and regional left coronary blood flow in response to ventriculography were studied using electromagnetic and microsphere techniques. Correlation of coronary flows by these methods showed excellent agreement (r = 0.947). Ventriculography produced a characteristic triphasic response in total flow and in endocardial/epicardial perfusion ratios. Changes in coronary flow can be explained as a result of hypotension and vasodilatation.", "contents": "Regional distribution of coronary blood flow during left ventriculography in anesthetized dogs. Changes in total and regional left coronary blood flow in response to ventriculography were studied using electromagnetic and microsphere techniques. Correlation of coronary flows by these methods showed excellent agreement (r = 0.947). Ventriculography produced a characteristic triphasic response in total flow and in endocardial/epicardial perfusion ratios. Changes in coronary flow can be explained as a result of hypotension and vasodilatation.", "PMID": 860046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13256", "title": "Metrizamide--CSF contrast medium. Analysis of clinical application in 215 patients.", "content": "Two-hundred-fifteen patients were evaluated with metrizamide, a new water-soluble contrast agent for use in the subarachnoid spaces. Side effects were reported in 67% of these; 39% were moderate or severe. Cervical injections monitored by fluoroscopy provide the most precise positioning of the medium. The benefits of metrizamide use outweigh its risk.", "contents": "Metrizamide--CSF contrast medium. Analysis of clinical application in 215 patients. Two-hundred-fifteen patients were evaluated with metrizamide, a new water-soluble contrast agent for use in the subarachnoid spaces. Side effects were reported in 67% of these; 39% were moderate or severe. Cervical injections monitored by fluoroscopy provide the most precise positioning of the medium. The benefits of metrizamide use outweigh its risk.", "PMID": 860047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13257", "title": "Toward the automation of echocardiography.", "content": "Schemes applicable to the automated classification of disease states identifiable through echocardiography are being studied. Initial success has been achieved in the classification of anterior mitral leaflet wave forms associated with mitral stenosis and mitral valve prolapse. These two categories were found to be readily distinguished from the normal state in a Fourier analysis framework.", "contents": "Toward the automation of echocardiography. Schemes applicable to the automated classification of disease states identifiable through echocardiography are being studied. Initial success has been achieved in the classification of anterior mitral leaflet wave forms associated with mitral stenosis and mitral valve prolapse. These two categories were found to be readily distinguished from the normal state in a Fourier analysis framework.", "PMID": 860048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13258", "title": "Autotomography: a means of improving visualization of the upper cervical spine.", "content": "Autotomography permits improved visualization of the atlas-axis and occipito-cervical articulations with virtually any x-ray equipment in less time than is required for anteroposterior and lateral tomograms. This technique is best applied in nontraumatic cases in which the dens is not seen clearly on the \"open mouth view\".", "contents": "Autotomography: a means of improving visualization of the upper cervical spine. Autotomography permits improved visualization of the atlas-axis and occipito-cervical articulations with virtually any x-ray equipment in less time than is required for anteroposterior and lateral tomograms. This technique is best applied in nontraumatic cases in which the dens is not seen clearly on the \"open mouth view\".", "PMID": 860049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13259", "title": "Bilateral venography of the lower extremities.", "content": "The authors describe a simplified method of venography of the lower extremity which gives improved visualization of the proximal deep venous system. The technique involves high volumes of contrast material, no tourniquets, a relatively vertical, non-weight-bearing position, and passive elevation of the legs.", "contents": "Bilateral venography of the lower extremities. The authors describe a simplified method of venography of the lower extremity which gives improved visualization of the proximal deep venous system. The technique involves high volumes of contrast material, no tourniquets, a relatively vertical, non-weight-bearing position, and passive elevation of the legs.", "PMID": 860050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13260", "title": "Informed consent: a medical decision (II).", "content": "The obtaining of informed consent prior to urography is a practice of some radiologists based largely on legal considerations. Because of the possibility of inducing anxiety, a relevant factor in idiosyncratic reactions, radiologists should not obtain informed consent prior to the urographic examination.", "contents": "Informed consent: a medical decision (II). The obtaining of informed consent prior to urography is a practice of some radiologists based largely on legal considerations. Because of the possibility of inducing anxiety, a relevant factor in idiosyncratic reactions, radiologists should not obtain informed consent prior to the urographic examination.", "PMID": 860051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13261", "title": "Informed consent: some newer aspects and their relation to the specialty of radiology.", "content": "Several recent court decisions have focused the attention of radiologists upon the medicolegal subject of informed consent. Some of the legal principles and precedents of this subject are reviewed, and the impact and implications of recent legal decisions considered.", "contents": "Informed consent: some newer aspects and their relation to the specialty of radiology. Several recent court decisions have focused the attention of radiologists upon the medicolegal subject of informed consent. Some of the legal principles and precedents of this subject are reviewed, and the impact and implications of recent legal decisions considered.", "PMID": 860052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13262", "title": "Drug interactions on body temperature maintenance in the mouse.", "content": "Exposure of mice to an environmental temperature leads to a loss of body temperature and death in 5-6 hours. Intraperitoneal injection of water or d-amphetamine exacerbates this effect, while caffeine has a modest antagonistic effect. The combination of caffeine and d-amphetamine is synergistic and leads to a rapid loss in body temperature with death occurring in less than 3 hours.", "contents": "Drug interactions on body temperature maintenance in the mouse. Exposure of mice to an environmental temperature leads to a loss of body temperature and death in 5-6 hours. Intraperitoneal injection of water or d-amphetamine exacerbates this effect, while caffeine has a modest antagonistic effect. The combination of caffeine and d-amphetamine is synergistic and leads to a rapid loss in body temperature with death occurring in less than 3 hours.", "PMID": 860084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13263", "title": "Enhanced lung toxicity of O2 in selenium-deficient rats.", "content": "To test the hypothesis that glutathione (GSH) peroxidase is an important component of the lung's anti-oxidant defense systemes, O2 toxicity was studied in selenium (Se)-deficient rats. Chronic respiratory disease free rats fed a Se-deficient diet or a diet supplemented with Se for 40 days after weaning were exposed to 80% O2 at atmospheric pressures for 3 days. Activities of GSH peroxidase in lungs of Se-deficient rats were markedly lower than corresponding activities in rats supplemented with 0.5 or 2.0 ppm Se. With O2 exposure, 35% of the rats fed the Se-deficient regimen died, whereas all rats fed Se-supplemented diets survived. Lungs from surviving Se-deficient rats exposed to O2 were edematous. The data suggest that the toxic effects of O2 are enhanced in Se-deficient rats and that nutritional factors contribute to lung susceptibility to oxidant-induced damage.", "contents": "Enhanced lung toxicity of O2 in selenium-deficient rats. To test the hypothesis that glutathione (GSH) peroxidase is an important component of the lung's anti-oxidant defense systemes, O2 toxicity was studied in selenium (Se)-deficient rats. Chronic respiratory disease free rats fed a Se-deficient diet or a diet supplemented with Se for 40 days after weaning were exposed to 80% O2 at atmospheric pressures for 3 days. Activities of GSH peroxidase in lungs of Se-deficient rats were markedly lower than corresponding activities in rats supplemented with 0.5 or 2.0 ppm Se. With O2 exposure, 35% of the rats fed the Se-deficient regimen died, whereas all rats fed Se-supplemented diets survived. Lungs from surviving Se-deficient rats exposed to O2 were edematous. The data suggest that the toxic effects of O2 are enhanced in Se-deficient rats and that nutritional factors contribute to lung susceptibility to oxidant-induced damage.", "PMID": 860085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13264", "title": "A simple, rapid and semi-automated method for the quantitative determination of expired 14CO2 in metabolism studies with laboratory animals.", "content": "The automatic features of a commercial instrument which prepares 14CO2 for liquid scintillation counting have been adapted  to assay the 14CO2 collected in aqueous NaOH from the expired air of experimental laboratory animals in metabolism experiments. The method involves the liberation of 14CO2 trapped as Na214CO3 with dilute H2SO4 and the entrainment of the 14CO2 with nitrogen into the sample handling system. Recoveries were 87.3+/-1.2% and precision+/-2.0%. The method was simple and rapid; 6-8 samples were processed in one hour.", "contents": "A simple, rapid and semi-automated method for the quantitative determination of expired 14CO2 in metabolism studies with laboratory animals. The automatic features of a commercial instrument which prepares 14CO2 for liquid scintillation counting have been adapted  to assay the 14CO2 collected in aqueous NaOH from the expired air of experimental laboratory animals in metabolism experiments. The method involves the liberation of 14CO2 trapped as Na214CO3 with dilute H2SO4 and the entrainment of the 14CO2 with nitrogen into the sample handling system. Recoveries were 87.3+/-1.2% and precision+/-2.0%. The method was simple and rapid; 6-8 samples were processed in one hour.", "PMID": 860086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13265", "title": "The effect of chronic ethanol administration on arachidonyl transfer to 1-acyl-glycerophosphorylcholine in rat brain synaptosomal fraction.", "content": "Enzymatic transfer of arachidonate to synaptosomal diacyl-GPC in a group of rats (n=14) administered 30% ethanol by intragastric intubation for 21 days was 24% higher than controls (n=5) (P less than 0.05). No apparent difference in enzymic activity was observed with respect to different periods of withdrawal (8-24 hrs). The acyl transferase activity in another group of rats (n=5) which were given 15% ethanol as the sole drinking source for 13 months was 58% higher than controls (P less than 0.025). The increase in acyl transferase activity with respect to the two types of chronic ethanol administration may be due to an adaptive mechanism in brain to facilitate the increase in membrane transport activities which are known to occur under the influence of ethanol.", "contents": "The effect of chronic ethanol administration on arachidonyl transfer to 1-acyl-glycerophosphorylcholine in rat brain synaptosomal fraction. Enzymatic transfer of arachidonate to synaptosomal diacyl-GPC in a group of rats (n=14) administered 30% ethanol by intragastric intubation for 21 days was 24% higher than controls (n=5) (P less than 0.05). No apparent difference in enzymic activity was observed with respect to different periods of withdrawal (8-24 hrs). The acyl transferase activity in another group of rats (n=5) which were given 15% ethanol as the sole drinking source for 13 months was 58% higher than controls (P less than 0.025). The increase in acyl transferase activity with respect to the two types of chronic ethanol administration may be due to an adaptive mechanism in brain to facilitate the increase in membrane transport activities which are known to occur under the influence of ethanol.", "PMID": 860087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13266", "title": "Influence of imipramine and various steroids on hepatic in vitro N-demethylation of tricyclic antidepressants.", "content": "The effects of equimolar doses of imipramine (IP) and three catatoxic steroids, pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile (PCN), spironolactone (SNL) and dexamethasone (DEXA), on hepatic mixed-function oxidases were investigated in female rats. Liver weight and N-demethylation of IP and amitriptyline (AMI) were significantly increased by 3 days of catatoxic steroid pretreatment. Repeated prior administration of IP enhanced N-demethylase activity and 9000g supernate protein, but diminished hepatic weight.", "contents": "Influence of imipramine and various steroids on hepatic in vitro N-demethylation of tricyclic antidepressants. The effects of equimolar doses of imipramine (IP) and three catatoxic steroids, pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile (PCN), spironolactone (SNL) and dexamethasone (DEXA), on hepatic mixed-function oxidases were investigated in female rats. Liver weight and N-demethylation of IP and amitriptyline (AMI) were significantly increased by 3 days of catatoxic steroid pretreatment. Repeated prior administration of IP enhanced N-demethylase activity and 9000g supernate protein, but diminished hepatic weight.", "PMID": 860088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13267", "title": "Microlesions on rumen papillae of sheep fed diets of wheat grain.", "content": "Scanning electron microscope evidence of microlesions on the rumen papillae of lambs fed a wheat grain diet is presented. These represent an early and previously unrecognised stage of rumenitis.", "contents": "Microlesions on rumen papillae of sheep fed diets of wheat grain. Scanning electron microscope evidence of microlesions on the rumen papillae of lambs fed a wheat grain diet is presented. These represent an early and previously unrecognised stage of rumenitis.", "PMID": 860089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13268", "title": "Further studies concerning the toxicity of ingested ergot sclerotia (Claviceps purpurea) to young and growing pigs.", "content": "In three experiments pigs were offered diets contaminated with milled ergot sclerotia. In a metabolism study 0-5 per cent (w/w) of American wheat ergot decreased urinary nitrogen losses and improved the efficiency of nitrogen retention. When early weaned piglets ingested a diet contaminated with 2-5 per cent of the ergot, feed intake was reduced and growth rate decreased. Reduction in growth rate was also evident in growing pigs given a diet containing ergotised English wheat. These latter pigs had lesions in stomach, intestine and liver, consistent with a toxic insult. With respect to feed intake and growth these results agreed with those of an earlier study, although a toxic response was produced by a lower dosage rate and there was additional internal evidence of toxicity. Improved nitrogen retention was contrary to earlier evidence at higher dose rates but may merely reflect a tonic action which, at higher doses, becomes toxic.", "contents": "Further studies concerning the toxicity of ingested ergot sclerotia (Claviceps purpurea) to young and growing pigs. In three experiments pigs were offered diets contaminated with milled ergot sclerotia. In a metabolism study 0-5 per cent (w/w) of American wheat ergot decreased urinary nitrogen losses and improved the efficiency of nitrogen retention. When early weaned piglets ingested a diet contaminated with 2-5 per cent of the ergot, feed intake was reduced and growth rate decreased. Reduction in growth rate was also evident in growing pigs given a diet containing ergotised English wheat. These latter pigs had lesions in stomach, intestine and liver, consistent with a toxic insult. With respect to feed intake and growth these results agreed with those of an earlier study, although a toxic response was produced by a lower dosage rate and there was additional internal evidence of toxicity. Improved nitrogen retention was contrary to earlier evidence at higher dose rates but may merely reflect a tonic action which, at higher doses, becomes toxic.", "PMID": 860090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13269", "title": "Isolation of encapsulated strains of Staphylococcus aureus from bovine mastitis milk.", "content": "Among 1598 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis milk samples, 19 exhibited a diffuse-type growth using the serum-soft agar (SSA) technique. By the application of a capsular typing method using the SSA technique, they could be separated into five different serological types. Mouse virulence of individual strains varied significantly. Two strains showed high mouse virulence but the majority showed relatively low virulence or were avirulent. The avirulent strains and those of low virulence were capable of absorbing protective antibodies from rabbit antisera to type strains of human encapsulated S aureus. These results suggested that encapsulated strains of S aureus may play a part in the pathogenesis of bovine mastitis.", "contents": "Isolation of encapsulated strains of Staphylococcus aureus from bovine mastitis milk. Among 1598 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis milk samples, 19 exhibited a diffuse-type growth using the serum-soft agar (SSA) technique. By the application of a capsular typing method using the SSA technique, they could be separated into five different serological types. Mouse virulence of individual strains varied significantly. Two strains showed high mouse virulence but the majority showed relatively low virulence or were avirulent. The avirulent strains and those of low virulence were capable of absorbing protective antibodies from rabbit antisera to type strains of human encapsulated S aureus. These results suggested that encapsulated strains of S aureus may play a part in the pathogenesis of bovine mastitis.", "PMID": 860091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13270", "title": "Fusiform erythrocytes resembling sickle cells in angora goats: light and electron microscopic observations.", "content": "Fresh blood from nine mature non-pregnant angora goats was found to contain a varying proportion of spindle-shaped, fusiform, triangular, pear-shaped, and other bizarre forms of erythrocytes in addition to normal discoid biconcave erythrocytes. The number of spindled and fusiform erythrocytes varied from 2 to 66 per cent, with two goats having such cells in excess of 50 per cent. Other aberrant forms of erythrocytes ranged from 3 to 54 per cent. Although the aberrant erythrocytes seemed to be present intravascularly, all goats studied were clinically normal and exhibited no other haematological abnormality. Light and electron microscopic observations indicated that polymerisation of haemoglobin in the form of longitudinal tubular fibres was responsible for conferring the fusiform and spindle shapes to erythrocytes, a phenomenon akin to that seen in sickle-shaped human and deer erythrocytes.", "contents": "Fusiform erythrocytes resembling sickle cells in angora goats: light and electron microscopic observations. Fresh blood from nine mature non-pregnant angora goats was found to contain a varying proportion of spindle-shaped, fusiform, triangular, pear-shaped, and other bizarre forms of erythrocytes in addition to normal discoid biconcave erythrocytes. The number of spindled and fusiform erythrocytes varied from 2 to 66 per cent, with two goats having such cells in excess of 50 per cent. Other aberrant forms of erythrocytes ranged from 3 to 54 per cent. Although the aberrant erythrocytes seemed to be present intravascularly, all goats studied were clinically normal and exhibited no other haematological abnormality. Light and electron microscopic observations indicated that polymerisation of haemoglobin in the form of longitudinal tubular fibres was responsible for conferring the fusiform and spindle shapes to erythrocytes, a phenomenon akin to that seen in sickle-shaped human and deer erythrocytes.", "PMID": 860092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13271", "title": "Babesia major in Britain: infectivity for cattle of cryopreserved parasites derived from Haemaphysalis punctata nymphs.", "content": "Babesia major-infected Haemaphysalis punctata nymphs, prefed for four days on rabbits, were ground in a modified Eagle's minimum essential medium containing N-2 hydroxyethylpiperazine-N1-ethane-sulphonic acid (HEPES) buffer using sterile sand or ground glass as triturating agents. The resultant supernatant fluids were shown to be infective for splenectomised calves. When attempts were made to cryopreserve the fluids using either dimethyl sulphoxide or glycerol to a final concentration of 10 per cent, only the former successfully maintained the intravenous infectivity of the organisms released by grinding with glass. A cooling rate of approximately 1 degrees C/min resulted in successful cryopreservation but a more rapid cooling rate did not.", "contents": "Babesia major in Britain: infectivity for cattle of cryopreserved parasites derived from Haemaphysalis punctata nymphs. Babesia major-infected Haemaphysalis punctata nymphs, prefed for four days on rabbits, were ground in a modified Eagle's minimum essential medium containing N-2 hydroxyethylpiperazine-N1-ethane-sulphonic acid (HEPES) buffer using sterile sand or ground glass as triturating agents. The resultant supernatant fluids were shown to be infective for splenectomised calves. When attempts were made to cryopreserve the fluids using either dimethyl sulphoxide or glycerol to a final concentration of 10 per cent, only the former successfully maintained the intravenous infectivity of the organisms released by grinding with glass. A cooling rate of approximately 1 degrees C/min resulted in successful cryopreservation but a more rapid cooling rate did not.", "PMID": 860093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13272", "title": "Half-life, apparent volume of distribution and protein-binding for some sulphonamides in cows.", "content": "The half-lives, apparent volume of distribution and protein-binding of 11 sulphonamides were determined in 89 experiments on 49 cows. The estimations of half-lives indicated the presence of a distribution phase (alpha-phase) for all the sulphonamides investigated with the exception of sulphachloropyridazine. The elimination half-life (beta-phase) of the sulphonamides in plasma varied from 70 to 1000 min and was positively correlated with the solubility of the compounds in organic solvents. This was explained by the greater reabsorption of the more fat-soluble compounds in the kidneys. All the sulphonamides except sulphadimidine had a shorter half-life in cows than previously reported from human investigations. The apparent volume of distribution was about one for sulphanilamide and lower for all the other sulphonamides investigated. The protein-binding estimated in vitro agreed well with the in vivo results. It was slightly lower than in humans and the degree of protein-binding decreased with increasing sulphonamide concentration in plasma.", "contents": "Half-life, apparent volume of distribution and protein-binding for some sulphonamides in cows. The half-lives, apparent volume of distribution and protein-binding of 11 sulphonamides were determined in 89 experiments on 49 cows. The estimations of half-lives indicated the presence of a distribution phase (alpha-phase) for all the sulphonamides investigated with the exception of sulphachloropyridazine. The elimination half-life (beta-phase) of the sulphonamides in plasma varied from 70 to 1000 min and was positively correlated with the solubility of the compounds in organic solvents. This was explained by the greater reabsorption of the more fat-soluble compounds in the kidneys. All the sulphonamides except sulphadimidine had a shorter half-life in cows than previously reported from human investigations. The apparent volume of distribution was about one for sulphanilamide and lower for all the other sulphonamides investigated. The protein-binding estimated in vitro agreed well with the in vivo results. It was slightly lower than in humans and the degree of protein-binding decreased with increasing sulphonamide concentration in plasma.", "PMID": 860094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13273", "title": "Bovine leptospirosis: experimental infection of pregnant heifers with a strain belonging to the Hebdomadis serogroup.", "content": "Twenty pregnant heifers were inoculated with a leptospire of the Hebdomadis serogroup. Leptospiraemia was accompanied by pyrexia which lasted from one to five days. Sixteen animals had relapses of fever. One of these aborted and two produced weak calves, one of which was premature. In the heifers, leptospires localised in the placentae, where they were demonstrable for 14-60 days after inoculation, and in the renal tubules for as long as 174 days. They were also demonstrated in liver, kidney and lung from the aborted fetus. Antibodies were detected in susceptible heifers six days after inoculation and maximum titres of up to 1:100,000 developed between 11 and 21 days. A titre of 1:10 was demonstrated in the serum of a premature live calf. These findings indicated that leptospires of the Hebdomadis group were capable of causing abortion in cattle.", "contents": "Bovine leptospirosis: experimental infection of pregnant heifers with a strain belonging to the Hebdomadis serogroup. Twenty pregnant heifers were inoculated with a leptospire of the Hebdomadis serogroup. Leptospiraemia was accompanied by pyrexia which lasted from one to five days. Sixteen animals had relapses of fever. One of these aborted and two produced weak calves, one of which was premature. In the heifers, leptospires localised in the placentae, where they were demonstrable for 14-60 days after inoculation, and in the renal tubules for as long as 174 days. They were also demonstrated in liver, kidney and lung from the aborted fetus. Antibodies were detected in susceptible heifers six days after inoculation and maximum titres of up to 1:100,000 developed between 11 and 21 days. A titre of 1:10 was demonstrated in the serum of a premature live calf. These findings indicated that leptospires of the Hebdomadis group were capable of causing abortion in cattle.", "PMID": 860095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13274", "title": "The lens epithelium of American cocker spaniels with inherited and non-inherited lens cataracts.", "content": "The normal lens epithelium of American cocker spaniels exhibits a monolayer of cells similar to that seen in other animals. The lens epithelium from spaniels with presumed inherited cataracts shows a lack of cell division and a decrease in cell density. Lens epithelial preparations from spaniels with presumed non-inherited cataracts show a multilayering of cells with several mitotic figures.", "contents": "The lens epithelium of American cocker spaniels with inherited and non-inherited lens cataracts. The normal lens epithelium of American cocker spaniels exhibits a monolayer of cells similar to that seen in other animals. The lens epithelium from spaniels with presumed inherited cataracts shows a lack of cell division and a decrease in cell density. Lens epithelial preparations from spaniels with presumed non-inherited cataracts show a multilayering of cells with several mitotic figures.", "PMID": 860096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13275", "title": "Post-transfusion purpura in a pig.", "content": "A pig which was being immunised with thrombocytes from another pig developed thrombocytopenia and purpura. This appears to be analogous to the post-transfusion purpura syndrome which has been reported in humans and it is suggested that similar systems in pigs could be useful models for experimental studies on the human condition.", "contents": "Post-transfusion purpura in a pig. A pig which was being immunised with thrombocytes from another pig developed thrombocytopenia and purpura. This appears to be analogous to the post-transfusion purpura syndrome which has been reported in humans and it is suggested that similar systems in pigs could be useful models for experimental studies on the human condition.", "PMID": 860097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13276", "title": "Attachment of Mycoplasma gallisepticum to the tracheal epithelium of fowls.", "content": "An electron microscopical study of fowl trachea infected with Mycoplasma gallisepticum showed slight to moderate changes at the cellular level. Mycoplasmas were demonstrated extra-cellularly and showed triple membranes, intracytoplasmic spaces, fibrillar nuclear areas and blebs. Blebs were seen attached to the plasma membrane of the epithelial cells.", "contents": "Attachment of Mycoplasma gallisepticum to the tracheal epithelium of fowls. An electron microscopical study of fowl trachea infected with Mycoplasma gallisepticum showed slight to moderate changes at the cellular level. Mycoplasmas were demonstrated extra-cellularly and showed triple membranes, intracytoplasmic spaces, fibrillar nuclear areas and blebs. Blebs were seen attached to the plasma membrane of the epithelial cells.", "PMID": 860098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13277", "title": "Cytotoxic antibody in the serum of cattle with squamous cell carcinoma.", "content": "Sera from two cattle with ocular squamous cell carcinomas were cytotoxic for two different cultures of cells derived from bovine ocular squamous cell carcinomas. Sera from normal cattle, and from one tumour-bearing animal, were not cytotoxic. Cytotoxicity could be demonstrated in vitro only in the presence of guinea-pig complement.", "contents": "Cytotoxic antibody in the serum of cattle with squamous cell carcinoma. Sera from two cattle with ocular squamous cell carcinomas were cytotoxic for two different cultures of cells derived from bovine ocular squamous cell carcinomas. Sera from normal cattle, and from one tumour-bearing animal, were not cytotoxic. Cytotoxicity could be demonstrated in vitro only in the presence of guinea-pig complement.", "PMID": 860099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13278", "title": "Head injury admissions to a teaching hospital.", "content": "A prospective study of head injury admissions to a city teaching hospital over one year has shown that most were minor. Of the 918 patients, 85% were discharged within 48 hours, only 3% required definitive neurosurgical care, and the overall mortality was 2%. Most cases came to hospital after 5.00 p.m. especially at the weekend. Head injuries accounted for almost one-third of emergency admissions to male general surgical wards.", "contents": "Head injury admissions to a teaching hospital. A prospective study of head injury admissions to a city teaching hospital over one year has shown that most were minor. Of the 918 patients, 85% were discharged within 48 hours, only 3% required definitive neurosurgical care, and the overall mortality was 2%. Most cases came to hospital after 5.00 p.m. especially at the weekend. Head injuries accounted for almost one-third of emergency admissions to male general surgical wards.", "PMID": 860113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13279", "title": "Drug information centres: new role for pharmacists?", "content": "In the last few decades there has been a great increase in the number of new drugs available for general use. In consequence, drug information centres have been developed, particularly in U.S.A., to disseminate information on the uses, toxicity and cost of these drugs. Such centres have been slower to appear in the United Kingdom, with the exception of certain specialised centres, e.g. Poisons Information Bureaux. The present report describes the development of a drug information centre in Glasgow and gives preliminary data on its use during the last year. It is proposed that such centres provide a valuable aid in encouraging rational drug use particularly in hospitals. The centres may be run by a variety of interested personnel but in our view the professional group most likely to fill this role adequately is hospital pharmacists.", "contents": "Drug information centres: new role for pharmacists? In the last few decades there has been a great increase in the number of new drugs available for general use. In consequence, drug information centres have been developed, particularly in U.S.A., to disseminate information on the uses, toxicity and cost of these drugs. Such centres have been slower to appear in the United Kingdom, with the exception of certain specialised centres, e.g. Poisons Information Bureaux. The present report describes the development of a drug information centre in Glasgow and gives preliminary data on its use during the last year. It is proposed that such centres provide a valuable aid in encouraging rational drug use particularly in hospitals. The centres may be run by a variety of interested personnel but in our view the professional group most likely to fill this role adequately is hospital pharmacists.", "PMID": 860114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13280", "title": "Evidence for abnormal heart induction in cardiac-mutant salamanders (Ambystoma mexicanum).", "content": "Homozygosity for simple recessive gene c in axolotl embryos results in the absence of a heartbeat. Gene c alters the morphology of the mutant anterior endoderm - the primary heart inductor.", "contents": "Evidence for abnormal heart induction in cardiac-mutant salamanders (Ambystoma mexicanum). Homozygosity for simple recessive gene c in axolotl embryos results in the absence of a heartbeat. Gene c alters the morphology of the mutant anterior endoderm - the primary heart inductor.", "PMID": 860120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13281", "title": "Suckling as incentive to instrumental learning in preweanling rats.", "content": "Neonatal rats as young as 7 days of age learned, reversed, and retained a left-right discrimination with a nonlactating nipple as the incentive. These results have implications for the ontogeny of associative processes and for their neurological and neurochemical mediators.", "contents": "Suckling as incentive to instrumental learning in preweanling rats. Neonatal rats as young as 7 days of age learned, reversed, and retained a left-right discrimination with a nonlactating nipple as the incentive. These results have implications for the ontogeny of associative processes and for their neurological and neurochemical mediators.", "PMID": 860121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13282", "title": "Heteromorphic sex chromosomes in male rainbow trout.", "content": "A pair of subtelocentric chromosomes differs in the size of the short arm in male, but not female, rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). The morphological similarity of the X and Y chromosomes, and the observation of Y chromosomes intermediate between the X and normal Y, suggest that the sex chromosomes are at an early stage of differentiation in this species.", "contents": "Heteromorphic sex chromosomes in male rainbow trout. A pair of subtelocentric chromosomes differs in the size of the short arm in male, but not female, rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). The morphological similarity of the X and Y chromosomes, and the observation of Y chromosomes intermediate between the X and normal Y, suggest that the sex chromosomes are at an early stage of differentiation in this species.", "PMID": 860122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13283", "title": "Hibernation and body weight in dormice: a new type of endogenous cycle.", "content": "Under conditions unfavorable to hibernateion (22 degrees C), the body-weight cycles of dormice are only a few weeks long, but under conditions in which dormice hibernate (5 degrees C), the cycles can last many months; the more the animals hibernate, the longer are the cycles. Such cycles contrast with the relative independence from torpor of the period of circannual cycles in other hibernating rodents and with the temperature compensation of circannual and circadian cycles in general.", "contents": "Hibernation and body weight in dormice: a new type of endogenous cycle. Under conditions unfavorable to hibernateion (22 degrees C), the body-weight cycles of dormice are only a few weeks long, but under conditions in which dormice hibernate (5 degrees C), the cycles can last many months; the more the animals hibernate, the longer are the cycles. Such cycles contrast with the relative independence from torpor of the period of circannual cycles in other hibernating rodents and with the temperature compensation of circannual and circadian cycles in general.", "PMID": 860123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13284", "title": "Lesch-Nyhan syndrome: low dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity and diminished sympathetic response to stress and posture.", "content": "Patients with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome with virtually no hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase activity demonstrate significantly low plasma activity of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase but normal basal levels of norepinephrine. Under conditions of emotional or postural stress the plasma concentrations of norepinephrine in Lesch-Nyhan patients increased less than in a normal population.", "contents": "Lesch-Nyhan syndrome: low dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity and diminished sympathetic response to stress and posture. Patients with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome with virtually no hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase activity demonstrate significantly low plasma activity of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase but normal basal levels of norepinephrine. Under conditions of emotional or postural stress the plasma concentrations of norepinephrine in Lesch-Nyhan patients increased less than in a normal population.", "PMID": 860124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13285", "title": "The cell membrane sodium pump as a mechanism for increasing thermogenesis during cold acclimation in rats.", "content": "Increased sodium pump activity is a major component of enhanced tissue thermogenesis in skeletal muscle, liver, and kidney of cold-acclimated rats. The sodium pump may play a major role in the thermoregulatory heat production during cold adaptation in mammals.", "contents": "The cell membrane sodium pump as a mechanism for increasing thermogenesis during cold acclimation in rats. Increased sodium pump activity is a major component of enhanced tissue thermogenesis in skeletal muscle, liver, and kidney of cold-acclimated rats. The sodium pump may play a major role in the thermoregulatory heat production during cold adaptation in mammals.", "PMID": 860125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13286", "title": "Lithium ion entry through the sodium channel of cultured mouse neuroblastoma cells: a biochemical study.", "content": "Lithium ion entry at low concentrations (1 to 5 mM) into an electrically active adrenergic clone of mouse neuroblastoma cells was stimulated by veratridine; and this stimulation was blocked by tetrodotoxin, These data provide biochemical evidence that lithium ions enter by way of the sodium channel which may be a major pathway for entry of this ion into electrically active cells.", "contents": "Lithium ion entry through the sodium channel of cultured mouse neuroblastoma cells: a biochemical study. Lithium ion entry at low concentrations (1 to 5 mM) into an electrically active adrenergic clone of mouse neuroblastoma cells was stimulated by veratridine; and this stimulation was blocked by tetrodotoxin, These data provide biochemical evidence that lithium ions enter by way of the sodium channel which may be a major pathway for entry of this ion into electrically active cells.", "PMID": 860126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13287", "title": "Duchenne dystrophy: alteration in muscle plasma membrane structure.", "content": "Freeze fracture studies of skeletal muscle from eight patients with Duchenne dystrophy showed nonuniform distribution and depletion of particles on both protoplasmic and extracellular faces of the muscle plasma membrane. The findings support the view that the muscle surface membrane is abnormal in this disorder and indicate that alterations are present in the internal molecular architecture of the membrane.", "contents": "Duchenne dystrophy: alteration in muscle plasma membrane structure. Freeze fracture studies of skeletal muscle from eight patients with Duchenne dystrophy showed nonuniform distribution and depletion of particles on both protoplasmic and extracellular faces of the muscle plasma membrane. The findings support the view that the muscle surface membrane is abnormal in this disorder and indicate that alterations are present in the internal molecular architecture of the membrane.", "PMID": 860127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13288", "title": "Endothelial damage and thrombocyte adhesion in pigeon atherosclerosis.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy studies of spontaneously occurring atherosclerosis in pigeons reveal dramatic alterations in endothelial integrity. An irregular endothelium at the intimal cushion region of 5-week-old birds gives rise to extensive areas of pitted endothelium and subendothelial exposure. Thrombocytes, thrombocyte aggregates, and leukocytes are associated with the developing lesion.", "contents": "Endothelial damage and thrombocyte adhesion in pigeon atherosclerosis. Scanning electron microscopy studies of spontaneously occurring atherosclerosis in pigeons reveal dramatic alterations in endothelial integrity. An irregular endothelium at the intimal cushion region of 5-week-old birds gives rise to extensive areas of pitted endothelium and subendothelial exposure. Thrombocytes, thrombocyte aggregates, and leukocytes are associated with the developing lesion.", "PMID": 860128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13289", "title": "Visual search in the pigeon: hunt and peck method.", "content": "Pigeons pecked at small forms displayed on an oscilloscope screen under computer control. The birds were required to find a small o amid varying numbers of x forms. A photocell glued to the bird's beak provided a signal to the computer when the beak approached a form, and the computer recorded the time and target of the response. As in some similar studies with human subjects, erros and reaction times increased with number of x forms displayed. The method appears promising for further studies of search and of other processes related to perception and information-processing in birds.", "contents": "Visual search in the pigeon: hunt and peck method. Pigeons pecked at small forms displayed on an oscilloscope screen under computer control. The birds were required to find a small o amid varying numbers of x forms. A photocell glued to the bird's beak provided a signal to the computer when the beak approached a form, and the computer recorded the time and target of the response. As in some similar studies with human subjects, erros and reaction times increased with number of x forms displayed. The method appears promising for further studies of search and of other processes related to perception and information-processing in birds.", "PMID": 860129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13290", "title": "Bombesin:potent effects on thermoregulation in the rat.", "content": "Several vasoactive peptides administered intracisternally have been assessed for the effect of lowering the core temperature of rats exposed to cold. Peptides structurally related to neurotensin lower core temperature while those related to substance P do not. The tetradecapeptide bombesin, orginally isolated from the extracts of the skin of the frog Bombina bombina, is 10(4) times more potent than neurotensin in lowering core temperature, with a minimal effective dose less than or equal to 1 nanogram per 200 grams of body weight. Thus bombesin is one of the most potent peptides reported to affect the central nervous system.", "contents": "Bombesin:potent effects on thermoregulation in the rat. Several vasoactive peptides administered intracisternally have been assessed for the effect of lowering the core temperature of rats exposed to cold. Peptides structurally related to neurotensin lower core temperature while those related to substance P do not. The tetradecapeptide bombesin, orginally isolated from the extracts of the skin of the frog Bombina bombina, is 10(4) times more potent than neurotensin in lowering core temperature, with a minimal effective dose less than or equal to 1 nanogram per 200 grams of body weight. Thus bombesin is one of the most potent peptides reported to affect the central nervous system.", "PMID": 860130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13291", "title": "Mercury emissions from geothermal power plants.", "content": "Geothermal steam used for power production contains significant quantities of volatile mercury. Much of this mercury escapes to the atmosphere as elemental mercury vapor in cooling tower exhausts. Mercury emissions from geothermal power plants, on a per megawatt (electric) basis, are comparable to releases from coal-fired power plants.", "contents": "Mercury emissions from geothermal power plants. Geothermal steam used for power production contains significant quantities of volatile mercury. Much of this mercury escapes to the atmosphere as elemental mercury vapor in cooling tower exhausts. Mercury emissions from geothermal power plants, on a per megawatt (electric) basis, are comparable to releases from coal-fired power plants.", "PMID": 860131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13292", "title": "Nuclear morphometry during the cell cycle.", "content": "Directly measured and derived geometric and densitometric parameters were obtained by means of the automated image analyzer Quantimet 720-D in Feulgen-stained HeLa cells synchronized by selective mitotic detachment. These data indicate substantial alteration of nuclear morphology during the entire cell cycle, even during the G1 and G2 phases, and the late G1-early S and late S-G2 transitions.", "contents": "Nuclear morphometry during the cell cycle. Directly measured and derived geometric and densitometric parameters were obtained by means of the automated image analyzer Quantimet 720-D in Feulgen-stained HeLa cells synchronized by selective mitotic detachment. These data indicate substantial alteration of nuclear morphology during the entire cell cycle, even during the G1 and G2 phases, and the late G1-early S and late S-G2 transitions.", "PMID": 860132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13293", "title": "Insecticide solvents: interference with insecticidal action.", "content": "Several commercial solvent mixtures commonly used as insecticide carriers in spray formulations increase by more than threefold the microsomal N-demethylation of p-chloro N-methylaniline in midgut preparations of southern army-worm (Spodoptera eridania) larvae exposed orally to the test solvents. Under laboratory conditions, the same solvent mixtures exhibit a protective action against the in vivo toxicity of the insecticide carbaryl to the larvae. The data are discussed with respect to possible solvent-insecticide interactions occurring under field conditions and, more broadly, to potential toxicological hazards of these solvents to humans.", "contents": "Insecticide solvents: interference with insecticidal action. Several commercial solvent mixtures commonly used as insecticide carriers in spray formulations increase by more than threefold the microsomal N-demethylation of p-chloro N-methylaniline in midgut preparations of southern army-worm (Spodoptera eridania) larvae exposed orally to the test solvents. Under laboratory conditions, the same solvent mixtures exhibit a protective action against the in vivo toxicity of the insecticide carbaryl to the larvae. The data are discussed with respect to possible solvent-insecticide interactions occurring under field conditions and, more broadly, to potential toxicological hazards of these solvents to humans.", "PMID": 860135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13294", "title": "Stability of the individual globin genes during erythroid differentiation.", "content": "The genes of sheep betaA, betaC, and gamma globin were all present in DNA from erythroid cells which synthesized only betaC globin. Similarly, selective excision of non-expressed genes was shown not to occur during human erythroid differentiation. In contrast, evolutionary deletion of the betaC gene accounts for the inability of many sheep to make this globin.", "contents": "Stability of the individual globin genes during erythroid differentiation. The genes of sheep betaA, betaC, and gamma globin were all present in DNA from erythroid cells which synthesized only betaC globin. Similarly, selective excision of non-expressed genes was shown not to occur during human erythroid differentiation. In contrast, evolutionary deletion of the betaC gene accounts for the inability of many sheep to make this globin.", "PMID": 860136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13295", "title": "Infrared reflectance in leaf-sitting neotropical frogs.", "content": "Two members of the glass-frog family Centrolenidae (Centrolenella fleischmanni, C. prosoblepon) and the hylid subfamily Phyllomedusinae (Agalychnis moreletii, Pachymedusa dacnicolor) reflect near-infrared light (700 to 900 nanometers) when examined by infrared color photography. Infrared reflectance may confer adaptive advantage to these arboreal frogs both in thermoregulation and infrared cryptic coloration.", "contents": "Infrared reflectance in leaf-sitting neotropical frogs. Two members of the glass-frog family Centrolenidae (Centrolenella fleischmanni, C. prosoblepon) and the hylid subfamily Phyllomedusinae (Agalychnis moreletii, Pachymedusa dacnicolor) reflect near-infrared light (700 to 900 nanometers) when examined by infrared color photography. Infrared reflectance may confer adaptive advantage to these arboreal frogs both in thermoregulation and infrared cryptic coloration.", "PMID": 860137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13296", "title": "Naloxone in chronic schizophrenia.", "content": "The specific narcotic antagonist naloxone (0.4 milligram) was given intravenously to seven chronic schizophrenics who reported that they had very frequent auditory hallucinations. Saline solution was used as a placebo. The coded study did not reveal any effect of naloxone on hallucinations or on global psychopathology.", "contents": "Naloxone in chronic schizophrenia. The specific narcotic antagonist naloxone (0.4 milligram) was given intravenously to seven chronic schizophrenics who reported that they had very frequent auditory hallucinations. Saline solution was used as a placebo. The coded study did not reveal any effect of naloxone on hallucinations or on global psychopathology.", "PMID": 860138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13297", "title": "Persistent adenopathy in coccidioidomycosis: an indication for therapy.", "content": "Three patients seen recently at Wilford Hall USAF Medical Center emphasize the point that coccidioidomycosis may resemble lymphoma because of persistence of adenopathy on the chest roentgenogram after the initial infiltrate has resolved. Such a clinical picture strongly indicates dissemination and is probably sufficient reason to initiate therapy.", "contents": "Persistent adenopathy in coccidioidomycosis: an indication for therapy. Three patients seen recently at Wilford Hall USAF Medical Center emphasize the point that coccidioidomycosis may resemble lymphoma because of persistence of adenopathy on the chest roentgenogram after the initial infiltrate has resolved. Such a clinical picture strongly indicates dissemination and is probably sufficient reason to initiate therapy.", "PMID": 860140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13298", "title": "Value of polytomography in study of dysphagia due to vertebral osteophytosis.", "content": "Polytomography is a simple, noninvasive procedure useful in the diagnosis, preoperative assessment, and follow-up examination of dysphagia due to vertebral osteophytosis. It is especially recommended for all elderly patients undergoing endoscopy to evaluate possible difficulties or hazards which may be encountered due to the presence of osteophytosis. Tomographic study of the esophagus is recommended for all lesions producing dysphagia at the level of the inherently narrowed space of the thoracic inlet, where routine radiography and fluoroscopy are inadequate.", "contents": "Value of polytomography in study of dysphagia due to vertebral osteophytosis. Polytomography is a simple, noninvasive procedure useful in the diagnosis, preoperative assessment, and follow-up examination of dysphagia due to vertebral osteophytosis. It is especially recommended for all elderly patients undergoing endoscopy to evaluate possible difficulties or hazards which may be encountered due to the presence of osteophytosis. Tomographic study of the esophagus is recommended for all lesions producing dysphagia at the level of the inherently narrowed space of the thoracic inlet, where routine radiography and fluoroscopy are inadequate.", "PMID": 860141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13299", "title": "Growing skull fractures.", "content": "Four cases of growing skull fracture in children are presented and the reasons for poor surgical results are analyzed. The clinical presentation, causative factors, and operative findings are discussed.", "contents": "Growing skull fractures. Four cases of growing skull fracture in children are presented and the reasons for poor surgical results are analyzed. The clinical presentation, causative factors, and operative findings are discussed.", "PMID": 860142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13300", "title": "Leukopenia and granulocytopenia after oxacillin therapy.", "content": "Two cases of granulocytopenia and leukopenia developing after high-dosage oxacillin therapy given intravenously are described. One patient developed leukopenia and granulocytopenia after 17 days of therapy. The conditions were reversible when oxacillin therapy was discontinued. In the other case, the adverse reaction developed within 48 hours after therapy began and the patient died from heart failure. Leukopenia and granulocytopenia as adverse effects of oxacillin therapy should be kept in mind, especially when high dosages are used.", "contents": "Leukopenia and granulocytopenia after oxacillin therapy. Two cases of granulocytopenia and leukopenia developing after high-dosage oxacillin therapy given intravenously are described. One patient developed leukopenia and granulocytopenia after 17 days of therapy. The conditions were reversible when oxacillin therapy was discontinued. In the other case, the adverse reaction developed within 48 hours after therapy began and the patient died from heart failure. Leukopenia and granulocytopenia as adverse effects of oxacillin therapy should be kept in mind, especially when high dosages are used.", "PMID": 860144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13301", "title": "Increased serum calcium levels induced by furosemide.", "content": "Thirteen male patients were treated with furosemide at a dosage of 40 mg by mouth daily for three weeks. Atomic absorption serum calcium determinations before and after treatment revealed a consistent elevation of the serum calcium level. It is suggested that at low dosages, furosemide is likely to raise the serum calcium level, while at daily dosages greater than 60 mg given orally, furosemide may depress the serum calcium level because of urinary losses.", "contents": "Increased serum calcium levels induced by furosemide. Thirteen male patients were treated with furosemide at a dosage of 40 mg by mouth daily for three weeks. Atomic absorption serum calcium determinations before and after treatment revealed a consistent elevation of the serum calcium level. It is suggested that at low dosages, furosemide is likely to raise the serum calcium level, while at daily dosages greater than 60 mg given orally, furosemide may depress the serum calcium level because of urinary losses.", "PMID": 860145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13302", "title": "Medial displacement osteotomy for unstable intertrochanteric femoral fractures.", "content": "The charts and roentgenograms of 86 consecutive patients treated by medial displacement osteotomy between 1970 and 1974 were reviewed. All patients had unstable four-fragment intertrochanteric fractures and were treated by the residents and attending staff of the hospitals served by the University of Alabama Medical Center. Thirty patients had sufficient follow-up to be included in the preliminary retrospective study. There were complications of fixation in 11 patients (37%) and one superficial wound infection (3%). The most significant factors associated with complications of fixation were (1) placement of the nail in a superior and anterior position in the femoral neck and head, and (2) advanced osteoporosis. No correlation was noted with the distance of the tip of the nail from the femoral articular cartilage.", "contents": "Medial displacement osteotomy for unstable intertrochanteric femoral fractures. The charts and roentgenograms of 86 consecutive patients treated by medial displacement osteotomy between 1970 and 1974 were reviewed. All patients had unstable four-fragment intertrochanteric fractures and were treated by the residents and attending staff of the hospitals served by the University of Alabama Medical Center. Thirty patients had sufficient follow-up to be included in the preliminary retrospective study. There were complications of fixation in 11 patients (37%) and one superficial wound infection (3%). The most significant factors associated with complications of fixation were (1) placement of the nail in a superior and anterior position in the femoral neck and head, and (2) advanced osteoporosis. No correlation was noted with the distance of the tip of the nail from the femoral articular cartilage.", "PMID": 860147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13303", "title": "Systemic candidiasis following cardiac surgery: an improved outlook.", "content": "Systemic candidiasis following cardiac surgery, previously regarded as fatal, has now a much improved prognosis. Prognosis depends largely on  early diagnosis and treatment. Four of five patients we recently treated for this disease survived. The presence of several predisposing factors in a febrile patient following cardiac surgery should alert the physician to the possibility of this disease.", "contents": "Systemic candidiasis following cardiac surgery: an improved outlook. Systemic candidiasis following cardiac surgery, previously regarded as fatal, has now a much improved prognosis. Prognosis depends largely on  early diagnosis and treatment. Four of five patients we recently treated for this disease survived. The presence of several predisposing factors in a febrile patient following cardiac surgery should alert the physician to the possibility of this disease.", "PMID": 860148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13304", "title": "Condyloma acuminatum and squamous carcinoma of the vulva.", "content": "Reported is the association of condyloma acuminatum and squamous carcinoma of the vulva in three cases and condyloma followed by squamous dysplasia in a fourth case. This association has previously been reported in both male and female genitalia and in the perianal area. In our four cases, cancer or squamous dysplasia followed long-standing or extensive condyloma, but there was no evidence of transformation from condyloma to carcinoma. In one of the cases, areas of squamous dysplasia occurred in multiple foci within a large condyloma. It is not known whether condyloma acuminatum is a precancerous skin lesions, but long-standing or extensive condylomas should alert one to the possibility of carcinoma.", "contents": "Condyloma acuminatum and squamous carcinoma of the vulva. Reported is the association of condyloma acuminatum and squamous carcinoma of the vulva in three cases and condyloma followed by squamous dysplasia in a fourth case. This association has previously been reported in both male and female genitalia and in the perianal area. In our four cases, cancer or squamous dysplasia followed long-standing or extensive condyloma, but there was no evidence of transformation from condyloma to carcinoma. In one of the cases, areas of squamous dysplasia occurred in multiple foci within a large condyloma. It is not known whether condyloma acuminatum is a precancerous skin lesions, but long-standing or extensive condylomas should alert one to the possibility of carcinoma.", "PMID": 860150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13305", "title": "Failure to define death: the unsettled question.", "content": "Many states have passed the Uniform Anatomical Gift Act, which places the burden of determination of actual death of the patient upon the physician. The House of Delegates of the Connecticut State Medical Society has endorsed a definition of death. The Kansas Legislature was the first to adopt a statute defining death, but many authorities believe that this is an area in which the medical profession should assume total responsibility. Failure of the medical profession to meet this responsibility will lead to the development of areas of liability with new and unexpected ramifications for physicians and hospitals.", "contents": "Failure to define death: the unsettled question. Many states have passed the Uniform Anatomical Gift Act, which places the burden of determination of actual death of the patient upon the physician. The House of Delegates of the Connecticut State Medical Society has endorsed a definition of death. The Kansas Legislature was the first to adopt a statute defining death, but many authorities believe that this is an area in which the medical profession should assume total responsibility. Failure of the medical profession to meet this responsibility will lead to the development of areas of liability with new and unexpected ramifications for physicians and hospitals.", "PMID": 860151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13306", "title": "Male infertility and 21/1 translocation.", "content": "Cultured blood leukocytes of a 27-year-old infertile white man displayed evidence of an A/G translocation. All cells showed an identical abnormal karotype, 46, XY, t(1p-;21q+). The chromosome abnormality, a proposed mechanism for its production, and related chromosome translocations are discussed.", "contents": "Male infertility and 21/1 translocation. Cultured blood leukocytes of a 27-year-old infertile white man displayed evidence of an A/G translocation. All cells showed an identical abnormal karotype, 46, XY, t(1p-;21q+). The chromosome abnormality, a proposed mechanism for its production, and related chromosome translocations are discussed.", "PMID": 860153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13307", "title": "Skin blanching induced by hydrogen peroxide.", "content": "Transitory blanching of nonacral skin has been observed after contact with a 3% solution of H2O2. This phenomenon was reproducible in all tested whites, but was not reproducible in black skin. Blanching developed within 30 to 300 seconds after contact with H2O2 and lasted from 10 to 30 minutes. It is proposed that the topical application of H2O2 induces a transient vasoconstriction of vessels in the superficial dermis.", "contents": "Skin blanching induced by hydrogen peroxide. Transitory blanching of nonacral skin has been observed after contact with a 3% solution of H2O2. This phenomenon was reproducible in all tested whites, but was not reproducible in black skin. Blanching developed within 30 to 300 seconds after contact with H2O2 and lasted from 10 to 30 minutes. It is proposed that the topical application of H2O2 induces a transient vasoconstriction of vessels in the superficial dermis.", "PMID": 860154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13308", "title": "Intracranial hypertension resulting from a cerebrovascular malformation.", "content": "A vascular malformation caused prominent intracranial hypertension by impairing CSF resorptive capacity rather than by its mass effect or ventricular obstruction. It was successfully treated by diversionary shunt.", "contents": "Intracranial hypertension resulting from a cerebrovascular malformation. A vascular malformation caused prominent intracranial hypertension by impairing CSF resorptive capacity rather than by its mass effect or ventricular obstruction. It was successfully treated by diversionary shunt.", "PMID": 860155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13309", "title": "Pulmonary talcosis as a result of massive aspiration of baby powder.", "content": "Progressive diffuse pulmonary fibrosis as a sequel to massive aspiration of baby powder (talc) is documented. The diagnosis should be considered in \"idiopathic\" pulmonary fibrosis in childhood and adult life.", "contents": "Pulmonary talcosis as a result of massive aspiration of baby powder. Progressive diffuse pulmonary fibrosis as a sequel to massive aspiration of baby powder (talc) is documented. The diagnosis should be considered in \"idiopathic\" pulmonary fibrosis in childhood and adult life.", "PMID": 860156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13310", "title": "Preoperative diagnosis of hypernephroma in a renal cyst wall by selective renal angiography.", "content": "Presented is a case in which preoperative diagnosis of a hypernephroma in the wall of a renal cyst was made by selective renal arteriography. Reviewed are the incidence and possible causative relationship between the two lesions and the potential and limitations of presently available diagnostic procedures for this entity.", "contents": "Preoperative diagnosis of hypernephroma in a renal cyst wall by selective renal angiography. Presented is a case in which preoperative diagnosis of a hypernephroma in the wall of a renal cyst was made by selective renal arteriography. Reviewed are the incidence and possible causative relationship between the two lesions and the potential and limitations of presently available diagnostic procedures for this entity.", "PMID": 860157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13311", "title": "Levodopa in parkinsonism.", "content": "In 20 patients suffering from parkinsonism, L-dopa produced maximal benefit after 3 years. A decline in the response then occurred, but considerable benefit was still derived after 5 years by patients who had improved initially. The effect of the drug on the symptomatology is reviewed. Whether the mortality rate in parkinsonism is improved by L-dopa is undecided, but recent publications and the present study indicate that the life expectancy is prolonged.", "contents": "Levodopa in parkinsonism. In 20 patients suffering from parkinsonism, L-dopa produced maximal benefit after 3 years. A decline in the response then occurred, but considerable benefit was still derived after 5 years by patients who had improved initially. The effect of the drug on the symptomatology is reviewed. Whether the mortality rate in parkinsonism is improved by L-dopa is undecided, but recent publications and the present study indicate that the life expectancy is prolonged.", "PMID": 860164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13312", "title": "Narrow-needle cholangiography.", "content": "Recent modification of percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography has resulted in success rates of 100% in opacifying obstructed biliary systems and of 50% in unobstructed systems. The authors use a 23-gauge needle with a 2- or 5-ml syringe for injecting contrast medium at high pressure. Only one puncture of the liver surface is usually required. Complications have not occurred in unobstructed cases, but early operation is still recommended in obstructed cases.", "contents": "Narrow-needle cholangiography. Recent modification of percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography has resulted in success rates of 100% in opacifying obstructed biliary systems and of 50% in unobstructed systems. The authors use a 23-gauge needle with a 2- or 5-ml syringe for injecting contrast medium at high pressure. Only one puncture of the liver surface is usually required. Complications have not occurred in unobstructed cases, but early operation is still recommended in obstructed cases.", "PMID": 860165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13313", "title": "Human trypanosomiasis in Southern Africa.", "content": "Five cases of human trypanosomiasis are presented. The clinical picture and course of the disease, and the results of haematological, immunological and other special examinations, are presented. The persistence of decreased total haemolytic complement, increased serum igM levels, decreased plasma fibrinogen levels, raised plasma and urinary fibrinogen split products, cryofibrinogenaemia and significant proteinuria in the presence of apparent clinical cure, tends to indicate the continuation of an immune complex process in spite of eradication of the parasite.", "contents": "Human trypanosomiasis in Southern Africa. Five cases of human trypanosomiasis are presented. The clinical picture and course of the disease, and the results of haematological, immunological and other special examinations, are presented. The persistence of decreased total haemolytic complement, increased serum igM levels, decreased plasma fibrinogen levels, raised plasma and urinary fibrinogen split products, cryofibrinogenaemia and significant proteinuria in the presence of apparent clinical cure, tends to indicate the continuation of an immune complex process in spite of eradication of the parasite.", "PMID": 860170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13314", "title": "Prazosin alone and combined with a thiazide diuretic in the treatment of hypertension.", "content": "We conducted an uncontrolled study of the efficacy of prazosin in the treatment of hypertension in 45 patients. In 25 patients only prazosin was used and in 20 patients prazosin was combined with a thiazide diuretic. Control of blood pressure was obtained in 22 of the 25 patients (88%) on prazosin alone, and in all the patients on the combined treatment. Adverse effects occurred in 15 of 25 patients (60%) on prazosin alone, and in 13 of the 20 patients (65%) on combined treatment. However, in 18 patients (40%) adverse effects disappeared or were tolerated with continued therapy. In 10 patients (22%) therapy was stopped because of the adverse effects. The median dose of prazosin was 5,73 mg twice a day. Prazosin is a useful alternative to hydralazine in the treatment of hypertension.", "contents": "Prazosin alone and combined with a thiazide diuretic in the treatment of hypertension. We conducted an uncontrolled study of the efficacy of prazosin in the treatment of hypertension in 45 patients. In 25 patients only prazosin was used and in 20 patients prazosin was combined with a thiazide diuretic. Control of blood pressure was obtained in 22 of the 25 patients (88%) on prazosin alone, and in all the patients on the combined treatment. Adverse effects occurred in 15 of 25 patients (60%) on prazosin alone, and in 13 of the 20 patients (65%) on combined treatment. However, in 18 patients (40%) adverse effects disappeared or were tolerated with continued therapy. In 10 patients (22%) therapy was stopped because of the adverse effects. The median dose of prazosin was 5,73 mg twice a day. Prazosin is a useful alternative to hydralazine in the treatment of hypertension.", "PMID": 860171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13315", "title": "Biliary atresia in a twin.", "content": "The occurrence of biliary atresia in one of a pair of male twins is reported. The current concepts regarding the aetiology of biliary atresia are examined in relation to this case; and neither  the concept of a transplacental agent nor that of a genetic trigger mechanism seems probable. It is concluded that, as with many congenital defects, biliary atresia is probably the end-result of different aetiological factors, among which viruses and other agents may cross the placenta to cause it, whether or not there is a genetic predisposition in the individual fetus, or the biliary system may simply fail to develop.", "contents": "Biliary atresia in a twin. The occurrence of biliary atresia in one of a pair of male twins is reported. The current concepts regarding the aetiology of biliary atresia are examined in relation to this case; and neither  the concept of a transplacental agent nor that of a genetic trigger mechanism seems probable. It is concluded that, as with many congenital defects, biliary atresia is probably the end-result of different aetiological factors, among which viruses and other agents may cross the placenta to cause it, whether or not there is a genetic predisposition in the individual fetus, or the biliary system may simply fail to develop.", "PMID": 860173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13316", "title": "Le Fort III osteotomy in Crouzon's disease.", "content": "The features of Crouzon's disease are craniostenosis and maxillary hypoplasia. A patient with Crouzon's disease is presented, on whom Le Fort III osteotomy and osteotomy of the mandible were performed, involving the insertion of 9 bone grafts to maintain the correction and to improve the facial appearance.", "contents": "Le Fort III osteotomy in Crouzon's disease. The features of Crouzon's disease are craniostenosis and maxillary hypoplasia. A patient with Crouzon's disease is presented, on whom Le Fort III osteotomy and osteotomy of the mandible were performed, involving the insertion of 9 bone grafts to maintain the correction and to improve the facial appearance.", "PMID": 860180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13317", "title": "The diagnosis of bilharziasis.", "content": "In addition to the classical manifestations, bilharziasis may present with features which are atypical and which may simulate other conditions. In such cases the value of the previous history cannot be overemphasized, immunodiagnostic procedures are useful pointers in diagnosis but in general treatment should be undertaken only after ova of the parasites have been found.", "contents": "The diagnosis of bilharziasis. In addition to the classical manifestations, bilharziasis may present with features which are atypical and which may simulate other conditions. In such cases the value of the previous history cannot be overemphasized, immunodiagnostic procedures are useful pointers in diagnosis but in general treatment should be undertaken only after ova of the parasites have been found.", "PMID": 860181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13318", "title": "History of mental health services in South Africa. Part XV. The future of mental health services.", "content": "Four important developments which can favourably influence the future of mental health services in South Africa are discussed. Financial stringency will probably prevent the erection of new mental hospitals in the foreseeable future.", "contents": "History of mental health services in South Africa. Part XV. The future of mental health services. Four important developments which can favourably influence the future of mental health services in South Africa are discussed. Financial stringency will probably prevent the erection of new mental hospitals in the foreseeable future.", "PMID": 860183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13319", "title": "Lomotil poisoning in children: two case reports.", "content": "Lomotil is a proprietary antidiarrhoeal agent in common use. Two cases of Lomotil poisoning, one of them fatal, are described. Symptoms are those of central nervous system depression and atropinism. Treatment consists of gastric emptying, administration of specific narcotic antagonists, cathartics and activated charcoal.", "contents": "Lomotil poisoning in children: two case reports. Lomotil is a proprietary antidiarrhoeal agent in common use. Two cases of Lomotil poisoning, one of them fatal, are described. Symptoms are those of central nervous system depression and atropinism. Treatment consists of gastric emptying, administration of specific narcotic antagonists, cathartics and activated charcoal.", "PMID": 860184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13320", "title": "Axillary micrometastasis and macrometastasis in carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "A retrospective analysis was made of 105 patients with primary operable carcinoma of the breast with positive axillary nodes who had been observed for a 14 year period after radical mastectomy. Patients with micrometastasis alone, especially if only level I is involved, have a good prognosis with 85 and 77 per cent survival rates at ten and 14 years, respectively. No patients had more than three micrometastasis. Patients with four or more positive nodes have a much worse prognosis than do those with three or less positive nodes. Macrometastasis at any level carries a poor prognosis. Since these data show no significant difference between the ten and 14 year survival rates, the ten year survival rate is, therefore, a valid one for long term evaluation of the treatment of carcinoma of the breast.", "contents": "Axillary micrometastasis and macrometastasis in carcinoma of the breast. A retrospective analysis was made of 105 patients with primary operable carcinoma of the breast with positive axillary nodes who had been observed for a 14 year period after radical mastectomy. Patients with micrometastasis alone, especially if only level I is involved, have a good prognosis with 85 and 77 per cent survival rates at ten and 14 years, respectively. No patients had more than three micrometastasis. Patients with four or more positive nodes have a much worse prognosis than do those with three or less positive nodes. Macrometastasis at any level carries a poor prognosis. Since these data show no significant difference between the ten and 14 year survival rates, the ten year survival rate is, therefore, a valid one for long term evaluation of the treatment of carcinoma of the breast.", "PMID": 860185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13321", "title": "Effects of hypoxia, acidosis and peripheral vascular resistance on endocardial viability ratio.", "content": "In view of the increasing frequency in which cardiac output is pharmacologically altered, the endocardial viability ratio was evaluated experimentally in the dog as an additional means by which cardiac function might be monitored. The endocardial viability ratio provided useful information for cardiac function in situations of decreased peripheral resistance. The limitations of the endocardial viability ratio were evident in conditions of acidosis, hypoxia and increased peripheral resistance. Additional work is indicated prior to firmly establishing the endocardial viability ratio as a useful clinical monitor.", "contents": "Effects of hypoxia, acidosis and peripheral vascular resistance on endocardial viability ratio. In view of the increasing frequency in which cardiac output is pharmacologically altered, the endocardial viability ratio was evaluated experimentally in the dog as an additional means by which cardiac function might be monitored. The endocardial viability ratio provided useful information for cardiac function in situations of decreased peripheral resistance. The limitations of the endocardial viability ratio were evident in conditions of acidosis, hypoxia and increased peripheral resistance. Additional work is indicated prior to firmly establishing the endocardial viability ratio as a useful clinical monitor.", "PMID": 860186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13322", "title": "Pathogenesis and treatment of plunging ranulas.", "content": "Three patients with plunging ranula, two of which occurred spontaneously and one of which followed removal of the submandibular gland, were treated by excision of the sublingual gland. The sublingual gland is removed through the mouth or through a cervical submandibular incision. No dissection of the cervical ramifications associated with the ranula is undertaken, and these disappear once the source of the extravasating saliva has been removed. Results of considerable experimental work reported by others, support the concept that plunging ranulas are extravasations of saliva from the sublingual glands.", "contents": "Pathogenesis and treatment of plunging ranulas. Three patients with plunging ranula, two of which occurred spontaneously and one of which followed removal of the submandibular gland, were treated by excision of the sublingual gland. The sublingual gland is removed through the mouth or through a cervical submandibular incision. No dissection of the cervical ramifications associated with the ranula is undertaken, and these disappear once the source of the extravasating saliva has been removed. Results of considerable experimental work reported by others, support the concept that plunging ranulas are extravasations of saliva from the sublingual glands.", "PMID": 860188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13323", "title": "Major hepatic resection and portal pressure.", "content": "Although other reports have stressed the inevitability of portal hypertension and splanchnic pooling following major liver resections, clinical observations during 30 major hepatic resections and measurements of portal pressure in three consecutive trisegmentectomies fail to support this contention. If the remaining liver is normal and careful anatomic dissection is used, major resections can be performed without inducing portal hypertension.", "contents": "Major hepatic resection and portal pressure. Although other reports have stressed the inevitability of portal hypertension and splanchnic pooling following major liver resections, clinical observations during 30 major hepatic resections and measurements of portal pressure in three consecutive trisegmentectomies fail to support this contention. If the remaining liver is normal and careful anatomic dissection is used, major resections can be performed without inducing portal hypertension.", "PMID": 860187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13324", "title": "Evaluation of ureteral obstruction by early intravenous pyelography.", "content": "Acute ureteral obstruction was studied in dogs by intravenous pyelography at two, four, six, nine, 12, 24, 48 and 168 hours after total occlusion of the ureter. Ureteral obstruction was correctly diagnosed in all instances, if intravenous pyelography was performed within nine hours from the time of obstruction and if a two hour sequence roentgenogram was obtained. A variably diagnostic rate of 36 to 75 per cent occurred when intravenous pyelography was delayed until 12 hours or later. In ureters with a positive diagnosis, 65 per cent were correctly identified on the 15 minute film, 98 per cent on the one hour film and 100 per cent on the two hour film. Intravenous pyelography should be performed immediately after the onset of renal insufficiency to obtain maximal information, as deterioration in renal function from total ureteral obstruction rapidly causes inadequate excretion and concentration of contrast material and prevents visualization of an obstructed collecting system.", "contents": "Evaluation of ureteral obstruction by early intravenous pyelography. Acute ureteral obstruction was studied in dogs by intravenous pyelography at two, four, six, nine, 12, 24, 48 and 168 hours after total occlusion of the ureter. Ureteral obstruction was correctly diagnosed in all instances, if intravenous pyelography was performed within nine hours from the time of obstruction and if a two hour sequence roentgenogram was obtained. A variably diagnostic rate of 36 to 75 per cent occurred when intravenous pyelography was delayed until 12 hours or later. In ureters with a positive diagnosis, 65 per cent were correctly identified on the 15 minute film, 98 per cent on the one hour film and 100 per cent on the two hour film. Intravenous pyelography should be performed immediately after the onset of renal insufficiency to obtain maximal information, as deterioration in renal function from total ureteral obstruction rapidly causes inadequate excretion and concentration of contrast material and prevents visualization of an obstructed collecting system.", "PMID": 860189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13325", "title": "Acute pancreatitis of rare causation.", "content": "From a review of 800 patients with acute pancreatitis, eight having rare causation were selected. Definite obstruction of the common pancreatic duct was noted in four patients, and direct injury of the parenchyma, vascular lesions of pancreatic vessels and presumed autoimmune factors were responsible in the remaining four patients. Although the definitive treatment of nonobstructive pancreatitis remains controversial, surgical relief of obstruction of the pancreatic duct provides the most appropriate therapeutic approach for obstructive pancreatitis.", "contents": "Acute pancreatitis of rare causation. From a review of 800 patients with acute pancreatitis, eight having rare causation were selected. Definite obstruction of the common pancreatic duct was noted in four patients, and direct injury of the parenchyma, vascular lesions of pancreatic vessels and presumed autoimmune factors were responsible in the remaining four patients. Although the definitive treatment of nonobstructive pancreatitis remains controversial, surgical relief of obstruction of the pancreatic duct provides the most appropriate therapeutic approach for obstructive pancreatitis.", "PMID": 860190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13326", "title": "Tissue pressure gradients in spinal cord injury.", "content": "Using cotton wick catheters, local tissue pressure was measured in the dorsal white matter of the impacted feline spinal cord. Twenty gram and 30 gram weights dropped 20 cm did not produce statistically significant elevations in tissue pressure adjacent to and remote from the site of injury. Forty gram weights dropped 20 cm produced pressure gradients of less than 10 mmHg between areas near and remote from the injury and between parenchyma and cerebrospinal fluid. In a group studied 18-24 hours after similar injuries, no gradients were found, although edema formation as indicated by Evan's blue migration had progressed. These findings indicate that gradients of pressure within parenchyma are associated with edema spread following high impaction forces and that edema spread can continue after dissipation of these gradients.", "contents": "Tissue pressure gradients in spinal cord injury. Using cotton wick catheters, local tissue pressure was measured in the dorsal white matter of the impacted feline spinal cord. Twenty gram and 30 gram weights dropped 20 cm did not produce statistically significant elevations in tissue pressure adjacent to and remote from the site of injury. Forty gram weights dropped 20 cm produced pressure gradients of less than 10 mmHg between areas near and remote from the injury and between parenchyma and cerebrospinal fluid. In a group studied 18-24 hours after similar injuries, no gradients were found, although edema formation as indicated by Evan's blue migration had progressed. These findings indicate that gradients of pressure within parenchyma are associated with edema spread following high impaction forces and that edema spread can continue after dissipation of these gradients.", "PMID": 860195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13327", "title": "Suprasellar arachnoid cyst diagnosed preoperatively by computerized tomographic scanning.", "content": "True arachnoid cysts of the suprasellar region are uncommon and have rarely been diagnosed pre-operatively. An histologically verified suprasellar arachnoid cyst producing hydrocephalus and visual loss in a 19-year-old man was diagnosed by a combination of pneumoencephalography and computerized tomographic (CT) scanning prior to surgery. The incidence, pathogenesis, signs, and treatment of suprasellar arachnoid cysts are discussed.", "contents": "Suprasellar arachnoid cyst diagnosed preoperatively by computerized tomographic scanning. True arachnoid cysts of the suprasellar region are uncommon and have rarely been diagnosed pre-operatively. An histologically verified suprasellar arachnoid cyst producing hydrocephalus and visual loss in a 19-year-old man was diagnosed by a combination of pneumoencephalography and computerized tomographic (CT) scanning prior to surgery. The incidence, pathogenesis, signs, and treatment of suprasellar arachnoid cysts are discussed.", "PMID": 860198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13328", "title": "Effects of methylprednisolone on coronary blood flow and myocardial metabolism during cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "Corticosteroids frequently are used during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) to enhance total body perfusion and myocardial preservation. The mechanisms by which steroids might provide protection to the myocardium have not been clearly defined, however. Therefore this study was performed to measure the effects of methylprednisolone (M-P) on coronary flow and distribution, and on myocardial metabolism and contractility. Twenty-three dogs underwent 1 hour of total CPB, 80 cc/kg/minute at normothermia with beating hearts. Alternate animals received M-P, 30 mg/kg. Myocardial blood flow (microspheres technique), myocardial tissue lactate and adenosine triphosphate, lactate extraction, coronary sinus flow (CSF), and coronary vascular resistance (CVR) were measured before, during, and 60 minutes after bypass. LV dp/dt and cardiac output (CO) were measured before and after bypass. Total coronary flow was significantly higher in the M-P group after 10 and 30 minutes of bypass (93 vs 56 ml/100 gm/minute, p less than 0.05, and 96 vs 71 ml/100 gm/minute, p less than 0.05). Right ventricular flow was higher in the M-P group at 10 and 30 minutes of bypass (98 vs 66 ml/100 gm/minute, p less than 0.05, and 90 vs 78 ml/100 gm/minute). Left ventricular flow was higher in the M-P group at 10 minutes of bypass (79 vs 52 ml/100 gm/minute, p less than 0.08). Septal flow also was higher in the treated group at 10 minutes of bypass (64 vs 49 ml/100 gm/minute) and at 30 minutes of bypass (92 vs 67 ml/100 gm/minute, p less than 0.05). CVR after 10 minutes of bypass was lower in the steroid group (88 mm Hg/ml/100 gm/minute vs 1.39 in the control group, p less than 0.03). It is concluded that M-P increases coronary blood flow and decreases CVR in the empty beating heart during normothermic CPB without altering myocardial metabolism or contractility.20", "contents": "Effects of methylprednisolone on coronary blood flow and myocardial metabolism during cardiopulmonary bypass. Corticosteroids frequently are used during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) to enhance total body perfusion and myocardial preservation. The mechanisms by which steroids might provide protection to the myocardium have not been clearly defined, however. Therefore this study was performed to measure the effects of methylprednisolone (M-P) on coronary flow and distribution, and on myocardial metabolism and contractility. Twenty-three dogs underwent 1 hour of total CPB, 80 cc/kg/minute at normothermia with beating hearts. Alternate animals received M-P, 30 mg/kg. Myocardial blood flow (microspheres technique), myocardial tissue lactate and adenosine triphosphate, lactate extraction, coronary sinus flow (CSF), and coronary vascular resistance (CVR) were measured before, during, and 60 minutes after bypass. LV dp/dt and cardiac output (CO) were measured before and after bypass. Total coronary flow was significantly higher in the M-P group after 10 and 30 minutes of bypass (93 vs 56 ml/100 gm/minute, p less than 0.05, and 96 vs 71 ml/100 gm/minute, p less than 0.05). Right ventricular flow was higher in the M-P group at 10 and 30 minutes of bypass (98 vs 66 ml/100 gm/minute, p less than 0.05, and 90 vs 78 ml/100 gm/minute). Left ventricular flow was higher in the M-P group at 10 minutes of bypass (79 vs 52 ml/100 gm/minute, p less than 0.08). Septal flow also was higher in the treated group at 10 minutes of bypass (64 vs 49 ml/100 gm/minute) and at 30 minutes of bypass (92 vs 67 ml/100 gm/minute, p less than 0.05). CVR after 10 minutes of bypass was lower in the steroid group (88 mm Hg/ml/100 gm/minute vs 1.39 in the control group, p less than 0.03). It is concluded that M-P increases coronary blood flow and decreases CVR in the empty beating heart during normothermic CPB without altering myocardial metabolism or contractility.20", "PMID": 860199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13329", "title": "Crystalloid vs colloid in the etiology of pulmonary failure after trauma: a randomized trial in man.", "content": "One possible cause of pulmonary failure after trauma is the type of asanguinous fluid used for resuscitation, i.e., crystalloid or colloid. To investigate this issue, patients having a laparotomy for trauma randomly received either Ringer's lactate (RLS) alone or Ringer's lactate with albumin (ALB). Both groups received washed red cells. Test fluids and red cells were given before and during operation to restore vital signs and hematocrit to normal. Pulmonary function tests were performed for 5 days after operation. One hundred and forty-one cases were studied (84 RLS, 57 ALB). The volume of asanguinous resuscitation fluid infused was 5.37 +/- 3.38 liters (-x +/- SD) for RLS and 5.87 +/- 3.05 liters for ALB. ALB cases received 213 +/- 130 gm of albumin. Red cell transfusions were 1.5 +/- 2.9 units for RLS and 2.0 +/- 3.1 for ALB. Six patients died (three RLS, there ALB). Three RLS and six ALB patients received intermittent mandatory ventilation or continous positive air pressure after operation. Pulmonary function results were not significantly different between the two groups for any parameter on any day after operation. Results of a randomized trial in human subjects of resuscitation with crystalloid and colloid solutions for acute trauma requiring laparotomy did not reveal significant differences in (1) survival rate, (2) incidence of pulmonary failure, or (3) postoperative pulmonary function.", "contents": "Crystalloid vs colloid in the etiology of pulmonary failure after trauma: a randomized trial in man. One possible cause of pulmonary failure after trauma is the type of asanguinous fluid used for resuscitation, i.e., crystalloid or colloid. To investigate this issue, patients having a laparotomy for trauma randomly received either Ringer's lactate (RLS) alone or Ringer's lactate with albumin (ALB). Both groups received washed red cells. Test fluids and red cells were given before and during operation to restore vital signs and hematocrit to normal. Pulmonary function tests were performed for 5 days after operation. One hundred and forty-one cases were studied (84 RLS, 57 ALB). The volume of asanguinous resuscitation fluid infused was 5.37 +/- 3.38 liters (-x +/- SD) for RLS and 5.87 +/- 3.05 liters for ALB. ALB cases received 213 +/- 130 gm of albumin. Red cell transfusions were 1.5 +/- 2.9 units for RLS and 2.0 +/- 3.1 for ALB. Six patients died (three RLS, there ALB). Three RLS and six ALB patients received intermittent mandatory ventilation or continous positive air pressure after operation. Pulmonary function results were not significantly different between the two groups for any parameter on any day after operation. Results of a randomized trial in human subjects of resuscitation with crystalloid and colloid solutions for acute trauma requiring laparotomy did not reveal significant differences in (1) survival rate, (2) incidence of pulmonary failure, or (3) postoperative pulmonary function.", "PMID": 860200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13330", "title": "Surgical continuing medical education: format and impact.", "content": "A survey of 140 continuing medical education (CME) offerings in surgery for 1975-1976 was undertaken. In no instance was there evidence of evaluation of learning or behavior changes after the experience on the part of the sponsors. Estimated cost from the data obrained, 83 courses, was approximated at two million dollars. There is no evidence that this modality achieves the objective of improved patient care. A change from the education-based existing system to a competency-based evaluation system is proposed. The latter, a multicomponent system, has an objective cognitive skills measurement and a measurement of behavior as major elements. Computer simulation-modeling using patient-problems is proposed to define deficits and to be used as an active participatory educational modality. Development of practice profiles, establishment of a data base for determining patient outcome, including morbidity and mortality data, and identification of measures to determine rate of adoption of innovation and loss of obsolescent concepts are required to define behavioral changes. Under the guidance of academic and professional societies working in the community, an effective competency-based educational system dedicated to improved patient care can be specified and implemented.", "contents": "Surgical continuing medical education: format and impact. A survey of 140 continuing medical education (CME) offerings in surgery for 1975-1976 was undertaken. In no instance was there evidence of evaluation of learning or behavior changes after the experience on the part of the sponsors. Estimated cost from the data obrained, 83 courses, was approximated at two million dollars. There is no evidence that this modality achieves the objective of improved patient care. A change from the education-based existing system to a competency-based evaluation system is proposed. The latter, a multicomponent system, has an objective cognitive skills measurement and a measurement of behavior as major elements. Computer simulation-modeling using patient-problems is proposed to define deficits and to be used as an active participatory educational modality. Development of practice profiles, establishment of a data base for determining patient outcome, including morbidity and mortality data, and identification of measures to determine rate of adoption of innovation and loss of obsolescent concepts are required to define behavioral changes. Under the guidance of academic and professional societies working in the community, an effective competency-based educational system dedicated to improved patient care can be specified and implemented.", "PMID": 860201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13331", "title": "Adverse cardiodynamic effects of vasopressin not avoided by selective intra-arterial administration.", "content": "In this study, lysine-vasopressin, administered either as a continuous, intravenous infusion (1 unit/kh/hour) or as a selective infusion into the superior mesenteric artery (0.2 unit/minute), produced equal (25%), significant (p less than 0.05), and sustained (60 minute) reductions in portal pressure. Compared to intravenous administration, selective intra-arterial infusion of vasopressin resulted in similar reductions incardiac output (38%), myocardial contractility (23%), and coronary flow (53%). Since these adverse cardiodynamic effects were not avoided by selective intra-arterial infusion, it would appear that administration of vasopressin as a continuous infusion through a peripheral vein remains the most rapid and practical method of administering the drug.", "contents": "Adverse cardiodynamic effects of vasopressin not avoided by selective intra-arterial administration. In this study, lysine-vasopressin, administered either as a continuous, intravenous infusion (1 unit/kh/hour) or as a selective infusion into the superior mesenteric artery (0.2 unit/minute), produced equal (25%), significant (p less than 0.05), and sustained (60 minute) reductions in portal pressure. Compared to intravenous administration, selective intra-arterial infusion of vasopressin resulted in similar reductions incardiac output (38%), myocardial contractility (23%), and coronary flow (53%). Since these adverse cardiodynamic effects were not avoided by selective intra-arterial infusion, it would appear that administration of vasopressin as a continuous infusion through a peripheral vein remains the most rapid and practical method of administering the drug.", "PMID": 860202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13332", "title": "[Protothecosis in cattle. Report of a case (author's transl)].", "content": "A brief review of the classification of the genus Prototheca is followed by a report on a case of protothecosis in cattle. A pure culture of Prototheca was isolated from the milk of the affected quarter. Despite the fact that the alga showed some sensitivity of nystatin in vitro, the mastitis failed to disappear on treatment with this agent. In the discussion, the incidence of Prototheca infection in man and animals and the appearance of infections with this facultatively pathogenic alga are reviewed.", "contents": "[Protothecosis in cattle. Report of a case (author's transl)]. A brief review of the classification of the genus Prototheca is followed by a report on a case of protothecosis in cattle. A pure culture of Prototheca was isolated from the milk of the affected quarter. Despite the fact that the alga showed some sensitivity of nystatin in vitro, the mastitis failed to disappear on treatment with this agent. In the discussion, the incidence of Prototheca infection in man and animals and the appearance of infections with this facultatively pathogenic alga are reviewed.", "PMID": 860285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13333", "title": "[Tuberculosis among Japanese deer in a deer-park in Goes (author's transl)].", "content": "Severe infection with tubercle bacilli of the avian type was detected among Japanese deer in Goes. All animals were disposed of and post-mortem studies were done, which showed that only two specimens were culturally negative. After thorough cleaning and decontamination of fecings and cages and burning of the mown grass during the period from August 1971 to April 1972, the park was repopulated with deer free from tuberculosis. The herd was continued to be free from tuberculosis ever since. Well over one hundred children who occasionally visted the deer-park as well as the attendants of the deer were examined twice (at a four-month interval) using avian tuberculin, the results of the tests being negative.", "contents": "[Tuberculosis among Japanese deer in a deer-park in Goes (author's transl)]. Severe infection with tubercle bacilli of the avian type was detected among Japanese deer in Goes. All animals were disposed of and post-mortem studies were done, which showed that only two specimens were culturally negative. After thorough cleaning and decontamination of fecings and cages and burning of the mown grass during the period from August 1971 to April 1972, the park was repopulated with deer free from tuberculosis. The herd was continued to be free from tuberculosis ever since. Well over one hundred children who occasionally visted the deer-park as well as the attendants of the deer were examined twice (at a four-month interval) using avian tuberculin, the results of the tests being negative.", "PMID": 860286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13334", "title": "HLA antigens in 16 families with xeroderma pigmentosum.", "content": "Xeroderma pigmentosum is an autosomal recessive disease. HLA-A and -B typing was performed on peripheral blood lymphocytes and platelets. Sixteen Tunisian families were typed with 37 patients and 108 relatives. Genetic transmission of the disease and of the HLA system seemed to be independent in this study. Comparison of HLA gene frequencies between (unrelated) parents of patients and a control population showed no difference, proving that there is no clear association in populations between deleterious XP genes and a particular HLA gene. However, an excess of identical HLA among pairs of diseased siblings would suggest that the disease is polymorphic and a form of the XP could be linked to HLA.", "contents": "HLA antigens in 16 families with xeroderma pigmentosum. Xeroderma pigmentosum is an autosomal recessive disease. HLA-A and -B typing was performed on peripheral blood lymphocytes and platelets. Sixteen Tunisian families were typed with 37 patients and 108 relatives. Genetic transmission of the disease and of the HLA system seemed to be independent in this study. Comparison of HLA gene frequencies between (unrelated) parents of patients and a control population showed no difference, proving that there is no clear association in populations between deleterious XP genes and a particular HLA gene. However, an excess of identical HLA among pairs of diseased siblings would suggest that the disease is polymorphic and a form of the XP could be linked to HLA.", "PMID": 860288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13335", "title": "Relative importance of 5alpha reduction for the androgenic and LH-inhibiting activities of delta-4-3-ketosteroids.", "content": "The significance of 5alpha reduction of c19, delta1,4-3-ketosteroids in regulating growth of the rat ventral prostate (VP) was examined. The androgenic and LH-inhibiting activities of a C19 delta1,4-3-detosteroid which does not undergo appreciable 5alpha reduction were compared with those of its 5alpha reduced analogue and those of testosterone (T). In intact rats M (17beta-hydroxy-17alpha-methyl-androsta-1:4-dien-3-one) caused a suppression of VP weights and plasma testosterone concentrations, and in castrated rats suppressed plasma LH concentrations. M was considerably less androgenic and moderately less potent as an inhibitor of LH secretion than either T or the 5alpha reduced analogue of M [17beta-hydroxy-17alpha-methyl-5alpha-androst-1-ene-3-one; (5alphaM)]. 5alphaM was found to be at least as androgenic and as active as an inhibitor of LH as T, suggesting that the weak activity of M may be attributable to a lack of reduction to 5alphaM. Following incubation of 3H-M with VP minces, over 96% of the radioactivity recovered corresponded with M by TLC. Under identical conditions 32-48% of the radioactivity recovered from incubations with 14C-T corresponded with 5alpha reduced metabolites of T. This study demonstrates the importance of 5alpha reduction for both the androgenic and LH-inhibiting activities of delta4-3-ketosteroids.", "contents": "Relative importance of 5alpha reduction for the androgenic and LH-inhibiting activities of delta-4-3-ketosteroids. The significance of 5alpha reduction of c19, delta1,4-3-ketosteroids in regulating growth of the rat ventral prostate (VP) was examined. The androgenic and LH-inhibiting activities of a C19 delta1,4-3-detosteroid which does not undergo appreciable 5alpha reduction were compared with those of its 5alpha reduced analogue and those of testosterone (T). In intact rats M (17beta-hydroxy-17alpha-methyl-androsta-1:4-dien-3-one) caused a suppression of VP weights and plasma testosterone concentrations, and in castrated rats suppressed plasma LH concentrations. M was considerably less androgenic and moderately less potent as an inhibitor of LH secretion than either T or the 5alpha reduced analogue of M [17beta-hydroxy-17alpha-methyl-5alpha-androst-1-ene-3-one; (5alphaM)]. 5alphaM was found to be at least as androgenic and as active as an inhibitor of LH as T, suggesting that the weak activity of M may be attributable to a lack of reduction to 5alphaM. Following incubation of 3H-M with VP minces, over 96% of the radioactivity recovered corresponded with M by TLC. Under identical conditions 32-48% of the radioactivity recovered from incubations with 14C-T corresponded with 5alpha reduced metabolites of T. This study demonstrates the importance of 5alpha reduction for both the androgenic and LH-inhibiting activities of delta4-3-ketosteroids.", "PMID": 860289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13336", "title": "Evidence that \"embryonic estrogen\" is a factor which controls the development of the mouse preimplantation embryo.", "content": "4- to 8-cell mouse PIE's (preimplantation embryos) were cultured in vitro for 48 hr in media containing various concentrations of the anti-estrogen CI-628. Graded effects of the various concentrations were observed with the highest concentration (1.5 microng/ml) being 100% effective in blocking development to the blastocyst stage. The deleterious effects of the drug were prevented to some extent by including estradiol-17beta in the medium. Our interpretation is that the effect of CI-628 was due to its anti-estrogenic properties. If this interpretation is correct, then the results support our hypothesis that the development of mouse PIE's depends upon estrogen which originates in the PIE.", "contents": "Evidence that \"embryonic estrogen\" is a factor which controls the development of the mouse preimplantation embryo. 4- to 8-cell mouse PIE's (preimplantation embryos) were cultured in vitro for 48 hr in media containing various concentrations of the anti-estrogen CI-628. Graded effects of the various concentrations were observed with the highest concentration (1.5 microng/ml) being 100% effective in blocking development to the blastocyst stage. The deleterious effects of the drug were prevented to some extent by including estradiol-17beta in the medium. Our interpretation is that the effect of CI-628 was due to its anti-estrogenic properties. If this interpretation is correct, then the results support our hypothesis that the development of mouse PIE's depends upon estrogen which originates in the PIE.", "PMID": 860290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13337", "title": "An ultrastructural assessment of an embolic method of producing cerebral ischemia.", "content": "This study presents ultrastructural confirmation of the embolic method of producing an ischemic lesion. The embolic method was shown to produce more advanced parenchymal changes than those reported for the same postocclusion period following vascular clipping. With this method there was less alteration in the morphological intergrity of occluded extraparenchymatous areas of the arterial bed, especially in the associated nerve bundles.", "contents": "An ultrastructural assessment of an embolic method of producing cerebral ischemia. This study presents ultrastructural confirmation of the embolic method of producing an ischemic lesion. The embolic method was shown to produce more advanced parenchymal changes than those reported for the same postocclusion period following vascular clipping. With this method there was less alteration in the morphological intergrity of occluded extraparenchymatous areas of the arterial bed, especially in the associated nerve bundles.", "PMID": 860291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13338", "title": "Effect of cerebrospinal fluid removal on cerebral blood flow and metabolism in the baboon: influence of tyrosine infusion and cerebral embolism on cerebrospinal fluid pressure autoregulation.", "content": "Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and metabolism were measured before and after withdrawal of 5 to 6 ml of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in 17 baboons. The measurements were made before and after infusion of tyrosine, the precursor amino acid of the putative neurotransmitters, dopamine and norepinephrine, in the brain. The same observations were made in another experimental group, i.e., before and after acute cerebral multiembolization induced by microfil emboli. In the steady state CBF was unaltered following reduction of intracranial pressure by removal of CSF. After infusion of tyrosine, CBF was decreased, and cerebrovascular resistance increased significantly on removal of CSF. Cerebral embolization did not influence changes in CBF at reduced intracranial pressure. It appears that the cerebral resistance vessels constrict following reduction of intracranial pressure by removal of CSF and that cerebrospinal fluid pressure-CBF autoregulatory mechanisms are resistant to cerebral ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery embolization.", "contents": "Effect of cerebrospinal fluid removal on cerebral blood flow and metabolism in the baboon: influence of tyrosine infusion and cerebral embolism on cerebrospinal fluid pressure autoregulation. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and metabolism were measured before and after withdrawal of 5 to 6 ml of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in 17 baboons. The measurements were made before and after infusion of tyrosine, the precursor amino acid of the putative neurotransmitters, dopamine and norepinephrine, in the brain. The same observations were made in another experimental group, i.e., before and after acute cerebral multiembolization induced by microfil emboli. In the steady state CBF was unaltered following reduction of intracranial pressure by removal of CSF. After infusion of tyrosine, CBF was decreased, and cerebrovascular resistance increased significantly on removal of CSF. Cerebral embolization did not influence changes in CBF at reduced intracranial pressure. It appears that the cerebral resistance vessels constrict following reduction of intracranial pressure by removal of CSF and that cerebrospinal fluid pressure-CBF autoregulatory mechanisms are resistant to cerebral ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery embolization.", "PMID": 860292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13339", "title": "Basilar artery occlusion: clinical and radiological correlation.", "content": "Twenty patients with basilar artery occlusion and three patients with bilateral vertebral artery occlusions have been studied. The clinical data at the time of the ictus and the long-term follow-up data have been correlated with the site and extent of the basilar artery occlusion and the type of collateral flow. Patients with hypertension and with coma at the outset have a grave prognosis. The presence of surface collateral flow may not indicate adequate perfusion of the paramedian penetrating branches of the basilar artery or the thalamoperforating branches of the posterior communicating or posterior cerebral arteries. It is these vessels which supply the territory regulating the level of consciousness and containing some of the control mechanisms for respiratory function.", "contents": "Basilar artery occlusion: clinical and radiological correlation. Twenty patients with basilar artery occlusion and three patients with bilateral vertebral artery occlusions have been studied. The clinical data at the time of the ictus and the long-term follow-up data have been correlated with the site and extent of the basilar artery occlusion and the type of collateral flow. Patients with hypertension and with coma at the outset have a grave prognosis. The presence of surface collateral flow may not indicate adequate perfusion of the paramedian penetrating branches of the basilar artery or the thalamoperforating branches of the posterior communicating or posterior cerebral arteries. It is these vessels which supply the territory regulating the level of consciousness and containing some of the control mechanisms for respiratory function.", "PMID": 860293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13340", "title": "Lymphatic patterns of cats infected with Brugia malayi and streptococcus.", "content": "Approximately 50% of the hind legs of cats infected with Brugia malayi and insulted with a beta haemolytic streptococcus became elephantoid in appearance after four to six weeks. This condition was found to be reversible. Collateral lymphatic vessels were seen by lymphography in most of the Brugia-streptococcus-infected legs. The popliteal draining systems in two of three cats, which harboured no worms, appeared normal by lymphography at 18 weeks.", "contents": "Lymphatic patterns of cats infected with Brugia malayi and streptococcus. Approximately 50% of the hind legs of cats infected with Brugia malayi and insulted with a beta haemolytic streptococcus became elephantoid in appearance after four to six weeks. This condition was found to be reversible. Collateral lymphatic vessels were seen by lymphography in most of the Brugia-streptococcus-infected legs. The popliteal draining systems in two of three cats, which harboured no worms, appeared normal by lymphography at 18 weeks.", "PMID": 860309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13341", "title": "Ultrasound and abdominal hydatid disease.", "content": "Twenty-two hydatid cysts have been accurately located in the abdomens of seven patients by ultrasound B-scanning. Lapartomy has confirmed the presence of 19 of these cysts. Grey-scale techniques do not appear to add appreciably to the ease of diagnosis in this condition. Ultrasound can give the clinician a good idea of the extent of the disease process and has the advantage of being completely non-invasive.", "contents": "Ultrasound and abdominal hydatid disease. Twenty-two hydatid cysts have been accurately located in the abdomens of seven patients by ultrasound B-scanning. Lapartomy has confirmed the presence of 19 of these cysts. Grey-scale techniques do not appear to add appreciably to the ease of diagnosis in this condition. Ultrasound can give the clinician a good idea of the extent of the disease process and has the advantage of being completely non-invasive.", "PMID": 860310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13342", "title": "Psychiatric morbidity in a tropical diseases unit.", "content": "A sample of 208 consecutive admissions to the Hospital for Tropical Diseases was screened for psychiatric illness. A psychiatric morbidity of 31-8% was found. If severe personality disorders are included in the figures then the overall psychiatric morbidity rises to 49-6%. The reasons for these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Psychiatric morbidity in a tropical diseases unit. A sample of 208 consecutive admissions to the Hospital for Tropical Diseases was screened for psychiatric illness. A psychiatric morbidity of 31-8% was found. If severe personality disorders are included in the figures then the overall psychiatric morbidity rises to 49-6%. The reasons for these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 860312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13343", "title": "The release of soluble vasoactive material from Trypanosoma congolense in intraperitoneal diffusion chambers.", "content": "Millipore diffusion chambers containing living or lysed Trypanosoma congolense cause a local inflammatory reaction when implanted intraperitoneally into rats. Empty chambers do not do this. The active material is of low molecular weight and is possibly peptide in nature. It appears to act by increasing local vascular permeability. It was found to be neither chemotactic nor cytotoxic in several assay systems. It is considered that this material may contribute to the pathogenesis of T. congolense infection in animals.", "contents": "The release of soluble vasoactive material from Trypanosoma congolense in intraperitoneal diffusion chambers. Millipore diffusion chambers containing living or lysed Trypanosoma congolense cause a local inflammatory reaction when implanted intraperitoneally into rats. Empty chambers do not do this. The active material is of low molecular weight and is possibly peptide in nature. It appears to act by increasing local vascular permeability. It was found to be neither chemotactic nor cytotoxic in several assay systems. It is considered that this material may contribute to the pathogenesis of T. congolense infection in animals.", "PMID": 860314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13344", "title": "Blood pressure distribution in a rural Ghanaian population.", "content": "Hypertension and related complications appear, from clinical impression, to be increasing problems in urban Ghanaians. In early 1973 we conducted a blood pressure survey in 20 rural Ghanaian villages to determine the prevalence of hypertension, in comparison with studies done in Accra residents and black Americans. Rural Ghanaians had mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures which were lower at all ages than the urban groups. 2-5% of the subjects aged 16 to 54 years had diastolic blood pressures of 95 or higher mm Hg. These findings are discussed in view of the proposed hypertension control programme in Accra. We conclude that hypertension is not a significant health problem in rural Ghanaians and that large-scale hypertension case-finding and intervention programmes should be confined to urban populations.", "contents": "Blood pressure distribution in a rural Ghanaian population. Hypertension and related complications appear, from clinical impression, to be increasing problems in urban Ghanaians. In early 1973 we conducted a blood pressure survey in 20 rural Ghanaian villages to determine the prevalence of hypertension, in comparison with studies done in Accra residents and black Americans. Rural Ghanaians had mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures which were lower at all ages than the urban groups. 2-5% of the subjects aged 16 to 54 years had diastolic blood pressures of 95 or higher mm Hg. These findings are discussed in view of the proposed hypertension control programme in Accra. We conclude that hypertension is not a significant health problem in rural Ghanaians and that large-scale hypertension case-finding and intervention programmes should be confined to urban populations.", "PMID": 860316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13345", "title": "Lethal damage to Simulium metallicum following high intakes of Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae in Guatemala.", "content": "High intakes of microfilariae of a Guatemalan strain of Onchocerca volvulus by Simulium metallicum proved lethal to a considerable proportion of the flies within 24 hours of taking an infecting blood-meal. The gross histopathological changes resulting from infection were compared in groups of moribund and of apparently healthy flies during this period. The marked morbidity of the flies could be related to certain events occurring in the alimentary tract and haemocoele of the fly soon after ingestion of the parasitized blood. The rapid death of the flies may be ascribed to one or more of the following reasons: (i) reverse migration of numerous microfilariae from the expanded- to the tubular-part of the mid-gut, where they cause serious injury and disintegration of the gut epithelium; (ii) abrasive damage to the stomach epithelial cells by the invading microfilariae with occasional release of the gut contents into the haemocoele; (iii) interruption of the formation of the peritrophic membrane, particularly at its anterior and posterior ends, with subsequent failure of the flies to digest the blood in the stomach; (iv) passage of large amounts of parasitized blood from the stomach backwards into the hind-gut, leading to its mechanical obstruction and (v) invasion and injury of various organs of the fly, among them the ventral nerve-cord, brain, optic nerve, eye, halteres, fat-body and flight musculature by excessive numbers of microfilariae.", "contents": "Lethal damage to Simulium metallicum following high intakes of Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae in Guatemala. High intakes of microfilariae of a Guatemalan strain of Onchocerca volvulus by Simulium metallicum proved lethal to a considerable proportion of the flies within 24 hours of taking an infecting blood-meal. The gross histopathological changes resulting from infection were compared in groups of moribund and of apparently healthy flies during this period. The marked morbidity of the flies could be related to certain events occurring in the alimentary tract and haemocoele of the fly soon after ingestion of the parasitized blood. The rapid death of the flies may be ascribed to one or more of the following reasons: (i) reverse migration of numerous microfilariae from the expanded- to the tubular-part of the mid-gut, where they cause serious injury and disintegration of the gut epithelium; (ii) abrasive damage to the stomach epithelial cells by the invading microfilariae with occasional release of the gut contents into the haemocoele; (iii) interruption of the formation of the peritrophic membrane, particularly at its anterior and posterior ends, with subsequent failure of the flies to digest the blood in the stomach; (iv) passage of large amounts of parasitized blood from the stomach backwards into the hind-gut, leading to its mechanical obstruction and (v) invasion and injury of various organs of the fly, among them the ventral nerve-cord, brain, optic nerve, eye, halteres, fat-body and flight musculature by excessive numbers of microfilariae.", "PMID": 860323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13346", "title": "[The efficacy of mebendazole and praziquantel on larval taeniids from mouse, rabbit and pig (author's transl)].", "content": "The efficacy of Mebendazole (Janssen) and Praziquantel (Bayer) on Cysticercus fasciolaris, C. tenuicollis resp. C. pisiformis was studied in 125 mice, 63 pigs and 30 rabbits. All mice were infected naturally with C. fasciolaris. The pigs were infected experimentally with 2000 resp. 5000 eggs of Taenia hydatigena and the rabbits with 1500 eggs of Taenia pisiformis. 8 weeks p.i. animals were divided into groups and received 25 mg/kg Mebendazole or 50 mg/kg Praziquantel on 5 consecutive days as well as 5 mg/kg Mebandazole resp. 10 mg/kg praziquantel for 14 days. The applied doses of 62.5 and 12.5 mg/kg Mebendazole to mice for 10 days or 14 days showed almost no efficacy against C. fasciolaris whereas 250 and 125 mg/kg Praziquantel given for 10 days gave 100% good results. We found that Mebendazole is highly efficient only against C. tenuicollis at a concentration of 25 mg/kg in the pig, whereas in the rabbit the 5 mg dose over 14 days still revealed good results. Praziquantel showed a virtually 100% success using 50 mg/kg for 5 days and 10 mg/kg for 14 days, whereas the efficacy of Praziquantel against C. pisiformis in rabbits administering the same dose was not satisfying.", "contents": "[The efficacy of mebendazole and praziquantel on larval taeniids from mouse, rabbit and pig (author's transl)]. The efficacy of Mebendazole (Janssen) and Praziquantel (Bayer) on Cysticercus fasciolaris, C. tenuicollis resp. C. pisiformis was studied in 125 mice, 63 pigs and 30 rabbits. All mice were infected naturally with C. fasciolaris. The pigs were infected experimentally with 2000 resp. 5000 eggs of Taenia hydatigena and the rabbits with 1500 eggs of Taenia pisiformis. 8 weeks p.i. animals were divided into groups and received 25 mg/kg Mebendazole or 50 mg/kg Praziquantel on 5 consecutive days as well as 5 mg/kg Mebandazole resp. 10 mg/kg praziquantel for 14 days. The applied doses of 62.5 and 12.5 mg/kg Mebendazole to mice for 10 days or 14 days showed almost no efficacy against C. fasciolaris whereas 250 and 125 mg/kg Praziquantel given for 10 days gave 100% good results. We found that Mebendazole is highly efficient only against C. tenuicollis at a concentration of 25 mg/kg in the pig, whereas in the rabbit the 5 mg dose over 14 days still revealed good results. Praziquantel showed a virtually 100% success using 50 mg/kg for 5 days and 10 mg/kg for 14 days, whereas the efficacy of Praziquantel against C. pisiformis in rabbits administering the same dose was not satisfying.", "PMID": 860324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13347", "title": "Serological investigations on patients with schistosomiasis with special reference to circulating antigen.", "content": "Serological tests on patients with S. haematobium and S. mansoni indicated that both antibody and schistosome antigen can be detected. The possible role of these in immune-complex nephritis is discussed.", "contents": "Serological investigations on patients with schistosomiasis with special reference to circulating antigen. Serological tests on patients with S. haematobium and S. mansoni indicated that both antibody and schistosome antigen can be detected. The possible role of these in immune-complex nephritis is discussed.", "PMID": 860325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13348", "title": "The concentration of microfilariae in the skin near the eye as a simple measure of the severity of onchocerciasis in a community and as an indicator of danger to the eye.", "content": "The parsitological and ophthalmological findings in an onchocerciasis survey in 8 villages (832 persons) and 5 primary schools (285 children) in Cameroon are reportedl The use of the coneoscleral punch/microtiter plate quantitative skin snip technique greatly facilitated this study, and its advantages over the weighed skin snip method are discussed. This simple technique could be used by paramedical personnel to detect the number of people in a community who have more than 15 microfilariae in a snip near the eye. This is shown to be a measure of the intensity of infection, and a good indicator of the number of people at risk of developing ocular pathology.", "contents": "The concentration of microfilariae in the skin near the eye as a simple measure of the severity of onchocerciasis in a community and as an indicator of danger to the eye. The parsitological and ophthalmological findings in an onchocerciasis survey in 8 villages (832 persons) and 5 primary schools (285 children) in Cameroon are reportedl The use of the coneoscleral punch/microtiter plate quantitative skin snip technique greatly facilitated this study, and its advantages over the weighed skin snip method are discussed. This simple technique could be used by paramedical personnel to detect the number of people in a community who have more than 15 microfilariae in a snip near the eye. This is shown to be a measure of the intensity of infection, and a good indicator of the number of people at risk of developing ocular pathology.", "PMID": 860326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13349", "title": "[Extravascular localization of Trypanosoma vivax in cattle (author's transl)].", "content": "In 2 cattle experimentally infected with Trypanosoma vivax, strain EATRO 1695, trypanosomes were found in the marginal sinus of one of several lymph nodes examined. One animal showed trypanosomes in a small focus in the interstitial tissue of the heart. It is concluded that Trypanosoma vivax can not be regarded as a strict plasma parasite.", "contents": "[Extravascular localization of Trypanosoma vivax in cattle (author's transl)]. In 2 cattle experimentally infected with Trypanosoma vivax, strain EATRO 1695, trypanosomes were found in the marginal sinus of one of several lymph nodes examined. One animal showed trypanosomes in a small focus in the interstitial tissue of the heart. It is concluded that Trypanosoma vivax can not be regarded as a strict plasma parasite.", "PMID": 860327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13350", "title": "[Methods for population sampling of the immature stages of Simulium damnosum Theobald, 1903 (Diptera, Simuliidae) in West Africa. I. Preliminary observations on the vertical distribution of larvae and pupae (author's transl)].", "content": "Three techniques for sampling larvae of Simulium damnosum in different water depths are described. Preliminary results prove that the larvae can settle much deeper, i.e. up to 3 m, than reported before (0-30 cm). Without impairment pupation takes place in any depth.", "contents": "[Methods for population sampling of the immature stages of Simulium damnosum Theobald, 1903 (Diptera, Simuliidae) in West Africa. I. Preliminary observations on the vertical distribution of larvae and pupae (author's transl)]. Three techniques for sampling larvae of Simulium damnosum in different water depths are described. Preliminary results prove that the larvae can settle much deeper, i.e. up to 3 m, than reported before (0-30 cm). Without impairment pupation takes place in any depth.", "PMID": 860328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13351", "title": "Micromorphology of the larval and nymphal cuticle of Simulium (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Zaire, Near or included in the Simulium damnosum complex (author's transl).", "content": "A stereoscan electron microscopy study of two forms of Simulium of Kivu, Zaire, apparently belonging to the Simulium damnosum complex, revealed some morphological particularities: the presence of microvillosities on the enormously enlarged scales of a larval form from a western tributary of lake Tanganyika, and the presence of spine-combs and comb-shaped scales on the nymphal cuticle of this form and a form from the equatorial rain forest of Irangi.", "contents": "Micromorphology of the larval and nymphal cuticle of Simulium (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Zaire, Near or included in the Simulium damnosum complex (author's transl). A stereoscan electron microscopy study of two forms of Simulium of Kivu, Zaire, apparently belonging to the Simulium damnosum complex, revealed some morphological particularities: the presence of microvillosities on the enormously enlarged scales of a larval form from a western tributary of lake Tanganyika, and the presence of spine-combs and comb-shaped scales on the nymphal cuticle of this form and a form from the equatorial rain forest of Irangi.", "PMID": 860329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13352", "title": "The echocardiophone: a new means for observing spatial movement of the heart.", "content": "The paper describes a new pocket size instrument called the \"Cardiophone\" for the diagnosis of cardiac dysfunction. It is a continuous wave swept frequency ultrasonic echo-location system which produces dynamic auditory signals corresponding to the positional change of internal structures of the heart. The four valves are relatively easy to locate compared with conventional ECG machines. Preliminary clinical evaluation results are presented indicating the potential of the instrument for the general practitioner.", "contents": "The echocardiophone: a new means for observing spatial movement of the heart. The paper describes a new pocket size instrument called the \"Cardiophone\" for the diagnosis of cardiac dysfunction. It is a continuous wave swept frequency ultrasonic echo-location system which produces dynamic auditory signals corresponding to the positional change of internal structures of the heart. The four valves are relatively easy to locate compared with conventional ECG machines. Preliminary clinical evaluation results are presented indicating the potential of the instrument for the general practitioner.", "PMID": 860330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13353", "title": "Tapered ileum as ureter substitute in severe renal damage: antireflux technique for bladder implantation.", "content": "Three cases are reported in which ileum has been used to replace irreparably damaged ureters despite preexisting moderate to severe pyelocaliectasis. Two cases have had satisfactory results while one had increasing pyelocaliectasis and azotemia requiring subsequent cutaneous diversion. The rationale for using ileum to replace ureter is presented with a discussion of objectives to be achieved surgically to assure the success of the procedure.", "contents": "Tapered ileum as ureter substitute in severe renal damage: antireflux technique for bladder implantation. Three cases are reported in which ileum has been used to replace irreparably damaged ureters despite preexisting moderate to severe pyelocaliectasis. Two cases have had satisfactory results while one had increasing pyelocaliectasis and azotemia requiring subsequent cutaneous diversion. The rationale for using ileum to replace ureter is presented with a discussion of objectives to be achieved surgically to assure the success of the procedure.", "PMID": 860341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13354", "title": "Benign ureteral lesions: rare causes of hydronephrosis in children.", "content": "Three unusual cases of hydronephrosis in children secondary to ureteral lesions, (1) congenital abnormality and (2) due to benign tumor, are presented. The radiographic findings and management are discussed. Conservative surgical management is suitable for these lesions.", "contents": "Benign ureteral lesions: rare causes of hydronephrosis in children. Three unusual cases of hydronephrosis in children secondary to ureteral lesions, (1) congenital abnormality and (2) due to benign tumor, are presented. The radiographic findings and management are discussed. Conservative surgical management is suitable for these lesions.", "PMID": 860342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13355", "title": "Urologic manifestations of Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura.", "content": "Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura involves the kidneys in about 50 per cent of cases. In adults the classic signs are usually absent. Open renal biopsy is valuable from a prognostic standpoint since the severity of the renal lesion can be correlated with the future clinical course.", "contents": "Urologic manifestations of Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura. Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura involves the kidneys in about 50 per cent of cases. In adults the classic signs are usually absent. Open renal biopsy is valuable from a prognostic standpoint since the severity of the renal lesion can be correlated with the future clinical course.", "PMID": 860343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13356", "title": "Supraclavicular node biopsy in testicular tumors.", "content": "Fifty-seven patients with germinal cell carcinoma of the testis were evaluated routinely, with the addition of a supraclavicular node biopsy as a final staging procedure. Five patients showed more extensive disease with the addition of this staging modality.", "contents": "Supraclavicular node biopsy in testicular tumors. Fifty-seven patients with germinal cell carcinoma of the testis were evaluated routinely, with the addition of a supraclavicular node biopsy as a final staging procedure. Five patients showed more extensive disease with the addition of this staging modality.", "PMID": 860344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13357", "title": "Idiopathic scrotal edema.", "content": "An eight-year experience consisting of 30 cases of idiopathic scrotal edema has been analyzed. The condition is characterized by a minimally painful scrotal swelling produced by subcutaneous edema. A normal testis and cord enable one to differentiate it from some other causes of scrotal swelling such as torsion of the testis and epididymo-orchitis. A connection with trauma, periurethral disease, or streptococcal disease appears unlikely. A localized allergic phenomenon, perhaps a local form of angioneurotic edema appears to be the most likely etiologic factor.", "contents": "Idiopathic scrotal edema. An eight-year experience consisting of 30 cases of idiopathic scrotal edema has been analyzed. The condition is characterized by a minimally painful scrotal swelling produced by subcutaneous edema. A normal testis and cord enable one to differentiate it from some other causes of scrotal swelling such as torsion of the testis and epididymo-orchitis. A connection with trauma, periurethral disease, or streptococcal disease appears unlikely. A localized allergic phenomenon, perhaps a local form of angioneurotic edema appears to be the most likely etiologic factor.", "PMID": 860345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13358", "title": "Priapism in preterm infant.", "content": "This report of transient priapism in a preterm newborn with respiratory distress syndrome discusses clinical course, therapy, possible etiologic factors, and previously reported cases in newborns. Possible causes include use of arterial catheter, red cell transfusion, hemodynamic changes from a patent ductus arteriosus, and hypoxia.", "contents": "Priapism in preterm infant. This report of transient priapism in a preterm newborn with respiratory distress syndrome discusses clinical course, therapy, possible etiologic factors, and previously reported cases in newborns. Possible causes include use of arterial catheter, red cell transfusion, hemodynamic changes from a patent ductus arteriosus, and hypoxia.", "PMID": 860347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13359", "title": "Blue nevus of the prostate: ultrastructural study.", "content": "A case of blue nevus of the prostate in a sixty-five-year-old black patient was studied by light and electron microscopy. In the melanocytes only fully melanized melanosomes were present; melanosomes in early stages of development were entirely absent. It was concluded that the formation of melanosomes within the melanocytes in blue nevus of the prostate is probably under genetic control.", "contents": "Blue nevus of the prostate: ultrastructural study. A case of blue nevus of the prostate in a sixty-five-year-old black patient was studied by light and electron microscopy. In the melanocytes only fully melanized melanosomes were present; melanosomes in early stages of development were entirely absent. It was concluded that the formation of melanosomes within the melanocytes in blue nevus of the prostate is probably under genetic control.", "PMID": 860353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13360", "title": "Fish farming trends.", "content": "The Food and Agriculture Organisation has estimated that fish farming will increase heavily within the next few decades. This paper gives a general view of fish farming and its prospects for the future.", "contents": "Fish farming trends. The Food and Agriculture Organisation has estimated that fish farming will increase heavily within the next few decades. This paper gives a general view of fish farming and its prospects for the future.", "PMID": 860379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13361", "title": "Acute respiratory distress in the dog associated with paraquat poisoning.", "content": "An acute respiratory distress syndrome in 10 adult dogs was usually preceded by vomiting, anorexia and lethargy followed, after a short interval, by dyspnoea. The dyspnoea became increasingly severe, despite oxygen therapy, and cyanotic respiratory failure ensued. All 10 dogs died or were killed after illnesses lasting between one and eight days. Necropsies revealed pulmonary congestion, oedema, collapse and haemorrhage with loss of alveolar epithelial cells. Early alveolar fibrosis was also found. Paraquat was identified in post mortem samples from four of the 10 dogs.", "contents": "Acute respiratory distress in the dog associated with paraquat poisoning. An acute respiratory distress syndrome in 10 adult dogs was usually preceded by vomiting, anorexia and lethargy followed, after a short interval, by dyspnoea. The dyspnoea became increasingly severe, despite oxygen therapy, and cyanotic respiratory failure ensued. All 10 dogs died or were killed after illnesses lasting between one and eight days. Necropsies revealed pulmonary congestion, oedema, collapse and haemorrhage with loss of alveolar epithelial cells. Early alveolar fibrosis was also found. Paraquat was identified in post mortem samples from four of the 10 dogs.", "PMID": 860382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13362", "title": "Phenytoin toxicity: a fatal case in a dog with hepatitis and jaundice.", "content": "Pheyntoin (Epanutin: Parke, Davis) is widely used for the control of chronic convulsive disorders in the dog because it exerts an anti-epileptic effect without causing general depression of the central nervous system. To our knowledge fatal cases of phenytoin sensitivity in the dog have not been reported. A case is described in which hepatitis, jaundice and death followed the administration of the drug.", "contents": "Phenytoin toxicity: a fatal case in a dog with hepatitis and jaundice. Pheyntoin (Epanutin: Parke, Davis) is widely used for the control of chronic convulsive disorders in the dog because it exerts an anti-epileptic effect without causing general depression of the central nervous system. To our knowledge fatal cases of phenytoin sensitivity in the dog have not been reported. A case is described in which hepatitis, jaundice and death followed the administration of the drug.", "PMID": 860383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13363", "title": "A survey of patent nematode infestations in dogs.", "content": "A survey of faecal samples taken from 1000 suburban dogs revealed an infestation of 7-2 per cent Toxocara canis, 2-7 per cent Toxascaris leonina, 1-3 per cent Trichuris vulpis and 1-3 per cent Uncinaria stenocephala. The faecal material examined was obtained per rectum from well cared-for pet dogs resident in an area of north-west suburban London. The age of the dogs examined, both male and female, ranged from three weeks to 18 years. The clinical picture of the dogs affected by ascariasis and in particular Toxocara canis is described and some advice on treatment is included.", "contents": "A survey of patent nematode infestations in dogs. A survey of faecal samples taken from 1000 suburban dogs revealed an infestation of 7-2 per cent Toxocara canis, 2-7 per cent Toxascaris leonina, 1-3 per cent Trichuris vulpis and 1-3 per cent Uncinaria stenocephala. The faecal material examined was obtained per rectum from well cared-for pet dogs resident in an area of north-west suburban London. The age of the dogs examined, both male and female, ranged from three weeks to 18 years. The clinical picture of the dogs affected by ascariasis and in particular Toxocara canis is described and some advice on treatment is included.", "PMID": 860384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13364", "title": "Tyzzer's disease in rabbits in Britain.", "content": "Tyzzer's disease seems to be a not uncommon cause of diarrhoea in rabbits in Britain. It may occur either epizootically or enzootically in affected rabbit units. The more acute form may present difficulties in diagnosis.", "contents": "Tyzzer's disease in rabbits in Britain. Tyzzer's disease seems to be a not uncommon cause of diarrhoea in rabbits in Britain. It may occur either epizootically or enzootically in affected rabbit units. The more acute form may present difficulties in diagnosis.", "PMID": 860385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13365", "title": "The use of ketamine anaesthesia to milk two tropical rattlesnakes (Crotalus durissus terrificus).", "content": "A series of five experimental milkings using ketamine as anaesthetic are described. The drug produced effects which, depending upon the dose, ranged from tranquillisation to deep anaesthesia. No apparent side effects were observed. It is concluded that anaesthesia could play an important role in the safe milking of venomous snakes.", "contents": "The use of ketamine anaesthesia to milk two tropical rattlesnakes (Crotalus durissus terrificus). A series of five experimental milkings using ketamine as anaesthetic are described. The drug produced effects which, depending upon the dose, ranged from tranquillisation to deep anaesthesia. No apparent side effects were observed. It is concluded that anaesthesia could play an important role in the safe milking of venomous snakes.", "PMID": 860387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13366", "title": "[Changes in the granula of type II pneumocytes corresponding to the oxygen content of the air].", "content": "The morphology of granula of type II-granulocytes from lungs of rabbits and rats was studied. In pneumocytes of rabbits dense bodies predominated with high lipoprotein content, whereas in rats the majority had lamellar structure. Under treatment with hyperbaric oxygen the granula showed increased lipoprotein content, suggesting that the emanation of the content of granula to the alveolar surface is inhibited. Under hypoxia the release from the granula was enhanced, and after 16 hours of hypoxia the amount of granula was decreased as well as their lipoprotein content.", "contents": "[Changes in the granula of type II pneumocytes corresponding to the oxygen content of the air]. The morphology of granula of type II-granulocytes from lungs of rabbits and rats was studied. In pneumocytes of rabbits dense bodies predominated with high lipoprotein content, whereas in rats the majority had lamellar structure. Under treatment with hyperbaric oxygen the granula showed increased lipoprotein content, suggesting that the emanation of the content of granula to the alveolar surface is inhibited. Under hypoxia the release from the granula was enhanced, and after 16 hours of hypoxia the amount of granula was decreased as well as their lipoprotein content.", "PMID": 860524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13367", "title": "[Cryogenic injuries of the rabbit abdominal aorta and the iliac artery].", "content": "In rabbits, cryogenic injuries of the walls of abdominal aorta and iliac arteries were histologically examined after application of a cryoprobe ob -160 degrees C for 1 minute. Seven days thereafter the animals were killed. Extended partial and circular necroses and calcifications of the vascular walls were found. The alterations were less expressed when the blood stream was maintaimed during the freezing. Maximal changes occured at additional centripetal pinching the vessels.", "contents": "[Cryogenic injuries of the rabbit abdominal aorta and the iliac artery]. In rabbits, cryogenic injuries of the walls of abdominal aorta and iliac arteries were histologically examined after application of a cryoprobe ob -160 degrees C for 1 minute. Seven days thereafter the animals were killed. Extended partial and circular necroses and calcifications of the vascular walls were found. The alterations were less expressed when the blood stream was maintaimed during the freezing. Maximal changes occured at additional centripetal pinching the vessels.", "PMID": 860525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13368", "title": "[Duodenal fistula for long term animal studies].", "content": "The author modified the duodenal cannula -- first described by Tuckermann in 1883 -- obtaining a safe long-term access to the duodenum with almost no complications in animal experiments. This technique reveals the possibility to obtain duodenal fluid from the animal without anesthesia, or pancreatic juice by cannulating the duodenal papilla.", "contents": "[Duodenal fistula for long term animal studies]. The author modified the duodenal cannula -- first described by Tuckermann in 1883 -- obtaining a safe long-term access to the duodenum with almost no complications in animal experiments. This technique reveals the possibility to obtain duodenal fluid from the animal without anesthesia, or pancreatic juice by cannulating the duodenal papilla.", "PMID": 860526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13369", "title": "[Local tissue reactions to subplatysmal implants of cold polymerizing silastic as bladder prostheses in the animal experiment].", "content": "In animal experiments silicone rubber bodies of various volumes and weights were implanted under the platysma. The grafts were completely tolerated by 6 rabbits and partially by a minipig, but not at all by 4 dogs. The primary reason for the failures were chronic inflammation by motion of the graft, heaviness of the plastic material, and stromal weakness.", "contents": "[Local tissue reactions to subplatysmal implants of cold polymerizing silastic as bladder prostheses in the animal experiment]. In animal experiments silicone rubber bodies of various volumes and weights were implanted under the platysma. The grafts were completely tolerated by 6 rabbits and partially by a minipig, but not at all by 4 dogs. The primary reason for the failures were chronic inflammation by motion of the graft, heaviness of the plastic material, and stromal weakness.", "PMID": 860527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13370", "title": "[Significance of in-vitro studies ofr the evaluation of gastrointestinal motility].", "content": "To study the function of the smooth muscles taken from the gastrointestinal tract the simple organ bath or various superfusion techniques can be used. With the aid of these methods it is possible to measure contractile and electrical phenomena of the isolated muscles. In addition the reactivity to various stimuli can be tested. Such in-vitro-systems elucidate principal questions of physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology. However, there is no direct clinical significance of in-vitro-investigations of gastrointestinal motility up til now. The clinical benefit of such investigations can be seen in the better understanding of the pathophysiology and in the discovery of new drugs in the field of gastrointestinal motility.", "contents": "[Significance of in-vitro studies ofr the evaluation of gastrointestinal motility]. To study the function of the smooth muscles taken from the gastrointestinal tract the simple organ bath or various superfusion techniques can be used. With the aid of these methods it is possible to measure contractile and electrical phenomena of the isolated muscles. In addition the reactivity to various stimuli can be tested. Such in-vitro-systems elucidate principal questions of physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology. However, there is no direct clinical significance of in-vitro-investigations of gastrointestinal motility up til now. The clinical benefit of such investigations can be seen in the better understanding of the pathophysiology and in the discovery of new drugs in the field of gastrointestinal motility.", "PMID": 860529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13371", "title": "[Radiologic demonstration of esophageal and gastric motility phenomena].", "content": "Indication and significance of roentgenological procedures referring to esophageal and gastric motility are discussed with special reference to a number of functional disorders. Cinematography and tape-recording are necessary for fast peristaltic motion as in vascular, neurological and myogenic diseases of the upper esophageal sphincter. Pharmacological response may for instance help to differentiate functional from morphological disorders or postoperative complains. Combinations of roentgenological and radioisotopical studies or manometry may be usefull for special diagnostic problems.", "contents": "[Radiologic demonstration of esophageal and gastric motility phenomena]. Indication and significance of roentgenological procedures referring to esophageal and gastric motility are discussed with special reference to a number of functional disorders. Cinematography and tape-recording are necessary for fast peristaltic motion as in vascular, neurological and myogenic diseases of the upper esophageal sphincter. Pharmacological response may for instance help to differentiate functional from morphological disorders or postoperative complains. Combinations of roentgenological and radioisotopical studies or manometry may be usefull for special diagnostic problems.", "PMID": 860530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13372", "title": "[Manometric study on the effect of proximal vagotomy on the lower esophageal sphincter].", "content": "Selective proximal vagotomy (SPV) decreases the LES pressure (resting pressure and pentagastrin-stimulated pressure), significantly 6 months postoperatively without achieving LES insufficiency by clinical means. Immediately after stimulation LES pressure is identical, compared to preoperative measurements. The postoperative significantly increased concentration of basal gastrin seems not to be a major determinant of LES tone in humans.", "contents": "[Manometric study on the effect of proximal vagotomy on the lower esophageal sphincter]. Selective proximal vagotomy (SPV) decreases the LES pressure (resting pressure and pentagastrin-stimulated pressure), significantly 6 months postoperatively without achieving LES insufficiency by clinical means. Immediately after stimulation LES pressure is identical, compared to preoperative measurements. The postoperative significantly increased concentration of basal gastrin seems not to be a major determinant of LES tone in humans.", "PMID": 860531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13373", "title": "[Serum level of 25 hydroxy vitamin D3 in patients with gastric and duodenal ulcers and following billroth II gastric resection].", "content": "Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels were determined in patients with gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, and subtotal gastrectomy (Billroth II); 35 healthy persons served as controls. 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels were correlated with the signs of osteopenia determined radiologically. 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 serum level was not different from normal in subjects with gastric or duodenal ulcer. Those who underwent gastric surgery had significantly lower values. Within this group those with osteopenia had lower values than those without.", "contents": "[Serum level of 25 hydroxy vitamin D3 in patients with gastric and duodenal ulcers and following billroth II gastric resection]. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels were determined in patients with gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, and subtotal gastrectomy (Billroth II); 35 healthy persons served as controls. 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels were correlated with the signs of osteopenia determined radiologically. 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 serum level was not different from normal in subjects with gastric or duodenal ulcer. Those who underwent gastric surgery had significantly lower values. Within this group those with osteopenia had lower values than those without.", "PMID": 860532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13374", "title": "[Effect of afferent abdominal vagus nerve stimulation on the blood circulation and respiration in the guinea pig].", "content": "In 38 urethan anesthetized guinea-pigs low frequency (1--30 Hz) electrical afferent stimulation of the abdominal vagus elicited cardiovascular and respiratory reflexes, which were eliminated by bilateral cervical vagotomy: 1. 2/3 of the animals showed a bradycardia with arrhythmia. 1/3 had no heart rate alteration. 2. Biphasic blood pressure alteration with an initial decrease and a following increase was the most common blood pressure response. Longlasting (10 sec) stimulation resulted in a blood pressure increase of 25 to 30 mmHg in 75% of the animals. 3. Acceleration of respiratory rate. A vago-vagal and/or vagosympathetic reflex is considered. It is assumed that the blood pressure curve is composed of adding both the depressor and pressor component. Two functional fibre groups in the afferent abdominal vagus are considered to be the anatomic substratum. Atropine had no effect on the alteration of respiratory rate and blood pressure; only the bradycardia could be eliminated.", "contents": "[Effect of afferent abdominal vagus nerve stimulation on the blood circulation and respiration in the guinea pig]. In 38 urethan anesthetized guinea-pigs low frequency (1--30 Hz) electrical afferent stimulation of the abdominal vagus elicited cardiovascular and respiratory reflexes, which were eliminated by bilateral cervical vagotomy: 1. 2/3 of the animals showed a bradycardia with arrhythmia. 1/3 had no heart rate alteration. 2. Biphasic blood pressure alteration with an initial decrease and a following increase was the most common blood pressure response. Longlasting (10 sec) stimulation resulted in a blood pressure increase of 25 to 30 mmHg in 75% of the animals. 3. Acceleration of respiratory rate. A vago-vagal and/or vagosympathetic reflex is considered. It is assumed that the blood pressure curve is composed of adding both the depressor and pressor component. Two functional fibre groups in the afferent abdominal vagus are considered to be the anatomic substratum. Atropine had no effect on the alteration of respiratory rate and blood pressure; only the bradycardia could be eliminated.", "PMID": 860534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13375", "title": "Protein profiles as an aid to taxonomy in the genus Diphyllobothrium.", "content": "Specific and distinct protein profiles were demonstrated by isoelectric focusing performed on soluble whole-body proteins of four Diphyllobothrium species. The protein patterns differed in number, position and relative density of the fractions separated. Altogether 31-36 protein bands per species were separated by isoelectric focusing in thin-layer polyacrylamide gels. The results show that sensitive chemotaxonomic methods can be used to help characterize and delimit species in the troublesome Diphyllobothrium group.", "contents": "Protein profiles as an aid to taxonomy in the genus Diphyllobothrium. Specific and distinct protein profiles were demonstrated by isoelectric focusing performed on soluble whole-body proteins of four Diphyllobothrium species. The protein patterns differed in number, position and relative density of the fractions separated. Altogether 31-36 protein bands per species were separated by isoelectric focusing in thin-layer polyacrylamide gels. The results show that sensitive chemotaxonomic methods can be used to help characterize and delimit species in the troublesome Diphyllobothrium group.", "PMID": 860571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13376", "title": "Setaria cervi: enzymes of glycolysis and PEP-succinate pathway.", "content": "Setaria cervi, the filarial parasite inhabiting the Indian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis Linn.) contained almost all the enzymes involved in glycogen degradation. Significant activities of glycogen phosphorylase, glucokinase, phosphoglucomutase, phosphoglucose isomerase, phosphofructokinase, FDP-aldolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphopyruvate hydratase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase were detected in cell-free extracts of whole worms. The presence of PEP-carboxykinase, malate dehydrogenase, fumarase and fumarate reductase revealed the functioning of the PEP-succinate pathway in addition to phosphorylating glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway in the parasite. Excepting fumarate reductase all other enzymes were localized in the particulate-free cytosol fraction, although small amounts of glycogen phosphorylase, aldolase and lactate dehydrogenase were also detected in the mitochondrial fraction.", "contents": "Setaria cervi: enzymes of glycolysis and PEP-succinate pathway. Setaria cervi, the filarial parasite inhabiting the Indian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis Linn.) contained almost all the enzymes involved in glycogen degradation. Significant activities of glycogen phosphorylase, glucokinase, phosphoglucomutase, phosphoglucose isomerase, phosphofructokinase, FDP-aldolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphopyruvate hydratase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase were detected in cell-free extracts of whole worms. The presence of PEP-carboxykinase, malate dehydrogenase, fumarase and fumarate reductase revealed the functioning of the PEP-succinate pathway in addition to phosphorylating glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway in the parasite. Excepting fumarate reductase all other enzymes were localized in the particulate-free cytosol fraction, although small amounts of glycogen phosphorylase, aldolase and lactate dehydrogenase were also detected in the mitochondrial fraction.", "PMID": 860572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13377", "title": "On the use of the scrotum for feeding larval ixodid ticks on hosts.", "content": "The efficacy of feeding larval stages of Amblyomma variegatum, Hyalomma rufipes and Boophilus decoloratus on the ears and scrotum of sheep is compared. The effect of age of larvae on the number that engorged on the animal was also investigated. A significantly greater number of larvae fed on scrotum than on ears. The greatest number of larvae engorged when they were fed on the scrotum or ear within 1-4 days of hatching. The older the larvae, the less the number that fed. The economic advantages of adopting the scrotal method for rearing larval tick stages as well as the implication under natural conditions of younger larvae feeding in large numbers are discussed.", "contents": "On the use of the scrotum for feeding larval ixodid ticks on hosts. The efficacy of feeding larval stages of Amblyomma variegatum, Hyalomma rufipes and Boophilus decoloratus on the ears and scrotum of sheep is compared. The effect of age of larvae on the number that engorged on the animal was also investigated. A significantly greater number of larvae fed on scrotum than on ears. The greatest number of larvae engorged when they were fed on the scrotum or ear within 1-4 days of hatching. The older the larvae, the less the number that fed. The economic advantages of adopting the scrotal method for rearing larval tick stages as well as the implication under natural conditions of younger larvae feeding in large numbers are discussed.", "PMID": 860573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13378", "title": "Consecutive stages of arthropathy progression in patients with gout.", "content": "During observation of 250 patients with gout in the Institute of Rheumatology in Warsaw in the years 1962-1975 several patterns of joint destruction stages in gouty arthropathy have been recognized on the basis of serial roentgenograms. Histological examination of joints and bones suggests with a considerable probability that the progression of arthropathy depends on the extension of sodium urate deposits in articular tissues. Histological documentation of consecutive stages of joint distruction corresponding to the above mentioned patterns of radiological changes is presented.", "contents": "Consecutive stages of arthropathy progression in patients with gout. During observation of 250 patients with gout in the Institute of Rheumatology in Warsaw in the years 1962-1975 several patterns of joint destruction stages in gouty arthropathy have been recognized on the basis of serial roentgenograms. Histological examination of joints and bones suggests with a considerable probability that the progression of arthropathy depends on the extension of sodium urate deposits in articular tissues. Histological documentation of consecutive stages of joint distruction corresponding to the above mentioned patterns of radiological changes is presented.", "PMID": 860604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13379", "title": "[Treatment of osteoporosis with a delayed-action sodium fluoride preparation].", "content": "40 patients with various types of osteoporosis, aged 17 to 76 years, were treated for 12 months with a new NaF-drug (Ossiplex-Retard, film tbl. 25 mg NaF plus 200 mg vitamine C). Daily dosage was 50-100 mg. Clinical symptoms, X-ray-status of the axial skeleton, alkaline serum phosphatase and the consumption of analgetics were used for assessment. 2/3 of the patients with presenile and steroid induced osteoporosis responded well to treatment, while those with osteogenesis imperfecta, idiopathic osteoporosis and plasmocytosis did not show clinical or radiological improvement. In senile osteoporosis, a physiological process of aging, should only be given NaF-treatment, if fractures without callus formation are present. Harmless side effects, (gastrointestinal intolerance in 15% and a painful tendoperiostosis syndrome in 12.5%), necessitated discontinuation of treatment in 3 cases. The NaF-drug with added vitamine C has less side effects than other NaF-containing compounds and should therefore be included as part of the therapeutical regimen of certain types of osteoporosis.", "contents": "[Treatment of osteoporosis with a delayed-action sodium fluoride preparation]. 40 patients with various types of osteoporosis, aged 17 to 76 years, were treated for 12 months with a new NaF-drug (Ossiplex-Retard, film tbl. 25 mg NaF plus 200 mg vitamine C). Daily dosage was 50-100 mg. Clinical symptoms, X-ray-status of the axial skeleton, alkaline serum phosphatase and the consumption of analgetics were used for assessment. 2/3 of the patients with presenile and steroid induced osteoporosis responded well to treatment, while those with osteogenesis imperfecta, idiopathic osteoporosis and plasmocytosis did not show clinical or radiological improvement. In senile osteoporosis, a physiological process of aging, should only be given NaF-treatment, if fractures without callus formation are present. Harmless side effects, (gastrointestinal intolerance in 15% and a painful tendoperiostosis syndrome in 12.5%), necessitated discontinuation of treatment in 3 cases. The NaF-drug with added vitamine C has less side effects than other NaF-containing compounds and should therefore be included as part of the therapeutical regimen of certain types of osteoporosis.", "PMID": 860605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13380", "title": "[Monoclonal gammopathy in chronic polyarthritis].", "content": "Disturbances of immunoglobulin production have often been observed in preclinical multiple myeloma and have led to the question of a pattern of reactive formation of monoclonal gammopathies. In the documented rare case of coincidental Ig-G-myeloma and rheumatoid arthritis some possible similar pathogenetic mechanisms in both diseases are discussed.", "contents": "[Monoclonal gammopathy in chronic polyarthritis]. Disturbances of immunoglobulin production have often been observed in preclinical multiple myeloma and have led to the question of a pattern of reactive formation of monoclonal gammopathies. In the documented rare case of coincidental Ig-G-myeloma and rheumatoid arthritis some possible similar pathogenetic mechanisms in both diseases are discussed.", "PMID": 860606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13381", "title": "[Method of combined surgical treatment of compression forms of lumbar osteochondrosis with alloprosthesis of damaged intervertebral disks].", "content": "A method of surgical treatment of compressive forms of osteochondrosis of the lumbar portion of the vertebral column is described, the said method being based on the employment of a prosthetic replacement of the intervertebral disks with a promptly hardening polyurethane SKU-PFL. Along with the decompression of nervous and vascular structures in the vertebral canal the introduced technique permits to correct the stato-dynamic incompetance of the spine. 62 patients were followed-up for up to 5 years. Better results were noted in patients with a clinical pattern of radicular compression. A less distinct therapeutic effect was achieved in a group of patients with the caudal syndrome, and was due to persistent gross neurological deficits.", "contents": "[Method of combined surgical treatment of compression forms of lumbar osteochondrosis with alloprosthesis of damaged intervertebral disks]. A method of surgical treatment of compressive forms of osteochondrosis of the lumbar portion of the vertebral column is described, the said method being based on the employment of a prosthetic replacement of the intervertebral disks with a promptly hardening polyurethane SKU-PFL. Along with the decompression of nervous and vascular structures in the vertebral canal the introduced technique permits to correct the stato-dynamic incompetance of the spine. 62 patients were followed-up for up to 5 years. Better results were noted in patients with a clinical pattern of radicular compression. A less distinct therapeutic effect was achieved in a group of patients with the caudal syndrome, and was due to persistent gross neurological deficits.", "PMID": 860623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13382", "title": "Fetal development of the human cervical spine and cord.", "content": "The growth of the human vertebral canal and the spinal cord during normal fetal development was studied. The results suggest that these two parts of the developing body exhibit a similar developmental pattern. Computer analysis also revealed that the rate of this parallel growth is considerably lower than that of the body as a whole but similar to that reported for the brain. These results are discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of certain neurological diseases.", "contents": "Fetal development of the human cervical spine and cord. The growth of the human vertebral canal and the spinal cord during normal fetal development was studied. The results suggest that these two parts of the developing body exhibit a similar developmental pattern. Computer analysis also revealed that the rate of this parallel growth is considerably lower than that of the body as a whole but similar to that reported for the brain. These results are discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of certain neurological diseases.", "PMID": 860631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13383", "title": "[Assessment of reinnervation of the muscles of facial expression following plastic repair of the facial nerve with the descending branch of the hypoglossal nerve (according to electromyographic findings)].", "content": "The data of electromyographic studies of the bioelectrical activity of the facial muscles following plastic repair of the facial nerve with the aid of the descending branch of the hypoglossal nerve permit to interpret the succession and quality of the reinnervation of the muscles. Myoelectrogenesis, as shown by the examinations of 13 patients, develops earlier and with greater completeness in the muscles around the mouth than in the orbicular eye muscle and the frontal muscle, which corresponds to the clinical observations. In the process of reinnervation the activity of the zygomaticus muscle favoured the formation of joint and voluntary movements of the orbicular muscle of the eye and of the frontal muscle.", "contents": "[Assessment of reinnervation of the muscles of facial expression following plastic repair of the facial nerve with the descending branch of the hypoglossal nerve (according to electromyographic findings)]. The data of electromyographic studies of the bioelectrical activity of the facial muscles following plastic repair of the facial nerve with the aid of the descending branch of the hypoglossal nerve permit to interpret the succession and quality of the reinnervation of the muscles. Myoelectrogenesis, as shown by the examinations of 13 patients, develops earlier and with greater completeness in the muscles around the mouth than in the orbicular eye muscle and the frontal muscle, which corresponds to the clinical observations. In the process of reinnervation the activity of the zygomaticus muscle favoured the formation of joint and voluntary movements of the orbicular muscle of the eye and of the frontal muscle.", "PMID": 860625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13384", "title": "Growth and skeletal development of the rat during prolonged undernutrition and subsequent rehabilitation.", "content": "Male rats of 150 g body weight were given restricted amounts of their normal diet up to the age of 85 weeks, such that they showed no significant change in body weight. They were then rehabilitated by allowing them unlimited access to the normal diet. During rehabilitation, the experimental rats reached a maximum body weight that was only 70% of that normally attained. Body length, however, exhibited better recovery, the experimental animals achieving 96% of the normal body length. The skeleton continued to grow during the first 7 weeks of undernutrition, but thereafter only the caudal half of the pelvic girdle continued to grow. On rehabilitation all skeletal dimensions increased, and all eventually reached the normal range of mature skeletal dimensions. Although the pelvic girdle returned to a normal size, it still manifested some alterations in shape.", "contents": "Growth and skeletal development of the rat during prolonged undernutrition and subsequent rehabilitation. Male rats of 150 g body weight were given restricted amounts of their normal diet up to the age of 85 weeks, such that they showed no significant change in body weight. They were then rehabilitated by allowing them unlimited access to the normal diet. During rehabilitation, the experimental rats reached a maximum body weight that was only 70% of that normally attained. Body length, however, exhibited better recovery, the experimental animals achieving 96% of the normal body length. The skeleton continued to grow during the first 7 weeks of undernutrition, but thereafter only the caudal half of the pelvic girdle continued to grow. On rehabilitation all skeletal dimensions increased, and all eventually reached the normal range of mature skeletal dimensions. Although the pelvic girdle returned to a normal size, it still manifested some alterations in shape.", "PMID": 860632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13385", "title": "[Surgical treatment of para-stem tumors by a transtentorial approach].", "content": "The scope of the interventions and their results, as well as some aspects of the approach are analyzed in 24 cases. Tentoriotomy from the posterior cranial fossa proved technically complicated; its results are unsatisfactory. Somewhat better results were obtained with a combined approach including an incision of the tentorium. The most favourable results were received with the supratentorial approach and incision of the cerebellar tentorium. This method created optimum conditions for a radical excision of some paratentorial tumours of the posterior cranial fossa with minimum mortality.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of para-stem tumors by a transtentorial approach]. The scope of the interventions and their results, as well as some aspects of the approach are analyzed in 24 cases. Tentoriotomy from the posterior cranial fossa proved technically complicated; its results are unsatisfactory. Somewhat better results were obtained with a combined approach including an incision of the tentorium. The most favourable results were received with the supratentorial approach and incision of the cerebellar tentorium. This method created optimum conditions for a radical excision of some paratentorial tumours of the posterior cranial fossa with minimum mortality.", "PMID": 860626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13386", "title": "Stature, limb and jaw growth.", "content": "From a study of four Caucasoid population samples, aged 1-20 years, a linear relationship was established between stature and jaw or limb growth. However, the correlations between the various parameters varied between the different samples, which suggested that caution must be applied to the interpretation of growth data.", "contents": "Stature, limb and jaw growth. From a study of four Caucasoid population samples, aged 1-20 years, a linear relationship was established between stature and jaw or limb growth. However, the correlations between the various parameters varied between the different samples, which suggested that caution must be applied to the interpretation of growth data.", "PMID": 860634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13387", "title": "Pituitary-testicular function changes in hypo- and hyperthyroid male rats.", "content": "The influence of thyroid deficiency and the administration of thyroxine on pituitary-testicular function were studied in male albino rats from weaning age (22 days old) up to 82 days of age. The results showed that the hyperthyroid state induced by a daily injection of 2.5 or 5 microng L-thyroxine resulted in acceleration of growth, a comparative increase in size and number of spermatogenic and interstitial cells, an increase in the STH cells, particularly at the earlier age (42 days old), and in a decrease in the number and size of TSH cells. Gonadotrophic FSH and LH and prolactin cells exhibited an increase in their granular content. The hypothyroid state induced by thyroidectomy or thiourea feeding, at the levels of 0.1 and 0.2% resulted in the depression of growth rate, destructive changes of the spermatogenic and interstitial cells and also in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules. A decrease in the STH, gonadotrophic FSH and LH and prolactin cells and hypertrophy of TSH cells accompanied by degranulation were also observed.", "contents": "Pituitary-testicular function changes in hypo- and hyperthyroid male rats. The influence of thyroid deficiency and the administration of thyroxine on pituitary-testicular function were studied in male albino rats from weaning age (22 days old) up to 82 days of age. The results showed that the hyperthyroid state induced by a daily injection of 2.5 or 5 microng L-thyroxine resulted in acceleration of growth, a comparative increase in size and number of spermatogenic and interstitial cells, an increase in the STH cells, particularly at the earlier age (42 days old), and in a decrease in the number and size of TSH cells. Gonadotrophic FSH and LH and prolactin cells exhibited an increase in their granular content. The hypothyroid state induced by thyroidectomy or thiourea feeding, at the levels of 0.1 and 0.2% resulted in the depression of growth rate, destructive changes of the spermatogenic and interstitial cells and also in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules. A decrease in the STH, gonadotrophic FSH and LH and prolactin cells and hypertrophy of TSH cells accompanied by degranulation were also observed.", "PMID": 860635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13388", "title": "Embryonic and postnatal growth of rat and mouse. V. Prenatal growth of organs and tissues, general principles: allometric growth, absence of growth, and the genetic regulation of the growth process.", "content": "(1) The investigation yielded several general growth principles, i.e., types of growth occurring rather frequently: (a) allometric growth, (b) a non-changing growth rate, persisting when the growth rate changes in the majority of tissues, (c) a growth rate equal to that of the whole embryo, (d) absence of growth and (e) jumps, i.e., changes in the volume or surface of organs completed within about half a day or less and probably due to changes in the cell volume or surface area; these histological changes tend to start simultaneously with the changes in growth rate. (2) Growth constants tend to have a value of about 2.0 in the prenatal period, as in the post-natal period. During development, however, their value increases slightly but significantly. (3) Further arguments are given for the mitosis-regulating model described in Part III. (4) The mitosis-regulating model combined with the general growth principles derived here and in earlier parts of this report constitute a comprehensive model for the genetiv regulation of the growth process.", "contents": "Embryonic and postnatal growth of rat and mouse. V. Prenatal growth of organs and tissues, general principles: allometric growth, absence of growth, and the genetic regulation of the growth process. (1) The investigation yielded several general growth principles, i.e., types of growth occurring rather frequently: (a) allometric growth, (b) a non-changing growth rate, persisting when the growth rate changes in the majority of tissues, (c) a growth rate equal to that of the whole embryo, (d) absence of growth and (e) jumps, i.e., changes in the volume or surface of organs completed within about half a day or less and probably due to changes in the cell volume or surface area; these histological changes tend to start simultaneously with the changes in growth rate. (2) Growth constants tend to have a value of about 2.0 in the prenatal period, as in the post-natal period. During development, however, their value increases slightly but significantly. (3) Further arguments are given for the mitosis-regulating model described in Part III. (4) The mitosis-regulating model combined with the general growth principles derived here and in earlier parts of this report constitute a comprehensive model for the genetiv regulation of the growth process.", "PMID": 860636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13389", "title": "Morphological and cytochemical studies on the shrew prostate gland.", "content": "Columnar epithelium in Suncus murinus is secretory and the secretory product is rich in proteins and polysaccharides; it is devoid of lipids. The secretion is discharged into the lumen by a process of blebbing from the acinar tips of the columnar cells. The basal cells only replace the worn-out columnar cells.", "contents": "Morphological and cytochemical studies on the shrew prostate gland. Columnar epithelium in Suncus murinus is secretory and the secretory product is rich in proteins and polysaccharides; it is devoid of lipids. The secretion is discharged into the lumen by a process of blebbing from the acinar tips of the columnar cells. The basal cells only replace the worn-out columnar cells.", "PMID": 860637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13390", "title": "Comparative histological and histochemical studies on the adrenal gland of the albino and the Egyptian desert rats.", "content": "The adrenal gland of the albino rat and the Egyptian desert rodents Gerbillus pyramidum and Gerbillus gerbillus was subject to histological and histochemical studies. Compared to the albino rat, the adrenal gland of the Egyptian desert rat had a thicker capsule, its zona glomerulosa was thinner and more vacuolated, its cortex was sharply demarcated from the medulla which appeared in the form of packets of cells. Lipid droplets were larger and more numerous in the zona glomerulosa and no subglomerular zone was detected. Cholesterol and its esters were less marked in the outer cortex. Succinic dehydrogenase activity was more marked in the zona reticularis. The cholinesterase-reactive nervous network in the medulla was more complex and dense and the nerve cells were fewer. The significance of these differences is discussed.", "contents": "Comparative histological and histochemical studies on the adrenal gland of the albino and the Egyptian desert rats. The adrenal gland of the albino rat and the Egyptian desert rodents Gerbillus pyramidum and Gerbillus gerbillus was subject to histological and histochemical studies. Compared to the albino rat, the adrenal gland of the Egyptian desert rat had a thicker capsule, its zona glomerulosa was thinner and more vacuolated, its cortex was sharply demarcated from the medulla which appeared in the form of packets of cells. Lipid droplets were larger and more numerous in the zona glomerulosa and no subglomerular zone was detected. Cholesterol and its esters were less marked in the outer cortex. Succinic dehydrogenase activity was more marked in the zona reticularis. The cholinesterase-reactive nervous network in the medulla was more complex and dense and the nerve cells were fewer. The significance of these differences is discussed.", "PMID": 860639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13391", "title": "Morphological observation of idiopathic cardiomyopathy consisting of 9 cases encountered in sudden and unexpected death.", "content": "The present study consists of 9 cases of idiopathic cardiomyopathy which were divided into two types, i.e. 6 cases of the hypertrophic type and 3 cases of the dilated type. The former type was found in school-children and relatively younger adults, and the latter in various ages. In both types the hearts showed marked enlargement. The characteristic gross changes of the hypertrophic type were hypertrophy of the anterior wall of left ventricle and of the ventricular septum. Microscopically, the hypertrophied myocardium demonstrated a bizarre arrangement showing different size and shape of muscle fibers. In addition, the wall of small arteries and arterioles revealed circumscribed elastosis here and there. In the dilated type, the hearts showed marked dilatation of both ventricles, and microscopy revealed coagulation necrosis of the myocardial fibers and marked scar formation with slight inflammatory cell infiltration. The gross and microscopic changes in both types of idiopathic cardiomyopathy differed from one another in several respects, and the authors assumed that the differences indicate an independent etiology of both types in man.", "contents": "Morphological observation of idiopathic cardiomyopathy consisting of 9 cases encountered in sudden and unexpected death. The present study consists of 9 cases of idiopathic cardiomyopathy which were divided into two types, i.e. 6 cases of the hypertrophic type and 3 cases of the dilated type. The former type was found in school-children and relatively younger adults, and the latter in various ages. In both types the hearts showed marked enlargement. The characteristic gross changes of the hypertrophic type were hypertrophy of the anterior wall of left ventricle and of the ventricular septum. Microscopically, the hypertrophied myocardium demonstrated a bizarre arrangement showing different size and shape of muscle fibers. In addition, the wall of small arteries and arterioles revealed circumscribed elastosis here and there. In the dilated type, the hearts showed marked dilatation of both ventricles, and microscopy revealed coagulation necrosis of the myocardial fibers and marked scar formation with slight inflammatory cell infiltration. The gross and microscopic changes in both types of idiopathic cardiomyopathy differed from one another in several respects, and the authors assumed that the differences indicate an independent etiology of both types in man.", "PMID": 860649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13392", "title": "Thrombosis of the intraorbital veins and cavernous sinus.", "content": "Eight cases with phlebographic appearances consistent with aseptic thrombosis of the cavernous sinus or of the posterior part of the superior ophthalmic vein are presented. The clinical course is briefly described and the phlebographic findings and possible differential diagnoses discussed. Even if recent methods may obviate the need for phlebography in the demonstration of orbital tumors in certain cases, the possibility of intraorbital or cavernous sinus thrombosis constitutes an important indication for phlebography.", "contents": "Thrombosis of the intraorbital veins and cavernous sinus. Eight cases with phlebographic appearances consistent with aseptic thrombosis of the cavernous sinus or of the posterior part of the superior ophthalmic vein are presented. The clinical course is briefly described and the phlebographic findings and possible differential diagnoses discussed. Even if recent methods may obviate the need for phlebography in the demonstration of orbital tumors in certain cases, the possibility of intraorbital or cavernous sinus thrombosis constitutes an important indication for phlebography.", "PMID": 860653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13393", "title": "Retention of the water-soluble contrast medium in the urinary and genital tracts.", "content": "Retention of contrast medium in the renal pelvis for several days after urography is illustrated in 2 cases of obstructing urinary stones. In a third case water-soluble contrast medium was used for retrograde pyelography before nephrectomy and was retained in the stenotic ipsilateral ureter 7 1/2 months after the operation. A further case exemplifies retention in the seminal vesicles 2 months after vasoseminal vesiculography.", "contents": "Retention of the water-soluble contrast medium in the urinary and genital tracts. Retention of contrast medium in the renal pelvis for several days after urography is illustrated in 2 cases of obstructing urinary stones. In a third case water-soluble contrast medium was used for retrograde pyelography before nephrectomy and was retained in the stenotic ipsilateral ureter 7 1/2 months after the operation. A further case exemplifies retention in the seminal vesicles 2 months after vasoseminal vesiculography.", "PMID": 860655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13394", "title": "Measurements of total and regional renal blood flow by videodensitometry.", "content": "Videodensitometry has made it possible to determine not only total but also regional blood flow within the kidney. In animal experiments good agreement was found between the measurements by videodensitometry and isotope technique, taking vein samples, using 125I-labelled Angiografin. The blood flow in 21 human kidney has been determined by both videodensitometry and Xe wash-out method. The correlation was fairly good.", "contents": "Measurements of total and regional renal blood flow by videodensitometry. Videodensitometry has made it possible to determine not only total but also regional blood flow within the kidney. In animal experiments good agreement was found between the measurements by videodensitometry and isotope technique, taking vein samples, using 125I-labelled Angiografin. The blood flow in 21 human kidney has been determined by both videodensitometry and Xe wash-out method. The correlation was fairly good.", "PMID": 860656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13395", "title": "Polycystic disease of the liver. Angiographic diagnosis.", "content": "Three cases of the syndrome of polycystic disease of the liver and kidneys are present. The definite diagnoses were established by means of angiography. Exploratory laparotomy was avoided. The incidence and symptoms of the syndrome and the diagnostic potentials of the methods of examination are reviewed. It is concluded that detection of either polycystic liver or kidney disease should initiate examination of the other component of the syndrome as well.", "contents": "Polycystic disease of the liver. Angiographic diagnosis. Three cases of the syndrome of polycystic disease of the liver and kidneys are present. The definite diagnoses were established by means of angiography. Exploratory laparotomy was avoided. The incidence and symptoms of the syndrome and the diagnostic potentials of the methods of examination are reviewed. It is concluded that detection of either polycystic liver or kidney disease should initiate examination of the other component of the syndrome as well.", "PMID": 860658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13396", "title": "Method for comparing films and processing procedures in photofluorography.", "content": "A method for comparing measurements of films and processing procedures is described. A stepped wedge is developed on basis of density measurements in defined areas of chest photofluorographic films. Quality criteria for films and processing procedures are established by systemization of film evaluation. Minor modifications of the method are necessary for application elsewhere in diagnostic radiology.", "contents": "Method for comparing films and processing procedures in photofluorography. A method for comparing measurements of films and processing procedures is described. A stepped wedge is developed on basis of density measurements in defined areas of chest photofluorographic films. Quality criteria for films and processing procedures are established by systemization of film evaluation. Minor modifications of the method are necessary for application elsewhere in diagnostic radiology.", "PMID": 860659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13397", "title": "Reduction of absorbed dose in radiography of the breast. Experience with a new screen-film combination.", "content": "The mean absorbed dose in radiography of the breast with industrial film (Mamoray T3, Agfa-Gevaert), the Lo-dose system (Du Pont) and a new screen-film combination (MR 50-Mamoray RP 3, Agfa-Gevaert) was determined. The mean values were 17,2 and 1 mGy, respectively. Thus, the absorbed dose was considerably reduced by using the screen-film combination. This is of utmost importance as the potential risk of inducing malignancy is remarkably reduced, probably negligible.", "contents": "Reduction of absorbed dose in radiography of the breast. Experience with a new screen-film combination. The mean absorbed dose in radiography of the breast with industrial film (Mamoray T3, Agfa-Gevaert), the Lo-dose system (Du Pont) and a new screen-film combination (MR 50-Mamoray RP 3, Agfa-Gevaert) was determined. The mean values were 17,2 and 1 mGy, respectively. Thus, the absorbed dose was considerably reduced by using the screen-film combination. This is of utmost importance as the potential risk of inducing malignancy is remarkably reduced, probably negligible.", "PMID": 860660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13398", "title": "A study about the possible characteristics of cardiovascular histamine receptors of the turtle.", "content": "Histamine produced pressor, depressor or biphasic responses in the systemic blood pressure of the turtle. The pressor response or component reversed to depressor effect after the injection of mepyramine, an H1 receptor blocker. It was thought that this response is mediated through the H1 receptors. The depressor response or component was abolished by the treatment of metiamide, a new histamine H2 receptor blocker. Also, the effect reversed after metiamide. These results indicated the presence of H2 receptors in the turtle.", "contents": "A study about the possible characteristics of cardiovascular histamine receptors of the turtle. Histamine produced pressor, depressor or biphasic responses in the systemic blood pressure of the turtle. The pressor response or component reversed to depressor effect after the injection of mepyramine, an H1 receptor blocker. It was thought that this response is mediated through the H1 receptors. The depressor response or component was abolished by the treatment of metiamide, a new histamine H2 receptor blocker. Also, the effect reversed after metiamide. These results indicated the presence of H2 receptors in the turtle.", "PMID": 860671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13399", "title": "Modification of adriamycin toxicity in rats fed a high fat diet.", "content": "Rats fed a diet containing a high percentage of butter, cholesterol, cholic acid and proply thiouracil (HFD) showed weight loss and developed hyperlipidemia, marked fatty infiltration of the liver, moderate elevation of SGPT, degenerative changes of the heart muscle, bradycardia, alterations of the QRS complex in the electrocardiogram, and initial hemoconcentration followed by moderate anemia. Treatment with adriamycin (18 X 1 mg/kg i.p.) resulted in significant augmentation of the cardiotoxic effects of this drug demonstrated by electrocardiographic measurements and myocardial histopathology. Adriamycin-induced atrophy of the lymphatic tissue was seen only in rats fed HFD and not in animals receiving ground chow. Adriamycin levels in the heart after single i.p. injection were higher in rats receiving HFD. This effect was present already after 10 days on HFD. At this time histopathological liver changes were present and SGPT was elevated. It is concluded that the increase in adriamycin toxicity is, at least in part, due to diminished excretion by the liver. These experimental findings are in accordance with clinical observations which have identified liver disease as one of the important risk factors for the development of adriamycin cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "Modification of adriamycin toxicity in rats fed a high fat diet. Rats fed a diet containing a high percentage of butter, cholesterol, cholic acid and proply thiouracil (HFD) showed weight loss and developed hyperlipidemia, marked fatty infiltration of the liver, moderate elevation of SGPT, degenerative changes of the heart muscle, bradycardia, alterations of the QRS complex in the electrocardiogram, and initial hemoconcentration followed by moderate anemia. Treatment with adriamycin (18 X 1 mg/kg i.p.) resulted in significant augmentation of the cardiotoxic effects of this drug demonstrated by electrocardiographic measurements and myocardial histopathology. Adriamycin-induced atrophy of the lymphatic tissue was seen only in rats fed HFD and not in animals receiving ground chow. Adriamycin levels in the heart after single i.p. injection were higher in rats receiving HFD. This effect was present already after 10 days on HFD. At this time histopathological liver changes were present and SGPT was elevated. It is concluded that the increase in adriamycin toxicity is, at least in part, due to diminished excretion by the liver. These experimental findings are in accordance with clinical observations which have identified liver disease as one of the important risk factors for the development of adriamycin cardiomyopathy.", "PMID": 860672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13400", "title": "Cholinergic link in the histamine-mediated increase in homovanillic acid in the rat striatum.", "content": "Administration of 500 microng of histamine into the lateral brain ventricle of the rat produced a 50% increase in striatal HVA. The DA level remained unchanged. The histamine-mediated elevation of HVA was abolished by pre-treatment with the antihistaminic drug - mepyramine. Moreover atropine significantly reduced the histamine-induced increase of HVA. It is concluded that histamine primarily activates cholinergic neurons and that the changes in DA metabolism are a consequence of an increased cholinergic activity.", "contents": "Cholinergic link in the histamine-mediated increase in homovanillic acid in the rat striatum. Administration of 500 microng of histamine into the lateral brain ventricle of the rat produced a 50% increase in striatal HVA. The DA level remained unchanged. The histamine-mediated elevation of HVA was abolished by pre-treatment with the antihistaminic drug - mepyramine. Moreover atropine significantly reduced the histamine-induced increase of HVA. It is concluded that histamine primarily activates cholinergic neurons and that the changes in DA metabolism are a consequence of an increased cholinergic activity.", "PMID": 860673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13401", "title": "Dimaprit, (S-[3-(N,N-dimethylamino)propyl]isothiourea). A highly specific histamine H2-receptor agonist. Part 2. Structure-activity considerations.", "content": "Dimaprit, S-[3-(N,N-dimethylamino)propyl]isothiourea, appears to be a highly specific histamine H2-receptor agonist. Further indications of specificity are obtained from chemical considerations. Dimaprit has two basic centres (pKa values respectively 8.23 and 9.23, at 40 degrees) and at pH  7.4 about 5% of the molecules will be present as the monocation analogous to histamine monocation. Chemical comparison suggests that the --N+HMe2 group corresponds to the --N+H3 of histamine, and that the isothiourea group of dimaprit (which can undergo 1,3-prototropic tautomerism) may simulate the imidazole ring of histamine and function as a proton transfer agent at H2 receptors. Simple structural analogues of dimaprit are only weakly active, indicating a high degree of chemical specificity for H2-receptor stimulation; such compounds (e.g. the lower homologue, SK & F 91487) may serve as useful chemical controls when studying the actions of dimaprit.", "contents": "Dimaprit, (S-[3-(N,N-dimethylamino)propyl]isothiourea). A highly specific histamine H2-receptor agonist. Part 2. Structure-activity considerations. Dimaprit, S-[3-(N,N-dimethylamino)propyl]isothiourea, appears to be a highly specific histamine H2-receptor agonist. Further indications of specificity are obtained from chemical considerations. Dimaprit has two basic centres (pKa values respectively 8.23 and 9.23, at 40 degrees) and at pH  7.4 about 5% of the molecules will be present as the monocation analogous to histamine monocation. Chemical comparison suggests that the --N+HMe2 group corresponds to the --N+H3 of histamine, and that the isothiourea group of dimaprit (which can undergo 1,3-prototropic tautomerism) may simulate the imidazole ring of histamine and function as a proton transfer agent at H2 receptors. Simple structural analogues of dimaprit are only weakly active, indicating a high degree of chemical specificity for H2-receptor stimulation; such compounds (e.g. the lower homologue, SK & F 91487) may serve as useful chemical controls when studying the actions of dimaprit.", "PMID": 860674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13402", "title": "Distortions in infant electrocardiograms caused by inadequate high-frequency response.", "content": "Frank lead ECG's from infants were studied for frequency content by introducing low-pass filters of 50, 75, 100, and 150 150 Hz bandwidths before obtaining computer measurements. Results indicated that a minimum bandwidth of 100 Hz is required to avoid amplitude error of 10 per cent or greater. This bandwidth requierement is essentially the same as that required for adult ECG's despite the fact that infant QRS durations are usually about half those of adults. Although the average infant ECG spectrum is likely to contain higher frequencies than the average adult ECG spectrum, duration values for Q, R, and S waves overlap in these populations to such an extent that bandwidth requirements are practically identical.", "contents": "Distortions in infant electrocardiograms caused by inadequate high-frequency response. Frank lead ECG's from infants were studied for frequency content by introducing low-pass filters of 50, 75, 100, and 150 150 Hz bandwidths before obtaining computer measurements. Results indicated that a minimum bandwidth of 100 Hz is required to avoid amplitude error of 10 per cent or greater. This bandwidth requierement is essentially the same as that required for adult ECG's despite the fact that infant QRS durations are usually about half those of adults. Although the average infant ECG spectrum is likely to contain higher frequencies than the average adult ECG spectrum, duration values for Q, R, and S waves overlap in these populations to such an extent that bandwidth requirements are practically identical.", "PMID": 860677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13403", "title": "The narrow aortic annulus. A technique for inserting a larger prosthesis.", "content": "A surgical method is described which enables a relatively larger aortic prosthetic valve to be inserted. This consists of widening the aortic root with pericardium and inserting the prosthesis slightly obliquely. The technique has been successfully applied in all 12 patients on whom it was attempted.", "contents": "The narrow aortic annulus. A technique for inserting a larger prosthesis. A surgical method is described which enables a relatively larger aortic prosthetic valve to be inserted. This consists of widening the aortic root with pericardium and inserting the prosthesis slightly obliquely. The technique has been successfully applied in all 12 patients on whom it was attempted.", "PMID": 860678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13404", "title": "Mitral valve prolapse with atrioventricular and sinoatrial node abnormalities of long duration.", "content": "A 20-hear-old patient with mitral valve prolapse and minimal mitral regurgitation associated with intermittent marked sinus bradycardia and sinus arrhythmia, and atrioventricular block, proximal to the bundle of His, varying from first-degree to high-grade, is described. Both the murmur and the atrioventricular block had been documented since the age of eight years, and probably since the first year of life, and has shown no subsequent progression. The patient's symptoms of chest pain and severe lightheadedness and near syncope have been shown by telemetry electrocardiogrphic monitoring to be unrelated to changes in cardiac rhythm.", "contents": "Mitral valve prolapse with atrioventricular and sinoatrial node abnormalities of long duration. A 20-hear-old patient with mitral valve prolapse and minimal mitral regurgitation associated with intermittent marked sinus bradycardia and sinus arrhythmia, and atrioventricular block, proximal to the bundle of His, varying from first-degree to high-grade, is described. Both the murmur and the atrioventricular block had been documented since the age of eight years, and probably since the first year of life, and has shown no subsequent progression. The patient's symptoms of chest pain and severe lightheadedness and near syncope have been shown by telemetry electrocardiogrphic monitoring to be unrelated to changes in cardiac rhythm.", "PMID": 860679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13405", "title": "A study of methods for the determination of lead and cadmium.", "content": "This paper describes laboratory comparisons of precision and accuracy of some widely used methods for the determination of lead in blood and for lead and cadmium on filters. With the exception of the tantalum boat atomic absorption technique, the methods studied were found to be rugged for a variety of minor procedural changes. Recovery of cadmium from spiked filters was quantitative over a wide range of dilutions and for a variety of instrumental readout and calculation combinations.", "contents": "A study of methods for the determination of lead and cadmium. This paper describes laboratory comparisons of precision and accuracy of some widely used methods for the determination of lead in blood and for lead and cadmium on filters. With the exception of the tantalum boat atomic absorption technique, the methods studied were found to be rugged for a variety of minor procedural changes. Recovery of cadmium from spiked filters was quantitative over a wide range of dilutions and for a variety of instrumental readout and calculation combinations.", "PMID": 860686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13406", "title": "Time as a factor in atmospheric sampling.", "content": "Differences in results of simultaneous air monitoring of ozone with three different methods in the field are described. The argument is advanced that the differences are due largely to sampling turbulent atmospheres with instruments utilizing different sampling intervals and time constants. It is concluded that when sampling natural turbulent atmospheres, a stable mean value can only be achieved through integrated sampling periods of greater than ten minutes.", "contents": "Time as a factor in atmospheric sampling. Differences in results of simultaneous air monitoring of ozone with three different methods in the field are described. The argument is advanced that the differences are due largely to sampling turbulent atmospheres with instruments utilizing different sampling intervals and time constants. It is concluded that when sampling natural turbulent atmospheres, a stable mean value can only be achieved through integrated sampling periods of greater than ten minutes.", "PMID": 860687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13407", "title": "Hemodynamic changes at the onset of spontaneous versus pacing-induced angina.", "content": "To determine the origin of angina pectoris at rest hemodynamic monitoring was performed for 24 to 72 hours in 25 patients with unstable angina who had pacing-induced angina during cardiac catheterization. During the monitoring period, seven patients had spontaneous epidsodes of angina at rest that could be compared with the pain-free periods and periods of pacing-induced angina. At the onset of spontaneous angina, the patients had a significantly lower mean double product (P is less than 0.005) and triple product (P is less than 0.025) than at the onset of pacing-induced angina. The mean double product (heart rate x systolic blood pressure) was 9,411 +/- 2,815 mm Hg/min during pain-free rest, 10,635 +/- 2,587 at the onset of spontaneous angina and 16,623 +/- 3,904 during pacing-induced angina. The mean resting pain-free triple product (heart rate x systolic blood pressure x ejection time) was 3,023 +/- 703 and 3,536 +/- 931 mm Hg/sec per min during, respectively, pain-free rest and spontaneous angina, and 4,350 +/- 938 mm Hg/sec per min during pacing-induced angina. These marked differences in the double and triple products were associated with a mean increase in pulmonary arterial diastolic pressure (from 10.7 mm Hg at rest to 14 mm Hg) at the onset of both spontaneous and pacing-induced angina. Although indirect, these data suggest that transient changes in coronary blood flow, rather than changes in myocardial work, may be primarily responsible for spontaneous angina at rest in certain patients with the syndrome of unstable angina.", "contents": "Hemodynamic changes at the onset of spontaneous versus pacing-induced angina. To determine the origin of angina pectoris at rest hemodynamic monitoring was performed for 24 to 72 hours in 25 patients with unstable angina who had pacing-induced angina during cardiac catheterization. During the monitoring period, seven patients had spontaneous epidsodes of angina at rest that could be compared with the pain-free periods and periods of pacing-induced angina. At the onset of spontaneous angina, the patients had a significantly lower mean double product (P is less than 0.005) and triple product (P is less than 0.025) than at the onset of pacing-induced angina. The mean double product (heart rate x systolic blood pressure) was 9,411 +/- 2,815 mm Hg/min during pain-free rest, 10,635 +/- 2,587 at the onset of spontaneous angina and 16,623 +/- 3,904 during pacing-induced angina. The mean resting pain-free triple product (heart rate x systolic blood pressure x ejection time) was 3,023 +/- 703 and 3,536 +/- 931 mm Hg/sec per min during, respectively, pain-free rest and spontaneous angina, and 4,350 +/- 938 mm Hg/sec per min during pacing-induced angina. These marked differences in the double and triple products were associated with a mean increase in pulmonary arterial diastolic pressure (from 10.7 mm Hg at rest to 14 mm Hg) at the onset of both spontaneous and pacing-induced angina. Although indirect, these data suggest that transient changes in coronary blood flow, rather than changes in myocardial work, may be primarily responsible for spontaneous angina at rest in certain patients with the syndrome of unstable angina.", "PMID": 860691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13408", "title": "Cardiac Death in the first 6 months after myocardial infarction: potential for mortality reduction in the early posthospital period.", "content": "In a prospective postmyocardial infarction study of 759 patients aged less than 66 years, 42 posthospital cardiac deaths (42 of 759; 6 percent) occurred during a 6 month follow-up period. The average age of those who died was 53.5 +/- 8.8 (+/- standard error) years, and postmortem examination was obtainedon 36 percent. Almost 60 percent of the 6 month posthospital mortality occurred within 2 months after hospital discharge. Fifty-five percent of the cardiac deaths occurred either outside th ehospital or within hospital emergency departments, and 62 percent of the deaths were sudden (within 12 hours) or unwitnessed. The suspected mechanism of cardiac death was a primary arrhythmia in 62 percent, and a definite or probable myocardial infarction was diagnosed in only 41 percent. Use of digitalis and diuretic and antiarrhythmic agents was significantly (P is less than 0.025) greater in this group during the week before death than in a comparison survivor group; no difference in use of propranolol or tranquilizers was noted between the two groups. Fifty percent of the group that died had two or more of the following factors: death outside the hospital, sudden death, primary arrhythmic death. These findings indicate that a considerable potential exists for reducing cardiac death in the early posthospital phase of myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Cardiac Death in the first 6 months after myocardial infarction: potential for mortality reduction in the early posthospital period. In a prospective postmyocardial infarction study of 759 patients aged less than 66 years, 42 posthospital cardiac deaths (42 of 759; 6 percent) occurred during a 6 month follow-up period. The average age of those who died was 53.5 +/- 8.8 (+/- standard error) years, and postmortem examination was obtainedon 36 percent. Almost 60 percent of the 6 month posthospital mortality occurred within 2 months after hospital discharge. Fifty-five percent of the cardiac deaths occurred either outside th ehospital or within hospital emergency departments, and 62 percent of the deaths were sudden (within 12 hours) or unwitnessed. The suspected mechanism of cardiac death was a primary arrhythmia in 62 percent, and a definite or probable myocardial infarction was diagnosed in only 41 percent. Use of digitalis and diuretic and antiarrhythmic agents was significantly (P is less than 0.025) greater in this group during the week before death than in a comparison survivor group; no difference in use of propranolol or tranquilizers was noted between the two groups. Fifty percent of the group that died had two or more of the following factors: death outside the hospital, sudden death, primary arrhythmic death. These findings indicate that a considerable potential exists for reducing cardiac death in the early posthospital phase of myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 860693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13409", "title": "Patients admitted to the coronary care unit for chest pain: high risk subgroup for subsequent cardiovascular death.", "content": "Approximately 300 persons a year who are admitted to the Stanford University Hospital coronary care unit because of prolong ischemic chest pain and transient S-T changes do not manifest evidence of a myocardial infarction during their hospital stay. In a retrospective study carried out in 170 such patients, follow-up data obtained during a mean of 17.9 months revealed rates of mortality from cardiovascular causes of 4.2 percent for 1 month, 10.1 percent for 1 year and 19.7 percent for the entire follow-up period. Ten (40 percent) of the 23 deaths that occurred were sudden and 13 were due to acute myocardial infarction or its complications. Another 21 patients had a nonfatal myocardial infarction during this follow-up period. The data confirm the impression that patients with suspected myocardial infarction who do not have an infarction in the coronary care unit are at high risk for cardiovascular deaths after hospital discharge. Efforts are under way to define further a high risk subgroup on the basis of clinical indications before discharge.", "contents": "Patients admitted to the coronary care unit for chest pain: high risk subgroup for subsequent cardiovascular death. Approximately 300 persons a year who are admitted to the Stanford University Hospital coronary care unit because of prolong ischemic chest pain and transient S-T changes do not manifest evidence of a myocardial infarction during their hospital stay. In a retrospective study carried out in 170 such patients, follow-up data obtained during a mean of 17.9 months revealed rates of mortality from cardiovascular causes of 4.2 percent for 1 month, 10.1 percent for 1 year and 19.7 percent for the entire follow-up period. Ten (40 percent) of the 23 deaths that occurred were sudden and 13 were due to acute myocardial infarction or its complications. Another 21 patients had a nonfatal myocardial infarction during this follow-up period. The data confirm the impression that patients with suspected myocardial infarction who do not have an infarction in the coronary care unit are at high risk for cardiovascular deaths after hospital discharge. Efforts are under way to define further a high risk subgroup on the basis of clinical indications before discharge.", "PMID": 860694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13410", "title": "Exertional hypotension and postexertional ventricular fibrillation in stress testing.", "content": "Six men, clinically diagnosed as having coronary heart disease, had postexertional ventricular fibrillation after maximal exercise testing. The common featureof their treadmill performance was \"exertional hypotension,\" that is, a decrease or a limited increase (10 mm Hg) in systolic blood pressure. All six men were successfully resuscitated with electircal defibrillation. The major indication for electrocardiographic monitoring is the detection of major ventricular arrhythmias and changes in QRS-ST-T of acute myocardial infarction or severe ischemia, all of which are urgent indications for stopping exertion. Close supervision both during and after exercise testing is essential, particularly in men with severe coronary artery disease; monitoring of changes in systolic pressure during and shortly after exercise testing is as important as searching for changes in the -S-T segment.", "contents": "Exertional hypotension and postexertional ventricular fibrillation in stress testing. Six men, clinically diagnosed as having coronary heart disease, had postexertional ventricular fibrillation after maximal exercise testing. The common featureof their treadmill performance was \"exertional hypotension,\" that is, a decrease or a limited increase (10 mm Hg) in systolic blood pressure. All six men were successfully resuscitated with electircal defibrillation. The major indication for electrocardiographic monitoring is the detection of major ventricular arrhythmias and changes in QRS-ST-T of acute myocardial infarction or severe ischemia, all of which are urgent indications for stopping exertion. Close supervision both during and after exercise testing is essential, particularly in men with severe coronary artery disease; monitoring of changes in systolic pressure during and shortly after exercise testing is as important as searching for changes in the -S-T segment.", "PMID": 860695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13411", "title": "Pathogenesis of an unexpected sudden death: role of early cycle ventricular premature contractions.", "content": "A 61 year old man who had been studied extensively died unexpectedly (\"instantaneously\") outside the hospital while wearing an electrocardiographic recorder. Death was caused by ventricular fibrillation, which was initiated by an early cycle ventricular premature contraction occurring in the vulnerable period of repolarization. Such early cycle ventricular premature contraction had been noted in recordings 4 years previously but had never been observed to encroach on the T wave until 5 minutes before death. In the intervening period, the patient had shown increasing evidence of myocardial ischemia and hypertrophy and congestive heart failure, which had been partly obscured by his concealment or denial of symptoms and refusal to change his pattern of activities. Autopsy revealed two old myocardial infarcts and pronounced left ventricular hypertrophy. There was advanced occlusive arteriosclerosis of the major coronary vessels with a recent thrombus in the right coronary artery.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of an unexpected sudden death: role of early cycle ventricular premature contractions. A 61 year old man who had been studied extensively died unexpectedly (\"instantaneously\") outside the hospital while wearing an electrocardiographic recorder. Death was caused by ventricular fibrillation, which was initiated by an early cycle ventricular premature contraction occurring in the vulnerable period of repolarization. Such early cycle ventricular premature contraction had been noted in recordings 4 years previously but had never been observed to encroach on the T wave until 5 minutes before death. In the intervening period, the patient had shown increasing evidence of myocardial ischemia and hypertrophy and congestive heart failure, which had been partly obscured by his concealment or denial of symptoms and refusal to change his pattern of activities. Autopsy revealed two old myocardial infarcts and pronounced left ventricular hypertrophy. There was advanced occlusive arteriosclerosis of the major coronary vessels with a recent thrombus in the right coronary artery.", "PMID": 860696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13412", "title": "Neural and psychologic mechanisms and the problem of sudden cardiac death.", "content": "Brain stimulation can provoke a variety of arrhythmias and lower the ventricular vulnerable threshold. In the animal with acute myocardial ischemia such stimuli suffice to provoke ventricular fibrillation. Vagal neural traffic or adrenal catecholamines are not the conduits for this brain-heart linkage. Accompanying increases in heart rate or blood pressure are not prerequisites for the changes in cardiac excitability. Increased sympathetic activity, whether induced by neural or neurohumoral action, predisposes the heart to ventricular fibrillation. Protection can be achieved with surgical and pharmacologic denervation or reflex reduction in sympathetic tone. With acute myocardial ischemia, augmented sympathetic activity accounts for the early surge of ectopic activity frequently precipitating ventricular fibrillation. Asymmetries in sympathetic neural discharge may also contribute to the genesis of serious arrhythmias. The vagus nerve, through its muscarinic action, exerts an indirect effect on cardiac vulnerability, the consequence of annulment of concomitant adrenergic influence, rather than of any direct cholinergic action on the ventricles. There exist anatomic, physiologic as well as molecular bases for such interactions. Available experimental evidence indicates that environmental stresses of diverse types can injure the heart, lower the threshold of cardiac vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation and, in the animal with coronary occlusion, provoke potentially malignant ventricular arrhythmias. Available evidence indicates that in man, as in the experimental animal, administration of catecholamines can induce ventricular arrhythmia, whereas vagal activity exerts an opposite effect. Furthermore, in certain subjects diverse stresses and various psychologic states provoke ventricular ectopic activity.", "contents": "Neural and psychologic mechanisms and the problem of sudden cardiac death. Brain stimulation can provoke a variety of arrhythmias and lower the ventricular vulnerable threshold. In the animal with acute myocardial ischemia such stimuli suffice to provoke ventricular fibrillation. Vagal neural traffic or adrenal catecholamines are not the conduits for this brain-heart linkage. Accompanying increases in heart rate or blood pressure are not prerequisites for the changes in cardiac excitability. Increased sympathetic activity, whether induced by neural or neurohumoral action, predisposes the heart to ventricular fibrillation. Protection can be achieved with surgical and pharmacologic denervation or reflex reduction in sympathetic tone. With acute myocardial ischemia, augmented sympathetic activity accounts for the early surge of ectopic activity frequently precipitating ventricular fibrillation. Asymmetries in sympathetic neural discharge may also contribute to the genesis of serious arrhythmias. The vagus nerve, through its muscarinic action, exerts an indirect effect on cardiac vulnerability, the consequence of annulment of concomitant adrenergic influence, rather than of any direct cholinergic action on the ventricles. There exist anatomic, physiologic as well as molecular bases for such interactions. Available experimental evidence indicates that environmental stresses of diverse types can injure the heart, lower the threshold of cardiac vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation and, in the animal with coronary occlusion, provoke potentially malignant ventricular arrhythmias. Available evidence indicates that in man, as in the experimental animal, administration of catecholamines can induce ventricular arrhythmia, whereas vagal activity exerts an opposite effect. Furthermore, in certain subjects diverse stresses and various psychologic states provoke ventricular ectopic activity.", "PMID": 860697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13413", "title": "Carcinoma of the esophagus and hypercalcemia.", "content": "Hypercalcemia was found in 19 (28%) of 67 patients with cancer of the esophagus. There was no evidence of bone metastases in 14 (20%) of the patients with hypercalcemia. The location of the lesion (upper, middle or lower esophagus) appears to have no bearing on the clinical features in this condition and the association of hypercalcemia with esophageal malignancy, even in the absence of bone metastases, should be recognized.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the esophagus and hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia was found in 19 (28%) of 67 patients with cancer of the esophagus. There was no evidence of bone metastases in 14 (20%) of the patients with hypercalcemia. The location of the lesion (upper, middle or lower esophagus) appears to have no bearing on the clinical features in this condition and the association of hypercalcemia with esophageal malignancy, even in the absence of bone metastases, should be recognized.", "PMID": 860700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13414", "title": "Mathematical models of age and ultraviolet effects on the incidence of skin cancer among whites in the United States.", "content": "That sunlight leads to skin cancer has been generally accepted for nearly a century. Physical data are, for the first time, available which support this hypothesis. The authors have found that a simple power relationship can be used to describe the data and that the form of this power function suggests that the risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer is related to cumulative lifetime ultraviolet (UV) exposure and that the risk of melanoma skin cancer is related to annual UV exposure. The authors emphasize that skin cancer risk also depends on location-specific demographic variables other than ultraviolet radiation.", "contents": "Mathematical models of age and ultraviolet effects on the incidence of skin cancer among whites in the United States. That sunlight leads to skin cancer has been generally accepted for nearly a century. Physical data are, for the first time, available which support this hypothesis. The authors have found that a simple power relationship can be used to describe the data and that the form of this power function suggests that the risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer is related to cumulative lifetime ultraviolet (UV) exposure and that the risk of melanoma skin cancer is related to annual UV exposure. The authors emphasize that skin cancer risk also depends on location-specific demographic variables other than ultraviolet radiation.", "PMID": 860705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13415", "title": "The rising frequency of hysterectomy: its effect on uterine cancer rates.", "content": "The number of hysterectomies performed in the United States increased approximately 60% between 1965 and 1973, far in excess of population growth. This has altered the population at risk for uterine malignancies, and published incidence rates do not correct for this effect. Using US data, the authors developed correction factors to estimate the actual population at risk, and they applied them to uterine cancer rates. Correction for hysterectomy increased incidence and mortality rates for uterine cancer by 20-45% in any year and changes the time trend by as much as 30% from 1960 to 1973. This effect was greater for endometrial than cervical cancer, and future studies on uterine cancer occurrence should consider prevalence of hysterectomized women in the population.", "contents": "The rising frequency of hysterectomy: its effect on uterine cancer rates. The number of hysterectomies performed in the United States increased approximately 60% between 1965 and 1973, far in excess of population growth. This has altered the population at risk for uterine malignancies, and published incidence rates do not correct for this effect. Using US data, the authors developed correction factors to estimate the actual population at risk, and they applied them to uterine cancer rates. Correction for hysterectomy increased incidence and mortality rates for uterine cancer by 20-45% in any year and changes the time trend by as much as 30% from 1960 to 1973. This effect was greater for endometrial than cervical cancer, and future studies on uterine cancer occurrence should consider prevalence of hysterectomized women in the population.", "PMID": 860706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13416", "title": "Sunlight and cataract: an epidemiologic investigation.", "content": "Cataract prevalence data from two large U.S. sources were divided according to small geographic areas for which average annual sunlight hours were determined from a map prepared by the U.S. Weather Bureau. Several non-cataract disease controls were chosen from the same geographic locations (separately for each data set). It was found that the cataract-to-control ratios for persons aged 65 years or older were significantly larger in locations with large amounts of sunlight compared to those in locations with small amounts (P less than .05). Discussion of some possible biases in the data leads to the conclusion that the biases, if they exist, are probably not large. The authors believe, however, that more research should be done before the association between sunshine and cataract is considered established.", "contents": "Sunlight and cataract: an epidemiologic investigation. Cataract prevalence data from two large U.S. sources were divided according to small geographic areas for which average annual sunlight hours were determined from a map prepared by the U.S. Weather Bureau. Several non-cataract disease controls were chosen from the same geographic locations (separately for each data set). It was found that the cataract-to-control ratios for persons aged 65 years or older were significantly larger in locations with large amounts of sunlight compared to those in locations with small amounts (P less than .05). Discussion of some possible biases in the data leads to the conclusion that the biases, if they exist, are probably not large. The authors believe, however, that more research should be done before the association between sunshine and cataract is considered established.", "PMID": 860707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13417", "title": "Acetaminophen toxity.", "content": "A case report of an acetaminophen overdose is described, and the toxicity, clinical course and treatment of acetaminophen overdose are discussed. Treatment modalities include removal of the acetaminophen by emesis or gastric lavage, the use of activated charcoal and a saline cathartic. Several antidotes have been proposed, most notably cysteamine and acetylcysteine.", "contents": "Acetaminophen toxity. A case report of an acetaminophen overdose is described, and the toxicity, clinical course and treatment of acetaminophen overdose are discussed. Treatment modalities include removal of the acetaminophen by emesis or gastric lavage, the use of activated charcoal and a saline cathartic. Several antidotes have been proposed, most notably cysteamine and acetylcysteine.", "PMID": 860721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13418", "title": "Apparent theophylline half-life fluctuations during treatment of acute left ventricular failure.", "content": "The administration of theophylline in a 63-year-old man with arteriosclerotic heart disease and chronic bronchitis is discussed to illustrate the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in an abnormal host state. The case demonstrates that clearly acute congestive heart failure and its treatment may dramatically affect the kinetics of theophylline elimination. Possible explanations for this phenomenon are presented, and the therapeutic implications are discussed.", "contents": "Apparent theophylline half-life fluctuations during treatment of acute left ventricular failure. The administration of theophylline in a 63-year-old man with arteriosclerotic heart disease and chronic bronchitis is discussed to illustrate the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in an abnormal host state. The case demonstrates that clearly acute congestive heart failure and its treatment may dramatically affect the kinetics of theophylline elimination. Possible explanations for this phenomenon are presented, and the therapeutic implications are discussed.", "PMID": 860722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13419", "title": "Development of the characteristic ultrastructural lesion of hereditary nephritis during the course of the disease.", "content": "The diagnosis of hereditary nephritis in the absence of a clear family history or the presence of characteristic ancillary abnormalities is difficult, but it has considerable prognostic importance. The recent recognition of an ultrastructural lesion characteristic of this disease, although not present in all families, is of considerable value. In this report we describe a kindred with the lesion-associated disease that differs from those previously described in that the lesion developed during the course of the disease, was not present in all affected members and appeared to be the result of paternal transmission.", "contents": "Development of the characteristic ultrastructural lesion of hereditary nephritis during the course of the disease. The diagnosis of hereditary nephritis in the absence of a clear family history or the presence of characteristic ancillary abnormalities is difficult, but it has considerable prognostic importance. The recent recognition of an ultrastructural lesion characteristic of this disease, although not present in all families, is of considerable value. In this report we describe a kindred with the lesion-associated disease that differs from those previously described in that the lesion developed during the course of the disease, was not present in all affected members and appeared to be the result of paternal transmission.", "PMID": 860725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13420", "title": "Partial lipodystrophy, C3 nephritic factor and clinically inapparent mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis.", "content": "A case of partial lipodystrophy with C3 nephritic factor was found to be associated with mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis although all clinical parameters of renal function were normal. Diagnosis of mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis required renal biopsy. Nephriti factor obtained from this patient was immunochemically related to nephritic factor isolated from the serum of patients with typical mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis without partial lipodystrophy.", "contents": "Partial lipodystrophy, C3 nephritic factor and clinically inapparent mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis. A case of partial lipodystrophy with C3 nephritic factor was found to be associated with mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis although all clinical parameters of renal function were normal. Diagnosis of mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis required renal biopsy. Nephriti factor obtained from this patient was immunochemically related to nephritic factor isolated from the serum of patients with typical mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis without partial lipodystrophy.", "PMID": 860726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13421", "title": "Inherited deficiency of the second component of complement (C2) with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.", "content": "The occurrence of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in a 13 year old boy with inherited complete deficiency of the second component of complement (C2) is described here for the first time. Results of the complement studies and the associations of glomerulonephritis with complement deficiencies are discussed.", "contents": "Inherited deficiency of the second component of complement (C2) with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. The occurrence of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in a 13 year old boy with inherited complete deficiency of the second component of complement (C2) is described here for the first time. Results of the complement studies and the associations of glomerulonephritis with complement deficiencies are discussed.", "PMID": 860727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13422", "title": "Acute respiratory failure and obesity with normal ventilatory response to carbon dioxide and absent hypoxic ventilatory drive.", "content": "We measured hypoxic and hypercapnic ventilatory drive in a 64 year old woman with acute respiratory failure, congestive heart failure and obesity when she was in remission. She had a ventilatory response to carbon dioxide (CO2) comparable to that in six obese women without hypoventilation but no ventilatory response to hypoxia or to vital capacity breaths of 15 per cent CO2 in N2. Following weight loss, her ventilatory response to CO2 increased but hypoxic ventilatory response to CO2 increased but hypoxic ventilatory drive remained absent. These findings indicate that attenuation of hypoxic ventilatory drive caused by loss of peripheral chemoreceptor function can be a predisposing factor in the development of acute respiratory failure associated with obesity.", "contents": "Acute respiratory failure and obesity with normal ventilatory response to carbon dioxide and absent hypoxic ventilatory drive. We measured hypoxic and hypercapnic ventilatory drive in a 64 year old woman with acute respiratory failure, congestive heart failure and obesity when she was in remission. She had a ventilatory response to carbon dioxide (CO2) comparable to that in six obese women without hypoventilation but no ventilatory response to hypoxia or to vital capacity breaths of 15 per cent CO2 in N2. Following weight loss, her ventilatory response to CO2 increased but hypoxic ventilatory response to CO2 increased but hypoxic ventilatory drive remained absent. These findings indicate that attenuation of hypoxic ventilatory drive caused by loss of peripheral chemoreceptor function can be a predisposing factor in the development of acute respiratory failure associated with obesity.", "PMID": 860728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13423", "title": "Subacute bacterial endocarditis due to Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "A case of subacute bacterial endocarditis due to Streptococcus mutans is presented. The case was successfully treated by intravenous and oral penicillin. Streptococcus mutans is a member of the viridans streptococcal group with properties similar to enterococcal streptococci. Since the enterococci are resistant to penicillin, and isolates of Streptococcus mutans are usually sensitive to penicillin, it is important that medical technologists and microbiologists accurately identify these organisms. The combination of the following characteristics: 1) lack of Group D antigen, 2) acid formation in mannitol broth, 3) failure to hydrolyze hippurate, and 4) formation in five per cent sucrose broth of gelatinous adherent deposits on walls and bottom of tube, distinguish Streptococcus mutans from enterococcal streptococci.", "contents": "Subacute bacterial endocarditis due to Streptococcus mutans. A case of subacute bacterial endocarditis due to Streptococcus mutans is presented. The case was successfully treated by intravenous and oral penicillin. Streptococcus mutans is a member of the viridans streptococcal group with properties similar to enterococcal streptococci. Since the enterococci are resistant to penicillin, and isolates of Streptococcus mutans are usually sensitive to penicillin, it is important that medical technologists and microbiologists accurately identify these organisms. The combination of the following characteristics: 1) lack of Group D antigen, 2) acid formation in mannitol broth, 3) failure to hydrolyze hippurate, and 4) formation in five per cent sucrose broth of gelatinous adherent deposits on walls and bottom of tube, distinguish Streptococcus mutans from enterococcal streptococci.", "PMID": 860730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13424", "title": "Wave-form analysis of intrauterine pressure curves with methods and models developed in cardiac research.", "content": "With the Hill model of muscle dynamics and a modified cardiac model, a series of computer programs have been generated which permit the description of certain aspects of uterine contractility and uterine function in human parturition. Patterns of labor relating to delivery outcome, dysfunctional uterine activity, and use of drugs are discussed with reference to the parameters measured in the study. Central tendencies among 70 spontaneous and induced labors (6,302 contractions) are presented and discussed. (Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.", "contents": "Wave-form analysis of intrauterine pressure curves with methods and models developed in cardiac research. With the Hill model of muscle dynamics and a modified cardiac model, a series of computer programs have been generated which permit the description of certain aspects of uterine contractility and uterine function in human parturition. Patterns of labor relating to delivery outcome, dysfunctional uterine activity, and use of drugs are discussed with reference to the parameters measured in the study. Central tendencies among 70 spontaneous and induced labors (6,302 contractions) are presented and discussed. (Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.", "PMID": 860737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13425", "title": "The fallacy in postmastectomy depression.", "content": "The prominence of postmastectomy depression and loss of self esteem, together with its reputed relation to symbolism or sexual significance of the breasts, has been investigated. Neither could be confirmed. Forty newly diagnosed breast cancer patients were compared with 50 women with other types of cancer. Only 20 per cent of breast patients and 18 per cent of others reported the syndrome of depression, lowered self esteem, increased health concerns, and loss of energy. Peak emotional distress did occur in breast patients about two to three months after mastectomy, a finding which may be influenced by the treatment, as well as by return to regular responsibilities. Few women ascribed psychosocial problems primarily to losing their breast. While the postmastectomy syndrome is not common, the frequency of breast cancer itself means that a substantial number of women may still be affected. But other variables are better predictors or concomitants of emotional distress than are problems about damaged body image.", "contents": "The fallacy in postmastectomy depression. The prominence of postmastectomy depression and loss of self esteem, together with its reputed relation to symbolism or sexual significance of the breasts, has been investigated. Neither could be confirmed. Forty newly diagnosed breast cancer patients were compared with 50 women with other types of cancer. Only 20 per cent of breast patients and 18 per cent of others reported the syndrome of depression, lowered self esteem, increased health concerns, and loss of energy. Peak emotional distress did occur in breast patients about two to three months after mastectomy, a finding which may be influenced by the treatment, as well as by return to regular responsibilities. Few women ascribed psychosocial problems primarily to losing their breast. While the postmastectomy syndrome is not common, the frequency of breast cancer itself means that a substantial number of women may still be affected. But other variables are better predictors or concomitants of emotional distress than are problems about damaged body image.", "PMID": 860732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13426", "title": "A new technique for improving the Doppler ultrasound signal for fetal heart rate monitoring.", "content": "A new Doppler technique, termed ranged directional Doppler, has been developed. This system detects a more unique Doppler signal, which is more clearly related to a cardiac event. This signal provides the opportunity for further improving the accuracy of fetal heart rate monitoring from the maternal abdominal wall.", "contents": "A new technique for improving the Doppler ultrasound signal for fetal heart rate monitoring. A new Doppler technique, termed ranged directional Doppler, has been developed. This system detects a more unique Doppler signal, which is more clearly related to a cardiac event. This signal provides the opportunity for further improving the accuracy of fetal heart rate monitoring from the maternal abdominal wall.", "PMID": 860738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13427", "title": "Doxorubicin-cyclophosphamide: effective chemotherapy for advanced endometrial adenocarcinoma.", "content": "Eight of 11 consecutive patients with metastatic endometrial adenocarcinoma completed more than one course of treatment with a doxorubicin-cyclophosphamide combination. Six of these patients improved, with three showing a complete remission of all disease manifestations and two experiencing an objective partial response (greater than 50 per cent tumor shrinkage). Median duration of all responses was 10 months, with three patients surviving more than one year. Review of patient characteristics suggests that, unlike progestin therapy, this new program is effective in the presence of poorly differentiated tumors and short progression-free intervals. Therefore, chemotherapy should probably supplement progestins in future clinical trials and should certainly be considered when hormone therapy fails in advanced endometrial cancer. Moreover, if the degree of efficacy reported herein is confirmed, it will justify clinical trials that include patients in earlier stages of disease.", "contents": "Doxorubicin-cyclophosphamide: effective chemotherapy for advanced endometrial adenocarcinoma. Eight of 11 consecutive patients with metastatic endometrial adenocarcinoma completed more than one course of treatment with a doxorubicin-cyclophosphamide combination. Six of these patients improved, with three showing a complete remission of all disease manifestations and two experiencing an objective partial response (greater than 50 per cent tumor shrinkage). Median duration of all responses was 10 months, with three patients surviving more than one year. Review of patient characteristics suggests that, unlike progestin therapy, this new program is effective in the presence of poorly differentiated tumors and short progression-free intervals. Therefore, chemotherapy should probably supplement progestins in future clinical trials and should certainly be considered when hormone therapy fails in advanced endometrial cancer. Moreover, if the degree of efficacy reported herein is confirmed, it will justify clinical trials that include patients in earlier stages of disease.", "PMID": 860739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13428", "title": "Amikacin therapy of severe infections produced by gram-negative bacilli resistant to gentamicin.", "content": "Amikacin is a new aminoglycoside antibiotic related chemically to kanamycin. It has broad spectrum activity against most gram-negative bacilli. The most important advantage of this aminoglycoside is its activity against gram-negative bacilli which are resistant to gentamicin. Amikacin was given to 22 cancer patients with 24 serious infections produced by gram-negative bacilli resistant to gentamicin and 13 (54 per cent) were cured. Response to amikacin was related to the patients's neutrophil count at the time of infection; neutropenic patients having a lower response rate (30 per cent vs 71 per cent). Side effects included nephrotoxicity (12 per cent) and audiotoxicity (5 per cent). Amikacin is an effective new antibiotic for patients with severe infections produced by gram-negative bacilli resistant to gentamicin.", "contents": "Amikacin therapy of severe infections produced by gram-negative bacilli resistant to gentamicin. Amikacin is a new aminoglycoside antibiotic related chemically to kanamycin. It has broad spectrum activity against most gram-negative bacilli. The most important advantage of this aminoglycoside is its activity against gram-negative bacilli which are resistant to gentamicin. Amikacin was given to 22 cancer patients with 24 serious infections produced by gram-negative bacilli resistant to gentamicin and 13 (54 per cent) were cured. Response to amikacin was related to the patients's neutrophil count at the time of infection; neutropenic patients having a lower response rate (30 per cent vs 71 per cent). Side effects included nephrotoxicity (12 per cent) and audiotoxicity (5 per cent). Amikacin is an effective new antibiotic for patients with severe infections produced by gram-negative bacilli resistant to gentamicin.", "PMID": 860733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13429", "title": "A new procedure for the statistical evaluation of intrauterine contraception.", "content": "An improved statistical method for assessing the efficacy of intrauterine contraception is presented. This method, called the log-rank method, is based on a daily life table, which yields the best estimates of the cumulative net termination probabilities. It provides a sensitive chi-square test statistic to detect differences among these probabilities for two or more contraceptive devices. When three or more devices are compared, the chi-square statistic may be partitioned into additive components representing comparisons among groups of devices. The log-rank method also permits adjusting for differences among subgroups by controlling for factors such as parity or age. Although calculations may be performed on a desk calculator, a FORTRAN-IV computer program is made available to interested researchers.", "contents": "A new procedure for the statistical evaluation of intrauterine contraception. An improved statistical method for assessing the efficacy of intrauterine contraception is presented. This method, called the log-rank method, is based on a daily life table, which yields the best estimates of the cumulative net termination probabilities. It provides a sensitive chi-square test statistic to detect differences among these probabilities for two or more contraceptive devices. When three or more devices are compared, the chi-square statistic may be partitioned into additive components representing comparisons among groups of devices. The log-rank method also permits adjusting for differences among subgroups by controlling for factors such as parity or age. Although calculations may be performed on a desk calculator, a FORTRAN-IV computer program is made available to interested researchers.", "PMID": 860740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13430", "title": "Pure red cell aplasia: three cases responding to immunosuppression.", "content": "Successful treatment of three patients with red cell aplasia is presented. No thymoma or other underlying etiology was discovered. An autoimmune disease with intramedullary destruction of red cell precursors was suspected. All patients responded to prednisone and/or immunosuppressive therapy and have maintained normal hemoglobin levels for 3, 7, and 2.5 years without recurrence. The pathogenesis and therapy of red cell aplasia is discussed.", "contents": "Pure red cell aplasia: three cases responding to immunosuppression. Successful treatment of three patients with red cell aplasia is presented. No thymoma or other underlying etiology was discovered. An autoimmune disease with intramedullary destruction of red cell precursors was suspected. All patients responded to prednisone and/or immunosuppressive therapy and have maintained normal hemoglobin levels for 3, 7, and 2.5 years without recurrence. The pathogenesis and therapy of red cell aplasia is discussed.", "PMID": 860735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13431", "title": "Incidence, significance, and follow-up of para-aortic lymph node metastases in late invasive carcinoma of the cervix.", "content": "One hundred and four patients with Stages II and III of cervical carcinoma underwent para-aortic node biopsies. Of these, 12.5 per cent of patients with Stage IIA, 14.9 per cent of patients with Stage IIB, and 38.4 per cent of patients with Stage III carcinoma of the cervix had positive para-aortic nodes. They subsequently recieve 6,000 rads to the para-aortic area. The radiotherapy complication rate was high. Within four years, 50 per cent of the patients with positive para-aortic nodes had other distant metastases. The two- and four-year follow-up is presented. Only one of 13 patients with positive para-aortic nodes was alive at the end of four years.", "contents": "Incidence, significance, and follow-up of para-aortic lymph node metastases in late invasive carcinoma of the cervix. One hundred and four patients with Stages II and III of cervical carcinoma underwent para-aortic node biopsies. Of these, 12.5 per cent of patients with Stage IIA, 14.9 per cent of patients with Stage IIB, and 38.4 per cent of patients with Stage III carcinoma of the cervix had positive para-aortic nodes. They subsequently recieve 6,000 rads to the para-aortic area. The radiotherapy complication rate was high. Within four years, 50 per cent of the patients with positive para-aortic nodes had other distant metastases. The two- and four-year follow-up is presented. Only one of 13 patients with positive para-aortic nodes was alive at the end of four years.", "PMID": 860741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13432", "title": "Mediterranean lymphoma -- an unusual course.", "content": "A case of Mediterranean lymphoma with an unusual short and stormy course complicated by spontaneous perforation of the small bowel in a 32-year-old Jewish Moroccan-born male is presented. Such a course has not been described previously. Literature pertinent to the subject is reviewed.", "contents": "Mediterranean lymphoma -- an unusual course. A case of Mediterranean lymphoma with an unusual short and stormy course complicated by spontaneous perforation of the small bowel in a 32-year-old Jewish Moroccan-born male is presented. Such a course has not been described previously. Literature pertinent to the subject is reviewed.", "PMID": 860736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13433", "title": "The effect of peripherally fenestrated contact lenses on corneal edema.", "content": "To determine the effect of peripherally fenestrated contact lenses on central corneal edema, 6 subjects (12 eyes) wore steeply fitted lenses of identical dimensions but with various numbers of 0.1-mm diameter peripheral fenestrations for 3-hr periods. At the end of the wearing periods, thickening, steepening, and central clouding of the cornea were generally reduced as the number of fenestrations was increased. However, 20 fenestrations were required before the edema was reduced to a clinically acceptable level.", "contents": "The effect of peripherally fenestrated contact lenses on corneal edema. To determine the effect of peripherally fenestrated contact lenses on central corneal edema, 6 subjects (12 eyes) wore steeply fitted lenses of identical dimensions but with various numbers of 0.1-mm diameter peripheral fenestrations for 3-hr periods. At the end of the wearing periods, thickening, steepening, and central clouding of the cornea were generally reduced as the number of fenestrations was increased. However, 20 fenestrations were required before the edema was reduced to a clinically acceptable level.", "PMID": 860748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13434", "title": "Selective atrophy in the lateral geniculate nucleus associated with iris coloboma in cat.", "content": "A kitten with a unilateral, congenital coloboma of the iris was raised in a normal environment and sacrificed at 6 monthlicted eye was seen in Nissl-stained sections taken through the lateral geniculate. The result suggests that image degradation is more important than luminance reduction in causing selective changes in the visual pathway.", "contents": "Selective atrophy in the lateral geniculate nucleus associated with iris coloboma in cat. A kitten with a unilateral, congenital coloboma of the iris was raised in a normal environment and sacrificed at 6 monthlicted eye was seen in Nissl-stained sections taken through the lateral geniculate. The result suggests that image degradation is more important than luminance reduction in causing selective changes in the visual pathway.", "PMID": 860750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13435", "title": "Team management of Parkinson's disease.", "content": "This report describes a multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of Parkinson's disease. By using published sources, the disease process, clinical findings, and medical management of Parkinson's disease are reviewed. The continual change in the clinical picture as well as the therapeutic needs require that clinicians have a full understanding of the disease and drugs used. This is followed by a description of a group program, including the evaluation process, treatment goals, and individual and group activities employed. Rehabilitation services are needed as medical management alone is not sufficient to maintain patient's daily living skills. The occupational therapist is skilled in assessment and training of activities for  daily living. As a result, occupational therapy can be an integral part of the treatment program.", "contents": "Team management of Parkinson's disease. This report describes a multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of Parkinson's disease. By using published sources, the disease process, clinical findings, and medical management of Parkinson's disease are reviewed. The continual change in the clinical picture as well as the therapeutic needs require that clinicians have a full understanding of the disease and drugs used. This is followed by a description of a group program, including the evaluation process, treatment goals, and individual and group activities employed. Rehabilitation services are needed as medical management alone is not sufficient to maintain patient's daily living skills. The occupational therapist is skilled in assessment and training of activities for  daily living. As a result, occupational therapy can be an integral part of the treatment program.", "PMID": 860744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13436", "title": "Incidence and prevalence of eye cancer.", "content": "Cancer of the eye is the only ocular disease which directly threatens life. The average annual incidence rate (new cases) in the U.S. is about 1/100,000 population and the estimated prevalence rate (total cases) is about 12/100,000 population. With few exceptions, eye cancer occurs more frequently in whites than in blacks and more often in older than in younger people. The survival rate for persons with localized ocular tumors receiving early treatment is almost 80%. This statistic indicates the importance of optometric detection of this uncommon disease.", "contents": "Incidence and prevalence of eye cancer. Cancer of the eye is the only ocular disease which directly threatens life. The average annual incidence rate (new cases) in the U.S. is about 1/100,000 population and the estimated prevalence rate (total cases) is about 12/100,000 population. With few exceptions, eye cancer occurs more frequently in whites than in blacks and more often in older than in younger people. The survival rate for persons with localized ocular tumors receiving early treatment is almost 80%. This statistic indicates the importance of optometric detection of this uncommon disease.", "PMID": 860751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13437", "title": "A clinically useful eye movement recording system.", "content": "A simple, stable, and relatively calibration-free eye movement recording system for clinical application is described. This limbal sensing device makes use of a standard trial-lens clip that can be attached to the patient's spectacles, allowing easy and quick addition of lens or prism power. Horizontal eye movements or positions can be recorded with an accuracy of better than 1 degree over a 50-degree range; the linear range of the device is approximately 30 degrees.", "contents": "A clinically useful eye movement recording system. A simple, stable, and relatively calibration-free eye movement recording system for clinical application is described. This limbal sensing device makes use of a standard trial-lens clip that can be attached to the patient's spectacles, allowing easy and quick addition of lens or prism power. Horizontal eye movements or positions can be recorded with an accuracy of better than 1 degree over a 50-degree range; the linear range of the device is approximately 30 degrees.", "PMID": 860752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13438", "title": "Effect of sensory integrative therapy on the coordination of children with choreoathetoid movements.", "content": "Learning-disabled children with deficits in sensory integration as well as choreoathetosis and who received sensory integrative therapy gained more on an eye-hand coordination test than did control children. Using a one-tailed test, levels of significance difference between the mean gain scores of the experimental and control groups were .058 for the more accurate hand and .061 for the less accurate hand. It is not possible to determine whether the therapeutic effect was on the motor or on the sensory integrative aspect of coordination or on both.", "contents": "Effect of sensory integrative therapy on the coordination of children with choreoathetoid movements. Learning-disabled children with deficits in sensory integration as well as choreoathetosis and who received sensory integrative therapy gained more on an eye-hand coordination test than did control children. Using a one-tailed test, levels of significance difference between the mean gain scores of the experimental and control groups were .058 for the more accurate hand and .061 for the less accurate hand. It is not possible to determine whether the therapeutic effect was on the motor or on the sensory integrative aspect of coordination or on both.", "PMID": 860743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13439", "title": "Analysis of developmental processes possibly related to human dental sexual dimorphism in permanent and deciduous canines.", "content": "Analysis of published odontometric data on human dental sexual dimorphism indicates that this characteristic is most clearly expressed by the canine teeth. Review of the several processes involved in coronal odontogenesis suggests that such dimorphism is related to an absolutely longer period of amelogenesis for both deciduous and permanent dentitions.", "contents": "Analysis of developmental processes possibly related to human dental sexual dimorphism in permanent and deciduous canines. Analysis of published odontometric data on human dental sexual dimorphism indicates that this characteristic is most clearly expressed by the canine teeth. Review of the several processes involved in coronal odontogenesis suggests that such dimorphism is related to an absolutely longer period of amelogenesis for both deciduous and permanent dentitions.", "PMID": 860753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13440", "title": "Relationship between tooth and long bone size.", "content": "Canonical correlations between tooth and long bone dimensions showed a greater correlation for Anglo-Saxons and apes than for Nineteenth Century Londoners, i.e., coefficients of 0.75 for gorilla, 0.72 for chimpanzee, 0.69 for orang-utans, 0.74 for Anglo-Saxons, but 0.53 for Nineteenth Century Londoners. Although based upon limited sample sizes and limited metrical profiles of teeth and long bones, the data support the thesis that modern Europeans are under reduced selection pressure to maintain tooth size compared with apes or ancient man.", "contents": "Relationship between tooth and long bone size. Canonical correlations between tooth and long bone dimensions showed a greater correlation for Anglo-Saxons and apes than for Nineteenth Century Londoners, i.e., coefficients of 0.75 for gorilla, 0.72 for chimpanzee, 0.69 for orang-utans, 0.74 for Anglo-Saxons, but 0.53 for Nineteenth Century Londoners. Although based upon limited sample sizes and limited metrical profiles of teeth and long bones, the data support the thesis that modern Europeans are under reduced selection pressure to maintain tooth size compared with apes or ancient man.", "PMID": 860754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13441", "title": "Racial differences in anthropometric traits in school children of Bahia, Brazil.", "content": "Two thousand four hundred and forty-four Brazilian school children were classified as Light, Medium and Dark according to a subjective jedgment of the proportion of Negro admixture, and studied for weight, height, span and upper-segment/lower-segment (US/LS) ratio. The mean US/LS ratio decreases significantly as the proportion of Negro admixture increases giving an intermediate value for those children belonging to the Medium group for race.", "contents": "Racial differences in anthropometric traits in school children of Bahia, Brazil. Two thousand four hundred and forty-four Brazilian school children were classified as Light, Medium and Dark according to a subjective jedgment of the proportion of Negro admixture, and studied for weight, height, span and upper-segment/lower-segment (US/LS) ratio. The mean US/LS ratio decreases significantly as the proportion of Negro admixture increases giving an intermediate value for those children belonging to the Medium group for race.", "PMID": 860755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13442", "title": "A multivariate, osteological approach to Towa culture history.", "content": "Eleven cranial measurements on 14 archeological populations from the American Southwest support the archeologically derived reconstruction of Towa population movements. The supposed (linguistic) relationship between Pecos and the Towa speaking villages is questioned.", "contents": "A multivariate, osteological approach to Towa culture history. Eleven cranial measurements on 14 archeological populations from the American Southwest support the archeologically derived reconstruction of Towa population movements. The supposed (linguistic) relationship between Pecos and the Towa speaking villages is questioned.", "PMID": 860756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13443", "title": "Effect of glucagon on thermogenesis in the pigeon.", "content": "The effects of glucagon injection on temperature regulation and some metabolic parameters were studied in the pigeon. Glucagon (100 microng/kg) always inhibited shivering and caused a fall in the oxygen consumption and body temperature of the unanesthetized pigeon at + 6 degrees C. At + 34 degrees C, the same dose of glucagon had no effect on these parameters. At 22 degrees C, glucagon produced an elevation in plasma free fatty acid (FFA) and blood glucose levels. The rise in FFA at 22 degrees C coincided with the suppression of shivering at 6 degrees C. The glucagon-mediated rise in plasma FFA, but not glucose level, was potentiated by cold ambient temperature. Adrenergic blocking agents given prior to glucagon did not abolish its effects. Phentolamine even prolonged the absence and accelerated the suppression of shivering. A dissociation in the mechanisms by which catecholamines and glucagon suppress shivering is suggested. Although mobilizing energy reserves, glucagon does not seem to be calorigenic in the pigeon at this dose. The interpretation of the changes in plasma FFA levels is discussed in relation to fuel consumption during shivering.", "contents": "Effect of glucagon on thermogenesis in the pigeon. The effects of glucagon injection on temperature regulation and some metabolic parameters were studied in the pigeon. Glucagon (100 microng/kg) always inhibited shivering and caused a fall in the oxygen consumption and body temperature of the unanesthetized pigeon at + 6 degrees C. At + 34 degrees C, the same dose of glucagon had no effect on these parameters. At 22 degrees C, glucagon produced an elevation in plasma free fatty acid (FFA) and blood glucose levels. The rise in FFA at 22 degrees C coincided with the suppression of shivering at 6 degrees C. The glucagon-mediated rise in plasma FFA, but not glucose level, was potentiated by cold ambient temperature. Adrenergic blocking agents given prior to glucagon did not abolish its effects. Phentolamine even prolonged the absence and accelerated the suppression of shivering. A dissociation in the mechanisms by which catecholamines and glucagon suppress shivering is suggested. Although mobilizing energy reserves, glucagon does not seem to be calorigenic in the pigeon at this dose. The interpretation of the changes in plasma FFA levels is discussed in relation to fuel consumption during shivering.", "PMID": 860758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13444", "title": "Effects of cholecystokinin, gastrin, and related peptides on coho salmon gallbladder contraction in vitro.", "content": "Isometric contractions of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) gallbladder longitudinal muscle strips were recorded in response to porcine cholecystokinin (CCK), octapeptide of CCK (OP-CCK), desulfated octapeptide of CCK (ds-OP-CCK), porcine heptadecapeptide gastrins I and II, and pentagastrin. Peak tonic contraction amplitude and peak rhythmic contraction frequency were used to construct concentration-response curves for each peptide. Observed maximal responses to each peptide were not significantly different; therefore, all peptides tested were equal in efficacy. CCK, OP-CCK, and gastrin II were equipotent, and ds-OP-CCK and gastrin I were equipotent. 1) porcine CCK can stimulate contraction of the coho salmon gallbladder; 2) tonic and rhythmic contractile responses are elicited in coho salmon gallbladder by agonists; 3) coho salmon gallbladder muscle cannot distinguish between agonists that differ in the location of a sulfated tyrosyl residue at position 6 versus position 7 from the C-terminus; and 4) the results of this study are consistent with the hypothesis that coho salmon gallbladder muscle contains a relatively primitive CCK receptor.", "contents": "Effects of cholecystokinin, gastrin, and related peptides on coho salmon gallbladder contraction in vitro. Isometric contractions of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) gallbladder longitudinal muscle strips were recorded in response to porcine cholecystokinin (CCK), octapeptide of CCK (OP-CCK), desulfated octapeptide of CCK (ds-OP-CCK), porcine heptadecapeptide gastrins I and II, and pentagastrin. Peak tonic contraction amplitude and peak rhythmic contraction frequency were used to construct concentration-response curves for each peptide. Observed maximal responses to each peptide were not significantly different; therefore, all peptides tested were equal in efficacy. CCK, OP-CCK, and gastrin II were equipotent, and ds-OP-CCK and gastrin I were equipotent. 1) porcine CCK can stimulate contraction of the coho salmon gallbladder; 2) tonic and rhythmic contractile responses are elicited in coho salmon gallbladder by agonists; 3) coho salmon gallbladder muscle cannot distinguish between agonists that differ in the location of a sulfated tyrosyl residue at position 6 versus position 7 from the C-terminus; and 4) the results of this study are consistent with the hypothesis that coho salmon gallbladder muscle contains a relatively primitive CCK receptor.", "PMID": 860759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13445", "title": "Food intake controls in the suckling pig: glucoprivation and gastrointestinal factors.", "content": "The energy balance of suckling Yorkshire pigs 1 day to 2 wk old was challenged by: food deprivation, glucoprivation, and caloric and noncaloric gastric loads delivered by intubation. tafter 2--4 h fasts, food intake greatly increased over nonfasted control intake during a 3-h refeeding period. This response occurred both when body weight gain was used as a measure of intake for pigs nursing on the sow and when intake was measured directly in bottle-fed pigs. Glucoprivation produced by 0.5--2 U/kg insulin did not stimulate food intake although plasma glucose fell to a mean of 49 mg/100 ml (43% of control) after 1 U/kg insulin. Gastric loads of water or 3% NACl depressed intake after 3-h fast, but 0.9% NaCl did not. All the caloric gastric loads depressed intake; in order of increasing effectiveness, they were: heavy cream, protein hydrolysate, corn oil, milk, 5% glucose, and 5% lactose. The carbohydrate loads were most effective, a result which indicates that the response was not to calories alone but to some specific nutrient, possibly glucose.", "contents": "Food intake controls in the suckling pig: glucoprivation and gastrointestinal factors. The energy balance of suckling Yorkshire pigs 1 day to 2 wk old was challenged by: food deprivation, glucoprivation, and caloric and noncaloric gastric loads delivered by intubation. tafter 2--4 h fasts, food intake greatly increased over nonfasted control intake during a 3-h refeeding period. This response occurred both when body weight gain was used as a measure of intake for pigs nursing on the sow and when intake was measured directly in bottle-fed pigs. Glucoprivation produced by 0.5--2 U/kg insulin did not stimulate food intake although plasma glucose fell to a mean of 49 mg/100 ml (43% of control) after 1 U/kg insulin. Gastric loads of water or 3% NACl depressed intake after 3-h fast, but 0.9% NaCl did not. All the caloric gastric loads depressed intake; in order of increasing effectiveness, they were: heavy cream, protein hydrolysate, corn oil, milk, 5% glucose, and 5% lactose. The carbohydrate loads were most effective, a result which indicates that the response was not to calories alone but to some specific nutrient, possibly glucose.", "PMID": 860760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13446", "title": "Electron probe microanalysis: its present, its future.", "content": "Electron probe microanalysis (EPM) is a method of elemental ultramicroanalysis based on the spectrometry of the characteristic X rays which are emitted when a target sample is excited by an electron beam. In the same sample many more elements (from carbon and up in the periodic table) in much smaller volumes (less than 1 micronm3 or 10(-15) liter) can be analyzed with EPM than with any other ultramicroanalytical method. Quantitation down to 10(-15) g is relatively easy. Any application of EPM in biology depends on the development of suitable methods for biological sample preparation. Liquid droplets of 10(-11)-liter volumes are routinely analyzed. Elemental content in isolated cells can be quantitated. The analysis of cellular, extracellular, and intercellular content in the same preparation is in sight: a general method for the analysis of diffusible elements in different compartments in tissue relies on the manipulation of frozen hydrated tissue near liquid nitrogen temperature. Localization in the same preparation of several organic compounds at high resolution will be possible by use of appropriate tags. All fields of microphysiology are likely to benefit from this new discipline.", "contents": "Electron probe microanalysis: its present, its future. Electron probe microanalysis (EPM) is a method of elemental ultramicroanalysis based on the spectrometry of the characteristic X rays which are emitted when a target sample is excited by an electron beam. In the same sample many more elements (from carbon and up in the periodic table) in much smaller volumes (less than 1 micronm3 or 10(-15) liter) can be analyzed with EPM than with any other ultramicroanalytical method. Quantitation down to 10(-15) g is relatively easy. Any application of EPM in biology depends on the development of suitable methods for biological sample preparation. Liquid droplets of 10(-11)-liter volumes are routinely analyzed. Elemental content in isolated cells can be quantitated. The analysis of cellular, extracellular, and intercellular content in the same preparation is in sight: a general method for the analysis of diffusible elements in different compartments in tissue relies on the manipulation of frozen hydrated tissue near liquid nitrogen temperature. Localization in the same preparation of several organic compounds at high resolution will be possible by use of appropriate tags. All fields of microphysiology are likely to benefit from this new discipline.", "PMID": 860761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13447", "title": "Renal response to vasopressin after inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.", "content": "The renal effects of vasopressin (VP) in water-loaded and hydropenic conscious dogs were examined with and without the previous administration of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis inhibitors (indomethacin and meclophenamate). The parameters studied were: urinary output, sodium and potassium excretion, plasma and urinary osmotic concentration, total renal blood flow, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and the clearance and extraction ratio of p-aminohippuric acid and inulin. The infusion of VP caused antidiuresis and marked saluresis during water diuresis, whereas it was found to be diuretic and saluretic in hydropenic animals. Inhibition of PG synthesis greatly enhanced the antidiuretic activity of VP and abolished its saluretic and diuretic actions. Changes in renal water and solute excretion and changes in the hemodynamic parameters are uncorrelated. It is concluded that intrarenal PGs may play an important role in modulating the renal action of VP.", "contents": "Renal response to vasopressin after inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. The renal effects of vasopressin (VP) in water-loaded and hydropenic conscious dogs were examined with and without the previous administration of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis inhibitors (indomethacin and meclophenamate). The parameters studied were: urinary output, sodium and potassium excretion, plasma and urinary osmotic concentration, total renal blood flow, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and the clearance and extraction ratio of p-aminohippuric acid and inulin. The infusion of VP caused antidiuresis and marked saluresis during water diuresis, whereas it was found to be diuretic and saluretic in hydropenic animals. Inhibition of PG synthesis greatly enhanced the antidiuretic activity of VP and abolished its saluretic and diuretic actions. Changes in renal water and solute excretion and changes in the hemodynamic parameters are uncorrelated. It is concluded that intrarenal PGs may play an important role in modulating the renal action of VP.", "PMID": 860762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13448", "title": "Relations of renal transport rate, transport maximum, and competitor potency for tetraethylammonium and choline.", "content": "By use of the Sperber technique in chickens, the renal tubule transport maximum (Tm) for the organic cation tetraethylammonium (TEA) was determined in vivo. The tubular transport rate, the Tm, and the competitor potency are assumed to have causal relationships. It was demonstrated that the two cations TEA and choline compete for the tubular transport of [14C]TEA. The saturating load of one cation was reduced by the simultaneous presence of the other. The Tm for these two cations was different by a factor of 2.4 and their respective competitor potency was inversely related to their Tm.", "contents": "Relations of renal transport rate, transport maximum, and competitor potency for tetraethylammonium and choline. By use of the Sperber technique in chickens, the renal tubule transport maximum (Tm) for the organic cation tetraethylammonium (TEA) was determined in vivo. The tubular transport rate, the Tm, and the competitor potency are assumed to have causal relationships. It was demonstrated that the two cations TEA and choline compete for the tubular transport of [14C]TEA. The saturating load of one cation was reduced by the simultaneous presence of the other. The Tm for these two cations was different by a factor of 2.4 and their respective competitor potency was inversely related to their Tm.", "PMID": 860763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13449", "title": "Tracer Na fluxes in Necturus proximal tubule.", "content": "Steady-state bidirectional sodium fluxes were measured across Necturus proximal tubules. New methods for capillary perfusion and collection of venous effluent enabled flux determination to be made from the appearance of luminal tracer in the capillaries. Fluxes and permeability were measured in the absence of net fluid reabsorption. The sodium permeability measured in the plasma-to-lumen direction was 3 X 10(-6) cm/s. The flux ratio (lumen-to-plasma/plasma-to-lumen) was about twice the passive value calculated from the measured concentrations and potentials. Estimates for the permeability and flux across the shunt pathway were obtained from nonsteady-state flux determinations. The shunt pathway appeared to be the most significant route for passive sodium movement from plasma-to-lumen. Nonsteady-state tracer measurements also enabled an estimate to be made of the lumenal cell membrane permeability and unidirectional sodium flux. Two-thirds of the lumen-to-plasma flux was calculated to traverse the cellular path and the remainder through the shunt. Approximately one-third of the intracellular sodium was found to exchange rapidly with tracer.", "contents": "Tracer Na fluxes in Necturus proximal tubule. Steady-state bidirectional sodium fluxes were measured across Necturus proximal tubules. New methods for capillary perfusion and collection of venous effluent enabled flux determination to be made from the appearance of luminal tracer in the capillaries. Fluxes and permeability were measured in the absence of net fluid reabsorption. The sodium permeability measured in the plasma-to-lumen direction was 3 X 10(-6) cm/s. The flux ratio (lumen-to-plasma/plasma-to-lumen) was about twice the passive value calculated from the measured concentrations and potentials. Estimates for the permeability and flux across the shunt pathway were obtained from nonsteady-state flux determinations. The shunt pathway appeared to be the most significant route for passive sodium movement from plasma-to-lumen. Nonsteady-state tracer measurements also enabled an estimate to be made of the lumenal cell membrane permeability and unidirectional sodium flux. Two-thirds of the lumen-to-plasma flux was calculated to traverse the cellular path and the remainder through the shunt. Approximately one-third of the intracellular sodium was found to exchange rapidly with tracer.", "PMID": 860764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13450", "title": "Fibrinogen synthesis in rabbits: effects of altered levels of circulating fibrinogen.", "content": "The effects of altered fibrinogen concentrations on fibrinogen synthesis in rabbits were evaluated by determining the rate of appearance of [75Se]selenomethionine (75SeM) in circulating fibrinogen. Fibrinogen levels were maintained at twice normal by infusion of homologous fibrinogen for either 1 or 6 days before the intravenous injection of 20 micronCi of 75SeM, and the rate of appearance of labeled fibrinogen was measured during the subsequent 24 h. In both groups, synthesis was unchanged. Five hours after induction of partial defibrinogenation by the infusion of bovine thrombin, fibrinogen synthesis was increased threefold. Stimulation was not attributable to decreased fibrinogen concentrations; synthesis was increased equally when levels were maintained above normal by infusion of fibrinogen before administration of thrombin. Heat-inactivated thrombin and diisopropylfluorophosphate-inactivated thrombin did not stimulate fibrinogen synthesis. Thrombin produced elevated titers of fibrinogen-fibrin degradation products (FDP-fdp). However, fibrinogen synthesis was not increased in rabbits that had received FDP-fdp from thrombin-treated donors. These data suggest that neither the fibrinogen concentration nor FDP-fdp influenced fibrinogen synthesis.", "contents": "Fibrinogen synthesis in rabbits: effects of altered levels of circulating fibrinogen. The effects of altered fibrinogen concentrations on fibrinogen synthesis in rabbits were evaluated by determining the rate of appearance of [75Se]selenomethionine (75SeM) in circulating fibrinogen. Fibrinogen levels were maintained at twice normal by infusion of homologous fibrinogen for either 1 or 6 days before the intravenous injection of 20 micronCi of 75SeM, and the rate of appearance of labeled fibrinogen was measured during the subsequent 24 h. In both groups, synthesis was unchanged. Five hours after induction of partial defibrinogenation by the infusion of bovine thrombin, fibrinogen synthesis was increased threefold. Stimulation was not attributable to decreased fibrinogen concentrations; synthesis was increased equally when levels were maintained above normal by infusion of fibrinogen before administration of thrombin. Heat-inactivated thrombin and diisopropylfluorophosphate-inactivated thrombin did not stimulate fibrinogen synthesis. Thrombin produced elevated titers of fibrinogen-fibrin degradation products (FDP-fdp). However, fibrinogen synthesis was not increased in rabbits that had received FDP-fdp from thrombin-treated donors. These data suggest that neither the fibrinogen concentration nor FDP-fdp influenced fibrinogen synthesis.", "PMID": 860765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13451", "title": "Cardiorespiratory control by carotid chemoreceptors during experimental dives in the seal.", "content": "The diving responses of apnea and bradycardia, produced experimentally by immersing the face in water, were successfully elicited in the harbor seal Phoca vitulina anesthetized with urethan. The role of the carotid body chemoreceptors in the production of the diving bradycardia was studied in isolated carotid sinus-body preparations autoperfused with blood from the arterial circulation. When asphyxia was well developed during a dive the chemoreceptor drive was withdrawn by temporarily perfusing the chemoreceptors with blood of high PO2 (greater than 400 mmHg) and normal PCO2 from a disk oxygenator. The heart rate immediately rose to its predive value. Reestablishing hypoxic hypercapnic blood perfusion of the chemoreceptors from the animal's own circulation caused bradycardia with persistence of the apnea. Breathing restarted only on emersion. Substitution of normal arterialized blood from the oxygenator before or at the onset of a dive had no effect on the existing heart rate. It is concluded that the carotid bodies play an important part in maintaining the diving bradycardia during developing asphyxia without affecting respiration.", "contents": "Cardiorespiratory control by carotid chemoreceptors during experimental dives in the seal. The diving responses of apnea and bradycardia, produced experimentally by immersing the face in water, were successfully elicited in the harbor seal Phoca vitulina anesthetized with urethan. The role of the carotid body chemoreceptors in the production of the diving bradycardia was studied in isolated carotid sinus-body preparations autoperfused with blood from the arterial circulation. When asphyxia was well developed during a dive the chemoreceptor drive was withdrawn by temporarily perfusing the chemoreceptors with blood of high PO2 (greater than 400 mmHg) and normal PCO2 from a disk oxygenator. The heart rate immediately rose to its predive value. Reestablishing hypoxic hypercapnic blood perfusion of the chemoreceptors from the animal's own circulation caused bradycardia with persistence of the apnea. Breathing restarted only on emersion. Substitution of normal arterialized blood from the oxygenator before or at the onset of a dive had no effect on the existing heart rate. It is concluded that the carotid bodies play an important part in maintaining the diving bradycardia during developing asphyxia without affecting respiration.", "PMID": 860766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13452", "title": "Determinants of hypoxic and posthypoxic myocardial contracture.", "content": "The relationship between contracture (a rise in resting tension at constant length) and contractile activity was studied in isometric rat trabeculae carneae and cat right ventricular papillary muscles. Muscles at Lmax were paced at 12/min in solutions equilibrated at 29 degrees C with 95% O2-5% CO2. In rat myocardium, exposure to 60 min hypoxia (95% N2-5% CO2) at alkalotic pH produced contracture. In cat myocardium contracture was produced by the combination of exposure to digitalis and the recovery from hypoxia. Delayed relaxation was not responsible for the rise in resting tension in either preparation. In muscles not paced during hypoxia, contracture appeared despite total absence of contractile activity. Exposure to low calcium or acidosis reversed or prevented the rise in resting tension. Thus, contracture can be: 1) dynamic, reversible, and modified by factors which affect intracellular calcium availability; 2) independent of contractile activity and apparent activity of the relaxing system; and 3) distinct from delayed or incomplete relaxation. The extent of contracture during the recovery from hypoxia is not simply the function of the level of contractile activity during hypoxia but appears related to calcium availability at a critical time.", "contents": "Determinants of hypoxic and posthypoxic myocardial contracture. The relationship between contracture (a rise in resting tension at constant length) and contractile activity was studied in isometric rat trabeculae carneae and cat right ventricular papillary muscles. Muscles at Lmax were paced at 12/min in solutions equilibrated at 29 degrees C with 95% O2-5% CO2. In rat myocardium, exposure to 60 min hypoxia (95% N2-5% CO2) at alkalotic pH produced contracture. In cat myocardium contracture was produced by the combination of exposure to digitalis and the recovery from hypoxia. Delayed relaxation was not responsible for the rise in resting tension in either preparation. In muscles not paced during hypoxia, contracture appeared despite total absence of contractile activity. Exposure to low calcium or acidosis reversed or prevented the rise in resting tension. Thus, contracture can be: 1) dynamic, reversible, and modified by factors which affect intracellular calcium availability; 2) independent of contractile activity and apparent activity of the relaxing system; and 3) distinct from delayed or incomplete relaxation. The extent of contracture during the recovery from hypoxia is not simply the function of the level of contractile activity during hypoxia but appears related to calcium availability at a critical time.", "PMID": 860767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13453", "title": "Impact of centrally applied biogenic amines upon the energy balance of fowl.", "content": "The impact of intraventricular injections of 100 microng of the biogenic amines, norepinephrine or dopamine, upon the energy balance of white leghorn hens Gallus domesticus was examined. Both drugs reduce metabolic heat production (about 35% at 9 and 20 degrees C, and about 15% at 35 degrees C) by inhibiting shivering or by reducing activity or both. Also the drugs inhibit the opposing thermal response, evaporative heat loss (about 3% at 9 and 20 degrees C, and about 20% at 35 degrees C) by reducing respiration rate. The relative balance of inhibiting these opposing responses by the drugs results in hypothermia at 9 and 20 degrees C, and hyperthermia or no change in body temperature at 35 degrees C. Both drugs usually caused an initial vasodilation of the feet and comb at all temperatures tested but did not persist long enough to have much of an impact on body temperature. It was concluded that differing ambient temperatures do not alter the action of the biogenic amines upon the modes of physical thermoregulation in chickens even though the direction of body temperature change is reversed at different ambient temperatures.", "contents": "Impact of centrally applied biogenic amines upon the energy balance of fowl. The impact of intraventricular injections of 100 microng of the biogenic amines, norepinephrine or dopamine, upon the energy balance of white leghorn hens Gallus domesticus was examined. Both drugs reduce metabolic heat production (about 35% at 9 and 20 degrees C, and about 15% at 35 degrees C) by inhibiting shivering or by reducing activity or both. Also the drugs inhibit the opposing thermal response, evaporative heat loss (about 3% at 9 and 20 degrees C, and about 20% at 35 degrees C) by reducing respiration rate. The relative balance of inhibiting these opposing responses by the drugs results in hypothermia at 9 and 20 degrees C, and hyperthermia or no change in body temperature at 35 degrees C. Both drugs usually caused an initial vasodilation of the feet and comb at all temperatures tested but did not persist long enough to have much of an impact on body temperature. It was concluded that differing ambient temperatures do not alter the action of the biogenic amines upon the modes of physical thermoregulation in chickens even though the direction of body temperature change is reversed at different ambient temperatures.", "PMID": 860768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13454", "title": "Brainstem control of shivering in the cat. II. Facilitation.", "content": "Regions containing areas and pathways mediating heat gain responses in the mesencephalon and upper pons and in the medulla were studied using topical microinjection of a local anesthetic. These facilitatory areas and pathways were compared in the decerebrated and intact cats. In lower pontine preparations shivering was abolished by bilateral injections of procaine into the lateral medullary reticular formation. Injections into the same areas in the intact anesthetized cat resulted in the cessation of shivering. These effects on facilitatory areas are reversible and can be repeated in the same preparation several times. Permanent effects were obtained by electrolytic lesions or by the local microinjections of 1% osmic acid. In summary it shown, by means of microinjection of local anesthetic, that the pathways mediating shivering in the intact and lower pontine cats are located in the same area in lateral reticular formation of pons and medulla.", "contents": "Brainstem control of shivering in the cat. II. Facilitation. Regions containing areas and pathways mediating heat gain responses in the mesencephalon and upper pons and in the medulla were studied using topical microinjection of a local anesthetic. These facilitatory areas and pathways were compared in the decerebrated and intact cats. In lower pontine preparations shivering was abolished by bilateral injections of procaine into the lateral medullary reticular formation. Injections into the same areas in the intact anesthetized cat resulted in the cessation of shivering. These effects on facilitatory areas are reversible and can be repeated in the same preparation several times. Permanent effects were obtained by electrolytic lesions or by the local microinjections of 1% osmic acid. In summary it shown, by means of microinjection of local anesthetic, that the pathways mediating shivering in the intact and lower pontine cats are located in the same area in lateral reticular formation of pons and medulla.", "PMID": 860769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13455", "title": "Sensory information and subjective contour.", "content": "The possibility that subjective contours are an artifact of brightness contrast was explored. In one experiment, inducing luminance was found to have different effects on the clarity of subjective contours and the magnitude of brightness contrast. The results of a second experiment indicated that differences of luminance in a stimulus display are necessary for subjective contours to be sustained, whereas chromatic differences are not. It is concluded that subjective contour and brightness contrast are distinct perceptual phenomena but share a dependency on the processing of edge information transmitted through the achromatic channels of the visual system.", "contents": "Sensory information and subjective contour. The possibility that subjective contours are an artifact of brightness contrast was explored. In one experiment, inducing luminance was found to have different effects on the clarity of subjective contours and the magnitude of brightness contrast. The results of a second experiment indicated that differences of luminance in a stimulus display are necessary for subjective contours to be sustained, whereas chromatic differences are not. It is concluded that subjective contour and brightness contrast are distinct perceptual phenomena but share a dependency on the processing of edge information transmitted through the achromatic channels of the visual system.", "PMID": 860770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13456", "title": "Auditory perception of spatiotemporal patterns.", "content": "To test the tendency of subjects to perceptually organize discrete temporal patterns with regard to runs of identical stimulus events, spatiotemporal patterns of white noise were presented for reproduction. The subjects in Experiment I began their reproductions with the true starting points of the patterns, but the subjects in Experiment II, who could not perceive the true starting points, began their reproductions with either long or short runs. It is suggested that changes in runs of auditory patterns are perceptually analogous to changes in contours of visual patterns.", "contents": "Auditory perception of spatiotemporal patterns. To test the tendency of subjects to perceptually organize discrete temporal patterns with regard to runs of identical stimulus events, spatiotemporal patterns of white noise were presented for reproduction. The subjects in Experiment I began their reproductions with the true starting points of the patterns, but the subjects in Experiment II, who could not perceive the true starting points, began their reproductions with either long or short runs. It is suggested that changes in runs of auditory patterns are perceptually analogous to changes in contours of visual patterns.", "PMID": 860771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13457", "title": "Surgical management of complications of radiation-injured gut.", "content": "Radiation-injured bowel has been diagnosed in 5.1 per cent of 1,824 patients receiving pelvic or abdominal radiotherapy over the past ten years. Surgical intervention to manage these complications was required in 35 per cent. The type of procedure employed for large and small bowel complications has been evaluated to define guidelines for future therapy.", "contents": "Surgical management of complications of radiation-injured gut. Radiation-injured bowel has been diagnosed in 5.1 per cent of 1,824 patients receiving pelvic or abdominal radiotherapy over the past ten years. Surgical intervention to manage these complications was required in 35 per cent. The type of procedure employed for large and small bowel complications has been evaluated to define guidelines for future therapy.", "PMID": 860778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13458", "title": "Cuffed endotracheal tubes: mucosal pressures and tracheal wall blood flow.", "content": "Eighteen brands of cuffed endotracheal tubes, including those with the new low pressure cuffs, were evaluated and compared. Experiments were performed in vitro on excised dog tracheae to measure the mucosal pressure exerted by the inflated cuffs. Pressure was measured directly with a mechanical sensor. Latex cuffs exerted the highest mucosal pressures, whereas silicone cuffs exerted the lowest mucosal pressures. Polyvinyl chloride cuffs exerted intermediate levels of mucosal pressure. With each material, predistended cuffs exerted lower mucosal pressures than nonpredistended cuffs. A second set of experiments was performed in vivo to determine the effect of mucosal pressure on tracheal wall blood flow. These studies employed a thermistor technic. The data showed that, when inflated sufficiently to seal within the trachea, stiff cuffs reduced blood flow more than compliant cuffs. With all cuffs, blood flow was reduced more at the mucosa than at deeper regions of the tracheal wall.It was concluded that for clinical use, compliant cuffs are preferable to stiff cuffs because they should cause less ischemia.", "contents": "Cuffed endotracheal tubes: mucosal pressures and tracheal wall blood flow. Eighteen brands of cuffed endotracheal tubes, including those with the new low pressure cuffs, were evaluated and compared. Experiments were performed in vitro on excised dog tracheae to measure the mucosal pressure exerted by the inflated cuffs. Pressure was measured directly with a mechanical sensor. Latex cuffs exerted the highest mucosal pressures, whereas silicone cuffs exerted the lowest mucosal pressures. Polyvinyl chloride cuffs exerted intermediate levels of mucosal pressure. With each material, predistended cuffs exerted lower mucosal pressures than nonpredistended cuffs. A second set of experiments was performed in vivo to determine the effect of mucosal pressure on tracheal wall blood flow. These studies employed a thermistor technic. The data showed that, when inflated sufficiently to seal within the trachea, stiff cuffs reduced blood flow more than compliant cuffs. With all cuffs, blood flow was reduced more at the mucosa than at deeper regions of the tracheal wall.It was concluded that for clinical use, compliant cuffs are preferable to stiff cuffs because they should cause less ischemia.", "PMID": 860779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13459", "title": "Thrombocytopenia and its management in the surgical patient needing multiple reconstructive procedures.", "content": "Thrombocytopenic patients with surgically correctable lesions such as radial clubhands are too often repeatedly transfused with randomly pooled platelets. This is followed by a clinical rejection of the foreign protein and rapid destruction of the platelets. There may be excessive bleeding episodes. Tissue typing technics now available can provide antigenically compatible platelet concentrates which elicit few of these reactions. Therefore, multiple reconstructive procedures can be achieved with a greater safety margin than previously possible.", "contents": "Thrombocytopenia and its management in the surgical patient needing multiple reconstructive procedures. Thrombocytopenic patients with surgically correctable lesions such as radial clubhands are too often repeatedly transfused with randomly pooled platelets. This is followed by a clinical rejection of the foreign protein and rapid destruction of the platelets. There may be excessive bleeding episodes. Tissue typing technics now available can provide antigenically compatible platelet concentrates which elicit few of these reactions. Therefore, multiple reconstructive procedures can be achieved with a greater safety margin than previously possible.", "PMID": 860780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13460", "title": "Staging laparotomy for Hodgkin's disease in children.", "content": "Experience with staging laparotomy in twenty-one children has produced minimal immediate postoperative morbidity. Sepsis in two patients after discharge has prompted the long-term use of penicillin. Confirmation or revision of clinical staging by laparotomy has proved to be an accurate means of determining therapy and prognosis in children.", "contents": "Staging laparotomy for Hodgkin's disease in children. Experience with staging laparotomy in twenty-one children has produced minimal immediate postoperative morbidity. Sepsis in two patients after discharge has prompted the long-term use of penicillin. Confirmation or revision of clinical staging by laparotomy has proved to be an accurate means of determining therapy and prognosis in children.", "PMID": 860781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13461", "title": "Duplication of the duodenum extending into liver.", "content": "A large intrahepatic duodenal duplication connected to the duodenum by two openings is described. No similar cases of intrahepatic cysts have been found in the literature. The patient, a forty-four year old woman, had recurrent and numerous bouts of right upper quadrant pain over many years before the intrahepatic portion of the cyst was drained by a Roux-en-Y anastomosis after the connections with the duodenum had been excised.", "contents": "Duplication of the duodenum extending into liver. A large intrahepatic duodenal duplication connected to the duodenum by two openings is described. No similar cases of intrahepatic cysts have been found in the literature. The patient, a forty-four year old woman, had recurrent and numerous bouts of right upper quadrant pain over many years before the intrahepatic portion of the cyst was drained by a Roux-en-Y anastomosis after the connections with the duodenum had been excised.", "PMID": 860783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13462", "title": "Aneurysm of the gastroduodenal artery as a cause of hemobilia.", "content": "One case of iatrogenic aneurysm of the gastroduodenal artery with hemobilia is reported. Surgical treatment consisted of ligature and resection after arteriographic diagnosis. The literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Aneurysm of the gastroduodenal artery as a cause of hemobilia. One case of iatrogenic aneurysm of the gastroduodenal artery with hemobilia is reported. Surgical treatment consisted of ligature and resection after arteriographic diagnosis. The literature is reviewed.", "PMID": 860784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13463", "title": "The respiratory injury in burns. An account of the management.", "content": "The management of three patients suffering from respiratory complications of burns is described. The pathogenesis and treatment of pulmonary inhalational injury is reviewed and methods of monitoring respiratory function are discussed.", "contents": "The respiratory injury in burns. An account of the management. The management of three patients suffering from respiratory complications of burns is described. The pathogenesis and treatment of pulmonary inhalational injury is reviewed and methods of monitoring respiratory function are discussed.", "PMID": 860799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13464", "title": "Pancuronium and the placental barrier.", "content": "Maternal and cord levels of pancuronium were estimated using a fluorimetric method in a series of ten patients. Low concentrations of pancuronium (0-04--0-1 microng/ml) were found in all the cord samples analysed, indicating placental transfer of pancuronium.", "contents": "Pancuronium and the placental barrier. Maternal and cord levels of pancuronium were estimated using a fluorimetric method in a series of ten patients. Low concentrations of pancuronium (0-04--0-1 microng/ml) were found in all the cord samples analysed, indicating placental transfer of pancuronium.", "PMID": 860800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13465", "title": "Effects of droperidol and fentanyl on human bone marrow cultures.", "content": "The effects of droperidol and fentanyl on three samples of human bone marrow with regard to their colony forming in culture was studied in more than 256 multiple experiments. There was no evidence of any toxic effect of droperidol and fentanyl on the bone marrow cells.", "contents": "Effects of droperidol and fentanyl on human bone marrow cultures. The effects of droperidol and fentanyl on three samples of human bone marrow with regard to their colony forming in culture was studied in more than 256 multiple experiments. There was no evidence of any toxic effect of droperidol and fentanyl on the bone marrow cells.", "PMID": 860801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13466", "title": "An unusual complication of an inadvertent dural tap.", "content": "The report describes a case of a large arteriovenous malformation of the brain becoming manifest following an inadvertent dural tap which was achieved while performing a lumbar epidural for the relief of labour pains.", "contents": "An unusual complication of an inadvertent dural tap. The report describes a case of a large arteriovenous malformation of the brain becoming manifest following an inadvertent dural tap which was achieved while performing a lumbar epidural for the relief of labour pains.", "PMID": 860802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13467", "title": "A simple home-made haematocrit centrifuge.", "content": "A simple, easily made haematocrit centrifuge is described.", "contents": "A simple home-made haematocrit centrifuge. A simple, easily made haematocrit centrifuge is described.", "PMID": 860803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13468", "title": "A modification of Bier's intravenous analgesia. Use of the pneumatic splint.", "content": "Prior to the administration of a \"Bier's block\", painless exsanguination of the limb, even in the presence of a displaced Colles' fracture, can be achieved with the use of an orthopaedic pneumatic splint.", "contents": "A modification of Bier's intravenous analgesia. Use of the pneumatic splint. Prior to the administration of a \"Bier's block\", painless exsanguination of the limb, even in the presence of a displaced Colles' fracture, can be achieved with the use of an orthopaedic pneumatic splint.", "PMID": 860804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13469", "title": "Anaesthetic technique for microsurgery of the larynx.", "content": "The problems of anaesthesia for microsurgery of the larynx are reviewed and the disadvantages of some current techniques are discussed. A modified headrest, laryngoscope, dental protector, laryngostat, and a technique of ventilation based on insufflation, which prevents tracheal soiling and allows visibility and room for instrumentation, are described.", "contents": "Anaesthetic technique for microsurgery of the larynx. The problems of anaesthesia for microsurgery of the larynx are reviewed and the disadvantages of some current techniques are discussed. A modified headrest, laryngoscope, dental protector, laryngostat, and a technique of ventilation based on insufflation, which prevents tracheal soiling and allows visibility and room for instrumentation, are described.", "PMID": 860805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13470", "title": "Anaesthesia for laryngoscopy: a new method of ventilation.", "content": "A technique for anaesthesia for laryngoscopy using a Foley catheter is described.", "contents": "Anaesthesia for laryngoscopy: a new method of ventilation. A technique for anaesthesia for laryngoscopy using a Foley catheter is described.", "PMID": 860806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13471", "title": "Oral premedication: diazepam, metoclopramide and a drink.", "content": "A technique of premiedication using oral diazepam and metoclopramide with a drink is described and shown to provide better sedation and less vomiting than pethidine and atropine given intramuscularly without a drink to a group of similar patients.", "contents": "Oral premedication: diazepam, metoclopramide and a drink. A technique of premiedication using oral diazepam and metoclopramide with a drink is described and shown to provide better sedation and less vomiting than pethidine and atropine given intramuscularly without a drink to a group of similar patients.", "PMID": 860807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13472", "title": "A new operating position for posterior spinal surgery.", "content": "A new operating position is described for the posterior approach in patients with lumbar or thoracic spinal lesions. This position has the advantages of unimpeded venous drainage and improved presentation in height and aspect of the relevant part to the surgeon. It is derived from and is compared with the \"Mohammedan praying position\".", "contents": "A new operating position for posterior spinal surgery. A new operating position is described for the posterior approach in patients with lumbar or thoracic spinal lesions. This position has the advantages of unimpeded venous drainage and improved presentation in height and aspect of the relevant part to the surgeon. It is derived from and is compared with the \"Mohammedan praying position\".", "PMID": 860808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13473", "title": "[Effects of ethrane and halothane on compliance and resistance (author's transl)].", "content": "In young patients with healthy lungs, the effects of ethrane and halothane on compliance and resistance have been investigated. With the use of ethrane we found a dose-dependent decrease in compliance, but this decrease was statistically assured only at relatively high inhalation concentrations. The resistance of the respiratory passages remained virtually unchanged. Similar changes in compliance and resistance have also been observed with the use of halothane. The decrease in compliance induced by both anesthetic agents may be due either to interference with the surface tension of the alveolar wall, or to transitory changes in the fluid content of the pulmonary parenchyma. For the practical use of ethrane and halothane no significant differences appear to exist on the basis of their effects on compliance and resistance.", "contents": "[Effects of ethrane and halothane on compliance and resistance (author's transl)]. In young patients with healthy lungs, the effects of ethrane and halothane on compliance and resistance have been investigated. With the use of ethrane we found a dose-dependent decrease in compliance, but this decrease was statistically assured only at relatively high inhalation concentrations. The resistance of the respiratory passages remained virtually unchanged. Similar changes in compliance and resistance have also been observed with the use of halothane. The decrease in compliance induced by both anesthetic agents may be due either to interference with the surface tension of the alveolar wall, or to transitory changes in the fluid content of the pulmonary parenchyma. For the practical use of ethrane and halothane no significant differences appear to exist on the basis of their effects on compliance and resistance.", "PMID": 860822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13474", "title": "[The use of ketamine in patients with liver damage (author's transl)].", "content": "Continuous ketamine drip anaesthesia was used in 151 patients with liver disease. The anaesthetic management is described and changes in serum enzymes and bilirubin are reported. Our results indicate that ketamine does not impair hepatacellular function.", "contents": "[The use of ketamine in patients with liver damage (author's transl)]. Continuous ketamine drip anaesthesia was used in 151 patients with liver disease. The anaesthetic management is described and changes in serum enzymes and bilirubin are reported. Our results indicate that ketamine does not impair hepatacellular function.", "PMID": 860823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13475", "title": "[The serum potassium level during and after cardio-pulmonary bypass in children: a comparative study of the effects of the preoperative administration of digitalis and diuretics (author's transl)].", "content": "The serum potassium levels were determined in 2 groups. The first group (40 children) was treated preoperatively with digitalis and diuretics. The second group (20 children) received none of these drugs and served as a control group. During the period of bypass, all patients received potassium-chloride, 1 m Eq/per Kg/h, which was infused into the heartlung machine. The serum potassium levels were determined before, during and after extracorporeal circulation. The first group showed a significant decrease in the serum potassium level during and after the bypass. The lower serum potassium levels (less than 4 m Eq/L) had to be corrected by injection of potassium aspartate. In the second group, an increased serum potassium level was observed. It is advisable to reduce the amount of potassium administered by half in patients not pretreated with digitalis and diuretics. In those who have been pretreated with these drugs, hypokalaemia should be avoided by frequent serum potassium estimation and potassium administration if needed.", "contents": "[The serum potassium level during and after cardio-pulmonary bypass in children: a comparative study of the effects of the preoperative administration of digitalis and diuretics (author's transl)]. The serum potassium levels were determined in 2 groups. The first group (40 children) was treated preoperatively with digitalis and diuretics. The second group (20 children) received none of these drugs and served as a control group. During the period of bypass, all patients received potassium-chloride, 1 m Eq/per Kg/h, which was infused into the heartlung machine. The serum potassium levels were determined before, during and after extracorporeal circulation. The first group showed a significant decrease in the serum potassium level during and after the bypass. The lower serum potassium levels (less than 4 m Eq/L) had to be corrected by injection of potassium aspartate. In the second group, an increased serum potassium level was observed. It is advisable to reduce the amount of potassium administered by half in patients not pretreated with digitalis and diuretics. In those who have been pretreated with these drugs, hypokalaemia should be avoided by frequent serum potassium estimation and potassium administration if needed.", "PMID": 860824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13476", "title": "[Complete loss of brainstem-functions following epidural anaesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "A 77 year old male patient developed complete loss of brainstem-functions following epidural anaesthesia for prostate electroresection. On the basis of anatomical and pathophysiological considerations an attempt is made to explain the development of this event. The most important factor seems to be that the local anaesthetic agent can diffuse into the subarachnoid space via the arachnoid villi, which can protrude into the epidural space. Once in the subarachnoid space the anaesthetic can ascend. By this mechanism a complete loss of brainstem functions may evolve. Survival without residual deficit is possible if immediate intensive care with control of the vital functions is instituted.", "contents": "[Complete loss of brainstem-functions following epidural anaesthesia (author's transl)]. A 77 year old male patient developed complete loss of brainstem-functions following epidural anaesthesia for prostate electroresection. On the basis of anatomical and pathophysiological considerations an attempt is made to explain the development of this event. The most important factor seems to be that the local anaesthetic agent can diffuse into the subarachnoid space via the arachnoid villi, which can protrude into the epidural space. Once in the subarachnoid space the anaesthetic can ascend. By this mechanism a complete loss of brainstem functions may evolve. Survival without residual deficit is possible if immediate intensive care with control of the vital functions is instituted.", "PMID": 860825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13477", "title": "[A simple apparatus for comparisons of low-pressure coff function in vitro (author's transl)].", "content": "A simple apparatus comprising basically a glass tube closed on one side, two low-pressure manometers with a range of 150 millibars, a pump with a small reservoir of compressed air as well as the necessary connections and valves allows in vitro comparisons of pressures in low-pressure cuffs whereby the introcuff-pressure can be adjusted to any value between zero and 150 milibars. One can also monitor continually the interdependence between the intracuff-pressure and the airway pressure whereby the latter can also be varied continuously.", "contents": "[A simple apparatus for comparisons of low-pressure coff function in vitro (author's transl)]. A simple apparatus comprising basically a glass tube closed on one side, two low-pressure manometers with a range of 150 millibars, a pump with a small reservoir of compressed air as well as the necessary connections and valves allows in vitro comparisons of pressures in low-pressure cuffs whereby the introcuff-pressure can be adjusted to any value between zero and 150 milibars. One can also monitor continually the interdependence between the intracuff-pressure and the airway pressure whereby the latter can also be varied continuously.", "PMID": 860826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13478", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid levels of d-tubocurarine in man.", "content": "Using radioimmunoassay, d-tubocurarine (dTc) was found in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of man after intravenous injection. When dTc was administered in a single dose (0.3 mg/kg) to nine patients, small quantities, 3.5 +/- .26 ng/ml (mean +/- SE), appeared in the lumbar CSF within 5 minutes. The concentration of dTc (0.3 mg/kg) were given at 90 minute intervals. Concentration of dTc in the CSF remained constant for the next 25 minutes, but then began to increase with time to to 9.3 +/- 4.4 ng/ml 30 minutes after injection, 14.5 +/- 4.4 ng/ml at one hour, and 24.9 +/- 6.5 ng/ml at six hours. In another group of six patients, three doses of dTc (0.3 mg/kg) were given at 90-minute intervals. Concentration of dTc in the CSF increased after each injection. The quantities of dTc found in the CSF are unlikely to produce any pharmacologic or adverse effect (e.g., convulsion) in man.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid levels of d-tubocurarine in man. Using radioimmunoassay, d-tubocurarine (dTc) was found in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of man after intravenous injection. When dTc was administered in a single dose (0.3 mg/kg) to nine patients, small quantities, 3.5 +/- .26 ng/ml (mean +/- SE), appeared in the lumbar CSF within 5 minutes. The concentration of dTc (0.3 mg/kg) were given at 90 minute intervals. Concentration of dTc in the CSF remained constant for the next 25 minutes, but then began to increase with time to to 9.3 +/- 4.4 ng/ml 30 minutes after injection, 14.5 +/- 4.4 ng/ml at one hour, and 24.9 +/- 6.5 ng/ml at six hours. In another group of six patients, three doses of dTc (0.3 mg/kg) were given at 90-minute intervals. Concentration of dTc in the CSF increased after each injection. The quantities of dTc found in the CSF are unlikely to produce any pharmacologic or adverse effect (e.g., convulsion) in man.", "PMID": 860842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13479", "title": "Dose-dependent depression of cardiac function and metabolism by halothane in swine (Sus scrofa).", "content": "Halothane depresses myocardial blood flow and metabolism in the dog, but no studies in man have been published. However, the coronary circulation of the pig is remarkably similar to that of man. The authors investigated the effects of halothane-nitrous oxide anesthesia on cardiac function and metabolism in piglets. Thermodilution cardiac output, catheter-tip-manometer measurement of left ventricular function, electro-magnetic flowmeter measurement of coronary blood flow, and blood and tissue measurements of gases and metabolites were made during 0.04 (control), 0.46 (low concentration), and 1.04 (high concentration) per cent halothane vaporized in nitrous oxide, 60 per cent: oxygen, 40 per cent. Compared with control, the low concentration decreased cardiac output (CO) by 10 per cent, left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP) by 30 per cent, peak contractile element velocity (Vmax by 34 percent, coronary blood flow (CBF) by 36 per cent, and cardiac oxygen uptake (V02) by 55 per cent. Compared with control, the high concentration decreased CO by 32 per cent, LVSP and Vmax by 53 per cent, CBF by 63 per cent and V02 by 62 per cent. This indicates that the dose-related depression in left ventricular function produced by halothane was accompanied by equivalent decreases in coronary blood flow and oxygen comsumption. There was minimal evidence of anaerobic metabolism in these depressed ventricles. Tissue levels of the high-energy phosplates, adenosinetriphosphate and creatine phosphate, and glycogen were unchanged. It is concluded that changes in cardiac oxygenation and metabolism in the pig during halothane anesthesia result from the changes in ventricular function.", "contents": "Dose-dependent depression of cardiac function and metabolism by halothane in swine (Sus scrofa). Halothane depresses myocardial blood flow and metabolism in the dog, but no studies in man have been published. However, the coronary circulation of the pig is remarkably similar to that of man. The authors investigated the effects of halothane-nitrous oxide anesthesia on cardiac function and metabolism in piglets. Thermodilution cardiac output, catheter-tip-manometer measurement of left ventricular function, electro-magnetic flowmeter measurement of coronary blood flow, and blood and tissue measurements of gases and metabolites were made during 0.04 (control), 0.46 (low concentration), and 1.04 (high concentration) per cent halothane vaporized in nitrous oxide, 60 per cent: oxygen, 40 per cent. Compared with control, the low concentration decreased cardiac output (CO) by 10 per cent, left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP) by 30 per cent, peak contractile element velocity (Vmax by 34 percent, coronary blood flow (CBF) by 36 per cent, and cardiac oxygen uptake (V02) by 55 per cent. Compared with control, the high concentration decreased CO by 32 per cent, LVSP and Vmax by 53 per cent, CBF by 63 per cent and V02 by 62 per cent. This indicates that the dose-related depression in left ventricular function produced by halothane was accompanied by equivalent decreases in coronary blood flow and oxygen comsumption. There was minimal evidence of anaerobic metabolism in these depressed ventricles. Tissue levels of the high-energy phosplates, adenosinetriphosphate and creatine phosphate, and glycogen were unchanged. It is concluded that changes in cardiac oxygenation and metabolism in the pig during halothane anesthesia result from the changes in ventricular function.", "PMID": 860843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13480", "title": "Chylothorax: therapeutic alternatives.", "content": "Persistent loss of chyle, rich in metabolites, water and electrolytes, can be quickly devastating, particularly in debilitated patients and children. Chylothorax of traumatic origin, especially when loss of chyle is rapid, is most effectively arrested with direct closure of the fistula or ligation of the thoracic duct. Thoracic duct ligation is indicated when a controlled fat diet or parenteral hyperalimentation without oral intake and closed chest drainage are not effective in arresting chylous pleural effusions.", "contents": "Chylothorax: therapeutic alternatives. Persistent loss of chyle, rich in metabolites, water and electrolytes, can be quickly devastating, particularly in debilitated patients and children. Chylothorax of traumatic origin, especially when loss of chyle is rapid, is most effectively arrested with direct closure of the fistula or ligation of the thoracic duct. Thoracic duct ligation is indicated when a controlled fat diet or parenteral hyperalimentation without oral intake and closed chest drainage are not effective in arresting chylous pleural effusions.", "PMID": 860860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13481", "title": "Traumatically injured aortic arch repaired under profound hypothermia and circulatory arrest.", "content": "A case report has been presented to illustrate that profound hypothermia with complete circulatory arrest may be used as an effective method to control massive hemorrhage and to repair lacerations resulting from trauma to the aortic arch. This method should be considered for control of bleeding in intrathoracic life-threatening situations.", "contents": "Traumatically injured aortic arch repaired under profound hypothermia and circulatory arrest. A case report has been presented to illustrate that profound hypothermia with complete circulatory arrest may be used as an effective method to control massive hemorrhage and to repair lacerations resulting from trauma to the aortic arch. This method should be considered for control of bleeding in intrathoracic life-threatening situations.", "PMID": 860861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13482", "title": "Abdominal pain of spinal origin. Value of intercostal block.", "content": "A prospective study was made of 73 patients presenting in one year with abdominal pain provisionally diagnosed as of spinal origin. The criteria for audit of diagnosis and treatment are defined. The diagnosis was confirmed in 53 patients, 49 of whom had been treated with a lignocaine intercostal block in the relevant segment. Thirty-three of these (67.3%) had both complete and prolonged relief. It is suggested that the block causes interruption of a vicious circle of pain and muscle spasm in a 'spinal reflex pain syndrome'.", "contents": "Abdominal pain of spinal origin. Value of intercostal block. A prospective study was made of 73 patients presenting in one year with abdominal pain provisionally diagnosed as of spinal origin. The criteria for audit of diagnosis and treatment are defined. The diagnosis was confirmed in 53 patients, 49 of whom had been treated with a lignocaine intercostal block in the relevant segment. Thirty-three of these (67.3%) had both complete and prolonged relief. It is suggested that the block causes interruption of a vicious circle of pain and muscle spasm in a 'spinal reflex pain syndrome'.", "PMID": 860866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13483", "title": "Supracostal incision for access to the upper abdomen.", "content": "A supracostal staggered incision in the form of an inverted U gives excellent exposure to the upper abdominal organs. It has been used in 915 operations and has been followed by partial wound dehiscence in only 3 patients. Postoperative discomfort is reduced in comparison with vertical incisions.", "contents": "Supracostal incision for access to the upper abdomen. A supracostal staggered incision in the form of an inverted U gives excellent exposure to the upper abdominal organs. It has been used in 915 operations and has been followed by partial wound dehiscence in only 3 patients. Postoperative discomfort is reduced in comparison with vertical incisions.", "PMID": 860868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13484", "title": "[Metabolism of steroids in the central nervous system and pituitary of various mammals].", "content": "The central nervous system and pituitary of various mammals were examined by radioautography after injection of different tritiated steroid hormones. After injection of 3H estradiol into ovariectomized mice, radioautograms revealed a significant labelling in cells of the amygdala, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the nucleus preopticus medialis, the nuclei arcuatus and ventro-medialis. The radioactive material was associated with the cell nuclei. Certain anterior lobe cells retained the hormone. After injection of 3H testosterone into castrated rats, the central nervous system and the anterior pituitary contained labelled cells. In the hypothalamus, the distribution pattern of androgen-neurons appears to be similar from the estrogen-neuron areas, although some differences in the number of cells and the intensity of labelling seen to exist. After injection of 3H progesterone into castrated estrogen-primed guinea-pigs, labelled neurons have been observed in the regions of nucleus arcuatus and nucleus preopticus suprachiasmaticus. However, the presence of progesterone receptors in the hypothalamus has not been still clearly demonstrated. After injection of 3H corticosterone into adrenalectomized male rats, radioactivity was found to be selectively concentrated in neurons of septum, hippocampal complex (precommissural hippocampus, cornu Ammonis, gyrus dentatus, subiculum) indusium griseum, amygdala and in certain areas of the cortex. Most of the silver grains were localized in the nuclei of labelled cells. On the other hand, after injection of 3H dexamethasone radioactivity concentration was high in the medial basal hypothalamus, in the anterior pituitary and in the pineal gland. Differences appear to exist in the topographic distribution of dexamethasone and corticosterone-concentrating cells.", "contents": "[Metabolism of steroids in the central nervous system and pituitary of various mammals]. The central nervous system and pituitary of various mammals were examined by radioautography after injection of different tritiated steroid hormones. After injection of 3H estradiol into ovariectomized mice, radioautograms revealed a significant labelling in cells of the amygdala, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the nucleus preopticus medialis, the nuclei arcuatus and ventro-medialis. The radioactive material was associated with the cell nuclei. Certain anterior lobe cells retained the hormone. After injection of 3H testosterone into castrated rats, the central nervous system and the anterior pituitary contained labelled cells. In the hypothalamus, the distribution pattern of androgen-neurons appears to be similar from the estrogen-neuron areas, although some differences in the number of cells and the intensity of labelling seen to exist. After injection of 3H progesterone into castrated estrogen-primed guinea-pigs, labelled neurons have been observed in the regions of nucleus arcuatus and nucleus preopticus suprachiasmaticus. However, the presence of progesterone receptors in the hypothalamus has not been still clearly demonstrated. After injection of 3H corticosterone into adrenalectomized male rats, radioactivity was found to be selectively concentrated in neurons of septum, hippocampal complex (precommissural hippocampus, cornu Ammonis, gyrus dentatus, subiculum) indusium griseum, amygdala and in certain areas of the cortex. Most of the silver grains were localized in the nuclei of labelled cells. On the other hand, after injection of 3H dexamethasone radioactivity concentration was high in the medial basal hypothalamus, in the anterior pituitary and in the pineal gland. Differences appear to exist in the topographic distribution of dexamethasone and corticosterone-concentrating cells.", "PMID": 860869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13485", "title": "[Radioimmunoassay for human plasma 8-arginine-vasopressin (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have developed a radioimmunoassay for human plasma vasopressin (AVP) which permits the estimation of antidiuretic hormon (ADH) levels as low as 0,8 pg/ml. The average plasma level of AVP after overnight water restriction was found to be 14,3 pg/ml (sd = 4,4 pg/ml) in normal subjects. They provoked a hypersecretion of ADH by the intravenous injection of 1-2 mg of nicotine. In 11 volunteer normal subjects this stimulation by nicotine provoked ADH hypersecretion which reached a maximum between 2nd and 15th minutes after injection. In 3 cases of diabetes insipidus, nicotine injection did not induce ADH hypersecretion; in 1 case of potomania this response was weak; in 2 cases of syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion, AVP plasma levels were elevated and the response after nicotine stimulation was exaggerated.", "contents": "[Radioimmunoassay for human plasma 8-arginine-vasopressin (author's transl)]. The authors have developed a radioimmunoassay for human plasma vasopressin (AVP) which permits the estimation of antidiuretic hormon (ADH) levels as low as 0,8 pg/ml. The average plasma level of AVP after overnight water restriction was found to be 14,3 pg/ml (sd = 4,4 pg/ml) in normal subjects. They provoked a hypersecretion of ADH by the intravenous injection of 1-2 mg of nicotine. In 11 volunteer normal subjects this stimulation by nicotine provoked ADH hypersecretion which reached a maximum between 2nd and 15th minutes after injection. In 3 cases of diabetes insipidus, nicotine injection did not induce ADH hypersecretion; in 1 case of potomania this response was weak; in 2 cases of syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion, AVP plasma levels were elevated and the response after nicotine stimulation was exaggerated.", "PMID": 860870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13486", "title": "[Characteristics of the antibiotic sensitivity of the pathogenic enterobacteria isolated from sick children].", "content": "The authors studied 2287 strains of pathogenic enteric bacteria, i.e. Shigella, enteropathogenic Escherichia and Salmonella freshly isolated from children with respect to their sensitivity to the most widely used antibiotics, i.e. levomycetin, tetracycline, streptomycin, monomycin, neomycin, kanamycin and erythromycin. Low sensitivity of these strains to the above antibiotics and their combinations was observed. In the treatment of children of this group it is necessary to take into account multiple antibiotic sensitivity of the isolates of the enteropathogenic bacteria.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the antibiotic sensitivity of the pathogenic enterobacteria isolated from sick children]. The authors studied 2287 strains of pathogenic enteric bacteria, i.e. Shigella, enteropathogenic Escherichia and Salmonella freshly isolated from children with respect to their sensitivity to the most widely used antibiotics, i.e. levomycetin, tetracycline, streptomycin, monomycin, neomycin, kanamycin and erythromycin. Low sensitivity of these strains to the above antibiotics and their combinations was observed. In the treatment of children of this group it is necessary to take into account multiple antibiotic sensitivity of the isolates of the enteropathogenic bacteria.", "PMID": 860871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13487", "title": "Rachitic respiratory distress in small preterm infants.", "content": "A syndrome of subacute respiratory distress, severe metabolic bone disease affecting the thoracic cage, and mild cholestasis occurred in 4 small preterm infants during the first three months of life and was associated with considerable morbidity. The early radiological features in the chest resembled thos of the Mikity-Wilson syndrome, with which the disorder may be confused. After spontaneous improvement in hepatic function 3 of the infants fully recovered. The fourth died of paralytic ileus. Various nutritional and absorptive abnormalities probably contribute to the pathogenesis of the bone disorder in this syndrome. The best prophylaxis might be to supplement the diet with 25-hydroxyvitamin D rather than native vitamin D.", "contents": "Rachitic respiratory distress in small preterm infants. A syndrome of subacute respiratory distress, severe metabolic bone disease affecting the thoracic cage, and mild cholestasis occurred in 4 small preterm infants during the first three months of life and was associated with considerable morbidity. The early radiological features in the chest resembled thos of the Mikity-Wilson syndrome, with which the disorder may be confused. After spontaneous improvement in hepatic function 3 of the infants fully recovered. The fourth died of paralytic ileus. Various nutritional and absorptive abnormalities probably contribute to the pathogenesis of the bone disorder in this syndrome. The best prophylaxis might be to supplement the diet with 25-hydroxyvitamin D rather than native vitamin D.", "PMID": 860872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13488", "title": "Standards for skinfold thickness in British newborn infants.", "content": "Standards of triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses for 1293 Caucasian newborn infants of gestational ages 37-42 weeks, and of 0-25 kg birthweight intervals between 2-25 and 4-5 kg are presented. Female infants had a greater skinfold thickness than males, and the subscapular skinfold was greater than the triceps. The skinfold thickness in both males and females declined after 40 weeks of gestation.", "contents": "Standards for skinfold thickness in British newborn infants. Standards of triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses for 1293 Caucasian newborn infants of gestational ages 37-42 weeks, and of 0-25 kg birthweight intervals between 2-25 and 4-5 kg are presented. Female infants had a greater skinfold thickness than males, and the subscapular skinfold was greater than the triceps. The skinfold thickness in both males and females declined after 40 weeks of gestation.", "PMID": 860873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13489", "title": "Endocrine and metabolic response in the human newborn to first feed of breast milk.", "content": "The hormonal and metabolic response to the first feed of breast milk was studied in 12 infants at 4-6 hours of age. After the feed there was an increase in blood glucose concentration but no changes in the concentrations of lactate, pyruvate, alanine, or ketone bodies. The feed was followed by an increase in the concentrations of plasma insulin, growth hormone, gastrin, and enteroglucagon, but no change in levels of plasma glucagon or gastric inhibitory peptide. Several hormone systems are functionally active at birth and are stimulated by the first feed of milk.", "contents": "Endocrine and metabolic response in the human newborn to first feed of breast milk. The hormonal and metabolic response to the first feed of breast milk was studied in 12 infants at 4-6 hours of age. After the feed there was an increase in blood glucose concentration but no changes in the concentrations of lactate, pyruvate, alanine, or ketone bodies. The feed was followed by an increase in the concentrations of plasma insulin, growth hormone, gastrin, and enteroglucagon, but no change in levels of plasma glucagon or gastric inhibitory peptide. Several hormone systems are functionally active at birth and are stimulated by the first feed of milk.", "PMID": 860874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13490", "title": "Comparative study of group A and group C meningococcal infection.", "content": "114 patients with meningococcal infection were studied; 72 had group C infection and 42 group A infection. 14 patients had acute meningococcaemia, all of whom had group C infection and 9 of whom died. Clinical and laboratory findings were similar in patients with meningitis due to a group A and C organisms, but arthritis and cutaneous vasculitis were more common in patients with group C infection. The overall mortality was 22% in patients with group C infection, and 12% in patients with group A infection, but was the same in both groups when cases of acute meningococcaemia are excluded.", "contents": "Comparative study of group A and group C meningococcal infection. 114 patients with meningococcal infection were studied; 72 had group C infection and 42 group A infection. 14 patients had acute meningococcaemia, all of whom had group C infection and 9 of whom died. Clinical and laboratory findings were similar in patients with meningitis due to a group A and C organisms, but arthritis and cutaneous vasculitis were more common in patients with group C infection. The overall mortality was 22% in patients with group C infection, and 12% in patients with group A infection, but was the same in both groups when cases of acute meningococcaemia are excluded.", "PMID": 860875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13491", "title": "Symptomatic sinus arrest in a young girl.", "content": "Sinus node dysfunction, previously unreported in girls, occurred in a 13-year-old girl who required permanent pacemaker implantation because of recurrent syncopal attacks. In addition to periodic sinus arrest, the presence of significant atrioventricular conduction disturbance was also documented. Although she had had a persistent ductus arteriosus divided at an earlier age, the disturbance of rhythm and conduction cannot be ascribed to a congenitial or haemodynamic abnormality. An acquired origin can only be postulated.", "contents": "Symptomatic sinus arrest in a young girl. Sinus node dysfunction, previously unreported in girls, occurred in a 13-year-old girl who required permanent pacemaker implantation because of recurrent syncopal attacks. In addition to periodic sinus arrest, the presence of significant atrioventricular conduction disturbance was also documented. Although she had had a persistent ductus arteriosus divided at an earlier age, the disturbance of rhythm and conduction cannot be ascribed to a congenitial or haemodynamic abnormality. An acquired origin can only be postulated.", "PMID": 860876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13492", "title": "Carotid endarterectomy: neurologic complications as related to surgical techniques.", "content": "Three hundred seventeen carotid endarterectomies performed on 240 consecutive patients in four Charleston hospitals were reviewed. The overall incidence of stroke was 10.7% and the mortality 3.2%. From these 317 operations a standardized series of 253 operations performed on neurologically stable patients was analyzed for neurologic complications as related to the use of an intra-operative shunt. Additional factors studied were length of time of carotid occlusion and degree of contralateral carotid stenosis. From the standardized series the incidence of stroke in 137 shunted cases was 9.5%, and in 116 non-shunted cases was 0.9%, a significant difference (p less than 0.01). Carotid artery occlusion times from 30 seconds to 12 minutes in the shunted group, and three minutes to 24 minutes in the non-shunted group had no relationship to the incidence of stroke. Significant contralateral carotid artery stenosis, present in 28/137 shunted cases and 30/116 non-shunted cases, had no predictive value in the development of a stroke. The use of an intra-operative shunt did not protect against stroke in these patients.", "contents": "Carotid endarterectomy: neurologic complications as related to surgical techniques. Three hundred seventeen carotid endarterectomies performed on 240 consecutive patients in four Charleston hospitals were reviewed. The overall incidence of stroke was 10.7% and the mortality 3.2%. From these 317 operations a standardized series of 253 operations performed on neurologically stable patients was analyzed for neurologic complications as related to the use of an intra-operative shunt. Additional factors studied were length of time of carotid occlusion and degree of contralateral carotid stenosis. From the standardized series the incidence of stroke in 137 shunted cases was 9.5%, and in 116 non-shunted cases was 0.9%, a significant difference (p less than 0.01). Carotid artery occlusion times from 30 seconds to 12 minutes in the shunted group, and three minutes to 24 minutes in the non-shunted group had no relationship to the incidence of stroke. Significant contralateral carotid artery stenosis, present in 28/137 shunted cases and 30/116 non-shunted cases, had no predictive value in the development of a stroke. The use of an intra-operative shunt did not protect against stroke in these patients.", "PMID": 860880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13493", "title": "Concomitant aortic valve replacement and myocardial revascularization.", "content": "Twenty-six consecutive patients underwent combined aortic valve replacement and myocardial revascularization at the Emory University Affiliated Hospitals between May, 1973 and March, 1976. Acute myocardial infarction resulted in two operative deaths (8%). There have been four late deaths, all Class IV preoperative. The age range was 37 to 79 years with an average age of 60. Preoperatively all patients were Class IV or late Class III. Twenty-three patients had symptoms of angina pectoris; congestive heart failure was evident in 56%. Postoperatively, 70% are now Class 1 or II. Single coronary bypass was performed in 16 patients, double in 6, and triple in three. Double bypass plus mitral valve replacement was required in two with aneurysmectomy in one. The rate of intraoperative infarction was 27% for the series but only 7% in the last year. The methods of intraoperative myocardial preservation and the technical approach for the operative procedures were variable. Results with each method are correlated, and currently preferred techniques are presented and discussed. Best results were obtained in patients who presented early in their symptomatic course with isolated proximal coronary lesions and good renoff vessels. Excellent results could be achieved despite advanced age of patients, requirement for multiple bypass grafts, and correction of other associated cardiac lesions. Poorest results were obtained when long-standing ventricular failure was combined with poor vessels distal to coronary stenoses.", "contents": "Concomitant aortic valve replacement and myocardial revascularization. Twenty-six consecutive patients underwent combined aortic valve replacement and myocardial revascularization at the Emory University Affiliated Hospitals between May, 1973 and March, 1976. Acute myocardial infarction resulted in two operative deaths (8%). There have been four late deaths, all Class IV preoperative. The age range was 37 to 79 years with an average age of 60. Preoperatively all patients were Class IV or late Class III. Twenty-three patients had symptoms of angina pectoris; congestive heart failure was evident in 56%. Postoperatively, 70% are now Class 1 or II. Single coronary bypass was performed in 16 patients, double in 6, and triple in three. Double bypass plus mitral valve replacement was required in two with aneurysmectomy in one. The rate of intraoperative infarction was 27% for the series but only 7% in the last year. The methods of intraoperative myocardial preservation and the technical approach for the operative procedures were variable. Results with each method are correlated, and currently preferred techniques are presented and discussed. Best results were obtained in patients who presented early in their symptomatic course with isolated proximal coronary lesions and good renoff vessels. Excellent results could be achieved despite advanced age of patients, requirement for multiple bypass grafts, and correction of other associated cardiac lesions. Poorest results were obtained when long-standing ventricular failure was combined with poor vessels distal to coronary stenoses.", "PMID": 860881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13494", "title": "Blue light-dependent regulation of cytoplasmic ribosomal RNA synthesis in Chlorella.", "content": "Effect of blue and red light on ribosomal RNA synthesis in autotrophic synchronous cultures of Chlorella pyrenoidosa (strain 211-8b) is studied by pulse labeling experiments with tritiated guanosine. Nucleic acids were separated by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. Compared with darkness and red light (679 nm), blue light (457 nm) of equal quantum flux (0.5-5x10(-10) Einstein cm-2 s-1) stimulates incorporation into ribosomal RNA. This blue light effect is observed in the cytoplasmic ribosomal RNA after 5 min of illumination, whereas the stimulation of chloroplast ribosomal RNA synthesis by blue light appears later. Maturation of chloroplast ribosomal RNA is slower than that of cytoplasmic ribosomal RNA. The blue light effect on the cytoplasmic ribosomal RNA formation does not require chloroplast RNA or protein synthesis as shown by inhibitor studies with rifampicin or lincomycin. The blocking of cytoplasmic protein synthesis by cycloheximide inhibits the blue light effect on ribosomal RNA formation. It is concluded that the cytoplasmic ribosomal RNA transcription is controlled by a blue light sensitive system.", "contents": "Blue light-dependent regulation of cytoplasmic ribosomal RNA synthesis in Chlorella. Effect of blue and red light on ribosomal RNA synthesis in autotrophic synchronous cultures of Chlorella pyrenoidosa (strain 211-8b) is studied by pulse labeling experiments with tritiated guanosine. Nucleic acids were separated by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. Compared with darkness and red light (679 nm), blue light (457 nm) of equal quantum flux (0.5-5x10(-10) Einstein cm-2 s-1) stimulates incorporation into ribosomal RNA. This blue light effect is observed in the cytoplasmic ribosomal RNA after 5 min of illumination, whereas the stimulation of chloroplast ribosomal RNA synthesis by blue light appears later. Maturation of chloroplast ribosomal RNA is slower than that of cytoplasmic ribosomal RNA. The blue light effect on the cytoplasmic ribosomal RNA formation does not require chloroplast RNA or protein synthesis as shown by inhibitor studies with rifampicin or lincomycin. The blocking of cytoplasmic protein synthesis by cycloheximide inhibits the blue light effect on ribosomal RNA formation. It is concluded that the cytoplasmic ribosomal RNA transcription is controlled by a blue light sensitive system.", "PMID": 860887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13495", "title": "Cell wall carbohydrates in Phycomyces blakeslesanus Burgeff.", "content": "The carbohydrate composition of the cell walls from spores, mycelium and sporangiophores of Phycomyces blakesleeanus was analyzed. Spore wall polysaccharides contained over 50% glucose, about 20% uronic acids, 10% mannose and 10% amino-sugars. During the growth of the hyphae amino-sugars became the main carbohydrate (45%); uronic acids contributed some 25%, glucose and fructose 10% and galactose nearly 6%. Sporangiophores contained almost 90% aminosurgars and some 6% uronic acids. Traces of rhamnose were found in all wall preparations. A similar picture emerged from studies on the incorporation of [U-14C]-glucose into wall materials. Furthermore we looked for a GDP-fucose synthesizing system and found an increasing activity during early germination. This rise in activity was inhibited by cycloheximide but only by 5-fluorouracil.", "contents": "Cell wall carbohydrates in Phycomyces blakeslesanus Burgeff. The carbohydrate composition of the cell walls from spores, mycelium and sporangiophores of Phycomyces blakesleeanus was analyzed. Spore wall polysaccharides contained over 50% glucose, about 20% uronic acids, 10% mannose and 10% amino-sugars. During the growth of the hyphae amino-sugars became the main carbohydrate (45%); uronic acids contributed some 25%, glucose and fructose 10% and galactose nearly 6%. Sporangiophores contained almost 90% aminosurgars and some 6% uronic acids. Traces of rhamnose were found in all wall preparations. A similar picture emerged from studies on the incorporation of [U-14C]-glucose into wall materials. Furthermore we looked for a GDP-fucose synthesizing system and found an increasing activity during early germination. This rise in activity was inhibited by cycloheximide but only by 5-fluorouracil.", "PMID": 860888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13496", "title": "Synaptonemal complexes in antheridia of Achlya ambisexualis E87.", "content": "This is the first report of longitudinal sections of synaptonemal complexes in o\u00f6mycetous fungi. These indicators of meiosis were observed in antheridial nuclei of Achlya ambisexualis E87. They were attached to a platelike structure at the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope. The lateral elements were separated from each other by an average distance of 160nm. These results provide new ultrastructural evidence for gametangial meiosis in O\u00f6mycetes.", "contents": "Synaptonemal complexes in antheridia of Achlya ambisexualis E87. This is the first report of longitudinal sections of synaptonemal complexes in o\u00f6mycetous fungi. These indicators of meiosis were observed in antheridial nuclei of Achlya ambisexualis E87. They were attached to a platelike structure at the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope. The lateral elements were separated from each other by an average distance of 160nm. These results provide new ultrastructural evidence for gametangial meiosis in O\u00f6mycetes.", "PMID": 860889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13497", "title": "Hyperserotonemia and amine metabolites in autistic and retarded children.", "content": "Mean whole blood serotonin (5-HT) levels were elevated in groups of autistic and severely retarded children. Eight of 27 (30%) individual autistic children, 13 of 25 (52%) severely retarded children, two of 23 (9%) mildly retarded children, and none of the control children had statistically significant blood 5-HT levels elevations (hyperserotonemia). Hyperserotonemic autistic children excreted more urinary 5-HT, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), tryptamine, and vanillylmandelic acid than did mildly retarded children with normal blood 5-HT levels. Rates of depletion and repletion of blood 5-HT levels in these two groups following reserpine therapy were identical. Oral tryptophan administration doubled urinary 5-HIAA excretion in both groups and raised urinary 5-HT levels in hyperserotonemic autistic children, but lowered urinary 5-HT in mildly retarded, normal blood 5-HT children. No clear mechanism for hyperserotonemia was found; the rationale for further investigations is discussed.", "contents": "Hyperserotonemia and amine metabolites in autistic and retarded children. Mean whole blood serotonin (5-HT) levels were elevated in groups of autistic and severely retarded children. Eight of 27 (30%) individual autistic children, 13 of 25 (52%) severely retarded children, two of 23 (9%) mildly retarded children, and none of the control children had statistically significant blood 5-HT levels elevations (hyperserotonemia). Hyperserotonemic autistic children excreted more urinary 5-HT, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), tryptamine, and vanillylmandelic acid than did mildly retarded children with normal blood 5-HT levels. Rates of depletion and repletion of blood 5-HT levels in these two groups following reserpine therapy were identical. Oral tryptophan administration doubled urinary 5-HIAA excretion in both groups and raised urinary 5-HT levels in hyperserotonemic autistic children, but lowered urinary 5-HT in mildly retarded, normal blood 5-HT children. No clear mechanism for hyperserotonemia was found; the rationale for further investigations is discussed.", "PMID": 860890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13498", "title": "Dopamine and serotonin metabolism in neuropsychiatrically disturbed children. CSF homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid.", "content": "Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and probenecid were measured in four subgroups of neuropsychiatrically disturbed children and a contrast group of pediatric patients. With the exception of a serotonin metabolite difference between autistic and nonautistic psychotic children, there were no significant differences in metabolite concentrations among autistic, nonautistic psychotic, aphasic, and cognitively and attentionally impaired groups, or between the developmentally disabled and contrast groups of children. Younger children had higher concentrations of HVA than older children. Girls had significantly lower HVA/probenecid ratios than boys, which did not appear to be related to underlying neuropsychiatric disorder. Significant probenecid-metabolite correlations indicate the importance of measuring probenecid in the cerebrospinal fluid in clinical studies.", "contents": "Dopamine and serotonin metabolism in neuropsychiatrically disturbed children. CSF homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and probenecid were measured in four subgroups of neuropsychiatrically disturbed children and a contrast group of pediatric patients. With the exception of a serotonin metabolite difference between autistic and nonautistic psychotic children, there were no significant differences in metabolite concentrations among autistic, nonautistic psychotic, aphasic, and cognitively and attentionally impaired groups, or between the developmentally disabled and contrast groups of children. Younger children had higher concentrations of HVA than older children. Girls had significantly lower HVA/probenecid ratios than boys, which did not appear to be related to underlying neuropsychiatric disorder. Significant probenecid-metabolite correlations indicate the importance of measuring probenecid in the cerebrospinal fluid in clinical studies.", "PMID": 860891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13499", "title": "Sustained attention in children at risk for schizophrenia. Report on a continuous performance test.", "content": "A test of sustained attention (the Continuous Performance Test) was administered to a group of children at risk for the eventual manifestation of schizophrenia and to a group of \"normal control\" children. Differences in performance between the two groups were attributable to poorer discriminability on the part of the high-risk subjects.", "contents": "Sustained attention in children at risk for schizophrenia. Report on a continuous performance test. A test of sustained attention (the Continuous Performance Test) was administered to a group of children at risk for the eventual manifestation of schizophrenia and to a group of \"normal control\" children. Differences in performance between the two groups were attributable to poorer discriminability on the part of the high-risk subjects.", "PMID": 860892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13500", "title": "Eye tracking in relation to age, sex, and illness.", "content": "Impaired eye-tracking performance in psychotic patients has been previously demonstrated. Nine groups of ten patients each were used to determine if, when equated for age and sex, some of the eye-tracking dysfunction observed by others could be alternately explained in terms of aging, sex, or the presence of Parkinson-like symptoms. Horizontal eye tracking was recorded while patients visually tracked a target moving at 5degrees/sec and 20degrees/sec. Both sinusoidal and triangular target movements were used. Results indicated that Parkinson patients were the poorest eye trackers and that young normal men were the best. Additionally, men were better eye trackers than women and normal controls were better eye trackers than were schizophrenic patients or their parents.", "contents": "Eye tracking in relation to age, sex, and illness. Impaired eye-tracking performance in psychotic patients has been previously demonstrated. Nine groups of ten patients each were used to determine if, when equated for age and sex, some of the eye-tracking dysfunction observed by others could be alternately explained in terms of aging, sex, or the presence of Parkinson-like symptoms. Horizontal eye tracking was recorded while patients visually tracked a target moving at 5degrees/sec and 20degrees/sec. Both sinusoidal and triangular target movements were used. Results indicated that Parkinson patients were the poorest eye trackers and that young normal men were the best. Additionally, men were better eye trackers than women and normal controls were better eye trackers than were schizophrenic patients or their parents.", "PMID": 860893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13501", "title": "A comparison study of amitriptyline and nortriptyline with plasma levels.", "content": "Forty-one depressed outpatients were treated for six weeks after random assignment to amitriptyline hydrochloride (N = 22) or nortriptyline hydrochloride (N = 19). On a mean daily dose of 119 mg, amitriptyline-treated patients had a mean tricyclic level (amitriptyline plus nortriptyline) of 120 ng/ml. Nortriptyline-treated patients on a mean dose of 117 mg/day had a mean nortriptyline level of 141 ng/ml. The two drugs were equally effective in the treatment of depression. The correlation between the Hamilton Score and the mean tricyclic level was negative in the amitriptyline-treated patients (r = -0.54, P less than .025) and positive in the nortriptyline-treated patients (r = -0.49, P less than .05). Patients treated with amitriptyline or nortriptyline with plasma levels within the therapeutic range, defined in other laboratories, had a better response, as measured by the Hamilton Score (P less than .001), Zung Score (P less than .01), and percent recovered (P less than .001), than those above or below the therapeutic range.", "contents": "A comparison study of amitriptyline and nortriptyline with plasma levels. Forty-one depressed outpatients were treated for six weeks after random assignment to amitriptyline hydrochloride (N = 22) or nortriptyline hydrochloride (N = 19). On a mean daily dose of 119 mg, amitriptyline-treated patients had a mean tricyclic level (amitriptyline plus nortriptyline) of 120 ng/ml. Nortriptyline-treated patients on a mean dose of 117 mg/day had a mean nortriptyline level of 141 ng/ml. The two drugs were equally effective in the treatment of depression. The correlation between the Hamilton Score and the mean tricyclic level was negative in the amitriptyline-treated patients (r = -0.54, P less than .025) and positive in the nortriptyline-treated patients (r = -0.49, P less than .05). Patients treated with amitriptyline or nortriptyline with plasma levels within the therapeutic range, defined in other laboratories, had a better response, as measured by the Hamilton Score (P less than .001), Zung Score (P less than .01), and percent recovered (P less than .001), than those above or below the therapeutic range.", "PMID": 860894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13502", "title": "Language therapy effects in long term aphasia.", "content": "This report describes the results of language therapy initiated 1 to 6 years after the onset of aphasia in 14 patients. During the course of treatment, each of the 14 patients improved strongly in their communicative abilities (PICA), according to clinical observation and reports from family, hospital ward personnel, or both.", "contents": "Language therapy effects in long term aphasia. This report describes the results of language therapy initiated 1 to 6 years after the onset of aphasia in 14 patients. During the course of treatment, each of the 14 patients improved strongly in their communicative abilities (PICA), according to clinical observation and reports from family, hospital ward personnel, or both.", "PMID": 860907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13503", "title": "Social discomfort in the patient with spinal cord injury.", "content": "A 20-item inventory of social situations which might create anxiety and/or lead to aviodance in patients with spinal cord injury was administered to 40 male inpatients. The respondents rated each item on the basis of the amount of social discomfort they would feel in the situation. The results were analyzed by dividing the subjects into eight groups based on age, type of injury and length of time since injury. On the total score of the items rated as producing the most discomfort, older patients, regardless of type or duration of injury, perceived themselves as having more social discomfort in these situations than younger patients. Implications for social skills training programs and further assessment procedures are discussed.", "contents": "Social discomfort in the patient with spinal cord injury. A 20-item inventory of social situations which might create anxiety and/or lead to aviodance in patients with spinal cord injury was administered to 40 male inpatients. The respondents rated each item on the basis of the amount of social discomfort they would feel in the situation. The results were analyzed by dividing the subjects into eight groups based on age, type of injury and length of time since injury. On the total score of the items rated as producing the most discomfort, older patients, regardless of type or duration of injury, perceived themselves as having more social discomfort in these situations than younger patients. Implications for social skills training programs and further assessment procedures are discussed.", "PMID": 860908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13504", "title": "Cylinder splints: their use in the treatment of arthritis of the knee.", "content": "Cylinder knee splints afforded significant relief of pain and were not associated with loss of range of motion or muscle strength in 13 of 15 patients. Splints help patients who demonstrate persistent synovitis of the knee, who do not respond to intraarticular injection of steroids, and for whom surgery is not immediately appropriate. The fiberglass polymer used in this study has several advantages over plaster for splints.", "contents": "Cylinder splints: their use in the treatment of arthritis of the knee. Cylinder knee splints afforded significant relief of pain and were not associated with loss of range of motion or muscle strength in 13 of 15 patients. Splints help patients who demonstrate persistent synovitis of the knee, who do not respond to intraarticular injection of steroids, and for whom surgery is not immediately appropriate. The fiberglass polymer used in this study has several advantages over plaster for splints.", "PMID": 860909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13505", "title": "Foot mass effect on gait in the prosthetic limb.", "content": "A series of patients with amputations were investigated to determine the effect on gait of increasing the mass of the prosthetic foot. Weights of 113.4 and 226.8 gm (4 and 8 oz) were added and gait parameters observed. No changes were noted as the result of the extra foot mass.", "contents": "Foot mass effect on gait in the prosthetic limb. A series of patients with amputations were investigated to determine the effect on gait of increasing the mass of the prosthetic foot. Weights of 113.4 and 226.8 gm (4 and 8 oz) were added and gait parameters observed. No changes were noted as the result of the extra foot mass.", "PMID": 860910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13506", "title": "Primary small bowel volvulus: cause and management.", "content": "Most reports of patients with primary small bowel volvulus have indicated that the ingestion of a high-bulk vegetable diet in some way contributes to the development of this condition. During a recent 13-month period at Nangarhar University Hospital at Jalalabad, Afghanistan, the frequency of occurrence among 26 patients was found to be related to abrupt changes in dietary intake. The first and last months of the study were Ramadan, the annual period in which Mohammedans abstain from all oral intake during daylight hours and take a single large meal after dark. During these two isolated months, there was a ten fold and nine fold increase, respectively, in the incidence of the condition. Early diagnosis and surgical intervention offer the only possibility for minimizing an otherwise excessive mortality.", "contents": "Primary small bowel volvulus: cause and management. Most reports of patients with primary small bowel volvulus have indicated that the ingestion of a high-bulk vegetable diet in some way contributes to the development of this condition. During a recent 13-month period at Nangarhar University Hospital at Jalalabad, Afghanistan, the frequency of occurrence among 26 patients was found to be related to abrupt changes in dietary intake. The first and last months of the study were Ramadan, the annual period in which Mohammedans abstain from all oral intake during daylight hours and take a single large meal after dark. During these two isolated months, there was a ten fold and nine fold increase, respectively, in the incidence of the condition. Early diagnosis and surgical intervention offer the only possibility for minimizing an otherwise excessive mortality.", "PMID": 860919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13507", "title": "Tumor cells in venous blood draining mammary carcinomas.", "content": "Tumor cells were identified in mammary vein blood in ten of 38 (26.6%) patients during total mastectomy with axillary dissection performed as the primary therapy for breast carcinoma (pathological stages I and II). This finding was analyzed with respect to 35 histological characteristics of the primary tumors. The presence of blood-borne tumor cells was inversely related to perineural space invasion, whereas there was no apparent relationship with the remaining 34 characteristics. The significance of blood-borne tumor cells remains unknown.", "contents": "Tumor cells in venous blood draining mammary carcinomas. Tumor cells were identified in mammary vein blood in ten of 38 (26.6%) patients during total mastectomy with axillary dissection performed as the primary therapy for breast carcinoma (pathological stages I and II). This finding was analyzed with respect to 35 histological characteristics of the primary tumors. The presence of blood-borne tumor cells was inversely related to perineural space invasion, whereas there was no apparent relationship with the remaining 34 characteristics. The significance of blood-borne tumor cells remains unknown.", "PMID": 860920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13508", "title": "[Circadian variations of bilirubin in the blood].", "content": "A group of 12 presumably healthy subjects was standardized for 7 days with rest time extending from 22.00 to 05.00. Meals were scheduled at 08.00-08.30, 12.00-12.30, 17.30-18.00 and the amounts consumed were standardized and measured. Each subject was sampled at 4-hour intervals throughout one 24-hour period; this involved the measurement of body temperature, radial pulse, blood pressure. In addition a sample of blood was collected at each time point and subsequently total, direct and indirect bilirubin measurement was made on each sample of serum. All data were analized by macroscopic approach (chronograms) and by mean cosinor. A circadian rhythm is detected in total, direct and indirect serum bilirubin.", "contents": "[Circadian variations of bilirubin in the blood]. A group of 12 presumably healthy subjects was standardized for 7 days with rest time extending from 22.00 to 05.00. Meals were scheduled at 08.00-08.30, 12.00-12.30, 17.30-18.00 and the amounts consumed were standardized and measured. Each subject was sampled at 4-hour intervals throughout one 24-hour period; this involved the measurement of body temperature, radial pulse, blood pressure. In addition a sample of blood was collected at each time point and subsequently total, direct and indirect bilirubin measurement was made on each sample of serum. All data were analized by macroscopic approach (chronograms) and by mean cosinor. A circadian rhythm is detected in total, direct and indirect serum bilirubin.", "PMID": 860915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13509", "title": "Reversal of vertebral artery blood flow demonstrated by Doppler ultrasound.", "content": "Vertebral artery blood flow was studied by a Doppler ultrasound technique in two patients with the subclavian steal syndrome. The Doppler probe was positioned in the region of the Chassaignac tubercle. The direction of vertebral artery flow corresponded with the angiographic flow direction preoperatively. Postoperatively, the technique was used to confirm the patency of a carotid-subclavian graft, and also to study the hemodynamic effects of axillary-axillary grafting. Reversal of vertebral flow direction was easily demonstrated by this technique, which is simpler to perform than previously described methods.", "contents": "Reversal of vertebral artery blood flow demonstrated by Doppler ultrasound. Vertebral artery blood flow was studied by a Doppler ultrasound technique in two patients with the subclavian steal syndrome. The Doppler probe was positioned in the region of the Chassaignac tubercle. The direction of vertebral artery flow corresponded with the angiographic flow direction preoperatively. Postoperatively, the technique was used to confirm the patency of a carotid-subclavian graft, and also to study the hemodynamic effects of axillary-axillary grafting. Reversal of vertebral flow direction was easily demonstrated by this technique, which is simpler to perform than previously described methods.", "PMID": 860921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13510", "title": "[Changes in insulin (IRI) and NEFA levels in diabetic subjects after acute intravenous glipizide and tolbutamide administration].", "content": "Glypizide and i.v. tolbutamide were administered to a series of diabetics. On different days, 10 subjects (controls for themselves) received 1 mg glypizide anal 100 mg tolbutamide; a further 10 received 2 mg glypizide and 200 mg tolbutamide. Blood sugar and insulin and NEFA values were determined every 10' for one hour after the injection. It was found that the hypoglycaemising activity of glypizide was about 140 times that of tolbutamide. It also caused a greater incretion of insuline and a more marked reduction of NEFA.", "contents": "[Changes in insulin (IRI) and NEFA levels in diabetic subjects after acute intravenous glipizide and tolbutamide administration]. Glypizide and i.v. tolbutamide were administered to a series of diabetics. On different days, 10 subjects (controls for themselves) received 1 mg glypizide anal 100 mg tolbutamide; a further 10 received 2 mg glypizide and 200 mg tolbutamide. Blood sugar and insulin and NEFA values were determined every 10' for one hour after the injection. It was found that the hypoglycaemising activity of glypizide was about 140 times that of tolbutamide. It also caused a greater incretion of insuline and a more marked reduction of NEFA.", "PMID": 860916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13511", "title": "[Water and electrolyte composition of the body in the newborn infant].", "content": "The hydro-electrolytic composition of a newborn organism is different from that of an adult and this must be attributed only to a deficiency in the function of kidney which is already anatomically and morfologically complete from birth. The kidney hypofunction, which is more evident in the premature baby, can negatively affect the whole hydro-electrolytic equilibrium of the newborn child. It is therefore necessary to know such problems in order to correct any alteration of the hydro-electrolytic equilibrium in such a delicate phase for the human organism as is the neonatal.", "contents": "[Water and electrolyte composition of the body in the newborn infant]. The hydro-electrolytic composition of a newborn organism is different from that of an adult and this must be attributed only to a deficiency in the function of kidney which is already anatomically and morfologically complete from birth. The kidney hypofunction, which is more evident in the premature baby, can negatively affect the whole hydro-electrolytic equilibrium of the newborn child. It is therefore necessary to know such problems in order to correct any alteration of the hydro-electrolytic equilibrium in such a delicate phase for the human organism as is the neonatal.", "PMID": 860917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13512", "title": "Postichemic renal failure: accelerated recovery with adenosine triphosphate-magnesium chloride infusion.", "content": "Since previous studies have shown a protective effect of the administration of adenosine triphosphate-magnesium chloride (ATP-MgCl2) in shock, the present study was undertaken to determine the effect of the infusion of ATP-MgCl2 after 30 minutes of renal artery occlusion. In animals who received no infusion or only MgCl2, the combination of reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR), marked diuresis, and reperfusion of the outer cortex suggested that these animals were in the early recovery phase of acute renal failure. In the animals who received ATP-MgCl2, there was improved GRF, no diuresis, and a normal pattern of cortical blood flow distribution. These findings would suggest that the infusion of ATP-MgCl2 appears to have either ameliorated the effect of renal ischemia, or to have accelerated the recovery process. While the precise mechanism of action of ATP-MgCl2 remains unknown, these observations may have important implications for future use in organ preservation and the management of acute renal failure.", "contents": "Postichemic renal failure: accelerated recovery with adenosine triphosphate-magnesium chloride infusion. Since previous studies have shown a protective effect of the administration of adenosine triphosphate-magnesium chloride (ATP-MgCl2) in shock, the present study was undertaken to determine the effect of the infusion of ATP-MgCl2 after 30 minutes of renal artery occlusion. In animals who received no infusion or only MgCl2, the combination of reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR), marked diuresis, and reperfusion of the outer cortex suggested that these animals were in the early recovery phase of acute renal failure. In the animals who received ATP-MgCl2, there was improved GRF, no diuresis, and a normal pattern of cortical blood flow distribution. These findings would suggest that the infusion of ATP-MgCl2 appears to have either ameliorated the effect of renal ischemia, or to have accelerated the recovery process. While the precise mechanism of action of ATP-MgCl2 remains unknown, these observations may have important implications for future use in organ preservation and the management of acute renal failure.", "PMID": 860922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13513", "title": "[Ampicillin in high doses in bronchopneumopathies in aged patients].", "content": "Ampicillin at 2-4 g/day per os and 2 g/12 hr slow venous drip gave good results in 88% of 25 and 90% of 20 cases of bronchopneumopathy respectively. Tolerance was excellent in all but 4 cases. In spite of the introduction of new semi-synthetic penicillins, it is felt that ampicillin must still be rated as one of the most effective and best tolerated antibiotics. At the doses at present recommended, it is of particular significance in the treatment of aged subjects.", "contents": "[Ampicillin in high doses in bronchopneumopathies in aged patients]. Ampicillin at 2-4 g/day per os and 2 g/12 hr slow venous drip gave good results in 88% of 25 and 90% of 20 cases of bronchopneumopathy respectively. Tolerance was excellent in all but 4 cases. In spite of the introduction of new semi-synthetic penicillins, it is felt that ampicillin must still be rated as one of the most effective and best tolerated antibiotics. At the doses at present recommended, it is of particular significance in the treatment of aged subjects.", "PMID": 860918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13514", "title": "Radiologic diagnosis of appendicitis.", "content": "Many articles published in the medical literature have stated that a normal-appearing appendix as seen via contrast enema is inconsistent with the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. This assumes that appendicitis is always associated with complete luminal obstruction of the appendix, and that the length of the normal appendix is known to the interpreter of the x-ray examination. Retrospective analysis of the barium contrast studies of three patients found to have acute appendicitis demonstrated the limitations of this hypothesis. These patients were diagnosed as having acute appendicitis at operation in spite of radiologic evidence of normal-appearing appendices. We review radiologic findings that can be helpful in recognizing this condition and discuss the severe limitations of barium contrast studies in making an accurate diagnosis.", "contents": "Radiologic diagnosis of appendicitis. Many articles published in the medical literature have stated that a normal-appearing appendix as seen via contrast enema is inconsistent with the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. This assumes that appendicitis is always associated with complete luminal obstruction of the appendix, and that the length of the normal appendix is known to the interpreter of the x-ray examination. Retrospective analysis of the barium contrast studies of three patients found to have acute appendicitis demonstrated the limitations of this hypothesis. These patients were diagnosed as having acute appendicitis at operation in spite of radiologic evidence of normal-appearing appendices. We review radiologic findings that can be helpful in recognizing this condition and discuss the severe limitations of barium contrast studies in making an accurate diagnosis.", "PMID": 860923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13515", "title": "Psychological aspects of pain patient treatment.", "content": "Acute and chronic pain complaints are in part determined by psychological factors unrelated to disease or trauma. Suffering associated with acute pain is greatly influenced by the anxiety of the patient, and it can be managed by helping him form useful defensive attitudes toward the pain he will experience. Chronic pain, in contrast, tends to be linked to personality problems and payoffs in the home and job situation for adopting a sick role. Both pain states may be usefully construed as problems of perceptual distortion. A model for the perception of pain is presented and suggestions for applying psychological considerations in the diagnosis and management of pain states are offered.", "contents": "Psychological aspects of pain patient treatment. Acute and chronic pain complaints are in part determined by psychological factors unrelated to disease or trauma. Suffering associated with acute pain is greatly influenced by the anxiety of the patient, and it can be managed by helping him form useful defensive attitudes toward the pain he will experience. Chronic pain, in contrast, tends to be linked to personality problems and payoffs in the home and job situation for adopting a sick role. Both pain states may be usefully construed as problems of perceptual distortion. A model for the perception of pain is presented and suggestions for applying psychological considerations in the diagnosis and management of pain states are offered.", "PMID": 860925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13516", "title": "Basic principles in managing chronic pain.", "content": "Experience over the past 30 years suggests that treatment of patients with chronic pain is best achieved through a multidisciplinary team approach. The pain clinic at the University of Washington, started in 1961, has developed into a group of 20 health professionals representing 13 disciplines. Successful operation of such a heterogenous group depends on careful organization and a clear definition of responsibility. A patient is referred to a specific member, who becomes his manager, or to the clinic without specifying the physician, in which case a manager is assigned. The manager examines the patient, coordinates the evaluation by consultants, interprets the evaluation, and, if the diagnosis and therapy are clear-cut, refers the patient either back to his physician or to be cared for by the pain clinic group. Where the diagnosis or therapy or both are still doubtful, the patient's case is reviewed at the pain clinic weekly conference.", "contents": "Basic principles in managing chronic pain. Experience over the past 30 years suggests that treatment of patients with chronic pain is best achieved through a multidisciplinary team approach. The pain clinic at the University of Washington, started in 1961, has developed into a group of 20 health professionals representing 13 disciplines. Successful operation of such a heterogenous group depends on careful organization and a clear definition of responsibility. A patient is referred to a specific member, who becomes his manager, or to the clinic without specifying the physician, in which case a manager is assigned. The manager examines the patient, coordinates the evaluation by consultants, interprets the evaluation, and, if the diagnosis and therapy are clear-cut, refers the patient either back to his physician or to be cared for by the pain clinic group. Where the diagnosis or therapy or both are still doubtful, the patient's case is reviewed at the pain clinic weekly conference.", "PMID": 860926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13517", "title": "[Effect of the addition of antibiotics on the fattening capacity of broilers fed optimum rations. 4. Lambdamycin].", "content": "A total of 3426 broilers were used in 3 fattening trials. The birds received supplements of the antibiotic lamdbamycine in amounts of 30 or 40 mg per kg of feed added to adequately balanced fattening rations. OTC supplements (40 mg per kg) which were an obligatory food component at the time of the trial were used as controls. The results obtained may be summarized as follows: Supplements of neither lambdamycine nor oxytetracycline exerted any significant influence on food consumption. Lambdamycine improved the rate of liveweight gains by 2% (trial 1, alpha greater than 0.05) and 5% (trial 2 and 3; trial 2: alpha less than 0.05, trial 3: alpha greater than 0.05). The growth-promoting effect of OTC was less pronounced than usual (2-3%; alpha less than 0.05) or was completely absent (trial 2). Lambdamycine decreased the rate of food consumption per unit of weight gain in 2 trials (trial 2: alpha less than 0.01) OTC did not influence the rate of food consumption.", "contents": "[Effect of the addition of antibiotics on the fattening capacity of broilers fed optimum rations. 4. Lambdamycin]. A total of 3426 broilers were used in 3 fattening trials. The birds received supplements of the antibiotic lamdbamycine in amounts of 30 or 40 mg per kg of feed added to adequately balanced fattening rations. OTC supplements (40 mg per kg) which were an obligatory food component at the time of the trial were used as controls. The results obtained may be summarized as follows: Supplements of neither lambdamycine nor oxytetracycline exerted any significant influence on food consumption. Lambdamycine improved the rate of liveweight gains by 2% (trial 1, alpha greater than 0.05) and 5% (trial 2 and 3; trial 2: alpha less than 0.05, trial 3: alpha greater than 0.05). The growth-promoting effect of OTC was less pronounced than usual (2-3%; alpha less than 0.05) or was completely absent (trial 2). Lambdamycine decreased the rate of food consumption per unit of weight gain in 2 trials (trial 2: alpha less than 0.01) OTC did not influence the rate of food consumption.", "PMID": 860927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13518", "title": "[The use of decanted solids from swine manure in the nutrition of fattening calves].", "content": "3 feeding trials were carried out in which dried and decanted solids from pig faeces were used in varying proportions. A total of 55 fattening bulls were slaughtered at the end of the trial period. Additionally, a number of characteristic data on ruminal physiology were determined in these trials. The molar proportions of acetate and propionate found with the feeding of rations containing faecal solids were intermediate between those observed in concentrate feeding and those established with the feeding of commercial food pellets containing 40% or 50% straw. Slight increases in the molar proportion of butyrate were noticed when rations were fed containing faecal solids. Nonfasted animals fed rations containing a higher proportion of coarse fodder had a significantly lower slauglitered bady mass (0; 50% straw; 25% straw + 25% faecal solids; 50% faecal solids: 55.7%; 51.9%; 51.1%; or 52.2% of the final fattening weight). They developed a lower proportion of flesh and contained a higher proportion of digesta in the stomach and intestines (11.4%; 18.4%; 17.0%; or 16.3% of the final fattening weight). The proportion of fat contained in the stomach & bowels decreased with the feeding of straw or faecal solids. Other organs and tissues were not affected by the different types of feeding used. An analysis of the results of slaughtering showed that the feeding of faecal solids did not produce any specific effect.", "contents": "[The use of decanted solids from swine manure in the nutrition of fattening calves]. 3 feeding trials were carried out in which dried and decanted solids from pig faeces were used in varying proportions. A total of 55 fattening bulls were slaughtered at the end of the trial period. Additionally, a number of characteristic data on ruminal physiology were determined in these trials. The molar proportions of acetate and propionate found with the feeding of rations containing faecal solids were intermediate between those observed in concentrate feeding and those established with the feeding of commercial food pellets containing 40% or 50% straw. Slight increases in the molar proportion of butyrate were noticed when rations were fed containing faecal solids. Nonfasted animals fed rations containing a higher proportion of coarse fodder had a significantly lower slauglitered bady mass (0; 50% straw; 25% straw + 25% faecal solids; 50% faecal solids: 55.7%; 51.9%; 51.1%; or 52.2% of the final fattening weight). They developed a lower proportion of flesh and contained a higher proportion of digesta in the stomach and intestines (11.4%; 18.4%; 17.0%; or 16.3% of the final fattening weight). The proportion of fat contained in the stomach & bowels decreased with the feeding of straw or faecal solids. Other organs and tissues were not affected by the different types of feeding used. An analysis of the results of slaughtering showed that the feeding of faecal solids did not produce any specific effect.", "PMID": 860928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13519", "title": "[Pathomorphology of chromomycosis].", "content": "The article presents the results of pathomorphological studies of chromomycosis of the skin in 10 patients. The material from the center of the lesion focus, from its periphery and from bordering areas of the apparantly healthy skin were investigated pathomorphologically. Two variants of inflammation are described. The former was characterized by proliferation of the epiderma, the presence of polymorphocellular infiltrate and microabscesses, numerous elements of Hormodendrum. In two patients with an elevated content of sugar in the blood a tendency to the expansion of the process was noted. The second variant was of a tuberculoid character.", "contents": "[Pathomorphology of chromomycosis]. The article presents the results of pathomorphological studies of chromomycosis of the skin in 10 patients. The material from the center of the lesion focus, from its periphery and from bordering areas of the apparantly healthy skin were investigated pathomorphologically. Two variants of inflammation are described. The former was characterized by proliferation of the epiderma, the presence of polymorphocellular infiltrate and microabscesses, numerous elements of Hormodendrum. In two patients with an elevated content of sugar in the blood a tendency to the expansion of the process was noted. The second variant was of a tuberculoid character.", "PMID": 860929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13520", "title": "[Ultrastructural signs of differentiation of stomach cancer cells].", "content": "Studies of the ultrastructure of stomach cancer were carried out: adenomacarcinoma (4 observations), signet ring cell carcinoma (1 observation), nondifferentiated cancer (1 observation). In 5 out of 6 observations cells of each tumour were homogeneous in principle. Signs of differentiation were revealed in them in a various degree of manifestation in any one direction: according to the type of additional or surface cells in 3 adenocarcinomas; according to that of goblet cells in signet ring cell carcinoma. In the case of nondifferentiated cancer signs of differentiation were absent. In one observation the cells of adenocarcinoma had ultrastructural features of various cells: mucoid, chief, parietal, endocrine, enterocytic, goblet cells. In a part of cancer cells there were noted combined ultrastructural signs of various cells of the gastric mucosa.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural signs of differentiation of stomach cancer cells]. Studies of the ultrastructure of stomach cancer were carried out: adenomacarcinoma (4 observations), signet ring cell carcinoma (1 observation), nondifferentiated cancer (1 observation). In 5 out of 6 observations cells of each tumour were homogeneous in principle. Signs of differentiation were revealed in them in a various degree of manifestation in any one direction: according to the type of additional or surface cells in 3 adenocarcinomas; according to that of goblet cells in signet ring cell carcinoma. In the case of nondifferentiated cancer signs of differentiation were absent. In one observation the cells of adenocarcinoma had ultrastructural features of various cells: mucoid, chief, parietal, endocrine, enterocytic, goblet cells. In a part of cancer cells there were noted combined ultrastructural signs of various cells of the gastric mucosa.", "PMID": 860930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13521", "title": "[Histogenesis and mechanism of regression of congenital cutaneous angiomas in children (electron-microscopic study)].", "content": "The ultrastructure of hemangiomas of the skin was investigated in 4 children at the age of 3 to 6 months. Histologically, the hemangiomas were represented by hypertrophic and capillar forms. Tumour cells, both those forming walls of capillaries and distributed between capillaries, were similar with respect to their ultrastructure and analogous to the endothelial cells they originated from. Capillaries and cells were \"immured\" with fibrillary substance which was produced by the tumour cells themselves. In intercellular and intercapillary areas there were also observed fibroblasts and collagenous fibres. Many cells of the tumour underwent necrosis. The cause of destruction of tumour cells resulting in regression of angiomas was fibrosis, the development of which was associated with the activity of the tumour cells themselves and fibroblasts.", "contents": "[Histogenesis and mechanism of regression of congenital cutaneous angiomas in children (electron-microscopic study)]. The ultrastructure of hemangiomas of the skin was investigated in 4 children at the age of 3 to 6 months. Histologically, the hemangiomas were represented by hypertrophic and capillar forms. Tumour cells, both those forming walls of capillaries and distributed between capillaries, were similar with respect to their ultrastructure and analogous to the endothelial cells they originated from. Capillaries and cells were \"immured\" with fibrillary substance which was produced by the tumour cells themselves. In intercellular and intercapillary areas there were also observed fibroblasts and collagenous fibres. Many cells of the tumour underwent necrosis. The cause of destruction of tumour cells resulting in regression of angiomas was fibrosis, the development of which was associated with the activity of the tumour cells themselves and fibroblasts.", "PMID": 860931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13522", "title": "[Ultrastructural features of fibrosarcoma].", "content": "An electron-microscopy investigation of two fibrosarcomas was carried out. Blastomatous elements were represented by fibroblasto-like cells. In their cytoplasm there were observed phaged fragment of collagenic fibrils, and in small canals of the granular endoplasmic reticulum--crystalloid formations. Diagnostic significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural features of fibrosarcoma]. An electron-microscopy investigation of two fibrosarcomas was carried out. Blastomatous elements were represented by fibroblasto-like cells. In their cytoplasm there were observed phaged fragment of collagenic fibrils, and in small canals of the granular endoplasmic reticulum--crystalloid formations. Diagnostic significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 860932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13523", "title": "The third alexia.", "content": "A variety of alexia has been demonstrated that can be distinguished from the two classically recognized types of alexia. This reading disorder is seen in patients with a dominant frontal lobe pathologic condition that has produced a motor language disturbance (Broca aphasia) and is sufficiently disabling to deserve consideration as a variety of alexia. Functionally, the frontal reading disturbance differs from the other two types in that the patient comprehends meaningful content words better than relational or syntactic structures. Four factors that may underly frontal alexia have been noted: (1) gaze paresis, (2) inability to maintain verbal sequences; (3) inability to comprehend syntactic structure, and (4) literal alexia.", "contents": "The third alexia. A variety of alexia has been demonstrated that can be distinguished from the two classically recognized types of alexia. This reading disorder is seen in patients with a dominant frontal lobe pathologic condition that has produced a motor language disturbance (Broca aphasia) and is sufficiently disabling to deserve consideration as a variety of alexia. Functionally, the frontal reading disturbance differs from the other two types in that the patient comprehends meaningful content words better than relational or syntactic structures. Four factors that may underly frontal alexia have been noted: (1) gaze paresis, (2) inability to maintain verbal sequences; (3) inability to comprehend syntactic structure, and (4) literal alexia.", "PMID": 860935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13524", "title": "Left-right asymmetries of the temporal speech areas of the human fetus.", "content": "Left-right asymmetries of the transverse temporal (Heschl) gyri and the temporal plane become recognizable by 31 weeks' gestation. The transverse temporal gyri are larger in number and extent on the right side in 54% of 207 serially sectioned fetal brains ranging in gestational age from 10 to 44 weeks, and the temporal plane is larger on the left side in those brains. There are two transverse temporal gyri on the left and a single right transverse temporal gyrus on the right in 18% of the brains. No asymmetry of number of transverse temporal gyri or extent of the temporal plane is apparent in 28%. These findings, which confirm those in adult brains, suggest that anatomical asymmetries for left hemispheral speech and language dominance may be established during the last trimester of fetal life.", "contents": "Left-right asymmetries of the temporal speech areas of the human fetus. Left-right asymmetries of the transverse temporal (Heschl) gyri and the temporal plane become recognizable by 31 weeks' gestation. The transverse temporal gyri are larger in number and extent on the right side in 54% of 207 serially sectioned fetal brains ranging in gestational age from 10 to 44 weeks, and the temporal plane is larger on the left side in those brains. There are two transverse temporal gyri on the left and a single right transverse temporal gyrus on the right in 18% of the brains. No asymmetry of number of transverse temporal gyri or extent of the temporal plane is apparent in 28%. These findings, which confirm those in adult brains, suggest that anatomical asymmetries for left hemispheral speech and language dominance may be established during the last trimester of fetal life.", "PMID": 860936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13525", "title": "Selective stimulus-sensitive myoclonus in acute cerebral anoxia. A case report.", "content": "We report a 69-year-old patient, a chronic diabetic, who had a cardiac arrest after myocardial infarction. In the state of acute anoxic coma, massive myoclonic jerks occurred, and it was found that myoclonus could be elicited by light touch of the right trigeminal area (but of no other body region). The myoclonus was associated with complex EEG discharges against an almost flat background of activity. Findings of the autopsy showed cerebral edema with bilateral uncal herniation and prominence of the right cerebellar tonsil. Stimulus-sensitive myoclonus based on proprioceptive stimuli has been reported in chronic postanoxic states. This type of somatosensory elicitation seems to be extremely rare. We discuss the neurophysiological substratum; it is presumed that the cortex was still reached by the somatosensory stimuli.", "contents": "Selective stimulus-sensitive myoclonus in acute cerebral anoxia. A case report. We report a 69-year-old patient, a chronic diabetic, who had a cardiac arrest after myocardial infarction. In the state of acute anoxic coma, massive myoclonic jerks occurred, and it was found that myoclonus could be elicited by light touch of the right trigeminal area (but of no other body region). The myoclonus was associated with complex EEG discharges against an almost flat background of activity. Findings of the autopsy showed cerebral edema with bilateral uncal herniation and prominence of the right cerebellar tonsil. Stimulus-sensitive myoclonus based on proprioceptive stimuli has been reported in chronic postanoxic states. This type of somatosensory elicitation seems to be extremely rare. We discuss the neurophysiological substratum; it is presumed that the cortex was still reached by the somatosensory stimuli.", "PMID": 860937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13526", "title": "Interactive effects of age and brain disease on reaction time.", "content": "Simple visual and auditory reaction time (RT) was studied in younger (16 to 44 years old) and older (46 to 63 years old) control and brain-diseased patients. Differences in RT related to age were larger for brain-diseased than control patients. Differences in RT related to diagnostic category were larger for older than younger patients. Analysis indicated an interactive effect of age and brain disease on RT supporting the suggestion that acquired brain disease leads to a more pronounced retardation in RT in older patients.", "contents": "Interactive effects of age and brain disease on reaction time. Simple visual and auditory reaction time (RT) was studied in younger (16 to 44 years old) and older (46 to 63 years old) control and brain-diseased patients. Differences in RT related to age were larger for brain-diseased than control patients. Differences in RT related to diagnostic category were larger for older than younger patients. Analysis indicated an interactive effect of age and brain disease on RT supporting the suggestion that acquired brain disease leads to a more pronounced retardation in RT in older patients.", "PMID": 860938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13527", "title": "Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone in patients treated with psychotherapeutic drugs.", "content": "We report two patients in whom the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) developed during the administration of psychotherapeutic drugs. In one, the syndrome occurred after administration of a phenothiazine drug and in the other, a butyrophenone. Both the patients were diagnostically studied for evidence of other disorders, either neurologic or systemic, which could cause this syndrome with negative results. They responded to fluid and free water restriction with remarkable recovery and no sequelae. It is stressed that psychotherapeutic drug administration must be considered as one of the iatrogenic causes of SIADH.", "contents": "Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone in patients treated with psychotherapeutic drugs. We report two patients in whom the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) developed during the administration of psychotherapeutic drugs. In one, the syndrome occurred after administration of a phenothiazine drug and in the other, a butyrophenone. Both the patients were diagnostically studied for evidence of other disorders, either neurologic or systemic, which could cause this syndrome with negative results. They responded to fluid and free water restriction with remarkable recovery and no sequelae. It is stressed that psychotherapeutic drug administration must be considered as one of the iatrogenic causes of SIADH.", "PMID": 860939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13528", "title": "Significance of seizures in infants weighing less than 2,500 grams.", "content": "We review the records of 153 infants weighing 2,500 gm or less admitted consecutivtly to the University of Utah Medical Center Newborn Intensive Care Unit. Thirty-one (20.2%) infants had seizures and 28 (90%) of these died. In comparison, only 17% (21 of 122) of patients without seizures died. The diagnosis of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) was made in 27 (87%) of the seizure patients. These findings differ significantly from those studies in which no distinction was made between the birth weight of neonates with seizures. Anticonvulsant medication had little effect on clinical seizure activity and did not significantly alter the outcome.", "contents": "Significance of seizures in infants weighing less than 2,500 grams. We review the records of 153 infants weighing 2,500 gm or less admitted consecutivtly to the University of Utah Medical Center Newborn Intensive Care Unit. Thirty-one (20.2%) infants had seizures and 28 (90%) of these died. In comparison, only 17% (21 of 122) of patients without seizures died. The diagnosis of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) was made in 27 (87%) of the seizure patients. These findings differ significantly from those studies in which no distinction was made between the birth weight of neonates with seizures. Anticonvulsant medication had little effect on clinical seizure activity and did not significantly alter the outcome.", "PMID": 860940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13529", "title": "Three-dimensional computerized tomographic scans of brain. A new approach to intracranial diagnosis.", "content": "A new method for displaying computerized tomographic cross sections of brain in the coronal and sagittal planes is described. These images are reconstructed from the original horizontal 3-mm thin slices. This method uses an Artronix scanner and has the advantage of completely eliminating the need to rescan the patient. These pictures are of excellent quality and have proved to be of significant value in demonstrating the special relationships between lesions and anatomical landmarks. This has proved to be of particular importance in the localization of surgical lesions preoperatively.", "contents": "Three-dimensional computerized tomographic scans of brain. A new approach to intracranial diagnosis. A new method for displaying computerized tomographic cross sections of brain in the coronal and sagittal planes is described. These images are reconstructed from the original horizontal 3-mm thin slices. This method uses an Artronix scanner and has the advantage of completely eliminating the need to rescan the patient. These pictures are of excellent quality and have proved to be of significant value in demonstrating the special relationships between lesions and anatomical landmarks. This has proved to be of particular importance in the localization of surgical lesions preoperatively.", "PMID": 860941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13530", "title": "Epinephrine-induced cystoid macular edema in aphakic eyes.", "content": "A population of glaucomatous aphakic eyes being treated with topical epinephrine compounds was studied in order to determine the incidence of cystoid macular edema that had been induced by this medication. Eyes were considered responders only if fluorescein angiography demonstrated that macular edema was eliminated with discontinuation of epinephrine and recurred with reapplication of epinephrine. Reversible maculopathy occurred in six of 47 eyes. Topical epinephrine caused macular edema in an appreciable percentage of aphakic eyes, and we recommend that other medications be used to control glaucoma in aphakic patients when possible. If epinephrine compounds are required, periodic angiography is advisable.", "contents": "Epinephrine-induced cystoid macular edema in aphakic eyes. A population of glaucomatous aphakic eyes being treated with topical epinephrine compounds was studied in order to determine the incidence of cystoid macular edema that had been induced by this medication. Eyes were considered responders only if fluorescein angiography demonstrated that macular edema was eliminated with discontinuation of epinephrine and recurred with reapplication of epinephrine. Reversible maculopathy occurred in six of 47 eyes. Topical epinephrine caused macular edema in an appreciable percentage of aphakic eyes, and we recommend that other medications be used to control glaucoma in aphakic patients when possible. If epinephrine compounds are required, periodic angiography is advisable.", "PMID": 860942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13531", "title": "Macular lesions associated with retinitis pigmentosa.", "content": "Of 31 patients with retinitis pigmentosa, 18 (58%) had lesions of the retinal pigmentary epithelium within the maculae of both eyes. Six of the 31 patients (19%) showed macular cysts or holes (five bilateral, one unilateral) without angiographic evidence of leakage from perifoveal capillaries, while seven patients (23%) had macular cysts in both eyes associated with cystoid macular edema evident by fluorescein angiography. We believe that the macular cysts or holes were caused by changes at the vitreoretinal interface, eg, vitreous traction and preretinal membranes. Other pathologic sequences may also be responsible, such as an intrinsic increase in the permeability of retinal capillaries.", "contents": "Macular lesions associated with retinitis pigmentosa. Of 31 patients with retinitis pigmentosa, 18 (58%) had lesions of the retinal pigmentary epithelium within the maculae of both eyes. Six of the 31 patients (19%) showed macular cysts or holes (five bilateral, one unilateral) without angiographic evidence of leakage from perifoveal capillaries, while seven patients (23%) had macular cysts in both eyes associated with cystoid macular edema evident by fluorescein angiography. We believe that the macular cysts or holes were caused by changes at the vitreoretinal interface, eg, vitreous traction and preretinal membranes. Other pathologic sequences may also be responsible, such as an intrinsic increase in the permeability of retinal capillaries.", "PMID": 860943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13532", "title": "Vertical saccadic velocity determination in superior oblique palsy.", "content": "Vertical saccadic velocities were measured in various horizontal gaze positions in patients with known superior oblique weakness and compared to similar measurements in a normal control group. Marked slowing of the down saccade in the adducted position occurred in the patients with superior oblique weakness and not in the controls. This suggests that it is possible to differentiate oblique and rectus function by saccadic velocity analysis.", "contents": "Vertical saccadic velocity determination in superior oblique palsy. Vertical saccadic velocities were measured in various horizontal gaze positions in patients with known superior oblique weakness and compared to similar measurements in a normal control group. Marked slowing of the down saccade in the adducted position occurred in the patients with superior oblique weakness and not in the controls. This suggests that it is possible to differentiate oblique and rectus function by saccadic velocity analysis.", "PMID": 860944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13533", "title": "Intraocular wooden foreign body clinically resembling a pearl cyst.", "content": "Five years after injuring his right eye with a wooden arrow, an 11-year-old boy had an iris lesion resembling a pearl cyst. Surgery demonstrated an intraocular wooden foreign body. Wooden foreign bodies are uncommon but may be surprisingly well tolerated if uncontaminated. A differential diagnosis of iris mass lesions in the posttraumatic eye is provided.", "contents": "Intraocular wooden foreign body clinically resembling a pearl cyst. Five years after injuring his right eye with a wooden arrow, an 11-year-old boy had an iris lesion resembling a pearl cyst. Surgery demonstrated an intraocular wooden foreign body. Wooden foreign bodies are uncommon but may be surprisingly well tolerated if uncontaminated. A differential diagnosis of iris mass lesions in the posttraumatic eye is provided.", "PMID": 860945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13534", "title": "Intraocular extension of squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva.", "content": "The present case report illustrates the clinical and pathologic features of intraocular invasion by squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva. Cytologic study of aqueous humor aspirate is a useful technique for confirming the diagnosis of this unusual route of tumor extension.", "contents": "Intraocular extension of squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva. The present case report illustrates the clinical and pathologic features of intraocular invasion by squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva. Cytologic study of aqueous humor aspirate is a useful technique for confirming the diagnosis of this unusual route of tumor extension.", "PMID": 860946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13535", "title": "Monochromatic ophthalmoscopy and fundus photography. The normal fundus.", "content": "Anatomical details in the ocular fundus can be seen with increased contrast when appropriate monochromatic illumination is used. This technique permits more accurate visualization and documentation than can be achieved with white light. This article reports the optimal spectral ranges for visualization of the different fundus structures. It describes and illustrates the appearance of individual structures and areas of the fundus under different spectral illuminations. There is a detailed discussion of the optical properties of the fundus layers that provides a background for interpreting the data and a baseline for examination of pathologic conditions.", "contents": "Monochromatic ophthalmoscopy and fundus photography. The normal fundus. Anatomical details in the ocular fundus can be seen with increased contrast when appropriate monochromatic illumination is used. This technique permits more accurate visualization and documentation than can be achieved with white light. This article reports the optimal spectral ranges for visualization of the different fundus structures. It describes and illustrates the appearance of individual structures and areas of the fundus under different spectral illuminations. There is a detailed discussion of the optical properties of the fundus layers that provides a background for interpreting the data and a baseline for examination of pathologic conditions.", "PMID": 860947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13536", "title": "[Angiography in coxarthrosis (author's transl)].", "content": "1. This is a report of 58 pat. with osteoarthritis of the hip who underwent angiography. Two patients with pegmented villonodular synovitis were among this group (Maurer, Hald and Odegaard). 2. There was a female over male predominance of 3.5 to 1. 3. Beyond the age of 53 all patients showed signs of arteriosclerotic changes, frequently with an occlusion of the R. profundus a. circumflexa femoris med. which supplies the femoral head. 4. The significance of angiography with regard to prognosis and eventual treatment is being discussed. 5. Possible causes are being debated.", "contents": "[Angiography in coxarthrosis (author's transl)]. 1. This is a report of 58 pat. with osteoarthritis of the hip who underwent angiography. Two patients with pegmented villonodular synovitis were among this group (Maurer, Hald and Odegaard). 2. There was a female over male predominance of 3.5 to 1. 3. Beyond the age of 53 all patients showed signs of arteriosclerotic changes, frequently with an occlusion of the R. profundus a. circumflexa femoris med. which supplies the femoral head. 4. The significance of angiography with regard to prognosis and eventual treatment is being discussed. 5. Possible causes are being debated.", "PMID": 860951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13537", "title": "[The traumatology of the articular disc of the wrist (author's transl)].", "content": "Roentgenological signs, which seems typically for a posttraumatic lesion of the articular disc of the wrist in case they appeared together with a corresponding clinical manifestation, were found in arthrographies of wrist by 89 patients with posttraumatic troubles. Four different types of roentgenolo-ic alterations and the difficulties by examinating them were described. In our opinion arthrography of the wrist is a successfull method to apprehend a lesion of the triangular disc.", "contents": "[The traumatology of the articular disc of the wrist (author's transl)]. Roentgenological signs, which seems typically for a posttraumatic lesion of the articular disc of the wrist in case they appeared together with a corresponding clinical manifestation, were found in arthrographies of wrist by 89 patients with posttraumatic troubles. Four different types of roentgenolo-ic alterations and the difficulties by examinating them were described. In our opinion arthrography of the wrist is a successfull method to apprehend a lesion of the triangular disc.", "PMID": 860952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13538", "title": "[The traumatology of the articular disc of the wrist (author's transl)].", "content": "At 89 Patients with painfull wrist and clinical symptoms like a lesion of the triangular disc, arthrography of the radiocarpal joint was performed. In 18 cases with corresponding arthrographical findings removal of the disc results in clear recovery respectively painlessness. That simple operation seems to be an alternative to the resection of the ulna and a replaceable method if symptomatology and arthrography are accordingly. The described proceeding becomes important because no recovery was seen by conservative treatment.", "contents": "[The traumatology of the articular disc of the wrist (author's transl)]. At 89 Patients with painfull wrist and clinical symptoms like a lesion of the triangular disc, arthrography of the radiocarpal joint was performed. In 18 cases with corresponding arthrographical findings removal of the disc results in clear recovery respectively painlessness. That simple operation seems to be an alternative to the resection of the ulna and a replaceable method if symptomatology and arthrography are accordingly. The described proceeding becomes important because no recovery was seen by conservative treatment.", "PMID": 860953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13539", "title": "[Corrective osteotomies at posttraumatic deformities of the femur (author's transl)].", "content": "The importance of the posttraumatic deformities is apart from the aesthetic point of view also due to the \"praearthrotic deformity\" according to Hackenbroch. Certain cases require operative correction, the indication of which being corresponding to the diagnosis possibilities. On account of examples the technique of osteotomies at the femur has been pointed out which should always be done in combination with a Compressionosteosynthesis.", "contents": "[Corrective osteotomies at posttraumatic deformities of the femur (author's transl)]. The importance of the posttraumatic deformities is apart from the aesthetic point of view also due to the \"praearthrotic deformity\" according to Hackenbroch. Certain cases require operative correction, the indication of which being corresponding to the diagnosis possibilities. On account of examples the technique of osteotomies at the femur has been pointed out which should always be done in combination with a Compressionosteosynthesis.", "PMID": 860954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13540", "title": "[Osteomyelitis of the os calcis (author's transl)].", "content": "The treatment of osteomyelitis in the os calcis causes problems in most cases. The os calcis as a cancellous bone offers ideal conditions for the spreading of infection. Specially in posttraumatic osteomyelitis the infection is supported by disturbed blood circulation. Hind foot deformity, trophical disturbance, excessive scars and ulceration cause therapeutical problems. According to literature and to our own experiences none of the different operative procedures received extraordinary importance. The procedure has to be evaluated according to the special circumstances.", "contents": "[Osteomyelitis of the os calcis (author's transl)]. The treatment of osteomyelitis in the os calcis causes problems in most cases. The os calcis as a cancellous bone offers ideal conditions for the spreading of infection. Specially in posttraumatic osteomyelitis the infection is supported by disturbed blood circulation. Hind foot deformity, trophical disturbance, excessive scars and ulceration cause therapeutical problems. According to literature and to our own experiences none of the different operative procedures received extraordinary importance. The procedure has to be evaluated according to the special circumstances.", "PMID": 860955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13541", "title": "[The importance of occupational therapy in fitting upper extremity amputees with myoelectrical prostheses (author's transl)].", "content": "As in other parts of the rehabilitation of disabled, e.g. paraplegics the teamwork of all staff-members together with the integrated patient is indispensable. The occupational therapists combine the experience of a many year's training with their creative phantasy. The amputee learns by the assistance of occupational therapists to become independent. The physician has a coordinative and leading function in the team of nurses, occupational therapists, physiotherapists and the orthopaedical technical workshop.", "contents": "[The importance of occupational therapy in fitting upper extremity amputees with myoelectrical prostheses (author's transl)]. As in other parts of the rehabilitation of disabled, e.g. paraplegics the teamwork of all staff-members together with the integrated patient is indispensable. The occupational therapists combine the experience of a many year's training with their creative phantasy. The amputee learns by the assistance of occupational therapists to become independent. The physician has a coordinative and leading function in the team of nurses, occupational therapists, physiotherapists and the orthopaedical technical workshop.", "PMID": 860956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13542", "title": "[Clinic and pathogenesis of Morton's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "From experience with 58 own cases the authors found that Morton's metatarsalgia due to a sclerosing neuroma of the plantar digital nerve is very often not recognised for many years. As this painfull affection easily can be cured, the clinical symptoms and histological findings, the diagnostic steps and treatment are described and the etiology discussed. For the excision of the plantar digital neuroma, situated generally between 3rd and 4th metatarsal head, the dorsal web-splitting approach is preferred because of better scars and immediate weigt-bearing. The operation is performed on outdoor patients. There were no complications. The results of 35 operations two or more years back show immediate and complete relief of pain in 31 cases and significant but incomplete relief in 4 cases.", "contents": "[Clinic and pathogenesis of Morton's disease (author's transl)]. From experience with 58 own cases the authors found that Morton's metatarsalgia due to a sclerosing neuroma of the plantar digital nerve is very often not recognised for many years. As this painfull affection easily can be cured, the clinical symptoms and histological findings, the diagnostic steps and treatment are described and the etiology discussed. For the excision of the plantar digital neuroma, situated generally between 3rd and 4th metatarsal head, the dorsal web-splitting approach is preferred because of better scars and immediate weigt-bearing. The operation is performed on outdoor patients. There were no complications. The results of 35 operations two or more years back show immediate and complete relief of pain in 31 cases and significant but incomplete relief in 4 cases.", "PMID": 860958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13543", "title": "[Osseous rupture of the ulnar collateral ligament of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb (author's transl)].", "content": "Osseous ruptues of the ulnar collateral ligament in the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb are to be found more frequently in experimental ruptures at an isolated preparation than they are described in clinical examinations. It must positively be achieved to re-affix also a small avulsion fragment to do not remove the entire compound attachment of the ligament. The own surgery technique is described.", "contents": "[Osseous rupture of the ulnar collateral ligament of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb (author's transl)]. Osseous ruptues of the ulnar collateral ligament in the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb are to be found more frequently in experimental ruptures at an isolated preparation than they are described in clinical examinations. It must positively be achieved to re-affix also a small avulsion fragment to do not remove the entire compound attachment of the ligament. The own surgery technique is described.", "PMID": 860962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13544", "title": "[Pathology of paratenonitis achilleae in Athletes (author's transl)].", "content": "This is a report about the histopathological findings after excision of the inflammably overhead paratenon at top sportsmen, which were operated of cause of a paratenonitis. The good clinical results are written and the histological findings are described and discussed. The development of the paratenonitis is decleared. Pathological alterations of the paratenon at the tendon itself are difficulty to merk off. At the sportsmen the etiology of the disease is often a mechanical overloading of the tissue.", "contents": "[Pathology of paratenonitis achilleae in Athletes (author's transl)]. This is a report about the histopathological findings after excision of the inflammably overhead paratenon at top sportsmen, which were operated of cause of a paratenonitis. The good clinical results are written and the histological findings are described and discussed. The development of the paratenonitis is decleared. Pathological alterations of the paratenon at the tendon itself are difficulty to merk off. At the sportsmen the etiology of the disease is often a mechanical overloading of the tissue.", "PMID": 860963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13545", "title": "[Forefoot reconstruction. The frequency and importance of the toe and metatarsal formula (author's transl)].", "content": "The forefoot reconstruction as a routine treatment, is increasing in significance, not only in treating polyarthritic patients, but also after numerous surgical failures in treating halux valgus or hammer toes. Far from being a simple operation, the reconstruction requires an exact knowledge of the physiopathology of the foot. Special attention should be given to the digital and metatarsal formula. Based on an analysis of 200 forefoot reconstructions, the advantages and the disadvantages of the various methods are discussed. For the first time in the German speaking countries, the frequency of occurrences of the different digitial and metatarsal formulas has been compiled in tables from an examination of 500 forefeet.", "contents": "[Forefoot reconstruction. The frequency and importance of the toe and metatarsal formula (author's transl)]. The forefoot reconstruction as a routine treatment, is increasing in significance, not only in treating polyarthritic patients, but also after numerous surgical failures in treating halux valgus or hammer toes. Far from being a simple operation, the reconstruction requires an exact knowledge of the physiopathology of the foot. Special attention should be given to the digital and metatarsal formula. Based on an analysis of 200 forefoot reconstructions, the advantages and the disadvantages of the various methods are discussed. For the first time in the German speaking countries, the frequency of occurrences of the different digitial and metatarsal formulas has been compiled in tables from an examination of 500 forefeet.", "PMID": 860964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13546", "title": "[The tolerance of the hip prosthesis evaluted through scintigraphic studies (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors assert the usefulness of the scintigraphy in the early diagnosis and/or for the confirmation of the main complications connected with the artroprosthesis of the hip. Such investigation is effective only if it is carried out at a distance of at least six months from the operation and must be completed by clinical, bio-humoral and radiographic tests. This study is based on the observation of 40 cases, of which 20 represent the control group. The isotope used is the Tc99m-pyrophosphate.", "contents": "[The tolerance of the hip prosthesis evaluted through scintigraphic studies (author's transl)]. The authors assert the usefulness of the scintigraphy in the early diagnosis and/or for the confirmation of the main complications connected with the artroprosthesis of the hip. Such investigation is effective only if it is carried out at a distance of at least six months from the operation and must be completed by clinical, bio-humoral and radiographic tests. This study is based on the observation of 40 cases, of which 20 represent the control group. The isotope used is the Tc99m-pyrophosphate.", "PMID": 860965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13547", "title": "Nutrition and family practice.", "content": "Where necessary, women should be counselled so as to understand that a slim, elegant figure is not the prerogative of all. An inherited large frame requires a corresponding body contour, and dieting to change this situation will be in vain. All weight reducing diets must provide an adequate amount of vitamins and minerals. Women on the contraceptive pill often have diminished serum levels of folic acid and vitamin B6, and there have been suggestions that vitamin supplementation may help overcome depression and diminished libido in some women. This has been partially successful. A well-balanced diet should be recommended prior to trial of supplements. During pregnancy and lactation there is an increased need for protein, calcium, iron, iodide and fluoride. Vitamin and iron supplementation may be required where deficiencies exist due to dietary neglect. Excessive alcohol and smoking should be discouraged--especially during pregnancy. The elderly are particularly vulnerable to diseases of nutritional deficiency for various reasons. The importance of foods providing protein, calcium and vitamins should be stressed, as these are the main nutrients lacking. The consumption of meat, milk, cheese, eggs, fish, fresh fruit and vegetables should be encouraged.", "contents": "Nutrition and family practice. Where necessary, women should be counselled so as to understand that a slim, elegant figure is not the prerogative of all. An inherited large frame requires a corresponding body contour, and dieting to change this situation will be in vain. All weight reducing diets must provide an adequate amount of vitamins and minerals. Women on the contraceptive pill often have diminished serum levels of folic acid and vitamin B6, and there have been suggestions that vitamin supplementation may help overcome depression and diminished libido in some women. This has been partially successful. A well-balanced diet should be recommended prior to trial of supplements. During pregnancy and lactation there is an increased need for protein, calcium, iron, iodide and fluoride. Vitamin and iron supplementation may be required where deficiencies exist due to dietary neglect. Excessive alcohol and smoking should be discouraged--especially during pregnancy. The elderly are particularly vulnerable to diseases of nutritional deficiency for various reasons. The importance of foods providing protein, calcium and vitamins should be stressed, as these are the main nutrients lacking. The consumption of meat, milk, cheese, eggs, fish, fresh fruit and vegetables should be encouraged.", "PMID": 860967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13548", "title": "Combined effect of space flight and radiation on skeletal muscles of rats.", "content": "Skeletal muscles of rats flown for 20.5 d aboard the biosatellite Cosmos-690 and irradiated with a dose of 800 rads on the 10th flight day were studied. The radiation exposure aggravated the severity of atrophic and dystrophic processes in m. soleus and atrophic process in m. gastrocnemius that developed under the conditions of weightlessness and hypokinesia. At the same time, an exposure to penetrating radiation did not affect the muscles where no flight-induced pathologies occurred. The radiation affected the pattern of reparation in those regions of the soleus muscle that developed pathology inflight, slowed down resorption of the connective tissue formed during the pathological process, and inhibited the course of the reparative process.", "contents": "Combined effect of space flight and radiation on skeletal muscles of rats. Skeletal muscles of rats flown for 20.5 d aboard the biosatellite Cosmos-690 and irradiated with a dose of 800 rads on the 10th flight day were studied. The radiation exposure aggravated the severity of atrophic and dystrophic processes in m. soleus and atrophic process in m. gastrocnemius that developed under the conditions of weightlessness and hypokinesia. At the same time, an exposure to penetrating radiation did not affect the muscles where no flight-induced pathologies occurred. The radiation affected the pattern of reparation in those regions of the soleus muscle that developed pathology inflight, slowed down resorption of the connective tissue formed during the pathological process, and inhibited the course of the reparative process.", "PMID": 860971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13549", "title": "Induction of illusory self-rotation and nystagmus by a rotating sound-field.", "content": "Subjects seated in darkness often experience illusory self-rotation when exposed to a rotating sound field. Compelling illusions of self-rotation are generally accompanied by nystagmoid movements of the eyes with the slow phase in the direction opposite that of the experienced self-rotation. These phenomena are related to the functioning of a spatial constancy mechanism by which a stable distinction is normally maintained between movements of self and movements of the environment. The appearance of nystagmus during illusory self-rotation indicates that apparent body orientation can influence oculomotor control.", "contents": "Induction of illusory self-rotation and nystagmus by a rotating sound-field. Subjects seated in darkness often experience illusory self-rotation when exposed to a rotating sound field. Compelling illusions of self-rotation are generally accompanied by nystagmoid movements of the eyes with the slow phase in the direction opposite that of the experienced self-rotation. These phenomena are related to the functioning of a spatial constancy mechanism by which a stable distinction is normally maintained between movements of self and movements of the environment. The appearance of nystagmus during illusory self-rotation indicates that apparent body orientation can influence oculomotor control.", "PMID": 860972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13550", "title": "Heart rate and core temperature as indicators of heat stress during deep underwater activity.", "content": "In hyperbaric environments, comfortable ambient temperatures are necessarily higher than normal room temperature, and high levels of humidity are also common. These conditions are stressful and even hazardous for an exercising diver. We monitored the heart rates and core temperatures of divers participating in deep experimental dives to pressures up to 300 msw. Accelerated heart rates (100 to 180 beats/min) and elevated core temperatures (+0.4 to 0.9 degrees C) were registered. The increase in heart rate can be explained by the rise in core temperature. Formulas are presented for the relationships between heart rate and duration of activity, between core temperature and duration of activity, and between heart rate and core temperature. These formulas allow the estimation of core temperature from the diver's pulse, and serve to prevent excessive heat stress which could lead to an accident.", "contents": "Heart rate and core temperature as indicators of heat stress during deep underwater activity. In hyperbaric environments, comfortable ambient temperatures are necessarily higher than normal room temperature, and high levels of humidity are also common. These conditions are stressful and even hazardous for an exercising diver. We monitored the heart rates and core temperatures of divers participating in deep experimental dives to pressures up to 300 msw. Accelerated heart rates (100 to 180 beats/min) and elevated core temperatures (+0.4 to 0.9 degrees C) were registered. The increase in heart rate can be explained by the rise in core temperature. Formulas are presented for the relationships between heart rate and duration of activity, between core temperature and duration of activity, and between heart rate and core temperature. These formulas allow the estimation of core temperature from the diver's pulse, and serve to prevent excessive heat stress which could lead to an accident.", "PMID": 860973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13551", "title": "Maximal aerobic power in women cadets at the U.S. Air Force Academy.", "content": "A sample of 17 women cadets of the U.S. Air Force Academy's Class of 1980 was assessed to determine their maximal oxygen consumption and percent body fat. The sample was selected using the ponderal index to insure a stratified sample of body types. The Short Balke protocol was used to determine Vo2 max, and the Siri and the Keys and Brozek equations were used to find percent body fat. The Katch and McArdle equation was employed to determine body density. The average Vo2 max for the women cadets was 46.1 ml/kg/min (S.D. = 4.0). Correcting for altitude, this value compares quite favorably with other reported values. The 24.8% mean body fat places these subjects well within the normal range for college age females. The female cadets of the Class of 1980 appear to be above their contemporaries in civilian life in circulo-respiratory fitness.", "contents": "Maximal aerobic power in women cadets at the U.S. Air Force Academy. A sample of 17 women cadets of the U.S. Air Force Academy's Class of 1980 was assessed to determine their maximal oxygen consumption and percent body fat. The sample was selected using the ponderal index to insure a stratified sample of body types. The Short Balke protocol was used to determine Vo2 max, and the Siri and the Keys and Brozek equations were used to find percent body fat. The Katch and McArdle equation was employed to determine body density. The average Vo2 max for the women cadets was 46.1 ml/kg/min (S.D. = 4.0). Correcting for altitude, this value compares quite favorably with other reported values. The 24.8% mean body fat places these subjects well within the normal range for college age females. The female cadets of the Class of 1980 appear to be above their contemporaries in civilian life in circulo-respiratory fitness.", "PMID": 860974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13552", "title": "Coronary risk factors in flying personnel: a progress report.", "content": "Since October 1974, the Flight Surgeon's Office at the USAF Hospital Dover has implemented a program of early detection and treatment of coronary risk factors in aircrew personnel. The program is integrated with USAF periodic physical examinations with interval follow-up of members found to have possible risk factors. A report of initial (baseline) findings was presented at the Aerospace Medical Association meeting in May 1975. During the past year, the base did experience one death due to myocardial infarction in an aircrew member, while two others were grounded due to serial ECG changes, consistent with silent myocardial infarction, confirmed by review at the USAF-SAM ECG Library.", "contents": "Coronary risk factors in flying personnel: a progress report. Since October 1974, the Flight Surgeon's Office at the USAF Hospital Dover has implemented a program of early detection and treatment of coronary risk factors in aircrew personnel. The program is integrated with USAF periodic physical examinations with interval follow-up of members found to have possible risk factors. A report of initial (baseline) findings was presented at the Aerospace Medical Association meeting in May 1975. During the past year, the base did experience one death due to myocardial infarction in an aircrew member, while two others were grounded due to serial ECG changes, consistent with silent myocardial infarction, confirmed by review at the USAF-SAM ECG Library.", "PMID": 860975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13553", "title": "Visual field contraction during G stress at 13 degrees, 45 degrees, and 65 degrees seatback angles.", "content": "In support of the High Acceleration Cockpit program, two groups of six experienced subjects, operating a high-resolution visual field limit tracker, were exposed to gradual-onset (0.067 G/s) G stress to a 7-G maximum on the USAFSAM human centrifuge. Data obtained from one group described the G-induced vertical visual field contraction, and that from the other described horizontal visual field contraction--as they occurred in relaxed subjects in seats with 13 degrees, 45 degrees, and 65 degrees seatback angles. Curves of peripheral vision remaining vs. G level indicated a statistically significant difference in tolerance provided by the 65 degrees seat over that provided by the 13 degrees and 45 degrees seats in the 5- to 7-G range, and a significant difference in tolerance provided by the 45 degrees and 65 degrees seats over that provided by the 13 degrees seat in the 4- to 5-G range. Two-dimensional reconstructions of the superior half of mean binocular vision remaining at the various levels of G stress showed complete visual loss near 5 G in the 13 degrees seat, complete loss near 6 G in the 45 degrees seat, and substantial peripheral vision remaining at 7 G in the 65 degrees seat.", "contents": "Visual field contraction during G stress at 13 degrees, 45 degrees, and 65 degrees seatback angles. In support of the High Acceleration Cockpit program, two groups of six experienced subjects, operating a high-resolution visual field limit tracker, were exposed to gradual-onset (0.067 G/s) G stress to a 7-G maximum on the USAFSAM human centrifuge. Data obtained from one group described the G-induced vertical visual field contraction, and that from the other described horizontal visual field contraction--as they occurred in relaxed subjects in seats with 13 degrees, 45 degrees, and 65 degrees seatback angles. Curves of peripheral vision remaining vs. G level indicated a statistically significant difference in tolerance provided by the 65 degrees seat over that provided by the 13 degrees and 45 degrees seats in the 5- to 7-G range, and a significant difference in tolerance provided by the 45 degrees and 65 degrees seats over that provided by the 13 degrees seat in the 4- to 5-G range. Two-dimensional reconstructions of the superior half of mean binocular vision remaining at the various levels of G stress showed complete visual loss near 5 G in the 13 degrees seat, complete loss near 6 G in the 45 degrees seat, and substantial peripheral vision remaining at 7 G in the 65 degrees seat.", "PMID": 860976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13554", "title": "Thermal problems in plethysmography and pressure/volume recording.", "content": "Where volume changes are recorded as the concomitant changes in pressure, modern, fast-responding pressure transducers might record not only the pressure changes due to volume changes in the measured object but also the heat of compression, showing itself as an overshoot or hysteresis phenomenon in the calibration curves. Introduction of an effective heat sink (e.g. copper mesh) within the air space in the plethysmograph might absorb this heat and thereby diminish the overshoot phenomena. The effect is not of practical importance in classical venous occlusion plethysmography where rapid changes only contribute to a smaller part of the total volume change during venous occlusion. When rapid changes, as in volume pulse recordings, are to be evaluated, the effect must be taken into consideration and should be reduced.", "contents": "Thermal problems in plethysmography and pressure/volume recording. Where volume changes are recorded as the concomitant changes in pressure, modern, fast-responding pressure transducers might record not only the pressure changes due to volume changes in the measured object but also the heat of compression, showing itself as an overshoot or hysteresis phenomenon in the calibration curves. Introduction of an effective heat sink (e.g. copper mesh) within the air space in the plethysmograph might absorb this heat and thereby diminish the overshoot phenomena. The effect is not of practical importance in classical venous occlusion plethysmography where rapid changes only contribute to a smaller part of the total volume change during venous occlusion. When rapid changes, as in volume pulse recordings, are to be evaluated, the effect must be taken into consideration and should be reduced.", "PMID": 860977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13555", "title": "Effects of high O2 and N2-O2 pressures on the physical performance of deer mice: preliminary studies.", "content": "Exposure of deer mouse colonies to oxygen tensions of 0.8, 1.0 and 1.5 ATA are accompanied by reductions in wheel-running activity. The magnitude of the reductions was correlated with the partial pressure of oxygen and duration of exposure. Efforts to minimize the toxic effects of high-pressure oxygen by simultaneous exposure to a high nitrogen tension were not effective. Earlier studies (8) showed that exposure to 13.8 atm nitrogen under normoxic conditions reduced running activity by 10%. When this same nitrogen tension was provided in each of the elevated oxygen environments, wheel-running activity deteriorated in a manner comparable to that observed in the absence of added nitrogen. Visual observations of social behavior and respiratory distress suggest that a nitrogen tension of 13.8 atm does not provide protection against oxygen toxicity.", "contents": "Effects of high O2 and N2-O2 pressures on the physical performance of deer mice: preliminary studies. Exposure of deer mouse colonies to oxygen tensions of 0.8, 1.0 and 1.5 ATA are accompanied by reductions in wheel-running activity. The magnitude of the reductions was correlated with the partial pressure of oxygen and duration of exposure. Efforts to minimize the toxic effects of high-pressure oxygen by simultaneous exposure to a high nitrogen tension were not effective. Earlier studies (8) showed that exposure to 13.8 atm nitrogen under normoxic conditions reduced running activity by 10%. When this same nitrogen tension was provided in each of the elevated oxygen environments, wheel-running activity deteriorated in a manner comparable to that observed in the absence of added nitrogen. Visual observations of social behavior and respiratory distress suggest that a nitrogen tension of 13.8 atm does not provide protection against oxygen toxicity.", "PMID": 860978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13556", "title": "Femur-bending properties as influenced by gravity: I. Ultimate load and moment for 3-G rats.", "content": "Fresh experimental bones can withstand greater bending forces and moments after 1.0 to 2.5 weeks of 3-G exposure. This appears more attributable to a 50% greater strength of bone material than to effects upon size or shape, and is most measurable for animals of 5 to 8 weeks of age. Experimental bone material seems to grow to its mature level at a younger age rather than there being so marked an effect upon the mature level itself. We simulated 3.1 G by chronic centrifugation of 66 albino rats and compared them to 63 1-G controls. Extrapolation of the simplest mathematical description of the present results to weaker, zero-G bones could be tested by a total of 60 space-based control and experimental animals. A flight of only 15 animals would be necessary for comparison to ground-based control animals. This is consistent with reports of bone demineralization during space-flight. In light of the differences in bone histology, however, extrapolation of these results to humans would be premature and, if at all applicable, are most likely to be so for children rather than adults.", "contents": "Femur-bending properties as influenced by gravity: I. Ultimate load and moment for 3-G rats. Fresh experimental bones can withstand greater bending forces and moments after 1.0 to 2.5 weeks of 3-G exposure. This appears more attributable to a 50% greater strength of bone material than to effects upon size or shape, and is most measurable for animals of 5 to 8 weeks of age. Experimental bone material seems to grow to its mature level at a younger age rather than there being so marked an effect upon the mature level itself. We simulated 3.1 G by chronic centrifugation of 66 albino rats and compared them to 63 1-G controls. Extrapolation of the simplest mathematical description of the present results to weaker, zero-G bones could be tested by a total of 60 space-based control and experimental animals. A flight of only 15 animals would be necessary for comparison to ground-based control animals. This is consistent with reports of bone demineralization during space-flight. In light of the differences in bone histology, however, extrapolation of these results to humans would be premature and, if at all applicable, are most likely to be so for children rather than adults.", "PMID": 860979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13557", "title": "Pseudoephedrine producing postural hypotension in a pilot.", "content": "A pilot taking pseudoephedrine (Sudafed) experienced postural hypotension documented as being caused by the drug. This care reemphasizes the potential hazard of self-medication for upper respiratory tract symptoms by flight crew members.", "contents": "Pseudoephedrine producing postural hypotension in a pilot. A pilot taking pseudoephedrine (Sudafed) experienced postural hypotension documented as being caused by the drug. This care reemphasizes the potential hazard of self-medication for upper respiratory tract symptoms by flight crew members.", "PMID": 860980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13558", "title": "Bursa-independent plasma cells in the Harderian gland of the chicken (Gallus domesticus). Histomorphometrical investigations.", "content": "Morphometric investigations of the Harderian gland in normal and bursectomized chickens at the 16th, 30th, and 60th day after hatching, show a significcant suppressive effect of bursectomy on the volume of the plasma cell compartment in this organ. However, the suppression of the plasma cell population in the Harderian gland is not complete. The plasma cells remaining in the Harderian gland after bursectomy are probably components of a bursa-independent B cell population.", "contents": "Bursa-independent plasma cells in the Harderian gland of the chicken (Gallus domesticus). Histomorphometrical investigations. Morphometric investigations of the Harderian gland in normal and bursectomized chickens at the 16th, 30th, and 60th day after hatching, show a significcant suppressive effect of bursectomy on the volume of the plasma cell compartment in this organ. However, the suppression of the plasma cell population in the Harderian gland is not complete. The plasma cells remaining in the Harderian gland after bursectomy are probably components of a bursa-independent B cell population.", "PMID": 860993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13559", "title": "[The issue of professional discretion for pathologists (author's transl)].", "content": "According to German law the physician shall not disclose secrets that were confided or made known to him. The definition reads: physician is who practises the healing art (including medicine and surgery). When considering this definition part of the jurisprudence is of the opinion, therefore, that subject of such healing is exclusively the living human being and the pathologist acting as post-mortem examiner makes solely statements concerning the dead body and thus is not to be considered as physician. This opinion does not do justice to the real tasks of the pathologist. The basic idea of the tasks of the pathologist is the consultation and assistance of the physician practising the healing art. Hence the post- mortem examinations serve indirectly as healing treatment. Consequently the pathologist acts as physician and is bound to professional discretion. The result corresponds with the law enforce according to which secrets are subject to protection beyond death.", "contents": "[The issue of professional discretion for pathologists (author's transl)]. According to German law the physician shall not disclose secrets that were confided or made known to him. The definition reads: physician is who practises the healing art (including medicine and surgery). When considering this definition part of the jurisprudence is of the opinion, therefore, that subject of such healing is exclusively the living human being and the pathologist acting as post-mortem examiner makes solely statements concerning the dead body and thus is not to be considered as physician. This opinion does not do justice to the real tasks of the pathologist. The basic idea of the tasks of the pathologist is the consultation and assistance of the physician practising the healing art. Hence the post- mortem examinations serve indirectly as healing treatment. Consequently the pathologist acts as physician and is bound to professional discretion. The result corresponds with the law enforce according to which secrets are subject to protection beyond death.", "PMID": 860994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13560", "title": "Molecular aspects of muscle contraction and regulation.", "content": "Current views regarding some aspects of the contraction of muscle and its regulation are reviewed. Recent work bearing on the segmental flexibility of myosin is related to cross-bridge movements and ATP metabolism in living muscle. Interaction of troponin with calcium, the process that initiates activation of actin-myosin interaction, is discussed in terms of Ca-induced conformational changes and protein-protein interactions.", "contents": "Molecular aspects of muscle contraction and regulation. Current views regarding some aspects of the contraction of muscle and its regulation are reviewed. Recent work bearing on the segmental flexibility of myosin is related to cross-bridge movements and ATP metabolism in living muscle. Interaction of troponin with calcium, the process that initiates activation of actin-myosin interaction, is discussed in terms of Ca-induced conformational changes and protein-protein interactions.", "PMID": 860989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13561", "title": "Transformation of morphological, functional and metabolic properties of fast-twitch muscle as induced by long-term electrical stimulation.", "content": "Transformation of structural, functional, metabolic and molecular characteristics is induced by stimulating fast-twitch muscles with the frequency pattern of a motoneuron normally innervating a slow-twitch muscle. These changes correspond to a transition of a \"fast-white\" into a \"slow-red\" muscle. Intermittent stimulation (8 h/d) does not affect the system but causes alterations of the sarcoplasmic reticulum which lead to changes in time to peak and half relaxation time. Continuous stimulation (24 h/d) induces a transformation of the muscle also at the level of the myosin system.", "contents": "Transformation of morphological, functional and metabolic properties of fast-twitch muscle as induced by long-term electrical stimulation. Transformation of structural, functional, metabolic and molecular characteristics is induced by stimulating fast-twitch muscles with the frequency pattern of a motoneuron normally innervating a slow-twitch muscle. These changes correspond to a transition of a \"fast-white\" into a \"slow-red\" muscle. Intermittent stimulation (8 h/d) does not affect the system but causes alterations of the sarcoplasmic reticulum which lead to changes in time to peak and half relaxation time. Continuous stimulation (24 h/d) induces a transformation of the muscle also at the level of the myosin system.", "PMID": 860990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13562", "title": "Influences on the efficiency of cardiac work.", "content": "The efficiency of cardiac work measured in isolated guinea pig atria can be influenced by change of the heart rate or the stroke work due to electric stimulation or drug actions: An increased cardiac performance caused by enhanced heart rate needs considerably more oxygen than an increase of the total cardiac work to the same degree due solely to a positive inotropic action. Oxidation of long and short chain fatty acids lowers the efficiency of cardiac work connected with negative inotropic effects. An increase of the heart rate is followed by a shift to the oxidation of carbohydrates, at rest to the oxidation of FFA. Long chain fatty acids are not sufficient for the increased demand of energy in the cardiac muscle at high heart rates and are then poorly oxidized. The problems connected with the Ca++ binding of FFA in the cardiac cytoplasm after inhibition of their oxidation well be discussed.", "contents": "Influences on the efficiency of cardiac work. The efficiency of cardiac work measured in isolated guinea pig atria can be influenced by change of the heart rate or the stroke work due to electric stimulation or drug actions: An increased cardiac performance caused by enhanced heart rate needs considerably more oxygen than an increase of the total cardiac work to the same degree due solely to a positive inotropic action. Oxidation of long and short chain fatty acids lowers the efficiency of cardiac work connected with negative inotropic effects. An increase of the heart rate is followed by a shift to the oxidation of carbohydrates, at rest to the oxidation of FFA. Long chain fatty acids are not sufficient for the increased demand of energy in the cardiac muscle at high heart rates and are then poorly oxidized. The problems connected with the Ca++ binding of FFA in the cardiac cytoplasm after inhibition of their oxidation well be discussed.", "PMID": 860991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13563", "title": "The instantaneous force-velocity relationship as an index of the contractile state in cardiac muscle.", "content": "The instantaneous force-velocity curve of mammalian myocardium has a hyperbolic shape like that of skeletal muscle. Similar to the situation in single skeletal muscle fibres maximum speed of shortening and maximum contractile force in myocardium are altered in parallel as the state of activity is changed. Various inotropic interventions affect the force-velocity relation in the same way as occurs when the activity is altered during the course of the contraction. These findings support the view that activator-calcium governs both the number of active crossbridges between the A and I filaments during tension development and the rate of turnover of the myosin bridges during shortening at zero load.", "contents": "The instantaneous force-velocity relationship as an index of the contractile state in cardiac muscle. The instantaneous force-velocity curve of mammalian myocardium has a hyperbolic shape like that of skeletal muscle. Similar to the situation in single skeletal muscle fibres maximum speed of shortening and maximum contractile force in myocardium are altered in parallel as the state of activity is changed. Various inotropic interventions affect the force-velocity relation in the same way as occurs when the activity is altered during the course of the contraction. These findings support the view that activator-calcium governs both the number of active crossbridges between the A and I filaments during tension development and the rate of turnover of the myosin bridges during shortening at zero load.", "PMID": 860992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13564", "title": "Ecchymosis of the lower leg. A sign of hemarthrosis with synovial rupture.", "content": "Four patients with hemarthrosis of the knee, synovial rupture, and ecchymoses are reported. The patients presented with calf pain and swelling and large ecchymoses, which eventually extended to the ankle as a crescent about one or both malleoli. Appreciation of this physical sign, which appears to be characteristic for the hemorrhagic subset of synovial rupture, should alert the physician to the correct diagnosis and steer him away from contraindicated anticoagulant therapy.", "contents": "Ecchymosis of the lower leg. A sign of hemarthrosis with synovial rupture. Four patients with hemarthrosis of the knee, synovial rupture, and ecchymoses are reported. The patients presented with calf pain and swelling and large ecchymoses, which eventually extended to the ankle as a crescent about one or both malleoli. Appreciation of this physical sign, which appears to be characteristic for the hemorrhagic subset of synovial rupture, should alert the physician to the correct diagnosis and steer him away from contraindicated anticoagulant therapy.", "PMID": 861062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13565", "title": "Association of renal papillary necrosis and ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "Three patients with ankylosing spondylitis developed renal papillary necrosis. All had received prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors including phenylbutazone, indomethacin, or ibuprofen. One patient had sickle trait. These drugs are not commonly associated with papillary necrosis in man, but may adversely effect renal medullary blood flow. An underlying renal vascular abnormality related to ankylosing spondylitis is also considered. Patients with ankylosing spondylitis who are taking prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors should be routinely screened for hematuria.", "contents": "Association of renal papillary necrosis and ankylosing spondylitis. Three patients with ankylosing spondylitis developed renal papillary necrosis. All had received prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors including phenylbutazone, indomethacin, or ibuprofen. One patient had sickle trait. These drugs are not commonly associated with papillary necrosis in man, but may adversely effect renal medullary blood flow. An underlying renal vascular abnormality related to ankylosing spondylitis is also considered. Patients with ankylosing spondylitis who are taking prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors should be routinely screened for hematuria.", "PMID": 861066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13566", "title": "Cellular infiltrates in scleroderma skin.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency, distribution, and nature of cellular infiltrates in 108 skin biopsies from patients with systemic scleroderma (SS) and localized scleroderma (LS). Cellular infiltrates, perivascular or diffuse, were noted in 49% of SS and 84% of LS patients and consisted of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages. No correlation was noted between the presence or severity of skin cellular infiltrates and serum serologic abnormalities.", "contents": "Cellular infiltrates in scleroderma skin. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency, distribution, and nature of cellular infiltrates in 108 skin biopsies from patients with systemic scleroderma (SS) and localized scleroderma (LS). Cellular infiltrates, perivascular or diffuse, were noted in 49% of SS and 84% of LS patients and consisted of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages. No correlation was noted between the presence or severity of skin cellular infiltrates and serum serologic abnormalities.", "PMID": 861067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13567", "title": "Digital mucinous pseudocysts.", "content": "Thirty-one patients with 46 digital mucinous pseudocysts are reviewed. The pseudocysts are usually soft, fluctuant, dome-shaped, dimpled, smooth lesions located near and often associated with a linear defect of the fingernail. Transillumination confirms the diagnosis. Treatment is conservative, usually consisting of intralesional injections. If surgery is necessary, distal interphalangeal joint injection of methylene blue aids in complete removal by identifying the mesothelial-lined pedicle leading from the distal joint to the pseudocyst.", "contents": "Digital mucinous pseudocysts. Thirty-one patients with 46 digital mucinous pseudocysts are reviewed. The pseudocysts are usually soft, fluctuant, dome-shaped, dimpled, smooth lesions located near and often associated with a linear defect of the fingernail. Transillumination confirms the diagnosis. Treatment is conservative, usually consisting of intralesional injections. If surgery is necessary, distal interphalangeal joint injection of methylene blue aids in complete removal by identifying the mesothelial-lined pedicle leading from the distal joint to the pseudocyst.", "PMID": 861068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13568", "title": "[Role of pelvic phlebography in the study of prostatic carcinoma].", "content": "On the basis of previous reports on a possible correlation between phlebographic patterns and diseases of the prostatic gland, indications of the pelvic phlebography in the staging of the prostatic cancer are discussed, in order to carry out informations according to TNM system.", "contents": "[Role of pelvic phlebography in the study of prostatic carcinoma]. On the basis of previous reports on a possible correlation between phlebographic patterns and diseases of the prostatic gland, indications of the pelvic phlebography in the staging of the prostatic cancer are discussed, in order to carry out informations according to TNM system.", "PMID": 861069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13569", "title": "[Value of cerebral scintiscanning with Tc 99m pertechnetate. Comparative evaluation of neuroradiological diagnosis (statistical study)].", "content": "Authors have analyzed the efficacy of brain scanning detecting in neurological diseases and compare this examin with usualy neuro-radiological screenings. They have noted an absolute diagnostic accuracy (100%) in various cases of vascular diseases and a great accuracy (81,8%) in cases of brain tumors.", "contents": "[Value of cerebral scintiscanning with Tc 99m pertechnetate. Comparative evaluation of neuroradiological diagnosis (statistical study)]. Authors have analyzed the efficacy of brain scanning detecting in neurological diseases and compare this examin with usualy neuro-radiological screenings. They have noted an absolute diagnostic accuracy (100%) in various cases of vascular diseases and a great accuracy (81,8%) in cases of brain tumors.", "PMID": 861070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13570", "title": "[An unusual case of latero-cervical metastatic adenopathy caused by an occult tumor of tonsillar origin, discovered more than 4 years later].", "content": "The Authors report a rare case of an hidden tonsilar carcinoma, discovered more than four years after the appearance of a side-cervical adenopathy. After a review of the literature, they express some personal considerations on the diagnostic problem. Particularly they suggest systematical tonsillectomy as an also preventive treatment.", "contents": "[An unusual case of latero-cervical metastatic adenopathy caused by an occult tumor of tonsillar origin, discovered more than 4 years later]. The Authors report a rare case of an hidden tonsilar carcinoma, discovered more than four years after the appearance of a side-cervical adenopathy. After a review of the literature, they express some personal considerations on the diagnostic problem. Particularly they suggest systematical tonsillectomy as an also preventive treatment.", "PMID": 861071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13571", "title": "Known and newer manifestations by mycoplasma pneumoniae in adults.", "content": "Although M. pneumoniae is a well recognised respiratory pathogen both in children and in young adults, its infections have shown recently some pathomorphism and may also involve other organ systems. The paper reviews the various clinical syndromes in adults by M. pneumoniae, with particular emphasis on those more unusual and nevertheless seen by us. In this connection the possibility of pleural effusions (with a well defined cytology) associated or not with typical Mycoplasma pneumoniae and of chronic bronchopneumonias eventually evolving even in pulmonary fibrosis is stressed. Moreover, the development of M. pneumoniae respiratory infections during the course or hematological malignancies and their characteristics are described in some detail because of the relative rarity of this kind of infections in the above patients. Finally, some less frequently reported manifestations of M. pneumoniae infections, as hemolytic anemia, hepatitis and others are described and discussed.", "contents": "Known and newer manifestations by mycoplasma pneumoniae in adults. Although M. pneumoniae is a well recognised respiratory pathogen both in children and in young adults, its infections have shown recently some pathomorphism and may also involve other organ systems. The paper reviews the various clinical syndromes in adults by M. pneumoniae, with particular emphasis on those more unusual and nevertheless seen by us. In this connection the possibility of pleural effusions (with a well defined cytology) associated or not with typical Mycoplasma pneumoniae and of chronic bronchopneumonias eventually evolving even in pulmonary fibrosis is stressed. Moreover, the development of M. pneumoniae respiratory infections during the course or hematological malignancies and their characteristics are described in some detail because of the relative rarity of this kind of infections in the above patients. Finally, some less frequently reported manifestations of M. pneumoniae infections, as hemolytic anemia, hepatitis and others are described and discussed.", "PMID": 861072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13572", "title": "[Study by means of enzymatic and immunochemical determination of Cl esterase inhibitor in 59 patients with hereditary angioneurotic edema].", "content": "Serum C1 esterase inhibitor was determined in 138 members of 18 italian families with hereditary angioedema by immunochemical and enzymatic assays. On the basis of quantitative and functional findings, the type A of hereditary angioedema was diagnosed in 44 subjects, and the type B in 15. Some technical devices concerning serum sample handling were identified. The influence of heparin, EDTA, and citrate on C1 esterase inhibitor activity of normal plasma was also investigated.", "contents": "[Study by means of enzymatic and immunochemical determination of Cl esterase inhibitor in 59 patients with hereditary angioneurotic edema]. Serum C1 esterase inhibitor was determined in 138 members of 18 italian families with hereditary angioedema by immunochemical and enzymatic assays. On the basis of quantitative and functional findings, the type A of hereditary angioedema was diagnosed in 44 subjects, and the type B in 15. Some technical devices concerning serum sample handling were identified. The influence of heparin, EDTA, and citrate on C1 esterase inhibitor activity of normal plasma was also investigated.", "PMID": 861073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13573", "title": "[HBeAg and Anti-HBe in various groups of acute hepatitis patients and carriers of HBsAg].", "content": "Serial samples of serum from 44 patients with acute hepatitis B were examined by immunodiffusion for hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and its antibody (anti-HBe). The antigen was detected in the serum of 5 (11.3%) of the patients and antibody in 12 (27.3%). Two patterns of events emerged during the study: a) HB-eAg was found only in the samples collected during the early acute phase of the illness but anti-HBe was not detectable at any time; b) HBeAg was not found during the acute illness but anti-HBe was detected 4 to 6 weeks after the onset of clinical jaundice, when the HBsAg was still present in the circulation and before the anti-HBs appearance. HBeAg was persistently found in the sera of 12 of 16 (75%) patients with chronic renal failure HBsAg long term carriers and anti-HBe in 2(12.5%). Anti-HBe was detected in 33(66%) of 50 asymptomatic HBsAg carriers and HBeAg in only 1 (2%). Finally, HBeAg and anti-HBe were not detected in any of 15 patients with HBsAg negative acute hepatitis or fulminant failure and in any of 20 healthy individuals as control. Our observation confirms the specific association between e determinant and hepatitis B virus and suggests the correlation of HBeAg persistence with HBV infectivity and of anti-HBe with the asymptomatic carriage of surface antigen.", "contents": "[HBeAg and Anti-HBe in various groups of acute hepatitis patients and carriers of HBsAg]. Serial samples of serum from 44 patients with acute hepatitis B were examined by immunodiffusion for hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and its antibody (anti-HBe). The antigen was detected in the serum of 5 (11.3%) of the patients and antibody in 12 (27.3%). Two patterns of events emerged during the study: a) HB-eAg was found only in the samples collected during the early acute phase of the illness but anti-HBe was not detectable at any time; b) HBeAg was not found during the acute illness but anti-HBe was detected 4 to 6 weeks after the onset of clinical jaundice, when the HBsAg was still present in the circulation and before the anti-HBs appearance. HBeAg was persistently found in the sera of 12 of 16 (75%) patients with chronic renal failure HBsAg long term carriers and anti-HBe in 2(12.5%). Anti-HBe was detected in 33(66%) of 50 asymptomatic HBsAg carriers and HBeAg in only 1 (2%). Finally, HBeAg and anti-HBe were not detected in any of 15 patients with HBsAg negative acute hepatitis or fulminant failure and in any of 20 healthy individuals as control. Our observation confirms the specific association between e determinant and hepatitis B virus and suggests the correlation of HBeAg persistence with HBV infectivity and of anti-HBe with the asymptomatic carriage of surface antigen.", "PMID": 861075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13574", "title": "Transmural myocardial infarction in young women taking oral contraceptives. Evidence of reduced regional coronary flow in spite of normal coronary arteries.", "content": "A normal coronary arteriogram after transmural myocardial infarction is a well-recognised phenomenon, but the pathophysiology remains unclear in most cases. A possible aetiological role of oral contraceptives is suggested by the occurrence of unequivocal myocardial infarction with normal or near normal coronary arteries in 4 young women who had been taking oral contraceptives. While the cause-effect relation of coronary thrombosis and myocardial infarction remains controversial in patients with coronary atherosclerosis, a primary occlusion of macroscopically normal coronary arteries by cellular elements of blood appears possible in these cases. The action of contraceptives, the, would be analogous to their thrombogenic effect in peripheral veins and cerebral arteries. Absence of atherosclerotic lesions in these patients favours spontaneous thrombolysis and restoration of normal vessel patency in many of these cases. Myocardial blood flow in the region of the damaged left ventricular wall remains low in spite of normal coronary arteries. Reduced perfusion in infarcted areas is assumed to be the consequence of structural and functional alterations at precapillary and capillary level rather than an effect of obstructive coronary disease.", "contents": "Transmural myocardial infarction in young women taking oral contraceptives. Evidence of reduced regional coronary flow in spite of normal coronary arteries. A normal coronary arteriogram after transmural myocardial infarction is a well-recognised phenomenon, but the pathophysiology remains unclear in most cases. A possible aetiological role of oral contraceptives is suggested by the occurrence of unequivocal myocardial infarction with normal or near normal coronary arteries in 4 young women who had been taking oral contraceptives. While the cause-effect relation of coronary thrombosis and myocardial infarction remains controversial in patients with coronary atherosclerosis, a primary occlusion of macroscopically normal coronary arteries by cellular elements of blood appears possible in these cases. The action of contraceptives, the, would be analogous to their thrombogenic effect in peripheral veins and cerebral arteries. Absence of atherosclerotic lesions in these patients favours spontaneous thrombolysis and restoration of normal vessel patency in many of these cases. Myocardial blood flow in the region of the damaged left ventricular wall remains low in spite of normal coronary arteries. Reduced perfusion in infarcted areas is assumed to be the consequence of structural and functional alterations at precapillary and capillary level rather than an effect of obstructive coronary disease.", "PMID": 861090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13575", "title": "Evaluation of evolution of myocardial infarction by serial determinations of serum creatine kinase activity.", "content": "In order to investigate the relation between the release of creatine kinase (CK) in acute myocardial infarction and the evolution of infarction, the appearance functions of CK (release of CK from the heart into the circulation) were calculated by the modified method of Sobel and associates from the serial determinations of serum CK activity in 50 patients with acute myocardial infarction. The relation of the time between the onset of infarction and the peak value of the appearance function to the duration of the evolution of abnormal Q waves in 14 patients with inferior infarction and to the duration of pain in all patients was investigated. The duration of CK release from the heart averaged 37-2+/-2-4 hours and correlated well with the total CK released (R=0.665) which represents the infarct size. The mean per cent of the total CK eventually released by the time of maximum sigmaQ (sum of the amplitude of Q wave in leads II, III, and aVF) was 80-0+/-6-4 per cent and that of CK released while pain persisted was 72-0+/-3-9 per cent. These results strongly suggest that the appearance function of CK reflects the evolution of myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Evaluation of evolution of myocardial infarction by serial determinations of serum creatine kinase activity. In order to investigate the relation between the release of creatine kinase (CK) in acute myocardial infarction and the evolution of infarction, the appearance functions of CK (release of CK from the heart into the circulation) were calculated by the modified method of Sobel and associates from the serial determinations of serum CK activity in 50 patients with acute myocardial infarction. The relation of the time between the onset of infarction and the peak value of the appearance function to the duration of the evolution of abnormal Q waves in 14 patients with inferior infarction and to the duration of pain in all patients was investigated. The duration of CK release from the heart averaged 37-2+/-2-4 hours and correlated well with the total CK released (R=0.665) which represents the infarct size. The mean per cent of the total CK eventually released by the time of maximum sigmaQ (sum of the amplitude of Q wave in leads II, III, and aVF) was 80-0+/-6-4 per cent and that of CK released while pain persisted was 72-0+/-3-9 per cent. These results strongly suggest that the appearance function of CK reflects the evolution of myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 861091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13576", "title": "Primary ST changes. Diagnostic aid in paced patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "In 34 out of 36 patients with apical right ventricular endocardial pacing, primary ischaemic ST alterations were observed during the early stage of acute myocardial infarction. These ST changes, indicating acute injury, were detected in the paced beats in inferior and in anterior infarct. The primary ST changes were consistent only during the early stages of acute myocardial infarction and were not detected when the electrode tip was not in the apex of the right ventricle. It is suggested that the primary ST changes should be used to diagnose acute myocardial infarction in paced patients.", "contents": "Primary ST changes. Diagnostic aid in paced patients with acute myocardial infarction. In 34 out of 36 patients with apical right ventricular endocardial pacing, primary ischaemic ST alterations were observed during the early stage of acute myocardial infarction. These ST changes, indicating acute injury, were detected in the paced beats in inferior and in anterior infarct. The primary ST changes were consistent only during the early stages of acute myocardial infarction and were not detected when the electrode tip was not in the apex of the right ventricle. It is suggested that the primary ST changes should be used to diagnose acute myocardial infarction in paced patients.", "PMID": 861092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13577", "title": "Atrial pacing at multiple sites in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.", "content": "Atrial pacing at multiple sites was used in an attempt to predict the site of pre-excitation in 5 patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome with 5 different anomalous pathway locations (right anterior, right posterior, septal, left posterior, and left lateral). At least 3 atrial pacing sites were tested in each patient. Pacing sites tested included high right atrium, low lateral right atrium, low septal right atrium, proximal coronary sinus, and distal coronary sinus. Atrial stimulation sites with shortest and longest stimulus-delta intervals could be identified in each patient, the shortest stimulus-delta interval in each case ranging from 60 to 80 ms. The difference between the shortest and longest stimulus-delta interval in each case ranged from 60 to 110 ms. It was suggested that the site with the shortest stimulus-delta interval corresponded to a site close to the atrial insertion of the anomalous pathway. This hypothesis was confirmed in all cases (3 with epicardial mapping and 2 with retrograde atrial activation data). In conclusion, atrial pacing at multiple sites is helpful in predicting the site of anterogradely conducting anomalous pathways, and appears particularly useful for differentiation of right posterior, left posterior, and septal pre-excitation.", "contents": "Atrial pacing at multiple sites in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Atrial pacing at multiple sites was used in an attempt to predict the site of pre-excitation in 5 patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome with 5 different anomalous pathway locations (right anterior, right posterior, septal, left posterior, and left lateral). At least 3 atrial pacing sites were tested in each patient. Pacing sites tested included high right atrium, low lateral right atrium, low septal right atrium, proximal coronary sinus, and distal coronary sinus. Atrial stimulation sites with shortest and longest stimulus-delta intervals could be identified in each patient, the shortest stimulus-delta interval in each case ranging from 60 to 80 ms. The difference between the shortest and longest stimulus-delta interval in each case ranged from 60 to 110 ms. It was suggested that the site with the shortest stimulus-delta interval corresponded to a site close to the atrial insertion of the anomalous pathway. This hypothesis was confirmed in all cases (3 with epicardial mapping and 2 with retrograde atrial activation data). In conclusion, atrial pacing at multiple sites is helpful in predicting the site of anterogradely conducting anomalous pathways, and appears particularly useful for differentiation of right posterior, left posterior, and septal pre-excitation.", "PMID": 861093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13578", "title": "Endocardial pacing electrode design and rate of displacement.", "content": "In a series of 184 patients with a permanent endocardial pacing system the rate of electrode displacement was 3-0 per cent using the Devices L120SR electrode, and 23-1 per cent using the Devices S120 electrode. The technique and pacing team were unchanged during the period of study. It is suggested that the design and mechanical characteristics of the elctrodes were responsible.", "contents": "Endocardial pacing electrode design and rate of displacement. In a series of 184 patients with a permanent endocardial pacing system the rate of electrode displacement was 3-0 per cent using the Devices L120SR electrode, and 23-1 per cent using the Devices S120 electrode. The technique and pacing team were unchanged during the period of study. It is suggested that the design and mechanical characteristics of the elctrodes were responsible.", "PMID": 861094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13579", "title": "Potential pitfalls in quantification of pericardial effusions by echocardiography.", "content": "In the echocardiographic assessment of patients with pericardial effusions, the apparent width of the echo-free space between the left ventricular posterior wall and the parietal pericardium is commonly used to estimate the amount of pericardial fluid present. In 4 patients with pericardial effusions, we showed a distinct disparity between the widths of the posterior pericardial space at different levels of the left ventricular posterior wall. In 2 of them, a 'swinging heart' appearance was recorded when the ultrasoound beam was directed caudally, but not when its direction was cephalad or less caudad. It is suggested that the left ventricle should be scanned at all possible sites to minimise potential errors in estimating the amount of a pericardial effusion.", "contents": "Potential pitfalls in quantification of pericardial effusions by echocardiography. In the echocardiographic assessment of patients with pericardial effusions, the apparent width of the echo-free space between the left ventricular posterior wall and the parietal pericardium is commonly used to estimate the amount of pericardial fluid present. In 4 patients with pericardial effusions, we showed a distinct disparity between the widths of the posterior pericardial space at different levels of the left ventricular posterior wall. In 2 of them, a 'swinging heart' appearance was recorded when the ultrasoound beam was directed caudally, but not when its direction was cephalad or less caudad. It is suggested that the left ventricle should be scanned at all possible sites to minimise potential errors in estimating the amount of a pericardial effusion.", "PMID": 861096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13580", "title": "Pulmonary embolism secondary to anomalies of deep venous system of the leg.", "content": "Two cases of recurrent pulmonary emboli secondary to thrombosis in anomalies of the deep veins of the lower limb are presented. In both cases the source of emboli was not evident clinically, and it was only after venography that the venous anomalies were discovered, both being confined to one limb and amenable to surgical intervention. Such anomalies have not previously been reported as sources of venous thromboembolism in adults. The importance of venography in establishing the source of pulmonary emboli, especially when recurrent, is stressed.", "contents": "Pulmonary embolism secondary to anomalies of deep venous system of the leg. Two cases of recurrent pulmonary emboli secondary to thrombosis in anomalies of the deep veins of the lower limb are presented. In both cases the source of emboli was not evident clinically, and it was only after venography that the venous anomalies were discovered, both being confined to one limb and amenable to surgical intervention. Such anomalies have not previously been reported as sources of venous thromboembolism in adults. The importance of venography in establishing the source of pulmonary emboli, especially when recurrent, is stressed.", "PMID": 861097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13581", "title": "Recurrent pulmonary embolism due to hydatid disease of heart. Study of 3 cases, one with intermittent tricuspid valve obstruction (atrial pseudomyxoma).", "content": "Three cases of pulmonary hypertension caused by hydatid emboli from the right side of the heart are described; cardiac catheterisation was performed in 2. One case was confirmed at operation and 2 at necropsy. The pulmonary emboli were caused by hydatid vesicles in all 3 cases and in none was there pulmonary thrombosis; free scolices were found in the pulmonary alveoli in 2. In 1 patient with repeated syncopal attacks there was a pedunculated cyst in the right atrium which was though to have intermittently obstructed the tricuspid valve. Gamma radiography, angiocardiography, and necropsy suggested a mechanical cause for the pulmonary hypertenion with no vasoconstrictive element. The surgical patient was alive and well 18 months later.", "contents": "Recurrent pulmonary embolism due to hydatid disease of heart. Study of 3 cases, one with intermittent tricuspid valve obstruction (atrial pseudomyxoma). Three cases of pulmonary hypertension caused by hydatid emboli from the right side of the heart are described; cardiac catheterisation was performed in 2. One case was confirmed at operation and 2 at necropsy. The pulmonary emboli were caused by hydatid vesicles in all 3 cases and in none was there pulmonary thrombosis; free scolices were found in the pulmonary alveoli in 2. In 1 patient with repeated syncopal attacks there was a pedunculated cyst in the right atrium which was though to have intermittently obstructed the tricuspid valve. Gamma radiography, angiocardiography, and necropsy suggested a mechanical cause for the pulmonary hypertenion with no vasoconstrictive element. The surgical patient was alive and well 18 months later.", "PMID": 861098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13582", "title": "Physiological responses to prompt and  sustained squatting. Measurement by systolic time intervals.", "content": "Ten healthy men, ages 22 to 35, were studied non-invasively standing (control), at the onset of squatting ('prompt squat'), and at two minutes of squatting. Squatting produced decreases in heart rate, isovolumic contraction time, pre-ejection period, and pulse transmission time from onset of depolarisation to the first heart sound, left ventricular ejection time, and the ejection time index. These results of systolic time intervals are consistent with the bradycardia and increased ventricular filling induced by squatting. Major changes from control measurements were found at the onset of squatting, showing the impact of prompt squat of left ventricular performance.", "contents": "Physiological responses to prompt and  sustained squatting. Measurement by systolic time intervals. Ten healthy men, ages 22 to 35, were studied non-invasively standing (control), at the onset of squatting ('prompt squat'), and at two minutes of squatting. Squatting produced decreases in heart rate, isovolumic contraction time, pre-ejection period, and pulse transmission time from onset of depolarisation to the first heart sound, left ventricular ejection time, and the ejection time index. These results of systolic time intervals are consistent with the bradycardia and increased ventricular filling induced by squatting. Major changes from control measurements were found at the onset of squatting, showing the impact of prompt squat of left ventricular performance.", "PMID": 861099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13583", "title": "Left ventricular endomyocardial fibrosis in India.", "content": "Clinical, radiological, electrocardiographic, haemodynamic, and cineangiographic features of left ventricular endomyocardial fibrosis are described in 8 patients seen during the 10-year period 1965-1975. Exertional dyspnoea was the commonest presenting symptom. Mild to moderate cardiomegaly was often present. The apex beat was never forcible. A loud third heart sound over the apex and an apical early systolic murmur with late systolic decresendo were characteristic of this desease. Chest X-rays films showed left atrial enlargement and pulmonary venous congestion. A pronounced rise in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, severe pulmonary hypertension, and low cardiac index were seen in 6. Ventriculography showed an irregular, poorly contracting left ventricle with areas of dyskinesis and large end-systolic volume. Mitral regurgitation, when present, was not severe.", "contents": "Left ventricular endomyocardial fibrosis in India. Clinical, radiological, electrocardiographic, haemodynamic, and cineangiographic features of left ventricular endomyocardial fibrosis are described in 8 patients seen during the 10-year period 1965-1975. Exertional dyspnoea was the commonest presenting symptom. Mild to moderate cardiomegaly was often present. The apex beat was never forcible. A loud third heart sound over the apex and an apical early systolic murmur with late systolic decresendo were characteristic of this desease. Chest X-rays films showed left atrial enlargement and pulmonary venous congestion. A pronounced rise in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, severe pulmonary hypertension, and low cardiac index were seen in 6. Ventriculography showed an irregular, poorly contracting left ventricle with areas of dyskinesis and large end-systolic volume. Mitral regurgitation, when present, was not severe.", "PMID": 861100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13584", "title": "Symmetrical peripheral gangrene.", "content": "Two cases of symmetrical peripheral gangrene associated with intracardiac lesions are described. One had a secondary deposit from a uterine leiomyosarcoma in the wall of the right ventricle, the other had a free ball thrombus in the right atrium; there were no valvular lesions in either case. The published reports of this type of gangrene indicate that it may result from (1) va sospastic conditions, (2) small vessel obstruction, or (3) conditions producing a very low cardiac output. The two patients reported are unusual examples of the last.", "contents": "Symmetrical peripheral gangrene. Two cases of symmetrical peripheral gangrene associated with intracardiac lesions are described. One had a secondary deposit from a uterine leiomyosarcoma in the wall of the right ventricle, the other had a free ball thrombus in the right atrium; there were no valvular lesions in either case. The published reports of this type of gangrene indicate that it may result from (1) va sospastic conditions, (2) small vessel obstruction, or (3) conditions producing a very low cardiac output. The two patients reported are unusual examples of the last.", "PMID": 861101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13585", "title": "Pulmonary atrsia with intact ventricular septum. Open heart surgical correction at 32 hours.", "content": "A case of pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum is reported in which total surgical correction was carried out successfully at 32 hours of age. Cardiac catheterisation at 17 months has revealed virtually normal haemodynamic and angiographic findings. Surgical correction of this condition in the neonatal period is discussed.", "contents": "Pulmonary atrsia with intact ventricular septum. Open heart surgical correction at 32 hours. A case of pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum is reported in which total surgical correction was carried out successfully at 32 hours of age. Cardiac catheterisation at 17 months has revealed virtually normal haemodynamic and angiographic findings. Surgical correction of this condition in the neonatal period is discussed.", "PMID": 861102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13586", "title": "Prolapsing right atrial myxoma: clinical and heamodynamic considerations.", "content": "A 22-year-old woman with a right atrial myxoma prolapsing to the right ventricle is described. The haemodynamic findings were similar to those of cases of prolapsing myxoma of the left atrium; a notching on the ascending limb of the right ventricular pressure curve, and an initial negative, irregular deflection on the pulmonary artery pressure curve with a pronounced rise in the mean right atrial pressure (18 mmHg) were found. On deep inspiration there was a significant deepening of the y descent from 12 mmHg to 2 mmHg, indicating a changing, dynamic obstruction of the right ventricle inflow tract. These haemodynamic features can be helpful in the diagnosis of prolapsing right atrial myxoma.", "contents": "Prolapsing right atrial myxoma: clinical and heamodynamic considerations. A 22-year-old woman with a right atrial myxoma prolapsing to the right ventricle is described. The haemodynamic findings were similar to those of cases of prolapsing myxoma of the left atrium; a notching on the ascending limb of the right ventricular pressure curve, and an initial negative, irregular deflection on the pulmonary artery pressure curve with a pronounced rise in the mean right atrial pressure (18 mmHg) were found. On deep inspiration there was a significant deepening of the y descent from 12 mmHg to 2 mmHg, indicating a changing, dynamic obstruction of the right ventricle inflow tract. These haemodynamic features can be helpful in the diagnosis of prolapsing right atrial myxoma.", "PMID": 861103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13587", "title": "Homograft replacement of aortic valve and ascending aorta in a patient with non-specific giant cell aortitis.", "content": "A case of giant cell aortitis causing ascending aortic aneurysm associated with aortic regurgitation is reported. The aneurysm was excised and the aortic valve replaced using a fresh homograft. The patient has been followed up for three and a half years. There is good evidence of correction of the haemodynamic lesion and no evidence of further arteritis or aneurysmal formation. The pathological and clinical problem of this disease are discussed.", "contents": "Homograft replacement of aortic valve and ascending aorta in a patient with non-specific giant cell aortitis. A case of giant cell aortitis causing ascending aortic aneurysm associated with aortic regurgitation is reported. The aneurysm was excised and the aortic valve replaced using a fresh homograft. The patient has been followed up for three and a half years. There is good evidence of correction of the haemodynamic lesion and no evidence of further arteritis or aneurysmal formation. The pathological and clinical problem of this disease are discussed.", "PMID": 861104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13588", "title": "Myocardial stimulation by pancuronium bromide.", "content": "The effect of pancuronium bromide on the canine myocardium was studied by observing several indices of myocardial contractility during i.v. and intracoronary infusion of the drug in an anaesthetized, open-chested dog preparation. Pancuronium produced tachycardia when given for 2 min by i.v. and intracoronary infusion with the heart intact. Following denervation and pacing of the heart the intracoronary infusion of the drug produced increases in maximum acceleration of blood at the aortic root, peak aortic blood flow, maximum dP/dt and (maximum dP/dt)/TP. These changes occurred about 30 s after starting the infusion and returned to control values 5 min after stopping the infusion.", "contents": "Myocardial stimulation by pancuronium bromide. The effect of pancuronium bromide on the canine myocardium was studied by observing several indices of myocardial contractility during i.v. and intracoronary infusion of the drug in an anaesthetized, open-chested dog preparation. Pancuronium produced tachycardia when given for 2 min by i.v. and intracoronary infusion with the heart intact. Following denervation and pacing of the heart the intracoronary infusion of the drug produced increases in maximum acceleration of blood at the aortic root, peak aortic blood flow, maximum dP/dt and (maximum dP/dt)/TP. These changes occurred about 30 s after starting the infusion and returned to control values 5 min after stopping the infusion.", "PMID": 861105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13589", "title": "Response of arterial segments from gravid human uterus to multiple concentrations of lignocaine.", "content": "Nine uterine artery segments were obtained during Caesarean hysterotomy. The amount of isometric tension developed by each segment when exposed to 3, 6, 10, 20, 50, 100, 1000 and 2000 microng/ml of lignocaine hydrochloride (Xylocaine) was measured. All nine segments contracted in response to the 1000- and 2000-microng/ml concentrations. Eight of nine, six of nine, and three of nine responded to the 100-, 50- and 20-microng/ml concentrations, respectively; one segment contracted in response to all concentrations. A dose-response curve indicated that maximum responses were obtained at the 1000-microng/ml concentration (0.1%). Although local anaesthetics are usually considered vasodilators, this study indicates that lignocaine causes the uterine artery to constrict in concentrations in excess of 20 microng/ml. Such concentrations might occur after paracervical block or accidental intravascular injection, but would not be expected in association with extradural analgesia.", "contents": "Response of arterial segments from gravid human uterus to multiple concentrations of lignocaine. Nine uterine artery segments were obtained during Caesarean hysterotomy. The amount of isometric tension developed by each segment when exposed to 3, 6, 10, 20, 50, 100, 1000 and 2000 microng/ml of lignocaine hydrochloride (Xylocaine) was measured. All nine segments contracted in response to the 1000- and 2000-microng/ml concentrations. Eight of nine, six of nine, and three of nine responded to the 100-, 50- and 20-microng/ml concentrations, respectively; one segment contracted in response to all concentrations. A dose-response curve indicated that maximum responses were obtained at the 1000-microng/ml concentration (0.1%). Although local anaesthetics are usually considered vasodilators, this study indicates that lignocaine causes the uterine artery to constrict in concentrations in excess of 20 microng/ml. Such concentrations might occur after paracervical block or accidental intravascular injection, but would not be expected in association with extradural analgesia.", "PMID": 861106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13590", "title": "Gas chromatographic determination of Ostwald solubility coefficients for cyclopropane, halothane and trichloroethene (trichloroethylene).", "content": "Gas chromatographic methods using solvent extraction for the analysis of cyclopropane and and trichloroethene (trichloroethylene) are described and evaluated; cyclopropane was extracted into carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethene into carbon disulphide, using chloroform and toluene respectively as the internal standards. Ostwald solubility coefficients were measured for cyclopropane, halothane and trichloroethene in Krebs solution: at 310 K the respective values +/- SEM of the Ostwald coefficients are 0.181 +/- 0.009, 0.78 +/- 0.02 and 1.54 +/- 0.02; over the temperature range 295-310 K the respective temperature coefficients of solubility are -2.27, -4.18 and -3.81 in units of per cent/K at 310 K.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic determination of Ostwald solubility coefficients for cyclopropane, halothane and trichloroethene (trichloroethylene). Gas chromatographic methods using solvent extraction for the analysis of cyclopropane and and trichloroethene (trichloroethylene) are described and evaluated; cyclopropane was extracted into carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethene into carbon disulphide, using chloroform and toluene respectively as the internal standards. Ostwald solubility coefficients were measured for cyclopropane, halothane and trichloroethene in Krebs solution: at 310 K the respective values +/- SEM of the Ostwald coefficients are 0.181 +/- 0.009, 0.78 +/- 0.02 and 1.54 +/- 0.02; over the temperature range 295-310 K the respective temperature coefficients of solubility are -2.27, -4.18 and -3.81 in units of per cent/K at 310 K.", "PMID": 861107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13591", "title": "Intracranial pressure changes in neurosurgical patients during hypotension induced with sodium nitroprusside or trimetaphan.", "content": "Intracranial pressure has been measured in 45 patients undergoing neurosurgery during the induction of deliberate hypotension using either sodium nitroprusside or trimetaphan. A statistically significant increase in intracranial pressure (ICP) occurred during the early stages of the infusion of nitroprusside in normocapnic patients. A non-significant increase in ICP was obtained in hypocapnic patients. The mean ICP increased from 6.3 mm Hg to 11.7 mm Hg when the arterial pressure was reduced slightly, but the response in individual patients varied widely (range -1.6 mm Hg to +20.9 mm Hg). When the arterial pressure (BP) had decreased to 70% of the value existing before infusion of nitroprusside, mean ICP returned to control values and thereafter decreased with further reductions in BP. In patients rendered hypotensive with trimetaphan, there was no change in mean ICP but two patients showed moderate increases (+9.3 mm Hg and +5.7 mm Hg). The mechanism of the increase in ICP with nitroprusside is thought to be expansion of the intracranial blood volume as a result of cerebral vasodilatation. Trimetaphan does not usually produce ICP changes except when intracranial compression is severe, for in these circumstances a small change in intracranial blood volume consequent upon autoregulation may trigger an increase in ICP.", "contents": "Intracranial pressure changes in neurosurgical patients during hypotension induced with sodium nitroprusside or trimetaphan. Intracranial pressure has been measured in 45 patients undergoing neurosurgery during the induction of deliberate hypotension using either sodium nitroprusside or trimetaphan. A statistically significant increase in intracranial pressure (ICP) occurred during the early stages of the infusion of nitroprusside in normocapnic patients. A non-significant increase in ICP was obtained in hypocapnic patients. The mean ICP increased from 6.3 mm Hg to 11.7 mm Hg when the arterial pressure was reduced slightly, but the response in individual patients varied widely (range -1.6 mm Hg to +20.9 mm Hg). When the arterial pressure (BP) had decreased to 70% of the value existing before infusion of nitroprusside, mean ICP returned to control values and thereafter decreased with further reductions in BP. In patients rendered hypotensive with trimetaphan, there was no change in mean ICP but two patients showed moderate increases (+9.3 mm Hg and +5.7 mm Hg). The mechanism of the increase in ICP with nitroprusside is thought to be expansion of the intracranial blood volume as a result of cerebral vasodilatation. Trimetaphan does not usually produce ICP changes except when intracranial compression is severe, for in these circumstances a small change in intracranial blood volume consequent upon autoregulation may trigger an increase in ICP.", "PMID": 861108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13592", "title": "Analysis of possible factors influencing PaO2 and (PaO2--PaO2) in patients awaiting operation.", "content": "Data on arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) and alveolar-arterial PO2 difference (PAO2--PaO2) have been obtained from 337 patients awaiting elective surgery. Statistical analysis of these data has assessed both the individual and the combined influence of various factors on PaO2 and (PAO2-PaO2). The factors of importance in relation to PaO2 include age, smoking habits, body build and PAO2. In relation to (PAO2-PaO2) the significant factors include age, PaCO2, weight and smoking habits.", "contents": "Analysis of possible factors influencing PaO2 and (PaO2--PaO2) in patients awaiting operation. Data on arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) and alveolar-arterial PO2 difference (PAO2--PaO2) have been obtained from 337 patients awaiting elective surgery. Statistical analysis of these data has assessed both the individual and the combined influence of various factors on PaO2 and (PAO2-PaO2). The factors of importance in relation to PaO2 include age, smoking habits, body build and PAO2. In relation to (PAO2-PaO2) the significant factors include age, PaCO2, weight and smoking habits.", "PMID": 861109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13593", "title": "The evaluation and improvement of an anti-pollution system.", "content": "A recently installed anti-pollution system, initially designed to function in a passive mode, was evaluated, but found to be inconstant in its performance. A simple method of making the system active is described and evaluated.", "contents": "The evaluation and improvement of an anti-pollution system. A recently installed anti-pollution system, initially designed to function in a passive mode, was evaluated, but found to be inconstant in its performance. A simple method of making the system active is described and evaluated.", "PMID": 861110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13594", "title": "Anaesthesia with profound hypotension for middle ear surgery.", "content": "To produce a blood-free field for middle ear surgery performed with the operating microscope, the arterial systolic pressure was reduced to less than 50 mm Hg in 700 patients by means of thiopentone-halothane-nitrous oxide in oxygen anaesthesia together with pentolinium tartrate. In 84% the results were excellent, in 12% moderately good and they were poor in 4%. There were more unsatisfactory results in males (22.8%) than in females (11.4%). In spite of the arterial pressure being reduced to very low values in many instances, there was no mortality or morbidity which could be ascribed to the technique.", "contents": "Anaesthesia with profound hypotension for middle ear surgery. To produce a blood-free field for middle ear surgery performed with the operating microscope, the arterial systolic pressure was reduced to less than 50 mm Hg in 700 patients by means of thiopentone-halothane-nitrous oxide in oxygen anaesthesia together with pentolinium tartrate. In 84% the results were excellent, in 12% moderately good and they were poor in 4%. There were more unsatisfactory results in males (22.8%) than in females (11.4%). In spite of the arterial pressure being reduced to very low values in many instances, there was no mortality or morbidity which could be ascribed to the technique.", "PMID": 861111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13595", "title": "Measurement of carbon dioxide output, alveolar carbon dioxide concentration and alveolar ventilation in the neonate.", "content": "A system is described for measuring carbon dioxide output and alveolar carbon dioxide concentration in the neonate and for deriving the volume of alveolar ventilation. Air is drawn through a soft rubber face mask applied loosely to the face so that all expired gas is entrained. A fraction of the flow is sampled by an infra-red analyser, the signal from which is integrated to provide a measure of carbon dioxide output. Alveolar carbon dioxide concentration is measured by continuous sampling of expired gas through a nasal catheter. The response time of the catheter-analyser system is 140 ms. In 20 healthy 1-day-old neonates the mean carbon dioxide excretion was 5.86 ml/min. kg-1 (STPD) and the mean alveolar PCO2 was 4.85 kPa. From these measurements mean alveolar ventilation 147 ml/min. kg-1 (BTPS) was calculated. These results are similar to those obtained by other methods.", "contents": "Measurement of carbon dioxide output, alveolar carbon dioxide concentration and alveolar ventilation in the neonate. A system is described for measuring carbon dioxide output and alveolar carbon dioxide concentration in the neonate and for deriving the volume of alveolar ventilation. Air is drawn through a soft rubber face mask applied loosely to the face so that all expired gas is entrained. A fraction of the flow is sampled by an infra-red analyser, the signal from which is integrated to provide a measure of carbon dioxide output. Alveolar carbon dioxide concentration is measured by continuous sampling of expired gas through a nasal catheter. The response time of the catheter-analyser system is 140 ms. In 20 healthy 1-day-old neonates the mean carbon dioxide excretion was 5.86 ml/min. kg-1 (STPD) and the mean alveolar PCO2 was 4.85 kPa. From these measurements mean alveolar ventilation 147 ml/min. kg-1 (BTPS) was calculated. These results are similar to those obtained by other methods.", "PMID": 861112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13596", "title": "Etidocaine for Caesarean section--effects on mother and baby.", "content": "The effectiveness and safety of etidocaine during extradural anaesthesia for Caesarean section were evaluated in 81 patients. Adequate sensory analgesia occurred in 78 patients and muscle relaxation was excellent in all patients. The combined umbilical venous-umbilical arterial/maternal venous ratio was 0.28+/-0.2 following the administration of 1% etidocaine 25 ml with adrenaline and 0.38+/-0.2 following the administration of 1% etidocaine plain 25 ml. Neurobehavioural patterns of the newborn were not affected noticeably. Etidocaine, in appropriate dose and concentration, appears to be an excellent local anaesthetic agent for Caesarean section under extradural anaesthesia.", "contents": "Etidocaine for Caesarean section--effects on mother and baby. The effectiveness and safety of etidocaine during extradural anaesthesia for Caesarean section were evaluated in 81 patients. Adequate sensory analgesia occurred in 78 patients and muscle relaxation was excellent in all patients. The combined umbilical venous-umbilical arterial/maternal venous ratio was 0.28+/-0.2 following the administration of 1% etidocaine 25 ml with adrenaline and 0.38+/-0.2 following the administration of 1% etidocaine plain 25 ml. Neurobehavioural patterns of the newborn were not affected noticeably. Etidocaine, in appropriate dose and concentration, appears to be an excellent local anaesthetic agent for Caesarean section under extradural anaesthesia.", "PMID": 861113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13597", "title": "Plasma concentrations of local anaesthetics after interscalene brachial plexus block.", "content": "Plasma concentrations of local anaesthetic agents have been measured after 40 interscalene brachial plexus blocks in 39 patients, using lignocaine, prilocaine, bupivacaine and etidocaine. Lignocaine produced greater concentrations than prilocaine, and bupivacaine greater concentrations than etidocaine. The addition of adrenaline resulted in much lower concentrations in the case of all four agents.", "contents": "Plasma concentrations of local anaesthetics after interscalene brachial plexus block. Plasma concentrations of local anaesthetic agents have been measured after 40 interscalene brachial plexus blocks in 39 patients, using lignocaine, prilocaine, bupivacaine and etidocaine. Lignocaine produced greater concentrations than prilocaine, and bupivacaine greater concentrations than etidocaine. The addition of adrenaline resulted in much lower concentrations in the case of all four agents.", "PMID": 861114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13598", "title": "I.V. doxapram hydrochloride and pulmonary complications after lower abdominal surgery.", "content": "An i.v. solution of 0.9% saline or 0.9% saline with doxapram 2 mg/ml was administered to 260 obstetric and gynaecological patients who breathed 35% oxygen following lower abdominal surgery. Arterial blood was sampled before and during the infusion in 104 subjects. With the administration of doxapram mean PaCO2 decreased, and arterial oxygenation improved. In both treatment groups respiratory complications occurred with the same low frequency (less than 15%). The majority of patients received antibiotics following surgery, but in 34 who did not, the incidence of pulmonary complications was significantly less following doxapram.", "contents": "I.V. doxapram hydrochloride and pulmonary complications after lower abdominal surgery. An i.v. solution of 0.9% saline or 0.9% saline with doxapram 2 mg/ml was administered to 260 obstetric and gynaecological patients who breathed 35% oxygen following lower abdominal surgery. Arterial blood was sampled before and during the infusion in 104 subjects. With the administration of doxapram mean PaCO2 decreased, and arterial oxygenation improved. In both treatment groups respiratory complications occurred with the same low frequency (less than 15%). The majority of patients received antibiotics following surgery, but in 34 who did not, the incidence of pulmonary complications was significantly less following doxapram.", "PMID": 861115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13599", "title": "Suxamethonium-neostigmine interaction in patients with normal or atypical cholinesterase.", "content": "The effect of neostigmine 0.05 mg/kg on the neuromuscular block produced by suxamethonium was investigated in 10 normal patients and in five patients with atypical plasma cholinesterase activity, by recording the twitch response to ulnar nerve stimulation. In the normal patients, neostigmine potentiated the block produced by suxamethonium whether it was of the depolarizing or desensitizing type. On the other hand, in patients with atypical plasma cholinesterase activity, neostigmine potentiated the depolarizing phase of suxamethonium block, while antagonizing the desensitizing phase. The degree of antagonism was not related to the magnitude of neuromuscular block, but was proportional to the degree of desensitization at the time of antagonism.", "contents": "Suxamethonium-neostigmine interaction in patients with normal or atypical cholinesterase. The effect of neostigmine 0.05 mg/kg on the neuromuscular block produced by suxamethonium was investigated in 10 normal patients and in five patients with atypical plasma cholinesterase activity, by recording the twitch response to ulnar nerve stimulation. In the normal patients, neostigmine potentiated the block produced by suxamethonium whether it was of the depolarizing or desensitizing type. On the other hand, in patients with atypical plasma cholinesterase activity, neostigmine potentiated the depolarizing phase of suxamethonium block, while antagonizing the desensitizing phase. The degree of antagonism was not related to the magnitude of neuromuscular block, but was proportional to the degree of desensitization at the time of antagonism.", "PMID": 861116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13600", "title": "Absence of \"recurarization\" in patients with demonstrated prolonged neuromuscular block.", "content": "The possibility of \"recurarization\" after antagonism of the competitive neuromuscular block with anticholinesterases was studied. Observations were made on the time-course of the block in five patients at risk from recurarization because of multiple organ failure and who demonstrated unusually prolonged blockade. In none of these patients did the block recur. We conclude that, provided spontaneous recovery of neuromuscular transmission has made progress before the antagonism, and that the patient does not deteriorate or become exhausted afterwards, recurarization is unlikely.", "contents": "Absence of \"recurarization\" in patients with demonstrated prolonged neuromuscular block. The possibility of \"recurarization\" after antagonism of the competitive neuromuscular block with anticholinesterases was studied. Observations were made on the time-course of the block in five patients at risk from recurarization because of multiple organ failure and who demonstrated unusually prolonged blockade. In none of these patients did the block recur. We conclude that, provided spontaneous recovery of neuromuscular transmission has made progress before the antagonism, and that the patient does not deteriorate or become exhausted afterwards, recurarization is unlikely.", "PMID": 861117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13601", "title": "Awareness during endotracheal intubation: A comparison of ketamine and thiopentone.", "content": "As a result of a report suggesting an unacceptably high incidence (2%) of awareness during endotracheal intubation, two groups of patients were anaesthetized in a standard manner using a rapid induction technique. In one group of 38 patients anaesthesia was induced with thiopentone 3 mg/kg and in the other group of 39 patients anaesthesia was induced with ketamine 2 mg/kg. Suxamethonium 1 mg/kg was given immediately following the induction agent, to facilitate endotracheal intubation. The patients were interviewed after operation. A rapid induction technique did not result in unacceptable awareness with either induction agent.", "contents": "Awareness during endotracheal intubation: A comparison of ketamine and thiopentone. As a result of a report suggesting an unacceptably high incidence (2%) of awareness during endotracheal intubation, two groups of patients were anaesthetized in a standard manner using a rapid induction technique. In one group of 38 patients anaesthesia was induced with thiopentone 3 mg/kg and in the other group of 39 patients anaesthesia was induced with ketamine 2 mg/kg. Suxamethonium 1 mg/kg was given immediately following the induction agent, to facilitate endotracheal intubation. The patients were interviewed after operation. A rapid induction technique did not result in unacceptable awareness with either induction agent.", "PMID": 861118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13602", "title": "Rhabdomyolysis induced by anaesthesia with intraoperative cardiac arrest.", "content": "A 9-year-old boy undergoing anaesthesia including suxamethonium and halothane suffered cardiac arrest on two occasions. Clinical and laboratory examination subsequently showed that the patient had suffered from acute rhabdomyolysis. The eventual recovery was satisfactory.", "contents": "Rhabdomyolysis induced by anaesthesia with intraoperative cardiac arrest. A 9-year-old boy undergoing anaesthesia including suxamethonium and halothane suffered cardiac arrest on two occasions. Clinical and laboratory examination subsequently showed that the patient had suffered from acute rhabdomyolysis. The eventual recovery was satisfactory.", "PMID": 861119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13603", "title": "Ebstein's anomaly--anaesthetic problems. A case report.", "content": "A patient with Ebstein's anomaly undergoing anaesthesia for the operation of hysterectomy is reported. The considerations relating to the risk of an increased right-to-left intracardiac shunt are discussed. The patient was anaesthetized successfully with a combination of nitrous oxide, droperidol and fentanyl.", "contents": "Ebstein's anomaly--anaesthetic problems. A case report. A patient with Ebstein's anomaly undergoing anaesthesia for the operation of hysterectomy is reported. The considerations relating to the risk of an increased right-to-left intracardiac shunt are discussed. The patient was anaesthetized successfully with a combination of nitrous oxide, droperidol and fentanyl.", "PMID": 861120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13604", "title": "Changes in reaction time and drug plasma concentrations after nitrazepam and glutethimide.", "content": "1 The effects of nitrazepam, glutethimide and placebo were assessed in a double-blind cross-over study with five healthy human subjects, using reaction time, and relating changes to drug concentrations in the plasma. 2 After glutethimide in all five subjects, and after nitrazepam in four subjects, larger doses led to higher concentrations in plasma and to greater changes in reaction time; one subject displayed the higher nitrazepam concentrations and the greater effect following the smaller dose. 3 The relationship between change in reaction time and concentration appeared to be mainly a within-subject dose-effect relationship, with the peak concentration in plasma as the 'dose' and the area under the reaction time curve as the effect.", "contents": "Changes in reaction time and drug plasma concentrations after nitrazepam and glutethimide. 1 The effects of nitrazepam, glutethimide and placebo were assessed in a double-blind cross-over study with five healthy human subjects, using reaction time, and relating changes to drug concentrations in the plasma. 2 After glutethimide in all five subjects, and after nitrazepam in four subjects, larger doses led to higher concentrations in plasma and to greater changes in reaction time; one subject displayed the higher nitrazepam concentrations and the greater effect following the smaller dose. 3 The relationship between change in reaction time and concentration appeared to be mainly a within-subject dose-effect relationship, with the peak concentration in plasma as the 'dose' and the area under the reaction time curve as the effect.", "PMID": 861125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13605", "title": "The effect of carbidopa administration on urinary sodium excretion in man. Is dopamine an intrarenal natriuretic hormone?", "content": "1 Carbidopa, a known inhibitor of the peripheral conversion of dopa to dopamine, was given to six normal volunteers to examine the effect of interference with dopamine synthesis on urinary sodium excretion. 2 On the first day of administration, carbidopa caused a significant fall not only in urinary dopamine excretion (P less than 0.01) but also in urinary sodium excretion (P less than 0.05). 3 A highly significant correlation was also found between mean sodium excretion and mean dopamine excretion in the days prior to and during carbidopa administration (r = 0.617, P less than 0.001; 4 = 0.764, P less than 0.001 respectively). 4 The significance of these findings is discussed and it is proposed that dopamine may be an important intrarenal natriuretic hormone.", "contents": "The effect of carbidopa administration on urinary sodium excretion in man. Is dopamine an intrarenal natriuretic hormone? 1 Carbidopa, a known inhibitor of the peripheral conversion of dopa to dopamine, was given to six normal volunteers to examine the effect of interference with dopamine synthesis on urinary sodium excretion. 2 On the first day of administration, carbidopa caused a significant fall not only in urinary dopamine excretion (P less than 0.01) but also in urinary sodium excretion (P less than 0.05). 3 A highly significant correlation was also found between mean sodium excretion and mean dopamine excretion in the days prior to and during carbidopa administration (r = 0.617, P less than 0.001; 4 = 0.764, P less than 0.001 respectively). 4 The significance of these findings is discussed and it is proposed that dopamine may be an important intrarenal natriuretic hormone.", "PMID": 861126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13606", "title": "The effect of dipyridamole on platelet function: correlation with blood levels in man.", "content": "1 The effect on platelet functions of dipyridamole (a pyrimido-pyrimidine compound) was compared with a control group of patients taking warfarin. 2 Adhesion, aggregation and platelet factor 4 availability showed a significant decrease in the dypyridamole group. 3 Aggregation and platelet factor 4 showed a significant correlation with blood dipyridamole level. 4 Adhesion, aggregation and platelet factor 4 were reduced below the lower limit of normal at blood dipyridamole levels above 3.5 micronmol/1.", "contents": "The effect of dipyridamole on platelet function: correlation with blood levels in man. 1 The effect on platelet functions of dipyridamole (a pyrimido-pyrimidine compound) was compared with a control group of patients taking warfarin. 2 Adhesion, aggregation and platelet factor 4 availability showed a significant decrease in the dypyridamole group. 3 Aggregation and platelet factor 4 showed a significant correlation with blood dipyridamole level. 4 Adhesion, aggregation and platelet factor 4 were reduced below the lower limit of normal at blood dipyridamole levels above 3.5 micronmol/1.", "PMID": 861128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13607", "title": "Haemodynamic long-term effects of metoprolol at rest and during exercise in essential hypertension.", "content": "1 Twelve men with untreated essential hypertension in WHO stage I were studied on an outpatient basis to evaluate the haemodynamic long-term effect of a new beta-adrenoceptor blocker, metoprolol. 2 Oxygen consumption, heart rate, cardiac output (Cardiogreen) and intraarterial brachial pressure were recorded at rest in a supine and sitting position and during steady state work at 300, 600 and 900 kpm/min. 3 The subjects were treated with metoprolol (dose 50-250 mg/day) as the sole drug for 1 year and the haemodynamic study was repeated. 4 Mean arterial blood pressure was reduced about 12% at rest and 9% during exercise. The heart rate was decreased about 22% at rest and 20% during exercise. There was no significant compensatory increase in the stroke volume and consequently the cardiac index was reduced about 22% at rest sitting and about 17% during exercise. There was no decrease in total peripheral resistance. 5 No side-effects were seen. 6 The major haemodynamic long-term effects of metoprolol in mild and moderate essential hypertension resemble those seen by other beta-adrenoceptor blockers like alprenolol, atenolol and timolol. The study has not given support to the assumption that metoprolol should cause less depression in cardiac output than other beta-adrenoceptor blockers.", "contents": "Haemodynamic long-term effects of metoprolol at rest and during exercise in essential hypertension. 1 Twelve men with untreated essential hypertension in WHO stage I were studied on an outpatient basis to evaluate the haemodynamic long-term effect of a new beta-adrenoceptor blocker, metoprolol. 2 Oxygen consumption, heart rate, cardiac output (Cardiogreen) and intraarterial brachial pressure were recorded at rest in a supine and sitting position and during steady state work at 300, 600 and 900 kpm/min. 3 The subjects were treated with metoprolol (dose 50-250 mg/day) as the sole drug for 1 year and the haemodynamic study was repeated. 4 Mean arterial blood pressure was reduced about 12% at rest and 9% during exercise. The heart rate was decreased about 22% at rest and 20% during exercise. There was no significant compensatory increase in the stroke volume and consequently the cardiac index was reduced about 22% at rest sitting and about 17% during exercise. There was no decrease in total peripheral resistance. 5 No side-effects were seen. 6 The major haemodynamic long-term effects of metoprolol in mild and moderate essential hypertension resemble those seen by other beta-adrenoceptor blockers like alprenolol, atenolol and timolol. The study has not given support to the assumption that metoprolol should cause less depression in cardiac output than other beta-adrenoceptor blockers.", "PMID": 861129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13608", "title": "Effects of labetalol and propranolol on histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in normal subjects.", "content": "1 The effects of oral propranolol (80 mg), labetalol (400 mg) and placebo on blood pressure, pulse rate and FEV1 at rest and after inhaled histamine, have been compared in six healthy male volunteers. 2 At 90 and 120 min after ingestion propranolol reduced the pulse rate and labetalol reduced the blood pressure, thus confirming absorption of each drug. 3 At 120 min propranolol reduced resting FEV1 and enhanced the fall in FEV1 after histamine, whereas the alterations in FEV1 after labetalol did not differ from placebo. 4 These findings suggest that labetalol is less likely than propranolol to cause bronchoconstriction in asthmatic patients.", "contents": "Effects of labetalol and propranolol on histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in normal subjects. 1 The effects of oral propranolol (80 mg), labetalol (400 mg) and placebo on blood pressure, pulse rate and FEV1 at rest and after inhaled histamine, have been compared in six healthy male volunteers. 2 At 90 and 120 min after ingestion propranolol reduced the pulse rate and labetalol reduced the blood pressure, thus confirming absorption of each drug. 3 At 120 min propranolol reduced resting FEV1 and enhanced the fall in FEV1 after histamine, whereas the alterations in FEV1 after labetalol did not differ from placebo. 4 These findings suggest that labetalol is less likely than propranolol to cause bronchoconstriction in asthmatic patients.", "PMID": 861131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13609", "title": "Phenytoin concentrations in mixed, parotid and submandibular saliva and serum measured by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "1 Concentrations of phenytoin in mixed, parotid and submandibular saliva and serum were determined in normal subjects after an oral dose, using a specific double antibody radioimmunoassay which requires only 20 micronl fluid. 2 Semi-log concentration-time plots of phenytoin concentration in mixed saliva and serum gave good parallelism after the initial 14 h post-administration period. 3 The mean ratio of the mixed saliva: serum phenytoin concentration was 10.3% +/- 1.5 (s.d.) in seven normal subjects. 4 Phenytoin concentrations found in separate parotid and submandibular salivary  fractions did not differ but were significantly greater (P less than 0.001) than those found in mixed saliva. 5 Phenytoin concentrations in all salivary fractions were independent of the volume of fluid produced and the degree of stimulation. 6 The rate of phenytoin secretion in the parotid and submandibular fluid was proportional to the salivary flow rate. 7 These data suggest that mixed saliva may be a suitable medium for the monitoring of phenytoin concentrations and may provide a non-invasive alternative to the direct determination of phenytoin in serum.", "contents": "Phenytoin concentrations in mixed, parotid and submandibular saliva and serum measured by radioimmunoassay. 1 Concentrations of phenytoin in mixed, parotid and submandibular saliva and serum were determined in normal subjects after an oral dose, using a specific double antibody radioimmunoassay which requires only 20 micronl fluid. 2 Semi-log concentration-time plots of phenytoin concentration in mixed saliva and serum gave good parallelism after the initial 14 h post-administration period. 3 The mean ratio of the mixed saliva: serum phenytoin concentration was 10.3% +/- 1.5 (s.d.) in seven normal subjects. 4 Phenytoin concentrations found in separate parotid and submandibular salivary  fractions did not differ but were significantly greater (P less than 0.001) than those found in mixed saliva. 5 Phenytoin concentrations in all salivary fractions were independent of the volume of fluid produced and the degree of stimulation. 6 The rate of phenytoin secretion in the parotid and submandibular fluid was proportional to the salivary flow rate. 7 These data suggest that mixed saliva may be a suitable medium for the monitoring of phenytoin concentrations and may provide a non-invasive alternative to the direct determination of phenytoin in serum.", "PMID": 861132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13610", "title": "Age as a factor affecting lithium therapy.", "content": "1 We examined the case notes of 82 psychiatric out-patients (aged 21-84 years) receiving lithium prophylaxis and with steady-state plasma lithium levels. 2 The mean weight-related daily dose of lithium prescribed decreased by about 50% between the third and eight decades. 3 The corresponding steady-state plasma lithium levels showed a less marked tendency to decrease, this only being seen in the seventh and eighth decades. 4 In patients aged 50 years or over the daily lithium dose required to give a plasma level of 1 mmol l-1 (0.50 mmol kg-1) was significantly lower than that (0.65 mmol kg-1) in patients aged under 50 years (P less than 0\u00bf5, Student's t-test). In patients aged 70-79 years this dose was 31% lower than in patients under 50 years. However, interindividual variation was great and it was estimated that age only contributed about 14% to the total interpatient variation. 5 Of the 36 patients under 50 years of age, 42% had minor lithium side-effects and 17% were not optimally controlled with lithium. The corresponding figures for the 46 'older' patients were 46% and 28%. 6 Generally the 50% dosage reduction seemed necessary to compensate for an age-related decrease in lithium excretion and to reduce lithium side effects to a level comparable to that acceptable in younger patients.", "contents": "Age as a factor affecting lithium therapy. 1 We examined the case notes of 82 psychiatric out-patients (aged 21-84 years) receiving lithium prophylaxis and with steady-state plasma lithium levels. 2 The mean weight-related daily dose of lithium prescribed decreased by about 50% between the third and eight decades. 3 The corresponding steady-state plasma lithium levels showed a less marked tendency to decrease, this only being seen in the seventh and eighth decades. 4 In patients aged 50 years or over the daily lithium dose required to give a plasma level of 1 mmol l-1 (0.50 mmol kg-1) was significantly lower than that (0.65 mmol kg-1) in patients aged under 50 years (P less than 0\u00bf5, Student's t-test). In patients aged 70-79 years this dose was 31% lower than in patients under 50 years. However, interindividual variation was great and it was estimated that age only contributed about 14% to the total interpatient variation. 5 Of the 36 patients under 50 years of age, 42% had minor lithium side-effects and 17% were not optimally controlled with lithium. The corresponding figures for the 46 'older' patients were 46% and 28%. 6 Generally the 50% dosage reduction seemed necessary to compensate for an age-related decrease in lithium excretion and to reduce lithium side effects to a level comparable to that acceptable in younger patients.", "PMID": 861133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13611", "title": "The effect of metoclopramide on neonatal gastric emptying.", "content": "1 The effect of metoclopramide on gastric emptying was studied on twenty-five occasions in fifteen low birth weight babies. 2 The serial test-meal technique was used. 3 The results indicate that metoclopramide does not promote gastric emptying in the newborn period.", "contents": "The effect of metoclopramide on neonatal gastric emptying. 1 The effect of metoclopramide on gastric emptying was studied on twenty-five occasions in fifteen low birth weight babies. 2 The serial test-meal technique was used. 3 The results indicate that metoclopramide does not promote gastric emptying in the newborn period.", "PMID": 861134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13612", "title": "The comparability of dosage regimens of Lanoxin tablets and Lanoxicaps.", "content": "1 Twice daily administration of 0.25 mg digoxin tablets (Lanoxin) or of 0.2 mg digoxin in solution in soft gelatin capsules (Lanoxicaps) produced similar mean steady state plasma digoxin concentrations in ten healthy volunteers. Respective values were 1.07 +/- 0.075 and 0.95 +/- 0.048 ng ml-1. 2 During continued administration, peak plasma concentrations occurred earlier after capsules with a tendency to higher peak levels. However, area under curve determinations over 7 h were similar. 3 Approximately 10% less digoxin was recovered in urine collected in a 12 h dosage interval during the lower dosage administration of capsules. Mean percentage urinary recovery of administered dose was 57% for tablets and 65% for capsules. 4 The enhanced bioavailability of Lanoxicaps was associated with reduced between-subject variability in plasma concentration. 5 Lanoxicaps (0.2 mg) should be approximately equivalent in effect to digoxin tablets (0.25 mg) currently available in the United Kingdom, though improved consistency would be anticipated.", "contents": "The comparability of dosage regimens of Lanoxin tablets and Lanoxicaps. 1 Twice daily administration of 0.25 mg digoxin tablets (Lanoxin) or of 0.2 mg digoxin in solution in soft gelatin capsules (Lanoxicaps) produced similar mean steady state plasma digoxin concentrations in ten healthy volunteers. Respective values were 1.07 +/- 0.075 and 0.95 +/- 0.048 ng ml-1. 2 During continued administration, peak plasma concentrations occurred earlier after capsules with a tendency to higher peak levels. However, area under curve determinations over 7 h were similar. 3 Approximately 10% less digoxin was recovered in urine collected in a 12 h dosage interval during the lower dosage administration of capsules. Mean percentage urinary recovery of administered dose was 57% for tablets and 65% for capsules. 4 The enhanced bioavailability of Lanoxicaps was associated with reduced between-subject variability in plasma concentration. 5 Lanoxicaps (0.2 mg) should be approximately equivalent in effect to digoxin tablets (0.25 mg) currently available in the United Kingdom, though improved consistency would be anticipated.", "PMID": 861135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13613", "title": "Monitoring digoxin therapy: I. Plasma concentrations and an in vitro assay of tissue response.", "content": "1 An in vitro technique is described for measuring the uptake of 86Rb by human erythrocytes. 2 Fifteen patients were treated with digoxin for atrial fibrillation and other fast arrhythmias. 3 86Rb uptake by the patients' own red cells fell from pre-treatment values during digitalization. 4 The therapeutic response of patients with atrial fibrillation correlated better with the changes in 86Rb uptake than with plasma digoxin concentrations.", "contents": "Monitoring digoxin therapy: I. Plasma concentrations and an in vitro assay of tissue response. 1 An in vitro technique is described for measuring the uptake of 86Rb by human erythrocytes. 2 Fifteen patients were treated with digoxin for atrial fibrillation and other fast arrhythmias. 3 86Rb uptake by the patients' own red cells fell from pre-treatment values during digitalization. 4 The therapeutic response of patients with atrial fibrillation correlated better with the changes in 86Rb uptake than with plasma digoxin concentrations.", "PMID": 861136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13614", "title": "Monitoring digoxin therapy: II. Determinants of the apparent volume of distribution.", "content": "1 In eighteen subjects receiving digoxin therapy the apparent volume of distribution (Vd) of the drug has been calculated. 2 For each subject the sensitivity of the 86Rb transport mechanism of his pre-treatment erythrocytes to in vitro inhibition by digoxin has been measured (IC50). 3 The Vd of digoxin correlates both with the age of the patients and with the IC50 of their pre-treatment erythrocytes. 4 The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of the possible determinants of the Vd of digoxin. 5 Digoxin requirements may be predictable before therapy commences if IC50 measurements are performed.", "contents": "Monitoring digoxin therapy: II. Determinants of the apparent volume of distribution. 1 In eighteen subjects receiving digoxin therapy the apparent volume of distribution (Vd) of the drug has been calculated. 2 For each subject the sensitivity of the 86Rb transport mechanism of his pre-treatment erythrocytes to in vitro inhibition by digoxin has been measured (IC50). 3 The Vd of digoxin correlates both with the age of the patients and with the IC50 of their pre-treatment erythrocytes. 4 The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of the possible determinants of the Vd of digoxin. 5 Digoxin requirements may be predictable before therapy commences if IC50 measurements are performed.", "PMID": 861137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13615", "title": "Influence of surgery and dexamethasone on cell-mediated immune responses in patients with meningiomas.", "content": "Cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CTX) was studied in meningioma patients before and within 2 weeks of complete excision of the tumour, using the [3H]-prolin- microcytotoxicity test. Three of 7 patients tested before surgery showed specific CTX, 2 revealed a \"non-specific\" (tumour-unrelated) response, and 2 were non-reactive. After surgery, CTX decreased from 84 to 50% in one patient and became negative in 2 others previously positive. One of 2 patients showing \"non-specific\" CTX preoperatively became positive, while the other remained unchanged. All patients were receiving dexamethasone (DXM) at the time they were tested. Lymphocyte responses to PHA were not significantly different before or after surgery (i.e. after prolonged treatment with DXM), from healthy controls. Blocking activity could be detected in the sera of all 3 patients before surgery. This activity was not specific for meningiomas. Paradoxically, the same sera did not inhibit the proliferative response to PHA. Serum from only one patient consistently suppressed the blastogenic response of homologous lymphocytes to PHA. Inhibitory activity was associated with the IgG fraction of his serum.", "contents": "Influence of surgery and dexamethasone on cell-mediated immune responses in patients with meningiomas. Cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CTX) was studied in meningioma patients before and within 2 weeks of complete excision of the tumour, using the [3H]-prolin- microcytotoxicity test. Three of 7 patients tested before surgery showed specific CTX, 2 revealed a \"non-specific\" (tumour-unrelated) response, and 2 were non-reactive. After surgery, CTX decreased from 84 to 50% in one patient and became negative in 2 others previously positive. One of 2 patients showing \"non-specific\" CTX preoperatively became positive, while the other remained unchanged. All patients were receiving dexamethasone (DXM) at the time they were tested. Lymphocyte responses to PHA were not significantly different before or after surgery (i.e. after prolonged treatment with DXM), from healthy controls. Blocking activity could be detected in the sera of all 3 patients before surgery. This activity was not specific for meningiomas. Paradoxically, the same sera did not inhibit the proliferative response to PHA. Serum from only one patient consistently suppressed the blastogenic response of homologous lymphocytes to PHA. Inhibitory activity was associated with the IgG fraction of his serum.", "PMID": 861144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13616", "title": "In vivo cell synchrony in the L1210 mouse leukaemia studied with 5-fluorouracil or 5-fluorouracil followed by cold thymidine infusion.", "content": "[3H]-TdR and [3]-udR labelling indices and mitotic indices were followed in tumour-bearing mice after application of either 5-fluorouracil (FU) alone or of FU followed by cold TdR infusion. With FU alone, accumulation of cells at the beginning of S was found, but there was no indication of a synchronous passage of the accumulated cells further round the cycle. When FU injection was followed by cold TdR infusion, a synchronous passage of the accumulated cells through the cycle was observed. However, there was a large variation in the response of individual mice to this treatment.", "contents": "In vivo cell synchrony in the L1210 mouse leukaemia studied with 5-fluorouracil or 5-fluorouracil followed by cold thymidine infusion. [3H]-TdR and [3]-udR labelling indices and mitotic indices were followed in tumour-bearing mice after application of either 5-fluorouracil (FU) alone or of FU followed by cold TdR infusion. With FU alone, accumulation of cells at the beginning of S was found, but there was no indication of a synchronous passage of the accumulated cells further round the cycle. When FU injection was followed by cold TdR infusion, a synchronous passage of the accumulated cells through the cycle was observed. However, there was a large variation in the response of individual mice to this treatment.", "PMID": 861145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13617", "title": "Clinical testing of the radiosensitizer Ro 07-0582: experience with multiple doses.", "content": "The hypoxic cell radiosensitizer, Ro 07-0582, has now been given in multiple doses to 16 patients. They have received a total of 15-51 g in 3-20 doses. Immediate tolerance was good, and satisfactory plasma levels of the drug were consistently obtained. Neurotoxicity was, however, troublesome: convulsions occurred in the patient given the highest dose, and there was peripheral neuropathy in 11 cases. Tumour concentrations similar to those in plasma were obtained in human tumours, in contrast to the findings in mouse tumours where concentrations are usually below 40% of plasma levels. In the treatment of human tumours, a lower dose of Ro 07-0582 should give useful hypoxic cell sensitization. Although the total dose of Ro 07-0582 must be limited, there is a real prospect that it will give benefit in clinical radiotherapy.", "contents": "Clinical testing of the radiosensitizer Ro 07-0582: experience with multiple doses. The hypoxic cell radiosensitizer, Ro 07-0582, has now been given in multiple doses to 16 patients. They have received a total of 15-51 g in 3-20 doses. Immediate tolerance was good, and satisfactory plasma levels of the drug were consistently obtained. Neurotoxicity was, however, troublesome: convulsions occurred in the patient given the highest dose, and there was peripheral neuropathy in 11 cases. Tumour concentrations similar to those in plasma were obtained in human tumours, in contrast to the findings in mouse tumours where concentrations are usually below 40% of plasma levels. In the treatment of human tumours, a lower dose of Ro 07-0582 should give useful hypoxic cell sensitization. Although the total dose of Ro 07-0582 must be limited, there is a real prospect that it will give benefit in clinical radiotherapy.", "PMID": 861146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13618", "title": "Changes in sensitivity to radiation and ICRF 159 during the life of monolayer cultures of EMT6 tumour line.", "content": "The response of EMT6 mouse tumour cells to ICRF 159, both with and without X-radiation, has been measured during the life of monolayer cultures. The cytotoxic effect of ICRF 159 was found to be proliferation-dependent. Flow cytofluorimetry studies of cell cycle distribution showed that ICRF 159 prevented cell division while allowing DNA synthesis to continue. This anti-mitotic action and the cytotoxic effect of the drug were found to be closely related. Increased sensitivity to X-radiation was observed in cultures pretreated for 24 h with 200 microgram/ml ICRF 159 In exponential and early plateau cultures this was seen as a reduced shoulder of the survival curve. In late plateau cultures there was no apparent reduction of the shoulder, but an increase in slope.", "contents": "Changes in sensitivity to radiation and ICRF 159 during the life of monolayer cultures of EMT6 tumour line. The response of EMT6 mouse tumour cells to ICRF 159, both with and without X-radiation, has been measured during the life of monolayer cultures. The cytotoxic effect of ICRF 159 was found to be proliferation-dependent. Flow cytofluorimetry studies of cell cycle distribution showed that ICRF 159 prevented cell division while allowing DNA synthesis to continue. This anti-mitotic action and the cytotoxic effect of the drug were found to be closely related. Increased sensitivity to X-radiation was observed in cultures pretreated for 24 h with 200 microgram/ml ICRF 159 In exponential and early plateau cultures this was seen as a reduced shoulder of the survival curve. In late plateau cultures there was no apparent reduction of the shoulder, but an increase in slope.", "PMID": 861147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13619", "title": "Induction of tumours by administration of N-dibutylnitrosamine and derivatives to infant mice.", "content": "Pulse doses of N-dibutylnitrosamine(DBN), N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine(BBN) and N-butyl-N-(3carboxypropyl)nitrosamine(BCPN) suspended in 1% gelatin, were administered s.c. to infant CDF1 mice, and the experiment terminated at one year of age. Tumours were induced in lungs and liver. The incidences of lung adenomas were 73-95% in all treated mice, with no sex differences. Hepatocellular adenomas and a carcinoma were found with an incidence of 81% (21/26) in DBN, 59% (13/22) in BBN, and 32% (9/28) in BCPN-treated males and the incidence was 23% (5/22) in DBN-treated females. Only one papilloma of the fore-stomach was induced in mice treated with DBN. These results indicated that the s.c. administration of DBN, BBN, and BCPN induced tumours of the lung and liver, but no tumours of the urinary bladder, under these experimental conditions. The carcinogenic effect on mice at the treated dose level was DBN greater than BBN greater than BCPN.", "contents": "Induction of tumours by administration of N-dibutylnitrosamine and derivatives to infant mice. Pulse doses of N-dibutylnitrosamine(DBN), N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine(BBN) and N-butyl-N-(3carboxypropyl)nitrosamine(BCPN) suspended in 1% gelatin, were administered s.c. to infant CDF1 mice, and the experiment terminated at one year of age. Tumours were induced in lungs and liver. The incidences of lung adenomas were 73-95% in all treated mice, with no sex differences. Hepatocellular adenomas and a carcinoma were found with an incidence of 81% (21/26) in DBN, 59% (13/22) in BBN, and 32% (9/28) in BCPN-treated males and the incidence was 23% (5/22) in DBN-treated females. Only one papilloma of the fore-stomach was induced in mice treated with DBN. These results indicated that the s.c. administration of DBN, BBN, and BCPN induced tumours of the lung and liver, but no tumours of the urinary bladder, under these experimental conditions. The carcinogenic effect on mice at the treated dose level was DBN greater than BBN greater than BCPN.", "PMID": 861148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13620", "title": "Effect of colchicine injection prior to the initiating phase of two-stage skin carcinogenesis in mice.", "content": "Colchicine injected 5, 9 and 24 h respectively before initiation (using s.c. injection of urethane for initiating action and TPA skin applications for promoting action, in female ICR mice) led to a significant increase in skin tumour incidence in the --9-h group, and an increase in percentage malignancy in both the --5- and --9-h groups. These times corresponded to the peak of metaphase arrest by the colchicine. The results are discussed in relation in those of Pound and Withers (1963) and others, who found that mitotic stimulation at the time of urethane initiating action raised the ultimate tumour incidence; and the inference is drawn that initiating action in mouse skin may occur during the M phase, rather than during the G1, S, or G2 phases, as suggested by others.", "contents": "Effect of colchicine injection prior to the initiating phase of two-stage skin carcinogenesis in mice. Colchicine injected 5, 9 and 24 h respectively before initiation (using s.c. injection of urethane for initiating action and TPA skin applications for promoting action, in female ICR mice) led to a significant increase in skin tumour incidence in the --9-h group, and an increase in percentage malignancy in both the --5- and --9-h groups. These times corresponded to the peak of metaphase arrest by the colchicine. The results are discussed in relation in those of Pound and Withers (1963) and others, who found that mitotic stimulation at the time of urethane initiating action raised the ultimate tumour incidence; and the inference is drawn that initiating action in mouse skin may occur during the M phase, rather than during the G1, S, or G2 phases, as suggested by others.", "PMID": 861149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13621", "title": "Further studies of space-time clustering of Burkitt's lymphoma in Uganda.", "content": "All hospital-treated cases of Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), with onset of symptoms in the period 1963-68 and resident in the Lango and Acholi districts of Uganda, were identified. The average annual incidence of BL in the 6-year period was 1-87 X 10(-5), similar to that in the adjacent West Nile district. Contrary to findings in other areas of Uganda, there was no evidence of seasonal variation in the onset of cases, nor of space-time clustering, nor of a decline in the incidence of BL in the study period. An inverse relationship was noted between the median age at onset of BL and the incidence of the disease in different areas of Uganda, a finding consistent with intense malarial infection being a precipitating factor for BL. The variable observations with respect to space-time clustering of BL and seasonal variation in incidence in different areas remains unexplained, but it is suggested that a closer study of the patterns of malarial infection in these areas may help to account for the findings.", "contents": "Further studies of space-time clustering of Burkitt's lymphoma in Uganda. All hospital-treated cases of Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), with onset of symptoms in the period 1963-68 and resident in the Lango and Acholi districts of Uganda, were identified. The average annual incidence of BL in the 6-year period was 1-87 X 10(-5), similar to that in the adjacent West Nile district. Contrary to findings in other areas of Uganda, there was no evidence of seasonal variation in the onset of cases, nor of space-time clustering, nor of a decline in the incidence of BL in the study period. An inverse relationship was noted between the median age at onset of BL and the incidence of the disease in different areas of Uganda, a finding consistent with intense malarial infection being a precipitating factor for BL. The variable observations with respect to space-time clustering of BL and seasonal variation in incidence in different areas remains unexplained, but it is suggested that a closer study of the patterns of malarial infection in these areas may help to account for the findings.", "PMID": 861150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13622", "title": "Do sympathomimetic amines prevent exercise-induced asthma by bronchodilatation alone?", "content": "Seventeen patients with exercise-induced asthma were studied. Eleven patients (cases 7-17), of whom seven were atopic subjects, were given isoetharine or isoprenaline and were subsequently tested for exercise-induced asthma after bronchodilatation had ceased. In two atopic and one non-atopic patients protection was observed which could not be attributed to chance. Two of these three patients were studied again and this phenomenon was repeatable. Prevention of exercise-induced asthma 30 min after inhalation of isoetherine and sodium cromoglycate was compared in 10 patients (cases 1-10), of whom six were atopic subjects. There was no significant difference in the results and protection from isoetharine was not related to the magnitude of its bronchodilator effect. These results suggest that beta-adrenergic agonists may have both bronchodilator and other actions in exercise-iduced asthma. Whether these other actions are anti-alergic is unknown.", "contents": "Do sympathomimetic amines prevent exercise-induced asthma by bronchodilatation alone? Seventeen patients with exercise-induced asthma were studied. Eleven patients (cases 7-17), of whom seven were atopic subjects, were given isoetharine or isoprenaline and were subsequently tested for exercise-induced asthma after bronchodilatation had ceased. In two atopic and one non-atopic patients protection was observed which could not be attributed to chance. Two of these three patients were studied again and this phenomenon was repeatable. Prevention of exercise-induced asthma 30 min after inhalation of isoetherine and sodium cromoglycate was compared in 10 patients (cases 1-10), of whom six were atopic subjects. There was no significant difference in the results and protection from isoetharine was not related to the magnitude of its bronchodilator effect. These results suggest that beta-adrenergic agonists may have both bronchodilator and other actions in exercise-iduced asthma. Whether these other actions are anti-alergic is unknown.", "PMID": 861153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13623", "title": "Acute Pasteurella multocida pneumonia.", "content": "Acute pneumonia caused by Pasteurella multocida appeared in two elderly patients. One patient had chronic obstructive lung disease and the other developed aspiration pneumonia after an episode of cardiac arrest. Pasteurella multocida was not isolated from the initial sputum cultures. The delay in recognizing the pathogen resulted in extension of the pneumonia and abscess formation in the patient with obstructive lung disease. Pasteurella multocida was isolated from a percutaneous transtracheal aspirate in both patients and from the blood of one. They recovered after treatment with a penicillin administered in higher than usual dosage over a period of several weeks.", "contents": "Acute Pasteurella multocida pneumonia. Acute pneumonia caused by Pasteurella multocida appeared in two elderly patients. One patient had chronic obstructive lung disease and the other developed aspiration pneumonia after an episode of cardiac arrest. Pasteurella multocida was not isolated from the initial sputum cultures. The delay in recognizing the pathogen resulted in extension of the pneumonia and abscess formation in the patient with obstructive lung disease. Pasteurella multocida was isolated from a percutaneous transtracheal aspirate in both patients and from the blood of one. They recovered after treatment with a penicillin administered in higher than usual dosage over a period of several weeks.", "PMID": 861154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13624", "title": "Leiomyosarcoma of the uterus presenting with pneumothorax.", "content": "The case of a patient with uterine leiomyosarcoma is reported. Metastases to pre-existing cystic lung lesions resulted in spontaneous pneumothorax.", "contents": "Leiomyosarcoma of the uterus presenting with pneumothorax. The case of a patient with uterine leiomyosarcoma is reported. Metastases to pre-existing cystic lung lesions resulted in spontaneous pneumothorax.", "PMID": 861155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13625", "title": "Ornithosis pneumonia associated with haemolysis.", "content": "The case of a patient with ornithosis pneumonia associated with a haemolytic anaemia is described. The infection responded to oxytetracycline and the anaemia subsequently resolved.", "contents": "Ornithosis pneumonia associated with haemolysis. The case of a patient with ornithosis pneumonia associated with a haemolytic anaemia is described. The infection responded to oxytetracycline and the anaemia subsequently resolved.", "PMID": 861156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13626", "title": "Pulmonary thromboembolism after travel.", "content": "Pulmonary thromboembolism developed in eight patients shortly after travel. Preexisting vein disease was present in this group. Possible prophylactic measures are suggested.", "contents": "Pulmonary thromboembolism after travel. Pulmonary thromboembolism developed in eight patients shortly after travel. Preexisting vein disease was present in this group. Possible prophylactic measures are suggested.", "PMID": 861157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13627", "title": "Diurnal variation of asthma.", "content": "We have studied possible aetiological factors in the large diurnal variation in peak expiratory flow rate seen in some asthmatics. This phenomenon occurred in both atopic and non-atopic patients. It could not be attributed to recumbency in bed at night or to allergy to the house dust mite in bedding. Circadian variation in asthmatic shift workers was intimately related to sleep and virtually independent of solar time. Treatment tends to lose its effect as it is discontinued during sleep and this increases the apparent diurnal variation in many patients. Excessive circadian variation may be an important factor in sudden asthma deaths. The importance of effective nocturnal medication is stressed.", "contents": "Diurnal variation of asthma. We have studied possible aetiological factors in the large diurnal variation in peak expiratory flow rate seen in some asthmatics. This phenomenon occurred in both atopic and non-atopic patients. It could not be attributed to recumbency in bed at night or to allergy to the house dust mite in bedding. Circadian variation in asthmatic shift workers was intimately related to sleep and virtually independent of solar time. Treatment tends to lose its effect as it is discontinued during sleep and this increases the apparent diurnal variation in many patients. Excessive circadian variation may be an important factor in sudden asthma deaths. The importance of effective nocturnal medication is stressed.", "PMID": 861159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13628", "title": "Endobronchial lipoma: a review with four cases.", "content": "Endobronchial lipomas are rare benign tumours which can cause irreversible pulmonary damage unless removed early. The clinical features and treatment of four cases are reviewed in the light of the previous literature. The histogenesis of these tumours and their relationship to hamartomas are discussed. The treatment of choice in most cases is bronchoscopic excision.", "contents": "Endobronchial lipoma: a review with four cases. Endobronchial lipomas are rare benign tumours which can cause irreversible pulmonary damage unless removed early. The clinical features and treatment of four cases are reviewed in the light of the previous literature. The histogenesis of these tumours and their relationship to hamartomas are discussed. The treatment of choice in most cases is bronchoscopic excision.", "PMID": 861160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13629", "title": "The pregnant ferret as a model for studying the congenital effects of influenza virus infection in utero: infection of foetal tissues in organ culture and in vivo.", "content": "Organ cultures of ferret foetal tissues showed a similar pattern of susceptibility to influenza virus to that already observed for human foetal tissues (Rosztoczy et al., 1975); respiratory, alimentary and urogenital tissues supported the replication of influenza virus but nervous and lymphopoietic tissues (those which, in man, are associated with foetal or postnatal abnormalities) were insusceptible. In contrast to corresponding human tissues, ferret foetal placenta and amnion readily supported viral replication although both human and ferret umbilical cord were susceptible. In limited experiments, neither the membranes nor the susceptible foetal tissues became infected after intranasal inoculation of pregnant ferrets of various gestational ages. However, after intracardial inoculation of pregnant ferrets with high titre virus (ca 10(9) EBID50) virus was isolated from both foetal membranes and foetuses. The membranes became infected at early, middle and late gestation, but virus appeared to cross the placental barrier to infect foetal tissues only in late gestation. At this stage virus could be isolated not only from those foetal tissues (respiratory, alimentary and urogenital) susceptible in organ culture, but also in small amounts from tissues which were insusceptible in organ culture (heart, lymphopoietic and nervous tissue). Virus was also isolated from foetal membranes and foetuses of late gestation ferrets following intracardial inoculation with a one hundred-fold lower dose of virus which, unlike the higher dose, did not induce a maternal febrile response. The pregnant ferret appears to be a suitable model for investigating the effects on development of foetal infection with influenza virus but it may have disadvantages with regard to the nature and strength of the placental barrier.", "contents": "The pregnant ferret as a model for studying the congenital effects of influenza virus infection in utero: infection of foetal tissues in organ culture and in vivo. Organ cultures of ferret foetal tissues showed a similar pattern of susceptibility to influenza virus to that already observed for human foetal tissues (Rosztoczy et al., 1975); respiratory, alimentary and urogenital tissues supported the replication of influenza virus but nervous and lymphopoietic tissues (those which, in man, are associated with foetal or postnatal abnormalities) were insusceptible. In contrast to corresponding human tissues, ferret foetal placenta and amnion readily supported viral replication although both human and ferret umbilical cord were susceptible. In limited experiments, neither the membranes nor the susceptible foetal tissues became infected after intranasal inoculation of pregnant ferrets of various gestational ages. However, after intracardial inoculation of pregnant ferrets with high titre virus (ca 10(9) EBID50) virus was isolated from both foetal membranes and foetuses. The membranes became infected at early, middle and late gestation, but virus appeared to cross the placental barrier to infect foetal tissues only in late gestation. At this stage virus could be isolated not only from those foetal tissues (respiratory, alimentary and urogenital) susceptible in organ culture, but also in small amounts from tissues which were insusceptible in organ culture (heart, lymphopoietic and nervous tissue). Virus was also isolated from foetal membranes and foetuses of late gestation ferrets following intracardial inoculation with a one hundred-fold lower dose of virus which, unlike the higher dose, did not induce a maternal febrile response. The pregnant ferret appears to be a suitable model for investigating the effects on development of foetal infection with influenza virus but it may have disadvantages with regard to the nature and strength of the placental barrier.", "PMID": 861161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13630", "title": "Participation of sensory nervous structures in the development of inflammatory reactions.", "content": "The participation of sensory nervous structures in the development of inflammatory responses in the rat's paw was investigated. Electrical antidromic stimulation of the saphenous or sciatic nerves during 20 min produced an oedematous response in the paw and potentiated the reaction to locally injected carrageenin. On the other hand, decreased responses to carrageenin were observed either when the sciatic nerve was sectioned 15 days before or when a prolonged electrical stimulation (45 min) of the nerve preceded by 1 h the injection of the irritant into the paw. However, if the sciatic nerve was sectioned 30 days before, the inflammatory response to carrageenin in this paw was equivalent to that observed in the contralateral, intact paw. It is suggested that sensory nervous structures might contribute to the development of inflammatory responses, through the release of an active agent, probably from neural origin. This agent would be depleted by prolonged stimulation of sensory nerves. Following partial denervation, the remaining sensory nervous structures in the affected area might develop compensatory mechanisms to influence the institution of the reaction.", "contents": "Participation of sensory nervous structures in the development of inflammatory reactions. The participation of sensory nervous structures in the development of inflammatory responses in the rat's paw was investigated. Electrical antidromic stimulation of the saphenous or sciatic nerves during 20 min produced an oedematous response in the paw and potentiated the reaction to locally injected carrageenin. On the other hand, decreased responses to carrageenin were observed either when the sciatic nerve was sectioned 15 days before or when a prolonged electrical stimulation (45 min) of the nerve preceded by 1 h the injection of the irritant into the paw. However, if the sciatic nerve was sectioned 30 days before, the inflammatory response to carrageenin in this paw was equivalent to that observed in the contralateral, intact paw. It is suggested that sensory nervous structures might contribute to the development of inflammatory responses, through the release of an active agent, probably from neural origin. This agent would be depleted by prolonged stimulation of sensory nerves. Following partial denervation, the remaining sensory nervous structures in the affected area might develop compensatory mechanisms to influence the institution of the reaction.", "PMID": 861162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13631", "title": "Amyloidosis developing in experimental nocardia infections.", "content": "Swiss white and C57/BL/6J mice inoculated repeatedly with either Nocardia asteroides or Nocardia brasiliensis organisms developed amyloidosis over a 7-month period. Amyloidosis also developed in these mice within 6 weeks following a single large inoculum of either organism, but not in other in-bred mouse strains, suggesting a genetic influence in the pathogenesis of this form of secondary amyloidosis.", "contents": "Amyloidosis developing in experimental nocardia infections. Swiss white and C57/BL/6J mice inoculated repeatedly with either Nocardia asteroides or Nocardia brasiliensis organisms developed amyloidosis over a 7-month period. Amyloidosis also developed in these mice within 6 weeks following a single large inoculum of either organism, but not in other in-bred mouse strains, suggesting a genetic influence in the pathogenesis of this form of secondary amyloidosis.", "PMID": 861163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13632", "title": "Portacaval transposition and subsequent partial hepatectomy in the rat: effects on liver atrophy, hypertrophy and regenerative hyperplasia.", "content": "Portacaval transposition diverts portal blood from the liver. It allows systemic venous blood to perfuse the portal bed. Body weight and liver weight have been followed before and after portacaval transposition and control procedures in rats, and the DNA activity ratio studied in the liver of rats after partial hepatectomy in protacavally transposed animals. The results suggest that the liver atrophy seen after portal diversion is a result of diversion of trophic substances in the portal blood rather than of a decrease in absolute liver flow. Recovery of liver weight after partial hepatectomy in portacavally transposed animals occurs within the same time as in control animals, and the time course and magnitude of regenerative hyperplasia, as assessed by liver DNA activity ratio, is unimpaired.", "contents": "Portacaval transposition and subsequent partial hepatectomy in the rat: effects on liver atrophy, hypertrophy and regenerative hyperplasia. Portacaval transposition diverts portal blood from the liver. It allows systemic venous blood to perfuse the portal bed. Body weight and liver weight have been followed before and after portacaval transposition and control procedures in rats, and the DNA activity ratio studied in the liver of rats after partial hepatectomy in protacavally transposed animals. The results suggest that the liver atrophy seen after portal diversion is a result of diversion of trophic substances in the portal blood rather than of a decrease in absolute liver flow. Recovery of liver weight after partial hepatectomy in portacavally transposed animals occurs within the same time as in control animals, and the time course and magnitude of regenerative hyperplasia, as assessed by liver DNA activity ratio, is unimpaired.", "PMID": 861164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13633", "title": "The significance of free blood in liquid and solid tumours.", "content": "Impregnation of the vasculature with ink was used to study microvascular changes induced in rats by liquid (ascites) and solid growth of W256 and Y-P388 tumour cells. Ascites fluid produced by both tumours was heavily blood-stained; the deep red colour of solid tumour deposits was similarly due to the presence of free blood. In both types of tumour growth this free blood was due to diapedesis of erythrocytes through tips of capillary sprouts which grow when neovascularization (angiogenesis) occurs in response to any suitable (non-neoplastic or neoplastic) stimulus. Ascites growth of these tumours induced profuse sprouting from the peritoneal capillaries; this sprouting, together with the \"bleeding\" it caused, were inhibited by local pre-irradiation of the peritoneal vasculature with X-rays before intraperitoneal inoculation of rats with the tumours. Similar angiogenesis with bleeding did not occur following inoculation with an allogeneic tumour in rats which had been previously immunized against the tumour. LI tumour cells (tumour cells lethally irradiated in vitro to destroy their proliferative integrity, but which remain metabolically active) also induced sprouts to grow in close proximity to the implanted LI cells, but heat-killed tumour cells caused no sprouting. The nature and significance of neovascularization of tumours and their so-called \"haemorrhagic\" growth are discussed.", "contents": "The significance of free blood in liquid and solid tumours. Impregnation of the vasculature with ink was used to study microvascular changes induced in rats by liquid (ascites) and solid growth of W256 and Y-P388 tumour cells. Ascites fluid produced by both tumours was heavily blood-stained; the deep red colour of solid tumour deposits was similarly due to the presence of free blood. In both types of tumour growth this free blood was due to diapedesis of erythrocytes through tips of capillary sprouts which grow when neovascularization (angiogenesis) occurs in response to any suitable (non-neoplastic or neoplastic) stimulus. Ascites growth of these tumours induced profuse sprouting from the peritoneal capillaries; this sprouting, together with the \"bleeding\" it caused, were inhibited by local pre-irradiation of the peritoneal vasculature with X-rays before intraperitoneal inoculation of rats with the tumours. Similar angiogenesis with bleeding did not occur following inoculation with an allogeneic tumour in rats which had been previously immunized against the tumour. LI tumour cells (tumour cells lethally irradiated in vitro to destroy their proliferative integrity, but which remain metabolically active) also induced sprouts to grow in close proximity to the implanted LI cells, but heat-killed tumour cells caused no sprouting. The nature and significance of neovascularization of tumours and their so-called \"haemorrhagic\" growth are discussed.", "PMID": 861165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13634", "title": "The effects of long-term exposure of lung fibroblast strains to chrysotile asbestos.", "content": "Evidence is presented that persistent long-term exposure of a strain of lung fibroblast-like cells to chrysotile asbestos over 37 passages in vitro leads to enhancement in cell mat collagen deposition and is accompanied by other metabolic alterations in the cultures.", "contents": "The effects of long-term exposure of lung fibroblast strains to chrysotile asbestos. Evidence is presented that persistent long-term exposure of a strain of lung fibroblast-like cells to chrysotile asbestos over 37 passages in vitro leads to enhancement in cell mat collagen deposition and is accompanied by other metabolic alterations in the cultures.", "PMID": 861166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13635", "title": "Alloxan diabetes in spontaneously hypertensive rats: gravimetric, metabolic and histopathological alterations.", "content": "In order to investigate the combined effects of diabetes and hypertension on the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, adult male and female SHR rats which develop hypertension spontaneously were given a single, 10 mg or 15 mg/100 g body wt. injection of alloxan s.c. to induce moderate or severe diabetes. Insulin was deliberately withheld. Animals were examined by autopsy daily for 7 days post-alloxan and after 4 and 8 weeks. Mortality was high--only 52% of the males survived as against 80% of the females. Most deaths occurred on Day 5 and were associated with adrenal haemorrhage and hyperplasia, thymus galnd involution, fatty liver and marked hypotension despite elevated aldosterone levels. During the first week, corticosterone levels increased significantly in the male; in females they showed little change. After 4 weeks, the severly diabetic animals became emaciated and moribund; corticosterone and aldosterone levels fell to very low levels despite adrenal hyperplasia. The beta cells of the moderately diabetic animals eventually lost their ability to secrete insulin and these animals too became cachetic and moribund with concomitant elevation of lipid, glucose and BUN levels, as well as myocardial infarction, fatty liver, and generalized hyalin arteriolo-, arterio-, and nephrosclerosis. It is suggested that the combined hormonal and metabolic alterations of diabetes and hypertension reinforced one another in these spontaneously hypertensive rats, leading to intense stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system, the exacerbation of those cardiovascular degenerative changes known to be associated with uncontrolled diabetes or hypertension, eventual impaired adrenocortical steroidogenesis, hypotension and death.", "contents": "Alloxan diabetes in spontaneously hypertensive rats: gravimetric, metabolic and histopathological alterations. In order to investigate the combined effects of diabetes and hypertension on the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, adult male and female SHR rats which develop hypertension spontaneously were given a single, 10 mg or 15 mg/100 g body wt. injection of alloxan s.c. to induce moderate or severe diabetes. Insulin was deliberately withheld. Animals were examined by autopsy daily for 7 days post-alloxan and after 4 and 8 weeks. Mortality was high--only 52% of the males survived as against 80% of the females. Most deaths occurred on Day 5 and were associated with adrenal haemorrhage and hyperplasia, thymus galnd involution, fatty liver and marked hypotension despite elevated aldosterone levels. During the first week, corticosterone levels increased significantly in the male; in females they showed little change. After 4 weeks, the severly diabetic animals became emaciated and moribund; corticosterone and aldosterone levels fell to very low levels despite adrenal hyperplasia. The beta cells of the moderately diabetic animals eventually lost their ability to secrete insulin and these animals too became cachetic and moribund with concomitant elevation of lipid, glucose and BUN levels, as well as myocardial infarction, fatty liver, and generalized hyalin arteriolo-, arterio-, and nephrosclerosis. It is suggested that the combined hormonal and metabolic alterations of diabetes and hypertension reinforced one another in these spontaneously hypertensive rats, leading to intense stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system, the exacerbation of those cardiovascular degenerative changes known to be associated with uncontrolled diabetes or hypertension, eventual impaired adrenocortical steroidogenesis, hypotension and death.", "PMID": 861167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13636", "title": "Changes in the concentration of leucocytes and platelets in the peripheral blood during sterile inflammation in rabbits.", "content": "Glycogen in isotonic saline was infused into the peritoneal cavities of rabbits to produce sterile inflammation. This caused a small increase in the haematocrit value and larger decreases in the concentrations of circulation leucocytes and platelets. Circulating granulocytes decreased by about 40% in 2 h and increased in the next 2 h to about 4 times their initial concentration. Acetyl salicyclic acid (ASA) (10 mg/kg) infused with the glycogen did not affect the decrease significantly but accelerated the subsequent increase. Circulating mononuclear leucocytes, mostly lymphocytes, decreased progressively by about 75% after 4-5 h. This decrease was not affected by ASA. Circulating platelets decreased by about 30% in the first hour; this decrease was accelerated and augmented by ASA. Subsequently the platelet concentrations remained constant for at least 4-5 h. Glycogen so infused is known to activate complement, and ASA to inhibit prostaglandin synthetase. Therefore the results suggest that (i) the initial decrease in circulating granulocytes is mediated by activated complement; (ii) the emigration of granulocytes from blood into the inflammatory exudate is increased by prostaglandins; (iii) the initial decrease in circulating platelets is mediated by activated complement and antagonized by prostaglandins; and (iv) the decrease in circulating lymphocytes is mediated by activated complement and uninfluenced by prostaglandins.", "contents": "Changes in the concentration of leucocytes and platelets in the peripheral blood during sterile inflammation in rabbits. Glycogen in isotonic saline was infused into the peritoneal cavities of rabbits to produce sterile inflammation. This caused a small increase in the haematocrit value and larger decreases in the concentrations of circulation leucocytes and platelets. Circulating granulocytes decreased by about 40% in 2 h and increased in the next 2 h to about 4 times their initial concentration. Acetyl salicyclic acid (ASA) (10 mg/kg) infused with the glycogen did not affect the decrease significantly but accelerated the subsequent increase. Circulating mononuclear leucocytes, mostly lymphocytes, decreased progressively by about 75% after 4-5 h. This decrease was not affected by ASA. Circulating platelets decreased by about 30% in the first hour; this decrease was accelerated and augmented by ASA. Subsequently the platelet concentrations remained constant for at least 4-5 h. Glycogen so infused is known to activate complement, and ASA to inhibit prostaglandin synthetase. Therefore the results suggest that (i) the initial decrease in circulating granulocytes is mediated by activated complement; (ii) the emigration of granulocytes from blood into the inflammatory exudate is increased by prostaglandins; (iii) the initial decrease in circulating platelets is mediated by activated complement and antagonized by prostaglandins; and (iv) the decrease in circulating lymphocytes is mediated by activated complement and uninfluenced by prostaglandins.", "PMID": 861168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13637", "title": "Aspirin and gastric ulceration: light and electron microscopic observations in a model of aspirin plus stress-induced ulcerogenesis.", "content": "The gastric mucosa of rats given aspirin orally and concomitantly exposed to mild (cold) stress conditions has been examined under the electron microscope. In this model of gastric ulceration greater involvement is seen of the parietal and zymogen cells than is evident after aspirin treatment alone (which leads to mucosal erosions but not ulceration per se). Evidence of considerable autolytic and proteolytic activity is seen in aspirin-plus-stress-treated animals developing in ulceration. Little damage was observed in animals exposed to these mild stress conditions. The synergistic interaction between aspirin and stress could have its basis in greater sensitizing of parietal and zymogen cells to damage not seen in aspirin-treated animals.", "contents": "Aspirin and gastric ulceration: light and electron microscopic observations in a model of aspirin plus stress-induced ulcerogenesis. The gastric mucosa of rats given aspirin orally and concomitantly exposed to mild (cold) stress conditions has been examined under the electron microscope. In this model of gastric ulceration greater involvement is seen of the parietal and zymogen cells than is evident after aspirin treatment alone (which leads to mucosal erosions but not ulceration per se). Evidence of considerable autolytic and proteolytic activity is seen in aspirin-plus-stress-treated animals developing in ulceration. Little damage was observed in animals exposed to these mild stress conditions. The synergistic interaction between aspirin and stress could have its basis in greater sensitizing of parietal and zymogen cells to damage not seen in aspirin-treated animals.", "PMID": 861169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13638", "title": "The effect of a protein-free diet, a sugar diet and of carbon tetrachloride administration on the toxicity and rate of metabolism of dimethylnitrosamine in different rat strains.", "content": "A Porton and a hooded rat strain showed a raised LD50 for dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) when pre-conditioned on a protein-free and/or a sugar diet. Little or no such differential toxicity between normal and diet-fed animals was found for rats of the Wistar, BDIX and CFY strains. Pre-treatment with CCl4 did not alter significantly the toxicity of DMN in the Wistar strain. All 5 rat strains treated by diet or CCl4 administration metabolized DMN at a very much slower rate than did the controls, the rates for the different strains being quantitatively similar. It is concluded that the toxicity of DMN is not necessarily related to its rate of metabolism and that the effect of diet or CCl4 treatment of DMN toxicity is dependent on the strain of rat used.", "contents": "The effect of a protein-free diet, a sugar diet and of carbon tetrachloride administration on the toxicity and rate of metabolism of dimethylnitrosamine in different rat strains. A Porton and a hooded rat strain showed a raised LD50 for dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) when pre-conditioned on a protein-free and/or a sugar diet. Little or no such differential toxicity between normal and diet-fed animals was found for rats of the Wistar, BDIX and CFY strains. Pre-treatment with CCl4 did not alter significantly the toxicity of DMN in the Wistar strain. All 5 rat strains treated by diet or CCl4 administration metabolized DMN at a very much slower rate than did the controls, the rates for the different strains being quantitatively similar. It is concluded that the toxicity of DMN is not necessarily related to its rate of metabolism and that the effect of diet or CCl4 treatment of DMN toxicity is dependent on the strain of rat used.", "PMID": 861170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13639", "title": "Mercury pigmentation from industrial exposure. An ultrastructural and analytical electron microscopic study.", "content": "A study has been made of facial pigmentation resulting from industrial inorganic mercury exposure. Electron microscopy has shown electron-dense 400--900 nm aggregates of 12 nm particles in dermal macrophages and free in the dermis. Use of the analytical electron microscope has enabled direct confirmation of the presence of mercury in these aggregates. The unexpected finding of coexistent selenium is discussed.", "contents": "Mercury pigmentation from industrial exposure. An ultrastructural and analytical electron microscopic study. A study has been made of facial pigmentation resulting from industrial inorganic mercury exposure. Electron microscopy has shown electron-dense 400--900 nm aggregates of 12 nm particles in dermal macrophages and free in the dermis. Use of the analytical electron microscope has enabled direct confirmation of the presence of mercury in these aggregates. The unexpected finding of coexistent selenium is discussed.", "PMID": 861172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13640", "title": "Focal epithelial hyperplasia of the oral mucosa. Report of two cases from the Netherlands and review of the literature.", "content": "Two negro siblings with focal epithelial hyperplasia of the oral mucosa are described. A review of the literature is presented.", "contents": "Focal epithelial hyperplasia of the oral mucosa. Report of two cases from the Netherlands and review of the literature. Two negro siblings with focal epithelial hyperplasia of the oral mucosa are described. A review of the literature is presented.", "PMID": 861173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13641", "title": "Focal epithelial hyperplasia of the mouth: recently discovered in South Africa.", "content": "Seventy-six cases of focal epithelial hyperplasia are encountered during an epidemiological survey in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. They affected only Cape Coloureds and were confined to pupils of reform schools and residents of a secluded community. This pattern of distribution, coupled with its typical clinical and histological features and the fact that viral particles were observed in lesions, indicates a communicable disease of viral origin, possibly a virus of the papova group. The recent discovery of its presence in South Africa indicates that it may be newly introduced into the country or that it is a new or hitheto undetected manifestation of an existing viral disease.", "contents": "Focal epithelial hyperplasia of the mouth: recently discovered in South Africa. Seventy-six cases of focal epithelial hyperplasia are encountered during an epidemiological survey in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. They affected only Cape Coloureds and were confined to pupils of reform schools and residents of a secluded community. This pattern of distribution, coupled with its typical clinical and histological features and the fact that viral particles were observed in lesions, indicates a communicable disease of viral origin, possibly a virus of the papova group. The recent discovery of its presence in South Africa indicates that it may be newly introduced into the country or that it is a new or hitheto undetected manifestation of an existing viral disease.", "PMID": 861174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13642", "title": "Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. Interesting gastro-intestinal manifestations.", "content": "Involvement of the large intestine in a long standing case of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa was characterized by recurrent episodes of diarrhoea synchronizing with exacerbation of the skin lesions. The radiological investigations revealed two narrow segments, one each in the descending and transverse colon, with ulcer craters in the lower part of the former. The haustra from the distal half of the transverse colon to the sigmoid colon were lost.", "contents": "Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. Interesting gastro-intestinal manifestations. Involvement of the large intestine in a long standing case of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa was characterized by recurrent episodes of diarrhoea synchronizing with exacerbation of the skin lesions. The radiological investigations revealed two narrow segments, one each in the descending and transverse colon, with ulcer craters in the lower part of the former. The haustra from the distal half of the transverse colon to the sigmoid colon were lost.", "PMID": 861175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13643", "title": "A surface impression and scanning electron microscopic study of porokeratosis of Mibelli.", "content": "A silicone rubber impression technique, together with scanning electron microscopy, was used to study the surface detail of porokeratosis of Mibelli. The lesions are propagated by a bud-like spreading of the active edge. The keratotic rim is produced by the condensation of squamous cells from both within and without the lesion.", "contents": "A surface impression and scanning electron microscopic study of porokeratosis of Mibelli. A silicone rubber impression technique, together with scanning electron microscopy, was used to study the surface detail of porokeratosis of Mibelli. The lesions are propagated by a bud-like spreading of the active edge. The keratotic rim is produced by the condensation of squamous cells from both within and without the lesion.", "PMID": 861176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13644", "title": "Trimethylaminuria: the use of choline as an aid to diagnosis.", "content": "Trimethylamine metabolism can be studied by means of choline loading. The value and some limitations of the method are illustrated by results obtained in normal subjects, a patient with the Fish Odour syndrome and his kindred.", "contents": "Trimethylaminuria: the use of choline as an aid to diagnosis. Trimethylamine metabolism can be studied by means of choline loading. The value and some limitations of the method are illustrated by results obtained in normal subjects, a patient with the Fish Odour syndrome and his kindred.", "PMID": 861177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13645", "title": "The tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome.", "content": "A family with the tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome was studied. One child, the proband, manifested the complete triad of the syndrome with fine, sparse, slow-growing hair, pear-shaped nose, and abnormal fingers. Cone-shaped epiphyses were observed radiographically in the child, in both parents, and in two of three remaining children.", "contents": "The tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome. A family with the tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome was studied. One child, the proband, manifested the complete triad of the syndrome with fine, sparse, slow-growing hair, pear-shaped nose, and abnormal fingers. Cone-shaped epiphyses were observed radiographically in the child, in both parents, and in two of three remaining children.", "PMID": 861178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13646", "title": "Induction of basal lamina formation in epidermal cell cultures in vitro.", "content": "Guinea-pig epidermal cells were grown on 2 types of rat collagen substrate. The cells showed the same sort of differentiation as occurs in cells growing on rigid plastic. In addition, basal lamina formed patchily at the interface with collagen. If the collagen was eroded away the basal lamina also disappeared.", "contents": "Induction of basal lamina formation in epidermal cell cultures in vitro. Guinea-pig epidermal cells were grown on 2 types of rat collagen substrate. The cells showed the same sort of differentiation as occurs in cells growing on rigid plastic. In addition, basal lamina formed patchily at the interface with collagen. If the collagen was eroded away the basal lamina also disappeared.", "PMID": 861179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13647", "title": "An epidemiological survey of virus warts of the hands among butchers.", "content": "The prevalence of virus warts of the hands among butchers has been determined in three industrial butcheries by examining 536 meat-workers at their places of work. A prevalance of 23-8% has been found, which is significantly higher than the 8-5% prevalance found in 965 control adult subjects examined in different firms where manipulation of food does not occur. Further, the prevalence of virus warts of the hands has been found significantly higher in the 199 workers of one butchery (32-1%) than in 199 control subjects (10-1%) strictly matched for age and sex, and belonging to the same industrial area. In butchers, warts of the dorsal aspects of the hands are statistically less frequent than in control subjects when three localizations are considered (dorsal, palmar, dorsal plus palmar). No significant difference is observed when single localizations (dorsal or palmar) are considered. A definite explanation of the high prevalence of virus warts of the hands among butchers has not been found so far; some hypotheses are discussed in the light of the presnt study.", "contents": "An epidemiological survey of virus warts of the hands among butchers. The prevalence of virus warts of the hands among butchers has been determined in three industrial butcheries by examining 536 meat-workers at their places of work. A prevalance of 23-8% has been found, which is significantly higher than the 8-5% prevalance found in 965 control adult subjects examined in different firms where manipulation of food does not occur. Further, the prevalence of virus warts of the hands has been found significantly higher in the 199 workers of one butchery (32-1%) than in 199 control subjects (10-1%) strictly matched for age and sex, and belonging to the same industrial area. In butchers, warts of the dorsal aspects of the hands are statistically less frequent than in control subjects when three localizations are considered (dorsal, palmar, dorsal plus palmar). No significant difference is observed when single localizations (dorsal or palmar) are considered. A definite explanation of the high prevalence of virus warts of the hands among butchers has not been found so far; some hypotheses are discussed in the light of the presnt study.", "PMID": 861180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13648", "title": "Anti-inflammatory properties of a prostaglandin antagonist, a corticosteroid and indomethacin in experimental contact dermatitis.", "content": "The topical effects of N0164 (a phenyl phosphonate derivative which is a partially selective antagonist of prostagladin E2), indomethacin and triamcinolone acetonide have been shown to reduce the erythema and ear weight gain from inflammation induced by experimental contact allergic eczema. Oxazolone sensitized Swiss Webster mice were used, ear erythema and ear weights being used as a measure of the anti-inflammatory response to the drugs. N0164 was also shown to have systemic anti-inflammatory activity after intraperitoneal injection.", "contents": "Anti-inflammatory properties of a prostaglandin antagonist, a corticosteroid and indomethacin in experimental contact dermatitis. The topical effects of N0164 (a phenyl phosphonate derivative which is a partially selective antagonist of prostagladin E2), indomethacin and triamcinolone acetonide have been shown to reduce the erythema and ear weight gain from inflammation induced by experimental contact allergic eczema. Oxazolone sensitized Swiss Webster mice were used, ear erythema and ear weights being used as a measure of the anti-inflammatory response to the drugs. N0164 was also shown to have systemic anti-inflammatory activity after intraperitoneal injection.", "PMID": 861181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13649", "title": "Improvements in skin reactions to insulin, produced by a highly purified preparation.", "content": "A group of 14 patients with skin reactions to insulin have been treated with highly purified insulin over a period of 5--14 months while continuing to inject into the abnormal areas. Fat atrophy improved in all cases, coincident with a reduction in insulin requirement and insulin binding capacity. The response of patients with fat hypertrophy was less predictable, but there was an improvement in 3 out of 6 cases. Measurements of insulin binding capacity of the plasma suggested that fat atrophy and hypertrophy are immunologically distinct and some explanations for this are discussed. It is concluded that highly purified insulin benefits some patients with skin reactions to insulin.", "contents": "Improvements in skin reactions to insulin, produced by a highly purified preparation. A group of 14 patients with skin reactions to insulin have been treated with highly purified insulin over a period of 5--14 months while continuing to inject into the abnormal areas. Fat atrophy improved in all cases, coincident with a reduction in insulin requirement and insulin binding capacity. The response of patients with fat hypertrophy was less predictable, but there was an improvement in 3 out of 6 cases. Measurements of insulin binding capacity of the plasma suggested that fat atrophy and hypertrophy are immunologically distinct and some explanations for this are discussed. It is concluded that highly purified insulin benefits some patients with skin reactions to insulin.", "PMID": 861182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13650", "title": "Exacerbation of psoriasis during lithium treatment.", "content": "We report three patients with psoriasis and bipolar affective illness who showed marked deterioration of their skin condition when treated with lithium.", "contents": "Exacerbation of psoriasis during lithium treatment. We report three patients with psoriasis and bipolar affective illness who showed marked deterioration of their skin condition when treated with lithium.", "PMID": 861183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13651", "title": "Measurement of the rate of flow of dry matter in digesta passing through the duodenum of sheep.", "content": "1. A total of seven sheep fitted with re-entrant cannulas in the proximal duodenum were used in three experiments to measure the passage of dry matter (DM) in duodenal digesta. 2. Fifty-three 24 h measurements and ten 48 h measurements of DM flow were made in Expt 1. Coefficient of variation (CV) of these measurements was 22-1% which was similar to variability reported for chromic oxide 'corrected' flows and for an estimate of day-to-day variation. DM flow on day 1 was 103-2% (SE = 8-94) of flow on day 2 in 48 h measurements. 3. In two 3 X 3 Latin-square design experiments, duodenal DM flow was measured continuously over 72 h and on days 1, 2 and 3 DM flow was 100-4, 102-6 and 96-9% (SE = 5-82) of mean flow (Expt 2) and 95-8, 101-2 and 103-0% (SE = 6-70) of mean flow (Expt 3) respectively. 4. It was concluded that no depression in duodenal DM flow occurred during the first 24 h of collection in these experiments and that the variability of repeated 24 h measurements of flow was within day-to-day variation.", "contents": "Measurement of the rate of flow of dry matter in digesta passing through the duodenum of sheep. 1. A total of seven sheep fitted with re-entrant cannulas in the proximal duodenum were used in three experiments to measure the passage of dry matter (DM) in duodenal digesta. 2. Fifty-three 24 h measurements and ten 48 h measurements of DM flow were made in Expt 1. Coefficient of variation (CV) of these measurements was 22-1% which was similar to variability reported for chromic oxide 'corrected' flows and for an estimate of day-to-day variation. DM flow on day 1 was 103-2% (SE = 8-94) of flow on day 2 in 48 h measurements. 3. In two 3 X 3 Latin-square design experiments, duodenal DM flow was measured continuously over 72 h and on days 1, 2 and 3 DM flow was 100-4, 102-6 and 96-9% (SE = 5-82) of mean flow (Expt 2) and 95-8, 101-2 and 103-0% (SE = 6-70) of mean flow (Expt 3) respectively. 4. It was concluded that no depression in duodenal DM flow occurred during the first 24 h of collection in these experiments and that the variability of repeated 24 h measurements of flow was within day-to-day variation.", "PMID": 861186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13652", "title": "Fractional catabolic rates of myosin and actin estimated by urinary excretion of Ntau-methylhistidine: the effect of dietary protein level on catabolic rates under conditions of restricted food intake.", "content": "1. Critical studies on the distribution of Ntau-methylhistidine (3-methylhistidine; Me-His) among organs and tissues in adult rats are reported. Adult rats contained 46-5+/-3-6 mg Me-His/kg body-weight. Almost 90% of the Me-His in the body was recovered from skeletal muscle. These results support the hypothesis that fractional catabolic rates of myosin and actin in skeletal muscle can be estimated by measuring urinary excretion of Me-His. 2. Dietary protein level did not affect the total amount of Me-His in the body. However, urinary excretion of Me-His increased as dietary protein intake was increased. 3. From these results it was concluded that fractional catabolic rates of myosin and actin increase as dietary protein intake increases.", "contents": "Fractional catabolic rates of myosin and actin estimated by urinary excretion of Ntau-methylhistidine: the effect of dietary protein level on catabolic rates under conditions of restricted food intake. 1. Critical studies on the distribution of Ntau-methylhistidine (3-methylhistidine; Me-His) among organs and tissues in adult rats are reported. Adult rats contained 46-5+/-3-6 mg Me-His/kg body-weight. Almost 90% of the Me-His in the body was recovered from skeletal muscle. These results support the hypothesis that fractional catabolic rates of myosin and actin in skeletal muscle can be estimated by measuring urinary excretion of Me-His. 2. Dietary protein level did not affect the total amount of Me-His in the body. However, urinary excretion of Me-His increased as dietary protein intake was increased. 3. From these results it was concluded that fractional catabolic rates of myosin and actin increase as dietary protein intake increases.", "PMID": 861187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13653", "title": "The energy cost of fat and protein deposition in the rat.", "content": "1. Measurements were made of energy balance by direct calorimetry, and of nitrogen balance in groups of lean and congenitally obese ('fatty') Zucker rats at body-weights of 200 and 350 g given a highly digestible semisynthetic diet at 14-0 or 18-4 g/rat per 24 h. 2. Losses of food energy and N in faeces were very small. The fatty rats lost much more N in urine than did lean rats. Despite this the proportion of gross energy that was metabolized was 0-92 for both fatty and lean rats. 3. In all trials, fatty rats lost a smaller proportion of metabolizable energy (ME) as heat and deposited less as protein than thin rats but deposited much more as fat. 4. The amounts of ME required to deposit 1 kJ of protein and 1 kJ of fat respectively were shown by regression analysis to be 2-25 (+/-0-16) and 1-36 (+/-0-06) kJ respectively. These values agree extremely closely with recent, more tentative, estimates based on assumptions as to maintenance requirement which the present experiments were able to circumvent. It may be concluded with confidence that the energy costs of depositing 1 g of protein or fat are almost identical at 53 kJ ME/g.", "contents": "The energy cost of fat and protein deposition in the rat. 1. Measurements were made of energy balance by direct calorimetry, and of nitrogen balance in groups of lean and congenitally obese ('fatty') Zucker rats at body-weights of 200 and 350 g given a highly digestible semisynthetic diet at 14-0 or 18-4 g/rat per 24 h. 2. Losses of food energy and N in faeces were very small. The fatty rats lost much more N in urine than did lean rats. Despite this the proportion of gross energy that was metabolized was 0-92 for both fatty and lean rats. 3. In all trials, fatty rats lost a smaller proportion of metabolizable energy (ME) as heat and deposited less as protein than thin rats but deposited much more as fat. 4. The amounts of ME required to deposit 1 kJ of protein and 1 kJ of fat respectively were shown by regression analysis to be 2-25 (+/-0-16) and 1-36 (+/-0-06) kJ respectively. These values agree extremely closely with recent, more tentative, estimates based on assumptions as to maintenance requirement which the present experiments were able to circumvent. It may be concluded with confidence that the energy costs of depositing 1 g of protein or fat are almost identical at 53 kJ ME/g.", "PMID": 861188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13654", "title": "Degradation of the nucleic acids in mixed rumen bacteria on incubation with different media.", "content": "1. Mixed rumen bacteria were grown in vitro in a medium containing [U-14C]adenine. Radioactivity was incorporated into the purine bases of the nucleic acids. 2. Labelled bacteria were incubated with a nitrogen-deficient cell-free medium (medium A), a protozoa-free supernatant suspension from a slow-speed centrifuging of a steer's rumen contents (medium B) and whole rumen contents of a steer (medium C). Mean (six experiments) proportional rates of release of radioactivity (/h) were significantly greater for medium A (0-140) than for media B or C (0-055 and 0-43 respectively). Some of the radioactivity accumulated in the cell-free media; some was lost, partially as carbon dioxide. 3. Calculation from this and other information indicated that about 30% of bacterial nucleic acids may turn over in the rumen even in the absence of protozoa.", "contents": "Degradation of the nucleic acids in mixed rumen bacteria on incubation with different media. 1. Mixed rumen bacteria were grown in vitro in a medium containing [U-14C]adenine. Radioactivity was incorporated into the purine bases of the nucleic acids. 2. Labelled bacteria were incubated with a nitrogen-deficient cell-free medium (medium A), a protozoa-free supernatant suspension from a slow-speed centrifuging of a steer's rumen contents (medium B) and whole rumen contents of a steer (medium C). Mean (six experiments) proportional rates of release of radioactivity (/h) were significantly greater for medium A (0-140) than for media B or C (0-055 and 0-43 respectively). Some of the radioactivity accumulated in the cell-free media; some was lost, partially as carbon dioxide. 3. Calculation from this and other information indicated that about 30% of bacterial nucleic acids may turn over in the rumen even in the absence of protozoa.", "PMID": 861190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13655", "title": "Increased thirst and hunger in adult rats undernourished as infants: an alternative explanation.", "content": "1. Rats were undernourished in early life by feeding their mothers a restricted quantity of a good-quality diet throughout lactation. Their undernutrition continued postweaning from 25 to 42 d of age, after which they were fed ad lib. Control rats were well nourished at all times. 2. Behavioural assessment of thirst was carried out on adult males. These were deprived of water for 23 h/d throughout the period of testing. Compared to control rats, previously-undernourished (PU) rats pressed a lever at a higher rate in a Skinner box to gain a water reward, drank more frequently during their first 5 min in an unfamiliar cage, and tended to run more quickly down an alleyway for water. PU rats also drank more (/kg body-weight 0-75) of a quinine solution (I g/l) when this was available to them ad lib. as their only source of fluid. 3. A second group of rats was growth-retarded during gestation and the suckling and early postweaning periods. The rats had free access to food from 42 d of age. In adulthood their ad lib. food and water consumption was measured. PU males ate and drank more (/kg body-weight 0-75) than control males. 4. These results indicate that adult rats which have been undernourished in early life display increased thirst. An attempt is made to explain this finding, together with their previously-demonstrated enhanced hunger drive, purely in terms of gross anatomical and physiological differences.", "contents": "Increased thirst and hunger in adult rats undernourished as infants: an alternative explanation. 1. Rats were undernourished in early life by feeding their mothers a restricted quantity of a good-quality diet throughout lactation. Their undernutrition continued postweaning from 25 to 42 d of age, after which they were fed ad lib. Control rats were well nourished at all times. 2. Behavioural assessment of thirst was carried out on adult males. These were deprived of water for 23 h/d throughout the period of testing. Compared to control rats, previously-undernourished (PU) rats pressed a lever at a higher rate in a Skinner box to gain a water reward, drank more frequently during their first 5 min in an unfamiliar cage, and tended to run more quickly down an alleyway for water. PU rats also drank more (/kg body-weight 0-75) of a quinine solution (I g/l) when this was available to them ad lib. as their only source of fluid. 3. A second group of rats was growth-retarded during gestation and the suckling and early postweaning periods. The rats had free access to food from 42 d of age. In adulthood their ad lib. food and water consumption was measured. PU males ate and drank more (/kg body-weight 0-75) than control males. 4. These results indicate that adult rats which have been undernourished in early life display increased thirst. An attempt is made to explain this finding, together with their previously-demonstrated enhanced hunger drive, purely in terms of gross anatomical and physiological differences.", "PMID": 861192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13656", "title": "Studies on lipid digestion in the preruminant calf. 2. A comparison of the products of lipolysis of milk fat by salivary and pancreatic lipases in vitro.", "content": "1. A comparison has been made of the products of lipolysis of the fat in cow's milk by salivary and pancreatic lipases (EC 3-1-1-3) from a preruminant calf. 2. It was confirmed that salivary lipase releases short-chain acids preferentially, particularly butyric and caproic acids. This was not only true initially but also as the course of lipolysis progressed. Even after 60 min incubation the longer-chain acids were only released to about one-twentieth of the extent of butyric acid. 3. Although pancreatic lipase also initially released proportionately more butyric acid than other fatty acids, within 30 min the longer-chain acids were released to about half the extent of butyric acid. 4. Since the over-all extent of lipolysis by salivary lipase was limited by its inability to release long-chain acids, the release of these acids (which comprise two-thirds of the total fatty acids of milk fat) in the calf is likely to be dependent on the subsequent action of pancreatic lipase. 5. The release of fatty acids by pancreatic lipase was enhanced by pre-incubating milk fat with salivary lipase.", "contents": "Studies on lipid digestion in the preruminant calf. 2. A comparison of the products of lipolysis of milk fat by salivary and pancreatic lipases in vitro. 1. A comparison has been made of the products of lipolysis of the fat in cow's milk by salivary and pancreatic lipases (EC 3-1-1-3) from a preruminant calf. 2. It was confirmed that salivary lipase releases short-chain acids preferentially, particularly butyric and caproic acids. This was not only true initially but also as the course of lipolysis progressed. Even after 60 min incubation the longer-chain acids were only released to about one-twentieth of the extent of butyric acid. 3. Although pancreatic lipase also initially released proportionately more butyric acid than other fatty acids, within 30 min the longer-chain acids were released to about half the extent of butyric acid. 4. Since the over-all extent of lipolysis by salivary lipase was limited by its inability to release long-chain acids, the release of these acids (which comprise two-thirds of the total fatty acids of milk fat) in the calf is likely to be dependent on the subsequent action of pancreatic lipase. 5. The release of fatty acids by pancreatic lipase was enhanced by pre-incubating milk fat with salivary lipase.", "PMID": 861193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13657", "title": "A quantitative study into the role of infection in determining nutritional status in Gambian village children.", "content": "1. Growth in weight and height in 152 children between the ages of 0-6 and 3 years was investigated in Keneba, a rural Gambian village. By 1 year of age the average weight-for-age of the children was only 75% of the Jelliffe (1966) standard. 2. The relationship between the prevalence of nine different categories of diseases and growth was investigated to determine the quantitative contribution of the diseases to the growth faltering observed. There was a highly significant negative relationship between gastroenteritis and both weight gain and height gain. The only other disease category having a similar relationship was malaria, but in this instance only with weight gain. 3. Although over-all growth in weight and height was considerably below the standard values, multiple regression analysis indicated that after the age of 1 year, except in July and August, normal and sometimes slow 'catch-up' growth would be possible in the absence of gastroenteritis. 4. Attention is drawn to the limitations of the use of anthropometry in a settled village community as the only criterion by which dietary adequacy can be judged.", "contents": "A quantitative study into the role of infection in determining nutritional status in Gambian village children. 1. Growth in weight and height in 152 children between the ages of 0-6 and 3 years was investigated in Keneba, a rural Gambian village. By 1 year of age the average weight-for-age of the children was only 75% of the Jelliffe (1966) standard. 2. The relationship between the prevalence of nine different categories of diseases and growth was investigated to determine the quantitative contribution of the diseases to the growth faltering observed. There was a highly significant negative relationship between gastroenteritis and both weight gain and height gain. The only other disease category having a similar relationship was malaria, but in this instance only with weight gain. 3. Although over-all growth in weight and height was considerably below the standard values, multiple regression analysis indicated that after the age of 1 year, except in July and August, normal and sometimes slow 'catch-up' growth would be possible in the absence of gastroenteritis. 4. Attention is drawn to the limitations of the use of anthropometry in a settled village community as the only criterion by which dietary adequacy can be judged.", "PMID": 861194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13658", "title": "Selenium concentrations and glutathione peroxidase activities in whole blood of New Zealand residents.", "content": "1. A relationship was found between selenium concentrations and glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) activities in whole blood of 264 New Zealand residents (r 0-71, P less than 0-001). 2. New Zealand residents returning from visits overseas of 7 months to 3 years had elevated blood Se, but normal GSH-Px activities, whereas for some new settlers in New Zealand both Se and GSH-Px activities were high.", "contents": "Selenium concentrations and glutathione peroxidase activities in whole blood of New Zealand residents. 1. A relationship was found between selenium concentrations and glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) activities in whole blood of 264 New Zealand residents (r 0-71, P less than 0-001). 2. New Zealand residents returning from visits overseas of 7 months to 3 years had elevated blood Se, but normal GSH-Px activities, whereas for some new settlers in New Zealand both Se and GSH-Px activities were high.", "PMID": 861195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13659", "title": "Major membrane protein differences in cilia and flagella: evidence for a membrane-associated tubulin.", "content": "The membrane of both sperm flagella and gill cilia of the scallop Aequipecten irradians may be selectively solubilized in 1% Triton X-100, 30 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane hydrochloride (Tris-HCl), pH8, and 3 mM MgCl2, leaving the axoneme totally intact. This membrane fraction represents about 20% of the total protein of the respective organelle. Analysis of the flagellar membrane by sodium dodecyl sulfate (NaDodSO4)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed one principal protein component, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) positive and migrating with an apparent molecular weight of 250,000. The remaining minor proteins, none of them PAS positive, accounted for less than one-third of the total flagellar membrane fraction. Analysis of the ciliary membrane also revealed one major protein component, weakly PAS positive and migrating with an apparent molecular weight of 55,000. The remaining minor proteins represented about one-third of the total ciliary membrane fraction; two components with molecular weights of 100,000 and 40,000 predominated. The latter could be substantially reduced by purification of the cilia on a sucrose density gradient and was assumed to be actin, derived by vesiculation of the brush border during deciliation. The principal ciliary membrane protein, that of 55,000 daltons, was resolved into two equimolar components on NaDodSO4-Tris-glycine-polyacrylamide gels, comigrating with the alpha and beta chains of outer fiber tubulin. S-carboxymethylation caused increased splitting of the two components and concomitant migration with similarly treated ciliary tubulin. Preparative gel electrophoresis yielded separate components whose cyanogen bromide cleavage products were virtually identical in size distribution with those obtained from outer fiber alpha and beta chains; tryptic peptides corresponded almost exactly to those of authentic tubulin subunits but certain positional differences indicated possible side chain modification. At 25 degrees C both whole cilia and its solubilized membrane fraction bound colchicine while whole flagella and the 9 + 2 axoneme from either organelle did not. Thus certain molluscan flagellar membranes primarily contain a 250,000-dalton glycoprotein but ciliary membranes have a modified tubulin as the major protein component. At an electron microscopic level, flagellar membranes have a distinct trilamellar \"unit membrane\" structure while ciliary membranes appear thinner and considerably less distinct, perhaps reflecting the protein compositional differences in the membranes of these other wise morpholobically identical organelles.", "contents": "Major membrane protein differences in cilia and flagella: evidence for a membrane-associated tubulin. The membrane of both sperm flagella and gill cilia of the scallop Aequipecten irradians may be selectively solubilized in 1% Triton X-100, 30 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane hydrochloride (Tris-HCl), pH8, and 3 mM MgCl2, leaving the axoneme totally intact. This membrane fraction represents about 20% of the total protein of the respective organelle. Analysis of the flagellar membrane by sodium dodecyl sulfate (NaDodSO4)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed one principal protein component, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) positive and migrating with an apparent molecular weight of 250,000. The remaining minor proteins, none of them PAS positive, accounted for less than one-third of the total flagellar membrane fraction. Analysis of the ciliary membrane also revealed one major protein component, weakly PAS positive and migrating with an apparent molecular weight of 55,000. The remaining minor proteins represented about one-third of the total ciliary membrane fraction; two components with molecular weights of 100,000 and 40,000 predominated. The latter could be substantially reduced by purification of the cilia on a sucrose density gradient and was assumed to be actin, derived by vesiculation of the brush border during deciliation. The principal ciliary membrane protein, that of 55,000 daltons, was resolved into two equimolar components on NaDodSO4-Tris-glycine-polyacrylamide gels, comigrating with the alpha and beta chains of outer fiber tubulin. S-carboxymethylation caused increased splitting of the two components and concomitant migration with similarly treated ciliary tubulin. Preparative gel electrophoresis yielded separate components whose cyanogen bromide cleavage products were virtually identical in size distribution with those obtained from outer fiber alpha and beta chains; tryptic peptides corresponded almost exactly to those of authentic tubulin subunits but certain positional differences indicated possible side chain modification. At 25 degrees C both whole cilia and its solubilized membrane fraction bound colchicine while whole flagella and the 9 + 2 axoneme from either organelle did not. Thus certain molluscan flagellar membranes primarily contain a 250,000-dalton glycoprotein but ciliary membranes have a modified tubulin as the major protein component. At an electron microscopic level, flagellar membranes have a distinct trilamellar \"unit membrane\" structure while ciliary membranes appear thinner and considerably less distinct, perhaps reflecting the protein compositional differences in the membranes of these other wise morpholobically identical organelles.", "PMID": 861196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13660", "title": "Binding properties of neutral diamide ligands for alkaline-earth cations.", "content": "The complexation of a series of aromatic and alicyclic N,N,N',N'-tetra-n-propyl amides of 1,2-ethylenedioxydiacetic acids with group IIA metal-ion bromides in anhydrous methanol was investigated by ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy. These synthetic ligands were previously found to show selectivity toward divalent over monovalent cations with respect to extraction of ions into bulk organic phase (Borowitz, I.J., Lin, W-O., Wun, T-C., Bittman, R., Weiss, L., Diakiw, V., and Borowitz, G.B. (1977), Tetrahedron, in press). At low concentrations, ligands bearing benzene and naphthalene rings form 1:1 ligand to divalent cation complexes with each of the alkaline-earth metals, but ligands in the cyclohexyl series are stoichiometrically bound to cations in more than one type of complex. Binding isotherms obtained by Scatchard analysis and by the method of continuous variation revealed ligand to divalent ion mole ratios of 2:1, 3:2, and 4:3 for binding of N,N,N',N'-tetra-n-propyl-cis-1,2-cyclohexanedioxydiacetamide with Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+, respectively. In contrast, Scatchard analysis of ultraviolet spectral changes showed that a 1:1 complex is formed between this ligand and Na+ with an apparent association constant of 56 +/- 2M-1; the constant for binding with K+ was smaller (11 M-1). The order of apparent association equilibrium constants for complexation of group IIA cations with this series of neutral ligands was Ca2+ greater than Sr2+ greater than Ba2+ greater than Mg2+; for example, for N,N,N',N'-tetra-n-propyl-1,2-phenylenedioxydiacetamide the apparent binding constants at 25 degrees C were 7.33 +/- 0.25 X 10(4) M-1 for Ca2+, 1.23 +/- 0.03 X 10(4) for Sr2+, 4.42 +/- 0.09 X 10(3) for Ba2+, and 4.04 +/- 0.24 X 10(2) for Mg2+. The divalent cation binding properties of these synthetic diamide ligands are discussed in relation to those of other synthetic ligands and of two naturally occurring ligands.", "contents": "Binding properties of neutral diamide ligands for alkaline-earth cations. The complexation of a series of aromatic and alicyclic N,N,N',N'-tetra-n-propyl amides of 1,2-ethylenedioxydiacetic acids with group IIA metal-ion bromides in anhydrous methanol was investigated by ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy. These synthetic ligands were previously found to show selectivity toward divalent over monovalent cations with respect to extraction of ions into bulk organic phase (Borowitz, I.J., Lin, W-O., Wun, T-C., Bittman, R., Weiss, L., Diakiw, V., and Borowitz, G.B. (1977), Tetrahedron, in press). At low concentrations, ligands bearing benzene and naphthalene rings form 1:1 ligand to divalent cation complexes with each of the alkaline-earth metals, but ligands in the cyclohexyl series are stoichiometrically bound to cations in more than one type of complex. Binding isotherms obtained by Scatchard analysis and by the method of continuous variation revealed ligand to divalent ion mole ratios of 2:1, 3:2, and 4:3 for binding of N,N,N',N'-tetra-n-propyl-cis-1,2-cyclohexanedioxydiacetamide with Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+, respectively. In contrast, Scatchard analysis of ultraviolet spectral changes showed that a 1:1 complex is formed between this ligand and Na+ with an apparent association constant of 56 +/- 2M-1; the constant for binding with K+ was smaller (11 M-1). The order of apparent association equilibrium constants for complexation of group IIA cations with this series of neutral ligands was Ca2+ greater than Sr2+ greater than Ba2+ greater than Mg2+; for example, for N,N,N',N'-tetra-n-propyl-1,2-phenylenedioxydiacetamide the apparent binding constants at 25 degrees C were 7.33 +/- 0.25 X 10(4) M-1 for Ca2+, 1.23 +/- 0.03 X 10(4) for Sr2+, 4.42 +/- 0.09 X 10(3) for Ba2+, and 4.04 +/- 0.24 X 10(2) for Mg2+. The divalent cation binding properties of these synthetic diamide ligands are discussed in relation to those of other synthetic ligands and of two naturally occurring ligands.", "PMID": 861197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13661", "title": "Ionophorous properties of neutral diamide ligands toward calcium.", "content": "The ability of a series of aromatic and alicyclic analogues of 1,2-ethylenedioxydiacetic acids bearing N,N,N',N'-tetra-n-propyl amide or N-methyl-N-carbethoxypentyl amide linkages to enhance the rate of 45Ca2+ efflux from vesicles was studied. The ligands were less potent in enhancing membrane permeability to Ca2+ than A23187 and X537A. Lipid-soluble anions markedly increased the rate and extent of Ca2+ transport mediated by these neutral ligands. The abilities of these synthetic diamide ligands and naturally occurring ionophores to transport Ca2+ across bilayer membranes were sensitive to the lipid composition of the vesicle. The mechanism of Ca2+ transport mediated by this series of synthetic ligands is discussed.", "contents": "Ionophorous properties of neutral diamide ligands toward calcium. The ability of a series of aromatic and alicyclic analogues of 1,2-ethylenedioxydiacetic acids bearing N,N,N',N'-tetra-n-propyl amide or N-methyl-N-carbethoxypentyl amide linkages to enhance the rate of 45Ca2+ efflux from vesicles was studied. The ligands were less potent in enhancing membrane permeability to Ca2+ than A23187 and X537A. Lipid-soluble anions markedly increased the rate and extent of Ca2+ transport mediated by these neutral ligands. The abilities of these synthetic diamide ligands and naturally occurring ionophores to transport Ca2+ across bilayer membranes were sensitive to the lipid composition of the vesicle. The mechanism of Ca2+ transport mediated by this series of synthetic ligands is discussed.", "PMID": 861198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13662", "title": "Activation of the rat liver glucocorticoid--receptor complex.", "content": "The rat liver glucorcorticoid receptor has been activated using three procedures: heat, gel filtration, and dilution. With time after heat activation the steroid--receptor complex loses its capacity to bind to DNA--cellulose, while receptor activated by Sephadex G-25 and by dilution maintains DNA--cellulose binding capacity. The rates of steroid dissociation from nonactivated and activated receptor and essentially identical. However, nonactivated receptor is capable of rebinding steroid, while activated receptor has a reduced capacity to rebind steroid. The results of the gel filtration and dilution studies suggest that a low-molecular-weight factor(s) exists in rat liver cytosol which is involved in the process of activation.", "contents": "Activation of the rat liver glucocorticoid--receptor complex. The rat liver glucorcorticoid receptor has been activated using three procedures: heat, gel filtration, and dilution. With time after heat activation the steroid--receptor complex loses its capacity to bind to DNA--cellulose, while receptor activated by Sephadex G-25 and by dilution maintains DNA--cellulose binding capacity. The rates of steroid dissociation from nonactivated and activated receptor and essentially identical. However, nonactivated receptor is capable of rebinding steroid, while activated receptor has a reduced capacity to rebind steroid. The results of the gel filtration and dilution studies suggest that a low-molecular-weight factor(s) exists in rat liver cytosol which is involved in the process of activation.", "PMID": 861199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13663", "title": "Mechanism of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 24-hydroxylation: incorporation of oxygen-18 into the 24 position of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3.", "content": "The oxygen enzymatically inserted as a hydroxyl function by chick kidney homogenate into the 24 position of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to give 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is derived exclusively from 18O2. Therefore, like the 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-lalpha-hydroxylase system, the 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-24-hydroxylase system is also a monooxygenase (\"mixed-function oxidase\").", "contents": "Mechanism of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 24-hydroxylation: incorporation of oxygen-18 into the 24 position of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. The oxygen enzymatically inserted as a hydroxyl function by chick kidney homogenate into the 24 position of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to give 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is derived exclusively from 18O2. Therefore, like the 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-lalpha-hydroxylase system, the 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-24-hydroxylase system is also a monooxygenase (\"mixed-function oxidase\").", "PMID": 861200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13664", "title": "Protein-catalyzed exchange of phosphatidylcholine between sonicated liposomes and multilamellar vesicles.", "content": "Phospholipid exchange protein from beef heart or beef liver does not catalyze the transfer of phosphatidylcholine from multilamellar vesicles of phosphatidylcholine. Certain combinations of phospholipids, however, do yield multilamellar vesicles that will exchange phosphatidylcholine with liposomes in the presence of exchange protein. Multilamellar vesicles of phosphatidylcholine:phosphatidylethanolamine:cardiolipin (70:25:5, mol%) can be used in place of mitochondria or erythrocyte ghosts as an improved acceptor particle in the study of liposome structure with phospholipid exchange proteins. These multilamellar vesicles act as a well-defined reservoir of unlabeled phosphatidylcholine with 7% exchangable phospholipid. When the distribution of phosphatidylcholine in liposomes is studied by the exchange protein technique, results can be influence by the choice of phospholipid acceptor particle. With mitochondria as acceptor particle, the percentage of phosphatidylcholine in the outer monolayer of a liposome appears to be 60%, whereas a value of 70% is obtained when multilamellar vesicles are the acceptor. The discrepancy can be explained by a heterogeneity in liposomes prepared by sonication. A size-dependent fusion or adsorption process occurs between liposomes and mitochondria; the very small liposomal vesicles, obtained by gel filtration, combine nearly quantitatively with the natural membrane. This phenomenon is not seen with multilamellar vesicles. Thus by using multilamellar vesicles one obtains a less biased estimate of phospholipid distribution between inner and outer layers of liposomes.", "contents": "Protein-catalyzed exchange of phosphatidylcholine between sonicated liposomes and multilamellar vesicles. Phospholipid exchange protein from beef heart or beef liver does not catalyze the transfer of phosphatidylcholine from multilamellar vesicles of phosphatidylcholine. Certain combinations of phospholipids, however, do yield multilamellar vesicles that will exchange phosphatidylcholine with liposomes in the presence of exchange protein. Multilamellar vesicles of phosphatidylcholine:phosphatidylethanolamine:cardiolipin (70:25:5, mol%) can be used in place of mitochondria or erythrocyte ghosts as an improved acceptor particle in the study of liposome structure with phospholipid exchange proteins. These multilamellar vesicles act as a well-defined reservoir of unlabeled phosphatidylcholine with 7% exchangable phospholipid. When the distribution of phosphatidylcholine in liposomes is studied by the exchange protein technique, results can be influence by the choice of phospholipid acceptor particle. With mitochondria as acceptor particle, the percentage of phosphatidylcholine in the outer monolayer of a liposome appears to be 60%, whereas a value of 70% is obtained when multilamellar vesicles are the acceptor. The discrepancy can be explained by a heterogeneity in liposomes prepared by sonication. A size-dependent fusion or adsorption process occurs between liposomes and mitochondria; the very small liposomal vesicles, obtained by gel filtration, combine nearly quantitatively with the natural membrane. This phenomenon is not seen with multilamellar vesicles. Thus by using multilamellar vesicles one obtains a less biased estimate of phospholipid distribution between inner and outer layers of liposomes.", "PMID": 861201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13665", "title": "Characterization of antibodies specific for N6-methyladenosine and for 7-methylguanosine.", "content": "Antibodies specific for N6-methyladenosine (m6A) and for 7-methylguanosine (m7G) were prepared by immunization of rabbits with nucleoside conjugates of bovine serum albumin (i.e, m6A--BSA and m7G-BSA). Specificity of each antibody was assessed by inhibition of the homologous precipitin reaction with various nucleosides. These analyses revealed that the antibodies elicited in response to m6A--BSA were specific for the N6-methyl moiety of adenosine with minimal or no cross-reactivity with BSA, adenosine, and guanosine. Although a major fraction of antibodies elicited in response to m7G--BSA were specific for m7G, considerable cross-reactivity was observed with BSA. These latter antibodies were removed by affinity chromatography utilizing BSA-Sepharose adsorbent. In similar fashion, antibodies specific for m6A and m7G were isolated by immunospecific adsorption to antigen-coupled Sepharose (e.g. m6A--BSA-Sepharose), eluted, and coupled to Sepharose. The ability of these antibody-coupled adsorbents to retain specific methylated [methyl-3H]nucleosides derived from [methyl-3H]tRNA digests was assessed. Both the anti-m7G and anti-m6A antibody adsorbents quantitatively and exclusively retained 7-[3H]methylguanosine and N6-[3H]methyladenosine, respectively. The application of these adsorbents to fractionate oligonucleotides and nucleic acids is discussed.", "contents": "Characterization of antibodies specific for N6-methyladenosine and for 7-methylguanosine. Antibodies specific for N6-methyladenosine (m6A) and for 7-methylguanosine (m7G) were prepared by immunization of rabbits with nucleoside conjugates of bovine serum albumin (i.e, m6A--BSA and m7G-BSA). Specificity of each antibody was assessed by inhibition of the homologous precipitin reaction with various nucleosides. These analyses revealed that the antibodies elicited in response to m6A--BSA were specific for the N6-methyl moiety of adenosine with minimal or no cross-reactivity with BSA, adenosine, and guanosine. Although a major fraction of antibodies elicited in response to m7G--BSA were specific for m7G, considerable cross-reactivity was observed with BSA. These latter antibodies were removed by affinity chromatography utilizing BSA-Sepharose adsorbent. In similar fashion, antibodies specific for m6A and m7G were isolated by immunospecific adsorption to antigen-coupled Sepharose (e.g. m6A--BSA-Sepharose), eluted, and coupled to Sepharose. The ability of these antibody-coupled adsorbents to retain specific methylated [methyl-3H]nucleosides derived from [methyl-3H]tRNA digests was assessed. Both the anti-m7G and anti-m6A antibody adsorbents quantitatively and exclusively retained 7-[3H]methylguanosine and N6-[3H]methyladenosine, respectively. The application of these adsorbents to fractionate oligonucleotides and nucleic acids is discussed.", "PMID": 861202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13666", "title": "Purification and properties of gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase from Pseudomonas sp AK 1.", "content": "gamma-Butyrobetaine hydroxylase (4-trimethylaminobutyrate, 2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating), EC 1.14.11.1) has been isolated from Pseudomonas sp AK 1 by ion-exchange, adsorption, and molecular-sieving chromatography. The preparation was homogeneous as judged from electrophoresis in agarose and polyacrylamide gels, isoelectric focusing, and equilibrium sedimentation. The molecular mass was 95 kdaltons as determined by sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation. From electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel the molecular mass was estimated to 92 kdaltons, from gel filtration through columns of Sephadex G-200 to 86 kdaltons, and from gel filtration through thin layers of Sephadex G-150 and G-200 to 82 kdaltons. Calculation of molecular mass from Stokes radius, sedimentation coefficient, and partial specific volume gave a value of 96 kdaltons, and from the sedimentation coefficient, 93 kdaltons. Gel filtration through Sephadex G-200 in 6 M guanidinium chloride and electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel containing 3.5 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate resulted in single bands with mobilities corresponding to molecular masses of 39 and 37 kdaltons, respectively, indicating that the enzyme is composed of two polypeptides chains with similar size. NH2-terminal amino acid sequencing in three cycles resulted in two amino acids in each cycle (Ala + Asn, Ala + Ile, Ala + Ile). The Stokes radius was 3.8 nm, corresponding to a diffusion coefficient of 5.7 X 10(-7) cm2/s. A sedimentation coefficient of 5.8 X 10(-13) s and a frictional ratio of 1.26 was found. The partial specific volume was 0.729 mL/g at 20 degrees C as calculated from amino acid analysis. The isoelectric point was 5.1, as determined by isoelectric focusing analysis. The light absorption in the ultraviolet and visible regions was that of a protein without light-absorbing prosthetic groups. The absorption coefficient at 280 nm of a 1.0% solution at pH 6.5 was 12.6. Amino acid analysis by ion-exchange chromatography showed a half-cystine content of 19 mol per 95 kg of protein (23 residues/1000). Thirteen sulfhydryl groups were found by colorimetric analysis before as well as after reduction with NaBH4, indicating absence of disulfide bonds. Less than 0.1 mol of iron was found per mol of enzyme.", "contents": "Purification and properties of gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase from Pseudomonas sp AK 1. gamma-Butyrobetaine hydroxylase (4-trimethylaminobutyrate, 2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating), EC 1.14.11.1) has been isolated from Pseudomonas sp AK 1 by ion-exchange, adsorption, and molecular-sieving chromatography. The preparation was homogeneous as judged from electrophoresis in agarose and polyacrylamide gels, isoelectric focusing, and equilibrium sedimentation. The molecular mass was 95 kdaltons as determined by sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation. From electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel the molecular mass was estimated to 92 kdaltons, from gel filtration through columns of Sephadex G-200 to 86 kdaltons, and from gel filtration through thin layers of Sephadex G-150 and G-200 to 82 kdaltons. Calculation of molecular mass from Stokes radius, sedimentation coefficient, and partial specific volume gave a value of 96 kdaltons, and from the sedimentation coefficient, 93 kdaltons. Gel filtration through Sephadex G-200 in 6 M guanidinium chloride and electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel containing 3.5 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate resulted in single bands with mobilities corresponding to molecular masses of 39 and 37 kdaltons, respectively, indicating that the enzyme is composed of two polypeptides chains with similar size. NH2-terminal amino acid sequencing in three cycles resulted in two amino acids in each cycle (Ala + Asn, Ala + Ile, Ala + Ile). The Stokes radius was 3.8 nm, corresponding to a diffusion coefficient of 5.7 X 10(-7) cm2/s. A sedimentation coefficient of 5.8 X 10(-13) s and a frictional ratio of 1.26 was found. The partial specific volume was 0.729 mL/g at 20 degrees C as calculated from amino acid analysis. The isoelectric point was 5.1, as determined by isoelectric focusing analysis. The light absorption in the ultraviolet and visible regions was that of a protein without light-absorbing prosthetic groups. The absorption coefficient at 280 nm of a 1.0% solution at pH 6.5 was 12.6. Amino acid analysis by ion-exchange chromatography showed a half-cystine content of 19 mol per 95 kg of protein (23 residues/1000). Thirteen sulfhydryl groups were found by colorimetric analysis before as well as after reduction with NaBH4, indicating absence of disulfide bonds. Less than 0.1 mol of iron was found per mol of enzyme.", "PMID": 861203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13667", "title": "Enzyme which specifically adds tyrosine to the alpha chain of tubulin.", "content": "A posttranslational modification of tubulin with potential significance for the regulation of microtubule assembly or function has been revealed by the discovery of an enzyme (tubulin--tyrosine ligase) which can add a tyrosine residue to the alphachain, apparently through peptide bond linkage to a C-terminal glutamate or glutamine. The ability to add tyrosine in the presence of ATP and to release it agiain in the presence of ADP and inorganic phosphate (or arsenate) appear to be functions of the same enzyme, as judged by the relative rates at which these reactions are catalyzed over a 20-fold enzyme purification. The apparent size of the enzyme from bovine brain is 150 000 daltons in extracts and after ammonium sulfate fractionation, but 35 000 after elution from anion-exchange columns. Addition of pure dimeric tubulin to the latter species converts it back to the larger form, which is apparently a stoichiometric 1:1 complex of tubulin and the 35 000-dalton enzyme. Tubulin--tyrosine ligase is specific for tubulin; other proteins with C-terminal glutamate or glutamine do not substratesmate or glutamine do not act as substrates or inhibitors. It is less specific for tyrosine; five out of six tyrosine dipeptides were inhibitors and competed with tyrosine.", "contents": "Enzyme which specifically adds tyrosine to the alpha chain of tubulin. A posttranslational modification of tubulin with potential significance for the regulation of microtubule assembly or function has been revealed by the discovery of an enzyme (tubulin--tyrosine ligase) which can add a tyrosine residue to the alphachain, apparently through peptide bond linkage to a C-terminal glutamate or glutamine. The ability to add tyrosine in the presence of ATP and to release it agiain in the presence of ADP and inorganic phosphate (or arsenate) appear to be functions of the same enzyme, as judged by the relative rates at which these reactions are catalyzed over a 20-fold enzyme purification. The apparent size of the enzyme from bovine brain is 150 000 daltons in extracts and after ammonium sulfate fractionation, but 35 000 after elution from anion-exchange columns. Addition of pure dimeric tubulin to the latter species converts it back to the larger form, which is apparently a stoichiometric 1:1 complex of tubulin and the 35 000-dalton enzyme. Tubulin--tyrosine ligase is specific for tubulin; other proteins with C-terminal glutamate or glutamine do not substratesmate or glutamine do not act as substrates or inhibitors. It is less specific for tyrosine; five out of six tyrosine dipeptides were inhibitors and competed with tyrosine.", "PMID": 861204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13668", "title": "Thermodynamics of binding to native alpha-chymotrypsin and to forms of alpha-chymotrypsin in which catalytically essential residues are modified; a study of \"productive\" and \"nonproductive\" associations.", "content": "The standard free energy (deltaG degrees), enthalpy (deltaH degrees), and entropy (deltaS degrees) of association for proflavin and D- and L-N-AcTrp have been obtained at pH 7.8 for native alpha-chymotrypsin (Cht) and for forms of Cht in which essential catalytic residues of the active site are modified. The modified Cht forms studied are dehydroalaninyl-195-alpha-Cht and N-methylhistidinyl-57-alpha-Cht. Associations to native Cht (pH 7.8) are characterized by negative deltaH degrees and deltaS degrees values (i.e., for L-AcTrp deltaH degrees = -9.1 kcal/mol and deltaS degrees = -21 eu at T = 25 degreesC). In contrast, we found associations to modified Chts to be characterized by an enthalpy near zero and a positive entropy of association, the values of the deltaH degrees and deltaS degrees for association to the modified Cht forms being similar to those expected for transfer of small aromatic molecules from water to a nonpolar solvent phase. Differences in deltaH degrees and deltaS degrees observed for binding of substrate analogues and inhibitors to modified and native Cht (pH 7.8) are approximately + 10 kcal/mol and +30 eu, respectively. Data from D. D. F. Shiao ((1970), Biochemistry 9, 1083) similarly show differences of comparable magnitude between binding of substrate analogues to active alpha-Cht (pH 7.8) and the His-57 protonated form of alpha-Cht (pH 5.6). The negative deltaH degrees and deltaS degrees values of associations for binding to active alpha-Cht indicate that a substrate-induced conformational change occurs on substrate association with the primary binding site (S1), which does not occur in Ser-195 and His-57 modified Cht. From these differences we infer a linkage between binding of substrate into S1 and the catalytic residues in the nucleophilic subsite (S1-S1'). Our data also show that associations of substrate analogues into potentially productive Michaelis complexes S1 cannot be easily differentiated from associations that are nonproductive (i.e., nonactivated) from their deltaG degrees obsd, but may be differentiated by their respective deltaH degrees obsd and deltaS degrees obsd for association. Accordingly, it is indicated that the probable substrate association-activation process, characterized thermodynamically in this work, occurs in the substrate binding step and leads to lowered free energies of activation in catalytic steps succeeding binding however, the process does not influence the observed strength of substrate binding.", "contents": "Thermodynamics of binding to native alpha-chymotrypsin and to forms of alpha-chymotrypsin in which catalytically essential residues are modified; a study of \"productive\" and \"nonproductive\" associations. The standard free energy (deltaG degrees), enthalpy (deltaH degrees), and entropy (deltaS degrees) of association for proflavin and D- and L-N-AcTrp have been obtained at pH 7.8 for native alpha-chymotrypsin (Cht) and for forms of Cht in which essential catalytic residues of the active site are modified. The modified Cht forms studied are dehydroalaninyl-195-alpha-Cht and N-methylhistidinyl-57-alpha-Cht. Associations to native Cht (pH 7.8) are characterized by negative deltaH degrees and deltaS degrees values (i.e., for L-AcTrp deltaH degrees = -9.1 kcal/mol and deltaS degrees = -21 eu at T = 25 degreesC). In contrast, we found associations to modified Chts to be characterized by an enthalpy near zero and a positive entropy of association, the values of the deltaH degrees and deltaS degrees for association to the modified Cht forms being similar to those expected for transfer of small aromatic molecules from water to a nonpolar solvent phase. Differences in deltaH degrees and deltaS degrees observed for binding of substrate analogues and inhibitors to modified and native Cht (pH 7.8) are approximately + 10 kcal/mol and +30 eu, respectively. Data from D. D. F. Shiao ((1970), Biochemistry 9, 1083) similarly show differences of comparable magnitude between binding of substrate analogues to active alpha-Cht (pH 7.8) and the His-57 protonated form of alpha-Cht (pH 5.6). The negative deltaH degrees and deltaS degrees values of associations for binding to active alpha-Cht indicate that a substrate-induced conformational change occurs on substrate association with the primary binding site (S1), which does not occur in Ser-195 and His-57 modified Cht. From these differences we infer a linkage between binding of substrate into S1 and the catalytic residues in the nucleophilic subsite (S1-S1'). Our data also show that associations of substrate analogues into potentially productive Michaelis complexes S1 cannot be easily differentiated from associations that are nonproductive (i.e., nonactivated) from their deltaG degrees obsd, but may be differentiated by their respective deltaH degrees obsd and deltaS degrees obsd for association. Accordingly, it is indicated that the probable substrate association-activation process, characterized thermodynamically in this work, occurs in the substrate binding step and leads to lowered free energies of activation in catalytic steps succeeding binding however, the process does not influence the observed strength of substrate binding.", "PMID": 861205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13669", "title": "Histone messenger RNA from HeLa cells: evidence for modified 5' termini.", "content": "The distribution of [3H]methyl radioactivity in cytoplasmic histone mRNA, isolated during the DNA synthetic (S) phase of the HeLa S3 cell cycle, has been investigated. Evidence is presented that approximately 30% of the radioactivity is in m7GpppXmpYp oligonucleotides, where Xm represents 2'-O-methylated adenosine and guanosine with a molar ratio of 4:1, respectively. The remainder of the radioactivity is present as m7GpppCmpYmpZp oligonucleotides, where Xm is again 2'-O-methylated adenosine and guanosine (4:1) and where ym represents 2'-O-methylated adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, and uridine with ratios of 2:1:1:1, respectively. While 48.6% of the [3H]methyl radioactivity was present as N6-methyladenosine in poly(adenylic acid)-terminated mRNA from S-phase cells, no evidence for N6-methyladenosine was found in histone mRNA. It thus appears that histone mRNA which lacks 3'-terminal poly(adenylic acid) sequences and functions on cytoplasmic polyribosomes during a limited protion of the cell cycle is capped but lacks internal-modified nucleosides.", "contents": "Histone messenger RNA from HeLa cells: evidence for modified 5' termini. The distribution of [3H]methyl radioactivity in cytoplasmic histone mRNA, isolated during the DNA synthetic (S) phase of the HeLa S3 cell cycle, has been investigated. Evidence is presented that approximately 30% of the radioactivity is in m7GpppXmpYp oligonucleotides, where Xm represents 2'-O-methylated adenosine and guanosine with a molar ratio of 4:1, respectively. The remainder of the radioactivity is present as m7GpppCmpYmpZp oligonucleotides, where Xm is again 2'-O-methylated adenosine and guanosine (4:1) and where ym represents 2'-O-methylated adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, and uridine with ratios of 2:1:1:1, respectively. While 48.6% of the [3H]methyl radioactivity was present as N6-methyladenosine in poly(adenylic acid)-terminated mRNA from S-phase cells, no evidence for N6-methyladenosine was found in histone mRNA. It thus appears that histone mRNA which lacks 3'-terminal poly(adenylic acid) sequences and functions on cytoplasmic polyribosomes during a limited protion of the cell cycle is capped but lacks internal-modified nucleosides.", "PMID": 861206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13670", "title": "Studies on native ribosomal subunits from rat liver. Purification and characterization of a ribosome dissociation factor.", "content": "A population of free, native ribosomal 40S subunits, that do not react with 60S subunits to form 80S ribosomes, has been identified in the postmicrosomal fraction of rat liver homogenates. A protein (IF-3) has been purified from high salt (0.88 M KCI) extracts of native 40S subunits by gradient centrifugation and by ammonium sulfate fractionation; it prevents the reassociation of subunits and to a limited extent dissociates ribosomes to subunits. The activity is measured by ultracentrifugation of the reaction products on linear sucrose gradients, or with an assay developed in this laboratory that couples dissociation with the 60S-specific peptidyltransferase reaction; the latter procedure measures the amount of 60S subunits released from ribosomes or remaining in incubations in the presence of IF-3. Dissociation factor activity is recovered from most of the particles that are resolved by zonal centrifugation of the total \"native subunits\" obtained from the postmicrosomal fraction; the highest concentration of IF-3, however, appears to be associated with native 40S subunits. The purified dissociation factor IF-3 is composed of about ten polypeptides and the molecular weight is estimated to be between 500 000 and 700 000, on the basis of glycerol and cesium chloride gradient centrifugation. When purified 40S subunits react with IF-3 or when 80S ribosomes are dissociated by IF-3, a product is formed which is dependent on the concentration of the protein factor and has the characteristics of a 40SIF-3 complex; centrifugation of the complex on sucrose and cesium chloride gradients suggests that the complex consists of 1 equiv of each of the two components. Although dissociation factor IF-3 appears to react in a specific manner with free or ribosome-associated 40S subunits, the reaction with subunits differs in several respects from that with ribosomes. The dissociation factor also appears to interact with 60S subunits but multiple complexes are formed, some with more than 1 IF-3 equiv per 60S particle. The IF-3 converts 40S dimers (55S particles) to the 40S-IF-3 complex and dissociates free, native 80S particles present in the postmicrosomal fraction, but it does not affect polysome-associated ribosomes engaged in protein synthesis.", "contents": "Studies on native ribosomal subunits from rat liver. Purification and characterization of a ribosome dissociation factor. A population of free, native ribosomal 40S subunits, that do not react with 60S subunits to form 80S ribosomes, has been identified in the postmicrosomal fraction of rat liver homogenates. A protein (IF-3) has been purified from high salt (0.88 M KCI) extracts of native 40S subunits by gradient centrifugation and by ammonium sulfate fractionation; it prevents the reassociation of subunits and to a limited extent dissociates ribosomes to subunits. The activity is measured by ultracentrifugation of the reaction products on linear sucrose gradients, or with an assay developed in this laboratory that couples dissociation with the 60S-specific peptidyltransferase reaction; the latter procedure measures the amount of 60S subunits released from ribosomes or remaining in incubations in the presence of IF-3. Dissociation factor activity is recovered from most of the particles that are resolved by zonal centrifugation of the total \"native subunits\" obtained from the postmicrosomal fraction; the highest concentration of IF-3, however, appears to be associated with native 40S subunits. The purified dissociation factor IF-3 is composed of about ten polypeptides and the molecular weight is estimated to be between 500 000 and 700 000, on the basis of glycerol and cesium chloride gradient centrifugation. When purified 40S subunits react with IF-3 or when 80S ribosomes are dissociated by IF-3, a product is formed which is dependent on the concentration of the protein factor and has the characteristics of a 40SIF-3 complex; centrifugation of the complex on sucrose and cesium chloride gradients suggests that the complex consists of 1 equiv of each of the two components. Although dissociation factor IF-3 appears to react in a specific manner with free or ribosome-associated 40S subunits, the reaction with subunits differs in several respects from that with ribosomes. The dissociation factor also appears to interact with 60S subunits but multiple complexes are formed, some with more than 1 IF-3 equiv per 60S particle. The IF-3 converts 40S dimers (55S particles) to the 40S-IF-3 complex and dissociates free, native 80S particles present in the postmicrosomal fraction, but it does not affect polysome-associated ribosomes engaged in protein synthesis.", "PMID": 861207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13671", "title": "Proton magnetic resonance study of conformational dynamics, coordianted internal motions, and chemical shifts of tocinamide.", "content": "All proton magnetic resonance lines of the NH-CHalpha-CH2beta fragments of five amino acid residues of the heterodetic peptide, tocinamide, have been analyzed, including reassigment of certain NH, CHalpha, and CH2beta resonances. The 1H NMR spectral parameters evaluated from this analysis include (a) all chemical shifts, (b) (3JNHCH), (3Jalpha beta), and (2Jbeta beta) values, and (c) temperature dependencies of these coupling constants and chemical shifts--the latter includes aliphatic and aromatic CH protons. The (3Jalpha beta) coupling constants yielded Calpha-Cbeta rotamer populations, Pi, for five residues and these were used to explore conformational dynamics and coordinated internal motions of tocinamide. The rotamer populations and their temperature dependencies established, (1) that all Calpha-Cbeta bonds exhibit extensive internal rotation; (2) that rotamer preferences exist for every residue; (3) that the 162 conformations possible for completely free rotation around every bond of the Calpha1-Cbeta1-S1-S6-Cbeta6-Calpha6 disulfide fragment can be reduced to two or three if the concept of coordinated internal motion is introduced. We reject the possibility of a frozen conformation for the Cys1-Cys6 fragment in the eclipsed, staggered, or nonclassical rotamer states and propose the following possibilities: (a) three classical rotamers populated in the ratio 60:25:15, (b) three nonclassical rotamers not differing by +/- 15 degrees from the classical values of 180 degrees, + 60 degrees, and -60 degrees, or (c) two nonclassical but noneclipsed rotamers with a third rotamer essentially zero, and (4) that the Calpha-Cbeta rotamer populations of the Tyr2-Cys1-S-S-Cys6 fragment are consistent with coordinated internal motions of the Calpha-Cbeta bonds of all three residues. The existence of temperature coefficients, deltadelta/deltaT, POF +/- 2 ppb/degrees C for aliphatic protons can be accounted for, in part, by postulating intrinsic rotamer chemical shifts which are temperature independent. Deltadelta/deltaT values should therefore be useful for investigating conformational dynamics. A further consequence of this interpretation is that greater care should be exercised in using deltadelta/deltaT values to assign hydrogen-bonded amide protons, especially when deltadelta/deltaT approximately -2 to -4 ppb/degrees C.", "contents": "Proton magnetic resonance study of conformational dynamics, coordianted internal motions, and chemical shifts of tocinamide. All proton magnetic resonance lines of the NH-CHalpha-CH2beta fragments of five amino acid residues of the heterodetic peptide, tocinamide, have been analyzed, including reassigment of certain NH, CHalpha, and CH2beta resonances. The 1H NMR spectral parameters evaluated from this analysis include (a) all chemical shifts, (b) (3JNHCH), (3Jalpha beta), and (2Jbeta beta) values, and (c) temperature dependencies of these coupling constants and chemical shifts--the latter includes aliphatic and aromatic CH protons. The (3Jalpha beta) coupling constants yielded Calpha-Cbeta rotamer populations, Pi, for five residues and these were used to explore conformational dynamics and coordinated internal motions of tocinamide. The rotamer populations and their temperature dependencies established, (1) that all Calpha-Cbeta bonds exhibit extensive internal rotation; (2) that rotamer preferences exist for every residue; (3) that the 162 conformations possible for completely free rotation around every bond of the Calpha1-Cbeta1-S1-S6-Cbeta6-Calpha6 disulfide fragment can be reduced to two or three if the concept of coordinated internal motion is introduced. We reject the possibility of a frozen conformation for the Cys1-Cys6 fragment in the eclipsed, staggered, or nonclassical rotamer states and propose the following possibilities: (a) three classical rotamers populated in the ratio 60:25:15, (b) three nonclassical rotamers not differing by +/- 15 degrees from the classical values of 180 degrees, + 60 degrees, and -60 degrees, or (c) two nonclassical but noneclipsed rotamers with a third rotamer essentially zero, and (4) that the Calpha-Cbeta rotamer populations of the Tyr2-Cys1-S-S-Cys6 fragment are consistent with coordinated internal motions of the Calpha-Cbeta bonds of all three residues. The existence of temperature coefficients, deltadelta/deltaT, POF +/- 2 ppb/degrees C for aliphatic protons can be accounted for, in part, by postulating intrinsic rotamer chemical shifts which are temperature independent. Deltadelta/deltaT values should therefore be useful for investigating conformational dynamics. A further consequence of this interpretation is that greater care should be exercised in using deltadelta/deltaT values to assign hydrogen-bonded amide protons, especially when deltadelta/deltaT approximately -2 to -4 ppb/degrees C.", "PMID": 861208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13672", "title": "Polymerizability of rabbit skeletal tropomyosin: effects of enzymic and chemical modifications.", "content": "Polymerizability of tropomyosin was unaffected by the removal of the three terminal residues 282, 283, and 284 using carboxypeptidase A. However, when residue 281 was removed, polymerizability was abolished. These results are consistent with a 9-residue molecular head-to-tail overlap in polymerized tropomyosin, in which residue 281 plays a space-filling role at the center of the overlap core. In acetylation studies, loss of polymerizability closely paralleled the extent of acetylation of lysine-7, and this residue was more susceptible to acetylation than any other. The effect of acetylation on polymerizability was probably caused not only by cleavage of salt-bridge between lysine 7 epsilon-NH2 and residue 284 alpha-COOH but also by distortion of the overlap core by the N-acetyl group. Specific modification of methionine in tropomyosin indicated that, in addition to residue 281, methionine-8 is also involved in formation of the overlap core. Modified nonpolymerizable tropomyosins could still bind to F-actin, indicating that the head-to-tail polymerization of tropomyosin is not a prerequisite for actin binding, although the regularity of tropomyosin molecules along the actin helix is presumably disrupted.", "contents": "Polymerizability of rabbit skeletal tropomyosin: effects of enzymic and chemical modifications. Polymerizability of tropomyosin was unaffected by the removal of the three terminal residues 282, 283, and 284 using carboxypeptidase A. However, when residue 281 was removed, polymerizability was abolished. These results are consistent with a 9-residue molecular head-to-tail overlap in polymerized tropomyosin, in which residue 281 plays a space-filling role at the center of the overlap core. In acetylation studies, loss of polymerizability closely paralleled the extent of acetylation of lysine-7, and this residue was more susceptible to acetylation than any other. The effect of acetylation on polymerizability was probably caused not only by cleavage of salt-bridge between lysine 7 epsilon-NH2 and residue 284 alpha-COOH but also by distortion of the overlap core by the N-acetyl group. Specific modification of methionine in tropomyosin indicated that, in addition to residue 281, methionine-8 is also involved in formation of the overlap core. Modified nonpolymerizable tropomyosins could still bind to F-actin, indicating that the head-to-tail polymerization of tropomyosin is not a prerequisite for actin binding, although the regularity of tropomyosin molecules along the actin helix is presumably disrupted.", "PMID": 861209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13673", "title": "Isolation and characterization of bovine factor XII (Hageman factor).", "content": "Factor XII was purified approximately 14 000-fold from bovine plasma by ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by heparin-agarose, DEAE-Sephadex, CM-cellulose, arginine-agarose, and benzamidine-agarose column chromatography. By this method, about 15 mg of protein was purified from 15 L of plasma with an overall yield of 18%. The purified protein was homogeneous as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and amino-terminal analysis. Bovine factor XII is a glycoprotein with a mol wt of 74 000 as determined by sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation. It contains 13.5% carbohydrate including 3.4% hexose, 4.7% N-acetylhexosamine, and 5.4% N-acetylneuraminic acid. Factor XII is a single polypeptide chain with an NH2-terminal sequence of Thr-Pro-Pro-Trp-Lys-Gly-Pro-?-Lys-His. This sequence is homologous to the reactive-site regions of a number of protease inhibitors. The amino acid sequence of a carboxyl-terminal fragments prepared by cyanogen bromide digestion was found to be Leu-Cys-Ala-Gly-Phe-Leu-Glu-Gly-Gly-Thr-Asp-Ala-Cys-Gln-Gly-Asp-SER-Gly-Gly-Pro-Leu-Val-Cys-Glu-Asp-Glu. This sequence is homologous with the active site of a number of plasma serine proteases including thrombin, factor IXa, factor Xa, and plasmin. These data indicate that bovine factor XII is a precursor to a serine enzyme with an inhibitor sequence and a catalytic site located in the same single polypeptide chain.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of bovine factor XII (Hageman factor). Factor XII was purified approximately 14 000-fold from bovine plasma by ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by heparin-agarose, DEAE-Sephadex, CM-cellulose, arginine-agarose, and benzamidine-agarose column chromatography. By this method, about 15 mg of protein was purified from 15 L of plasma with an overall yield of 18%. The purified protein was homogeneous as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and amino-terminal analysis. Bovine factor XII is a glycoprotein with a mol wt of 74 000 as determined by sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation. It contains 13.5% carbohydrate including 3.4% hexose, 4.7% N-acetylhexosamine, and 5.4% N-acetylneuraminic acid. Factor XII is a single polypeptide chain with an NH2-terminal sequence of Thr-Pro-Pro-Trp-Lys-Gly-Pro-?-Lys-His. This sequence is homologous to the reactive-site regions of a number of protease inhibitors. The amino acid sequence of a carboxyl-terminal fragments prepared by cyanogen bromide digestion was found to be Leu-Cys-Ala-Gly-Phe-Leu-Glu-Gly-Gly-Thr-Asp-Ala-Cys-Gln-Gly-Asp-SER-Gly-Gly-Pro-Leu-Val-Cys-Glu-Asp-Glu. This sequence is homologous with the active site of a number of plasma serine proteases including thrombin, factor IXa, factor Xa, and plasmin. These data indicate that bovine factor XII is a precursor to a serine enzyme with an inhibitor sequence and a catalytic site located in the same single polypeptide chain.", "PMID": 861210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13674", "title": "Isolation and characterization of bovine factor XI (plasma thromboplastin antecedent).", "content": "Factor XI (plasma thromboplastic antecedent) has been purified approximately 28 000-fold from bovine plasma with an overall yield of about 30%. The isolation procedure involves barium sulfate adsorption of contaminants, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and chromatography on heparin-agarose, CM-Sephadex, and DEAE-Sephadex. The final product was homogeneous when examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis. A minimal mol wt of 124 000 was determined by sedimentation equilibrium. Factor XI is composed of two similar or identical polypeptide chain (mol wt of approximately 55 000), and these two chains are held together by a disulfide bond(s). Factor XI is a glycoprotein which contains approximately 11% carbohydrate including 5.4% heose, 4.7% N-acetylhexosamine, and 1.0% N-acetylneuraminic acid. Other properties of this coagulation factor including its amino acid composition and inhibition by antibodies prepared in rabbits are also reported.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of bovine factor XI (plasma thromboplastin antecedent). Factor XI (plasma thromboplastic antecedent) has been purified approximately 28 000-fold from bovine plasma with an overall yield of about 30%. The isolation procedure involves barium sulfate adsorption of contaminants, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and chromatography on heparin-agarose, CM-Sephadex, and DEAE-Sephadex. The final product was homogeneous when examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis. A minimal mol wt of 124 000 was determined by sedimentation equilibrium. Factor XI is composed of two similar or identical polypeptide chain (mol wt of approximately 55 000), and these two chains are held together by a disulfide bond(s). Factor XI is a glycoprotein which contains approximately 11% carbohydrate including 5.4% heose, 4.7% N-acetylhexosamine, and 1.0% N-acetylneuraminic acid. Other properties of this coagulation factor including its amino acid composition and inhibition by antibodies prepared in rabbits are also reported.", "PMID": 861211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13675", "title": "Evidence for intermediate formation in the mechanism of potato starch -hosphorylase from exchange of the ester and phosphoryl oxygens of alpha-D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate.", "content": "We have examined under a variety of conditions the ability of potato starch phosphorylase to cause exchange of the ester and phosphoryl oxygens of alpha-D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate (Glc-1-P). In the presence of phosphorylase and strach, under conditions where 40-50% of the glc-1-P is consumed in starch elongation, little if any exchange occurs that cannot be accounted for by accompanying starch phosphorolysis. Nor are the oxygens scrambled in the same or longer times by enzyme only when no release of inorganic phosphate occurs. But when D-maltotriose is used as a primer, or during primerless synthesis, and in the presence of phosphorylase and alpha- or beta-cyclodextrin, a large degree of scrambling does occur. We conclude that under these latter conditions a glucosyl cation or covalent glycosyl-enzyme intermediate in formed. If this same intermediate is formed in the absence of starch or its analogue, then the phosphate counterion is not free to rotate; if the intermediate is formed with starch, then again one must assume that the rotation of phosphate ion is hindered, or that formation of the intermediate is rate determining.", "contents": "Evidence for intermediate formation in the mechanism of potato starch -hosphorylase from exchange of the ester and phosphoryl oxygens of alpha-D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate. We have examined under a variety of conditions the ability of potato starch phosphorylase to cause exchange of the ester and phosphoryl oxygens of alpha-D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate (Glc-1-P). In the presence of phosphorylase and strach, under conditions where 40-50% of the glc-1-P is consumed in starch elongation, little if any exchange occurs that cannot be accounted for by accompanying starch phosphorolysis. Nor are the oxygens scrambled in the same or longer times by enzyme only when no release of inorganic phosphate occurs. But when D-maltotriose is used as a primer, or during primerless synthesis, and in the presence of phosphorylase and alpha- or beta-cyclodextrin, a large degree of scrambling does occur. We conclude that under these latter conditions a glucosyl cation or covalent glycosyl-enzyme intermediate in formed. If this same intermediate is formed in the absence of starch or its analogue, then the phosphate counterion is not free to rotate; if the intermediate is formed with starch, then again one must assume that the rotation of phosphate ion is hindered, or that formation of the intermediate is rate determining.", "PMID": 861215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13676", "title": "Human hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase. Purification and properties.", "content": "Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (IMP:pryophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.8) from human erythrocytes has been purified 13 000-fold to apparent homogeneity. The native enzyme has a sedimentation coefficient of 5.9 S, determined by analytical ultracentrifugation, and a molecular weight of 81 000-83 000, determined by sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicates a subunit molecular weight of 26 000, suggesting that the enzyme is a trimer. Isoelectric focusing resolves three peaks of enzyme activity at pH 5.6, 5.7 and 5.9. The amino acid composition of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltrasferase is 17 Lys, 5 His, 12 Arg, 0 Trp, 31 Asx, 12 Thr, 14 Ser, 16 Glx, 14 Pro, 19 Gly, 12 Ala, 5 Cys, 18 Val, 5 Met, 11 Ile, 20 Leu, 10 Tyr, and 9 Phe. The enzyme appears to have a blocked N terminus.", "contents": "Human hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase. Purification and properties. Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (IMP:pryophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.8) from human erythrocytes has been purified 13 000-fold to apparent homogeneity. The native enzyme has a sedimentation coefficient of 5.9 S, determined by analytical ultracentrifugation, and a molecular weight of 81 000-83 000, determined by sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicates a subunit molecular weight of 26 000, suggesting that the enzyme is a trimer. Isoelectric focusing resolves three peaks of enzyme activity at pH 5.6, 5.7 and 5.9. The amino acid composition of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltrasferase is 17 Lys, 5 His, 12 Arg, 0 Trp, 31 Asx, 12 Thr, 14 Ser, 16 Glx, 14 Pro, 19 Gly, 12 Ala, 5 Cys, 18 Val, 5 Met, 11 Ile, 20 Leu, 10 Tyr, and 9 Phe. The enzyme appears to have a blocked N terminus.", "PMID": 861217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13677", "title": "Characterization of myotoxin a from the venom of prairie rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis viridis).", "content": "A previously unknown polypeptide myotoxin, designated myotoxin a, was isolated for the first time from prairie rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis viridis) venom. Electrophoretic homogeneity of myotoxin a was shown in beta-alanine disc gel polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and in isoelectric focusing gel electrophoresis. Molecular weight and isoelectric point estimates of 4100 and 9.6 were obtained by gel filtration and isoelectric focusing gel electrophoresis, respectively. Amino acid composition showed a total of 39 amino acid residues, with 10 lysine residues and two disulfide bridges. When the two disulfide brides were reduced and alkylated, the myotoxic activity was abolished, indicating that the disulfide bridges of myotoxin a are essential for its biological activity. The loss of the biological activity is probably due to a marked change in secondary structure. The circular dichroic spectrum indicates that the chemically modified, inactive myotoxin exhibits typical random-coil conformation.", "contents": "Characterization of myotoxin a from the venom of prairie rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis viridis). A previously unknown polypeptide myotoxin, designated myotoxin a, was isolated for the first time from prairie rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis viridis) venom. Electrophoretic homogeneity of myotoxin a was shown in beta-alanine disc gel polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and in isoelectric focusing gel electrophoresis. Molecular weight and isoelectric point estimates of 4100 and 9.6 were obtained by gel filtration and isoelectric focusing gel electrophoresis, respectively. Amino acid composition showed a total of 39 amino acid residues, with 10 lysine residues and two disulfide bridges. When the two disulfide brides were reduced and alkylated, the myotoxic activity was abolished, indicating that the disulfide bridges of myotoxin a are essential for its biological activity. The loss of the biological activity is probably due to a marked change in secondary structure. The circular dichroic spectrum indicates that the chemically modified, inactive myotoxin exhibits typical random-coil conformation.", "PMID": 861220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13678", "title": "Myoglobin as an oxygen indicator for measuring the oxygen binding characteristics of a modified myoglobin derivative containing covalently bound mesoheme.", "content": "By measuring the visible spectrum of a mixture of myoglobin and a modified derivative containing mesoheme in place of the normal protoheme, it is possible to evaluate the relative amounts of the oxidized, reduced, and oxygenated forms of each type of myoglobin. If the oxygen affinity of one myoglobin derivative is known, the oxygen affinity of the other can be determined from measurements at various oxygen partial pressures. In the absence of excess reducing agent, the rate of autoxidation can also be evaluated during the same experiment. The method described is suitable at very low oxygen partial pressures, where most previous methods are inaccurate, and it is very convenient to use, since no time-consuming calibration procedures are required. Using protoheme myoglobin as an oxygen indicator, the oxygen pressure at half saturation (P 1/2) of mesoheme myoglobin was shown to be 11% higher than the P 1/2 of a modified myoglobin derivative containing covalently bound mesoheme. The autoxidation rate of the covalent derivative is faster than that of the noncovalent derivative, but it is less dependent on oxygen pressure.", "contents": "Myoglobin as an oxygen indicator for measuring the oxygen binding characteristics of a modified myoglobin derivative containing covalently bound mesoheme. By measuring the visible spectrum of a mixture of myoglobin and a modified derivative containing mesoheme in place of the normal protoheme, it is possible to evaluate the relative amounts of the oxidized, reduced, and oxygenated forms of each type of myoglobin. If the oxygen affinity of one myoglobin derivative is known, the oxygen affinity of the other can be determined from measurements at various oxygen partial pressures. In the absence of excess reducing agent, the rate of autoxidation can also be evaluated during the same experiment. The method described is suitable at very low oxygen partial pressures, where most previous methods are inaccurate, and it is very convenient to use, since no time-consuming calibration procedures are required. Using protoheme myoglobin as an oxygen indicator, the oxygen pressure at half saturation (P 1/2) of mesoheme myoglobin was shown to be 11% higher than the P 1/2 of a modified myoglobin derivative containing covalently bound mesoheme. The autoxidation rate of the covalent derivative is faster than that of the noncovalent derivative, but it is less dependent on oxygen pressure.", "PMID": 861221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13679", "title": "Incorporation into lipid bilayer membranes of a photo--sensitive pigment from the honeybee compound eye.", "content": "An increase of electrical conductance up to a factor 10(2)--5-10(2) was obtained by adding, in the dark, the honeybee photopigment to a positively charged lipid bilayer. The increase in conductance was made slower by illuminating the system during the incorporation of the protein into the membrane and it was negligible when the photopigment was bleached before the incorporation. The interaction of the photopigment with the membrane is tentatively interpreted in terms of formation of channels.", "contents": "Incorporation into lipid bilayer membranes of a photo--sensitive pigment from the honeybee compound eye. An increase of electrical conductance up to a factor 10(2)--5-10(2) was obtained by adding, in the dark, the honeybee photopigment to a positively charged lipid bilayer. The increase in conductance was made slower by illuminating the system during the incorporation of the protein into the membrane and it was negligible when the photopigment was bleached before the incorporation. The interaction of the photopigment with the membrane is tentatively interpreted in terms of formation of channels.", "PMID": 861223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13680", "title": "Vesicle penicillinase of Bacillus licheniformis 749/C. Apparent identity with the plasma membrane enzyme.", "content": "A substantial fraction of the total membrane penicillinase of Bacillus licheniformis 749/C is attached to the vesicles released during conversion of the cells to protoplasts. This enzyme was purified since there was indirect evidence that it differed from the enzyme that remained with the protoplast. The purified vesicle penicillinase has the same molecular weight and general properties as the plasma membrane (protoplast) enzyme and, similarly, contains a covalently linked phosphatidylserine residue. Treatment of the two enzymes with trypsin produced phosphatidylserine-containing peptides which could not be distinguished by gel or paper electrophoresis. The two membrane penicillinases are very similar, if not identical.", "contents": "Vesicle penicillinase of Bacillus licheniformis 749/C. Apparent identity with the plasma membrane enzyme. A substantial fraction of the total membrane penicillinase of Bacillus licheniformis 749/C is attached to the vesicles released during conversion of the cells to protoplasts. This enzyme was purified since there was indirect evidence that it differed from the enzyme that remained with the protoplast. The purified vesicle penicillinase has the same molecular weight and general properties as the plasma membrane (protoplast) enzyme and, similarly, contains a covalently linked phosphatidylserine residue. Treatment of the two enzymes with trypsin produced phosphatidylserine-containing peptides which could not be distinguished by gel or paper electrophoresis. The two membrane penicillinases are very similar, if not identical.", "PMID": 861224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13681", "title": "Glycosidases of the guinea pig brush border membrane.", "content": "The separation by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and subsequent enzymatic analysis of the components of the guinea pig intestinal brush border membrane revealed the presence of three enzyme complexes: maltase-glucoamylase, maltase-sucrase-glucoamylase and maltase-sucrase. Additional bands possessing lactase, trehalase and alkaline phosphatase activity were identified but no phlorizin hydrolase or palatinase was detectable. After exposure to strong dissociating conditions the bands possessing enzymatic activity were either absent or greatly reduced in intensity.", "contents": "Glycosidases of the guinea pig brush border membrane. The separation by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and subsequent enzymatic analysis of the components of the guinea pig intestinal brush border membrane revealed the presence of three enzyme complexes: maltase-glucoamylase, maltase-sucrase-glucoamylase and maltase-sucrase. Additional bands possessing lactase, trehalase and alkaline phosphatase activity were identified but no phlorizin hydrolase or palatinase was detectable. After exposure to strong dissociating conditions the bands possessing enzymatic activity were either absent or greatly reduced in intensity.", "PMID": 861225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13682", "title": "Interactions of histones and histone peptides with DNA Thermal denaturation and solubility studies.", "content": "The interactions of DNA with the five histone components (H1, H2B, H2A, H3 and H4) and with a number of histone fragments (N-H1 (1--72), C-H1 (73--216), N-H2B (l--59), C-H2B, (63--125), N-H2A (1-39), C-H2A (58--129), N-H4 (1--84) and C-H4 (85--102) have been studied by using the techniques of thermal denaturation and solubility behaviour. Complexes in 10(-3) M phosphate buffer, 2 - 10(-5) M Na(2)-EDTA, pH 7.0 were prepared by the direct mixing method. For lysine-rich histones (H1 and H2B) it has been found that the main characteristics which governs the interaction with DNA are located in the very lysine-rich part of the molecules, i.e. in the C-H1 and N-H2B segments. These regions are also responsible for a cooperative distribution of the histone along the DNA molecules in the artificial complexes. It appears from our studies that the tertiary structure of the moderately, arginine-rich histone (H2A) is an essential feature for its interaction with DNA. The two arginine-rich histones (H3 and H4) complexed with DNA behave in a similar way, both in thermal denaturation and in DNA precipitation. In the case of C-H4, a marked shift of the melting profile has been observed which is correlated with the presence in the peptide of the hydrophilic cluster Lys-Arg-Gln-Gly-Arg-Thr. Our results suggest that large segments rich in lysine and basic clustering within histones give rise to different modes of electrostatic interaction with DNA.", "contents": "Interactions of histones and histone peptides with DNA Thermal denaturation and solubility studies. The interactions of DNA with the five histone components (H1, H2B, H2A, H3 and H4) and with a number of histone fragments (N-H1 (1--72), C-H1 (73--216), N-H2B (l--59), C-H2B, (63--125), N-H2A (1-39), C-H2A (58--129), N-H4 (1--84) and C-H4 (85--102) have been studied by using the techniques of thermal denaturation and solubility behaviour. Complexes in 10(-3) M phosphate buffer, 2 - 10(-5) M Na(2)-EDTA, pH 7.0 were prepared by the direct mixing method. For lysine-rich histones (H1 and H2B) it has been found that the main characteristics which governs the interaction with DNA are located in the very lysine-rich part of the molecules, i.e. in the C-H1 and N-H2B segments. These regions are also responsible for a cooperative distribution of the histone along the DNA molecules in the artificial complexes. It appears from our studies that the tertiary structure of the moderately, arginine-rich histone (H2A) is an essential feature for its interaction with DNA. The two arginine-rich histones (H3 and H4) complexed with DNA behave in a similar way, both in thermal denaturation and in DNA precipitation. In the case of C-H4, a marked shift of the melting profile has been observed which is correlated with the presence in the peptide of the hydrophilic cluster Lys-Arg-Gln-Gly-Arg-Thr. Our results suggest that large segments rich in lysine and basic clustering within histones give rise to different modes of electrostatic interaction with DNA.", "PMID": 861226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13683", "title": "Interaction of acridines and tetrahydroacridines with DNA at low DNA/dye ratios.", "content": "This study examines certain aspects of the interaction of acridines with DNA. A comparative study of the methods available for the determination of the association constants (Kap) for compounds which interact with DNA has been pursued. A new equation which permits the spectrophotomeric determination of Kap has been derived. This equation can be applied to compounds which upon interaction with a polymer exhibit discrete absorption changes. Application of this equation to substituted acridines and tetrahydroacridines yields some preliminary information on the effect of ring substituents on the interaction of acridines with DNA. Low levels of DNA/dye ratios have been used in the studies reported herein.", "contents": "Interaction of acridines and tetrahydroacridines with DNA at low DNA/dye ratios. This study examines certain aspects of the interaction of acridines with DNA. A comparative study of the methods available for the determination of the association constants (Kap) for compounds which interact with DNA has been pursued. A new equation which permits the spectrophotomeric determination of Kap has been derived. This equation can be applied to compounds which upon interaction with a polymer exhibit discrete absorption changes. Application of this equation to substituted acridines and tetrahydroacridines yields some preliminary information on the effect of ring substituents on the interaction of acridines with DNA. Low levels of DNA/dye ratios have been used in the studies reported herein.", "PMID": 861227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13684", "title": "DNA polymerases in adenovirus type 5-infected and uninfected KB cells. Induction of an alpha-type DNA polymerase in adenovirus type 5-infected and in fast growing cells.", "content": "DNA polymerase activities in uninfected KB cells or KB cells infected with adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) were compared by chromatography on DNA-cellulose and DEAE-cellulose and by isoelectric focusing. On DNA cellulose three components were found both in infected and in uninfected cells. The major component eluted at 0.15 M NaC1 and contained DNA polymerase alpha. Two minor components were found, one which did not bind to DNA-cellulose and one which bound strongly. This latter component contained DNA polymerase beta as characterized by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and sedimentation studies. No difference in properties between uninfected or Ad5-infected KB cells was found for the beta-polymerase. DEAE-cellulose chromatography of DNA polymerase alpha revealed the presence of two activities eluting at 0.11 and 0.13 M NaC1 designates as alphaI and alphaII, respectively. In Ad5-infected cells alphaII was the major component. In uninfected, stationary cells alphaI was the major component and alphaII was only detectable as a shoulder in the elution profile. However, fast growing, uninfected cells gave a similar pattern as Ad5-infected cells. These results indicate that the observed change of the DNA polymerase pattern after infection with Ad5 is related to the level of DNA synthesis and not to the induction of a viral enzyme.", "contents": "DNA polymerases in adenovirus type 5-infected and uninfected KB cells. Induction of an alpha-type DNA polymerase in adenovirus type 5-infected and in fast growing cells. DNA polymerase activities in uninfected KB cells or KB cells infected with adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) were compared by chromatography on DNA-cellulose and DEAE-cellulose and by isoelectric focusing. On DNA cellulose three components were found both in infected and in uninfected cells. The major component eluted at 0.15 M NaC1 and contained DNA polymerase alpha. Two minor components were found, one which did not bind to DNA-cellulose and one which bound strongly. This latter component contained DNA polymerase beta as characterized by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and sedimentation studies. No difference in properties between uninfected or Ad5-infected KB cells was found for the beta-polymerase. DEAE-cellulose chromatography of DNA polymerase alpha revealed the presence of two activities eluting at 0.11 and 0.13 M NaC1 designates as alphaI and alphaII, respectively. In Ad5-infected cells alphaII was the major component. In uninfected, stationary cells alphaI was the major component and alphaII was only detectable as a shoulder in the elution profile. However, fast growing, uninfected cells gave a similar pattern as Ad5-infected cells. These results indicate that the observed change of the DNA polymerase pattern after infection with Ad5 is related to the level of DNA synthesis and not to the induction of a viral enzyme.", "PMID": 861228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13685", "title": "Studies on almond emulsin beta-D-glucosidase. II. Kinetic evidence for independent glucosidase and galactosidase sites.", "content": "A purified beta-D-glucosidase (beta-D-glucoside glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.21) isozyme isolated from almond emulsin was found to catalyze hydrolysis of beta-D-glucopyranosides and beta-D-galactopyranosides but not the corresponding alpha-D-derivatives. Hydrolysis of the corresponding beta-D-thioglycopyranosides at rates 10(3)--10(4) times lower than those for the hydrolysis of the beta-D-glycopyranosides was also noted. The enzyme does not exhibit any transferolytic activity using D-glucose or D-galactose as acceptors. D-glucose, p-nitrothiophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, 5-deoxy-5-thio-D-glucose and D-glucono-delta-lactone are shown to exert mainly competitive inhibition on beta-D-galactopyranoside hydrolysis. D-galactose, p-nitrothiophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranside and methylthio-beta-D-galactopyranoside are shown to inhibit the glucopyranoside hydrolysis mainly non-competitively and to exert competitive inhibition of galactopyranoside hydrolysis. The inhibition caused by the antibiotic Nojirimycin (5-amino-5-deoxy-D-glucose) is shown to be more complex. Analysis of the kinetic data indicates that the catalytic site of the enzyme responsible for the beta-D-glucosidase activity is kinetically distinct from the beta-D-galactosidase site.", "contents": "Studies on almond emulsin beta-D-glucosidase. II. Kinetic evidence for independent glucosidase and galactosidase sites. A purified beta-D-glucosidase (beta-D-glucoside glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.21) isozyme isolated from almond emulsin was found to catalyze hydrolysis of beta-D-glucopyranosides and beta-D-galactopyranosides but not the corresponding alpha-D-derivatives. Hydrolysis of the corresponding beta-D-thioglycopyranosides at rates 10(3)--10(4) times lower than those for the hydrolysis of the beta-D-glycopyranosides was also noted. The enzyme does not exhibit any transferolytic activity using D-glucose or D-galactose as acceptors. D-glucose, p-nitrothiophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, 5-deoxy-5-thio-D-glucose and D-glucono-delta-lactone are shown to exert mainly competitive inhibition on beta-D-galactopyranoside hydrolysis. D-galactose, p-nitrothiophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranside and methylthio-beta-D-galactopyranoside are shown to inhibit the glucopyranoside hydrolysis mainly non-competitively and to exert competitive inhibition of galactopyranoside hydrolysis. The inhibition caused by the antibiotic Nojirimycin (5-amino-5-deoxy-D-glucose) is shown to be more complex. Analysis of the kinetic data indicates that the catalytic site of the enzyme responsible for the beta-D-glucosidase activity is kinetically distinct from the beta-D-galactosidase site.", "PMID": 861229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13686", "title": "Purification and characterization of adenosine nucleosidase from barley leaves.", "content": "Adenosine nucleosidase (adenosine ribohydrolase, EC 3.2.2.7) has been purified to a nearly homogeneous state from barley leaves. The enzyme is soluble in concentrated salt solution while it aggregates and precipitates at low ionic strength, factors which enabled a simple purification procedure to be carried out. A molecular weight of 66 000 +/- 3000 was estimated for the native enzyme by gel filtration. In sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the most purified fraction a single major band of polypeptide chains, with molecular weight of 33 000, was observed. Thus, the native enzyme seems to be dimer of alpha2 type. The pH optima are 4.7 and 5.4 for citrate and (N-morpholino)ethanesulphonic acid buffers, respectively. Adenine and adenosine protect the enzyme against heat inactivation. The enzyme is resistant to -SH reagents, dithiothreitol inhibits it. The Km for adenosine varied from 0.8 to 2.3 micronM depending on temperature and buffer system. The Km for deoxyadenosine was 120 micronM. Besides adenosine, of several nucleosides tested only adenosine N1-oxide, deoxyadenosine and purine riboside acted as substrates. Adenine as well as its derivatives, including plant hormones (cytokinins), have an inhibitory effect on the enzyme. The Ki values of some modified nucleosides and free bases were determined. The physiological role of adenosine nucleosidase in plants is discussed.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of adenosine nucleosidase from barley leaves. Adenosine nucleosidase (adenosine ribohydrolase, EC 3.2.2.7) has been purified to a nearly homogeneous state from barley leaves. The enzyme is soluble in concentrated salt solution while it aggregates and precipitates at low ionic strength, factors which enabled a simple purification procedure to be carried out. A molecular weight of 66 000 +/- 3000 was estimated for the native enzyme by gel filtration. In sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the most purified fraction a single major band of polypeptide chains, with molecular weight of 33 000, was observed. Thus, the native enzyme seems to be dimer of alpha2 type. The pH optima are 4.7 and 5.4 for citrate and (N-morpholino)ethanesulphonic acid buffers, respectively. Adenine and adenosine protect the enzyme against heat inactivation. The enzyme is resistant to -SH reagents, dithiothreitol inhibits it. The Km for adenosine varied from 0.8 to 2.3 micronM depending on temperature and buffer system. The Km for deoxyadenosine was 120 micronM. Besides adenosine, of several nucleosides tested only adenosine N1-oxide, deoxyadenosine and purine riboside acted as substrates. Adenine as well as its derivatives, including plant hormones (cytokinins), have an inhibitory effect on the enzyme. The Ki values of some modified nucleosides and free bases were determined. The physiological role of adenosine nucleosidase in plants is discussed.", "PMID": 861230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13687", "title": "Conformational changes associated with the reversible cold inactivation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase.", "content": "Crystalline ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (3-phospho-D-glycerate carboxy-lyase (dimerising), EC 4.1.1.39) isolated from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) leaf homogenates is partially inactivated by cold treatment and fully reactivated by simple heating in the absence of sulfhydryl reagents and effectors. Since the reversible cold inactivation of this bifunctional enzyme does not involve a gross change in the association state of subunits, a subtle conformational change induced by low temperatures was implicated (Chollet, R. and Anderson, L.L. (1976) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 176, 344-351). Chemical modification of the cold-inactivated and heat-reactivated enzymes by 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoate) and p-mercuribenzoate at 25 degrees C revealed no difference in the number of free -SH groups per mol protein. However, the reactivity of the sulfhydryl residues on the inactivated protein was considerably greater than that of the reactivated enzyme. Pretreatment of the two proteins with sodium dodecyl sulfate completely abolished the difference in -SH reactivity, indicating its dependence on protein conformation. Both the cold-inactivated and heat-reactivated enzymes enhanced the fluorescence intensity of 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS) and caused a blue shift of the emission maximum from 510 to 472 nm. When the inactivated enzyme was reactivated by heating, the increase in catalytic activity was closely paralleled by a concomitant decrease in the fluorescence intensity of the ANS - protein complex at 25 degrees C. Fluorescence titration experiments revealed that the decrease in fluorescence intensity accompanying heat reactivation of the inactivated enzyme was due to a reduction in the number of hydrophobic sites available for ANS binding rather than to a change in the dissociation constant of the ANS - protein complex. These results indicate that the reversible cold inactivation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase is associated with a reversible change in the conformation of the protein. This cold-induced conformational change resluts in a greater exposure of sulfhydryl groups and hydrophobic regions to the external environment and is closely paralleled by changes in the catalytic activity of the protein. By analogy to other oligomeric enzymes also subject to reversible cold inactivation, perhaps low temperatures induce a partial dissociation of the octameric structure of the hydrophobic catalytic subunits, but complete dissociation is arrested in some unknown manner by the small hydrophilic subunits.", "contents": "Conformational changes associated with the reversible cold inactivation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase. Crystalline ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (3-phospho-D-glycerate carboxy-lyase (dimerising), EC 4.1.1.39) isolated from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) leaf homogenates is partially inactivated by cold treatment and fully reactivated by simple heating in the absence of sulfhydryl reagents and effectors. Since the reversible cold inactivation of this bifunctional enzyme does not involve a gross change in the association state of subunits, a subtle conformational change induced by low temperatures was implicated (Chollet, R. and Anderson, L.L. (1976) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 176, 344-351). Chemical modification of the cold-inactivated and heat-reactivated enzymes by 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoate) and p-mercuribenzoate at 25 degrees C revealed no difference in the number of free -SH groups per mol protein. However, the reactivity of the sulfhydryl residues on the inactivated protein was considerably greater than that of the reactivated enzyme. Pretreatment of the two proteins with sodium dodecyl sulfate completely abolished the difference in -SH reactivity, indicating its dependence on protein conformation. Both the cold-inactivated and heat-reactivated enzymes enhanced the fluorescence intensity of 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS) and caused a blue shift of the emission maximum from 510 to 472 nm. When the inactivated enzyme was reactivated by heating, the increase in catalytic activity was closely paralleled by a concomitant decrease in the fluorescence intensity of the ANS - protein complex at 25 degrees C. Fluorescence titration experiments revealed that the decrease in fluorescence intensity accompanying heat reactivation of the inactivated enzyme was due to a reduction in the number of hydrophobic sites available for ANS binding rather than to a change in the dissociation constant of the ANS - protein complex. These results indicate that the reversible cold inactivation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase is associated with a reversible change in the conformation of the protein. This cold-induced conformational change resluts in a greater exposure of sulfhydryl groups and hydrophobic regions to the external environment and is closely paralleled by changes in the catalytic activity of the protein. By analogy to other oligomeric enzymes also subject to reversible cold inactivation, perhaps low temperatures induce a partial dissociation of the octameric structure of the hydrophobic catalytic subunits, but complete dissociation is arrested in some unknown manner by the small hydrophilic subunits.", "PMID": 861231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13688", "title": "Kinetic properties of alpha-glucan phosphorylase from Indocibium guttattam.", "content": "The kinetic properties of alpha-glucan phosphorylase b (alpha-D-1,4-glucan : orthophosphate alpha-D-glucosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.1) purified from a deep-sea fish Indocibium guttattam were studied in the direction of glycogen synthesis. There was no homotropic site-site interaction between glucose 1-phosphate sites and between glycogen sites. However, heterotropic interaction was observed between substrate and activator sites. The kinetic data obtained for the fish enzyme were consistent with the rapid equilibrium random mechanism reported for alpha-glucan phosphorylase from other sources. All the dissociation constants were 2-3 times higher for the fish enzyme than for the rabbit enzyme. Although the fish enzyme exhibited a greater affinity for AMP at 30 degrees C as compared to the rabbit enzyme, these sites were characterized by a lack of homotropic cooperativity. Heterotropic cooperativity was observed between AMP and glucose 1-phosphate sites.", "contents": "Kinetic properties of alpha-glucan phosphorylase from Indocibium guttattam. The kinetic properties of alpha-glucan phosphorylase b (alpha-D-1,4-glucan : orthophosphate alpha-D-glucosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.1) purified from a deep-sea fish Indocibium guttattam were studied in the direction of glycogen synthesis. There was no homotropic site-site interaction between glucose 1-phosphate sites and between glycogen sites. However, heterotropic interaction was observed between substrate and activator sites. The kinetic data obtained for the fish enzyme were consistent with the rapid equilibrium random mechanism reported for alpha-glucan phosphorylase from other sources. All the dissociation constants were 2-3 times higher for the fish enzyme than for the rabbit enzyme. Although the fish enzyme exhibited a greater affinity for AMP at 30 degrees C as compared to the rabbit enzyme, these sites were characterized by a lack of homotropic cooperativity. Heterotropic cooperativity was observed between AMP and glucose 1-phosphate sites.", "PMID": 861232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13689", "title": "Studies on almond emulsin beta-D-glucosidase. I. Isolation and characterization of a bifunctional isozyme.", "content": "A beta-D-glucosidase (beta-D-glucoside glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.21) isozyme has been isolated from almond emulsin. The isolated enzyme is a glycoprotein and migrates as a single band on Sephadex G-200 filtration, CM 52 ion exchange chromatography, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focussing. The glucosidase and galactosidase activities traverse together during Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. Polyacrylamide gels stained specifically for the 2 enzymes reveal that the two activities comigrate. The molecular weight of the isozyme has been found to be 135 180 +/- 770, and that of its protomers to be 65 150 +/- 650.", "contents": "Studies on almond emulsin beta-D-glucosidase. I. Isolation and characterization of a bifunctional isozyme. A beta-D-glucosidase (beta-D-glucoside glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.21) isozyme has been isolated from almond emulsin. The isolated enzyme is a glycoprotein and migrates as a single band on Sephadex G-200 filtration, CM 52 ion exchange chromatography, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focussing. The glucosidase and galactosidase activities traverse together during Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. Polyacrylamide gels stained specifically for the 2 enzymes reveal that the two activities comigrate. The molecular weight of the isozyme has been found to be 135 180 +/- 770, and that of its protomers to be 65 150 +/- 650.", "PMID": 861233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13690", "title": "Distribution and metabolism of polyacetylenes in safflower.", "content": "Safflower seedlings, tissues and subcellular fractions were used to investigate the distribution and biosynthesis of polyacetylenes. The polyacetylenes rapidly increased during germination, but were not detected in mature seeds. The polyacetylenes in the seedlings accumulated mainly in cotyledons rather than in hypocotyls and roots. Polyacetylenic hydrocarbons were distributed in the microsomes obtained from leaves and roots of the mature plants, while polyacetylenic epoxide was found in chloroplasts. A 1000 X g pellet from the immature seeds showed the highest activity for the incorporation of labeled acetate into the hydrocarbons. The epoxide was synthesized by chloroplasts from the cotyledons. These results, together with the data of polyacetylene distribution and tissue culture, suggest that chloropoasts may be essential for the formation and metabolism of the epoxide.", "contents": "Distribution and metabolism of polyacetylenes in safflower. Safflower seedlings, tissues and subcellular fractions were used to investigate the distribution and biosynthesis of polyacetylenes. The polyacetylenes rapidly increased during germination, but were not detected in mature seeds. The polyacetylenes in the seedlings accumulated mainly in cotyledons rather than in hypocotyls and roots. Polyacetylenic hydrocarbons were distributed in the microsomes obtained from leaves and roots of the mature plants, while polyacetylenic epoxide was found in chloroplasts. A 1000 X g pellet from the immature seeds showed the highest activity for the incorporation of labeled acetate into the hydrocarbons. The epoxide was synthesized by chloroplasts from the cotyledons. These results, together with the data of polyacetylene distribution and tissue culture, suggest that chloropoasts may be essential for the formation and metabolism of the epoxide.", "PMID": 861234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13691", "title": "The role of chain elongation systems in the supplying of fatty acids to the adipocyte membrane lipids.", "content": "A study of the fatty acid composition of the subcellular membranes and of the storage vacuole lipids of rat adipocytes indicated that the proportions of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and arachidonic acids of the total membrane lipids are essentially the same, while the storage fat is characterized by a higher proportion of oleate (31.5%), a lower proportion of stearate (3.7%) and by the absence of arachidonate. Adipocyte homogenate was incubated under conditions allowing for de novo synthesis, activation, elongation and esterification of fatty acids and the different subcellular fractions were then separated. Part of the newly synthesized fatty acids were found to be incorporated into the adipocyte membranes. The percentage of total fatty acid activity in the carboxyl was found to be 2.7, 2.4, 2.2 and 1.3 times greater, respectively, than the theoretical de novo synthesis value in plasma membranes, microsomes, mitochondria and supernatant. This suggests a functional relationship between elongation of fatty acids and their incorporation into the adipocyte subcellular membranes. The results of experiments in which fatty acid activation cofactors were omitted from the medium indicate that the membranous fatty acid elongation system, unlike fatty acid synthetase, is devoid of deacylase activity.", "contents": "The role of chain elongation systems in the supplying of fatty acids to the adipocyte membrane lipids. A study of the fatty acid composition of the subcellular membranes and of the storage vacuole lipids of rat adipocytes indicated that the proportions of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and arachidonic acids of the total membrane lipids are essentially the same, while the storage fat is characterized by a higher proportion of oleate (31.5%), a lower proportion of stearate (3.7%) and by the absence of arachidonate. Adipocyte homogenate was incubated under conditions allowing for de novo synthesis, activation, elongation and esterification of fatty acids and the different subcellular fractions were then separated. Part of the newly synthesized fatty acids were found to be incorporated into the adipocyte membranes. The percentage of total fatty acid activity in the carboxyl was found to be 2.7, 2.4, 2.2 and 1.3 times greater, respectively, than the theoretical de novo synthesis value in plasma membranes, microsomes, mitochondria and supernatant. This suggests a functional relationship between elongation of fatty acids and their incorporation into the adipocyte subcellular membranes. The results of experiments in which fatty acid activation cofactors were omitted from the medium indicate that the membranous fatty acid elongation system, unlike fatty acid synthetase, is devoid of deacylase activity.", "PMID": 861235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13692", "title": "Unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA inhibition of cholesterol synthesis in vitro.", "content": "1. The influence of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and fatty acyl coenzyme A thioesters on cholesterol synthesis in vitro has been studied in a rat liver post-mitochondrial supernatant system. 100 micronM free fatty acids do not influence in vitro cholesterol synthesis. Various fatty acyl-CoA thioesters at 10--100 microntm inhibit [14C]acetate incorporation into digitonin-precipitable sterols, the more unsaturated derivatives causing the greatest inhibition. 10 micronM arachidonoyl-CoA inhibits [14C]acetate incorporation into sterols 17% and 50 micronM inhibits 55%. [14C]Acetyl-CoA incorporation into sterols is similarly inhibited but [14C]mevalonate incorporation is not inhibited. Thus, the inhibition may be on the rate-controlling step of cholesterol synthesis, the conversion of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl-CoA to mevalonate. Unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA thioesters may be important in regulating cholesterol synthesis. 2. Studies were undertaken to determine if the previously observed inhibition of cholesterol synthesis by thyroxine in vitro may relate to the thyroxine stimulation of fatty acid desaturation. 50 micronM thyroxine causes a preferential incorporation of [14C]acetate into unsaturated fatty acids while inhibiting acetate incorporation into sterols. However, a sufficient increase in unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA thioesters to account for the thyroxine inhibition of cholesterol synthesis was not demonstrated.", "contents": "Unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA inhibition of cholesterol synthesis in vitro. 1. The influence of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and fatty acyl coenzyme A thioesters on cholesterol synthesis in vitro has been studied in a rat liver post-mitochondrial supernatant system. 100 micronM free fatty acids do not influence in vitro cholesterol synthesis. Various fatty acyl-CoA thioesters at 10--100 microntm inhibit [14C]acetate incorporation into digitonin-precipitable sterols, the more unsaturated derivatives causing the greatest inhibition. 10 micronM arachidonoyl-CoA inhibits [14C]acetate incorporation into sterols 17% and 50 micronM inhibits 55%. [14C]Acetyl-CoA incorporation into sterols is similarly inhibited but [14C]mevalonate incorporation is not inhibited. Thus, the inhibition may be on the rate-controlling step of cholesterol synthesis, the conversion of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl-CoA to mevalonate. Unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA thioesters may be important in regulating cholesterol synthesis. 2. Studies were undertaken to determine if the previously observed inhibition of cholesterol synthesis by thyroxine in vitro may relate to the thyroxine stimulation of fatty acid desaturation. 50 micronM thyroxine causes a preferential incorporation of [14C]acetate into unsaturated fatty acids while inhibiting acetate incorporation into sterols. However, a sufficient increase in unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA thioesters to account for the thyroxine inhibition of cholesterol synthesis was not demonstrated.", "PMID": 861236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13693", "title": "Lipoprotein lipase and uptake of triacylglycerol, cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine from chylomicrons by mammary and adipose tissue of lactating rats in vivo.", "content": "The relationship between lipoprotein lipase activity and uptake of triacylglycerol, cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine from chylomicrons was studied in mammary gland and adipose tissue of rats lactating 6--7 days. 60% of triacylglycerol [14C]oleic acid, 13% of [3H]cholesterol and 8% of [32P]phosphatidylcholine in chylomicrons injected intravenously were taken up within 11 min by mammary gland whereas negligible amounts were taken up by adipose tissue. Non-suckling for 44 h decreased markedly uptake of all lipids by mammary gland and retarded clearance of chylomicrons from blood, while it increased significantly uptake of triacylglycerol fatty acids and cholesterol by adipose tissue. Non-suckling also decreased lipoprotein lipase activity in mammary gland from 7.7 to 0.4 units/g, while it increased activity in adipose tissue from 0.1 to 2.7 units/g. These findings indicate that lipoprotein lipase is involved in uptake of chylomicron triacyglycerol and cholesterol by mammary gland and adipose tissue, and also in uptake of chylomicron phosphatidylcholine by mammary gland. They also show that reciprocal changes in lipoprotein lipase activity in mammary gland and adipose tissue, as occur during lactation, result in diversion of chylomicron lipids from one tissue to the other.", "contents": "Lipoprotein lipase and uptake of triacylglycerol, cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine from chylomicrons by mammary and adipose tissue of lactating rats in vivo. The relationship between lipoprotein lipase activity and uptake of triacylglycerol, cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine from chylomicrons was studied in mammary gland and adipose tissue of rats lactating 6--7 days. 60% of triacylglycerol [14C]oleic acid, 13% of [3H]cholesterol and 8% of [32P]phosphatidylcholine in chylomicrons injected intravenously were taken up within 11 min by mammary gland whereas negligible amounts were taken up by adipose tissue. Non-suckling for 44 h decreased markedly uptake of all lipids by mammary gland and retarded clearance of chylomicrons from blood, while it increased significantly uptake of triacylglycerol fatty acids and cholesterol by adipose tissue. Non-suckling also decreased lipoprotein lipase activity in mammary gland from 7.7 to 0.4 units/g, while it increased activity in adipose tissue from 0.1 to 2.7 units/g. These findings indicate that lipoprotein lipase is involved in uptake of chylomicron triacyglycerol and cholesterol by mammary gland and adipose tissue, and also in uptake of chylomicron phosphatidylcholine by mammary gland. They also show that reciprocal changes in lipoprotein lipase activity in mammary gland and adipose tissue, as occur during lactation, result in diversion of chylomicron lipids from one tissue to the other.", "PMID": 861238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13694", "title": "Studies on fatty acid omega-oxidation. Antiketogenic effect and gluconeogenicity of dicarboxylic acids.", "content": "1. Administration of dicarboxylic acids to starving rats decreased the concentration of ketone bodies in the blood. 2. Incorporation of 14C into blood glucose was greater from dicarboxylic acids than from monocarboxylic acids. 3. These results suggest that omega-oxidation may be important for production of succinyl-CoA from fatty acids. 4. In starving or diabetic rats about 15% of palmitic acid were subjected to omega-oxidation and then beta-oxidation.", "contents": "Studies on fatty acid omega-oxidation. Antiketogenic effect and gluconeogenicity of dicarboxylic acids. 1. Administration of dicarboxylic acids to starving rats decreased the concentration of ketone bodies in the blood. 2. Incorporation of 14C into blood glucose was greater from dicarboxylic acids than from monocarboxylic acids. 3. These results suggest that omega-oxidation may be important for production of succinyl-CoA from fatty acids. 4. In starving or diabetic rats about 15% of palmitic acid were subjected to omega-oxidation and then beta-oxidation.", "PMID": 861239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13695", "title": "Thermotropic transitions in fluidity of bovine adrenocortical microsomal membrane and substrate-cytochrome P-450 binding reaction.", "content": "Temperature dependence of the substrate-cytochrome P-450 binding reaction is investigated in the adrenocortical microsomes using 17-hydroxyprogesterone as the substrate. The apparent substrate dissociation constant (\"Ks\") increases with increase in temperature. Van't Hoff's plot of \"Ks\" shows breaks at 21 and 31 degrees C. These temperatures correlate well with the lipid phase transition temperatures as determined by the technique of fluorescence polarization using 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene as the probe. The results indicate that the affinity of the substrate depends upon the temperature. In addition the results suggest that changes in the physical state of the lipids is a factor responsible for the temperature dependency of the reaction.", "contents": "Thermotropic transitions in fluidity of bovine adrenocortical microsomal membrane and substrate-cytochrome P-450 binding reaction. Temperature dependence of the substrate-cytochrome P-450 binding reaction is investigated in the adrenocortical microsomes using 17-hydroxyprogesterone as the substrate. The apparent substrate dissociation constant (\"Ks\") increases with increase in temperature. Van't Hoff's plot of \"Ks\" shows breaks at 21 and 31 degrees C. These temperatures correlate well with the lipid phase transition temperatures as determined by the technique of fluorescence polarization using 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene as the probe. The results indicate that the affinity of the substrate depends upon the temperature. In addition the results suggest that changes in the physical state of the lipids is a factor responsible for the temperature dependency of the reaction.", "PMID": 861240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13696", "title": "Comment on the carbon-hydrogen stretching region of vibrational Raman spectra of phospholipids.", "content": "The broad, environmentally sensitive 2935-2910 cm-1 feature in the vibrational Raman spectra of phospholipids originates primarily from methylene symmetric carbon-hydrogen (C-H) stretching modes. For ordered acyl chains exhibiting local C2h symmetry at low temperatures, the infrared active methylene C-H asymmetric stretching modes become increasingly apparent at higher temperatures in the Raman spectrum as intramolecular chain disorder (trans-gauche isomerization) leads to a loss of chain symmetry. The 2935 cm-1 shoulder, assigned to the acyl chain methyl group C-H symmetric stretching vibration, is difficult to distinguish as a separate spectral transition in the chain disordered state. An ordering of lipid fluidity for several phospholipids is presented in terms of the intensities of features in the 3000-2800 cm-1 region with particular emphasis upon the 2935-2910 cm-1 contour.", "contents": "Comment on the carbon-hydrogen stretching region of vibrational Raman spectra of phospholipids. The broad, environmentally sensitive 2935-2910 cm-1 feature in the vibrational Raman spectra of phospholipids originates primarily from methylene symmetric carbon-hydrogen (C-H) stretching modes. For ordered acyl chains exhibiting local C2h symmetry at low temperatures, the infrared active methylene C-H asymmetric stretching modes become increasingly apparent at higher temperatures in the Raman spectrum as intramolecular chain disorder (trans-gauche isomerization) leads to a loss of chain symmetry. The 2935 cm-1 shoulder, assigned to the acyl chain methyl group C-H symmetric stretching vibration, is difficult to distinguish as a separate spectral transition in the chain disordered state. An ordering of lipid fluidity for several phospholipids is presented in terms of the intensities of features in the 3000-2800 cm-1 region with particular emphasis upon the 2935-2910 cm-1 contour.", "PMID": 861241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13697", "title": "Mechanism of cholesterol side-chain cleavage. II. The enzymic hydroperoxide-glycol rearrangement of the epimeric 20-hydroperxycholesterols in 18O-enriched water.", "content": "Incubation of 20 alpha-hydroperoxycholesterol (I) and its 20 beta-isomer, 20 beta-hydroperoxy-20 isocholesterol (II) with adrenocortical mitochondrial preparations in the absence of molecular oxygen, in normal and 18O-enriched water, gave 20 alpha, 22R-dihydroxycholesterol (III) from I and 20 beta,21-dihydroxy-20-iso-cholesterol (IV) from II. Mass spectral analysis of the persilylated glycol products III and IV showed no uptake of 18O, indicating that the oxygen atoms of the C20-, C22- and C21-hydroxyl groups originated from the 20-hydroperoxy atomic oxygen complex is the intermediate in the enzymic oxidative reactions of cholesterol side-chain cleavage.", "contents": "Mechanism of cholesterol side-chain cleavage. II. The enzymic hydroperoxide-glycol rearrangement of the epimeric 20-hydroperxycholesterols in 18O-enriched water. Incubation of 20 alpha-hydroperoxycholesterol (I) and its 20 beta-isomer, 20 beta-hydroperoxy-20 isocholesterol (II) with adrenocortical mitochondrial preparations in the absence of molecular oxygen, in normal and 18O-enriched water, gave 20 alpha, 22R-dihydroxycholesterol (III) from I and 20 beta,21-dihydroxy-20-iso-cholesterol (IV) from II. Mass spectral analysis of the persilylated glycol products III and IV showed no uptake of 18O, indicating that the oxygen atoms of the C20-, C22- and C21-hydroxyl groups originated from the 20-hydroperoxy atomic oxygen complex is the intermediate in the enzymic oxidative reactions of cholesterol side-chain cleavage.", "PMID": 861242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13698", "title": "Catabolism of 6-ketoprostaglandin F1alpha by the rat kidney cortex.", "content": "Homogenates of the rat kidney cortex converted 5,8,9,11,12,14,15-hepta-tritiated 6-ketoprostaglandin F 1alpha into one major product identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the methoxime-methyl ester trimethylsilyl ether derivative as 6,15-diketo-9,11-dihydroxyprost-13-enoic acid. The sequence of derivatisation i.e. methoximation prior to methylation, was crucial as methylation of 15-keto catabolites of the E, F and 6-keto-F series affords degradation products. The corresponding 15-keto-13,14-dihydro catabolite was formed in much smaller quantities. Time course studies indicated that 6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha was catabolised at a slower rate (about 2-5 fold) than prostaglandin F1alpha. The catabolic activity was blocked by NADH.", "contents": "Catabolism of 6-ketoprostaglandin F1alpha by the rat kidney cortex. Homogenates of the rat kidney cortex converted 5,8,9,11,12,14,15-hepta-tritiated 6-ketoprostaglandin F 1alpha into one major product identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the methoxime-methyl ester trimethylsilyl ether derivative as 6,15-diketo-9,11-dihydroxyprost-13-enoic acid. The sequence of derivatisation i.e. methoximation prior to methylation, was crucial as methylation of 15-keto catabolites of the E, F and 6-keto-F series affords degradation products. The corresponding 15-keto-13,14-dihydro catabolite was formed in much smaller quantities. Time course studies indicated that 6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha was catabolised at a slower rate (about 2-5 fold) than prostaglandin F1alpha. The catabolic activity was blocked by NADH.", "PMID": 861243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13699", "title": "Thermally induced conformational transitions of Bence-Jones protein IVA and its proteolytic fragments.", "content": "The thermally induced conformational transitions of the kappa-type Bence-Jones protein IVA and its proteolytic fragments (variable and constant halves) were studied by differential adiabatic scanning microcalorimetry, circular dichroism and thermal differential spectroscopy. The striking feature of the results is the good agreement between the experimental heat of thermal denaturation of intact Bence-Jones protein and the heat calculated from the individual variable and constant halves. The results suggested that the variable and constant halves have independent secondary and tertiary structures. It is likely that in the intact light chain, the variable and constant domains have weak non-covalent interactions between themselves. It was shown that at pH values from 7.4 to 2.0 the variable halves exist in the dimeric form. Evidence was obtained that two relatively independent regions of strong non-covalent interactions stabilize the dimers of variable and constant domains.", "contents": "Thermally induced conformational transitions of Bence-Jones protein IVA and its proteolytic fragments. The thermally induced conformational transitions of the kappa-type Bence-Jones protein IVA and its proteolytic fragments (variable and constant halves) were studied by differential adiabatic scanning microcalorimetry, circular dichroism and thermal differential spectroscopy. The striking feature of the results is the good agreement between the experimental heat of thermal denaturation of intact Bence-Jones protein and the heat calculated from the individual variable and constant halves. The results suggested that the variable and constant halves have independent secondary and tertiary structures. It is likely that in the intact light chain, the variable and constant domains have weak non-covalent interactions between themselves. It was shown that at pH values from 7.4 to 2.0 the variable halves exist in the dimeric form. Evidence was obtained that two relatively independent regions of strong non-covalent interactions stabilize the dimers of variable and constant domains.", "PMID": 861245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13700", "title": "Multiple hemoglobin alpha-chains in the sika deer (Cervus nippon).", "content": "Investigation of the hemoglobin alpha-chains of an Asiatic deer, the sika (Cervus nippon), was prompted by the heterogenity of alpha-chain gene loci in the Virginia white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Although electrophoresis of hemoglobin chains from 10 sika revealed only a single alpha-chain band, peptide mapping demonstrated variations in the alpha-TPIII and alpha-TPIV peptides. Substitutions at positions 15, 20, and 22 produced a minimum of five alpha-chains; two possible additional chains could noy be proven because of inseparability of the whole alpha-chains. The most common chain contains Asp-15, Lys-20 and Pro-22 but in other chains glycine is present at position 15, Asx at position 20, and either serine or Asx at position 22. The probable explanation for the large number of alpha-chains is gene duplication which may have been produced by breedings between subspecies from different geographical areas. Comparison with the alpha-chain structure of the white-tailed deer suggests that the sika may have evolved from the lineage which produced the white tailed-deer after the alpha-chain genes of the latter species had duplicated. In addition, these data provide further examples of the unusual variability of this portion of the alpha-chain.", "contents": "Multiple hemoglobin alpha-chains in the sika deer (Cervus nippon). Investigation of the hemoglobin alpha-chains of an Asiatic deer, the sika (Cervus nippon), was prompted by the heterogenity of alpha-chain gene loci in the Virginia white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Although electrophoresis of hemoglobin chains from 10 sika revealed only a single alpha-chain band, peptide mapping demonstrated variations in the alpha-TPIII and alpha-TPIV peptides. Substitutions at positions 15, 20, and 22 produced a minimum of five alpha-chains; two possible additional chains could noy be proven because of inseparability of the whole alpha-chains. The most common chain contains Asp-15, Lys-20 and Pro-22 but in other chains glycine is present at position 15, Asx at position 20, and either serine or Asx at position 22. The probable explanation for the large number of alpha-chains is gene duplication which may have been produced by breedings between subspecies from different geographical areas. Comparison with the alpha-chain structure of the white-tailed deer suggests that the sika may have evolved from the lineage which produced the white tailed-deer after the alpha-chain genes of the latter species had duplicated. In addition, these data provide further examples of the unusual variability of this portion of the alpha-chain.", "PMID": 861246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13701", "title": "Isolation of prolactin from human amniotic fluid.", "content": "Amniotic fluid, obtained from women at term, was centrifuged and concentrated by ultrafiltration. The concentrated amniotic fluid was purified by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and ion-exchanged chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The fractions obtained during purification procedures were assayed for prolactin and somatotropin activities by respective radioimmunoassays. The prolactin-rich fraction obtained from ion-exchange chromatography was further purified by isoelectric focusing. A yield of 0.21 mg of highly pruified prolactin containing 40 units/mg was obtained from 1 liter of the amniotic fluid. The prolactin was free of somatotropin and human placental lactogen.", "contents": "Isolation of prolactin from human amniotic fluid. Amniotic fluid, obtained from women at term, was centrifuged and concentrated by ultrafiltration. The concentrated amniotic fluid was purified by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and ion-exchanged chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The fractions obtained during purification procedures were assayed for prolactin and somatotropin activities by respective radioimmunoassays. The prolactin-rich fraction obtained from ion-exchange chromatography was further purified by isoelectric focusing. A yield of 0.21 mg of highly pruified prolactin containing 40 units/mg was obtained from 1 liter of the amniotic fluid. The prolactin was free of somatotropin and human placental lactogen.", "PMID": 861247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13702", "title": "The interaction of nonhistone chromosomal proteins HMG1 and HMG2 with subfractions of H1 histone immobilized on agarose.", "content": "Chromatographically isolated subfractions of calf thymus H1 histone have been covalently coupled to agarose beads and tested for their ability to form complexes with the non-histone proteins HMG1 and HMG2 (High Mobility Group proteins, Walker, J.M., Goodwin, G.H. and Johns, E.W. (1976) Eur. J. Biochem. 62, 461-469). When a mixture of HMG1 and HMG2 is passed through a column of H1 histone-agarose, the HMG2 does not bind. HMG1 does bind and can be eluted from the column with NaCl in the range of 0.05 M--0.15 M. The NaCl concentration required to elute HMG1 from each of the three H1 histone subfraction coulmns is different, suggesting that HMG1 has a different binding affinity for the three H1 histone subfractions.", "contents": "The interaction of nonhistone chromosomal proteins HMG1 and HMG2 with subfractions of H1 histone immobilized on agarose. Chromatographically isolated subfractions of calf thymus H1 histone have been covalently coupled to agarose beads and tested for their ability to form complexes with the non-histone proteins HMG1 and HMG2 (High Mobility Group proteins, Walker, J.M., Goodwin, G.H. and Johns, E.W. (1976) Eur. J. Biochem. 62, 461-469). When a mixture of HMG1 and HMG2 is passed through a column of H1 histone-agarose, the HMG2 does not bind. HMG1 does bind and can be eluted from the column with NaCl in the range of 0.05 M--0.15 M. The NaCl concentration required to elute HMG1 from each of the three H1 histone subfraction coulmns is different, suggesting that HMG1 has a different binding affinity for the three H1 histone subfractions.", "PMID": 861248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13703", "title": "The myoglobin of the fruit-bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus).", "content": "The myoglobin of the fruit-bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) has been investigated. It has 153 amino acid residues. When the possible therian ancestral myoglobin is taken into consideration, the myoglobin of the fruit-bat resembles most closely that of the hedgehog.", "contents": "The myoglobin of the fruit-bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus). The myoglobin of the fruit-bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) has been investigated. It has 153 amino acid residues. When the possible therian ancestral myoglobin is taken into consideration, the myoglobin of the fruit-bat resembles most closely that of the hedgehog.", "PMID": 861250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13704", "title": "Oxidative changes in human lens proteins during senile nuclear cataract formation.", "content": "1. Proteins from the cortex and nucleus of the human lens were studied to determine if any changes could be detected in their amino acids during senile cataract formation. 2. Senile nuclear cataract formation was found to be accompanied by a progressive oxidation of cysteine and methionine. The oxidation of methionine and changes in the distribution of the nuclear proteins did not appear to start until about 60% of the cysteine had been oxidized. 3. In the advanced nuclear cataractous lens, about 90% of the cysteine has been oxidized and 45% of the methionine is present as the sulphoxide in the nuclear proteins. The levels of other amino acids appeared to remain constant. 4. Similar, but smaller, changes were found in the cortical proteins in advanced nuclear cataractous lenses, suggesting that the oxidation spreads from the nucleus to the cortex. 5. These changes were discussed with regard to current views on cataract formation and it was concluded that they are probably the result of simple oxidation of the proteins with O2 or H2O2.", "contents": "Oxidative changes in human lens proteins during senile nuclear cataract formation. 1. Proteins from the cortex and nucleus of the human lens were studied to determine if any changes could be detected in their amino acids during senile cataract formation. 2. Senile nuclear cataract formation was found to be accompanied by a progressive oxidation of cysteine and methionine. The oxidation of methionine and changes in the distribution of the nuclear proteins did not appear to start until about 60% of the cysteine had been oxidized. 3. In the advanced nuclear cataractous lens, about 90% of the cysteine has been oxidized and 45% of the methionine is present as the sulphoxide in the nuclear proteins. The levels of other amino acids appeared to remain constant. 4. Similar, but smaller, changes were found in the cortical proteins in advanced nuclear cataractous lenses, suggesting that the oxidation spreads from the nucleus to the cortex. 5. These changes were discussed with regard to current views on cataract formation and it was concluded that they are probably the result of simple oxidation of the proteins with O2 or H2O2.", "PMID": 861252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13705", "title": "Relative affinities of bilirubin for serum albumins from different species.", "content": "Relative equilibrium constants (\"affinity ratios\") of complexes of bilirubin with a molar excess of charcoal-treated serum albumins from different species (human, bovine, rabbit and chicken) in aqueous solution, were estimated by circular dichroism measurements in the visible region at 26-27 degrees C, pH 7.4, and in the presence of 0.1 M NaCl. By variation of the mol ratios of the components of pairs of different bilirubin-serum albumin complexes showing circular dichroic bands of opposite sign, the apparent association constants of complexes of bilirubin with either human or chicken albumin were found to be greater by factors between 6 and 17 than those of bovine or rabbit albumins. The usefulness in the determination of affinity ratios is illustrated by the evaluation of single equilibrium constants of systems of high-ligand affinity from those of relatively lower affinity, the latter of which are more readily amendable to direct experimental measurement.", "contents": "Relative affinities of bilirubin for serum albumins from different species. Relative equilibrium constants (\"affinity ratios\") of complexes of bilirubin with a molar excess of charcoal-treated serum albumins from different species (human, bovine, rabbit and chicken) in aqueous solution, were estimated by circular dichroism measurements in the visible region at 26-27 degrees C, pH 7.4, and in the presence of 0.1 M NaCl. By variation of the mol ratios of the components of pairs of different bilirubin-serum albumin complexes showing circular dichroic bands of opposite sign, the apparent association constants of complexes of bilirubin with either human or chicken albumin were found to be greater by factors between 6 and 17 than those of bovine or rabbit albumins. The usefulness in the determination of affinity ratios is illustrated by the evaluation of single equilibrium constants of systems of high-ligand affinity from those of relatively lower affinity, the latter of which are more readily amendable to direct experimental measurement.", "PMID": 861253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13706", "title": "The amino-terminal tryptic peptide of bovine rhodopsin. A glycopeptide containing two sites of oligosaccharide attachment.", "content": "A glycopeptide (T1) composed of 16 amino acids has been isolated from a tryptic digest of bovine rhodopsin. Its sequence is Met-Asn(CHO)-Gly-Thr-Glu-Gly-Pro-Asn-Phe-Tyr-Val-Pro-Phe-Ser-Asn(CHO)-Lys. Both rhodopsin and peptide T1 are blocked at their amino terminals. When a method specific for isolating amino-terminal tryptic peptides from proteins is applied to rhodopsin, peptide T1 is demonstrated to be the amino-terminal peptide of rhodopsin. Peptide T1 contains two sites at which carbohydrate is attached, whereas rhodopsin was previously thought to contain only a single such site.", "contents": "The amino-terminal tryptic peptide of bovine rhodopsin. A glycopeptide containing two sites of oligosaccharide attachment. A glycopeptide (T1) composed of 16 amino acids has been isolated from a tryptic digest of bovine rhodopsin. Its sequence is Met-Asn(CHO)-Gly-Thr-Glu-Gly-Pro-Asn-Phe-Tyr-Val-Pro-Phe-Ser-Asn(CHO)-Lys. Both rhodopsin and peptide T1 are blocked at their amino terminals. When a method specific for isolating amino-terminal tryptic peptides from proteins is applied to rhodopsin, peptide T1 is demonstrated to be the amino-terminal peptide of rhodopsin. Peptide T1 contains two sites at which carbohydrate is attached, whereas rhodopsin was previously thought to contain only a single such site.", "PMID": 861254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13707", "title": "Polyalanylation of bovine somatotropin peptide 96-133.", "content": "Polyalanylation of bovine somatotropin peptide 96-133 has been investigated. Polyalanylated peptides contained an average of 3-50 additional alanines per mole of peptide. As indicated by circular dichroism, the parent peptide and the polyalanylated peptides were helical at pH 4.0. The biological activity per mole of peptide with 50 additional alanies was approximately the same as that of the parent peptide.", "contents": "Polyalanylation of bovine somatotropin peptide 96-133. Polyalanylation of bovine somatotropin peptide 96-133 has been investigated. Polyalanylated peptides contained an average of 3-50 additional alanines per mole of peptide. As indicated by circular dichroism, the parent peptide and the polyalanylated peptides were helical at pH 4.0. The biological activity per mole of peptide with 50 additional alanies was approximately the same as that of the parent peptide.", "PMID": 861255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13708", "title": "[Influence of the structure of lecithins on their interaction with cholesterol].", "content": "Interaction between cholesterine and phosphatidilcholines (PC) of three types: 1,2-disaturated (SS), 1,2-diunsaturated (UU) and 1-saturated-2-unsaturated (SU) was studied in bilayer vesicular membranes (BVM) by means of NMR-1H spectroscopy. BVM were obtained by sonification of aqueous (D2O) dispersions of individual (PC) and their mixtures. It is found that molecular special specificity of the interaction between PC AND cholesterine is preserved not only during phase division but also in the case when all the phospholipid components of the bilayer are in a liquid crystal state. At low content of cholesterine it favourably interacts with UU-PC, further on with the increase of concentration cholesterine starts to interact with SU- and SS-types of PC. It has been shown that such behaviour of cholesterine can not be explained by means of static models, i.e. by the differences in stability of its stechiometric complexes with CP molecules of different types. An attempt has been undertaken to interpret the selective character of PS-cholesterine interaction proceeding from the suggestion about the anisotropic character of lateral diffusion in the membranes, consisting of various structural types of PC.", "contents": "[Influence of the structure of lecithins on their interaction with cholesterol]. Interaction between cholesterine and phosphatidilcholines (PC) of three types: 1,2-disaturated (SS), 1,2-diunsaturated (UU) and 1-saturated-2-unsaturated (SU) was studied in bilayer vesicular membranes (BVM) by means of NMR-1H spectroscopy. BVM were obtained by sonification of aqueous (D2O) dispersions of individual (PC) and their mixtures. It is found that molecular special specificity of the interaction between PC AND cholesterine is preserved not only during phase division but also in the case when all the phospholipid components of the bilayer are in a liquid crystal state. At low content of cholesterine it favourably interacts with UU-PC, further on with the increase of concentration cholesterine starts to interact with SU- and SS-types of PC. It has been shown that such behaviour of cholesterine can not be explained by means of static models, i.e. by the differences in stability of its stechiometric complexes with CP molecules of different types. An attempt has been undertaken to interpret the selective character of PS-cholesterine interaction proceeding from the suggestion about the anisotropic character of lateral diffusion in the membranes, consisting of various structural types of PC.", "PMID": 861257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13709", "title": "[Modeling non-enzymatic influence of membranes on the kinetics of chemical reactions].", "content": "The reduction of nitroxide radicals by rho-phenylene diamine was studied in H2O, various organic solvents in liposome suspensions and oleic acid emulsion. Some new parameters, particularly the presence of acids, appeared to effect the rate of the process. The results obtained are consistent with the hypothesis that the electron transport in coupled membranes leads to the production of undissociated acids thus supplying protons for the ATP synthesis.", "contents": "[Modeling non-enzymatic influence of membranes on the kinetics of chemical reactions]. The reduction of nitroxide radicals by rho-phenylene diamine was studied in H2O, various organic solvents in liposome suspensions and oleic acid emulsion. Some new parameters, particularly the presence of acids, appeared to effect the rate of the process. The results obtained are consistent with the hypothesis that the electron transport in coupled membranes leads to the production of undissociated acids thus supplying protons for the ATP synthesis.", "PMID": 861260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13710", "title": "[Mathematical model of adaptation of the energy metabolism of a cell. Calculation of the influence of ATP on the activity and concentration of the initiator stage enzyme].", "content": "A simple kinetic model was constructed to study the adaptation of cell energy metabolism to a varying loading. In this model the initiatory step of energy metabolism, in which the initial substrate S is activated at the expense of ATP molecule energy, is catalyzed by an oligomeric enzyme E dissociable at high ATP concentration to monomers E1. It is assumed that the steady state level of monomers E1 in the cell is maintained by constitutive synthesis of E1 molecules, which balances their continuous hydrolysis by proteases. The properties of the kinetic model were studied using a mathematical model which is a system of nonlinear differential equations describing the change with time of the total enzyme E concentration and the concentration of ATP. The main isoclines of this system can intersect in one, two or three points. The mathematical analysis shows that the kinetic model considered exhibits adaptive properties. A sharp increase of the ATPase activity in the model initiates a transient process which leads to a rise in the total enzyme E concentration and in the efficiency of energy metabolism. As a result, the concentration of ATP drops only slightly. The establishment of a new level of the enzyme E concentration may proceed in the oscillatory fashion.", "contents": "[Mathematical model of adaptation of the energy metabolism of a cell. Calculation of the influence of ATP on the activity and concentration of the initiator stage enzyme]. A simple kinetic model was constructed to study the adaptation of cell energy metabolism to a varying loading. In this model the initiatory step of energy metabolism, in which the initial substrate S is activated at the expense of ATP molecule energy, is catalyzed by an oligomeric enzyme E dissociable at high ATP concentration to monomers E1. It is assumed that the steady state level of monomers E1 in the cell is maintained by constitutive synthesis of E1 molecules, which balances their continuous hydrolysis by proteases. The properties of the kinetic model were studied using a mathematical model which is a system of nonlinear differential equations describing the change with time of the total enzyme E concentration and the concentration of ATP. The main isoclines of this system can intersect in one, two or three points. The mathematical analysis shows that the kinetic model considered exhibits adaptive properties. A sharp increase of the ATPase activity in the model initiates a transient process which leads to a rise in the total enzyme E concentration and in the efficiency of energy metabolism. As a result, the concentration of ATP drops only slightly. The establishment of a new level of the enzyme E concentration may proceed in the oscillatory fashion.", "PMID": 861261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13711", "title": "[Potential difference across the membrane of subcellular particles. IV. Study of the part of the respiratory chain from FAD to cytochrome c by the ion penetration technic].", "content": "Ability of mitochondria and submitochondrial particles (SMP) to generate a membrane potential on the addition of unpenetrating electron donors and acceptors and trimethylhydroquinone was used for specification of organization of the electron transfer chain. Ferri- and ferrocyanide added to mitochondria induce the membrane potential generation exchanging electrons only with cytochromes c or c1. Ferricyanide added to SMP induces the membrane potential taking electrons in three places: from NAD-H dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase and in the presence of antimicyne A from cytochrome beta region. The difference of two sides of mitochondrial membrane is in agreement with the chemielectric hypothesis. According to this hypothesis protons from internal part of mitochondria are taken up to input H+-channel after electrons. That is why electrons come near the inner surface of the membrane and can be transferred from respiratory chain to water soluble acceptors. In output channels protons move under the action of intramembrane electrostatic field and in the direction of rising polarization of the medium. Protons are released to output channels while electrons are transferred to next carrier within the hydrophobic part of the membrane far from external surface of the membrane and cannot be transferred to water soluble acceptors.", "contents": "[Potential difference across the membrane of subcellular particles. IV. Study of the part of the respiratory chain from FAD to cytochrome c by the ion penetration technic]. Ability of mitochondria and submitochondrial particles (SMP) to generate a membrane potential on the addition of unpenetrating electron donors and acceptors and trimethylhydroquinone was used for specification of organization of the electron transfer chain. Ferri- and ferrocyanide added to mitochondria induce the membrane potential generation exchanging electrons only with cytochromes c or c1. Ferricyanide added to SMP induces the membrane potential taking electrons in three places: from NAD-H dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase and in the presence of antimicyne A from cytochrome beta region. The difference of two sides of mitochondrial membrane is in agreement with the chemielectric hypothesis. According to this hypothesis protons from internal part of mitochondria are taken up to input H+-channel after electrons. That is why electrons come near the inner surface of the membrane and can be transferred from respiratory chain to water soluble acceptors. In output channels protons move under the action of intramembrane electrostatic field and in the direction of rising polarization of the medium. Protons are released to output channels while electrons are transferred to next carrier within the hydrophobic part of the membrane far from external surface of the membrane and cannot be transferred to water soluble acceptors.", "PMID": 861263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13712", "title": "[Potential difference across the membrane of subcellular particles. II. Proton channels in oxidative photophosphorylation].", "content": "A photo-electrochemical hypothesis of cyclic photophosphorylation in chromatophores suggests that electrons, thrown out by light from the reaction center, came back via the electron carrier chain within the hydrophobic part of the membrane taking up H+-ions through the entrance H+-channels. H+-ions and electrons are transferred to quinones or semiquinones which are transformed into semiquinones or hydroquinones accordingly. They release H+-ions into output channels, while the electrons are transferred to the next electron carrier. At non-cyclic photophosphorylation of the chloroplast the second photosystem takes electrons from water via primary donor and releases the H+-ions into the proton channels. After receiving an electron the oxidase takes up H+ through the H+-channels and gives the electron and H+ to O2. A direct method of the experimental check up of the electrochemical hypothesis is described.", "contents": "[Potential difference across the membrane of subcellular particles. II. Proton channels in oxidative photophosphorylation]. A photo-electrochemical hypothesis of cyclic photophosphorylation in chromatophores suggests that electrons, thrown out by light from the reaction center, came back via the electron carrier chain within the hydrophobic part of the membrane taking up H+-ions through the entrance H+-channels. H+-ions and electrons are transferred to quinones or semiquinones which are transformed into semiquinones or hydroquinones accordingly. They release H+-ions into output channels, while the electrons are transferred to the next electron carrier. At non-cyclic photophosphorylation of the chloroplast the second photosystem takes electrons from water via primary donor and releases the H+-ions into the proton channels. After receiving an electron the oxidase takes up H+ through the H+-channels and gives the electron and H+ to O2. A direct method of the experimental check up of the electrochemical hypothesis is described.", "PMID": 861262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13713", "title": "[Model of the dynamics of the body's water metabolism under normal and pathologic conditions].", "content": "A theoretical and experimental study of metabolic processes is presented. Dynamics of water exchange in the living organism under normal and pathological conditions is described. The investigation performed states that the coefficients of analytical equations and constant removal of tritium water from the organism depends on the form and degree of pathology, i.e. pn the change of the constants of water passage from one water reservoir into another.", "contents": "[Model of the dynamics of the body's water metabolism under normal and pathologic conditions]. A theoretical and experimental study of metabolic processes is presented. Dynamics of water exchange in the living organism under normal and pathological conditions is described. The investigation performed states that the coefficients of analytical equations and constant removal of tritium water from the organism depends on the form and degree of pathology, i.e. pn the change of the constants of water passage from one water reservoir into another.", "PMID": 861266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13714", "title": "[Basic evidence for the active transport of carbohydrates in the membrane vesicles of Acholeplasma laidlawii cells].", "content": "A. laidlawii membrane vesicles are able to accumulate C14-glucose as well as maltose and fructose against the concentration gradient in the absence of exogeneous entergetic sources. Sugar transport is inhibited by anaerobiosis and by the electron transfer inhibitors such as rotenone and amytal, and by proton conductors such as carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone. Arsenate and dicyclohexylcarbodimide (inhibitor of membrane-bound ATPase) do not inhibit the sugar transport. It is concluded that sugar transport in the membrane vesicles can be driven by the high-energy state of the membrane or the membrane potential.", "contents": "[Basic evidence for the active transport of carbohydrates in the membrane vesicles of Acholeplasma laidlawii cells]. A. laidlawii membrane vesicles are able to accumulate C14-glucose as well as maltose and fructose against the concentration gradient in the absence of exogeneous entergetic sources. Sugar transport is inhibited by anaerobiosis and by the electron transfer inhibitors such as rotenone and amytal, and by proton conductors such as carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone. Arsenate and dicyclohexylcarbodimide (inhibitor of membrane-bound ATPase) do not inhibit the sugar transport. It is concluded that sugar transport in the membrane vesicles can be driven by the high-energy state of the membrane or the membrane potential.", "PMID": 861265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13715", "title": "[Mathematical model of an immune response. II. Stochastic aspects].", "content": "In the mathematical model describing the development of infection and its suppression with antibodies worked out of the course of the delayed immune response a problem of complete destruction of antigen is considered. A method of calculating the probabilities of antigen destruction is advanced. The optimal cure tactics is discussed. It is shown that the highest probability of the destruction of antigene is achieved if the serum is injected in the moment of antibodies peak and when the cure with antibiotics is started at the antigen maximum.", "contents": "[Mathematical model of an immune response. II. Stochastic aspects]. In the mathematical model describing the development of infection and its suppression with antibodies worked out of the course of the delayed immune response a problem of complete destruction of antigen is considered. A method of calculating the probabilities of antigen destruction is advanced. The optimal cure tactics is discussed. It is shown that the highest probability of the destruction of antigene is achieved if the serum is injected in the moment of antibodies peak and when the cure with antibiotics is started at the antigen maximum.", "PMID": 861270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13716", "title": "[Blood flow in a renal artery with a deformed vessel wall].", "content": "Blood flow in a vessel of the kidney arterium type with a deformed vascular wall in the form of stenosis or atherosclerotic patches is described. Rate fields and pressure distribution in the vessel are described. Conclusions are made concerning the behaviour of blood forming elements. Tension of the vascular wall depending on its deformation and blood current parameters are evaluated. The calculation results are in a good agreement with the experimental data.", "contents": "[Blood flow in a renal artery with a deformed vessel wall]. Blood flow in a vessel of the kidney arterium type with a deformed vascular wall in the form of stenosis or atherosclerotic patches is described. Rate fields and pressure distribution in the vessel are described. Conclusions are made concerning the behaviour of blood forming elements. Tension of the vascular wall depending on its deformation and blood current parameters are evaluated. The calculation results are in a good agreement with the experimental data.", "PMID": 861271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13717", "title": "[Analysis of the electrophysiologic characteristics of the trabecular membrane in the atria of frogs by recording ionic currents during potential fixation. II. Accomodation. Repeated responses. Anode-breaking excitation].", "content": "Measurements were carried out by the method of double succrose gap. Accommodation was practically absent in all the preparations studied: the minimal gradient was not observed, the mean value of accommodation was 0.02 rheobasa/s, saturation current/H practically coincided with the current of rheobase IO(IH/IO = 1.0 +/- 0.1). Repeated responses were initiated in 1/3 of samples. The current of initiating the repeated responses IRR was insignificantly higher than the rheobase one (IRR/IO = 1.2 +/- 0.1). In the samples where the replated responses were absent the effect of uneven depolarization was observed. At depolarization current which was insignificantly higher than the threshold one (IO), the potential did not return to the resting potential and was settled at the level of -20 mV. Anode disconnecting excitation was absent in all the samples. The hyperpolarization level varied from -90 to -160 mV. The data obtained well agree with the results of the analysis of the mathematical model of frog auricle trabecula membrane constructed on the basis of the data on the potential fixation.", "contents": "[Analysis of the electrophysiologic characteristics of the trabecular membrane in the atria of frogs by recording ionic currents during potential fixation. II. Accomodation. Repeated responses. Anode-breaking excitation]. Measurements were carried out by the method of double succrose gap. Accommodation was practically absent in all the preparations studied: the minimal gradient was not observed, the mean value of accommodation was 0.02 rheobasa/s, saturation current/H practically coincided with the current of rheobase IO(IH/IO = 1.0 +/- 0.1). Repeated responses were initiated in 1/3 of samples. The current of initiating the repeated responses IRR was insignificantly higher than the rheobase one (IRR/IO = 1.2 +/- 0.1). In the samples where the replated responses were absent the effect of uneven depolarization was observed. At depolarization current which was insignificantly higher than the threshold one (IO), the potential did not return to the resting potential and was settled at the level of -20 mV. Anode disconnecting excitation was absent in all the samples. The hyperpolarization level varied from -90 to -160 mV. The data obtained well agree with the results of the analysis of the mathematical model of frog auricle trabecula membrane constructed on the basis of the data on the potential fixation.", "PMID": 861267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13718", "title": "[Identification of \"slow\" cells in insects eyes].", "content": "Responses of \"slow\" cells of the compound eye of grasshopper to equal-energetic flashes of monochromatic light of different wavelengths were recorded by intracellular microelectrode. Majority of cells had the curve of spectral efficiency of 540 nm. This curve coincided practically with the curve of spectral efficiency measured with ERG. Colour adaptation significantly changed the curve of spectral efficiency of the \"slow\" cells. Intracellular staining of the \"slow\" cells of grasshopper, cricket and locusta by procion yellow M-4 or by sulphide of cobalt have shown that the \"slow\" cells are the cells of crystaline cone.", "contents": "[Identification of \"slow\" cells in insects eyes]. Responses of \"slow\" cells of the compound eye of grasshopper to equal-energetic flashes of monochromatic light of different wavelengths were recorded by intracellular microelectrode. Majority of cells had the curve of spectral efficiency of 540 nm. This curve coincided practically with the curve of spectral efficiency measured with ERG. Colour adaptation significantly changed the curve of spectral efficiency of the \"slow\" cells. Intracellular staining of the \"slow\" cells of grasshopper, cricket and locusta by procion yellow M-4 or by sulphide of cobalt have shown that the \"slow\" cells are the cells of crystaline cone.", "PMID": 861272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13719", "title": "[Work of the human visual system. VII. Opposite color difference and anticolor. 4th series of experiments].", "content": "The \"opposite color differences\" were considered in the case of decreasing of color difference, when k ln a2 a1 was changed to k ln a2+a3 a1+a3 and in the case of disappearance of color difference, when k ln a2 a1 was changed to k in a3 a3. It is shown that the changes indicated evoke the appearance of correlated opposite color differences; k is the coefficient of proportionality with a dimension of sensation; a1, a2 and a3 are the actions of light.", "contents": "[Work of the human visual system. VII. Opposite color difference and anticolor. 4th series of experiments]. The \"opposite color differences\" were considered in the case of decreasing of color difference, when k ln a2 a1 was changed to k ln a2+a3 a1+a3 and in the case of disappearance of color difference, when k ln a2 a1 was changed to k in a3 a3. It is shown that the changes indicated evoke the appearance of correlated opposite color differences; k is the coefficient of proportionality with a dimension of sensation; a1, a2 and a3 are the actions of light.", "PMID": 861273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13720", "title": "[Models of the neuronal network of the lateral geniculate body].", "content": "Mathematical identification of neuron structures forming different types of receptive fields (RF) of the outer geniculate is carried out on the basis of the results of neurophysical and morphological studies. Net models of overlapping RF of different types are studied. It has been shown that the difference in time characteristics of different RF responses is mainly determined by the constants of excitation and inhibition while the difference in the character of RF response dependence on the stimulus parameters--by different types of dependence of the time of delay, on stimulus parameters and different form of spatial weight functions. It has been analysed what functional difference of neuron channels composed of various types of RF is conditioned by the differences in the parameters of neuron structures which form various RF.", "contents": "[Models of the neuronal network of the lateral geniculate body]. Mathematical identification of neuron structures forming different types of receptive fields (RF) of the outer geniculate is carried out on the basis of the results of neurophysical and morphological studies. Net models of overlapping RF of different types are studied. It has been shown that the difference in time characteristics of different RF responses is mainly determined by the constants of excitation and inhibition while the difference in the character of RF response dependence on the stimulus parameters--by different types of dependence of the time of delay, on stimulus parameters and different form of spatial weight functions. It has been analysed what functional difference of neuron channels composed of various types of RF is conditioned by the differences in the parameters of neuron structures which form various RF.", "PMID": 861275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13721", "title": "[Use of linear proportional chambers for small-angle synchrotron radiation scattering in solutions of biopolymers].", "content": "The results of applying linear position sensitive proportional counters to diffuse small-angle synchrotron radiation scattering to biopolymer solutions are presented. Synchrotron radiation of the VEPP-3 storage ring (Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk) was used. On the basis of small-angle scattering curve obtained from protein pepsinogen it has been shown that the exposure is about 100 times less than with conventional X-ray technique.", "contents": "[Use of linear proportional chambers for small-angle synchrotron radiation scattering in solutions of biopolymers]. The results of applying linear position sensitive proportional counters to diffuse small-angle synchrotron radiation scattering to biopolymer solutions are presented. Synchrotron radiation of the VEPP-3 storage ring (Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk) was used. On the basis of small-angle scattering curve obtained from protein pepsinogen it has been shown that the exposure is about 100 times less than with conventional X-ray technique.", "PMID": 861277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13722", "title": "[Model of a binaural hearing system. II. Monaural processing of information concerning short sounds].", "content": "The first part of the model of the auditory system determining the direction on the source of short (shorter than 10 msec) sound signals is presented. The processes in perceptors, the neurons of spiral ganglion, anterior ventral cochlear nucleus and medial superior olivary nucleus are simulated. According to the model the information about a sound signal has undergone several stages of processing and finally a resultant pulse is formed. The moment when this pulse appears on the input of the comparing neuron (in the medial olive) is determined by the two parameters of the sound: its intensity and the moment when a sound arrives to one of the ears.", "contents": "[Model of a binaural hearing system. II. Monaural processing of information concerning short sounds]. The first part of the model of the auditory system determining the direction on the source of short (shorter than 10 msec) sound signals is presented. The processes in perceptors, the neurons of spiral ganglion, anterior ventral cochlear nucleus and medial superior olivary nucleus are simulated. According to the model the information about a sound signal has undergone several stages of processing and finally a resultant pulse is formed. The moment when this pulse appears on the input of the comparing neuron (in the medial olive) is determined by the two parameters of the sound: its intensity and the moment when a sound arrives to one of the ears.", "PMID": 861276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13723", "title": "Substituent effects on the redox reactions of tetraphenylporphyrins.", "content": "The effect of substituents on pi radical reactions of para-substituted tetraphenylporphyrins was investigated by cyclic voltammetry in methylene chloride. In all cases electron donating substituents produced a more difficult reduction and an easier oxidation. Plots of E1/2 vs. a yielded Hammett linear free energy relationships for cation radical and dication formation and anion radical and dianion formation. An average reaction constant of p=0.07+/-0.01 V was obtained. This was true for tetraphenylporphyrins containing the central metals VO, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn, as well as the free base H2 (p-X)TPP. The value of p appears not to be directly affected by the central metal oxidation state or the overall charge on the complex.", "contents": "Substituent effects on the redox reactions of tetraphenylporphyrins. The effect of substituents on pi radical reactions of para-substituted tetraphenylporphyrins was investigated by cyclic voltammetry in methylene chloride. In all cases electron donating substituents produced a more difficult reduction and an easier oxidation. Plots of E1/2 vs. a yielded Hammett linear free energy relationships for cation radical and dication formation and anion radical and dianion formation. An average reaction constant of p=0.07+/-0.01 V was obtained. This was true for tetraphenylporphyrins containing the central metals VO, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn, as well as the free base H2 (p-X)TPP. The value of p appears not to be directly affected by the central metal oxidation state or the overall charge on the complex.", "PMID": 861287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13724", "title": "[Study of the mitochondrial Ca2+-transport system on lipid bilayer membranes (LBM)].", "content": "Electrical properties of BLM formed from lipid components of rat liver mitochondria were studied. The lipids were obtained after preliminary 40 second incubation of mitochondria in the medium containing succinic acid. BLM electroconductivity in the medium with calcium chloride (8--20 mM) is 10--100 times higher than the initial electroconductivity in tris-HC1 at pH 7.5, and in the presence of potassium chloride and magnesium chloride it differes little from the initial value. The transmembrane potential difference per 10-fold concentration gradient of Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ is approximately 27 mV, approximately 15 mV and approximately 22 mV correspondingly. By means of biionic potential method the following selectivety line for cations is formed: Ca2+ greater than Sr2 greater than or equal to Mg2+ greater than K+. La3+ ions inhibit the transport of Ca2+ through the BLM studied.", "contents": "[Study of the mitochondrial Ca2+-transport system on lipid bilayer membranes (LBM)]. Electrical properties of BLM formed from lipid components of rat liver mitochondria were studied. The lipids were obtained after preliminary 40 second incubation of mitochondria in the medium containing succinic acid. BLM electroconductivity in the medium with calcium chloride (8--20 mM) is 10--100 times higher than the initial electroconductivity in tris-HC1 at pH 7.5, and in the presence of potassium chloride and magnesium chloride it differes little from the initial value. The transmembrane potential difference per 10-fold concentration gradient of Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ is approximately 27 mV, approximately 15 mV and approximately 22 mV correspondingly. By means of biionic potential method the following selectivety line for cations is formed: Ca2+ greater than Sr2 greater than or equal to Mg2+ greater than K+. La3+ ions inhibit the transport of Ca2+ through the BLM studied.", "PMID": 861281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13725", "title": "Sequence structure relationships in metalloproteins-I. A predictive model of hemerythrin.", "content": "Utilization of simple algorithmic schemes coupled with chemical data and the known conformational requirements of metal ions has resulted in the prediction of the basic tertiary structure of a metalloprotein, the hemerythrin subunit.", "contents": "Sequence structure relationships in metalloproteins-I. A predictive model of hemerythrin. Utilization of simple algorithmic schemes coupled with chemical data and the known conformational requirements of metal ions has resulted in the prediction of the basic tertiary structure of a metalloprotein, the hemerythrin subunit.", "PMID": 861288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13726", "title": "Definitive evidence for the existence of the \"sitting-atop\" porphyrin complexes in nonaqueous solutions.", "content": "Definitive evidence for the intermediate in metalloporphyrin formation produced in the interaction of meso-tetraphenylporphine and [Rh(CO)2Cl]2, the \"sitting-atop\" complex (SAT), is given in this article. The second-order kinetics of SAT complex formation, the small rate constant for the formation reaction, and the equilibrium study indicate a one-to-one complex between the meso-tetraphenylporphine and [Rh(CO)2Cl]2. The analytical data, infrared spectrum, and especially the proton magnetic resonance lead to a formulati-n of the \"sitting-atop\" complex shown in Fig. 8.", "contents": "Definitive evidence for the existence of the \"sitting-atop\" porphyrin complexes in nonaqueous solutions. Definitive evidence for the intermediate in metalloporphyrin formation produced in the interaction of meso-tetraphenylporphine and [Rh(CO)2Cl]2, the \"sitting-atop\" complex (SAT), is given in this article. The second-order kinetics of SAT complex formation, the small rate constant for the formation reaction, and the equilibrium study indicate a one-to-one complex between the meso-tetraphenylporphine and [Rh(CO)2Cl]2. The analytical data, infrared spectrum, and especially the proton magnetic resonance lead to a formulati-n of the \"sitting-atop\" complex shown in Fig. 8.", "PMID": 861289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13727", "title": "Multiple roles of metal ions in the reaction catalyzed by yeast inorganic pyrophosphatase.", "content": "Yeast inorganic pyrophosphatase has three roles for metal ions in its reaction: activator, substrate and structural. Out of a wide variety of metal ions tested, only Mg2+, Zn2+, mn2+ and Co2+ can fulfill both the activator and substrate roles. Several other metal ions inhibit the Mg2+-stimulated activity; the strong inhibition by Ca2+ (and probably Cd2+) is due to interference with both activator and substrate roles, while the weaker inhibition by Sr2+ (and possibly Cu2+ and Ni2+) is due to interference with only the substrate role. Rare earth ions strongly stimulate nonenzymic PPi hydrolysis but do not activate the enzyme. Despite its ability to fulfill both the activator and substrate roles. Zn2+ causes inactivation of the enzyme, probably by interference with the \"structural\" Mg2+. The results suggest that the three roles for metal ions are independent (an individual metal ion can satisfy only one at a time) and that the metal ion specificity for the three roles declines in the order: structural greater than substrate greater than activator.", "contents": "Multiple roles of metal ions in the reaction catalyzed by yeast inorganic pyrophosphatase. Yeast inorganic pyrophosphatase has three roles for metal ions in its reaction: activator, substrate and structural. Out of a wide variety of metal ions tested, only Mg2+, Zn2+, mn2+ and Co2+ can fulfill both the activator and substrate roles. Several other metal ions inhibit the Mg2+-stimulated activity; the strong inhibition by Ca2+ (and probably Cd2+) is due to interference with both activator and substrate roles, while the weaker inhibition by Sr2+ (and possibly Cu2+ and Ni2+) is due to interference with only the substrate role. Rare earth ions strongly stimulate nonenzymic PPi hydrolysis but do not activate the enzyme. Despite its ability to fulfill both the activator and substrate roles. Zn2+ causes inactivation of the enzyme, probably by interference with the \"structural\" Mg2+. The results suggest that the three roles for metal ions are independent (an individual metal ion can satisfy only one at a time) and that the metal ion specificity for the three roles declines in the order: structural greater than substrate greater than activator.", "PMID": 861290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13728", "title": "Interaction of DNA with anti-cancer drugs: copper-thiosemicarbazide system.", "content": "The interaction of copper-thiosemicarbazide complexes with DNA was investigated using ultraviolet and infrared spectroscopy. Evidence for the interaction of the complexes with nucleic acid bases and with the phosphate group is presented.", "contents": "Interaction of DNA with anti-cancer drugs: copper-thiosemicarbazide system. The interaction of copper-thiosemicarbazide complexes with DNA was investigated using ultraviolet and infrared spectroscopy. Evidence for the interaction of the complexes with nucleic acid bases and with the phosphate group is presented.", "PMID": 861291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13729", "title": "[Model of temperature distribution on the body surface of homeotherms].", "content": "A mathematical model is considered which describes a change of temperature on the body surface under the effect of the heat source located near the surface. Solutions of heat conductance equations for semi-infinite isotropic and homogenous medium are used as a model. A point source with capacity Q is placed into the medium at the depth zota at the moment t=0. The heat sources are focuses of heat increased production--tumours. Temperature distribution of the skin obtained for a dynamic and static case permits to determine the time of transition processes, efficiency of the application of dynamic methods of studies etc.", "contents": "[Model of temperature distribution on the body surface of homeotherms]. A mathematical model is considered which describes a change of temperature on the body surface under the effect of the heat source located near the surface. Solutions of heat conductance equations for semi-infinite isotropic and homogenous medium are used as a model. A point source with capacity Q is placed into the medium at the depth zota at the moment t=0. The heat sources are focuses of heat increased production--tumours. Temperature distribution of the skin obtained for a dynamic and static case permits to determine the time of transition processes, efficiency of the application of dynamic methods of studies etc.", "PMID": 861285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13730", "title": "A study of the redox potentials and electron transfer rates of several naturally occurring and synthetic iron porphyrins in DMF.", "content": "The reduction potentials and formal electron transfer rate constants of several iron porphyrins were measured in DMF by the technique of cyclic voltammetry. The ease of each reduction was found to be a function of porphyrin ring basicity and was dependent on the type of electrode reaction. Greatest effects of ring basicity were observed for pi anion radical formation whil smaller effects were obtained for reactions involving the central metal. Electron transfer rate constants for the ferric-ferrous reaction also varied with ring basicity and paralled trends in the redox potentials, that is, the most basic porphyrin yielded the most difficult reduction, both kinetically and thermo-dynamically, while the least basic prophyrin yielded the most facile kinetic and thermodynamic reduction. Based on this data a mechanism of ferric-ferrous electron transfer involving transfer via the pi ring system is proposed.", "contents": "A study of the redox potentials and electron transfer rates of several naturally occurring and synthetic iron porphyrins in DMF. The reduction potentials and formal electron transfer rate constants of several iron porphyrins were measured in DMF by the technique of cyclic voltammetry. The ease of each reduction was found to be a function of porphyrin ring basicity and was dependent on the type of electrode reaction. Greatest effects of ring basicity were observed for pi anion radical formation whil smaller effects were obtained for reactions involving the central metal. Electron transfer rate constants for the ferric-ferrous reaction also varied with ring basicity and paralled trends in the redox potentials, that is, the most basic porphyrin yielded the most difficult reduction, both kinetically and thermo-dynamically, while the least basic prophyrin yielded the most facile kinetic and thermodynamic reduction. Based on this data a mechanism of ferric-ferrous electron transfer involving transfer via the pi ring system is proposed.", "PMID": 861294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13731", "title": "[Effect of light negative aeroions on the human body].", "content": "Information is given about the effect of light negative aeroions on human organism. This phenomenon is explained by the effect of the change of ion charge. The latter causes the ionization of gas mixture components and their active perception by the organism. Besides during the formation of negative ions at the expense of electron seizure on outer levels ions in electron-excited state can be formed. Such ions have higher chemical activity which contributes to their effect on human organism.", "contents": "[Effect of light negative aeroions on the human body]. Information is given about the effect of light negative aeroions on human organism. This phenomenon is explained by the effect of the change of ion charge. The latter causes the ionization of gas mixture components and their active perception by the organism. Besides during the formation of negative ions at the expense of electron seizure on outer levels ions in electron-excited state can be formed. Such ions have higher chemical activity which contributes to their effect on human organism.", "PMID": 861286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13732", "title": "[Properties of mitochondrial monoamine oxidase isolated from rabbit brain and liver].", "content": "The effect of pO2 on the monoamine oxidase activity of mitochondria from rabbit brain and liver was investigated using the substrates tyramine, dopamine, tryptamine and serotonin. The effect of the second substrate (oxygen) was dependent upon the concentration of the first substrate (the amine). At amine concentrations below 50 micronM, the reaction rate as measured by a radiometric assay, was not affected by variations in the pO2. It was found that both phenazine methosulfate (PMS) and chlorpromazine (CPZ) are reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase, the former was a potent inhibitor (Ki=3X10(-6) M) and the latter relatively weak (Ki=5X10(-4) M). Inhibition by both compounds was non-competitive with respect to the amine substrate. Imipramine was a weak inhibitor of purified MAO from beef kidney and of the MAO activity of mitochrondria from brain and liver. Using tyramine or dopamine as the substrate (0.5-1.0 mM), inhibition ranging from 6-30% was observed at 5X10(-4) M imipramine. With tryptamine or serotonin (0.5-1.0 mM) as the substrate in the presence of 5X10(-4) M imipramine the drug seemed to have no net effect on MAO activity since the average value in the presence of imipramine for a number of experiences was the same as the average for control experiments. For p-iodo-phenyl-3-p-nitrophenyl tetrazolium chloride, a Ki of 43X10(-6) M was found using dopamine as the substrate and oxygen as the gas phase.", "contents": "[Properties of mitochondrial monoamine oxidase isolated from rabbit brain and liver]. The effect of pO2 on the monoamine oxidase activity of mitochondria from rabbit brain and liver was investigated using the substrates tyramine, dopamine, tryptamine and serotonin. The effect of the second substrate (oxygen) was dependent upon the concentration of the first substrate (the amine). At amine concentrations below 50 micronM, the reaction rate as measured by a radiometric assay, was not affected by variations in the pO2. It was found that both phenazine methosulfate (PMS) and chlorpromazine (CPZ) are reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase, the former was a potent inhibitor (Ki=3X10(-6) M) and the latter relatively weak (Ki=5X10(-4) M). Inhibition by both compounds was non-competitive with respect to the amine substrate. Imipramine was a weak inhibitor of purified MAO from beef kidney and of the MAO activity of mitochrondria from brain and liver. Using tyramine or dopamine as the substrate (0.5-1.0 mM), inhibition ranging from 6-30% was observed at 5X10(-4) M imipramine. With tryptamine or serotonin (0.5-1.0 mM) as the substrate in the presence of 5X10(-4) M imipramine the drug seemed to have no net effect on MAO activity since the average value in the presence of imipramine for a number of experiences was the same as the average for control experiments. For p-iodo-phenyl-3-p-nitrophenyl tetrazolium chloride, a Ki of 43X10(-6) M was found using dopamine as the substrate and oxygen as the gas phase.", "PMID": 861304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13733", "title": "[Effect of immobilized noradrenaline on human plasma arginine esterase activated by factor XII].", "content": "An attempt to study direct hormonal regulation of the blood coagulating system by catecholamines, using the affinity chromatography method, was made. It was found that human blood plasma is adsorbed and the enzyme hydrolyzing N-benzoyl-L-arginine, is activated on the column. It was found that human blood plasma after the contact with norepinephrine loses its ability to increase the BAEE-esterase activity, when tanic acid, which activates factor XII (Hageman factor), was added.", "contents": "[Effect of immobilized noradrenaline on human plasma arginine esterase activated by factor XII]. An attempt to study direct hormonal regulation of the blood coagulating system by catecholamines, using the affinity chromatography method, was made. It was found that human blood plasma is adsorbed and the enzyme hydrolyzing N-benzoyl-L-arginine, is activated on the column. It was found that human blood plasma after the contact with norepinephrine loses its ability to increase the BAEE-esterase activity, when tanic acid, which activates factor XII (Hageman factor), was added.", "PMID": 861305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13734", "title": "[Presence of an active fibrinogen--heparin complex in the total blood plasma fraction of plasma fibrinogen degradation products].", "content": "It is found by means of different methods (the administration of 35S-heparin, the determination of fibrinolytic activity of blood plasma fractions containing fibrinogen degradation products and fibrinogen--heparin complex, spectral analysis of fibrinogen--heparin complex etc.), that thrombin injection into animals results in the formation of fibrinogen--heparin complex, which is mainly discovered in the fraction of fibrinogen degradation products.", "contents": "[Presence of an active fibrinogen--heparin complex in the total blood plasma fraction of plasma fibrinogen degradation products]. It is found by means of different methods (the administration of 35S-heparin, the determination of fibrinolytic activity of blood plasma fractions containing fibrinogen degradation products and fibrinogen--heparin complex, spectral analysis of fibrinogen--heparin complex etc.), that thrombin injection into animals results in the formation of fibrinogen--heparin complex, which is mainly discovered in the fraction of fibrinogen degradation products.", "PMID": 861306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13735", "title": "[Macromolecular organization and biochemical characteristics of the genome of phage FI-1].", "content": "The molecular weight of phage FI-1 DNA is determined by the methods of sedimentation and kinetics of reassociation, as well as from buoyant density values of virion components and specific partial volume of DNA (85X10(6) daltons). The spectral analyses showed that the distribution of guanine-cytosine pairs along the whole length of the molecule is Gaussian. The DNA content in the particle of FI-1 makes up to 41%, which is 7% less as compared to the morphologically related phage T4. The protein component analysis of phage FI-1 demonstrated that the genome of this virus is capable to encode at least 20 different proteins. Possible reasons for differences in the molecular weights of the genomes of T4 and FI-1 phages are discussed.", "contents": "[Macromolecular organization and biochemical characteristics of the genome of phage FI-1]. The molecular weight of phage FI-1 DNA is determined by the methods of sedimentation and kinetics of reassociation, as well as from buoyant density values of virion components and specific partial volume of DNA (85X10(6) daltons). The spectral analyses showed that the distribution of guanine-cytosine pairs along the whole length of the molecule is Gaussian. The DNA content in the particle of FI-1 makes up to 41%, which is 7% less as compared to the morphologically related phage T4. The protein component analysis of phage FI-1 demonstrated that the genome of this virus is capable to encode at least 20 different proteins. Possible reasons for differences in the molecular weights of the genomes of T4 and FI-1 phages are discussed.", "PMID": 861307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13736", "title": "[Allosteric properties of muscle creatine kinase].", "content": "The dependence of the reaction rate on substrate concentrations at pH 8.0--7.5 does not submit the Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The dependence of v on Mg-ATP is described with a curve having an intermediate plateau. The dependence of v on the creatine concentration is expressed by a curve, which is not hyperbolic. In this case the index of the substrate concentration, (q), is variable, and it increases with the increase of creatine concentration from 1 to 2 (at the presence of effectors, PEP and ADP,--from 1 to 3.5). The specific creatine kinase activity increases 3--4-fold with protein dilution, but this effect is not observed in the presence of inhibitors to FDP and PEP. Creatine kinase is desensibilized with respect to FDP and PEP after a prolonged storage. The data obtained and the presence of an effector set indicate, that muscle creatine kinase is a regulated allosteric enzyme.", "contents": "[Allosteric properties of muscle creatine kinase]. The dependence of the reaction rate on substrate concentrations at pH 8.0--7.5 does not submit the Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The dependence of v on Mg-ATP is described with a curve having an intermediate plateau. The dependence of v on the creatine concentration is expressed by a curve, which is not hyperbolic. In this case the index of the substrate concentration, (q), is variable, and it increases with the increase of creatine concentration from 1 to 2 (at the presence of effectors, PEP and ADP,--from 1 to 3.5). The specific creatine kinase activity increases 3--4-fold with protein dilution, but this effect is not observed in the presence of inhibitors to FDP and PEP. Creatine kinase is desensibilized with respect to FDP and PEP after a prolonged storage. The data obtained and the presence of an effector set indicate, that muscle creatine kinase is a regulated allosteric enzyme.", "PMID": 861308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13737", "title": "[Change in the concentration of total lipids, phospholipids and neutral lipids in rat liver mitochondria and microsomes during chemical carcinogenesis].", "content": "Sharp increase in the content of total lipids and, especially, neutral lipids, and considerable decrease in the content of phospholipids were observed in liver microsomes and mitochondrias from liver of tumour-bearing rats in the process of the growth of sarcoma, induced by a single injection of 3,4-benzpyrene. The injection of anthracene, a non-cancerogenous hydrocarbon, practically did not affect the lipid composition of rat liver subcellular particles. Thus, the disturbances in normal functioning of subcellular particles under cancerogenesis are due to considerable change in the chemical composition of biomembranes. The data obtained confirm our hypothesis on lipid mobilization under tumour growth.", "contents": "[Change in the concentration of total lipids, phospholipids and neutral lipids in rat liver mitochondria and microsomes during chemical carcinogenesis]. Sharp increase in the content of total lipids and, especially, neutral lipids, and considerable decrease in the content of phospholipids were observed in liver microsomes and mitochondrias from liver of tumour-bearing rats in the process of the growth of sarcoma, induced by a single injection of 3,4-benzpyrene. The injection of anthracene, a non-cancerogenous hydrocarbon, practically did not affect the lipid composition of rat liver subcellular particles. Thus, the disturbances in normal functioning of subcellular particles under cancerogenesis are due to considerable change in the chemical composition of biomembranes. The data obtained confirm our hypothesis on lipid mobilization under tumour growth.", "PMID": 861309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13738", "title": "[Products of bovine prothrombin citraconylation and their activation by factor Xa].", "content": "Products of bovine prothrombin acylation by citraconic anhydride, modified to 20--90% have been obtained. Disc-electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate has shown that the citraconylation of prothrombin is accompanied with spontaneous activation, resulting in formation of products with molecular weights identical to those of neoprothrombin C, neoprothrombin T, profragment and fragments A and C. Spontaneous activation upon the citraconylation is never completely recovered: the reaction products always contain a fraction, corresponding in molecular weight to prothrombin. Citraconylation products possess neither coagulating, nor esterase activity. Generation of esterase activity requires the presence of an enzyme--factor Xa, which splits the 323-324 peptide bond (Arg-Ile) in the molecules of prothrombin and intermediate products of its activation. The mechanism of activation of citraconylated prothrombin products by factor Xa does not differ from the mechanism of native prothrombin activation by the enzyme. The esterase activity, which is generated after the incubation with factor Xa, is due to the building of citraconylthrombin and partly of the native thrombin; the latter may be formed at the low degree of prothrombin modification.", "contents": "[Products of bovine prothrombin citraconylation and their activation by factor Xa]. Products of bovine prothrombin acylation by citraconic anhydride, modified to 20--90% have been obtained. Disc-electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate has shown that the citraconylation of prothrombin is accompanied with spontaneous activation, resulting in formation of products with molecular weights identical to those of neoprothrombin C, neoprothrombin T, profragment and fragments A and C. Spontaneous activation upon the citraconylation is never completely recovered: the reaction products always contain a fraction, corresponding in molecular weight to prothrombin. Citraconylation products possess neither coagulating, nor esterase activity. Generation of esterase activity requires the presence of an enzyme--factor Xa, which splits the 323-324 peptide bond (Arg-Ile) in the molecules of prothrombin and intermediate products of its activation. The mechanism of activation of citraconylated prothrombin products by factor Xa does not differ from the mechanism of native prothrombin activation by the enzyme. The esterase activity, which is generated after the incubation with factor Xa, is due to the building of citraconylthrombin and partly of the native thrombin; the latter may be formed at the low degree of prothrombin modification.", "PMID": 861310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13739", "title": "[Lysosomal neuraminidase, beta-galactosidase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase of regenerating liver tissue].", "content": "Neuraminidase (EC 3.2.1.18) beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30) were studied in normal and regenerating rat liver. All these glycosidases were shown to be predominantly localized in lysosome rich fraction. The activity of lysosomal neuraminidase in regenerating rat liver increased 24 hours after partial hepatectomy, whereas those of beta-galactosidase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase decreased. The presence of inhibitor of neurominidase in regenerating liver homogenate was shown. Actinomycin D and cycloheximide were shown to have no significant effect on lysosomal neuraminidase in regenerating rat liver.", "contents": "[Lysosomal neuraminidase, beta-galactosidase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase of regenerating liver tissue]. Neuraminidase (EC 3.2.1.18) beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30) were studied in normal and regenerating rat liver. All these glycosidases were shown to be predominantly localized in lysosome rich fraction. The activity of lysosomal neuraminidase in regenerating rat liver increased 24 hours after partial hepatectomy, whereas those of beta-galactosidase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase decreased. The presence of inhibitor of neurominidase in regenerating liver homogenate was shown. Actinomycin D and cycloheximide were shown to have no significant effect on lysosomal neuraminidase in regenerating rat liver.", "PMID": 861311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13740", "title": "[Photoreduction of bacteriophenophytin b in the primary light reaction of Rhodopseudomonas viridis chromatophores].", "content": "Photoconversions of the reaction center pigments in chromatophores of nonsulfur purple bacteria Rhodopseudomonas viridis have been studied as a function of redox potential of medium (Eh). It has been shown that at a decrease in the Eh values from +400 mV to--100 divided by--600 mV a photo-induced accumulation of P980+ (oxidized primary electron donor in R. viridis) is replaced by the photoaccumulation of a reduced pigment complex P800 (bleaching of bacteriopheophytin b absorption bands at 545 and 800 nm, a development of broad bands at 680 and 430 nm and a blue shift of the bacteriochlorophyll band at 830 nm). The P800 photoreduction is observed under illumination by light with lambda greater than 900 nm between +20 divided by--196 degrees C at pH 3,5--12,5 and is accompanied by oxidation of the cytochrome and an increase in fluorescence yield of bacteriochlorophyll. It is suggested that P800 accepts an electron from the P980 in the primary photoreaction, which preceeds ubiquinone reduction. A midpoint redox potential (Em) is found to be of --620(+/- 20) mV for the P800/P800- and +515 (+/-20) mV for the P980/+P980. At a decrease in the Eh value down to -400 mV luminescence has been detected with T1/2 8 nsec, an activation energy of 0,065 +/- 0,02 ev and quantum yield being close to the fluorescence yield. It is assumed that this luminescence is a result of charge recombination in the biradical P980+ -- P800-.", "contents": "[Photoreduction of bacteriophenophytin b in the primary light reaction of Rhodopseudomonas viridis chromatophores]. Photoconversions of the reaction center pigments in chromatophores of nonsulfur purple bacteria Rhodopseudomonas viridis have been studied as a function of redox potential of medium (Eh). It has been shown that at a decrease in the Eh values from +400 mV to--100 divided by--600 mV a photo-induced accumulation of P980+ (oxidized primary electron donor in R. viridis) is replaced by the photoaccumulation of a reduced pigment complex P800 (bleaching of bacteriopheophytin b absorption bands at 545 and 800 nm, a development of broad bands at 680 and 430 nm and a blue shift of the bacteriochlorophyll band at 830 nm). The P800 photoreduction is observed under illumination by light with lambda greater than 900 nm between +20 divided by--196 degrees C at pH 3,5--12,5 and is accompanied by oxidation of the cytochrome and an increase in fluorescence yield of bacteriochlorophyll. It is suggested that P800 accepts an electron from the P980 in the primary photoreaction, which preceeds ubiquinone reduction. A midpoint redox potential (Em) is found to be of --620(+/- 20) mV for the P800/P800- and +515 (+/-20) mV for the P980/+P980. At a decrease in the Eh value down to -400 mV luminescence has been detected with T1/2 8 nsec, an activation energy of 0,065 +/- 0,02 ev and quantum yield being close to the fluorescence yield. It is assumed that this luminescence is a result of charge recombination in the biradical P980+ -- P800-.", "PMID": 861312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13741", "title": "[Possible mechanism of action of oxythiamine on nucleic acid metabolism].", "content": "Hydoxythiamine injections (400 mg/kg for 72 hours) resulted in the inhibition of transketolase activity and of 14C-orotic acid incorporation into RNA in rat liver tissue. At the same time, the decrease of RNA and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate levels has been observed, which suggests a regulation effect (via pentospohosphates) of hydroxythiamine on nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism.", "contents": "[Possible mechanism of action of oxythiamine on nucleic acid metabolism]. Hydoxythiamine injections (400 mg/kg for 72 hours) resulted in the inhibition of transketolase activity and of 14C-orotic acid incorporation into RNA in rat liver tissue. At the same time, the decrease of RNA and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate levels has been observed, which suggests a regulation effect (via pentospohosphates) of hydroxythiamine on nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism.", "PMID": 861313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13742", "title": "[Isolation of purified aspergillopepsin A].", "content": "Two methods of isolation of pure aspergillopepsin A have been developed. The first method is based on sequential chromatography of a crude preparation on gramicidin C-sepharose 4B and ECTEOLA-cellulose (35% yield, 100-fold purification). The second method consists in sequential chromatography of evaporated extract of Asp. awamori surface culture on Acrylex P-10, aminosilochrome and ECTEOLA-cellulose (40% yield, 430-fold purification). The methods discussed may be used to isolate pure aspergillopepsin A preparations in order to establish the primary structure of the enzyme.", "contents": "[Isolation of purified aspergillopepsin A]. Two methods of isolation of pure aspergillopepsin A have been developed. The first method is based on sequential chromatography of a crude preparation on gramicidin C-sepharose 4B and ECTEOLA-cellulose (35% yield, 100-fold purification). The second method consists in sequential chromatography of evaporated extract of Asp. awamori surface culture on Acrylex P-10, aminosilochrome and ECTEOLA-cellulose (40% yield, 430-fold purification). The methods discussed may be used to isolate pure aspergillopepsin A preparations in order to establish the primary structure of the enzyme.", "PMID": 861314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13743", "title": "Whole and disaturated lung phosphatidylcholine in cortisol-treated, intrauterine growth-retarded and twin control lambs at different gestational ages.", "content": "Lambs 116--124 days gestation infused in utero for 75 h with cortisol showed, when compared to twin controls, more mature lung histology and pressure-volume relationships. 32P orthophosphate incorporation into whole lung phosphatidylcholine (PC) was increased in the four cortisol-treated lambs at 116--117 days but not at 121, 123, and 124 days gestation. 14C palmitate incorporation into PC or disaturated phosphatidylcholine (DSPC) was not enhanced at 116--117 days gestation. At 121 days in a cortisol-treated and at 128 days in a growth-retarded lamb fetus not treated with cortisol, a larger quantity of DSPC  was present although the incorporation of 14C palmitate into DSPC per milligram DNA was the same. This indicated that the synthesis of DSPC had been initiated in the cortisol-treated and growth-retarded animals prior to the controls and at the time of sacrifice both were incorporating 14C palmitate at a similar rate suggesting similar rates of synthesis.", "contents": "Whole and disaturated lung phosphatidylcholine in cortisol-treated, intrauterine growth-retarded and twin control lambs at different gestational ages. Lambs 116--124 days gestation infused in utero for 75 h with cortisol showed, when compared to twin controls, more mature lung histology and pressure-volume relationships. 32P orthophosphate incorporation into whole lung phosphatidylcholine (PC) was increased in the four cortisol-treated lambs at 116--117 days but not at 121, 123, and 124 days gestation. 14C palmitate incorporation into PC or disaturated phosphatidylcholine (DSPC) was not enhanced at 116--117 days gestation. At 121 days in a cortisol-treated and at 128 days in a growth-retarded lamb fetus not treated with cortisol, a larger quantity of DSPC  was present although the incorporation of 14C palmitate into DSPC per milligram DNA was the same. This indicated that the synthesis of DSPC had been initiated in the cortisol-treated and growth-retarded animals prior to the controls and at the time of sacrifice both were incorporating 14C palmitate at a similar rate suggesting similar rates of synthesis.", "PMID": 861315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13744", "title": "Site of horseadish peroxidase transport by the small intestine of the neonatal rat.", "content": "The absorption of horseradish peroxidase was estimated in 10-day-old rats by measuring plasma peroxidase levels following intraduodenal admininstration. Peak levels occurred 45 min after injection. Plasma peroxidase levels, 45 min after injection into five ligated segments along the small intestine, were significantly lower in rats with distal segments than in rats with proximal segments. This indicates that the proximal small intestine, including the duodenum, may play a significant role in nonantibody macromolecular transport as well as in immunoglobulin absorption.", "contents": "Site of horseadish peroxidase transport by the small intestine of the neonatal rat. The absorption of horseradish peroxidase was estimated in 10-day-old rats by measuring plasma peroxidase levels following intraduodenal admininstration. Peak levels occurred 45 min after injection. Plasma peroxidase levels, 45 min after injection into five ligated segments along the small intestine, were significantly lower in rats with distal segments than in rats with proximal segments. This indicates that the proximal small intestine, including the duodenum, may play a significant role in nonantibody macromolecular transport as well as in immunoglobulin absorption.", "PMID": 861316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13745", "title": "Early postnatal development of the intestine in progeny of protein-deprived rats.", "content": "Development of the small intestine was studied in newborn, and 4-, 8-, and 12-day-old young of rats fed diets, during gestation, containing 24 or 4% casein as the source of protein. Newborn prenatally protein-deprived rats had shorter, narrower intestines, reduced numbers of villi per unit length, shorter villi, and reduced numbers of absorptive cells and crypt cells. These differences had disappeared by the age of 12 days in adequately fed pups that had survived to that age.", "contents": "Early postnatal development of the intestine in progeny of protein-deprived rats. Development of the small intestine was studied in newborn, and 4-, 8-, and 12-day-old young of rats fed diets, during gestation, containing 24 or 4% casein as the source of protein. Newborn prenatally protein-deprived rats had shorter, narrower intestines, reduced numbers of villi per unit length, shorter villi, and reduced numbers of absorptive cells and crypt cells. These differences had disappeared by the age of 12 days in adequately fed pups that had survived to that age.", "PMID": 861317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13746", "title": "Plasma renin activity in sheep pregnancy after fetal or maternal nephrectomy.", "content": "The effect of bilateral fetal or maternal nephrectomy on basal and diuretic-stimulated plasma renin activity (Pra) was examined in 9 chronically catheterized Dorset sheep. After fetal nephrectomy, there was an initial rapid decrease in fetal PRA with t1/2 of 42-84 min, followed by a slower decrement with 1/2 350-720 min. There was no change in maternal PRA during this period. Similarly, after maternal nephrectomy, the decrease in maternal PRA had two exponential components and there was no associated change in fetal PRA. These data, and the maternal and fetal PRA responses to intravenous furosemide, have demonstrated that renin does not cross the sheep placenta and that fetal PRA is independent of the maternal PRA level.", "contents": "Plasma renin activity in sheep pregnancy after fetal or maternal nephrectomy. The effect of bilateral fetal or maternal nephrectomy on basal and diuretic-stimulated plasma renin activity (Pra) was examined in 9 chronically catheterized Dorset sheep. After fetal nephrectomy, there was an initial rapid decrease in fetal PRA with t1/2 of 42-84 min, followed by a slower decrement with 1/2 350-720 min. There was no change in maternal PRA during this period. Similarly, after maternal nephrectomy, the decrease in maternal PRA had two exponential components and there was no associated change in fetal PRA. These data, and the maternal and fetal PRA responses to intravenous furosemide, have demonstrated that renin does not cross the sheep placenta and that fetal PRA is independent of the maternal PRA level.", "PMID": 861318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13747", "title": "Role of respiration in effecting transfusion at cesarean section.", "content": "The transfer of blood from placenta to baby (placental transfusion) was examined in 29 full-term babies delivered by elective Cesarean Section. Events surrounding the delivery were carefully monitored using a stopwatch. Residual placental blood volume (RPBV) and change in hematocrit (Hct) were measured. In 13 infants held above the level of the placenta, the mean RPBV was significantly greater, and the change in Hct significantly lower, than in 16 infants held below the level of the placenta. Increasing duration of respiration resulted in increasing amounts of placental transfusion, even in those babies held just above the placenta. These results indicate that there are separate effects of gravity and respiration which facilitate a placental transfusion at Cesarean Section.", "contents": "Role of respiration in effecting transfusion at cesarean section. The transfer of blood from placenta to baby (placental transfusion) was examined in 29 full-term babies delivered by elective Cesarean Section. Events surrounding the delivery were carefully monitored using a stopwatch. Residual placental blood volume (RPBV) and change in hematocrit (Hct) were measured. In 13 infants held above the level of the placenta, the mean RPBV was significantly greater, and the change in Hct significantly lower, than in 16 infants held below the level of the placenta. Increasing duration of respiration resulted in increasing amounts of placental transfusion, even in those babies held just above the placenta. These results indicate that there are separate effects of gravity and respiration which facilitate a placental transfusion at Cesarean Section.", "PMID": 861319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13748", "title": "Multiple forms of thymidine kinase during human development.", "content": "The developmental progression of thymidine kinase from the electrophoretically slow-migrating 'fetal' forms to the fast-migrating 'adult' form was examined in human serum and fetal liver. In fetal liver, only the fetal forms of the enzyme were present at 17 weeks' gestation. A transitional period followed in that both enzyme forms were identified and by 24 weeks only the adult form was detected in fetal liver. This same enzyme changeover pattern--fetal to transitional to adult--occurred at a later time in human serum as it took place between 30 and 40 weeks' gestation.", "contents": "Multiple forms of thymidine kinase during human development. The developmental progression of thymidine kinase from the electrophoretically slow-migrating 'fetal' forms to the fast-migrating 'adult' form was examined in human serum and fetal liver. In fetal liver, only the fetal forms of the enzyme were present at 17 weeks' gestation. A transitional period followed in that both enzyme forms were identified and by 24 weeks only the adult form was detected in fetal liver. This same enzyme changeover pattern--fetal to transitional to adult--occurred at a later time in human serum as it took place between 30 and 40 weeks' gestation.", "PMID": 861320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13749", "title": "Phototherapy in Gunn rats. A study to assess the photobiologically most effective radiant energy and dose/response relationships.", "content": "In order to get a more realistic spectral efficiency curve and to evaluate dose/response relationships in phototherapy, homozygous weanling Gunn rats -- nondepilated, with fur -- were illuminated under standardized conditions with 8 different fluorescent tubes. Some of the tubes were operated with different electric power. Clear spectal differences in the extent and the rapidity of the bilirubin decay could be ascertained. Furthermore, the sharpness of the bilirubin decrease depended on the baseline concentration. For the calculations the animals were therefore divided into 3 groups with starting levels of larger than or equal to 8 mg%, 6.5--7.9 mg% and less than 6.5 mg%. Correlating the spectral power distribution of the lamps with the bilirubin decomposition found in the experiment, the spectral response function s(lambda)bili, rel was calculated by an integral method. A comparison of our results with data from the literature shows that so far near UV radiation was evaluated too high. A new radiometer for digital measuring the effective irradiance Ebili was developed. On a logarithmic scale a comparatively sharp dose/response relationship could be demonstrated in dependence on the measured effective radiant exposure. Serum bilirubin decrease is directly proportional to log Ebili. A dose of about 2.5 mW - h/cm2 is necessary to achieve a constant serum bilirubin decrease at all. Good results were obtained at doses of about 35 mW - h/cm2 with the most efficient being at 160 mW - h/cm2. Highly effective doses can be applied with different types of lamps. However, there are great differences in the time of illumination required. 24 h are necessary with daylight tubes (Osram L 20 W/19) to apply 20 mW - h/cm2, whereas the same dose is already attained after 4 h with BAM blue tubes (Philips). The accuracy of the radiometer was finally controlled by screening Westinghouse special blue and Osram standard blue tubes with black tapes, so that the effective irradiance (Ebili) corresponded to that of Osram daylight tubes. The bilirubin decrease observed after this manipulation was nearly identical (not exceeding 1 SD of the daylight values). Since bilirubin decrease was sharper in the first few hours of illumination, continuous phototherapy was compared in some tests with 3 intermittent schedules: (a) 4 h light, 4 h dark, 4 h light; (b) 5 h light, 2 h dark, 5 h light, (c) alternately 2 h light and 2 h dark. There was no indication that more bilirubin could be removed per hour with intermittent phototherapy than with continuous illumination.", "contents": "Phototherapy in Gunn rats. A study to assess the photobiologically most effective radiant energy and dose/response relationships. In order to get a more realistic spectral efficiency curve and to evaluate dose/response relationships in phototherapy, homozygous weanling Gunn rats -- nondepilated, with fur -- were illuminated under standardized conditions with 8 different fluorescent tubes. Some of the tubes were operated with different electric power. Clear spectal differences in the extent and the rapidity of the bilirubin decay could be ascertained. Furthermore, the sharpness of the bilirubin decrease depended on the baseline concentration. For the calculations the animals were therefore divided into 3 groups with starting levels of larger than or equal to 8 mg%, 6.5--7.9 mg% and less than 6.5 mg%. Correlating the spectral power distribution of the lamps with the bilirubin decomposition found in the experiment, the spectral response function s(lambda)bili, rel was calculated by an integral method. A comparison of our results with data from the literature shows that so far near UV radiation was evaluated too high. A new radiometer for digital measuring the effective irradiance Ebili was developed. On a logarithmic scale a comparatively sharp dose/response relationship could be demonstrated in dependence on the measured effective radiant exposure. Serum bilirubin decrease is directly proportional to log Ebili. A dose of about 2.5 mW - h/cm2 is necessary to achieve a constant serum bilirubin decrease at all. Good results were obtained at doses of about 35 mW - h/cm2 with the most efficient being at 160 mW - h/cm2. Highly effective doses can be applied with different types of lamps. However, there are great differences in the time of illumination required. 24 h are necessary with daylight tubes (Osram L 20 W/19) to apply 20 mW - h/cm2, whereas the same dose is already attained after 4 h with BAM blue tubes (Philips). The accuracy of the radiometer was finally controlled by screening Westinghouse special blue and Osram standard blue tubes with black tapes, so that the effective irradiance (Ebili) corresponded to that of Osram daylight tubes. The bilirubin decrease observed after this manipulation was nearly identical (not exceeding 1 SD of the daylight values). Since bilirubin decrease was sharper in the first few hours of illumination, continuous phototherapy was compared in some tests with 3 intermittent schedules: (a) 4 h light, 4 h dark, 4 h light; (b) 5 h light, 2 h dark, 5 h light, (c) alternately 2 h light and 2 h dark. There was no indication that more bilirubin could be removed per hour with intermittent phototherapy than with continuous illumination.", "PMID": 861321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13750", "title": "Latency of multiple skin conductance responses in differential classical conditioning.", "content": "Latencies of multiple skin conductance responses were observed in 30 female undergraduate students who participated in a classical differential conditioning experiment employing a 10 sec interstimulus interval (ISI). Responses occurring in both the early and late portions of the ISI were examined. Pairing delayed the onset of early responses and hastened the onset of responses occurring later in the ISI. Additionally, the latency changes observed did not appear to be an artifact of the higher response frequencies typically associated with conditioning.", "contents": "Latency of multiple skin conductance responses in differential classical conditioning. Latencies of multiple skin conductance responses were observed in 30 female undergraduate students who participated in a classical differential conditioning experiment employing a 10 sec interstimulus interval (ISI). Responses occurring in both the early and late portions of the ISI were examined. Pairing delayed the onset of early responses and hastened the onset of responses occurring later in the ISI. Additionally, the latency changes observed did not appear to be an artifact of the higher response frequencies typically associated with conditioning.", "PMID": 861322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13751", "title": "Preception (UCR diminution) in normal and neurotic subjects.", "content": "Three groups of subjects, viz. low trait anxious (LA), high trait anxious (HA) and neurotic patients (PAT) recieved a series of warned unpleasant auditory stimuli. The expectation that the warned stimuli would evoke smaller accelerative heart rate responses than the unwarned ones was not confirmed. On the contrary, the responses to the warned stimuli stimuli were larger than to the unwarned stimuli. Evidence was provided for the idea that homeostatic mechanisms were, at least in part, responsible for this result, though the possibility that even homeostatic heart rate changes can have psychologically relevant effects on central structures was not excluded. Neither the responses during the ISI nor the responses to the unpleasant stimuli (UCS) differed between groups although the response in the IS was in the predicted direction, i.e. a stronger initial acceleration in the LA group as compared to the HA and PAT groups. It was further suggested that the difficulty separating homeostatic effects from changes in sensitivity of the organism makes the operationalization of preception in terms of UCR amplitude of heart rate questionable.", "contents": "Preception (UCR diminution) in normal and neurotic subjects. Three groups of subjects, viz. low trait anxious (LA), high trait anxious (HA) and neurotic patients (PAT) recieved a series of warned unpleasant auditory stimuli. The expectation that the warned stimuli would evoke smaller accelerative heart rate responses than the unwarned ones was not confirmed. On the contrary, the responses to the warned stimuli stimuli were larger than to the unwarned stimuli. Evidence was provided for the idea that homeostatic mechanisms were, at least in part, responsible for this result, though the possibility that even homeostatic heart rate changes can have psychologically relevant effects on central structures was not excluded. Neither the responses during the ISI nor the responses to the unpleasant stimuli (UCS) differed between groups although the response in the IS was in the predicted direction, i.e. a stronger initial acceleration in the LA group as compared to the HA and PAT groups. It was further suggested that the difficulty separating homeostatic effects from changes in sensitivity of the organism makes the operationalization of preception in terms of UCR amplitude of heart rate questionable.", "PMID": 861323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13752", "title": "Differential effects on test stress on the heart rates of extraverts and introverts.", "content": "A mental arithmetic task was administered to 39 subjects under conditions which imposed social stress. Using the relaxed state to provide a baseline, changes in heart rate and finger blood volume pulse were recorded. The subjects were divided to obtain groups with extreme scores on Eysenck's PEN scales, and the groups were compared on the two psychophysiological measures. Contrary to Eysenck's theory of Autonomic Lability as the neurological basis of N, the high N scoring group was not differentiated from the low N group by change in level of sympathetic activity as indicated by blood volume pulse, while, on the heart-rate measure, introverts showed a large increase and extraverts considerably less: there was no overlap between groups (p less than 0.001). It was concluded that extraverts exhibit greater parasympathetic activity relative to sympathetic arousal under this stress condition.", "contents": "Differential effects on test stress on the heart rates of extraverts and introverts. A mental arithmetic task was administered to 39 subjects under conditions which imposed social stress. Using the relaxed state to provide a baseline, changes in heart rate and finger blood volume pulse were recorded. The subjects were divided to obtain groups with extreme scores on Eysenck's PEN scales, and the groups were compared on the two psychophysiological measures. Contrary to Eysenck's theory of Autonomic Lability as the neurological basis of N, the high N scoring group was not differentiated from the low N group by change in level of sympathetic activity as indicated by blood volume pulse, while, on the heart-rate measure, introverts showed a large increase and extraverts considerably less: there was no overlap between groups (p less than 0.001). It was concluded that extraverts exhibit greater parasympathetic activity relative to sympathetic arousal under this stress condition.", "PMID": 861324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13753", "title": "The effect of chronic anxiety level upon self control of heart rate.", "content": "A sample of 90 subjects were rated on the IPAT anxiety scale and 5 subjects (3 male and 2 female) per group were selected from each of the high and low anxiety categories. All subjects were naive participants in heart rate biofeedback sessions utilising analogue visual feedback. Following a heart rate baseline (no feedback) session, all subjects were required to raise their heart rate and lower their heart rate in two separate trials, a visual \"target\" criteria being provided. The data collected consisted of a resting baseline heart rate value, mean heart rate increase, and mean heart decrease values expressed as beats per minute. Results indicated a marked ability for highly anxious subjects to self-induce heart rate increases only and for low anxious subjects to decrease their heart rate only.", "contents": "The effect of chronic anxiety level upon self control of heart rate. A sample of 90 subjects were rated on the IPAT anxiety scale and 5 subjects (3 male and 2 female) per group were selected from each of the high and low anxiety categories. All subjects were naive participants in heart rate biofeedback sessions utilising analogue visual feedback. Following a heart rate baseline (no feedback) session, all subjects were required to raise their heart rate and lower their heart rate in two separate trials, a visual \"target\" criteria being provided. The data collected consisted of a resting baseline heart rate value, mean heart rate increase, and mean heart decrease values expressed as beats per minute. Results indicated a marked ability for highly anxious subjects to self-induce heart rate increases only and for low anxious subjects to decrease their heart rate only.", "PMID": 861325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13754", "title": "The contingent negative variation (CNV) and speech production: slow potentials and the area of Broca.", "content": "The lateral distribution of the CNV was investigated during conditions that required normal male and female subjects to vocalize simple English words in a CNV paradigm. In addition to a non-verbal or comparison condition (Tone-Clicks/Button Press), two word conditions presented stimulus words in either S1 or S2 positions (Word-Tone/Speak; Tone-Word/Speak) and a third condition required a one-word association to the stimulus words (Word-Tone/Speak Association). Monopolar scalp activity was collected from sites that included a location approximating Broca's speech area on the left hemisphere,  a homologous comparison site on the right hemisphere, frontal sites (F3, F4) and the vertex (Cz). Although several subjects showed some asymmetrical activity in some of the word conditions, amplitude measures based on CNV averages indicated no consistent lateralization effects over the left hemisphere prior to word vocalizaiton. Negative pretrial shifting was suspected in those conditions in which words appeared as S1 signals.", "contents": "The contingent negative variation (CNV) and speech production: slow potentials and the area of Broca. The lateral distribution of the CNV was investigated during conditions that required normal male and female subjects to vocalize simple English words in a CNV paradigm. In addition to a non-verbal or comparison condition (Tone-Clicks/Button Press), two word conditions presented stimulus words in either S1 or S2 positions (Word-Tone/Speak; Tone-Word/Speak) and a third condition required a one-word association to the stimulus words (Word-Tone/Speak Association). Monopolar scalp activity was collected from sites that included a location approximating Broca's speech area on the left hemisphere,  a homologous comparison site on the right hemisphere, frontal sites (F3, F4) and the vertex (Cz). Although several subjects showed some asymmetrical activity in some of the word conditions, amplitude measures based on CNV averages indicated no consistent lateralization effects over the left hemisphere prior to word vocalizaiton. Negative pretrial shifting was suspected in those conditions in which words appeared as S1 signals.", "PMID": 861326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13755", "title": "DNA polymerase activity and antibody against it in sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "In the sera of one half of patients with sytemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) the endogenous and exogenous DNA polymerase activities were observed. The simultaneous presence of DNA polymerase activity and the antibodies to denatured DNA in the half of polymerase positive SLE sera was proved. The polymerase activity was not associated with virus-like particles. The endogenous polymerase activity probably used RNA, the exogenous one prefered DNA as a template. The determination of template requirement was complicated by the complexity of SLE sera. The product of polymerase activities were DNA-RNA hybrid and DNA. In some sera of the SLE patients without polymerase activity the antibodies against the polymerase were found. The occurrence of DNA polymerase activity and possible viral origin of SLE was discussed.", "contents": "DNA polymerase activity and antibody against it in sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. In the sera of one half of patients with sytemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) the endogenous and exogenous DNA polymerase activities were observed. The simultaneous presence of DNA polymerase activity and the antibodies to denatured DNA in the half of polymerase positive SLE sera was proved. The polymerase activity was not associated with virus-like particles. The endogenous polymerase activity probably used RNA, the exogenous one prefered DNA as a template. The determination of template requirement was complicated by the complexity of SLE sera. The product of polymerase activities were DNA-RNA hybrid and DNA. In some sera of the SLE patients without polymerase activity the antibodies against the polymerase were found. The occurrence of DNA polymerase activity and possible viral origin of SLE was discussed.", "PMID": 861344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13756", "title": "Elastogenesis and elastinolytic activity in human breast cancer.", "content": "Polymeric elastin was isolated and chemically characterized from 34 human breast cancers. There exists a good correlation between the histological and biochemical determinations of elastin; the breast cancer elastin resembles the other elastins isolated from ligamentum nuchae or aorta. Meanwhile it differs by its lower proline content and by its degree of crosslinking as determined by the ratio (Des + IDes/4)Lys. An elastinolytic activity (elastase) was found in human breast cancer extracts. This activity increased with the elastin content of the tumors.", "contents": "Elastogenesis and elastinolytic activity in human breast cancer. Polymeric elastin was isolated and chemically characterized from 34 human breast cancers. There exists a good correlation between the histological and biochemical determinations of elastin; the breast cancer elastin resembles the other elastins isolated from ligamentum nuchae or aorta. Meanwhile it differs by its lower proline content and by its degree of crosslinking as determined by the ratio (Des + IDes/4)Lys. An elastinolytic activity (elastase) was found in human breast cancer extracts. This activity increased with the elastin content of the tumors.", "PMID": 861345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13757", "title": "Hepatic uptake and biliary excretion of a bile salt analog : glycodihydrofusidate.", "content": "Glyco-24, 25-dihydrofusidate is efficiently excreted in the bile by the liver. This compound partially inhibits hepatobiliary transport of bile salts and bilirubin. In order to determine if bile salts and glycodihydrofusidate share common pathways at the hepatocyte level, we studied the effect of sodium dehydrocholate on the blood clearance of glycodihydrofusidate. Two groups of rats were perfused, controls with 0.15M NaCl, and test animals with 10 micronmol + min-(1) + kg(1) of dehydrocholate; both groups received 1 micronCi of 14C-glycodihydrofusidate intravenously. Carotid blood was removed every minute and the disappearance of radioactivity from the blood was monitored. The results are consisgent with a theoretical model of two compartments. The experimental curves were fit to the sum of exponentials.", "contents": "Hepatic uptake and biliary excretion of a bile salt analog : glycodihydrofusidate. Glyco-24, 25-dihydrofusidate is efficiently excreted in the bile by the liver. This compound partially inhibits hepatobiliary transport of bile salts and bilirubin. In order to determine if bile salts and glycodihydrofusidate share common pathways at the hepatocyte level, we studied the effect of sodium dehydrocholate on the blood clearance of glycodihydrofusidate. Two groups of rats were perfused, controls with 0.15M NaCl, and test animals with 10 micronmol + min-(1) + kg(1) of dehydrocholate; both groups received 1 micronCi of 14C-glycodihydrofusidate intravenously. Carotid blood was removed every minute and the disappearance of radioactivity from the blood was monitored. The results are consisgent with a theoretical model of two compartments. The experimental curves were fit to the sum of exponentials.", "PMID": 861346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13758", "title": "Secretion of labelled proteins by the isolated dog pancreas in the response to secretin and cholecystokinin.", "content": "We compared the effects of secretin (10 clinical units/hur.) and cholecystokinin-pancreiozymin (CCK-PZ 10 Ivy units/hr.) from G.I.H. Laboratory in Stockholm, Sweden, on the secretion of radioactively labelled proteins in the pancreatic juice. This was carried out on isolated dog pancreas perfused \"ex-vivo\" with whole heparinized oxygenated blood. CCK-PZ and secretin were infused together and the results compared with a second series of experiments where secretin alone was administered, at the same dose. Both hormones caused a discharge of labelled proteins, which was linear over 55 minutes. Secretin increased the flow rate of the pancreatic juice and to a lesser extent the enzymatic protein output. CCK-PZ stimulated the mass flow of secretory proteins.", "contents": "Secretion of labelled proteins by the isolated dog pancreas in the response to secretin and cholecystokinin. We compared the effects of secretin (10 clinical units/hur.) and cholecystokinin-pancreiozymin (CCK-PZ 10 Ivy units/hr.) from G.I.H. Laboratory in Stockholm, Sweden, on the secretion of radioactively labelled proteins in the pancreatic juice. This was carried out on isolated dog pancreas perfused \"ex-vivo\" with whole heparinized oxygenated blood. CCK-PZ and secretin were infused together and the results compared with a second series of experiments where secretin alone was administered, at the same dose. Both hormones caused a discharge of labelled proteins, which was linear over 55 minutes. Secretin increased the flow rate of the pancreatic juice and to a lesser extent the enzymatic protein output. CCK-PZ stimulated the mass flow of secretory proteins.", "PMID": 861347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13759", "title": "Matrix biology and pathology, a new branch of biomedical sciences.", "content": "The macromolecules of the intercellular matrix (MM) : collagen, elastin, proteoglycans and structural glycoproteins) are present in all tissues in variable amount and proportion. Some tissues, particularly rich in MM are designated as \"connective tissues\". Matrix macromolecules assure the integration of cells in tissues and of tissues in organs and in the whole organism. Differentiation, morphogenesis, maturation and aging are characterized by the variation of the raltiave rates of synthesis of individual MM-s. Several post-transcriptional and post-translational steps play an important role in biosynthesis of MM-S offering a multitude of possibilities for genetic and/or aquired anomalies. Recent progress in the descriptive and dynamic biochemistry of MM-s sheds new light on these anomalies which condition a whole class of diseases (the diseases of the intercellular matrix or matrix pathology). The molecular and cellular mechanisms of several of these diseases start to be understood. As the great majority of the important disease of occidental societies (such as vascular and articular diseases, diabetes, and the pathology of aging) belong to this category, intensive research in matrix biology and pathology as well as of its teaching in the medical curriculum should be considered as first priorities.", "contents": "Matrix biology and pathology, a new branch of biomedical sciences. The macromolecules of the intercellular matrix (MM) : collagen, elastin, proteoglycans and structural glycoproteins) are present in all tissues in variable amount and proportion. Some tissues, particularly rich in MM are designated as \"connective tissues\". Matrix macromolecules assure the integration of cells in tissues and of tissues in organs and in the whole organism. Differentiation, morphogenesis, maturation and aging are characterized by the variation of the raltiave rates of synthesis of individual MM-s. Several post-transcriptional and post-translational steps play an important role in biosynthesis of MM-S offering a multitude of possibilities for genetic and/or aquired anomalies. Recent progress in the descriptive and dynamic biochemistry of MM-s sheds new light on these anomalies which condition a whole class of diseases (the diseases of the intercellular matrix or matrix pathology). The molecular and cellular mechanisms of several of these diseases start to be understood. As the great majority of the important disease of occidental societies (such as vascular and articular diseases, diabetes, and the pathology of aging) belong to this category, intensive research in matrix biology and pathology as well as of its teaching in the medical curriculum should be considered as first priorities.", "PMID": 861348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13760", "title": "Correlation between calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen levels in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid.", "content": "We have detected high values of carcinoembryonic antigen in the blood of patients suffering from medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT). Levels of the antigen and calcitonin, the hormone which is specifically secreted by these tumours, are positively correlated. Stimulation of calcitonin secretion has no effect on carcinoembryonic antigen levels. Though the antigen assay is non specific for MCT, it may improve the diagnosis and follow-up of MCT-patients.", "contents": "Correlation between calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen levels in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. We have detected high values of carcinoembryonic antigen in the blood of patients suffering from medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT). Levels of the antigen and calcitonin, the hormone which is specifically secreted by these tumours, are positively correlated. Stimulation of calcitonin secretion has no effect on carcinoembryonic antigen levels. Though the antigen assay is non specific for MCT, it may improve the diagnosis and follow-up of MCT-patients.", "PMID": 861349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13761", "title": "Xanthinuria : study of a large kindred with familial urolithiasis and gout.", "content": "We have carried out biochemical and clinical studies on a large family in which xanthinuria, xanthine lithiasis, uric acid lithiasis and/or gout were discovered. The analysis of its pedigree has shown that : a) the mode of transmission of xanthinuria is autosomal recessive; b) the occurence of xanthine urolithiasis is likely to be due to the association of a second genetic disorder.", "contents": "Xanthinuria : study of a large kindred with familial urolithiasis and gout. We have carried out biochemical and clinical studies on a large family in which xanthinuria, xanthine lithiasis, uric acid lithiasis and/or gout were discovered. The analysis of its pedigree has shown that : a) the mode of transmission of xanthinuria is autosomal recessive; b) the occurence of xanthine urolithiasis is likely to be due to the association of a second genetic disorder.", "PMID": 861350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13762", "title": "The roles on intraluminal oxygen and glucose in the protection of the rat intestinal mucosa from the effects of ischaemia.", "content": "Rat ileal loops were subjected to 15 minutes ischaemia by clamping both mesenteric and collateral vessels, after which the functional capacity of their mucosae was assessed according to their ability to accumulate phenylalanine \"in vitro\". Groups of intestines were rinsed before being subjected to ischaemia. Independent and additive protective effects were observed when the rinsing buffer was oxygenated and/or when it contained glucose. Indeed, an oxygenated, glucose-containing buffer afforded full protection to the mucosa, whereas a nitrogenated, glucose-free buffer had no action.", "contents": "The roles on intraluminal oxygen and glucose in the protection of the rat intestinal mucosa from the effects of ischaemia. Rat ileal loops were subjected to 15 minutes ischaemia by clamping both mesenteric and collateral vessels, after which the functional capacity of their mucosae was assessed according to their ability to accumulate phenylalanine \"in vitro\". Groups of intestines were rinsed before being subjected to ischaemia. Independent and additive protective effects were observed when the rinsing buffer was oxygenated and/or when it contained glucose. Indeed, an oxygenated, glucose-containing buffer afforded full protection to the mucosa, whereas a nitrogenated, glucose-free buffer had no action.", "PMID": 861351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13763", "title": "The activation of prothrombin complex concentrates by calcium in vitro.", "content": "The activation of prothrombin concentrate mixtures incubated \"in vitro\" was investigated. \"Activation\" was assessed by the correcting effect of suct mixtures on the APTT of a test plasma containing a factor VIII inhibitor and also by the generation of free thrombin. Thrombin itself was found to have insignificant activating effect. Prothrombin concentrates incubated with near-physiological levels of calcium appeared to correct the abnormal APTT to an increasing degree as the calcium concentration was increased. Free thrombin was generated with calcium cencentrations greater than those required for APTT correction. The activation process could be stopped at any stage by adding citrate which removed ionized calcium from the incubation mixture.", "contents": "The activation of prothrombin complex concentrates by calcium in vitro. The activation of prothrombin concentrate mixtures incubated \"in vitro\" was investigated. \"Activation\" was assessed by the correcting effect of suct mixtures on the APTT of a test plasma containing a factor VIII inhibitor and also by the generation of free thrombin. Thrombin itself was found to have insignificant activating effect. Prothrombin concentrates incubated with near-physiological levels of calcium appeared to correct the abnormal APTT to an increasing degree as the calcium concentration was increased. Free thrombin was generated with calcium cencentrations greater than those required for APTT correction. The activation process could be stopped at any stage by adding citrate which removed ionized calcium from the incubation mixture.", "PMID": 861352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13764", "title": "Inhibition of human platelet mitochondrial protein synthesis by chloramphenicol.", "content": "Human platelet mitochondrial protein synthesis, assayed by \"in vitro\" 3H-leucine incorporation into the protein moiety of isolated mitochondria, was shown to be inhibited by a therapeutic concentration of chloramphenicol (CAP). This finding is in accordance with the ultrastructural damage caused to these organelles by the antibiotic, and with the inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis found in other kinds of mammalian cells.", "contents": "Inhibition of human platelet mitochondrial protein synthesis by chloramphenicol. Human platelet mitochondrial protein synthesis, assayed by \"in vitro\" 3H-leucine incorporation into the protein moiety of isolated mitochondria, was shown to be inhibited by a therapeutic concentration of chloramphenicol (CAP). This finding is in accordance with the ultrastructural damage caused to these organelles by the antibiotic, and with the inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis found in other kinds of mammalian cells.", "PMID": 861353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13765", "title": "Production of thymic cells by mouse spleen and bone marrow.", "content": "Karyotype difference between the AKR/TIALD strain (T1) that bears 2  metacentric markers, and the AKR strain (no marker) was used to follow the thymic repopulation of lethally irradiated (AKR X T1) F1 hybrids restored by AKR bone marrow (BM) or spleen cells. Eleven days following radiation exposure, 40-50% of the thymic cells were BM-derived in the mice restored with BM cells whereas spleen-derived cells remained below 10% in those restored with spleen cells. The thymic repopulation by spleen-derived elements was enhanced either by injecting a larger munber of spleen cells or by adding thymic cells to the spleen inoculum; however in both cases the appearance of the spleen-derived karyotypes still required a delay of about 11 days. The thymic cells could either recruit thymic precursor cells or trigger their multiplication. On the opposite, it has not been possible to demonstrate a favorable effect of the injected thymic cells on the repopulation of the thymus by BM-derived elements.", "contents": "Production of thymic cells by mouse spleen and bone marrow. Karyotype difference between the AKR/TIALD strain (T1) that bears 2  metacentric markers, and the AKR strain (no marker) was used to follow the thymic repopulation of lethally irradiated (AKR X T1) F1 hybrids restored by AKR bone marrow (BM) or spleen cells. Eleven days following radiation exposure, 40-50% of the thymic cells were BM-derived in the mice restored with BM cells whereas spleen-derived cells remained below 10% in those restored with spleen cells. The thymic repopulation by spleen-derived elements was enhanced either by injecting a larger munber of spleen cells or by adding thymic cells to the spleen inoculum; however in both cases the appearance of the spleen-derived karyotypes still required a delay of about 11 days. The thymic cells could either recruit thymic precursor cells or trigger their multiplication. On the opposite, it has not been possible to demonstrate a favorable effect of the injected thymic cells on the repopulation of the thymus by BM-derived elements.", "PMID": 861354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13766", "title": "Plasma free fatty acids and cholesterol in propranolol-treated rabbits.", "content": "The effects of propranolol on circulating free fatty acids (FFA) and cholesterol were studied in rabbits. The first injection (5 mg/kg) of the beta-blocking agent strongly stimulates FFA mobilization. The effect lasts less than 3 hours in fasting animals and more than 6 hours in fed animals. Propranolol also causes a drop in plasma cholesterol in fed rabbits. After prolonged treatment (5 mg/day/10 days), basal FFA levels were higher than in controls while plasma cholesterol levels of fed animals were lower than in normal rabbits.", "contents": "Plasma free fatty acids and cholesterol in propranolol-treated rabbits. The effects of propranolol on circulating free fatty acids (FFA) and cholesterol were studied in rabbits. The first injection (5 mg/kg) of the beta-blocking agent strongly stimulates FFA mobilization. The effect lasts less than 3 hours in fasting animals and more than 6 hours in fed animals. Propranolol also causes a drop in plasma cholesterol in fed rabbits. After prolonged treatment (5 mg/day/10 days), basal FFA levels were higher than in controls while plasma cholesterol levels of fed animals were lower than in normal rabbits.", "PMID": 861355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13767", "title": "Sex chromatin in tumors of the female breast (the problem reviewed).", "content": "The authors looked for the percentage od sex chromatin in benign (73 cases) and malignant (131 cases) female mammary tumors. The sex chromatin was present in at least 30% of nuclei in benign tumors. On  the other hand, in malignant tumors, the sex chromatin was present in 4 to 30% of nuclei in 42 cases and over 30% of nuclei in 76 cases. We observed one or two sex chromatin in the same nuclei in 12 malignant tumors. No correlation was observed between the percentage of sex chromatin and other prognostic factors : TNM (tumor, nodes, and metastasis), histological grading, nodal involvement, hormonal status. The authors also observed the survival after radical treatment. Therefore, this may raise the question of the value of the test.", "contents": "Sex chromatin in tumors of the female breast (the problem reviewed). The authors looked for the percentage od sex chromatin in benign (73 cases) and malignant (131 cases) female mammary tumors. The sex chromatin was present in at least 30% of nuclei in benign tumors. On  the other hand, in malignant tumors, the sex chromatin was present in 4 to 30% of nuclei in 42 cases and over 30% of nuclei in 76 cases. We observed one or two sex chromatin in the same nuclei in 12 malignant tumors. No correlation was observed between the percentage of sex chromatin and other prognostic factors : TNM (tumor, nodes, and metastasis), histological grading, nodal involvement, hormonal status. The authors also observed the survival after radical treatment. Therefore, this may raise the question of the value of the test.", "PMID": 861356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13768", "title": "On some mathematical techniques for the analysis of visual spectral sensitivities.", "content": "Starting from known spectral properties of visual photopigments and photoreceptors, a mathematical construction of neural response functions to visual stimuli is obtained. Included in this is a somewhat general derivation of the univariance principle. Temporal dependence of response on stimulus is included in the formulation. Special attention is given to the case of flash stimuli and their resulting spectral sensitivities. This formulation is applied to certain physiological spectral sensitivity measurements that are at variance with known spectrophometric results. An analysis of the data in these cases suggests that they correspond to \"pseudo-pigments\" arising from the neural interaction of several photopigments. The method of analysis is constructive and identifies the gamma-max's of the interacting photopigments. These are found to be in good agreement with existing spectrophotometric measurements.", "contents": "On some mathematical techniques for the analysis of visual spectral sensitivities. Starting from known spectral properties of visual photopigments and photoreceptors, a mathematical construction of neural response functions to visual stimuli is obtained. Included in this is a somewhat general derivation of the univariance principle. Temporal dependence of response on stimulus is included in the formulation. Special attention is given to the case of flash stimuli and their resulting spectral sensitivities. This formulation is applied to certain physiological spectral sensitivity measurements that are at variance with known spectrophometric results. An analysis of the data in these cases suggests that they correspond to \"pseudo-pigments\" arising from the neural interaction of several photopigments. The method of analysis is constructive and identifies the gamma-max's of the interacting photopigments. These are found to be in good agreement with existing spectrophotometric measurements.", "PMID": 861358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13769", "title": "Measurement and modification of forces between lecithin bilayers.", "content": "We probe in two different ways the competing attractive and repulsive forces that create lamellar arrays of the phospholipid lecithin when in equilibrium with pure water. The first probe involves the addition of low molecular weight solutes, glucose and sucrose, to a system where the phospholipid is immersed in a large excess of water. Small solutes can enter the aqueous region between bilayers. Their effect is first to increase and then to decrease the separation between bilayers as sugar concentration increases. We interpret this waxing and waning of the lattice spacing in terms of the successive weakening and strengthening of the attractive van der Waals forces originally responsible for creation of a stable lattice. The second probe is an \"osmotic stress method,\" in which very high molecular weight neutral polymer is added to the pure water phase but is unable to enter the multilayers. The polymer competes for water with the lamellar lattice, and thereby compresses it. From the resulting spacing (determined by X-ray diffraction) and the directly measured osmotic pressure, we find a force vs. distance curve for compressing the lattice (or, equivalently, the free energy of transfer to bulk water of water between bilayers. This method reveals a very strong, exponentially varying \"hydration force\" with a decay distance of about 2 A.", "contents": "Measurement and modification of forces between lecithin bilayers. We probe in two different ways the competing attractive and repulsive forces that create lamellar arrays of the phospholipid lecithin when in equilibrium with pure water. The first probe involves the addition of low molecular weight solutes, glucose and sucrose, to a system where the phospholipid is immersed in a large excess of water. Small solutes can enter the aqueous region between bilayers. Their effect is first to increase and then to decrease the separation between bilayers as sugar concentration increases. We interpret this waxing and waning of the lattice spacing in terms of the successive weakening and strengthening of the attractive van der Waals forces originally responsible for creation of a stable lattice. The second probe is an \"osmotic stress method,\" in which very high molecular weight neutral polymer is added to the pure water phase but is unable to enter the multilayers. The polymer competes for water with the lamellar lattice, and thereby compresses it. From the resulting spacing (determined by X-ray diffraction) and the directly measured osmotic pressure, we find a force vs. distance curve for compressing the lattice (or, equivalently, the free energy of transfer to bulk water of water between bilayers. This method reveals a very strong, exponentially varying \"hydration force\" with a decay distance of about 2 A.", "PMID": 861359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13770", "title": "Cation concentrations in the hemolymph of Loligo pealei.", "content": "Hemolymph and protein-free hemolymph obtained from Loligo pealei were analyzed for cation concentration by the method of atomic absorption spectroscopy, for the following ions: Na+, K+, Ca++, and Mg++. No significant differences were seen in ion concentration between hemolymph and protein-free hemolymph. Of particular neurophysiological significance is that K+ ion concentration is much closer to that of seawater than previously reported.", "contents": "Cation concentrations in the hemolymph of Loligo pealei. Hemolymph and protein-free hemolymph obtained from Loligo pealei were analyzed for cation concentration by the method of atomic absorption spectroscopy, for the following ions: Na+, K+, Ca++, and Mg++. No significant differences were seen in ion concentration between hemolymph and protein-free hemolymph. Of particular neurophysiological significance is that K+ ion concentration is much closer to that of seawater than previously reported.", "PMID": 861360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13771", "title": "Proton and deuteron relaxation of muscle water over wide ranges of resonance frequencies.", "content": "The spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) of water protons in mouse muscle was studied from 10(4) to 10(8) Hz at several temperatures, and the deuteron T1 of muscle water was studied from 2.0 X 10(3) to 1.54 X 10(7) Hz at several temperatures. Proton T1's of muscle and brain water with different D2O contents were measured at 25 degrees C and 35 MHz. From the results of variable frequency and temperature measurements and the data of isotope substitution, it is concluded that the major relaxation mechanism for the protons in muscle water is the intermolecular dipolar interaction between the protons of the macromolecules and the protons of the water molecules in the hydration layer. It is also suggested that the relaxation of deuterons can be accounted for a very small fraction of water molecules directly hydrogen-bonded to the macromolecules.", "contents": "Proton and deuteron relaxation of muscle water over wide ranges of resonance frequencies. The spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) of water protons in mouse muscle was studied from 10(4) to 10(8) Hz at several temperatures, and the deuteron T1 of muscle water was studied from 2.0 X 10(3) to 1.54 X 10(7) Hz at several temperatures. Proton T1's of muscle and brain water with different D2O contents were measured at 25 degrees C and 35 MHz. From the results of variable frequency and temperature measurements and the data of isotope substitution, it is concluded that the major relaxation mechanism for the protons in muscle water is the intermolecular dipolar interaction between the protons of the macromolecules and the protons of the water molecules in the hydration layer. It is also suggested that the relaxation of deuterons can be accounted for a very small fraction of water molecules directly hydrogen-bonded to the macromolecules.", "PMID": 861361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13772", "title": "Human marrow cells capable of erythropoietic differentiation in vitro: definition of three erythroid colony responses.", "content": "A systematic study has been undertaken to analyze the spectrum of erythropoietic colonies obtained in cultures of human marrow cells plated in methyl cellulose. Colonies were identified as erythropoietic on the basis of the appearance in them of hemoglobin-containing erythroblasts. As found previously in mouse marrow cultures, three sequentially appearing types of colonies which differed in their ultimate cluster content could be readily distinguished. Small erythroid colonies containing 1-2 clusters reached a peak after 7-8 days; small bursts containing 3-8 clusters reached a peak after 10-12 days; and large bursts containing greater than 16 clusters reached a peak after 17-20 days. The previously reported enhancing effect of human leukocyte conditioned medium on burst formation seen in cultures of human nonadherent cells was found to be due largely to an effect on the formation of the largest, late appearing type of burst. By analogy with the mouse, the progenitors of such bursts would represent a primitive cell type which has a close relationship with pluripotent stem cells, as well as a second and independent close relationship to the progenitors of granulopoietic colonies.", "contents": "Human marrow cells capable of erythropoietic differentiation in vitro: definition of three erythroid colony responses. A systematic study has been undertaken to analyze the spectrum of erythropoietic colonies obtained in cultures of human marrow cells plated in methyl cellulose. Colonies were identified as erythropoietic on the basis of the appearance in them of hemoglobin-containing erythroblasts. As found previously in mouse marrow cultures, three sequentially appearing types of colonies which differed in their ultimate cluster content could be readily distinguished. Small erythroid colonies containing 1-2 clusters reached a peak after 7-8 days; small bursts containing 3-8 clusters reached a peak after 10-12 days; and large bursts containing greater than 16 clusters reached a peak after 17-20 days. The previously reported enhancing effect of human leukocyte conditioned medium on burst formation seen in cultures of human nonadherent cells was found to be due largely to an effect on the formation of the largest, late appearing type of burst. By analogy with the mouse, the progenitors of such bursts would represent a primitive cell type which has a close relationship with pluripotent stem cells, as well as a second and independent close relationship to the progenitors of granulopoietic colonies.", "PMID": 861374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13773", "title": "Prognostic classification of Hodgkin disease in pathologic stage III, based on anatomic considerations.", "content": "Fifty-two patients with pathologic stage III Hodgkin disease were studied in an effort to determine whether location of involved abdominal nodes influenced survival. Treatment consisted of total nodal radiotherapy with or without subsequent combination chemotherapy. Th initial radiation field was the \"extended mantle,\" which included supradiaphragmatic nodes, the splenic hilar area, and paraaortic nodes to the level of L2-L4. Subsequently, lower paraaortic and iliac regions were treated (\"lower inverted Y\"). Patients with disease limited to the spleen and/or splenic, celiac, or portal nodes (\"anatomic substage\" III1) had a more favorable 5-yr survival than did patients with involvement of paraaortic, iliac, or mesenteric nodes (\"anatomic substage\" III2): 93% versus 57%, respectively (p less than 0.05). The addition of combination chemotherapy to total nodal irradiation was associated with improved survival of patients in stage III2, but not of those in stage III1.", "contents": "Prognostic classification of Hodgkin disease in pathologic stage III, based on anatomic considerations. Fifty-two patients with pathologic stage III Hodgkin disease were studied in an effort to determine whether location of involved abdominal nodes influenced survival. Treatment consisted of total nodal radiotherapy with or without subsequent combination chemotherapy. Th initial radiation field was the \"extended mantle,\" which included supradiaphragmatic nodes, the splenic hilar area, and paraaortic nodes to the level of L2-L4. Subsequently, lower paraaortic and iliac regions were treated (\"lower inverted Y\"). Patients with disease limited to the spleen and/or splenic, celiac, or portal nodes (\"anatomic substage\" III1) had a more favorable 5-yr survival than did patients with involvement of paraaortic, iliac, or mesenteric nodes (\"anatomic substage\" III2): 93% versus 57%, respectively (p less than 0.05). The addition of combination chemotherapy to total nodal irradiation was associated with improved survival of patients in stage III2, but not of those in stage III1.", "PMID": 861375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13774", "title": "Induction of serum stimulation and plasma cell proliferation during chemotherapy of multiple myeloma.", "content": "Sequential sera from 45 patients with multiple myeloma (MM) and from 6 patients with solid tumors but normal bone marrows who received cyclophosphamide, 15 mg/kg/day for 4 days, were assayed for their effects on tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) incorporation by normal bone marrow cells and malignant plasma cells. Pretreatment sera from 23 of the 45 patients with MM inhibited normal marrow cell proliferation relative to the effects of normal sera. Of these 45 sera, 30 inhibited plasma cell proliferation. This humoral inhibition was overcome by the induction of humoral stimulation at a predictable time during chemotherapy. The sera obtained sequentially from patients with MM and patients with  normal bone marrows increased 3H-TdR uptake by both cell types by days 12-15 of therapy. Sequential changes in malignant marrow plasma cell 3H-TdR labeling indices paralleled the changes in serum activity, with an increased tumor cell growth fraction occurring at the time of peak serum stimulatory activity. The relationship between serum stimulation and malignant plasma cell proliferation was confirmed in vitro.", "contents": "Induction of serum stimulation and plasma cell proliferation during chemotherapy of multiple myeloma. Sequential sera from 45 patients with multiple myeloma (MM) and from 6 patients with solid tumors but normal bone marrows who received cyclophosphamide, 15 mg/kg/day for 4 days, were assayed for their effects on tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) incorporation by normal bone marrow cells and malignant plasma cells. Pretreatment sera from 23 of the 45 patients with MM inhibited normal marrow cell proliferation relative to the effects of normal sera. Of these 45 sera, 30 inhibited plasma cell proliferation. This humoral inhibition was overcome by the induction of humoral stimulation at a predictable time during chemotherapy. The sera obtained sequentially from patients with MM and patients with  normal bone marrows increased 3H-TdR uptake by both cell types by days 12-15 of therapy. Sequential changes in malignant marrow plasma cell 3H-TdR labeling indices paralleled the changes in serum activity, with an increased tumor cell growth fraction occurring at the time of peak serum stimulatory activity. The relationship between serum stimulation and malignant plasma cell proliferation was confirmed in vitro.", "PMID": 861376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13775", "title": "Role of transferrin in determining internal iron distribution.", "content": "The behavior in vivo of transferrin in loading and unloading iron from its two sites was examined in rats. Radioiron entering the plasma from the gastrointestinal tract in iron-deficient, normal and iron-loaded rats did not differ in its subsequent tissue distribution between erythroid marrow and liver of normal recipients from a second isotope added to the same plasma in vitro. Loading studies in vitro were then carried out employing a reticulocyte incubation model designed to place one isotope predominantly on one site of transferrin, more available to the erythron, and the second isotope on the other site, more available to the liver. In 15 groups of animals in which 3 different iron salts were employed to load transferrin with iron, the mean isotope ratio in the erythron was 1.03 (+/-0.06 SD) and the mean liver ratio was 0.75 (+/-0.21 SD). It was found that the incubation of plasma with reticulocytes resulted in contamination of the plasma by radioactive hemoglobin. After allowance was made for hepatic uptake of radiohemoglobin in the 13 groups in which proper correction could be made, the isotope ratio in the liver became 0.97 (+/-0.17 SD). It is concluded that iron atoms from the two sites of transferrin have similar tissue distributions in vivo in the experimental situations examined.", "contents": "Role of transferrin in determining internal iron distribution. The behavior in vivo of transferrin in loading and unloading iron from its two sites was examined in rats. Radioiron entering the plasma from the gastrointestinal tract in iron-deficient, normal and iron-loaded rats did not differ in its subsequent tissue distribution between erythroid marrow and liver of normal recipients from a second isotope added to the same plasma in vitro. Loading studies in vitro were then carried out employing a reticulocyte incubation model designed to place one isotope predominantly on one site of transferrin, more available to the erythron, and the second isotope on the other site, more available to the liver. In 15 groups of animals in which 3 different iron salts were employed to load transferrin with iron, the mean isotope ratio in the erythron was 1.03 (+/-0.06 SD) and the mean liver ratio was 0.75 (+/-0.21 SD). It was found that the incubation of plasma with reticulocytes resulted in contamination of the plasma by radioactive hemoglobin. After allowance was made for hepatic uptake of radiohemoglobin in the 13 groups in which proper correction could be made, the isotope ratio in the liver became 0.97 (+/-0.17 SD). It is concluded that iron atoms from the two sites of transferrin have similar tissue distributions in vivo in the experimental situations examined.", "PMID": 861377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13776", "title": "Red cells in sickle cell crisis: observations on the pathophysiology of crisis.", "content": "The pathophysiology of the occurrence and resolution of sickle cell crisis is unknown. The molecular abnormality is constant, while crisis is episodic. In the present study, red cell filterability and sickling with deoxygenation have been measured during sickle cell crises. Recovery from sickle crisis is associated with an increased filterability of the circulating red cell and a decreased susceptibility of the red cell to sickle with deoxygenation (p less than 0.05). The possibility that these changes are responsible for the resolution of crisis is suggested.", "contents": "Red cells in sickle cell crisis: observations on the pathophysiology of crisis. The pathophysiology of the occurrence and resolution of sickle cell crisis is unknown. The molecular abnormality is constant, while crisis is episodic. In the present study, red cell filterability and sickling with deoxygenation have been measured during sickle cell crises. Recovery from sickle crisis is associated with an increased filterability of the circulating red cell and a decreased susceptibility of the red cell to sickle with deoxygenation (p less than 0.05). The possibility that these changes are responsible for the resolution of crisis is suggested.", "PMID": 861378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13777", "title": "Frequencies of thalassemia in American blacks.", "content": "The frequency of thalassemia was determined in a group of 541 healthy adult black males. Individuals with decreased mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) values were evaluated further with hemoglobin analysis, iron studies, and globin chain synthesis. Of the males screened, 13.4% had MCH levels below 27.0 pg, while 1.4% had heterozygous beta thalassemia, 2.3% had iron deficiency, and 5.7% had globin synthesis findings compatible with the diagnosis of alpha thalassemia trait (alpha thalassemia-1). This study suggests that thalassemia is one of the most frequent hematologically depictable abnormalities in American blacks.", "contents": "Frequencies of thalassemia in American blacks. The frequency of thalassemia was determined in a group of 541 healthy adult black males. Individuals with decreased mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) values were evaluated further with hemoglobin analysis, iron studies, and globin chain synthesis. Of the males screened, 13.4% had MCH levels below 27.0 pg, while 1.4% had heterozygous beta thalassemia, 2.3% had iron deficiency, and 5.7% had globin synthesis findings compatible with the diagnosis of alpha thalassemia trait (alpha thalassemia-1). This study suggests that thalassemia is one of the most frequent hematologically depictable abnormalities in American blacks.", "PMID": 861379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13778", "title": "Circulating antibody to transcobalamin II causing retention of vitamin B12 in the blood.", "content": "A patient with recurrent pulmonary abscess, weight loss, and alcoholism was found to have extremely high serum vitamin B12 and unsaturated vitamin B12-binding capacity (UBBC) levels. While transcobalamin (TC) II was also increased, most of his UBBC was due to an abnormal binding protein which carried greater than 80% of the endogenous vitamin B12 and was not found in his saliva, granulocytes, or urine. This protein was shown to be a complex of TC II and a circulating immunoglobulin (IgGkappa and IgGlambda). Each IgG molecule appeared to bind two TC II molecules. The reacting site did not interfere with the ability of TC II to bind vitamin B12, but did interfere with its ability to transfer the vitamin to cells in vitro. The site was not identical to that reacting with anti-human TC II antibody produced in rabbits. Because of this abnormal complex, 57Co-vitamin B12 injected intravenously was cleared slowly by the patient. However, no metabolic evidence for vitamin B12 deficiency was demonstrable, although the patient initially had megaloblastic anemia apparently due to folate deficiency. The course of the vitamin B12-binding abnormalities was followed over 4 yr and appeared to fluctuate with the status of the patient's illness. The IgG-TC II complex resembled one induced in some patients with pernicious anemia by intensive treatment with long-acting vitamin B12 preparations. The mechanism of induction of the antibody formation in our patient is unknown.", "contents": "Circulating antibody to transcobalamin II causing retention of vitamin B12 in the blood. A patient with recurrent pulmonary abscess, weight loss, and alcoholism was found to have extremely high serum vitamin B12 and unsaturated vitamin B12-binding capacity (UBBC) levels. While transcobalamin (TC) II was also increased, most of his UBBC was due to an abnormal binding protein which carried greater than 80% of the endogenous vitamin B12 and was not found in his saliva, granulocytes, or urine. This protein was shown to be a complex of TC II and a circulating immunoglobulin (IgGkappa and IgGlambda). Each IgG molecule appeared to bind two TC II molecules. The reacting site did not interfere with the ability of TC II to bind vitamin B12, but did interfere with its ability to transfer the vitamin to cells in vitro. The site was not identical to that reacting with anti-human TC II antibody produced in rabbits. Because of this abnormal complex, 57Co-vitamin B12 injected intravenously was cleared slowly by the patient. However, no metabolic evidence for vitamin B12 deficiency was demonstrable, although the patient initially had megaloblastic anemia apparently due to folate deficiency. The course of the vitamin B12-binding abnormalities was followed over 4 yr and appeared to fluctuate with the status of the patient's illness. The IgG-TC II complex resembled one induced in some patients with pernicious anemia by intensive treatment with long-acting vitamin B12 preparations. The mechanism of induction of the antibody formation in our patient is unknown.", "PMID": 861380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13779", "title": "Resolution of lipid-containing atherosclerotic lesions induced by injury.", "content": "In previous experiments, injury-induced atherosclerosis has been shown to be associated with the development of fatty streaks. The findings suggested that fatty streaks might represent a stage in healing of intimal injury evolving to fibrous plaques, free of lipid. The present experiment was designed to study the incidence and evolution of these lesions during a 2-week period of lesion retrogression following removal of a catheter placed in the aorta for 1 week. The findings indicate that as fat-containing lesions, either of the thromboatherosclerotic or fatty streak varieties, decreased, the amount of nonlipid-containing fibrous lesions increased.", "contents": "Resolution of lipid-containing atherosclerotic lesions induced by injury. In previous experiments, injury-induced atherosclerosis has been shown to be associated with the development of fatty streaks. The findings suggested that fatty streaks might represent a stage in healing of intimal injury evolving to fibrous plaques, free of lipid. The present experiment was designed to study the incidence and evolution of these lesions during a 2-week period of lesion retrogression following removal of a catheter placed in the aorta for 1 week. The findings indicate that as fat-containing lesions, either of the thromboatherosclerotic or fatty streak varieties, decreased, the amount of nonlipid-containing fibrous lesions increased.", "PMID": 861381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13780", "title": "Effects of prolonged hemorrhagic hypotensive stress on catecholamine concentration of mesenteric blood vessels.", "content": "Norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) concentrations were determined fluorometrically as an index of functional adrenergic innervation in small mesenteric arteries, veins, and superior mesenteric arteries of dogs and rats subjected to a period of prolonged hemorrhage at a constant mean arterial pressure of 35 mm Hg. In nonhemorrhaged animals, highest catecholamine concentrations were found in the small principal arteries, next highest in the small veins, and least in superior mesenteric arteries. A significant decrease occurred in the NE and E concentrations of all three vessel types in the dog during the decompensatory phase of the hypotensive stress (defined as the hypotensive period beyond the time at which maximum bleedout volume occurred). In the rat significant decreases were detectable only in the NE concentrations of the small arteries and veins during this phase. It is concluded that the increase in neurogenic vascular tone accompanying severe hemorrhagic stress is lost simultaneously on the arterial and venous sides of compensatory vascular beds. Such loss is closely related to transmitter depletion at the adrenergic neuromuscular junction and, if allowed to continue uncorrected, can contribute significantly to irreversible cardiovascular collapse.", "contents": "Effects of prolonged hemorrhagic hypotensive stress on catecholamine concentration of mesenteric blood vessels. Norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) concentrations were determined fluorometrically as an index of functional adrenergic innervation in small mesenteric arteries, veins, and superior mesenteric arteries of dogs and rats subjected to a period of prolonged hemorrhage at a constant mean arterial pressure of 35 mm Hg. In nonhemorrhaged animals, highest catecholamine concentrations were found in the small principal arteries, next highest in the small veins, and least in superior mesenteric arteries. A significant decrease occurred in the NE and E concentrations of all three vessel types in the dog during the decompensatory phase of the hypotensive stress (defined as the hypotensive period beyond the time at which maximum bleedout volume occurred). In the rat significant decreases were detectable only in the NE concentrations of the small arteries and veins during this phase. It is concluded that the increase in neurogenic vascular tone accompanying severe hemorrhagic stress is lost simultaneously on the arterial and venous sides of compensatory vascular beds. Such loss is closely related to transmitter depletion at the adrenergic neuromuscular junction and, if allowed to continue uncorrected, can contribute significantly to irreversible cardiovascular collapse.", "PMID": 861382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13781", "title": "Effect of chronic denervation on the activities of monoamine oxidase and catechol-O-methyl transferase and on the contents of noradrenaline and adenosine triphosphate in the rabbit ear artery.", "content": "When assayed on homogenates of the rabbit ear artery up to 192 h after sympathetic denervation, the activity of monoamine oxidase (MAO) showed a small but significant decrease (maximum 9%). The activity of catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) appeared unchanged, although it is possible that the small and variable nature of this enzyme activity compared with that of MAO may have masked a comparable effect of denervation. The maximum decreases in noradrenaline (NA) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) contents were greater than 90% at 48 h, and 32% at 96 h after denervation. These results confirm the presence of neuronal as well as extra-neuronal MAO, and also the presence of extraneuronal comt in this artery. The decline in ATP contents after denervation suggest that part of the ATP is neuronal. However, the estimated ratio of NA to neuronal ATP is far in excess of that reported for isolated noradrenaline storage vesicles, suggesting that the major portion of the neuronal ATP was not present in these vesicles.", "contents": "Effect of chronic denervation on the activities of monoamine oxidase and catechol-O-methyl transferase and on the contents of noradrenaline and adenosine triphosphate in the rabbit ear artery. When assayed on homogenates of the rabbit ear artery up to 192 h after sympathetic denervation, the activity of monoamine oxidase (MAO) showed a small but significant decrease (maximum 9%). The activity of catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) appeared unchanged, although it is possible that the small and variable nature of this enzyme activity compared with that of MAO may have masked a comparable effect of denervation. The maximum decreases in noradrenaline (NA) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) contents were greater than 90% at 48 h, and 32% at 96 h after denervation. These results confirm the presence of neuronal as well as extra-neuronal MAO, and also the presence of extraneuronal comt in this artery. The decline in ATP contents after denervation suggest that part of the ATP is neuronal. However, the estimated ratio of NA to neuronal ATP is far in excess of that reported for isolated noradrenaline storage vesicles, suggesting that the major portion of the neuronal ATP was not present in these vesicles.", "PMID": 861383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13782", "title": "Basis and results of chemotherapeutic treatment of gliomas.", "content": "Brain tumor chemotherapy has improved in recent years with increasing knowledge of the requirements for effective drugs (such as lipophilicity and low molecular weight in order to enter brain tissue, and ability to kill proliferating and non-proliferating cells) and the evolution of criteria for statistically evaluable studies. In Phase II studies BCNU is the best single agent so far, giving a response rate of 51 per 100 for a median duration of 9 months. CCNU and procarbazine are also effective, while epipodophyllotoxin, DTIC, BIC, methotrexate and vincristine are somewhat less so. Recent Phase III studies have shown unequivocally that radiotherapy is effective; BCNU and radiation therapy together appear at present the best available treatment following surgery. Combinations of drugs as well as new drugs are a major source of hope for the future in these tumors with their still inexorably fatal courses.", "contents": "Basis and results of chemotherapeutic treatment of gliomas. Brain tumor chemotherapy has improved in recent years with increasing knowledge of the requirements for effective drugs (such as lipophilicity and low molecular weight in order to enter brain tissue, and ability to kill proliferating and non-proliferating cells) and the evolution of criteria for statistically evaluable studies. In Phase II studies BCNU is the best single agent so far, giving a response rate of 51 per 100 for a median duration of 9 months. CCNU and procarbazine are also effective, while epipodophyllotoxin, DTIC, BIC, methotrexate and vincristine are somewhat less so. Recent Phase III studies have shown unequivocally that radiotherapy is effective; BCNU and radiation therapy together appear at present the best available treatment following surgery. Combinations of drugs as well as new drugs are a major source of hope for the future in these tumors with their still inexorably fatal courses.", "PMID": 861384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13783", "title": "[Hormone therapy in the treatment of primary brain tumors of the adult].", "content": "After considering the principle effects of corticosteroids on human fluids and tissues their action in the treatment of cerebral tumors is reviewed. Corticosteroids have a definite effect on cerebral and intra-tumoral edema and thus help to restore local circulation as well as C.S.F. circulation. Through these effects they diminish intracranial hypertension and reduce clinical symptoms to those of the tumor itself. They increase the time necessary for neuro-radiologic, isotopic and other investigations and make them safer, they diminish the surgical and and post-operative risks as well as those of radiotherapy. Their action on the growth of cerebral tumors remains incertain and increased survival in patients with inoperable or recurrent malignant gliomas may be due to their anti-edema effect more than to an antitumor action which remains to be determined.", "contents": "[Hormone therapy in the treatment of primary brain tumors of the adult]. After considering the principle effects of corticosteroids on human fluids and tissues their action in the treatment of cerebral tumors is reviewed. Corticosteroids have a definite effect on cerebral and intra-tumoral edema and thus help to restore local circulation as well as C.S.F. circulation. Through these effects they diminish intracranial hypertension and reduce clinical symptoms to those of the tumor itself. They increase the time necessary for neuro-radiologic, isotopic and other investigations and make them safer, they diminish the surgical and and post-operative risks as well as those of radiotherapy. Their action on the growth of cerebral tumors remains incertain and increased survival in patients with inoperable or recurrent malignant gliomas may be due to their anti-edema effect more than to an antitumor action which remains to be determined.", "PMID": 861385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13784", "title": "[Basocellular epithelioma of the back with metastases of the axillary ganglia].", "content": "In a 52-year old woman, basal cell carcinoma of the back skin recurs after excision and the axillary lymph nodes are involved. This case is to be added to the list of basal cell carcinomas with metastatic evolution. The histologic study of a series of sections allows to show the migration of neoplastic cells in the vessels. Though exceptional, the ability of the basal cell carcinomas to yield metastases must be taken into account.", "contents": "[Basocellular epithelioma of the back with metastases of the axillary ganglia]. In a 52-year old woman, basal cell carcinoma of the back skin recurs after excision and the axillary lymph nodes are involved. This case is to be added to the list of basal cell carcinomas with metastatic evolution. The histologic study of a series of sections allows to show the migration of neoplastic cells in the vessels. Though exceptional, the ability of the basal cell carcinomas to yield metastases must be taken into account.", "PMID": 861386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13785", "title": "[Demonstration of osteoclastic acid phosphatase in the serum of patients with giant cell tumors. Preliminary study].", "content": "Starting from the fact that an ultrastructural cytochemical study of the Giant-Cell Tumour demonstrated the presence of a large amount of lysosomic acid phosphatase in the tumour cells, an attempt was made to evidence the presence of this enzyme in the serum of patients bearing such a type of bone tumor. Acrylamide gel electrophoresis of the serum allowed one to separate a number of isoenzyme with acid phosphatase activity and to characterize at least two bands different from those secreted by prostate, blood platelets, liver or spleen. The comparison between zymograms of normal and pathological sera, more particularly in Paget disease, led to consider that these two bands had an osteoclastic origin. Besides, these bands vanish after tumor eradication. Acrylamide gel electrophoresis of serum provides therefore a means to support the preoperative diagnosis of Giant-Cell Tumor and, eventually, to detect an early recurrence of the disease.", "contents": "[Demonstration of osteoclastic acid phosphatase in the serum of patients with giant cell tumors. Preliminary study]. Starting from the fact that an ultrastructural cytochemical study of the Giant-Cell Tumour demonstrated the presence of a large amount of lysosomic acid phosphatase in the tumour cells, an attempt was made to evidence the presence of this enzyme in the serum of patients bearing such a type of bone tumor. Acrylamide gel electrophoresis of the serum allowed one to separate a number of isoenzyme with acid phosphatase activity and to characterize at least two bands different from those secreted by prostate, blood platelets, liver or spleen. The comparison between zymograms of normal and pathological sera, more particularly in Paget disease, led to consider that these two bands had an osteoclastic origin. Besides, these bands vanish after tumor eradication. Acrylamide gel electrophoresis of serum provides therefore a means to support the preoperative diagnosis of Giant-Cell Tumor and, eventually, to detect an early recurrence of the disease.", "PMID": 861387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13786", "title": "[Esophageal cancer in Ille-et-Vilaine in relation to levels of alcohol and tobacco consumption. Risks are multiplying].", "content": "A retrospective case-control study of 200 male cases of oesophageal cancer and 778 population controls has been carried out in Ille-et-Vilanine (France). The logarithms of the relative risks of developing the disease increase linearly with daily consumption of alcohol and tobacco independently. The combined effect of both fit with a multiplicative model which is proposed. This model could be applicable to other situations. It explains the sex ratio and the urban/rural differences observed in Ille-er-Vilaine. The practical implications for public health purposes are briefly discussed.", "contents": "[Esophageal cancer in Ille-et-Vilaine in relation to levels of alcohol and tobacco consumption. Risks are multiplying]. A retrospective case-control study of 200 male cases of oesophageal cancer and 778 population controls has been carried out in Ille-et-Vilanine (France). The logarithms of the relative risks of developing the disease increase linearly with daily consumption of alcohol and tobacco independently. The combined effect of both fit with a multiplicative model which is proposed. This model could be applicable to other situations. It explains the sex ratio and the urban/rural differences observed in Ille-er-Vilaine. The practical implications for public health purposes are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 861389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13787", "title": "[Esophageal cancer in Western France. Retrospective analysis of 1400 cases].", "content": "A retrospective review was made of 1 400 cases of cancer of the esophagus treated at the Centre \"Francois Baclesse\" between 1964 and 1975. The disease appeared at an earlier age and more frequently in men (95%) than in women. The lesions were located predominantly in the middle third of the esophagus. There was a high frequency of local, regional and general extension of the disease due to late diagnosis. Less than one-third of the patients were eligible for surgery--which was excluded in the other cases because of age or the presence of associated pathology or secondary neoplasm--and only 10 per 100 of this group were potentially curable.", "contents": "[Esophageal cancer in Western France. Retrospective analysis of 1400 cases]. A retrospective review was made of 1 400 cases of cancer of the esophagus treated at the Centre \"Francois Baclesse\" between 1964 and 1975. The disease appeared at an earlier age and more frequently in men (95%) than in women. The lesions were located predominantly in the middle third of the esophagus. There was a high frequency of local, regional and general extension of the disease due to late diagnosis. Less than one-third of the patients were eligible for surgery--which was excluded in the other cases because of age or the presence of associated pathology or secondary neoplasm--and only 10 per 100 of this group were potentially curable.", "PMID": 861390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13788", "title": "[Cancer information of the general practitioner].", "content": "Inquiries among more than 1 000 general practitioners in the South-West area of France permitted us to precise their needs and wishes about information in the cancer field. The aim of these data is to adapt in a better way the teaching for students and graduates on the base of a close collaboration between general practitioners and cancer specialists.", "contents": "[Cancer information of the general practitioner]. Inquiries among more than 1 000 general practitioners in the South-West area of France permitted us to precise their needs and wishes about information in the cancer field. The aim of these data is to adapt in a better way the teaching for students and graduates on the base of a close collaboration between general practitioners and cancer specialists.", "PMID": 861391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13789", "title": "[Evaluation of the results of radiotherapy in 14 cases of malignant thymoma. Therapeutic prospects].", "content": "The authors present a critical review of 14 cases of malignant thymomas. They point out that the development of the tumours is similar to Hodgkin disease's (13 relapses in contiguous areas), that surgery is never sufficient for cure and that radiosensitivity is high (in 8 patients radiotherapy alone results in a total and early regression of the tumour). Therefore the authors propose a complementary post-operative treatment by limited irradiation and MOPP type polychemotherapy. This temporary choice of treatment can be reevaluated after further case studies. To facilitate this they wish that a cooperative project could gather the rare and dispersed observations of different centers.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the results of radiotherapy in 14 cases of malignant thymoma. Therapeutic prospects]. The authors present a critical review of 14 cases of malignant thymomas. They point out that the development of the tumours is similar to Hodgkin disease's (13 relapses in contiguous areas), that surgery is never sufficient for cure and that radiosensitivity is high (in 8 patients radiotherapy alone results in a total and early regression of the tumour). Therefore the authors propose a complementary post-operative treatment by limited irradiation and MOPP type polychemotherapy. This temporary choice of treatment can be reevaluated after further case studies. To facilitate this they wish that a cooperative project could gather the rare and dispersed observations of different centers.", "PMID": 861392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13790", "title": "Changes in activity of malate dehydrogenase and glucosephosphate isomerase in serum of rats exposed chronically to inorganic mercury and its aryl and alkyl compounds.", "content": "In course of prolonged exposure [14 weeks] to various mercury compounds [MetHg - a fluid seed-dressing preparation 0,8. Phenyl and Ethyl chlorides and HgC1(2) in doses corresponding to 5% of DL(50)[3 times weekly], enhanced levels of activity of malate dehydrogenase [MDH] and glucosephosphate isomerase [PHI] in blood serum were observed. After 7 weeks of exposure about fourfold increase of MDH and 2-3-fold enhancement of PHI activities were found relative to controls. After 14 weeks of exposure in livers of rats, given MetHg and EtHg, organic mercury was found at concentrations of 28.8 and 4 microng/g tissue, respectively. Inorganic mercury in liver was found in animals given all coumpounds and concentrations were in the range of 1,2 - 4,7 microng/g tissue.", "contents": "Changes in activity of malate dehydrogenase and glucosephosphate isomerase in serum of rats exposed chronically to inorganic mercury and its aryl and alkyl compounds. In course of prolonged exposure [14 weeks] to various mercury compounds [MetHg - a fluid seed-dressing preparation 0,8. Phenyl and Ethyl chlorides and HgC1(2) in doses corresponding to 5% of DL(50)[3 times weekly], enhanced levels of activity of malate dehydrogenase [MDH] and glucosephosphate isomerase [PHI] in blood serum were observed. After 7 weeks of exposure about fourfold increase of MDH and 2-3-fold enhancement of PHI activities were found relative to controls. After 14 weeks of exposure in livers of rats, given MetHg and EtHg, organic mercury was found at concentrations of 28.8 and 4 microng/g tissue, respectively. Inorganic mercury in liver was found in animals given all coumpounds and concentrations were in the range of 1,2 - 4,7 microng/g tissue.", "PMID": 861398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13791", "title": "Fate of labeled n-alkanes in the blue crab and stripped mullet.", "content": "Results of these studies demonstrate that the blue crab was readily able to take up and discharge labeled n-alkanes, but it was not able to metabolize them. In contrast, it appears that n-alkanes taken up via the digestive tract in mullet are readily metabolized, probably via microorganisms in the gut. More limited metabolism was observed in mullet when n-alkanes were taken up via the gills.", "contents": "Fate of labeled n-alkanes in the blue crab and stripped mullet. Results of these studies demonstrate that the blue crab was readily able to take up and discharge labeled n-alkanes, but it was not able to metabolize them. In contrast, it appears that n-alkanes taken up via the digestive tract in mullet are readily metabolized, probably via microorganisms in the gut. More limited metabolism was observed in mullet when n-alkanes were taken up via the gills.", "PMID": 861400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13792", "title": "Starvation-pesticide unteraetions in juvenile brown pelicans.", "content": "Nineteen 9-week-old brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis), obtained from a colony in Vero Beach, Florida, containing environmentally acquired p,p'-DDE residues, were subjected to a food deprivation experiment. Samples of brain, liver, muscle, and fat taken after one and two week periods of starvation indicated that starved birds contained significantly greated residue levels in fat compared to non-starved controls. Such differences were not observed in residues in the other tissues. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the biology of brown pelicans.", "contents": "Starvation-pesticide unteraetions in juvenile brown pelicans. Nineteen 9-week-old brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis), obtained from a colony in Vero Beach, Florida, containing environmentally acquired p,p'-DDE residues, were subjected to a food deprivation experiment. Samples of brain, liver, muscle, and fat taken after one and two week periods of starvation indicated that starved birds contained significantly greated residue levels in fat compared to non-starved controls. Such differences were not observed in residues in the other tissues. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the biology of brown pelicans.", "PMID": 861403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13793", "title": "Steroids as Sewage Specific Indicators in New York Bight sediments.", "content": "Sediments of the New York Bight were examined for steroidal compounds and found to contain relatively large amounts of coprostanol and 24 beta-ethyl coprostanol. These steroids were found to be derived from sewage, and it is suggested that they be used as sewage tracers in marine sediments.", "contents": "Steroids as Sewage Specific Indicators in New York Bight sediments. Sediments of the New York Bight were examined for steroidal compounds and found to contain relatively large amounts of coprostanol and 24 beta-ethyl coprostanol. These steroids were found to be derived from sewage, and it is suggested that they be used as sewage tracers in marine sediments.", "PMID": 861404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13794", "title": "Toxicity to fish of flame retardant fabrics immersed in their water. Part I.", "content": "A number of commercial and candidate flame retardants were studied with regard to their toxicity to fish when released from fabrics immersed in their water. Immersion of laundered or unlaundered flame retardant 100% polyester or polyester blend fabrics used in children's sleepwear in water containing goldfish resulted in release of the anticholin-esterase flame retardant TDBPP (tris (2, 3-dibromopropyl) phosphate) and death of all fish within 24 hours. TDBPP undergoes loss of HBr in water and production of a metabolite.", "contents": "Toxicity to fish of flame retardant fabrics immersed in their water. Part I. A number of commercial and candidate flame retardants were studied with regard to their toxicity to fish when released from fabrics immersed in their water. Immersion of laundered or unlaundered flame retardant 100% polyester or polyester blend fabrics used in children's sleepwear in water containing goldfish resulted in release of the anticholin-esterase flame retardant TDBPP (tris (2, 3-dibromopropyl) phosphate) and death of all fish within 24 hours. TDBPP undergoes loss of HBr in water and production of a metabolite.", "PMID": 861405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13795", "title": "Reduced mercury excretion with feces in germfree mice after oral administration of methyl mercury chloride.", "content": "When methyl mercury chloride was administered orally the amount of mercury excretion with feces of germfree mice was noticeably lower than that of the control mice. Germfree mice excreted 24 percent of the administered mercury within 10 days of administration while the control mice excreted 46 percent. Mercury retention in the organs of germfree mice was slightly higher than in the control mice. These results suggest that the existence of microorganisms in animal intestines are concerned with mercury excretion in the animal body.", "contents": "Reduced mercury excretion with feces in germfree mice after oral administration of methyl mercury chloride. When methyl mercury chloride was administered orally the amount of mercury excretion with feces of germfree mice was noticeably lower than that of the control mice. Germfree mice excreted 24 percent of the administered mercury within 10 days of administration while the control mice excreted 46 percent. Mercury retention in the organs of germfree mice was slightly higher than in the control mice. These results suggest that the existence of microorganisms in animal intestines are concerned with mercury excretion in the animal body.", "PMID": 861407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13796", "title": "Precision of analysis for waterborne chrysotile asbestos by transmission electron microscopy.", "content": "Detailed examinations of water samples were carried out to determine the precision of analysis for chrysotile asbestos by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Since the frequency distribution of counts fits a Poisson distribution, several statistical inferences were made, including (1) an estimate of precision, and (2) a model for determining the probability of observing chrysotile as a function of its concentration in water and magnitude of area scanned by TEM.", "contents": "Precision of analysis for waterborne chrysotile asbestos by transmission electron microscopy. Detailed examinations of water samples were carried out to determine the precision of analysis for chrysotile asbestos by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Since the frequency distribution of counts fits a Poisson distribution, several statistical inferences were made, including (1) an estimate of precision, and (2) a model for determining the probability of observing chrysotile as a function of its concentration in water and magnitude of area scanned by TEM.", "PMID": 861408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13797", "title": "Mercury accumulation by largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) in recently impounded reservoirs.", "content": "Mercury levels of largemouth bass from three reservoirs in the southeastern United States were highest in the younger, relatively oligotrophic reservoirs and were significantly lower in an older, more eutrophic reservoir in the same drainage system. The reservoir with the highest mercury levels in bass is the reservoir farthest upstream, and is not subject to inputs of municipal or industral wastes. The source of mercury in these reservoirs appears to be the soil which formed theri original sediments. Preliminary data indicate that mercury levels in largemouth bass in these systems decline as the reservoirs age. televated mercury levels in fish appear to be a transitory phenomenon in newly impounded, relatively oligotrophic reservoirs.", "contents": "Mercury accumulation by largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) in recently impounded reservoirs. Mercury levels of largemouth bass from three reservoirs in the southeastern United States were highest in the younger, relatively oligotrophic reservoirs and were significantly lower in an older, more eutrophic reservoir in the same drainage system. The reservoir with the highest mercury levels in bass is the reservoir farthest upstream, and is not subject to inputs of municipal or industral wastes. The source of mercury in these reservoirs appears to be the soil which formed theri original sediments. Preliminary data indicate that mercury levels in largemouth bass in these systems decline as the reservoirs age. televated mercury levels in fish appear to be a transitory phenomenon in newly impounded, relatively oligotrophic reservoirs.", "PMID": 861413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13798", "title": "The making and breaking of affectional bonds. II. Some principles of psychotherapy. The fiftieth Maudsley Lecture.", "content": "An account is given of how a clinician guided by attachment theory approaches the clinical conditions to which the theory is held to apply, which include states of anxiety, depression and emotional detachment. Assessment of a patient is in terms of the patterns of attachment and caregiving behaviour which he commonly shows and of the events and situations, both recent and past, which may have precipitated or exacerbated his symptoms. The problems posed by relevant information being suppressed or falsified are noted. Viewed in this perspective a psychotherapist is seen to have a number of inter-related tasks: (a) to provide the patient with a secure base from which he, the patient, can explore himself and his relationships; (b) and (c) to examine with the patient the ways in which he tends to construe current interpersonal relationships, including that with the therapist, and the resulting predictions he makes and actions he takes, and the extent to which some may be inappropriate; (d) to help him consider whether his tendencies to misconstrue, and as a result to act misguidedly, can be understood by reference to the experiences he had with attachment figures during his childhood and adolescence, and perhaps may still be having.", "contents": "The making and breaking of affectional bonds. II. Some principles of psychotherapy. The fiftieth Maudsley Lecture. An account is given of how a clinician guided by attachment theory approaches the clinical conditions to which the theory is held to apply, which include states of anxiety, depression and emotional detachment. Assessment of a patient is in terms of the patterns of attachment and caregiving behaviour which he commonly shows and of the events and situations, both recent and past, which may have precipitated or exacerbated his symptoms. The problems posed by relevant information being suppressed or falsified are noted. Viewed in this perspective a psychotherapist is seen to have a number of inter-related tasks: (a) to provide the patient with a secure base from which he, the patient, can explore himself and his relationships; (b) and (c) to examine with the patient the ways in which he tends to construe current interpersonal relationships, including that with the therapist, and the resulting predictions he makes and actions he takes, and the extent to which some may be inappropriate; (d) to help him consider whether his tendencies to misconstrue, and as a result to act misguidedly, can be understood by reference to the experiences he had with attachment figures during his childhood and adolescence, and perhaps may still be having.", "PMID": 861423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13799", "title": "Prospective study of airway obstruction in a population with small airway disease.", "content": "In this paper, we discuss results showing an increase of bronchial obstruction due to exposure in an iron foundry. The research has been conducted in two steps: in the first, we selected a sample of 100 subjects, all working in the iron foundry, who were affected only by small airway obstruction. In a second step, 30 months later, 99 of these subjects were re-examined and the present airway condition determined. In 43 subjects we found abnormal results of the tests indicating total airway obstruction after the 30 months. After properly accounting for ageing, we found that even in the subsample of non-smokers a deterioration had occurred, showing an effective contribution of environmental pollution. The use of RV, MMEF, CV, DLCO for detecting small airway obstruction is evaluated. The combination of RV, MMEF and CV is the most efficient mosaic of tests for the selection of subjects with small airway obstruction (89%) and with high probability of developing total airway obstruction (44%).", "contents": "Prospective study of airway obstruction in a population with small airway disease. In this paper, we discuss results showing an increase of bronchial obstruction due to exposure in an iron foundry. The research has been conducted in two steps: in the first, we selected a sample of 100 subjects, all working in the iron foundry, who were affected only by small airway obstruction. In a second step, 30 months later, 99 of these subjects were re-examined and the present airway condition determined. In 43 subjects we found abnormal results of the tests indicating total airway obstruction after the 30 months. After properly accounting for ageing, we found that even in the subsample of non-smokers a deterioration had occurred, showing an effective contribution of environmental pollution. The use of RV, MMEF, CV, DLCO for detecting small airway obstruction is evaluated. The combination of RV, MMEF and CV is the most efficient mosaic of tests for the selection of subjects with small airway obstruction (89%) and with high probability of developing total airway obstruction (44%).", "PMID": 861418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13800", "title": "On the prevalence, diagnosis and management of lithium-induced hypothyroidism in psychiatric patients.", "content": "Fifty-three psychiatric patients who had been receiving treatment with lithium continuously for more than two years were examined to estimate the prevalence of lithium-induced hypothyroidism. It was found to be 20 per cent among women. No men were affected among these patients. In order to study the characteristics of the disorder further cases were drawn from another population. One third of the patients developed hypothyroidism during their first year of treatment, others not until after 9 years. About two thirds of the female patients with hypothyroidism had thyroid antibodies. All cases with lithium-induced hypothyroidism showed elevated levels of serum thyrotropin, which in our experience is the laboratory examination of choice in these as well as other cases of \"primary\" hypothyroidism. Since the probability of detecting these cases at a given control visit was found to be low, we feel that such visits need not include extensive laboratory investigations. Hypothyroid patients responding well to lithium treatment should continue their medication combined with appropriate thyroxine substitution.", "contents": "On the prevalence, diagnosis and management of lithium-induced hypothyroidism in psychiatric patients. Fifty-three psychiatric patients who had been receiving treatment with lithium continuously for more than two years were examined to estimate the prevalence of lithium-induced hypothyroidism. It was found to be 20 per cent among women. No men were affected among these patients. In order to study the characteristics of the disorder further cases were drawn from another population. One third of the patients developed hypothyroidism during their first year of treatment, others not until after 9 years. About two thirds of the female patients with hypothyroidism had thyroid antibodies. All cases with lithium-induced hypothyroidism showed elevated levels of serum thyrotropin, which in our experience is the laboratory examination of choice in these as well as other cases of \"primary\" hypothyroidism. Since the probability of detecting these cases at a given control visit was found to be low, we feel that such visits need not include extensive laboratory investigations. Hypothyroid patients responding well to lithium treatment should continue their medication combined with appropriate thyroxine substitution.", "PMID": 861424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13801", "title": "The effect of mild hyperventilation on red cell sodium.", "content": "Control subjects voluntarily overbreathed to produce end-tidal PCO2 levels similar to  those found in patients suffering from neurotic or endogenous non-retarded depression. Red cell sodium content was found to decrease during overbreathing in all the subjects. The changes were similar to those usually reported for depressed patients. The results imply that red cell sodium levels are in part dependent on respiratory behaviour. They suggest a need for considerable caution in interpreting red cell sodium values from psychiatric patients.", "contents": "The effect of mild hyperventilation on red cell sodium. Control subjects voluntarily overbreathed to produce end-tidal PCO2 levels similar to  those found in patients suffering from neurotic or endogenous non-retarded depression. Red cell sodium content was found to decrease during overbreathing in all the subjects. The changes were similar to those usually reported for depressed patients. The results imply that red cell sodium levels are in part dependent on respiratory behaviour. They suggest a need for considerable caution in interpreting red cell sodium values from psychiatric patients.", "PMID": 861425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13802", "title": "The significance of dopamine for the mode of action of neuroleptics and the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.", "content": "Animal experiments have demonstrated the likehood that all known neuroleptics inhibit transmission in central CA-ergic systems, regardless of their chemical structure and via different mechanisms. For clinical psychiatry this fact prompts a number of questions: (1) is this phenomenon also to be found in human individuals; (2) if so, is it of importance for the clinical (side) effects of neuroleptics; (3) do patients with (schizophrenic) psychoses show signs of central CA-ergic hyperactivity? This article presents a survey of clinical research focused on these questions which, for the sake of brevity, is confined to DA metabolism. The available data indicate the plausibility of a correlation between inhibition of DA-ergic transmission on the one hand, and on the other hand the therapeutic effects of neuroleptics and the occurrence of hypokinetic-rigid symptoms. The hypothesis that DA-ergic hyperactivity is an important pathogenetic mechanism in schizophrenic psychoses can be based only on indirect arguments; direct studies of the DA metabolism have so far failed to reveal supporting evidence. The possible causes of this failure are discussed.", "contents": "The significance of dopamine for the mode of action of neuroleptics and the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Animal experiments have demonstrated the likehood that all known neuroleptics inhibit transmission in central CA-ergic systems, regardless of their chemical structure and via different mechanisms. For clinical psychiatry this fact prompts a number of questions: (1) is this phenomenon also to be found in human individuals; (2) if so, is it of importance for the clinical (side) effects of neuroleptics; (3) do patients with (schizophrenic) psychoses show signs of central CA-ergic hyperactivity? This article presents a survey of clinical research focused on these questions which, for the sake of brevity, is confined to DA metabolism. The available data indicate the plausibility of a correlation between inhibition of DA-ergic transmission on the one hand, and on the other hand the therapeutic effects of neuroleptics and the occurrence of hypokinetic-rigid symptoms. The hypothesis that DA-ergic hyperactivity is an important pathogenetic mechanism in schizophrenic psychoses can be based only on indirect arguments; direct studies of the DA metabolism have so far failed to reveal supporting evidence. The possible causes of this failure are discussed.", "PMID": 861426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13803", "title": "Airway obstruction in pulmonary sarcoidosis.", "content": "To determine the physiological basis of airway obstruction, we studied mechanical properties of the lung in 21 patients with various stages of pulmonary sarcoidosis. Forced expiratory flow at 50% vital capacity (VC) was significantly decreased in nine patients. Determining factors of the flow reduction factors of the flow reduction in addition to the decreased VC were: 1) low peripheral airway conductance in four patients; 2) loss of elastic recoil in three patients; 3) combination of 1) and 2) in two patients. These findings could be explained by a concept that in pulmonary sarcoidosis the lungs are a composite of inhomogeneously distributed normal, granulomatous, or fibrotic tissue, with or without hyperinflated tissue in various proportions.", "contents": "Airway obstruction in pulmonary sarcoidosis. To determine the physiological basis of airway obstruction, we studied mechanical properties of the lung in 21 patients with various stages of pulmonary sarcoidosis. Forced expiratory flow at 50% vital capacity (VC) was significantly decreased in nine patients. Determining factors of the flow reduction factors of the flow reduction in addition to the decreased VC were: 1) low peripheral airway conductance in four patients; 2) loss of elastic recoil in three patients; 3) combination of 1) and 2) in two patients. These findings could be explained by a concept that in pulmonary sarcoidosis the lungs are a composite of inhomogeneously distributed normal, granulomatous, or fibrotic tissue, with or without hyperinflated tissue in various proportions.", "PMID": 861419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13804", "title": "Follow-up of pulmonary function after \"shock lung\".", "content": "Long-term follow-up of pulmonary function has been performed in four patients having recovered from \"shock lung\". In three patients there is a progressive normalization of lung volumes and lung compliance, whereas the pulmonary diffusing capacity improves but without attaining predicted levels. In the fourth patient, a delayed reduction of total lung capacity, lung compliance and diffusion capacity occurred. During the follow-up period (from one month to four years) there was no complaint and physical examination, electrocardiogram, chest roentgenogram, conventional pulmonary perfusion scintigraphy and arterial blood gases at rest were quite normal. These results are compatible with the persistence of some degree of interstitial lung disease after recovery from \"shock lung\".", "contents": "Follow-up of pulmonary function after \"shock lung\". Long-term follow-up of pulmonary function has been performed in four patients having recovered from \"shock lung\". In three patients there is a progressive normalization of lung volumes and lung compliance, whereas the pulmonary diffusing capacity improves but without attaining predicted levels. In the fourth patient, a delayed reduction of total lung capacity, lung compliance and diffusion capacity occurred. During the follow-up period (from one month to four years) there was no complaint and physical examination, electrocardiogram, chest roentgenogram, conventional pulmonary perfusion scintigraphy and arterial blood gases at rest were quite normal. These results are compatible with the persistence of some degree of interstitial lung disease after recovery from \"shock lung\".", "PMID": 861420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13805", "title": "Aspects of outcome in a therapeutic community setting. How patients are seen by themselves and others.", "content": "How patients are seen by themselves and others close to them may influence the process of re-integration in the community after discharge. In a study in a psychiatric admission unit employing a therapeutic community approach, patients who sought little or no contact with the unit after discharge saw themselves, and were seen by others, as less \"pleasant\" but less \"ill\" than those who continued more regular contact. Perceptions were measured with the semantic differential technique. Patients' social class and household position were found to have a marked effect on the level of contact and on its association with how patients were seen. Diagnosis did not appear to influence hospital contact.", "contents": "Aspects of outcome in a therapeutic community setting. How patients are seen by themselves and others. How patients are seen by themselves and others close to them may influence the process of re-integration in the community after discharge. In a study in a psychiatric admission unit employing a therapeutic community approach, patients who sought little or no contact with the unit after discharge saw themselves, and were seen by others, as less \"pleasant\" but less \"ill\" than those who continued more regular contact. Perceptions were measured with the semantic differential technique. Patients' social class and household position were found to have a marked effect on the level of contact and on its association with how patients were seen. Diagnosis did not appear to influence hospital contact.", "PMID": 861427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13806", "title": "Maximum expiratory flow-volume curves in children: changes with growth and individual variability.", "content": "Environmental factors may affect the lungs of children by retarding growth of ventilatory capacity. To detect retarded growth, we recorded maximum expiratory flow-volume (MEFV) curves in boys and girls aged 8-14 years observing the normal patterns of growth. The accuracy with which deviations from the normal patterns of growth may be measured was also determined. Expiratory flow rates and timed expiratory volumes were less reproducible in the same child than was forced vital capacity. At all ages the shape of girls' MEFV curves was different from that of boys curves in that girls had greater maximum expiratory flow rates (Vmax.) when differences in forced vital capacity (FVC) had been taken into account. The ratio of Vmax. 50% FVC to FVC decreased in both boys and girls as they grew older. The rates of growth of the MEFV curve measurements and estimates of their reproducibility were used to calculate minimum sample sizes required to detect retarded growth of ventilatory capacity. To detect a change of 10% in the normal growth rate in Vmax. 50% FVC between ages 8 and 14 years, nearly 2,000 children would need to be studied annually. Smaller samples could be used if changes in FVC growth rates were of primary concern.", "contents": "Maximum expiratory flow-volume curves in children: changes with growth and individual variability. Environmental factors may affect the lungs of children by retarding growth of ventilatory capacity. To detect retarded growth, we recorded maximum expiratory flow-volume (MEFV) curves in boys and girls aged 8-14 years observing the normal patterns of growth. The accuracy with which deviations from the normal patterns of growth may be measured was also determined. Expiratory flow rates and timed expiratory volumes were less reproducible in the same child than was forced vital capacity. At all ages the shape of girls' MEFV curves was different from that of boys curves in that girls had greater maximum expiratory flow rates (Vmax.) when differences in forced vital capacity (FVC) had been taken into account. The ratio of Vmax. 50% FVC to FVC decreased in both boys and girls as they grew older. The rates of growth of the MEFV curve measurements and estimates of their reproducibility were used to calculate minimum sample sizes required to detect retarded growth of ventilatory capacity. To detect a change of 10% in the normal growth rate in Vmax. 50% FVC between ages 8 and 14 years, nearly 2,000 children would need to be studied annually. Smaller samples could be used if changes in FVC growth rates were of primary concern.", "PMID": 861421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13807", "title": "The effect of holidays on a token economy regime.", "content": "This preliminary study investigates the effect on patients' performance of a set time off, in the form of a short holiday, from a strict reinforcement (token economy) regime. Assessment was by the patients' mean token earnings before and after the holiday and their self-care and work performance throughout. The results suggest that a holiday from a token economy has beneficial effects for patients.", "contents": "The effect of holidays on a token economy regime. This preliminary study investigates the effect on patients' performance of a set time off, in the form of a short holiday, from a strict reinforcement (token economy) regime. Assessment was by the patients' mean token earnings before and after the holiday and their self-care and work performance throughout. The results suggest that a holiday from a token economy has beneficial effects for patients.", "PMID": 861428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13808", "title": "Rehabilitation of the institutionalized patient: description of a programme and follow-up of 60 patients.", "content": "The programme in an intensive rehabilitation unit in a large psychiatric hospital is described. Features include the use of non-medical staff as primary therapists, the use of a mini-bus to facilitate regular visits by patients to their home areas, the inclusion of the mini-bus driver on weekly staff conferences, the use of sociodrama, the re-organization of hospital money payments to patients, the promotion of relations with community-based facilities through occasional \"teach-in\" days, and a special liaison social worker providing intensive follow-up after discharge. Rehabilitation was prolonged (average stay about one year) and about half of those selected for rehabilitation from the long-stay wards were discharged. Follow-up showed that these patients benefited from discharge, in spite of a relatively high incidence of psychopathology and of social problems. Those transferred back to long-stay wards showed increased institutionalization.", "contents": "Rehabilitation of the institutionalized patient: description of a programme and follow-up of 60 patients. The programme in an intensive rehabilitation unit in a large psychiatric hospital is described. Features include the use of non-medical staff as primary therapists, the use of a mini-bus to facilitate regular visits by patients to their home areas, the inclusion of the mini-bus driver on weekly staff conferences, the use of sociodrama, the re-organization of hospital money payments to patients, the promotion of relations with community-based facilities through occasional \"teach-in\" days, and a special liaison social worker providing intensive follow-up after discharge. Rehabilitation was prolonged (average stay about one year) and about half of those selected for rehabilitation from the long-stay wards were discharged. Follow-up showed that these patients benefited from discharge, in spite of a relatively high incidence of psychopathology and of social problems. Those transferred back to long-stay wards showed increased institutionalization.", "PMID": 861429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13809", "title": "Kibbutz civilian population under war stress.", "content": "During the Arab-Israeli war of 1973 measures had to be taken by the kibbutz civilian population in Israel to cope with the stresses of war. The measures adopted, and the specific characteristics of an organized cohesive group, appear to have succeeded in reducing the severity of the reactions to stress and in lowering the incidence of psychiatric casualties among children and adult members of the kibbutzim.", "contents": "Kibbutz civilian population under war stress. During the Arab-Israeli war of 1973 measures had to be taken by the kibbutz civilian population in Israel to cope with the stresses of war. The measures adopted, and the specific characteristics of an organized cohesive group, appear to have succeeded in reducing the severity of the reactions to stress and in lowering the incidence of psychiatric casualties among children and adult members of the kibbutzim.", "PMID": 861430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13810", "title": "Perinatal complications in offspring of psychotic parents.", "content": "The birth records of 78 subjects born to psychotic parents and 72 subjects born to normal parents were studied. No significant differences in the rates of pregnancy and birth complications (PBCs) were found between the offspring of psychotic parents and normal control parents. There were no differences between offspring born to psychotic mothers compared to psychotic fathers. Neither the onset of the parent's illness, nor the mother's age at delivery, nor the sex of the offspring seemed to influence the rate of PBCs. The offspring of chronic schizophrenic mothers and manic-depressive fathers had lower PBC rates than the offspring of parents of other diagnostic categories. The parents of these two groups, which were of a limited size, did not differ on any variable of significance, excepting the time of their first psychiatric hospital admission.", "contents": "Perinatal complications in offspring of psychotic parents. The birth records of 78 subjects born to psychotic parents and 72 subjects born to normal parents were studied. No significant differences in the rates of pregnancy and birth complications (PBCs) were found between the offspring of psychotic parents and normal control parents. There were no differences between offspring born to psychotic mothers compared to psychotic fathers. Neither the onset of the parent's illness, nor the mother's age at delivery, nor the sex of the offspring seemed to influence the rate of PBCs. The offspring of chronic schizophrenic mothers and manic-depressive fathers had lower PBC rates than the offspring of parents of other diagnostic categories. The parents of these two groups, which were of a limited size, did not differ on any variable of significance, excepting the time of their first psychiatric hospital admission.", "PMID": 861431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13811", "title": "Survival of nieces and nephews of schizophrenic patients.", "content": "Evidence was found against the hypothesis that heterozygous carriers of a schizophrenic gene have a reproductive advantage through enhanced fertility. In consequence an investigation was made of the possibility that an advantage is gained through diminished early mortality among the off-spring of carriers. The results were equivocal. While an observed deficit of infant deaths was attributable to under-reporting, the possibility of a true advantage could not be ruled out, because of the statistical unreliability of the findings in a sample of the size available. A plea is made for a collaborative effort to settle the issue.", "contents": "Survival of nieces and nephews of schizophrenic patients. Evidence was found against the hypothesis that heterozygous carriers of a schizophrenic gene have a reproductive advantage through enhanced fertility. In consequence an investigation was made of the possibility that an advantage is gained through diminished early mortality among the off-spring of carriers. The results were equivocal. While an observed deficit of infant deaths was attributable to under-reporting, the possibility of a true advantage could not be ruled out, because of the statistical unreliability of the findings in a sample of the size available. A plea is made for a collaborative effort to settle the issue.", "PMID": 861432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13812", "title": "The effect of varying the rate of presentation on the information transmission of schizophrenic and control groups.", "content": "Groups of subjects were tested on a paced serial reaction-time task in order to study the effect of varying the rate at which information was presented. The groups were: two groups of patients with acute schizophrenia but differentiated on the basis of primary symptoms, a group of institutionalized schizophrenic patients, a group of neurotic patients and a normal group. All groups showed a reduction in efficiency when the presentation rate was increased. The groups most adversely affected were the non-integrated and institutionalized schizophrenic patients. The integrated schizophrenic and the neurotic groups were affected to a lesser degree, the normal groups being least affected. These results favour a dimensional view of personal illness, in which deficits are most marked in patients with non-integrated schizophrenia.", "contents": "The effect of varying the rate of presentation on the information transmission of schizophrenic and control groups. Groups of subjects were tested on a paced serial reaction-time task in order to study the effect of varying the rate at which information was presented. The groups were: two groups of patients with acute schizophrenia but differentiated on the basis of primary symptoms, a group of institutionalized schizophrenic patients, a group of neurotic patients and a normal group. All groups showed a reduction in efficiency when the presentation rate was increased. The groups most adversely affected were the non-integrated and institutionalized schizophrenic patients. The integrated schizophrenic and the neurotic groups were affected to a lesser degree, the normal groups being least affected. These results favour a dimensional view of personal illness, in which deficits are most marked in patients with non-integrated schizophrenia.", "PMID": 861433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13813", "title": "A survey of sports injuries in Birmingham.", "content": "7% of the injuries presenting to the Birmingham Accident Hospital during 1975 occurred during sport. Of those injuries which could be classified 98.3% were due to extrinsic causes. These figures would not seem to justify a sports injury clinic. However we believe that this presents the service available rather than the service required.", "contents": "A survey of sports injuries in Birmingham. 7% of the injuries presenting to the Birmingham Accident Hospital during 1975 occurred during sport. Of those injuries which could be classified 98.3% were due to extrinsic causes. These figures would not seem to justify a sports injury clinic. However we believe that this presents the service available rather than the service required.", "PMID": 861434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13814", "title": "Meralgia paraesthetica--a sports lesion in girl gymnasts.", "content": "Investigation into thigh pain in two girl gymnasts has established the likely relationship between the point of impact on the thighs during exercises on the asymmetric bars and mild neuropathy of the lateral femoral cutaenous nerve. The clinical and biomechanical steps taken to elucidate the problem are described. Local infiltration of anaesthetic has confirmed a definitive diagnosis of meralgia paraesthetica in one case.", "contents": "Meralgia paraesthetica--a sports lesion in girl gymnasts. Investigation into thigh pain in two girl gymnasts has established the likely relationship between the point of impact on the thighs during exercises on the asymmetric bars and mild neuropathy of the lateral femoral cutaenous nerve. The clinical and biomechanical steps taken to elucidate the problem are described. Local infiltration of anaesthetic has confirmed a definitive diagnosis of meralgia paraesthetica in one case.", "PMID": 861435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13815", "title": "Will the olympics survive?.", "content": "The United States of America dominated 58 events in athletics, field and swimming, which between them accounted for 35 per cent of all events in the Munich Olympiad. 1972; these events favour taller individuals. But, in 25 per cent of other events (1) cycling, (2) fencing, (3) gymnastics, (4) judo, (5) weightlifting and (6) Graeco Roman wrestling the U.S.A. did not win a single medal. The failure of the U.S.A. to maintain her lead in Munich was largely due to weaknesses in these other events in many of which the potential medallists can be derived from the lower half of the height distribution (events 3 to 6). These weaknesses are Russia's strength and they continued to remain unstrengthened at Montreal. Also, the domination held by the U.S.A. in swimming was seriously challenged by East Germany. The present trends indicate that the U.S.A.'s ranking is likely to slip further to the third position in Moscow 1980. Factors inhibiting the survival of the Olympics are pointed.", "contents": "Will the olympics survive?. The United States of America dominated 58 events in athletics, field and swimming, which between them accounted for 35 per cent of all events in the Munich Olympiad. 1972; these events favour taller individuals. But, in 25 per cent of other events (1) cycling, (2) fencing, (3) gymnastics, (4) judo, (5) weightlifting and (6) Graeco Roman wrestling the U.S.A. did not win a single medal. The failure of the U.S.A. to maintain her lead in Munich was largely due to weaknesses in these other events in many of which the potential medallists can be derived from the lower half of the height distribution (events 3 to 6). These weaknesses are Russia's strength and they continued to remain unstrengthened at Montreal. Also, the domination held by the U.S.A. in swimming was seriously challenged by East Germany. The present trends indicate that the U.S.A.'s ranking is likely to slip further to the third position in Moscow 1980. Factors inhibiting the survival of the Olympics are pointed.", "PMID": 861436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13816", "title": "On the choice of fluid for the hydration of middle-aged marathon runners.", "content": "Nine subjects (five well-trained post-coronary patients and four other middle-aged joggers) paticipated in a 42 km \"Marathon\" race. The course was covered in an average of 212 minutes under pleasantly warm conditions (Maximum 21.7 degree C, 69% relative humidity). Subjects were given initial hyperhydration and repeated subsequent doses of water, \"Erg\" (Na+ 19mE/l K+ 10.7mE/l, glucose 5.3g/100 ml) or a \"Special Solution\" (during the race Na+ 21mE/1 glucose 4.1g/100 ml; after the race Na+ 20 mE/l, K+ 4.7mE/l., glucose 4.1 g/100 ml). Weight loss averaged 2.2 kg and sweat production 3.3l taking account of water liberated from the hydration of glycogen and the oxidation of food stuffs, it was estimated that most subjects suffered relatively little dehydration over the race (0.4--0.8l). This was confirmed by a sustained urine production of greater than 100ml/hr. Nevertheless, rectal temperatures showed substantial elevation over the race (final readings 38.3 - 40.2 degree C). In terms of fluid balance and stability of plasma mineral composition, the runners drinking water performed slightly better than those receiving the other two solutions. Nevertheless, there may be merit in giving potassium solutions during recovery from vigorous effort.", "contents": "On the choice of fluid for the hydration of middle-aged marathon runners. Nine subjects (five well-trained post-coronary patients and four other middle-aged joggers) paticipated in a 42 km \"Marathon\" race. The course was covered in an average of 212 minutes under pleasantly warm conditions (Maximum 21.7 degree C, 69% relative humidity). Subjects were given initial hyperhydration and repeated subsequent doses of water, \"Erg\" (Na+ 19mE/l K+ 10.7mE/l, glucose 5.3g/100 ml) or a \"Special Solution\" (during the race Na+ 21mE/1 glucose 4.1g/100 ml; after the race Na+ 20 mE/l, K+ 4.7mE/l., glucose 4.1 g/100 ml). Weight loss averaged 2.2 kg and sweat production 3.3l taking account of water liberated from the hydration of glycogen and the oxidation of food stuffs, it was estimated that most subjects suffered relatively little dehydration over the race (0.4--0.8l). This was confirmed by a sustained urine production of greater than 100ml/hr. Nevertheless, rectal temperatures showed substantial elevation over the race (final readings 38.3 - 40.2 degree C). In terms of fluid balance and stability of plasma mineral composition, the runners drinking water performed slightly better than those receiving the other two solutions. Nevertheless, there may be merit in giving potassium solutions during recovery from vigorous effort.", "PMID": 861437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13817", "title": "Effects of exercise on free serum cholesterol.", "content": "Two age groups (young and old, n = 12) matched for physical fitness and two physical fitness groups (high and old, n = 12) matched for age participated in a four month physical fitness programme. Blood samples were drawn at four stages of metabolic stress at the pre-test and five stages at the post-test. The blood samples were analyzed by colorimetric methods for total cholesterol and free cholesterol. Statistical analysis revealed that: (1) Short-term exercise increased total cholesterol, free cholesterol, and the percent free cholesterol from the resting state to the submaximal and maximal exercise states. (2) There was no change in free serum cholesterol from the pre- to post-tests. (3) The high-fit group, compared with the low-fit group, had a lower free cholesterol level but had similar percent free cholesterol values. (4) There was no significant difference between age groups for either total serum cholesterol, free cholesterol, or the percent free cholesterol levels.", "contents": "Effects of exercise on free serum cholesterol. Two age groups (young and old, n = 12) matched for physical fitness and two physical fitness groups (high and old, n = 12) matched for age participated in a four month physical fitness programme. Blood samples were drawn at four stages of metabolic stress at the pre-test and five stages at the post-test. The blood samples were analyzed by colorimetric methods for total cholesterol and free cholesterol. Statistical analysis revealed that: (1) Short-term exercise increased total cholesterol, free cholesterol, and the percent free cholesterol from the resting state to the submaximal and maximal exercise states. (2) There was no change in free serum cholesterol from the pre- to post-tests. (3) The high-fit group, compared with the low-fit group, had a lower free cholesterol level but had similar percent free cholesterol values. (4) There was no significant difference between age groups for either total serum cholesterol, free cholesterol, or the percent free cholesterol levels.", "PMID": 861438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13818", "title": "Rugby football injuries.", "content": "A review of one thousand injuries due to Rugby Football is reported. There is a high incidence of fracture (15.7%) and head injury of various types (14.0%) in this series although only four adults required immediate hospital admission for the head injury.", "contents": "Rugby football injuries. A review of one thousand injuries due to Rugby Football is reported. There is a high incidence of fracture (15.7%) and head injury of various types (14.0%) in this series although only four adults required immediate hospital admission for the head injury.", "PMID": 861439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13819", "title": "\"Pulseless\" femoral arteriography.", "content": "Direct needle arteriography of \"pulseless\" femoral arteries is described. The information obtained, and the excellent detail of the arterial tree, is discussed in cases of collateral filling of the femoral artery. Evaluation of occluded by-pass grafts is also mentioned.", "contents": "\"Pulseless\" femoral arteriography. Direct needle arteriography of \"pulseless\" femoral arteries is described. The information obtained, and the excellent detail of the arterial tree, is discussed in cases of collateral filling of the femoral artery. Evaluation of occluded by-pass grafts is also mentioned.", "PMID": 861449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13820", "title": "Effect of cobalt-60 gamma rays and DTIC (5-(3,3 dimethyl-1-triazeno)-imidazole-r-carboxamide) on human malignant melanomas grown in athymic nude mice.", "content": "The effects of 60Co gamma rays and DTIC on two human malignant melanomas, inoculated and passed serially in athymic mutant nude mice, were studied in vivo. Dose-response curves determined after single exposures to 60Co gamma radiation indicate that human malignant melanomas remain radioresistant after transplantation in mutant nude mice. A fractionated irradiation r\u00e9gime, used in the treatment of patients suffering from malignant melanomas, had a considerable effect but did not cure. A corresponding treatment r\u00e9gime with DTIC inhibited the tumour growth, but less effectively than 60Co gamma rays. These two treatments combined were more effective than either alone. The results obtained show no disagreement with results from clinical practice regarding treatment of disseminated malignant melanomas. This suggests that human malignant tissue, transplanted to mutant nude mice, retains its properties with respect to response to therapy. The mutant nude mouse may therefore be valuable in developing new treatment r\u00e9gimes for cancer.", "contents": "Effect of cobalt-60 gamma rays and DTIC (5-(3,3 dimethyl-1-triazeno)-imidazole-r-carboxamide) on human malignant melanomas grown in athymic nude mice. The effects of 60Co gamma rays and DTIC on two human malignant melanomas, inoculated and passed serially in athymic mutant nude mice, were studied in vivo. Dose-response curves determined after single exposures to 60Co gamma radiation indicate that human malignant melanomas remain radioresistant after transplantation in mutant nude mice. A fractionated irradiation r\u00e9gime, used in the treatment of patients suffering from malignant melanomas, had a considerable effect but did not cure. A corresponding treatment r\u00e9gime with DTIC inhibited the tumour growth, but less effectively than 60Co gamma rays. These two treatments combined were more effective than either alone. The results obtained show no disagreement with results from clinical practice regarding treatment of disseminated malignant melanomas. This suggests that human malignant tissue, transplanted to mutant nude mice, retains its properties with respect to response to therapy. The mutant nude mouse may therefore be valuable in developing new treatment r\u00e9gimes for cancer.", "PMID": 861450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13821", "title": "The effect of radiation on tumour growth delay, cell survival and cure of the animal using a single tumour system.", "content": "The response of a murine tumour to single doses of X rays has been measured using three different assays--animal cure, cell survival in vitro after irradiation in vivo, and tumour growth delay. The dose to cure 50% of the animals, the TCD50, was 79.0 Gy. This was not affected by clamping the tumours to render all the cells hypoxic at the time of irradiation, implying that most of the cells in the tumour were hypoxic already. The enhancement ratio for the hypoxic cell sensitizer Ro-07-0582 was 2.1. The cell survival assay gave an enhancement ratio of 1.6 and an hypoxic fraction of 5%. The discrepancy in the estimates of the hypoxic fraction can be explained by the ability of the naturally hypoxic cells, but not the oxic ones, to recover from potentially lethal damage in vivo. Neither the cell survival assay nor the growth delay assay agreed with the TCD50 assay as to the effect of the hypoxic cell sensitizer, even allowing for recovery from potentially lethal damage. It is doubtful whether the measured survival curve would predict the measured TCD50.", "contents": "The effect of radiation on tumour growth delay, cell survival and cure of the animal using a single tumour system. The response of a murine tumour to single doses of X rays has been measured using three different assays--animal cure, cell survival in vitro after irradiation in vivo, and tumour growth delay. The dose to cure 50% of the animals, the TCD50, was 79.0 Gy. This was not affected by clamping the tumours to render all the cells hypoxic at the time of irradiation, implying that most of the cells in the tumour were hypoxic already. The enhancement ratio for the hypoxic cell sensitizer Ro-07-0582 was 2.1. The cell survival assay gave an enhancement ratio of 1.6 and an hypoxic fraction of 5%. The discrepancy in the estimates of the hypoxic fraction can be explained by the ability of the naturally hypoxic cells, but not the oxic ones, to recover from potentially lethal damage in vivo. Neither the cell survival assay nor the growth delay assay agreed with the TCD50 assay as to the effect of the hypoxic cell sensitizer, even allowing for recovery from potentially lethal damage. It is doubtful whether the measured survival curve would predict the measured TCD50.", "PMID": 861451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13822", "title": "Absorbed doses in the marrow during 131I therapy.", "content": "Absorbed doses to red marrow and blood from 131I therapy have been re-evaluated using data which has become available more recently. Uncertainties in the calculations are discussed and a comparison is made with previously published dose estimates. The mean dose to red marrow from the treatment of hyperthyroidism is estimated to be 0.59 rad mCi-1, compared with 0.36 rad mCi-1 for the euthyroid state.", "contents": "Absorbed doses in the marrow during 131I therapy. Absorbed doses to red marrow and blood from 131I therapy have been re-evaluated using data which has become available more recently. Uncertainties in the calculations are discussed and a comparison is made with previously published dose estimates. The mean dose to red marrow from the treatment of hyperthyroidism is estimated to be 0.59 rad mCi-1, compared with 0.36 rad mCi-1 for the euthyroid state.", "PMID": 861452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13823", "title": "Radioisotopic study of the adrenal glands using 131I-19-iodocholesterol.", "content": "Scintigraphy of the adrenal gland with 131I-19-iodocholesterol has recently been added to radiological techniques in adrenal imaging and has been used successfully to demonstrate anatomical and functional disorders of the adrenals in a variety of clinical situations. A review of the authors' experience stresses the diagnostic value of this method. Radiological findings and results of scintillation imaging are complementary: their comparison improves and clarifes indications for scintigraphy. Hyperadrenal cortical diseases always gave satisfactory scintigrams, the most interesting results being obtained in adrenal cortical hyperplasia and unilateral hyperfunctioning adenomas. In these cases the evaluation of the response to stimulation or suppression tests was very useful. On the other hand scintigraphy was less valuable in demonstrating malignant and non malignant tumours.", "contents": "Radioisotopic study of the adrenal glands using 131I-19-iodocholesterol. Scintigraphy of the adrenal gland with 131I-19-iodocholesterol has recently been added to radiological techniques in adrenal imaging and has been used successfully to demonstrate anatomical and functional disorders of the adrenals in a variety of clinical situations. A review of the authors' experience stresses the diagnostic value of this method. Radiological findings and results of scintillation imaging are complementary: their comparison improves and clarifes indications for scintigraphy. Hyperadrenal cortical diseases always gave satisfactory scintigrams, the most interesting results being obtained in adrenal cortical hyperplasia and unilateral hyperfunctioning adenomas. In these cases the evaluation of the response to stimulation or suppression tests was very useful. On the other hand scintigraphy was less valuable in demonstrating malignant and non malignant tumours.", "PMID": 861453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13824", "title": "Idiopathic megacolon: a review of 42 cases.", "content": "Forty-two patients with idiopathic megacolon who were seen at St Mark's Hospital over an 18-year period are reviewed with regard to presentation, investigation and management. The differential diagnosis is discussed with particular reference to Hirschsprung's disease. The important aspects of medical treatment are outlined and the possible reasons for failure in more than one-half of the patients are discussed. The indications for surgical intervention in 14 patients are reviewed. The results following subtotal colectomy were better than following a localized sigmoid resection.", "contents": "Idiopathic megacolon: a review of 42 cases. Forty-two patients with idiopathic megacolon who were seen at St Mark's Hospital over an 18-year period are reviewed with regard to presentation, investigation and management. The differential diagnosis is discussed with particular reference to Hirschsprung's disease. The important aspects of medical treatment are outlined and the possible reasons for failure in more than one-half of the patients are discussed. The indications for surgical intervention in 14 patients are reviewed. The results following subtotal colectomy were better than following a localized sigmoid resection.", "PMID": 861464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13825", "title": "Adult Hirschprung's disease.", "content": "Hirschprung's disease (aganglionosis) in the adult is a rare condition but needs to be considered as a diagnosis in any case of intractable constipation. A series of 35 cases of probable aganglionosis seen at St Mark's Hospital since 1954 is reviewed. Diagnosis is discussed and operative management evaluated.", "contents": "Adult Hirschprung's disease. Hirschprung's disease (aganglionosis) in the adult is a rare condition but needs to be considered as a diagnosis in any case of intractable constipation. A series of 35 cases of probable aganglionosis seen at St Mark's Hospital since 1954 is reviewed. Diagnosis is discussed and operative management evaluated.", "PMID": 861465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13826", "title": "Organic constipation in adults.", "content": "Four cases of non-Hirschsprung megacolon in adults are presented. The histology of the myenteric plexus suggests that this may be an anomaly of development.", "contents": "Organic constipation in adults. Four cases of non-Hirschsprung megacolon in adults are presented. The histology of the myenteric plexus suggests that this may be an anomaly of development.", "PMID": 861466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13827", "title": "Prevention of wound sepsis in gastro-intestinal surgery.", "content": "After gastro-intestinal operations wound infection is usually caused by the inoculation of bacteria present within the intestinal tract into the incision during the surgical procedure. In theory, wound sepsis may be minimized by the following methods: (a) avoiding intestinal contamination of the incision; (b) altering the normal flora of the intestinal tract by adding oral antimicrobials to bowel preparation; (c) using topical or systemic prophylactic antibiotic administration for certain high-risk patients. The relative importance of these methods of prophylaxis is described.", "contents": "Prevention of wound sepsis in gastro-intestinal surgery. After gastro-intestinal operations wound infection is usually caused by the inoculation of bacteria present within the intestinal tract into the incision during the surgical procedure. In theory, wound sepsis may be minimized by the following methods: (a) avoiding intestinal contamination of the incision; (b) altering the normal flora of the intestinal tract by adding oral antimicrobials to bowel preparation; (c) using topical or systemic prophylactic antibiotic administration for certain high-risk patients. The relative importance of these methods of prophylaxis is described.", "PMID": 861467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13828", "title": "Preoperative diagnosis in carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "Two methods of obtaining a preoperative diagnosis of breast lumps have been evaluated by simultaneous use on 131 patients. Tru-Cut needle biopsies gave a reliable diagnosis in 75 per cent of those suffering from primary carcinoma of the breast. No cases of benign disease were wrongly reported as carcinoma by this method. Fine-needle aspiration cytology gave no helpful information in one-half of the patients with malignant disease and in addition 5 cases of benign disease were falsely reported as carcinoma. Tru-Cut needle biopsy is a valuable preoperative investigation in patients with primary carcinoma of the breast.", "contents": "Preoperative diagnosis in carcinoma of the breast. Two methods of obtaining a preoperative diagnosis of breast lumps have been evaluated by simultaneous use on 131 patients. Tru-Cut needle biopsies gave a reliable diagnosis in 75 per cent of those suffering from primary carcinoma of the breast. No cases of benign disease were wrongly reported as carcinoma by this method. Fine-needle aspiration cytology gave no helpful information in one-half of the patients with malignant disease and in addition 5 cases of benign disease were falsely reported as carcinoma. Tru-Cut needle biopsy is a valuable preoperative investigation in patients with primary carcinoma of the breast.", "PMID": 861468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13829", "title": "Occlusion of the subclavian vein associated with cephalic vein pacemaker electrodes.", "content": "Thrombosis and occlusion of major veins have been described following the use of transvenous pacing electrodes for the establishment of permanent cardiac pacing. The frequency of such complications is, however, not well known. A series of 125 patients was therefore reviewed, all of whom had been paced with permanent transvenous electrodes through a cephalic vein. There was clinical and venographic evidence of subclavian vein occlusion in only 3 of these patients. A further 20 of these patients were also subjected to venography and showed no radiographic evidence of venous occlusion although minor thrombosis associated with the pacemaker electrode was found in one patient. It is concluded that the convenience of using the cephalic vein as a route for the insertion of transvenous pacing electrodes outweighs the small risk of major venous occlusion.", "contents": "Occlusion of the subclavian vein associated with cephalic vein pacemaker electrodes. Thrombosis and occlusion of major veins have been described following the use of transvenous pacing electrodes for the establishment of permanent cardiac pacing. The frequency of such complications is, however, not well known. A series of 125 patients was therefore reviewed, all of whom had been paced with permanent transvenous electrodes through a cephalic vein. There was clinical and venographic evidence of subclavian vein occlusion in only 3 of these patients. A further 20 of these patients were also subjected to venography and showed no radiographic evidence of venous occlusion although minor thrombosis associated with the pacemaker electrode was found in one patient. It is concluded that the convenience of using the cephalic vein as a route for the insertion of transvenous pacing electrodes outweighs the small risk of major venous occlusion.", "PMID": 861469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13830", "title": "The place of transthoracic vagotomy in the management of recurrent peptic ulceration.", "content": "For the successful treatment of recurrent peptic ulceration confirmation of the presence of the ulcer by fibreoptic endoscopy is essential. Further investigation by barium meal and gastric acid secretion studies allows a rational surgical approach to be formulated. This process is illustrated by discussion of the investigative findings and the results of treatment in a series of 20 patients with recurrent peptic ulcer over a 5-year period. In one-half of these patients a second abdominal operation was necessary, but in the other half a transthoracic vagotomy alone gave equally good results.", "contents": "The place of transthoracic vagotomy in the management of recurrent peptic ulceration. For the successful treatment of recurrent peptic ulceration confirmation of the presence of the ulcer by fibreoptic endoscopy is essential. Further investigation by barium meal and gastric acid secretion studies allows a rational surgical approach to be formulated. This process is illustrated by discussion of the investigative findings and the results of treatment in a series of 20 patients with recurrent peptic ulcer over a 5-year period. In one-half of these patients a second abdominal operation was necessary, but in the other half a transthoracic vagotomy alone gave equally good results.", "PMID": 861470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13831", "title": "Relative risk of stump cancer following partial gastrectomy.", "content": "The relative risk of stump cancer following partial gastrectomy for a benign gastroduodenal condition was estimated using an individually matched retrospective study design based on autopsy material. Data on all patients dying with gastric cancer and autopsied at the Central Laboratory of Pathology, University Central Hospital, Helsinki, during 1961-75 were collected. Matched pairs of the same sex and age were used as controls. Of the 464 patients dying with gastric cancer, 9 had undergone previous partial gastrectomy, while the respective number among the controls was 5. This result suggests that the risk of cancer in the gastric stump was not significantly increased as compared to the normal unoperated population.", "contents": "Relative risk of stump cancer following partial gastrectomy. The relative risk of stump cancer following partial gastrectomy for a benign gastroduodenal condition was estimated using an individually matched retrospective study design based on autopsy material. Data on all patients dying with gastric cancer and autopsied at the Central Laboratory of Pathology, University Central Hospital, Helsinki, during 1961-75 were collected. Matched pairs of the same sex and age were used as controls. Of the 464 patients dying with gastric cancer, 9 had undergone previous partial gastrectomy, while the respective number among the controls was 5. This result suggests that the risk of cancer in the gastric stump was not significantly increased as compared to the normal unoperated population.", "PMID": 861471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13832", "title": "Chylothorax: a complication of Dwyer's anterior instrumentation.", "content": "The authors report the development of an extensive right chylothorax several days after Dwyer's anterior instrumentation in a 6-year-old girl with a severe progressing infantile scoliosis. Instrumentation extended from T11 to L4 with removal of the tenth rib and with splitting of the diaphragm. The postoperative course was initially without any problems. However, respiratory distress on the tenth day after surgery was accompanied by mediastinal shift and the symptoms were relieved with aspiration of 600 ml of chyle from the right pleural cavity. The literature on this complication of chylothorax is reviewed; it has been observed in cardiothoracic surgery. The management of the case is reported in detail and methods of detection and treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Chylothorax: a complication of Dwyer's anterior instrumentation. The authors report the development of an extensive right chylothorax several days after Dwyer's anterior instrumentation in a 6-year-old girl with a severe progressing infantile scoliosis. Instrumentation extended from T11 to L4 with removal of the tenth rib and with splitting of the diaphragm. The postoperative course was initially without any problems. However, respiratory distress on the tenth day after surgery was accompanied by mediastinal shift and the symptoms were relieved with aspiration of 600 ml of chyle from the right pleural cavity. The literature on this complication of chylothorax is reviewed; it has been observed in cardiothoracic surgery. The management of the case is reported in detail and methods of detection and treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 861472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13833", "title": "The neutrophil count in childhood acute appendicitis.", "content": "A study was made of the total leucocyte count, neutrophil percentage and absolute neutrophil count in 100 consecutive children with acute appendicitis and in 25 children from whom, following a provisional diagnosis of acute appendicitis, a normal appendix had been removed, no other infective or inflammatory lesion having been found. In the first group there was a raised total leucocyte count in 42 per cent, a raised neutrophil percentage in 93 per cent and a raised absolute neutrophil count in 77 per cent. In the second group the corresponding figures were 4, 24 and 16 per cent. Acute appendicitis is associated with changes in the total leucocyte and neutrophil counts and a correct interpretation of the results of these investigations requires that account be taken of the age of each child. A probable maximum absolute neutrophil count has been calculated. An explanation has been suggested for the presence of normal total leucocyte counts in certain cases in spite of acute appendicitis.", "contents": "The neutrophil count in childhood acute appendicitis. A study was made of the total leucocyte count, neutrophil percentage and absolute neutrophil count in 100 consecutive children with acute appendicitis and in 25 children from whom, following a provisional diagnosis of acute appendicitis, a normal appendix had been removed, no other infective or inflammatory lesion having been found. In the first group there was a raised total leucocyte count in 42 per cent, a raised neutrophil percentage in 93 per cent and a raised absolute neutrophil count in 77 per cent. In the second group the corresponding figures were 4, 24 and 16 per cent. Acute appendicitis is associated with changes in the total leucocyte and neutrophil counts and a correct interpretation of the results of these investigations requires that account be taken of the age of each child. A probable maximum absolute neutrophil count has been calculated. An explanation has been suggested for the presence of normal total leucocyte counts in certain cases in spite of acute appendicitis.", "PMID": 861473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13834", "title": "The role of the surviving pancreas in late fatalities of acute pancreatitis.", "content": "The necropsy findings in 3 patients who died between 4 and 14 weeks after episodes of acute pancreatitis are described. The most striking features were the extent of extraperitoneal necrosis and the comparative normality of residual portions of the pancreas. It is suggested that when the duct system is disrupted, the secretions of the surviving pancreas cause progressive enzymatic destruction of extrapancreatic tissues and thus contribute to the mortality of the disease.", "contents": "The role of the surviving pancreas in late fatalities of acute pancreatitis. The necropsy findings in 3 patients who died between 4 and 14 weeks after episodes of acute pancreatitis are described. The most striking features were the extent of extraperitoneal necrosis and the comparative normality of residual portions of the pancreas. It is suggested that when the duct system is disrupted, the secretions of the surviving pancreas cause progressive enzymatic destruction of extrapancreatic tissues and thus contribute to the mortality of the disease.", "PMID": 861474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13835", "title": "Dissolution of retained bile duct stones using heparin.", "content": "Five cases of retained bile duct stones treated with heparin in normal saline are reported. In 2 cases the stones were retained in the left hepatic duct, proximal to the T tube. Infusion of heparin in normal saline was found to be simple and effective in treating retained bile duct stones without obvious side-effects. If stones are inadvertently left in the common bile duct following surgery, attempts should be made to encourage them to pass by heparin infusion through the T tube before a second operation is contemplated. Sufficient time must be allowed before the treatment is considered to have failed.", "contents": "Dissolution of retained bile duct stones using heparin. Five cases of retained bile duct stones treated with heparin in normal saline are reported. In 2 cases the stones were retained in the left hepatic duct, proximal to the T tube. Infusion of heparin in normal saline was found to be simple and effective in treating retained bile duct stones without obvious side-effects. If stones are inadvertently left in the common bile duct following surgery, attempts should be made to encourage them to pass by heparin infusion through the T tube before a second operation is contemplated. Sufficient time must be allowed before the treatment is considered to have failed.", "PMID": 861475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13836", "title": "The implications of scrotal interference for the preservation of spermatogenesis in the management of testicular tumours.", "content": "Seminal analyses have been performed in 14 patients who have received radiation therapy following unilateral orchidectomy for testicular tumours. In patients receiving scrotal in addition to para-aortic and pelvic lymph node irradiation azoospermia occurred in 17 out 18 specimens examined, whereas in those patients not requiring scrotal irradiation, restoration of spermatogenesis occurred. The difference is a result of the increased dose of radiation received by the remaining testicle when the contralateral side of the scrotum is irradiated. Following scrotal aspiration, trans-scrotal biopsy or scrotal orchidectomy for testicular tumour, the scrotum becomes a possible site of recurrence and it should be electively irradiated. In order to give the patient the best chance of preserving fertility it is essential that scrotal interference in the management of testicular tumours must be avoided.", "contents": "The implications of scrotal interference for the preservation of spermatogenesis in the management of testicular tumours. Seminal analyses have been performed in 14 patients who have received radiation therapy following unilateral orchidectomy for testicular tumours. In patients receiving scrotal in addition to para-aortic and pelvic lymph node irradiation azoospermia occurred in 17 out 18 specimens examined, whereas in those patients not requiring scrotal irradiation, restoration of spermatogenesis occurred. The difference is a result of the increased dose of radiation received by the remaining testicle when the contralateral side of the scrotum is irradiated. Following scrotal aspiration, trans-scrotal biopsy or scrotal orchidectomy for testicular tumour, the scrotum becomes a possible site of recurrence and it should be electively irradiated. In order to give the patient the best chance of preserving fertility it is essential that scrotal interference in the management of testicular tumours must be avoided.", "PMID": 861476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13837", "title": "Fissure-in-ano: the initial management and prognosis.", "content": "The results of treatment of 188 consecutive new patients with a primary diagnosis of fissure-in-ano presenting to the Outpatient Department of St Mark's Hospital are reviewed. One-third underwent operation as the primary treatment and were not studied further. Of the remaining patients who underwent non-operative treatment only, one-half were initially cured. Follow-up at 4 years showed that this cure was maintained in half of these cases, suggesting that there is a place for treatment with a dilator in the correctly selected case. The presence of a sentinel skin tag or a fibrous anal polyp is shown to have a statistically significant association with operative treatment. The use of a paediatric sigmoidoscope to diagnose a fibrous anal polyp is recommended.", "contents": "Fissure-in-ano: the initial management and prognosis. The results of treatment of 188 consecutive new patients with a primary diagnosis of fissure-in-ano presenting to the Outpatient Department of St Mark's Hospital are reviewed. One-third underwent operation as the primary treatment and were not studied further. Of the remaining patients who underwent non-operative treatment only, one-half were initially cured. Follow-up at 4 years showed that this cure was maintained in half of these cases, suggesting that there is a place for treatment with a dilator in the correctly selected case. The presence of a sentinel skin tag or a fibrous anal polyp is shown to have a statistically significant association with operative treatment. The use of a paediatric sigmoidoscope to diagnose a fibrous anal polyp is recommended.", "PMID": 861477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13838", "title": "The results of arterial reconstruction utilizing the profunda femoris artery in the treatment of rest pain and pre-gangrene.", "content": "Arterial reconstruction utilizing the profunda femoris artery was performed for rest pain and pre-gangrene in 45 limbs. The preoperative mean ankle arterial pressure index of 0-21 (s.d. 0-12) was increased to 0-52 (s.d. 0-16) in the 22 limbs salvaged by the reconstruction. In 38 limbs a proximal reconstruction was necessary in addition to profundaplasty. At a mean follow-up time of 15-4 months 41-6 per cent of the 36 patients were dead.", "contents": "The results of arterial reconstruction utilizing the profunda femoris artery in the treatment of rest pain and pre-gangrene. Arterial reconstruction utilizing the profunda femoris artery was performed for rest pain and pre-gangrene in 45 limbs. The preoperative mean ankle arterial pressure index of 0-21 (s.d. 0-12) was increased to 0-52 (s.d. 0-16) in the 22 limbs salvaged by the reconstruction. In 38 limbs a proximal reconstruction was necessary in addition to profundaplasty. At a mean follow-up time of 15-4 months 41-6 per cent of the 36 patients were dead.", "PMID": 861478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13839", "title": "The value of profundaplasty in the management of severe femoropopliteal occlusion.", "content": "A series of 45 patients with advanced occlusive arterial disease of the femoropopliteal segment underwent profundaplasty as the sole operative procedure. The value of this technique as a salvage procedure for the severely ischaemic limb is discussed.", "contents": "The value of profundaplasty in the management of severe femoropopliteal occlusion. A series of 45 patients with advanced occlusive arterial disease of the femoropopliteal segment underwent profundaplasty as the sole operative procedure. The value of this technique as a salvage procedure for the severely ischaemic limb is discussed.", "PMID": 861479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13840", "title": "The long term results of profundaplasty in femoropopliteal arterial occlusion.", "content": "The long term results of profundaplasty in the treatment of femoropopliteal arterial occlusion have been reviewed. Fifty patients have been studied with a mean follow-up period of 4 years (range 6 months to 8 years). Intermittent claudication was abolished or substantially improved in 5 of the 25 cases (20 percent); rest pain was relieved in 10 of the 25 cases (40 per cent), the remainder requiring a major amputation. Lumbar sympathectomy produced little additional benefit in either group. The mortality rate in the rest pain group was high and only 5 patients survived for more than 3 years with both legs intact. The state of the distal 'run-off' and the degree of preoperative profunda stenosis appeared to have little influence on the clinical outcome. After operation pedal pulses were restored in 16 per cent of those presenting with claudication. Profundaplasty was without significant effect on the ankle systolic pressure index both in patients with claudication and those with rest pain.", "contents": "The long term results of profundaplasty in femoropopliteal arterial occlusion. The long term results of profundaplasty in the treatment of femoropopliteal arterial occlusion have been reviewed. Fifty patients have been studied with a mean follow-up period of 4 years (range 6 months to 8 years). Intermittent claudication was abolished or substantially improved in 5 of the 25 cases (20 percent); rest pain was relieved in 10 of the 25 cases (40 per cent), the remainder requiring a major amputation. Lumbar sympathectomy produced little additional benefit in either group. The mortality rate in the rest pain group was high and only 5 patients survived for more than 3 years with both legs intact. The state of the distal 'run-off' and the degree of preoperative profunda stenosis appeared to have little influence on the clinical outcome. After operation pedal pulses were restored in 16 per cent of those presenting with claudication. Profundaplasty was without significant effect on the ankle systolic pressure index both in patients with claudication and those with rest pain.", "PMID": 861480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13841", "title": "Doppler ultrasound in the functional assessment of extended deep femoral angioplasty.", "content": "Twelve patients who have had an extended deep femoral angioplasty (EFDA) for severe lower limb ischaemia have been assessed. The patients underwent a standard exercise ankle pressure test before operation and 6 months after operation. The test included the measurement of resting brachial and ankle pressures, walking distance on a treadmill and the post-exercise pressure response. A limb ischaemic score was derived from these measurements; 8 patients showed an improved score, 3 patients exhibited no change and 1 was worse. The mean improvement in walking distance of the successful cases was 182 per cent (s.d. 96 per cent). There were no amputation during the period of study.", "contents": "Doppler ultrasound in the functional assessment of extended deep femoral angioplasty. Twelve patients who have had an extended deep femoral angioplasty (EFDA) for severe lower limb ischaemia have been assessed. The patients underwent a standard exercise ankle pressure test before operation and 6 months after operation. The test included the measurement of resting brachial and ankle pressures, walking distance on a treadmill and the post-exercise pressure response. A limb ischaemic score was derived from these measurements; 8 patients showed an improved score, 3 patients exhibited no change and 1 was worse. The mean improvement in walking distance of the successful cases was 182 per cent (s.d. 96 per cent). There were no amputation during the period of study.", "PMID": 861481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13842", "title": "The efficacy of graduated compression stockings in the prevention of deep vein thrombosis.", "content": "The incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) was studied by the 125I-fibrinogen technique in 70 patients who had had major abdominal operations and who were wearing graduated static compression stockings on one leg, the patient's other leg being used as a control. In the whole group 7 patients developed bilateral DVT, 19 patients developed unilateral DVT in the control leg and only one patient developed unilateral DVT in the stockinged leg. The difference between stockinged and control legs was highly significant (P = 0-0003). In the 19 patients with malignant disease the incidence of DVT in the stockinged leg remained significantly less (P = 0-037). It is concluded that graduated static compression stockings do reduce the incidence of postoperative deep venous thrombosis.", "contents": "The efficacy of graduated compression stockings in the prevention of deep vein thrombosis. The incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) was studied by the 125I-fibrinogen technique in 70 patients who had had major abdominal operations and who were wearing graduated static compression stockings on one leg, the patient's other leg being used as a control. In the whole group 7 patients developed bilateral DVT, 19 patients developed unilateral DVT in the control leg and only one patient developed unilateral DVT in the stockinged leg. The difference between stockinged and control legs was highly significant (P = 0-0003). In the 19 patients with malignant disease the incidence of DVT in the stockinged leg remained significantly less (P = 0-037). It is concluded that graduated static compression stockings do reduce the incidence of postoperative deep venous thrombosis.", "PMID": 861482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13843", "title": "Resection of the manubrium.", "content": "Direct exposure of the superior mediastinum is essential when resecting subglottic tumours of the larynx, neoplasms of the cervical trachea or cervical oesophagus. This facilitates low resection of the trachea and clearance of the paratracheal nodes. This may best be carried out by removal of most of the manubrium sterni and both sternoclavicular joints and this operation has been performed in 22 patients with minimal morbidity or long term disability.", "contents": "Resection of the manubrium. Direct exposure of the superior mediastinum is essential when resecting subglottic tumours of the larynx, neoplasms of the cervical trachea or cervical oesophagus. This facilitates low resection of the trachea and clearance of the paratracheal nodes. This may best be carried out by removal of most of the manubrium sterni and both sternoclavicular joints and this operation has been performed in 22 patients with minimal morbidity or long term disability.", "PMID": 861483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13844", "title": "Cefoxitin: a hospital study.", "content": "Cefoxitin is a new cephamycin antibiotic that has recently become available for clinical trial. We report here the results of an uncontrolled trial of cefoxitin treatment in 31 hospital patients with various acute infections, 20 of whom were cured. Serum, urine, and bile concentrations of cefoxitin greatly exceeded the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) required for clinically important Gram-negative organisms. We conclude that cefoxitin will have a place in the management of serious infections, particularly in the abdominal cavity and renal tracts.", "contents": "Cefoxitin: a hospital study. Cefoxitin is a new cephamycin antibiotic that has recently become available for clinical trial. We report here the results of an uncontrolled trial of cefoxitin treatment in 31 hospital patients with various acute infections, 20 of whom were cured. Serum, urine, and bile concentrations of cefoxitin greatly exceeded the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) required for clinically important Gram-negative organisms. We conclude that cefoxitin will have a place in the management of serious infections, particularly in the abdominal cavity and renal tracts.", "PMID": 861496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13845", "title": "Self-poisoning with barbiturates in England and Wales during 1959-74.", "content": "Hospital admissions due to acute barbiturate poisoning per million population in England and Wales have decreased since 1965 at about the same rate as NHS prescriptions for barbiturates. Admissions due to poisoning with other drugs have increased, but, largely because the benzodiazepine hypnotics and tranquillisers are much less toxic than the barbiturates that they are replacing, deaths from poisoning with all solids and liquids have decreased. The risk of death from self-poisoning associated with each barbiturate prescription has increased two and a half times since 1961, perhaps partly because greater quantities of barbiturate are being dispensed with each prescription and partly because patients for whom these drugs are still being prescribed would, in the event of an overdose, be unlikely to be found and admitted to hospital in time owing to their age and social circumstances. There is now little to justify prescribing barbiturate hypnotics or sedatives for anyone.", "contents": "Self-poisoning with barbiturates in England and Wales during 1959-74. Hospital admissions due to acute barbiturate poisoning per million population in England and Wales have decreased since 1965 at about the same rate as NHS prescriptions for barbiturates. Admissions due to poisoning with other drugs have increased, but, largely because the benzodiazepine hypnotics and tranquillisers are much less toxic than the barbiturates that they are replacing, deaths from poisoning with all solids and liquids have decreased. The risk of death from self-poisoning associated with each barbiturate prescription has increased two and a half times since 1961, perhaps partly because greater quantities of barbiturate are being dispensed with each prescription and partly because patients for whom these drugs are still being prescribed would, in the event of an overdose, be unlikely to be found and admitted to hospital in time owing to their age and social circumstances. There is now little to justify prescribing barbiturate hypnotics or sedatives for anyone.", "PMID": 861497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13846", "title": "DNA synthesis by jejunal mucosa in responsive and non-responsive coeliac disease.", "content": "DNA synthesis by jejunal biopsy specimen from patients with coeliac disease and from controls was measured by an organ culture technique. The rate of synthesis in the mucosa of patients with untreated coeliac disease was almost eight times that in normal mucosa. Patients whose jejunal mucosa remained flat despite prolonged gluten withdrawal showed a rate of DNA synthesis significantly lower than that of the untreated patients, while those whose jejunal mucosa had responded to gluten withdrawal showed a rate similar to that of normal subjects. Impaired enterocyte production in nonresponsive coeliac disease may be responsible for the failure to regenerate villi after gluten withdrawal.", "contents": "DNA synthesis by jejunal mucosa in responsive and non-responsive coeliac disease. DNA synthesis by jejunal biopsy specimen from patients with coeliac disease and from controls was measured by an organ culture technique. The rate of synthesis in the mucosa of patients with untreated coeliac disease was almost eight times that in normal mucosa. Patients whose jejunal mucosa remained flat despite prolonged gluten withdrawal showed a rate of DNA synthesis significantly lower than that of the untreated patients, while those whose jejunal mucosa had responded to gluten withdrawal showed a rate similar to that of normal subjects. Impaired enterocyte production in nonresponsive coeliac disease may be responsible for the failure to regenerate villi after gluten withdrawal.", "PMID": 861498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13847", "title": "Biracial study of arterial pressures in the first and second decades of life.", "content": "The blood pressures of young Black and White American schoolchildren were measured and compared with those of Nigerian children of similar ages. Both diastolic and systolic pressures were consistently higher in the Nigerian children than in the Americans, both Black and White. The White children had the lowest pressures at each age. The mean weights and heights at each age were not significantly different in the three groups. Although the blood pressure of African children was higher than that of Black Americans, mean adult pressures are known to be similar in both groups. This suggests that the difference in childhood pressures must be due more to environmental factors than to genetic ones.", "contents": "Biracial study of arterial pressures in the first and second decades of life. The blood pressures of young Black and White American schoolchildren were measured and compared with those of Nigerian children of similar ages. Both diastolic and systolic pressures were consistently higher in the Nigerian children than in the Americans, both Black and White. The White children had the lowest pressures at each age. The mean weights and heights at each age were not significantly different in the three groups. Although the blood pressure of African children was higher than that of Black Americans, mean adult pressures are known to be similar in both groups. This suggests that the difference in childhood pressures must be due more to environmental factors than to genetic ones.", "PMID": 861499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13848", "title": "Paget's disease of bone in 14 British towns.", "content": "The radiological prevalence of Paget's disease was studied in 14 towns. Routine radiographs showed that the disease was present in 5.4% of people aged 55 years and over. The disease was more prevalent in men than in women at all ages, and the prevalence increased with age. The three Lancashire towns studied (Preston, Bolton, and Blackburn) had higher rates than elsewhere. This probably reflects a real geographical variation in the prevalence of Paget's disease in England and Wales.", "contents": "Paget's disease of bone in 14 British towns. The radiological prevalence of Paget's disease was studied in 14 towns. Routine radiographs showed that the disease was present in 5.4% of people aged 55 years and over. The disease was more prevalent in men than in women at all ages, and the prevalence increased with age. The three Lancashire towns studied (Preston, Bolton, and Blackburn) had higher rates than elsewhere. This probably reflects a real geographical variation in the prevalence of Paget's disease in England and Wales.", "PMID": 861530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13849", "title": "Changes in breast sensitivity at puberty, during the menstrual cycle, and at parturition.", "content": "Sensitivity to pain and touch was measured in the nipple, areola, and cutaneous breast tissue of prepubertal boys and girls, postpubertal men and nuliparous women before and after delivery. Before puberty there were no differences between the sexes, but after puberty the tactile sensitivity of all areas of the women's breast was significantly greater than the men's. Tactil sensitivity of all areas also varied during the menstrual cycle, with maximal sensitivity at midcycle and at menstruation; the mid-cycle peak was absent when the women were taking oral contraceptives. But the most dramatic changes occured within 24 hours of parturition, when there was a great increase in breast sensitivity. This may be the key event for activating the suckling-induced discharge of oxytocin and prolactin and inhibiting ovulation during lactation.", "contents": "Changes in breast sensitivity at puberty, during the menstrual cycle, and at parturition. Sensitivity to pain and touch was measured in the nipple, areola, and cutaneous breast tissue of prepubertal boys and girls, postpubertal men and nuliparous women before and after delivery. Before puberty there were no differences between the sexes, but after puberty the tactile sensitivity of all areas of the women's breast was significantly greater than the men's. Tactil sensitivity of all areas also varied during the menstrual cycle, with maximal sensitivity at midcycle and at menstruation; the mid-cycle peak was absent when the women were taking oral contraceptives. But the most dramatic changes occured within 24 hours of parturition, when there was a great increase in breast sensitivity. This may be the key event for activating the suckling-induced discharge of oxytocin and prolactin and inhibiting ovulation during lactation.", "PMID": 861531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13850", "title": "Undescribed toxin in pseudomembranous colitis.", "content": "A girl aged 12 developed pseudomembranous colitis after a short course of oral penicillin. She had no history of adverse reaction to penicillin before or after the illness. No pathogenic bacteria, mycoplasmas, or viruses were found in her faeces, but they did contain a toxin. Toxin was also found in four of five other patients with pseudomembranous colitis but not in six specimens obtained from patients with diarrhoea caused by other disorders. Further studies may show that pseudomembranous colitis is caused by a bacterial toxin.", "contents": "Undescribed toxin in pseudomembranous colitis. A girl aged 12 developed pseudomembranous colitis after a short course of oral penicillin. She had no history of adverse reaction to penicillin before or after the illness. No pathogenic bacteria, mycoplasmas, or viruses were found in her faeces, but they did contain a toxin. Toxin was also found in four of five other patients with pseudomembranous colitis but not in six specimens obtained from patients with diarrhoea caused by other disorders. Further studies may show that pseudomembranous colitis is caused by a bacterial toxin.", "PMID": 861560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13851", "title": "Recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis in patients receiving vincristine and vinblastine.", "content": "Three patients receiving vincristine or binblastine developed recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis, which resolved when the drug was withdrawn. The presence of mediastinal lymphadenopathy in patients with lymphoma may obscure the correct diagnosis, with the danger that the condition will produce respiratory distress if vinca alkaloid treatment is continued.", "contents": "Recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis in patients receiving vincristine and vinblastine. Three patients receiving vincristine or binblastine developed recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis, which resolved when the drug was withdrawn. The presence of mediastinal lymphadenopathy in patients with lymphoma may obscure the correct diagnosis, with the danger that the condition will produce respiratory distress if vinca alkaloid treatment is continued.", "PMID": 861561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13852", "title": "Control of blood glucose during labour in diabetic women with combined glucose and low-dose insulin infusion.", "content": "During 15 labours in diabetic women blood glucose concentrations were controlled with simultaneous infusion of insulin and glucose. The mean insulin infusion rate was between 1 and 2 U/h. No infant showed evidence of neonatal hypoglycaemia. The procedure is simple to use and may be carried out in any labour ward.", "contents": "Control of blood glucose during labour in diabetic women with combined glucose and low-dose insulin infusion. During 15 labours in diabetic women blood glucose concentrations were controlled with simultaneous infusion of insulin and glucose. The mean insulin infusion rate was between 1 and 2 U/h. No infant showed evidence of neonatal hypoglycaemia. The procedure is simple to use and may be carried out in any labour ward.", "PMID": 861562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13853", "title": "Comparative study of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes, bone histology, and skeletal radiography in dialysis bone disease.", "content": "Liver, intestinal, and bone alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes were measured using heat stability and L-phenylalanine inhibition techniques in 78 patients on intermittent haemodialysis. Fifty-five patients had abnormalities in one or more of the isoenzymes. Changes in bone and intestinal alkaline phosphatase activities seemed to be related and raised liver isoenzyme activity was associated with the development of liver disease. Abnormal histological and radiological findings were better correlated with bone alkaline phosphatase levels than with total alkaline phosphatase, and serial estimations of bone isoenzyme activity were useful in assessing the response of renal osteodystrophy to treatment with a vitamin D analogue. Serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme measurement provides another useful and non-invasive index for monitoring metabolic bone disease in patients with chronic renal failure.", "contents": "Comparative study of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes, bone histology, and skeletal radiography in dialysis bone disease. Liver, intestinal, and bone alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes were measured using heat stability and L-phenylalanine inhibition techniques in 78 patients on intermittent haemodialysis. Fifty-five patients had abnormalities in one or more of the isoenzymes. Changes in bone and intestinal alkaline phosphatase activities seemed to be related and raised liver isoenzyme activity was associated with the development of liver disease. Abnormal histological and radiological findings were better correlated with bone alkaline phosphatase levels than with total alkaline phosphatase, and serial estimations of bone isoenzyme activity were useful in assessing the response of renal osteodystrophy to treatment with a vitamin D analogue. Serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme measurement provides another useful and non-invasive index for monitoring metabolic bone disease in patients with chronic renal failure.", "PMID": 861592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13854", "title": "25-Hydroxycholecalciferol absorption in steatorrhoea and postgastrectomy osteomalacia.", "content": "Post-absorption levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OHD) after oral administration of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3) were measured in 11 subjects. Five had presented with steatorrhoea of various causes while six had post-gastrectomy osteomalacia. Post-absorption levels of 25-OHD were low in four of the patients with steatorrhoea but normal in five of those with post-gastrectomy osteomalacia. There was a significant inverse correlation between peak post-absorption 25-OHD levels and faecal fat excretion. All patients with active post-gastrectomy osteomalacia had subnormal baseline plasma 25-OHD levels, which indicates that the condition is due to a deficiency of vitamin D. Only two of the patients with osteomalacia had estimated dietary vitamin D intakes ofer 1-75 microng/day. These findings suggest that an oral 25-OHD absorption test may be a valuable measure of small intestinal function and that poor dietary vitamin D intake rather than impaired absorption of the vitamin may be the major cause of post-gastrectomy osteomalacia.", "contents": "25-Hydroxycholecalciferol absorption in steatorrhoea and postgastrectomy osteomalacia. Post-absorption levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OHD) after oral administration of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3) were measured in 11 subjects. Five had presented with steatorrhoea of various causes while six had post-gastrectomy osteomalacia. Post-absorption levels of 25-OHD were low in four of the patients with steatorrhoea but normal in five of those with post-gastrectomy osteomalacia. There was a significant inverse correlation between peak post-absorption 25-OHD levels and faecal fat excretion. All patients with active post-gastrectomy osteomalacia had subnormal baseline plasma 25-OHD levels, which indicates that the condition is due to a deficiency of vitamin D. Only two of the patients with osteomalacia had estimated dietary vitamin D intakes ofer 1-75 microng/day. These findings suggest that an oral 25-OHD absorption test may be a valuable measure of small intestinal function and that poor dietary vitamin D intake rather than impaired absorption of the vitamin may be the major cause of post-gastrectomy osteomalacia.", "PMID": 861593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13855", "title": "Premature baby statistics.", "content": "For 27 years annual figures have been kept of all infants weighing 2500 g or less born in the maternity department of the Northern General Hospital, Sheffield. The initial neonatal mortality rate (death within the first four weeks after birth) was then around 30% and is now 10%. This reduction is partly due to a decreased mortality rate among the individual weight groups but also to an increasing number of larger infants and a decreasing number of infants of low birth weight in the \"high-risk\" category.", "contents": "Premature baby statistics. For 27 years annual figures have been kept of all infants weighing 2500 g or less born in the maternity department of the Northern General Hospital, Sheffield. The initial neonatal mortality rate (death within the first four weeks after birth) was then around 30% and is now 10%. This reduction is partly due to a decreased mortality rate among the individual weight groups but also to an increasing number of larger infants and a decreasing number of infants of low birth weight in the \"high-risk\" category.", "PMID": 861594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13856", "title": "Evoked potentials, saccadic velocities, and computerized tomography in diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.", "content": "One hundred and two patients with suspected or established multiple sclerosis (MS) were investigated by one or more of the following techniques: measurement of visual evoked potentials (VEP); measurement of cervical and cortical somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP); measurement of horizontal saccadic eye movement velocities (SV); and computerised axial tomography of the cranium and orbits (CT). Each of the techniques was valuable in detecting abnormalities, some of which were subclinical, in many patients. More abnormalities were found in patients studied by more than one technique, the most being detected in patients who were studied by all five techniques. We conclude that the techniques have a complementary role in investigating suspected MS.", "contents": "Evoked potentials, saccadic velocities, and computerized tomography in diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. One hundred and two patients with suspected or established multiple sclerosis (MS) were investigated by one or more of the following techniques: measurement of visual evoked potentials (VEP); measurement of cervical and cortical somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP); measurement of horizontal saccadic eye movement velocities (SV); and computerised axial tomography of the cranium and orbits (CT). Each of the techniques was valuable in detecting abnormalities, some of which were subclinical, in many patients. More abnormalities were found in patients studied by more than one technique, the most being detected in patients who were studied by all five techniques. We conclude that the techniques have a complementary role in investigating suspected MS.", "PMID": 861595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13857", "title": "Immunoreactive beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma in hypopituitarism: evidence for an extrapituitary origin.", "content": "Immunoreactive beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (beta-MSH) was measured in the plasma of 19 patients with hypopituitarism and in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of five of these patients. In neither plasma nor CSF were the beta-MSH concentrations significantly different from those in normal controls. These observations raise the possibility that beta-MSH may be produced by and secreted from neural tissue; this is supported by the findings of beta-MSH in high concentrations in many parts of the brain.", "contents": "Immunoreactive beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma in hypopituitarism: evidence for an extrapituitary origin. Immunoreactive beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (beta-MSH) was measured in the plasma of 19 patients with hypopituitarism and in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of five of these patients. In neither plasma nor CSF were the beta-MSH concentrations significantly different from those in normal controls. These observations raise the possibility that beta-MSH may be produced by and secreted from neural tissue; this is supported by the findings of beta-MSH in high concentrations in many parts of the brain.", "PMID": 861596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13858", "title": "Is cowpox misnamed? A review of 10 human cases.", "content": "Twelve separate outbreaks of confirmed cowpox, 10 involving humans, were reviewed. Six of the patients, including three children, had severe infections and five were admitted to hospital. In three outbreaks both people and cows were affected but it was not known how the infections entered the herds. In seven outbreaks no direct contact with cattle was established and clinical and serological examination failed to show evidence of cowpox in the bovine population. Comparison of these data with information about infections known to be enzootic in cattle leads to the suggestion that cows are not the natural reservoir of cowpox. This should be remembered when diagnosis is considered. The role of small wild animals as hosts and vectors of \"cowpox\" should be investigated.", "contents": "Is cowpox misnamed? A review of 10 human cases. Twelve separate outbreaks of confirmed cowpox, 10 involving humans, were reviewed. Six of the patients, including three children, had severe infections and five were admitted to hospital. In three outbreaks both people and cows were affected but it was not known how the infections entered the herds. In seven outbreaks no direct contact with cattle was established and clinical and serological examination failed to show evidence of cowpox in the bovine population. Comparison of these data with information about infections known to be enzootic in cattle leads to the suggestion that cows are not the natural reservoir of cowpox. This should be remembered when diagnosis is considered. The role of small wild animals as hosts and vectors of \"cowpox\" should be investigated.", "PMID": 861644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13859", "title": "Casualty departments and the monitoring of drug dependence.", "content": "In a month-long prospective survey of patients attending London casualty departments with drug-related problems, 395 drug-dependent patients were identified. A check against the official Home Office index of notified addicts showed that 226 (57%) were not known to the Home Office. Of 92 patients who used narcotics only 53% were known with certainty to the Home Office, and when the source of notification was checked it became clear that in at least 77% of incidents involving narcotic addicts in casualty departments the addict was not reported. Repeated research in casualty departments could play a valuable role in monitoring drug dependence and might provide information supplementary to that obtained from the specialised drug treatment clinics and other sources of notification.", "contents": "Casualty departments and the monitoring of drug dependence. In a month-long prospective survey of patients attending London casualty departments with drug-related problems, 395 drug-dependent patients were identified. A check against the official Home Office index of notified addicts showed that 226 (57%) were not known to the Home Office. Of 92 patients who used narcotics only 53% were known with certainty to the Home Office, and when the source of notification was checked it became clear that in at least 77% of incidents involving narcotic addicts in casualty departments the addict was not reported. Repeated research in casualty departments could play a valuable role in monitoring drug dependence and might provide information supplementary to that obtained from the specialised drug treatment clinics and other sources of notification.", "PMID": 861645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13860", "title": "Antipyrine, paracetamol, and lignocaine elimination in chronic liver disease.", "content": "The plasma half lives of antipyrine, paracetamol, and lignocaine given by mouth were measured in 23 patients with stable chronic liver diseases of varying severity. Fifteen patients received all three drugs and 19 at least two. The half life of paracetamol was abnormally prolonged in nine out of 17 patients (mean 2-9 hours, normal 2-0 hours), of antipyrine in 10 out of 19 patients (mean 30-4 hours, normal 12-0 hours), and of lignocaine in 19 out of 21 patients (mean 6-6 hours, normal 1-4 hours). Prolongation of the half lives of all three drugs was significantly correlated with an increase of the vitamin-K1-corrected prothrombin time ratio and a reduction in serum albumin concentration. There was no correlation with serum bilirubin concentration or serum alanine aminotransferase activity. This suggests that impaired drug elimination was related to depressed hepatic protein synthesis. Considerable prolongation of the half life of one drug was invariably associated with delayed elimination of the others. The half life of lignocaine, however, was always the most prolonged and was a highly sensitive indicator of hepatic dysfunction. The pharmacokinetic characteristics of a drug as well as the severity of liver disease should be taken into account when considering drug dosage in patients with chronic liver disease.", "contents": "Antipyrine, paracetamol, and lignocaine elimination in chronic liver disease. The plasma half lives of antipyrine, paracetamol, and lignocaine given by mouth were measured in 23 patients with stable chronic liver diseases of varying severity. Fifteen patients received all three drugs and 19 at least two. The half life of paracetamol was abnormally prolonged in nine out of 17 patients (mean 2-9 hours, normal 2-0 hours), of antipyrine in 10 out of 19 patients (mean 30-4 hours, normal 12-0 hours), and of lignocaine in 19 out of 21 patients (mean 6-6 hours, normal 1-4 hours). Prolongation of the half lives of all three drugs was significantly correlated with an increase of the vitamin-K1-corrected prothrombin time ratio and a reduction in serum albumin concentration. There was no correlation with serum bilirubin concentration or serum alanine aminotransferase activity. This suggests that impaired drug elimination was related to depressed hepatic protein synthesis. Considerable prolongation of the half life of one drug was invariably associated with delayed elimination of the others. The half life of lignocaine, however, was always the most prolonged and was a highly sensitive indicator of hepatic dysfunction. The pharmacokinetic characteristics of a drug as well as the severity of liver disease should be taken into account when considering drug dosage in patients with chronic liver disease.", "PMID": 861646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13861", "title": "Vaccination scar with soft-tissue atrophy restored by local insulin treatment.", "content": "A woman who had a deep scar on her left arm as a result of an influenza vaccination was treated with insulin. Monocomponent porcine insulin was injected into each quadrant of the pit. After 82 days' treatment her arm appeared normal and has remained so over seven months. Using insulin's ability to promote fat and protein synthesis is a simple and effective way of treating atrophied scars.", "contents": "Vaccination scar with soft-tissue atrophy restored by local insulin treatment. A woman who had a deep scar on her left arm as a result of an influenza vaccination was treated with insulin. Monocomponent porcine insulin was injected into each quadrant of the pit. After 82 days' treatment her arm appeared normal and has remained so over seven months. Using insulin's ability to promote fat and protein synthesis is a simple and effective way of treating atrophied scars.", "PMID": 861647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13862", "title": "Sclerosing peritonitis due to practolol.", "content": "Six patients developed intestinal obstruction from sclerosing peritonitis due to practolol. Complete surgical removal of the abnormal membrane appears to be necessary.", "contents": "Sclerosing peritonitis due to practolol. Six patients developed intestinal obstruction from sclerosing peritonitis due to practolol. Complete surgical removal of the abnormal membrane appears to be necessary.", "PMID": 861650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13863", "title": "Delivery of postgraduate medical education--who pays?", "content": "As the cost of academic postgraduate medical education increases the DHSS may sometimes need to fund established academic posts or sessions within universities, and it must recognise the need for salaried sessional commitments by clinical tutors and encourage universities to integrate them more effectively into regional medical schools. Such activities will otherwise increasingly impose on undergraduate departments teaching demands that are neither practicable nor proper.", "contents": "Delivery of postgraduate medical education--who pays? As the cost of academic postgraduate medical education increases the DHSS may sometimes need to fund established academic posts or sessions within universities, and it must recognise the need for salaried sessional commitments by clinical tutors and encourage universities to integrate them more effectively into regional medical schools. Such activities will otherwise increasingly impose on undergraduate departments teaching demands that are neither practicable nor proper.", "PMID": 861651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13864", "title": "Mortality among doctors in different occupations.", "content": "A total of 20540 male doctors who replied to a questionnaire on their smoking habits that was sent to them on 1 November 1951, and who were aged 35 years and over, were classified according to their occupation as listed in the Medical Directory for 1952 and followed up until 1 November 1971. Examination of the mortality rates in 11 occupational groups showed gross heterogeneity for smoking-related diseases but not for all other diseases grouped together. On average, general practitioners smoked 37% more cigarettes than did hospital physicians and surgeons and the overall death rates among general practitioners were about 23% higher than among physicians and surgeons of similar ages. This excess death rate was chiefly accounted for by a 38% excess mortality from smoking-related diseases such as lung cancer, chronic bronchitis, and ischaemic and pulmonary heart disease. The few other statistically significant associations between occupation and disease were thought to be due either to chance or to the effect of the disease on the choice of specialty.", "contents": "Mortality among doctors in different occupations. A total of 20540 male doctors who replied to a questionnaire on their smoking habits that was sent to them on 1 November 1951, and who were aged 35 years and over, were classified according to their occupation as listed in the Medical Directory for 1952 and followed up until 1 November 1971. Examination of the mortality rates in 11 occupational groups showed gross heterogeneity for smoking-related diseases but not for all other diseases grouped together. On average, general practitioners smoked 37% more cigarettes than did hospital physicians and surgeons and the overall death rates among general practitioners were about 23% higher than among physicians and surgeons of similar ages. This excess death rate was chiefly accounted for by a 38% excess mortality from smoking-related diseases such as lung cancer, chronic bronchitis, and ischaemic and pulmonary heart disease. The few other statistically significant associations between occupation and disease were thought to be due either to chance or to the effect of the disease on the choice of specialty.", "PMID": 861678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13865", "title": "Current management of hypertension in hospital.", "content": "A study of the notes of 1784 patients new to two London hospitals found a blood-pressure recording in 1027 (58%). Only 423 (32%) of all outpatients had had a blood-pressure recording on their first visit. Of 144 patients with hypertension (systolic greater than or equal to 160 mm Hg or diastolic greater than or equal 100 mm Hg or both) a check recording was made in 89 (62%) and 18 (12%) were put on treatment. We conclude that the opportunity that a hospital visit provides for blood-pressure screening is being incompletely used, and that the discovery of hypertension often does not lead to further action.", "contents": "Current management of hypertension in hospital. A study of the notes of 1784 patients new to two London hospitals found a blood-pressure recording in 1027 (58%). Only 423 (32%) of all outpatients had had a blood-pressure recording on their first visit. Of 144 patients with hypertension (systolic greater than or equal to 160 mm Hg or diastolic greater than or equal 100 mm Hg or both) a check recording was made in 89 (62%) and 18 (12%) were put on treatment. We conclude that the opportunity that a hospital visit provides for blood-pressure screening is being incompletely used, and that the discovery of hypertension often does not lead to further action.", "PMID": 861679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13866", "title": "Current management of hypertension in general practice.", "content": "An examination of the notes of 697 patients in a random sample of seven general practices in one part of inner London showed that 164 (24%) of 669 had had a blood-pressure recording in a five-year period. Proportions varied between 4% and 36% in the different practices. The blood pressure was raised (systolic greater than or equal to 160 mm Hg or diastolic greater than or equal to 100 mm Hg or both) in 74 patients (45%) whose blood pressure had been recorded, and another recording had subsequently been made in 45 (61%) of these patients. Fifteen (21%) of those with hypertension had not had a blood-pressure recording during the five years before the study. Tranquillisers or sedatives were the commonest drugs used in the treatment of hypertension. As in a study of the management of hypertension in hospital, opportunities provided by visits to the general practitioner were not commonly used for blood-pressure screening, and the discovery of hypertension often did not lead to further action.", "contents": "Current management of hypertension in general practice. An examination of the notes of 697 patients in a random sample of seven general practices in one part of inner London showed that 164 (24%) of 669 had had a blood-pressure recording in a five-year period. Proportions varied between 4% and 36% in the different practices. The blood pressure was raised (systolic greater than or equal to 160 mm Hg or diastolic greater than or equal to 100 mm Hg or both) in 74 patients (45%) whose blood pressure had been recorded, and another recording had subsequently been made in 45 (61%) of these patients. Fifteen (21%) of those with hypertension had not had a blood-pressure recording during the five years before the study. Tranquillisers or sedatives were the commonest drugs used in the treatment of hypertension. As in a study of the management of hypertension in hospital, opportunities provided by visits to the general practitioner were not commonly used for blood-pressure screening, and the discovery of hypertension often did not lead to further action.", "PMID": 861680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13867", "title": "Diabetic cardiomyopathy: the preclinical phase.", "content": "Left ventricular function was assessed by measuring sytolic time intervals in insulin-requiring diabetics with and without significant microangiopathy. The results were compared with those in normal controls. Significant microangiopathy was defined as proteinuria over 3 g/24 h or proliferative retinopathy. Left ventricular function was also assessed one and a half years later by echocardiography in four patients with microangiopathy. Patients with angina, previous myocardial infarction, hypertension, and alcoholism were excluded. All had normal electrocardiograms and chest radiographs. Diabetics with microangiopathy had impaired left ventricular function, whereas those with uncomplicated diabetes had normal function. This finding supports the existence of a specific diabetic cardiomyopathy due to microangiopathy rather than the metabolic defect. The association of microangiopathy and impaired left ventricular function may explain the high immediate mortality and the high incidence of cardiogenic shock and congestive heart failure after myocardial infarction in diabetics.", "contents": "Diabetic cardiomyopathy: the preclinical phase. Left ventricular function was assessed by measuring sytolic time intervals in insulin-requiring diabetics with and without significant microangiopathy. The results were compared with those in normal controls. Significant microangiopathy was defined as proteinuria over 3 g/24 h or proliferative retinopathy. Left ventricular function was also assessed one and a half years later by echocardiography in four patients with microangiopathy. Patients with angina, previous myocardial infarction, hypertension, and alcoholism were excluded. All had normal electrocardiograms and chest radiographs. Diabetics with microangiopathy had impaired left ventricular function, whereas those with uncomplicated diabetes had normal function. This finding supports the existence of a specific diabetic cardiomyopathy due to microangiopathy rather than the metabolic defect. The association of microangiopathy and impaired left ventricular function may explain the high immediate mortality and the high incidence of cardiogenic shock and congestive heart failure after myocardial infarction in diabetics.", "PMID": 861681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13868", "title": "Psychologically mediated abdominal pain in surgical and medical outpatients clinics.", "content": "Ninety-six patients complaining of recurrent or persistent abdominal pain were referred consecutively to a surgical clinic and a medical clinic, respectively. They were examined psychiatrically after their initial physical investigation. The psychiatric examination included rating scales for depression and anxiety, a personality inventory, life-events schedule, scale of verbal expressivity, and family and personal patterns of pain and invalidism. Only 15 patients (15-6%) had organic disorders that could be responsible for their symptoms. In the remainder, psychiatric factors were considered primarily responsible for their abdominal pain: 31 were depressed; 21 had chronic tension; in 17 hysterical mechanisms were prominent; and 12 were found to be unrecognised alcoholics. Follow-up at three and six months and recognition by 80% of the psychogenic group that a psychological explanation was plausible, confirmed the diagnoses, and over half responded favourably to psychiatric management. Features distinguishing the organic and psychogenic groups were delineated. Psychiatric assessment has a place among the investigations of non-acute abdominal pain; certainly it should not be condisered simply as \"a last resort.\"", "contents": "Psychologically mediated abdominal pain in surgical and medical outpatients clinics. Ninety-six patients complaining of recurrent or persistent abdominal pain were referred consecutively to a surgical clinic and a medical clinic, respectively. They were examined psychiatrically after their initial physical investigation. The psychiatric examination included rating scales for depression and anxiety, a personality inventory, life-events schedule, scale of verbal expressivity, and family and personal patterns of pain and invalidism. Only 15 patients (15-6%) had organic disorders that could be responsible for their symptoms. In the remainder, psychiatric factors were considered primarily responsible for their abdominal pain: 31 were depressed; 21 had chronic tension; in 17 hysterical mechanisms were prominent; and 12 were found to be unrecognised alcoholics. Follow-up at three and six months and recognition by 80% of the psychogenic group that a psychological explanation was plausible, confirmed the diagnoses, and over half responded favourably to psychiatric management. Features distinguishing the organic and psychogenic groups were delineated. Psychiatric assessment has a place among the investigations of non-acute abdominal pain; certainly it should not be condisered simply as \"a last resort.\"", "PMID": 861687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13869", "title": "Cardiac arrhythmias that masquerade as epilepsy.", "content": "Over six months 10 patients, representing 20% of those referred to a neurological department with possible idiopathic epilepsy, were subsequently considered to have cardiac arrhythmias that caused or significantly contributed to their symptoms. In some cases relevant arrhythmias were shown only after prolonged electrocardiographic monitoring. Although several theoretical and practical factors need to be assessed when considering the cardiac basis for cerebral disturbances, unsuspected cardiac arrhythmias may underlie \"epilepsy\" in many patients.", "contents": "Cardiac arrhythmias that masquerade as epilepsy. Over six months 10 patients, representing 20% of those referred to a neurological department with possible idiopathic epilepsy, were subsequently considered to have cardiac arrhythmias that caused or significantly contributed to their symptoms. In some cases relevant arrhythmias were shown only after prolonged electrocardiographic monitoring. Although several theoretical and practical factors need to be assessed when considering the cardiac basis for cerebral disturbances, unsuspected cardiac arrhythmias may underlie \"epilepsy\" in many patients.", "PMID": 861688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13870", "title": "Uses of barium meal examination in dyspeptic patients under 50.", "content": "No abnormality was found in 76 of 100 dyspeptic out-patients under the age of 50 who underwent barium meal examination, while various non-malignant lesions were found in the remaining 24. Only 10% of those under 30, and 10% of those with symptoms for less than a year proved to have any abnormality. Because of the radiographic results treatment was altered in only 11 patients, and most of these changes were small.", "contents": "Uses of barium meal examination in dyspeptic patients under 50. No abnormality was found in 76 of 100 dyspeptic out-patients under the age of 50 who underwent barium meal examination, while various non-malignant lesions were found in the remaining 24. Only 10% of those under 30, and 10% of those with symptoms for less than a year proved to have any abnormality. Because of the radiographic results treatment was altered in only 11 patients, and most of these changes were small.", "PMID": 861690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13871", "title": "Recovery patterns and prognosis in aphasia.", "content": "Ninety-three aphasics were studied with repeated language assessment by a scorable test (the Western Aphasia Battery). Recovery rates were determined by measuring language performance (Aphasia Quotient) at nought to forty-five days post-onset, and three, six and twelve months and yearly after. Recovery rates were higher in post-traumatic than in cerebrovascular cases. When the stable infarcts were separately studied, the greatest recovery was seen in \"Broca's\" aphasics, followed by the \"conduction\" group. Anomic aphasia appeared to be a common end-stage of evolution. Long-term follow-up (twelve months or more) demonstrated that global aphasics have a poor prognosis, while Broca's and Wernicke's have an intermediate one. Complete recovery occurred frequently among anomic, conduction and transcortical aphasics and in more than half of the traumatic cases. Initial severity and outcome correlated significantly. Age and rate of initial recovery showed a trend of negative correlation; younger patients recovered better, but there were frequent exceptions, depending on other factors, such as the initial severity of aphasia. Although some cases recovered exceptionally well while under therapy, there was no significant difference between the treated and untreated groups, where such a comparison was possible.", "contents": "Recovery patterns and prognosis in aphasia. Ninety-three aphasics were studied with repeated language assessment by a scorable test (the Western Aphasia Battery). Recovery rates were determined by measuring language performance (Aphasia Quotient) at nought to forty-five days post-onset, and three, six and twelve months and yearly after. Recovery rates were higher in post-traumatic than in cerebrovascular cases. When the stable infarcts were separately studied, the greatest recovery was seen in \"Broca's\" aphasics, followed by the \"conduction\" group. Anomic aphasia appeared to be a common end-stage of evolution. Long-term follow-up (twelve months or more) demonstrated that global aphasics have a poor prognosis, while Broca's and Wernicke's have an intermediate one. Complete recovery occurred frequently among anomic, conduction and transcortical aphasics and in more than half of the traumatic cases. Initial severity and outcome correlated significantly. Age and rate of initial recovery showed a trend of negative correlation; younger patients recovered better, but there were frequent exceptions, depending on other factors, such as the initial severity of aphasia. Although some cases recovered exceptionally well while under therapy, there was no significant difference between the treated and untreated groups, where such a comparison was possible.", "PMID": 861709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13872", "title": "Perceptual, semantic and phonetic aspects of elementary language processes in split-brain patients.", "content": "Patients with total forebrain commissurotomy were examined on three tests of elementary linguistic ability. We found that the right hemisphere was dominant for the visual recognition of words when no semantic or phonetic decoding was required. The left hemisphere assumed control of behaviour when written words had to be matched semantically to pictures, though the right hemisphere was also competent at this task. On a test of rhyming, the left hemisphere was not only dominant, but was vastly superior to the right which displayed little, if any, ability. We suggest that the two hemispheres are basically differentiated with respect to their generative, constructive capacities in language, as in other functions of intelligence.", "contents": "Perceptual, semantic and phonetic aspects of elementary language processes in split-brain patients. Patients with total forebrain commissurotomy were examined on three tests of elementary linguistic ability. We found that the right hemisphere was dominant for the visual recognition of words when no semantic or phonetic decoding was required. The left hemisphere assumed control of behaviour when written words had to be matched semantically to pictures, though the right hemisphere was also competent at this task. On a test of rhyming, the left hemisphere was not only dominant, but was vastly superior to the right which displayed little, if any, ability. We suggest that the two hemispheres are basically differentiated with respect to their generative, constructive capacities in language, as in other functions of intelligence.", "PMID": 861710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13873", "title": "The comparison of small-size rectangle and checkerboard stimulation for the evaluation of delayed visual evoked responses in patients suspected of multiple sclerosis.", "content": "The use of foveal small-size rectangle stimulation to elicit visual evoked responses was compared with VERs elicited by the standard checkerboard pattern. Foveal stimulation achieved a significantly better discrimination of optic nerve lesions in the early diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Sources of misdiagnosis due to different neurological disorders are discussed.", "contents": "The comparison of small-size rectangle and checkerboard stimulation for the evaluation of delayed visual evoked responses in patients suspected of multiple sclerosis. The use of foveal small-size rectangle stimulation to elicit visual evoked responses was compared with VERs elicited by the standard checkerboard pattern. Foveal stimulation achieved a significantly better discrimination of optic nerve lesions in the early diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Sources of misdiagnosis due to different neurological disorders are discussed.", "PMID": 861711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13874", "title": "The effect of posterior column lesions on servo responses from the human long thumb flexor.", "content": "Lesions of the posterior column pathways, in which muscle spindle afferents run towards the brain, are associated with loss of servo responses in the long flexor of the thumb, in the absence of motor weakness and with tendon jerks preserved. This evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that the long-latency stretch reflex (on which servo responses are based) uses a supraspinal, possibly a transcortical, reflex arc.", "contents": "The effect of posterior column lesions on servo responses from the human long thumb flexor. Lesions of the posterior column pathways, in which muscle spindle afferents run towards the brain, are associated with loss of servo responses in the long flexor of the thumb, in the absence of motor weakness and with tendon jerks preserved. This evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that the long-latency stretch reflex (on which servo responses are based) uses a supraspinal, possibly a transcortical, reflex arc.", "PMID": 861713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13875", "title": "Abnormalities of the auditory evoked potentials in patients with multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Fifteen components of the auditory evoked potential can be recorded within 300 ms of a click stimulus and these can be classified by latency in early (0-8 ms), middle (8-60 ms) and late (greater than 60 ms) components. Follwing a click stimulus of high intensity these components have been studied in 45 normal subjects and in 88 patients with definite multiple sclerosis. Component V, thought to arise from brain-stem structures, was the most consistently abnormal in patients and there was a correlation between the abnormalities and clinical evidence of a brain-stem lesion. Thus in 79 per cent of patients with definite evidence of a brain-stem lesion and in 51 per cent of those without clinical signs related to the brain-stem, component V was abnormal. Abnormalities were also detected for components Pa, Nb and P1 of the middle components, and in 12 per cent of these the early components were normal. The late components were normal in all but 3 patients. Evidence is presented to show that pairs of click stimuli, 5 ms apart, presented at a fast stimulus rate, stress the auditory system in normal subjects. Using this technique abnormalities of component V in patients became more marked and the proportion of abnormalities detected was increased. The contribution of the reflex muscle responses to the click to the middle components of the auditory evoked potential has also been studied. It is concluded that components Pa, Nb and P1 are independent of these reflexes.", "contents": "Abnormalities of the auditory evoked potentials in patients with multiple sclerosis. Fifteen components of the auditory evoked potential can be recorded within 300 ms of a click stimulus and these can be classified by latency in early (0-8 ms), middle (8-60 ms) and late (greater than 60 ms) components. Follwing a click stimulus of high intensity these components have been studied in 45 normal subjects and in 88 patients with definite multiple sclerosis. Component V, thought to arise from brain-stem structures, was the most consistently abnormal in patients and there was a correlation between the abnormalities and clinical evidence of a brain-stem lesion. Thus in 79 per cent of patients with definite evidence of a brain-stem lesion and in 51 per cent of those without clinical signs related to the brain-stem, component V was abnormal. Abnormalities were also detected for components Pa, Nb and P1 of the middle components, and in 12 per cent of these the early components were normal. The late components were normal in all but 3 patients. Evidence is presented to show that pairs of click stimuli, 5 ms apart, presented at a fast stimulus rate, stress the auditory system in normal subjects. Using this technique abnormalities of component V in patients became more marked and the proportion of abnormalities detected was increased. The contribution of the reflex muscle responses to the click to the middle components of the auditory evoked potential has also been studied. It is concluded that components Pa, Nb and P1 are independent of these reflexes.", "PMID": 861714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13876", "title": "Peroneal muscular atrophy (PMA) and related disorders. II. Histological findings in sural nerves.", "content": "Biopsy of the sural nerves distinguished two groups of patients with peroneal muscular atrophy (Charcot-Marie-Tooth): a hypertrophic type and a neuronal type. In patients with the hypertrophic type (10 nerves), 30-100 per cent of teased fibres of the sural nerve had demyelinated segments, numerous onion-bulb formations and often an increase in endoneurial space. Large and small fibres, with a diameter of more than 7 micron and less than 5 micron were diminished in number. Regeneration was scarce. There were more fibres with 60-120 myelin lamellae than in normal nerve, suggesting an atrophy of the axon. Biopsy of 19 sural nerves of patients with the neuronal type of PMA showed loss of large fibres (more than 7 micron in diameter). The number of small fibres was normal, presumably due to regeneration, since there were many \"clusters\" of small myelinated fibres. Fibres with demyelinated segments and onion-bulb formations were absent or rare and the endoneurial space was normal or slightly increased. Neither in the hypertrophic nor in the neuronal type did fibre loss occur selectively among the very largest fibres. Nine nerves from patients with hereditary spastic paraplegia and from a family with tremor and spasticity in addition to PMA showed changes similar in type but often milder in degree than nerves of the neuronal type of PMA. The number of unmyelinated fibres was normal in 12 of 21 nerves from patients with PMA; it was increased in 5 and diminished in 3 nerves.", "contents": "Peroneal muscular atrophy (PMA) and related disorders. II. Histological findings in sural nerves. Biopsy of the sural nerves distinguished two groups of patients with peroneal muscular atrophy (Charcot-Marie-Tooth): a hypertrophic type and a neuronal type. In patients with the hypertrophic type (10 nerves), 30-100 per cent of teased fibres of the sural nerve had demyelinated segments, numerous onion-bulb formations and often an increase in endoneurial space. Large and small fibres, with a diameter of more than 7 micron and less than 5 micron were diminished in number. Regeneration was scarce. There were more fibres with 60-120 myelin lamellae than in normal nerve, suggesting an atrophy of the axon. Biopsy of 19 sural nerves of patients with the neuronal type of PMA showed loss of large fibres (more than 7 micron in diameter). The number of small fibres was normal, presumably due to regeneration, since there were many \"clusters\" of small myelinated fibres. Fibres with demyelinated segments and onion-bulb formations were absent or rare and the endoneurial space was normal or slightly increased. Neither in the hypertrophic nor in the neuronal type did fibre loss occur selectively among the very largest fibres. Nine nerves from patients with hereditary spastic paraplegia and from a family with tremor and spasticity in addition to PMA showed changes similar in type but often milder in degree than nerves of the neuronal type of PMA. The number of unmyelinated fibres was normal in 12 of 21 nerves from patients with PMA; it was increased in 5 and diminished in 3 nerves.", "PMID": 861716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13877", "title": "Cognition and commissurotomy.", "content": "Cognitive functioning was extensively evaluated in a recent callosum-sectioned patient. A number of standardized and specialized experimental memory tests, as well as a sophisticated hypothesis testing task, were administered both before and after operation. No post-operative deficits were obtained. In fact, this patient showed marked improvement on almost every measure utilized. These results demonstrate that the cognitive processing of complex information is not necessarily dependent on the integrity of the corpus callosum, but rather suggest that cognitive functioning is largely an intrahemispheric process.", "contents": "Cognition and commissurotomy. Cognitive functioning was extensively evaluated in a recent callosum-sectioned patient. A number of standardized and specialized experimental memory tests, as well as a sophisticated hypothesis testing task, were administered both before and after operation. No post-operative deficits were obtained. In fact, this patient showed marked improvement on almost every measure utilized. These results demonstrate that the cognitive processing of complex information is not necessarily dependent on the integrity of the corpus callosum, but rather suggest that cognitive functioning is largely an intrahemispheric process.", "PMID": 861717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13878", "title": "Effect of post-impulse depression on background firing of sympathetic preganglionic neurons.", "content": "(1) Many of the preganglionic neurons responsible for sympathetic tone in the cat exhibit a characteristic irregular background spike activity with a low repetition rate. The properties of this activity, described by the interspike interval histogram, can be explained as the result of the responses of the neurons to random synaptic imputs. (2) Serial interspike interval correlation was used to show that additive post-impulse depression in preganglionic neurons does not enter into the timing of typical low-rate, irregular background firing. However, if cells are accelerated by anitdromic tetanization, a depressive recovery process accumulates to cause a prolonged silent period after driving of the cells has ceased. If cells are accelerated, by the action of their synaptic inputs, to rates higher than their usual basal rates, serial post-impulse depressions overlap, and summate to cause a temporal interaction between neighboring pulses which is observable by serial interval correlation. (3) By observing the effect of antidromic responses occurring at various intervals after a background spike, we showed that the time course of the summative part of post-impulse depression is shorter than the interspike intervals typically encountered in background firing. (4) At higher-than-basal levels of sympathetic activity, occurring spontaneously or during antidromic stimulation, successive post-impulse recovery periods overlap and sum to impart a negative correlation of serial interspike intervals. At the levels of sympathetic activity existing in waking animals, the damping effect of cumulative post-impulse depression is probably an important factor in stabilizing sympathetic tone.", "contents": "Effect of post-impulse depression on background firing of sympathetic preganglionic neurons. (1) Many of the preganglionic neurons responsible for sympathetic tone in the cat exhibit a characteristic irregular background spike activity with a low repetition rate. The properties of this activity, described by the interspike interval histogram, can be explained as the result of the responses of the neurons to random synaptic imputs. (2) Serial interspike interval correlation was used to show that additive post-impulse depression in preganglionic neurons does not enter into the timing of typical low-rate, irregular background firing. However, if cells are accelerated by anitdromic tetanization, a depressive recovery process accumulates to cause a prolonged silent period after driving of the cells has ceased. If cells are accelerated, by the action of their synaptic inputs, to rates higher than their usual basal rates, serial post-impulse depressions overlap, and summate to cause a temporal interaction between neighboring pulses which is observable by serial interval correlation. (3) By observing the effect of antidromic responses occurring at various intervals after a background spike, we showed that the time course of the summative part of post-impulse depression is shorter than the interspike intervals typically encountered in background firing. (4) At higher-than-basal levels of sympathetic activity, occurring spontaneously or during antidromic stimulation, successive post-impulse recovery periods overlap and sum to impart a negative correlation of serial interspike intervals. At the levels of sympathetic activity existing in waking animals, the damping effect of cumulative post-impulse depression is probably an important factor in stabilizing sympathetic tone.", "PMID": 861718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13879", "title": "Effect of insulin hypoglycemia upon cerebral energy metabolism and EEG activity in the rat.", "content": "Anesthetized ventilated rats were subjected to insulin-induced hypoglycemia (50 units/kg i.v.) while EEG, ECG, mean arterial pressure, blood gases, arterial pH and rectal temperature were controlled. Animals were sacrificed by rapid transcalvarial freezing of the brain in situ. Glucose, pyruvate and lactate were measured in blood, CSF and cortical tissue, in which additionally glycogen, phosphocreatine, ATP, ADP, AMP, aketoglutarate (aKG), glutamate, oxalacetate, aspartate, ammonia and water content were estimated. ATP/ADP ratio, energy charge (ECh) energy reserve, NADH/NAD+ quotient and intracellular pH were calculated. ECh does not correlate with either dysfunction of carbohydrate depletion, but declines in a threshold fashion when tissue glucose has fallen by over 97% and glycogen by over 60%. The EEG correlates with the degree and duration of carbohydrate depletion in cortical tissue. An isoelectric EEG occurs pari passu with the fall of the ECh. Increase in ammonia and decrease in aKG and Glut are supportive evidence of intrinsic substrate. Lactate decrease during hypoglymecia is not reversed by super-imposed hyqoxia.", "contents": "Effect of insulin hypoglycemia upon cerebral energy metabolism and EEG activity in the rat. Anesthetized ventilated rats were subjected to insulin-induced hypoglycemia (50 units/kg i.v.) while EEG, ECG, mean arterial pressure, blood gases, arterial pH and rectal temperature were controlled. Animals were sacrificed by rapid transcalvarial freezing of the brain in situ. Glucose, pyruvate and lactate were measured in blood, CSF and cortical tissue, in which additionally glycogen, phosphocreatine, ATP, ADP, AMP, aketoglutarate (aKG), glutamate, oxalacetate, aspartate, ammonia and water content were estimated. ATP/ADP ratio, energy charge (ECh) energy reserve, NADH/NAD+ quotient and intracellular pH were calculated. ECh does not correlate with either dysfunction of carbohydrate depletion, but declines in a threshold fashion when tissue glucose has fallen by over 97% and glycogen by over 60%. The EEG correlates with the degree and duration of carbohydrate depletion in cortical tissue. An isoelectric EEG occurs pari passu with the fall of the ECh. Increase in ammonia and decrease in aKG and Glut are supportive evidence of intrinsic substrate. Lactate decrease during hypoglymecia is not reversed by super-imposed hyqoxia.", "PMID": 861719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13880", "title": "Microwave alteration of the blood-brain barrier system of rats.", "content": "Rats were exposed to 1.3 gHz microwave energy to assess the uptake of several neutral polar substances in certain areas of the brain. A quantitative, radioactive isotope method, which uses an internal standard, was employed to measure the loss of test substances to brain tissue. Single, 20 min exposure, to either pulsed or continuous wave (CW) microwave energy induced an increase in the uptake of D-mannitol at average power densities of less than 3.0 mW/sp. cm. The permeability change was greatest in the medulla, followed, in decreasing order, by the cerebellum and hypothalamus, with small or negligible changes in the hippocampus and cortex. Permeability increases were observed for mannitol and inulin but not for dextran. Increased permeability was observed both immediately and 4 h after exposure, but not 24 h after exposure. After an initial rise, the permeability of cerebral vessels to saccharides decreased with increasing microwave power. Differences in the level of uptake occurred between CW energy and pulsed energy of the same average power. Microwaves of the same average power but different pulse characteristics also produced different uptake levels. Our findings suggest that microwaves induce a temporary change in the permeability for small molecular weight saccharides in the blood-brain barrier system of rats.", "contents": "Microwave alteration of the blood-brain barrier system of rats. Rats were exposed to 1.3 gHz microwave energy to assess the uptake of several neutral polar substances in certain areas of the brain. A quantitative, radioactive isotope method, which uses an internal standard, was employed to measure the loss of test substances to brain tissue. Single, 20 min exposure, to either pulsed or continuous wave (CW) microwave energy induced an increase in the uptake of D-mannitol at average power densities of less than 3.0 mW/sp. cm. The permeability change was greatest in the medulla, followed, in decreasing order, by the cerebellum and hypothalamus, with small or negligible changes in the hippocampus and cortex. Permeability increases were observed for mannitol and inulin but not for dextran. Increased permeability was observed both immediately and 4 h after exposure, but not 24 h after exposure. After an initial rise, the permeability of cerebral vessels to saccharides decreased with increasing microwave power. Differences in the level of uptake occurred between CW energy and pulsed energy of the same average power. Microwaves of the same average power but different pulse characteristics also produced different uptake levels. Our findings suggest that microwaves induce a temporary change in the permeability for small molecular weight saccharides in the blood-brain barrier system of rats.", "PMID": 861720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13881", "title": "Impairment of DNA synthesis in Gunn rat cerebellum.", "content": "Brain DNA synthesis was developmentally investigated in Gunn rat with marked cerebellar hypoplasia due to hereditary hyperbilirubinemia. In this mutant rat, the Purkinje cell was nearly selectively affected in the cerebellar cortex by bilirubin. The impaired DNA synthesis was observed in homozygous (jj) Gunn rat cerebellum, in which the DNA content and [3H]thymidine incorporation rate into DNA decreased after 10 days of age compared to those in the heterozygous (Jj)littermate. In contrast, these impairments were not found in the non-cerebellar parts of the brain and liver of jj Gunn rat. The activity of cerebellar thymidine kinase in jj Gunn rat decreased from a very early stae, being 80% of Jj rat at 6 days, and 50% at 10 days of age. The enzyme activity was not affected in the non-cerebellar parts of the brain. Although bilirubin competitively inhibited cerebellar thymidine kinase activity in vitro (15% at 10(-5) M), such bilirubin level was found to be about 1000-fold that in vivo. Moreover, photo-degradation of bilirubin in jj cerebellum exhibited no improvement in thymidine kinase activity, and the presence of an enzyme inactivator was not suggested in jj cerebellum. These results seem to indicate that the induction of thymidine kinase might be affected in jj Gunn rat cerebellum. The possibility that the impaired DNA synthesis in the external granular cells in jj cerebellum may be due to Purkinje cell damage is discussed.", "contents": "Impairment of DNA synthesis in Gunn rat cerebellum. Brain DNA synthesis was developmentally investigated in Gunn rat with marked cerebellar hypoplasia due to hereditary hyperbilirubinemia. In this mutant rat, the Purkinje cell was nearly selectively affected in the cerebellar cortex by bilirubin. The impaired DNA synthesis was observed in homozygous (jj) Gunn rat cerebellum, in which the DNA content and [3H]thymidine incorporation rate into DNA decreased after 10 days of age compared to those in the heterozygous (Jj)littermate. In contrast, these impairments were not found in the non-cerebellar parts of the brain and liver of jj Gunn rat. The activity of cerebellar thymidine kinase in jj Gunn rat decreased from a very early stae, being 80% of Jj rat at 6 days, and 50% at 10 days of age. The enzyme activity was not affected in the non-cerebellar parts of the brain. Although bilirubin competitively inhibited cerebellar thymidine kinase activity in vitro (15% at 10(-5) M), such bilirubin level was found to be about 1000-fold that in vivo. Moreover, photo-degradation of bilirubin in jj cerebellum exhibited no improvement in thymidine kinase activity, and the presence of an enzyme inactivator was not suggested in jj cerebellum. These results seem to indicate that the induction of thymidine kinase might be affected in jj Gunn rat cerebellum. The possibility that the impaired DNA synthesis in the external granular cells in jj cerebellum may be due to Purkinje cell damage is discussed.", "PMID": 861721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13882", "title": "Subcellular distribution of radioimmunoassayable somatostatin in rat brain.", "content": "A specific, sensitive and reproducible radioimmunoassay is described for measurement of somatostatin in brain tissue. The sensitivity of the assay is 10 pg/tube and recovery of synthetic somatostatin added to brain homogenates was 95.8 +/- 6.2%. Dilution of tissue extracts from various brain regions showed parallelism in standard curves with labelled somatostatin. Somatostatin is shown to be widespread in the central nervous system with highest concentrations in hypothalamus, particularly the median eminence. Subcellular preparations of medial basal hypothalamus, preoptic area and amygdala indicate that over 70% of somatostatin immunoreactivity is localized to the synaptosome fraction. Recovery of activity in  the P2 pellet prior to separation on sucrose gradient is approximately 100%. It is hypothesized that somatostatin, in addition to being released into blood vessels of the median eminence, may also be liberated from nerve terminals in other brain regions.", "contents": "Subcellular distribution of radioimmunoassayable somatostatin in rat brain. A specific, sensitive and reproducible radioimmunoassay is described for measurement of somatostatin in brain tissue. The sensitivity of the assay is 10 pg/tube and recovery of synthetic somatostatin added to brain homogenates was 95.8 +/- 6.2%. Dilution of tissue extracts from various brain regions showed parallelism in standard curves with labelled somatostatin. Somatostatin is shown to be widespread in the central nervous system with highest concentrations in hypothalamus, particularly the median eminence. Subcellular preparations of medial basal hypothalamus, preoptic area and amygdala indicate that over 70% of somatostatin immunoreactivity is localized to the synaptosome fraction. Recovery of activity in  the P2 pellet prior to separation on sucrose gradient is approximately 100%. It is hypothesized that somatostatin, in addition to being released into blood vessels of the median eminence, may also be liberated from nerve terminals in other brain regions.", "PMID": 861722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13883", "title": "Olfactory and vomeronasal deafferentation of male hamsters: histological and behavioral analyses.", "content": "Deafferentation of the vomeronasal system by cutting the vomeronasal nerves severely impaired mating behavior in 44% of male hamsters over a 1--2 month period of postoperative testing, but the remaining males mated normally after the surgery. Damage to the main olfactory bulbs, concomitant to vomeronasal nerve cuts, did not account for this behavioral difference. Subsequent deafferentation of olfactory system by intranasal infusion of zinc sulfate solution (5 g ZnSO4--7H2O in 95 ml 0.5% NaCl) had no effect on intromission or ejaculation latencies of sham vomeronasal cut males but eliminated mating behavior 2 days after treatment in males with bilateral vomeronasal nerve cuts. Some of these males recovered the behavior in 1--3 weeks of post zinc sulfate testing. Histological analyses of the olfactory mucosa in 7 males on day 2 after zinc sulfate showed that 89--97% of the mucosa had been destroyed in 6 out of 7 of the males and 78% in the seventh. We conclude that destruction of the vomeronasal system irreparably reduces arousal necessary for mating in some hamsters but in other males sufficient arousal for this behavior to occur is mediated through the olfactory system, presumably in conjunction with other sensory inputs. Subsequent removal of the olfactory input in these animals eliminates the behavior.", "contents": "Olfactory and vomeronasal deafferentation of male hamsters: histological and behavioral analyses. Deafferentation of the vomeronasal system by cutting the vomeronasal nerves severely impaired mating behavior in 44% of male hamsters over a 1--2 month period of postoperative testing, but the remaining males mated normally after the surgery. Damage to the main olfactory bulbs, concomitant to vomeronasal nerve cuts, did not account for this behavioral difference. Subsequent deafferentation of olfactory system by intranasal infusion of zinc sulfate solution (5 g ZnSO4--7H2O in 95 ml 0.5% NaCl) had no effect on intromission or ejaculation latencies of sham vomeronasal cut males but eliminated mating behavior 2 days after treatment in males with bilateral vomeronasal nerve cuts. Some of these males recovered the behavior in 1--3 weeks of post zinc sulfate testing. Histological analyses of the olfactory mucosa in 7 males on day 2 after zinc sulfate showed that 89--97% of the mucosa had been destroyed in 6 out of 7 of the males and 78% in the seventh. We conclude that destruction of the vomeronasal system irreparably reduces arousal necessary for mating in some hamsters but in other males sufficient arousal for this behavior to occur is mediated through the olfactory system, presumably in conjunction with other sensory inputs. Subsequent removal of the olfactory input in these animals eliminates the behavior.", "PMID": 861723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13884", "title": "Rat hippocampal neurons in dispersed cell culture.", "content": "An in vitro system has been developed for the study of isolated hippocampal neurons from 18- or 19-day rat fetuses. Following trypsinization the cells are plated out at low density on polylysine-treated coverslips in an enriched medium. The isolated neurons rapidly attach to the substrate and initiate process extension. Little reaggregation occurs and the number of non-neuronal cells present is minimal. Unless co-cultured with tissue explants the neurons survive for only a few days; in the presence of hippocampal explants the initial growth of the isolated cells is improved and their survival in culture is extended to about two weeks. Some of the cells in such cultures develop a characteristic branching pattern closely resembling that of maturing hippocampal pyramidal cells in vivo. There is a clear relationship between the stage of the cells' development and their growth in culture. Cells which had completed DNA synthesis about 48 h before dissociation, and which were in the process of migration to the cortical plate, survived best in our cultures. Early post-mitotic cells which were still within the ventricular zone and cells which had already reached the cortical plate grew poorly. This system should permit the study not only of process formation by these cells, but also of their capacity to form specific synapses in vitro and of the biochemical constituents of their surfaces.", "contents": "Rat hippocampal neurons in dispersed cell culture. An in vitro system has been developed for the study of isolated hippocampal neurons from 18- or 19-day rat fetuses. Following trypsinization the cells are plated out at low density on polylysine-treated coverslips in an enriched medium. The isolated neurons rapidly attach to the substrate and initiate process extension. Little reaggregation occurs and the number of non-neuronal cells present is minimal. Unless co-cultured with tissue explants the neurons survive for only a few days; in the presence of hippocampal explants the initial growth of the isolated cells is improved and their survival in culture is extended to about two weeks. Some of the cells in such cultures develop a characteristic branching pattern closely resembling that of maturing hippocampal pyramidal cells in vivo. There is a clear relationship between the stage of the cells' development and their growth in culture. Cells which had completed DNA synthesis about 48 h before dissociation, and which were in the process of migration to the cortical plate, survived best in our cultures. Early post-mitotic cells which were still within the ventricular zone and cells which had already reached the cortical plate grew poorly. This system should permit the study not only of process formation by these cells, but also of their capacity to form specific synapses in vitro and of the biochemical constituents of their surfaces.", "PMID": 861729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13885", "title": "Unit activity of amygdala and hippocampal neurons: effects of morphine and benzodiazepines.", "content": "The effects of morphine sulfate and two benzodiazepine derivatives, chlordiazepoxide HCl and diazepam, were evaluated upon single unit activity of the amygdaloid nuclear complex and hippocampal formation in immobilized cats. All surgical procedures were performed under halothane anesthesia and all wound margins were infiltrated with Lidocaine after halothane withdrawal. Single unit activity was recorded extracellularly with platinum-iridium microelectrodes. Chlordiazepoxide HCl, 10.0-20.0 mg/kg i.v., or diazepam, 0.05-0.20 mg/kg i.v., suppressed spontaneous firing rates of the amygdala and the hippocampal neurons. In contrast, the spontaneous firing rates of neurons in these limbic structures were augmented by morphine sulfate, 0.50-2.00 mg/kg i.v. The morphine-induced augmentation of hippocampal neuronal activity was effectively antagonized by naloxone, 0.10-0.20 mg/kg i.v. However, naloxone, 0.20-0.40 mg/kg i.v., only partially suppressed the morphine induced augmentation of amygdala neuronal activity. In a dose-dependent fashion, chlordiazepoxide and diazepam administration prevented or antagonized morphine-induced augmentation of amygdala and hippocampal neuronal activity. Our results suggest that, in the cat, the amygdala and hippocampus may play an important role for morphine-induced behavioral responses. Moreover, our data imply that these two limbic structures may be the sites of tranquillizing actions of diazepam and chlordiazepoxide.", "contents": "Unit activity of amygdala and hippocampal neurons: effects of morphine and benzodiazepines. The effects of morphine sulfate and two benzodiazepine derivatives, chlordiazepoxide HCl and diazepam, were evaluated upon single unit activity of the amygdaloid nuclear complex and hippocampal formation in immobilized cats. All surgical procedures were performed under halothane anesthesia and all wound margins were infiltrated with Lidocaine after halothane withdrawal. Single unit activity was recorded extracellularly with platinum-iridium microelectrodes. Chlordiazepoxide HCl, 10.0-20.0 mg/kg i.v., or diazepam, 0.05-0.20 mg/kg i.v., suppressed spontaneous firing rates of the amygdala and the hippocampal neurons. In contrast, the spontaneous firing rates of neurons in these limbic structures were augmented by morphine sulfate, 0.50-2.00 mg/kg i.v. The morphine-induced augmentation of hippocampal neuronal activity was effectively antagonized by naloxone, 0.10-0.20 mg/kg i.v. However, naloxone, 0.20-0.40 mg/kg i.v., only partially suppressed the morphine induced augmentation of amygdala neuronal activity. In a dose-dependent fashion, chlordiazepoxide and diazepam administration prevented or antagonized morphine-induced augmentation of amygdala and hippocampal neuronal activity. Our results suggest that, in the cat, the amygdala and hippocampus may play an important role for morphine-induced behavioral responses. Moreover, our data imply that these two limbic structures may be the sites of tranquillizing actions of diazepam and chlordiazepoxide.", "PMID": 861730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13886", "title": "Nucleus raphe magnus inhibition of spinal cord dorsal horn neurons.", "content": "In decerebrate cats, electrical stimulation of nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) of the medulla produced marked inhibition of spinal neurons in lumbosacral dorsal horn. Only neurons with high threshold inputs were inhibited. These cells were located in lamina I and in or near laminae V and VI. The duration of inhibition produced was related to the stimulus train length. An ipsilateral lesion of the dorsolateral funiculus at L1 markedly reduced the inhibition of neurons caudal to the lesion. Although NRM stimulation was the most effective, inhibition from more lateral sites could be obtained at higher stimulus intensities. NRM induced inhibition is probably mediated by a direct projection via the dorsolateral funiculus to spinal dorsal horn laminae I, II, V and VI. The results are discussed in relation to proposed mechanisms underlying the analgesia produced by NRM stimulation.", "contents": "Nucleus raphe magnus inhibition of spinal cord dorsal horn neurons. In decerebrate cats, electrical stimulation of nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) of the medulla produced marked inhibition of spinal neurons in lumbosacral dorsal horn. Only neurons with high threshold inputs were inhibited. These cells were located in lamina I and in or near laminae V and VI. The duration of inhibition produced was related to the stimulus train length. An ipsilateral lesion of the dorsolateral funiculus at L1 markedly reduced the inhibition of neurons caudal to the lesion. Although NRM stimulation was the most effective, inhibition from more lateral sites could be obtained at higher stimulus intensities. NRM induced inhibition is probably mediated by a direct projection via the dorsolateral funiculus to spinal dorsal horn laminae I, II, V and VI. The results are discussed in relation to proposed mechanisms underlying the analgesia produced by NRM stimulation.", "PMID": 861731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13887", "title": "Specificity of adhesion between cloned neural cell lines.", "content": "We have investigated the phenomenon of intercellular adhesion using cloned cell lines derived from the rat central nervous system. Adhesion is assayed by measuring the rate at which a suspension of labeled (probe) cells of one type adheres to monolayers of other cell types. In general a given probe cell such as the nerve line B50 will adhere rapidly to most other cell lines, providing little information about the specificity of the interactions. However, we discovered several methods of pretreating the B50 cells which specifically alter their rate of adhesion to various types of monolayers. Treating the B50 cells with trypsin, coating them with an antinerve antiserum, or simply lowering the assay temperature from 20 degrees C to 0 degrees C were 3 separate procedures which resulted in slower rates of adhesion of the B50 probe cells to 3 distinct subclasses of monolayers. These data suggest that different mechanisms are involved in the adhesion of B50 cells to the various other cell lines. To account for the differences, we postulate the existence of pairs of interlocking or complementary surface components on the cell lines, a concept that has also been valuable in understanding interactions in other systems. We discuss the characterization of these proposed components and outline their usefulness in categorizing the cell lines.", "contents": "Specificity of adhesion between cloned neural cell lines. We have investigated the phenomenon of intercellular adhesion using cloned cell lines derived from the rat central nervous system. Adhesion is assayed by measuring the rate at which a suspension of labeled (probe) cells of one type adheres to monolayers of other cell types. In general a given probe cell such as the nerve line B50 will adhere rapidly to most other cell lines, providing little information about the specificity of the interactions. However, we discovered several methods of pretreating the B50 cells which specifically alter their rate of adhesion to various types of monolayers. Treating the B50 cells with trypsin, coating them with an antinerve antiserum, or simply lowering the assay temperature from 20 degrees C to 0 degrees C were 3 separate procedures which resulted in slower rates of adhesion of the B50 probe cells to 3 distinct subclasses of monolayers. These data suggest that different mechanisms are involved in the adhesion of B50 cells to the various other cell lines. To account for the differences, we postulate the existence of pairs of interlocking or complementary surface components on the cell lines, a concept that has also been valuable in understanding interactions in other systems. We discuss the characterization of these proposed components and outline their usefulness in categorizing the cell lines.", "PMID": 861732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13888", "title": "Evidence for a cholinergic fiber tract connecting the thalamus with the head of the striatum of the rat.", "content": "Placement of electrolytic lesions in the zona incerta or parafascicular nucleus of the rat forebrain resulted in a marked reduction of choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) activity in the head of the striatum 2-4 weeks later. Lesions of the habenula did not cause this effect implying that concomitant destruction of the fasciculus retroflexus with the parafascicular nucleus was not responsible for the effects observed. The data suggest that there is a cholinergic fiber tract connection between the parafascicular nucleus of the thalamus and the head of the striatum in the rat forebrain.", "contents": "Evidence for a cholinergic fiber tract connecting the thalamus with the head of the striatum of the rat. Placement of electrolytic lesions in the zona incerta or parafascicular nucleus of the rat forebrain resulted in a marked reduction of choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) activity in the head of the striatum 2-4 weeks later. Lesions of the habenula did not cause this effect implying that concomitant destruction of the fasciculus retroflexus with the parafascicular nucleus was not responsible for the effects observed. The data suggest that there is a cholinergic fiber tract connection between the parafascicular nucleus of the thalamus and the head of the striatum in the rat forebrain.", "PMID": 861733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13889", "title": "Nembutal treatment of the VMH (rat): effects on feeding and sexual behaviour.", "content": "In male rats two brain cannulae were implanted bilaterally and directed to an area just dorsal of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. The behaviour of these animals was observed before and after the injection through these cannulae of either 1 micronl saline or 1 micronl Nembutal. Injections were performed under three behavioural conditions: (1) animal alone in cage with food, (2) animal in the presence of an oestrous female and (3) animal in cage with food and oestrous female. Following the Nembutal injection, sniffing and feeding are disinhibited temporarily in condition 1, whereas in condition 3 only sniffing, but not feeding, is disinhibited. In conditions 2 and 3 male sexual behaviour is not influenced by the Nembutal except for an increase of sniffing at the female. It is concluded that a temporary elimination of the VMH leads to a disinhibition of feeding only if the external conditions are favourable for feeding. The same elimination of the VMH does not influence the occurrence of male sexual behaviour under the conditions used in these experiments.", "contents": "Nembutal treatment of the VMH (rat): effects on feeding and sexual behaviour. In male rats two brain cannulae were implanted bilaterally and directed to an area just dorsal of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. The behaviour of these animals was observed before and after the injection through these cannulae of either 1 micronl saline or 1 micronl Nembutal. Injections were performed under three behavioural conditions: (1) animal alone in cage with food, (2) animal in the presence of an oestrous female and (3) animal in cage with food and oestrous female. Following the Nembutal injection, sniffing and feeding are disinhibited temporarily in condition 1, whereas in condition 3 only sniffing, but not feeding, is disinhibited. In conditions 2 and 3 male sexual behaviour is not influenced by the Nembutal except for an increase of sniffing at the female. It is concluded that a temporary elimination of the VMH leads to a disinhibition of feeding only if the external conditions are favourable for feeding. The same elimination of the VMH does not influence the occurrence of male sexual behaviour under the conditions used in these experiments.", "PMID": 861734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13890", "title": "Midbrain raphe lesion in the newborn rat: II. Biochemical alterations in serotoninergic innervation.", "content": "Electrolytic raphe lesion was performed in 4-6-day-old rats and the resulting changes of 5HT metabolism within the central nervous system were analyzed up to 9 months later. As soon as the 2nd day following the selective destruction of B7 and B8 nuclei, forebrain 5HT levels were decreased by more than 75%. This reduction persisted for at least 9 months with no sign of recovery. The time course of 5-HIAA decrease was parallel to that of the indoleamine so that the ratio of 5-HIAA over 5-HT levels in the forebrain of lesioned rats was similar to that estimated in controls, whatever their age. This result would suggest that the remaining serotoninergic neurons in the lesioned rats did not develop a compensatory hyperactivity. The raphe lesion induced no change in MAO activity and synaptosomal tryptophan uptake but a pronounce decrease in the Vmax of synaptosomal KHT uptake process in various forebrain areas occurred. The serotonin sensitive adenylate cyclase activity in colliculi homogenate was not altered by the lesion suggesting that this enzyme was probably located in postsynaptic membranes. In addition, this observation would indicate that 5-HT receptors which are linked to this adenylate cyclase did not become supersensitive following the selective degeneration of serotoninergic neurons. Animals without forebrain serotoninergic innervation might be of great interest to analyse the role of serotoninergic neurons in various functions (sleep, analgesia, thermoregulation).", "contents": "Midbrain raphe lesion in the newborn rat: II. Biochemical alterations in serotoninergic innervation. Electrolytic raphe lesion was performed in 4-6-day-old rats and the resulting changes of 5HT metabolism within the central nervous system were analyzed up to 9 months later. As soon as the 2nd day following the selective destruction of B7 and B8 nuclei, forebrain 5HT levels were decreased by more than 75%. This reduction persisted for at least 9 months with no sign of recovery. The time course of 5-HIAA decrease was parallel to that of the indoleamine so that the ratio of 5-HIAA over 5-HT levels in the forebrain of lesioned rats was similar to that estimated in controls, whatever their age. This result would suggest that the remaining serotoninergic neurons in the lesioned rats did not develop a compensatory hyperactivity. The raphe lesion induced no change in MAO activity and synaptosomal tryptophan uptake but a pronounce decrease in the Vmax of synaptosomal KHT uptake process in various forebrain areas occurred. The serotonin sensitive adenylate cyclase activity in colliculi homogenate was not altered by the lesion suggesting that this enzyme was probably located in postsynaptic membranes. In addition, this observation would indicate that 5-HT receptors which are linked to this adenylate cyclase did not become supersensitive following the selective degeneration of serotoninergic neurons. Animals without forebrain serotoninergic innervation might be of great interest to analyse the role of serotoninergic neurons in various functions (sleep, analgesia, thermoregulation).", "PMID": 861745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13891", "title": "Total and partial hypothalamic deafferentations for topographical identification of catecholaminergic innervations of certain preoptic and hypothalamic nuclei.", "content": "After total deafferentation of the medial hypothalamus in the rat, noradrenaline concentration in the nucleus arcuatus and the eminentia mediana diminished to one-third. The same decrease of noradrenaline concentration resulted also from partial (anterolateral) deafferentation. Rostral and caudal cuts from the medial hypothalamus did not induce any change in the noradrenaline concentration of the two above-mentioned areas. This indicates that noradrenaline containing axons enter the medial basal hypothalamus laterally from the medial forebrain bundle. Total or partial deafferentation of themedial hypothalamus did not affect noradrenaline or dopamine concentrations in the nucleus preopticus medialis, the nucleus interstitialis striae terminalis, the nucleus hypothalamicus anterior and nucleus supraopticus. The catecholaminergic fibres supplying these regions do not pass the medial hypothalamus, but probably ascend laterally from it, in the medial forebrain bundle. The noradrenaline innervation of the nucleus dorsomedialis takes its origin in the ventral noradrenaline bundle and the fibres from the medial forebrain bundle ascend into the nucleus from the lateral side. After total or lateral deafferentation of the medial hypothalamus, that ransects the fibres running to the nucleus laterally, noradrenaline concentration decreases, apart from the nucleus located within or outside the deafferented island. In this case anterior or posterior deafferentation of the hypothalamus is ineffective. Total deafferentation did not change dopamine concentration in the nuclei of the medial basal hypothalamus, thereby furnishing evidence for its intrahypothalamic origin from the A12 cell group. However, after total deafferentation, some slight decrease of dopamine concentration could be observed in the median eminence. This suggests that the dopamine concentration in the median eminence does not originate exclusively from thenucleus arcuatus but to some extent originates from extrahypothalamic sites. After posterior deafferentation, which destroys the fibres of the incertohypothalamic dopamine system, dopamine concentration in the nucleus dorsomedialis decreases. After total deafferentation of the medial hypothalamus, which isolates the nucleus from the ventral nuclei (and so also from the A12 cell group) of the medial hypothalamus, the dopamine concentration in the nucleus dorsomedialis did not change.", "contents": "Total and partial hypothalamic deafferentations for topographical identification of catecholaminergic innervations of certain preoptic and hypothalamic nuclei. After total deafferentation of the medial hypothalamus in the rat, noradrenaline concentration in the nucleus arcuatus and the eminentia mediana diminished to one-third. The same decrease of noradrenaline concentration resulted also from partial (anterolateral) deafferentation. Rostral and caudal cuts from the medial hypothalamus did not induce any change in the noradrenaline concentration of the two above-mentioned areas. This indicates that noradrenaline containing axons enter the medial basal hypothalamus laterally from the medial forebrain bundle. Total or partial deafferentation of themedial hypothalamus did not affect noradrenaline or dopamine concentrations in the nucleus preopticus medialis, the nucleus interstitialis striae terminalis, the nucleus hypothalamicus anterior and nucleus supraopticus. The catecholaminergic fibres supplying these regions do not pass the medial hypothalamus, but probably ascend laterally from it, in the medial forebrain bundle. The noradrenaline innervation of the nucleus dorsomedialis takes its origin in the ventral noradrenaline bundle and the fibres from the medial forebrain bundle ascend into the nucleus from the lateral side. After total or lateral deafferentation of the medial hypothalamus, that ransects the fibres running to the nucleus laterally, noradrenaline concentration decreases, apart from the nucleus located within or outside the deafferented island. In this case anterior or posterior deafferentation of the hypothalamus is ineffective. Total deafferentation did not change dopamine concentration in the nuclei of the medial basal hypothalamus, thereby furnishing evidence for its intrahypothalamic origin from the A12 cell group. However, after total deafferentation, some slight decrease of dopamine concentration could be observed in the median eminence. This suggests that the dopamine concentration in the median eminence does not originate exclusively from thenucleus arcuatus but to some extent originates from extrahypothalamic sites. After posterior deafferentation, which destroys the fibres of the incertohypothalamic dopamine system, dopamine concentration in the nucleus dorsomedialis decreases. After total deafferentation of the medial hypothalamus, which isolates the nucleus from the ventral nuclei (and so also from the A12 cell group) of the medial hypothalamus, the dopamine concentration in the nucleus dorsomedialis did not change.", "PMID": 861746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13892", "title": "Pulsatile growth hormone, prolactin, and thyrotropin secretion in rats with hypothalamic deafferentation.", "content": "Fifteen minute sequential blood sampling of male rats via right atrial cannulae was used to examine the patterns of anterior pituitary hormone secretion following hypothalamic deafferentations. Growth hormone (rGH) profiles from rats with complete hypothalamic deafferentation (CC) showed persistence of episodic rGH secretion with greatly increased frequency and elevated trough values, but without apparent entrainment to the light-dark cycle. Anterior (AC) and posterior (PC) deafferentation had no effect on the normal 3 h periodicity of rGH secretory episodes, but light-dark entrainment was lost in AC rats. Prolactin (rPRL) secretion in CC rats remained at normal low baseline levels without secretory episodes, while in AC and PC rats, as in normal rats, bursts of rPRL secretion occurred, often temporally related to rGH bursts. Thyrotropin (rTSH) levels in CC rats were less variable, and lower than in normal rats, while rTSH secretory profiles appeared normal in AC and PC rats. These results suggest that the isolated medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) contains neural substrates for episodic rGH secretion, and to a lesser extent, for rTSH. It is hypothesized that excessive rGH secretion in CC rats results from surgery damaging the rhythmicity of the rGH releasing factor (GRF) michanism, so that both sustained secretion and more frequent bursts of GRF occur. An effective rPRL inhibitory mechanism remains intact within complete hypothalamic deafferentations, while episodic rPRL and rTSH secretion require intact lateral afferents to the MBH. Visual pathway connections to the MBH, which mediate light-dark cycle entrainment of episodic rGH secretion, appear to pass through the region of the anterior hypothalamic and suprachiasmatic nuclei.", "contents": "Pulsatile growth hormone, prolactin, and thyrotropin secretion in rats with hypothalamic deafferentation. Fifteen minute sequential blood sampling of male rats via right atrial cannulae was used to examine the patterns of anterior pituitary hormone secretion following hypothalamic deafferentations. Growth hormone (rGH) profiles from rats with complete hypothalamic deafferentation (CC) showed persistence of episodic rGH secretion with greatly increased frequency and elevated trough values, but without apparent entrainment to the light-dark cycle. Anterior (AC) and posterior (PC) deafferentation had no effect on the normal 3 h periodicity of rGH secretory episodes, but light-dark entrainment was lost in AC rats. Prolactin (rPRL) secretion in CC rats remained at normal low baseline levels without secretory episodes, while in AC and PC rats, as in normal rats, bursts of rPRL secretion occurred, often temporally related to rGH bursts. Thyrotropin (rTSH) levels in CC rats were less variable, and lower than in normal rats, while rTSH secretory profiles appeared normal in AC and PC rats. These results suggest that the isolated medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) contains neural substrates for episodic rGH secretion, and to a lesser extent, for rTSH. It is hypothesized that excessive rGH secretion in CC rats results from surgery damaging the rhythmicity of the rGH releasing factor (GRF) michanism, so that both sustained secretion and more frequent bursts of GRF occur. An effective rPRL inhibitory mechanism remains intact within complete hypothalamic deafferentations, while episodic rPRL and rTSH secretion require intact lateral afferents to the MBH. Visual pathway connections to the MBH, which mediate light-dark cycle entrainment of episodic rGH secretion, appear to pass through the region of the anterior hypothalamic and suprachiasmatic nuclei.", "PMID": 861747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13893", "title": "Mapping the developing retinotectal projection in frog tadpoles by a double label autoradiographic techinque.", "content": "Tadpoles of Xenopus at developmental stages 45-59 were given an intraocular injection of [3H]proline and an intraperitoneal injection of [3H]thymidine, killed either after a short (1-2 day) or long (16-37 day) survival period, and processed for autoradiography. In all cases, there was a regular pattern of labelling. In the retina, the proline-labelled cells were always central to the thymidine-labelled cell nuclei, and in the long survivors there was a sharp transition between the cells occupying the central labelled retina and the surrounding unlabelled cells at the retinal periphery. In the tectum, unlabelled optic axons were confined to a rostrolateral zone which was bordered caudomedially by a zone of labelled tectal cell nuclei, and in the long survivors there was a completely unlabelled zone at the caudomedial margin of the tectum. The size of the tectal zone of labelled axons was not significantly different in the long survivors from that in short survivors injected at the same stage of development. Labelled optic axons remained close to the tectal cells that were present before the time of injection and did not move later into the zone of cells added to the tectum in the survival period after the injections.", "contents": "Mapping the developing retinotectal projection in frog tadpoles by a double label autoradiographic techinque. Tadpoles of Xenopus at developmental stages 45-59 were given an intraocular injection of [3H]proline and an intraperitoneal injection of [3H]thymidine, killed either after a short (1-2 day) or long (16-37 day) survival period, and processed for autoradiography. In all cases, there was a regular pattern of labelling. In the retina, the proline-labelled cells were always central to the thymidine-labelled cell nuclei, and in the long survivors there was a sharp transition between the cells occupying the central labelled retina and the surrounding unlabelled cells at the retinal periphery. In the tectum, unlabelled optic axons were confined to a rostrolateral zone which was bordered caudomedially by a zone of labelled tectal cell nuclei, and in the long survivors there was a completely unlabelled zone at the caudomedial margin of the tectum. The size of the tectal zone of labelled axons was not significantly different in the long survivors from that in short survivors injected at the same stage of development. Labelled optic axons remained close to the tectal cells that were present before the time of injection and did not move later into the zone of cells added to the tectum in the survival period after the injections.", "PMID": 861754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13894", "title": "Brain cell surface antigens detected by anti-corpus callosum antiserum.", "content": "When rabbits are injected with tissue homogenates of white matter from bovine corpus callosum, an antiserum is produced which reacts with the surface membrane of 20-30% of all cells obtained by trypsin-dissociation of cerebellum from 10-day-old mice. The antigen or set of antigens recognized by this antiserum is detectable on embryonic, early postnatal, and adult mouse brain, but not on liver, spleen, kidney, thymus and sperm. The antigen is expressed in different regions of the brain and also, in decreased amounts, on retina. In histological sections of cerebellum from 21-day-old mice the antigen is predominantly localized in white matter tracts. Whereas nervous tissue from chicken and rabbit does not carry detectable levels of the antigen, rat, bovine and human brains are antigen-positive.", "contents": "Brain cell surface antigens detected by anti-corpus callosum antiserum. When rabbits are injected with tissue homogenates of white matter from bovine corpus callosum, an antiserum is produced which reacts with the surface membrane of 20-30% of all cells obtained by trypsin-dissociation of cerebellum from 10-day-old mice. The antigen or set of antigens recognized by this antiserum is detectable on embryonic, early postnatal, and adult mouse brain, but not on liver, spleen, kidney, thymus and sperm. The antigen is expressed in different regions of the brain and also, in decreased amounts, on retina. In histological sections of cerebellum from 21-day-old mice the antigen is predominantly localized in white matter tracts. Whereas nervous tissue from chicken and rabbit does not carry detectable levels of the antigen, rat, bovine and human brains are antigen-positive.", "PMID": 861755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13895", "title": "Midbrain raphe lesion in the newborn rat I. Neurophysiological aspects of sleep.", "content": "Electrolytic lesions of the anterior raphe nuclei in the 4-6 day puppy rat were performed stereotaxically. The subsequent development of the sleep parameters in these animals was followed up to the second month of life. No difference could be found between the lesioned and control rats, neither in the qualitative nor in the quantitative characteristics of slow wave sleep (SWS) and paradoxical sleep (PS). However, when performing identical lesions on 3-5 week-old animals, a relative insomnia was obtained, more severe for PS than for SWS. The correlation of the neurophysiological data with the biochemical analysis of monoamines in the forebrain revealed that the serotoninergic (5-HT) system of the anterior raphe in the early lesioned animals was almost totally destroyed, with no recovery up to 9 months of age. Our results indicate that the anterior raphe nuclei are not functional during the first week of age, in regard to sleep control, whereas they do play an important role in sleep regulation after 3 weeks of age. Furthermore, some compensatory mechanisms which develop in the early lesioned animal as a consequence of the lesion, could explain the exhibition of normal sleep ontogenesis. The possible nature of these mechanisms is discussed in light of the monoaminergic theory of sleep control.", "contents": "Midbrain raphe lesion in the newborn rat I. Neurophysiological aspects of sleep. Electrolytic lesions of the anterior raphe nuclei in the 4-6 day puppy rat were performed stereotaxically. The subsequent development of the sleep parameters in these animals was followed up to the second month of life. No difference could be found between the lesioned and control rats, neither in the qualitative nor in the quantitative characteristics of slow wave sleep (SWS) and paradoxical sleep (PS). However, when performing identical lesions on 3-5 week-old animals, a relative insomnia was obtained, more severe for PS than for SWS. The correlation of the neurophysiological data with the biochemical analysis of monoamines in the forebrain revealed that the serotoninergic (5-HT) system of the anterior raphe in the early lesioned animals was almost totally destroyed, with no recovery up to 9 months of age. Our results indicate that the anterior raphe nuclei are not functional during the first week of age, in regard to sleep control, whereas they do play an important role in sleep regulation after 3 weeks of age. Furthermore, some compensatory mechanisms which develop in the early lesioned animal as a consequence of the lesion, could explain the exhibition of normal sleep ontogenesis. The possible nature of these mechanisms is discussed in light of the monoaminergic theory of sleep control.", "PMID": 861756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13896", "title": "Mechanisms of excitation and inhibition in the nigrostriatal system.", "content": "The extracellular responses of neurones in the neostriatum following single pulse stimulation of the substantia nigra were investigated in urethane anaesthetized rats. Low intensity stimulation (less than 10 V) evoked single large amplitude spikes while higher intensities (10-20 V) elicit a high frequency burst of small amplitude spikes or waves. When spontaneous or glutamate-induced large spikes are recorded, nigral stimulation causes their inhibition coincidentally with the development of a burst. If the burst is prevented, the inhibitory response disappears. Both the nigral evoked inhibition and burst response are unaffected by iontophoretically or systemically administered antonists of dopamine or by chemical lesions of the dopamine-containing nigral neurones. The monosynaptic activation of large amplitude striatal neurones, which could also be identified antidromically by stimulation of the globus pallidus, was reversibly blocked by dopamine antagonists. It is concluded (a) that the burst responses are induced through the antidromic excitation of striatonigral axons within the striatum; (b) that the striatal neurones thus activated are inhibitory interneurones and (c) that the dopamine-containing neurones of the nigra make excitatory synaptic contact with a population of striatal output cells, some of which at least project to the globus pallidus.", "contents": "Mechanisms of excitation and inhibition in the nigrostriatal system. The extracellular responses of neurones in the neostriatum following single pulse stimulation of the substantia nigra were investigated in urethane anaesthetized rats. Low intensity stimulation (less than 10 V) evoked single large amplitude spikes while higher intensities (10-20 V) elicit a high frequency burst of small amplitude spikes or waves. When spontaneous or glutamate-induced large spikes are recorded, nigral stimulation causes their inhibition coincidentally with the development of a burst. If the burst is prevented, the inhibitory response disappears. Both the nigral evoked inhibition and burst response are unaffected by iontophoretically or systemically administered antonists of dopamine or by chemical lesions of the dopamine-containing nigral neurones. The monosynaptic activation of large amplitude striatal neurones, which could also be identified antidromically by stimulation of the globus pallidus, was reversibly blocked by dopamine antagonists. It is concluded (a) that the burst responses are induced through the antidromic excitation of striatonigral axons within the striatum; (b) that the striatal neurones thus activated are inhibitory interneurones and (c) that the dopamine-containing neurones of the nigra make excitatory synaptic contact with a population of striatal output cells, some of which at least project to the globus pallidus.", "PMID": 861757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13897", "title": "Ultrastructural characteristics of the brain and blood-brain barrier in experimental seizures.", "content": "During experimental seizures, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is broken; tracer substances such as I131-albumin, Evans blue and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) geographically locate the barrier breakdown primarily in the diencephalon. Using rats, we have induced seizures with electroshocks and demonstrated the breakdown of the BBB with Evans blue and HRP. We have shown that (1) the BBB breakdown is proportional to the number of electroconvulsant shocks (ES) given; (2) the mechanism of increased barrier permeability is primarily by micropinocytosis in the cerebral capillaries, arterioles, and, to a lesser extent, venules; and (3) the stimulus for micropinocytosis and hence BBB breakdown is associated with the abrupt rise in systemic blood pressure and cerebral vasodilatation that accompanies each ES. If the systolic hypertension is abolished via cervical cordotomy, there is little to no breakdown in the BBB.", "contents": "Ultrastructural characteristics of the brain and blood-brain barrier in experimental seizures. During experimental seizures, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is broken; tracer substances such as I131-albumin, Evans blue and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) geographically locate the barrier breakdown primarily in the diencephalon. Using rats, we have induced seizures with electroshocks and demonstrated the breakdown of the BBB with Evans blue and HRP. We have shown that (1) the BBB breakdown is proportional to the number of electroconvulsant shocks (ES) given; (2) the mechanism of increased barrier permeability is primarily by micropinocytosis in the cerebral capillaries, arterioles, and, to a lesser extent, venules; and (3) the stimulus for micropinocytosis and hence BBB breakdown is associated with the abrupt rise in systemic blood pressure and cerebral vasodilatation that accompanies each ES. If the systolic hypertension is abolished via cervical cordotomy, there is little to no breakdown in the BBB.", "PMID": 861758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13898", "title": "Distribution of high affinity sodium-independent [3H]gamma-aminobutyric acid [3H]GABA binding in the human brain: alterations in Parkinson's disease.", "content": "The regional distribution and properties of the sodium-independent \"specific\" binding of [3H]GABA to membranes prepared from human brains (control and Parkinsonian patients) have been investigated. The affinity of [3H]GABA for the binding site was similar for human cerebellar cortex (Kd = 3.4 x 10(-7) M) and whole rat brain brain (Kd = 5.1 x 10(-7) M) and was inhibited by bicuculline (ID50 = 2.2 X 10(-5) M). In the normal human brain the cerebellar cortex demonstrated the highest number of binding sites, in accordance with the large number of GABA interneurons in this structure. The hippocampus also displayed a high capacity to bind [3H]GABA, whereas cerebral cortical areas showed a lesser capacity. [3H]GABA binding was similar in many regions of the basal ganglia (amygdala, putamen, caudate or accumbens) but was lower than that for the cortical regions. The binding of [3H]GABA to membranes from the substantia nigra, thalamus and internal or external pallidum was lower than for the above regions. Subcortical white matter did not exhibit specific binding for [3H]GABA. In membranes prepared from Parkinsonian patients [3H]GABA binding was greatly decreased in the substantia nigra, but not in other brain areas examined. From this observation it was concluded that there are [3H]-brain areas examined. From this observation it was concluded that there are [3H]-GABA binding sites on the cell bodies (or dendrites) of the nigral dopamine neurons.", "contents": "Distribution of high affinity sodium-independent [3H]gamma-aminobutyric acid [3H]GABA binding in the human brain: alterations in Parkinson's disease. The regional distribution and properties of the sodium-independent \"specific\" binding of [3H]GABA to membranes prepared from human brains (control and Parkinsonian patients) have been investigated. The affinity of [3H]GABA for the binding site was similar for human cerebellar cortex (Kd = 3.4 x 10(-7) M) and whole rat brain brain (Kd = 5.1 x 10(-7) M) and was inhibited by bicuculline (ID50 = 2.2 X 10(-5) M). In the normal human brain the cerebellar cortex demonstrated the highest number of binding sites, in accordance with the large number of GABA interneurons in this structure. The hippocampus also displayed a high capacity to bind [3H]GABA, whereas cerebral cortical areas showed a lesser capacity. [3H]GABA binding was similar in many regions of the basal ganglia (amygdala, putamen, caudate or accumbens) but was lower than that for the cortical regions. The binding of [3H]GABA to membranes from the substantia nigra, thalamus and internal or external pallidum was lower than for the above regions. Subcortical white matter did not exhibit specific binding for [3H]GABA. In membranes prepared from Parkinsonian patients [3H]GABA binding was greatly decreased in the substantia nigra, but not in other brain areas examined. From this observation it was concluded that there are [3H]-brain areas examined. From this observation it was concluded that there are [3H]-GABA binding sites on the cell bodies (or dendrites) of the nigral dopamine neurons.", "PMID": 861759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13899", "title": "Crossed sacculo-ocular pathway via the Deiters' nucleus in cats.", "content": "Single unit recordings were made in the Deiters' nucleus of cats in response to electrical stimulation of the superior area of the contralateral saccule and the ipsilateral oculomotor (IIIrd) nuclear complex. Correct placements of the stimulating and recording electrodes were identified by upward movements of the eyeballs associated with characteristic field potentials in the Deiters' nucleus. Stimulation of the contralateral saccule induced a negative N wave followed by positive P1 and P2 potentials. One hundred twenty-two units responded to contralateral saccular stimulation with a mean latency of 2.48 +/- 0.06 msec (SEM). Of these, only the responses of 31 cells could be made to collide with antidromic spikes evoked from ipsilateral IIIrd nuclear stimulation. This implies that the crossed sacculo-ocular pathway would involve at least four neurons with one commissural cell interposing between the bilateral vestibular nuclei.", "contents": "Crossed sacculo-ocular pathway via the Deiters' nucleus in cats. Single unit recordings were made in the Deiters' nucleus of cats in response to electrical stimulation of the superior area of the contralateral saccule and the ipsilateral oculomotor (IIIrd) nuclear complex. Correct placements of the stimulating and recording electrodes were identified by upward movements of the eyeballs associated with characteristic field potentials in the Deiters' nucleus. Stimulation of the contralateral saccule induced a negative N wave followed by positive P1 and P2 potentials. One hundred twenty-two units responded to contralateral saccular stimulation with a mean latency of 2.48 +/- 0.06 msec (SEM). Of these, only the responses of 31 cells could be made to collide with antidromic spikes evoked from ipsilateral IIIrd nuclear stimulation. This implies that the crossed sacculo-ocular pathway would involve at least four neurons with one commissural cell interposing between the bilateral vestibular nuclei.", "PMID": 861767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13900", "title": "Cerebral slow waves related to the perception of pain in man.", "content": "Significant amplitude and temporal augmentation occurred in later time segments of human somatosensory evoked responses (60-700 ms) when percutaneous electrical pulse stimulation, delivered to finger, toe, or lip, indicated subjectively both crossing of a perceptual pain threshold and somatotopic movement associated with a noxious, qualitative change. Sequential pseudorandomizing of stimulus intensity (noxious and nonnoxious) or modality (contingent acoustic clicks) suggested that the waveform changes represented, at least in part, stimulus-specific information due to differential activation of peripheral fiber systems, rather than stimulus-nonspecific processing of event significances. The late waves were localizable, on scalp, to parietal and vertex regions, with insignificant contralateralization for finger stimuli. Their augmentation was related to subjective reports rather than to physical stimulus parameters, confirming previous data on potentially noxious mechanical stimulation of digits and palm, and another laboratory's noxious stimulation of tooth pulp. Subsequent data from a third laboratory, resulting from noxious laser stimulation of forearm, have replicated this late, slow-wave activity.", "contents": "Cerebral slow waves related to the perception of pain in man. Significant amplitude and temporal augmentation occurred in later time segments of human somatosensory evoked responses (60-700 ms) when percutaneous electrical pulse stimulation, delivered to finger, toe, or lip, indicated subjectively both crossing of a perceptual pain threshold and somatotopic movement associated with a noxious, qualitative change. Sequential pseudorandomizing of stimulus intensity (noxious and nonnoxious) or modality (contingent acoustic clicks) suggested that the waveform changes represented, at least in part, stimulus-specific information due to differential activation of peripheral fiber systems, rather than stimulus-nonspecific processing of event significances. The late waves were localizable, on scalp, to parietal and vertex regions, with insignificant contralateralization for finger stimuli. Their augmentation was related to subjective reports rather than to physical stimulus parameters, confirming previous data on potentially noxious mechanical stimulation of digits and palm, and another laboratory's noxious stimulation of tooth pulp. Subsequent data from a third laboratory, resulting from noxious laser stimulation of forearm, have replicated this late, slow-wave activity.", "PMID": 861768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13901", "title": "Behavioral correlates of denervation and reinnervation of the hippocampal formation of the rat: recovery of alternation performance following unilateral entorhinal cortex lesions.", "content": "Following unilateral lesions of the entorhinal cortex (E.C.) of the rat, cells in the dentate gyrus which have been deprived of their normal ipsilateral input are reinnervated in part by axons from the contralateral E.C. The proliferation of this crossed projection occurs largely between 8 and 12 days postlesion. The present experiments analyze changes in alternation behavior which occur during this period of afferent proliferation. Rats were trained to alternate responses (L-R) in a T-maze for food reward. Bilateral E.C. lesions resulted in a persistent deficit in alternation performance which did not recover after over 50 days of postoperative testing. Unilateral E.C. lesions, however, resulted in a transient deficit in alternation which recovered over time to preoperative levels. For example, animals permitted a 10-day recovery before the initiation of postlesion testing exhibited no more of a performance deficit than following a 10-day no-training period alone. However, animals permitted only a 3-day postoperative recovery were impaired in the alternation task until 10-12 days postlesion, despite daily training. Thus, recovery of performance following unilateral lesions was dependent on postlesion time rather than the amount of testing/retraining. Since bilateral lesions resulted in a persistent performance deficit while unilateral lesions resulted in a deficit with recovery, we hypothesize that behavioral recovery might be related to the reinnervation of the dentate gyrus by the contralateral E.C. To test this hypothesis, secondary lesions were placed in operated-recovered animals. Secondary lesions of the surviving E.C. resulted in a deficit in alternation performance similar to that following one stage bilateral lesions. In addition, secondary lesions of the dorsal psalterium (the fiber tract which carries the corssed E.C.-dentate projections) also disrupted performance in operated-recovered animals. Primary lesions of the dorsal psalterium alone had only slight and transient effects on alternation performance, however. Thus, the time course of the recovery, the results following bilateral lesions, and the results of secondary lesions are all consistent with the hypothesis that recovery of alternation performance following unilateral E.C. lesions may depend upon the reinnervation of the dentate gyrus by the contralateral E.C.", "contents": "Behavioral correlates of denervation and reinnervation of the hippocampal formation of the rat: recovery of alternation performance following unilateral entorhinal cortex lesions. Following unilateral lesions of the entorhinal cortex (E.C.) of the rat, cells in the dentate gyrus which have been deprived of their normal ipsilateral input are reinnervated in part by axons from the contralateral E.C. The proliferation of this crossed projection occurs largely between 8 and 12 days postlesion. The present experiments analyze changes in alternation behavior which occur during this period of afferent proliferation. Rats were trained to alternate responses (L-R) in a T-maze for food reward. Bilateral E.C. lesions resulted in a persistent deficit in alternation performance which did not recover after over 50 days of postoperative testing. Unilateral E.C. lesions, however, resulted in a transient deficit in alternation which recovered over time to preoperative levels. For example, animals permitted a 10-day recovery before the initiation of postlesion testing exhibited no more of a performance deficit than following a 10-day no-training period alone. However, animals permitted only a 3-day postoperative recovery were impaired in the alternation task until 10-12 days postlesion, despite daily training. Thus, recovery of performance following unilateral lesions was dependent on postlesion time rather than the amount of testing/retraining. Since bilateral lesions resulted in a persistent performance deficit while unilateral lesions resulted in a deficit with recovery, we hypothesize that behavioral recovery might be related to the reinnervation of the dentate gyrus by the contralateral E.C. To test this hypothesis, secondary lesions were placed in operated-recovered animals. Secondary lesions of the surviving E.C. resulted in a deficit in alternation performance similar to that following one stage bilateral lesions. In addition, secondary lesions of the dorsal psalterium (the fiber tract which carries the corssed E.C.-dentate projections) also disrupted performance in operated-recovered animals. Primary lesions of the dorsal psalterium alone had only slight and transient effects on alternation performance, however. Thus, the time course of the recovery, the results following bilateral lesions, and the results of secondary lesions are all consistent with the hypothesis that recovery of alternation performance following unilateral E.C. lesions may depend upon the reinnervation of the dentate gyrus by the contralateral E.C.", "PMID": 861769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13902", "title": "Behavioral correlates of denervation and reinnervation of the hippocampal formation of the rat: open field activity and cue utilization following bilateral entorhinal cortex lesions.", "content": "Bilateral lesions of the entorhinal cortex (E.C.) of the rat result in persistent deficits in both spontaneous and reinforced alternation. The present study analyzes the nature of this impairment. To determine if changes in exploratory activity accompanied the deficits in alternation, open field activity was measured daily from 2-22 days following bilateral E.C. lesions. Such lesions resulted in a pronounced transient increase in open field activity which peaked between 5 and 7 days postlesion, but subsequently decreased to near preoperative levels at approximately 11 days postlesion. Alternation performance was also analyzed, to determine which cues are utilized to make the alternation, and whether cue utilization is affected by bilateral E.C. lesions. Utilizing a plus (+) maze, animals readily learned to alternate goal arms, but even with extensive training, failed to learn to alternate turns (left and right). However, the ability to identify the two goal arms in a nonalternation situation (which does not require short term recall of the preceding trial) was not permanently impaired by bilateral E.C. lesions. Since bilateral E.C. lesions do not result in persistent deficits in the ability to identify the two goal arms, but do disrupt alternation performance, we hypothesize that the deficit in alternation might reflect an inability to recall which arm was chosen on preceding trials. The implications of these results for an understanding of the behavioral consequences of postlesion reorganization of neuronal circuitry are discussed.", "contents": "Behavioral correlates of denervation and reinnervation of the hippocampal formation of the rat: open field activity and cue utilization following bilateral entorhinal cortex lesions. Bilateral lesions of the entorhinal cortex (E.C.) of the rat result in persistent deficits in both spontaneous and reinforced alternation. The present study analyzes the nature of this impairment. To determine if changes in exploratory activity accompanied the deficits in alternation, open field activity was measured daily from 2-22 days following bilateral E.C. lesions. Such lesions resulted in a pronounced transient increase in open field activity which peaked between 5 and 7 days postlesion, but subsequently decreased to near preoperative levels at approximately 11 days postlesion. Alternation performance was also analyzed, to determine which cues are utilized to make the alternation, and whether cue utilization is affected by bilateral E.C. lesions. Utilizing a plus (+) maze, animals readily learned to alternate goal arms, but even with extensive training, failed to learn to alternate turns (left and right). However, the ability to identify the two goal arms in a nonalternation situation (which does not require short term recall of the preceding trial) was not permanently impaired by bilateral E.C. lesions. Since bilateral E.C. lesions do not result in persistent deficits in the ability to identify the two goal arms, but do disrupt alternation performance, we hypothesize that the deficit in alternation might reflect an inability to recall which arm was chosen on preceding trials. The implications of these results for an understanding of the behavioral consequences of postlesion reorganization of neuronal circuitry are discussed.", "PMID": 861770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13903", "title": "Alterations by estrogen and hypothyroidism in the effects of septal lesions on lordosis behavior of male rats.", "content": "Earlier experiments indicated that chronic exposure to estradiol benzoate (EB) following septal lesions can increase the subsequent levels of female sexual behavior in male rats tested several months later following priming doses of EB. However, the present study demonstrates that a single injection of a large dose of EB (50 microng) two days after septal destruction did not modify subsequent responsiveness to EB priming in male rats relative to sham operated controls. Yet male rats given 10 daily injections of 5.0 microng EB/day immediately following a septal lesion were more responsive to EB than oil treated controls when tested later for lordosis behavior. Therefore, the capacity for EB to alter the behavioral effects of septal lesions on lordosis behavior in male rats is related to both chronic administration and a period of susceptibility to some action of EB during the immediate post-lesion period. In two additional experiments, chronic hypothyroidism induced by propylthiouracil or thyroidectomy was also found to modify the effects of septal lesions on female sexual behavior of male rats. These latter results indicate that EB is not unique in its capacity to alter the behavioral effects of septal lesions in male rats, and are consistent with the view that both EB and hypothyroidism may interact with some dynamic process associated with recovery from brain lesions.", "contents": "Alterations by estrogen and hypothyroidism in the effects of septal lesions on lordosis behavior of male rats. Earlier experiments indicated that chronic exposure to estradiol benzoate (EB) following septal lesions can increase the subsequent levels of female sexual behavior in male rats tested several months later following priming doses of EB. However, the present study demonstrates that a single injection of a large dose of EB (50 microng) two days after septal destruction did not modify subsequent responsiveness to EB priming in male rats relative to sham operated controls. Yet male rats given 10 daily injections of 5.0 microng EB/day immediately following a septal lesion were more responsive to EB than oil treated controls when tested later for lordosis behavior. Therefore, the capacity for EB to alter the behavioral effects of septal lesions on lordosis behavior in male rats is related to both chronic administration and a period of susceptibility to some action of EB during the immediate post-lesion period. In two additional experiments, chronic hypothyroidism induced by propylthiouracil or thyroidectomy was also found to modify the effects of septal lesions on female sexual behavior of male rats. These latter results indicate that EB is not unique in its capacity to alter the behavioral effects of septal lesions in male rats, and are consistent with the view that both EB and hypothyroidism may interact with some dynamic process associated with recovery from brain lesions.", "PMID": 861771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13904", "title": "Filling of microelectrodes: an expedient solution.", "content": "Micropipettes of small diameter filled with an electrolyte solution have been used widely to record electrophysiological potentials. Filling micropipettes is a major problem for many researchers. We describe an expedient and reliabel method of solving this problem by using parts that can be easily found in any research laboratory. Among the most important parts are; a vacuum pump, two stands, a container, tubes and a few clamps. The filling of these micropipettes can then be easily done by using negative pressure through the fine tip. With the drop in pressure distilled water or an electrolyte is forced downward inside the pipette thus filling the electiode tip.", "contents": "Filling of microelectrodes: an expedient solution. Micropipettes of small diameter filled with an electrolyte solution have been used widely to record electrophysiological potentials. Filling micropipettes is a major problem for many researchers. We describe an expedient and reliabel method of solving this problem by using parts that can be easily found in any research laboratory. Among the most important parts are; a vacuum pump, two stands, a container, tubes and a few clamps. The filling of these micropipettes can then be easily done by using negative pressure through the fine tip. With the drop in pressure distilled water or an electrolyte is forced downward inside the pipette thus filling the electiode tip.", "PMID": 861772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13905", "title": "Neuronal localization of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) immunoreactivity in the earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris).", "content": "Nerve fibres and cell bodies displaying vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) or pancreatic polypeptide (PP) immunoreactivity were demonstrated in ganglia of the earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris). VIP cell bodies were found in the most anterior ganglion of the ventral nerve cord, the subpharyngeal ganglion. Immunoreactive nerves were seen running in the center of the cord until about the 10th segment. PP cell bodies were found in the cerebral ganglion where VIP was lacking, in the subpharyngeal ganglion and in more posteriorly located ganglia of the ventral nerve cord. PP nerve fibres could be followed below the 10th segment of the cord.", "contents": "Neuronal localization of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) immunoreactivity in the earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris). Nerve fibres and cell bodies displaying vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) or pancreatic polypeptide (PP) immunoreactivity were demonstrated in ganglia of the earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris). VIP cell bodies were found in the most anterior ganglion of the ventral nerve cord, the subpharyngeal ganglion. Immunoreactive nerves were seen running in the center of the cord until about the 10th segment. PP cell bodies were found in the cerebral ganglion where VIP was lacking, in the subpharyngeal ganglion and in more posteriorly located ganglia of the ventral nerve cord. PP nerve fibres could be followed below the 10th segment of the cord.", "PMID": 861774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13906", "title": "Nucleolar proliferation and cell size changes in rat supraoptic neurons following osmotic and volemic challenges.", "content": "Subcutaneous injections of isotonic saline induced nucleolar proliferation in supraoptic neurons in animals sacrificed approximately 5 min postinjection. The magnitude of this proliferation was sustained 4 and 8 hr postinjection. Polyethylene glycol (PG) injections depleted blood volume 4 and 8 hr after the injection, but the percentage of SON cells with multiple nucleoli in these animals was not different from saline-injected controls. The anterior (SOa) portion of the SON in rats given 2% NaCl to drink instead of water for three days contained more cells with multiple nucleoli than controls. This effect was enhanced after five days ingestion, and accompanied by a similar response in the tuberal portion of SON (SOt). Rehydration for ten days after three days of 2% NaCl intake brought the percentage of cells with multiple nucleoli down to control levels. Cell area in SON cells paralleled nucleolar responses during dehydration and rehydration. The results demonstrate the sensitivity of nucleolar proliferation in SON to environmental changes ranging from osmotic to neurogenic stress.", "contents": "Nucleolar proliferation and cell size changes in rat supraoptic neurons following osmotic and volemic challenges. Subcutaneous injections of isotonic saline induced nucleolar proliferation in supraoptic neurons in animals sacrificed approximately 5 min postinjection. The magnitude of this proliferation was sustained 4 and 8 hr postinjection. Polyethylene glycol (PG) injections depleted blood volume 4 and 8 hr after the injection, but the percentage of SON cells with multiple nucleoli in these animals was not different from saline-injected controls. The anterior (SOa) portion of the SON in rats given 2% NaCl to drink instead of water for three days contained more cells with multiple nucleoli than controls. This effect was enhanced after five days ingestion, and accompanied by a similar response in the tuberal portion of SON (SOt). Rehydration for ten days after three days of 2% NaCl intake brought the percentage of cells with multiple nucleoli down to control levels. Cell area in SON cells paralleled nucleolar responses during dehydration and rehydration. The results demonstrate the sensitivity of nucleolar proliferation in SON to environmental changes ranging from osmotic to neurogenic stress.", "PMID": 861776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13907", "title": "A simple multi-purpose cannula system for access to the brain and/or systemic vascular system of unanesthetized animals.", "content": "By utilizing a pedestal system mounted on the skull containing a cerebral guide cannula with hub, and a vascular catheter which is exteriorized within the pedestal, an easily made, multi-purpose system has been developed using materials which are available from any scientific or medical supplier. This technique is adaptable for use in a wide variety of animal species and can be used in unanesthetized or anesthetized preparations.", "contents": "A simple multi-purpose cannula system for access to the brain and/or systemic vascular system of unanesthetized animals. By utilizing a pedestal system mounted on the skull containing a cerebral guide cannula with hub, and a vascular catheter which is exteriorized within the pedestal, an easily made, multi-purpose system has been developed using materials which are available from any scientific or medical supplier. This technique is adaptable for use in a wide variety of animal species and can be used in unanesthetized or anesthetized preparations.", "PMID": 861773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13908", "title": "Effects of carbachol and nicotine injected into the cerebral ventricles on electromyogram of conscious cats.", "content": "Carbachol and nicotine injected into the cerebral ventricles produced high amplitude and fast frequency activity in the electromyogram of conscious cats. Carbachol, much more than nicotine, caused bursts of such activity spaced at irregular time intervals accompanied by marked activity in the electrooculogram. In addition carbachol, but not nicotine, caused adynamia. The effect of nicotine laster 3-5 hr, while the effect of carbachol lasted up to 6 hr. The obtained results suggest that central muscarinic and nicotinic mediations are involved in the activation of the motor efferent system.", "contents": "Effects of carbachol and nicotine injected into the cerebral ventricles on electromyogram of conscious cats. Carbachol and nicotine injected into the cerebral ventricles produced high amplitude and fast frequency activity in the electromyogram of conscious cats. Carbachol, much more than nicotine, caused bursts of such activity spaced at irregular time intervals accompanied by marked activity in the electrooculogram. In addition carbachol, but not nicotine, caused adynamia. The effect of nicotine laster 3-5 hr, while the effect of carbachol lasted up to 6 hr. The obtained results suggest that central muscarinic and nicotinic mediations are involved in the activation of the motor efferent system.", "PMID": 861777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13909", "title": "Brain calcium in the rabbit: site of action for the alteration of body temperature.", "content": "Body temperature was recorded in the unanesthetized rabbit during push-pull perfusion of regions of the hypothalamus. Both the anterior and posterior hypothalamus were perfused with physiological solutions containing Ca++ in a concentration 2.0 or 5.0 times that of extracellular fluid. The animals were placed in an ambient temperature of 4.0 +/- 2.0degrees C for at least 1 hr before the perfusion and all experiments were carried out at this temperature. In the posterior hypothalamic area Ca++ produced a sharp fall in body temperature but did not cause body temperature to alter when it was perfused through the anterior hypothalamic area. These results indicate that the rabbit is similar to the cat and monkey since the effect of Ca++ on body temperature is localized to the posterior hypothalamic region.", "contents": "Brain calcium in the rabbit: site of action for the alteration of body temperature. Body temperature was recorded in the unanesthetized rabbit during push-pull perfusion of regions of the hypothalamus. Both the anterior and posterior hypothalamus were perfused with physiological solutions containing Ca++ in a concentration 2.0 or 5.0 times that of extracellular fluid. The animals were placed in an ambient temperature of 4.0 +/- 2.0degrees C for at least 1 hr before the perfusion and all experiments were carried out at this temperature. In the posterior hypothalamic area Ca++ produced a sharp fall in body temperature but did not cause body temperature to alter when it was perfused through the anterior hypothalamic area. These results indicate that the rabbit is similar to the cat and monkey since the effect of Ca++ on body temperature is localized to the posterior hypothalamic region.", "PMID": 861775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13910", "title": "The G-banding pattern of chromosomes in Ehrlich Lett\u0155e ascites tumor cells.", "content": "The trypsin digestion-Giemsa staining technique was used to produce distinctive banding patterns in chromosomes of Ehrlich Lett\u0155e ascites tumor cells derived from a frozen culture originally begun from the ELD line. The chromosome numbers most frequently encountered in cells were 44 and 45. Four large marker chromosomes were identified in the karyotype. One of these was a large submetacentric chromosome, the banding pattern of which indicated its probable origin was from a pair of telocentric chromosomes. Using banding patterns and lengths, the chromosomes were classified into four groups--marker, paired, unpaired, and minute chromosomes.", "contents": "The G-banding pattern of chromosomes in Ehrlich Lett\u0155e ascites tumor cells. The trypsin digestion-Giemsa staining technique was used to produce distinctive banding patterns in chromosomes of Ehrlich Lett\u0155e ascites tumor cells derived from a frozen culture originally begun from the ELD line. The chromosome numbers most frequently encountered in cells were 44 and 45. Four large marker chromosomes were identified in the karyotype. One of these was a large submetacentric chromosome, the banding pattern of which indicated its probable origin was from a pair of telocentric chromosomes. Using banding patterns and lengths, the chromosomes were classified into four groups--marker, paired, unpaired, and minute chromosomes.", "PMID": 861829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13911", "title": "X-ray induced pericentric inversions in Anopheles albimanus.", "content": "Sixteen different pericentric inversions, ten on chromosome 2 and six on chromosome 3, have been isolated and characterized. The partial sterility in the inversion heterozygotes ranged from about 28 to 50%. Contrary to theoretical considerations, a curvilinear relationship exists between inversion length and partial sterility, whereby a reduction in sterility was noted for progressively longer inversions. The break-points are distributed randomly over the autosomes, but are observed more frequently in the areas of the salivary gland chromosomes where diffuse and broken bands of variable stainability are located.", "contents": "X-ray induced pericentric inversions in Anopheles albimanus. Sixteen different pericentric inversions, ten on chromosome 2 and six on chromosome 3, have been isolated and characterized. The partial sterility in the inversion heterozygotes ranged from about 28 to 50%. Contrary to theoretical considerations, a curvilinear relationship exists between inversion length and partial sterility, whereby a reduction in sterility was noted for progressively longer inversions. The break-points are distributed randomly over the autosomes, but are observed more frequently in the areas of the salivary gland chromosomes where diffuse and broken bands of variable stainability are located.", "PMID": 861830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13912", "title": "Chromosome morphology during meiosis of normal and Robertsonian translocation-carrying rams (Ovis aries).", "content": "A detailed description is given of the meiotic chromosomes of the normal ram (54,XY) and of the chromosomes at diakinesis-metaphase I in rams heterozygous for the t1, t2 and t3 and homozygous for the t1 and t3 Robertsonian translocation chromosomes. Analyses were made on diakinesis-metaphase I chromosomes in 309 cells from normal rams and 2402 cells from the Robertsonian translocation carriers. Hypomodal cell counts were due to missing chromosomal elements and hypermodal counts were due either to separation of the chromosomes of the sex bivalent or to separation of the components of an autosomal bivalent. Trivalent formation was characteristic for the heterozygous Robertsonian translocation carriers while the homozygous carriers had an additional large bivalent. An association between the sex bivalent and a small autosomal bivalent at diakinesis-metaphase I is reported.", "contents": "Chromosome morphology during meiosis of normal and Robertsonian translocation-carrying rams (Ovis aries). A detailed description is given of the meiotic chromosomes of the normal ram (54,XY) and of the chromosomes at diakinesis-metaphase I in rams heterozygous for the t1, t2 and t3 and homozygous for the t1 and t3 Robertsonian translocation chromosomes. Analyses were made on diakinesis-metaphase I chromosomes in 309 cells from normal rams and 2402 cells from the Robertsonian translocation carriers. Hypomodal cell counts were due to missing chromosomal elements and hypermodal counts were due either to separation of the chromosomes of the sex bivalent or to separation of the components of an autosomal bivalent. Trivalent formation was characteristic for the heterozygous Robertsonian translocation carriers while the homozygous carriers had an additional large bivalent. An association between the sex bivalent and a small autosomal bivalent at diakinesis-metaphase I is reported.", "PMID": 861831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13913", "title": "Arteriography in ponies with Strongylus vulgaris arteritis.", "content": "Radiographs of the aorta and abdominal arteries were obtained from a normal anesthetized pony following catheterization of a  femoral artery for nonselective, semiselective or selective arteriography. The arteries had smooth borders and regular diameters and the branches of the cranial mesenteric artery could be followed distally on the angiogram through to the smaller branches proximal to the bowel wall. Following arteriography, the pony walked normally and there were minimal alterations of the levels of serum muscle enzymes and blood lactate. The procedures for arteriography were repeated in three days. At that time the femoral artery was patent and satisfactory angiograms were obtained. Similiarly, radiographs were obtained from two ponies artificially infected with Strongylus vulgaris. The cranial msenteric artery and some of its branches, the right renal artery and segments of the aorta had irregular borders and were enlarged. Branches of the cranial mesenteric artery could not be followed distally because the flow of the contrast material was blocked. Following the above procedures, euthanasia of all ponies was expedited and the findings of arteritis, thrombosis and dilatation of arteries at necropsy compared favorably with interpretations from the radiographs. At least in the pony, arteriography can be a valuable research and diagnostic tool for the demonstration of lesions associated with verminous arteritis.", "contents": "Arteriography in ponies with Strongylus vulgaris arteritis. Radiographs of the aorta and abdominal arteries were obtained from a normal anesthetized pony following catheterization of a  femoral artery for nonselective, semiselective or selective arteriography. The arteries had smooth borders and regular diameters and the branches of the cranial mesenteric artery could be followed distally on the angiogram through to the smaller branches proximal to the bowel wall. Following arteriography, the pony walked normally and there were minimal alterations of the levels of serum muscle enzymes and blood lactate. The procedures for arteriography were repeated in three days. At that time the femoral artery was patent and satisfactory angiograms were obtained. Similiarly, radiographs were obtained from two ponies artificially infected with Strongylus vulgaris. The cranial msenteric artery and some of its branches, the right renal artery and segments of the aorta had irregular borders and were enlarged. Branches of the cranial mesenteric artery could not be followed distally because the flow of the contrast material was blocked. Following the above procedures, euthanasia of all ponies was expedited and the findings of arteritis, thrombosis and dilatation of arteries at necropsy compared favorably with interpretations from the radiographs. At least in the pony, arteriography can be a valuable research and diagnostic tool for the demonstration of lesions associated with verminous arteritis.", "PMID": 861832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13914", "title": "Susceptibility of Fusobacterium necrophorum to antimicrobials. Part I: as determined by the disc method.", "content": "The susceptibility of 25 isolates of Fusobacterium necrophorum to 37 antimicrobials was tested using the disc method. F. necrophorum was susceptible to 15 antimicrobials, resistant to 12. To the remaining ten antimicrobials some isolates were completely resistant whereas others showed partial resistance.", "contents": "Susceptibility of Fusobacterium necrophorum to antimicrobials. Part I: as determined by the disc method. The susceptibility of 25 isolates of Fusobacterium necrophorum to 37 antimicrobials was tested using the disc method. F. necrophorum was susceptible to 15 antimicrobials, resistant to 12. To the remaining ten antimicrobials some isolates were completely resistant whereas others showed partial resistance.", "PMID": 861833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13915", "title": "The effect of temperature on growth and survival of Fusobacterium necrophorum isolated from bovine liver abscesses.", "content": "The ability of Fusobacterium necrophorum to survive or grow in liquid nitrogen or at temperatures between -10 degrees and 59 degrees C was determined. The organism remained viable but did not grow in liquid nitrogen or between -10 degrees and 21 degrees C. It grew between 22 degrees and 43 degrees C. No isolate grew at temperatures above 43 degrees C and all three isolates survived for a minimum of 15 minutes and an average of 25 minutes at 59 degrees C. The optimum temperature for maximum growth was 37 degrees C. The organism survived in ampoules stored in liquid nitrogen for eight years. It survived in liver abscesses stored at -10 degrees C for five years and as cultures in screw capped tubes for three years.", "contents": "The effect of temperature on growth and survival of Fusobacterium necrophorum isolated from bovine liver abscesses. The ability of Fusobacterium necrophorum to survive or grow in liquid nitrogen or at temperatures between -10 degrees and 59 degrees C was determined. The organism remained viable but did not grow in liquid nitrogen or between -10 degrees and 21 degrees C. It grew between 22 degrees and 43 degrees C. No isolate grew at temperatures above 43 degrees C and all three isolates survived for a minimum of 15 minutes and an average of 25 minutes at 59 degrees C. The optimum temperature for maximum growth was 37 degrees C. The organism survived in ampoules stored in liquid nitrogen for eight years. It survived in liver abscesses stored at -10 degrees C for five years and as cultures in screw capped tubes for three years.", "PMID": 861834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13916", "title": "The pathogenesis of leptospirosis I. Hemorrhages in experimental leptospirosis in guinea pigs.", "content": "In experimental infections of guinea pigs with a virulent strain of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae widespread hemorrhages were observed. Thrombocytopenia, prolongation of prothrombin, thrombin, partial thromboplastin and coagulation times, decrease of plasma fibrinogen, factor V, factor VIII and the presence of fibrinogen degradation products were demonstrated. Treatment of infected guinea pigs with heparin prolonged life for two to three days. The histological observations revealed that the main lesion is a severe injury of the vasculature, mainly arteries, arterioles and capillaries. Most of the endothelial cells are affected or destroyed and the muscular fibers of arteries and arterioles are injured. With Martius-Scarlet-Blue, Weigert or Picro-Mallory stains it was demonstrated that the organization seen in the vessels is not all made of fibrin. The conclusion reached was that the hemorrhages observed in experimental leptospirosis in guines pigs are due to disseminated intravascular coagulation.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of leptospirosis I. Hemorrhages in experimental leptospirosis in guinea pigs. In experimental infections of guinea pigs with a virulent strain of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae widespread hemorrhages were observed. Thrombocytopenia, prolongation of prothrombin, thrombin, partial thromboplastin and coagulation times, decrease of plasma fibrinogen, factor V, factor VIII and the presence of fibrinogen degradation products were demonstrated. Treatment of infected guinea pigs with heparin prolonged life for two to three days. The histological observations revealed that the main lesion is a severe injury of the vasculature, mainly arteries, arterioles and capillaries. Most of the endothelial cells are affected or destroyed and the muscular fibers of arteries and arterioles are injured. With Martius-Scarlet-Blue, Weigert or Picro-Mallory stains it was demonstrated that the organization seen in the vessels is not all made of fibrin. The conclusion reached was that the hemorrhages observed in experimental leptospirosis in guines pigs are due to disseminated intravascular coagulation.", "PMID": 861835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13917", "title": "The pathogenisis of leptospirosis II. Jaundice in experimental leptospirosis in guinea pigs.", "content": "Different mechanisms responsible for the appearance of jaundice in leptospirosis caused by Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae in guinea pigs were discussed. Hepatocellular damage was demonstrated with the presence to a lesser extent of intrahepatic biliary obstruction. A massive destruction of extravascular red blood cells liberated by the hemorrhagic diathesis, appeared to be the main cause in the genesis of jaundice. The latter was inhibited following the neutralization of the reticuloendothelial system of guinea pigs by an irradiation before  the infection.", "contents": "The pathogenisis of leptospirosis II. Jaundice in experimental leptospirosis in guinea pigs. Different mechanisms responsible for the appearance of jaundice in leptospirosis caused by Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae in guinea pigs were discussed. Hepatocellular damage was demonstrated with the presence to a lesser extent of intrahepatic biliary obstruction. A massive destruction of extravascular red blood cells liberated by the hemorrhagic diathesis, appeared to be the main cause in the genesis of jaundice. The latter was inhibited following the neutralization of the reticuloendothelial system of guinea pigs by an irradiation before  the infection.", "PMID": 861836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13918", "title": "Toxic effects of butylated hydroxytoluene on rats.", "content": "A study involving 96 weanling rats of both sexes was conducted to evaluate the effects of the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene on the plasma and liver lipid components. Comparative observations in the dietary content of butylated hydroxytoluene in ad libitum and underfed rats. A sex difference in the effects of butylated hydroxytoluene was noted. Butylated hydroxytoluene had a greater deleterious effect on the growth of the male than of the female rat, especially at the 0.5% dietary level (P less than 0.01). At this level, it also increased the relative weight of the liver (P less than 0.01) but had little effect on brain, heart and kidney in both sexes. The enlarged liver showed a marked elevation in the concentration of total lipids and of both total and esterified cholesterol. There were striking increases in the plasma total and esterified cholesterol and phospholipid levels in the butylated hydroxytoluene treated animals buy the triglycerides remained unaffected. The results obtained were more manifest in animals with restricted dietary intake. The changes observed in the lipid components occurred in parallel with the increasing amounts of the antioxidant in the diet. The effect of butylated hydroxytoluene on lipid metabolism is discussed.", "contents": "Toxic effects of butylated hydroxytoluene on rats. A study involving 96 weanling rats of both sexes was conducted to evaluate the effects of the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene on the plasma and liver lipid components. Comparative observations in the dietary content of butylated hydroxytoluene in ad libitum and underfed rats. A sex difference in the effects of butylated hydroxytoluene was noted. Butylated hydroxytoluene had a greater deleterious effect on the growth of the male than of the female rat, especially at the 0.5% dietary level (P less than 0.01). At this level, it also increased the relative weight of the liver (P less than 0.01) but had little effect on brain, heart and kidney in both sexes. The enlarged liver showed a marked elevation in the concentration of total lipids and of both total and esterified cholesterol. There were striking increases in the plasma total and esterified cholesterol and phospholipid levels in the butylated hydroxytoluene treated animals buy the triglycerides remained unaffected. The results obtained were more manifest in animals with restricted dietary intake. The changes observed in the lipid components occurred in parallel with the increasing amounts of the antioxidant in the diet. The effect of butylated hydroxytoluene on lipid metabolism is discussed.", "PMID": 861837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13919", "title": "Evaluation of a rapid method of determination of plasma fibrinogen in swine.", "content": "An evaluation was made of a rapid semiautomated method for determining fibrinogen level in swine plasma. This method, referred to as thrombin time method or fibrometer method, is based on the principle that when thrombin is added to suitably diluted plasma, the time of clotting is linearly related to the fibrinogen concentration. The linear regression model for the standard curve prepared using swine plasma had an r value of 0.998. A comparison between the fibrometer and the Grannis methods done on 189 swine plasma samples showed good correlation between these two mehtods (r value 0.847). It was concluded that although the fibrometer method may not be as precise as the Grannis method, it would still be acceptable for clinical use in swine.", "contents": "Evaluation of a rapid method of determination of plasma fibrinogen in swine. An evaluation was made of a rapid semiautomated method for determining fibrinogen level in swine plasma. This method, referred to as thrombin time method or fibrometer method, is based on the principle that when thrombin is added to suitably diluted plasma, the time of clotting is linearly related to the fibrinogen concentration. The linear regression model for the standard curve prepared using swine plasma had an r value of 0.998. A comparison between the fibrometer and the Grannis methods done on 189 swine plasma samples showed good correlation between these two mehtods (r value 0.847). It was concluded that although the fibrometer method may not be as precise as the Grannis method, it would still be acceptable for clinical use in swine.", "PMID": 861838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13920", "title": "Effect of human chorionic gonadotropin on the transport of manganese and zinc and tissue uptake of radioactivity following subcutaneous administration of tritiated estrone in manganese deficient and nondeficient rabbits.", "content": "Twenty-four eight month old virgin New Zealand doe rabbits were used in an experiment designed to study the effect of human chorionic gonadotropin on the transport of 54Mn and 65Zn in their tissues. Although human chorionic gonadotropin treatment did not result in any change in 65Zn transport, that of 54Mn was affected. In another experiment, the tissue uptake of tritiated estrone was studied in manganese deficient and nondeficient rabbits. There were no differences in radioactivity uptake between the two diets but the pattern of tissue uptake was different from other reports.", "contents": "Effect of human chorionic gonadotropin on the transport of manganese and zinc and tissue uptake of radioactivity following subcutaneous administration of tritiated estrone in manganese deficient and nondeficient rabbits. Twenty-four eight month old virgin New Zealand doe rabbits were used in an experiment designed to study the effect of human chorionic gonadotropin on the transport of 54Mn and 65Zn in their tissues. Although human chorionic gonadotropin treatment did not result in any change in 65Zn transport, that of 54Mn was affected. In another experiment, the tissue uptake of tritiated estrone was studied in manganese deficient and nondeficient rabbits. There were no differences in radioactivity uptake between the two diets but the pattern of tissue uptake was different from other reports.", "PMID": 861839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13921", "title": "Recovery of Pasteurella hemolytica from aerosols at differing temperature and humidity.", "content": "A Pasteurella hemolytica suspension with fetal calf serum was aerosolized in a standard system with ambient temperature of 30 or 2 degrees C and relative humidity conditions of 90 or 60%. The number of organisms sprayed in five minutes and the number recovered from one third of the aerosol during these five minutes was determined. Recoveries were influenced by temperature difference between aerosol and collecting fluid. Recoveries ranged between 0.059--0.94%.", "contents": "Recovery of Pasteurella hemolytica from aerosols at differing temperature and humidity. A Pasteurella hemolytica suspension with fetal calf serum was aerosolized in a standard system with ambient temperature of 30 or 2 degrees C and relative humidity conditions of 90 or 60%. The number of organisms sprayed in five minutes and the number recovered from one third of the aerosol during these five minutes was determined. Recoveries were influenced by temperature difference between aerosol and collecting fluid. Recoveries ranged between 0.059--0.94%.", "PMID": 861840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13922", "title": "Pulmonary lesions induced by Pasteurella hemolytica in cattle.", "content": "Twelve four month old calves were inoculated intratracheally with a large dose of Pasteurella hemolytica and the lungs examined 18 hours, three days and seven days later. The gross and microscopic lesions were graded in each calf. The most extensive gross lesions were present at three days and were characteristic of a fibrinous pneumonia. Discrete areas of coagulation necrosis were present at three days and granulation tissue had formed around these by seven days. Characteristic swirly dark cells accumulated in alveoli and alveolar ducts and were observed from three days onwards. The gross and microscopic lesions were similar to those seen in field cases of pneumonic pasteurellosis.", "contents": "Pulmonary lesions induced by Pasteurella hemolytica in cattle. Twelve four month old calves were inoculated intratracheally with a large dose of Pasteurella hemolytica and the lungs examined 18 hours, three days and seven days later. The gross and microscopic lesions were graded in each calf. The most extensive gross lesions were present at three days and were characteristic of a fibrinous pneumonia. Discrete areas of coagulation necrosis were present at three days and granulation tissue had formed around these by seven days. Characteristic swirly dark cells accumulated in alveoli and alveolar ducts and were observed from three days onwards. The gross and microscopic lesions were similar to those seen in field cases of pneumonic pasteurellosis.", "PMID": 861841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13923", "title": "The recovery of a Mycoplasma from Citellus richardsonii richardsonii (ground squirrel).", "content": "Swabs from the upper respiratory tract, external genitalia and the eyes and portions of the lungs, spleen, kidney, liver and uteri of two ground squirrels were cultured for mycoplasma. The upper respiratory tracts of both animals were positive for mycoplasma as were the lungs, liver and spleen of one of the animals. Preliminary serological studies, growth inhibition test against 38 known antisera, growth precipitation against 15 antisera and fluorescent antibody technique with eight conjugates have, with the exception of a minor precipitin reaction against Mycoplasma bovirhinis, all been negative. The isolates are believed to be representative of either one or more new mycoplasma species.", "contents": "The recovery of a Mycoplasma from Citellus richardsonii richardsonii (ground squirrel). Swabs from the upper respiratory tract, external genitalia and the eyes and portions of the lungs, spleen, kidney, liver and uteri of two ground squirrels were cultured for mycoplasma. The upper respiratory tracts of both animals were positive for mycoplasma as were the lungs, liver and spleen of one of the animals. Preliminary serological studies, growth inhibition test against 38 known antisera, growth precipitation against 15 antisera and fluorescent antibody technique with eight conjugates have, with the exception of a minor precipitin reaction against Mycoplasma bovirhinis, all been negative. The isolates are believed to be representative of either one or more new mycoplasma species.", "PMID": 861842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13924", "title": "Propagation of the rotavirus of neonatal calf diarrhea in fetal intestinal cell cultures.", "content": "Bovine fetal intestinal cells were successfully propagated in monolayer cultures for up to 21 passages. Infection of these cells with the rotavirus of neonatal calf diarrhea resulted in a cytopathic effect that was more obvious than in infected bovine fetal kidney cells.", "contents": "Propagation of the rotavirus of neonatal calf diarrhea in fetal intestinal cell cultures. Bovine fetal intestinal cells were successfully propagated in monolayer cultures for up to 21 passages. Infection of these cells with the rotavirus of neonatal calf diarrhea resulted in a cytopathic effect that was more obvious than in infected bovine fetal kidney cells.", "PMID": 861843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13925", "title": "Inhibition of gas vesicle production in Microcyclus aquaticus by L-lysine.", "content": "The timing and degree of gas vesicle production in Microcyclus aquaticus was affected by nutritional conditions. If 50 microng L-lysine/ml was added to a glucose-mineral salts medium (DM), the organism did not form gas vesicles. This effect was specific for L-lysine, as neither D-lysine nor meso-diaminopimelic acid prevented gas vesicle production. Cells grown in the presence of L-lysine did not contain any immunologically detectable gas vesicle protein, which indicates that L-lysine affects expression of the structural gene for the gas vesicle protein rather than assembly of the protein into gas vesicles. The addition of L-lysine to cultures in DM did not immediately decrease the rate of gas vesicle assembly, nor did the removal of cells from DM plus L-lysine to DM result in immediate gas vesicle production. Gas vesicle production was also affected by the addition of L-threonine or L-cysteine to culture media or by an increase in the medium's ionic strength. These results are discussed in relation to the aspartic acid pathway of amino acid biosynthesis and effects upon the intracellular L-lysine concentration.", "contents": "Inhibition of gas vesicle production in Microcyclus aquaticus by L-lysine. The timing and degree of gas vesicle production in Microcyclus aquaticus was affected by nutritional conditions. If 50 microng L-lysine/ml was added to a glucose-mineral salts medium (DM), the organism did not form gas vesicles. This effect was specific for L-lysine, as neither D-lysine nor meso-diaminopimelic acid prevented gas vesicle production. Cells grown in the presence of L-lysine did not contain any immunologically detectable gas vesicle protein, which indicates that L-lysine affects expression of the structural gene for the gas vesicle protein rather than assembly of the protein into gas vesicles. The addition of L-lysine to cultures in DM did not immediately decrease the rate of gas vesicle assembly, nor did the removal of cells from DM plus L-lysine to DM result in immediate gas vesicle production. Gas vesicle production was also affected by the addition of L-threonine or L-cysteine to culture media or by an increase in the medium's ionic strength. These results are discussed in relation to the aspartic acid pathway of amino acid biosynthesis and effects upon the intracellular L-lysine concentration.", "PMID": 861844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13926", "title": "The excretion of enterotoxin B from nongrowing cells of Staphylococcus aureus 4916.", "content": "The physiological conditions for the excretion of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) by nongrowing cells have been determined. In general, SEB excretion appears to be best when amino acids serve as sources of carbon, nitrogen, and energy. Little toxin was produced in a nitrogen-free medium with glucose as the sole carbon source. Inhibitor studies have shown that most of the toxin excreted by nongrowing cells was the result of de novo protein synthesis. Optimum toxin excretion was also obtained under conditions of aeration, and at or near optimum growth temperature, those conditions at which the cells are metabolically and biosynthetically most active. Levels of cell-associated SEB decreased during toxin excretion. However, these levels of toxin could not account for the high levels of toxin released during excretion. Glucose and several other rapidly fermentable carbohydrates inhibited toxin excretion by as much as 80% under conditions of uncontrolled decrease in pH: however, when the pH was kept at either 6.2 or 7.5 a stimulation of toxin excretion was observed. Protoplast studies have suggested that SEB production does not take place in the absence of an intact cell wall.", "contents": "The excretion of enterotoxin B from nongrowing cells of Staphylococcus aureus 4916. The physiological conditions for the excretion of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) by nongrowing cells have been determined. In general, SEB excretion appears to be best when amino acids serve as sources of carbon, nitrogen, and energy. Little toxin was produced in a nitrogen-free medium with glucose as the sole carbon source. Inhibitor studies have shown that most of the toxin excreted by nongrowing cells was the result of de novo protein synthesis. Optimum toxin excretion was also obtained under conditions of aeration, and at or near optimum growth temperature, those conditions at which the cells are metabolically and biosynthetically most active. Levels of cell-associated SEB decreased during toxin excretion. However, these levels of toxin could not account for the high levels of toxin released during excretion. Glucose and several other rapidly fermentable carbohydrates inhibited toxin excretion by as much as 80% under conditions of uncontrolled decrease in pH: however, when the pH was kept at either 6.2 or 7.5 a stimulation of toxin excretion was observed. Protoplast studies have suggested that SEB production does not take place in the absence of an intact cell wall.", "PMID": 861845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13927", "title": "Effects of exogenous fatty acids on growth and enterotoxin B formation by Staphylococcus aureus 14458 and its membrane mutant.", "content": "Growth and enterotoxin B (SEB) formation by Staphylococcus aureus 14458 and its membrane mutant can be depressed or stimulated by addition of graded amounts of saturated or unsaturated fatty acid mixtures. Under some conditions depression of SEB formation is separable from growth inhibition. Individual fatty acids most active in altering growth and (or) SEB production have been identified. Small amounts of unsaturated fatty acid mixture not only antagonize some effects of saturated fatty acid mixtures, but also appear to potentiate inhibition of growth and SEB formation by the saturated fatty acid mixture. 2-Admantanone, a compound which increases cell membrane fluidity, strongly suppresses SEB formation while stimulating growth. The results are discussed in relation to possible effects of exogenous fatty acids on the composition of membrane phospholipids and attendant changes in SEB production.", "contents": "Effects of exogenous fatty acids on growth and enterotoxin B formation by Staphylococcus aureus 14458 and its membrane mutant. Growth and enterotoxin B (SEB) formation by Staphylococcus aureus 14458 and its membrane mutant can be depressed or stimulated by addition of graded amounts of saturated or unsaturated fatty acid mixtures. Under some conditions depression of SEB formation is separable from growth inhibition. Individual fatty acids most active in altering growth and (or) SEB production have been identified. Small amounts of unsaturated fatty acid mixture not only antagonize some effects of saturated fatty acid mixtures, but also appear to potentiate inhibition of growth and SEB formation by the saturated fatty acid mixture. 2-Admantanone, a compound which increases cell membrane fluidity, strongly suppresses SEB formation while stimulating growth. The results are discussed in relation to possible effects of exogenous fatty acids on the composition of membrane phospholipids and attendant changes in SEB production.", "PMID": 861846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13928", "title": "Relationship of cytochrome content to the sensitivity of bacteria to NaCl on freezing and thawing.", "content": "Eight species of bacteria representing rod, coccus, gram-positive, and gram-negative forms were tested for their sensitivity to sodium chloride during freezing and thawing. Six of the eight species tested were salt-sensitive, though to different degrees, while Lactobacillus casei and Streptococcus faecalis were resistant. Escherichia coli grown anaerobically exhibited only 38% of the salt sensitivity of aerobically grown cells. Analysis of cytochrome pigments in the organisms revealed that the six sensitive organisms all contained these pigments but in varying amounts, while the two resistant ones were devoid of them. Anaerobically grown E. coli contained 50% of the cytochromes of aerobically grown cells. A relationship between cytochrome content of the organisms and salt sensitivity during freezing and thawing was demonstrated with a correlation coefficient of 0.76 (P less than 0.05); the higher the cytochrome content, the more salt-sensitive the organism. This indicated that 58% of the salt sensitivity was due to the cytochrome content. Using a model organism E. coli, the effect of salt during freezing and thawing on the respiratory activity was examined. Freezing and thawing in water or saline decreased the respiration by whole cells of substrates expected to be NAD-linked while NADH-stimulated respiration was increased. In cell-free extracts derived from unfrozen cells or those frozen and thawed in water or saline, the respiration of ascorbate plus N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD) was constant. The respiration of NADH, succinate, and lactate in cell-free extracts derived from cells frozen and thawed in saline was reduced compared with those extracts derived from unfrozen cells or cells frozen and thawed in water. Studies with E. coli showed that the decreased respiratory activity caused by disruptions in the electron-transport chain could not account for the salt sensitivity on freezing and thawing. More likely, salt sensitivity is related to the presence of bonds between cytochromes and other membrane components which are disrupted by sodium chloride on freezing and thawing. This would then result in loss of membrane integrity and function.", "contents": "Relationship of cytochrome content to the sensitivity of bacteria to NaCl on freezing and thawing. Eight species of bacteria representing rod, coccus, gram-positive, and gram-negative forms were tested for their sensitivity to sodium chloride during freezing and thawing. Six of the eight species tested were salt-sensitive, though to different degrees, while Lactobacillus casei and Streptococcus faecalis were resistant. Escherichia coli grown anaerobically exhibited only 38% of the salt sensitivity of aerobically grown cells. Analysis of cytochrome pigments in the organisms revealed that the six sensitive organisms all contained these pigments but in varying amounts, while the two resistant ones were devoid of them. Anaerobically grown E. coli contained 50% of the cytochromes of aerobically grown cells. A relationship between cytochrome content of the organisms and salt sensitivity during freezing and thawing was demonstrated with a correlation coefficient of 0.76 (P less than 0.05); the higher the cytochrome content, the more salt-sensitive the organism. This indicated that 58% of the salt sensitivity was due to the cytochrome content. Using a model organism E. coli, the effect of salt during freezing and thawing on the respiratory activity was examined. Freezing and thawing in water or saline decreased the respiration by whole cells of substrates expected to be NAD-linked while NADH-stimulated respiration was increased. In cell-free extracts derived from unfrozen cells or those frozen and thawed in water or saline, the respiration of ascorbate plus N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD) was constant. The respiration of NADH, succinate, and lactate in cell-free extracts derived from cells frozen and thawed in saline was reduced compared with those extracts derived from unfrozen cells or cells frozen and thawed in water. Studies with E. coli showed that the decreased respiratory activity caused by disruptions in the electron-transport chain could not account for the salt sensitivity on freezing and thawing. More likely, salt sensitivity is related to the presence of bonds between cytochromes and other membrane components which are disrupted by sodium chloride on freezing and thawing. This would then result in loss of membrane integrity and function.", "PMID": 861847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13929", "title": "Response of soil microbiota to selected herbicide treatments.", "content": "Recommended concentrations of paraquat alone and its combination with each of linuron, diuron, atrazine, simazine, and simazine plus diuron exerted little effect on total populations of bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi in Fox sandy loam under laboratory and simulated field conditions in 66 and 77 days, respectively. Respiration of the total microbiota in soil suspension was afeected by the combinations as well as individual herbicides in various concentrations. Yet, the inhibition of the O2 uptake by any of these herbicides, including some extreme concentrations, was not permanent, indicating adaptation, or suppression of specific organisms. Only linuron in concentrations up to 20 microng/ml stimulated respiration of the soil.", "contents": "Response of soil microbiota to selected herbicide treatments. Recommended concentrations of paraquat alone and its combination with each of linuron, diuron, atrazine, simazine, and simazine plus diuron exerted little effect on total populations of bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi in Fox sandy loam under laboratory and simulated field conditions in 66 and 77 days, respectively. Respiration of the total microbiota in soil suspension was afeected by the combinations as well as individual herbicides in various concentrations. Yet, the inhibition of the O2 uptake by any of these herbicides, including some extreme concentrations, was not permanent, indicating adaptation, or suppression of specific organisms. Only linuron in concentrations up to 20 microng/ml stimulated respiration of the soil.", "PMID": 861848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13930", "title": "Degradation of natural and Kraft lignins by the microflora of soil and water.", "content": "The comparative rates of microbial degradation of 14C-lignin-labeled lignocelluloses and 14C-Kraft lignins were investigated using selected soil and water samples as sources of microorganisms. Natural lignocelluloses containing 14C primarily in their lignin components were prepared by feeding plants uniformly labeled L-[14C]phenylalanine through their cut stems. 14C-Kraft lignins were prepared by pulping lignin-labeled lignocelluloses. Rates of lignin biodegradation were determined by monitoring 14CO2 evolution from incubation mixtures over incubation periods of up to 1000 h. Observed rates of lignin degradation were slow in all cases. Kraft lignins appeared more resistant to microbial attack than natural lignins, even though they were decomposed more rapidly during the first 100-200 h of incubation. Similar degradation patterns were observed in both soil and water. Individual samples, however, varied greatly in their overall rates of degradation of either lignin type. A Kraft-lignin preparation was separated into a variety of molecular weight fractions by column chromatography on LH-20 Sephadex and the biodegradability of the different molecular weight fractions determined. The lower molecular weight fractions of the Kraft lignin were decomposed at a significantly faster rate by the microflora of soil than were the fractions of higher molecular weight.", "contents": "Degradation of natural and Kraft lignins by the microflora of soil and water. The comparative rates of microbial degradation of 14C-lignin-labeled lignocelluloses and 14C-Kraft lignins were investigated using selected soil and water samples as sources of microorganisms. Natural lignocelluloses containing 14C primarily in their lignin components were prepared by feeding plants uniformly labeled L-[14C]phenylalanine through their cut stems. 14C-Kraft lignins were prepared by pulping lignin-labeled lignocelluloses. Rates of lignin biodegradation were determined by monitoring 14CO2 evolution from incubation mixtures over incubation periods of up to 1000 h. Observed rates of lignin degradation were slow in all cases. Kraft lignins appeared more resistant to microbial attack than natural lignins, even though they were decomposed more rapidly during the first 100-200 h of incubation. Similar degradation patterns were observed in both soil and water. Individual samples, however, varied greatly in their overall rates of degradation of either lignin type. A Kraft-lignin preparation was separated into a variety of molecular weight fractions by column chromatography on LH-20 Sephadex and the biodegradability of the different molecular weight fractions determined. The lower molecular weight fractions of the Kraft lignin were decomposed at a significantly faster rate by the microflora of soil than were the fractions of higher molecular weight.", "PMID": 861849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13931", "title": "The fine structure of Entomophthora apiculata and its penetration of Trichoplusia ni.", "content": "The fine structure of conidia and immature resting spores of the entomogenous fungus Entomophthora apiculata is described. The two cell types contain comparable organelles and quantities of lipid, and possess a similar cell wall structure. The large quantity of stored lipid and numerous mitochondria in each cell type indicate a capacity for great metabolic activity. Numerous dense, microbody-like organelles were observed in conidia and resting spores, and their possible functions are discussed. Third instar larvae of the cabbage looper Trichopulsia ni were exposed to conidia of E. apiculata. Fungal germ tube formation and penetration of the host integument were observed. The germ tubes did not form appressoria and appeared to penetrate the epicuticle by enzymatic and physical means. After penetration of the epicuticle the germ tube often bifurcates, and expands as two or more digit-like projections parallel to the lamellae of the exocuticle. The hyphae gradually extend inward, cleaving the lamellae of cuticle, and eventually enter the host's body cavity.", "contents": "The fine structure of Entomophthora apiculata and its penetration of Trichoplusia ni. The fine structure of conidia and immature resting spores of the entomogenous fungus Entomophthora apiculata is described. The two cell types contain comparable organelles and quantities of lipid, and possess a similar cell wall structure. The large quantity of stored lipid and numerous mitochondria in each cell type indicate a capacity for great metabolic activity. Numerous dense, microbody-like organelles were observed in conidia and resting spores, and their possible functions are discussed. Third instar larvae of the cabbage looper Trichopulsia ni were exposed to conidia of E. apiculata. Fungal germ tube formation and penetration of the host integument were observed. The germ tubes did not form appressoria and appeared to penetrate the epicuticle by enzymatic and physical means. After penetration of the epicuticle the germ tube often bifurcates, and expands as two or more digit-like projections parallel to the lamellae of the exocuticle. The hyphae gradually extend inward, cleaving the lamellae of cuticle, and eventually enter the host's body cavity.", "PMID": 861850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13932", "title": "Polymorphism of Malassezia furfur.", "content": "Alterations in the morphologic and physiologic characters of 11 isolates of Pityrosporum orbiculare were noted upon prolonged maintenance in pure culture. Successive subculturing of each isolate resulted in its progressive conversion from globose (P. orbiculare) through ovoid to cylindrical (P. ovale) form. Globose forms utilized neither olive oil nor Tween 20 as a sole carbon source, nor KNO3 as a sole source of nitrogen, while ovoid and cylindrical forms utilized both of these carbon sources, and one of four strains of the cylindrical form assimilated KNO3. These results suggest that P. orbiculare and P. ovale are stages in the complex developmental cycle of a single species (Malassezia furfur), but the three names should be preserved until the life cycle is more fully understood.", "contents": "Polymorphism of Malassezia furfur. Alterations in the morphologic and physiologic characters of 11 isolates of Pityrosporum orbiculare were noted upon prolonged maintenance in pure culture. Successive subculturing of each isolate resulted in its progressive conversion from globose (P. orbiculare) through ovoid to cylindrical (P. ovale) form. Globose forms utilized neither olive oil nor Tween 20 as a sole carbon source, nor KNO3 as a sole source of nitrogen, while ovoid and cylindrical forms utilized both of these carbon sources, and one of four strains of the cylindrical form assimilated KNO3. These results suggest that P. orbiculare and P. ovale are stages in the complex developmental cycle of a single species (Malassezia furfur), but the three names should be preserved until the life cycle is more fully understood.", "PMID": 861851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13933", "title": "Effect of strain variation and growth phase of culture on dry weight and hexosamine content of cell wall layers of a marine pseudomonad.", "content": "Two variants of marine pseudomonad B-16 (ATCC 19855) differing in  that one, variant 3, formed opaque colonies and the other, variant 7, formed translucent colonies were examined to determine if the variants differed in the amount and hexosamine content of their three outer cell wall layers. In both variants, the three outer layers of the cell wall, the loosely bound outer layer, the outer double-track layer, and the underlying (periplasmic space) layer contributed less to the dry weight of the cells when the cells were harvested in the stationary than in the logarithmic phase of growth. The hexosamine content of the layers of variant 3 increased dramatically as the cells went from the logarithmic to the stationary phase. The hexosamine content of the layers of variant 7 changed little by comparison. Thus cells of the variant which forms opaque colonies enrich the outer layers of their cell wall with hexosamine when grown to stationary phase.", "contents": "Effect of strain variation and growth phase of culture on dry weight and hexosamine content of cell wall layers of a marine pseudomonad. Two variants of marine pseudomonad B-16 (ATCC 19855) differing in  that one, variant 3, formed opaque colonies and the other, variant 7, formed translucent colonies were examined to determine if the variants differed in the amount and hexosamine content of their three outer cell wall layers. In both variants, the three outer layers of the cell wall, the loosely bound outer layer, the outer double-track layer, and the underlying (periplasmic space) layer contributed less to the dry weight of the cells when the cells were harvested in the stationary than in the logarithmic phase of growth. The hexosamine content of the layers of variant 3 increased dramatically as the cells went from the logarithmic to the stationary phase. The hexosamine content of the layers of variant 7 changed little by comparison. Thus cells of the variant which forms opaque colonies enrich the outer layers of their cell wall with hexosamine when grown to stationary phase.", "PMID": 861852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13934", "title": "Ribosomal ribonucleic acid cistron homologies among Hyphomicrobium and various other bacteria.", "content": "The extent of hybrid formation between the ribosomal ribonucleic acid (r-RNA) of Hyphomicrobium strain B-522 and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from bacteria of 21 different genera was examined. Three generalized groupings were formed. Group I (72-100%) consisted entirely of other strains of Hyphomicrobium. Representatives of the genera Rhodopseudomonas, Chromatium, Caulobacter, Prosthecomicrobium, Rhodomicrobium, Hyphomonas, and Hyphomicrobium made up group II (49-69%). The remaining Gram-negative, Gram-positive, and cell wall--less bacteria fell into group III (12-40%). The taxonomic implications of these results are discussed.", "contents": "Ribosomal ribonucleic acid cistron homologies among Hyphomicrobium and various other bacteria. The extent of hybrid formation between the ribosomal ribonucleic acid (r-RNA) of Hyphomicrobium strain B-522 and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from bacteria of 21 different genera was examined. Three generalized groupings were formed. Group I (72-100%) consisted entirely of other strains of Hyphomicrobium. Representatives of the genera Rhodopseudomonas, Chromatium, Caulobacter, Prosthecomicrobium, Rhodomicrobium, Hyphomonas, and Hyphomicrobium made up group II (49-69%). The remaining Gram-negative, Gram-positive, and cell wall--less bacteria fell into group III (12-40%). The taxonomic implications of these results are discussed.", "PMID": 861853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13935", "title": "Value of the history in the office diagnosis of breast cancer.", "content": "A review of the histories of 1059 patients with breast problems seen consecutively in office consultation revealed an incidence of breast cancer of 13%. Patients over 50 years of age or whose mother or sister had had breast cancer had a substantially greater likelihood of having breast cancer. The finding of the problem on routine examination, a family history of breast cancer in a relative other than the mother or a sister, or prominent breast pain or nipple discharge made the diagnosis of cancer less likely. Menstrual status, a history of previous benign disease, nulliparity, current hormone therapy and duration of symptoms did not help identify the patient likely to have breast cancer. Much time could be saved for both doctor and patient in taking the history from patients with breast disorders. Only the patient's age and the history of the mother and sisters with regard to breast cancer will help identify the \"high-risk\" patient. Other historical findings are either valueless or should be used to reassure these usually anxious women.", "contents": "Value of the history in the office diagnosis of breast cancer. A review of the histories of 1059 patients with breast problems seen consecutively in office consultation revealed an incidence of breast cancer of 13%. Patients over 50 years of age or whose mother or sister had had breast cancer had a substantially greater likelihood of having breast cancer. The finding of the problem on routine examination, a family history of breast cancer in a relative other than the mother or a sister, or prominent breast pain or nipple discharge made the diagnosis of cancer less likely. Menstrual status, a history of previous benign disease, nulliparity, current hormone therapy and duration of symptoms did not help identify the patient likely to have breast cancer. Much time could be saved for both doctor and patient in taking the history from patients with breast disorders. Only the patient's age and the history of the mother and sisters with regard to breast cancer will help identify the \"high-risk\" patient. Other historical findings are either valueless or should be used to reassure these usually anxious women.", "PMID": 861861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13936", "title": "Early diagnosis of breast cancer: experience in a consultant breast clinic.", "content": "Of 2839 women referred to a consultant breast clinic for clinical, mammographic and thermographic examination, 480 underwent biopsy and 126 were found to have cancer. Ten percent of the tumours were occult and were classified as very early biologic disease; they were identified by routine mammography in women whose breasts were clinically normal. Biopsy of solid mass lesions non-suspicious on mammography identified 20% of the cancers; half these lesions, classified as early biologic disease, were discovered by doctors at routine annual clinical breast examination, though the earliest cancers were detected by women who were confident and competent in monthly self-examination of the breasts. Biopsy of solid mass lesions suspicious on mammography identified 70% of the cancers; these were classified as late biologic disease. Skin or nipple dimpling or retraction was evident in two thirds of the patients; their lesions seemed to be later biologically than the lesions of the patients without clinical signs, and 75% had discovered the lesions themselves accidentally.", "contents": "Early diagnosis of breast cancer: experience in a consultant breast clinic. Of 2839 women referred to a consultant breast clinic for clinical, mammographic and thermographic examination, 480 underwent biopsy and 126 were found to have cancer. Ten percent of the tumours were occult and were classified as very early biologic disease; they were identified by routine mammography in women whose breasts were clinically normal. Biopsy of solid mass lesions non-suspicious on mammography identified 20% of the cancers; half these lesions, classified as early biologic disease, were discovered by doctors at routine annual clinical breast examination, though the earliest cancers were detected by women who were confident and competent in monthly self-examination of the breasts. Biopsy of solid mass lesions suspicious on mammography identified 70% of the cancers; these were classified as late biologic disease. Skin or nipple dimpling or retraction was evident in two thirds of the patients; their lesions seemed to be later biologically than the lesions of the patients without clinical signs, and 75% had discovered the lesions themselves accidentally.", "PMID": 861862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13937", "title": "Breast cancer in northern Alberta: pilot study in computerized registration.", "content": "Analysis of data from 643 breast cancer patients seen between 1971 and 1973 in northern Alberta was undertaken as a preliminary study leading towards a comprehensive breast registry. Age at first treatment and menopausal status were found to be related significantly to the clinical stage of the disease. Other data reported included age at menarche, lymph node involvement and methods of primary treatment. A decline in use of the radical mastectomy was noted. The comprehensive breast registry, which will be used to identify high-risk groups, assess treatment modalities, test hypotheses and generate ideas, has a high probability of success because of compulsory registration of new cases of breast cancer in Alberta and collection of data by the same four individuals.", "contents": "Breast cancer in northern Alberta: pilot study in computerized registration. Analysis of data from 643 breast cancer patients seen between 1971 and 1973 in northern Alberta was undertaken as a preliminary study leading towards a comprehensive breast registry. Age at first treatment and menopausal status were found to be related significantly to the clinical stage of the disease. Other data reported included age at menarche, lymph node involvement and methods of primary treatment. A decline in use of the radical mastectomy was noted. The comprehensive breast registry, which will be used to identify high-risk groups, assess treatment modalities, test hypotheses and generate ideas, has a high probability of success because of compulsory registration of new cases of breast cancer in Alberta and collection of data by the same four individuals.", "PMID": 861863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13938", "title": "Recent time-trends of age-specific death rates for breast cancer: Quebec and other provinces, 1965 through 1974.", "content": "For the 10-year period 1965 through 1974 the age-specific death rates for cancer of the breast decreased among middle-aged women, especially at ages 40 to 49 years, in Quebec, the Maritimes and the Prairies but not in Ontario or British Columbia. In women under 35 years of age the mortality generally increased, while in women aged 60 to 64 years there was little change except in the Prairies, where the rate increased. It seems probable that the trends reflect changes in incidence rather than in case-fatality. Some, but not all, of the pattern could be explained by changes in fertility over the past 50 years.", "contents": "Recent time-trends of age-specific death rates for breast cancer: Quebec and other provinces, 1965 through 1974. For the 10-year period 1965 through 1974 the age-specific death rates for cancer of the breast decreased among middle-aged women, especially at ages 40 to 49 years, in Quebec, the Maritimes and the Prairies but not in Ontario or British Columbia. In women under 35 years of age the mortality generally increased, while in women aged 60 to 64 years there was little change except in the Prairies, where the rate increased. It seems probable that the trends reflect changes in incidence rather than in case-fatality. Some, but not all, of the pattern could be explained by changes in fertility over the past 50 years.", "PMID": 861864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13939", "title": "Urinary screening program to detect renal disease in preschool and kindergarten children.", "content": "In an attempt to detect major structural problems of the urinary tract in the early stages 12 006 preschool and kindergarten children (aged 2 to 6 years) were screened for urinary tract infection. Two cases of renal scarring--unilateral in one child and bilateral in the other--were found. It was often difficult to obtain a urine sample and many cultures yielded false-positive results. In terms of cost and effort expended in relation to the low yield of major nephrologic problems, there appears to be no justification at present for routine screening for urinary tract infection in this age group.", "contents": "Urinary screening program to detect renal disease in preschool and kindergarten children. In an attempt to detect major structural problems of the urinary tract in the early stages 12 006 preschool and kindergarten children (aged 2 to 6 years) were screened for urinary tract infection. Two cases of renal scarring--unilateral in one child and bilateral in the other--were found. It was often difficult to obtain a urine sample and many cultures yielded false-positive results. In terms of cost and effort expended in relation to the low yield of major nephrologic problems, there appears to be no justification at present for routine screening for urinary tract infection in this age group.", "PMID": 861865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13940", "title": "Diagnostic accuracy of cerebral angiography and computerized transaxial tomography.", "content": "Computer tomography (CT) of the brain has become widely accepted as an accurate method of studying a variety of intracranial diseases. In a prospective controlled study one group of radiologists interpreted cerebral angiograms and another interpreted CT studies undertaken in the same patients. The overall rates of diagnostic accuracy were similar (81 and 84% for angiography and CT, respectively), albeit less than reported in the literature, and thus support the contention that CT scanning should be available as the initial neuroradiologic examination whenever possible.", "contents": "Diagnostic accuracy of cerebral angiography and computerized transaxial tomography. Computer tomography (CT) of the brain has become widely accepted as an accurate method of studying a variety of intracranial diseases. In a prospective controlled study one group of radiologists interpreted cerebral angiograms and another interpreted CT studies undertaken in the same patients. The overall rates of diagnostic accuracy were similar (81 and 84% for angiography and CT, respectively), albeit less than reported in the literature, and thus support the contention that CT scanning should be available as the initial neuroradiologic examination whenever possible.", "PMID": 861866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13941", "title": "Operating-room venting of trace concentrations of inhalation anesthetic agents.", "content": "Operating-room personnel exposed over a long period to trace concentrations of anesthetic gases may acquire both organic disturbances and impairment of cerebral function, though this has not been proven. However, the dangers of miscalculations due to disturbances of cerebral function and the fact that all working personnel should be breathing unpolluted air are sufficient indications to make scavenging of anesthetic gases mandatory. Scavenging has been carried out in many hospitals. At Vancouver General Hospital venting of the gases has decreased the nitrous oxide pollution to what is considered an acceptable level.", "contents": "Operating-room venting of trace concentrations of inhalation anesthetic agents. Operating-room personnel exposed over a long period to trace concentrations of anesthetic gases may acquire both organic disturbances and impairment of cerebral function, though this has not been proven. However, the dangers of miscalculations due to disturbances of cerebral function and the fact that all working personnel should be breathing unpolluted air are sufficient indications to make scavenging of anesthetic gases mandatory. Scavenging has been carried out in many hospitals. At Vancouver General Hospital venting of the gases has decreased the nitrous oxide pollution to what is considered an acceptable level.", "PMID": 861867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13942", "title": "Myocardial abscess complicating healed myocardial infarction.", "content": "An isolated myocardial abscess due to Bacteroides fragilis developed in the scar of a myocardial infarction. Fever, chills and signs of pericarditis were the main clinical features. Mild enteritis 1 week prior to the onset of symptoms related to the abscess was the most likely cause of the bacteremia. The diagnosis was established at thoracotomy, performed because of cardiac tamponade. Thirteen other cases of isolated bacterial myocardial abscess accompanying myocardial infarction have been reported, but all the infarctions were recent. Surgical resection for a suspected myocardial abscess should be considered in view of the high mortality, largely from cardiac rupture.", "contents": "Myocardial abscess complicating healed myocardial infarction. An isolated myocardial abscess due to Bacteroides fragilis developed in the scar of a myocardial infarction. Fever, chills and signs of pericarditis were the main clinical features. Mild enteritis 1 week prior to the onset of symptoms related to the abscess was the most likely cause of the bacteremia. The diagnosis was established at thoracotomy, performed because of cardiac tamponade. Thirteen other cases of isolated bacterial myocardial abscess accompanying myocardial infarction have been reported, but all the infarctions were recent. Surgical resection for a suspected myocardial abscess should be considered in view of the high mortality, largely from cardiac rupture.", "PMID": 861868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13943", "title": "Thrombosis of Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic valve prosthesis: report of three cases.", "content": "Thrombotic malfunction of a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic valve prosthesis occurred in three patients 6 to 16 months postoperatively. None of the patients had been taking anticoagulants. Although the presentation was acute, prodromal symptoms could be identified retrospectively in two of the patients. Two patients survived thrombectomy. Postoperative anticoagulant therapy is recommended in patients with these prostheses despite factors that may make such therapy riskier in specific patients. Attention to the character of murmurs and of the closure sound of the prosthetic valve must be part of the routine follow-up. In the emergency situation, when delay must be avoided, catheterization and angiography are unnecessary. The operative approach consists of complete thrombectomy without replacement of the valve or any of its components unless there is obvious periprosthetic leak or prosthetic wear.", "contents": "Thrombosis of Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic valve prosthesis: report of three cases. Thrombotic malfunction of a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic valve prosthesis occurred in three patients 6 to 16 months postoperatively. None of the patients had been taking anticoagulants. Although the presentation was acute, prodromal symptoms could be identified retrospectively in two of the patients. Two patients survived thrombectomy. Postoperative anticoagulant therapy is recommended in patients with these prostheses despite factors that may make such therapy riskier in specific patients. Attention to the character of murmurs and of the closure sound of the prosthetic valve must be part of the routine follow-up. In the emergency situation, when delay must be avoided, catheterization and angiography are unnecessary. The operative approach consists of complete thrombectomy without replacement of the valve or any of its components unless there is obvious periprosthetic leak or prosthetic wear.", "PMID": 861869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13944", "title": "Plasma lipids and lipoprotein patterns in angiographically graded atherosclerosis of the legs and in coronary heart disease.", "content": "The prevalence and type of plasma lipoprotein abnormalities were determined in 114 French-Canadian patients with angiographically proven peripheral vascular disease (PVD). The severity of atherosclerosis was positively correlated with plasma triglyceride concentration, especially in the younger patients (r = 0.29, P less than 0.05), and (not significantly) with plasma cholesterol concentration. Of the risk factors believed to predispose individuals to atherosclerosis, cigarette smoking was the most frequently found in the PVD patients (72.8%), especially among the men. Combination of two or more risk factors was the rule. Findings were compared with those in 114 patients who had undergone coronary angiography for suspected coronary heart disease (CHD). The CHD patients were, on average, younger by 10 years. Hyperlipidemia was present in 58.8% of CHD patients, compared with 43.9% of PVD patients. A far higher proportion of CHD patients showed the type II plasma lipoprotein pattern (24.6% v. 7.9%), although the type IV pattern was more common in both groups (31.6% and 28.9%, respectively). A high proportion of all patients (56.1% with PVD and 41.2% with CHD) showed a normal lipoprotein pattern on paper electrophoresis.", "contents": "Plasma lipids and lipoprotein patterns in angiographically graded atherosclerosis of the legs and in coronary heart disease. The prevalence and type of plasma lipoprotein abnormalities were determined in 114 French-Canadian patients with angiographically proven peripheral vascular disease (PVD). The severity of atherosclerosis was positively correlated with plasma triglyceride concentration, especially in the younger patients (r = 0.29, P less than 0.05), and (not significantly) with plasma cholesterol concentration. Of the risk factors believed to predispose individuals to atherosclerosis, cigarette smoking was the most frequently found in the PVD patients (72.8%), especially among the men. Combination of two or more risk factors was the rule. Findings were compared with those in 114 patients who had undergone coronary angiography for suspected coronary heart disease (CHD). The CHD patients were, on average, younger by 10 years. Hyperlipidemia was present in 58.8% of CHD patients, compared with 43.9% of PVD patients. A far higher proportion of CHD patients showed the type II plasma lipoprotein pattern (24.6% v. 7.9%), although the type IV pattern was more common in both groups (31.6% and 28.9%, respectively). A high proportion of all patients (56.1% with PVD and 41.2% with CHD) showed a normal lipoprotein pattern on paper electrophoresis.", "PMID": 861881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13945", "title": "Sexual activity after myocardial infarction.", "content": "Questionnaires on sexual activity were completed by 161 patients attending an exercise-centred rehabilitation program an average of some 3 years after a myocardial infarction. In almost half the group, sexual activity was unchanged or increased compared with the period before the infarction. In the remainder it was reduced; this group included 29 men who had adopted a more passive sexual role and 26 who were now having angina or ventricular premature beats during intercourse. Although the patients with diminished activity could not be distinguished by means of formal personality test, questionnaires completed by their wives suggested that they were less willing to assume responsibility, had increased difficulty in adjusting to life at home and at work and were more neurotic and depressed than those with normal or increased activity. Furthermore, those with decreased sexual activity had a poorer response to training in terms of attendance, final average jogging distance and gains in physiologic status. Since the frequency of angina and ventricular premature beats was less during intercourse than during standard laboratory exercise, it was concluded that normal sexual relations carry no special risk for the average postcoronary patient; indeed, by enhancing self-esteem and encouraging effective participation in an exercise programm, acceptance of normal sexual activity may improve the prognosis.", "contents": "Sexual activity after myocardial infarction. Questionnaires on sexual activity were completed by 161 patients attending an exercise-centred rehabilitation program an average of some 3 years after a myocardial infarction. In almost half the group, sexual activity was unchanged or increased compared with the period before the infarction. In the remainder it was reduced; this group included 29 men who had adopted a more passive sexual role and 26 who were now having angina or ventricular premature beats during intercourse. Although the patients with diminished activity could not be distinguished by means of formal personality test, questionnaires completed by their wives suggested that they were less willing to assume responsibility, had increased difficulty in adjusting to life at home and at work and were more neurotic and depressed than those with normal or increased activity. Furthermore, those with decreased sexual activity had a poorer response to training in terms of attendance, final average jogging distance and gains in physiologic status. Since the frequency of angina and ventricular premature beats was less during intercourse than during standard laboratory exercise, it was concluded that normal sexual relations carry no special risk for the average postcoronary patient; indeed, by enhancing self-esteem and encouraging effective participation in an exercise programm, acceptance of normal sexual activity may improve the prognosis.", "PMID": 861882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13946", "title": "Surgery and anesthesia in Ontario.", "content": "Operative and case-fatality rates in Ontario for eight elective (discretionary) and seven nonelective (nondiscretionary) operations and the proportions of these operations and their anesthetic procedures performed by general practitioners were calculated. Cholecystectomy increased in frequency 32% from 1968 through 1973, tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy decreased 37%, and hysterectomy increased 41%. Except for colectomy the rates for nonelective operations changed only slightly over the 6 years. Case-fatality rates (hospital deaths per 10000 operations) for the discretionary operations in 1973 were as follows: extraction of lens, 23.1; tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy, 0.4 (2 deaths among 52938 operations); varicose vein stripping, 6.1; nonrecurrent inguinal herniorrhaphy, 21.9; cholecystectomy, 61.0; hemorrhoidectomy, 9.8; prostatectomy, 115.9; and hysterectomy, 9.6. In 1973 general practitioners did 32% of tonsillectomies and adenoidectomies (61% in 1971), 10 to 20% of inguinal herniorrhaphies, hemorrhoidectomies and appendectomies and 6% or less of the other operations. However, they performed 35% or more of the anesthetic procedures for these four operations as well as for varicose vein stripping, cholecystectomy and hysterectomy. Rates of general-practice surgery and anesthesia in an urban centre in Ontario were substantially less than those for the province as a whole.", "contents": "Surgery and anesthesia in Ontario. Operative and case-fatality rates in Ontario for eight elective (discretionary) and seven nonelective (nondiscretionary) operations and the proportions of these operations and their anesthetic procedures performed by general practitioners were calculated. Cholecystectomy increased in frequency 32% from 1968 through 1973, tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy decreased 37%, and hysterectomy increased 41%. Except for colectomy the rates for nonelective operations changed only slightly over the 6 years. Case-fatality rates (hospital deaths per 10000 operations) for the discretionary operations in 1973 were as follows: extraction of lens, 23.1; tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy, 0.4 (2 deaths among 52938 operations); varicose vein stripping, 6.1; nonrecurrent inguinal herniorrhaphy, 21.9; cholecystectomy, 61.0; hemorrhoidectomy, 9.8; prostatectomy, 115.9; and hysterectomy, 9.6. In 1973 general practitioners did 32% of tonsillectomies and adenoidectomies (61% in 1971), 10 to 20% of inguinal herniorrhaphies, hemorrhoidectomies and appendectomies and 6% or less of the other operations. However, they performed 35% or more of the anesthetic procedures for these four operations as well as for varicose vein stripping, cholecystectomy and hysterectomy. Rates of general-practice surgery and anesthesia in an urban centre in Ontario were substantially less than those for the province as a whole.", "PMID": 861883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13947", "title": "Patterns of practice in internal medicine in Ontario.", "content": "To determine the feasibility of wholly referral practice in internal medicine within a prepaid health service, the practice profiles of 694 internists in metropolitan, nonmetropolitan urban, and rural areas of Ontario were delineated by analysis of data from questionnaires and health-insurance billing. The questionnaire showed that two thirds of internists, chiefly younger practitioners, confined themselves to a referral consultant practice; the other one third included primary care. Subspecialists practised predominantly in metropolitan areas; most general internists in such areas provided primary care, whereas most general internists elsewhere had an entirely referral practice. This pattern of practice is greatly different from that in the United States but probably similar to that in other provinces in Canada. Extension of wholly referral practice to all internists in Ontario appears feasible, provided the numbers entering residency training are controlled. The present Ontario curricula for internal medicine and its subspecialties appear suitable for such a pattern of practice.", "contents": "Patterns of practice in internal medicine in Ontario. To determine the feasibility of wholly referral practice in internal medicine within a prepaid health service, the practice profiles of 694 internists in metropolitan, nonmetropolitan urban, and rural areas of Ontario were delineated by analysis of data from questionnaires and health-insurance billing. The questionnaire showed that two thirds of internists, chiefly younger practitioners, confined themselves to a referral consultant practice; the other one third included primary care. Subspecialists practised predominantly in metropolitan areas; most general internists in such areas provided primary care, whereas most general internists elsewhere had an entirely referral practice. This pattern of practice is greatly different from that in the United States but probably similar to that in other provinces in Canada. Extension of wholly referral practice to all internists in Ontario appears feasible, provided the numbers entering residency training are controlled. The present Ontario curricula for internal medicine and its subspecialties appear suitable for such a pattern of practice.", "PMID": 861884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13948", "title": "Male pseudohermaphroditism: diagnosis in cell culture.", "content": "Testicular feminization is a classic form of complete male pseudohermaphroditism. The individuals have a normal XY karyotype but unambiguously female external genitalia. They have congenital complete insensitivity to androgen due to an X-linked mutation. In four patients (from tow families with several affected members) with the typical phenotype of testicular feminization, a severe deficit of specific androgen-binding activity was detected in cultured fibroblasts from labium majus skin. Measurement of this activity in genital skin fibroblasts improves the differential diagnosis in patients with complete or imcomplete male pseudohermaphroditism before puberty.", "contents": "Male pseudohermaphroditism: diagnosis in cell culture. Testicular feminization is a classic form of complete male pseudohermaphroditism. The individuals have a normal XY karyotype but unambiguously female external genitalia. They have congenital complete insensitivity to androgen due to an X-linked mutation. In four patients (from tow families with several affected members) with the typical phenotype of testicular feminization, a severe deficit of specific androgen-binding activity was detected in cultured fibroblasts from labium majus skin. Measurement of this activity in genital skin fibroblasts improves the differential diagnosis in patients with complete or imcomplete male pseudohermaphroditism before puberty.", "PMID": 861885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13949", "title": "[Diphtheria epidemic occurring on the North Shore of the St. Lawrence River in the fall of 1974].", "content": "An outbreak of diphtheria occurred on the North Shore of the St. Lawrence River at the beginning of September 1974. It started with the death of an 18-year-old forest worker Sept. 5, spread over a vast area of the North Shore and lasted until the end of October that year. Eleven strains of toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae intermedium, type K were isolated. Eleven of the 12 patients had characteristic diphtheritic pharyngitis with pseudomembranes. Preventive measures, set forth immediately after the third case was declared, included the following: (a) daily surveillance of all contacts, (b) isolation or preventive hospitalization of persons with all types of pharyngitis, (c) mass vaccination of all susceptible persons and (d) search for healthy carriers of the germ. No strains of toxigenic C. diptheriae were isolated from patients preventively hospitalized or from the 1235 individuals among whom carriers were sought. Among the main characteristics of this epidemic, the mean age of the patients (17 years), their mobility and their habits are factors that could have made it almost uncontrollable. It is also remarkable that this outbreak occurred in such a scattered population of adolescents, in 82% of whom the Schick test was negative.", "contents": "[Diphtheria epidemic occurring on the North Shore of the St. Lawrence River in the fall of 1974]. An outbreak of diphtheria occurred on the North Shore of the St. Lawrence River at the beginning of September 1974. It started with the death of an 18-year-old forest worker Sept. 5, spread over a vast area of the North Shore and lasted until the end of October that year. Eleven strains of toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae intermedium, type K were isolated. Eleven of the 12 patients had characteristic diphtheritic pharyngitis with pseudomembranes. Preventive measures, set forth immediately after the third case was declared, included the following: (a) daily surveillance of all contacts, (b) isolation or preventive hospitalization of persons with all types of pharyngitis, (c) mass vaccination of all susceptible persons and (d) search for healthy carriers of the germ. No strains of toxigenic C. diptheriae were isolated from patients preventively hospitalized or from the 1235 individuals among whom carriers were sought. Among the main characteristics of this epidemic, the mean age of the patients (17 years), their mobility and their habits are factors that could have made it almost uncontrollable. It is also remarkable that this outbreak occurred in such a scattered population of adolescents, in 82% of whom the Schick test was negative.", "PMID": 861886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13950", "title": "Nutrient intake and meal patterns of Micmac indian and Caucasian women in Shubenacadie, NS.", "content": "North American Indians have a higher morbidity from gallbladder disease, diabetes mellitus and obesity than other North Americans; this may result from their food intake. Nutrient intake and meal patterns were compared in 120 Micmac Indian and 115 Caucasian women in Shubenacadie, NS. Findings were compared with the Canadian Dietary Standard (CDS) and the Nutrition Canada national and Indian survey reports. The diet of Indian women had higher carbohydrate, lower protein and lower fibre content than that of Caucasian women, who derived a higher percentage of energy from protein and had a higher intake of vitamin A, niacin and ascorbic acid. Overnight fast was longer among Indian women. A high percentage of all women studied reported diets that did not reach the CDS for total energy intake in kilocalories or for calcium, iron, vitamin A, thiamin or riboflavin.", "contents": "Nutrient intake and meal patterns of Micmac indian and Caucasian women in Shubenacadie, NS. North American Indians have a higher morbidity from gallbladder disease, diabetes mellitus and obesity than other North Americans; this may result from their food intake. Nutrient intake and meal patterns were compared in 120 Micmac Indian and 115 Caucasian women in Shubenacadie, NS. Findings were compared with the Canadian Dietary Standard (CDS) and the Nutrition Canada national and Indian survey reports. The diet of Indian women had higher carbohydrate, lower protein and lower fibre content than that of Caucasian women, who derived a higher percentage of energy from protein and had a higher intake of vitamin A, niacin and ascorbic acid. Overnight fast was longer among Indian women. A high percentage of all women studied reported diets that did not reach the CDS for total energy intake in kilocalories or for calcium, iron, vitamin A, thiamin or riboflavin.", "PMID": 861896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13951", "title": "[Potomania: re-evaluation of the diagnostic tests and unusual presentation with hydronephrosis and megabladder].", "content": "Three cases of compulsive polydipsia previously diagnosed as diabetes insipidus are presented. Abnormally dilated bladder and pyelocalyceal systems were accompanying features, as previously described for diabetes insipidus, particularly of renal orign. Results of the hypertonic saline (Hickey-Hare) test were positive in only one case. Results of restriction of liquids followed by intravenous injection of vasopressin (Miller test) favoured a diagnosis of complete diabetes insipidus. These two tests cannot, therefore, exclude compulsive polydipsia. The features suggesting a diagnosis of compulsive water drinking are low plasma osmolality, a decrease in 24-hour urine output following water restriction, and abnormal behaviour. The diagnosis is confirmed by an 18-hour dehydration test done after gradual fluid restriction, which favours partial restoration of the papillary osmotic gradient.", "contents": "[Potomania: re-evaluation of the diagnostic tests and unusual presentation with hydronephrosis and megabladder]. Three cases of compulsive polydipsia previously diagnosed as diabetes insipidus are presented. Abnormally dilated bladder and pyelocalyceal systems were accompanying features, as previously described for diabetes insipidus, particularly of renal orign. Results of the hypertonic saline (Hickey-Hare) test were positive in only one case. Results of restriction of liquids followed by intravenous injection of vasopressin (Miller test) favoured a diagnosis of complete diabetes insipidus. These two tests cannot, therefore, exclude compulsive polydipsia. The features suggesting a diagnosis of compulsive water drinking are low plasma osmolality, a decrease in 24-hour urine output following water restriction, and abnormal behaviour. The diagnosis is confirmed by an 18-hour dehydration test done after gradual fluid restriction, which favours partial restoration of the papillary osmotic gradient.", "PMID": 861897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13952", "title": "Recurrent malignant melanoma: effect of adjuvant immunotherapy on survival.", "content": "Twenty-nine patients referred consecutively to a cancer clinic because of recurrent metastatic malignant melanoma were given 5 mg of Connaught Laboratories bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) by multiple cutaneous puncture at weekly and later at monthly intervals. Eight were also treated with autologous tumour vaccine and three with intralesional BCG. This group was compared with a retrospective control group of 54 patients treated with surgery and radiotherapy alone after recurrence. Prognostic features such as site of primary and of first metastasis, disease-free interval, age and sex were similar in the two groups. However, the median survival from the time of first recurrence was 12 months in the control group but 21 months in the BCG-treated group. The major improvement was in patients with disease limited to the regional lymph nodes: the median survival was 16 months in the control group but over 32 months in the BCG-treated group. Autologous tumour vaccine appeared to have no effect on survival. Serial testing of immunocompetence did not offer any prognostic advantage, although the results of some tests correleated well with extent of disease.", "contents": "Recurrent malignant melanoma: effect of adjuvant immunotherapy on survival. Twenty-nine patients referred consecutively to a cancer clinic because of recurrent metastatic malignant melanoma were given 5 mg of Connaught Laboratories bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) by multiple cutaneous puncture at weekly and later at monthly intervals. Eight were also treated with autologous tumour vaccine and three with intralesional BCG. This group was compared with a retrospective control group of 54 patients treated with surgery and radiotherapy alone after recurrence. Prognostic features such as site of primary and of first metastasis, disease-free interval, age and sex were similar in the two groups. However, the median survival from the time of first recurrence was 12 months in the control group but 21 months in the BCG-treated group. The major improvement was in patients with disease limited to the regional lymph nodes: the median survival was 16 months in the control group but over 32 months in the BCG-treated group. Autologous tumour vaccine appeared to have no effect on survival. Serial testing of immunocompetence did not offer any prognostic advantage, although the results of some tests correleated well with extent of disease.", "PMID": 861909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13953", "title": "Wilson's disease: a common liver disorder?", "content": "In two sibships 7 of 24 siblings were homozygous for Wilson's disease. In family A, the largest kindred of this recessively inherited disease thus far reported, the proband presented with chronic active hepatitis, one sibling died of cirrhosis, a second had clinical evidence of chronic liver disease and two others had biochemical and histologic changes in liver biopsy specimens. In family B the proband had cirrhosis and portal hypertension and one sibling had biochemical and histologic evidence of liver disease. All six living patients had low serum concentrations of ceruloplasmin and copper and a high 24-hour urinary excretion of copper, which was greatly increased by administration of D-penicillamine. None showed neurologic abnormalities and only one had Kayser-Fleischer rings (detectable only by slit-lamp examination). Each patient had an erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) of 8 mm/h or less. After 3 and 2 years, respectively, of D-penicillamine therapy the conditions of the two probands had improved. Liver function became normal in three siblings, and no abnormalities developed in the remaining one. Thus, since Wilson's disease may present with chronic active hepatitis or cirrhosis with a normal ESR and without ocular or neurologic signs, it may be a more common cause of liver disease in young people than has been appreciated.", "contents": "Wilson's disease: a common liver disorder? In two sibships 7 of 24 siblings were homozygous for Wilson's disease. In family A, the largest kindred of this recessively inherited disease thus far reported, the proband presented with chronic active hepatitis, one sibling died of cirrhosis, a second had clinical evidence of chronic liver disease and two others had biochemical and histologic changes in liver biopsy specimens. In family B the proband had cirrhosis and portal hypertension and one sibling had biochemical and histologic evidence of liver disease. All six living patients had low serum concentrations of ceruloplasmin and copper and a high 24-hour urinary excretion of copper, which was greatly increased by administration of D-penicillamine. None showed neurologic abnormalities and only one had Kayser-Fleischer rings (detectable only by slit-lamp examination). Each patient had an erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) of 8 mm/h or less. After 3 and 2 years, respectively, of D-penicillamine therapy the conditions of the two probands had improved. Liver function became normal in three siblings, and no abnormalities developed in the remaining one. Thus, since Wilson's disease may present with chronic active hepatitis or cirrhosis with a normal ESR and without ocular or neurologic signs, it may be a more common cause of liver disease in young people than has been appreciated.", "PMID": 861910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13954", "title": "Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy: case report and literature review.", "content": "A patient with immunoblastic lymphadenopathy (IL) had an unusual course of illness, with frequent episodes, over a 20-month period, of chills, fever, abdominal pain, hepatosplenomegaly and weight loss. The episodes were short-lived and many resolved spontaneously. Eventually generalized lymphadenopathy and profound monoclonal IgG gammopathy developed, with atypical mononuclear cells in the peripheral blood and increased numbers of plasmacytoid cells in the bone marrow. Lymph node biopsy revealed the morphologic triad typical of IL: proliferation immunoblasts, proliferation of small blood vessels and the deposit of an amorphous acidophillic material in the vascular walls and the interstitium. Up to October 1976 110 cases had been reported of this disorder, first described 3 years ago, which indicates that IL is not rare. Remissions have occurred spontaneously and after steroid therapy or chemotherapy or both. However, death has been reported in almost 50% of the cases, and the best approach to therapy remains to be determined.", "contents": "Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy: case report and literature review. A patient with immunoblastic lymphadenopathy (IL) had an unusual course of illness, with frequent episodes, over a 20-month period, of chills, fever, abdominal pain, hepatosplenomegaly and weight loss. The episodes were short-lived and many resolved spontaneously. Eventually generalized lymphadenopathy and profound monoclonal IgG gammopathy developed, with atypical mononuclear cells in the peripheral blood and increased numbers of plasmacytoid cells in the bone marrow. Lymph node biopsy revealed the morphologic triad typical of IL: proliferation immunoblasts, proliferation of small blood vessels and the deposit of an amorphous acidophillic material in the vascular walls and the interstitium. Up to October 1976 110 cases had been reported of this disorder, first described 3 years ago, which indicates that IL is not rare. Remissions have occurred spontaneously and after steroid therapy or chemotherapy or both. However, death has been reported in almost 50% of the cases, and the best approach to therapy remains to be determined.", "PMID": 861911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13955", "title": "Recent changes in the emotional reactions of therapeutic aboriton applicants.", "content": "The emotional status of one hundred women applying for therapeutic abortions during 1967/68 was compared with that of 100 more recent applicants in 1975. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory of the two groups reveals a significant reduction in psychopathology amongst the more recent applicants. This difference remains when group differences in age are controlled, and applies when married and single subgroups are considered separately. These results are interpreted as suggesting that the generally more liberal social atmosphere surrounding present-day abortions is reducing psychological stress among women undergoing this procedure.", "contents": "Recent changes in the emotional reactions of therapeutic aboriton applicants. The emotional status of one hundred women applying for therapeutic abortions during 1967/68 was compared with that of 100 more recent applicants in 1975. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory of the two groups reveals a significant reduction in psychopathology amongst the more recent applicants. This difference remains when group differences in age are controlled, and applies when married and single subgroups are considered separately. These results are interpreted as suggesting that the generally more liberal social atmosphere surrounding present-day abortions is reducing psychological stress among women undergoing this procedure.", "PMID": 861918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13956", "title": "A brief scale for predicting rehospitalization of former psychiatric patients.", "content": "Community adjustment of former psychiatric patients has been found to relate highly to the likelihood of rehospitalization and community tenure. The present study examined the ability of a community adjustment scale and various other patient characteristics to predict rehospitalization. Multiple regression analysis using rehospitalization as the dependent variable identified thirteen items including twelve from the community adjustment scale, which combined to provide a highly accurate prediction. The brief scale (13 items) which is now being cross-validated is potentially a useful tool for clinical evaluation and planning of follow-up series to former patients.", "contents": "A brief scale for predicting rehospitalization of former psychiatric patients. Community adjustment of former psychiatric patients has been found to relate highly to the likelihood of rehospitalization and community tenure. The present study examined the ability of a community adjustment scale and various other patient characteristics to predict rehospitalization. Multiple regression analysis using rehospitalization as the dependent variable identified thirteen items including twelve from the community adjustment scale, which combined to provide a highly accurate prediction. The brief scale (13 items) which is now being cross-validated is potentially a useful tool for clinical evaluation and planning of follow-up series to former patients.", "PMID": 861920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13957", "title": "In vitro induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in human pulmonary alveolar macrophages by benzanthracene.", "content": "Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) was induced in human pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) cultured in the presence of benzanthracene. Time and dose--response curves were established for in vitro induction of this enzyme system in PAMs. In addition, a positive correlation was noted between the level of AHH activity in freshly lavaged PAMs and the in vitro inducibility of the enyzme in these cells from either nonsmokers or cigarette smokers. Measurements of the inducibility of AHH in cultured human PAMs provide an experimental system suitable for studying the mechanisms responsible for the initiation of pulmonary carcinogenesis.", "contents": "In vitro induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in human pulmonary alveolar macrophages by benzanthracene. Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) was induced in human pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) cultured in the presence of benzanthracene. Time and dose--response curves were established for in vitro induction of this enzyme system in PAMs. In addition, a positive correlation was noted between the level of AHH activity in freshly lavaged PAMs and the in vitro inducibility of the enyzme in these cells from either nonsmokers or cigarette smokers. Measurements of the inducibility of AHH in cultured human PAMs provide an experimental system suitable for studying the mechanisms responsible for the initiation of pulmonary carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 861927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13958", "title": "Short-term carcinogen-induced changes in composition of rat liver chromatin protein.", "content": "Changes in the composition of rat liver chromatin protein were detected by electrophoretic analysis 4 h after a single injection of 10-30 mg/kg body weight dimethylnitrosamine. Non-histone bands were reduced in staining intensity and increases in all F2 histone subfractions were observed. The staining intensity of F1 and F3 histone was unchanged throughout the experiment. By 24 h after administration of a non-necrotizing dose of dimethylnitrosamine, the proportion of chromatin proteins, when compared to controls, was marked by an increase in non-histones and decreased amounts of F2 histone subfractions. Slight differences between treated and control were evident at 48 h, suggesting that at least this interval is required for recovery from in vivo methylation.", "contents": "Short-term carcinogen-induced changes in composition of rat liver chromatin protein. Changes in the composition of rat liver chromatin protein were detected by electrophoretic analysis 4 h after a single injection of 10-30 mg/kg body weight dimethylnitrosamine. Non-histone bands were reduced in staining intensity and increases in all F2 histone subfractions were observed. The staining intensity of F1 and F3 histone was unchanged throughout the experiment. By 24 h after administration of a non-necrotizing dose of dimethylnitrosamine, the proportion of chromatin proteins, when compared to controls, was marked by an increase in non-histones and decreased amounts of F2 histone subfractions. Slight differences between treated and control were evident at 48 h, suggesting that at least this interval is required for recovery from in vivo methylation.", "PMID": 861928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13959", "title": "Measurement of 'unscheduled' DNA synthesis in HeLa cells by liquid scintillation counting after carcinogen treatment.", "content": "HeLa cells, conditioned in an arginine-deficient medium to reduce DNA S-phase synthesis, were treated with one of four ultimate carcinogens (MNNG, BrMBA, N-acetoxy AAF and EMS) and one precarcinogen, AFB1. All treated cells preferentially incorporated [3H] thymidine as a result of DNA repair monitored by liquid scintillation counting of the extracted DNA. The cells showed some capacity to activate AFB1, but repair synthesis was much increased if a rat liver mixed function oxidase preparation was also present. At equimolar concentrations the various carcinogens stimulated different amounts of DNA repair; this variation was not proportional to the carcinogenic potency of the chemicals tested. Reasons for this are discussed as is the use of this technique as a screen for chemical carcinogens.", "contents": "Measurement of 'unscheduled' DNA synthesis in HeLa cells by liquid scintillation counting after carcinogen treatment. HeLa cells, conditioned in an arginine-deficient medium to reduce DNA S-phase synthesis, were treated with one of four ultimate carcinogens (MNNG, BrMBA, N-acetoxy AAF and EMS) and one precarcinogen, AFB1. All treated cells preferentially incorporated [3H] thymidine as a result of DNA repair monitored by liquid scintillation counting of the extracted DNA. The cells showed some capacity to activate AFB1, but repair synthesis was much increased if a rat liver mixed function oxidase preparation was also present. At equimolar concentrations the various carcinogens stimulated different amounts of DNA repair; this variation was not proportional to the carcinogenic potency of the chemicals tested. Reasons for this are discussed as is the use of this technique as a screen for chemical carcinogens.", "PMID": 861929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13960", "title": "False-positive and false-negative rates for carcinogenicity screens.", "content": "The implementation of a number of chemical carcinogen screening programs has been accompanied by the observation that some screens might have high false-positive error rates. With designs presently used at the National Cancer Institute and historical spontaneous tumor rates based upon control animals in previous experiments, we compute upper bounds on the false-positive error rates for several screening strategies. False-positive results are much less likely to occur at tissue sites with low spontaneous tumor rates; hence the site at which a significant tumor increase occurs is important. There is danger in relying solely upon the finding of statistical significance without incorporating biological knowledge and corroborative evidence such as the presence of a dose-response relationship or experimentally consistent results in different species or sexes. A report by the National Cancer Institute Carcinogenesis Program demonstrates these concepts.", "contents": "False-positive and false-negative rates for carcinogenicity screens. The implementation of a number of chemical carcinogen screening programs has been accompanied by the observation that some screens might have high false-positive error rates. With designs presently used at the National Cancer Institute and historical spontaneous tumor rates based upon control animals in previous experiments, we compute upper bounds on the false-positive error rates for several screening strategies. False-positive results are much less likely to occur at tissue sites with low spontaneous tumor rates; hence the site at which a significant tumor increase occurs is important. There is danger in relying solely upon the finding of statistical significance without incorporating biological knowledge and corroborative evidence such as the presence of a dose-response relationship or experimentally consistent results in different species or sexes. A report by the National Cancer Institute Carcinogenesis Program demonstrates these concepts.", "PMID": 861930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13961", "title": "Therapeutic effects of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine and 2'-deoxycoformycin combinations on intracerebral leukemia.", "content": "Drug combinations of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine and 2'-deoxycoformycin were active in the therapy of mice with intracerebral implants of the L1210 tumor. In in vivo mouse brain adenosine deaminase studies, inhibition of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine deamination for periods of up to 24 hr was found after a single i.p. dose of 0.002 mmole/kg.", "contents": "Therapeutic effects of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine and 2'-deoxycoformycin combinations on intracerebral leukemia. Drug combinations of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine and 2'-deoxycoformycin were active in the therapy of mice with intracerebral implants of the L1210 tumor. In in vivo mouse brain adenosine deaminase studies, inhibition of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine deamination for periods of up to 24 hr was found after a single i.p. dose of 0.002 mmole/kg.", "PMID": 861931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13962", "title": "Human lactic dehydrogenase as a marker for human tumor cells grown in athymic mice.", "content": "Human tumors implanted s.c. into athymic mice released lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes unique to human tissue. These isoenzymes were readily identified and quantitated in mouse plasma. When injected into mice i.p. or i.v., human LDH isoenzymes were rapidly cleared from the blood circulation, decreasing to within 10% of the initial value in 12 hr. When human tumor cell lines (HEp-2 and T-24) were injected i.v. into heterozygote or athymic mice, they released LDH isoenzymes over a 24-hr period. When these cells were injected by the i.p. route, they released the isoenzymes over the 4-day period studied. Solid tumors of HEp-2, T-24, and SW-733 cells s.c. implanted continuously released amounts of LDH that were directly related to tumor mass. Therefore, the measurement of plasma levels of human LDH isoenzymes in athymic mice is a useful parameter for detecting the presence and growth of human tumors in these animals. Since the bulk of the released LDH is assumed to derive from injured or destroyed human tumor cells, the assay for these isoenzymes should provide a useful marker for determining the effectiveness of experimental antitumor therapy in athymic mice.", "contents": "Human lactic dehydrogenase as a marker for human tumor cells grown in athymic mice. Human tumors implanted s.c. into athymic mice released lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes unique to human tissue. These isoenzymes were readily identified and quantitated in mouse plasma. When injected into mice i.p. or i.v., human LDH isoenzymes were rapidly cleared from the blood circulation, decreasing to within 10% of the initial value in 12 hr. When human tumor cell lines (HEp-2 and T-24) were injected i.v. into heterozygote or athymic mice, they released LDH isoenzymes over a 24-hr period. When these cells were injected by the i.p. route, they released the isoenzymes over the 4-day period studied. Solid tumors of HEp-2, T-24, and SW-733 cells s.c. implanted continuously released amounts of LDH that were directly related to tumor mass. Therefore, the measurement of plasma levels of human LDH isoenzymes in athymic mice is a useful parameter for detecting the presence and growth of human tumors in these animals. Since the bulk of the released LDH is assumed to derive from injured or destroyed human tumor cells, the assay for these isoenzymes should provide a useful marker for determining the effectiveness of experimental antitumor therapy in athymic mice.", "PMID": 861932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13963", "title": "1,10-Phenanthroline inhibition of lymphoblast cell cycle.", "content": "The effects of the metal-chelating agent, 1,10-phenanthroline (OP), on the cell cycle progression of CCRF-CEM lymphoblasts has been studied by flow microfluorometry. Lymphoblasts were incubated with 2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazole in order to block them in G1-early S. The block was then reversed by incubating the cells in fresh media. Within 2 to 4 hr, approximately 90% of the cells were in S phase and, by 6 hr, approximately 80% were in late S. Aliquots of these latter cells then were incubated with podophyllotoxin to block them in G2-M. These cells divided within 4 hr of reversal of the podophyllotoxin block. Lymphoblast populations in G1-early S, mid-S, or G2-M were then incubated with 4 micronM OP. OP blocked entry of G1 cells into S as well as progression through S but had no effect on progression from G2-M to G1. The OP effects were reversed by addition of Zn2+, Cu2+, or Fe2+ or by dilution of the chelating agent in the growth media. Incubation of CCRF-CEM lymphoblasts with 1,7-phenanthroline, a nonchelating analog of OP, did not affect the cell cycle. The data indicate that OP reversibly blocks progression of cells from G1 to S and through S by chelation of metals involved in processes essential for those cell cycle events.", "contents": "1,10-Phenanthroline inhibition of lymphoblast cell cycle. The effects of the metal-chelating agent, 1,10-phenanthroline (OP), on the cell cycle progression of CCRF-CEM lymphoblasts has been studied by flow microfluorometry. Lymphoblasts were incubated with 2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazole in order to block them in G1-early S. The block was then reversed by incubating the cells in fresh media. Within 2 to 4 hr, approximately 90% of the cells were in S phase and, by 6 hr, approximately 80% were in late S. Aliquots of these latter cells then were incubated with podophyllotoxin to block them in G2-M. These cells divided within 4 hr of reversal of the podophyllotoxin block. Lymphoblast populations in G1-early S, mid-S, or G2-M were then incubated with 4 micronM OP. OP blocked entry of G1 cells into S as well as progression through S but had no effect on progression from G2-M to G1. The OP effects were reversed by addition of Zn2+, Cu2+, or Fe2+ or by dilution of the chelating agent in the growth media. Incubation of CCRF-CEM lymphoblasts with 1,7-phenanthroline, a nonchelating analog of OP, did not affect the cell cycle. The data indicate that OP reversibly blocks progression of cells from G1 to S and through S by chelation of metals involved in processes essential for those cell cycle events.", "PMID": 861934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13964", "title": "Hormone-dependent neoplasms of the canine perianal gland.", "content": "The epidemiological features of 472 dogs with microscopically confirmed neoplasms of the perianal gland are described. These general characteristics suggest etiological factors similar to those responsible for hormone-related neoplasms occurring in human beings. Perianal gland tumors appear to be androgen dependent. Male dogs show a 5.6-fold-increased risk compared with females; endogenous estrogens offer protection and the use of estrogenic hormones is conventional therapy for the benign lesion. Both sexes of the cocker spaniel breed show excessively high risk, suggesting that this dog family may be a model for genetic studies that could be relevant to familial aggregations of hormone-related tumors in men and women. Adrenocortical hormones may play a role in the development of the tumor in female dogs. Research into alterations of the biochemical pathways of steroidogenesis in affected female dogs may provide clues to similar conditions in humans.", "contents": "Hormone-dependent neoplasms of the canine perianal gland. The epidemiological features of 472 dogs with microscopically confirmed neoplasms of the perianal gland are described. These general characteristics suggest etiological factors similar to those responsible for hormone-related neoplasms occurring in human beings. Perianal gland tumors appear to be androgen dependent. Male dogs show a 5.6-fold-increased risk compared with females; endogenous estrogens offer protection and the use of estrogenic hormones is conventional therapy for the benign lesion. Both sexes of the cocker spaniel breed show excessively high risk, suggesting that this dog family may be a model for genetic studies that could be relevant to familial aggregations of hormone-related tumors in men and women. Adrenocortical hormones may play a role in the development of the tumor in female dogs. Research into alterations of the biochemical pathways of steroidogenesis in affected female dogs may provide clues to similar conditions in humans.", "PMID": 861936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13965", "title": "Selective incorporation of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine by S-91 Cloudman melanoma in vitro.", "content": "The incorporation of precursors of the biopigment melanin into melanotic and amelanotic S-91 Cloudman melanoma, mouse fibroblast L-929, and Chinese hamster ovary cells was studied. Tyrosine did not selectively accumulate in pigmented cells compared to that in nonpigmented control cells. Inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide provided an estimate of the partition of tyrosine between protein (95%) and pigment biosynthesis (5%). L-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine, a more proximal precursor of melanin, was selectively incorporated into pigmented cells up to 60 times that of control lines. alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone and theophylline, agents that enhance pigmentation, further increased the incorporation of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine into melanocytic cells. A unique property of melanoma cells thereby has been defined that may permit a selective chemotherapeutic and diagnostic approach.", "contents": "Selective incorporation of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine by S-91 Cloudman melanoma in vitro. The incorporation of precursors of the biopigment melanin into melanotic and amelanotic S-91 Cloudman melanoma, mouse fibroblast L-929, and Chinese hamster ovary cells was studied. Tyrosine did not selectively accumulate in pigmented cells compared to that in nonpigmented control cells. Inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide provided an estimate of the partition of tyrosine between protein (95%) and pigment biosynthesis (5%). L-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine, a more proximal precursor of melanin, was selectively incorporated into pigmented cells up to 60 times that of control lines. alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone and theophylline, agents that enhance pigmentation, further increased the incorporation of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine into melanocytic cells. A unique property of melanoma cells thereby has been defined that may permit a selective chemotherapeutic and diagnostic approach.", "PMID": 861938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13966", "title": "Differential cytotoxicity between transformed and normal human cells with combinations of aminonucleoside and hydroxyurea.", "content": "Normal human WI-38 cells can be protected from killing by hydroxyurea if proliferation is arrested during drug treatment. This protection was demonstrated both in cells arrested by density-dependent inhibition and by 3'-amino-3'deoxy-N6,N6-dimethyladenosine (puromycin aminonucleoside). In contrast, VA-13 cells (a simian virus 40-transformed clone of WI-38) were not arrested under these conditions, and continued to be sensitive to hydroxyurea. These results suggest that a search for agents that selectively and reversibly inhibit normal cycling human cells might lead to an enhancement of differential tumor toxicity.", "contents": "Differential cytotoxicity between transformed and normal human cells with combinations of aminonucleoside and hydroxyurea. Normal human WI-38 cells can be protected from killing by hydroxyurea if proliferation is arrested during drug treatment. This protection was demonstrated both in cells arrested by density-dependent inhibition and by 3'-amino-3'deoxy-N6,N6-dimethyladenosine (puromycin aminonucleoside). In contrast, VA-13 cells (a simian virus 40-transformed clone of WI-38) were not arrested under these conditions, and continued to be sensitive to hydroxyurea. These results suggest that a search for agents that selectively and reversibly inhibit normal cycling human cells might lead to an enhancement of differential tumor toxicity.", "PMID": 861939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13967", "title": "Effect of type and amount of dietary fat and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine on biliary bile acids, fecal bile acids, and neutral sterols in rats.", "content": "The effect of type (corn oil or lard) and quantity (5 or 20%) of dietary fat and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) on the composition of biliary bile acids, fecal bile acids, and neutral sterols was studied in rats exposed to a given regimen for two generations prior to s.c. treatment with DMH for 20 weeks. Biliary excretion of total bile acids as well as cholic acid, beta-muricholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, and deoxycholic acid was higher in rats fed a diet containing 20% corn oil or lard than it was in rats fed diets containing 5% corn oil or lard. Treatment of animals with DMH produced an increase in biliary total bile acids, cholic acid, hyodeoxycholic acid, and deoxycholic acid irrespective of diets. High-fat (corn oil or lard at 20% level) intake was associated with an increased excretion of fecal neutral sterols and bile acids. The excretion of deoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid, and 12-ketolithocholic acid was increased in rats fed high-fat diets. The source of fat had no major influence on the excretory pattern of cholesterol metabolites and bile acids. DMH-treated animals excreted higher levels of fecal coprostanol, coprostanone, deoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid, and 12-ketolithocholic acid than did controls.", "contents": "Effect of type and amount of dietary fat and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine on biliary bile acids, fecal bile acids, and neutral sterols in rats. The effect of type (corn oil or lard) and quantity (5 or 20%) of dietary fat and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) on the composition of biliary bile acids, fecal bile acids, and neutral sterols was studied in rats exposed to a given regimen for two generations prior to s.c. treatment with DMH for 20 weeks. Biliary excretion of total bile acids as well as cholic acid, beta-muricholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, and deoxycholic acid was higher in rats fed a diet containing 20% corn oil or lard than it was in rats fed diets containing 5% corn oil or lard. Treatment of animals with DMH produced an increase in biliary total bile acids, cholic acid, hyodeoxycholic acid, and deoxycholic acid irrespective of diets. High-fat (corn oil or lard at 20% level) intake was associated with an increased excretion of fecal neutral sterols and bile acids. The excretion of deoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid, and 12-ketolithocholic acid was increased in rats fed high-fat diets. The source of fat had no major influence on the excretory pattern of cholesterol metabolites and bile acids. DMH-treated animals excreted higher levels of fecal coprostanol, coprostanone, deoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid, and 12-ketolithocholic acid than did controls.", "PMID": 861940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13968", "title": "Effects of lucanthone on the sedimentation properties of DNA from HeLa cells.", "content": "Exposure of HeLa cells to lucanthone (3 microgram/ml) caused dissociation of a fast-sedimenting duplex DNA complex, as judged by lysis and sedimentation in alkaline sucrose gradients. The effect of lucanthone on the DNA complex resembled that of actinomycin D and ionizing radiation. Protein synthesis inhibitors such as cycloheximide or inhibitors of DNA synthesis such as hydroxyurea did not lead to dissociation of the complex. Lucanthone was more active than were hycanthone and five other closely related thiaxanthenones tested. Lucanthone promoted X-ray-induced denaturation of DNA in intact cells, as judged by their nuclear immunoreactivity to antinucleoside antibodies. Lucanthone did not inhibit repair of X-ray-induced DNA single-strand breaks.", "contents": "Effects of lucanthone on the sedimentation properties of DNA from HeLa cells. Exposure of HeLa cells to lucanthone (3 microgram/ml) caused dissociation of a fast-sedimenting duplex DNA complex, as judged by lysis and sedimentation in alkaline sucrose gradients. The effect of lucanthone on the DNA complex resembled that of actinomycin D and ionizing radiation. Protein synthesis inhibitors such as cycloheximide or inhibitors of DNA synthesis such as hydroxyurea did not lead to dissociation of the complex. Lucanthone was more active than were hycanthone and five other closely related thiaxanthenones tested. Lucanthone promoted X-ray-induced denaturation of DNA in intact cells, as judged by their nuclear immunoreactivity to antinucleoside antibodies. Lucanthone did not inhibit repair of X-ray-induced DNA single-strand breaks.", "PMID": 861944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13969", "title": "Cell cycle-specific oncogenic transformation of C3H/10T1/2 clone 8 mouse embryo cells by 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine.", "content": "1-beta-Darabinofuranosylcytosine at concentrations ranging from 10(-3) to 10(-6) M induces oncogenic transformation in the C3H/10T1/2 clone 8 mouse embryo cell line. Cell lines derived from type III transformed foci grew in soft agarose and produced tumors in immunosuppressed syngeneic mice. With cells synchronized by postconfluent inhibition of growth or isoleucine deprivation, transformation was cell cycle dependent. Maximal transformation was seen in cells treated when in S phase, although some transformation was seen in cells treated in G1 phase of the cell cycle.", "contents": "Cell cycle-specific oncogenic transformation of C3H/10T1/2 clone 8 mouse embryo cells by 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine. 1-beta-Darabinofuranosylcytosine at concentrations ranging from 10(-3) to 10(-6) M induces oncogenic transformation in the C3H/10T1/2 clone 8 mouse embryo cell line. Cell lines derived from type III transformed foci grew in soft agarose and produced tumors in immunosuppressed syngeneic mice. With cells synchronized by postconfluent inhibition of growth or isoleucine deprivation, transformation was cell cycle dependent. Maximal transformation was seen in cells treated when in S phase, although some transformation was seen in cells treated in G1 phase of the cell cycle.", "PMID": 861946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13970", "title": "Stimulation of DNA synthesis by human placental lactogen or insulin in organ cultures of benign human breast tumors.", "content": "Twenty biopsy specimens of benign human breast tumors obtained from 20 patients were processed into small slices and individually cultured for 2 days in Medium 199. The medium was supplemented with bovine insulin (5.0 microgram/ml), human placental lactogen (HPL) (10.0 microgram/ml), or ovine prolactin (10.0 microgram/ml). Four hr prior to termination, [3H]thymidine was added to the culture medium to determine DNA synthesis. The addition of insulin to the culture medium consistently increased: (a) the mean incorporation of [3H]thymidine into chemically extracted DNA (p less than 0.05); (b) the mean number of [3H]thymidine-radiolabeled epithelial cells (p less than 0.05), and (c) the mean number of epithelial cells bearing mitotic figures. The addition of HPL increased the mean number of [3H]thymidine-radiolabeled epithelial cells (p less than 0.05) and the mean number of epithelial cells bearing mitotic figures (p less than 0.05). [3H]Thymidine incorporation into chemically extracted DNA was also increased when HPL was added to the medium, although this increase did not quite achieve the 5% level of significance. The addition of ovine prolactin to the culture medium did not have any significant effect on DNA synthesis. This study provides evidence that insulin and HPL are direct stimulants of DNA synthesis of the epithelium contained in benign human breast tumors.", "contents": "Stimulation of DNA synthesis by human placental lactogen or insulin in organ cultures of benign human breast tumors. Twenty biopsy specimens of benign human breast tumors obtained from 20 patients were processed into small slices and individually cultured for 2 days in Medium 199. The medium was supplemented with bovine insulin (5.0 microgram/ml), human placental lactogen (HPL) (10.0 microgram/ml), or ovine prolactin (10.0 microgram/ml). Four hr prior to termination, [3H]thymidine was added to the culture medium to determine DNA synthesis. The addition of insulin to the culture medium consistently increased: (a) the mean incorporation of [3H]thymidine into chemically extracted DNA (p less than 0.05); (b) the mean number of [3H]thymidine-radiolabeled epithelial cells (p less than 0.05), and (c) the mean number of epithelial cells bearing mitotic figures. The addition of HPL increased the mean number of [3H]thymidine-radiolabeled epithelial cells (p less than 0.05) and the mean number of epithelial cells bearing mitotic figures (p less than 0.05). [3H]Thymidine incorporation into chemically extracted DNA was also increased when HPL was added to the medium, although this increase did not quite achieve the 5% level of significance. The addition of ovine prolactin to the culture medium did not have any significant effect on DNA synthesis. This study provides evidence that insulin and HPL are direct stimulants of DNA synthesis of the epithelium contained in benign human breast tumors.", "PMID": 861949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13971", "title": "DNA damage and repair in L1210 cells exposed to 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea.", "content": "The DNA of L1210 cells exposed to low concentrations of 1-(2-chloroethyl)=3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea has been analyzed for the presence of single-strand breaks. DNA from 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea-treated cells both sediments more slowly than control DNA on alkaline sucrose gradients andshows a greater extent of strand separation of the DNA helix in alkali. These effects are a typical result of exposure of cellular DNA to alkylating agents or ionizing radiation. The extent of DNA damage caused by 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea has been related to the same amount of damage resulting from exposure of cells to low doses of gamma-irradiation. The rate and extent of repair of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea-induced damage is slow and incomplete, compared with the repair of gamma-irradiation damage to DNA. It is concluded that 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea behaves as a weak alkylating agent, a property that may explain its antitumor properties.", "contents": "DNA damage and repair in L1210 cells exposed to 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea. The DNA of L1210 cells exposed to low concentrations of 1-(2-chloroethyl)=3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea has been analyzed for the presence of single-strand breaks. DNA from 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea-treated cells both sediments more slowly than control DNA on alkaline sucrose gradients andshows a greater extent of strand separation of the DNA helix in alkali. These effects are a typical result of exposure of cellular DNA to alkylating agents or ionizing radiation. The extent of DNA damage caused by 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea has been related to the same amount of damage resulting from exposure of cells to low doses of gamma-irradiation. The rate and extent of repair of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea-induced damage is slow and incomplete, compared with the repair of gamma-irradiation damage to DNA. It is concluded that 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea behaves as a weak alkylating agent, a property that may explain its antitumor properties.", "PMID": 861950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13972", "title": "A model for prediction of chemotherapy response to 5-fluorouracil based on the differential distribution of 5-[18F]fluorouracil in sensitive versus resistant lymphocytic leukemia in mice.", "content": "The distribution of 5-[18F]fluorouracil has been compared in two variants of the same tumor in c57bL X DBA/2 F1 mice: solid L1210 lymphocytic leukemia tumor susceptible to 5-fluorouracil treatment and the same tumor, made resistant to the drug over a 34-generation span. Significant differences in 5-[18F]fluorouracil distribution were observed, most notably in the tumor:blood ratios at 12 hr postinjection. The drug-responsive tumor showed a 20:1 concentration ratio, whereas the drug-resistant tumor only had a 4:1 concentration ratio. We postulate that these differences, observed here in this animal tumor model, may be a reflection of similar ratio differences in humans. This technique may allow, by noninvasive quantification of tumor:blood ratios following administration of 5-[18F]fluorouracil to man, the differentiation of those human tumors that are likely to respond to drug therapy from those in which the response will be minimal or nil.", "contents": "A model for prediction of chemotherapy response to 5-fluorouracil based on the differential distribution of 5-[18F]fluorouracil in sensitive versus resistant lymphocytic leukemia in mice. The distribution of 5-[18F]fluorouracil has been compared in two variants of the same tumor in c57bL X DBA/2 F1 mice: solid L1210 lymphocytic leukemia tumor susceptible to 5-fluorouracil treatment and the same tumor, made resistant to the drug over a 34-generation span. Significant differences in 5-[18F]fluorouracil distribution were observed, most notably in the tumor:blood ratios at 12 hr postinjection. The drug-responsive tumor showed a 20:1 concentration ratio, whereas the drug-resistant tumor only had a 4:1 concentration ratio. We postulate that these differences, observed here in this animal tumor model, may be a reflection of similar ratio differences in humans. This technique may allow, by noninvasive quantification of tumor:blood ratios following administration of 5-[18F]fluorouracil to man, the differentiation of those human tumors that are likely to respond to drug therapy from those in which the response will be minimal or nil.", "PMID": 861951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13973", "title": "Metabolism of dimethylnitrosamine and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in cultured human bronchi.", "content": "The metabolic activation of several chemical classes of procarcinogens is being studied in cultured human bronchi. Previous studies have shown that carcinogenic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons are metabolically activated by the bronchial epithelium. In the study reported here, dimethylnitrosamine and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine were also found to bind to both cellular DNA and protein. Bronchial DNA was methylated in both the O-6 and N-7 positions of guanine. In addition to polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, an aliphatic nitrosamine and a methylhydrazine can now be added to the list of xenobiotic chemical carcinogens metabolized by human bronchus.", "contents": "Metabolism of dimethylnitrosamine and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in cultured human bronchi. The metabolic activation of several chemical classes of procarcinogens is being studied in cultured human bronchi. Previous studies have shown that carcinogenic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons are metabolically activated by the bronchial epithelium. In the study reported here, dimethylnitrosamine and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine were also found to bind to both cellular DNA and protein. Bronchial DNA was methylated in both the O-6 and N-7 positions of guanine. In addition to polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, an aliphatic nitrosamine and a methylhydrazine can now be added to the list of xenobiotic chemical carcinogens metabolized by human bronchus.", "PMID": 861952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13974", "title": "Uncomplicated starvation versus cancer cachexia.", "content": "Host starvation is a common accompaniment to the presence of cancer. Diminished intake is a major contributor to this starvation and does not require that the oropharynx or gastrointestinal tract be the primary site. There is suggestive evidence that the normal adaptive mechanisms of the nontumor-bearing host to starvation that result in body protein conservation are not functioning in the tumor-bearing host. Cancer cachexia has some similarity to the metabolic disturbances of host metabolism that are seen in major injury or sepsis. The growing tumor shows little respect for normal constraints of host tissue growth. With the widespread availability of methods of total parenteral nutrition, the interrelationship of nutrition and host-tumor growth assumes greater importance.", "contents": "Uncomplicated starvation versus cancer cachexia. Host starvation is a common accompaniment to the presence of cancer. Diminished intake is a major contributor to this starvation and does not require that the oropharynx or gastrointestinal tract be the primary site. There is suggestive evidence that the normal adaptive mechanisms of the nontumor-bearing host to starvation that result in body protein conservation are not functioning in the tumor-bearing host. Cancer cachexia has some similarity to the metabolic disturbances of host metabolism that are seen in major injury or sepsis. The growing tumor shows little respect for normal constraints of host tissue growth. With the widespread availability of methods of total parenteral nutrition, the interrelationship of nutrition and host-tumor growth assumes greater importance.", "PMID": 861953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13975", "title": "Nutritional consequences of radiotherapy.", "content": "Curative doses of radiotherapy, when directed to any portion of the gastrointestinal tract, may result in serious nutritional consequences from the effects of radiation on the altered function of normal tissues. Symptoms from radiotherapy resulting in nutritional alterations are usually dependent upon dose, time, and fractionation of radiation administered, and the volume included in the treatment field. These effects directly related to radiation may be enhanced by other associated cancer therapy, e.g., surgery or chemotherapy. Careful observation and prompt attention to supportive therapy are mandatory to minimize the nutritional consequences of radiation injury. Well-designed clinical trials are necessary to demonstrate any possible increased tolerance to radiation therapy and the preventative benefits of nutritional support.", "contents": "Nutritional consequences of radiotherapy. Curative doses of radiotherapy, when directed to any portion of the gastrointestinal tract, may result in serious nutritional consequences from the effects of radiation on the altered function of normal tissues. Symptoms from radiotherapy resulting in nutritional alterations are usually dependent upon dose, time, and fractionation of radiation administered, and the volume included in the treatment field. These effects directly related to radiation may be enhanced by other associated cancer therapy, e.g., surgery or chemotherapy. Careful observation and prompt attention to supportive therapy are mandatory to minimize the nutritional consequences of radiation injury. Well-designed clinical trials are necessary to demonstrate any possible increased tolerance to radiation therapy and the preventative benefits of nutritional support.", "PMID": 861954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13976", "title": "The fully automatic ion-exchange and gel-permeation chromatography of neutral monosaccharides and oligosaccharides with a Jeolco JLc-6AH analyser.", "content": "Experiences with a Jeolco JLC-6AH carbohydrate analyser used to provide a fully automated analysis service for neutral mono- and oligo-saccharides have been summarised. Modifications have been made to the equipment to extend its application, and a method for routine separations of oligosaccharides (d.p. 2--15) has been established. The degree of separation achieved is far superior to that which may be obtained by gel-filtration techniques under gravity- or peristaltic-pump-aided flow. The versatility and adaptability of equipment for use with assays other than the standard orcinol-sulphuric acid reaction shows that it is not too inconvenient to interchange between various assays and separations.", "contents": "The fully automatic ion-exchange and gel-permeation chromatography of neutral monosaccharides and oligosaccharides with a Jeolco JLc-6AH analyser. Experiences with a Jeolco JLC-6AH carbohydrate analyser used to provide a fully automated analysis service for neutral mono- and oligo-saccharides have been summarised. Modifications have been made to the equipment to extend its application, and a method for routine separations of oligosaccharides (d.p. 2--15) has been established. The degree of separation achieved is far superior to that which may be obtained by gel-filtration techniques under gravity- or peristaltic-pump-aided flow. The versatility and adaptability of equipment for use with assays other than the standard orcinol-sulphuric acid reaction shows that it is not too inconvenient to interchange between various assays and separations.", "PMID": 861967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13977", "title": "Pulmonary metastases of the lewis lung tumor-cell kinetics and response to cyclophosphamide at different sizes.", "content": "The response of lung metastases of the Lewis lung tumor to a single dose of cyclophosphamide (300 mg/kg) has been studied as a function of the size of the metastases. Both artificially induced and naturally arising (true) metastases were studied in the absence of a primary tumor. It was found that the artificial metastases exhibited a change in cure probability from 90% to 37% over a size range of a factor of ten. The true metastases had a larger spread in size for a similar change in cure probability but there were large uncertainties in the data and consequently the results are not inconsistent with those for the artificial metastases. Studies of the cell kinetics of the metastases at various sizes in the critical range for curability failed to demonstrate any marked differences. It was concluded that the results of drug treatment could be explained entirely on the basis of an increase in cell number in the larger metastases.", "contents": "Pulmonary metastases of the lewis lung tumor-cell kinetics and response to cyclophosphamide at different sizes. The response of lung metastases of the Lewis lung tumor to a single dose of cyclophosphamide (300 mg/kg) has been studied as a function of the size of the metastases. Both artificially induced and naturally arising (true) metastases were studied in the absence of a primary tumor. It was found that the artificial metastases exhibited a change in cure probability from 90% to 37% over a size range of a factor of ten. The true metastases had a larger spread in size for a similar change in cure probability but there were large uncertainties in the data and consequently the results are not inconsistent with those for the artificial metastases. Studies of the cell kinetics of the metastases at various sizes in the critical range for curability failed to demonstrate any marked differences. It was concluded that the results of drug treatment could be explained entirely on the basis of an increase in cell number in the larger metastases.", "PMID": 861961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13978", "title": "C4'-Branched-chain surgar nucleosides: synthesis of isomers of psicofuranine.", "content": "Photoamidation of 3-O-acetyl-1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-erythro-hex-3-enofuranose (1) afforded 3-O-acetyl-4-C-carbamoyl-1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-gulofuranose (2) and 3-O-acetyl-3-C-carbamoyl-1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-D-alpha-allofuranose (3) in 65 and 26% yields, respectively (based on consumed 1). Treatment of 2 and 5% hydrochloric acid in methanol yielded the spiro lactone 5, which was deacetylated to yield 7. Reduction of 5 with sodium borohydride afforded 4-C-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-gulofuranose (9) in 79% yield. Oxidation of 9 with sodium metaperiodate afforded a dialdose that was reduced with sodium borohydride to give 4-C-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-erythro-pentofuranose (11) in 88% yield. Treatment of the acetate 12, derived from 11, with trifluoroacetic acid, followed by acetylation, afforded the branched-chain sugar acetate 14. Condensation of the glycosyl halide derived from 14 with N6-benzoyl-N6,9-bis-(trimethylsilyl)adenine yielded an equimolar anomeric mixture of protected nucleosides 15 and 16 in 40% yield. Treatment of the latter compounds with sodium methoxide in methanol afforded 9-[4-C-(hydroxymethyl)-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl] adenine (17) and the alpha-D anomer 18. The structure of 3 was determined by correlation with the known 5,3'-hemiacetal of 3-C-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2-O-isopropylidene-alpha,alpha'-D-ribo-pentodialdose (25).", "contents": "C4'-Branched-chain surgar nucleosides: synthesis of isomers of psicofuranine. Photoamidation of 3-O-acetyl-1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-erythro-hex-3-enofuranose (1) afforded 3-O-acetyl-4-C-carbamoyl-1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-gulofuranose (2) and 3-O-acetyl-3-C-carbamoyl-1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-D-alpha-allofuranose (3) in 65 and 26% yields, respectively (based on consumed 1). Treatment of 2 and 5% hydrochloric acid in methanol yielded the spiro lactone 5, which was deacetylated to yield 7. Reduction of 5 with sodium borohydride afforded 4-C-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-gulofuranose (9) in 79% yield. Oxidation of 9 with sodium metaperiodate afforded a dialdose that was reduced with sodium borohydride to give 4-C-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-erythro-pentofuranose (11) in 88% yield. Treatment of the acetate 12, derived from 11, with trifluoroacetic acid, followed by acetylation, afforded the branched-chain sugar acetate 14. Condensation of the glycosyl halide derived from 14 with N6-benzoyl-N6,9-bis-(trimethylsilyl)adenine yielded an equimolar anomeric mixture of protected nucleosides 15 and 16 in 40% yield. Treatment of the latter compounds with sodium methoxide in methanol afforded 9-[4-C-(hydroxymethyl)-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl] adenine (17) and the alpha-D anomer 18. The structure of 3 was determined by correlation with the known 5,3'-hemiacetal of 3-C-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2-O-isopropylidene-alpha,alpha'-D-ribo-pentodialdose (25).", "PMID": 861968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13979", "title": "Antileukemic effect of homo-aza-steroidal ester of [p-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl]acetic acid.", "content": "The homo-aza-steroidal ester of [p-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl]acetic acid, 3beta-hydroxy-13alpha-amino-13,17-seco-5alpha-androstan-17-oic-13,17,-lactam p-bis(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylacetate (ASE), gives a greater than 50% increased lifespan over controls in the treatment of L1210 leukemia by the ip, sc, and oral routes of administration  and a greater than 150% increased lifespan in the treatment of P388 leukemia by the ip route (the only route tested). Both a daily and a Day 1, 5, and 9 treatment schedule are essentially equally effective. In this study, ASE is compared to the parent compound phenesterin which is inactive in both of these tumor lines. To our knowledge ASE is the first steroidal alkylating agent to show activity in the L1210 leukemia.", "contents": "Antileukemic effect of homo-aza-steroidal ester of [p-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl]acetic acid. The homo-aza-steroidal ester of [p-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl]acetic acid, 3beta-hydroxy-13alpha-amino-13,17-seco-5alpha-androstan-17-oic-13,17,-lactam p-bis(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylacetate (ASE), gives a greater than 50% increased lifespan over controls in the treatment of L1210 leukemia by the ip, sc, and oral routes of administration  and a greater than 150% increased lifespan in the treatment of P388 leukemia by the ip route (the only route tested). Both a daily and a Day 1, 5, and 9 treatment schedule are essentially equally effective. In this study, ASE is compared to the parent compound phenesterin which is inactive in both of these tumor lines. To our knowledge ASE is the first steroidal alkylating agent to show activity in the L1210 leukemia.", "PMID": 861962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13980", "title": "A novel synthesis of 2-deoxy-alpha-glycosides.", "content": "The key step of the synthesis involves the reaction of glycals [3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-D-glucal (1), the new glycal derivative 4-O-acetyl-1,5-anhydro-2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-L-ribo-hex-1-enitol (2), and 3-acetamido-4,6-di-O-acetyl-1,5-anhydro-2,3-dideoxy-D-arabino-hex-1-enitol (3)] with 1.5 molar equivalents of several alcohols in the presence of N-bromosuccinimide in acetonitrile to give mainly the corresponding 2-bromo-2-deoxy-alpha-glycopyranosides (4--21). The glycopyranosides (4-8 and 16-21) from 1 and 3 have the alpha-D-manno configuration and those (10--15) from 2 have the alpha-L-altro configuration. The yields are high from 1, virtually quantitative from 2, and moderate from 3. Debromination of the 2-bromo-2-deoxy compounds with tributylstannane and a radical initiator gives the corresponding 2-deoxy-alpha-glycopyranosides (22-38) in quantitative yields. In particular, the branched-chain glycal 2 reacts with alcohols to give exclusively the corresponding alpha-glycopyranosides (27--32) of cladinose in strikingly high overall yields. The stereoselectivity and regiospecificity of the bromination reaction are described. 1,3-Dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin and N-bromoacetamide are also found to be useful for the reaction.", "contents": "A novel synthesis of 2-deoxy-alpha-glycosides. The key step of the synthesis involves the reaction of glycals [3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-D-glucal (1), the new glycal derivative 4-O-acetyl-1,5-anhydro-2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-L-ribo-hex-1-enitol (2), and 3-acetamido-4,6-di-O-acetyl-1,5-anhydro-2,3-dideoxy-D-arabino-hex-1-enitol (3)] with 1.5 molar equivalents of several alcohols in the presence of N-bromosuccinimide in acetonitrile to give mainly the corresponding 2-bromo-2-deoxy-alpha-glycopyranosides (4--21). The glycopyranosides (4-8 and 16-21) from 1 and 3 have the alpha-D-manno configuration and those (10--15) from 2 have the alpha-L-altro configuration. The yields are high from 1, virtually quantitative from 2, and moderate from 3. Debromination of the 2-bromo-2-deoxy compounds with tributylstannane and a radical initiator gives the corresponding 2-deoxy-alpha-glycopyranosides (22-38) in quantitative yields. In particular, the branched-chain glycal 2 reacts with alcohols to give exclusively the corresponding alpha-glycopyranosides (27--32) of cladinose in strikingly high overall yields. The stereoselectivity and regiospecificity of the bromination reaction are described. 1,3-Dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin and N-bromoacetamide are also found to be useful for the reaction.", "PMID": 861969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13981", "title": "Cyclophosphamide L2 protocol: a combination chemotherapeutic regimen for advanced non-hodgkin's lymphoma.", "content": "A group of 49 patients with advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were entered in a combination-chemotherapy protocol (cyclophosphamide L2). Of 14 patients with diffuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma (DPDL), 64% responded with two partial remissions (PR) and seven complete remissions (CR). Both PRs are stable at 17+ months while six of the CR group are free of disease at 3+-23+ months. Fifty-three percent of 30 patients with diffuse histiocyctic lymphoma (DHL) responded with 23% attaining CR status. Of the nine PR patients, six are stable at 11+-23+ months while six of the seven CR group are without disease at 9+-27+ months. The major toxic effect was bone marrow suppression with two deaths during periods of neutropenia; one of these deaths was definitely drug related. The encouraging results in the DPDL category have led to a continuation of this protocol for patients with this histologic type. In patients with DHL other approaches are being explored.", "contents": "Cyclophosphamide L2 protocol: a combination chemotherapeutic regimen for advanced non-hodgkin's lymphoma. A group of 49 patients with advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were entered in a combination-chemotherapy protocol (cyclophosphamide L2). Of 14 patients with diffuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma (DPDL), 64% responded with two partial remissions (PR) and seven complete remissions (CR). Both PRs are stable at 17+ months while six of the CR group are free of disease at 3+-23+ months. Fifty-three percent of 30 patients with diffuse histiocyctic lymphoma (DHL) responded with 23% attaining CR status. Of the nine PR patients, six are stable at 11+-23+ months while six of the seven CR group are without disease at 9+-27+ months. The major toxic effect was bone marrow suppression with two deaths during periods of neutropenia; one of these deaths was definitely drug related. The encouraging results in the DPDL category have led to a continuation of this protocol for patients with this histologic type. In patients with DHL other approaches are being explored.", "PMID": 861964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13982", "title": "A fucogalactoxyloglucan from rapeseed hulls.", "content": "A polysaccharide, isolated from rapeseed hulls by extraction with aqueous sodium hydroxide-sodium tetraborate, contained residues of L-arabinose, L-fucose, D-xylose, D-galactose, and D-glucose in the proportions of 2:8:25:13:52. Acetolysis furnished cellobiose, 6-O-alpha-D-xylopyranosyl-D-glucose, and 2-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl D-xylose. The cleavage products from the methylated polysaccharide were examined by g.l.c. of the methyl glycosides and g.l.c.-mass spectrometry of the partially methylated, alditol acetates. The results show that the polysaccharide is a member of the xyloglucan group in which additional fucose and galactose residues terminate some of the side-chains. For comparative purposes, aspects of the structures of xyloglucans from nasturtium seeds and suspension-cultured sycamore cells have been re-examined.", "contents": "A fucogalactoxyloglucan from rapeseed hulls. A polysaccharide, isolated from rapeseed hulls by extraction with aqueous sodium hydroxide-sodium tetraborate, contained residues of L-arabinose, L-fucose, D-xylose, D-galactose, and D-glucose in the proportions of 2:8:25:13:52. Acetolysis furnished cellobiose, 6-O-alpha-D-xylopyranosyl-D-glucose, and 2-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl D-xylose. The cleavage products from the methylated polysaccharide were examined by g.l.c. of the methyl glycosides and g.l.c.-mass spectrometry of the partially methylated, alditol acetates. The results show that the polysaccharide is a member of the xyloglucan group in which additional fucose and galactose residues terminate some of the side-chains. For comparative purposes, aspects of the structures of xyloglucans from nasturtium seeds and suspension-cultured sycamore cells have been re-examined.", "PMID": 861971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13983", "title": "Pilot study of two adriamycin-based regimens in patients with advanced malignant lymphomas.", "content": "Forty-two patients with advanced malignant lymphomas, all of whom had failed at least one prior course of chemotherapy, were treated with one of two new combination chemotherapy regimens to determine patient tolerability. Twenty-seven patients received regimen 1, after which this study was discontinued, and subsequently 15 additional patients were treated with regimen 2. Regimen 1 (BAP) consisted of BCNU and adriamycin administered iv on Day 1 and prednisone administered orally on Days 1--5 with cycles repeated at 21-day intervals. Regimen 2 (VAP) consisted of VP-16-213 given iv on Days 1 and 2, adriamycin given iv on Day 3, and prednisone given on Days 3--7 in a schedule designed to produce cell cycle synchronization; cycles were repeated at 21--28-day intervals. Both regimens were, in general, well tolerated. Reversible bone marrow depression was the major toxic reaction observed. Nine of 27 patients treated with regimen 1 and five of 15 patients treated with regimen 2 experienced objective tumor regressions. Tolerable dosage levels of both regimens have been defined for future clincial trials.", "contents": "Pilot study of two adriamycin-based regimens in patients with advanced malignant lymphomas. Forty-two patients with advanced malignant lymphomas, all of whom had failed at least one prior course of chemotherapy, were treated with one of two new combination chemotherapy regimens to determine patient tolerability. Twenty-seven patients received regimen 1, after which this study was discontinued, and subsequently 15 additional patients were treated with regimen 2. Regimen 1 (BAP) consisted of BCNU and adriamycin administered iv on Day 1 and prednisone administered orally on Days 1--5 with cycles repeated at 21-day intervals. Regimen 2 (VAP) consisted of VP-16-213 given iv on Days 1 and 2, adriamycin given iv on Day 3, and prednisone given on Days 3--7 in a schedule designed to produce cell cycle synchronization; cycles were repeated at 21--28-day intervals. Both regimens were, in general, well tolerated. Reversible bone marrow depression was the major toxic reaction observed. Nine of 27 patients treated with regimen 1 and five of 15 patients treated with regimen 2 experienced objective tumor regressions. Tolerable dosage levels of both regimens have been defined for future clincial trials.", "PMID": 861963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13984", "title": "Adenosine-5'-d: rotational conformation of the 5'-carbinol group.", "content": "A synthesis of adenosine-5'-d (4), and its p.m.r. spectral characteristics, are described. The presence of deuterium in 4 gives rise to a 2:1 mixture of R and S configurations at C-5, thereby permitting specific assignments for the resonances of the residual 5'-protons. From the observed spin-spin coupling between the latter and H-4', an estimate has been made of the rotamer population of the exocyclic 5'-carbinol group. It is shown that the gauche-gauche rotamer is preponderant (approximately 70%) and the gauche-trans one of minor importance (approximately 20%) in aqueous solution, which contrasts markedly with the preference for the latter rotamer exhibited by adenosine in the solid state.", "contents": "Adenosine-5'-d: rotational conformation of the 5'-carbinol group. A synthesis of adenosine-5'-d (4), and its p.m.r. spectral characteristics, are described. The presence of deuterium in 4 gives rise to a 2:1 mixture of R and S configurations at C-5, thereby permitting specific assignments for the resonances of the residual 5'-protons. From the observed spin-spin coupling between the latter and H-4', an estimate has been made of the rotamer population of the exocyclic 5'-carbinol group. It is shown that the gauche-gauche rotamer is preponderant (approximately 70%) and the gauche-trans one of minor importance (approximately 20%) in aqueous solution, which contrasts markedly with the preference for the latter rotamer exhibited by adenosine in the solid state.", "PMID": 861972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13985", "title": "Transformations of cellobiose derivatives into analogues of lactose.", "content": "The preparation of benzyl beta-cellobioside 2,3,6,2',3'-pentabenzoate (2b) via a 4',6'-benzylidene acetal in 27% overall yield from cellobiose is described. This pentabenzoate has been utilised for conventional syntheses of the 6'-amino-, 4'-amino-, and 4',6'-diamino-analogues of lactose, via the 4',6'-dimesylate. In addition, reaction of the pentabenzoate 2b with sulphuryl chloride initially afforded the 6'-chloro derivative, which was then slowly transformed into a mixture of the 4',6'-dichloro-lactoside and an isomer in which the non-reducing ring of the disaccharide had been transformed into a 3',6'-dideoxy-3',6'-dichloro-gulopyranoside. The latter probably arose by neighbouring-group participation by the 3'-benzoloxy group prior to the introduction of the secondary 3'-chloro substituent. The former dichlorocompound was subsequently converted into 4',6'-dideoxy-4',6'-dichloro-lactose. It was found that the rate of nucleophilic displacement at C-4' of a cellobioside was much lower than that for the corresponding alpha-linked disaccharide, maltose. Furthermore, nucleophilic displacement at C-4' of a lactoside was accompanied by substantial elimination, to give the 4'-ene, together with some cleavage of the interglycosidic bond. tthe origins of these effects are discussed.", "contents": "Transformations of cellobiose derivatives into analogues of lactose. The preparation of benzyl beta-cellobioside 2,3,6,2',3'-pentabenzoate (2b) via a 4',6'-benzylidene acetal in 27% overall yield from cellobiose is described. This pentabenzoate has been utilised for conventional syntheses of the 6'-amino-, 4'-amino-, and 4',6'-diamino-analogues of lactose, via the 4',6'-dimesylate. In addition, reaction of the pentabenzoate 2b with sulphuryl chloride initially afforded the 6'-chloro derivative, which was then slowly transformed into a mixture of the 4',6'-dichloro-lactoside and an isomer in which the non-reducing ring of the disaccharide had been transformed into a 3',6'-dideoxy-3',6'-dichloro-gulopyranoside. The latter probably arose by neighbouring-group participation by the 3'-benzoloxy group prior to the introduction of the secondary 3'-chloro substituent. The former dichlorocompound was subsequently converted into 4',6'-dideoxy-4',6'-dichloro-lactose. It was found that the rate of nucleophilic displacement at C-4' of a cellobioside was much lower than that for the corresponding alpha-linked disaccharide, maltose. Furthermore, nucleophilic displacement at C-4' of a lactoside was accompanied by substantial elimination, to give the 4'-ene, together with some cleavage of the interglycosidic bond. tthe origins of these effects are discussed.", "PMID": 861973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13986", "title": "Synthesis of 6,1',6'-tri-O-(mesitylenesulfonyl)sucrose, further examination of \"tri-O-tosylsucrose\", and the chemistry of 3,6:1',4':3',6'-trianhydrosucrose.", "content": "Selective trimolar mesitylenesulfonylation of sucrose resulted in the formation of a highly crystalline trimesitylenesulfonate (1), which was isolated in greater than 50% yield without recourse to chromatography. As anticipated, the sulfonyl groups in 1 were located at the primary positions, as treatment with alkali afforded 3.6:1',4':3',6'-trianhydrosucrose (4) in high yield. Fractionation of \"tri-O-tosyl-sucrose\" by high-pressure liquid chromatography effected separation of the minor isomer from the known, preponderant 6,1',6'-isomer 3. 13C-N.m.r. spectroscopy indicated that the minor isomer was 2,6,6'-tri-O-p-tolylsulfonylsucrose (2). The trianhydride 4 was found to be dimorphous and was further characterized as the diacetate (5), the dibenzoate (6), the di-p-toluenesulfonate (7), and the dimethyl ether (8). Considerable differences in the reactivities toward acylation and etherification of the two axial hydroxyl groups in 4 permitted the preparation, in good yields, of the 4-acetate (9) and of the 4-methyl ether (12). Several derivatives of methyl 3,6-anhydro-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (13) were prepared for comparison with corresponding derivatives of 4, and the hydroxyl groups in 13 also showed differences in reactivities analogous with those of 4.", "contents": "Synthesis of 6,1',6'-tri-O-(mesitylenesulfonyl)sucrose, further examination of \"tri-O-tosylsucrose\", and the chemistry of 3,6:1',4':3',6'-trianhydrosucrose. Selective trimolar mesitylenesulfonylation of sucrose resulted in the formation of a highly crystalline trimesitylenesulfonate (1), which was isolated in greater than 50% yield without recourse to chromatography. As anticipated, the sulfonyl groups in 1 were located at the primary positions, as treatment with alkali afforded 3.6:1',4':3',6'-trianhydrosucrose (4) in high yield. Fractionation of \"tri-O-tosyl-sucrose\" by high-pressure liquid chromatography effected separation of the minor isomer from the known, preponderant 6,1',6'-isomer 3. 13C-N.m.r. spectroscopy indicated that the minor isomer was 2,6,6'-tri-O-p-tolylsulfonylsucrose (2). The trianhydride 4 was found to be dimorphous and was further characterized as the diacetate (5), the dibenzoate (6), the di-p-toluenesulfonate (7), and the dimethyl ether (8). Considerable differences in the reactivities toward acylation and etherification of the two axial hydroxyl groups in 4 permitted the preparation, in good yields, of the 4-acetate (9) and of the 4-methyl ether (12). Several derivatives of methyl 3,6-anhydro-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (13) were prepared for comparison with corresponding derivatives of 4, and the hydroxyl groups in 13 also showed differences in reactivities analogous with those of 4.", "PMID": 861974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13987", "title": "Stereoselective total synthesis of methyl alpha-D and alpha-L-glucopyranosides.", "content": "Methyl alpha-L- and alpha-D-glucopyranosides have been synthesized from methyl (R)- and (S)-(2-furyl)glycolates (3), respectively. The key intermediates, methyl 6-O-benzyl-2,3-dideoxy-L(and D)-hex-2-enopyranosid-4-uloses (13), were obtained in seven steps from the ester 3, without change of configuration of the asymmetric center, which became C-5 in the sugar molecule. Reduction of the ketone group at C-4 in the glycoside 13 with sodium borohydride afforded the corresponding methyl 6-O-benzyl-2,3-dideoxy-erythro-hex-2-enopyranosides (14). Epoxidation of the double bond in 14, followed by oxirane ring-opening in the anhydro sugar 16, and subsequent catalytic hydrogenolysis of the benzyl group led to the title compounds.", "contents": "Stereoselective total synthesis of methyl alpha-D and alpha-L-glucopyranosides. Methyl alpha-L- and alpha-D-glucopyranosides have been synthesized from methyl (R)- and (S)-(2-furyl)glycolates (3), respectively. The key intermediates, methyl 6-O-benzyl-2,3-dideoxy-L(and D)-hex-2-enopyranosid-4-uloses (13), were obtained in seven steps from the ester 3, without change of configuration of the asymmetric center, which became C-5 in the sugar molecule. Reduction of the ketone group at C-4 in the glycoside 13 with sodium borohydride afforded the corresponding methyl 6-O-benzyl-2,3-dideoxy-erythro-hex-2-enopyranosides (14). Epoxidation of the double bond in 14, followed by oxirane ring-opening in the anhydro sugar 16, and subsequent catalytic hydrogenolysis of the benzyl group led to the title compounds.", "PMID": 861975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13988", "title": "Total synthesis of hexuronic acids.", "content": "Six stereoisomeric hexuronic acids (tert-butyl esters of methyl pyranosides) having the altro, manno, gluco, gulo, galacto, and talo configurations were obtained from cis,trans-tert-butyl 2-methoxy-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-6-carboxylate (5). The synthesis involved the following successive steps: epoxidation of the double bond in 5, opening of the epoxides with dimethylamine, Cope degradation of the dimethyl-amino derivatives, and hydroxylation of the double bond in the tert-butyl hex-3-enuronates. All compounds were obtained as pure diastereoisomers in racemic form.", "contents": "Total synthesis of hexuronic acids. Six stereoisomeric hexuronic acids (tert-butyl esters of methyl pyranosides) having the altro, manno, gluco, gulo, galacto, and talo configurations were obtained from cis,trans-tert-butyl 2-methoxy-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-6-carboxylate (5). The synthesis involved the following successive steps: epoxidation of the double bond in 5, opening of the epoxides with dimethylamine, Cope degradation of the dimethyl-amino derivatives, and hydroxylation of the double bond in the tert-butyl hex-3-enuronates. All compounds were obtained as pure diastereoisomers in racemic form.", "PMID": 861976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13989", "title": "The synthesis of D-ribofuranosyl derivatives of methyl propiolate and a study of the activating influence of the ester group in cycloaddition reactions.", "content": "2,3,5-Tri-O-benzyl-D-ribofuranosyl bromide (17) has been converted into methyl 3-(2,3,5-tri-O-benzyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl) propiolate (8) and its alpha anomer 10 in 21 and 42% yields, respectively, by reaction with the silver salt of methyl propiolate. Attempts to prepare 8 from (beta-D-ribofuranosyl)ethyne (1) by standard methods were unsuccessful. The reactions of the esters 8 and 10 and the ethyne 1 with several 1,3-dipoles have been examined. With diazomethane, 8 and 10 gave the pyrazole esters 20 and 28, respectively, whereast the ethyne 1 reacted more slowly to give a mixture of 23 (37%) and 26 (31%). The ester 10 was converted into the triazoles 32 (51%) and 36 (34%) by reaction with benzyl azide. Treatment of the ester 10 with phenylhydrazine gave the pyrazolone 38 in 71% yield. A number of the products of dipolar addition have been converted into new D-ribofuranosyl-pyrazoles and -triazoles by hydrogenolysis.", "contents": "The synthesis of D-ribofuranosyl derivatives of methyl propiolate and a study of the activating influence of the ester group in cycloaddition reactions. 2,3,5-Tri-O-benzyl-D-ribofuranosyl bromide (17) has been converted into methyl 3-(2,3,5-tri-O-benzyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl) propiolate (8) and its alpha anomer 10 in 21 and 42% yields, respectively, by reaction with the silver salt of methyl propiolate. Attempts to prepare 8 from (beta-D-ribofuranosyl)ethyne (1) by standard methods were unsuccessful. The reactions of the esters 8 and 10 and the ethyne 1 with several 1,3-dipoles have been examined. With diazomethane, 8 and 10 gave the pyrazole esters 20 and 28, respectively, whereast the ethyne 1 reacted more slowly to give a mixture of 23 (37%) and 26 (31%). The ester 10 was converted into the triazoles 32 (51%) and 36 (34%) by reaction with benzyl azide. Treatment of the ester 10 with phenylhydrazine gave the pyrazolone 38 in 71% yield. A number of the products of dipolar addition have been converted into new D-ribofuranosyl-pyrazoles and -triazoles by hydrogenolysis.", "PMID": 861978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13990", "title": "A protein-bound glycogen component of rat liver.", "content": "It has long been claimed, but frequently disputed, that part of the glycogen in rat liver is insoluble in 10% trichloroacetic acid, and a physiological significance was ascribed to the existence of the two pools of glycogen, desmo-glycogen, the insoluble form, and lyo-glycogen, the soluble component. Desmo-glycogen was thought to owe its acid insolubility to a covalent binding to protein. Recent claims that glycogen, similarly insoluble in acid, can be synthesized in vitro have renewed the interest in desmo-glycogen. We have obtained trichloroacetic acid-insoluble glycogen from rat liver and find that, despite subjecting the glycogen to proteolysis, peptide material remains in close association with the glycogen through a number of purification procedures and is freed from glycogen only by enzymic decomposition of the latter. The tenacity with which the glycogen and peptide material remain in association with each other is suggestive of the occurrence of protein-bound glycogen.", "contents": "A protein-bound glycogen component of rat liver. It has long been claimed, but frequently disputed, that part of the glycogen in rat liver is insoluble in 10% trichloroacetic acid, and a physiological significance was ascribed to the existence of the two pools of glycogen, desmo-glycogen, the insoluble form, and lyo-glycogen, the soluble component. Desmo-glycogen was thought to owe its acid insolubility to a covalent binding to protein. Recent claims that glycogen, similarly insoluble in acid, can be synthesized in vitro have renewed the interest in desmo-glycogen. We have obtained trichloroacetic acid-insoluble glycogen from rat liver and find that, despite subjecting the glycogen to proteolysis, peptide material remains in close association with the glycogen through a number of purification procedures and is freed from glycogen only by enzymic decomposition of the latter. The tenacity with which the glycogen and peptide material remain in association with each other is suggestive of the occurrence of protein-bound glycogen.", "PMID": 861979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13991", "title": "The preparation of carbohydrate-protein conjugates: cyanuric trichloride coupling of 2-aminoethyl glycosides, and mixed-anhydride coupling of 8-carboxyoctyl glycosides to bovine serum albumin.", "content": "Preparation of the following glycosides is described: 2-aminoethyl beta-D-glycosides of (A) 2-acetamido-3,4,6-trio-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose, (B) 2-acetamido-4-O-(2-acetamido-3,4,6-trio-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-3,6-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose (N,N'-diacetylchitobiose pentaacetate), (C) 4-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-2,3,6-trio-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranose (cellobiose heptaacetate); 8-carboxyoctyl glycosides of (D) cellobiose, and (E) N,N'-diacetylchitobiose. Conjugates were prepared from (A), (B), and (C) by coupling to bovine serum albumin by cyanuric trichloride and subsequent deacetylation; (D) and (E) were coupled to bovine serum albumin by the mixed-anhydride reaction. Conjugates (A) and (B) were insoluble; conjugates (C), (D), and (E) functioned as artificial antigens and gave rise to precipitating antibodies in rabbits. Specificities of the antisera were determined by inhibition studies.", "contents": "The preparation of carbohydrate-protein conjugates: cyanuric trichloride coupling of 2-aminoethyl glycosides, and mixed-anhydride coupling of 8-carboxyoctyl glycosides to bovine serum albumin. Preparation of the following glycosides is described: 2-aminoethyl beta-D-glycosides of (A) 2-acetamido-3,4,6-trio-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose, (B) 2-acetamido-4-O-(2-acetamido-3,4,6-trio-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-3,6-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose (N,N'-diacetylchitobiose pentaacetate), (C) 4-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-2,3,6-trio-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranose (cellobiose heptaacetate); 8-carboxyoctyl glycosides of (D) cellobiose, and (E) N,N'-diacetylchitobiose. Conjugates were prepared from (A), (B), and (C) by coupling to bovine serum albumin by cyanuric trichloride and subsequent deacetylation; (D) and (E) were coupled to bovine serum albumin by the mixed-anhydride reaction. Conjugates (A) and (B) were insoluble; conjugates (C), (D), and (E) functioned as artificial antigens and gave rise to precipitating antibodies in rabbits. Specificities of the antisera were determined by inhibition studies.", "PMID": 861980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13992", "title": "The pituitary of Aphanius dispar (R\u00fcppell) from hypersaline marshes and freshwater. II. Ultrastructure of the rostral pars distalis.", "content": "An ultrastructural study of the rostral pars distalis of the pituitary of Aphanius dispar specimens taken from freshwater or hypersaline marshes revealed significant structural differences which indicate higher activity of the prolactin cells in the hypotonic medium. Prolactin cells from freshwater specimens had larger secretory granules, a higher amount of endoplasmic reticulum, and expanded intercellular spaces with many secretory lakes. These cells contained an unusual cytoplasmic structure, consisting of twisted canals with vesicular lumina, connected to the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell. This structure is about 1-2 micron in diameter. Stellate cells are characterized by extracellular spacing junctions which are particularly noticeable at the confluence of the interstellate cell canaliculi and the pericapillary space.", "contents": "The pituitary of Aphanius dispar (R\u00fcppell) from hypersaline marshes and freshwater. II. Ultrastructure of the rostral pars distalis. An ultrastructural study of the rostral pars distalis of the pituitary of Aphanius dispar specimens taken from freshwater or hypersaline marshes revealed significant structural differences which indicate higher activity of the prolactin cells in the hypotonic medium. Prolactin cells from freshwater specimens had larger secretory granules, a higher amount of endoplasmic reticulum, and expanded intercellular spaces with many secretory lakes. These cells contained an unusual cytoplasmic structure, consisting of twisted canals with vesicular lumina, connected to the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell. This structure is about 1-2 micron in diameter. Stellate cells are characterized by extracellular spacing junctions which are particularly noticeable at the confluence of the interstellate cell canaliculi and the pericapillary space.", "PMID": 862000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13993", "title": "Effects of the eye enucleation on the activity of monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase in the superior colliculus of the rat.", "content": "Changes in the activity of monoamine oxidase (MAO) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) following unilateral eye enucleation were measured for the superior colliculus (SC), lateral geniculate body (LGB), and nucleus suprachiasmaticus (NSC) in the rat by means of microspectrophotometry. The most conspicuous change of high significance was the decrease of MAO activity in the superficial strata of the SC contralateral to the enucleated eye. The other layers of SC, such as the stratum opticum, the intermediate strata, the deep strata and the central gray did not show significant postoperative changes in MAO acitivity. MAO activity of the LGB and the NSC was also not affected to a significant degree. The site of decrease of MAO activity in the superficial strata of the SC sould be degenerating optic nerve terminals. The strong AChE activity in the superficial strata may be derived from the horizontal cells. AChE activity in the SC showed only slight postoperative changes. The possible roles of the monoaminergic and cholinergic systems in the process of visual information are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of the eye enucleation on the activity of monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase in the superior colliculus of the rat. Changes in the activity of monoamine oxidase (MAO) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) following unilateral eye enucleation were measured for the superior colliculus (SC), lateral geniculate body (LGB), and nucleus suprachiasmaticus (NSC) in the rat by means of microspectrophotometry. The most conspicuous change of high significance was the decrease of MAO activity in the superficial strata of the SC contralateral to the enucleated eye. The other layers of SC, such as the stratum opticum, the intermediate strata, the deep strata and the central gray did not show significant postoperative changes in MAO acitivity. MAO activity of the LGB and the NSC was also not affected to a significant degree. The site of decrease of MAO activity in the superficial strata of the SC sould be degenerating optic nerve terminals. The strong AChE activity in the superficial strata may be derived from the horizontal cells. AChE activity in the SC showed only slight postoperative changes. The possible roles of the monoaminergic and cholinergic systems in the process of visual information are discussed.", "PMID": 862001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13994", "title": "On the nurse cell and the spermatozeugma in Littorina sitkana.", "content": "Nurse cells develop from diploid cells in the testis. Each cell undergoes a reduction division which leaves the nucleus with half the volume of a normal diploid cell. They send out pseudopodia which form desmosome-like junctions with developing spermatids. The nurse cells detach from the testicular wall, their nuclei degenerate and secretion droplets form in the  cytoplasm. The pseudopodia are drawn in as the cytoplasmic secretions swell and the nurse cell becomes spherical. The eupyrene sperm become grouped unilaterally and at this stage are attached to the nurse cell by only the tips of their acrosomes. At maturity the nurse cells with their clumps of attached eupyrene sperm (spermatozeugmata) are released from the testis via ducts into the seminal vesicles,where they are stored prior to copulation. Nurse cells serve similar functions to those of apyrene sperm which are common among the Molluscs. We believe that the nurse cell and apyrene sperm are homologous.", "contents": "On the nurse cell and the spermatozeugma in Littorina sitkana. Nurse cells develop from diploid cells in the testis. Each cell undergoes a reduction division which leaves the nucleus with half the volume of a normal diploid cell. They send out pseudopodia which form desmosome-like junctions with developing spermatids. The nurse cells detach from the testicular wall, their nuclei degenerate and secretion droplets form in the  cytoplasm. The pseudopodia are drawn in as the cytoplasmic secretions swell and the nurse cell becomes spherical. The eupyrene sperm become grouped unilaterally and at this stage are attached to the nurse cell by only the tips of their acrosomes. At maturity the nurse cells with their clumps of attached eupyrene sperm (spermatozeugmata) are released from the testis via ducts into the seminal vesicles,where they are stored prior to copulation. Nurse cells serve similar functions to those of apyrene sperm which are common among the Molluscs. We believe that the nurse cell and apyrene sperm are homologous.", "PMID": 862002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13995", "title": "Possible sites of ultrafiltration in Tubifex tubifex M\u00fcller (annelida, oligochaeta).", "content": "The endothelia of Tubifex tubifex  M\u00fcller consist of myoendothelial cells, chloragocytes, or podocytes. The latter seem to occur only as windows on the ventral vessel which has an endothelium of myoendothelial cells elsewhere. The podocytes are large cells, with several processes on the inner side which ramify into several pedicels. These are aligned upon the outside of the basement membrane which lines the inside of the endothelium. The gaps between adjacent pedicels are about 40 nm wide. In capillaries fenestrated endothelia occur with irregular spacings measuring up to 0.4-1 micron. A diaphragm in podocytes or capillary fenestrations do not seem to exist. The basement membrane is the only continuous layer lining the blood vessels and capillaries of Tubifex with a rather uniform diameter in the range of 50nm. It is the only permeability barrier between blood and coelomic fluid.", "contents": "Possible sites of ultrafiltration in Tubifex tubifex M\u00fcller (annelida, oligochaeta). The endothelia of Tubifex tubifex  M\u00fcller consist of myoendothelial cells, chloragocytes, or podocytes. The latter seem to occur only as windows on the ventral vessel which has an endothelium of myoendothelial cells elsewhere. The podocytes are large cells, with several processes on the inner side which ramify into several pedicels. These are aligned upon the outside of the basement membrane which lines the inside of the endothelium. The gaps between adjacent pedicels are about 40 nm wide. In capillaries fenestrated endothelia occur with irregular spacings measuring up to 0.4-1 micron. A diaphragm in podocytes or capillary fenestrations do not seem to exist. The basement membrane is the only continuous layer lining the blood vessels and capillaries of Tubifex with a rather uniform diameter in the range of 50nm. It is the only permeability barrier between blood and coelomic fluid.", "PMID": 862003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13996", "title": "The ultrastructure of the sheep parotid gland.", "content": "The sheep parotid is a compound tubular gland; its ultrastructure reflects the function of this gland to secrete large amounts of fluid with very little protein. The cells of the secretory tubules possess extensively folded lateral plasma membranes and a fairly large number of mitochondria. Rapid equilibration of water across the epithelium is assured by the close proximity over large areas of intercellular spaces and the wide secretion canaliculi. Numerous long microvilli extend into the latter. Although secretion granules may be quite numerous, there is evidence that many of these granules are not discharged but undergo degradation by lysosomal enzymes. The intercalated ducts are often dilated but excessive distension is probably prevented by bundles of microfilaments in their epithelial cells.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of the sheep parotid gland. The sheep parotid is a compound tubular gland; its ultrastructure reflects the function of this gland to secrete large amounts of fluid with very little protein. The cells of the secretory tubules possess extensively folded lateral plasma membranes and a fairly large number of mitochondria. Rapid equilibration of water across the epithelium is assured by the close proximity over large areas of intercellular spaces and the wide secretion canaliculi. Numerous long microvilli extend into the latter. Although secretion granules may be quite numerous, there is evidence that many of these granules are not discharged but undergo degradation by lysosomal enzymes. The intercalated ducts are often dilated but excessive distension is probably prevented by bundles of microfilaments in their epithelial cells.", "PMID": 862004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13997", "title": "Degeneration of possible serotonergic nerves in the myenteric plexus of Mytilus induced by 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT).", "content": "Initial observations on the effects of 5,7-DHT on the myenteric plexus of Mytilus reveal extensive lesioning of monoamine nerves containing dense-cored vesicles. At least, two types of monoaminergic nerves could be recognized among the degenerating axons. The most affected were profiles with a predominance of large granular vesicles (56-200 nm) which resemble possible indoleamine nerves in the lamprey gut. The other type had small granular vesicles (40-56 nm) resembling catecholamine nerves of vertebrates. These two types of nerves possibly represent serotonergic and dopaminergic nerves, in accordance with pharmacological, biochemical and physiological evidence available in molluscs. There were, however, nerves with a population of medium-sized granular vesicles (56-130 nm) which were also damaged. Two other types of nerve profiles were unaffected by the drug. One conforms to cholinergic nerves while the other resembles \"purinergic\" nerves in the vertebrate gut. These results confirm previous studies with dihydroxytryptamines on molluscan smooth muscle.", "contents": "Degeneration of possible serotonergic nerves in the myenteric plexus of Mytilus induced by 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT). Initial observations on the effects of 5,7-DHT on the myenteric plexus of Mytilus reveal extensive lesioning of monoamine nerves containing dense-cored vesicles. At least, two types of monoaminergic nerves could be recognized among the degenerating axons. The most affected were profiles with a predominance of large granular vesicles (56-200 nm) which resemble possible indoleamine nerves in the lamprey gut. The other type had small granular vesicles (40-56 nm) resembling catecholamine nerves of vertebrates. These two types of nerves possibly represent serotonergic and dopaminergic nerves, in accordance with pharmacological, biochemical and physiological evidence available in molluscs. There were, however, nerves with a population of medium-sized granular vesicles (56-130 nm) which were also damaged. Two other types of nerve profiles were unaffected by the drug. One conforms to cholinergic nerves while the other resembles \"purinergic\" nerves in the vertebrate gut. These results confirm previous studies with dihydroxytryptamines on molluscan smooth muscle.", "PMID": 862005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13998", "title": "Oogenesis in Acerentomon gallicum Jonescu (protura). Previtellogenic and vitellogenic stages.", "content": "Late stages of oogenesis in Acerentomon gallicum Jonescu have been studied by means of light and electron microscopy. Each of the two ovaries of this species consists of a single panoistic ovariole. Late previtellogenic and early vitellogenic oocytes are enclosed in an electron opaque layer, the so-called primary sheath. The precursors for this sheath are most likely synthesized by follicle cells. The yolk develops through autosynthesis, with free ribosomes, dictyosomes and lamellar bodies being involved in the process. Mature yolk spheres contain proteins and polysaccharides. Besides the organelles that take part in vitellogenesis, mitochondria and cisternal stacks of the rough endoplasmic reticulum occur in the ooplasm.", "contents": "Oogenesis in Acerentomon gallicum Jonescu (protura). Previtellogenic and vitellogenic stages. Late stages of oogenesis in Acerentomon gallicum Jonescu have been studied by means of light and electron microscopy. Each of the two ovaries of this species consists of a single panoistic ovariole. Late previtellogenic and early vitellogenic oocytes are enclosed in an electron opaque layer, the so-called primary sheath. The precursors for this sheath are most likely synthesized by follicle cells. The yolk develops through autosynthesis, with free ribosomes, dictyosomes and lamellar bodies being involved in the process. Mature yolk spheres contain proteins and polysaccharides. Besides the organelles that take part in vitellogenesis, mitochondria and cisternal stacks of the rough endoplasmic reticulum occur in the ooplasm.", "PMID": 862006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_13999", "title": "Reactive alterations in non-neuronal elements of the degenerating ventrobasal complex of immature and mature rats. An electron microscopic study.", "content": "Sprague-Dawley albino rats ranging in age from neonate to 60 days postnatal (dpn)were subjected to cortical extirpations encompassing the SmI somato-sensory projection fields of neurons in the ventrobasal (VB) complex. Eectron microscopy of this region reveals degenerative changes in VB neurons, the rate and severity of which is inversely proportional to the age of the animal (Matthews et al., 1977). Numerous, distinctive non-neuronal elements, similar to those infiltrating the perivascular space of some vessels in the area, rapidly accumulate within the zone of degeneration in animals lesioned between 0 and 9 dpn. These display dense, heterochromatin nuclei, concentrations of of free ribosomes and rosettes, and pleomorphic dense bodies which become more evident as further reactive transformations accompany the phagocytic incorporation of degenerating neuronal remnants. Other non-neuronal elements exhibit a euchromatin nucleus, bundles of microtubules, and fewer free ribosomes. Such cells are also capable of phagocytosis and production of dense bodies. Both variants are comparable in appearance to the \"M\" cells of previous reports (Matthews and Kruger, 1973b). Cortical lesions of older animals result in the appearance of \"M\" cells in VB; however, the population densities observed in the immature VB are not achieved. Conversely, astrocytic hypertrophy, associated with the increased incidence of degenerating boutons in the more mature animal, represents a prominent response to injury which does not occur to a significant extent in younger animals. Morphological criteria for determining the nature of some \"M\" cells are given for a discussion of their presumptive derivation from various mesodermal progenitors and a brief consideration of other hypothesized origins.", "contents": "Reactive alterations in non-neuronal elements of the degenerating ventrobasal complex of immature and mature rats. An electron microscopic study. Sprague-Dawley albino rats ranging in age from neonate to 60 days postnatal (dpn)were subjected to cortical extirpations encompassing the SmI somato-sensory projection fields of neurons in the ventrobasal (VB) complex. Eectron microscopy of this region reveals degenerative changes in VB neurons, the rate and severity of which is inversely proportional to the age of the animal (Matthews et al., 1977). Numerous, distinctive non-neuronal elements, similar to those infiltrating the perivascular space of some vessels in the area, rapidly accumulate within the zone of degeneration in animals lesioned between 0 and 9 dpn. These display dense, heterochromatin nuclei, concentrations of of free ribosomes and rosettes, and pleomorphic dense bodies which become more evident as further reactive transformations accompany the phagocytic incorporation of degenerating neuronal remnants. Other non-neuronal elements exhibit a euchromatin nucleus, bundles of microtubules, and fewer free ribosomes. Such cells are also capable of phagocytosis and production of dense bodies. Both variants are comparable in appearance to the \"M\" cells of previous reports (Matthews and Kruger, 1973b). Cortical lesions of older animals result in the appearance of \"M\" cells in VB; however, the population densities observed in the immature VB are not achieved. Conversely, astrocytic hypertrophy, associated with the increased incidence of degenerating boutons in the more mature animal, represents a prominent response to injury which does not occur to a significant extent in younger animals. Morphological criteria for determining the nature of some \"M\" cells are given for a discussion of their presumptive derivation from various mesodermal progenitors and a brief consideration of other hypothesized origins.", "PMID": 862007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14000", "title": "A quantitative analysis of the incidence of certain cytoplasmic structures in the ovum of the rat during cleavage.", "content": "The volumetric density of most cytoplasmic organelles in the segmenting ovum of the rat was determined by morphometric techniques described by Weibel, at the 1-, 2-, 4-, and 8-cell stages, and at the early and late blastocyst stages. During the course of cleavage, the volumetric density of mitochondria remained practically unchanged. The volumetric density of the Golgi complex complex was too small to permit assessment of the differences between the individual stages of development. Significant changes were found in both granular and agranular endoplasmic reticulum, secondary lysosomes, multivesicular bodies, lamellar structures and lipid droplets. Granular endoplasmic reticulum was first observed as late as the 8-cell ovum stage and its volumetric density increased further in the early and late blastocysts. The relative volume of agranular endoplasmic reticulum was highest in the 1-cell ovum and decreased during the course of cleavage. The same is true for multivesicular bodies. The volumetric density of secondary lysosomes increased during cleavage, reaching the highest values in the 8-cell ovum. Lamellar structures were the most voluminous part of the cytoplasm of the segmenting ovum at all stages. Their volumetric density, however, decreased during the course of cleavage. Lipid droplets occur in very small quantities in the 1- to 4-cell ova, but at later stages their volumetric density increased. Our findings underline the importance of acquiring quantitative information about changes in cell organelle populations for assessing morphological and functional relationships during the early stages of cleavage of the ovum.", "contents": "A quantitative analysis of the incidence of certain cytoplasmic structures in the ovum of the rat during cleavage. The volumetric density of most cytoplasmic organelles in the segmenting ovum of the rat was determined by morphometric techniques described by Weibel, at the 1-, 2-, 4-, and 8-cell stages, and at the early and late blastocyst stages. During the course of cleavage, the volumetric density of mitochondria remained practically unchanged. The volumetric density of the Golgi complex complex was too small to permit assessment of the differences between the individual stages of development. Significant changes were found in both granular and agranular endoplasmic reticulum, secondary lysosomes, multivesicular bodies, lamellar structures and lipid droplets. Granular endoplasmic reticulum was first observed as late as the 8-cell ovum stage and its volumetric density increased further in the early and late blastocysts. The relative volume of agranular endoplasmic reticulum was highest in the 1-cell ovum and decreased during the course of cleavage. The same is true for multivesicular bodies. The volumetric density of secondary lysosomes increased during cleavage, reaching the highest values in the 8-cell ovum. Lamellar structures were the most voluminous part of the cytoplasm of the segmenting ovum at all stages. Their volumetric density, however, decreased during the course of cleavage. Lipid droplets occur in very small quantities in the 1- to 4-cell ova, but at later stages their volumetric density increased. Our findings underline the importance of acquiring quantitative information about changes in cell organelle populations for assessing morphological and functional relationships during the early stages of cleavage of the ovum.", "PMID": 862008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14001", "title": "Freeze-fracture analysis of junctional complexes in the nephron of the garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis.", "content": "Zonulae occludentes are shown by freeze-fracture to be pleomorphic along the garter snake nephron. In the neck and proximal segments the occluding junctions are moderately complex with frequent discontinuities in their junctional fibrils. Junctional depth and complexity are maximal in the distal and collecting segments and discontinuities in fibrils are absent. Comparison of these results with similar observations on other tissues indicates that the zonulae occludentes in the neck and proximal segments are \"intermediate\" to \"leaky\" and that they may be \"very light\" in the distal and collecting segments. The findings suggest that in the garter snake nephron transepithelial flow of fluid may occur primarily by passive diffusion through the zonulae occludentes in the neck and proximal segments and by cell-mediated osmotic flow in the distal and collecting segments. Gap junctions occur only in the proximal tubule and areprobably involved in low resistance, intercellular movement of ions.", "contents": "Freeze-fracture analysis of junctional complexes in the nephron of the garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis. Zonulae occludentes are shown by freeze-fracture to be pleomorphic along the garter snake nephron. In the neck and proximal segments the occluding junctions are moderately complex with frequent discontinuities in their junctional fibrils. Junctional depth and complexity are maximal in the distal and collecting segments and discontinuities in fibrils are absent. Comparison of these results with similar observations on other tissues indicates that the zonulae occludentes in the neck and proximal segments are \"intermediate\" to \"leaky\" and that they may be \"very light\" in the distal and collecting segments. The findings suggest that in the garter snake nephron transepithelial flow of fluid may occur primarily by passive diffusion through the zonulae occludentes in the neck and proximal segments and by cell-mediated osmotic flow in the distal and collecting segments. Gap junctions occur only in the proximal tubule and areprobably involved in low resistance, intercellular movement of ions.", "PMID": 862009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14002", "title": "Effects of cytochalasin B on pancreatic acinar cell structure and secretion.", "content": "The effects of cytochalasin B (CB) on pancreatic structure and amylase release were studied by use of pancreatic fragments, isolated acini and isolated acinar cells. In pancreatic fragments and isolated acini CB caused the disappearance of microfilaments underlying the apical plasma membrane, loss of apical microvilli and luminal swelling, the last of which was greatly enhanced by addition of protein secretagogues. CB had no effect on basal amylase release but inhibited bethanechol-stimulated amylase in both fragments and acini. Isolated acinar cells, while retaining overall polarity, had lost most of the apical specialization including the microfilament and microvillous complex. Cells were still able to release amylase in response to bethanechol but this release was not affected by CB. The only structural effect of CB on isolated cells was margination of zymogen granules against the plasma membrane. This was, however, not accompanied by increased amylase release. It is concluded that microfilaments are important in maintaining the pancreatic acinar structure. Interference with this structure by CB leads to inhibition of bethanechol-stimulated amylase release. Microfilaments, however, may not play a direct role in secretion.", "contents": "Effects of cytochalasin B on pancreatic acinar cell structure and secretion. The effects of cytochalasin B (CB) on pancreatic structure and amylase release were studied by use of pancreatic fragments, isolated acini and isolated acinar cells. In pancreatic fragments and isolated acini CB caused the disappearance of microfilaments underlying the apical plasma membrane, loss of apical microvilli and luminal swelling, the last of which was greatly enhanced by addition of protein secretagogues. CB had no effect on basal amylase release but inhibited bethanechol-stimulated amylase in both fragments and acini. Isolated acinar cells, while retaining overall polarity, had lost most of the apical specialization including the microfilament and microvillous complex. Cells were still able to release amylase in response to bethanechol but this release was not affected by CB. The only structural effect of CB on isolated cells was margination of zymogen granules against the plasma membrane. This was, however, not accompanied by increased amylase release. It is concluded that microfilaments are important in maintaining the pancreatic acinar structure. Interference with this structure by CB leads to inhibition of bethanechol-stimulated amylase release. Microfilaments, however, may not play a direct role in secretion.", "PMID": 862010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14003", "title": "Prevention by vitamin A of the occurrence of permanent vaginal changes in neonatally estrogen-treated mice. An electron microscopic study.", "content": "Ovary-indepedent (estrogen-independent) irreversible proliferation and cornification on the vaginal epithelium in ovariectomized mice caused by neonatal injections of 20 microng estradiol-17 beta (E2) was suppressed by injections of 200 IU vitamin A acetate (VA) given simultaneously with E2. More than 2 months after the combined treatment were required for the suppression. A new type of cell of low electron density (Light cells) appeared at 40-120 days of age on the basal lamina of the vaginal epithelium in neonatally E2 plus VA-treated ovariectomized mice only at 50 days. Light cells contained small amounts of organelles. Columnar basal cells resembling those in normal estrous mice were also found in the E2 plus VA-treatedmice at 70-120 days. In one of the 120-day-old, E2 plus VA-treated mice, the epithelium consisted of only 2-3 layers of cells. Neither Light cells nor columnar cells were found in the atrophic epithelium.", "contents": "Prevention by vitamin A of the occurrence of permanent vaginal changes in neonatally estrogen-treated mice. An electron microscopic study. Ovary-indepedent (estrogen-independent) irreversible proliferation and cornification on the vaginal epithelium in ovariectomized mice caused by neonatal injections of 20 microng estradiol-17 beta (E2) was suppressed by injections of 200 IU vitamin A acetate (VA) given simultaneously with E2. More than 2 months after the combined treatment were required for the suppression. A new type of cell of low electron density (Light cells) appeared at 40-120 days of age on the basal lamina of the vaginal epithelium in neonatally E2 plus VA-treated ovariectomized mice only at 50 days. Light cells contained small amounts of organelles. Columnar basal cells resembling those in normal estrous mice were also found in the E2 plus VA-treatedmice at 70-120 days. In one of the 120-day-old, E2 plus VA-treated mice, the epithelium consisted of only 2-3 layers of cells. Neither Light cells nor columnar cells were found in the atrophic epithelium.", "PMID": 862011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14004", "title": "Outgrowth in vitro of cervical epithelium separated from the uterovaginal anlage of newborn mice. An ultrastructural study.", "content": "After gently trypsinization, the pseudostratified columnar M\u00fcllerian epithelium that lines the uterine cervix of newborn mice could be separated from the enclosing stromal tissue Pure epithelial tubes explanted in vitro and were allowed to grow in a standard medium for 3-4 days forming a confluent colony of rather closely-fitting cells. The cell sheet was studied by a preparatory technique that allows examination of a large number of cells with preserved intercellular spatial orientation. Attempts were made to identify cultured cells according to the morphology of cell types in the cervicovaginal epithelium in vivo. Electron micrographs revealed that, close to the explant, the cultured cell sheet exhibited several features similar to the M\u00fcllerian epithelium in vivo. Outside these central areas of the colony was a broad transitional zone consisting of thin platelike cells distinguished by an abundance of microfilaments. At the periphery of the colonies, bulky cells possessing microvilli and a vacuolated cytoplasm tended to overlpa adjoining platelike cells. These bulky cells had a morphology resembling that of the superficial cells seen in the upper vagina and common cervical canal of immature and diestrous animals. The epithelial development in the cultures apparently simulated the transformation iatified epithelium resembling that of the uppermost vagina and common cervical canal of immature animals. Judged by morphological and cytochemical criteria, the M\u00fcllerian cells in the out-growth obviously had many changed features. It thus seems questionable wheter the cells grown in vitro are comparable with the corresponding cells in vivo when used for experiments requiring the corresponding of the culture environment.", "contents": "Outgrowth in vitro of cervical epithelium separated from the uterovaginal anlage of newborn mice. An ultrastructural study. After gently trypsinization, the pseudostratified columnar M\u00fcllerian epithelium that lines the uterine cervix of newborn mice could be separated from the enclosing stromal tissue Pure epithelial tubes explanted in vitro and were allowed to grow in a standard medium for 3-4 days forming a confluent colony of rather closely-fitting cells. The cell sheet was studied by a preparatory technique that allows examination of a large number of cells with preserved intercellular spatial orientation. Attempts were made to identify cultured cells according to the morphology of cell types in the cervicovaginal epithelium in vivo. Electron micrographs revealed that, close to the explant, the cultured cell sheet exhibited several features similar to the M\u00fcllerian epithelium in vivo. Outside these central areas of the colony was a broad transitional zone consisting of thin platelike cells distinguished by an abundance of microfilaments. At the periphery of the colonies, bulky cells possessing microvilli and a vacuolated cytoplasm tended to overlpa adjoining platelike cells. These bulky cells had a morphology resembling that of the superficial cells seen in the upper vagina and common cervical canal of immature and diestrous animals. The epithelial development in the cultures apparently simulated the transformation iatified epithelium resembling that of the uppermost vagina and common cervical canal of immature animals. Judged by morphological and cytochemical criteria, the M\u00fcllerian cells in the out-growth obviously had many changed features. It thus seems questionable wheter the cells grown in vitro are comparable with the corresponding cells in vivo when used for experiments requiring the corresponding of the culture environment.", "PMID": 862012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14005", "title": "Axon regeneration across the site of injury in the optic nerve of the newt Triturus pyrrhogaster.", "content": "The process by which axons regenerate following a freeze injury to the optic nerve of the newt was analyzed by light and electron microscopy. Freezing destroys cellular constituents in a one millimeter segment of the nerve, leaving intact the basal lamina and the blood supply to the eye. No axons are seen at the site of injury one to seven days post lesion. This contrasts with the persistence of normal-appearing but severed unmyelinated axons within the cranial stump which thus give a false appearance of early regeneration. The first axon sprouts traverse the lesion and enter the cranial strump by ten days. The number of regenerating axons increases rapidly thereafter with no signs of random growth at the site of injury. These axon sprouts tend to be somewhat larger than normal unmyelinated axons and contain dense core vesicles and abnormal organelles similar to those in growing axons in tissue culture. The persisting basal lamina inside the optic sheath appears to provide continuity across the site of injury, to orient axon sprouts, and to favor an orderly process of axon regeneration without neuroma formation.", "contents": "Axon regeneration across the site of injury in the optic nerve of the newt Triturus pyrrhogaster. The process by which axons regenerate following a freeze injury to the optic nerve of the newt was analyzed by light and electron microscopy. Freezing destroys cellular constituents in a one millimeter segment of the nerve, leaving intact the basal lamina and the blood supply to the eye. No axons are seen at the site of injury one to seven days post lesion. This contrasts with the persistence of normal-appearing but severed unmyelinated axons within the cranial stump which thus give a false appearance of early regeneration. The first axon sprouts traverse the lesion and enter the cranial strump by ten days. The number of regenerating axons increases rapidly thereafter with no signs of random growth at the site of injury. These axon sprouts tend to be somewhat larger than normal unmyelinated axons and contain dense core vesicles and abnormal organelles similar to those in growing axons in tissue culture. The persisting basal lamina inside the optic sheath appears to provide continuity across the site of injury, to orient axon sprouts, and to favor an orderly process of axon regeneration without neuroma formation.", "PMID": 862013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14006", "title": "On the fine structure of polyribosomes.", "content": "The ultrastructural morphology of ribosomes was studied in tissue sections of rat uterus using defferent fixatives (acrolein formaldehyde, acetic acid, methanol-acetic acid, OsO4) after various pre-incubations in solutions of different osmolarity, electrolyte content, and pH. In addition, whole-mount ribosomes of spread cytoplasm of epithelial cells were examined. The results indicate: Ribosomes are \"thickenings\" in the course of a cytoplasmic RNP-network which extends in three dimensions between nucleus and plasma membranes. This network consists of fibrils which vary in width depending on intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Often the fibril width is approx. 100 A. In places where the fibril is folded up into ribosomal \"granules\" and strands the width may be 300 A. Each fibril seems to be composed of two elementary filaments, 10 A up to 40 A thick. Estimation of filament length within a ribosomal \"granule\" allowed the conclusion that only a fraction of a 45 S-RNA filament is folded up into a \"ribosome\" in cytological preparations. No morphological evidence was found for clefts within ribosomes or single messenger RNA filaments \"piercing\" ribosomes. Filaments of membrane-bound ribosomes appearently show continuities with fibrils within the cytoplasmic matrix on the one side and with filaments within the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum on the other. Ribosomal filaments of stromal cells also seen to have filamentous continuities with extracellular fibrils. This morphological evidence opens new perspectives concerning the role of RNA filaments in protein synthesis.", "contents": "On the fine structure of polyribosomes. The ultrastructural morphology of ribosomes was studied in tissue sections of rat uterus using defferent fixatives (acrolein formaldehyde, acetic acid, methanol-acetic acid, OsO4) after various pre-incubations in solutions of different osmolarity, electrolyte content, and pH. In addition, whole-mount ribosomes of spread cytoplasm of epithelial cells were examined. The results indicate: Ribosomes are \"thickenings\" in the course of a cytoplasmic RNP-network which extends in three dimensions between nucleus and plasma membranes. This network consists of fibrils which vary in width depending on intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Often the fibril width is approx. 100 A. In places where the fibril is folded up into ribosomal \"granules\" and strands the width may be 300 A. Each fibril seems to be composed of two elementary filaments, 10 A up to 40 A thick. Estimation of filament length within a ribosomal \"granule\" allowed the conclusion that only a fraction of a 45 S-RNA filament is folded up into a \"ribosome\" in cytological preparations. No morphological evidence was found for clefts within ribosomes or single messenger RNA filaments \"piercing\" ribosomes. Filaments of membrane-bound ribosomes appearently show continuities with fibrils within the cytoplasmic matrix on the one side and with filaments within the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum on the other. Ribosomal filaments of stromal cells also seen to have filamentous continuities with extracellular fibrils. This morphological evidence opens new perspectives concerning the role of RNA filaments in protein synthesis.", "PMID": 862014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14007", "title": "Intermolecular duplexes in heterogeneous nuclear RNA from HeLa cells.", "content": "Rapidly sedimenting hnRNA complexes contain regions of stable intermolecular duplex. Disruption of such complexes, as judged by a reduction in sedimentation rate, requires conditions sufficient to denature the duplex regions. Rapidly sedimenting molecules reappear only when the complementary sequences reanneal-that is, the formation of such complexes is dependent upon time and the concentration of homologous RNA. These experiments lead us to the conclusion that rapidly sedimenting hnRNA complexes consist of two or more largely single-stranded RNA molecules held together by short duplex regions. Precisely such structures have been visualized in the electron microscope. Rapidly sedimenting fractions of native nuclear RNA from preparative sucrose gradients consist primarily of large, multi-molecular complexes interconnected by duplex regions averaging 300 base pairs in length. Exposure of the RNA to severely denaturing conditions eliminates such complexes. Reannealing of the RNA reconstitutes complexes which are indistinguishable from those observed in preparations before denaturation.", "contents": "Intermolecular duplexes in heterogeneous nuclear RNA from HeLa cells. Rapidly sedimenting hnRNA complexes contain regions of stable intermolecular duplex. Disruption of such complexes, as judged by a reduction in sedimentation rate, requires conditions sufficient to denature the duplex regions. Rapidly sedimenting molecules reappear only when the complementary sequences reanneal-that is, the formation of such complexes is dependent upon time and the concentration of homologous RNA. These experiments lead us to the conclusion that rapidly sedimenting hnRNA complexes consist of two or more largely single-stranded RNA molecules held together by short duplex regions. Precisely such structures have been visualized in the electron microscope. Rapidly sedimenting fractions of native nuclear RNA from preparative sucrose gradients consist primarily of large, multi-molecular complexes interconnected by duplex regions averaging 300 base pairs in length. Exposure of the RNA to severely denaturing conditions eliminates such complexes. Reannealing of the RNA reconstitutes complexes which are indistinguishable from those observed in preparations before denaturation.", "PMID": 862021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14008", "title": "The definition of a large viral transcription unit late in Ad2 infection of HeLa cells: mapping of nascent RNA molecules labeled in isolated nuclei.", "content": "Nuclei isolated from HeLa cells 15 hr after infection with Ad2 synthesize an RNA transcript approximately 25 KB long, beginning between 0.2 and 0.3 on the physical map and extending to (or close to) the right end of the genome. The majority (60-92%) of the RNA transcribed from fragments between 0.2 and 1.0 is synthesized as part of this large molecule which represents the major product of late Ad2 RNA synthesis. Smaller transcripts are also formed mainly from the left end of the Ad2 genome.", "contents": "The definition of a large viral transcription unit late in Ad2 infection of HeLa cells: mapping of nascent RNA molecules labeled in isolated nuclei. Nuclei isolated from HeLa cells 15 hr after infection with Ad2 synthesize an RNA transcript approximately 25 KB long, beginning between 0.2 and 0.3 on the physical map and extending to (or close to) the right end of the genome. The majority (60-92%) of the RNA transcribed from fragments between 0.2 and 1.0 is synthesized as part of this large molecule which represents the major product of late Ad2 RNA synthesis. Smaller transcripts are also formed mainly from the left end of the Ad2 genome.", "PMID": 862022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14009", "title": "The definition of a large viral transcription unit late in Ad2 infection of HeLa cells: mapping by effects of ultraviolet irradiation.", "content": "The synthesis of Ad2-specific nuclear RNA in HeLa cells 15 hr post-infection has been examined after ultraviolet irradiation. The synthesis of RNA complementary to various segments of Ad2 DNA is decreased differentially, with the most sensitive region at the right end of the physical map and the most resistant in the region from 0 up to 0.2-0.3 (20-30% from the left end of the genome). For a given ultraviolet dose, the amount of labeled RNA homologous to various DNA fragments decreased exponentially from map position 0.2-0.3 to 1.0. These results suggest that a major transcriptional unit late in Ad2 infection is a rightward-transcribing unit between 0.0-0.3 and 1.0.", "contents": "The definition of a large viral transcription unit late in Ad2 infection of HeLa cells: mapping by effects of ultraviolet irradiation. The synthesis of Ad2-specific nuclear RNA in HeLa cells 15 hr post-infection has been examined after ultraviolet irradiation. The synthesis of RNA complementary to various segments of Ad2 DNA is decreased differentially, with the most sensitive region at the right end of the physical map and the most resistant in the region from 0 up to 0.2-0.3 (20-30% from the left end of the genome). For a given ultraviolet dose, the amount of labeled RNA homologous to various DNA fragments decreased exponentially from map position 0.2-0.3 to 1.0. These results suggest that a major transcriptional unit late in Ad2 infection is a rightward-transcribing unit between 0.0-0.3 and 1.0.", "PMID": 862023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14010", "title": "Variation in chromatin structure in two cell types from the same tissue: a short DNA repeat length in cerebral cortex neurons.", "content": "We have used micrococcal nuclease as a probe of the repeating structure of chromatin in four nuclear populations from three tissues of the rabbit. Neuronal nuclei isolated from the cerebral cortex contain about 160 base pairs of DNA in the chromatin repeat unit, as compared with about 200 base pairs for nonastrocytic glial cell nuclei from the same tissue, neuronal nuclei from the cerebellum and liver nuclei. All four types of nuclei show the same features of nucleosomal organization as other eucaryotic nuclei so far studied: nucleosomes liberated by digestion with micrococcal nuclease give a \"core particle\" containing 140 base pairs as a metastable intermediate on further digestion and a series of single-strand DNA fragments which are mutiples of 10 bases after digestion with DNAase I. Nuclei from cerebral cortex neurons, which have a short repeat, are distinct from the others in being larger, in having a higher proportion of euchromatin (dispersed chromatin) as judged by microscopy and in being more active in RNA synthesis in vitro.", "contents": "Variation in chromatin structure in two cell types from the same tissue: a short DNA repeat length in cerebral cortex neurons. We have used micrococcal nuclease as a probe of the repeating structure of chromatin in four nuclear populations from three tissues of the rabbit. Neuronal nuclei isolated from the cerebral cortex contain about 160 base pairs of DNA in the chromatin repeat unit, as compared with about 200 base pairs for nonastrocytic glial cell nuclei from the same tissue, neuronal nuclei from the cerebellum and liver nuclei. All four types of nuclei show the same features of nucleosomal organization as other eucaryotic nuclei so far studied: nucleosomes liberated by digestion with micrococcal nuclease give a \"core particle\" containing 140 base pairs as a metastable intermediate on further digestion and a series of single-strand DNA fragments which are mutiples of 10 bases after digestion with DNAase I. Nuclei from cerebral cortex neurons, which have a short repeat, are distinct from the others in being larger, in having a higher proportion of euchromatin (dispersed chromatin) as judged by microscopy and in being more active in RNA synthesis in vitro.", "PMID": 862024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14011", "title": "In vitro traits of adenovirus-transformed cell lines and their relevance to tumorigenicity in nude mice.", "content": "Six independently isolated adenovirus 2-transformed rat cell lines and one adenovirus 5-transformed human cell line have been examined in vitro for serum growth requirements, saturation density, anchorage-independent growth, proteolytic enzyme activity and the presence of LETS glycoprotein and T antigen. This series of adenovirus-transformed cell lines exhibits an oncogeni spectrum ranging from being tumorigenic in immunocompetent rats through to nontumorigenic in adult nude mice. The relevance of the in vitro findings to growth potential in vivo is discussed.", "contents": "In vitro traits of adenovirus-transformed cell lines and their relevance to tumorigenicity in nude mice. Six independently isolated adenovirus 2-transformed rat cell lines and one adenovirus 5-transformed human cell line have been examined in vitro for serum growth requirements, saturation density, anchorage-independent growth, proteolytic enzyme activity and the presence of LETS glycoprotein and T antigen. This series of adenovirus-transformed cell lines exhibits an oncogeni spectrum ranging from being tumorigenic in immunocompetent rats through to nontumorigenic in adult nude mice. The relevance of the in vitro findings to growth potential in vivo is discussed.", "PMID": 862025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14012", "title": "Testis-determining H-Y antigen in XO males of the mole-vole (Ellobius lutescens).", "content": "The XO sex chromosome constitution has been found in both sexes of the mole-vole (Ellobius lutescens) belonging to the rodent family Microtinae. This enigmatic species has apparently been enduring a 50% zygotic lethality. The current serological study revealed the presence in XO males and the absence from XO females of H-Y (histocompatibility Y) antigen. In all the mammalian species studied thus far, the expression of H-Y antigen strictly coincided with the presence of testicular tissue and not necessarily with the presence of the Y chromosome. The testis-organizing function of the H-Y gene appears to have been confirmed. In the mole-vole, X linkage of the testis-organizing H-Y gene is favored over its autosomal inheritance. Only X linkage of the H-Y gene creates a compelling evolutionary need to change the female sex chromosome constitution from XX to XO, and to abandon the dosage compensation by an X inactivation mechanism, so that the nonproductive XH-YX zygote can be eliminated as an embryonic lethal. With regard to the electrophoretic mobilities of three X-linked marker enzymes, however, a genetic difference between the male-specific XH-Y and the female-specific X was not detected. This might reflect a relatively recent speciation.", "contents": "Testis-determining H-Y antigen in XO males of the mole-vole (Ellobius lutescens). The XO sex chromosome constitution has been found in both sexes of the mole-vole (Ellobius lutescens) belonging to the rodent family Microtinae. This enigmatic species has apparently been enduring a 50% zygotic lethality. The current serological study revealed the presence in XO males and the absence from XO females of H-Y (histocompatibility Y) antigen. In all the mammalian species studied thus far, the expression of H-Y antigen strictly coincided with the presence of testicular tissue and not necessarily with the presence of the Y chromosome. The testis-organizing function of the H-Y gene appears to have been confirmed. In the mole-vole, X linkage of the testis-organizing H-Y gene is favored over its autosomal inheritance. Only X linkage of the H-Y gene creates a compelling evolutionary need to change the female sex chromosome constitution from XX to XO, and to abandon the dosage compensation by an X inactivation mechanism, so that the nonproductive XH-YX zygote can be eliminated as an embryonic lethal. With regard to the electrophoretic mobilities of three X-linked marker enzymes, however, a genetic difference between the male-specific XH-Y and the female-specific X was not detected. This might reflect a relatively recent speciation.", "PMID": 862027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14013", "title": "Retinyl acetate modulation of cell growth kinetics and carcinogen--cellular interaction in mouse epidermal cell cultures.", "content": "Exposure of mouse epidermal cell cultures to beta-retinyl acetate (RA) affects a number of parameters presumed to be important in chemical carcinogenesis. (1) RA alters the course of differentiation of the epidermal cells in culture resulting in a reduced rate of cell death which normally follows cellular maturation during the first two weeks in culture. The extended life span of the cultures appeared due to prolonged survival of cells and not to increased growth rate since RA inhibited the rate of cellular proliferation. This inhibition took place only after completion of a full cell cycle in the presence of RA. (2) DNA repair in response to physical and chemical agents was quantitatively unaffected in the presence of RA. (3) The activity of constitutive aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) was slightly decreased after exposure to RA but the level of enzyme induced by benz[a]anthracene was strongly reduced to 20% of the controls. (4) In the presence of RA, binding of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene to epidermal cell DNA was markedly decreased. In contrast, binding to cellular protein was significantly increased by the retinoid.", "contents": "Retinyl acetate modulation of cell growth kinetics and carcinogen--cellular interaction in mouse epidermal cell cultures. Exposure of mouse epidermal cell cultures to beta-retinyl acetate (RA) affects a number of parameters presumed to be important in chemical carcinogenesis. (1) RA alters the course of differentiation of the epidermal cells in culture resulting in a reduced rate of cell death which normally follows cellular maturation during the first two weeks in culture. The extended life span of the cultures appeared due to prolonged survival of cells and not to increased growth rate since RA inhibited the rate of cellular proliferation. This inhibition took place only after completion of a full cell cycle in the presence of RA. (2) DNA repair in response to physical and chemical agents was quantitatively unaffected in the presence of RA. (3) The activity of constitutive aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) was slightly decreased after exposure to RA but the level of enzyme induced by benz[a]anthracene was strongly reduced to 20% of the controls. (4) In the presence of RA, binding of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene to epidermal cell DNA was markedly decreased. In contrast, binding to cellular protein was significantly increased by the retinoid.", "PMID": 862128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14014", "title": "Interaction of cis- and trans-dichlorodiammine-platinum(II) with synthetic polydeoxyribonucleotides: effect of equilibrium buoyant densities.", "content": "Equilibrium buoyant densities in CS2SO4 of four synthetic double-stranded polydeoxyribonucleotides were compared following reaction with either cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2, trans-Pt(NH3)2Cl2 or PtCl4. While both Pt(NH3)2Cl2 isomers caused significant increases in the buoyant densities (rho) of the two G + C polymers, the cis- isomer increased the rho of poly [d(G-C)] and the trans- isomer increased the rho of poly(dG) - poly(dC) more sharply than the corresponding isomer at low molar ratios of metal ion to polymer. Chloroplatinic acid was without effect. Only cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2 produced substantial increases in the rho of poly[d(A-T)] and poly(dA) - poly(dT) with increasing metal ion concentrations. These increases were accompanied by a proportional decrease in the thermal transition temperature (Tm) of poly(dA)-poly(dT) and a sharp increase in the Tm of poly[d(A-T)]. Our results indicate  that the cis- isomer reacts with all four polymers to produce rho changes clearly distinct from those values observed after reaction with either the trans- isomer or PtCl4. These results help explain the observation by others that the cis- isomer produces greater rho changes in native DNA than the trans- isomer. On the basis of our data and the published results of others, one may rationalize the quantitative differences between the cis- and trans-compounds of the buoyant densities of naturally occurring DNA; however, additional studies are clearly needed.", "contents": "Interaction of cis- and trans-dichlorodiammine-platinum(II) with synthetic polydeoxyribonucleotides: effect of equilibrium buoyant densities. Equilibrium buoyant densities in CS2SO4 of four synthetic double-stranded polydeoxyribonucleotides were compared following reaction with either cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2, trans-Pt(NH3)2Cl2 or PtCl4. While both Pt(NH3)2Cl2 isomers caused significant increases in the buoyant densities (rho) of the two G + C polymers, the cis- isomer increased the rho of poly [d(G-C)] and the trans- isomer increased the rho of poly(dG) - poly(dC) more sharply than the corresponding isomer at low molar ratios of metal ion to polymer. Chloroplatinic acid was without effect. Only cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2 produced substantial increases in the rho of poly[d(A-T)] and poly(dA) - poly(dT) with increasing metal ion concentrations. These increases were accompanied by a proportional decrease in the thermal transition temperature (Tm) of poly(dA)-poly(dT) and a sharp increase in the Tm of poly[d(A-T)]. Our results indicate  that the cis- isomer reacts with all four polymers to produce rho changes clearly distinct from those values observed after reaction with either the trans- isomer or PtCl4. These results help explain the observation by others that the cis- isomer produces greater rho changes in native DNA than the trans- isomer. On the basis of our data and the published results of others, one may rationalize the quantitative differences between the cis- and trans-compounds of the buoyant densities of naturally occurring DNA; however, additional studies are clearly needed.", "PMID": 862129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14015", "title": "The accumulation of O6-methylguanine in the liver and kidney DNA of rats treated with dimethylinitrosamine for a short or a long period.", "content": "A large dose of dimethylnitrosamine was administered to rats by two different dosing regimens, one being eleven intraperitoneal injections of 5 mg/kg body wt. at 12-h intervals (a dosing regimen strongly carcinogenic for the kidney but not the liver), and the other being a continuous dosing over several weeks by adding 8.5 mg of dimethylnitrosamine to each litre of drinking water giving an approximate daily dose of 0.7 mg/kg body wt. This treatment is known to be strongly carcinogenic for the liver but not the kidney. The accumulation in DNA of liver and kidney of the methylated purines 7-methylguanine and O6-methylguanine under each regimen were measured and compared. With the eleven-injection regimen there was a build up of O6-methylguanine in the DNA of the susceptible organ, the kidney, whilst in the liver virtually no accumulation was detected. Under the prolonged, low concentration regimen the liver, in spite of its susceptibility to the carcinogen did not accumulate o6-methylguanine. The results are discussed in terms of the hypothesis that production of o6-methylguanine and its persistence in the DNA of the target organ are responsible for the carcinogenic action of dimethylnitrosamine.", "contents": "The accumulation of O6-methylguanine in the liver and kidney DNA of rats treated with dimethylinitrosamine for a short or a long period. A large dose of dimethylnitrosamine was administered to rats by two different dosing regimens, one being eleven intraperitoneal injections of 5 mg/kg body wt. at 12-h intervals (a dosing regimen strongly carcinogenic for the kidney but not the liver), and the other being a continuous dosing over several weeks by adding 8.5 mg of dimethylnitrosamine to each litre of drinking water giving an approximate daily dose of 0.7 mg/kg body wt. This treatment is known to be strongly carcinogenic for the liver but not the kidney. The accumulation in DNA of liver and kidney of the methylated purines 7-methylguanine and O6-methylguanine under each regimen were measured and compared. With the eleven-injection regimen there was a build up of O6-methylguanine in the DNA of the susceptible organ, the kidney, whilst in the liver virtually no accumulation was detected. Under the prolonged, low concentration regimen the liver, in spite of its susceptibility to the carcinogen did not accumulate o6-methylguanine. The results are discussed in terms of the hypothesis that production of o6-methylguanine and its persistence in the DNA of the target organ are responsible for the carcinogenic action of dimethylnitrosamine.", "PMID": 862131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14016", "title": "Some observations on the chemical and stereochemical specificity of the de-alkylation of organophosphorus esters by a hepatic glutathione transferase.", "content": "Hepatic glutathione (GSH) S-methyl transferase from rabbit, pig and dog demethylates dimethyl phosphate triesters. No stereospecificity towards racemic ethyl methyl 2-chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)vinyl phosphate could be demonstrated but the enzyme exhibited some selectivity towards the (+) and (-) forms of O-methyl S-methyl 1-naphthyl phosphorothiolate. Pig liver enzyme, purified 30-fold, demethylated th  prochiral substrate dimethyl 1-naphthyl phosphorothionate with 90% stero-selectivity.", "contents": "Some observations on the chemical and stereochemical specificity of the de-alkylation of organophosphorus esters by a hepatic glutathione transferase. Hepatic glutathione (GSH) S-methyl transferase from rabbit, pig and dog demethylates dimethyl phosphate triesters. No stereospecificity towards racemic ethyl methyl 2-chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)vinyl phosphate could be demonstrated but the enzyme exhibited some selectivity towards the (+) and (-) forms of O-methyl S-methyl 1-naphthyl phosphorothiolate. Pig liver enzyme, purified 30-fold, demethylated th  prochiral substrate dimethyl 1-naphthyl phosphorothionate with 90% stero-selectivity.", "PMID": 862132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14017", "title": "Excision of O6-methylguanine from DNA of various mouse tissues following a single injection of N-methyl-Nitrosourea.", "content": "The persistence of O6-methylguanine produced by a single dose of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) was determined in DNA of various murine tissues and compared with the location of tumours induced by MNU and related alkylating carcinogens in this species. A/J and C3HeB/FeJ mice received a single intravenous injection of MNU (10 mg/kg) and were killed at different time intervals ranging from 4 h to 7 days. The rate rate of loss of O6-methylguanine from brain DNA was considerably slower than from liver DNA; tumours have been found in both organs after administration of MNU and other alkylnitrosoureas. There was no difference in the rate of excision from cerebral DNA of A/J and C3HeB/FeJ mice, although these strains differ significantly in their susceptibility to the neurooncogenic effect of MNU and related carcinogens. Excision of O6-methylguanine from hepatic DNA was significantly slower in A/J than in C3HeB/FeJ mice; both strains habe been found to develop hepatic carcinomas following MNU administration. Seven days after the injection of 3H-MNU, O6-methylguanine concentrations were highest in brain and lung DNA, lowest in the liver, and intermediate in kidney, spleen, small intestine and stomach. The lung is a principal target organ for tumour induction by MNU and other carcinogens in mice; however, neural tumours are usually induced at a low incidence. The results obtained do not contradict the hypothesis that O6-alkylation of guanine in DNA is a critical event in the initiation of tumour induction by alkylating agents. However, the location of tumours produced in mice does not seem to depend solely on the formation and persistence of O6-alkylguanine in DNA.", "contents": "Excision of O6-methylguanine from DNA of various mouse tissues following a single injection of N-methyl-Nitrosourea. The persistence of O6-methylguanine produced by a single dose of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) was determined in DNA of various murine tissues and compared with the location of tumours induced by MNU and related alkylating carcinogens in this species. A/J and C3HeB/FeJ mice received a single intravenous injection of MNU (10 mg/kg) and were killed at different time intervals ranging from 4 h to 7 days. The rate rate of loss of O6-methylguanine from brain DNA was considerably slower than from liver DNA; tumours have been found in both organs after administration of MNU and other alkylnitrosoureas. There was no difference in the rate of excision from cerebral DNA of A/J and C3HeB/FeJ mice, although these strains differ significantly in their susceptibility to the neurooncogenic effect of MNU and related carcinogens. Excision of O6-methylguanine from hepatic DNA was significantly slower in A/J than in C3HeB/FeJ mice; both strains habe been found to develop hepatic carcinomas following MNU administration. Seven days after the injection of 3H-MNU, O6-methylguanine concentrations were highest in brain and lung DNA, lowest in the liver, and intermediate in kidney, spleen, small intestine and stomach. The lung is a principal target organ for tumour induction by MNU and other carcinogens in mice; however, neural tumours are usually induced at a low incidence. The results obtained do not contradict the hypothesis that O6-alkylation of guanine in DNA is a critical event in the initiation of tumour induction by alkylating agents. However, the location of tumours produced in mice does not seem to depend solely on the formation and persistence of O6-alkylguanine in DNA.", "PMID": 862133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14018", "title": "Membrane lipids as intracellular binders of chlorpromazine and related drugs.", "content": "Equilibrium dialysis studies with chlorpromazine (CPZ) showed affinity and binding capacity values which were not significantly different with the following binders: rat liver microsomes, mitochondria, mitochondrial membranes, brain synaptosomes, myelin vesicles, and red blood cell membranes. There was no binding to cytosol or mitochondrial matrix. The same binding values as above were obtained with protein-free liposomes of lipids extracted from microsomes, mitochondrial and red cell membranes and of pure egg lecithin. The binding values of the two classes of binding sites of all these preparations were K1=2.7+/-1.0-10(4) M-1, K2=3.8+/-1.7-10(3) M-1, C1=580+/-+/-230 and C1+2=1410+/-500 nmole/mg phospholipid. These values were not altered by elimination of the polar head groups of phospholipids with phospholipase C. The results were confirmed by a UV spectroscopic method whereby the strongest binding signals were obtained with CPZ in the presence of fatty acids such as oleate. It is concluded that the major intracellular binders of CPZ and related drugs are the nonpolar moieties of membrane phospholipids, whereby hydrophobic interactions are mainly involved.", "contents": "Membrane lipids as intracellular binders of chlorpromazine and related drugs. Equilibrium dialysis studies with chlorpromazine (CPZ) showed affinity and binding capacity values which were not significantly different with the following binders: rat liver microsomes, mitochondria, mitochondrial membranes, brain synaptosomes, myelin vesicles, and red blood cell membranes. There was no binding to cytosol or mitochondrial matrix. The same binding values as above were obtained with protein-free liposomes of lipids extracted from microsomes, mitochondrial and red cell membranes and of pure egg lecithin. The binding values of the two classes of binding sites of all these preparations were K1=2.7+/-1.0-10(4) M-1, K2=3.8+/-1.7-10(3) M-1, C1=580+/-+/-230 and C1+2=1410+/-500 nmole/mg phospholipid. These values were not altered by elimination of the polar head groups of phospholipids with phospholipase C. The results were confirmed by a UV spectroscopic method whereby the strongest binding signals were obtained with CPZ in the presence of fatty acids such as oleate. It is concluded that the major intracellular binders of CPZ and related drugs are the nonpolar moieties of membrane phospholipids, whereby hydrophobic interactions are mainly involved.", "PMID": 862134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14019", "title": "Rate-dependent changes in extracellular potassium in the rabbit atrium.", "content": "We measured levels of potassium ion in the extracellular space of isolated superfused rabbit atria continuously with double-barreled microelectrodes of which on barrel was a K+ liquid ion-exchanger microelectrode and the other a potential-sensing micropipette. Increases in heart rate resulted in transient increases in extracellular potassium ([K+]0). When the quiescent atrium was stimulated the maximal increase was 0.4 mM at rates of 60/min, 0.7 mM at 90/min, 0.9 mM at 120/min, 1.3 mM at 200/min, and 1.8 mM at 300/min. The increase was not sustained during continued stimulation but declined toward prestimulation levels. When the stimulus was terminated the extracellular potassium activity decreased below bathing solution values by 0.2 mM after 60/min, 0.5 mM after 90/min, 0.7 mM ater 120/min, 0.9 mM after 200/min, and 1.0 mM after 300/min and subsequently returned to a value equal to that of the bathing solution. The magnitude of the decline in extracellular potassium activity during prolonged stimulation was markedly decreased when the bathing solution contained either zero potassium, ouabain, LiCl, or a decreased Po2 such that an elevation in [K+]0 persisted during stimulation. Moreover, the reduction in [K+]0 that followed the cessation of stimulation also was inhibited. These results support a role of the Na-K pump in maintaining extracellular potassium activity during changes in cardiac rate.", "contents": "Rate-dependent changes in extracellular potassium in the rabbit atrium. We measured levels of potassium ion in the extracellular space of isolated superfused rabbit atria continuously with double-barreled microelectrodes of which on barrel was a K+ liquid ion-exchanger microelectrode and the other a potential-sensing micropipette. Increases in heart rate resulted in transient increases in extracellular potassium ([K+]0). When the quiescent atrium was stimulated the maximal increase was 0.4 mM at rates of 60/min, 0.7 mM at 90/min, 0.9 mM at 120/min, 1.3 mM at 200/min, and 1.8 mM at 300/min. The increase was not sustained during continued stimulation but declined toward prestimulation levels. When the stimulus was terminated the extracellular potassium activity decreased below bathing solution values by 0.2 mM after 60/min, 0.5 mM after 90/min, 0.7 mM ater 120/min, 0.9 mM after 200/min, and 1.0 mM after 300/min and subsequently returned to a value equal to that of the bathing solution. The magnitude of the decline in extracellular potassium activity during prolonged stimulation was markedly decreased when the bathing solution contained either zero potassium, ouabain, LiCl, or a decreased Po2 such that an elevation in [K+]0 persisted during stimulation. Moreover, the reduction in [K+]0 that followed the cessation of stimulation also was inhibited. These results support a role of the Na-K pump in maintaining extracellular potassium activity during changes in cardiac rate.", "PMID": 862135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14020", "title": "The aortic bodies supplied by coronary arteries in the dog. Their contribution to the hypertensive response that follows serotonin injection.", "content": "I assessed the role of the chemoreceptors (aortic bodies) supplied by the coronary arteries in the hypertensive response induced by left atrial injection of (200 microgram serotonin) in adult anesthetized dogs. I compared the pressor response induced by serotonin during normal coronary circulation with that during exclusion of the central coronary segments from which the coronary blood supply to the aortic bodies arises. Exclusion of the central segments reduced the pressor response significantly from the control responses. Exclusion of the coronary blood supply of the aortic bodies resulted in a reduction of the  control response of more than 50% in only two of the 21 dogs. I conclude that although the aortic bodies supplied by the coronary arteries play a significant role in the total hypertensive response to injected serotonin, their role usually is not predominant.", "contents": "The aortic bodies supplied by coronary arteries in the dog. Their contribution to the hypertensive response that follows serotonin injection. I assessed the role of the chemoreceptors (aortic bodies) supplied by the coronary arteries in the hypertensive response induced by left atrial injection of (200 microgram serotonin) in adult anesthetized dogs. I compared the pressor response induced by serotonin during normal coronary circulation with that during exclusion of the central coronary segments from which the coronary blood supply to the aortic bodies arises. Exclusion of the central segments reduced the pressor response significantly from the control responses. Exclusion of the coronary blood supply of the aortic bodies resulted in a reduction of the  control response of more than 50% in only two of the 21 dogs. I conclude that although the aortic bodies supplied by the coronary arteries play a significant role in the total hypertensive response to injected serotonin, their role usually is not predominant.", "PMID": 862142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14021", "title": "The canine heart as an electrocardiographic generator. Dependence on cardiac cell orientation.", "content": "Traditionally it is assumed that during cardiac depolarization the macroscopic current generators that produce electrocardiographic voltages can be represented as a uniform double-layer source, coincident with the macroscopic boundary between resting and depolarized cardiac fibers as measured with extracellular electrodes (\"uniform\" hypothesis). A segment of this boundary is thus considered as a current dipole oriented perpendicular to the boundary. We present evidence that, contrary to the above, the effective dipoles largely parallel the long axes of cardiac fibers (\"axial\" hypothesis). Calculated potentials in volume conductors differ markedly in the two cases. The magnitudes of rapid local \"intrinsic\" deflections also differ markedly. In our experiments, potential fields prodlced by stimulation at several cardiac sites and measured magnitudes of intrinsic deflections during normal depolarization and that caused by stimulation support the axial hypothesis and are incompatible with the uniform hypothesis. Our results suggest that axial orientation of sources is sufficiently strong so that predictions assuming the uniform hypothesis would be seriously in error, although the axial theory alone does not exactly describe all the measured potentials. Axial orientation of current generators must be considered in quantitative prediction of electrocardiographic potentials. tfurther study of the geometry of the intracellular depolarization boundary and its relation to fiber direction and to the frequency of lateral intercellular junctions is required to describe the generators exactly.", "contents": "The canine heart as an electrocardiographic generator. Dependence on cardiac cell orientation. Traditionally it is assumed that during cardiac depolarization the macroscopic current generators that produce electrocardiographic voltages can be represented as a uniform double-layer source, coincident with the macroscopic boundary between resting and depolarized cardiac fibers as measured with extracellular electrodes (\"uniform\" hypothesis). A segment of this boundary is thus considered as a current dipole oriented perpendicular to the boundary. We present evidence that, contrary to the above, the effective dipoles largely parallel the long axes of cardiac fibers (\"axial\" hypothesis). Calculated potentials in volume conductors differ markedly in the two cases. The magnitudes of rapid local \"intrinsic\" deflections also differ markedly. In our experiments, potential fields prodlced by stimulation at several cardiac sites and measured magnitudes of intrinsic deflections during normal depolarization and that caused by stimulation support the axial hypothesis and are incompatible with the uniform hypothesis. Our results suggest that axial orientation of sources is sufficiently strong so that predictions assuming the uniform hypothesis would be seriously in error, although the axial theory alone does not exactly describe all the measured potentials. Axial orientation of current generators must be considered in quantitative prediction of electrocardiographic potentials. tfurther study of the geometry of the intracellular depolarization boundary and its relation to fiber direction and to the frequency of lateral intercellular junctions is required to describe the generators exactly.", "PMID": 862144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14022", "title": "Hemodynamics of arterial stenoses at elevated flow rates.", "content": "This study is concerned with the pressure drop that develops across an arterial stenosis, with particular emphasis on the effect of the stenosis at high blood flow rates induced by a locally administered vasodilator drug. Stenoses, ranging in severity from 55.7% to 91.0% reduction in lumen area were artificially induced in the femoral and carotid arteries of large mongrel dogs. Instantaneous flow rates and pressure drops were measured over a wide range of flow conditions. Mean velocities varied from 3.9 to 88.8 cm/sec. Experimental data support the applicability of a relatively simple equation for predicting the pressure drop over this wide range of velocities and stenosis geometries. Results show that blood flow through a particular artery can increase by a large factor, in the range of 4-5, under conditions of vasodilation with a corresponding large decrease in pressure distal to the stenosis. The pressure drop increases in a nonlinear manner with velocity and thereby accentuates the importance of the stenosis at elevated flow rates. We suggest that a critical stenosis be defined in terms of its effect on maximal flow rather than resting flow.", "contents": "Hemodynamics of arterial stenoses at elevated flow rates. This study is concerned with the pressure drop that develops across an arterial stenosis, with particular emphasis on the effect of the stenosis at high blood flow rates induced by a locally administered vasodilator drug. Stenoses, ranging in severity from 55.7% to 91.0% reduction in lumen area were artificially induced in the femoral and carotid arteries of large mongrel dogs. Instantaneous flow rates and pressure drops were measured over a wide range of flow conditions. Mean velocities varied from 3.9 to 88.8 cm/sec. Experimental data support the applicability of a relatively simple equation for predicting the pressure drop over this wide range of velocities and stenosis geometries. Results show that blood flow through a particular artery can increase by a large factor, in the range of 4-5, under conditions of vasodilation with a corresponding large decrease in pressure distal to the stenosis. The pressure drop increases in a nonlinear manner with velocity and thereby accentuates the importance of the stenosis at elevated flow rates. We suggest that a critical stenosis be defined in terms of its effect on maximal flow rather than resting flow.", "PMID": 862148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14023", "title": "Angiographic determination of arterial patency after percutaneous catheterization in infants and small children.", "content": "Patency of the femoral artery of infants and children who previously had percutaneous arterial catheterization at a weight of less than 25 kg was studied angiographically. During the study period, 118 patients had repeat arterial catheterization. 48 from the opposite leg. Femoral artery occlusion was found in four patients, while 44 of the 48 studied from the opposite leg had complete patency. At the later study, all four with blockage were asymptomatic and possessed good pedal pulses, while two had decreased femoral pulsations. When events surrounding initial catheterization were retrospectively analyzed, three of four had decreased pedal pulsations beyond six hours. It is concluded that 3-8% of patients weighing less than 25 kg have arterial occlusion after catheterization. This complication may be entirely asymptomatic, but these patients will require continued observation for possible late vascular problems.", "contents": "Angiographic determination of arterial patency after percutaneous catheterization in infants and small children. Patency of the femoral artery of infants and children who previously had percutaneous arterial catheterization at a weight of less than 25 kg was studied angiographically. During the study period, 118 patients had repeat arterial catheterization. 48 from the opposite leg. Femoral artery occlusion was found in four patients, while 44 of the 48 studied from the opposite leg had complete patency. At the later study, all four with blockage were asymptomatic and possessed good pedal pulses, while two had decreased femoral pulsations. When events surrounding initial catheterization were retrospectively analyzed, three of four had decreased pedal pulsations beyond six hours. It is concluded that 3-8% of patients weighing less than 25 kg have arterial occlusion after catheterization. This complication may be entirely asymptomatic, but these patients will require continued observation for possible late vascular problems.", "PMID": 862150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14024", "title": "The effects of left ventricular load and contractility on mitral regurgitant orifice size and flow in the dog.", "content": "Acute mitral regurgitation (MR) was produced in 12 dogs by closed chest partial valvulectomy and the relative contributions of MR pressure gradient (MRG), the time for regurgitant flow (VSI), and the MR orifice area (MRA) to mitral regurgitant volume (MRV) assessed. Aortic and left atrial pressures, biplane left ventricular (LV) angiography, forward flow and mitral regurgitant flow (MRF) were measured following MR induction and following augmentation of left ventricular end-diastolic volume (EDV), increased aortic resistance (angiotensin), and in the presence of increased ventricular contractility (calcium or epinephrine). Mitral regurgitation orifice area was determined by calculation and the diameters of the mitral anulus and subvalvular areas measured angiographically. Angiotensin and volume infusion induced a substantial increase in MRF which was largely dependent on an increase in MRA but not MRG, while augmentation of contractility decreased MRF accompanied by a decrease in MRA, relatively independent of MRG. Left ventricular size and shape are major determinants of MRA and resultant MRF in acute mitral regurgitation. These findings may help to explain the effects of such factors as ventricular loading and volume on the clinical course of mitral regurgitation in man.", "contents": "The effects of left ventricular load and contractility on mitral regurgitant orifice size and flow in the dog. Acute mitral regurgitation (MR) was produced in 12 dogs by closed chest partial valvulectomy and the relative contributions of MR pressure gradient (MRG), the time for regurgitant flow (VSI), and the MR orifice area (MRA) to mitral regurgitant volume (MRV) assessed. Aortic and left atrial pressures, biplane left ventricular (LV) angiography, forward flow and mitral regurgitant flow (MRF) were measured following MR induction and following augmentation of left ventricular end-diastolic volume (EDV), increased aortic resistance (angiotensin), and in the presence of increased ventricular contractility (calcium or epinephrine). Mitral regurgitation orifice area was determined by calculation and the diameters of the mitral anulus and subvalvular areas measured angiographically. Angiotensin and volume infusion induced a substantial increase in MRF which was largely dependent on an increase in MRA but not MRG, while augmentation of contractility decreased MRF accompanied by a decrease in MRA, relatively independent of MRG. Left ventricular size and shape are major determinants of MRA and resultant MRF in acute mitral regurgitation. These findings may help to explain the effects of such factors as ventricular loading and volume on the clinical course of mitral regurgitation in man.", "PMID": 862151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14025", "title": "Cranial and caudal augulation for coronary angiography revisited.", "content": "Several similar projections utilizing cranial and caudal angulation of the X-ray tube in various obliquities have been described recently for coronary angiography and left ventriculography. These views provide improved visualization of the proximal branches of the left coronary artery, the region of the crux of the right coronary artery, and the left ventricle in the left anterior oblique projection; structures which in the conventional projections are often superimposed on one another or are foreshortened. The confusing and conflicting terms--\"oblique clockwise and anticlockwise table base turn,\" \"half-axial,\" \"angulated,\" \"sit up,\" \"caudo-cranial sagittal augulation,\" \"cranio-caudal sagittal angulation,\" and \"lordotic\" projections--should be discarded in favor of the terms \"cranial angulation projection\" and \"caudal angulation projection.\" The appropriate anterior, rather than the posterior obliquity should be used to refer to rotation of the patient, or the X-ray beam around his long axis.", "contents": "Cranial and caudal augulation for coronary angiography revisited. Several similar projections utilizing cranial and caudal angulation of the X-ray tube in various obliquities have been described recently for coronary angiography and left ventriculography. These views provide improved visualization of the proximal branches of the left coronary artery, the region of the crux of the right coronary artery, and the left ventricle in the left anterior oblique projection; structures which in the conventional projections are often superimposed on one another or are foreshortened. The confusing and conflicting terms--\"oblique clockwise and anticlockwise table base turn,\" \"half-axial,\" \"angulated,\" \"sit up,\" \"caudo-cranial sagittal augulation,\" \"cranio-caudal sagittal angulation,\" and \"lordotic\" projections--should be discarded in favor of the terms \"cranial angulation projection\" and \"caudal angulation projection.\" The appropriate anterior, rather than the posterior obliquity should be used to refer to rotation of the patient, or the X-ray beam around his long axis.", "PMID": 862152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14026", "title": "Pulmonary vascular disease complicating the Blalock-Taussig anastomosis.", "content": "The pulmonary vascular bed was evaluated following a Blalock-Taussig shunt performed in 36 patients for decreased pulmonary blood flow. The time of follow-up ranged from one to 21 years after operation. No patients developed severe pulmonary changes in less than eight years after institution of the shunt. Ten of 20 patients having a shunt eight years or longer developed some degree of pulmonary vascular disease, mainly in the form of intimal fibrosis. This was severe in six of the 20 patients. As the duration of the shunt increased, so did the incidence of pulmonary vascular disease.", "contents": "Pulmonary vascular disease complicating the Blalock-Taussig anastomosis. The pulmonary vascular bed was evaluated following a Blalock-Taussig shunt performed in 36 patients for decreased pulmonary blood flow. The time of follow-up ranged from one to 21 years after operation. No patients developed severe pulmonary changes in less than eight years after institution of the shunt. Ten of 20 patients having a shunt eight years or longer developed some degree of pulmonary vascular disease, mainly in the form of intimal fibrosis. This was severe in six of the 20 patients. As the duration of the shunt increased, so did the incidence of pulmonary vascular disease.", "PMID": 862153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14027", "title": "The pulsed Doppler coronary artery catheter preliminary report of a new technique for measuring rapid changes in coronary artery flow velocity in man.", "content": "A new catheter which measures instantaneous changes in coronary artery blood flow velocity is described. The linear relationship between flow velocity is described. The linear relationship between flow velocity measured with the catheter and volume flow through small arteries is documented with a correlation coefficient of 4=0.99. Coronary flow velocity has been measured from the proximal right and left coronary arteries and aortic ostia of saphenous vein bypass grafts in patients undergoing diagnostic coronary arteriography. The increase in coronary flow following injection of contrast media in normal coronary arteries is similar to the increase in coronary flow reported following near-maximum exercise. This increased flow response following injection of contrast media is severly limited by coronary artery stenosis and may provide a useful method for assessing hemodynamically significant stenosis in patients with coronary artery disease.", "contents": "The pulsed Doppler coronary artery catheter preliminary report of a new technique for measuring rapid changes in coronary artery flow velocity in man. A new catheter which measures instantaneous changes in coronary artery blood flow velocity is described. The linear relationship between flow velocity is described. The linear relationship between flow velocity measured with the catheter and volume flow through small arteries is documented with a correlation coefficient of 4=0.99. Coronary flow velocity has been measured from the proximal right and left coronary arteries and aortic ostia of saphenous vein bypass grafts in patients undergoing diagnostic coronary arteriography. The increase in coronary flow following injection of contrast media in normal coronary arteries is similar to the increase in coronary flow reported following near-maximum exercise. This increased flow response following injection of contrast media is severly limited by coronary artery stenosis and may provide a useful method for assessing hemodynamically significant stenosis in patients with coronary artery disease.", "PMID": 862168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14028", "title": "Correlation of coronary arteriograms and left ventriculograms with postmortem studies.", "content": "To assess the accuracy of angiographic determinations of disease of coronary arteries and left ventricular myocardium we compared clinical with postmortem coronary arteriograms and left ventriculograms with myocardial pathology in 28 patients, all of whom died postoperatively and within three months of angiography; 19 had ischemic heart disease, four valvular heart disease, and five both. Comparison of pre and postmortem lumenal occlusion in 315 epicardial coronary segments, excluding those operated upon, showed greater than 50% narrowing discrepancies in 21 (7%). Significant coronary artery lesions were overestimated in six and underestimated in 15. Of the six overestimations, three appeared to be due to coronary spasm; of the 15 underestimations, 12 were due to overlapping images; six discrepancies were unexplained. Comparison of wall motion in 140 ventriculogram segments with myocardial pathology, excluding any post-study or perioperative injury, showed good correlation of reduced motion with 48 (34%) infarcted and 10 (7%) aneurysmal segments. However, 58 (41%) other segments had poor or absent ventriculogram motion, with structurally normal myocardium and patent coronary artery supply; 19 were on infarct margins and 39 in dilated or hypertrophied hearts. Thus, premortem coronary arteriographic occlusions generally indicate atherosclerotic narrowing; but decreased or absent segmental wall motion frequently does not indicate a myocardial lesion. It may be attributable to ischemia in the distribution of a critically narrowed coronary artery or it could be due to abnormal ventricular topography.", "contents": "Correlation of coronary arteriograms and left ventriculograms with postmortem studies. To assess the accuracy of angiographic determinations of disease of coronary arteries and left ventricular myocardium we compared clinical with postmortem coronary arteriograms and left ventriculograms with myocardial pathology in 28 patients, all of whom died postoperatively and within three months of angiography; 19 had ischemic heart disease, four valvular heart disease, and five both. Comparison of pre and postmortem lumenal occlusion in 315 epicardial coronary segments, excluding those operated upon, showed greater than 50% narrowing discrepancies in 21 (7%). Significant coronary artery lesions were overestimated in six and underestimated in 15. Of the six overestimations, three appeared to be due to coronary spasm; of the 15 underestimations, 12 were due to overlapping images; six discrepancies were unexplained. Comparison of wall motion in 140 ventriculogram segments with myocardial pathology, excluding any post-study or perioperative injury, showed good correlation of reduced motion with 48 (34%) infarcted and 10 (7%) aneurysmal segments. However, 58 (41%) other segments had poor or absent ventriculogram motion, with structurally normal myocardium and patent coronary artery supply; 19 were on infarct margins and 39 in dilated or hypertrophied hearts. Thus, premortem coronary arteriographic occlusions generally indicate atherosclerotic narrowing; but decreased or absent segmental wall motion frequently does not indicate a myocardial lesion. It may be attributable to ischemia in the distribution of a critically narrowed coronary artery or it could be due to abnormal ventricular topography.", "PMID": 862169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14029", "title": "Sinus node recovery time and calculated sinoatrial conduction time in normal subjects and patients with sinus node dysfunction.", "content": "In 61 patients sinus node function was tested by programmed (sinoatrial conduction time, SACT) and overdrive atrial pacing (sinus node recovery time, SRT). In the control group (N = 20), mean sinus cycle length was 773 +/- 140.2 msec, mean absolute SRT 1044 +/- 215.8 msec [corrected SRT (CSRT) 270 +/- 112.5 msec; mean +/- SD] and calculated SACT was 82 +/-19.2 msec. The upper limit of normal SACT was defined as 120 msec. In 41 patients with sinus node dysfunction, mean age (55 +/- 14.7 years), mean spontaneous cycle length during the study (1094 +/- 248.0 msec), the lowest heart rate observed (42 +/- 7.5 beats/min), maximal SRT (2110 +/- 1269.1 msec), maximal CSRT (1016 +/- 1182.8 msec), and calculated SACT (126 +/- 47.3 msec) were significantly longer than in the control group. Abnormalities of sinus node function, as evidenced by the degree of spontaneous bradycardia, SRT and calculated SACT were more frequent in patients with bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome or spontaneous sinoatrial block than in those exhibiting isolated sinus bradycardia. We conclude 1) that in patients with sinus node dysfunction both sinus node automaticity and sinoatrial conduction may be abnormal, and 2) that overdrive and programmed premature atrial stimulation can separate patients with sinus node dysfunction according to their clinical presentation.", "contents": "Sinus node recovery time and calculated sinoatrial conduction time in normal subjects and patients with sinus node dysfunction. In 61 patients sinus node function was tested by programmed (sinoatrial conduction time, SACT) and overdrive atrial pacing (sinus node recovery time, SRT). In the control group (N = 20), mean sinus cycle length was 773 +/- 140.2 msec, mean absolute SRT 1044 +/- 215.8 msec [corrected SRT (CSRT) 270 +/- 112.5 msec; mean +/- SD] and calculated SACT was 82 +/-19.2 msec. The upper limit of normal SACT was defined as 120 msec. In 41 patients with sinus node dysfunction, mean age (55 +/- 14.7 years), mean spontaneous cycle length during the study (1094 +/- 248.0 msec), the lowest heart rate observed (42 +/- 7.5 beats/min), maximal SRT (2110 +/- 1269.1 msec), maximal CSRT (1016 +/- 1182.8 msec), and calculated SACT (126 +/- 47.3 msec) were significantly longer than in the control group. Abnormalities of sinus node function, as evidenced by the degree of spontaneous bradycardia, SRT and calculated SACT were more frequent in patients with bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome or spontaneous sinoatrial block than in those exhibiting isolated sinus bradycardia. We conclude 1) that in patients with sinus node dysfunction both sinus node automaticity and sinoatrial conduction may be abnormal, and 2) that overdrive and programmed premature atrial stimulation can separate patients with sinus node dysfunction according to their clinical presentation.", "PMID": 862170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14030", "title": "An unusual variety of atrioventricular nodal re-entry due to retrograde dual atrioventricular nodal pathways.", "content": "Three patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) had discontinuous ventriculo-artrial conduction curves (V1-V2, A1-A2), suggesting dual A-V nodal pathways. Ventricular echoes occurred simultaneously with sudden increase of V-A interval. These echoes were characterized by retrograde P waves occurring in front of QRS, suggesting utilization of a slow pathway for retrograde conduction and a fast pathway for antegrade conduction. In case one, atropine improved retrograde slow pathway and antegrade fast pathway conduction and made A-V nodal re-entry sustained, resulting in PSVT (with retrograde P in front of the QRS). In cases 2 and 3, atropine markedly shortened retrograde fast pathway refractory period and slightly improved antegrade slow pathway conduction. The discontinuous V1-V2, A1-A2 curves and echoes were no longer demonstrable. However, with improvement of retrograde fast pathway and antegrade slow pathway conduction, A-V nodal re-entrant echoes and PSVT were observed, utilizing the slow pathway for antegrade conduction and the fast pathway for retrograde conduction (P simultaneous with QRS).", "contents": "An unusual variety of atrioventricular nodal re-entry due to retrograde dual atrioventricular nodal pathways. Three patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) had discontinuous ventriculo-artrial conduction curves (V1-V2, A1-A2), suggesting dual A-V nodal pathways. Ventricular echoes occurred simultaneously with sudden increase of V-A interval. These echoes were characterized by retrograde P waves occurring in front of QRS, suggesting utilization of a slow pathway for retrograde conduction and a fast pathway for antegrade conduction. In case one, atropine improved retrograde slow pathway and antegrade fast pathway conduction and made A-V nodal re-entry sustained, resulting in PSVT (with retrograde P in front of the QRS). In cases 2 and 3, atropine markedly shortened retrograde fast pathway refractory period and slightly improved antegrade slow pathway conduction. The discontinuous V1-V2, A1-A2 curves and echoes were no longer demonstrable. However, with improvement of retrograde fast pathway and antegrade slow pathway conduction, A-V nodal re-entrant echoes and PSVT were observed, utilizing the slow pathway for antegrade conduction and the fast pathway for retrograde conduction (P simultaneous with QRS).", "PMID": 862171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14031", "title": "Induction of iatrogenic electrocardiographic patterns during electrophysiologic studies.", "content": "Indwelling cardiac catheters by producing local mechanical stimulation or trauma can induce electrocardiographic (ECG) patterns which simulate known electrophysiologic phenomena. Catheter-induced ECG patterns were analyzed in 447 consecutive patients undergoing electrophysiologic studies. Iatrogenic nature of these patterns was suggested by 1) absence prior to placement of catheter; 2) sudden appearance with catheter placement and disappearance with catheter repositioning; 3) reoccurrence with remanipulation of catheters; and 4) simulation (in some cases) by programmed electrical stimulation from the catheter. Common catheter-induced patterns were 1) right bundle branch block (RBBB) lasting less than 24 hours occurred in 19 patients; 2) transient third degree atrioventricular block in His-Purkinje system developed in 3/13 patients with pre-existing left BBB; 3) catheter-induced ventricular pre-excitation which simulated ECG patterns of type B Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome; 4) fortuitous synchronization of right ventricular excitation from the catheter, and left ventricular excitation from sinus beat resulted in normalization of the QRS complexes in 5/68 patients with pre-existing RBBB; 5) premature beats from the atria, right ventricle, and His bundle, which were common, resulted in complex ECG patterns. These iatrogenic ECG patterns must be identified in order to avoid errors in interpretation.", "contents": "Induction of iatrogenic electrocardiographic patterns during electrophysiologic studies. Indwelling cardiac catheters by producing local mechanical stimulation or trauma can induce electrocardiographic (ECG) patterns which simulate known electrophysiologic phenomena. Catheter-induced ECG patterns were analyzed in 447 consecutive patients undergoing electrophysiologic studies. Iatrogenic nature of these patterns was suggested by 1) absence prior to placement of catheter; 2) sudden appearance with catheter placement and disappearance with catheter repositioning; 3) reoccurrence with remanipulation of catheters; and 4) simulation (in some cases) by programmed electrical stimulation from the catheter. Common catheter-induced patterns were 1) right bundle branch block (RBBB) lasting less than 24 hours occurred in 19 patients; 2) transient third degree atrioventricular block in His-Purkinje system developed in 3/13 patients with pre-existing left BBB; 3) catheter-induced ventricular pre-excitation which simulated ECG patterns of type B Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome; 4) fortuitous synchronization of right ventricular excitation from the catheter, and left ventricular excitation from sinus beat resulted in normalization of the QRS complexes in 5/68 patients with pre-existing RBBB; 5) premature beats from the atria, right ventricle, and His bundle, which were common, resulted in complex ECG patterns. These iatrogenic ECG patterns must be identified in order to avoid errors in interpretation.", "PMID": 862172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14032", "title": "Myocardial imaging with thallium-201 at rest and during exercise. Comparison with coronary arteriography and resting and stress electrocardiography.", "content": "Myocardial imaging with intravenous thallium-201 (201Tl) was performed at rest and following maximal treadmill exercise in 101 patients with suspected coronary artery disease. Results were interpreted from Polaroid scintiphotos by three independent observers with complete interobserver agreement in 79%. Of 25 patients with no or insignificant coronary artery disease (less than 50% diameter stenosis), one (4%) had a resting 201Tl image defect, one (4%) had an exercise 201Tl defect, none had an ECG Q wave, and four (16%) had exercise ST-segment depression. Among 76 patients with coronary artery disease (greater than or equal to 50% diameter stenosis), 58 (76%) had a defect on either the rest or exercise 201Tl image. The proportion of patients with an exercise image defect (50/76, 66%) was greater than the proportion with exercise ST depression alone (34/76, 45%; P less than 0.02). Overall, 69 of the 76 (91%) patients with coronary artery disease had either a positive rest or exercise myocardial image and/or a positive rest (ECG Q waves) or exercise (ST depression) electrocardiogram. This exceeded the proportion with only rest or exercise electrocardiographic abnormalities (50/76, 65%; P less than 0.001). We conclude that rest and exercise myocardial imaging with 201Tl is easily accomplished with readily available imaging equipment. The image data enhanced the diagnostic sensitivity of stress electrocardiography, and provided spatial identification of the abnormal segment(s) of myocardium.", "contents": "Myocardial imaging with thallium-201 at rest and during exercise. Comparison with coronary arteriography and resting and stress electrocardiography. Myocardial imaging with intravenous thallium-201 (201Tl) was performed at rest and following maximal treadmill exercise in 101 patients with suspected coronary artery disease. Results were interpreted from Polaroid scintiphotos by three independent observers with complete interobserver agreement in 79%. Of 25 patients with no or insignificant coronary artery disease (less than 50% diameter stenosis), one (4%) had a resting 201Tl image defect, one (4%) had an exercise 201Tl defect, none had an ECG Q wave, and four (16%) had exercise ST-segment depression. Among 76 patients with coronary artery disease (greater than or equal to 50% diameter stenosis), 58 (76%) had a defect on either the rest or exercise 201Tl image. The proportion of patients with an exercise image defect (50/76, 66%) was greater than the proportion with exercise ST depression alone (34/76, 45%; P less than 0.02). Overall, 69 of the 76 (91%) patients with coronary artery disease had either a positive rest or exercise myocardial image and/or a positive rest (ECG Q waves) or exercise (ST depression) electrocardiogram. This exceeded the proportion with only rest or exercise electrocardiographic abnormalities (50/76, 65%; P less than 0.001). We conclude that rest and exercise myocardial imaging with 201Tl is easily accomplished with readily available imaging equipment. The image data enhanced the diagnostic sensitivity of stress electrocardiography, and provided spatial identification of the abnormal segment(s) of myocardium.", "PMID": 862173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14033", "title": "Location and size of acute transmural myocardial infarction estimated from thallium-201 scintiscans. A clinicopathological study.", "content": "A clinicopathological study was performed in 23 patients who died from acute transmural myocardial infarction and who had been studied with thallium-201 during the acute phase. Twenty patients died within five days and three later than five days after scintigraphy. The scintigraphic location and the estimated size of infarction in vivo were correlated with postmortem findings. There was good agreement in 91% between scintigraphic and postmortem location of infarction and in 70% between the ECG and postmortem findings. The size of infarction as determined from computer-processed schematic drawings of postmortem slices of the heart correlated well with the size determined from processed schematic drawings of the scintiscans (r = 0.91 for anterior infarction, r = 0.97 for inferior infarction, r = 0.86 for anterior-inferior infarction). It is concluded that thallium-201 scintigraphy provided more precise location of infarction than the ECG and that the size of the scintigraphically abnormal area reflected the extent of necrotic myocardium.", "contents": "Location and size of acute transmural myocardial infarction estimated from thallium-201 scintiscans. A clinicopathological study. A clinicopathological study was performed in 23 patients who died from acute transmural myocardial infarction and who had been studied with thallium-201 during the acute phase. Twenty patients died within five days and three later than five days after scintigraphy. The scintigraphic location and the estimated size of infarction in vivo were correlated with postmortem findings. There was good agreement in 91% between scintigraphic and postmortem location of infarction and in 70% between the ECG and postmortem findings. The size of infarction as determined from computer-processed schematic drawings of postmortem slices of the heart correlated well with the size determined from processed schematic drawings of the scintiscans (r = 0.91 for anterior infarction, r = 0.97 for inferior infarction, r = 0.86 for anterior-inferior infarction). It is concluded that thallium-201 scintigraphy provided more precise location of infarction than the ECG and that the size of the scintigraphically abnormal area reflected the extent of necrotic myocardium.", "PMID": 862174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14034", "title": "Comparison of the cardiocirculatory effects of exercise and isoproterenol in children with pulmonary or aortic valve stenosis.", "content": "Isoproterenol infusion during cardiac catheterization as a simulator of exercise was evaluated with hemodynamic studies in children with pulmonary (15) or aortic (8) valve stenosis. Cardiac function was monitored during rest, mild exercise and isoproterenol infusion. Similar heart rates were maintained in both procedures. Peak pulmonary and aortic valve gradients as well as right and left ventricular dp/dt/p were significantly higher and cardiac index significantly lower with isoproterenol as compared to exercise. Isoproterenol induced a significantly greater decrease in systemic vascular resistance, and systemic blood pressure than did exercise. Left ventricular systolic pressure rose to similar levels and this resulted in substantially higher peak aortic gradients with isoproterenol. A consistent correlation was observed for peak valvular gradients measured during exercise and isoproterenol in both groups of patients. Accordingly, regression equations were obtained allowing reasonably accurate prediction of exercise valvular gradients on the basis of the isoproterenol data.", "contents": "Comparison of the cardiocirculatory effects of exercise and isoproterenol in children with pulmonary or aortic valve stenosis. Isoproterenol infusion during cardiac catheterization as a simulator of exercise was evaluated with hemodynamic studies in children with pulmonary (15) or aortic (8) valve stenosis. Cardiac function was monitored during rest, mild exercise and isoproterenol infusion. Similar heart rates were maintained in both procedures. Peak pulmonary and aortic valve gradients as well as right and left ventricular dp/dt/p were significantly higher and cardiac index significantly lower with isoproterenol as compared to exercise. Isoproterenol induced a significantly greater decrease in systemic vascular resistance, and systemic blood pressure than did exercise. Left ventricular systolic pressure rose to similar levels and this resulted in substantially higher peak aortic gradients with isoproterenol. A consistent correlation was observed for peak valvular gradients measured during exercise and isoproterenol in both groups of patients. Accordingly, regression equations were obtained allowing reasonably accurate prediction of exercise valvular gradients on the basis of the isoproterenol data.", "PMID": 862175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14035", "title": "Simulation of laboratory errors and their effects on interlaboratory quality-control programs.", "content": "The random errors in an analytical method are additive and can be classified into analytical response-dependent and -independent terms. Non-random errors, caused by systematic faults in the analytical procedure, are not always distriguishable from the random errors, but some cases of non-linear assay response and unsuitable standardisation can be studied usefully in models without random error. Interlaboratory quality control programs cannot distinguish systematic and random error until the pattern of results on a number of specimens, or pairs of specimens, can be studied. In this case linear regression analysis is a powerful method for distinguishing different forms of error especially when response-dependent random errors do not predominate. The range of concentrations used for regression whould be as wide as that in which quantitative distinctions are used in clincal diagnosis and treatment. Preliminary reports, of the results on which the regression analysis is based, are most suitably presented on Youden diagrams with paired specimens.", "contents": "Simulation of laboratory errors and their effects on interlaboratory quality-control programs. The random errors in an analytical method are additive and can be classified into analytical response-dependent and -independent terms. Non-random errors, caused by systematic faults in the analytical procedure, are not always distriguishable from the random errors, but some cases of non-linear assay response and unsuitable standardisation can be studied usefully in models without random error. Interlaboratory quality control programs cannot distinguish systematic and random error until the pattern of results on a number of specimens, or pairs of specimens, can be studied. In this case linear regression analysis is a powerful method for distinguishing different forms of error especially when response-dependent random errors do not predominate. The range of concentrations used for regression whould be as wide as that in which quantitative distinctions are used in clincal diagnosis and treatment. Preliminary reports, of the results on which the regression analysis is based, are most suitably presented on Youden diagrams with paired specimens.", "PMID": 862176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14036", "title": "A design for interlaboratory quality-control programs.", "content": "A design for interlaboratory quality-control programs is described. Speimens are despatched in pairs to participating laboratories. The results returned by laboratories are compared with each other and with reference results, but the frequent brief reports which are prepared are not regarded as the main laboratory assessments, although these reports can alert laboratories to gross imprecision and inaccuracy. When sufficient results have been returned, a linear regression analysis is carried out between results from each laboratory and the reference results. The statistics obtained from the regression data provide a concise source of information about the form of inaccuracy (imprecision and systematic error) present.", "contents": "A design for interlaboratory quality-control programs. A design for interlaboratory quality-control programs is described. Speimens are despatched in pairs to participating laboratories. The results returned by laboratories are compared with each other and with reference results, but the frequent brief reports which are prepared are not regarded as the main laboratory assessments, although these reports can alert laboratories to gross imprecision and inaccuracy. When sufficient results have been returned, a linear regression analysis is carried out between results from each laboratory and the reference results. The statistics obtained from the regression data provide a concise source of information about the form of inaccuracy (imprecision and systematic error) present.", "PMID": 862177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14037", "title": "A rapid micromethod for measuring theophylline in serum by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "We describe an assay system for measuring theophylline in 25 microliters of serum. The procedure involves extraction with a 95:5 mixture of chloroform:isopropanol containing beta-hydroxypropyltheophylline as internal standard, and reverse-phase chromatography on a 4 mm x 30 cm column containing \"micron Bondapak C18.\" Theophylline and beta-hydroxypropyltheophylline are eluted with a 90:10 mixture of sodium acetate butter (20 mmoles/litre pH 4.0) and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1.8 ml/min., are detected by their absorbance at 254 nm, and quantitated by measuring peak areas. Column temperature has not been found to be critical in this analysis. Each analysis requires 9 minutes of chromatography time with a total analysis time of 20 minutes. Analytical recoveries were found to be 71 to 75% for theophylline and 94% for beta-hydroxypropyltheophylline. This difference in recovery is corrected when determining the theophylline concentration in unknown samples. The method has good precision (coefficients of variation between 7.0% and 7.9% for therapeutic and toxic concentrations). The results obtained with this method compare favourably with results obtained by a published cation-exchange high-performance liquid chromatographic method. None of the metabolites of theophylline, common compounds related to theophylline in structure or drugs tested have been found to interfere with the analysis described.", "contents": "A rapid micromethod for measuring theophylline in serum by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. We describe an assay system for measuring theophylline in 25 microliters of serum. The procedure involves extraction with a 95:5 mixture of chloroform:isopropanol containing beta-hydroxypropyltheophylline as internal standard, and reverse-phase chromatography on a 4 mm x 30 cm column containing \"micron Bondapak C18.\" Theophylline and beta-hydroxypropyltheophylline are eluted with a 90:10 mixture of sodium acetate butter (20 mmoles/litre pH 4.0) and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1.8 ml/min., are detected by their absorbance at 254 nm, and quantitated by measuring peak areas. Column temperature has not been found to be critical in this analysis. Each analysis requires 9 minutes of chromatography time with a total analysis time of 20 minutes. Analytical recoveries were found to be 71 to 75% for theophylline and 94% for beta-hydroxypropyltheophylline. This difference in recovery is corrected when determining the theophylline concentration in unknown samples. The method has good precision (coefficients of variation between 7.0% and 7.9% for therapeutic and toxic concentrations). The results obtained with this method compare favourably with results obtained by a published cation-exchange high-performance liquid chromatographic method. None of the metabolites of theophylline, common compounds related to theophylline in structure or drugs tested have been found to interfere with the analysis described.", "PMID": 862179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14038", "title": "Ornithine methyl ester. An unusual metabolite encountered in the urine of patients with a urea cycle disorder characterized by hyperammonemia, hyperornithinemia and homocitrullinuria.", "content": "In the urine of six subjects with a urea cycle disorder characterized by hyperammonemia, hyperornithinemia and homocitrullinuria, an unusual ninhydrin-reaction compound was encountered. This unknown on hydrolysis yielded ornithine as the only amino acid and, on dansylation studied, yielded didansyl ornithine. The metabolite from urine has been shown to have the same chromatographic mobility as ornithine methyl ester on paper cellulose thin layer, and ion exchange chromatography. When trimethylsily derivatives were prepared the unknown and the ornithine methyl ester standard had similar mobility on gas chromatography. Identification of the unknown as the ornithine methyl ester was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis. In the patients' urines the concentration of methyl ornithine ranged from 70 to 368 microne moles/g creatinine.", "contents": "Ornithine methyl ester. An unusual metabolite encountered in the urine of patients with a urea cycle disorder characterized by hyperammonemia, hyperornithinemia and homocitrullinuria. In the urine of six subjects with a urea cycle disorder characterized by hyperammonemia, hyperornithinemia and homocitrullinuria, an unusual ninhydrin-reaction compound was encountered. This unknown on hydrolysis yielded ornithine as the only amino acid and, on dansylation studied, yielded didansyl ornithine. The metabolite from urine has been shown to have the same chromatographic mobility as ornithine methyl ester on paper cellulose thin layer, and ion exchange chromatography. When trimethylsily derivatives were prepared the unknown and the ornithine methyl ester standard had similar mobility on gas chromatography. Identification of the unknown as the ornithine methyl ester was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis. In the patients' urines the concentration of methyl ornithine ranged from 70 to 368 microne moles/g creatinine.", "PMID": 862180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14039", "title": "Ethanol-host interactions determined by radiorespirometry of 14C glucoses.", "content": "1. Theoretical considerations in continuous flow analysis by Walker, Shepherdson and McGowan have been applied to continuous flow radiorespirometry of 14C-glucoses to demonstrate ethanol response differences between water- and ethanol preferring mice. 2. Ethanol dosages in the n mols/kg range stimulated glucose utilization rates more in ethanol-than in water-preferring mice, while intermediate dosages (micron and low mmol/kg) produced equal stimulation but at different dosages. Pharmacological dosages (20-88 mmols/kg) inhibited glucose rates in water-preferring mice. The inhibition was released at 44 mmols/kg in ethanol-preferring mice. 3. Inhibition release was shown to be associated more with glucose carbons other than one, and considered consistent with a sodium-plus potassium-activated ATPase mechanism. 4. Intermediate ethanol dosage changes could be assigned to differences induced in glucose carbon one metabolism with H2O2-catalase and/or microsomal-ethanol-oxidizing systems (MEOS) mechanisms. 5. Our studies suggest that measurements of adenylate deaminase activities might clarify shifts in transaminations (human) and shifts in mononucleotides seen following chronic ethanol ingestion.", "contents": "Ethanol-host interactions determined by radiorespirometry of 14C glucoses. 1. Theoretical considerations in continuous flow analysis by Walker, Shepherdson and McGowan have been applied to continuous flow radiorespirometry of 14C-glucoses to demonstrate ethanol response differences between water- and ethanol preferring mice. 2. Ethanol dosages in the n mols/kg range stimulated glucose utilization rates more in ethanol-than in water-preferring mice, while intermediate dosages (micron and low mmol/kg) produced equal stimulation but at different dosages. Pharmacological dosages (20-88 mmols/kg) inhibited glucose rates in water-preferring mice. The inhibition was released at 44 mmols/kg in ethanol-preferring mice. 3. Inhibition release was shown to be associated more with glucose carbons other than one, and considered consistent with a sodium-plus potassium-activated ATPase mechanism. 4. Intermediate ethanol dosage changes could be assigned to differences induced in glucose carbon one metabolism with H2O2-catalase and/or microsomal-ethanol-oxidizing systems (MEOS) mechanisms. 5. Our studies suggest that measurements of adenylate deaminase activities might clarify shifts in transaminations (human) and shifts in mononucleotides seen following chronic ethanol ingestion.", "PMID": 862181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14040", "title": "Assessment of five quantitative methods for determination of total proteins in urine.", "content": "1. We assessed five quantitative methods for the determination of urinary total proteins, three of them with precipitation followed by spectrophotomollowed by spectrophotometry (Tsuchyga/Benedict, Tsuchyga/Biuret and TCA/Biuret); one with gel-filtration (Sephadex G50/Biuret) and a Turbidimetric procedure (SSA). 2. Day-to-day precision was between 3.58 %CV (Tsuchyga/Benedict) and 11.46 %CV (Sephadex/Biuret). The Tsuchyga/Benedict method showed the closest values to controls quantitated by the Kjeldahl method and the lowest detection limit )17.3 mg of total proteins per liter). Recovery studies showed that a level of 100-200 mg/l the Tsuchyga/Benedict recovered over the 96% of the protein added. 3. Comparison studies of 66 24-hour urine samples showed that the best correlation was obtained between the Tsuchyga/Benedict and the Tsuchyga/Biuret methods (r = 0.996). 4. We conclude that the Tsuchyga/Benedict is a sensitive, precise and accurate procedure for the routine quantitation of urinary total proteins.", "contents": "Assessment of five quantitative methods for determination of total proteins in urine. 1. We assessed five quantitative methods for the determination of urinary total proteins, three of them with precipitation followed by spectrophotomollowed by spectrophotometry (Tsuchyga/Benedict, Tsuchyga/Biuret and TCA/Biuret); one with gel-filtration (Sephadex G50/Biuret) and a Turbidimetric procedure (SSA). 2. Day-to-day precision was between 3.58 %CV (Tsuchyga/Benedict) and 11.46 %CV (Sephadex/Biuret). The Tsuchyga/Benedict method showed the closest values to controls quantitated by the Kjeldahl method and the lowest detection limit )17.3 mg of total proteins per liter). Recovery studies showed that a level of 100-200 mg/l the Tsuchyga/Benedict recovered over the 96% of the protein added. 3. Comparison studies of 66 24-hour urine samples showed that the best correlation was obtained between the Tsuchyga/Benedict and the Tsuchyga/Biuret methods (r = 0.996). 4. We conclude that the Tsuchyga/Benedict is a sensitive, precise and accurate procedure for the routine quantitation of urinary total proteins.", "PMID": 862182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14041", "title": "Colorimetric determination of creatine phosphokinase isoenzymes: detection in tissues and serum, and usefulness as an aid to diagnosis of myocardial infarction.", "content": "1. A colorimetric procedure for creatine phosphokinase (E.C.2.7.3.2.) isoenzymes suitable for routine laboratory use its described. The method utilizes a commercial product for visualization of CK isoenzymes in both serum and tissues. 2. The technic has been applied as an aid to the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. An intermediate migrating isoenzyme band (CK-MB) was detected in sera of 19 patients with clinical evidence of myocardial infarction and two patients with myocardial ischemia. The CK(MB) was absent in three patients presenting with symptoms suspect of, but not clinically confirmed as having myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Colorimetric determination of creatine phosphokinase isoenzymes: detection in tissues and serum, and usefulness as an aid to diagnosis of myocardial infarction. 1. A colorimetric procedure for creatine phosphokinase (E.C.2.7.3.2.) isoenzymes suitable for routine laboratory use its described. The method utilizes a commercial product for visualization of CK isoenzymes in both serum and tissues. 2. The technic has been applied as an aid to the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. An intermediate migrating isoenzyme band (CK-MB) was detected in sera of 19 patients with clinical evidence of myocardial infarction and two patients with myocardial ischemia. The CK(MB) was absent in three patients presenting with symptoms suspect of, but not clinically confirmed as having myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 862183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14042", "title": "Analysis of estrogens in small samples of non-pregnancy urine.", "content": "1. In a widely used procedure for measuring estrogens in non-pregnancy urine(1), 0.01 to 0.05% of a 24hr specimen is taken for analysis. 2. There is an inverse relationship between 24hr urine volume (chi) and creatinine concentration (81 observations on 75 women; r = -0.780; creatinine (g/iota) = 2.34 -0987 chi(iota); P less than 0.001). 3. The data suggest that, when 24hr output is unknown, creatinine levels may be used to select the amount of urine for estrogen analysis. 4. Volumes found to contain 0.01 - 0.05% of a 24hr specimen were: -- (formula: see text).", "contents": "Analysis of estrogens in small samples of non-pregnancy urine. 1. In a widely used procedure for measuring estrogens in non-pregnancy urine(1), 0.01 to 0.05% of a 24hr specimen is taken for analysis. 2. There is an inverse relationship between 24hr urine volume (chi) and creatinine concentration (81 observations on 75 women; r = -0.780; creatinine (g/iota) = 2.34 -0987 chi(iota); P less than 0.001). 3. The data suggest that, when 24hr output is unknown, creatinine levels may be used to select the amount of urine for estrogen analysis. 4. Volumes found to contain 0.01 - 0.05% of a 24hr specimen were: -- (formula: see text).", "PMID": 862184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14043", "title": "A simple micromethod for the direct determination of the total carbon dioxide content in biological fluids.", "content": "A simple method is presented for the determination of the total carbon dioxide content applicable to all biological fluids. This method makes use of a PCO2-electrode, placed in a perspex reaction/measuring chamber, connected with a IL blood gas analyzer, type 413 equiped with an electronic data-ready indicator system. The advantages of the proposed method are: 1. Depending upon the accuracy required for sera, the sample volume can be reduced to 20 or 10 micron1.2. A high degree of accuracy is obtained depending upon the sample volume used; for sera we calculated variation coefficients of 2%, 1% and 0.8% using sample volumes of 10, 20 and 30 micron 1, respectively. 3. The proposed method is simple and requires only two minutes for one determination. 4. In a comparative study an almost perfect relationship was found between the proposed method and the indirect method by calculation with a constant pK1g value.", "contents": "A simple micromethod for the direct determination of the total carbon dioxide content in biological fluids. A simple method is presented for the determination of the total carbon dioxide content applicable to all biological fluids. This method makes use of a PCO2-electrode, placed in a perspex reaction/measuring chamber, connected with a IL blood gas analyzer, type 413 equiped with an electronic data-ready indicator system. The advantages of the proposed method are: 1. Depending upon the accuracy required for sera, the sample volume can be reduced to 20 or 10 micron1.2. A high degree of accuracy is obtained depending upon the sample volume used; for sera we calculated variation coefficients of 2%, 1% and 0.8% using sample volumes of 10, 20 and 30 micron 1, respectively. 3. The proposed method is simple and requires only two minutes for one determination. 4. In a comparative study an almost perfect relationship was found between the proposed method and the indirect method by calculation with a constant pK1g value.", "PMID": 862191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14044", "title": "Creatine phosphokinase isoenzymes: a comparison of a kinetic and electrophoretic method in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction.", "content": "A comparison has been made of the results of the levels of the MB isoenzyme of creatine phosphokinase by a kinetic and an electrophoretic method performed on patients suspected of having myocardial infarction. Reviewed in depth are those cases in which discrepant results have occurred. On the basis of the combined clinical and laboratory data, the kinetic method is a more sensitive but less specific indicator of myocardial necrosis. Thus, the kinetic method may be used as a screening test, with confirmation of positive results by electrophoresis.", "contents": "Creatine phosphokinase isoenzymes: a comparison of a kinetic and electrophoretic method in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. A comparison has been made of the results of the levels of the MB isoenzyme of creatine phosphokinase by a kinetic and an electrophoretic method performed on patients suspected of having myocardial infarction. Reviewed in depth are those cases in which discrepant results have occurred. On the basis of the combined clinical and laboratory data, the kinetic method is a more sensitive but less specific indicator of myocardial necrosis. Thus, the kinetic method may be used as a screening test, with confirmation of positive results by electrophoresis.", "PMID": 862192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14045", "title": "Alteration of membrane proteins during erythrocyte ageing.", "content": "Separation of Triton X-100-extracted red-cell membrane proteins by linking SDS-electrophoresis in polyacrylamide to isoelectric focusing revealed differences between young and ageing erythrocytes in vitro, which are attributed to progressing conformational changes among membrane proteins.", "contents": "Alteration of membrane proteins during erythrocyte ageing. Separation of Triton X-100-extracted red-cell membrane proteins by linking SDS-electrophoresis in polyacrylamide to isoelectric focusing revealed differences between young and ageing erythrocytes in vitro, which are attributed to progressing conformational changes among membrane proteins.", "PMID": 862193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14046", "title": "[Rapid gas chromatographic method for determination of acetate in human plasma and hemodialysis baths (author's transl)].", "content": "A rapid and sensitive method for acetate determination in human plasma and in hemodialysis baths (dialysates) is going to become necessary owing to the extensive using of sodium acetate solution in hemodialysis. The gas chromatographic method reported here allows, in about 35 minutes, the precise and reproducible measurement of acetate concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 20 mmol/1. This method can be used to investigate the kinetics of acetate concentration variations in the blood of patients undergoing hemodialysis with sodium acetate solution and to evaluate the amount of acetate absorbed during this treatment.", "contents": "[Rapid gas chromatographic method for determination of acetate in human plasma and hemodialysis baths (author's transl)]. A rapid and sensitive method for acetate determination in human plasma and in hemodialysis baths (dialysates) is going to become necessary owing to the extensive using of sodium acetate solution in hemodialysis. The gas chromatographic method reported here allows, in about 35 minutes, the precise and reproducible measurement of acetate concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 20 mmol/1. This method can be used to investigate the kinetics of acetate concentration variations in the blood of patients undergoing hemodialysis with sodium acetate solution and to evaluate the amount of acetate absorbed during this treatment.", "PMID": 862194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14047", "title": "Estimation of o,p'-DDD in plasma by gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "A method is described for the estimation of o,p'-DDD in plasma. To 50 microl plasma, 0.2 ml acetone is added. The mixture is extracted with 2 ml n-heptane containing p,p'-DDD as an internal standard. Water is removed by adding desiccated sodium sulfate. The organic phase can be injected into a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector. The o,p'-DDD content of the sample can be read from a calibration curve. Recovery of o,p'-DDD added to plasma is over 93%. The same procedure can be used for the estimation of o,p'-DDE.", "contents": "Estimation of o,p'-DDD in plasma by gas-liquid chromatography. A method is described for the estimation of o,p'-DDD in plasma. To 50 microl plasma, 0.2 ml acetone is added. The mixture is extracted with 2 ml n-heptane containing p,p'-DDD as an internal standard. Water is removed by adding desiccated sodium sulfate. The organic phase can be injected into a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector. The o,p'-DDD content of the sample can be read from a calibration curve. Recovery of o,p'-DDD added to plasma is over 93%. The same procedure can be used for the estimation of o,p'-DDE.", "PMID": 862195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14048", "title": "Interaction of conjugated bile acids and detergents with a radiosorbent assay of vitamin B-12.", "content": "The effect of conjugated bile acids and detergents on the radiosorbent technique for the determination of vitamin B-12 activity is reported. It is shown that whereas the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100 has no effect on the vitamin B-12-radiosorbent assay, the addition of ionic detergents (e.g. glycocholic acid, taurocholic acid or sodium laurly sulfate) results in a falsely elevated vitamin B-12 activity presumably due to the disruption of the binding of vitamin B-12 to the intrinsic factor-Sephadex complex. This effect may be of importance not only to the radiosorbent assaying of vitamin B-12, but to the in vivo intestinal absorption of vitamin B-12 as well.", "contents": "Interaction of conjugated bile acids and detergents with a radiosorbent assay of vitamin B-12. The effect of conjugated bile acids and detergents on the radiosorbent technique for the determination of vitamin B-12 activity is reported. It is shown that whereas the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100 has no effect on the vitamin B-12-radiosorbent assay, the addition of ionic detergents (e.g. glycocholic acid, taurocholic acid or sodium laurly sulfate) results in a falsely elevated vitamin B-12 activity presumably due to the disruption of the binding of vitamin B-12 to the intrinsic factor-Sephadex complex. This effect may be of importance not only to the radiosorbent assaying of vitamin B-12, but to the in vivo intestinal absorption of vitamin B-12 as well.", "PMID": 862196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14049", "title": "Plasma lipoprotein patterns in  patients receiving dialysis therapy for chronic renal failure.", "content": "A study is reported of the prevalence, nature and possible aetiology of the hyperlipidaemia found in a group of 74 patients receiving maintenance dialysis. Sixty patients were receiving haemodialysis and 14 peritoneal dialysis. Sixty-four per cent of the male and 83% of the female patients had a lipoprotein abnormality which was predominantly of the Type IV pattern, probably due to a combination of increased hepatic triglyceride synthesis and diminished peripheral clearance.", "contents": "Plasma lipoprotein patterns in  patients receiving dialysis therapy for chronic renal failure. A study is reported of the prevalence, nature and possible aetiology of the hyperlipidaemia found in a group of 74 patients receiving maintenance dialysis. Sixty patients were receiving haemodialysis and 14 peritoneal dialysis. Sixty-four per cent of the male and 83% of the female patients had a lipoprotein abnormality which was predominantly of the Type IV pattern, probably due to a combination of increased hepatic triglyceride synthesis and diminished peripheral clearance.", "PMID": 862197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14050", "title": "Plasma cortisol, corticosterone and urea in acute myocardial infarction: clinical and biochemical correlations.", "content": "22 patients suffering from acute myocardial infarction were subjected to daily blood sampling for up to 6 days after admission to hospital. 5 patients with myocardial ischaemia and chest pain, but no evidence of infarction, were similarly investigated as controls. Daily measurements of plasma cortisol, corticosterone, cardiac enzymes and urea were performed. Plasma cortisol was elevated in all except one of the infarction cases and corticosterone was raised in 13 cases. Control patients had normal levels. Infarction patients were divided into three clinical groups: uncomplicated cases, complicated and fatalities. The latter group exhibited the highest levels of cortisol and corticosterone; no significant difference was seen between the other two groups. Uraemia tended to be associated with the complicated cases, particularly the fatalities, but not with uncomplicated cases. The three groups could be differentiated statistically on the basis of plasma urea concentration.", "contents": "Plasma cortisol, corticosterone and urea in acute myocardial infarction: clinical and biochemical correlations. 22 patients suffering from acute myocardial infarction were subjected to daily blood sampling for up to 6 days after admission to hospital. 5 patients with myocardial ischaemia and chest pain, but no evidence of infarction, were similarly investigated as controls. Daily measurements of plasma cortisol, corticosterone, cardiac enzymes and urea were performed. Plasma cortisol was elevated in all except one of the infarction cases and corticosterone was raised in 13 cases. Control patients had normal levels. Infarction patients were divided into three clinical groups: uncomplicated cases, complicated and fatalities. The latter group exhibited the highest levels of cortisol and corticosterone; no significant difference was seen between the other two groups. Uraemia tended to be associated with the complicated cases, particularly the fatalities, but not with uncomplicated cases. The three groups could be differentiated statistically on the basis of plasma urea concentration.", "PMID": 862198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14051", "title": "Seasonal variation of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in patients with chronic renal failure treated by regular haemodialysis.", "content": "Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was measured by a competitive protein-binding assay in 44 normal subjects, 60 uraemic patients on regular haemodialysis at different times of the year and in 13 non-dialyzed uraemic patients. The results obtained indicate that uraemic patients on regular haemodialysis have a mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration comparable to controls and that they also exhibit a seasonal variation with a significant reduction during the winter months. However, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration remained essentially within the normal range and did not reflect the increased incidence of osteomalacia in these patients. In the 13 non-dialyzed uraemic patients, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were lower than in the dialyzed patients, but the explanation is not yet clear. This reduction in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was not accompanied by any osteomalacia. The results indicate that deficiency of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in our patients on regular haemodialysis is uncommon and clearly not the explanation of dialysis osteomalacia.", "contents": "Seasonal variation of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in patients with chronic renal failure treated by regular haemodialysis. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was measured by a competitive protein-binding assay in 44 normal subjects, 60 uraemic patients on regular haemodialysis at different times of the year and in 13 non-dialyzed uraemic patients. The results obtained indicate that uraemic patients on regular haemodialysis have a mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration comparable to controls and that they also exhibit a seasonal variation with a significant reduction during the winter months. However, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration remained essentially within the normal range and did not reflect the increased incidence of osteomalacia in these patients. In the 13 non-dialyzed uraemic patients, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were lower than in the dialyzed patients, but the explanation is not yet clear. This reduction in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was not accompanied by any osteomalacia. The results indicate that deficiency of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in our patients on regular haemodialysis is uncommon and clearly not the explanation of dialysis osteomalacia.", "PMID": 862199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14052", "title": "The determination of thallium in urine by atomic absorption spectroscopy and emission spectrography.", "content": "The detection and measurement of thallium in urine samples using atomic absorption spectroscopy and emission spectrography is described. The sensitivity and precision of the methods are shown to be adequate for rapid routine screening in cases of suspected thallotoxicosis.", "contents": "The determination of thallium in urine by atomic absorption spectroscopy and emission spectrography. The detection and measurement of thallium in urine samples using atomic absorption spectroscopy and emission spectrography is described. The sensitivity and precision of the methods are shown to be adequate for rapid routine screening in cases of suspected thallotoxicosis.", "PMID": 862200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14053", "title": "A new serum alpha-amylase assay of high sensitivity.", "content": "The use of chemically modified starch substrates for measurement of serum alpha-amylase activity is described. Action of alpha-amylase on such substrates, in the presence of excess fungal glucoamylase, results in the production of glucose in direct proportion to the amount of alpha-amylase present. The glucose produced is measured by a specific enzymic assay. Results obtained by using this new assay correlate well with activities determined by a conventional saccharogenic assay. The new method is of much higher sensitivity, and is less susceptible to interference, than are most other alpha-amylase assay methods.", "contents": "A new serum alpha-amylase assay of high sensitivity. The use of chemically modified starch substrates for measurement of serum alpha-amylase activity is described. Action of alpha-amylase on such substrates, in the presence of excess fungal glucoamylase, results in the production of glucose in direct proportion to the amount of alpha-amylase present. The glucose produced is measured by a specific enzymic assay. Results obtained by using this new assay correlate well with activities determined by a conventional saccharogenic assay. The new method is of much higher sensitivity, and is less susceptible to interference, than are most other alpha-amylase assay methods.", "PMID": 862201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14054", "title": "Analysis of pregnanediol in urine: trental interference.", "content": "Patients given Trental (pentoxifyllin, Hoechst A.G.) for the treatment of vascular disorders excrete a substance which interferes with the gas chromatographic anlaysis of pregnanediol. The interfering substance appeared in urine within 4-5 h of the ingestion of 100 mg Trental, and was cleared during the next 4-10 h. The administration of 300 mg/24 h to an anovulatory woman caused an apparent increase in her output of pregnanediol of from less than 1 to 65.8 micronmol/24 h.", "contents": "Analysis of pregnanediol in urine: trental interference. Patients given Trental (pentoxifyllin, Hoechst A.G.) for the treatment of vascular disorders excrete a substance which interferes with the gas chromatographic anlaysis of pregnanediol. The interfering substance appeared in urine within 4-5 h of the ingestion of 100 mg Trental, and was cleared during the next 4-10 h. The administration of 300 mg/24 h to an anovulatory woman caused an apparent increase in her output of pregnanediol of from less than 1 to 65.8 micronmol/24 h.", "PMID": 862202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14055", "title": "Fluorimetric determination of plasma unesterified fatty acid.", "content": "A reliable and simple method is described for the determination of plasma unesterified fatty acid. The method involves extraction by Dole's reagent, washing with dilute sulphuric acid and determination by the decrease of fluorescence of a dilute solution of 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin. Results on rat and human plasma are in good agreement with those obtained by titration.", "contents": "Fluorimetric determination of plasma unesterified fatty acid. A reliable and simple method is described for the determination of plasma unesterified fatty acid. The method involves extraction by Dole's reagent, washing with dilute sulphuric acid and determination by the decrease of fluorescence of a dilute solution of 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin. Results on rat and human plasma are in good agreement with those obtained by titration.", "PMID": 862203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14056", "title": "Fasting hyperglycaemia and relatively unimpaired meal responses in mild diabetes.", "content": "Plasma glucose, insulin and triglyceride changes in response to a standard breakfast and an oral glucose tolerance test have been studied in normal, obese and diabetic subjects. Mild diabetics with an abnormal oral glucose tolerance test may have normal or near-normal incremental glucose responses to a standard breakfast. A raised fasting plasma glucose is the predominant day-to-day glucose abnormality of mild diabetes. Diabetics have decreased insulin responses to oral glucose compared with the meal, and the deficient insulin response to glucose probably accounts for both the raised fasting plasma glucose levels and the abnormal oral GTT. The initial insulin response to a meal is normal in mild diabetics, and is probably stimulated by secretogogues other than glucose. The oral glucose tolerance test is apposite for the diagnosis of diabetes in view of the impaired insulin response to glucose, but accurate measurement of the basal plasma glucose may be of equal value. The diabetic and obese subjects had normal triglyceride levels, and there was no detectable impairment of disposal of the exogenous triglyceride following the breakfast.", "contents": "Fasting hyperglycaemia and relatively unimpaired meal responses in mild diabetes. Plasma glucose, insulin and triglyceride changes in response to a standard breakfast and an oral glucose tolerance test have been studied in normal, obese and diabetic subjects. Mild diabetics with an abnormal oral glucose tolerance test may have normal or near-normal incremental glucose responses to a standard breakfast. A raised fasting plasma glucose is the predominant day-to-day glucose abnormality of mild diabetes. Diabetics have decreased insulin responses to oral glucose compared with the meal, and the deficient insulin response to glucose probably accounts for both the raised fasting plasma glucose levels and the abnormal oral GTT. The initial insulin response to a meal is normal in mild diabetics, and is probably stimulated by secretogogues other than glucose. The oral glucose tolerance test is apposite for the diagnosis of diabetes in view of the impaired insulin response to glucose, but accurate measurement of the basal plasma glucose may be of equal value. The diabetic and obese subjects had normal triglyceride levels, and there was no detectable impairment of disposal of the exogenous triglyceride following the breakfast.", "PMID": 862204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14057", "title": "Penile size and growth in children and adolescents with isolated gonadotrophin defiency (IGnD).", "content": "Penile length and circumference were measured in twenty boys with isolated gonadotrophin deficiency, before and during the administration of androgen therapy. Their age ranged between 3 and 20 years. Considering as normal, measurements above the tenth centile, in all the patients but four the penile length was below normal, and in two it was borderline. Penis circumference was normal in two, borderline in four and subnormal in sixteen. Regular administration of androgen therapy increased penile length in eleven out of fourteen patients with achievement of normal length in four. It is concluded that congenital lack of LH and testicular androgen activation causes small sized penises, even in the prepubertal period. Gonadotrophin deficiency should be looked for in patients with measurements below the tenth centile. Early diagnosis and institution of androgen therapy between 11 and 12 years is likely to increase penile size and prevent the psychological side effects of undersized genitals and delayed puberty.", "contents": "Penile size and growth in children and adolescents with isolated gonadotrophin defiency (IGnD). Penile length and circumference were measured in twenty boys with isolated gonadotrophin deficiency, before and during the administration of androgen therapy. Their age ranged between 3 and 20 years. Considering as normal, measurements above the tenth centile, in all the patients but four the penile length was below normal, and in two it was borderline. Penis circumference was normal in two, borderline in four and subnormal in sixteen. Regular administration of androgen therapy increased penile length in eleven out of fourteen patients with achievement of normal length in four. It is concluded that congenital lack of LH and testicular androgen activation causes small sized penises, even in the prepubertal period. Gonadotrophin deficiency should be looked for in patients with measurements below the tenth centile. Early diagnosis and institution of androgen therapy between 11 and 12 years is likely to increase penile size and prevent the psychological side effects of undersized genitals and delayed puberty.", "PMID": 862205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14058", "title": "Glucagon and diabetes. II. Complete suppression of glucagon by insulin in human diabetes.", "content": "In order to determine whether glucagon levels of diabetic subjects are suppressible, alpha cell responsiveness to acute insulin administration (0.1 units/kg intravenously) was determined in fourteen juvenile onset, healthy diabetic and eight control subjects. In the diabetics, insulin produced a significant but slow fall in blood glucose over 60 min (P less than 0.01). On the other hand, glucagon levels fell dramatically in all diabetics to undetectable levels (P less than 0.001). Only one diabetic became hypoglycaemic and he alone showed a rebound rise of glucagon at 60 min. The rate of fall of blood glucose in the diabetic subjects was not influenced by the basal glucagon level (r=0.13) or the rate of fall of plasma glucagon (r=0.04). The glucose and glucagon responses of control subjects to insulin administration were in sharp contrast to the diabetics: blood glucose levels fell rapidly to hypoglycaemic levels and were associated with a major rise in glucagon levels (mean rise 116 pmol/1, P less than 0.001). We conclude that alpha cell hyperfunction in human diabetes can be completely suppressed by insulin administration and is therefore not autonomous, and that the slow rate of fall of blood glucose following insulin administration in diabetics is not secondary to glucagon excess.", "contents": "Glucagon and diabetes. II. Complete suppression of glucagon by insulin in human diabetes. In order to determine whether glucagon levels of diabetic subjects are suppressible, alpha cell responsiveness to acute insulin administration (0.1 units/kg intravenously) was determined in fourteen juvenile onset, healthy diabetic and eight control subjects. In the diabetics, insulin produced a significant but slow fall in blood glucose over 60 min (P less than 0.01). On the other hand, glucagon levels fell dramatically in all diabetics to undetectable levels (P less than 0.001). Only one diabetic became hypoglycaemic and he alone showed a rebound rise of glucagon at 60 min. The rate of fall of blood glucose in the diabetic subjects was not influenced by the basal glucagon level (r=0.13) or the rate of fall of plasma glucagon (r=0.04). The glucose and glucagon responses of control subjects to insulin administration were in sharp contrast to the diabetics: blood glucose levels fell rapidly to hypoglycaemic levels and were associated with a major rise in glucagon levels (mean rise 116 pmol/1, P less than 0.001). We conclude that alpha cell hyperfunction in human diabetes can be completely suppressed by insulin administration and is therefore not autonomous, and that the slow rate of fall of blood glucose following insulin administration in diabetics is not secondary to glucagon excess.", "PMID": 862206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14059", "title": "Normal plasma calcitonin: circadian variation and response to stimuli.", "content": "A simple, reproducible extraction method has been developed, which is capable of measuring calcitonin in normal individuals. Normal calcitonin levels show a circadian variation, with a peak around midday and respond to known stimuli for calcitonin release.", "contents": "Normal plasma calcitonin: circadian variation and response to stimuli. A simple, reproducible extraction method has been developed, which is capable of measuring calcitonin in normal individuals. Normal calcitonin levels show a circadian variation, with a peak around midday and respond to known stimuli for calcitonin release.", "PMID": 862207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14060", "title": "Normal excretion of vasopressin and the effect of everyday activity.", "content": "The urinary excretion of arginine vasopressin (AVP) was measured by bioassay in normal subjects at rest, on reduced physical activity and on routine everyday activity. The values obtained under rest conditions were all less than 10 mu/24 h with a mean less than 6.6 mu/24 h. Excretion of vasopressin increased with increasing activity, despite free access to water to mean values of 17 mu/24 h and 29 mu/24 h under conditions of reduced and routine every day activity respectively.", "contents": "Normal excretion of vasopressin and the effect of everyday activity. The urinary excretion of arginine vasopressin (AVP) was measured by bioassay in normal subjects at rest, on reduced physical activity and on routine everyday activity. The values obtained under rest conditions were all less than 10 mu/24 h with a mean less than 6.6 mu/24 h. Excretion of vasopressin increased with increasing activity, despite free access to water to mean values of 17 mu/24 h and 29 mu/24 h under conditions of reduced and routine every day activity respectively.", "PMID": 862208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14061", "title": "Acute effect of inorganic iodide after 131I therapy for hyperthyroidism.", "content": "Patients treated with inorganic iodide weeks to years following 131I therapy for hyperthyroidism do not adapt to its antithyroid effect. To determine whether such adaptation occurs soon after 131I therapy, serum thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations were measured daily for 9-14 days following 131I therapy in seventeen hyperthyroid patients. Nine patients received 150 mg KI daily starting 48 h after 131I administration; eight received only 131I. Serum T4 and T3 concentrations did not change significantly in the patients who received only 131I. In the patients who received 131I and KI, serum T4 and T3 concentrations fell promptly, reaching nadir values 2-10 days after initiation of iodide, and then increased despite continuation of KI therapy. The mean maximal fall in serum T4 was 34% and in serum T3 42%. These results show that \"escape\" from the acute anti-thyroid effect of iodide occurs when it is given immediately after 131I therapy, thus limiting the utility of iodide as a therapeutic agent at this time.", "contents": "Acute effect of inorganic iodide after 131I therapy for hyperthyroidism. Patients treated with inorganic iodide weeks to years following 131I therapy for hyperthyroidism do not adapt to its antithyroid effect. To determine whether such adaptation occurs soon after 131I therapy, serum thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations were measured daily for 9-14 days following 131I therapy in seventeen hyperthyroid patients. Nine patients received 150 mg KI daily starting 48 h after 131I administration; eight received only 131I. Serum T4 and T3 concentrations did not change significantly in the patients who received only 131I. In the patients who received 131I and KI, serum T4 and T3 concentrations fell promptly, reaching nadir values 2-10 days after initiation of iodide, and then increased despite continuation of KI therapy. The mean maximal fall in serum T4 was 34% and in serum T3 42%. These results show that \"escape\" from the acute anti-thyroid effect of iodide occurs when it is given immediately after 131I therapy, thus limiting the utility of iodide as a therapeutic agent at this time.", "PMID": 862209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14062", "title": "Heredity of idiopathic haemochromatosis: a study of 106 families.", "content": "More than 80% of the first degree relatives of 106 patients with iron overload - 97 with idiopathic haemochromatosis (I.H.) and nine with haemosiderosis secondary to alcohol induced liver disease (A.H. - were examined. Physical examination and measurement of plasma iron level and UIBC were done in all subjects; relatives who presented with some anomaly were submitted to a desferrioxamine test and, if the latter showed a high urinary iron output, to a liver biopsy. While absent in relatives of A.H. patients, iron overload was present in 78 out of 499 relatives of I.H. patients: 29 major and 49 minor forms. The major forms involved the sibships almost exclusively. The genetic analysis showed much evidence in favour of a recessive or rather intermediate form of inheritance, with heterozygous developing minor forms. However, other modes of transmission, especially polygenic (probably oligogenic), cannot be totally excluded. Data from recent studies showing a strong correlation between I.H. and certain HLA antigens do not conflict with the above conclusions.", "contents": "Heredity of idiopathic haemochromatosis: a study of 106 families. More than 80% of the first degree relatives of 106 patients with iron overload - 97 with idiopathic haemochromatosis (I.H.) and nine with haemosiderosis secondary to alcohol induced liver disease (A.H. - were examined. Physical examination and measurement of plasma iron level and UIBC were done in all subjects; relatives who presented with some anomaly were submitted to a desferrioxamine test and, if the latter showed a high urinary iron output, to a liver biopsy. While absent in relatives of A.H. patients, iron overload was present in 78 out of 499 relatives of I.H. patients: 29 major and 49 minor forms. The major forms involved the sibships almost exclusively. The genetic analysis showed much evidence in favour of a recessive or rather intermediate form of inheritance, with heterozygous developing minor forms. However, other modes of transmission, especially polygenic (probably oligogenic), cannot be totally excluded. Data from recent studies showing a strong correlation between I.H. and certain HLA antigens do not conflict with the above conclusions.", "PMID": 862210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14063", "title": "No evidence for a correlation between behaviour and the size of the Y chromosome.", "content": "Y chromosome variation has been studied in three groups of Norwegian males: 35 boys from an adolescent psychiatric hospital; 45 men from a hospital for hard-to-manage or dangerous, psychotic men; and 26 boys from two ordinary school classes. Y chromosomes with 1, 2, and 3 brightly fluorescing bands were found in all three groups. One boy carried a Y with no bands. The mean values of the Yf/Yq ratio were not significantly different in the three groups (Yf is the length of the distal, brightly fluorescing part of Yq). Two cases of XY/XYY mosaicism were found among the psychotic men. The study shows that the human species is polymorphic with regard to the size of the Y chromosome, i.e. the number of fluorescent bands in the long arm. No phenotypical manifestation of this polymorphism, particularly as regards behaviour, was found.", "contents": "No evidence for a correlation between behaviour and the size of the Y chromosome. Y chromosome variation has been studied in three groups of Norwegian males: 35 boys from an adolescent psychiatric hospital; 45 men from a hospital for hard-to-manage or dangerous, psychotic men; and 26 boys from two ordinary school classes. Y chromosomes with 1, 2, and 3 brightly fluorescing bands were found in all three groups. One boy carried a Y with no bands. The mean values of the Yf/Yq ratio were not significantly different in the three groups (Yf is the length of the distal, brightly fluorescing part of Yq). Two cases of XY/XYY mosaicism were found among the psychotic men. The study shows that the human species is polymorphic with regard to the size of the Y chromosome, i.e. the number of fluorescent bands in the long arm. No phenotypical manifestation of this polymorphism, particularly as regards behaviour, was found.", "PMID": 862212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14064", "title": "Unusual association of Saethre-Chotzen syndrome and congenital adrenal hyperplasia.", "content": "This report describes and discusses the very rare occurrence of two heritable traits, the Saethre-Chotzen syndrome and congenital adrenal hyperplasia (21 hydroxylase deficiency, salt-losing type) in a female infant whose father presents the clinical manifestations of Saethre-Chotzen syndrome. Family study revealed no other instances of the recessively inherited adrenogenital syndrome. Other literature cases combining acrocephalosyndactyly and urogenital anomalies are discussed and compared.", "contents": "Unusual association of Saethre-Chotzen syndrome and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. This report describes and discusses the very rare occurrence of two heritable traits, the Saethre-Chotzen syndrome and congenital adrenal hyperplasia (21 hydroxylase deficiency, salt-losing type) in a female infant whose father presents the clinical manifestations of Saethre-Chotzen syndrome. Family study revealed no other instances of the recessively inherited adrenogenital syndrome. Other literature cases combining acrocephalosyndactyly and urogenital anomalies are discussed and compared.", "PMID": 862213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14065", "title": "Colton blood groups: indication of linkage with the Kidd (Jk) system as support for assignment to chromosome 7.", "content": "A material of normal Danish families was tested for a number of genetic marker systems and analyzed for linkage. For the Colton-Kidd relationship the lod score was + 2.57. The Kidd system has earlier been tentatively assigned to chromosome 7 (Schokeir et al. 1973). The present data therefore permit a tentative assignment to chromosome 7 of the Colton system as well. The data also suggest that the discovery by Chapelle et al. (1975) of a conjunction of monosomy for chromosome 7 in the bone marrow of certain leukemia patients and absence of Colton antigen from the red cells may now be interpreted as being connected with location on chromosome 7 of the Colton system.", "contents": "Colton blood groups: indication of linkage with the Kidd (Jk) system as support for assignment to chromosome 7. A material of normal Danish families was tested for a number of genetic marker systems and analyzed for linkage. For the Colton-Kidd relationship the lod score was + 2.57. The Kidd system has earlier been tentatively assigned to chromosome 7 (Schokeir et al. 1973). The present data therefore permit a tentative assignment to chromosome 7 of the Colton system as well. The data also suggest that the discovery by Chapelle et al. (1975) of a conjunction of monosomy for chromosome 7 in the bone marrow of certain leukemia patients and absence of Colton antigen from the red cells may now be interpreted as being connected with location on chromosome 7 of the Colton system.", "PMID": 862214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14066", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of dysplastic kidney disease.", "content": "Sonolucent areas in the region of the kidneys were demonstrated by ultrasound in a 23-week-old fetus. These sonolucent areas persisted and enlarged during the pregnancy and the infant had the Potter phenotype and Potter type 2A dysplastic kidneys at birth. The use of prenatal sonographic evaluation of the fetal kidneys is discussed.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of dysplastic kidney disease. Sonolucent areas in the region of the kidneys were demonstrated by ultrasound in a 23-week-old fetus. These sonolucent areas persisted and enlarged during the pregnancy and the infant had the Potter phenotype and Potter type 2A dysplastic kidneys at birth. The use of prenatal sonographic evaluation of the fetal kidneys is discussed.", "PMID": 862215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14067", "title": "Purification and characterization of human liver-specific membrane lipoprotein (LSP).", "content": "A liver-specific lipoprotein (LSP) which is present in 105,000 g supernatants of human liver has previously been shown to produce a lesion resembling chronic active hepatitis in rabbits immunized with human liver fractions containing this lipoprotein. In addition, it has been implicated as the principal target antigen involved in the liver cell cytotoxicity exhibited in vitro by lymphocytes from patients with chronic active hepatitis. The organ-specificity and species cross-reactivity of LSP is confirmed. Although very labile, is has been prepared in a stable form by gel filtration of Sepharose 6B in a Tris buffer containing 1 mm disodium EDTA. LSP is also stable in a borate buffer containing EDTA but is unstable in a number of other buffer systems tested. When prepared by this method it contains approximately 2% albumin as the only detectable contaminant. Gel filtration studies on the apoprotein of LSP revealed that it has an apparent mol. wt of between 4 X 10(6) and 20 X 10(6). SDA-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that the lipoprotein may be composed of up to thirteen sub-units of different molecular sizes.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of human liver-specific membrane lipoprotein (LSP). A liver-specific lipoprotein (LSP) which is present in 105,000 g supernatants of human liver has previously been shown to produce a lesion resembling chronic active hepatitis in rabbits immunized with human liver fractions containing this lipoprotein. In addition, it has been implicated as the principal target antigen involved in the liver cell cytotoxicity exhibited in vitro by lymphocytes from patients with chronic active hepatitis. The organ-specificity and species cross-reactivity of LSP is confirmed. Although very labile, is has been prepared in a stable form by gel filtration of Sepharose 6B in a Tris buffer containing 1 mm disodium EDTA. LSP is also stable in a borate buffer containing EDTA but is unstable in a number of other buffer systems tested. When prepared by this method it contains approximately 2% albumin as the only detectable contaminant. Gel filtration studies on the apoprotein of LSP revealed that it has an apparent mol. wt of between 4 X 10(6) and 20 X 10(6). SDA-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that the lipoprotein may be composed of up to thirteen sub-units of different molecular sizes.", "PMID": 862227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14068", "title": "Complement in the induction of IgE antibody formation.", "content": "The IgE antibody response of NIH mice to ovalbumin was suppressed by in vivo complement depletion with cobra factor. This observation extends to IgE the finding that complement participates in thymus-dependent antibody formation. Control mice producing IgI anti-ovalbumin antibody after boosting all developed marked peripheral eosinophilia, whereas mice in which the IgE antibody response had been suppressed by cobra factor did not. Administration of cobra factor itself had no effect on peripheral eosinophil levels.", "contents": "Complement in the induction of IgE antibody formation. The IgE antibody response of NIH mice to ovalbumin was suppressed by in vivo complement depletion with cobra factor. This observation extends to IgE the finding that complement participates in thymus-dependent antibody formation. Control mice producing IgI anti-ovalbumin antibody after boosting all developed marked peripheral eosinophilia, whereas mice in which the IgE antibody response had been suppressed by cobra factor did not. Administration of cobra factor itself had no effect on peripheral eosinophil levels.", "PMID": 862228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14069", "title": "Farmer's lung: immunological response to a group of extracellular enzymes of Micropolyspora faeni. An experimental and field study.", "content": "Potent immunogenicity of certain extracellular 'chymotrypsin-like' enzymes of Micropolyspora faeni are demonstrated. One of them, Enzyme 1 seems particularly active in stimulating the formation of percipitins after intratracheal exposure in rabbits. Man or cattle exposed naturally to mouldy hay, either with or without clinical farmer's lung symptoms show a rather constant immunological reaction against Enzyme 1 and partly also against others of the same group. The detection of specific percipitins against these enzymes is not likely to improve the diagnostic value of the standard farmer's lung serology. Possible implications of these proteolytic enzymes in the pathogenesis of farmer's lung are discussed.", "contents": "Farmer's lung: immunological response to a group of extracellular enzymes of Micropolyspora faeni. An experimental and field study. Potent immunogenicity of certain extracellular 'chymotrypsin-like' enzymes of Micropolyspora faeni are demonstrated. One of them, Enzyme 1 seems particularly active in stimulating the formation of percipitins after intratracheal exposure in rabbits. Man or cattle exposed naturally to mouldy hay, either with or without clinical farmer's lung symptoms show a rather constant immunological reaction against Enzyme 1 and partly also against others of the same group. The detection of specific percipitins against these enzymes is not likely to improve the diagnostic value of the standard farmer's lung serology. Possible implications of these proteolytic enzymes in the pathogenesis of farmer's lung are discussed.", "PMID": 862229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14070", "title": "Immunosuppression by sex steroid hormones. The effect upon PHA- and PPD-stimulated lymphocytes.", "content": "Progesterone, estradiol, testosterone, cortisol, and 11-desoxycortisol (compound S) were added to cultures of human lymphocytes stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and purified protein derivative (PPD). The immunosuppressive effect of cortisol was verified and the three sex-steroid hormones also were found to inhibit lymphocyte transformation although at concentrations higher than for cortisol. Compound S, a steroid of low biological potency, also had immunosuppressive activity. At concentrations (0-01-1-0 microng/ml), progesterone, oestrogen, testosterone, and Compound S augmented the transformation response to PPD but not to PHA. Marked variation from individual to individual in the suppressive effects of all the steroids were noted. The clinical implications of immunosuppression by the sex steroid hormones are discussed.", "contents": "Immunosuppression by sex steroid hormones. The effect upon PHA- and PPD-stimulated lymphocytes. Progesterone, estradiol, testosterone, cortisol, and 11-desoxycortisol (compound S) were added to cultures of human lymphocytes stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and purified protein derivative (PPD). The immunosuppressive effect of cortisol was verified and the three sex-steroid hormones also were found to inhibit lymphocyte transformation although at concentrations higher than for cortisol. Compound S, a steroid of low biological potency, also had immunosuppressive activity. At concentrations (0-01-1-0 microng/ml), progesterone, oestrogen, testosterone, and Compound S augmented the transformation response to PPD but not to PHA. Marked variation from individual to individual in the suppressive effects of all the steroids were noted. The clinical implications of immunosuppression by the sex steroid hormones are discussed.", "PMID": 862230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14071", "title": "A human IgA myeloma protein interacting with staphylococcal alpha-toxin and protein A.", "content": "High anti-staphylolysin activity was found in the serum from a patient with multiple myeloma. The activity was confined to the monoclonal IgA protein and was dependent on an intact Fc part of the molecule. An Fc-dependent interaction with protein A was also demonstrated. In addition, a part of the monoclonal IgA was found to be complexed with alpha2-macroglobulin. The results imply an unusual Fc-reactivity of the IgA protein.", "contents": "A human IgA myeloma protein interacting with staphylococcal alpha-toxin and protein A. High anti-staphylolysin activity was found in the serum from a patient with multiple myeloma. The activity was confined to the monoclonal IgA protein and was dependent on an intact Fc part of the molecule. An Fc-dependent interaction with protein A was also demonstrated. In addition, a part of the monoclonal IgA was found to be complexed with alpha2-macroglobulin. The results imply an unusual Fc-reactivity of the IgA protein.", "PMID": 862231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14072", "title": "An inhibitor of lymphocyte proliferation and lymphokine production released by unstimulated foetal monocytes.", "content": "Supernatants obtained from 3-day cultures of cord blood monocytes inhibited normal lymphocyte activation by either PHA or in a two-way MLC. Both lymphocyte transformation and lymphokine production was significantly inhibited by these supernatants but not by those derived from adult mononuclear cell cultures. The inhibitory material produced by foetal monocytes was dialysable and was non-cytotoxic to target cells. It is postulated that this factor contributes to the depressed maternal cell-mediated immune response observed in pregnancy.", "contents": "An inhibitor of lymphocyte proliferation and lymphokine production released by unstimulated foetal monocytes. Supernatants obtained from 3-day cultures of cord blood monocytes inhibited normal lymphocyte activation by either PHA or in a two-way MLC. Both lymphocyte transformation and lymphokine production was significantly inhibited by these supernatants but not by those derived from adult mononuclear cell cultures. The inhibitory material produced by foetal monocytes was dialysable and was non-cytotoxic to target cells. It is postulated that this factor contributes to the depressed maternal cell-mediated immune response observed in pregnancy.", "PMID": 862232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14073", "title": "A radiomicroassay for cytotoxic antibody to human spermatozoa. Quantification by tritiated actinomycin d.", "content": "A radiomicroassay for titration of spermocytotoxic antibody is described. The assay used [3H]AACTINOMYCIN D ([3H]Act D) to label damaged spermatozoa in a fashion analogous to penetration by vital dye. Optimal conditions for and some kinetics of the assay are presented. The assay is sensitive, reliable, simple to perform and uses only small amounts of serum and spermatozoa. Applied to sperm antibody positive human postvasectomy sera, the assay compared favourably in sensitivity eith vital dye microscopic observations and with parallel titration by the Isojima's immobilization tests.", "contents": "A radiomicroassay for cytotoxic antibody to human spermatozoa. Quantification by tritiated actinomycin d. A radiomicroassay for titration of spermocytotoxic antibody is described. The assay used [3H]AACTINOMYCIN D ([3H]Act D) to label damaged spermatozoa in a fashion analogous to penetration by vital dye. Optimal conditions for and some kinetics of the assay are presented. The assay is sensitive, reliable, simple to perform and uses only small amounts of serum and spermatozoa. Applied to sperm antibody positive human postvasectomy sera, the assay compared favourably in sensitivity eith vital dye microscopic observations and with parallel titration by the Isojima's immobilization tests.", "PMID": 862233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14074", "title": "Cellular immunity in newborn infants and children: stimulation of lymphocyte protein synthesis as a measure of immune competence.", "content": "An assay based on the early stimulation of protein synthesis in lymphocytes has been used as an in vitro measure of cellular immune competence. 3H-labelled leucine incorporation into human peripheral lymphocytes (PBL) stimulated by the mitogens phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), wax bean agglutinin (WBA) and Concanavalin A (Con A) was measured after one day in culture. This assay offers a technical advantage over the analogous 3H-labelled thymidine incorporation assay, because of the short incubation time required and the absence of homologous serum in the assay system. Newborn infants and patients with Down's syndrome as a group had normal responses, whereas those suffering from recurrent infections demonstrated normal or hyper-reactive responses. Patients with lymphoproliferative disorders, ataxia telangiectasia, and some patients under steroid therapy had diminished immune proliferative reactions. These results are in agreement with most previously reported studies using other assay systems.", "contents": "Cellular immunity in newborn infants and children: stimulation of lymphocyte protein synthesis as a measure of immune competence. An assay based on the early stimulation of protein synthesis in lymphocytes has been used as an in vitro measure of cellular immune competence. 3H-labelled leucine incorporation into human peripheral lymphocytes (PBL) stimulated by the mitogens phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), wax bean agglutinin (WBA) and Concanavalin A (Con A) was measured after one day in culture. This assay offers a technical advantage over the analogous 3H-labelled thymidine incorporation assay, because of the short incubation time required and the absence of homologous serum in the assay system. Newborn infants and patients with Down's syndrome as a group had normal responses, whereas those suffering from recurrent infections demonstrated normal or hyper-reactive responses. Patients with lymphoproliferative disorders, ataxia telangiectasia, and some patients under steroid therapy had diminished immune proliferative reactions. These results are in agreement with most previously reported studies using other assay systems.", "PMID": 862234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14075", "title": "Deficienty of specific HLA antibodies in severe pregnancy pre-eclampsia/eclampsia.", "content": "The paradox of the survival of the foetal allograft remains unresolved as does the aetiology of pre-eclampsia/eclampsia--the principle disease of pregnancy. In a prospective study of very severe cases of pre-eclampsia we have found significantly reduced antibody to paternal histocompatibility antigens. Lowered immune response to the foetal allograft may play a role in severe cases of pre-eclampsia.", "contents": "Deficienty of specific HLA antibodies in severe pregnancy pre-eclampsia/eclampsia. The paradox of the survival of the foetal allograft remains unresolved as does the aetiology of pre-eclampsia/eclampsia--the principle disease of pregnancy. In a prospective study of very severe cases of pre-eclampsia we have found significantly reduced antibody to paternal histocompatibility antigens. Lowered immune response to the foetal allograft may play a role in severe cases of pre-eclampsia.", "PMID": 862235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14076", "title": "Platelet activating factor, the trigger of haemostatic alterations in rat anaphylaxis.", "content": "Platelet-activating factor (PAF) generated by an IgE-mediated reaction in the peritoneal cabity of rats was partially purified by adsorption to diatomaceous earth. It aggregated rat platelets and, as a consequence, activated Hageman factor in in vitro, as well as in vivo, conditions. The haemostatic alterations induced by PAF showed similarity to those observed in the early phase of rat anaphylaxis.", "contents": "Platelet activating factor, the trigger of haemostatic alterations in rat anaphylaxis. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) generated by an IgE-mediated reaction in the peritoneal cabity of rats was partially purified by adsorption to diatomaceous earth. It aggregated rat platelets and, as a consequence, activated Hageman factor in in vitro, as well as in vivo, conditions. The haemostatic alterations induced by PAF showed similarity to those observed in the early phase of rat anaphylaxis.", "PMID": 862236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14077", "title": "Epithelial cell proliferation in thymic hyperplasia induced by triiodothyronine.", "content": "A significant hyperplasia of the thymus was induced in mice, treated with triiodothyronine during the first month of life. Stereological data showed that, in both treated and control mice, mononucleate epithelial cells were four times more numerous in the medulla that in the cortex. After triiodothyronine treatment, their absolute number in both cortex and medulla increased two-fold. The number of thymic epithelial cells could thus be regulated by thyroid hormones. The cortical volume in treated mice was also twice that of controls but medullar volume showed and increase of only fifty percent. Cortical epithelial cells increased at the same rate of the cortex volume by medullary epithelial cells grew more rapidly. In fact the medullary volume enlargement could be be explained mainly by the growth of the epithelium. Medullary lymphocytes did thus not preliferate in the same way as cortical lymphocytes after thyroid hormone administration. The recently described multinucleate epithelial cells were not modified in number and were thus insensitive to thyroid hormones.", "contents": "Epithelial cell proliferation in thymic hyperplasia induced by triiodothyronine. A significant hyperplasia of the thymus was induced in mice, treated with triiodothyronine during the first month of life. Stereological data showed that, in both treated and control mice, mononucleate epithelial cells were four times more numerous in the medulla that in the cortex. After triiodothyronine treatment, their absolute number in both cortex and medulla increased two-fold. The number of thymic epithelial cells could thus be regulated by thyroid hormones. The cortical volume in treated mice was also twice that of controls but medullar volume showed and increase of only fifty percent. Cortical epithelial cells increased at the same rate of the cortex volume by medullary epithelial cells grew more rapidly. In fact the medullary volume enlargement could be be explained mainly by the growth of the epithelium. Medullary lymphocytes did thus not preliferate in the same way as cortical lymphocytes after thyroid hormone administration. The recently described multinucleate epithelial cells were not modified in number and were thus insensitive to thyroid hormones.", "PMID": 862237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14078", "title": "Studies on the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune renal tubulointerstitial disease in guinea-pigs. IV. failure to inhibit mononuclear cell accumulation with niridazole.", "content": "Niridazole is a potent inhibitor of certain expressions of delayed-type hypersensitivity; however, its effect and specificity on other immunologically induced mononuclear cell infiltrates has not been determined. We therefore tested this drug in a model of auto-antibody-induced renal tubulointerstitial disease (RTD), which is characterized by the accumulation of lymphocytes and macrophages in the cortical interstitium. Niridazole-treated (100 mg/kg) and untreated guineapigs were injected with potent anti-tubular basement membrane serum from donors with RTD. Drug treatment was repeated 2-3 times during the course of 10 days. The characteristic renal lesions were found in both groups. However, a single dose of niridazole inhibited skin reactivity in tuberculin sensitive guinea-pigs for at least 8 days. These findings further support the contention that immunologic tissue injury in RTD does not involve mechanisms of delayed-type hypersensitivity.", "contents": "Studies on the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune renal tubulointerstitial disease in guinea-pigs. IV. failure to inhibit mononuclear cell accumulation with niridazole. Niridazole is a potent inhibitor of certain expressions of delayed-type hypersensitivity; however, its effect and specificity on other immunologically induced mononuclear cell infiltrates has not been determined. We therefore tested this drug in a model of auto-antibody-induced renal tubulointerstitial disease (RTD), which is characterized by the accumulation of lymphocytes and macrophages in the cortical interstitium. Niridazole-treated (100 mg/kg) and untreated guineapigs were injected with potent anti-tubular basement membrane serum from donors with RTD. Drug treatment was repeated 2-3 times during the course of 10 days. The characteristic renal lesions were found in both groups. However, a single dose of niridazole inhibited skin reactivity in tuberculin sensitive guinea-pigs for at least 8 days. These findings further support the contention that immunologic tissue injury in RTD does not involve mechanisms of delayed-type hypersensitivity.", "PMID": 862238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14079", "title": "Temporal correlation of lymphocyte blastogenesis, skin test responses and erythema during dermatophyte infections.", "content": "The development of cellular hypersensitivity, as measured by lymphocyte blastogenic and skin tests assays, was correlated with intensification of lesion erythema in guinea-pigs infected with Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Development of lymphocyte blastogenic responses to trichophytin was assayed using forty infected animals and twenty controls; blastogenic conversion occurred between 9-11 days post spore application. The onset of cellular hypersensitivity was assayed in vivo in twenty infected guinea-pigs by skin testing at intervals after infection; positive responses occurred between 9-11 days post spore application which coincided with the time of blastogenic conversion. Clinical characteristics of lesions were followed in a group of twenty-four animals: lesions first appeared on day 7; erythema intensified until day 10; lesions reached maximum size by day 13; and alopecia began on day 17. Since cellular hypersensitivity (positive skin test and lymphocyte blastogenesis) develops at the same time as lesions reach maximum erythema, cellular hypersensitivity appears to be responsible for the intense inflammatory response associated with ringworm infections.", "contents": "Temporal correlation of lymphocyte blastogenesis, skin test responses and erythema during dermatophyte infections. The development of cellular hypersensitivity, as measured by lymphocyte blastogenic and skin tests assays, was correlated with intensification of lesion erythema in guinea-pigs infected with Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Development of lymphocyte blastogenic responses to trichophytin was assayed using forty infected animals and twenty controls; blastogenic conversion occurred between 9-11 days post spore application. The onset of cellular hypersensitivity was assayed in vivo in twenty infected guinea-pigs by skin testing at intervals after infection; positive responses occurred between 9-11 days post spore application which coincided with the time of blastogenic conversion. Clinical characteristics of lesions were followed in a group of twenty-four animals: lesions first appeared on day 7; erythema intensified until day 10; lesions reached maximum size by day 13; and alopecia began on day 17. Since cellular hypersensitivity (positive skin test and lymphocyte blastogenesis) develops at the same time as lesions reach maximum erythema, cellular hypersensitivity appears to be responsible for the intense inflammatory response associated with ringworm infections.", "PMID": 862239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14080", "title": "Autoantibodies against the inner aspect of erythrocyte membranes in NZB mice.", "content": "Erythrocyte autoantibodies in NZB mice react by hemagglutination methods with exposed and hidden red cell antigens. The hidden antigens can be exposed by treatment with proteolytic enzymes. By indirect immunofluorescence one antibody population can be shown to react with modified red cells. In the present study the location of the corresponding autoantigen within the membrane was studied. Mechanical or hypotonic lysis of the red cells exposed the antigen. Proteolytic digestion known to expose other erythrocyte autoantigens had no effect. The autoantigen was exposed on 'inside out' erythrocyte membrane vesicles, but not on 'right-side out' vesicles, prepared from isolated erythrocyte ghosts. Frezzing and thawing as well as mechanical disintergration of red cells liberated antigenically active material as saline-insuluble fibrillar material. The observations indicate that the autoantigen studied is located at the inner aspect of the erythrocyte membrane and suggest that it is associated with fibril-forming structural components. The observed reactivity distinguishes the described antibodies from previously identified erythrocyte autoantibodies.", "contents": "Autoantibodies against the inner aspect of erythrocyte membranes in NZB mice. Erythrocyte autoantibodies in NZB mice react by hemagglutination methods with exposed and hidden red cell antigens. The hidden antigens can be exposed by treatment with proteolytic enzymes. By indirect immunofluorescence one antibody population can be shown to react with modified red cells. In the present study the location of the corresponding autoantigen within the membrane was studied. Mechanical or hypotonic lysis of the red cells exposed the antigen. Proteolytic digestion known to expose other erythrocyte autoantigens had no effect. The autoantigen was exposed on 'inside out' erythrocyte membrane vesicles, but not on 'right-side out' vesicles, prepared from isolated erythrocyte ghosts. Frezzing and thawing as well as mechanical disintergration of red cells liberated antigenically active material as saline-insuluble fibrillar material. The observations indicate that the autoantigen studied is located at the inner aspect of the erythrocyte membrane and suggest that it is associated with fibril-forming structural components. The observed reactivity distinguishes the described antibodies from previously identified erythrocyte autoantibodies.", "PMID": 862240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14081", "title": "Hyper-responsiveness in NZB mice to the experimental induction of anti-red cell autoantibody.", "content": "Strain differences in ease of induction of autoantibody production were observed when mice were injected with rat RBC. Responsiveness was not linked to the H-2 locus. NZB and (NZB X BALB/c)F1 mice were hyper-responsive both in terms of the induction of autoantibody and in the production of agglutinating antibody to rat RBC. C57BL/c and (C57BL X BALB/c)F1 were poor responders. Injection of the rat RBC in FCA converted a poor responder into a good responder. Adult thymectomy and ALS treatment did not significantly enhance autoantibody production.", "contents": "Hyper-responsiveness in NZB mice to the experimental induction of anti-red cell autoantibody. Strain differences in ease of induction of autoantibody production were observed when mice were injected with rat RBC. Responsiveness was not linked to the H-2 locus. NZB and (NZB X BALB/c)F1 mice were hyper-responsive both in terms of the induction of autoantibody and in the production of agglutinating antibody to rat RBC. C57BL/c and (C57BL X BALB/c)F1 were poor responders. Injection of the rat RBC in FCA converted a poor responder into a good responder. Adult thymectomy and ALS treatment did not significantly enhance autoantibody production.", "PMID": 862241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14082", "title": "Characterization of haemagglutinating factor produced by mouse spleen and lymph node in culture.", "content": "Mouse spleen cells produce haemagglutinating activity in culture which is species specific but not strain specific. The activity is produced by all strains of mice tested including nude mice. It is produced in cultures of spleen and lymph node but not of peritoneal exudate cells. Production of the factor is not affected by macrophage depletion of the spleen. This activity is not antibody mediated.", "contents": "Characterization of haemagglutinating factor produced by mouse spleen and lymph node in culture. Mouse spleen cells produce haemagglutinating activity in culture which is species specific but not strain specific. The activity is produced by all strains of mice tested including nude mice. It is produced in cultures of spleen and lymph node but not of peritoneal exudate cells. Production of the factor is not affected by macrophage depletion of the spleen. This activity is not antibody mediated.", "PMID": 862242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14083", "title": "Immunological reactivity of the lung. IV. Effect of cyclophosphamide on alveolar macrophage cytotoxic effector function.", "content": "The effect of cyclophosphamide on the absolute numbers and function of alveolar macrophages following either in vitro or in vivo drug exposure was studied in the guinea-pig. Two separate regimens of in vivo cyclophosphamide administration (100 mg/kg/one dose or 20 mg/kg for 5 days) both of which produce identical decreases in each population of peripheral blood leucocytes 5 days after the initial injection did not produce anay change in alveolar macrophage numbers when compared to control values. Neither a brief exposure to CY in vitro nor a brief exposure in vivo (100 mg/kg/one dose) caused any change in cytotoxic effector function of alveolar macrophages using the PHA-induced and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity assays against sheep erythrocyte targets. In contrast, the more prolonged in vivo exposure to CY (20 mg/kg for 5 days), produced a significant decrease in the killer cell function of these cells. Thus, this study demonstrates that different regimens of cyclophosphamide administration, although producing similar degrees of peripheral blood leucopenia can produce markedly different effects on the functional capabilities of alveolar macrophages without quantitatively decreasing the absolute numbers of these cells.", "contents": "Immunological reactivity of the lung. IV. Effect of cyclophosphamide on alveolar macrophage cytotoxic effector function. The effect of cyclophosphamide on the absolute numbers and function of alveolar macrophages following either in vitro or in vivo drug exposure was studied in the guinea-pig. Two separate regimens of in vivo cyclophosphamide administration (100 mg/kg/one dose or 20 mg/kg for 5 days) both of which produce identical decreases in each population of peripheral blood leucocytes 5 days after the initial injection did not produce anay change in alveolar macrophage numbers when compared to control values. Neither a brief exposure to CY in vitro nor a brief exposure in vivo (100 mg/kg/one dose) caused any change in cytotoxic effector function of alveolar macrophages using the PHA-induced and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity assays against sheep erythrocyte targets. In contrast, the more prolonged in vivo exposure to CY (20 mg/kg for 5 days), produced a significant decrease in the killer cell function of these cells. Thus, this study demonstrates that different regimens of cyclophosphamide administration, although producing similar degrees of peripheral blood leucopenia can produce markedly different effects on the functional capabilities of alveolar macrophages without quantitatively decreasing the absolute numbers of these cells.", "PMID": 862243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14084", "title": "Disappearance of IgG2B autoantibodies associated with recovery from anaemia.", "content": "Mice immunized with cross-reacting rat erythrocytes develop autoimmune haemolytic anaemia as indicated by haematological data and erythrocyte autoantibodies. With continued immunization the mice recover haematologically but remain Coombs' positive. Coombs' tests were performed using monospecific antisera to determine whether the recovery from anaemia was associated with a change in the class or subclass of the autoantibodies produced. In both splenectomized mice and in unsplenectomized mice the following subclass of erythrocyte autoantibodies were present: IgG1, IgG2A, IgG2B. IgA autoantibodies were not detected and IgM autoantibodies were only detected in splenectomized mice 1-3 weeks after the IgG autoantibodies had appeared. After six immunizations the frequency of IgG2B autoantibodies decreased and by the tenth immunization and thereon, IgG2B autoantibodies were not detected. It is proposed from these results that the anaemia is caused by IgG2B autoantibodies and the the sudden exacerbation in the anaemia that occurs in splenectomized mice is due to the production of IgM autoantibodies.", "contents": "Disappearance of IgG2B autoantibodies associated with recovery from anaemia. Mice immunized with cross-reacting rat erythrocytes develop autoimmune haemolytic anaemia as indicated by haematological data and erythrocyte autoantibodies. With continued immunization the mice recover haematologically but remain Coombs' positive. Coombs' tests were performed using monospecific antisera to determine whether the recovery from anaemia was associated with a change in the class or subclass of the autoantibodies produced. In both splenectomized mice and in unsplenectomized mice the following subclass of erythrocyte autoantibodies were present: IgG1, IgG2A, IgG2B. IgA autoantibodies were not detected and IgM autoantibodies were only detected in splenectomized mice 1-3 weeks after the IgG autoantibodies had appeared. After six immunizations the frequency of IgG2B autoantibodies decreased and by the tenth immunization and thereon, IgG2B autoantibodies were not detected. It is proposed from these results that the anaemia is caused by IgG2B autoantibodies and the the sudden exacerbation in the anaemia that occurs in splenectomized mice is due to the production of IgM autoantibodies.", "PMID": 862244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14085", "title": "Guinea-pig nephrotoxic nephritis II. Autologous phase: complement activation without detectable injury.", "content": "In the autologous phase of nephrotoxic induced by sheep antibody to glomerular basement membrane (GBM) in Dunkin-Hartley and C4 deficient strain guinea-pigs, less than 50% of animals developed proteinuria at the height of the autologous antibody response despite high anti-sheep immunolglobulin tetres and fixation of guinea-pig IgG and complement in the kidney. tonly two of thirty-sdven animals (5-4%) developed progressive. In a passive model of autologous phase injury using high titres rabbit antibody to sheep IgG, proteinuria failed to occur despite fixation of up to 95 microng rabbit antibody per kidney. Repeated injection of sheep nephrotoxic antibody (NTab) caused a persisting nephrotic syndrome but not the characteristic proliferative lesion of anti GBM diseases in other species.", "contents": "Guinea-pig nephrotoxic nephritis II. Autologous phase: complement activation without detectable injury. In the autologous phase of nephrotoxic induced by sheep antibody to glomerular basement membrane (GBM) in Dunkin-Hartley and C4 deficient strain guinea-pigs, less than 50% of animals developed proteinuria at the height of the autologous antibody response despite high anti-sheep immunolglobulin tetres and fixation of guinea-pig IgG and complement in the kidney. tonly two of thirty-sdven animals (5-4%) developed progressive. In a passive model of autologous phase injury using high titres rabbit antibody to sheep IgG, proteinuria failed to occur despite fixation of up to 95 microng rabbit antibody per kidney. Repeated injection of sheep nephrotoxic antibody (NTab) caused a persisting nephrotic syndrome but not the characteristic proliferative lesion of anti GBM diseases in other species.", "PMID": 862245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14086", "title": "Specific removal of antibody by extracorporeal circulation over antigen immobilized in collodion-charcoal.", "content": "Studies were undertaken to determine whether BSA immobilized in collodion membranes adherent to activated charcoal particles, would be capable of specifically removing circulating BSA antibody in vitro and in vivo in an extracorporeal system in dogs. Up to 59-8 mg of BSA were retained in collodion membranes adherent to small particles. In vitro studies demonstrated that immobilized BSA could specifically reduce BSA binding activity from circulating antisera. For in vivo studies, an extracorporeal circulation system was established and arterial blood was circualted through a continuous flow celltrifuge in which plasma was separated from formed elements of the blood. Only plasma was circulated over the BSA collodion-charcoal immunoadsorbent. Anti-BSA and anti-HSA atibodies were passively infused into dogs and, after an equlibration period of 12 or 15 min, plasma was passed over the BSA collodion-charcoal immunoadsorben. Plasma exhibited a sharp reduction in BSA binding over the next 30-60 min with only slight reduction in anti-HSA binding the same period. Dogs, actively immunized to BSA and HSA, were also treated by extracorporeal plasma perfusion over BSA collodion-charcoal. A specific decline in BSA binding of sera, was again observed with minimal changes in HSA binding. A post-perfusion rebound of BSA binding was observed which reached pre-perfusion levels after 6-8 days. A second treatment during the rebound period also resulted in a specific decline in BSA binding with a similar pattern of antibody rebound. There were no significant changes in I-labelled BSA recorded on the charcoal before and after in vivo procedures and no signifcant alterations in haematocrit, serum sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium or creatinine levels before and after the procedures. These data suggests that antigen-coated charcoal may specifically withdraw circulating antibodies in vivo with minimal release of the entrapped antigen and little alteration in the host's haematological and biochemical status.", "contents": "Specific removal of antibody by extracorporeal circulation over antigen immobilized in collodion-charcoal. Studies were undertaken to determine whether BSA immobilized in collodion membranes adherent to activated charcoal particles, would be capable of specifically removing circulating BSA antibody in vitro and in vivo in an extracorporeal system in dogs. Up to 59-8 mg of BSA were retained in collodion membranes adherent to small particles. In vitro studies demonstrated that immobilized BSA could specifically reduce BSA binding activity from circulating antisera. For in vivo studies, an extracorporeal circulation system was established and arterial blood was circualted through a continuous flow celltrifuge in which plasma was separated from formed elements of the blood. Only plasma was circulated over the BSA collodion-charcoal immunoadsorbent. Anti-BSA and anti-HSA atibodies were passively infused into dogs and, after an equlibration period of 12 or 15 min, plasma was passed over the BSA collodion-charcoal immunoadsorben. Plasma exhibited a sharp reduction in BSA binding over the next 30-60 min with only slight reduction in anti-HSA binding the same period. Dogs, actively immunized to BSA and HSA, were also treated by extracorporeal plasma perfusion over BSA collodion-charcoal. A specific decline in BSA binding of sera, was again observed with minimal changes in HSA binding. A post-perfusion rebound of BSA binding was observed which reached pre-perfusion levels after 6-8 days. A second treatment during the rebound period also resulted in a specific decline in BSA binding with a similar pattern of antibody rebound. There were no significant changes in I-labelled BSA recorded on the charcoal before and after in vivo procedures and no signifcant alterations in haematocrit, serum sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium or creatinine levels before and after the procedures. These data suggests that antigen-coated charcoal may specifically withdraw circulating antibodies in vivo with minimal release of the entrapped antigen and little alteration in the host's haematological and biochemical status.", "PMID": 862246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14087", "title": "Enhanced phagocytosis of immune complexes in pregnancy.", "content": "Utilizing an in vitro immunofluorescence phagocytosis assay for the detection of circulating immune complexes sera from pregnant women, from women taking contraceptive agents and age-matched controls were tested for their effect on the phagocytosis of immune complexes by normal peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN). Immune complexes present in the serum of a patient with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis and heat-aggregated IgG (COHN fraction II) were used as substrate. A significant enhancement of the phagocytosis of immune complexes by PMN in the presence of increasing amounts of pregnancy serum was seen using rheumatoid arthritis serum as well as heat-aggregated IgG. Serum from patients taking contraceptive drugs and controls showed no effect on the phagocytosis of such complexes in vitro. These observations suggest that pregnancy serum contains factors which enhance the phagocytosis of immune complexes possibly resulting in an increased clearance of such complexes. The commonly seen improvement of rheumatic diseases in the course of pregnancy might at least partially be due to this mechanism.", "contents": "Enhanced phagocytosis of immune complexes in pregnancy. Utilizing an in vitro immunofluorescence phagocytosis assay for the detection of circulating immune complexes sera from pregnant women, from women taking contraceptive agents and age-matched controls were tested for their effect on the phagocytosis of immune complexes by normal peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN). Immune complexes present in the serum of a patient with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis and heat-aggregated IgG (COHN fraction II) were used as substrate. A significant enhancement of the phagocytosis of immune complexes by PMN in the presence of increasing amounts of pregnancy serum was seen using rheumatoid arthritis serum as well as heat-aggregated IgG. Serum from patients taking contraceptive drugs and controls showed no effect on the phagocytosis of such complexes in vitro. These observations suggest that pregnancy serum contains factors which enhance the phagocytosis of immune complexes possibly resulting in an increased clearance of such complexes. The commonly seen improvement of rheumatic diseases in the course of pregnancy might at least partially be due to this mechanism.", "PMID": 862247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14088", "title": "Human antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against target cells infected with respiratory syncytial virus.", "content": "A chromium release assay was established to study human antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) of HEp 2 cells infected with respiratory syncytial (RS) virus. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes in the presence of specific antibody to RS virus caused in vitro lysis of RS virus infected target cells. ADCC was detected in sera of infants with RS virus infections and in specimens of colostrum. The ability of serum or colostrum to mediate the cytotoxic reaction appeared to be related to the level of specific IgG, or IgA antibody to RS virus, as detected by membrane fluorescence. Separation of effector cells by their glass adherence properties showed that the ability to produce cytotoxicity resided in non-adherent effector cells.", "contents": "Human antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against target cells infected with respiratory syncytial virus. A chromium release assay was established to study human antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) of HEp 2 cells infected with respiratory syncytial (RS) virus. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes in the presence of specific antibody to RS virus caused in vitro lysis of RS virus infected target cells. ADCC was detected in sera of infants with RS virus infections and in specimens of colostrum. The ability of serum or colostrum to mediate the cytotoxic reaction appeared to be related to the level of specific IgG, or IgA antibody to RS virus, as detected by membrane fluorescence. Separation of effector cells by their glass adherence properties showed that the ability to produce cytotoxicity resided in non-adherent effector cells.", "PMID": 862248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14089", "title": "Development of immune response during typhoid fever in man.", "content": "The development of both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses (CMIR) to antigens prepared from Salmonella typhi was investigated in patients suffering from typhoid fever. The antibodies were determined by the standard Widal test while the leucocyte migration test was used for CMIR. These immunological parameters were correlated with the duration of illness, the duration of chloramphenicol therapy and the severity of the illness. It was found that CMIR appeared after the first week of illness in uncomplicated cases of typhoid fever, where as it remained negative in the patients who had complications. The antibody titres were similar in the two groups. On further follow up of complicated cases, the clinical recovery coincided with the development of CMIR. It may be concluded that for recovery in typhoid fever CMIR is more important than antibodies.", "contents": "Development of immune response during typhoid fever in man. The development of both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses (CMIR) to antigens prepared from Salmonella typhi was investigated in patients suffering from typhoid fever. The antibodies were determined by the standard Widal test while the leucocyte migration test was used for CMIR. These immunological parameters were correlated with the duration of illness, the duration of chloramphenicol therapy and the severity of the illness. It was found that CMIR appeared after the first week of illness in uncomplicated cases of typhoid fever, where as it remained negative in the patients who had complications. The antibody titres were similar in the two groups. On further follow up of complicated cases, the clinical recovery coincided with the development of CMIR. It may be concluded that for recovery in typhoid fever CMIR is more important than antibodies.", "PMID": 862249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14090", "title": "Correlations between serum factor B and C3b inactivator levels in normal subjects and in patients with infections, nephrosis and hypocomplementaemic glomerulonephritis.", "content": "In normal subjects, factor B and C3b inactivator (KAF) levels were linearly related (r = 0-71); factor B levels in subjects with low normal levels of KAF were significantly lower than in those with high normal levels of KAF. This relationship is postulated to be the result of modulation by the level of KAF of the availability of nascent, spontaneously formed, C3b, in turn responsible for a constant low-grade activation of the C3b feedback which determines in part the level of factor B. The correlation did not obtain in patients with infections; levels of KAF and, to a greater extent, factor B were elevated. In patients with glomerulonephritis and hypocomplementaemic because of in vivo classical pathway activation, KAF and factor B levels were also poorly correlated, presumably because many factors were influencing the levels of these proteins transcending the modulating effect of the concentration of KAF. On the other hand, in patients with nephrosis and with MPGN Type II, KAF and factor B levels were low but were directly correlated. In nephrosis the correlation may be the combined result of an equal rate of catabolism of these proteins and of modulation of factor B levels by the level of KAF as in normal subjects. In MPGN Type II, the correlation may reflect the fact, noted in in vitro studies, that with alternative pathway activation, the level of KAF influences the extent of factor B and C3 conversion to a greater extent than when complement is activated by the classical pathway.", "contents": "Correlations between serum factor B and C3b inactivator levels in normal subjects and in patients with infections, nephrosis and hypocomplementaemic glomerulonephritis. In normal subjects, factor B and C3b inactivator (KAF) levels were linearly related (r = 0-71); factor B levels in subjects with low normal levels of KAF were significantly lower than in those with high normal levels of KAF. This relationship is postulated to be the result of modulation by the level of KAF of the availability of nascent, spontaneously formed, C3b, in turn responsible for a constant low-grade activation of the C3b feedback which determines in part the level of factor B. The correlation did not obtain in patients with infections; levels of KAF and, to a greater extent, factor B were elevated. In patients with glomerulonephritis and hypocomplementaemic because of in vivo classical pathway activation, KAF and factor B levels were also poorly correlated, presumably because many factors were influencing the levels of these proteins transcending the modulating effect of the concentration of KAF. On the other hand, in patients with nephrosis and with MPGN Type II, KAF and factor B levels were low but were directly correlated. In nephrosis the correlation may be the combined result of an equal rate of catabolism of these proteins and of modulation of factor B levels by the level of KAF as in normal subjects. In MPGN Type II, the correlation may reflect the fact, noted in in vitro studies, that with alternative pathway activation, the level of KAF influences the extent of factor B and C3 conversion to a greater extent than when complement is activated by the classical pathway.", "PMID": 862250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14091", "title": "Cell-mediated immune responses in patients with paracoccidioidomycosis.", "content": "We tested the hypothesis that symptomatic infection with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis caused impaired host cellular immune responses. In a cross-sectional study in Colombia, the immune responses of thirty-six patients with paracoccidioidomycosis were compared with those of sixty normal individuals. Patients demonstrated increased skin sensitivity to paracoccidioidin (para) and histoplasmin, and reduced reactivity to candidin and dinitrochlorobenzene as compared to controls. The skin test response to tuberculin (PPD) was similar to that of controls. In vitro lymphocyte transformation (LT) and leucocyte migration responses to phytohaemagglutinin and PPD did not differ in patients and controls; these responses to PPD correlated with skin sensitivity in controls, but not in patients. LT and inhibition of leucocyte migration to para were seen in more patients than controls; the latter response correlated with skin sensitivity in controls only. Positive LT to para was associated with absence of antibodies to P. brasiliensis. Analysis of symptomatic patients suggests that the prevalence of para skin test positivity was lowest in patients with the longest duration of disease; this implies decrease in specific cell-mediated immunity with prolonged active infection. Analysis of clinically cured patients suggests that the prevalence of para skin sensitivity and LT to para and PPD increased with time elapsed since diagnosis; this implies development or restoration of immunocompetence upon clinical recovery. Results of a preliminary longitudinal study on the immunological responses of six patients with active paracoccidioidomycosis are compatible with the above observations.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immune responses in patients with paracoccidioidomycosis. We tested the hypothesis that symptomatic infection with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis caused impaired host cellular immune responses. In a cross-sectional study in Colombia, the immune responses of thirty-six patients with paracoccidioidomycosis were compared with those of sixty normal individuals. Patients demonstrated increased skin sensitivity to paracoccidioidin (para) and histoplasmin, and reduced reactivity to candidin and dinitrochlorobenzene as compared to controls. The skin test response to tuberculin (PPD) was similar to that of controls. In vitro lymphocyte transformation (LT) and leucocyte migration responses to phytohaemagglutinin and PPD did not differ in patients and controls; these responses to PPD correlated with skin sensitivity in controls, but not in patients. LT and inhibition of leucocyte migration to para were seen in more patients than controls; the latter response correlated with skin sensitivity in controls only. Positive LT to para was associated with absence of antibodies to P. brasiliensis. Analysis of symptomatic patients suggests that the prevalence of para skin test positivity was lowest in patients with the longest duration of disease; this implies decrease in specific cell-mediated immunity with prolonged active infection. Analysis of clinically cured patients suggests that the prevalence of para skin sensitivity and LT to para and PPD increased with time elapsed since diagnosis; this implies development or restoration of immunocompetence upon clinical recovery. Results of a preliminary longitudinal study on the immunological responses of six patients with active paracoccidioidomycosis are compatible with the above observations.", "PMID": 862251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14092", "title": "Drugs used in the management of toxemia of pregnancy.", "content": "Drugs used in the management of pregnancy-induced hypertension have been reviewed, and their value and adverse effects on both mother and fetus have been considered. Although magnesium and hydralazine remain the stalwarts of therapy, a number of other drugs have potential that may be realized in the future. Several new medications have promise in correcting the derangements of toxemia, but safety for the fetus has yet to be demonstrated. For the physician confronted with the complexities of old and new drugs in toxemia of pregnancy, the prayer of Lord Berkely may be just as appropriate in 1977 as it was dicades ago: From inability to let well enough alone, From too much zeal for the new, From too much contempt for what is old, From putting knowledge before wisdom and science before art, From making the cure of the disease more grievous than its endurnace, Good Lord, deliver us.", "contents": "Drugs used in the management of toxemia of pregnancy. Drugs used in the management of pregnancy-induced hypertension have been reviewed, and their value and adverse effects on both mother and fetus have been considered. Although magnesium and hydralazine remain the stalwarts of therapy, a number of other drugs have potential that may be realized in the future. Several new medications have promise in correcting the derangements of toxemia, but safety for the fetus has yet to be demonstrated. For the physician confronted with the complexities of old and new drugs in toxemia of pregnancy, the prayer of Lord Berkely may be just as appropriate in 1977 as it was dicades ago: From inability to let well enough alone, From too much zeal for the new, From too much contempt for what is old, From putting knowledge before wisdom and science before art, From making the cure of the disease more grievous than its endurnace, Good Lord, deliver us.", "PMID": 862268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14093", "title": "The value of noise-excluder shells in reducing overreferrals from a school audiometric screening program.", "content": "Audiometric screening conducted in noisy environments can result in overreferrals to specialty clinics. A follow-up study, conducted to investigate referral rates as related to the type of headset used in screening programs, showed that noise-excluding shells reduced overreferrals without increasing underreferrals.", "contents": "The value of noise-excluder shells in reducing overreferrals from a school audiometric screening program. Audiometric screening conducted in noisy environments can result in overreferrals to specialty clinics. A follow-up study, conducted to investigate referral rates as related to the type of headset used in screening programs, showed that noise-excluding shells reduced overreferrals without increasing underreferrals.", "PMID": 862287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14094", "title": "Hereditary aplasia cutis congenita and associated defects. Three instances in one family and a survey of reported cases.", "content": "Hereditary aplasia cutis congenita (ACC) is a rare, dominantly inherited syndrome of scalp aplasia associated with defects of the underlying skull and absent distal phalanges of the feet. The scalp lesions are generally benign, but the increased risk of bleeding or meningitis may require skin grafting.", "contents": "Hereditary aplasia cutis congenita and associated defects. Three instances in one family and a survey of reported cases. Hereditary aplasia cutis congenita (ACC) is a rare, dominantly inherited syndrome of scalp aplasia associated with defects of the underlying skull and absent distal phalanges of the feet. The scalp lesions are generally benign, but the increased risk of bleeding or meningitis may require skin grafting.", "PMID": 862297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14095", "title": "Gonococcal infections in young children. Studies on the social, familial, and clinical aspects of 11 instances.", "content": "Of 43 youngsters with gonorrhea, 11 were under 10 years of age. These 11 had in common atypical clinical presentation, marital disharmony of the parents, crowded living conditions; some had been abused sexually. Management of gonorrhea in such young children may require a concerted effort by a team of medical, social, and legal personnel to meet the needs of this unique entity.", "contents": "Gonococcal infections in young children. Studies on the social, familial, and clinical aspects of 11 instances. Of 43 youngsters with gonorrhea, 11 were under 10 years of age. These 11 had in common atypical clinical presentation, marital disharmony of the parents, crowded living conditions; some had been abused sexually. Management of gonorrhea in such young children may require a concerted effort by a team of medical, social, and legal personnel to meet the needs of this unique entity.", "PMID": 862300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14096", "title": "A study of the efficacy of the Feingold diet on hyperkinetic children. Some favorable personal observations.", "content": "A study was conducted with 59 children, ages 6 to 14 years, heterogeneously grouped together under the diagnosis of the hyperkinetic, minimal brain dysfunction syndrome. Of 32 who were able to tolerate the Feingold salicylate-low and additive-free diet, 11 were markedly improved. A placebo effect could not definitely be ruled out, but the startling changes seen in patients who had been followed for years with other forms of therapy suggest strongly that this improvement was genuine.", "contents": "A study of the efficacy of the Feingold diet on hyperkinetic children. Some favorable personal observations. A study was conducted with 59 children, ages 6 to 14 years, heterogeneously grouped together under the diagnosis of the hyperkinetic, minimal brain dysfunction syndrome. Of 32 who were able to tolerate the Feingold salicylate-low and additive-free diet, 11 were markedly improved. A placebo effect could not definitely be ruled out, but the startling changes seen in patients who had been followed for years with other forms of therapy suggest strongly that this improvement was genuine.", "PMID": 862303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14097", "title": "Absorption and metabolism of lanatoside C. II. Fate after oral administration.", "content": "The absorption, metabolism, and excretion of lanatoside C were studied in hospitalized subjects following oral administration of the tritiated drug. Previous reports of an unusual double peak in plasma levels of radioactivity were confirmed. Fifty plasma samples taken from 31 patients showed that an average of 74% of the radioactive material was digoxin and its metabolites. There was little or no lanatoside C in 36 of the 50 samples of plasma. Similar results were obtained for urine radioactivity. The results confirm that lanatoside C is converted to \"digoxin\" in the gut prior to absorption as previously proposed by us. \"Digoxin\" refers to digoxin and its breakdown products, namely, digoxigenin and its mono- and didigitoxosides. According to these proposals, the conversion to \"digoxin\"  takes place partly as a result of acid hydrolysis in the gut and partly by the action of bacteria in the intestine. The effects of concurrent administration of antacid therapy, anticholinergic therapy, and food on the fate of oral lanatoside C were separately studied. There were no significant differences between groups with respect to the amount of radioactive material absorbed or excreted, but there were marked qualitative differences in the plasma profiles. There was a statistically significant increase in the time to the first peak in plasma radioactivity in patients concurrently receiving either food or anticholinergic therapy and there was a significant decrease in the relative height of the first peak in patients treated concurrently with antacid.", "contents": "Absorption and metabolism of lanatoside C. II. Fate after oral administration. The absorption, metabolism, and excretion of lanatoside C were studied in hospitalized subjects following oral administration of the tritiated drug. Previous reports of an unusual double peak in plasma levels of radioactivity were confirmed. Fifty plasma samples taken from 31 patients showed that an average of 74% of the radioactive material was digoxin and its metabolites. There was little or no lanatoside C in 36 of the 50 samples of plasma. Similar results were obtained for urine radioactivity. The results confirm that lanatoside C is converted to \"digoxin\" in the gut prior to absorption as previously proposed by us. \"Digoxin\" refers to digoxin and its breakdown products, namely, digoxigenin and its mono- and didigitoxosides. According to these proposals, the conversion to \"digoxin\"  takes place partly as a result of acid hydrolysis in the gut and partly by the action of bacteria in the intestine. The effects of concurrent administration of antacid therapy, anticholinergic therapy, and food on the fate of oral lanatoside C were separately studied. There were no significant differences between groups with respect to the amount of radioactive material absorbed or excreted, but there were marked qualitative differences in the plasma profiles. There was a statistically significant increase in the time to the first peak in plasma radioactivity in patients concurrently receiving either food or anticholinergic therapy and there was a significant decrease in the relative height of the first peak in patients treated concurrently with antacid.", "PMID": 862307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14098", "title": "Oral and intravenous propranolol during exercise.", "content": "The intrinsic sinoatrial (SA) rate at rest and during exercise was measured in 5 normal male subjects after prolonged oral and acute intravenous administration of propranolol and atropine. At rest, the intrinsic SA rate was similar after both oral and intravenous propranolol. At the higher levels of power output on a cycle ergometer, cardiac rate was slower after oral than after intravenous propranolol. When the intravenous study was repeated with the use of an additional dose of propranolol, cardiac rate was lower at comparable levels of power output, but not as low as that after oral propanolol. Differences in responses were interpreted as reflecting varying degrees of beta blockade, the most complete being that after prolonged oral propranolol administration of 320 mg daily. The intravenous dose of propranolol usually used to obtain the \"pharmacologically isolated heart\" at rest is too small to induce full beta blockade in exercise.", "contents": "Oral and intravenous propranolol during exercise. The intrinsic sinoatrial (SA) rate at rest and during exercise was measured in 5 normal male subjects after prolonged oral and acute intravenous administration of propranolol and atropine. At rest, the intrinsic SA rate was similar after both oral and intravenous propranolol. At the higher levels of power output on a cycle ergometer, cardiac rate was slower after oral than after intravenous propranolol. When the intravenous study was repeated with the use of an additional dose of propranolol, cardiac rate was lower at comparable levels of power output, but not as low as that after oral propanolol. Differences in responses were interpreted as reflecting varying degrees of beta blockade, the most complete being that after prolonged oral propranolol administration of 320 mg daily. The intravenous dose of propranolol usually used to obtain the \"pharmacologically isolated heart\" at rest is too small to induce full beta blockade in exercise.", "PMID": 862308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14099", "title": "Safety of single large oral doses of guanethidine.", "content": "The cardiovascular effects of single 100-mg doses of guanethidine were assessed in hypertensive patients by measurement of arterial pressure, heart rate, and systolic time intervals. In the 3-hr period following a dose there was no evidence of an inotropic effect. Therefore, large doses of guanethidine as required for the guanethidine loading regimen would seem to be safe even in patients in whom inotropic effects of released catecholamines would be contraindicated.", "contents": "Safety of single large oral doses of guanethidine. The cardiovascular effects of single 100-mg doses of guanethidine were assessed in hypertensive patients by measurement of arterial pressure, heart rate, and systolic time intervals. In the 3-hr period following a dose there was no evidence of an inotropic effect. Therefore, large doses of guanethidine as required for the guanethidine loading regimen would seem to be safe even in patients in whom inotropic effects of released catecholamines would be contraindicated.", "PMID": 862309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14100", "title": "Kinetics of hydralazine elimination.", "content": "Hydralazine was given orally in single doses of 10, 25, and 50 mg to 2 slow-acetylating subjects, while 2 rapid-acetylating subjects also received 100- and 150-mg doses on different occasions. Administration of the 50-mg dose to the subjects who were slow acetylators and the 150-mg dose to those who were rapid acetylators caused a disproportionately large increase in the amount of unchanged drug appearing in the systemic circulation as judged from the increases in the ratios of areas under concentration-time curves (AUC) to dose. A modification of the gas-liquid chromatographic hydralazine assay allowed the simultaneous determination of hydralazine and its acetylated metabolite, 3-methyl-s-triazolo-3,4,a-phthalazine (MTP), in serum. It was found that the disproportionately large increases in the AUC/dose ratio of hydralazine upon intake of 50 or 150-mg doses by the slow and rapid-acetylating subjects, respectively, were paralleled by a decrease in the ratio AUCMTP/AUChydralazine during a 6-hr observation period. It is concluded that the acetylation of hydralazine in man is a capacity-limited process.", "contents": "Kinetics of hydralazine elimination. Hydralazine was given orally in single doses of 10, 25, and 50 mg to 2 slow-acetylating subjects, while 2 rapid-acetylating subjects also received 100- and 150-mg doses on different occasions. Administration of the 50-mg dose to the subjects who were slow acetylators and the 150-mg dose to those who were rapid acetylators caused a disproportionately large increase in the amount of unchanged drug appearing in the systemic circulation as judged from the increases in the ratios of areas under concentration-time curves (AUC) to dose. A modification of the gas-liquid chromatographic hydralazine assay allowed the simultaneous determination of hydralazine and its acetylated metabolite, 3-methyl-s-triazolo-3,4,a-phthalazine (MTP), in serum. It was found that the disproportionately large increases in the AUC/dose ratio of hydralazine upon intake of 50 or 150-mg doses by the slow and rapid-acetylating subjects, respectively, were paralleled by a decrease in the ratio AUCMTP/AUChydralazine during a 6-hr observation period. It is concluded that the acetylation of hydralazine in man is a capacity-limited process.", "PMID": 862310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14101", "title": "Disposition of pirprofen, a new anti-inflammatory drug.", "content": "Plasma and urine concentrations of 2-(3-chloro-4[3-pyrrolinyl]phenyl) propionic acid, pirprofen, a new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory compound, are described for normal male volunteers receiving one or more doses of the drug. Orally administered pirprofen is rapidly and almost completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in maximum plasma levels in 1 to 2 hr. Mean peak levels are 23 microng/ml after an oral pirprofen dose of 200 mg; lower doses given proportionally lower levels. Administration 1 hr after a meal slightly delays the peak plasma level, but the extent of absorption is not affected significantly. Administration of pirprofen, 150 mg, 4 times daily, or 200 mg, 3 times daily, results in nearly identical plasma levels at steady-state. Pirprofen has an apparent elimination half-life of about 7 hr. The results obtained from a 200-mg pirprofen-14C dose indicate that excretion of the drug occurs primarily by the renal route in the form of metabolites and is essentially complete within 24 hr. In urine, less than 5% of the administered dose is accounted for as unchanged drug.", "contents": "Disposition of pirprofen, a new anti-inflammatory drug. Plasma and urine concentrations of 2-(3-chloro-4[3-pyrrolinyl]phenyl) propionic acid, pirprofen, a new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory compound, are described for normal male volunteers receiving one or more doses of the drug. Orally administered pirprofen is rapidly and almost completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in maximum plasma levels in 1 to 2 hr. Mean peak levels are 23 microng/ml after an oral pirprofen dose of 200 mg; lower doses given proportionally lower levels. Administration 1 hr after a meal slightly delays the peak plasma level, but the extent of absorption is not affected significantly. Administration of pirprofen, 150 mg, 4 times daily, or 200 mg, 3 times daily, results in nearly identical plasma levels at steady-state. Pirprofen has an apparent elimination half-life of about 7 hr. The results obtained from a 200-mg pirprofen-14C dose indicate that excretion of the drug occurs primarily by the renal route in the form of metabolites and is essentially complete within 24 hr. In urine, less than 5% of the administered dose is accounted for as unchanged drug.", "PMID": 862311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14102", "title": "Interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of phenprocoumon by cholestyramine.", "content": "The effect of cholestyramine (12 gm/day divided into 3 doses) on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a single intravenouse dose (30 mg) of phenprocoumon was studied in 6 normal subjects. Cholestyramine treatment led to an increase in the rate of elimination of phenprocoumon in all. Total clearance increased 1.5- to 2-fold. The total anticoagulant effect per dose was considerably reduced during treatment with cholestyramine. Binding studies in vitro showed that phenprocoumon is strongly bound to cholestyramine and that at a given cholestyramine concentration the percentage of phenprocoumon bound remained constant over a large concentration range of phenprocoumon. The results suggest that phenprocoumon undergoes extensive enterohepatic recycling in man which can be effectively interrupted by cholestyramine.", "contents": "Interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of phenprocoumon by cholestyramine. The effect of cholestyramine (12 gm/day divided into 3 doses) on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a single intravenouse dose (30 mg) of phenprocoumon was studied in 6 normal subjects. Cholestyramine treatment led to an increase in the rate of elimination of phenprocoumon in all. Total clearance increased 1.5- to 2-fold. The total anticoagulant effect per dose was considerably reduced during treatment with cholestyramine. Binding studies in vitro showed that phenprocoumon is strongly bound to cholestyramine and that at a given cholestyramine concentration the percentage of phenprocoumon bound remained constant over a large concentration range of phenprocoumon. The results suggest that phenprocoumon undergoes extensive enterohepatic recycling in man which can be effectively interrupted by cholestyramine.", "PMID": 862312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14103", "title": "An approach to the radiological examination of the cervico-dorsal junction following injury.", "content": "In 257 cases of cervical spinal cord injury the orthopaedic level of injury was found to be between C6 and T1 in 34%, emphasising the frequency of injury in the cervico-dorsal region. This is a difficult region of the spine to X-ray and different techniques to demonstrate this region have been assessed. An additional technique which has proved useful is described and a scheme is suggested for the adequate visualisation of the cervico-dorsal region.", "contents": "An approach to the radiological examination of the cervico-dorsal junction following injury. In 257 cases of cervical spinal cord injury the orthopaedic level of injury was found to be between C6 and T1 in 34%, emphasising the frequency of injury in the cervico-dorsal region. This is a difficult region of the spine to X-ray and different techniques to demonstrate this region have been assessed. An additional technique which has proved useful is described and a scheme is suggested for the adequate visualisation of the cervico-dorsal region.", "PMID": 862314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14104", "title": "Double contrast knee arthrography. Some new points of technique including the use of Dimer X.", "content": "A short review of the development of techniques in knee arthrography is given, together with a full account of the author's technique, including the use of a specially designed pad and a frame to facilitate radiography and a new method to demonstrate the cruciate ligaments. Side effects in a group of patients examined using Dimer X as the positive contrast medium are compared with those in a group of patients who were examined using Urografin 60%. Comparason of the radiological advantages of Dimer X examinations with Urografin 60% examinations has been made. A possible method to distinguish normal from damaged or degenerate tissues is suggested. The author concludes that Dimer X is the positive contrast medium of choice at the present time.", "contents": "Double contrast knee arthrography. Some new points of technique including the use of Dimer X. A short review of the development of techniques in knee arthrography is given, together with a full account of the author's technique, including the use of a specially designed pad and a frame to facilitate radiography and a new method to demonstrate the cruciate ligaments. Side effects in a group of patients examined using Dimer X as the positive contrast medium are compared with those in a group of patients who were examined using Urografin 60%. Comparason of the radiological advantages of Dimer X examinations with Urografin 60% examinations has been made. A possible method to distinguish normal from damaged or degenerate tissues is suggested. The author concludes that Dimer X is the positive contrast medium of choice at the present time.", "PMID": 862315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14105", "title": "Investigation of shoulder disability by arthrography.", "content": "Fifty patients with pain and limitation of movement at the shoulder joint were investigated by arthrography. Normal findings using a double contrast technique are described. The main arthrographic patterns encountered were found in complete and incomplete tears of the rotator cuff, and capsulitis. Abnormalities of the bicipital tendon sheath were non-filling and leakage of contrast medium from the sheath. Extravasation of contrast medium from the bicipital tendon sheath and subscapularis bursa was considered to be due to over-distension of a joint with a reduced capacity. The accuracy of the procedure and the reasons for false negative arthrograms and surgical exploration are discussed.", "contents": "Investigation of shoulder disability by arthrography. Fifty patients with pain and limitation of movement at the shoulder joint were investigated by arthrography. Normal findings using a double contrast technique are described. The main arthrographic patterns encountered were found in complete and incomplete tears of the rotator cuff, and capsulitis. Abnormalities of the bicipital tendon sheath were non-filling and leakage of contrast medium from the sheath. Extravasation of contrast medium from the bicipital tendon sheath and subscapularis bursa was considered to be due to over-distension of a joint with a reduced capacity. The accuracy of the procedure and the reasons for false negative arthrograms and surgical exploration are discussed.", "PMID": 862316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14106", "title": "The oil myelogram after operation for lumbar disc lesions.", "content": "Post-operative myelograms in patients with renewed or persistant pain in the back or sciatica after lumbar disc surgery were reviewed in an attempt to differentiate between recurrent disc prolapse and other changes, particularly scarring and inflammation of the meninges. The most useful sign of recurrent disc prolapse was anterior indentation of the iophendylate (Myodil) column opposite a disc space. Inflammatory changes in the meninges were indicated by loculation of the subarachnoid space, matting or marked swelling of the nerve roots, irregularity of the theca, and by the absence of a posterior bulge of the subarachnoid space at the level of the operation. Waisting of the contrast medium column, non-filling of nerve root sheaths, complete myelographic block and posteriorly placed indentations were confirmatory evidence of the presence of disease, but not helpful in determining its nature.", "contents": "The oil myelogram after operation for lumbar disc lesions. Post-operative myelograms in patients with renewed or persistant pain in the back or sciatica after lumbar disc surgery were reviewed in an attempt to differentiate between recurrent disc prolapse and other changes, particularly scarring and inflammation of the meninges. The most useful sign of recurrent disc prolapse was anterior indentation of the iophendylate (Myodil) column opposite a disc space. Inflammatory changes in the meninges were indicated by loculation of the subarachnoid space, matting or marked swelling of the nerve roots, irregularity of the theca, and by the absence of a posterior bulge of the subarachnoid space at the level of the operation. Waisting of the contrast medium column, non-filling of nerve root sheaths, complete myelographic block and posteriorly placed indentations were confirmatory evidence of the presence of disease, but not helpful in determining its nature.", "PMID": 862317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14107", "title": "Contrast medium extravasation from aneurysmal rupture during cerebral angiography.", "content": "The radiographic demonstration of contrast medium extravasation from a rupturing intracranial aneurysm is rare. We have detected this occurrence a mere thrice in 15 years, a period in which angiography was routinely used for the investigation of subarchnoid haemorrhage. We have added these three cases to 14 others that were previously reported in the literature and summarised the total. There does not appear to be a common aetiological factor, though further experimental studies on intracaratid pressures distal to the site of injection seem to be warranted. Ventricular opacification during cerebral angiography occurred in five of the 17 cases: in our most recent case the contrast medium outlined intraventricular haematomata, a finding not hitherto reported in the literature and a feature of prognostic significance. Mortality in this series was extremely high and in excess of that usually found either with an aneurysmal re-bleed or an intracerebral haematoma or both. However, although a combination of these two lesions is notoriously hazardous, perhaps the added insult of the contrast medium extravasation is the cause for the inordinately high fatality rate. Only three of the 17 cases survived, two of whom had a significant residual neurological deficit.", "contents": "Contrast medium extravasation from aneurysmal rupture during cerebral angiography. The radiographic demonstration of contrast medium extravasation from a rupturing intracranial aneurysm is rare. We have detected this occurrence a mere thrice in 15 years, a period in which angiography was routinely used for the investigation of subarchnoid haemorrhage. We have added these three cases to 14 others that were previously reported in the literature and summarised the total. There does not appear to be a common aetiological factor, though further experimental studies on intracaratid pressures distal to the site of injection seem to be warranted. Ventricular opacification during cerebral angiography occurred in five of the 17 cases: in our most recent case the contrast medium outlined intraventricular haematomata, a finding not hitherto reported in the literature and a feature of prognostic significance. Mortality in this series was extremely high and in excess of that usually found either with an aneurysmal re-bleed or an intracerebral haematoma or both. However, although a combination of these two lesions is notoriously hazardous, perhaps the added insult of the contrast medium extravasation is the cause for the inordinately high fatality rate. Only three of the 17 cases survived, two of whom had a significant residual neurological deficit.", "PMID": 862318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14108", "title": "A modified afterloading technique for small implants using iridium-192 wires for interstitial therapy.", "content": "A new method is described for small iridium-192 wire implants upon the skin of the face. The method is a miniaturisation of a technique described previously (Paine, 1972), and has the advantage that is results in less scarring and therefore a better cosmetic end-result than in the case when the more conventional wide-bore tubing is employed. This new method produces similar clinical results in terms of tumour cure to other methods, and a degree of after-loading helps in radiation protection.", "contents": "A modified afterloading technique for small implants using iridium-192 wires for interstitial therapy. A new method is described for small iridium-192 wire implants upon the skin of the face. The method is a miniaturisation of a technique described previously (Paine, 1972), and has the advantage that is results in less scarring and therefore a better cosmetic end-result than in the case when the more conventional wide-bore tubing is employed. This new method produces similar clinical results in terms of tumour cure to other methods, and a degree of after-loading helps in radiation protection.", "PMID": 862319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14109", "title": "The significance of conjugated phenobutiodil (biliodyl) in the intestine in the absence of gallbladder opacification a preliminary assessment.", "content": "Conjugated phenobutiodil (Biliodyl) in the small and large bowel can be recognised by its fine, homogeneous appearance. The findings in 41 patients undergoing oral cholecystography with subsequent clinical follow-up are reported. When the gallbladder fails to opacify on oral cholecystography, the presence of conjugated contrast medium in the intestine appears to provide reasonable evidence that the gallbladder is diseased.", "contents": "The significance of conjugated phenobutiodil (biliodyl) in the intestine in the absence of gallbladder opacification a preliminary assessment. Conjugated phenobutiodil (Biliodyl) in the small and large bowel can be recognised by its fine, homogeneous appearance. The findings in 41 patients undergoing oral cholecystography with subsequent clinical follow-up are reported. When the gallbladder fails to opacify on oral cholecystography, the presence of conjugated contrast medium in the intestine appears to provide reasonable evidence that the gallbladder is diseased.", "PMID": 862320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14110", "title": "The significance of an air oesophagogram visualised on conventional chest radiographs.", "content": "Air may occasionally be seen outlining the entire oesophagus on conventional chest radiographs, this being referred to as an air oesophagogram. The reported causes of this radiological sign are reviewed. The chest radiographs of 24 cases of scleroderma with oesophageal involvement, and 29 cases of achalasia, have been studied. An air oesophagogram was seen in three cases (12.5%) of scleroderma and three cases (10%) of achalasia, without an oesophageal air fluid level and with air in the gastric fundus. An air oesophagogram has not been previously described in achalasia. The significance of this sign, which was found to occur in advanced scleroderma and in early achalasia, is discussed.", "contents": "The significance of an air oesophagogram visualised on conventional chest radiographs. Air may occasionally be seen outlining the entire oesophagus on conventional chest radiographs, this being referred to as an air oesophagogram. The reported causes of this radiological sign are reviewed. The chest radiographs of 24 cases of scleroderma with oesophageal involvement, and 29 cases of achalasia, have been studied. An air oesophagogram was seen in three cases (12.5%) of scleroderma and three cases (10%) of achalasia, without an oesophageal air fluid level and with air in the gastric fundus. An air oesophagogram has not been previously described in achalasia. The significance of this sign, which was found to occur in advanced scleroderma and in early achalasia, is discussed.", "PMID": 862321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14111", "title": "An evaluation of the double contrast barium meal (DCBM) against endoscopy.", "content": "The diagnostic accuracy of the DCBM and of endoscopy were compared in 50 consecutive patients. Examinations were conducted in comparable circumstances, without any cross information. A percentage score method was evolved to allow a numerically more significant assessment. The potential accuracy of the DCBM was calculated to be 96% of that accorded to fibre-endoscopy.", "contents": "An evaluation of the double contrast barium meal (DCBM) against endoscopy. The diagnostic accuracy of the DCBM and of endoscopy were compared in 50 consecutive patients. Examinations were conducted in comparable circumstances, without any cross information. A percentage score method was evolved to allow a numerically more significant assessment. The potential accuracy of the DCBM was calculated to be 96% of that accorded to fibre-endoscopy.", "PMID": 862322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14112", "title": "The pulmonary manifestations of septic shock.", "content": "Septic shock carries a high mortality. It is manifest haematologically by thromobocytopaenia and other coagulation disturbances. The radiological manifestations are various degrees of pulmonary oedema, usually affecting the lower zones, without evidence of pulmonary hypertension. Radiological signs are always preceded on accompanied by thrombocytopaenia.", "contents": "The pulmonary manifestations of septic shock. Septic shock carries a high mortality. It is manifest haematologically by thromobocytopaenia and other coagulation disturbances. The radiological manifestations are various degrees of pulmonary oedema, usually affecting the lower zones, without evidence of pulmonary hypertension. Radiological signs are always preceded on accompanied by thrombocytopaenia.", "PMID": 862323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14113", "title": "The plain chest radiograph in infants with an isolated ventricular septal defect.", "content": "The plain chest radiographic features of 43 infants with a ventricular septal defect are described. All were under 1 year of age, and cardiac catheter studies confirmed that they had an isolated ventricular septal defect (VSD), so that the RV pressure, size of the shunt and the pulmonary vascular resistance could be related to the radiographic appearances. The radiographs of a number of normal infants of similar age were available for comparison. Four patterns were seen in those with a VSD. In group 1 the radiograph appeared normal. In group 2 there was dilatation of the pulmonary artery and the proximal lung vessels, while in group 3 only the proximal lung vessels were dilated. In group 4 only some of the hilar and proximal lung vessles were dilated, so that the blood distribution appeared uneven.", "contents": "The plain chest radiograph in infants with an isolated ventricular septal defect. The plain chest radiographic features of 43 infants with a ventricular septal defect are described. All were under 1 year of age, and cardiac catheter studies confirmed that they had an isolated ventricular septal defect (VSD), so that the RV pressure, size of the shunt and the pulmonary vascular resistance could be related to the radiographic appearances. The radiographs of a number of normal infants of similar age were available for comparison. Four patterns were seen in those with a VSD. In group 1 the radiograph appeared normal. In group 2 there was dilatation of the pulmonary artery and the proximal lung vessels, while in group 3 only the proximal lung vessels were dilated. In group 4 only some of the hilar and proximal lung vessles were dilated, so that the blood distribution appeared uneven.", "PMID": 862324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14114", "title": "Lymphography in alveolar soft part sarcoma.", "content": "Alveolar soft part sarcoma is a rare tumour found in musculofasculofascial planes, most often in the lower limbs of young adults. The tumour shows a characteristic orderly cellular arrangement and the few mitoses belie the often rapid progress of the disease. Cytoplasmic crystals unique to this tumour may be demonstrated. The need for thorough investigation of the patient as an initial staging procedure and to provide a prognostic forecast is emphasised. Isotope scanning of the bones, brain and liver is indicated. Two cases are reported which demonstrate the value of lymphography. The nodal features found were: 1. Enlargement of a lymph node of normal interal architecture. 2. Almost complete nodal replacement by tumour. 3. Pseudolymphomatous appearances. Follow up films are required, after an interval, to show the progress of the disease or response to therapy.", "contents": "Lymphography in alveolar soft part sarcoma. Alveolar soft part sarcoma is a rare tumour found in musculofasculofascial planes, most often in the lower limbs of young adults. The tumour shows a characteristic orderly cellular arrangement and the few mitoses belie the often rapid progress of the disease. Cytoplasmic crystals unique to this tumour may be demonstrated. The need for thorough investigation of the patient as an initial staging procedure and to provide a prognostic forecast is emphasised. Isotope scanning of the bones, brain and liver is indicated. Two cases are reported which demonstrate the value of lymphography. The nodal features found were: 1. Enlargement of a lymph node of normal interal architecture. 2. Almost complete nodal replacement by tumour. 3. Pseudolymphomatous appearances. Follow up films are required, after an interval, to show the progress of the disease or response to therapy.", "PMID": 862325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14115", "title": "Crossed renal ectopia: clinical and radiological findings in 22 cases.", "content": "The clinical and radiological features of 22 patients with crossed ectopic kidneys are reported, including a case with unusual mobility of an unfused ectopic kidney. In some cases the anomaly was an incidental finding. However, complications were frequent and included seven hydronephrotic and three non-functioning kidneys, two of the latter were found to be obstructed by a calculus. Vesico-ureteral reflux was demonstrated in three of the five children in whom the examination was performed. Anomalous blood supply was present in all patients who underwent renal arteriography or surgery. Skeletal anomalies were present in 11 patients, one of whom had in addition coarctation of the aorta, and another atrial septal defect and anal atresia.", "contents": "Crossed renal ectopia: clinical and radiological findings in 22 cases. The clinical and radiological features of 22 patients with crossed ectopic kidneys are reported, including a case with unusual mobility of an unfused ectopic kidney. In some cases the anomaly was an incidental finding. However, complications were frequent and included seven hydronephrotic and three non-functioning kidneys, two of the latter were found to be obstructed by a calculus. Vesico-ureteral reflux was demonstrated in three of the five children in whom the examination was performed. Anomalous blood supply was present in all patients who underwent renal arteriography or surgery. Skeletal anomalies were present in 11 patients, one of whom had in addition coarctation of the aorta, and another atrial septal defect and anal atresia.", "PMID": 862326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14116", "title": "Urinoma.", "content": "A urinoma is a mass formed by encapsulated extravasated urine. It may follow closed renal injury, surgical operation or arise spontaneously in the presence of obstruction. The essential factors are continued renal function, rupture of the collecting system and distal obstruction. The extravasating urine is localised within the perirenal fascia and stimulates an intense fibrous reaction which forms a thick wall. Early diagnosis is important for successful treatment. The clinical features include malaise, vague abdominal pain, weight loss and a palpable mass. Plain films usually reveal a mass with loss of the retroperitoneal landmarks. High-dose excretion urography usually shows renal displacement, hydronephrosis and extravasation of contrast medium into the urinoma. Should renal function be inadequate for diagnosis, renal puncture, preceded by ultrasound examination, is the investigation of choice.", "contents": "Urinoma. A urinoma is a mass formed by encapsulated extravasated urine. It may follow closed renal injury, surgical operation or arise spontaneously in the presence of obstruction. The essential factors are continued renal function, rupture of the collecting system and distal obstruction. The extravasating urine is localised within the perirenal fascia and stimulates an intense fibrous reaction which forms a thick wall. Early diagnosis is important for successful treatment. The clinical features include malaise, vague abdominal pain, weight loss and a palpable mass. Plain films usually reveal a mass with loss of the retroperitoneal landmarks. High-dose excretion urography usually shows renal displacement, hydronephrosis and extravasation of contrast medium into the urinoma. Should renal function be inadequate for diagnosis, renal puncture, preceded by ultrasound examination, is the investigation of choice.", "PMID": 862327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14117", "title": "Functional and structural changes after disuse of human muscle.", "content": "1. Seven patients who had suffered unilateral leg fracture were studied after removal of immobilizing plaster casts. 2. Leg volume measured anthropometrically was reduced by 12% in the injured leg (5-68 +/- 1-05 litres) compared with the uninjured (6-43 +/- 0-87 litres). Associated with this loss was a similar reduction in the net maximum oxygen uptake achieved in one-leg cycling, from 1-89 +/- 0-21 1/min in the uninjured leg to 1-57 +/- 0-18 1/min in the injured. 3. Measured by a percutaneous needle biopsy technique, a reduction of 42% was found in the cross-sectional area of the muscle fibres sampled from the vastus lateralis of the injured compared with the uninjured leg. 4. Staining for myosin adenosine triphosphatase activity showed that both type I and II fibres were affected, being reduced respectively from 3410 to 1840 micronm2 and from 3810 to 2390 micronm2 cross-sectional area. 5. Possible reasons and implications are discussed for the discrepancy between the magnitude of the difference observed in the gross measurement of leg function (maximum oxygen uptake) and structure (leg volume) as compared with the cellular level (cross-sectional fibre area).", "contents": "Functional and structural changes after disuse of human muscle. 1. Seven patients who had suffered unilateral leg fracture were studied after removal of immobilizing plaster casts. 2. Leg volume measured anthropometrically was reduced by 12% in the injured leg (5-68 +/- 1-05 litres) compared with the uninjured (6-43 +/- 0-87 litres). Associated with this loss was a similar reduction in the net maximum oxygen uptake achieved in one-leg cycling, from 1-89 +/- 0-21 1/min in the uninjured leg to 1-57 +/- 0-18 1/min in the injured. 3. Measured by a percutaneous needle biopsy technique, a reduction of 42% was found in the cross-sectional area of the muscle fibres sampled from the vastus lateralis of the injured compared with the uninjured leg. 4. Staining for myosin adenosine triphosphatase activity showed that both type I and II fibres were affected, being reduced respectively from 3410 to 1840 micronm2 and from 3810 to 2390 micronm2 cross-sectional area. 5. Possible reasons and implications are discussed for the discrepancy between the magnitude of the difference observed in the gross measurement of leg function (maximum oxygen uptake) and structure (leg volume) as compared with the cellular level (cross-sectional fibre area).", "PMID": 862328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14118", "title": "Failure of selected endocrine organ ablation to modify the natriuresis of blood volume expansion in the dog.", "content": "1. Selected organ-ablation experiments were performed in dogs in an attempt to identify the source of the natriuretic hormone postulated to participate in the natriuresis of blood volume expansion. 2. An isolated dog kidney perfused with blood from the femoral artery of deoxycorticosterone-loaded dogs subjected to acute volume expansion with equilibrated blood served as the bioassay system for the natriuretic factor. Four groups were studied after the following procedures: group I, no ablation; group II, thyroparathyroidectomy; group III, hypophysectomy; group IV, adrenalectomy. 3. In all groups, the administration of equilibrated blood promoted a significant increase in sodium chloride excretion in the isolated kidney. The natriuresis was unrelated to changes in glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, renal arterial pressure, plasma protein concentration or packed cell volume. In the absence of volume expansion, sodium chloride excretion in the isolated kidney did not change or decreased. 4. These results argue against the thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pituitary glands as the source of natriuretic hormone.", "contents": "Failure of selected endocrine organ ablation to modify the natriuresis of blood volume expansion in the dog. 1. Selected organ-ablation experiments were performed in dogs in an attempt to identify the source of the natriuretic hormone postulated to participate in the natriuresis of blood volume expansion. 2. An isolated dog kidney perfused with blood from the femoral artery of deoxycorticosterone-loaded dogs subjected to acute volume expansion with equilibrated blood served as the bioassay system for the natriuretic factor. Four groups were studied after the following procedures: group I, no ablation; group II, thyroparathyroidectomy; group III, hypophysectomy; group IV, adrenalectomy. 3. In all groups, the administration of equilibrated blood promoted a significant increase in sodium chloride excretion in the isolated kidney. The natriuresis was unrelated to changes in glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, renal arterial pressure, plasma protein concentration or packed cell volume. In the absence of volume expansion, sodium chloride excretion in the isolated kidney did not change or decreased. 4. These results argue against the thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pituitary glands as the source of natriuretic hormone.", "PMID": 862330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14119", "title": "Suppression of plasma renin activity by intravenous infusion of antidiuretic hormone in man.", "content": "1. Ten patients on maintenance diuretic treatment received an intravenous infusion of antidiuretic hormone at a low rate for 1 hr. 2. A gradual reduction in mean plasma renin activity was observed and this was significant at 60 min. 3. There was a significant correlation between the initial value and the extent of the fall in plasma renin activity. There was no consistent change in blood pressure, heart rate and blood volume. 4. The results point to an intrarenal site of action of antidiuretic hormone.", "contents": "Suppression of plasma renin activity by intravenous infusion of antidiuretic hormone in man. 1. Ten patients on maintenance diuretic treatment received an intravenous infusion of antidiuretic hormone at a low rate for 1 hr. 2. A gradual reduction in mean plasma renin activity was observed and this was significant at 60 min. 3. There was a significant correlation between the initial value and the extent of the fall in plasma renin activity. There was no consistent change in blood pressure, heart rate and blood volume. 4. The results point to an intrarenal site of action of antidiuretic hormone.", "PMID": 862331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14120", "title": "Sodium restriction and inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system in renovascular hypertension in the rat.", "content": "1. In the early phase of hypertension produced by renal artery constriction with the opposite kidney intact, infusion of the angiotensin antagonist Sar1-Ala8-angiotensin II or bilateral nephrectomy lowered blood pressure. However, the extent of the fall was variable and some animals remained hypertensive after each procedure. 2. To assess whether sodium retention was the additional factor which maintained blood pressure when the renin-angiotensin system was suppressed, rats were maintained on a low-salt diet before and during the development of hypertension. The blood pressure-lowering effect of bilateral nephrectomy or antagonist infusion was not enhanced. 3. Infusion of antagonist or converting-enzyme inhibitor 6 h after bilateral nephrectomy had only a minor blood pressure-lowering action, indicating that, at this late stage after nephrectomy, the renin-angiotensin system makes only a very small contribution to blood pressure maintenance.", "contents": "Sodium restriction and inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system in renovascular hypertension in the rat. 1. In the early phase of hypertension produced by renal artery constriction with the opposite kidney intact, infusion of the angiotensin antagonist Sar1-Ala8-angiotensin II or bilateral nephrectomy lowered blood pressure. However, the extent of the fall was variable and some animals remained hypertensive after each procedure. 2. To assess whether sodium retention was the additional factor which maintained blood pressure when the renin-angiotensin system was suppressed, rats were maintained on a low-salt diet before and during the development of hypertension. The blood pressure-lowering effect of bilateral nephrectomy or antagonist infusion was not enhanced. 3. Infusion of antagonist or converting-enzyme inhibitor 6 h after bilateral nephrectomy had only a minor blood pressure-lowering action, indicating that, at this late stage after nephrectomy, the renin-angiotensin system makes only a very small contribution to blood pressure maintenance.", "PMID": 862332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14121", "title": "A new open-circuit method for estimating carbon dioxide tension in mixed venous blood.", "content": "1. A new open-circuit respiratory method was developed to estimate mixed venous PCO2 more rapidly and accurately than is possible with rebreathing techniques. 2. The subject breathes a mixture of CO2 in air from an open circuit. Carbon dioxide is added to the air flowing through the circuit at a rate such that the PCO2 in the inspired and expired gases (recorded continuously with a CO2 analyser) are almost identical. 3. Results from respiratory and cardiac patients showed that equilibrium occurred in less than 10 s. There was good agreement between the tensions of CO2 in the respiratory plateaux and in mixed venous and arterial blood withdrawn during equilibrium. 4. During exercise, the tensions of CO2 of the plateaux and arterial blood at equilibrium also showed good agreement. 5. It is suggested that the new method represents an improvement over rebreathing methods as equilibrium is achieved rapidly before the mixed venous tension rises from recirculation.", "contents": "A new open-circuit method for estimating carbon dioxide tension in mixed venous blood. 1. A new open-circuit respiratory method was developed to estimate mixed venous PCO2 more rapidly and accurately than is possible with rebreathing techniques. 2. The subject breathes a mixture of CO2 in air from an open circuit. Carbon dioxide is added to the air flowing through the circuit at a rate such that the PCO2 in the inspired and expired gases (recorded continuously with a CO2 analyser) are almost identical. 3. Results from respiratory and cardiac patients showed that equilibrium occurred in less than 10 s. There was good agreement between the tensions of CO2 in the respiratory plateaux and in mixed venous and arterial blood withdrawn during equilibrium. 4. During exercise, the tensions of CO2 of the plateaux and arterial blood at equilibrium also showed good agreement. 5. It is suggested that the new method represents an improvement over rebreathing methods as equilibrium is achieved rapidly before the mixed venous tension rises from recirculation.", "PMID": 862333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14122", "title": "Muscle metabolism in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease and acute respiratory failure.", "content": "1. The concentration of metabolites in intercostal and quadriceps muscle, and pulmonary function, were studied in twelve patients with chronic obstructive lung disease and acute respiratory failure before, during and after standardized treatment at an intensive care unit. The findings were compared with those obtained in hospitalized patients of comparable age with non-pulmonary diseases. 2. On admission, when the patients had marked hypoxaemia, hypercapnia and acidosis, the concentrations of ATP and creatine phosphate were low in both intercostal and quadriceps muscle, particularly the latter. The lactate concentration was increased in relation to control values but glycogen did not differ significantly. 3. In response to therapy, the Pa,CO2 and the patient's acidosis decreased, the vital capacity increased and lung mechanics improved along with the clinical condition. At the same time there were significant increases in the concentrations of ATP, creatine phosphate and glycogen in intercostal and quadriceps muscles, to values similar to, and for glycogen in excess of, those found in control subjects. Lactate concentration fell significantly during treatment. 4. In view of the low initial muscle concentrations of ATP and creatine phosphate in the patients, it is suggested that dysfunction of the respiratory muscles may be an important component of respiratory failure. Moreover, the concentration of energy-rich compounds in muscle rose significantly as the patients responded to treatment, which emphasizes the importance of adequate nutritional therapy in this disorder.", "contents": "Muscle metabolism in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease and acute respiratory failure. 1. The concentration of metabolites in intercostal and quadriceps muscle, and pulmonary function, were studied in twelve patients with chronic obstructive lung disease and acute respiratory failure before, during and after standardized treatment at an intensive care unit. The findings were compared with those obtained in hospitalized patients of comparable age with non-pulmonary diseases. 2. On admission, when the patients had marked hypoxaemia, hypercapnia and acidosis, the concentrations of ATP and creatine phosphate were low in both intercostal and quadriceps muscle, particularly the latter. The lactate concentration was increased in relation to control values but glycogen did not differ significantly. 3. In response to therapy, the Pa,CO2 and the patient's acidosis decreased, the vital capacity increased and lung mechanics improved along with the clinical condition. At the same time there were significant increases in the concentrations of ATP, creatine phosphate and glycogen in intercostal and quadriceps muscles, to values similar to, and for glycogen in excess of, those found in control subjects. Lactate concentration fell significantly during treatment. 4. In view of the low initial muscle concentrations of ATP and creatine phosphate in the patients, it is suggested that dysfunction of the respiratory muscles may be an important component of respiratory failure. Moreover, the concentration of energy-rich compounds in muscle rose significantly as the patients responded to treatment, which emphasizes the importance of adequate nutritional therapy in this disorder.", "PMID": 862335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14123", "title": "Haemodynamic characteristics of low-renin hypertension.", "content": "1. Intra-arterial pressure, cardiac output, renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate were measured in 19 patients with low-renin hypertension and in 30 patients with normal-renin hypertension. 2. Cardiac output and renal blood flow were significantly lower in low-renin hypertension. Total peripheral and renal vascular resistance were markedly higher in this group. 3. Plasma renin concentration correlated inversely with both total peripheral and renal vascular resistance as well as with age. Multiple regression analysis indicated that part of the relationship between renin and haemodynamic variables did not depend on age. Furthermore, plasma renin concentration did not decrease with age in a group of 40 normotensive control subjects of similar age to the hypertensive patients. 4. The results provide further confirmation that renin decreases as hypertension progresses.", "contents": "Haemodynamic characteristics of low-renin hypertension. 1. Intra-arterial pressure, cardiac output, renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate were measured in 19 patients with low-renin hypertension and in 30 patients with normal-renin hypertension. 2. Cardiac output and renal blood flow were significantly lower in low-renin hypertension. Total peripheral and renal vascular resistance were markedly higher in this group. 3. Plasma renin concentration correlated inversely with both total peripheral and renal vascular resistance as well as with age. Multiple regression analysis indicated that part of the relationship between renin and haemodynamic variables did not depend on age. Furthermore, plasma renin concentration did not decrease with age in a group of 40 normotensive control subjects of similar age to the hypertensive patients. 4. The results provide further confirmation that renin decreases as hypertension progresses.", "PMID": 862336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14124", "title": "Bronchial provocation in the study of sensations associated with disordered breathing.", "content": "1. Lung volumes, airway resistance and flow/volume curves were measured in ten asthmatic subjects at times when tightness in the chest was just sensed (threshold symptom). 2. These measurements when the threshold symptom was induced by methacholine inhalation were compared with those when a similar symptom occurred spontaneously, in the same subjects. 3. Values during the methacholine-induced thresholds were very similar to those observed when threshold symptoms developed spontaneously. 4. Controlled bronchial provocation mimics spontaneous asthma sufficiently well to allow this technique to be used in the study of sensations associated with breathing. This has some advantages over the already established models utilizing external hindrances to breathing.", "contents": "Bronchial provocation in the study of sensations associated with disordered breathing. 1. Lung volumes, airway resistance and flow/volume curves were measured in ten asthmatic subjects at times when tightness in the chest was just sensed (threshold symptom). 2. These measurements when the threshold symptom was induced by methacholine inhalation were compared with those when a similar symptom occurred spontaneously, in the same subjects. 3. Values during the methacholine-induced thresholds were very similar to those observed when threshold symptoms developed spontaneously. 4. Controlled bronchial provocation mimics spontaneous asthma sufficiently well to allow this technique to be used in the study of sensations associated with breathing. This has some advantages over the already established models utilizing external hindrances to breathing.", "PMID": 862337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14125", "title": "Porphyrins in erythrocytes and blood plasma: preliminary studies with qualitative thin-layer chromatography.", "content": "1. A simple chromatographic method for the study of porphyrins in erythrocytes and blood plasma, requiring little technician time, is described. The findings in adults and neonates are presented as well as those from severely ill patients. 2. The regular occurrence of uro-, copro- and proto-porphyrin in erythrocytes is deomonstrable as well as sporadic occurrence of tri-, penta-, hexa- and hepta-carboxylic porphyrin. The method gives, however, irregular values for protoporphyrin, which seems to occur in a more labile form in some subjects than in others; this is especially the case in erythropoietic protoporphyria. 3. In blood plasma, uroporphyrin occurs regularly, and coproporphyrin less regularly. Protoporphyrin and penta- to hepta-carboxylic porphyrin are found only occasionally.", "contents": "Porphyrins in erythrocytes and blood plasma: preliminary studies with qualitative thin-layer chromatography. 1. A simple chromatographic method for the study of porphyrins in erythrocytes and blood plasma, requiring little technician time, is described. The findings in adults and neonates are presented as well as those from severely ill patients. 2. The regular occurrence of uro-, copro- and proto-porphyrin in erythrocytes is deomonstrable as well as sporadic occurrence of tri-, penta-, hexa- and hepta-carboxylic porphyrin. The method gives, however, irregular values for protoporphyrin, which seems to occur in a more labile form in some subjects than in others; this is especially the case in erythropoietic protoporphyria. 3. In blood plasma, uroporphyrin occurs regularly, and coproporphyrin less regularly. Protoporphyrin and penta- to hepta-carboxylic porphyrin are found only occasionally.", "PMID": 862339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14126", "title": "Intrarenal distribution of plasma flow in cirrhosis as measured by transit renography: relationship with plasma renin activity, and sodium and water excretion.", "content": "1. The intrarenal distribution of plasma flow was determined with a technique based on the analysis of the transit time of sodium o-[131I]- iodohippurate through the kidney in 43 patients with cirrhosis with near-normal total renal perfusion. 2. Twenty-five of the patients had an abnormal pattern of transit times, suggesting a redistribution of plasma flow from outer cortical to juxtamedullary nephrons. 3. Plasma renin activity ranged from below normal to six times normal and high values were found only in patients showing an abnormal pattern of transit times. The latter was also found to be related to sodium retention and a reduced renal capacity to excrete free water.", "contents": "Intrarenal distribution of plasma flow in cirrhosis as measured by transit renography: relationship with plasma renin activity, and sodium and water excretion. 1. The intrarenal distribution of plasma flow was determined with a technique based on the analysis of the transit time of sodium o-[131I]- iodohippurate through the kidney in 43 patients with cirrhosis with near-normal total renal perfusion. 2. Twenty-five of the patients had an abnormal pattern of transit times, suggesting a redistribution of plasma flow from outer cortical to juxtamedullary nephrons. 3. Plasma renin activity ranged from below normal to six times normal and high values were found only in patients showing an abnormal pattern of transit times. The latter was also found to be related to sodium retention and a reduced renal capacity to excrete free water.", "PMID": 862340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14127", "title": "Plasma noradrenaline concentrations in experimental renovascular hypertension in the rat.", "content": "1. Plasma noradrenaline concentrations and dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity have been measured at various stages in the development of hypertension in the one-kidney Goldblatt rat (unilateral renal arterial constriction and contralateral nephrectomy). 2. Although plasma noradrenaline concentrations were significantly elevated from control values at 7, 14 and 28 days, plasma dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity was not significantly different from control values except at 24 h. 3. These findings suggest that peripheral sympathetic activity is increased in the one-kidney Goldblatt model of experimental hypertension but that plasma dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity is poor index of this increase. 4. Both the rise in blood pressure and the rise in plasma noradrenaline concentrations were prevented by pretreatment with intracisternal 6-hydroxydopamine, suggesting that the increased sympathetic activity is at least in part centrally mediated.", "contents": "Plasma noradrenaline concentrations in experimental renovascular hypertension in the rat. 1. Plasma noradrenaline concentrations and dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity have been measured at various stages in the development of hypertension in the one-kidney Goldblatt rat (unilateral renal arterial constriction and contralateral nephrectomy). 2. Although plasma noradrenaline concentrations were significantly elevated from control values at 7, 14 and 28 days, plasma dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity was not significantly different from control values except at 24 h. 3. These findings suggest that peripheral sympathetic activity is increased in the one-kidney Goldblatt model of experimental hypertension but that plasma dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity is poor index of this increase. 4. Both the rise in blood pressure and the rise in plasma noradrenaline concentrations were prevented by pretreatment with intracisternal 6-hydroxydopamine, suggesting that the increased sympathetic activity is at least in part centrally mediated.", "PMID": 862341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14128", "title": "Protein metabolism in human neonates: nitrogen-balance studies, estimated obligatory losses of nitrogen and whole-body turnover of nitrogen.", "content": "1. Aspects of nitrogen metabolism in the human neonate were assessed in one full-term infant and six premature infants by means of nitrogen-balance measurements, estimates of obligatory nitrogen losses and determinations of whole-body nitrogen turnover. 2. Our data indicate that the mean protein requirement for maintenance is 1-1 g of protein day-1 kg-1 and that 3-8 g of protein day-1 kg-1 should be sufficient for adequate growth in healthy premature babies. 3. The mean obligatory urinary, faecal and total nitrogen losses were estimated to be 24, 106, 145 mg day-1 kg-1 respectively. These figures are compared with published values for older infants, and the possible metabolic basis for changes in nitrogen losses during growth and development is discussed. 4. Mean values for whole-body protein synthesis and breakdown were 26-3 +/- 7-0 and 23-8 +/- 7-4 g of protein day-1 kg-1 respectively. Dietary nitrogen intake accounted for 6--18% of the nitrogen flux through the metabolic pool; urea excretion accounted for 2% of the nitrogen flux. 5. The net protein gain, estimated from nitrogen-balanced data, accounted for 9-6% of total daily protein synthesis. 6. These results are discussed in relation to published estimates of whole-body protein synthesis and breakdown at various ages. Their possible significance in the assessment of a \"maintenance\" requirement for protein and amino acids during the period of rapid growth and development is also considered.", "contents": "Protein metabolism in human neonates: nitrogen-balance studies, estimated obligatory losses of nitrogen and whole-body turnover of nitrogen. 1. Aspects of nitrogen metabolism in the human neonate were assessed in one full-term infant and six premature infants by means of nitrogen-balance measurements, estimates of obligatory nitrogen losses and determinations of whole-body nitrogen turnover. 2. Our data indicate that the mean protein requirement for maintenance is 1-1 g of protein day-1 kg-1 and that 3-8 g of protein day-1 kg-1 should be sufficient for adequate growth in healthy premature babies. 3. The mean obligatory urinary, faecal and total nitrogen losses were estimated to be 24, 106, 145 mg day-1 kg-1 respectively. These figures are compared with published values for older infants, and the possible metabolic basis for changes in nitrogen losses during growth and development is discussed. 4. Mean values for whole-body protein synthesis and breakdown were 26-3 +/- 7-0 and 23-8 +/- 7-4 g of protein day-1 kg-1 respectively. Dietary nitrogen intake accounted for 6--18% of the nitrogen flux through the metabolic pool; urea excretion accounted for 2% of the nitrogen flux. 5. The net protein gain, estimated from nitrogen-balanced data, accounted for 9-6% of total daily protein synthesis. 6. These results are discussed in relation to published estimates of whole-body protein synthesis and breakdown at various ages. Their possible significance in the assessment of a \"maintenance\" requirement for protein and amino acids during the period of rapid growth and development is also considered.", "PMID": 862342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14129", "title": "The effect of 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 in the osteomalacia of chronic renal failure.", "content": "1. Five patients with the osteomalacia of chronic renal failure were given 50--100 nmol of 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 intravenously per day for 24--28 days. 2. In all five patients, during administration of 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 there was a substantial rise in the plasma concentration of 25-hydroxy vitamin D from initially abnormally low values. 3. Significant improvement in bone mineralization, intestinal calcium absorption and muscle strength occurred in the three patients with the greatest rise in plasma 25-hydroxy vitamin D.", "contents": "The effect of 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 in the osteomalacia of chronic renal failure. 1. Five patients with the osteomalacia of chronic renal failure were given 50--100 nmol of 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 intravenously per day for 24--28 days. 2. In all five patients, during administration of 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 there was a substantial rise in the plasma concentration of 25-hydroxy vitamin D from initially abnormally low values. 3. Significant improvement in bone mineralization, intestinal calcium absorption and muscle strength occurred in the three patients with the greatest rise in plasma 25-hydroxy vitamin D.", "PMID": 862343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14130", "title": "Human hepatic delta-aminolaevulinate synthase: requirement of an exogenous system for succinyl-coenzyme A generation to demonstrate increased activity in cirrhotic and anticonvulsant-treated subjects.", "content": "1. We have studied activity of delta-aminolaevulinate synthase in needle liver biopsy specimens obtained from 12 human cirrhotic subjects, five subjects who had ingested anticonvulsants and from control subjects. Liver iron concentrations and quantitative urinary excretions of porphyrins plus their precursors were also determined. 2. In liver homogenates from subjects of each group, addition of an exogenous system for generation of succinyl-coenzyme A (CoA), including succinic thiokinase, resulted in appreciable enhancement of activity beyond that obtained without this system. 3. Mean activities for delta-aminolaevulinate synthease were not significantly different among patient groups when assayed without the exogenous succinyl-CoA-generating system, but liver homogenates from cirrhotic patients and subjects ingesting anticonvulsants had significantly higher activities than control subjects in the presence of the succinyl-CoA-generating system. 4. Although mean liver iron concentration in the cirrhotic group was slightly higher than in control subjects, and in control subjects there was some correlation between liver iron concentration and activity of delta-aminolaevulinate synthase, variations in this activity could not be accounted for solely on the basis of chronic hepatic deposition. Nor were these variations  ascribable to differences among subjects in ingestion of ethanol before biopsy or severity of hepatic inflammation as judged biochemically and histologically. 5. Cirrhotic subjects excreted more uro- and copro-porphyrin than control subjects, whereas subjects ingesting anticonvulsants excreted more delta-aminolaevulinic acid and porphobilinogen than control subjects. However, these increases were small and not sufficient to account for all the increased delta-aminolaevulinic acid which potentially could have been formed by these subjects. 6. These considerations raise the possibilities that in vivo: (a) rate of human hepatic synthesis of delta-aminolaevulinic acid is modulated by the supply of succinyl-CoA; (b) the rate of hepatic synthesis of haem is increased in cirrhotic patients and subjects ingesting anticonvulsants; (c) other important routes exist for disposition of haem precursors in these subjects, besides utilization for haem synthesis.", "contents": "Human hepatic delta-aminolaevulinate synthase: requirement of an exogenous system for succinyl-coenzyme A generation to demonstrate increased activity in cirrhotic and anticonvulsant-treated subjects. 1. We have studied activity of delta-aminolaevulinate synthase in needle liver biopsy specimens obtained from 12 human cirrhotic subjects, five subjects who had ingested anticonvulsants and from control subjects. Liver iron concentrations and quantitative urinary excretions of porphyrins plus their precursors were also determined. 2. In liver homogenates from subjects of each group, addition of an exogenous system for generation of succinyl-coenzyme A (CoA), including succinic thiokinase, resulted in appreciable enhancement of activity beyond that obtained without this system. 3. Mean activities for delta-aminolaevulinate synthease were not significantly different among patient groups when assayed without the exogenous succinyl-CoA-generating system, but liver homogenates from cirrhotic patients and subjects ingesting anticonvulsants had significantly higher activities than control subjects in the presence of the succinyl-CoA-generating system. 4. Although mean liver iron concentration in the cirrhotic group was slightly higher than in control subjects, and in control subjects there was some correlation between liver iron concentration and activity of delta-aminolaevulinate synthase, variations in this activity could not be accounted for solely on the basis of chronic hepatic deposition. Nor were these variations  ascribable to differences among subjects in ingestion of ethanol before biopsy or severity of hepatic inflammation as judged biochemically and histologically. 5. Cirrhotic subjects excreted more uro- and copro-porphyrin than control subjects, whereas subjects ingesting anticonvulsants excreted more delta-aminolaevulinic acid and porphobilinogen than control subjects. However, these increases were small and not sufficient to account for all the increased delta-aminolaevulinic acid which potentially could have been formed by these subjects. 6. These considerations raise the possibilities that in vivo: (a) rate of human hepatic synthesis of delta-aminolaevulinic acid is modulated by the supply of succinyl-CoA; (b) the rate of hepatic synthesis of haem is increased in cirrhotic patients and subjects ingesting anticonvulsants; (c) other important routes exist for disposition of haem precursors in these subjects, besides utilization for haem synthesis.", "PMID": 862344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14131", "title": "Bone necrosis and urinary hydroxyproline excretion in rabbits.", "content": "1. Aseptic necrosis of bone is a serious chronic complication of deep-sea diving and compressed-air work. 2. The changes to the bone which occur in this condition take time to develop to the stage where they cause the radiographic signs of bone necrosis, and consequently there is a delay of some months between the causal incident and the first diagnosis by radiography. 3. As a possible method for the earlier detection of bone necrosis the 24 h urinary excretion of hydroxyproline was measured over a period before and after experimental production of bone necrosis in rabbits by the intra-arterial injection of glass microspheres. 4. Total hydroxyproline excretion rose significantly within a few days of the injection in those rabbits in which there was later shown to be historical evidence of bone necrosis. This rise occurred long before there was any radiographic changes. 5. It is suggested that measurements of urinary hydroxyproline might be used to give an early indication of bone necrosis in man.", "contents": "Bone necrosis and urinary hydroxyproline excretion in rabbits. 1. Aseptic necrosis of bone is a serious chronic complication of deep-sea diving and compressed-air work. 2. The changes to the bone which occur in this condition take time to develop to the stage where they cause the radiographic signs of bone necrosis, and consequently there is a delay of some months between the causal incident and the first diagnosis by radiography. 3. As a possible method for the earlier detection of bone necrosis the 24 h urinary excretion of hydroxyproline was measured over a period before and after experimental production of bone necrosis in rabbits by the intra-arterial injection of glass microspheres. 4. Total hydroxyproline excretion rose significantly within a few days of the injection in those rabbits in which there was later shown to be historical evidence of bone necrosis. This rise occurred long before there was any radiographic changes. 5. It is suggested that measurements of urinary hydroxyproline might be used to give an early indication of bone necrosis in man.", "PMID": 862345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14132", "title": "Muscle-protein catabolism after injury in man, as measured by urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine.", "content": "1. Urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine, an index of the rate of muscle breakdown, has been measured during the first 7 days in patients after elective surgery or accidental injury. 2. There was no major difference between the mean daily excretion after skin grafting or total hip replacement, or in injured patients who were hyperketonaemic for the first 24 h after admission. 3. The group of injured patients who did not develop hyperketonaemia had a mean urinary 3-methylhistidine excretion which was twice that of the other groups. 4. It is concluded that increased breakdown of muscle protein makes a major contribution to the greater urinary nitrogen excretion in the normoketonaemic group of injured patients.", "contents": "Muscle-protein catabolism after injury in man, as measured by urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine. 1. Urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine, an index of the rate of muscle breakdown, has been measured during the first 7 days in patients after elective surgery or accidental injury. 2. There was no major difference between the mean daily excretion after skin grafting or total hip replacement, or in injured patients who were hyperketonaemic for the first 24 h after admission. 3. The group of injured patients who did not develop hyperketonaemia had a mean urinary 3-methylhistidine excretion which was twice that of the other groups. 4. It is concluded that increased breakdown of muscle protein makes a major contribution to the greater urinary nitrogen excretion in the normoketonaemic group of injured patients.", "PMID": 862346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14133", "title": "Proline and hydroxyproline excretion and vitamin C status in elderly human subjects.", "content": "1. Plasma and buffy-coat vitamin C, urinary proline, hydroxyproline, creatinine and total amino acid concentrations were meausred in 23 healthy elderly subjects at intervals of 3 months. 2. There was a strong positive correlation between plasma vitamin C and buffy-coat vititamin C. 3. There were not significant correlations between plasma or buffy-coat vitamin CPAMIN C. 3. There were not significant correlations between plasma or buffy-coat vitamin C and total urinary hydroxyproline, whether expressed on a creatinine basis or on a total amino acid basis. Similarly, no significant correlations could be detected involving the proline/hydroxyproline ratio in urine hydrolysates. 4. There was a significant negative correlation between plasma or buffy-coat vitamin C and total urinary proline, when expressed per unit of total urinary proline, when expressed per unit of total urinary proline, when expressed per unit of total amino acids in the hydrolysates. This correlation was not observed with unhydrolysed urine, and it appeared to reside in the diffusible fraction, part of whose proline could be liberated by prolidase digestion. In addition, in the man, there was some evidence for a positive correlation between plasma or buffy-coat vitamin C and the ratio of total urinary amino acids to creatinine. 5. These results support the view that poor vitamin C status in elderly humans may be associated with a defect in collagen proline hydroxylation, reflected by increased excretion of proline-rich, collagen-derived peptides. If this interpretation is correct, it indicates a potential defect in connective tissue repair, and could form the basis of a functional test for subclinical vitamin C deficiency.", "contents": "Proline and hydroxyproline excretion and vitamin C status in elderly human subjects. 1. Plasma and buffy-coat vitamin C, urinary proline, hydroxyproline, creatinine and total amino acid concentrations were meausred in 23 healthy elderly subjects at intervals of 3 months. 2. There was a strong positive correlation between plasma vitamin C and buffy-coat vititamin C. 3. There were not significant correlations between plasma or buffy-coat vitamin CPAMIN C. 3. There were not significant correlations between plasma or buffy-coat vitamin C and total urinary hydroxyproline, whether expressed on a creatinine basis or on a total amino acid basis. Similarly, no significant correlations could be detected involving the proline/hydroxyproline ratio in urine hydrolysates. 4. There was a significant negative correlation between plasma or buffy-coat vitamin C and total urinary proline, when expressed per unit of total urinary proline, when expressed per unit of total urinary proline, when expressed per unit of total amino acids in the hydrolysates. This correlation was not observed with unhydrolysed urine, and it appeared to reside in the diffusible fraction, part of whose proline could be liberated by prolidase digestion. In addition, in the man, there was some evidence for a positive correlation between plasma or buffy-coat vitamin C and the ratio of total urinary amino acids to creatinine. 5. These results support the view that poor vitamin C status in elderly humans may be associated with a defect in collagen proline hydroxylation, reflected by increased excretion of proline-rich, collagen-derived peptides. If this interpretation is correct, it indicates a potential defect in connective tissue repair, and could form the basis of a functional test for subclinical vitamin C deficiency.", "PMID": 862347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14134", "title": "Intrarenal role of angiotensin II in controlling sodium excretion during dehydration in dogs.", "content": "1. The intrarenal role of angiotensin II in controlling sodium excretion was examined in anaesthetized, dehydrated dogs by infusing the angiotensin II antagonist Sar1-Ile8-angiotensin II directly into the renal artery. Comparisons were made with dehydrated dogs receiving only sodium chloride solution intrarenally. 2. Intrarenal angiotensin II blockade resulted in significant increases in urinary sodium excretion and urine flow rate. 3. The results indicate that during the high-renin state of dehydration endogenous angiotensin II has intrarenal effects which lead to salt and water retention.", "contents": "Intrarenal role of angiotensin II in controlling sodium excretion during dehydration in dogs. 1. The intrarenal role of angiotensin II in controlling sodium excretion was examined in anaesthetized, dehydrated dogs by infusing the angiotensin II antagonist Sar1-Ile8-angiotensin II directly into the renal artery. Comparisons were made with dehydrated dogs receiving only sodium chloride solution intrarenally. 2. Intrarenal angiotensin II blockade resulted in significant increases in urinary sodium excretion and urine flow rate. 3. The results indicate that during the high-renin state of dehydration endogenous angiotensin II has intrarenal effects which lead to salt and water retention.", "PMID": 862348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14135", "title": "Intravenous Energine--a case report.", "content": "The intravenous route has been used with increasing frequency as a means of abusing drugs as well as co-mercial products. However, to date, no information has been available regarding the toxic effects of Energine or the kerosine derivatives following their intravenous use. A patient is presented who survived 3-4 cc of intravenous Energine with very few systemic side effects. This report provides information which may be useful in providing a guide as to what may be expected after a relatively high intravenous dose of the kerosine derivatives.", "contents": "Intravenous Energine--a case report. The intravenous route has been used with increasing frequency as a means of abusing drugs as well as co-mercial products. However, to date, no information has been available regarding the toxic effects of Energine or the kerosine derivatives following their intravenous use. A patient is presented who survived 3-4 cc of intravenous Energine with very few systemic side effects. This report provides information which may be useful in providing a guide as to what may be expected after a relatively high intravenous dose of the kerosine derivatives.", "PMID": 862361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14136", "title": "Toxicologic data from documented drug-induced or drug-related fatal cases.", "content": "Seventy-six fatal cases are presented in which the total dose of drug(s) ingested is known. Blood and liver concentrations for the various drugs are given, as well as the total recovery from the stomach contents.", "contents": "Toxicologic data from documented drug-induced or drug-related fatal cases. Seventy-six fatal cases are presented in which the total dose of drug(s) ingested is known. Blood and liver concentrations for the various drugs are given, as well as the total recovery from the stomach contents.", "PMID": 862364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14137", "title": "A fatal ingestion of caffeine.", "content": "Tissue concentrations are given in a fatal case involving caffeine. Methods for the detection and quantitation of the drug are described. A brief review of reported caffeine fatalities is given.", "contents": "A fatal ingestion of caffeine. Tissue concentrations are given in a fatal case involving caffeine. Methods for the detection and quantitation of the drug are described. A brief review of reported caffeine fatalities is given.", "PMID": 862365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14138", "title": "An unusual case of nicotine poisoning.", "content": "Acute nicotine poisoning by enema is an uncommon event. A review of the last 70 years of the English and Spanish medical literature has failed to reveal a case of nicotine poisoning by enema in an adult. The use of tobacco enemas in children to treat intestinal parasites has been reported as a cause of poisoning and death. We have recently treated an adult for acute nicotine poisoning from a tobacco enema. This unusual case allowed us to observe some of the complex pharmacologic responses of the body to nicotine.", "contents": "An unusual case of nicotine poisoning. Acute nicotine poisoning by enema is an uncommon event. A review of the last 70 years of the English and Spanish medical literature has failed to reveal a case of nicotine poisoning by enema in an adult. The use of tobacco enemas in children to treat intestinal parasites has been reported as a cause of poisoning and death. We have recently treated an adult for acute nicotine poisoning from a tobacco enema. This unusual case allowed us to observe some of the complex pharmacologic responses of the body to nicotine.", "PMID": 862371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14139", "title": "Co-trimoxazole in chronic renal failure--a controlled experiment in Wistar rats.", "content": "Co-trimoxazole failed to cause a deterioration in renal function, as measured by pre- and posttreatment plasma urea levels, in groups of Wistar rats with either normal renal function or surgically induced chronic renal failure. In addition tubular necrosis was not produced. Co-trimoxazole does not appear to be extremely toxic to the Wistar rat kidney.", "contents": "Co-trimoxazole in chronic renal failure--a controlled experiment in Wistar rats. Co-trimoxazole failed to cause a deterioration in renal function, as measured by pre- and posttreatment plasma urea levels, in groups of Wistar rats with either normal renal function or surgically induced chronic renal failure. In addition tubular necrosis was not produced. Co-trimoxazole does not appear to be extremely toxic to the Wistar rat kidney.", "PMID": 862374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14140", "title": "Clonazepam overdose resulting in cyclic coma.", "content": "Cyclic coma in a 4-year-old boy followed an ingestion of clonazepam, a new benzodiazepine, utilized in treatment of convulsive disorders. Alternation between coma and a hyperalert state occurred even after further gastrointestinal absorption had, presumably, been precluded. Laboratory identification by routine examination for benzodiazepines was unsuccessful.", "contents": "Clonazepam overdose resulting in cyclic coma. Cyclic coma in a 4-year-old boy followed an ingestion of clonazepam, a new benzodiazepine, utilized in treatment of convulsive disorders. Alternation between coma and a hyperalert state occurred even after further gastrointestinal absorption had, presumably, been precluded. Laboratory identification by routine examination for benzodiazepines was unsuccessful.", "PMID": 862377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14141", "title": "Reversal by physostigmine of clozapine-induced delirium.", "content": "Clozapine, a new antipsychotic drug without extrapyramidal side effects and with strong sedating potency, can produce acute symptoms of central anticholinergic toxicity. The authors report that physostigmine, a reversible anticholinesterase agent, which can pass the blood-brain barrier, was effective in reversing the clozapine-induced brain syndrome in two patients. Physostigmine also reduced one patient's tachycardia.", "contents": "Reversal by physostigmine of clozapine-induced delirium. Clozapine, a new antipsychotic drug without extrapyramidal side effects and with strong sedating potency, can produce acute symptoms of central anticholinergic toxicity. The authors report that physostigmine, a reversible anticholinesterase agent, which can pass the blood-brain barrier, was effective in reversing the clozapine-induced brain syndrome in two patients. Physostigmine also reduced one patient's tachycardia.", "PMID": 862378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14142", "title": "Acute digitoxin intoxication treated by intracardiac pacemaker: experience in sixty-eight patients.", "content": "Out of 124 patients who had taken massive doses of digitoxin in attempted suicide, emergency endocardial pacing was performed in the 68 with the worst prognosis. The mortality (13%) in the 124 patients compared favorably with the mortality (20%) in a previous series of 70 similar patients none of whom were paced. Sixteen (23%) of the 68 paced patients died. The causes of death were: asystole (two); cardiogenic shock (two); septicemia (one); and ventricular fibrillation (eleven). Ventricular fibrillation occurred during introduction of the pacing catheter in two patients, as a result of electrode displacement in these patients, because of premature withdrawal of the catheter in one patient, and for no detectable reason, during normally proceeding pacing, in five patients. Endocardial pacing has a place in the emergency treatment of massive digitoxin poisoning. Its chief hazards are mechanical, and one of the commonest is electrode displacement.", "contents": "Acute digitoxin intoxication treated by intracardiac pacemaker: experience in sixty-eight patients. Out of 124 patients who had taken massive doses of digitoxin in attempted suicide, emergency endocardial pacing was performed in the 68 with the worst prognosis. The mortality (13%) in the 124 patients compared favorably with the mortality (20%) in a previous series of 70 similar patients none of whom were paced. Sixteen (23%) of the 68 paced patients died. The causes of death were: asystole (two); cardiogenic shock (two); septicemia (one); and ventricular fibrillation (eleven). Ventricular fibrillation occurred during introduction of the pacing catheter in two patients, as a result of electrode displacement in these patients, because of premature withdrawal of the catheter in one patient, and for no detectable reason, during normally proceeding pacing, in five patients. Endocardial pacing has a place in the emergency treatment of massive digitoxin poisoning. Its chief hazards are mechanical, and one of the commonest is electrode displacement.", "PMID": 862379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14143", "title": "Diagnosis, localization, and treatment of primary aldosteronism.", "content": "PA should be suspected in any hypertensive patient with evidence of renin suppression and should be confirmed by demonstration of inappropriate and excessive aldosterone production. Preoperative differentiation of unilateral and bilateral forms of the syndrome should be pursued to identify those patients most likely to benefit from surgical intervention. In patients with apparent bilateral disease, specific medical therapy should be pursued.", "contents": "Diagnosis, localization, and treatment of primary aldosteronism. PA should be suspected in any hypertensive patient with evidence of renin suppression and should be confirmed by demonstration of inappropriate and excessive aldosterone production. Preoperative differentiation of unilateral and bilateral forms of the syndrome should be pursued to identify those patients most likely to benefit from surgical intervention. In patients with apparent bilateral disease, specific medical therapy should be pursued.", "PMID": 862382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14144", "title": "A computer analysis of cardiac electrograms.", "content": "Computer programs were constructed for the temporal analysis of 8 electrograms obtained from various regions of isolated dog hearts. The electrograms were recorded on photosensitive paper. A computer program written in the Fortran II language allowed an x-y digitizing table to be used to input the coordinates of each electrogram into a computer. Each electrode recording within a given cardiac cycle was digitized in this manner, and the temporal intervals between the 28 combinations of electrode pairs were calculated. The program also computed the heart rate and cardiac cycle length. Subroutine options permitted the grouping of data into experiment, record, and event numbers. All data were stored on a magnetic disk. A separate computer program written in the Fortran IV language performed basic statistical operations on each of the data files. The computer system described in the present report accurately and reliably processed over 10,000 cardiac cycles. Such a system can be used to analyze large amounts of data from sources other than electrograms. Temporal analysis of the standard electrocardiogram is offered as an example of the versatility of the programs.", "contents": "A computer analysis of cardiac electrograms. Computer programs were constructed for the temporal analysis of 8 electrograms obtained from various regions of isolated dog hearts. The electrograms were recorded on photosensitive paper. A computer program written in the Fortran II language allowed an x-y digitizing table to be used to input the coordinates of each electrogram into a computer. Each electrode recording within a given cardiac cycle was digitized in this manner, and the temporal intervals between the 28 combinations of electrode pairs were calculated. The program also computed the heart rate and cardiac cycle length. Subroutine options permitted the grouping of data into experiment, record, and event numbers. All data were stored on a magnetic disk. A separate computer program written in the Fortran IV language performed basic statistical operations on each of the data files. The computer system described in the present report accurately and reliably processed over 10,000 cardiac cycles. Such a system can be used to analyze large amounts of data from sources other than electrograms. Temporal analysis of the standard electrocardiogram is offered as an example of the versatility of the programs.", "PMID": 862390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14145", "title": "An on-line method for the acquisition of medical information for computer processing as applied to radiotherapy.", "content": "Based on a structured medical record, specially designed for patients with malignant disease, an on-line data capture system has been developed. This enables the collection of virtually any type of information contained in the patient's case notes. The structure of the record is described, with actual examples. The record is typed on a typewriter terminal linked to a mini-computer. Data is recorded as code + heading + value string. The headings are identified automatically, and an internal code generated, describing the type of information. Record keeping according to the principles described was introduced in clinical routine at the department in 1971. Data collection was implemented later that year, using an off-line magnetic tape encoder (IBM MT72). The system has been developed further and converted to a versatile on-line system. The data base, collected with these systems, now contains data on about 20,000 patients.", "contents": "An on-line method for the acquisition of medical information for computer processing as applied to radiotherapy. Based on a structured medical record, specially designed for patients with malignant disease, an on-line data capture system has been developed. This enables the collection of virtually any type of information contained in the patient's case notes. The structure of the record is described, with actual examples. The record is typed on a typewriter terminal linked to a mini-computer. Data is recorded as code + heading + value string. The headings are identified automatically, and an internal code generated, describing the type of information. Record keeping according to the principles described was introduced in clinical routine at the department in 1971. Data collection was implemented later that year, using an off-line magnetic tape encoder (IBM MT72). The system has been developed further and converted to a versatile on-line system. The data base, collected with these systems, now contains data on about 20,000 patients.", "PMID": 862391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14146", "title": "A computer program for calculating different kinds of intraclass correlation coefficients.", "content": "A program for calculating different forms of intraclass correlation coefficients is described. Confidence limits as well as unbiased estimates are given for those kinds of coefficients, for which an exact sampling distribution is derivable. Additionally, coefficients based upon Krippendorff's model are computed so that error components responsible for the lack of perfect correlation can be specified.", "contents": "A computer program for calculating different kinds of intraclass correlation coefficients. A program for calculating different forms of intraclass correlation coefficients is described. Confidence limits as well as unbiased estimates are given for those kinds of coefficients, for which an exact sampling distribution is derivable. Additionally, coefficients based upon Krippendorff's model are computed so that error components responsible for the lack of perfect correlation can be specified.", "PMID": 862392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14147", "title": "A computer program for multiple decrement life table analyses.", "content": "Life table analysis has traditionally been the tool of choice in analyzing distribution of \"survival\" times when a parametric form for the survival curve could not be reasonably assumed. Chiang, in two papers [1,2] formalized the theory of life table analyses in a Markov chain framework and derived maximum likelihood estimates of the relevant parameters for the analyses. He also discussed how the techniques could be generalized to consider competing risks and follow-up studies. Although various computer programs exist for doing different types of life table analysis [3] to date, there has not been a generally available, well documented computer program to carry out multiple decrement analyses, either by Chiang's or any other method. This paper describes such a program developed by Research Triangle Institute. A user's manual is available at printing costs which supplements the contents of this paper with a discussion of the formula used in the program listing.", "contents": "A computer program for multiple decrement life table analyses. Life table analysis has traditionally been the tool of choice in analyzing distribution of \"survival\" times when a parametric form for the survival curve could not be reasonably assumed. Chiang, in two papers [1,2] formalized the theory of life table analyses in a Markov chain framework and derived maximum likelihood estimates of the relevant parameters for the analyses. He also discussed how the techniques could be generalized to consider competing risks and follow-up studies. Although various computer programs exist for doing different types of life table analysis [3] to date, there has not been a generally available, well documented computer program to carry out multiple decrement analyses, either by Chiang's or any other method. This paper describes such a program developed by Research Triangle Institute. A user's manual is available at printing costs which supplements the contents of this paper with a discussion of the formula used in the program listing.", "PMID": 862393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14148", "title": "Language processor generation with BNF inputs: methods and implementation.", "content": "This paper describes an SLR (1) parser generator written in SAIL for the PDR-10. It accepts grammars defined in a BNF formalism and produces a SAIL program module which is the bottom-up parser produced from the grammar. This module may then be compiled and loaded with semantic routines to produce a language processor. The generator is written in SAIL with a heavy emphasis placed on the use of the LEAP facilities of SAIL for the manipulation of the data structures required for the generator.", "contents": "Language processor generation with BNF inputs: methods and implementation. This paper describes an SLR (1) parser generator written in SAIL for the PDR-10. It accepts grammars defined in a BNF formalism and produces a SAIL program module which is the bottom-up parser produced from the grammar. This module may then be compiled and loaded with semantic routines to produce a language processor. The generator is written in SAIL with a heavy emphasis placed on the use of the LEAP facilities of SAIL for the manipulation of the data structures required for the generator.", "PMID": 862394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14149", "title": "Pitfalls of Swan-Ganz catheterization.", "content": "In 60 patients in whom Swan-Ganz catheters apparently had been positioned correctly, the balloon was visualized by inflation with radiopaque contrast medium. Sixteen were located peripherrally; in 15 of these 16, the balloon inflated eccentrically and in each of these instances, an accurate wedge pressure could not be obtained. One patient in this group had an episode of hemoptysis immediately prior to detection of the peripheral location and eccentric inflation of the balloon. The correct placement and safe use of the Swan-Ganz catheter demand that the catheter tip be located in a large pulmonary artery and that redundant loops of catheter be avoided to prevent subsequent peripheral migration. Identification of peripheral placement and eccentric inflation should be suspected if a pulmonary wedge pressure is obtained with a significantly smaller volume of air than the balloon capacity. The use of a continuous flush system will provide an additional alert by a steady rise in the pseudowedge pressure on attempted balloon inflation.", "contents": "Pitfalls of Swan-Ganz catheterization. In 60 patients in whom Swan-Ganz catheters apparently had been positioned correctly, the balloon was visualized by inflation with radiopaque contrast medium. Sixteen were located peripherrally; in 15 of these 16, the balloon inflated eccentrically and in each of these instances, an accurate wedge pressure could not be obtained. One patient in this group had an episode of hemoptysis immediately prior to detection of the peripheral location and eccentric inflation of the balloon. The correct placement and safe use of the Swan-Ganz catheter demand that the catheter tip be located in a large pulmonary artery and that redundant loops of catheter be avoided to prevent subsequent peripheral migration. Identification of peripheral placement and eccentric inflation should be suspected if a pulmonary wedge pressure is obtained with a significantly smaller volume of air than the balloon capacity. The use of a continuous flush system will provide an additional alert by a steady rise in the pseudowedge pressure on attempted balloon inflation.", "PMID": 862406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14150", "title": "Tissue blood flow in brain, liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla in experimental hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "Cerebral, hepatic, renal cortical, and medullary tissue blood flows of the dog during hemorrhagic shock were measured continuously using the thermoelectrical method. The effects of blood replacement, adrenergic alpha-stimulator and -blockade and hydrocortisone on the tissue blood flows were studied. After hemorrhage, cerebral blood flow was well maintained while renal cortical blood flow was poorly maintained. Following retransfusion, the blood flow returned rapidly to the brain and slowly to the renal cortex. Norepinephrine, phentolamine, and hydrocortisone were not effective in maintaining the organ blood flows in shock. However, when norepinephrine was given systemically and phentolamine administered to the renal artery simultaneously during shock, both cerebral and renal flows were well maintained. After the blood replacement and administration of alpha-blockade or hydrocortisone, all the measured blood flows returned to normal levels.", "contents": "Tissue blood flow in brain, liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla in experimental hemorrhagic shock. Cerebral, hepatic, renal cortical, and medullary tissue blood flows of the dog during hemorrhagic shock were measured continuously using the thermoelectrical method. The effects of blood replacement, adrenergic alpha-stimulator and -blockade and hydrocortisone on the tissue blood flows were studied. After hemorrhage, cerebral blood flow was well maintained while renal cortical blood flow was poorly maintained. Following retransfusion, the blood flow returned rapidly to the brain and slowly to the renal cortex. Norepinephrine, phentolamine, and hydrocortisone were not effective in maintaining the organ blood flows in shock. However, when norepinephrine was given systemically and phentolamine administered to the renal artery simultaneously during shock, both cerebral and renal flows were well maintained. After the blood replacement and administration of alpha-blockade or hydrocortisone, all the measured blood flows returned to normal levels.", "PMID": 862408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14151", "title": "Westermark's sign in the diagnosis of pulmonary emboli in patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "Two patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are described in which the development of localized areas of increased lucency on chest roentgenogram, Westermark's sign, aided in the rapid diagnosis of concurrent pulmonary emboli. Recognition of this radiological sign represents a noninvasive technique for diagnosing this complication.", "contents": "Westermark's sign in the diagnosis of pulmonary emboli in patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Two patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are described in which the development of localized areas of increased lucency on chest roentgenogram, Westermark's sign, aided in the rapid diagnosis of concurrent pulmonary emboli. Recognition of this radiological sign represents a noninvasive technique for diagnosing this complication.", "PMID": 862407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14152", "title": "Acute renal failure. Community hospital experience with hemodialysis as intensive care adjunct.", "content": "A 3-year experience with 50 acute renal failure patients managed by hemodialysis in a 417-bed community hospital is reviewed. The 58% survival rate was better than that reported in other recent series. Possible reasons for our favorable mortality experience include: (1) Hemodialysis was performed within the ICU facility by the ICU staff. Continuity of total care was thereby maintained and hemodialysis problems, such as maintenance of circulating volume, were managed in the context of continued assessment of the patient's cardiopulmonary status. (2) In contrast to previous reports, the presence of sepsis did not influence recovery rates from acute renal failure. Early administration of specific antibiotics, mainly gentamicin, rapid drainage of abdominal abscesses, and early and frequent dialysis were all utilized in spetic patients and may have contributed to their high recovery rate. (3) The use of agressive dialysis may also have lessened other uremic complications, notably gastrointestinal bleeding. Our dialysis organization and procedures are described.", "contents": "Acute renal failure. Community hospital experience with hemodialysis as intensive care adjunct. A 3-year experience with 50 acute renal failure patients managed by hemodialysis in a 417-bed community hospital is reviewed. The 58% survival rate was better than that reported in other recent series. Possible reasons for our favorable mortality experience include: (1) Hemodialysis was performed within the ICU facility by the ICU staff. Continuity of total care was thereby maintained and hemodialysis problems, such as maintenance of circulating volume, were managed in the context of continued assessment of the patient's cardiopulmonary status. (2) In contrast to previous reports, the presence of sepsis did not influence recovery rates from acute renal failure. Early administration of specific antibiotics, mainly gentamicin, rapid drainage of abdominal abscesses, and early and frequent dialysis were all utilized in spetic patients and may have contributed to their high recovery rate. (3) The use of agressive dialysis may also have lessened other uremic complications, notably gastrointestinal bleeding. Our dialysis organization and procedures are described.", "PMID": 862409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14153", "title": "Educational objectives for house staff in the pediatric intensive care unit.", "content": "The educational objectives in use in our Pediatric ICU are described. These have importance for educational programs in critical care medicine, in particular, where patient care needs can easily overwhelm educational needs. It is important not to overlook our role as teachers in the development of proper attitudes and of the more complex areas of thought; skills and rote memory should not be overstressed.", "contents": "Educational objectives for house staff in the pediatric intensive care unit. The educational objectives in use in our Pediatric ICU are described. These have importance for educational programs in critical care medicine, in particular, where patient care needs can easily overwhelm educational needs. It is important not to overlook our role as teachers in the development of proper attitudes and of the more complex areas of thought; skills and rote memory should not be overstressed.", "PMID": 862410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14154", "title": "Suctioning of the left bronchial tree in critically ill patients.", "content": "When suctioning patients with either a tracheostomy or endotracheal tube, the incidence of entry into the left main stem bronchus was recored at the time of routine AP chest examinations in an ICU. The success rate was 8% with an endotracheal tube and 25% when a tracheostomy tube was present; this was lower than has been reported by others. It could reflect the small size of the series or a more accurate picture.", "contents": "Suctioning of the left bronchial tree in critically ill patients. When suctioning patients with either a tracheostomy or endotracheal tube, the incidence of entry into the left main stem bronchus was recored at the time of routine AP chest examinations in an ICU. The success rate was 8% with an endotracheal tube and 25% when a tracheostomy tube was present; this was lower than has been reported by others. It could reflect the small size of the series or a more accurate picture.", "PMID": 862411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14155", "title": "Congenital lentiginosis.", "content": "Because lentiginosis may be associated with multiple somatic anomalies (as in the \"LEOPARD syndrome\"), its recognition is important clinically. A case of lentiginosis detected in the neonatal period, without accompanying defects, is reported. The significance of histologic confirmation and the importance of searching for other abnormalities are discussed.", "contents": "Congenital lentiginosis. Because lentiginosis may be associated with multiple somatic anomalies (as in the \"LEOPARD syndrome\"), its recognition is important clinically. A case of lentiginosis detected in the neonatal period, without accompanying defects, is reported. The significance of histologic confirmation and the importance of searching for other abnormalities are discussed.", "PMID": 862424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14156", "title": "Effect of intramuscular triamcinolone acetonide on the human ovulatory cycle.", "content": "The effect of intramuscular triamcinolone acetonide (TCA-A) on pituitary gonadotropins and ovarian hormones was studied in a normally menstruating woman. Serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), as well estradiol 17-beta (E2) and progesterone (P), were determined daily in a normal \"ovulatory\" pretreatment cycle. A total of 160 mg of TCA-A was then administered in four injections over two and a half months. Daily serum levels of LH, FHS, E2, and P were again measured during a period beginning thirty days after the last injection of TCA-A. Cyclicity of all these hormones was absent after treatment. Both LH and FSH were suppressed in the first half of the post-treatment period when compared with the pretreatment ovulatory cycle. A potent corticosteroid such as TCA-A is apparently capable of producing anovulatory cycles in humans by disruption of cyclic pituitary gonadotropin secretion.", "contents": "Effect of intramuscular triamcinolone acetonide on the human ovulatory cycle. The effect of intramuscular triamcinolone acetonide (TCA-A) on pituitary gonadotropins and ovarian hormones was studied in a normally menstruating woman. Serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), as well estradiol 17-beta (E2) and progesterone (P), were determined daily in a normal \"ovulatory\" pretreatment cycle. A total of 160 mg of TCA-A was then administered in four injections over two and a half months. Daily serum levels of LH, FHS, E2, and P were again measured during a period beginning thirty days after the last injection of TCA-A. Cyclicity of all these hormones was absent after treatment. Both LH and FSH were suppressed in the first half of the post-treatment period when compared with the pretreatment ovulatory cycle. A potent corticosteroid such as TCA-A is apparently capable of producing anovulatory cycles in humans by disruption of cyclic pituitary gonadotropin secretion.", "PMID": 862425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14157", "title": "Systemic lupus erythematosus complicated by panniculitis, optic atrophy, and hemiplegia: report of a case.", "content": "A case is presented of a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus who had three of its rarest complications--panniculitis, optic atrophy, and hemiplegia, the latter two occurring despite adequate corticosteroid therapy. There appears to be a missing link in this patient's immune mechanism, which faulted her complete response to corticosteroid therapy and led to the three complications.", "contents": "Systemic lupus erythematosus complicated by panniculitis, optic atrophy, and hemiplegia: report of a case. A case is presented of a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus who had three of its rarest complications--panniculitis, optic atrophy, and hemiplegia, the latter two occurring despite adequate corticosteroid therapy. There appears to be a missing link in this patient's immune mechanism, which faulted her complete response to corticosteroid therapy and led to the three complications.", "PMID": 862426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14158", "title": "Dermatitis artefacta.", "content": "A case of dermatitis artefacta is reported. The lesions were shown to contain silver and were probably caused by a silver nitrate caustic stick. The patient never admitted to having produced these lesions.", "contents": "Dermatitis artefacta. A case of dermatitis artefacta is reported. The lesions were shown to contain silver and were probably caused by a silver nitrate caustic stick. The patient never admitted to having produced these lesions.", "PMID": 862427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14159", "title": "A radiologic sign of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis.", "content": "The radiologic finding of innumerable fine ridges in the outer soft tissues of a patient with severe generalized epidermolytic hyperkeratosis is presented as a sign of the disease. The radiodensity results from the density of keratin and low water content in the scales of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis.", "contents": "A radiologic sign of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis. The radiologic finding of innumerable fine ridges in the outer soft tissues of a patient with severe generalized epidermolytic hyperkeratosis is presented as a sign of the disease. The radiodensity results from the density of keratin and low water content in the scales of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis.", "PMID": 862428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14160", "title": "Comparison of synemol cream and other topical corticosteroid creams using the vasoconstrictor bioassay.", "content": "The human vasoconstrictor bioassay was used to assess the potency of open applications of Synemol cream (0.025%), Diprosone cream (0.05%), Aristocort-A cream (0.5%), and Valisone cream (0.1%). Intensity of vasoconstriction was determined eight, twenty-four, and thirty-two hours after application. Results obtained from the average intensity scores of the three determinations indicated that Synemol cream (0.025%) is actually a more active compound than are Diprosone cream (0.05%), Aristocort-A cream (0.5%), and Valisone cream (0.1%), and that its activity is longer acting.", "contents": "Comparison of synemol cream and other topical corticosteroid creams using the vasoconstrictor bioassay. The human vasoconstrictor bioassay was used to assess the potency of open applications of Synemol cream (0.025%), Diprosone cream (0.05%), Aristocort-A cream (0.5%), and Valisone cream (0.1%). Intensity of vasoconstriction was determined eight, twenty-four, and thirty-two hours after application. Results obtained from the average intensity scores of the three determinations indicated that Synemol cream (0.025%) is actually a more active compound than are Diprosone cream (0.05%), Aristocort-A cream (0.5%), and Valisone cream (0.1%), and that its activity is longer acting.", "PMID": 862429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14161", "title": "Stability of centromere-center distances in normal human metaphases.", "content": "Centromere-center distances were analyzed in 50 normal female and 100 normal male metaphases. Compared with the random distribution of all chromosomes, chromosome pair 6 had a significantly different distribution in both female and male metaphases. Moreover, a significant peripheral location of chromosome pairs 4 and 5 and a significant central location of chromosome pairs 13, 15, 21, and 22 were found in male metaphases. But no specific peripheral location could be assigned to the X or Y chromosomes. No inter- nor intraindividual differences or sex-dependent variation in centromere-center distances were observed. Variance analyses demonstrated consistent centromere-center distances in normal human metaphases obtained from individuals of the same age. The constancy of these chromosome distributions may correlate with chromosome duplication pattern, chromosome length, and chromosome structure.", "contents": "Stability of centromere-center distances in normal human metaphases. Centromere-center distances were analyzed in 50 normal female and 100 normal male metaphases. Compared with the random distribution of all chromosomes, chromosome pair 6 had a significantly different distribution in both female and male metaphases. Moreover, a significant peripheral location of chromosome pairs 4 and 5 and a significant central location of chromosome pairs 13, 15, 21, and 22 were found in male metaphases. But no specific peripheral location could be assigned to the X or Y chromosomes. No inter- nor intraindividual differences or sex-dependent variation in centromere-center distances were observed. Variance analyses demonstrated consistent centromere-center distances in normal human metaphases obtained from individuals of the same age. The constancy of these chromosome distributions may correlate with chromosome duplication pattern, chromosome length, and chromosome structure.", "PMID": 862432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14162", "title": "Cytogenetic examination of pre-implantation blastocysts of ewes mated to rams heterozygous for the Massey I (t1) translocation.", "content": "One hundred-and-two 13- to 18-day blastocysts were collected from 98 Scottish Blackface ewes mated to one of four New Zealand Romney rams heterozygous for the Massey I (t1) translocation. The karyotype of 75 blastocysts was established, of which 22 were 54,XY, 18 were 54,XX, 20 were 53,XY,t1, and 15 were 53,XX,t1. It is suggested that these results indicated that there was no increase in embryonic loss in ewes mated to rams heterozygous for the Massey I (t1) translocation and that the unbalanced secondary spermatocytes in heterozygous males probably did not mature to spermatozoa.", "contents": "Cytogenetic examination of pre-implantation blastocysts of ewes mated to rams heterozygous for the Massey I (t1) translocation. One hundred-and-two 13- to 18-day blastocysts were collected from 98 Scottish Blackface ewes mated to one of four New Zealand Romney rams heterozygous for the Massey I (t1) translocation. The karyotype of 75 blastocysts was established, of which 22 were 54,XY, 18 were 54,XX, 20 were 53,XY,t1, and 15 were 53,XX,t1. It is suggested that these results indicated that there was no increase in embryonic loss in ewes mated to rams heterozygous for the Massey I (t1) translocation and that the unbalanced secondary spermatocytes in heterozygous males probably did not mature to spermatozoa.", "PMID": 862433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14163", "title": "Nonrandom sex-chromosome association and constitutive heterochromatin in the brush-tailed possum, Trichosurus vulpecula (Marsupialia: Phalangeridae).", "content": "Nonrandom associations between the short arms of the sex chromosomes of six Trichosurus vulpecula were studied in 455 cells from the spleen and bone marrow. The association occurs in both sexes and was found to be independent of age. There was, however, a significant difference in the degree of association between the two tissues studied. Regions of constitutive heterochromatin were found to be located in the short arms of the X and Y chromosomes by using a C-banding technique. Nucleolar organizers were detected in the middle of the long arm of the X chromosome and in the short arm of the Y chromosome by N-banding. These results indicate that the nonrandom association of the sex chromosomes may reflect an association between heterochromatin regions during interphase of the cell cycle.", "contents": "Nonrandom sex-chromosome association and constitutive heterochromatin in the brush-tailed possum, Trichosurus vulpecula (Marsupialia: Phalangeridae). Nonrandom associations between the short arms of the sex chromosomes of six Trichosurus vulpecula were studied in 455 cells from the spleen and bone marrow. The association occurs in both sexes and was found to be independent of age. There was, however, a significant difference in the degree of association between the two tissues studied. Regions of constitutive heterochromatin were found to be located in the short arms of the X and Y chromosomes by using a C-banding technique. Nucleolar organizers were detected in the middle of the long arm of the X chromosome and in the short arm of the Y chromosome by N-banding. These results indicate that the nonrandom association of the sex chromosomes may reflect an association between heterochromatin regions during interphase of the cell cycle.", "PMID": 862434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0028_14164", "title": "Sex-chromosome ratios in cattle and their relationship to reproductive development in freemartins.", "content": "Nineteen \"female\" Holstein-Friesian calves born co-twin with a bull were purchased shortly after birth. One subsequently was judged to be a normal female with 0% XY (100% XX) karyotypes in cultures of blood lymphocytes. However, one typical freemartin also had 0% XY (100% XX) Karyotypes in 300 cells when examined at three ages. Overall, 18 freemartins examined at 1, 24, and 52 weeks of age averaged 60.7%, 57.9%, and 55.5% XY cells, respectively (P greater than 0.05). No systematic relationship was found between the proportion of XY cells and the abnormalities of the reproductive organs, as judged by vaginal depth and clitoral development at 1, 24, and 52 weeks, and examination of the reproductive organs per rectum at 54 weeks of age. The clitoris of untreated freemartins and those treated with estrone or estradiol postnatally did not enlarge. Testosterone treatment caused enlargement. None of the hormones affected vaginal depth. These studies provide convincing evidence that the blood lymphocyte XX:XY karyotype ratio (1) is not related to the degree of masculinization and (2) is stabile in the postnatal freemartin. Thirdly, the freemartin reproductive organs do not respond to common sex-steroid hormones postnatally other than the clitoral response to testosterone.", "contents": "Sex-chromosome ratios in cattle and their relationship to reproductive development in freemartins. Nineteen \"female\" Holstein-Friesian calves born co-twin with a bull were purchased shortly after birth. One subsequently was judged to be a normal female with 0% XY (100% XX) karyotypes in cultures of blood lymphocytes. However, one typical freemartin also had 0% XY (100% XX) Karyotypes in 300 cells when examined at three ages. Overall, 18 freemartins examined at 1, 24, and 52 weeks of age averaged 60.7%, 57.9%, and 55.5% XY cells, respectively (P greater than 0.05). No systematic relationship was found between the proportion of XY cells and the abnormalities of the reproductive organs, as judged by vaginal depth and clitoral development at 1, 24, and 52 weeks, and examination of the reproductive organs per rectum at 54 weeks of age. The clitoris of untreated freemartins and those treated with estrone or estradiol postnatally did not enlarge. Testosterone treatment caused enlargement. None of the hormones affected vaginal depth. These studies provide convincing evidence that the blood lymphocyte XX:XY karyotype ratio (1) is not related to the degree of masculinization and (2) is stabile in the postnatal freemartin. Thirdly, the freemartin reproductive organs do not respond to common sex-steroid hormones postnatally other than the clitoral response to testosterone.", "PMID": 862435}